diff --git a/-AHhHlk8AbI.txt b/-AHhHlk8AbI.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f924cef43dc2504b90ee2a09b66331ab7fc8a88a --- /dev/null +++ b/-AHhHlk8AbI.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7699 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer high quality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer high quality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer high quality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu good morning ladies and + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu good morning ladies and + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu good morning ladies and +gentlemen my name is Alex Salazar I'm + + align:start position:0% +gentlemen my name is Alex Salazar I'm + + + align:start position:0% +gentlemen my name is Alex Salazar I'm +from the 22033 bofs group and today + + align:start position:0% +from the 22033 bofs group and today + + + align:start position:0% +from the 22033 bofs group and today +we're going to give you a progress + + align:start position:0% +we're going to give you a progress + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to give you a progress +support on our project of integrating + + align:start position:0% +support on our project of integrating + + + align:start position:0% +support on our project of integrating +bofs production into a nuclear reactor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +complex so basically I'm going to go + + align:start position:0% +complex so basically I'm going to go + + + align:start position:0% +complex so basically I'm going to go +through the overall design um of our + + align:start position:0% +through the overall design um of our + + + align:start position:0% +through the overall design um of our +process go through each of our + + align:start position:0% +process go through each of our + + + align:start position:0% +process go through each of our +individual steps I'm going to first + + align:start position:0% +individual steps I'm going to first + + + align:start position:0% +individual steps I'm going to first +start out talking about switch grass uh + + align:start position:0% +start out talking about switch grass uh + + + align:start position:0% +start out talking about switch grass uh +R Fe stock uh then we have uh Lizzie + + align:start position:0% +R Fe stock uh then we have uh Lizzie + + + align:start position:0% +R Fe stock uh then we have uh Lizzie +talking about our silver gasification + + align:start position:0% +talking about our silver gasification + + + align:start position:0% +talking about our silver gasification +process we have Matt talk about as gas + + align:start position:0% +process we have Matt talk about as gas + + + align:start position:0% +process we have Matt talk about as gas +removal and O oie is to talk about our + + align:start position:0% +removal and O oie is to talk about our + + + align:start position:0% +removal and O oie is to talk about our +Fisher trough reactor and then oie and + + align:start position:0% +Fisher trough reactor and then oie and + + + align:start position:0% +Fisher trough reactor and then oie and +Catherine will finish sh talking about + + align:start position:0% +Catherine will finish sh talking about + + + align:start position:0% +Catherine will finish sh talking about +distillation and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +refining so this is our overall process + + align:start position:0% +refining so this is our overall process + + + align:start position:0% +refining so this is our overall process +um so basically we start from right here + + align:start position:0% +um so basically we start from right here + + + align:start position:0% +um so basically we start from right here +with the injection of the P stock into + + align:start position:0% +with the injection of the P stock into + + + align:start position:0% +with the injection of the P stock into +the process and we end with distillation + + align:start position:0% +the process and we end with distillation + + + align:start position:0% +the process and we end with distillation +and refining and shipping um I'm going + + align:start position:0% +and refining and shipping um I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +and refining and shipping um I'm going +to deal with uh our Fe stock so bringing + + align:start position:0% +to deal with uh our Fe stock so bringing + + + align:start position:0% +to deal with uh our Fe stock so bringing +switch grass from the farm all the way + + align:start position:0% +switch grass from the farm all the way + + + align:start position:0% +switch grass from the farm all the way +up to the reactor + + align:start position:0% +up to the reactor + + + align:start position:0% +up to the reactor +complex uh then here's Lizzy's area this + + align:start position:0% +complex uh then here's Lizzy's area this + + + align:start position:0% +complex uh then here's Lizzy's area this +is the whole in the dotted lines we have + + align:start position:0% +is the whole in the dotted lines we have + + + align:start position:0% +is the whole in the dotted lines we have +the silver uh silver gas process which + + align:start position:0% +the silver uh silver gas process which + + + align:start position:0% +the silver uh silver gas process which +includes gasification and combustion and + + align:start position:0% +includes gasification and combustion and + + + align:start position:0% +includes gasification and combustion and +cycloning of the ash + + align:start position:0% +cycloning of the ash + + + align:start position:0% +cycloning of the ash +waste from there we uh come to an heat + + align:start position:0% +waste from there we uh come to an heat + + + align:start position:0% +waste from there we uh come to an heat +exchanger uh at this point this is where + + align:start position:0% +exchanger uh at this point this is where + + + align:start position:0% +exchanger uh at this point this is where +we interact with process heat and we + + align:start position:0% +we interact with process heat and we + + + align:start position:0% +we interact with process heat and we +actually give heat from the reactions to + + align:start position:0% +actually give heat from the reactions to + + + align:start position:0% +actually give heat from the reactions to +process heat so they can continue to + + align:start position:0% +process heat so they can continue to + + + align:start position:0% +process heat so they can continue to +give heat both to us for gasification + + align:start position:0% +give heat both to us for gasification + + + align:start position:0% +give heat both to us for gasification +and to other uh into hydrogen and + + align:start position:0% +and to other uh into hydrogen and + + + align:start position:0% +and to other uh into hydrogen and +wherever else is needed um from there + + align:start position:0% +wherever else is needed um from there + + + align:start position:0% +wherever else is needed um from there +with the lower temperature of s gas that + + align:start position:0% +with the lower temperature of s gas that + + + align:start position:0% +with the lower temperature of s gas that +comes out massing de with acid gas + + align:start position:0% +comes out massing de with acid gas + + + align:start position:0% +comes out massing de with acid gas +removal um and we're going to need some + + align:start position:0% +removal um and we're going to need some + + + align:start position:0% +removal um and we're going to need some +more uh input from + + align:start position:0% +more uh input from + + + align:start position:0% +more uh input from +there uh after that's builted through + + align:start position:0% +there uh after that's builted through + + + align:start position:0% +there uh after that's builted through +we're going to go to Fisher trough + + align:start position:0% +we're going to go to Fisher trough + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to go to Fisher trough +process we always to talk about that + + align:start position:0% +process we always to talk about that + + + align:start position:0% +process we always to talk about that +there we interact with the hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +there we interact with the hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +there we interact with the hydrogen +process we get both uh we get hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +process we get both uh we get hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +process we get both uh we get hydrogen +from them and uh and later on we're also + + align:start position:0% +from them and uh and later on we're also + + + align:start position:0% +from them and uh and later on we're also +going to get employ hydrogen into our + + align:start position:0% +going to get employ hydrogen into our + + + align:start position:0% +going to get employ hydrogen into our +refining + + align:start position:0% +refining + + + align:start position:0% +refining +procedure uh we're also going to employ + + align:start position:0% +procedure uh we're also going to employ + + + align:start position:0% +procedure uh we're also going to employ +a coolant Loop using a natural Reservoir + + align:start position:0% +a coolant Loop using a natural Reservoir + + + align:start position:0% +a coolant Loop using a natural Reservoir +a lake after the fish process we're + + align:start position:0% +a lake after the fish process we're + + + align:start position:0% +a lake after the fish process we're +going to go on to distillation and + + align:start position:0% +going to go on to distillation and + + + align:start position:0% +going to go on to distillation and +refining and then uh we're going to get + + align:start position:0% +refining and then uh we're going to get + + + align:start position:0% +refining and then uh we're going to get +into more detail in all these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +processes so I'm going to go ahead and + + align:start position:0% +processes so I'm going to go ahead and + + + align:start position:0% +processes so I'm going to go ahead and +talk about + + align:start position:0% +talk about + + + align:start position:0% +talk about +politization so um if you remember from + + align:start position:0% +politization so um if you remember from + + + align:start position:0% +politization so um if you remember from +last secture we decided to CH switch + + align:start position:0% +last secture we decided to CH switch + + + align:start position:0% +last secture we decided to CH switch +grass because it's a um it's highly + + align:start position:0% +grass because it's a um it's highly + + + align:start position:0% +grass because it's a um it's highly +viable in dry climbs um it's multiplies + + align:start position:0% +viable in dry climbs um it's multiplies + + + align:start position:0% +viable in dry climbs um it's multiplies +very easily and it's not competitive + + align:start position:0% +very easily and it's not competitive + + + align:start position:0% +very easily and it's not competitive +with any food crops uh we also chose it + + align:start position:0% +with any food crops uh we also chose it + + + align:start position:0% +with any food crops uh we also chose it +because has a high energy + + align:start position:0% +because has a high energy + + + align:start position:0% +because has a high energy +density uh instead of growing on site we + + align:start position:0% +density uh instead of growing on site we + + + align:start position:0% +density uh instead of growing on site we +decided to Outsource the procedure to + + align:start position:0% +decided to Outsource the procedure to + + + align:start position:0% +decided to Outsource the procedure to +Farmers because it's more economical + + align:start position:0% +Farmers because it's more economical + + + align:start position:0% +Farmers because it's more economical +there already extent networks of suras + + align:start position:0% +there already extent networks of suras + + + align:start position:0% +there already extent networks of suras +uh production and processing uh + + align:start position:0% +uh production and processing uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh production and processing uh +transport networks so we're going to go + + align:start position:0% +transport networks so we're going to go + + + align:start position:0% +transport networks so we're going to go +ahead and take advantage of that + + align:start position:0% +ahead and take advantage of that + + + align:start position:0% +ahead and take advantage of that +before we could uh inject switch grass + + align:start position:0% +before we could uh inject switch grass + + + align:start position:0% +before we could uh inject switch grass +into our process we're going to have to + + align:start position:0% +into our process we're going to have to + + + align:start position:0% +into our process we're going to have to +densify it so we get the raw product and + + align:start position:0% +densify it so we get the raw product and + + + align:start position:0% +densify it so we get the raw product and +we put it into a uh pretty much a + + align:start position:0% +we put it into a uh pretty much a + + + align:start position:0% +we put it into a uh pretty much a +pelletization machine where under about + + align:start position:0% +pelletization machine where under about + + + align:start position:0% +pelletization machine where under about +a th000 megap pascal is condensed into + + align:start position:0% +a th000 megap pascal is condensed into + + + align:start position:0% +a th000 megap pascal is condensed into +um piset are about 1,000 kg per cubic + + align:start position:0% +um piset are about 1,000 kg per cubic + + + align:start position:0% +um piset are about 1,000 kg per cubic +meter of density and about half of that + + align:start position:0% +meter of density and about half of that + + + align:start position:0% +meter of density and about half of that +is the lingin and the cellulose which is + + align:start position:0% +is the lingin and the cellulose which is + + + align:start position:0% +is the lingin and the cellulose which is +where we get the energy from + + align:start position:0% +where we get the energy from + + + align:start position:0% +where we get the energy from +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +here's a uh a force diagram so uh it's + + align:start position:0% +here's a uh a force diagram so uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +here's a uh a force diagram so uh it's +comparing three four different kinds of + + align:start position:0% +comparing three four different kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +comparing three four different kinds of +feed stock so we have uh we straw barley + + align:start position:0% +feed stock so we have uh we straw barley + + + align:start position:0% +feed stock so we have uh we straw barley +corn and then switch grass switch grass + + align:start position:0% +corn and then switch grass switch grass + + + align:start position:0% +corn and then switch grass switch grass +is right here as you can see over time + + align:start position:0% +is right here as you can see over time + + + align:start position:0% +is right here as you can see over time +switch grass requires more Force for it + + align:start position:0% +switch grass requires more Force for it + + + align:start position:0% +switch grass requires more Force for it +to be compacted into a particular form + + align:start position:0% +to be compacted into a particular form + + + align:start position:0% +to be compacted into a particular form +that's because when you compress switch + + align:start position:0% +that's because when you compress switch + + + align:start position:0% +that's because when you compress switch +grass there's certain pores micr pores + + align:start position:0% +grass there's certain pores micr pores + + + align:start position:0% +grass there's certain pores micr pores +that you need to like fill in um which + + align:start position:0% +that you need to like fill in um which + + + align:start position:0% +that you need to like fill in um which +is good because even though this might + + align:start position:0% +is good because even though this might + + + align:start position:0% +is good because even though this might +impact the total uh amount of time that + + align:start position:0% +impact the total uh amount of time that + + + align:start position:0% +impact the total uh amount of time that +in which you'll be able to receive this + + align:start position:0% +in which you'll be able to receive this + + + align:start position:0% +in which you'll be able to receive this +feed stock it it's good because we'll + + align:start position:0% +feed stock it it's good because we'll + + + align:start position:0% +feed stock it it's good because we'll +get more bank for the buck there'll be + + align:start position:0% +get more bank for the buck there'll be + + + align:start position:0% +get more bank for the buck there'll be +more uh biomass preunit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +volume um in in our last secture we + + align:start position:0% +volume um in in our last secture we + + + align:start position:0% +volume um in in our last secture we +suggested having a moisture content of + + align:start position:0% +suggested having a moisture content of + + + align:start position:0% +suggested having a moisture content of +about 12% but now we changed that uh to + + align:start position:0% +about 12% but now we changed that uh to + + + align:start position:0% +about 12% but now we changed that uh to +20% um this is based upon uh the uh + + align:start position:0% +20% um this is based upon uh the uh + + + align:start position:0% +20% um this is based upon uh the uh +modeled processes for the uh for + + align:start position:0% +modeled processes for the uh for + + + align:start position:0% +modeled processes for the uh for +gasification pretty much uh that + + align:start position:0% +gasification pretty much uh that + + + align:start position:0% +gasification pretty much uh that +shouldn't be a problem problem I mean + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't be a problem problem I mean + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't be a problem problem I mean +Swit grass is probably get to that level + + align:start position:0% +Swit grass is probably get to that level + + + align:start position:0% +Swit grass is probably get to that level +just in the field I mean you don't + + align:start position:0% +just in the field I mean you don't + + + align:start position:0% +just in the field I mean you don't +really need that much to get to 20% + + align:start position:0% +really need that much to get to 20% + + + align:start position:0% +really need that much to get to 20% +moisture but in any case the farmers + + align:start position:0% +moisture but in any case the farmers + + + align:start position:0% +moisture but in any case the farmers +could use the dry storage facility to + + align:start position:0% +could use the dry storage facility to + + + align:start position:0% +could use the dry storage facility to +get it to a engineer 20% moisture + + align:start position:0% +get it to a engineer 20% moisture + + + align:start position:0% +get it to a engineer 20% moisture +content um considering that we do have + + align:start position:0% +content um considering that we do have + + + align:start position:0% +content um considering that we do have +water present in these um in our free + + align:start position:0% +water present in these um in our free + + + align:start position:0% +water present in these um in our free +stock we had to calculate the extra uh + + align:start position:0% +stock we had to calculate the extra uh + + + align:start position:0% +stock we had to calculate the extra uh +hydrogen and oxygen in our uh + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen and oxygen in our uh + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen and oxygen in our uh +gasification reactions so that + + align:start position:0% +gasification reactions so that + + + align:start position:0% +gasification reactions so that +influenced the uh total output flow of s + + align:start position:0% +influenced the uh total output flow of s + + + align:start position:0% +influenced the uh total output flow of s +gas from the gasification + + align:start position:0% +gas from the gasification + + + align:start position:0% +gas from the gasification +gasifier + + align:start position:0% +gasifier + + + align:start position:0% +gasifier +um I don't there's no I don't think + + align:start position:0% +um I don't there's no I don't think + + + align:start position:0% +um I don't there's no I don't think +there's a need for us to separate switch + + align:start position:0% +there's a need for us to separate switch + + + align:start position:0% +there's a need for us to separate switch +grass into its components such as its + + align:start position:0% +grass into its components such as its + + + align:start position:0% +grass into its components such as its +roots uh seed stems leaves Etc um I + + align:start position:0% +roots uh seed stems leaves Etc um I + + + align:start position:0% +roots uh seed stems leaves Etc um I +think it's just more efficient just to + + align:start position:0% +think it's just more efficient just to + + + align:start position:0% +think it's just more efficient just to +compress the entire product and the goal + + align:start position:0% +compress the entire product and the goal + + + align:start position:0% +compress the entire product and the goal +of our reactor is to have a 3,500 ton + + align:start position:0% +of our reactor is to have a 3,500 ton + + + align:start position:0% +of our reactor is to have a 3,500 ton +per day output which should require + + align:start position:0% +per day output which should require + + + align:start position:0% +per day output which should require +about 53 around 50 kilog per second of + + align:start position:0% +about 53 around 50 kilog per second of + + + align:start position:0% +about 53 around 50 kilog per second of +biomass + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +input cool + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so next I'm going to talk about the + + align:start position:0% +so next I'm going to talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +so next I'm going to talk about the +gasification process + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um gasification and combustion often + + align:start position:0% +um gasification and combustion often + + + align:start position:0% +um gasification and combustion often +occur together but there are a number of + + align:start position:0% +occur together but there are a number of + + + align:start position:0% +occur together but there are a number of +problems with this such as if you are + + align:start position:0% +problems with this such as if you are + + + align:start position:0% +problems with this such as if you are +combust you doing combustion using air + + align:start position:0% +combust you doing combustion using air + + + align:start position:0% +combust you doing combustion using air +you get a lot of nitrogen that dilutes + + align:start position:0% +you get a lot of nitrogen that dilutes + + + align:start position:0% +you get a lot of nitrogen that dilutes +your sin gas um there + + align:start position:0% +your sin gas um there + + + align:start position:0% +your sin gas um there +are some other issues with trying to + + align:start position:0% +are some other issues with trying to + + + align:start position:0% +are some other issues with trying to +separate how much of the seed stock gets + + align:start position:0% +separate how much of the seed stock gets + + + align:start position:0% +separate how much of the seed stock gets +combusted versus how much gets actually + + align:start position:0% +combusted versus how much gets actually + + + align:start position:0% +combusted versus how much gets actually +converted into carbon monoxide there's a + + align:start position:0% +converted into carbon monoxide there's a + + + align:start position:0% +converted into carbon monoxide there's a +lot of equivalence ratios to deal with + + align:start position:0% +lot of equivalence ratios to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +lot of equivalence ratios to deal with +so we actually decided to use the silver + + align:start position:0% +so we actually decided to use the silver + + + align:start position:0% +so we actually decided to use the silver +gas process which is a patented process + + align:start position:0% +gas process which is a patented process + + + align:start position:0% +gas process which is a patented process +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +gasification um to avoid some of these + + align:start position:0% +gasification um to avoid some of these + + + align:start position:0% +gasification um to avoid some of these +problems because what a lot of gasifiers + + align:start position:0% +problems because what a lot of gasifiers + + + align:start position:0% +problems because what a lot of gasifiers +do since they don't want the dilution + + align:start position:0% +do since they don't want the dilution + + + align:start position:0% +do since they don't want the dilution +from Air is they use an oxygen air + + align:start position:0% +from Air is they use an oxygen air + + + align:start position:0% +from Air is they use an oxygen air +separation unit to get oxygen but that + + align:start position:0% +separation unit to get oxygen but that + + + align:start position:0% +separation unit to get oxygen but that +also takes a lot of extra energy to + + align:start position:0% +also takes a lot of extra energy to + + + align:start position:0% +also takes a lot of extra energy to +separate out oxygen so there are number + + align:start position:0% +separate out oxygen so there are number + + + align:start position:0% +separate out oxygen so there are number +of what they call dual fluidized beds + + align:start position:0% +of what they call dual fluidized beds + + + align:start position:0% +of what they call dual fluidized beds +available the most common one in the US + + align:start position:0% +available the most common one in the US + + + align:start position:0% +available the most common one in the US +is the silver gas process there are a + + align:start position:0% +is the silver gas process there are a + + + align:start position:0% +is the silver gas process there are a +couple in Europe that are also pretty + + align:start position:0% +couple in Europe that are also pretty + + + align:start position:0% +couple in Europe that are also pretty +heavily researched and the way this + + align:start position:0% +heavily researched and the way this + + + align:start position:0% +heavily researched and the way this +works is we have the gasifier separate + + align:start position:0% +works is we have the gasifier separate + + + align:start position:0% +works is we have the gasifier separate +from the combuster so the feed stock is + + align:start position:0% +from the combuster so the feed stock is + + + align:start position:0% +from the combuster so the feed stock is +here and it gets fed into a gasifier + + align:start position:0% +here and it gets fed into a gasifier + + + align:start position:0% +here and it gets fed into a gasifier +with steam and that reaction produces + + align:start position:0% +with steam and that reaction produces + + + align:start position:0% +with steam and that reaction produces +the sing gas which is mostly Co and H2 + + align:start position:0% +the sing gas which is mostly Co and H2 + + + align:start position:0% +the sing gas which is mostly Co and H2 +um but the problem is that we need a lot + + align:start position:0% +um but the problem is that we need a lot + + + align:start position:0% +um but the problem is that we need a lot +of heat to make this reaction occur so + + align:start position:0% +of heat to make this reaction occur so + + + align:start position:0% +of heat to make this reaction occur so +then we have the combuster in a separate + + align:start position:0% +then we have the combuster in a separate + + + align:start position:0% +then we have the combuster in a separate +unit next to it and you input Air at + + align:start position:0% +unit next to it and you input Air at + + + align:start position:0% +unit next to it and you input Air at +about 300 Celsius 350 Celsius um and + + align:start position:0% +about 300 Celsius 350 Celsius um and + + + align:start position:0% +about 300 Celsius 350 Celsius um and +this air actually combusts with some of + + align:start position:0% +this air actually combusts with some of + + + align:start position:0% +this air actually combusts with some of +the Char from the + + align:start position:0% +the Char from the + + + align:start position:0% +the Char from the +gasifier and that will create cre enough + + align:start position:0% +gasifier and that will create cre enough + + + align:start position:0% +gasifier and that will create cre enough +heat which then gets sent back to the + + align:start position:0% +heat which then gets sent back to the + + + align:start position:0% +heat which then gets sent back to the +gasifier so the tricky thing is that the + + align:start position:0% +gasifier so the tricky thing is that the + + + align:start position:0% +gasifier so the tricky thing is that the +way that heat gets sent back and forth + + align:start position:0% +way that heat gets sent back and forth + + + align:start position:0% +way that heat gets sent back and forth +is there's sand that can carry the heat + + align:start position:0% +is there's sand that can carry the heat + + + align:start position:0% +is there's sand that can carry the heat +without having without mixing the two + + align:start position:0% +without having without mixing the two + + + align:start position:0% +without having without mixing the two +gas components of it so from the + + align:start position:0% +gas components of it so from the + + + align:start position:0% +gas components of it so from the +gasifier we get S gas and from the + + align:start position:0% +gasifier we get S gas and from the + + + align:start position:0% +gasifier we get S gas and from the +combuster you get a lot of what's called + + align:start position:0% +combuster you get a lot of what's called + + + align:start position:0% +combuster you get a lot of what's called +flu gas just extra things nitrogen + + align:start position:0% +flu gas just extra things nitrogen + + + align:start position:0% +flu gas just extra things nitrogen +carbon dioxide and those can get + + align:start position:0% +carbon dioxide and those can get + + + align:start position:0% +carbon dioxide and those can get +processed different ways so you can see + + align:start position:0% +processed different ways so you can see + + + align:start position:0% +processed different ways so you can see +there's actually a lot more inputs in + + align:start position:0% +there's actually a lot more inputs in + + + align:start position:0% +there's actually a lot more inputs in +outputs than we expected when you start + + align:start position:0% +outputs than we expected when you start + + + align:start position:0% +outputs than we expected when you start +looking at the details of the process um + + align:start position:0% +looking at the details of the process um + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the details of the process um +the two that we've coordinated with or + + align:start position:0% +the two that we've coordinated with or + + + align:start position:0% +the two that we've coordinated with or +trying to coordinate with the process + + align:start position:0% +trying to coordinate with the process + + + align:start position:0% +trying to coordinate with the process +heat group are the steam inputs because + + align:start position:0% +heat group are the steam inputs because + + + align:start position:0% +heat group are the steam inputs because +we need steam at 182° C and also the + + align:start position:0% +we need steam at 182° C and also the + + + align:start position:0% +we need steam at 182° C and also the +after the sing gas comes out from the + + align:start position:0% +after the sing gas comes out from the + + + align:start position:0% +after the sing gas comes out from the +gasifier it's separated by a cyclone to + + align:start position:0% +gasifier it's separated by a cyclone to + + + align:start position:0% +gasifier it's separated by a cyclone to +get rid of a lot of the large particles + + align:start position:0% +get rid of a lot of the large particles + + + align:start position:0% +get rid of a lot of the large particles +and then it needs to be cooled before it + + align:start position:0% +and then it needs to be cooled before it + + + align:start position:0% +and then it needs to be cooled before it +can be further processed and purified + + align:start position:0% +can be further processed and purified + + + align:start position:0% +can be further processed and purified +a lot of other heat areas we are still + + align:start position:0% +a lot of other heat areas we are still + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of other heat areas we are still +looking into such as the waste heat + + align:start position:0% +looking into such as the waste heat + + + align:start position:0% +looking into such as the waste heat +recovery whether we can do something + + align:start position:0% +recovery whether we can do something + + + align:start position:0% +recovery whether we can do something +with the flu gas that comes out there's + + align:start position:0% +with the flu gas that comes out there's + + + align:start position:0% +with the flu gas that comes out there's +air that needs to be heated but we might + + align:start position:0% +air that needs to be heated but we might + + + align:start position:0% +air that needs to be heated but we might +be able to just use electricity from the + + align:start position:0% +be able to just use electricity from the + + + align:start position:0% +be able to just use electricity from the +core and directly heat that and then + + align:start position:0% +core and directly heat that and then + + + align:start position:0% +core and directly heat that and then +there's also some waste water that will + + align:start position:0% +there's also some waste water that will + + + align:start position:0% +there's also some waste water that will +come in later with the acid gas + + align:start position:0% +come in later with the acid gas + + + align:start position:0% +come in later with the acid gas +removal so these are some of the main + + align:start position:0% +removal so these are some of the main + + + align:start position:0% +removal so these are some of the main +inputs and outputs um we so far have + + align:start position:0% +inputs and outputs um we so far have + + + align:start position:0% +inputs and outputs um we so far have +just done a mass balance on what will go + + align:start position:0% +just done a mass balance on what will go + + + align:start position:0% +just done a mass balance on what will go +in and out based on the 53 K 100 kg a + + align:start position:0% +in and out based on the 53 K 100 kg a + + + align:start position:0% +in and out based on the 53 K 100 kg a +day we will input about 41 kilg per + + align:start position:0% +day we will input about 41 kilg per + + + align:start position:0% +day we will input about 41 kilg per +second of dry biomass at 20% + + align:start position:0% +second of dry biomass at 20% + + + align:start position:0% +second of dry biomass at 20% +moisture um you can see the steam inputs + + align:start position:0% +moisture um you can see the steam inputs + + + align:start position:0% +moisture um you can see the steam inputs +the air inputs and the total that will + + align:start position:0% +the air inputs and the total that will + + + align:start position:0% +the air inputs and the total that will +come in and out and then on the side + + align:start position:0% +come in and out and then on the side + + + align:start position:0% +come in and out and then on the side +here you can see a picture of what just + + align:start position:0% +here you can see a picture of what just + + + align:start position:0% +here you can see a picture of what just +the gasification part of the plant looks + + align:start position:0% +the gasification part of the plant looks + + + align:start position:0% +the gasification part of the plant looks +like the Cyclones in the green and + + align:start position:0% +like the Cyclones in the green and + + + align:start position:0% +like the Cyclones in the green and +orange are about 48 feet tall you can + + align:start position:0% +orange are about 48 feet tall you can + + + align:start position:0% +orange are about 48 feet tall you can +see the Chuck at the bottom so that + + align:start position:0% +see the Chuck at the bottom so that + + + align:start position:0% +see the Chuck at the bottom so that +gives you an idea of how large these + + align:start position:0% +gives you an idea of how large these + + + align:start position:0% +gives you an idea of how large these +plants + + align:start position:0% +plants + + + align:start position:0% +plants +are um and we did some Mass balances + + align:start position:0% +are um and we did some Mass balances + + + align:start position:0% +are um and we did some Mass balances +just to check that the amount of um + + align:start position:0% +just to check that the amount of um + + + align:start position:0% +just to check that the amount of um +based on the composition of switch grass + + align:start position:0% +based on the composition of switch grass + + + align:start position:0% +based on the composition of switch grass +the amount of carbon and hydrogen oxygen + + align:start position:0% +the amount of carbon and hydrogen oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +the amount of carbon and hydrogen oxygen +going in matches or is greater than the + + align:start position:0% +going in matches or is greater than the + + + align:start position:0% +going in matches or is greater than the +amount that we're going to be having in + + align:start position:0% +amount that we're going to be having in + + + align:start position:0% +amount that we're going to be having in +our + + align:start position:0% +our + + + align:start position:0% +our +output of + + align:start position:0% +output of + + + align:start position:0% +output of +Singas and then this will be the like + + align:start position:0% +Singas and then this will be the like + + + align:start position:0% +Singas and then this will be the like +composition of the sing gas that gets + + align:start position:0% +composition of the sing gas that gets + + + align:start position:0% +composition of the sing gas that gets +sent onto the rest of the cycle this is + + align:start position:0% +sent onto the rest of the cycle this is + + + align:start position:0% +sent onto the rest of the cycle this is +based on Sila gases patent and what they + + align:start position:0% +based on Sila gases patent and what they + + + align:start position:0% +based on Sila gases patent and what they +publish for their percentages you can + + align:start position:0% +publish for their percentages you can + + + align:start position:0% +publish for their percentages you can +see it's mostly carbon monoxide and + + align:start position:0% +see it's mostly carbon monoxide and + + + align:start position:0% +see it's mostly carbon monoxide and +hydrogen the biggest problem is the + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen the biggest problem is the + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen the biggest problem is the +carbon dioxide which actually poisons + + align:start position:0% +carbon dioxide which actually poisons + + + align:start position:0% +carbon dioxide which actually poisons +the fiser trop reactor so we have to + + align:start position:0% +the fiser trop reactor so we have to + + + align:start position:0% +the fiser trop reactor so we have to +remove the carbon dioxide from the S gas + + align:start position:0% +remove the carbon dioxide from the S gas + + + align:start position:0% +remove the carbon dioxide from the S gas +and Matt is going to talk about that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +next + + align:start position:0% +next + + + align:start position:0% +next +so I will be talking about the acid gas + + align:start position:0% +so I will be talking about the acid gas + + + align:start position:0% +so I will be talking about the acid gas +removal and this is a very important + + align:start position:0% +removal and this is a very important + + + align:start position:0% +removal and this is a very important +part in the process because after this + + align:start position:0% +part in the process because after this + + + align:start position:0% +part in the process because after this +it is sent to the Ft reactor and as is + + align:start position:0% +it is sent to the Ft reactor and as is + + + align:start position:0% +it is sent to the Ft reactor and as is +the rosin gas coming out of the sil gas + + align:start position:0% +the rosin gas coming out of the sil gas + + + align:start position:0% +the rosin gas coming out of the sil gas +process and the combuster particularly + + align:start position:0% +process and the combuster particularly + + + align:start position:0% +process and the combuster particularly +has a lot of particles uh solid + + align:start position:0% +has a lot of particles uh solid + + + align:start position:0% +has a lot of particles uh solid +particles and uh particles such as + + align:start position:0% +particles and uh particles such as + + + align:start position:0% +particles and uh particles such as +ammonia H2S that would uh poison the Ft + + align:start position:0% +ammonia H2S that would uh poison the Ft + + + align:start position:0% +ammonia H2S that would uh poison the Ft +reaction so we have the silver gas + + align:start position:0% +reaction so we have the silver gas + + + align:start position:0% +reaction so we have the silver gas +process here + + align:start position:0% +process here + + + align:start position:0% +process here +and this is the acid gas removal portion + + align:start position:0% +and this is the acid gas removal portion + + + align:start position:0% +and this is the acid gas removal portion +included in these Cyclones uh it's + + align:start position:0% +included in these Cyclones uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +included in these Cyclones uh it's +important to note the whole acid gas + + align:start position:0% +important to note the whole acid gas + + + align:start position:0% +important to note the whole acid gas +removal process even though part of it + + align:start position:0% +removal process even though part of it + + + align:start position:0% +removal process even though part of it +is in a patented silver gas + + align:start position:0% +is in a patented silver gas + + + align:start position:0% +is in a patented silver gas +process so this is the uh overall flow + + align:start position:0% +process so this is the uh overall flow + + + align:start position:0% +process so this is the uh overall flow +chart of what happens in acid gas + + align:start position:0% +chart of what happens in acid gas + + + align:start position:0% +chart of what happens in acid gas +removal so we begin with the Cyclones + + align:start position:0% +removal so we begin with the Cyclones + + + align:start position:0% +removal so we begin with the Cyclones +and this is to remove the particulates + + align:start position:0% +and this is to remove the particulates + + + align:start position:0% +and this is to remove the particulates +uh mainly Char and what happens is it's + + align:start position:0% +uh mainly Char and what happens is it's + + + align:start position:0% +uh mainly Char and what happens is it's +a Cyclone a centrifuge and removes the + + align:start position:0% +a Cyclone a centrifuge and removes the + + + align:start position:0% +a Cyclone a centrifuge and removes the +Char it gets recycled back to the + + align:start position:0% +Char it gets recycled back to the + + + align:start position:0% +Char it gets recycled back to the +combustion and then combusts there so + + align:start position:0% +combustion and then combusts there so + + + align:start position:0% +combustion and then combusts there so +it's a closed loop uh next uh we have a + + align:start position:0% +it's a closed loop uh next uh we have a + + + align:start position:0% +it's a closed loop uh next uh we have a +tar reformer and I have this is actually + + align:start position:0% +tar reformer and I have this is actually + + + align:start position:0% +tar reformer and I have this is actually +not in our process but I thought it was + + align:start position:0% +not in our process but I thought it was + + + align:start position:0% +not in our process but I thought it was +important to note because usually you + + align:start position:0% +important to note because usually you + + + align:start position:0% +important to note because usually you +would have some kind of tar reforming + + align:start position:0% +would have some kind of tar reforming + + + align:start position:0% +would have some kind of tar reforming +which you would just send uh the gas + + align:start position:0% +which you would just send uh the gas + + + align:start position:0% +which you would just send uh the gas +through a catalyst it would break up the + + align:start position:0% +through a catalyst it would break up the + + + align:start position:0% +through a catalyst it would break up the +heavier particles into a smaller one + + align:start position:0% +heavier particles into a smaller one + + + align:start position:0% +heavier particles into a smaller one +which is what we want we want Co and H2 + + align:start position:0% +which is what we want we want Co and H2 + + + align:start position:0% +which is what we want we want Co and H2 +and our S gas but because of the + + align:start position:0% +and our S gas but because of the + + + align:start position:0% +and our S gas but because of the +efficiency of the Sila gas process is it + + align:start position:0% +efficiency of the Sila gas process is it + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency of the Sila gas process is it +is not needed uh then we go to the S gas + + align:start position:0% +is not needed uh then we go to the S gas + + + align:start position:0% +is not needed uh then we go to the S gas +Cooling and we're going to cool it from + + align:start position:0% +Cooling and we're going to cool it from + + + align:start position:0% +Cooling and we're going to cool it from +now we have an output temperature now of + + align:start position:0% +now we have an output temperature now of + + + align:start position:0% +now we have an output temperature now of +682 C and we need to cool it to + + align:start position:0% +682 C and we need to cool it to + + + align:start position:0% +682 C and we need to cool it to +102c and + + align:start position:0% +102c and + + + align:start position:0% +102c and +so uh we're going to have a heat + + align:start position:0% +so uh we're going to have a heat + + + align:start position:0% +so uh we're going to have a heat +exchanger and we're going uh + + align:start position:0% +exchanger and we're going uh + + + align:start position:0% +exchanger and we're going uh +coordinating with the process heat to + + align:start position:0% +coordinating with the process heat to + + + align:start position:0% +coordinating with the process heat to +make this happen uh next it goes through + + align:start position:0% +make this happen uh next it goes through + + + align:start position:0% +make this happen uh next it goes through +a water scrubber and this is again to + + align:start position:0% +a water scrubber and this is again to + + + align:start position:0% +a water scrubber and this is again to +remove any impurities uh we we have a + + align:start position:0% +remove any impurities uh we we have a + + + align:start position:0% +remove any impurities uh we we have a +mass flow rate of water in and that can + + align:start position:0% +mass flow rate of water in and that can + + + align:start position:0% +mass flow rate of water in and that can +be adjusted to quench the send gas to + + align:start position:0% +be adjusted to quench the send gas to + + + align:start position:0% +be adjusted to quench the send gas to +the temperature that we need it also + + align:start position:0% +the temperature that we need it also + + + align:start position:0% +the temperature that we need it also +removes any particulate like heavier uh + + align:start position:0% +removes any particulate like heavier uh + + + align:start position:0% +removes any particulate like heavier uh +particles that we do not want it helps + + align:start position:0% +particles that we do not want it helps + + + align:start position:0% +particles that we do not want it helps +uh there uh after the scrubber we go to + + align:start position:0% +uh there uh after the scrubber we go to + + + align:start position:0% +uh there uh after the scrubber we go to +the compressor and it compresses it to + + align:start position:0% +the compressor and it compresses it to + + + align:start position:0% +the compressor and it compresses it to +about uh 30.7 bar and before it sent to + + align:start position:0% +about uh 30.7 bar and before it sent to + + + align:start position:0% +about uh 30.7 bar and before it sent to +the actual acid gas removal uh this is + + align:start position:0% +the actual acid gas removal uh this is + + + align:start position:0% +the actual acid gas removal uh this is +because at higher pressures you have a + + align:start position:0% +because at higher pressures you have a + + + align:start position:0% +because at higher pressures you have a +higher solubility and it's easier to + + align:start position:0% +higher solubility and it's easier to + + + align:start position:0% +higher solubility and it's easier to +deal with + + align:start position:0% +deal with + + + align:start position:0% +deal with +uh and so then I'll I'll talk about more + + align:start position:0% +uh and so then I'll I'll talk about more + + + align:start position:0% +uh and so then I'll I'll talk about more +in depth the acid gas removal and a + + align:start position:0% +in depth the acid gas removal and a + + + align:start position:0% +in depth the acid gas removal and a +patented uh low cap process that we're + + align:start position:0% +patented uh low cap process that we're + + + align:start position:0% +patented uh low cap process that we're +going to + + align:start position:0% +going to + + + align:start position:0% +going to +use so this is the amine plant so you'll + + align:start position:0% +use so this is the amine plant so you'll + + + align:start position:0% +use so this is the amine plant so you'll +have sour gas sour gas is just uh sin + + align:start position:0% +have sour gas sour gas is just uh sin + + + align:start position:0% +have sour gas sour gas is just uh sin +gas with extra particles that would + + align:start position:0% +gas with extra particles that would + + + align:start position:0% +gas with extra particles that would +poison ft reactors such as H2S ammonia + + align:start position:0% +poison ft reactors such as H2S ammonia + + + align:start position:0% +poison ft reactors such as H2S ammonia +particulates such as uh these kind of + + align:start position:0% +particulates such as uh these kind of + + + align:start position:0% +particulates such as uh these kind of +things so first it's sent to a filter + + align:start position:0% +things so first it's sent to a filter + + + align:start position:0% +things so first it's sent to a filter +and a + + align:start position:0% +and a + + + align:start position:0% +and a +separator uh and from uh there I mean + + align:start position:0% +separator uh and from uh there I mean + + + align:start position:0% +separator uh and from uh there I mean +this will remove any of like the solid + + align:start position:0% +this will remove any of like the solid + + + align:start position:0% +this will remove any of like the solid +particles obviously that aren't gas uh + + align:start position:0% +particles obviously that aren't gas uh + + + align:start position:0% +particles obviously that aren't gas uh +is moved to a mean contactor we have a + + align:start position:0% +is moved to a mean contactor we have a + + + align:start position:0% +is moved to a mean contactor we have a +catalyst in here and uh from here it'll + + align:start position:0% +catalyst in here and uh from here it'll + + + align:start position:0% +catalyst in here and uh from here it'll +get moved to a heat + + align:start position:0% +get moved to a heat + + + align:start position:0% +get moved to a heat +exchanger uh which then uh send gas that + + align:start position:0% +exchanger uh which then uh send gas that + + + align:start position:0% +exchanger uh which then uh send gas that +is uh like Co and H2 mainly what we want + + align:start position:0% +is uh like Co and H2 mainly what we want + + + align:start position:0% +is uh like Co and H2 mainly what we want +will get sent to another cooler get sent + + align:start position:0% +will get sent to another cooler get sent + + + align:start position:0% +will get sent to another cooler get sent +back the me contactor and be the treated + + align:start position:0% +back the me contactor and be the treated + + + align:start position:0% +back the me contactor and be the treated +product gas that we want and that it'll + + align:start position:0% +product gas that we want and that it'll + + + align:start position:0% +product gas that we want and that it'll +move on to the low cat process but on + + align:start position:0% +move on to the low cat process but on + + + align:start position:0% +move on to the low cat process but on +this over here uh any of the heavier + + align:start position:0% +this over here uh any of the heavier + + + align:start position:0% +this over here uh any of the heavier +particles that we don't want the such as + + align:start position:0% +particles that we don't want the such as + + + align:start position:0% +particles that we don't want the such as +CO2 + + align:start position:0% +CO2 + + + align:start position:0% +CO2 +H2S uh these particles are sent to an AM + + align:start position:0% +H2S uh these particles are sent to an AM + + + align:start position:0% +H2S uh these particles are sent to an AM +regenerator uh this is these these are + + align:start position:0% +regenerator uh this is these these are + + + align:start position:0% +regenerator uh this is these these are +all things that are patented and we're + + align:start position:0% +all things that are patented and we're + + + align:start position:0% +all things that are patented and we're +going to just simply buy them from the + + align:start position:0% +going to just simply buy them from the + + + align:start position:0% +going to just simply buy them from the +manufacturer so we're working still + + align:start position:0% +manufacturer so we're working still + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturer so we're working still +working on Research to what exactly uh + + align:start position:0% +working on Research to what exactly uh + + + align:start position:0% +working on Research to what exactly uh +we need to get and the reading papers on + + align:start position:0% +we need to get and the reading papers on + + + align:start position:0% +we need to get and the reading papers on +uh more or less better ones to use why + + align:start position:0% +uh more or less better ones to use why + + + align:start position:0% +uh more or less better ones to use why +and why not at low pressures and the + + align:start position:0% +and why not at low pressures and the + + + align:start position:0% +and why not at low pressures and the +temperature that we want so and then + + align:start position:0% +temperature that we want so and then + + + align:start position:0% +temperature that we want so and then +acid gas will come out and we will uh do + + align:start position:0% +acid gas will come out and we will uh do + + + align:start position:0% +acid gas will come out and we will uh do +something with + + align:start position:0% +something with + + + align:start position:0% +something with +that so now we have uh the low cap + + align:start position:0% +that so now we have uh the low cap + + + align:start position:0% +that so now we have uh the low cap +process so after it comes out of the + + align:start position:0% +process so after it comes out of the + + + align:start position:0% +process so after it comes out of the +mean uh process it goes to another + + align:start position:0% +mean uh process it goes to another + + + align:start position:0% +mean uh process it goes to another +patented process the low cat process so + + align:start position:0% +patented process the low cat process so + + + align:start position:0% +patented process the low cat process so +we have again sour gas coming in and it + + align:start position:0% +we have again sour gas coming in and it + + + align:start position:0% +we have again sour gas coming in and it +goes to and this is an auto circulation + + align:start position:0% +goes to and this is an auto circulation + + + align:start position:0% +goes to and this is an auto circulation +uh we have air coming in so we can get + + align:start position:0% +uh we have air coming in so we can get + + + align:start position:0% +uh we have air coming in so we can get +uh a little bit of oxygen in there as + + align:start position:0% +uh a little bit of oxygen in there as + + + align:start position:0% +uh a little bit of oxygen in there as +well and we have uh this is so the first + + align:start position:0% +well and we have uh this is so the first + + + align:start position:0% +well and we have uh this is so the first +process will uh reduce the amount of H2S + + align:start position:0% +process will uh reduce the amount of H2S + + + align:start position:0% +process will uh reduce the amount of H2S +and CO2 both of these are the main + + align:start position:0% +and CO2 both of these are the main + + + align:start position:0% +and CO2 both of these are the main +concerns in our poisoning of the Ft + + align:start position:0% +concerns in our poisoning of the Ft + + + align:start position:0% +concerns in our poisoning of the Ft +reactor uh but this lcat removes the I + + align:start position:0% +reactor uh but this lcat removes the I + + + align:start position:0% +reactor uh but this lcat removes the I +mean lowers the concentration of CO2 and + + align:start position:0% +mean lowers the concentration of CO2 and + + + align:start position:0% +mean lowers the concentration of CO2 and +H2S further such that we can have an + + align:start position:0% +H2S further such that we can have an + + + align:start position:0% +H2S further such that we can have an +extra clean S gas when we send it to the + + align:start position:0% +extra clean S gas when we send it to the + + + align:start position:0% +extra clean S gas when we send it to the +Ft + + align:start position:0% +Ft + + + align:start position:0% +Ft +reactor and uh I mean we going to use + + align:start position:0% +reactor and uh I mean we going to use + + + align:start position:0% +reactor and uh I mean we going to use +Anon iron Catalyst here it's + + align:start position:0% +Anon iron Catalyst here it's + + + align:start position:0% +Anon iron Catalyst here it's +environmentally safe + + align:start position:0% +environmentally safe + + + align:start position:0% +environmentally safe +and uh the vented gas as you see right + + align:start position:0% +and uh the vented gas as you see right + + + align:start position:0% +and uh the vented gas as you see right +here was ready then to go to the Ft + + align:start position:0% +here was ready then to go to the Ft + + + align:start position:0% +here was ready then to go to the Ft +reactor and oie will talk to you about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that okay so this this table is + + align:start position:0% +that okay so this this table is + + + align:start position:0% +that okay so this this table is +basically showing um this thing that's + + align:start position:0% +basically showing um this thing that's + + + align:start position:0% +basically showing um this thing that's +composition that's coming out of the + + align:start position:0% +composition that's coming out of the + + + align:start position:0% +composition that's coming out of the +acid gas removal + + align:start position:0% +acid gas removal + + + align:start position:0% +acid gas removal +so you basically have a lot of uh carbon + + align:start position:0% +so you basically have a lot of uh carbon + + + align:start position:0% +so you basically have a lot of uh carbon +monoxide and hydrogen we removed all of + + align:start position:0% +monoxide and hydrogen we removed all of + + + align:start position:0% +monoxide and hydrogen we removed all of +the carbon dioxide + + align:start position:0% +the carbon dioxide + + + align:start position:0% +the carbon dioxide +because that that's the that poisons the + + align:start position:0% +because that that's the that poisons the + + + align:start position:0% +because that that's the that poisons the +FD reaction + + align:start position:0% +FD reaction + + + align:start position:0% +FD reaction +and the whole point of acid gas removal + + align:start position:0% +and the whole point of acid gas removal + + + align:start position:0% +and the whole point of acid gas removal +is just to remove CO2 and also H to that + + align:start position:0% +is just to remove CO2 and also H to that + + + align:start position:0% +is just to remove CO2 and also H to that +may be + + align:start position:0% +may be + + + align:start position:0% +may be +around so FD reactor comes in the late + + align:start position:0% +around so FD reactor comes in the late + + + align:start position:0% +around so FD reactor comes in the late +stage of the process so it comes after + + align:start position:0% +stage of the process so it comes after + + + align:start position:0% +stage of the process so it comes after +the acid G REM and before the + + align:start position:0% +the acid G REM and before the + + + align:start position:0% +the acid G REM and before the +distillation + + align:start position:0% +distillation + + + align:start position:0% +distillation +process so the type of reactor we are + + align:start position:0% +process so the type of reactor we are + + + align:start position:0% +process so the type of reactor we are +going to use is called slur phas bubble + + align:start position:0% +going to use is called slur phas bubble + + + align:start position:0% +going to use is called slur phas bubble +column reactor uh so what we have is a + + align:start position:0% +column reactor uh so what we have is a + + + align:start position:0% +column reactor uh so what we have is a +Singas com in from the bottom of the + + align:start position:0% +Singas com in from the bottom of the + + + align:start position:0% +Singas com in from the bottom of the +reactor and bubble through this tall + + align:start position:0% +reactor and bubble through this tall + + + align:start position:0% +reactor and bubble through this tall +column and we also have this coolant + + align:start position:0% +column and we also have this coolant + + + align:start position:0% +column and we also have this coolant +tubes along the height of the vessle the + + align:start position:0% +tubes along the height of the vessle the + + + align:start position:0% +tubes along the height of the vessle the +whistle is like is a 30 m tall and 7 m + + align:start position:0% +whistle is like is a 30 m tall and 7 m + + + align:start position:0% +whistle is like is a 30 m tall and 7 m +in diameter + + align:start position:0% +in diameter + + + align:start position:0% +in diameter +and uh we have uh two-phase flow here a + + align:start position:0% +and uh we have uh two-phase flow here a + + + align:start position:0% +and uh we have uh two-phase flow here a +gas and uh gas and liquid and the flow + + align:start position:0% +gas and uh gas and liquid and the flow + + + align:start position:0% +gas and uh gas and liquid and the flow +regime that we're going to use is called + + align:start position:0% +regime that we're going to use is called + + + align:start position:0% +regime that we're going to use is called +churn turbulent and we chose this + + align:start position:0% +churn turbulent and we chose this + + + align:start position:0% +churn turbulent and we chose this +because it's uh the the Articles we + + align:start position:0% +because it's uh the the Articles we + + + align:start position:0% +because it's uh the the Articles we +looked at uh said that the CH turbulant + + align:start position:0% +looked at uh said that the CH turbulant + + + align:start position:0% +looked at uh said that the CH turbulant +is the most efficient in terms of the + + align:start position:0% +is the most efficient in terms of the + + + align:start position:0% +is the most efficient in terms of the +mass transfer and also heat + + align:start position:0% +mass transfer and also heat + + + align:start position:0% +mass transfer and also heat +transfer uh inside the reactor we have + + align:start position:0% +transfer uh inside the reactor we have + + + align:start position:0% +transfer uh inside the reactor we have +iner oil and in that oil we have a + + align:start position:0% +iner oil and in that oil we have a + + + align:start position:0% +iner oil and in that oil we have a +catalyst + + align:start position:0% +catalyst + + + align:start position:0% +catalyst +suspended uh and in terms of the + + align:start position:0% +suspended uh and in terms of the + + + align:start position:0% +suspended uh and in terms of the +catalysts uh rubidium is the most active + + align:start position:0% +catalysts uh rubidium is the most active + + + align:start position:0% +catalysts uh rubidium is the most active +one but it's uh very expensive so it's + + align:start position:0% +one but it's uh very expensive so it's + + + align:start position:0% +one but it's uh very expensive so it's +in Practical uh none of the Articles we + + align:start position:0% +in Practical uh none of the Articles we + + + align:start position:0% +in Practical uh none of the Articles we +looked at use rubidium as a catalyst so + + align:start position:0% +looked at use rubidium as a catalyst so + + + align:start position:0% +looked at use rubidium as a catalyst so +the the most favored ones are iron and + + align:start position:0% +the the most favored ones are iron and + + + align:start position:0% +the the most favored ones are iron and +Cobalt uh in this specific design we're + + align:start position:0% +Cobalt uh in this specific design we're + + + align:start position:0% +Cobalt uh in this specific design we're +going to use iron as a catalyst uh and + + align:start position:0% +going to use iron as a catalyst uh and + + + align:start position:0% +going to use iron as a catalyst uh and +the it's also possible to use um Cobalt + + align:start position:0% +the it's also possible to use um Cobalt + + + align:start position:0% +the it's also possible to use um Cobalt +instead um so these are the chemical + + align:start position:0% +instead um so these are the chemical + + + align:start position:0% +instead um so these are the chemical +reactions that take place uh so we have + + align:start position:0% +reactions that take place uh so we have + + + align:start position:0% +reactions that take place uh so we have +uh carbon monoxide reating with hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +uh carbon monoxide reating with hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +uh carbon monoxide reating with hydrogen +and making this methylin group + + align:start position:0% +and making this methylin group + + + align:start position:0% +and making this methylin group +ch2 and the water molecule and this + + align:start position:0% +ch2 and the water molecule and this + + + align:start position:0% +ch2 and the water molecule and this +process this reaction produces 170 KJ of + + align:start position:0% +process this reaction produces 170 KJ of + + + align:start position:0% +process this reaction produces 170 KJ of +heat per + + align:start position:0% +heat per + + + align:start position:0% +heat per +mole there's also secondary reaction + + align:start position:0% +mole there's also secondary reaction + + + align:start position:0% +mole there's also secondary reaction +that also take place uh uh it's called + + align:start position:0% +that also take place uh uh it's called + + + align:start position:0% +that also take place uh uh it's called +the water shift reaction so basically we + + align:start position:0% +the water shift reaction so basically we + + + align:start position:0% +the water shift reaction so basically we +have a water molecule reacting with the + + align:start position:0% +have a water molecule reacting with the + + + align:start position:0% +have a water molecule reacting with the +carbon mon oxide and instead of making + + align:start position:0% +carbon mon oxide and instead of making + + + align:start position:0% +carbon mon oxide and instead of making +the methyl in gro we are making Hydro uh + + align:start position:0% +the methyl in gro we are making Hydro uh + + + align:start position:0% +the methyl in gro we are making Hydro uh +carbon dioxide so this is bad instead of + + align:start position:0% +carbon dioxide so this is bad instead of + + + align:start position:0% +carbon dioxide so this is bad instead of +making like fuel molecules we're making + + align:start position:0% +making like fuel molecules we're making + + + align:start position:0% +making like fuel molecules we're making +useless carbon dioxide so it's we want + + align:start position:0% +useless carbon dioxide so it's we want + + + align:start position:0% +useless carbon dioxide so it's we want +to avoid this water shift reaction as + + align:start position:0% +to avoid this water shift reaction as + + + align:start position:0% +to avoid this water shift reaction as +much as we can and that's one of the + + align:start position:0% +much as we can and that's one of the + + + align:start position:0% +much as we can and that's one of the +reasons we chose uh iron as a catalst + + align:start position:0% +reasons we chose uh iron as a catalst + + + align:start position:0% +reasons we chose uh iron as a catalst +because iron is not active to is very + + align:start position:0% +because iron is not active to is very + + + align:start position:0% +because iron is not active to is very +little active to the second + + align:start position:0% +little active to the second + + + align:start position:0% +little active to the second +reaction and the methylene groups + + align:start position:0% +reaction and the methylene groups + + + align:start position:0% +reaction and the methylene groups +polymerize into large molecules large + + align:start position:0% +polymerize into large molecules large + + + align:start position:0% +polymerize into large molecules large +long + + align:start position:0% +long + + + align:start position:0% +long +um parin molecules so that's the main + + align:start position:0% +um parin molecules so that's the main + + + align:start position:0% +um parin molecules so that's the main +components of the fissure trops liquid + + align:start position:0% +components of the fissure trops liquid + + + align:start position:0% +components of the fissure trops liquid +that's coming out of this + + align:start position:0% +that's coming out of this + + + align:start position:0% +that's coming out of this +reactor so uh so we did calculations for + + align:start position:0% +reactor so uh so we did calculations for + + + align:start position:0% +reactor so uh so we did calculations for +the total heat generated in our reactor + + align:start position:0% +the total heat generated in our reactor + + + align:start position:0% +the total heat generated in our reactor +so we can + + align:start position:0% +so we can + + + align:start position:0% +so we can +just uh multiply the flow rate of + + align:start position:0% +just uh multiply the flow rate of + + + align:start position:0% +just uh multiply the flow rate of +hydrogen with the amount of heat + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen with the amount of heat + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen with the amount of heat +generated per per mole and we can end up + + align:start position:0% +generated per per mole and we can end up + + + align:start position:0% +generated per per mole and we can end up +saying 21.8 megawatt of heat is + + align:start position:0% +saying 21.8 megawatt of heat is + + + align:start position:0% +saying 21.8 megawatt of heat is +generated so uh this reaction has to + + align:start position:0% +generated so uh this reaction has to + + + align:start position:0% +generated so uh this reaction has to +take place in isothermal condition so + + align:start position:0% +take place in isothermal condition so + + + align:start position:0% +take place in isothermal condition so +this heat needs to be taken away and we + + align:start position:0% +this heat needs to be taken away and we + + + align:start position:0% +this heat needs to be taken away and we +talk to the process heat group and we'll + + align:start position:0% +talk to the process heat group and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +talk to the process heat group and we'll +most likely be dumping and this much + + align:start position:0% +most likely be dumping and this much + + + align:start position:0% +most likely be dumping and this much +heat into environment so uh there's a + + align:start position:0% +heat into environment so uh there's a + + + align:start position:0% +heat into environment so uh there's a +there's a limit of uh temperature + + align:start position:0% +there's a limit of uh temperature + + + align:start position:0% +there's a limit of uh temperature +increase uh we can do on the intake War + + align:start position:0% +increase uh we can do on the intake War + + + align:start position:0% +increase uh we can do on the intake War +imposed by the EPA so I looked up the + + align:start position:0% +imposed by the EPA so I looked up the + + + align:start position:0% +imposed by the EPA so I looked up the +number it's a 11 celsus uh + + align:start position:0% +number it's a 11 celsus uh + + + align:start position:0% +number it's a 11 celsus uh +so we can use that number and calculate + + align:start position:0% +so we can use that number and calculate + + + align:start position:0% +so we can use that number and calculate +that the total flow of intake water in + + align:start position:0% +that the total flow of intake water in + + + align:start position:0% +that the total flow of intake water in +our coolant system is 470 kg per second + + align:start position:0% +our coolant system is 470 kg per second + + + align:start position:0% +our coolant system is 470 kg per second +we realize it's a large number so if it + + align:start position:0% +we realize it's a large number so if it + + + align:start position:0% +we realize it's a large number so if it +turns out it's not feasible to do it + + align:start position:0% +turns out it's not feasible to do it + + + align:start position:0% +turns out it's not feasible to do it +we'll probably be doing cooling + + align:start position:0% +we'll probably be doing cooling + + + align:start position:0% +we'll probably be doing cooling +tower so + + align:start position:0% +tower so + + + align:start position:0% +tower so +this product selectivity I I told you + + align:start position:0% +this product selectivity I I told you + + + align:start position:0% +this product selectivity I I told you +before that those small methylin + + align:start position:0% +before that those small methylin + + + align:start position:0% +before that those small methylin +molecules form long chain molecules and + + align:start position:0% +molecules form long chain molecules and + + + align:start position:0% +molecules form long chain molecules and +all of so this long chains have certain + + align:start position:0% +all of so this long chains have certain + + + align:start position:0% +all of so this long chains have certain +carbon number carbon atom number so this + + align:start position:0% +carbon number carbon atom number so this + + + align:start position:0% +carbon number carbon atom number so this +plot is + + align:start position:0% +plot is + + + align:start position:0% +plot is +showing the mass mass fraction as a + + align:start position:0% +showing the mass mass fraction as a + + + align:start position:0% +showing the mass mass fraction as a +function of carbon number so um carbon + + align:start position:0% +function of carbon number so um carbon + + + align:start position:0% +function of carbon number so um carbon +number six will correspond to uh Benzene + + align:start position:0% +number six will correspond to uh Benzene + + + align:start position:0% +number six will correspond to uh Benzene +molecules or things like that um uh + + align:start position:0% +molecules or things like that um uh + + + align:start position:0% +molecules or things like that um uh +carbon number one to five will + + align:start position:0% +carbon number one to five will + + + align:start position:0% +carbon number one to five will +correspond to gas molecules such as + + align:start position:0% +correspond to gas molecules such as + + + align:start position:0% +correspond to gas molecules such as +methane ethane Bane like that so uh our + + align:start position:0% +methane ethane Bane like that so uh our + + + align:start position:0% +methane ethane Bane like that so uh our +so this uh Max bman like distribution is + + align:start position:0% +so this uh Max bman like distribution is + + + align:start position:0% +so this uh Max bman like distribution is +actually called Anderson it's not + + align:start position:0% +actually called Anderson it's not + + + align:start position:0% +actually called Anderson it's not +Maxwell Balman but it's called Anderson + + align:start position:0% +Maxwell Balman but it's called Anderson + + + align:start position:0% +Maxwell Balman but it's called Anderson +Schultz FL distribution we have the + + align:start position:0% +Schultz FL distribution we have the + + + align:start position:0% +Schultz FL distribution we have the +functional form for this um distribution + + align:start position:0% +functional form for this um distribution + + + align:start position:0% +functional form for this um distribution +and the shape depends on the uh hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +and the shape depends on the uh hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +and the shape depends on the uh hydrogen +to carbon monoxide ratio in our S gas so + + align:start position:0% +to carbon monoxide ratio in our S gas so + + + align:start position:0% +to carbon monoxide ratio in our S gas so +also it also depends on the + + align:start position:0% +also it also depends on the + + + align:start position:0% +also it also depends on the +temperature so this plot is just showing + + align:start position:0% +temperature so this plot is just showing + + + align:start position:0% +temperature so this plot is just showing +uh distribution functions for different + + align:start position:0% +uh distribution functions for different + + + align:start position:0% +uh distribution functions for different +hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratios for + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratios for + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratios for +for example this one is for ratio equals + + align:start position:0% +for example this one is for ratio equals + + + align:start position:0% +for example this one is for ratio equals +5 so it's a very high ratio this means + + align:start position:0% +5 so it's a very high ratio this means + + + align:start position:0% +5 so it's a very high ratio this means +we have a lot more hydrogen in our + + align:start position:0% +we have a lot more hydrogen in our + + + align:start position:0% +we have a lot more hydrogen in our +stream than uh carbon di carbon monoxide + + align:start position:0% +stream than uh carbon di carbon monoxide + + + align:start position:0% +stream than uh carbon di carbon monoxide +so you can see that this solid line is + + align:start position:0% +so you can see that this solid line is + + + align:start position:0% +so you can see that this solid line is +picked in a low carbon number range so + + align:start position:0% +picked in a low carbon number range so + + + align:start position:0% +picked in a low carbon number range so +that means that we are making a lot of + + align:start position:0% +that means that we are making a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +that means that we are making a lot of +gas instead gas but not as much as + + align:start position:0% +gas instead gas but not as much as + + + align:start position:0% +gas instead gas but not as much as +heavier molecules which actually become + + align:start position:0% +heavier molecules which actually become + + + align:start position:0% +heavier molecules which actually become +gasoline and uh diesel so if you go to + + align:start position:0% +gasoline and uh diesel so if you go to + + + align:start position:0% +gasoline and uh diesel so if you go to +low uh H2 to co ratio you're actually + + align:start position:0% +low uh H2 to co ratio you're actually + + + align:start position:0% +low uh H2 to co ratio you're actually +increasing the percentage of high + + align:start position:0% +increasing the percentage of high + + + align:start position:0% +increasing the percentage of high +molecules you are making in terms of the + + align:start position:0% +molecules you are making in terms of the + + + align:start position:0% +molecules you are making in terms of the +mass + + align:start position:0% +mass + + + align:start position:0% +mass +flow so this is the actual design we are + + align:start position:0% +flow so this is the actual design we are + + + align:start position:0% +flow so this is the actual design we are +doing this are the uh result of the + + align:start position:0% +doing this are the uh result of the + + + align:start position:0% +doing this are the uh result of the +calculations uh that we did and the + + align:start position:0% +calculations uh that we did and the + + + align:start position:0% +calculations uh that we did and the +total gas mass flow which is carbon + + align:start position:0% +total gas mass flow which is carbon + + + align:start position:0% +total gas mass flow which is carbon +number from one to5 is + + align:start position:0% +number from one to5 is + + + align:start position:0% +number from one to5 is +398 1 9 kg per second and you can also + + align:start position:0% +398 1 9 kg per second and you can also + + + align:start position:0% +398 1 9 kg per second and you can also +see the heavier uh Mass flows NAFTA is + + align:start position:0% +see the heavier uh Mass flows NAFTA is + + + align:start position:0% +see the heavier uh Mass flows NAFTA is +just + + align:start position:0% +just + + + align:start position:0% +just +yeah carbon number 5 to 12 is classified + + align:start position:0% +yeah carbon number 5 to 12 is classified + + + align:start position:0% +yeah carbon number 5 to 12 is classified +as NAFTA and that eventually becomes + + align:start position:0% +as NAFTA and that eventually becomes + + + align:start position:0% +as NAFTA and that eventually becomes +gasoline + + align:start position:0% +gasoline + + + align:start position:0% +gasoline +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +okay K will talk about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this so the next two processes are + + align:start position:0% +this so the next two processes are + + + align:start position:0% +this so the next two processes are +distillation and refining um so in terms + + align:start position:0% +distillation and refining um so in terms + + + align:start position:0% +distillation and refining um so in terms +of dilation what we're going to do is + + align:start position:0% +of dilation what we're going to do is + + + align:start position:0% +of dilation what we're going to do is +we're going to use a um fraction + + align:start position:0% +we're going to use a um fraction + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to use a um fraction +fractionated dilation Tower um so + + align:start position:0% +fractionated dilation Tower um so + + + align:start position:0% +fractionated dilation Tower um so +basically the fishot tropes liquid comes + + align:start position:0% +basically the fishot tropes liquid comes + + + align:start position:0% +basically the fishot tropes liquid comes +into the um um the bottom of the + + align:start position:0% +into the um um the bottom of the + + + align:start position:0% +into the um um the bottom of the +tower via a furnace um without air + + align:start position:0% +tower via a furnace um without air + + + align:start position:0% +tower via a furnace um without air +because we don't want to ignite the the + + align:start position:0% +because we don't want to ignite the the + + + align:start position:0% +because we don't want to ignite the the +liquid um and so we're going to heat the + + align:start position:0% +liquid um and so we're going to heat the + + + align:start position:0% +liquid um and so we're going to heat the +the liquid or the Fisher tropes liquid + + align:start position:0% +the liquid or the Fisher tropes liquid + + + align:start position:0% +the liquid or the Fisher tropes liquid +to 350° C using um the natural gas + + align:start position:0% +to 350° C using um the natural gas + + + align:start position:0% +to 350° C using um the natural gas +that's burned um from the Fisher tropes + + align:start position:0% +that's burned um from the Fisher tropes + + + align:start position:0% +that's burned um from the Fisher tropes +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +process and when we um when we heat the + + align:start position:0% +process and when we um when we heat the + + + align:start position:0% +process and when we um when we heat the +liquid um all the fractions in the + + align:start position:0% +liquid um all the fractions in the + + + align:start position:0% +liquid um all the fractions in the +liquid are going to boil and so as they + + align:start position:0% +liquid are going to boil and so as they + + + align:start position:0% +liquid are going to boil and so as they +boil they're going to um they're going + + align:start position:0% +boil they're going to um they're going + + + align:start position:0% +boil they're going to um they're going +to travel up the the tower and when they + + align:start position:0% +to travel up the the tower and when they + + + align:start position:0% +to travel up the the tower and when they +reach their boiling point they're just + + align:start position:0% +reach their boiling point they're just + + + align:start position:0% +reach their boiling point they're just +going to condense on the trays and so + + align:start position:0% +going to condense on the trays and so + + + align:start position:0% +going to condense on the trays and so +the trays are going to have bubbled Li + + align:start position:0% +the trays are going to have bubbled Li + + + align:start position:0% +the trays are going to have bubbled Li +uh bubbled gas through the um the trays + + align:start position:0% +uh bubbled gas through the um the trays + + + align:start position:0% +uh bubbled gas through the um the trays +to help them condense on the trays and + + align:start position:0% +to help them condense on the trays and + + + align:start position:0% +to help them condense on the trays and +then when they uh condense on the trays + + align:start position:0% +then when they uh condense on the trays + + + align:start position:0% +then when they uh condense on the trays +they're going to uh reify and then uh + + align:start position:0% +they're going to uh reify and then uh + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to uh reify and then uh +each tray is going to be separated so + + align:start position:0% +each tray is going to be separated so + + + align:start position:0% +each tray is going to be separated so +what we end up having is each fraction + + align:start position:0% +what we end up having is each fraction + + + align:start position:0% +what we end up having is each fraction +um come like separated into the + + align:start position:0% +um come like separated into the + + + align:start position:0% +um come like separated into the +trays um so here on the right side you + + align:start position:0% +trays um so here on the right side you + + + align:start position:0% +trays um so here on the right side you +can see what the boiling points for each + + align:start position:0% +can see what the boiling points for each + + + align:start position:0% +can see what the boiling points for each +of the different um types of fractions + + align:start position:0% +of the different um types of fractions + + + align:start position:0% +of the different um types of fractions +that we have in our liquid and um for + + align:start position:0% +that we have in our liquid and um for + + + align:start position:0% +that we have in our liquid and um for +the heavier wax paraffin it's not going + + align:start position:0% +the heavier wax paraffin it's not going + + + align:start position:0% +the heavier wax paraffin it's not going +to boil or some of it's not going to + + align:start position:0% +to boil or some of it's not going to + + + align:start position:0% +to boil or some of it's not going to +boil it's going to remain in the liquid + + align:start position:0% +boil it's going to remain in the liquid + + + align:start position:0% +boil it's going to remain in the liquid +form like the stuff that enters with the + + align:start position:0% +form like the stuff that enters with the + + + align:start position:0% +form like the stuff that enters with the +boiling point higher than um 350 is not + + align:start position:0% +boiling point higher than um 350 is not + + + align:start position:0% +boiling point higher than um 350 is not +going to boil so with that we're going + + align:start position:0% +going to boil so with that we're going + + + align:start position:0% +going to boil so with that we're going +to need to um to redistill it but we're + + align:start position:0% +to need to um to redistill it but we're + + + align:start position:0% +to need to um to redistill it but we're +going to redistill it in vacuum so that + + align:start position:0% +going to redistill it in vacuum so that + + + align:start position:0% +going to redistill it in vacuum so that +we lower the pressure we lower the temp + + align:start position:0% +we lower the pressure we lower the temp + + + align:start position:0% +we lower the pressure we lower the temp +the boiling point temperature um and + + align:start position:0% +the boiling point temperature um and + + + align:start position:0% +the boiling point temperature um and +that's going to save us energy in the + + align:start position:0% +that's going to save us energy in the + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to save us energy in the +long run and then with the light NAFTA + + align:start position:0% +long run and then with the light NAFTA + + + align:start position:0% +long run and then with the light NAFTA +and the heavy NAFTA when it comes back + + align:start position:0% +and the heavy NAFTA when it comes back + + + align:start position:0% +and the heavy NAFTA when it comes back +down after it's liquefied it's going to + + align:start position:0% +down after it's liquefied it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +down after it's liquefied it's going to +be really really hot and we're going to + + align:start position:0% +be really really hot and we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +be really really hot and we're going to +use a heat exchanger to take some of + + align:start position:0% +use a heat exchanger to take some of + + + align:start position:0% +use a heat exchanger to take some of +that heat out of the um the NAFTA + + align:start position:0% +that heat out of the um the NAFTA + + + align:start position:0% +that heat out of the um the NAFTA +product and put that into our Fisher + + align:start position:0% +product and put that into our Fisher + + + align:start position:0% +product and put that into our Fisher +tropes liquid before it enters this + + align:start position:0% +tropes liquid before it enters this + + + align:start position:0% +tropes liquid before it enters this +cooling tower so we're going to preheat + + align:start position:0% +cooling tower so we're going to preheat + + + align:start position:0% +cooling tower so we're going to preheat +the liquid and that's also going to save + + align:start position:0% +the liquid and that's also going to save + + + align:start position:0% +the liquid and that's also going to save +us on energy + + align:start position:0% +us on energy + + + align:start position:0% +us on energy +cost um so that's the distillation + + align:start position:0% +cost um so that's the distillation + + + align:start position:0% +cost um so that's the distillation +process that we're going to use and it's + + align:start position:0% +process that we're going to use and it's + + + align:start position:0% +process that we're going to use and it's +used commercially in a lot of petroleum + + align:start position:0% +used commercially in a lot of petroleum + + + align:start position:0% +used commercially in a lot of petroleum +uh refining so um and then then we're + + align:start position:0% +uh refining so um and then then we're + + + align:start position:0% +uh refining so um and then then we're +going to go to a refining + + align:start position:0% +going to go to a refining + + + align:start position:0% +going to go to a refining +unit and so the sin crude from the + + align:start position:0% +unit and so the sin crude from the + + + align:start position:0% +unit and so the sin crude from the +Fisher Cho process produces um things + + align:start position:0% +Fisher Cho process produces um things + + + align:start position:0% +Fisher Cho process produces um things +that we want like linear paraffin + + align:start position:0% +that we want like linear paraffin + + + align:start position:0% +that we want like linear paraffin +paraffin and um and like cyclic aromatic + + align:start position:0% +paraffin and um and like cyclic aromatic + + + align:start position:0% +paraffin and um and like cyclic aromatic +molecules but it also has olins and + + align:start position:0% +molecules but it also has olins and + + + align:start position:0% +molecules but it also has olins and +oxygenates that we don't want so we need + + align:start position:0% +oxygenates that we don't want so we need + + + align:start position:0% +oxygenates that we don't want so we need +to further refine this stuff to get rid + + align:start position:0% +to further refine this stuff to get rid + + + align:start position:0% +to further refine this stuff to get rid +of those things and so what we do um the + + align:start position:0% +of those things and so what we do um the + + + align:start position:0% +of those things and so what we do um the +goals of the refining process are + + align:start position:0% +goals of the refining process are + + + align:start position:0% +goals of the refining process are +hydrogenation of the olins um we want to + + align:start position:0% +hydrogenation of the olins um we want to + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogenation of the olins um we want to +remove the oxygen containing com + + align:start position:0% +remove the oxygen containing com + + + align:start position:0% +remove the oxygen containing com +compound + + align:start position:0% +compound + + + align:start position:0% +compound +we want to like uh further + + align:start position:0% +we want to like uh further + + + align:start position:0% +we want to like uh further +dulu like just with the um impurities + + align:start position:0% +dulu like just with the um impurities + + + align:start position:0% +dulu like just with the um impurities +that are in um the Fisher tropes liquids + + align:start position:0% +that are in um the Fisher tropes liquids + + + align:start position:0% +that are in um the Fisher tropes liquids +that didn't get removed via the acid gas + + align:start position:0% +that didn't get removed via the acid gas + + + align:start position:0% +that didn't get removed via the acid gas +removal um and we want to hydro isize + + align:start position:0% +removal um and we want to hydro isize + + + align:start position:0% +removal um and we want to hydro isize +which is going to increase our octane um + + align:start position:0% +which is going to increase our octane um + + + align:start position:0% +which is going to increase our octane um +number which is um there's like a + + align:start position:0% +number which is um there's like a + + + align:start position:0% +number which is um there's like a +minimum number I believe it's 87 for + + align:start position:0% +minimum number I believe it's 87 for + + + align:start position:0% +minimum number I believe it's 87 for +gasoline in the United States um so + + align:start position:0% +gasoline in the United States um so + + + align:start position:0% +gasoline in the United States um so +that's going to increase our branching + + align:start position:0% +that's going to increase our branching + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to increase our branching +and then we're going to also h crack um + + align:start position:0% +and then we're going to also h crack um + + + align:start position:0% +and then we're going to also h crack um +the long uh normal paraffins to ISO + + align:start position:0% +the long uh normal paraffins to ISO + + + align:start position:0% +the long uh normal paraffins to ISO +parins and that's also going to increase + + align:start position:0% +parins and that's also going to increase + + + align:start position:0% +parins and that's also going to increase +our octane number + + align:start position:0% +our octane number + + + align:start position:0% +our octane number +so the process that we chose the process + + align:start position:0% +so the process that we chose the process + + + align:start position:0% +so the process that we chose the process +that we chose to do this is a process + + align:start position:0% +that we chose to do this is a process + + + align:start position:0% +that we chose to do this is a process +that was that's used by seaw and Chevron + + align:start position:0% +that was that's used by seaw and Chevron + + + align:start position:0% +that was that's used by seaw and Chevron +um and this is what the flow chart for + + align:start position:0% +um and this is what the flow chart for + + + align:start position:0% +um and this is what the flow chart for +this process looks like um and you can + + align:start position:0% +this process looks like um and you can + + + align:start position:0% +this process looks like um and you can +see that we do have we have Napa hydr + + align:start position:0% +see that we do have we have Napa hydr + + + align:start position:0% +see that we do have we have Napa hydr +treating and disate hydr treating um and + + align:start position:0% +treating and disate hydr treating um and + + + align:start position:0% +treating and disate hydr treating um and +wax hydrocracking which is is going to + + align:start position:0% +wax hydrocracking which is is going to + + + align:start position:0% +wax hydrocracking which is is going to +um create the the isop parins that we + + align:start position:0% +um create the the isop parins that we + + + align:start position:0% +um create the the isop parins that we +need um but with the this process is + + align:start position:0% +need um but with the this process is + + + align:start position:0% +need um but with the this process is +used because the Napa hydr treating is + + align:start position:0% +used because the Napa hydr treating is + + + align:start position:0% +used because the Napa hydr treating is +often difficult to do it's it's hard to + + align:start position:0% +often difficult to do it's it's hard to + + + align:start position:0% +often difficult to do it's it's hard to +take the Napa product and get it to the + + align:start position:0% +take the Napa product and get it to the + + + align:start position:0% +take the Napa product and get it to the +form that we wanted in so it also + + align:start position:0% +form that we wanted in so it also + + + align:start position:0% +form that we wanted in so it also +includes a + + align:start position:0% +includes a + + + align:start position:0% +includes a +isomerization um which is going to + + align:start position:0% +isomerization um which is going to + + + align:start position:0% +isomerization um which is going to +increase the octane number and a + + align:start position:0% +increase the octane number and a + + + align:start position:0% +increase the octane number and a +catalytic reforming process which um + + align:start position:0% +catalytic reforming process which um + + + align:start position:0% +catalytic reforming process which um +which is a + + align:start position:0% +which is a + + + align:start position:0% +which is a +optimal technology used for um + + align:start position:0% +optimal technology used for um + + + align:start position:0% +optimal technology used for um +for um is summerizing the um the NAFTA + + align:start position:0% +for um is summerizing the um the NAFTA + + + align:start position:0% +for um is summerizing the um the NAFTA +product and so this this catalytic + + align:start position:0% +product and so this this catalytic + + + align:start position:0% +product and so this this catalytic +reforming it has a hydrogen output and + + align:start position:0% +reforming it has a hydrogen output and + + + align:start position:0% +reforming it has a hydrogen output and +so we can use that hydrogen also um for + + align:start position:0% +so we can use that hydrogen also um for + + + align:start position:0% +so we can use that hydrogen also um for +some of our refining processes so + + align:start position:0% +some of our refining processes so + + + align:start position:0% +some of our refining processes so +circled and red are all the places that + + align:start position:0% +circled and red are all the places that + + + align:start position:0% +circled and red are all the places that +we need we're going to need hydrogen and + + align:start position:0% +we need we're going to need hydrogen and + + + align:start position:0% +we need we're going to need hydrogen and +so we're going to be talking more with + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to be talking more with + + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to be talking more with +the hydrogen group on how to like how + + align:start position:0% +the hydrogen group on how to like how + + + align:start position:0% +the hydrogen group on how to like how +much hydrogen we're going to need and + + align:start position:0% +much hydrogen we're going to need and + + + align:start position:0% +much hydrogen we're going to need and +where um those that hydrogen is coming + + align:start position:0% +where um those that hydrogen is coming + + + align:start position:0% +where um those that hydrogen is coming +in um and the final product is the + + align:start position:0% +in um and the final product is the + + + align:start position:0% +in um and the final product is the +gasoline blend stock and the diesel + + align:start position:0% +gasoline blend stock and the diesel + + + align:start position:0% +gasoline blend stock and the diesel +blend stock um right now I'm currently + + align:start position:0% +blend stock um right now I'm currently + + + align:start position:0% +blend stock um right now I'm currently +looking into more about um what what the + + align:start position:0% +looking into more about um what what the + + + align:start position:0% +looking into more about um what what the +details of the hydr treating and the + + align:start position:0% +details of the hydr treating and the + + + align:start position:0% +details of the hydr treating and the +Hydra cracking and + + align:start position:0% +Hydra cracking and + + + align:start position:0% +Hydra cracking and +isomerization are but those are standard + + align:start position:0% +isomerization are but those are standard + + + align:start position:0% +isomerization are but those are standard +processes that seol Chevron uses so we + + align:start position:0% +processes that seol Chevron uses so we + + + align:start position:0% +processes that seol Chevron uses so we +should be able to get all the details + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +out + + align:start position:0% +out + + + align:start position:0% +out +yeah so this is just + + align:start position:0% +yeah so this is just + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so this is just +uh converted all the mass flows into + + align:start position:0% +uh converted all the mass flows into + + + align:start position:0% +uh converted all the mass flows into +tons per day uh as I told you before the + + align:start position:0% +tons per day uh as I told you before the + + + align:start position:0% +tons per day uh as I told you before the +light gas stre was 4 something kilog per + + align:start position:0% +light gas stre was 4 something kilog per + + + align:start position:0% +light gas stre was 4 something kilog per +second you can just convert that to tons + + align:start position:0% +second you can just convert that to tons + + + align:start position:0% +second you can just convert that to tons +per day + + align:start position:0% +per day + + + align:start position:0% +per day +so light gas we're not going to use uh + + align:start position:0% +so light gas we're not going to use uh + + + align:start position:0% +so light gas we're not going to use uh +for anything useful the diesel and + + align:start position:0% +for anything useful the diesel and + + + align:start position:0% +for anything useful the diesel and +gasoline are the useful petroleum + + align:start position:0% +gasoline are the useful petroleum + + + align:start position:0% +gasoline are the useful petroleum +product so the total petroleum product + + align:start position:0% +product so the total petroleum product + + + align:start position:0% +product so the total petroleum product +we're making is + + align:start position:0% +we're making is + + + align:start position:0% +we're making is +1,450 tons per day so just to give you + + align:start position:0% +1,450 tons per day so just to give you + + + align:start position:0% +1,450 tons per day so just to give you +an idea of how much petroleum that is we + + align:start position:0% +an idea of how much petroleum that is we + + + align:start position:0% +an idea of how much petroleum that is we +can just assume like one average car + + align:start position:0% +can just assume like one average car + + + align:start position:0% +can just assume like one average car +takes about 10 gallons of gasoline uh to + + align:start position:0% +takes about 10 gallons of gasoline uh to + + + align:start position:0% +takes about 10 gallons of gasoline uh to +fill up its tank and we can just do + + align:start position:0% +fill up its tank and we can just do + + + align:start position:0% +fill up its tank and we can just do +simple calculation say end up saying our + + align:start position:0% +simple calculation say end up saying our + + + align:start position:0% +simple calculation say end up saying our +plant is provides enough G gasoline for + + align:start position:0% +plant is provides enough G gasoline for + + + align:start position:0% +plant is provides enough G gasoline for +53,000 cars per day so that's almost the + + align:start position:0% +53,000 cars per day so that's almost the + + + align:start position:0% +53,000 cars per day so that's almost the +size of small cies so our plant is + + align:start position:0% +size of small cies so our plant is + + + align:start position:0% +size of small cies so our plant is +fairly large in size uh so Li will talk + + align:start position:0% +fairly large in size uh so Li will talk + + + align:start position:0% +fairly large in size uh so Li will talk +about CS + + align:start position:0% +about CS + + + align:start position:0% +about CS +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um one of the main concerns with our + + align:start position:0% +um one of the main concerns with our + + + align:start position:0% +um one of the main concerns with our +plant that we wanted to highlight was + + align:start position:0% +plant that we wanted to highlight was + + + align:start position:0% +plant that we wanted to highlight was +the carbon dioxide management because + + align:start position:0% +the carbon dioxide management because + + + align:start position:0% +the carbon dioxide management because +one of the points of the plan is to not + + align:start position:0% +one of the points of the plan is to not + + + align:start position:0% +one of the points of the plan is to not +have much carbon emissions so you might + + align:start position:0% +have much carbon emissions so you might + + + align:start position:0% +have much carbon emissions so you might +have noticed we do have to remove carbon + + align:start position:0% +have noticed we do have to remove carbon + + + align:start position:0% +have noticed we do have to remove carbon +dioxide from the process during the acid + + align:start position:0% +dioxide from the process during the acid + + + align:start position:0% +dioxide from the process during the acid +gas removal and also during the + + align:start position:0% +gas removal and also during the + + + align:start position:0% +gas removal and also during the +distillation process so there's some + + align:start position:0% +distillation process so there's some + + + align:start position:0% +distillation process so there's some +options that we can do with this carbon + + align:start position:0% +options that we can do with this carbon + + + align:start position:0% +options that we can do with this carbon +dioxide we have seen rentech is one of + + align:start position:0% +dioxide we have seen rentech is one of + + + align:start position:0% +dioxide we have seen rentech is one of +the companies that actually currently + + align:start position:0% +the companies that actually currently + + + align:start position:0% +the companies that actually currently +tries to sell + + align:start position:0% +tries to sell + + + align:start position:0% +tries to sell +they their carbon dioxide to other + + align:start position:0% +they their carbon dioxide to other + + + align:start position:0% +they their carbon dioxide to other +plants that I think they're like + + align:start position:0% +plants that I think they're like + + + align:start position:0% +plants that I think they're like +gasoline plants or other refineries also + + align:start position:0% +gasoline plants or other refineries also + + + align:start position:0% +gasoline plants or other refineries also +so not quite sure on that but they do + + align:start position:0% +so not quite sure on that but they do + + + align:start position:0% +so not quite sure on that but they do +try to sell their carbon dioxide that's + + align:start position:0% +try to sell their carbon dioxide that's + + + align:start position:0% +try to sell their carbon dioxide that's +an option other options are to inject it + + align:start position:0% +an option other options are to inject it + + + align:start position:0% +an option other options are to inject it +into underground storage which sort of + + align:start position:0% +into underground storage which sort of + + + align:start position:0% +into underground storage which sort of +then filters into the soil or to + + align:start position:0% +then filters into the soil or to + + + align:start position:0% +then filters into the soil or to +dissolve it deep into ocean + + align:start position:0% +dissolve it deep into ocean + + + align:start position:0% +dissolve it deep into ocean +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +although so the way you do is uh so the + + align:start position:0% +although so the way you do is uh so the + + + align:start position:0% +although so the way you do is uh so the +and uh we looked at General Electrics + + align:start position:0% +and uh we looked at General Electrics + + + align:start position:0% +and uh we looked at General Electrics +carbon dioxide management system so it's + + align:start position:0% +carbon dioxide management system so it's + + + align:start position:0% +carbon dioxide management system so it's +a commercially ready technology so uh + + align:start position:0% +a commercially ready technology so uh + + + align:start position:0% +a commercially ready technology so uh +the way they do it is they just compress + + align:start position:0% +the way they do it is they just compress + + + align:start position:0% +the way they do it is they just compress +the CO2 to 200 bars of pressure and CO2 + + align:start position:0% +the CO2 to 200 bars of pressure and CO2 + + + align:start position:0% +the CO2 to 200 bars of pressure and CO2 +becomes liquid at 300 kg per M cub + + align:start position:0% +becomes liquid at 300 kg per M cub + + + align:start position:0% +becomes liquid at 300 kg per M cub +and you then you just send that liquid + + align:start position:0% +and you then you just send that liquid + + + align:start position:0% +and you then you just send that liquid +CO2 to wherever you want to store and it + + align:start position:0% +CO2 to wherever you want to store and it + + + align:start position:0% +CO2 to wherever you want to store and it +has to the pressure has to be high + + align:start position:0% +has to the pressure has to be high + + + align:start position:0% +has to the pressure has to be high +enough so that CO2 remains liquid so the + + align:start position:0% +enough so that CO2 remains liquid so the + + + align:start position:0% +enough so that CO2 remains liquid so the +means like if you want to dissolve it + + align:start position:0% +means like if you want to dissolve it + + + align:start position:0% +means like if you want to dissolve it +into deep ocean you have to inject it at + + align:start position:0% +into deep ocean you have to inject it at + + + align:start position:0% +into deep ocean you have to inject it at +least 3 miles deep into the ocean so + + align:start position:0% +least 3 miles deep into the ocean so + + + align:start position:0% +least 3 miles deep into the ocean so +yeah so that'll be a fun process either + + align:start position:0% +yeah so that'll be a fun process either + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so that'll be a fun process either +way um in conclusion + + align:start position:0% +way um in conclusion + + + align:start position:0% +way um in conclusion +then um we do have some inputs and + + align:start position:0% +then um we do have some inputs and + + + align:start position:0% +then um we do have some inputs and +outputs we have the general mass flow of + + align:start position:0% +outputs we have the general mass flow of + + + align:start position:0% +outputs we have the general mass flow of +what's happening but there are a lot + + align:start position:0% +what's happening but there are a lot + + + align:start position:0% +what's happening but there are a lot +more inputs and outputs than we expected + + align:start position:0% +more inputs and outputs than we expected + + + align:start position:0% +more inputs and outputs than we expected +I from just it's a very large Plant + + align:start position:0% +I from just it's a very large Plant + + + align:start position:0% +I from just it's a very large Plant +almost every component of our process if + + align:start position:0% +almost every component of our process if + + + align:start position:0% +almost every component of our process if +you look here again can be a plant in + + align:start position:0% +you look here again can be a plant in + + + align:start position:0% +you look here again can be a plant in +itself the gasification part the acid + + align:start position:0% +itself the gasification part the acid + + + align:start position:0% +itself the gasification part the acid +gas removal all these are different + + align:start position:0% +gas removal all these are different + + + align:start position:0% +gas removal all these are different +patented processes but we will try to + + align:start position:0% +patented processes but we will try to + + + align:start position:0% +patented processes but we will try to +work very closely with the other teams + + align:start position:0% +work very closely with the other teams + + + align:start position:0% +work very closely with the other teams +to make sure that all the numbers match + + align:start position:0% +to make sure that all the numbers match + + + align:start position:0% +to make sure that all the numbers match +up the main areas for each team then for + + align:start position:0% +up the main areas for each team then for + + + align:start position:0% +up the main areas for each team then for +the with the core some possible places + + align:start position:0% +the with the core some possible places + + + align:start position:0% +the with the core some possible places +we need electric inputs would be for for + + align:start position:0% +we need electric inputs would be for for + + + align:start position:0% +we need electric inputs would be for for +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +gasification heating the air for + + align:start position:0% +gasification heating the air for + + + align:start position:0% +gasification heating the air for +gasification um for acid gas removal + + align:start position:0% +gasification um for acid gas removal + + + align:start position:0% +gasification um for acid gas removal +possibly in the Fisher TRS process and + + align:start position:0% +possibly in the Fisher TRS process and + + + align:start position:0% +possibly in the Fisher TRS process and +in the distillation process where we + + align:start position:0% +in the distillation process where we + + + align:start position:0% +in the distillation process where we +also need to heat it for the liquid to + + align:start position:0% +also need to heat it for the liquid to + + + align:start position:0% +also need to heat it for the liquid to +evaporate and do the distillation um + + align:start position:0% +evaporate and do the distillation um + + + align:start position:0% +evaporate and do the distillation um +some places we might need heat exchange + + align:start position:0% +some places we might need heat exchange + + + align:start position:0% +some places we might need heat exchange +we talked about the steam gasification + + align:start position:0% +we talked about the steam gasification + + + align:start position:0% +we talked about the steam gasification +and also when we cool the S gas we're + + align:start position:0% +and also when we cool the S gas we're + + + align:start position:0% +and also when we cool the S gas we're +working with process heat on that there + + align:start position:0% +working with process heat on that there + + + align:start position:0% +working with process heat on that there +are some + + align:start position:0% +are some + + + align:start position:0% +are some +possible Heat places where we + + align:start position:0% +possible Heat places where we + + + align:start position:0% +possible Heat places where we +could give it to process heat or we + + align:start position:0% +could give it to process heat or we + + + align:start position:0% +could give it to process heat or we +could just sort of give it to the + + align:start position:0% +could just sort of give it to the + + + align:start position:0% +could just sort of give it to the +environment and then um for hydrogen we + + align:start position:0% +environment and then um for hydrogen we + + + align:start position:0% +environment and then um for hydrogen we +need hydrogen in the Fisher tropes + + align:start position:0% +need hydrogen in the Fisher tropes + + + align:start position:0% +need hydrogen in the Fisher tropes +process and in the + + align:start position:0% +process and in the + + + align:start position:0% +process and in the +refining so that's + + align:start position:0% +refining so that's + + + align:start position:0% +refining so that's +um the next step in our research then is + + align:start position:0% +um the next step in our research then is + + + align:start position:0% +um the next step in our research then is +we have started putting these numbers + + align:start position:0% +we have started putting these numbers + + + align:start position:0% +we have started putting these numbers +into East to try and come up with the + + align:start position:0% +into East to try and come up with the + + + align:start position:0% +into East to try and come up with the +final sort of energy in and energy out + + align:start position:0% +final sort of energy in and energy out + + + align:start position:0% +final sort of energy in and energy out +and make sure everything does add up + + align:start position:0% +and make sure everything does add up + + + align:start position:0% +and make sure everything does add up +even though our mass flow rat should add + + align:start position:0% +even though our mass flow rat should add + + + align:start position:0% +even though our mass flow rat should add +up based on all the different patents + + align:start position:0% +up based on all the different patents + + + align:start position:0% +up based on all the different patents +and processes that we've looked at we're + + align:start position:0% +and processes that we've looked at we're + + + align:start position:0% +and processes that we've looked at we're +still trying to see if we can get Aspen + + align:start position:0% +still trying to see if we can get Aspen + + + align:start position:0% +still trying to see if we can get Aspen +plus to do modeling because this really + + align:start position:0% +plus to do modeling because this really + + + align:start position:0% +plus to do modeling because this really +is like a chemical engineering plant and + + align:start position:0% +is like a chemical engineering plant and + + + align:start position:0% +is like a chemical engineering plant and +that's the program that's most popular + + align:start position:0% +that's the program that's most popular + + + align:start position:0% +that's the program that's most popular +for um these modelings but it might not + + align:start position:0% +for um these modelings but it might not + + + align:start position:0% +for um these modelings but it might not +happen in the time that we have to do + + align:start position:0% +happen in the time that we have to do + + + align:start position:0% +happen in the time that we have to do +this research so are there any questions + + align:start position:0% +this research so are there any questions + + + align:start position:0% +this research so are there any questions +that we can take yes Lauren um what is + + align:start position:0% +that we can take yes Lauren um what is + + + align:start position:0% +that we can take yes Lauren um what is +the justification for using electricity + + align:start position:0% +the justification for using electricity + + + align:start position:0% +the justification for using electricity +the or lot of plac you mentioned it as + + align:start position:0% +the or lot of plac you mentioned it as + + + align:start position:0% +the or lot of plac you mentioned it as +oppos + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to um alternative it's either one I + + align:start position:0% +to um alternative it's either one I + + + align:start position:0% +to um alternative it's either one I +think I think it will depend on what is + + align:start position:0% +think I think it will depend on what is + + + align:start position:0% +think I think it will depend on what is +easier for heat process and for a core + + align:start position:0% +easier for heat process and for a core + + + align:start position:0% +easier for heat process and for a core +so some cases it seems like if you guys + + align:start position:0% +so some cases it seems like if you guys + + + align:start position:0% +so some cases it seems like if you guys +are dealing with a lot of different + + align:start position:0% +are dealing with a lot of different + + + align:start position:0% +are dealing with a lot of different +Loops already it might be easier to just + + align:start position:0% +Loops already it might be easier to just + + + align:start position:0% +Loops already it might be easier to just +transport + + align:start position:0% +transport + + + align:start position:0% +transport +electricity so we have we also have some + + align:start position:0% +electricity so we have we also have some + + + align:start position:0% +electricity so we have we also have some +waste light gases we can burn that light + + align:start position:0% +waste light gases we can burn that light + + + align:start position:0% +waste light gases we can burn that light +gas to eat up the air FL too so also for + + align:start position:0% +gas to eat up the air FL too so also for + + + align:start position:0% +gas to eat up the air FL too so also for +the distillation it has to be raised to + + align:start position:0% +the distillation it has to be raised to + + + align:start position:0% +the distillation it has to be raised to +350 and we are also thinking of using + + align:start position:0% +350 and we are also thinking of using + + + align:start position:0% +350 and we are also thinking of using +the waste Light Gas instead of just + + align:start position:0% +the waste Light Gas instead of just + + + align:start position:0% +the waste Light Gas instead of just +burning it we can just use the heat to + + align:start position:0% +burning it we can just use the heat to + + + align:start position:0% +burning it we can just use the heat to +hit up wherever we need heat instead of + + align:start position:0% +hit up wherever we need heat instead of + + + align:start position:0% +hit up wherever we need heat instead of +using + + align:start position:0% +using + + + align:start position:0% +using +electricity we could guess in some way + + align:start position:0% +electricity we could guess in some way + + + align:start position:0% +electricity we could guess in some way +we can also rout heat from uh from the S + + align:start position:0% +we can also rout heat from uh from the S + + + align:start position:0% +we can also rout heat from uh from the S +gas the gasification reactions into rehe + + align:start position:0% +gas the gasification reactions into rehe + + + align:start position:0% +gas the gasification reactions into rehe +in the air um + + align:start position:0% +in the air um + + + align:start position:0% +in the air um +yeah yes s so if you're just going to + + align:start position:0% +yeah yes s so if you're just going to + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yes s so if you're just going to +use electricity and your own heat to + + align:start position:0% +use electricity and your own heat to + + + align:start position:0% +use electricity and your own heat to +heat up other parts of your system how + + align:start position:0% +heat up other parts of your system how + + + align:start position:0% +heat up other parts of your system how +does the bio plant when how is it + + align:start position:0% +does the bio plant when how is it + + + align:start position:0% +does the bio plant when how is it +specifically coupled to a nuclear + + align:start position:0% +specifically coupled to a nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +specifically coupled to a nuclear +reactor I mean you could have + + align:start position:0% +reactor I mean you could have + + + align:start position:0% +reactor I mean you could have +a and as + + align:start position:0% +a and as + + + align:start position:0% +a and as +well I guess we could the idea was that + + align:start position:0% +well I guess we could the idea was that + + + align:start position:0% +well I guess we could the idea was that +we are moving away from using coold + + align:start position:0% +we are moving away from using coold + + + align:start position:0% +we are moving away from using coold +fired + + align:start position:0% +fired + + + align:start position:0% +fired +plants right that was part of the + + align:start position:0% +plants right that was part of the + + + align:start position:0% +plants right that was part of the +project also is what can we do with a + + align:start position:0% +project also is what can we do with a + + + align:start position:0% +project also is what can we do with a +nuclear powered electric plant assuming + + align:start position:0% +nuclear powered electric plant assuming + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear powered electric plant assuming +we already have the nuclear plant + + align:start position:0% +we already have the nuclear plant + + + align:start position:0% +we already have the nuclear plant +something else we could do with it + + align:start position:0% +something else we could do with it + + + align:start position:0% +something else we could do with it +because even I was under the impression + + align:start position:0% +because even I was under the impression + + + align:start position:0% +because even I was under the impression +that even when we are using things from + + align:start position:0% +that even when we are using things from + + + align:start position:0% +that even when we are using things from +the process heat we're not taking the + + align:start position:0% +the process heat we're not taking the + + + align:start position:0% +the process heat we're not taking the +steam directly from the nuclear reactor + + align:start position:0% +steam directly from the nuclear reactor + + + align:start position:0% +steam directly from the nuclear reactor +right we're taking the heat from it so + + align:start position:0% +right we're taking the heat from it so + + + align:start position:0% +right we're taking the heat from it so +we will try to use as much of that heat + + align:start position:0% +we will try to use as much of that heat + + + align:start position:0% +we will try to use as much of that heat +as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +possible yes um so you mention you have + + align:start position:0% +possible yes um so you mention you have + + + align:start position:0% +possible yes um so you mention you have +to make the switch grass a lot more n + + align:start position:0% +to make the switch grass a lot more n + + + align:start position:0% +to make the switch grass a lot more n +but do you actually have a process that + + align:start position:0% +but do you actually have a process that + + + align:start position:0% +but do you actually have a process that +you research to actually make that + + align:start position:0% +you research to actually make that + + + align:start position:0% +you research to actually make that +to they already exist well yeah but I + + align:start position:0% +to they already exist well yeah but I + + + align:start position:0% +to they already exist well yeah but I +mean you just like I know if you like + + align:start position:0% +mean you just like I know if you like + + + align:start position:0% +mean you just like I know if you like +that was going to be on your property or + + align:start position:0% +that was going to be on your property or + + + align:start position:0% +that was going to be on your property or +before you truck it no we're stocking a + + align:start position:0% +before you truck it no we're stocking a + + + align:start position:0% +before you truck it no we're stocking a +property we're Outsourcing it we're + + align:start position:0% +property we're Outsourcing it we're + + + align:start position:0% +property we're Outsourcing it we're +having a shipped and basically I'm + + align:start position:0% +having a shipped and basically I'm + + + align:start position:0% +having a shipped and basically I'm +imagining uh shipments that are F to + + align:start position:0% +imagining uh shipments that are F to + + + align:start position:0% +imagining uh shipments that are F to +some sort of con system that are F to a + + align:start position:0% +some sort of con system that are F to a + + + align:start position:0% +some sort of con system that are F to a +lock hoer which goes Direct enro + + align:start position:0% +lock hoer which goes Direct enro + + + align:start position:0% +lock hoer which goes Direct enro +gasification process so it has to be + + align:start position:0% +gasification process so it has to be + + + align:start position:0% +gasification process so it has to be +identified before you ship it because + + align:start position:0% +identified before you ship it because + + + align:start position:0% +identified before you ship it because +that's the main problem with shipping + + align:start position:0% +that's the main problem with shipping + + + align:start position:0% +that's the main problem with shipping +biomass is that it's very expensive to + + align:start position:0% +biomass is that it's very expensive to + + + align:start position:0% +biomass is that it's very expensive to +ship if you + + align:start position:0% +ship if you + + + align:start position:0% +ship if you +don't and it's also we're also trying to + + align:start position:0% +don't and it's also we're also trying to + + + align:start position:0% +don't and it's also we're also trying to +minimize the carbon emissions because we + + align:start position:0% +minimize the carbon emissions because we + + + align:start position:0% +minimize the carbon emissions because we +can't sequester carbon + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +emissions any other questions from the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +audience is that a volume ratio or a + + align:start position:0% +audience is that a volume ratio or a + + + align:start position:0% +audience is that a volume ratio or a +mass ratio um volume Rao volume ratios + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I have a a couple questions um so I you + + align:start position:0% +I have a a couple questions um so I you + + + align:start position:0% +I have a a couple questions um so I you +know I like that ad was saying well why + + align:start position:0% +know I like that ad was saying well why + + + align:start position:0% +know I like that ad was saying well why +not you just use a cold plant over a + + align:start position:0% +not you just use a cold plant over a + + + align:start position:0% +not you just use a cold plant over a +nuclear plant but part of that is you + + align:start position:0% +nuclear plant but part of that is you + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear plant but part of that is you +know a heat source is a heat Source but + + align:start position:0% +know a heat source is a heat Source but + + + align:start position:0% +know a heat source is a heat Source but +a nuclear plant is a carbon free heat + + align:start position:0% +a nuclear plant is a carbon free heat + + + align:start position:0% +a nuclear plant is a carbon free heat +Source then going on that theme anytime + + align:start position:0% +Source then going on that theme anytime + + + align:start position:0% +Source then going on that theme anytime +you see yourself using electricity or + + align:start position:0% +you see yourself using electricity or + + + align:start position:0% +you see yourself using electricity or +burning some Gass in order to create + + align:start position:0% +burning some Gass in order to create + + + align:start position:0% +burning some Gass in order to create +heat that would be fine for a standalone + + align:start position:0% +heat that would be fine for a standalone + + + align:start position:0% +heat that would be fine for a standalone +plant in my opinion um if you have no + + align:start position:0% +plant in my opinion um if you have no + + + align:start position:0% +plant in my opinion um if you have no +other source of effectively free heat + + align:start position:0% +other source of effectively free heat + + + align:start position:0% +other source of effectively free heat +then that's the obvious choice however + + align:start position:0% +then that's the obvious choice however + + + align:start position:0% +then that's the obvious choice however +anytime in this scenario that you see + + align:start position:0% +anytime in this scenario that you see + + + align:start position:0% +anytime in this scenario that you see +yourself using uh your own products to + + align:start position:0% +yourself using uh your own products to + + + align:start position:0% +yourself using uh your own products to +make heat that also produce CO2 you + + align:start position:0% +make heat that also produce CO2 you + + + align:start position:0% +make heat that also produce CO2 you +could save on the CO2 and possibly sell + + align:start position:0% +could save on the CO2 and possibly sell + + + align:start position:0% +could save on the CO2 and possibly sell +those light gases by employing more of + + align:start position:0% +those light gases by employing more of + + + align:start position:0% +those light gases by employing more of +the process heat which I think would be + + align:start position:0% +the process heat which I think would be + + + align:start position:0% +the process heat which I think would be +the most efficient use of not just the + + align:start position:0% +the most efficient use of not just the + + + align:start position:0% +the most efficient use of not just the +resources to your group but the + + align:start position:0% +resources to your group but the + + + align:start position:0% +resources to your group but the +resources for everybody so in my opinion + + align:start position:0% +resources for everybody so in my opinion + + + align:start position:0% +resources for everybody so in my opinion +anytime you see yourself using electric + + align:start position:0% +anytime you see yourself using electric + + + align:start position:0% +anytime you see yourself using electric +heaters try and see if you can use + + align:start position:0% +heaters try and see if you can use + + + align:start position:0% +heaters try and see if you can use +direct heat to heat because then you Lo + + align:start position:0% +direct heat to heat because then you Lo + + + align:start position:0% +direct heat to heat because then you Lo +then you don't lose that you know 2/3 of + + align:start position:0% +then you don't lose that you know 2/3 of + + + align:start position:0% +then you don't lose that you know 2/3 of +uh thermal to Electric + + align:start position:0% +uh thermal to Electric + + + align:start position:0% +uh thermal to Electric +efficiency so what do you guys think + + align:start position:0% +efficiency so what do you guys think + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency so what do you guys think +about that yeah that's definitely + + align:start position:0% +about that yeah that's definitely + + + align:start position:0% +about that yeah that's definitely +possible um but there aren't so many + + align:start position:0% +possible um but there aren't so many + + + align:start position:0% +possible um but there aren't so many +places that we use + + align:start position:0% +places that we use + + + align:start position:0% +places that we use +electric so maybe like one or two places + + align:start position:0% +electric so maybe like one or two places + + + align:start position:0% +electric so maybe like one or two places +yeah we can definitely try to do use + + align:start position:0% +yeah we can definitely try to do use + + + align:start position:0% +yeah we can definitely try to do use +heat from the process we + + align:start position:0% +heat from the process we + + + align:start position:0% +heat from the process we +mostly um because this is a class + + align:start position:0% +mostly um because this is a class + + + align:start position:0% +mostly um because this is a class +project are afraid of over bird in the + + align:start position:0% +project are afraid of over bird in the + + + align:start position:0% +project are afraid of over bird in the +process heat group because our numbers + + align:start position:0% +process heat group because our numbers + + + align:start position:0% +process heat group because our numbers +do seem to be constantly changing + + align:start position:0% +do seem to be constantly changing + + + align:start position:0% +do seem to be constantly changing +because there were so many processes + + align:start position:0% +because there were so many processes + + + align:start position:0% +because there were so many processes +that we were looking at and as you look + + align:start position:0% +that we were looking at and as you look + + + align:start position:0% +that we were looking at and as you look +into one you find that there's another + + align:start position:0% +into one you find that there's another + + + align:start position:0% +into one you find that there's another +competitive Pro another competitor's + + align:start position:0% +competitive Pro another competitor's + + + align:start position:0% +competitive Pro another competitor's +process who works a little better but + + align:start position:0% +process who works a little better but + + + align:start position:0% +process who works a little better but +then it changes a lot of the numbers + + align:start position:0% +then it changes a lot of the numbers + + + align:start position:0% +then it changes a lot of the numbers +each time + + align:start position:0% +each time + + + align:start position:0% +each time +so okay it's a lot of iterations yeah + + align:start position:0% +so okay it's a lot of iterations yeah + + + align:start position:0% +so okay it's a lot of iterations yeah +now are there any places where you think + + align:start position:0% +now are there any places where you think + + + align:start position:0% +now are there any places where you think +you absolutely have to use electric + + align:start position:0% +you absolutely have to use electric + + + align:start position:0% +you absolutely have to use electric +heating or S gas we need electricity to + + align:start position:0% +heating or S gas we need electricity to + + + align:start position:0% +heating or S gas we need electricity to +cooler methanol for injection of ACI gas + + align:start position:0% +cooler methanol for injection of ACI gas + + + align:start position:0% +cooler methanol for injection of ACI gas +okay that has to go below any that you + + align:start position:0% +okay that has to go below any that you + + + align:start position:0% +okay that has to go below any that you +have it should be the only one I + + align:start position:0% +have it should be the only one I + + + align:start position:0% +have it should be the only one I +think anyone else T have any questions + + align:start position:0% +think anyone else T have any questions + + + align:start position:0% +think anyone else T have any questions +yeah I have a couple um I guess on what + + align:start position:0% +yeah I have a couple um I guess on what + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I have a couple um I guess on what +you just said is there I guess a way + + align:start position:0% +you just said is there I guess a way + + + align:start position:0% +you just said is there I guess a way +that you could do your two stage Cooling + + align:start position:0% +that you could do your two stage Cooling + + + align:start position:0% +that you could do your two stage Cooling +and essentially use process you to + + align:start position:0% +and essentially use process you to + + + align:start position:0% +and essentially use process you to +remove it to a certain temperature that + + align:start position:0% +remove it to a certain temperature that + + + align:start position:0% +remove it to a certain temperature that +way you don't have to suck a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +way you don't have to suck a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +way you don't have to suck a bunch of +loot condensers it's usually done in + + align:start position:0% +loot condensers it's usually done in + + + align:start position:0% +loot condensers it's usually done in +three stages the the amount of + + align:start position:0% +three stages the the amount of + + + align:start position:0% +three stages the the amount of +temperature drop that we're dealing with + + align:start position:0% +temperature drop that we're dealing with + + + align:start position:0% +temperature drop that we're dealing with +is usually done in three stages okay so + + align:start position:0% +is usually done in three stages okay so + + + align:start position:0% +is usually done in three stages okay so +that's what we're planning on doing we + + align:start position:0% +that's what we're planning on doing we + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we're planning on doing we +just don't have all the components + + align:start position:0% +just don't have all the components + + + align:start position:0% +just don't have all the components +necessary put it in but the first stage + + align:start position:0% +necessary put it in but the first stage + + + align:start position:0% +necessary put it in but the first stage +is we are using process heat that's a + + align:start position:0% +is we are using process heat that's a + + + align:start position:0% +is we are using process heat that's a +really big drop from about 700 C to 100° + + align:start position:0% +really big drop from about 700 C to 100° + + + align:start position:0% +really big drop from about 700 C to 100° +C okay all right um now uh Matt you're + + align:start position:0% +C okay all right um now uh Matt you're + + + align:start position:0% +C okay all right um now uh Matt you're +talking about one one of your slides had + + align:start position:0% +talking about one one of your slides had + + + align:start position:0% +talking about one one of your slides had +a filter is like the first stage as + + align:start position:0% +a filter is like the first stage as + + + align:start position:0% +a filter is like the first stage as +you're going in uh purifying your sour + + align:start position:0% +you're going in uh purifying your sour + + + align:start position:0% +you're going in uh purifying your sour +gas I guess how often do you have to + + align:start position:0% +gas I guess how often do you have to + + + align:start position:0% +gas I guess how often do you have to +change that filter is it easy to change + + align:start position:0% +change that filter is it easy to change + + + align:start position:0% +change that filter is it easy to change +do you have to shut down the whole plant + + align:start position:0% +do you have to shut down the whole plant + + + align:start position:0% +do you have to shut down the whole plant +to change it uh you you will have to + + align:start position:0% +to change it uh you you will have to + + + align:start position:0% +to change it uh you you will have to +shut down so we're uh estimating about + + align:start position:0% +shut down so we're uh estimating about + + + align:start position:0% +shut down so we're uh estimating about +20 hours a day and so in those 4 hours + + align:start position:0% +20 hours a day and so in those 4 hours + + + align:start position:0% +20 hours a day and so in those 4 hours +we would do things like change of filter + + align:start position:0% +we would do things like change of filter + + + align:start position:0% +we would do things like change of filter +uh it doesn't need to be changed that + + align:start position:0% +uh it doesn't need to be changed that + + + align:start position:0% +uh it doesn't need to be changed that +often I don't have number right now + + align:start position:0% +often I don't have number right now + + + align:start position:0% +often I don't have number right now +because we're not exactly sure which uh + + align:start position:0% +because we're not exactly sure which uh + + + align:start position:0% +because we're not exactly sure which uh +company we're going to go with and the + + align:start position:0% +company we're going to go with and the + + + align:start position:0% +company we're going to go with and the +number changes from company to company + + align:start position:0% +number changes from company to company + + + align:start position:0% +number changes from company to company +okay but it is on the order for like + + align:start position:0% +okay but it is on the order for like + + + align:start position:0% +okay but it is on the order for like +weeks and sometimes months okay um and + + align:start position:0% +weeks and sometimes months okay um and + + + align:start position:0% +weeks and sometimes months okay um and +then you're also showing that sour gas + + align:start position:0% +then you're also showing that sour gas + + + align:start position:0% +then you're also showing that sour gas +was going in to your first that amine + + align:start position:0% +was going in to your first that amine + + + align:start position:0% +was going in to your first that amine +stage and then it you also had it going + + align:start position:0% +stage and then it you also had it going + + + align:start position:0% +stage and then it you also had it going +into your next stage so uh that's kind + + align:start position:0% +into your next stage so uh that's kind + + + align:start position:0% +into your next stage so uh that's kind +of a a rough definition sour gas we + + align:start position:0% +of a a rough definition sour gas we + + + align:start position:0% +of a a rough definition sour gas we +still considered it because it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +still considered it because it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +still considered it because it's kind of +relative to what's coming out second + + align:start position:0% +relative to what's coming out second + + + align:start position:0% +relative to what's coming out second +part it's coming out of the first acid + + align:start position:0% +part it's coming out of the first acid + + + align:start position:0% +part it's coming out of the first acid +gas removal that mean removal and going + + align:start position:0% +gas removal that mean removal and going + + + align:start position:0% +gas removal that mean removal and going +into the low cat the low cat is a more + + align:start position:0% +into the low cat the low cat is a more + + + align:start position:0% +into the low cat the low cat is a more +technical process that will further + + align:start position:0% +technical process that will further + + + align:start position:0% +technical process that will further +lower the the s g ratio of like hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +lower the the s g ratio of like hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +lower the the s g ratio of like hydrogen +and CO2 uh to what we need me we need + + align:start position:0% +and CO2 uh to what we need me we need + + + align:start position:0% +and CO2 uh to what we need me we need +something like 98% uh CO2 removal + + align:start position:0% +something like 98% uh CO2 removal + + + align:start position:0% +something like 98% uh CO2 removal +because CO2 is highly favored over Co in + + align:start position:0% +because CO2 is highly favored over Co in + + + align:start position:0% +because CO2 is highly favored over Co in +Ft reaction so we basically need to + + align:start position:0% +Ft reaction so we basically need to + + + align:start position:0% +Ft reaction so we basically need to +remove as much as possible amine is more + + align:start position:0% +remove as much as possible amine is more + + + align:start position:0% +remove as much as possible amine is more +of uh process doesn't require a lot of + + align:start position:0% +of uh process doesn't require a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +of uh process doesn't require a lot of +power or uh things like that and then + + align:start position:0% +power or uh things like that and then + + + align:start position:0% +power or uh things like that and then +the lcat is a more technical process + + align:start position:0% +the lcat is a more technical process + + + align:start position:0% +the lcat is a more technical process +which would be able to Mo it to the very + + align:start position:0% +which would be able to Mo it to the very + + + align:start position:0% +which would be able to Mo it to the very +low degree that we need so the first + + align:start position:0% +low degree that we need so the first + + + align:start position:0% +low degree that we need so the first +one's just a course bu there the second + + align:start position:0% +one's just a course bu there the second + + + align:start position:0% +one's just a course bu there the second +one's + + align:start position:0% +one's + + + align:start position:0% +one's +five + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um think I missed it but um how like in + + align:start position:0% +um think I missed it but um how like in + + + align:start position:0% +um think I missed it but um how like in +a year how long would this run for and + + align:start position:0% +a year how long would this run for and + + + align:start position:0% +a year how long would this run for and +is it the kind of thing that really + + align:start position:0% +is it the kind of thing that really + + + align:start position:0% +is it the kind of thing that really +struggles with shutdown like frequent or + + align:start position:0% +struggles with shutdown like frequent or + + + align:start position:0% +struggles with shutdown like frequent or +we can shut Downs because I'm guess you + + align:start position:0% +we can shut Downs because I'm guess you + + + align:start position:0% +we can shut Downs because I'm guess you +have some like very organic stuff going + + align:start position:0% +have some like very organic stuff going + + + align:start position:0% +have some like very organic stuff going +around here I'm like to sit + + align:start position:0% +around here I'm like to sit + + + align:start position:0% +around here I'm like to sit +still so ideally with this + + align:start position:0% +still so ideally with this + + + align:start position:0% +still so ideally with this +run in in our calculations we are + + align:start position:0% +run in in our calculations we are + + + align:start position:0% +run in in our calculations we are +assuming about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +90% so in uh about 20 hours a day and + + align:start position:0% +90% so in uh about 20 hours a day and + + + align:start position:0% +90% so in uh about 20 hours a day and +then a couple uh you do a couple of days + + align:start position:0% +then a couple uh you do a couple of days + + + align:start position:0% +then a couple uh you do a couple of days +I think at most about three days shut + + align:start position:0% +I think at most about three days shut + + + align:start position:0% +I think at most about three days shut +down just here and there for maintenance + + align:start position:0% +down just here and there for maintenance + + + align:start position:0% +down just here and there for maintenance +and uh + + align:start position:0% +and uh + + + align:start position:0% +and uh +repairs so overall we're assuming about + + align:start position:0% +repairs so overall we're assuming about + + + align:start position:0% +repairs so overall we're assuming about +90% running time throughout the year + + align:start position:0% +90% running time throughout the year + + + align:start position:0% +90% running time throughout the year +like if the cool was to be shut down for + + align:start position:0% +like if the cool was to be shut down for + + + align:start position:0% +like if the cool was to be shut down for +a mon that was + + align:start position:0% +a mon that was + + + align:start position:0% +a mon that was +bad + + align:start position:0% +bad + + + align:start position:0% +bad +potentially the bright side give us more + + align:start position:0% +potentially the bright side give us more + + + align:start position:0% +potentially the bright side give us more +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +AC all right I got to cut it off there + + align:start position:0% +AC all right I got to cut it off there + + + align:start position:0% +AC all right I got to cut it off there +just because of the time so thanks the + + align:start position:0% +just because of the time so thanks the + + + align:start position:0% +just because of the time so thanks the +B very thorough presentation + + align:start position:0% +B very thorough presentation + + + align:start position:0% +B very thorough presentation +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oness \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/-B96m5X2xCM.txt b/-B96m5X2xCM.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5444e54ec5ba5f2864d7e2892d8c1be476f92e3d --- /dev/null +++ b/-B96m5X2xCM.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13611 @@ +align:start position:0% + +for all our applications and for the lab + + align:start position:0% +for all our applications and for the lab + + + align:start position:0% +for all our applications and for the lab +sessions I guess they keep using Albert + + align:start position:0% +sessions I guess they keep using Albert + + + align:start position:0% +sessions I guess they keep using Albert +Einstein this is the 100th anniversary + + align:start position:0% +Einstein this is the 100th anniversary + + + align:start position:0% +Einstein this is the 100th anniversary +of is the famous year 1905 so just a + + align:start position:0% +of is the famous year 1905 so just a + + + align:start position:0% +of is the famous year 1905 so just a +little celebration one slide of a + + align:start position:0% +little celebration one slide of a + + + align:start position:0% +little celebration one slide of a +reminder of what we have seen in the + + align:start position:0% +reminder of what we have seen in the + + + align:start position:0% +reminder of what we have seen in the +previous previous lecture we had really + + align:start position:0% +previous previous lecture we had really + + + align:start position:0% +previous previous lecture we had really +developed the formalism and leading to + + align:start position:0% +developed the formalism and leading to + + + align:start position:0% +developed the formalism and leading to +the hartree-fock equations and the + + align:start position:0% +the hartree-fock equations and the + + + align:start position:0% +the hartree-fock equations and the +hartree-fock equation follow from a + + align:start position:0% +hartree-fock equation follow from a + + + align:start position:0% +hartree-fock equation follow from a +certif you know very simple and very + + align:start position:0% +certif you know very simple and very + + + align:start position:0% +certif you know very simple and very +beautiful path we have the Schrodinger + + align:start position:0% +beautiful path we have the Schrodinger + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful path we have the Schrodinger +equation and we have reformulated the + + align:start position:0% +equation and we have reformulated the + + + align:start position:0% +equation and we have reformulated the +Schrodinger equation in terms of the + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger equation in terms of the + + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger equation in terms of the +variational principle so we have a + + align:start position:0% +variational principle so we have a + + + align:start position:0% +variational principle so we have a +functional and we know that we can throw + + align:start position:0% +functional and we know that we can throw + + + align:start position:0% +functional and we know that we can throw +into that functional any arbitrary wave + + align:start position:0% +into that functional any arbitrary wave + + + align:start position:0% +into that functional any arbitrary wave +function and they'll give us an + + align:start position:0% +function and they'll give us an + + + align:start position:0% +function and they'll give us an +expectation value of the energy and set + + align:start position:0% +expectation value of the energy and set + + + align:start position:0% +expectation value of the energy and set +of the closer we get to the true ground + + align:start position:0% +of the closer we get to the true ground + + + align:start position:0% +of the closer we get to the true ground +state wave function the lower the + + align:start position:0% +state wave function the lower the + + + align:start position:0% +state wave function the lower the +Tenergy is going to be we are not we are + + align:start position:0% +Tenergy is going to be we are not we are + + + align:start position:0% +Tenergy is going to be we are not we are +never going to go below the ground state + + align:start position:0% +never going to go below the ground state + + + align:start position:0% +never going to go below the ground state +energy instead sort of a very powerful + + align:start position:0% +energy instead sort of a very powerful + + + align:start position:0% +energy instead sort of a very powerful +approach to try out a sort of + + align:start position:0% +approach to try out a sort of + + + align:start position:0% +approach to try out a sort of +possibilities and solution and in + + align:start position:0% +possibilities and solution and in + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities and solution and in +particular set of Hartree and Foca took + + align:start position:0% +particular set of Hartree and Foca took + + + align:start position:0% +particular set of Hartree and Foca took +this approach they wrote a set of the + + align:start position:0% +this approach they wrote a set of the + + + align:start position:0% +this approach they wrote a set of the +most general many-body wave function + + align:start position:0% +most general many-body wave function + + + align:start position:0% +most general many-body wave function +that can be written as a product of + + align:start position:0% +that can be written as a product of + + + align:start position:0% +that can be written as a product of +single particle orbitals that was + + align:start position:0% +single particle orbitals that was + + + align:start position:0% +single particle orbitals that was +actually the original heart resolution + + align:start position:0% +actually the original heart resolution + + + align:start position:0% +actually the original heart resolution +we functions written as data do not + + align:start position:0% +we functions written as data do not + + + align:start position:0% +we functions written as data do not +satisfy a fundamental symmetry of + + align:start position:0% +satisfy a fundamental symmetry of + + + align:start position:0% +satisfy a fundamental symmetry of +interacting fermions that is they are + + align:start position:0% +interacting fermions that is they are + + + align:start position:0% +interacting fermions that is they are +not antisymmetric and so what you do you + + align:start position:0% +not antisymmetric and so what you do you + + + align:start position:0% +not antisymmetric and so what you do you +take this product of single particle + + align:start position:0% +take this product of single particle + + + align:start position:0% +take this product of single particle +orbitals and you sum it with all the + + align:start position:0% +orbitals and you sum it with all the + + + align:start position:0% +orbitals and you sum it with all the +possible permutation with all the + + align:start position:0% +possible permutation with all the + + + align:start position:0% +possible permutation with all the +possible signs in front of so that the + + align:start position:0% +possible signs in front of so that the + + + align:start position:0% +possible signs in front of so that the +overall wave function is anti-symmetric + + align:start position:0% +overall wave function is anti-symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +overall wave function is anti-symmetric +and that can be sort of written + + align:start position:0% +and that can be sort of written + + + align:start position:0% +and that can be sort of written +compactly as what is called a Slater + + align:start position:0% +compactly as what is called a Slater + + + align:start position:0% +compactly as what is called a Slater +determinant here and basically now our + + align:start position:0% +determinant here and basically now our + + + align:start position:0% +determinant here and basically now our +unknowns + + align:start position:0% +unknowns + + + align:start position:0% +unknowns +are the N + + align:start position:0% +are the N + + + align:start position:0% +are the N +orbitals Phi and so we need to determine + + align:start position:0% +orbitals Phi and so we need to determine + + + align:start position:0% +orbitals Phi and so we need to determine +the shape of this n single particle + + align:start position:0% +the shape of this n single particle + + + align:start position:0% +the shape of this n single particle +orbitals and we want to determine them + + align:start position:0% +orbitals and we want to determine them + + + align:start position:0% +orbitals and we want to determine them +such that they minimize the expectation + + align:start position:0% +such that they minimize the expectation + + + align:start position:0% +such that they minimize the expectation +value of the variational principle and + + align:start position:0% +value of the variational principle and + + + align:start position:0% +value of the variational principle and +so that leads basically to a set of + + align:start position:0% +so that leads basically to a set of + + + align:start position:0% +so that leads basically to a set of +differential equation is just functional + + align:start position:0% +differential equation is just functional + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation is just functional +analysis and when you ask yourself what + + align:start position:0% +analysis and when you ask yourself what + + + align:start position:0% +analysis and when you ask yourself what +are the condition that those single + + align:start position:0% +are the condition that those single + + + align:start position:0% +are the condition that those single +particle orbitals need to satisfy in + + align:start position:0% +particle orbitals need to satisfy in + + + align:start position:0% +particle orbitals need to satisfy in +order to minimize the variational + + align:start position:0% +order to minimize the variational + + + align:start position:0% +order to minimize the variational +principle well this is it the + + align:start position:0% +principle well this is it the + + + align:start position:0% +principle well this is it the +hartree-fock equation so each a single + + align:start position:0% +hartree-fock equation so each a single + + + align:start position:0% +hartree-fock equation so each a single +particle orbital Phi of lambda need to + + align:start position:0% +particle orbital Phi of lambda need to + + + align:start position:0% +particle orbital Phi of lambda need to +satisfy basically a shredding ER like a + + align:start position:0% +satisfy basically a shredding ER like a + + + align:start position:0% +satisfy basically a shredding ER like a +question again as always there is a + + align:start position:0% +question again as always there is a + + + align:start position:0% +question again as always there is a +kinetic energy term here there is the + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy term here there is the + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy term here there is the +interaction with the external potential + + align:start position:0% +interaction with the external potential + + + align:start position:0% +interaction with the external potential +that is just the potential of the nuclei + + align:start position:0% +that is just the potential of the nuclei + + + align:start position:0% +that is just the potential of the nuclei +and then come the so-called mean field + + align:start position:0% +and then come the so-called mean field + + + align:start position:0% +and then come the so-called mean field +terms so the electron lambda here will + + align:start position:0% +terms so the electron lambda here will + + + align:start position:0% +terms so the electron lambda here will +interact with each and every other + + align:start position:0% +interact with each and every other + + + align:start position:0% +interact with each and every other +electron move via an electrostatic + + align:start position:0% +electron move via an electrostatic + + + align:start position:0% +electron move via an electrostatic +interaction you see Phi star times Phi + + align:start position:0% +interaction you see Phi star times Phi + + + align:start position:0% +interaction you see Phi star times Phi +is the charge density coming from the + + align:start position:0% +is the charge density coming from the + + + align:start position:0% +is the charge density coming from the +orbital mu and they feel that they're + + align:start position:0% +orbital mu and they feel that they're + + + align:start position:0% +orbital mu and they feel that they're +the electron lambda feels is the + + align:start position:0% +the electron lambda feels is the + + + align:start position:0% +the electron lambda feels is the +electrostatic average density and in + + align:start position:0% +electrostatic average density and in + + + align:start position:0% +electrostatic average density and in +this app with sum over all the electrons + + align:start position:0% +this app with sum over all the electrons + + + align:start position:0% +this app with sum over all the electrons +including the electron lambda so up to + + align:start position:0% +including the electron lambda so up to + + + align:start position:0% +including the electron lambda so up to +now we have a system that is self + + align:start position:0% +now we have a system that is self + + + align:start position:0% +now we have a system that is self +interacting an electron lambda feels the + + align:start position:0% +interacting an electron lambda feels the + + + align:start position:0% +interacting an electron lambda feels the +electrostatic interaction with itself + + align:start position:0% +electrostatic interaction with itself + + + align:start position:0% +electrostatic interaction with itself +that in principle is not correct but + + align:start position:0% +that in principle is not correct but + + + align:start position:0% +that in principle is not correct but +luckily this next term that is called + + align:start position:0% +luckily this next term that is called + + + align:start position:0% +luckily this next term that is called +the exchange term cancels that exactly + + align:start position:0% +the exchange term cancels that exactly + + + align:start position:0% +the exchange term cancels that exactly +and the exchange term is that direct + + align:start position:0% +and the exchange term is that direct + + + align:start position:0% +and the exchange term is that direct +consequence of having written the trial + + align:start position:0% +consequence of having written the trial + + + align:start position:0% +consequence of having written the trial +wavefunction not just as a product of + + align:start position:0% +wavefunction not just as a product of + + + align:start position:0% +wavefunction not just as a product of +single particle orbital because up to + + align:start position:0% +single particle orbital because up to + + + align:start position:0% +single particle orbital because up to +now we would have sort of something + + align:start position:0% +now we would have sort of something + + + align:start position:0% +now we would have sort of something +closer to the heart equation but written + + align:start position:0% +closer to the heart equation but written + + + align:start position:0% +closer to the heart equation but written +as a proper antisymmetric wave function + + align:start position:0% +as a proper antisymmetric wave function + + + align:start position:0% +as a proper antisymmetric wave function +summing on all the permutation with them + + align:start position:0% +summing on all the permutation with them + + + align:start position:0% +summing on all the permutation with them +appropriate science' and so basically we + + align:start position:0% +appropriate science' and so basically we + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate science' and so basically we +are treating it like a question a great + + align:start position:0% +are treating it like a question a great + + + align:start position:0% +are treating it like a question a great +advantage with respect to the harsh + + align:start position:0% +advantage with respect to the harsh + + + align:start position:0% +advantage with respect to the harsh +equation is now the operator doesn't + + align:start position:0% +equation is now the operator doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +equation is now the operator doesn't +change depending on the index lambda + + align:start position:0% +change depending on the index lambda + + + align:start position:0% +change depending on the index lambda +because this sense if you want to go + + align:start position:0% +because this sense if you want to go + + + align:start position:0% +because this sense if you want to go +over all the electrons including lambda + + align:start position:0% +over all the electrons including lambda + + + align:start position:0% +over all the electrons including lambda +so our only constraint here is that we + + align:start position:0% +so our only constraint here is that we + + + align:start position:0% +so our only constraint here is that we +need to find the N lowest eigenstate of + + align:start position:0% +need to find the N lowest eigenstate of + + + align:start position:0% +need to find the N lowest eigenstate of +this single differential equation so if + + align:start position:0% +this single differential equation so if + + + align:start position:0% +this single differential equation so if +we have n electrons if you want it's not + + align:start position:0% +we have n electrons if you want it's not + + + align:start position:0% +we have n electrons if you want it's not +that we have n different + + align:start position:0% +that we have n different + + + align:start position:0% +that we have n different +differential equation like it was the + + align:start position:0% +differential equation like it was the + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation like it was the +case of the Hart equation but we have a + + align:start position:0% +case of the Hart equation but we have a + + + align:start position:0% +case of the Hart equation but we have a +identical differential equation that is + + align:start position:0% +identical differential equation that is + + + align:start position:0% +identical differential equation that is +written here and we need to find that + + align:start position:0% +written here and we need to find that + + + align:start position:0% +written here and we need to find that +the N lowest energy states and those + + align:start position:0% +the N lowest energy states and those + + + align:start position:0% +the N lowest energy states and those +will be our single particle or because + + align:start position:0% +will be our single particle or because + + + align:start position:0% +will be our single particle or because +in all of these that we have started + + align:start position:0% +in all of these that we have started + + + align:start position:0% +in all of these that we have started +from a variational principle so it's + + align:start position:0% +from a variational principle so it's + + + align:start position:0% +from a variational principle so it's +very easy to go beyond the hartree-fock + + align:start position:0% +very easy to go beyond the hartree-fock + + + align:start position:0% +very easy to go beyond the hartree-fock +we can say enlarge our variational + + align:start position:0% +we can say enlarge our variational + + + align:start position:0% +we can say enlarge our variational +classes we can add more Slater + + align:start position:0% +classes we can add more Slater + + + align:start position:0% +classes we can add more Slater +determinant with sort of different + + align:start position:0% +determinant with sort of different + + + align:start position:0% +determinant with sort of different +coefficients we can try to construct a + + align:start position:0% +coefficients we can try to construct a + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients we can try to construct a +more complex wave function and that + + align:start position:0% +more complex wave function and that + + + align:start position:0% +more complex wave function and that +solution will become better and better + + align:start position:0% +solution will become better and better + + + align:start position:0% +solution will become better and better +or we can sort of use a perturbation + + align:start position:0% +or we can sort of use a perturbation + + + align:start position:0% +or we can sort of use a perturbation +theory and so quantum chemistry has + + align:start position:0% +theory and so quantum chemistry has + + + align:start position:0% +theory and so quantum chemistry has +developed a number of techniques that + + align:start position:0% +developed a number of techniques that + + + align:start position:0% +developed a number of techniques that +are post r34 techniques that become + + align:start position:0% +are post r34 techniques that become + + + align:start position:0% +are post r34 techniques that become +systematically more and more accurate + + align:start position:0% +systematically more and more accurate + + + align:start position:0% +systematically more and more accurate +they are also more and more expensive + + align:start position:0% +they are also more and more expensive + + + align:start position:0% +they are also more and more expensive +and that's if you want the main + + align:start position:0% +and that's if you want the main + + + align:start position:0% +and that's if you want the main +limitation of that direction + + align:start position:0% +limitation of that direction + + + align:start position:0% +limitation of that direction +what we see today is something as they + + align:start position:0% +what we see today is something as they + + + align:start position:0% +what we see today is something as they +say Monty Python completely different + + align:start position:0% +say Monty Python completely different + + + align:start position:0% +say Monty Python completely different +and that will be set of density + + align:start position:0% +and that will be set of density + + + align:start position:0% +and that will be set of density +functional theory that if you want a + + align:start position:0% +functional theory that if you want a + + + align:start position:0% +functional theory that if you want a +theory that starts from a very different + + align:start position:0% +theory that starts from a very different + + + align:start position:0% +theory that starts from a very different +set of hypothesis the net result will be + + align:start position:0% +set of hypothesis the net result will be + + + align:start position:0% +set of hypothesis the net result will be +again a set of single particle equations + + align:start position:0% +again a set of single particle equations + + + align:start position:0% +again a set of single particle equations +the terrset are very similar actually + + align:start position:0% +the terrset are very similar actually + + + align:start position:0% +the terrset are very similar actually +formally to the hartree-fock equation + + align:start position:0% +formally to the hartree-fock equation + + + align:start position:0% +formally to the hartree-fock equation +but they have been derived in a + + align:start position:0% +but they have been derived in a + + + align:start position:0% +but they have been derived in a +completely different spirit density + + align:start position:0% +completely different spirit density + + + align:start position:0% +completely different spirit density +function theory tends to be less + + align:start position:0% +function theory tends to be less + + + align:start position:0% +function theory tends to be less +expensive than hartree-fock and overall + + align:start position:0% +expensive than hartree-fock and overall + + + align:start position:0% +expensive than hartree-fock and overall +tends to be more accurate especially for + + align:start position:0% +tends to be more accurate especially for + + + align:start position:0% +tends to be more accurate especially for +solid is much more accurate or you'll + + align:start position:0% +solid is much more accurate or you'll + + + align:start position:0% +solid is much more accurate or you'll +see when we discuss case studies the + + align:start position:0% +see when we discuss case studies the + + + align:start position:0% +see when we discuss case studies the +hartree-fock solution for the say + + align:start position:0% +hartree-fock solution for the say + + + align:start position:0% +hartree-fock solution for the say +interacting electron gas or in general + + align:start position:0% +interacting electron gas or in general + + + align:start position:0% +interacting electron gas or in general +for metals tends to make them + + align:start position:0% +for metals tends to make them + + + align:start position:0% +for metals tends to make them +semiconducting or insulating like so + + align:start position:0% +semiconducting or insulating like so + + + align:start position:0% +semiconducting or insulating like so +hard she folk tend towards very poorly + + align:start position:0% +hard she folk tend towards very poorly + + + align:start position:0% +hard she folk tend towards very poorly +for solids and that's why if you want + + align:start position:0% +for solids and that's why if you want + + + align:start position:0% +for solids and that's why if you want +density functional theory comes from the + + align:start position:0% +density functional theory comes from the + + + align:start position:0% +density functional theory comes from the +solid state community while hartree-fock + + align:start position:0% +solid state community while hartree-fock + + + align:start position:0% +solid state community while hartree-fock +that tends to work very well for atoms + + align:start position:0% +that tends to work very well for atoms + + + align:start position:0% +that tends to work very well for atoms +comes from the quantum chemistry + + align:start position:0% +comes from the quantum chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +comes from the quantum chemistry +community and all the theory was + + align:start position:0% +community and all the theory was + + + align:start position:0% +community and all the theory was +developed by world corner and coworkers + + align:start position:0% +developed by world corner and coworkers + + + align:start position:0% +developed by world corner and coworkers +you see the Homburg and con theorem the + + align:start position:0% +you see the Homburg and con theorem the + + + align:start position:0% +you see the Homburg and con theorem the +connection mapping during the six days + + align:start position:0% +connection mapping during the six days + + + align:start position:0% +connection mapping during the six days +but I would say it's only during the 70s + + align:start position:0% +but I would say it's only during the 70s + + + align:start position:0% +but I would say it's only during the 70s +that people started to be able to + + align:start position:0% +that people started to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +that people started to be able to +actually solve interesting cases using + + align:start position:0% +actually solve interesting cases using + + + align:start position:0% +actually solve interesting cases using +density functional theory and it's + + align:start position:0% +density functional theory and it's + + + align:start position:0% +density functional theory and it's +really the beginning of the 80s you'll + + align:start position:0% +really the beginning of the 80s you'll + + + align:start position:0% +really the beginning of the 80s you'll +see some cases here today in which + + align:start position:0% +see some cases here today in which + + + align:start position:0% +see some cases here today in which +people started calculating something + + align:start position:0% +people started calculating something + + + align:start position:0% +people started calculating something +that had sort of a direct application so + + align:start position:0% +that had sort of a direct application so + + + align:start position:0% +that had sort of a direct application so +we will see the phase diagram of silicon + + align:start position:0% +we will see the phase diagram of silicon + + + align:start position:0% +we will see the phase diagram of silicon +as a function of pressure or volume and + + align:start position:0% +as a function of pressure or volume and + + + align:start position:0% +as a function of pressure or volume and +sort of the first first principle + + align:start position:0% +sort of the first first principle + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the first first principle +prediction of properties of solids + + align:start position:0% +prediction of properties of solids + + + align:start position:0% +prediction of properties of solids +Walther corner for the development of + + align:start position:0% +Walther corner for the development of + + + align:start position:0% +Walther corner for the development of +the intervention theory got the Nobel + + align:start position:0% +the intervention theory got the Nobel + + + align:start position:0% +the intervention theory got the Nobel +Prize for chemistry in 1998 together + + align:start position:0% +Prize for chemistry in 1998 together + + + align:start position:0% +Prize for chemistry in 1998 together +with John popper that has been the + + align:start position:0% +with John popper that has been the + + + align:start position:0% +with John popper that has been the +person that has been sort of + + align:start position:0% +person that has been sort of + + + align:start position:0% +person that has been sort of +most that's been fundamental in the + + align:start position:0% +most that's been fundamental in the + + + align:start position:0% +most that's been fundamental in the +development of hartree-fock and poor + + align:start position:0% +development of hartree-fock and poor + + + align:start position:0% +development of hartree-fock and poor +posture terrific approaches in quantum + + align:start position:0% +posture terrific approaches in quantum + + + align:start position:0% +posture terrific approaches in quantum +chemistry okay so let's see sort of what + + align:start position:0% +chemistry okay so let's see sort of what + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry okay so let's see sort of what +is that the general idea behind the ends + + align:start position:0% +is that the general idea behind the ends + + + align:start position:0% +is that the general idea behind the ends +differential theory and in many ways + + align:start position:0% +differential theory and in many ways + + + align:start position:0% +differential theory and in many ways +will sort of start from idea that had + + align:start position:0% +will sort of start from idea that had + + + align:start position:0% +will sort of start from idea that had +been developed at the end of the 20s or + + align:start position:0% +been developed at the end of the 20s or + + + align:start position:0% +been developed at the end of the 20s or +at the beginning of the 30s what is + + align:start position:0% +at the beginning of the 30s what is + + + align:start position:0% +at the beginning of the 30s what is +nowadays calls the thomas fiering + + align:start position:0% +nowadays calls the thomas fiering + + + align:start position:0% +nowadays calls the thomas fiering +approach and again the basic idea here + + align:start position:0% +approach and again the basic idea here + + + align:start position:0% +approach and again the basic idea here +is that the wave function of a many body + + align:start position:0% +is that the wave function of a many body + + + align:start position:0% +is that the wave function of a many body +interacting problem is an object that is + + align:start position:0% +interacting problem is an object that is + + + align:start position:0% +interacting problem is an object that is +too complex to treta and it would be + + align:start position:0% +too complex to treta and it would be + + + align:start position:0% +too complex to treta and it would be +very very nice if we could instead try + + align:start position:0% +very very nice if we could instead try + + + align:start position:0% +very very nice if we could instead try +to deal with a simple object and sort of + + align:start position:0% +to deal with a simple object and sort of + + + align:start position:0% +to deal with a simple object and sort of +one of the choices could be the charge + + align:start position:0% +one of the choices could be the charge + + + align:start position:0% +one of the choices could be the charge +density so if you want a thomas and firm + + align:start position:0% +density so if you want a thomas and firm + + + align:start position:0% +density so if you want a thomas and firm +independently we're asking themselves + + align:start position:0% +independently we're asking themselves + + + align:start position:0% +independently we're asking themselves +well could we try to solve not really as + + align:start position:0% +well could we try to solve not really as + + + align:start position:0% +well could we try to solve not really as +trading an equation in the many-body + + align:start position:0% +trading an equation in the many-body + + + align:start position:0% +trading an equation in the many-body +wave function but solve something else + + align:start position:0% +wave function but solve something else + + + align:start position:0% +wave function but solve something else +in which our only unknown is the charge + + align:start position:0% +in which our only unknown is the charge + + + align:start position:0% +in which our only unknown is the charge +density if you think for a moment the + + align:start position:0% +density if you think for a moment the + + + align:start position:0% +density if you think for a moment the +charge density is one of the sort of + + align:start position:0% +charge density is one of the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +charge density is one of the sort of +fundamental variables in the description + + align:start position:0% +fundamental variables in the description + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental variables in the description +of an interacting electron problem and + + align:start position:0% +of an interacting electron problem and + + + align:start position:0% +of an interacting electron problem and +so this is this was the question can we + + align:start position:0% +so this is this was the question can we + + + align:start position:0% +so this is this was the question can we +do something just with the charge + + align:start position:0% +do something just with the charge + + + align:start position:0% +do something just with the charge +density and so what they did is writing + + align:start position:0% +density and so what they did is writing + + + align:start position:0% +density and so what they did is writing +out what we would call a heuristic + + align:start position:0% +out what we would call a heuristic + + + align:start position:0% +out what we would call a heuristic +functional that is trying to devise + + align:start position:0% +functional that is trying to devise + + + align:start position:0% +functional that is trying to devise +a set of terms that would give us the + + align:start position:0% +a set of terms that would give us the + + + align:start position:0% +a set of terms that would give us the +energy of a set of electrons in a + + align:start position:0% +energy of a set of electrons in a + + + align:start position:0% +energy of a set of electrons in a +potential just as a functional of their + + align:start position:0% +potential just as a functional of their + + + align:start position:0% +potential just as a functional of their +charge density and so you know sort of + + align:start position:0% +charge density and so you know sort of + + + align:start position:0% +charge density and so you know sort of +by now you could sort of think that some + + align:start position:0% +by now you could sort of think that some + + + align:start position:0% +by now you could sort of think that some +of you know the relevant terms will be + + align:start position:0% +of you know the relevant terms will be + + + align:start position:0% +of you know the relevant terms will be +electron-electron interactions electron + + align:start position:0% +electron-electron interactions electron + + + align:start position:0% +electron-electron interactions electron +interact and we could write a set of + + align:start position:0% +interact and we could write a set of + + + align:start position:0% +interact and we could write a set of +electrostatic term like the Hartree term + + align:start position:0% +electrostatic term like the Hartree term + + + align:start position:0% +electrostatic term like the Hartree term +in the heart or the hartree-fock + + align:start position:0% +in the heart or the hartree-fock + + + align:start position:0% +in the heart or the hartree-fock +equation that is just a functional of + + align:start position:0% +equation that is just a functional of + + + align:start position:0% +equation that is just a functional of +the charge density so this is sort of + + align:start position:0% +the charge density so this is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the charge density so this is sort of +fairly easy it's also very easy to set + + align:start position:0% +fairly easy it's also very easy to set + + + align:start position:0% +fairly easy it's also very easy to set +up you know imagine what could be the + + align:start position:0% +up you know imagine what could be the + + + align:start position:0% +up you know imagine what could be the +interaction of the electrons with an + + align:start position:0% +interaction of the electrons with an + + + align:start position:0% +interaction of the electrons with an +external potential through the charge + + align:start position:0% +external potential through the charge + + + align:start position:0% +external potential through the charge +density will be just the integral of + + align:start position:0% +density will be just the integral of + + + align:start position:0% +density will be just the integral of +that external potential times the charge + + align:start position:0% +that external potential times the charge + + + align:start position:0% +that external potential times the charge +density what becomes really critical is + + align:start position:0% +density what becomes really critical is + + + align:start position:0% +density what becomes really critical is +you know finding a + + align:start position:0% +you know finding a + + + align:start position:0% +you know finding a +functional that will give us the quantum + + align:start position:0% +functional that will give us the quantum + + + align:start position:0% +functional that will give us the quantum +kinetic energy if you think in the + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy if you think in the + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy if you think in the +Schrodinger equation the quantum kinetic + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger equation the quantum kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger equation the quantum kinetic +energy is really the second derivative + + align:start position:0% +energy is really the second derivative + + + align:start position:0% +energy is really the second derivative +of the wave function and + + align:start position:0% +of the wave function and + + + align:start position:0% +of the wave function and +obtaining from a charge density only + + align:start position:0% +obtaining from a charge density only + + + align:start position:0% +obtaining from a charge density only +some insight into what could be the + + align:start position:0% +some insight into what could be the + + + align:start position:0% +some insight into what could be the +second Riv whatever the wavefunction is + + align:start position:0% +second Riv whatever the wavefunction is + + + align:start position:0% +second Riv whatever the wavefunction is +very complex if you think for a moment + + align:start position:0% +very complex if you think for a moment + + + align:start position:0% +very complex if you think for a moment +at the extreme case of a plane wave okay + + align:start position:0% +at the extreme case of a plane wave okay + + + align:start position:0% +at the extreme case of a plane wave okay +so a sine and cosine sort of in space + + align:start position:0% +so a sine and cosine sort of in space + + + align:start position:0% +so a sine and cosine sort of in space +remember the charge density given by a + + align:start position:0% +remember the charge density given by a + + + align:start position:0% +remember the charge density given by a +plane wave is a constant we just + + align:start position:0% +plane wave is a constant we just + + + align:start position:0% +plane wave is a constant we just +multiply the exponential times the + + align:start position:0% +multiply the exponential times the + + + align:start position:0% +multiply the exponential times the +company imaginary exponential times its + + align:start position:0% +company imaginary exponential times its + + + align:start position:0% +company imaginary exponential times its +complex conjugate that gives us a + + align:start position:0% +complex conjugate that gives us a + + + align:start position:0% +complex conjugate that gives us a +constant so all plane waves lead to a + + align:start position:0% +constant so all plane waves lead to a + + + align:start position:0% +constant so all plane waves lead to a +constant but obviously the quantum + + align:start position:0% +constant but obviously the quantum + + + align:start position:0% +constant but obviously the quantum +kinetic energy of a plane wave depends + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy of a plane wave depends + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy of a plane wave depends +on the wave length of that plane wave + + align:start position:0% +on the wave length of that plane wave + + + align:start position:0% +on the wave length of that plane wave +because the second derivative is what + + align:start position:0% +because the second derivative is what + + + align:start position:0% +because the second derivative is what +counts up so what I'm trying to say is + + align:start position:0% +counts up so what I'm trying to say is + + + align:start position:0% +counts up so what I'm trying to say is +that when we look at sort of this as a + + align:start position:0% +that when we look at sort of this as a + + + align:start position:0% +that when we look at sort of this as a +possible wave function a + + align:start position:0% +possible wave function a + + + align:start position:0% +possible wave function a +function say of R and the charge density + + align:start position:0% +function say of R and the charge density + + + align:start position:0% +function say of R and the charge density +that comes from this is going to be a + + align:start position:0% +that comes from this is going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +that comes from this is going to be a +constant this wave function times this + + align:start position:0% +constant this wave function times this + + + align:start position:0% +constant this wave function times this +complex conjugate but the kinetic energy + + align:start position:0% +complex conjugate but the kinetic energy + + + align:start position:0% +complex conjugate but the kinetic energy +of this object + + align:start position:0% +of this object + + + align:start position:0% +of this object +is going to be minus 1/2 K square sorry + + align:start position:0% +is going to be minus 1/2 K square sorry + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be minus 1/2 K square sorry +plus 1/2 K square and so there is really + + align:start position:0% +plus 1/2 K square and so there is really + + + align:start position:0% +plus 1/2 K square and so there is really +not a good way for this extreme case + + align:start position:0% +not a good way for this extreme case + + + align:start position:0% +not a good way for this extreme case +that to correlate its charge density to + + align:start position:0% +that to correlate its charge density to + + + align:start position:0% +that to correlate its charge density to +the kinetic energy it's an ill-defined + + align:start position:0% +the kinetic energy it's an ill-defined + + + align:start position:0% +the kinetic energy it's an ill-defined +problem and this is really the + + align:start position:0% +problem and this is really the + + + align:start position:0% +problem and this is really the +difficulty ok so there isn't really a + + align:start position:0% +difficulty ok so there isn't really a + + + align:start position:0% +difficulty ok so there isn't really a +good way if you wanted to extract the + + align:start position:0% +good way if you wanted to extract the + + + align:start position:0% +good way if you wanted to extract the +information on the second derivative + + align:start position:0% +information on the second derivative + + + align:start position:0% +information on the second derivative +from just a charge density + + align:start position:0% +from just a charge density + + + align:start position:0% +from just a charge density +no matter sort of this objection they + + align:start position:0% +no matter sort of this objection they + + + align:start position:0% +no matter sort of this objection they +tried sort of to find a + + align:start position:0% +tried sort of to find a + + + align:start position:0% +tried sort of to find a +reasonable functional so without sort of + + align:start position:0% +reasonable functional so without sort of + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable functional so without sort of +trying to get the exact solution but try + + align:start position:0% +trying to get the exact solution but try + + + align:start position:0% +trying to get the exact solution but try +to find a reasonable functional that + + align:start position:0% +to find a reasonable functional that + + + align:start position:0% +to find a reasonable functional that +would give us a good estimate to the + + align:start position:0% +would give us a good estimate to the + + + align:start position:0% +would give us a good estimate to the +kinetic the quantum kinetic energy + + align:start position:0% +kinetic the quantum kinetic energy + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic the quantum kinetic energy +starting from the charge density and the + + align:start position:0% +starting from the charge density and the + + + align:start position:0% +starting from the charge density and the +solution to this problem that is + + align:start position:0% +solution to this problem that is + + + align:start position:0% +solution to this problem that is +something very important is what we + + align:start position:0% +something very important is what we + + + align:start position:0% +something very important is what we +could call a local density approximation + + align:start position:0% +could call a local density approximation + + + align:start position:0% +could call a local density approximation +so the problem here is that we ever + + align:start position:0% +so the problem here is that we ever + + + align:start position:0% +so the problem here is that we ever +known amo genius charge density + + align:start position:0% +known amo genius charge density + + + align:start position:0% +known amo genius charge density +everywhere in space and we try to figure + + align:start position:0% +everywhere in space and we try to figure + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere in space and we try to figure +out what could be the quantum kinetic + + align:start position:0% +out what could be the quantum kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +out what could be the quantum kinetic +energy of this non-homogeneous problem + + align:start position:0% +energy of this non-homogeneous problem + + + align:start position:0% +energy of this non-homogeneous problem +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +set of the approximation that Thomason + + align:start position:0% +set of the approximation that Thomason + + + align:start position:0% +set of the approximation that Thomason +Fermi Dida was that are well dividing + + align:start position:0% +Fermi Dida was that are well dividing + + + align:start position:0% +Fermi Dida was that are well dividing +this non-homogeneous problem in a set of + + align:start position:0% +this non-homogeneous problem in a set of + + + align:start position:0% +this non-homogeneous problem in a set of +sort of infinitesimal volume in space + + align:start position:0% +sort of infinitesimal volume in space + + + align:start position:0% +sort of infinitesimal volume in space +and so it's a bit difficult to draw but + + align:start position:0% +and so it's a bit difficult to draw but + + + align:start position:0% +and so it's a bit difficult to draw but +suppose you have the density charge + + align:start position:0% +suppose you have the density charge + + + align:start position:0% +suppose you have the density charge +density coming from some atom or some + + align:start position:0% +density coming from some atom or some + + + align:start position:0% +density coming from some atom or some +molecule this is an + + align:start position:0% +molecule this is an + + + align:start position:0% +molecule this is an +non-homogeneous charge density + + align:start position:0% +non-homogeneous charge density + + + align:start position:0% +non-homogeneous charge density +distribution now what you do is you + + align:start position:0% +distribution now what you do is you + + + align:start position:0% +distribution now what you do is you +divide this in space in such a very + + align:start position:0% +divide this in space in such a very + + + align:start position:0% +divide this in space in such a very +small infinitesimal if you want volume + + align:start position:0% +small infinitesimal if you want volume + + + align:start position:0% +small infinitesimal if you want volume +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +inside each volume the charge density + + align:start position:0% +inside each volume the charge density + + + align:start position:0% +inside each volume the charge density +can be approximated as a constant and + + align:start position:0% +can be approximated as a constant and + + + align:start position:0% +can be approximated as a constant and +what Thomas and Fermi said is well the + + align:start position:0% +what Thomas and Fermi said is well the + + + align:start position:0% +what Thomas and Fermi said is well the +contribution coming from this + + align:start position:0% +contribution coming from this + + + align:start position:0% +contribution coming from this +infinitesimal volume say the first one + + align:start position:0% +infinitesimal volume say the first one + + + align:start position:0% +infinitesimal volume say the first one +to the overall quantum kinetic energy + + align:start position:0% +to the overall quantum kinetic energy + + + align:start position:0% +to the overall quantum kinetic energy +will be given by that volume times the + + align:start position:0% +will be given by that volume times the + + + align:start position:0% +will be given by that volume times the +kinetic energy density of the + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy density of the + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy density of the +homogeneous electron Gaza at that + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous electron Gaza at that + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous electron Gaza at that +density so if again we partition all + + align:start position:0% +density so if again we partition all + + + align:start position:0% +density so if again we partition all +space we could have that you know the + + align:start position:0% +space we could have that you know the + + + align:start position:0% +space we could have that you know the +density in this little cube is point 5 + + align:start position:0% +density in this little cube is point 5 + + + align:start position:0% +density in this little cube is point 5 +here is point 6 here is point 7 outside + + align:start position:0% +here is point 6 here is point 7 outside + + + align:start position:0% +here is point 6 here is point 7 outside +it goes to 0 but we can actually + + align:start position:0% +it goes to 0 but we can actually + + + align:start position:0% +it goes to 0 but we can actually +calculate in some other way what would + + align:start position:0% +calculate in some other way what would + + + align:start position:0% +calculate in some other way what would +be the quantum kinetic energy of a + + align:start position:0% +be the quantum kinetic energy of a + + + align:start position:0% +be the quantum kinetic energy of a +homogeneous electron gas that's a + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous electron gas that's a + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous electron gas that's a +problem that we can solve if the + + align:start position:0% +problem that we can solve if the + + + align:start position:0% +problem that we can solve if the +homogeneous electron gas is not + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous electron gas is not + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous electron gas is not +interacting and we can solve it + + align:start position:0% +interacting and we can solve it + + + align:start position:0% +interacting and we can solve it +numerically even if it is interacting so + + align:start position:0% +numerically even if it is interacting so + + + align:start position:0% +numerically even if it is interacting so +we can know what is the quantum kinetic + + align:start position:0% +we can know what is the quantum kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +we can know what is the quantum kinetic +energy of a homogeneous gas with density + + align:start position:0% +energy of a homogeneous gas with density + + + align:start position:0% +energy of a homogeneous gas with density +point 5 density point 6 density point 7 + + align:start position:0% +point 5 density point 6 density point 7 + + + align:start position:0% +point 5 density point 6 density point 7 +and so we can also know what would be + + align:start position:0% +and so we can also know what would be + + + align:start position:0% +and so we can also know what would be +the quantum kinetic energy per unit of + + align:start position:0% +the quantum kinetic energy per unit of + + + align:start position:0% +the quantum kinetic energy per unit of +volume of data and so we'll say that + + align:start position:0% +volume of data and so we'll say that + + + align:start position:0% +volume of data and so we'll say that +this non-homogeneous system in blue will + + align:start position:0% +this non-homogeneous system in blue will + + + align:start position:0% +this non-homogeneous system in blue will +have an overall quantum kinetic energy + + align:start position:0% +have an overall quantum kinetic energy + + + align:start position:0% +have an overall quantum kinetic energy +that is given really by the integral + + align:start position:0% +that is given really by the integral + + + align:start position:0% +that is given really by the integral +across space and it's written here of + + align:start position:0% +across space and it's written here of + + + align:start position:0% +across space and it's written here of +the quantum kinetic energy of the + + align:start position:0% +the quantum kinetic energy of the + + + align:start position:0% +the quantum kinetic energy of the +homogeneous electron gas integrated over + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous electron gas integrated over + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous electron gas integrated over +space and say for the non-interacting + + align:start position:0% +space and say for the non-interacting + + + align:start position:0% +space and say for the non-interacting +electrons ASSA is that really very easy + + align:start position:0% +electrons ASSA is that really very easy + + + align:start position:0% +electrons ASSA is that really very easy +to do so if you ever known interacting + + align:start position:0% +to do so if you ever known interacting + + + align:start position:0% +to do so if you ever known interacting +electron gas at a density Rho its + + align:start position:0% +electron gas at a density Rho its + + + align:start position:0% +electron gas at a density Rho its +quantum kinetic energy is just Rho to + + align:start position:0% +quantum kinetic energy is just Rho to + + + align:start position:0% +quantum kinetic energy is just Rho to +the 2/3 that then integrated time the + + align:start position:0% +the 2/3 that then integrated time the + + + align:start position:0% +the 2/3 that then integrated time the +unit volume gives as an Rho to the 5/3 + + align:start position:0% +unit volume gives as an Rho to the 5/3 + + + align:start position:0% +unit volume gives as an Rho to the 5/3 +so by integrating this quantity we would + + align:start position:0% +so by integrating this quantity we would + + + align:start position:0% +so by integrating this quantity we would +get an approximation this approximation + + align:start position:0% +get an approximation this approximation + + + align:start position:0% +get an approximation this approximation +is basically exact in the limit of a + + align:start position:0% +is basically exact in the limit of a + + + align:start position:0% +is basically exact in the limit of a +homogeneous system obviously and it will + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous system obviously and it will + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous system obviously and it will +be sort of quite good in the limiter of + + align:start position:0% +be sort of quite good in the limiter of + + + align:start position:0% +be sort of quite good in the limiter of +a non homogeneous system the tears are + + align:start position:0% +a non homogeneous system the tears are + + + align:start position:0% +a non homogeneous system the tears are +very slowly changing charge density the + + align:start position:0% +very slowly changing charge density the + + + align:start position:0% +very slowly changing charge density the +more if you want a inhomogeneous your + + align:start position:0% +more if you want a inhomogeneous your + + + align:start position:0% +more if you want a inhomogeneous your +system becomes the less accurate this + + align:start position:0% +system becomes the less accurate this + + + align:start position:0% +system becomes the less accurate this +approximation is and of course something + + align:start position:0% +approximation is and of course something + + + align:start position:0% +approximation is and of course something +like an atom or a molecule is a very + + align:start position:0% +like an atom or a molecule is a very + + + align:start position:0% +like an atom or a molecule is a very +inhomogeneous system you go with the + + align:start position:0% +inhomogeneous system you go with the + + + align:start position:0% +inhomogeneous system you go with the +charge density + + align:start position:0% +charge density + + + align:start position:0% +charge density +that goes from zero to very high volumes + + align:start position:0% +that goes from zero to very high volumes + + + align:start position:0% +that goes from zero to very high volumes +close to the core of the nuclei + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is basically the overall on + + align:start position:0% +so this is basically the overall on + + + align:start position:0% +so this is basically the overall on +Saturday overall expression the Thomas + + align:start position:0% +Saturday overall expression the Thomas + + + align:start position:0% +Saturday overall expression the Thomas +and Fermi postulated for the energy of + + align:start position:0% +and Fermi postulated for the energy of + + + align:start position:0% +and Fermi postulated for the energy of +an inhomogeneous system they were saying + + align:start position:0% +an inhomogeneous system they were saying + + + align:start position:0% +an inhomogeneous system they were saying +well suppose that we have a system that + + align:start position:0% +well suppose that we have a system that + + + align:start position:0% +well suppose that we have a system that +there's a certain distribution of charge + + align:start position:0% +there's a certain distribution of charge + + + align:start position:0% +there's a certain distribution of charge +row without trying to solve the + + align:start position:0% +row without trying to solve the + + + align:start position:0% +row without trying to solve the +Schrodinger equation finding out the + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger equation finding out the + + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger equation finding out the +wavefunction and sort of go through that + + align:start position:0% +wavefunction and sort of go through that + + + align:start position:0% +wavefunction and sort of go through that +is a very complex many-body router we + + align:start position:0% +is a very complex many-body router we + + + align:start position:0% +is a very complex many-body router we +can actually set up postulate that the + + align:start position:0% +can actually set up postulate that the + + + align:start position:0% +can actually set up postulate that the +energy could be written again as an + + align:start position:0% +energy could be written again as an + + + align:start position:0% +energy could be written again as an +electrostatic energy you see set of each + + align:start position:0% +electrostatic energy you see set of each + + + align:start position:0% +electrostatic energy you see set of each +infinitesimal volume interacting with + + align:start position:0% +infinitesimal volume interacting with + + + align:start position:0% +infinitesimal volume interacting with +each other infinitesimal volume times + + align:start position:0% +each other infinitesimal volume times + + + align:start position:0% +each other infinitesimal volume times +via one over our electrostatic + + align:start position:0% +via one over our electrostatic + + + align:start position:0% +via one over our electrostatic +interaction then we have got an external + + align:start position:0% +interaction then we have got an external + + + align:start position:0% +interaction then we have got an external +potential again it's usually the + + align:start position:0% +potential again it's usually the + + + align:start position:0% +potential again it's usually the +columbic field of the nuclei and so the + + align:start position:0% +columbic field of the nuclei and so the + + + align:start position:0% +columbic field of the nuclei and so the +interaction between the electron and + + align:start position:0% +interaction between the electron and + + + align:start position:0% +interaction between the electron and +that external potential is just + + align:start position:0% +that external potential is just + + + align:start position:0% +that external potential is just +trivially given by Rho times V and the + + align:start position:0% +trivially given by Rho times V and the + + + align:start position:0% +trivially given by Rho times V and the +difficult term the quantum kinetic + + align:start position:0% +difficult term the quantum kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +difficult term the quantum kinetic +energy has been calculated with a local + + align:start position:0% +energy has been calculated with a local + + + align:start position:0% +energy has been calculated with a local +density approximation and this is the + + align:start position:0% +density approximation and this is the + + + align:start position:0% +density approximation and this is the +term that's not going to be very good + + align:start position:0% +term that's not going to be very good + + + align:start position:0% +term that's not going to be very good +again because it's very difficult to + + align:start position:0% +again because it's very difficult to + + + align:start position:0% +again because it's very difficult to +figure out what could be the curvature + + align:start position:0% +figure out what could be the curvature + + + align:start position:0% +figure out what could be the curvature +of our wave function + + align:start position:0% +of our wave function + + + align:start position:0% +of our wave function +just from the density that that wave + + align:start position:0% +just from the density that that wave + + + align:start position:0% +just from the density that that wave +function produces but anyhow this is a + + align:start position:0% +function produces but anyhow this is a + + + align:start position:0% +function produces but anyhow this is a +very simple expression to deal with so + + align:start position:0% +very simple expression to deal with so + + + align:start position:0% +very simple expression to deal with so +for any external potential V we can try + + align:start position:0% +for any external potential V we can try + + + align:start position:0% +for any external potential V we can try +to find out the row that minimizes this + + align:start position:0% +to find out the row that minimizes this + + + align:start position:0% +to find out the row that minimizes this +expression and this will be our thomas + + align:start position:0% +expression and this will be our thomas + + + align:start position:0% +expression and this will be our thomas +fermi solution + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there are obviously a number of problems + + align:start position:0% +there are obviously a number of problems + + + align:start position:0% +there are obviously a number of problems +are showing a moment and example of what + + align:start position:0% +are showing a moment and example of what + + + align:start position:0% +are showing a moment and example of what +the thomas fiering solution would give + + align:start position:0% +the thomas fiering solution would give + + + align:start position:0% +the thomas fiering solution would give +to an atom first of all i mean there is + + align:start position:0% +to an atom first of all i mean there is + + + align:start position:0% +to an atom first of all i mean there is +really no theoretical basis to this it's + + align:start position:0% +really no theoretical basis to this it's + + + align:start position:0% +really no theoretical basis to this it's +what we call a heuristic derivation + + align:start position:0% +what we call a heuristic derivation + + + align:start position:0% +what we call a heuristic derivation +Thomas an Fermi just wrote out what + + align:start position:0% +Thomas an Fermi just wrote out what + + + align:start position:0% +Thomas an Fermi just wrote out what +could be a regional energy functional + + align:start position:0% +could be a regional energy functional + + + align:start position:0% +could be a regional energy functional +and then try to sort of see what results + + align:start position:0% +and then try to sort of see what results + + + align:start position:0% +and then try to sort of see what results +it would give but there hasn't been any + + align:start position:0% +it would give but there hasn't been any + + + align:start position:0% +it would give but there hasn't been any +kind of you know formal derivation of + + align:start position:0% +kind of you know formal derivation of + + + align:start position:0% +kind of you know formal derivation of +that functional it's not like the + + align:start position:0% +that functional it's not like the + + + align:start position:0% +that functional it's not like the +hartree-fock equation that sort of + + align:start position:0% +hartree-fock equation that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +hartree-fock equation that sort of +derive just with some analysis from the + + align:start position:0% +derive just with some analysis from the + + + align:start position:0% +derive just with some analysis from the +variational principle + + align:start position:0% +variational principle + + + align:start position:0% +variational principle +another problem is that again it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +another problem is that again it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +another problem is that again it doesn't +really sort of introduce the concept of + + align:start position:0% +really sort of introduce the concept of + + + align:start position:0% +really sort of introduce the concept of +anti symmetry that fermions need to have + + align:start position:0% +anti symmetry that fermions need to have + + + align:start position:0% +anti symmetry that fermions need to have +the fact that they many-body wave + + align:start position:0% +the fact that they many-body wave + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that they many-body wave +function needs to be antisymmetric upon + + align:start position:0% +function needs to be antisymmetric upon + + + align:start position:0% +function needs to be antisymmetric upon +exchange but you know there is no + + align:start position:0% +exchange but you know there is no + + + align:start position:0% +exchange but you know there is no +conceptual problem in adding and + + align:start position:0% +conceptual problem in adding and + + + align:start position:0% +conceptual problem in adding and +exchange energy to the previous + + align:start position:0% +exchange energy to the previous + + + align:start position:0% +exchange energy to the previous +functional using the same concept that + + align:start position:0% +functional using the same concept that + + + align:start position:0% +functional using the same concept that +the same idea of local density + + align:start position:0% +the same idea of local density + + + align:start position:0% +the same idea of local density +approximation suppose that we want to + + align:start position:0% +approximation suppose that we want to + + + align:start position:0% +approximation suppose that we want to +add an exchange term well we could look + + align:start position:0% +add an exchange term well we could look + + + align:start position:0% +add an exchange term well we could look +at what is the exchange energy coming + + align:start position:0% +at what is the exchange energy coming + + + align:start position:0% +at what is the exchange energy coming +from the hartree-fock equations say for + + align:start position:0% +from the hartree-fock equations say for + + + align:start position:0% +from the hartree-fock equations say for +a homogeneous electron gaza and that + + align:start position:0% +a homogeneous electron gaza and that + + + align:start position:0% +a homogeneous electron gaza and that +gives us a row to the one-third term and + + align:start position:0% +gives us a row to the one-third term and + + + align:start position:0% +gives us a row to the one-third term and +that's basically the exchange energy + + align:start position:0% +that's basically the exchange energy + + + align:start position:0% +that's basically the exchange energy +density and so for an inhomogeneous + + align:start position:0% +density and so for an inhomogeneous + + + align:start position:0% +density and so for an inhomogeneous +system we are going to sort of + + align:start position:0% +system we are going to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +system we are going to sort of +approximate its overall exchange energy + + align:start position:0% +approximate its overall exchange energy + + + align:start position:0% +approximate its overall exchange energy +just by taking the integral of that + + align:start position:0% +just by taking the integral of that + + + align:start position:0% +just by taking the integral of that +energy density that is one further times + + align:start position:0% +energy density that is one further times + + + align:start position:0% +energy density that is one further times +the sort of local value of the charge + + align:start position:0% +the sort of local value of the charge + + + align:start position:0% +the sort of local value of the charge +density and so we have a row to the 4/3 + + align:start position:0% +density and so we have a row to the 4/3 + + + align:start position:0% +density and so we have a row to the 4/3 +and so again it's a local density + + align:start position:0% +and so again it's a local density + + + align:start position:0% +and so again it's a local density +approximation + + align:start position:0% +approximation + + + align:start position:0% +approximation +they sort of great consequence of having + + align:start position:0% +they sort of great consequence of having + + + align:start position:0% +they sort of great consequence of having +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +energy functional that depends only on R + + align:start position:0% +energy functional that depends only on R + + + align:start position:0% +energy functional that depends only on R +is that it is absolutely inexpensive + + align:start position:0% +is that it is absolutely inexpensive + + + align:start position:0% +is that it is absolutely inexpensive +from the computational point of view the + + align:start position:0% +from the computational point of view the + + + align:start position:0% +from the computational point of view the +only variable that we need to be + + align:start position:0% +only variable that we need to be + + + align:start position:0% +only variable that we need to be +concerned with is just + + align:start position:0% +concerned with is just + + + align:start position:0% +concerned with is just +escalara as a function of three + + align:start position:0% +escalara as a function of three + + + align:start position:0% +escalara as a function of three +coordinates that is the density as a + + align:start position:0% +coordinates that is the density as a + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates that is the density as a +function of Rho and it's what we call a + + align:start position:0% +function of Rho and it's what we call a + + + align:start position:0% +function of Rho and it's what we call a +linear scaling system if you double the + + align:start position:0% +linear scaling system if you double the + + + align:start position:0% +linear scaling system if you double the +size of your system the computational + + align:start position:0% +size of your system the computational + + + align:start position:0% +size of your system the computational +complexity just becomes double so it has + + align:start position:0% +complexity just becomes double so it has + + + align:start position:0% +complexity just becomes double so it has +a lot of very good things but it got a + + align:start position:0% +a lot of very good things but it got a + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of very good things but it got a +fundamental defect because of that + + align:start position:0% +fundamental defect because of that + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental defect because of that +approximation in the kinetic energy it + + align:start position:0% +approximation in the kinetic energy it + + + align:start position:0% +approximation in the kinetic energy it +actually does a very poor job in a + + align:start position:0% +actually does a very poor job in a + + + align:start position:0% +actually does a very poor job in a +describing a non homogeneous system so + + align:start position:0% +describing a non homogeneous system so + + + align:start position:0% +describing a non homogeneous system so +it would work reasonably well for + + align:start position:0% +it would work reasonably well for + + + align:start position:0% +it would work reasonably well for +something like a mental suppose that you + + align:start position:0% +something like a mental suppose that you + + + align:start position:0% +something like a mental suppose that you +want to describe a sodium or suppose you + + align:start position:0% +want to describe a sodium or suppose you + + + align:start position:0% +want to describe a sodium or suppose you +want to describe aluminum those are + + align:start position:0% +want to describe aluminum those are + + + align:start position:0% +want to describe aluminum those are +system in which the valence electron + + align:start position:0% +system in which the valence electron + + + align:start position:0% +system in which the valence electron +produce a charge density that is very + + align:start position:0% +produce a charge density that is very + + + align:start position:0% +produce a charge density that is very +homogeneous so a thomas fermi approach + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous so a thomas fermi approach + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous so a thomas fermi approach +could actually work well and it's + + align:start position:0% +could actually work well and it's + + + align:start position:0% +could actually work well and it's +actually been used even very recently + + align:start position:0% +actually been used even very recently + + + align:start position:0% +actually been used even very recently +sort of quite successfully to describe + + align:start position:0% +sort of quite successfully to describe + + + align:start position:0% +sort of quite successfully to describe +problems like the surfaces of lithium + + align:start position:0% +problems like the surfaces of lithium + + + align:start position:0% +problems like the surfaces of lithium +the surfaces of aluminum what happens + + align:start position:0% +the surfaces of aluminum what happens + + + align:start position:0% +the surfaces of aluminum what happens +say what when these simple metals melt + + align:start position:0% +say what when these simple metals melt + + + align:start position:0% +say what when these simple metals melt +what happens to the sort of formation of + + align:start position:0% +what happens to the sort of formation of + + + align:start position:0% +what happens to the sort of formation of +defects in aluminum so there are a + + align:start position:0% +defects in aluminum so there are a + + + align:start position:0% +defects in aluminum so there are a +number of successes but sort of you know + + align:start position:0% +number of successes but sort of you know + + + align:start position:0% +number of successes but sort of you know +clear example of what goes wrong is if + + align:start position:0% +clear example of what goes wrong is if + + + align:start position:0% +clear example of what goes wrong is if +we study an inhomogeneous system like + + align:start position:0% +we study an inhomogeneous system like + + + align:start position:0% +we study an inhomogeneous system like +the argon atom and again if we think at + + align:start position:0% +the argon atom and again if we think at + + + align:start position:0% +the argon atom and again if we think at +the charge density of the argon atom as + + align:start position:0% +the charge density of the argon atom as + + + align:start position:0% +the charge density of the argon atom as +a function say of the radial distance + + align:start position:0% +a function say of the radial distance + + + align:start position:0% +a function say of the radial distance +from the centre from the nucleus well it + + align:start position:0% +from the centre from the nucleus well it + + + align:start position:0% +from the centre from the nucleus well it +will look something like this we have + + align:start position:0% +will look something like this we have + + + align:start position:0% +will look something like this we have +first a 1s and then we have the 2s and + + align:start position:0% +first a 1s and then we have the 2s and + + + align:start position:0% +first a 1s and then we have the 2s and +the 2p shells okay this is somewhat a + + align:start position:0% +the 2p shells okay this is somewhat a + + + align:start position:0% +the 2p shells okay this is somewhat a +poor depiction of that charge density if + + align:start position:0% +poor depiction of that charge density if + + + align:start position:0% +poor depiction of that charge density if +we try to solve the argon atom with a + + align:start position:0% +we try to solve the argon atom with a + + + align:start position:0% +we try to solve the argon atom with a +thomas fermi approach all these sort of + + align:start position:0% +thomas fermi approach all these sort of + + + align:start position:0% +thomas fermi approach all these sort of +you know fine structure of the core + + align:start position:0% +you know fine structure of the core + + + align:start position:0% +you know fine structure of the core +shells in the atoms is completely washed + + align:start position:0% +shells in the atoms is completely washed + + + align:start position:0% +shells in the atoms is completely washed +out okay so it gives you a reasonable + + align:start position:0% +out okay so it gives you a reasonable + + + align:start position:0% +out okay so it gives you a reasonable +approximation and a sort of an + + align:start position:0% +approximation and a sort of an + + + align:start position:0% +approximation and a sort of an +appropriate decay of the charge density + + align:start position:0% +appropriate decay of the charge density + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate decay of the charge density +as we move far away but a lot of those + + align:start position:0% +as we move far away but a lot of those + + + align:start position:0% +as we move far away but a lot of those +details have completely disappeared and + + align:start position:0% +details have completely disappeared and + + + align:start position:0% +details have completely disappeared and +for this reason really the Thomas film + + align:start position:0% +for this reason really the Thomas film + + + align:start position:0% +for this reason really the Thomas film +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +wasn't developed beyond the firt is a + + align:start position:0% +wasn't developed beyond the firt is a + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't developed beyond the firt is a +bathroom sort of you know some of this + + align:start position:0% +bathroom sort of you know some of this + + + align:start position:0% +bathroom sort of you know some of this +recent application for the very specific + + align:start position:0% +recent application for the very specific + + + align:start position:0% +recent application for the very specific +case of solids that have a very ominous + + align:start position:0% +case of solids that have a very ominous + + + align:start position:0% +case of solids that have a very ominous +charge density the reason why we + + align:start position:0% +charge density the reason why we + + + align:start position:0% +charge density the reason why we +described it here is that because in + + align:start position:0% +described it here is that because in + + + align:start position:0% +described it here is that because in +many ways it's the grandfather of the + + align:start position:0% +many ways it's the grandfather of the + + + align:start position:0% +many ways it's the grandfather of the +ideas that were developed in the 60s in + + align:start position:0% +ideas that were developed in the 60s in + + + align:start position:0% +ideas that were developed in the 60s in +that's the functional theory and in + + align:start position:0% +that's the functional theory and in + + + align:start position:0% +that's the functional theory and in +particular the idea that for a moment we + + align:start position:0% +particular the idea that for a moment we + + + align:start position:0% +particular the idea that for a moment we +should focus not on the wavefunction but + + align:start position:0% +should focus not on the wavefunction but + + + align:start position:0% +should focus not on the wavefunction but +on the charge density of the system as + + align:start position:0% +on the charge density of the system as + + + align:start position:0% +on the charge density of the system as +the key ingredient + + align:start position:0% +the key ingredient + + + align:start position:0% +the key ingredient +the great difference between the Thomas + + align:start position:0% +the great difference between the Thomas + + + align:start position:0% +the great difference between the Thomas +Fermi approach and density functional + + align:start position:0% +Fermi approach and density functional + + + align:start position:0% +Fermi approach and density functional +theory is that density functional theory + + align:start position:0% +theory is that density functional theory + + + align:start position:0% +theory is that density functional theory +actually is a theory it starts with some + + align:start position:0% +actually is a theory it starts with some + + + align:start position:0% +actually is a theory it starts with some +theorems that are proven and then it + + align:start position:0% +theorems that are proven and then it + + + align:start position:0% +theorems that are proven and then it +shows what are the form of the equations + + align:start position:0% +shows what are the form of the equations + + + align:start position:0% +shows what are the form of the equations +that say a charge density need to + + align:start position:0% +that say a charge density need to + + + align:start position:0% +that say a charge density need to +satisfy in order to solve exactly the + + align:start position:0% +satisfy in order to solve exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +satisfy in order to solve exactly the +problem so in many ways the inste + + align:start position:0% +problem so in many ways the inste + + + align:start position:0% +problem so in many ways the inste +functional theory is an in principle at + + align:start position:0% +functional theory is an in principle at + + + align:start position:0% +functional theory is an in principle at +least an exact theory it's a top writes + + align:start position:0% +least an exact theory it's a top writes + + + align:start position:0% +least an exact theory it's a top writes +out what are the equation that the + + align:start position:0% +out what are the equation that the + + + align:start position:0% +out what are the equation that the +charge density needs to satisfy and + + align:start position:0% +charge density needs to satisfy and + + + align:start position:0% +charge density needs to satisfy and +those are absolutely equivalent to a + + align:start position:0% +those are absolutely equivalent to a + + + align:start position:0% +those are absolutely equivalent to a +Schrodinger equation for the wave + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger equation for the wave + + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger equation for the wave +function there are some difficulties and + + align:start position:0% +function there are some difficulties and + + + align:start position:0% +function there are some difficulties and +this is what we are going to sort of go + + align:start position:0% +this is what we are going to sort of go + + + align:start position:0% +this is what we are going to sort of go +into right now but sort of let me first + + align:start position:0% +into right now but sort of let me first + + + align:start position:0% +into right now but sort of let me first +give you the conceptual framework of + + align:start position:0% +give you the conceptual framework of + + + align:start position:0% +give you the conceptual framework of +density functional theory and sort of + + align:start position:0% +density functional theory and sort of + + + align:start position:0% +density functional theory and sort of +how it was derived and as usual we + + align:start position:0% +how it was derived and as usual we + + + align:start position:0% +how it was derived and as usual we +started from the Schrodinger equation + + align:start position:0% +started from the Schrodinger equation + + + align:start position:0% +started from the Schrodinger equation +okay so we start from the idea that in + + align:start position:0% +okay so we start from the idea that in + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we start from the idea that in +quantum mechanics for any given external + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics for any given external + + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics for any given external +potential you have a well-defined + + align:start position:0% +potential you have a well-defined + + + align:start position:0% +potential you have a well-defined +differential equation okay it's sort of + + align:start position:0% +differential equation okay it's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation okay it's sort of +very complex it describes a many-body + + align:start position:0% +very complex it describes a many-body + + + align:start position:0% +very complex it describes a many-body +wave function so in most practical cases + + align:start position:0% +wave function so in most practical cases + + + align:start position:0% +wave function so in most practical cases +we might not be able to solve it but + + align:start position:0% +we might not be able to solve it but + + + align:start position:0% +we might not be able to solve it but +everything is well-defined you have an + + align:start position:0% +everything is well-defined you have an + + + align:start position:0% +everything is well-defined you have an +external potential you have the + + align:start position:0% +external potential you have the + + + align:start position:0% +external potential you have the +differential equation that the many-body + + align:start position:0% +differential equation that the many-body + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation that the many-body +wave function needs to satisfy and so in + + align:start position:0% +wave function needs to satisfy and so in + + + align:start position:0% +wave function needs to satisfy and so in +principle you have the solution and so + + align:start position:0% +principle you have the solution and so + + + align:start position:0% +principle you have the solution and so +in that sense that sort of you know the + + align:start position:0% +in that sense that sort of you know the + + + align:start position:0% +in that sense that sort of you know the +first statement here is summarized for a + + align:start position:0% +first statement here is summarized for a + + + align:start position:0% +first statement here is summarized for a +given external potential and knowing how + + align:start position:0% +given external potential and knowing how + + + align:start position:0% +given external potential and knowing how +many electrons are going to fill this + + align:start position:0% +many electrons are going to fill this + + + align:start position:0% +many electrons are going to fill this +potential our quantum problem is + + align:start position:0% +potential our quantum problem is + + + align:start position:0% +potential our quantum problem is +formally completely defined in principle + + align:start position:0% +formally completely defined in principle + + + align:start position:0% +formally completely defined in principle +the solution exists unique we may not be + + align:start position:0% +the solution exists unique we may not be + + + align:start position:0% +the solution exists unique we may not be +able to calculate it but it exists and + + align:start position:0% +able to calculate it but it exists and + + + align:start position:0% +able to calculate it but it exists and +once we know the many-body wave function + + align:start position:0% +once we know the many-body wave function + + + align:start position:0% +once we know the many-body wave function +that solution we know everything about + + align:start position:0% +that solution we know everything about + + + align:start position:0% +that solution we know everything about +our quantum system okay so this is if + + align:start position:0% +our quantum system okay so this is if + + + align:start position:0% +our quantum system okay so this is if +you want the trivial part of the + + align:start position:0% +you want the trivial part of the + + + align:start position:0% +you want the trivial part of the +conclusion that is given an external + + align:start position:0% +conclusion that is given an external + + + align:start position:0% +conclusion that is given an external +potential we find by the shading + + align:start position:0% +potential we find by the shading + + + align:start position:0% +potential we find by the shading +equation the wave function the wave + + align:start position:0% +equation the wave function the wave + + + align:start position:0% +equation the wave function the wave +function determine all the properties of + + align:start position:0% +function determine all the properties of + + + align:start position:0% +function determine all the properties of +our system and in particular determine + + align:start position:0% +our system and in particular determine + + + align:start position:0% +our system and in particular determine +the ground state charge density so there + + align:start position:0% +the ground state charge density so there + + + align:start position:0% +the ground state charge density so there +is a unique pathway that starts from the + + align:start position:0% +is a unique pathway that starts from the + + + align:start position:0% +is a unique pathway that starts from the +external potential and leads us to the + + align:start position:0% +external potential and leads us to the + + + align:start position:0% +external potential and leads us to the +charge density the ground state charge + + align:start position:0% +charge density the ground state charge + + + align:start position:0% +charge density the ground state charge +density once you have defined a + + align:start position:0% +density once you have defined a + + + align:start position:0% +density once you have defined a +potential you in principle have uniquely + + align:start position:0% +potential you in principle have uniquely + + + align:start position:0% +potential you in principle have uniquely +defined what is the ground state charge + + align:start position:0% +defined what is the ground state charge + + + align:start position:0% +defined what is the ground state charge +density of your system and so in that + + align:start position:0% +density of your system and so in that + + + align:start position:0% +density of your system and so in that +sense we say that the ground state + + align:start position:0% +sense we say that the ground state + + + align:start position:0% +sense we say that the ground state +charge density the ground state energy + + align:start position:0% +charge density the ground state energy + + + align:start position:0% +charge density the ground state energy +and all the properties of our system are + + align:start position:0% +and all the properties of our system are + + + align:start position:0% +and all the properties of our system are +in some complex way a functional of our + + align:start position:0% +in some complex way a functional of our + + + align:start position:0% +in some complex way a functional of our +external potential and the number of + + align:start position:0% +external potential and the number of + + + align:start position:0% +external potential and the number of +electrons functional again you know can + + align:start position:0% +electrons functional again you know can + + + align:start position:0% +electrons functional again you know can +be anything and in this case it goes + + align:start position:0% +be anything and in this case it goes + + + align:start position:0% +be anything and in this case it goes +through the Schrodinger equation nothing + + align:start position:0% +through the Schrodinger equation nothing + + + align:start position:0% +through the Schrodinger equation nothing +sort of complex at this at this point + + align:start position:0% +sort of complex at this at this point + + + align:start position:0% +sort of complex at this at this point +the sort of remarkable result that no + + align:start position:0% +the sort of remarkable result that no + + + align:start position:0% +the sort of remarkable result that no +one had set of you know figured out + + align:start position:0% +one had set of you know figured out + + + align:start position:0% +one had set of you know figured out +between a 1964 and 1965 is that the + + align:start position:0% +between a 1964 and 1965 is that the + + + align:start position:0% +between a 1964 and 1965 is that the +opposite is also true and it's not + + align:start position:0% +opposite is also true and it's not + + + align:start position:0% +opposite is also true and it's not +trivial at all so what hohenberg and + + align:start position:0% +trivial at all so what hohenberg and + + + align:start position:0% +trivial at all so what hohenberg and +Cohn stated the first actually in 1964 + + align:start position:0% +Cohn stated the first actually in 1964 + + + align:start position:0% +Cohn stated the first actually in 1964 +was this that the ground state charge + + align:start position:0% +was this that the ground state charge + + + align:start position:0% +was this that the ground state charge +density is a + + align:start position:0% +density is a + + + align:start position:0% +density is a +fundamental quantity + + align:start position:0% +fundamental quantity + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental quantity +as fundamental as the external potential + + align:start position:0% +as fundamental as the external potential + + + align:start position:0% +as fundamental as the external potential +and in particular not only the external + + align:start position:0% +and in particular not only the external + + + align:start position:0% +and in particular not only the external +potential the terms uniquely the ground + + align:start position:0% +potential the terms uniquely the ground + + + align:start position:0% +potential the terms uniquely the ground +state charge density of yours system but + + align:start position:0% +state charge density of yours system but + + + align:start position:0% +state charge density of yours system but +also the vice versa is true that is + + align:start position:0% +also the vice versa is true that is + + + align:start position:0% +also the vice versa is true that is +given a ground state charge density in + + align:start position:0% +given a ground state charge density in + + + align:start position:0% +given a ground state charge density in +principle one can prove that there is a + + align:start position:0% +principle one can prove that there is a + + + align:start position:0% +principle one can prove that there is a +unique + + align:start position:0% +unique + + + align:start position:0% +unique +external potential for which that ground + + align:start position:0% +external potential for which that ground + + + align:start position:0% +external potential for which that ground +state charge density is the ground state + + align:start position:0% +state charge density is the ground state + + + align:start position:0% +state charge density is the ground state +solution for that external potential so + + align:start position:0% +solution for that external potential so + + + align:start position:0% +solution for that external potential so +if you have the external potential + + align:start position:0% +if you have the external potential + + + align:start position:0% +if you have the external potential +conceptually it's trivial to go through + + align:start position:0% +conceptually it's trivial to go through + + + align:start position:0% +conceptually it's trivial to go through +the Schrodinger equation and its + + align:start position:0% +the Schrodinger equation and its + + + align:start position:0% +the Schrodinger equation and its +solution to the charge density what + + align:start position:0% +solution to the charge density what + + + align:start position:0% +solution to the charge density what +hohenberg and corner are telling us and + + align:start position:0% +hohenberg and corner are telling us and + + + align:start position:0% +hohenberg and corner are telling us and +I'll just show you a sketch of the proof + + align:start position:0% +I'll just show you a sketch of the proof + + + align:start position:0% +I'll just show you a sketch of the proof +in a moment is that in principle if + + align:start position:0% +in a moment is that in principle if + + + align:start position:0% +in a moment is that in principle if +someone is giving you a charge density + + align:start position:0% +someone is giving you a charge density + + + align:start position:0% +someone is giving you a charge density +and is telling you this charge density + + align:start position:0% +and is telling you this charge density + + + align:start position:0% +and is telling you this charge density +is the ground state charge density of a + + align:start position:0% +is the ground state charge density of a + + + align:start position:0% +is the ground state charge density of a +number of electrons and electrons in an + + align:start position:0% +number of electrons and electrons in an + + + align:start position:0% +number of electrons and electrons in an +external potential in principle what is + + align:start position:0% +external potential in principle what is + + + align:start position:0% +external potential in principle what is +that external potential is an + + align:start position:0% +that external potential is an + + + align:start position:0% +that external potential is an +information that is completely contained + + align:start position:0% +information that is completely contained + + + align:start position:0% +information that is completely contained +into the charge density okay and it's + + align:start position:0% +into the charge density okay and it's + + + align:start position:0% +into the charge density okay and it's +not contained in a trivial way it's not + + align:start position:0% +not contained in a trivial way it's not + + + align:start position:0% +not contained in a trivial way it's not +that you can look at a ground state + + align:start position:0% +that you can look at a ground state + + + align:start position:0% +that you can look at a ground state +charge density and guess what the + + align:start position:0% +charge density and guess what the + + + align:start position:0% +charge density and guess what the +external potential is and that's where + + align:start position:0% +external potential is and that's where + + + align:start position:0% +external potential is and that's where +all the complexity of practical density + + align:start position:0% +all the complexity of practical density + + + align:start position:0% +all the complexity of practical density +functional Theory comes but from the + + align:start position:0% +functional Theory comes but from the + + + align:start position:0% +functional Theory comes but from the +conceptual and mathematical point of + + align:start position:0% +conceptual and mathematical point of + + + align:start position:0% +conceptual and mathematical point of +view these two quantities are absolutely + + align:start position:0% +view these two quantities are absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +view these two quantities are absolutely +equivalent from one you get the other + + align:start position:0% +equivalent from one you get the other + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent from one you get the other +and vice versa and + + align:start position:0% +and vice versa and + + + align:start position:0% +and vice versa and +the ascent of + + align:start position:0% +the ascent of + + + align:start position:0% +the ascent of +vice versa was not trivial and that is + + align:start position:0% +vice versa was not trivial and that is + + + align:start position:0% +vice versa was not trivial and that is +sort of you know what is contained in + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know what is contained in + + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know what is contained in +the so called first hohenberg and korn + + align:start position:0% +the so called first hohenberg and korn + + + align:start position:0% +the so called first hohenberg and korn +problem I I won't go through the + + align:start position:0% +problem I I won't go through the + + + align:start position:0% +problem I I won't go through the +derivation it's actually very simple + + align:start position:0% +derivation it's actually very simple + + + align:start position:0% +derivation it's actually very simple +I've printed it here in case you sort of + + align:start position:0% +I've printed it here in case you sort of + + + align:start position:0% +I've printed it here in case you sort of +want to read it but it's basically is a + + align:start position:0% +want to read it but it's basically is a + + + align:start position:0% +want to read it but it's basically is a +derivation and absurdum what they are + + align:start position:0% +derivation and absurdum what they are + + + align:start position:0% +derivation and absurdum what they are +saying is that if that external + + align:start position:0% +saying is that if that external + + + align:start position:0% +saying is that if that external +potential were not unique if there were + + align:start position:0% +potential were not unique if there were + + + align:start position:0% +potential were not unique if there were +two external potential that were + + align:start position:0% +two external potential that were + + + align:start position:0% +two external potential that were +different and would give the same ground + + align:start position:0% +different and would give the same ground + + + align:start position:0% +different and would give the same ground +state energy we would get to an absurdum + + align:start position:0% +state energy we would get to an absurdum + + + align:start position:0% +state energy we would get to an absurdum +okay so typical mathematical + + align:start position:0% +okay so typical mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +okay so typical mathematical +demonstration we suppose that there are + + align:start position:0% +demonstration we suppose that there are + + + align:start position:0% +demonstration we suppose that there are +two different external potential that + + align:start position:0% +two different external potential that + + + align:start position:0% +two different external potential that +give the same ground state as density + + align:start position:0% +give the same ground state as density + + + align:start position:0% +give the same ground state as density +and we show that we arrive to a + + align:start position:0% +and we show that we arrive to a + + + align:start position:0% +and we show that we arrive to a +conclusion that doesn't make sense so + + align:start position:0% +conclusion that doesn't make sense so + + + align:start position:0% +conclusion that doesn't make sense so +there can be only a single external + + align:start position:0% +there can be only a single external + + + align:start position:0% +there can be only a single external +potential and that's the proof and again + + align:start position:0% +potential and that's the proof and again + + + align:start position:0% +potential and that's the proof and again +it wasn't trivial I mean if you wanted a + + align:start position:0% +it wasn't trivial I mean if you wanted a + + + align:start position:0% +it wasn't trivial I mean if you wanted a +very basic statement but it took 40 + + align:start position:0% +very basic statement but it took 40 + + + align:start position:0% +very basic statement but it took 40 +years to be formulated and if actually + + align:start position:0% +years to be formulated and if actually + + + align:start position:0% +years to be formulated and if actually +not true in other cases that you know to + + align:start position:0% +not true in other cases that you know to + + + align:start position:0% +not true in other cases that you know to +first glance look very similar suppose + + align:start position:0% +first glance look very similar suppose + + + align:start position:0% +first glance look very similar suppose +that for a moment we want to discuss + + align:start position:0% +that for a moment we want to discuss + + + align:start position:0% +that for a moment we want to discuss +excited states you could say well if I + + align:start position:0% +excited states you could say well if I + + + align:start position:0% +excited states you could say well if I +have a charge density and I say this is + + align:start position:0% +have a charge density and I say this is + + + align:start position:0% +have a charge density and I say this is +an excited density of an excited + + align:start position:0% +an excited density of an excited + + + align:start position:0% +an excited density of an excited +electronic state maybe I could also + + align:start position:0% +electronic state maybe I could also + + + align:start position:0% +electronic state maybe I could also +recover the potential that has generated + + align:start position:0% +recover the potential that has generated + + + align:start position:0% +recover the potential that has generated +that and that's not true actually so + + align:start position:0% +that and that's not true actually so + + + align:start position:0% +that and that's not true actually so +there are sort of a number of cases in + + align:start position:0% +there are sort of a number of cases in + + + align:start position:0% +there are sort of a number of cases in +which this is not true but for this + + align:start position:0% +which this is not true but for this + + + align:start position:0% +which this is not true but for this +fundamental set of relation between the + + align:start position:0% +fundamental set of relation between the + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental set of relation between the +charge density of the ground state and + + align:start position:0% +charge density of the ground state and + + + align:start position:0% +charge density of the ground state and +external potential this is true so we + + align:start position:0% +external potential this is true so we + + + align:start position:0% +external potential this is true so we +have sort of moved away now our + + align:start position:0% +have sort of moved away now our + + + align:start position:0% +have sort of moved away now our +attention it's not any more than any + + align:start position:0% +attention it's not any more than any + + + align:start position:0% +attention it's not any more than any +body wave function that we want to focus + + align:start position:0% +body wave function that we want to focus + + + align:start position:0% +body wave function that we want to focus +but is the charge density the charge + + align:start position:0% +but is the charge density the charge + + + align:start position:0% +but is the charge density the charge +density is as much a fundamental + + align:start position:0% +density is as much a fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +density is as much a fundamental +variable of our problem is not a derived + + align:start position:0% +variable of our problem is not a derived + + + align:start position:0% +variable of our problem is not a derived +variable it's not something that comes + + align:start position:0% +variable it's not something that comes + + + align:start position:0% +variable it's not something that comes +from the wave function but is something + + align:start position:0% +from the wave function but is something + + + align:start position:0% +from the wave function but is something +that we can actually focus all our + + align:start position:0% +that we can actually focus all our + + + align:start position:0% +that we can actually focus all our +attention into and now + + align:start position:0% +attention into and now + + + align:start position:0% +attention into and now +we need to find the equivalent of the + + align:start position:0% +we need to find the equivalent of the + + + align:start position:0% +we need to find the equivalent of the +Schrodinger equation for the charge + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger equation for the charge + + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger equation for the charge +density this is what shredding had done + + align:start position:0% +density this is what shredding had done + + + align:start position:0% +density this is what shredding had done +in the 20s in 1925 he said this is the + + align:start position:0% +in the 20s in 1925 he said this is the + + + align:start position:0% +in the 20s in 1925 he said this is the +equation that quantum objects satisfy + + align:start position:0% +equation that quantum objects satisfy + + + align:start position:0% +equation that quantum objects satisfy +and I'll call it the Schrodinger + + align:start position:0% +and I'll call it the Schrodinger + + + align:start position:0% +and I'll call it the Schrodinger +equation now hohenberg ancona has shown + + align:start position:0% +equation now hohenberg ancona has shown + + + align:start position:0% +equation now hohenberg ancona has shown +that we don't need to think in terms of + + align:start position:0% +that we don't need to think in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +that we don't need to think in terms of +the wave function we can think in terms + + align:start position:0% +the wave function we can think in terms + + + align:start position:0% +the wave function we can think in terms +of the charge density as being the + + align:start position:0% +of the charge density as being the + + + align:start position:0% +of the charge density as being the +fundamental descriptor of our quantum + + align:start position:0% +fundamental descriptor of our quantum + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental descriptor of our quantum +system what is life that they need to + + align:start position:0% +system what is life that they need to + + + align:start position:0% +system what is life that they need to +show me that there is an equivalent of + + align:start position:0% +show me that there is an equivalent of + + + align:start position:0% +show me that there is an equivalent of +the shading equation that is we can + + align:start position:0% +the shading equation that is we can + + + align:start position:0% +the shading equation that is we can +write a + + align:start position:0% +write a + + + align:start position:0% +write a +density equation that is a sort of what + + align:start position:0% +density equation that is a sort of what + + + align:start position:0% +density equation that is a sort of what +will give me the ground state and sort + + align:start position:0% +will give me the ground state and sort + + + align:start position:0% +will give me the ground state and sort +of all the properties of the system and + + align:start position:0% +of all the properties of the system and + + + align:start position:0% +of all the properties of the system and +that's really the second hohenberg and + + align:start position:0% +that's really the second hohenberg and + + + align:start position:0% +that's really the second hohenberg and +corner theorem that is really writing + + align:start position:0% +corner theorem that is really writing + + + align:start position:0% +corner theorem that is really writing +out the aquiver the concept one of the + + align:start position:0% +out the aquiver the concept one of the + + + align:start position:0% +out the aquiver the concept one of the +shading an equation for the charge + + align:start position:0% +shading an equation for the charge + + + align:start position:0% +shading an equation for the charge +density and now sort of it becomes + + align:start position:0% +density and now sort of it becomes + + + align:start position:0% +density and now sort of it becomes +fairly conceptual okay so this is a the + + align:start position:0% +fairly conceptual okay so this is a the + + + align:start position:0% +fairly conceptual okay so this is a the +procedure + + align:start position:0% +procedure + + + align:start position:0% +procedure +we and all of this in the next few + + align:start position:0% +we and all of this in the next few + + + align:start position:0% +we and all of this in the next few +slides is still a conceptual procedure + + align:start position:0% +slides is still a conceptual procedure + + + align:start position:0% +slides is still a conceptual procedure +it will describe objects that are + + align:start position:0% +it will describe objects that are + + + align:start position:0% +it will describe objects that are +well-defined + + align:start position:0% +well-defined + + + align:start position:0% +well-defined +in principle that are conceptually + + align:start position:0% +in principle that are conceptually + + + align:start position:0% +in principle that are conceptually +well-defined but we still don't have a + + align:start position:0% +well-defined but we still don't have a + + + align:start position:0% +well-defined but we still don't have a +clue on you know what they look like in + + align:start position:0% +clue on you know what they look like in + + + align:start position:0% +clue on you know what they look like in +practice and all the sort of density + + align:start position:0% +practice and all the sort of density + + + align:start position:0% +practice and all the sort of density +functional application go through a + + align:start position:0% +functional application go through a + + + align:start position:0% +functional application go through a +procedure that will see later round that + + align:start position:0% +procedure that will see later round that + + + align:start position:0% +procedure that will see later round that +is the sort of connection mapping that + + align:start position:0% +is the sort of connection mapping that + + + align:start position:0% +is the sort of connection mapping that +gives a hint of what these objects look + + align:start position:0% +gives a hint of what these objects look + + + align:start position:0% +gives a hint of what these objects look +like but up to now we are going to + + align:start position:0% +like but up to now we are going to + + + align:start position:0% +like but up to now we are going to +introduce objects that are well defined + + align:start position:0% +introduce objects that are well defined + + + align:start position:0% +introduce objects that are well defined +in principle but we don't know how they + + align:start position:0% +in principle but we don't know how they + + + align:start position:0% +in principle but we don't know how they +look like and so that's right somehow + + align:start position:0% +look like and so that's right somehow + + + align:start position:0% +look like and so that's right somehow +density functional theory is a much less + + align:start position:0% +density functional theory is a much less + + + align:start position:0% +density functional theory is a much less +intuitive theory than something like + + align:start position:0% +intuitive theory than something like + + + align:start position:0% +intuitive theory than something like +hartree-fock ok so this is going to work + + align:start position:0% +hartree-fock ok so this is going to work + + + align:start position:0% +hartree-fock ok so this is going to work +the second hohenberg and confirm + + align:start position:0% +the second hohenberg and confirm + + + align:start position:0% +the second hohenberg and confirm +defining the fundamental equation for + + align:start position:0% +defining the fundamental equation for + + + align:start position:0% +defining the fundamental equation for +the charge density and this is the step + + align:start position:0% +the charge density and this is the step + + + align:start position:0% +the charge density and this is the step +for any charge density Rho so someone + + align:start position:0% +for any charge density Rho so someone + + + align:start position:0% +for any charge density Rho so someone +gives you someone draws you an arbitrary + + align:start position:0% +gives you someone draws you an arbitrary + + + align:start position:0% +gives you someone draws you an arbitrary +charge density well we know that there + + align:start position:0% +charge density well we know that there + + + align:start position:0% +charge density well we know that there +is an external potential of which that + + align:start position:0% +is an external potential of which that + + + align:start position:0% +is an external potential of which that +charge density is the ground state we + + align:start position:0% +charge density is the ground state we + + + align:start position:0% +charge density is the ground state we +don't know what it is honestly but we + + align:start position:0% +don't know what it is honestly but we + + + align:start position:0% +don't know what it is honestly but we +have proven that there is a unique + + align:start position:0% +have proven that there is a unique + + + align:start position:0% +have proven that there is a unique +external potential ok so because there + + align:start position:0% +external potential ok so because there + + + align:start position:0% +external potential ok so because there +is a unique external potential the + + align:start position:0% +is a unique external potential the + + + align:start position:0% +is a unique external potential the +reason am anybody's reading a question + + align:start position:0% +reason am anybody's reading a question + + + align:start position:0% +reason am anybody's reading a question +with that potential in there and there + + align:start position:0% +with that potential in there and there + + + align:start position:0% +with that potential in there and there +is a wave function that is going to be + + align:start position:0% +is a wave function that is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +is a wave function that is going to be +the ground state wave function of that + + align:start position:0% +the ground state wave function of that + + + align:start position:0% +the ground state wave function of that +many bodies Schrodinger equation so + + align:start position:0% +many bodies Schrodinger equation so + + + align:start position:0% +many bodies Schrodinger equation so +given a certain raw we know that an + + align:start position:0% +given a certain raw we know that an + + + align:start position:0% +given a certain raw we know that an +external potential exists and it's + + align:start position:0% +external potential exists and it's + + + align:start position:0% +external potential exists and it's +unique in the terms it determines a + + align:start position:0% +unique in the terms it determines a + + + align:start position:0% +unique in the terms it determines a +Schrodinger equation and that + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger equation and that + + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger equation and that +Schrodinger equation that Germans a + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger equation that Germans a + + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger equation that Germans a +ground state wave function that we call + + align:start position:0% +ground state wave function that we call + + + align:start position:0% +ground state wave function that we call +sign so what we are saying is that given + + align:start position:0% +sign so what we are saying is that given + + + align:start position:0% +sign so what we are saying is that given +a row in principle that sigh the ground + + align:start position:0% +a row in principle that sigh the ground + + + align:start position:0% +a row in principle that sigh the ground +state wave function of the Schrodinger + + align:start position:0% +state wave function of the Schrodinger + + + align:start position:0% +state wave function of the Schrodinger +equation in the external potential that + + align:start position:0% +equation in the external potential that + + + align:start position:0% +equation in the external potential that +is uniquely defined by the row is also a + + align:start position:0% +is uniquely defined by the row is also a + + + align:start position:0% +is uniquely defined by the row is also a +well-defined object again we don't know + + align:start position:0% +well-defined object again we don't know + + + align:start position:0% +well-defined object again we don't know +what it is but it is well-defined and + + align:start position:0% +what it is but it is well-defined and + + + align:start position:0% +what it is but it is well-defined and +because it's a well-defined object we + + align:start position:0% +because it's a well-defined object we + + + align:start position:0% +because it's a well-defined object we +can calculate the expectation value of + + align:start position:0% +can calculate the expectation value of + + + align:start position:0% +can calculate the expectation value of +that well define object of the quantum + + align:start position:0% +that well define object of the quantum + + + align:start position:0% +that well define object of the quantum +kinetic energy you know minus 1/2 sum + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy you know minus 1/2 sum + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy you know minus 1/2 sum +over all I of the second derivatives and + + align:start position:0% +over all I of the second derivatives and + + + align:start position:0% +over all I of the second derivatives and +the electron-electron interaction just + + align:start position:0% +the electron-electron interaction just + + + align:start position:0% +the electron-electron interaction just +the 1 over RI minus RJ term so again + + align:start position:0% +the 1 over RI minus RJ term so again + + + align:start position:0% +the 1 over RI minus RJ term so again +this term is in principle + + align:start position:0% +this term is in principle + + + align:start position:0% +this term is in principle +well-defined and we call this term the + + align:start position:0% +well-defined and we call this term the + + + align:start position:0% +well-defined and we call this term the +universal density functional the T's for + + align:start position:0% +universal density functional the T's for + + + align:start position:0% +universal density functional the T's for +any given arbitrary Rho I + + align:start position:0% +any given arbitrary Rho I + + + align:start position:0% +any given arbitrary Rho I +in principle can define a number that is + + align:start position:0% +in principle can define a number that is + + + align:start position:0% +in principle can define a number that is +this number here is the Rho in principle + + align:start position:0% +this number here is the Rho in principle + + + align:start position:0% +this number here is the Rho in principle +from the row I have the external + + align:start position:0% +from the row I have the external + + + align:start position:0% +from the row I have the external +potential from the external potential I + + align:start position:0% +potential from the external potential I + + + align:start position:0% +potential from the external potential I +have the Schrodinger equation in + + align:start position:0% +have the Schrodinger equation in + + + align:start position:0% +have the Schrodinger equation in +principle I'm able to solve that + + align:start position:0% +principle I'm able to solve that + + + align:start position:0% +principle I'm able to solve that +shreddin equation found in principle the + + align:start position:0% +shreddin equation found in principle the + + + align:start position:0% +shreddin equation found in principle the +many-body ground state wave function + + align:start position:0% +many-body ground state wave function + + + align:start position:0% +many-body ground state wave function +that will be precise and I can calculate + + align:start position:0% +that will be precise and I can calculate + + + align:start position:0% +that will be precise and I can calculate +the expectation value of Phi of the + + align:start position:0% +the expectation value of Phi of the + + + align:start position:0% +the expectation value of Phi of the +quantum kinetic energy and of the + + align:start position:0% +quantum kinetic energy and of the + + + align:start position:0% +quantum kinetic energy and of the +electron-electron interaction term all + + align:start position:0% +electron-electron interaction term all + + + align:start position:0% +electron-electron interaction term all +well defined we have really no clue on + + align:start position:0% +well defined we have really no clue on + + + align:start position:0% +well defined we have really no clue on +how to calculate because we can't really + + align:start position:0% +how to calculate because we can't really + + + align:start position:0% +how to calculate because we can't really +do in practice any of the steps but this + + align:start position:0% +do in practice any of the steps but this + + + align:start position:0% +do in practice any of the steps but this +universal functional of the density is + + align:start position:0% +universal functional of the density is + + + align:start position:0% +universal functional of the density is +well-defined + + align:start position:0% +well-defined + + + align:start position:0% +well-defined +so with this universal functional that + + align:start position:0% +so with this universal functional that + + + align:start position:0% +so with this universal functional that +is now well defined + + align:start position:0% +is now well defined + + + align:start position:0% +is now well defined +we can write out something + + align:start position:0% +we can write out something + + + align:start position:0% +we can write out something +we can write an + + align:start position:0% +we can write an + + + align:start position:0% +we can write an +energy + + align:start position:0% +energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy +for any given external potential and for + + align:start position:0% +for any given external potential and for + + + align:start position:0% +for any given external potential and for +any given charge density and we write it + + align:start position:0% +any given charge density and we write it + + + align:start position:0% +any given charge density and we write it +as this so for any given charge density + + align:start position:0% +as this so for any given charge density + + + align:start position:0% +as this so for any given charge density +there will be a well-defined number that + + align:start position:0% +there will be a well-defined number that + + + align:start position:0% +there will be a well-defined number that +is this universal density function of + + align:start position:0% +is this universal density function of + + + align:start position:0% +is this universal density function of +data Rho Prime and then we add another + + align:start position:0% +data Rho Prime and then we add another + + + align:start position:0% +data Rho Prime and then we add another +term that is just trivially the integral + + align:start position:0% +term that is just trivially the integral + + + align:start position:0% +term that is just trivially the integral +of this V this external potential times + + align:start position:0% +of this V this external potential times + + + align:start position:0% +of this V this external potential times +the charge density Rho prime so again + + align:start position:0% +the charge density Rho prime so again + + + align:start position:0% +the charge density Rho prime so again +this new expression that we are written + + align:start position:0% +this new expression that we are written + + + align:start position:0% +this new expression that we are written +is well defined for any Rho prime and + + align:start position:0% +is well defined for any Rho prime and + + + align:start position:0% +is well defined for any Rho prime and +for any external potential we can + + align:start position:0% +for any external potential we can + + + align:start position:0% +for any external potential we can +calculate trivially disturber and in + + align:start position:0% +calculate trivially disturber and in + + + align:start position:0% +calculate trivially disturber and in +principle we know what this number is + + align:start position:0% +principle we know what this number is + + + align:start position:0% +principle we know what this number is +and this is if you want + + align:start position:0% +and this is if you want + + + align:start position:0% +and this is if you want +1964-1965 + + align:start position:0% +1964-1965 + + + align:start position:0% +1964-1965 +the reformulation of quantum mechanics + + align:start position:0% +the reformulation of quantum mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +the reformulation of quantum mechanics +because now hohenberg and kona are able + + align:start position:0% +because now hohenberg and kona are able + + + align:start position:0% +because now hohenberg and kona are able +to prove that there is a variational + + align:start position:0% +to prove that there is a variational + + + align:start position:0% +to prove that there is a variational +principle that is for this expression + + align:start position:0% +principle that is for this expression + + + align:start position:0% +principle that is for this expression +written here for this function of Rho + + align:start position:0% +written here for this function of Rho + + + align:start position:0% +written here for this function of Rho +prime we can prove that for any Rho + + align:start position:0% +prime we can prove that for any Rho + + + align:start position:0% +prime we can prove that for any Rho +prime that we can throw in a the overall + + align:start position:0% +prime that we can throw in a the overall + + + align:start position:0% +prime that we can throw in a the overall +numerical value of this expression is + + align:start position:0% +numerical value of this expression is + + + align:start position:0% +numerical value of this expression is +always going to be either greater or + + align:start position:0% +always going to be either greater or + + + align:start position:0% +always going to be either greater or +equal to the ground state charge to the + + align:start position:0% +equal to the ground state charge to the + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the ground state charge to the +ground state energy that we would obtain + + align:start position:0% +ground state energy that we would obtain + + + align:start position:0% +ground state energy that we would obtain +from the shading equation in the + + align:start position:0% +from the shading equation in the + + + align:start position:0% +from the shading equation in the +presence of this external potential so + + align:start position:0% +presence of this external potential so + + + align:start position:0% +presence of this external potential so +now we have a well defined + + align:start position:0% +now we have a well defined + + + align:start position:0% +now we have a well defined +density functional so if you have an + + align:start position:0% +density functional so if you have an + + + align:start position:0% +density functional so if you have an +external potential the Z over R of your + + align:start position:0% +external potential the Z over R of your + + + align:start position:0% +external potential the Z over R of your +otama you can try out now not wave + + align:start position:0% +otama you can try out now not wave + + + align:start position:0% +otama you can try out now not wave +functions that are very difficult but + + align:start position:0% +functions that are very difficult but + + + align:start position:0% +functions that are very difficult but +you can try out charge density and the + + align:start position:0% +you can try out charge density and the + + + align:start position:0% +you can try out charge density and the +charge density that you the lowest + + align:start position:0% +charge density that you the lowest + + + align:start position:0% +charge density that you the lowest +expectation value the lowest value for + + align:start position:0% +expectation value the lowest value for + + + align:start position:0% +expectation value the lowest value for +this functional will be the ground state + + align:start position:0% +this functional will be the ground state + + + align:start position:0% +this functional will be the ground state +and charge density + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +small problem we have no clue what this + + align:start position:0% +small problem we have no clue what this + + + align:start position:0% +small problem we have no clue what this +looks like as a function of Rho Prime + + align:start position:0% +looks like as a function of Rho Prime + + + align:start position:0% +looks like as a function of Rho Prime +but if we knew we would ever a + + align:start position:0% +but if we knew we would ever a + + + align:start position:0% +but if we knew we would ever a +wonderfully simple approach to quantum + + align:start position:0% +wonderfully simple approach to quantum + + + align:start position:0% +wonderfully simple approach to quantum +mechanics now we don't need to deal with + + align:start position:0% +mechanics now we don't need to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics now we don't need to deal with +the many body complexity we just + + align:start position:0% +the many body complexity we just + + + align:start position:0% +the many body complexity we just +minimize this expression as a function + + align:start position:0% +minimize this expression as a function + + + align:start position:0% +minimize this expression as a function +of Rho Prime and again it's sort of + + align:start position:0% +of Rho Prime and again it's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +of Rho Prime and again it's sort of +fairly easy to prove this variational + + align:start position:0% +fairly easy to prove this variational + + + align:start position:0% +fairly easy to prove this variational +principle but when it's ready to sit + + align:start position:0% +principle but when it's ready to sit + + + align:start position:0% +principle but when it's ready to sit +I've given you some readings so you are + + align:start position:0% +I've given you some readings so you are + + + align:start position:0% +I've given you some readings so you are +welcome if you are really interested in + + align:start position:0% +welcome if you are really interested in + + + align:start position:0% +welcome if you are really interested in +this to go back and read the first row + + align:start position:0% +this to go back and read the first row + + + align:start position:0% +this to go back and read the first row +invariant consider and read the second + + align:start position:0% +invariant consider and read the second + + + align:start position:0% +invariant consider and read the second +hohenberg and confit Rama but in many + + align:start position:0% +hohenberg and confit Rama but in many + + + align:start position:0% +hohenberg and confit Rama but in many +ways the the proof of this second + + align:start position:0% +ways the the proof of this second + + + align:start position:0% +ways the the proof of this second +hohenberg and Cohen theorem can be done + + align:start position:0% +hohenberg and Cohen theorem can be done + + + align:start position:0% +hohenberg and Cohen theorem can be done +again through the variational principle + + align:start position:0% +again through the variational principle + + + align:start position:0% +again through the variational principle +that is you know if we have a certain + + align:start position:0% +that is you know if we have a certain + + + align:start position:0% +that is you know if we have a certain +Rho prime well that again uniquely + + align:start position:0% +Rho prime well that again uniquely + + + align:start position:0% +Rho prime well that again uniquely +determine the ground state wave function + + align:start position:0% +determine the ground state wave function + + + align:start position:0% +determine the ground state wave function +Rho prime will determine an external + + align:start position:0% +Rho prime will determine an external + + + align:start position:0% +Rho prime will determine an external +potential that in principle is different + + align:start position:0% +potential that in principle is different + + + align:start position:0% +potential that in principle is different +from this but Rho prime will determine + + align:start position:0% +from this but Rho prime will determine + + + align:start position:0% +from this but Rho prime will determine +an external potential and will determine + + align:start position:0% +an external potential and will determine + + + align:start position:0% +an external potential and will determine +our wave function that is the solution + + align:start position:0% +our wave function that is the solution + + + align:start position:0% +our wave function that is the solution +of the many-body shading equation and if + + align:start position:0% +of the many-body shading equation and if + + + align:start position:0% +of the many-body shading equation and if +we take the expectation value of + + align:start position:0% +we take the expectation value of + + + align:start position:0% +we take the expectation value of +ara a meltonian with this external + + align:start position:0% +ara a meltonian with this external + + + align:start position:0% +ara a meltonian with this external +potential in this but evaluated on the + + align:start position:0% +potential in this but evaluated on the + + + align:start position:0% +potential in this but evaluated on the +wave function of C prime that comes from + + align:start position:0% +wave function of C prime that comes from + + + align:start position:0% +wave function of C prime that comes from +discharge density Rho prime well we can + + align:start position:0% +discharge density Rho prime well we can + + + align:start position:0% +discharge density Rho prime well we can +show that this expectation value here is + + align:start position:0% +show that this expectation value here is + + + align:start position:0% +show that this expectation value here is +just identical to this functional that I + + align:start position:0% +just identical to this functional that I + + + align:start position:0% +just identical to this functional that I +just written and for the variational + + align:start position:0% +just written and for the variational + + + align:start position:0% +just written and for the variational +principle then it needs to be greater or + + align:start position:0% +principle then it needs to be greater or + + + align:start position:0% +principle then it needs to be greater or +equal than zero + + align:start position:0% +equal than zero + + + align:start position:0% +equal than zero +I want sort of dwell into that and again + + align:start position:0% +I want sort of dwell into that and again + + + align:start position:0% +I want sort of dwell into that and again +you can look at the set of detail + + align:start position:0% +you can look at the set of detail + + + align:start position:0% +you can look at the set of detail +description in sort of some of the many + + align:start position:0% +description in sort of some of the many + + + align:start position:0% +description in sort of some of the many +references that I've given or that I've + + align:start position:0% +references that I've given or that I've + + + align:start position:0% +references that I've given or that I've +also posted on the website but what is + + align:start position:0% +also posted on the website but what is + + + align:start position:0% +also posted on the website but what is +conceptually important is that we have a + + align:start position:0% +conceptually important is that we have a + + + align:start position:0% +conceptually important is that we have a +new equation you okay so 1964-65 + + align:start position:0% +new equation you okay so 1964-65 + + + align:start position:0% +new equation you okay so 1964-65 +quantum mechanics turned around we don't + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics turned around we don't + + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics turned around we don't +have to think at many-body wave + + align:start position:0% +have to think at many-body wave + + + align:start position:0% +have to think at many-body wave +functions we can think just a charge + + align:start position:0% +functions we can think just a charge + + + align:start position:0% +functions we can think just a charge +density and + + align:start position:0% +density and + + + align:start position:0% +density and +all would be well + + align:start position:0% +all would be well + + + align:start position:0% +all would be well +apart from this detail that we don't + + align:start position:0% +apart from this detail that we don't + + + align:start position:0% +apart from this detail that we don't +know what that function of F of Rho is + + align:start position:0% +know what that function of F of Rho is + + + align:start position:0% +know what that function of F of Rho is +and so we have a conceptual approach but + + align:start position:0% +and so we have a conceptual approach but + + + align:start position:0% +and so we have a conceptual approach but +we don't have a practical approach to + + align:start position:0% +we don't have a practical approach to + + + align:start position:0% +we don't have a practical approach to +solve the density functional formulation + + align:start position:0% +solve the density functional formulation + + + align:start position:0% +solve the density functional formulation +of quantum mechanics and this is if you + + align:start position:0% +of quantum mechanics and this is if you + + + align:start position:0% +of quantum mechanics and this is if you +want a true to this day we don't know + + align:start position:0% +want a true to this day we don't know + + + align:start position:0% +want a true to this day we don't know +what is the exact form of f of Rho if we + + align:start position:0% +what is the exact form of f of Rho if we + + + align:start position:0% +what is the exact form of f of Rho if we +knew it sort of you know most of our + + align:start position:0% +knew it sort of you know most of our + + + align:start position:0% +knew it sort of you know most of our +sort of quantum mechanical computational + + align:start position:0% +sort of quantum mechanical computational + + + align:start position:0% +sort of quantum mechanical computational +problems would be trivially solved + + align:start position:0% +problems would be trivially solved + + + align:start position:0% +problems would be trivially solved +because solving that variational + + align:start position:0% +because solving that variational + + + align:start position:0% +because solving that variational +principle in the charge density would be + + align:start position:0% +principle in the charge density would be + + + align:start position:0% +principle in the charge density would be +most likely a trivial thing to do the + + align:start position:0% +most likely a trivial thing to do the + + + align:start position:0% +most likely a trivial thing to do the +issue is that not only we don't know but + + align:start position:0% +issue is that not only we don't know but + + + align:start position:0% +issue is that not only we don't know but +we have understood a lot of what that + + align:start position:0% +we have understood a lot of what that + + + align:start position:0% +we have understood a lot of what that +exchange correlation of what data + + align:start position:0% +exchange correlation of what data + + + align:start position:0% +exchange correlation of what data +Universal density functional is and + + align:start position:0% +Universal density functional is and + + + align:start position:0% +Universal density functional is and +it's very complex okay so it's unlikely + + align:start position:0% +it's very complex okay so it's unlikely + + + align:start position:0% +it's very complex okay so it's unlikely +that there is a sort of simple + + align:start position:0% +that there is a sort of simple + + + align:start position:0% +that there is a sort of simple +analytical expression of it as a + + align:start position:0% +analytical expression of it as a + + + align:start position:0% +analytical expression of it as a +function of the charge density only but + + align:start position:0% +function of the charge density only but + + + align:start position:0% +function of the charge density only but +you know the other sort of great piece + + align:start position:0% +you know the other sort of great piece + + + align:start position:0% +you know the other sort of great piece +of if you want quantum engineering by + + align:start position:0% +of if you want quantum engineering by + + + align:start position:0% +of if you want quantum engineering by +Walter Connor was finding out a very + + align:start position:0% +Walter Connor was finding out a very + + + align:start position:0% +Walter Connor was finding out a very +good approximation to that density + + align:start position:0% +good approximation to that density + + + align:start position:0% +good approximation to that density +functional okay we don't know what the + + align:start position:0% +functional okay we don't know what the + + + align:start position:0% +functional okay we don't know what the +exact one is but now what they are doing + + align:start position:0% +exact one is but now what they are doing + + + align:start position:0% +exact one is but now what they are doing +is well finding out one that is going to + + align:start position:0% +is well finding out one that is going to + + + align:start position:0% +is well finding out one that is going to +be very very closely similar to the + + align:start position:0% +be very very closely similar to the + + + align:start position:0% +be very very closely similar to the +exact one and so they are going to throw + + align:start position:0% +exact one and so they are going to throw + + + align:start position:0% +exact one and so they are going to throw +in some physical intuition to this + + align:start position:0% +in some physical intuition to this + + + align:start position:0% +in some physical intuition to this +problem that up to now if you want has + + align:start position:0% +problem that up to now if you want has + + + align:start position:0% +problem that up to now if you want has +been a mathematical problem + + align:start position:0% +been a mathematical problem + + + align:start position:0% +been a mathematical problem +it's another layer of complexity in this + + align:start position:0% +it's another layer of complexity in this + + + align:start position:0% +it's another layer of complexity in this +discussion so I hope I'm not losing you + + align:start position:0% +discussion so I hope I'm not losing you + + + align:start position:0% +discussion so I hope I'm not losing you +but sort of water + + align:start position:0% +but sort of water + + + align:start position:0% +but sort of water +Walter Condit I think here the young + + align:start position:0% +Walter Condit I think here the young + + + align:start position:0% +Walter Condit I think here the young +postdoc arriving from Cambridge Lucia + + align:start position:0% +postdoc arriving from Cambridge Lucia + + + align:start position:0% +postdoc arriving from Cambridge Lucia +had just done is a PhD in England and + + align:start position:0% +had just done is a PhD in England and + + + align:start position:0% +had just done is a PhD in England and +came there and certif you know I told + + align:start position:0% +came there and certif you know I told + + + align:start position:0% +came there and certif you know I told +him I have this new variational + + align:start position:0% +him I have this new variational + + + align:start position:0% +him I have this new variational +principle let's see what we can do to + + align:start position:0% +principle let's see what we can do to + + + align:start position:0% +principle let's see what we can do to +make it into a practical solution + + align:start position:0% +make it into a practical solution + + + align:start position:0% +make it into a practical solution +think they were in smithereens in San + + align:start position:0% +think they were in smithereens in San + + + align:start position:0% +think they were in smithereens in San +Diego probably at that time okay so this + + align:start position:0% +Diego probably at that time okay so this + + + align:start position:0% +Diego probably at that time okay so this +is what they are going to do remember + + align:start position:0% +is what they are going to do remember + + + align:start position:0% +is what they are going to do remember +sort of you know what is the problem we + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know what is the problem we + + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know what is the problem we +need to figure out what is a reasonable + + align:start position:0% +need to figure out what is a reasonable + + + align:start position:0% +need to figure out what is a reasonable +approximation to this functional here so + + align:start position:0% +approximation to this functional here so + + + align:start position:0% +approximation to this functional here so +what they say is well suppose that + + align:start position:0% +what they say is well suppose that + + + align:start position:0% +what they say is well suppose that +someone is given as a this charge + + align:start position:0% +someone is given as a this charge + + + align:start position:0% +someone is given as a this charge +density so we need in principle to find + + align:start position:0% +density so we need in principle to find + + + align:start position:0% +density so we need in principle to find +out what would be the many-body wave + + align:start position:0% +out what would be the many-body wave + + + align:start position:0% +out what would be the many-body wave +function that is solution of this + + align:start position:0% +function that is solution of this + + + align:start position:0% +function that is solution of this +external potential that corresponds to + + align:start position:0% +external potential that corresponds to + + + align:start position:0% +external potential that corresponds to +this charge density + + align:start position:0% +this charge density + + + align:start position:0% +this charge density +this is going to be very complex let's + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be very complex let's + + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be very complex let's +invent them a + + align:start position:0% +invent them a + + + align:start position:0% +invent them a +problem in which electrons do not + + align:start position:0% +problem in which electrons do not + + + align:start position:0% +problem in which electrons do not +interact between each other okay so + + align:start position:0% +interact between each other okay so + + + align:start position:0% +interact between each other okay so +electron so that's that's the sort of + + align:start position:0% +electron so that's that's the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +electron so that's that's the sort of +you know main problem in the Schrodinger + + align:start position:0% +you know main problem in the Schrodinger + + + align:start position:0% +you know main problem in the Schrodinger +equation that electrons interacting with + + align:start position:0% +equation that electrons interacting with + + + align:start position:0% +equation that electrons interacting with +each other introduce the two body + + align:start position:0% +each other introduce the two body + + + align:start position:0% +each other introduce the two body +electrostatic repulsion in the shading + + align:start position:0% +electrostatic repulsion in the shading + + + align:start position:0% +electrostatic repulsion in the shading +an equation and that what makes it + + align:start position:0% +an equation and that what makes it + + + align:start position:0% +an equation and that what makes it +difficult well what connection say is + + align:start position:0% +difficult well what connection say is + + + align:start position:0% +difficult well what connection say is +let's for a moment suppose that there is + + align:start position:0% +let's for a moment suppose that there is + + + align:start position:0% +let's for a moment suppose that there is +a system of electrons that don't + + align:start position:0% +a system of electrons that don't + + + align:start position:0% +a system of electrons that don't +interact the only thing that those + + align:start position:0% +interact the only thing that those + + + align:start position:0% +interact the only thing that those +so-called connection electrons fill is + + align:start position:0% +so-called connection electrons fill is + + + align:start position:0% +so-called connection electrons fill is +the external potential okay so those + + align:start position:0% +the external potential okay so those + + + align:start position:0% +the external potential okay so those +connection electron will solve will + + align:start position:0% +connection electron will solve will + + + align:start position:0% +connection electron will solve will +satisfy a Schrodinger equation that is + + align:start position:0% +satisfy a Schrodinger equation that is + + + align:start position:0% +satisfy a Schrodinger equation that is +much simpler because there is no + + align:start position:0% +much simpler because there is no + + + align:start position:0% +much simpler because there is no +electron electron interaction those + + align:start position:0% +electron electron interaction those + + + align:start position:0% +electron electron interaction those +connection electron the only thing that + + align:start position:0% +connection electron the only thing that + + + align:start position:0% +connection electron the only thing that +they feel is a new potential and they + + align:start position:0% +they feel is a new potential and they + + + align:start position:0% +they feel is a new potential and they +will have their own a quantum kinetic + + align:start position:0% +will have their own a quantum kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +will have their own a quantum kinetic +energy so what they are saying is for + + align:start position:0% +energy so what they are saying is for + + + align:start position:0% +energy so what they are saying is for +any given + + align:start position:0% +any given + + + align:start position:0% +any given +charge density Rho okay there is going + + align:start position:0% +charge density Rho okay there is going + + + align:start position:0% +charge density Rho okay there is going +to be + + align:start position:0% +to be + + + align:start position:0% +to be +non interacting set of electrons who's a + + align:start position:0% +non interacting set of electrons who's a + + + align:start position:0% +non interacting set of electrons who's a +ground Stata charge density is identical + + align:start position:0% +ground Stata charge density is identical + + + align:start position:0% +ground Stata charge density is identical +to row okay so we have said you know if + + align:start position:0% +to row okay so we have said you know if + + + align:start position:0% +to row okay so we have said you know if +we ever charge density Rho you can all + + align:start position:0% +we ever charge density Rho you can all + + + align:start position:0% +we ever charge density Rho you can all +go through you know find out the + + align:start position:0% +go through you know find out the + + + align:start position:0% +go through you know find out the +external potential that concerned + + align:start position:0% +external potential that concerned + + + align:start position:0% +external potential that concerned +they're all the shooting an equation + + align:start position:0% +they're all the shooting an equation + + + align:start position:0% +they're all the shooting an equation +them anybody interacting electrons + + align:start position:0% +them anybody interacting electrons + + + align:start position:0% +them anybody interacting electrons +solution but now what we are going to + + align:start position:0% +solution but now what we are going to + + + align:start position:0% +solution but now what we are going to +say is we can also think at a system of + + align:start position:0% +say is we can also think at a system of + + + align:start position:0% +say is we can also think at a system of +non-interacting electrons and we wanted + + align:start position:0% +non-interacting electrons and we wanted + + + align:start position:0% +non-interacting electrons and we wanted +those non-interacting electrons to fill + + align:start position:0% +those non-interacting electrons to fill + + + align:start position:0% +those non-interacting electrons to fill +a potential that is such that their + + align:start position:0% +a potential that is such that their + + + align:start position:0% +a potential that is such that their +ground state is going to give us a + + align:start position:0% +ground state is going to give us a + + + align:start position:0% +ground state is going to give us a +charge density that is identical to the + + align:start position:0% +charge density that is identical to the + + + align:start position:0% +charge density that is identical to the +charge density I am dealing with + + align:start position:0% +charge density I am dealing with + + + align:start position:0% +charge density I am dealing with +okay and we call that external potential + + align:start position:0% +okay and we call that external potential + + + align:start position:0% +okay and we call that external potential +the konchem potential okay so now for + + align:start position:0% +the konchem potential okay so now for + + + align:start position:0% +the konchem potential okay so now for +a charge dance if you don't only have to + + align:start position:0% +a charge dance if you don't only have to + + + align:start position:0% +a charge dance if you don't only have to +think at all the complexity that i've + + align:start position:0% +think at all the complexity that i've + + + align:start position:0% +think at all the complexity that i've +discussed up to now but you have also to + + align:start position:0% +discussed up to now but you have also to + + + align:start position:0% +discussed up to now but you have also to +think that for a charge density there is + + align:start position:0% +think that for a charge density there is + + + align:start position:0% +think that for a charge density there is +going to be the set of conan sham + + align:start position:0% +going to be the set of conan sham + + + align:start position:0% +going to be the set of conan sham +non-interacting electrons and there is + + align:start position:0% +non-interacting electrons and there is + + + align:start position:0% +non-interacting electrons and there is +going to be + + align:start position:0% +going to be + + + align:start position:0% +going to be +potential that is called the connection + + align:start position:0% +potential that is called the connection + + + align:start position:0% +potential that is called the connection +potential that is such that the ground + + align:start position:0% +potential that is such that the ground + + + align:start position:0% +potential that is such that the ground +state of the shredding an equation for + + align:start position:0% +state of the shredding an equation for + + + align:start position:0% +state of the shredding an equation for +non interacting electron that is without + + align:start position:0% +non interacting electron that is without + + + align:start position:0% +non interacting electron that is without +the electron-electron interaction in + + align:start position:0% +the electron-electron interaction in + + + align:start position:0% +the electron-electron interaction in +that connection potential will give us a + + align:start position:0% +that connection potential will give us a + + + align:start position:0% +that connection potential will give us a +wave function and a ground data that is + + align:start position:0% +wave function and a ground data that is + + + align:start position:0% +wave function and a ground data that is +that leads to a charge density identical + + align:start position:0% +that leads to a charge density identical + + + align:start position:0% +that leads to a charge density identical +to the charge density and sort of + + align:start position:0% +to the charge density and sort of + + + align:start position:0% +to the charge density and sort of +dealing with + + align:start position:0% +dealing with + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with +okay what do we do with this well at + + align:start position:0% +okay what do we do with this well at + + + align:start position:0% +okay what do we do with this well at +this stage + + align:start position:0% +this stage + + + align:start position:0% +this stage +there is a sort of you know great + + align:start position:0% +there is a sort of you know great + + + align:start position:0% +there is a sort of you know great +simplification that + + align:start position:0% +simplification that + + + align:start position:0% +simplification that +for the Schrodinger equation of non + + align:start position:0% +for the Schrodinger equation of non + + + align:start position:0% +for the Schrodinger equation of non +interacting electron we actually know + + align:start position:0% +interacting electron we actually know + + + align:start position:0% +interacting electron we actually know +what is the exact solution so it's + + align:start position:0% +what is the exact solution so it's + + + align:start position:0% +what is the exact solution so it's +actually very simple to solve a + + align:start position:0% +actually very simple to solve a + + + align:start position:0% +actually very simple to solve a +Schrodinger equation in which the + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger equation in which the + + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger equation in which the +electrons do not interact because now + + align:start position:0% +electrons do not interact because now + + + align:start position:0% +electrons do not interact because now +this later the term Ananta is actually + + align:start position:0% +this later the term Ananta is actually + + + align:start position:0% +this later the term Ananta is actually +the exact solution so if you have a set + + align:start position:0% +the exact solution so if you have a set + + + align:start position:0% +the exact solution so if you have a set +of non-interacting electrons you to have + + align:start position:0% +of non-interacting electrons you to have + + + align:start position:0% +of non-interacting electrons you to have +the electron-electron terming that's + + align:start position:0% +the electron-electron terming that's + + + align:start position:0% +the electron-electron terming that's +reading a question the Slater + + align:start position:0% +reading a question the Slater + + + align:start position:0% +reading a question the Slater +determinant is not only a good + + align:start position:0% +determinant is not only a good + + + align:start position:0% +determinant is not only a good +approximation but it's actually the + + align:start position:0% +approximation but it's actually the + + + align:start position:0% +approximation but it's actually the +exact solution okay so for this + + align:start position:0% +exact solution okay so for this + + + align:start position:0% +exact solution okay so for this +non-interacting set of lectrons we can + + align:start position:0% +non-interacting set of lectrons we can + + + align:start position:0% +non-interacting set of lectrons we can +solve everything exactly and in + + align:start position:0% +solve everything exactly and in + + + align:start position:0% +solve everything exactly and in +particular we can calculate say what is + + align:start position:0% +particular we can calculate say what is + + + align:start position:0% +particular we can calculate say what is +the kinetic energy of the set of + + align:start position:0% +the kinetic energy of the set of + + + align:start position:0% +the kinetic energy of the set of +non-interacting electrons + + align:start position:0% +non-interacting electrons + + + align:start position:0% +non-interacting electrons +okay so now we can set up you know F + + align:start position:0% +okay so now we can set up you know F + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now we can set up you know F +somehow through the physical way of the + + align:start position:0% +somehow through the physical way of the + + + align:start position:0% +somehow through the physical way of the +composer this mysterious dense + + align:start position:0% +composer this mysterious dense + + + align:start position:0% +composer this mysterious dense +difunctional in two different terms okay + + align:start position:0% +difunctional in two different terms okay + + + align:start position:0% +difunctional in two different terms okay +so what you're actually doing via the + + align:start position:0% +so what you're actually doing via the + + + align:start position:0% +so what you're actually doing via the +connection mapping is + + align:start position:0% +connection mapping is + + + align:start position:0% +connection mapping is +extracting from here terms that are very + + align:start position:0% +extracting from here terms that are very + + + align:start position:0% +extracting from here terms that are very +large and that we know how to write we + + align:start position:0% +large and that we know how to write we + + + align:start position:0% +large and that we know how to write we +know how to calculate and then sort of + + align:start position:0% +know how to calculate and then sort of + + + align:start position:0% +know how to calculate and then sort of +you know hopefully we are going to + + align:start position:0% +you know hopefully we are going to + + + align:start position:0% +you know hopefully we are going to +remain once we have extracted all these + + align:start position:0% +remain once we have extracted all these + + + align:start position:0% +remain once we have extracted all these +terms that we know how to define we + + align:start position:0% +terms that we know how to define we + + + align:start position:0% +terms that we know how to define we +remain with something that is very small + + align:start position:0% +remain with something that is very small + + + align:start position:0% +remain with something that is very small +okay and that will find another + + align:start position:0% +okay and that will find another + + + align:start position:0% +okay and that will find another +approximation numerical approximation + + align:start position:0% +approximation numerical approximation + + + align:start position:0% +approximation numerical approximation +for it so connection say well we have + + align:start position:0% +for it so connection say well we have + + + align:start position:0% +for it so connection say well we have +this well define density functional we + + align:start position:0% +this well define density functional we + + + align:start position:0% +this well define density functional we +extract two terms that are well defined + + align:start position:0% +extract two terms that are well defined + + + align:start position:0% +extract two terms that are well defined +and these two terms that sort of you + + align:start position:0% +and these two terms that sort of you + + + align:start position:0% +and these two terms that sort of you +know the great achievement actually + + align:start position:0% +know the great achievement actually + + + align:start position:0% +know the great achievement actually +contain most of the physics of our + + align:start position:0% +contain most of the physics of our + + + align:start position:0% +contain most of the physics of our +problem and the sort of small term that + + align:start position:0% +problem and the sort of small term that + + + align:start position:0% +problem and the sort of small term that +is left over we are going to approximate + + align:start position:0% +is left over we are going to approximate + + + align:start position:0% +is left over we are going to approximate +in some simple way and that really the + + align:start position:0% +in some simple way and that really the + + + align:start position:0% +in some simple way and that really the +approximation that they found worked + + align:start position:0% +approximation that they found worked + + + align:start position:0% +approximation that they found worked +very well and that's one sort of density + + align:start position:0% +very well and that's one sort of density + + + align:start position:0% +very well and that's one sort of density +functions really became a practical + + align:start position:0% +functions really became a practical + + + align:start position:0% +functions really became a practical +theory and so in this sort of + + align:start position:0% +theory and so in this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +theory and so in this sort of +density functional the first physical + + align:start position:0% +density functional the first physical + + + align:start position:0% +density functional the first physical +large term that they extract is the + + align:start position:0% +large term that they extract is the + + + align:start position:0% +large term that they extract is the +quantum kinetic energy that we call the + + align:start position:0% +quantum kinetic energy that we call the + + + align:start position:0% +quantum kinetic energy that we call the +s naught of the real system because + + align:start position:0% +s naught of the real system because + + + align:start position:0% +s naught of the real system because +again even if it's well defined we don't + + align:start position:0% +again even if it's well defined we don't + + + align:start position:0% +again even if it's well defined we don't +know how to do that but what they were + + align:start position:0% +know how to do that but what they were + + + align:start position:0% +know how to do that but what they were +able to write is the quantum kinetic + + align:start position:0% +able to write is the quantum kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +able to write is the quantum kinetic +energy of this + + align:start position:0% +energy of this + + + align:start position:0% +energy of this +knowning Dhingra problem so for a given + + align:start position:0% +knowning Dhingra problem so for a given + + + align:start position:0% +knowning Dhingra problem so for a given +charge density there is this set of + + align:start position:0% +charge density there is this set of + + + align:start position:0% +charge density there is this set of +connection non-interacting electrons + + align:start position:0% +connection non-interacting electrons + + + align:start position:0% +connection non-interacting electrons +that lives in a potential such that they + + align:start position:0% +that lives in a potential such that they + + + align:start position:0% +that lives in a potential such that they +have the same ground state charge + + align:start position:0% +have the same ground state charge + + + align:start position:0% +have the same ground state charge +density and their kinetic energy is + + align:start position:0% +density and their kinetic energy is + + + align:start position:0% +density and their kinetic energy is +trivial because it's going to be just + + align:start position:0% +trivial because it's going to be just + + + align:start position:0% +trivial because it's going to be just +the kinetic energy of the Slater + + align:start position:0% +the kinetic energy of the Slater + + + align:start position:0% +the kinetic energy of the Slater +determinant just a sum of single + + align:start position:0% +determinant just a sum of single + + + align:start position:0% +determinant just a sum of single +particle term so for a charge density + + align:start position:0% +particle term so for a charge density + + + align:start position:0% +particle term so for a charge density +now there is a well-defined quantum + + align:start position:0% +now there is a well-defined quantum + + + align:start position:0% +now there is a well-defined quantum +kinetic energy that is not the true + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy that is not the true + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy that is not the true +point on kinetic energy of the system + + align:start position:0% +point on kinetic energy of the system + + + align:start position:0% +point on kinetic energy of the system +but is the quantum kinetic energy of + + align:start position:0% +but is the quantum kinetic energy of + + + align:start position:0% +but is the quantum kinetic energy of +this sort of + + align:start position:0% +this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +this sort of +associated system of non-interacting + + align:start position:0% +associated system of non-interacting + + + align:start position:0% +associated system of non-interacting +electrons but this term is now + + align:start position:0% +electrons but this term is now + + + align:start position:0% +electrons but this term is now +well-defined they say well let's extract + + align:start position:0% +well-defined they say well let's extract + + + align:start position:0% +well-defined they say well let's extract +another term that is well defined that + + align:start position:0% +another term that is well defined that + + + align:start position:0% +another term that is well defined that +is just a hearty electrostatic energy of + + align:start position:0% +is just a hearty electrostatic energy of + + + align:start position:0% +is just a hearty electrostatic energy of +a charge density distribution okay so if + + align:start position:0% +a charge density distribution okay so if + + + align:start position:0% +a charge density distribution okay so if +we look at a charge density distribution + + align:start position:0% +we look at a charge density distribution + + + align:start position:0% +we look at a charge density distribution +in which each infinitesimal volume + + align:start position:0% +in which each infinitesimal volume + + + align:start position:0% +in which each infinitesimal volume +interacts with each other infinitesimal + + align:start position:0% +interacts with each other infinitesimal + + + align:start position:0% +interacts with each other infinitesimal +volume with an electrostatic interaction + + align:start position:0% +volume with an electrostatic interaction + + + align:start position:0% +volume with an electrostatic interaction +that's going to be the term and you know + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be the term and you know + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be the term and you know +what we are laughter is now something + + align:start position:0% +what we are laughter is now something + + + align:start position:0% +what we are laughter is now something +that they call them the exchange + + align:start position:0% +that they call them the exchange + + + align:start position:0% +that they call them the exchange +correlation term that is everything else + + align:start position:0% +correlation term that is everything else + + + align:start position:0% +correlation term that is everything else +okay so f in principle is an exact + + align:start position:0% +okay so f in principle is an exact + + + align:start position:0% +okay so f in principle is an exact +quantity we are now able to define a + + align:start position:0% +quantity we are now able to define a + + + align:start position:0% +quantity we are now able to define a +quantum kinetic energy term that is an + + align:start position:0% +quantum kinetic energy term that is an + + + align:start position:0% +quantum kinetic energy term that is an +exact quantity but it is not really the + + align:start position:0% +exact quantity but it is not really the + + + align:start position:0% +exact quantity but it is not really the +quantum kinetic energy of the true + + align:start position:0% +quantum kinetic energy of the true + + + align:start position:0% +quantum kinetic energy of the true +system but we sort of say you know this + + align:start position:0% +system but we sort of say you know this + + + align:start position:0% +system but we sort of say you know this +is going to be equal to a well-defined + + align:start position:0% +is going to be equal to a well-defined + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be equal to a well-defined +term plus another well-defined term plus + + align:start position:0% +term plus another well-defined term plus + + + align:start position:0% +term plus another well-defined term plus +a third term that we don't know so we + + align:start position:0% +a third term that we don't know so we + + + align:start position:0% +a third term that we don't know so we +have sort of decompose the quantity that + + align:start position:0% +have sort of decompose the quantity that + + + align:start position:0% +have sort of decompose the quantity that +we have no clue on what it is into three + + align:start position:0% +we have no clue on what it is into three + + + align:start position:0% +we have no clue on what it is into three +terms of which two terms are + + align:start position:0% +terms of which two terms are + + + align:start position:0% +terms of which two terms are +well-defined and all our cluelessness is + + align:start position:0% +well-defined and all our cluelessness is + + + align:start position:0% +well-defined and all our cluelessness is +contained in the third term and we call + + align:start position:0% +contained in the third term and we call + + + align:start position:0% +contained in the third term and we call +this third term the exchange correlation + + align:start position:0% +this third term the exchange correlation + + + align:start position:0% +this third term the exchange correlation +but the sort of physical advantage of + + align:start position:0% +but the sort of physical advantage of + + + align:start position:0% +but the sort of physical advantage of +having done this is that it turns out + + align:start position:0% +having done this is that it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +having done this is that it turns out +that these two terms capture a lot of + + align:start position:0% +that these two terms capture a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +that these two terms capture a lot of +the complexity of your problem and this + + align:start position:0% +the complexity of your problem and this + + + align:start position:0% +the complexity of your problem and this +term + + align:start position:0% +term + + + align:start position:0% +term +tends to be fairly small okay so that's + + align:start position:0% +tends to be fairly small okay so that's + + + align:start position:0% +tends to be fairly small okay so that's +a that that's all actually that's why it + + align:start position:0% +a that that's all actually that's why it + + + align:start position:0% +a that that's all actually that's why it +was very well because somehow they + + align:start position:0% +was very well because somehow they + + + align:start position:0% +was very well because somehow they +managed to capture the complexity of our + + align:start position:0% +managed to capture the complexity of our + + + align:start position:0% +managed to capture the complexity of our +system and so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +once that exchange correlation term is + + align:start position:0% +once that exchange correlation term is + + + align:start position:0% +once that exchange correlation term is +defined and it's approximated in some + + align:start position:0% +defined and it's approximated in some + + + align:start position:0% +defined and it's approximated in some +way that we'll see in a moment our + + align:start position:0% +way that we'll see in a moment our + + + align:start position:0% +way that we'll see in a moment our +problem is now well-defined because we + + align:start position:0% +problem is now well-defined because we + + + align:start position:0% +problem is now well-defined because we +really have a variational principle + + align:start position:0% +really have a variational principle + + + align:start position:0% +really have a variational principle +remember the universal density + + align:start position:0% +remember the universal density + + + align:start position:0% +remember the universal density +functional class the external potential + + align:start position:0% +functional class the external potential + + + align:start position:0% +functional class the external potential +plus the charge density in the field of + + align:start position:0% +plus the charge density in the field of + + + align:start position:0% +plus the charge density in the field of +the external potential + + align:start position:0% +the external potential + + + align:start position:0% +the external potential +minimizes the sort of new variational + + align:start position:0% +minimizes the sort of new variational + + + align:start position:0% +minimizes the sort of new variational +principle that comes from the hohenberg + + align:start position:0% +principle that comes from the hohenberg + + + align:start position:0% +principle that comes from the hohenberg +and confusion and so we can write it a + + align:start position:0% +and confusion and so we can write it a + + + align:start position:0% +and confusion and so we can write it a +variational principle that is this + + align:start position:0% +variational principle that is this + + + align:start position:0% +variational principle that is this +quantity + + align:start position:0% +quantity + + + align:start position:0% +quantity +with the constraint that the number of + + align:start position:0% +with the constraint that the number of + + + align:start position:0% +with the constraint that the number of +electrons should be equal to n ax should + + align:start position:0% +electrons should be equal to n ax should + + + align:start position:0% +electrons should be equal to n ax should +be minimum and as usual when you sort of + + align:start position:0% +be minimum and as usual when you sort of + + + align:start position:0% +be minimum and as usual when you sort of +you know you write a variational + + align:start position:0% +you know you write a variational + + + align:start position:0% +you know you write a variational +principle you are saying that sort of + + align:start position:0% +principle you are saying that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +principle you are saying that sort of +you know the differential of that + + align:start position:0% +you know the differential of that + + + align:start position:0% +you know the differential of that +quantity needs to be equal to zero or if + + align:start position:0% +quantity needs to be equal to zero or if + + + align:start position:0% +quantity needs to be equal to zero or if +you want I mean this is a generic term + + align:start position:0% +you want I mean this is a generic term + + + align:start position:0% +you want I mean this is a generic term +you have a set of what are called Euler + + align:start position:0% +you have a set of what are called Euler + + + align:start position:0% +you have a set of what are called Euler +Lagrange equation basically but it's + + align:start position:0% +Lagrange equation basically but it's + + + align:start position:0% +Lagrange equation basically but it's +nothing else than differential analysis + + align:start position:0% +nothing else than differential analysis + + + align:start position:0% +nothing else than differential analysis +that is you're asking yourself what are + + align:start position:0% +that is you're asking yourself what are + + + align:start position:0% +that is you're asking yourself what are +going to be the conditions that need to + + align:start position:0% +going to be the conditions that need to + + + align:start position:0% +going to be the conditions that need to +be satisfied by the charge density in + + align:start position:0% +be satisfied by the charge density in + + + align:start position:0% +be satisfied by the charge density in +order to satisfy the variational + + align:start position:0% +order to satisfy the variational + + + align:start position:0% +order to satisfy the variational +principle there is always this sort of + + align:start position:0% +principle there is always this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +principle there is always this sort of +one-to-one correspondence you have a + + align:start position:0% +one-to-one correspondence you have a + + + align:start position:0% +one-to-one correspondence you have a +variational principle it gives you + + align:start position:0% +variational principle it gives you + + + align:start position:0% +variational principle it gives you +differential equation or you have + + align:start position:0% +differential equation or you have + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation or you have +differential equation you can rewrite + + align:start position:0% +differential equation you can rewrite + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation you can rewrite +them in a variational principle we have + + align:start position:0% +them in a variational principle we have + + + align:start position:0% +them in a variational principle we have +seen that for the Schrodinger equation + + align:start position:0% +seen that for the Schrodinger equation + + + align:start position:0% +seen that for the Schrodinger equation +and we see this in particular now in + + align:start position:0% +and we see this in particular now in + + + align:start position:0% +and we see this in particular now in +explicitly for the + + align:start position:0% +explicitly for the + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly for the +connection orbitals so I'll actually go + + align:start position:0% +connection orbitals so I'll actually go + + + align:start position:0% +connection orbitals so I'll actually go +directly to the explicit expression of + + align:start position:0% +directly to the explicit expression of + + + align:start position:0% +directly to the explicit expression of +the connection + + align:start position:0% +the connection + + + align:start position:0% +the connection +orbitals again remember that what we + + align:start position:0% +orbitals again remember that what we + + + align:start position:0% +orbitals again remember that what we +have done is we have defined a + + align:start position:0% +have done is we have defined a + + + align:start position:0% +have done is we have defined a +variational principle that acts on a + + align:start position:0% +variational principle that acts on a + + + align:start position:0% +variational principle that acts on a +universal density functional f plus the + + align:start position:0% +universal density functional f plus the + + + align:start position:0% +universal density functional f plus the +charge density and external potential + + align:start position:0% +charge density and external potential + + + align:start position:0% +charge density and external potential +and we have decomposed that we have + + align:start position:0% +and we have decomposed that we have + + + align:start position:0% +and we have decomposed that we have +extracted from this Universal functional + + align:start position:0% +extracted from this Universal functional + + + align:start position:0% +extracted from this Universal functional +sort of terms that are large and + + align:start position:0% +sort of terms that are large and + + + align:start position:0% +sort of terms that are large and +physical and we have sort of pushed all + + align:start position:0% +physical and we have sort of pushed all + + + align:start position:0% +physical and we have sort of pushed all +the many body complexity of the problem + + align:start position:0% +the many body complexity of the problem + + + align:start position:0% +the many body complexity of the problem +in something that we call the exchange + + align:start position:0% +in something that we call the exchange + + + align:start position:0% +in something that we call the exchange +correlation functional that is again a + + align:start position:0% +correlation functional that is again a + + + align:start position:0% +correlation functional that is again a +functional of the charge density we + + align:start position:0% +functional of the charge density we + + + align:start position:0% +functional of the charge density we +don't know yet what that function of the + + align:start position:0% +don't know yet what that function of the + + + align:start position:0% +don't know yet what that function of the +charge density is but luckily it's going + + align:start position:0% +charge density is but luckily it's going + + + align:start position:0% +charge density is but luckily it's going +to be small so in a moment we'll + + align:start position:0% +to be small so in a moment we'll + + + align:start position:0% +to be small so in a moment we'll +approximate it and then we ask ourselves + + align:start position:0% +approximate it and then we ask ourselves + + + align:start position:0% +approximate it and then we ask ourselves +what are the + + align:start position:0% +what are the + + + align:start position:0% +what are the +variational what are the differential + + align:start position:0% +variational what are the differential + + + align:start position:0% +variational what are the differential +equation that derive from this + + align:start position:0% +equation that derive from this + + + align:start position:0% +equation that derive from this +variational principle well in principle + + align:start position:0% +variational principle well in principle + + + align:start position:0% +variational principle well in principle +I had written them here okay we just + + align:start position:0% +I had written them here okay we just + + + align:start position:0% +I had written them here okay we just +need to take the variation with respect + + align:start position:0% +need to take the variation with respect + + + align:start position:0% +need to take the variation with respect +to the charge density and imposing the + + align:start position:0% +to the charge density and imposing the + + + align:start position:0% +to the charge density and imposing the +lagrange multiplication constraint and + + align:start position:0% +lagrange multiplication constraint and + + + align:start position:0% +lagrange multiplication constraint and +so this this would be heat basically the + + align:start position:0% +so this this would be heat basically the + + + align:start position:0% +so this this would be heat basically the +case the charge density needs to satisfy + + align:start position:0% +case the charge density needs to satisfy + + + align:start position:0% +case the charge density needs to satisfy +this set of equation the sort of + + align:start position:0% +this set of equation the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +this set of equation the sort of +functional derivative of this non + + align:start position:0% +functional derivative of this non + + + align:start position:0% +functional derivative of this non +interacting quantum kinetic energy plus + + align:start position:0% +interacting quantum kinetic energy plus + + + align:start position:0% +interacting quantum kinetic energy plus +a number of terms that really contain + + align:start position:0% +a number of terms that really contain + + + align:start position:0% +a number of terms that really contain +the external potential the Hart + + align:start position:0% +the external potential the Hart + + + align:start position:0% +the external potential the Hart +interaction and exchange correlation + + align:start position:0% +interaction and exchange correlation + + + align:start position:0% +interaction and exchange correlation +need to be equal to the Lagrange + + align:start position:0% +need to be equal to the Lagrange + + + align:start position:0% +need to be equal to the Lagrange +multiplier that fixes the number the + + align:start position:0% +multiplier that fixes the number the + + + align:start position:0% +multiplier that fixes the number the +number of electrons + + align:start position:0% +number of electrons + + + align:start position:0% +number of electrons +we are not able to calculate this + + align:start position:0% +we are not able to calculate this + + + align:start position:0% +we are not able to calculate this +functional derivative because remember + + align:start position:0% +functional derivative because remember + + + align:start position:0% +functional derivative because remember +the quantum kinetic energy of the non + + align:start position:0% +the quantum kinetic energy of the non + + + align:start position:0% +the quantum kinetic energy of the non +interacting system is again written as a + + align:start position:0% +interacting system is again written as a + + + align:start position:0% +interacting system is again written as a +Slater determinant and so there is sort + + align:start position:0% +Slater determinant and so there is sort + + + align:start position:0% +Slater determinant and so there is sort +of you know this step back in which even + + align:start position:0% +of you know this step back in which even + + + align:start position:0% +of you know this step back in which even +if we had written everything in terms of + + align:start position:0% +if we had written everything in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +if we had written everything in terms of +a charge density we are not able to + + align:start position:0% +a charge density we are not able to + + + align:start position:0% +a charge density we are not able to +explicitly calculate even not only the + + align:start position:0% +explicitly calculate even not only the + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly calculate even not only the +derivative of the true interacting + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the true interacting + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the true interacting +electrons kinetic energy with respect to + + align:start position:0% +electrons kinetic energy with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +electrons kinetic energy with respect to +Rho but we are not even able to + + align:start position:0% +Rho but we are not even able to + + + align:start position:0% +Rho but we are not even able to +calculate the functional derivative of + + align:start position:0% +calculate the functional derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the functional derivative of +the non interacting kinetic energy with + + align:start position:0% +the non interacting kinetic energy with + + + align:start position:0% +the non interacting kinetic energy with +respect to Rho but what we are able is + + align:start position:0% +respect to Rho but what we are able is + + + align:start position:0% +respect to Rho but what we are able is +actually to calculate the derivative of + + align:start position:0% +actually to calculate the derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +actually to calculate the derivative of +that non interacting kinetic energy with + + align:start position:0% +that non interacting kinetic energy with + + + align:start position:0% +that non interacting kinetic energy with +respect + + align:start position:0% +respect + + + align:start position:0% +respect +to the orbitals that describe the + + align:start position:0% +to the orbitals that describe the + + + align:start position:0% +to the orbitals that describe the +connection + + align:start position:0% +connection + + + align:start position:0% +connection +remember that you know this + + align:start position:0% +remember that you know this + + + align:start position:0% +remember that you know this +non-independent connection electrons + + align:start position:0% +non-independent connection electrons + + + align:start position:0% +non-independent connection electrons +have an exact solution that is a Slater + + align:start position:0% +have an exact solution that is a Slater + + + align:start position:0% +have an exact solution that is a Slater +determinant and so we know they're + + align:start position:0% +determinant and so we know they're + + + align:start position:0% +determinant and so we know they're +trivial many-body wave function is a + + align:start position:0% +trivial many-body wave function is a + + + align:start position:0% +trivial many-body wave function is a +Slater determinant composed by single + + align:start position:0% +Slater determinant composed by single + + + align:start position:0% +Slater determinant composed by single +particle orbitals and the functional + + align:start position:0% +particle orbitals and the functional + + + align:start position:0% +particle orbitals and the functional +derivative of data in the independent + + align:start position:0% +derivative of data in the independent + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of data in the independent +non-interacting electrons kinetic energy + + align:start position:0% +non-interacting electrons kinetic energy + + + align:start position:0% +non-interacting electrons kinetic energy +with respect to the single particle + + align:start position:0% +with respect to the single particle + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to the single particle +orbital is now trivial and is just minus + + align:start position:0% +orbital is now trivial and is just minus + + + align:start position:0% +orbital is now trivial and is just minus +1/2 L square so at the end of all these + + align:start position:0% +1/2 L square so at the end of all these + + + align:start position:0% +1/2 L square so at the end of all these +sort of complex + + align:start position:0% +sort of complex + + + align:start position:0% +sort of complex +formulation what we are left with it's + + align:start position:0% +formulation what we are left with it's + + + align:start position:0% +formulation what we are left with it's +something very simple and probably + + align:start position:0% +something very simple and probably + + + align:start position:0% +something very simple and probably +something you should focus your + + align:start position:0% +something you should focus your + + + align:start position:0% +something you should focus your +attention from now on we have now a set + + align:start position:0% +attention from now on we have now a set + + + align:start position:0% +attention from now on we have now a set +of connection equation that are the + + align:start position:0% +of connection equation that are the + + + align:start position:0% +of connection equation that are the +differential equation that the electrons + + align:start position:0% +differential equation that the electrons + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation that the electrons +need to satisfy in order to satisfy the + + align:start position:0% +need to satisfy in order to satisfy the + + + align:start position:0% +need to satisfy in order to satisfy the +variational principle with the caveat + + align:start position:0% +variational principle with the caveat + + + align:start position:0% +variational principle with the caveat +a-- that in this connection equation + + align:start position:0% +a-- that in this connection equation + + + align:start position:0% +a-- that in this connection equation +there is a Therma an exchange + + align:start position:0% +there is a Therma an exchange + + + align:start position:0% +there is a Therma an exchange +correlation term that we still don't + + align:start position:0% +correlation term that we still don't + + + align:start position:0% +correlation term that we still don't +know what it is it's at the formally + + align:start position:0% +know what it is it's at the formally + + + align:start position:0% +know what it is it's at the formally +defined as the functional derivative of + + align:start position:0% +defined as the functional derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +defined as the functional derivative of +the exchange correlation energy with + + align:start position:0% +the exchange correlation energy with + + + align:start position:0% +the exchange correlation energy with +respect to the charge density but we + + align:start position:0% +respect to the charge density but we + + + align:start position:0% +respect to the charge density but we +need to approximate somewhere and what + + align:start position:0% +need to approximate somewhere and what + + + align:start position:0% +need to approximate somewhere and what +this equation described is not anymore + + align:start position:0% +this equation described is not anymore + + + align:start position:0% +this equation described is not anymore +the true electrons in your system but + + align:start position:0% +the true electrons in your system but + + + align:start position:0% +the true electrons in your system but +they describe these cousins of the true + + align:start position:0% +they describe these cousins of the true + + + align:start position:0% +they describe these cousins of the true +electrons they describe this connection + + align:start position:0% +electrons they describe this connection + + + align:start position:0% +electrons they describe this connection +non-interacting electrons that have + + align:start position:0% +non-interacting electrons that have + + + align:start position:0% +non-interacting electrons that have +their own orbital sy i and that will + + align:start position:0% +their own orbital sy i and that will + + + align:start position:0% +their own orbital sy i and that will +give us a ground state charge density + + align:start position:0% +give us a ground state charge density + + + align:start position:0% +give us a ground state charge density +that if the exchange correlation + + align:start position:0% +that if the exchange correlation + + + align:start position:0% +that if the exchange correlation +functional was exact would be not only + + align:start position:0% +functional was exact would be not only + + + align:start position:0% +functional was exact would be not only +this is obviously the same ground state + + align:start position:0% +this is obviously the same ground state + + + align:start position:0% +this is obviously the same ground state +energy of our interacting electron + + align:start position:0% +energy of our interacting electron + + + align:start position:0% +energy of our interacting electron +system but it would be set of the exact + + align:start position:0% +system but it would be set of the exact + + + align:start position:0% +system but it would be set of the exact +solution of the problem + + align:start position:0% +solution of the problem + + + align:start position:0% +solution of the problem +ok so this equation looked a lot like a + + align:start position:0% +ok so this equation looked a lot like a + + + align:start position:0% +ok so this equation looked a lot like a +Schrodinger equation they look a lot if + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger equation they look a lot if + + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger equation they look a lot if +you want like the hartree-fock equation + + align:start position:0% +you want like the hartree-fock equation + + + align:start position:0% +you want like the hartree-fock equation +that we had written before because what + + align:start position:0% +that we had written before because what + + + align:start position:0% +that we had written before because what +we are saying is that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Kaneesha electron I feel a quantum + + align:start position:0% +Kaneesha electron I feel a quantum + + + align:start position:0% +Kaneesha electron I feel a quantum +kinetic energy operator feels a hearty + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy operator feels a hearty + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy operator feels a hearty +operator feels the external potential + + align:start position:0% +operator feels the external potential + + + align:start position:0% +operator feels the external potential +and then fills this sort of you know + + align:start position:0% +and then fills this sort of you know + + + align:start position:0% +and then fills this sort of you know +remaining term that is the exchange + + align:start position:0% +remaining term that is the exchange + + + align:start position:0% +remaining term that is the exchange +correlation potential again if we knew + + align:start position:0% +correlation potential again if we knew + + + align:start position:0% +correlation potential again if we knew +what were this exact exchange + + align:start position:0% +what were this exact exchange + + + align:start position:0% +what were this exact exchange +correlation potential we would have an + + align:start position:0% +correlation potential we would have an + + + align:start position:0% +correlation potential we would have an +exact solution to the problem but we + + align:start position:0% +exact solution to the problem but we + + + align:start position:0% +exact solution to the problem but we +know very good approximation and then if + + align:start position:0% +know very good approximation and then if + + + align:start position:0% +know very good approximation and then if +you want find in the ground state is not + + align:start position:0% +you want find in the ground state is not + + + align:start position:0% +you want find in the ground state is not +very different now finding the ground + + align:start position:0% +very different now finding the ground + + + align:start position:0% +very different now finding the ground +state of the hartree-fock equation with + + align:start position:0% +state of the hartree-fock equation with + + + align:start position:0% +state of the hartree-fock equation with +the caveat that actually this term here + + align:start position:0% +the caveat that actually this term here + + + align:start position:0% +the caveat that actually this term here +is going to be much simpler than the + + align:start position:0% +is going to be much simpler than the + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be much simpler than the +exchange term of the hartree-fock + + align:start position:0% +exchange term of the hartree-fock + + + align:start position:0% +exchange term of the hartree-fock +equation if you go back to the first + + align:start position:0% +equation if you go back to the first + + + align:start position:0% +equation if you go back to the first +slide to the hartree-fock equation the + + align:start position:0% +slide to the hartree-fock equation the + + + align:start position:0% +slide to the hartree-fock equation the +last term is a + + align:start position:0% +last term is a + + + align:start position:0% +last term is a +numerically very complex expression in + + align:start position:0% +numerically very complex expression in + + + align:start position:0% +numerically very complex expression in +which we sort of take the orbital and we + + align:start position:0% +which we sort of take the orbital and we + + + align:start position:0% +which we sort of take the orbital and we +put it inside + + align:start position:0% +put it inside + + + align:start position:0% +put it inside +integral differential operator now it's + + align:start position:0% +integral differential operator now it's + + + align:start position:0% +integral differential operator now it's +become simpler and that's all if you + + align:start position:0% +become simpler and that's all if you + + + align:start position:0% +become simpler and that's all if you +want so the connection equation looks + + align:start position:0% +want so the connection equation looks + + + align:start position:0% +want so the connection equation looks +very similar in practice they are + + align:start position:0% +very similar in practice they are + + + align:start position:0% +very similar in practice they are +simpler to solver they tend to be more + + align:start position:0% +simpler to solver they tend to be more + + + align:start position:0% +simpler to solver they tend to be more +accurate in most cases and that's at the + + align:start position:0% +accurate in most cases and that's at the + + + align:start position:0% +accurate in most cases and that's at the +end what leads to the success but what + + align:start position:0% +end what leads to the success but what + + + align:start position:0% +end what leads to the success but what +is critical for all of this is having a + + align:start position:0% +is critical for all of this is having a + + + align:start position:0% +is critical for all of this is having a +reasonable approximation to the exchange + + align:start position:0% +reasonable approximation to the exchange + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable approximation to the exchange +correlation potential if we add the + + align:start position:0% +correlation potential if we add the + + + align:start position:0% +correlation potential if we add the +exact exchange correlation potential + + align:start position:0% +exact exchange correlation potential + + + align:start position:0% +exact exchange correlation potential +everything would be exact in this + + align:start position:0% +everything would be exact in this + + + align:start position:0% +everything would be exact in this +formulation we would find a connection + + align:start position:0% +formulation we would find a connection + + + align:start position:0% +formulation we would find a connection +independent electrons that we are sort + + align:start position:0% +independent electrons that we are sort + + + align:start position:0% +independent electrons that we are sort +of you know the ground state electrons + + align:start position:0% +of you know the ground state electrons + + + align:start position:0% +of you know the ground state electrons +for that charge density that is + + align:start position:0% +for that charge density that is + + + align:start position:0% +for that charge density that is +ultimately equal to the charge density + + align:start position:0% +ultimately equal to the charge density + + + align:start position:0% +ultimately equal to the charge density +of the interacting electrons in this + + align:start position:0% +of the interacting electrons in this + + + align:start position:0% +of the interacting electrons in this +external potential + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ok and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we have the + + align:start position:0% +we have the + + + align:start position:0% +we have the +Euler Lagrangian or connection + + align:start position:0% +Euler Lagrangian or connection + + + align:start position:0% +Euler Lagrangian or connection +differential equation in the previous + + align:start position:0% +differential equation in the previous + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation in the previous +page I written here and sort of you know + + align:start position:0% +page I written here and sort of you know + + + align:start position:0% +page I written here and sort of you know +just for reference also what would be + + align:start position:0% +just for reference also what would be + + + align:start position:0% +just for reference also what would be +the total energy of the system and + + align:start position:0% +the total energy of the system and + + + align:start position:0% +the total energy of the system and +usually if you had + + align:start position:0% +usually if you had + + + align:start position:0% +usually if you had +independent electron the total energy of + + align:start position:0% +independent electron the total energy of + + + align:start position:0% +independent electron the total energy of +the system is trivially the sum of each + + align:start position:0% +the system is trivially the sum of each + + + align:start position:0% +the system is trivially the sum of each +of the single particle energies okay if + + align:start position:0% +of the single particle energies okay if + + + align:start position:0% +of the single particle energies okay if +you have ten electrons and they don't + + align:start position:0% +you have ten electrons and they don't + + + align:start position:0% +you have ten electrons and they don't +interact with each other you can + + align:start position:0% +interact with each other you can + + + align:start position:0% +interact with each other you can +calculate what is the energy of each of + + align:start position:0% +calculate what is the energy of each of + + + align:start position:0% +calculate what is the energy of each of +these ten electron sum all of them and + + align:start position:0% +these ten electron sum all of them and + + + align:start position:0% +these ten electron sum all of them and +that's the total energy of the system in + + align:start position:0% +that's the total energy of the system in + + + align:start position:0% +that's the total energy of the system in +this case it's it's it's more complex + + align:start position:0% +this case it's it's it's more complex + + + align:start position:0% +this case it's it's it's more complex +and the total energy of the system can't + + align:start position:0% +and the total energy of the system can't + + + align:start position:0% +and the total energy of the system can't +be really written as that but it's got + + align:start position:0% +be really written as that but it's got + + + align:start position:0% +be really written as that but it's got +other terms that depend on the charge + + align:start position:0% +other terms that depend on the charge + + + align:start position:0% +other terms that depend on the charge +density but sort of this is you know in + + align:start position:0% +density but sort of this is you know in + + + align:start position:0% +density but sort of this is you know in +summary what your total energy is and + + align:start position:0% +summary what your total energy is and + + + align:start position:0% +summary what your total energy is and +again is nothing else than kinetic + + align:start position:0% +again is nothing else than kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +again is nothing else than kinetic +energy term sort of a heart return + + align:start position:0% +energy term sort of a heart return + + + align:start position:0% +energy term sort of a heart return +function of the charge density this + + align:start position:0% +function of the charge density this + + + align:start position:0% +function of the charge density this +exchange correlation functional and the + + align:start position:0% +exchange correlation functional and the + + + align:start position:0% +exchange correlation functional and the +interaction interaction between external + + align:start position:0% +interaction interaction between external + + + align:start position:0% +interaction interaction between external +potential and the charge density but + + align:start position:0% +potential and the charge density but + + + align:start position:0% +potential and the charge density but +this is actually different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +from the sum of the eigenvalues that + + align:start position:0% +from the sum of the eigenvalues that + + + align:start position:0% +from the sum of the eigenvalues that +would be the sum of the expectation + + align:start position:0% +would be the sum of the expectation + + + align:start position:0% +would be the sum of the expectation +values of a I + + align:start position:0% +values of a I + + + align:start position:0% +values of a I +calculated + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +on the single particle orbital where T + + align:start position:0% +on the single particle orbital where T + + + align:start position:0% +on the single particle orbital where T +is again just a simple quantum kinetic + + align:start position:0% +is again just a simple quantum kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +is again just a simple quantum kinetic +energy and bks is this connection + + align:start position:0% +energy and bks is this connection + + + align:start position:0% +energy and bks is this connection +potential so if you want to calculate + + align:start position:0% +potential so if you want to calculate + + + align:start position:0% +potential so if you want to calculate +the total energy of your system even if + + align:start position:0% +the total energy of your system even if + + + align:start position:0% +the total energy of your system even if +it made of independent electron you + + align:start position:0% +it made of independent electron you + + + align:start position:0% +it made of independent electron you +can't some just a single particle + + align:start position:0% +can't some just a single particle + + + align:start position:0% +can't some just a single particle +orbitals but you have to sort of deal + + align:start position:0% +orbitals but you have to sort of deal + + + align:start position:0% +orbitals but you have to sort of deal +with this expression nothing complex in + + align:start position:0% +with this expression nothing complex in + + + align:start position:0% +with this expression nothing complex in +this is that sort of a caveat that is + + align:start position:0% +this is that sort of a caveat that is + + + align:start position:0% +this is that sort of a caveat that is +relevant when you want to sort of you + + align:start position:0% +relevant when you want to sort of you + + + align:start position:0% +relevant when you want to sort of you +know this is the reason why we can't + + align:start position:0% +know this is the reason why we can't + + + align:start position:0% +know this is the reason why we can't +really find out the equivalent of the + + align:start position:0% +really find out the equivalent of the + + + align:start position:0% +really find out the equivalent of the +Koopman theorems for hartree-fock this + + align:start position:0% +Koopman theorems for hartree-fock this + + + align:start position:0% +Koopman theorems for hartree-fock this +is why at the end there's a single + + align:start position:0% +is why at the end there's a single + + + align:start position:0% +is why at the end there's a single +particle + + align:start position:0% +particle + + + align:start position:0% +particle +energies are ultimately not physically + + align:start position:0% +energies are ultimately not physically + + + align:start position:0% +energies are ultimately not physically +meaningful they're sort of you know done + + align:start position:0% +meaningful they're sort of you know done + + + align:start position:0% +meaningful they're sort of you know done +gives us the total energy of the system + + align:start position:0% +gives us the total energy of the system + + + align:start position:0% +gives us the total energy of the system +just by taking the sum over all of them + + align:start position:0% +just by taking the sum over all of them + + + align:start position:0% +just by taking the sum over all of them +okay so in order to make this into a + + align:start position:0% +okay so in order to make this into a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so in order to make this into a +practical algorithm the only part that + + align:start position:0% +practical algorithm the only part that + + + align:start position:0% +practical algorithm the only part that +remains is finding an approximation to + + align:start position:0% +remains is finding an approximation to + + + align:start position:0% +remains is finding an approximation to +that exchange correlation term to that + + align:start position:0% +that exchange correlation term to that + + + align:start position:0% +that exchange correlation term to that +last term remember we had sort of + + align:start position:0% +last term remember we had sort of + + + align:start position:0% +last term remember we had sort of +defined is the NC functional we have + + align:start position:0% +defined is the NC functional we have + + + align:start position:0% +defined is the NC functional we have +been able to extract two meaningful + + align:start position:0% +been able to extract two meaningful + + + align:start position:0% +been able to extract two meaningful +terms the Hartree + + align:start position:0% +terms the Hartree + + + align:start position:0% +terms the Hartree +electrostatic energy and the non + + align:start position:0% +electrostatic energy and the non + + + align:start position:0% +electrostatic energy and the non +interacting connection kinetic energy + + align:start position:0% +interacting connection kinetic energy + + + align:start position:0% +interacting connection kinetic energy +and we have said what is left is a + + align:start position:0% +and we have said what is left is a + + + align:start position:0% +and we have said what is left is a +function of the charge density that we + + align:start position:0% +function of the charge density that we + + + align:start position:0% +function of the charge density that we +call the exchange correlation functional + + align:start position:0% +call the exchange correlation functional + + + align:start position:0% +call the exchange correlation functional +how we are going to approximate data + + align:start position:0% +how we are going to approximate data + + + align:start position:0% +how we are going to approximate data +well we go back to the thomas fermi idea + + align:start position:0% +well we go back to the thomas fermi idea + + + align:start position:0% +well we go back to the thomas fermi idea +we are going to do a local density + + align:start position:0% +we are going to do a local density + + + align:start position:0% +we are going to do a local density +approximation to data exchange + + align:start position:0% +approximation to data exchange + + + align:start position:0% +approximation to data exchange +correlation functional so again what we + + align:start position:0% +correlation functional so again what we + + + align:start position:0% +correlation functional so again what we +want to calculate is the exchange + + align:start position:0% +want to calculate is the exchange + + + align:start position:0% +want to calculate is the exchange +correlation energy for any arbitrary + + align:start position:0% +correlation energy for any arbitrary + + + align:start position:0% +correlation energy for any arbitrary +charge density sometimes I call the + + align:start position:0% +charge density sometimes I call the + + + align:start position:0% +charge density sometimes I call the +charge density and sometimes I call the + + align:start position:0% +charge density and sometimes I call the + + + align:start position:0% +charge density and sometimes I call the +charge density Rho but they are always + + align:start position:0% +charge density Rho but they are always + + + align:start position:0% +charge density Rho but they are always +the same so how do we do this well we + + align:start position:0% +the same so how do we do this well we + + + align:start position:0% +the same so how do we do this well we +don't have the full solution but what we + + align:start position:0% +don't have the full solution but what we + + + align:start position:0% +don't have the full solution but what we +can say again is that for a you know mo + + align:start position:0% +can say again is that for a you know mo + + + align:start position:0% +can say again is that for a you know mo +genius charge density that is you know + + align:start position:0% +genius charge density that is you know + + + align:start position:0% +genius charge density that is you know +changes values and then drops to zero I + + align:start position:0% +changes values and then drops to zero I + + + align:start position:0% +changes values and then drops to zero I +can calculate the exchange correlation + + align:start position:0% +can calculate the exchange correlation + + + align:start position:0% +can calculate the exchange correlation +energy for this charge density + + align:start position:0% +energy for this charge density + + + align:start position:0% +energy for this charge density +distribution + + align:start position:0% +distribution + + + align:start position:0% +distribution +by sort of you know decomposing Gita in + + align:start position:0% +by sort of you know decomposing Gita in + + + align:start position:0% +by sort of you know decomposing Gita in +infinitesimal volume + + align:start position:0% +infinitesimal volume + + + align:start position:0% +infinitesimal volume +inside each infinitesimal volume I can + + align:start position:0% +inside each infinitesimal volume I can + + + align:start position:0% +inside each infinitesimal volume I can +say the charge density is constant and + + align:start position:0% +say the charge density is constant and + + + align:start position:0% +say the charge density is constant and +you see I make a local dense the + + align:start position:0% +you see I make a local dense the + + + align:start position:0% +you see I make a local dense the +approximation that is I say the + + align:start position:0% +approximation that is I say the + + + align:start position:0% +approximation that is I say the +contribution to the overall + + align:start position:0% +contribution to the overall + + + align:start position:0% +contribution to the overall +exchange correlation energy of this + + align:start position:0% +exchange correlation energy of this + + + align:start position:0% +exchange correlation energy of this +non-homogeneous system can be broken + + align:start position:0% +non-homogeneous system can be broken + + + align:start position:0% +non-homogeneous system can be broken +down and each infinitesimal volume will + + align:start position:0% +down and each infinitesimal volume will + + + align:start position:0% +down and each infinitesimal volume will +give its own contribution to the total + + align:start position:0% +give its own contribution to the total + + + align:start position:0% +give its own contribution to the total +exchange correlation density this is you + + align:start position:0% +exchange correlation density this is you + + + align:start position:0% +exchange correlation density this is you +know in principle it's not correct I + + align:start position:0% +know in principle it's not correct I + + + align:start position:0% +know in principle it's not correct I +mean our problem doesn't have to be + + align:start position:0% +mean our problem doesn't have to be + + + align:start position:0% +mean our problem doesn't have to be +local in any way actually as people say + + align:start position:0% +local in any way actually as people say + + + align:start position:0% +local in any way actually as people say +this exchange correlation functional the + + align:start position:0% +this exchange correlation functional the + + + align:start position:0% +this exchange correlation functional the +true one although we don't know what it + + align:start position:0% +true one although we don't know what it + + + align:start position:0% +true one although we don't know what it +is and we know that is ultra non-local + + align:start position:0% +is and we know that is ultra non-local + + + align:start position:0% +is and we know that is ultra non-local +so it can't be decomposed into terms + + align:start position:0% +so it can't be decomposed into terms + + + align:start position:0% +so it can't be decomposed into terms +that independently sum up so in + + align:start position:0% +that independently sum up so in + + + align:start position:0% +that independently sum up so in +principle we can do this but in practice + + align:start position:0% +principle we can do this but in practice + + + align:start position:0% +principle we can do this but in practice +it tends to be a good approximation for + + align:start position:0% +it tends to be a good approximation for + + + align:start position:0% +it tends to be a good approximation for +a lot of cases and so what is going to + + align:start position:0% +a lot of cases and so what is going to + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of cases and so what is going to +be the contribution to the exchange + + align:start position:0% +be the contribution to the exchange + + + align:start position:0% +be the contribution to the exchange +correlation energy from this + + align:start position:0% +correlation energy from this + + + align:start position:0% +correlation energy from this +infinitesimal volume where say the + + align:start position:0% +infinitesimal volume where say the + + + align:start position:0% +infinitesimal volume where say the +charge density there is a 0.5 well what + + align:start position:0% +charge density there is a 0.5 well what + + + align:start position:0% +charge density there is a 0.5 well what +we need to do is we need to find out + + align:start position:0% +we need to do is we need to find out + + + align:start position:0% +we need to do is we need to find out +what is the exchange correlation energy + + align:start position:0% +what is the exchange correlation energy + + + align:start position:0% +what is the exchange correlation energy +for the homogeneous electron gas that is + + align:start position:0% +for the homogeneous electron gas that is + + + align:start position:0% +for the homogeneous electron gas that is +at this density that's something that + + align:start position:0% +at this density that's something that + + + align:start position:0% +at this density that's something that +with some advanced computational + + align:start position:0% +with some advanced computational + + + align:start position:0% +with some advanced computational +techniques we can actually find out + + align:start position:0% +techniques we can actually find out + + + align:start position:0% +techniques we can actually find out +almost exactly so we would know if we + + align:start position:0% +almost exactly so we would know if we + + + align:start position:0% +almost exactly so we would know if we +add a homogeneous charge density point 5 + + align:start position:0% +add a homogeneous charge density point 5 + + + align:start position:0% +add a homogeneous charge density point 5 +everywhere what would be the charge + + align:start position:0% +everywhere what would be the charge + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere what would be the charge +density per unit volume and we can find + + align:start position:0% +density per unit volume and we can find + + + align:start position:0% +density per unit volume and we can find +out what is you know the exchange + + align:start position:0% +out what is you know the exchange + + + align:start position:0% +out what is you know the exchange +correlation charge density per unit + + align:start position:0% +correlation charge density per unit + + + align:start position:0% +correlation charge density per unit +volume not only four point five point + + align:start position:0% +volume not only four point five point + + + align:start position:0% +volume not only four point five point +six point seven any finger and what we + + align:start position:0% +six point seven any finger and what we + + + align:start position:0% +six point seven any finger and what we +are saying is that in this + + align:start position:0% +are saying is that in this + + + align:start position:0% +are saying is that in this +non-homogeneous problem we construct the + + align:start position:0% +non-homogeneous problem we construct the + + + align:start position:0% +non-homogeneous problem we construct the +overall exchange correlation energy by + + align:start position:0% +overall exchange correlation energy by + + + align:start position:0% +overall exchange correlation energy by +summing up these different pieces and so + + align:start position:0% +summing up these different pieces and so + + + align:start position:0% +summing up these different pieces and so +this is what separately and other did in + + align:start position:0% +this is what separately and other did in + + + align:start position:0% +this is what separately and other did in +1980 they basically found out + + align:start position:0% +1980 they basically found out + + + align:start position:0% +1980 they basically found out +what was the + + align:start position:0% +what was the + + + align:start position:0% +what was the +almost exact sort of closely to + + align:start position:0% +almost exact sort of closely to + + + align:start position:0% +almost exact sort of closely to +numerical exact solution for the + + align:start position:0% +numerical exact solution for the + + + align:start position:0% +numerical exact solution for the +homogeneous electron gas the Tisza for a + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous electron gas the Tisza for a + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous electron gas the Tisza for a +system in which you have only electrons + + align:start position:0% +system in which you have only electrons + + + align:start position:0% +system in which you have only electrons +homogeneously so the charge density is + + align:start position:0% +homogeneously so the charge density is + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneously so the charge density is +identical everywhere and those electron + + align:start position:0% +identical everywhere and those electron + + + align:start position:0% +identical everywhere and those electron +interact so you can calculate the energy + + align:start position:0% +interact so you can calculate the energy + + + align:start position:0% +interact so you can calculate the energy +of this interacting electron problem + + align:start position:0% +of this interacting electron problem + + + align:start position:0% +of this interacting electron problem +exactly as a function of the density + + align:start position:0% +exactly as a function of the density + + + align:start position:0% +exactly as a function of the density +okay so you change the density in your + + align:start position:0% +okay so you change the density in your + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you change the density in your +sort of volume and you find out what is + + align:start position:0% +sort of volume and you find out what is + + + align:start position:0% +sort of volume and you find out what is +this energy and then you can calculate + + align:start position:0% +this energy and then you can calculate + + + align:start position:0% +this energy and then you can calculate +what is for you know any of these + + align:start position:0% +what is for you know any of these + + + align:start position:0% +what is for you know any of these +density what is the + + align:start position:0% +density what is the + + + align:start position:0% +density what is the +connection quantum kinetic energy you + + align:start position:0% +connection quantum kinetic energy you + + + align:start position:0% +connection quantum kinetic energy you +can find out what is the Hartree + + align:start position:0% +can find out what is the Hartree + + + align:start position:0% +can find out what is the Hartree +electrostatic energy and so you can also + + align:start position:0% +electrostatic energy and so you can also + + + align:start position:0% +electrostatic energy and so you can also +find out for the specific case of the + + align:start position:0% +find out for the specific case of the + + + align:start position:0% +find out for the specific case of the +homogeneous gas you can find out + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous gas you can find out + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous gas you can find out +numerically what would be the exchange + + align:start position:0% +numerically what would be the exchange + + + align:start position:0% +numerically what would be the exchange +correlation density and so that's + + align:start position:0% +correlation density and so that's + + + align:start position:0% +correlation density and so that's +basically a function so for the + + align:start position:0% +basically a function so for the + + + align:start position:0% +basically a function so for the +homogeneous gas that is for the casing + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous gas that is for the casing + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous gas that is for the casing +which n doesn't depend on R people found + + align:start position:0% +which n doesn't depend on R people found + + + align:start position:0% +which n doesn't depend on R people found +out what was basically these + + align:start position:0% +out what was basically these + + + align:start position:0% +out what was basically these +exchange correlation energy it was + + align:start position:0% +exchange correlation energy it was + + + align:start position:0% +exchange correlation energy it was +calculated + + align:start position:0% +calculated + + + align:start position:0% +calculated +as a function this is a function + + align:start position:0% +as a function this is a function + + + align:start position:0% +as a function this is a function +of what people call RS Araiza is the + + align:start position:0% +of what people call RS Araiza is the + + + align:start position:0% +of what people call RS Araiza is the +radius of a sphere that contains one + + align:start position:0% +radius of a sphere that contains one + + + align:start position:0% +radius of a sphere that contains one +electron so it sort of you know inverse + + align:start position:0% +electron so it sort of you know inverse + + + align:start position:0% +electron so it sort of you know inverse +quantity with respect to the density so + + align:start position:0% +quantity with respect to the density so + + + align:start position:0% +quantity with respect to the density so +numerical calculation what are called + + align:start position:0% +numerical calculation what are called + + + align:start position:0% +numerical calculation what are called +quantum Monte Carlo calculation really + + align:start position:0% +quantum Monte Carlo calculation really + + + align:start position:0% +quantum Monte Carlo calculation really +solved the interacting ash reading an + + align:start position:0% +solved the interacting ash reading an + + + align:start position:0% +solved the interacting ash reading an +equation problem but for the specific + + align:start position:0% +equation problem but for the specific + + + align:start position:0% +equation problem but for the specific +case of an electron gas that there's a + + align:start position:0% +case of an electron gas that there's a + + + align:start position:0% +case of an electron gas that there's a +homogeneous density they were able to do + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous density they were able to do + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous density they were able to do +that for various density and so now we + + align:start position:0% +that for various density and so now we + + + align:start position:0% +that for various density and so now we +have a function for the homogeneous + + align:start position:0% +have a function for the homogeneous + + + align:start position:0% +have a function for the homogeneous +problem for the non-homogeneous problem + + align:start position:0% +problem for the non-homogeneous problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem for the non-homogeneous problem +we take a local density approximation + + align:start position:0% +we take a local density approximation + + + align:start position:0% +we take a local density approximation +and we say that the overall exchange + + align:start position:0% +and we say that the overall exchange + + + align:start position:0% +and we say that the overall exchange +correlation energy is given by the + + align:start position:0% +correlation energy is given by the + + + align:start position:0% +correlation energy is given by the +integral over all the infinitesimal + + align:start position:0% +integral over all the infinitesimal + + + align:start position:0% +integral over all the infinitesimal +volume and each infinitesimal volume + + align:start position:0% +volume and each infinitesimal volume + + + align:start position:0% +volume and each infinitesimal volume +will have a certain density and will + + align:start position:0% +will have a certain density and will + + + align:start position:0% +will have a certain density and will +contribute with you know with its own + + align:start position:0% +contribute with you know with its own + + + align:start position:0% +contribute with you know with its own +density if the density is going to be + + align:start position:0% +density if the density is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +density if the density is going to be +equal to here this will be the value of + + align:start position:0% +equal to here this will be the value of + + + align:start position:0% +equal to here this will be the value of +the contribution of that infinitesimal + + align:start position:0% +the contribution of that infinitesimal + + + align:start position:0% +the contribution of that infinitesimal +volume if the density somewhere else + + align:start position:0% +volume if the density somewhere else + + + align:start position:0% +volume if the density somewhere else +corresponds to this this will be the + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to this this will be the + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to this this will be the +correspondent so we really patch up this + + align:start position:0% +correspondent so we really patch up this + + + align:start position:0% +correspondent so we really patch up this +overall + + align:start position:0% +overall + + + align:start position:0% +overall +exchange correlation term from all the + + align:start position:0% +exchange correlation term from all the + + + align:start position:0% +exchange correlation term from all the +little infinitesimal volume exactly as + + align:start position:0% +little infinitesimal volume exactly as + + + align:start position:0% +little infinitesimal volume exactly as +Thomas Fermi had done but now we do it + + align:start position:0% +Thomas Fermi had done but now we do it + + + align:start position:0% +Thomas Fermi had done but now we do it +for a + + align:start position:0% +for a + + + align:start position:0% +for a +atoma that is a much smaller term in our + + align:start position:0% +atoma that is a much smaller term in our + + + align:start position:0% +atoma that is a much smaller term in our +problem Thomas and Fermi at Donita for + + align:start position:0% +problem Thomas and Fermi at Donita for + + + align:start position:0% +problem Thomas and Fermi at Donita for +the quantum kinetic energy instead what + + align:start position:0% +the quantum kinetic energy instead what + + + align:start position:0% +the quantum kinetic energy instead what +connection do it they do it for what is + + align:start position:0% +connection do it they do it for what is + + + align:start position:0% +connection do it they do it for what is +left from their Universal functional + + align:start position:0% +left from their Universal functional + + + align:start position:0% +left from their Universal functional +once you have taken out of the + + align:start position:0% +once you have taken out of the + + + align:start position:0% +once you have taken out of the +electrostatic and once you have taken + + align:start position:0% +electrostatic and once you have taken + + + align:start position:0% +electrostatic and once you have taken +out the quantum kinetic energy of the + + align:start position:0% +out the quantum kinetic energy of the + + + align:start position:0% +out the quantum kinetic energy of the +non-interacting electrons at this point + + align:start position:0% +non-interacting electrons at this point + + + align:start position:0% +non-interacting electrons at this point +in time + + align:start position:0% +in time + + + align:start position:0% +in time +if you want 1980 and even before without + + align:start position:0% +if you want 1980 and even before without + + + align:start position:0% +if you want 1980 and even before without +the computation with some sort of + + align:start position:0% +the computation with some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the computation with some sort of +analytical approximations to this curve + + align:start position:0% +analytical approximations to this curve + + + align:start position:0% +analytical approximations to this curve +the inste functional theory becomes not + + align:start position:0% +the inste functional theory becomes not + + + align:start position:0% +the inste functional theory becomes not +only a theory but also a practical + + align:start position:0% +only a theory but also a practical + + + align:start position:0% +only a theory but also a practical +algorithm we have a sort of expression + + align:start position:0% +algorithm we have a sort of expression + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm we have a sort of expression +for the exchange correlation term and so + + align:start position:0% +for the exchange correlation term and so + + + align:start position:0% +for the exchange correlation term and so +now it's just a matter of trying to find + + align:start position:0% +now it's just a matter of trying to find + + + align:start position:0% +now it's just a matter of trying to find +out what the solution to these problems + + align:start position:0% +out what the solution to these problems + + + align:start position:0% +out what the solution to these problems +are and because somehow conceptually we + + align:start position:0% +are and because somehow conceptually we + + + align:start position:0% +are and because somehow conceptually we +start from the homogeneous electron gasa + + align:start position:0% +start from the homogeneous electron gasa + + + align:start position:0% +start from the homogeneous electron gasa +it turns out that you know this approach + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that you know this approach + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that you know this approach +worked especially well for solids I mean + + align:start position:0% +worked especially well for solids I mean + + + align:start position:0% +worked especially well for solids I mean +the valence electrons in a solid + + align:start position:0% +the valence electrons in a solid + + + align:start position:0% +the valence electrons in a solid +are a much less structured than the + + align:start position:0% +are a much less structured than the + + + align:start position:0% +are a much less structured than the +electrons in a molecule that you know + + align:start position:0% +electrons in a molecule that you know + + + align:start position:0% +electrons in a molecule that you know +they need to drop to zero so the charge + + align:start position:0% +they need to drop to zero so the charge + + + align:start position:0% +they need to drop to zero so the charge +dance in a solid overall varies less + + align:start position:0% +dance in a solid overall varies less + + + align:start position:0% +dance in a solid overall varies less +dramatically as a function of space than + + align:start position:0% +dramatically as a function of space than + + + align:start position:0% +dramatically as a function of space than +the electron density in atoms and + + align:start position:0% +the electron density in atoms and + + + align:start position:0% +the electron density in atoms and +molecules and these are actually sort of + + align:start position:0% +molecules and these are actually sort of + + + align:start position:0% +molecules and these are actually sort of +you know what were summarized that the + + align:start position:0% +you know what were summarized that the + + + align:start position:0% +you know what were summarized that the +numerical result of separately and Dalda + + align:start position:0% +numerical result of separately and Dalda + + + align:start position:0% +numerical result of separately and Dalda +so they had calculated this exchange + + align:start position:0% +so they had calculated this exchange + + + align:start position:0% +so they had calculated this exchange +correlation energy as a function of the + + align:start position:0% +correlation energy as a function of the + + + align:start position:0% +correlation energy as a function of the +density and that was actually a + + align:start position:0% +density and that was actually a + + + align:start position:0% +density and that was actually a +computational curve a set of dots and + + align:start position:0% +computational curve a set of dots and + + + align:start position:0% +computational curve a set of dots and +this is often cited again Purdue and + + align:start position:0% +this is often cited again Purdue and + + + align:start position:0% +this is often cited again Purdue and +zoomer in a sort of paper of death among + + align:start position:0% +zoomer in a sort of paper of death among + + + align:start position:0% +zoomer in a sort of paper of death among +other things a sort of you know + + align:start position:0% +other things a sort of you know + + + align:start position:0% +other things a sort of you know +suggested + + align:start position:0% +suggested + + + align:start position:0% +suggested +analytical interpolation of all the + + align:start position:0% +analytical interpolation of all the + + + align:start position:0% +analytical interpolation of all the +numerical data and so you see it + + align:start position:0% +numerical data and so you see it + + + align:start position:0% +numerical data and so you see it +something somehow exotic but once it's + + align:start position:0% +something somehow exotic but once it's + + + align:start position:0% +something somehow exotic but once it's +defined this is just not even a + + align:start position:0% +defined this is just not even a + + + align:start position:0% +defined this is just not even a +functional is just a function of the + + align:start position:0% +functional is just a function of the + + + align:start position:0% +functional is just a function of the +charge density so it's something that is + + align:start position:0% +charge density so it's something that is + + + align:start position:0% +charge density so it's something that is +very simple to calculate + + align:start position:0% +very simple to calculate + + + align:start position:0% +very simple to calculate +in practice and so at this point density + + align:start position:0% +in practice and so at this point density + + + align:start position:0% +in practice and so at this point density +functional theory is a well-defined + + align:start position:0% +functional theory is a well-defined + + + align:start position:0% +functional theory is a well-defined +theory so you see 1980 Satterlee and + + align:start position:0% +theory so you see 1980 Satterlee and + + + align:start position:0% +theory so you see 1980 Satterlee and +alder do this quantum Monte Carlo + + align:start position:0% +alder do this quantum Monte Carlo + + + align:start position:0% +alder do this quantum Monte Carlo +calculation find out sort of what is + + align:start position:0% +calculation find out sort of what is + + + align:start position:0% +calculation find out sort of what is +this exchange correlation energy per + + align:start position:0% +this exchange correlation energy per + + + align:start position:0% +this exchange correlation energy per +doing zoom can write out a simple + + align:start position:0% +doing zoom can write out a simple + + + align:start position:0% +doing zoom can write out a simple +interpolation 1982 sort of the first + + align:start position:0% +interpolation 1982 sort of the first + + + align:start position:0% +interpolation 1982 sort of the first +time that I think we see sort of where + + align:start position:0% +time that I think we see sort of where + + + align:start position:0% +time that I think we see sort of where +all of this is going Marvin Cohen in + + align:start position:0% +all of this is going Marvin Cohen in + + + align:start position:0% +all of this is going Marvin Cohen in +Berkeley sort of you know has been + + align:start position:0% +Berkeley sort of you know has been + + + align:start position:0% +Berkeley sort of you know has been +working for two or three years + + align:start position:0% +working for two or three years + + + align:start position:0% +working for two or three years +aleksander was that reason him number of + + align:start position:0% +aleksander was that reason him number of + + + align:start position:0% +aleksander was that reason him number of +his students they have been able to + + align:start position:0% +his students they have been able to + + + align:start position:0% +his students they have been able to +actually write out all the electronic + + align:start position:0% +actually write out all the electronic + + + align:start position:0% +actually write out all the electronic +structure codes that are able to solve + + align:start position:0% +structure codes that are able to solve + + + align:start position:0% +structure codes that are able to solve +the density functional equation for the + + align:start position:0% +the density functional equation for the + + + align:start position:0% +the density functional equation for the +case of a periodic solid and so they + + align:start position:0% +case of a periodic solid and so they + + + align:start position:0% +case of a periodic solid and so they +address the case of silicon sort of the + + align:start position:0% +address the case of silicon sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +address the case of silicon sort of the +most important material in electronics + + align:start position:0% +most important material in electronics + + + align:start position:0% +most important material in electronics +and so what they do is they're able now + + align:start position:0% +and so what they do is they're able now + + + align:start position:0% +and so what they do is they're able now +to calculate you know the energy of that + + align:start position:0% +to calculate you know the energy of that + + + align:start position:0% +to calculate you know the energy of that +system as a function of the atomic + + align:start position:0% +system as a function of the atomic + + + align:start position:0% +system as a function of the atomic +position and in particular as a function + + align:start position:0% +position and in particular as a function + + + align:start position:0% +position and in particular as a function +of the lattice parameter so you know + + align:start position:0% +of the lattice parameter so you know + + + align:start position:0% +of the lattice parameter so you know +first thing that they do is they take + + align:start position:0% +first thing that they do is they take + + + align:start position:0% +first thing that they do is they take +silicon in it die among the structure so + + align:start position:0% +silicon in it die among the structure so + + + align:start position:0% +silicon in it die among the structure so +you know the FCC lattice with two atoms + + align:start position:0% +you know the FCC lattice with two atoms + + + align:start position:0% +you know the FCC lattice with two atoms +as a basis and they calculate that + + align:start position:0% +as a basis and they calculate that + + + align:start position:0% +as a basis and they calculate that +energy as a function of the lattice + + align:start position:0% +energy as a function of the lattice + + + align:start position:0% +energy as a function of the lattice +parameter and it looks something like + + align:start position:0% +parameter and it looks something like + + + align:start position:0% +parameter and it looks something like +this and then obviously you know as you + + align:start position:0% +this and then obviously you know as you + + + align:start position:0% +this and then obviously you know as you +have learned by now you look at what is + + align:start position:0% +have learned by now you look at what is + + + align:start position:0% +have learned by now you look at what is +the minimum of that energy and it is the + + align:start position:0% +the minimum of that energy and it is the + + + align:start position:0% +the minimum of that energy and it is the +theoretical prediction of the lattice + + align:start position:0% +theoretical prediction of the lattice + + + align:start position:0% +theoretical prediction of the lattice +parameter and this Mac on you know one + + align:start position:0% +parameter and this Mac on you know one + + + align:start position:0% +parameter and this Mac on you know one +percent error they look at the second + + align:start position:0% +percent error they look at the second + + + align:start position:0% +percent error they look at the second +derivative this curvature here is really + + align:start position:0% +derivative this curvature here is really + + + align:start position:0% +derivative this curvature here is really +the bulk models of your problem again + + align:start position:0% +the bulk models of your problem again + + + align:start position:0% +the bulk models of your problem again +you know five ten percent error and then + + align:start position:0% +you know five ten percent error and then + + + align:start position:0% +you know five ten percent error and then +they say well let's suppose that we have + + align:start position:0% +they say well let's suppose that we have + + + align:start position:0% +they say well let's suppose that we have +silicon not in the diamond phase but + + align:start position:0% +silicon not in the diamond phase but + + + align:start position:0% +silicon not in the diamond phase but +let's suppose that we have silicon in + + align:start position:0% +let's suppose that we have silicon in + + + align:start position:0% +let's suppose that we have silicon in +the beta T in phase and so you know this + + align:start position:0% +the beta T in phase and so you know this + + + align:start position:0% +the beta T in phase and so you know this +is also experimentally known and we know + + align:start position:0% +is also experimentally known and we know + + + align:start position:0% +is also experimentally known and we know +in the better teen what is the lattice + + align:start position:0% +in the better teen what is the lattice + + + align:start position:0% +in the better teen what is the lattice +parameter of silicon and we know from + + align:start position:0% +parameter of silicon and we know from + + + align:start position:0% +parameter of silicon and we know from +the Maxwell construction what is the + + align:start position:0% +the Maxwell construction what is the + + + align:start position:0% +the Maxwell construction what is the +pressure + + align:start position:0% +pressure + + + align:start position:0% +pressure +at which we would have a transition from + + align:start position:0% +at which we would have a transition from + + + align:start position:0% +at which we would have a transition from +say diamanda to beta Tina and again you + + align:start position:0% +say diamanda to beta Tina and again you + + + align:start position:0% +say diamanda to beta Tina and again you +know I can't remember what was the error + + align:start position:0% +know I can't remember what was the error + + + align:start position:0% +know I can't remember what was the error +but is substantially correct and you + + align:start position:0% +but is substantially correct and you + + + align:start position:0% +but is substantially correct and you +know they were able to actually sort of + + align:start position:0% +know they were able to actually sort of + + + align:start position:0% +know they were able to actually sort of +calculate the sort of complex zoology of + + align:start position:0% +calculate the sort of complex zoology of + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the sort of complex zoology of +all the high pressure phases of silicon + + align:start position:0% +all the high pressure phases of silicon + + + align:start position:0% +all the high pressure phases of silicon +and it was in remarkable agreement with + + align:start position:0% +and it was in remarkable agreement with + + + align:start position:0% +and it was in remarkable agreement with +experiment so 1982 this is the in + + align:start position:0% +experiment so 1982 this is the in + + + align:start position:0% +experiment so 1982 this is the in +enjoyment in particular Marvin Cohen in + + align:start position:0% +enjoyment in particular Marvin Cohen in + + + align:start position:0% +enjoyment in particular Marvin Cohen in +Berkeley shows that you know for a-- + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Marvin + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Cohen for a realistic case' density + + align:start position:0% +Cohen for a realistic case' density + + + align:start position:0% +Cohen for a realistic case' density +functional theory is able really to give + + align:start position:0% +functional theory is able really to give + + + align:start position:0% +functional theory is able really to give +us quantitative prediction Marvin Cohen + + align:start position:0% +us quantitative prediction Marvin Cohen + + + align:start position:0% +us quantitative prediction Marvin Cohen +has actually become this year the + + align:start position:0% +has actually become this year the + + + align:start position:0% +has actually become this year the +president of the American Physical + + align:start position:0% +president of the American Physical + + + align:start position:0% +president of the American Physical +Society okay so this is really the + + align:start position:0% +Society okay so this is really the + + + align:start position:0% +Society okay so this is really the +beginning of density functional theory + + align:start position:0% +beginning of density functional theory + + + align:start position:0% +beginning of density functional theory +as a practical approach and in many ways + + align:start position:0% +as a practical approach and in many ways + + + align:start position:0% +as a practical approach and in many ways +what has happened between + + align:start position:0% +what has happened between + + + align:start position:0% +what has happened between +1982 and today is that we have become + + align:start position:0% +1982 and today is that we have become + + + align:start position:0% +1982 and today is that we have become +better and better at solving the + + align:start position:0% +better and better at solving the + + + align:start position:0% +better and better at solving the +algorithm for this overall still complex + + align:start position:0% +algorithm for this overall still complex + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm for this overall still complex +computational problem and you see a lot + + align:start position:0% +computational problem and you see a lot + + + align:start position:0% +computational problem and you see a lot +of this in the next two lectures that + + align:start position:0% +of this in the next two lectures that + + + align:start position:0% +of this in the next two lectures that +follows and we have become + + align:start position:0% +follows and we have become + + + align:start position:0% +follows and we have become +somewhat better not really dramatically + + align:start position:0% +somewhat better not really dramatically + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat better not really dramatically +better in calculating that exchange + + align:start position:0% +better in calculating that exchange + + + align:start position:0% +better in calculating that exchange +correlation energy in a way sort of you + + align:start position:0% +correlation energy in a way sort of you + + + align:start position:0% +correlation energy in a way sort of you +know the ideas of + + align:start position:0% +know the ideas of + + + align:start position:0% +know the ideas of +Coney Shama from 1965 of having a local + + align:start position:0% +Coney Shama from 1965 of having a local + + + align:start position:0% +Coney Shama from 1965 of having a local +density approximation is still very good + + align:start position:0% +density approximation is still very good + + + align:start position:0% +density approximation is still very good +I mean it's not used nowadays anymore + + align:start position:0% +I mean it's not used nowadays anymore + + + align:start position:0% +I mean it's not used nowadays anymore +that much but you know it's as close as + + align:start position:0% +that much but you know it's as close as + + + align:start position:0% +that much but you know it's as close as +you know what we can do now is not + + align:start position:0% +you know what we can do now is not + + + align:start position:0% +you know what we can do now is not +really that much better and you know as + + align:start position:0% +really that much better and you know as + + + align:start position:0% +really that much better and you know as +you can imagine sort of you know what + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine sort of you know what + + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine sort of you know what +people have done that was a bit better + + align:start position:0% +people have done that was a bit better + + + align:start position:0% +people have done that was a bit better +was introducing gradients in your + + align:start position:0% +was introducing gradients in your + + + align:start position:0% +was introducing gradients in your +problem so you have you're trying to + + align:start position:0% +problem so you have you're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +problem so you have you're trying to +guess what the energy of an + + align:start position:0% +guess what the energy of an + + + align:start position:0% +guess what the energy of an +inhomogeneous system comes + + align:start position:0% +inhomogeneous system comes + + + align:start position:0% +inhomogeneous system comes +starting from what you know about the + + align:start position:0% +starting from what you know about the + + + align:start position:0% +starting from what you know about the +homogeneous electron Gaza well maybe you + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous electron Gaza well maybe you + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous electron Gaza well maybe you +should somehow throw in into your + + align:start position:0% +should somehow throw in into your + + + align:start position:0% +should somehow throw in into your +problem also the first derivative the + + align:start position:0% +problem also the first derivative the + + + align:start position:0% +problem also the first derivative the +gradient of the density and so people + + align:start position:0% +gradient of the density and so people + + + align:start position:0% +gradient of the density and so people +did that fairly sooner in the early 80s + + align:start position:0% +did that fairly sooner in the early 80s + + + align:start position:0% +did that fairly sooner in the early 80s +and sort of you using the gradients was + + align:start position:0% +and sort of you using the gradients was + + + align:start position:0% +and sort of you using the gradients was +actually much worse there is there was + + align:start position:0% +actually much worse there is there was + + + align:start position:0% +actually much worse there is there was +you know a miracle in the local density + + align:start position:0% +you know a miracle in the local density + + + align:start position:0% +you know a miracle in the local density +approximation in which the actual + + align:start position:0% +approximation in which the actual + + + align:start position:0% +approximation in which the actual +expression of the local density + + align:start position:0% +expression of the local density + + + align:start position:0% +expression of the local density +approximation satisfy satisfies a lot of + + align:start position:0% +approximation satisfy satisfies a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +approximation satisfy satisfies a lot of +symmetry properties and scaling + + align:start position:0% +symmetry properties and scaling + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry properties and scaling +properties of what would be the exact + + align:start position:0% +properties of what would be the exact + + + align:start position:0% +properties of what would be the exact +exchange correlation functional the time + + align:start position:0% +exchange correlation functional the time + + + align:start position:0% +exchange correlation functional the time +people patina gradients all these sort + + align:start position:0% +people patina gradients all these sort + + + align:start position:0% +people patina gradients all these sort +of you know symmetries and scaling + + align:start position:0% +of you know symmetries and scaling + + + align:start position:0% +of you know symmetries and scaling +properties were sort of thrown to the + + align:start position:0% +properties were sort of thrown to the + + + align:start position:0% +properties were sort of thrown to the +dogs and actually the GGAs sorry them + + align:start position:0% +dogs and actually the GGAs sorry them + + + align:start position:0% +dogs and actually the GGAs sorry them +the gradient approximation were working + + align:start position:0% +the gradient approximation were working + + + align:start position:0% +the gradient approximation were working +much much worse and so people needed to + + align:start position:0% +much much worse and so people needed to + + + align:start position:0% +much much worse and so people needed to +realize a sort of in the late + + align:start position:0% +realize a sort of in the late + + + align:start position:0% +realize a sort of in the late +80s at the work of axle-back a of John + + align:start position:0% +80s at the work of axle-back a of John + + + align:start position:0% +80s at the work of axle-back a of John +Purdue especially a lotta that you sort + + align:start position:0% +Purdue especially a lotta that you sort + + + align:start position:0% +Purdue especially a lotta that you sort +of need to introduce gradients in ways + + align:start position:0% +of need to introduce gradients in ways + + + align:start position:0% +of need to introduce gradients in ways +that still satisfy a lot of the these + + align:start position:0% +that still satisfy a lot of the these + + + align:start position:0% +that still satisfy a lot of the these +analytical forms and in many ways by now + + align:start position:0% +analytical forms and in many ways by now + + + align:start position:0% +analytical forms and in many ways by now +there is a sort of generalized + + align:start position:0% +there is a sort of generalized + + + align:start position:0% +there is a sort of generalized +exchange correlation functional that + + align:start position:0% +exchange correlation functional that + + + align:start position:0% +exchange correlation functional that +being set of developed in the mid 90s by + + align:start position:0% +being set of developed in the mid 90s by + + + align:start position:0% +being set of developed in the mid 90s by +/ - Kieran Burke now at Rutgers and + + align:start position:0% +/ - Kieran Burke now at Rutgers and + + + align:start position:0% +/ - Kieran Burke now at Rutgers and +Matthew but yes elder horf that is + + align:start position:0% +Matthew but yes elder horf that is + + + align:start position:0% +Matthew but yes elder horf that is +called the PBE functional that is + + align:start position:0% +called the PBE functional that is + + + align:start position:0% +called the PBE functional that is +becoming a sort of the workhorse so a + + align:start position:0% +becoming a sort of the workhorse so a + + + align:start position:0% +becoming a sort of the workhorse so a +lot of the time you see sort of density + + align:start position:0% +lot of the time you see sort of density + + + align:start position:0% +lot of the time you see sort of density +functional calculation than in the PBE + + align:start position:0% +functional calculation than in the PBE + + + align:start position:0% +functional calculation than in the PBE +GGA approximation but again you know + + align:start position:0% +GGA approximation but again you know + + + align:start position:0% +GGA approximation but again you know +these are important improvements but if + + align:start position:0% +these are important improvements but if + + + align:start position:0% +these are important improvements but if +you want just you know sort of very + + align:start position:0% +you want just you know sort of very + + + align:start position:0% +you want just you know sort of very +little on top of the local density + + align:start position:0% +little on top of the local density + + + align:start position:0% +little on top of the local density +approximation of the sixties + + align:start position:0% +approximation of the sixties + + + align:start position:0% +approximation of the sixties +the chemistry community is also sort of + + align:start position:0% +the chemistry community is also sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the chemistry community is also sort of +you know than a number of very + + align:start position:0% +you know than a number of very + + + align:start position:0% +you know than a number of very +intriguing + + align:start position:0% +intriguing + + + align:start position:0% +intriguing +developments in particular there are + + align:start position:0% +developments in particular there are + + + align:start position:0% +developments in particular there are +things that are Treefolk does very well + + align:start position:0% +things that are Treefolk does very well + + + align:start position:0% +things that are Treefolk does very well +in particular because you have the sort + + align:start position:0% +in particular because you have the sort + + + align:start position:0% +in particular because you have the sort +of exchange term in hartree-fock you + + align:start position:0% +of exchange term in hartree-fock you + + + align:start position:0% +of exchange term in hartree-fock you +cancel remember the self interaction say + + align:start position:0% +cancel remember the self interaction say + + + align:start position:0% +cancel remember the self interaction say +in the single electron problem coming + + align:start position:0% +in the single electron problem coming + + + align:start position:0% +in the single electron problem coming +from the heart rate electrostatic + + align:start position:0% +from the heart rate electrostatic + + + align:start position:0% +from the heart rate electrostatic +problem the instant functional theory in + + align:start position:0% +problem the instant functional theory in + + + align:start position:0% +problem the instant functional theory in +theory in its exact formulation would be + + align:start position:0% +theory in its exact formulation would be + + + align:start position:0% +theory in its exact formulation would be +self interaction corrected but in + + align:start position:0% +self interaction corrected but in + + + align:start position:0% +self interaction corrected but in +practice it is not if you solve the + + align:start position:0% +practice it is not if you solve the + + + align:start position:0% +practice it is not if you solve the +hydrogen atom with density functional + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen atom with density functional + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen atom with density functional +theory you have that the electron + + align:start position:0% +theory you have that the electron + + + align:start position:0% +theory you have that the electron +interacts with the charge density + + align:start position:0% +interacts with the charge density + + + align:start position:0% +interacts with the charge density +created by this thing by the electron + + align:start position:0% +created by this thing by the electron + + + align:start position:0% +created by this thing by the electron +itself and so what sort of the quantum + + align:start position:0% +itself and so what sort of the quantum + + + align:start position:0% +itself and so what sort of the quantum +chemistry community is Danna is well + + align:start position:0% +chemistry community is Danna is well + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry community is Danna is well +they said let's take you know Lda is + + align:start position:0% +they said let's take you know Lda is + + + align:start position:0% +they said let's take you know Lda is +like that only take ggas that seemed to + + align:start position:0% +like that only take ggas that seemed to + + + align:start position:0% +like that only take ggas that seemed to +work very well but let's actually + + align:start position:0% +work very well but let's actually + + + align:start position:0% +work very well but let's actually +construct an exchange correlation + + align:start position:0% +construct an exchange correlation + + + align:start position:0% +construct an exchange correlation +functional that has a little bit of disa + + align:start position:0% +functional that has a little bit of disa + + + align:start position:0% +functional that has a little bit of disa +but got also a little bit of what we + + align:start position:0% +but got also a little bit of what we + + + align:start position:0% +but got also a little bit of what we +know worked well in the hartree-fock + + align:start position:0% +know worked well in the hartree-fock + + + align:start position:0% +know worked well in the hartree-fock +equation so they construct hybrid + + align:start position:0% +equation so they construct hybrid + + + align:start position:0% +equation so they construct hybrid +functional in which there are sort of + + align:start position:0% +functional in which there are sort of + + + align:start position:0% +functional in which there are sort of +pure density functional terms and sort + + align:start position:0% +pure density functional terms and sort + + + align:start position:0% +pure density functional terms and sort +of our three fork exchange term mixed in + + align:start position:0% +of our three fork exchange term mixed in + + + align:start position:0% +of our three fork exchange term mixed in +it makes the equation much more complex + + align:start position:0% +it makes the equation much more complex + + + align:start position:0% +it makes the equation much more complex +and if you want a is a set of less pure + + align:start position:0% +and if you want a is a set of less pure + + + align:start position:0% +and if you want a is a set of less pure +formulation of density functional theory + + align:start position:0% +formulation of density functional theory + + + align:start position:0% +formulation of density functional theory +but it can work reasonably well or very + + align:start position:0% +but it can work reasonably well or very + + + align:start position:0% +but it can work reasonably well or very +well especially again for atoms and + + align:start position:0% +well especially again for atoms and + + + align:start position:0% +well especially again for atoms and +molecules and this is a this is where we + + align:start position:0% +molecules and this is a this is where we + + + align:start position:0% +molecules and this is a this is where we +are basically with exchange correlation + + align:start position:0% +are basically with exchange correlation + + + align:start position:0% +are basically with exchange correlation +functional I think I'll stop here for + + align:start position:0% +functional I think I'll stop here for + + + align:start position:0% +functional I think I'll stop here for +today because it's a - a lot of work + + align:start position:0% +today because it's a - a lot of work + + + align:start position:0% +today because it's a - a lot of work +what we'll start seeing in the next + + align:start position:0% +what we'll start seeing in the next + + + align:start position:0% +what we'll start seeing in the next +class is a sort of you know how we + + align:start position:0% +class is a sort of you know how we + + + align:start position:0% +class is a sort of you know how we +actually solve this equation in practice + + align:start position:0% +actually solve this equation in practice + + + align:start position:0% +actually solve this equation in practice +on march 8th you will go into your + + align:start position:0% +on march 8th you will go into your + + + align:start position:0% +on march 8th you will go into your +second lab in which you'll actually + + align:start position:0% +second lab in which you'll actually + + + align:start position:0% +second lab in which you'll actually +study the energy of a solid using + + align:start position:0% +study the energy of a solid using + + + align:start position:0% +study the energy of a solid using +density functional theory what I said + + align:start position:0% +density functional theory what I said + + + align:start position:0% +density functional theory what I said +today is probably the last of the + + align:start position:0% +today is probably the last of the + + + align:start position:0% +today is probably the last of the +conceptual lectures and I understand + + align:start position:0% +conceptual lectures and I understand + + + align:start position:0% +conceptual lectures and I understand +that some of it is very complex there + + align:start position:0% +that some of it is very complex there + + + align:start position:0% +that some of it is very complex there +are a-- there is reading material posted + + align:start position:0% +are a-- there is reading material posted + + + align:start position:0% +are a-- there is reading material posted +on the stellar website there is the + + align:start position:0% +on the stellar website there is the + + + align:start position:0% +on the stellar website there is the +corner of get opals paper on the insta + + align:start position:0% +corner of get opals paper on the insta + + + align:start position:0% +corner of get opals paper on the insta +functional theory and some of the + + align:start position:0% +functional theory and some of the + + + align:start position:0% +functional theory and some of the +readings that I've given are very useful + + align:start position:0% +readings that I've given are very useful + + + align:start position:0% +readings that I've given are very useful +that the two best books that are also + + align:start position:0% +that the two best books that are also + + + align:start position:0% +that the two best books that are also +cited at the end of this lecture are + + align:start position:0% +cited at the end of this lecture are + + + align:start position:0% +cited at the end of this lecture are +probably the one by hawker or the one by + + align:start position:0% +probably the one by hawker or the one by + + + align:start position:0% +probably the one by hawker or the one by +power and young both called the density + + align:start position:0% +power and young both called the density + + + align:start position:0% +power and young both called the density +functional Theory or density functional + + align:start position:0% +functional Theory or density functional + + + align:start position:0% +functional Theory or density functional +theory in practice and they are cited on + + align:start position:0% +theory in practice and they are cited on + + + align:start position:0% +theory in practice and they are cited on +the last page otherwise er this is it + + align:start position:0% +the last page otherwise er this is it + + + align:start position:0% +the last page otherwise er this is it +for today and see you next week \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/-P2opzekpX8.txt b/-P2opzekpX8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..475cc616be2c2f6459937309105026686e3d40df --- /dev/null +++ b/-P2opzekpX8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12307 @@ +align:start position:0% + +foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for every symmetry for every continuous + + align:start position:0% +for every symmetry for every continuous + + + align:start position:0% +for every symmetry for every continuous +symmetry there's a conserved current + + align:start position:0% +symmetry there's a conserved current + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry there's a conserved current +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and then we also started talking about + + align:start position:0% +and then we also started talking about + + + align:start position:0% +and then we also started talking about +uh relativistic quantum mechanics + + align:start position:0% +uh relativistic quantum mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +uh relativistic quantum mechanics +uh um how we want to unify + + align:start position:0% +uh um how we want to unify + + + align:start position:0% +uh um how we want to unify +special relativity and quantum mechanics + + align:start position:0% +special relativity and quantum mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +special relativity and quantum mechanics +okay so the most immediate idea for that + + align:start position:0% +okay so the most immediate idea for that + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the most immediate idea for that +is uh what's called the right basic + + align:start position:0% +is uh what's called the right basic + + + align:start position:0% +is uh what's called the right basic +quantum mechanics and the most immediate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +generalization of the Schrodinger + + align:start position:0% +generalization of the Schrodinger + + + align:start position:0% +generalization of the Schrodinger +equation + + align:start position:0% +equation + + + align:start position:0% +equation +so if you have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so at the end of last lecture we talked + + align:start position:0% +so at the end of last lecture we talked + + + align:start position:0% +so at the end of last lecture we talked +about say the most immediate realization + + align:start position:0% +about say the most immediate realization + + + align:start position:0% +about say the most immediate realization +of the Schrodinger equation + + align:start position:0% +of the Schrodinger equation + + + align:start position:0% +of the Schrodinger equation +which uh so the + + align:start position:0% +which uh so the + + + align:start position:0% +which uh so the +so if you have e square e equal to say P + + align:start position:0% +so if you have e square e equal to say P + + + align:start position:0% +so if you have e square e equal to say P +Square divided by 2m + + align:start position:0% +Square divided by 2m + + + align:start position:0% +Square divided by 2m +and then you go to non-registic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +quantum mechanics shielding the equation + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics shielding the equation + + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics shielding the equation +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and now if you have e squared equal to p + + align:start position:0% +and now if you have e squared equal to p + + + align:start position:0% +and now if you have e squared equal to p +squared plus M Square + + align:start position:0% +squared plus M Square + + + align:start position:0% +squared plus M Square +for relativistic particle + + align:start position:0% +for relativistic particle + + + align:start position:0% +for relativistic particle +and then you get What's called the + + align:start position:0% +and then you get What's called the + + + align:start position:0% +and then you get What's called the +client golden equation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and again this PSI has the imputation of + + align:start position:0% +and again this PSI has the imputation of + + + align:start position:0% +and again this PSI has the imputation of +the uh of the wave function so this + + align:start position:0% +the uh of the wave function so this + + + align:start position:0% +the uh of the wave function so this +describes and then this + + align:start position:0% +describes and then this + + + align:start position:0% +describes and then this +so if you as a generalization of this + + align:start position:0% +so if you as a generalization of this + + + align:start position:0% +so if you as a generalization of this +then this means to describe the + + align:start position:0% +then this means to describe the + + + align:start position:0% +then this means to describe the +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +the quantum mechanics of a relativistic + + align:start position:0% +the quantum mechanics of a relativistic + + + align:start position:0% +the quantum mechanics of a relativistic +free particle say of mass m okay of mass + + align:start position:0% +free particle say of mass m okay of mass + + + align:start position:0% +free particle say of mass m okay of mass +m + + align:start position:0% +m + + + align:start position:0% +m +so here the PSI + + align:start position:0% +so here the PSI + + + align:start position:0% +so here the PSI +TX + + align:start position:0% +TX + + + align:start position:0% +TX +is the wave function + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of a relativistic particle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +relativistic particle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of mass n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we also notice that this equation + + align:start position:0% +and we also notice that this equation + + + align:start position:0% +and we also notice that this equation +actually is the same + + align:start position:0% +actually is the same + + + align:start position:0% +actually is the same +as the simplest field series equation so + + align:start position:0% +as the simplest field series equation so + + + align:start position:0% +as the simplest field series equation so +we also talked about + + align:start position:0% +we also talked about + + + align:start position:0% +we also talked about +a simplest + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +scalar field Theory + + align:start position:0% +scalar field Theory + + + align:start position:0% +scalar field Theory +classical so here is a a simple simple a + + align:start position:0% +classical so here is a a simple simple a + + + align:start position:0% +classical so here is a a simple simple a +classic simple scalar field Theory + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this series you can write down an + + align:start position:0% +so this series you can write down an + + + align:start position:0% +so this series you can write down an +action + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of the form + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is the simplest + + align:start position:0% +so this is the simplest + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the simplest +see we can write down + + align:start position:0% +see we can write down + + + align:start position:0% +see we can write down +and then a relativistic Environ Theory + + align:start position:0% +and then a relativistic Environ Theory + + + align:start position:0% +and then a relativistic Environ Theory +and then equation of motion of this so + + align:start position:0% +and then equation of motion of this so + + + align:start position:0% +and then equation of motion of this so +this is a you view this as a classical + + align:start position:0% +this is a you view this as a classical + + + align:start position:0% +this is a you view this as a classical +field and again this has the equation + + align:start position:0% +field and again this has the equation + + + align:start position:0% +field and again this has the equation +motion you have to see exact the same + + align:start position:0% +motion you have to see exact the same + + + align:start position:0% +motion you have to see exact the same +form as this equation + + align:start position:0% +form as this equation + + + align:start position:0% +form as this equation +so but now here Phi + + align:start position:0% +so but now here Phi + + + align:start position:0% +so but now here Phi +again is the function of TX + + align:start position:0% +again is the function of TX + + + align:start position:0% +again is the function of TX +now has a completely different physical + + align:start position:0% +now has a completely different physical + + + align:start position:0% +now has a completely different physical +interpretation so here is the uh uh this + + align:start position:0% +interpretation so here is the uh uh this + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation so here is the uh uh this +is a classical field + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is a classical field + + align:start position:0% +so this is a classical field + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a classical field +okay so in this case + + align:start position:0% +okay so in this case + + + align:start position:0% +okay so in this case +the interpretation of the X in here + + align:start position:0% +the interpretation of the X in here + + + align:start position:0% +the interpretation of the X in here +and in here is very different okay so so + + align:start position:0% +and in here is very different okay so so + + + align:start position:0% +and in here is very different okay so so +not only Phi and beside the physical + + align:start position:0% +not only Phi and beside the physical + + + align:start position:0% +not only Phi and beside the physical +interpretation are different the + + align:start position:0% +interpretation are different the + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation are different the +physical interpretation of X also here + + align:start position:0% +physical interpretation of X also here + + + align:start position:0% +physical interpretation of X also here +are different here x is just a label + + align:start position:0% +are different here x is just a label + + + align:start position:0% +are different here x is just a label +is a label for the for the location in + + align:start position:0% +is a label for the for the location in + + + align:start position:0% +is a label for the for the location in +the space which which we Define this + + align:start position:0% +the space which which we Define this + + + align:start position:0% +the space which which we Define this +field + + align:start position:0% +field + + + align:start position:0% +field +but here the x is the eigenvalue + + align:start position:0% +but here the x is the eigenvalue + + + align:start position:0% +but here the x is the eigenvalue +of the position + + align:start position:0% +of the position + + + align:start position:0% +of the position +operator for this right basic particle + + align:start position:0% +operator for this right basic particle + + + align:start position:0% +operator for this right basic particle +okay and so they have very different + + align:start position:0% +okay and so they have very different + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so they have very different +physical imputation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so let me just label this equation + + align:start position:0% +and so let me just label this equation + + + align:start position:0% +and so let me just label this equation +by one + + align:start position:0% +by one + + + align:start position:0% +by one +enable this by two + + align:start position:0% +enable this by two + + + align:start position:0% +enable this by two +and this by 2 Prime + + align:start position:0% +and this by 2 Prime + + + align:start position:0% +and this by 2 Prime +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we also mentioned that this one has a + + align:start position:0% +so we also mentioned that this one has a + + + align:start position:0% +so we also mentioned that this one has a +the interpretation of this as the wave + + align:start position:0% +the interpretation of this as the wave + + + align:start position:0% +the interpretation of this as the wave +function for relativistic yeah foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the first he said + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +as you will show in your PSAT 2 + + align:start position:0% +as you will show in your PSAT 2 + + + align:start position:0% +as you will show in your PSAT 2 +uh there's no sensitive + + align:start position:0% +uh there's no sensitive + + + align:start position:0% +uh there's no sensitive +no sensible way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to Define + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a positive definite + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +probability density okay + + align:start position:0% +probability density okay + + + align:start position:0% +probability density okay +so if you want to interpret + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this has a wave equation + + align:start position:0% +this has a wave equation + + + align:start position:0% +this has a wave equation +now you must have a way then you must + + align:start position:0% +now you must have a way then you must + + + align:start position:0% +now you must have a way then you must +have a probability density because in + + align:start position:0% +have a probability density because in + + + align:start position:0% +have a probability density because in +quantum mechanics probability should be + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics probability should be + + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics probability should be +conserved okay + + align:start position:0% +conserved okay + + + align:start position:0% +conserved okay +and the second difficulty + + align:start position:0% +and the second difficulty + + + align:start position:0% +and the second difficulty +is that the selective energy state + + align:start position:0% +is that the selective energy state + + + align:start position:0% +is that the selective energy state +because of the square because when you + + align:start position:0% +because of the square because when you + + + align:start position:0% +because of the square because when you +take the square roots then you get the + + align:start position:0% +take the square roots then you get the + + + align:start position:0% +take the square roots then you get the +minus sign and then this negative energy + + align:start position:0% +minus sign and then this negative energy + + + align:start position:0% +minus sign and then this negative energy +states + + align:start position:0% +states + + + align:start position:0% +states +which you cannot avoid in quantum + + align:start position:0% +which you cannot avoid in quantum + + + align:start position:0% +which you cannot avoid in quantum +mechanics + + align:start position:0% +mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics +even though classically you can just + + align:start position:0% +even though classically you can just + + + align:start position:0% +even though classically you can just +throw them away perhaps okay + + align:start position:0% +throw them away perhaps okay + + + align:start position:0% +throw them away perhaps okay +and the third thing we mentioned at the + + align:start position:0% +and the third thing we mentioned at the + + + align:start position:0% +and the third thing we mentioned at the +end + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +he said for relativistic + + align:start position:0% +he said for relativistic + + + align:start position:0% +he said for relativistic +wave equation + + align:start position:0% +wave equation + + + align:start position:0% +wave equation +you can describe + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fixed number of particles + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the particle number cannot change + + align:start position:0% +so the particle number cannot change + + + align:start position:0% +so the particle number cannot change +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so so this way we so this equation if + + align:start position:0% +so so this way we so this equation if + + + align:start position:0% +so so this way we so this equation if +you describe a single particle + + align:start position:0% +you describe a single particle + + + align:start position:0% +you describe a single particle +and if you want to describe two + + align:start position:0% +and if you want to describe two + + + align:start position:0% +and if you want to describe two +particles + + align:start position:0% +particles + + + align:start position:0% +particles +then you leave the two write down a + + align:start position:0% +then you leave the two write down a + + + align:start position:0% +then you leave the two write down a +separate equation + + align:start position:0% +separate equation + + + align:start position:0% +separate equation +for different wave function + + align:start position:0% +for different wave function + + + align:start position:0% +for different wave function +so this is for the two particle wave + + align:start position:0% +so this is for the two particle wave + + + align:start position:0% +so this is for the two particle wave +function will be like this okay and Etc + + align:start position:0% +function will be like this okay and Etc + + + align:start position:0% +function will be like this okay and Etc +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +but this does not really make sense + + align:start position:0% +but this does not really make sense + + + align:start position:0% +but this does not really make sense +in a relativistic system + + align:start position:0% +in a relativistic system + + + align:start position:0% +in a relativistic system +because we know that in the relative is + + align:start position:0% +because we know that in the relative is + + + align:start position:0% +because we know that in the relative is +existing e equal to m c Square + + align:start position:0% +existing e equal to m c Square + + + align:start position:0% +existing e equal to m c Square +in any case you have enough energy then + + align:start position:0% +in any case you have enough energy then + + + align:start position:0% +in any case you have enough energy then +you should be able to create particles + + align:start position:0% +you should be able to create particles + + + align:start position:0% +you should be able to create particles +and then that means the lumbar particles + + align:start position:0% +and then that means the lumbar particles + + + align:start position:0% +and then that means the lumbar particles +in the given process is not conserved + + align:start position:0% +in the given process is not conserved + + + align:start position:0% +in the given process is not conserved +okay so if you want to use your quantum + + align:start position:0% +okay so if you want to use your quantum + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if you want to use your quantum +mechanics describe a process and then + + align:start position:0% +mechanics describe a process and then + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics describe a process and then +that's you cannot have a formalism which + + align:start position:0% +that's you cannot have a formalism which + + + align:start position:0% +that's you cannot have a formalism which +the number of particle is fixed which + + align:start position:0% +the number of particle is fixed which + + + align:start position:0% +the number of particle is fixed which +you cannot change + + align:start position:0% +you cannot change + + + align:start position:0% +you cannot change +and so so this is actually the most + + align:start position:0% +and so so this is actually the most + + + align:start position:0% +and so so this is actually the most +fundamental difficulty + + align:start position:0% +fundamental difficulty + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental difficulty +okay is that you cannot change the + + align:start position:0% +okay is that you cannot change the + + + align:start position:0% +okay is that you cannot change the +number of particles + + align:start position:0% +number of particles + + + align:start position:0% +number of particles +and related to this difficulty + + align:start position:0% +and related to this difficulty + + + align:start position:0% +and related to this difficulty +is this interpretation + + align:start position:0% +is this interpretation + + + align:start position:0% +is this interpretation +here we say now if you wanted to + + align:start position:0% +here we say now if you wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +here we say now if you wanted to +we say in here + + align:start position:0% +we say in here + + + align:start position:0% +we say in here +there's a fundamental asymmetry between + + align:start position:0% +there's a fundamental asymmetry between + + + align:start position:0% +there's a fundamental asymmetry between +the T and X okay also yeah maybe let me + + align:start position:0% +the T and X okay also yeah maybe let me + + + align:start position:0% +the T and X okay also yeah maybe let me +put it as four which is also fundamental + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no additional difficulty there's a + + align:start position:0% +no additional difficulty there's a + + + align:start position:0% +no additional difficulty there's a +fundamental asymmetry + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +between + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +T and X + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so here in the wave equation T is + + align:start position:0% +so so here in the wave equation T is + + + align:start position:0% +so so here in the wave equation T is +just a parameter + + align:start position:0% +just a parameter + + + align:start position:0% +just a parameter +which we describe the evolution + + align:start position:0% +which we describe the evolution + + + align:start position:0% +which we describe the evolution +but the x is the eigenvalue + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +over Quantum operators + + align:start position:0% +over Quantum operators + + + align:start position:0% +over Quantum operators +eigenvalues of quantum operators + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalues of quantum operators + + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalues of quantum operators +say a corresponding to say hats by + + align:start position:0% +say a corresponding to say hats by + + + align:start position:0% +say a corresponding to say hats by +putting ahead with the load the + + align:start position:0% +putting ahead with the load the + + + align:start position:0% +putting ahead with the load the +corresponding a Quantum operator yeah so + + align:start position:0% +corresponding a Quantum operator yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding a Quantum operator yeah so +so this is diagonal value of position + + align:start position:0% +so this is diagonal value of position + + + align:start position:0% +so this is diagonal value of position +operators + + align:start position:0% +operators + + + align:start position:0% +operators +and this AC major become even more + + align:start position:0% +and this AC major become even more + + + align:start position:0% +and this AC major become even more +prolonged so if you can see the two + + align:start position:0% +prolonged so if you can see the two + + + align:start position:0% +prolonged so if you can see the two +particles + + align:start position:0% +particles + + + align:start position:0% +particles +okay you have two x here but there's + + align:start position:0% +okay you have two x here but there's + + + align:start position:0% +okay you have two x here but there's +only one t okay + + align:start position:0% +only one t okay + + + align:start position:0% +only one t okay +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +so uh so those because of those + + align:start position:0% +so uh so those because of those + + + align:start position:0% +so uh so those because of those +fundamental difficulties + + align:start position:0% +fundamental difficulties + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental difficulties +okay so if you + + align:start position:0% +okay so if you + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if you +connect to this one to four + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we can we conclude + + align:start position:0% +so we can we conclude + + + align:start position:0% +so we can we conclude +that the + + align:start position:0% +that the + + + align:start position:0% +that the +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +relativistic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +quantum mechanics defined in the sense + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics defined in the sense + + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics defined in the sense +that you write down a wave equation + + align:start position:0% +that you write down a wave equation + + + align:start position:0% +that you write down a wave equation +and for for wave function don't even it + + align:start position:0% +and for for wave function don't even it + + + align:start position:0% +and for for wave function don't even it +does not be a + + align:start position:0% +does not be a + + + align:start position:0% +does not be a +that's not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cannot be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a fundamental discussion okay + + align:start position:0% +a fundamental discussion okay + + + align:start position:0% +a fundamental discussion okay +but yeah but right this Quantum kind of + + align:start position:0% +but yeah but right this Quantum kind of + + + align:start position:0% +but yeah but right this Quantum kind of +just refers to this kind of wave + + align:start position:0% +just refers to this kind of wave + + + align:start position:0% +just refers to this kind of wave +equation okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so at most + + align:start position:0% +so at most + + + align:start position:0% +so at most +this can be approximate approximation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +at the most + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is approximate description + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in situations + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +say there's no + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's no particle Creation with a + + align:start position:0% +there's no particle Creation with a + + + align:start position:0% +there's no particle Creation with a +violation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so in case which is your + + align:start position:0% +so so in case which is your + + + align:start position:0% +so so in case which is your +party Columbo is fixed + + align:start position:0% +party Columbo is fixed + + + align:start position:0% +party Columbo is fixed +and then the then you can use this as + + align:start position:0% +and then the then you can use this as + + + align:start position:0% +and then the then you can use this as +approximation okay but it cannot be a + + align:start position:0% +approximation okay but it cannot be a + + + align:start position:0% +approximation okay but it cannot be a +fundamental description + + align:start position:0% +fundamental description + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental description +for example later we will talk about the + + align:start position:0% +for example later we will talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +for example later we will talk about the +fumionic version of this wave equation + + align:start position:0% +fumionic version of this wave equation + + + align:start position:0% +fumionic version of this wave equation +so this will describe a particle without + + align:start position:0% +so this will describe a particle without + + + align:start position:0% +so this will describe a particle without +spin so later we will describe the the + + align:start position:0% +spin so later we will describe the the + + + align:start position:0% +spin so later we will describe the the +linear equation for electrons for spin + + align:start position:0% +linear equation for electrons for spin + + + align:start position:0% +linear equation for electrons for spin +half and then then that can indeed be + + align:start position:0% +half and then then that can indeed be + + + align:start position:0% +half and then then that can indeed be +used to describe electron in the + + align:start position:0% +used to describe electron in the + + + align:start position:0% +used to describe electron in the +hydrogen atom as how as far as you don't + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen atom as how as far as you don't + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen atom as how as far as you don't +create new electrons Etc + + align:start position:0% +create new electrons Etc + + + align:start position:0% +create new electrons Etc +anyway so so so write this Quantum + + align:start position:0% +anyway so so so write this Quantum + + + align:start position:0% +anyway so so so write this Quantum +connect only be described as some kind + + align:start position:0% +connect only be described as some kind + + + align:start position:0% +connect only be described as some kind +of consider as approximate description + + align:start position:0% +of consider as approximate description + + + align:start position:0% +of consider as approximate description +okay but now if you want to you unify + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +special relativity and quantum mechanics + + align:start position:0% +special relativity and quantum mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +special relativity and quantum mechanics +together + + align:start position:0% +together + + + align:start position:0% +together +it turns out that the right formulation + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that the right formulation + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that the right formulation +is just Quantum field Theory okay + + align:start position:0% +is just Quantum field Theory okay + + + align:start position:0% +is just Quantum field Theory okay +so it turns out that the quantum field + + align:start position:0% +so it turns out that the quantum field + + + align:start position:0% +so it turns out that the quantum field +Theory + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a corner of your theory + + align:start position:0% +a corner of your theory + + + align:start position:0% +a corner of your theory +addresses these difficulties okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so it turns out + + align:start position:0% +so it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +so it turns out +it turns out the right way so if we want + + align:start position:0% +it turns out the right way so if we want + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out the right way so if we want +to describe quantum mechanics say of + + align:start position:0% +to describe quantum mechanics say of + + + align:start position:0% +to describe quantum mechanics say of +write a specific particles of mass m + + align:start position:0% +write a specific particles of mass m + + + align:start position:0% +write a specific particles of mass m +okay as we want to do here + + align:start position:0% +okay as we want to do here + + + align:start position:0% +okay as we want to do here +it turns out the proper thing to do + + align:start position:0% +it turns out the proper thing to do + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out the proper thing to do +which is a little bit unintuitive at + + align:start position:0% +which is a little bit unintuitive at + + + align:start position:0% +which is a little bit unintuitive at +first sight + + align:start position:0% +first sight + + + align:start position:0% +first sight +is to start with this field Siri okay + + align:start position:0% +is to start with this field Siri okay + + + align:start position:0% +is to start with this field Siri okay +which seemingly have nothing to do with + + align:start position:0% +which seemingly have nothing to do with + + + align:start position:0% +which seemingly have nothing to do with +write a basic particle but to start with + + align:start position:0% +write a basic particle but to start with + + + align:start position:0% +write a basic particle but to start with +this classical field Theory + + align:start position:0% +this classical field Theory + + + align:start position:0% +this classical field Theory +and then contact it okay it hands out + + align:start position:0% +and then contact it okay it hands out + + + align:start position:0% +and then contact it okay it hands out +turns out once you treat this Theory as + + align:start position:0% +turns out once you treat this Theory as + + + align:start position:0% +turns out once you treat this Theory as +a Quantum field Theory and this becomes + + align:start position:0% +a Quantum field Theory and this becomes + + + align:start position:0% +a Quantum field Theory and this becomes +a theory of arbitrary number of + + align:start position:0% +a theory of arbitrary number of + + + align:start position:0% +a theory of arbitrary number of +relativistic particles of mass m + + align:start position:0% +relativistic particles of mass m + + + align:start position:0% +relativistic particles of mass m +okay and so that's the non-intuitive + + align:start position:0% +okay and so that's the non-intuitive + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so that's the non-intuitive +part and and that's the uh one of the + + align:start position:0% +part and and that's the uh one of the + + + align:start position:0% +part and and that's the uh one of the +miracle say of the field theory is that + + align:start position:0% +miracle say of the field theory is that + + + align:start position:0% +miracle say of the field theory is that +automatically give you a formalism + + align:start position:0% +automatically give you a formalism + + + align:start position:0% +automatically give you a formalism +for for treating arbitrary lumbar + + align:start position:0% +for for treating arbitrary lumbar + + + align:start position:0% +for for treating arbitrary lumbar +particles okay + + align:start position:0% +particles okay + + + align:start position:0% +particles okay +and uh um yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um and also in field Theory + + align:start position:0% +um and also in field Theory + + + align:start position:0% +um and also in field Theory +so both T and X are parameters okay even + + align:start position:0% +so both T and X are parameters okay even + + + align:start position:0% +so both T and X are parameters okay even +though X only labels your uh uh your + + align:start position:0% +though X only labels your uh uh your + + + align:start position:0% +though X only labels your uh uh your +location so both T and X are parameters + + align:start position:0% +location so both T and X are parameters + + + align:start position:0% +location so both T and X are parameters +and so you can easily to make them to be + + align:start position:0% +and so you can easily to make them to be + + + align:start position:0% +and so you can easily to make them to be +on equal ground to be compatible with + + align:start position:0% +on equal ground to be compatible with + + + align:start position:0% +on equal ground to be compatible with +special relativity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +good + + align:start position:0% +good + + + align:start position:0% +good +so any questions on this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so we will see that the uh the + + align:start position:0% +okay so we will see that the uh the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we will see that the uh the +right framework is quantum field three + + align:start position:0% +right framework is quantum field three + + + align:start position:0% +right framework is quantum field three +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so finally it's the last motivation for + + align:start position:0% +so finally it's the last motivation for + + + align:start position:0% +so finally it's the last motivation for +Quantum field Theory + + align:start position:0% +Quantum field Theory + + + align:start position:0% +Quantum field Theory +so we quickly uh uh describe the last uh + + align:start position:0% +so we quickly uh uh describe the last uh + + + align:start position:0% +so we quickly uh uh describe the last uh +so the fields here you can also arise + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +as a limit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of discrete systems + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and this is the uh uh the most relevant + + align:start position:0% +and this is the uh uh the most relevant + + + align:start position:0% +and this is the uh uh the most relevant +for this matter physics for example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so let's just consider + + align:start position:0% +so so let's just consider + + + align:start position:0% +so so let's just consider +say uh some yeah let's consider 803 + + align:start position:0% +say uh some yeah let's consider 803 + + + align:start position:0% +say uh some yeah let's consider 803 +example okay + + align:start position:0% +example okay + + + align:start position:0% +example okay +so let's imagine you have + + align:start position:0% +so let's imagine you have + + + align:start position:0% +so let's imagine you have +just number of particles a number of the + + align:start position:0% +just number of particles a number of the + + + align:start position:0% +just number of particles a number of the +atoms say on the on the Chain okay and + + align:start position:0% +atoms say on the on the Chain okay and + + + align:start position:0% +atoms say on the on the Chain okay and +then they're connected by some screens + + align:start position:0% +then they're connected by some screens + + + align:start position:0% +then they're connected by some screens +between them + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so so this is the uh uh the pro + + align:start position:0% +okay so so this is the uh uh the pro + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so this is the uh uh the pro +yeah consider this to be infinite okay + + align:start position:0% +yeah consider this to be infinite okay + + + align:start position:0% +yeah consider this to be infinite okay +and the spacing between them say is a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +item I fixed on some matches points + + align:start position:0% +item I fixed on some matches points + + + align:start position:0% +item I fixed on some matches points +and the lattice facing is a okay + + align:start position:0% +and the lattice facing is a okay + + + align:start position:0% +and the lattice facing is a okay +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +yeah so we can label the other say + + align:start position:0% +yeah so we can label the other say + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so we can label the other say +each particle by their position for + + align:start position:0% +each particle by their position for + + + align:start position:0% +each particle by their position for +example this is x0 this is X1 this is X2 + + align:start position:0% +example this is x0 this is X1 this is X2 + + + align:start position:0% +example this is x0 this is X1 this is X2 +Etc okay and the typical particle is x n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +at the location of nth particle is x n + + align:start position:0% +at the location of nth particle is x n + + + align:start position:0% +at the location of nth particle is x n +and so we can also introduce the + + align:start position:0% +and so we can also introduce the + + + align:start position:0% +and so we can also introduce the +deviation + + align:start position:0% +deviation + + + align:start position:0% +deviation +between the equivalent position of each + + align:start position:0% +between the equivalent position of each + + + align:start position:0% +between the equivalent position of each +particle so let's call it n + + align:start position:0% +particle so let's call it n + + + align:start position:0% +particle so let's call it n +okay so now let's consider the Dynamics + + align:start position:0% +okay so now let's consider the Dynamics + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now let's consider the Dynamics +of ether M for this Theory + + align:start position:0% +of ether M for this Theory + + + align:start position:0% +of ether M for this Theory +and so this is the just deviation of the + + align:start position:0% +and so this is the just deviation of the + + + align:start position:0% +and so this is the just deviation of the +nth particle from its equivalent + + align:start position:0% +nth particle from its equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +nth particle from its equivalent +position okay so X and zero is its + + align:start position:0% +position okay so X and zero is its + + + align:start position:0% +position okay so X and zero is its +equivalent position + + align:start position:0% +equivalent position + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent position +so now so now if you write down the + + align:start position:0% +so now so now if you write down the + + + align:start position:0% +so now so now if you write down the +lagrangian for this system + + align:start position:0% +lagrangian for this system + + + align:start position:0% +lagrangian for this system +that we can easily do you just write T + + align:start position:0% +that we can easily do you just write T + + + align:start position:0% +that we can easily do you just write T +minus V the t is the kinetic energy and + + align:start position:0% +minus V the t is the kinetic energy and + + + align:start position:0% +minus V the t is the kinetic energy and +V is the uh um the potential energy so + + align:start position:0% +V is the uh um the potential energy so + + + align:start position:0% +V is the uh um the potential energy so +we can just write it as sum over n + + align:start position:0% +we can just write it as sum over n + + + align:start position:0% +we can just write it as sum over n +over o + + align:start position:0% +over o + + + align:start position:0% +over o +particles and then let's assume they + + align:start position:0% +particles and then let's assume they + + + align:start position:0% +particles and then let's assume they +have the same mass let's write mu + + align:start position:0% +have the same mass let's write mu + + + align:start position:0% +have the same mass let's write mu +ETA n dot Square okay so this is a + + align:start position:0% +ETA n dot Square okay so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +ETA n dot Square okay so this is a +kinetic term so so mu is the mass for + + align:start position:0% +kinetic term so so mu is the mass for + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic term so so mu is the mass for +each particle + + align:start position:0% +each particle + + + align:start position:0% +each particle +and then their their potential yeah + + align:start position:0% +and then their their potential yeah + + + align:start position:0% +and then their their potential yeah +let's assume at each point there is also + + align:start position:0% +let's assume at each point there is also + + + align:start position:0% +let's assume at each point there is also +a yeah let's just yeah then there's some + + align:start position:0% +a yeah let's just yeah then there's some + + + align:start position:0% +a yeah let's just yeah then there's some +uh uh uh interaction because each + + align:start position:0% +uh uh uh interaction because each + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh uh interaction because each +particle are connected by the spring and + + align:start position:0% +particle are connected by the spring and + + + align:start position:0% +particle are connected by the spring and +so they're a harmonic Force + + align:start position:0% +so they're a harmonic Force + + + align:start position:0% +so they're a harmonic Force +between + + align:start position:0% +between + + + align:start position:0% +between +neighboring particles okay + + align:start position:0% +neighboring particles okay + + + align:start position:0% +neighboring particles okay +and now let's imagine also there's a + + align:start position:0% +and now let's imagine also there's a + + + align:start position:0% +and now let's imagine also there's a +harmonic potential which trapped this + + align:start position:0% +harmonic potential which trapped this + + + align:start position:0% +harmonic potential which trapped this +particle itself + + align:start position:0% +particle itself + + + align:start position:0% +particle itself +at each location + + align:start position:0% +at each location + + + align:start position:0% +at each location +okay so this is a very simple uh spring + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is a very simple uh spring + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is a very simple uh spring +and the particle problem which you + + align:start position:0% +and the particle problem which you + + + align:start position:0% +and the particle problem which you +encounter say in 803 + + align:start position:0% +encounter say in 803 + + + align:start position:0% +encounter say in 803 +okay is this problem clear + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay I I assume most of you have seen + + align:start position:0% +okay I I assume most of you have seen + + + align:start position:0% +okay I I assume most of you have seen +this problem before + + align:start position:0% +this problem before + + + align:start position:0% +this problem before +and the and you're tasking 803 is + + align:start position:0% +and the and you're tasking 803 is + + + align:start position:0% +and the and you're tasking 803 is +actually to uh to find the lower modes + + align:start position:0% +actually to uh to find the lower modes + + + align:start position:0% +actually to uh to find the lower modes +say of this system okay + + align:start position:0% +say of this system okay + + + align:start position:0% +say of this system okay +and in 803 you also describe that we can + + align:start position:0% +and in 803 you also describe that we can + + + align:start position:0% +and in 803 you also describe that we can +in a go to zero limit + + align:start position:0% +in a go to zero limit + + + align:start position:0% +in a go to zero limit +so if the left is spacing is very small + + align:start position:0% +so if the left is spacing is very small + + + align:start position:0% +so if the left is spacing is very small +and if you're only interested in the + + align:start position:0% +and if you're only interested in the + + + align:start position:0% +and if you're only interested in the +behavior of the system at a very large + + align:start position:0% +behavior of the system at a very large + + + align:start position:0% +behavior of the system at a very large +distance say the distance much larger + + align:start position:0% +distance say the distance much larger + + + align:start position:0% +distance say the distance much larger +than a equal imagine lighter than a + + align:start position:0% +than a equal imagine lighter than a + + + align:start position:0% +than a equal imagine lighter than a +then you can essentially choose this + + align:start position:0% +then you can essentially choose this + + + align:start position:0% +then you can essentially choose this +season as a Continuum okay you don't + + align:start position:0% +season as a Continuum okay you don't + + + align:start position:0% +season as a Continuum okay you don't +have to resolve individual particles + + align:start position:0% +have to resolve individual particles + + + align:start position:0% +have to resolve individual particles +and so we can just enable the newer + + align:start position:0% +and so we can just enable the newer + + + align:start position:0% +and so we can just enable the newer +limits so you can choose the chain + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of particles + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and uh so you + + align:start position:0% +and uh so you + + + align:start position:0% +and uh so you +so each + + align:start position:0% +so each + + + align:start position:0% +so each +and T you replace it + + align:start position:0% +and T you replace it + + + align:start position:0% +and T you replace it +by ETA x t + + align:start position:0% +by ETA x t + + + align:start position:0% +by ETA x t +so X label is position + + align:start position:0% +so X label is position + + + align:start position:0% +so X label is position +okay the X label is position and T + + align:start position:0% +okay the X label is position and T + + + align:start position:0% +okay the X label is position and T +describes the Dynamics okay so so ETA is + + align:start position:0% +describes the Dynamics okay so so ETA is + + + align:start position:0% +describes the Dynamics okay so so ETA is +the deviation + + align:start position:0% +the deviation + + + align:start position:0% +the deviation +at the location X and it's depend on T + + align:start position:0% +at the location X and it's depend on T + + + align:start position:0% +at the location X and it's depend on T +okay so this is the oscillator + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is the oscillator + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is the oscillator +and then sum over n + + align:start position:0% +and then sum over n + + + align:start position:0% +and then sum over n +in the lagrangian + + align:start position:0% +in the lagrangian + + + align:start position:0% +in the lagrangian +then we can replace it by integral + + align:start position:0% +then we can replace it by integral + + + align:start position:0% +then we can replace it by integral +over DX + + align:start position:0% +over DX + + + align:start position:0% +over DX +okay and now you just choose this as a + + align:start position:0% +okay and now you just choose this as a + + + align:start position:0% +okay and now you just choose this as a +one-dimensional continuum see some + + align:start position:0% +one-dimensional continuum see some + + + align:start position:0% +one-dimensional continuum see some +integration of the X but of course here + + align:start position:0% +integration of the X but of course here + + + align:start position:0% +integration of the X but of course here +there's a label a nothing spacing so so + + align:start position:0% +there's a label a nothing spacing so so + + + align:start position:0% +there's a label a nothing spacing so so +the uh so the implementational uh here + + align:start position:0% +the uh so the implementational uh here + + + align:start position:0% +the uh so the implementational uh here +the element is a so a times + + align:start position:0% +the element is a so a times + + + align:start position:0% +the element is a so a times +the sum Over N you can replace it by DX + + align:start position:0% +the sum Over N you can replace it by DX + + + align:start position:0% +the sum Over N you can replace it by DX +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +is the lattice spacing + + align:start position:0% +is the lattice spacing + + + align:start position:0% +is the lattice spacing +and now you can just write + + align:start position:0% +and now you can just write + + + align:start position:0% +and now you can just write +this Lagrange in terms of Continuum + + align:start position:0% +this Lagrange in terms of Continuum + + + align:start position:0% +this Lagrange in terms of Continuum +Theory + + align:start position:0% +Theory + + + align:start position:0% +Theory +okay now you can write this in the + + align:start position:0% +okay now you can write this in the + + + align:start position:0% +okay now you can write this in the +ground in a Continuum Theory and then + + align:start position:0% +ground in a Continuum Theory and then + + + align:start position:0% +ground in a Continuum Theory and then +let's just do it + + align:start position:0% +let's just do it + + + align:start position:0% +let's just do it +so um so we can write it yeah let me + + align:start position:0% +so um so we can write it yeah let me + + + align:start position:0% +so um so we can write it yeah let me +just write one more step + + align:start position:0% +just write one more step + + + align:start position:0% +just write one more step +so you can write it as sum over a we + + align:start position:0% +so you can write it as sum over a we + + + align:start position:0% +so you can write it as sum over a we +take the a factor out because of the a + + align:start position:0% +take the a factor out because of the a + + + align:start position:0% +take the a factor out because of the a +fact R have to be changed into + + align:start position:0% +fact R have to be changed into + + + align:start position:0% +fact R have to be changed into +integration + + align:start position:0% +integration + + + align:start position:0% +integration +and then you have one half mu divided by + + align:start position:0% +and then you have one half mu divided by + + + align:start position:0% +and then you have one half mu divided by +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +ETA N squared + + align:start position:0% +ETA N squared + + + align:start position:0% +ETA N squared +minus one half Lambda a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so I just slightly rewrite + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's lagranging + + align:start position:0% +it's lagranging + + + align:start position:0% +it's lagranging +so that it is easy to take the Continuum + + align:start position:0% +so that it is easy to take the Continuum + + + align:start position:0% +so that it is easy to take the Continuum +limit + + align:start position:0% +limit + + + align:start position:0% +limit +so we have taken the factor of a out + + align:start position:0% +so we have taken the factor of a out + + + align:start position:0% +so we have taken the factor of a out +but for this term + + align:start position:0% +but for this term + + + align:start position:0% +but for this term +because this contains the difference + + align:start position:0% +because this contains the difference + + + align:start position:0% +because this contains the difference +between the two and we also divided by a + + align:start position:0% +between the two and we also divided by a + + + align:start position:0% +between the two and we also divided by a +in the downstairs and then we need to + + align:start position:0% +in the downstairs and then we need to + + + align:start position:0% +in the downstairs and then we need to +multiply a upstairs and then there's a + + align:start position:0% +multiply a upstairs and then there's a + + + align:start position:0% +multiply a upstairs and then there's a +in the front okay + + align:start position:0% +in the front okay + + + align:start position:0% +in the front okay +another Continuum limit + + align:start position:0% +another Continuum limit + + + align:start position:0% +another Continuum limit +you can just replace this by integral + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and now I just + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you can just write it as one half + + align:start position:0% +you can just write it as one half + + + align:start position:0% +you can just write it as one half +you tilde + + align:start position:0% +you tilde + + + align:start position:0% +you tilde +is a start Square so now e to n just + + align:start position:0% +is a start Square so now e to n just + + + align:start position:0% +is a start Square so now e to n just +replace it by E to x t + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and here let me call it lamina tilde + + align:start position:0% +and here let me call it lamina tilde + + + align:start position:0% +and here let me call it lamina tilde +partial X is a square + + align:start position:0% +partial X is a square + + + align:start position:0% +partial X is a square +and this term we can just replace it by + + align:start position:0% +and this term we can just replace it by + + + align:start position:0% +and this term we can just replace it by +the derivative of ETA and then this is + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of ETA and then this is + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of ETA and then this is +just become one half Sigma tilde is a + + align:start position:0% +just become one half Sigma tilde is a + + + align:start position:0% +just become one half Sigma tilde is a +square + + align:start position:0% +square + + + align:start position:0% +square +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and the uh the MU tilde of course + + align:start position:0% +and the uh the MU tilde of course + + + align:start position:0% +and the uh the MU tilde of course +is Mu divided by a + + align:start position:0% +is Mu divided by a + + + align:start position:0% +is Mu divided by a +number is Lambda times a and sigma tilde + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is the sigma divided by a + + align:start position:0% +this is the sigma divided by a + + + align:start position:0% +this is the sigma divided by a +okay so the Continuum limit is that + + align:start position:0% +okay so the Continuum limit is that + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the Continuum limit is that +those quantity has to be fixed okay the + + align:start position:0% +those quantity has to be fixed okay the + + + align:start position:0% +those quantity has to be fixed okay the +tier the quantity has to be fixed and + + align:start position:0% +tier the quantity has to be fixed and + + + align:start position:0% +tier the quantity has to be fixed and +then we have a continuum lagrangea + + align:start position:0% +then we have a continuum lagrangea + + + align:start position:0% +then we have a continuum lagrangea +okay and then we have a classical field + + align:start position:0% +okay and then we have a classical field + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then we have a classical field +Theory + + align:start position:0% +Theory + + + align:start position:0% +Theory +and this series is essentially the same + + align:start position:0% +and this series is essentially the same + + + align:start position:0% +and this series is essentially the same +as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +as that theory + + align:start position:0% +as that theory + + + align:start position:0% +as that theory +okay so if you take this Factor mu tilde + + align:start position:0% +okay so if you take this Factor mu tilde + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if you take this Factor mu tilde +out + + align:start position:0% +out + + + align:start position:0% +out +okay if we take this Factor mu tilde out + + align:start position:0% +okay if we take this Factor mu tilde out + + + align:start position:0% +okay if we take this Factor mu tilde out +okay so let me just take this part of + + align:start position:0% +okay so let me just take this part of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let me just take this part of +mutilda out in the front just up to + + align:start position:0% +mutilda out in the front just up to + + + align:start position:0% +mutilda out in the front just up to +overall factor and here is Lambda tilde + + align:start position:0% +overall factor and here is Lambda tilde + + + align:start position:0% +overall factor and here is Lambda tilde +by a divided by mu tier that we could + + align:start position:0% +by a divided by mu tier that we could + + + align:start position:0% +by a divided by mu tier that we could +let's call it V Square + + align:start position:0% +let's call it V Square + + + align:start position:0% +let's call it V Square +and this becomes Sigma material divided + + align:start position:0% +and this becomes Sigma material divided + + + align:start position:0% +and this becomes Sigma material divided +by uh by mu till let's call it m Square + + align:start position:0% +by uh by mu till let's call it m Square + + + align:start position:0% +by uh by mu till let's call it m Square +so the V Square + + align:start position:0% +so the V Square + + + align:start position:0% +so the V Square +is equal to Mu tilde + + align:start position:0% +is equal to Mu tilde + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to Mu tilde +is equal to the Lambda tilde + + align:start position:0% +is equal to the Lambda tilde + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to the Lambda tilde +divided by mu tilde + + align:start position:0% +divided by mu tilde + + + align:start position:0% +divided by mu tilde +and the M Square + + align:start position:0% +and the M Square + + + align:start position:0% +and the M Square +is equal to Sigma material + + align:start position:0% +is equal to Sigma material + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to Sigma material +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and then this is just essentially + + align:start position:0% +and then this is just essentially + + + align:start position:0% +and then this is just essentially +identical to that theory + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +when V equal to one okay so when b equal + + align:start position:0% +when V equal to one okay so when b equal + + + align:start position:0% +when V equal to one okay so when b equal +to one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +become the same + + align:start position:0% +become the same + + + align:start position:0% +become the same +as just two okay equation two + + align:start position:0% +as just two okay equation two + + + align:start position:0% +as just two okay equation two +of course corresponding to relative K is + + align:start position:0% +of course corresponding to relative K is + + + align:start position:0% +of course corresponding to relative K is +a speed of light but in general uh this + + align:start position:0% +a speed of light but in general uh this + + + align:start position:0% +a speed of light but in general uh this +describer can yeah addition I can + + align:start position:0% +describer can yeah addition I can + + + align:start position:0% +describer can yeah addition I can +describe a Contin but in general this is + + align:start position:0% +describe a Contin but in general this is + + + align:start position:0% +describe a Contin but in general this is +a noun in general this can be just a + + align:start position:0% +a noun in general this can be just a + + + align:start position:0% +a noun in general this can be just a +long relativistic field series okay for + + align:start position:0% +long relativistic field series okay for + + + align:start position:0% +long relativistic field series okay for +other values of B okay + + align:start position:0% +other values of B okay + + + align:start position:0% +other values of B okay +foreign + + align:start position:0% +foreign + + + align:start position:0% +foreign +so this is + + align:start position:0% +so this is + + + align:start position:0% +so this is +so even though this example is very + + align:start position:0% +so even though this example is very + + + align:start position:0% +so even though this example is very +simple + + align:start position:0% +simple + + + align:start position:0% +simple +but this is actually a very general way + + align:start position:0% +but this is actually a very general way + + + align:start position:0% +but this is actually a very general way +that we can treat many condensed metal + + align:start position:0% +that we can treat many condensed metal + + + align:start position:0% +that we can treat many condensed metal +systems + + align:start position:0% +systems + + + align:start position:0% +systems +which often in Mobile lattice say + + align:start position:0% +which often in Mobile lattice say + + + align:start position:0% +which often in Mobile lattice say +because because solid you can imagine + + align:start position:0% +because because solid you can imagine + + + align:start position:0% +because because solid you can imagine +all the items on the lattice Etc and if + + align:start position:0% +all the items on the lattice Etc and if + + + align:start position:0% +all the items on the lattice Etc and if +you're only interested in the very + + align:start position:0% +you're only interested in the very + + + align:start position:0% +you're only interested in the very +microscopic Behavior then you can treat + + align:start position:0% +microscopic Behavior then you can treat + + + align:start position:0% +microscopic Behavior then you can treat +solid as a continuum + + align:start position:0% +solid as a continuum + + + align:start position:0% +solid as a continuum +and then and now you can uh now if + + align:start position:0% +and then and now you can uh now if + + + align:start position:0% +and then and now you can uh now if +you're interested in quantum mechanics + + align:start position:0% +you're interested in quantum mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +you're interested in quantum mechanics +of such a system then the quantum field + + align:start position:0% +of such a system then the quantum field + + + align:start position:0% +of such a system then the quantum field +theory that naturally Rises okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay good any questions on this example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry so the limit yeah yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% +sorry so the limit yeah yeah yeah + + + align:start position:0% +sorry so the limit yeah yeah yeah +like same windows view yeah yeah so what + + align:start position:0% +like same windows view yeah yeah so what + + + align:start position:0% +like same windows view yeah yeah so what +is that physically + + align:start position:0% +is that physically + + + align:start position:0% +is that physically +strength of yeah yeah it is + + align:start position:0% +strength of yeah yeah it is + + + align:start position:0% +strength of yeah yeah it is +corresponding to the the case that the + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to the the case that the + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to the the case that the +um uh uh yeah it just tells you that + + align:start position:0% +um uh uh yeah it just tells you that + + + align:start position:0% +um uh uh yeah it just tells you that +relativistic limit is special happens at + + align:start position:0% +relativistic limit is special happens at + + + align:start position:0% +relativistic limit is special happens at +very special points but I guess why why + + align:start position:0% +very special points but I guess why why + + + align:start position:0% +very special points but I guess why why +is that the relative like to me lenders + + align:start position:0% +is that the relative like to me lenders + + + align:start position:0% +is that the relative like to me lenders +like the strength of your spring and + + align:start position:0% +like the strength of your spring and + + + align:start position:0% +like the strength of your spring and +then yeah use your mask right you've got + + align:start position:0% +then yeah use your mask right you've got + + + align:start position:0% +then yeah use your mask right you've got +to be comparable how does that yeah + + align:start position:0% +to be comparable how does that yeah + + + align:start position:0% +to be comparable how does that yeah +there's not much you can read from here + + align:start position:0% +there's not much you can read from here + + + align:start position:0% +there's not much you can read from here +yeah yeah uh it it just like when you + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah uh it it just like when you + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah uh it it just like when you +choose some special parameters then you + + align:start position:0% +choose some special parameters then you + + + align:start position:0% +choose some special parameters then you +can uh have a relativistic limit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +other questions yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so these are all um scalars right + + align:start position:0% +yeah so these are all um scalars right + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so these are all um scalars right +I could you can also have uh you can + + align:start position:0% +I could you can also have uh you can + + + align:start position:0% +I could you can also have uh you can +also you mean uh you can also have + + align:start position:0% +also you mean uh you can also have + + + align:start position:0% +also you mean uh you can also have +tensors or vectors yeah + + align:start position:0% +tensors or vectors yeah + + + align:start position:0% +tensors or vectors yeah +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +so like what would you treat with this + + align:start position:0% +so like what would you treat with this + + + align:start position:0% +so like what would you treat with this +pronouns oh you can cheat yeah for + + align:start position:0% +pronouns oh you can cheat yeah for + + + align:start position:0% +pronouns oh you can cheat yeah for +example you can treat four rounds you + + align:start position:0% +example you can treat four rounds you + + + align:start position:0% +example you can treat four rounds you +can also choose spins + + align:start position:0% +can also choose spins + + + align:start position:0% +can also choose spins +and say for example if you have an icing + + align:start position:0% +and say for example if you have an icing + + + align:start position:0% +and say for example if you have an icing +model just consider lattice of spins + + align:start position:0% +model just consider lattice of spins + + + align:start position:0% +model just consider lattice of spins +and then the average Spin and then you + + align:start position:0% +and then the average Spin and then you + + + align:start position:0% +and then the average Spin and then you +can treat it as a scale of field and + + align:start position:0% +can treat it as a scale of field and + + + align:start position:0% +can treat it as a scale of field and +then again you can write down a field + + align:start position:0% +then again you can write down a field + + + align:start position:0% +then again you can write down a field +Theory yeah and actually the the + + align:start position:0% +Theory yeah and actually the the + + + align:start position:0% +Theory yeah and actually the the +Breakthrough + + align:start position:0% +Breakthrough + + + align:start position:0% +Breakthrough +of the phase transition + + align:start position:0% +of the phase transition + + + align:start position:0% +of the phase transition +metaphysics to to understand what phase + + align:start position:0% +metaphysics to to understand what phase + + + align:start position:0% +metaphysics to to understand what phase +transition is really about and describe + + align:start position:0% +transition is really about and describe + + + align:start position:0% +transition is really about and describe +the behavior near the phase transition + + align:start position:0% +the behavior near the phase transition + + + align:start position:0% +the behavior near the phase transition +and precisely coincided with the + + align:start position:0% +and precisely coincided with the + + + align:start position:0% +and precisely coincided with the +development of field Theory and uh yeah + + align:start position:0% +development of field Theory and uh yeah + + + align:start position:0% +development of field Theory and uh yeah +actually increased our understanding of + + align:start position:0% +actually increased our understanding of + + + align:start position:0% +actually increased our understanding of +quantum field Theory yeah + + align:start position:0% +quantum field Theory yeah + + + align:start position:0% +quantum field Theory yeah +foreign + + align:start position:0% +foreign + + + align:start position:0% +foreign +other questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay good + + align:start position:0% +okay good + + + align:start position:0% +okay good +just to summarize + + align:start position:0% +just to summarize + + + align:start position:0% +just to summarize +what we have discussed so far + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or path + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +qft okay + + align:start position:0% +qft okay + + + align:start position:0% +qft okay +so we have described three parts three + + align:start position:0% +so we have described three parts three + + + align:start position:0% +so we have described three parts three +parts but they're pretty General first + + align:start position:0% +parts but they're pretty General first + + + align:start position:0% +parts but they're pretty General first +you say the quantum that line we offer + + align:start position:0% +you say the quantum that line we offer + + + align:start position:0% +you say the quantum that line we offer +increasing Quantum Dynamics + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of some classical fields + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +say such as + + align:start position:0% +say such as + + + align:start position:0% +say such as +say Electric magnetic field + + align:start position:0% +say Electric magnetic field + + + align:start position:0% +say Electric magnetic field +or space-time metric if you are + + align:start position:0% +or space-time metric if you are + + + align:start position:0% +or space-time metric if you are +interested in gravity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Etc okay so so so in this case we + + align:start position:0% +Etc okay so so so in this case we + + + align:start position:0% +Etc okay so so so in this case we +already have the classical Fields Theory + + align:start position:0% +already have the classical Fields Theory + + + align:start position:0% +already have the classical Fields Theory +but we know the word is quantum and we + + align:start position:0% +but we know the word is quantum and we + + + align:start position:0% +but we know the word is quantum and we +want to understand what's the quantum + + align:start position:0% +want to understand what's the quantum + + + align:start position:0% +want to understand what's the quantum +version of it + + align:start position:0% +version of it + + + align:start position:0% +version of it +and the second is that it unifies + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +special relativity + + align:start position:0% +special relativity + + + align:start position:0% +special relativity +plus quantum mechanics okay so you read + + align:start position:0% +plus quantum mechanics okay so you read + + + align:start position:0% +plus quantum mechanics okay so you read +the field Theory to to unify them and + + align:start position:0% +the field Theory to to unify them and + + + align:start position:0% +the field Theory to to unify them and +the Third Way + + align:start position:0% +the Third Way + + + align:start position:0% +the Third Way +he said is the a large distance + + align:start position:0% +he said is the a large distance + + + align:start position:0% +he said is the a large distance +description + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of discrete systems + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +yeah just combine all three elements + + align:start position:0% +yeah just combine all three elements + + + align:start position:0% +yeah just combine all three elements +together the cover many many areas of + + align:start position:0% +together the cover many many areas of + + + align:start position:0% +together the cover many many areas of +physics okay they cover many many areas + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good so so now we can just + + align:start position:0% +good so so now we can just + + + align:start position:0% +good so so now we can just +say a little bit about the plan for the + + align:start position:0% +say a little bit about the plan for the + + + align:start position:0% +say a little bit about the plan for the +whole semester + + align:start position:0% +whole semester + + + align:start position:0% +whole semester +okay so here is the plan + + align:start position:0% +okay so here is the plan + + + align:start position:0% +okay so here is the plan +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +so this is like just rephrase of the + + align:start position:0% +so this is like just rephrase of the + + + align:start position:0% +so this is like just rephrase of the +outline + + align:start position:0% +outline + + + align:start position:0% +outline +which uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so the first thing we do in chapter + + align:start position:0% +so so the first thing we do in chapter + + + align:start position:0% +so so the first thing we do in chapter +two so here is chapter one chapter two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we discussed the simplest field Theory + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +just Express this equation two okay the + + align:start position:0% +just Express this equation two okay the + + + align:start position:0% +just Express this equation two okay the +theory of Q okay 2 and the two prime + + align:start position:0% +theory of Q okay 2 and the two prime + + + align:start position:0% +theory of Q okay 2 and the two prime +yeah a a prime is is equation motion so + + align:start position:0% +yeah a a prime is is equation motion so + + + align:start position:0% +yeah a a prime is is equation motion so +so yeah we in physics we always start + + align:start position:0% +so yeah we in physics we always start + + + align:start position:0% +so yeah we in physics we always start +with a simplistic example okay we always + + align:start position:0% +with a simplistic example okay we always + + + align:start position:0% +with a simplistic example okay we always +start with simplistic example and uh and + + align:start position:0% +start with simplistic example and uh and + + + align:start position:0% +start with simplistic example and uh and +so that's the uh is the one we will + + align:start position:0% +so that's the uh is the one we will + + + align:start position:0% +so that's the uh is the one we will +start with + + align:start position:0% +start with + + + align:start position:0% +start with +so what we will see is that this + + align:start position:0% +so what we will see is that this + + + align:start position:0% +so what we will see is that this +describes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that field we describe spin is + + align:start position:0% +that field we describe spin is + + + align:start position:0% +that field we describe spin is +there's no + + align:start position:0% +there's no + + + align:start position:0% +there's no +free + + align:start position:0% +free + + + align:start position:0% +free +massive particles okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so we will see when we quantize + + align:start position:0% +okay so we will see when we quantize + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we will see when we quantize +that theory two and then we get the + + align:start position:0% +that theory two and then we get the + + + align:start position:0% +that theory two and then we get the +theory of + + align:start position:0% +theory of + + + align:start position:0% +theory of +three Methodist or three spin is massive + + align:start position:0% +three Methodist or three spin is massive + + + align:start position:0% +three Methodist or three spin is massive +particles okay + + align:start position:0% +particles okay + + + align:start position:0% +particles okay +so you say oh that's a little bit boring + + align:start position:0% +so you say oh that's a little bit boring + + + align:start position:0% +so you say oh that's a little bit boring +because in this series three the + + align:start position:0% +because in this series three the + + + align:start position:0% +because in this series three the +particle by three means they don't + + align:start position:0% +particle by three means they don't + + + align:start position:0% +particle by three means they don't +intact okay the particle they just don't + + align:start position:0% +intact okay the particle they just don't + + + align:start position:0% +intact okay the particle they just don't +intact + + align:start position:0% +intact + + + align:start position:0% +intact +and then in chapter 3 we will add + + align:start position:0% +and then in chapter 3 we will add + + + align:start position:0% +and then in chapter 3 we will add +interactions we will describe + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how to + + align:start position:0% +how to + + + align:start position:0% +how to +treat + + align:start position:0% +treat + + + align:start position:0% +treat +interactions okay + + align:start position:0% +interactions okay + + + align:start position:0% +interactions okay +so we will introduce interactions + + align:start position:0% +so we will introduce interactions + + + align:start position:0% +so we will introduce interactions +and tell you how to treat the + + align:start position:0% +and tell you how to treat the + + + align:start position:0% +and tell you how to treat the +interactions between those particles + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then in chapter four + + align:start position:0% +then in chapter four + + + align:start position:0% +then in chapter four +we go to the real physics + + align:start position:0% +we go to the real physics + + + align:start position:0% +we go to the real physics +so this scale of fields + + align:start position:0% +so this scale of fields + + + align:start position:0% +so this scale of fields +is also real say for example can be used + + align:start position:0% +is also real say for example can be used + + + align:start position:0% +is also real say for example can be used +to describe the Hicks + + align:start position:0% +to describe the Hicks + + + align:start position:0% +to describe the Hicks +okay but the heat exposure maybe it's a + + align:start position:0% +okay but the heat exposure maybe it's a + + + align:start position:0% +okay but the heat exposure maybe it's a +little bit far from what we uh you + + align:start position:0% +little bit far from what we uh you + + + align:start position:0% +little bit far from what we uh you +normally think about so in chapter four + + align:start position:0% +normally think about so in chapter four + + + align:start position:0% +normally think about so in chapter four +we will go to something which is much + + align:start position:0% +we will go to something which is much + + + align:start position:0% +we will go to something which is much +closer we'll talk about the theory of + + align:start position:0% +closer we'll talk about the theory of + + + align:start position:0% +closer we'll talk about the theory of +electron so this is called the rock + + align:start position:0% +electron so this is called the rock + + + align:start position:0% +electron so this is called the rock +theory + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this Theory describes three + + align:start position:0% +so this Theory describes three + + + align:start position:0% +so this Theory describes three +but spin half + + align:start position:0% +but spin half + + + align:start position:0% +but spin half +particles okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is a theory of electrons + + align:start position:0% +so this is a theory of electrons + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a theory of electrons +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +when we like these interactions okay so + + align:start position:0% +when we like these interactions okay so + + + align:start position:0% +when we like these interactions okay so +this is the three spring hard particles + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we move on to the maximals here + + align:start position:0% +we move on to the maximals here + + + align:start position:0% +we move on to the maximals here +Maxwell's Theory + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is the theory of the quantum + + align:start position:0% +so this is the theory of the quantum + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the theory of the quantum +electric and magnetic field okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we quantize the Maxwell Theory + + align:start position:0% +so we quantize the Maxwell Theory + + + align:start position:0% +so we quantize the Maxwell Theory +say without Source the vacuum box real + + align:start position:0% +say without Source the vacuum box real + + + align:start position:0% +say without Source the vacuum box real +Siri and you find you get free again + + align:start position:0% +Siri and you find you get free again + + + align:start position:0% +Siri and you find you get free again +there's no interaction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +particle + + align:start position:0% +particle + + + align:start position:0% +particle +you get a series of + + align:start position:0% +you get a series of + + + align:start position:0% +you get a series of +massive spring one particle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is what we call the photon + + align:start position:0% +so this is what we call the photon + + + align:start position:0% +so this is what we call the photon +okay so this is the Quantum for + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is the Quantum for + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is the Quantum for +electromagnetic field + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic field + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic field +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and then first and then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry did I so this should be chapter + + align:start position:0% +sorry did I so this should be chapter + + + align:start position:0% +sorry did I so this should be chapter +five now I think I lost my account + + align:start position:0% +five now I think I lost my account + + + align:start position:0% +five now I think I lost my account +so now go to chapter six + + align:start position:0% +so now go to chapter six + + + align:start position:0% +so now go to chapter six +we combine the four and five together + + align:start position:0% +we combine the four and five together + + + align:start position:0% +we combine the four and five together +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +combine + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +electrons + + align:start position:0% +electrons + + + align:start position:0% +electrons +so Photon normally we if we don't + + align:start position:0% +so Photon normally we if we don't + + + align:start position:0% +so Photon normally we if we don't +developed by gamma + + align:start position:0% +developed by gamma + + + align:start position:0% +developed by gamma +combine the theory of electron and the + + align:start position:0% +combine the theory of electron and the + + + align:start position:0% +combine the theory of electron and the +photon together + + align:start position:0% +photon together + + + align:start position:0% +photon together +and then plus interactions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +between them + + align:start position:0% +between them + + + align:start position:0% +between them +and then we get the so-called + + align:start position:0% +and then we get the so-called + + + align:start position:0% +and then we get the so-called +quantum electrodynamics + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is called QED + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so QD is very general essentially covers + + align:start position:0% +so QD is very general essentially covers + + + align:start position:0% +so QD is very general essentially covers +all the quantum phenomena uh yeah a + + align:start position:0% +all the quantum phenomena uh yeah a + + + align:start position:0% +all the quantum phenomena uh yeah a +microscopic phenomena up to say big + + align:start position:0% +microscopic phenomena up to say big + + + align:start position:0% +microscopic phenomena up to say big +interactions and strong interactions if + + align:start position:0% +interactions and strong interactions if + + + align:start position:0% +interactions and strong interactions if +you could don't go inside the nucleus + + align:start position:0% +you could don't go inside the nucleus + + + align:start position:0% +you could don't go inside the nucleus +and uh uh or don't go to a very high + + align:start position:0% +and uh uh or don't go to a very high + + + align:start position:0% +and uh uh or don't go to a very high +energy and think that's covers + + align:start position:0% +energy and think that's covers + + + align:start position:0% +energy and think that's covers +essentially most of the physics + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yeah and and then the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +end of this our our course + + align:start position:0% +end of this our our course + + + align:start position:0% +end of this our our course +so do you have any questions on this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so this is a road map yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good other questions + + align:start position:0% +good other questions + + + align:start position:0% +good other questions +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah it's also Mercedes spin one but + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's also Mercedes spin one but + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's also Mercedes spin one but +actually the interact with themselves + + align:start position:0% +actually the interact with themselves + + + align:start position:0% +actually the interact with themselves +and so good one is different so so glue + + align:start position:0% +and so good one is different so so glue + + + align:start position:0% +and so good one is different so so glue +on to describe gluons you have to wait + + align:start position:0% +on to describe gluons you have to wait + + + align:start position:0% +on to describe gluons you have to wait +for Quantum field City too + + align:start position:0% +for Quantum field City too + + + align:start position:0% +for Quantum field City too +and uh so so the thing about the photon + + align:start position:0% +and uh so so the thing about the photon + + + align:start position:0% +and uh so so the thing about the photon +is that the photons don't interact with + + align:start position:0% +is that the photons don't interact with + + + align:start position:0% +is that the photons don't interact with +itself but the gluons interact with + + align:start position:0% +itself but the gluons interact with + + + align:start position:0% +itself but the gluons interact with +itself okay yeah so so essentially we + + align:start position:0% +itself okay yeah so so essentially we + + + align:start position:0% +itself okay yeah so so essentially we +treat everything + + align:start position:0% +treat everything + + + align:start position:0% +treat everything +except gloves yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +other questions + + align:start position:0% +other questions + + + align:start position:0% +other questions +other questions + + align:start position:0% +other questions + + + align:start position:0% +other questions +okay good + + align:start position:0% +okay good + + + align:start position:0% +okay good +so now we can just move to chapter two + + align:start position:0% +so now we can just move to chapter two + + + align:start position:0% +so now we can just move to chapter two +now we are talking about this series + + align:start position:0% +now we are talking about this series + + + align:start position:0% +now we are talking about this series +okay so so actually I should not erase + + align:start position:0% +okay so so actually I should not erase + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so actually I should not erase +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +so now we talk about this here + + align:start position:0% +so now we talk about this here + + + align:start position:0% +so now we talk about this here +so because because this series describes + + align:start position:0% +so because because this series describes + + + align:start position:0% +so because because this series describes +three particles + + align:start position:0% +three particles + + + align:start position:0% +three particles +so we call it free scalar field CV + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so so so this is the + + align:start position:0% +okay so so so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so so this is the +Theory we are interested in so so now we + + align:start position:0% +Theory we are interested in so so now we + + + align:start position:0% +Theory we are interested in so so now we +will describe how to quantize this + + align:start position:0% +will describe how to quantize this + + + align:start position:0% +will describe how to quantize this +series okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good + + align:start position:0% +good + + + align:start position:0% +good +so so first + + align:start position:0% +so so first + + + align:start position:0% +so so first +we will quickly + + align:start position:0% +we will quickly + + + align:start position:0% +we will quickly +go through + + align:start position:0% +go through + + + align:start position:0% +go through +the the quantitation of harmonic + + align:start position:0% +the the quantitation of harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +the the quantitation of harmonic +oscillator + + align:start position:0% +oscillator + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator +which you should already have done in + + align:start position:0% +which you should already have done in + + + align:start position:0% +which you should already have done in +your in your preset and so uh so we can + + align:start position:0% +your in your preset and so uh so we can + + + align:start position:0% +your in your preset and so uh so we can +do it relatively fast + + align:start position:0% +do it relatively fast + + + align:start position:0% +do it relatively fast +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the organization + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of pythonic oscillator + + align:start position:0% +of pythonic oscillator + + + align:start position:0% +of pythonic oscillator +in the Heisenberg picture + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we will see that once we understand + + align:start position:0% +so we will see that once we understand + + + align:start position:0% +so we will see that once we understand +this example + + align:start position:0% +this example + + + align:start position:0% +this example +in the right way + + align:start position:0% +in the right way + + + align:start position:0% +in the right way +and then contacting this field Theory + + align:start position:0% +and then contacting this field Theory + + + align:start position:0% +and then contacting this field Theory +becomes trivial + + align:start position:0% +becomes trivial + + + align:start position:0% +becomes trivial +okay and the quantize in this field + + align:start position:0% +okay and the quantize in this field + + + align:start position:0% +okay and the quantize in this field +series become trigger + + align:start position:0% +series become trigger + + + align:start position:0% +series become trigger +okay so so let's start with a harmonic + + align:start position:0% +okay so so let's start with a harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so let's start with a harmonic +oscillator + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for Simplicity I take the mass to be one + + align:start position:0% +for Simplicity I take the mass to be one + + + align:start position:0% +for Simplicity I take the mass to be one +and take the frequency to be y okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yeah let me put the frequency here + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah let me put the frequency here + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah let me put the frequency here +it won't fit + + align:start position:0% +it won't fit + + + align:start position:0% +it won't fit +okay let's take the mass TDY y okay + + align:start position:0% +okay let's take the mass TDY y okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay let's take the mass TDY y okay +and so so for this series so so this is + + align:start position:0% +and so so for this series so so this is + + + align:start position:0% +and so so for this series so so this is +a simple harmonic oscillator which you + + align:start position:0% +a simple harmonic oscillator which you + + + align:start position:0% +a simple harmonic oscillator which you +have seen it + + align:start position:0% +have seen it + + + align:start position:0% +have seen it +uh uh uh maybe for the most of your + + align:start position:0% +uh uh uh maybe for the most of your + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh uh maybe for the most of your +intellectual life + + align:start position:0% +intellectual life + + + align:start position:0% +intellectual life +and the P will be x dot it's a momentum + + align:start position:0% +and the P will be x dot it's a momentum + + + align:start position:0% +and the P will be x dot it's a momentum +the conjugate momentum is x dot and so + + align:start position:0% +the conjugate momentum is x dot and so + + + align:start position:0% +the conjugate momentum is x dot and so +the hamiltonian is the P-Square divided + + align:start position:0% +the hamiltonian is the P-Square divided + + + align:start position:0% +the hamiltonian is the P-Square divided +by two + + align:start position:0% +by two + + + align:start position:0% +by two +of one half Omega Square x squared okay + + align:start position:0% +of one half Omega Square x squared okay + + + align:start position:0% +of one half Omega Square x squared okay +an equation motion + + align:start position:0% +an equation motion + + + align:start position:0% +an equation motion +is X dots double dot equal to x three x + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +so let's first look at this Theory uh + + align:start position:0% +so let's first look at this Theory uh + + + align:start position:0% +so let's first look at this Theory uh +look at harmonic considered as a + + align:start position:0% +look at harmonic considered as a + + + align:start position:0% +look at harmonic considered as a +classical Theory + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so for classical Theory + + align:start position:0% +so for classical Theory + + + align:start position:0% +so for classical Theory +we know how to solve this equation we + + align:start position:0% +we know how to solve this equation we + + + align:start position:0% +we know how to solve this equation we +just need to solve this equation + + align:start position:0% +just need to solve this equation + + + align:start position:0% +just need to solve this equation +so classical solution + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +just given by x t + + align:start position:0% +just given by x t + + + align:start position:0% +just given by x t +equal to a + + align:start position:0% +equal to a + + + align:start position:0% +equal to a +cosine Omega t + + align:start position:0% +cosine Omega t + + + align:start position:0% +cosine Omega t +plus b sine of Omega t + + align:start position:0% +plus b sine of Omega t + + + align:start position:0% +plus b sine of Omega t +and a and a and b just some integration + + align:start position:0% +and a and a and b just some integration + + + align:start position:0% +and a and a and b just some integration +constant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and for convenience I can also write it + + align:start position:0% +and for convenience I can also write it + + + align:start position:0% +and for convenience I can also write it +in the complex form + + align:start position:0% +in the complex form + + + align:start position:0% +in the complex form +bracket as following + + align:start position:0% +bracket as following + + + align:start position:0% +bracket as following +equal to a + + align:start position:0% +equal to a + + + align:start position:0% +equal to a +expansion minus sign Omega t + + align:start position:0% +expansion minus sign Omega t + + + align:start position:0% +expansion minus sign Omega t +plus a star + + align:start position:0% +plus a star + + + align:start position:0% +plus a star +expression I Omega T and A is some + + align:start position:0% +expression I Omega T and A is some + + + align:start position:0% +expression I Omega T and A is some +complex constant + + align:start position:0% +complex constant + + + align:start position:0% +complex constant +and again it's a integration constant I + + align:start position:0% +and again it's a integration constant I + + + align:start position:0% +and again it's a integration constant I +just rewrite the integration constant + + align:start position:0% +just rewrite the integration constant + + + align:start position:0% +just rewrite the integration constant +slightly differently + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +now these are just integration constants + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so now + + align:start position:0% +so now + + + align:start position:0% +so now +yeah so this is a complete solution of + + align:start position:0% +yeah so this is a complete solution of + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so this is a complete solution of +the problem + + align:start position:0% +the problem + + + align:start position:0% +the problem +so now let's go to Quantum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so when we go to Quantum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then then we replace + + align:start position:0% +and then then we replace + + + align:start position:0% +and then then we replace +then this classical dynamical variable + + align:start position:0% +then this classical dynamical variable + + + align:start position:0% +then this classical dynamical variable +then become + + align:start position:0% +then become + + + align:start position:0% +then become +the the Heisenberg operator + + align:start position:0% +the the Heisenberg operator + + + align:start position:0% +the the Heisenberg operator +becomes the quantum operator in + + align:start position:0% +becomes the quantum operator in + + + align:start position:0% +becomes the quantum operator in +particular in the in the Heisenberg + + align:start position:0% +particular in the in the Heisenberg + + + align:start position:0% +particular in the in the Heisenberg +picture and then then this operator will + + align:start position:0% +picture and then then this operator will + + + align:start position:0% +picture and then then this operator will +depend on time + + align:start position:0% +depend on time + + + align:start position:0% +depend on time +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and now this equation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +become operating equation okay so now + + align:start position:0% +become operating equation okay so now + + + align:start position:0% +become operating equation okay so now +let's + + align:start position:0% +let's + + + align:start position:0% +let's +maybe I should label my equation + + align:start position:0% +maybe I should label my equation + + + align:start position:0% +maybe I should label my equation +so now this star + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +become an operating equation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now star is the operating equation + + align:start position:0% +now star is the operating equation + + + align:start position:0% +now star is the operating equation +for X hat + + align:start position:0% +for X hat + + + align:start position:0% +for X hat +so you have exact the same equation as a + + align:start position:0% +so you have exact the same equation as a + + + align:start position:0% +so you have exact the same equation as a +classical equation but not the + + align:start position:0% +classical equation but not the + + + align:start position:0% +classical equation but not the +interpretation is different + + align:start position:0% +interpretation is different + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation is different +and now now the X hat becomes the uh + + align:start position:0% +and now now the X hat becomes the uh + + + align:start position:0% +and now now the X hat becomes the uh +another X become the operating equation + + align:start position:0% +another X become the operating equation + + + align:start position:0% +another X become the operating equation +foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so now the solution + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now let me call this star star + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this still solves that equation + + align:start position:0% +so this still solves that equation + + + align:start position:0% +so this still solves that equation +okay so this still solves that equation + + align:start position:0% +okay so this still solves that equation + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this still solves that equation +except + + align:start position:0% +except + + + align:start position:0% +except +so these are just C numbers because + + align:start position:0% +so these are just C numbers because + + + align:start position:0% +so these are just C numbers because +because this is a function of T these + + align:start position:0% +because this is a function of T these + + + align:start position:0% +because this is a function of T these +are C numbers + + align:start position:0% +are C numbers + + + align:start position:0% +are C numbers +but now X becomes the uh so now Quantum + + align:start position:0% +but now X becomes the uh so now Quantum + + + align:start position:0% +but now X becomes the uh so now Quantum +mechanically + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this becomes now become the quantum + + align:start position:0% +so this becomes now become the quantum + + + align:start position:0% +so this becomes now become the quantum +solution + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so now I've had so this still solves the + + align:start position:0% +so now I've had so this still solves the + + + align:start position:0% +so now I've had so this still solves the +equations so mechanically this becomes + + align:start position:0% +equations so mechanically this becomes + + + align:start position:0% +equations so mechanically this becomes +hat + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and so this still solves that equation + + align:start position:0% +and so this still solves that equation + + + align:start position:0% +and so this still solves that equation +but these are C numbers + + align:start position:0% +but these are C numbers + + + align:start position:0% +but these are C numbers +the left hand side is the operator + + align:start position:0% +the left hand side is the operator + + + align:start position:0% +the left hand side is the operator +and it can only be that a hat and B hat + + align:start position:0% +and it can only be that a hat and B hat + + + align:start position:0% +and it can only be that a hat and B hat +are operators and also a must be + + align:start position:0% +are operators and also a must be + + + align:start position:0% +are operators and also a must be +operators and the star will replace it + + align:start position:0% +operators and the star will replace it + + + align:start position:0% +operators and the star will replace it +by diagram + + align:start position:0% +by diagram + + + align:start position:0% +by diagram +okay so now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +say + + align:start position:0% +say + + + align:start position:0% +say +now a you just go to a hat + + align:start position:0% +now a you just go to a hat + + + align:start position:0% +now a you just go to a hat +and a star goes to a dagger it has + + align:start position:0% +and a star goes to a dagger it has + + + align:start position:0% +and a star goes to a dagger it has +dagger okay now these are + + align:start position:0% +dagger okay now these are + + + align:start position:0% +dagger okay now these are +these are integration constants for the + + align:start position:0% +these are integration constants for the + + + align:start position:0% +these are integration constants for the +operating equations + + align:start position:0% +operating equations + + + align:start position:0% +operating equations +so they are just count now they become + + align:start position:0% +so they are just count now they become + + + align:start position:0% +so they are just count now they become +constant operators + + align:start position:0% +constant operators + + + align:start position:0% +constant operators +okay so so so so so they're just + + align:start position:0% +okay so so so so so they're just + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so so so so they're just +constant + + align:start position:0% +constant + + + align:start position:0% +constant +Quantum operators + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay they're just constant operators + + align:start position:0% +okay they're just constant operators + + + align:start position:0% +okay they're just constant operators +so they are integration constants for + + align:start position:0% +so they are integration constants for + + + align:start position:0% +so they are integration constants for +your for your Quantum operating + + align:start position:0% +your for your Quantum operating + + + align:start position:0% +your for your Quantum operating +equations + + align:start position:0% +equations + + + align:start position:0% +equations +so now the solution + + align:start position:0% +so now the solution + + + align:start position:0% +so now the solution +so the as another uh uh yeah so now this + + align:start position:0% +so the as another uh uh yeah so now this + + + align:start position:0% +so the as another uh uh yeah so now this +is your Quantum solution okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is the form we will often use + + align:start position:0% +so this is the form we will often use + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the form we will often use +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +you can also use that form but the + + align:start position:0% +you can also use that form but the + + + align:start position:0% +you can also use that form but the +equivalent but this is the form we often + + align:start position:0% +equivalent but this is the form we often + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent but this is the form we often +use okay + + align:start position:0% +use okay + + + align:start position:0% +use okay +you can also from here you take the + + align:start position:0% +you can also from here you take the + + + align:start position:0% +you can also from here you take the +derivative you can find the P so again + + align:start position:0% +derivative you can find the P so again + + + align:start position:0% +derivative you can find the P so again +this is become an operating equation you + + align:start position:0% +this is become an operating equation you + + + align:start position:0% +this is become an operating equation you +take the direction of X hat X and maybe + + align:start position:0% +take the direction of X hat X and maybe + + + align:start position:0% +take the direction of X hat X and maybe +you find P Etc + + align:start position:0% +you find P Etc + + + align:start position:0% +you find P Etc +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so you + + align:start position:0% +yeah so you + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so you +the P hats t + + align:start position:0% +the P hats t + + + align:start position:0% +the P hats t +just take a derivative + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and then you can just + + align:start position:0% +okay and then you can just + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then you can just +walk it out it's very easy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so now + + align:start position:0% +so now + + + align:start position:0% +so now +so this equation just + + align:start position:0% +so this equation just + + + align:start position:0% +so this equation just +so we already solved the quantum Tobin + + align:start position:0% +so we already solved the quantum Tobin + + + align:start position:0% +so we already solved the quantum Tobin +okay so so because we find the full + + align:start position:0% +okay so so because we find the full + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so because we find the full +evolution full solution to the quantum + + align:start position:0% +evolution full solution to the quantum + + + align:start position:0% +evolution full solution to the quantum +operator equation + + align:start position:0% +operator equation + + + align:start position:0% +operator equation +except that we still leads to + + align:start position:0% +except that we still leads to + + + align:start position:0% +except that we still leads to +impose the canonical condition + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is just equal to I + + align:start position:0% +so this is just equal to I + + + align:start position:0% +so this is just equal to I +okay so so the standard so if you plug + + align:start position:0% +okay so so the standard so if you plug + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so the standard so if you plug +in the expression for x + + align:start position:0% +in the expression for x + + + align:start position:0% +in the expression for x +and the T and the P into here + + align:start position:0% +and the T and the P into here + + + align:start position:0% +and the T and the P into here +and then you find + + align:start position:0% +and then you find + + + align:start position:0% +and then you find +that a and a dagger + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +accommodate is equal to one okay so this + + align:start position:0% +accommodate is equal to one okay so this + + + align:start position:0% +accommodate is equal to one okay so this +is your familiar + + align:start position:0% +is your familiar + + + align:start position:0% +is your familiar +a creation Annihilation operator for for + + align:start position:0% +a creation Annihilation operator for for + + + align:start position:0% +a creation Annihilation operator for for +harmonic oscillator + + align:start position:0% +harmonic oscillator + + + align:start position:0% +harmonic oscillator +okay for harmonic oscillator + + align:start position:0% +okay for harmonic oscillator + + + align:start position:0% +okay for harmonic oscillator +and uh + + align:start position:0% +and uh + + + align:start position:0% +and uh +and now we can also use the a to build + + align:start position:0% +and now we can also use the a to build + + + align:start position:0% +and now we can also use the a to build +the Hilbert space so because a are the + + align:start position:0% +the Hilbert space so because a are the + + + align:start position:0% +the Hilbert space so because a are the +yeah because all you operate now + + align:start position:0% +yeah because all you operate now + + + align:start position:0% +yeah because all you operate now +or because X and the T + + align:start position:0% +or because X and the T + + + align:start position:0% +or because X and the T +X and P are expressed in terms of a and + + align:start position:0% +X and P are expressed in terms of a and + + + align:start position:0% +X and P are expressed in terms of a and +a dagger so essentially any operator of + + align:start position:0% +a dagger so essentially any operator of + + + align:start position:0% +a dagger so essentially any operator of +this Theory can all be expressed in + + align:start position:0% +this Theory can all be expressed in + + + align:start position:0% +this Theory can all be expressed in +terms of being a diagram okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then you can just use a and a gagger + + align:start position:0% +and then you can just use a and a gagger + + + align:start position:0% +and then you can just use a and a gagger +because A and negative essentially they + + align:start position:0% +because A and negative essentially they + + + align:start position:0% +because A and negative essentially they +they are fundamental building block of + + align:start position:0% +they are fundamental building block of + + + align:start position:0% +they are fundamental building block of +your full quantum theory and then we can + + align:start position:0% +your full quantum theory and then we can + + + align:start position:0% +your full quantum theory and then we can +also use that to build the helper space + + align:start position:0% +also use that to build the helper space + + + align:start position:0% +also use that to build the helper space +so the healable space + + align:start position:0% +so the healable space + + + align:start position:0% +so the healable space +is defined by the lowest state is + + align:start position:0% +is defined by the lowest state is + + + align:start position:0% +is defined by the lowest state is +evaluated by a + + align:start position:0% +evaluated by a + + + align:start position:0% +evaluated by a +and then and then the in the higher + + align:start position:0% +and then and then the in the higher + + + align:start position:0% +and then and then the in the higher +state + + align:start position:0% +state + + + align:start position:0% +state +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +obtained by acting a dagger + + align:start position:0% +obtained by acting a dagger + + + align:start position:0% +obtained by acting a dagger +on the on the on the ground state okay + + align:start position:0% +on the on the on the ground state okay + + + align:start position:0% +on the on the on the ground state okay +so so so this is your full series okay + + align:start position:0% +so so so this is your full series okay + + + align:start position:0% +so so so this is your full series okay +so this is your 4C + + align:start position:0% +so this is your 4C + + + align:start position:0% +so this is your 4C +and so now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh you can compute anything in this + + align:start position:0% +uh you can compute anything in this + + + align:start position:0% +uh you can compute anything in this +series just miss those knowledge okay + + align:start position:0% +series just miss those knowledge okay + + + align:start position:0% +series just miss those knowledge okay +just with lots of knowledge + + align:start position:0% +just with lots of knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +just with lots of knowledge +so any questions on this regarding the + + align:start position:0% +so any questions on this regarding the + + + align:start position:0% +so any questions on this regarding the +harmonic oscillator + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so so let me just summarize + + align:start position:0% +so so so let me just summarize + + + align:start position:0% +so so so let me just summarize +so this is maybe very familiar + + align:start position:0% +so this is maybe very familiar + + + align:start position:0% +so this is maybe very familiar +but let's summarize the rule we have + + align:start position:0% +but let's summarize the rule we have + + + align:start position:0% +but let's summarize the rule we have +been using Okay summarize the steps + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in context the harmonic oscillator + + align:start position:0% +in context the harmonic oscillator + + + align:start position:0% +in context the harmonic oscillator +and then the and then the same steps can + + align:start position:0% +and then the and then the same steps can + + + align:start position:0% +and then the and then the same steps can +be used to quantize the the field series + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +steps + + align:start position:0% +steps + + + align:start position:0% +steps +of quantization + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we make it a general + + align:start position:0% +so we make it a general + + + align:start position:0% +so we make it a general +so first + + align:start position:0% +so first + + + align:start position:0% +so first +so the zero step is that the classical + + align:start position:0% +so the zero step is that the classical + + + align:start position:0% +so the zero step is that the classical +equation motion the quantum quantum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +operator equation + + align:start position:0% +operator equation + + + align:start position:0% +operator equation +okay then the first step + + align:start position:0% +okay then the first step + + + align:start position:0% +okay then the first step +is to find the most General solution + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +find the most General solution to + + align:start position:0% +find the most General solution to + + + align:start position:0% +find the most General solution to +classical equation motion + + align:start position:0% +classical equation motion + + + align:start position:0% +classical equation motion +yeah just to equation motion + + align:start position:0% +yeah just to equation motion + + + align:start position:0% +yeah just to equation motion +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +when you've got the quantum + + align:start position:0% +when you've got the quantum + + + align:start position:0% +when you've got the quantum +and then you just promote + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the integration constants + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in your classical solution in one + + align:start position:0% +in your classical solution in one + + + align:start position:0% +in your classical solution in one +in the step one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +constant operators + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constant Quantum operators okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this gives the uh then then you have + + align:start position:0% +so this gives the uh then then you have + + + align:start position:0% +so this gives the uh then then you have +the full-time evolution + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +at the quantum level okay okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now you know the how the quantum + + align:start position:0% +now you know the how the quantum + + + align:start position:0% +now you know the how the quantum +operator evolves + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you impose + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +canonical condition + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +s + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so that will tell you + + align:start position:0% +okay so that will tell you + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that will tell you +the commentators between those + + align:start position:0% +the commentators between those + + + align:start position:0% +the commentators between those +integration constant operators okay + + align:start position:0% +integration constant operators okay + + + align:start position:0% +integration constant operators okay +just as we do here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then + + align:start position:0% +and then + + + align:start position:0% +and then +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constant operators + + align:start position:0% +constant operators + + + align:start position:0% +constant operators +in queue + + align:start position:0% +in queue + + + align:start position:0% +in queue +now now you know also load the + + align:start position:0% +now now you know also load the + + + align:start position:0% +now now you know also load the +commutation relation between them among + + align:start position:0% +commutation relation between them among + + + align:start position:0% +commutation relation between them among +them and then now can be used to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +generate the healable space + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so this step and one two four are very + + align:start position:0% +so this step and one two four are very + + + align:start position:0% +so this step and one two four are very +general + + align:start position:0% +general + + + align:start position:0% +general +and if you can do it + + align:start position:0% +and if you can do it + + + align:start position:0% +and if you can do it +and then you can then you can + + align:start position:0% +and then you can then you can + + + align:start position:0% +and then you can then you can +essentially uh do it applied to gen any + + align:start position:0% +essentially uh do it applied to gen any + + + align:start position:0% +essentially uh do it applied to gen any +system + + align:start position:0% +system + + + align:start position:0% +system +say one degree harmonic acid is one + + align:start position:0% +say one degree harmonic acid is one + + + align:start position:0% +say one degree harmonic acid is one +degrees three then you can apply it two + + align:start position:0% +degrees three then you can apply it two + + + align:start position:0% +degrees three then you can apply it two +degrees three degrees freedom and also + + align:start position:0% +degrees three degrees freedom and also + + + align:start position:0% +degrees three degrees freedom and also +to field series with infinite number + + align:start position:0% +to field series with infinite number + + + align:start position:0% +to field series with infinite number +equals freedom + + align:start position:0% +equals freedom + + + align:start position:0% +equals freedom +okay and now we will apply these two + + align:start position:0% +okay and now we will apply these two + + + align:start position:0% +okay and now we will apply these two +field series yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh for this procedure you cannot + + align:start position:0% +uh for this procedure you cannot + + + align:start position:0% +uh for this procedure you cannot +but but uh but you can get the finite uh + + align:start position:0% +but but uh but you can get the finite uh + + + align:start position:0% +but but uh but you can get the finite uh +Dimension yeah + + align:start position:0% +Dimension yeah + + + align:start position:0% +Dimension yeah +because the finite here will space don't + + align:start position:0% +because the finite here will space don't + + + align:start position:0% +because the finite here will space don't +have the classical analog so here we + + align:start position:0% +have the classical analog so here we + + + align:start position:0% +have the classical analog so here we +start with the classical system and then + + align:start position:0% +start with the classical system and then + + + align:start position:0% +start with the classical system and then +we contact it and there's a the the the + + align:start position:0% +we contact it and there's a the the the + + + align:start position:0% +we contact it and there's a the the the +the quantum system with a finite + + align:start position:0% +the quantum system with a finite + + + align:start position:0% +the quantum system with a finite +Dimension healable space they + + align:start position:0% +Dimension healable space they + + + align:start position:0% +Dimension healable space they +essentially intrinsically quantum and uh + + align:start position:0% +essentially intrinsically quantum and uh + + + align:start position:0% +essentially intrinsically quantum and uh +yeah and like spin spin is an intrinsic + + align:start position:0% +yeah and like spin spin is an intrinsic + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and like spin spin is an intrinsic +Quantum scene yeah + + align:start position:0% +Quantum scene yeah + + + align:start position:0% +Quantum scene yeah +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yeah yeah it's just because they + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah yeah it's just because they + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah yeah it's just because they +don't have yeah yeah the reason is they + + align:start position:0% +don't have yeah yeah the reason is they + + + align:start position:0% +don't have yeah yeah the reason is they +don't have classical counterpart yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes um is it always true + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah because because if you think about + + align:start position:0% +yeah because because if you think about + + + align:start position:0% +yeah because because if you think about +this way yeah that's a very good + + align:start position:0% +this way yeah that's a very good + + + align:start position:0% +this way yeah that's a very good +question because + + align:start position:0% +question because + + + align:start position:0% +question because +because let's just look at this harmonic + + align:start position:0% +because let's just look at this harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +because let's just look at this harmonic +oscillator and then you can try to think + + align:start position:0% +oscillator and then you can try to think + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator and then you can try to think +generalize it + + align:start position:0% +generalize it + + + align:start position:0% +generalize it +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +they are integrating constant of the X + + align:start position:0% +they are integrating constant of the X + + + align:start position:0% +they are integrating constant of the X +and the p + + align:start position:0% +and the p + + + align:start position:0% +and the p +that any operator in your theory can all + + align:start position:0% +that any operator in your theory can all + + + align:start position:0% +that any operator in your theory can all +be expressed in terms of a and a dagger + + align:start position:0% +be expressed in terms of a and a dagger + + + align:start position:0% +be expressed in terms of a and a dagger +and then and then you'll hear the space + + align:start position:0% +and then and then you'll hear the space + + + align:start position:0% +and then and then you'll hear the space +must begin you must be able to generate + + align:start position:0% +must begin you must be able to generate + + + align:start position:0% +must begin you must be able to generate +the herbal space using them yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% +the herbal space using them yeah yeah + + + align:start position:0% +the herbal space using them yeah yeah +because they are the building product of + + align:start position:0% +because they are the building product of + + + align:start position:0% +because they are the building product of +your of your whole operators yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yeah the working State here is + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah the working State here is + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah the working State here is +based on uh it's come from the uh uh uh + + align:start position:0% +based on uh it's come from the uh uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +based on uh it's come from the uh uh uh +uh from the energy right so so once we + + align:start position:0% +uh from the energy right so so once we + + + align:start position:0% +uh from the energy right so so once we +solve x and P + + align:start position:0% +solve x and P + + + align:start position:0% +solve x and P +and then you can write to the + + align:start position:0% +and then you can write to the + + + align:start position:0% +and then you can write to the +hamiltonian in terms of X and P and then + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian in terms of X and P and then + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian in terms of X and P and then +you just look for the lowest energy + + align:start position:0% +you just look for the lowest energy + + + align:start position:0% +you just look for the lowest energy +State and then you find the lowest + + align:start position:0% +State and then you find the lowest + + + align:start position:0% +State and then you find the lowest +energy State just satisfy this equation + + align:start position:0% +energy State just satisfy this equation + + + align:start position:0% +energy State just satisfy this equation +yeah and then from there you can find + + align:start position:0% +yeah and then from there you can find + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and then from there you can find +other states + + align:start position:0% +other states + + + align:start position:0% +other states +yeah the same thing we are going to yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah the same thing we are going to yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah the same thing we are going to yeah +the same strategy we are going to use + + align:start position:0% +the same strategy we are going to use + + + align:start position:0% +the same strategy we are going to use +for the uh of a Quantum velocity + + align:start position:0% +for the uh of a Quantum velocity + + + align:start position:0% +for the uh of a Quantum velocity +okay good + + align:start position:0% +okay good + + + align:start position:0% +okay good +okay good so so now become a mechanical + + align:start position:0% +okay good so so now become a mechanical + + + align:start position:0% +okay good so so now become a mechanical +we can just uh apply this to to this + + align:start position:0% +we can just uh apply this to to this + + + align:start position:0% +we can just uh apply this to to this +Theory + + align:start position:0% +Theory + + + align:start position:0% +Theory +okay we can just apply these two three + + align:start position:0% +okay we can just apply these two three + + + align:start position:0% +okay we can just apply these two three +Theory and now let me add here so here + + align:start position:0% +Theory and now let me add here so here + + + align:start position:0% +Theory and now let me add here so here +the canonical momentum density conjugate + + align:start position:0% +the canonical momentum density conjugate + + + align:start position:0% +the canonical momentum density conjugate +to Phi is called the pi before it's just + + align:start position:0% +to Phi is called the pi before it's just + + + align:start position:0% +to Phi is called the pi before it's just +the atom derivative of Phi + + align:start position:0% +the atom derivative of Phi + + + align:start position:0% +the atom derivative of Phi +and the hamiltonian density you can find + + align:start position:0% +and the hamiltonian density you can find + + + align:start position:0% +and the hamiltonian density you can find +it explicitly + + align:start position:0% +it explicitly + + + align:start position:0% +it explicitly +is pi square plus + + align:start position:0% +is pi square plus + + + align:start position:0% +is pi square plus +one half + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and then this is a classical equation + + align:start position:0% +and then this is a classical equation + + + align:start position:0% +and then this is a classical equation +motion okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now let's just solve this classical + + align:start position:0% +now let's just solve this classical + + + align:start position:0% +now let's just solve this classical +equation motion + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this equation can be + + align:start position:0% +so this equation can be + + + align:start position:0% +so this equation can be +so this equation is easy to solve + + align:start position:0% +so this equation is easy to solve + + + align:start position:0% +so this equation is easy to solve +because the because the translation + + align:start position:0% +because the because the translation + + + align:start position:0% +because the because the translation +symmetry + + align:start position:0% +symmetry + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry +okay you can just do a free transform + + align:start position:0% +okay you can just do a free transform + + + align:start position:0% +okay you can just do a free transform +okay so we can fully transform + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so now let's do the um + + align:start position:0% +so so now let's do the um + + + align:start position:0% +so so now let's do the um +you can freely transform + + align:start position:0% +you can freely transform + + + align:start position:0% +you can freely transform +so 2 Prime + + align:start position:0% +so 2 Prime + + + align:start position:0% +so 2 Prime +to be solved + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so we can just write 5X + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equal to expenditure + + align:start position:0% +equal to expenditure + + + align:start position:0% +equal to expenditure +minus IET + + align:start position:0% +minus IET + + + align:start position:0% +minus IET +plus I + + align:start position:0% +plus I + + + align:start position:0% +plus I +K dot X + + align:start position:0% +K dot X + + + align:start position:0% +K dot X +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so and then you you can see that + + align:start position:0% +okay so and then you you can see that + + + align:start position:0% +okay so and then you you can see that +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +just solves the + + align:start position:0% +just solves the + + + align:start position:0% +just solves the +so this is provide + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a basis + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of solutions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +22 prime okay + + align:start position:0% +22 prime okay + + + align:start position:0% +22 prime okay +it's just a plain wave okay just plain + + align:start position:0% +it's just a plain wave okay just plain + + + align:start position:0% +it's just a plain wave okay just plain +weight + + align:start position:0% +weight + + + align:start position:0% +weight +oh + + align:start position:0% +oh + + + align:start position:0% +oh +so now we plug this into there + + align:start position:0% +so now we plug this into there + + + align:start position:0% +so now we plug this into there +then you just get the dispersion + + align:start position:0% +then you just get the dispersion + + + align:start position:0% +then you just get the dispersion +relation + + align:start position:0% +relation + + + align:start position:0% +relation +e Square + + align:start position:0% +e Square + + + align:start position:0% +e Square +should be M squared plus K Square + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so so we'll delote this as + + align:start position:0% +okay so so we'll delote this as + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so we'll delote this as +Omega K Square + + align:start position:0% +Omega K Square + + + align:start position:0% +Omega K Square +so Omega k + + align:start position:0% +so Omega k + + + align:start position:0% +so Omega k +defines to be + + align:start position:0% +defines to be + + + align:start position:0% +defines to be +just the K Square + + align:start position:0% +just the K Square + + + align:start position:0% +just the K Square +plus M squared + + align:start position:0% +plus M squared + + + align:start position:0% +plus M squared +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so ee when you take the square root of e + + align:start position:0% +so ee when you take the square root of e + + + align:start position:0% +so ee when you take the square root of e +so you can take a plus minus Omega k + + align:start position:0% +so you can take a plus minus Omega k + + + align:start position:0% +so you can take a plus minus Omega k +okay can be plus minus Omega K so we + + align:start position:0% +okay can be plus minus Omega K so we + + + align:start position:0% +okay can be plus minus Omega K so we +normally call the solution + + align:start position:0% +normally call the solution + + + align:start position:0% +normally call the solution +we normally separate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so for historical reasons okay + + align:start position:0% +so for historical reasons okay + + + align:start position:0% +so for historical reasons okay +we normally quote + + align:start position:0% +we normally quote + + + align:start position:0% +we normally quote +Define UK + + align:start position:0% +Define UK + + + align:start position:0% +Define UK +X to be + + align:start position:0% +X to be + + + align:start position:0% +X to be +experiential matters I Omega k + + align:start position:0% +experiential matters I Omega k + + + align:start position:0% +experiential matters I Omega k +t + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X so okay now we have inserted the + + align:start position:0% +X so okay now we have inserted the + + + align:start position:0% +X so okay now we have inserted the +positive root of E + + align:start position:0% +positive root of E + + + align:start position:0% +positive root of E +so this is normally called the positive + + align:start position:0% +so this is normally called the positive + + + align:start position:0% +so this is normally called the positive +Energy Solution + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +even though this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +even though this name is Elizabeth + + align:start position:0% +even though this name is Elizabeth + + + align:start position:0% +even though this name is Elizabeth +misleading okay so so uh actually this + + align:start position:0% +misleading okay so so uh actually this + + + align:start position:0% +misleading okay so so uh actually this +we don't Define the energy actually uh + + align:start position:0% +we don't Define the energy actually uh + + + align:start position:0% +we don't Define the energy actually uh +yeah later we will see this is not + + align:start position:0% +yeah later we will see this is not + + + align:start position:0% +yeah later we will see this is not +really the energy of a particle and so + + align:start position:0% +really the energy of a particle and so + + + align:start position:0% +really the energy of a particle and so +so this is just a traditional name okay + + align:start position:0% +so this is just a traditional name okay + + + align:start position:0% +so this is just a traditional name okay +this is just a traditional name + + align:start position:0% +this is just a traditional name + + + align:start position:0% +this is just a traditional name +conventional name + + align:start position:0% +conventional name + + + align:start position:0% +conventional name +and then you can Define the compressed + + align:start position:0% +and then you can Define the compressed + + + align:start position:0% +and then you can Define the compressed +conjugate of K + + align:start position:0% +conjugate of K + + + align:start position:0% +conjugate of K +now you have + + align:start position:0% +now you have + + + align:start position:0% +now you have +then corresponding to you have + + align:start position:0% +then corresponding to you have + + + align:start position:0% +then corresponding to you have +minus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Omega K in there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we + + align:start position:0% +so we + + + align:start position:0% +so we +yeah we take this conjugate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so this is called the reactive + + align:start position:0% +and so this is called the reactive + + + align:start position:0% +and so this is called the reactive +Energy Solution + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so all together + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +therefore the former company side of + + align:start position:0% +therefore the former company side of + + + align:start position:0% +therefore the former company side of +solutions okay so complete side of + + align:start position:0% +solutions okay so complete side of + + + align:start position:0% +solutions okay so complete side of +solutions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +complete the basis the complete side of + + align:start position:0% +complete the basis the complete side of + + + align:start position:0% +complete the basis the complete side of +yeah complete + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +phases + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is formed by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +UK + + align:start position:0% +UK + + + align:start position:0% +UK +and the UK UK star + + align:start position:0% +and the UK UK star + + + align:start position:0% +and the UK UK star +for okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so these are the uh when you these are + + align:start position:0% +so these are the uh when you these are + + + align:start position:0% +so these are the uh when you these are +the complete set of solutions to that + + align:start position:0% +the complete set of solutions to that + + + align:start position:0% +the complete set of solutions to that +wave equation okay so that's just the uh + + align:start position:0% +wave equation okay so that's just the uh + + + align:start position:0% +wave equation okay so that's just the uh +um yeah the uh + + align:start position:0% +um yeah the uh + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah the uh +any questions on this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is just like a classically this + + align:start position:0% +so this is just like a classically this + + + align:start position:0% +so this is just like a classically this +is like a wave okay just like a plane + + align:start position:0% +is like a wave okay just like a plane + + + align:start position:0% +is like a wave okay just like a plane +wave which you should also have seen in + + align:start position:0% +wave which you should also have seen in + + + align:start position:0% +wave which you should also have seen in +803 you know + + align:start position:0% +803 you know + + + align:start position:0% +803 you know +or + + align:start position:0% +or + + + align:start position:0% +or +good + + align:start position:0% +good + + + align:start position:0% +good +so now we can find that so now we can + + align:start position:0% +so now we can find that so now we can + + + align:start position:0% +so now we can find that so now we can +write down the most General + + align:start position:0% +write down the most General + + + align:start position:0% +write down the most General +so this is a basis + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so these are the counterparts of the + + align:start position:0% +so these are the counterparts of the + + + align:start position:0% +so these are the counterparts of the +exponential plus minus the Omega T here + + align:start position:0% +exponential plus minus the Omega T here + + + align:start position:0% +exponential plus minus the Omega T here +okay so now we can write down the most + + align:start position:0% +okay so now we can write down the most + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now we can write down the most +General solutions by just putting the + + align:start position:0% +General solutions by just putting the + + + align:start position:0% +General solutions by just putting the +integration constant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to the most General + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +classical Solutions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so you can just write Phi X + + align:start position:0% +so you can just write Phi X + + + align:start position:0% +so you can just write Phi X +equal to + + align:start position:0% +equal to + + + align:start position:0% +equal to +integrate of all possible value + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of K because this is for all K so we + + align:start position:0% +of K because this is for all K so we + + + align:start position:0% +of K because this is for all K so we +just sum up all of them + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and uh so we so + + align:start position:0% +and uh so we so + + + align:start position:0% +and uh so we so +so this factor is for for just for + + align:start position:0% +so this factor is for for just for + + + align:start position:0% +so this factor is for for just for +convenience okay it's just a convention + + align:start position:0% +convenience okay it's just a convention + + + align:start position:0% +convenience okay it's just a convention +you don't have to put it here it's just + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to put it here it's just + + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to put it here it's just +a convention + + align:start position:0% +a convention + + + align:start position:0% +a convention +and then and then we have + + align:start position:0% +and then and then we have + + + align:start position:0% +and then and then we have +a k + + align:start position:0% +a k + + + align:start position:0% +a k +u k + + align:start position:0% +u k + + + align:start position:0% +u k +plus a k star + + align:start position:0% +plus a k star + + + align:start position:0% +plus a k star +UK stop + + align:start position:0% +UK stop + + + align:start position:0% +UK stop +okay so this is just the most General + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is just the most General + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is just the most General +set of solutions + + align:start position:0% +set of solutions + + + align:start position:0% +set of solutions +with AK and the AK Star as integration + + align:start position:0% +with AK and the AK Star as integration + + + align:start position:0% +with AK and the AK Star as integration +constant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is a full set of the integration + + align:start position:0% +so this is a full set of the integration + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a full set of the integration +constant okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so now when you go to Quantum level + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so now we can just follow the rule + + align:start position:0% +so now we can just follow the rule + + + align:start position:0% +so now we can just follow the rule +okay we find the the most General + + align:start position:0% +okay we find the the most General + + + align:start position:0% +okay we find the the most General +classical solution + + align:start position:0% +classical solution + + + align:start position:0% +classical solution +and in the column level we just promote + + align:start position:0% +and in the column level we just promote + + + align:start position:0% +and in the column level we just promote +the distribute operator + + align:start position:0% +the distribute operator + + + align:start position:0% +the distribute operator +you just put a hat there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and change this to dagger + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so now this becomes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +your basis of quantum operators + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so these are the cons the full set of + + align:start position:0% +so these are the cons the full set of + + + align:start position:0% +so these are the cons the full set of +constant Quantum operators + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and this solves your Theory on + + align:start position:0% +and this solves your Theory on + + + align:start position:0% +and this solves your Theory on +okay so uh so this solves the the + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh so this solves the the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh so this solves the the +operator equation + + align:start position:0% +operator equation + + + align:start position:0% +operator equation +and dissolves the operating equation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so now the Legacy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is to impose the canonical + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +commutation relation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so firstly we have to uh now we have to + + align:start position:0% +so firstly we have to uh now we have to + + + align:start position:0% +so firstly we have to uh now we have to +do a little bit thinking okay + + align:start position:0% +do a little bit thinking okay + + + align:start position:0% +do a little bit thinking okay +so so far you just uh straightforward + + align:start position:0% +so so far you just uh straightforward + + + align:start position:0% +so so far you just uh straightforward +but now we have to do a little bit + + align:start position:0% +but now we have to do a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +but now we have to do a little bit +thinking + + align:start position:0% +thinking + + + align:start position:0% +thinking +so so for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for finite + + align:start position:0% +for finite + + + align:start position:0% +for finite +for harmonic oscillator or for + + align:start position:0% +for harmonic oscillator or for + + + align:start position:0% +for harmonic oscillator or for +Quantum system of a single variable + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you just have X you you just have this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you just have these and now we need to + + align:start position:0% +you just have these and now we need to + + + align:start position:0% +you just have these and now we need to +come up + + align:start position:0% +come up + + + align:start position:0% +come up +with the generalization of these two + + align:start position:0% +with the generalization of these two + + + align:start position:0% +with the generalization of these two +field Theory + + align:start position:0% +field Theory + + + align:start position:0% +field Theory +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so so we need to come up with the + + align:start position:0% +so so we need to come up with the + + + align:start position:0% +so so we need to come up with the +generation of that to field City with + + align:start position:0% +generation of that to field City with + + + align:start position:0% +generation of that to field City with +corresponding to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +by X + + align:start position:0% +by X + + + align:start position:0% +by X +so now let me + + align:start position:0% +so now let me + + + align:start position:0% +so now let me +make it the time and the special + + align:start position:0% +make it the time and the special + + + align:start position:0% +make it the time and the special +coordinate separate + + align:start position:0% +coordinate separate + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate separate +and these conjugate the momentum is Phi + + align:start position:0% +and these conjugate the momentum is Phi + + + align:start position:0% +and these conjugate the momentum is Phi +it is pi okay + + align:start position:0% +it is pi okay + + + align:start position:0% +it is pi okay +conjugate the momentum density + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we should do them at the same time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +remember + + align:start position:0% +remember + + + align:start position:0% +remember +T is the is the same Evolution operator + + align:start position:0% +T is the is the same Evolution operator + + + align:start position:0% +T is the is the same Evolution operator +so they have to be valued at the same + + align:start position:0% +so they have to be valued at the same + + + align:start position:0% +so they have to be valued at the same +time as it's a equal time a canonical of + + align:start position:0% +time as it's a equal time a canonical of + + + align:start position:0% +time as it's a equal time a canonical of +quantitative condition is always at the + + align:start position:0% +quantitative condition is always at the + + + align:start position:0% +quantitative condition is always at the +equal time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but the x is a label of operators so so + + align:start position:0% +but the x is a label of operators so so + + + align:start position:0% +but the x is a label of operators so so +actually they don't have to be the same + + align:start position:0% +actually they don't have to be the same + + + align:start position:0% +actually they don't have to be the same +okay so here can be X here can be X + + align:start position:0% +okay so here can be X here can be X + + + align:start position:0% +okay so here can be X here can be X +Prime okay so now we have to come up + + align:start position:0% +Prime okay so now we have to come up + + + align:start position:0% +Prime okay so now we have to come up +with the generation of what is this + + align:start position:0% +with the generation of what is this + + + align:start position:0% +with the generation of what is this +quantity for filter okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so now we just need to do a little + + align:start position:0% +so so now we just need to do a little + + + align:start position:0% +so so now we just need to do a little +bit guesswork okay you can easily guess + + align:start position:0% +bit guesswork okay you can easily guess + + + align:start position:0% +bit guesswork okay you can easily guess +it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so before we do that you have any + + align:start position:0% +so before we do that you have any + + + align:start position:0% +so before we do that you have any +questions on this yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yeah X is always so X is always + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah X is always so X is always + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah X is always so X is always +here it's always just the label of the + + align:start position:0% +here it's always just the label of the + + + align:start position:0% +here it's always just the label of the +spatial location right yes yeah it's a + + align:start position:0% +spatial location right yes yeah it's a + + + align:start position:0% +spatial location right yes yeah it's a +label for the yeah yeah it's your field + + align:start position:0% +label for the yeah yeah it's your field + + + align:start position:0% +label for the yeah yeah it's your field +Theory enable yes so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +operators has been constant in time is + + align:start position:0% +operators has been constant in time is + + + align:start position:0% +operators has been constant in time is +there any way that you can get them + + align:start position:0% +there any way that you can get them + + + align:start position:0% +there any way that you can get them +where it's like the evolution is more + + align:start position:0% +where it's like the evolution is more + + + align:start position:0% +where it's like the evolution is more +complex rather than just a constant + + align:start position:0% +complex rather than just a constant + + + align:start position:0% +complex rather than just a constant +operator and it + + align:start position:0% +operator and it + + + align:start position:0% +operator and it +yeah so so normally if you have second + + align:start position:0% +yeah so so normally if you have second + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so so normally if you have second +order differential equation + + align:start position:0% +order differential equation + + + align:start position:0% +order differential equation +you always have some integration + + align:start position:0% +you always have some integration + + + align:start position:0% +you always have some integration +constant yeah that's it yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +other questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +directly into the operator + + align:start position:0% +directly into the operator + + + align:start position:0% +directly into the operator +right yeah yeah so that's a very good + + align:start position:0% +right yeah yeah so that's a very good + + + align:start position:0% +right yeah yeah so that's a very good +the uh that's a very good uh + + align:start position:0% +the uh that's a very good uh + + + align:start position:0% +the uh that's a very good uh +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +questions + + align:start position:0% +questions + + + align:start position:0% +questions +so that's just extension + + align:start position:0% +so that's just extension + + + align:start position:0% +so that's just extension +of our usual procedure for the quantum + + align:start position:0% +of our usual procedure for the quantum + + + align:start position:0% +of our usual procedure for the quantum +mechanics + + align:start position:0% +mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics +so so the usual procedure when you even + + align:start position:0% +so so the usual procedure when you even + + + align:start position:0% +so so the usual procedure when you even +just for harmonic also the for single + + align:start position:0% +just for harmonic also the for single + + + align:start position:0% +just for harmonic also the for single +variable system you have this + + align:start position:0% +variable system you have this + + + align:start position:0% +variable system you have this +correspondence between the classical + + align:start position:0% +correspondence between the classical + + + align:start position:0% +correspondence between the classical +system the quantum system when you + + align:start position:0% +system the quantum system when you + + + align:start position:0% +system the quantum system when you +quantize the classical system then the + + align:start position:0% +quantize the classical system then the + + + align:start position:0% +quantize the classical system then the +classical equation working becomes a + + align:start position:0% +classical equation working becomes a + + + align:start position:0% +classical equation working becomes a +Quantum operating equation uh here we + + align:start position:0% +Quantum operating equation uh here we + + + align:start position:0% +Quantum operating equation uh here we +just use the same rule because Quantum + + align:start position:0% +just use the same rule because Quantum + + + align:start position:0% +just use the same rule because Quantum +field is just the theory of infinite + + align:start position:0% +field is just the theory of infinite + + + align:start position:0% +field is just the theory of infinite +number of degrees freedoms we are not + + align:start position:0% +number of degrees freedoms we are not + + + align:start position:0% +number of degrees freedoms we are not +changing the rule of quantum mechanics + + align:start position:0% +changing the rule of quantum mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +changing the rule of quantum mechanics +and so that's why we just again just + + align:start position:0% +and so that's why we just again just + + + align:start position:0% +and so that's why we just again just +promote the classical equation into the + + align:start position:0% +promote the classical equation into the + + + align:start position:0% +promote the classical equation into the +operating equation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +other questions + + align:start position:0% +other questions + + + align:start position:0% +other questions +yes + + align:start position:0% +yes + + + align:start position:0% +yes +one way of understanding like the + + align:start position:0% +one way of understanding like the + + + align:start position:0% +one way of understanding like the +Heisenberg equations for the + + align:start position:0% +Heisenberg equations for the + + + align:start position:0% +Heisenberg equations for the +Quantum mechanic system brackets for + + align:start position:0% +Quantum mechanic system brackets for + + + align:start position:0% +Quantum mechanic system brackets for +like the classroom is there something + + align:start position:0% +like the classroom is there something + + + align:start position:0% +like the classroom is there something +like that for field Theory as well + + align:start position:0% +like that for field Theory as well + + + align:start position:0% +like that for field Theory as well +um yeah yeah yeah there is yeah so so + + align:start position:0% +um yeah yeah yeah there is yeah so so + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah yeah yeah there is yeah so so +classically you can Define the possum + + align:start position:0% +classically you can Define the possum + + + align:start position:0% +classically you can Define the possum +bracket + + align:start position:0% +bracket + + + align:start position:0% +bracket +between the uh between the classical + + align:start position:0% +between the uh between the classical + + + align:start position:0% +between the uh between the classical +field variables and then and then + + align:start position:0% +field variables and then and then + + + align:start position:0% +field variables and then and then +Quantum mechanically just become commit + + align:start position:0% +Quantum mechanically just become commit + + + align:start position:0% +Quantum mechanically just become commit +uh uh uh quantum commutators + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yeah you can also do that that's + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah you can also do that that's + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah you can also do that that's +right yeah so so one way to come to this + + align:start position:0% +right yeah so so one way to come to this + + + align:start position:0% +right yeah so so one way to come to this +is you first describe first you need to + + align:start position:0% +is you first describe first you need to + + + align:start position:0% +is you first describe first you need to +generalize + + align:start position:0% +generalize + + + align:start position:0% +generalize +your standards possible brackets + + align:start position:0% +your standards possible brackets + + + align:start position:0% +your standards possible brackets +for final number because freedom to + + align:start position:0% +for final number because freedom to + + + align:start position:0% +for final number because freedom to +classical field Theory and then you can + + align:start position:0% +classical field Theory and then you can + + + align:start position:0% +classical field Theory and then you can +just generalize that to the uh to + + align:start position:0% +just generalize that to the uh to + + + align:start position:0% +just generalize that to the uh to +Quantum yeah indeed uh that's one route + + align:start position:0% +Quantum yeah indeed uh that's one route + + + align:start position:0% +Quantum yeah indeed uh that's one route +of doing it yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay other questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good so we'll be discussed the answer + + align:start position:0% +good so we'll be discussed the answer + + + align:start position:0% +good so we'll be discussed the answer +okay the answer is very easy to guess + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so remember + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so um + + align:start position:0% +so um + + + align:start position:0% +so um +if you have a single X and P + + align:start position:0% +if you have a single X and P + + + align:start position:0% +if you have a single X and P +that's what you have okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but if you have more than one particles + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you have more than one particles + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +say just hint + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +say you have multiple particles + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +system in quantum mechanics and then you + + align:start position:0% +system in quantum mechanics and then you + + + align:start position:0% +system in quantum mechanics and then you +have x a + + align:start position:0% +have x a + + + align:start position:0% +have x a +and the PA as your dynamical variable + + align:start position:0% +and the PA as your dynamical variable + + + align:start position:0% +and the PA as your dynamical variable +so a equal to 1 to say ends it says the + + align:start position:0% +so a equal to 1 to say ends it says the + + + align:start position:0% +so a equal to 1 to say ends it says the +lumbar particles okay + + align:start position:0% +lumbar particles okay + + + align:start position:0% +lumbar particles okay +and then your canonical quantization + + align:start position:0% +and then your canonical quantization + + + align:start position:0% +and then your canonical quantization +condition just become x a + + align:start position:0% +condition just become x a + + + align:start position:0% +condition just become x a +t + + align:start position:0% +t + + + align:start position:0% +t +p b t + + align:start position:0% +p b t + + + align:start position:0% +p b t +equal to I Delta ad + + align:start position:0% +equal to I Delta ad + + + align:start position:0% +equal to I Delta ad +and the different XA is commute + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and different P commute + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay given the P commutes okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +so now this A and B + + align:start position:0% +so now this A and B + + + align:start position:0% +so now this A and B +are essentially just replaced by x and x + + align:start position:0% +are essentially just replaced by x and x + + + align:start position:0% +are essentially just replaced by x and x +Prime + + align:start position:0% +Prime + + + align:start position:0% +Prime +so x and x Prime are just continual of + + align:start position:0% +so x and x Prime are just continual of + + + align:start position:0% +so x and x Prime are just continual of +those A and B okay remember we kind of + + align:start position:0% +those A and B okay remember we kind of + + + align:start position:0% +those A and B okay remember we kind of +emphasize the X and the X Prime are the + + align:start position:0% +emphasize the X and the X Prime are the + + + align:start position:0% +emphasize the X and the X Prime are the +labels of your degrees freedom + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so now you can just guess + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so we must have + + align:start position:0% +okay so we must have + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we must have +the following scene + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so from here we must have + + align:start position:0% +so so from here we must have + + + align:start position:0% +so so from here we must have +Phi TX + + align:start position:0% +Phi TX + + + align:start position:0% +Phi TX +Phi TX Prime + + align:start position:0% +Phi TX Prime + + + align:start position:0% +Phi TX Prime +must be zero + + align:start position:0% +must be zero + + + align:start position:0% +must be zero +and the pi TX so Pi is the analog of P + + align:start position:0% +and the pi TX so Pi is the analog of P + + + align:start position:0% +and the pi TX so Pi is the analog of P +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +yeah so those are operators + + align:start position:0% +yeah so those are operators + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so those are operators +TX Prime + + align:start position:0% +TX Prime + + + align:start position:0% +TX Prime +must be zero + + align:start position:0% +must be zero + + + align:start position:0% +must be zero +and then Phi + + align:start position:0% +and then Phi + + + align:start position:0% +and then Phi +TX + + align:start position:0% +TX + + + align:start position:0% +TX +which pi + + align:start position:0% +which pi + + + align:start position:0% +which pi +TX Prime + + align:start position:0% +TX Prime + + + align:start position:0% +TX Prime +should be something can only be zero but + + align:start position:0% +should be something can only be zero but + + + align:start position:0% +should be something can only be zero but +when X is not equal to X Prime + + align:start position:0% +when X is not equal to X Prime + + + align:start position:0% +when X is not equal to X Prime +can only be long zero when x equal to X + + align:start position:0% +can only be long zero when x equal to X + + + align:start position:0% +can only be long zero when x equal to X +Prime okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay as a generation of this + + align:start position:0% +okay as a generation of this + + + align:start position:0% +okay as a generation of this +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and uh so so you can now you can guess + + align:start position:0% +and uh so so you can now you can guess + + + align:start position:0% +and uh so so you can now you can guess +so what should this be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what + + align:start position:0% +so what + + + align:start position:0% +so what +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +yeah I just used to be just directed huh + + align:start position:0% +yeah I just used to be just directed huh + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I just used to be just directed huh +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +but now you answer the question why has + + align:start position:0% +but now you answer the question why has + + + align:start position:0% +but now you answer the question why has +to be direct Delta or maybe y should not + + align:start position:0% +to be direct Delta or maybe y should not + + + align:start position:0% +to be direct Delta or maybe y should not +be + + align:start position:0% +be + + + align:start position:0% +be +say the derivatives of direct data okay + + align:start position:0% +say the derivatives of direct data okay + + + align:start position:0% +say the derivatives of direct data okay +say y should not be say 100th derivative + + align:start position:0% +say y should not be say 100th derivative + + + align:start position:0% +say y should not be say 100th derivative +of direct Delta + + align:start position:0% +of direct Delta + + + align:start position:0% +of direct Delta +and that question can be addressed just + + align:start position:0% +and that question can be addressed just + + + align:start position:0% +and that question can be addressed just +by a form dimensional analysis + + align:start position:0% +by a form dimensional analysis + + + align:start position:0% +by a form dimensional analysis +so so here we know it's somehow this + + align:start position:0% +so so here we know it's somehow this + + + align:start position:0% +so so here we know it's somehow this +must be really direct Delta and now + + align:start position:0% +must be really direct Delta and now + + + align:start position:0% +must be really direct Delta and now +let's decide + + align:start position:0% +let's decide + + + align:start position:0% +let's decide +so now you can do the dimension do a + + align:start position:0% +so now you can do the dimension do a + + + align:start position:0% +so now you can do the dimension do a +little bit dimensional analysis + + align:start position:0% +little bit dimensional analysis + + + align:start position:0% +little bit dimensional analysis +so so if you just write down the action + + align:start position:0% +so so if you just write down the action + + + align:start position:0% +so so if you just write down the action +yeah the action I have just erased sorry + + align:start position:0% +yeah the action I have just erased sorry + + + align:start position:0% +yeah the action I have just erased sorry +so so if you look back on the action let + + align:start position:0% +so so if you look back on the action let + + + align:start position:0% +so so if you look back on the action let +me just alternate the idea because I'm + + align:start position:0% +me just alternate the idea because I'm + + + align:start position:0% +me just alternate the idea because I'm +sure you can do dimensional analysis + + align:start position:0% +sure you can do dimensional analysis + + + align:start position:0% +sure you can do dimensional analysis +yourself + + align:start position:0% +yourself + + + align:start position:0% +yourself +so if you look at the action + + align:start position:0% +so if you look at the action + + + align:start position:0% +so if you look at the action +so the action is dimension is in the + + align:start position:0% +so the action is dimension is in the + + + align:start position:0% +so the action is dimension is in the +lateral unit we are using + + align:start position:0% +lateral unit we are using + + + align:start position:0% +lateral unit we are using +so so if uh so from that you can deduce + + align:start position:0% +so so if uh so from that you can deduce + + + align:start position:0% +so so if uh so from that you can deduce +the dimension of Phi + + align:start position:0% +the dimension of Phi + + + align:start position:0% +the dimension of Phi +should be 1 over l so one over the lens + + align:start position:0% +should be 1 over l so one over the lens + + + align:start position:0% +should be 1 over l so one over the lens +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and from the fact that the pi + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +where is pi or maybe how also erase is + + align:start position:0% +where is pi or maybe how also erase is + + + align:start position:0% +where is pi or maybe how also erase is +equal to Five Dot + + align:start position:0% +equal to Five Dot + + + align:start position:0% +equal to Five Dot +means Pi should be Dimension 1 over L + + align:start position:0% +means Pi should be Dimension 1 over L + + + align:start position:0% +means Pi should be Dimension 1 over L +Square + + align:start position:0% +Square + + + align:start position:0% +Square +okay because you take the derivative one + + align:start position:0% +okay because you take the derivative one + + + align:start position:0% +okay because you take the derivative one +time and then there's a lot of factor of + + align:start position:0% +time and then there's a lot of factor of + + + align:start position:0% +time and then there's a lot of factor of +L + + align:start position:0% +L + + + align:start position:0% +L +then that means on the right hand side + + align:start position:0% +then that means on the right hand side + + + align:start position:0% +then that means on the right hand side +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +must be something 1 over L to a cube + + align:start position:0% +must be something 1 over L to a cube + + + align:start position:0% +must be something 1 over L to a cube +okay because there's no other parameters + + align:start position:0% +okay because there's no other parameters + + + align:start position:0% +okay because there's no other parameters +here okay yeah because uh here there + + align:start position:0% +here okay yeah because uh here there + + + align:start position:0% +here okay yeah because uh here there +should be a I okay and if it is a + + align:start position:0% +should be a I okay and if it is a + + + align:start position:0% +should be a I okay and if it is a +dimension a one over Cube then can only + + align:start position:0% +dimension a one over Cube then can only + + + align:start position:0% +dimension a one over Cube then can only +be the data function not 100 derivative + + align:start position:0% +be the data function not 100 derivative + + + align:start position:0% +be the data function not 100 derivative +data function so so so so this thing + + align:start position:0% +data function so so so so this thing + + + align:start position:0% +data function so so so so this thing +should be just a data function okay + + align:start position:0% +should be just a data function okay + + + align:start position:0% +should be just a data function okay +okay so so um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this you know the convention that + + align:start position:0% +so this you know the convention that + + + align:start position:0% +so this you know the convention that +there should be I + + align:start position:0% +there should be I + + + align:start position:0% +there should be I +and then it should be just the three + + align:start position:0% +and then it should be just the three + + + align:start position:0% +and then it should be just the three +data function + + align:start position:0% +data function + + + align:start position:0% +data function +and this indeed have the dimension one + + align:start position:0% +and this indeed have the dimension one + + + align:start position:0% +and this indeed have the dimension one +of uh L Cube okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good + + align:start position:0% +good + + + align:start position:0% +good +so now you can just plug + + align:start position:0% +so now you can just plug + + + align:start position:0% +so now you can just plug +so you have the expression for X for Phi + + align:start position:0% +so you have the expression for X for Phi + + + align:start position:0% +so you have the expression for X for Phi +you take the time derivative of this + + align:start position:0% +you take the time derivative of this + + + align:start position:0% +you take the time derivative of this +you get the expression for for pi + + align:start position:0% +you get the expression for for pi + + + align:start position:0% +you get the expression for for pi +and now you can just plug them into here + + align:start position:0% +and now you can just plug them into here + + + align:start position:0% +and now you can just plug them into here +you can just plug them into here okay + + align:start position:0% +you can just plug them into here okay + + + align:start position:0% +you can just plug them into here okay +and then you can find the commutation + + align:start position:0% +and then you can find the commutation + + + align:start position:0% +and then you can find the commutation +relation between those a case + + align:start position:0% +relation between those a case + + + align:start position:0% +relation between those a case +okay and so this is a slightly TD + + align:start position:0% +okay and so this is a slightly TD + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so this is a slightly TD +calculation + + align:start position:0% +calculation + + + align:start position:0% +calculation +which is + + align:start position:0% +which is + + + align:start position:0% +which is +however a little bit fun + + align:start position:0% +however a little bit fun + + + align:start position:0% +however a little bit fun +which of course I will leave you to do + + align:start position:0% +which of course I will leave you to do + + + align:start position:0% +which of course I will leave you to do +so so if you just plug them in and then + + align:start position:0% +so so if you just plug them in and then + + + align:start position:0% +so so if you just plug them in and then +you can deduce + + align:start position:0% +you can deduce + + + align:start position:0% +you can deduce +at the following commutation relation + + align:start position:0% +at the following commutation relation + + + align:start position:0% +at the following commutation relation +between A's + + align:start position:0% +between A's + + + align:start position:0% +between A's +so so this is the I I think this is in P + + align:start position:0% +so so this is the I I think this is in P + + + align:start position:0% +so so this is the I I think this is in P +said two uh but I can still change my + + align:start position:0% +said two uh but I can still change my + + + align:start position:0% +said two uh but I can still change my +mind yeah I wanted to put in pizza two + + align:start position:0% +mind yeah I wanted to put in pizza two + + + align:start position:0% +mind yeah I wanted to put in pizza two +so you find the the commentator between + + align:start position:0% +so you find the the commentator between + + + align:start position:0% +so you find the the commentator between +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +and the commentator between a dagger + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so so now I will suppress the Hat + + align:start position:0% +yeah so so now I will suppress the Hat + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so so now I will suppress the Hat +okay because at the right height I think + + align:start position:0% +okay because at the right height I think + + + align:start position:0% +okay because at the right height I think +over and over I will be too tired + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so these are zero + + align:start position:0% +so these are zero + + + align:start position:0% +so these are zero +okay so the commutation relation between + + align:start position:0% +okay so the commutation relation between + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the commutation relation between +a and zero and a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you think + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +between a + + align:start position:0% +between a + + + align:start position:0% +between a +and a dagger + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this gives you + + align:start position:0% +so this gives you + + + align:start position:0% +so this gives you +two pair Cube + + align:start position:0% +two pair Cube + + + align:start position:0% +two pair Cube +that the function k + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so this is a three data function + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is a three data function + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is a three data function +okay okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so again this is a straightforward + + align:start position:0% +so again this is a straightforward + + + align:start position:0% +so again this is a straightforward +generation + + align:start position:0% +generation + + + align:start position:0% +generation +so if you have multiple harmonic + + align:start position:0% +so if you have multiple harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +so if you have multiple harmonic +oscillators + + align:start position:0% +oscillators + + + align:start position:0% +oscillators +so if you have considered the multiple + + align:start position:0% +so if you have considered the multiple + + + align:start position:0% +so if you have considered the multiple +harmonic oscillators before + + align:start position:0% +harmonic oscillators before + + + align:start position:0% +harmonic oscillators before +and then the a between the different + + align:start position:0% +and then the a between the different + + + align:start position:0% +and then the a between the different +harmonicles because K Prime are just + + align:start position:0% +harmonicles because K Prime are just + + + align:start position:0% +harmonicles because K Prime are just +here just corresponding to + + align:start position:0% +here just corresponding to + + + align:start position:0% +here just corresponding to +essentially you have yeah here it just + + align:start position:0% +essentially you have yeah here it just + + + align:start position:0% +essentially you have yeah here it just +is essentially you have infinite number + + align:start position:0% +is essentially you have infinite number + + + align:start position:0% +is essentially you have infinite number +of harmonic oscillators and each one of + + align:start position:0% +of harmonic oscillators and each one of + + + align:start position:0% +of harmonic oscillators and each one of +the enabled by a k okay so this is just + + align:start position:0% +the enabled by a k okay so this is just + + + align:start position:0% +the enabled by a k okay so this is just +like essentially we find yeah let me + + align:start position:0% +like essentially we find yeah let me + + + align:start position:0% +like essentially we find yeah let me +just write it here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +so from those commutation relations + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we conclude + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +conclude + + align:start position:0% +conclude + + + align:start position:0% +conclude +this series will be quantize after we + + align:start position:0% +this series will be quantize after we + + + align:start position:0% +this series will be quantize after we +quantize it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +become an infinite number + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +independent harmonic oscillators + + align:start position:0% +independent harmonic oscillators + + + align:start position:0% +independent harmonic oscillators +decoupled harmonical status + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +harmonic oscillators labeled by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +continuous parameter k + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the K is yeah + + align:start position:0% +the K is yeah + + + align:start position:0% +the K is yeah +okay is the wave Lumber + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so for each k + + align:start position:0% +so for each k + + + align:start position:0% +so for each k +there is a + + align:start position:0% +there is a + + + align:start position:0% +there is a +an A and so between between a a + + align:start position:0% +an A and so between between a a + + + align:start position:0% +an A and so between between a a +themselves it's zero between a dag it's + + align:start position:0% +themselves it's zero between a dag it's + + + align:start position:0% +themselves it's zero between a dag it's +zero but a a dagger + + align:start position:0% +zero but a a dagger + + + align:start position:0% +zero but a a dagger +they not equal to zero + + align:start position:0% +they not equal to zero + + + align:start position:0% +they not equal to zero +and uh so this is again the continuing + + align:start position:0% +and uh so this is again the continuing + + + align:start position:0% +and uh so this is again the continuing +generation of one okay this is a + + align:start position:0% +generation of one okay this is a + + + align:start position:0% +generation of one okay this is a +Continuum generation of one uh because + + align:start position:0% +Continuum generation of one uh because + + + align:start position:0% +Continuum generation of one uh because +you have a continuous variables yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah then you cannot say for sure + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah yeah +no but but you see the conservation + + align:start position:0% +no but but you see the conservation + + + align:start position:0% +no but but you see the conservation +condition + + align:start position:0% +condition + + + align:start position:0% +condition +is in quantum mechanics quantum + + align:start position:0% +is in quantum mechanics quantum + + + align:start position:0% +is in quantum mechanics quantum +mechanics T and X are not on the same + + align:start position:0% +mechanics T and X are not on the same + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics T and X are not on the same +protein you can require your action to + + align:start position:0% +protein you can require your action to + + + align:start position:0% +protein you can require your action to +be x and t to be on the same 14 once you + + align:start position:0% +be x and t to be on the same 14 once you + + + align:start position:0% +be x and t to be on the same 14 once you +start the quantize your theory and then + + align:start position:0% +start the quantize your theory and then + + + align:start position:0% +start the quantize your theory and then +T will have a pronounced row + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because I wanted to so I couldn't write + + align:start position:0% +because I wanted to so I couldn't write + + + align:start position:0% +because I wanted to so I couldn't write +that like the commutation relation as + + align:start position:0% +that like the commutation relation as + + + align:start position:0% +that like the commutation relation as +functions in the four Vector x no Delta + + align:start position:0% +functions in the four Vector x no Delta + + + align:start position:0% +functions in the four Vector x no Delta +x no no no no no no no the canonical + + align:start position:0% +x no no no no no no no the canonical + + + align:start position:0% +x no no no no no no no the canonical +computation variation have to be imposed + + align:start position:0% +computation variation have to be imposed + + + align:start position:0% +computation variation have to be imposed +at equal time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +other questions + + align:start position:0% +other questions + + + align:start position:0% +other questions +good + + align:start position:0% +good + + + align:start position:0% +good +so um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so so so essentially we just get + + align:start position:0% +yeah so so so essentially we just get + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so so so essentially we just get +and now it's just trivial okay so so you + + align:start position:0% +and now it's just trivial okay so so you + + + align:start position:0% +and now it's just trivial okay so so you +can just build up your hillbow space + + align:start position:0% +can just build up your hillbow space + + + align:start position:0% +can just build up your hillbow space +essentially you just have infinite + + align:start position:0% +essentially you just have infinite + + + align:start position:0% +essentially you just have infinite +number harmonical signatures + + align:start position:0% +number harmonical signatures + + + align:start position:0% +number harmonical signatures +okay just have infinite number of + + align:start position:0% +okay just have infinite number of + + + align:start position:0% +okay just have infinite number of +harmonic concentrators + + align:start position:0% +harmonic concentrators + + + align:start position:0% +harmonic concentrators +and there's no surprise you get the + + align:start position:0% +and there's no surprise you get the + + + align:start position:0% +and there's no surprise you get the +infinite number of harmonic oscillators + + align:start position:0% +infinite number of harmonic oscillators + + + align:start position:0% +infinite number of harmonic oscillators +because we mentioned that this field + + align:start position:0% +because we mentioned that this field + + + align:start position:0% +because we mentioned that this field +Theory + + align:start position:0% +Theory + + + align:start position:0% +Theory +can be actually written as a Continuum + + align:start position:0% +can be actually written as a Continuum + + + align:start position:0% +can be actually written as a Continuum +limit + + align:start position:0% +limit + + + align:start position:0% +limit +of these particles on the chain + + align:start position:0% +of these particles on the chain + + + align:start position:0% +of these particles on the chain +which in these eight or three examples + + align:start position:0% +which in these eight or three examples + + + align:start position:0% +which in these eight or three examples +you know that is a harmonic oscillator + + align:start position:0% +you know that is a harmonic oscillator + + + align:start position:0% +you know that is a harmonic oscillator +once you uh find the lower mode they're + + align:start position:0% +once you uh find the lower mode they're + + + align:start position:0% +once you uh find the lower mode they're +all just from a bunch of harmonicles + + align:start position:0% +all just from a bunch of harmonicles + + + align:start position:0% +all just from a bunch of harmonicles +features and this is just a + + align:start position:0% +features and this is just a + + + align:start position:0% +features and this is just a +three-dimensional version of that okay + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional version of that okay + + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional version of that okay +and now we will + + align:start position:0% +and now we will + + + align:start position:0% +and now we will +yeah today we are running all the uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all the time so next time we will see + + align:start position:0% +all the time so next time we will see + + + align:start position:0% +all the time so next time we will see +that each excitations of the harmonic + + align:start position:0% +that each excitations of the harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +that each excitations of the harmonic +oscillator + + align:start position:0% +oscillator + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator +can be interpreted as a space-time + + align:start position:0% +can be interpreted as a space-time + + + align:start position:0% +can be interpreted as a space-time +particle okay so that's the crossing of + + align:start position:0% +particle okay so that's the crossing of + + + align:start position:0% +particle okay so that's the crossing of +it and now you have this infinite number + + align:start position:0% +it and now you have this infinite number + + + align:start position:0% +it and now you have this infinite number +of harmonic oscillator and now you can + + align:start position:0% +of harmonic oscillator and now you can + + + align:start position:0% +of harmonic oscillator and now you can +act and now you can Define the vacuum + + align:start position:0% +act and now you can Define the vacuum + + + align:start position:0% +act and now you can Define the vacuum +and then actually this creation + + align:start position:0% +and then actually this creation + + + align:start position:0% +and then actually this creation +operators on the vacuum and now you find + + align:start position:0% +operators on the vacuum and now you find + + + align:start position:0% +operators on the vacuum and now you find +each excitation actually equals one into + + align:start position:0% +each excitation actually equals one into + + + align:start position:0% +each excitation actually equals one into +a particle + + align:start position:0% +a particle + + + align:start position:0% +a particle +and and has the uh a corresponding to + + align:start position:0% +and and has the uh a corresponding to + + + align:start position:0% +and and has the uh a corresponding to +relativistic particle and that's how you + + align:start position:0% +relativistic particle and that's how you + + + align:start position:0% +relativistic particle and that's how you +can have actually arbitrary lumbar + + align:start position:0% +can have actually arbitrary lumbar + + + align:start position:0% +can have actually arbitrary lumbar +particles + + align:start position:0% +particles + + + align:start position:0% +particles +in this series and uh yeah because you + + align:start position:0% +in this series and uh yeah because you + + + align:start position:0% +in this series and uh yeah because you +can excite as many times as you want + + align:start position:0% +can excite as many times as you want + + + align:start position:0% +can excite as many times as you want +okay each excitation is a particle + + align:start position:0% +okay each excitation is a particle + + + align:start position:0% +okay each excitation is a particle +good good okay so so I think it's a good + + align:start position:0% +good good okay so so I think it's a good + + + align:start position:0% +good good okay so so I think it's a good +time yeah we are two minutes I think + + align:start position:0% +time yeah we are two minutes I think + + + align:start position:0% +time yeah we are two minutes I think +early but I think it's a very good place + + align:start position:0% +early but I think it's a very good place + + + align:start position:0% +early but I think it's a very good place +to to break \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/-PlloFeJ-ww.txt b/-PlloFeJ-ww.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6c99349bdf9a1ed22f07acbfb6d8e440543b7a68 --- /dev/null +++ b/-PlloFeJ-ww.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17104 @@ +align:start position:0% + +foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So today we're going to be talking about + + align:start position:0% +So today we're going to be talking about + + + align:start position:0% +So today we're going to be talking about +the the kind of invention or the the + + align:start position:0% +the the kind of invention or the the + + + align:start position:0% +the the kind of invention or the the +hybridization of a whole new subfield + + align:start position:0% +hybridization of a whole new subfield + + + align:start position:0% +hybridization of a whole new subfield +within physics uh that now is often + + align:start position:0% +within physics uh that now is often + + + align:start position:0% +within physics uh that now is often +called particle cosmology it happens to + + align:start position:0% +called particle cosmology it happens to + + + align:start position:0% +called particle cosmology it happens to +be the field uh where I spend a lot of + + align:start position:0% +be the field uh where I spend a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +be the field uh where I spend a lot of +my time I think it's just fantastic + + align:start position:0% +my time I think it's just fantastic + + + align:start position:0% +my time I think it's just fantastic +um but it's actually a fairly new + + align:start position:0% +um but it's actually a fairly new + + + align:start position:0% +um but it's actually a fairly new +invention this this whole field of study + + align:start position:0% +invention this this whole field of study + + + align:start position:0% +invention this this whole field of study +um came together fairly recently in + + align:start position:0% +um came together fairly recently in + + + align:start position:0% +um came together fairly recently in +historical terms and so it gives us an + + align:start position:0% +historical terms and so it gives us an + + + align:start position:0% +historical terms and so it gives us an +opportunity to ask both about the ideas + + align:start position:0% +opportunity to ask both about the ideas + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity to ask both about the ideas +that help drive this kind of scientific + + align:start position:0% +that help drive this kind of scientific + + + align:start position:0% +that help drive this kind of scientific +change but also as we've been doing + + align:start position:0% +change but also as we've been doing + + + align:start position:0% +change but also as we've been doing +really throughout the whole semester the + + align:start position:0% +really throughout the whole semester the + + + align:start position:0% +really throughout the whole semester the +the kinds of factors or ingredients + + align:start position:0% +the kinds of factors or ingredients + + + align:start position:0% +the kinds of factors or ingredients +Beyond only cool ideas uh or new + + align:start position:0% +Beyond only cool ideas uh or new + + + align:start position:0% +Beyond only cool ideas uh or new +experiments that also + + align:start position:0% +experiments that also + + + align:start position:0% +experiments that also +uh can play a very substantial role so + + align:start position:0% +uh can play a very substantial role so + + + align:start position:0% +uh can play a very substantial role so +we'll talk about uh institutions and + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about uh institutions and + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about uh institutions and +politics and some broader shifts in the + + align:start position:0% +politics and some broader shifts in the + + + align:start position:0% +politics and some broader shifts in the +field uh out of which come this new now + + align:start position:0% +field uh out of which come this new now + + + align:start position:0% +field uh out of which come this new now +quite flourishing something so that's + + align:start position:0% +quite flourishing something so that's + + + align:start position:0% +quite flourishing something so that's +our job for today + + align:start position:0% +our job for today + + + align:start position:0% +our job for today +so particle cosmology today is um + + align:start position:0% +so particle cosmology today is um + + + align:start position:0% +so particle cosmology today is um +objectively speaking just the coolest + + align:start position:0% +objectively speaking just the coolest + + + align:start position:0% +objectively speaking just the coolest +part of physics that's obvious I don't + + align:start position:0% +part of physics that's obvious I don't + + + align:start position:0% +part of physics that's obvious I don't +have to belabor that + + align:start position:0% +have to belabor that + + + align:start position:0% +have to belabor that +um it is actually very cool and it's + + align:start position:0% +um it is actually very cool and it's + + + align:start position:0% +um it is actually very cool and it's +also kind of flourishing by any measure + + align:start position:0% +also kind of flourishing by any measure + + + align:start position:0% +also kind of flourishing by any measure +uh it studies the smallest units of + + align:start position:0% +uh it studies the smallest units of + + + align:start position:0% +uh it studies the smallest units of +matter the fundamental forces and + + align:start position:0% +matter the fundamental forces and + + + align:start position:0% +matter the fundamental forces and +Elementary constituents of matter + + align:start position:0% +Elementary constituents of matter + + + align:start position:0% +Elementary constituents of matter +and it asks about what role they might + + align:start position:0% +and it asks about what role they might + + + align:start position:0% +and it asks about what role they might +have in shaping the the really the fate + + align:start position:0% +have in shaping the the really the fate + + + align:start position:0% +have in shaping the the really the fate +of the entire universe so it's this + + align:start position:0% +of the entire universe so it's this + + + align:start position:0% +of the entire universe so it's this +melding of the very very tiny + + align:start position:0% +melding of the very very tiny + + + align:start position:0% +melding of the very very tiny +uh uh elements of matter uh and the role + + align:start position:0% +uh uh elements of matter uh and the role + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh elements of matter uh and the role +they might play on literally + + align:start position:0% +they might play on literally + + + align:start position:0% +they might play on literally +cosmological scales from The Big Bang to + + align:start position:0% +cosmological scales from The Big Bang to + + + align:start position:0% +cosmological scales from The Big Bang to +today + + align:start position:0% +today + + + align:start position:0% +today +here's an example I will talk more about + + align:start position:0% +here's an example I will talk more about + + + align:start position:0% +here's an example I will talk more about +images like this actually in the next + + align:start position:0% +images like this actually in the next + + + align:start position:0% +images like this actually in the next +class session on next Monday uh this is + + align:start position:0% +class session on next Monday uh this is + + + align:start position:0% +class session on next Monday uh this is +a series of images of what's called The + + align:start position:0% +a series of images of what's called The + + + align:start position:0% +a series of images of what's called The +Cosmic microwave background radiation + + align:start position:0% +Cosmic microwave background radiation + + + align:start position:0% +Cosmic microwave background radiation +with CMV we'll talk more about that it's + + align:start position:0% +with CMV we'll talk more about that it's + + + align:start position:0% +with CMV we'll talk more about that it's +an example one of the best examples we + + align:start position:0% +an example one of the best examples we + + + align:start position:0% +an example one of the best examples we +have of how we now use our tools about + + align:start position:0% +have of how we now use our tools about + + + align:start position:0% +have of how we now use our tools about +Quantum Theory and elementary particle + + align:start position:0% +Quantum Theory and elementary particle + + + align:start position:0% +Quantum Theory and elementary particle +physics to try to make sense of and in + + align:start position:0% +physics to try to make sense of and in + + + align:start position:0% +physics to try to make sense of and in +turn be kind of constrained by + + align:start position:0% +turn be kind of constrained by + + + align:start position:0% +turn be kind of constrained by +measurements of characteristics of the + + align:start position:0% +measurements of characteristics of the + + + align:start position:0% +measurements of characteristics of the +entire universe of the entire observable + + align:start position:0% +entire universe of the entire observable + + + align:start position:0% +entire universe of the entire observable +universe and fascinating interplay + + align:start position:0% +universe and fascinating interplay + + + align:start position:0% +universe and fascinating interplay +between the very large and very small + + align:start position:0% +between the very large and very small + + + align:start position:0% +between the very large and very small +uh the field is doing pretty well these + + align:start position:0% +uh the field is doing pretty well these + + + align:start position:0% +uh the field is doing pretty well these +days by other measures + + align:start position:0% +days by other measures + + + align:start position:0% +days by other measures +its annual budget just within the United + + align:start position:0% +its annual budget just within the United + + + align:start position:0% +its annual budget just within the United +States is on the order of a billion + + align:start position:0% +States is on the order of a billion + + + align:start position:0% +States is on the order of a billion +dollars a year roughly as if you combine + + align:start position:0% +dollars a year roughly as if you combine + + + align:start position:0% +dollars a year roughly as if you combine +spending in the subfield from + + align:start position:0% +spending in the subfield from + + + align:start position:0% +spending in the subfield from +the National Science Foundation the + + align:start position:0% +the National Science Foundation the + + + align:start position:0% +the National Science Foundation the +department of energy NASA and other + + align:start position:0% +department of energy NASA and other + + + align:start position:0% +department of energy NASA and other +federal grants + + align:start position:0% +federal grants + + + align:start position:0% +federal grants +um I think a more telling measure of of + + align:start position:0% +um I think a more telling measure of of + + + align:start position:0% +um I think a more telling measure of of +its um kind of state of health these + + align:start position:0% +its um kind of state of health these + + + align:start position:0% +its um kind of state of health these +days is that uh there are on average two + + align:start position:0% +days is that uh there are on average two + + + align:start position:0% +days is that uh there are on average two +new physics papers two new pre-prints + + align:start position:0% +new physics papers two new pre-prints + + + align:start position:0% +new physics papers two new pre-prints +posted to the central preprint server + + align:start position:0% +posted to the central preprint server + + + align:start position:0% +posted to the central preprint server +archive.org every hour of every day just + + align:start position:0% +archive.org every hour of every day just + + + align:start position:0% +archive.org every hour of every day just +in the subfield so during this class + + align:start position:0% +in the subfield so during this class + + + align:start position:0% +in the subfield so during this class +session it will be on average three new + + align:start position:0% +session it will be on average three new + + + align:start position:0% +session it will be on average three new +pre-prints posted just in a subfield and + + align:start position:0% +pre-prints posted just in a subfield and + + + align:start position:0% +pre-prints posted just in a subfield and +that doesn't take a break for nights and + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't take a break for nights and + + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't take a break for nights and +weekends that's averaging over 24 hours + + align:start position:0% +weekends that's averaging over 24 hours + + + align:start position:0% +weekends that's averaging over 24 hours +a day seven days a week so it is really + + align:start position:0% +a day seven days a week so it is really + + + align:start position:0% +a day seven days a week so it is really +a booming booming subject of study and I + + align:start position:0% +a booming booming subject of study and I + + + align:start position:0% +a booming booming subject of study and I +find that all the more astonishing since + + align:start position:0% +find that all the more astonishing since + + + align:start position:0% +find that all the more astonishing since +this field literally didn't even exist + + align:start position:0% +this field literally didn't even exist + + + align:start position:0% +this field literally didn't even exist +45 years ago so this is a kind of um a + + align:start position:0% +45 years ago so this is a kind of um a + + + align:start position:0% +45 years ago so this is a kind of um a +billion dollar area of study with + + align:start position:0% +billion dollar area of study with + + + align:start position:0% +billion dollar area of study with +devoted colleagues all over the world + + align:start position:0% +devoted colleagues all over the world + + + align:start position:0% +devoted colleagues all over the world +not just here in the United States and + + align:start position:0% +not just here in the United States and + + + align:start position:0% +not just here in the United States and +yet it's a fairly recent vintage in in + + align:start position:0% +yet it's a fairly recent vintage in in + + + align:start position:0% +yet it's a fairly recent vintage in in +terms of the kinds of time skills we've + + align:start position:0% +terms of the kinds of time skills we've + + + align:start position:0% +terms of the kinds of time skills we've +been looking at uh this whole semester + + align:start position:0% +been looking at uh this whole semester + + + align:start position:0% +been looking at uh this whole semester +so how did this come to be + + align:start position:0% +so how did this come to be + + + align:start position:0% +so how did this come to be +there's a there's a very compelling + + align:start position:0% +there's a there's a very compelling + + + align:start position:0% +there's a there's a very compelling +story and a story that we will take some + + align:start position:0% +story and a story that we will take some + + + align:start position:0% +story and a story that we will take some +time to look at today + + align:start position:0% +time to look at today + + + align:start position:0% +time to look at today +that this new field really emerged in + + align:start position:0% +that this new field really emerged in + + + align:start position:0% +that this new field really emerged in +the mid-1970s + + align:start position:0% +the mid-1970s + + + align:start position:0% +the mid-1970s +because of changes in ideas because of + + align:start position:0% +because of changes in ideas because of + + + align:start position:0% +because of changes in ideas because of +new research insights coming mostly from + + align:start position:0% +new research insights coming mostly from + + + align:start position:0% +new research insights coming mostly from +heinrude physics or particle physics and + + align:start position:0% +heinrude physics or particle physics and + + + align:start position:0% +heinrude physics or particle physics and +that it somehow this set of ideas that + + align:start position:0% +that it somehow this set of ideas that + + + align:start position:0% +that it somehow this set of ideas that +bubbled up in the mid-1970s of the sort + + align:start position:0% +bubbled up in the mid-1970s of the sort + + + align:start position:0% +bubbled up in the mid-1970s of the sort +that we'll look at today that that sort + + align:start position:0% +that we'll look at today that that sort + + + align:start position:0% +that we'll look at today that that sort +of compelled researchers to change their + + align:start position:0% +of compelled researchers to change their + + + align:start position:0% +of compelled researchers to change their +whole field of study and in the process + + align:start position:0% +whole field of study and in the process + + + align:start position:0% +whole field of study and in the process +to invent this new subfield that it was + + align:start position:0% +to invent this new subfield that it was + + + align:start position:0% +to invent this new subfield that it was +somehow natural to start asking + + align:start position:0% +somehow natural to start asking + + + align:start position:0% +somehow natural to start asking +questions at the interface between + + align:start position:0% +questions at the interface between + + + align:start position:0% +questions at the interface between +particle physics and cosmology and so + + align:start position:0% +particle physics and cosmology and so + + + align:start position:0% +particle physics and cosmology and so +there's a lot going for that explanation + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot going for that explanation + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot going for that explanation +it's not + + align:start position:0% +it's not + + + align:start position:0% +it's not +flagrantly false but it's also I think + + align:start position:0% +flagrantly false but it's also I think + + + align:start position:0% +flagrantly false but it's also I think +really really quite incomplete and so if + + align:start position:0% +really really quite incomplete and so if + + + align:start position:0% +really really quite incomplete and so if +we start using the kinds of tools that + + align:start position:0% +we start using the kinds of tools that + + + align:start position:0% +we start using the kinds of tools that +we've been working on together this + + align:start position:0% +we've been working on together this + + + align:start position:0% +we've been working on together this +whole semester I think we can dig in a + + align:start position:0% +whole semester I think we can dig in a + + + align:start position:0% +whole semester I think we can dig in a +bit more and and try to uncover some of + + align:start position:0% +bit more and and try to uncover some of + + + align:start position:0% +bit more and and try to uncover some of +the additional factors that really were + + align:start position:0% +the additional factors that really were + + + align:start position:0% +the additional factors that really were +at play uh in especially in the early + + align:start position:0% +at play uh in especially in the early + + + align:start position:0% +at play uh in especially in the early +years of this field so of the sort that + + align:start position:0% +years of this field so of the sort that + + + align:start position:0% +years of this field so of the sort that +we've been looking at throughout the + + align:start position:0% +we've been looking at throughout the + + + align:start position:0% +we've been looking at throughout the +term we'll be talking about some changes + + align:start position:0% +term we'll be talking about some changes + + + align:start position:0% +term we'll be talking about some changes +institutions in training in broader kind + + align:start position:0% +institutions in training in broader kind + + + align:start position:0% +institutions in training in broader kind +of politics and the support for Science + + align:start position:0% +of politics and the support for Science + + + align:start position:0% +of politics and the support for Science +and that these shifts + + align:start position:0% +and that these shifts + + + align:start position:0% +and that these shifts +were deeply consequential and they + + align:start position:0% +were deeply consequential and they + + + align:start position:0% +were deeply consequential and they +weren't uh important to the exclusion of + + align:start position:0% +weren't uh important to the exclusion of + + + align:start position:0% +weren't uh important to the exclusion of +the ideas from particle theory but the + + align:start position:0% +the ideas from particle theory but the + + + align:start position:0% +the ideas from particle theory but the +idea is from particle theory as cool and + + align:start position:0% +idea is from particle theory as cool and + + + align:start position:0% +idea is from particle theory as cool and +awesome as they are I think really we're + + align:start position:0% +awesome as they are I think really we're + + + align:start position:0% +awesome as they are I think really we're +we're not the whole story we're pretty + + align:start position:0% +we're not the whole story we're pretty + + + align:start position:0% +we're not the whole story we're pretty +insufficient uh to get us to where we + + align:start position:0% +insufficient uh to get us to where we + + + align:start position:0% +insufficient uh to get us to where we +are today so we're gonna as usual try to + + align:start position:0% +are today so we're gonna as usual try to + + + align:start position:0% +are today so we're gonna as usual try to +keep all these different kinds of facets + + align:start position:0% +keep all these different kinds of facets + + + align:start position:0% +keep all these different kinds of facets +in mind + + align:start position:0% +in mind + + + align:start position:0% +in mind +so our three steps for today's class the + + align:start position:0% +so our three steps for today's class the + + + align:start position:0% +so our three steps for today's class the +first is we want to set up + + align:start position:0% +first is we want to set up + + + align:start position:0% +first is we want to set up +what were the kinds of questions that + + align:start position:0% +what were the kinds of questions that + + + align:start position:0% +what were the kinds of questions that +were occupying physicists in different + + align:start position:0% +were occupying physicists in different + + + align:start position:0% +were occupying physicists in different +in various branches of the field before + + align:start position:0% +in various branches of the field before + + + align:start position:0% +in various branches of the field before +this kind of merger took place but + + align:start position:0% +this kind of merger took place but + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of merger took place but +before the emergence of what we would + + align:start position:0% +before the emergence of what we would + + + align:start position:0% +before the emergence of what we would +now recognize as particle cosmology + + align:start position:0% +now recognize as particle cosmology + + + align:start position:0% +now recognize as particle cosmology +and so as we'll see that really comes + + align:start position:0% +and so as we'll see that really comes + + + align:start position:0% +and so as we'll see that really comes +around one clever one helpful way to + + align:start position:0% +around one clever one helpful way to + + + align:start position:0% +around one clever one helpful way to +think about that is to focus on the + + align:start position:0% +think about that is to focus on the + + + align:start position:0% +think about that is to focus on the +question of mass how did physicists in + + align:start position:0% +question of mass how did physicists in + + + align:start position:0% +question of mass how did physicists in +different subfields in the 1950s and 60s + + align:start position:0% +different subfields in the 1950s and 60s + + + align:start position:0% +different subfields in the 1950s and 60s +think about this very common seeming + + align:start position:0% +think about this very common seeming + + + align:start position:0% +think about this very common seeming +notion of mass why do objects say resist + + align:start position:0% +notion of mass why do objects say resist + + + align:start position:0% +notion of mass why do objects say resist +changes in their motion the M that's in + + align:start position:0% +changes in their motion the M that's in + + + align:start position:0% +changes in their motion the M that's in +Newton's second law of f equals m a was + + align:start position:0% +Newton's second law of f equals m a was + + + align:start position:0% +Newton's second law of f equals m a was +there a deeper origin or way to make + + align:start position:0% +there a deeper origin or way to make + + + align:start position:0% +there a deeper origin or way to make +sense of this very common notion of mass + + align:start position:0% +sense of this very common notion of mass + + + align:start position:0% +sense of this very common notion of mass +and as we'll see two different + + align:start position:0% +and as we'll see two different + + + align:start position:0% +and as we'll see two different +communities or sub communities we're + + align:start position:0% +communities or sub communities we're + + + align:start position:0% +communities or sub communities we're +really focusing on that in quite + + align:start position:0% +really focusing on that in quite + + + align:start position:0% +really focusing on that in quite +different ways in the 1950s and 60s and + + align:start position:0% +different ways in the 1950s and 60s and + + + align:start position:0% +different ways in the 1950s and 60s and +that helps us Trace sort of the the kind + + align:start position:0% +that helps us Trace sort of the the kind + + + align:start position:0% +that helps us Trace sort of the the kind +of precursors for this overlap field of + + align:start position:0% +of precursors for this overlap field of + + + align:start position:0% +of precursors for this overlap field of +particle cosmology + + align:start position:0% +particle cosmology + + + align:start position:0% +particle cosmology +then we'll take a look at some of the + + align:start position:0% +then we'll take a look at some of the + + + align:start position:0% +then we'll take a look at some of the +broader institutional shifts that were + + align:start position:0% +broader institutional shifts that were + + + align:start position:0% +broader institutional shifts that were +also coming uh to be very dramatic and + + align:start position:0% +also coming uh to be very dramatic and + + + align:start position:0% +also coming uh to be very dramatic and +some some of them quite unexpected by + + align:start position:0% +some some of them quite unexpected by + + + align:start position:0% +some some of them quite unexpected by +the late 60s and early 1970s that also + + align:start position:0% +the late 60s and early 1970s that also + + + align:start position:0% +the late 60s and early 1970s that also +helped kind of propel this new merger of + + align:start position:0% +helped kind of propel this new merger of + + + align:start position:0% +helped kind of propel this new merger of +fields and then we'll Zoom uh back in to + + align:start position:0% +fields and then we'll Zoom uh back in to + + + align:start position:0% +fields and then we'll Zoom uh back in to +see what were some examples of the kinds + + align:start position:0% +see what were some examples of the kinds + + + align:start position:0% +see what were some examples of the kinds +of research questions that now seemed + + align:start position:0% +of research questions that now seemed + + + align:start position:0% +of research questions that now seemed +kind of obvious or natural to ask for + + align:start position:0% +kind of obvious or natural to ask for + + + align:start position:0% +kind of obvious or natural to ask for +members of this new kind of hybrid area + + align:start position:0% +members of this new kind of hybrid area + + + align:start position:0% +members of this new kind of hybrid area +uh in the Wake both of the of the + + align:start position:0% +uh in the Wake both of the of the + + + align:start position:0% +uh in the Wake both of the of the +intellectual changes that we'll look at + + align:start position:0% +intellectual changes that we'll look at + + + align:start position:0% +intellectual changes that we'll look at +here as well as some of these broader + + align:start position:0% +here as well as some of these broader + + + align:start position:0% +here as well as some of these broader +institutional shifts so that's our kind + + align:start position:0% +institutional shifts so that's our kind + + + align:start position:0% +institutional shifts so that's our kind +of three steps for today + + align:start position:0% +of three steps for today + + + align:start position:0% +of three steps for today +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +as I mentioned I find it helpful to + + align:start position:0% +as I mentioned I find it helpful to + + + align:start position:0% +as I mentioned I find it helpful to +think about the kind of precursors for a + + align:start position:0% +think about the kind of precursors for a + + + align:start position:0% +think about the kind of precursors for a +particle cosmology by asking about this + + align:start position:0% +particle cosmology by asking about this + + + align:start position:0% +particle cosmology by asking about this +very humdrum topic of mass why do + + align:start position:0% +very humdrum topic of mass why do + + + align:start position:0% +very humdrum topic of mass why do +objects of mass why do objects resist + + align:start position:0% +objects of mass why do objects resist + + + align:start position:0% +objects of mass why do objects resist +changes in their motion and they were + + align:start position:0% +changes in their motion and they were + + + align:start position:0% +changes in their motion and they were +this actually became a very Live + + align:start position:0% +this actually became a very Live + + + align:start position:0% +this actually became a very Live +question very challenging question but + + align:start position:0% +question very challenging question but + + + align:start position:0% +question very challenging question but +in pretty distinct ways during the + + align:start position:0% +in pretty distinct ways during the + + + align:start position:0% +in pretty distinct ways during the +middle Decades of the 20th century + + align:start position:0% +middle Decades of the 20th century + + + align:start position:0% +middle Decades of the 20th century +so in one of these subfields a pretty + + align:start position:0% +so in one of these subfields a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +so in one of these subfields a pretty +tiny subfield at the time experts in + + align:start position:0% +tiny subfield at the time experts in + + + align:start position:0% +tiny subfield at the time experts in +gravitation and cosmology the question + + align:start position:0% +gravitation and cosmology the question + + + align:start position:0% +gravitation and cosmology the question +about the origin or the impact of mass + + align:start position:0% +about the origin or the impact of mass + + + align:start position:0% +about the origin or the impact of mass +was often framed in terms of what was + + align:start position:0% +was often framed in terms of what was + + + align:start position:0% +was often framed in terms of what was +called Mock's principle that's named for + + align:start position:0% +called Mock's principle that's named for + + + align:start position:0% +called Mock's principle that's named for +that same Aaron's mock whose work we + + align:start position:0% +that same Aaron's mock whose work we + + + align:start position:0% +that same Aaron's mock whose work we +looked at way back in the early part of + + align:start position:0% +looked at way back in the early part of + + + align:start position:0% +looked at way back in the early part of +the semester the 19th century polymath + + align:start position:0% +the semester the 19th century polymath + + + align:start position:0% +the semester the 19th century polymath +whose work actually helped very directly + + align:start position:0% +whose work actually helped very directly + + + align:start position:0% +whose work actually helped very directly +Inspire the young Albert Einstein it was + + align:start position:0% +Inspire the young Albert Einstein it was + + + align:start position:0% +Inspire the young Albert Einstein it was +actually Einstein who named this what + + align:start position:0% +actually Einstein who named this what + + + align:start position:0% +actually Einstein who named this what +we'll talk about in a moment it was + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about in a moment it was + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about in a moment it was +Einstein who named it Mark's principle + + align:start position:0% +Einstein who named it Mark's principle + + + align:start position:0% +Einstein who named it Mark's principle +because I said was inspired by some of + + align:start position:0% +because I said was inspired by some of + + + align:start position:0% +because I said was inspired by some of +Mock's writings on this so Mark himself + + align:start position:0% +Mock's writings on this so Mark himself + + + align:start position:0% +Mock's writings on this so Mark himself +didn't call it Mock's principle but it + + align:start position:0% +didn't call it Mock's principle but it + + + align:start position:0% +didn't call it Mock's principle but it +was attributed to mock by Albert + + align:start position:0% +was attributed to mock by Albert + + + align:start position:0% +was attributed to mock by Albert +Einstein as early as 1918. so from the + + align:start position:0% +Einstein as early as 1918. so from the + + + align:start position:0% +Einstein as early as 1918. so from the +early days of the study of general + + align:start position:0% +early days of the study of general + + + align:start position:0% +early days of the study of general +relativity so the idea was it was real + + align:start position:0% +relativity so the idea was it was real + + + align:start position:0% +relativity so the idea was it was real +often we could frame it as a question do + + align:start position:0% +often we could frame it as a question do + + + align:start position:0% +often we could frame it as a question do +the local effects that we attribute to + + align:start position:0% +the local effects that we attribute to + + + align:start position:0% +the local effects that we attribute to +mass do the local inertial effects + + align:start position:0% +mass do the local inertial effects + + + align:start position:0% +mass do the local inertial effects +resistances to changes in motion for + + align:start position:0% +resistances to changes in motion for + + + align:start position:0% +resistances to changes in motion for +everyday objects to those local inertial + + align:start position:0% +everyday objects to those local inertial + + + align:start position:0% +everyday objects to those local inertial +effects actually arise from very distant + + align:start position:0% +effects actually arise from very distant + + + align:start position:0% +effects actually arise from very distant +gravitational interactions so we have to + + align:start position:0% +gravitational interactions so we have to + + + align:start position:0% +gravitational interactions so we have to +think about the distribution of matter + + align:start position:0% +think about the distribution of matter + + + align:start position:0% +think about the distribution of matter +throughout the whole universe in order + + align:start position:0% +throughout the whole universe in order + + + align:start position:0% +throughout the whole universe in order +to make sense for why this block slides + + align:start position:0% +to make sense for why this block slides + + + align:start position:0% +to make sense for why this block slides +down this inclined plane at a certain + + align:start position:0% +down this inclined plane at a certain + + + align:start position:0% +down this inclined plane at a certain +rate local inertial effects are they + + align:start position:0% +rate local inertial effects are they + + + align:start position:0% +rate local inertial effects are they +somehow tied to cosmological + + align:start position:0% +somehow tied to cosmological + + + align:start position:0% +somehow tied to cosmological +distributions of all the other stuff + + align:start position:0% +distributions of all the other stuff + + + align:start position:0% +distributions of all the other stuff +after all gravity is a long range Force + + align:start position:0% +after all gravity is a long range Force + + + align:start position:0% +after all gravity is a long range Force +both Newton's gravity and even in + + align:start position:0% +both Newton's gravity and even in + + + align:start position:0% +both Newton's gravity and even in +Einstein's framework and so the idea was + + align:start position:0% +Einstein's framework and so the idea was + + + align:start position:0% +Einstein's framework and so the idea was +should we should we be constantly paying + + align:start position:0% +should we should we be constantly paying + + + align:start position:0% +should we should we be constantly paying +attention to the kind of global + + align:start position:0% +attention to the kind of global + + + align:start position:0% +attention to the kind of global +distribution of matter and energy when + + align:start position:0% +distribution of matter and energy when + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of matter and energy when +we try to make sense of local + + align:start position:0% +we try to make sense of local + + + align:start position:0% +we try to make sense of local +um phenomena associated with mass so + + align:start position:0% +um phenomena associated with mass so + + + align:start position:0% +um phenomena associated with mass so +that was that was that was a very + + align:start position:0% +that was that was that was a very + + + align:start position:0% +that was that was that was a very +challenging question and I'll say more + + align:start position:0% +challenging question and I'll say more + + + align:start position:0% +challenging question and I'll say more +about it soon but that was one of the + + align:start position:0% +about it soon but that was one of the + + + align:start position:0% +about it soon but that was one of the +ways that the problem of mass kind of um + + align:start position:0% +ways that the problem of mass kind of um + + + align:start position:0% +ways that the problem of mass kind of um +uh took four was given a kind of + + align:start position:0% +uh took four was given a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +uh took four was given a kind of +concrete form for these Specialists who + + align:start position:0% +concrete form for these Specialists who + + + align:start position:0% +concrete form for these Specialists who +are pursuing things like Einstein's + + align:start position:0% +are pursuing things like Einstein's + + + align:start position:0% +are pursuing things like Einstein's +general theory of relativity in the + + align:start position:0% +general theory of relativity in the + + + align:start position:0% +general theory of relativity in the +1950s and 60s + + align:start position:0% +1950s and 60s + + + align:start position:0% +1950s and 60s +it was quite a different set of + + align:start position:0% +it was quite a different set of + + + align:start position:0% +it was quite a different set of +conversations happening around the same + + align:start position:0% +conversations happening around the same + + + align:start position:0% +conversations happening around the same +time but now among the community that + + align:start position:0% +time but now among the community that + + + align:start position:0% +time but now among the community that +was focused on nuclear and particle + + align:start position:0% +was focused on nuclear and particle + + + align:start position:0% +was focused on nuclear and particle +physics what we'd soon come to call + + align:start position:0% +physics what we'd soon come to call + + + align:start position:0% +physics what we'd soon come to call +Simply high energy physics this had + + align:start position:0% +Simply high energy physics this had + + + align:start position:0% +Simply high energy physics this had +nothing to do uh at least on the surface + + align:start position:0% +nothing to do uh at least on the surface + + + align:start position:0% +nothing to do uh at least on the surface +with Mock's principle or even with + + align:start position:0% +with Mock's principle or even with + + + align:start position:0% +with Mock's principle or even with +Einstein's general theory of relativity + + align:start position:0% +Einstein's general theory of relativity + + + align:start position:0% +Einstein's general theory of relativity +these experts were focused on a very + + align:start position:0% +these experts were focused on a very + + + align:start position:0% +these experts were focused on a very +different set of puzzles or challenges + + align:start position:0% +different set of puzzles or challenges + + + align:start position:0% +different set of puzzles or challenges +and this picks up more directly from the + + align:start position:0% +and this picks up more directly from the + + + align:start position:0% +and this picks up more directly from the +material we were talking about just at + + align:start position:0% +material we were talking about just at + + + align:start position:0% +material we were talking about just at +the very end of Monday's class + + align:start position:0% +the very end of Monday's class + + + align:start position:0% +the very end of Monday's class +already by the late 1950s and with + + align:start position:0% +already by the late 1950s and with + + + align:start position:0% +already by the late 1950s and with +greater acceleration throughout the + + align:start position:0% +greater acceleration throughout the + + + align:start position:0% +greater acceleration throughout the +1960s a number of high energy theorists + + align:start position:0% +1960s a number of high energy theorists + + + align:start position:0% +1960s a number of high energy theorists +were trying to put together these highly + + align:start position:0% +were trying to put together these highly + + + align:start position:0% +were trying to put together these highly +symmetric models to account for things + + align:start position:0% +symmetric models to account for things + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric models to account for things +like the nuclear forces we looked at one + + align:start position:0% +like the nuclear forces we looked at one + + + align:start position:0% +like the nuclear forces we looked at one +example of that at the end of class last + + align:start position:0% +example of that at the end of class last + + + align:start position:0% +example of that at the end of class last +time Quantum chromodynamics or qcd which + + align:start position:0% +time Quantum chromodynamics or qcd which + + + align:start position:0% +time Quantum chromodynamics or qcd which +was really coming together in the early + + align:start position:0% +was really coming together in the early + + + align:start position:0% +was really coming together in the early +to mid 1970s there were other instances + + align:start position:0% +to mid 1970s there were other instances + + + align:start position:0% +to mid 1970s there were other instances +of that kind of cousin models similar + + align:start position:0% +of that kind of cousin models similar + + + align:start position:0% +of that kind of cousin models similar +kinds of models they were getting a lot + + align:start position:0% +kinds of models they were getting a lot + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of models they were getting a lot +of attention throughout the + + align:start position:0% +of attention throughout the + + + align:start position:0% +of attention throughout the +1960s for the other main nuclear force + + align:start position:0% +1960s for the other main nuclear force + + + align:start position:0% +1960s for the other main nuclear force +for What's called the weak Force rather + + align:start position:0% +for What's called the weak Force rather + + + align:start position:0% +for What's called the weak Force rather +than the strong force now to say the + + align:start position:0% +than the strong force now to say the + + + align:start position:0% +than the strong force now to say the +force that causes things like + + align:start position:0% +force that causes things like + + + align:start position:0% +force that causes things like +radioactive decay there's a lot of um + + align:start position:0% +radioactive decay there's a lot of um + + + align:start position:0% +radioactive decay there's a lot of um +ideas and and early kind of suggested + + align:start position:0% +ideas and and early kind of suggested + + + align:start position:0% +ideas and and early kind of suggested +experimental evidence already by the + + align:start position:0% +experimental evidence already by the + + + align:start position:0% +experimental evidence already by the +1960s that the weak nuclear force was + + align:start position:0% +1960s that the weak nuclear force was + + + align:start position:0% +1960s that the weak nuclear force was +somehow mediated was + + align:start position:0% +somehow mediated was + + + align:start position:0% +somehow mediated was +arose from particles exchanging certain + + align:start position:0% +arose from particles exchanging certain + + + align:start position:0% +arose from particles exchanging certain +kinds of force carrying particles again + + align:start position:0% +kinds of force carrying particles again + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of force carrying particles again +kind of analogies to the photon in this + + align:start position:0% +kind of analogies to the photon in this + + + align:start position:0% +kind of analogies to the photon in this +case what we would Now call the w and z + + align:start position:0% +case what we would Now call the w and z + + + align:start position:0% +case what we would Now call the w and z +bosons the point is there were new kinds + + align:start position:0% +bosons the point is there were new kinds + + + align:start position:0% +bosons the point is there were new kinds +of matter at least hypothesized and that + + align:start position:0% +of matter at least hypothesized and that + + + align:start position:0% +of matter at least hypothesized and that +when particles tossed these back and + + align:start position:0% +when particles tossed these back and + + + align:start position:0% +when particles tossed these back and +forth that would give rise to things + + align:start position:0% +forth that would give rise to things + + + align:start position:0% +forth that would give rise to things +like radioactive decay + + align:start position:0% +like radioactive decay + + + align:start position:0% +like radioactive decay +but the challenge uh became very clear + + align:start position:0% +but the challenge uh became very clear + + + align:start position:0% +but the challenge uh became very clear +very quickly these nuclear forces are + + align:start position:0% +very quickly these nuclear forces are + + + align:start position:0% +very quickly these nuclear forces are +self-evidently of short range unlike + + align:start position:0% +self-evidently of short range unlike + + + align:start position:0% +self-evidently of short range unlike +gravitation or electromagnetism which in + + align:start position:0% +gravitation or electromagnetism which in + + + align:start position:0% +gravitation or electromagnetism which in +principle can extend arbitrarily + + align:start position:0% +principle can extend arbitrarily + + + align:start position:0% +principle can extend arbitrarily +um long distances the nuclear forces + + align:start position:0% +um long distances the nuclear forces + + + align:start position:0% +um long distances the nuclear forces +really exert themselves across kind of + + align:start position:0% +really exert themselves across kind of + + + align:start position:0% +really exert themselves across kind of +nuclear Dimensions very tiny fractions + + align:start position:0% +nuclear Dimensions very tiny fractions + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear Dimensions very tiny fractions +of the size even of a single atom let + + align:start position:0% +of the size even of a single atom let + + + align:start position:0% +of the size even of a single atom let +alone macroscopic scales and one of the + + align:start position:0% +alone macroscopic scales and one of the + + + align:start position:0% +alone macroscopic scales and one of the +most obvious ways to account for that at + + align:start position:0% +most obvious ways to account for that at + + + align:start position:0% +most obvious ways to account for that at +the time was to assume that the + + align:start position:0% +the time was to assume that the + + + align:start position:0% +the time was to assume that the +force-carrying particles that were + + align:start position:0% +force-carrying particles that were + + + align:start position:0% +force-carrying particles that were +responsible for those interactions were + + align:start position:0% +responsible for those interactions were + + + align:start position:0% +responsible for those interactions were +very massive it would it would be + + align:start position:0% +very massive it would it would be + + + align:start position:0% +very massive it would it would be +unlikely for them to travel very far as + + align:start position:0% +unlikely for them to travel very far as + + + align:start position:0% +unlikely for them to travel very far as +virtual particles because after all they + + align:start position:0% +virtual particles because after all they + + + align:start position:0% +virtual particles because after all they +have to pay back the energy they've + + align:start position:0% +have to pay back the energy they've + + + align:start position:0% +have to pay back the energy they've +borrowed from the vacuum so if they can + + align:start position:0% +borrowed from the vacuum so if they can + + + align:start position:0% +borrowed from the vacuum so if they can +only travel so far uh that I should say + + align:start position:0% +only travel so far uh that I should say + + + align:start position:0% +only travel so far uh that I should say +if they have a large mass they have to + + align:start position:0% +if they have a large mass they have to + + + align:start position:0% +if they have a large mass they have to +borrow a substantial amount of energy + + align:start position:0% +borrow a substantial amount of energy + + + align:start position:0% +borrow a substantial amount of energy +from the vacuum as virtual particles so + + align:start position:0% +from the vacuum as virtual particles so + + + align:start position:0% +from the vacuum as virtual particles so +they have to have a correspondingly + + align:start position:0% +they have to have a correspondingly + + + align:start position:0% +they have to have a correspondingly +short delta T over which they pay it + + align:start position:0% +short delta T over which they pay it + + + align:start position:0% +short delta T over which they pay it +back they can only travel so far so the + + align:start position:0% +back they can only travel so far so the + + + align:start position:0% +back they can only travel so far so the +idea was you could have finite range + + align:start position:0% +idea was you could have finite range + + + align:start position:0% +idea was you could have finite range +nuclear forces + + align:start position:0% +nuclear forces + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear forces +if these Force carrying particles had a + + align:start position:0% +if these Force carrying particles had a + + + align:start position:0% +if these Force carrying particles had a +very large mass they'll make it very + + align:start position:0% +very large mass they'll make it very + + + align:start position:0% +very large mass they'll make it very +unlikely for that force to be felt + + align:start position:0% +unlikely for that force to be felt + + + align:start position:0% +unlikely for that force to be felt +across a very large distance because of + + align:start position:0% +across a very large distance because of + + + align:start position:0% +across a very large distance because of +the whole uh set of ideas about virtual + + align:start position:0% +the whole uh set of ideas about virtual + + + align:start position:0% +the whole uh set of ideas about virtual +particles in the uncertainty principle + + align:start position:0% +particles in the uncertainty principle + + + align:start position:0% +particles in the uncertainty principle +all well and good but the problem was + + align:start position:0% +all well and good but the problem was + + + align:start position:0% +all well and good but the problem was +with these new fancy highly symmetric + + align:start position:0% +with these new fancy highly symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +with these new fancy highly symmetric +models of the nuclear forces like the + + align:start position:0% +models of the nuclear forces like the + + + align:start position:0% +models of the nuclear forces like the +weak Force and and also true as we saw + + align:start position:0% +weak Force and and also true as we saw + + + align:start position:0% +weak Force and and also true as we saw +in the strong force of of quantum + + align:start position:0% +in the strong force of of quantum + + + align:start position:0% +in the strong force of of quantum +chromodynamics the symmetries of these + + align:start position:0% +chromodynamics the symmetries of these + + + align:start position:0% +chromodynamics the symmetries of these +new particles are meant to enforce + + align:start position:0% +new particles are meant to enforce + + + align:start position:0% +new particles are meant to enforce +is violated if you give those particles + + align:start position:0% +is violated if you give those particles + + + align:start position:0% +is violated if you give those particles +a mass so you could have one or the + + align:start position:0% +a mass so you could have one or the + + + align:start position:0% +a mass so you could have one or the +other you could have a short range + + align:start position:0% +other you could have a short range + + + align:start position:0% +other you could have a short range +nuclear force that does not have any of + + align:start position:0% +nuclear force that does not have any of + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear force that does not have any of +those fancy symmetries so that broke + + align:start position:0% +those fancy symmetries so that broke + + + align:start position:0% +those fancy symmetries so that broke +half of the kind of motivation for it or + + align:start position:0% +half of the kind of motivation for it or + + + align:start position:0% +half of the kind of motivation for it or +you could keep all those fancy + + align:start position:0% +you could keep all those fancy + + + align:start position:0% +you could keep all those fancy +symmetries but break this notion of a + + align:start position:0% +symmetries but break this notion of a + + + align:start position:0% +symmetries but break this notion of a +short range Force so this was a pretty + + align:start position:0% +short range Force so this was a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +short range Force so this was a pretty +substantial challenge I got lots of + + align:start position:0% +substantial challenge I got lots of + + + align:start position:0% +substantial challenge I got lots of +theorists very exercised + + align:start position:0% +theorists very exercised + + + align:start position:0% +theorists very exercised +over the 1950s and especially 1960s + + align:start position:0% +over the 1950s and especially 1960s + + + align:start position:0% +over the 1950s and especially 1960s +which is really like why these particles + + align:start position:0% +which is really like why these particles + + + align:start position:0% +which is really like why these particles +have mass at all can we count for mass + + align:start position:0% +have mass at all can we count for mass + + + align:start position:0% +have mass at all can we count for mass +of these Elementary particles in a + + align:start position:0% +of these Elementary particles in a + + + align:start position:0% +of these Elementary particles in a +self-consistent way because this other + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent way because this other + + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent way because this other +set of kind of puzzles uh that didn't + + align:start position:0% +set of kind of puzzles uh that didn't + + + align:start position:0% +set of kind of puzzles uh that didn't +seem to fit together so the question to + + align:start position:0% +seem to fit together so the question to + + + align:start position:0% +seem to fit together so the question to +mass was turns out to have been on many + + align:start position:0% +mass was turns out to have been on many + + + align:start position:0% +mass was turns out to have been on many +specialists Minds in the 1950s and 60s + + align:start position:0% +specialists Minds in the 1950s and 60s + + + align:start position:0% +specialists Minds in the 1950s and 60s +but in as embedded in quite different + + align:start position:0% +but in as embedded in quite different + + + align:start position:0% +but in as embedded in quite different +sounding kind of conversations + + align:start position:0% +sounding kind of conversations + + + align:start position:0% +sounding kind of conversations +so let's look a bit more at some of the + + align:start position:0% +so let's look a bit more at some of the + + + align:start position:0% +so let's look a bit more at some of the +proposed solutions to this question of + + align:start position:0% +proposed solutions to this question of + + + align:start position:0% +proposed solutions to this question of +Mass from within these two quite + + align:start position:0% +Mass from within these two quite + + + align:start position:0% +Mass from within these two quite +separated communities + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so right around the same time often in + + align:start position:0% +so right around the same time often in + + + align:start position:0% +so right around the same time often in +the same year + + align:start position:0% +the same year + + + align:start position:0% +the same year +often in fact published in the same + + align:start position:0% +often in fact published in the same + + + align:start position:0% +often in fact published in the same +journals + + align:start position:0% +journals + + + align:start position:0% +journals +members of these two quite different + + align:start position:0% +members of these two quite different + + + align:start position:0% +members of these two quite different +communities the gravitation and + + align:start position:0% +communities the gravitation and + + + align:start position:0% +communities the gravitation and +cosmology crowd on one side and the high + + align:start position:0% +cosmology crowd on one side and the high + + + align:start position:0% +cosmology crowd on one side and the high +energy particle physics community on the + + align:start position:0% +energy particle physics community on the + + + align:start position:0% +energy particle physics community on the +other side they were proposing + + align:start position:0% +other side they were proposing + + + align:start position:0% +other side they were proposing +uh sort of solutions or at least + + align:start position:0% +uh sort of solutions or at least + + + align:start position:0% +uh sort of solutions or at least +hypothetical solutions to these problems + + align:start position:0% +hypothetical solutions to these problems + + + align:start position:0% +hypothetical solutions to these problems +of mass but again within their own kind + + align:start position:0% +of mass but again within their own kind + + + align:start position:0% +of mass but again within their own kind +of idiom so even though the ideas were + + align:start position:0% +of idiom so even though the ideas were + + + align:start position:0% +of idiom so even though the ideas were +bubbling up around the same time and + + align:start position:0% +bubbling up around the same time and + + + align:start position:0% +bubbling up around the same time and +often published in the same journals + + align:start position:0% +often published in the same journals + + + align:start position:0% +often published in the same journals +they still were kind of embedded in + + align:start position:0% +they still were kind of embedded in + + + align:start position:0% +they still were kind of embedded in +quite different research traditions and + + align:start position:0% +quite different research traditions and + + + align:start position:0% +quite different research traditions and +conversations so on the gravity side one + + align:start position:0% +conversations so on the gravity side one + + + align:start position:0% +conversations so on the gravity side one +of the most significant + + align:start position:0% +of the most significant + + + align:start position:0% +of the most significant +uh a sort of um + + align:start position:0% +uh a sort of um + + + align:start position:0% +uh a sort of um +um uh elements of research in this uh in + + align:start position:0% +um uh elements of research in this uh in + + + align:start position:0% +um uh elements of research in this uh in +this topic was put forward in 1961 by at + + align:start position:0% +this topic was put forward in 1961 by at + + + align:start position:0% +this topic was put forward in 1961 by at +the time a very young Carl Brands as + + align:start position:0% +the time a very young Carl Brands as + + + align:start position:0% +the time a very young Carl Brands as +part of Carl's PhD thesis that he worked + + align:start position:0% +part of Carl's PhD thesis that he worked + + + align:start position:0% +part of Carl's PhD thesis that he worked +on with his PhD advisor uh Robert Dickey + + align:start position:0% +on with his PhD advisor uh Robert Dickey + + + align:start position:0% +on with his PhD advisor uh Robert Dickey +so this became known as the brands + + align:start position:0% +so this became known as the brands + + + align:start position:0% +so this became known as the brands +Dickie theory of gravity named for uh + + align:start position:0% +Dickie theory of gravity named for uh + + + align:start position:0% +Dickie theory of gravity named for uh +Carl Brands and Robert Dickey and they + + align:start position:0% +Carl Brands and Robert Dickey and they + + + align:start position:0% +Carl Brands and Robert Dickey and they +published it in the physical review in + + align:start position:0% +published it in the physical review in + + + align:start position:0% +published it in the physical review in + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +their idea was actually to try to go + + align:start position:0% +their idea was actually to try to go + + + align:start position:0% +their idea was actually to try to go +back to this notion of Mark's principle + + align:start position:0% +back to this notion of Mark's principle + + + align:start position:0% +back to this notion of Mark's principle +and more thoroughly account for that + + align:start position:0% +and more thoroughly account for that + + + align:start position:0% +and more thoroughly account for that +within a quantitative theory of gravity + + align:start position:0% +within a quantitative theory of gravity + + + align:start position:0% +within a quantitative theory of gravity +so they wanted to modify Einstein's + + align:start position:0% +so they wanted to modify Einstein's + + + align:start position:0% +so they wanted to modify Einstein's +general theory of relativity in a very + + align:start position:0% +general theory of relativity in a very + + + align:start position:0% +general theory of relativity in a very +specific way to try to address this + + align:start position:0% +specific way to try to address this + + + align:start position:0% +specific way to try to address this +question of mass as it had been + + align:start position:0% +question of mass as it had been + + + align:start position:0% +question of mass as it had been +articulated around Mark's principle so + + align:start position:0% +articulated around Mark's principle so + + + align:start position:0% +articulated around Mark's principle so +their idea was to introduce a whole new + + align:start position:0% +their idea was to introduce a whole new + + + align:start position:0% +their idea was to introduce a whole new +kind of matter a new field a new kind of + + align:start position:0% +kind of matter a new field a new kind of + + + align:start position:0% +kind of matter a new field a new kind of +particle in nature they labeled it with + + align:start position:0% +particle in nature they labeled it with + + + align:start position:0% +particle in nature they labeled it with +the Greek letter Phi + + align:start position:0% +the Greek letter Phi + + + align:start position:0% +the Greek letter Phi +and now the idea was instead of having a + + align:start position:0% +and now the idea was instead of having a + + + align:start position:0% +and now the idea was instead of having a +single constant + + align:start position:0% +single constant + + + align:start position:0% +single constant +um unit strength of gravity + + align:start position:0% +um unit strength of gravity + + + align:start position:0% +um unit strength of gravity +labeled by Newton's constant g capital G + + align:start position:0% +labeled by Newton's constant g capital G + + + align:start position:0% +labeled by Newton's constant g capital G +that's the G that's in like Newton's + + align:start position:0% +that's the G that's in like Newton's + + + align:start position:0% +that's the G that's in like Newton's +Force law f equals g M1 M2 over r + + align:start position:0% +Force law f equals g M1 M2 over r + + + align:start position:0% +Force law f equals g M1 M2 over r +squared that unit strength of gravity uh + + align:start position:0% +squared that unit strength of gravity uh + + + align:start position:0% +squared that unit strength of gravity uh +you may remember that in Einstein's + + align:start position:0% +you may remember that in Einstein's + + + align:start position:0% +you may remember that in Einstein's +general theory of relativity there's an + + align:start position:0% +general theory of relativity there's an + + + align:start position:0% +general theory of relativity there's an +exact same constant that gets carried + + align:start position:0% +exact same constant that gets carried + + + align:start position:0% +exact same constant that gets carried +over kind of by Design because Einstein + + align:start position:0% +over kind of by Design because Einstein + + + align:start position:0% +over kind of by Design because Einstein +wanted predictions from his theory to + + align:start position:0% +wanted predictions from his theory to + + + align:start position:0% +wanted predictions from his theory to +kind of match smoothly with the + + align:start position:0% +kind of match smoothly with the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of match smoothly with the +Newtonian predictions and the + + align:start position:0% +Newtonian predictions and the + + + align:start position:0% +Newtonian predictions and the +appropriate regime so even in Einstein's + + align:start position:0% +appropriate regime so even in Einstein's + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate regime so even in Einstein's +theory the unit strength of gravity is + + align:start position:0% +theory the unit strength of gravity is + + + align:start position:0% +theory the unit strength of gravity is +set by some constantly Universal + + align:start position:0% +set by some constantly Universal + + + align:start position:0% +set by some constantly Universal +constant the same constant G + + align:start position:0% +constant the same constant G + + + align:start position:0% +constant the same constant G +uh the same uh here and on Andromeda the + + align:start position:0% +uh the same uh here and on Andromeda the + + + align:start position:0% +uh the same uh here and on Andromeda the +same today as it was a billion years ago + + align:start position:0% +same today as it was a billion years ago + + + align:start position:0% +same today as it was a billion years ago +so what brands and Dicky uh were + + align:start position:0% +so what brands and Dicky uh were + + + align:start position:0% +so what brands and Dicky uh were +wondering was what if that unit strength + + align:start position:0% +wondering was what if that unit strength + + + align:start position:0% +wondering was what if that unit strength +of gravity is actually not a constant + + align:start position:0% +of gravity is actually not a constant + + + align:start position:0% +of gravity is actually not a constant +what if the strength of gravity could + + align:start position:0% +what if the strength of gravity could + + + align:start position:0% +what if the strength of gravity could +vary across time and space so one way to + + align:start position:0% +vary across time and space so one way to + + + align:start position:0% +vary across time and space so one way to +represent that variation was to say that + + align:start position:0% +represent that variation was to say that + + + align:start position:0% +represent that variation was to say that +this unit strength of gravity Newton's + + align:start position:0% +this unit strength of gravity Newton's + + + align:start position:0% +this unit strength of gravity Newton's +constant so-called constant actually + + align:start position:0% +constant so-called constant actually + + + align:start position:0% +constant so-called constant actually +could vary because it was uh actually a + + align:start position:0% +could vary because it was uh actually a + + + align:start position:0% +could vary because it was uh actually a +dynamical field it was some field + + align:start position:0% +dynamical field it was some field + + + align:start position:0% +dynamical field it was some field +extended across space that could vary + + align:start position:0% +extended across space that could vary + + + align:start position:0% +extended across space that could vary +over time and whatever its value happens + + align:start position:0% +over time and whatever its value happens + + + align:start position:0% +over time and whatever its value happens +to be here and now is what we interpret + + align:start position:0% +to be here and now is what we interpret + + + align:start position:0% +to be here and now is what we interpret +as this local strength of gravity so it + + align:start position:0% +as this local strength of gravity so it + + + align:start position:0% +as this local strength of gravity so it +was attempt to modify Einstein's theory + + align:start position:0% +was attempt to modify Einstein's theory + + + align:start position:0% +was attempt to modify Einstein's theory +of General activity actually + + align:start position:0% +of General activity actually + + + align:start position:0% +of General activity actually +in response to this challenge of Mock's + + align:start position:0% +in response to this challenge of Mock's + + + align:start position:0% +in response to this challenge of Mock's +principle so what were they doing if you + + align:start position:0% +principle so what were they doing if you + + + align:start position:0% +principle so what were they doing if you +look slightly more quantitatively in + + align:start position:0% +look slightly more quantitatively in + + + align:start position:0% +look slightly more quantitatively in +Einstein's version you can represent + + align:start position:0% +Einstein's version you can represent + + + align:start position:0% +Einstein's version you can represent +Einstein's general theory of relativity + + align:start position:0% +Einstein's general theory of relativity + + + align:start position:0% +Einstein's general theory of relativity +by an action incense by writing down a + + align:start position:0% +by an action incense by writing down a + + + align:start position:0% +by an action incense by writing down a +lagrangian and I I won't go through all + + align:start position:0% +lagrangian and I I won't go through all + + + align:start position:0% +lagrangian and I I won't go through all +the details of course right now I'd be + + align:start position:0% +the details of course right now I'd be + + + align:start position:0% +the details of course right now I'd be +glad to chat more but what the relevant + + align:start position:0% +glad to chat more but what the relevant + + + align:start position:0% +glad to chat more but what the relevant +term in Einstein's equations looks like + + align:start position:0% +term in Einstein's equations looks like + + + align:start position:0% +term in Einstein's equations looks like +this this R is one of those geometrical + + align:start position:0% +this this R is one of those geometrical + + + align:start position:0% +this this R is one of those geometrical +objects that he had to learn about from + + align:start position:0% +objects that he had to learn about from + + + align:start position:0% +objects that he had to learn about from +from his friend + + align:start position:0% +from his friend + + + align:start position:0% +from his friend +um Marcel Grossmont because Einstein had + + align:start position:0% +um Marcel Grossmont because Einstein had + + + align:start position:0% +um Marcel Grossmont because Einstein had +cut too many of his math courses in + + align:start position:0% +cut too many of his math courses in + + + align:start position:0% +cut too many of his math courses in +school we talked about that so this is + + align:start position:0% +school we talked about that so this is + + + align:start position:0% +school we talked about that so this is +this is the kind of geometers tool of + + align:start position:0% +this is the kind of geometers tool of + + + align:start position:0% +this is the kind of geometers tool of +quantifying the warping of space and + + align:start position:0% +quantifying the warping of space and + + + align:start position:0% +quantifying the warping of space and +time it's called the Richie curvature + + align:start position:0% +time it's called the Richie curvature + + + align:start position:0% +time it's called the Richie curvature +scaler and multiplying that is this + + align:start position:0% +scaler and multiplying that is this + + + align:start position:0% +scaler and multiplying that is this +constant this unit strength of gravity + + align:start position:0% +constant this unit strength of gravity + + + align:start position:0% +constant this unit strength of gravity +uh in in Einstein's theory so what Brads + + align:start position:0% +uh in in Einstein's theory so what Brads + + + align:start position:0% +uh in in Einstein's theory so what Brads +and dicky do we say well instead of this + + align:start position:0% +and dicky do we say well instead of this + + + align:start position:0% +and dicky do we say well instead of this +unit a constant let's replace G by one + + align:start position:0% +unit a constant let's replace G by one + + + align:start position:0% +unit a constant let's replace G by one +over five so now one over G becomes Phi + + align:start position:0% +over five so now one over G becomes Phi + + + align:start position:0% +over five so now one over G becomes Phi +in the lagrangian or the action for + + align:start position:0% +in the lagrangian or the action for + + + align:start position:0% +in the lagrangian or the action for +gravitation where in principle Phi the + + align:start position:0% +gravitation where in principle Phi the + + + align:start position:0% +gravitation where in principle Phi the +local strength of gravity could could + + align:start position:0% +local strength of gravity could could + + + align:start position:0% +local strength of gravity could could +change across time and space so if this + + align:start position:0% +change across time and space so if this + + + align:start position:0% +change across time and space so if this +field Phi could vary if it in principle + + align:start position:0% +field Phi could vary if it in principle + + + align:start position:0% +field Phi could vary if it in principle +could be changing either over space or + + align:start position:0% +could be changing either over space or + + + align:start position:0% +could be changing either over space or +over time then they also knew they had + + align:start position:0% +over time then they also knew they had + + + align:start position:0% +over time then they also knew they had +to take into account within this total + + align:start position:0% +to take into account within this total + + + align:start position:0% +to take into account within this total +kind of energy budget the lagrangian + + align:start position:0% +kind of energy budget the lagrangian + + + align:start position:0% +kind of energy budget the lagrangian +they had to take into account the + + align:start position:0% +they had to take into account the + + + align:start position:0% +they had to take into account the +kinetic energy associated with every + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy associated with every + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy associated with every +time that field changes either gradients + + align:start position:0% +time that field changes either gradients + + + align:start position:0% +time that field changes either gradients +in space or changes over time so the + + align:start position:0% +in space or changes over time so the + + + align:start position:0% +in space or changes over time so the +second term they had to add in this part + + align:start position:0% +second term they had to add in this part + + + align:start position:0% +second term they had to add in this part +here in red is basically the kinetic + + align:start position:0% +here in red is basically the kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +here in red is basically the kinetic +energy associated with variations in + + align:start position:0% +energy associated with variations in + + + align:start position:0% +energy associated with variations in +that new field that new dynamical field + + align:start position:0% +that new field that new dynamical field + + + align:start position:0% +that new field that new dynamical field +and they put in very cleverly this extra + + align:start position:0% +and they put in very cleverly this extra + + + align:start position:0% +and they put in very cleverly this extra +kind of dimensionless constant a kind of + + align:start position:0% +kind of dimensionless constant a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +kind of dimensionless constant a kind of +fudge factor that they labeled by the + + align:start position:0% +fudge factor that they labeled by the + + + align:start position:0% +fudge factor that they labeled by the +Greek letter Omega and this was + + align:start position:0% +Greek letter Omega and this was + + + align:start position:0% +Greek letter Omega and this was +basically to control the how much their + + align:start position:0% +basically to control the how much their + + + align:start position:0% +basically to control the how much their +version would would depart from the + + align:start position:0% +version would would depart from the + + + align:start position:0% +version would would depart from the +ordinary behavior from General activity + + align:start position:0% +ordinary behavior from General activity + + + align:start position:0% +ordinary behavior from General activity +the idea is that + + align:start position:0% +the idea is that + + + align:start position:0% +the idea is that +if it if Omega is it's just a number + + align:start position:0% +if it if Omega is it's just a number + + + align:start position:0% +if it if Omega is it's just a number +some real number uh a positive integer + + align:start position:0% +some real number uh a positive integer + + + align:start position:0% +some real number uh a positive integer +or not as an integer positive number if + + align:start position:0% +or not as an integer positive number if + + + align:start position:0% +or not as an integer positive number if +Omega is a very small number of order 1 + + align:start position:0% +Omega is a very small number of order 1 + + + align:start position:0% +Omega is a very small number of order 1 +or a fraction of one then in some sense + + align:start position:0% +or a fraction of one then in some sense + + + align:start position:0% +or a fraction of one then in some sense +it doesn't cost very much the kinetic + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't cost very much the kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't cost very much the kinetic +energy is multiplied by a small number + + align:start position:0% +energy is multiplied by a small number + + + align:start position:0% +energy is multiplied by a small number +so the field varying across space and + + align:start position:0% +so the field varying across space and + + + align:start position:0% +so the field varying across space and +time wouldn't cost very much of the + + align:start position:0% +time wouldn't cost very much of the + + + align:start position:0% +time wouldn't cost very much of the +whole system's energy balance so it + + align:start position:0% +whole system's energy balance so it + + + align:start position:0% +whole system's energy balance so it +would not in principle be difficult for + + align:start position:0% +would not in principle be difficult for + + + align:start position:0% +would not in principle be difficult for +the field to actually be really quite + + align:start position:0% +the field to actually be really quite + + + align:start position:0% +the field to actually be really quite +kind of wobbly that it could vary quite + + align:start position:0% +kind of wobbly that it could vary quite + + + align:start position:0% +kind of wobbly that it could vary quite +significantly across space and time that + + align:start position:0% +significantly across space and time that + + + align:start position:0% +significantly across space and time that +would be like say you could have quite + + align:start position:0% +would be like say you could have quite + + + align:start position:0% +would be like say you could have quite +dramatic differences in the local + + align:start position:0% +dramatic differences in the local + + + align:start position:0% +dramatic differences in the local +strength of gravity because this field + + align:start position:0% +strength of gravity because this field + + + align:start position:0% +strength of gravity because this field +Phi could be wobbling all over the place + + align:start position:0% +Phi could be wobbling all over the place + + + align:start position:0% +Phi could be wobbling all over the place +because it wouldn't cost much from the + + align:start position:0% +because it wouldn't cost much from the + + + align:start position:0% +because it wouldn't cost much from the +energy balance uh the other hand as you + + align:start position:0% +energy balance uh the other hand as you + + + align:start position:0% +energy balance uh the other hand as you +tune up that parameter + + align:start position:0% +tune up that parameter + + + align:start position:0% +tune up that parameter +the simple number omega as Omega gets + + align:start position:0% +the simple number omega as Omega gets + + + align:start position:0% +the simple number omega as Omega gets +more and more large then it costs more + + align:start position:0% +more and more large then it costs more + + + align:start position:0% +more and more large then it costs more +and more to have the field vary at all + + align:start position:0% +and more to have the field vary at all + + + align:start position:0% +and more to have the field vary at all +and so in some sense you're sort of + + align:start position:0% +and so in some sense you're sort of + + + align:start position:0% +and so in some sense you're sort of +stiffening up the the trampoline so as + + align:start position:0% +stiffening up the the trampoline so as + + + align:start position:0% +stiffening up the the trampoline so as +Omega becomes larger and larger the + + align:start position:0% +Omega becomes larger and larger the + + + align:start position:0% +Omega becomes larger and larger the +field is much less likely to vary either + + align:start position:0% +field is much less likely to vary either + + + align:start position:0% +field is much less likely to vary either +over space or time and in the limit that + + align:start position:0% +over space or time and in the limit that + + + align:start position:0% +over space or time and in the limit that +Omega becomes arbitrarily large then Phi + + align:start position:0% +Omega becomes arbitrarily large then Phi + + + align:start position:0% +Omega becomes arbitrarily large then Phi +in a sense can't afford to vary at all + + align:start position:0% +in a sense can't afford to vary at all + + + align:start position:0% +in a sense can't afford to vary at all +the kinetic energy cost is too high and + + align:start position:0% +the kinetic energy cost is too high and + + + align:start position:0% +the kinetic energy cost is too high and +so on average the field doesn't change + + align:start position:0% +so on average the field doesn't change + + + align:start position:0% +so on average the field doesn't change +at all if the field doesn't change at + + align:start position:0% +at all if the field doesn't change at + + + align:start position:0% +at all if the field doesn't change at +all it acts like a constant so you get + + align:start position:0% +all it acts like a constant so you get + + + align:start position:0% +all it acts like a constant so you get +back to the Einstein like limit so they + + align:start position:0% +back to the Einstein like limit so they + + + align:start position:0% +back to the Einstein like limit so they +had this very clever fudge Factor + + align:start position:0% +had this very clever fudge Factor + + + align:start position:0% +had this very clever fudge Factor +so the coupling constant so in principle + + align:start position:0% +so the coupling constant so in principle + + + align:start position:0% +so the coupling constant so in principle +the local strength of gravity could be + + align:start position:0% +the local strength of gravity could be + + + align:start position:0% +the local strength of gravity could be +changing all the time but the amount of + + align:start position:0% +changing all the time but the amount of + + + align:start position:0% +changing all the time but the amount of +that variation could be controlled by + + align:start position:0% +that variation could be controlled by + + + align:start position:0% +that variation could be controlled by +this one new parameter in the theory and + + align:start position:0% +this one new parameter in the theory and + + + align:start position:0% +this one new parameter in the theory and +as Omega becomes large the behavior + + align:start position:0% +as Omega becomes large the behavior + + + align:start position:0% +as Omega becomes large the behavior +reduces to uh the kind of constant + + align:start position:0% +reduces to uh the kind of constant + + + align:start position:0% +reduces to uh the kind of constant +strength of gravity of the original + + align:start position:0% +strength of gravity of the original + + + align:start position:0% +strength of gravity of the original +Einstein theory now how does it help + + align:start position:0% +Einstein theory now how does it help + + + align:start position:0% +Einstein theory now how does it help +with Mock's principle the idea is that + + align:start position:0% +with Mock's principle the idea is that + + + align:start position:0% +with Mock's principle the idea is that +this new form of matter this new field + + align:start position:0% +this new form of matter this new field + + + align:start position:0% +this new form of matter this new field +Phi is extended throughout all of the + + align:start position:0% +Phi is extended throughout all of the + + + align:start position:0% +Phi is extended throughout all of the +universe through every nook and cranny + + align:start position:0% +universe through every nook and cranny + + + align:start position:0% +universe through every nook and cranny +of space all of matter interacts with + + align:start position:0% +of space all of matter interacts with + + + align:start position:0% +of space all of matter interacts with +Phi it's almost like a new ether you + + align:start position:0% +Phi it's almost like a new ether you + + + align:start position:0% +Phi it's almost like a new ether you +might say it's everywhere + + align:start position:0% +might say it's everywhere + + + align:start position:0% +might say it's everywhere +and then uh the fact that Phi is + + align:start position:0% +and then uh the fact that Phi is + + + align:start position:0% +and then uh the fact that Phi is +extended everywhere and is interacting + + align:start position:0% +extended everywhere and is interacting + + + align:start position:0% +extended everywhere and is interacting +universally is what they thought would + + align:start position:0% +universally is what they thought would + + + align:start position:0% +universally is what they thought would +take into account Mock's idea that the + + align:start position:0% +take into account Mock's idea that the + + + align:start position:0% +take into account Mock's idea that the +local inertial effects the effects of + + align:start position:0% +local inertial effects the effects of + + + align:start position:0% +local inertial effects the effects of +this strength of local strike of gravity + + align:start position:0% +this strength of local strike of gravity + + + align:start position:0% +this strength of local strike of gravity +right here right now really is sort of + + align:start position:0% +right here right now really is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +right here right now really is sort of +attuned to or sensitive to the broader + + align:start position:0% +attuned to or sensitive to the broader + + + align:start position:0% +attuned to or sensitive to the broader +Cosmic distribution of matter so matter + + align:start position:0% +Cosmic distribution of matter so matter + + + align:start position:0% +Cosmic distribution of matter so matter +in the furthest away galaxies could be + + align:start position:0% +in the furthest away galaxies could be + + + align:start position:0% +in the furthest away galaxies could be +affecting the behavior of Phi and mean + + align:start position:0% +affecting the behavior of Phi and mean + + + align:start position:0% +affecting the behavior of Phi and mean +we'll have five other five very locally + + align:start position:0% +we'll have five other five very locally + + + align:start position:0% +we'll have five other five very locally +affects local inertial effects so this + + align:start position:0% +affects local inertial effects so this + + + align:start position:0% +affects local inertial effects so this +would be a way to incorporate box + + align:start position:0% +would be a way to incorporate box + + + align:start position:0% +would be a way to incorporate box +principle uh going Beyond even just + + align:start position:0% +principle uh going Beyond even just + + + align:start position:0% +principle uh going Beyond even just +Einstein's version okay so the idea was + + align:start position:0% +Einstein's version okay so the idea was + + + align:start position:0% +Einstein's version okay so the idea was +there's a problem of mass why do local + + align:start position:0% +there's a problem of mass why do local + + + align:start position:0% +there's a problem of mass why do local +objects behave with the mass that we + + align:start position:0% +objects behave with the mass that we + + + align:start position:0% +objects behave with the mass that we +observe why do we attribute certain + + align:start position:0% +observe why do we attribute certain + + + align:start position:0% +observe why do we attribute certain +inertial effects to local objects and + + align:start position:0% +inertial effects to local objects and + + + align:start position:0% +inertial effects to local objects and +the the suggestion here by uh at the + + align:start position:0% +the the suggestion here by uh at the + + + align:start position:0% +the the suggestion here by uh at the +time very young Carl brands and his + + align:start position:0% +time very young Carl brands and his + + + align:start position:0% +time very young Carl brands and his +advisor Robert Dickey which is a new + + align:start position:0% +advisor Robert Dickey which is a new + + + align:start position:0% +advisor Robert Dickey which is a new +form of matter the label by the Greek + + align:start position:0% +form of matter the label by the Greek + + + align:start position:0% +form of matter the label by the Greek +letter Phi it extends her out of space + + align:start position:0% +letter Phi it extends her out of space + + + align:start position:0% +letter Phi it extends her out of space +and everything else interacts with it + + align:start position:0% +and everything else interacts with it + + + align:start position:0% +and everything else interacts with it +okay that's kind of proposal + + align:start position:0% +okay that's kind of proposal + + + align:start position:0% +okay that's kind of proposal +hypothetical proposal number one + + align:start position:0% +hypothetical proposal number one + + + align:start position:0% +hypothetical proposal number one +quite separately but right around the + + align:start position:0% +quite separately but right around the + + + align:start position:0% +quite separately but right around the +same time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there was this sort of different + + align:start position:0% +there was this sort of different + + + align:start position:0% +there was this sort of different +conversation going on among people who + + align:start position:0% +conversation going on among people who + + + align:start position:0% +conversation going on among people who +were specialists in + + align:start position:0% +were specialists in + + + align:start position:0% +were specialists in +uh nuclear and particle physics uh and + + align:start position:0% +uh nuclear and particle physics uh and + + + align:start position:0% +uh nuclear and particle physics uh and +to some degree in solid state physics + + align:start position:0% +to some degree in solid state physics + + + align:start position:0% +to some degree in solid state physics +and that was this question about + + align:start position:0% +and that was this question about + + + align:start position:0% +and that was this question about +um why do certain Elementary particles + + align:start position:0% +um why do certain Elementary particles + + + align:start position:0% +um why do certain Elementary particles +have a short range if we can't + + align:start position:0% +have a short range if we can't + + + align:start position:0% +have a short range if we can't +accommodate a mass while keeping the + + align:start position:0% +accommodate a mass while keeping the + + + align:start position:0% +accommodate a mass while keeping the +Symmetry this is now they're back in + + align:start position:0% +Symmetry this is now they're back in + + + align:start position:0% +Symmetry this is now they're back in +this question of things like the the + + align:start position:0% +this question of things like the the + + + align:start position:0% +this question of things like the the +nuclear forces could you have + + align:start position:0% +nuclear forces could you have + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear forces could you have +nuclear forces mediated by the exchange + + align:start position:0% +nuclear forces mediated by the exchange + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear forces mediated by the exchange +of particles could those particles + + align:start position:0% +of particles could those particles + + + align:start position:0% +of particles could those particles +themselves be very massive they don't go + + align:start position:0% +themselves be very massive they don't go + + + align:start position:0% +themselves be very massive they don't go +away go very far it's a short range + + align:start position:0% +away go very far it's a short range + + + align:start position:0% +away go very far it's a short range +force and yet still be respecting the + + align:start position:0% +force and yet still be respecting the + + + align:start position:0% +force and yet still be respecting the +various symmetries for which people had + + align:start position:0% +various symmetries for which people had + + + align:start position:0% +various symmetries for which people had +invented those particles in the first + + align:start position:0% +invented those particles in the first + + + align:start position:0% +invented those particles in the first +place so here's again a a very clever uh + + align:start position:0% +place so here's again a a very clever uh + + + align:start position:0% +place so here's again a a very clever uh +suggestion coming first actually from + + align:start position:0% +suggestion coming first actually from + + + align:start position:0% +suggestion coming first actually from +Jeffrey Goldstone some of you might know + + align:start position:0% +Jeffrey Goldstone some of you might know + + + align:start position:0% +Jeffrey Goldstone some of you might know +Professor Goldstone he's a Emeritus + + align:start position:0% +Professor Goldstone he's a Emeritus + + + align:start position:0% +Professor Goldstone he's a Emeritus +professor of physics here at MIT still + + align:start position:0% +professor of physics here at MIT still + + + align:start position:0% +professor of physics here at MIT still +very active + + align:start position:0% +very active + + + align:start position:0% +very active +and then independently a few years later + + align:start position:0% +and then independently a few years later + + + align:start position:0% +and then independently a few years later +by people like Peter Higgs and in fact + + align:start position:0% +by people like Peter Higgs and in fact + + + align:start position:0% +by people like Peter Higgs and in fact +many other theorists along the way all + + align:start position:0% +many other theorists along the way all + + + align:start position:0% +many other theorists along the way all +this work was bubbling up between 1961 + + align:start position:0% +this work was bubbling up between 1961 + + + align:start position:0% +this work was bubbling up between 1961 +and 64 again often being published in + + align:start position:0% +and 64 again often being published in + + + align:start position:0% +and 64 again often being published in +that same Journal as the brand sticky + + align:start position:0% +that same Journal as the brand sticky + + + align:start position:0% +that same Journal as the brand sticky +work but embedded in quite a separate + + align:start position:0% +work but embedded in quite a separate + + + align:start position:0% +work but embedded in quite a separate +conversation so their approach was not + + align:start position:0% +conversation so their approach was not + + + align:start position:0% +conversation so their approach was not +to Tinker with the kinetic energy like + + align:start position:0% +to Tinker with the kinetic energy like + + + align:start position:0% +to Tinker with the kinetic energy like +Brands and Dickie were doing but + + align:start position:0% +Brands and Dickie were doing but + + + align:start position:0% +Brands and Dickie were doing but +actually to study a new form of the + + align:start position:0% +actually to study a new form of the + + + align:start position:0% +actually to study a new form of the +potential energy so they again + + align:start position:0% +potential energy so they again + + + align:start position:0% +potential energy so they again +introduced a new hypothetical form of + + align:start position:0% +introduced a new hypothetical form of + + + align:start position:0% +introduced a new hypothetical form of +matter they again consider a scalar + + align:start position:0% +matter they again consider a scalar + + + align:start position:0% +matter they again consider a scalar +field let's say a field with zero spin + + align:start position:0% +field let's say a field with zero spin + + + align:start position:0% +field let's say a field with zero spin +zero intrinsic angular momentum they + + align:start position:0% +zero intrinsic angular momentum they + + + align:start position:0% +zero intrinsic angular momentum they +again label it by the same Greek letter + + align:start position:0% +again label it by the same Greek letter + + + align:start position:0% +again label it by the same Greek letter +Phi but now they focus on the potential + + align:start position:0% +Phi but now they focus on the potential + + + align:start position:0% +Phi but now they focus on the potential +energy stored that might be stored in + + align:start position:0% +energy stored that might be stored in + + + align:start position:0% +energy stored that might be stored in +this hypothetical field and if and as I + + align:start position:0% +this hypothetical field and if and as I + + + align:start position:0% +this hypothetical field and if and as I +showed that Goldstone was really among + + align:start position:0% +showed that Goldstone was really among + + + align:start position:0% +showed that Goldstone was really among +the very first to show this if you if + + align:start position:0% +the very first to show this if you if + + + align:start position:0% +the very first to show this if you if +you adopt a certain kind of shape for a + + align:start position:0% +you adopt a certain kind of shape for a + + + align:start position:0% +you adopt a certain kind of shape for a +characteristic shape for that potential + + align:start position:0% +characteristic shape for that potential + + + align:start position:0% +characteristic shape for that potential +energy function then you could + + align:start position:0% +energy function then you could + + + align:start position:0% +energy function then you could +accomplish what they came to call + + align:start position:0% +accomplish what they came to call + + + align:start position:0% +accomplish what they came to call +spontaneous symmetry breaking so this is + + align:start position:0% +spontaneous symmetry breaking so this is + + + align:start position:0% +spontaneous symmetry breaking so this is +that this picture is actually taken from + + align:start position:0% +that this picture is actually taken from + + + align:start position:0% +that this picture is actually taken from +goldstone's very first article in 1961 + + align:start position:0% +goldstone's very first article in 1961 + + + align:start position:0% +goldstone's very first article in 1961 +it doesn't look so special you've + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't look so special you've + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't look so special you've +probably seen similar things yourselves + + align:start position:0% +probably seen similar things yourselves + + + align:start position:0% +probably seen similar things yourselves +it looks like basically a double well + + align:start position:0% +it looks like basically a double well + + + align:start position:0% +it looks like basically a double well +potential + + align:start position:0% +potential + + + align:start position:0% +potential +so the idea was at the level of the + + align:start position:0% +so the idea was at the level of the + + + align:start position:0% +so the idea was at the level of the +governing equations for these nuclear + + align:start position:0% +governing equations for these nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +governing equations for these nuclear +forces you would continue to assume that + + align:start position:0% +forces you would continue to assume that + + + align:start position:0% +forces you would continue to assume that +these force-carrying particles really + + align:start position:0% +these force-carrying particles really + + + align:start position:0% +these force-carrying particles really +were genuinely Mass lists they had zero + + align:start position:0% +were genuinely Mass lists they had zero + + + align:start position:0% +were genuinely Mass lists they had zero +Mass just like the photon from + + align:start position:0% +Mass just like the photon from + + + align:start position:0% +Mass just like the photon from +electromagnetism so that would preserve + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetism so that would preserve + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetism so that would preserve +all the symmetries the the equations for + + align:start position:0% +all the symmetries the the equations for + + + align:start position:0% +all the symmetries the the equations for +the governing nuclear forces could + + align:start position:0% +the governing nuclear forces could + + + align:start position:0% +the governing nuclear forces could +retain all the fancy symmetries for + + align:start position:0% +retain all the fancy symmetries for + + + align:start position:0% +retain all the fancy symmetries for +which these new particles were + + align:start position:0% +which these new particles were + + + align:start position:0% +which these new particles were +introduced to kind of reinforce that + + align:start position:0% +introduced to kind of reinforce that + + + align:start position:0% +introduced to kind of reinforce that +symmetry at each point in space and time + + align:start position:0% +symmetry at each point in space and time + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry at each point in space and time +and you wouldn't put in any symmetry + + align:start position:0% +and you wouldn't put in any symmetry + + + align:start position:0% +and you wouldn't put in any symmetry +breaking terms by hand you'd leave those + + align:start position:0% +breaking terms by hand you'd leave those + + + align:start position:0% +breaking terms by hand you'd leave those +particles massless however + + align:start position:0% +particles massless however + + + align:start position:0% +particles massless however +you'd add in a new additional form of + + align:start position:0% +you'd add in a new additional form of + + + align:start position:0% +you'd add in a new additional form of +matter even Beyond those force-carrying + + align:start position:0% +matter even Beyond those force-carrying + + + align:start position:0% +matter even Beyond those force-carrying +particles it's what's now called the + + align:start position:0% +particles it's what's now called the + + + align:start position:0% +particles it's what's now called the +Higgs field though really many people + + align:start position:0% +Higgs field though really many people + + + align:start position:0% +Higgs field though really many people +were working on similar ideas + + align:start position:0% +were working on similar ideas + + + align:start position:0% +were working on similar ideas +that separate field isn't responsible + + align:start position:0% +that separate field isn't responsible + + + align:start position:0% +that separate field isn't responsible +for the nuclear forces it's responsible + + align:start position:0% +for the nuclear forces it's responsible + + + align:start position:0% +for the nuclear forces it's responsible +for giving everything else the masses + + align:start position:0% +for giving everything else the masses + + + align:start position:0% +for giving everything else the masses +that we measure including those Force + + align:start position:0% +that we measure including those Force + + + align:start position:0% +that we measure including those Force +carrying particles so the idea is this + + align:start position:0% +carrying particles so the idea is this + + + align:start position:0% +carrying particles so the idea is this +the uh here's an example of that kind of + + align:start position:0% +the uh here's an example of that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +the uh here's an example of that kind of +double well potential the equations + + align:start position:0% +double well potential the equations + + + align:start position:0% +double well potential the equations +governing the full system the the + + align:start position:0% +governing the full system the the + + + align:start position:0% +governing the full system the the +nuclear forces plus this coupled scalar + + align:start position:0% +nuclear forces plus this coupled scalar + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear forces plus this coupled scalar +field Phi retain all the symmetries that + + align:start position:0% +field Phi retain all the symmetries that + + + align:start position:0% +field Phi retain all the symmetries that +um that seem to be so important for the + + align:start position:0% +um that seem to be so important for the + + + align:start position:0% +um that seem to be so important for the +nuclear forces in this case as a toy + + align:start position:0% +nuclear forces in this case as a toy + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear forces in this case as a toy +model it'd be like a kind of Left Right + + align:start position:0% +model it'd be like a kind of Left Right + + + align:start position:0% +model it'd be like a kind of Left Right +symmetry so the equations the governing + + align:start position:0% +symmetry so the equations the governing + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry so the equations the governing +equations don't care whether the field + + align:start position:0% +equations don't care whether the field + + + align:start position:0% +equations don't care whether the field +ultimately lands up uh in this local + + align:start position:0% +ultimately lands up uh in this local + + + align:start position:0% +ultimately lands up uh in this local +minimum of the potential or this local + + align:start position:0% +minimum of the potential or this local + + + align:start position:0% +minimum of the potential or this local +minimum the equations are perfectly + + align:start position:0% +minimum the equations are perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +minimum the equations are perfectly +symmetrical in this case my simple Left + + align:start position:0% +symmetrical in this case my simple Left + + + align:start position:0% +symmetrical in this case my simple Left +Right symmetry you can make that more + + align:start position:0% +Right symmetry you can make that more + + + align:start position:0% +Right symmetry you can make that more +fancy with it more involved symmetries + + align:start position:0% +fancy with it more involved symmetries + + + align:start position:0% +fancy with it more involved symmetries +of the nuclear forces so the equations + + align:start position:0% +of the nuclear forces so the equations + + + align:start position:0% +of the nuclear forces so the equations +respect the symmetries however this is a + + align:start position:0% +respect the symmetries however this is a + + + align:start position:0% +respect the symmetries however this is a +dynamical field at some point it will + + align:start position:0% +dynamical field at some point it will + + + align:start position:0% +dynamical field at some point it will +settle into a local minimum the system + + align:start position:0% +settle into a local minimum the system + + + align:start position:0% +settle into a local minimum the system +will minimize its energy that's how it + + align:start position:0% +will minimize its energy that's how it + + + align:start position:0% +will minimize its energy that's how it +will seek its kind of equilibrium and so + + align:start position:0% +will seek its kind of equilibrium and so + + + align:start position:0% +will seek its kind of equilibrium and so +the system will settle in either to this + + align:start position:0% +the system will settle in either to this + + + align:start position:0% +the system will settle in either to this +local minimum on the right hand side or + + align:start position:0% +local minimum on the right hand side or + + + align:start position:0% +local minimum on the right hand side or +this equivalent local minimum on the + + align:start position:0% +this equivalent local minimum on the + + + align:start position:0% +this equivalent local minimum on the +left hand side same energy so either one + + align:start position:0% +left hand side same energy so either one + + + align:start position:0% +left hand side same energy so either one +and either one is sort of intrinsically + + align:start position:0% +and either one is sort of intrinsically + + + align:start position:0% +and either one is sort of intrinsically +preferred or preferable and it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +preferred or preferable and it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +preferred or preferable and it's kind of +a 50 50 chance so the idea is that the + + align:start position:0% +a 50 50 chance so the idea is that the + + + align:start position:0% +a 50 50 chance so the idea is that the +solutions to this dynamical system will + + align:start position:0% +solutions to this dynamical system will + + + align:start position:0% +solutions to this dynamical system will +break the symmetries that govern the + + align:start position:0% +break the symmetries that govern the + + + align:start position:0% +break the symmetries that govern the +equations themselves that's why this + + align:start position:0% +equations themselves that's why this + + + align:start position:0% +equations themselves that's why this +became called spontaneous symmetry + + align:start position:0% +became called spontaneous symmetry + + + align:start position:0% +became called spontaneous symmetry +breaking the governing equation + + align:start position:0% +breaking the governing equation + + + align:start position:0% +breaking the governing equation +governing equations maintain the + + align:start position:0% +governing equations maintain the + + + align:start position:0% +governing equations maintain the +Symmetry but the Symmetry is broken + + align:start position:0% +Symmetry but the Symmetry is broken + + + align:start position:0% +Symmetry but the Symmetry is broken +spontaneously when the system relaxes to + + align:start position:0% +spontaneously when the system relaxes to + + + align:start position:0% +spontaneously when the system relaxes to +some lowest energy State now why would + + align:start position:0% +some lowest energy State now why would + + + align:start position:0% +some lowest energy State now why would +that help + + align:start position:0% +that help + + + align:start position:0% +that help +because I assume much like Brands and + + align:start position:0% +because I assume much like Brands and + + + align:start position:0% +because I assume much like Brands and +Dicky assumed that this new hypothetical + + align:start position:0% +Dicky assumed that this new hypothetical + + + align:start position:0% +Dicky assumed that this new hypothetical +state of matter this new field Phi + + align:start position:0% +state of matter this new field Phi + + + align:start position:0% +state of matter this new field Phi +stretches through all of space through + + align:start position:0% +stretches through all of space through + + + align:start position:0% +stretches through all of space through +every nook and granted Universe uh and + + align:start position:0% +every nook and granted Universe uh and + + + align:start position:0% +every nook and granted Universe uh and +all the rest of matter interacts with it + + align:start position:0% +all the rest of matter interacts with it + + + align:start position:0% +all the rest of matter interacts with it +so now once this scalar field once this + + align:start position:0% +so now once this scalar field once this + + + align:start position:0% +so now once this scalar field once this +what we now call Higgs field gets + + align:start position:0% +what we now call Higgs field gets + + + align:start position:0% +what we now call Higgs field gets +anchored or kind of gets stuck in one of + + align:start position:0% +anchored or kind of gets stuck in one of + + + align:start position:0% +anchored or kind of gets stuck in one of +his local minimum it now acts like it + + align:start position:0% +his local minimum it now acts like it + + + align:start position:0% +his local minimum it now acts like it +has a kind of molasses it actually is + + align:start position:0% +has a kind of molasses it actually is + + + align:start position:0% +has a kind of molasses it actually is +stuck in a non-zero value of its field + + align:start position:0% +stuck in a non-zero value of its field + + + align:start position:0% +stuck in a non-zero value of its field +instead of being stuck at the origin + + align:start position:0% +instead of being stuck at the origin + + + align:start position:0% +instead of being stuck at the origin +it's stuck at some non-zero value if + + align:start position:0% +it's stuck at some non-zero value if + + + align:start position:0% +it's stuck at some non-zero value if +these other nuclear force carrying + + align:start position:0% +these other nuclear force carrying + + + align:start position:0% +these other nuclear force carrying +particles for example interact with Phi + + align:start position:0% +particles for example interact with Phi + + + align:start position:0% +particles for example interact with Phi +then all of a sudden they have to drag + + align:start position:0% +then all of a sudden they have to drag + + + align:start position:0% +then all of a sudden they have to drag +this field guy around they they start + + align:start position:0% +this field guy around they they start + + + align:start position:0% +this field guy around they they start +acting like they have as if they have a + + align:start position:0% +acting like they have as if they have a + + + align:start position:0% +acting like they have as if they have a +large Mass + + align:start position:0% +large Mass + + + align:start position:0% +large Mass +at the level of the equations uh alone + + align:start position:0% +at the level of the equations uh alone + + + align:start position:0% +at the level of the equations uh alone +they have zero Mass they should be + + align:start position:0% +they have zero Mass they should be + + + align:start position:0% +they have zero Mass they should be +exactly's Mass this is the photon but + + align:start position:0% +exactly's Mass this is the photon but + + + align:start position:0% +exactly's Mass this is the photon but +unlike the photon these newer uh Force + + align:start position:0% +unlike the photon these newer uh Force + + + align:start position:0% +unlike the photon these newer uh Force +carrying particles interact with this + + align:start position:0% +carrying particles interact with this + + + align:start position:0% +carrying particles interact with this +new uh scalar field where the scalar + + align:start position:0% +new uh scalar field where the scalar + + + align:start position:0% +new uh scalar field where the scalar +field gets anchored to some energy + + align:start position:0% +field gets anchored to some energy + + + align:start position:0% +field gets anchored to some energy +minimizing value that changes the + + align:start position:0% +minimizing value that changes the + + + align:start position:0% +minimizing value that changes the +interactions of the effective dynamics + + align:start position:0% +interactions of the effective dynamics + + + align:start position:0% +interactions of the effective dynamics +of all the fields that coupled to it and + + align:start position:0% +of all the fields that coupled to it and + + + align:start position:0% +of all the fields that coupled to it and +now they Lumber across space as if they + + align:start position:0% +now they Lumber across space as if they + + + align:start position:0% +now they Lumber across space as if they +have a very large mass it's an induced + + align:start position:0% +have a very large mass it's an induced + + + align:start position:0% +have a very large mass it's an induced +Mass coming from this spontaneous + + align:start position:0% +Mass coming from this spontaneous + + + align:start position:0% +Mass coming from this spontaneous +symmetry breaking so now again you could + + align:start position:0% +symmetry breaking so now again you could + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry breaking so now again you could +have your symmetries and your short + + align:start position:0% +have your symmetries and your short + + + align:start position:0% +have your symmetries and your short +range you can add your cake and eat it + + align:start position:0% +range you can add your cake and eat it + + + align:start position:0% +range you can add your cake and eat it +too very fascinating + + align:start position:0% +too very fascinating + + + align:start position:0% +too very fascinating +a lovely idea being introduced right + + align:start position:0% +a lovely idea being introduced right + + + align:start position:0% +a lovely idea being introduced right +around the same time is brand sticky + + align:start position:0% +around the same time is brand sticky + + + align:start position:0% +around the same time is brand sticky +also as one way to try to get to this + + align:start position:0% +also as one way to try to get to this + + + align:start position:0% +also as one way to try to get to this +question of why do objects have + + align:start position:0% +question of why do objects have + + + align:start position:0% +question of why do objects have +met so these two two communities saw + + align:start position:0% +met so these two two communities saw + + + align:start position:0% +met so these two two communities saw +very different things even though they + + align:start position:0% +very different things even though they + + + align:start position:0% +very different things even though they +use the same Greek letter Phi they were + + align:start position:0% +use the same Greek letter Phi they were + + + align:start position:0% +use the same Greek letter Phi they were +embedded in different kinds of + + align:start position:0% +embedded in different kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +embedded in different kinds of +conversations to people like Brands and + + align:start position:0% +conversations to people like Brands and + + + align:start position:0% +conversations to people like Brands and +Dickey and their and their colleagues in + + align:start position:0% +Dickey and their and their colleagues in + + + align:start position:0% +Dickey and their and their colleagues in +gravitation and cosmology this new field + + align:start position:0% +gravitation and cosmology this new field + + + align:start position:0% +gravitation and cosmology this new field +the brands Dickie field Phi seemed very + + align:start position:0% +the brands Dickie field Phi seemed very + + + align:start position:0% +the brands Dickie field Phi seemed very +exciting it got a lot of attention as + + align:start position:0% +exciting it got a lot of attention as + + + align:start position:0% +exciting it got a lot of attention as +I'll say more about in a moment because + + align:start position:0% +I'll say more about in a moment because + + + align:start position:0% +I'll say more about in a moment because +it offered the first really concrete + + align:start position:0% +it offered the first really concrete + + + align:start position:0% +it offered the first really concrete +quantitative alternative to Einstein's + + align:start position:0% +quantitative alternative to Einstein's + + + align:start position:0% +quantitative alternative to Einstein's +general theory of relativity in + + align:start position:0% +general theory of relativity in + + + align:start position:0% +general theory of relativity in +uh in in nearly half a century and so + + align:start position:0% +uh in in nearly half a century and so + + + align:start position:0% +uh in in nearly half a century and so +that helps to Spur High Precision tests + + align:start position:0% +that helps to Spur High Precision tests + + + align:start position:0% +that helps to Spur High Precision tests +now there was uh not just sort of + + align:start position:0% +now there was uh not just sort of + + + align:start position:0% +now there was uh not just sort of +Einstein versus Newton which had really + + align:start position:0% +Einstein versus Newton which had really + + + align:start position:0% +Einstein versus Newton which had really +been kind of put to bed already by + + align:start position:0% +been kind of put to bed already by + + + align:start position:0% +been kind of put to bed already by +earlier in the century but is Einstein's + + align:start position:0% +earlier in the century but is Einstein's + + + align:start position:0% +earlier in the century but is Einstein's +the only possible relativistic + + align:start position:0% +the only possible relativistic + + + align:start position:0% +the only possible relativistic +generalization of Newton's gravity now + + align:start position:0% +generalization of Newton's gravity now + + + align:start position:0% +generalization of Newton's gravity now +it seemed very clear it was not the only + + align:start position:0% +it seemed very clear it was not the only + + + align:start position:0% +it seemed very clear it was not the only +possible one + + align:start position:0% +possible one + + + align:start position:0% +possible one +and in fact depending on the value of + + align:start position:0% +and in fact depending on the value of + + + align:start position:0% +and in fact depending on the value of +that parameter Omega there might be + + align:start position:0% +that parameter Omega there might be + + + align:start position:0% +that parameter Omega there might be +really measurable astrophysical effects + + align:start position:0% +really measurable astrophysical effects + + + align:start position:0% +really measurable astrophysical effects +between whether it's really what + + align:start position:0% +between whether it's really what + + + align:start position:0% +between whether it's really what +Einstein said or this other seemingly + + align:start position:0% +Einstein said or this other seemingly + + + align:start position:0% +Einstein said or this other seemingly +self-consistent alternative so this + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent alternative so this + + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent alternative so this +seemed to be really exciting to learn + + align:start position:0% +seemed to be really exciting to learn + + + align:start position:0% +seemed to be really exciting to learn +more about the behavior of gravity on a + + align:start position:0% +more about the behavior of gravity on a + + + align:start position:0% +more about the behavior of gravity on a +fine scale experimentally so lots of + + align:start position:0% +fine scale experimentally so lots of + + + align:start position:0% +fine scale experimentally so lots of +people paid attention to Brands ticket + + align:start position:0% +people paid attention to Brands ticket + + + align:start position:0% +people paid attention to Brands ticket +gravity very quickly + + align:start position:0% +gravity very quickly + + + align:start position:0% +gravity very quickly +on the sort of other side of these + + align:start position:0% +on the sort of other side of these + + + align:start position:0% +on the sort of other side of these +discussions to uh theorists focusing on + + align:start position:0% +discussions to uh theorists focusing on + + + align:start position:0% +discussions to uh theorists focusing on +nuclear and particle physics what we now + + align:start position:0% +nuclear and particle physics what we now + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear and particle physics what we now +call the Higgs field uh the separate + + align:start position:0% +call the Higgs field uh the separate + + + align:start position:0% +call the Higgs field uh the separate +field Phi was tremendously exciting for + + align:start position:0% +field Phi was tremendously exciting for + + + align:start position:0% +field Phi was tremendously exciting for +the reasons I was emphasizing a moment + + align:start position:0% +the reasons I was emphasizing a moment + + + align:start position:0% +the reasons I was emphasizing a moment +ago it finally seemed to offer a way + + align:start position:0% +ago it finally seemed to offer a way + + + align:start position:0% +ago it finally seemed to offer a way +forward to be able to maintain these + + align:start position:0% +forward to be able to maintain these + + + align:start position:0% +forward to be able to maintain these +very fancy very kind of abstract + + align:start position:0% +very fancy very kind of abstract + + + align:start position:0% +very fancy very kind of abstract +mathematical symmetries of the nuclear + + align:start position:0% +mathematical symmetries of the nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical symmetries of the nuclear +forces and keep them short range so the + + align:start position:0% +forces and keep them short range so the + + + align:start position:0% +forces and keep them short range so the +force-carrying particles could become + + align:start position:0% +force-carrying particles could become + + + align:start position:0% +force-carrying particles could become +massive due to their interactions with + + align:start position:0% +massive due to their interactions with + + + align:start position:0% +massive due to their interactions with +this all-pervasive field even though + + align:start position:0% +this all-pervasive field even though + + + align:start position:0% +this all-pervasive field even though +they had no kind of intrinsic Mass on + + align:start position:0% +they had no kind of intrinsic Mass on + + + align:start position:0% +they had no kind of intrinsic Mass on +their own so that was answering a + + align:start position:0% +their own so that was answering a + + + align:start position:0% +their own so that was answering a +separate set of puzzles and quadrons + + align:start position:0% +separate set of puzzles and quadrons + + + align:start position:0% +separate set of puzzles and quadrons +no one suggested at least in print + + align:start position:0% +no one suggested at least in print + + + align:start position:0% +no one suggested at least in print +that these two scalar Fields with the + + align:start position:0% +that these two scalar Fields with the + + + align:start position:0% +that these two scalar Fields with the +same Greek letter might be similar or + + align:start position:0% +same Greek letter might be similar or + + + align:start position:0% +same Greek letter might be similar or +even worth considering side by side for + + align:start position:0% +even worth considering side by side for + + + align:start position:0% +even worth considering side by side for +nearly 20 years until the later 1970s + + align:start position:0% +nearly 20 years until the later 1970s + + + align:start position:0% +nearly 20 years until the later 1970s +these sets of ideas were published to + + align:start position:0% +these sets of ideas were published to + + + align:start position:0% +these sets of ideas were published to +very wide Acclaim in their own separate + + align:start position:0% +very wide Acclaim in their own separate + + + align:start position:0% +very wide Acclaim in their own separate +Fields as early as 1961 but it took more + + align:start position:0% +Fields as early as 1961 but it took more + + + align:start position:0% +Fields as early as 1961 but it took more +than 15 years nearly 20 years until + + align:start position:0% +than 15 years nearly 20 years until + + + align:start position:0% +than 15 years nearly 20 years until +people began to say hey these two scalar + + align:start position:0% +people began to say hey these two scalar + + + align:start position:0% +people began to say hey these two scalar +fields are meant to pervade all of + + align:start position:0% +fields are meant to pervade all of + + + align:start position:0% +fields are meant to pervade all of +nature all of other forms of matter + + align:start position:0% +nature all of other forms of matter + + + align:start position:0% +nature all of other forms of matter +interact with them they give rise to + + align:start position:0% +interact with them they give rise to + + + align:start position:0% +interact with them they give rise to +what we measure as local inertial + + align:start position:0% +what we measure as local inertial + + + align:start position:0% +what we measure as local inertial +effects what if they're actually similar + + align:start position:0% +effects what if they're actually similar + + + align:start position:0% +effects what if they're actually similar +to each other that question simply + + align:start position:0% +to each other that question simply + + + align:start position:0% +to each other that question simply +wasn't asked for a long long time + + align:start position:0% +wasn't asked for a long long time + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't asked for a long long time +and as I've mentioned a few times it's + + align:start position:0% +and as I've mentioned a few times it's + + + align:start position:0% +and as I've mentioned a few times it's +not because these were kind of obscure + + align:start position:0% +not because these were kind of obscure + + + align:start position:0% +not because these were kind of obscure +papers so I mentioned some some time ago + + align:start position:0% +papers so I mentioned some some time ago + + + align:start position:0% +papers so I mentioned some some time ago +that a particle physicists in particular + + align:start position:0% +that a particle physicists in particular + + + align:start position:0% +that a particle physicists in particular +love to count citations we love to count + + align:start position:0% +love to count citations we love to count + + + align:start position:0% +love to count citations we love to count +our own citations we love to load it + + align:start position:0% +our own citations we love to load it + + + align:start position:0% +our own citations we love to load it +over our colleagues and we have more + + align:start position:0% +over our colleagues and we have more + + + align:start position:0% +over our colleagues and we have more +citations than them it's part of the way + + align:start position:0% +citations than them it's part of the way + + + align:start position:0% +citations than them it's part of the way +we uh bully each other uh or assess + + align:start position:0% +we uh bully each other uh or assess + + + align:start position:0% +we uh bully each other uh or assess +inherent worth either which is + + align:start position:0% +inherent worth either which is + + + align:start position:0% +inherent worth either which is +inappropriate anyway the idea is we have + + align:start position:0% +inappropriate anyway the idea is we have + + + align:start position:0% +inappropriate anyway the idea is we have +these very strict categories for how we + + align:start position:0% +these very strict categories for how we + + + align:start position:0% +these very strict categories for how we +sort citations and the highest category + + align:start position:0% +sort citations and the highest category + + + align:start position:0% +sort citations and the highest category +we could think of is called renowned + + align:start position:0% +we could think of is called renowned + + + align:start position:0% +we could think of is called renowned +um it's not quite Beyonce it was like + + align:start position:0% +um it's not quite Beyonce it was like + + + align:start position:0% +um it's not quite Beyonce it was like +that's the best we can reach for and so + + align:start position:0% +that's the best we can reach for and so + + + align:start position:0% +that's the best we can reach for and so +a paper is considered technically + + align:start position:0% +a paper is considered technically + + + align:start position:0% +a paper is considered technically +renowned if it accumulates at least 500 + + align:start position:0% +renowned if it accumulates at least 500 + + + align:start position:0% +renowned if it accumulates at least 500 +citations in the scientific literature + + align:start position:0% +citations in the scientific literature + + + align:start position:0% +citations in the scientific literature +and that's the highest category we + + align:start position:0% +and that's the highest category we + + + align:start position:0% +and that's the highest category we +invented so this sort of famous you know + + align:start position:0% +invented so this sort of famous you know + + + align:start position:0% +invented so this sort of famous you know +very well known but as renowned as the + + align:start position:0% +very well known but as renowned as the + + + align:start position:0% +very well known but as renowned as the +highest one so each of these papers the + + align:start position:0% +highest one so each of these papers the + + + align:start position:0% +highest one so each of these papers the +Brand's Dickie paper and the Higgs + + align:start position:0% +Brand's Dickie paper and the Higgs + + + align:start position:0% +Brand's Dickie paper and the Higgs +papers became technically renowned + + align:start position:0% +papers became technically renowned + + + align:start position:0% +papers became technically renowned +within fewer than 20 years these are + + align:start position:0% +within fewer than 20 years these are + + + align:start position:0% +within fewer than 20 years these are +getting a lot of attention very quickly + + align:start position:0% +getting a lot of attention very quickly + + + align:start position:0% +getting a lot of attention very quickly +so on the right hand excuse me on the + + align:start position:0% +so on the right hand excuse me on the + + + align:start position:0% +so on the right hand excuse me on the +left hand side in red are the worldwide + + align:start position:0% +left hand side in red are the worldwide + + + align:start position:0% +left hand side in red are the worldwide +citations to the 1961 Brands Dickie + + align:start position:0% +citations to the 1961 Brands Dickie + + + align:start position:0% +citations to the 1961 Brands Dickie +paper that was the gravity type paper it + + align:start position:0% +paper that was the gravity type paper it + + + align:start position:0% +paper that was the gravity type paper it +crosses 500 cumulative citations uh in + + align:start position:0% +crosses 500 cumulative citations uh in + + + align:start position:0% +crosses 500 cumulative citations uh in +fewer than 20 years and in blue where + + align:start position:0% +fewer than 20 years and in blue where + + + align:start position:0% +fewer than 20 years and in blue where +citations just to Peter higgs's papers + + align:start position:0% +citations just to Peter higgs's papers + + + align:start position:0% +citations just to Peter higgs's papers +not even counting them more uh the + + align:start position:0% +not even counting them more uh the + + + align:start position:0% +not even counting them more uh the +comparable number that went to Jeffrey + + align:start position:0% +comparable number that went to Jeffrey + + + align:start position:0% +comparable number that went to Jeffrey +goldstone's early work so in blue and + + align:start position:0% +goldstone's early work so in blue and + + + align:start position:0% +goldstone's early work so in blue and +plotting just cumulative citations to + + align:start position:0% +plotting just cumulative citations to + + + align:start position:0% +plotting just cumulative citations to +Peter hitch's work specifically on what + + align:start position:0% +Peter hitch's work specifically on what + + + align:start position:0% +Peter hitch's work specifically on what +we now call the Higgs mechanism and + + align:start position:0% +we now call the Higgs mechanism and + + + align:start position:0% +we now call the Higgs mechanism and +again they cross 500 within fewer than + + align:start position:0% +again they cross 500 within fewer than + + + align:start position:0% +again they cross 500 within fewer than +20 years these papers were were setting + + align:start position:0% +20 years these papers were were setting + + + align:start position:0% +20 years these papers were were setting +their own fields on fire these were very + + align:start position:0% +their own fields on fire these were very + + + align:start position:0% +their own fields on fire these were very +high highly prominent + + align:start position:0% +high highly prominent + + + align:start position:0% +high highly prominent +um uh contributions and yet there's + + align:start position:0% +um uh contributions and yet there's + + + align:start position:0% +um uh contributions and yet there's +almost no overlap so if you do more than + + align:start position:0% +almost no overlap so if you do more than + + + align:start position:0% +almost no overlap so if you do more than +just count and start saying well who + + align:start position:0% +just count and start saying well who + + + align:start position:0% +just count and start saying well who +wrote those papers that are adding up to + + align:start position:0% +wrote those papers that are adding up to + + + align:start position:0% +wrote those papers that are adding up to +these kind of dots on each of these um + + align:start position:0% +these kind of dots on each of these um + + + align:start position:0% +these kind of dots on each of these um +on each of these histograms you see it + + align:start position:0% +on each of these histograms you see it + + + align:start position:0% +on each of these histograms you see it +really is like oil and water these two + + align:start position:0% +really is like oil and water these two + + + align:start position:0% +really is like oil and water these two +communities were quite separated uh + + align:start position:0% +communities were quite separated uh + + + align:start position:0% +communities were quite separated uh +during this 20-year span + + align:start position:0% +during this 20-year span + + + align:start position:0% +during this 20-year span +so there's uh you can see more than 500 + + align:start position:0% +so there's uh you can see more than 500 + + + align:start position:0% +so there's uh you can see more than 500 +each in fact it's 1083 distinct papers + + align:start position:0% +each in fact it's 1083 distinct papers + + + align:start position:0% +each in fact it's 1083 distinct papers +doing the sighting if you add up all the + + align:start position:0% +doing the sighting if you add up all the + + + align:start position:0% +doing the sighting if you add up all the +ones between these two plots uh and and + + align:start position:0% +ones between these two plots uh and and + + + align:start position:0% +ones between these two plots uh and and +yet only six of those so less than one + + align:start position:0% +yet only six of those so less than one + + + align:start position:0% +yet only six of those so less than one +percent cited both the Brand's Dickie + + align:start position:0% +percent cited both the Brand's Dickie + + + align:start position:0% +percent cited both the Brand's Dickie +paper and the Higgs papers in the same + + align:start position:0% +paper and the Higgs papers in the same + + + align:start position:0% +paper and the Higgs papers in the same +article during the total 20-year period + + align:start position:0% +article during the total 20-year period + + + align:start position:0% +article during the total 20-year period +so both articles are getting lots of + + align:start position:0% +so both articles are getting lots of + + + align:start position:0% +so both articles are getting lots of +attention but within really quite + + align:start position:0% +attention but within really quite + + + align:start position:0% +attention but within really quite +separated communities the earliest paper + + align:start position:0% +separated communities the earliest paper + + + align:start position:0% +separated communities the earliest paper +that co-sited the earliest article that + + align:start position:0% +that co-sited the earliest article that + + + align:start position:0% +that co-sited the earliest article that +cited both Brands Dickie and Higgs in + + align:start position:0% +cited both Brands Dickie and Higgs in + + + align:start position:0% +cited both Brands Dickie and Higgs in +the same article came fully 11 years + + align:start position:0% +the same article came fully 11 years + + + align:start position:0% +the same article came fully 11 years +later say 1972 after their original + + align:start position:0% +later say 1972 after their original + + + align:start position:0% +later say 1972 after their original +Publications and then most of the rest + + align:start position:0% +Publications and then most of the rest + + + align:start position:0% +Publications and then most of the rest +of them after out of only these six came + + align:start position:0% +of them after out of only these six came + + + align:start position:0% +of them after out of only these six came +after uh 1975. it was really in this + + align:start position:0% +after uh 1975. it was really in this + + + align:start position:0% +after uh 1975. it was really in this +late period + + align:start position:0% +late period + + + align:start position:0% +late period +when a very small handful still less + + align:start position:0% +when a very small handful still less + + + align:start position:0% +when a very small handful still less +than one percent started citing the + + align:start position:0% +than one percent started citing the + + + align:start position:0% +than one percent started citing the +papers together + + align:start position:0% +papers together + + + align:start position:0% +papers together +and so that's by by sort of article + + align:start position:0% +and so that's by by sort of article + + + align:start position:0% +and so that's by by sort of article +reference list you can do it play the + + align:start position:0% +reference list you can do it play the + + + align:start position:0% +reference list you can do it play the +same game and look at authorship so + + align:start position:0% +same game and look at authorship so + + + align:start position:0% +same game and look at authorship so +there are 990 distinct authors + + align:start position:0% +there are 990 distinct authors + + + align:start position:0% +there are 990 distinct authors +represented by all these papers doing + + align:start position:0% +represented by all these papers doing + + + align:start position:0% +represented by all these papers doing +all the citing roughly equal numbers + + align:start position:0% +all the citing roughly equal numbers + + + align:start position:0% +all the citing roughly equal numbers +between the gravitation and the particle + + align:start position:0% +between the gravitation and the particle + + + align:start position:0% +between the gravitation and the particle +theory side and yet only 21 of them so a + + align:start position:0% +theory side and yet only 21 of them so a + + + align:start position:0% +theory side and yet only 21 of them so a +little over two percent of the author + + align:start position:0% +little over two percent of the author + + + align:start position:0% +little over two percent of the author +pool cited both friends Dickie and Higgs + + align:start position:0% +pool cited both friends Dickie and Higgs + + + align:start position:0% +pool cited both friends Dickie and Higgs +usually in separate papers but actually + + align:start position:0% +usually in separate papers but actually + + + align:start position:0% +usually in separate papers but actually +cited them in any of their work again + + align:start position:0% +cited them in any of their work again + + + align:start position:0% +cited them in any of their work again +over that first 20-year period there's + + align:start position:0% +over that first 20-year period there's + + + align:start position:0% +over that first 20-year period there's +just ways to say that the the uh these + + align:start position:0% +just ways to say that the the uh these + + + align:start position:0% +just ways to say that the the uh these +two kind of subfields really were not + + align:start position:0% +two kind of subfields really were not + + + align:start position:0% +two kind of subfields really were not +strongly interacting you could have + + align:start position:0% +strongly interacting you could have + + + align:start position:0% +strongly interacting you could have +very um uh sort of um tension grabbing + + align:start position:0% +very um uh sort of um tension grabbing + + + align:start position:0% +very um uh sort of um tension grabbing +research literally renowned research + + align:start position:0% +research literally renowned research + + + align:start position:0% +research literally renowned research +bubbling up from the two separate + + align:start position:0% +bubbling up from the two separate + + + align:start position:0% +bubbling up from the two separate +communities at the same time often in + + align:start position:0% +communities at the same time often in + + + align:start position:0% +communities at the same time often in +the same journals asking similar kinds + + align:start position:0% +the same journals asking similar kinds + + + align:start position:0% +the same journals asking similar kinds +of questions introducing similar kinds + + align:start position:0% +of questions introducing similar kinds + + + align:start position:0% +of questions introducing similar kinds +of responses a new field labeled fines + + align:start position:0% +of responses a new field labeled fines + + + align:start position:0% +of responses a new field labeled fines +on and yet have almost no kind of cross + + align:start position:0% +on and yet have almost no kind of cross + + + align:start position:0% +on and yet have almost no kind of cross +talk between them that's how separated + + align:start position:0% +talk between them that's how separated + + + align:start position:0% +talk between them that's how separated +those fields were + + align:start position:0% +those fields were + + + align:start position:0% +those fields were +so why was there such a sharp divide why + + align:start position:0% +so why was there such a sharp divide why + + + align:start position:0% +so why was there such a sharp divide why +was there no overlap were these fields + + align:start position:0% +was there no overlap were these fields + + + align:start position:0% +was there no overlap were these fields +just different from each other by just + + align:start position:0% +just different from each other by just + + + align:start position:0% +just different from each other by just +asking a silly question why would anyone + + align:start position:0% +asking a silly question why would anyone + + + align:start position:0% +asking a silly question why would anyone +have ever thought that the brand sticky + + align:start position:0% +have ever thought that the brand sticky + + + align:start position:0% +have ever thought that the brand sticky +field had anything to do with the Higgs + + align:start position:0% +field had anything to do with the Higgs + + + align:start position:0% +field had anything to do with the Higgs +field + + align:start position:0% +field + + + align:start position:0% +field +well no actually as we'll see in the in + + align:start position:0% +well no actually as we'll see in the in + + + align:start position:0% +well no actually as we'll see in the in +the third part for today + + align:start position:0% +the third part for today + + + align:start position:0% +the third part for today +uh in 1979 two separate theorists + + align:start position:0% +uh in 1979 two separate theorists + + + align:start position:0% +uh in 1979 two separate theorists +working independently of each other + + align:start position:0% +working independently of each other + + + align:start position:0% +working independently of each other +actually suggested these two Fields + + align:start position:0% +actually suggested these two Fields + + + align:start position:0% +actually suggested these two Fields +might be literally the same not just + + align:start position:0% +might be literally the same not just + + + align:start position:0% +might be literally the same not just +comparable or worth considering side by + + align:start position:0% +comparable or worth considering side by + + + align:start position:0% +comparable or worth considering side by +side but they developed a model very + + align:start position:0% +side but they developed a model very + + + align:start position:0% +side but they developed a model very +cool model uh where which depended on + + align:start position:0% +cool model uh where which depended on + + + align:start position:0% +cool model uh where which depended on +these two Fields being literally the + + align:start position:0% +these two Fields being literally the + + + align:start position:0% +these two Fields being literally the +same field only one new field of nature + + align:start position:0% +same field only one new field of nature + + + align:start position:0% +same field only one new field of nature +not two so it's not that they're somehow + + align:start position:0% +not two so it's not that they're somehow + + + align:start position:0% +not two so it's not that they're somehow +intrinsically um totally separate or + + align:start position:0% +intrinsically um totally separate or + + + align:start position:0% +intrinsically um totally separate or +different from each other + + align:start position:0% +different from each other + + + align:start position:0% +different from each other +so instead their status really is kind + + align:start position:0% +so instead their status really is kind + + + align:start position:0% +so instead their status really is kind +of historical how people assessed them + + align:start position:0% +of historical how people assessed them + + + align:start position:0% +of historical how people assessed them +or what they thought they were good for + + align:start position:0% +or what they thought they were good for + + + align:start position:0% +or what they thought they were good for +was changing over time and so what a + + align:start position:0% +was changing over time and so what a + + + align:start position:0% +was changing over time and so what a +change that's what we'll pick up in the + + align:start position:0% +change that's what we'll pick up in the + + + align:start position:0% +change that's what we'll pick up in the +next part let me pause here + + align:start position:0% +next part let me pause here + + + align:start position:0% +next part let me pause here +and ask many questions I see something + + align:start position:0% +and ask many questions I see something + + + align:start position:0% +and ask many questions I see something +come up to the chat + + align:start position:0% +come up to the chat + + + align:start position:0% +come up to the chat +uh so Alex asks was it an accident both + + align:start position:0% +uh so Alex asks was it an accident both + + + align:start position:0% +uh so Alex asks was it an accident both +parties chose Phi not really I make a + + align:start position:0% +parties chose Phi not really I make a + + + align:start position:0% +parties chose Phi not really I make a +lot of that because I just think it's + + align:start position:0% +lot of that because I just think it's + + + align:start position:0% +lot of that because I just think it's +visually so striking they literally + + align:start position:0% +visually so striking they literally + + + align:start position:0% +visually so striking they literally +chose the same Greek letter it wasn't + + align:start position:0% +chose the same Greek letter it wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +chose the same Greek letter it wasn't +too surprising to be honest there had + + align:start position:0% +too surprising to be honest there had + + + align:start position:0% +too surprising to be honest there had +been um + + align:start position:0% +been um + + + align:start position:0% +been um +it was not a rule but a pretty + + align:start position:0% +it was not a rule but a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +it was not a rule but a pretty +widespread convention by that point + + align:start position:0% +widespread convention by that point + + + align:start position:0% +widespread convention by that point +that a field that had no spin so a + + align:start position:0% +that a field that had no spin so a + + + align:start position:0% +that a field that had no spin so a +scalar field would often be labeled by + + align:start position:0% +scalar field would often be labeled by + + + align:start position:0% +scalar field would often be labeled by +the letter + + align:start position:0% +the letter + + + align:start position:0% +the letter +um the Greek letter Phi the Greek letter + + align:start position:0% +um the Greek letter Phi the Greek letter + + + align:start position:0% +um the Greek letter Phi the Greek letter +PSI was often reserved by this point for + + align:start position:0% +PSI was often reserved by this point for + + + align:start position:0% +PSI was often reserved by this point for +a spin one-half particles so an electron + + align:start position:0% +a spin one-half particles so an electron + + + align:start position:0% +a spin one-half particles so an electron +field would often be written with a PSI + + align:start position:0% +field would often be written with a PSI + + + align:start position:0% +field would often be written with a PSI +that has now uh or uh or eventually + + align:start position:0% +that has now uh or uh or eventually + + + align:start position:0% +that has now uh or uh or eventually +Quark Fields you know what Hatfields and + + align:start position:0% +Quark Fields you know what Hatfields and + + + align:start position:0% +Quark Fields you know what Hatfields and +uh fields that have one whole unit of + + align:start position:0% +uh fields that have one whole unit of + + + align:start position:0% +uh fields that have one whole unit of +spin Vector field would often be uh + + align:start position:0% +spin Vector field would often be uh + + + align:start position:0% +spin Vector field would often be uh +labeled with um with a Latin letter like + + align:start position:0% +labeled with um with a Latin letter like + + + align:start position:0% +labeled with um with a Latin letter like +capital A or capital B so it wasn't + + align:start position:0% +capital A or capital B so it wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +capital A or capital B so it wasn't +super super shocking that both groups + + align:start position:0% +super super shocking that both groups + + + align:start position:0% +super super shocking that both groups +reached for the same Greek letter + + align:start position:0% +reached for the same Greek letter + + + align:start position:0% +reached for the same Greek letter +nonetheless it is amazing to flip + + align:start position:0% +nonetheless it is amazing to flip + + + align:start position:0% +nonetheless it is amazing to flip +through a physical View and see the same + + align:start position:0% +through a physical View and see the same + + + align:start position:0% +through a physical View and see the same +things popping up uh and yet being you + + align:start position:0% +things popping up uh and yet being you + + + align:start position:0% +things popping up uh and yet being you +know kind of seemingly in mutual + + align:start position:0% +know kind of seemingly in mutual + + + align:start position:0% +know kind of seemingly in mutual +Oblivion so the notation isn't super + + align:start position:0% +Oblivion so the notation isn't super + + + align:start position:0% +Oblivion so the notation isn't super +surprising that it was so similar but + + align:start position:0% +surprising that it was so similar but + + + align:start position:0% +surprising that it was so similar but +the rest of it is a new hypothetical + + align:start position:0% +the rest of it is a new hypothetical + + + align:start position:0% +the rest of it is a new hypothetical +state of matter it pervades all of + + align:start position:0% +state of matter it pervades all of + + + align:start position:0% +state of matter it pervades all of +nature everything else interacts with it + + align:start position:0% +nature everything else interacts with it + + + align:start position:0% +nature everything else interacts with it +that's what gives rise to the mass it + + align:start position:0% +that's what gives rise to the mass it + + + align:start position:0% +that's what gives rise to the mass it +was more than just the letter that they + + align:start position:0% +was more than just the letter that they + + + align:start position:0% +was more than just the letter that they +chose there was a lot of kind of what we + + align:start position:0% +chose there was a lot of kind of what we + + + align:start position:0% +chose there was a lot of kind of what we +might have considered similarities uh + + align:start position:0% +might have considered similarities uh + + + align:start position:0% +might have considered similarities uh +and yet and yet the two sets of ideas uh + + align:start position:0% +and yet and yet the two sets of ideas uh + + + align:start position:0% +and yet and yet the two sets of ideas uh +really were treated so separately + + align:start position:0% +really were treated so separately + + + align:start position:0% +really were treated so separately +that's a good question other questions + + align:start position:0% +that's a good question other questions + + + align:start position:0% +that's a good question other questions +on that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay I will I will charge on but as + + align:start position:0% +okay I will I will charge on but as + + + align:start position:0% +okay I will I will charge on but as +usual please don't be shy feel free to + + align:start position:0% +usual please don't be shy feel free to + + + align:start position:0% +usual please don't be shy feel free to +jump in um with questions anytime + + align:start position:0% +jump in um with questions anytime + + + align:start position:0% +jump in um with questions anytime +let's look at what might have changed + + align:start position:0% +let's look at what might have changed + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at what might have changed +so make it possible uh let alone + + align:start position:0% +so make it possible uh let alone + + + align:start position:0% +so make it possible uh let alone +feasible or likely for those theorists + + align:start position:0% +feasible or likely for those theorists + + + align:start position:0% +feasible or likely for those theorists +uh in the later 70s to consider um these + + align:start position:0% +uh in the later 70s to consider um these + + + align:start position:0% +uh in the later 70s to consider um these +two scalar fields in a new light + + align:start position:0% +two scalar fields in a new light + + + align:start position:0% +two scalar fields in a new light +so we might wonder well was it changes + + align:start position:0% +so we might wonder well was it changes + + + align:start position:0% +so we might wonder well was it changes +in data did experiments force a new + + align:start position:0% +in data did experiments force a new + + + align:start position:0% +in data did experiments force a new +evaluation not not really + + align:start position:0% +evaluation not not really + + + align:start position:0% +evaluation not not really +let's look at the gravity side first so + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the gravity side first so + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the gravity side first so +I mentioned that part of what got the + + align:start position:0% +I mentioned that part of what got the + + + align:start position:0% +I mentioned that part of what got the +gravitation community so excited about + + align:start position:0% +gravitation community so excited about + + + align:start position:0% +gravitation community so excited about +Brands Dickie gravity was it now gave + + align:start position:0% +Brands Dickie gravity was it now gave + + + align:start position:0% +Brands Dickie gravity was it now gave +them something very tangible very + + align:start position:0% +them something very tangible very + + + align:start position:0% +them something very tangible very +specific to try to test for to look for + + align:start position:0% +specific to try to test for to look for + + + align:start position:0% +specific to try to test for to look for +what could be subtle deviations from the + + align:start position:0% +what could be subtle deviations from the + + + align:start position:0% +what could be subtle deviations from the +predictions of Einstein's theory not the + + align:start position:0% +predictions of Einstein's theory not the + + + align:start position:0% +predictions of Einstein's theory not the +kind of larger scale differences uh + + align:start position:0% +kind of larger scale differences uh + + + align:start position:0% +kind of larger scale differences uh +between uh kind of Newton's Universal + + align:start position:0% +between uh kind of Newton's Universal + + + align:start position:0% +between uh kind of Newton's Universal +gravity and Einstein + + align:start position:0% +gravity and Einstein + + + align:start position:0% +gravity and Einstein +and especially in the so-called Space + + align:start position:0% +and especially in the so-called Space + + + align:start position:0% +and especially in the so-called Space +Age by the later 60s + + align:start position:0% +Age by the later 60s + + + align:start position:0% +Age by the later 60s +and throughout the 70s uh + + align:start position:0% +and throughout the 70s uh + + + align:start position:0% +and throughout the 70s uh +astrophysicists had all kinds of new + + align:start position:0% +astrophysicists had all kinds of new + + + align:start position:0% +astrophysicists had all kinds of new +tools with which to try to to look for + + align:start position:0% +tools with which to try to to look for + + + align:start position:0% +tools with which to try to to look for +these effects including things like + + align:start position:0% +these effects including things like + + + align:start position:0% +these effects including things like +human built artificial satellites that + + align:start position:0% +human built artificial satellites that + + + align:start position:0% +human built artificial satellites that +can be sent throughout the solar system + + align:start position:0% +can be sent throughout the solar system + + + align:start position:0% +can be sent throughout the solar system +now you can do very Precision monitoring + + align:start position:0% +now you can do very Precision monitoring + + + align:start position:0% +now you can do very Precision monitoring +a very weak or subtle gravitational + + align:start position:0% +a very weak or subtle gravitational + + + align:start position:0% +a very weak or subtle gravitational +effects not just sort of in the space of + + align:start position:0% +effects not just sort of in the space of + + + align:start position:0% +effects not just sort of in the space of +one laboratory but literally on a kind + + align:start position:0% +one laboratory but literally on a kind + + + align:start position:0% +one laboratory but literally on a kind +of solar system solar system scale + + align:start position:0% +of solar system solar system scale + + + align:start position:0% +of solar system solar system scale +so these things were uh both as I say + + align:start position:0% +so these things were uh both as I say + + + align:start position:0% +so these things were uh both as I say +predictions both from Einstein's general + + align:start position:0% +predictions both from Einstein's general + + + align:start position:0% +predictions both from Einstein's general +theory of relativity and for Brands to + + align:start position:0% +theory of relativity and for Brands to + + + align:start position:0% +theory of relativity and for Brands to +get gravity we're we're subjected to + + align:start position:0% +get gravity we're we're subjected to + + + align:start position:0% +get gravity we're we're subjected to +some very very clever and increasingly + + align:start position:0% +some very very clever and increasingly + + + align:start position:0% +some very very clever and increasingly +High Precision experimental tests uh + + align:start position:0% +High Precision experimental tests uh + + + align:start position:0% +High Precision experimental tests uh +starting really in the mid 1960s some of + + align:start position:0% +starting really in the mid 1960s some of + + + align:start position:0% +starting really in the mid 1960s some of +them invented by Robert Dickey himself + + align:start position:0% +them invented by Robert Dickey himself + + + align:start position:0% +them invented by Robert Dickey himself +Dickey's quite astonishing I think he + + align:start position:0% +Dickey's quite astonishing I think he + + + align:start position:0% +Dickey's quite astonishing I think he +was one of the I think maybe one of the + + align:start position:0% +was one of the I think maybe one of the + + + align:start position:0% +was one of the I think maybe one of the +last physicists uh of the 20th century + + align:start position:0% +last physicists uh of the 20th century + + + align:start position:0% +last physicists uh of the 20th century +who was really really active and gifted + + align:start position:0% +who was really really active and gifted + + + align:start position:0% +who was really really active and gifted +both in theory and experiment Enrico + + align:start position:0% +both in theory and experiment Enrico + + + align:start position:0% +both in theory and experiment Enrico +Fermi was like that but as we've seen + + align:start position:0% +Fermi was like that but as we've seen + + + align:start position:0% +Fermi was like that but as we've seen +throughout this term there had been a + + align:start position:0% +throughout this term there had been a + + + align:start position:0% +throughout this term there had been a +real kind of professional division + + align:start position:0% +real kind of professional division + + + align:start position:0% +real kind of professional division +going back even to the late 19th century + + align:start position:0% +going back even to the late 19th century + + + align:start position:0% +going back even to the late 19th century +between Theory and experiment and Robert + + align:start position:0% +between Theory and experiment and Robert + + + align:start position:0% +between Theory and experiment and Robert +Dickey was one of these uh really quite + + align:start position:0% +Dickey was one of these uh really quite + + + align:start position:0% +Dickey was one of these uh really quite +um uh Nimble physicists who was quite + + align:start position:0% +um uh Nimble physicists who was quite + + + align:start position:0% +um uh Nimble physicists who was quite +accomplished uh in both so he actually + + align:start position:0% +accomplished uh in both so he actually + + + align:start position:0% +accomplished uh in both so he actually +began uh testing his own Theory with his + + align:start position:0% +began uh testing his own Theory with his + + + align:start position:0% +began uh testing his own Theory with his +with his group his students to do things + + align:start position:0% +with his group his students to do things + + + align:start position:0% +with his group his students to do things +like very sensitive measurements of the + + align:start position:0% +like very sensitive measurements of the + + + align:start position:0% +like very sensitive measurements of the +shape of the Sun what was called solar + + align:start position:0% +shape of the Sun what was called solar + + + align:start position:0% +shape of the Sun what was called solar +oblateness if the Sun is is measurably + + align:start position:0% +oblateness if the Sun is is measurably + + + align:start position:0% +oblateness if the Sun is is measurably +different from an actual sphere + + align:start position:0% +different from an actual sphere + + + align:start position:0% +different from an actual sphere +then that could actually have an impact + + align:start position:0% +then that could actually have an impact + + + align:start position:0% +then that could actually have an impact +on things like the orbit of the planet + + align:start position:0% +on things like the orbit of the planet + + + align:start position:0% +on things like the orbit of the planet +Mercury if you have a if you have a more + + align:start position:0% +Mercury if you have a if you have a more + + + align:start position:0% +Mercury if you have a if you have a more +of an oblate spheroid from the Sun then + + align:start position:0% +of an oblate spheroid from the Sun then + + + align:start position:0% +of an oblate spheroid from the Sun then +some effects they've been that had been + + align:start position:0% +some effects they've been that had been + + + align:start position:0% +some effects they've been that had been +attributed to Einstein's general + + align:start position:0% +attributed to Einstein's general + + + align:start position:0% +attributed to Einstein's general +relativity might actually be different + + align:start position:0% +relativity might actually be different + + + align:start position:0% +relativity might actually be different +than assumed if you don't assume the sun + + align:start position:0% +than assumed if you don't assume the sun + + + align:start position:0% +than assumed if you don't assume the sun +is perfectly spherical and in fact might + + align:start position:0% +is perfectly spherical and in fact might + + + align:start position:0% +is perfectly spherical and in fact might +be more consistent + + align:start position:0% +be more consistent + + + align:start position:0% +be more consistent +with this modified graphic Brands Dickie + + align:start position:0% +with this modified graphic Brands Dickie + + + align:start position:0% +with this modified graphic Brands Dickie +so Robert his group started + + align:start position:0% +so Robert his group started + + + align:start position:0% +so Robert his group started +conducting High Precision + + align:start position:0% +conducting High Precision + + + align:start position:0% +conducting High Precision +um uh visual measurements of the shape + + align:start position:0% +um uh visual measurements of the shape + + + align:start position:0% +um uh visual measurements of the shape +of the sun with the implication being + + align:start position:0% +of the sun with the implication being + + + align:start position:0% +of the sun with the implication being +that if that same mass had a different + + align:start position:0% +that if that same mass had a different + + + align:start position:0% +that if that same mass had a different +distribution could you test between them + + align:start position:0% +distribution could you test between them + + + align:start position:0% +distribution could you test between them +and again I'd say to Dickey's credit + + align:start position:0% +and again I'd say to Dickey's credit + + + align:start position:0% +and again I'd say to Dickey's credit +even though he was testing his own + + align:start position:0% +even though he was testing his own + + + align:start position:0% +even though he was testing his own +beloved theory he his group found + + align:start position:0% +beloved theory he his group found + + + align:start position:0% +beloved theory he his group found +basically no evidence for a significant + + align:start position:0% +basically no evidence for a significant + + + align:start position:0% +basically no evidence for a significant +departure from sphericity so this was + + align:start position:0% +departure from sphericity so this was + + + align:start position:0% +departure from sphericity so this was +not a reason in favor of Brands Dickies + + align:start position:0% +not a reason in favor of Brands Dickies + + + align:start position:0% +not a reason in favor of Brands Dickies +so Dickie himself found some compelling + + align:start position:0% +so Dickie himself found some compelling + + + align:start position:0% +so Dickie himself found some compelling +evidence against Bran's dick ethereum + + align:start position:0% +evidence against Bran's dick ethereum + + + align:start position:0% +evidence against Bran's dick ethereum +again I'd say to his credit likewise by + + align:start position:0% +again I'd say to his credit likewise by + + + align:start position:0% +again I'd say to his credit likewise by +the later 70s there were these very cool + + align:start position:0% +the later 70s there were these very cool + + + align:start position:0% +the later 70s there were these very cool +efforts to + + align:start position:0% +efforts to + + + align:start position:0% +efforts to +um long-range distance measurements + + align:start position:0% +um long-range distance measurements + + + align:start position:0% +um long-range distance measurements +between not just reflectors on the moon + + align:start position:0% +between not just reflectors on the moon + + + align:start position:0% +between not just reflectors on the moon +but even to to moving objects like the + + align:start position:0% +but even to to moving objects like the + + + align:start position:0% +but even to to moving objects like the +Viking Mars spacecraft and so on so + + align:start position:0% +Viking Mars spacecraft and so on so + + + align:start position:0% +Viking Mars spacecraft and so on so +these were being done throughout the + + align:start position:0% +these were being done throughout the + + + align:start position:0% +these were being done throughout the +1670s by the by the end of the 70s + + align:start position:0% +1670s by the by the end of the 70s + + + align:start position:0% +1670s by the by the end of the 70s +things did not look very good for Brad's + + align:start position:0% +things did not look very good for Brad's + + + align:start position:0% +things did not look very good for Brad's +Dicky gravity experimentally + + align:start position:0% +Dicky gravity experimentally + + + align:start position:0% +Dicky gravity experimentally +that is all the tests were were easily + + align:start position:0% +that is all the tests were were easily + + + align:start position:0% +that is all the tests were were easily +consistent with the predictions from + + align:start position:0% +consistent with the predictions from + + + align:start position:0% +consistent with the predictions from +Einstein's theory within kind of + + align:start position:0% +Einstein's theory within kind of + + + align:start position:0% +Einstein's theory within kind of +experimental errors and yet to be to + + align:start position:0% +experimental errors and yet to be to + + + align:start position:0% +experimental errors and yet to be to +make the Brand's Dicky the modified + + align:start position:0% +make the Brand's Dicky the modified + + + align:start position:0% +make the Brand's Dicky the modified +gravity version consistent you had to + + align:start position:0% +gravity version consistent you had to + + + align:start position:0% +gravity version consistent you had to +crank up that one free parameter that + + align:start position:0% +crank up that one free parameter that + + + align:start position:0% +crank up that one free parameter that +that dimensionless number Omega to be + + align:start position:0% +that dimensionless number Omega to be + + + align:start position:0% +that dimensionless number Omega to be +very large remember that's the parameter + + align:start position:0% +very large remember that's the parameter + + + align:start position:0% +very large remember that's the parameter +that let's that would sort of tell you + + align:start position:0% +that let's that would sort of tell you + + + align:start position:0% +that let's that would sort of tell you +how easy uh or difficult it would be for + + align:start position:0% +how easy uh or difficult it would be for + + + align:start position:0% +how easy uh or difficult it would be for +that new field fighter vary it's almost + + align:start position:0% +that new field fighter vary it's almost + + + align:start position:0% +that new field fighter vary it's almost +like it's stiffness you had to tune that + + align:start position:0% +like it's stiffness you had to tune that + + + align:start position:0% +like it's stiffness you had to tune that +new field to be very stiff so it behaved + + align:start position:0% +new field to be very stiff so it behaved + + + align:start position:0% +new field to be very stiff so it behaved +practically like a constant which is + + align:start position:0% +practically like a constant which is + + + align:start position:0% +practically like a constant which is +what brings you back to the + + align:start position:0% +what brings you back to the + + + align:start position:0% +what brings you back to the +einstein-like behavior so to match all + + align:start position:0% +einstein-like behavior so to match all + + + align:start position:0% +einstein-like behavior so to match all +of these increasing uh increasingly + + align:start position:0% +of these increasing uh increasingly + + + align:start position:0% +of these increasing uh increasingly +precise new experimental measurements uh + + align:start position:0% +precise new experimental measurements uh + + + align:start position:0% +precise new experimental measurements uh +Brand's Dickie theory was not highly + + align:start position:0% +Brand's Dickie theory was not highly + + + align:start position:0% +Brand's Dickie theory was not highly +favored in fact Einstein's looked uh + + align:start position:0% +favored in fact Einstein's looked uh + + + align:start position:0% +favored in fact Einstein's looked uh +really good so it was not that somehow + + align:start position:0% +really good so it was not that somehow + + + align:start position:0% +really good so it was not that somehow +experiments were in favor of trans + + align:start position:0% +experiments were in favor of trans + + + align:start position:0% +experiments were in favor of trans +ticket gravity and that's why everyone + + align:start position:0% +ticket gravity and that's why everyone + + + align:start position:0% +ticket gravity and that's why everyone +else started paying attention + + align:start position:0% +else started paying attention + + + align:start position:0% +else started paying attention +so that's on the on the gravity side + + align:start position:0% +so that's on the on the gravity side + + + align:start position:0% +so that's on the on the gravity side +meanwhile as most of you probably know + + align:start position:0% +meanwhile as most of you probably know + + + align:start position:0% +meanwhile as most of you probably know +there was literally zero experimental + + align:start position:0% +there was literally zero experimental + + + align:start position:0% +there was literally zero experimental +evidence a big fat goose egg nothing in + + align:start position:0% +evidence a big fat goose egg nothing in + + + align:start position:0% +evidence a big fat goose egg nothing in +favor of the Higgs boson until July of + + align:start position:0% +favor of the Higgs boson until July of + + + align:start position:0% +favor of the Higgs boson until July of +2012 or if you're extra generous maybe + + align:start position:0% +2012 or if you're extra generous maybe + + + align:start position:0% +2012 or if you're extra generous maybe +December of 2011 the first hits + + align:start position:0% +December of 2011 the first hits + + + align:start position:0% +December of 2011 the first hits +experimentally + + align:start position:0% +experimentally + + + align:start position:0% +experimentally +well past the period we're talking about + + align:start position:0% +well past the period we're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +well past the period we're talking about +I mean it was not that uh experiments + + align:start position:0% +I mean it was not that uh experiments + + + align:start position:0% +I mean it was not that uh experiments +found conclusive evidence of the Higgs + + align:start position:0% +found conclusive evidence of the Higgs + + + align:start position:0% +found conclusive evidence of the Higgs +boson or that and that's what got the + + align:start position:0% +boson or that and that's what got the + + + align:start position:0% +boson or that and that's what got the +kind of gravitation experts to pay + + align:start position:0% +kind of gravitation experts to pay + + + align:start position:0% +kind of gravitation experts to pay +attention so each of these sets of ideas + + align:start position:0% +attention so each of these sets of ideas + + + align:start position:0% +attention so each of these sets of ideas +were inspiring intense efforts to do new + + align:start position:0% +were inspiring intense efforts to do new + + + align:start position:0% +were inspiring intense efforts to do new +experiments but it wasn't that new + + align:start position:0% +experiments but it wasn't that new + + + align:start position:0% +experiments but it wasn't that new +experimental results had kind of changed + + align:start position:0% +experimental results had kind of changed + + + align:start position:0% +experimental results had kind of changed +people's minds on the time scale they + + align:start position:0% +people's minds on the time scale they + + + align:start position:0% +people's minds on the time scale they +were talking about for people with + + align:start position:0% +were talking about for people with + + + align:start position:0% +were talking about for people with +varies eventually you start taking these + + align:start position:0% +varies eventually you start taking these + + + align:start position:0% +varies eventually you start taking these +two sets of ideas + + align:start position:0% +two sets of ideas + + + align:start position:0% +two sets of ideas +um sort of consider them side by side + + align:start position:0% +um sort of consider them side by side + + + align:start position:0% +um sort of consider them side by side +so it wasn't to experiment + + align:start position:0% +so it wasn't to experiment + + + align:start position:0% +so it wasn't to experiment +the the main story that's mostly given I + + align:start position:0% +the the main story that's mostly given I + + + align:start position:0% +the the main story that's mostly given I +alluded to this in the very beginning of + + align:start position:0% +alluded to this in the very beginning of + + + align:start position:0% +alluded to this in the very beginning of +today's class is actually hearkens to + + align:start position:0% +today's class is actually hearkens to + + + align:start position:0% +today's class is actually hearkens to +changes in ideas and in particular on + + align:start position:0% +changes in ideas and in particular on + + + align:start position:0% +changes in ideas and in particular on +the particle physics or particle theory + + align:start position:0% +the particle physics or particle theory + + + align:start position:0% +the particle physics or particle theory +side these are brilliant and beautiful + + align:start position:0% +side these are brilliant and beautiful + + + align:start position:0% +side these are brilliant and beautiful +ideas I I these ideas are well worth + + align:start position:0% +ideas I I these ideas are well worth + + + align:start position:0% +ideas I I these ideas are well worth +um appreciating I just don't think I + + align:start position:0% +um appreciating I just don't think I + + + align:start position:0% +um appreciating I just don't think I +don't think of the whole story + + align:start position:0% +don't think of the whole story + + + align:start position:0% +don't think of the whole story +and two of these sets of ideas in + + align:start position:0% +and two of these sets of ideas in + + + align:start position:0% +and two of these sets of ideas in +particular are usually pointed to and + + align:start position:0% +particular are usually pointed to and + + + align:start position:0% +particular are usually pointed to and +they came in kind of rapid fire in 1973 + + align:start position:0% +they came in kind of rapid fire in 1973 + + + align:start position:0% +they came in kind of rapid fire in 1973 +and 1974. the first name is called + + align:start position:0% +and 1974. the first name is called + + + align:start position:0% +and 1974. the first name is called +asymptotic freedom + + align:start position:0% +asymptotic freedom + + + align:start position:0% +asymptotic freedom +and actually it's the reason why our + + align:start position:0% +and actually it's the reason why our + + + align:start position:0% +and actually it's the reason why our +friend and colleague here at MIT Frank + + align:start position:0% +friend and colleague here at MIT Frank + + + align:start position:0% +friend and colleague here at MIT Frank +wilcik received the Nobel Prize so this + + align:start position:0% +wilcik received the Nobel Prize so this + + + align:start position:0% +wilcik received the Nobel Prize so this +um he wasn't at MIT at the time but he's + + align:start position:0% +um he wasn't at MIT at the time but he's + + + align:start position:0% +um he wasn't at MIT at the time but he's +now at MIT so this was work introduced + + align:start position:0% +now at MIT so this was work introduced + + + align:start position:0% +now at MIT so this was work introduced +by Frank and his then advisor David + + align:start position:0% +by Frank and his then advisor David + + + align:start position:0% +by Frank and his then advisor David +Gross and independently by a different + + align:start position:0% +Gross and independently by a different + + + align:start position:0% +Gross and independently by a different +very young grad student at the time + + align:start position:0% +very young grad student at the time + + + align:start position:0% +very young grad student at the time +David pollitzer who's grad students + + align:start position:0% +David pollitzer who's grad students + + + align:start position:0% +David pollitzer who's grad students +doing work for which they won the Nobel + + align:start position:0% +doing work for which they won the Nobel + + + align:start position:0% +doing work for which they won the Nobel +prizes amazing + + align:start position:0% +prizes amazing + + + align:start position:0% +prizes amazing +and what they found was that the the + + align:start position:0% +and what they found was that the the + + + align:start position:0% +and what they found was that the the +strength of the strong nuclear force + + align:start position:0% +strength of the strong nuclear force + + + align:start position:0% +strength of the strong nuclear force +that qcd force that we talked about + + align:start position:0% +that qcd force that we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +that qcd force that we talked about +quite a bit at the end of uh last class + + align:start position:0% +quite a bit at the end of uh last class + + + align:start position:0% +quite a bit at the end of uh last class +session that the the interaction between + + align:start position:0% +session that the the interaction between + + + align:start position:0% +session that the the interaction between +quarks and gluons + + align:start position:0% +quarks and gluons + + + align:start position:0% +quarks and gluons +that the strength of that Force actually + + align:start position:0% +that the strength of that Force actually + + + align:start position:0% +that the strength of that Force actually +decreases with the energy scale if you + + align:start position:0% +decreases with the energy scale if you + + + align:start position:0% +decreases with the energy scale if you +rev up quarks to more and more energy + + align:start position:0% +rev up quarks to more and more energy + + + align:start position:0% +rev up quarks to more and more energy +they actually interact less strongly + + align:start position:0% +they actually interact less strongly + + + align:start position:0% +they actually interact less strongly +with each other rather than more + + align:start position:0% +with each other rather than more + + + align:start position:0% +with each other rather than more +strongly and that was the opposite from + + align:start position:0% +strongly and that was the opposite from + + + align:start position:0% +strongly and that was the opposite from +how the other known forces behave both + + align:start position:0% +how the other known forces behave both + + + align:start position:0% +how the other known forces behave both +the um strength the electric strength of + + align:start position:0% +the um strength the electric strength of + + + align:start position:0% +the um strength the electric strength of +the electric force uh if you think about + + align:start position:0% +the electric force uh if you think about + + + align:start position:0% +the electric force uh if you think about +so the unit strength the unit charge of + + align:start position:0% +so the unit strength the unit charge of + + + align:start position:0% +so the unit strength the unit charge of +the electron and also this other weak + + align:start position:0% +the electron and also this other weak + + + align:start position:0% +the electron and also this other weak +nuclear force the radioactive decay + + align:start position:0% +nuclear force the radioactive decay + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear force the radioactive decay +Force those forces literally the + + align:start position:0% +Force those forces literally the + + + align:start position:0% +Force those forces literally the +coupling constants the effective charge + + align:start position:0% +coupling constants the effective charge + + + align:start position:0% +coupling constants the effective charge +they get stronger as you go to higher + + align:start position:0% +they get stronger as you go to higher + + + align:start position:0% +they get stronger as you go to higher +and higher energies which is like saying + + align:start position:0% +and higher energies which is like saying + + + align:start position:0% +and higher energies which is like saying +probing shorter and shorter distance + + align:start position:0% +probing shorter and shorter distance + + + align:start position:0% +probing shorter and shorter distance +scales and yet the strong nuclear force + + align:start position:0% +scales and yet the strong nuclear force + + + align:start position:0% +scales and yet the strong nuclear force +the Quark gluon Force had the opposite + + align:start position:0% +the Quark gluon Force had the opposite + + + align:start position:0% +the Quark gluon Force had the opposite +Behavior so this is showing the the + + align:start position:0% +Behavior so this is showing the the + + + align:start position:0% +Behavior so this is showing the the +interaction strength as you change the + + align:start position:0% +interaction strength as you change the + + + align:start position:0% +interaction strength as you change the +average energy of the particles involved + + align:start position:0% +average energy of the particles involved + + + align:start position:0% +average energy of the particles involved +in any given kind of scattering + + align:start position:0% +in any given kind of scattering + + + align:start position:0% +in any given kind of scattering +situation + + align:start position:0% +situation + + + align:start position:0% +situation +and how so the the flow of the of the + + align:start position:0% +and how so the the flow of the of the + + + align:start position:0% +and how so the the flow of the of the +average charge for the strong force has + + align:start position:0% +average charge for the strong force has + + + align:start position:0% +average charge for the strong force has +the opposite sign to what was then known + + align:start position:0% +the opposite sign to what was then known + + + align:start position:0% +the opposite sign to what was then known +and was assumed to be Universal so this + + align:start position:0% +and was assumed to be Universal so this + + + align:start position:0% +and was assumed to be Universal so this +was called asymptotic Freedom as you go + + align:start position:0% +was called asymptotic Freedom as you go + + + align:start position:0% +was called asymptotic Freedom as you go +to asymptotically large energies the + + align:start position:0% +to asymptotically large energies the + + + align:start position:0% +to asymptotically large energies the +quarks have become ultimately free they + + align:start position:0% +quarks have become ultimately free they + + + align:start position:0% +quarks have become ultimately free they +would feel no Force at all the effective + + align:start position:0% +would feel no Force at all the effective + + + align:start position:0% +would feel no Force at all the effective +force would go to zero that's why it was + + align:start position:0% +force would go to zero that's why it was + + + align:start position:0% +force would go to zero that's why it was +called asymptotic Freedom that would be + + align:start position:0% +called asymptotic Freedom that would be + + + align:start position:0% +called asymptotic Freedom that would be +free from these forces in the + + align:start position:0% +free from these forces in the + + + align:start position:0% +free from these forces in the +arbitrarily high energy limit or + + align:start position:0% +arbitrarily high energy limit or + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrarily high energy limit or +arbitrarily short distance limit same + + align:start position:0% +arbitrarily short distance limit same + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrarily short distance limit same +same uh same limit + + align:start position:0% +same uh same limit + + + align:start position:0% +same uh same limit +so that was introduced in 1973 that + + align:start position:0% +so that was introduced in 1973 that + + + align:start position:0% +so that was introduced in 1973 that +suggests that you that the behavior of + + align:start position:0% +suggests that you that the behavior of + + + align:start position:0% +suggests that you that the behavior of +quarks and gluons might be really + + align:start position:0% +quarks and gluons might be really + + + align:start position:0% +quarks and gluons might be really +different at very high energies compared + + align:start position:0% +different at very high energies compared + + + align:start position:0% +different at very high energies compared +to uh energies that might be probe even + + align:start position:0% +to uh energies that might be probe even + + + align:start position:0% +to uh energies that might be probe even +in uh in particle explorers on Earth you + + align:start position:0% +in uh in particle explorers on Earth you + + + align:start position:0% +in uh in particle explorers on Earth you +can see the energy scale here to give it + + align:start position:0% +can see the energy scale here to give it + + + align:start position:0% +can see the energy scale here to give it +a sense for that this is measured in + + align:start position:0% +a sense for that this is measured in + + + align:start position:0% +a sense for that this is measured in +units of billion Electro involved or gev + + align:start position:0% +units of billion Electro involved or gev + + + align:start position:0% +units of billion Electro involved or gev +to give you a sense of scale + + align:start position:0% +to give you a sense of scale + + + align:start position:0% +to give you a sense of scale +um the present-day experiments at the + + align:start position:0% +um the present-day experiments at the + + + align:start position:0% +um the present-day experiments at the +Large Hadron Collider are here + + align:start position:0% +Large Hadron Collider are here + + + align:start position:0% +Large Hadron Collider are here +so the the highest energy particle + + align:start position:0% +so the the highest energy particle + + + align:start position:0% +so the the highest energy particle +accelerator on the planet the Large + + align:start position:0% +accelerator on the planet the Large + + + align:start position:0% +accelerator on the planet the Large +Hadron Collider is at about a thousand + + align:start position:0% +Hadron Collider is at about a thousand + + + align:start position:0% +Hadron Collider is at about a thousand +gev or maybe maybe + + align:start position:0% +gev or maybe maybe + + + align:start position:0% +gev or maybe maybe +now close to 10 they're getting close to + + align:start position:0% +now close to 10 they're getting close to + + + align:start position:0% +now close to 10 they're getting close to +10 TV so maybe maybe it's up here I give + + align:start position:0% +10 TV so maybe maybe it's up here I give + + + align:start position:0% +10 TV so maybe maybe it's up here I give +them one more Notch because they've + + align:start position:0% +them one more Notch because they've + + + align:start position:0% +them one more Notch because they've +tried hard they're here right the + + align:start position:0% +tried hard they're here right the + + + align:start position:0% +tried hard they're here right the +effects that that uh Frank will chicken + + align:start position:0% +effects that that uh Frank will chicken + + + align:start position:0% +effects that that uh Frank will chicken +David Gross and David paulus were + + align:start position:0% +David Gross and David paulus were + + + align:start position:0% +David Gross and David paulus were +talking about would be would be kind of + + align:start position:0% +talking about would be would be kind of + + + align:start position:0% +talking about would be would be kind of +noticeable + + align:start position:0% +noticeable + + + align:start position:0% +noticeable +exponentially higher energies right well + + align:start position:0% +exponentially higher energies right well + + + align:start position:0% +exponentially higher energies right well +beyond anything that can be achieved + + align:start position:0% +beyond anything that can be achieved + + + align:start position:0% +beyond anything that can be achieved +even today let alone in the 1970s uh + + align:start position:0% +even today let alone in the 1970s uh + + + align:start position:0% +even today let alone in the 1970s uh +slack was was basically around here + + align:start position:0% +slack was was basically around here + + + align:start position:0% +slack was was basically around here +right at the time okay so it's it's + + align:start position:0% +right at the time okay so it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +right at the time okay so it's it's +suggesting that if one could ever get to + + align:start position:0% +suggesting that if one could ever get to + + + align:start position:0% +suggesting that if one could ever get to +really super crazy high energies you + + align:start position:0% +really super crazy high energies you + + + align:start position:0% +really super crazy high energies you +might see some very qualitatively + + align:start position:0% +might see some very qualitatively + + + align:start position:0% +might see some very qualitatively +different Behavior among nuclear + + align:start position:0% +different Behavior among nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +different Behavior among nuclear +particles really cool uh a very + + align:start position:0% +particles really cool uh a very + + + align:start position:0% +particles really cool uh a very +interesting set of ideas + + align:start position:0% +interesting set of ideas + + + align:start position:0% +interesting set of ideas +right on the heels of that + + align:start position:0% +right on the heels of that + + + align:start position:0% +right on the heels of that +uh there was the introduction of what + + align:start position:0% +uh there was the introduction of what + + + align:start position:0% +uh there was the introduction of what +were called guts Grand unified theories + + align:start position:0% +were called guts Grand unified theories + + + align:start position:0% +were called guts Grand unified theories +my friend Alan Guth likes to call these + + align:start position:0% +my friend Alan Guth likes to call these + + + align:start position:0% +my friend Alan Guth likes to call these +actually Goose because Theory should be + + align:start position:0% +actually Goose because Theory should be + + + align:start position:0% +actually Goose because Theory should be +spelled th not coincidentally that's his + + align:start position:0% +spelled th not coincidentally that's his + + + align:start position:0% +spelled th not coincidentally that's his +last name anyway we won't we won't hard + + align:start position:0% +last name anyway we won't we won't hard + + + align:start position:0% +last name anyway we won't we won't hard +we won't give him that he's not here + + align:start position:0% +we won't give him that he's not here + + + align:start position:0% +we won't give him that he's not here +right now we'll call him guts so uh + + align:start position:0% +right now we'll call him guts so uh + + + align:start position:0% +right now we'll call him guts so uh +Grand unified theories sprung from this + + align:start position:0% +Grand unified theories sprung from this + + + align:start position:0% +Grand unified theories sprung from this +idea from asymptotic Freedom going back + + align:start position:0% +idea from asymptotic Freedom going back + + + align:start position:0% +idea from asymptotic Freedom going back +to this chart here if you look at the + + align:start position:0% +to this chart here if you look at the + + + align:start position:0% +to this chart here if you look at the +average strength of the three main + + align:start position:0% +average strength of the three main + + + align:start position:0% +average strength of the three main +forces of nature setting gravity aside + + align:start position:0% +forces of nature setting gravity aside + + + align:start position:0% +forces of nature setting gravity aside +this is this first one is basically the + + align:start position:0% +this is this first one is basically the + + + align:start position:0% +this is this first one is basically the +strength of electromagnetism the kind of + + align:start position:0% +strength of electromagnetism the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +strength of electromagnetism the kind of +QED Force photons scattering off + + align:start position:0% +QED Force photons scattering off + + + align:start position:0% +QED Force photons scattering off +electrons this one is is basically the + + align:start position:0% +electrons this one is is basically the + + + align:start position:0% +electrons this one is is basically the +uh weak nuclear force radioactive decay + + align:start position:0% +uh weak nuclear force radioactive decay + + + align:start position:0% +uh weak nuclear force radioactive decay +the W boson stuff uh and then this is + + align:start position:0% +the W boson stuff uh and then this is + + + align:start position:0% +the W boson stuff uh and then this is +the Quark clue enforce the four + + align:start position:0% +the Quark clue enforce the four + + + align:start position:0% +the Quark clue enforce the four +strengths look like they might converge + + align:start position:0% +strengths look like they might converge + + + align:start position:0% +strengths look like they might converge +it's not just that these two get + + align:start position:0% +it's not just that these two get + + + align:start position:0% +it's not just that these two get +stronger with high energy and this one + + align:start position:0% +stronger with high energy and this one + + + align:start position:0% +stronger with high energy and this one +gets weaker they actually might overlap + + align:start position:0% +gets weaker they actually might overlap + + + align:start position:0% +gets weaker they actually might overlap +at a single value if you squint and take + + align:start position:0% +at a single value if you squint and take + + + align:start position:0% +at a single value if you squint and take +these error bars so much generously it + + align:start position:0% +these error bars so much generously it + + + align:start position:0% +these error bars so much generously it +looks like that at a around 10 to the 16 + + align:start position:0% +looks like that at a around 10 to the 16 + + + align:start position:0% +looks like that at a around 10 to the 16 +give or take roughly 10 to the 16 + + align:start position:0% +give or take roughly 10 to the 16 + + + align:start position:0% +give or take roughly 10 to the 16 +billion electron volts if you could + + align:start position:0% +billion electron volts if you could + + + align:start position:0% +billion electron volts if you could +scatter particles with that average + + align:start position:0% +scatter particles with that average + + + align:start position:0% +scatter particles with that average +energy maybe these all these three + + align:start position:0% +energy maybe these all these three + + + align:start position:0% +energy maybe these all these three +separate forces would have the same unit + + align:start position:0% +separate forces would have the same unit + + + align:start position:0% +separate forces would have the same unit +strength + + align:start position:0% +strength + + + align:start position:0% +strength +if they have the same unit strength + + align:start position:0% +if they have the same unit strength + + + align:start position:0% +if they have the same unit strength +maybe they're the same Force so the idea + + align:start position:0% +maybe they're the same Force so the idea + + + align:start position:0% +maybe they're the same Force so the idea +was that maybe all of these highly + + align:start position:0% +was that maybe all of these highly + + + align:start position:0% +was that maybe all of these highly +symmetry mediated forces that we see + + align:start position:0% +symmetry mediated forces that we see + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry mediated forces that we see +very as very different at these low + + align:start position:0% +very as very different at these low + + + align:start position:0% +very as very different at these low +energies they have very different + + align:start position:0% +energies they have very different + + + align:start position:0% +energies they have very different +behaviors and characteristic strengths + + align:start position:0% +behaviors and characteristic strengths + + + align:start position:0% +behaviors and characteristic strengths +maybe they're actually all sides of a + + align:start position:0% +maybe they're actually all sides of a + + + align:start position:0% +maybe they're actually all sides of a +single Force + + align:start position:0% +single Force + + + align:start position:0% +single Force +the grand unified theory which would + + align:start position:0% +the grand unified theory which would + + + align:start position:0% +the grand unified theory which would +unite these three forces of nature into + + align:start position:0% +unite these three forces of nature into + + + align:start position:0% +unite these three forces of nature into +a single one modulated by a single Force + + align:start position:0% +a single one modulated by a single Force + + + align:start position:0% +a single one modulated by a single Force +strength a single effective charge + + align:start position:0% +strength a single effective charge + + + align:start position:0% +strength a single effective charge +that was called guts and you can see it + + align:start position:0% +that was called guts and you can see it + + + align:start position:0% +that was called guts and you can see it +only makes sense in the light of + + align:start position:0% +only makes sense in the light of + + + align:start position:0% +only makes sense in the light of +asymptotic freedom to get this strength + + align:start position:0% +asymptotic freedom to get this strength + + + align:start position:0% +asymptotic freedom to get this strength +to come down so they can meet the very + + align:start position:0% +to come down so they can meet the very + + + align:start position:0% +to come down so they can meet the very +gently Rising strengths of the other two + + align:start position:0% +gently Rising strengths of the other two + + + align:start position:0% +gently Rising strengths of the other two +forces those are awesome ideas they're + + align:start position:0% +forces those are awesome ideas they're + + + align:start position:0% +forces those are awesome ideas they're +very cool you can you can probably get a + + align:start position:0% +very cool you can you can probably get a + + + align:start position:0% +very cool you can you can probably get a +sense for where this is heading + + align:start position:0% +sense for where this is heading + + + align:start position:0% +sense for where this is heading +it starts to become a natural question + + align:start position:0% +it starts to become a natural question + + + align:start position:0% +it starts to become a natural question +to ask about conditions when particles + + align:start position:0% +to ask about conditions when particles + + + align:start position:0% +to ask about conditions when particles +could have interacted with literally + + align:start position:0% +could have interacted with literally + + + align:start position:0% +could have interacted with literally +astronomically High energies + + align:start position:0% +astronomically High energies + + + align:start position:0% +astronomically High energies +cosmologically High energies in + + align:start position:0% +cosmologically High energies in + + + align:start position:0% +cosmologically High energies in +particular we'll talk more about this uh + + align:start position:0% +particular we'll talk more about this uh + + + align:start position:0% +particular we'll talk more about this uh +in the next class session uh if one + + align:start position:0% +in the next class session uh if one + + + align:start position:0% +in the next class session uh if one +takes the Big Bang model seriously + + align:start position:0% +takes the Big Bang model seriously + + + align:start position:0% +takes the Big Bang model seriously +cosmologically if the whole universe + + align:start position:0% +cosmologically if the whole universe + + + align:start position:0% +cosmologically if the whole universe +began in a very very hot dense State an + + align:start position:0% +began in a very very hot dense State an + + + align:start position:0% +began in a very very hot dense State an +unbelievably high energy state that at + + align:start position:0% +unbelievably high energy state that at + + + align:start position:0% +unbelievably high energy state that at +very early moments in Cosmic history the + + align:start position:0% +very early moments in Cosmic history the + + + align:start position:0% +very early moments in Cosmic history the +average energy of anything in + + align:start position:0% +average energy of anything in + + + align:start position:0% +average energy of anything in +equilibrium would have been really + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium would have been really + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium would have been really +really high that you could have maybe + + align:start position:0% +really high that you could have maybe + + + align:start position:0% +really high that you could have maybe +gotten to a time in early Cosmic history + + align:start position:0% +gotten to a time in early Cosmic history + + + align:start position:0% +gotten to a time in early Cosmic history +where the average energy of say quarks + + align:start position:0% +where the average energy of say quarks + + + align:start position:0% +where the average energy of say quarks +scattering off each other would have + + align:start position:0% +scattering off each other would have + + + align:start position:0% +scattering off each other would have +been more like 10 to the 16 gev rather + + align:start position:0% +been more like 10 to the 16 gev rather + + + align:start position:0% +been more like 10 to the 16 gev rather +than um you know 10 to the 3gb + + align:start position:0% +than um you know 10 to the 3gb + + + align:start position:0% +than um you know 10 to the 3gb +so this became a natural reason this is + + align:start position:0% +so this became a natural reason this is + + + align:start position:0% +so this became a natural reason this is +the main argument for particle theorists + + align:start position:0% +the main argument for particle theorists + + + align:start position:0% +the main argument for particle theorists +to ask about things like a very high + + align:start position:0% +to ask about things like a very high + + + align:start position:0% +to ask about things like a very high +energy cosmology very high energy early + + align:start position:0% +energy cosmology very high energy early + + + align:start position:0% +energy cosmology very high energy early +universe and the phrase that was often + + align:start position:0% +universe and the phrase that was often + + + align:start position:0% +universe and the phrase that was often +used in the time a gendered term was + + align:start position:0% +used in the time a gendered term was + + + align:start position:0% +used in the time a gendered term was +that cosmology would provide the + + align:start position:0% +that cosmology would provide the + + + align:start position:0% +that cosmology would provide the +so-called Poor Man's accelerator the + + align:start position:0% +so-called Poor Man's accelerator the + + + align:start position:0% +so-called Poor Man's accelerator the +poor person's accelerator that it's + + align:start position:0% +poor person's accelerator that it's + + + align:start position:0% +poor person's accelerator that it's +really expensive to build slack and + + align:start position:0% +really expensive to build slack and + + + align:start position:0% +really expensive to build slack and +fermilab and the LHC and and yet they're + + align:start position:0% +fermilab and the LHC and and yet they're + + + align:start position:0% +fermilab and the LHC and and yet they're +all they're doing is probing down here + + align:start position:0% +all they're doing is probing down here + + + align:start position:0% +all they're doing is probing down here +based on kind of technological + + align:start position:0% +based on kind of technological + + + align:start position:0% +based on kind of technological +limitations so instead of spending + + align:start position:0% +limitations so instead of spending + + + align:start position:0% +limitations so instead of spending +another billion plus dollars let's turn + + align:start position:0% +another billion plus dollars let's turn + + + align:start position:0% +another billion plus dollars let's turn +to cosmology let's use astrophysics and + + align:start position:0% +to cosmology let's use astrophysics and + + + align:start position:0% +to cosmology let's use astrophysics and +cosmology to probe this energy regime of + + align:start position:0% +cosmology to probe this energy regime of + + + align:start position:0% +cosmology to probe this energy regime of +Interest + + align:start position:0% +Interest + + + align:start position:0% +Interest +and so this becomes the main reason + + align:start position:0% +and so this becomes the main reason + + + align:start position:0% +and so this becomes the main reason +that's usually given the ring the main + + align:start position:0% +that's usually given the ring the main + + + align:start position:0% +that's usually given the ring the main +kind of cause for why these two + + align:start position:0% +kind of cause for why these two + + + align:start position:0% +kind of cause for why these two +previously quite separated fields of + + align:start position:0% +previously quite separated fields of + + + align:start position:0% +previously quite separated fields of +study gravitation and particle theory + + align:start position:0% +study gravitation and particle theory + + + align:start position:0% +study gravitation and particle theory +Were Somehow merged into this new field + + align:start position:0% +Were Somehow merged into this new field + + + align:start position:0% +Were Somehow merged into this new field +of particle cosmology there's a kind of + + align:start position:0% +of particle cosmology there's a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +of particle cosmology there's a kind of +ideas-driven hybrid and that has a lot + + align:start position:0% +ideas-driven hybrid and that has a lot + + + align:start position:0% +ideas-driven hybrid and that has a lot +going for it it's not a dumb explanation + + align:start position:0% +going for it it's not a dumb explanation + + + align:start position:0% +going for it it's not a dumb explanation +I just think it's a radically incomplete + + align:start position:0% +I just think it's a radically incomplete + + + align:start position:0% +I just think it's a radically incomplete +one okay so uh this is a rhetorical + + align:start position:0% +one okay so uh this is a rhetorical + + + align:start position:0% +one okay so uh this is a rhetorical +question is the whole story of course + + align:start position:0% +question is the whole story of course + + + align:start position:0% +question is the whole story of course +you don't mind now I think it's not the + + align:start position:0% +you don't mind now I think it's not the + + + align:start position:0% +you don't mind now I think it's not the +whole story it's it's a large part of + + align:start position:0% +whole story it's it's a large part of + + + align:start position:0% +whole story it's it's a large part of +ingredients but it doesn't quite add up + + align:start position:0% +ingredients but it doesn't quite add up + + + align:start position:0% +ingredients but it doesn't quite add up +if we go back to things that we can kind + + align:start position:0% +if we go back to things that we can kind + + + align:start position:0% +if we go back to things that we can kind +of investigate also kind of you know + + align:start position:0% +of investigate also kind of you know + + + align:start position:0% +of investigate also kind of you know +empirically uh it doesn't quite make + + align:start position:0% +empirically uh it doesn't quite make + + + align:start position:0% +empirically uh it doesn't quite make +sense of the time scales or some of the + + align:start position:0% +sense of the time scales or some of the + + + align:start position:0% +sense of the time scales or some of the +other phenomena that we can try to um + + align:start position:0% +other phenomena that we can try to um + + + align:start position:0% +other phenomena that we can try to um +ask about uh physics work at that time + + align:start position:0% +ask about uh physics work at that time + + + align:start position:0% +ask about uh physics work at that time +so here I'm plotting just the + + align:start position:0% +so here I'm plotting just the + + + align:start position:0% +so here I'm plotting just the +Publications on cosmology worldwide as + + align:start position:0% +Publications on cosmology worldwide as + + + align:start position:0% +Publications on cosmology worldwide as +as indexed by these kind of worldwide + + align:start position:0% +as indexed by these kind of worldwide + + + align:start position:0% +as indexed by these kind of worldwide +physics literature searches physics + + align:start position:0% +physics literature searches physics + + + align:start position:0% +physics literature searches physics +abstracts and that kind of thing + + align:start position:0% +abstracts and that kind of thing + + + align:start position:0% +abstracts and that kind of thing +you can see that there was a very steep + + align:start position:0% +you can see that there was a very steep + + + align:start position:0% +you can see that there was a very steep +rise a decided shift a kind of + + align:start position:0% +rise a decided shift a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +rise a decided shift a kind of +inflection in the publication rate uh + + align:start position:0% +inflection in the publication rate uh + + + align:start position:0% +inflection in the publication rate uh +well before 1973 well before the + + align:start position:0% +well before 1973 well before the + + + align:start position:0% +well before 1973 well before the +asymptotic freedom and guts and this + + align:start position:0% +asymptotic freedom and guts and this + + + align:start position:0% +asymptotic freedom and guts and this +so-called reason this whole Theory + + align:start position:0% +so-called reason this whole Theory + + + align:start position:0% +so-called reason this whole Theory +driven argument to ask about the + + align:start position:0% +driven argument to ask about the + + + align:start position:0% +driven argument to ask about the +particle physically early universe and + + align:start position:0% +particle physically early universe and + + + align:start position:0% +particle physically early universe and +in fact the rate + + align:start position:0% +in fact the rate + + + align:start position:0% +in fact the rate +goes from roughly six or six and a half + + align:start position:0% +goes from roughly six or six and a half + + + align:start position:0% +goes from roughly six or six and a half +papers per year worldwide to around 21 + + align:start position:0% +papers per year worldwide to around 21 + + + align:start position:0% +papers per year worldwide to around 21 +on average and not only that you can see + + align:start position:0% +on average and not only that you can see + + + align:start position:0% +on average and not only that you can see +um that the inflection point really + + align:start position:0% +um that the inflection point really + + + align:start position:0% +um that the inflection point really +comes quite a few years earlier than + + align:start position:0% +comes quite a few years earlier than + + + align:start position:0% +comes quite a few years earlier than +this uh purported cause from asymptotic + + align:start position:0% +this uh purported cause from asymptotic + + + align:start position:0% +this uh purported cause from asymptotic +freedom and guts I think even more + + align:start position:0% +freedom and guts I think even more + + + align:start position:0% +freedom and guts I think even more +important is that guts became really + + align:start position:0% +important is that guts became really + + + align:start position:0% +important is that guts became really +really hot years later so many particle + + align:start position:0% +really hot years later so many particle + + + align:start position:0% +really hot years later so many particle +theorists got very excited about that + + align:start position:0% +theorists got very excited about that + + + align:start position:0% +theorists got very excited about that +notion of a grand unified theory but not + + align:start position:0% +notion of a grand unified theory but not + + + align:start position:0% +notion of a grand unified theory but not +in 1974 more like a 1980 so if we want + + align:start position:0% +in 1974 more like a 1980 so if we want + + + align:start position:0% +in 1974 more like a 1980 so if we want +to account for changes in 1974 and even + + align:start position:0% +to account for changes in 1974 and even + + + align:start position:0% +to account for changes in 1974 and even +the particle theorists weren't paying + + align:start position:0% +the particle theorists weren't paying + + + align:start position:0% +the particle theorists weren't paying +much attention to a half a decade later + + align:start position:0% +much attention to a half a decade later + + + align:start position:0% +much attention to a half a decade later +again the timing doesn't quite make + + align:start position:0% +again the timing doesn't quite make + + + align:start position:0% +again the timing doesn't quite make +sense the ideas were published in 1974 + + align:start position:0% +sense the ideas were published in 1974 + + + align:start position:0% +sense the ideas were published in 1974 +that's true but as we've seen a few + + align:start position:0% +that's true but as we've seen a few + + + align:start position:0% +that's true but as we've seen a few +times in this course just publishing an + + align:start position:0% +times in this course just publishing an + + + align:start position:0% +times in this course just publishing an +article doesn't guarantee that people + + align:start position:0% +article doesn't guarantee that people + + + align:start position:0% +article doesn't guarantee that people +will pay attention to it right away and + + align:start position:0% +will pay attention to it right away and + + + align:start position:0% +will pay attention to it right away and +that was certainly the case with that + + align:start position:0% +that was certainly the case with that + + + align:start position:0% +that was certainly the case with that +work in particle theory so even though + + align:start position:0% +work in particle theory so even though + + + align:start position:0% +work in particle theory so even though +it offered a very interesting reason to + + align:start position:0% +it offered a very interesting reason to + + + align:start position:0% +it offered a very interesting reason to +ask new questions empirically speaking + + align:start position:0% +ask new questions empirically speaking + + + align:start position:0% +ask new questions empirically speaking +most people weren't asking those + + align:start position:0% +most people weren't asking those + + + align:start position:0% +most people weren't asking those +questions at that time that certainly + + align:start position:0% +questions at that time that certainly + + + align:start position:0% +questions at that time that certainly +doesn't seem to be the main driver + + align:start position:0% +doesn't seem to be the main driver + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't seem to be the main driver +so what else was going on and we've seen + + align:start position:0% +so what else was going on and we've seen + + + align:start position:0% +so what else was going on and we've seen +this plot a number of times this is now + + align:start position:0% +this plot a number of times this is now + + + align:start position:0% +this plot a number of times this is now +the familiar plot of the number of phds + + align:start position:0% +the familiar plot of the number of phds + + + align:start position:0% +the familiar plot of the number of phds +in physics granted in the U.S over time + + align:start position:0% +in physics granted in the U.S over time + + + align:start position:0% +in physics granted in the U.S over time +we spent quite a while looking at both + + align:start position:0% +we spent quite a while looking at both + + + align:start position:0% +we spent quite a while looking at both +the reason why it grew so rapidly both + + align:start position:0% +the reason why it grew so rapidly both + + + align:start position:0% +the reason why it grew so rapidly both +after the second world war and after the + + align:start position:0% +after the second world war and after the + + + align:start position:0% +after the second world war and after the +launch of Sputnik but also this really + + align:start position:0% +launch of Sputnik but also this really + + + align:start position:0% +launch of Sputnik but also this really +quite precipitous crash and a whole + + align:start position:0% +quite precipitous crash and a whole + + + align:start position:0% +quite precipitous crash and a whole +jumble of reasons kind of combined some + + align:start position:0% +jumble of reasons kind of combined some + + + align:start position:0% +jumble of reasons kind of combined some +of them + + align:start position:0% +of them + + + align:start position:0% +of them +economic a bunch of them more about kind + + align:start position:0% +economic a bunch of them more about kind + + + align:start position:0% +economic a bunch of them more about kind +of policy shifts and geopolitics even + + align:start position:0% +of policy shifts and geopolitics even + + + align:start position:0% +of policy shifts and geopolitics even +that really combined that lined up in + + align:start position:0% +that really combined that lined up in + + + align:start position:0% +that really combined that lined up in +time that was a Kind of Perfect Storm + + align:start position:0% +time that was a Kind of Perfect Storm + + + align:start position:0% +time that was a Kind of Perfect Storm +the result of which was a very very + + align:start position:0% +the result of which was a very very + + + align:start position:0% +the result of which was a very very +sudden collapse in the funding uh and + + align:start position:0% +sudden collapse in the funding uh and + + + align:start position:0% +sudden collapse in the funding uh and +job prospects and enrollments for + + align:start position:0% +job prospects and enrollments for + + + align:start position:0% +job prospects and enrollments for +physics which fell as we've seen a few + + align:start position:0% +physics which fell as we've seen a few + + + align:start position:0% +physics which fell as we've seen a few +times faster than any other field in the + + align:start position:0% +times faster than any other field in the + + + align:start position:0% +times faster than any other field in the +academy + + align:start position:0% +academy + + + align:start position:0% +academy +and so + + align:start position:0% +and so + + + align:start position:0% +and so +physicists uh in the starting the late + + align:start position:0% +physicists uh in the starting the late + + + align:start position:0% +physicists uh in the starting the late +60s are really accelerating in the early + + align:start position:0% +60s are really accelerating in the early + + + align:start position:0% +60s are really accelerating in the early +70s uh saw a really dramatic change in + + align:start position:0% +70s uh saw a really dramatic change in + + + align:start position:0% +70s uh saw a really dramatic change in +the in the kind of infrastructure for + + align:start position:0% +the in the kind of infrastructure for + + + align:start position:0% +the in the kind of infrastructure for +the discipline it turns out again we can + + align:start position:0% +the discipline it turns out again we can + + + align:start position:0% +the discipline it turns out again we can +ask a bit more that's very coarse + + align:start position:0% +ask a bit more that's very coarse + + + align:start position:0% +ask a bit more that's very coarse +grained that's looking at the whole + + align:start position:0% +grained that's looking at the whole + + + align:start position:0% +grained that's looking at the whole +field at once we can dig in a bit more + + align:start position:0% +field at once we can dig in a bit more + + + align:start position:0% +field at once we can dig in a bit more +and look at um subfields by subfield and + + align:start position:0% +and look at um subfields by subfield and + + + align:start position:0% +and look at um subfields by subfield and +by these kinds of measures the single + + align:start position:0% +by these kinds of measures the single + + + align:start position:0% +by these kinds of measures the single +hardest hit subfield the specialty + + align:start position:0% +hardest hit subfield the specialty + + + align:start position:0% +hardest hit subfield the specialty +within physics that was affected most + + align:start position:0% +within physics that was affected most + + + align:start position:0% +within physics that was affected most +dramatically even as all Fields felt it + + align:start position:0% +dramatically even as all Fields felt it + + + align:start position:0% +dramatically even as all Fields felt it +was particle physics the field that had + + align:start position:0% +was particle physics the field that had + + + align:start position:0% +was particle physics the field that had +so to speak the most to lose or that + + align:start position:0% +so to speak the most to lose or that + + + align:start position:0% +so to speak the most to lose or that +lost the most during this reversal of + + align:start position:0% +lost the most during this reversal of + + + align:start position:0% +lost the most during this reversal of +Fortune was actually high energy + + align:start position:0% +Fortune was actually high energy + + + align:start position:0% +Fortune was actually high energy +particle physics the U.S budget for that + + align:start position:0% +particle physics the U.S budget for that + + + align:start position:0% +particle physics the U.S budget for that +subfield fell in half in just four years + + align:start position:0% +subfield fell in half in just four years + + + align:start position:0% +subfield fell in half in just four years +it wasn't a kind of 20 reduction it + + align:start position:0% +it wasn't a kind of 20 reduction it + + + align:start position:0% +it wasn't a kind of 20 reduction it +literally fell by 50 in four years + + align:start position:0% +literally fell by 50 in four years + + + align:start position:0% +literally fell by 50 in four years +that's a very sudden drop and that was + + align:start position:0% +that's a very sudden drop and that was + + + align:start position:0% +that's a very sudden drop and that was +combined with the drop in the job market + + align:start position:0% +combined with the drop in the job market + + + align:start position:0% +combined with the drop in the job market +demands and all invest so even as the + + align:start position:0% +demands and all invest so even as the + + + align:start position:0% +demands and all invest so even as the +whole field starts going through some + + align:start position:0% +whole field starts going through some + + + align:start position:0% +whole field starts going through some +pretty dramatic changes particle physics + + align:start position:0% +pretty dramatic changes particle physics + + + align:start position:0% +pretty dramatic changes particle physics +uh feels the brunt of it um most in the + + align:start position:0% +uh feels the brunt of it um most in the + + + align:start position:0% +uh feels the brunt of it um most in the +most extreme way + + align:start position:0% +most extreme way + + + align:start position:0% +most extreme way +so that leads to an interesting set of + + align:start position:0% +so that leads to an interesting set of + + + align:start position:0% +so that leads to an interesting set of +kind of internal migrations within the + + align:start position:0% +kind of internal migrations within the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of internal migrations within the +discipline + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this plot comes from + + align:start position:0% +this plot comes from + + + align:start position:0% +this plot comes from +a series of studies that were produced + + align:start position:0% +a series of studies that were produced + + + align:start position:0% +a series of studies that were produced +very soon after the crash by the physics + + align:start position:0% +very soon after the crash by the physics + + + align:start position:0% +very soon after the crash by the physics +community + + align:start position:0% +community + + + align:start position:0% +community +uh this one I think was from a National + + align:start position:0% +uh this one I think was from a National + + + align:start position:0% +uh this one I think was from a National +Academy of Sciences study um and so what + + align:start position:0% +Academy of Sciences study um and so what + + + align:start position:0% +Academy of Sciences study um and so what +you see is it is um this is now looking + + align:start position:0% +you see is it is um this is now looking + + + align:start position:0% +you see is it is um this is now looking +only the years between 1968 and 1970 the + + align:start position:0% +only the years between 1968 and 1970 the + + + align:start position:0% +only the years between 1968 and 1970 the +plot was made around 1972 or 73. and is + + align:start position:0% +plot was made around 1972 or 73. and is + + + align:start position:0% +plot was made around 1972 or 73. and is +charting inflows and outflows among the + + align:start position:0% +charting inflows and outflows among the + + + align:start position:0% +charting inflows and outflows among the +kind of recognized subfields of the + + align:start position:0% +kind of recognized subfields of the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of recognized subfields of the +discipline during the time when when + + align:start position:0% +discipline during the time when when + + + align:start position:0% +discipline during the time when when +really the bottom falls out so when + + align:start position:0% +really the bottom falls out so when + + + align:start position:0% +really the bottom falls out so when +particle physics is getting hit harder + + align:start position:0% +particle physics is getting hit harder + + + align:start position:0% +particle physics is getting hit harder +than any other field you have twice as + + align:start position:0% +than any other field you have twice as + + + align:start position:0% +than any other field you have twice as +many people leaving that field than + + align:start position:0% +many people leaving that field than + + + align:start position:0% +many people leaving that field than +joining it and that's where the people + + align:start position:0% +joining it and that's where the people + + + align:start position:0% +joining it and that's where the people +who stay within physics at all + + align:start position:0% +who stay within physics at all + + + align:start position:0% +who stay within physics at all +that you have a net outflow by a factor + + align:start position:0% +that you have a net outflow by a factor + + + align:start position:0% +that you have a net outflow by a factor +of two just within the field of people + + align:start position:0% +of two just within the field of people + + + align:start position:0% +of two just within the field of people +fleeing particle physics partner because + + align:start position:0% +fleeing particle physics partner because + + + align:start position:0% +fleeing particle physics partner because +its budget was cut most dramatically and + + align:start position:0% +its budget was cut most dramatically and + + + align:start position:0% +its budget was cut most dramatically and +the job scene was most hard hit and + + align:start position:0% +the job scene was most hard hit and + + + align:start position:0% +the job scene was most hard hit and +experiments look like they'd be on hold + + align:start position:0% +experiments look like they'd be on hold + + + align:start position:0% +experiments look like they'd be on hold +and so + + align:start position:0% +and so + + + align:start position:0% +and so +and so in some of these reports that + + align:start position:0% +and so in some of these reports that + + + align:start position:0% +and so in some of these reports that +tried to make sense of of the crash like + + align:start position:0% +tried to make sense of of the crash like + + + align:start position:0% +tried to make sense of of the crash like +this 1972 report + + align:start position:0% +this 1972 report + + + align:start position:0% +this 1972 report +um commissioned by the National Academy + + align:start position:0% +um commissioned by the National Academy + + + align:start position:0% +um commissioned by the National Academy +of Sciences it was actually a huge three + + align:start position:0% +of Sciences it was actually a huge three + + + align:start position:0% +of Sciences it was actually a huge three +or four volume kind of thick government + + align:start position:0% +or four volume kind of thick government + + + align:start position:0% +or four volume kind of thick government +report 2500 pages + + align:start position:0% +report 2500 pages + + + align:start position:0% +report 2500 pages +full of tables and charts lots of fun + + align:start position:0% +full of tables and charts lots of fun + + + align:start position:0% +full of tables and charts lots of fun +stuff to geek out on uh and and yet this + + align:start position:0% +stuff to geek out on uh and and yet this + + + align:start position:0% +stuff to geek out on uh and and yet this +kind of Blue Ribbon panel with several + + align:start position:0% +kind of Blue Ribbon panel with several + + + align:start position:0% +kind of Blue Ribbon panel with several +leading MIT colleagues who served on it + + align:start position:0% +leading MIT colleagues who served on it + + + align:start position:0% +leading MIT colleagues who served on it +plus members from all across the country + + align:start position:0% +plus members from all across the country + + + align:start position:0% +plus members from all across the country +we're trying to survey the us-based + + align:start position:0% +we're trying to survey the us-based + + + align:start position:0% +we're trying to survey the us-based +physics profession and what had gone + + align:start position:0% +physics profession and what had gone + + + align:start position:0% +physics profession and what had gone +wrong during this period of very rapid + + align:start position:0% +wrong during this period of very rapid + + + align:start position:0% +wrong during this period of very rapid +uh transition and they single out + + align:start position:0% +uh transition and they single out + + + align:start position:0% +uh transition and they single out +particle theory in particular for + + align:start position:0% +particle theory in particular for + + + align:start position:0% +particle theory in particular for +special kind of concern or critique that + + align:start position:0% +special kind of concern or critique that + + + align:start position:0% +special kind of concern or critique that +they say it's not it's not coincidental + + align:start position:0% +they say it's not it's not coincidental + + + align:start position:0% +they say it's not it's not coincidental +that these young theoretical physicists + + align:start position:0% +that these young theoretical physicists + + + align:start position:0% +that these young theoretical physicists +in particle theory had the hardest time + + align:start position:0% +in particle theory had the hardest time + + + align:start position:0% +in particle theory had the hardest time +when the trouble came because this + + align:start position:0% +when the trouble came because this + + + align:start position:0% +when the trouble came because this +report claimed at least they've been + + align:start position:0% +report claimed at least they've been + + + align:start position:0% +report claimed at least they've been +poorly trained it's not the sort of + + align:start position:0% +poorly trained it's not the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +poorly trained it's not the sort of +young student's fault per se it's + + align:start position:0% +young student's fault per se it's + + + align:start position:0% +young student's fault per se it's +because the the um + + align:start position:0% +because the the um + + + align:start position:0% +because the the um +the programs that we're producing many + + align:start position:0% +the programs that we're producing many + + + align:start position:0% +the programs that we're producing many +many uh highly trained particle + + align:start position:0% +many uh highly trained particle + + + align:start position:0% +many uh highly trained particle +theorists were training them much too + + align:start position:0% +theorists were training them much too + + + align:start position:0% +theorists were training them much too +narrowly they were two narrowly + + align:start position:0% +narrowly they were two narrowly + + + align:start position:0% +narrowly they were two narrowly +specialized only in the sort of + + align:start position:0% +specialized only in the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +specialized only in the sort of +esoterica of these symmetry arguments + + align:start position:0% +esoterica of these symmetry arguments + + + align:start position:0% +esoterica of these symmetry arguments +about nuclear forces they weren't being + + align:start position:0% +about nuclear forces they weren't being + + + align:start position:0% +about nuclear forces they weren't being +kind of exposed to or responsible to the + + align:start position:0% +kind of exposed to or responsible to the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of exposed to or responsible to the +many many other fields of physics and so + + align:start position:0% +many many other fields of physics and so + + + align:start position:0% +many many other fields of physics and so +when trouble came they were least + + align:start position:0% +when trouble came they were least + + + align:start position:0% +when trouble came they were least +adaptable now I don't know if that's + + align:start position:0% +adaptable now I don't know if that's + + + align:start position:0% +adaptable now I don't know if that's +really the case or not but I think it's + + align:start position:0% +really the case or not but I think it's + + + align:start position:0% +really the case or not but I think it's +quite telling that that was the kind of + + align:start position:0% +quite telling that that was the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +quite telling that that was the kind of +explanation that this Blue Ribbon panel + + align:start position:0% +explanation that this Blue Ribbon panel + + + align:start position:0% +explanation that this Blue Ribbon panel +of leading Educators including many + + align:start position:0% +of leading Educators including many + + + align:start position:0% +of leading Educators including many +leading particle physicists themselves + + align:start position:0% +leading particle physicists themselves + + + align:start position:0% +leading particle physicists themselves +that was their kind of explanation + + align:start position:0% +that was their kind of explanation + + + align:start position:0% +that was their kind of explanation +uh for why um why that one subfield + + align:start position:0% +uh for why um why that one subfield + + + align:start position:0% +uh for why um why that one subfield +fairs so especially poorly even as the + + align:start position:0% +fairs so especially poorly even as the + + + align:start position:0% +fairs so especially poorly even as the +whole field had trouble + + align:start position:0% +whole field had trouble + + + align:start position:0% +whole field had trouble +and so they make recommendations their + + align:start position:0% +and so they make recommendations their + + + align:start position:0% +and so they make recommendations their +job after all was to say how do you how + + align:start position:0% +job after all was to say how do you how + + + align:start position:0% +job after all was to say how do you how +do you avoid this in the future it was a + + align:start position:0% +do you avoid this in the future it was a + + + align:start position:0% +do you avoid this in the future it was a +very official kind of high profile Blue + + align:start position:0% +very official kind of high profile Blue + + + align:start position:0% +very official kind of high profile Blue +Ribbon committee so they make all these + + align:start position:0% +Ribbon committee so they make all these + + + align:start position:0% +Ribbon committee so they make all these +recommendations some of which actually + + align:start position:0% +recommendations some of which actually + + + align:start position:0% +recommendations some of which actually +get taken up pretty quickly by + + align:start position:0% +get taken up pretty quickly by + + + align:start position:0% +get taken up pretty quickly by +departments across the country and one + + align:start position:0% +departments across the country and one + + + align:start position:0% +departments across the country and one +of the recommendations is to forcibly + + align:start position:0% +of the recommendations is to forcibly + + + align:start position:0% +of the recommendations is to forcibly +broaden the training of young physicists + + align:start position:0% +broaden the training of young physicists + + + align:start position:0% +broaden the training of young physicists +in particle theory they have + + align:start position:0% +in particle theory they have + + + align:start position:0% +in particle theory they have +recommendations for other fields too of + + align:start position:0% +recommendations for other fields too of + + + align:start position:0% +recommendations for other fields too of +course but partly because they'd singled + + align:start position:0% +course but partly because they'd singled + + + align:start position:0% +course but partly because they'd singled +out particle theory they say we have to + + align:start position:0% +out particle theory they say we have to + + + align:start position:0% +out particle theory they say we have to +start changing how we train PhD students + + align:start position:0% +start changing how we train PhD students + + + align:start position:0% +start changing how we train PhD students +in this particular subfield + + align:start position:0% +in this particular subfield + + + align:start position:0% +in this particular subfield +and so the idea is to actually formalize + + align:start position:0% +and so the idea is to actually formalize + + + align:start position:0% +and so the idea is to actually formalize +their exposure to more and more parts of + + align:start position:0% +their exposure to more and more parts of + + + align:start position:0% +their exposure to more and more parts of +the discipline including explicitly more + + align:start position:0% +the discipline including explicitly more + + + align:start position:0% +the discipline including explicitly more +focus on gravitation and cosmology + + align:start position:0% +focus on gravitation and cosmology + + + align:start position:0% +focus on gravitation and cosmology +so that means that more and more + + align:start position:0% +so that means that more and more + + + align:start position:0% +so that means that more and more +departments including very elite kind of + + align:start position:0% +departments including very elite kind of + + + align:start position:0% +departments including very elite kind of +trend setting departments across the + + align:start position:0% +trend setting departments across the + + + align:start position:0% +trend setting departments across the +country start rushing to offer new + + align:start position:0% +country start rushing to offer new + + + align:start position:0% +country start rushing to offer new +graduate courses in general activity + + align:start position:0% +graduate courses in general activity + + + align:start position:0% +graduate courses in general activity +many of which had offered zero courses + + align:start position:0% +many of which had offered zero courses + + + align:start position:0% +many of which had offered zero courses +in the field until then or it was only + + align:start position:0% +in the field until then or it was only + + + align:start position:0% +in the field until then or it was only +an elective now became a requirement or + + align:start position:0% +an elective now became a requirement or + + + align:start position:0% +an elective now became a requirement or +was only offered in astronomy that was + + align:start position:0% +was only offered in astronomy that was + + + align:start position:0% +was only offered in astronomy that was +also offered in physics they're rushing + + align:start position:0% +also offered in physics they're rushing + + + align:start position:0% +also offered in physics they're rushing +to get more and more coursework on + + align:start position:0% +to get more and more coursework on + + + align:start position:0% +to get more and more coursework on +things like gravitation and cosmology + + align:start position:0% +things like gravitation and cosmology + + + align:start position:0% +things like gravitation and cosmology +and likewise questions on that field + + align:start position:0% +and likewise questions on that field + + + align:start position:0% +and likewise questions on that field +really for the first time in the United + + align:start position:0% +really for the first time in the United + + + align:start position:0% +really for the first time in the United +States start showing up regularly on the + + align:start position:0% +States start showing up regularly on the + + + align:start position:0% +States start showing up regularly on the +general exams for physicists across all + + align:start position:0% +general exams for physicists across all + + + align:start position:0% +general exams for physicists across all +Fields all Specialties not just those + + align:start position:0% +Fields all Specialties not just those + + + align:start position:0% +Fields all Specialties not just those +who wanted to study uh relativity and + + align:start position:0% +who wanted to study uh relativity and + + + align:start position:0% +who wanted to study uh relativity and +gravitation and cosmology so now you + + align:start position:0% +gravitation and cosmology so now you + + + align:start position:0% +gravitation and cosmology so now you +have more and more students in their + + align:start position:0% +have more and more students in their + + + align:start position:0% +have more and more students in their +phds kind of responsible to have learned + + align:start position:0% +phds kind of responsible to have learned + + + align:start position:0% +phds kind of responsible to have learned +something in neighboring subfields + + align:start position:0% +something in neighboring subfields + + + align:start position:0% +something in neighboring subfields +whereas before then the general exams + + align:start position:0% +whereas before then the general exams + + + align:start position:0% +whereas before then the general exams +had not emphasized or required that and + + align:start position:0% +had not emphasized or required that and + + + align:start position:0% +had not emphasized or required that and +you see a kind of Market response as + + align:start position:0% +you see a kind of Market response as + + + align:start position:0% +you see a kind of Market response as +well you see a flood of new graduate + + align:start position:0% +well you see a flood of new graduate + + + align:start position:0% +well you see a flood of new graduate +level textbooks on general relativity on + + align:start position:0% +level textbooks on general relativity on + + + align:start position:0% +level textbooks on general relativity on +gravitational cosmology + + align:start position:0% +gravitational cosmology + + + align:start position:0% +gravitational cosmology +twice as many published in the 1970s + + align:start position:0% +twice as many published in the 1970s + + + align:start position:0% +twice as many published in the 1970s +versus the 1960s in fact even of those + + align:start position:0% +versus the 1960s in fact even of those + + + align:start position:0% +versus the 1960s in fact even of those +1970s books the vast majority of those + + align:start position:0% +1970s books the vast majority of those + + + align:start position:0% +1970s books the vast majority of those +came really in the later 70s actually in + + align:start position:0% +came really in the later 70s actually in + + + align:start position:0% +came really in the later 70s actually in +the wake of these kind of pedagogical + + align:start position:0% +the wake of these kind of pedagogical + + + align:start position:0% +the wake of these kind of pedagogical +reforms so remember that big report + + align:start position:0% +reforms so remember that big report + + + align:start position:0% +reforms so remember that big report +comes out in 1972 you start seeing + + align:start position:0% +comes out in 1972 you start seeing + + + align:start position:0% +comes out in 1972 you start seeing +curricular changes as early as 73 74 and + + align:start position:0% +curricular changes as early as 73 74 and + + + align:start position:0% +curricular changes as early as 73 74 and +by 75 76 77 you start seeing in some + + align:start position:0% +by 75 76 77 you start seeing in some + + + align:start position:0% +by 75 76 77 you start seeing in some +sense the market respond + + align:start position:0% +sense the market respond + + + align:start position:0% +sense the market respond +with um the many textbooks being really + + align:start position:0% +with um the many textbooks being really + + + align:start position:0% +with um the many textbooks being really +rushed into print some of these + + align:start position:0% +rushed into print some of these + + + align:start position:0% +rushed into print some of these +textbooks were basically mimeographed + + align:start position:0% +textbooks were basically mimeographed + + + align:start position:0% +textbooks were basically mimeographed +lecture notes it was seen as such a rush + + align:start position:0% +lecture notes it was seen as such a rush + + + align:start position:0% +lecture notes it was seen as such a rush +such a demand to get new pedagogic + + align:start position:0% +such a demand to get new pedagogic + + + align:start position:0% +such a demand to get new pedagogic +materials because more and more places + + align:start position:0% +materials because more and more places + + + align:start position:0% +materials because more and more places +wanted to offer courses on this where + + align:start position:0% +wanted to offer courses on this where + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to offer courses on this where +they had before that you had some + + align:start position:0% +they had before that you had some + + + align:start position:0% +they had before that you had some +informal kind of lecture notes + + align:start position:0% +informal kind of lecture notes + + + align:start position:0% +informal kind of lecture notes +transmutes the transmutations into + + align:start position:0% +transmutes the transmutations into + + + align:start position:0% +transmutes the transmutations into +textbooks and others very very fancy + + align:start position:0% +textbooks and others very very fancy + + + align:start position:0% +textbooks and others very very fancy +books published in a more typical way + + align:start position:0% +books published in a more typical way + + + align:start position:0% +books published in a more typical way +you see a really a rush to get more + + align:start position:0% +you see a really a rush to get more + + + align:start position:0% +you see a really a rush to get more +books on that subfield in particular so + + align:start position:0% +books on that subfield in particular so + + + align:start position:0% +books on that subfield in particular so +let me pause there any questions on that + + align:start position:0% +let me pause there any questions on that + + + align:start position:0% +let me pause there any questions on that +I see again some things in the chat + + align:start position:0% +I see again some things in the chat + + + align:start position:0% +I see again some things in the chat +but yeah so Alex says quite rightly if + + align:start position:0% +but yeah so Alex says quite rightly if + + + align:start position:0% +but yeah so Alex says quite rightly if +we can convince Alan Guth to change uh + + align:start position:0% +we can convince Alan Guth to change uh + + + align:start position:0% +we can convince Alan Guth to change uh +to clean his office then we'll work on + + align:start position:0% +to clean his office then we'll work on + + + align:start position:0% +to clean his office then we'll work on +on nomenclature change um some of you + + align:start position:0% +on nomenclature change um some of you + + + align:start position:0% +on nomenclature change um some of you +might might know that Alan + + align:start position:0% +might might know that Alan + + + align:start position:0% +might might know that Alan +I I can't talk about Howard enough he + + align:start position:0% +I I can't talk about Howard enough he + + + align:start position:0% +I I can't talk about Howard enough he +was my PhD advisor so I've known Al I've + + align:start position:0% +was my PhD advisor so I've known Al I've + + + align:start position:0% +was my PhD advisor so I've known Al I've +been teasing Alan since uh for more than + + align:start position:0% +been teasing Alan since uh for more than + + + align:start position:0% +been teasing Alan since uh for more than +half of my life uh to his great uh great + + align:start position:0% +half of my life uh to his great uh great + + + align:start position:0% +half of my life uh to his great uh great +so you might know that some years ago um + + align:start position:0% +so you might know that some years ago um + + + align:start position:0% +so you might know that some years ago um +before there was a construction to build + + align:start position:0% +before there was a construction to build + + + align:start position:0% +before there was a construction to build +a new center for theoretical physics + + align:start position:0% +a new center for theoretical physics + + + align:start position:0% +a new center for theoretical physics +um we all had to move out of our old + + align:start position:0% +um we all had to move out of our old + + + align:start position:0% +um we all had to move out of our old +offices and it was around that time that + + align:start position:0% +offices and it was around that time that + + + align:start position:0% +offices and it was around that time that +the Boston Globe ran a contest for the + + align:start position:0% +the Boston Globe ran a contest for the + + + align:start position:0% +the Boston Globe ran a contest for the +entire Boston metro area for the area's + + align:start position:0% +entire Boston metro area for the area's + + + align:start position:0% +entire Boston metro area for the area's +messiest office + + align:start position:0% +messiest office + + + align:start position:0% +messiest office +not messiest academics office the + + align:start position:0% +not messiest academics office the + + + align:start position:0% +not messiest academics office the +messiest office in the Boston metro area + + align:start position:0% +messiest office in the Boston metro area + + + align:start position:0% +messiest office in the Boston metro area +and I give it away guess who won + + align:start position:0% +and I give it away guess who won + + + align:start position:0% +and I give it away guess who won +single Go I mean he's won a number of + + align:start position:0% +single Go I mean he's won a number of + + + align:start position:0% +single Go I mean he's won a number of +awards you know gold prizes and that big + + align:start position:0% +awards you know gold prizes and that big + + + align:start position:0% +awards you know gold prizes and that big +big award-winning fella but the award + + align:start position:0% +big award-winning fella but the award + + + align:start position:0% +big award-winning fella but the award +that I take most pleasure in is the fact + + align:start position:0% +that I take most pleasure in is the fact + + + align:start position:0% +that I take most pleasure in is the fact +that he won Boston's bestiest office so + + align:start position:0% +that he won Boston's bestiest office so + + + align:start position:0% +that he won Boston's bestiest office so +yes we'll work on that + + align:start position:0% +yes we'll work on that + + + align:start position:0% +yes we'll work on that +uh let's see Fisher says on the chart of + + align:start position:0% +uh let's see Fisher says on the chart of + + + align:start position:0% +uh let's see Fisher says on the chart of +interactions with the field strengths + + align:start position:0% +interactions with the field strengths + + + align:start position:0% +interactions with the field strengths +how those groups yes Fisher packet + + align:start position:0% +how those groups yes Fisher packet + + + align:start position:0% +how those groups yes Fisher packet +that's right so I I was kind of um + + align:start position:0% +that's right so I I was kind of um + + + align:start position:0% +that's right so I I was kind of um +avoiding the nomenclature but you're + + align:start position:0% +avoiding the nomenclature but you're + + + align:start position:0% +avoiding the nomenclature but you're +quite right on that chart that that's + + align:start position:0% +quite right on that chart that that's + + + align:start position:0% +quite right on that chart that that's +associated with asymptotic freedom the + + align:start position:0% +associated with asymptotic freedom the + + + align:start position:0% +associated with asymptotic freedom the +what I was referring to as the strength + + align:start position:0% +what I was referring to as the strength + + + align:start position:0% +what I was referring to as the strength +of electromagnetism it was labeled a + + align:start position:0% +of electromagnetism it was labeled a + + + align:start position:0% +of electromagnetism it was labeled a +chart U1 and that is the fancy way of + + align:start position:0% +chart U1 and that is the fancy way of + + + align:start position:0% +chart U1 and that is the fancy way of +labeling the Symmetry group + + align:start position:0% +labeling the Symmetry group + + + align:start position:0% +labeling the Symmetry group +um that is that is associated with + + align:start position:0% +um that is that is associated with + + + align:start position:0% +um that is that is associated with +electromagnetism it's a continuous + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetism it's a continuous + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetism it's a continuous +unitary symmetry which is like saying + + align:start position:0% +unitary symmetry which is like saying + + + align:start position:0% +unitary symmetry which is like saying +you could you could rotate the sort of + + align:start position:0% +you could you could rotate the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +you could you could rotate the sort of +electron field by any by any Continuum + + align:start position:0% +electron field by any by any Continuum + + + align:start position:0% +electron field by any by any Continuum +amount and the and and the um equations + + align:start position:0% +amount and the and and the um equations + + + align:start position:0% +amount and the and and the um equations +to remain unchanged uh and so that that + + align:start position:0% +to remain unchanged uh and so that that + + + align:start position:0% +to remain unchanged uh and so that that +calls for certain kind of properties of + + align:start position:0% +calls for certain kind of properties of + + + align:start position:0% +calls for certain kind of properties of +the force carrying field the photon only + + align:start position:0% +the force carrying field the photon only + + + align:start position:0% +the force carrying field the photon only +has to kind of mop up a relatively + + align:start position:0% +has to kind of mop up a relatively + + + align:start position:0% +has to kind of mop up a relatively +simple symmetry the U1 cage symmetry + + align:start position:0% +simple symmetry the U1 cage symmetry + + + align:start position:0% +simple symmetry the U1 cage symmetry +whereas su2 was what I was pointing to + + align:start position:0% +whereas su2 was what I was pointing to + + + align:start position:0% +whereas su2 was what I was pointing to +when I was referring to the weak nuclear + + align:start position:0% +when I was referring to the weak nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +when I was referring to the weak nuclear +force + + align:start position:0% +force + + + align:start position:0% +force +and you're right that's a discrete + + align:start position:0% +and you're right that's a discrete + + + align:start position:0% +and you're right that's a discrete +symmetry it's a more complicated + + align:start position:0% +symmetry it's a more complicated + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry it's a more complicated +symmetry structure + + align:start position:0% +symmetry structure + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry structure +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +uh and and that's the Symmetry group + + align:start position:0% +uh and and that's the Symmetry group + + + align:start position:0% +uh and and that's the Symmetry group +that these Force carrying particles of w + + align:start position:0% +that these Force carrying particles of w + + + align:start position:0% +that these Force carrying particles of w +and the Z particles are kind of invented + + align:start position:0% +and the Z particles are kind of invented + + + align:start position:0% +and the Z particles are kind of invented +to enforce so that has different + + align:start position:0% +to enforce so that has different + + + align:start position:0% +to enforce so that has different +implications for their properties like + + align:start position:0% +implications for their properties like + + + align:start position:0% +implications for their properties like +we saw last time and then su-3 uh that + + align:start position:0% +we saw last time and then su-3 uh that + + + align:start position:0% +we saw last time and then su-3 uh that +refers to three different color charges + + align:start position:0% +refers to three different color charges + + + align:start position:0% +refers to three different color charges +of quantum chromodynamics you have a + + align:start position:0% +of quantum chromodynamics you have a + + + align:start position:0% +of quantum chromodynamics you have a +discrete kind of three-way permutation + + align:start position:0% +discrete kind of three-way permutation + + + align:start position:0% +discrete kind of three-way permutation +and so therefore the gluons have still a + + align:start position:0% +and so therefore the gluons have still a + + + align:start position:0% +and so therefore the gluons have still a +different set of properties so that's + + align:start position:0% +different set of properties so that's + + + align:start position:0% +different set of properties so that's +right so that chart was um was labeling + + align:start position:0% +right so that chart was um was labeling + + + align:start position:0% +right so that chart was um was labeling +the the Symmetry groups associated with + + align:start position:0% +the the Symmetry groups associated with + + + align:start position:0% +the the Symmetry groups associated with +the different kinds of forces and so + + align:start position:0% +the different kinds of forces and so + + + align:start position:0% +the different kinds of forces and so +part of what what's really at the heart + + align:start position:0% +part of what what's really at the heart + + + align:start position:0% +part of what what's really at the heart +of guts or Goods saw thrombophone is + + align:start position:0% +of guts or Goods saw thrombophone is + + + align:start position:0% +of guts or Goods saw thrombophone is +that maybe you can play that game one + + align:start position:0% +that maybe you can play that game one + + + align:start position:0% +that maybe you can play that game one +more time and say each of those three + + align:start position:0% +more time and say each of those three + + + align:start position:0% +more time and say each of those three +symmetry groups are actually sub you + + align:start position:0% +symmetry groups are actually sub you + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry groups are actually sub you +think about it you can represent any of + + align:start position:0% +think about it you can represent any of + + + align:start position:0% +think about it you can represent any of +them as matrices is there one single set + + align:start position:0% +them as matrices is there one single set + + + align:start position:0% +them as matrices is there one single set +of matrices Matrix one single larger set + + align:start position:0% +of matrices Matrix one single larger set + + + align:start position:0% +of matrices Matrix one single larger set +of matrices that would include the U1 + + align:start position:0% +of matrices that would include the U1 + + + align:start position:0% +of matrices that would include the U1 +su2 and su3 as sub matrices and there is + + align:start position:0% +su2 and su3 as sub matrices and there is + + + align:start position:0% +su2 and su3 as sub matrices and there is +the smallest uh group that includes + + align:start position:0% +the smallest uh group that includes + + + align:start position:0% +the smallest uh group that includes +those three as subgroups is an SUV five + + align:start position:0% +those three as subgroups is an SUV five + + + align:start position:0% +those three as subgroups is an SUV five +so what if there were kind of five-fold + + align:start position:0% +so what if there were kind of five-fold + + + align:start position:0% +so what if there were kind of five-fold +symmetry with with still different kinds + + align:start position:0% +symmetry with with still different kinds + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry with with still different kinds +of requirements on its Force carrying + + align:start position:0% +of requirements on its Force carrying + + + align:start position:0% +of requirements on its Force carrying +particles so the first gut was actually + + align:start position:0% +particles so the first gut was actually + + + align:start position:0% +particles so the first gut was actually +an su5 model + + align:start position:0% +an su5 model + + + align:start position:0% +an su5 model +put forward by a then very young Howard + + align:start position:0% +put forward by a then very young Howard + + + align:start position:0% +put forward by a then very young Howard +George I and Sheldon glass show they + + align:start position:0% +George I and Sheldon glass show they + + + align:start position:0% +George I and Sheldon glass show they +were very young theorists at Harvard at + + align:start position:0% +were very young theorists at Harvard at + + + align:start position:0% +were very young theorists at Harvard at +the time and it was to do exactly that + + align:start position:0% +the time and it was to do exactly that + + + align:start position:0% +the time and it was to do exactly that +to try to build on that symmetry + + align:start position:0% +to try to build on that symmetry + + + align:start position:0% +to try to build on that symmetry +structure and find the next simplest + + align:start position:0% +structure and find the next simplest + + + align:start position:0% +structure and find the next simplest +most minimalist symmetry structure + + align:start position:0% +most minimalist symmetry structure + + + align:start position:0% +most minimalist symmetry structure +basically kind of Matrix representation + + align:start position:0% +basically kind of Matrix representation + + + align:start position:0% +basically kind of Matrix representation +into it you could fit those three known + + align:start position:0% +into it you could fit those three known + + + align:start position:0% +into it you could fit those three known +signature groups and just like a little + + align:start position:0% +signature groups and just like a little + + + align:start position:0% +signature groups and just like a little +bit else it's a little bit bigger so + + align:start position:0% +bit else it's a little bit bigger so + + + align:start position:0% +bit else it's a little bit bigger so +that led to new phenomena that were + + align:start position:0% +that led to new phenomena that were + + + align:start position:0% +that led to new phenomena that were +predicted that turned out not to be + + align:start position:0% +predicted that turned out not to be + + + align:start position:0% +predicted that turned out not to be +measured but that was the idea at least + + align:start position:0% +measured but that was the idea at least + + + align:start position:0% +measured but that was the idea at least +and that maybe the photon the wz and the + + align:start position:0% +and that maybe the photon the wz and the + + + align:start position:0% +and that maybe the photon the wz and the +gluons actually are all instances of + + align:start position:0% +gluons actually are all instances of + + + align:start position:0% +gluons actually are all instances of +this one kind of unified Force carrier + + align:start position:0% +this one kind of unified Force carrier + + + align:start position:0% +this one kind of unified Force carrier +and at very high energies they would all + + align:start position:0% +and at very high energies they would all + + + align:start position:0% +and at very high energies they would all +be indistinguishable but as the Symmetry + + align:start position:0% +be indistinguishable but as the Symmetry + + + align:start position:0% +be indistinguishable but as the Symmetry +gets broken and lower energies they they + + align:start position:0% +gets broken and lower energies they they + + + align:start position:0% +gets broken and lower energies they they +take on um + + align:start position:0% +take on um + + + align:start position:0% +take on um +different uh kind of features it's + + align:start position:0% +different uh kind of features it's + + + align:start position:0% +different uh kind of features it's +another example of spontaneous symmetry + + align:start position:0% +another example of spontaneous symmetry + + + align:start position:0% +another example of spontaneous symmetry +breaks they're low energy features will + + align:start position:0% +breaks they're low energy features will + + + align:start position:0% +breaks they're low energy features will +be different than their High Energy + + align:start position:0% +be different than their High Energy + + + align:start position:0% +be different than their High Energy +Future + + align:start position:0% +Future + + + align:start position:0% +Future +that's right uh and that's super cool + + align:start position:0% +that's right uh and that's super cool + + + align:start position:0% +that's right uh and that's super cool +and fun and lots more do you say about + + align:start position:0% +and fun and lots more do you say about + + + align:start position:0% +and fun and lots more do you say about +that but that is indeed where the where + + align:start position:0% +that but that is indeed where the where + + + align:start position:0% +that but that is indeed where the where +that nomenclature came from great any + + align:start position:0% +that nomenclature came from great any + + + align:start position:0% +that nomenclature came from great any +other questions on that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +anyone else want to share uh stories of + + align:start position:0% +anyone else want to share uh stories of + + + align:start position:0% +anyone else want to share uh stories of +Allen's messy office no we keep going + + align:start position:0% +Allen's messy office no we keep going + + + align:start position:0% +Allen's messy office no we keep going +once okay + + align:start position:0% +once okay + + + align:start position:0% +once okay +okay um + + align:start position:0% +okay um + + + align:start position:0% +okay um +let me press on over the last the last + + align:start position:0% +let me press on over the last the last + + + align:start position:0% +let me press on over the last the last +part is pretty sure it's the last little + + align:start position:0% +part is pretty sure it's the last little + + + align:start position:0% +part is pretty sure it's the last little +part and we'll have time for more + + align:start position:0% +part and we'll have time for more + + + align:start position:0% +part and we'll have time for more +questions and discussion after that + + align:start position:0% +questions and discussion after that + + + align:start position:0% +questions and discussion after that +hmm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so I mentioned very briefly + + align:start position:0% +okay so I mentioned very briefly + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I mentioned very briefly +that in 1979 two separate theorists in + + align:start position:0% +that in 1979 two separate theorists in + + + align:start position:0% +that in 1979 two separate theorists in +fact they were working independently at + + align:start position:0% +fact they were working independently at + + + align:start position:0% +fact they were working independently at +the time uh Anthony Z and Lee smolen + + align:start position:0% +the time uh Anthony Z and Lee smolen + + + align:start position:0% +the time uh Anthony Z and Lee smolen +separately introduced a whole new model + + align:start position:0% +separately introduced a whole new model + + + align:start position:0% +separately introduced a whole new model +where they didn't only kind of cite + + align:start position:0% +where they didn't only kind of cite + + + align:start position:0% +where they didn't only kind of cite +brand sticky and Higgs they didn't only + + align:start position:0% +brand sticky and Higgs they didn't only + + + align:start position:0% +brand sticky and Higgs they didn't only +say these two Greek letter fives might + + align:start position:0% +say these two Greek letter fives might + + + align:start position:0% +say these two Greek letter fives might +be similar they literally United them + + align:start position:0% +be similar they literally United them + + + align:start position:0% +be similar they literally United them +they proposed it was a hypothesis it was + + align:start position:0% +they proposed it was a hypothesis it was + + + align:start position:0% +they proposed it was a hypothesis it was +a new model in which these two Fields + + align:start position:0% +a new model in which these two Fields + + + align:start position:0% +a new model in which these two Fields +were literally the same they glued them + + align:start position:0% +were literally the same they glued them + + + align:start position:0% +were literally the same they glued them +together and I found that really + + align:start position:0% +together and I found that really + + + align:start position:0% +together and I found that really +compelling to say it wasn't that the + + align:start position:0% +compelling to say it wasn't that the + + + align:start position:0% +compelling to say it wasn't that the +fields were sort of in principle + + align:start position:0% +fields were sort of in principle + + + align:start position:0% +fields were sort of in principle +separable there were some clever folks + + align:start position:0% +separable there were some clever folks + + + align:start position:0% +separable there were some clever folks +coming along almost 20 years later to + + align:start position:0% +coming along almost 20 years later to + + + align:start position:0% +coming along almost 20 years later to +say maybe they're actually the same + + align:start position:0% +say maybe they're actually the same + + + align:start position:0% +say maybe they're actually the same +maybe there's one field Phi you know + + align:start position:0% +maybe there's one field Phi you know + + + align:start position:0% +maybe there's one field Phi you know +pervading all of nature all of space uh + + align:start position:0% +pervading all of nature all of space uh + + + align:start position:0% +pervading all of nature all of space uh +with which uh other matter interacts + + align:start position:0% +with which uh other matter interacts + + + align:start position:0% +with which uh other matter interacts +so again if you look at the the key + + align:start position:0% +so again if you look at the the key + + + align:start position:0% +so again if you look at the the key +parts of the of the lagrangian that they + + align:start position:0% +parts of the of the lagrangian that they + + + align:start position:0% +parts of the of the lagrangian that they +put forward uh the kind of you can think + + align:start position:0% +put forward uh the kind of you can think + + + align:start position:0% +put forward uh the kind of you can think +of it kind of like the energy balance + + align:start position:0% +of it kind of like the energy balance + + + align:start position:0% +of it kind of like the energy balance +they combine the features from + + align:start position:0% +they combine the features from + + + align:start position:0% +they combine the features from +brandstick even the gravity side so + + align:start position:0% +brandstick even the gravity side so + + + align:start position:0% +brandstick even the gravity side so +there's direct coupling between uh this + + align:start position:0% +there's direct coupling between uh this + + + align:start position:0% +there's direct coupling between uh this +new hypothetical field and this + + align:start position:0% +new hypothetical field and this + + + align:start position:0% +new hypothetical field and this +geometrical structure or the the local + + align:start position:0% +geometrical structure or the the local + + + align:start position:0% +geometrical structure or the the local +curvature of space and time + + align:start position:0% +curvature of space and time + + + align:start position:0% +curvature of space and time +and so this is really again playing a + + align:start position:0% +and so this is really again playing a + + + align:start position:0% +and so this is really again playing a +role + + align:start position:0% +role + + + align:start position:0% +role +of the kind of varying unit strength of + + align:start position:0% +of the kind of varying unit strength of + + + align:start position:0% +of the kind of varying unit strength of +gravity that's in place of Newton's + + align:start position:0% +gravity that's in place of Newton's + + + align:start position:0% +gravity that's in place of Newton's +constant G if that field can vary then + + align:start position:0% +constant G if that field can vary then + + + align:start position:0% +constant G if that field can vary then +you better include I mean it's kinetic + + align:start position:0% +you better include I mean it's kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +you better include I mean it's kinetic +energy with again some fudge Factor + + align:start position:0% +energy with again some fudge Factor + + + align:start position:0% +energy with again some fudge Factor +that's all the brand sticky stuff and + + align:start position:0% +that's all the brand sticky stuff and + + + align:start position:0% +that's all the brand sticky stuff and +give that Fields its own potential + + align:start position:0% +give that Fields its own potential + + + align:start position:0% +give that Fields its own potential +energy with that very specific shape + + align:start position:0% +energy with that very specific shape + + + align:start position:0% +energy with that very specific shape +that kind of um symmetric double well + + align:start position:0% +that kind of um symmetric double well + + + align:start position:0% +that kind of um symmetric double well +type shape from Goldstone Higgs and all + + align:start position:0% +type shape from Goldstone Higgs and all + + + align:start position:0% +type shape from Goldstone Higgs and all +the rest + + align:start position:0% +the rest + + + align:start position:0% +the rest +why would you do that they wanted to to + + align:start position:0% +why would you do that they wanted to to + + + align:start position:0% +why would you do that they wanted to to +ask why + + align:start position:0% +ask why + + + align:start position:0% +ask why +um why gravity appears to be so weak + + align:start position:0% +um why gravity appears to be so weak + + + align:start position:0% +um why gravity appears to be so weak +compared to all the other forces by this + + align:start position:0% +compared to all the other forces by this + + + align:start position:0% +compared to all the other forces by this +point they were they were they knew + + align:start position:0% +point they were they were they knew + + + align:start position:0% +point they were they were they knew +about things like the strong force + + align:start position:0% +about things like the strong force + + + align:start position:0% +about things like the strong force +Quantum gloss interact very strongly + + align:start position:0% +Quantum gloss interact very strongly + + + align:start position:0% +Quantum gloss interact very strongly +even the electromagnetic force is + + align:start position:0% +even the electromagnetic force is + + + align:start position:0% +even the electromagnetic force is +exponentially stronger than the + + align:start position:0% +exponentially stronger than the + + + align:start position:0% +exponentially stronger than the +gravitational force the force between an + + align:start position:0% +gravitational force the force between an + + + align:start position:0% +gravitational force the force between an +electron and a positron when they're + + align:start position:0% +electron and a positron when they're + + + align:start position:0% +electron and a positron when they're +close together + + align:start position:0% +close together + + + align:start position:0% +close together +is is exponentially higher due to their + + align:start position:0% +is is exponentially higher due to their + + + align:start position:0% +is is exponentially higher due to their +coulomb attraction compared to their + + align:start position:0% +coulomb attraction compared to their + + + align:start position:0% +coulomb attraction compared to their +gravitational attraction even just + + align:start position:0% +gravitational attraction even just + + + align:start position:0% +gravitational attraction even just +classically so why is there such a + + align:start position:0% +classically so why is there such a + + + align:start position:0% +classically so why is there such a +strange hierarchy why is such a huge + + align:start position:0% +strange hierarchy why is such a huge + + + align:start position:0% +strange hierarchy why is such a huge +divide in the average strength of + + align:start position:0% +divide in the average strength of + + + align:start position:0% +divide in the average strength of +gravity compared to these other uh + + align:start position:0% +gravity compared to these other uh + + + align:start position:0% +gravity compared to these other uh +seemingly Elementary forces so the idea + + align:start position:0% +seemingly Elementary forces so the idea + + + align:start position:0% +seemingly Elementary forces so the idea +was that this local strength of gravity + + align:start position:0% +was that this local strength of gravity + + + align:start position:0% +was that this local strength of gravity +Newton's constant which goes like one + + align:start position:0% +Newton's constant which goes like one + + + align:start position:0% +Newton's constant which goes like one +over this Phi squared would get anchored + + align:start position:0% +over this Phi squared would get anchored + + + align:start position:0% +over this Phi squared would get anchored +would get would get anchored to a very + + align:start position:0% +would get would get anchored to a very + + + align:start position:0% +would get would get anchored to a very +small value when Phi gets stuck at a + + align:start position:0% +small value when Phi gets stuck at a + + + align:start position:0% +small value when Phi gets stuck at a +relatively large value so when's this + + align:start position:0% +relatively large value so when's this + + + align:start position:0% +relatively large value so when's this +dynamical field this field Phi which + + align:start position:0% +dynamical field this field Phi which + + + align:start position:0% +dynamical field this field Phi which +they also use the Greek letter Phi which + + align:start position:0% +they also use the Greek letter Phi which + + + align:start position:0% +they also use the Greek letter Phi which +sort of skitters around the universe it + + align:start position:0% +sort of skitters around the universe it + + + align:start position:0% +sort of skitters around the universe it +eventually reaches some kind of lowest + + align:start position:0% +eventually reaches some kind of lowest + + + align:start position:0% +eventually reaches some kind of lowest +equilibrium State at the bottom of one + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium State at the bottom of one + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium State at the bottom of one +of these symmetric uh Minima of that + + align:start position:0% +of these symmetric uh Minima of that + + + align:start position:0% +of these symmetric uh Minima of that +potential + + align:start position:0% +potential + + + align:start position:0% +potential +and so now it gets anchored at some + + align:start position:0% +and so now it gets anchored at some + + + align:start position:0% +and so now it gets anchored at some +large non-zero value instead of being uh + + align:start position:0% +large non-zero value instead of being uh + + + align:start position:0% +large non-zero value instead of being uh +at a kind of local unstable equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +at a kind of local unstable equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +at a kind of local unstable equilibrium +point of Phi roughly zero so if Phi + + align:start position:0% +point of Phi roughly zero so if Phi + + + align:start position:0% +point of Phi roughly zero so if Phi +becomes stuck at some large non-zero + + align:start position:0% +becomes stuck at some large non-zero + + + align:start position:0% +becomes stuck at some large non-zero +value either plus or minus then the + + align:start position:0% +value either plus or minus then the + + + align:start position:0% +value either plus or minus then the +square of that would be some large + + align:start position:0% +square of that would be some large + + + align:start position:0% +square of that would be some large +number some large positive number and so + + align:start position:0% +number some large positive number and so + + + align:start position:0% +number some large positive number and so +that could be setting the inverse + + align:start position:0% +that could be setting the inverse + + + align:start position:0% +that could be setting the inverse +gravitational field strength so why is + + align:start position:0% +gravitational field strength so why is + + + align:start position:0% +gravitational field strength so why is +gravity so weak they are they suggested + + align:start position:0% +gravity so weak they are they suggested + + + align:start position:0% +gravity so weak they are they suggested +maybe it's because it's arising from + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's because it's arising from + + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's because it's arising from +some broken symmetry much like the Higgs + + align:start position:0% +some broken symmetry much like the Higgs + + + align:start position:0% +some broken symmetry much like the Higgs +Goldstone mechanism it's getting the the + + align:start position:0% +Goldstone mechanism it's getting the the + + + align:start position:0% +Goldstone mechanism it's getting the the +field is dynamical but it's getting + + align:start position:0% +field is dynamical but it's getting + + + align:start position:0% +field is dynamical but it's getting +stuck and only in the broken symmetry + + align:start position:0% +stuck and only in the broken symmetry + + + align:start position:0% +stuck and only in the broken symmetry +phase do we have do we experience the + + align:start position:0% +phase do we have do we experience the + + + align:start position:0% +phase do we have do we experience the +phenomena that we are kind of used to + + align:start position:0% +phenomena that we are kind of used to + + + align:start position:0% +phenomena that we are kind of used to +so gravity gets stuck being weak because + + align:start position:0% +so gravity gets stuck being weak because + + + align:start position:0% +so gravity gets stuck being weak because +it's actually it's local strength is + + align:start position:0% +it's actually it's local strength is + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually it's local strength is +arising through the brands Dickie field + + align:start position:0% +arising through the brands Dickie field + + + align:start position:0% +arising through the brands Dickie field +getting accurate in a symmetry breaking + + align:start position:0% +getting accurate in a symmetry breaking + + + align:start position:0% +getting accurate in a symmetry breaking +potential it's lovely it's a it's a very + + align:start position:0% +potential it's lovely it's a it's a very + + + align:start position:0% +potential it's lovely it's a it's a very +cool idea + + align:start position:0% +cool idea + + + align:start position:0% +cool idea +so how did these two individuals come to + + align:start position:0% +so how did these two individuals come to + + + align:start position:0% +so how did these two individuals come to +that here's a photo of Tony z a few + + align:start position:0% +that here's a photo of Tony z a few + + + align:start position:0% +that here's a photo of Tony z a few +years ago he wandered into this field + + align:start position:0% +years ago he wandered into this field + + + align:start position:0% +years ago he wandered into this field +really accidentally he finished his PhD + + align:start position:0% +really accidentally he finished his PhD + + + align:start position:0% +really accidentally he finished his PhD +at Harvard in 1970. he was a grad + + align:start position:0% +at Harvard in 1970. he was a grad + + + align:start position:0% +at Harvard in 1970. he was a grad +student in the late 60s his work was + + align:start position:0% +student in the late 60s his work was + + + align:start position:0% +student in the late 60s his work was +squarely in particle physics the kind of + + align:start position:0% +squarely in particle physics the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +squarely in particle physics the kind of +fancy new symmetries and new um nuclear + + align:start position:0% +fancy new symmetries and new um nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +fancy new symmetries and new um nuclear +forces that's what he studied for his + + align:start position:0% +forces that's what he studied for his + + + align:start position:0% +forces that's what he studied for his +thesis + + align:start position:0% +thesis + + + align:start position:0% +thesis +he finished his PhD in 1970. he then had + + align:start position:0% +he finished his PhD in 1970. he then had + + + align:start position:0% +he finished his PhD in 1970. he then had +a sabbatical early on in his um faculty + + align:start position:0% +a sabbatical early on in his um faculty + + + align:start position:0% +a sabbatical early on in his um faculty +career and he happened to go to Paris + + align:start position:0% +career and he happened to go to Paris + + + align:start position:0% +career and he happened to go to Paris +and he swapped apartments with a + + align:start position:0% +and he swapped apartments with a + + + align:start position:0% +and he swapped apartments with a +Parisian physicist who is about to come + + align:start position:0% +Parisian physicist who is about to come + + + align:start position:0% +Parisian physicist who is about to come +to the United States so they basically + + align:start position:0% +to the United States so they basically + + + align:start position:0% +to the United States so they basically +swapped apartments for several months + + align:start position:0% +swapped apartments for several months + + + align:start position:0% +swapped apartments for several months +and as Tony recalled the physicist with + + align:start position:0% +and as Tony recalled the physicist with + + + align:start position:0% +and as Tony recalled the physicist with +whom he again kind of accidentally wound + + align:start position:0% +whom he again kind of accidentally wound + + + align:start position:0% +whom he again kind of accidentally wound +up swapping Apartments happens to have + + align:start position:0% +up swapping Apartments happens to have + + + align:start position:0% +up swapping Apartments happens to have +been immersed in gravitation and + + align:start position:0% +been immersed in gravitation and + + + align:start position:0% +been immersed in gravitation and +cosmology more so than in Tony's main + + align:start position:0% +cosmology more so than in Tony's main + + + align:start position:0% +cosmology more so than in Tony's main +field and as Tony recalls he found these + + align:start position:0% +field and as Tony recalls he found these + + + align:start position:0% +field and as Tony recalls he found these +stacks of of pre-prints all around the + + align:start position:0% +stacks of of pre-prints all around the + + + align:start position:0% +stacks of of pre-prints all around the +apartment that looked kind of + + align:start position:0% +apartment that looked kind of + + + align:start position:0% +apartment that looked kind of +interesting he was like you know + + align:start position:0% +interesting he was like you know + + + align:start position:0% +interesting he was like you know +basically in a stranger's Apartment + + align:start position:0% +basically in a stranger's Apartment + + + align:start position:0% +basically in a stranger's Apartment +Reading like like reading the mail just + + align:start position:0% +Reading like like reading the mail just + + + align:start position:0% +Reading like like reading the mail just +reading like papers on the coffee table + + align:start position:0% +reading like papers on the coffee table + + + align:start position:0% +reading like papers on the coffee table +and these looked really interesting and + + align:start position:0% +and these looked really interesting and + + + align:start position:0% +and these looked really interesting and +in fact they sparked he had a little + + align:start position:0% +in fact they sparked he had a little + + + align:start position:0% +in fact they sparked he had a little +extra preparation he'd been an + + align:start position:0% +extra preparation he'd been an + + + align:start position:0% +extra preparation he'd been an +undergraduate at princetonian and there + + align:start position:0% +undergraduate at princetonian and there + + + align:start position:0% +undergraduate at princetonian and there +he'd studied a little bit of gravity + + align:start position:0% +he'd studied a little bit of gravity + + + align:start position:0% +he'd studied a little bit of gravity +with John Wheeler for his undergraduate + + align:start position:0% +with John Wheeler for his undergraduate + + + align:start position:0% +with John Wheeler for his undergraduate +thesis so he knew a little bit about + + align:start position:0% +thesis so he knew a little bit about + + + align:start position:0% +thesis so he knew a little bit about +Einstein's theory of gravitation it + + align:start position:0% +Einstein's theory of gravitation it + + + align:start position:0% +Einstein's theory of gravitation it +worked with a renowned expert in the + + align:start position:0% +worked with a renowned expert in the + + + align:start position:0% +worked with a renowned expert in the +field for as an undergraduate but it + + align:start position:0% +field for as an undergraduate but it + + + align:start position:0% +field for as an undergraduate but it +really focused on quite different topics + + align:start position:0% +really focused on quite different topics + + + align:start position:0% +really focused on quite different topics +throughout his own PhD and post PhD + + align:start position:0% +throughout his own PhD and post PhD + + + align:start position:0% +throughout his own PhD and post PhD +training so he sort of accidentally + + align:start position:0% +training so he sort of accidentally + + + align:start position:0% +training so he sort of accidentally +stumbles back into the topic of + + align:start position:0% +stumbles back into the topic of + + + align:start position:0% +stumbles back into the topic of +gravitation and cosmology and and that + + align:start position:0% +gravitation and cosmology and and that + + + align:start position:0% +gravitation and cosmology and and that +rekindles and he actually gets back in + + align:start position:0% +rekindles and he actually gets back in + + + align:start position:0% +rekindles and he actually gets back in +touch with John Wheeler he's not doing + + align:start position:0% +touch with John Wheeler he's not doing + + + align:start position:0% +touch with John Wheeler he's not doing +this on his own after sabbatical is over + + align:start position:0% +this on his own after sabbatical is over + + + align:start position:0% +this on his own after sabbatical is over +so by the mid to late 70s he's now + + align:start position:0% +so by the mid to late 70s he's now + + + align:start position:0% +so by the mid to late 70s he's now +asking questions at this interface + + align:start position:0% +asking questions at this interface + + + align:start position:0% +asking questions at this interface +between his formal training and high + + align:start position:0% +between his formal training and high + + + align:start position:0% +between his formal training and high +energy particle theory and this new kind + + align:start position:0% +energy particle theory and this new kind + + + align:start position:0% +energy particle theory and this new kind +of hobby interest in gravitation and + + align:start position:0% +of hobby interest in gravitation and + + + align:start position:0% +of hobby interest in gravitation and +cosmology and it's in the midst of that + + align:start position:0% +cosmology and it's in the midst of that + + + align:start position:0% +cosmology and it's in the midst of that +new set of studies that he writes his + + align:start position:0% +new set of studies that he writes his + + + align:start position:0% +new set of studies that he writes his +version of his broken symmetric gravity + + align:start position:0% +version of his broken symmetric gravity + + + align:start position:0% +version of his broken symmetric gravity +to suggest very creatively but kind of + + align:start position:0% +to suggest very creatively but kind of + + + align:start position:0% +to suggest very creatively but kind of +tentatively that the brand sticky field + + align:start position:0% +tentatively that the brand sticky field + + + align:start position:0% +tentatively that the brand sticky field +and the Higgs field might be identical + + align:start position:0% +and the Higgs field might be identical + + + align:start position:0% +and the Higgs field might be identical +okay that's his root in a kind of + + align:start position:0% +okay that's his root in a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +okay that's his root in a kind of +accidental for Elise Mullen it was + + align:start position:0% +accidental for Elise Mullen it was + + + align:start position:0% +accidental for Elise Mullen it was +really not very accidental at all he was + + align:start position:0% +really not very accidental at all he was + + + align:start position:0% +really not very accidental at all he was +the other person who independently + + align:start position:0% +the other person who independently + + + align:start position:0% +the other person who independently +introduced that broken symmetric theory + + align:start position:0% +introduced that broken symmetric theory + + + align:start position:0% +introduced that broken symmetric theory +in 1979 same year as Tony + + align:start position:0% +in 1979 same year as Tony + + + align:start position:0% +in 1979 same year as Tony +so Lee actually was um was still in + + align:start position:0% +so Lee actually was um was still in + + + align:start position:0% +so Lee actually was um was still in +graduate school when he wrote that paper + + align:start position:0% +graduate school when he wrote that paper + + + align:start position:0% +graduate school when he wrote that paper +he entered grad school in 75 so he + + align:start position:0% +he entered grad school in 75 so he + + + align:start position:0% +he entered grad school in 75 so he +entered roughly 10 years after Z hat + + align:start position:0% +entered roughly 10 years after Z hat + + + align:start position:0% +entered roughly 10 years after Z hat +he's roughly 10 years younger both at + + align:start position:0% +he's roughly 10 years younger both at + + + align:start position:0% +he's roughly 10 years younger both at +Harvard as it turns out both at the same + + align:start position:0% +Harvard as it turns out both at the same + + + align:start position:0% +Harvard as it turns out both at the same +school but 10 years apart in the midst + + align:start position:0% +school but 10 years apart in the midst + + + align:start position:0% +school but 10 years apart in the midst +of which some pretty significant + + align:start position:0% +of which some pretty significant + + + align:start position:0% +of which some pretty significant +curricular changes had begun to take + + align:start position:0% +curricular changes had begun to take + + + align:start position:0% +curricular changes had begun to take +place there and elsewhere so unlike uh Z + + align:start position:0% +place there and elsewhere so unlike uh Z + + + align:start position:0% +place there and elsewhere so unlike uh Z +who focused pretty exclusively on + + align:start position:0% +who focused pretty exclusively on + + + align:start position:0% +who focused pretty exclusively on +particle theory as a graduate student uh + + align:start position:0% +particle theory as a graduate student uh + + + align:start position:0% +particle theory as a graduate student uh +smolen was actually from the start + + align:start position:0% +smolen was actually from the start + + + align:start position:0% +smolen was actually from the start +combining the two Fields both in the + + align:start position:0% +combining the two Fields both in the + + + align:start position:0% +combining the two Fields both in the +courses he took and eventually with his + + align:start position:0% +courses he took and eventually with his + + + align:start position:0% +courses he took and eventually with his +advising team for his thesis and for his + + align:start position:0% +advising team for his thesis and for his + + + align:start position:0% +advising team for his thesis and for his +dissertation itself so from his first + + align:start position:0% +dissertation itself so from his first + + + align:start position:0% +dissertation itself so from his first +semester as he was taking courses with + + align:start position:0% +semester as he was taking courses with + + + align:start position:0% +semester as he was taking courses with +experts in gravitation and cosmology + + align:start position:0% +experts in gravitation and cosmology + + + align:start position:0% +experts in gravitation and cosmology +like Stanley desert and Stephen Weinberg + + align:start position:0% +like Stanley desert and Stephen Weinberg + + + align:start position:0% +like Stanley desert and Stephen Weinberg +as well as experts in particle theory + + align:start position:0% +as well as experts in particle theory + + + align:start position:0% +as well as experts in particle theory +and nuclear forces like um Sydney + + align:start position:0% +and nuclear forces like um Sydney + + + align:start position:0% +and nuclear forces like um Sydney +Coleman Howard George I who introduced + + align:start position:0% +Coleman Howard George I who introduced + + + align:start position:0% +Coleman Howard George I who introduced +that gut I mentioned and uh visiting + + align:start position:0% +that gut I mentioned and uh visiting + + + align:start position:0% +that gut I mentioned and uh visiting +professor at the time charge hoofed + + align:start position:0% +professor at the time charge hoofed + + + align:start position:0% +professor at the time charge hoofed +so he was really being schooled formally + + align:start position:0% +so he was really being schooled formally + + + align:start position:0% +so he was really being schooled formally +and informally from the start to kind of + + align:start position:0% +and informally from the start to kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and informally from the start to kind of +work at that boundary and his paper that + + align:start position:0% +work at that boundary and his paper that + + + align:start position:0% +work at that boundary and his paper that +introduced kind of this unification of + + align:start position:0% +introduced kind of this unification of + + + align:start position:0% +introduced kind of this unification of +the two scalar Fields also published in + + align:start position:0% +the two scalar Fields also published in + + + align:start position:0% +the two scalar Fields also published in +79 that was part of his formal graduate + + align:start position:0% +79 that was part of his formal graduate + + + align:start position:0% +79 that was part of his formal graduate +training I was part of his thesis + + align:start position:0% +training I was part of his thesis + + + align:start position:0% +training I was part of his thesis +it was actually that second version it + + align:start position:0% +it was actually that second version it + + + align:start position:0% +it was actually that second version it +becomes more and more common so unlike + + align:start position:0% +becomes more and more common so unlike + + + align:start position:0% +becomes more and more common so unlike +this kind of accident of trading + + align:start position:0% +this kind of accident of trading + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of accident of trading +apartments in Paris and reading a few + + align:start position:0% +apartments in Paris and reading a few + + + align:start position:0% +apartments in Paris and reading a few +pre-prints more and more members of Lee + + align:start position:0% +pre-prints more and more members of Lee + + + align:start position:0% +pre-prints more and more members of Lee +smullen's generation were going through + + align:start position:0% +smullen's generation were going through + + + align:start position:0% +smullen's generation were going through +a training more and more like his partly + + align:start position:0% +a training more and more like his partly + + + align:start position:0% +a training more and more like his partly +by Design in the wake of the um the + + align:start position:0% +by Design in the wake of the um the + + + align:start position:0% +by Design in the wake of the um the +national academies report and similar + + align:start position:0% +national academies report and similar + + + align:start position:0% +national academies report and similar +curriculum reforms so Lee was hardly + + align:start position:0% +curriculum reforms so Lee was hardly + + + align:start position:0% +curriculum reforms so Lee was hardly +alone from this generation people like + + align:start position:0% +alone from this generation people like + + + align:start position:0% +alone from this generation people like +Michael Turner uh Edward he goes by + + align:start position:0% +Michael Turner uh Edward he goes by + + + align:start position:0% +Michael Turner uh Edward he goes by +Rocky Kolb or Paul steinhardt all of + + align:start position:0% +Rocky Kolb or Paul steinhardt all of + + + align:start position:0% +Rocky Kolb or Paul steinhardt all of +whom finished their phds around the same + + align:start position:0% +whom finished their phds around the same + + + align:start position:0% +whom finished their phds around the same +time as small in different universities + + align:start position:0% +time as small in different universities + + + align:start position:0% +time as small in different universities +they were trained in very similar ways + + align:start position:0% +they were trained in very similar ways + + + align:start position:0% +they were trained in very similar ways +that they would likely had entered with + + align:start position:0% +that they would likely had entered with + + + align:start position:0% +that they would likely had entered with +an interesting particle theory they + + align:start position:0% +an interesting particle theory they + + + align:start position:0% +an interesting particle theory they +learned a lot of particle theory but + + align:start position:0% +learned a lot of particle theory but + + + align:start position:0% +learned a lot of particle theory but +both formally and informally coursework + + align:start position:0% +both formally and informally coursework + + + align:start position:0% +both formally and informally coursework +General exams and Advising for Theses + + align:start position:0% +General exams and Advising for Theses + + + align:start position:0% +General exams and Advising for Theses +they were working from the start with a + + align:start position:0% +they were working from the start with a + + + align:start position:0% +they were working from the start with a +kind of combined set of ideas and + + align:start position:0% +kind of combined set of ideas and + + + align:start position:0% +kind of combined set of ideas and +advisors quite different from what had + + align:start position:0% +advisors quite different from what had + + + align:start position:0% +advisors quite different from what had +been typical for say Tony Z's generation + + align:start position:0% +been typical for say Tony Z's generation + + + align:start position:0% +been typical for say Tony Z's generation +or for that matter Alan Goods + + align:start position:0% +or for that matter Alan Goods + + + align:start position:0% +or for that matter Alan Goods +and each of them not just Lee smullen + + align:start position:0% +and each of them not just Lee smullen + + + align:start position:0% +and each of them not just Lee smullen +each of the folks here like Turner + + align:start position:0% +each of the folks here like Turner + + + align:start position:0% +each of the folks here like Turner +called steinhardt and uh many of their + + align:start position:0% +called steinhardt and uh many of their + + + align:start position:0% +called steinhardt and uh many of their +colleagues also took up this kind of um + + align:start position:0% +colleagues also took up this kind of um + + + align:start position:0% +colleagues also took up this kind of um +this interesting idea and in the Years + + align:start position:0% +this interesting idea and in the Years + + + align:start position:0% +this interesting idea and in the Years +soon after 1979 throughout the early mid + + align:start position:0% +soon after 1979 throughout the early mid + + + align:start position:0% +soon after 1979 throughout the early mid +80s began pursuing other studies of + + align:start position:0% +80s began pursuing other studies of + + + align:start position:0% +80s began pursuing other studies of +their own in which they United + + align:start position:0% +their own in which they United + + + align:start position:0% +their own in which they United +physically United the brand sticky field + + align:start position:0% +physically United the brand sticky field + + + align:start position:0% +physically United the brand sticky field +and the Higgs field in new kinds of + + align:start position:0% +and the Higgs field in new kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +and the Higgs field in new kinds of +models to try to understand exotic + + align:start position:0% +models to try to understand exotic + + + align:start position:0% +models to try to understand exotic +phenomena so that becomes sort of the + + align:start position:0% +phenomena so that becomes sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +phenomena so that becomes sort of the +norm instead of the exception + + align:start position:0% +norm instead of the exception + + + align:start position:0% +norm instead of the exception +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +I find this really interesting because + + align:start position:0% +I find this really interesting because + + + align:start position:0% +I find this really interesting because +there's a tradition for trying to think + + align:start position:0% +there's a tradition for trying to think + + + align:start position:0% +there's a tradition for trying to think +about kind of how uh physics changes + + align:start position:0% +about kind of how uh physics changes + + + align:start position:0% +about kind of how uh physics changes +over time we often think about whole + + align:start position:0% +over time we often think about whole + + + align:start position:0% +over time we often think about whole +scale theories and one Theory replaces + + align:start position:0% +scale theories and one Theory replaces + + + align:start position:0% +scale theories and one Theory replaces +another and I think there's just that + + align:start position:0% +another and I think there's just that + + + align:start position:0% +another and I think there's just that +misses a lot of what people do all the + + align:start position:0% +misses a lot of what people do all the + + + align:start position:0% +misses a lot of what people do all the +time it certainly misses what people + + align:start position:0% +time it certainly misses what people + + + align:start position:0% +time it certainly misses what people +like Lee smullen or Tony Z or Mike + + align:start position:0% +like Lee smullen or Tony Z or Mike + + + align:start position:0% +like Lee smullen or Tony Z or Mike +Turner were doing in these instances + + align:start position:0% +Turner were doing in these instances + + + align:start position:0% +Turner were doing in these instances +so very few people very few physicists + + align:start position:0% +so very few people very few physicists + + + align:start position:0% +so very few people very few physicists +today even including Carl Bryant's think + + align:start position:0% +today even including Carl Bryant's think + + + align:start position:0% +today even including Carl Bryant's think +that Brands Dickey theory of gravity + + align:start position:0% +that Brands Dickey theory of gravity + + + align:start position:0% +that Brands Dickey theory of gravity +best describes our universe it's highly + + align:start position:0% +best describes our universe it's highly + + + align:start position:0% +best describes our universe it's highly +constrained by solar system tests any + + align:start position:0% +constrained by solar system tests any + + + align:start position:0% +constrained by solar system tests any +deviations would be pretty modest + + align:start position:0% +deviations would be pretty modest + + + align:start position:0% +deviations would be pretty modest +compared to Pure Einstein gravity + + align:start position:0% +compared to Pure Einstein gravity + + + align:start position:0% +compared to Pure Einstein gravity +and yet this sort of theoretical object + + align:start position:0% +and yet this sort of theoretical object + + + align:start position:0% +and yet this sort of theoretical object +that theorists still think about the + + align:start position:0% +that theorists still think about the + + + align:start position:0% +that theorists still think about the +brand sticky scalar field hardly died + + align:start position:0% +brand sticky scalar field hardly died + + + align:start position:0% +brand sticky scalar field hardly died +off by his experiments in fact arguably + + align:start position:0% +off by his experiments in fact arguably + + + align:start position:0% +off by his experiments in fact arguably +interest in the field grew even as it + + align:start position:0% +interest in the field grew even as it + + + align:start position:0% +interest in the field grew even as it +was getting experimentally less and less + + align:start position:0% +was getting experimentally less and less + + + align:start position:0% +was getting experimentally less and less +favored so this new generation of + + align:start position:0% +favored so this new generation of + + + align:start position:0% +favored so this new generation of +theorists people like Lee small and + + align:start position:0% +theorists people like Lee small and + + + align:start position:0% +theorists people like Lee small and +Rocky called and Mike Turner and Paul + + align:start position:0% +Rocky called and Mike Turner and Paul + + + align:start position:0% +Rocky called and Mike Turner and Paul +steinhardt know this they were trained + + align:start position:0% +steinhardt know this they were trained + + + align:start position:0% +steinhardt know this they were trained +to work at this interface and they found + + align:start position:0% +to work at this interface and they found + + + align:start position:0% +to work at this interface and they found +that this brand sticky-like feature kept + + align:start position:0% +that this brand sticky-like feature kept + + + align:start position:0% +that this brand sticky-like feature kept +popping up all over the place + + align:start position:0% +popping up all over the place + + + align:start position:0% +popping up all over the place +when you try to study the + + align:start position:0% +when you try to study the + + + align:start position:0% +when you try to study the +self-consistent quantum mechanics of + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent quantum mechanics of + + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent quantum mechanics of +these scalar fields in a in a in a + + align:start position:0% +these scalar fields in a in a in a + + + align:start position:0% +these scalar fields in a in a in a +warping space time you are actually kind + + align:start position:0% +warping space time you are actually kind + + + align:start position:0% +warping space time you are actually kind +of forced into these kinds of brand + + align:start position:0% +of forced into these kinds of brand + + + align:start position:0% +of forced into these kinds of brand +sticky couplings that wasn't Brad's and + + align:start position:0% +sticky couplings that wasn't Brad's and + + + align:start position:0% +sticky couplings that wasn't Brad's and +Dickies motivation but through this new + + align:start position:0% +Dickies motivation but through this new + + + align:start position:0% +Dickies motivation but through this new +set of questions more particle theory + + align:start position:0% +set of questions more particle theory + + + align:start position:0% +set of questions more particle theory +inspired then these terms come up all + + align:start position:0% +inspired then these terms come up all + + + align:start position:0% +inspired then these terms come up all +kind of unavoidably they became more and + + align:start position:0% +kind of unavoidably they became more and + + + align:start position:0% +kind of unavoidably they became more and +more common in other efforts to unify uh + + align:start position:0% +more common in other efforts to unify uh + + + align:start position:0% +more common in other efforts to unify uh +the fundamental forces like in string + + align:start position:0% +the fundamental forces like in string + + + align:start position:0% +the fundamental forces like in string +theory they had all kinds of potential + + align:start position:0% +theory they had all kinds of potential + + + align:start position:0% +theory they had all kinds of potential +roles to play in the work that we'll + + align:start position:0% +roles to play in the work that we'll + + + align:start position:0% +roles to play in the work that we'll +look at together next time on inflation + + align:start position:0% +look at together next time on inflation + + + align:start position:0% +look at together next time on inflation +so even though experimental evidence for + + align:start position:0% +so even though experimental evidence for + + + align:start position:0% +so even though experimental evidence for +or against brand sticky gravity was + + align:start position:0% +or against brand sticky gravity was + + + align:start position:0% +or against brand sticky gravity was +tilting more and more against at that + + align:start position:0% +tilting more and more against at that + + + align:start position:0% +tilting more and more against at that +same moment people were finding more and + + align:start position:0% +same moment people were finding more and + + + align:start position:0% +same moment people were finding more and +more creative reasons to pay attention + + align:start position:0% +more creative reasons to pay attention + + + align:start position:0% +more creative reasons to pay attention +to the scalar field even though the kind + + align:start position:0% +to the scalar field even though the kind + + + align:start position:0% +to the scalar field even though the kind +of full-blown theory was kind of falling + + align:start position:0% +of full-blown theory was kind of falling + + + align:start position:0% +of full-blown theory was kind of falling +out of favor and you see that in again + + align:start position:0% +out of favor and you see that in again + + + align:start position:0% +out of favor and you see that in again +it's going to countables + + align:start position:0% +it's going to countables + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to countables +if you reset the clock to zero and start + + align:start position:0% +if you reset the clock to zero and start + + + align:start position:0% +if you reset the clock to zero and start +counting citations uh starting in 1981 + + align:start position:0% +counting citations uh starting in 1981 + + + align:start position:0% +counting citations uh starting in 1981 +just to the brand sticky paper it + + align:start position:0% +just to the brand sticky paper it + + + align:start position:0% +just to the brand sticky paper it +becomes renowned all over again it gets + + align:start position:0% +becomes renowned all over again it gets + + + align:start position:0% +becomes renowned all over again it gets +another 500 if I almost 700 citations + + align:start position:0% +another 500 if I almost 700 citations + + + align:start position:0% +another 500 if I almost 700 citations +just in the 15 or 16 years after 1981 + + align:start position:0% +just in the 15 or 16 years after 1981 + + + align:start position:0% +just in the 15 or 16 years after 1981 +when it was already kind of most + + align:start position:0% +when it was already kind of most + + + align:start position:0% +when it was already kind of most +disfavored by the astrophysical + + align:start position:0% +disfavored by the astrophysical + + + align:start position:0% +disfavored by the astrophysical +observations so the idea that we're sort + + align:start position:0% +observations so the idea that we're sort + + + align:start position:0% +observations so the idea that we're sort +of picking single theories and that and + + align:start position:0% +of picking single theories and that and + + + align:start position:0% +of picking single theories and that and +that they replace each other I think + + align:start position:0% +that they replace each other I think + + + align:start position:0% +that they replace each other I think +just misses this kind of fine structure + + align:start position:0% +just misses this kind of fine structure + + + align:start position:0% +just misses this kind of fine structure +that while Brands Dickie has a + + align:start position:0% +that while Brands Dickie has a + + + align:start position:0% +that while Brands Dickie has a +description of gravity in our local + + align:start position:0% +description of gravity in our local + + + align:start position:0% +description of gravity in our local +solar system was under most pressure was + + align:start position:0% +solar system was under most pressure was + + + align:start position:0% +solar system was under most pressure was +when people were actually doing the most + + align:start position:0% +when people were actually doing the most + + + align:start position:0% +when people were actually doing the most +things with the actual scalar field + + align:start position:0% +things with the actual scalar field + + + align:start position:0% +things with the actual scalar field +brand sticky Phi + + align:start position:0% +brand sticky Phi + + + align:start position:0% +brand sticky Phi +I find that really curious and it's + + align:start position:0% +I find that really curious and it's + + + align:start position:0% +I find that really curious and it's +still very much alive today in fact one + + align:start position:0% +still very much alive today in fact one + + + align:start position:0% +still very much alive today in fact one +of the leading contenders for our + + align:start position:0% +of the leading contenders for our + + + align:start position:0% +of the leading contenders for our +understanding of the very early Universe + + align:start position:0% +understanding of the very early Universe + + + align:start position:0% +understanding of the very early Universe +does exactly the kinds of things that uh + + align:start position:0% +does exactly the kinds of things that uh + + + align:start position:0% +does exactly the kinds of things that uh +smallen and Z had been doing trying to + + align:start position:0% +smallen and Z had been doing trying to + + + align:start position:0% +smallen and Z had been doing trying to +unify the brand sticky and Higgs field + + align:start position:0% +unify the brand sticky and Higgs field + + + align:start position:0% +unify the brand sticky and Higgs field +so I want to emphasize that neither kind + + align:start position:0% +so I want to emphasize that neither kind + + + align:start position:0% +so I want to emphasize that neither kind +of new experiments nor new theories + + align:start position:0% +of new experiments nor new theories + + + align:start position:0% +of new experiments nor new theories +alone are really going to help us + + align:start position:0% +alone are really going to help us + + + align:start position:0% +alone are really going to help us +account for either the specific instance + + align:start position:0% +account for either the specific instance + + + align:start position:0% +account for either the specific instance +of people doing creative things with + + align:start position:0% +of people doing creative things with + + + align:start position:0% +of people doing creative things with +these two scalar fields or the broader + + align:start position:0% +these two scalar fields or the broader + + + align:start position:0% +these two scalar fields or the broader +instance of working at this new hybrid + + align:start position:0% +instance of working at this new hybrid + + + align:start position:0% +instance of working at this new hybrid +or boundary area of particle theory then + + align:start position:0% +or boundary area of particle theory then + + + align:start position:0% +or boundary area of particle theory then +in fact there were a bunch of concrete + + align:start position:0% +in fact there were a bunch of concrete + + + align:start position:0% +in fact there were a bunch of concrete +changes some of them you know + + align:start position:0% +changes some of them you know + + + align:start position:0% +changes some of them you know +geo-geopolitical the kind of ramping up + + align:start position:0% +geo-geopolitical the kind of ramping up + + + align:start position:0% +geo-geopolitical the kind of ramping up +the Vietnam War + + align:start position:0% +the Vietnam War + + + align:start position:0% +the Vietnam War +um uh worldwide economic um crisis huge + + align:start position:0% +um uh worldwide economic um crisis huge + + + align:start position:0% +um uh worldwide economic um crisis huge +changes in kind of policy priorities + + align:start position:0% +changes in kind of policy priorities + + + align:start position:0% +changes in kind of policy priorities +within the United States shifts with the + + align:start position:0% +within the United States shifts with the + + + align:start position:0% +within the United States shifts with the +university departments all these things + + align:start position:0% +university departments all these things + + + align:start position:0% +university departments all these things +on a kind of huge range of scales from + + align:start position:0% +on a kind of huge range of scales from + + + align:start position:0% +on a kind of huge range of scales from +Individual departments up to kind of + + align:start position:0% +Individual departments up to kind of + + + align:start position:0% +Individual departments up to kind of +cold war geopolitics these things are + + align:start position:0% +cold war geopolitics these things are + + + align:start position:0% +cold war geopolitics these things are +kind of uh helping to mold what's going + + align:start position:0% +kind of uh helping to mold what's going + + + align:start position:0% +kind of uh helping to mold what's going +to seem natural or what the quote + + align:start position:0% +to seem natural or what the quote + + + align:start position:0% +to seem natural or what the quote +unquote natural for younger people to + + align:start position:0% +unquote natural for younger people to + + + align:start position:0% +unquote natural for younger people to +consider doing because it all helps to + + align:start position:0% +consider doing because it all helps to + + + align:start position:0% +consider doing because it all helps to +shape what counts as their formal and + + align:start position:0% +shape what counts as their formal and + + + align:start position:0% +shape what counts as their formal and +even their informal training and so the + + align:start position:0% +even their informal training and so the + + + align:start position:0% +even their informal training and so the +training of people like Lee Smallwood + + align:start position:0% +training of people like Lee Smallwood + + + align:start position:0% +training of people like Lee Smallwood +and his generation just was importantly + + align:start position:0% +and his generation just was importantly + + + align:start position:0% +and his generation just was importantly +different from the training the very + + align:start position:0% +different from the training the very + + + align:start position:0% +different from the training the very +excellent training the people like Tony + + align:start position:0% +excellent training the people like Tony + + + align:start position:0% +excellent training the people like Tony +Z had had even just a mere 10 years + + align:start position:0% +Z had had even just a mere 10 years + + + align:start position:0% +Z had had even just a mere 10 years +earlier and in turn these new folks + + align:start position:0% +earlier and in turn these new folks + + + align:start position:0% +earlier and in turn these new folks +especially people like Mike Turner and + + align:start position:0% +especially people like Mike Turner and + + + align:start position:0% +especially people like Mike Turner and +Rocky Kolb went on to become real + + align:start position:0% +Rocky Kolb went on to become real + + + align:start position:0% +Rocky Kolb went on to become real +institution builders in their own right + + align:start position:0% +institution builders in their own right + + + align:start position:0% +institution builders in their own right +so in fact there was a they were kind of + + align:start position:0% +so in fact there was a they were kind of + + + align:start position:0% +so in fact there was a they were kind of +accelerates not only had they been + + align:start position:0% +accelerates not only had they been + + + align:start position:0% +accelerates not only had they been +trained to think carefully at this new + + align:start position:0% +trained to think carefully at this new + + + align:start position:0% +trained to think carefully at this new +interface they helped really accelerate + + align:start position:0% +interface they helped really accelerate + + + align:start position:0% +interface they helped really accelerate +the trend uh Turner and Co became + + align:start position:0% +the trend uh Turner and Co became + + + align:start position:0% +the trend uh Turner and Co became +directors of the very first + + align:start position:0% +directors of the very first + + + align:start position:0% +directors of the very first +institutional Center devoted to particle + + align:start position:0% +institutional Center devoted to particle + + + align:start position:0% +institutional Center devoted to particle +cosmology it was called the center for + + align:start position:0% +cosmology it was called the center for + + + align:start position:0% +cosmology it was called the center for +particle astrophysics at frame your lab + + align:start position:0% +particle astrophysics at frame your lab + + + align:start position:0% +particle astrophysics at frame your lab +where they were still relatively young + + align:start position:0% +where they were still relatively young + + + align:start position:0% +where they were still relatively young +in their careers and then they wrote the + + align:start position:0% +in their careers and then they wrote the + + + align:start position:0% +in their careers and then they wrote the +very first textbook on the field first + + align:start position:0% +very first textbook on the field first + + + align:start position:0% +very first textbook on the field first +published in 1990 I actually owned three + + align:start position:0% +published in 1990 I actually owned three + + + align:start position:0% +published in 1990 I actually owned three +copies of that book I love that book as + + align:start position:0% +copies of that book I love that book as + + + align:start position:0% +copies of that book I love that book as +they were doing they were actively + + align:start position:0% +they were doing they were actively + + + align:start position:0% +they were doing they were actively +working to kind of perpetuate this new + + align:start position:0% +working to kind of perpetuate this new + + + align:start position:0% +working to kind of perpetuate this new +this new hybrid area not only because of + + align:start position:0% +this new hybrid area not only because of + + + align:start position:0% +this new hybrid area not only because of +the force of lovely ideas like + + align:start position:0% +the force of lovely ideas like + + + align:start position:0% +the force of lovely ideas like +asymptotic freedom and Gus so I'm going + + align:start position:0% +asymptotic freedom and Gus so I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +asymptotic freedom and Gus so I'm going +to pause there we have time for uh oh + + align:start position:0% +to pause there we have time for uh oh + + + align:start position:0% +to pause there we have time for uh oh +okay sorry last last little bit here + + align:start position:0% +okay sorry last last little bit here + + + align:start position:0% +okay sorry last last little bit here +uh we'll this is really a setup then for + + align:start position:0% +uh we'll this is really a setup then for + + + align:start position:0% +uh we'll this is really a setup then for +um for the next class session we'll look + + align:start position:0% +um for the next class session we'll look + + + align:start position:0% +um for the next class session we'll look +more squarely at inflation and cosmology + + align:start position:0% +more squarely at inflation and cosmology + + + align:start position:0% +more squarely at inflation and cosmology +I'll have more opportunities to make fun + + align:start position:0% +I'll have more opportunities to make fun + + + align:start position:0% +I'll have more opportunities to make fun +of Alan Guth which is what's in it for + + align:start position:0% +of Alan Guth which is what's in it for + + + align:start position:0% +of Alan Guth which is what's in it for +me but we'll look at one on + + align:start position:0% +me but we'll look at one on + + + align:start position:0% +me but we'll look at one on +instantiation of work at this new um + + align:start position:0% +instantiation of work at this new um + + + align:start position:0% +instantiation of work at this new um +hybrid area really the kind of what + + align:start position:0% +hybrid area really the kind of what + + + align:start position:0% +hybrid area really the kind of what +becomes the kind of uh you know poster + + align:start position:0% +becomes the kind of uh you know poster + + + align:start position:0% +becomes the kind of uh you know poster +example of particle cosmology and we'll + + align:start position:0% +example of particle cosmology and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +example of particle cosmology and we'll +look square like that uh in the next + + align:start position:0% +look square like that uh in the next + + + align:start position:0% +look square like that uh in the next +time and as I say within that work + + align:start position:0% +time and as I say within that work + + + align:start position:0% +time and as I say within that work +including we're doing my own students + + align:start position:0% +including we're doing my own students + + + align:start position:0% +including we're doing my own students +and many people now around the world + + align:start position:0% +and many people now around the world + + + align:start position:0% +and many people now around the world +it's now just like + + align:start position:0% +it's now just like + + + align:start position:0% +it's now just like +totally + + align:start position:0% +totally + + + align:start position:0% +totally +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +bizarre not to consider the brand sticky + + align:start position:0% +bizarre not to consider the brand sticky + + + align:start position:0% +bizarre not to consider the brand sticky +field and the Higgs field is somehow + + align:start position:0% +field and the Higgs field is somehow + + + align:start position:0% +field and the Higgs field is somehow +relatable or maybe even identical so + + align:start position:0% +relatable or maybe even identical so + + + align:start position:0% +relatable or maybe even identical so +it's gone from like really really just + + align:start position:0% +it's gone from like really really just + + + align:start position:0% +it's gone from like really really just +never done for 20 for nearly 20 years so + + align:start position:0% +never done for 20 for nearly 20 years so + + + align:start position:0% +never done for 20 for nearly 20 years so +now remarkable if people even question + + align:start position:0% +now remarkable if people even question + + + align:start position:0% +now remarkable if people even question +it so it goes from like who even thought + + align:start position:0% +it so it goes from like who even thought + + + align:start position:0% +it so it goes from like who even thought +of it to who wouldn't even try that what + + align:start position:0% +of it to who wouldn't even try that what + + + align:start position:0% +of it to who wouldn't even try that what +counts as natural can shift in a pretty + + align:start position:0% +counts as natural can shift in a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +counts as natural can shift in a pretty +short time scale and as we've been + + align:start position:0% +short time scale and as we've been + + + align:start position:0% +short time scale and as we've been +seeing throughout the whole term and + + align:start position:0% +seeing throughout the whole term and + + + align:start position:0% +seeing throughout the whole term and +including today those shifts are can be + + align:start position:0% +including today those shifts are can be + + + align:start position:0% +including today those shifts are can be +um driven as much by things well outside + + align:start position:0% +um driven as much by things well outside + + + align:start position:0% +um driven as much by things well outside +of the physicist control geopolitics and + + align:start position:0% +of the physicist control geopolitics and + + + align:start position:0% +of the physicist control geopolitics and +national scale budgets and Blue Ribbon + + align:start position:0% +national scale budgets and Blue Ribbon + + + align:start position:0% +national scale budgets and Blue Ribbon +committees as by the force of new ideas + + align:start position:0% +committees as by the force of new ideas + + + align:start position:0% +committees as by the force of new ideas +and experiments so that's where that's + + align:start position:0% +and experiments so that's where that's + + + align:start position:0% +and experiments so that's where that's +where I'll actually pause and we have + + align:start position:0% +where I'll actually pause and we have + + + align:start position:0% +where I'll actually pause and we have +time for a few more questions or + + align:start position:0% +time for a few more questions or + + + align:start position:0% +time for a few more questions or +comments any other thoughts on that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +with my last moment here I'll say for + + align:start position:0% +with my last moment here I'll say for + + + align:start position:0% +with my last moment here I'll say for +before the construction for the new + + align:start position:0% +before the construction for the new + + + align:start position:0% +before the construction for the new +center for the order of physics I had an + + align:start position:0% +center for the order of physics I had an + + + align:start position:0% +center for the order of physics I had an +office just down the hall from Allens + + align:start position:0% +office just down the hall from Allens + + + align:start position:0% +office just down the hall from Allens +and by a quirk of the old building six + + align:start position:0% +and by a quirk of the old building six + + + align:start position:0% +and by a quirk of the old building six +we had the same key it was like a single + + align:start position:0% +we had the same key it was like a single + + + align:start position:0% +we had the same key it was like a single +key would open the whole hallway I guess + + align:start position:0% +key would open the whole hallway I guess + + + align:start position:0% +key would open the whole hallway I guess +we all trusted each other then couldn't + + align:start position:0% +we all trusted each other then couldn't + + + align:start position:0% +we all trusted each other then couldn't +be where they know so my key would open + + align:start position:0% +be where they know so my key would open + + + align:start position:0% +be where they know so my key would open +Alan's office + + align:start position:0% +Alan's office + + + align:start position:0% +Alan's office +and one time my parents were visiting + + align:start position:0% +and one time my parents were visiting + + + align:start position:0% +and one time my parents were visiting +and I basically broke into Allen's + + align:start position:0% +and I basically broke into Allen's + + + align:start position:0% +and I basically broke into Allen's +office because they couldn't believe me + + align:start position:0% +office because they couldn't believe me + + + align:start position:0% +office because they couldn't believe me +when I said when I described what it was + + align:start position:0% +when I said when I described what it was + + + align:start position:0% +when I said when I described what it was +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +to try to work with this person so I + + align:start position:0% +to try to work with this person so I + + + align:start position:0% +to try to work with this person so I +actually broke into his office to show + + align:start position:0% +actually broke into his office to show + + + align:start position:0% +actually broke into his office to show +them the um sort of safety violation uh + + align:start position:0% +them the um sort of safety violation uh + + + align:start position:0% +them the um sort of safety violation uh +fire code violation horror show that was + + align:start position:0% +fire code violation horror show that was + + + align:start position:0% +fire code violation horror show that was +the den of entropy known as Allen's + + align:start position:0% +the den of entropy known as Allen's + + + align:start position:0% +the den of entropy known as Allen's +office so that's a true story I no + + align:start position:0% +office so that's a true story I no + + + align:start position:0% +office so that's a true story I no +longer have a key to his office so his + + align:start position:0% +longer have a key to his office so his + + + align:start position:0% +longer have a key to his office so his +mess is safe for me + + align:start position:0% +mess is safe for me + + + align:start position:0% +mess is safe for me +any questions about messy offices or uh + + align:start position:0% +any questions about messy offices or uh + + + align:start position:0% +any questions about messy offices or uh +group Theory or geopolitics anything + + align:start position:0% +group Theory or geopolitics anything + + + align:start position:0% +group Theory or geopolitics anything +else + + align:start position:0% +else + + + align:start position:0% +else +uh if not I will say + + align:start position:0% +uh if not I will say + + + align:start position:0% +uh if not I will say +um good luck with paper three please + + align:start position:0% +um good luck with paper three please + + + align:start position:0% +um good luck with paper three please +please get back to it don't leave it to + + align:start position:0% +please get back to it don't leave it to + + + align:start position:0% +please get back to it don't leave it to +last minute please get in touch with + + align:start position:0% +last minute please get in touch with + + + align:start position:0% +last minute please get in touch with +your teaching assistant uh uh think + + align:start position:0% +your teaching assistant uh uh think + + + align:start position:0% +your teaching assistant uh uh think +about the optional paper one rewrite if + + align:start position:0% +about the optional paper one rewrite if + + + align:start position:0% +about the optional paper one rewrite if +you have time and inclination for that + + align:start position:0% +you have time and inclination for that + + + align:start position:0% +you have time and inclination for that +and stay well and uh I look forward to + + align:start position:0% +and stay well and uh I look forward to + + + align:start position:0% +and stay well and uh I look forward to +seeing you on Monday + + align:start position:0% +seeing you on Monday + + + align:start position:0% +seeing you on Monday +see you soon everyone \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/-X04WJoTDBc.txt b/-X04WJoTDBc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ef3a95d745cec2fac2c19be9700e647f7dc39b30 --- /dev/null +++ b/-X04WJoTDBc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1344 @@ +align:start position:0% + +hi everyone today we're going to talk + + align:start position:0% +hi everyone today we're going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +hi everyone today we're going to talk +about linear + + align:start position:0% +about linear + + + align:start position:0% +about linear +Transformations so we've seen linear + + align:start position:0% +Transformations so we've seen linear + + + align:start position:0% +Transformations so we've seen linear +transformations in cognito all the time + + align:start position:0% +transformations in cognito all the time + + + align:start position:0% +transformations in cognito all the time +until now um we've played around with + + align:start position:0% +until now um we've played around with + + + align:start position:0% +until now um we've played around with +matrices matrices multiplying vectors + + align:start position:0% +matrices matrices multiplying vectors + + + align:start position:0% +matrices matrices multiplying vectors +say in RN and producing vectors in + + align:start position:0% +say in RN and producing vectors in + + + align:start position:0% +say in RN and producing vectors in +RM um so really the Lang of linear + + align:start position:0% +RM um so really the Lang of linear + + + align:start position:0% +RM um so really the Lang of linear +Transformations only provides a a nicer + + align:start position:0% +Transformations only provides a a nicer + + + align:start position:0% +Transformations only provides a a nicer +framework when we want to analyze linear + + align:start position:0% +framework when we want to analyze linear + + + align:start position:0% +framework when we want to analyze linear +linear operations on more abstract + + align:start position:0% +linear operations on more abstract + + + align:start position:0% +linear operations on more abstract +Vector spaces like the one we have in + + align:start position:0% +Vector spaces like the one we have in + + + align:start position:0% +Vector spaces like the one we have in +this problem here we're going to work + + align:start position:0% +this problem here we're going to work + + + align:start position:0% +this problem here we're going to work +with the uh the space of 2x two + + align:start position:0% +with the uh the space of 2x two + + + align:start position:0% +with the uh the space of 2x two +matrices and we're going to analyze the + + align:start position:0% +matrices and we're going to analyze the + + + align:start position:0% +matrices and we're going to analyze the +operation we have the Matrix a and we + + align:start position:0% +operation we have the Matrix a and we + + + align:start position:0% +operation we have the Matrix a and we +produce its trans its transpose okay so + + align:start position:0% +produce its trans its transpose okay so + + + align:start position:0% +produce its trans its transpose okay so +please take a few uh minutes to try the + + align:start position:0% +please take a few uh minutes to try the + + + align:start position:0% +please take a few uh minutes to try the +pro problem on your own and come + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +back hi again okay so the first question + + align:start position:0% +back hi again okay so the first question + + + align:start position:0% +back hi again okay so the first question +we need to ask ourselves uh is indeed + + align:start position:0% +we need to ask ourselves uh is indeed + + + align:start position:0% +we need to ask ourselves uh is indeed +why is T A linear operator + + align:start position:0% +why is T A linear operator + + + align:start position:0% +why is T A linear operator +so what are the abstract properties that + + align:start position:0% +so what are the abstract properties that + + + align:start position:0% +so what are the abstract properties that +the linear operators satisfies + + align:start position:0% +the linear operators satisfies + + + align:start position:0% +the linear operators satisfies +well what happens when T acts on the sum + + align:start position:0% +well what happens when T acts on the sum + + + align:start position:0% +well what happens when T acts on the sum +of two matrices A and B so it produces + + align:start position:0% +of two matrices A and B so it produces + + + align:start position:0% +of two matrices A and B so it produces +the Matrix the transpose of a plus b but + + align:start position:0% +the Matrix the transpose of a plus b but + + + align:start position:0% +the Matrix the transpose of a plus b but +we know that this is a transpose plus b + + align:start position:0% +we know that this is a transpose plus b + + + align:start position:0% +we know that this is a transpose plus b +transpose and so this is exactly Ta A + + align:start position:0% +transpose and so this is exactly Ta A + + + align:start position:0% +transpose and so this is exactly Ta A +Plus t b + + align:start position:0% +Plus t b + + + align:start position:0% +Plus t b +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so the transform the transformation that + + align:start position:0% +so the transform the transformation that + + + align:start position:0% +so the transform the transformation that +we're analyzing takes like the sum of uh + + align:start position:0% +we're analyzing takes like the sum of uh + + + align:start position:0% +we're analyzing takes like the sum of uh +two matrices into the sum of the + + align:start position:0% +two matrices into the sum of the + + + align:start position:0% +two matrices into the sum of the +transform of their Transformations okay + + align:start position:0% +transform of their Transformations okay + + + align:start position:0% +transform of their Transformations okay +similarly it takes a multiple of a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transformation + + align:start position:0% +transformation + + + align:start position:0% +transformation +into the + + align:start position:0% +into the + + + align:start position:0% +into the +multiple of the + + align:start position:0% +multiple of the + + + align:start position:0% +multiple of the +transformations of yeah the so it takes + + align:start position:0% +transformations of yeah the so it takes + + + align:start position:0% +transformations of yeah the so it takes +yeah the Matrix C * a to c * a transpose + + align:start position:0% +yeah the Matrix C * a to c * a transpose + + + align:start position:0% +yeah the Matrix C * a to c * a transpose +which is c t of a okay so it is a linear + + align:start position:0% +which is c t of a okay so it is a linear + + + align:start position:0% +which is c t of a okay so it is a linear +operator now can we figure out what its + + align:start position:0% +operator now can we figure out what its + + + align:start position:0% +operator now can we figure out what its +inverse is well what what does the + + align:start position:0% +inverse is well what what does the + + + align:start position:0% +inverse is well what what does the +transpose + + align:start position:0% +transpose + + + align:start position:0% +transpose +do it takes a column right and flips it + + align:start position:0% +do it takes a column right and flips it + + + align:start position:0% +do it takes a column right and flips it +into a row so what happens if we apply + + align:start position:0% +into a row so what happens if we apply + + + align:start position:0% +into a row so what happens if we apply +the operation once again well it's going + + align:start position:0% +the operation once again well it's going + + + align:start position:0% +the operation once again well it's going +to take the row and turn it back down to + + align:start position:0% +to take the row and turn it back down to + + + align:start position:0% +to take the row and turn it back down to +the column so applying the the uh + + align:start position:0% +the column so applying the the uh + + + align:start position:0% +the column so applying the the uh +transformation twice um we we come back + + align:start position:0% +transformation twice um we we come back + + + align:start position:0% +transformation twice um we we come back +to the original situation + + align:start position:0% +to the original situation + + + align:start position:0% +to the original situation +so therefore t^2 is the + + align:start position:0% +so therefore t^2 is the + + + align:start position:0% +so therefore t^2 is the +identity and from the we infer that the + + align:start position:0% +identity and from the we infer that the + + + align:start position:0% +identity and from the we infer that the +inverse is the transformation + + align:start position:0% +inverse is the transformation + + + align:start position:0% +inverse is the transformation +itself + + align:start position:0% +itself + + + align:start position:0% +itself +okay now this was part one part + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two we'll compute The Matrix of the + + align:start position:0% +two we'll compute The Matrix of the + + + align:start position:0% +two we'll compute The Matrix of the +linear transformation in the following + + align:start position:0% +linear transformation in the following + + + align:start position:0% +linear transformation in the following +two bases so the first basis basis is in + + align:start position:0% +two bases so the first basis basis is in + + + align:start position:0% +two bases so the first basis basis is in +fact I mean it is the standard basis for + + align:start position:0% +fact I mean it is the standard basis for + + + align:start position:0% +fact I mean it is the standard basis for +the space of 2 by two matrices + + align:start position:0% +the space of 2 by two matrices + + + align:start position:0% +the space of 2 by two matrices +and the way we compute um The Matrix we + + align:start position:0% +and the way we compute um The Matrix we + + + align:start position:0% +and the way we compute um The Matrix we +first compute what T does to each of the + + align:start position:0% +first compute what T does to each of the + + + align:start position:0% +first compute what T does to each of the +bases elements okay so T + + align:start position:0% +bases elements okay so T + + + align:start position:0% +bases elements okay so T +V1 let's go back so it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here so T takes the transpose of this + + align:start position:0% +here so T takes the transpose of this + + + align:start position:0% +here so T takes the transpose of this +Matrix and but we see that a transpose + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and but we see that a transpose + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and but we see that a transpose +of 1 0 is one0 so it's a symmetric + + align:start position:0% +of 1 0 is one0 so it's a symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +of 1 0 is one0 so it's a symmetric +Matrix so T of + + align:start position:0% +Matrix so T of + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix so T of +V1 is + + align:start position:0% +V1 is + + + align:start position:0% +V1 is +V1 what about t of vs2 again we come + + align:start position:0% +V1 what about t of vs2 again we come + + + align:start position:0% +V1 what about t of vs2 again we come +back + + align:start position:0% +back + + + align:start position:0% +back +here so this one comes here zero comes + + align:start position:0% +here so this one comes here zero comes + + + align:start position:0% +here so this one comes here zero comes +here and so we actually get V3 right so + + align:start position:0% +here and so we actually get V3 right so + + + align:start position:0% +here and so we actually get V3 right so +T V2 is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +V3 similarly T of V3 is + + align:start position:0% +V3 similarly T of V3 is + + + align:start position:0% +V3 similarly T of V3 is +V2 + + align:start position:0% +V2 + + + align:start position:0% +V2 +and finally T V4 well V4 is a symmetric + + align:start position:0% +and finally T V4 well V4 is a symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +and finally T V4 well V4 is a symmetric +ma Matrix as well so the transpose + + align:start position:0% +ma Matrix as well so the transpose + + + align:start position:0% +ma Matrix as well so the transpose +doesn't change + + align:start position:0% +doesn't change + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't change +it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so what yeah + + align:start position:0% +okay so what yeah + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what yeah +now we write we encode this into a + + align:start position:0% +now we write we encode this into a + + + align:start position:0% +now we write we encode this into a +matrix in the following + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +essentially yeah the First Column will + + align:start position:0% +essentially yeah the First Column will + + + align:start position:0% +essentially yeah the First Column will +yeah the First Column will uh tell us + + align:start position:0% +yeah the First Column will uh tell us + + + align:start position:0% +yeah the First Column will uh tell us +how T of + + align:start position:0% +how T of + + + align:start position:0% +how T of +V1 um is expressed as a linear + + align:start position:0% +V1 um is expressed as a linear + + + align:start position:0% +V1 um is expressed as a linear +combination of the basis + + align:start position:0% +combination of the basis + + + align:start position:0% +combination of the basis +element um well in this case it's just + + align:start position:0% +element um well in this case it's just + + + align:start position:0% +element um well in this case it's just +V1 so it's going to be 1 * V1 + 0 V2 + + align:start position:0% +V1 so it's going to be 1 * V1 + 0 V2 + + + align:start position:0% +V1 so it's going to be 1 * V1 + 0 V2 +plus 0 V3 plus 0 + + align:start position:0% +plus 0 V3 plus 0 + + + align:start position:0% +plus 0 V3 plus 0 +V4 T of V2 is V3 three + + align:start position:0% +V4 T of V2 is V3 three + + + align:start position:0% +V4 T of V2 is V3 three +so we have 0 0 1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +0 t of + + align:start position:0% +0 t of + + + align:start position:0% +0 t of +V3 is 0 + + align:start position:0% +V3 is 0 + + + align:start position:0% +V3 is 0 +V1 1 V2 0 V3 0 + + align:start position:0% +V1 1 V2 0 V3 0 + + + align:start position:0% +V1 1 V2 0 V3 0 +V4 and T of + + align:start position:0% +V4 and T of + + + align:start position:0% +V4 and T of +V4 is 0 V1 0 V2 0 V3 + one V4 okay so we + + align:start position:0% +V4 is 0 V1 0 V2 0 V3 + one V4 okay so we + + + align:start position:0% +V4 is 0 V1 0 V2 0 V3 + one V4 okay so we +written down the Matrix of the linear + + align:start position:0% +written down the Matrix of the linear + + + align:start position:0% +written down the Matrix of the linear +transformation T in the standard basis + + align:start position:0% +transformation T in the standard basis + + + align:start position:0% +transformation T in the standard basis +and um you can check that this is + + align:start position:0% +and um you can check that this is + + + align:start position:0% +and um you can check that this is +exactly what we want say we can yeah + + align:start position:0% +exactly what we want say we can yeah + + + align:start position:0% +exactly what we want say we can yeah +let's let's see what this so + + align:start position:0% +let's let's see what this so + + + align:start position:0% +let's let's see what this so +yeah let's see what the represent + + align:start position:0% +yeah let's see what the represent + + + align:start position:0% +yeah let's see what the represent +representation of the mat of some Matrix + + align:start position:0% +representation of the mat of some Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +representation of the mat of some Matrix +say 1 2 3 4 in this standard basis this + + align:start position:0% +say 1 2 3 4 in this standard basis this + + + align:start position:0% +say 1 2 3 4 in this standard basis this +it's the vector + + align:start position:0% +it's the vector + + + align:start position:0% +it's the vector +1 2 3 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +4 T takes this to its um transpose 1 3 2 + + align:start position:0% +4 T takes this to its um transpose 1 3 2 + + + align:start position:0% +4 T takes this to its um transpose 1 3 2 +4 so this in the + + align:start position:0% +4 so this in the + + + align:start position:0% +4 so this in the +basis uh is represented as + + align:start position:0% +basis uh is represented as + + + align:start position:0% +basis uh is represented as +1 3 + + align:start position:0% +1 3 + + + align:start position:0% +1 3 + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +right and it's not hard to see that + + align:start position:0% +right and it's not hard to see that + + + align:start position:0% +right and it's not hard to see that +Mt when multiplies when Mt multiplies + + align:start position:0% +Mt when multiplies when Mt multiplies + + + align:start position:0% +Mt when multiplies when Mt multiplies +this Vector we get exactly this + + align:start position:0% +this Vector we get exactly this + + + align:start position:0% +this Vector we get exactly this +Vector + + align:start position:0% +Vector + + + align:start position:0% +Vector +okay so we'll pause for a bit so that I + + align:start position:0% +okay so we'll pause for a bit so that I + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we'll pause for a bit so that I +erase the board and we're going to + + align:start position:0% +erase the board and we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +erase the board and we're going to +return with the representation of T in + + align:start position:0% +return with the representation of T in + + + align:start position:0% +return with the representation of T in +the bases W1 W2 W3 and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +W4 okay so let's now compute + + align:start position:0% +W4 okay so let's now compute + + + align:start position:0% +W4 okay so let's now compute +The Matrix of T in the bases W1 W2 W3 + + align:start position:0% +The Matrix of T in the bases W1 W2 W3 + + + align:start position:0% +The Matrix of T in the bases W1 W2 W3 +and W4 we play the same game we look at + + align:start position:0% +and W4 we play the same game we look at + + + align:start position:0% +and W4 we play the same game we look at +how T acts on each of the bases + + align:start position:0% +how T acts on each of the bases + + + align:start position:0% +how T acts on each of the bases +vectors so T of W1 well W1 is a + + align:start position:0% +vectors so T of W1 well W1 is a + + + align:start position:0% +vectors so T of W1 well W1 is a +symmetric Matrix so T of W1 is + + align:start position:0% +symmetric Matrix so T of W1 is + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric Matrix so T of W1 is +W1 um similarly with + + align:start position:0% +W1 um similarly with + + + align:start position:0% +W1 um similarly with +W2 and W3 they're all symmetric what + + align:start position:0% +W2 and W3 they're all symmetric what + + + align:start position:0% +W2 and W3 they're all symmetric what +about about W4 well um we see that like + + align:start position:0% +about about W4 well um we see that like + + + align:start position:0% +about about W4 well um we see that like +the one comes down here the negative one + + align:start position:0% +the one comes down here the negative one + + + align:start position:0% +the one comes down here the negative one +comes up here and in the end we just get + + align:start position:0% +comes up here and in the end we just get + + + align:start position:0% +comes up here and in the end we just get +the negative of W4 so let me let me just + + align:start position:0% +the negative of W4 so let me let me just + + + align:start position:0% +the negative of W4 so let me let me just +write this out we had T of W1 = to W1 T + + align:start position:0% +write this out we had T of W1 = to W1 T + + + align:start position:0% +write this out we had T of W1 = to W1 T +of W2 = to W2 T of W3 = W3 and T of + + align:start position:0% +of W2 = to W2 T of W3 = W3 and T of + + + align:start position:0% +of W2 = to W2 T of W3 = W3 and T of +W4 was negative of W4 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so therefore the + + align:start position:0% +so therefore the + + + align:start position:0% +so therefore the +Matrix of the linear transformation T in + + align:start position:0% +Matrix of the linear transformation T in + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix of the linear transformation T in +this basis I'm going to call the Matrix + + align:start position:0% +this basis I'm going to call the Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +this basis I'm going to call the Matrix +M Prime T + + align:start position:0% +M Prime T + + + align:start position:0% +M Prime T +is fairly it has a fairly simple + + align:start position:0% +is fairly it has a fairly simple + + + align:start position:0% +is fairly it has a fairly simple +expression is just it it the only Known + + align:start position:0% +expression is just it it the only Known + + + align:start position:0% +expression is just it it the only Known +Zero entries are on the diagonal and + + align:start position:0% +Zero entries are on the diagonal and + + + align:start position:0% +Zero entries are on the diagonal and +they're precisely one one one and + + align:start position:0% +they're precisely one one one and + + + align:start position:0% +they're precisely one one one and +negative + + align:start position:0% +negative + + + align:start position:0% +negative +1 okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and finally let's let's tackle the igen + + align:start position:0% +and finally let's let's tackle the igen + + + align:start position:0% +and finally let's let's tackle the igen +values slig vectors issue + + align:start position:0% +values slig vectors issue + + + align:start position:0% +values slig vectors issue +well we I we we've you've SE you've seen + + align:start position:0% +well we I we we've you've SE you've seen + + + align:start position:0% +well we I we we've you've SE you've seen +what an igen Vector for a matrix is and + + align:start position:0% +what an igen Vector for a matrix is and + + + align:start position:0% +what an igen Vector for a matrix is and +the idea for an igen value igen Vector + + align:start position:0% +the idea for an igen value igen Vector + + + align:start position:0% +the idea for an igen value igen Vector +for a linear transformation is virtually + + align:start position:0% +for a linear transformation is virtually + + + align:start position:0% +for a linear transformation is virtually +the same and we're looking for the + + align:start position:0% +the same and we're looking for the + + + align:start position:0% +the same and we're looking for the +vectors V and scal as Lambda so such the + + align:start position:0% +vectors V and scal as Lambda so such the + + + align:start position:0% +vectors V and scal as Lambda so such the +that t is Lambda + + align:start position:0% +that t is Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +that t is Lambda +V but if you guys look look back to what + + align:start position:0% +V but if you guys look look back to what + + + align:start position:0% +V but if you guys look look back to what +we just did with W1 W2 W3 and W4 you'll + + align:start position:0% +we just did with W1 W2 W3 and W4 you'll + + + align:start position:0% +we just did with W1 W2 W3 and W4 you'll +see precisely that W1 W2 and W3 are igen + + align:start position:0% +see precisely that W1 W2 and W3 are igen + + + align:start position:0% +see precisely that W1 W2 and W3 are igen +vectors for t with igen value + + align:start position:0% +vectors for t with igen value + + + align:start position:0% +vectors for t with igen value +one and W4 is an IG Vector for t with I + + align:start position:0% +one and W4 is an IG Vector for t with I + + + align:start position:0% +one and W4 is an IG Vector for t with I +value negative 1 so yeah yeah we + + align:start position:0% +value negative 1 so yeah yeah we + + + align:start position:0% +value negative 1 so yeah yeah we +essentially yeah have have solved the + + align:start position:0% +essentially yeah have have solved the + + + align:start position:0% +essentially yeah have have solved the +problem knowing a very very nice basis + + align:start position:0% +problem knowing a very very nice basis + + + align:start position:0% +problem knowing a very very nice basis +in which we can we computed the linear + + align:start position:0% +in which we can we computed the linear + + + align:start position:0% +in which we can we computed the linear +transformation T so I'll leave it at + + align:start position:0% +transformation T so I'll leave it at + + + align:start position:0% +transformation T so I'll leave it at +that \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/-kkocTdn0iY.txt b/-kkocTdn0iY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..029018cd1451f7a75dd37bff62449642d58a378c --- /dev/null +++ b/-kkocTdn0iY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,21939 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu I was here once before in + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu I was here once before in + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu I was here once before in +October with uh Martha Martha Herbert is + + align:start position:0% +October with uh Martha Martha Herbert is + + + align:start position:0% +October with uh Martha Martha Herbert is +a friend and also a + + align:start position:0% +a friend and also a + + + align:start position:0% +a friend and also a +collaborator um and that's when I first + + align:start position:0% +collaborator um and that's when I first + + + align:start position:0% +collaborator um and that's when I first +met met people from this group including + + align:start position:0% +met met people from this group including + + + align:start position:0% +met met people from this group including +Matthew and since then we've actually + + align:start position:0% +Matthew and since then we've actually + + + align:start position:0% +Matthew and since then we've actually +started collaborating so that's very + + align:start position:0% +started collaborating so that's very + + + align:start position:0% +started collaborating so that's very +exciting um I'm being monitored today + + align:start position:0% +exciting um I'm being monitored today + + + align:start position:0% +exciting um I'm being monitored today +right here and so when it really dips + + align:start position:0% +right here and so when it really dips + + + align:start position:0% +right here and so when it really dips +when it really dips down very low that's + + align:start position:0% +when it really dips down very low that's + + + align:start position:0% +when it really dips down very low that's +a myocardial infarction so that would be + + align:start position:0% +a myocardial infarction so that would be + + + align:start position:0% +a myocardial infarction so that would be +the end of the lecture um so basically + + align:start position:0% +the end of the lecture um so basically + + + align:start position:0% +the end of the lecture um so basically +um you see the topic but the main point + + align:start position:0% +um you see the topic but the main point + + + align:start position:0% +um you see the topic but the main point +I'll give right at the front which is + + align:start position:0% +I'll give right at the front which is + + + align:start position:0% +I'll give right at the front which is +that I don't believe that any serious + + align:start position:0% +that I don't believe that any serious + + + align:start position:0% +that I don't believe that any serious +progress on the topic that I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +progress on the topic that I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +progress on the topic that I'm going to +talk about today will will be made + + align:start position:0% +talk about today will will be made + + + align:start position:0% +talk about today will will be made +unless three fields of knowledge are + + align:start position:0% +unless three fields of knowledge are + + + align:start position:0% +unless three fields of knowledge are +integrated those three fields are + + align:start position:0% +integrated those three fields are + + + align:start position:0% +integrated those three fields are +biomedical science behavioral psychology + + align:start position:0% +biomedical science behavioral psychology + + + align:start position:0% +biomedical science behavioral psychology +and technology which is you so that's + + align:start position:0% +and technology which is you so that's + + + align:start position:0% +and technology which is you so that's +really the reason I'm here um and what I + + align:start position:0% +really the reason I'm here um and what I + + + align:start position:0% +really the reason I'm here um and what I +have to say is based on uh 36 years of + + align:start position:0% +have to say is based on uh 36 years of + + + align:start position:0% +have to say is based on uh 36 years of +work now and I've seen during that + + align:start position:0% +work now and I've seen during that + + + align:start position:0% +work now and I've seen during that +period of time approximately 4,000 + + align:start position:0% +period of time approximately 4,000 + + + align:start position:0% +period of time approximately 4,000 +people um with autism uh and so my + + align:start position:0% +people um with autism uh and so my + + + align:start position:0% +people um with autism uh and so my +summary basically it's really it's not a + + align:start position:0% +summary basically it's really it's not a + + + align:start position:0% +summary basically it's really it's not a +guess what I'm talking about today it's + + align:start position:0% +guess what I'm talking about today it's + + + align:start position:0% +guess what I'm talking about today it's +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +synthesis all right so the first + + align:start position:0% +synthesis all right so the first + + + align:start position:0% +synthesis all right so the first +question just to make sure that we're + + align:start position:0% +question just to make sure that we're + + + align:start position:0% +question just to make sure that we're +all on the same page and I know Matthew + + align:start position:0% +all on the same page and I know Matthew + + + align:start position:0% +all on the same page and I know Matthew +this is I'm late in the course so I'm + + align:start position:0% +this is I'm late in the course so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +this is I'm late in the course so I'm +going to assume that you know certain + + align:start position:0% +going to assume that you know certain + + + align:start position:0% +going to assume that you know certain +things about autism and I'm not going to + + align:start position:0% +things about autism and I'm not going to + + + align:start position:0% +things about autism and I'm not going to +review that at all um but the + + align:start position:0% +review that at all um but the + + + align:start position:0% +review that at all um but the +fundamental question today has to do + + align:start position:0% +fundamental question today has to do + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental question today has to do +with problem behavior um and that is you + + align:start position:0% +with problem behavior um and that is you + + + align:start position:0% +with problem behavior um and that is you +know basically what is it to begin with + + align:start position:0% +know basically what is it to begin with + + + align:start position:0% +know basically what is it to begin with +uh and so what we're dealing with are + + align:start position:0% +uh and so what we're dealing with are + + + align:start position:0% +uh and so what we're dealing with are +things like oh I I have a pointer here + + align:start position:0% +things like oh I I have a pointer here + + + align:start position:0% +things like oh I I have a pointer here +what we're dealing with are things like + + align:start position:0% +what we're dealing with are things like + + + align:start position:0% +what we're dealing with are things like +aggressive behavior um particularly + + align:start position:0% +aggressive behavior um particularly + + + align:start position:0% +aggressive behavior um particularly +physical iCal aggression um and uh at + + align:start position:0% +physical iCal aggression um and uh at + + + align:start position:0% +physical iCal aggression um and uh at +the start of my career actually I + + align:start position:0% +the start of my career actually I + + + align:start position:0% +the start of my career actually I +started my career as an experimental + + align:start position:0% +started my career as an experimental + + + align:start position:0% +started my career as an experimental +psychologist I was totally lab was + + align:start position:0% +psychologist I was totally lab was + + + align:start position:0% +psychologist I was totally lab was +animal lab and everything but from that + + align:start position:0% +animal lab and everything but from that + + + align:start position:0% +animal lab and everything but from that +knowledge base uh came the idea of + + align:start position:0% +knowledge base uh came the idea of + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge base uh came the idea of +applications and that actually led to + + align:start position:0% +applications and that actually led to + + + align:start position:0% +applications and that actually led to +the entire field of apply Behavior + + align:start position:0% +the entire field of apply Behavior + + + align:start position:0% +the entire field of apply Behavior +Analysis which comes from basic research + + align:start position:0% +Analysis which comes from basic research + + + align:start position:0% +Analysis which comes from basic research +uh with actually animal models but I + + align:start position:0% +uh with actually animal models but I + + + align:start position:0% +uh with actually animal models but I +didn't want to spend my whole life in an + + align:start position:0% +didn't want to spend my whole life in an + + + align:start position:0% +didn't want to spend my whole life in an +animal lab so I made the jump to UCLA + + align:start position:0% +animal lab so I made the jump to UCLA + + + align:start position:0% +animal lab so I made the jump to UCLA +where they have applied and I'm sure + + align:start position:0% +where they have applied and I'm sure + + + align:start position:0% +where they have applied and I'm sure +Matthew mentioned lovas who was + + align:start position:0% +Matthew mentioned lovas who was + + + align:start position:0% +Matthew mentioned lovas who was +responsible for a lot of this and that + + align:start position:0% +responsible for a lot of this and that + + + align:start position:0% +responsible for a lot of this and that +was my mentor back then um and really + + align:start position:0% +was my mentor back then um and really + + + align:start position:0% +was my mentor back then um and really +very very early in my career I + + align:start position:0% +very very early in my career I + + + align:start position:0% +very very early in my career I +discovered the meaning of aggressive + + align:start position:0% +discovered the meaning of aggressive + + + align:start position:0% +discovered the meaning of aggressive +behavior because there was a guy who was + + align:start position:0% +behavior because there was a guy who was + + + align:start position:0% +behavior because there was a guy who was +my height but he had biceps work were + + align:start position:0% +my height but he had biceps work were + + + align:start position:0% +my height but he had biceps work were +maybe three times mine and I work out um + + align:start position:0% +maybe three times mine and I work out um + + + align:start position:0% +maybe three times mine and I work out um +and what he did is I didn't read his + + align:start position:0% +and what he did is I didn't read his + + + align:start position:0% +and what he did is I didn't read his +facial expression and Body Language + + align:start position:0% +facial expression and Body Language + + + align:start position:0% +facial expression and Body Language +correct and in one second he wheeled + + align:start position:0% +correct and in one second he wheeled + + + align:start position:0% +correct and in one second he wheeled +around and he bit me right in here where + + align:start position:0% +around and he bit me right in here where + + + align:start position:0% +around and he bit me right in here where +um and actually you know you watch Law + + align:start position:0% +um and actually you know you watch Law + + + align:start position:0% +um and actually you know you watch Law +and Order the expression through and + + align:start position:0% +and Order the expression through and + + + align:start position:0% +and Order the expression through and +through and the you also are familiar + + align:start position:0% +through and the you also are familiar + + + align:start position:0% +through and the you also are familiar +with the expression to bring one to + + align:start position:0% +with the expression to bring one to + + + align:start position:0% +with the expression to bring one to +one's knees yes it's + + align:start position:0% +one's knees yes it's + + + align:start position:0% +one's knees yes it's +true I actually went to my knees when he + + align:start position:0% +true I actually went to my knees when he + + + align:start position:0% +true I actually went to my knees when he +did that and so that was my uh + + align:start position:0% +did that and so that was my uh + + + align:start position:0% +did that and so that was my uh +introduction to the concept of + + align:start position:0% +introduction to the concept of + + + align:start position:0% +introduction to the concept of +aggressive behavior and autism uh and so + + align:start position:0% +aggressive behavior and autism uh and so + + + align:start position:0% +aggressive behavior and autism uh and so +basically what happens is people uh a + + align:start position:0% +basically what happens is people uh a + + + align:start position:0% +basically what happens is people uh a +very large percentage of people uh with + + align:start position:0% +very large percentage of people uh with + + + align:start position:0% +very large percentage of people uh with +autism will engage in these behaviors + + align:start position:0% +autism will engage in these behaviors + + + align:start position:0% +autism will engage in these behaviors +largely because they don't have any + + align:start position:0% +largely because they don't have any + + + align:start position:0% +largely because they don't have any +other way of communicating and so when + + align:start position:0% +other way of communicating and so when + + + align:start position:0% +other way of communicating and so when +they're frustrated uh when things are + + align:start position:0% +they're frustrated uh when things are + + + align:start position:0% +they're frustrated uh when things are +pent up and they can't meet their needs + + align:start position:0% +pent up and they can't meet their needs + + + align:start position:0% +pent up and they can't meet their needs +they go for for you um and that's sort + + align:start position:0% +they go for for you um and that's sort + + + align:start position:0% +they go for for you um and that's sort +of their way of communicating uh and if + + align:start position:0% +of their way of communicating uh and if + + + align:start position:0% +of their way of communicating uh and if +you understand that then you realize + + align:start position:0% +you understand that then you realize + + + align:start position:0% +you understand that then you realize +it's not psychotic or random or abant or + + align:start position:0% +it's not psychotic or random or abant or + + + align:start position:0% +it's not psychotic or random or abant or +anything it's actually adaptive and + + align:start position:0% +anything it's actually adaptive and + + + align:start position:0% +anything it's actually adaptive and +that's why it lasts forever and is + + align:start position:0% +that's why it lasts forever and is + + + align:start position:0% +that's why it lasts forever and is +exhibited all over the place uh verbal + + align:start position:0% +exhibited all over the place uh verbal + + + align:start position:0% +exhibited all over the place uh verbal +aggression is self-explanatory destroys + + align:start position:0% +aggression is self-explanatory destroys + + + align:start position:0% +aggression is self-explanatory destroys +property + + align:start position:0% +property + + + align:start position:0% +property +self-explanatory okay those are + + align:start position:0% +self-explanatory okay those are + + + align:start position:0% +self-explanatory okay those are +aggression self-injury is the most + + align:start position:0% +aggression self-injury is the most + + + align:start position:0% +aggression self-injury is the most +extreme human behavior that you will + + align:start position:0% +extreme human behavior that you will + + + align:start position:0% +extreme human behavior that you will +ever see um and I can give you an + + align:start position:0% +ever see um and I can give you an + + + align:start position:0% +ever see um and I can give you an +example again one week week into my was + + align:start position:0% +example again one week week into my was + + + align:start position:0% +example again one week week into my was +a postto one week into my postto uh I + + align:start position:0% +a postto one week into my postto uh I + + + align:start position:0% +a postto one week into my postto uh I +was at a facility where they had a kid + + align:start position:0% +was at a facility where they had a kid + + + align:start position:0% +was at a facility where they had a kid +in fourpoint restraints is called spread + + align:start position:0% +in fourpoint restraints is called spread + + + align:start position:0% +in fourpoint restraints is called spread +eagle he's on a bed spread eagle like + + align:start position:0% +eagle he's on a bed spread eagle like + + + align:start position:0% +eagle he's on a bed spread eagle like +this and the reason why is that when you + + align:start position:0% +this and the reason why is that when you + + + align:start position:0% +this and the reason why is that when you +Unleashed him from that he would start + + align:start position:0% +Unleashed him from that he would start + + + align:start position:0% +Unleashed him from that he would start +smashing his head and when I first met + + align:start position:0% +smashing his head and when I first met + + + align:start position:0% +smashing his head and when I first met +him I could actually see through his + + align:start position:0% +him I could actually see through his + + + align:start position:0% +him I could actually see through his +skull so I could actually see through + + align:start position:0% +skull so I could actually see through + + + align:start position:0% +skull so I could actually see through +his skull and that was like one week + + align:start position:0% +his skull and that was like one week + + + align:start position:0% +his skull and that was like one week +into this puff Dock and I was thinking + + align:start position:0% +into this puff Dock and I was thinking + + + align:start position:0% +into this puff Dock and I was thinking +gee I wonder what real estate would be + + align:start position:0% +gee I wonder what real estate would be + + + align:start position:0% +gee I wonder what real estate would be +like as a + + align:start position:0% +like as a + + + align:start position:0% +like as a +career because this was like + + align:start position:0% +career because this was like + + + align:start position:0% +career because this was like +alarming um and uh uh another thing just + + align:start position:0% +alarming um and uh uh another thing just + + + align:start position:0% +alarming um and uh uh another thing just +to give you some idea of the seriousness + + align:start position:0% +to give you some idea of the seriousness + + + align:start position:0% +to give you some idea of the seriousness +of this uh and why people are um + + align:start position:0% +of this uh and why people are um + + + align:start position:0% +of this uh and why people are um +interested in doing something about it + + align:start position:0% +interested in doing something about it + + + align:start position:0% +interested in doing something about it +another thing is like let's suppose + + align:start position:0% +another thing is like let's suppose + + + align:start position:0% +another thing is like let's suppose +that's a concrete wall right ahead of me + + align:start position:0% +that's a concrete wall right ahead of me + + + align:start position:0% +that's a concrete wall right ahead of me +and this is the sort of thing that I + + align:start position:0% +and this is the sort of thing that I + + + align:start position:0% +and this is the sort of thing that I +have seen a guy basically winding up and + + align:start position:0% +have seen a guy basically winding up and + + + align:start position:0% +have seen a guy basically winding up and +charging it like a bull full force right + + align:start position:0% +charging it like a bull full force right + + + align:start position:0% +charging it like a bull full force right +into a concrete wall and once the person + + align:start position:0% +into a concrete wall and once the person + + + align:start position:0% +into a concrete wall and once the person +hits you see a blood splatter go up on + + align:start position:0% +hits you see a blood splatter go up on + + + align:start position:0% +hits you see a blood splatter go up on +the wall um and so this is the sort of + + align:start position:0% +the wall um and so this is the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the wall um and so this is the sort of +thing that is quite alarming to people + + align:start position:0% +thing that is quite alarming to people + + + align:start position:0% +thing that is quite alarming to people +and you imagine if you were God forbid a + + align:start position:0% +and you imagine if you were God forbid a + + + align:start position:0% +and you imagine if you were God forbid a +parent of something like that how you + + align:start position:0% +parent of something like that how you + + + align:start position:0% +parent of something like that how you +would respond um and then the other + + align:start position:0% +would respond um and then the other + + + align:start position:0% +would respond um and then the other +thing there's no filing cabinets in here + + align:start position:0% +thing there's no filing cabinets in here + + + align:start position:0% +thing there's no filing cabinets in here +I was getting my filing cabinet demonstr + + align:start position:0% +I was getting my filing cabinet demonstr + + + align:start position:0% +I was getting my filing cabinet demonstr +Let's Pretend This is a filing cabinet + + align:start position:0% +Let's Pretend This is a filing cabinet + + + align:start position:0% +Let's Pretend This is a filing cabinet +you know those metal filing cabinets + + align:start position:0% +you know those metal filing cabinets + + + align:start position:0% +you know those metal filing cabinets +with the point in the end okay so people + + align:start position:0% +with the point in the end okay so people + + + align:start position:0% +with the point in the end okay so people +just sort of wind up and just like that + + align:start position:0% +just sort of wind up and just like that + + + align:start position:0% +just sort of wind up and just like that +right on the corner of the filing + + align:start position:0% +right on the corner of the filing + + + align:start position:0% +right on the corner of the filing +cabinet and so basically people see this + + align:start position:0% +cabinet and so basically people see this + + + align:start position:0% +cabinet and so basically people see this +and it looks completely quote irrational + + align:start position:0% +and it looks completely quote irrational + + + align:start position:0% +and it looks completely quote irrational +and psychotic it's + + align:start position:0% +and psychotic it's + + + align:start position:0% +and psychotic it's +not it's fear-provoking but in life the + + align:start position:0% +not it's fear-provoking but in life the + + + align:start position:0% +not it's fear-provoking but in life the +cure for fear is + + align:start position:0% +cure for fear is + + + align:start position:0% +cure for fear is +knowledge okay that's what the that's + + align:start position:0% +knowledge okay that's what the that's + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge okay that's what the that's +what we're why that's why we seek + + align:start position:0% +what we're why that's why we seek + + + align:start position:0% +what we're why that's why we seek +knowledge by the way uh knowledge is + + align:start position:0% +knowledge by the way uh knowledge is + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge by the way uh knowledge is +processed in your cereum but it's + + align:start position:0% +processed in your cereum but it's + + + align:start position:0% +processed in your cereum but it's +motivated from the + + align:start position:0% +motivated from the + + + align:start position:0% +motivated from the +migdala uh and basically uh what it is + + align:start position:0% +migdala uh and basically uh what it is + + + align:start position:0% +migdala uh and basically uh what it is +is people look at that kind of behavior + + align:start position:0% +is people look at that kind of behavior + + + align:start position:0% +is people look at that kind of behavior +and they say you know why would that + + align:start position:0% +and they say you know why would that + + + align:start position:0% +and they say you know why would that +ever happen that's completely + + align:start position:0% +ever happen that's completely + + + align:start position:0% +ever happen that's completely +counterintuitive why anyone would hurt + + align:start position:0% +counterintuitive why anyone would hurt + + + align:start position:0% +counterintuitive why anyone would hurt +themselves that way + + align:start position:0% +themselves that way + + + align:start position:0% +themselves that way +but as we'll see in a minute there are + + align:start position:0% +but as we'll see in a minute there are + + + align:start position:0% +but as we'll see in a minute there are +reasons there are lots of reasons and if + + align:start position:0% +reasons there are lots of reasons and if + + + align:start position:0% +reasons there are lots of reasons and if +you understand those reasons you can + + align:start position:0% +you understand those reasons you can + + + align:start position:0% +you understand those reasons you can +actually do something but in order to + + align:start position:0% +actually do something but in order to + + + align:start position:0% +actually do something but in order to +fully understand it you have to do lots + + align:start position:0% +fully understand it you have to do lots + + + align:start position:0% +fully understand it you have to do lots +of other things that I'm going to talk + + align:start position:0% +of other things that I'm going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +of other things that I'm going to talk +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +today uh Tantrums again these are all + + align:start position:0% +today uh Tantrums again these are all + + + align:start position:0% +today uh Tantrums again these are all +self- explanators so I'm not going to go + + align:start position:0% +self- explanators so I'm not going to go + + + align:start position:0% +self- explanators so I'm not going to go +into it Tantrums non Tantrums by the way + + align:start position:0% +into it Tantrums non Tantrums by the way + + + align:start position:0% +into it Tantrums non Tantrums by the way +don't mean like a toddler Tantrums for + + align:start position:0% +don't mean like a toddler Tantrums for + + + align:start position:0% +don't mean like a toddler Tantrums for +like 5 10 minutes we're talking about + + align:start position:0% +like 5 10 minutes we're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +like 5 10 minutes we're talking about +like three four hours that kind of thing + + align:start position:0% +like three four hours that kind of thing + + + align:start position:0% +like three four hours that kind of thing +um often uh built up to such an + + align:start position:0% +um often uh built up to such an + + + align:start position:0% +um often uh built up to such an +intensity that if you tantrum long + + align:start position:0% +intensity that if you tantrum long + + + align:start position:0% +intensity that if you tantrum long +enough you start to engage what's called + + align:start position:0% +enough you start to engage what's called + + + align:start position:0% +enough you start to engage what's called +operate vomiting which is like you + + align:start position:0% +operate vomiting which is like you + + + align:start position:0% +operate vomiting which is like you +become so agitated that you actually + + align:start position:0% +become so agitated that you actually + + + align:start position:0% +become so agitated that you actually +become sick and so these are really + + align:start position:0% +become sick and so these are really + + + align:start position:0% +become sick and so these are really +serious behaviors uh non-compliance is + + align:start position:0% +serious behaviors uh non-compliance is + + + align:start position:0% +serious behaviors uh non-compliance is +actually when people say oh I have a + + align:start position:0% +actually when people say oh I have a + + + align:start position:0% +actually when people say oh I have a +problem it's non-compliance I say that's + + align:start position:0% +problem it's non-compliance I say that's + + + align:start position:0% +problem it's non-compliance I say that's +it you should be sacrificing sheep to + + align:start position:0% +it you should be sacrificing sheep to + + + align:start position:0% +it you should be sacrificing sheep to +Zeus if that's your + + align:start position:0% +Zeus if that's your + + + align:start position:0% +Zeus if that's your +problem because these are the problems + + align:start position:0% +problem because these are the problems + + + align:start position:0% +problem because these are the problems +non-compliance is something that's + + align:start position:0% +non-compliance is something that's + + + align:start position:0% +non-compliance is something that's +annoying uh repetitive Behavior + + align:start position:0% +annoying uh repetitive Behavior + + + align:start position:0% +annoying uh repetitive Behavior +stereotypy I'm sure Matthew has covered + + align:start position:0% +stereotypy I'm sure Matthew has covered + + + align:start position:0% +stereotypy I'm sure Matthew has covered +this in Spades uh and that is another + + align:start position:0% +this in Spades uh and that is another + + + align:start position:0% +this in Spades uh and that is another +issue um and then disruptive behavior + + align:start position:0% +issue um and then disruptive behavior + + + align:start position:0% +issue um and then disruptive behavior +which is a large number of sort of + + align:start position:0% +which is a large number of sort of + + + align:start position:0% +which is a large number of sort of +obnoxious irritating behaviors but not + + align:start position:0% +obnoxious irritating behaviors but not + + + align:start position:0% +obnoxious irritating behaviors but not +quite as dangerous but quite pervasive + + align:start position:0% +quite as dangerous but quite pervasive + + + align:start position:0% +quite as dangerous but quite pervasive +okay so that's what we mean when I say + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's what we mean when I say + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's what we mean when I say +what is you know when we're talking + + align:start position:0% +what is you know when we're talking + + + align:start position:0% +what is you know when we're talking +about problem Behavior that's what I + + align:start position:0% +about problem Behavior that's what I + + + align:start position:0% +about problem Behavior that's what I +mean by problem Behavior the next issue + + align:start position:0% +mean by problem Behavior the next issue + + + align:start position:0% +mean by problem Behavior the next issue +of course is why is problem Behavior + + align:start position:0% +of course is why is problem Behavior + + + align:start position:0% +of course is why is problem Behavior +important and the reason why it's + + align:start position:0% +important and the reason why it's + + + align:start position:0% +important and the reason why it's +important in to sum up is basically + + align:start position:0% +important in to sum up is basically + + + align:start position:0% +important in to sum up is basically +uh that it ruins everything which means + + align:start position:0% +uh that it ruins everything which means + + + align:start position:0% +uh that it ruins everything which means +that you can teach a child with autism + + align:start position:0% +that you can teach a child with autism + + + align:start position:0% +that you can teach a child with autism +uh cognitive skills or social skills or + + align:start position:0% +uh cognitive skills or social skills or + + + align:start position:0% +uh cognitive skills or social skills or +Independence or anything else okay at + + align:start position:0% +Independence or anything else okay at + + + align:start position:0% +Independence or anything else okay at +the at the end of the day if they have + + align:start position:0% +the at the end of the day if they have + + + align:start position:0% +the at the end of the day if they have +the behaviors I just described any of + + align:start position:0% +the behaviors I just described any of + + + align:start position:0% +the behaviors I just described any of +them they're done they will not go to a + + align:start position:0% +them they're done they will not go to a + + + align:start position:0% +them they're done they will not go to a +neighborhood school they will not be + + align:start position:0% +neighborhood school they will not be + + + align:start position:0% +neighborhood school they will not be +able to live with their parents after a + + align:start position:0% +able to live with their parents after a + + + align:start position:0% +able to live with their parents after a +period of time uh they will probably + + align:start position:0% +period of time uh they will probably + + + align:start position:0% +period of time uh they will probably +wind up in an institution they will + + align:start position:0% +wind up in an institution they will + + + align:start position:0% +wind up in an institution they will +never get a job later in life no one + + align:start position:0% +never get a job later in life no one + + + align:start position:0% +never get a job later in life no one +will go near them if they are in a + + align:start position:0% +will go near them if they are in a + + + align:start position:0% +will go near them if they are in a +regular school when they start behaving + + align:start position:0% +regular school when they start behaving + + + align:start position:0% +regular school when they start behaving +like that all children will avoid them + + align:start position:0% +like that all children will avoid them + + + align:start position:0% +like that all children will avoid them +and basically you know what the modal + + align:start position:0% +and basically you know what the modal + + + align:start position:0% +and basically you know what the modal +number of friends are for a person with + + align:start position:0% +number of friends are for a person with + + + align:start position:0% +number of friends are for a person with +autism zero the modal number + + align:start position:0% +autism zero the modal number + + + align:start position:0% +autism zero the modal number +zero uh and there's not much + + align:start position:0% +zero uh and there's not much + + + align:start position:0% +zero uh and there's not much +variance um and the reason for that is + + align:start position:0% +variance um and the reason for that is + + + align:start position:0% +variance um and the reason for that is +the kinds of behaviors I'm talking about + + align:start position:0% +the kinds of behaviors I'm talking about + + + align:start position:0% +the kinds of behaviors I'm talking about +and so um what it does then is it + + align:start position:0% +and so um what it does then is it + + + align:start position:0% +and so um what it does then is it +prevents full community integration I + + align:start position:0% +prevents full community integration I + + + align:start position:0% +prevents full community integration I +just reviewed that uh demoralizes family + + align:start position:0% +just reviewed that uh demoralizes family + + + align:start position:0% +just reviewed that uh demoralizes family +members parents and siblings and + + align:start position:0% +members parents and siblings and + + + align:start position:0% +members parents and siblings and +particularly demoralizes teachers are + + align:start position:0% +particularly demoralizes teachers are + + + align:start position:0% +particularly demoralizes teachers are +petrified when they get somebody like + + align:start position:0% +petrified when they get somebody like + + + align:start position:0% +petrified when they get somebody like +that in their classroom uh even + + align:start position:0% +that in their classroom uh even + + + align:start position:0% +that in their classroom uh even +so-called uh higher function or aspar um + + align:start position:0% +so-called uh higher function or aspar um + + + align:start position:0% +so-called uh higher function or aspar um +am I positioned incorrectly no um if + + align:start position:0% +am I positioned incorrectly no um if + + + align:start position:0% +am I positioned incorrectly no um if +that cheer's in your way we can move + + align:start position:0% +that cheer's in your way we can move + + + align:start position:0% +that cheer's in your way we can move +that this oh yeah no it's not maybe just + + align:start position:0% +that this oh yeah no it's not maybe just + + + align:start position:0% +that this oh yeah no it's not maybe just +push it over by the door or something + + align:start position:0% +push it over by the door or something + + + align:start position:0% +push it over by the door or something +yeah that's fine it's okay um increasing + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's fine it's okay um increasing + + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's fine it's okay um increasing +the likelihood of + + align:start position:0% +the likelihood of + + + align:start position:0% +the likelihood of +institutionalization without any doubt + + align:start position:0% +institutionalization without any doubt + + + align:start position:0% +institutionalization without any doubt +uh that's where people cluster when they + + align:start position:0% +uh that's where people cluster when they + + + align:start position:0% +uh that's where people cluster when they +have these kinds of behaviors problem is + + align:start position:0% +have these kinds of behaviors problem is + + + align:start position:0% +have these kinds of behaviors problem is +that when you are in an institution you + + align:start position:0% +that when you are in an institution you + + + align:start position:0% +that when you are in an institution you +lose all choice in life and there are + + align:start position:0% +lose all choice in life and there are + + + align:start position:0% +lose all choice in life and there are +data showing that the fewer choices a + + align:start position:0% +data showing that the fewer choices a + + + align:start position:0% +data showing that the fewer choices a +person has the more likely they are to + + align:start position:0% +person has the more likely they are to + + + align:start position:0% +person has the more likely they are to +act out and that's Universal almost + + align:start position:0% +act out and that's Universal almost + + + align:start position:0% +act out and that's Universal almost +everything I'm saying by the way applies + + align:start position:0% +everything I'm saying by the way applies + + + align:start position:0% +everything I'm saying by the way applies +to everybody including those who don't + + align:start position:0% +to everybody including those who don't + + + align:start position:0% +to everybody including those who don't +have autism it's just that people with + + align:start position:0% +have autism it's just that people with + + + align:start position:0% +have autism it's just that people with +Autism are like everybody else only more + + align:start position:0% +Autism are like everybody else only more + + + align:start position:0% +Autism are like everybody else only more +so um rejection by others again that's + + align:start position:0% +so um rejection by others again that's + + + align:start position:0% +so um rejection by others again that's +the end of any kind of social network + + align:start position:0% +the end of any kind of social network + + + align:start position:0% +the end of any kind of social network +with that kind of behavior uh and then + + align:start position:0% +with that kind of behavior uh and then + + + align:start position:0% +with that kind of behavior uh and then +those who can talk typically Aspergers + + align:start position:0% +those who can talk typically Aspergers + + + align:start position:0% +those who can talk typically Aspergers +uh will Express shame or regret over + + align:start position:0% +uh will Express shame or regret over + + + align:start position:0% +uh will Express shame or regret over +their behavior + + align:start position:0% +their behavior + + + align:start position:0% +their behavior +uh and they're miserable because of that + + align:start position:0% +uh and they're miserable because of that + + + align:start position:0% +uh and they're miserable because of that +so how would you summarize the issue of + + align:start position:0% +so how would you summarize the issue of + + + align:start position:0% +so how would you summarize the issue of +why is problem Behavior important + + align:start position:0% +why is problem Behavior important + + + align:start position:0% +why is problem Behavior important +fundamentally because it destroys + + align:start position:0% +fundamentally because it destroys + + + align:start position:0% +fundamentally because it destroys +quality of life which means that when we + + align:start position:0% +quality of life which means that when we + + + align:start position:0% +quality of life which means that when we +treat problem Behavior we never just do + + align:start position:0% +treat problem Behavior we never just do + + + align:start position:0% +treat problem Behavior we never just do +it to get rid of the behavior we always + + align:start position:0% +it to get rid of the behavior we always + + + align:start position:0% +it to get rid of the behavior we always +do it in such a way that it actually + + align:start position:0% +do it in such a way that it actually + + + align:start position:0% +do it in such a way that it actually +improves the person's quality of life + + align:start position:0% +improves the person's quality of life + + + align:start position:0% +improves the person's quality of life +because if you don't do that you haven't + + align:start position:0% +because if you don't do that you haven't + + + align:start position:0% +because if you don't do that you haven't +done anything if you just get rid of + + align:start position:0% +done anything if you just get rid of + + + align:start position:0% +done anything if you just get rid of +something bad but don't put in anything + + align:start position:0% +something bad but don't put in anything + + + align:start position:0% +something bad but don't put in anything +good then what have you done you + + align:start position:0% +good then what have you done you + + + align:start position:0% +good then what have you done you +produced somebody that's quiet and + + align:start position:0% +produced somebody that's quiet and + + + align:start position:0% +produced somebody that's quiet and +complacent and basically easy to control + + align:start position:0% +complacent and basically easy to control + + + align:start position:0% +complacent and basically easy to control +and that's + + align:start position:0% +and that's + + + align:start position:0% +and that's +nothing okay so then we get to the + + align:start position:0% +nothing okay so then we get to the + + + align:start position:0% +nothing okay so then we get to the +really um fundamental question which is + + align:start position:0% +really um fundamental question which is + + + align:start position:0% +really um fundamental question which is +um what is our understanding and the the + + align:start position:0% +um what is our understanding and the the + + + align:start position:0% +um what is our understanding and the the +basic Point here is this that I get this + + align:start position:0% +basic Point here is this that I get this + + + align:start position:0% +basic Point here is this that I get this +all the time people say oh so and so is + + align:start position:0% +all the time people say oh so and so is + + + align:start position:0% +all the time people say oh so and so is +self-injurious or so so's aggressive um + + align:start position:0% +self-injurious or so so's aggressive um + + + align:start position:0% +self-injurious or so so's aggressive um +what do I do about it I'll say well + + align:start position:0% +what do I do about it I'll say well + + + align:start position:0% +what do I do about it I'll say well +first of all we have to understand don't + + align:start position:0% +first of all we have to understand don't + + + align:start position:0% +first of all we have to understand don't +worry about understanding just tell me + + align:start position:0% +worry about understanding just tell me + + + align:start position:0% +worry about understanding just tell me +what to do and that would be the + + align:start position:0% +what to do and that would be the + + + align:start position:0% +what to do and that would be the +equivalent of Medicine of somebody + + align:start position:0% +equivalent of Medicine of somebody + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent of Medicine of somebody +coming in sick and say oh I don't want + + align:start position:0% +coming in sick and say oh I don't want + + + align:start position:0% +coming in sick and say oh I don't want +to understand I'll just give you thing + + align:start position:0% +to understand I'll just give you thing + + + align:start position:0% +to understand I'll just give you thing +you have a stomach pain uh take Alka + + align:start position:0% +you have a stomach pain uh take Alka + + + align:start position:0% +you have a stomach pain uh take Alka +salzer say well what happens if it's + + align:start position:0% +salzer say well what happens if it's + + + align:start position:0% +salzer say well what happens if it's +cancer oh I guess Alka Selzer wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +cancer oh I guess Alka Selzer wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +cancer oh I guess Alka Selzer wouldn't +help uh basically uh it's critical to + + align:start position:0% +help uh basically uh it's critical to + + + align:start position:0% +help uh basically uh it's critical to +actually devote a lot of time and + + align:start position:0% +actually devote a lot of time and + + + align:start position:0% +actually devote a lot of time and +thought to understanding because + + align:start position:0% +thought to understanding because + + + align:start position:0% +thought to understanding because +treatment is easy understanding is + + align:start position:0% +treatment is easy understanding is + + + align:start position:0% +treatment is easy understanding is +difficult if you understand something + + align:start position:0% +difficult if you understand something + + + align:start position:0% +difficult if you understand something +the treatments follow very logically and + + align:start position:0% +the treatments follow very logically and + + + align:start position:0% +the treatments follow very logically and +rationally prescriptively and it's not a + + align:start position:0% +rationally prescriptively and it's not a + + + align:start position:0% +rationally prescriptively and it's not a +big issue uh and so therefore that's why + + align:start position:0% +big issue uh and so therefore that's why + + + align:start position:0% +big issue uh and so therefore that's why +we spend so much time on the issue of + + align:start position:0% +we spend so much time on the issue of + + + align:start position:0% +we spend so much time on the issue of +understanding uh and basically there's + + align:start position:0% +understanding uh and basically there's + + + align:start position:0% +understanding uh and basically there's +the thrust of all this + + align:start position:0% +the thrust of all this + + + align:start position:0% +the thrust of all this +is that um problem behaviors have + + align:start position:0% +is that um problem behaviors have + + + align:start position:0% +is that um problem behaviors have +triggers and they have payoffs certain + + align:start position:0% +triggers and they have payoffs certain + + + align:start position:0% +triggers and they have payoffs certain +things that set it off and certain + + align:start position:0% +things that set it off and certain + + + align:start position:0% +things that set it off and certain +things that pay it off and that's what + + align:start position:0% +things that pay it off and that's what + + + align:start position:0% +things that pay it off and that's what +keeps it going forever and ever and + + align:start position:0% +keeps it going forever and ever and + + + align:start position:0% +keeps it going forever and ever and +problem behaviors are robust they don't + + align:start position:0% +problem behaviors are robust they don't + + + align:start position:0% +problem behaviors are robust they don't +people don't outgrow them when they're + + align:start position:0% +people don't outgrow them when they're + + + align:start position:0% +people don't outgrow them when they're +successful they last forever and what + + align:start position:0% +successful they last forever and what + + + align:start position:0% +successful they last forever and what +happens over time is they tend to get + + align:start position:0% +happens over time is they tend to get + + + align:start position:0% +happens over time is they tend to get +worse not better and so therefore that's + + align:start position:0% +worse not better and so therefore that's + + + align:start position:0% +worse not better and so therefore that's +why so important to actually understand + + align:start position:0% +why so important to actually understand + + + align:start position:0% +why so important to actually understand +what's going on um and in fact there are + + align:start position:0% +what's going on um and in fact there are + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on um and in fact there are +data and I've done several metaanalyses + + align:start position:0% +data and I've done several metaanalyses + + + align:start position:0% +data and I've done several metaanalyses +actually the the government keeps + + align:start position:0% +actually the the government keeps + + + align:start position:0% +actually the the government keeps +commissioning us various branches of the + + align:start position:0% +commissioning us various branches of the + + + align:start position:0% +commissioning us various branches of the +government I guess they don't talk to + + align:start position:0% +government I guess they don't talk to + + + align:start position:0% +government I guess they don't talk to +each other different branches but um NIH + + align:start position:0% +each other different branches but um NIH + + + align:start position:0% +each other different branches but um NIH +I did a a metanalysis for NIH another + + align:start position:0% +I did a a metanalysis for NIH another + + + align:start position:0% +I did a a metanalysis for NIH another +one for US Department of Education and + + align:start position:0% +one for US Department of Education and + + + align:start position:0% +one for US Department of Education and +the most recent one for the National + + align:start position:0% +the most recent one for the National + + + align:start position:0% +the most recent one for the National +Academy of Sciences and every one of + + align:start position:0% +Academy of Sciences and every one of + + + align:start position:0% +Academy of Sciences and every one of +them showed the same metaanalysis even + + align:start position:0% +them showed the same metaanalysis even + + + align:start position:0% +them showed the same metaanalysis even +though they were a decade apart each + + align:start position:0% +though they were a decade apart each + + + align:start position:0% +though they were a decade apart each +which is that your ch chance of + + align:start position:0% +which is that your ch chance of + + + align:start position:0% +which is that your ch chance of +successfully treating problem behavior + + align:start position:0% +successfully treating problem behavior + + + align:start position:0% +successfully treating problem behavior +is twice as great if you base the + + align:start position:0% +is twice as great if you base the + + + align:start position:0% +is twice as great if you base the +treatments on an assessment where you + + align:start position:0% +treatments on an assessment where you + + + align:start position:0% +treatments on an assessment where you +understand it if you just do a fishing + + align:start position:0% +understand it if you just do a fishing + + + align:start position:0% +understand it if you just do a fishing +Expedition let's try this let's try that + + align:start position:0% +Expedition let's try this let's try that + + + align:start position:0% +Expedition let's try this let's try that +there's nobody in here in Psychiatry + + align:start position:0% +there's nobody in here in Psychiatry + + + align:start position:0% +there's nobody in here in Psychiatry +right okay so I can Trash Psychiatry um + + align:start position:0% +right okay so I can Trash Psychiatry um + + + align:start position:0% +right okay so I can Trash Psychiatry um +basically that's Psychiatry oh so and + + align:start position:0% +basically that's Psychiatry oh so and + + + align:start position:0% +basically that's Psychiatry oh so and +so's aggressive oh my God we'll do resp + + align:start position:0% +so's aggressive oh my God we'll do resp + + + align:start position:0% +so's aggressive oh my God we'll do resp +paratone it didn't work oh my God we'll + + align:start position:0% +paratone it didn't work oh my God we'll + + + align:start position:0% +paratone it didn't work oh my God we'll +do a Bight it didn't work we'll do selex + + align:start position:0% +do a Bight it didn't work we'll do selex + + + align:start position:0% +do a Bight it didn't work we'll do selex +we'll do satal we'll do Prozac that's + + align:start position:0% +we'll do satal we'll do Prozac that's + + + align:start position:0% +we'll do satal we'll do Prozac that's +nothing that's the op that's what's + + align:start position:0% +nothing that's the op that's what's + + + align:start position:0% +nothing that's the op that's what's +called anti-in ual behavior that leads + + align:start position:0% +called anti-in ual behavior that leads + + + align:start position:0% +called anti-in ual behavior that leads +to nothing that is a + + align:start position:0% +to nothing that is a + + + align:start position:0% +to nothing that is a +catastrophe the only people that are + + align:start position:0% +catastrophe the only people that are + + + align:start position:0% +catastrophe the only people that are +happy are glaco + + align:start position:0% +happy are glaco + + + align:start position:0% +happy are glaco +fizer okay they're they're happy Astro + + align:start position:0% +fizer okay they're they're happy Astro + + + align:start position:0% +fizer okay they're they're happy Astro +zenica so basically we don't do that we + + align:start position:0% +zenica so basically we don't do that we + + + align:start position:0% +zenica so basically we don't do that we +don't think that's a good idea at all + + align:start position:0% +don't think that's a good idea at all + + + align:start position:0% +don't think that's a good idea at all +there's something else that's better and + + align:start position:0% +there's something else that's better and + + + align:start position:0% +there's something else that's better and +that's basically to assess what the + + align:start position:0% +that's basically to assess what the + + + align:start position:0% +that's basically to assess what the +triggers are and what the payoffs are + + align:start position:0% +triggers are and what the payoffs are + + + align:start position:0% +triggers are and what the payoffs are +common triggers include things + + align:start position:0% +common triggers include things + + + align:start position:0% +common triggers include things +unfortunately like academic demands you + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately like academic demands you + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately like academic demands you +try to teach somebody the kid goes + + align:start position:0% +try to teach somebody the kid goes + + + align:start position:0% +try to teach somebody the kid goes +berserk they don't want to do it they're + + align:start position:0% +berserk they don't want to do it they're + + + align:start position:0% +berserk they don't want to do it they're +cognitively challenged to begin with a + + align:start position:0% +cognitively challenged to begin with a + + + align:start position:0% +cognitively challenged to begin with a +lot of them there's social cues they + + align:start position:0% +lot of them there's social cues they + + + align:start position:0% +lot of them there's social cues they +involved there's emotional C reading all + + align:start position:0% +involved there's emotional C reading all + + + align:start position:0% +involved there's emotional C reading all +these things no good don't like it boom + + align:start position:0% +these things no good don't like it boom + + + align:start position:0% +these things no good don't like it boom +that's a trigger um home chores work + + align:start position:0% +that's a trigger um home chores work + + + align:start position:0% +that's a trigger um home chores work +tasks that's why people can't get jobs + + align:start position:0% +tasks that's why people can't get jobs + + + align:start position:0% +tasks that's why people can't get jobs +that's on the trigger side on the payoff + + align:start position:0% +that's on the trigger side on the payoff + + + align:start position:0% +that's on the trigger side on the payoff +side I devoted a whole slide to this + + align:start position:0% +side I devoted a whole slide to this + + + align:start position:0% +side I devoted a whole slide to this +these classes of controlling variable + + align:start position:0% +these classes of controlling variable + + + align:start position:0% +these classes of controlling variable +which are the payoff for human behavior + + align:start position:0% +which are the payoff for human behavior + + + align:start position:0% +which are the payoff for human behavior +basically cuts across everyone doesn't + + align:start position:0% +basically cuts across everyone doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +basically cuts across everyone doesn't +matter if you have autism or not all + + align:start position:0% +matter if you have autism or not all + + + align:start position:0% +matter if you have autism or not all +people are motivated this way and the + + align:start position:0% +people are motivated this way and the + + + align:start position:0% +people are motivated this way and the +basic idea behind all this is this to + + align:start position:0% +basic idea behind all this is this to + + + align:start position:0% +basic idea behind all this is this to +understand human behavior function is + + align:start position:0% +understand human behavior function is + + + align:start position:0% +understand human behavior function is +more important than form the why is more + + align:start position:0% +more important than form the why is more + + + align:start position:0% +more important than form the why is more +important than the what that's + + align:start position:0% +important than the what that's + + + align:start position:0% +important than the what that's +fundamental and so therefore we spend a + + align:start position:0% +fundamental and so therefore we spend a + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental and so therefore we spend a +lot of time answering the question why + + align:start position:0% +lot of time answering the question why + + + align:start position:0% +lot of time answering the question why +and why has different words in English + + align:start position:0% +and why has different words in English + + + align:start position:0% +and why has different words in English +it can be the motivation for the + + align:start position:0% +it can be the motivation for the + + + align:start position:0% +it can be the motivation for the +behavior reinforcement function purpose + + align:start position:0% +behavior reinforcement function purpose + + + align:start position:0% +behavior reinforcement function purpose +intent they're all the same different + + align:start position:0% +intent they're all the same different + + + align:start position:0% +intent they're all the same different +words the same idea and so what are the + + align:start position:0% +words the same idea and so what are the + + + align:start position:0% +words the same idea and so what are the +um purposes or motivation for Behavior + + align:start position:0% +um purposes or motivation for Behavior + + + align:start position:0% +um purposes or motivation for Behavior +including the extreme ones that I've + + align:start position:0% +including the extreme ones that I've + + + align:start position:0% +including the extreme ones that I've +mentioned these are the main ones uh + + align:start position:0% +mentioned these are the main ones uh + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned these are the main ones uh +attention seeking clearly if I Rush at + + align:start position:0% +attention seeking clearly if I Rush at + + + align:start position:0% +attention seeking clearly if I Rush at +that filing cabin smash my head against + + align:start position:0% +that filing cabin smash my head against + + + align:start position:0% +that filing cabin smash my head against +the corner you will attend you're not + + align:start position:0% +the corner you will attend you're not + + + align:start position:0% +the corner you will attend you're not +going to say oh that was interesting he + + align:start position:0% +going to say oh that was interesting he + + + align:start position:0% +going to say oh that was interesting he +smashed his head and he's bleeding you + + align:start position:0% +smashed his head and he's bleeding you + + + align:start position:0% +smashed his head and he's bleeding you +won't do that you say you rush over oh + + align:start position:0% +won't do that you say you rush over oh + + + align:start position:0% +won't do that you say you rush over oh +my God you know you you know and that's + + align:start position:0% +my God you know you you know and that's + + + align:start position:0% +my God you know you you know and that's +exactly what people do and and I always + + align:start position:0% +exactly what people do and and I always + + + align:start position:0% +exactly what people do and and I always +know when there's an episode because I + + align:start position:0% +know when there's an episode because I + + + align:start position:0% +know when there's an episode because I +see somebody on the floor and like five + + align:start position:0% +see somebody on the floor and like five + + + align:start position:0% +see somebody on the floor and like five +adults around them and I know already + + align:start position:0% +adults around them and I know already + + + align:start position:0% +adults around them and I know already +okay I already know what's happened okay + + align:start position:0% +okay I already know what's happened okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay I already know what's happened okay +so attention seeking is certainly very + + align:start position:0% +so attention seeking is certainly very + + + align:start position:0% +so attention seeking is certainly very +effective uh social avoidance uh kids + + align:start position:0% +effective uh social avoidance uh kids + + + align:start position:0% +effective uh social avoidance uh kids +with autism not so fond of other people + + align:start position:0% +with autism not so fond of other people + + + align:start position:0% +with autism not so fond of other people +uh not interested people come up you + + align:start position:0% +uh not interested people come up you + + + align:start position:0% +uh not interested people come up you +know hi Hi how are you you know okay + + align:start position:0% +know hi Hi how are you you know okay + + + align:start position:0% +know hi Hi how are you you know okay +well you get bit all right or somebody + + align:start position:0% +well you get bit all right or somebody + + + align:start position:0% +well you get bit all right or somebody +who or the kid responds by Smashing + + align:start position:0% +who or the kid responds by Smashing + + + align:start position:0% +who or the kid responds by Smashing +themselves in the face you back off + + align:start position:0% +themselves in the face you back off + + + align:start position:0% +themselves in the face you back off +that's social voidance that behavior is + + align:start position:0% +that's social voidance that behavior is + + + align:start position:0% +that's social voidance that behavior is +being used essentially like language to + + align:start position:0% +being used essentially like language to + + + align:start position:0% +being used essentially like language to +say leave me alone okay back off I don't + + align:start position:0% +say leave me alone okay back off I don't + + + align:start position:0% +say leave me alone okay back off I don't +want to interact with you uh task + + align:start position:0% +want to interact with you uh task + + + align:start position:0% +want to interact with you uh task +avoidance okay class we're all doing our + + align:start position:0% +avoidance okay class we're all doing our + + + align:start position:0% +avoidance okay class we're all doing our +you know do this work okay and then as + + align:start position:0% +you know do this work okay and then as + + + align:start position:0% +you know do this work okay and then as +soon as the teacher puts down starts + + align:start position:0% +soon as the teacher puts down starts + + + align:start position:0% +soon as the teacher puts down starts +making the demands the kid will trash + + align:start position:0% +making the demands the kid will trash + + + align:start position:0% +making the demands the kid will trash +the desk flip the desk over bite the + + align:start position:0% +the desk flip the desk over bite the + + + align:start position:0% +the desk flip the desk over bite the +teacher teacher backs off says oh we're + + align:start position:0% +teacher teacher backs off says oh we're + + + align:start position:0% +teacher teacher backs off says oh we're +not doing school workor today that's + + align:start position:0% +not doing school workor today that's + + + align:start position:0% +not doing school workor today that's +called task avoidance uh so again a very + + align:start position:0% +called task avoidance uh so again a very + + + align:start position:0% +called task avoidance uh so again a very +effective way of getting what you want + + align:start position:0% +effective way of getting what you want + + + align:start position:0% +effective way of getting what you want +given that you're not a good + + align:start position:0% +given that you're not a good + + + align:start position:0% +given that you're not a good +communicator uh tangible seeking uh + + align:start position:0% +communicator uh tangible seeking uh + + + align:start position:0% +communicator uh tangible seeking uh +actually you don't have to have autism + + align:start position:0% +actually you don't have to have autism + + + align:start position:0% +actually you don't have to have autism +to see this that's all you have to do is + + align:start position:0% +to see this that's all you have to do is + + + align:start position:0% +to see this that's all you have to do is +go to supermarket on Saturday afternoon + + align:start position:0% +go to supermarket on Saturday afternoon + + + align:start position:0% +go to supermarket on Saturday afternoon +with the mothers with their little boys + + align:start position:0% +with the mothers with their little boys + + + align:start position:0% +with the mothers with their little boys +typically and they're on the candy aisle + + align:start position:0% +typically and they're on the candy aisle + + + align:start position:0% +typically and they're on the candy aisle +and the kid wants something the mother + + align:start position:0% +and the kid wants something the mother + + + align:start position:0% +and the kid wants something the mother +says not now the kid wants something not + + align:start position:0% +says not now the kid wants something not + + + align:start position:0% +says not now the kid wants something not +now and then the kid collapses on the + + align:start position:0% +now and then the kid collapses on the + + + align:start position:0% +now and then the kid collapses on the +floor screaming and then the mother + + align:start position:0% +floor screaming and then the mother + + + align:start position:0% +floor screaming and then the mother +notices 90 people and start looking at + + align:start position:0% +notices 90 people and start looking at + + + align:start position:0% +notices 90 people and start looking at +her and so she puts her foot down and + + align:start position:0% +her and so she puts her foot down and + + + align:start position:0% +her and so she puts her foot down and +says okay just one cookie that's the + + align:start position:0% +says okay just one cookie that's the + + + align:start position:0% +says okay just one cookie that's the +kiss of death if you do that because now + + align:start position:0% +kiss of death if you do that because now + + + align:start position:0% +kiss of death if you do that because now +the kids learned if I accelerate high + + align:start position:0% +the kids learned if I accelerate high + + + align:start position:0% +the kids learned if I accelerate high +enough my mother will cave and I will + + align:start position:0% +enough my mother will cave and I will + + + align:start position:0% +enough my mother will cave and I will +get that so from now on that's what I'm + + align:start position:0% +get that so from now on that's what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +get that so from now on that's what I'm +going to do so that's tangible + + align:start position:0% +going to do so that's tangible + + + align:start position:0% +going to do so that's tangible +motivation um sensory reinforcement + + align:start position:0% +motivation um sensory reinforcement + + + align:start position:0% +motivation um sensory reinforcement +basically a lot of behaviors and this is + + align:start position:0% +basically a lot of behaviors and this is + + + align:start position:0% +basically a lot of behaviors and this is +by the way is very common among + + align:start position:0% +by the way is very common among + + + align:start position:0% +by the way is very common among +stereotypical behaviors where you see + + align:start position:0% +stereotypical behaviors where you see + + + align:start position:0% +stereotypical behaviors where you see +people who do things like there's no + + align:start position:0% +people who do things like there's no + + + align:start position:0% +people who do things like there's no +light switches oh there is oh what a + + align:start position:0% +light switches oh there is oh what a + + + align:start position:0% +light switches oh there is oh what a +break this this won't turn the power off + + align:start position:0% +break this this won't turn the power off + + + align:start position:0% +break this this won't turn the power off +on your machine there well okay oh okay + + align:start position:0% +on your machine there well okay oh okay + + + align:start position:0% +on your machine there well okay oh okay +good this is this I actually published + + align:start position:0% +good this is this I actually published + + + align:start position:0% +good this is this I actually published +this okay this oh oh it doesn't go on oh + + align:start position:0% +this okay this oh oh it doesn't go on oh + + + align:start position:0% +this okay this oh oh it doesn't go on oh +oh this yes yes yeah that's that's more + + align:start position:0% +oh this yes yes yeah that's that's more + + + align:start position:0% +oh this yes yes yeah that's that's more +like it okay when people do that and you + + align:start position:0% +like it okay when people do that and you + + + align:start position:0% +like it okay when people do that and you +see the kid looking like that what + + align:start position:0% +see the kid looking like that what + + + align:start position:0% +see the kid looking like that what +they're doing is they're using their + + align:start position:0% +they're doing is they're using their + + + align:start position:0% +they're doing is they're using their +problem Behavior to generate interesting + + align:start position:0% +problem Behavior to generate interesting + + + align:start position:0% +problem Behavior to generate interesting +sensory + + align:start position:0% +sensory + + + align:start position:0% +sensory +displays uh and the kids will do things + + align:start position:0% +displays uh and the kids will do things + + + align:start position:0% +displays uh and the kids will do things +like that lots of things and it looks + + align:start position:0% +like that lots of things and it looks + + + align:start position:0% +like that lots of things and it looks +like stereotype behavior of course it is + + align:start position:0% +like stereotype behavior of course it is + + + align:start position:0% +like stereotype behavior of course it is +by definition but what's driving it is + + align:start position:0% +by definition but what's driving it is + + + align:start position:0% +by definition but what's driving it is +none of the things I just mentioned + + align:start position:0% +none of the things I just mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +none of the things I just mentioned +what's driving it is sensory displays + + align:start position:0% +what's driving it is sensory displays + + + align:start position:0% +what's driving it is sensory displays +they find that very interesting and so + + align:start position:0% +they find that very interesting and so + + + align:start position:0% +they find that very interesting and so +do teenage boys at + + align:start position:0% +do teenage boys at + + + align:start position:0% +do teenage boys at +arcades it's the same motivation the + + align:start position:0% +arcades it's the same motivation the + + + align:start position:0% +arcades it's the same motivation the +entire game industry is predicated on + + align:start position:0% +entire game industry is predicated on + + + align:start position:0% +entire game industry is predicated on +that people don't play those games for + + align:start position:0% +that people don't play those games for + + + align:start position:0% +that people don't play those games for +intellectual stimulation okay it's like + + align:start position:0% +intellectual stimulation okay it's like + + + align:start position:0% +intellectual stimulation okay it's like +you press that it's say oh my God the + + align:start position:0% +you press that it's say oh my God the + + + align:start position:0% +you press that it's say oh my God the +graphics on this are unbelievable yeah + + align:start position:0% +graphics on this are unbelievable yeah + + + align:start position:0% +graphics on this are unbelievable yeah +well it's the same pattern it's just + + align:start position:0% +well it's the same pattern it's just + + + align:start position:0% +well it's the same pattern it's just +that if you do it with an arcade people + + align:start position:0% +that if you do it with an arcade people + + + align:start position:0% +that if you do it with an arcade people +say you're normal if you do it with + + align:start position:0% +say you're normal if you do it with + + + align:start position:0% +say you're normal if you do it with +light switches and flapping your hands + + align:start position:0% +light switches and flapping your hands + + + align:start position:0% +light switches and flapping your hands +they say you have autism so the + + align:start position:0% +they say you have autism so the + + + align:start position:0% +they say you have autism so the +take-home point if you're going to act + + align:start position:0% +take-home point if you're going to act + + + align:start position:0% +take-home point if you're going to act +strange do it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +appropriately okay homeostasis means uh + + align:start position:0% +appropriately okay homeostasis means uh + + + align:start position:0% +appropriately okay homeostasis means uh +that typical and this again can be + + align:start position:0% +that typical and this again can be + + + align:start position:0% +that typical and this again can be +something like stereo oopy is the common + + align:start position:0% +something like stereo oopy is the common + + + align:start position:0% +something like stereo oopy is the common +thing homeostasis simply means that + + align:start position:0% +thing homeostasis simply means that + + + align:start position:0% +thing homeostasis simply means that +you're engaging the behavior because + + align:start position:0% +you're engaging the behavior because + + + align:start position:0% +you're engaging the behavior because +you're trying to either um you're trying + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to either um you're trying + + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to either um you're trying +to get to an optimal state of + + align:start position:0% +to get to an optimal state of + + + align:start position:0% +to get to an optimal state of +stimulation so if there's too little + + align:start position:0% +stimulation so if there's too little + + + align:start position:0% +stimulation so if there's too little +stimulation in the environment you body + + align:start position:0% +stimulation in the environment you body + + + align:start position:0% +stimulation in the environment you body +rock in order to generate some if + + align:start position:0% +rock in order to generate some if + + + align:start position:0% +rock in order to generate some if +there's too much stimulation in the + + align:start position:0% +there's too much stimulation in the + + + align:start position:0% +there's too much stimulation in the +environment you body rock to block it + + align:start position:0% +environment you body rock to block it + + + align:start position:0% +environment you body rock to block it +out it's the same behavior but basically + + align:start position:0% +out it's the same behavior but basically + + + align:start position:0% +out it's the same behavior but basically +you're trying to modulate stimulation so + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to modulate stimulation so + + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to modulate stimulation so +it has a homeostasis Type U + + align:start position:0% +it has a homeostasis Type U + + + align:start position:0% +it has a homeostasis Type U +motivation the final one biological + + align:start position:0% +motivation the final one biological + + + align:start position:0% +motivation the final one biological +reinforcement has been used and there's + + align:start position:0% +reinforcement has been used and there's + + + align:start position:0% +reinforcement has been used and there's +some Merit to it I don't think it + + align:start position:0% +some Merit to it I don't think it + + + align:start position:0% +some Merit to it I don't think it +explains everything some Merit to uh + + align:start position:0% +explains everything some Merit to uh + + + align:start position:0% +explains everything some Merit to uh +explain why people would do The Vicious + + align:start position:0% +explain why people would do The Vicious + + + align:start position:0% +explain why people would do The Vicious +Kind of self injuries that I just + + align:start position:0% +Kind of self injuries that I just + + + align:start position:0% +Kind of self injuries that I just +mentioned the theory is this that we + + align:start position:0% +mentioned the theory is this that we + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned the theory is this that we +apparently have evolved so that when you + + align:start position:0% +apparently have evolved so that when you + + + align:start position:0% +apparently have evolved so that when you +um are receive a painful stimulus your + + align:start position:0% +um are receive a painful stimulus your + + + align:start position:0% +um are receive a painful stimulus your +body releases endogenous opiates into + + align:start position:0% +body releases endogenous opiates into + + + align:start position:0% +body releases endogenous opiates into +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +bloodstream okay uh obviously as a way + + align:start position:0% +bloodstream okay uh obviously as a way + + + align:start position:0% +bloodstream okay uh obviously as a way +of quelling the pain and so the idea is + + align:start position:0% +of quelling the pain and so the idea is + + + align:start position:0% +of quelling the pain and so the idea is +is that children have learned that + + align:start position:0% +is that children have learned that + + + align:start position:0% +is that children have learned that +actually they can get a high by Smashing + + align:start position:0% +actually they can get a high by Smashing + + + align:start position:0% +actually they can get a high by Smashing +themselves enough so what looks to you + + align:start position:0% +themselves enough so what looks to you + + + align:start position:0% +themselves enough so what looks to you +like oh my God why is a person + + align:start position:0% +like oh my God why is a person + + + align:start position:0% +like oh my God why is a person +inflicting pain no they're generating + + align:start position:0% +inflicting pain no they're generating + + + align:start position:0% +inflicting pain no they're generating +IND does opiates not EXO exodist means + + align:start position:0% +IND does opiates not EXO exodist means + + + align:start position:0% +IND does opiates not EXO exodist means +you buy it on the street end does means + + align:start position:0% +you buy it on the street end does means + + + align:start position:0% +you buy it on the street end does means +you generate in your own body um and so + + align:start position:0% +you generate in your own body um and so + + + align:start position:0% +you generate in your own body um and so +therefore that's called biological + + align:start position:0% +therefore that's called biological + + + align:start position:0% +therefore that's called biological +reinforcement and in fact people have + + align:start position:0% +reinforcement and in fact people have + + + align:start position:0% +reinforcement and in fact people have +tried to um uh quell self-injury by + + align:start position:0% +tried to um uh quell self-injury by + + + align:start position:0% +tried to um uh quell self-injury by +administering now trone which is an + + align:start position:0% +administering now trone which is an + + + align:start position:0% +administering now trone which is an +opiate blocker it's an opiate antagonist + + align:start position:0% +opiate blocker it's an opiate antagonist + + + align:start position:0% +opiate blocker it's an opiate antagonist +the same thing you give to say drug + + align:start position:0% +the same thing you give to say drug + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing you give to say drug +addicts okay it's the same idea that + + align:start position:0% +addicts okay it's the same idea that + + + align:start position:0% +addicts okay it's the same idea that +okay you have endog opiates that are + + align:start position:0% +okay you have endog opiates that are + + + align:start position:0% +okay you have endog opiates that are +consequence of self- injury maybe if you + + align:start position:0% +consequence of self- injury maybe if you + + + align:start position:0% +consequence of self- injury maybe if you +gave NRE would block it so the self- + + align:start position:0% +gave NRE would block it so the self- + + + align:start position:0% +gave NRE would block it so the self- +injury wouldn't pay off anymore people + + align:start position:0% +injury wouldn't pay off anymore people + + + align:start position:0% +injury wouldn't pay off anymore people +have experimented with that there's some + + align:start position:0% +have experimented with that there's some + + + align:start position:0% +have experimented with that there's some +data suggest for some people it may have + + align:start position:0% +data suggest for some people it may have + + + align:start position:0% +data suggest for some people it may have +an effect so anyway these are some there + + align:start position:0% +an effect so anyway these are some there + + + align:start position:0% +an effect so anyway these are some there +are other that I don't have to go into + + align:start position:0% +are other that I don't have to go into + + + align:start position:0% +are other that I don't have to go into +today but I just want to give you a + + align:start position:0% +today but I just want to give you a + + + align:start position:0% +today but I just want to give you a +flavor for the idea that even the most + + align:start position:0% +flavor for the idea that even the most + + + align:start position:0% +flavor for the idea that even the most +extreme horrible looking behavior that + + align:start position:0% +extreme horrible looking behavior that + + + align:start position:0% +extreme horrible looking behavior that +looks completely + + align:start position:0% +looks completely + + + align:start position:0% +looks completely +random um completely + + align:start position:0% +random um completely + + + align:start position:0% +random um completely +irrational uh actually has a + + align:start position:0% +irrational uh actually has a + + + align:start position:0% +irrational uh actually has a +purpose uh and so therefore to really + + align:start position:0% +purpose uh and so therefore to really + + + align:start position:0% +purpose uh and so therefore to really +understand human behavior you have to be + + align:start position:0% +understand human behavior you have to be + + + align:start position:0% +understand human behavior you have to be +aware of the multiple functions that it + + align:start position:0% +aware of the multiple functions that it + + + align:start position:0% +aware of the multiple functions that it +can serve and therefore analyze it + + align:start position:0% +can serve and therefore analyze it + + + align:start position:0% +can serve and therefore analyze it +within that sort of perspective there + + align:start position:0% +within that sort of perspective there + + + align:start position:0% +within that sort of perspective there +there's one more I've heard from talking + + align:start position:0% +there's one more I've heard from talking + + + align:start position:0% +there's one more I've heard from talking +with people who who um have self- inous + + align:start position:0% +with people who who um have self- inous + + + align:start position:0% +with people who who um have self- inous +behaviors and they talk about sometimes + + align:start position:0% +behaviors and they talk about sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +behaviors and they talk about sometimes +not being able to feel where their body + + align:start position:0% +not being able to feel where their body + + + align:start position:0% +not being able to feel where their body +is and sometimes having trouble + + align:start position:0% +is and sometimes having trouble + + + align:start position:0% +is and sometimes having trouble +initiating movement too so you couple + + align:start position:0% +initiating movement too so you couple + + + align:start position:0% +initiating movement too so you couple +those two together and they're feeling + + align:start position:0% +those two together and they're feeling + + + align:start position:0% +those two together and they're feeling +all the things you said you know are + + align:start position:0% +all the things you said you know are + + + align:start position:0% +all the things you said you know are +true they're feeling frustrated in this + + align:start position:0% +true they're feeling frustrated in this + + + align:start position:0% +true they're feeling frustrated in this +situation with the testand somebody's in + + align:start position:0% +situation with the testand somebody's in + + + align:start position:0% +situation with the testand somebody's in +their face making them even more + + align:start position:0% +their face making them even more + + + align:start position:0% +their face making them even more +stressed they're having trouble moving + + align:start position:0% +stressed they're having trouble moving + + + align:start position:0% +stressed they're having trouble moving +and then all of a sudden when they're + + align:start position:0% +and then all of a sudden when they're + + + align:start position:0% +and then all of a sudden when they're +finally able to move it comes out and + + align:start position:0% +finally able to move it comes out and + + + align:start position:0% +finally able to move it comes out and +they don't really know like what parts + + align:start position:0% +they don't really know like what parts + + + align:start position:0% +they don't really know like what parts +of them are moving it comes out in this + + align:start position:0% +of them are moving it comes out in this + + + align:start position:0% +of them are moving it comes out in this +way of lashing reaching out toward + + align:start position:0% +way of lashing reaching out toward + + + align:start position:0% +way of lashing reaching out toward +another or toward self um in a way that + + align:start position:0% +another or toward self um in a way that + + + align:start position:0% +another or toward self um in a way that +could be very hurtful because it's a + + align:start position:0% +could be very hurtful because it's a + + + align:start position:0% +could be very hurtful because it's a +combination of anger and frustration at + + align:start position:0% +combination of anger and frustration at + + + align:start position:0% +combination of anger and frustration at +that point as well as trying to move + + align:start position:0% +that point as well as trying to move + + + align:start position:0% +that point as well as trying to move +to and so the location of the body part + + align:start position:0% +to and so the location of the body part + + + align:start position:0% +to and so the location of the body part +was the how you started well it seems to + + align:start position:0% +was the how you started well it seems to + + + align:start position:0% +was the how you started well it seems to +be that they sort of don't know where + + align:start position:0% +be that they sort of don't know where + + + align:start position:0% +be that they sort of don't know where +their limbs are and they're having + + align:start position:0% +their limbs are and they're having + + + align:start position:0% +their limbs are and they're having +trouble controlling them and moving them + + align:start position:0% +trouble controlling them and moving them + + + align:start position:0% +trouble controlling them and moving them +at the same timeo so so it's like + + align:start position:0% +at the same timeo so so it's like + + + align:start position:0% +at the same timeo so so it's like +sensory feedback yeah exactly it's like + + align:start position:0% +sensory feedback yeah exactly it's like + + + align:start position:0% +sensory feedback yeah exactly it's like +sensory feedback and and hitting thems + + align:start position:0% +sensory feedback and and hitting thems + + + align:start position:0% +sensory feedback and and hitting thems +certainly helps them to feel them + + align:start position:0% +certainly helps them to feel them + + + align:start position:0% +certainly helps them to feel them +themselves um especially if they hit + + align:start position:0% +themselves um especially if they hit + + + align:start position:0% +themselves um especially if they hit +thems hard enough to finally have a + + align:start position:0% +thems hard enough to finally have a + + + align:start position:0% +thems hard enough to finally have a +feeling there um and hitting others is + + align:start position:0% +feeling there um and hitting others is + + + align:start position:0% +feeling there um and hitting others is +more I think you know this person's yes + + align:start position:0% +more I think you know this person's yes + + + align:start position:0% +more I think you know this person's yes +that's different causing my problems + + align:start position:0% +that's different causing my problems + + + align:start position:0% +that's different causing my problems +that that is different but since you + + align:start position:0% +that that is different but since you + + + align:start position:0% +that that is different but since you +rais that um I want to point out + + align:start position:0% +rais that um I want to point out + + + align:start position:0% +rais that um I want to point out +something uh which is that a single + + align:start position:0% +something uh which is that a single + + + align:start position:0% +something uh which is that a single +Behavior can have multiple motivations + + align:start position:0% +Behavior can have multiple motivations + + + align:start position:0% +Behavior can have multiple motivations +so a person could headbang potentially + + align:start position:0% +so a person could headbang potentially + + + align:start position:0% +so a person could headbang potentially +for all of these reasons okay on the + + align:start position:0% +for all of these reasons okay on the + + + align:start position:0% +for all of these reasons okay on the +other hand um many different behaviors + + align:start position:0% +other hand um many different behaviors + + + align:start position:0% +other hand um many different behaviors +can have the same function so that's why + + align:start position:0% +can have the same function so that's why + + + align:start position:0% +can have the same function so that's why +I said at the beginning that what is + + align:start position:0% +I said at the beginning that what is + + + align:start position:0% +I said at the beginning that what is +less important than why uh so when + + align:start position:0% +less important than why uh so when + + + align:start position:0% +less important than why uh so when +people say oh what am I going to do with + + align:start position:0% +people say oh what am I going to do with + + + align:start position:0% +people say oh what am I going to do with +so and so is + + align:start position:0% +so and so is + + + align:start position:0% +so and so is +aggressive and then the psychiatrist + + align:start position:0% +aggressive and then the psychiatrist + + + align:start position:0% +aggressive and then the psychiatrist +will say well we'll give him resperidone + + align:start position:0% +will say well we'll give him resperidone + + + align:start position:0% +will say well we'll give him resperidone +that is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +imbecilic why would you think that a + + align:start position:0% +imbecilic why would you think that a + + + align:start position:0% +imbecilic why would you think that a +drug like that would address every + + align:start position:0% +drug like that would address every + + + align:start position:0% +drug like that would address every +single function + + align:start position:0% +single function + + + align:start position:0% +single function +okay it it's + + align:start position:0% +okay it it's + + + align:start position:0% +okay it it's +ineffective the sum data that raridon + + align:start position:0% +ineffective the sum data that raridon + + + align:start position:0% +ineffective the sum data that raridon +might go for this one the task avoidance + + align:start position:0% +might go for this one the task avoidance + + + align:start position:0% +might go for this one the task avoidance +and you know why has nothing to do with + + align:start position:0% +and you know why has nothing to do with + + + align:start position:0% +and you know why has nothing to do with +asarone raridon has a sedative property + + align:start position:0% +asarone raridon has a sedative property + + + align:start position:0% +asarone raridon has a sedative property +and when you're sedated you don't give a + + align:start position:0% +and when you're sedated you don't give a + + + align:start position:0% +and when you're sedated you don't give a +crap if the environment is + + align:start position:0% +crap if the environment is + + + align:start position:0% +crap if the environment is +aversive okay so therefore they've never + + align:start position:0% +aversive okay so therefore they've never + + + align:start position:0% +aversive okay so therefore they've never +done the experiment that I would have + + align:start position:0% +done the experiment that I would have + + + align:start position:0% +done the experiment that I would have +done and I've raised this once a + + align:start position:0% +done and I've raised this once a + + + align:start position:0% +done and I've raised this once a +psychiatrist but they they don't listen + + align:start position:0% +psychiatrist but they they don't listen + + + align:start position:0% +psychiatrist but they they don't listen +they have hearing problems or cognitive + + align:start position:0% +they have hearing problems or cognitive + + + align:start position:0% +they have hearing problems or cognitive +or whatever but basically um I said well + + align:start position:0% +or whatever but basically um I said well + + + align:start position:0% +or whatever but basically um I said well +wouldn't an appropriate control be + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't an appropriate control be + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't an appropriate control be +chlorohydrate which has a real sedative + + align:start position:0% +chlorohydrate which has a real sedative + + + align:start position:0% +chlorohydrate which has a real sedative +property and oh no that's ridiculous + + align:start position:0% +property and oh no that's ridiculous + + + align:start position:0% +property and oh no that's ridiculous +yeah will explain ridiculous is not what + + align:start position:0% +yeah will explain ridiculous is not what + + + align:start position:0% +yeah will explain ridiculous is not what +you call an intellectual debate explain + + align:start position:0% +you call an intellectual debate explain + + + align:start position:0% +you call an intellectual debate explain +why it's ridiculous + + align:start position:0% +why it's ridiculous + + + align:start position:0% +why it's ridiculous +couldn't they didn't do the right + + align:start position:0% +couldn't they didn't do the right + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't they didn't do the right +control if you get any drug that has a + + align:start position:0% +control if you get any drug that has a + + + align:start position:0% +control if you get any drug that has a +sedative I'm predicting that you'll + + align:start position:0% +sedative I'm predicting that you'll + + + align:start position:0% +sedative I'm predicting that you'll +produce some impact on aggressive + + align:start position:0% +produce some impact on aggressive + + + align:start position:0% +produce some impact on aggressive +behavior benad yes benad dril is exactly + + align:start position:0% +behavior benad yes benad dril is exactly + + + align:start position:0% +behavior benad yes benad dril is exactly +correct and when you have a a young + + align:start position:0% +correct and when you have a a young + + + align:start position:0% +correct and when you have a a young +typical out of control little boy like I + + align:start position:0% +typical out of control little boy like I + + + align:start position:0% +typical out of control little boy like I +had when he was small oh my God is that + + align:start position:0% +had when he was small oh my God is that + + + align:start position:0% +had when he was small oh my God is that +a little cough or something we're going + + align:start position:0% +a little cough or something we're going + + + align:start position:0% +a little cough or something we're going +for a drive here we go oh it's so sweet + + align:start position:0% +for a drive here we go oh it's so sweet + + + align:start position:0% +for a drive here we go oh it's so sweet +and yummy go ahead you know and then you + + align:start position:0% +and yummy go ahead you know and then you + + + align:start position:0% +and yummy go ahead you know and then you +know you know and so that's the end of + + align:start position:0% +know you know and so that's the end of + + + align:start position:0% +know you know and so that's the end of +aggression but that's not a treatment + + align:start position:0% +aggression but that's not a treatment + + + align:start position:0% +aggression but that's not a treatment +what you really want want to do in the + + align:start position:0% +what you really want want to do in the + + + align:start position:0% +what you really want want to do in the +long run is teach the person + + align:start position:0% +long run is teach the person + + + align:start position:0% +long run is teach the person +alternatives to that behavior not to + + align:start position:0% +alternatives to that behavior not to + + + align:start position:0% +alternatives to that behavior not to +become dependent on + + align:start position:0% +become dependent on + + + align:start position:0% +become dependent on +drugs um yes um all those things there + + align:start position:0% +drugs um yes um all those things there + + + align:start position:0% +drugs um yes um all those things there +how much cognitive process needs to be + + align:start position:0% +how much cognitive process needs to be + + + align:start position:0% +how much cognitive process needs to be +involved with this do they think about + + align:start position:0% +involved with this do they think about + + + align:start position:0% +involved with this do they think about +all these or is it a Vari that's a good + + align:start position:0% +all these or is it a Vari that's a good + + + align:start position:0% +all these or is it a Vari that's a good +question um a lot of motivation of + + align:start position:0% +question um a lot of motivation of + + + align:start position:0% +question um a lot of motivation of +course is you're not aware so other + + align:start position:0% +course is you're not aware so other + + + align:start position:0% +course is you're not aware so other +that's for all of us by the way not just + + align:start position:0% +that's for all of us by the way not just + + + align:start position:0% +that's for all of us by the way not just +for people with Autism you do things and + + align:start position:0% +for people with Autism you do things and + + + align:start position:0% +for people with Autism you do things and +you're not aware and somebody shows you + + align:start position:0% +you're not aware and somebody shows you + + + align:start position:0% +you're not aware and somebody shows you +a videotape of yourself and you think oh + + align:start position:0% +a videotape of yourself and you think oh + + + align:start position:0% +a videotape of yourself and you think oh +my God do I really do that you oh I must + + align:start position:0% +my God do I really do that you oh I must + + + align:start position:0% +my God do I really do that you oh I must +do it for such and such reason so you + + align:start position:0% +do it for such and such reason so you + + + align:start position:0% +do it for such and such reason so you +wouldn't have to be aware but people who + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't have to be aware but people who + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't have to be aware but people who +have Asperger syndrome for example are + + align:start position:0% +have Asperger syndrome for example are + + + align:start position:0% +have Asperger syndrome for example are +much more articulate much more aware um + + align:start position:0% +much more articulate much more aware um + + + align:start position:0% +much more articulate much more aware um +can actually potentially process and say + + align:start position:0% +can actually potentially process and say + + + align:start position:0% +can actually potentially process and say +I'm going to do such and such on purpose + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do such and such on purpose + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do such and such on purpose +so um I think that for the vast majority + + align:start position:0% +so um I think that for the vast majority + + + align:start position:0% +so um I think that for the vast majority +of problem Behavior I don't think that's + + align:start position:0% +of problem Behavior I don't think that's + + + align:start position:0% +of problem Behavior I don't think that's +planful I don't think the kids sitting + + align:start position:0% +planful I don't think the kids sitting + + + align:start position:0% +planful I don't think the kids sitting +there what can I do to get rid of the + + align:start position:0% +there what can I do to get rid of the + + + align:start position:0% +there what can I do to get rid of the +teacher today I don't think they're + + align:start position:0% +teacher today I don't think they're + + + align:start position:0% +teacher today I don't think they're +actually thinking that through it's more + + align:start position:0% +actually thinking that through it's more + + + align:start position:0% +actually thinking that through it's more +like trial and error it work then Bing + + align:start position:0% +like trial and error it work then Bing + + + align:start position:0% +like trial and error it work then Bing +they lock onto it and then that becomes + + align:start position:0% +they lock onto it and then that becomes + + + align:start position:0% +they lock onto it and then that becomes +the the routine the pattern so it could + + align:start position:0% +the the routine the pattern so it could + + + align:start position:0% +the the routine the pattern so it could +be it could be either there are there + + align:start position:0% +be it could be either there are there + + + align:start position:0% +be it could be either there are there +are cognitive particularly with higher + + align:start position:0% +are cognitive particularly with higher + + + align:start position:0% +are cognitive particularly with higher +functioning + + align:start position:0% +functioning + + + align:start position:0% +functioning +uh so okay so what is our understanding + + align:start position:0% +uh so okay so what is our understanding + + + align:start position:0% +uh so okay so what is our understanding +the question is well how would you + + align:start position:0% +the question is well how would you + + + align:start position:0% +the question is well how would you +actually um um identify the various + + align:start position:0% +actually um um identify the various + + + align:start position:0% +actually um um identify the various +functions that I just listed there has + + align:start position:0% +functions that I just listed there has + + + align:start position:0% +functions that I just listed there has +to be a way an algorithm for figuring + + align:start position:0% +to be a way an algorithm for figuring + + + align:start position:0% +to be a way an algorithm for figuring +out you know which one is it um and + + align:start position:0% +out you know which one is it um and + + + align:start position:0% +out you know which one is it um and +basically there are three things that + + align:start position:0% +basically there are three things that + + + align:start position:0% +basically there are three things that +you can do one is direct observation + + align:start position:0% +you can do one is direct observation + + + align:start position:0% +you can do one is direct observation +I'm sorry one is interview the second + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry one is interview the second + + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry one is interview the second +one is direct observation the final one + + align:start position:0% +one is direct observation the final one + + + align:start position:0% +one is direct observation the final one +is what's called functional analysis + + align:start position:0% +is what's called functional analysis + + + align:start position:0% +is what's called functional analysis +which is basically an experiment where + + align:start position:0% +which is basically an experiment where + + + align:start position:0% +which is basically an experiment where +you manipulate something interview which + + align:start position:0% +you manipulate something interview which + + + align:start position:0% +you manipulate something interview which +I'll just show very quickly here's these + + align:start position:0% +I'll just show very quickly here's these + + + align:start position:0% +I'll just show very quickly here's these +are real people by the way from a book + + align:start position:0% +are real people by the way from a book + + + align:start position:0% +are real people by the way from a book +that I published and also there's + + align:start position:0% +that I published and also there's + + + align:start position:0% +that I published and also there's +several articles I published on this + + align:start position:0% +several articles I published on this + + + align:start position:0% +several articles I published on this +empirically when we're having break time + + align:start position:0% +empirically when we're having break time + + + align:start position:0% +empirically when we're having break time +Jim is quiet and happy but when I ask + + align:start position:0% +Jim is quiet and happy but when I ask + + + align:start position:0% +Jim is quiet and happy but when I ask +him to go back to work he yells and he + + align:start position:0% +him to go back to work he yells and he + + + align:start position:0% +him to go back to work he yells and he +pushes me out of the way when we're + + align:start position:0% +pushes me out of the way when we're + + + align:start position:0% +pushes me out of the way when we're +doing physical exercises I never get + + align:start position:0% +doing physical exercises I never get + + + align:start position:0% +doing physical exercises I never get +through more than one or two sit-ups + + align:start position:0% +through more than one or two sit-ups + + + align:start position:0% +through more than one or two sit-ups +before Jim runs away if I ask him to to + + align:start position:0% +before Jim runs away if I ask him to to + + + align:start position:0% +before Jim runs away if I ask him to to +come back he tries to kick me after a + + align:start position:0% +come back he tries to kick me after a + + + align:start position:0% +come back he tries to kick me after a +while it's not worth it for me to force + + align:start position:0% +while it's not worth it for me to force + + + align:start position:0% +while it's not worth it for me to force +him when we start folding his laundry I + + align:start position:0% +him when we start folding his laundry I + + + align:start position:0% +him when we start folding his laundry I +tell him we'll have a snack when we're + + align:start position:0% +tell him we'll have a snack when we're + + + align:start position:0% +tell him we'll have a snack when we're +done he'll fold one shirt ask for the + + align:start position:0% +done he'll fold one shirt ask for the + + + align:start position:0% +done he'll fold one shirt ask for the +snack if I say we have to fold more Jim + + align:start position:0% +snack if I say we have to fold more Jim + + + align:start position:0% +snack if I say we have to fold more Jim +we'll have a tantrum when he gets really + + align:start position:0% +we'll have a tantrum when he gets really + + + align:start position:0% +we'll have a tantrum when he gets really +bad it's easier to finish folding the + + align:start position:0% +bad it's easier to finish folding the + + + align:start position:0% +bad it's easier to finish folding the +laundry myself + + align:start position:0% +laundry myself + + + align:start position:0% +laundry myself +translation I make a lot of Demands he + + align:start position:0% +translation I make a lot of Demands he + + + align:start position:0% +translation I make a lot of Demands he +punishes me for every demand I make with + + align:start position:0% +punishes me for every demand I make with + + + align:start position:0% +punishes me for every demand I make with +aggressive behavior I just back off and + + align:start position:0% +aggressive behavior I just back off and + + + align:start position:0% +aggressive behavior I just back off and +do it for him so he now this is Parental + + align:start position:0% +do it for him so he now this is Parental + + + align:start position:0% +do it for him so he now this is Parental +perception so the level of interview + + align:start position:0% +perception so the level of interview + + + align:start position:0% +perception so the level of interview +what getting is people's perceptions as + + align:start position:0% +what getting is people's perceptions as + + + align:start position:0% +what getting is people's perceptions as +to the reason why people do things + + align:start position:0% +to the reason why people do things + + + align:start position:0% +to the reason why people do things +that's a that's intriguing but it's not + + align:start position:0% +that's a that's intriguing but it's not + + + align:start position:0% +that's a that's intriguing but it's not +at the level that we want it we need + + align:start position:0% +at the level that we want it we need + + + align:start position:0% +at the level that we want it we need +something more definitive in order to + + align:start position:0% +something more definitive in order to + + + align:start position:0% +something more definitive in order to +proceed with treatments so that gets us + + align:start position:0% +proceed with treatments so that gets us + + + align:start position:0% +proceed with treatments so that gets us +to the direct observation where if a + + align:start position:0% +to the direct observation where if a + + + align:start position:0% +to the direct observation where if a +parent says this is a different kid but + + align:start position:0% +parent says this is a different kid but + + + align:start position:0% +parent says this is a different kid but +it's the same idea if a parent says an + + align:start position:0% +it's the same idea if a parent says an + + + align:start position:0% +it's the same idea if a parent says an +interview I think Gary my son basically + + align:start position:0% +interview I think Gary my son basically + + + align:start position:0% +interview I think Gary my son basically +goes ballistic during having to make his + + align:start position:0% +goes ballistic during having to make his + + + align:start position:0% +goes ballistic during having to make his +lunch because he doesn't want to make + + align:start position:0% +lunch because he doesn't want to make + + + align:start position:0% +lunch because he doesn't want to make +his lunch he's this it's task avoidance + + align:start position:0% +his lunch he's this it's task avoidance + + + align:start position:0% +his lunch he's this it's task avoidance +so we say really do you mind if we visit + + align:start position:0% +so we say really do you mind if we visit + + + align:start position:0% +so we say really do you mind if we visit +your house when he is making making + + align:start position:0% +your house when he is making making + + + align:start position:0% +your house when he is making making +lunch that's direct + + align:start position:0% +lunch that's direct + + + align:start position:0% +lunch that's direct +observation and the question is is it + + align:start position:0% +observation and the question is is it + + + align:start position:0% +observation and the question is is it +confirmatory is what the mother's + + align:start position:0% +confirmatory is what the mother's + + + align:start position:0% +confirmatory is what the mother's +perception of what's going on really + + align:start position:0% +perception of what's going on really + + + align:start position:0% +perception of what's going on really +what's going on and so you go to the + + align:start position:0% +what's going on and so you go to the + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on and so you go to the +home and there's Gary's been making + + align:start position:0% +home and there's Gary's been making + + + align:start position:0% +home and there's Gary's been making +peanut butter sandwich for the past five + + align:start position:0% +peanut butter sandwich for the past five + + + align:start position:0% +peanut butter sandwich for the past five +minutes his mother was standing nearby + + align:start position:0% +minutes his mother was standing nearby + + + align:start position:0% +minutes his mother was standing nearby +she said Gary you need to clean up the + + align:start position:0% +she said Gary you need to clean up the + + + align:start position:0% +she said Gary you need to clean up the +mess you made his response to that was + + align:start position:0% +mess you made his response to that was + + + align:start position:0% +mess you made his response to that was +he threw the silverware on the floor and + + align:start position:0% +he threw the silverware on the floor and + + + align:start position:0% +he threw the silverware on the floor and +bit himself then he screamed no and he + + align:start position:0% +bit himself then he screamed no and he + + + align:start position:0% +bit himself then he screamed no and he +ran out of the kitchen the mother + + align:start position:0% +ran out of the kitchen the mother + + + align:start position:0% +ran out of the kitchen the mother +reacted by jumping out of his way 3 + + align:start position:0% +reacted by jumping out of his way 3 + + + align:start position:0% +reacted by jumping out of his way 3 +minutes later she cleaned up the mess + + align:start position:0% +minutes later she cleaned up the mess + + + align:start position:0% +minutes later she cleaned up the mess +herself the basic idea there is it + + align:start position:0% +herself the basic idea there is it + + + align:start position:0% +herself the basic idea there is it +confirms what the mother's perception + + align:start position:0% +confirms what the mother's perception + + + align:start position:0% +confirms what the mother's perception +was I believe my son is doing this + + align:start position:0% +was I believe my son is doing this + + + align:start position:0% +was I believe my son is doing this +because he wants to get out of his task + + align:start position:0% +because he wants to get out of his task + + + align:start position:0% +because he wants to get out of his task +avoidance in which case we've now gone + + align:start position:0% +avoidance in which case we've now gone + + + align:start position:0% +avoidance in which case we've now gone +from perception to + + align:start position:0% +from perception to + + + align:start position:0% +from perception to +correlation we're correlating actual + + align:start position:0% +correlation we're correlating actual + + + align:start position:0% +correlation we're correlating actual +presence of Demands with presence of + + align:start position:0% +presence of Demands with presence of + + + align:start position:0% +presence of Demands with presence of +violent Behavior okay the final step in + + align:start position:0% +violent Behavior okay the final step in + + + align:start position:0% +violent Behavior okay the final step in +this type of analysis this type of + + align:start position:0% +this type of analysis this type of + + + align:start position:0% +this type of analysis this type of +approach of actually figuring out why + + align:start position:0% +approach of actually figuring out why + + + align:start position:0% +approach of actually figuring out why +people are doing thing is called + + align:start position:0% +people are doing thing is called + + + align:start position:0% +people are doing thing is called +functional analysis which is an + + align:start position:0% +functional analysis which is an + + + align:start position:0% +functional analysis which is an +experiment where you manipulate things + + align:start position:0% +experiment where you manipulate things + + + align:start position:0% +experiment where you manipulate things +that's the essence of an experiment you + + align:start position:0% +that's the essence of an experiment you + + + align:start position:0% +that's the essence of an experiment you +manipulate things intentionally you + + align:start position:0% +manipulate things intentionally you + + + align:start position:0% +manipulate things intentionally you +don't just sit there passively observing + + align:start position:0% +don't just sit there passively observing + + + align:start position:0% +don't just sit there passively observing +correlations you purposely change the + + align:start position:0% +correlations you purposely change the + + + align:start position:0% +correlations you purposely change the +environment so here's uh Bob same thing + + align:start position:0% +environment so here's uh Bob same thing + + + align:start position:0% +environment so here's uh Bob same thing +these are a number of aggressive + + align:start position:0% +these are a number of aggressive + + + align:start position:0% +these are a number of aggressive +responses and these are in 15 minute + + align:start position:0% +responses and these are in 15 minute + + + align:start position:0% +responses and these are in 15 minute +periods 15 minutes okay so here's Bob + + align:start position:0% +periods 15 minutes okay so here's Bob + + + align:start position:0% +periods 15 minutes okay so here's Bob +and he's cruising at around 120 acts of + + align:start position:0% +and he's cruising at around 120 acts of + + + align:start position:0% +and he's cruising at around 120 acts of +aggression in 20 in every 15 minutes + + align:start position:0% +aggression in 20 in every 15 minutes + + + align:start position:0% +aggression in 20 in every 15 minutes +120 so you don't want to be the + + align:start position:0% +120 so you don't want to be the + + + align:start position:0% +120 so you don't want to be the +teacher um and then here and okay so + + align:start position:0% +teacher um and then here and okay so + + + align:start position:0% +teacher um and then here and okay so +that's demands and so there I so you + + align:start position:0% +that's demands and so there I so you + + + align:start position:0% +that's demands and so there I so you +know so you're Bob and I say do this Bob + + align:start position:0% +know so you're Bob and I say do this Bob + + + align:start position:0% +know so you're Bob and I say do this Bob +and you give me a shot okay and I back + + align:start position:0% +and you give me a shot okay and I back + + + align:start position:0% +and you give me a shot okay and I back +off and then I try it again you give me + + align:start position:0% +off and then I try it again you give me + + + align:start position:0% +off and then I try it again you give me +another shot and I keep backing off what + + align:start position:0% +another shot and I keep backing off what + + + align:start position:0% +another shot and I keep backing off what +I'm teaching you keep punching me and + + align:start position:0% +I'm teaching you keep punching me and + + + align:start position:0% +I'm teaching you keep punching me and +I'll keep backing off and when you when + + align:start position:0% +I'll keep backing off and when you when + + + align:start position:0% +I'll keep backing off and when you when +you do that unintentionally the teacher + + align:start position:0% +you do that unintentionally the teacher + + + align:start position:0% +you do that unintentionally the teacher +is not meaning to do that then what + + align:start position:0% +is not meaning to do that then what + + + align:start position:0% +is not meaning to do that then what +happens is you get the aggression here + + align:start position:0% +happens is you get the aggression here + + + align:start position:0% +happens is you get the aggression here +starting off at about 65 and by the time + + align:start position:0% +starting off at about 65 and by the time + + + align:start position:0% +starting off at about 65 and by the time +the teacher's done it's almost at 200 + + align:start position:0% +the teacher's done it's almost at 200 + + + align:start position:0% +the teacher's done it's almost at 200 +for 15 minutes + + align:start position:0% +for 15 minutes + + + align:start position:0% +for 15 minutes +so the teacher the parent or whoever + + align:start position:0% +so the teacher the parent or whoever + + + align:start position:0% +so the teacher the parent or whoever +doesn't understand what they're doing + + align:start position:0% +doesn't understand what they're doing + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't understand what they're doing +they're not aware of the effect they're + + align:start position:0% +they're not aware of the effect they're + + + align:start position:0% +they're not aware of the effect they're +having when they keep backing off and + + align:start position:0% +having when they keep backing off and + + + align:start position:0% +having when they keep backing off and +feeding into the behavior thereby + + align:start position:0% +feeding into the behavior thereby + + + align:start position:0% +feeding into the behavior thereby +teaching the kid you want to avoid a + + align:start position:0% +teaching the kid you want to avoid a + + + align:start position:0% +teaching the kid you want to avoid a +task smash your head against the table + + align:start position:0% +task smash your head against the table + + + align:start position:0% +task smash your head against the table +attack people throw a tantrum flip the + + align:start position:0% +attack people throw a tantrum flip the + + + align:start position:0% +attack people throw a tantrum flip the +table over trash the room you'll get + + align:start position:0% +table over trash the room you'll get + + + align:start position:0% +table over trash the room you'll get +what you want uh when you don't give + + align:start position:0% +what you want uh when you don't give + + + align:start position:0% +what you want uh when you don't give +demands look what happens to the + + align:start position:0% +demands look what happens to the + + + align:start position:0% +demands look what happens to the +aggressive behavior okay there is none + + align:start position:0% +aggressive behavior okay there is none + + + align:start position:0% +aggressive behavior okay there is none +um and so that's the final element in + + align:start position:0% +um and so that's the final element in + + + align:start position:0% +um and so that's the final element in +this and you keep doing this for + + align:start position:0% +this and you keep doing this for + + + align:start position:0% +this and you keep doing this for +different types of motivation and you + + align:start position:0% +different types of motivation and you + + + align:start position:0% +different types of motivation and you +can actually probe and discover is it + + align:start position:0% +can actually probe and discover is it + + + align:start position:0% +can actually probe and discover is it +attention is it task avoidance is it + + align:start position:0% +attention is it task avoidance is it + + + align:start position:0% +attention is it task avoidance is it +social avoidance uh is it homeostasis is + + align:start position:0% +social avoidance uh is it homeostasis is + + + align:start position:0% +social avoidance uh is it homeostasis is +it sensory there's ways of setting up + + align:start position:0% +it sensory there's ways of setting up + + + align:start position:0% +it sensory there's ways of setting up +the environment to + + align:start position:0% +the environment to + + + align:start position:0% +the environment to +probe and so that's how you figure out + + align:start position:0% +probe and so that's how you figure out + + + align:start position:0% +probe and so that's how you figure out +why people do + + align:start position:0% +why people do + + + align:start position:0% +why people do +things uh and then once you know why + + align:start position:0% +things uh and then once you know why + + + align:start position:0% +things uh and then once you know why +somebody is doing something then you can + + align:start position:0% +somebody is doing something then you can + + + align:start position:0% +somebody is doing something then you can +advance to treatment because you + + align:start position:0% +advance to treatment because you + + + align:start position:0% +advance to treatment because you +understand what's making them + + align:start position:0% +understand what's making them + + + align:start position:0% +understand what's making them +tick okay + + align:start position:0% +tick okay + + + align:start position:0% +tick okay +so um + + align:start position:0% +so um + + + align:start position:0% +so um +oh okay I have a question yes I've seen + + align:start position:0% +oh okay I have a question yes I've seen + + + align:start position:0% +oh okay I have a question yes I've seen +this kind of behavior everywhere I mean + + align:start position:0% +this kind of behavior everywhere I mean + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of behavior everywhere I mean +little kids uh by people when people + + align:start position:0% +little kids uh by people when people + + + align:start position:0% +little kids uh by people when people +they start crying they know somebody + + align:start position:0% +they start crying they know somebody + + + align:start position:0% +they start crying they know somebody +will + + align:start position:0% +will + + + align:start position:0% +will +absolutely it's everywhere and yes and + + align:start position:0% +absolutely it's everywhere and yes and + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely it's everywhere and yes and +and I have a brother in on the Down + + align:start position:0% +and I have a brother in on the Down + + + align:start position:0% +and I have a brother in on the Down +Syndrome yes and same whenever um I + + align:start position:0% +Syndrome yes and same whenever um I + + + align:start position:0% +Syndrome yes and same whenever um I +tried to be tough on him so + + align:start position:0% +tried to be tough on him so + + + align:start position:0% +tried to be tough on him so +he people tell me he's just not a normal + + align:start position:0% +he people tell me he's just not a normal + + + align:start position:0% +he people tell me he's just not a normal +boy so tough on him he doesn't + + align:start position:0% +boy so tough on him he doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +boy so tough on him he doesn't +understand and how do I you + + align:start position:0% +understand and how do I you + + + align:start position:0% +understand and how do I you +know that that's that's I hear that all + + align:start position:0% +know that that's that's I hear that all + + + align:start position:0% +know that that's that's I hear that all +the time uh so and so is not normal and + + align:start position:0% +the time uh so and so is not normal and + + + align:start position:0% +the time uh so and so is not normal and +that's why they do something that's not + + align:start position:0% +that's why they do something that's not + + + align:start position:0% +that's why they do something that's not +an explanation at all these processes + + align:start position:0% +an explanation at all these processes + + + align:start position:0% +an explanation at all these processes +are Universal has nothing to do with + + align:start position:0% +are Universal has nothing to do with + + + align:start position:0% +are Universal has nothing to do with +Down Syndrome or Autism or anything + + align:start position:0% +Down Syndrome or Autism or anything + + + align:start position:0% +Down Syndrome or Autism or anything +they're Universal it's just the way in + + align:start position:0% +they're Universal it's just the way in + + + align:start position:0% +they're Universal it's just the way in +which it is expressed is unique to the + + align:start position:0% +which it is expressed is unique to the + + + align:start position:0% +which it is expressed is unique to the +syndrome so most people don't bang their + + align:start position:0% +syndrome so most people don't bang their + + + align:start position:0% +syndrome so most people don't bang their +heads against walls but they'll do + + align:start position:0% +heads against walls but they'll do + + + align:start position:0% +heads against walls but they'll do +something else if they want to get out + + align:start position:0% +something else if they want to get out + + + align:start position:0% +something else if they want to get out +of a situation and you should never um + + align:start position:0% +of a situation and you should never um + + + align:start position:0% +of a situation and you should never um +exceed to that sort sort of uh statement + + align:start position:0% +exceed to that sort sort of uh statement + + + align:start position:0% +exceed to that sort sort of uh statement +where oh why are you doing it you know + + align:start position:0% +where oh why are you doing it you know + + + align:start position:0% +where oh why are you doing it you know +their behavior is basically random or + + align:start position:0% +their behavior is basically random or + + + align:start position:0% +their behavior is basically random or +it's part of the syndrome or something + + align:start position:0% +it's part of the syndrome or something + + + align:start position:0% +it's part of the syndrome or something +it's not part of anything it's + + align:start position:0% +it's not part of anything it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's not part of anything it's +learned it's learned and things that are + + align:start position:0% +learned it's learned and things that are + + + align:start position:0% +learned it's learned and things that are +learned can be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +unlearned so when he's doing something + + align:start position:0% +unlearned so when he's doing something + + + align:start position:0% +unlearned so when he's doing something +that he's not supposed + + align:start position:0% +that he's not supposed + + + align:start position:0% +that he's not supposed +to um are you allowed to put Force + + align:start position:0% +to um are you allowed to put Force + + + align:start position:0% +to um are you allowed to put Force +against it or how do no you wouldn't do + + align:start position:0% +against it or how do no you wouldn't do + + + align:start position:0% +against it or how do no you wouldn't do +Force + + align:start position:0% +Force + + + align:start position:0% +Force +no do if you do Force then you'll get + + align:start position:0% +no do if you do Force then you'll get + + + align:start position:0% +no do if you do Force then you'll get +killed + + align:start position:0% +killed + + + align:start position:0% +killed +so you don't do that um what you have to + + align:start position:0% +so you don't do that um what you have to + + + align:start position:0% +so you don't do that um what you have to +do is analyze the situation in terms of + + align:start position:0% +do is analyze the situation in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +do is analyze the situation in terms of +what the triggers are and then you + + align:start position:0% +what the triggers are and then you + + + align:start position:0% +what the triggers are and then you +modify the triggers I'm going to come to + + align:start position:0% +modify the triggers I'm going to come to + + + align:start position:0% +modify the triggers I'm going to come to +that I haven't reached the treatment + + align:start position:0% +that I haven't reached the treatment + + + align:start position:0% +that I haven't reached the treatment +section but you're anticipating it that + + align:start position:0% +section but you're anticipating it that + + + align:start position:0% +section but you're anticipating it that +is correct there are things you can do + + align:start position:0% +is correct there are things you can do + + + align:start position:0% +is correct there are things you can do +you got to remember I'm not just doing + + align:start position:0% +you got to remember I'm not just doing + + + align:start position:0% +you got to remember I'm not just doing +this as an intellectual exercise you + + align:start position:0% +this as an intellectual exercise you + + + align:start position:0% +this as an intellectual exercise you +know I mean there's people coming to me + + align:start position:0% +know I mean there's people coming to me + + + align:start position:0% +know I mean there's people coming to me +and they expect results and they get + + align:start position:0% +and they expect results and they get + + + align:start position:0% +and they expect results and they get +very upset when the results are not too + + align:start position:0% +very upset when the results are not too + + + align:start position:0% +very upset when the results are not too +good um because there's often like blood + + align:start position:0% +good um because there's often like blood + + + align:start position:0% +good um because there's often like blood +and things involved so basically this is + + align:start position:0% +and things involved so basically this is + + + align:start position:0% +and things involved so basically this is +called the sad state of the field + + align:start position:0% +called the sad state of the field + + + align:start position:0% +called the sad state of the field +problem beh this is how the field deals + + align:start position:0% +problem beh this is how the field deals + + + align:start position:0% +problem beh this is how the field deals +with problem Behavior at the moment this + + align:start position:0% +with problem Behavior at the moment this + + + align:start position:0% +with problem Behavior at the moment this +is called + + align:start position:0% +is called + + + align:start position:0% +is called +Psychiatry um the first thing you do is + + align:start position:0% +Psychiatry um the first thing you do is + + + align:start position:0% +Psychiatry um the first thing you do is +you label the person oh you have aspar + + align:start position:0% +you label the person oh you have aspar + + + align:start position:0% +you label the person oh you have aspar +you're pdns you have autistic disorder + + align:start position:0% +you're pdns you have autistic disorder + + + align:start position:0% +you're pdns you have autistic disorder +you're all screwed okay people like you + + align:start position:0% +you're all screwed okay people like you + + + align:start position:0% +you're all screwed okay people like you +don't belong with the rest of us so + + align:start position:0% +don't belong with the rest of us so + + + align:start position:0% +don't belong with the rest of us so +here's what we're going to do we're + + align:start position:0% +here's what we're going to do we're + + + align:start position:0% +here's what we're going to do we're +going to segregate you label you can go + + align:start position:0% +going to segregate you label you can go + + + align:start position:0% +going to segregate you label you can go +to a special facility where nice people + + align:start position:0% +to a special facility where nice people + + + align:start position:0% +to a special facility where nice people +will take care of you okay they're not + + align:start position:0% +will take care of you okay they're not + + + align:start position:0% +will take care of you okay they're not +so nice in the special facilities I've + + align:start position:0% +so nice in the special facilities I've + + + align:start position:0% +so nice in the special facilities I've +been all over the world they're not nice + + align:start position:0% +been all over the world they're not nice + + + align:start position:0% +been all over the world they're not nice +at all okay it's usually low paid + + align:start position:0% +at all okay it's usually low paid + + + align:start position:0% +at all okay it's usually low paid +minimum wage people they're unhappy to + + align:start position:0% +minimum wage people they're unhappy to + + + align:start position:0% +minimum wage people they're unhappy to +be there they're untrained they're not + + align:start position:0% +be there they're untrained they're not + + + align:start position:0% +be there they're untrained they're not +nice okay what happens when you put + + align:start position:0% +nice okay what happens when you put + + + align:start position:0% +nice okay what happens when you put +people in a not nice situation all + + align:start position:0% +people in a not nice situation all + + + align:start position:0% +people in a not nice situation all +people including those with autism they + + align:start position:0% +people including those with autism they + + + align:start position:0% +people including those with autism they +start to act out oh my God look at you + + align:start position:0% +start to act out oh my God look at you + + + align:start position:0% +start to act out oh my God look at you +you're acting out it must be down + + align:start position:0% +you're acting out it must be down + + + align:start position:0% +you're acting out it must be down +syndrome it must be autism it must be + + align:start position:0% +syndrome it must be autism it must be + + + align:start position:0% +syndrome it must be autism it must be +your condition you know what we'll do + + align:start position:0% +your condition you know what we'll do + + + align:start position:0% +your condition you know what we'll do +we'll give you medication they never + + align:start position:0% +we'll give you medication they never + + + align:start position:0% +we'll give you medication they never +call drugs by the way it's + + align:start position:0% +call drugs by the way it's + + + align:start position:0% +call drugs by the way it's +medication we're going to medicate you + + align:start position:0% +medication we're going to medicate you + + + align:start position:0% +medication we're going to medicate you +that's good for + + align:start position:0% +that's good for + + + align:start position:0% +that's good for +you so label segregate drug is the exact + + align:start position:0% +you so label segregate drug is the exact + + + align:start position:0% +you so label segregate drug is the exact +opposite of what I just described this + + align:start position:0% +opposite of what I just described this + + + align:start position:0% +opposite of what I just described this +leads to + + align:start position:0% +leads to + + + align:start position:0% +leads to +nothing okay well what what it leads to + + align:start position:0% +nothing okay well what what it leads to + + + align:start position:0% +nothing okay well what what it leads to +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this okay your child are so well behaved + + align:start position:0% +this okay your child are so well behaved + + + align:start position:0% +this okay your child are so well behaved +what are their names proac Ola and Ridin + + align:start position:0% +what are their names proac Ola and Ridin + + + align:start position:0% +what are their names proac Ola and Ridin +and I like the eyes that's very good I + + align:start position:0% +and I like the eyes that's very good I + + + align:start position:0% +and I like the eyes that's very good I +like those wide open that's da of the + + align:start position:0% +like those wide open that's da of the + + + align:start position:0% +like those wide open that's da of the +Living Dead eyes um so basically um + + align:start position:0% +Living Dead eyes um so basically um + + + align:start position:0% +Living Dead eyes um so basically um +that's what we're trying to avoid okay + + align:start position:0% +that's what we're trying to avoid okay + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we're trying to avoid okay +well what we're up to now is the basic + + align:start position:0% +well what we're up to now is the basic + + + align:start position:0% +well what we're up to now is the basic +idea of behind all of this which is + + align:start position:0% +idea of behind all of this which is + + + align:start position:0% +idea of behind all of this which is +where I led in my opening comments is + + align:start position:0% +where I led in my opening comments is + + + align:start position:0% +where I led in my opening comments is +that to make progress in this we have to + + align:start position:0% +that to make progress in this we have to + + + align:start position:0% +that to make progress in this we have to +integrate three fields of knowledge + + align:start position:0% +integrate three fields of knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +integrate three fields of knowledge +behavioral psychology biomedical and + + align:start position:0% +behavioral psychology biomedical and + + + align:start position:0% +behavioral psychology biomedical and +technology and technology is the pivot + + align:start position:0% +technology and technology is the pivot + + + align:start position:0% +technology and technology is the pivot +because we can't do a lot of these + + align:start position:0% +because we can't do a lot of these + + + align:start position:0% +because we can't do a lot of these +things without the right technology + + align:start position:0% +things without the right technology + + + align:start position:0% +things without the right technology +that's what's hampering the field at the + + align:start position:0% +that's what's hampering the field at the + + + align:start position:0% +that's what's hampering the field at the +moment okay so I'm going to do + + align:start position:0% +moment okay so I'm going to do + + + align:start position:0% +moment okay so I'm going to do +conceptual good okay yeah no I'm sorry + + align:start position:0% +conceptual good okay yeah no I'm sorry + + + align:start position:0% +conceptual good okay yeah no I'm sorry +these are the six dimensions of integr + + align:start position:0% +these are the six dimensions of integr + + + align:start position:0% +these are the six dimensions of integr +of research there's a conceptual + + align:start position:0% +of research there's a conceptual + + + align:start position:0% +of research there's a conceptual +taxonomic diagnostic methodological + + align:start position:0% +taxonomic diagnostic methodological + + + align:start position:0% +taxonomic diagnostic methodological +treatment and outcome these are Six + + align:start position:0% +treatment and outcome these are Six + + + align:start position:0% +treatment and outcome these are Six +Dimensions that I just want to walk + + align:start position:0% +Dimensions that I just want to walk + + + align:start position:0% +Dimensions that I just want to walk +through and then right at the end I have + + align:start position:0% +through and then right at the end I have + + + align:start position:0% +through and then right at the end I have +uh proposals it's research proposal time + + align:start position:0% +uh proposals it's research proposal time + + + align:start position:0% +uh proposals it's research proposal time +um let's look at the first one + + align:start position:0% +um let's look at the first one + + + align:start position:0% +um let's look at the first one +conceptual this is what's in a minute + + align:start position:0% +conceptual this is what's in a minute + + + align:start position:0% +conceptual this is what's in a minute +you'll see what's called a four-term + + align:start position:0% +you'll see what's called a four-term + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see what's called a four-term +contingency here's the way people + + align:start position:0% +contingency here's the way people + + + align:start position:0% +contingency here's the way people +conceptualize problem Behavior a teacher + + align:start position:0% +conceptualize problem Behavior a teacher + + + align:start position:0% +conceptualize problem Behavior a teacher +or parent or whoever says let's do + + align:start position:0% +or parent or whoever says let's do + + + align:start position:0% +or parent or whoever says let's do +reading to the kid okay that triggers + + align:start position:0% +reading to the kid okay that triggers + + + align:start position:0% +reading to the kid okay that triggers +some days it triggers aggression on + + align:start position:0% +some days it triggers aggression on + + + align:start position:0% +some days it triggers aggression on +other days the kid actually reads and so + + align:start position:0% +other days the kid actually reads and so + + + align:start position:0% +other days the kid actually reads and so +people say oh my God it's the same + + align:start position:0% +people say oh my God it's the same + + + align:start position:0% +people say oh my God it's the same +situation someday they read someday they + + align:start position:0% +situation someday they read someday they + + + align:start position:0% +situation someday they read someday they +are aggressive the behavior is clearly + + align:start position:0% +are aggressive the behavior is clearly + + + align:start position:0% +are aggressive the behavior is clearly +random it must be centrally driven + + align:start position:0% +random it must be centrally driven + + + align:start position:0% +random it must be centrally driven +that's how you know people are in a + + align:start position:0% +that's how you know people are in a + + + align:start position:0% +that's how you know people are in a +state of ignorance as soon as they go + + align:start position:0% +state of ignorance as soon as they go + + + align:start position:0% +state of ignorance as soon as they go +for it's centrally everything is + + align:start position:0% +for it's centrally everything is + + + align:start position:0% +for it's centrally everything is +centrally driven so that doesn't explain + + align:start position:0% +centrally driven so that doesn't explain + + + align:start position:0% +centrally driven so that doesn't explain +anything or it's biological well + + align:start position:0% +anything or it's biological well + + + align:start position:0% +anything or it's biological well +everything is biological so that's a + + align:start position:0% +everything is biological so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +everything is biological so that's a +non-explanation um BAS basically when + + align:start position:0% +non-explanation um BAS basically when + + + align:start position:0% +non-explanation um BAS basically when +you have a fixed environment but + + align:start position:0% +you have a fixed environment but + + + align:start position:0% +you have a fixed environment but +dramatically different behaviors that's + + align:start position:0% +dramatically different behaviors that's + + + align:start position:0% +dramatically different behaviors that's +when people think it's random it's + + align:start position:0% +when people think it's random it's + + + align:start position:0% +when people think it's random it's +psychotic it's + + align:start position:0% +psychotic it's + + + align:start position:0% +psychotic it's +incomprehensible um okay what's missing + + align:start position:0% +incomprehensible um okay what's missing + + + align:start position:0% +incomprehensible um okay what's missing +these it's called three term because + + align:start position:0% +these it's called three term because + + + align:start position:0% +these it's called three term because +there's a trigger that's one produces a + + align:start position:0% +there's a trigger that's one produces a + + + align:start position:0% +there's a trigger that's one produces a +response that's two and then there's a + + align:start position:0% +response that's two and then there's a + + + align:start position:0% +response that's two and then there's a +consequence if you're aggressive you get + + align:start position:0% +consequence if you're aggressive you get + + + align:start position:0% +consequence if you're aggressive you get +out of reading that's task avoidance if + + align:start position:0% +out of reading that's task avoidance if + + + align:start position:0% +out of reading that's task avoidance if +you read your mother or teacher actually + + align:start position:0% +you read your mother or teacher actually + + + align:start position:0% +you read your mother or teacher actually +Praises you so that's another + + align:start position:0% +Praises you so that's another + + + align:start position:0% +Praises you so that's another +consequence that's nice okay so what's + + align:start position:0% +consequence that's nice okay so what's + + + align:start position:0% +consequence that's nice okay so what's +the difference between those two + + align:start position:0% +the difference between those two + + + align:start position:0% +the difference between those two +situations right here there's another + + align:start position:0% +situations right here there's another + + + align:start position:0% +situations right here there's another +set of variable called setting events + + align:start position:0% +set of variable called setting events + + + align:start position:0% +set of variable called setting events +this environment right here in this room + + align:start position:0% +this environment right here in this room + + + align:start position:0% +this environment right here in this room +is fixed okay and you're all in a + + align:start position:0% +is fixed okay and you're all in a + + + align:start position:0% +is fixed okay and you're all in a +certain state of health and so maybe + + align:start position:0% +certain state of health and so maybe + + + align:start position:0% +certain state of health and so maybe +you're attending to me right now if + + align:start position:0% +you're attending to me right now if + + + align:start position:0% +you're attending to me right now if +tomorrow I come back and give the same + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow I come back and give the same + + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow I come back and give the same +presentation but four of you have severe + + align:start position:0% +presentation but four of you have severe + + + align:start position:0% +presentation but four of you have severe +migraine headaches your behavior won't + + align:start position:0% +migraine headaches your behavior won't + + + align:start position:0% +migraine headaches your behavior won't +be the + + align:start position:0% +be the + + + align:start position:0% +be the +same you'll look inattentive distracted + + align:start position:0% +same you'll look inattentive distracted + + + align:start position:0% +same you'll look inattentive distracted +whatever and people will say well your + + align:start position:0% +whatever and people will say well your + + + align:start position:0% +whatever and people will say well your +behavior is random no it's that there + + align:start position:0% +behavior is random no it's that there + + + align:start position:0% +behavior is random no it's that there +was a fourth element called a setting + + align:start position:0% +was a fourth element called a setting + + + align:start position:0% +was a fourth element called a setting +event which in this case is your health + + align:start position:0% +event which in this case is your health + + + align:start position:0% +event which in this case is your health +status we'll get to that in a minute + + align:start position:0% +status we'll get to that in a minute + + + align:start position:0% +status we'll get to that in a minute +basic basically then there's more than + + align:start position:0% +basic basically then there's more than + + + align:start position:0% +basic basically then there's more than +just the present environment there's a + + align:start position:0% +just the present environment there's a + + + align:start position:0% +just the present environment there's a +broader context to the present + + align:start position:0% +broader context to the present + + + align:start position:0% +broader context to the present +environment and by understanding that + + align:start position:0% +environment and by understanding that + + + align:start position:0% +environment and by understanding that +broader context you're able to me more + + align:start position:0% +broader context you're able to me more + + + align:start position:0% +broader context you're able to me more +precisely specify when problem Behavior + + align:start position:0% +precisely specify when problem Behavior + + + align:start position:0% +precisely specify when problem Behavior +will or will not + + align:start position:0% +will or will not + + + align:start position:0% +will or will not +occur and so sorry yes and there's still + + align:start position:0% +occur and so sorry yes and there's still + + + align:start position:0% +occur and so sorry yes and there's still +a probability on on that right though + + align:start position:0% +a probability on on that right though + + + align:start position:0% +a probability on on that right though +like even if the setting is the exact + + align:start position:0% +like even if the setting is the exact + + + align:start position:0% +like even if the setting is the exact +same the trigger is the exact same there + + align:start position:0% +same the trigger is the exact same there + + + align:start position:0% +same the trigger is the exact same there +still + + align:start position:0% +still + + + align:start position:0% +still +sometimes probabilistic yeah right but a + + align:start position:0% +sometimes probabilistic yeah right but a + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes probabilistic yeah right but a +clear difference in probabilities yes + + align:start position:0% +clear difference in probabilities yes + + + align:start position:0% +clear difference in probabilities yes +nothing nothing only pavlovian + + align:start position:0% +nothing nothing only pavlovian + + + align:start position:0% +nothing nothing only pavlovian +conditioning is X and Y okay a reflex of + + align:start position:0% +conditioning is X and Y okay a reflex of + + + align:start position:0% +conditioning is X and Y okay a reflex of +involuntary then you get it all the time + + align:start position:0% +involuntary then you get it all the time + + + align:start position:0% +involuntary then you get it all the time +this is not like this um here is what's + + align:start position:0% +this is not like this um here is what's + + + align:start position:0% +this is not like this um here is what's +happening when the person is either in a + + align:start position:0% +happening when the person is either in a + + + align:start position:0% +happening when the person is either in a +state of pain or fatigue and you give + + align:start position:0% +state of pain or fatigue and you give + + + align:start position:0% +state of pain or fatigue and you give +them the reading task that's when you + + align:start position:0% +them the reading task that's when you + + + align:start position:0% +them the reading task that's when you +get aggression you know why it's the + + align:start position:0% +get aggression you know why it's the + + + align:start position:0% +get aggression you know why it's the +same for all of us if people are making + + align:start position:0% +same for all of us if people are making + + + align:start position:0% +same for all of us if people are making +demands on you and you are in pain or + + align:start position:0% +demands on you and you are in pain or + + + align:start position:0% +demands on you and you are in pain or +you are fatigued or you are anxious okay + + align:start position:0% +you are fatigued or you are anxious okay + + + align:start position:0% +you are fatigued or you are anxious okay +it's not the same as when you are + + align:start position:0% +it's not the same as when you are + + + align:start position:0% +it's not the same as when you are +experiencing no pain no fatigue no + + align:start position:0% +experiencing no pain no fatigue no + + + align:start position:0% +experiencing no pain no fatigue no +anxiety the reason why is that when + + align:start position:0% +anxiety the reason why is that when + + + align:start position:0% +anxiety the reason why is that when +you're in these + + align:start position:0% +you're in these + + + align:start position:0% +you're in these +states things that are mildly aversive + + align:start position:0% +states things that are mildly aversive + + + align:start position:0% +states things that are mildly aversive +become incredibly aversive you know that + + align:start position:0% +become incredibly aversive you know that + + + align:start position:0% +become incredibly aversive you know that +just from forget about autism you you + + align:start position:0% +just from forget about autism you you + + + align:start position:0% +just from forget about autism you you +have kids at home and it's been a bad + + align:start position:0% +have kids at home and it's been a bad + + + align:start position:0% +have kids at home and it's been a bad +day at work you have splitting heading + + align:start position:0% +day at work you have splitting heading + + + align:start position:0% +day at work you have splitting heading +the P kids knacking you you know okay + + align:start position:0% +the P kids knacking you you know okay + + + align:start position:0% +the P kids knacking you you know okay +and or you've had a tendous day at work + + align:start position:0% +and or you've had a tendous day at work + + + align:start position:0% +and or you've had a tendous day at work +and the kids nag you and say oh my kids + + align:start position:0% +and the kids nag you and say oh my kids + + + align:start position:0% +and the kids nag you and say oh my kids +they're just such nags I love them well + + align:start position:0% +they're just such nags I love them well + + + align:start position:0% +they're just such nags I love them well +it's obvious + + align:start position:0% +it's obvious + + + align:start position:0% +it's obvious +different response to the same situation + + align:start position:0% +different response to the same situation + + + align:start position:0% +different response to the same situation +because there is a setting event out + + align:start position:0% +because there is a setting event out + + + align:start position:0% +because there is a setting event out +there and it varied from day to day and + + align:start position:0% +there and it varied from day to day and + + + align:start position:0% +there and it varied from day to day and +that that is what account is counting + + align:start position:0% +that that is what account is counting + + + align:start position:0% +that that is what account is counting +for a big chunk of the variant of your + + align:start position:0% +for a big chunk of the variant of your + + + align:start position:0% +for a big chunk of the variant of your +behavior so therefore we need to analyze + + align:start position:0% +behavior so therefore we need to analyze + + + align:start position:0% +behavior so therefore we need to analyze +this and this plus this is called the + + align:start position:0% +this and this plus this is called the + + + align:start position:0% +this and this plus this is called the +context for behavior and so what I'm + + align:start position:0% +context for behavior and so what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +context for behavior and so what I'm +saying is that no matter what Behavior + + align:start position:0% +saying is that no matter what Behavior + + + align:start position:0% +saying is that no matter what Behavior +you're looking at it has a context and + + align:start position:0% +you're looking at it has a context and + + + align:start position:0% +you're looking at it has a context and +you have to analyze that broader context + + align:start position:0% +you have to analyze that broader context + + + align:start position:0% +you have to analyze that broader context +so what does that mean practically this + + align:start position:0% +so what does that mean practically this + + + align:start position:0% +so what does that mean practically this +is the four term contingency and forget + + align:start position:0% +is the four term contingency and forget + + + align:start position:0% +is the four term contingency and forget +about all this stuff down here it's down + + align:start position:0% +about all this stuff down here it's down + + + align:start position:0% +about all this stuff down here it's down +here is where I'm focusing on setting + + align:start position:0% +here is where I'm focusing on setting + + + align:start position:0% +here is where I'm focusing on setting +events basically there's three different + + align:start position:0% +events basically there's three different + + + align:start position:0% +events basically there's three different +categories of setting events some of + + align:start position:0% +categories of setting events some of + + + align:start position:0% +categories of setting events some of +them are social setting events I'll give + + align:start position:0% +them are social setting events I'll give + + + align:start position:0% +them are social setting events I'll give +you examples some of them are activity + + align:start position:0% +you examples some of them are activity + + + align:start position:0% +you examples some of them are activity +setting events and final class is called + + align:start position:0% +setting events and final class is called + + + align:start position:0% +setting events and final class is called +biological setting events so the broader + + align:start position:0% +biological setting events so the broader + + + align:start position:0% +biological setting events so the broader +context for Behavior could be social + + align:start position:0% +context for Behavior could be social + + + align:start position:0% +context for Behavior could be social +activity routines or biological and by + + align:start position:0% +activity routines or biological and by + + + align:start position:0% +activity routines or biological and by +analyzing these three generic categories + + align:start position:0% +analyzing these three generic categories + + + align:start position:0% +analyzing these three generic categories +which contain many exemplars each one + + align:start position:0% +which contain many exemplars each one + + + align:start position:0% +which contain many exemplars each one +you will get an opportunity to actually + + align:start position:0% +you will get an opportunity to actually + + + align:start position:0% +you will get an opportunity to actually +predict and understand behavior and use + + align:start position:0% +predict and understand behavior and use + + + align:start position:0% +predict and understand behavior and use +that information to actually develop + + align:start position:0% +that information to actually develop + + + align:start position:0% +that information to actually develop +treatments systematically so what would + + align:start position:0% +treatments systematically so what would + + + align:start position:0% +treatments systematically so what would +that mean many context many + + align:start position:0% +that mean many context many + + + align:start position:0% +that mean many context many +possibilities that simply means look at + + align:start position:0% +possibilities that simply means look at + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities that simply means look at +this social context um these are just + + align:start position:0% +this social context um these are just + + + align:start position:0% +this social context um these are just +examples and by the way I should lead up + + align:start position:0% +examples and by the way I should lead up + + + align:start position:0% +examples and by the way I should lead up +to something here I believe that all + + align:start position:0% +to something here I believe that all + + + align:start position:0% +to something here I believe that all +these contexts that I'm talking about I + + align:start position:0% +these contexts that I'm talking about I + + + align:start position:0% +these contexts that I'm talking about I +believe they eventually Channel down all + + align:start position:0% +believe they eventually Channel down all + + + align:start position:0% +believe they eventually Channel down all +through a pathway into + + align:start position:0% +through a pathway into + + + align:start position:0% +through a pathway into +arousal and hence the interest in the + + align:start position:0% +arousal and hence the interest in the + + + align:start position:0% +arousal and hence the interest in the +technology from my standpoint + + align:start position:0% +technology from my standpoint + + + align:start position:0% +technology from my standpoint +so all these things are certainly out + + align:start position:0% +so all these things are certainly out + + + align:start position:0% +so all these things are certainly out +there in you know in the external world + + align:start position:0% +there in you know in the external world + + + align:start position:0% +there in you know in the external world +but I think they eventually the + + align:start position:0% +but I think they eventually the + + + align:start position:0% +but I think they eventually the +mediation is that they cause arousal of + + align:start position:0% +mediation is that they cause arousal of + + + align:start position:0% +mediation is that they cause arousal of +various kinds uh and that's what's + + align:start position:0% +various kinds uh and that's what's + + + align:start position:0% +various kinds uh and that's what's +mediating the effects on problem + + align:start position:0% +mediating the effects on problem + + + align:start position:0% +mediating the effects on problem +behavior exite um so let's look at the + + align:start position:0% +behavior exite um so let's look at the + + + align:start position:0% +behavior exite um so let's look at the +uh first one here just to give some + + align:start position:0% +uh first one here just to give some + + + align:start position:0% +uh first one here just to give some +examples uh for exam uh these are real + + align:start position:0% +examples uh for exam uh these are real + + + align:start position:0% +examples uh for exam uh these are real +data now coming up um we in we basically + + align:start position:0% +data now coming up um we in we basically + + + align:start position:0% +data now coming up um we in we basically +interviewed maybe about 130 parents + + align:start position:0% +interviewed maybe about 130 parents + + + align:start position:0% +interviewed maybe about 130 parents +we're just writing this up now um when + + align:start position:0% +we're just writing this up now um when + + + align:start position:0% +we're just writing this up now um when +there is the question is what sort of + + align:start position:0% +there is the question is what sort of + + + align:start position:0% +there is the question is what sort of +social context would a parent + + align:start position:0% +social context would a parent + + + align:start position:0% +social context would a parent +particularly a mother endorse as being + + align:start position:0% +particularly a mother endorse as being + + + align:start position:0% +particularly a mother endorse as being +highly likely to produce severe + + align:start position:0% +highly likely to produce severe + + + align:start position:0% +highly likely to produce severe +outbursts of problem behavior all those + + align:start position:0% +outbursts of problem behavior all those + + + align:start position:0% +outbursts of problem behavior all those +problem behaviors I described okay you + + align:start position:0% +problem behaviors I described okay you + + + align:start position:0% +problem behaviors I described okay you +say to some mothers what about if your + + align:start position:0% +say to some mothers what about if your + + + align:start position:0% +say to some mothers what about if your +family recently had a disagreement among + + align:start position:0% +family recently had a disagreement among + + + align:start position:0% +family recently had a disagreement among +family members or disagreement with + + align:start position:0% +family members or disagreement with + + + align:start position:0% +family members or disagreement with +peers what would happen to your kid a + + align:start position:0% +peers what would happen to your kid a + + + align:start position:0% +peers what would happen to your kid a +lot of mothers will say they're highly + + align:start position:0% +lot of mothers will say they're highly + + + align:start position:0% +lot of mothers will say they're highly +likely to explode uh what about down + + align:start position:0% +likely to explode uh what about down + + + align:start position:0% +likely to explode uh what about down +here um your child is frustrated because + + align:start position:0% +here um your child is frustrated because + + + align:start position:0% +here um your child is frustrated because +he or she has trouble communicating + + align:start position:0% +he or she has trouble communicating + + + align:start position:0% +he or she has trouble communicating +certain circumstances mothers will say + + align:start position:0% +certain circumstances mothers will say + + + align:start position:0% +certain circumstances mothers will say +highly likely um denied access to what + + align:start position:0% +highly likely um denied access to what + + + align:start position:0% +highly likely um denied access to what +here she wants the kid dis pointing they + + align:start position:0% +here she wants the kid dis pointing they + + + align:start position:0% +here she wants the kid dis pointing they +want a videotape they want something not + + align:start position:0% +want a videotape they want something not + + + align:start position:0% +want a videotape they want something not +now not now not now what happens with + + align:start position:0% +now not now not now what happens with + + + align:start position:0% +now not now not now what happens with +not now right here denied access 80% of + + align:start position:0% +not now right here denied access 80% of + + + align:start position:0% +not now right here denied access 80% of +mothers say that will lead with a high + + align:start position:0% +mothers say that will lead with a high + + + align:start position:0% +mothers say that will lead with a high +likelihood high probability that will + + align:start position:0% +likelihood high probability that will + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood high probability that will +lead to an explosive Outburst of + + align:start position:0% +lead to an explosive Outburst of + + + align:start position:0% +lead to an explosive Outburst of +self-injury aggression Tantrums property + + align:start position:0% +self-injury aggression Tantrums property + + + align:start position:0% +self-injury aggression Tantrums property +destruction 80% of mothers okay that's + + align:start position:0% +destruction 80% of mothers okay that's + + + align:start position:0% +destruction 80% of mothers okay that's +what they're saying um + + align:start position:0% +what they're saying um + + + align:start position:0% +what they're saying um +and a communication uh about 50% or so + + align:start position:0% +and a communication uh about 50% or so + + + align:start position:0% +and a communication uh about 50% or so +of mothers uh endorse that as highly + + align:start position:0% +of mothers uh endorse that as highly + + + align:start position:0% +of mothers uh endorse that as highly +likely to set off an explosive episode + + align:start position:0% +likely to set off an explosive episode + + + align:start position:0% +likely to set off an explosive episode +um and so on there's many other uh many + + align:start position:0% +um and so on there's many other uh many + + + align:start position:0% +um and so on there's many other uh many +other categories and by the way down + + align:start position:0% +other categories and by the way down + + + align:start position:0% +other categories and by the way down +here where it says teasing it's only 10% + + align:start position:0% +here where it says teasing it's only 10% + + + align:start position:0% +here where it says teasing it's only 10% +that doesn't mean that teasing is not + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't mean that teasing is not + + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't mean that teasing is not +important it's very important to the 10% + + align:start position:0% +important it's very important to the 10% + + + align:start position:0% +important it's very important to the 10% +of families that see teasing as a major + + align:start position:0% +of families that see teasing as a major + + + align:start position:0% +of families that see teasing as a major +uh trigger for problem Behavior so + + align:start position:0% +uh trigger for problem Behavior so + + + align:start position:0% +uh trigger for problem Behavior so +therefore and these things are not + + align:start position:0% +therefore and these things are not + + + align:start position:0% +therefore and these things are not +random these are actually gleaned from + + align:start position:0% +random these are actually gleaned from + + + align:start position:0% +random these are actually gleaned from +the uh literature from the clinical + + align:start position:0% +the uh literature from the clinical + + + align:start position:0% +the uh literature from the clinical +literature as things that large numbers + + align:start position:0% +literature as things that large numbers + + + align:start position:0% +literature as things that large numbers +of people have observed as as context + + align:start position:0% +of people have observed as as context + + + align:start position:0% +of people have observed as as context +events for setting off problem Behavior + + align:start position:0% +events for setting off problem Behavior + + + align:start position:0% +events for setting off problem Behavior +again just reflect on this for a minute + + align:start position:0% +again just reflect on this for a minute + + + align:start position:0% +again just reflect on this for a minute +which is a lot of these things denied + + align:start position:0% +which is a lot of these things denied + + + align:start position:0% +which is a lot of these things denied +access communication problems + + align:start position:0% +access communication problems + + + align:start position:0% +access communication problems +frustration that kind of thing you can + + align:start position:0% +frustration that kind of thing you can + + + align:start position:0% +frustration that kind of thing you can +imagine how all of these things would + + align:start position:0% +imagine how all of these things would + + + align:start position:0% +imagine how all of these things would +actually produce states of arousal in + + align:start position:0% +actually produce states of arousal in + + + align:start position:0% +actually produce states of arousal in +people it's not just I'm denied access + + align:start position:0% +people it's not just I'm denied access + + + align:start position:0% +people it's not just I'm denied access +and now I respond like some kind of + + align:start position:0% +and now I respond like some kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and now I respond like some kind of +pavlovian dog or something that's not + + align:start position:0% +pavlovian dog or something that's not + + + align:start position:0% +pavlovian dog or something that's not +the way it works at all denied axis + + align:start position:0% +the way it works at all denied axis + + + align:start position:0% +the way it works at all denied axis +causes me to become incredibly quote + + align:start position:0% +causes me to become incredibly quote + + + align:start position:0% +causes me to become incredibly quote +upset that's the part that's not + + align:start position:0% +upset that's the part that's not + + + align:start position:0% +upset that's the part that's not +measured at the + + align:start position:0% +measured at the + + + align:start position:0% +measured at the +moment now some other kids you deny + + align:start position:0% +moment now some other kids you deny + + + align:start position:0% +moment now some other kids you deny +access nothing happens you know why I + + align:start position:0% +access nothing happens you know why I + + + align:start position:0% +access nothing happens you know why I +believe that there's no arousal there + + align:start position:0% +believe that there's no arousal there + + + align:start position:0% +believe that there's no arousal there +and so it's not so denied access could + + align:start position:0% +and so it's not so denied access could + + + align:start position:0% +and so it's not so denied access could +set off arousal which in turn would + + align:start position:0% +set off arousal which in turn would + + + align:start position:0% +set off arousal which in turn would +mediate problem Behavior but if it + + align:start position:0% +mediate problem Behavior but if it + + + align:start position:0% +mediate problem Behavior but if it +doesn't you won't get problem behavior + + align:start position:0% +doesn't you won't get problem behavior + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't you won't get problem behavior +in which case it's not just denied AIS + + align:start position:0% +in which case it's not just denied AIS + + + align:start position:0% +in which case it's not just denied AIS +it's denied AIS doing something that + + align:start position:0% +it's denied AIS doing something that + + + align:start position:0% +it's denied AIS doing something that +then mediates something else yes + + align:start position:0% +then mediates something else yes + + + align:start position:0% +then mediates something else yes +um is there any sense of why the number + + align:start position:0% +um is there any sense of why the number + + + align:start position:0% +um is there any sense of why the number +for fathers is much lower there is + + align:start position:0% +for fathers is much lower there is + + + align:start position:0% +for fathers is much lower there is +that yeah in a nutshell fathers are + + align:start position:0% +that yeah in a nutshell fathers are + + + align:start position:0% +that yeah in a nutshell fathers are +clueless um and the reason for that is + + align:start position:0% +clueless um and the reason for that is + + + align:start position:0% +clueless um and the reason for that is +fathers do not have the same exposure to + + align:start position:0% +fathers do not have the same exposure to + + + align:start position:0% +fathers do not have the same exposure to +the we did that on purpose by the way um + + align:start position:0% +the we did that on purpose by the way um + + + align:start position:0% +the we did that on purpose by the way um +but when we interview when we want to + + align:start position:0% +but when we interview when we want to + + + align:start position:0% +but when we interview when we want to +know what makes children pick unless + + align:start position:0% +know what makes children pick unless + + + align:start position:0% +know what makes children pick unless +it's a single + + align:start position:0% +it's a single + + + align:start position:0% +it's a single +father meaning they're raising the kids + + align:start position:0% +father meaning they're raising the kids + + + align:start position:0% +father meaning they're raising the kids +we interview the mothers we just did + + align:start position:0% +we interview the mothers we just did + + + align:start position:0% +we interview the mothers we just did +this to make sure okay what it is is + + align:start position:0% +this to make sure okay what it is is + + + align:start position:0% +this to make sure okay what it is is +fathers you know in the developmental + + align:start position:0% +fathers you know in the developmental + + + align:start position:0% +fathers you know in the developmental +psychology literature mothers and + + align:start position:0% +psychology literature mothers and + + + align:start position:0% +psychology literature mothers and +fathers have different roles + + align:start position:0% +fathers have different roles + + + align:start position:0% +fathers have different roles +particularly with young children + + align:start position:0% +particularly with young children + + + align:start position:0% +particularly with young children +mother's roles are caregivers father's + + align:start position:0% +mother's roles are caregivers father's + + + align:start position:0% +mother's roles are caregivers father's +roles are + + align:start position:0% +roles are + + + align:start position:0% +roles are +Playmates Playmates and so that's what + + align:start position:0% +Playmates Playmates and so that's what + + + align:start position:0% +Playmates Playmates and so that's what +fathers do they come in oh there's my + + align:start position:0% +fathers do they come in oh there's my + + + align:start position:0% +fathers do they come in oh there's my +little boy or girl yes we're playing + + align:start position:0% +little boy or girl yes we're playing + + + align:start position:0% +little boy or girl yes we're playing +together we're okay goodbye mommy will + + align:start position:0% +together we're okay goodbye mommy will + + + align:start position:0% +together we're okay goodbye mommy will +take care of stuff now + + align:start position:0% +take care of stuff now + + + align:start position:0% +take care of stuff now +bye so mothers are the caregivers + + align:start position:0% +bye so mothers are the caregivers + + + align:start position:0% +bye so mothers are the caregivers +fathers are The Playmates so as a + + align:start position:0% +fathers are The Playmates so as a + + + align:start position:0% +fathers are The Playmates so as a +playmate you don't see all the family + + align:start position:0% +playmate you don't see all the family + + + align:start position:0% +playmate you don't see all the family +right mothers get to do things like make + + align:start position:0% +right mothers get to do things like make + + + align:start position:0% +right mothers get to do things like make +demands on their children it's time for + + align:start position:0% +demands on their children it's time for + + + align:start position:0% +demands on their children it's time for +bedtime it's time to put away your toys + + align:start position:0% +bedtime it's time to put away your toys + + + align:start position:0% +bedtime it's time to put away your toys +it's time to eat dinner it's time to + + align:start position:0% +it's time to eat dinner it's time to + + + align:start position:0% +it's time to eat dinner it's time to +come up the pl so mothers actually get + + align:start position:0% +come up the pl so mothers actually get + + + align:start position:0% +come up the pl so mothers actually get +to do all the things that trigger + + align:start position:0% +to do all the things that trigger + + + align:start position:0% +to do all the things that trigger +children off and that's why mothers + + align:start position:0% +children off and that's why mothers + + + align:start position:0% +children off and that's why mothers +report oh my God the child's completely + + align:start position:0% +report oh my God the child's completely + + + align:start position:0% +report oh my God the child's completely +out of cor and you interview the father + + align:start position:0% +out of cor and you interview the father + + + align:start position:0% +out of cor and you interview the father +how's your kid they seem great I love + + align:start position:0% +how's your kid they seem great I love + + + align:start position:0% +how's your kid they seem great I love +them we were playing the other day it + + align:start position:0% +them we were playing the other day it + + + align:start position:0% +them we were playing the other day it +was such fun say well how about during + + align:start position:0% +was such fun say well how about during + + + align:start position:0% +was such fun say well how about during +bath time I don't know ask + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +her + + align:start position:0% +her + + + align:start position:0% +her +yes very astute they're not surprised by + + align:start position:0% +yes very astute they're not surprised by + + + align:start position:0% +yes very astute they're not surprised by +the first one when we've tried to um + + align:start position:0% +the first one when we've tried to um + + + align:start position:0% +the first one when we've tried to um +elicit frustration in you know typical + + align:start position:0% +elicit frustration in you know typical + + + align:start position:0% +elicit frustration in you know typical +participants for our studies just to um + + align:start position:0% +participants for our studies just to um + + + align:start position:0% +participants for our studies just to um +have computers learn how people behave + + align:start position:0% +have computers learn how people behave + + + align:start position:0% +have computers learn how people behave +when they're frustrated yes we always um + + align:start position:0% +when they're frustrated yes we always um + + + align:start position:0% +when they're frustrated yes we always um +set up a goal and th AB it's it's the + + align:start position:0% +set up a goal and th AB it's it's the + + + align:start position:0% +set up a goal and th AB it's it's the +guarant guaranteed and that's what + + align:start position:0% +guarant guaranteed and that's what + + + align:start position:0% +guarant guaranteed and that's what +that's why I said that these things are + + align:start position:0% +that's why I said that these things are + + + align:start position:0% +that's why I said that these things are +Universal it's just that the way a + + align:start position:0% +Universal it's just that the way a + + + align:start position:0% +Universal it's just that the way a +typical kid would Express their + + align:start position:0% +typical kid would Express their + + + align:start position:0% +typical kid would Express their +frustration is not by hang headbanging + + align:start position:0% +frustration is not by hang headbanging + + + align:start position:0% +frustration is not by hang headbanging +or uh even violence Tantrums something + + align:start position:0% +or uh even violence Tantrums something + + + align:start position:0% +or uh even violence Tantrums something +but they might squeeze the M oh yes oh + + align:start position:0% +but they might squeeze the M oh yes oh + + + align:start position:0% +but they might squeeze the M oh yes oh +yeah they'll be angry they'll be angry + + align:start position:0% +yeah they'll be angry they'll be angry + + + align:start position:0% +yeah they'll be angry they'll be angry +yes angry in a civilized way um all + + align:start position:0% +yes angry in a civilized way um all + + + align:start position:0% +yes angry in a civilized way um all +right just to give you a little example + + align:start position:0% +right just to give you a little example + + + align:start position:0% +right just to give you a little example +um I said that relationships are a + + align:start position:0% +um I said that relationships are a + + + align:start position:0% +um I said that relationships are a +context okay bad + + align:start position:0% +context okay bad + + + align:start position:0% +context okay bad +relationss bad relationships are a + + align:start position:0% +relationss bad relationships are a + + + align:start position:0% +relationss bad relationships are a +context for bad behavior when people say + + align:start position:0% +context for bad behavior when people say + + + align:start position:0% +context for bad behavior when people say +you have poor rapport with somebody you + + align:start position:0% +you have poor rapport with somebody you + + + align:start position:0% +you have poor rapport with somebody you +have a poor relationship it turns out it + + align:start position:0% +have a poor relationship it turns out it + + + align:start position:0% +have a poor relationship it turns out it +makes a difference um and so therefore + + align:start position:0% +makes a difference um and so therefore + + + align:start position:0% +makes a difference um and so therefore +this is just an example here well forget + + align:start position:0% +this is just an example here well forget + + + align:start position:0% +this is just an example here well forget +this is a this is a report we we have + + align:start position:0% +this is a this is a report we we have + + + align:start position:0% +this is a this is a report we we have +multiple methods for determining whether + + align:start position:0% +multiple methods for determining whether + + + align:start position:0% +multiple methods for determining whether +or not two people have a good + + align:start position:0% +or not two people have a good + + + align:start position:0% +or not two people have a good +relationship um and when you actually um + + align:start position:0% +relationship um and when you actually um + + + align:start position:0% +relationship um and when you actually um +monitor that and characterize good + + align:start position:0% +monitor that and characterize good + + + align:start position:0% +monitor that and characterize good +versus bad relationship there's a + + align:start position:0% +versus bad relationship there's a + + + align:start position:0% +versus bad relationship there's a +relationship between that Rapport and + + align:start position:0% +relationship between that Rapport and + + + align:start position:0% +relationship between that Rapport and +problem Behavior look at this this is + + align:start position:0% +problem Behavior look at this this is + + + align:start position:0% +problem Behavior look at this this is +Joan eating a meal it's called that's + + align:start position:0% +Joan eating a meal it's called that's + + + align:start position:0% +Joan eating a meal it's called that's +the task eating a meal so uh somebody + + align:start position:0% +the task eating a meal so uh somebody + + + align:start position:0% +the task eating a meal so uh somebody +says to Joan okay Joan it's time to eat + + align:start position:0% +says to Joan okay Joan it's time to eat + + + align:start position:0% +says to Joan okay Joan it's time to eat +dinner why don't you get the plates and + + align:start position:0% +dinner why don't you get the plates and + + + align:start position:0% +dinner why don't you get the plates and +the silverware and get the food the + + align:start position:0% +the silverware and get the food the + + + align:start position:0% +the silverware and get the food the +refrigerator it's a series of Demands + + align:start position:0% +refrigerator it's a series of Demands + + + align:start position:0% +refrigerator it's a series of Demands +okay now these green bars uh this is + + align:start position:0% +okay now these green bars uh this is + + + align:start position:0% +okay now these green bars uh this is +time elapsed in minutes to uh violent + + align:start position:0% +time elapsed in minutes to uh violent + + + align:start position:0% +time elapsed in minutes to uh violent +episodes of aggressive behavior and + + align:start position:0% +episodes of aggressive behavior and + + + align:start position:0% +episodes of aggressive behavior and +self-injury all right time a laps and + + align:start position:0% +self-injury all right time a laps and + + + align:start position:0% +self-injury all right time a laps and +minutes okay these green bars mean the + + align:start position:0% +minutes okay these green bars mean the + + + align:start position:0% +minutes okay these green bars mean the +person that asked Joan to do those + + align:start position:0% +person that asked Joan to do those + + + align:start position:0% +person that asked Joan to do those +things is a person that Joan + + align:start position:0% +things is a person that Joan + + + align:start position:0% +things is a person that Joan +hates and the time elapse in minutes + + align:start position:0% +hates and the time elapse in minutes + + + align:start position:0% +hates and the time elapse in minutes +before the the per Joan explodes is + + align:start position:0% +before the the per Joan explodes is + + + align:start position:0% +before the the per Joan explodes is +actually mostly not minutes it's usually + + align:start position:0% +actually mostly not minutes it's usually + + + align:start position:0% +actually mostly not minutes it's usually +like less than a minute sometimes + + align:start position:0% +like less than a minute sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +like less than a minute sometimes +seconds um um so these green bars are + + align:start position:0% +seconds um um so these green bars are + + + align:start position:0% +seconds um um so these green bars are +bad that means that the eating session + + align:start position:0% +bad that means that the eating session + + + align:start position:0% +bad that means that the eating session +was terminated due to Violent + + align:start position:0% +was terminated due to Violent + + + align:start position:0% +was terminated due to Violent +behavior these blue bars these are + + align:start position:0% +behavior these blue bars these are + + + align:start position:0% +behavior these blue bars these are +control conditions over here I'm not + + align:start position:0% +control conditions over here I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +control conditions over here I'm not +going to go into it see what say so + + align:start position:0% +going to go into it see what say so + + + align:start position:0% +going to go into it see what say so +that's poor Rapport and demands this + + align:start position:0% +that's poor Rapport and demands this + + + align:start position:0% +that's poor Rapport and demands this +should say Good Rapport and demands now + + align:start position:0% +should say Good Rapport and demands now + + + align:start position:0% +should say Good Rapport and demands now +here's a different person who has an + + align:start position:0% +here's a different person who has an + + + align:start position:0% +here's a different person who has an +excellent relationship with Joan giving + + align:start position:0% +excellent relationship with Joan giving + + + align:start position:0% +excellent relationship with Joan giving +the same demands as the green person + + align:start position:0% +the same demands as the green person + + + align:start position:0% +the same demands as the green person +gave okay and these blue bars mean + + align:start position:0% +gave okay and these blue bars mean + + + align:start position:0% +gave okay and these blue bars mean +successfully completed eating sessions + + align:start position:0% +successfully completed eating sessions + + + align:start position:0% +successfully completed eating sessions +with no problem behavior and you can see + + align:start position:0% +with no problem behavior and you can see + + + align:start position:0% +with no problem behavior and you can see +what happened there's an exception right + + align:start position:0% +what happened there's an exception right + + + align:start position:0% +what happened there's an exception right +there but o + + align:start position:0% +there but o + + + align:start position:0% +there but o +overwhelmingly um it's a very pleasant + + align:start position:0% +overwhelmingly um it's a very pleasant + + + align:start position:0% +overwhelmingly um it's a very pleasant +Meal Time and so what it means is that + + align:start position:0% +Meal Time and so what it means is that + + + align:start position:0% +Meal Time and so what it means is that +one of the contexts for problem behavior + + align:start position:0% +one of the contexts for problem behavior + + + align:start position:0% +one of the contexts for problem behavior +is horrible relationships between people + + align:start position:0% +is horrible relationships between people + + + align:start position:0% +is horrible relationships between people +uh and those are acquired over time + + align:start position:0% +uh and those are acquired over time + + + align:start position:0% +uh and those are acquired over time +usually when you have a long history of + + align:start position:0% +usually when you have a long history of + + + align:start position:0% +usually when you have a long history of +negative interactions with people when + + align:start position:0% +negative interactions with people when + + + align:start position:0% +negative interactions with people when +they see you they bolt and if you say + + align:start position:0% +they see you they bolt and if you say + + + align:start position:0% +they see you they bolt and if you say +don't bolt you have to stay here with me + + align:start position:0% +don't bolt you have to stay here with me + + + align:start position:0% +don't bolt you have to stay here with me +then they + + align:start position:0% +then they + + + align:start position:0% +then they +punch so this is just by way of + + align:start position:0% +punch so this is just by way of + + + align:start position:0% +punch so this is just by way of +illustrating that there are data behind + + align:start position:0% +illustrating that there are data behind + + + align:start position:0% +illustrating that there are data behind +what I'm saying we published this a + + align:start position:0% +what I'm saying we published this a + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm saying we published this a +couple years ago uh and then this next + + align:start position:0% +couple years ago uh and then this next + + + align:start position:0% +couple years ago uh and then this next +one is just a replication across + + align:start position:0% +one is just a replication across + + + align:start position:0% +one is just a replication across +individuals this is Steve and this is + + align:start position:0% +individuals this is Steve and this is + + + align:start position:0% +individuals this is Steve and this is +John it's the same pattern lots of green + + align:start position:0% +John it's the same pattern lots of green + + + align:start position:0% +John it's the same pattern lots of green +I'm sorry when when it's a uh these are + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry when when it's a uh these are + + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry when when it's a uh these are +poor LR means poor Rapport and demands + + align:start position:0% +poor LR means poor Rapport and demands + + + align:start position:0% +poor LR means poor Rapport and demands +same pattern lots of problem Behavior + + align:start position:0% +same pattern lots of problem Behavior + + + align:start position:0% +same pattern lots of problem Behavior +awful over here Good Rapport and demands + + align:start position:0% +awful over here Good Rapport and demands + + + align:start position:0% +awful over here Good Rapport and demands +same task hardly any problem Behavior + + align:start position:0% +same task hardly any problem Behavior + + + align:start position:0% +same task hardly any problem Behavior +and the task is fine so the green the + + align:start position:0% +and the task is fine so the green the + + + align:start position:0% +and the task is fine so the green the +task or uh no the the green I'm sorry + + align:start position:0% +task or uh no the the green I'm sorry + + + align:start position:0% +task or uh no the the green I'm sorry +the green means bad things happen and + + align:start position:0% +the green means bad things happen and + + + align:start position:0% +the green means bad things happen and +the session was terminated like violent + + align:start position:0% +the session was terminated like violent + + + align:start position:0% +the session was terminated like violent +episodes happened the session had to be + + align:start position:0% +episodes happened the session had to be + + + align:start position:0% +episodes happened the session had to be +terminated blue means nothing bad + + align:start position:0% +terminated blue means nothing bad + + + align:start position:0% +terminated blue means nothing bad +happened and the session was + + align:start position:0% +happened and the session was + + + align:start position:0% +happened and the session was +successfully completed whatever the task + + align:start position:0% +successfully completed whatever the task + + + align:start position:0% +successfully completed whatever the task +was was actually whether it was + + align:start position:0% +was was actually whether it was + + + align:start position:0% +was was actually whether it was +vacuuming the floor or this person had a + + align:start position:0% +vacuuming the floor or this person had a + + + align:start position:0% +vacuuming the floor or this person had a +job it was completed successfully with + + align:start position:0% +job it was completed successfully with + + + align:start position:0% +job it was completed successfully with +no problem Behavior so blue is good + + align:start position:0% +no problem Behavior so blue is good + + + align:start position:0% +no problem Behavior so blue is good +green is bad and the longer the session + + align:start position:0% +green is bad and the longer the session + + + align:start position:0% +green is bad and the longer the session +is better no it depends on the nature of + + align:start position:0% +is better no it depends on the nature of + + + align:start position:0% +is better no it depends on the nature of +the task if a meal takes only 10 minutes + + align:start position:0% +the task if a meal takes only 10 minutes + + + align:start position:0% +the task if a meal takes only 10 minutes +and after 10 minutes there's no problem + + align:start position:0% +and after 10 minutes there's no problem + + + align:start position:0% +and after 10 minutes there's no problem +Behavior that's fine if it's a delivery + + align:start position:0% +Behavior that's fine if it's a delivery + + + align:start position:0% +Behavior that's fine if it's a delivery +job and it takes 2 hours then it has to + + align:start position:0% +job and it takes 2 hours then it has to + + + align:start position:0% +job and it takes 2 hours then it has to +last two hours otherwise it's not so + + align:start position:0% +last two hours otherwise it's not so + + + align:start position:0% +last two hours otherwise it's not so +fine so yeah it varies but I guess it + + align:start position:0% +fine so yeah it varies but I guess it + + + align:start position:0% +fine so yeah it varies but I guess it +helps you see that it's not just that + + align:start position:0% +helps you see that it's not just that + + + align:start position:0% +helps you see that it's not just that +have gone longer on these um would there + + align:start position:0% +have gone longer on these um would there + + + align:start position:0% +have gone longer on these um would there +would have been inevitable SI said we + + align:start position:0% +would have been inevitable SI said we + + + align:start position:0% +would have been inevitable SI said we +see they could go as long as 40 minutes + + align:start position:0% +see they could go as long as 40 minutes + + + align:start position:0% +see they could go as long as 40 minutes +there this is correct and that's why we + + align:start position:0% +there this is correct and that's why we + + + align:start position:0% +there this is correct and that's why we +picked those tasks on purpose we wanted + + align:start position:0% +picked those tasks on purpose we wanted + + + align:start position:0% +picked those tasks on purpose we wanted +to show that it it's not a function of + + align:start position:0% +to show that it it's not a function of + + + align:start position:0% +to show that it it's not a function of +time because your quite right for some + + align:start position:0% +time because your quite right for some + + + align:start position:0% +time because your quite right for some +people it could be they don't want to do + + align:start position:0% +people it could be they don't want to do + + + align:start position:0% +people it could be they don't want to do +it anymore so there's a question yeah um + + align:start position:0% +it anymore so there's a question yeah um + + + align:start position:0% +it anymore so there's a question yeah um +from our previous lecture last week + + align:start position:0% +from our previous lecture last week + + + align:start position:0% +from our previous lecture last week +there was um a real conversation about + + align:start position:0% +there was um a real conversation about + + + align:start position:0% +there was um a real conversation about +how to analyze statistics and do you + + align:start position:0% +how to analyze statistics and do you + + + align:start position:0% +how to analyze statistics and do you +think there's a danger of just looking + + align:start position:0% +think there's a danger of just looking + + + align:start position:0% +think there's a danger of just looking +at say three examples and seeing a real + + align:start position:0% +at say three examples and seeing a real + + + align:start position:0% +at say three examples and seeing a real +clear difference in three examples well + + align:start position:0% +clear difference in three examples well + + + align:start position:0% +clear difference in three examples well +there there's a danger of doing that if + + align:start position:0% +there there's a danger of doing that if + + + align:start position:0% +there there's a danger of doing that if +you want to generalize and say because + + align:start position:0% +you want to generalize and say because + + + align:start position:0% +you want to generalize and say because +of these three it therefore is true for + + align:start position:0% +of these three it therefore is true for + + + align:start position:0% +of these three it therefore is true for +everybody you can't do that um but + + align:start position:0% +everybody you can't do that um but + + + align:start position:0% +everybody you can't do that um but +there's a concept in the literature + + align:start position:0% +there's a concept in the literature + + + align:start position:0% +there's a concept in the literature +we're going to come to this actually + + align:start position:0% +we're going to come to this actually + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to come to this actually +because this is a question of res design + + align:start position:0% +because this is a question of res design + + + align:start position:0% +because this is a question of res design +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +um um there's a question of well how + + align:start position:0% +um um there's a question of well how + + + align:start position:0% +um um there's a question of well how +would you establish generality within a + + align:start position:0% +would you establish generality within a + + + align:start position:0% +would you establish generality within a +single subject design approach and the + + align:start position:0% +single subject design approach and the + + + align:start position:0% +single subject design approach and the +answer is that there's actually three + + align:start position:0% +answer is that there's actually three + + + align:start position:0% +answer is that there's actually three +ways um there it's a thing called direct + + align:start position:0% +ways um there it's a thing called direct + + + align:start position:0% +ways um there it's a thing called direct +replication systematic replication and + + align:start position:0% +replication systematic replication and + + + align:start position:0% +replication systematic replication and +operational + + align:start position:0% +operational + + + align:start position:0% +operational +replication direct replication means I + + align:start position:0% +replication direct replication means I + + + align:start position:0% +replication direct replication means I +if you're the subject and you're 23 + + align:start position:0% +if you're the subject and you're 23 + + + align:start position:0% +if you're the subject and you're 23 +years old and you have autistic disorder + + align:start position:0% +years old and you have autistic disorder + + + align:start position:0% +years old and you have autistic disorder +and you're aggressive and and I + + align:start position:0% +and you're aggressive and and I + + + align:start position:0% +and you're aggressive and and I +successfully treat you then direct + + align:start position:0% +successfully treat you then direct + + + align:start position:0% +successfully treat you then direct +replication will mean I will get 20 + + align:start position:0% +replication will mean I will get 20 + + + align:start position:0% +replication will mean I will get 20 +other people who are your age with your + + align:start position:0% +other people who are your age with your + + + align:start position:0% +other people who are your age with your +diagnosis and your problem Behavior + + align:start position:0% +diagnosis and your problem Behavior + + + align:start position:0% +diagnosis and your problem Behavior +that's direct because it's exactly the + + align:start position:0% +that's direct because it's exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +that's direct because it's exactly the +same systematic replication will mean I + + align:start position:0% +same systematic replication will mean I + + + align:start position:0% +same systematic replication will mean I +will purposely pick other people who + + align:start position:0% +will purposely pick other people who + + + align:start position:0% +will purposely pick other people who +have different ages different genders a + + align:start position:0% +have different ages different genders a + + + align:start position:0% +have different ages different genders a +wide variety of diagnoses and a wide + + align:start position:0% +wide variety of diagnoses and a wide + + + align:start position:0% +wide variety of diagnoses and a wide +variety of problem behaviors do the same + + align:start position:0% +variety of problem behaviors do the same + + + align:start position:0% +variety of problem behaviors do the same +treatment and by gosh I get the same + + align:start position:0% +treatment and by gosh I get the same + + + align:start position:0% +treatment and by gosh I get the same +effects so therefore it must be quote + + align:start position:0% +effects so therefore it must be quote + + + align:start position:0% +effects so therefore it must be quote +more General okay the Third Kind + + align:start position:0% +more General okay the Third Kind + + + align:start position:0% +more General okay the Third Kind +operational uh replication is the most + + align:start position:0% +operational uh replication is the most + + + align:start position:0% +operational uh replication is the most +important all which is up until now I + + align:start position:0% +important all which is up until now I + + + align:start position:0% +important all which is up until now I +keep referring to myself as having done + + align:start position:0% +keep referring to myself as having done + + + align:start position:0% +keep referring to myself as having done +the study the best thing that can happen + + align:start position:0% +the study the best thing that can happen + + + align:start position:0% +the study the best thing that can happen +is a scientist somewhere else in the + + align:start position:0% +is a scientist somewhere else in the + + + align:start position:0% +is a scientist somewhere else in the +United States who doesn't even + + align:start position:0% +United States who doesn't even + + + align:start position:0% +United States who doesn't even +particularly like you yeah and doesn't + + align:start position:0% +particularly like you yeah and doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +particularly like you yeah and doesn't +trust you does + + align:start position:0% +trust you does + + + align:start position:0% +trust you does +it and gets the same results that's + + align:start position:0% +it and gets the same results that's + + + align:start position:0% +it and gets the same results that's +called operational replication so + + align:start position:0% +called operational replication so + + + align:start position:0% +called operational replication so +between direct systematic and + + align:start position:0% +between direct systematic and + + + align:start position:0% +between direct systematic and +operational the more you do of that then + + align:start position:0% +operational the more you do of that then + + + align:start position:0% +operational the more you do of that then +the more closely it approximates or + + align:start position:0% +the more closely it approximates or + + + align:start position:0% +the more closely it approximates or +addresses the issue of external validity + + align:start position:0% +addresses the issue of external validity + + + align:start position:0% +addresses the issue of external validity +or general General enity um but very + + align:start position:0% +or general General enity um but very + + + align:start position:0% +or general General enity um but very +important now the heterogeneity of + + align:start position:0% +important now the heterogeneity of + + + align:start position:0% +important now the heterogeneity of +autism is so great that if you try to do + + align:start position:0% +autism is so great that if you try to do + + + align:start position:0% +autism is so great that if you try to do +group statistical designs which is you + + align:start position:0% +group statistical designs which is you + + + align:start position:0% +group statistical designs which is you +know considered uh by in some quarters + + align:start position:0% +know considered uh by in some quarters + + + align:start position:0% +know considered uh by in some quarters +as the gold standard what you're doing + + align:start position:0% +as the gold standard what you're doing + + + align:start position:0% +as the gold standard what you're doing +is averaging apples and + + align:start position:0% +is averaging apples and + + + align:start position:0% +is averaging apples and +oranges and in research design when you + + align:start position:0% +oranges and in research design when you + + + align:start position:0% +oranges and in research design when you +average apples and oranges do you know + + align:start position:0% +average apples and oranges do you know + + + align:start position:0% +average apples and oranges do you know +what you get + + align:start position:0% +what you get + + + align:start position:0% +what you get +lemons so + + align:start position:0% +lemons so + + + align:start position:0% +lemons so +basically + + align:start position:0% +basically + + + align:start position:0% +basically +activity and routine context um we'll + + align:start position:0% +activity and routine context um we'll + + + align:start position:0% +activity and routine context um we'll +okay we'll do this and then we're going + + align:start position:0% +okay we'll do this and then we're going + + + align:start position:0% +okay we'll do this and then we're going +to have a a short break because it's 11 + + align:start position:0% +to have a a short break because it's 11 + + + align:start position:0% +to have a a short break because it's 11 +right um activity routine okay this + + align:start position:0% +right um activity routine okay this + + + align:start position:0% +right um activity routine okay this +means there's a series of contacts that + + align:start position:0% +means there's a series of contacts that + + + align:start position:0% +means there's a series of contacts that +have certain qualities or properties + + align:start position:0% +have certain qualities or properties + + + align:start position:0% +have certain qualities or properties +that regularly set off problem behavior + + align:start position:0% +that regularly set off problem behavior + + + align:start position:0% +that regularly set off problem behavior +and uh real good examples of these um uh + + align:start position:0% +and uh real good examples of these um uh + + + align:start position:0% +and uh real good examples of these um uh +are the first one which is a preferred + + align:start position:0% +are the first one which is a preferred + + + align:start position:0% +are the first one which is a preferred +activity ends okay Susie come in off of + + align:start position:0% +activity ends okay Susie come in off of + + + align:start position:0% +activity ends okay Susie come in off of +the playground it's time to do deadly + + align:start position:0% +the playground it's time to do deadly + + + align:start position:0% +the playground it's time to do deadly +boring schoolwork okay that's a bad one + + align:start position:0% +boring schoolwork okay that's a bad one + + + align:start position:0% +boring schoolwork okay that's a bad one +okay Billy put away all your toys it's + + align:start position:0% +okay Billy put away all your toys it's + + + align:start position:0% +okay Billy put away all your toys it's +bedtime I don't want to put away my toys + + align:start position:0% +bedtime I don't want to put away my toys + + + align:start position:0% +bedtime I don't want to put away my toys +no you have to because it's bedtime + + align:start position:0% +no you have to because it's bedtime + + + align:start position:0% +no you have to because it's bedtime +mommy want you to go to bed I'm not + + align:start position:0% +mommy want you to go to bed I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +mommy want you to go to bed I'm not +putting away my toys okay fine with + + align:start position:0% +putting away my toys okay fine with + + + align:start position:0% +putting away my toys okay fine with +regular kids typical kids you can reason + + align:start position:0% +regular kids typical kids you can reason + + + align:start position:0% +regular kids typical kids you can reason +sort of um and you know have some impact + + align:start position:0% +sort of um and you know have some impact + + + align:start position:0% +sort of um and you know have some impact +somebody's even typical kids like to be + + align:start position:0% +somebody's even typical kids like to be + + + align:start position:0% +somebody's even typical kids like to be +given minute warning a a big warning but + + align:start position:0% +given minute warning a a big warning but + + + align:start position:0% +given minute warning a a big warning but +then they'll negotiate how about one + + align:start position:0% +then they'll negotiate how about one + + + align:start position:0% +then they'll negotiate how about one +more minute okay and if you're not + + align:start position:0% +more minute okay and if you're not + + + align:start position:0% +more minute okay and if you're not +communicating you don't negotiate right + + align:start position:0% +communicating you don't negotiate right + + + align:start position:0% +communicating you don't negotiate right +uh you go for it okay and so that'll + + align:start position:0% +uh you go for it okay and so that'll + + + align:start position:0% +uh you go for it okay and so that'll +take care of the preferred activity + + align:start position:0% +take care of the preferred activity + + + align:start position:0% +take care of the preferred activity +ending um and uh here's a um here's + + align:start position:0% +ending um and uh here's a um here's + + + align:start position:0% +ending um and uh here's a um here's +another one that actually we purposely + + align:start position:0% +another one that actually we purposely + + + align:start position:0% +another one that actually we purposely +put in there which is medical + + align:start position:0% +put in there which is medical + + + align:start position:0% +put in there which is medical +appointments these are deadly for people + + align:start position:0% +appointments these are deadly for people + + + align:start position:0% +appointments these are deadly for people +with Autism uh because they don't like + + align:start position:0% +with Autism uh because they don't like + + + align:start position:0% +with Autism uh because they don't like +um unpredictability and medical + + align:start position:0% +um unpredictability and medical + + + align:start position:0% +um unpredictability and medical +appointments are full of that full of + + align:start position:0% +appointments are full of that full of + + + align:start position:0% +appointments are full of that full of +that they don't like keep in mind if I + + align:start position:0% +that they don't like keep in mind if I + + + align:start position:0% +that they don't like keep in mind if I +say to you you're a communicator if I + + align:start position:0% +say to you you're a communicator if I + + + align:start position:0% +say to you you're a communicator if I +say to you okay okay I'm going to give + + align:start position:0% +say to you okay okay I'm going to give + + + align:start position:0% +say to you okay okay I'm going to give +you a little injection just feel a + + align:start position:0% +you a little injection just feel a + + + align:start position:0% +you a little injection just feel a +little pinch you don't know what that + + align:start position:0% +little pinch you don't know what that + + + align:start position:0% +little pinch you don't know what that +means okay all of a sudden somebody + + align:start position:0% +means okay all of a sudden somebody + + + align:start position:0% +means okay all of a sudden somebody +stabs you in the arm that's the end of + + align:start position:0% +stabs you in the arm that's the end of + + + align:start position:0% +stabs you in the arm that's the end of +that um and worse by the way is + + align:start position:0% +that um and worse by the way is + + + align:start position:0% +that um and worse by the way is +Dentistry because then what the kid does + + align:start position:0% +Dentistry because then what the kid does + + + align:start position:0% +Dentistry because then what the kid does +and I have seen this they grab the drill + + align:start position:0% +and I have seen this they grab the drill + + + align:start position:0% +and I have seen this they grab the drill +and it's actually I've seen this and the + + align:start position:0% +and it's actually I've seen this and the + + + align:start position:0% +and it's actually I've seen this and the +drill and those are high-speed drills + + align:start position:0% +drill and those are high-speed drills + + + align:start position:0% +drill and those are high-speed drills +goes right into your cheek and then it + + align:start position:0% +goes right into your cheek and then it + + + align:start position:0% +goes right into your cheek and then it +has to be sutured and so therefore + + align:start position:0% +has to be sutured and so therefore + + + align:start position:0% +has to be sutured and so therefore +basically these are issues okay so + + align:start position:0% +basically these are issues okay so + + + align:start position:0% +basically these are issues okay so +that's why we have medical M and one + + align:start position:0% +that's why we have medical M and one + + + align:start position:0% +that's why we have medical M and one +experience like that you get what's + + align:start position:0% +experience like that you get what's + + + align:start position:0% +experience like that you get what's +called traumatic avoidance conditioning + + align:start position:0% +called traumatic avoidance conditioning + + + align:start position:0% +called traumatic avoidance conditioning +is the technical term one experience + + align:start position:0% +is the technical term one experience + + + align:start position:0% +is the technical term one experience +like that and you will never go to a + + align:start position:0% +like that and you will never go to a + + + align:start position:0% +like that and you will never go to a +dentist again voluntarily and you have + + align:start position:0% +dentist again voluntarily and you have + + + align:start position:0% +dentist again voluntarily and you have +like armu guards accompanying to the kid + + align:start position:0% +like armu guards accompanying to the kid + + + align:start position:0% +like armu guards accompanying to the kid +and actually what happens is they put + + align:start position:0% +and actually what happens is they put + + + align:start position:0% +and actually what happens is they put +kids under general anesthesia for the + + align:start position:0% +kids under general anesthesia for the + + + align:start position:0% +kids under general anesthesia for the +simplest thing somebody's going in for + + align:start position:0% +simplest thing somebody's going in for + + + align:start position:0% +simplest thing somebody's going in for +uh simple you know exploration of the + + align:start position:0% +uh simple you know exploration of the + + + align:start position:0% +uh simple you know exploration of the +teeth general anesthesia somebody's + + align:start position:0% +teeth general anesthesia somebody's + + + align:start position:0% +teeth general anesthesia somebody's +going in for a regular medical exam they + + align:start position:0% +going in for a regular medical exam they + + + align:start position:0% +going in for a regular medical exam they +have to be sedated um it's really and + + align:start position:0% +have to be sedated um it's really and + + + align:start position:0% +have to be sedated um it's really and +it's an unwise thing because general + + align:start position:0% +it's an unwise thing because general + + + align:start position:0% +it's an unwise thing because general +anesthesia has some very negative seli + + align:start position:0% +anesthesia has some very negative seli + + + align:start position:0% +anesthesia has some very negative seli +including death uh depending on the + + align:start position:0% +including death uh depending on the + + + align:start position:0% +including death uh depending on the +individual so yeah one of the guys who + + align:start position:0% +individual so yeah one of the guys who + + + align:start position:0% +individual so yeah one of the guys who +who funds our work said every time his + + align:start position:0% +who funds our work said every time his + + + align:start position:0% +who funds our work said every time his +son goes to the dentist it's $25,000 of + + align:start position:0% +son goes to the dentist it's $25,000 of + + + align:start position:0% +son goes to the dentist it's $25,000 of +expenses and general anesia right well + + align:start position:0% +expenses and general anesia right well + + + align:start position:0% +expenses and general anesia right well +they do it in the they do it in the uh + + align:start position:0% +they do it in the they do it in the uh + + + align:start position:0% +they do it in the they do it in the uh +surgical ward of the hospital they don't + + align:start position:0% +surgical ward of the hospital they don't + + + align:start position:0% +surgical ward of the hospital they don't +do it in a dental office yeah another + + align:start position:0% +do it in a dental office yeah another + + + align:start position:0% +do it in a dental office yeah another +thing too that's triggering there is the + + align:start position:0% +thing too that's triggering there is the + + + align:start position:0% +thing too that's triggering there is the +Sounds in those environments are + + align:start position:0% +Sounds in those environments are + + + align:start position:0% +Sounds in those environments are +extremely um overloading sensory and + + align:start position:0% +extremely um overloading sensory and + + + align:start position:0% +extremely um overloading sensory and +stressful if you're hypers sensitive to + + align:start position:0% +stressful if you're hypers sensitive to + + + align:start position:0% +stressful if you're hypers sensitive to +sound you know what that high-speed + + align:start position:0% +sound you know what that high-speed + + + align:start position:0% +sound you know what that high-speed +drill sounds like and you can see many + + align:start position:0% +drill sounds like and you can see many + + + align:start position:0% +drill sounds like and you can see many +children with autism do this this is how + + align:start position:0% +children with autism do this this is how + + + align:start position:0% +children with autism do this this is how +Al by the way how you know when some + + align:start position:0% +Al by the way how you know when some + + + align:start position:0% +Al by the way how you know when some +people have autism they they are walking + + align:start position:0% +people have autism they they are walking + + + align:start position:0% +people have autism they they are walking +around like this when you see that + + align:start position:0% +around like this when you see that + + + align:start position:0% +around like this when you see that +that's a very autistic feature um and + + align:start position:0% +that's a very autistic feature um and + + + align:start position:0% +that's a very autistic feature um and +somebody like that will not respond well + + align:start position:0% +somebody like that will not respond well + + + align:start position:0% +somebody like that will not respond well +to a high-speed drill sound uh and lots + + align:start position:0% +to a high-speed drill sound uh and lots + + + align:start position:0% +to a high-speed drill sound uh and lots +of other obnoxious sounds so uh let me + + align:start position:0% +of other obnoxious sounds so uh let me + + + align:start position:0% +of other obnoxious sounds so uh let me +just wrap this up and then we'll uh + + align:start position:0% +just wrap this up and then we'll uh + + + align:start position:0% +just wrap this up and then we'll uh +because it's a little section we'll just + + align:start position:0% +because it's a little section we'll just + + + align:start position:0% +because it's a little section we'll just +put the okay so these are these are + + align:start position:0% +put the okay so these are these are + + + align:start position:0% +put the okay so these are these are +actually data again from Mother's + + align:start position:0% +actually data again from Mother's + + + align:start position:0% +actually data again from Mother's +activities and you see what's happening + + align:start position:0% +activities and you see what's happening + + + align:start position:0% +activities and you see what's happening +preferred activity end 70% of mothers + + align:start position:0% +preferred activity end 70% of mothers + + + align:start position:0% +preferred activity end 70% of mothers +say that is highly likely to Sol off + + align:start position:0% +say that is highly likely to Sol off + + + align:start position:0% +say that is highly likely to Sol off +severe problem Behavior Uh just for fun + + align:start position:0% +severe problem Behavior Uh just for fun + + + align:start position:0% +severe problem Behavior Uh just for fun +here's medical appointments 30% of the + + align:start position:0% +here's medical appointments 30% of the + + + align:start position:0% +here's medical appointments 30% of the +mothers the problem is is that when you + + align:start position:0% +mothers the problem is is that when you + + + align:start position:0% +mothers the problem is is that when you +can't complete a medical appointment you + + align:start position:0% +can't complete a medical appointment you + + + align:start position:0% +can't complete a medical appointment you +can't make a medical diagnosis and as + + align:start position:0% +can't make a medical diagnosis and as + + + align:start position:0% +can't make a medical diagnosis and as +we'll see after the break children with + + align:start position:0% +we'll see after the break children with + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see after the break children with +autism have high rates of medical issues + + align:start position:0% +autism have high rates of medical issues + + + align:start position:0% +autism have high rates of medical issues +that are undiagnosed and those medical + + align:start position:0% +that are undiagnosed and those medical + + + align:start position:0% +that are undiagnosed and those medical +undiagnosed things generate pain and + + align:start position:0% +undiagnosed things generate pain and + + + align:start position:0% +undiagnosed things generate pain and +discomfort pain and discomfort is a + + align:start position:0% +discomfort pain and discomfort is a + + + align:start position:0% +discomfort pain and discomfort is a +biological setting event for severe + + align:start position:0% +biological setting event for severe + + + align:start position:0% +biological setting event for severe +problem behavior and therefore they look + + align:start position:0% +problem behavior and therefore they look + + + align:start position:0% +problem behavior and therefore they look +like they're randomly exploding but in + + align:start position:0% +like they're randomly exploding but in + + + align:start position:0% +like they're randomly exploding but in +fact it's undiagnosed pain and + + align:start position:0% +fact it's undiagnosed pain and + + + align:start position:0% +fact it's undiagnosed pain and +discomfort so one of the things that we + + align:start position:0% +discomfort so one of the things that we + + + align:start position:0% +discomfort so one of the things that we +did is I'll just show you and then we'll + + align:start position:0% +did is I'll just show you and then we'll + + + align:start position:0% +did is I'll just show you and then we'll +stop is we had these are the Baseline + + align:start position:0% +stop is we had these are the Baseline + + + align:start position:0% +stop is we had these are the Baseline +for Cheryl this is percent steps + + align:start position:0% +for Cheryl this is percent steps + + + align:start position:0% +for Cheryl this is percent steps +completed of a medical procedure and the + + align:start position:0% +completed of a medical procedure and the + + + align:start position:0% +completed of a medical procedure and the +answer is 20% before she smashed the + + align:start position:0% +answer is 20% before she smashed the + + + align:start position:0% +answer is 20% before she smashed the +doctor that was the end of that uh and + + align:start position:0% +doctor that was the end of that uh and + + + align:start position:0% +doctor that was the end of that uh and +then the same thing with Joe there's + + align:start position:0% +then the same thing with Joe there's + + + align:start position:0% +then the same thing with Joe there's +Cindy she got zero she didn't she didn't + + align:start position:0% +Cindy she got zero she didn't she didn't + + + align:start position:0% +Cindy she got zero she didn't she didn't +make it at all even one step into the + + align:start position:0% +make it at all even one step into the + + + align:start position:0% +make it at all even one step into the +exam this by the way shows that we + + align:start position:0% +exam this by the way shows that we + + + align:start position:0% +exam this by the way shows that we +successfully treat I'm not going to go + + align:start position:0% +successfully treat I'm not going to go + + + align:start position:0% +successfully treat I'm not going to go +into that today we actually have treat + + align:start position:0% +into that today we actually have treat + + + align:start position:0% +into that today we actually have treat +all those things I've been talking about + + align:start position:0% +all those things I've been talking about + + + align:start position:0% +all those things I've been talking about +we have treated successfully so the + + align:start position:0% +we have treated successfully so the + + + align:start position:0% +we have treated successfully so the +assessment that we did the analysis we + + align:start position:0% +assessment that we did the analysis we + + + align:start position:0% +assessment that we did the analysis we +did Led logically to a series of + + align:start position:0% +did Led logically to a series of + + + align:start position:0% +did Led logically to a series of +treatment steps that we had positive + + align:start position:0% +treatment steps that we had positive + + + align:start position:0% +treatment steps that we had positive +outcomes so that's why it's very + + align:start position:0% +outcomes so that's why it's very + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes so that's why it's very +important to do this um okay so now + + align:start position:0% +important to do this um okay so now + + + align:start position:0% +important to do this um okay so now +we're going to have a brief break and + + align:start position:0% +we're going to have a brief break and + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to have a brief break and +then we're going to go into biological + + align:start position:0% +then we're going to go into biological + + + align:start position:0% +then we're going to go into biological +effective cognitive uh and then I'm + + align:start position:0% +effective cognitive uh and then I'm + + + align:start position:0% +effective cognitive uh and then I'm +going to rush through that because I + + align:start position:0% +going to rush through that because I + + + align:start position:0% +going to rush through that because I +wanted to get to the research Proposal + + align:start position:0% +wanted to get to the research Proposal + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to get to the research Proposal +Part I'm going to focus on a few side + + align:start position:0% +Part I'm going to focus on a few side + + + align:start position:0% +Part I'm going to focus on a few side +effects of medication oddly enough now + + align:start position:0% +effects of medication oddly enough now + + + align:start position:0% +effects of medication oddly enough now +here's a here's a paradox all right + + align:start position:0% +here's a here's a paradox all right + + + align:start position:0% +here's a here's a paradox all right +there's a category of drugs called + + align:start position:0% +there's a category of drugs called + + + align:start position:0% +there's a category of drugs called +psychotropics psychotropics are drugs + + align:start position:0% +psychotropics psychotropics are drugs + + + align:start position:0% +psychotropics psychotropics are drugs +that are given to control problem + + align:start position:0% +that are given to control problem + + + align:start position:0% +that are given to control problem +Behavior like resperidone is an example + + align:start position:0% +Behavior like resperidone is an example + + + align:start position:0% +Behavior like resperidone is an example +or Abilify all right the odd thing about + + align:start position:0% +or Abilify all right the odd thing about + + + align:start position:0% +or Abilify all right the odd thing about +this the odd thing about this is that + + align:start position:0% +this the odd thing about this is that + + + align:start position:0% +this the odd thing about this is that +drugs produce side effects some of those + + align:start position:0% +drugs produce side effects some of those + + + align:start position:0% +drugs produce side effects some of those +side effects are biological setting + + align:start position:0% +side effects are biological setting + + + align:start position:0% +side effects are biological setting +events for problem Behavior the drug you + + align:start position:0% +events for problem Behavior the drug you + + + align:start position:0% +events for problem Behavior the drug you +are giving for problem Behavior has side + + align:start position:0% +are giving for problem Behavior has side + + + align:start position:0% +are giving for problem Behavior has side +effects that set off problem + + align:start position:0% +effects that set off problem + + + align:start position:0% +effects that set off problem +Behavior that's why people say uh oh + + align:start position:0% +Behavior that's why people say uh oh + + + align:start position:0% +Behavior that's why people say uh oh +doctor my kids gotten a lot worse since + + align:start position:0% +doctor my kids gotten a lot worse since + + + align:start position:0% +doctor my kids gotten a lot worse since +you put them on the drug that was + + align:start position:0% +you put them on the drug that was + + + align:start position:0% +you put them on the drug that was +supposed to make them + + align:start position:0% +supposed to make them + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to make them +better okay now it's complex there's a + + align:start position:0% +better okay now it's complex there's a + + + align:start position:0% +better okay now it's complex there's a +drug environment interaction which the + + align:start position:0% +drug environment interaction which the + + + align:start position:0% +drug environment interaction which the +Psychiatry doesn't and by the way I want + + align:start position:0% +Psychiatry doesn't and by the way I want + + + align:start position:0% +Psychiatry doesn't and by the way I want +to be very clear about this I love the + + align:start position:0% +to be very clear about this I love the + + + align:start position:0% +to be very clear about this I love the +general field of medicine there's just + + align:start position:0% +general field of medicine there's just + + + align:start position:0% +general field of medicine there's just +one portion I don't care for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so Martha and I are very + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +close we like each other a lot so that + + align:start position:0% +close we like each other a lot so that + + + align:start position:0% +close we like each other a lot so that +works um okay so side effects of + + align:start position:0% +works um okay so side effects of + + + align:start position:0% +works um okay so side effects of +medication CH okay illness or pain is + + align:start position:0% +medication CH okay illness or pain is + + + align:start position:0% +medication CH okay illness or pain is +lethal and that as I mentioned earlier + + align:start position:0% +lethal and that as I mentioned earlier + + + align:start position:0% +lethal and that as I mentioned earlier +large numbers of people with + + align:start position:0% +large numbers of people with + + + align:start position:0% +large numbers of people with +disabilities including autism have all + + align:start position:0% +disabilities including autism have all + + + align:start position:0% +disabilities including autism have all +sorts of um medical conditions um and + + align:start position:0% +sorts of um medical conditions um and + + + align:start position:0% +sorts of um medical conditions um and +these actually set off or context for + + align:start position:0% +these actually set off or context for + + + align:start position:0% +these actually set off or context for +problem Behavior + + align:start position:0% +problem Behavior + + + align:start position:0% +problem Behavior +I'm going to just jump down right here + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to just jump down right here + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to just jump down right here +to the bottom see this where it says + + align:start position:0% +to the bottom see this where it says + + + align:start position:0% +to the bottom see this where it says +feeling frightened worried anxious or + + align:start position:0% +feeling frightened worried anxious or + + + align:start position:0% +feeling frightened worried anxious or +agitated I'm going to actually skip + + align:start position:0% +agitated I'm going to actually skip + + + align:start position:0% +agitated I'm going to actually skip +right to the a data slide just to make + + align:start position:0% +right to the a data slide just to make + + + align:start position:0% +right to the a data slide just to make +my point look what mothers nominate as + + align:start position:0% +my point look what mothers nominate as + + + align:start position:0% +my point look what mothers nominate as +the most common thing to set off problem + + align:start position:0% +the most common thing to set off problem + + + align:start position:0% +the most common thing to set off problem +Behavior Uh in this category fear + + align:start position:0% +Behavior Uh in this category fear + + + align:start position:0% +Behavior Uh in this category fear +anxiety and fear and anxiety is the + + align:start position:0% +anxiety and fear and anxiety is the + + + align:start position:0% +anxiety and fear and anxiety is the +least researched in the literature and I + + align:start position:0% +least researched in the literature and I + + + align:start position:0% +least researched in the literature and I +thought about that why should the thing + + align:start position:0% +thought about that why should the thing + + + align:start position:0% +thought about that why should the thing +that's most important be the least + + align:start position:0% +that's most important be the least + + + align:start position:0% +that's most important be the least +researched and the answer is no + + align:start position:0% +researched and the answer is no + + + align:start position:0% +researched and the answer is no +technology when you're looking at + + align:start position:0% +technology when you're looking at + + + align:start position:0% +technology when you're looking at +somebody it's very hard particularly if + + align:start position:0% +somebody it's very hard particularly if + + + align:start position:0% +somebody it's very hard particularly if +they have autism they don't give off the + + align:start position:0% +they have autism they don't give off the + + + align:start position:0% +they have autism they don't give off the +usual cues I can tell when most of you + + align:start position:0% +usual cues I can tell when most of you + + + align:start position:0% +usual cues I can tell when most of you +are anxious but people with Autism have + + align:start position:0% +are anxious but people with Autism have + + + align:start position:0% +are anxious but people with Autism have +idiosyncratic ways of expressing + + align:start position:0% +idiosyncratic ways of expressing + + + align:start position:0% +idiosyncratic ways of expressing +themselves and so therefore within and + + align:start position:0% +themselves and so therefore within and + + + align:start position:0% +themselves and so therefore within and +I'm going to get to this later within a + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to get to this later within a + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to get to this later within a +child you'll see consistent + + align:start position:0% +child you'll see consistent + + + align:start position:0% +child you'll see consistent +representations of anxiety albe it in an + + align:start position:0% +representations of anxiety albe it in an + + + align:start position:0% +representations of anxiety albe it in an +idiosyncratic way but across children + + align:start position:0% +idiosyncratic way but across children + + + align:start position:0% +idiosyncratic way but across children +you will not see similarities in the + + align:start position:0% +you will not see similarities in the + + + align:start position:0% +you will not see similarities in the +general population you will you know if + + align:start position:0% +general population you will you know if + + + align:start position:0% +general population you will you know if +you see how do you think if you scare + + align:start position:0% +you see how do you think if you scare + + + align:start position:0% +you see how do you think if you scare +somebody you see a startle you say you + + align:start position:0% +somebody you see a startle you say you + + + align:start position:0% +somebody you see a startle you say you +know + + align:start position:0% +know + + + align:start position:0% +know +boo okay you do that to somebody with + + align:start position:0% +boo okay you do that to somebody with + + + align:start position:0% +boo okay you do that to somebody with +autism they could become + + align:start position:0% +autism they could become + + + align:start position:0% +autism they could become +echoic meaning they'll say something + + align:start position:0% +echoic meaning they'll say something + + + align:start position:0% +echoic meaning they'll say something +like you know uh don't put the Brass + + align:start position:0% +like you know uh don't put the Brass + + + align:start position:0% +like you know uh don't put the Brass +Monkey in the drawer and you'll say what + + align:start position:0% +Monkey in the drawer and you'll say what + + + align:start position:0% +Monkey in the drawer and you'll say what +and the reason why is like eight years + + align:start position:0% +and the reason why is like eight years + + + align:start position:0% +and the reason why is like eight years +ago somebody had this brass monkey and + + align:start position:0% +ago somebody had this brass monkey and + + + align:start position:0% +ago somebody had this brass monkey and +they put in a drawer and they scared the + + align:start position:0% +they put in a drawer and they scared the + + + align:start position:0% +they put in a drawer and they scared the +kid and and somebody said to the kid oh + + align:start position:0% +kid and and somebody said to the kid oh + + + align:start position:0% +kid and and somebody said to the kid oh +I won't put the Brass Monkey in the door + + align:start position:0% +I won't put the Brass Monkey in the door + + + align:start position:0% +I won't put the Brass Monkey in the door +anymore Billy because it scared you and + + align:start position:0% +anymore Billy because it scared you and + + + align:start position:0% +anymore Billy because it scared you and +he memorizes that and then in the future + + align:start position:0% +he memorizes that and then in the future + + + align:start position:0% +he memorizes that and then in the future +when he's scared instead of doing what I + + align:start position:0% +when he's scared instead of doing what I + + + align:start position:0% +when he's scared instead of doing what I +just did which is what everybody who you + + align:start position:0% +just did which is what everybody who you + + + align:start position:0% +just did which is what everybody who you +doesn't have odds and witches you that + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have odds and witches you that + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have odds and witches you that +kind of thing he says don't put the FR + + align:start position:0% +kind of thing he says don't put the FR + + + align:start position:0% +kind of thing he says don't put the FR +monkey in the door now people look at + + align:start position:0% +monkey in the door now people look at + + + align:start position:0% +monkey in the door now people look at +that and they say I don't know what the + + align:start position:0% +that and they say I don't know what the + + + align:start position:0% +that and they say I don't know what the +hell that was it's nonsense so you can + + align:start position:0% +hell that was it's nonsense so you can + + + align:start position:0% +hell that was it's nonsense so you can +build up a kind of a fear like in PTSD + + align:start position:0% +build up a kind of a fear like in PTSD + + + align:start position:0% +build up a kind of a fear like in PTSD +where there's an association that in um + + align:start position:0% +where there's an association that in um + + + align:start position:0% +where there's an association that in um +in a state of fear yes uh and later it + + align:start position:0% +in a state of fear yes uh and later it + + + align:start position:0% +in a state of fear yes uh and later it +comes up inol + + align:start position:0% +comes up inol + + + align:start position:0% +comes up inol +involuntarily in an idiosyncratic way + + align:start position:0% +involuntarily in an idiosyncratic way + + + align:start position:0% +involuntarily in an idiosyncratic way +and so 20 different kids could have + + align:start position:0% +and so 20 different kids could have + + + align:start position:0% +and so 20 different kids could have +their own idiosyncratic way and the + + align:start position:0% +their own idiosyncratic way and the + + + align:start position:0% +their own idiosyncratic way and the +other thing in terms of facial + + align:start position:0% +other thing in terms of facial + + + align:start position:0% +other thing in terms of facial +expression would be different too I'm + + align:start position:0% +expression would be different too I'm + + + align:start position:0% +expression would be different too I'm +going to get to that later the facial + + align:start position:0% +going to get to that later the facial + + + align:start position:0% +going to get to that later the facial +look the body language could all be + + align:start position:0% +look the body language could all be + + + align:start position:0% +look the body language could all be +different idiosyncratic but stable and + + align:start position:0% +different idiosyncratic but stable and + + + align:start position:0% +different idiosyncratic but stable and +consistent within a kid hence the + + align:start position:0% +consistent within a kid hence the + + + align:start position:0% +consistent within a kid hence the +necessity for n equal one design and + + align:start position:0% +necessity for n equal one design and + + + align:start position:0% +necessity for n equal one design and +hence for the necessity for a technology + + align:start position:0% +hence for the necessity for a technology + + + align:start position:0% +hence for the necessity for a technology +that monitors individuals and not group + + align:start position:0% +that monitors individuals and not group + + + align:start position:0% +that monitors individuals and not group +averages we don't care about group + + align:start position:0% +averages we don't care about group + + + align:start position:0% +averages we don't care about group +averages um okay so anyway there there + + align:start position:0% +averages um okay so anyway there there + + + align:start position:0% +averages um okay so anyway there there +you see Fred more than 50% of the mother + + align:start position:0% +you see Fred more than 50% of the mother + + + align:start position:0% +you see Fred more than 50% of the mother +saying if my child's frightened anxious + + align:start position:0% +saying if my child's frightened anxious + + + align:start position:0% +saying if my child's frightened anxious +there's an extremely high likelihood + + align:start position:0% +there's an extremely high likelihood + + + align:start position:0% +there's an extremely high likelihood +that they're going to lose it in a major + + align:start position:0% +that they're going to lose it in a major + + + align:start position:0% +that they're going to lose it in a major +way that's what that is okay um and then + + align:start position:0% +way that's what that is okay um and then + + + align:start position:0% +way that's what that is okay um and then +the others we don't have to dwell on uh + + align:start position:0% +the others we don't have to dwell on uh + + + align:start position:0% +the others we don't have to dwell on uh +and then this is just an example uh data + + align:start position:0% +and then this is just an example uh data + + + align:start position:0% +and then this is just an example uh data +example uh with pain which by the way is + + align:start position:0% +example uh with pain which by the way is + + + align:start position:0% +example uh with pain which by the way is +another source of arousal keep in mind + + align:start position:0% +another source of arousal keep in mind + + + align:start position:0% +another source of arousal keep in mind +what I'm saying is that all those + + align:start position:0% +what I'm saying is that all those + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm saying is that all those +different categories I think have a + + align:start position:0% +different categories I think have a + + + align:start position:0% +different categories I think have a +final common pathway into arousal all + + align:start position:0% +final common pathway into arousal all + + + align:start position:0% +final common pathway into arousal all +right that's what's happening that's the + + align:start position:0% +right that's what's happening that's the + + + align:start position:0% +right that's what's happening that's the +mediator + + align:start position:0% +mediator + + + align:start position:0% +mediator +um and so this is actually a touchy one + + align:start position:0% +um and so this is actually a touchy one + + + align:start position:0% +um and so this is actually a touchy one +this is actually menstrual pain um and + + align:start position:0% +this is actually menstrual pain um and + + + align:start position:0% +this is actually menstrual pain um and +when before we published this I asked a + + align:start position:0% +when before we published this I asked a + + + align:start position:0% +when before we published this I asked a +friend of mine who's a radical feminist + + align:start position:0% +friend of mine who's a radical feminist + + + align:start position:0% +friend of mine who's a radical feminist +I said I'm concerned about something + + align:start position:0% +I said I'm concerned about something + + + align:start position:0% +I said I'm concerned about something +people are going to say are you saying + + align:start position:0% +people are going to say are you saying + + + align:start position:0% +people are going to say are you saying +that women go psychotic is that what + + align:start position:0% +that women go psychotic is that what + + + align:start position:0% +that women go psychotic is that what +you're gonna say and I'm saying I was + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna say and I'm saying I was + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna say and I'm saying I was +worried about that she says no no Ted + + align:start position:0% +worried about that she says no no Ted + + + align:start position:0% +worried about that she says no no Ted +here's what what you have to say you + + align:start position:0% +here's what what you have to say you + + + align:start position:0% +here's what what you have to say you +just say it's just an example of the + + align:start position:0% +just say it's just an example of the + + + align:start position:0% +just say it's just an example of the +general category of pain okay so + + align:start position:0% +general category of pain okay so + + + align:start position:0% +general category of pain okay so +everybody this is just an example of the + + align:start position:0% +everybody this is just an example of the + + + align:start position:0% +everybody this is just an example of the +general category of pain I'm not really + + align:start position:0% +general category of pain I'm not really + + + align:start position:0% +general category of pain I'm not really +about menes got it okay so the apology + + align:start position:0% +about menes got it okay so the apology + + + align:start position:0% +about menes got it okay so the apology +part is over all right so basically then + + align:start position:0% +part is over all right so basically then + + + align:start position:0% +part is over all right so basically then +uh what you see is here is Judy okay + + align:start position:0% +uh what you see is here is Judy okay + + + align:start position:0% +uh what you see is here is Judy okay +with autism and menes actually refers to + + align:start position:0% +with autism and menes actually refers to + + + align:start position:0% +with autism and menes actually refers to +menstrual pain and discomfort uh you + + align:start position:0% +menstrual pain and discomfort uh you + + + align:start position:0% +menstrual pain and discomfort uh you +know low back pain abdominal pain nausea + + align:start position:0% +know low back pain abdominal pain nausea + + + align:start position:0% +know low back pain abdominal pain nausea +that kind of thing okay Ser all right + + align:start position:0% +that kind of thing okay Ser all right + + + align:start position:0% +that kind of thing okay Ser all right +um non- menes means no pain or + + align:start position:0% +um non- menes means no pain or + + + align:start position:0% +um non- menes means no pain or +discomfort and we have scales but I + + align:start position:0% +discomfort and we have scales but I + + + align:start position:0% +discomfort and we have scales but I +don't like them I mean we use them and + + align:start position:0% +don't like them I mean we use them and + + + align:start position:0% +don't like them I mean we use them and +we successful in the study but I would + + align:start position:0% +we successful in the study but I would + + + align:start position:0% +we successful in the study but I would +like something more + + align:start position:0% +like something more + + + align:start position:0% +like something more +physiologically based that's what I want + + align:start position:0% +physiologically based that's what I want + + + align:start position:0% +physiologically based that's what I want +um anyway b means no a demands I make + + align:start position:0% +um anyway b means no a demands I make + + + align:start position:0% +um anyway b means no a demands I make +demands on her we make demands on her + + align:start position:0% +demands on her we make demands on her + + + align:start position:0% +demands on her we make demands on her +and a means no demands so what this is + + align:start position:0% +and a means no demands so what this is + + + align:start position:0% +and a means no demands so what this is +is the four-term + + align:start position:0% +is the four-term + + + align:start position:0% +is the four-term +contingency I'm presenting demands or + + align:start position:0% +contingency I'm presenting demands or + + + align:start position:0% +contingency I'm presenting demands or +I'm not presenting demands and I'm + + align:start position:0% +I'm not presenting demands and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not presenting demands and I'm +laying it on top of you're in pain + + align:start position:0% +laying it on top of you're in pain + + + align:start position:0% +laying it on top of you're in pain +you're not in pain and notice where the + + align:start position:0% +you're not in pain and notice where the + + + align:start position:0% +you're not in pain and notice where the +spikes are if the person's not in pain + + align:start position:0% +spikes are if the person's not in pain + + + align:start position:0% +spikes are if the person's not in pain +it doesn't matter if you give demands or + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't matter if you give demands or + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't matter if you give demands or +no demands they don't care less there's + + align:start position:0% +no demands they don't care less there's + + + align:start position:0% +no demands they don't care less there's +no aggression over here where it says + + align:start position:0% +no aggression over here where it says + + + align:start position:0% +no aggression over here where it says +Menses a means you leave them alone + + align:start position:0% +Menses a means you leave them alone + + + align:start position:0% +Menses a means you leave them alone +you're in pain I know you're in pain I'm + + align:start position:0% +you're in pain I know you're in pain I'm + + + align:start position:0% +you're in pain I know you're in pain I'm +leaving you alone B is I know you're in + + align:start position:0% +leaving you alone B is I know you're in + + + align:start position:0% +leaving you alone B is I know you're in +pain I'm going to make a lot of Demands + + align:start position:0% +pain I'm going to make a lot of Demands + + + align:start position:0% +pain I'm going to make a lot of Demands +on you you get these huge spikes okay + + align:start position:0% +on you you get these huge spikes okay + + + align:start position:0% +on you you get these huge spikes okay +it's very lawful so the intersection + + align:start position:0% +it's very lawful so the intersection + + + align:start position:0% +it's very lawful so the intersection +between the trigger which I'm making + + align:start position:0% +between the trigger which I'm making + + + align:start position:0% +between the trigger which I'm making +demands on you in your physiological + + align:start position:0% +demands on you in your physiological + + + align:start position:0% +demands on you in your physiological +State you are in pain no good every + + align:start position:0% +State you are in pain no good every + + + align:start position:0% +State you are in pain no good every +other state doesn't matter so it's a + + align:start position:0% +other state doesn't matter so it's a + + + align:start position:0% +other state doesn't matter so it's a +Confluence of events + + align:start position:0% +Confluence of events + + + align:start position:0% +Confluence of events +multifactorial which all these things + + align:start position:0% +multifactorial which all these things + + + align:start position:0% +multifactorial which all these things +are by the way um and so that's a + + align:start position:0% +are by the way um and so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +are by the way um and so that's a +demonstration of how pain can actually + + align:start position:0% +demonstration of how pain can actually + + + align:start position:0% +demonstration of how pain can actually +generate severe outbursts of problem + + align:start position:0% +generate severe outbursts of problem + + + align:start position:0% +generate severe outbursts of problem +behavior and then this next one is just + + align:start position:0% +behavior and then this next one is just + + + align:start position:0% +behavior and then this next one is just +a replication across Four Women it's the + + align:start position:0% +a replication across Four Women it's the + + + align:start position:0% +a replication across Four Women it's the +same thing you notice it's a single + + align:start position:0% +same thing you notice it's a single + + + align:start position:0% +same thing you notice it's a single +subject + + align:start position:0% +subject + + + align:start position:0% +subject +design now this is an N of one each one + + align:start position:0% +design now this is an N of one each one + + + align:start position:0% +design now this is an N of one each one +and the name given to this is a reversal + + align:start position:0% +and the name given to this is a reversal + + + align:start position:0% +and the name given to this is a reversal +design I don't know if Matthew has + + align:start position:0% +design I don't know if Matthew has + + + align:start position:0% +design I don't know if Matthew has +gotten to research methodology but + + align:start position:0% +gotten to research methodology but + + + align:start position:0% +gotten to research methodology but +there's names for these things and we + + align:start position:0% +there's names for these things and we + + + align:start position:0% +there's names for these things and we +don't have to go into the we don't have + + align:start position:0% +don't have to go into the we don't have + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to go into the we don't have +to go into uh the details of this except + + align:start position:0% +to go into uh the details of this except + + + align:start position:0% +to go into uh the details of this except +to say this single subject design is + + align:start position:0% +to say this single subject design is + + + align:start position:0% +to say this single subject design is +robust with respect to internal validity + + align:start position:0% +robust with respect to internal validity + + + align:start position:0% +robust with respect to internal validity +in other words you + + align:start position:0% +in other words you + + + align:start position:0% +in other words you +it you it it allows you to make causal + + align:start position:0% +it you it it allows you to make causal + + + align:start position:0% +it you it it allows you to make causal +statements X causes y it's weak with + + align:start position:0% +statements X causes y it's weak with + + + align:start position:0% +statements X causes y it's weak with +respect to external validity meaning you + + align:start position:0% +respect to external validity meaning you + + + align:start position:0% +respect to external validity meaning you +can't now generalize from this to all + + align:start position:0% +can't now generalize from this to all + + + align:start position:0% +can't now generalize from this to all +women because it's not a randomized + + align:start position:0% +women because it's not a randomized + + + align:start position:0% +women because it's not a randomized +clinical + + align:start position:0% +clinical + + + align:start position:0% +clinical +trial the problem is is that to run + + align:start position:0% +trial the problem is is that to run + + + align:start position:0% +trial the problem is is that to run +randomized clinical trials and autism is + + align:start position:0% +randomized clinical trials and autism is + + + align:start position:0% +randomized clinical trials and autism is +almost + + align:start position:0% +almost + + + align:start position:0% +almost +meaningless because there's such + + align:start position:0% +meaningless because there's such + + + align:start position:0% +meaningless because there's such +heterogenity that the possibility you're + + align:start position:0% +heterogenity that the possibility you're + + + align:start position:0% +heterogenity that the possibility you're +going to constitute homogeneous groups + + align:start position:0% +going to constitute homogeneous groups + + + align:start position:0% +going to constitute homogeneous groups +that are comparable is almost zero zero + + align:start position:0% +that are comparable is almost zero zero + + + align:start position:0% +that are comparable is almost zero zero +and that's why you get so much noise in + + align:start position:0% +and that's why you get so much noise in + + + align:start position:0% +and that's why you get so much noise in +the literature uninterpretable data all + + align:start position:0% +the literature uninterpretable data all + + + align:start position:0% +the literature uninterpretable data all +right so I just wanted to illustrate + + align:start position:0% +right so I just wanted to illustrate + + + align:start position:0% +right so I just wanted to illustrate +that quickly and then this is just um uh + + align:start position:0% +that quickly and then this is just um uh + + + align:start position:0% +that quickly and then this is just um uh +a thing to make it more general which is + + align:start position:0% +a thing to make it more general which is + + + align:start position:0% +a thing to make it more general which is +across a variety of medical conditions + + align:start position:0% +across a variety of medical conditions + + + align:start position:0% +across a variety of medical conditions +we looked at many many people they had + + align:start position:0% +we looked at many many people they had + + + align:start position:0% +we looked at many many people they had +all sorts of different medical + + align:start position:0% +all sorts of different medical + + + align:start position:0% +all sorts of different medical +conditions and we notice this on sick + + align:start position:0% +conditions and we notice this on sick + + + align:start position:0% +conditions and we notice this on sick +days uh they had motor pain behavior and + + align:start position:0% +days uh they had motor pain behavior and + + + align:start position:0% +days uh they had motor pain behavior and +I I just want to illustrate okay the + + align:start position:0% +I I just want to illustrate okay the + + + align:start position:0% +I I just want to illustrate okay the +difference between now this is facial + + align:start position:0% +difference between now this is facial + + + align:start position:0% +difference between now this is facial +recognition now okay here's how you can + + align:start position:0% +recognition now okay here's how you can + + + align:start position:0% +recognition now okay here's how you can +do it but it's I it's to my mind it's + + align:start position:0% +do it but it's I it's to my mind it's + + + align:start position:0% +do it but it's I it's to my mind it's +not adequate because it's I want a + + align:start position:0% +not adequate because it's I want a + + + align:start position:0% +not adequate because it's I want a +physiological measure I want an arousal + + align:start position:0% +physiological measure I want an arousal + + + align:start position:0% +physiological measure I want an arousal +measure like What's Happening Here on on + + align:start position:0% +measure like What's Happening Here on on + + + align:start position:0% +measure like What's Happening Here on on +raza's computer that's what I want to + + align:start position:0% +raza's computer that's what I want to + + + align:start position:0% +raza's computer that's what I want to +see okay um it looks like this there is + + align:start position:0% +see okay um it looks like this there is + + + align:start position:0% +see okay um it looks like this there is +a difference between pain and anxiety if + + align:start position:0% +a difference between pain and anxiety if + + + align:start position:0% +a difference between pain and anxiety if +you are in a state of pain abrupt pain + + align:start position:0% +you are in a state of pain abrupt pain + + + align:start position:0% +you are in a state of pain abrupt pain +it looks like + + align:start position:0% +it looks like + + + align:start position:0% +it looks like +this if you are in a state of anxiety it + + align:start position:0% +this if you are in a state of anxiety it + + + align:start position:0% +this if you are in a state of anxiety it +looks like + + align:start position:0% +looks like + + + align:start position:0% +looks like +this you can recognize those two okay + + align:start position:0% +this you can recognize those two okay + + + align:start position:0% +this you can recognize those two okay +and you and eye people with Autism it's + + align:start position:0% +and you and eye people with Autism it's + + + align:start position:0% +and you and eye people with Autism it's +idiosyncratic okay now some there there + + align:start position:0% +idiosyncratic okay now some there there + + + align:start position:0% +idiosyncratic okay now some there there +are some and other words some features + + align:start position:0% +are some and other words some features + + + align:start position:0% +are some and other words some features +you can see and that's why we're able to + + align:start position:0% +you can see and that's why we're able to + + + align:start position:0% +you can see and that's why we're able to +do the study you can see some features + + align:start position:0% +do the study you can see some features + + + align:start position:0% +do the study you can see some features +but there's a lot of idiosyncratic + + align:start position:0% +but there's a lot of idiosyncratic + + + align:start position:0% +but there's a lot of idiosyncratic +mannerisms in body language that's + + align:start position:0% +mannerisms in body language that's + + + align:start position:0% +mannerisms in body language that's +unique to each individual which is why I + + align:start position:0% +unique to each individual which is why I + + + align:start position:0% +unique to each individual which is why I +got the idea that we need to do n of1 + + align:start position:0% +got the idea that we need to do n of1 + + + align:start position:0% +got the idea that we need to do n of1 +studies with physiological arousal not + + align:start position:0% +studies with physiological arousal not + + + align:start position:0% +studies with physiological arousal not +these more Global Things That Vary too + + align:start position:0% +these more Global Things That Vary too + + + align:start position:0% +these more Global Things That Vary too +much from Kid to + + align:start position:0% +much from Kid to + + + align:start position:0% +much from Kid to +Kid anyway so you have on sick days lots + + align:start position:0% +Kid anyway so you have on sick days lots + + + align:start position:0% +Kid anyway so you have on sick days lots +of motor pain behavior on well days + + align:start position:0% +of motor pain behavior on well days + + + align:start position:0% +of motor pain behavior on well days +hardly any on sick lots of ver vocal + + align:start position:0% +hardly any on sick lots of ver vocal + + + align:start position:0% +hardly any on sick lots of ver vocal +pain Behavior moaning and groaning and + + align:start position:0% +pain Behavior moaning and groaning and + + + align:start position:0% +pain Behavior moaning and groaning and +my tummy hurts all okay and then on well + + align:start position:0% +my tummy hurts all okay and then on well + + + align:start position:0% +my tummy hurts all okay and then on well +days of course you wouldn't okay that + + align:start position:0% +days of course you wouldn't okay that + + + align:start position:0% +days of course you wouldn't okay that +makes sense but that's not the real date + + align:start position:0% +makes sense but that's not the real date + + + align:start position:0% +makes sense but that's not the real date +the real date is the next slide on sick + + align:start position:0% +the real date is the next slide on sick + + + align:start position:0% +the real date is the next slide on sick +days you have a much higher level of in + + align:start position:0% +days you have a much higher level of in + + + align:start position:0% +days you have a much higher level of in +terms of frequency and intensity of + + align:start position:0% +terms of frequency and intensity of + + + align:start position:0% +terms of frequency and intensity of +problem Behavior than on well + + align:start position:0% +problem Behavior than on well + + + align:start position:0% +problem Behavior than on well +days that's a significant + + align:start position:0% +days that's a significant + + + align:start position:0% +days that's a significant +relationship which means that if you're + + align:start position:0% +relationship which means that if you're + + + align:start position:0% +relationship which means that if you're +unaware that a person has a medical + + align:start position:0% +unaware that a person has a medical + + + align:start position:0% +unaware that a person has a medical +condition their behavior will look + + align:start position:0% +condition their behavior will look + + + align:start position:0% +condition their behavior will look +random you'll say why is this person + + align:start position:0% +random you'll say why is this person + + + align:start position:0% +random you'll say why is this person +exploding randomly and then you know two + + align:start position:0% +exploding randomly and then you know two + + + align:start position:0% +exploding randomly and then you know two +years later you'll discover oh my God + + align:start position:0% +years later you'll discover oh my God + + + align:start position:0% +years later you'll discover oh my God +they had migraines I didn't know that + + align:start position:0% +they had migraines I didn't know that + + + align:start position:0% +they had migraines I didn't know that +now migraines don't follow the clock + + align:start position:0% +now migraines don't follow the clock + + + align:start position:0% +now migraines don't follow the clock +they're random which means that when + + align:start position:0% +they're random which means that when + + + align:start position:0% +they're random which means that when +they happen the behavior will be random + + align:start position:0% +they happen the behavior will be random + + + align:start position:0% +they happen the behavior will be random +looking but it's not random if you have + + align:start position:0% +looking but it's not random if you have + + + align:start position:0% +looking but it's not random if you have +this perspective of context and you're + + align:start position:0% +this perspective of context and you're + + + align:start position:0% +this perspective of context and you're +tracking it but the thing is that you + + align:start position:0% +tracking it but the thing is that you + + + align:start position:0% +tracking it but the thing is that you +can have a migraine but you don't know + + align:start position:0% +can have a migraine but you don't know + + + align:start position:0% +can have a migraine but you don't know +the level of pain you can have a medical + + align:start position:0% +the level of pain you can have a medical + + + align:start position:0% +the level of pain you can have a medical +condition but the pain associated with + + align:start position:0% +condition but the pain associated with + + + align:start position:0% +condition but the pain associated with +that can fluctuate over time pain is not + + align:start position:0% +that can fluctuate over time pain is not + + + align:start position:0% +that can fluctuate over time pain is not +constant okay the only way in which you + + align:start position:0% +constant okay the only way in which you + + + align:start position:0% +constant okay the only way in which you +would be able to track that is with a + + align:start position:0% +would be able to track that is with a + + + align:start position:0% +would be able to track that is with a +physiological measure of arousal so if + + align:start position:0% +physiological measure of arousal so if + + + align:start position:0% +physiological measure of arousal so if +somebody said like I have gird I I + + align:start position:0% +somebody said like I have gird I I + + + align:start position:0% +somebody said like I have gird I I +literally have gird okay it's not just + + align:start position:0% +literally have gird okay it's not just + + + align:start position:0% +literally have gird okay it's not just +an example I do so I'm a big expert on + + align:start position:0% +an example I do so I'm a big expert on + + + align:start position:0% +an example I do so I'm a big expert on +gastrointestinal um and it's like uh + + align:start position:0% +gastrointestinal um and it's like uh + + + align:start position:0% +gastrointestinal um and it's like uh +sometimes it's under control because I + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it's under control because I + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it's under control because I +have medication but um basically + + align:start position:0% +have medication but um basically + + + align:start position:0% +have medication but um basically +sometimes it's horrible and sometimes + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it's horrible and sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it's horrible and sometimes +it's nothing but it's the same condition + + align:start position:0% +it's nothing but it's the same condition + + + align:start position:0% +it's nothing but it's the same condition +so unless somebody's modering me with + + align:start position:0% +so unless somebody's modering me with + + + align:start position:0% +so unless somebody's modering me with +something like that phys physiologically + + align:start position:0% +something like that phys physiologically + + + align:start position:0% +something like that phys physiologically +I won't know so my behavior won't make + + align:start position:0% +I won't know so my behavior won't make + + + align:start position:0% +I won't know so my behavior won't make +any sense and the medical diagnostic + + align:start position:0% +any sense and the medical diagnostic + + + align:start position:0% +any sense and the medical diagnostic +will look like it's not terribly related + + align:start position:0% +will look like it's not terribly related + + + align:start position:0% +will look like it's not terribly related +to problem behavor but it will be if I + + align:start position:0% +to problem behavor but it will be if I + + + align:start position:0% +to problem behavor but it will be if I +have arousal measures oh my God he's + + align:start position:0% +have arousal measures oh my God he's + + + align:start position:0% +have arousal measures oh my God he's +going into gird you know it's spiking + + align:start position:0% +going into gird you know it's spiking + + + align:start position:0% +going into gird you know it's spiking +and of course there'd be other cues uh + + align:start position:0% +and of course there'd be other cues uh + + + align:start position:0% +and of course there'd be other cues uh +you know where people would uh for + + align:start position:0% +you know where people would uh for + + + align:start position:0% +you know where people would uh for +example with reflux will massage the + + align:start position:0% +example with reflux will massage the + + + align:start position:0% +example with reflux will massage the +epigastric area here people do things + + align:start position:0% +epigastric area here people do things + + + align:start position:0% +epigastric area here people do things +like that or their throat you know do + + align:start position:0% +like that or their throat you know do + + + align:start position:0% +like that or their throat you know do +that and when you see that com with + + align:start position:0% +that and when you see that com with + + + align:start position:0% +that and when you see that com with +spiking of arouser you think I wonder if + + align:start position:0% +spiking of arouser you think I wonder if + + + align:start position:0% +spiking of arouser you think I wonder if +they're having a gird episode if so + + align:start position:0% +they're having a gird episode if so + + + align:start position:0% +they're having a gird episode if so +problem behavior is not far behind + + align:start position:0% +problem behavior is not far behind + + + align:start position:0% +problem behavior is not far behind +that's a tremendous Advantage + + align:start position:0% +that's a tremendous Advantage + + + align:start position:0% +that's a tremendous Advantage +clinically that means a lot and right + + align:start position:0% +clinically that means a lot and right + + + align:start position:0% +clinically that means a lot and right +now the field is totally primitive + + align:start position:0% +now the field is totally primitive + + + align:start position:0% +now the field is totally primitive +because the technology is absent and so + + align:start position:0% +because the technology is absent and so + + + align:start position:0% +because the technology is absent and so +therefore we have to resort to more + + align:start position:0% +therefore we have to resort to more + + + align:start position:0% +therefore we have to resort to more +indirect measures okay uh I'm not going + + align:start position:0% +indirect measures okay uh I'm not going + + + align:start position:0% +indirect measures okay uh I'm not going +to even do fatigue because I want to I + + align:start position:0% +to even do fatigue because I want to I + + + align:start position:0% +to even do fatigue because I want to I +want to move on it's the same thing + + align:start position:0% +want to move on it's the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +want to move on it's the same thing +fatigue is same thing okay uh taxonomic + + align:start position:0% +fatigue is same thing okay uh taxonomic + + + align:start position:0% +fatigue is same thing okay uh taxonomic +uh what this is and I'm going to run + + align:start position:0% +uh what this is and I'm going to run + + + align:start position:0% +uh what this is and I'm going to run +through this because I want to get to + + align:start position:0% +through this because I want to get to + + + align:start position:0% +through this because I want to get to +the end of these research ideas okay + + align:start position:0% +the end of these research ideas okay + + + align:start position:0% +the end of these research ideas okay +what I'm saying is that particularly in + + align:start position:0% +what I'm saying is that particularly in + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm saying is that particularly in +the area of biological events but also + + align:start position:0% +the area of biological events but also + + + align:start position:0% +the area of biological events but also +the social and activity events they + + align:start position:0% +the social and activity events they + + + align:start position:0% +the social and activity events they +generate a lot of these other things so + + align:start position:0% +generate a lot of these other things so + + + align:start position:0% +generate a lot of these other things so +for example certainly medical will + + align:start position:0% +for example certainly medical will + + + align:start position:0% +for example certainly medical will +generate this is basically many there + + align:start position:0% +generate this is basically many there + + + align:start position:0% +generate this is basically many there +are many biologically based setting + + align:start position:0% +are many biologically based setting + + + align:start position:0% +are many biologically based setting +events that's all I'm saying with this + + align:start position:0% +events that's all I'm saying with this + + + align:start position:0% +events that's all I'm saying with this +slide and so one can develop a taxonomy + + align:start position:0% +slide and so one can develop a taxonomy + + + align:start position:0% +slide and so one can develop a taxonomy +of these and say we need to track these + + align:start position:0% +of these and say we need to track these + + + align:start position:0% +of these and say we need to track these +we need to track them in terms of + + align:start position:0% +we need to track them in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +we need to track them in terms of +physiological measure in terms of + + align:start position:0% +physiological measure in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +physiological measure in terms of +Behavioral measure uh because there's + + align:start position:0% +Behavioral measure uh because there's + + + align:start position:0% +Behavioral measure uh because there's +lots of them and each of them has + + align:start position:0% +lots of them and each of them has + + + align:start position:0% +lots of them and each of them has +different implications for understanding + + align:start position:0% +different implications for understanding + + + align:start position:0% +different implications for understanding +behavior and for treating it and so pain + + align:start position:0% +behavior and for treating it and so pain + + + align:start position:0% +behavior and for treating it and so pain +and discomfort is one category fatigue + + align:start position:0% +and discomfort is one category fatigue + + + align:start position:0% +and discomfort is one category fatigue +drowsiness reduced alertness is another + + align:start position:0% +drowsiness reduced alertness is another + + + align:start position:0% +drowsiness reduced alertness is another +irritability hyper sensitivity for + + align:start position:0% +irritability hyper sensitivity for + + + align:start position:0% +irritability hyper sensitivity for +example to auditory or tactile stimula a + + align:start position:0% +example to auditory or tactile stimula a + + + align:start position:0% +example to auditory or tactile stimula a +lot of the children are hypers sensitive + + align:start position:0% +lot of the children are hypers sensitive + + + align:start position:0% +lot of the children are hypers sensitive +auditory others are tactically defensive + + align:start position:0% +auditory others are tactically defensive + + + align:start position:0% +auditory others are tactically defensive +you try to touch them they go berserk + + align:start position:0% +you try to touch them they go berserk + + + align:start position:0% +you try to touch them they go berserk +the most famous person with autism in + + align:start position:0% +the most famous person with autism in + + + align:start position:0% +the most famous person with autism in +the world is Temple grandon who I'm sure + + align:start position:0% +the world is Temple grandon who I'm sure + + + align:start position:0% +the world is Temple grandon who I'm sure +that Matthews mentioned and I heard her + + align:start position:0% +that Matthews mentioned and I heard her + + + align:start position:0% +that Matthews mentioned and I heard her +uh talk she was getting an award at ASA + + align:start position:0% +uh talk she was getting an award at ASA + + + align:start position:0% +uh talk she was getting an award at ASA +the year than I was I I gave a major + + align:start position:0% +the year than I was I I gave a major + + + align:start position:0% +the year than I was I I gave a major +talk there and she was a war and I still + + align:start position:0% +talk there and she was a war and I still + + + align:start position:0% +talk there and she was a war and I still +remember she was getting in a war and + + align:start position:0% +remember she was getting in a war and + + + align:start position:0% +remember she was getting in a war and +she does have autism and she's super + + align:start position:0% +she does have autism and she's super + + + align:start position:0% +she does have autism and she's super +high functioning got an award she yes + + align:start position:0% +high functioning got an award she yes + + + align:start position:0% +high functioning got an award she yes +I'd like to thank you for this award um + + align:start position:0% +I'd like to thank you for this award um + + + align:start position:0% +I'd like to thank you for this award um +you need to do more research on sensory + + align:start position:0% +you need to do more research on sensory + + + align:start position:0% +you need to do more research on sensory +problems my clothes are driving me crazy + + align:start position:0% +problems my clothes are driving me crazy + + + align:start position:0% +problems my clothes are driving me crazy +right in the middle of her + + align:start position:0% +right in the middle of her + + + align:start position:0% +right in the middle of her +award I was I said what the hell was + + align:start position:0% +award I was I said what the hell was + + + align:start position:0% +award I was I said what the hell was +that and I there's a friend next to me + + align:start position:0% +that and I there's a friend next to me + + + align:start position:0% +that and I there's a friend next to me +who actually went to GZA school with her + + align:start position:0% +who actually went to GZA school with her + + + align:start position:0% +who actually went to GZA school with her +and said she has sensory problems + + align:start position:0% +and said she has sensory problems + + + align:start position:0% +and said she has sensory problems +and the field as a whole does not + + align:start position:0% +and the field as a whole does not + + + align:start position:0% +and the field as a whole does not +address this so she's very angry cuz she + + align:start position:0% +address this so she's very angry cuz she + + + align:start position:0% +address this so she's very angry cuz she +can't take and then I had dinner oddly + + align:start position:0% +can't take and then I had dinner oddly + + + align:start position:0% +can't take and then I had dinner oddly +enough with her mother that night and + + align:start position:0% +enough with her mother that night and + + + align:start position:0% +enough with her mother that night and +her mother said to me I was I said well + + align:start position:0% +her mother said to me I was I said well + + + align:start position:0% +her mother said to me I was I said well +that was uh interesting what your + + align:start position:0% +that was uh interesting what your + + + align:start position:0% +that was uh interesting what your +daughter said and uh the mother said you + + align:start position:0% +daughter said and uh the mother said you + + + align:start position:0% +daughter said and uh the mother said you +know it was only a year ago that I she + + align:start position:0% +know it was only a year ago that I she + + + align:start position:0% +know it was only a year ago that I she +finally let me hug her now she's in her + + align:start position:0% +finally let me hug her now she's in her + + + align:start position:0% +finally let me hug her now she's in her +40s she says before that if I touched + + align:start position:0% +40s she says before that if I touched + + + align:start position:0% +40s she says before that if I touched +her she went ballistic so that's a + + align:start position:0% +her she went ballistic so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +her she went ballistic so that's a +category hypers sensitivity is a + + align:start position:0% +category hypers sensitivity is a + + + align:start position:0% +category hypers sensitivity is a +category of biological setting event + + align:start position:0% +category of biological setting event + + + align:start position:0% +category of biological setting event +easy to underestimate how irritating + + align:start position:0% +easy to underestimate how irritating + + + align:start position:0% +easy to underestimate how irritating +that can to a talk with another person + + align:start position:0% +that can to a talk with another person + + + align:start position:0% +that can to a talk with another person +has exactly the same report as Temple um + + align:start position:0% +has exactly the same report as Temple um + + + align:start position:0% +has exactly the same report as Temple um +and said later she realized she thought + + align:start position:0% +and said later she realized she thought + + + align:start position:0% +and said later she realized she thought +everybody walked around feeling like + + align:start position:0% +everybody walked around feeling like + + + align:start position:0% +everybody walked around feeling like +they had a degree n sunburn the whole + + align:start position:0% +they had a degree n sunburn the whole + + + align:start position:0% +they had a degree n sunburn the whole +time n on a pain she said she had a nine + + align:start position:0% +time n on a pain she said she had a nine + + + align:start position:0% +time n on a pain she said she had a nine +for most of her life didn't aate till in + + align:start position:0% +for most of her life didn't aate till in + + + align:start position:0% +for most of her life didn't aate till in +20s now can you imagine if I don't know + + align:start position:0% +20s now can you imagine if I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +20s now can you imagine if I don't know +that about you and I'm trying to teach + + align:start position:0% +that about you and I'm trying to teach + + + align:start position:0% +that about you and I'm trying to teach +you or interact with you or whatever + + align:start position:0% +you or interact with you or whatever + + + align:start position:0% +you or interact with you or whatever +what that would do um if I'm bothering + + align:start position:0% +what that would do um if I'm bothering + + + align:start position:0% +what that would do um if I'm bothering +you and you're feeling like that the + + align:start position:0% +you and you're feeling like that the + + + align:start position:0% +you and you're feeling like that the +likelihood that you'll lose it it's also + + align:start position:0% +likelihood that you'll lose it it's also + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood that you'll lose it it's also +well get off on this I don't want to too + + align:start position:0% +well get off on this I don't want to too + + + align:start position:0% +well get off on this I don't want to too +much just connected to the similarities + + align:start position:0% +much just connected to the similarities + + + align:start position:0% +much just connected to the similarities +of people who have PTSD and later get + + align:start position:0% +of people who have PTSD and later get + + + align:start position:0% +of people who have PTSD and later get +you know have odds like behaviors that + + align:start position:0% +you know have odds like behaviors that + + + align:start position:0% +you know have odds like behaviors that +just makes me wonder how much of this + + align:start position:0% +just makes me wonder how much of this + + + align:start position:0% +just makes me wonder how much of this +undiagnosed pain and you know heightened + + align:start position:0% +undiagnosed pain and you know heightened + + + align:start position:0% +undiagnosed pain and you know heightened +arousal or whatever else it's it's + + align:start position:0% +arousal or whatever else it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +arousal or whatever else it's it's +causing um is a major issue yeah our + + align:start position:0% +causing um is a major issue yeah our + + + align:start position:0% +causing um is a major issue yeah our +present yeah there's no question it's a + + align:start position:0% +present yeah there's no question it's a + + + align:start position:0% +present yeah there's no question it's a +major issue um uh anxiety is another + + align:start position:0% +major issue um uh anxiety is another + + + align:start position:0% +major issue um uh anxiety is another +problem a large number of those social + + align:start position:0% +problem a large number of those social + + + align:start position:0% +problem a large number of those social +events that I listed a large number of + + align:start position:0% +events that I listed a large number of + + + align:start position:0% +events that I listed a large number of +those activity events and even the + + align:start position:0% +those activity events and even the + + + align:start position:0% +those activity events and even the +biological events got to remember when I + + align:start position:0% +biological events got to remember when I + + + align:start position:0% +biological events got to remember when I +said pain versus anxiety one thing that + + align:start position:0% +said pain versus anxiety one thing that + + + align:start position:0% +said pain versus anxiety one thing that +pain can do is generate anxiety so these + + align:start position:0% +pain can do is generate anxiety so these + + + align:start position:0% +pain can do is generate anxiety so these +things are sort of become conflated + + align:start position:0% +things are sort of become conflated + + + align:start position:0% +things are sort of become conflated +after a while um Etc so anyway that's + + align:start position:0% +after a while um Etc so anyway that's + + + align:start position:0% +after a while um Etc so anyway that's +just to show you that there are a large + + align:start position:0% +just to show you that there are a large + + + align:start position:0% +just to show you that there are a large +thing a number of categories that we + + align:start position:0% +thing a number of categories that we + + + align:start position:0% +thing a number of categories that we +could actually monitor and interpret and + + align:start position:0% +could actually monitor and interpret and + + + align:start position:0% +could actually monitor and interpret and +these would lead actually to different + + align:start position:0% +these would lead actually to different + + + align:start position:0% +these would lead actually to different +kinds of + + align:start position:0% +kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of +treatments um diagnostic I'm not going + + align:start position:0% +treatments um diagnostic I'm not going + + + align:start position:0% +treatments um diagnostic I'm not going +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +except to just give you some indication + + align:start position:0% +except to just give you some indication + + + align:start position:0% +except to just give you some indication +um one of the things of course that + + align:start position:0% +um one of the things of course that + + + align:start position:0% +um one of the things of course that +doctors can't do with people with Autism + + align:start position:0% +doctors can't do with people with Autism + + + align:start position:0% +doctors can't do with people with Autism +is interview them and say where does it + + align:start position:0% +is interview them and say where does it + + + align:start position:0% +is interview them and say where does it +hurt and describe the pain okay we + + align:start position:0% +hurt and describe the pain okay we + + + align:start position:0% +hurt and describe the pain okay we +actually have a study starting up now + + align:start position:0% +actually have a study starting up now + + + align:start position:0% +actually have a study starting up now +that we're going to teach people to to + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to teach people to to + + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to teach people to to +point to where they hurt the other thing + + align:start position:0% +point to where they hurt the other thing + + + align:start position:0% +point to where they hurt the other thing +though that's much more challenging and + + align:start position:0% +though that's much more challenging and + + + align:start position:0% +though that's much more challenging and +much more interesting conceptually is + + align:start position:0% +much more interesting conceptually is + + + align:start position:0% +much more interesting conceptually is +this have you noticed like if you ask a + + align:start position:0% +this have you noticed like if you ask a + + + align:start position:0% +this have you noticed like if you ask a +three-year-old if a doctor ask a + + align:start position:0% +three-year-old if a doctor ask a + + + align:start position:0% +three-year-old if a doctor ask a +three-year-old no pediatrist in the + + align:start position:0% +three-year-old no pediatrist in the + + + align:start position:0% +three-year-old no pediatrist in the +right mind would do this say okay Billy + + align:start position:0% +right mind would do this say okay Billy + + + align:start position:0% +right mind would do this say okay Billy +okay so it hurt you're your tummy hurts + + align:start position:0% +okay so it hurt you're your tummy hurts + + + align:start position:0% +okay so it hurt you're your tummy hurts +is it a sharp pain is it a stabbing pain + + align:start position:0% +is it a sharp pain is it a stabbing pain + + + align:start position:0% +is it a sharp pain is it a stabbing pain +is it throbbing is it aching a + + align:start position:0% +is it throbbing is it aching a + + + align:start position:0% +is it throbbing is it aching a +three-year-old won't answer that a + + align:start position:0% +three-year-old won't answer that a + + + align:start position:0% +three-year-old won't answer that a +five-year-old want answer that but later + + align:start position:0% +five-year-old want answer that but later + + + align:start position:0% +five-year-old want answer that but later +in life we can all answer that how could + + align:start position:0% +in life we can all answer that how could + + + align:start position:0% +in life we can all answer that how could +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +be okay how could that be who teach you + + align:start position:0% +be okay how could that be who teach you + + + align:start position:0% +be okay how could that be who teach you +don't go to school and people instruct + + align:start position:0% +don't go to school and people instruct + + + align:start position:0% +don't go to school and people instruct +you here is how you describe your + + align:start position:0% +you here is how you describe your + + + align:start position:0% +you here is how you describe your +internal States boys and girls Nobody + + align:start position:0% +internal States boys and girls Nobody + + + align:start position:0% +internal States boys and girls Nobody +Does that what happens and this is going + + align:start position:0% +Does that what happens and this is going + + + align:start position:0% +Does that what happens and this is going +to be how we we are going to teach it is + + align:start position:0% +to be how we we are going to teach it is + + + align:start position:0% +to be how we we are going to teach it is +this you're a very little kid when I was + + align:start position:0% +this you're a very little kid when I was + + + align:start position:0% +this you're a very little kid when I was +little I used to like most boys be very + + align:start position:0% +little I used to like most boys be very + + + align:start position:0% +little I used to like most boys be very +active and i' and I scraped my knee and + + align:start position:0% +active and i' and I scraped my knee and + + + align:start position:0% +active and i' and I scraped my knee and +when I was little there was a thing + + align:start position:0% +when I was little there was a thing + + + align:start position:0% +when I was little there was a thing +called iodine uh which is about 90% + + align:start position:0% +called iodine uh which is about 90% + + + align:start position:0% +called iodine uh which is about 90% +alcohol uh and my mother I put it on my + + align:start position:0% +alcohol uh and my mother I put it on my + + + align:start position:0% +alcohol uh and my mother I put it on my +knee and I go through the roof when I + + align:start position:0% +knee and I go through the roof when I + + + align:start position:0% +knee and I go through the roof when I +was very very little and she would say + + align:start position:0% +was very very little and she would say + + + align:start position:0% +was very very little and she would say +oh I'm sorry does that sting does that + + align:start position:0% +oh I'm sorry does that sting does that + + + align:start position:0% +oh I'm sorry does that sting does that +sting does that sting does it 9,000 + + align:start position:0% +sting does that sting does it 9,000 + + + align:start position:0% +sting does that sting does it 9,000 +times okay and then you know a week + + align:start position:0% +times okay and then you know a week + + + align:start position:0% +times okay and then you know a week +later i' fall and do in my elbow more + + align:start position:0% +later i' fall and do in my elbow more + + + align:start position:0% +later i' fall and do in my elbow more +eye dime oh does it sting does it sting + + align:start position:0% +eye dime oh does it sting does it sting + + + align:start position:0% +eye dime oh does it sting does it sting +sting okay here's what's happening okay + + align:start position:0% +sting okay here's what's happening okay + + + align:start position:0% +sting okay here's what's happening okay +here's how you acquire internal State + + align:start position:0% +here's how you acquire internal State + + + align:start position:0% +here's how you acquire internal State +labels you have this General Rous Al + + align:start position:0% +labels you have this General Rous Al + + + align:start position:0% +labels you have this General Rous Al +which doesn't mean anything it's just + + align:start position:0% +which doesn't mean anything it's just + + + align:start position:0% +which doesn't mean anything it's just +general arousal because you just wounded + + align:start position:0% +general arousal because you just wounded + + + align:start position:0% +general arousal because you just wounded +yourself there's also subjective + + align:start position:0% +yourself there's also subjective + + + align:start position:0% +yourself there's also subjective +phenomenological experience that + + align:start position:0% +phenomenological experience that + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenological experience that +combination General arousal subjective + + align:start position:0% +combination General arousal subjective + + + align:start position:0% +combination General arousal subjective +um phenomenological experience your + + align:start position:0% +um phenomenological experience your + + + align:start position:0% +um phenomenological experience your +mother labels for you okay it's like + + align:start position:0% +mother labels for you okay it's like + + + align:start position:0% +mother labels for you okay it's like +she's saying okay you know the arousal + + align:start position:0% +she's saying okay you know the arousal + + + align:start position:0% +she's saying okay you know the arousal +your experiencing and the accompanying + + align:start position:0% +your experiencing and the accompanying + + + align:start position:0% +your experiencing and the accompanying +subjective phenomenological experience + + align:start position:0% +subjective phenomenological experience + + + align:start position:0% +subjective phenomenological experience +we call that sting got it so Mommy's + + align:start position:0% +we call that sting got it so Mommy's + + + align:start position:0% +we call that sting got it so Mommy's +going to repeat it 9,000 times as you + + align:start position:0% +going to repeat it 9,000 times as you + + + align:start position:0% +going to repeat it 9,000 times as you +injure various body parts later in life + + align:start position:0% +injure various body parts later in life + + + align:start position:0% +injure various body parts later in life +with no further training you're in the + + align:start position:0% +with no further training you're in the + + + align:start position:0% +with no further training you're in the +opthalmologist office and he puts those + + align:start position:0% +opthalmologist office and he puts those + + + align:start position:0% +opthalmologist office and he puts those +ey drops in to dilate your pupil so they + + align:start position:0% +ey drops in to dilate your pupil so they + + + align:start position:0% +ey drops in to dilate your pupil so they +can see you know the retin in the back + + align:start position:0% +can see you know the retin in the back + + + align:start position:0% +can see you know the retin in the back +and then you wince and the doctor says + + align:start position:0% +and then you wince and the doctor says + + + align:start position:0% +and then you wince and the doctor says +are you all right and you say with no + + align:start position:0% +are you all right and you say with no + + + align:start position:0% +are you all right and you say with no +training it stings where did that come + + align:start position:0% +training it stings where did that come + + + align:start position:0% +training it stings where did that come +from it generalized from the uh that + + align:start position:0% +from it generalized from the uh that + + + align:start position:0% +from it generalized from the uh that +subjective arousal plus the that's the + + align:start position:0% +subjective arousal plus the that's the + + + align:start position:0% +subjective arousal plus the that's the +phenomenological aspect plus yeah the + + align:start position:0% +phenomenological aspect plus yeah the + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenological aspect plus yeah the +phenomenological aspect is a subjective + + align:start position:0% +phenomenological aspect is a subjective + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenological aspect is a subjective +heing and then the arousal that has been + + align:start position:0% +heing and then the arousal that has been + + + align:start position:0% +heing and then the arousal that has been +taught to you earlier as that's called + + align:start position:0% +taught to you earlier as that's called + + + align:start position:0% +taught to you earlier as that's called +sting so later in life when when you + + align:start position:0% +sting so later in life when when you + + + align:start position:0% +sting so later in life when when you +encounter that again for the first time + + align:start position:0% +encounter that again for the first time + + + align:start position:0% +encounter that again for the first time +in the opthalmologist office you say G + + align:start position:0% +in the opthalmologist office you say G + + + align:start position:0% +in the opthalmologist office you say G +that arousal plus the subjective + + align:start position:0% +that arousal plus the subjective + + + align:start position:0% +that arousal plus the subjective +phenomenology my mom taught me is called + + align:start position:0% +phenomenology my mom taught me is called + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenology my mom taught me is called +sting and that's why we all have the + + align:start position:0% +sting and that's why we all have the + + + align:start position:0% +sting and that's why we all have the +same label yes so I think for stinging + + align:start position:0% +same label yes so I think for stinging + + + align:start position:0% +same label yes so I think for stinging +you sort of actually in some have a + + align:start position:0% +you sort of actually in some have a + + + align:start position:0% +you sort of actually in some have a +different case you do for other + + align:start position:0% +different case you do for other + + + align:start position:0% +different case you do for other +phenomena so for things that are like + + align:start position:0% +phenomena so for things that are like + + + align:start position:0% +phenomena so for things that are like +throbbing pains versus short pains may + + align:start position:0% +throbbing pains versus short pains may + + + align:start position:0% +throbbing pains versus short pains may +be harder to identify what kind of + + align:start position:0% +be harder to identify what kind of + + + align:start position:0% +be harder to identify what kind of +outside stimuli would actually induce + + align:start position:0% +outside stimuli would actually induce + + + align:start position:0% +outside stimuli would actually induce +that so you can label it for correct + + align:start position:0% +that so you can label it for correct + + + align:start position:0% +that so you can label it for correct +that's exactly what happen like for + + align:start position:0% +that's exactly what happen like for + + + align:start position:0% +that's exactly what happen like for +example aing a nine how would that be + + align:start position:0% +example aing a nine how would that be + + + align:start position:0% +example aing a nine how would that be +okay aching a nine is this when when you + + align:start position:0% +okay aching a nine is this when when you + + + align:start position:0% +okay aching a nine is this when when you +have gird symptoms or something like + + align:start position:0% +have gird symptoms or something like + + + align:start position:0% +have gird symptoms or something like +that epigastric pain and you're doing + + align:start position:0% +that epigastric pain and you're doing + + + align:start position:0% +that epigastric pain and you're doing +this and your mother looks and she's oh + + align:start position:0% +this and your mother looks and she's oh + + + align:start position:0% +this and your mother looks and she's oh +you or a doctor you know you're looking + + align:start position:0% +you or a doctor you know you're looking + + + align:start position:0% +you or a doctor you know you're looking +to say so is that like an aching feeling + + align:start position:0% +to say so is that like an aching feeling + + + align:start position:0% +to say so is that like an aching feeling +okay they're te because otherwise you + + align:start position:0% +okay they're te because otherwise you + + + align:start position:0% +okay they're te because otherwise you +have no way how would how would you ever + + align:start position:0% +have no way how would how would you ever + + + align:start position:0% +have no way how would how would you ever +come up with that word who how would you + + align:start position:0% +come up with that word who how would you + + + align:start position:0% +come up with that word who how would you +come up with that oh wait a minute this + + align:start position:0% +come up with that oh wait a minute this + + + align:start position:0% +come up with that oh wait a minute this +must be called a how no somebody is T + + align:start position:0% +must be called a how no somebody is T + + + align:start position:0% +must be called a how no somebody is T +look when you're doing this and you're + + align:start position:0% +look when you're doing this and you're + + + align:start position:0% +look when you're doing this and you're +burping okay and there's acid okay you + + align:start position:0% +burping okay and there's acid okay you + + + align:start position:0% +burping okay and there's acid okay you +know what that is that is called nwing + + align:start position:0% +know what that is that is called nwing + + + align:start position:0% +know what that is that is called nwing +that's a nwing aching feeling okay so + + align:start position:0% +that's a nwing aching feeling okay so + + + align:start position:0% +that's a nwing aching feeling okay so +therefore your arousal plus that + + align:start position:0% +therefore your arousal plus that + + + align:start position:0% +therefore your arousal plus that +phenomenology that that label we give it + + align:start position:0% +phenomenology that that label we give it + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenology that that label we give it +is n so what they're doing is they're + + align:start position:0% +is n so what they're doing is they're + + + align:start position:0% +is n so what they're doing is they're +they're looking at your behavior the + + align:start position:0% +they're looking at your behavior the + + + align:start position:0% +they're looking at your behavior the +external cues uh and seeing where you're + + align:start position:0% +external cues uh and seeing where you're + + + align:start position:0% +external cues uh and seeing where you're +rubbing and other physical symptoms and + + align:start position:0% +rubbing and other physical symptoms and + + + align:start position:0% +rubbing and other physical symptoms and +they're saying okay that's gird that's + + align:start position:0% +they're saying okay that's gird that's + + + align:start position:0% +they're saying okay that's gird that's +an aching nwing okay all people with + + align:start position:0% +an aching nwing okay all people with + + + align:start position:0% +an aching nwing okay all people with +gird will be told when you do that's + + align:start position:0% +gird will be told when you do that's + + + align:start position:0% +gird will be told when you do that's +aching nine um now later of course if + + align:start position:0% +aching nine um now later of course if + + + align:start position:0% +aching nine um now later of course if +you do this with this is called I don't + + align:start position:0% +you do this with this is called I don't + + + align:start position:0% +you do this with this is called I don't +want to get into the tech technical + + align:start position:0% +want to get into the tech technical + + + align:start position:0% +want to get into the tech technical +stuff but when you do that for multiple + + align:start position:0% +stuff but when you do that for multiple + + + align:start position:0% +stuff but when you do that for multiple +um examples of what I just described + + align:start position:0% +um examples of what I just described + + + align:start position:0% +um examples of what I just described +it's called multiple examplar training + + align:start position:0% +it's called multiple examplar training + + + align:start position:0% +it's called multiple examplar training +when you do it for multiple examples it + + align:start position:0% +when you do it for multiple examples it + + + align:start position:0% +when you do it for multiple examples it +generalizes to new cases so if later in + + align:start position:0% +generalizes to new cases so if later in + + + align:start position:0% +generalizes to new cases so if later in +life you hurt your muscle in your leg + + align:start position:0% +life you hurt your muscle in your leg + + + align:start position:0% +life you hurt your muscle in your leg +and it has an aching gnawing feeling + + align:start position:0% +and it has an aching gnawing feeling + + + align:start position:0% +and it has an aching gnawing feeling +right I mean I'm only I'm I'm making the + + align:start position:0% +right I mean I'm only I'm I'm making the + + + align:start position:0% +right I mean I'm only I'm I'm making the +faith because it seems like this is one + + align:start position:0% +faith because it seems like this is one + + + align:start position:0% +faith because it seems like this is one +of the classical problems in autism that + + align:start position:0% +of the classical problems in autism that + + + align:start position:0% +of the classical problems in autism that +you actually the people end up + + align:start position:0% +you actually the people end up + + + align:start position:0% +you actually the people end up +systemizing everything because actually + + align:start position:0% +systemizing everything because actually + + + align:start position:0% +systemizing everything because actually +generalizing to new examples specific + + align:start position:0% +generalizing to new examples specific + + + align:start position:0% +generalizing to new examples specific +issue it is a specific issue and there's + + align:start position:0% +issue it is a specific issue and there's + + + align:start position:0% +issue it is a specific issue and there's +a technology for overcoming it and it's + + align:start position:0% +a technology for overcoming it and it's + + + align:start position:0% +a technology for overcoming it and it's +called you have to train multiple + + align:start position:0% +called you have to train multiple + + + align:start position:0% +called you have to train multiple +examples of the same phenomen and so + + align:start position:0% +examples of the same phenomen and so + + + align:start position:0% +examples of the same phenomen and so +that's why it is later in life when your + + align:start position:0% +that's why it is later in life when your + + + align:start position:0% +that's why it is later in life when your +leg aches and gnaws for some other + + align:start position:0% +leg aches and gnaws for some other + + + align:start position:0% +leg aches and gnaws for some other +reason you say wait a minute that + + align:start position:0% +reason you say wait a minute that + + + align:start position:0% +reason you say wait a minute that +arousal plus a subjective feeling I'm + + align:start position:0% +arousal plus a subjective feeling I'm + + + align:start position:0% +arousal plus a subjective feeling I'm +having I used to have it here where it + + align:start position:0% +having I used to have it here where it + + + align:start position:0% +having I used to have it here where it +was called aching and nying it's now + + align:start position:0% +was called aching and nying it's now + + + align:start position:0% +was called aching and nying it's now +down here oh doctor I think my leg has + + align:start position:0% +down here oh doctor I think my leg has + + + align:start position:0% +down here oh doctor I think my leg has +this usually it's in the joints actually + + align:start position:0% +this usually it's in the joints actually + + + align:start position:0% +this usually it's in the joints actually +my joints have aching anine you don't + + align:start position:0% +my joints have aching anine you don't + + + align:start position:0% +my joints have aching anine you don't +say I have H in my knee you say it's + + align:start position:0% +say I have H in my knee you say it's + + + align:start position:0% +say I have H in my knee you say it's +aching and not it's say anyway so that's + + align:start position:0% +aching and not it's say anyway so that's + + + align:start position:0% +aching and not it's say anyway so that's +where I think it comes from actually + + align:start position:0% +where I think it comes from actually + + + align:start position:0% +where I think it comes from actually +that's not my idea it was Skinner that + + align:start position:0% +that's not my idea it was Skinner that + + + align:start position:0% +that's not my idea it was Skinner that +actually came up with that although he + + align:start position:0% +actually came up with that although he + + + align:start position:0% +actually came up with that although he +did it in the in the context of learning + + align:start position:0% +did it in the in the context of learning + + + align:start position:0% +did it in the in the context of learning +emotion + + align:start position:0% +emotion + + + align:start position:0% +emotion +labels so you have a state of arousal as + + align:start position:0% +labels so you have a state of arousal as + + + align:start position:0% +labels so you have a state of arousal as +a birthday party your mother says You + + align:start position:0% +a birthday party your mother says You + + + align:start position:0% +a birthday party your mother says You +must be happy and then in future it's + + align:start position:0% +must be happy and then in future it's + + + align:start position:0% +must be happy and then in future it's +like oh um this is like everybody's + + align:start position:0% +like oh um this is like everybody's + + + align:start position:0% +like oh um this is like everybody's +laughing and smiling and I'm + + align:start position:0% +laughing and smiling and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +laughing and smiling and I'm +aroused that's called H I am happy so we + + align:start position:0% +aroused that's called H I am happy so we + + + align:start position:0% +aroused that's called H I am happy so we +all agree everybody's happy happy of + + align:start position:0% +all agree everybody's happy happy of + + + align:start position:0% +all agree everybody's happy happy of +course you don't know inside what you + + align:start position:0% +course you don't know inside what you + + + align:start position:0% +course you don't know inside what you +really are okay so fine so that's all I + + align:start position:0% +really are okay so fine so that's all I + + + align:start position:0% +really are okay so fine so that's all I +want to go for that um and um we're + + align:start position:0% +want to go for that um and um we're + + + align:start position:0% +want to go for that um and um we're +coming to the end of this just overview + + align:start position:0% +coming to the end of this just overview + + + align:start position:0% +coming to the end of this just overview +I've already um told you a little bit + + align:start position:0% +I've already um told you a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +I've already um told you a little bit +about why I think n equals one designs + + align:start position:0% +about why I think n equals one designs + + + align:start position:0% +about why I think n equals one designs +are very very important here uh they're + + align:start position:0% +are very very important here uh they're + + + align:start position:0% +are very very important here uh they're +extremely important when you're trying + + align:start position:0% +extremely important when you're trying + + + align:start position:0% +extremely important when you're trying +to say make judgments of why people are + + align:start position:0% +to say make judgments of why people are + + + align:start position:0% +to say make judgments of why people are +aroused and I'm going to come to that in + + align:start position:0% +aroused and I'm going to come to that in + + + align:start position:0% +aroused and I'm going to come to that in +a second um because of the idiosyncratic + + align:start position:0% +a second um because of the idiosyncratic + + + align:start position:0% +a second um because of the idiosyncratic +facial expressions the idiosyncratic + + align:start position:0% +facial expressions the idiosyncratic + + + align:start position:0% +facial expressions the idiosyncratic +body mannerisms again the general theme + + align:start position:0% +body mannerisms again the general theme + + + align:start position:0% +body mannerisms again the general theme +is consistent within a child varied + + align:start position:0% +is consistent within a child varied + + + align:start position:0% +is consistent within a child varied +across children so therefore don't do a + + align:start position:0% +across children so therefore don't do a + + + align:start position:0% +across children so therefore don't do a +group design in average I see that all + + align:start position:0% +group design in average I see that all + + + align:start position:0% +group design in average I see that all +the time the worst study that you could + + align:start position:0% +the time the worst study that you could + + + align:start position:0% +the time the worst study that you could +do is children with autism on average + + align:start position:0% +do is children with autism on average + + + align:start position:0% +do is children with autism on average +have such and such level of arousal + + align:start position:0% +have such and such level of arousal + + + align:start position:0% +have such and such level of arousal +means nothing that's completely useless + + align:start position:0% +means nothing that's completely useless + + + align:start position:0% +means nothing that's completely useless +clinically you can't do anything with + + align:start position:0% +clinically you can't do anything with + + + align:start position:0% +clinically you can't do anything with +that you'd want to know what a + + align:start position:0% +that you'd want to know what a + + + align:start position:0% +that you'd want to know what a +particular kid's arousal profiles are + + align:start position:0% +particular kid's arousal profiles are + + + align:start position:0% +particular kid's arousal profiles are +and that's what I'm going to end with in + + align:start position:0% +and that's what I'm going to end with in + + + align:start position:0% +and that's what I'm going to end with in +a few seconds okay so that was taxonomic + + align:start position:0% +a few seconds okay so that was taxonomic + + + align:start position:0% +a few seconds okay so that was taxonomic +diagnostic um and + + align:start position:0% +diagnostic um and + + + align:start position:0% +diagnostic um and +methodological and I'm I'm not actually + + align:start position:0% +methodological and I'm I'm not actually + + + align:start position:0% +methodological and I'm I'm not actually +going to the we're we're up to treatment + + align:start position:0% +going to the we're we're up to treatment + + + align:start position:0% +going to the we're we're up to treatment +I just that's all I want to impress upon + + align:start position:0% +I just that's all I want to impress upon + + + align:start position:0% +I just that's all I want to impress upon +you with the treatment idea is that the + + align:start position:0% +you with the treatment idea is that the + + + align:start position:0% +you with the treatment idea is that the +reason why we spend so much time + + align:start position:0% +reason why we spend so much time + + + align:start position:0% +reason why we spend so much time +analyzing and understanding is that if + + align:start position:0% +analyzing and understanding is that if + + + align:start position:0% +analyzing and understanding is that if +you have the right analysis and the + + align:start position:0% +you have the right analysis and the + + + align:start position:0% +you have the right analysis and the +right understanding it leads logically + + align:start position:0% +right understanding it leads logically + + + align:start position:0% +right understanding it leads logically +to treatments that's all I'm saying so + + align:start position:0% +to treatments that's all I'm saying so + + + align:start position:0% +to treatments that's all I'm saying so +that's the real reason for spending so + + align:start position:0% +that's the real reason for spending so + + + align:start position:0% +that's the real reason for spending so +much time on the analysis part if the + + align:start position:0% +much time on the analysis part if the + + + align:start position:0% +much time on the analysis part if the +analysis stops and there's no treatments + + align:start position:0% +analysis stops and there's no treatments + + + align:start position:0% +analysis stops and there's no treatments +to come from it people say well that was + + align:start position:0% +to come from it people say well that was + + + align:start position:0% +to come from it people say well that was +intellectually interesting but + + align:start position:0% +intellectually interesting but + + + align:start position:0% +intellectually interesting but +practically useless so we don't want + + align:start position:0% +practically useless so we don't want + + + align:start position:0% +practically useless so we don't want +that so basically um problem contexts + + align:start position:0% +that so basically um problem contexts + + + align:start position:0% +that so basically um problem contexts +lead to problem Behavior so therefore + + align:start position:0% +lead to problem Behavior so therefore + + + align:start position:0% +lead to problem Behavior so therefore +what you need to do something about the + + align:start position:0% +what you need to do something about the + + + align:start position:0% +what you need to do something about the +problem context so look at um pain and + + align:start position:0% +problem context so look at um pain and + + + align:start position:0% +problem context so look at um pain and +discomfort so with the women who had + + align:start position:0% +discomfort so with the women who had + + + align:start position:0% +discomfort so with the women who had +menstrual pain obviously we provided + + align:start position:0% +menstrual pain obviously we provided + + + align:start position:0% +menstrual pain obviously we provided +ancillary medical treatment anaprox was + + align:start position:0% +ancillary medical treatment anaprox was + + + align:start position:0% +ancillary medical treatment anaprox was +the drug that was used and that does + + align:start position:0% +the drug that was used and that does + + + align:start position:0% +the drug that was used and that does +something but it doesn't do enough and + + align:start position:0% +something but it doesn't do enough and + + + align:start position:0% +something but it doesn't do enough and +so therefore there is residual pain and + + align:start position:0% +so therefore there is residual pain and + + + align:start position:0% +so therefore there is residual pain and +discomfort and so there are procedures + + align:start position:0% +discomfort and so there are procedures + + + align:start position:0% +discomfort and so there are procedures +once you know something is pain related + + align:start position:0% +once you know something is pain related + + + align:start position:0% +once you know something is pain related +you think what sort of pain related + + align:start position:0% +you think what sort of pain related + + + align:start position:0% +you think what sort of pain related +procedures can I use as opposed to if + + align:start position:0% +procedures can I use as opposed to if + + + align:start position:0% +procedures can I use as opposed to if +they were anxiety then you'd say what + + align:start position:0% +they were anxiety then you'd say what + + + align:start position:0% +they were anxiety then you'd say what +kind of anxiety reduction those are two + + align:start position:0% +kind of anxiety reduction those are two + + + align:start position:0% +kind of anxiety reduction those are two +different things pain reduction anxiety + + align:start position:0% +different things pain reduction anxiety + + + align:start position:0% +different things pain reduction anxiety +reduction are different so that's why + + align:start position:0% +reduction are different so that's why + + + align:start position:0% +reduction are different so that's why +you need to know what the source of the + + align:start position:0% +you need to know what the source of the + + + align:start position:0% +you need to know what the source of the +arousal is so that you can rationally + + align:start position:0% +arousal is so that you can rationally + + + align:start position:0% +arousal is so that you can rationally +deduce treatments in a prescriptive + + align:start position:0% +deduce treatments in a prescriptive + + + align:start position:0% +deduce treatments in a prescriptive +manner uh and so therefore when you're + + align:start position:0% +manner uh and so therefore when you're + + + align:start position:0% +manner uh and so therefore when you're +in a pain or discomfort what do you do + + align:start position:0% +in a pain or discomfort what do you do + + + align:start position:0% +in a pain or discomfort what do you do +well whatever you do we do with them + + align:start position:0% +well whatever you do we do with them + + + align:start position:0% +well whatever you do we do with them +with people with Autism uh and so for + + align:start position:0% +with people with Autism uh and so for + + + align:start position:0% +with people with Autism uh and so for +example uh provide choices when you're + + align:start position:0% +example uh provide choices when you're + + + align:start position:0% +example uh provide choices when you're +not feeling well you say you know + + align:start position:0% +not feeling well you say you know + + + align:start position:0% +not feeling well you say you know +something I don't feel well today I I + + align:start position:0% +something I don't feel well today I I + + + align:start position:0% +something I don't feel well today I I +will choose to do this but not this you + + align:start position:0% +will choose to do this but not this you + + + align:start position:0% +will choose to do this but not this you +all of us make those choices we're + + align:start position:0% +all of us make those choices we're + + + align:start position:0% +all of us make those choices we're +allowed to because we don't have a + + align:start position:0% +allowed to because we don't have a + + + align:start position:0% +allowed to because we don't have a +disability if you have a disability + + align:start position:0% +disability if you have a disability + + + align:start position:0% +disability if you have a disability +people say today you're doing this no + + align:start position:0% +people say today you're doing this no + + + align:start position:0% +people say today you're doing this no +choice well that's the kiss of + + align:start position:0% +choice well that's the kiss of + + + align:start position:0% +choice well that's the kiss of +death if a kid is feeling horrible and + + align:start position:0% +death if a kid is feeling horrible and + + + align:start position:0% +death if a kid is feeling horrible and +you're forcing them to do things they'll + + align:start position:0% +you're forcing them to do things they'll + + + align:start position:0% +you're forcing them to do things they'll +explode you give them choices they'll + + align:start position:0% +explode you give them choices they'll + + + align:start position:0% +explode you give them choices they'll +pick the thing that's least aversive to + + align:start position:0% +pick the thing that's least aversive to + + + align:start position:0% +pick the thing that's least aversive to +them and therefore they won't explode uh + + align:start position:0% +them and therefore they won't explode uh + + + align:start position:0% +them and therefore they won't explode uh +same thing redistribute demands you say + + align:start position:0% +same thing redistribute demands you say + + + align:start position:0% +same thing redistribute demands you say +things like I'm sick right now I can't + + align:start position:0% +things like I'm sick right now I can't + + + align:start position:0% +things like I'm sick right now I can't +get to it if I feel better later then I + + align:start position:0% +get to it if I feel better later then I + + + align:start position:0% +get to it if I feel better later then I +will do it that's what people do when + + align:start position:0% +will do it that's what people do when + + + align:start position:0% +will do it that's what people do when +you're not feeling well right I'm too + + align:start position:0% +you're not feeling well right I'm too + + + align:start position:0% +you're not feeling well right I'm too +can you come I'm I can't come to the + + align:start position:0% +can you come I'm I can't come to the + + + align:start position:0% +can you come I'm I can't come to the +meeting today I can't do this I'll do it + + align:start position:0% +meeting today I can't do this I'll do it + + + align:start position:0% +meeting today I can't do this I'll do it +later when I'm feeling better you + + align:start position:0% +later when I'm feeling better you + + + align:start position:0% +later when I'm feeling better you +redistribute demands we allow them to do + + align:start position:0% +redistribute demands we allow them to do + + + align:start position:0% +redistribute demands we allow them to do +that uh and then functional + + align:start position:0% +that uh and then functional + + + align:start position:0% +that uh and then functional +communication training means we teach + + align:start position:0% +communication training means we teach + + + align:start position:0% +communication training means we teach +them to say I feel + + align:start position:0% +them to say I feel + + + align:start position:0% +them to say I feel +lousy and that triggers appropriate + + align:start position:0% +lousy and that triggers appropriate + + + align:start position:0% +lousy and that triggers appropriate +support from other people see and so + + align:start position:0% +support from other people see and so + + + align:start position:0% +support from other people see and so +basically it's a package but the thing + + align:start position:0% +basically it's a package but the thing + + + align:start position:0% +basically it's a package but the thing +that's special it's not these individual + + align:start position:0% +that's special it's not these individual + + + align:start position:0% +that's special it's not these individual +elements no the thing that's special the + + align:start position:0% +elements no the thing that's special the + + + align:start position:0% +elements no the thing that's special the +take home point is this by analyzing the + + align:start position:0% +take home point is this by analyzing the + + + align:start position:0% +take home point is this by analyzing the +source of the arousal you can logically + + align:start position:0% +source of the arousal you can logically + + + align:start position:0% +source of the arousal you can logically +deduce a series of reasonable things to + + align:start position:0% +deduce a series of reasonable things to + + + align:start position:0% +deduce a series of reasonable things to +treat and that's why the assessment is + + align:start position:0% +treat and that's why the assessment is + + + align:start position:0% +treat and that's why the assessment is +important and that's the main reason why + + align:start position:0% +important and that's the main reason why + + + align:start position:0% +important and that's the main reason why +the assessment is important from a + + align:start position:0% +the assessment is important from a + + + align:start position:0% +the assessment is important from a +practical standpoint I missed what was + + align:start position:0% +practical standpoint I missed what was + + + align:start position:0% +practical standpoint I missed what was +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +oh that I I wasn't covering those but + + align:start position:0% +oh that I I wasn't covering those but + + + align:start position:0% +oh that I I wasn't covering those but +basically what it means is this is that + + align:start position:0% +basically what it means is this is that + + + align:start position:0% +basically what it means is this is that +what you do is um some tasks are hard + + align:start position:0% +what you do is um some tasks are hard + + + align:start position:0% +what you do is um some tasks are hard +for you and some tests are easy the easy + + align:start position:0% +for you and some tests are easy the easy + + + align:start position:0% +for you and some tests are easy the easy +tests are no problem even if you're not + + align:start position:0% +tests are no problem even if you're not + + + align:start position:0% +tests are no problem even if you're not +feeling well they're easy so you don't + + align:start position:0% +feeling well they're easy so you don't + + + align:start position:0% +feeling well they're easy so you don't +care so what you do is when a person is + + align:start position:0% +care so what you do is when a person is + + + align:start position:0% +care so what you do is when a person is +not feeling well what you do is you give + + align:start position:0% +not feeling well what you do is you give + + + align:start position:0% +not feeling well what you do is you give +them lots of easy tasks and occasionally + + align:start position:0% +them lots of easy tasks and occasionally + + + align:start position:0% +them lots of easy tasks and occasionally +embed a difficult one and that's + + align:start position:0% +embed a difficult one and that's + + + align:start position:0% +embed a difficult one and that's +different than giving them all difficult + + align:start position:0% +different than giving them all difficult + + + align:start position:0% +different than giving them all difficult +ones or giving them a ratio of + + align:start position:0% +ones or giving them a ratio of + + + align:start position:0% +ones or giving them a ratio of +difficulty easy that's too high meaning + + align:start position:0% +difficulty easy that's too high meaning + + + align:start position:0% +difficulty easy that's too high meaning +50/50 it's better to do 20 difficult + + align:start position:0% +50/50 it's better to do 20 difficult + + + align:start position:0% +50/50 it's better to do 20 difficult +embedded in 80 easy see so that's called + + align:start position:0% +embedded in 80 easy see so that's called + + + align:start position:0% +embedded in 80 easy see so that's called +embedding or momentum uh but again again + + align:start position:0% +embedding or momentum uh but again again + + + align:start position:0% +embedding or momentum uh but again again +to be clear there are many many + + align:start position:0% +to be clear there are many many + + + align:start position:0% +to be clear there are many many +treatments that are available in the + + align:start position:0% +treatments that are available in the + + + align:start position:0% +treatments that are available in the +literature but which ones you pick would + + align:start position:0% +literature but which ones you pick would + + + align:start position:0% +literature but which ones you pick would +be guided by your analysis of the source + + align:start position:0% +be guided by your analysis of the source + + + align:start position:0% +be guided by your analysis of the source +of the + + align:start position:0% +of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the +arousal that's how you're effective and + + align:start position:0% +arousal that's how you're effective and + + + align:start position:0% +arousal that's how you're effective and +I'm not going to go to the next one it's + + align:start position:0% +I'm not going to go to the next one it's + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not going to go to the next one it's +fatigue it's the same general idea um + + align:start position:0% +fatigue it's the same general idea um + + + align:start position:0% +fatigue it's the same general idea um +when you do everything that I just + + align:start position:0% +when you do everything that I just + + + align:start position:0% +when you do everything that I just +said okay there's several outcomes one + + align:start position:0% +said okay there's several outcomes one + + + align:start position:0% +said okay there's several outcomes one +outcome is behavior changes meaning less + + align:start position:0% +outcome is behavior changes meaning less + + + align:start position:0% +outcome is behavior changes meaning less +aggression less sib less stereotypy more + + align:start position:0% +aggression less sib less stereotypy more + + + align:start position:0% +aggression less sib less stereotypy more +social interaction more communication + + align:start position:0% +social interaction more communication + + + align:start position:0% +social interaction more communication +that's what happens another thing that + + align:start position:0% +that's what happens another thing that + + + align:start position:0% +that's what happens another thing that +happens is cognitive in nature which is + + align:start position:0% +happens is cognitive in nature which is + + + align:start position:0% +happens is cognitive in nature which is +uh more skill acquisition when a person + + align:start position:0% +uh more skill acquisition when a person + + + align:start position:0% +uh more skill acquisition when a person +doesn't have these barriers they're able + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have these barriers they're able + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have these barriers they're able +to learn + + align:start position:0% +to learn + + + align:start position:0% +to learn +more uh you try learning if you have a + + align:start position:0% +more uh you try learning if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +more uh you try learning if you have a +migraine or you try learning if you're + + align:start position:0% +migraine or you try learning if you're + + + align:start position:0% +migraine or you try learning if you're +in a state of high anxiety you can't + + align:start position:0% +in a state of high anxiety you can't + + + align:start position:0% +in a state of high anxiety you can't +actually in Psychology it's called yeris + + align:start position:0% +actually in Psychology it's called yeris + + + align:start position:0% +actually in Psychology it's called yeris +Dotson law which is that there's a + + align:start position:0% +Dotson law which is that there's a + + + align:start position:0% +Dotson law which is that there's a +bell-shaped curve too much anxiety or + + align:start position:0% +bell-shaped curve too much anxiety or + + + align:start position:0% +bell-shaped curve too much anxiety or +too little anxiety um you don't learn + + align:start position:0% +too little anxiety um you don't learn + + + align:start position:0% +too little anxiety um you don't learn +there's an optimal level of anxiety for + + align:start position:0% +there's an optimal level of anxiety for + + + align:start position:0% +there's an optimal level of anxiety for +learning um affect um when you do this + + align:start position:0% +learning um affect um when you do this + + + align:start position:0% +learning um affect um when you do this +the people appear happier and there's + + align:start position:0% +the people appear happier and there's + + + align:start position:0% +the people appear happier and there's +measures of subjective well-being from + + align:start position:0% +measures of subjective well-being from + + + align:start position:0% +measures of subjective well-being from +positive psychology literature that you + + align:start position:0% +positive psychology literature that you + + + align:start position:0% +positive psychology literature that you +can use to document that and then + + align:start position:0% +can use to document that and then + + + align:start position:0% +can use to document that and then +finally with all these things gone + + align:start position:0% +finally with all these things gone + + + align:start position:0% +finally with all these things gone +now families can actually do things with + + align:start position:0% +now families can actually do things with + + + align:start position:0% +now families can actually do things with +their children they couldn't do before + + align:start position:0% +their children they couldn't do before + + + align:start position:0% +their children they couldn't do before +they can go back in the community they + + align:start position:0% +they can go back in the community they + + + align:start position:0% +they can go back in the community they +go to restaurants and movie theaters and + + align:start position:0% +go to restaurants and movie theaters and + + + align:start position:0% +go to restaurants and movie theaters and +miniature golf and vacations and all the + + align:start position:0% +miniature golf and vacations and all the + + + align:start position:0% +miniature golf and vacations and all the +other things and the summary that's + + align:start position:0% +other things and the summary that's + + + align:start position:0% +other things and the summary that's +given to this change in their life is + + align:start position:0% +given to this change in their life is + + + align:start position:0% +given to this change in their life is +called quality of life so it starts off + + align:start position:0% +called quality of life so it starts off + + + align:start position:0% +called quality of life so it starts off +as abysmal and that is the Baseline it's + + align:start position:0% +as abysmal and that is the Baseline it's + + + align:start position:0% +as abysmal and that is the Baseline it's +abysmal and then it goes up to pretty + + align:start position:0% +abysmal and then it goes up to pretty + + + align:start position:0% +abysmal and then it goes up to pretty +decent okay so that's so basically then + + align:start position:0% +decent okay so that's so basically then + + + align:start position:0% +decent okay so that's so basically then +those are references that you already + + align:start position:0% +those are references that you already + + + align:start position:0% +those are references that you already +have and the real point of all this is + + align:start position:0% +have and the real point of all this is + + + align:start position:0% +have and the real point of all this is +this I didn't write this this was PR the + + align:start position:0% +this I didn't write this this was PR the + + + align:start position:0% +this I didn't write this this was PR the +French writer pu that all the things + + align:start position:0% +French writer pu that all the things + + + align:start position:0% +French writer pu that all the things +I've described already exist in the + + align:start position:0% +I've described already exist in the + + + align:start position:0% +I've described already exist in the +literature that the elements are out + + align:start position:0% +literature that the elements are out + + + align:start position:0% +literature that the elements are out +there there's such a thing as biomedical + + align:start position:0% +there there's such a thing as biomedical + + + align:start position:0% +there there's such a thing as biomedical +science there's such a thing as Behavior + + align:start position:0% +science there's such a thing as Behavior + + + align:start position:0% +science there's such a thing as Behavior +psychology there's such a thing as Tech + + align:start position:0% +psychology there's such a thing as Tech + + + align:start position:0% +psychology there's such a thing as Tech +technology but they're all disconnected + + align:start position:0% +technology but they're all disconnected + + + align:start position:0% +technology but they're all disconnected +so the real Voyage of Discovery is not + + align:start position:0% +so the real Voyage of Discovery is not + + + align:start position:0% +so the real Voyage of Discovery is not +looking for these new Landscapes they're + + align:start position:0% +looking for these new Landscapes they're + + + align:start position:0% +looking for these new Landscapes they're +already there but it's looking for the + + align:start position:0% +already there but it's looking for the + + + align:start position:0% +already there but it's looking for the +connection among them okay in other + + align:start position:0% +connection among them okay in other + + + align:start position:0% +connection among them okay in other +words seeing what we already have with + + align:start position:0% +words seeing what we already have with + + + align:start position:0% +words seeing what we already have with +new eyes interrelating it um and so + + align:start position:0% +new eyes interrelating it um and so + + + align:start position:0% +new eyes interrelating it um and so +that's essentially the guts of what I + + align:start position:0% +that's essentially the guts of what I + + + align:start position:0% +that's essentially the guts of what I +have to say now what I'd like to do in + + align:start position:0% +have to say now what I'd like to do in + + + align:start position:0% +have to say now what I'd like to do in +the remaining time um is basically + + align:start position:0% +the remaining time um is basically + + + align:start position:0% +the remaining time um is basically +present something where I think um what + + align:start position:0% +present something where I think um what + + + align:start position:0% +present something where I think um what +I'd like to do is reconfigure everything + + align:start position:0% +I'd like to do is reconfigure everything + + + align:start position:0% +I'd like to do is reconfigure everything +that I just said on this uh Blackboard + + align:start position:0% +that I just said on this uh Blackboard + + + align:start position:0% +that I just said on this uh Blackboard +on this uh something or other board okay + + align:start position:0% +on this uh something or other board okay + + + align:start position:0% +on this uh something or other board okay +so we don't have to actually uh actually + + align:start position:0% +so we don't have to actually uh actually + + + align:start position:0% +so we don't have to actually uh actually +you oh you tilted it + + align:start position:0% +you oh you tilted it + + + align:start position:0% +you oh you tilted it +already oh what's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that oh okay so basically is there still + + align:start position:0% +that oh okay so basically is there still + + + align:start position:0% +that oh okay so basically is there still +a whiteboard behind that there oh you're + + align:start position:0% +a whiteboard behind that there oh you're + + + align:start position:0% +a whiteboard behind that there oh you're +kidding Oh you mean a big one + + align:start position:0% +kidding Oh you mean a big one + + + align:start position:0% +kidding Oh you mean a big one +um oh oh Bo that's even better oh this + + align:start position:0% +um oh oh Bo that's even better oh this + + + align:start position:0% +um oh oh Bo that's even better oh this +is really good oh terrific + + align:start position:0% +is really good oh terrific + + + align:start position:0% +is really good oh terrific +okay so this um this will be uh much + + align:start position:0% +okay so this um this will be uh much + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this um this will be uh much +easier + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um so all right so where we are is that + + align:start position:0% +um so all right so where we are is that + + + align:start position:0% +um so all right so where we are is that +I've said that I believe that all those + + align:start position:0% +I've said that I believe that all those + + + align:start position:0% +I've said that I believe that all those +social um contexts all those activity + + align:start position:0% +social um contexts all those activity + + + align:start position:0% +social um contexts all those activity +and routine context all those biological + + align:start position:0% +and routine context all those biological + + + align:start position:0% +and routine context all those biological +contexts I think are feeding into a + + align:start position:0% +contexts I think are feeding into a + + + align:start position:0% +contexts I think are feeding into a +common thing called + + align:start position:0% +common thing called + + + align:start position:0% +common thing called +arousal um and so what I can Envision is + + align:start position:0% +arousal um and so what I can Envision is + + + align:start position:0% +arousal um and so what I can Envision is +will you be able to see this cu the + + align:start position:0% +will you be able to see this cu the + + + align:start position:0% +will you be able to see this cu the +board is mess lights on the board that + + align:start position:0% +board is mess lights on the board that + + + align:start position:0% +board is mess lights on the board that +we can switch on oh look at this oh okay + + align:start position:0% +we can switch on oh look at this oh okay + + + align:start position:0% +we can switch on oh look at this oh okay +look okay it's messy though + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um okay th this is this is arousal level + + align:start position:0% +um okay th this is this is arousal level + + + align:start position:0% +um okay th this is this is arousal level +okay so the ordinate is arousal level + + align:start position:0% +okay so the ordinate is arousal level + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the ordinate is arousal level +and obviously that's high and this is + + align:start position:0% +and obviously that's high and this is + + + align:start position:0% +and obviously that's high and this is +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +um and um I don't know if you can see it + + align:start position:0% +um and um I don't know if you can see it + + + align:start position:0% +um and um I don't know if you can see it +it's a little bit it's a little bit + + align:start position:0% +it's a little bit it's a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +it's a little bit it's a little bit +messy here um well this oh + + align:start position:0% +messy here um well this oh + + + align:start position:0% +messy here um well this oh +okay yeah yeah all right maybe something + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah yeah all right maybe something + + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah yeah all right maybe something +that'll stand out + + align:start position:0% +that'll stand out + + + align:start position:0% +that'll stand out +thanks n we it'll be okay we'll we'll do + + align:start position:0% +thanks n we it'll be okay we'll we'll do + + + align:start position:0% +thanks n we it'll be okay we'll we'll do +it this way um okay so + + align:start position:0% +it this way um okay so + + + align:start position:0% +it this way um okay so +basically um what you have is a Rous and + + align:start position:0% +basically um what you have is a Rous and + + + align:start position:0% +basically um what you have is a Rous and +here imagine this you're just like I'm + + align:start position:0% +here imagine this you're just like I'm + + + align:start position:0% +here imagine this you're just like I'm +hooked up or probably something even + + align:start position:0% +hooked up or probably something even + + + align:start position:0% +hooked up or probably something even +more sophisticated than this it's a + + align:start position:0% +more sophisticated than this it's a + + + align:start position:0% +more sophisticated than this it's a +arousal level and you're looking at a + + align:start position:0% +arousal level and you're looking at a + + + align:start position:0% +arousal level and you're looking at a +particular individual and you'll get + + align:start position:0% +particular individual and you'll get + + + align:start position:0% +particular individual and you'll get +some pattern that looks like this okay + + align:start position:0% +some pattern that looks like this okay + + + align:start position:0% +some pattern that looks like this okay +and you get some some pattern that looks + + align:start position:0% +and you get some some pattern that looks + + + align:start position:0% +and you get some some pattern that looks +like this okay that's arousal right + + align:start position:0% +like this okay that's arousal right + + + align:start position:0% +like this okay that's arousal right +here's what I'm suggesting okay um I'm + + align:start position:0% +here's what I'm suggesting okay um I'm + + + align:start position:0% +here's what I'm suggesting okay um I'm +going to put I'll explain what these + + align:start position:0% +going to put I'll explain what these + + + align:start position:0% +going to put I'll explain what these +symbols mean there's an X there's a + + align:start position:0% +symbols mean there's an X there's a + + + align:start position:0% +symbols mean there's an X there's a +check mark there's a little circle + + align:start position:0% +check mark there's a little circle + + + align:start position:0% +check mark there's a little circle +here's another X here's another check + + align:start position:0% +here's another X here's another check + + + align:start position:0% +here's another X here's another check +mark here's a circle here's another X + + align:start position:0% +mark here's a circle here's another X + + + align:start position:0% +mark here's a circle here's another X +check mark a circle okay okay the first + + align:start position:0% +check mark a circle okay okay the first + + + align:start position:0% +check mark a circle okay okay the first +these are arous okay first question what + + align:start position:0% +these are arous okay first question what + + + align:start position:0% +these are arous okay first question what +is worth + + align:start position:0% +is worth + + + align:start position:0% +is worth +measuring what is worth measuring in + + align:start position:0% +measuring what is worth measuring in + + + align:start position:0% +measuring what is worth measuring in +order to take everything I just said and + + align:start position:0% +order to take everything I just said and + + + align:start position:0% +order to take everything I just said and +putting in a single model okay I think + + align:start position:0% +putting in a single model okay I think + + + align:start position:0% +putting in a single model okay I think +there's four things that are worth + + align:start position:0% +there's four things that are worth + + + align:start position:0% +there's four things that are worth +measuring um that that X is the context + + align:start position:0% +measuring um that that X is the context + + + align:start position:0% +measuring um that that X is the context +so all those variables that I talked + + align:start position:0% +so all those variables that I talked + + + align:start position:0% +so all those variables that I talked +about you the social variables and + + align:start position:0% +about you the social variables and + + + align:start position:0% +about you the social variables and +activity variables and all that other + + align:start position:0% +activity variables and all that other + + + align:start position:0% +activity variables and all that other +and some of the and some of the other + + align:start position:0% +and some of the and some of the other + + + align:start position:0% +and some of the and some of the other +variables okay that's a context and so + + align:start position:0% +variables okay that's a context and so + + + align:start position:0% +variables okay that's a context and so +what I'm saying is that first of all the + + align:start position:0% +what I'm saying is that first of all the + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm saying is that first of all the +person encounters a context and that + + align:start position:0% +person encounters a context and that + + + align:start position:0% +person encounters a context and that +begins to set off + + align:start position:0% +begins to set off + + + align:start position:0% +begins to set off +arousal all right okay then what happens + + align:start position:0% +arousal all right okay then what happens + + + align:start position:0% +arousal all right okay then what happens +after that there's this there's this + + align:start position:0% +after that there's this there's this + + + align:start position:0% +after that there's this there's this +okay so there's okay okay oh I'm sorry + + align:start position:0% +okay so there's okay okay oh I'm sorry + + + align:start position:0% +okay so there's okay okay oh I'm sorry +this little squiggly thing that's called + + align:start position:0% +this little squiggly thing that's called + + + align:start position:0% +this little squiggly thing that's called +arousal okay that's the that's the graph + + align:start position:0% +arousal okay that's the that's the graph + + + align:start position:0% +arousal okay that's the that's the graph +itself that's arousal okay um so that's + + align:start position:0% +itself that's arousal okay um so that's + + + align:start position:0% +itself that's arousal okay um so that's +the second thing that's worth measuring + + align:start position:0% +the second thing that's worth measuring + + + align:start position:0% +the second thing that's worth measuring +the first thing is context then the next + + align:start position:0% +the first thing is context then the next + + + align:start position:0% +the first thing is context then the next +thing is that it starts to do this + + align:start position:0% +thing is that it starts to do this + + + align:start position:0% +thing is that it starts to do this +that's the arousal and then that check + + align:start position:0% +that's the arousal and then that check + + + align:start position:0% +that's the arousal and then that check +mark uh is called precursor behavior and + + align:start position:0% +mark uh is called precursor behavior and + + + align:start position:0% +mark uh is called precursor behavior and +I'm going to explain that precursor + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to explain that precursor + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to explain that precursor +behavior is this when you set somebody + + align:start position:0% +behavior is this when you set somebody + + + align:start position:0% +behavior is this when you set somebody +off okay so I'm going to give you an + + align:start position:0% +off okay so I'm going to give you an + + + align:start position:0% +off okay so I'm going to give you an +example uh suppose it is uh suppose it + + align:start position:0% +example uh suppose it is uh suppose it + + + align:start position:0% +example uh suppose it is uh suppose it +is um should I use anxiety or + + align:start position:0% +is um should I use anxiety or + + + align:start position:0% +is um should I use anxiety or +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +um yes let's it's an anxiety context + + align:start position:0% +um yes let's it's an anxiety context + + + align:start position:0% +um yes let's it's an anxiety context +remember not anxiety it's an anxiety + + align:start position:0% +remember not anxiety it's an anxiety + + + align:start position:0% +remember not anxiety it's an anxiety +context an anxiety context would be + + align:start position:0% +context an anxiety context would be + + + align:start position:0% +context an anxiety context would be +something like you change the person's + + align:start position:0% +something like you change the person's + + + align:start position:0% +something like you change the person's +routines people with Autism like + + align:start position:0% +routines people with Autism like + + + align:start position:0% +routines people with Autism like +routines so that means breakfast means I + + align:start position:0% +routines so that means breakfast means I + + + align:start position:0% +routines so that means breakfast means I +always have orange juice Fall by + + align:start position:0% +always have orange juice Fall by + + + align:start position:0% +always have orange juice Fall by +Cheerios Fall by toast one morning the + + align:start position:0% +Cheerios Fall by toast one morning the + + + align:start position:0% +Cheerios Fall by toast one morning the +mother says okay okay surprise we're + + align:start position:0% +mother says okay okay surprise we're + + + align:start position:0% +mother says okay okay surprise we're +having grape juice count chocula and a + + align:start position:0% +having grape juice count chocula and a + + + align:start position:0% +having grape juice count chocula and a +bagel + + align:start position:0% +bagel + + + align:start position:0% +bagel +no no no we're no we're having that's + + align:start position:0% +no no no we're no we're having that's + + + align:start position:0% +no no no we're no we're having that's +what we're having it's a special + + align:start position:0% +what we're having it's a special + + + align:start position:0% +what we're having it's a special +surprise surprise no more routine the + + align:start position:0% +surprise surprise no more routine the + + + align:start position:0% +surprise surprise no more routine the +kid hyper you + + align:start position:0% +kid hyper you + + + align:start position:0% +kid hyper you +know okay uh that anxiety context which + + align:start position:0% +know okay uh that anxiety context which + + + align:start position:0% +know okay uh that anxiety context which +is the x is starting to produce arousal + + align:start position:0% +is the x is starting to produce arousal + + + align:start position:0% +is the x is starting to produce arousal +okay and then uh actually + + align:start position:0% +okay and then uh actually + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then uh actually +um precursor behaviors I just + + align:start position:0% +um precursor behaviors I just + + + align:start position:0% +um precursor behaviors I just +demonstrated by the way the arousal is a + + align:start position:0% +demonstrated by the way the arousal is a + + + align:start position:0% +demonstrated by the way the arousal is a +physiological measure this stuff with + + align:start position:0% +physiological measure this stuff with + + + align:start position:0% +physiological measure this stuff with +the hyper ventilating and twisting your + + align:start position:0% +the hyper ventilating and twisting your + + + align:start position:0% +the hyper ventilating and twisting your +hair and making facial expressions those + + align:start position:0% +hair and making facial expressions those + + + align:start position:0% +hair and making facial expressions those +are precursor behaviors when you see + + align:start position:0% +are precursor behaviors when you see + + + align:start position:0% +are precursor behaviors when you see +those a meltdown is imminent that's a + + align:start position:0% +those a meltdown is imminent that's a + + + align:start position:0% +those a meltdown is imminent that's a +red flag uh and those those circles that + + align:start position:0% +red flag uh and those those circles that + + + align:start position:0% +red flag uh and those those circles that +circle is problem Behavior that's the + + align:start position:0% +circle is problem Behavior that's the + + + align:start position:0% +circle is problem Behavior that's the +Melt pound that's problem Behavior All + + align:start position:0% +Melt pound that's problem Behavior All + + + align:start position:0% +Melt pound that's problem Behavior All +right so what you would want to do is + + align:start position:0% +right so what you would want to do is + + + align:start position:0% +right so what you would want to do is +you would want to measure four variables + + align:start position:0% +you would want to measure four variables + + + align:start position:0% +you would want to measure four variables +you would want to measure uh context um + + align:start position:0% +you would want to measure uh context um + + + align:start position:0% +you would want to measure uh context um +arousal precursor and problem behavior + + align:start position:0% +arousal precursor and problem behavior + + + align:start position:0% +arousal precursor and problem behavior +and why would you want to do that well + + align:start position:0% +and why would you want to do that well + + + align:start position:0% +and why would you want to do that well +well because this okay well first of all + + align:start position:0% +well because this okay well first of all + + + align:start position:0% +well because this okay well first of all +how would you do that now that's a + + align:start position:0% +how would you do that now that's a + + + align:start position:0% +how would you do that now that's a +technology question that I can't answer + + align:start position:0% +technology question that I can't answer + + + align:start position:0% +technology question that I can't answer +so that's you okay here's the way I + + align:start position:0% +so that's you okay here's the way I + + + align:start position:0% +so that's you okay here's the way I +think you would need to actually have + + align:start position:0% +think you would need to actually have + + + align:start position:0% +think you would need to actually have +two pieces of equipment one is that you + + align:start position:0% +two pieces of equipment one is that you + + + align:start position:0% +two pieces of equipment one is that you +would have to have a physiological + + align:start position:0% +would have to have a physiological + + + align:start position:0% +would have to have a physiological +monitor like I'm wearing and the other + + align:start position:0% +monitor like I'm wearing and the other + + + align:start position:0% +monitor like I'm wearing and the other +one is you'd have to have a visual + + align:start position:0% +one is you'd have to have a visual + + + align:start position:0% +one is you'd have to have a visual +monitor such as some kind of camera but + + align:start position:0% +monitor such as some kind of camera but + + + align:start position:0% +monitor such as some kind of camera but +it have to be very sophisticated because + + align:start position:0% +it have to be very sophisticated because + + + align:start position:0% +it have to be very sophisticated because +here's the deal what I really want to + + align:start position:0% +here's the deal what I really want to + + + align:start position:0% +here's the deal what I really want to +happen is the uh as this arousal starts + + align:start position:0% +happen is the uh as this arousal starts + + + align:start position:0% +happen is the uh as this arousal starts +to Peak if it's two stand I made it up + + align:start position:0% +to Peak if it's two stand I made it up + + + align:start position:0% +to Peak if it's two stand I made it up +because that's for you Matthew um + + align:start position:0% +because that's for you Matthew um + + + align:start position:0% +because that's for you Matthew um +Matthew's in that machine um uh when it + + align:start position:0% +Matthew's in that machine um uh when it + + + align:start position:0% +Matthew's in that machine um uh when it +goes say two standard deviations above + + align:start position:0% +goes say two standard deviations above + + + align:start position:0% +goes say two standard deviations above +the Baseline I want something to trigger + + align:start position:0% +the Baseline I want something to trigger + + + align:start position:0% +the Baseline I want something to trigger +and ask two questions wait a minute we + + align:start position:0% +and ask two questions wait a minute we + + + align:start position:0% +and ask two questions wait a minute we +just hit two standard deviations above + + align:start position:0% +just hit two standard deviations above + + + align:start position:0% +just hit two standard deviations above +Baseline on arousal what happened right + + align:start position:0% +Baseline on arousal what happened right + + + align:start position:0% +Baseline on arousal what happened right +before what happened right after you see + + align:start position:0% +before what happened right after you see + + + align:start position:0% +before what happened right after you see +what that will give you this is + + align:start position:0% +what that will give you this is + + + align:start position:0% +what that will give you this is +continuous it's is not a laboratory + + align:start position:0% +continuous it's is not a laboratory + + + align:start position:0% +continuous it's is not a laboratory +measure now this is continuous 24/7 + + align:start position:0% +measure now this is continuous 24/7 + + + align:start position:0% +measure now this is continuous 24/7 +monitoring that's what I'm gunning for + + align:start position:0% +monitoring that's what I'm gunning for + + + align:start position:0% +monitoring that's what I'm gunning for +here continuous monitoring okay um + + align:start position:0% +here continuous monitoring okay um + + + align:start position:0% +here continuous monitoring okay um +what will happen is you'll look right + + align:start position:0% +what will happen is you'll look right + + + align:start position:0% +what will happen is you'll look right +before when it when it shot up two + + align:start position:0% +before when it when it shot up two + + + align:start position:0% +before when it when it shot up two +standard deviations you oh my God the + + align:start position:0% +standard deviations you oh my God the + + + align:start position:0% +standard deviations you oh my God the +mother changed the routines look at the + + align:start position:0% +mother changed the routines look at the + + + align:start position:0% +mother changed the routines look at the +videotape the mother changed the + + align:start position:0% +videotape the mother changed the + + + align:start position:0% +videotape the mother changed the +routine okay uh what happened after the + + align:start position:0% +routine okay uh what happened after the + + + align:start position:0% +routine okay uh what happened after the +arousal started accelerating okay now + + align:start position:0% +arousal started accelerating okay now + + + align:start position:0% +arousal started accelerating okay now +you're looking at the visual again oh my + + align:start position:0% +you're looking at the visual again oh my + + + align:start position:0% +you're looking at the visual again oh my +God the kid started showing precursor + + align:start position:0% +God the kid started showing precursor + + + align:start position:0% +God the kid started showing precursor +behaviors or or + + align:start position:0% +behaviors or or + + + align:start position:0% +behaviors or or +rather what he's doing now must be his + + align:start position:0% +rather what he's doing now must be his + + + align:start position:0% +rather what he's doing now must be his +precursor behaviors they're so weird but + + align:start position:0% +precursor behaviors they're so weird but + + + align:start position:0% +precursor behaviors they're so weird but +when we keep playing one anxiety context + + align:start position:0% +when we keep playing one anxiety context + + + align:start position:0% +when we keep playing one anxiety context +after another we keep seeing the same + + align:start position:0% +after another we keep seeing the same + + + align:start position:0% +after another we keep seeing the same +precursor behaviors so for that child + + align:start position:0% +precursor behaviors so for that child + + + align:start position:0% +precursor behaviors so for that child +you're building up a profile of context + + align:start position:0% +you're building up a profile of context + + + align:start position:0% +you're building up a profile of context +a profile of arousal a profile of + + align:start position:0% +a profile of arousal a profile of + + + align:start position:0% +a profile of arousal a profile of +precursors and eventually a profile of + + align:start position:0% +precursors and eventually a profile of + + + align:start position:0% +precursors and eventually a profile of +problem Behavior you have individual + + align:start position:0% +problem Behavior you have individual + + + align:start position:0% +problem Behavior you have individual +profiles for each child across children + + align:start position:0% +profiles for each child across children + + + align:start position:0% +profiles for each child across children +they will not replicate because every + + align:start position:0% +they will not replicate because every + + + align:start position:0% +they will not replicate because every +child will have their own profile but it + + align:start position:0% +child will have their own profile but it + + + align:start position:0% +child will have their own profile but it +doesn't matter because as long as each + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter because as long as each + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter because as long as each +child is consistent that's their + + align:start position:0% +child is consistent that's their + + + align:start position:0% +child is consistent that's their +signature + + align:start position:0% +signature + + + align:start position:0% +signature +and by the way this is exactly what's + + align:start position:0% +and by the way this is exactly what's + + + align:start position:0% +and by the way this is exactly what's +happening in medicine I've had this + + align:start position:0% +happening in medicine I've had this + + + align:start position:0% +happening in medicine I've had this +conversation with Martha and it's really + + align:start position:0% +conversation with Martha and it's really + + + align:start position:0% +conversation with Martha and it's really +been a real eye opener for both of us + + align:start position:0% +been a real eye opener for both of us + + + align:start position:0% +been a real eye opener for both of us +there's an area of medicine I assume + + align:start position:0% +there's an area of medicine I assume + + + align:start position:0% +there's an area of medicine I assume +that when she preceded me here I know uh + + align:start position:0% +that when she preceded me here I know uh + + + align:start position:0% +that when she preceded me here I know uh +she's talking about functional medicine + + align:start position:0% +she's talking about functional medicine + + + align:start position:0% +she's talking about functional medicine +sometimes also called personal medicine + + align:start position:0% +sometimes also called personal medicine + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes also called personal medicine +they're saying don't focus on a person's + + align:start position:0% +they're saying don't focus on a person's + + + align:start position:0% +they're saying don't focus on a person's +diagnosis focus on their underlying + + align:start position:0% +diagnosis focus on their underlying + + + align:start position:0% +diagnosis focus on their underlying +molecular biology molecular biology is + + align:start position:0% +molecular biology molecular biology is + + + align:start position:0% +molecular biology molecular biology is +causing medicine to move towards an N of + + align:start position:0% +causing medicine to move towards an N of + + + align:start position:0% +causing medicine to move towards an N of +one model no more everybody that has + + align:start position:0% +one model no more everybody that has + + + align:start position:0% +one model no more everybody that has +asthma gets + + align:start position:0% +asthma gets + + + align:start position:0% +asthma gets +beclomethasone no that's garbage it + + align:start position:0% +beclomethasone no that's garbage it + + + align:start position:0% +beclomethasone no that's garbage it +depends on what the underlying mechanism + + align:start position:0% +depends on what the underlying mechanism + + + align:start position:0% +depends on what the underlying mechanism +is 10 different people with asthma may + + align:start position:0% +is 10 different people with asthma may + + + align:start position:0% +is 10 different people with asthma may +get 10 different things depending on + + align:start position:0% +get 10 different things depending on + + + align:start position:0% +get 10 different things depending on +what their molecular biology or + + align:start position:0% +what their molecular biology or + + + align:start position:0% +what their molecular biology or +metabolic issue is see this is the same + + align:start position:0% +metabolic issue is see this is the same + + + align:start position:0% +metabolic issue is see this is the same +thing so 10 people can have autism or 10 + + align:start position:0% +thing so 10 people can have autism or 10 + + + align:start position:0% +thing so 10 people can have autism or 10 +people can have various arousal it + + align:start position:0% +people can have various arousal it + + + align:start position:0% +people can have various arousal it +doesn't matter what matters is that + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter what matters is that + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter what matters is that +within each child there are signature + + align:start position:0% +within each child there are signature + + + align:start position:0% +within each child there are signature +profiles okay now what you would look + + align:start position:0% +profiles okay now what you would look + + + align:start position:0% +profiles okay now what you would look +for is this you look for two things in + + align:start position:0% +for is this you look for two things in + + + align:start position:0% +for is this you look for two things in +arousal when you're an analyzing arousal + + align:start position:0% +arousal when you're an analyzing arousal + + + align:start position:0% +arousal when you're an analyzing arousal +you'd look for + + align:start position:0% +you'd look for + + + align:start position:0% +you'd look for +temporal uh um consistency which means + + align:start position:0% +temporal uh um consistency which means + + + align:start position:0% +temporal uh um consistency which means +you might see Peaks at certain times of + + align:start position:0% +you might see Peaks at certain times of + + + align:start position:0% +you might see Peaks at certain times of +the day that could indicate for example + + align:start position:0% +the day that could indicate for example + + + align:start position:0% +the day that could indicate for example +gird because 30 minutes after you eat if + + align:start position:0% +gird because 30 minutes after you eat if + + + align:start position:0% +gird because 30 minutes after you eat if +you eat the wrong food you tend to get + + align:start position:0% +you eat the wrong food you tend to get + + + align:start position:0% +you eat the wrong food you tend to get +severe reflux so if you saw it peeking + + align:start position:0% +severe reflux so if you saw it peeking + + + align:start position:0% +severe reflux so if you saw it peeking +30 minutes you know after 30 minutes + + align:start position:0% +30 minutes you know after 30 minutes + + + align:start position:0% +30 minutes you know after 30 minutes +after breakfast 30 minutes after lunch + + align:start position:0% +after breakfast 30 minutes after lunch + + + align:start position:0% +after breakfast 30 minutes after lunch +30 minutes after dinner you'd be + + align:start position:0% +30 minutes after dinner you'd be + + + align:start position:0% +30 minutes after dinner you'd be +thinking my God there's a temporal + + align:start position:0% +thinking my God there's a temporal + + + align:start position:0% +thinking my God there's a temporal +consistency here it could be Medical + + align:start position:0% +consistency here it could be Medical + + + align:start position:0% +consistency here it could be Medical +could be something like gird or it could + + align:start position:0% +could be something like gird or it could + + + align:start position:0% +could be something like gird or it could +be look like this which looks random or + + align:start position:0% +be look like this which looks random or + + + align:start position:0% +be look like this which looks random or +and it could be actually from day like + + align:start position:0% +and it could be actually from day like + + + align:start position:0% +and it could be actually from day like +this is day one maybe day two I just + + align:start position:0% +this is day one maybe day two I just + + + align:start position:0% +this is day one maybe day two I just +want to show you day two you know looks + + align:start position:0% +want to show you day two you know looks + + + align:start position:0% +want to show you day two you know looks +like this and you think oh my God + + align:start position:0% +like this and you think oh my God + + + align:start position:0% +like this and you think oh my God +there's no connection day one and day + + align:start position:0% +there's no connection day one and day + + + align:start position:0% +there's no connection day one and day +two are completely different profiles + + align:start position:0% +two are completely different profiles + + + align:start position:0% +two are completely different profiles +we're doomed there's no consistency + + align:start position:0% +we're doomed there's no consistency + + + align:start position:0% +we're doomed there's no consistency +wrong here you'd look for situational + + align:start position:0% +wrong here you'd look for situational + + + align:start position:0% +wrong here you'd look for situational +consistency and you'd be looking and say + + align:start position:0% +consistency and you'd be looking and say + + + align:start position:0% +consistency and you'd be looking and say +although on day one there's an X here x + + align:start position:0% +although on day one there's an X here x + + + align:start position:0% +although on day one there's an X here x +here an X here and on day two there's an + + align:start position:0% +here an X here and on day two there's an + + + align:start position:0% +here an X here and on day two there's an +X here and X2 here and although they all + + align:start position:0% +X here and X2 here and although they all + + + align:start position:0% +X here and X2 here and although they all +all those X's occurred at different + + align:start position:0% +all those X's occurred at different + + + align:start position:0% +all those X's occurred at different +times on the two days we noticed that + + align:start position:0% +times on the two days we noticed that + + + align:start position:0% +times on the two days we noticed that +when you examine what x was it was + + align:start position:0% +when you examine what x was it was + + + align:start position:0% +when you examine what x was it was +always crowding in noise so although + + align:start position:0% +always crowding in noise so although + + + align:start position:0% +always crowding in noise so although +temporally there's no consistency + + align:start position:0% +temporally there's no consistency + + + align:start position:0% +temporally there's no consistency +situationally there is so it wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +situationally there is so it wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +situationally there is so it wouldn't +matter if the profiles are arousal were + + align:start position:0% +matter if the profiles are arousal were + + + align:start position:0% +matter if the profiles are arousal were +fluctuating randomly from day to day as + + align:start position:0% +fluctuating randomly from day to day as + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuating randomly from day to day as +long as there was situational + + align:start position:0% +long as there was situational + + + align:start position:0% +long as there was situational +consistency which is no matter when + + align:start position:0% +consistency which is no matter when + + + align:start position:0% +consistency which is no matter when +those X's appeared it was always a + + align:start position:0% +those X's appeared it was always a + + + align:start position:0% +those X's appeared it was always a +particular context or limited number + + align:start position:0% +particular context or limited number + + + align:start position:0% +particular context or limited number +context see so you could you could + + align:start position:0% +context see so you could you could + + + align:start position:0% +context see so you could you could +uh you could analyze these profiles in + + align:start position:0% +uh you could analyze these profiles in + + + align:start position:0% +uh you could analyze these profiles in +terms of temporal consistency or + + align:start position:0% +terms of temporal consistency or + + + align:start position:0% +terms of temporal consistency or +situational + + align:start position:0% +situational + + + align:start position:0% +situational +consistency and uh obviously analy them + + align:start position:0% +consistency and uh obviously analy them + + + align:start position:0% +consistency and uh obviously analy them +in terms of these four variables so now + + align:start position:0% +in terms of these four variables so now + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of these four variables so now +you're devel you're developing profiles + + align:start position:0% +you're devel you're developing profiles + + + align:start position:0% +you're devel you're developing profiles +uh for people + + align:start position:0% +uh for people + + + align:start position:0% +uh for people +um all right so how would you interpret + + align:start position:0% +um all right so how would you interpret + + + align:start position:0% +um all right so how would you interpret +these profiles well you'd have to study + + align:start position:0% +these profiles well you'd have to study + + + align:start position:0% +these profiles well you'd have to study +carefully what the context is and that + + align:start position:0% +carefully what the context is and that + + + align:start position:0% +carefully what the context is and that +would give you an idea of why the person + + align:start position:0% +would give you an idea of why the person + + + align:start position:0% +would give you an idea of why the person +was aroused right so for example if the + + align:start position:0% +was aroused right so for example if the + + + align:start position:0% +was aroused right so for example if the +profile was you know something bad + + align:start position:0% +profile was you know something bad + + + align:start position:0% +profile was you know something bad +happened medically at + + align:start position:0% +happened medically at + + + align:start position:0% +happened medically at +X you think gee maybe that's why there + + align:start position:0% +X you think gee maybe that's why there + + + align:start position:0% +X you think gee maybe that's why there +in a state of arousal then you'd also + + align:start position:0% +in a state of arousal then you'd also + + + align:start position:0% +in a state of arousal then you'd also +have to look very very important and + + align:start position:0% +have to look very very important and + + + align:start position:0% +have to look very very important and +here's where we really need help okay I + + align:start position:0% +here's where we really need help okay I + + + align:start position:0% +here's where we really need help okay I +believe you'd have to look very very + + align:start position:0% +believe you'd have to look very very + + + align:start position:0% +believe you'd have to look very very +carefully at their face and their body + + align:start position:0% +carefully at their face and their body + + + align:start position:0% +carefully at their face and their body +language those are additional cues that + + align:start position:0% +language those are additional cues that + + + align:start position:0% +language those are additional cues that +help you to interpret arousal so if and + + align:start position:0% +help you to interpret arousal so if and + + + align:start position:0% +help you to interpret arousal so if and +now this would be easy of course if + + align:start position:0% +now this would be easy of course if + + + align:start position:0% +now this would be easy of course if +we're uh if we're universally TR it's + + align:start position:0% +we're uh if we're universally TR it's + + + align:start position:0% +we're uh if we're universally TR it's +not but if you see with that camera you + + align:start position:0% +not but if you see with that camera you + + + align:start position:0% +not but if you see with that camera you +notice the kid going like that that's + + align:start position:0% +notice the kid going like that that's + + + align:start position:0% +notice the kid going like that that's +quite different than like that okay the + + align:start position:0% +quite different than like that okay the + + + align:start position:0% +quite different than like that okay the +first one is uh very likely fear or + + align:start position:0% +first one is uh very likely fear or + + + align:start position:0% +first one is uh very likely fear or +anxiety the second one is very likely + + align:start position:0% +anxiety the second one is very likely + + + align:start position:0% +anxiety the second one is very likely +pain now that's for typical people will + + align:start position:0% +pain now that's for typical people will + + + align:start position:0% +pain now that's for typical people will +it transfer to people with Autism I + + align:start position:0% +it transfer to people with Autism I + + + align:start position:0% +it transfer to people with Autism I +don't know but it may not matter because + + align:start position:0% +don't know but it may not matter because + + + align:start position:0% +don't know but it may not matter because +as long as people with Autism did the + + align:start position:0% +as long as people with Autism did the + + + align:start position:0% +as long as people with Autism did the +same type of pain thing and the same + + align:start position:0% +same type of pain thing and the same + + + align:start position:0% +same type of pain thing and the same +type of anxiety thing even if it was + + align:start position:0% +type of anxiety thing even if it was + + + align:start position:0% +type of anxiety thing even if it was +weird as long as it's + + align:start position:0% +weird as long as it's + + + align:start position:0% +weird as long as it's +consistent then that gives you their + + align:start position:0% +consistent then that gives you their + + + align:start position:0% +consistent then that gives you their +particular facial + + align:start position:0% +particular facial + + + align:start position:0% +particular facial +um q and body language for their version + + align:start position:0% +um q and body language for their version + + + align:start position:0% +um q and body language for their version +of anxiety and their version of pain see + + align:start position:0% +of anxiety and their version of pain see + + + align:start position:0% +of anxiety and their version of pain see +so that works yes um I have a question + + align:start position:0% +so that works yes um I have a question + + + align:start position:0% +so that works yes um I have a question +about the conceptualization of putting + + align:start position:0% +about the conceptualization of putting + + + align:start position:0% +about the conceptualization of putting +together Nal 1 groups and sort of + + align:start position:0% +together Nal 1 groups and sort of + + + align:start position:0% +together Nal 1 groups and sort of +restricting observing the data to that + + align:start position:0% +restricting observing the data to that + + + align:start position:0% +restricting observing the data to that +so it seems like um it's a possibility + + align:start position:0% +so it seems like um it's a possibility + + + align:start position:0% +so it seems like um it's a possibility +that if you look at people with Autism + + align:start position:0% +that if you look at people with Autism + + + align:start position:0% +that if you look at people with Autism +with sort of find enough instruments + + align:start position:0% +with sort of find enough instruments + + + align:start position:0% +with sort of find enough instruments +like if you're constructing profil like + + align:start position:0% +like if you're constructing profil like + + + align:start position:0% +like if you're constructing profil like +this you might end up with like groups + + align:start position:0% +this you might end up with like groups + + + align:start position:0% +this you might end up with like groups +of profiles that once you have a hundred + + align:start position:0% +of profiles that once you have a hundred + + + align:start position:0% +of profiles that once you have a hundred +of them instead of like three then you + + align:start position:0% +of them instead of like three then you + + + align:start position:0% +of them instead of like three then you +can actually divide it that way and then + + align:start position:0% +can actually divide it that way and then + + + align:start position:0% +can actually divide it that way and then +pull out for other groups of people who + + align:start position:0% +pull out for other groups of people who + + + align:start position:0% +pull out for other groups of people who +may not be able to go to a university + + align:start position:0% +may not be able to go to a university + + + align:start position:0% +may not be able to go to a university +and get set up for it and you know + + align:start position:0% +and get set up for it and you know + + + align:start position:0% +and get set up for it and you know +monitor 24/7 and actually develop the + + align:start position:0% +monitor 24/7 and actually develop the + + + align:start position:0% +monitor 24/7 and actually develop the +profile and give some information to + + align:start position:0% +profile and give some information to + + + align:start position:0% +profile and give some information to +those people the parents can't afford it + + align:start position:0% +those people the parents can't afford it + + + align:start position:0% +those people the parents can't afford it +the parents develop who can't afford it + + align:start position:0% +the parents develop who can't afford it + + + align:start position:0% +the parents develop who can't afford it +is that something that you're thinking + + align:start position:0% +is that something that you're thinking + + + align:start position:0% +is that something that you're thinking +about doing like in in a broader scope + + align:start position:0% +about doing like in in a broader scope + + + align:start position:0% +about doing like in in a broader scope +of this work or + + align:start position:0% +of this work or + + + align:start position:0% +of this work or +you no + + align:start position:0% +you no + + + align:start position:0% +you no +well initially we'll all be an equal one + + align:start position:0% +well initially we'll all be an equal one + + + align:start position:0% +well initially we'll all be an equal one +okay I don't mean literally n equal one + + align:start position:0% +okay I don't mean literally n equal one + + + align:start position:0% +okay I don't mean literally n equal one +it'll be n equal one over and over for + + align:start position:0% +it'll be n equal one over and over for + + + align:start position:0% +it'll be n equal one over and over for +lots of different ones okay it's not + + align:start position:0% +lots of different ones okay it's not + + + align:start position:0% +lots of different ones okay it's not +literally n equal one um it if what you + + align:start position:0% +literally n equal one um it if what you + + + align:start position:0% +literally n equal one um it if what you +just said is true that would be + + align:start position:0% +just said is true that would be + + + align:start position:0% +just said is true that would be +wonderful if it turned out that if you + + align:start position:0% +wonderful if it turned out that if you + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful if it turned out that if you +did 120 participants and uh 40 of them + + align:start position:0% +did 120 participants and uh 40 of them + + + align:start position:0% +did 120 participants and uh 40 of them +had profile x 40 had profile Y and 40 + + align:start position:0% +had profile x 40 had profile Y and 40 + + + align:start position:0% +had profile x 40 had profile Y and 40 +had profile Z think fabulous 40 + + align:start position:0% +had profile Z think fabulous 40 + + + align:start position:0% +had profile Z think fabulous 40 +different ones I was even thinking that + + align:start position:0% +different ones I was even thinking that + + + align:start position:0% +different ones I was even thinking that +once you sort of get the fine tuning + + align:start position:0% +once you sort of get the fine tuning + + + align:start position:0% +once you sort of get the fine tuning +well enough say you know it's exactly + + align:start position:0% +well enough say you know it's exactly + + + align:start position:0% +well enough say you know it's exactly +when they're in a situation resp when + + align:start position:0% +when they're in a situation resp when + + + align:start position:0% +when they're in a situation resp when +situation resp it it could but I'm going + + align:start position:0% +situation resp it it could but I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +situation resp it it could but I'm going +to tell you typ rights you through the + + align:start position:0% +to tell you typ rights you through the + + + align:start position:0% +to tell you typ rights you through the +question it's + + align:start position:0% +question it's + + + align:start position:0% +question it's +very fine okay yeah that could be the + + align:start position:0% +very fine okay yeah that could be the + + + align:start position:0% +very fine okay yeah that could be the +case but what happens if it's not the + + align:start position:0% +case but what happens if it's not the + + + align:start position:0% +case but what happens if it's not the +case uh what happens if in fact every + + align:start position:0% +case uh what happens if in fact every + + + align:start position:0% +case uh what happens if in fact every +person is unique and different things + + align:start position:0% +person is unique and different things + + + align:start position:0% +person is unique and different things +set off different people this way of + + align:start position:0% +set off different people this way of + + + align:start position:0% +set off different people this way of +conceptualizing IT addresses that it's + + align:start position:0% +conceptualizing IT addresses that it's + + + align:start position:0% +conceptualizing IT addresses that it's +not a catastrophe your concern is a + + align:start position:0% +not a catastrophe your concern is a + + + align:start position:0% +not a catastrophe your concern is a +practical one you're saying well could + + align:start position:0% +practical one you're saying well could + + + align:start position:0% +practical one you're saying well could +everybody come and take their kid to + + align:start position:0% +everybody come and take their kid to + + + align:start position:0% +everybody come and take their kid to +well you know quite frankly that same + + align:start position:0% +well you know quite frankly that same + + + align:start position:0% +well you know quite frankly that same +problem as in medicine right and so + + align:start position:0% +problem as in medicine right and so + + + align:start position:0% +problem as in medicine right and so +therefore it's not unique to autism and + + align:start position:0% +therefore it's not unique to autism and + + + align:start position:0% +therefore it's not unique to autism and +so if that's what it takes that's what + + align:start position:0% +so if that's what it takes that's what + + + align:start position:0% +so if that's what it takes that's what +we will have to do uh if your dream + + align:start position:0% +we will have to do uh if your dream + + + align:start position:0% +we will have to do uh if your dream +comes true that would be wonderful + + align:start position:0% +comes true that would be wonderful + + + align:start position:0% +comes true that would be wonderful +because it would be extremely efficient + + align:start position:0% +because it would be extremely efficient + + + align:start position:0% +because it would be extremely efficient +and we'd be able to do that my own t gut + + align:start position:0% +and we'd be able to do that my own t gut + + + align:start position:0% +and we'd be able to do that my own t gut +feeling based on an N of 4,000 and not + + align:start position:0% +feeling based on an N of 4,000 and not + + + align:start position:0% +feeling based on an N of 4,000 and not +100 um is that I suspect that there will + + align:start position:0% +100 um is that I suspect that there will + + + align:start position:0% +100 um is that I suspect that there will +be wide distribution and in fact this + + align:start position:0% +be wide distribution and in fact this + + + align:start position:0% +be wide distribution and in fact this +leads me to a different a related point + + align:start position:0% +leads me to a different a related point + + + align:start position:0% +leads me to a different a related point +which is this here's what I'd really + + align:start position:0% +which is this here's what I'd really + + + align:start position:0% +which is this here's what I'd really +like to do to start the ball rolling + + align:start position:0% +like to do to start the ball rolling + + + align:start position:0% +like to do to start the ball rolling +what I really like to do uh is + + align:start position:0% +what I really like to do uh is + + + align:start position:0% +what I really like to do uh is +environmental sampling I'd like to take + + align:start position:0% +environmental sampling I'd like to take + + + align:start position:0% +environmental sampling I'd like to take +a person uh and purposely expose them to + + align:start position:0% +a person uh and purposely expose them to + + + align:start position:0% +a person uh and purposely expose them to +120 different life situations with this + + align:start position:0% +120 different life situations with this + + + align:start position:0% +120 different life situations with this +technology because I want to see what + + align:start position:0% +technology because I want to see what + + + align:start position:0% +technology because I want to see what +makes you tick in 120 situations that + + align:start position:0% +makes you tick in 120 situations that + + + align:start position:0% +makes you tick in 120 situations that +are common for your family in your + + align:start position:0% +are common for your family in your + + + align:start position:0% +are common for your family in your +neighborhood in your situation and then + + align:start position:0% +neighborhood in your situation and then + + + align:start position:0% +neighborhood in your situation and then +I will develop a profile for you now + + align:start position:0% +I will develop a profile for you now + + + align:start position:0% +I will develop a profile for you now +you're here in Massachusetts it might + + align:start position:0% +you're here in Massachusetts it might + + + align:start position:0% +you're here in Massachusetts it might +not be it might be quite different for + + align:start position:0% +not be it might be quite different for + + + align:start position:0% +not be it might be quite different for +somebody Ohio or California it might be + + align:start position:0% +somebody Ohio or California it might be + + + align:start position:0% +somebody Ohio or California it might be +different Community different person + + align:start position:0% +different Community different person + + + align:start position:0% +different Community different person +blah blah blah that kind of thing and so + + align:start position:0% +blah blah blah that kind of thing and so + + + align:start position:0% +blah blah blah that kind of thing and so +you know um but that won't matter + + align:start position:0% +you know um but that won't matter + + + align:start position:0% +you know um but that won't matter +because as long as I sample ecologically + + align:start position:0% +because as long as I sample ecologically + + + align:start position:0% +because as long as I sample ecologically +valid and meaningful situations for you + + align:start position:0% +valid and meaningful situations for you + + + align:start position:0% +valid and meaningful situations for you +I will get a sense of what makes you + + align:start position:0% +I will get a sense of what makes you + + + align:start position:0% +I will get a sense of what makes you +tick and then I can communicate that + + align:start position:0% +tick and then I can communicate that + + + align:start position:0% +tick and then I can communicate that +that was one of the questions um I can + + align:start position:0% +that was one of the questions um I can + + + align:start position:0% +that was one of the questions um I can +communicate that to your mother to your + + align:start position:0% +communicate that to your mother to your + + + align:start position:0% +communicate that to your mother to your +teacher to doctor to babysitter okay + + align:start position:0% +teacher to doctor to babysitter okay + + + align:start position:0% +teacher to doctor to babysitter okay +listen very carefully oh babysitter + + align:start position:0% +listen very carefully oh babysitter + + + align:start position:0% +listen very carefully oh babysitter +who's new to our family okay when my + + align:start position:0% +who's new to our family okay when my + + + align:start position:0% +who's new to our family okay when my +child does this okay that's a pre that + + align:start position:0% +child does this okay that's a pre that + + + align:start position:0% +child does this okay that's a pre that +means they're anxious uh and we have + + align:start position:0% +means they're anxious uh and we have + + + align:start position:0% +means they're anxious uh and we have +found that when they do that you should + + align:start position:0% +found that when they do that you should + + + align:start position:0% +found that when they do that you should +do X and not y on the other hand if they + + align:start position:0% +do X and not y on the other hand if they + + + align:start position:0% +do X and not y on the other hand if they +do that I'm sorry no I'm sorry uh yeah + + align:start position:0% +do that I'm sorry no I'm sorry uh yeah + + + align:start position:0% +do that I'm sorry no I'm sorry uh yeah +but the second one was anxious when they + + align:start position:0% +but the second one was anxious when they + + + align:start position:0% +but the second one was anxious when they +do this um I have to tell you that my + + align:start position:0% +do this um I have to tell you that my + + + align:start position:0% +do this um I have to tell you that my +child has intestinal disbiosis imbalance + + align:start position:0% +child has intestinal disbiosis imbalance + + + align:start position:0% +child has intestinal disbiosis imbalance +of good and bad gut gut Flor and so + + align:start position:0% +of good and bad gut gut Flor and so + + + align:start position:0% +of good and bad gut gut Flor and so +they're experiencing pain here's what + + align:start position:0% +they're experiencing pain here's what + + + align:start position:0% +they're experiencing pain here's what +you must do so what I'm getting at is + + align:start position:0% +you must do so what I'm getting at is + + + align:start position:0% +you must do so what I'm getting at is +you're giving people very specific + + align:start position:0% +you're giving people very specific + + + align:start position:0% +you're giving people very specific +information about how to + + align:start position:0% +information about how to + + + align:start position:0% +information about how to +respond decode exactly and I and I don't + + align:start position:0% +respond decode exactly and I and I don't + + + align:start position:0% +respond decode exactly and I and I don't +want to be demeaning about this but it's + + align:start position:0% +want to be demeaning about this but it's + + + align:start position:0% +want to be demeaning about this but it's +an exact parallel to the work of + + align:start position:0% +an exact parallel to the work of + + + align:start position:0% +an exact parallel to the work of +tinbergen and lorence on animal behavior + + align:start position:0% +tinbergen and lorence on animal behavior + + + align:start position:0% +tinbergen and lorence on animal behavior +it's that's where this actually C comes + + align:start position:0% +it's that's where this actually C comes + + + align:start position:0% +it's that's where this actually C comes +from the start of my career I told you I + + align:start position:0% +from the start of my career I told you I + + + align:start position:0% +from the start of my career I told you I +was in experimental psychology not + + align:start position:0% +was in experimental psychology not + + + align:start position:0% +was in experimental psychology not +clinical and so um they basically were + + align:start position:0% +clinical and so um they basically were + + + align:start position:0% +clinical and so um they basically were +Co you know I'll give you an exam I'll + + align:start position:0% +Co you know I'll give you an exam I'll + + + align:start position:0% +Co you know I'll give you an exam I'll +give you exact exact exact example um + + align:start position:0% +give you exact exact exact example um + + + align:start position:0% +give you exact exact exact example um +when my son was younger we still have + + align:start position:0% +when my son was younger we still have + + + align:start position:0% +when my son was younger we still have +her we have a lop bearded bunny um and + + align:start position:0% +her we have a lop bearded bunny um and + + + align:start position:0% +her we have a lop bearded bunny um and +um when you look at her body language + + align:start position:0% +um when you look at her body language + + + align:start position:0% +um when you look at her body language +you can figure if you know the code of + + align:start position:0% +you can figure if you know the code of + + + align:start position:0% +you can figure if you know the code of +lot beard bunnies it enables you to uh + + align:start position:0% +lot beard bunnies it enables you to uh + + + align:start position:0% +lot beard bunnies it enables you to uh +be more effective with them um if + + align:start position:0% +be more effective with them um if + + + align:start position:0% +be more effective with them um if +they're on the floor and their back leg + + align:start position:0% +they're on the floor and their back leg + + + align:start position:0% +they're on the floor and their back leg +is completely stretched out that means + + align:start position:0% +is completely stretched out that means + + + align:start position:0% +is completely stretched out that means +they're totally calm if they're sitting + + align:start position:0% +they're totally calm if they're sitting + + + align:start position:0% +they're totally calm if they're sitting +on the floor and their legs are tucked + + align:start position:0% +on the floor and their legs are tucked + + + align:start position:0% +on the floor and their legs are tucked +under but both ears are down they're + + align:start position:0% +under but both ears are down they're + + + align:start position:0% +under but both ears are down they're +moderately calm if one ear is up it + + align:start position:0% +moderately calm if one ear is up it + + + align:start position:0% +moderately calm if one ear is up it +means they're curious if two ears are up + + align:start position:0% +means they're curious if two ears are up + + + align:start position:0% +means they're curious if two ears are up +it means they're fearful + + align:start position:0% +it means they're fearful + + + align:start position:0% +it means they're fearful +if they make a loud grow a small low + + align:start position:0% +if they make a loud grow a small low + + + align:start position:0% +if they make a loud grow a small low +frequency uh growl that means they're + + align:start position:0% +frequency uh growl that means they're + + + align:start position:0% +frequency uh growl that means they're +about to attack if you know all those + + align:start position:0% +about to attack if you know all those + + + align:start position:0% +about to attack if you know all those +things then you know that when um one + + align:start position:0% +things then you know that when um one + + + align:start position:0% +things then you know that when um one +ear is up and they're curious and you + + align:start position:0% +ear is up and they're curious and you + + + align:start position:0% +ear is up and they're curious and you +put your hand near their mouth they'll + + align:start position:0% +put your hand near their mouth they'll + + + align:start position:0% +put your hand near their mouth they'll +sniff because they're curious when she + + align:start position:0% +sniff because they're curious when she + + + align:start position:0% +sniff because they're curious when she +growls and you put your hand near you + + align:start position:0% +growls and you put your hand near you + + + align:start position:0% +growls and you put your hand near you +will get + + align:start position:0% +will get + + + align:start position:0% +will get +bitten okay so that sort of logic which + + align:start position:0% +bitten okay so that sort of logic which + + + align:start position:0% +bitten okay so that sort of logic which +is drawn from mythology is exactly what + + align:start position:0% +is drawn from mythology is exactly what + + + align:start position:0% +is drawn from mythology is exactly what +I'm talking about here you're creating a + + align:start position:0% +I'm talking about here you're creating a + + + align:start position:0% +I'm talking about here you're creating a +code + + align:start position:0% +code + + + align:start position:0% +code +for people with Autism except it's not + + align:start position:0% +for people with Autism except it's not + + + align:start position:0% +for people with Autism except it's not +species it's n of one we're running out + + align:start position:0% +species it's n of one we're running out + + + align:start position:0% +species it's n of one we're running out +of time yes we are and you may want a + + align:start position:0% +of time yes we are and you may want a + + + align:start position:0% +of time yes we are and you may want a +few concluded remarks I have another + + align:start position:0% +few concluded remarks I have another + + + align:start position:0% +few concluded remarks I have another +question that probably can't handle real + + align:start position:0% +question that probably can't handle real + + + align:start position:0% +question that probably can't handle real +quickly and we can tackle it over lunch + + align:start position:0% +quickly and we can tackle it over lunch + + + align:start position:0% +quickly and we can tackle it over lunch +but maybe you could say just something + + align:start position:0% +but maybe you could say just something + + + align:start position:0% +but maybe you could say just something +about it which is um Placebo and all + + align:start position:0% +about it which is um Placebo and all + + + align:start position:0% +about it which is um Placebo and all +these Placebo how do you what so any + + align:start position:0% +these Placebo how do you what so any + + + align:start position:0% +these Placebo how do you what so any +intervention you know um usually posor + + align:start position:0% +intervention you know um usually posor + + + align:start position:0% +intervention you know um usually posor +effect right experiment um people do + + align:start position:0% +effect right experiment um people do + + + align:start position:0% +effect right experiment um people do +better maybe people are nicer to the kid + + align:start position:0% +better maybe people are nicer to the kid + + + align:start position:0% +better maybe people are nicer to the kid +you know all these other I thinking + + align:start position:0% +you know all these other I thinking + + + align:start position:0% +you know all these other I thinking +reading this you know right how how do + + align:start position:0% +reading this you know right how how do + + + align:start position:0% +reading this you know right how how do +you handle that in your single subject + + align:start position:0% +you handle that in your single subject + + + align:start position:0% +you handle that in your single subject +well you're talking about placebo effect + + align:start position:0% +well you're talking about placebo effect + + + align:start position:0% +well you're talking about placebo effect +with respect to treatments yeah with + + align:start position:0% +with respect to treatments yeah with + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to treatments yeah with +respect to treatments we're doing a + + align:start position:0% +respect to treatments we're doing a + + + align:start position:0% +respect to treatments we're doing a +particular treatment and the person gets + + align:start position:0% +particular treatment and the person gets + + + align:start position:0% +particular treatment and the person gets +a lot better etc etc + + align:start position:0% +a lot better etc etc + + + align:start position:0% +a lot better etc etc +um it's a it's a good question there are + + align:start position:0% +um it's a it's a good question there are + + + align:start position:0% +um it's a it's a good question there are +things called reversal designs uh for + + align:start position:0% +things called reversal designs uh for + + + align:start position:0% +things called reversal designs uh for +example where uh you pull the treatment + + align:start position:0% +example where uh you pull the treatment + + + align:start position:0% +example where uh you pull the treatment +out and then the behavior collapses + + align:start position:0% +out and then the behavior collapses + + + align:start position:0% +out and then the behavior collapses +you're doing right exactly and then you + + align:start position:0% +you're doing right exactly and then you + + + align:start position:0% +you're doing right exactly and then you +put the treatment back in and it's the + + align:start position:0% +put the treatment back in and it's the + + + align:start position:0% +put the treatment back in and it's the +same thing with the demands no demand + + align:start position:0% +same thing with the demands no demand + + + align:start position:0% +same thing with the demands no demand +slide I show + + align:start position:0% +slide I show + + + align:start position:0% +slide I show +you could say well maybe that's just + + align:start position:0% +you could say well maybe that's just + + + align:start position:0% +you could say well maybe that's just +forus or whatever but if you keep + + align:start position:0% +forus or whatever but if you keep + + + align:start position:0% +forus or whatever but if you keep +replicating it you know when X is there + + align:start position:0% +replicating it you know when X is there + + + align:start position:0% +replicating it you know when X is there +the person explodes when X's remove they + + align:start position:0% +the person explodes when X's remove they + + + align:start position:0% +the person explodes when X's remove they +don't X's back in they explode um so it + + align:start position:0% +don't X's back in they explode um so it + + + align:start position:0% +don't X's back in they explode um so it +seems like instead of removing that + + align:start position:0% +seems like instead of removing that + + + align:start position:0% +seems like instead of removing that +treatment you could put in another sort + + align:start position:0% +treatment you could put in another sort + + + align:start position:0% +treatment you could put in another sort +of sham treatment and you can also put + + align:start position:0% +of sham treatment and you can also put + + + align:start position:0% +of sham treatment and you can also put +in sham treatments that is correct um + + align:start position:0% +in sham treatments that is correct um + + + align:start position:0% +in sham treatments that is correct um +usually uh the Sham treatment is already + + align:start position:0% +usually uh the Sham treatment is already + + + align:start position:0% +usually uh the Sham treatment is already +present in the Baseline and others you + + align:start position:0% +present in the Baseline and others you + + + align:start position:0% +present in the Baseline and others you +say that's like this is how we normally + + align:start position:0% +say that's like this is how we normally + + + align:start position:0% +say that's like this is how we normally +do it but when you do uh a treatment for + + align:start position:0% +do it but when you do uh a treatment for + + + align:start position:0% +do it but when you do uh a treatment for +example where you actually increase the + + align:start position:0% +example where you actually increase the + + + align:start position:0% +example where you actually increase the +rate of attention to the person okay + + align:start position:0% +rate of attention to the person okay + + + align:start position:0% +rate of attention to the person okay +people could say well it's not the + + align:start position:0% +people could say well it's not the + + + align:start position:0% +people could say well it's not the +treatment it's just that in the course + + align:start position:0% +treatment it's just that in the course + + + align:start position:0% +treatment it's just that in the course +of the treatment you are paying a lot + + align:start position:0% +of the treatment you are paying a lot + + + align:start position:0% +of the treatment you are paying a lot +more attention to the person so what you + + align:start position:0% +more attention to the person so what you + + + align:start position:0% +more attention to the person so what you +can do is you can do um a sham treatment + + align:start position:0% +can do is you can do um a sham treatment + + + align:start position:0% +can do is you can do um a sham treatment +where you're paying more attention to + + align:start position:0% +where you're paying more attention to + + + align:start position:0% +where you're paying more attention to +the person but the Essential Elements of + + align:start position:0% +the person but the Essential Elements of + + + align:start position:0% +the person but the Essential Elements of +treatment are missing so now you're + + align:start position:0% +treatment are missing so now you're + + + align:start position:0% +treatment are missing so now you're +controlling for attention level so + + align:start position:0% +controlling for attention level so + + + align:start position:0% +controlling for attention level so +there's various things you can do within + + align:start position:0% +there's various things you can do within + + + align:start position:0% +there's various things you can do within +a single subject design to kill that off + + align:start position:0% +a single subject design to kill that off + + + align:start position:0% +a single subject design to kill that off +um and obviously would depend on the + + align:start position:0% +um and obviously would depend on the + + + align:start position:0% +um and obviously would depend on the +nature of the treatment what the sh + + align:start position:0% +nature of the treatment what the sh + + + align:start position:0% +nature of the treatment what the sh +appropriate sham would be um so that's + + align:start position:0% +appropriate sham would be um so that's + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate sham would be um so that's +but this reversal you know putting it in + + align:start position:0% +but this reversal you know putting it in + + + align:start position:0% +but this reversal you know putting it in +taking it out putting taking out and + + align:start position:0% +taking it out putting taking out and + + + align:start position:0% +taking it out putting taking out and +maybe putting in something that has some + + align:start position:0% +maybe putting in something that has some + + + align:start position:0% +maybe putting in something that has some +elements but not others you and people + + align:start position:0% +elements but not others you and people + + + align:start position:0% +elements but not others you and people +can do that uh and actually that's + + align:start position:0% +can do that uh and actually that's + + + align:start position:0% +can do that uh and actually that's +called dismantling by the way that uh uh + + align:start position:0% +called dismantling by the way that uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +called dismantling by the way that uh uh +what I propose in terms of treatment is + + align:start position:0% +what I propose in terms of treatment is + + + align:start position:0% +what I propose in terms of treatment is +always multicomponent and when you do a + + align:start position:0% +always multicomponent and when you do a + + + align:start position:0% +always multicomponent and when you do a +multicomponent treatment people say well + + align:start position:0% +multicomponent treatment people say well + + + align:start position:0% +multicomponent treatment people say well +how do you know all the components are + + align:start position:0% +how do you know all the components are + + + align:start position:0% +how do you know all the components are +effective maybe only some of them are + + align:start position:0% +effective maybe only some of them are + + + align:start position:0% +effective maybe only some of them are +and some of them are garbage you say + + align:start position:0% +and some of them are garbage you say + + + align:start position:0% +and some of them are garbage you say +well okay well you can pull them in and + + align:start position:0% +well okay well you can pull them in and + + + align:start position:0% +well okay well you can pull them in and +out and see you know does the behaver + + align:start position:0% +out and see you know does the behaver + + + align:start position:0% +out and see you know does the behaver +collapse when you pull certain things + + align:start position:0% +collapse when you pull certain things + + + align:start position:0% +collapse when you pull certain things +out but it's terrific when you put them + + align:start position:0% +out but it's terrific when you put them + + + align:start position:0% +out but it's terrific when you put them +in that would imply that okay those + + align:start position:0% +in that would imply that okay those + + + align:start position:0% +in that would imply that okay those +treatment X X and Y are the effective + + align:start position:0% +treatment X X and Y are the effective + + + align:start position:0% +treatment X X and Y are the effective +elements p and Q are just irrelevant + + align:start position:0% +elements p and Q are just irrelevant + + + align:start position:0% +elements p and Q are just irrelevant +correlates and of no interest and so you + + align:start position:0% +correlates and of no interest and so you + + + align:start position:0% +correlates and of no interest and so you +could + + align:start position:0% +could + + + align:start position:0% +could +dismantle yes yes question yes so + + align:start position:0% +dismantle yes yes question yes so + + + align:start position:0% +dismantle yes yes question yes so +according to the arousal profiles um the + + align:start position:0% +according to the arousal profiles um the + + + align:start position:0% +according to the arousal profiles um the +caretaker would be responding to the + + align:start position:0% +caretaker would be responding to the + + + align:start position:0% +caretaker would be responding to the +precursor + + align:start position:0% +precursor + + + align:start position:0% +precursor +um signals instead of the problem + + align:start position:0% +um signals instead of the problem + + + align:start position:0% +um signals instead of the problem +Behavior so um would is there do you + + align:start position:0% +Behavior so um would is there do you + + + align:start position:0% +Behavior so um would is there do you +think there is a chance that the child + + align:start position:0% +think there is a chance that the child + + + align:start position:0% +think there is a chance that the child +might start learning to use the + + align:start position:0% +might start learning to use the + + + align:start position:0% +might start learning to use the +precursor Behavior to get what they to + + align:start position:0% +precursor Behavior to get what they to + + + align:start position:0% +precursor Behavior to get what they to +address I see that's good okay this this + + align:start position:0% +address I see that's good okay this this + + + align:start position:0% +address I see that's good okay this this +raises a whole very important issue that + + align:start position:0% +raises a whole very important issue that + + + align:start position:0% +raises a whole very important issue that +I didn't that you queued me on okay when + + align:start position:0% +I didn't that you queued me on okay when + + + align:start position:0% +I didn't that you queued me on okay when +you have a model that says that there + + align:start position:0% +you have a model that says that there + + + align:start position:0% +you have a model that says that there +are three things that are actually + + align:start position:0% +are three things that are actually + + + align:start position:0% +are three things that are actually +relevant here there's context there's + + align:start position:0% +relevant here there's context there's + + + align:start position:0% +relevant here there's context there's +precursor there's arousal all these + + align:start position:0% +precursor there's arousal all these + + + align:start position:0% +precursor there's arousal all these +things precede problem Behavior it means + + align:start position:0% +things precede problem Behavior it means + + + align:start position:0% +things precede problem Behavior it means +there's three different opportunities + + align:start position:0% +there's three different opportunities + + + align:start position:0% +there's three different opportunities +for you to to design treatments you + + align:start position:0% +for you to to design treatments you + + + align:start position:0% +for you to to design treatments you +could alter the problem context thereby + + align:start position:0% +could alter the problem context thereby + + + align:start position:0% +could alter the problem context thereby +avoiding subsequent problems you could + + align:start position:0% +avoiding subsequent problems you could + + + align:start position:0% +avoiding subsequent problems you could +alter the arousal level thereby avoiding + + align:start position:0% +alter the arousal level thereby avoiding + + + align:start position:0% +alter the arousal level thereby avoiding +or you could alter the precursors so you + + align:start position:0% +or you could alter the precursors so you + + + align:start position:0% +or you could alter the precursors so you +don't respond to the precursors and I + + align:start position:0% +don't respond to the precursors and I + + + align:start position:0% +don't respond to the precursors and I +actually published on two or three two + + align:start position:0% +actually published on two or three two + + + align:start position:0% +actually published on two or three two +out of the three of these the only thing + + align:start position:0% +out of the three of these the only thing + + + align:start position:0% +out of the three of these the only thing +I have not published on is arousal + + align:start position:0% +I have not published on is arousal + + + align:start position:0% +I have not published on is arousal +that's why I'm here um the context and + + align:start position:0% +that's why I'm here um the context and + + + align:start position:0% +that's why I'm here um the context and +precursor I've published on um what you + + align:start position:0% +precursor I've published on um what you + + + align:start position:0% +precursor I've published on um what you +do with the precursor is you don't allow + + align:start position:0% +do with the precursor is you don't allow + + + align:start position:0% +do with the precursor is you don't allow +the person to have the + + align:start position:0% +the person to have the + + + align:start position:0% +the person to have the +precursor pay off off and and well okay + + align:start position:0% +precursor pay off off and and well okay + + + align:start position:0% +precursor pay off off and and well okay +if the precursor is this okay and that's + + align:start position:0% +if the precursor is this okay and that's + + + align:start position:0% +if the precursor is this okay and that's +going to lead momentarily to an + + align:start position:0% +going to lead momentarily to an + + + align:start position:0% +going to lead momentarily to an +explosion what you say is oh my God the + + align:start position:0% +explosion what you say is oh my God the + + + align:start position:0% +explosion what you say is oh my God the +kid is anxious I'm now going to teach + + align:start position:0% +kid is anxious I'm now going to teach + + + align:start position:0% +kid is anxious I'm now going to teach +the kid to say I'm + + align:start position:0% +the kid to say I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the kid to say I'm +afraid what happens is the precursor + + align:start position:0% +afraid what happens is the precursor + + + align:start position:0% +afraid what happens is the precursor +Then Fall I just published this now it's + + align:start position:0% +Then Fall I just published this now it's + + + align:start position:0% +Then Fall I just published this now it's +coming out in a month what happens is + + align:start position:0% +coming out in a month what happens is + + + align:start position:0% +coming out in a month what happens is +the precursor falls out and + + align:start position:0% +the precursor falls out and + + + align:start position:0% +the precursor falls out and +communication replaces + + align:start position:0% +communication replaces + + + align:start position:0% +communication replaces +it so now because of that the person the + + align:start position:0% +it so now because of that the person the + + + align:start position:0% +it so now because of that the person the +ad offers appropriate + + align:start position:0% +ad offers appropriate + + + align:start position:0% +ad offers appropriate +support the anxiety is reduced and you + + align:start position:0% +support the anxiety is reduced and you + + + align:start position:0% +support the anxiety is reduced and you +never come to the problem Behavior so + + align:start position:0% +never come to the problem Behavior so + + + align:start position:0% +never come to the problem Behavior so +it's it's how you respond to the + + align:start position:0% +it's it's how you respond to the + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's how you respond to the +precursor and what we do basically is we + + align:start position:0% +precursor and what we do basically is we + + + align:start position:0% +precursor and what we do basically is we +try to replace the precursor with + + align:start position:0% +try to replace the precursor with + + + align:start position:0% +try to replace the precursor with +another behavior that allows the kid to + + align:start position:0% +another behavior that allows the kid to + + + align:start position:0% +another behavior that allows the kid to +address their anxiety state by by + + align:start position:0% +address their anxiety state by by + + + align:start position:0% +address their anxiety state by by +eliciting support from adults so + + align:start position:0% +eliciting support from adults so + + + align:start position:0% +eliciting support from adults so +basically teaching + + align:start position:0% +basically teaching + + + align:start position:0% +basically teaching +youing it's exactly the same that's + + align:start position:0% +youing it's exactly the same that's + + + align:start position:0% +youing it's exactly the same that's +right it is it all the all these things + + align:start position:0% +right it is it all the all these things + + + align:start position:0% +right it is it all the all these things +are like precursor and problem Behavior + + align:start position:0% +are like precursor and problem Behavior + + + align:start position:0% +are like precursor and problem Behavior +are functionally equivalent as called in + + align:start position:0% +are functionally equivalent as called in + + + align:start position:0% +are functionally equivalent as called in +other words they serve the same purpose + + align:start position:0% +other words they serve the same purpose + + + align:start position:0% +other words they serve the same purpose +which means if you give the person + + align:start position:0% +which means if you give the person + + + align:start position:0% +which means if you give the person +another way of serving a particular + + align:start position:0% +another way of serving a particular + + + align:start position:0% +another way of serving a particular +purpose the old way will become + + align:start position:0% +purpose the old way will become + + + align:start position:0% +purpose the old way will become +unnecessary and irrelevant and that's + + align:start position:0% +unnecessary and irrelevant and that's + + + align:start position:0% +unnecessary and irrelevant and that's +essentially the logic behind what's + + align:start position:0% +essentially the logic behind what's + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the logic behind what's +called functional communication + + align:start position:0% +called functional communication + + + align:start position:0% +called functional communication +training so that's right but yeah thanks + + align:start position:0% +training so that's right but yeah thanks + + + align:start position:0% +training so that's right but yeah thanks +thanks for raising the more generic + + align:start position:0% +thanks for raising the more generic + + + align:start position:0% +thanks for raising the more generic +thing which is that there are actually + + align:start position:0% +thing which is that there are actually + + + align:start position:0% +thing which is that there are actually +three different opportunities to + + align:start position:0% +three different opportunities to + + + align:start position:0% +three different opportunities to +intervene based on this model three + + align:start position:0% +intervene based on this model three + + + align:start position:0% +intervene based on this model three +different generic opportunities uh and + + align:start position:0% +different generic opportunities uh and + + + align:start position:0% +different generic opportunities uh and +every one of them has in the literature + + align:start position:0% +every one of them has in the literature + + + align:start position:0% +every one of them has in the literature +certain rational treatments that you + + align:start position:0% +certain rational treatments that you + + + align:start position:0% +certain rational treatments that you +could do prescriptively that's all you + + align:start position:0% +could do prescriptively that's all you + + + align:start position:0% +could do prescriptively that's all you +need as a model to bring it all together + + align:start position:0% +need as a model to bring it all together + + + align:start position:0% +need as a model to bring it all together +and a technology that allows you to do + + align:start position:0% +and a technology that allows you to do + + + align:start position:0% +and a technology that allows you to do +the model and that's this + + align:start position:0% +the model and that's this + + + align:start position:0% +the model and that's this +place okay so thanks very much for + + align:start position:0% +place okay so thanks very much for + + + align:start position:0% +place okay so thanks very much for +coming and your attention it's good + + align:start position:0% +coming and your attention it's good + + + align:start position:0% +coming and your attention it's good +thank \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/00ERnGKqzrQ.txt b/00ERnGKqzrQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dde0820ecae3de591db6bd45ab224f8529b64d28 --- /dev/null +++ b/00ERnGKqzrQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9387 @@ +align:start position:0% + +should we have a go on lecture 20 I hate + + align:start position:0% +should we have a go on lecture 20 I hate + + + align:start position:0% +should we have a go on lecture 20 I hate +to interrupt all these great + + align:start position:0% +to interrupt all these great + + + align:start position:0% +to interrupt all these great +conversations uh I promise to stop after + + align:start position:0% +conversations uh I promise to stop after + + + align:start position:0% +conversations uh I promise to stop after +an + + align:start position:0% +an + + + align:start position:0% +an +hour uh um so this is lecture + + align:start position:0% +hour uh um so this is lecture + + + align:start position:0% +hour uh um so this is lecture +20 which is where the main theme is the + + align:start position:0% +20 which is where the main theme is the + + + align:start position:0% +20 which is where the main theme is the +finite element method but I have uh + + align:start position:0% +finite element method but I have uh + + + align:start position:0% +finite element method but I have uh +continuation completion to to to do of + + align:start position:0% +continuation completion to to to do of + + + align:start position:0% +continuation completion to to to do of +lecture 19 and the you'll see the link + + align:start position:0% +lecture 19 and the you'll see the link + + + align:start position:0% +lecture 19 and the you'll see the link +right away + + align:start position:0% +right away + + + align:start position:0% +right away +uh when finite elements come I just + + align:start position:0% +uh when finite elements come I just + + + align:start position:0% +uh when finite elements come I just +indicated up here section 36 is where + + align:start position:0% +indicated up here section 36 is where + + + align:start position:0% +indicated up here section 36 is where +this calculus of variations is + + align:start position:0% +this calculus of variations is + + + align:start position:0% +this calculus of variations is +summarized and then finite elements + + align:start position:0% +summarized and then finite elements + + + align:start position:0% +summarized and then finite elements +you'll easily identify that section + + align:start position:0% +you'll easily identify that section + + + align:start position:0% +you'll easily identify that section +further along uh but this was where we + + align:start position:0% +further along uh but this was where we + + + align:start position:0% +further along uh but this was where we +were so at the end of lecture 19 we're + + align:start position:0% +were so at the end of lecture 19 we're + + + align:start position:0% +were so at the end of lecture 19 we're +looking for the best U of x to make this + + align:start position:0% +looking for the best U of x to make this + + + align:start position:0% +looking for the best U of x to make this +quantity small and we identified the key + + align:start position:0% +quantity small and we identified the key + + + align:start position:0% +quantity small and we identified the key +principle is move away a little from + + align:start position:0% +principle is move away a little from + + + align:start position:0% +principle is move away a little from +from U of X move away by some probably I + + align:start position:0% +from U of X move away by some probably I + + + align:start position:0% +from U of X move away by some probably I +I'm thinking of v ofx as a small + + align:start position:0% +I'm thinking of v ofx as a small + + + align:start position:0% +I'm thinking of v ofx as a small +perturbation so V ofx I'm thinking of as + + align:start position:0% +perturbation so V ofx I'm thinking of as + + + align:start position:0% +perturbation so V ofx I'm thinking of as +a small function in any direction + + align:start position:0% +a small function in any direction + + + align:start position:0% +a small function in any direction +positive + + align:start position:0% +positive + + + align:start position:0% +positive +negative and our quantity would become + + align:start position:0% +negative and our quantity would become + + + align:start position:0% +negative and our quantity would become +this but this is supposed if if U is the + + align:start position:0% +this but this is supposed if if U is the + + + align:start position:0% +this but this is supposed if if U is the +winner any V is supposed to give us + + align:start position:0% +winner any V is supposed to give us + + + align:start position:0% +winner any V is supposed to give us +something bigger and now what do I + + align:start position:0% +something bigger and now what do I + + + align:start position:0% +something bigger and now what do I +do just the way in calculus it was + + align:start position:0% +do just the way in calculus it was + + + align:start position:0% +do just the way in calculus it was +always a subtraction so I so I look to + + align:start position:0% +always a subtraction so I so I look to + + + align:start position:0% +always a subtraction so I so I look to +see okay what's the difference between + + align:start position:0% +see okay what's the difference between + + + align:start position:0% +see okay what's the difference between +this one and this + + align:start position:0% +this one and this + + + align:start position:0% +this one and this +one and you see because practically I + + align:start position:0% +one and you see because practically I + + + align:start position:0% +one and you see because practically I +mean that term is copied here and this + + align:start position:0% +mean that term is copied here and this + + + align:start position:0% +mean that term is copied here and this +term is + + align:start position:0% +term is + + + align:start position:0% +term is +copied + + align:start position:0% +copied + + + align:start position:0% +copied +here so and that term was copied there + + align:start position:0% +here so and that term was copied there + + + align:start position:0% +here so and that term was copied there +so what's left what's the V ofx term + + align:start position:0% +so what's left what's the V ofx term + + + align:start position:0% +so what's left what's the V ofx term +well there's the 1/2 C ofx X DX dvdx + + align:start position:0% +well there's the 1/2 C ofx X DX dvdx + + + align:start position:0% +well there's the 1/2 C ofx X DX dvdx +with the two because we square that sum + + align:start position:0% +with the two because we square that sum + + + align:start position:0% +with the two because we square that sum +so the 1/2 cancels the two and leaves us + + align:start position:0% +so the 1/2 cancels the two and leaves us + + + align:start position:0% +so the 1/2 cancels the two and leaves us +with that so that's the that's the + + align:start position:0% +with that so that's the that's the + + + align:start position:0% +with that so that's the that's the +linear + + align:start position:0% +linear + + + align:start position:0% +linear +term involving dvdx and then of course + + align:start position:0% +term involving dvdx and then of course + + + align:start position:0% +term involving dvdx and then of course +there's the v ofx f ofx term and then + + align:start position:0% +there's the v ofx f ofx term and then + + + align:start position:0% +there's the v ofx f ofx term and then +finally you could say well what about + + align:start position:0% +finally you could say well what about + + + align:start position:0% +finally you could say well what about +the 1/2 dvdx and that's the quadratic + + align:start position:0% +the 1/2 dvdx and that's the quadratic + + + align:start position:0% +the 1/2 dvdx and that's the quadratic +term okay and that's supposed to be if + + align:start position:0% +term okay and that's supposed to be if + + + align:start position:0% +term okay and that's supposed to be if +you is the winner + + align:start position:0% +you is the winner + + + align:start position:0% +you is the winner +then for any V this is + + align:start position:0% +then for any V this is + + + align:start position:0% +then for any V this is +positive you see that this equation I'm + + align:start position:0% +positive you see that this equation I'm + + + align:start position:0% +positive you see that this equation I'm +writing down is the same as the equation + + align:start position:0% +writing down is the same as the equation + + + align:start position:0% +writing down is the same as the equation +in calculus would be 0 is less than or + + align:start position:0% +in calculus would be 0 is less than or + + + align:start position:0% +in calculus would be 0 is less than or +equal to F ATX + Delta x minus F ofx + + align:start position:0% +equal to F ATX + Delta x minus F ofx + + + align:start position:0% +equal to F ATX + Delta x minus F ofx +that's that's what's identifying the the + + align:start position:0% +that's that's what's identifying the the + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's what's identifying the the +best best guy and it will lead us to the + + align:start position:0% +best best guy and it will lead us to the + + + align:start position:0% +best best guy and it will lead us to the +equation it calculus it led us to the + + align:start position:0% +equation it calculus it led us to the + + + align:start position:0% +equation it calculus it led us to the +equation DF DX equals + + align:start position:0% +equation DF DX equals + + + align:start position:0% +equation DF DX equals +z at at at at the winner + + align:start position:0% +z at at at at the winner + + + align:start position:0% +z at at at at the winner +now coming back to + + align:start position:0% +now coming back to + + + align:start position:0% +now coming back to +here what can I + + align:start position:0% +here what can I + + + align:start position:0% +here what can I +conclude for any V + + align:start position:0% +conclude for any V + + + align:start position:0% +conclude for any V +ofx this stuff has to be positive and + + align:start position:0% +ofx this stuff has to be positive and + + + align:start position:0% +ofx this stuff has to be positive and +out of that I trying to produce an + + align:start position:0% +out of that I trying to produce an + + + align:start position:0% +out of that I trying to produce an +equation okay + + align:start position:0% +equation okay + + + align:start position:0% +equation okay +well this has has v ofx fine that has + + align:start position:0% +well this has has v ofx fine that has + + + align:start position:0% +well this has has v ofx fine that has +the derivative of V ofx so any + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of V ofx so any + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of V ofx so any +suggestion how can I how can I deal + + align:start position:0% +suggestion how can I how can I deal + + + align:start position:0% +suggestion how can I how can I deal +with that I I would rather see V ofx + + align:start position:0% +with that I I would rather see V ofx + + + align:start position:0% +with that I I would rather see V ofx +there that would be beautiful because + + align:start position:0% +there that would be beautiful because + + + align:start position:0% +there that would be beautiful because +then I have a v ofx in this term and I'd + + align:start position:0% +then I have a v ofx in this term and I'd + + + align:start position:0% +then I have a v ofx in this term and I'd +have a v of X in that term + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +excellent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes right + + align:start position:0% +yes right + + + align:start position:0% +yes right +so I want to yes so what's the opposite + + align:start position:0% +so I want to yes so what's the opposite + + + align:start position:0% +so I want to yes so what's the opposite +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +a integrate by Parts exactly exactly + + align:start position:0% +a integrate by Parts exactly exactly + + + align:start position:0% +a integrate by Parts exactly exactly +that's what I want to do I want to + + align:start position:0% +that's what I want to do I want to + + + align:start position:0% +that's what I want to do I want to +integrate by part so this term I want to + + align:start position:0% +integrate by part so this term I want to + + + align:start position:0% +integrate by part so this term I want to +replace this by now what happens so I'm + + align:start position:0% +replace this by now what happens so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +replace this by now what happens so I'm +going to I'll separate it into these are + + align:start position:0% +going to I'll separate it into these are + + + align:start position:0% +going to I'll separate it into these are +my two parts right I integrate by parts + + align:start position:0% +my two parts right I integrate by parts + + + align:start position:0% +my two parts right I integrate by parts +that always produces a minus sign and it + + align:start position:0% +that always produces a minus sign and it + + + align:start position:0% +that always produces a minus sign and it +takes the derivative off of V so it + + align:start position:0% +takes the derivative off of V so it + + + align:start position:0% +takes the derivative off of V so it +leaves V + + align:start position:0% +leaves V + + + align:start position:0% +leaves V +alone and towards the derivative onto + + align:start position:0% +alone and towards the derivative onto + + + align:start position:0% +alone and towards the derivative onto +this so it's it's the derivative of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that right and then you could say wait a + + align:start position:0% +that right and then you could say wait a + + + align:start position:0% +that right and then you could say wait a +minute there's some boundary terms in + + align:start position:0% +minute there's some boundary terms in + + + align:start position:0% +minute there's some boundary terms in +integrating by Parts there's a boundary + + align:start position:0% +integrating by Parts there's a boundary + + + align:start position:0% +integrating by Parts there's a boundary +term there's a there's a c of C of + + align:start position:0% +term there's a there's a c of C of + + + align:start position:0% +term there's a there's a c of C of +x uh + + align:start position:0% +x uh + + + align:start position:0% +x uh +Dux V ofx between between zero and one + + align:start position:0% +Dux V ofx between between zero and one + + + align:start position:0% +Dux V ofx between between zero and one +that I should watch + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for okay I I admit that all right but + + align:start position:0% +for okay I I admit that all right but + + + align:start position:0% +for okay I I admit that all right but +let me just be sure let me let me deal + + align:start position:0% +let me just be sure let me let me deal + + + align:start position:0% +let me just be sure let me let me deal +with that later was that okay for + + align:start position:0% +with that later was that okay for + + + align:start position:0% +with that later was that okay for +integration by parts and then now I've + + align:start position:0% +integration by parts and then now I've + + + align:start position:0% +integration by parts and then now I've +got a v of X now I can combine that with + + align:start position:0% +got a v of X now I can combine that with + + + align:start position:0% +got a v of X now I can combine that with +this V ofx and and and put them + + align:start position:0% +this V ofx and and and put them + + + align:start position:0% +this V ofx and and and put them +together so that all that stuff is + + align:start position:0% +together so that all that stuff is + + + align:start position:0% +together so that all that stuff is +multiplying V ofx + + align:start position:0% +multiplying V ofx + + + align:start position:0% +multiplying V ofx +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +integrated and then this is the boundary + + align:start position:0% +integrated and then this is the boundary + + + align:start position:0% +integrated and then this is the boundary +term that I'm fudging on for the + + align:start position:0% +term that I'm fudging on for the + + + align:start position:0% +term that I'm fudging on for the +moment okay now what do you + + align:start position:0% +moment okay now what do you + + + align:start position:0% +moment okay now what do you +say I'm damn near done that's right + + align:start position:0% +say I'm damn near done that's right + + + align:start position:0% +say I'm damn near done that's right +because what this quantity is supposed + + align:start position:0% +because what this quantity is supposed + + + align:start position:0% +because what this quantity is supposed +to be always + + align:start position:0% +to be always + + + align:start position:0% +to be always +positive so what's my + + align:start position:0% +positive so what's my + + + align:start position:0% +positive so what's my +conclusion it's it's supposed to be this + + align:start position:0% +conclusion it's it's supposed to be this + + + align:start position:0% +conclusion it's it's supposed to be this +thing is this thing is never negative no + + align:start position:0% +thing is this thing is never negative no + + + align:start position:0% +thing is this thing is never negative no +matter what of X I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +choose it has to be zero it has to be + + align:start position:0% +choose it has to be zero it has to be + + + align:start position:0% +choose it has to be zero it has to be +zero it has to be zero that's the + + align:start position:0% +zero it has to be zero that's the + + + align:start position:0% +zero it has to be zero that's the +conclusion I want that that's the key + + align:start position:0% +conclusion I want that that's the key + + + align:start position:0% +conclusion I want that that's the key +that's the fundamental limma of the + + align:start position:0% +that's the fundamental limma of the + + + align:start position:0% +that's the fundamental limma of the +calculus of variations when you get this + + align:start position:0% +calculus of variations when you get this + + + align:start position:0% +calculus of variations when you get this +expression that that has that has that + + align:start position:0% +expression that that has that has that + + + align:start position:0% +expression that that has that has that +can never be + + align:start position:0% +can never be + + + align:start position:0% +can never be +negative only positive or zero then + + align:start position:0% +negative only positive or zero then + + + align:start position:0% +negative only positive or zero then +since V ofx has sign either sign the + + align:start position:0% +since V ofx has sign either sign the + + + align:start position:0% +since V ofx has sign either sign the +only way you know it if this is ever + + align:start position:0% +only way you know it if this is ever + + + align:start position:0% +only way you know it if this is ever +nonzero we can give V of X which we're + + align:start position:0% +nonzero we can give V of X which we're + + + align:start position:0% +nonzero we can give V of X which we're +free to choose we can give V of x the + + align:start position:0% +free to choose we can give V of x the + + + align:start position:0% +free to choose we can give V of x the +sign the same sign or the opposite sign + + align:start position:0% +sign the same sign or the opposite sign + + + align:start position:0% +sign the same sign or the opposite sign +we can choose the sign of v ofx and and + + align:start position:0% +we can choose the sign of v ofx and and + + + align:start position:0% +we can choose the sign of v ofx and and +get a contradiction so that's the + + align:start position:0% +get a contradiction so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +get a contradiction so that's the +conclusion this has to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be zero and that this quantity this + + align:start position:0% +be zero and that this quantity this + + + align:start position:0% +be zero and that this quantity this +integral this + + align:start position:0% +integral this + + + align:start position:0% +integral this +integral oh no this Quant sorry not the + + align:start position:0% +integral oh no this Quant sorry not the + + + align:start position:0% +integral oh no this Quant sorry not the +integral it's the it has to be zero at + + align:start position:0% +integral it's the it has to be zero at + + + align:start position:0% +integral it's the it has to be zero at +every point because we could choose V of + + align:start position:0% +every point because we could choose V of + + + align:start position:0% +every point because we could choose V of +X that's the this is the dpd that we + + align:start position:0% +X that's the this is the dpd that we + + + align:start position:0% +X that's the this is the dpd that we +were looking for only I'm using it's the + + align:start position:0% +were looking for only I'm using it's the + + + align:start position:0% +were looking for only I'm using it's the +first variation rather than the first + + align:start position:0% +first variation rather than the first + + + align:start position:0% +first variation rather than the first +derivative we just use the word + + align:start position:0% +derivative we just use the word + + + align:start position:0% +derivative we just use the word +variation as a reminder that + + align:start position:0% +variation as a reminder that + + + align:start position:0% +variation as a reminder that +uh we're dealing with functions we're in + + align:start position:0% +uh we're dealing with functions we're in + + + align:start position:0% +uh we're dealing with functions we're in +continuous + + align:start position:0% +continuous + + + align:start position:0% +continuous +variables so the big moment has just is + + align:start position:0% +variables so the big moment has just is + + + align:start position:0% +variables so the big moment has just is +just + + align:start position:0% +just + + + align:start position:0% +just +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +okay there + + align:start position:0% +okay there + + + align:start position:0% +okay there +is good what happened to this + + align:start position:0% +is good what happened to this + + + align:start position:0% +is good what happened to this +guy yes no you're absolutely right so + + align:start position:0% +guy yes no you're absolutely right so + + + align:start position:0% +guy yes no you're absolutely right so +there there are two points that I have + + align:start position:0% +there there are two points that I have + + + align:start position:0% +there there are two points that I have +not dealt with one is that one so let's + + align:start position:0% +not dealt with one is that one so let's + + + align:start position:0% +not dealt with one is that one so let's +deal with that one okay now how to deal + + align:start position:0% +deal with that one okay now how to deal + + + align:start position:0% +deal with that one okay now how to deal +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +that the reasoning is always the same + + align:start position:0% +that the reasoning is always the same + + + align:start position:0% +that the reasoning is always the same +that this thing we the reasoning is that + + align:start position:0% +that this thing we the reasoning is that + + + align:start position:0% +that this thing we the reasoning is that +this thing has to be greater or equal Z + + align:start position:0% +this thing has to be greater or equal Z + + + align:start position:0% +this thing has to be greater or equal Z +for all + + align:start position:0% +for all + + + align:start position:0% +for all +V and out of that we want to conclude + + align:start position:0% +V and out of that we want to conclude + + + align:start position:0% +V and out of that we want to conclude +that this thing has to be zero that's + + align:start position:0% +that this thing has to be zero that's + + + align:start position:0% +that this thing has to be zero that's +this fundamental fact now how what's our + + align:start position:0% +this fundamental fact now how what's our + + + align:start position:0% +this fundamental fact now how what's our +how's what's our thinking going to be + + align:start position:0% +how's what's our thinking going to be + + + align:start position:0% +how's what's our thinking going to be +why why can we forget this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which well yeah but it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it it's always positive that that's + + align:start position:0% +it it's always positive that that's + + + align:start position:0% +it it's always positive that that's +right but we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we this + + align:start position:0% +we this + + + align:start position:0% +we this +business how do we how do we deal with + + align:start position:0% +business how do we how do we deal with + + + align:start position:0% +business how do we how do we deal with +it well you probably say I don't want to + + align:start position:0% +it well you probably say I don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +it well you probably say I don't want to +hear any more about calculus but uh how + + align:start position:0% +hear any more about calculus but uh how + + + align:start position:0% +hear any more about calculus but uh how +did we how did we deal with the + + align:start position:0% +did we how did we deal with the + + + align:start position:0% +did we how did we deal with the +difference between these was was Delta X + + align:start position:0% +difference between these was was Delta X + + + align:start position:0% +difference between these was was Delta X +fime of X Plus then there were really + + align:start position:0% +fime of X Plus then there were really + + + align:start position:0% +fime of X Plus then there were really +more terms weren't there there was Delta + + align:start position:0% +more terms weren't there there was Delta + + + align:start position:0% +more terms weren't there there was Delta +x^ 2ar over 2 fpre Prime that's that's + + align:start position:0% +x^ 2ar over 2 fpre Prime that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +x^ 2ar over 2 fpre Prime that's that's +the kind of term we're looking at here + + align:start position:0% +the kind of term we're looking at here + + + align:start position:0% +the kind of term we're looking at here +but how why was it that that this thing + + align:start position:0% +but how why was it that that this thing + + + align:start position:0% +but how why was it that that this thing +had to be zero and that that I didn't + + align:start position:0% +had to be zero and that that I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +had to be zero and that that I didn't +have to worry about this + + align:start position:0% +have to worry about this + + + align:start position:0% +have to worry about this +stuff let me give let me answer the + + align:start position:0% +stuff let me give let me answer the + + + align:start position:0% +stuff let me give let me answer the +question take V since V is arbitrary + + align:start position:0% +question take V since V is arbitrary + + + align:start position:0% +question take V since V is arbitrary +take it very + + align:start position:0% +take it very + + + align:start position:0% +take it very +small take V to be whatever sign we want + + align:start position:0% +small take V to be whatever sign we want + + + align:start position:0% +small take V to be whatever sign we want +it to have but quite make its magnitude + + align:start position:0% +it to have but quite make its magnitude + + + align:start position:0% +it to have but quite make its magnitude +really + + align:start position:0% +really + + + align:start position:0% +really +small then + + align:start position:0% +small then + + + align:start position:0% +small then +what that's so that's the good idea + + align:start position:0% +what that's so that's the good idea + + + align:start position:0% +what that's so that's the good idea +there think of v as just a little + + align:start position:0% +there think of v as just a little + + + align:start position:0% +there think of v as just a little +change then if this wasn't zero we would + + align:start position:0% +change then if this wasn't zero we would + + + align:start position:0% +change then if this wasn't zero we would +get something right we'd get something + + align:start position:0% +get something right we'd get something + + + align:start position:0% +get something right we'd get something +in this + + align:start position:0% +in this + + + align:start position:0% +in this +part + + align:start position:0% +part + + + align:start position:0% +part +and we'd get something here but it would + + align:start position:0% +and we'd get something here but it would + + + align:start position:0% +and we'd get something here but it would +be second + + align:start position:0% +be second + + + align:start position:0% +be second +order so so it the sign of this would + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +control there's a subtle + + align:start position:0% +control there's a subtle + + + align:start position:0% +control there's a subtle +not deep but but there you ask exactly + + align:start position:0% +not deep but but there you ask exactly + + + align:start position:0% +not deep but but there you ask exactly +the right question and the answer is + + align:start position:0% +the right question and the answer is + + + align:start position:0% +the right question and the answer is +that because this has a v squared in + + align:start position:0% +that because this has a v squared in + + + align:start position:0% +that because this has a v squared in +it when I think of v as being just a + + align:start position:0% +it when I think of v as being just a + + + align:start position:0% +it when I think of v as being just a +small peration this guy can't doesn't + + align:start position:0% +small peration this guy can't doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +small peration this guy can't doesn't +affect our reasoning it it it's it it's + + align:start position:0% +affect our reasoning it it it's it it's + + + align:start position:0% +affect our reasoning it it it's it it's +true that it could be positive but + + align:start position:0% +true that it could be positive but + + + align:start position:0% +true that it could be positive but +positive and so small compared to the + + align:start position:0% +positive and so small compared to the + + + align:start position:0% +positive and so small compared to the +other one that it's the other one that's + + align:start position:0% +other one that it's the other one that's + + + align:start position:0% +other one that it's the other one that's +that's that's uh in + + align:start position:0% +that's that's uh in + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's uh in +charge + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry yeah I that's true maybe I want to + + align:start position:0% +sorry yeah I that's true maybe I want to + + + align:start position:0% +sorry yeah I that's true maybe I want to +take V's smooth as well as small the the + + align:start position:0% +take V's smooth as well as small the the + + + align:start position:0% +take V's smooth as well as small the the +beauty is I'm allowed any + + align:start position:0% +beauty is I'm allowed any + + + align:start position:0% +beauty is I'm allowed any +V and and so that's what the limit says + + align:start position:0% +V and and so that's what the limit says + + + align:start position:0% +V and and so that's what the limit says +when you get that much + + align:start position:0% +when you get that much + + + align:start position:0% +when you get that much +Freedom the only way out is for the + + align:start position:0% +Freedom the only way out is for the + + + align:start position:0% +Freedom the only way out is for the +thing that multiplies V to be zero yeah + + align:start position:0% +thing that multiplies V to be zero yeah + + + align:start position:0% +thing that multiplies V to be zero yeah +that's that's right that's a you're + + align:start position:0% +that's that's right that's a you're + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's right that's a you're +making a good point that well I could V + + align:start position:0% +making a good point that well I could V + + + align:start position:0% +making a good point that well I could V +could be small but + + align:start position:0% +could be small but + + + align:start position:0% +could be small but +but I mean a mathematician might say + + align:start position:0% +but I mean a mathematician might say + + + align:start position:0% +but I mean a mathematician might say +replace V by Epsilon time V so let + + align:start position:0% +replace V by Epsilon time V so let + + + align:start position:0% +replace V by Epsilon time V so let +replace V by Epsilon V and then this + + align:start position:0% +replace V by Epsilon V and then this + + + align:start position:0% +replace V by Epsilon V and then this +would be an would have an Epsilon + + align:start position:0% +would be an would have an Epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +would be an would have an Epsilon +squared in it do you want to see any of + + align:start position:0% +squared in it do you want to see any of + + + align:start position:0% +squared in it do you want to see any of +that no no + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I sorry + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh right oh yeah but is C + + align:start position:0% +oh right oh yeah but is C + + + align:start position:0% +oh right oh yeah but is C +negative yeah no I I built that in way + + align:start position:0% +negative yeah no I I built that in way + + + align:start position:0% +negative yeah no I I built that in way +back at the original problem C was + + align:start position:0% +back at the original problem C was + + + align:start position:0% +back at the original problem C was +positive just the way our Matrix Capital + + align:start position:0% +positive just the way our Matrix Capital + + + align:start position:0% +positive just the way our Matrix Capital +C was was had to be a symmetric positive + + align:start position:0% +C was was had to be a symmetric positive + + + align:start position:0% +C was was had to be a symmetric positive +definite diagonal thing yeah yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% +definite diagonal thing yeah yeah yeah + + + align:start position:0% +definite diagonal thing yeah yeah yeah +otherwise you know OHS law would go + + align:start position:0% +otherwise you know OHS law would go + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise you know OHS law would go +backwards and the world would blow up + + align:start position:0% +backwards and the world would blow up + + + align:start position:0% +backwards and the world would blow up +okay right um yeah yeah but that's + + align:start position:0% +okay right um yeah yeah but that's + + + align:start position:0% +okay right um yeah yeah but that's +you're you're absolutely right that that + + align:start position:0% +you're you're absolutely right that that + + + align:start position:0% +you're you're absolutely right that that +that if C in other words let me let me + + align:start position:0% +that if C in other words let me let me + + + align:start position:0% +that if C in other words let me let me +say because you're quite right if C of X + + align:start position:0% +say because you're quite right if C of X + + + align:start position:0% +say because you're quite right if C of X +is not + + align:start position:0% +is not + + + align:start position:0% +is not +positive then we don't have a minimum + + align:start position:0% +positive then we don't have a minimum + + + align:start position:0% +positive then we don't have a minimum +we've got a saddle point we've got weird + + align:start position:0% +we've got a saddle point we've got weird + + + align:start position:0% +we've got a saddle point we've got weird +stuff yeah yeah yeah so C is definitely + + align:start position:0% +stuff yeah yeah yeah so C is definitely + + + align:start position:0% +stuff yeah yeah yeah so C is definitely +positive here okay and then this H how + + align:start position:0% +positive here okay and then this H how + + + align:start position:0% +positive here okay and then this H how +about this fudge this I shouldn't have + + align:start position:0% +about this fudge this I shouldn't have + + + align:start position:0% +about this fudge this I shouldn't have +used that word on tape how about this + + align:start position:0% +used that word on tape how about this + + + align:start position:0% +used that word on tape how about this +point uh well + + align:start position:0% +point uh well + + + align:start position:0% +point uh well +um what's going to deal with the + + align:start position:0% +um what's going to deal with the + + + align:start position:0% +um what's going to deal with the +boundary + + align:start position:0% +boundary + + + align:start position:0% +boundary +terms the boundary conditions I I + + align:start position:0% +terms the boundary conditions I I + + + align:start position:0% +terms the boundary conditions I I +intentionally didn't mention + + align:start position:0% +intentionally didn't mention + + + align:start position:0% +intentionally didn't mention +those but of + + align:start position:0% +those but of + + + align:start position:0% +those but of +course this problem comes with boundary + + align:start position:0% +course this problem comes with boundary + + + align:start position:0% +course this problem comes with boundary +conditions it comes it might come with + + align:start position:0% +conditions it comes it might come with + + + align:start position:0% +conditions it comes it might come with +the boundary condition U zero at both + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ends and then what + + align:start position:0% +ends and then what + + + align:start position:0% +ends and then what +would what would happen + + align:start position:0% +would what would happen + + + align:start position:0% +would what would happen +happen then the V would have to be zero + + align:start position:0% +happen then the V would have to be zero + + + align:start position:0% +happen then the V would have to be zero +at both ends the the admissive the the + + align:start position:0% +at both ends the the admissive the the + + + align:start position:0% +at both ends the the admissive the the +functions that are allowed in the + + align:start position:0% +functions that are allowed in the + + + align:start position:0% +functions that are allowed in the +competition have to be zero at both ends + + align:start position:0% +competition have to be zero at both ends + + + align:start position:0% +competition have to be zero at both ends +and then that boundary term goes away I + + align:start position:0% +and then that boundary term goes away I + + + align:start position:0% +and then that boundary term goes away I +let me + + align:start position:0% +let me + + + align:start position:0% +let me +just not because that because the + + align:start position:0% +just not because that because the + + + align:start position:0% +just not because that because the +boundary part could take could extend + + align:start position:0% +boundary part could take could extend + + + align:start position:0% +boundary part could take could extend +this part of the lecture let me just say + + align:start position:0% +this part of the lecture let me just say + + + align:start position:0% +this part of the lecture let me just say +that it's the boundary conditions that + + align:start position:0% +that it's the boundary conditions that + + + align:start position:0% +that it's the boundary conditions that +as we saw in in in in the A and A + + align:start position:0% +as we saw in in in in the A and A + + + align:start position:0% +as we saw in in in in the A and A +transpose discussion + + align:start position:0% +transpose discussion + + + align:start position:0% +transpose discussion +a month ago it's the boundary terms when + + align:start position:0% +a month ago it's the boundary terms when + + + align:start position:0% +a month ago it's the boundary terms when +we integrate by Parts there's boundary + + align:start position:0% +we integrate by Parts there's boundary + + + align:start position:0% +we integrate by Parts there's boundary +terms and it's boundary conditions that + + align:start position:0% +terms and it's boundary conditions that + + + align:start position:0% +terms and it's boundary conditions that +deal with them so they knock this part + + align:start position:0% +deal with them so they knock this part + + + align:start position:0% +deal with them so they knock this part +out this part is small because it's + + align:start position:0% +out this part is small because it's + + + align:start position:0% +out this part is small because it's +Epsilon squared and this is the + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon squared and this is the + + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon squared and this is the +conclusion then this has to be zero and + + align:start position:0% +conclusion then this has to be zero and + + + align:start position:0% +conclusion then this has to be zero and +this is called the oiler + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equation + + align:start position:0% +equation + + + align:start position:0% +equation +okay actually I + + align:start position:0% +okay actually I + + + align:start position:0% +okay actually I +I can even say one more thing before we + + align:start position:0% +I can even say one more thing before we + + + align:start position:0% +I can even say one more thing before we +before we got to the conclusion that + + align:start position:0% +before we got to the conclusion that + + + align:start position:0% +before we got to the conclusion that +this had to be zero we were at the step + + align:start position:0% +this had to be zero we were at the step + + + align:start position:0% +this had to be zero we were at the step +where this + + align:start position:0% +where this + + + align:start position:0% +where this +integral with the V of X in it has to be + + align:start position:0% +integral with the V of X in it has to be + + + align:start position:0% +integral with the V of X in it has to be +zero for any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +V satisfying the boundary conditions can + + align:start position:0% +V satisfying the boundary conditions can + + + align:start position:0% +V satisfying the boundary conditions can +I can I do a distinction here between + + align:start position:0% +I can I do a distinction here between + + + align:start position:0% +I can I do a distinction here between +three statements of the problem one is + + align:start position:0% +three statements of the problem one is + + + align:start position:0% +three statements of the problem one is +is the minimum + + align:start position:0% +is the minimum + + + align:start position:0% +is the minimum +statement minimize a quadratic over a + + align:start position:0% +statement minimize a quadratic over a + + + align:start position:0% +statement minimize a quadratic over a +whole bunch of + + align:start position:0% +whole bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +whole bunch of +use the second is this this is I'm going + + align:start position:0% +use the second is this this is I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +use the second is this this is I'm going +to call this the weak form of the + + align:start position:0% +to call this the weak form of the + + + align:start position:0% +to call this the weak form of the +equation weak because it's still got the + + align:start position:0% +equation weak because it's still got the + + + align:start position:0% +equation weak because it's still got the +V hanging in there that the integral of + + align:start position:0% +V hanging in there that the integral of + + + align:start position:0% +V hanging in there that the integral of +this quantity times any V is + + align:start position:0% +this quantity times any V is + + + align:start position:0% +this quantity times any V is +zero is the weak form and then I'll call + + align:start position:0% +zero is the weak form and then I'll call + + + align:start position:0% +zero is the weak form and then I'll call +this Oiler equation I'll call this the + + align:start position:0% +this Oiler equation I'll call this the + + + align:start position:0% +this Oiler equation I'll call this the +strong + + align:start position:0% +strong + + + align:start position:0% +strong +form where V is now out of the + + align:start position:0% +form where V is now out of the + + + align:start position:0% +form where V is now out of the +picture and this + + align:start position:0% +picture and this + + + align:start position:0% +picture and this +quantity and the integral is not g is + + align:start position:0% +quantity and the integral is not g is + + + align:start position:0% +quantity and the integral is not g is +gone we're just at every point this has + + align:start position:0% +gone we're just at every point this has + + + align:start position:0% +gone we're just at every point this has +to be zero do do you see a a distinction + + align:start position:0% +to be zero do do you see a a distinction + + + align:start position:0% +to be zero do do you see a a distinction +let me I'm going to move pretty quickly + + align:start position:0% +let me I'm going to move pretty quickly + + + align:start position:0% +let me I'm going to move pretty quickly +now to finite + + align:start position:0% +now to finite + + + align:start position:0% +now to finite +elements and gurk + + align:start position:0% +elements and gurk + + + align:start position:0% +elements and gurk +principle and guren's principle is so + + align:start position:0% +principle and guren's principle is so + + + align:start position:0% +principle and guren's principle is so +basic and it's built on this weak form + + align:start position:0% +basic and it's built on this weak form + + + align:start position:0% +basic and it's built on this weak form +that's why I wanted to to + + align:start position:0% +that's why I wanted to to + + + align:start position:0% +that's why I wanted to to +pause uh and mention this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay let me just step back a second I + + align:start position:0% +okay let me just step back a second I + + + align:start position:0% +okay let me just step back a second I +think I've probably said everything I + + align:start position:0% +think I've probably said everything I + + + align:start position:0% +think I've probably said everything I +want to about the calculus of + + align:start position:0% +want to about the calculus of + + + align:start position:0% +want to about the calculus of +variations only I've only done one + + align:start position:0% +variations only I've only done one + + + align:start position:0% +variations only I've only done one +example + + align:start position:0% +example + + + align:start position:0% +example +but that example does really exemplify + + align:start position:0% +but that example does really exemplify + + + align:start position:0% +but that example does really exemplify +the typical situation a typical so + + align:start position:0% +the typical situation a typical so + + + align:start position:0% +the typical situation a typical so +here's here's c a calculus of + + align:start position:0% +here's here's c a calculus of + + + align:start position:0% +here's here's c a calculus of +variations + + align:start position:0% +variations + + + align:start position:0% +variations +minimize some + + align:start position:0% +minimize some + + + align:start position:0% +minimize some +integral of some + + align:start position:0% +integral of some + + + align:start position:0% +integral of some +function of U of + + align:start position:0% +function of U of + + + align:start position:0% +function of U of +X + + align:start position:0% +X + + + align:start position:0% +X +Dux maybe X + + align:start position:0% +Dux maybe X + + + align:start position:0% +Dux maybe X +itself DX now would be there is a + + align:start position:0% +itself DX now would be there is a + + + align:start position:0% +itself DX now would be there is a +problem a more General problem in the + + align:start position:0% +problem a more General problem in the + + + align:start position:0% +problem a more General problem in the +calculus of variation so it minimize any + + align:start position:0% +calculus of variation so it minimize any + + + align:start position:0% +calculus of variation so it minimize any +function + + align:start position:0% +function + + + align:start position:0% +function +of of a function you see where we have a + + align:start position:0% +of of a function you see where we have a + + + align:start position:0% +of of a function you see where we have a +function of a + + align:start position:0% +function of a + + + align:start position:0% +function of a +function the unknown is is an unknown + + align:start position:0% +function the unknown is is an unknown + + + align:start position:0% +function the unknown is is an unknown +function and it comes in its derivative + + align:start position:0% +function and it comes in its derivative + + + align:start position:0% +function and it comes in its derivative +comes in its second derivative might + + align:start position:0% +comes in its second derivative might + + + align:start position:0% +comes in its second derivative might +come in the into the problem it partial + + align:start position:0% +come in the into the problem it partial + + + align:start position:0% +come in the into the problem it partial +derivatives might come in if we if it + + align:start position:0% +derivatives might come in if we if it + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives might come in if we if it +was a function of several variables so + + align:start position:0% +was a function of several variables so + + + align:start position:0% +was a function of several variables so +that's what the calculus of variations + + align:start position:0% +that's what the calculus of variations + + + align:start position:0% +that's what the calculus of variations +is is about how do you minimize + + align:start position:0% +is is about how do you minimize + + + align:start position:0% +is is about how do you minimize +functionals and and the way what happens + + align:start position:0% +functionals and and the way what happens + + + align:start position:0% +functionals and and the way what happens +is you go + + align:start position:0% +is you go + + + align:start position:0% +is you go +to you move U by Little + + align:start position:0% +to you move U by Little + + + align:start position:0% +to you move U by Little +V you look at the linearized term it has + + align:start position:0% +V you look at the linearized term it has + + + align:start position:0% +V you look at the linearized term it has +to be zero and that gives you the oiler + + align:start position:0% +to be zero and that gives you the oiler + + + align:start position:0% +to be zero and that gives you the oiler +equation so that this is + + align:start position:0% +equation so that this is + + + align:start position:0% +equation so that this is +the this is the more general not + + align:start position:0% +the this is the more general not + + + align:start position:0% +the this is the more general not +necessarily + + align:start position:0% +necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily +quadratic like if you wanted to find the + + align:start position:0% +quadratic like if you wanted to find the + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic like if you wanted to find the +shortest distance between two points you + + align:start position:0% +shortest distance between two points you + + + align:start position:0% +shortest distance between two points you +could use the calc variations to show + + align:start position:0% +could use the calc variations to show + + + align:start position:0% +could use the calc variations to show +sure enough it's a straight + + align:start position:0% +sure enough it's a straight + + + align:start position:0% +sure enough it's a straight +line + + align:start position:0% +line + + + align:start position:0% +line +yes + + align:start position:0% +yes + + + align:start position:0% +yes +right that's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right that's true when you when I move + + align:start position:0% +right that's true when you when I move + + + align:start position:0% +right that's true when you when I move +it by a little bit the difference has to + + align:start position:0% +it by a little bit the difference has to + + + align:start position:0% +it by a little bit the difference has to +be greater or equal zero but then what's + + align:start position:0% +be greater or equal zero but then what's + + + align:start position:0% +be greater or equal zero but then what's +that next crucial step that when I look + + align:start position:0% +that next crucial step that when I look + + + align:start position:0% +that next crucial step that when I look +at the linearized part the part that + + align:start position:0% +at the linearized part the part that + + + align:start position:0% +at the linearized part the part that +just multiplies V alone + + align:start position:0% +just multiplies V alone + + + align:start position:0% +just multiplies V alone +that has to be zero yeah and that's the + + align:start position:0% +that has to be zero yeah and that's the + + + align:start position:0% +that has to be zero yeah and that's the +the tricky point the that's the tricky + + align:start position:0% +the tricky point the that's the tricky + + + align:start position:0% +the tricky point the that's the tricky +point that that that this higher order + + align:start position:0% +point that that that this higher order + + + align:start position:0% +point that that that this higher order +stuff can be forgotten + + align:start position:0% +stuff can be forgotten + + + align:start position:0% +stuff can be forgotten +because because because I look at very + + align:start position:0% +because because because I look at very + + + align:start position:0% +because because because I look at very +small + + align:start position:0% +small + + + align:start position:0% +small +V's yeah okay that's so uh so I'm just + + align:start position:0% +V's yeah okay that's so uh so I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +V's yeah okay that's so uh so I'm just +describing the whole calculus of + + align:start position:0% +describing the whole calculus of + + + align:start position:0% +describing the whole calculus of +variations here in this tiny corner of + + align:start position:0% +variations here in this tiny corner of + + + align:start position:0% +variations here in this tiny corner of +the board the main point is that it's + + align:start position:0% +the board the main point is that it's + + + align:start position:0% +the board the main point is that it's +the general case of which this is the + + align:start position:0% +the general case of which this is the + + + align:start position:0% +the general case of which this is the +best + + align:start position:0% +best + + + align:start position:0% +best +example + + align:start position:0% +example + + + align:start position:0% +example +okay are we ready for finite + + align:start position:0% +okay are we ready for finite + + + align:start position:0% +okay are we ready for finite +elements yes and I'll work with that + + align:start position:0% +elements yes and I'll work with that + + + align:start position:0% +elements yes and I'll work with that +same + + align:start position:0% +same + + + align:start position:0% +same +example so what's the finite element + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +method the finite element method makes + + align:start position:0% +method the finite element method makes + + + align:start position:0% +method the finite element method makes +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +problem finite + + align:start position:0% +problem finite + + + align:start position:0% +problem finite +dimensional by not allowing every + + align:start position:0% +dimensional by not allowing every + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional by not allowing every +function + + align:start position:0% +function + + + align:start position:0% +function +U and every Mo movement V but + + align:start position:0% +U and every Mo movement V but + + + align:start position:0% +U and every Mo movement V but +only a finite family of U's and V's so + + align:start position:0% +only a finite family of U's and V's so + + + align:start position:0% +only a finite family of U's and V's so +that's the that's the key idea of finite + + align:start position:0% +that's the that's the key idea of finite + + + align:start position:0% +that's the that's the key idea of finite +elements and and that's the big decision + + align:start position:0% +elements and and that's the big decision + + + align:start position:0% +elements and and that's the big decision +is what what uh so now I'm ready for + + align:start position:0% +is what what uh so now I'm ready for + + + align:start position:0% +is what what uh so now I'm ready for +finite + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +elements + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so here come finite elements or the + + align:start position:0% +so here come finite elements or the + + + align:start position:0% +so here come finite elements or the +gurin method in general + + align:start position:0% +gurin method in general + + + align:start position:0% +gurin method in general +gurin + + align:start position:0% +gurin + + + align:start position:0% +gurin +takes we want to get a finite + + align:start position:0% +takes we want to get a finite + + + align:start position:0% +takes we want to get a finite +problem and how do I do + + align:start position:0% +problem and how do I do + + + align:start position:0% +problem and how do I do +it I only + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +allow these U's which are combinations + + align:start position:0% +allow these U's which are combinations + + + align:start position:0% +allow these U's which are combinations +of with unknown coefficients + + align:start position:0% +of with unknown coefficients + + + align:start position:0% +of with unknown coefficients +I of some basis + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +functions n of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +them so I only I only minimize you see + + align:start position:0% +them so I only I only minimize you see + + + align:start position:0% +them so I only I only minimize you see +I'm I'm sort of down to this finite + + align:start position:0% +I'm I'm sort of down to this finite + + + align:start position:0% +I'm I'm sort of down to this finite +dimensional space instead of minimizing + + align:start position:0% +dimensional space instead of minimizing + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional space instead of minimizing +over every + + align:start position:0% +over every + + + align:start position:0% +over every +U which led me to this differential + + align:start position:0% +U which led me to this differential + + + align:start position:0% +U which led me to this differential +equation for the absolute + + align:start position:0% +equation for the absolute + + + align:start position:0% +equation for the absolute +winner I'm now going to take a space + + align:start position:0% +winner I'm now going to take a space + + + align:start position:0% +winner I'm now going to take a space +winner a limited winner by choosing just + + align:start position:0% +winner a limited winner by choosing just + + + align:start position:0% +winner a limited winner by choosing just +a few functions or maybe a 100 + + align:start position:0% +a few functions or maybe a 100 + + + align:start position:0% +a few functions or maybe a 100 +functions but not all + + align:start position:0% +functions but not all + + + align:start position:0% +functions but not all +functions and I'll only allow those + + align:start position:0% +functions and I'll only allow those + + + align:start position:0% +functions and I'll only allow those +winners so now these are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +chosen we hope chosen we hope + + align:start position:0% +chosen we hope chosen we hope + + + align:start position:0% +chosen we hope chosen we hope +well that's the big big decision it's + + align:start position:0% +well that's the big big decision it's + + + align:start position:0% +well that's the big big decision it's +it's so much of Applied mass is okay + + align:start position:0% +it's so much of Applied mass is okay + + + align:start position:0% +it's so much of Applied mass is okay +what are the good trial functions these + + align:start position:0% +what are the good trial functions these + + + align:start position:0% +what are the good trial functions these +are the trial + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +functions because those are the ones + + align:start position:0% +functions because those are the ones + + + align:start position:0% +functions because those are the ones +we're going to + + align:start position:0% +we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to +try and other + + align:start position:0% +try and other + + + align:start position:0% +try and other +functions if if the if the absolute + + align:start position:0% +functions if if the if the absolute + + + align:start position:0% +functions if if the if the absolute +winner has they could be + + align:start position:0% +winner has they could be + + + align:start position:0% +winner has they could be +like sinx sin 2x sin 3x up to + + align:start position:0% +like sinx sin 2x sin 3x up to + + + align:start position:0% +like sinx sin 2x sin 3x up to +s 100x that would give us a 100 + + align:start position:0% +s 100x that would give us a 100 + + + align:start position:0% +s 100x that would give us a 100 +function + + align:start position:0% +function + + + align:start position:0% +function +and then this would be sort of like a + + align:start position:0% +and then this would be sort of like a + + + align:start position:0% +and then this would be sort of like a +fora sign series of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +winner but if I choose that if I make + + align:start position:0% +winner but if I choose that if I make + + + align:start position:0% +winner but if I choose that if I make +that is that a good + + align:start position:0% +that is that a good + + + align:start position:0% +that is that a good +choice to take those functions sinx sin + + align:start position:0% +choice to take those functions sinx sin + + + align:start position:0% +choice to take those functions sinx sin +2x up to sin 100x what I'm going to do + + align:start position:0% +2x up to sin 100x what I'm going to do + + + align:start position:0% +2x up to sin 100x what I'm going to do +then I'm going to plug this into the + + align:start position:0% +then I'm going to plug this into the + + + align:start position:0% +then I'm going to plug this into the +problem right I'm going to plug that + + align:start position:0% +problem right I'm going to plug that + + + align:start position:0% +problem right I'm going to plug that +into the minimum thing and minimize but + + align:start position:0% +into the minimum thing and minimize but + + + align:start position:0% +into the minimum thing and minimize but +minimize I've only + + align:start position:0% +minimize I've only + + + align:start position:0% +minimize I've only +got these are my unknowns now the + + align:start position:0% +got these are my unknowns now the + + + align:start position:0% +got these are my unknowns now the +weights are the unknowns and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +unknowns so I've got 100 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +unknowns I'm not too crazy about that + + align:start position:0% +unknowns I'm not too crazy about that + + + align:start position:0% +unknowns I'm not too crazy about that +choice of sinx sin 2x up to sin 100x why + + align:start position:0% +choice of sinx sin 2x up to sin 100x why + + + align:start position:0% +choice of sinx sin 2x up to sin 100x why +not because the calculations would take + + align:start position:0% +not because the calculations would take + + + align:start position:0% +not because the calculations would take +a long time I'd have to be able to do to + + align:start position:0% +a long time I'd have to be able to do to + + + align:start position:0% +a long time I'd have to be able to do to +compute this integral for functions like + + align:start position:0% +compute this integral for functions like + + + align:start position:0% +compute this integral for functions like +sin + + align:start position:0% +sin + + + align:start position:0% +sin +100x and then minimize over this 100 + + align:start position:0% +100x and then minimize over this 100 + + + align:start position:0% +100x and then minimize over this 100 +dimensional + + align:start position:0% +dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional +space and the idea of finite elements + + align:start position:0% +space and the idea of finite elements + + + align:start position:0% +space and the idea of finite elements +was a better + + align:start position:0% +was a better + + + align:start position:0% +was a better +choice instead of using signs and + + align:start position:0% +choice instead of using signs and + + + align:start position:0% +choice instead of using signs and +cosiness what's a what's a better choice + + align:start position:0% +cosiness what's a what's a better choice + + + align:start position:0% +cosiness what's a what's a better choice +of trial functions and + + align:start position:0% +of trial functions and + + + align:start position:0% +of trial functions and +exponentials you could say okay plug + + align:start position:0% +exponentials you could say okay plug + + + align:start position:0% +exponentials you could say okay plug +those guys in but still you have these + + align:start position:0% +those guys in but still you have these + + + align:start position:0% +those guys in but still you have these +integrals to + + align:start position:0% +integrals to + + + align:start position:0% +integrals to +do uh so when + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +gurkin suggested this + + align:start position:0% +gurkin suggested this + + + align:start position:0% +gurkin suggested this +idea well the computer of course didn't + + align:start position:0% +idea well the computer of course didn't + + + align:start position:0% +idea well the computer of course didn't +exist so n n was three at the + + align:start position:0% +exist so n n was three at the + + + align:start position:0% +exist so n n was three at the +most probably two + + align:start position:0% +most probably two + + + align:start position:0% +most probably two +right in other words so + + align:start position:0% +right in other words so + + + align:start position:0% +right in other words so +gurin would have spent a lot of time + + align:start position:0% +gurin would have spent a lot of time + + + align:start position:0% +gurin would have spent a lot of time +trying to get because he's only choosing + + align:start position:0% +trying to get because he's only choosing + + + align:start position:0% +trying to get because he's only choosing +two functions he would try to get two + + align:start position:0% +two functions he would try to get two + + + align:start position:0% +two functions he would try to get two +functions that were pretty close to the + + align:start position:0% +functions that were pretty close to the + + + align:start position:0% +functions that were pretty close to the +to the real winner of course the real + + align:start position:0% +to the real winner of course the real + + + align:start position:0% +to the real winner of course the real +winner is unknown but he would he would + + align:start position:0% +winner is unknown but he would he would + + + align:start position:0% +winner is unknown but he would he would +work hard to try to find functions that + + align:start position:0% +work hard to try to find functions that + + + align:start position:0% +work hard to try to find functions that +were close to + + align:start position:0% +were close to + + + align:start position:0% +were close to +it if we if we deal with a 4A series and + + align:start position:0% +it if we if we deal with a 4A series and + + + align:start position:0% +it if we if we deal with a 4A series and +we take a hundred or a thousand terms + + align:start position:0% +we take a hundred or a thousand terms + + + align:start position:0% +we take a hundred or a thousand terms +well we don't have to worry are we have + + align:start position:0% +well we don't have to worry are we have + + + align:start position:0% +well we don't have to worry are we have +we got a good approximation we can + + align:start position:0% +we got a good approximation we can + + + align:start position:0% +we got a good approximation we can +expect yes we probably have if if our if + + align:start position:0% +expect yes we probably have if if our if + + + align:start position:0% +expect yes we probably have if if our if +we've taking a thousand for8 terms + + align:start position:0% +we've taking a thousand for8 terms + + + align:start position:0% +we've taking a thousand for8 terms +and we find the best thousand weights we + + align:start position:0% +and we find the best thousand weights we + + + align:start position:0% +and we find the best thousand weights we +can probably come darn close to the true + + align:start position:0% +can probably come darn close to the true + + + align:start position:0% +can probably come darn close to the true +U the but my complaint about the forier + + align:start position:0% +U the but my complaint about the forier + + + align:start position:0% +U the but my complaint about the forier +choice was the cost of + + align:start position:0% +choice was the cost of + + + align:start position:0% +choice was the cost of +computation all right so let me let's + + align:start position:0% +computation all right so let me let's + + + align:start position:0% +computation all right so let me let's +invent the finite element method here uh + + align:start position:0% +invent the finite element method here uh + + + align:start position:0% +invent the finite element method here uh +give me suggest some other + + align:start position:0% +give me suggest some other + + + align:start position:0% +give me suggest some other +functions sorry + + align:start position:0% +functions sorry + + + align:start position:0% +functions sorry +pooms okay + + align:start position:0% +pooms okay + + + align:start position:0% +pooms okay +so that I could take the functions 1 x + + align:start position:0% +so that I could take the functions 1 x + + + align:start position:0% +so that I could take the functions 1 x +x^2 x Cub up to X + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +99th that would be then my space would + + align:start position:0% +99th that would be then my space would + + + align:start position:0% +99th that would be then my space would +be all the polinomial of degree 99 that + + align:start position:0% +be all the polinomial of degree 99 that + + + align:start position:0% +be all the polinomial of degree 99 that +100 dimensional space I could + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +minimize okay you're going to okay so + + align:start position:0% +minimize okay you're going to okay so + + + align:start position:0% +minimize okay you're going to okay so +with with that polinomial what do you + + align:start position:0% +with with that polinomial what do you + + + align:start position:0% +with with that polinomial what do you +think is is that a is that a good + + align:start position:0% +think is is that a is that a good + + + align:start position:0% +think is is that a is that a good +choice I + + align:start position:0% +choice I + + + align:start position:0% +choice I +think not the best okay so you have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +another so you're going to take + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +functions yeah now you're going in the + + align:start position:0% +functions yeah now you're going in the + + + align:start position:0% +functions yeah now you're going in the +right direction okay so you're going to + + align:start position:0% +right direction okay so you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +right direction okay so you're going to +take functions + + align:start position:0% +take functions + + + align:start position:0% +take functions +that is this the kind of function you're + + align:start position:0% +that is this the kind of function you're + + + align:start position:0% +that is this the kind of function you're +putting in okay so this is what Walsh + + align:start position:0% +putting in okay so this is what Walsh + + + align:start position:0% +putting in okay so this is what Walsh +thought of so this is the Walsh's + + align:start position:0% +thought of so this is the Walsh's + + + align:start position:0% +thought of so this is the Walsh's +functions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +somebody we'll we'll add your name also + + align:start position:0% +somebody we'll we'll add your name also + + + align:start position:0% +somebody we'll we'll add your name also +Walsh BL all right okay all right but + + align:start position:0% +Walsh BL all right okay all right but + + + align:start position:0% +Walsh BL all right okay all right but +yeah this you're you're absolutely right + + align:start position:0% +yeah this you're you're absolutely right + + + align:start position:0% +yeah this you're you're absolutely right +can I am I allowed that + + align:start position:0% +can I am I allowed that + + + align:start position:0% +can I am I allowed that +function the derivative is a + + align:start position:0% +function the derivative is a + + + align:start position:0% +function the derivative is a +problem so you're you you cut me out + + align:start position:0% +problem so you're you you cut me out + + + align:start position:0% +problem so you're you you cut me out +actually I said any function but I I + + align:start position:0% +actually I said any function but I I + + + align:start position:0% +actually I said any function but I I +really overdid it + + align:start position:0% +really overdid it + + + align:start position:0% +really overdid it +because that because the step + + align:start position:0% +because that because the step + + + align:start position:0% +because that because the step +functions have the derivative is a Delta + + align:start position:0% +functions have the derivative is a Delta + + + align:start position:0% +functions have the derivative is a Delta +and here we're squaring the darn thing + + align:start position:0% +and here we're squaring the darn thing + + + align:start position:0% +and here we're squaring the darn thing +and we would get infinite energy so I + + align:start position:0% +and we would get infinite energy so I + + + align:start position:0% +and we would get infinite energy so I +really should + + align:start position:0% +really should + + + align:start position:0% +really should +have required the function that I need + + align:start position:0% +have required the function that I need + + + align:start position:0% +have required the function that I need +the thing to stay finite so now you're + + align:start position:0% +the thing to stay finite so now you're + + + align:start position:0% +the thing to stay finite so now you're +you're take one more step and you've + + align:start position:0% +you're take one more step and you've + + + align:start position:0% +you're take one more step and you've +invented finite + + align:start position:0% +invented finite + + + align:start position:0% +invented finite +elements + + align:start position:0% +elements + + + align:start position:0% +elements +yeah so instead of peie wise + + align:start position:0% +yeah so instead of peie wise + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so instead of peie wise +constants which have a + + align:start position:0% +constants which have a + + + align:start position:0% +constants which have a +jump and the derivative is a is a Delta + + align:start position:0% +jump and the derivative is a is a Delta + + + align:start position:0% +jump and the derivative is a is a Delta +which which blows us + + align:start position:0% +which which blows us + + + align:start position:0% +which which blows us +up what shall I take now Peace by linear + + align:start position:0% +up what shall I take now Peace by linear + + + align:start position:0% +up what shall I take now Peace by linear +Peace by linear so now switch + + align:start position:0% +Peace by linear so now switch + + + align:start position:0% +Peace by linear so now switch +to linear finite elements they would be + + align:start position:0% +to linear finite elements they would be + + + align:start position:0% +to linear finite elements they would be +Called Peace wise + + align:start position:0% +Called Peace wise + + + align:start position:0% +Called Peace wise +linear linear pieces linear elements + + align:start position:0% +linear linear pieces linear elements + + + align:start position:0% +linear linear pieces linear elements +that's where that word elements is + + align:start position:0% +that's where that word elements is + + + align:start position:0% +that's where that word elements is +coming in + + align:start position:0% +coming in + + + align:start position:0% +coming in +okay so my my functions + + align:start position:0% +okay so my my functions + + + align:start position:0% +okay so my my functions +are are the functions I'm allowing then + + align:start position:0% +are are the functions I'm allowing then + + + align:start position:0% +are are the functions I'm allowing then +are are any PE wise linear like so and + + align:start position:0% +are are any PE wise linear like so and + + + align:start position:0% +are are any PE wise linear like so and +now everybody sees that we've made our + + align:start position:0% +now everybody sees that we've made our + + + align:start position:0% +now everybody sees that we've made our +life much easier as far as calculating + + align:start position:0% +life much easier as far as calculating + + + align:start position:0% +life much easier as far as calculating +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +integrals as we got pretty darn simple + + align:start position:0% +integrals as we got pretty darn simple + + + align:start position:0% +integrals as we got pretty darn simple +functions and we can + + align:start position:0% +functions and we can + + + align:start position:0% +functions and we can +integrate a piece at a time an element + + align:start position:0% +integrate a piece at a time an element + + + align:start position:0% +integrate a piece at a time an element +at a time and in that element the thing + + align:start position:0% +at a time and in that element the thing + + + align:start position:0% +at a time and in that element the thing +is actually linear so so I can do these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +integrals that's the beauty of + + align:start position:0% +integrals that's the beauty of + + + align:start position:0% +integrals that's the beauty of +it so peie wise linear is + + align:start position:0% +it so peie wise linear is + + + align:start position:0% +it so peie wise linear is +good now let me ask you what's the basis + + align:start position:0% +good now let me ask you what's the basis + + + align:start position:0% +good now let me ask you what's the basis +What in in this language what would the + + align:start position:0% +What in in this language what would the + + + align:start position:0% +What in in this language what would the +what's the base what's you've given me + + align:start position:0% +what's the base what's you've given me + + + align:start position:0% +what's the base what's you've given me +all the functions at once + + align:start position:0% +all the functions at once + + + align:start position:0% +all the functions at once +there all piece suppose the boundary + + align:start position:0% +there all piece suppose the boundary + + + align:start position:0% +there all piece suppose the boundary +conditions are U of 0 equals 0 0 and U + + align:start position:0% +conditions are U of 0 equals 0 0 and U + + + align:start position:0% +conditions are U of 0 equals 0 0 and U +of 1 equals + + align:start position:0% +of 1 equals + + + align:start position:0% +of 1 equals +0 okay and suppose I chop the thing into + + align:start position:0% +0 okay and suppose I chop the thing into + + + align:start position:0% +0 okay and suppose I chop the thing into +one two three four five + + align:start position:0% +one two three four five + + + align:start position:0% +one two three four five +elements so that I had really so I + + align:start position:0% +elements so that I had really so I + + + align:start position:0% +elements so that I had really so I +really have four degrees of + + align:start position:0% +really have four degrees of + + + align:start position:0% +really have four degrees of +freedom so n is four + + align:start position:0% +freedom so n is four + + + align:start position:0% +freedom so n is four +here but now tell me the four basis + + align:start position:0% +here but now tell me the four basis + + + align:start position:0% +here but now tell me the four basis +functions that you want me to use + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah okay that's what ped + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay that's what ped + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay that's what ped +it he made them look like Signs and + + align:start position:0% +it he made them look like Signs and + + + align:start position:0% +it he made them look like Signs and +cosiness so so maybe one of his + + align:start position:0% +cosiness so so maybe one of his + + + align:start position:0% +cosiness so so maybe one of his +functions would have gone up and then + + align:start position:0% +functions would have gone up and then + + + align:start position:0% +functions would have gone up and then +another one would have had an + + align:start position:0% +another one would have had an + + + align:start position:0% +another one would have had an +oscillation another one had two I'm + + align:start position:0% +oscillation another one had two I'm + + + align:start position:0% +oscillation another one had two I'm +looking for another + + align:start position:0% +looking for another + + + align:start position:0% +looking for another +option another basis + + align:start position:0% +option another basis + + + align:start position:0% +option another basis +for another set of four fees whose + + align:start position:0% +for another set of four fees whose + + + align:start position:0% +for another set of four fees whose +combinations give + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +those + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry I I'd be happy if they were but + + align:start position:0% +sorry I I'd be happy if they were but + + + align:start position:0% +sorry I I'd be happy if they were but +I'm + + align:start position:0% +I'm + + + align:start position:0% +I'm +more that's good but um the most + + align:start position:0% +more that's good but um the most + + + align:start position:0% +more that's good but um the most +important is that the calculation should + + align:start position:0% +important is that the calculation should + + + align:start position:0% +important is that the calculation should +be fast so I'm looking make them as + + align:start position:0% +be fast so I'm looking make them as + + + align:start position:0% +be fast so I'm looking make them as +simple as you can and and the and your + + align:start position:0% +simple as you can and and the and your + + + align:start position:0% +simple as you can and and the and your +choice of making them look like Signs + + align:start position:0% +choice of making them look like Signs + + + align:start position:0% +choice of making them look like Signs +and cosiness was pretty simple but let's + + align:start position:0% +and cosiness was pretty simple but let's + + + align:start position:0% +and cosiness was pretty simple but let's +make + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay that's possible that's possible + + align:start position:0% +okay that's possible that's possible + + + align:start position:0% +okay that's possible that's possible +well but yeah okay I could yeah I'm I'm + + align:start position:0% +well but yeah okay I could yeah I'm I'm + + + align:start position:0% +well but yeah okay I could yeah I'm I'm +GNA let's look some more because this is + + align:start position:0% +GNA let's look some more because this is + + + align:start position:0% +GNA let's look some more because this is +exactly what what the any any more + + align:start position:0% +exactly what what the any any more + + + align:start position:0% +exactly what what the any any more +suggest interval by interval by interval + + align:start position:0% +suggest interval by interval by interval + + + align:start position:0% +suggest interval by interval by interval +piece by piece that's the winning idea + + align:start position:0% +piece by piece that's the winning idea + + + align:start position:0% +piece by piece that's the winning idea +that that here's one of our + + align:start position:0% +that that here's one of our + + + align:start position:0% +that that here's one of our +functions and then and here's a second + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one and they well they they didn't yeah + + align:start position:0% +one and they well they they didn't yeah + + + align:start position:0% +one and they well they they didn't yeah +sorry I better yeah so they do overlap + + align:start position:0% +sorry I better yeah so they do overlap + + + align:start position:0% +sorry I better yeah so they do overlap +and I don't get that orthogonality but I + + align:start position:0% +and I don't get that orthogonality but I + + + align:start position:0% +and I don't get that orthogonality but I +I just I prepared to live without it for + + align:start position:0% +I just I prepared to live without it for + + + align:start position:0% +I just I prepared to live without it for +the for this + + align:start position:0% +the for this + + + align:start position:0% +the for this +local to be local is is is is to be up + + align:start position:0% +local to be local is is is is to be up + + + align:start position:0% +local to be local is is is is to be up +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +date I mean that that's really local + + align:start position:0% +date I mean that that's really local + + + align:start position:0% +date I mean that that's really local +stuff that's what you'll see with + + align:start position:0% +stuff that's what you'll see with + + + align:start position:0% +stuff that's what you'll see with +wavelets too that they're a local basis + + align:start position:0% +wavelets too that they're a local basis + + + align:start position:0% +wavelets too that they're a local basis +so there's one guy the second guy Peaks + + align:start position:0% +so there's one guy the second guy Peaks + + + align:start position:0% +so there's one guy the second guy Peaks +at Point 2 the third guy Peaks at three + + align:start position:0% +at Point 2 the third guy Peaks at three + + + align:start position:0% +at Point 2 the third guy Peaks at three +the fourth guy Peaks at point four and + + align:start position:0% +the fourth guy Peaks at point four and + + + align:start position:0% +the fourth guy Peaks at point four and +their combinations give + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anything let me no I hope not let's see + + align:start position:0% +anything let me no I hope not let's see + + + align:start position:0% +anything let me no I hope not let's see +what + + align:start position:0% +what + + + align:start position:0% +what +uh it's a it's a + + align:start position:0% +uh it's a it's a + + + align:start position:0% +uh it's a it's a +shift it's a shift it's true + + align:start position:0% +shift it's a shift it's true + + + align:start position:0% +shift it's a shift it's true +a shift is + + align:start position:0% +a shift is + + + align:start position:0% +a shift is +okay but if + + align:start position:0% +okay but if + + + align:start position:0% +okay but if +I If I multiply that by two it would + + align:start position:0% +I If I multiply that by two it would + + + align:start position:0% +I If I multiply that by two it would +just make it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bigger yeah if you're all this is the + + align:start position:0% +bigger yeah if you're all this is the + + + align:start position:0% +bigger yeah if you're all this is the +right stuff to think about exactly the + + align:start position:0% +right stuff to think about exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +right stuff to think about exactly the +right stuff to think about if I if I + + align:start position:0% +right stuff to think about if I if I + + + align:start position:0% +right stuff to think about if I if I +combine this with this then I can get + + align:start position:0% +combine this with this then I can get + + + align:start position:0% +combine this with this then I can get +anybody who does this and then + + align:start position:0% +anybody who does this and then + + + align:start position:0% +anybody who does this and then +stops but then I've got number three + + align:start position:0% +stops but then I've got number three + + + align:start position:0% +stops but then I've got number three +number four they'll pick up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +somehow okay that's one way to see that + + align:start position:0% +somehow okay that's one way to see that + + + align:start position:0% +somehow okay that's one way to see that +these four guys are independent that in + + align:start position:0% +these four guys are independent that in + + + align:start position:0% +these four guys are independent that in +fact the the C's actually have a meaning + + align:start position:0% +fact the the C's actually have a meaning + + + align:start position:0% +fact the the C's actually have a meaning +the the C the C1 the one that multiplies + + align:start position:0% +the the C the C1 the one that multiplies + + + align:start position:0% +the the C the C1 the one that multiplies +this guy is actually the value there + + align:start position:0% +this guy is actually the value there + + + align:start position:0% +this guy is actually the value there +this that's the + + align:start position:0% +this that's the + + + align:start position:0% +this that's the +C1 and this is the C2 that height and + + align:start position:0% +C1 and this is the C2 that height and + + + align:start position:0% +C1 and this is the C2 that height and +and this is the C3 happen to be negative + + align:start position:0% +and this is the C3 happen to be negative + + + align:start position:0% +and this is the C3 happen to be negative +and this is the + + align:start position:0% +and this is the + + + align:start position:0% +and this is the +C4 do you see that that if I if I take + + align:start position:0% +C4 do you see that that if I if I take + + + align:start position:0% +C4 do you see that that if I if I take +those things so the these + + align:start position:0% +those things so the these + + + align:start position:0% +those things so the these +weights are actually Point values which + + align:start position:0% +weights are actually Point values which + + + align:start position:0% +weights are actually Point values which +is kind of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +nice so all I do now well yeah what I + + align:start position:0% +nice so all I do now well yeah what I + + + align:start position:0% +nice so all I do now well yeah what I +want to do now then is I I'm limiting + + align:start position:0% +want to do now then is I I'm limiting + + + align:start position:0% +want to do now then is I I'm limiting +myself to this four-dimensional space of + + align:start position:0% +myself to this four-dimensional space of + + + align:start position:0% +myself to this four-dimensional space of +of simple + + align:start position:0% +of simple + + + align:start position:0% +of simple +functions and these would be peace wise + + align:start position:0% +functions and these would be peace wise + + + align:start position:0% +functions and these would be peace wise +these would be linear finite + + align:start position:0% +these would be linear finite + + + align:start position:0% +these would be linear finite +elements and + + align:start position:0% +elements and + + + align:start position:0% +elements and +now where is my equation going to come + + align:start position:0% +now where is my equation going to come + + + align:start position:0% +now where is my equation going to come +from that determines these + + align:start position:0% +from that determines these + + + align:start position:0% +from that determines these +C's right now we've made the big + + align:start position:0% +C's right now we've made the big + + + align:start position:0% +C's right now we've made the big +decision of the + + align:start position:0% +decision of the + + + align:start position:0% +decision of the +basis and and those other bases you + + align:start position:0% +basis and and those other bases you + + + align:start position:0% +basis and and those other bases you +mentioned I mean like you know there + + align:start position:0% +mentioned I mean like you know there + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned I mean like you know there +there those other bases are not did it's + + align:start position:0% +there those other bases are not did it's + + + align:start position:0% +there those other bases are not did it's +just finite elements is that + + align:start position:0% +just finite elements is that + + + align:start position:0% +just finite elements is that +choice well finite elements don't have + + align:start position:0% +choice well finite elements don't have + + + align:start position:0% +choice well finite elements don't have +to be + + align:start position:0% +to be + + + align:start position:0% +to be +linear we could we could + + align:start position:0% +linear we could we could + + + align:start position:0% +linear we could we could +imagine Parabola little pieces of + + align:start position:0% +imagine Parabola little pieces of + + + align:start position:0% +imagine Parabola little pieces of +parabolas or little pieces of + + align:start position:0% +parabolas or little pieces of + + + align:start position:0% +parabolas or little pieces of +cubics so those will be quadratic + + align:start position:0% +cubics so those will be quadratic + + + align:start position:0% +cubics so those will be quadratic +elements cubic elements uh those are all + + align:start position:0% +elements cubic elements uh those are all + + + align:start position:0% +elements cubic elements uh those are all +it's highly interesting I mean there was + + align:start position:0% +it's highly interesting I mean there was + + + align:start position:0% +it's highly interesting I mean there was +a like a golden age of finite elements + + align:start position:0% +a like a golden age of finite elements + + + align:start position:0% +a like a golden age of finite elements +when everybody was creating new + + align:start position:0% +when everybody was creating new + + + align:start position:0% +when everybody was creating new +bases and of course everybody hoped that + + align:start position:0% +bases and of course everybody hoped that + + + align:start position:0% +bases and of course everybody hoped that +his basis would be you know his name + + align:start position:0% +his basis would be you know his name + + + align:start position:0% +his basis would be you know his name +would be like + + align:start position:0% +would be like + + + align:start position:0% +would be like +Immortal uh and a few people probably + + align:start position:0% +Immortal uh and a few people probably + + + align:start position:0% +Immortal uh and a few people probably +well PE by linear somehow I guess + + align:start position:0% +well PE by linear somehow I guess + + + align:start position:0% +well PE by linear somehow I guess +nobody's name got associated with it and + + align:start position:0% +nobody's name got associated with it and + + + align:start position:0% +nobody's name got associated with it and +that's that's uh a very important choice + + align:start position:0% +that's that's uh a very important choice + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's uh a very important choice +just because it's so simple okay come + + align:start position:0% +just because it's so simple okay come + + + align:start position:0% +just because it's so simple okay come +back to that question where are my + + align:start position:0% +back to that question where are my + + + align:start position:0% +back to that question where are my +equations for these four + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +C's how do I find the best C's I I you + + align:start position:0% +C's how do I find the best C's I I you + + + align:start position:0% +C's how do I find the best C's I I you +see i' I've decided okay I'm only going + + align:start position:0% +see i' I've decided okay I'm only going + + + align:start position:0% +see i' I've decided okay I'm only going +to allow functions that are combinations + + align:start position:0% +to allow functions that are combinations + + + align:start position:0% +to allow functions that are combinations +of these four C's that look look like + + align:start position:0% +of these four C's that look look like + + + align:start position:0% +of these four C's that look look like +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +now what's the best one how do I get the + + align:start position:0% +now what's the best one how do I get the + + + align:start position:0% +now what's the best one how do I get the +best + + align:start position:0% +best + + + align:start position:0% +best +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +sorry I need a cost function okay so + + align:start position:0% +sorry I need a cost function okay so + + + align:start position:0% +sorry I need a cost function okay so +what's my cost function I gu it's this + + align:start position:0% +what's my cost function I gu it's this + + + align:start position:0% +what's my cost function I gu it's this +guy okay so so one way to do it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is plug this in there and minimize it + + align:start position:0% +is plug this in there and minimize it + + + align:start position:0% +is plug this in there and minimize it +it's a function of four variables I'm + + align:start position:0% +it's a function of four variables I'm + + + align:start position:0% +it's a function of four variables I'm +back to the beginning of the last + + align:start position:0% +back to the beginning of the last + + + align:start position:0% +back to the beginning of the last +lecture n is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +four you imagine doing + + align:start position:0% +four you imagine doing + + + align:start position:0% +four you imagine doing +that I've decided what these functions + + align:start position:0% +that I've decided what these functions + + + align:start position:0% +that I've decided what these functions +are so those are are fixed those are my + + align:start position:0% +are so those are are fixed those are my + + + align:start position:0% +are so those are are fixed those are my +trial function those are the ones I'm + + align:start position:0% +trial function those are the ones I'm + + + align:start position:0% +trial function those are the ones I'm +trying with what I don't know is the + + align:start position:0% +trying with what I don't know is the + + + align:start position:0% +trying with what I don't know is the +four coefficients so I plug it in to the + + align:start position:0% +four coefficients so I plug it in to the + + + align:start position:0% +four coefficients so I plug it in to the +thing that I'm trying to minimize and I + + align:start position:0% +thing that I'm trying to minimize and I + + + align:start position:0% +thing that I'm trying to minimize and I +minimize but I've only got four + + align:start position:0% +minimize but I've only got four + + + align:start position:0% +minimize but I've only got four +variables so i' I'm there okay that's + + align:start position:0% +variables so i' I'm there okay that's + + + align:start position:0% +variables so i' I'm there okay that's +that's the ra Ritz that's associated + + align:start position:0% +that's the ra Ritz that's associated + + + align:start position:0% +that's the ra Ritz that's associated +with the names of RA and Ritz gurin had + + align:start position:0% +with the names of RA and Ritz gurin had + + + align:start position:0% +with the names of RA and Ritz gurin had +another idea gurin worked with this weak + + align:start position:0% +another idea gurin worked with this weak + + + align:start position:0% +another idea gurin worked with this weak +form + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +gurin said okay now I'm looking at this + + align:start position:0% +gurin said okay now I'm looking at this + + + align:start position:0% +gurin said okay now I'm looking at this +this is this whole thing in yellow let + + align:start position:0% +this is this whole thing in yellow let + + + align:start position:0% +this is this whole thing in yellow let +me put the zero in yellow too so that + + align:start position:0% +me put the zero in yellow too so that + + + align:start position:0% +me put the zero in yellow too so that +we're seeing the whole weak form in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yellow okay so what and the integral is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +um so now what's goin's idea going to be + + align:start position:0% +um so now what's goin's idea going to be + + + align:start position:0% +um so now what's goin's idea going to be +I I've got I've got this U is now a + + align:start position:0% +I I've got I've got this U is now a + + + align:start position:0% +I I've got I've got this U is now a +combination of from 1 to four of c i fi + + align:start position:0% +combination of from 1 to four of c i fi + + + align:start position:0% +combination of from 1 to four of c i fi +of X and I've made a smart choice of + + align:start position:0% +of X and I've made a smart choice of + + + align:start position:0% +of X and I've made a smart choice of +these fees and smart means that I can do + + align:start position:0% +these fees and smart means that I can do + + + align:start position:0% +these fees and smart means that I can do +the calculations + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +quickly oh hold on a + + align:start position:0% +quickly oh hold on a + + + align:start position:0% +quickly oh hold on a +minute hold on a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +minute if I put the peace wise linear + + align:start position:0% +minute if I put the peace wise linear + + + align:start position:0% +minute if I put the peace wise linear +functions into this form what is going + + align:start position:0% +functions into this form what is going + + + align:start position:0% +functions into this form what is going +to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +happen problems are going to H arise + + align:start position:0% +happen problems are going to H arise + + + align:start position:0% +happen problems are going to H arise +right because the derivative of peie + + align:start position:0% +right because the derivative of peie + + + align:start position:0% +right because the derivative of peie +wise linear is is PE + + align:start position:0% +wise linear is is PE + + + align:start position:0% +wise linear is is PE +wise constant and here I've got another + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +derivative yeah that's right so what + + align:start position:0% +derivative yeah that's right so what + + + align:start position:0% +derivative yeah that's right so what +should I have done I I I just screwed up + + align:start position:0% +should I have done I I I just screwed up + + + align:start position:0% +should I have done I I I just screwed up +but but in one line by changing that + + align:start position:0% +but but in one line by changing that + + + align:start position:0% +but but in one line by changing that +Arrow I can make myself + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +correct let me get this term that was + + align:start position:0% +correct let me get this term that was + + + align:start position:0% +correct let me get this term that was +the so I'm going to put equals z here + + align:start position:0% +the so I'm going to put equals z here + + + align:start position:0% +the so I'm going to put equals z here +okay you see what I want this is a weak + + align:start position:0% +okay you see what I want this is a weak + + + align:start position:0% +okay you see what I want this is a weak +form that's the weak form with before + + align:start position:0% +form that's the weak form with before + + + align:start position:0% +form that's the weak form with before +the integration by parts + + align:start position:0% +the integration by parts + + + align:start position:0% +the integration by parts +and now I could take U to be my + + align:start position:0% +and now I could take U to be my + + + align:start position:0% +and now I could take U to be my +piecewise + + align:start position:0% +piecewise + + + align:start position:0% +piecewise +linear and the derivative would be PE + + align:start position:0% +linear and the derivative would be PE + + + align:start position:0% +linear and the derivative would be PE +wise constant that's fine and what about + + align:start position:0% +wise constant that's fine and what about + + + align:start position:0% +wise constant that's fine and what about +the V what shall I take for + + align:start position:0% +the V what shall I take for + + + align:start position:0% +the V what shall I take for +V's well I can I I could take the same + + align:start position:0% +V's well I can I I could take the same + + + align:start position:0% +V's well I can I I could take the same +things for V's or I could take some + + align:start position:0% +things for V's or I could take some + + + align:start position:0% +things for V's or I could take some +other choice for V's but but this is so + + align:start position:0% +other choice for V's but but this is so + + + align:start position:0% +other choice for V's but but this is so +I'm sorry that that's in yellow and this + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry that that's in yellow and this + + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry that that's in yellow and this +is in white because this is the one that + + align:start position:0% +is in white because this is the one that + + + align:start position:0% +is in white because this is the one that +I should have been pointing to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's the form before I integrated by + + align:start position:0% +that's the form before I integrated by + + + align:start position:0% +that's the form before I integrated by +parts and and + + align:start position:0% +parts and and + + + align:start position:0% +parts and and +uh impose + + align:start position:0% +uh impose + + + align:start position:0% +uh impose +this additional derivative on you this + + align:start position:0% +this additional derivative on you this + + + align:start position:0% +this additional derivative on you this +was much + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +better so well I think probably the + + align:start position:0% +better so well I think probably the + + + align:start position:0% +better so well I think probably the +simplest idea is let this has to be + + align:start position:0% +simplest idea is let this has to be + + + align:start position:0% +simplest idea is let this has to be +true so U is a combination of these now + + align:start position:0% +true so U is a combination of these now + + + align:start position:0% +true so U is a combination of these now +like of 1 to four of these CI F right + + align:start position:0% +like of 1 to four of these CI F right + + + align:start position:0% +like of 1 to four of these CI F right +and what shall I take for v i I'm + + align:start position:0% +and what shall I take for v i I'm + + + align:start position:0% +and what shall I take for v i I'm +looking for four equations so so I'm + + align:start position:0% +looking for four equations so so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +looking for four equations so so I'm +just going to take four v's four test + + align:start position:0% +just going to take four v's four test + + + align:start position:0% +just going to take four v's four test +functions yeah + + align:start position:0% +functions yeah + + + align:start position:0% +functions yeah +and let them be each of these right it's + + align:start position:0% +and let them be each of these right it's + + + align:start position:0% +and let them be each of these right it's +true for every V so I pick any four v's + + align:start position:0% +true for every V so I pick any four v's + + + align:start position:0% +true for every V so I pick any four v's +and one Natural Choice in this sort of + + align:start position:0% +and one Natural Choice in this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +and one Natural Choice in this sort of +symmetric problem is let the test + + align:start position:0% +symmetric problem is let the test + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric problem is let the test +functions be the trial function + + align:start position:0% +functions be the trial function + + + align:start position:0% +functions be the trial function +but I don't have to make that choice so + + align:start position:0% +but I don't have to make that choice so + + + align:start position:0% +but I don't have to make that choice so +can I summarize this guran idea he's got + + align:start position:0% +can I summarize this guran idea he's got + + + align:start position:0% +can I summarize this guran idea he's got +n he + + align:start position:0% +n he + + + align:start position:0% +n he +chooses n trial + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +functions + + align:start position:0% +functions + + + align:start position:0% +functions +fi and he chooses n test + + align:start position:0% +fi and he chooses n test + + + align:start position:0% +fi and he chooses n test +functions say s well if I don't know how + + align:start position:0% +functions say s well if I don't know how + + + align:start position:0% +functions say s well if I don't know how +to say that word but J + + align:start position:0% +to say that word but J + + + align:start position:0% +to say that word but J +X and those could be the same very often + + align:start position:0% +X and those could be the same very often + + + align:start position:0% +X and those could be the same very often +they are the same but they needn't be + + align:start position:0% +they are the same but they needn't be + + + align:start position:0% +they are the same but they needn't be +the same and then his equations are this + + align:start position:0% +the same and then his equations are this + + + align:start position:0% +the same and then his equations are this +weak he takes the weak form where he + + align:start position:0% +weak he takes the weak form where he + + + align:start position:0% +weak he takes the weak form where he +takes V to be in turn one of these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +size so this is for J = 1 2 up to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we got to n equations and N unknowns + + align:start position:0% +we got to n equations and N unknowns + + + align:start position:0% +we got to n equations and N unknowns +that was our + + align:start position:0% +that was our + + + align:start position:0% +that was our +job we've got to n equations in N + + align:start position:0% +job we've got to n equations in N + + + align:start position:0% +job we've got to n equations in N +unknowns what are the unknowns they're + + align:start position:0% +unknowns what are the unknowns they're + + + align:start position:0% +unknowns what are the unknowns they're +these weights what are the equations + + align:start position:0% +these weights what are the equations + + + align:start position:0% +these weights what are the equations +they're the weak form for + + align:start position:0% +they're the weak form for + + + align:start position:0% +they're the weak form for +each uh test function so we're testing + + align:start position:0% +each uh test function so we're testing + + + align:start position:0% +each uh test function so we're testing +it end + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +times + + align:start position:0% +times + + + align:start position:0% +times +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +this this is going to + + align:start position:0% +this this is going to + + + align:start position:0% +this this is going to +that's four equations and four unknowns + + align:start position:0% +that's four equations and four unknowns + + + align:start position:0% +that's four equations and four unknowns +that's K C equals F + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +somehow + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I let + + align:start position:0% +I let + + + align:start position:0% +I let +me you see this C is my four unknowns my + + align:start position:0% +me you see this C is my four unknowns my + + + align:start position:0% +me you see this C is my four unknowns my +Vector of four unknown my K is somehow a + + align:start position:0% +Vector of four unknown my K is somehow a + + + align:start position:0% +Vector of four unknown my K is somehow a +matrix that's going to come out of these + + align:start position:0% +matrix that's going to come out of these + + + align:start position:0% +matrix that's going to come out of these +Integrations my f is somehow the M the + + align:start position:0% +Integrations my f is somehow the M the + + + align:start position:0% +Integrations my f is somehow the M the +the vector that's come going to come out + + align:start position:0% +the vector that's come going to come out + + + align:start position:0% +the vector that's come going to come out +of integrating the linear + + align:start position:0% +of integrating the linear + + + align:start position:0% +of integrating the linear +terms + + align:start position:0% +terms + + + align:start position:0% +terms +and everything depends on the choice of + + align:start position:0% +and everything depends on the choice of + + + align:start position:0% +and everything depends on the choice of +the fees and the test the trial + + align:start position:0% +the fees and the test the trial + + + align:start position:0% +the fees and the test the trial +functions and the test + + align:start position:0% +functions and the test + + + align:start position:0% +functions and the test +function but do you see that is a pretty + + align:start position:0% +function but do you see that is a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +function but do you see that is a pretty +reasonable principle we we can't gurin + + align:start position:0% +reasonable principle we we can't gurin + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable principle we we can't gurin +says you've got to make a finite problem + + align:start position:0% +says you've got to make a finite problem + + + align:start position:0% +says you've got to make a finite problem +and the way to make it finite is + + align:start position:0% +and the way to make it finite is + + + align:start position:0% +and the way to make it finite is +choose some functions in advance and + + align:start position:0% +choose some functions in advance and + + + align:start position:0% +choose some functions in advance and +look for the best combination then then + + align:start position:0% +look for the best combination then then + + + align:start position:0% +look for the best combination then then +you have only n + + align:start position:0% +you have only n + + + align:start position:0% +you have only n +unknowns and then how does he get n + + align:start position:0% +unknowns and then how does he get n + + + align:start position:0% +unknowns and then how does he get n +equations he tests the the the equal + + align:start position:0% +equations he tests the the the equal + + + align:start position:0% +equations he tests the the the equal +zero condition against n test + + align:start position:0% +zero condition against n test + + + align:start position:0% +zero condition against n test +functions and those test functions could + + align:start position:0% +functions and those test functions could + + + align:start position:0% +functions and those test functions could +be identical to the trial function that + + align:start position:0% +be identical to the trial function that + + + align:start position:0% +be identical to the trial function that +that's guren's idea and the result + + align:start position:0% +that's guren's idea and the result + + + align:start position:0% +that's guren's idea and the result +is um + + align:start position:0% +is um + + + align:start position:0% +is um +a set of linear + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equations okay let me let me now say + + align:start position:0% +equations okay let me let me now say + + + align:start position:0% +equations okay let me let me now say +okay let's step back all right so + + align:start position:0% +okay let's step back all right so + + + align:start position:0% +okay let's step back all right so +suppose we're going to write a finite + + align:start position:0% +suppose we're going to write a finite + + + align:start position:0% +suppose we're going to write a finite +element + + align:start position:0% +element + + + align:start position:0% +element +code can we let's not actually write it + + align:start position:0% +code can we let's not actually write it + + + align:start position:0% +code can we let's not actually write it +but imagine we're writing + + align:start position:0% +but imagine we're writing + + + align:start position:0% +but imagine we're writing +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +what what would be the subprograms what + + align:start position:0% +what what would be the subprograms what + + + align:start position:0% +what what would be the subprograms what +would be the subot the the the pieces of + + align:start position:0% +would be the subot the the the pieces of + + + align:start position:0% +would be the subot the the the pieces of +a of a finite element + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +code maybe we could list those + + align:start position:0% +code maybe we could list those + + + align:start position:0% +code maybe we could list those +pieces if if we were writing a code what + + align:start position:0% +pieces if if we were writing a code what + + + align:start position:0% +pieces if if we were writing a code what +would + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we uh and you know that the finite + + align:start position:0% +we uh and you know that the finite + + + align:start position:0% +we uh and you know that the finite +element that there are giant finite + + align:start position:0% +element that there are giant finite + + + align:start position:0% +element that there are giant finite +element codes that have had hundreds of + + align:start position:0% +element codes that have had hundreds of + + + align:start position:0% +element codes that have had hundreds of +of people years in creating them nastran + + align:start position:0% +of people years in creating them nastran + + + align:start position:0% +of people years in creating them nastran +is one name you may know a Dena is + + align:start position:0% +is one name you may know a Dena is + + + align:start position:0% +is one name you may know a Dena is +created by a guy at MIT and a and a + + align:start position:0% +created by a guy at MIT and a and a + + + align:start position:0% +created by a guy at MIT and a and a +generation of graduate students um and + + align:start position:0% +generation of graduate students um and + + + align:start position:0% +generation of graduate students um and +there there are 10 maybe five to 10 + + align:start position:0% +there there are 10 maybe five to 10 + + + align:start position:0% +there there are 10 maybe five to 10 +really big big time codes so what do + + align:start position:0% +really big big time codes so what do + + + align:start position:0% +really big big time codes so what do +they + + align:start position:0% +they + + + align:start position:0% +they +have well one step is going to be choose + + align:start position:0% +have well one step is going to be choose + + + align:start position:0% +have well one step is going to be choose +the choose the + + align:start position:0% +the choose the + + + align:start position:0% +the choose the +fees + + align:start position:0% +fees + + + align:start position:0% +fees +and and + + align:start position:0% +and and + + + align:start position:0% +and and +maybe and and + + align:start position:0% +maybe and and + + + align:start position:0% +maybe and and +seeds there'll be a library of choices + + align:start position:0% +seeds there'll be a library of choices + + + align:start position:0% +seeds there'll be a library of choices +and the and the first guy in every + + align:start position:0% +and the and the first guy in every + + + align:start position:0% +and the and the first guy in every +library is this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one it would be fun to tell you about + + align:start position:0% +one it would be fun to tell you about + + + align:start position:0% +one it would be fun to tell you about +some of the other possible fees but but + + align:start position:0% +some of the other possible fees but but + + + align:start position:0% +some of the other possible fees but but +if but all right so we choose these fees + + align:start position:0% +if but all right so we choose these fees + + + align:start position:0% +if but all right so we choose these fees +now what what what do we have to do + + align:start position:0% +now what what what do we have to do + + + align:start position:0% +now what what what do we have to do +what's the next job we've made this + + align:start position:0% +what's the next job we've made this + + + align:start position:0% +what's the next job we've made this +choice we know what where our equations + + align:start position:0% +choice we know what where our equations + + + align:start position:0% +choice we know what where our equations +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +but we've got to turn them into a linear + + align:start position:0% +but we've got to turn them into a linear + + + align:start position:0% +but we've got to turn them into a linear +system so the second job is assemble F + + align:start position:0% +system so the second job is assemble F + + + align:start position:0% +system so the second job is assemble F +assemble the Matrix + + align:start position:0% +assemble the Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +assemble the Matrix +K and the vector and the vector + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +F maybe I'll yeah and the vector F in + + align:start position:0% +F maybe I'll yeah and the vector F in + + + align:start position:0% +F maybe I'll yeah and the vector F in +other words plug these things into the + + align:start position:0% +other words plug these things into the + + + align:start position:0% +other words plug these things into the +integrals and do the integration + + align:start position:0% +integrals and do the integration + + + align:start position:0% +integrals and do the integration +that's the + + align:start position:0% +that's the + + + align:start position:0% +that's the +expensive part of the finite element + + align:start position:0% +expensive part of the finite element + + + align:start position:0% +expensive part of the finite element +code and that's that's why we chose + + align:start position:0% +code and that's that's why we chose + + + align:start position:0% +code and that's that's why we chose +simple functions to keep the cost + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +down we have to assemble these matrices + + align:start position:0% +down we have to assemble these matrices + + + align:start position:0% +down we have to assemble these matrices +by doing the integrals then thirdly we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +solve K Cal + + align:start position:0% +solve K Cal + + + align:start position:0% +solve K Cal +F that's if we've taken 10,000 elements + + align:start position:0% +F that's if we've taken 10,000 elements + + + align:start position:0% +F that's if we've taken 10,000 elements +or 100 or a million elements that might + + align:start position:0% +or 100 or a million elements that might + + + align:start position:0% +or 100 or a million elements that might +take some time but but + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh it's under control and then finally + + align:start position:0% +uh it's under control and then finally + + + align:start position:0% +uh it's under control and then finally +would be uh + + align:start position:0% +would be uh + + + align:start position:0% +would be uh +display uh this the our our + + align:start position:0% +display uh this the our our + + + align:start position:0% +display uh this the our our +best our our + + align:start position:0% +best our our + + + align:start position:0% +best our our +uh our approximate U our our approximate + + align:start position:0% +uh our approximate U our our approximate + + + align:start position:0% +uh our approximate U our our approximate +answer + + align:start position:0% +answer + + + align:start position:0% +answer +uh this combination of of trial + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +functions is yes that's that's right + + align:start position:0% +functions is yes that's that's right + + + align:start position:0% +functions is yes that's that's right +it's nothing to do with that c ofx yeah + + align:start position:0% +it's nothing to do with that c ofx yeah + + + align:start position:0% +it's nothing to do with that c ofx yeah +would I be better I would be better to + + align:start position:0% +would I be better I would be better to + + + align:start position:0% +would I be better I would be better to +call these unknowns UI yeah that would + + align:start position:0% +call these unknowns UI yeah that would + + + align:start position:0% +call these unknowns UI yeah that would +actually be a lot + + align:start position:0% +actually be a lot + + + align:start position:0% +actually be a lot +better should I could I it would it + + align:start position:0% +better should I could I it would it + + + align:start position:0% +better should I could I it would it +would be a lot better to to + + align:start position:0% +would be a lot better to to + + + align:start position:0% +would be a lot better to to +be to be uh for the UI to be the the + + align:start position:0% +be to be uh for the UI to be the the + + + align:start position:0% +be to be uh for the UI to be the the +weights of the fees why is that better + + align:start position:0% +weights of the fees why is that better + + + align:start position:0% +weights of the fees why is that better +because finite elements actually has + + align:start position:0% +because finite elements actually has + + + align:start position:0% +because finite elements actually has +this wonderful property that these + + align:start position:0% +this wonderful property that these + + + align:start position:0% +this wonderful property that these +guys yeah you would have been a heck of + + align:start position:0% +guys yeah you would have been a heck of + + + align:start position:0% +guys yeah you would have been a heck of +a lot better there + + align:start position:0% +a lot better there + + + align:start position:0% +a lot better there +because because those because 's are + + align:start position:0% +because because those because 's are + + + align:start position:0% +because because those because 's are +actually the values of my approximate so + + align:start position:0% +actually the values of my approximate so + + + align:start position:0% +actually the values of my approximate so +you could say this is the approximate + + align:start position:0% +you could say this is the approximate + + + align:start position:0% +you could say this is the approximate +guy and we hope it's true and close to + + align:start position:0% +guy and we hope it's true and close to + + + align:start position:0% +guy and we hope it's true and close to +the to the real one + + align:start position:0% +the to the real one + + + align:start position:0% +the to the real one +you see what we did we minimized or we + + align:start position:0% +you see what we did we minimized or we + + + align:start position:0% +you see what we did we minimized or we +worked in over this finite dimensional + + align:start position:0% +worked in over this finite dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +worked in over this finite dimensional +space so we arrived at a finite problem + + align:start position:0% +space so we arrived at a finite problem + + + align:start position:0% +space so we arrived at a finite problem +KU equal + + align:start position:0% +KU equal + + + align:start position:0% +KU equal +F instead of a differential equation so + + align:start position:0% +F instead of a differential equation so + + + align:start position:0% +F instead of a differential equation so +instead of a differential equation we + + align:start position:0% +instead of a differential equation we + + + align:start position:0% +instead of a differential equation we +got to a finite Matrix + + align:start position:0% +got to a finite Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +got to a finite Matrix +equation but the job was figure out the + + align:start position:0% +equation but the job was figure out the + + + align:start position:0% +equation but the job was figure out the +Matrix so that's the stiffness Matrix + + align:start position:0% +Matrix so that's the stiffness Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix so that's the stiffness Matrix +and this is the load vector and and and + + align:start position:0% +and this is the load vector and and and + + + align:start position:0% +and this is the load vector and and and +to see what K is can I just say what + + align:start position:0% +to see what K is can I just say what + + + align:start position:0% +to see what K is can I just say what +what's a typical member of + + align:start position:0% +what's a typical member of + + + align:start position:0% +what's a typical member of +K and then you've really it's been a + + align:start position:0% +K and then you've really it's been a + + + align:start position:0% +K and then you've really it's been a +long uh day I'm not going to go over + + align:start position:0% +long uh day I'm not going to go over + + + align:start position:0% +long uh day I'm not going to go over +long on this but what's a what's a + + align:start position:0% +long on this but what's a what's a + + + align:start position:0% +long on this but what's a what's a +typical what's the IJ entry of this + + align:start position:0% +typical what's the IJ entry of this + + + align:start position:0% +typical what's the IJ entry of this +Matrix K it will be it comes from this + + align:start position:0% +Matrix K it will be it comes from this + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix K it will be it comes from this +it's the integral of C + + align:start position:0% +it's the integral of C + + + align:start position:0% +it's the integral of C +ofx + + align:start position:0% +ofx + + + align:start position:0% +ofx +D + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fi + + align:start position:0% +fi + + + align:start position:0% +fi +D SI + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +J see I'm I'm plugging into the weak + + align:start position:0% +J see I'm I'm plugging into the weak + + + align:start position:0% +J see I'm I'm plugging into the weak +form and the K part comes from the + + align:start position:0% +form and the K part comes from the + + + align:start position:0% +form and the K part comes from the +quadratic part what's the what's the + + align:start position:0% +quadratic part what's the what's the + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic part what's the what's the +load uh + + align:start position:0% +load uh + + + align:start position:0% +load uh +K it would be the integral that will + + align:start position:0% +K it would be the integral that will + + + align:start position:0% +K it would be the integral that will +come from the linear part it'll be the + + align:start position:0% +come from the linear part it'll be the + + + align:start position:0% +come from the linear part it'll be the +integral of s + + align:start position:0% +integral of s + + + align:start position:0% +integral of s +k is it s + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +k yeah I think times F ofx + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +DX all I've done is plug in the the + + align:start position:0% +DX all I've done is plug in the the + + + align:start position:0% +DX all I've done is plug in the the +use and uh and the + + align:start position:0% +use and uh and the + + + align:start position:0% +use and uh and the +v's and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and uh did the integrals so it's these + + align:start position:0% +and uh did the integrals so it's these + + + align:start position:0% +and uh did the integrals so it's these +integrals that that are involved in + + align:start position:0% +integrals that that are involved in + + + align:start position:0% +integrals that that are involved in +assembling the in producing The + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Matrix and hopefully those integrals are + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and hopefully those integrals are + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and hopefully those integrals are +not hard I mean how would you actually + + align:start position:0% +not hard I mean how would you actually + + + align:start position:0% +not hard I mean how would you actually +do these integrals what's what is DF + + align:start position:0% +do these integrals what's what is DF + + + align:start position:0% +do these integrals what's what is DF +DX it's just piece byse constant it's + + align:start position:0% +DX it's just piece byse constant it's + + + align:start position:0% +DX it's just piece byse constant it's +just two little constants over a little + + align:start position:0% +just two little constants over a little + + + align:start position:0% +just two little constants over a little +piece of the interval + + align:start position:0% +piece of the interval + + + align:start position:0% +piece of the interval +and what's oh what's what's the + + align:start position:0% +and what's oh what's what's the + + + align:start position:0% +and what's oh what's what's the +derivative let's take the fees as and + + align:start position:0% +derivative let's take the fees as and + + + align:start position:0% +derivative let's take the fees as and +the size as the same so this will be + + align:start position:0% +the size as the same so this will be + + + align:start position:0% +the size as the same so this will be +another peie wise + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constant okay so what's + + align:start position:0% +constant okay so what's + + + align:start position:0% +constant okay so what's +up what kind of a matrix K am I going to + + align:start position:0% +up what kind of a matrix K am I going to + + + align:start position:0% +up what kind of a matrix K am I going to +have here yeah oh boy you got it you got + + align:start position:0% +have here yeah oh boy you got it you got + + + align:start position:0% +have here yeah oh boy you got it you got +it first time absolutely I thought when + + align:start position:0% +it first time absolutely I thought when + + + align:start position:0% +it first time absolutely I thought when +I asked that question I thought I + + align:start position:0% +I asked that question I thought I + + + align:start position:0% +I asked that question I thought I +haven't made it clear enough but it + + align:start position:0% +haven't made it clear enough but it + + + align:start position:0% +haven't made it clear enough but it +thanks it's why is it try diagonal Dare + + align:start position:0% +thanks it's why is it try diagonal Dare + + + align:start position:0% +thanks it's why is it try diagonal Dare +I ask the because they partially overlap + + align:start position:0% +I ask the because they partially overlap + + + align:start position:0% +I ask the because they partially overlap +because they only write this guy only + + align:start position:0% +because they only write this guy only + + + align:start position:0% +because they only write this guy only +overlaps with when if I is different + + align:start position:0% +overlaps with when if I is different + + + align:start position:0% +overlaps with when if I is different +from J by more than one there's no + + align:start position:0% +from J by more than one there's no + + + align:start position:0% +from J by more than one there's no +overlap so that that local bases paid + + align:start position:0% +overlap so that that local bases paid + + + align:start position:0% +overlap so that that local bases paid +off they weren't quite + + align:start position:0% +off they weren't quite + + + align:start position:0% +off they weren't quite +orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal +because this guy and this guy do overlap + + align:start position:0% +because this guy and this guy do overlap + + + align:start position:0% +because this guy and this guy do overlap +but it's Tri diagonal and that's that's + + align:start position:0% +but it's Tri diagonal and that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +but it's Tri diagonal and that's that's +fine I mean if everything was orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +fine I mean if everything was orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +fine I mean if everything was orthogonal +then we would have a diagonal matrix + + align:start position:0% +then we would have a diagonal matrix + + + align:start position:0% +then we would have a diagonal matrix +because all the other inner products + + align:start position:0% +because all the other inner products + + + align:start position:0% +because all the other inner products +would give zero but that's Tri diagonal + + align:start position:0% +would give zero but that's Tri diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +would give zero but that's Tri diagonal +is just as good as diagonal practically + + align:start position:0% +is just as good as diagonal practically + + + align:start position:0% +is just as good as diagonal practically +yeah thanks okay so that's so it's these + + align:start position:0% +yeah thanks okay so that's so it's these + + + align:start position:0% +yeah thanks okay so that's so it's these +it's these calculations that uh all + + align:start position:0% +it's these calculations that uh all + + + align:start position:0% +it's these calculations that uh all +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +now what what are we going to do with + + align:start position:0% +now what what are we going to do with + + + align:start position:0% +now what what are we going to do with +this C of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X are we going to actually do the + + align:start position:0% +X are we going to actually do the + + + align:start position:0% +X are we going to actually do the +integral exactly + + align:start position:0% +integral exactly + + + align:start position:0% +integral exactly +probably not if C of if we do have some + + align:start position:0% +probably not if C of if we do have some + + + align:start position:0% +probably not if C of if we do have some +variable + + align:start position:0% +variable + + + align:start position:0% +variable +medium so that c of X really depends on + + align:start position:0% +medium so that c of X really depends on + + + align:start position:0% +medium so that c of X really depends on +X the the the conductivity or or + + align:start position:0% +X the the the conductivity or or + + + align:start position:0% +X the the the conductivity or or +whatever that physically represents if + + align:start position:0% +whatever that physically represents if + + + align:start position:0% +whatever that physically represents if +it's if it's changing continuously hey + + align:start position:0% +it's if it's changing continuously hey + + + align:start position:0% +it's if it's changing continuously hey +we're not going to we would approximate + + align:start position:0% +we're not going to we would approximate + + + align:start position:0% +we're not going to we would approximate +that by peie wise constant or PE wise + + align:start position:0% +that by peie wise constant or PE wise + + + align:start position:0% +that by peie wise constant or PE wise +linear or something we all we want is a + + align:start position:0% +linear or something we all we want is a + + + align:start position:0% +linear or something we all we want is a +good approximation to those integrals + + align:start position:0% +good approximation to those integrals + + + align:start position:0% +good approximation to those integrals +these and these then we would solve KU + + align:start position:0% +these and these then we would solve KU + + + align:start position:0% +these and these then we would solve KU +equal F and we would have a darn good + + align:start position:0% +equal F and we would have a darn good + + + align:start position:0% +equal F and we would have a darn good +approximation to the answer so that's + + align:start position:0% +approximation to the answer so that's + + + align:start position:0% +approximation to the answer so that's +the the whole idea of finite elements + + align:start position:0% +the the whole idea of finite elements + + + align:start position:0% +the the whole idea of finite elements +was making this kind of a choice of + + align:start position:0% +was making this kind of a choice of + + + align:start position:0% +was making this kind of a choice of +trial + + align:start position:0% +trial + + + align:start position:0% +trial +functions that's that's really and real + + align:start position:0% +functions that's that's really and real + + + align:start position:0% +functions that's that's really and real +and then creating the the multi-million + + align:start position:0% +and then creating the the multi-million + + + align:start position:0% +and then creating the the multi-million +dollar systems that would do it um do + + align:start position:0% +dollar systems that would do it um do + + + align:start position:0% +dollar systems that would do it um do +all the calculations for + + align:start position:0% +all the calculations for + + + align:start position:0% +all the calculations for +us yeah can I just + + align:start position:0% +us yeah can I just + + + align:start position:0% +us yeah can I just +ask you to move for these last minutes + + align:start position:0% +ask you to move for these last minutes + + + align:start position:0% +ask you to move for these last minutes +move into two + + align:start position:0% +move into two + + + align:start position:0% +move into two +Dimensions suppose we had a partial + + align:start position:0% +Dimensions suppose we had a partial + + + align:start position:0% +Dimensions suppose we had a partial +differential equation these are double + + align:start position:0% +differential equation these are double + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation these are double +integrals DX + + align:start position:0% +integrals DX + + + align:start position:0% +integrals DX +Dy and there would be a there would be a + + align:start position:0% +Dy and there would be a there would be a + + + align:start position:0% +Dy and there would be a there would be a +y derivatives in there our functions are + + align:start position:0% +y derivatives in there our functions are + + + align:start position:0% +y derivatives in there our functions are +functions now of X and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Y can you invent finite elements + + align:start position:0% +Y can you invent finite elements + + + align:start position:0% +Y can you invent finite elements +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +2D what what's a good what's a what's an + + align:start position:0% +2D what what's a good what's a what's an + + + align:start position:0% +2D what what's a good what's a what's an +invention of a 2dimensional finite + + align:start position:0% +invention of a 2dimensional finite + + + align:start position:0% +invention of a 2dimensional finite +element these were great one-dimensional + + align:start position:0% +element these were great one-dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +element these were great one-dimensional +finite elements this one and the next + + align:start position:0% +finite elements this one and the next + + + align:start position:0% +finite elements this one and the next +one and the next one and the next one + + align:start position:0% +one and the next one and the next one + + + align:start position:0% +one and the next one and the next one +now let me draw a 2d region I'll make it + + align:start position:0% +now let me draw a 2d region I'll make it + + + align:start position:0% +now let me draw a 2d region I'll make it +a okay some some two well some two + + align:start position:0% +a okay some some two well some two + + + align:start position:0% +a okay some some two well some two +dimensional region might be an air + + align:start position:0% +dimensional region might be an air + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional region might be an air +aircraft uh uh surface or something + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pyramids brilliant right pyramids you + + align:start position:0% +pyramids brilliant right pyramids you + + + align:start position:0% +pyramids brilliant right pyramids you +you would cook this you would now here's + + align:start position:0% +you would cook this you would now here's + + + align:start position:0% +you would cook this you would now here's +the beauty of it though I don't have to + + align:start position:0% +the beauty of it though I don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +the beauty of it though I don't have to +use this equally SPAC mesh I'll just + + align:start position:0% +use this equally SPAC mesh I'll just + + + align:start position:0% +use this equally SPAC mesh I'll just +create any kind of mesh it fits the edge + + align:start position:0% +create any kind of mesh it fits the edge + + + align:start position:0% +create any kind of mesh it fits the edge +of the that fits the surface of the of + + align:start position:0% +of the that fits the surface of the of + + + align:start position:0% +of the that fits the surface of the of +the plane in a nice way or maybe where I + + align:start position:0% +the plane in a nice way or maybe where I + + + align:start position:0% +the plane in a nice way or maybe where I +expect shock waves I'll put in a whole + + align:start position:0% +expect shock waves I'll put in a whole + + + align:start position:0% +expect shock waves I'll put in a whole +bunch of little + + align:start position:0% +bunch of little + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of little +elements that the the great thing about + + align:start position:0% +elements that the the great thing about + + + align:start position:0% +elements that the the great thing about +this idea is it's so local that I can + + align:start position:0% +this idea is it's so local that I can + + + align:start position:0% +this idea is it's so local that I can +that the geometry can be very general + + align:start position:0% +that the geometry can be very general + + + align:start position:0% +that the geometry can be very general +okay and now + + align:start position:0% +okay and now + + + align:start position:0% +okay and now +where's where's tell me again what + + align:start position:0% +where's where's tell me again what + + + align:start position:0% +where's where's tell me again what +what's the pyramid just before + + align:start position:0% +what's the pyramid just before + + + align:start position:0% +what's the pyramid just before +I because it's exactly the right + + align:start position:0% +I because it's exactly the right + + + align:start position:0% +I because it's exactly the right +word yeah yeah we've got it's it's got + + align:start position:0% +word yeah yeah we've got it's it's got + + + align:start position:0% +word yeah yeah we've got it's it's got +triangular faces and I don't care if + + align:start position:0% +triangular faces and I don't care if + + + align:start position:0% +triangular faces and I don't care if +it's for of them it's it's at every at + + align:start position:0% +it's for of them it's it's at every at + + + align:start position:0% +it's for of them it's it's at every at +every + + align:start position:0% +every + + + align:start position:0% +every +node we raise a pyramid + + align:start position:0% +node we raise a pyramid + + + align:start position:0% +node we raise a pyramid +so we have peie wise linear in in every + + align:start position:0% +so we have peie wise linear in in every + + + align:start position:0% +so we have peie wise linear in in every +in every plain surface it's an ax + b y + + align:start position:0% +in every plain surface it's an ax + b y + + + align:start position:0% +in every plain surface it's an ax + b y ++ C it's linear it's piecewise + + align:start position:0% ++ C it's linear it's piecewise + + + align:start position:0% ++ C it's linear it's piecewise +linear piecewise linear and continuous + + align:start position:0% +linear piecewise linear and continuous + + + align:start position:0% +linear piecewise linear and continuous +across the + + align:start position:0% +across the + + + align:start position:0% +across the +pieces across the boundaries between + + align:start position:0% +pieces across the boundaries between + + + align:start position:0% +pieces across the boundaries between +elements yeah and the basis functions + + align:start position:0% +elements yeah and the basis functions + + + align:start position:0% +elements yeah and the basis functions +are pyramids which is a one at that + + align:start position:0% +are pyramids which is a one at that + + + align:start position:0% +are pyramids which is a one at that +point and zero at all the other + + align:start position:0% +point and zero at all the other + + + align:start position:0% +point and zero at all the other +no + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah darn + + align:start position:0% +yeah darn + + + align:start position:0% +yeah darn +Right add that here + + align:start position:0% +Right add that here + + + align:start position:0% +Right add that here +mesh big big part of the system is + + align:start position:0% +mesh big big part of the system is + + + align:start position:0% +mesh big big part of the system is +setting up the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mesh they didn't have to be absolutely + + align:start position:0% +mesh they didn't have to be absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +mesh they didn't have to be absolutely +not absolutely not that's you have great + + align:start position:0% +not absolutely not that's you have great + + + align:start position:0% +not absolutely not that's you have great +freedom in the geometry but you got to + + align:start position:0% +freedom in the geometry but you got to + + + align:start position:0% +freedom in the geometry but you got to +keep track of it yeah and then you've + + align:start position:0% +keep track of it yeah and then you've + + + align:start position:0% +keep track of it yeah and then you've +got to and then for each each one is + + align:start position:0% +got to and then for each each one is + + + align:start position:0% +got to and then for each each one is +local and then of course you got to keep + + align:start position:0% +local and then of course you got to keep + + + align:start position:0% +local and then of course you got to keep +track of where where it is you got a + + align:start position:0% +track of where where it is you got a + + + align:start position:0% +track of where where it is you got a +little local coordinates to tell you the + + align:start position:0% +little local coordinates to tell you the + + + align:start position:0% +little local coordinates to tell you the +the little local integral and then you + + align:start position:0% +the little local integral and then you + + + align:start position:0% +the little local integral and then you +got to assemble all those pieces so this + + align:start position:0% +got to assemble all those pieces so this + + + align:start position:0% +got to assemble all those pieces so this +is actually what you do you you assemble + + align:start position:0% +is actually what you do you you assemble + + + align:start position:0% +is actually what you do you you assemble +this Matrix K by a bunch of little local + + align:start position:0% +this Matrix K by a bunch of little local + + + align:start position:0% +this Matrix K by a bunch of little local +integrals it's it's oh it's a it's a big + + align:start position:0% +integrals it's it's oh it's a it's a big + + + align:start position:0% +integrals it's it's oh it's a it's a big +world of uh computational mechanics + + align:start position:0% +world of uh computational mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +world of uh computational mechanics +whole journals Matrix we'll see a matrix + + align:start position:0% +whole journals Matrix we'll see a matrix + + + align:start position:0% +whole journals Matrix we'll see a matrix +oh yeah yeah we'll see a matrix our in + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah yeah we'll see a matrix our in + + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah yeah we'll see a matrix our in +this 2D problem our + + align:start position:0% +this 2D problem our + + + align:start position:0% +this 2D problem our +our approximation is a combination of + + align:start position:0% +our approximation is a combination of + + + align:start position:0% +our approximation is a combination of +some functions which will be the pyramid + + align:start position:0% +some functions which will be the pyramid + + + align:start position:0% +some functions which will be the pyramid +Heights at the point times the pyramid + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +functions uh at the nodes of my + + align:start position:0% +functions uh at the nodes of my + + + align:start position:0% +functions uh at the nodes of my +grid so I have this + + align:start position:0% +grid so I have this + + + align:start position:0% +grid so I have this +grid and I should have made it proper + + align:start position:0% +grid and I should have made it proper + + + align:start position:0% +grid and I should have made it proper +triangular grid we could deal with + + align:start position:0% +triangular grid we could deal with + + + align:start position:0% +triangular grid we could deal with +rectangles and create some other + + align:start position:0% +rectangles and create some other + + + align:start position:0% +rectangles and create some other +functions but piecewise linear it goes + + align:start position:0% +functions but piecewise linear it goes + + + align:start position:0% +functions but piecewise linear it goes +with triangles so I create so I take + + align:start position:0% +with triangles so I create so I take + + + align:start position:0% +with triangles so I create so I take +this region and divide it in some way + + align:start position:0% +this region and divide it in some way + + + align:start position:0% +this region and divide it in some way +into triangles and then for every node I + + align:start position:0% +into triangles and then for every node I + + + align:start position:0% +into triangles and then for every node I +have a basis function which is a pyramid + + align:start position:0% +have a basis function which is a pyramid + + + align:start position:0% +have a basis function which is a pyramid +which is one at that function and zero + + align:start position:0% +which is one at that function and zero + + + align:start position:0% +which is one at that function and zero +at all the other nodes one at that node + + align:start position:0% +at all the other nodes one at that node + + + align:start position:0% +at all the other nodes one at that node +and zero at all the + + align:start position:0% +and zero at all the + + + align:start position:0% +and zero at all the +others my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's true we got n nodes right right + + align:start position:0% +that's true we got n nodes right right + + + align:start position:0% +that's true we got n nodes right right +one to n so we've got the we've got that + + align:start position:0% +one to n so we've got the we've got that + + + align:start position:0% +one to n so we've got the we've got that +problem that of you know really it's + + align:start position:0% +problem that of you know really it's + + + align:start position:0% +problem that of you know really it's +it's uh two Dimensions being squeezed + + align:start position:0% +it's uh two Dimensions being squeezed + + + align:start position:0% +it's uh two Dimensions being squeezed +into one because I have to number + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah well loser out Tri diagonal + + align:start position:0% +yeah well loser out Tri diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +yeah well loser out Tri diagonal +absolutely right yep we'll lose Tri + + align:start position:0% +absolutely right yep we'll lose Tri + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely right yep we'll lose Tri +diagonal because I can't do the + + align:start position:0% +diagonal because I can't do the + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal because I can't do the +numbering in such a way that neighbors + + align:start position:0% +numbering in such a way that neighbors + + + align:start position:0% +numbering in such a way that neighbors +stay neighbors + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right exactly right right exactly it'll + + align:start position:0% +right exactly right right exactly it'll + + + align:start position:0% +right exactly right right exactly it'll +be sparse because the only neighbors + + align:start position:0% +be sparse because the only neighbors + + + align:start position:0% +be sparse because the only neighbors +that affect it the only in the row of + + align:start position:0% +that affect it the only in the row of + + + align:start position:0% +that affect it the only in the row of +the matric that corresponds to this guy + + align:start position:0% +the matric that corresponds to this guy + + + align:start position:0% +the matric that corresponds to this guy +the only nonzeros will come from the + + align:start position:0% +the only nonzeros will come from the + + + align:start position:0% +the only nonzeros will come from the +pyramids the only overlapping pyramids + + align:start position:0% +pyramids the only overlapping pyramids + + + align:start position:0% +pyramids the only overlapping pyramids +will be the neighboring pyramids right + + align:start position:0% +will be the neighboring pyramids right + + + align:start position:0% +will be the neighboring pyramids right +so it'll be sparse it'll be block Tri + + align:start position:0% +so it'll be sparse it'll be block Tri + + + align:start position:0% +so it'll be sparse it'll be block Tri +diagonal if I do it in a beautiful + + align:start position:0% +diagonal if I do it in a beautiful + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal if I do it in a beautiful +regular + + align:start position:0% +regular + + + align:start position:0% +regular +order and what I'll get will look like + + align:start position:0% +order and what I'll get will look like + + + align:start position:0% +order and what I'll get will look like +it'll look like the fivepoint scheme + + align:start position:0% +it'll look like the fivepoint scheme + + + align:start position:0% +it'll look like the fivepoint scheme +actually if I do a re a square + + align:start position:0% +actually if I do a re a square + + + align:start position:0% +actually if I do a re a square +mesh and everything very care very sort + + align:start position:0% +mesh and everything very care very sort + + + align:start position:0% +mesh and everything very care very sort +of uh in the obvious + + align:start position:0% +of uh in the obvious + + + align:start position:0% +of uh in the obvious +way my K will look like a finite + + align:start position:0% +way my K will look like a finite + + + align:start position:0% +way my K will look like a finite +difference + + align:start position:0% +difference + + + align:start position:0% +difference +Matrix so that's nice you know and there + + align:start position:0% +Matrix so that's nice you know and there + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix so that's nice you know and there +was a lot of discussion back in the 40s + + align:start position:0% +was a lot of discussion back in the 40s + + + align:start position:0% +was a lot of discussion back in the 40s +and 50s when the when these ideas came + + align:start position:0% +and 50s when the when these ideas came + + + align:start position:0% +and 50s when the when these ideas came +up you know that people said is this + + align:start position:0% +up you know that people said is this + + + align:start position:0% +up you know that people said is this +just the finite differences in Disguise + + align:start position:0% +just the finite differences in Disguise + + + align:start position:0% +just the finite differences in Disguise +but no it's got so much more freedom it + + align:start position:0% +but no it's got so much more freedom it + + + align:start position:0% +but no it's got so much more freedom it +it gives you an automatic way to deal + + align:start position:0% +it gives you an automatic way to deal + + + align:start position:0% +it gives you an automatic way to deal +with irregular + + align:start position:0% +with irregular + + + align:start position:0% +with irregular +geometry you you create a mesh you lay a + + align:start position:0% +geometry you you create a mesh you lay a + + + align:start position:0% +geometry you you create a mesh you lay a +mesh down so you got mesh sub routine + + align:start position:0% +mesh down so you got mesh sub routine + + + align:start position:0% +mesh down so you got mesh sub routine +number zero here creating the + + align:start position:0% +number zero here creating the + + + align:start position:0% +number zero here creating the +mesh and then you've chosen the elements + + align:start position:0% +mesh and then you've chosen the elements + + + align:start position:0% +mesh and then you've chosen the elements +and and then then here's the cost the + + align:start position:0% +and and then then here's the cost the + + + align:start position:0% +and and then then here's the cost the +assembly and then the solution + + align:start position:0% +assembly and then the solution + + + align:start position:0% +assembly and then the solution +right so it's not triagonal that's a + + align:start position:0% +right so it's not triagonal that's a + + + align:start position:0% +right so it's not triagonal that's a +very you you really have seen so much + + align:start position:0% +very you you really have seen so much + + + align:start position:0% +very you you really have seen so much +here well I mean you're + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes to n uh let's see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um that's true that's true so n will be + + align:start position:0% +um that's true that's true so n will be + + + align:start position:0% +um that's true that's true so n will be +the number of + + align:start position:0% +the number of + + + align:start position:0% +the number of +nodes and the number of triangles is + + align:start position:0% +nodes and the number of triangles is + + + align:start position:0% +nodes and the number of triangles is +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +there would be some Oiler would have + + align:start position:0% +there would be some Oiler would have + + + align:start position:0% +there would be some Oiler would have +figured out some relation between the + + align:start position:0% +figured out some relation between the + + + align:start position:0% +figured out some relation between the +number of triangles and the number of + + align:start position:0% +number of triangles and the number of + + + align:start position:0% +number of triangles and the number of +nodes um and the number of + + align:start position:0% +nodes um and the number of + + + align:start position:0% +nodes um and the number of +edges yeah so that's there's some neat + + align:start position:0% +edges yeah so that's there's some neat + + + align:start position:0% +edges yeah so that's there's some neat +facts but n would be the number of nodes + + align:start position:0% +facts but n would be the number of nodes + + + align:start position:0% +facts but n would be the number of nodes +here yeah yeah any other thought so + + align:start position:0% +here yeah yeah any other thought so + + + align:start position:0% +here yeah yeah any other thought so +we've really you've created finite + + align:start position:0% +we've really you've created finite + + + align:start position:0% +we've really you've created finite +elements and uh do I want to say + + align:start position:0% +elements and uh do I want to say + + + align:start position:0% +elements and uh do I want to say +anything about the history of the finite + + align:start position:0% +anything about the history of the finite + + + align:start position:0% +anything about the history of the finite +element method uh this sort of idea + + align:start position:0% +element method uh this sort of idea + + + align:start position:0% +element method uh this sort of idea +emerged in several different places uh + + align:start position:0% +emerged in several different places uh + + + align:start position:0% +emerged in several different places uh +people give uh sometimes give kurant + + align:start position:0% +people give uh sometimes give kurant + + + align:start position:0% +people give uh sometimes give kurant +credit for uh uh for it in China I met a + + align:start position:0% +credit for uh uh for it in China I met a + + + align:start position:0% +credit for uh uh for it in China I met a +wonderful old guy fun Kong who who + + align:start position:0% +wonderful old guy fun Kong who who + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful old guy fun Kong who who +invented it + + align:start position:0% +invented it + + + align:start position:0% +invented it +too um but neither of these and and and + + align:start position:0% +too um but neither of these and and and + + + align:start position:0% +too um but neither of these and and and +other early people had any way to they + + align:start position:0% +other early people had any way to they + + + align:start position:0% +other early people had any way to they +never thought about the actual steps of + + align:start position:0% +never thought about the actual steps of + + + align:start position:0% +never thought about the actual steps of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +code I mean really this was all like + + align:start position:0% +code I mean really this was all like + + + align:start position:0% +code I mean really this was all like +prehistory and then came the structural + + align:start position:0% +prehistory and then came the structural + + + align:start position:0% +prehistory and then came the structural +engineers who actually saw that it was a + + align:start position:0% +engineers who actually saw that it was a + + + align:start position:0% +engineers who actually saw that it was a +great idea that it wasn't just a math + + align:start position:0% +great idea that it wasn't just a math + + + align:start position:0% +great idea that it wasn't just a math +paper but it was a it was a it was a + + align:start position:0% +paper but it was a it was a it was a + + + align:start position:0% +paper but it was a it was a it was a +brilliant thing that's continued to grow + + align:start position:0% +brilliant thing that's continued to grow + + + align:start position:0% +brilliant thing that's continued to grow +so these this these guys in the 50s and + + align:start position:0% +so these this these guys in the 50s and + + + align:start position:0% +so these this these guys in the 50s and +60s did the translation of this idea + + align:start position:0% +60s did the translation of this idea + + + align:start position:0% +60s did the translation of this idea +into uh into something that really + + align:start position:0% +into uh into something that really + + + align:start position:0% +into uh into something that really +worked + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah you I would say usually but + + align:start position:0% +yeah you I would say usually but + + + align:start position:0% +yeah you I would say usually but +wouldn't have to yeah usually would use + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't have to yeah usually would use + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't have to yeah usually would use +the same functions for fi and often + + align:start position:0% +the same functions for fi and often + + + align:start position:0% +the same functions for fi and often +without especially thinking about it + + align:start position:0% +without especially thinking about it + + + align:start position:0% +without especially thinking about it +yeah yeah they they when they chose the + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah they they when they chose the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah they they when they chose the +element they + + align:start position:0% +element they + + + align:start position:0% +element they +probably uh chose chose that so I'll + + align:start position:0% +probably uh chose chose that so I'll + + + align:start position:0% +probably uh chose chose that so I'll +mention some of the engineers uh um the + + align:start position:0% +mention some of the engineers uh um the + + + align:start position:0% +mention some of the engineers uh um the +the classic textbook in engineering uh + + align:start position:0% +the classic textbook in engineering uh + + + align:start position:0% +the classic textbook in engineering uh +in this area is uh uh a uh guy who was + + align:start position:0% +in this area is uh uh a uh guy who was + + + align:start position:0% +in this area is uh uh a uh guy who was +in Polish you'll see from the name but + + align:start position:0% +in Polish you'll see from the name but + + + align:start position:0% +in Polish you'll see from the name but +he was in Wales o + + align:start position:0% +he was in Wales o + + + align:start position:0% +he was in Wales o +zich and now there are other the whole + + align:start position:0% +zich and now there are other the whole + + + align:start position:0% +zich and now there are other the whole +series of books and then math Ians like + + align:start position:0% +series of books and then math Ians like + + + align:start position:0% +series of books and then math Ians like +myself learned about the method said + + align:start position:0% +myself learned about the method said + + + align:start position:0% +myself learned about the method said +wait a minute what's going on is that + + align:start position:0% +wait a minute what's going on is that + + + align:start position:0% +wait a minute what's going on is that +just the finite element method in + + align:start position:0% +just the finite element method in + + + align:start position:0% +just the finite element method in +Disguise how can you understand the the + + align:start position:0% +Disguise how can you understand the the + + + align:start position:0% +Disguise how can you understand the the +accuracy how close is this to the real + + align:start position:0% +accuracy how close is this to the real + + + align:start position:0% +accuracy how close is this to the real +answer so I wrote an early book called + + align:start position:0% +answer so I wrote an early book called + + + align:start position:0% +answer so I wrote an early book called +an analysis of the finite element method + + align:start position:0% +an analysis of the finite element method + + + align:start position:0% +an analysis of the finite element method +um along with uh my co-author George fix + + align:start position:0% +um along with uh my co-author George fix + + + align:start position:0% +um along with uh my co-author George fix +so that was 1973 so you see + + align:start position:0% +so that was 1973 so you see + + + align:start position:0% +so that was 1973 so you see +mathematicians as usual just ended up + + align:start position:0% +mathematicians as usual just ended up + + + align:start position:0% +mathematicians as usual just ended up +kind of coming in too late to to uh and + + align:start position:0% +kind of coming in too late to to uh and + + + align:start position:0% +kind of coming in too late to to uh and +then there are other other math books + + align:start position:0% +then there are other other math books + + + align:start position:0% +then there are other other math books +and many other engineering books + + align:start position:0% +and many other engineering books + + + align:start position:0% +and many other engineering books +um okay that's 4:30 thanks for uh a good + + align:start position:0% +um okay that's 4:30 thanks for uh a good + + + align:start position:0% +um okay that's 4:30 thanks for uh a good +afternoon and uh see you next + + align:start position:0% +afternoon and uh see you next + + + align:start position:0% +afternoon and uh see you next +Thursday \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/0UvVOMZqpEA.txt b/0UvVOMZqpEA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cf79319f2de6e11cedfd257f4d4baf18a679eb2f --- /dev/null +++ b/0UvVOMZqpEA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11835 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or to view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I just want to say how touched I am that + + align:start position:0% +I just want to say how touched I am that + + + align:start position:0% +I just want to say how touched I am that +you are all still here I really you know + + align:start position:0% +you are all still here I really you know + + + align:start position:0% +you are all still here I really you know +there's a lot of shopping opportunities + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of shopping opportunities + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of shopping opportunities +in the MIT courses and that you have + + align:start position:0% +in the MIT courses and that you have + + + align:start position:0% +in the MIT courses and that you have +come back and not shaken Louis after + + align:start position:0% +come back and not shaken Louis after + + + align:start position:0% +come back and not shaken Louis after +reading Satoshi nakamoto's peer-to-peer + + align:start position:0% +reading Satoshi nakamoto's peer-to-peer + + + align:start position:0% +reading Satoshi nakamoto's peer-to-peer +Bitcoin paper or maybe you just came + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin paper or maybe you just came + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin paper or maybe you just came +back to see whether I was gonna crash + + align:start position:0% +back to see whether I was gonna crash + + + align:start position:0% +back to see whether I was gonna crash +and burn describing it but what we're + + align:start position:0% +and burn describing it but what we're + + + align:start position:0% +and burn describing it but what we're +gonna try to do in the next three + + align:start position:0% +gonna try to do in the next three + + + align:start position:0% +gonna try to do in the next three +classes just to frame it is really give + + align:start position:0% +classes just to frame it is really give + + + align:start position:0% +classes just to frame it is really give +you some of the technical underpinnings + + align:start position:0% +you some of the technical underpinnings + + + align:start position:0% +you some of the technical underpinnings +of blockchain technology through the + + align:start position:0% +of blockchain technology through the + + + align:start position:0% +of blockchain technology through the +lens of Bitcoin Bitcoin is just the + + align:start position:0% +lens of Bitcoin Bitcoin is just the + + + align:start position:0% +lens of Bitcoin Bitcoin is just the +first use case of blockchain technology + + align:start position:0% +first use case of blockchain technology + + + align:start position:0% +first use case of blockchain technology +so if I often say Bitcoin this or + + align:start position:0% +so if I often say Bitcoin this or + + + align:start position:0% +so if I often say Bitcoin this or +Bitcoin that it's really largely not + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin that it's really largely not + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin that it's really largely not +entirely largely applicable to + + align:start position:0% +entirely largely applicable to + + + align:start position:0% +entirely largely applicable to +blockchain technology + + align:start position:0% +blockchain technology + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain technology +my feeling is I'm only about eight or + + align:start position:0% +my feeling is I'm only about eight or + + + align:start position:0% +my feeling is I'm only about eight or +nine months ahead of all of you I may + + align:start position:0% +nine months ahead of all of you I may + + + align:start position:0% +nine months ahead of all of you I may +have spent my whole professional life + + align:start position:0% +have spent my whole professional life + + + align:start position:0% +have spent my whole professional life +around finance and public service and I + + align:start position:0% +around finance and public service and I + + + align:start position:0% +around finance and public service and I +can talk a lot about markets and about + + align:start position:0% +can talk a lot about markets and about + + + align:start position:0% +can talk a lot about markets and about +public policy but MIT has given me the + + align:start position:0% +public policy but MIT has given me the + + + align:start position:0% +public policy but MIT has given me the +gift of thinking about blockchain + + align:start position:0% +gift of thinking about blockchain + + + align:start position:0% +gift of thinking about blockchain +technology and I'm trying to return that + + align:start position:0% +technology and I'm trying to return that + + + align:start position:0% +technology and I'm trying to return that +gift a little bit for you all and I have + + align:start position:0% +gift a little bit for you all and I have + + + align:start position:0% +gift a little bit for you all and I have +a few computer scientists in the room + + align:start position:0% +a few computer scientists in the room + + + align:start position:0% +a few computer scientists in the room +that are gonna bail me out if I don't + + align:start position:0% +that are gonna bail me out if I don't + + + align:start position:0% +that are gonna bail me out if I don't +get this right Sabrina and then oh I see + + align:start position:0% +get this right Sabrina and then oh I see + + + align:start position:0% +get this right Sabrina and then oh I see +Aileen is putting up his do you all know + + align:start position:0% +Aileen is putting up his do you all know + + + align:start position:0% +Aileen is putting up his do you all know +alene he's actually a PhD student at MIT + + align:start position:0% +alene he's actually a PhD student at MIT + + + align:start position:0% +alene he's actually a PhD student at MIT +computer science so somebody gets to + + align:start position:0% +computer science so somebody gets to + + + align:start position:0% +computer science so somebody gets to +that part of their lives what was that + + align:start position:0% +that part of their lives what was that + + + align:start position:0% +that part of their lives what was that +terrible life choice yeah but he's gonna + + align:start position:0% +terrible life choice yeah but he's gonna + + + align:start position:0% +terrible life choice yeah but he's gonna +bail us all out but the reason that I + + align:start position:0% +bail us all out but the reason that I + + + align:start position:0% +bail us all out but the reason that I +think it's relevant + + align:start position:0% +think it's relevant + + + align:start position:0% +think it's relevant +not to just belabor it is I really + + align:start position:0% +not to just belabor it is I really + + + align:start position:0% +not to just belabor it is I really +believe the only way that any of us can + + align:start position:0% +believe the only way that any of us can + + + align:start position:0% +believe the only way that any of us can +get to ground truth is to know a little + + align:start position:0% +get to ground truth is to know a little + + + align:start position:0% +get to ground truth is to know a little +bit about how the inner workings of this + + align:start position:0% +bit about how the inner workings of this + + + align:start position:0% +bit about how the inner workings of this +technology or + + align:start position:0% +technology or + + + align:start position:0% +technology or +you're not gonna have to do an algorithm + + align:start position:0% +you're not gonna have to do an algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +you're not gonna have to do an algorithm +or actually do a hash function but to + + align:start position:0% +or actually do a hash function but to + + + align:start position:0% +or actually do a hash function but to +know underneath it and then you can step + + align:start position:0% +know underneath it and then you can step + + + align:start position:0% +know underneath it and then you can step +away and say I no longer need to know + + align:start position:0% +away and say I no longer need to know + + + align:start position:0% +away and say I no longer need to know +how the carburetor on the car works but + + align:start position:0% +how the carburetor on the car works but + + + align:start position:0% +how the carburetor on the car works but +I know what a carburetor is or or you + + align:start position:0% +I know what a carburetor is or or you + + + align:start position:0% +I know what a carburetor is or or you +know whatever analogy you want so with + + align:start position:0% +know whatever analogy you want so with + + + align:start position:0% +know whatever analogy you want so with +that a little bit as opposed to sort of + + align:start position:0% +that a little bit as opposed to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +that a little bit as opposed to sort of +all that Socratic cold calling that I + + align:start position:0% +all that Socratic cold calling that I + + + align:start position:0% +all that Socratic cold calling that I +did last a class because money fiat + + align:start position:0% +did last a class because money fiat + + + align:start position:0% +did last a class because money fiat +currency is something at the core and + + align:start position:0% +currency is something at the core and + + + align:start position:0% +currency is something at the core and +Ledger's is at the core of a Sloan + + align:start position:0% +Ledger's is at the core of a Sloan + + + align:start position:0% +Ledger's is at the core of a Sloan +students either education or background + + align:start position:0% +students either education or background + + + align:start position:0% +students either education or background +there's a little less of the core if + + align:start position:0% +there's a little less of the core if + + + align:start position:0% +there's a little less of the core if +today's and the next couple of lectures + + align:start position:0% +today's and the next couple of lectures + + + align:start position:0% +today's and the next couple of lectures +if you can work with me that I want you + + align:start position:0% +if you can work with me that I want you + + + align:start position:0% +if you can work with me that I want you +to interrupt me any time you've got a + + align:start position:0% +to interrupt me any time you've got a + + + align:start position:0% +to interrupt me any time you've got a +question I'm not gonna do much cold + + align:start position:0% +question I'm not gonna do much cold + + + align:start position:0% +question I'm not gonna do much cold +calling oh I don't want you to relax too + + align:start position:0% +calling oh I don't want you to relax too + + + align:start position:0% +calling oh I don't want you to relax too +much I still want you to do the readings + + align:start position:0% +much I still want you to do the readings + + + align:start position:0% +much I still want you to do the readings +the next three classes but just raise + + align:start position:0% +the next three classes but just raise + + + align:start position:0% +the next three classes but just raise +your hand stop may say well but what + + align:start position:0% +your hand stop may say well but what + + + align:start position:0% +your hand stop may say well but what +what is that all about and that is just + + align:start position:0% +what is that all about and that is just + + + align:start position:0% +what is that all about and that is just +sort of we can work a little bit + + align:start position:0% +sort of we can work a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +sort of we can work a little bit +different on these next classes so as + + align:start position:0% +different on these next classes so as + + + align:start position:0% +different on these next classes so as +I've always going to be doing + + align:start position:0% +I've always going to be doing + + + align:start position:0% +I've always going to be doing +consistency what are the study questions + + align:start position:0% +consistency what are the study questions + + + align:start position:0% +consistency what are the study questions +so really what are the design features + + align:start position:0% +so really what are the design features + + + align:start position:0% +so really what are the design features +what are the key design features of this + + align:start position:0% +what are the key design features of this + + + align:start position:0% +what are the key design features of this +new technology blockchain and I put a + + align:start position:0% +new technology blockchain and I put a + + + align:start position:0% +new technology blockchain and I put a +few on the syllabus and we're gonna go + + align:start position:0% +few on the syllabus and we're gonna go + + + align:start position:0% +few on the syllabus and we're gonna go +through all this today and and next week + + align:start position:0% +through all this today and and next week + + + align:start position:0% +through all this today and and next week +cryptography append-only + + align:start position:0% +cryptography append-only + + + align:start position:0% +cryptography append-only +time stamps blocks distributed consensus + + align:start position:0% +time stamps blocks distributed consensus + + + align:start position:0% +time stamps blocks distributed consensus +algorithms and networking I list for + + align:start position:0% +algorithms and networking I list for + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms and networking I list for +later in this lecture you'll see eight + + align:start position:0% +later in this lecture you'll see eight + + + align:start position:0% +later in this lecture you'll see eight +or ten that I guess it's ten that we're + + align:start position:0% +or ten that I guess it's ten that we're + + + align:start position:0% +or ten that I guess it's ten that we're +gonna really dig dig into can I just get + + align:start position:0% +gonna really dig dig into can I just get + + + align:start position:0% +gonna really dig dig into can I just get +a sense of the class and this is not + + align:start position:0% +a sense of the class and this is not + + + align:start position:0% +a sense of the class and this is not +first + + align:start position:0% +first + + + align:start position:0% +first +talita or sabrina to write down notes + + align:start position:0% +talita or sabrina to write down notes + + + align:start position:0% +talita or sabrina to write down notes +about participation is it a decent + + align:start position:0% +about participation is it a decent + + + align:start position:0% +about participation is it a decent +assumption to did most or all of you at + + align:start position:0% +assumption to did most or all of you at + + + align:start position:0% +assumption to did most or all of you at +least read nakamoto's paper alright good + + align:start position:0% +least read nakamoto's paper alright good + + + align:start position:0% +least read nakamoto's paper alright good +all right great just a sense how many of + + align:start position:0% +all right great just a sense how many of + + + align:start position:0% +all right great just a sense how many of +you felt you got at least half of it + + align:start position:0% +you felt you got at least half of it + + + align:start position:0% +you felt you got at least half of it +maybe less than two-thirds for at least + + align:start position:0% +maybe less than two-thirds for at least + + + align:start position:0% +maybe less than two-thirds for at least +half of it + + align:start position:0% +half of it + + + align:start position:0% +half of it +all right pretty good when I first read + + align:start position:0% +all right pretty good when I first read + + + align:start position:0% +all right pretty good when I first read +it I was about with you so it's all + + align:start position:0% +it I was about with you so it's all + + + align:start position:0% +it I was about with you so it's all +right the lean you got more than half of + + align:start position:0% +right the lean you got more than half of + + + align:start position:0% +right the lean you got more than half of +it right you read it five years ago yeah + + align:start position:0% +it right you read it five years ago yeah + + + align:start position:0% +it right you read it five years ago yeah +yeah yeah yeah life choices talk them + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah yeah life choices talk them + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah yeah life choices talk them +talk about it all right and you're + + align:start position:0% +talk about it all right and you're + + + align:start position:0% +talk about it all right and you're +taking this class good good so we'll go + + align:start position:0% +taking this class good good so we'll go + + + align:start position:0% +taking this class good good so we'll go +through each of those and then more + + align:start position:0% +through each of those and then more + + + align:start position:0% +through each of those and then more +specifically we're gonna peel back the + + align:start position:0% +specifically we're gonna peel back the + + + align:start position:0% +specifically we're gonna peel back the +cryptography the two main cryptographic + + align:start position:0% +cryptography the two main cryptographic + + + align:start position:0% +cryptography the two main cryptographic +algorithms or these words that you'll + + align:start position:0% +algorithms or these words that you'll + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms or these words that you'll +hear sometimes cryptographic primitives + + align:start position:0% +hear sometimes cryptographic primitives + + + align:start position:0% +hear sometimes cryptographic primitives +I mean what is a cryptographic primitive + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what's the two words together basically + + align:start position:0% +what's the two words together basically + + + align:start position:0% +what's the two words together basically +protects the communication and the + + align:start position:0% +protects the communication and the + + + align:start position:0% +protects the communication and the +presence of adversary so communications + + align:start position:0% +presence of adversary so communications + + + align:start position:0% +presence of adversary so communications +and computation that needs to be + + align:start position:0% +and computation that needs to be + + + align:start position:0% +and computation that needs to be +protected or verified have some form of + + align:start position:0% +protected or verified have some form of + + + align:start position:0% +protected or verified have some form of +cryptographic algorithm which happens to + + align:start position:0% +cryptographic algorithm which happens to + + + align:start position:0% +cryptographic algorithm which happens to +be called a cryptographic primitive the + + align:start position:0% +be called a cryptographic primitive the + + + align:start position:0% +be called a cryptographic primitive the +two main ones and there's a third one + + align:start position:0% +two main ones and there's a third one + + + align:start position:0% +two main ones and there's a third one +we'll talk about later in this semester + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about later in this semester + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about later in this semester +but the two main wants hash functions + + align:start position:0% +but the two main wants hash functions + + + align:start position:0% +but the two main wants hash functions +just as a working knowledge of + + align:start position:0% +just as a working knowledge of + + + align:start position:0% +just as a working knowledge of +blockchain is worthy to know and we're + + align:start position:0% +blockchain is worthy to know and we're + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain is worthy to know and we're +gonna we're gonna get everybody's going + + align:start position:0% +gonna we're gonna get everybody's going + + + align:start position:0% +gonna we're gonna get everybody's going +to get there we're going to all get + + align:start position:0% +to get there we're going to all get + + + align:start position:0% +to get there we're going to all get +there to where you have some sense of + + align:start position:0% +there to where you have some sense of + + + align:start position:0% +there to where you have some sense of +what a hash function is and then this + + align:start position:0% +what a hash function is and then this + + + align:start position:0% +what a hash function is and then this +whole concept of digital signatures + + align:start position:0% +whole concept of digital signatures + + + align:start position:0% +whole concept of digital signatures +which relates to asymmetric cryptography + + align:start position:0% +which relates to asymmetric cryptography + + + align:start position:0% +which relates to asymmetric cryptography +those two are very fundamental to + + align:start position:0% +those two are very fundamental to + + + align:start position:0% +those two are very fundamental to +blockchain technology later in the + + align:start position:0% +blockchain technology later in the + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain technology later in the +semester we'll talk a little bit about + + align:start position:0% +semester we'll talk a little bit about + + + align:start position:0% +semester we'll talk a little bit about +zero knowledge proof but they're not as + + align:start position:0% +zero knowledge proof but they're not as + + + align:start position:0% +zero knowledge proof but they're not as +fundamental to the first application and + + align:start position:0% +fundamental to the first application and + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental to the first application and +so that's why they're you know kind of + + align:start position:0% +so that's why they're you know kind of + + + align:start position:0% +so that's why they're you know kind of +and they help making things verifiable + + align:start position:0% +and they help making things verifiable + + + align:start position:0% +and they help making things verifiable +and immutable and that's the business + + align:start position:0% +and immutable and that's the business + + + align:start position:0% +and immutable and that's the business +side the market side why does it matter + + align:start position:0% +side the market side why does it matter + + + align:start position:0% +side the market side why does it matter +otherwise like who cares what's in the + + align:start position:0% +otherwise like who cares what's in the + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise like who cares what's in the +car + + align:start position:0% +car + + + align:start position:0% +car +operator if it doesn't matter and then + + align:start position:0% +operator if it doesn't matter and then + + + align:start position:0% +operator if it doesn't matter and then +how does this all relate to the double + + align:start position:0% +how does this all relate to the double + + + align:start position:0% +how does this all relate to the double +spending problem I can call it calling + + align:start position:0% +spending problem I can call it calling + + + align:start position:0% +spending problem I can call it calling +on this Isabella do you remember what + + align:start position:0% +on this Isabella do you remember what + + + align:start position:0% +on this Isabella do you remember what +the double spending problem was from so + + align:start position:0% +the double spending problem was from so + + + align:start position:0% +the double spending problem was from so +in essence a double spend is when you + + align:start position:0% +in essence a double spend is when you + + + align:start position:0% +in essence a double spend is when you +have a piece of information and you use + + align:start position:0% +have a piece of information and you use + + + align:start position:0% +have a piece of information and you use +it twice and we haven't call this piece + + align:start position:0% +it twice and we haven't call this piece + + + align:start position:0% +it twice and we haven't call this piece +of information money but you use it + + align:start position:0% +of information money but you use it + + + align:start position:0% +of information money but you use it +twice you can send an email to two + + align:start position:0% +twice you can send an email to two + + + align:start position:0% +twice you can send an email to two +people and that's okay I mean it's a + + align:start position:0% +people and that's okay I mean it's a + + + align:start position:0% +people and that's okay I mean it's a +little embarrassing if you're sending it + + align:start position:0% +little embarrassing if you're sending it + + + align:start position:0% +little embarrassing if you're sending it +to one friend telling him you're + + align:start position:0% +to one friend telling him you're + + + align:start position:0% +to one friend telling him you're +available for dinner and the other + + align:start position:0% +available for dinner and the other + + + align:start position:0% +available for dinner and the other +friend thought you told them you weren't + + align:start position:0% +friend thought you told them you weren't + + + align:start position:0% +friend thought you told them you weren't +available but you can still send it to + + align:start position:0% +available but you can still send it to + + + align:start position:0% +available but you can still send it to +two places but in the system of money + + align:start position:0% +two places but in the system of money + + + align:start position:0% +two places but in the system of money +it's a critical thing that you don't use + + align:start position:0% +it's a critical thing that you don't use + + + align:start position:0% +it's a critical thing that you don't use +it twice the readings did was the demo + + align:start position:0% +it twice the readings did was the demo + + + align:start position:0% +it twice the readings did was the demo +helpful + + align:start position:0% +helpful + + + align:start position:0% +helpful +I mean we're gonna we're gonna do a lot + + align:start position:0% +I mean we're gonna we're gonna do a lot + + + align:start position:0% +I mean we're gonna we're gonna do a lot +more on the know I watched that demo + + align:start position:0% +more on the know I watched that demo + + + align:start position:0% +more on the know I watched that demo +last November December it was one of the + + align:start position:0% +last November December it was one of the + + + align:start position:0% +last November December it was one of the +first things I watched I'm an MIT + + align:start position:0% +first things I watched I'm an MIT + + + align:start position:0% +first things I watched I'm an MIT +student I don't know if you knew this + + align:start position:0% +student I don't know if you knew this + + + align:start position:0% +student I don't know if you knew this +Bosworth and I found it very helpful so + + align:start position:0% +Bosworth and I found it very helpful so + + + align:start position:0% +Bosworth and I found it very helpful so +I'm clear that and I see it's actually + + align:start position:0% +I'm clear that and I see it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +I'm clear that and I see it's actually +that demo is when a Stanford blockchain + + align:start position:0% +that demo is when a Stanford blockchain + + + align:start position:0% +that demo is when a Stanford blockchain +course as well so in the West Coast one + + align:start position:0% +course as well so in the West Coast one + + + align:start position:0% +course as well so in the West Coast one +of our competitors is using an MIT + + align:start position:0% +of our competitors is using an MIT + + + align:start position:0% +of our competitors is using an MIT +product and so we're gonna we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +product and so we're gonna we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +product and so we're gonna we're gonna +just do a slight review of what we did + + align:start position:0% +just do a slight review of what we did + + + align:start position:0% +just do a slight review of what we did +in class two and then we're gonna talk + + align:start position:0% +in class two and then we're gonna talk + + + align:start position:0% +in class two and then we're gonna talk +about the key design features hash bunch + + align:start position:0% +about the key design features hash bunch + + + align:start position:0% +about the key design features hash bunch +just as I mentioned what is an + + align:start position:0% +just as I mentioned what is an + + + align:start position:0% +just as I mentioned what is an +append-only log block headers and Merkle + + align:start position:0% +append-only log block headers and Merkle + + + align:start position:0% +append-only log block headers and Merkle +trees and asymmetric cryptography and + + align:start position:0% +trees and asymmetric cryptography and + + + align:start position:0% +trees and asymmetric cryptography and +digital signatures crazy we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +digital signatures crazy we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +digital signatures crazy we're gonna +cover all five of those today and then + + align:start position:0% +cover all five of those today and then + + + align:start position:0% +cover all five of those today and then +you're gonna tell me how we did oh + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna tell me how we did oh + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna tell me how we did oh +Bitcoin addresses which is just a small + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin addresses which is just a small + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin addresses which is just a small +thing six actually so last time for + + align:start position:0% +thing six actually so last time for + + + align:start position:0% +thing six actually so last time for +those of you that work with this we + + align:start position:0% +those of you that work with this we + + + align:start position:0% +those of you that work with this we +talked about money and again money is + + align:start position:0% +talked about money and again money is + + + align:start position:0% +talked about money and again money is +just a social construct or an economic + + align:start position:0% +just a social construct or an economic + + + align:start position:0% +just a social construct or an economic +consensus mechanism we're gonna talk a + + align:start position:0% +consensus mechanism we're gonna talk a + + + align:start position:0% +consensus mechanism we're gonna talk a +lot about consensus next Tuesday when we + + align:start position:0% +lot about consensus next Tuesday when we + + + align:start position:0% +lot about consensus next Tuesday when we +talk about the consensus protocol on + + align:start position:0% +talk about the consensus protocol on + + + align:start position:0% +talk about the consensus protocol on +Bitcoin but remember money + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin but remember money + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin but remember money +itself is just a consensus there was a + + align:start position:0% +itself is just a consensus there was a + + + align:start position:0% +itself is just a consensus there was a +question on Tuesday I think a lien + + align:start position:0% +question on Tuesday I think a lien + + + align:start position:0% +question on Tuesday I think a lien +actually had asked this question about + + align:start position:0% +actually had asked this question about + + + align:start position:0% +actually had asked this question about +both what is it mean to be a liability + + align:start position:0% +both what is it mean to be a liability + + + align:start position:0% +both what is it mean to be a liability +of the central bank why is money what + + align:start position:0% +of the central bank why is money what + + + align:start position:0% +of the central bank why is money what +does that actually mean and I said it + + align:start position:0% +does that actually mean and I said it + + + align:start position:0% +does that actually mean and I said it +just means that somebody else will + + align:start position:0% +just means that somebody else will + + + align:start position:0% +just means that somebody else will +accept it it's a social consensus + + align:start position:0% +accept it it's a social consensus + + + align:start position:0% +accept it it's a social consensus +because it's not that they're gonna give + + align:start position:0% +because it's not that they're gonna give + + + align:start position:0% +because it's not that they're gonna give +you anything else it's just that you can + + align:start position:0% +you anything else it's just that you can + + + align:start position:0% +you anything else it's just that you can +get a bank deposit you can pay your + + align:start position:0% +get a bank deposit you can pay your + + + align:start position:0% +get a bank deposit you can pay your +taxes you can use it it's Starbucks if + + align:start position:0% +taxes you can use it it's Starbucks if + + + align:start position:0% +taxes you can use it it's Starbucks if +in fact you've already gotten a cup of + + align:start position:0% +in fact you've already gotten a cup of + + + align:start position:0% +in fact you've already gotten a cup of +coffee if you remember it's only legal + + align:start position:0% +coffee if you remember it's only legal + + + align:start position:0% +coffee if you remember it's only legal +tender for a debt and so forth fiat + + align:start position:0% +tender for a debt and so forth fiat + + + align:start position:0% +tender for a debt and so forth fiat +money is just in that long line but it's + + align:start position:0% +money is just in that long line but it's + + + align:start position:0% +money is just in that long line but it's +had its challenges instabilities it + + align:start position:0% +had its challenges instabilities it + + + align:start position:0% +had its challenges instabilities it +doesn't mean it's gonna go away I'm not + + align:start position:0% +doesn't mean it's gonna go away I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't mean it's gonna go away I'm not +a Bitcoin maximalism thinks that fiat + + align:start position:0% +a Bitcoin maximalism thinks that fiat + + + align:start position:0% +a Bitcoin maximalism thinks that fiat +currencies are gonna go away but fiat + + align:start position:0% +currencies are gonna go away but fiat + + + align:start position:0% +currencies are gonna go away but fiat +currencies have their instabilities + + align:start position:0% +currencies have their instabilities + + + align:start position:0% +currencies have their instabilities +particularly around weak monetary policy + + align:start position:0% +particularly around weak monetary policy + + + align:start position:0% +particularly around weak monetary policy +in essence when you debase a currency + + align:start position:0% +in essence when you debase a currency + + + align:start position:0% +in essence when you debase a currency +and allow a lot of it to be issued or + + align:start position:0% +and allow a lot of it to be issued or + + + align:start position:0% +and allow a lot of it to be issued or +usually around unstable fiscal policy so + + align:start position:0% +usually around unstable fiscal policy so + + + align:start position:0% +usually around unstable fiscal policy so +either the government is spending a lot + + align:start position:0% +either the government is spending a lot + + + align:start position:0% +either the government is spending a lot +the king is off to Foreign Wars + + align:start position:0% +the king is off to Foreign Wars + + + align:start position:0% +the king is off to Foreign Wars +and the Bank of England was actually set + + align:start position:0% +and the Bank of England was actually set + + + align:start position:0% +and the Bank of England was actually set +up in the late 17th century in essence + + align:start position:0% +up in the late 17th century in essence + + + align:start position:0% +up in the late 17th century in essence +to control the currency when the king + + align:start position:0% +to control the currency when the king + + + align:start position:0% +to control the currency when the king +was of England I think was in wars with + + align:start position:0% +was of England I think was in wars with + + + align:start position:0% +was of England I think was in wars with +France if I can recall a lot of banks + + align:start position:0% +France if I can recall a lot of banks + + + align:start position:0% +France if I can recall a lot of banks +central banks were set up right about + + align:start position:0% +central banks were set up right about + + + align:start position:0% +central banks were set up right about +when a sovereign was was off debasing a + + align:start position:0% +when a sovereign was was off debasing a + + + align:start position:0% +when a sovereign was was off debasing a +currency and spending too much at war + + align:start position:0% +currency and spending too much at war + + + align:start position:0% +currency and spending too much at war +ledgers we talked about Ledger's how + + align:start position:0% +ledgers we talked about Ledger's how + + + align:start position:0% +ledgers we talked about Ledger's how +critical Ledger's are in essence + + align:start position:0% +critical Ledger's are in essence + + + align:start position:0% +critical Ledger's are in essence +Ledger's are a way to keep records and + + align:start position:0% +Ledger's are a way to keep records and + + + align:start position:0% +Ledger's are a way to keep records and +those records could either be + + align:start position:0% +those records could either be + + + align:start position:0% +those records could either be +transaction records or balance records + + align:start position:0% +transaction records or balance records + + + align:start position:0% +transaction records or balance records +will see that bitcoin is set up as a + + align:start position:0% +will see that bitcoin is set up as a + + + align:start position:0% +will see that bitcoin is set up as a +transaction ledger system later we're + + align:start position:0% +transaction ledger system later we're + + + align:start position:0% +transaction ledger system later we're +gonna be talking about other blockchain + + align:start position:0% +gonna be talking about other blockchain + + + align:start position:0% +gonna be talking about other blockchain +technologies that are set up as balance + + align:start position:0% +technologies that are set up as balance + + + align:start position:0% +technologies that are set up as balance +Ledger's so one should not just think + + align:start position:0% +Ledger's so one should not just think + + + align:start position:0% +Ledger's so one should not just think +immutably that there's only one way to + + align:start position:0% +immutably that there's only one way to + + + align:start position:0% +immutably that there's only one way to +do this but transactions and Ledger's + + align:start position:0% +do this but transactions and Ledger's + + + align:start position:0% +do this but transactions and Ledger's +are the core of Bitcoin and central + + align:start position:0% +are the core of Bitcoin and central + + + align:start position:0% +are the core of Bitcoin and central +banking is of course built on Ledger's + + align:start position:0% +banking is of course built on Ledger's + + + align:start position:0% +banking is of course built on Ledger's +the master ledger of the central bank + + align:start position:0% +the master ledger of the central bank + + + align:start position:0% +the master ledger of the central bank +and then the commercial banks have sort + + align:start position:0% +and then the commercial banks have sort + + + align:start position:0% +and then the commercial banks have sort +of the sub Ledger's + + align:start position:0% +of the sub Ledger's + + + align:start position:0% +of the sub Ledger's +and then you can think sometimes your + + align:start position:0% +and then you can think sometimes your + + + align:start position:0% +and then you can think sometimes your +digital wallet maybe Starbucks has yet a + + align:start position:0% +digital wallet maybe Starbucks has yet a + + + align:start position:0% +digital wallet maybe Starbucks has yet a +third tier ledger we obviously live in + + align:start position:0% +third tier ledger we obviously live in + + + align:start position:0% +third tier ledger we obviously live in +an electronic age or already we know + + align:start position:0% +an electronic age or already we know + + + align:start position:0% +an electronic age or already we know +this there's been many efforts they've + + align:start position:0% +this there's been many efforts they've + + + align:start position:0% +this there's been many efforts they've +all died until Bitcoin to crack that + + align:start position:0% +all died until Bitcoin to crack that + + + align:start position:0% +all died until Bitcoin to crack that +riddle that we talked about peer-to-peer + + align:start position:0% +riddle that we talked about peer-to-peer + + + align:start position:0% +riddle that we talked about peer-to-peer +money without a central authority and + + align:start position:0% +money without a central authority and + + + align:start position:0% +money without a central authority and +later in the semester when we talk about + + align:start position:0% +later in the semester when we talk about + + + align:start position:0% +later in the semester when we talk about +what are the use cases that's gonna be + + align:start position:0% +what are the use cases that's gonna be + + + align:start position:0% +what are the use cases that's gonna be +the core thing and so why I'm not a + + align:start position:0% +the core thing and so why I'm not a + + + align:start position:0% +the core thing and so why I'm not a +Maximus I'm not sure in every + + align:start position:0% +Maximus I'm not sure in every + + + align:start position:0% +Maximus I'm not sure in every +circumstance a central intermediary + + align:start position:0% +circumstance a central intermediary + + + align:start position:0% +circumstance a central intermediary +isn't necessarily so bad and this is not + + align:start position:0% +isn't necessarily so bad and this is not + + + align:start position:0% +isn't necessarily so bad and this is not +a value judgment this is just pure money + + align:start position:0% +a value judgment this is just pure money + + + align:start position:0% +a value judgment this is just pure money +and markets and so forth but in some + + align:start position:0% +and markets and so forth but in some + + + align:start position:0% +and markets and so forth but in some +circumstances decentralization really + + align:start position:0% +circumstances decentralization really + + + align:start position:0% +circumstances decentralization really +will compete and be decentralized + + align:start position:0% +will compete and be decentralized + + + align:start position:0% +will compete and be decentralized +intermediary so let's talk about his + + align:start position:0% +intermediary so let's talk about his + + + align:start position:0% +intermediary so let's talk about his +little paper which of course he was + + align:start position:0% +little paper which of course he was + + + align:start position:0% +little paper which of course he was +modest or she was modest please remind + + align:start position:0% +modest or she was modest please remind + + + align:start position:0% +modest or she was modest please remind +me we don't know who Nakamoto is or was + + align:start position:0% +me we don't know who Nakamoto is or was + + + align:start position:0% +me we don't know who Nakamoto is or was +or a group of people I've been working + + align:start position:0% +or a group of people I've been working + + + align:start position:0% +or a group of people I've been working +on a new electronic cash system that's + + align:start position:0% +on a new electronic cash system that's + + + align:start position:0% +on a new electronic cash system that's +fully peer-to-peer with no trusted third + + align:start position:0% +fully peer-to-peer with no trusted third + + + align:start position:0% +fully peer-to-peer with no trusted third +party so you've seen this slide before + + align:start position:0% +party so you've seen this slide before + + + align:start position:0% +party so you've seen this slide before +but a time-stamped append-only law just + + align:start position:0% +but a time-stamped append-only law just + + + align:start position:0% +but a time-stamped append-only law just +think blocks of data you know it's to + + align:start position:0% +think blocks of data you know it's to + + + align:start position:0% +think blocks of data you know it's to +kind of oversimplify but it's got a name + + align:start position:0% +kind of oversimplify but it's got a name + + + align:start position:0% +kind of oversimplify but it's got a name +blockchain and I don't think did + + align:start position:0% +blockchain and I don't think did + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain and I don't think did +satoshis paper you all read it in the + + align:start position:0% +satoshis paper you all read it in the + + + align:start position:0% +satoshis paper you all read it in the +last few days I of course read it again + + align:start position:0% +last few days I of course read it again + + + align:start position:0% +last few days I of course read it again +yesterday just to make sure I remembered + + align:start position:0% +yesterday just to make sure I remembered + + + align:start position:0% +yesterday just to make sure I remembered +it I don't remember that he ever used + + align:start position:0% +it I don't remember that he ever used + + + align:start position:0% +it I don't remember that he ever used +the word blockchain am I right about + + align:start position:0% +the word blockchain am I right about + + + align:start position:0% +the word blockchain am I right about +that right so the words blockchain + + align:start position:0% +that right so the words blockchain + + + align:start position:0% +that right so the words blockchain +really have been sort of layered over + + align:start position:0% +really have been sort of layered over + + + align:start position:0% +really have been sort of layered over +his innovation so information blocks + + align:start position:0% +his innovation so information blocks + + + align:start position:0% +his innovation so information blocks +going on and that leads to basically a + + align:start position:0% +going on and that leads to basically a + + + align:start position:0% +going on and that leads to basically a +database but it's the blocks of data + + align:start position:0% +database but it's the blocks of data + + + align:start position:0% +database but it's the blocks of data +Bitcoin right now is about five hundred + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin right now is about five hundred + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin right now is about five hundred +and fifty thousand blocks and the blocks + + align:start position:0% +and fifty thousand blocks and the blocks + + + align:start position:0% +and fifty thousand blocks and the blocks +are added on average every 10 minutes + + align:start position:0% +are added on average every 10 minutes + + + align:start position:0% +are added on average every 10 minutes +and we'll talk about why + + align:start position:0% +and we'll talk about why + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll talk about why +is every 10 minutes and not only why + + align:start position:0% +is every 10 minutes and not only why + + + align:start position:0% +is every 10 minutes and not only why +Satoshi Nakamoto made it every 10 + + align:start position:0% +Satoshi Nakamoto made it every 10 + + + align:start position:0% +Satoshi Nakamoto made it every 10 +minutes but how they maintained that + + align:start position:0% +minutes but how they maintained that + + + align:start position:0% +minutes but how they maintained that +other blockchains lucky theory emits + + align:start position:0% +other blockchains lucky theory emits + + + align:start position:0% +other blockchains lucky theory emits +about every 7 seconds so don't get too + + align:start position:0% +about every 7 seconds so don't get too + + + align:start position:0% +about every 7 seconds so don't get too +caught up that it's all the same and and + + align:start position:0% +caught up that it's all the same and and + + + align:start position:0% +caught up that it's all the same and and +and there's some technologists here + + align:start position:0% +and there's some technologists here + + + align:start position:0% +and there's some technologists here +Sylvia McCauley is working on algorri & + + align:start position:0% +Sylvia McCauley is working on algorri & + + + align:start position:0% +Sylvia McCauley is working on algorri & +& and that's even tighter less than 7 + + align:start position:0% +& and that's even tighter less than 7 + + + align:start position:0% +& and that's even tighter less than 7 +seconds so there's not one way there's + + align:start position:0% +seconds so there's not one way there's + + + align:start position:0% +seconds so there's not one way there's +multiple designs on how often blocks are + + align:start position:0% +multiple designs on how often blocks are + + + align:start position:0% +multiple designs on how often blocks are +at it but let's start with Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +at it but let's start with Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +at it but let's start with Bitcoin +secured by yes guess what those two + + align:start position:0% +secured by yes guess what those two + + + align:start position:0% +secured by yes guess what those two +cryptographic primitives hash functions + + align:start position:0% +cryptographic primitives hash functions + + + align:start position:0% +cryptographic primitives hash functions +and digital signatures you lose anybody + + align:start position:0% +and digital signatures you lose anybody + + + align:start position:0% +and digital signatures you lose anybody +yet yeah maybe and then there's a + + align:start position:0% +yet yeah maybe and then there's a + + + align:start position:0% +yet yeah maybe and then there's a +consensus for agreement the whole debate + + align:start position:0% +consensus for agreement the whole debate + + + align:start position:0% +consensus for agreement the whole debate +usually about databases is who gets to + + align:start position:0% +usually about databases is who gets to + + + align:start position:0% +usually about databases is who gets to +change the data and this is true in all + + align:start position:0% +change the data and this is true in all + + + align:start position:0% +change the data and this is true in all +databases in its essence it's usually + + align:start position:0% +databases in its essence it's usually + + + align:start position:0% +databases in its essence it's usually +centralized but in blockchain it's all + + align:start position:0% +centralized but in blockchain it's all + + + align:start position:0% +centralized but in blockchain it's all +of a sudden well maybe it's not + + align:start position:0% +of a sudden well maybe it's not + + + align:start position:0% +of a sudden well maybe it's not +centralized who gets to add that next + + align:start position:0% +centralized who gets to add that next + + + align:start position:0% +centralized who gets to add that next +bit of information then the next block + + align:start position:0% +bit of information then the next block + + + align:start position:0% +bit of information then the next block +and the consensus agreement is which + + align:start position:0% +and the consensus agreement is which + + + align:start position:0% +and the consensus agreement is which +we'll discuss next Tuesday is about that + + align:start position:0% +we'll discuss next Tuesday is about that + + + align:start position:0% +we'll discuss next Tuesday is about that +very issue and I think there was a + + align:start position:0% +very issue and I think there was a + + + align:start position:0% +very issue and I think there was a +little pretty picture that I'd done in + + align:start position:0% +little pretty picture that I'd done in + + + align:start position:0% +little pretty picture that I'd done in +slides before but I'm gonna I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +slides before but I'm gonna I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +slides before but I'm gonna I'm gonna +delay that discussion until next Tuesday + + align:start position:0% +delay that discussion until next Tuesday + + + align:start position:0% +delay that discussion until next Tuesday +and hopefully you all come back so what + + align:start position:0% +and hopefully you all come back so what + + + align:start position:0% +and hopefully you all come back so what +are the key features and I might do a + + align:start position:0% +are the key features and I might do a + + + align:start position:0% +are the key features and I might do a +little cold calling do you remember any + + align:start position:0% +little cold calling do you remember any + + + align:start position:0% +little cold calling do you remember any +key feature table from from the papers + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any other key features let's see how + + align:start position:0% +any other key features let's see how + + + align:start position:0% +any other key features let's see how +many I'm gonna have 10 on this page a + + align:start position:0% +many I'm gonna have 10 on this page a + + + align:start position:0% +many I'm gonna have 10 on this page a +private-public kid yes + + align:start position:0% +private-public kid yes + + + align:start position:0% +private-public kid yes +so asymmetric cryptography or private + + align:start position:0% +so asymmetric cryptography or private + + + align:start position:0% +so asymmetric cryptography or private +and public key + + align:start position:0% +and public key + + + align:start position:0% +and public key +yes hash functions yes private and + + align:start position:0% +yes hash functions yes private and + + + align:start position:0% +yes hash functions yes private and +public key and the other kind of key + + align:start position:0% +public key and the other kind of key + + + align:start position:0% +public key and the other kind of key +design features or or words you didn't + + align:start position:0% +design features or or words you didn't + + + align:start position:0% +design features or or words you didn't +understand maybe that's another way to + + align:start position:0% +understand maybe that's another way to + + + align:start position:0% +understand maybe that's another way to +put it + + align:start position:0% +put it + + + align:start position:0% +put it +Leandra + + align:start position:0% +Leandra + + + align:start position:0% +Leandra +address Bitcoin addresses three that's + + align:start position:0% +address Bitcoin addresses three that's + + + align:start position:0% +address Bitcoin addresses three that's +four of the things this is going well + + align:start position:0% +four of the things this is going well + + + align:start position:0% +four of the things this is going well +rehab the payment is is something that's + + align:start position:0% +rehab the payment is is something that's + + + align:start position:0% +rehab the payment is is something that's +trying to address it's not really a + + align:start position:0% +trying to address it's not really a + + + align:start position:0% +trying to address it's not really a +design feature but it's a they have a + + align:start position:0% +design feature but it's a they have a + + + align:start position:0% +design feature but it's a they have a +solution for double payments so I'll + + align:start position:0% +solution for double payments so I'll + + + align:start position:0% +solution for double payments so I'll +give you credit for it but it's alright + + align:start position:0% +give you credit for it but it's alright + + + align:start position:0% +give you credit for it but it's alright +so Hugo says minors which is really the + + align:start position:0% +so Hugo says minors which is really the + + + align:start position:0% +so Hugo says minors which is really the +consensus so I'll say that the design + + align:start position:0% +consensus so I'll say that the design + + + align:start position:0% +consensus so I'll say that the design +feature is the consensus or proof of + + align:start position:0% +feature is the consensus or proof of + + + align:start position:0% +feature is the consensus or proof of +work Kelly right so very interesting + + align:start position:0% +work Kelly right so very interesting + + + align:start position:0% +work Kelly right so very interesting +this concept of nodes and Satoshi + + align:start position:0% +this concept of nodes and Satoshi + + + align:start position:0% +this concept of nodes and Satoshi +actually talks about full nodes or + + align:start position:0% +actually talks about full nodes or + + + align:start position:0% +actually talks about full nodes or +lightweight nodes in essence how much + + align:start position:0% +lightweight nodes in essence how much + + + align:start position:0% +lightweight nodes in essence how much +information has to be stored I'm going + + align:start position:0% +information has to be stored I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +information has to be stored I'm going +to reserve that Kelly please remind me + + align:start position:0% +to reserve that Kelly please remind me + + + align:start position:0% +to reserve that Kelly please remind me +when we talk about block headers to come + + align:start position:0% +when we talk about block headers to come + + + align:start position:0% +when we talk about block headers to come +back to that but nodes and the network + + align:start position:0% +back to that but nodes and the network + + + align:start position:0% +back to that but nodes and the network +is a very important design feature over + + align:start position:0% +is a very important design feature over + + + align:start position:0% +is a very important design feature over +here Merkle tree structure so Merkel + + align:start position:0% +here Merkle tree structure so Merkel + + + align:start position:0% +here Merkle tree structure so Merkel +tree structure is a way to compress a + + align:start position:0% +tree structure is a way to compress a + + + align:start position:0% +tree structure is a way to compress a +lot of data and also to sort through + + align:start position:0% +lot of data and also to sort through + + + align:start position:0% +lot of data and also to sort through +that data + + align:start position:0% +that data + + + align:start position:0% +that data +oh no no Sabrina's not gonna clean me + + align:start position:0% +oh no no Sabrina's not gonna clean me + + + align:start position:0% +oh no no Sabrina's not gonna clean me +out here + + align:start position:0% +out here + + + align:start position:0% +out here +Merkle tree structure is there we're + + align:start position:0% +Merkle tree structure is there we're + + + align:start position:0% +Merkle tree structure is there we're +gonna talk about that two more all right + + align:start position:0% +gonna talk about that two more all right + + + align:start position:0% +gonna talk about that two more all right +what's that + + align:start position:0% +what's that + + + align:start position:0% +what's that +knots the knots okay so Ananse anybody + + align:start position:0% +knots the knots okay so Ananse anybody + + + align:start position:0% +knots the knots okay so Ananse anybody +know what the word nan says a year ago I + + align:start position:0% +know what the word nan says a year ago I + + + align:start position:0% +know what the word nan says a year ago I +didn't so we're all getting there look + + align:start position:0% +didn't so we're all getting there look + + + align:start position:0% +didn't so we're all getting there look +do I have a look do you know what a knot + + align:start position:0% +do I have a look do you know what a knot + + + align:start position:0% +do I have a look do you know what a knot +sis no in the actual vertical it's + + align:start position:0% +sis no in the actual vertical it's + + + align:start position:0% +sis no in the actual vertical it's +essentially a guess for the miners too + + align:start position:0% +essentially a guess for the miners too + + + align:start position:0% +essentially a guess for the miners too +so the word knots means a random number + + align:start position:0% +so the word knots means a random number + + + align:start position:0% +so the word knots means a random number +that is used once and for number and + + align:start position:0% +that is used once and for number and + + + align:start position:0% +that is used once and for number and +once it's a number that's random and + + align:start position:0% +once it's a number that's random and + + + align:start position:0% +once it's a number that's random and +it's used once that's how I've learned + + align:start position:0% +it's used once that's how I've learned + + + align:start position:0% +it's used once that's how I've learned +it and so one more because it serve this + + align:start position:0% +it and so one more because it serve this + + + align:start position:0% +it and so one more because it serve this +is great actually + + align:start position:0% +is great actually + + + align:start position:0% +is great actually +reminding your first name yeah Priya + + align:start position:0% +reminding your first name yeah Priya + + + align:start position:0% +reminding your first name yeah Priya +here here all right + + align:start position:0% +here here all right + + + align:start position:0% +here here all right +so how this is what I have cryptographic + + align:start position:0% +so how this is what I have cryptographic + + + align:start position:0% +so how this is what I have cryptographic +hash functions we're gonna go through + + align:start position:0% +hash functions we're gonna go through + + + align:start position:0% +hash functions we're gonna go through +these in more detail time-stamped + + align:start position:0% +these in more detail time-stamped + + + align:start position:0% +these in more detail time-stamped +append-only logs block headers and + + align:start position:0% +append-only logs block headers and + + + align:start position:0% +append-only logs block headers and +Merkle trees so Merkle trees were + + align:start position:0% +Merkle trees so Merkle trees were + + + align:start position:0% +Merkle trees so Merkle trees were +discussed but we need to actually say + + align:start position:0% +discussed but we need to actually say + + + align:start position:0% +discussed but we need to actually say +what what information is kept at the + + align:start position:0% +what what information is kept at the + + + align:start position:0% +what what information is kept at the +head of the block as opposed to all the + + align:start position:0% +head of the block as opposed to all the + + + align:start position:0% +head of the block as opposed to all the +bots the body and some of that's just to + + align:start position:0% +bots the body and some of that's just to + + + align:start position:0% +bots the body and some of that's just to +make it more manageable asymmetric + + align:start position:0% +make it more manageable asymmetric + + + align:start position:0% +make it more manageable asymmetric +cryptography which is this public key + + align:start position:0% +cryptography which is this public key + + + align:start position:0% +cryptography which is this public key +private key and signatures the Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +private key and signatures the Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +private key and signatures the Bitcoin +addresses themselves which interestingly + + align:start position:0% +addresses themselves which interestingly + + + align:start position:0% +addresses themselves which interestingly +are a little bit different than public + + align:start position:0% +are a little bit different than public + + + align:start position:0% +are a little bit different than public +keys and then I spy breach break because + + align:start position:0% +keys and then I spy breach break because + + + align:start position:0% +keys and then I spy breach break because +I'm with the next we're gonna talk about + + align:start position:0% +I'm with the next we're gonna talk about + + + align:start position:0% +I'm with the next we're gonna talk about +next Tuesday the proof-of-work the + + align:start position:0% +next Tuesday the proof-of-work the + + + align:start position:0% +next Tuesday the proof-of-work the +miners the the nodes the Nazis are all + + align:start position:0% +miners the the nodes the Nazis are all + + + align:start position:0% +miners the the nodes the Nazis are all +in that little topic there's actually in + + align:start position:0% +in that little topic there's actually in + + + align:start position:0% +in that little topic there's actually in +Bitcoin a really important protocol is + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin a really important protocol is + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin a really important protocol is +how information gets propagated on the + + align:start position:0% +how information gets propagated on the + + + align:start position:0% +how information gets propagated on the +Internet just the network communication + + align:start position:0% +Internet just the network communication + + + align:start position:0% +Internet just the network communication +it's not written about a lot you won't + + align:start position:0% +it's not written about a lot you won't + + + align:start position:0% +it's not written about a lot you won't +read a lot about it in the found your + + align:start position:0% +read a lot about it in the found your + + + align:start position:0% +read a lot about it in the found your +poppers digital gold or all the other + + align:start position:0% +poppers digital gold or all the other + + + align:start position:0% +poppers digital gold or all the other +popular books but it is an important + + align:start position:0% +popular books but it is an important + + + align:start position:0% +popular books but it is an important +thing to remind ourselves that + + align:start position:0% +thing to remind ourselves that + + + align:start position:0% +thing to remind ourselves that +information has to propagate around the + + align:start position:0% +information has to propagate around the + + + align:start position:0% +information has to propagate around the +Internet and and all these transactions + + align:start position:0% +Internet and and all these transactions + + + align:start position:0% +Internet and and all these transactions +have to communicate with each other + + align:start position:0% +have to communicate with each other + + + align:start position:0% +have to communicate with each other +there's currently about 10,000 nodes on + + align:start position:0% +there's currently about 10,000 nodes on + + + align:start position:0% +there's currently about 10,000 nodes on +the Bitcoin network we don't know where + + align:start position:0% +the Bitcoin network we don't know where + + + align:start position:0% +the Bitcoin network we don't know where +all they all of them are but they're + + align:start position:0% +all they all of them are but they're + + + align:start position:0% +all they all of them are but they're +probably in a hundred and eighty + + align:start position:0% +probably in a hundred and eighty + + + align:start position:0% +probably in a hundred and eighty +different countries and so it's just + + align:start position:0% +different countries and so it's just + + + align:start position:0% +different countries and so it's just +also the networking and communication + + align:start position:0% +also the networking and communication + + + align:start position:0% +also the networking and communication +matters and it matters to the economics + + align:start position:0% +matters and it matters to the economics + + + align:start position:0% +matters and it matters to the economics +a lot there's a native currency and this + + align:start position:0% +a lot there's a native currency and this + + + align:start position:0% +a lot there's a native currency and this +is interesting that was the one thing + + align:start position:0% +is interesting that was the one thing + + + align:start position:0% +is interesting that was the one thing +that no one said that's an actual + + align:start position:0% +that no one said that's an actual + + + align:start position:0% +that no one said that's an actual +technological design feature it's not + + align:start position:0% +technological design feature it's not + + + align:start position:0% +technological design feature it's not +only that he created a currency but the + + align:start position:0% +only that he created a currency but the + + + align:start position:0% +only that he created a currency but the +native currency is part of the economic + + align:start position:0% +native currency is part of the economic + + + align:start position:0% +native currency is part of the economic +incentive system and we'll have some fun + + align:start position:0% +incentive system and we'll have some fun + + + align:start position:0% +incentive system and we'll have some fun +with that in essence he said that when + + align:start position:0% +with that in essence he said that when + + + align:start position:0% +with that in essence he said that when +you mind and did the proof of work you + + align:start position:0% +you mind and did the proof of work you + + + align:start position:0% +you mind and did the proof of work you +created and you got some native currency + + align:start position:0% +created and you got some native currency + + + align:start position:0% +created and you got some native currency +called Bitcoin so he created an economic + + align:start position:0% +called Bitcoin so he created an economic + + + align:start position:0% +called Bitcoin so he created an economic +incentive system + + align:start position:0% +incentive system + + + align:start position:0% +incentive system +whomever Satoshi Nakamoto was or is knew + + align:start position:0% +whomever Satoshi Nakamoto was or is knew + + + align:start position:0% +whomever Satoshi Nakamoto was or is knew +a lot about economics as well as + + align:start position:0% +a lot about economics as well as + + + align:start position:0% +a lot about economics as well as +technology yes I just quickly add to + + align:start position:0% +technology yes I just quickly add to + + + align:start position:0% +technology yes I just quickly add to +what you said so it's not only that you + + align:start position:0% +what you said so it's not only that you + + + align:start position:0% +what you said so it's not only that you +create this native currency but once the + + align:start position:0% +create this native currency but once the + + + align:start position:0% +create this native currency but once the +finite supply is reached the currency + + align:start position:0% +finite supply is reached the currency + + + align:start position:0% +finite supply is reached the currency +can be distributed as a transaction + + align:start position:0% +can be distributed as a transaction + + + align:start position:0% +can be distributed as a transaction +which i think is so what Daniel just + + align:start position:0% +which i think is so what Daniel just + + + align:start position:0% +which i think is so what Daniel just +said is is really interesting not only + + align:start position:0% +said is is really interesting not only + + + align:start position:0% +said is is really interesting not only +to take light of this individual + + align:start position:0% +to take light of this individual + + + align:start position:0% +to take light of this individual +individuals that did this but this world + + align:start position:0% +individuals that did this but this world + + + align:start position:0% +individuals that did this but this world +of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies + + align:start position:0% +of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies + + + align:start position:0% +of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies +creates a unit of account that could be + + align:start position:0% +creates a unit of account that could be + + + align:start position:0% +creates a unit of account that could be +valued and once it's valued you have + + align:start position:0% +valued and once it's valued you have + + + align:start position:0% +valued and once it's valued you have +sort of a native currency but as daniel + + align:start position:0% +sort of a native currency but as daniel + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a native currency but as daniel +said Nakamoto also said there would be a + + align:start position:0% +said Nakamoto also said there would be a + + + align:start position:0% +said Nakamoto also said there would be a +finite limit it happens to be 21 million + + align:start position:0% +finite limit it happens to be 21 million + + + align:start position:0% +finite limit it happens to be 21 million +Bitcoin is the most it can be and will + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin is the most it can be and will + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin is the most it can be and will +get there around the year 2040 does + + align:start position:0% +get there around the year 2040 does + + + align:start position:0% +get there around the year 2040 does +anyone know how many Bitcoin you are + + align:start position:0% +anyone know how many Bitcoin you are + + + align:start position:0% +anyone know how many Bitcoin you are +right now but half of you were invested + + align:start position:0% +right now but half of you were invested + + + align:start position:0% +right now but half of you were invested +in it so it's kind of curious you you go + + align:start position:0% +in it so it's kind of curious you you go + + + align:start position:0% +in it so it's kind of curious you you go +about seventeen million Bitcoin right + + align:start position:0% +about seventeen million Bitcoin right + + + align:start position:0% +about seventeen million Bitcoin right +now and all 17 million have come from + + align:start position:0% +now and all 17 million have come from + + + align:start position:0% +now and all 17 million have come from +this process of proof of work and mining + + align:start position:0% +this process of proof of work and mining + + + align:start position:0% +this process of proof of work and mining +initially it was 50 Bitcoin every 10 + + align:start position:0% +initially it was 50 Bitcoin every 10 + + + align:start position:0% +initially it was 50 Bitcoin every 10 +minutes roughly every 10 minutes then it + + align:start position:0% +minutes roughly every 10 minutes then it + + + align:start position:0% +minutes roughly every 10 minutes then it +went down to 25 and we're now at 12 and + + align:start position:0% +went down to 25 and we're now at 12 and + + + align:start position:0% +went down to 25 and we're now at 12 and +a half Bitcoin and does anyone know what + + align:start position:0% +a half Bitcoin and does anyone know what + + + align:start position:0% +a half Bitcoin and does anyone know what +today's value purported I always should + + align:start position:0% +today's value purported I always should + + + align:start position:0% +today's value purported I always should +say purported value of Bitcoin because I + + align:start position:0% +say purported value of Bitcoin because I + + + align:start position:0% +say purported value of Bitcoin because I +don't know if we can trust some of those + + align:start position:0% +don't know if we can trust some of those + + + align:start position:0% +don't know if we can trust some of those +websites that say with a value so what + + align:start position:0% +websites that say with a value so what + + + align:start position:0% +websites that say with a value so what +is it + + align:start position:0% +is it + + + align:start position:0% +is it +so $6,500 a Bitcoin at 12 and a half + + align:start position:0% +so $6,500 a Bitcoin at 12 and a half + + + align:start position:0% +so $6,500 a Bitcoin at 12 and a half +Bitcoin to mine a block so you use you + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin to mine a block so you use you + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin to mine a block so you use you +see that it's about 80,000 u.s. dollars + + align:start position:0% +see that it's about 80,000 u.s. dollars + + + align:start position:0% +see that it's about 80,000 u.s. dollars +is the reward to mine a block right so + + align:start position:0% +is the reward to mine a block right so + + + align:start position:0% +is the reward to mine a block right so +so there he created an incentive system + + align:start position:0% +so there he created an incentive system + + + align:start position:0% +so there he created an incentive system +that initially if you got 50 Bitcoin and + + align:start position:0% +that initially if you got 50 Bitcoin and + + + align:start position:0% +that initially if you got 50 Bitcoin and +they weren't worth a penny + + align:start position:0% +they weren't worth a penny + + + align:start position:0% +they weren't worth a penny +you would not commit that much had you + + align:start position:0% +you would not commit that much had you + + + align:start position:0% +you would not commit that much had you +had to be a hobbyist basically in 2009 + + align:start position:0% +had to be a hobbyist basically in 2009 + + + align:start position:0% +had to be a hobbyist basically in 2009 +or a cyberpunk + + align:start position:0% +or a cyberpunk + + + align:start position:0% +or a cyberpunk +or just kind of curious because you + + align:start position:0% +or just kind of curious because you + + + align:start position:0% +or just kind of curious because you +weren't getting much incentive if in + + align:start position:0% +weren't getting much incentive if in + + + align:start position:0% +weren't getting much incentive if in +fact it's worth 6500 today you're + + align:start position:0% +fact it's worth 6500 today you're + + + align:start position:0% +fact it's worth 6500 today you're +getting $80,000 if you actually + + align:start position:0% +getting $80,000 if you actually + + + align:start position:0% +getting $80,000 if you actually +successfully mine a block and then + + align:start position:0% +successfully mine a block and then + + + align:start position:0% +successfully mine a block and then +there's the transaction inputs and + + align:start position:0% +there's the transaction inputs and + + + align:start position:0% +there's the transaction inputs and +outputs think about a check you know who + + align:start position:0% +outputs think about a check you know who + + + align:start position:0% +outputs think about a check you know who +signs it where you move money there's + + align:start position:0% +signs it where you move money there's + + + align:start position:0% +signs it where you move money there's +something called the unspent transaction + + align:start position:0% +something called the unspent transaction + + + align:start position:0% +something called the unspent transaction +ledger so this is the ledger part so + + align:start position:0% +ledger so this is the ledger part so + + + align:start position:0% +ledger so this is the ledger part so +when you think I think of the technology + + align:start position:0% +when you think I think of the technology + + + align:start position:0% +when you think I think of the technology +I think of cryptography which is kind of + + align:start position:0% +I think of cryptography which is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +I think of cryptography which is kind of +all that stuff at the top which we're + + align:start position:0% +all that stuff at the top which we're + + + align:start position:0% +all that stuff at the top which we're +gonna discuss today secondly the + + align:start position:0% +gonna discuss today secondly the + + + align:start position:0% +gonna discuss today secondly the +consensus mechanism in essence that's + + align:start position:0% +consensus mechanism in essence that's + + + align:start position:0% +consensus mechanism in essence that's +that key question of any database who + + align:start position:0% +that key question of any database who + + + align:start position:0% +that key question of any database who +gets to a man in the database who gets + + align:start position:0% +gets to a man in the database who gets + + + align:start position:0% +gets to a man in the database who gets +to decide to change the state of what we + + align:start position:0% +to decide to change the state of what we + + + align:start position:0% +to decide to change the state of what we +all agree to and then thirdly is the + + align:start position:0% +all agree to and then thirdly is the + + + align:start position:0% +all agree to and then thirdly is the +ledger or the transaction ledger which + + align:start position:0% +ledger or the transaction ledger which + + + align:start position:0% +ledger or the transaction ledger which +we're not going to deep dive into the + + align:start position:0% +we're not going to deep dive into the + + + align:start position:0% +we're not going to deep dive into the +scripting language but we are next + + align:start position:0% +scripting language but we are next + + + align:start position:0% +scripting language but we are next +Thursday going to talk a little bit + + align:start position:0% +Thursday going to talk a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +Thursday going to talk a little bit +about the underlying scripting so does + + align:start position:0% +about the underlying scripting so does + + + align:start position:0% +about the underlying scripting so does +that give you a pay F it's the well this + + align:start position:0% +that give you a pay F it's the well this + + + align:start position:0% +that give you a pay F it's the well this +cryptography the consensus and then the + + align:start position:0% +cryptography the consensus and then the + + + align:start position:0% +cryptography the consensus and then the +transactions in terms of the CPU power + + align:start position:0% +transactions in terms of the CPU power + + + align:start position:0% +transactions in terms of the CPU power +the electricity that will be consumed to + + align:start position:0% +the electricity that will be consumed to + + + align:start position:0% +the electricity that will be consumed to +mine that cloth how much does that + + align:start position:0% +mine that cloth how much does that + + + align:start position:0% +mine that cloth how much does that +translate to equivalent US dollar terms + + align:start position:0% +translate to equivalent US dollar terms + + + align:start position:0% +translate to equivalent US dollar terms +so the question that's asked is how much + + align:start position:0% +so the question that's asked is how much + + + align:start position:0% +so the question that's asked is how much +electricity is being consumed for that + + align:start position:0% +electricity is being consumed for that + + + align:start position:0% +electricity is being consumed for that +miner to get that reward that $80,000 + + align:start position:0% +miner to get that reward that $80,000 + + + align:start position:0% +miner to get that reward that $80,000 +and I'm gonna try to answer in one + + align:start position:0% +and I'm gonna try to answer in one + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm gonna try to answer in one +minute but we'll come back to this later + + align:start position:0% +minute but we'll come back to this later + + + align:start position:0% +minute but we'll come back to this later +in the semester about economics and + + align:start position:0% +in the semester about economics and + + + align:start position:0% +in the semester about economics and +blockchain economics and mining + + align:start position:0% +blockchain economics and mining + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain economics and mining +economics but what has happened over + + align:start position:0% +economics but what has happened over + + + align:start position:0% +economics but what has happened over +these ten years is more and more + + align:start position:0% +these ten years is more and more + + + align:start position:0% +these ten years is more and more +computers they're being used or or + + align:start position:0% +computers they're being used or or + + + align:start position:0% +computers they're being used or or +trying to mine + + align:start position:0% +trying to mine + + + align:start position:0% +trying to mine +for the Bitcoin and so today and the + + align:start position:0% +for the Bitcoin and so today and the + + + align:start position:0% +for the Bitcoin and so today and the +most recent research I've seen is that + + align:start position:0% +most recent research I've seen is that + + + align:start position:0% +most recent research I've seen is that +the probability of winning a block + + align:start position:0% +the probability of winning a block + + + align:start position:0% +the probability of winning a block +there's so much is it measured in Tara + + align:start position:0% +there's so much is it measured in Tara + + + align:start position:0% +there's so much is it measured in Tara +hashes I can't remember the numbers but + + align:start position:0% +hashes I can't remember the numbers but + + + align:start position:0% +hashes I can't remember the numbers but +it's how many Tara hashes which is is it + + align:start position:0% +it's how many Tara hashes which is is it + + + align:start position:0% +it's how many Tara hashes which is is it +15 zeros is it Tara hash these trackers + + align:start position:0% +15 zeros is it Tara hash these trackers + + + align:start position:0% +15 zeros is it Tara hash these trackers +at 12 well in any event there's so many + + align:start position:0% +at 12 well in any event there's so many + + + align:start position:0% +at 12 well in any event there's so many +hashes being done a second X number of + + align:start position:0% +hashes being done a second X number of + + + align:start position:0% +hashes being done a second X number of +Tara hashes that your probability of + + align:start position:0% +Tara hashes that your probability of + + + align:start position:0% +Tara hashes that your probability of +winning is quite low and so what's + + align:start position:0% +winning is quite low and so what's + + + align:start position:0% +winning is quite low and so what's +happened is most nodes and miners have + + align:start position:0% +happened is most nodes and miners have + + + align:start position:0% +happened is most nodes and miners have +entered into agreements called mining + + align:start position:0% +entered into agreements called mining + + + align:start position:0% +entered into agreements called mining +pools where they smooth out the risk and + + align:start position:0% +pools where they smooth out the risk and + + + align:start position:0% +pools where they smooth out the risk and +everybody shares in the rewards but + + align:start position:0% +everybody shares in the rewards but + + + align:start position:0% +everybody shares in the rewards but +those economics we'll talk about later + + align:start position:0% +those economics we'll talk about later + + + align:start position:0% +those economics we'll talk about later +it's thought to be that you need + + align:start position:0% +it's thought to be that you need + + + align:start position:0% +it's thought to be that you need +electricity cost around three cents a + + align:start position:0% +electricity cost around three cents a + + + align:start position:0% +electricity cost around three cents a +kilowatt hour to be successful and in + + align:start position:0% +kilowatt hour to be successful and in + + + align:start position:0% +kilowatt hour to be successful and in +most parts of the world you can't get + + align:start position:0% +most parts of the world you can't get + + + align:start position:0% +most parts of the world you can't get +electricity for three cents a kilowatt + + align:start position:0% +electricity for three cents a kilowatt + + + align:start position:0% +electricity for three cents a kilowatt +hour so you would put your mining rigs + + align:start position:0% +hour so you would put your mining rigs + + + align:start position:0% +hour so you would put your mining rigs +where you can get low-cost electricity + + align:start position:0% +where you can get low-cost electricity + + + align:start position:0% +where you can get low-cost electricity +or where you possibly can + + align:start position:0% +or where you possibly can + + + align:start position:0% +or where you possibly can +you could get it legally low-cost or + + align:start position:0% +you could get it legally low-cost or + + + align:start position:0% +you could get it legally low-cost or +illegally low-cost so there there are a + + align:start position:0% +illegally low-cost so there there are a + + + align:start position:0% +illegally low-cost so there there are a +lot of mining rigs and in jurisdictions + + align:start position:0% +lot of mining rigs and in jurisdictions + + + align:start position:0% +lot of mining rigs and in jurisdictions +where there may be local officials that + + align:start position:0% +where there may be local officials that + + + align:start position:0% +where there may be local officials that +are allowing those mining rigs and + + align:start position:0% +are allowing those mining rigs and + + + align:start position:0% +are allowing those mining rigs and +instead of three cents a kilowatt hour + + align:start position:0% +instead of three cents a kilowatt hour + + + align:start position:0% +instead of three cents a kilowatt hour +to the electric company it's one to two + + align:start position:0% +to the electric company it's one to two + + + align:start position:0% +to the electric company it's one to two +cents a kilowatt hour to the local + + align:start position:0% +cents a kilowatt hour to the local + + + align:start position:0% +cents a kilowatt hour to the local +government officials so and the two + + align:start position:0% +government officials so and the two + + + align:start position:0% +government officials so and the two +largest mining pools are in China and + + align:start position:0% +largest mining pools are in China and + + + align:start position:0% +largest mining pools are in China and +the third is in Russia but we'll get + + align:start position:0% +the third is in Russia but we'll get + + + align:start position:0% +the third is in Russia but we'll get +into this sort of the economics and at + + align:start position:0% +into this sort of the economics and at + + + align:start position:0% +into this sort of the economics and at +least some theories about why summer + + align:start position:0% +least some theories about why summer + + + align:start position:0% +least some theories about why summer +where they are so cryptography so + + align:start position:0% +where they are so cryptography so + + + align:start position:0% +where they are so cryptography so +aleene's probably gonna clean me up it's + + align:start position:0% +aleene's probably gonna clean me up it's + + + align:start position:0% +aleene's probably gonna clean me up it's +not just communication in the presence + + align:start position:0% +not just communication in the presence + + + align:start position:0% +not just communication in the presence +of an adversaries it's also computation + + align:start position:0% +of an adversaries it's also computation + + + align:start position:0% +of an adversaries it's also computation +in the presence of adversaries is that + + align:start position:0% +in the presence of adversaries is that + + + align:start position:0% +in the presence of adversaries is that +that would be good and we talked about + + align:start position:0% +that would be good and we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +that would be good and we talked about +we're not going to deep deep dive if you + + align:start position:0% +we're not going to deep deep dive if you + + + align:start position:0% +we're not going to deep deep dive if you +remember even in ancient times if you + + align:start position:0% +remember even in ancient times if you + + + align:start position:0% +remember even in ancient times if you +were going to war there was this + + align:start position:0% +were going to war there was this + + + align:start position:0% +were going to war there was this +wonderful little way that you could do + + align:start position:0% +wonderful little way that you could do + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful little way that you could do +cryptography and then anybody's + + align:start position:0% +cryptography and then anybody's + + + align:start position:0% +cryptography and then anybody's +image invitation games yeah about the + + align:start position:0% +image invitation games yeah about the + + + align:start position:0% +image invitation games yeah about the +the British patent you know breaking + + align:start position:0% +the British patent you know breaking + + + align:start position:0% +the British patent you know breaking +into the German codes even though they + + align:start position:0% +into the German codes even though they + + + align:start position:0% +into the German codes even though they +should have probably given more credit + + align:start position:0% +should have probably given more credit + + + align:start position:0% +should have probably given more credit +to the Polish government that had + + align:start position:0% +to the Polish government that had + + + align:start position:0% +to the Polish government that had +probably broken into it in the 1930s but + + align:start position:0% +probably broken into it in the 1930s but + + + align:start position:0% +probably broken into it in the 1930s but +touring did a great work + + align:start position:0% +touring did a great work + + + align:start position:0% +touring did a great work +and then we're gonna talk about + + align:start position:0% +and then we're gonna talk about + + + align:start position:0% +and then we're gonna talk about +asymmetric cryptography for the day okay + + align:start position:0% +asymmetric cryptography for the day okay + + + align:start position:0% +asymmetric cryptography for the day okay +what is a hash function a hash function + + align:start position:0% +what is a hash function a hash function + + + align:start position:0% +what is a hash function a hash function +and these are just words that I think of + + align:start position:0% +and these are just words that I think of + + + align:start position:0% +and these are just words that I think of +it I think of it as a fingerprint for + + align:start position:0% +it I think of it as a fingerprint for + + + align:start position:0% +it I think of it as a fingerprint for +data but it has certain properties the + + align:start position:0% +data but it has certain properties the + + + align:start position:0% +data but it has certain properties the +one that you'll see throughout is that + + align:start position:0% +one that you'll see throughout is that + + + align:start position:0% +one that you'll see throughout is that +it takes inputs of input X it maps that + + align:start position:0% +it takes inputs of input X it maps that + + + align:start position:0% +it takes inputs of input X it maps that +input of any size to a fixed size so one + + align:start position:0% +input of any size to a fixed size so one + + + align:start position:0% +input of any size to a fixed size so one +that we use here in the US one hash + + align:start position:0% +that we use here in the US one hash + + + align:start position:0% +that we use here in the US one hash +function we all use is ZIP codes in a + + align:start position:0% +function we all use is ZIP codes in a + + + align:start position:0% +function we all use is ZIP codes in a +way it's five digits it's a fixed size I + + align:start position:0% +way it's five digits it's a fixed size I + + + align:start position:0% +way it's five digits it's a fixed size I +know I'm doing this as a loose hand you + + align:start position:0% +know I'm doing this as a loose hand you + + + align:start position:0% +know I'm doing this as a loose hand you +know how can I think of it but zip code + + align:start position:0% +know how can I think of it but zip code + + + align:start position:0% +know how can I think of it but zip code +you you might have 50,000 people or + + align:start position:0% +you you might have 50,000 people or + + + align:start position:0% +you you might have 50,000 people or +5,000 people all living in one in one + + align:start position:0% +5,000 people all living in one in one + + + align:start position:0% +5,000 people all living in one in one +postal district and you can map them to + + align:start position:0% +postal district and you can map them to + + + align:start position:0% +postal district and you can map them to +zip codes and it's a to fixed length now + + align:start position:0% +zip codes and it's a to fixed length now + + + align:start position:0% +zip codes and it's a to fixed length now +I don't know whether my friends and the + + align:start position:0% +I don't know whether my friends and the + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know whether my friends and the +computer science departments but but + + align:start position:0% +computer science departments but but + + + align:start position:0% +computer science departments but but +it's an early sense of a hash function I + + align:start position:0% +it's an early sense of a hash function I + + + align:start position:0% +it's an early sense of a hash function I +just wanted to say there are there are + + align:start position:0% +just wanted to say there are there are + + + align:start position:0% +just wanted to say there are there are +tangible things in our life that act + + align:start position:0% +tangible things in our life that act + + + align:start position:0% +tangible things in our life that act +like hash functions problem with zip + + align:start position:0% +like hash functions problem with zip + + + align:start position:0% +like hash functions problem with zip +codes is it will not in any way be a + + align:start position:0% +codes is it will not in any way be a + + + align:start position:0% +codes is it will not in any way be a +secure hash function and you'll see that + + align:start position:0% +secure hash function and you'll see that + + + align:start position:0% +secure hash function and you'll see that +in a minute but it does take you can be + + align:start position:0% +in a minute but it does take you can be + + + align:start position:0% +in a minute but it does take you can be +a 300-pound person or a thirty pound kid + + align:start position:0% +a 300-pound person or a thirty pound kid + + + align:start position:0% +a 300-pound person or a thirty pound kid +and you still map into the same zip code + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's deterministic it's always the same + + align:start position:0% +it's deterministic it's always the same + + + align:start position:0% +it's deterministic it's always the same +so if you take a certain set of data it + + align:start position:0% +so if you take a certain set of data it + + + align:start position:0% +so if you take a certain set of data it +will always give you the same hash and + + align:start position:0% +will always give you the same hash and + + + align:start position:0% +will always give you the same hash and +that's relevant to the the background + + align:start position:0% +that's relevant to the the background + + + align:start position:0% +that's relevant to the the background +and you can efficiently compute it you + + align:start position:0% +and you can efficiently compute it you + + + align:start position:0% +and you can efficiently compute it you +don't want to take a year to do this + + align:start position:0% +don't want to take a year to do this + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to take a year to do this +you've got to do it in short periods of + + align:start position:0% +you've got to do it in short periods of + + + align:start position:0% +you've got to do it in short periods of +time and in bitcoins case it's done in + + align:start position:0% +time and in bitcoins case it's done in + + + align:start position:0% +time and in bitcoins case it's done in +nanoseconds or less because they're one + + align:start position:0% +nanoseconds or less because they're one + + + align:start position:0% +nanoseconds or less because they're one +computer + + align:start position:0% +computer + + + align:start position:0% +computer +one CPU can do can remember probably how + + align:start position:0% +one CPU can do can remember probably how + + + align:start position:0% +one CPU can do can remember probably how +many millions a second a couple of Terra + + align:start position:0% +many millions a second a couple of Terra + + + align:start position:0% +many millions a second a couple of Terra +House hashes a second so it's a + + align:start position:0% +House hashes a second so it's a + + + align:start position:0% +House hashes a second so it's a +remarkably efficient algorithm and it's + + align:start position:0% +remarkably efficient algorithm and it's + + + align:start position:0% +remarkably efficient algorithm and it's +a bunch of mathematicians and and + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of mathematicians and and + + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of mathematicians and and +hashing started in the 1950s and 60s but + + align:start position:0% +hashing started in the 1950s and 60s but + + + align:start position:0% +hashing started in the 1950s and 60s but +the ones that we're talking about here + + align:start position:0% +the ones that we're talking about here + + + align:start position:0% +the ones that we're talking about here +are much more recent but it's it's + + align:start position:0% +are much more recent but it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +are much more recent but it's it's +really terrifically talented scientists + + align:start position:0% +really terrifically talented scientists + + + align:start position:0% +really terrifically talented scientists +mathematicians computer scientist and + + align:start position:0% +mathematicians computer scientist and + + + align:start position:0% +mathematicians computer scientist and +sometimes the National Institute + + align:start position:0% +sometimes the National Institute + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes the National Institute +standards of technology here in the u.s. + + align:start position:0% +standards of technology here in the u.s. + + + align:start position:0% +standards of technology here in the u.s. +working on hash functions so it takes a + + align:start position:0% +working on hash functions so it takes a + + + align:start position:0% +working on hash functions so it takes a +array of any size puts it into a fixed + + align:start position:0% +array of any size puts it into a fixed + + + align:start position:0% +array of any size puts it into a fixed +number I think ZIP codes for a minute + + align:start position:0% +number I think ZIP codes for a minute + + + align:start position:0% +number I think ZIP codes for a minute +it's deterministic it's always you only + + align:start position:0% +it's deterministic it's always you only + + + align:start position:0% +it's deterministic it's always you only +live in one zip code in a sense and it's + + align:start position:0% +live in one zip code in a sense and it's + + + align:start position:0% +live in one zip code in a sense and it's +very efficient but now what are this + + align:start position:0% +very efficient but now what are this + + + align:start position:0% +very efficient but now what are this +cryptographic properties because a zip + + align:start position:0% +cryptographic properties because a zip + + + align:start position:0% +cryptographic properties because a zip +code wouldn't make it + + align:start position:0% +code wouldn't make it + + + align:start position:0% +code wouldn't make it +it just wouldn't well the computer + + align:start position:0% +it just wouldn't well the computer + + + align:start position:0% +it just wouldn't well the computer +scientist uses term preimage resistant I + + align:start position:0% +scientist uses term preimage resistant I + + + align:start position:0% +scientist uses term preimage resistant I +would just say it's one way you can only + + align:start position:0% +would just say it's one way you can only + + + align:start position:0% +would just say it's one way you can only +go one way meaning its infeasible to + + align:start position:0% +go one way meaning its infeasible to + + + align:start position:0% +go one way meaning its infeasible to +determine the input from the output its + + align:start position:0% +determine the input from the output its + + + align:start position:0% +determine the input from the output its +infeasible to determine the the ax from + + align:start position:0% +infeasible to determine the the ax from + + + align:start position:0% +infeasible to determine the the ax from +the hash of X so anybody know why I use + + align:start position:0% +the hash of X so anybody know why I use + + + align:start position:0% +the hash of X so anybody know why I use +the word infeasible rather than + + align:start position:0% +the word infeasible rather than + + + align:start position:0% +the word infeasible rather than +impossible brute force + + align:start position:0% +impossible brute force + + + align:start position:0% +impossible brute force +what do you mean by brute force just so + + align:start position:0% +what do you mean by brute force just so + + + align:start position:0% +what do you mean by brute force just so +everybody but as I understand it a sort + + align:start position:0% +everybody but as I understand it a sort + + + align:start position:0% +everybody but as I understand it a sort +of tenet of cryptography for centuries + + align:start position:0% +of tenet of cryptography for centuries + + + align:start position:0% +of tenet of cryptography for centuries +is not to have it mathematically + + align:start position:0% +is not to have it mathematically + + + align:start position:0% +is not to have it mathematically +impossible it's it's the point is + + align:start position:0% +impossible it's it's the point is + + + align:start position:0% +impossible it's it's the point is +getting it so infeasible that your + + align:start position:0% +getting it so infeasible that your + + + align:start position:0% +getting it so infeasible that your +adversary can't either get the + + align:start position:0% +adversary can't either get the + + + align:start position:0% +adversary can't either get the +communication or so forth so hash + + align:start position:0% +communication or so forth so hash + + + align:start position:0% +communication or so forth so hash +functions I just say this because you + + align:start position:0% +functions I just say this because you + + + align:start position:0% +functions I just say this because you +can't assume that Bitcoin can't be + + align:start position:0% +can't assume that Bitcoin can't be + + + align:start position:0% +can't assume that Bitcoin can't be +broken we all call it immutable it is + + align:start position:0% +broken we all call it immutable it is + + + align:start position:0% +broken we all call it immutable it is +immutable until the hash functions that + + align:start position:0% +immutable until the hash functions that + + + align:start position:0% +immutable until the hash functions that +are inside of Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +are inside of Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +are inside of Bitcoin +might be broken and even Satoshi wrote + + align:start position:0% +might be broken and even Satoshi wrote + + + align:start position:0% +might be broken and even Satoshi wrote +about this in 2010 he got emails there's + + align:start position:0% +about this in 2010 he got emails there's + + + align:start position:0% +about this in 2010 he got emails there's +this wonderful book if any of you want + + align:start position:0% +this wonderful book if any of you want + + + align:start position:0% +this wonderful book if any of you want +that I mentioned in the bookshelf at the + + align:start position:0% +that I mentioned in the bookshelf at the + + + align:start position:0% +that I mentioned in the bookshelf at the +end of the syllabus he said well what if + + align:start position:0% +end of the syllabus he said well what if + + + align:start position:0% +end of the syllabus he said well what if +sha-256 which is the hash function gets + + align:start position:0% +sha-256 which is the hash function gets + + + align:start position:0% +sha-256 which is the hash function gets +broken and and his answer by the way was + + align:start position:0% +broken and and his answer by the way was + + + align:start position:0% +broken and and his answer by the way was +well there'll be a better hash function + + align:start position:0% +well there'll be a better hash function + + + align:start position:0% +well there'll be a better hash function +at that time whatever that is will hash + + align:start position:0% +at that time whatever that is will hash + + + align:start position:0% +at that time whatever that is will hash +the entire system whatever that is + + align:start position:0% +the entire system whatever that is + + + align:start position:0% +the entire system whatever that is +because remember you can take something + + align:start position:0% +because remember you can take something + + + align:start position:0% +because remember you can take something +of any size hash it with the new system + + align:start position:0% +of any size hash it with the new system + + + align:start position:0% +of any size hash it with the new system +and move forward and so he he or she + + align:start position:0% +and move forward and so he he or she + + + align:start position:0% +and move forward and so he he or she +felt in this wonderful email is that + + align:start position:0% +felt in this wonderful email is that + + + align:start position:0% +felt in this wonderful email is that +bitcoin actually could transition to a + + align:start position:0% +bitcoin actually could transition to a + + + align:start position:0% +bitcoin actually could transition to a +new hash function as long as you you + + align:start position:0% +new hash function as long as you you + + + align:start position:0% +new hash function as long as you you +know had a little bit of time before it + + align:start position:0% +know had a little bit of time before it + + + align:start position:0% +know had a little bit of time before it +was all corrupted how is it for me to + + align:start position:0% +was all corrupted how is it for me to + + + align:start position:0% +was all corrupted how is it for me to +create a fork and so she doesn't + + align:start position:0% +create a fork and so she doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +create a fork and so she doesn't +analysis at the oh you're talking about + + align:start position:0% +analysis at the oh you're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +analysis at the oh you're talking about +in his paper yes in his paper he's + + align:start position:0% +in his paper yes in his paper he's + + + align:start position:0% +in his paper yes in his paper he's +talking about how hard it is + + align:start position:0% +talking about how hard it is + + + align:start position:0% +talking about how hard it is +computationally to do what some people + + align:start position:0% +computationally to do what some people + + + align:start position:0% +computationally to do what some people +call 51% attack to basically take over + + align:start position:0% +call 51% attack to basically take over + + + align:start position:0% +call 51% attack to basically take over +all the nodes and that part of his paper + + align:start position:0% +all the nodes and that part of his paper + + + align:start position:0% +all the nodes and that part of his paper +we're going to talk about next Tuesday + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about next Tuesday + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about next Tuesday +but it's basically can you take over the + + align:start position:0% +but it's basically can you take over the + + + align:start position:0% +but it's basically can you take over the +nodes I was talking about a separate + + align:start position:0% +nodes I was talking about a separate + + + align:start position:0% +nodes I was talking about a separate +thing can you break the cryptography and + + align:start position:0% +thing can you break the cryptography and + + + align:start position:0% +thing can you break the cryptography and +he doesn't write about that in his paper + + align:start position:0% +he doesn't write about that in his paper + + + align:start position:0% +he doesn't write about that in his paper +he writes about in an email about ten + + align:start position:0% +he writes about in an email about ten + + + align:start position:0% +he writes about in an email about ten +months later or so second key + + align:start position:0% +months later or so second key + + + align:start position:0% +months later or so second key +cryptographic thing so we said one is + + align:start position:0% +cryptographic thing so we said one is + + + align:start position:0% +cryptographic thing so we said one is +it's one way the other thing is this + + align:start position:0% +it's one way the other thing is this + + + align:start position:0% +it's one way the other thing is this +concept of collision resistant + + align:start position:0% +concept of collision resistant + + + align:start position:0% +concept of collision resistant +I presume if everybody in this room told + + align:start position:0% +I presume if everybody in this room told + + + align:start position:0% +I presume if everybody in this room told +me your birthdays there's multiple + + align:start position:0% +me your birthdays there's multiple + + + align:start position:0% +me your birthdays there's multiple +people in this room + + align:start position:0% +people in this room + + + align:start position:0% +people in this room +who have the same birthday and in fact + + align:start position:0% +who have the same birthday and in fact + + + align:start position:0% +who have the same birthday and in fact +if we got it past 26 people in a room + + align:start position:0% +if we got it past 26 people in a room + + + align:start position:0% +if we got it past 26 people in a room +it's over 50% chance the two of you have + + align:start position:0% +it's over 50% chance the two of you have + + + align:start position:0% +it's over 50% chance the two of you have +the same birthday we don't need to get + + align:start position:0% +the same birthday we don't need to get + + + align:start position:0% +the same birthday we don't need to get +to a hundred and eighty three people in + + align:start position:0% +to a hundred and eighty three people in + + + align:start position:0% +to a hundred and eighty three people in +the room which is half of the days of + + align:start position:0% +the room which is half of the days of + + + align:start position:0% +the room which is half of the days of +the year we we can get to about twenty + + align:start position:0% +the year we we can get to about twenty + + + align:start position:0% +the year we we can get to about twenty +six or seven and similarly the key thing + + align:start position:0% +six or seven and similarly the key thing + + + align:start position:0% +six or seven and similarly the key thing +is is that two sets of data are it's + + align:start position:0% +is is that two sets of data are it's + + + align:start position:0% +is is that two sets of data are it's +again infeasible that x and y would hash + + align:start position:0% +again infeasible that x and y would hash + + + align:start position:0% +again infeasible that x and y would hash +to the same thing it's not impossible + + align:start position:0% +to the same thing it's not impossible + + + align:start position:0% +to the same thing it's not impossible +it's infeasible and if you look at the + + align:start position:0% +it's infeasible and if you look at the + + + align:start position:0% +it's infeasible and if you look at the +history of hash functions this is + + align:start position:0% +history of hash functions this is + + + align:start position:0% +history of hash functions this is +usually the thing they at some point in + + align:start position:0% +usually the thing they at some point in + + + align:start position:0% +usually the thing they at some point in +time these hash functions will not be + + align:start position:0% +time these hash functions will not be + + + align:start position:0% +time these hash functions will not be +collision resistant some quantum + + align:start position:0% +collision resistant some quantum + + + align:start position:0% +collision resistant some quantum +computing will come along or something + + align:start position:0% +computing will come along or something + + + align:start position:0% +computing will come along or something +will come along but for now you can put + + align:start position:0% +will come along but for now you can put + + + align:start position:0% +will come along but for now you can put +something of any size in and they're + + align:start position:0% +something of any size in and they're + + + align:start position:0% +something of any size in and they're +independent they also look terribly + + align:start position:0% +independent they also look terribly + + + align:start position:0% +independent they also look terribly +random it's called an avalanche effect + + align:start position:0% +random it's called an avalanche effect + + + align:start position:0% +random it's called an avalanche effect +meaning you change one little difference + + align:start position:0% +meaning you change one little difference + + + align:start position:0% +meaning you change one little difference +and the whole thing looks different so + + align:start position:0% +and the whole thing looks different so + + + align:start position:0% +and the whole thing looks different so +when you noticed on that little video if + + align:start position:0% +when you noticed on that little video if + + + align:start position:0% +when you noticed on that little video if +you changed one thing it all looks so + + align:start position:0% +you changed one thing it all looks so + + + align:start position:0% +you changed one thing it all looks so +different and why that's important is it + + align:start position:0% +different and why that's important is it + + + align:start position:0% +different and why that's important is it +makes it more secure and then there's + + align:start position:0% +makes it more secure and then there's + + + align:start position:0% +makes it more secure and then there's +something called puzzle friendliness + + align:start position:0% +something called puzzle friendliness + + + align:start position:0% +something called puzzle friendliness +even if you know a little bit of the + + align:start position:0% +even if you know a little bit of the + + + align:start position:0% +even if you know a little bit of the +input it doesn't mean that you're gonna + + align:start position:0% +input it doesn't mean that you're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +input it doesn't mean that you're gonna +get the output I put these up here not + + align:start position:0% +get the output I put these up here not + + + align:start position:0% +get the output I put these up here not +for you to know them you're not gonna + + align:start position:0% +for you to know them you're not gonna + + + align:start position:0% +for you to know them you're not gonna +get tested if you go into business as + + align:start position:0% +get tested if you go into business as + + + align:start position:0% +get tested if you go into business as +long you've started when you probably + + align:start position:0% +long you've started when you probably + + + align:start position:0% +long you've started when you probably +haven't thought well you know + + align:start position:0% +haven't thought well you know + + + align:start position:0% +haven't thought well you know +collision-resistant this or that but I + + align:start position:0% +collision-resistant this or that but I + + + align:start position:0% +collision-resistant this or that but I +just wanted you to know there are always + + align:start position:0% +just wanted you to know there are always + + + align:start position:0% +just wanted you to know there are always +a bunch of cryptography underneath this + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of cryptography underneath this + + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of cryptography underneath this +and the key is it is not a hundred + + align:start position:0% +and the key is it is not a hundred + + + align:start position:0% +and the key is it is not a hundred +percent of mutable it's like probably + + align:start position:0% +percent of mutable it's like probably + + + align:start position:0% +percent of mutable it's like probably +one and you know I don't know + + align:start position:0% +one and you know I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +one and you know I don't know +quadrillion immutable but they're still + + align:start position:0% +quadrillion immutable but they're still + + + align:start position:0% +quadrillion immutable but they're still +of these things could be broken and + + align:start position:0% +of these things could be broken and + + + align:start position:0% +of these things could be broken and +quantum computing and something else + + align:start position:0% +quantum computing and something else + + + align:start position:0% +quantum computing and something else +might + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's much more than one in quadrillion + + align:start position:0% +it's much more than one in quadrillion + + + align:start position:0% +it's much more than one in quadrillion +so it's 1 over 10 to about the 40th + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how'd I do my math all right all right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and anybody who's interested can come to + + align:start position:0% +and anybody who's interested can come to + + + align:start position:0% +and anybody who's interested can come to +office hours well five so it's it's + + align:start position:0% +office hours well five so it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +office hours well five so it's it's +highly unlikely to be broken but I think + + align:start position:0% +highly unlikely to be broken but I think + + + align:start position:0% +highly unlikely to be broken but I think +it's always worthwhile to say well no + + align:start position:0% +it's always worthwhile to say well no + + + align:start position:0% +it's always worthwhile to say well no +there there's some outward it's it's not + + align:start position:0% +there there's some outward it's it's not + + + align:start position:0% +there there's some outward it's it's not +as bounded as you think so what is it + + align:start position:0% +as bounded as you think so what is it + + + align:start position:0% +as bounded as you think so what is it +used for in many places it's used for + + align:start position:0% +used for in many places it's used for + + + align:start position:0% +used for in many places it's used for +names and references and pointers and + + align:start position:0% +names and references and pointers and + + + align:start position:0% +names and references and pointers and +and something called commitments in + + align:start position:0% +and something called commitments in + + + align:start position:0% +and something called commitments in +Bitcoin it's it's used for pointers for + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin it's it's used for pointers for + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin it's it's used for pointers for +there's one block points to another + + align:start position:0% +there's one block points to another + + + align:start position:0% +there's one block points to another +block but it's also used in commitments + + align:start position:0% +block but it's also used in commitments + + + align:start position:0% +block but it's also used in commitments +you'll hear these words we're not going + + align:start position:0% +you'll hear these words we're not going + + + align:start position:0% +you'll hear these words we're not going +to delve into them but the headers and + + align:start position:0% +to delve into them but the headers and + + + align:start position:0% +to delve into them but the headers and +the Merkle trees use something called + + align:start position:0% +the Merkle trees use something called + + + align:start position:0% +the Merkle trees use something called +sha-256 which is a standard which is + + align:start position:0% +sha-256 which is a standard which is + + + align:start position:0% +sha-256 which is a standard which is +literally 256 bits long that's like + + align:start position:0% +literally 256 bits long that's like + + + align:start position:0% +literally 256 bits long that's like +zeros and ones for 256 registries but a + + align:start position:0% +zeros and ones for 256 registries but a + + + align:start position:0% +zeros and ones for 256 registries but a +Bitcoin address actually satoshi + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin address actually satoshi + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin address actually satoshi +nakamoto through in a loop I'm glad to + + align:start position:0% +nakamoto through in a loop I'm glad to + + + align:start position:0% +nakamoto through in a loop I'm glad to +debate why but he uses two hash + + align:start position:0% +debate why but he uses two hash + + + align:start position:0% +debate why but he uses two hash +functions for Bitcoin addresses the one + + align:start position:0% +functions for Bitcoin addresses the one + + + align:start position:0% +functions for Bitcoin addresses the one +thing I saw that he actually wrote about + + align:start position:0% +thing I saw that he actually wrote about + + + align:start position:0% +thing I saw that he actually wrote about +it as he said if one of them's broken at + + align:start position:0% +it as he said if one of them's broken at + + + align:start position:0% +it as he said if one of them's broken at +least the other one is less likely to be + + align:start position:0% +least the other one is less likely to be + + + align:start position:0% +least the other one is less likely to be +broken so it was as I've read about it I + + align:start position:0% +broken so it was as I've read about it I + + + align:start position:0% +broken so it was as I've read about it I +think in his own voice is you have to + + align:start position:0% +think in his own voice is you have to + + + align:start position:0% +think in his own voice is you have to +hash something twice and he was just + + align:start position:0% +hash something twice and he was just + + + align:start position:0% +hash something twice and he was just +making it that much more secure + + align:start position:0% +making it that much more secure + + + align:start position:0% +making it that much more secure +even though alene it was 1 out of 10 to + + align:start position:0% +even though alene it was 1 out of 10 to + + + align:start position:0% +even though alene it was 1 out of 10 to +the 40th chance + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so remember where's Caroline I don't + + align:start position:0% +so remember where's Caroline I don't + + + align:start position:0% +so remember where's Caroline I don't +remember + + align:start position:0% +remember + + + align:start position:0% +remember +there we are you asked me about I + + align:start position:0% +there we are you asked me about I + + + align:start position:0% +there we are you asked me about I +thought I'd set it up for today but you + + align:start position:0% +thought I'd set it up for today but you + + + align:start position:0% +thought I'd set it up for today but you +were good to remind me for Tuesday + + align:start position:0% +were good to remind me for Tuesday + + + align:start position:0% +were good to remind me for Tuesday +what's the longest running hash + + align:start position:0% +what's the longest running hash + + + align:start position:0% +what's the longest running hash +time stamp - I'm not sure but he came + + align:start position:0% +time stamp - I'm not sure but he came + + + align:start position:0% +time stamp - I'm not sure but he came +out up that labs the super paper and + + align:start position:0% +out up that labs the super paper and + + + align:start position:0% +out up that labs the super paper and +surety there he is yeah so Haber and his + + align:start position:0% +surety there he is yeah so Haber and his + + + align:start position:0% +surety there he is yeah so Haber and his +his colleague yes you got it + + align:start position:0% +his colleague yes you got it + + + align:start position:0% +his colleague yes you got it +did you remember it terrific so I'm just + + align:start position:0% +did you remember it terrific so I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +did you remember it terrific so I'm just +trying to say it wasn't Bitcoin that had + + align:start position:0% +trying to say it wasn't Bitcoin that had + + + align:start position:0% +trying to say it wasn't Bitcoin that had +it he did this in 1991 but by 1995 they + + align:start position:0% +it he did this in 1991 but by 1995 they + + + align:start position:0% +it he did this in 1991 but by 1995 they +started a company called surety I don't + + align:start position:0% +started a company called surety I don't + + + align:start position:0% +started a company called surety I don't +think it took off that much it's not + + align:start position:0% +think it took off that much it's not + + + align:start position:0% +think it took off that much it's not +competing with Apple for the largest + + align:start position:0% +competing with Apple for the largest + + + align:start position:0% +competing with Apple for the largest +market cap or anything like that or + + align:start position:0% +market cap or anything like that or + + + align:start position:0% +market cap or anything like that or +Facebook but every week in the notices + + align:start position:0% +Facebook but every week in the notices + + + align:start position:0% +Facebook but every week in the notices +section you can see a hash literally + + align:start position:0% +section you can see a hash literally + + + align:start position:0% +section you can see a hash literally +that there's a it's time-stamped because + + align:start position:0% +that there's a it's time-stamped because + + + align:start position:0% +that there's a it's time-stamped because +it's in the New York Times and and it's + + align:start position:0% +it's in the New York Times and and it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's in the New York Times and and it's +a hash all those funky digits and + + align:start position:0% +a hash all those funky digits and + + + align:start position:0% +a hash all those funky digits and +everything of all the information came + + align:start position:0% +everything of all the information came + + + align:start position:0% +everything of all the information came +before it and they're basically hashing + + align:start position:0% +before it and they're basically hashing + + + align:start position:0% +before it and they're basically hashing +any document any document that you want + + align:start position:0% +any document any document that you want + + + align:start position:0% +any document any document that you want +a timestamp in that week you put it in + + align:start position:0% +a timestamp in that week you put it in + + + align:start position:0% +a timestamp in that week you put it in +one follows another and that's a + + align:start position:0% +one follows another and that's a + + + align:start position:0% +one follows another and that's a +blockchain it's not about money + + align:start position:0% +blockchain it's not about money + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain it's not about money +there's no native currency and so forth + + align:start position:0% +there's no native currency and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +there's no native currency and so forth +I believe that Hebert and stern Etta or + + align:start position:0% +I believe that Hebert and stern Etta or + + + align:start position:0% +I believe that Hebert and stern Etta or +three of the eight or nine footnotes in + + align:start position:0% +three of the eight or nine footnotes in + + + align:start position:0% +three of the eight or nine footnotes in +the Satoshi paper maybe it's four of + + align:start position:0% +the Satoshi paper maybe it's four of + + + align:start position:0% +the Satoshi paper maybe it's four of +them so he gets his credit and if you go + + align:start position:0% +them so he gets his credit and if you go + + + align:start position:0% +them so he gets his credit and if you go +to his website stored Hebert I think he + + align:start position:0% +to his website stored Hebert I think he + + + align:start position:0% +to his website stored Hebert I think he +says blockchains co-founder on his + + align:start position:0% +says blockchains co-founder on his + + + align:start position:0% +says blockchains co-founder on his +personal website no so here we get this + + align:start position:0% +personal website no so here we get this + + + align:start position:0% +personal website no so here we get this +was in the National Institute the NIST + + align:start position:0% +was in the National Institute the NIST + + + align:start position:0% +was in the National Institute the NIST +paper but timestamp dependent only logs + + align:start position:0% +paper but timestamp dependent only logs + + + align:start position:0% +paper but timestamp dependent only logs +in Bitcoin or blockchain what is put + + align:start position:0% +in Bitcoin or blockchain what is put + + + align:start position:0% +in Bitcoin or blockchain what is put +together is the header the top + + align:start position:0% +together is the header the top + + + align:start position:0% +together is the header the top +information and if I + + align:start position:0% +information and if I + + + align:start position:0% +information and if I +go past the visual and just say what's + + align:start position:0% +go past the visual and just say what's + + + align:start position:0% +go past the visual and just say what's +there there's five pieces of key + + align:start position:0% +there there's five pieces of key + + + align:start position:0% +there there's five pieces of key +information the version it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +information the version it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +information the version it doesn't +change that often but there is a version + + align:start position:0% +change that often but there is a version + + + align:start position:0% +change that often but there is a version +number the previous blocks hash so it's + + align:start position:0% +number the previous blocks hash so it's + + + align:start position:0% +number the previous blocks hash so it's +some information about all the blocks + + align:start position:0% +some information about all the blocks + + + align:start position:0% +some information about all the blocks +that came before it + + align:start position:0% +that came before it + + + align:start position:0% +that came before it +the merkel route hash which does anybody + + align:start position:0% +the merkel route hash which does anybody + + + align:start position:0% +the merkel route hash which does anybody +wanted to tell me what that does the + + align:start position:0% +wanted to tell me what that does the + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to tell me what that does the +merkel so if i if i go back to the nice + + align:start position:0% +merkel so if i if i go back to the nice + + + align:start position:0% +merkel so if i if i go back to the nice +little picture the yellow box at the + + align:start position:0% +little picture the yellow box at the + + + align:start position:0% +little picture the yellow box at the +bottom of each of these blocks is all + + align:start position:0% +bottom of each of these blocks is all + + + align:start position:0% +bottom of each of these blocks is all +the transactions there could be upwards + + align:start position:0% +the transactions there could be upwards + + + align:start position:0% +the transactions there could be upwards +2000 2000 transactions in a block + + align:start position:0% +2000 2000 transactions in a block + + + align:start position:0% +2000 2000 transactions in a block +so there's blockchain concept a thousand + + align:start position:0% +so there's blockchain concept a thousand + + + align:start position:0% +so there's blockchain concept a thousand +two thousand there's means and methods + + align:start position:0% +two thousand there's means and methods + + + align:start position:0% +two thousand there's means and methods +well before nakamoto's paper about how + + align:start position:0% +well before nakamoto's paper about how + + + align:start position:0% +well before nakamoto's paper about how +to compress that how to keep that + + align:start position:0% +to compress that how to keep that + + + align:start position:0% +to compress that how to keep that +information a little bit tidier and that + + align:start position:0% +information a little bit tidier and that + + + align:start position:0% +information a little bit tidier and that +uses this thing called merkel roots the + + align:start position:0% +uses this thing called merkel roots the + + + align:start position:0% +uses this thing called merkel roots the +thing the five items right at the top + + align:start position:0% +thing the five items right at the top + + + align:start position:0% +thing the five items right at the top +the what's called the block header + + align:start position:0% +the what's called the block header + + + align:start position:0% +the what's called the block header +doesn't have the thousand transactions + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have the thousand transactions + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have the thousand transactions +and earlier kelly you had asked me about + + align:start position:0% +and earlier kelly you had asked me about + + + align:start position:0% +and earlier kelly you had asked me about +full nodes and light nodes a light node + + align:start position:0% +full nodes and light nodes a light node + + + align:start position:0% +full nodes and light nodes a light node +or a wallet that anyone here could + + align:start position:0% +or a wallet that anyone here could + + + align:start position:0% +or a wallet that anyone here could +download on your cell phone probably + + align:start position:0% +download on your cell phone probably + + + align:start position:0% +download on your cell phone probably +does not download the millions of + + align:start position:0% +does not download the millions of + + + align:start position:0% +does not download the millions of +transactions that have happened in the + + align:start position:0% +transactions that have happened in the + + + align:start position:0% +transactions that have happened in the +history of bitcoin you are unlikely to + + align:start position:0% +history of bitcoin you are unlikely to + + + align:start position:0% +history of bitcoin you are unlikely to +download what's called a full node but + + align:start position:0% +download what's called a full node but + + + align:start position:0% +download what's called a full node but +you might download all the headers this + + align:start position:0% +you might download all the headers this + + + align:start position:0% +you might download all the headers this +bit of information that's all of the + + align:start position:0% +bit of information that's all of the + + + align:start position:0% +bit of information that's all of the +headers all of the information in + + align:start position:0% +headers all of the information in + + + align:start position:0% +headers all of the information in +bitcoin is still not that large it's + + align:start position:0% +bitcoin is still not that large it's + + + align:start position:0% +bitcoin is still not that large it's +less than 200 gigs but that all of the + + align:start position:0% +less than 200 gigs but that all of the + + + align:start position:0% +less than 200 gigs but that all of the +headers I think is single-digit gigs I + + align:start position:0% +headers I think is single-digit gigs I + + + align:start position:0% +headers I think is single-digit gigs I +can't remember if it's 4 or 6 gigabytes + + align:start position:0% +can't remember if it's 4 or 6 gigabytes + + + align:start position:0% +can't remember if it's 4 or 6 gigabytes +right now what is the number + + align:start position:0% +right now what is the number + + + align:start position:0% +right now what is the number +any bites fifty megabytes 60 megabytes + + align:start position:0% +any bites fifty megabytes 60 megabytes + + + align:start position:0% +any bites fifty megabytes 60 megabytes +60 megabytes so it's it's much smaller + + align:start position:0% +60 megabytes so it's it's much smaller + + + align:start position:0% +60 megabytes so it's it's much smaller +as opposed to like a hundred and eighty + + align:start position:0% +as opposed to like a hundred and eighty + + + align:start position:0% +as opposed to like a hundred and eighty +gig so Satoshi was thinking in advance + + align:start position:0% +gig so Satoshi was thinking in advance + + + align:start position:0% +gig so Satoshi was thinking in advance +and every blockchain that you're gonna + + align:start position:0% +and every blockchain that you're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +and every blockchain that you're gonna +work one likely I mean there might be + + align:start position:0% +work one likely I mean there might be + + + align:start position:0% +work one likely I mean there might be +some that this concept of it's really + + align:start position:0% +some that this concept of it's really + + + align:start position:0% +some that this concept of it's really +keeping the security by a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +keeping the security by a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +keeping the security by a little bit of +information and something called a + + align:start position:0% +information and something called a + + + align:start position:0% +information and something called a +header and then pushing all the meat of + + align:start position:0% +header and then pushing all the meat of + + + align:start position:0% +header and then pushing all the meat of +the transaction and data down and this + + align:start position:0% +the transaction and data down and this + + + align:start position:0% +the transaction and data down and this +is really important when you get to like + + align:start position:0% +is really important when you get to like + + + align:start position:0% +is really important when you get to like +in theory I'm where there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +in theory I'm where there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +in theory I'm where there's a lot of +data and a lot of computation down in + + align:start position:0% +data and a lot of computation down in + + + align:start position:0% +data and a lot of computation down in +each of these blocks it's sort of like + + align:start position:0% +each of these blocks it's sort of like + + + align:start position:0% +each of these blocks it's sort of like +if Stewart Hebert had a lot of documents + + align:start position:0% +if Stewart Hebert had a lot of documents + + + align:start position:0% +if Stewart Hebert had a lot of documents +and pictures and everything he didn't + + align:start position:0% +and pictures and everything he didn't + + + align:start position:0% +and pictures and everything he didn't +you don't have to have all the picture + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to have all the picture + + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to have all the picture +quality and a whole movie you can + + align:start position:0% +quality and a whole movie you can + + + align:start position:0% +quality and a whole movie you can +actually hash a whole movie and you + + align:start position:0% +actually hash a whole movie and you + + + align:start position:0% +actually hash a whole movie and you +still get these 256 bits so oops so the + + align:start position:0% +still get these 256 bits so oops so the + + + align:start position:0% +still get these 256 bits so oops so the +the header has the previous hash this + + align:start position:0% +the header has the previous hash this + + + align:start position:0% +the header has the previous hash this +merkel root which is just a way to get + + align:start position:0% +merkel root which is just a way to get + + + align:start position:0% +merkel root which is just a way to get +all the transactions just think of a + + align:start position:0% +all the transactions just think of a + + + align:start position:0% +all the transactions just think of a +merkel root as a way to grab two + + align:start position:0% +merkel root as a way to grab two + + + align:start position:0% +merkel root as a way to grab two +thousand transactions in a way a + + align:start position:0% +thousand transactions in a way a + + + align:start position:0% +thousand transactions in a way a +timestamp that one's easy we can get + + align:start position:0% +timestamp that one's easy we can get + + + align:start position:0% +timestamp that one's easy we can get +that difficulty target does anybody know + + align:start position:0% +that difficulty target does anybody know + + + align:start position:0% +that difficulty target does anybody know +what what blockchain bitcoin tried to do + + align:start position:0% +what what blockchain bitcoin tried to do + + + align:start position:0% +what what blockchain bitcoin tried to do +to make it more or less difficult over + + align:start position:0% +to make it more or less difficult over + + + align:start position:0% +to make it more or less difficult over +time no bro - we've heard to block the + + align:start position:0% +time no bro - we've heard to block the + + + align:start position:0% +time no bro - we've heard to block the +more miners there are so every block + + align:start position:0% +more miners there are so every block + + + align:start position:0% +more miners there are so every block +header needs to have some what's called + + align:start position:0% +header needs to have some what's called + + + align:start position:0% +header needs to have some what's called +a difficulty target how difficult is the + + align:start position:0% +a difficulty target how difficult is the + + + align:start position:0% +a difficulty target how difficult is the +mining going to be since we're talking + + align:start position:0% +mining going to be since we're talking + + + align:start position:0% +mining going to be since we're talking +about mining next Tuesday please all + + align:start position:0% +about mining next Tuesday please all + + + align:start position:0% +about mining next Tuesday please all +bring me back - difficulty target and + + align:start position:0% +bring me back - difficulty target and + + + align:start position:0% +bring me back - difficulty target and +then what's a nonce + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what's it a random number that's used + + align:start position:0% +what's it a random number that's used + + + align:start position:0% +what's it a random number that's used +what's number one snots + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and that's that's hash functions how do + + align:start position:0% +and that's that's hash functions how do + + + align:start position:0% +and that's that's hash functions how do +we do they're a little off the skids we + + align:start position:0% +we do they're a little off the skids we + + + align:start position:0% +we do they're a little off the skids we +are MIT yes the output not the input so + + align:start position:0% +are MIT yes the output not the input so + + + align:start position:0% +are MIT yes the output not the input so +could you help me pronounce your first + + align:start position:0% +could you help me pronounce your first + + + align:start position:0% +could you help me pronounce your first +name justa yeah Moe has asked the right + + align:start position:0% +name justa yeah Moe has asked the right + + + align:start position:0% +name justa yeah Moe has asked the right +question he's saying well how do you + + align:start position:0% +question he's saying well how do you + + + align:start position:0% +question he's saying well how do you +know especially as you have more and + + align:start position:0% +know especially as you have more and + + + align:start position:0% +know especially as you have more and +more time and more and more time you + + align:start position:0% +more time and more and more time you + + + align:start position:0% +more time and more and more time you +might get the same output of a hash from + + align:start position:0% +might get the same output of a hash from + + + align:start position:0% +might get the same output of a hash from +different inputs and if you recall wait + + align:start position:0% +different inputs and if you recall wait + + + align:start position:0% +different inputs and if you recall wait +somebody does recall know before produce + + align:start position:0% +somebody does recall know before produce + + + align:start position:0% +somebody does recall know before produce +in front of British it's possible but + + align:start position:0% +in front of British it's possible but + + + align:start position:0% +in front of British it's possible but +it's if like the miners are working like + + align:start position:0% +it's if like the miners are working like + + + align:start position:0% +it's if like the miners are working like +not at the same time it's like the same + + align:start position:0% +not at the same time it's like the same + + + align:start position:0% +not at the same time it's like the same +information is not treated at the same + + align:start position:0% +information is not treated at the same + + + align:start position:0% +information is not treated at the same +exact time it won't be a problem because + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you're correct as it relates to mining + + align:start position:0% +you're correct as it relates to mining + + + align:start position:0% +you're correct as it relates to mining +but there's another piece of it as well + + align:start position:0% +but there's another piece of it as well + + + align:start position:0% +but there's another piece of it as well +is that the hash function if it's a good + + align:start position:0% +is that the hash function if it's a good + + + align:start position:0% +is that the hash function if it's a good +cryptographic secure hash function is + + align:start position:0% +cryptographic secure hash function is + + + align:start position:0% +cryptographic secure hash function is +what's called collision resistant where + + align:start position:0% +what's called collision resistant where + + + align:start position:0% +what's called collision resistant where +what you're saying is so infeasible in + + align:start position:0% +what you're saying is so infeasible in + + + align:start position:0% +what you're saying is so infeasible in +fact 1/10 to the 40th you know that's a + + align:start position:0% +fact 1/10 to the 40th you know that's a + + + align:start position:0% +fact 1/10 to the 40th you know that's a +1 with 40 0 it it's so infeasible to + + align:start position:0% +1 with 40 0 it it's so infeasible to + + + align:start position:0% +1 with 40 0 it it's so infeasible to +happen + + align:start position:0% +happen + + + align:start position:0% +happen +it's probably + + align:start position:0% +it's probably + + + align:start position:0% +it's probably +possible but infeasible to happen what + + align:start position:0% +possible but infeasible to happen what + + + align:start position:0% +possible but infeasible to happen what +you're referencing is is what if two + + align:start position:0% +you're referencing is is what if two + + + align:start position:0% +you're referencing is is what if two +parties solve the cryptographic puzzle + + align:start position:0% +parties solve the cryptographic puzzle + + + align:start position:0% +parties solve the cryptographic puzzle +as opposed to a collision and because of + + align:start position:0% +as opposed to a collision and because of + + + align:start position:0% +as opposed to a collision and because of +the difficulty they just got it at the + + align:start position:0% +the difficulty they just got it at the + + + align:start position:0% +the difficulty they just got it at the +same time please it seem like a dumb + + align:start position:0% +same time please it seem like a dumb + + + align:start position:0% +same time please it seem like a dumb +question but from the whole system time + + align:start position:0% +question but from the whole system time + + + align:start position:0% +question but from the whole system time +stamps are not a particularly important + + align:start position:0% +stamps are not a particularly important + + + align:start position:0% +stamps are not a particularly important +part of Bitcoin they are time stamped + + align:start position:0% +part of Bitcoin they are time stamped + + + align:start position:0% +part of Bitcoin they are time stamped +but sometimes if somebody puts something + + align:start position:0% +but sometimes if somebody puts something + + + align:start position:0% +but sometimes if somebody puts something +off and it's off by a few minutes or + + align:start position:0% +off and it's off by a few minutes or + + + align:start position:0% +off and it's off by a few minutes or +even up to two hours there's a there's a + + align:start position:0% +even up to two hours there's a there's a + + + align:start position:0% +even up to two hours there's a there's a +there's a check in the technology and + + align:start position:0% +there's a check in the technology and + + + align:start position:0% +there's a check in the technology and +the scripting function if the time steps + + align:start position:0% +the scripting function if the time steps + + + align:start position:0% +the scripting function if the time steps +off more than a couple hours so + + align:start position:0% +off more than a couple hours so + + + align:start position:0% +off more than a couple hours so +literally it's not that precise having + + align:start position:0% +literally it's not that precise having + + + align:start position:0% +literally it's not that precise having +said that the real way that time + + align:start position:0% +said that the real way that time + + + align:start position:0% +said that the real way that time +stamping happens is if if a block is + + align:start position:0% +stamping happens is if if a block is + + + align:start position:0% +stamping happens is if if a block is +mined and it's the 540,000 block and + + align:start position:0% +mined and it's the 540,000 block and + + + align:start position:0% +mined and it's the 540,000 block and +it's sort of accepted and all the nodes + + align:start position:0% +it's sort of accepted and all the nodes + + + align:start position:0% +it's sort of accepted and all the nodes +these 10,000 nodes start mining the + + align:start position:0% +these 10,000 nodes start mining the + + + align:start position:0% +these 10,000 nodes start mining the +540,000 and first block the in essence + + align:start position:0% +540,000 and first block the in essence + + + align:start position:0% +540,000 and first block the in essence +it's just think of it as almost like a + + align:start position:0% +it's just think of it as almost like a + + + align:start position:0% +it's just think of it as almost like a +stack and so what's in essence more + + align:start position:0% +stack and so what's in essence more + + + align:start position:0% +stack and so what's in essence more +relevant than the actual time that's in + + align:start position:0% +relevant than the actual time that's in + + + align:start position:0% +relevant than the actual time that's in +the header and they all have a timestamp + + align:start position:0% +the header and they all have a timestamp + + + align:start position:0% +the header and they all have a timestamp +in the header but what's more relevant + + align:start position:0% +in the header but what's more relevant + + + align:start position:0% +in the header but what's more relevant +is the order of the blocks and most + + align:start position:0% +is the order of the blocks and most + + + align:start position:0% +is the order of the blocks and most +importantly the previous block hash I'm + + align:start position:0% +importantly the previous block hash I'm + + + align:start position:0% +importantly the previous block hash I'm +gonna partially agree with you because + + align:start position:0% +gonna partially agree with you because + + + align:start position:0% +gonna partially agree with you because +the difficulty adjustment happens every + + align:start position:0% +the difficulty adjustment happens every + + + align:start position:0% +the difficulty adjustment happens every +two weeks so even if any one individual + + align:start position:0% +two weeks so even if any one individual + + + align:start position:0% +two weeks so even if any one individual +or five or six time stamps are a little + + align:start position:0% +or five or six time stamps are a little + + + align:start position:0% +or five or six time stamps are a little +goofed up in the two weeks the algorithm + + align:start position:0% +goofed up in the two weeks the algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +goofed up in the two weeks the algorithm +is basically looking over + + align:start position:0% +is basically looking over + + + align:start position:0% +is basically looking over +course of about 2,000 blocks you need + + align:start position:0% +course of about 2,000 blocks you need + + + align:start position:0% +course of about 2,000 blocks you need +the time stamps put its in it it's more + + align:start position:0% +the time stamps put its in it it's more + + + align:start position:0% +the time stamps put its in it it's more +important it's the order of the blocks I + + align:start position:0% +important it's the order of the blocks I + + + align:start position:0% +important it's the order of the blocks I +want to hold that question for Tuesday + + align:start position:0% +want to hold that question for Tuesday + + + align:start position:0% +want to hold that question for Tuesday +but it has to do with rather than the + + align:start position:0% +but it has to do with rather than the + + + align:start position:0% +but it has to do with rather than the +collision issue what the papers talking + + align:start position:0% +collision issue what the papers talking + + + align:start position:0% +collision issue what the papers talking +about is if two minors solve the puzzle + + align:start position:0% +about is if two minors solve the puzzle + + + align:start position:0% +about is if two minors solve the puzzle +and that doesn't mean that they got + + align:start position:0% +and that doesn't mean that they got + + + align:start position:0% +and that doesn't mean that they got +identical hashes because the puzzle is + + align:start position:0% +identical hashes because the puzzle is + + + align:start position:0% +identical hashes because the puzzle is +not geared to getting an exact hash the + + align:start position:0% +not geared to getting an exact hash the + + + align:start position:0% +not geared to getting an exact hash the +Bitcoin puzzle is having a certain + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin puzzle is having a certain + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin puzzle is having a certain +number of leading zeroes so it's + + align:start position:0% +number of leading zeroes so it's + + + align:start position:0% +number of leading zeroes so it's +literally said it started I think it was + + align:start position:0% +literally said it started I think it was + + + align:start position:0% +literally said it started I think it was +nine or ten leading zeroes I'm talking + + align:start position:0% +nine or ten leading zeroes I'm talking + + + align:start position:0% +nine or ten leading zeroes I'm talking +about ten years ago and now you have to + + align:start position:0% +about ten years ago and now you have to + + + align:start position:0% +about ten years ago and now you have to +hash to something with I think it's + + align:start position:0% +hash to something with I think it's + + + align:start position:0% +hash to something with I think it's +about twenty or twenty six leading zeros + + align:start position:0% +about twenty or twenty six leading zeros + + + align:start position:0% +about twenty or twenty six leading zeros +meaning it's gotten more and more + + align:start position:0% +meaning it's gotten more and more + + + align:start position:0% +meaning it's gotten more and more +difficult and the result of the hash has + + align:start position:0% +difficult and the result of the hash has + + + align:start position:0% +difficult and the result of the hash has +to have a bunch of leading zeros what + + align:start position:0% +to have a bunch of leading zeros what + + + align:start position:0% +to have a bunch of leading zeros what +you saw in that video I'm sorry so if + + align:start position:0% +you saw in that video I'm sorry so if + + + align:start position:0% +you saw in that video I'm sorry so if +it's only if it's only hashing the + + align:start position:0% +it's only if it's only hashing the + + + align:start position:0% +it's only if it's only hashing the +transactions how does it change when the + + align:start position:0% +transactions how does it change when the + + + align:start position:0% +transactions how does it change when the +hash of the previous block changes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the idea it's it reminds me of that old + + align:start position:0% +the idea it's it reminds me of that old + + + align:start position:0% +the idea it's it reminds me of that old +television so Johnny Carson and you just + + align:start position:0% +television so Johnny Carson and you just + + + align:start position:0% +television so Johnny Carson and you just +did a great setup for the comedian so + + align:start position:0% +did a great setup for the comedian so + + + align:start position:0% +did a great setup for the comedian so +thank you + + align:start position:0% +thank you + + + align:start position:0% +thank you +so I'm gonna go to Merkel roots so + + align:start position:0% +so I'm gonna go to Merkel roots so + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm gonna go to Merkel roots so +Merkel roots which are by Natick binary + + align:start position:0% +Merkel roots which are by Natick binary + + + align:start position:0% +Merkel roots which are by Natick binary +data tree looks something like this if + + align:start position:0% +data tree looks something like this if + + + align:start position:0% +data tree looks something like this if +one had a thousand transactions I + + align:start position:0% +one had a thousand transactions I + + + align:start position:0% +one had a thousand transactions I +wouldn't have a pretty slide so this + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't have a pretty slide so this + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't have a pretty slide so this +only goes to four levels but think of + + align:start position:0% +only goes to four levels but think of + + + align:start position:0% +only goes to four levels but think of +four transactions at the bottom there + + align:start position:0% +four transactions at the bottom there + + + align:start position:0% +four transactions at the bottom there +each hashed and then you concatenate you + + align:start position:0% +each hashed and then you concatenate you + + + align:start position:0% +each hashed and then you concatenate you +put the two hashes together you hash + + align:start position:0% +put the two hashes together you hash + + + align:start position:0% +put the two hashes together you hash +that you keep going up the tree if you + + align:start position:0% +that you keep going up the tree if you + + + align:start position:0% +that you keep going up the tree if you +had a thousand transactions because + + align:start position:0% +had a thousand transactions because + + + align:start position:0% +had a thousand transactions because +that's two to the tenth roughly then + + align:start position:0% +that's two to the tenth roughly then + + + align:start position:0% +that's two to the tenth roughly then +you'd have ten levels of this tree and + + align:start position:0% +you'd have ten levels of this tree and + + + align:start position:0% +you'd have ten levels of this tree and +so that's what happens and literally the + + align:start position:0% +so that's what happens and literally the + + + align:start position:0% +so that's what happens and literally the +the mining pool operators are doing this + + align:start position:0% +the mining pool operators are doing this + + + align:start position:0% +the mining pool operators are doing this +a lot for the nodes but in the Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +a lot for the nodes but in the Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +a lot for the nodes but in the Bitcoin +core application in the in the software + + align:start position:0% +core application in the in the software + + + align:start position:0% +core application in the in the software +that anybody in this room could download + + align:start position:0% +that anybody in this room could download + + + align:start position:0% +that anybody in this room could download +the software if you wish there's + + align:start position:0% +the software if you wish there's + + + align:start position:0% +the software if you wish there's +software that helps takes transactions + + align:start position:0% +software that helps takes transactions + + + align:start position:0% +software that helps takes transactions +puts them basically into this binary + + align:start position:0% +puts them basically into this binary + + + align:start position:0% +puts them basically into this binary +tree called a Merkel tree uses hash + + align:start position:0% +tree called a Merkel tree uses hash + + + align:start position:0% +tree called a Merkel tree uses hash +functions and basically skinny's it all + + align:start position:0% +functions and basically skinny's it all + + + align:start position:0% +functions and basically skinny's it all +the way up to the top like given that + + align:start position:0% +the way up to the top like given that + + + align:start position:0% +the way up to the top like given that +the structure exists how does the root + + align:start position:0% +the structure exists how does the root + + + align:start position:0% +the structure exists how does the root +hash change with the previous block so + + align:start position:0% +hash change with the previous block so + + + align:start position:0% +hash change with the previous block so +basically all the forward will get + + align:start position:0% +basically all the forward will get + + + align:start position:0% +basically all the forward will get +invalidated because the hash changes oh + + align:start position:0% +invalidated because the hash changes oh + + + align:start position:0% +invalidated because the hash changes oh +but it doesn't seem to use the previous + + align:start position:0% +but it doesn't seem to use the previous + + + align:start position:0% +but it doesn't seem to use the previous +address so I'm going to repeat the + + align:start position:0% +address so I'm going to repeat the + + + align:start position:0% +address so I'm going to repeat the +question does a merkel root that is + + align:start position:0% +question does a merkel root that is + + + align:start position:0% +question does a merkel root that is +basically a summary of all that 10,000 + + align:start position:0% +basically a summary of all that 10,000 + + + align:start position:0% +basically a summary of all that 10,000 +transactions that are in a block change + + align:start position:0% +transactions that are in a block change + + + align:start position:0% +transactions that are in a block change +if the rest of the header changes or the + + align:start position:0% +if the rest of the header changes or the + + + align:start position:0% +if the rest of the header changes or the +previous plot change and the answer is + + align:start position:0% +previous plot change and the answer is + + + align:start position:0% +previous plot change and the answer is +no it only changes if some of the data + + align:start position:0% +no it only changes if some of the data + + + align:start position:0% +no it only changes if some of the data +in the ten thousand transactions changes + + align:start position:0% +in the ten thousand transactions changes + + + align:start position:0% +in the ten thousand transactions changes +and so a Merkel rule + + align:start position:0% +and so a Merkel rule + + + align:start position:0% +and so a Merkel rule +we'll change if you put different + + align:start position:0% +we'll change if you put different + + + align:start position:0% +we'll change if you put different +transactions in the mix or as is really + + align:start position:0% +transactions in the mix or as is really + + + align:start position:0% +transactions in the mix or as is really +important one of the incentives you get + + align:start position:0% +important one of the incentives you get + + + align:start position:0% +important one of the incentives you get +your 12 and a half bitcoins today in + + align:start position:0% +your 12 and a half bitcoins today in + + + align:start position:0% +your 12 and a half bitcoins today in +what's called a coinbase transaction and + + align:start position:0% +what's called a coinbase transaction and + + + align:start position:0% +what's called a coinbase transaction and +so one of these thousand transactions is + + align:start position:0% +so one of these thousand transactions is + + + align:start position:0% +so one of these thousand transactions is +the payment to the miner so the merkel + + align:start position:0% +the payment to the miner so the merkel + + + align:start position:0% +the payment to the miner so the merkel +route would be different depending upon + + align:start position:0% +route would be different depending upon + + + align:start position:0% +route would be different depending upon +who wins but that wasn't your question + + align:start position:0% +who wins but that wasn't your question + + + align:start position:0% +who wins but that wasn't your question +I'm just saying but Merkel routes are a + + align:start position:0% +I'm just saying but Merkel routes are a + + + align:start position:0% +I'm just saying but Merkel routes are a +very efficient way to take thousands of + + align:start position:0% +very efficient way to take thousands of + + + align:start position:0% +very efficient way to take thousands of +transactions store it up have one spot + + align:start position:0% +transactions store it up have one spot + + + align:start position:0% +transactions store it up have one spot +please so the order of the different + + align:start position:0% +please so the order of the different + + + align:start position:0% +please so the order of the different +transaction has to be exactly the same + + align:start position:0% +transaction has to be exactly the same + + + align:start position:0% +transaction has to be exactly the same +for everyone that is cashing right no + + align:start position:0% +for everyone that is cashing right no + + + align:start position:0% +for everyone that is cashing right no +actually not so if you're hashing and + + align:start position:0% +actually not so if you're hashing and + + + align:start position:0% +actually not so if you're hashing and +you're running a mining rig and allonge + + align:start position:0% +you're running a mining rig and allonge + + + align:start position:0% +you're running a mining rig and allonge +running a mining rig if a line solves + + align:start position:0% +running a mining rig if a line solves + + + align:start position:0% +running a mining rig if a line solves +the puzzle and propagates it out on the + + align:start position:0% +the puzzle and propagates it out on the + + + align:start position:0% +the puzzle and propagates it out on the +network and people start mining on top + + align:start position:0% +network and people start mining on top + + + align:start position:0% +network and people start mining on top +of a lines block because they say well + + align:start position:0% +of a lines block because they say well + + + align:start position:0% +of a lines block because they say well +he's finished yours you're not you're + + align:start position:0% +he's finished yours you're not you're + + + align:start position:0% +he's finished yours you're not you're +just gonna probably start mining on the + + align:start position:0% +just gonna probably start mining on the + + + align:start position:0% +just gonna probably start mining on the +top of his block and look in something + + align:start position:0% +top of his block and look in something + + + align:start position:0% +top of his block and look in something +called the mempool the memory pool is + + align:start position:0% +called the mempool the memory pool is + + + align:start position:0% +called the mempool the memory pool is +illness Network of all the free-floating + + align:start position:0% +illness Network of all the free-floating + + + align:start position:0% +illness Network of all the free-floating +transactions you'll scoop up the next + + align:start position:0% +transactions you'll scoop up the next + + + align:start position:0% +transactions you'll scoop up the next +set of transactions and so all the + + align:start position:0% +set of transactions and so all the + + + align:start position:0% +set of transactions and so all the +transaction and erode are alright so + + align:start position:0% +transaction and erode are alright so + + + align:start position:0% +transaction and erode are alright so +validation which is which is more next + + align:start position:0% +validation which is which is more next + + + align:start position:0% +validation which is which is more next +Thursday but I'll give it a shot no no + + align:start position:0% +Thursday but I'll give it a shot no no + + + align:start position:0% +Thursday but I'll give it a shot no no +it's a good question every transaction + + align:start position:0% +it's a good question every transaction + + + align:start position:0% +it's a good question every transaction +or actually you're setting me up digital + + align:start position:0% +or actually you're setting me up digital + + + align:start position:0% +or actually you're setting me up digital +signatures there you go + + align:start position:0% +signatures there you go + + + align:start position:0% +signatures there you go +thank you did you have a question or so + + align:start position:0% +thank you did you have a question or so + + + align:start position:0% +thank you did you have a question or so +the second cryptographic thing and we're + + align:start position:0% +the second cryptographic thing and we're + + + align:start position:0% +the second cryptographic thing and we're +going to keep going back and forth hash + + align:start position:0% +going to keep going back and forth hash + + + align:start position:0% +going to keep going back and forth hash +functions are basically a way to + + align:start position:0% +functions are basically a way to + + + align:start position:0% +functions are basically a way to +compress a lot of data have a + + align:start position:0% +compress a lot of data have a + + + align:start position:0% +compress a lot of data have a +fingerprint make sure that it's + + align:start position:0% +fingerprint make sure that it's + + + align:start position:0% +fingerprint make sure that it's +basically commitment digital signatures + + align:start position:0% +basically commitment digital signatures + + + align:start position:0% +basically commitment digital signatures +well remember that little graph that we + + align:start position:0% +well remember that little graph that we + + + align:start position:0% +well remember that little graph that we +had Alice and Bob Alice wants to send a + + align:start position:0% +had Alice and Bob Alice wants to send a + + + align:start position:0% +had Alice and Bob Alice wants to send a +note to Bob and just say hello Bob she + + align:start position:0% +note to Bob and just say hello Bob she + + + align:start position:0% +note to Bob and just say hello Bob she +wants to encrypt it + + align:start position:0% +wants to encrypt it + + + align:start position:0% +wants to encrypt it +she encrypts it with Bob's public key + + align:start position:0% +she encrypts it with Bob's public key + + + align:start position:0% +she encrypts it with Bob's public key +sends it to him he decrypt it with his + + align:start position:0% +sends it to him he decrypt it with his + + + align:start position:0% +sends it to him he decrypt it with his +private key you might say oh my god + + align:start position:0% +private key you might say oh my god + + + align:start position:0% +private key you might say oh my god +genzler what's a private key what's a + + align:start position:0% +genzler what's a private key what's a + + + align:start position:0% +genzler what's a private key what's a +public key in cryptography it's a way to + + align:start position:0% +public key in cryptography it's a way to + + + align:start position:0% +public key in cryptography it's a way to +kind of scramble information I know I'm + + align:start position:0% +kind of scramble information I know I'm + + + align:start position:0% +kind of scramble information I know I'm +really making this like but so if we + + align:start position:0% +really making this like but so if we + + + align:start position:0% +really making this like but so if we +went back to that little mechanism the + + align:start position:0% +went back to that little mechanism the + + + align:start position:0% +went back to that little mechanism the +Romans used or we used what the Germans + + align:start position:0% +Romans used or we used what the Germans + + + align:start position:0% +Romans used or we used what the Germans +used in the Enigma machine + + align:start position:0% +used in the Enigma machine + + + align:start position:0% +used in the Enigma machine +they were symmetric cryptography both + + align:start position:0% +they were symmetric cryptography both + + + align:start position:0% +they were symmetric cryptography both +people had the key the key was the + + align:start position:0% +people had the key the key was the + + + align:start position:0% +people had the key the key was the +Enigma machine with five rotors in the + + align:start position:0% +Enigma machine with five rotors in the + + + align:start position:0% +Enigma machine with five rotors in the +1970 some wonderful technologist here + + align:start position:0% +1970 some wonderful technologist here + + + align:start position:0% +1970 some wonderful technologist here +and elsewhere basically said well what + + align:start position:0% +and elsewhere basically said well what + + + align:start position:0% +and elsewhere basically said well what +if the key isn't the same because the + + align:start position:0% +if the key isn't the same because the + + + align:start position:0% +if the key isn't the same because the +adversary can steal the key what if it's + + align:start position:0% +adversary can steal the key what if it's + + + align:start position:0% +adversary can steal the key what if it's +not symmetric but it's asymmetric + + align:start position:0% +not symmetric but it's asymmetric + + + align:start position:0% +not symmetric but it's asymmetric +there's a private key and a public key + + align:start position:0% +there's a private key and a public key + + + align:start position:0% +there's a private key and a public key +in essence there's two keys that have + + align:start position:0% +in essence there's two keys that have + + + align:start position:0% +in essence there's two keys that have +some mathematical relationship and the + + align:start position:0% +some mathematical relationship and the + + + align:start position:0% +some mathematical relationship and the +math between these two keys does matter + + align:start position:0% +math between these two keys does matter + + + align:start position:0% +math between these two keys does matter +for a class like this but know that the + + align:start position:0% +for a class like this but know that the + + + align:start position:0% +for a class like this but know that the +probably key and the private key link + + align:start position:0% +probably key and the private key link + + + align:start position:0% +probably key and the private key link +together they're bonded together but the + + align:start position:0% +together they're bonded together but the + + + align:start position:0% +together they're bonded together but the +critical thing is about digital + + align:start position:0% +critical thing is about digital + + + align:start position:0% +critical thing is about digital +signatures there's three functions you + + align:start position:0% +signatures there's three functions you + + + align:start position:0% +signatures there's three functions you +have to generate a key pair and when a + + align:start position:0% +have to generate a key pair and when a + + + align:start position:0% +have to generate a key pair and when a +key pair is generated a public key and a + + align:start position:0% +key pair is generated a public key and a + + + align:start position:0% +key pair is generated a public key and a +private key are generated at the same + + align:start position:0% +private key are generated at the same + + + align:start position:0% +private key are generated at the same +time and they need a random number to go + + align:start position:0% +time and they need a random number to go + + + align:start position:0% +time and they need a random number to go +into it and one of the things that makes + + align:start position:0% +into it and one of the things that makes + + + align:start position:0% +into it and one of the things that makes +a lot of Bitcoin and other wallets + + align:start position:0% +a lot of Bitcoin and other wallets + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of Bitcoin and other wallets +insecure and it's probably why some have + + align:start position:0% +insecure and it's probably why some have + + + align:start position:0% +insecure and it's probably why some have +been hacked the wallets not Bitcoin is + + align:start position:0% +been hacked the wallets not Bitcoin is + + + align:start position:0% +been hacked the wallets not Bitcoin is +because they don't have good random + + align:start position:0% +because they don't have good random + + + align:start position:0% +because they don't have good random +number generation yes British I saw I + + align:start position:0% +number generation yes British I saw I + + + align:start position:0% +number generation yes British I saw I +was at a conference last week where a + + align:start position:0% +was at a conference last week where a + + + align:start position:0% +was at a conference last week where a +technologist from University of + + align:start position:0% +technologist from University of + + + align:start position:0% +technologist from University of +Pennsylvania had done a survey 150 hedge + + align:start position:0% +Pennsylvania had done a survey 150 hedge + + + align:start position:0% +Pennsylvania had done a survey 150 hedge +funds mining companies and Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +funds mining companies and Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +funds mining companies and Bitcoin +wallet companies and alike so they + + align:start position:0% +wallet companies and alike so they + + + align:start position:0% +wallet companies and alike so they +actually let a cyber security individual + + align:start position:0% +actually let a cyber security individual + + + align:start position:0% +actually let a cyber security individual +get inside and do a survey of 150 which + + align:start position:0% +get inside and do a survey of 150 which + + + align:start position:0% +get inside and do a survey of 150 which +would consider really committed high-end + + align:start position:0% +would consider really committed high-end + + + align:start position:0% +would consider really committed high-end +users of Bitcoin miners and hedge funds + + align:start position:0% +users of Bitcoin miners and hedge funds + + + align:start position:0% +users of Bitcoin miners and hedge funds +and and and and crypto exchanges and it + + align:start position:0% +and and and and crypto exchanges and it + + + align:start position:0% +and and and and crypto exchanges and it +was horrifying the their cybersecurity + + align:start position:0% +was horrifying the their cybersecurity + + + align:start position:0% +was horrifying the their cybersecurity +as to how their what they're doing with + + align:start position:0% +as to how their what they're doing with + + + align:start position:0% +as to how their what they're doing with +their private keys before even got to + + align:start position:0% +their private keys before even got to + + + align:start position:0% +their private keys before even got to +the private keys many of them didn't + + align:start position:0% +the private keys many of them didn't + + + align:start position:0% +the private keys many of them didn't +really have a secure way to create the + + align:start position:0% +really have a secure way to create the + + + align:start position:0% +really have a secure way to create the +random numbers to create their private + + align:start position:0% +random numbers to create their private + + + align:start position:0% +random numbers to create their private +keys so just a a piece when somebody + + align:start position:0% +keys so just a a piece when somebody + + + align:start position:0% +keys so just a a piece when somebody +says they have really good private key + + align:start position:0% +says they have really good private key + + + align:start position:0% +says they have really good private key +public key in the back your mind just + + align:start position:0% +public key in the back your mind just + + + align:start position:0% +public key in the back your mind just +know there's got to be some way to do a + + align:start position:0% +know there's got to be some way to do a + + + align:start position:0% +know there's got to be some way to do a +random number generation that's the only + + align:start position:0% +random number generation that's the only + + + align:start position:0% +random number generation that's the only +math that I'm gonna ask you to remember + + align:start position:0% +math that I'm gonna ask you to remember + + + align:start position:0% +math that I'm gonna ask you to remember +about there's a signature function and + + align:start position:0% +about there's a signature function and + + + align:start position:0% +about there's a signature function and +the key thing is a signature creates you + + align:start position:0% +the key thing is a signature creates you + + + align:start position:0% +the key thing is a signature creates you +can create a digital signature from a + + align:start position:0% +can create a digital signature from a + + + align:start position:0% +can create a digital signature from a +message and a private key so if Kelly + + align:start position:0% +message and a private key so if Kelly + + + align:start position:0% +message and a private key so if Kelly +has a private key and wants to send a + + align:start position:0% +has a private key and wants to send a + + + align:start position:0% +has a private key and wants to send a +secret message to somebody across the + + align:start position:0% +secret message to somebody across the + + + align:start position:0% +secret message to somebody across the +room Isabella you want a message from + + align:start position:0% +room Isabella you want a message from + + + align:start position:0% +room Isabella you want a message from +Kelly Kelly's gonna take the message you + + align:start position:0% +Kelly Kelly's gonna take the message you + + + align:start position:0% +Kelly Kelly's gonna take the message you +got this Kelly you're gonna take the + + align:start position:0% +got this Kelly you're gonna take the + + + align:start position:0% +got this Kelly you're gonna take the +message and you're gonna sign it with a + + align:start position:0% +message and you're gonna sign it with a + + + align:start position:0% +message and you're gonna sign it with a +private key you sent it over to Isabella + + align:start position:0% +private key you sent it over to Isabella + + + align:start position:0% +private key you sent it over to Isabella +House it was a billet now that is from + + align:start position:0% +House it was a billet now that is from + + + align:start position:0% +House it was a billet now that is from +you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +she's got to verify it so there's a + + align:start position:0% +she's got to verify it so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +she's got to verify it so there's a +function code of verification function + + align:start position:0% +function code of verification function + + + align:start position:0% +function code of verification function +and it comes back just yes now I mean it + + align:start position:0% +and it comes back just yes now I mean it + + + align:start position:0% +and it comes back just yes now I mean it +might just say it said differently but + + align:start position:0% +might just say it said differently but + + + align:start position:0% +might just say it said differently but +it's a just a yes now it's a + + align:start position:0% +it's a just a yes now it's a + + + align:start position:0% +it's a just a yes now it's a +verification function Isabella you want + + align:start position:0% +verification function Isabella you want + + + align:start position:0% +verification function Isabella you want +to do this with me is gonna verify your + + align:start position:0% +to do this with me is gonna verify your + + + align:start position:0% +to do this with me is gonna verify your +signature is valid for this message + + align:start position:0% +signature is valid for this message + + + align:start position:0% +signature is valid for this message +because you have the public key so + + align:start position:0% +because you have the public key so + + + align:start position:0% +because you have the public key so +you're right + + align:start position:0% +you're right + + + align:start position:0% +you're right +Isabella has your public key but using + + align:start position:0% +Isabella has your public key but using + + + align:start position:0% +Isabella has your public key but using +your public key she can verify that the + + align:start position:0% +your public key she can verify that the + + + align:start position:0% +your public key she can verify that the +signature + + align:start position:0% +signature + + + align:start position:0% +signature +it's magical math well it's not magical + + align:start position:0% +it's magical math well it's not magical + + + align:start position:0% +it's magical math well it's not magical +math it's real math but it's not math we + + align:start position:0% +math it's real math but it's not math we + + + align:start position:0% +math it's real math but it's not math we +need to study in this class the pup you + + align:start position:0% +need to study in this class the pup you + + + align:start position:0% +need to study in this class the pup you +can think of it in Bitcoin it uses an + + align:start position:0% +can think of it in Bitcoin it uses an + + + align:start position:0% +can think of it in Bitcoin it uses an +elliptic curve cryptography and you can + + align:start position:0% +elliptic curve cryptography and you can + + + align:start position:0% +elliptic curve cryptography and you can +think of it as that that the private key + + align:start position:0% +think of it as that that the private key + + + align:start position:0% +think of it as that that the private key +is based on the random number it's based + + align:start position:0% +is based on the random number it's based + + + align:start position:0% +is based on the random number it's based +it to me more technical so it's the the + + align:start position:0% +it to me more technical so it's the the + + + align:start position:0% +it to me more technical so it's the the +random number is what gets you to the + + align:start position:0% +random number is what gets you to the + + + align:start position:0% +random number is what gets you to the +public key but I think of it as the + + align:start position:0% +public key but I think of it as the + + + align:start position:0% +public key but I think of it as the +private keys of us the random number and + + align:start position:0% +private keys of us the random number and + + + align:start position:0% +private keys of us the random number and +then the public key is generated along + + align:start position:0% +then the public key is generated along + + + align:start position:0% +then the public key is generated along +it yes so you pick around the number + + align:start position:0% +it yes so you pick around the number + + + align:start position:0% +it yes so you pick around the number +actually because 0 and 2 to the 256 + + align:start position:0% +actually because 0 and 2 to the 256 + + + align:start position:0% +actually because 0 and 2 to the 256 +that's a private key to pick a public + + align:start position:0% +that's a private key to pick a public + + + align:start position:0% +that's a private key to pick a public +key you derived it directly from the + + align:start position:0% +key you derived it directly from the + + + align:start position:0% +key you derived it directly from the +private key in fact all you do is you + + align:start position:0% +private key in fact all you do is you + + + align:start position:0% +private key in fact all you do is you +exponentially another number by the + + align:start position:0% +exponentially another number by the + + + align:start position:0% +exponentially another number by the +private key so it's in think of the + + align:start position:0% +private key so it's in think of the + + + align:start position:0% +private key so it's in think of the +public key as a one-way function of the + + align:start position:0% +public key as a one-way function of the + + + align:start position:0% +public key as a one-way function of the +private key so dipping a public key you + + align:start position:0% +private key so dipping a public key you + + + align:start position:0% +private key so dipping a public key you +cannot recover the private key if you + + align:start position:0% +cannot recover the private key if you + + + align:start position:0% +cannot recover the private key if you +could then you could sign disastrous and + + align:start position:0% +could then you could sign disastrous and + + + align:start position:0% +could then you could sign disastrous and +instead of exponentiation and Bitcoin it + + align:start position:0% +instead of exponentiation and Bitcoin it + + + align:start position:0% +instead of exponentiation and Bitcoin it +uses a know a function called the + + align:start position:0% +uses a know a function called the + + + align:start position:0% +uses a know a function called the +elliptic curve but so what properties + + align:start position:0% +elliptic curve but so what properties + + + align:start position:0% +elliptic curve but so what properties +and these are the key economic + + align:start position:0% +and these are the key economic + + + align:start position:0% +and these are the key economic +properties as well as cryptographic + + align:start position:0% +properties as well as cryptographic + + + align:start position:0% +properties as well as cryptographic +properties basically it's infeasible and + + align:start position:0% +properties basically it's infeasible and + + + align:start position:0% +properties basically it's infeasible and +again I use the word in fees + + align:start position:0% +again I use the word in fees + + + align:start position:0% +again I use the word in fees +I didn't say impossible even though + + align:start position:0% +I didn't say impossible even though + + + align:start position:0% +I didn't say impossible even though +Eileen you might want to tell me that + + align:start position:0% +Eileen you might want to tell me that + + + align:start position:0% +Eileen you might want to tell me that +it's 1 over 10 to the 40th or something + + align:start position:0% +it's 1 over 10 to the 40th or something + + + align:start position:0% +it's 1 over 10 to the 40th or something +but it's infeasible to find a private + + align:start position:0% +but it's infeasible to find a private + + + align:start position:0% +but it's infeasible to find a private +key from a public key to reverse + + align:start position:0% +key from a public key to reverse + + + align:start position:0% +key from a public key to reverse +engineer impersonating you need to do a + + align:start position:0% +engineer impersonating you need to do a + + + align:start position:0% +engineer impersonating you need to do a +signature if you please just run your + + align:start position:0% +signature if you please just run your + + + align:start position:0% +signature if you please just run your +eye up there to do a digital signature + + align:start position:0% +eye up there to do a digital signature + + + align:start position:0% +eye up there to do a digital signature +you need a private key and a message and + + align:start position:0% +you need a private key and a message and + + + align:start position:0% +you need a private key and a message and +it's a function of the message and the + + align:start position:0% +it's a function of the message and the + + + align:start position:0% +it's a function of the message and the +private key like by sir let's call it + + align:start position:0% +private key like by sir let's call it + + + align:start position:0% +private key like by sir let's call it +complex math that digital signature was + + align:start position:0% +complex math that digital signature was + + + align:start position:0% +complex math that digital signature was +created from the private key and the + + align:start position:0% +created from the private key and the + + + align:start position:0% +created from the private key and the +public key was created from the private + + align:start position:0% +public key was created from the private + + + align:start position:0% +public key was created from the private +key and to oversimplify the reason that + + align:start position:0% +key and to oversimplify the reason that + + + align:start position:0% +key and to oversimplify the reason that +the verify function works is because + + align:start position:0% +the verify function works is because + + + align:start position:0% +the verify function works is because +both the digital signature and the + + align:start position:0% +both the digital signature and the + + + align:start position:0% +both the digital signature and the +public key that isabella has Isabella + + align:start position:0% +public key that isabella has Isabella + + + align:start position:0% +public key that isabella has Isabella +has this digital signature and she has + + align:start position:0% +has this digital signature and she has + + + align:start position:0% +has this digital signature and she has +the public key and she has the message + + align:start position:0% +the public key and she has the message + + + align:start position:0% +the public key and she has the message +the the math is such that basically the + + align:start position:0% +the the math is such that basically the + + + align:start position:0% +the the math is such that basically the +private key if you wish almost like + + align:start position:0% +private key if you wish almost like + + + align:start position:0% +private key if you wish almost like +factors out you know you but think of + + align:start position:0% +factors out you know you but think of + + + align:start position:0% +factors out you know you but think of +two functions she's got the isabella has + + align:start position:0% +two functions she's got the isabella has + + + align:start position:0% +two functions she's got the isabella has +Kelly's public key the message the + + align:start position:0% +Kelly's public key the message the + + + align:start position:0% +Kelly's public key the message the +digital signature it either verifies her + + align:start position:0% +digital signature it either verifies her + + + align:start position:0% +digital signature it either verifies her +it doesn't but she never has to see the + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't but she never has to see the + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't but she never has to see the +private key and in fact Kelly does not + + align:start position:0% +private key and in fact Kelly does not + + + align:start position:0% +private key and in fact Kelly does not +want her to ever see the private key + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +simplify that the way the validation of + + align:start position:0% +simplify that the way the validation of + + + align:start position:0% +simplify that the way the validation of +a digital signature works is message is + + align:start position:0% +a digital signature works is message is + + + align:start position:0% +a digital signature works is message is +run through a hash function which + + align:start position:0% +run through a hash function which + + + align:start position:0% +run through a hash function which +generates has and is encrypted with her + + align:start position:0% +generates has and is encrypted with her + + + align:start position:0% +generates has and is encrypted with her +private key then the message and the + + align:start position:0% +private key then the message and the + + + align:start position:0% +private key then the message and the +sick digital signature goes to the + + align:start position:0% +sick digital signature goes to the + + + align:start position:0% +sick digital signature goes to the +surveillance Abela what she does is use + + align:start position:0% +surveillance Abela what she does is use + + + align:start position:0% +surveillance Abela what she does is use +the same hash function to run it with + + align:start position:0% +the same hash function to run it with + + + align:start position:0% +the same hash function to run it with +the document to generate the hash + + align:start position:0% +the document to generate the hash + + + align:start position:0% +the document to generate the hash +function and uses the public key of K to + + align:start position:0% +function and uses the public key of K to + + + align:start position:0% +function and uses the public key of K to +unencrypt the signature in compare those + + align:start position:0% +unencrypt the signature in compare those + + + align:start position:0% +unencrypt the signature in compare those +two those two hashes correspond that + + align:start position:0% +two those two hashes correspond that + + + align:start position:0% +two those two hashes correspond that +means that the message belongs to Kenny + + align:start position:0% +means that the message belongs to Kenny + + + align:start position:0% +means that the message belongs to Kenny +and it hasn't been comfortable so that's + + align:start position:0% +and it hasn't been comfortable so that's + + + align:start position:0% +and it hasn't been comfortable so that's +the more or less simplification of the + + align:start position:0% +the more or less simplification of the + + + align:start position:0% +the more or less simplification of the +digital signature I mean the key is + + align:start position:0% +digital signature I mean the key is + + + align:start position:0% +digital signature I mean the key is +basically that there's a scheme + + align:start position:0% +basically that there's a scheme + + + align:start position:0% +basically that there's a scheme +unrelated to Bitcoin that exists for + + align:start position:0% +unrelated to Bitcoin that exists for + + + align:start position:0% +unrelated to Bitcoin that exists for +many other reasons on the internet many + + align:start position:0% +many other reasons on the internet many + + + align:start position:0% +many other reasons on the internet many +other reasons in in commerce and in wor + + align:start position:0% +other reasons in in commerce and in wor + + + align:start position:0% +other reasons in in commerce and in wor +that this public key private key + + align:start position:0% +that this public key private key + + + align:start position:0% +that this public key private key +cryptography and it's not simply just + + align:start position:0% +cryptography and it's not simply just + + + align:start position:0% +cryptography and it's not simply just +going back it's not just simply Alice + + align:start position:0% +going back it's not just simply Alice + + + align:start position:0% +going back it's not just simply Alice +sending something it's also digital + + align:start position:0% +sending something it's also digital + + + align:start position:0% +sending something it's also digital +signatures you generate the key pair + + align:start position:0% +signatures you generate the key pair + + + align:start position:0% +signatures you generate the key pair +everything in Bitcoin everything in + + align:start position:0% +everything in Bitcoin everything in + + + align:start position:0% +everything in Bitcoin everything in +etherium has key pairs public key and + + align:start position:0% +etherium has key pairs public key and + + + align:start position:0% +etherium has key pairs public key and +private key a digital signature but + + align:start position:0% +private key a digital signature but + + + align:start position:0% +private key a digital signature but +Kelly never lose your private key you + + align:start position:0% +Kelly never lose your private key you + + + align:start position:0% +Kelly never lose your private key you +got that do not and by the way you have + + align:start position:0% +got that do not and by the way you have + + + align:start position:0% +got that do not and by the way you have +to create it with a good random number + + align:start position:0% +to create it with a good random number + + + align:start position:0% +to create it with a good random number +generator because most sophisticated + + align:start position:0% +generator because most sophisticated + + + align:start position:0% +generator because most sophisticated +hedge funds around the world aren't so + + align:start position:0% +hedge funds around the world aren't so + + + align:start position:0% +hedge funds around the world aren't so +you're gonna be better than those that's + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna be better than those that's + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna be better than those that's +what I learned at a conference at + + align:start position:0% +what I learned at a conference at + + + align:start position:0% +what I learned at a conference at +recently and then there's a verification + + align:start position:0% +recently and then there's a verification + + + align:start position:0% +recently and then there's a verification +function so is there any like third + + align:start position:0% +function so is there any like third + + + align:start position:0% +function so is there any like third +party generating the generator or the + + align:start position:0% +party generating the generator or the + + + align:start position:0% +party generating the generator or the +generator is like a function already + + align:start position:0% +generator is like a function already + + + align:start position:0% +generator is like a function already +existing and like already there so so + + align:start position:0% +existing and like already there so so + + + align:start position:0% +existing and like already there so so +the question is is if random number + + align:start position:0% +the question is is if random number + + + align:start position:0% +the question is is if random number +generation is so important are there + + align:start position:0% +generation is so important are there + + + align:start position:0% +generation is so important are there +outside parties that have good software + + align:start position:0% +outside parties that have good software + + + align:start position:0% +outside parties that have good software +in essence to produce the random number + + align:start position:0% +in essence to produce the random number + + + align:start position:0% +in essence to produce the random number +generation and the answer is yes and + + align:start position:0% +generation and the answer is yes and + + + align:start position:0% +generation and the answer is yes and +there's some that are not so good and + + align:start position:0% +there's some that are not so good and + + + align:start position:0% +there's some that are not so good and +yes some good laptops have it at the + + align:start position:0% +yes some good laptops have it at the + + + align:start position:0% +yes some good laptops have it at the +heart I want to skip ahead elliptic + + align:start position:0% +heart I want to skip ahead elliptic + + + align:start position:0% +heart I want to skip ahead elliptic +curve digital signature algorithm that's + + align:start position:0% +curve digital signature algorithm that's + + + align:start position:0% +curve digital signature algorithm that's +the actual algorithm that Bitcoin uses + + align:start position:0% +the actual algorithm that Bitcoin uses + + + align:start position:0% +the actual algorithm that Bitcoin uses +to take the private key and so forth + + align:start position:0% +to take the private key and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +to take the private key and so forth +but many of the + + align:start position:0% +but many of the + + + align:start position:0% +but many of the +wallets if you if you download a wallet + + align:start position:0% +wallets if you if you download a wallet + + + align:start position:0% +wallets if you if you download a wallet +application to hold your Bitcoin to hold + + align:start position:0% +application to hold your Bitcoin to hold + + + align:start position:0% +application to hold your Bitcoin to hold +your light coin to hold some other coin + + align:start position:0% +your light coin to hold some other coin + + + align:start position:0% +your light coin to hold some other coin +that wallet application has a random + + align:start position:0% +that wallet application has a random + + + align:start position:0% +that wallet application has a random +number generation software + + align:start position:0% +number generation software + + + align:start position:0% +number generation software +I can't attest to all the random number + + align:start position:0% +I can't attest to all the random number + + + align:start position:0% +I can't attest to all the random number +generation software I'm not a + + align:start position:0% +generation software I'm not a + + + align:start position:0% +generation software I'm not a +cybersecurity expert but there's + + align:start position:0% +cybersecurity expert but there's + + + align:start position:0% +cybersecurity expert but there's +probably a range of some that are a + + align:start position:0% +probably a range of some that are a + + + align:start position:0% +probably a range of some that are a +little bit more they're stronger ones + + align:start position:0% +little bit more they're stronger ones + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more they're stronger ones +the key to random number generation is + + align:start position:0% +the key to random number generation is + + + align:start position:0% +the key to random number generation is +if you're generating any length that it + + align:start position:0% +if you're generating any length that it + + + align:start position:0% +if you're generating any length that it +truly is not clumpy er that there's that + + align:start position:0% +truly is not clumpy er that there's that + + + align:start position:0% +truly is not clumpy er that there's that +they say it's what maximum entropy you + + align:start position:0% +they say it's what maximum entropy you + + + align:start position:0% +they say it's what maximum entropy you +know and that you really don't have any + + align:start position:0% +know and that you really don't have any + + + align:start position:0% +know and that you really don't have any +clumps if it all clumps in one area then + + align:start position:0% +clumps if it all clumps in one area then + + + align:start position:0% +clumps if it all clumps in one area then +that's not great randomness so I just + + align:start position:0% +that's not great randomness so I just + + + align:start position:0% +that's not great randomness so I just +want to finish because there's one other + + align:start position:0% +want to finish because there's one other + + + align:start position:0% +want to finish because there's one other +thing we're gonna chat about to lay the + + align:start position:0% +thing we're gonna chat about to lay the + + + align:start position:0% +thing we're gonna chat about to lay the +groundwork is Bitcoin addresses I put + + align:start position:0% +groundwork is Bitcoin addresses I put + + + align:start position:0% +groundwork is Bitcoin addresses I put +that up you can look at the slides later + + align:start position:0% +that up you can look at the slides later + + + align:start position:0% +that up you can look at the slides later +the details don't matter much but the + + align:start position:0% +the details don't matter much but the + + + align:start position:0% +the details don't matter much but the +key thing is is that when you hear + + align:start position:0% +key thing is is that when you hear + + + align:start position:0% +key thing is is that when you hear +somebody talk about public keys and + + align:start position:0% +somebody talk about public keys and + + + align:start position:0% +somebody talk about public keys and +Bitcoin addresses colloquially we all + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin addresses colloquially we all + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin addresses colloquially we all +reference them the same they're actually + + align:start position:0% +reference them the same they're actually + + + align:start position:0% +reference them the same they're actually +not the technology that Nakamoto did was + + align:start position:0% +not the technology that Nakamoto did was + + + align:start position:0% +not the technology that Nakamoto did was +he uses the public key he literally + + align:start position:0% +he uses the public key he literally + + + align:start position:0% +he uses the public key he literally +hashed it twice once with with this + + align:start position:0% +hashed it twice once with with this + + + align:start position:0% +hashed it twice once with with this +program this hash function called + + align:start position:0% +program this hash function called + + + align:start position:0% +program this hash function called +sha-256 + + align:start position:0% +sha-256 + + + align:start position:0% +sha-256 +another hash function then concatenates + + align:start position:0% +another hash function then concatenates + + + align:start position:0% +another hash function then concatenates +and puts a little checksum at the end + + align:start position:0% +and puts a little checksum at the end + + + align:start position:0% +and puts a little checksum at the end +and then uses something called a base 58 + + align:start position:0% +and then uses something called a base 58 + + + align:start position:0% +and then uses something called a base 58 +to make it even shorter i've gone back + + align:start position:0% +to make it even shorter i've gone back + + + align:start position:0% +to make it even shorter i've gone back +and read some of nakamoto's emails for + + align:start position:0% +and read some of nakamoto's emails for + + + align:start position:0% +and read some of nakamoto's emails for +the two years after he published all + + align:start position:0% +the two years after he published all + + + align:start position:0% +the two years after he published all +this and I've read other things my + + align:start position:0% +this and I've read other things my + + + align:start position:0% +this and I've read other things my +understanding is is the reason there's + + align:start position:0% +understanding is is the reason there's + + + align:start position:0% +understanding is is the reason there's +two hash functions and actually two + + align:start position:0% +two hash functions and actually two + + + align:start position:0% +two hash functions and actually two +different lines was just to make + + align:start position:0% +different lines was just to make + + + align:start position:0% +different lines was just to make +everything a bit more secure also a + + align:start position:0% +everything a bit more secure also a + + + align:start position:0% +everything a bit more secure also a +public key is a very long it's about 512 + + align:start position:0% +public key is a very long it's about 512 + + + align:start position:0% +public key is a very long it's about 512 +bits and so you can shrink the data and + + align:start position:0% +bits and so you can shrink the data and + + + align:start position:0% +bits and so you can shrink the data and +make the data more + + align:start position:0% +make the data more + + + align:start position:0% +make the data more +pressed by hashing it which took it to + + align:start position:0% +pressed by hashing it which took it to + + + align:start position:0% +pressed by hashing it which took it to +256 bits he hashes it twice and then he + + align:start position:0% +256 bits he hashes it twice and then he + + + align:start position:0% +256 bits he hashes it twice and then he +does this base 58 that makes it even a + + align:start position:0% +does this base 58 that makes it even a + + + align:start position:0% +does this base 58 that makes it even a +little tighter so for all purposes you + + align:start position:0% +little tighter so for all purposes you + + + align:start position:0% +little tighter so for all purposes you +can go ahead and just use public key and + + align:start position:0% +can go ahead and just use public key and + + + align:start position:0% +can go ahead and just use public key and +Bitcoin addresses to say but remember + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin addresses to say but remember + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin addresses to say but remember +back in the mind Oh actually they're + + align:start position:0% +back in the mind Oh actually they're + + + align:start position:0% +back in the mind Oh actually they're +they're a little different and Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +they're a little different and Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +they're a little different and Bitcoin +addresses are a little bit more secure + + align:start position:0% +addresses are a little bit more secure + + + align:start position:0% +addresses are a little bit more secure +supposedly unless of course somebody's + + align:start position:0% +supposedly unless of course somebody's + + + align:start position:0% +supposedly unless of course somebody's +hacked into your wallet and figured out + + align:start position:0% +hacked into your wallet and figured out + + + align:start position:0% +hacked into your wallet and figured out +all these little details a Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +all these little details a Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +all these little details a Bitcoin +address is a little bit like the + + align:start position:0% +address is a little bit like the + + + align:start position:0% +address is a little bit like the +signatures on these notes we talked + + align:start position:0% +signatures on these notes we talked + + + align:start position:0% +signatures on these notes we talked +about right remember what 1/2 of you + + align:start position:0% +about right remember what 1/2 of you + + + align:start position:0% +about right remember what 1/2 of you +don't use checking accounts but these + + align:start position:0% +don't use checking accounts but these + + + align:start position:0% +don't use checking accounts but these +are early forms of checks and there's a + + align:start position:0% +are early forms of checks and there's a + + + align:start position:0% +are early forms of checks and there's a +signature on the bottom that's really + + align:start position:0% +signature on the bottom that's really + + + align:start position:0% +signature on the bottom that's really +kind of a Bitcoin address I'm sorry the + + align:start position:0% +kind of a Bitcoin address I'm sorry the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a Bitcoin address I'm sorry the +signature is the digital signature the + + align:start position:0% +signature is the digital signature the + + + align:start position:0% +signature is the digital signature the +address the Bitcoin address is who it's + + align:start position:0% +address the Bitcoin address is who it's + + + align:start position:0% +address the Bitcoin address is who it's +paid for and I promise last slide we're + + align:start position:0% +paid for and I promise last slide we're + + + align:start position:0% +paid for and I promise last slide we're +gonna be talking about this next week + + align:start position:0% +gonna be talking about this next week + + + align:start position:0% +gonna be talking about this next week +transactions all that stuff that rolls + + align:start position:0% +transactions all that stuff that rolls + + + align:start position:0% +transactions all that stuff that rolls +up into the Merkle trees all that little + + align:start position:0% +up into the Merkle trees all that little + + + align:start position:0% +up into the Merkle trees all that little +itty-bitty important information they + + align:start position:0% +itty-bitty important information they + + + align:start position:0% +itty-bitty important information they +basically have an input and an output + + align:start position:0% +basically have an input and an output + + + align:start position:0% +basically have an input and an output +the input and a lock time but the input + + align:start position:0% +the input and a lock time but the input + + + align:start position:0% +the input and a lock time but the input +is a previous transaction this uniquely + + align:start position:0% +is a previous transaction this uniquely + + + align:start position:0% +is a previous transaction this uniquely +identifies basically money and you're + + align:start position:0% +identifies basically money and you're + + + align:start position:0% +identifies basically money and you're +gonna send value in Satoshi's he named + + align:start position:0% +gonna send value in Satoshi's he named + + + align:start position:0% +gonna send value in Satoshi's he named +the unit of account for himself + + align:start position:0% +the unit of account for himself + + + align:start position:0% +the unit of account for himself +there's a lot of satoshis and every one + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of satoshis and every one + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of satoshis and every one +bitcoin that's why we don't hear much + + align:start position:0% +bitcoin that's why we don't hear much + + + align:start position:0% +bitcoin that's why we don't hear much +about Satoshi's but there's 10 to the + + align:start position:0% +about Satoshi's but there's 10 to the + + + align:start position:0% +about Satoshi's but there's 10 to the +8th satoshis and every one bitcoin so + + align:start position:0% +8th satoshis and every one bitcoin so + + + align:start position:0% +8th satoshis and every one bitcoin so +when you actually enter in the computer + + align:start position:0% +when you actually enter in the computer + + + align:start position:0% +when you actually enter in the computer +code and a transaction you're doing it + + align:start position:0% +code and a transaction you're doing it + + + align:start position:0% +code and a transaction you're doing it +in satoshis and it's sent to a public + + align:start position:0% +in satoshis and it's sent to a public + + + align:start position:0% +in satoshis and it's sent to a public +key that's a coin that is what the + + align:start position:0% +key that's a coin that is what the + + + align:start position:0% +key that's a coin that is what the +incentive system is all about any other + + align:start position:0% +incentive system is all about any other + + + align:start position:0% +incentive system is all about any other +questions + + align:start position:0% +questions + + + align:start position:0% +questions +and this is just I know there's a lot I + + align:start position:0% +and this is just I know there's a lot I + + + align:start position:0% +and this is just I know there's a lot I +wonder how many of you are gonna come + + align:start position:0% +wonder how many of you are gonna come + + + align:start position:0% +wonder how many of you are gonna come +back one Thursday no let me say this + + align:start position:0% +back one Thursday no let me say this + + + align:start position:0% +back one Thursday no let me say this +it's not just that we're at MIT but we + + align:start position:0% +it's not just that we're at MIT but we + + + align:start position:0% +it's not just that we're at MIT but we +are at MIT come on everybody in this + + align:start position:0% +are at MIT come on everybody in this + + + align:start position:0% +are at MIT come on everybody in this +room can get these kind of key concepts + + align:start position:0% +room can get these kind of key concepts + + + align:start position:0% +room can get these kind of key concepts +the key questions that we talked about + + align:start position:0% +the key questions that we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +the key questions that we talked about +were time-stamped append-only logs does + + align:start position:0% +were time-stamped append-only logs does + + + align:start position:0% +were time-stamped append-only logs does +anybody want to tell me what it touch + + align:start position:0% +anybody want to tell me what it touch + + + align:start position:0% +anybody want to tell me what it touch +what if this class here in the next + + align:start position:0% +what if this class here in the next + + + align:start position:0% +what if this class here in the next +seven minutes can get these two concepts + + align:start position:0% +seven minutes can get these two concepts + + + align:start position:0% +seven minutes can get these two concepts +that's all we talked about for the last + + align:start position:0% +that's all we talked about for the last + + + align:start position:0% +that's all we talked about for the last +hour so I don't know your name in the + + align:start position:0% +hour so I don't know your name in the + + + align:start position:0% +hour so I don't know your name in the +orange shirt + + align:start position:0% +orange shirt + + + align:start position:0% +orange shirt +what's that Candra andrew what's time + + align:start position:0% +what's that Candra andrew what's time + + + align:start position:0% +what's that Candra andrew what's time +append-only logs is essentially actually + + align:start position:0% +append-only logs is essentially actually + + + align:start position:0% +append-only logs is essentially actually +they're a block is blockchain uses it + + align:start position:0% +they're a block is blockchain uses it + + + align:start position:0% +they're a block is blockchain uses it +with a time and that can't be changed in + + align:start position:0% +with a time and that can't be changed in + + + align:start position:0% +with a time and that can't be changed in +the future so it's kind of immutable + + align:start position:0% +the future so it's kind of immutable + + + align:start position:0% +the future so it's kind of immutable +because of all this cryptography Stewart + + align:start position:0% +because of all this cryptography Stewart + + + align:start position:0% +because of all this cryptography Stewart +Hebert was making it in a timestamp + + align:start position:0% +Hebert was making it in a timestamp + + + align:start position:0% +Hebert was making it in a timestamp +append-only log and he was placing it + + align:start position:0% +append-only log and he was placing it + + + align:start position:0% +append-only log and he was placing it +where Carol and you still with me where + + align:start position:0% +where Carol and you still with me where + + + align:start position:0% +where Carol and you still with me where +was hey we're putting it New York Times + + align:start position:0% +was hey we're putting it New York Times + + + align:start position:0% +was hey we're putting it New York Times +there you go in the classified section + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so it's just it's a bunch of blocks of + + align:start position:0% +so it's just it's a bunch of blocks of + + + align:start position:0% +so it's just it's a bunch of blocks of +data compressed up so we talked about + + align:start position:0% +data compressed up so we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +data compressed up so we talked about +something called Merkle trees and Merkle + + align:start position:0% +something called Merkle trees and Merkle + + + align:start position:0% +something called Merkle trees and Merkle +roots just think about is that's a way + + align:start position:0% +roots just think about is that's a way + + + align:start position:0% +roots just think about is that's a way +to take a lot of information and + + align:start position:0% +to take a lot of information and + + + align:start position:0% +to take a lot of information and +compress it but also make it searchable + + align:start position:0% +compress it but also make it searchable + + + align:start position:0% +compress it but also make it searchable +later because a thousand transactions + + align:start position:0% +later because a thousand transactions + + + align:start position:0% +later because a thousand transactions +when we talk next week you'd have to be + + align:start position:0% +when we talk next week you'd have to be + + + align:start position:0% +when we talk next week you'd have to be +able to verify somebody asked me about + + align:start position:0% +able to verify somebody asked me about + + + align:start position:0% +able to verify somebody asked me about +how to verify right chuckling when you + + align:start position:0% +how to verify right chuckling when you + + + align:start position:0% +how to verify right chuckling when you +go back to verify you need an index + + align:start position:0% +go back to verify you need an index + + + align:start position:0% +go back to verify you need an index +number to find it in that Merkle tree + + align:start position:0% +number to find it in that Merkle tree + + + align:start position:0% +number to find it in that Merkle tree +situation and it's secured through hash + + align:start position:0% +situation and it's secured through hash + + + align:start position:0% +situation and it's secured through hash +functions anybody want to tell me the + + align:start position:0% +functions anybody want to tell me the + + + align:start position:0% +functions anybody want to tell me the +easiest lay definition of a hash hash + + align:start position:0% +easiest lay definition of a hash hash + + + align:start position:0% +easiest lay definition of a hash hash +function Jennifer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +just one right you could take a picture + + align:start position:0% +just one right you could take a picture + + + align:start position:0% +just one right you could take a picture +of this classroom and everybody exactly + + align:start position:0% +of this classroom and everybody exactly + + + align:start position:0% +of this classroom and everybody exactly +and it could map into something I don't + + align:start position:0% +and it could map into something I don't + + + align:start position:0% +and it could map into something I don't +know what a QR code be a form of a hash + + align:start position:0% +know what a QR code be a form of a hash + + + align:start position:0% +know what a QR code be a form of a hash +not cryptographically secure but is it a + + align:start position:0% +not cryptographically secure but is it a + + + align:start position:0% +not cryptographically secure but is it a +is it a hash graphic hash function is a + + align:start position:0% +is it a hash graphic hash function is a + + + align:start position:0% +is it a hash graphic hash function is a +way to take not only a lot of + + align:start position:0% +way to take not only a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +way to take not only a lot of +information and put it into a fixed form + + align:start position:0% +information and put it into a fixed form + + + align:start position:0% +information and put it into a fixed form +but the key thing here is the hash + + align:start position:0% +but the key thing here is the hash + + + align:start position:0% +but the key thing here is the hash +functions are what tie the blocks + + align:start position:0% +functions are what tie the blocks + + + align:start position:0% +functions are what tie the blocks +together because hash functions can + + align:start position:0% +together because hash functions can + + + align:start position:0% +together because hash functions can +point to previous information and as the + + align:start position:0% +point to previous information and as the + + + align:start position:0% +point to previous information and as the +video showed if you change any of the + + align:start position:0% +video showed if you change any of the + + + align:start position:0% +video showed if you change any of the +underlying information the hash changes + + align:start position:0% +underlying information the hash changes + + + align:start position:0% +underlying information the hash changes +so what does that give you + + align:start position:0% +so what does that give you + + + align:start position:0% +so what does that give you +it basically secures the data you know + + align:start position:0% +it basically secures the data you know + + + align:start position:0% +it basically secures the data you know +if somebody's tampered so the only + + align:start position:0% +if somebody's tampered so the only + + + align:start position:0% +if somebody's tampered so the only +reason to really learn about hash + + align:start position:0% +reason to really learn about hash + + + align:start position:0% +reason to really learn about hash +functions is it's to say oh I get it + + align:start position:0% +functions is it's to say oh I get it + + + align:start position:0% +functions is it's to say oh I get it +this is one of the ways to make this + + align:start position:0% +this is one of the ways to make this + + + align:start position:0% +this is one of the ways to make this +data tamper proof how would any relevant + + align:start position:0% +data tamper proof how would any relevant + + + align:start position:0% +data tamper proof how would any relevant +change be adopted in the Bitcoin is + + align:start position:0% +change be adopted in the Bitcoin is + + + align:start position:0% +change be adopted in the Bitcoin is +always a challenge because it's a + + align:start position:0% +always a challenge because it's a + + + align:start position:0% +always a challenge because it's a +decentralized network and all + + align:start position:0% +decentralized network and all + + + align:start position:0% +decentralized network and all +decentralized networks have a little bit + + align:start position:0% +decentralized networks have a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +decentralized networks have a little bit +of a governance challenge the governance + + align:start position:0% +of a governance challenge the governance + + + align:start position:0% +of a governance challenge the governance +challenge is how do you do software + + align:start position:0% +challenge is how do you do software + + + align:start position:0% +challenge is how do you do software +updates we all know that on our laptops + + align:start position:0% +updates we all know that on our laptops + + + align:start position:0% +updates we all know that on our laptops +our iPhones + + align:start position:0% +our iPhones + + + align:start position:0% +our iPhones +there's probably software updates going + + align:start position:0% +there's probably software updates going + + + align:start position:0% +there's probably software updates going +on here now unbeknownst to me right + + align:start position:0% +on here now unbeknownst to me right + + + align:start position:0% +on here now unbeknownst to me right +there probably just apples drop you know + + align:start position:0% +there probably just apples drop you know + + + align:start position:0% +there probably just apples drop you know +I mean who knows what they're doing in + + align:start position:0% +I mean who knows what they're doing in + + + align:start position:0% +I mean who knows what they're doing in +here right and and uber I really one of + + align:start position:0% +here right and and uber I really one of + + + align:start position:0% +here right and and uber I really one of +my favorites who knows what's happening + + align:start position:0% +my favorites who knows what's happening + + + align:start position:0% +my favorites who knows what's happening +inside this phone but the the commercial + + align:start position:0% +inside this phone but the the commercial + + + align:start position:0% +inside this phone but the the commercial +enterprise the central authority has a + + align:start position:0% +enterprise the central authority has a + + + align:start position:0% +enterprise the central authority has a +way to update the software we + + align:start position:0% +way to update the software we + + + align:start position:0% +way to update the software we +probably signed some Terms of Use that + + align:start position:0% +probably signed some Terms of Use that + + + align:start position:0% +probably signed some Terms of Use that +allows them to do that in in a + + align:start position:0% +allows them to do that in in a + + + align:start position:0% +allows them to do that in in a +decentralized network like this there + + align:start position:0% +decentralized network like this there + + + align:start position:0% +decentralized network like this there +has to be consensus and so the only way + + align:start position:0% +has to be consensus and so the only way + + + align:start position:0% +has to be consensus and so the only way +really to update the software for a new + + align:start position:0% +really to update the software for a new + + + align:start position:0% +really to update the software for a new +hash function or for most everything + + align:start position:0% +hash function or for most everything + + + align:start position:0% +hash function or for most everything +else is in essence that the nodes the + + align:start position:0% +else is in essence that the nodes the + + + align:start position:0% +else is in essence that the nodes the +operators of the software collectively + + align:start position:0% +operators of the software collectively + + + align:start position:0% +operators of the software collectively +in a consensus form adopted so it's + + align:start position:0% +in a consensus form adopted so it's + + + align:start position:0% +in a consensus form adopted so it's +another way that not only is the data + + align:start position:0% +another way that not only is the data + + + align:start position:0% +another way that not only is the data +immutable because of these hash + + align:start position:0% +immutable because of these hash + + + align:start position:0% +immutable because of these hash +functions but the software is and that + + align:start position:0% +functions but the software is and that + + + align:start position:0% +functions but the software is and that +comes both with benefits and costs some + + align:start position:0% +comes both with benefits and costs some + + + align:start position:0% +comes both with benefits and costs some +people would say that's a bug of + + align:start position:0% +people would say that's a bug of + + + align:start position:0% +people would say that's a bug of +blockchain some people say it's a + + align:start position:0% +blockchain some people say it's a + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain some people say it's a +feature you can come to your own + + align:start position:0% +feature you can come to your own + + + align:start position:0% +feature you can come to your own +judgment over the course of the semester + + align:start position:0% +judgment over the course of the semester + + + align:start position:0% +judgment over the course of the semester +but the software is harder to update + + align:start position:0% +but the software is harder to update + + + align:start position:0% +but the software is harder to update +then software in centralized authorities + + align:start position:0% +then software in centralized authorities + + + align:start position:0% +then software in centralized authorities +because centralized authorities just say + + align:start position:0% +because centralized authorities just say + + + align:start position:0% +because centralized authorities just say +they just push the the now sometimes you + + align:start position:0% +they just push the the now sometimes you + + + align:start position:0% +they just push the the now sometimes you +have to click and say update so but but + + align:start position:0% +have to click and say update so but but + + + align:start position:0% +have to click and say update so but but +don't be naive not every software do you + + align:start position:0% +don't be naive not every software do you + + + align:start position:0% +don't be naive not every software do you +click I mean there's some that's just + + align:start position:0% +click I mean there's some that's just + + + align:start position:0% +click I mean there's some that's just +happening but here you've got to have + + align:start position:0% +happening but here you've got to have + + + align:start position:0% +happening but here you've got to have +consensus I know it didn't answer your + + align:start position:0% +consensus I know it didn't answer your + + + align:start position:0% +consensus I know it didn't answer your +question about the hash function but if + + align:start position:0% +question about the hash function but if + + + align:start position:0% +question about the hash function but if +it were a hash function that had to be + + align:start position:0% +it were a hash function that had to be + + + align:start position:0% +it were a hash function that had to be +updated and everybody said they had to + + align:start position:0% +updated and everybody said they had to + + + align:start position:0% +updated and everybody said they had to +quickly update it there's there's + + align:start position:0% +quickly update it there's there's + + + align:start position:0% +quickly update it there's there's +interesting debates about this but you + + align:start position:0% +interesting debates about this but you + + + align:start position:0% +interesting debates about this but you +wouldn't need to go back over all + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't need to go back over all + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't need to go back over all +540,000 previous blocks you could just + + align:start position:0% +540,000 previous blocks you could just + + + align:start position:0% +540,000 previous blocks you could just +hash all five hundred and forty thousand + + align:start position:0% +hash all five hundred and forty thousand + + + align:start position:0% +hash all five hundred and forty thousand +blocks 180 gigabytes to one 256 or maybe + + align:start position:0% +blocks 180 gigabytes to one 256 or maybe + + + align:start position:0% +blocks 180 gigabytes to one 256 or maybe +it's a DAT different and and then you'd + + align:start position:0% +it's a DAT different and and then you'd + + + align:start position:0% +it's a DAT different and and then you'd +have that and would be tamper proof so + + align:start position:0% +have that and would be tamper proof so + + + align:start position:0% +have that and would be tamper proof so +those are the key things that's what we + + align:start position:0% +those are the key things that's what we + + + align:start position:0% +those are the key things that's what we +covered really what we're gonna cover + + align:start position:0% +covered really what we're gonna cover + + + align:start position:0% +covered really what we're gonna cover +next tuesday's consensus protocol we've + + align:start position:0% +next tuesday's consensus protocol we've + + + align:start position:0% +next tuesday's consensus protocol we've +talked a lot about proof of work here + + align:start position:0% +talked a lot about proof of work here + + + align:start position:0% +talked a lot about proof of work here +because everybody thinks a bitcoin about + + align:start position:0% +because everybody thinks a bitcoin about + + + align:start position:0% +because everybody thinks a bitcoin about +proof of work but we're going to talk + + align:start position:0% +proof of work but we're going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +proof of work but we're going to talk +about proof of work the nodes and the + + align:start position:0% +about proof of work the nodes and the + + + align:start position:0% +about proof of work the nodes and the +native currency and then next Thursday + + align:start position:0% +native currency and then next Thursday + + + align:start position:0% +native currency and then next Thursday +we're going to talk about transactions + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about transactions + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about transactions +again I try to break down this + + align:start position:0% +again I try to break down this + + + align:start position:0% +again I try to break down this +technology + + align:start position:0% +technology + + + align:start position:0% +technology +if you want to forget about this lecture + + align:start position:0% +if you want to forget about this lecture + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to forget about this lecture +and you're gonna go oh my god it was + + align:start position:0% +and you're gonna go oh my god it was + + + align:start position:0% +and you're gonna go oh my god it was +like going to the dentist you could tell + + align:start position:0% +like going to the dentist you could tell + + + align:start position:0% +like going to the dentist you could tell +your friends that you actually know + + align:start position:0% +your friends that you actually know + + + align:start position:0% +your friends that you actually know +something about cryptography it is + + align:start position:0% +something about cryptography it is + + + align:start position:0% +something about cryptography it is +called crypto currencies so how could we + + align:start position:0% +called crypto currencies so how could we + + + align:start position:0% +called crypto currencies so how could we +not know something about cryptography + + align:start position:0% +not know something about cryptography + + + align:start position:0% +not know something about cryptography +but it's basically those three things + + align:start position:0% +but it's basically those three things + + + align:start position:0% +but it's basically those three things +its cryptography + + align:start position:0% +its cryptography + + + align:start position:0% +its cryptography +it's a consensus mechanism and the + + align:start position:0% +it's a consensus mechanism and the + + + align:start position:0% +it's a consensus mechanism and the +transactions so write cryptography + + align:start position:0% +transactions so write cryptography + + + align:start position:0% +transactions so write cryptography +consensus mechanism transactions and we + + align:start position:0% +consensus mechanism transactions and we + + + align:start position:0% +consensus mechanism transactions and we +will get through and and you'll see this + + align:start position:0% +will get through and and you'll see this + + + align:start position:0% +will get through and and you'll see this +matters to finance and whether it's got + + align:start position:0% +matters to finance and whether it's got + + + align:start position:0% +matters to finance and whether it's got +any use cases so thank you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1OGZCt58GLc.txt b/1OGZCt58GLc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b9073dfdf2e25c655b49ffe3862c79bbe12d2f7d --- /dev/null +++ b/1OGZCt58GLc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2998 @@ +The following content is +provided under a Creative + +Commons license. + +Your support will help +MIT OpenCourseWare + +continue to offer high-quality +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation or to +view additional materials + +from hundreds of MIT courses, +visit MIT OpenCourseWare + +at ocw.mit.edu. + +HONG LIU: OK, let us start. + +So let me first +remind you what we + +did at the end of last lecture. + +So we start talking +about how to calculate + +the Euclidean +correlation functions + +or how to relate the +Euclidean correlation + +functions in the boundary field +series to the bulk quantity. + +So the question we are always +interested in-- so the question + +we are always interested +in in the field theory + +is the generating functional. + +And so this is defined, +say, in the Euclidean series + +to be-- we insert this. + +You insert this information +into your Lagrangian. + +And then you just calculate +the correlation function + +of this exponential, OK? + +So even if I write down a single +field phi, single source phi, + +and a single operator-- so you +should really understand this + +as the collapsing of +all possible operators-- + +all possible operators and all +possible corresponding sources + +you can put in. + +And those are a lot +of important things-- + +is that you should imagine this +exponential as a power series, + +OK? + +So this expression should-- for +the purpose of the generating + +functional. + +And this exponential +should be understood + +as a power series in phi. + +So we expand it in phi. + +And then the term +proportion to phi, + +then gives you the one-point +function proportion to phi + +squared, give you the +two-point function of O. + +And the cubic term would +be the three-point function + +of O, et cetera. + +And so this should-- +yeah, this exponential + +does not need to make +sense non-perturbatively. + +You only need to make sense of +it as a power series of phi, + +OK? + +You only need to make +sense of it perturbatively + +and then just given by the +correlation functions of O. + +OK, so this is a +power series of phi, + +which is the coefficient +given by the correlation + +functions of O, OK? + +So this clear? + +And then we argued last time +that given the relation phi + +x is related to some +operator to some field phi, + +to the boundary value of phi. + +Yeah, given that, +say, the operator O + +is related to some +bulk field phi + +and the nominal +[INAUDIBLE] modes, + +the boundary value of phi +should be related to the source + +corresponding to this o, +then you can in some sense + +immediately write down what +this generating function should + +correspond to on +the gravity side. + +This can be conceivably +just a partition function + +with this deformation-- +with this deformation. + +And then this should be +the same as the partition + +function on the gravity side. + +Then we should expect +that CFT phi should + +be the same as the gravity +partition function reaches + +the boundary condition, OK? + +So we expect this +to be true, OK? + +And so this is just +a heuristic way + +of writing the more +precise relation. + +For example, for scalar, +the way to understand + +this is that phi +xz at z goes to 0 + +should goes to phi x +z d minus delta OK? + +So this is a precise +mathematical meaning + +of this relation. + +So the boundary +value of capital phi + +should be given +by the small phi. + +And of course, depending +on different fields, + +then this power +may be different. + +So last time, we +talked about the, say, + +for conserved current, we +just do it to vector fields. + +And then this power will be 0. + +And then also for the +[INAUDIBLE] perturbation + +will be a different +power, et cetera, OK? + +So any questions regarding this? + +Good. + +So now, the thing +is that in general, + +we cannot really verify this +relation because the right-hand + +side is very hard to compute. + +Actually, we don't even know how +to define the right-hand side + +in the full quantum +gravitational regime. + +And it's just a +formal expression. + +Say for quantum gravity +exist, then maybe there should + +exist a partition function, OK? + +But there is a +regime-- we do know + +how to calculate this side. + +So this is so-called +classical gravity regime + +or also called semi +classical regime. + +In the semi classical +regime, which + +is the limit which +alpha prime goes to 0 + +and the G newton goes +to 0 or similarly gs + +go to-- string +coupling goes to zero. + +And in this limit, one can +formally write this z bulk just + +as a Euclidean path integral +of all the bulk fields. + +OK, so now I use the convention +for the Euclidean path integral + +without the minus sign. + +So we just integrate, say-- +so this is your action. + +Then you integrate over all +possible gravity fields. + +Again, this should be +integrated as a collection + +of all the fields +on the gravity side, + +including whatever scalar field, +gravity, vector field-- you + +catch everything, OK? + +And there'll be some appropriate +boundary condition-- OK, so + +appropriate boundary condition. + +And so this SE-- so this SE, +just the Euclidean action-- + +standard Euclidean action. + +Say the Einstein +term and the plus-- + +say the matter terms, OK. + +And then the leading order in +this limit-- and the meeting + +order in that +limit, you can just + +perform this integral by +saddle point of approximation, + +which is say, alpha +prime goes to 0 limit, + +kappa goes to 0 limit. + +OK, kappa is essentially +the G newton. + +So you can calculate +this path integral + +by saddle point approximation. + +Just solve the equation motion +following from this action, OK? + +I assume you all know what's +saddle point approximation. + +So the saddle point +approximation you just solve. + +So z bulk-- that's given by SE. + +Now you evaluate +it at the solution + +of the classical +equation motion. + +So phi c is just a +classical solution. + +It's a classic solution which +satisfies the right boundary + +condition. + +Correct boundary condition, OK? + +So in this limit, we can +really calculate this quantity. + +And this is very good news. + +This is very good +news because this + +limit-- because this limit is +the-- what did we say before? + +N equal to infinity. + +And the lambda goes to infinity +limit of the boundary theory + +of the super Yang-Mills theory. + +OK, so we can actually-- +so given this, + +then essentially we know +the generating functional. + +Then we can actually calculate +the correlation functions + +in the strongly coupled +field series, OK? + +And it's just by solving the +classical gravity equation, + +just by solving the +classical gravity equations. + +So we conclude-- this is +an important equation. + +So let me write it here. + +Yes, so let me just make a small +remark-- make a small remark. + +So to [? read in ?] order, +this correlation function + +essentially is controlled by +this 1 over 2 kappa square. + +So this is 1 over 2 newton. + +So remember that +previously, we-- + +when we talk about relation +between the G newton + +and the field theory relation, +this is proportional to N + +square, N square of +the [INAUDIBLE] theory. + +And this is indeed consistent. + +So in the saddle point +approximation, the SE, + +this is just controlled by 1 +over 2 kappa square when we + +just [? put it ?] to N square. + +And this is indeed consistent +with our expectation + +from [INAUDIBLE] theory that the +leading order, the generating + +functional, should be +proportional to N square, OK? + +We support for normalization. + +OK, so now we have obtained +something powerful. + +So now we have obtained +something very powerful. + +It said in the N +equal to infinity + +and the lambda goes to infinity +limit, the logarithm of CFT, + +the generating functional, +is related to-- we + +said the boundary condition, +the boundary value. + +Yeah, this is the +boundary condition. + +Yeah, maybe. + +Just, we have this, +which is the boundary + +value which phi c goes to +z to some power of phi x. + +And thus, z goes to 0, OK? + +OK? + +And this is the part of the +[? non-normalizable ?] mode + +for this bulk field phi, OK? + +And this a-- so this +precise number a + +depends on-- so this +exponent a depends on, say, + +dimension of the operator. + +Dimension, spin-- say, +possible other quantum numbers + +of operator. + +So for scalar, we just have this +guy, which we just wrote, OK? + +And so let me remind +you for the vector, + +for the conserved current, +which is due to a vector field, + +to a gauge field, to a +massless vector field-- + +and then this gives +you a equal to 0. + +Yeah, maybe this just gives +you a equal to 0 in this case. + +So the leading, +non-normalizable term-- + +so just the boundary +value of the vector field + +is just given by the +source to the current. + +And for the metric, we +discussed last time, + +is that for the +metric perturbation, + +we just do it to +the stress tensor. + +So this is corresponding +to a equal to 2, OK? + +So where this comes from is +that, remember-- and last time, + +we say that A mu-- say if +you have a gauge field, + +say a [? mass ?] term, when +you go to the boundary, + +then you get a mu then +plus some b mu Z d minus 2. + +So you see, there's no power +here, Z equal to 0 here, OK? + +Similarly for the metric, +component of the metric, + +go to 0, goes to 1 +over Z square, say, + +the boundary value. + +And the boundaries-- +yeah, delta g mu + +is the source to the-- for +[? T mu. ?] So here, the a is + +actually equal to minus 2. + +Or a equal to 2, yeah-- +a equal to minus 2. + +That's right. + +OK? + +Any questions on this? + +Now let me make some remarks. + +So the first remark is what +I said a little bit earlier. + +It's that the phi x in +this generating functional + +should be considered +as infinitesimal. + +OK? + +So the reason we want +to consider same term + +is that what we said before. + +We said we should consider +the generating functional + +simply just as a power series. + +Because we don't want +to take on perturbation + +to deform your regional +series, to actually change + +your regional series. + +We just use it as a +generating function. + +So similarly, the same +thing should be considered + +the gravity side, OK? + +So similarly on the +gravity side-- so this phi + +is due to the +non-normalizable mode. + +So this non-normalizable mode +should also be infinitesimal. + +OK, so don't disturb your +asymptotic ADS geometry. + +OK, any questions? + +So this is first remark. + +The second remark-- now +let me call this equation. + +Let me give the equation name. + +It said that both sides of star +are actually divergent, OK? + +Are actually divergent. + +So the left-hand side, +for a very simple reason, + +we are considering a +quantum field theory. + +We are considering a generating +function of composite operators + +in a quantum field theory. + +They're always short distance +divergences when the two + +operators come together, OK? + +So this is just the usual +uv divergences of a QFT. + +On the right-hand +side, we will see soon + +in the example this +is also divergent. + +And the reason it's divergent +is also we have seen it before. + +So remember the ADS +metric is like this. + +OK, so I write all boundary +directions together + +in terms of dx squared. + +So because when Z-- when you go +to the boundary, Z goes to 0. + +And then the whole +metric blows up. + +So essentially, you +have infinite volume. + +And yeah, essentially-- +so roughly you + +can say this is a volume +divergence near boundary + +of ADS, OK? + +So the relation between +them, of course, + +is precisely what we +called IR uv connection. + +So the IR-- so the volume +divergences associated, say, + +with the space time +have infinite volume + +is related to the uv divergences +in the field series sites, OK? + +So in order to actually +obtain the finite answer, + +we need to renormalize them. + +We need to renormalize them. + +So the idea to role match +them from the field theory + +point of view, +essentially, you need + +to add some counterterms to +cancel the divergences, OK? + +You need to add the counterterms +to cancel the divergences. + +So the similar logic we +do on the gravity side. + +So that means that in order to +make sense of this expression, + +we introduce a +renormalized action + +which is defined by your +original action-- say, + +the [INAUDIBLE] action. + +But this is divergence. + +So we first need +to regularize it. + +So we normally do +regularization. + +So instead of +evaluating all the way + +to z equal to 0, which +will be divergent, + +we cut it off at some +z equal to epsilon. + +So this is your full space time. + +So z equal to 0 is, +again, your boundary. + +So you integrate all +the way to z equal to 0. + +You will get a divergence. + +So we just cut it off at +a z equal to epsilon, OK? + +And then we added +the counterterm, + +which can be expressed +in terms of the phi + +c evaluated at this epsilon, OK? + +And this [? displaced ?] row +should cancel the divergence + +here, OK? + +Should cancel divergence here. + +But this St is +much-- so St should + +satisfy some simple criterion. + +In principle, this +St can be arbitrary, + +but should satisfy +some criterion. + +First, this must be local +functionals of phi c, OK? + +The reason it must be +local functionals of phi c + +is because this should come +from short distance physics. + +And short distance +physics is not + +something we can +really control even + +in the renormalizable theories. + +Even in the +renormalizable theories, + +we just look at +the quantity which + +are insensitive to those +short distance physics. + +So the short distance physics, +not something we can control. + +But one important thing +about short distance physics + +is that they all must come +from a single point, OK? + +So it means the counterterm +you act must be local, OK? + +And of course must be +covariant, et cetera. + +So local, covariant-- satisfy +those basic conditions + +and the covariant, et cetera, +with all the right symmetry. + +Essentially, this is +the only condition + +those counterterms +should satisfy. + +And then you can just +choose your counterterms + +to cancel the divergent +terms here, OK? + +But now the key +thing is that this + +is different from just throwing +away the divergent term here. + +Because this counterterm also +contain some finite terms. + +So that's normally, in +the [INAUDIBLE] field + +series, that may change +the finite terms here. + +And those finite +terms are constrained + +by the locality +and the covariant + +and [? those ?] symmetries. + +And actually, there's no +ambiguity in them, OK? + +Even though the divergent +term, in some sense, + +there's ambiguity. + +But in the finite term, +there's no ambiguity. + +And so we will see an example +at the end of this class. + +OK, so we need to +renormalize them. + +And this is the criterion +to normalize it, OK? + +So once we have +renormalized it, then we + +can just obtain the +n-point function. + +So the general +n-point function-- + +say, oy x1, on xn-- if you +look at this n-point function, + +so let's say +connected, then we'll + +be just corresponding +to the standard story. + +You just take n derivatives +on the partition function, not + +the normalized one. + +OK, so you take derivative +over phi 1 corresponding to o1 + +and then phi 2 +corresponding to o2, + +et cetera, and the phi +n corresponding to xn. + +And then at the end +of the calculation, + +after you have done +the derivative, + +you set all the phi to 0, OK? + +So then you have extracted +n-point function, OK? + +So this is the same +that you expand + +that exponential in power series +and then only extract terms + +power n in phi, OK? + +So same thing. + +And now because this +is now equal to that-- + +so we can write this in +terms of gravity quantities. + +So writing as n-point +function of SE + +will normalize SE as a function +phi c, now phi 1 x1, phi n xn. + +Then at the end, you +take phi equal to 0, OK? + +All the phi to 0, OK? + +So now you in principle, by +calculating the gravity action + +with the appropriate +boundary condition, + +then you would have obtained +any n-point functions + +from the field theory. + +Any questions about this? + +Yes. + +AUDIENCE: Can we check that +relations start on the lattice? + +HONG LIU: Can we check that? + +Yeah, in principle, you can. + +But it's just not easy to do. + +AUDIENCE: Have people tried? + +HONG LIU: So people have +tried, not for super Yang-Mills + +series. + +So there's some version of +these for some matrix quantum + +mechanics. + +People have tried. + +In matrix quantum mechanics +on the left-hand side, + +you can actually calculate +using the lattice + +or using Monte Carlo. + +So maybe not lattice. + +It's just a matrix integral. + +You can calculate it +using a Monte Carlo + +and then can compare +with the gravity. + +Then they turned out to agree +with very high accuracy. + +But for super Yang-Mills +series, the left-hand side + +is not doable yet using +lattice calculation. + +So-- and the one +particularly important thing + +is the one-point function. + +So maybe just separate +it to mention elliptics. + +So one-point +function is important + +because one-point +function just expectation + +value, which of course we +often are interested in. + +So if you have a +symmetry breaking, + +whether you develop +expectation value + +or if you want to extract the +expectation value of a stress + +tensor, et cetera. + +So the one-point function is +of very special importance + +in many cases. + +And also, if you know +the one-point function + +in the presence of the +source, then essentially, + +you actually know the +full n-point function. + +Because you can just take +the derivatives here. + +Then you can get to the +higher point functions because + +of the-- yeah, if you +know the source here, + +if you take one +derivative, now you get + +two-point function, et cetera. + +OK? + +So one-point +function-- so one-point + +function we can write +as the following. + +So you just take one +derivative, delta phi + +x, due to this operator, OK? + +So now let's do the scalar case. + +But similar can be +applied to other case, OK? + +So you can just +replace this phi x + +by the boundary +value of capital phi. + +So this is for the scalar case. + +And you could write it +as delta SE of phi c. + +On the right I said, +derivative over phi c z, x. + +And as z goes to 0. + +Because phi c has to +approach phi with this power. + +And essentially, you +just replace it, OK? + +But the reason we want to write +this form-- because this form + +have a very nice +geometric interpretation. + +This has a very nice +geometric interpretation + +because delta SE, delta +phi c evaluated at z, x + +should be equal to phi c z, x. + +And this pi, which is +the canonical momentum + +conjugate to phi treating +the z direction as time. + +This z direction +treating as time. + +And so this pi c just means +it's the classical-- means + +that this is evaluated to +the classical solution-- + +classical solution phi c. + +So this expression-- is this +expression obvious to you? + +AUDIENCE: No. + +Just from the other graphs. + +HONG LIU: Hm? + +AUDIENCE: It's just [INAUDIBLE] +conjugation, essentially, + +right? + +HONG LIU: Yeah, this is +the-- yeah, actually, + +I forgot the name +of this equation. + +Maybe it's-- normally +this equation is taught + +in the so-called +Hamilton-Jacobi theory. + +It's normally called in +the Hamilton-Jacobi theory. + +But this is a well-known fact +in the classical mechanics. + +Let me just tell you one thing. + +So consider you have a, say, +classical mechanical system. + +So you move from t0 to t1, OK? + +And then suppose +you have already + +found your classical solution. + +So this is a +classical trajectory. + +And then suppose you evaluate +your classical action. + +Say so this is t0 to t1 dt, +all evaluated at Xc, Xc dot, et + +cetera, OK? + +Xc is already +classical solution. + +And so this function-- and +let's suppose that Xc at t0 + +is equal to X0, Xc +at t1 equal to X1. + +So this is the initial +value and the final value + +of your trajectory, OK? + +And then-- so clearly, because +of this boundary condition, + +the S depends on X0 and X1. + +Then this is an +important statement + +in classical mechanics-- +is that delta S, + +you do the valuation over the +final value of your location. + +This gives you the momentum +at that point at P1. + +And if you do the +valuation over delta X0, + +then that gives you the initial +momentum, the [INAUDIBLE] + +or the initial momentum, +at this point, OK? + +So if you're not +familiar with this fact, + +try to derive it yourself +when you go home. + +Take two minutes to derive it. + +If you find the right +the way to do it, + +it's actually very simple. + +Yeah, but it's also in the +chapter 1 of Landau, Lifshitz. + +And it's very-- essentially +the first few pages + +of Landau, Lifshitz. + +You can also take +a look at that. + +And now this situation we have +here is very similar to that. + +So we are evaluating the +classical action all the way + +to some value of z. + +And z essentially is the +boundary-- is the time here. + +And the phi c is the value +of phi at this value of z, + +which is the analog +of our X1 here, OK? + +Then you take the derivative-- +so this is a function, + +a version with that. + +Then you take the +derivative over phi c, + +which is the value-- because +[? one you ?] take derivative + +over X1. + +Then here, you get the P1. + +There, you get equals 1 in +momentum conjugate to phi, OK? + +So this is just the +functional version of that. + +Any questions on this? + +So now we have a very +elegant expression. + +We said the one-point function. + +We said now, if you +look at this-- now, + +the one-point function-- so even +in the presence of the source, + +you just z equal to 0 +limit-- z to the power + +d minus delta, pi c z, x. + +And of course, +this should also be + +renormalized because of +here, we renormalized R. + +So here, it should +also be renormalized. + +And so here-- yeah, OK? + +Yeah, so this is +a nice expression. + +So it tells you that +the one-point function + +you see essentially +just goes one + +into a limit of the canonical +momentum to that field + +evaluated at the boundary, OK? + +So now, with a +little bit of effort, + +we will show-- so you +remember phi x, z, + +when you go to z equal to 0, as +we said last time equal to Ax, + +you have two +asymptotic behavior. + +So this A is related +to the source. + +So A is related to the phi. + +So we discussed last time A +is related to the phi, OK? + +So now you can show, +using this expression, + +that the one-point +function is actually + +exactly equal to 2 nu times B. + +And the nu-- yeah, let me +just introduce my notation, + +remind you of which we +had been used last time. + +You said the delta. + +So last time, we +derived this delta + +equal to d divided by 2 plus nu. + +And the nu is equal +to d squared over 4 + +plus m squared R squared +for scalar fields, OK? + +So you can show-- +so we will do that. + +We will reach this point at +the end of this class, OK? + +So you show that actually, the +one-point function precisely + +is given by B. + +So this is very nice. + +This is very nice. + +So you have two +asymptotic behavior. + +And one of them is +related to the source. + +And the other is related to +the expectation value, OK? + +And so I urge you to do a +self-consistency check yourself + +as we did last time that the +[INAUDIBLE] you can determine + +the dimension of this operator, +which is precisely delta. + +And from this +relation, you can also + +check that this +relation is compatible. + +We said O have +dimension delta, OK? + +And delta are given +by that delta. + +Again, this you can check just +by the scaling the two side, + +the how two sides scale +under the scaling, OK? + +AUDIENCE: So usually +in QFT there's + +no relation between +the conjugate momentum + +and one-point function? + +There's no kind of a-- + +HONG LIU: No, no. + +No, this is conjugate +momentum in the gravity side. + +This is not-- + +AUDIENCE: So within +QFT, there isn't any-- + +HONG LIU: No, this is the +gravity canonical momentum + +related to the field +theory one-point function. + +This has nothing to do with +canonical momentum on the field + +theory side. + +So this is the canonical +momentum on the gravity side. + +The boundary value of +the canonical momentum + +on the gravity side with +the rate of direction + +treated as the time, which +gives you the one-point function + +in the field theory. + +Good. + +Good, OK. + +So now let's look at +them more explicitly. + +So let's now give you +an example to compute + +the two-point function +for scalar operator. + +And then we'll also +derive this relation. + +We'll also derive +this relation, OK? + +So before we do that, do +you have any questions? + +Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: I guess +usually in QFT, + +when you have Gaussian integrals +and one-point function is + +0, in what case does +this happen here? + +HONG LIU: Say-- in +many cases, in QFT-- + +so if you have any state +with a non-zero [? energy, ?] + +any state above the +ground state where you + +have a non-zero stress tensor. + +And then the stress tensor +will have a one-point function. + +And so for example, if you +have a symmetry breaking + +in the scalar fields, we also +have expectation value, yeah. + +And also, if you have +charge density, than + +the current will have +expectation value. + +Yeah. + +Any other questions? + +So yeah, actually, +before we do the example, + +let me also make a brief +remark why we actually first + +considered the Euclidean +correlation functions. + +So now first, can +I ask the reason + +why we want to do the Euclidean +correlation function first? + +Hm? + +AUDIENCE: It's easier? + +HONG LIU: It's true. + +It's true. + +And why it's easier? + +Hm? + +AUDIENCE: You can-- + +HONG LIU: Sorry? + +AUDIENCE: Usually +Euclidean takes less time. + +HONG LIU: It's true. + +Yeah, so there's several +reasons maybe to save time. + +Actually, we don't +have much time. + +Several reasons-- first +Euclidean interval, + +you can more easily define +it using the Euclidean path + +integral. + +And so there's no ordering +issues, et cetera. + +And we just have Euclidean +correlation functions. + +But the Lorentzian +correlation functions, + +there are many of them. + +So it depends on the +orderings, et cetera. + +And the typical Lorentzian +function cannot be defined + +straightforwardly +using path integral. + +So except the Feynman +correlation functions, + +say time-ordered. + +So if you want to look at other +ordered correlation functions, + +they cannot be defined +straightforward. + +They cannot be defined +straightforward using path + +integral. + +And so it's much +more complicated. + +Actually, for many +applications-- in particular, + +say, for the linear response +for the many body system-- + +say for condensed +matter or for QCD, + +et cetera, mostly we're +interested in the retarded + +Green function. + +And that is not easy to +define using path integral. + +And so you need to +develop some other tricks. + +So that's why we are +doing the Euclidean first. + +OK? + +So now let's look at example +two-point function of a scalar, + +OK? + +So this is essentially +the simplest example. + +And for a two-point +function, they only + +need to have the +quadratic term in phi, OK? + +And that means +here, you only need + +to include the quadratic +term in capital phi. + +So that means it's enough +just to consider the action + +to the quadratic reliable, OK? + +So that means that +if we are interested + +in the two-point function +to leading order, then + +you can just look at +the quadratic action. + +And for scalar, then, +for scalar operator O, + +then you are just [INAUDIBLE] +massive scalar fields. + +So we can write down +Euclidean action. + +OK? + +You don't have to worry about +the higher order corrections. + +And then the metric is the +Euclidean version of this. + +It's just the Euclidean metric. + +And this is dx +squared-- so dx squared, + +Euclidean metric, +dx squared will + +be just delta [? mu ?] +mu, dx mu, dx mu. + +It's really just the +standard Euclidean metric. + +So essentially, we +take the-- so here, + +where previously +was minus dt squared + +plus the vector x square. + +Then we take that dt square +into Euclidean signature. + +Then it just becomes +a pure Euclidean. + +All right, I hope this is clear. + +And then our goal is just +find renormalized phi c using + +this action, which satisfies the +right boundary condition, OK? + +OK, so this is our goal. + +And if we find this guy, +then you take the derivative. + +Then you get +two-point functions. + +OK, first, let me-- +first, you can write down + +the canonical momentum with +the z as the time direction. + +So this is just-- OK, so +this is canonical momentum. + +Under the equation motion-- +OK, equation motion. + +And again, because of +a translation symmetry + +in those X in the +boundary directions, + +we can write it in +the Fourier transform. + +You can write x, z +in the form of k, z-- + +so [? expression ?] ikx, just as +we did last time when we solved + +the [? free ?] theory. + +Then this gives +you-- so you plug + +this in when you put in +the explicit metric here. + +Then you get z d plus +1 partial z z 1 minus + +d partial z phi minus +k squared z squared phi + +and then minus m square R +square phi equal to 0, OK? + +So this is very similar +to what we did before, + +what we did last time when we +talked about normalizable modes + +and non-normalizable modes. + +This is the same equation. + +The only difference is now we +are in the Euclidean signature. + +So this equation can +be solved exactly-- so + +in terms of Bessel functions. + +But actually, we will not need +the explicit solution here + +at the end. + +So for now, we will not try +to solve it explicitly, OK? + +So we only do that at the end. + +So now let's first look at +the on-shell action, OK? + +So there's a simple trick. + +Because this is a quadratic, you +can actually do an integration + +by part in the action. + +So let's say plug in the-- let's +plug in the classical solution + +to this equation, to the classic +equation, into this action. + +So let's do an integration +by parts in this term. + +Then when you do integration by +parts, then you get two terms. + +You get a boundary term come +from integration by parts. + +Then you get the bulk term. + +So the bulk term can be +written in the following way. + +So let me first copy +the m square phi c term. + +And then it's the term which +you obtained by integration + +by part of that term. + +So that term can be +written as partial m + +and then plus the boundary term +plus the total derivative term. + +Just did a simple manipulation. + +I did integration by parts here. + +So now you recognize this guy. + +It's precisely the combination +which appeared in that equation + +motion. + +This is always the case when +you have a quadratic action, OK? + +So this is just 0. + +So we don't need to +worry about this. + +So this term just said +[? N ?] equal to 0 on shell. + +So this is just equal to 0. + +And so we only have +a boundary term. + +So this is a total derivative. + +But the boundary-- so we +always see the boundary term + +in, say, the directions +along the boundary. + +So you only need to +worry about the boundary + +term in the z direction. + +So then this just translated +into the z equal to 0 + +and the z equal to infinity, OK? + +So this is translating to minus +1/2 d dx, then square root g, + +gzz. + +Only the z direction matters. + +Then partial z phi times pi c. + +Then z equal to 0 +and the infinity. + +So now you recognize +this guy is precisely + +our pi with some minus +signs-- precisely our pi. + +So this can also be +written as 1/2 d dx pi + +c and the phi c you write it as +a 0, infinity-- is equal to 0, + +is equal to infinity. + +So sometimes, we also +write it in momentum space, + +which is convenient +because we can solve it + +in the momentum space. + +So it can also be written as d +dk 2 pi d phi c kz and the pi + +c minus k, z, then 0, infinity. + +So we have now reduced it to +evaluate this on-shell action + +to just two boundary terms at +z equal to infinity and z equal + +to 0, OK? + +So now, we will later see +that at infinity, with pi + +c times phi c at z equal to +infinity just equal to 0, OK. + +We will see, OK? + +So we will see explicitly that +in the right solution, that + +both pi c and the +phi c, they go to 0. + +But actually, there's +also a simple way + +to argue without looking +at the [INAUDIBLE] solution + +that this is actually +generically also + +0 for the following reason. + +It's that at +infinity, of course, + +we want the full solution +to be well-defined. + +So we should also require +phi c or partial z + +phi c to be finite, OK? + +We don't want them to diverge. + +Then you have a +singular solution, OK? + +So we want them to be finite. + +And now you see the pi. + +The pi-- you work out +the fact of the pi when + +the z goes to infinity is +proportional to 1 minus d + +partial z phi, OK? + +Because of the square +root g-- square root + +g there take the determinant. + +It's 1 over z to the +power d, d plus 1. + +And the gzz inverse +is the z square. + +So you get this power, OK? + +You get this power. + +So this-- we generically +go to 0 for z + +goes to infinity when d +is greater than 1, OK? + +So for any dimension +greater than 1, + +if we impose this kind +of regularity condition, + +then this is always 0. + +But in fact, for this case, +if you solve those equations + +explicitly, you find actually +even for d equal to 1, + +this goes to 0, OK? + +So this is actually +generically 0. + +So we don't need to +worry about them. + +So now let's just focus +on the z equal to 0 side. + +Now let's focus on +z equal to 0 side. + +OK, so we have this +condition for phi + +which we derived last time. + +It says phi c should satisfy +some Ax z to the power + +d minus delta plus some +Bx, the leading term. + +You know, because there +are sub leading terms, + +this is a leading term. + +And so from that expression, +you can also obtain the pi c + +from that expression-- pi c. + +And then you can +easily work out. + +And that's proportional +to, say, minus A d minus + +delta, z to the minus +delta minus delta + +B z delta minus d, OK? + +So you just take the +derivative, and you find that. + +So just intuitively, +you have the same thing, + +this z minus d +factor multiplying + +the derivative of phi. + +So intuitively, now +we go to z equal to 0. + +Then this factor +actually is bad. + +Because this factor +goes to infinity, OK? + +This factor goes to infinity. + +So you see that the pi +c indeed is generically + +divergent because +of this term, OK? + +Generically divergent +because of this term. + +So now let's look at +the product between them + +because this involves +the product between them. + +So the leading term product +between them, phi c pi c, + +is proportional to z to the +power of d minus 2 delta, OK? + +So this is all the +expression for the delta. + +And nu is always greater +than or equal to 0. + +So we see that this term +was always divergent. + +It's always divergent +for nu greater than 0. + +And for nu equal +to 0, it actually + +requires a little bit +special treatment. + +Because for nu equal to 0, then +delta equal to d divided by 2. + +Then these two terms +have the same power, then + +become degenerated in +this logarithm term. + +And again, it will +be divergence. + +But I will not go into that, OK? + +So the story is that +this is always divergent. + +This is always divergent. + +So this will confirm +what we said earlier. + +So this tells you that +SE phi c is divergent. + +So we need to renormalize it. + +We need to renormalize it. + +So we need to add the +counterterm to it, OK? + +We need to add the +counterterm to it. + +So the choice of the +counterterm, as we said before, + +should be local +on the covariant. + +So here, it's very simple. + +We only work out +the quadratic order. + +We only need to write down +things quadratic in phi. + +So the counterterm should +also be quadratic in phi. + +So we can write counterterm +as the following. + +So it's easier to write in +the momentum space, say, + +evaluated at this epsilon. + +So we need to introduce our +cut-off equal to epsilon + +and then introduce +a counterterm. + +So the counterterm +introduced should be local. + +So the local term-- so +at a quadratic level, + +all possible local terms +can be written as follows. + +We can write it in momentum +space as the following. + +Say, as something which +is a function of k + +squared-- phi c, k, say, +z phi c minus k, z, OK? + +So the criterion is said fk. + +So the locality means that fk +must be analytic in k square. + +So let me just give +you some intuition. + +So this is a compact expression +using momentum space. + +But in coordinate space, +it's easy to understand. + +So this is analytic +in k squared. + +So you expand it in k square. + +So k square is this Lorentz +covariant k square-- + +using this Lorenz +covariant k squared. + +Yeah, the same k square is here, +which is a Lorentz covariant k + +square. + +So you can expand +this in k square. + +So the 0-th order +term just a constant. + +And the constant, when you go +back to the coordinate space, + +this is just phi square, OK? + +This is simple. + +It's a local term. + +You can write in +terms of two phis. + +And the next order +term will be k square. + +k square, when you go +back to coordinate space, + +this will be just partial +phi square and et cetera. + +And indeed, these are the only +local terms you can write down. + +And so essentially, you can +summarize in the momentum space + +just as something which is +analytic in k square, OK? + +So now, we want to +choose the k square + +to cancel the divergence, OK? + +So want to chose the +case-- I chose this + +to cancel the divergence, OK? + +So now, in order +to do a-- so now I + +need to introduce a +little bit of notation. + +Because if we want to worry +about the locality-- and it's + +not enough just to look +at this leading term, OK? + +Look at leading +term-- so remember, + +those things-- so those behavior +obtained solving this equation + +by setting this to be 0. + +So when z goes to 0 +limit to leading order, + +the kz just goes to 0 +compared to this term. + +So that expression, +which we did last time, + +are obtained by +solving this equation + +without this kz squared term. + +So we include this +kz squared term + +so that we include some +higher order corrections, OK? + +We include some higher +order corrections. + +But now since we worry about +whether this fk squared + +is analytic-- so we have to +worry about those k dependence. + +OK, so now let me introduce +some notation, OK? + +So let's consider the +basis of solution-- + +the basis of solutions +to this equation, phi 1, + +which I call phi 1, and phi 2. + +So phi 1 and phi 2 precisely +are defined by these two + +asymptotic behavior. + +So phi 1 has the behavior +that goes to d minus delta. + +And the phi 2 then +have the behavior + +when you go to z equal to 0, +it goes to z to the power delta + +as z goes to 0, OK? + +So this is the +leading term for phi. + +But for small z, this can be +written as a power series. + +And then the leading term +will be just like that. + +Then you will have, +say, some a1 k + +squared z square term come from +treating the next order list + +term and also higher order +terms-- say, k4, z4, et cetera. + +So similarly, phi 2 z, +k would be start with z + +to the power of delta. + +Then will be also have +higher order terms. + +OK? + +So the key is that you can work +out those coefficients, OK? + +Because this is local +expansion of infinity, + +and you can work out those +coefficients explicitly. + +And all the dependents on +k are local in the sense + +that they all are +dependant only on k square. + +It's because the k square +is what k square appears + +in the original equations, OK? + +And similarly, you +can work out the pi. + +So the corresponding +pi 1 and the pi 2 + +corresponding canonical momentum +for them equal pi 1, pi 2, OK? + +Then the pi 1, pi +2, each of them + +will have these +two behaviors, OK? + +Each of them will have +these two behaviors + +and along with these +higher order terms, OK? + +Good? + +So now-- so now let's look +at this on-shell action. + +So this on-shell action, before +we regularize it, evaluate it + +at z equal to epsilon. + +So this would be-- oh right, +there's one more step. + +Sorry. + +So using this +notation, we can just + +write our phi c equal to A phi +1 plus Bk same momentum case-- + +phi 2. + +So now these are exact +expression because the phi 1, + +phi 2 are two +bases and Ak and AB + +are just linear coefficients +of that basis, OK? + +And the pi c would +be similarly Ak, + +where pi 1 plus Bk pi 2, OK? + +So under the SE phi c would +be, if you plug this in, + +just have A square pi 1 +and phi 1 plus B square pi + +2 phi 2 plus AB pi 1 phi +2 plus phi 1 pi 2, OK? + +And this is the one +that's divergent. + +So this is the one +which is divergent + +coming from the +expression we said before. + +OK, this is divergent. + +And so this is phi +1, this is pi 1, OK? + +So this is divergent. + +And the other term you can +all check are finite, OK? + +So this is divergent. + +So we need to cancel this term. + +But you cannot just +abstract this term. + +You cannot just abstract this +term because this term is not + +covariant. + +Because A-- because this +term is not covariant. + +This term does not have the +form of the phi square et + +cetera, does not have +this covariant form, OK? + +So this term by itself +is not covariant. + +So you cannot just +subtract this term. + +But now, you can easily-- so +now, we have phi square here. + +So now you can easily pick a phi +just to cancel this term, OK? + +Just by comparing +these two, we can just + +pick an f to cancel that term. + +So it turns out that f can be +written as pi 1 phi 1 times + +phi square, OK? + +So essentially, this is our f. + +It's the ratio between +pi 1 and phi 1. + +So now if you expand it, +since I'm out of time-- so + +let me not do it here. + +If you expand it, you +can easily see this term + +cancels that term, OK? + +But there are other +terms from the covariant. + +So there are also finite +terms brought by this term. + +But there's also finite +terms brought by this term. + +And this is local because this +is a ratio of pi 1 and phi 1. + +And both pi 1 and +phi 1 are obtained + +by solving this equation +locally at the infinity + +just by power series and +dependence on k squared. + +It's always analytic, OK? + +So this is guaranteed. + +So this is analytic +function of k squared. + +OK, so you take a +little bit of exercise. + +You work out what is a +here, a1 here, et cetera. + +Then you can write this +term more explicitly + +in terms of standard term +like phi square, partial phi + +square, et cetera, OK? + +So now you add +these two together. + +You get a renormalized +counterterm, OK? + +Then you find the +renormalized expression. + +Then you find the +renormalized expression + +is SR phi c is +given by 1/2, again + +in momentum space, +2 nu A, minus k, Bk. + +So you find everything +depends on phi 1, pi. + +They all disappear in the end. + +You just get +something like this. + +You get a finite term like this. + +So now this is ambiguous. + +It's all finite and ambiguous. + +So this is your on-shell action. + +So normally, what we do is +that we solve this equation. + +Then we can find the +explicit A and B. + +So we solve this equation +with the following boundary + +conditions. + +It said we first impose +the boundary condition. + +You have Ak equal to phi +k because A is the source. + +A is identified with the source. + +But we also need to +impose regularity + +at z equal to infinity. + +So we wanted the solution +to be well-defined + +at z equal to infinity. + +So it turns out these are the +two conditions which uniquely + +determine the solution. + +So that means these +two conditions together + +which will determine +B in terms of A. OK, + +so this will determine +B in terms of A. + +So in particular, this +is a linear solution. + +So B will have the form which-- +some number chi times A. So chi + +is the thing which you +determine by solving + +the equation explicitly, OK? + +This is a form-- chi you obtain +from solving the equation. + +Just short a couple minutes. + +It's just-- so now you +plug this into that. + +You plug this into that. + +Plug this into that. + +Unfortunately, I +erased my equation. + +OK, so you plug this into that. + +So chi you assume is +some known function + +which you obtain +after you are solving + +the equation explicitly. + +Then what you get-- +so without that page. + +So what you get is you will +get S renormalized action phi + +c equal to 1/2 the integration. + +So 2 nu Ak-- 2 nu +lambda-- or we here + +call chi-- Ak and +A, minus k, OK? + +So you remember this +is just all phi k. + +This is just all phi k. + +So now you can obtain +the one-point function. + +Just take the derivative +over phi-- say, minus k. + +You get the Ok. + +And this is precisely +just 2 nu chi times Ak. + +And this is +precisely 2 nu B, OK? + +And you can write it +in the coordinate space + +also, Ox equal to 2 nu B. + +So this we derive +in the linear order + +by looking at the +quadratic equation motions. + +But actually, this turns out +you can prove it actually + +to all order. + +You work with nonlinear +equations, et cetera, + +you can show this is always true +that the one-point function is + +always given by this B, OK? + +One-point function is +always given by this B. + +So let me say one thing. + +So now the two-point function-- +so the two-point function, you + +just take two derivatives. + +You take two derivatives. + +So that just gives +you 2 nu chi, OK? + +Just the 2 nu chi. + +So this can also be +written as 2 nu B divided + +by A because the +chi is equal to-- + +and this makes perfect +sense physically + +because this is our Euclidean +correlation function, OK? + +And the 2 nu divided +by A can also + +be written using +what we write there. + +So this is the +expectation value divided + +by phi k divided by the +source, so A because it's phi + +and 2 nu B is expectation value. + +And then we see this +expression is precisely + +a so-called linear response. + +The expectation value in +the presence of the source + +is the correlation +function times the source-- + +the correlation +times the source. + +So again, this equation +is completely general. + +So for any two-point +function case, + +we'll always find this B +divided by A times 2 nu. + +And you can also +alternatively written it + +as the ratio O +divided by phi, OK? + +So just the final minute. + +Now you can solve the +equation explicitly. + +So now you can solve +the equation explicitly. + +You can solve the +equation explicitly. + +And you can solve your [? eom ?] +using the Bessel function. + +And then you find that +actually, the function which + +is no [INAUDIBLE] the infinity +at z equal to infinity + +is given by this form. + +k-- so this Bessel k +function with index nu. + +Nu is the same as this nu. + +And then from here, you +just expand in small z. + +Then you can find +the B divided by A. + +Then you find B divided by A +as gamma, minus nu, gamma nu. + +So from here, you just +expand in small z. + +And then you extract +different power. + +You obtain the ratio +of B divided by A, OK? + +So as you get gamma +nu-- minus nu, + +gamma nu k divided by +2 to the power 2 nu. + +So you find the +two-point function. + +So since the two-point +function is just the 2 nu B, + +A-- so you find the +Euclidean two-point function + +in momentum space. + +It's just 2 nu gamma, +minus nu, gamma nu, + +k divided by 2 to the 2 nu. + +So in some sense, +this is precisely what + +you expect because +we are working + +with the conformal field theory. + +And the two-point function can +only depend on k as a power + +because there's no other scale. + +There's no other scale. + +And the power is determined by +the dimension of the operator. + +And for example, if you go +to the coordinate space-- + +so you Fourier transform, +go to coordinate space. + +So that just gives you the +X to the power 2 delta. + +Sorry-- I will stop here. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1shiN7898cc.txt b/1shiN7898cc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..66558e7d2917afc8ea6abe39962af6c5f46d7d02 --- /dev/null +++ b/1shiN7898cc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,208 @@ +There are many other models of computation, +each of which describes a class of integer + +functions where a computation is performed +on an integer input to produce an integer + +answer. + +Kleene, Post and Turing were all students +of Alonzo Church at Princeton University in + +the mid-1930's. + +They explored many other formulations for +modeling computation: + +recursive functions, rule-based systems for +string rewriting, and the lambda calculus. + +They were all particularly intrigued with +proving the existence of problems unsolvable + +by realizable machines. + +Which, of course, meant characterizing the +problems that could be solved by realizable + +machines. + +It turned out that each model was capable +of computing *exactly* the same set of integer + +functions! + +This was proved by coming up with constructions +that translated the steps in a computation + +between the various models. + +It was possible to show that if a computation +could be described by one model, an equivalent + +description exists in the other model. + +This lead to a notion of computability that +was independent of the computation scheme + +chosen. + +This notion is formalized by Church's Thesis, +which says that every discrete function computable + +by any realizable machine is computable by +some Turing Machine. + +So if we say the function f(x) is computable, +that's equivalent to saying that there's a + +TM that given x as an input on its tape will +write f(x) as an output on the tape and halt. + +As yet there's no proof of Church's Thesis, +but it's universally accepted that it's true. + +In general "computable" is taken to mean "computable +by some TM". + +If you're curious about the existence of uncomputable +functions, please see the optional video at + +the end of this lecture. + +Okay, we've decided that Turing Machines can +model any realizable computation. + +In other words for every computation we want +to perform, there's a (different) Turing Machine + +that will do the job. + +But how does this help us design a general-purpose +computer? + +Or are there some computations that will require +a special-purpose machine no matter what? + +What we'd like to find is a universal function +U: + +it would take two arguments, k and j, and +then compute the result of running T_k on + +input j. + +Is U computable, i.e., is there a universal +Turing Machine T_U? + +If so, then instead of many ad-hoc TMs, we +could just use T_U to compute the results + +for any computable function. + +.249 Surprise! + +U is computable and T_U exists. + +If fact there are infinitely many universal +TMs, some quite simple. + +The smallest known universal TM has 4 states +and uses 6 tape symbols. + +A universal machine is capable of performing +any computation that can be performed by any + +TM! + +What's going on here? + +k encodes a "program" - a description of some +arbitrary TM that performs a particular computation. + +j encodes the input data on which to perform +that computation. + +T_U "interprets" the program, emulating the +steps T_k will take to process the input and + +write out the answer. + +The notion of interpreting a coded representation +of a computation is a key idea and forms the + +basis for our stored program computer. + +The Universal Turing Machine is the paradigm +for modern general-purpose computers. + +Given an ISA we want to know if it's equivalent +to a universal Turing Machine. + +If so, it can emulate every other TM and hence +compute any computable function. + +How do we show our computer is Turing Universal? + +Simply demonstrate that it can emulate some +known Universal Turing Machine. + +The finite memory on actual computers will +mean we can only emulate UTM operations on + +inputs up to a certain size +but within this limitation we can show our + +computer can perform any computation that +fits into memory. + +As it turns out this is not a high bar: +so long as the ISA has conditional branches + +and some simple arithmetic, it will be Turing +Universal. + +This notion of encoding a program in a way +that allows it to be data to some other program + +is a key idea in computer science. + +We often translate a program Px written to +run on some abstract high-level machine (eg, + +a program in C or Java) into, say, an assembly +language program Py that can be interpreted + +by our CPU. + +This translation is called compilation. + +Much of software engineering is based on the +idea of taking a program and using it as as + +component in some larger program. + +Given a strategy for compiling programs, that +opens the door to designing new programming + +languages that let us express our desired +computation using data structures and operations + +particularly suited to the task at hand. + +So what have learned from the mathematicians' +work on models of computation? + +Well, it's nice to know that the computing +engine we're planning to build will be able + +to perform any computation that can be performed +on any realizable machine. + +And the development of the universal Turing +Machine model paved the way for modern stored-program + +computers. + +The bottom line: we're good to go with the +Beta ISA! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2KpOZ9N2QOQ.txt b/2KpOZ9N2QOQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1f4b52cf57f8ad81158093110b0c8f69928c9927 --- /dev/null +++ b/2KpOZ9N2QOQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,435 @@ +align:start position:0% + +now let's talk about step number two + + align:start position:0% +now let's talk about step number two + + + align:start position:0% +now let's talk about step number two +selecting a beach Head Market what is + + align:start position:0% +selecting a beach Head Market what is + + + align:start position:0% +selecting a beach Head Market what is +the step about the step number two is + + align:start position:0% +the step about the step number two is + + + align:start position:0% +the step about the step number two is +about taking one of the many markets + + align:start position:0% +about taking one of the many markets + + + align:start position:0% +about taking one of the many markets +that we've chose you know we've laid out + + align:start position:0% +that we've chose you know we've laid out + + + align:start position:0% +that we've chose you know we've laid out +in the market segmentation and now + + align:start position:0% +in the market segmentation and now + + + align:start position:0% +in the market segmentation and now +choosing one of them that we're going to + + align:start position:0% +choosing one of them that we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +choosing one of them that we're going to +focus on and why do we do this because + + align:start position:0% +focus on and why do we do this because + + + align:start position:0% +focus on and why do we do this because +as an entrepreneur we have limited + + align:start position:0% +as an entrepreneur we have limited + + + align:start position:0% +as an entrepreneur we have limited +resources and we have to consolidate + + align:start position:0% +resources and we have to consolidate + + + align:start position:0% +resources and we have to consolidate +those those resources to take on the + + align:start position:0% +those those resources to take on the + + + align:start position:0% +those those resources to take on the +great challenges that we have we have + + align:start position:0% +great challenges that we have we have + + + align:start position:0% +great challenges that we have we have +limited amounts of money we have limited + + align:start position:0% +limited amounts of money we have limited + + + align:start position:0% +limited amounts of money we have limited +amounts of time and we have limited + + align:start position:0% +amounts of time and we have limited + + + align:start position:0% +amounts of time and we have limited +amounts of human capital so we need to + + align:start position:0% +amounts of human capital so we need to + + + align:start position:0% +amounts of human capital so we need to +take that and we need to apply it in a + + align:start position:0% +take that and we need to apply it in a + + + align:start position:0% +take that and we need to apply it in a +very focused way so how do we do this is + + align:start position:0% +very focused way so how do we do this is + + + align:start position:0% +very focused way so how do we do this is +the question so Market segmentation gave + + align:start position:0% +the question so Market segmentation gave + + + align:start position:0% +the question so Market segmentation gave +us was we start with many of them we + + align:start position:0% +us was we start with many of them we + + + align:start position:0% +us was we start with many of them we +brainstorm we brought it down to a few + + align:start position:0% +brainstorm we brought it down to a few + + + align:start position:0% +brainstorm we brought it down to a few +six to eight but now how are we going to + + align:start position:0% +six to eight but now how are we going to + + + align:start position:0% +six to eight but now how are we going to +choose the one market that we're going + + align:start position:0% +choose the one market that we're going + + + align:start position:0% +choose the one market that we're going +to go after well the one market that + + align:start position:0% +to go after well the one market that + + + align:start position:0% +to go after well the one market that +we're going to go after is not going to + + align:start position:0% +we're going to go after is not going to + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to go after is not going to +be the biggest Market most likely um + + align:start position:0% +be the biggest Market most likely um + + + align:start position:0% +be the biggest Market most likely um +it's going to be the market that's going + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be the market that's going + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be the market that's going +to be the easiest for us to capture and + + align:start position:0% +to be the easiest for us to capture and + + + align:start position:0% +to be the easiest for us to capture and +not only just the easiest enough to + + align:start position:0% +not only just the easiest enough to + + + align:start position:0% +not only just the easiest enough to +capture it's going to be big enough such + + align:start position:0% +capture it's going to be big enough such + + + align:start position:0% +capture it's going to be big enough such +that we will have enough cash flow and + + align:start position:0% +that we will have enough cash flow and + + + align:start position:0% +that we will have enough cash flow and +built up enough critical mass that we + + align:start position:0% +built up enough critical mass that we + + + align:start position:0% +built up enough critical mass that we +will then be able to move on from there + + align:start position:0% +will then be able to move on from there + + + align:start position:0% +will then be able to move on from there +think about the term Beach Head Market + + align:start position:0% +think about the term Beach Head Market + + + align:start position:0% +think about the term Beach Head Market +in a military operation what you're + + align:start position:0% +in a military operation what you're + + + align:start position:0% +in a military operation what you're +trying to do is you're trying to land on + + align:start position:0% +trying to do is you're trying to land on + + + align:start position:0% +trying to do is you're trying to land on +a beach and then secure that Beach Beach + + align:start position:0% +a beach and then secure that Beach Beach + + + align:start position:0% +a beach and then secure that Beach Beach +but then that beach is strategic because + + align:start position:0% +but then that beach is strategic because + + + align:start position:0% +but then that beach is strategic because +then you're going to expand out from + + align:start position:0% +then you're going to expand out from + + + align:start position:0% +then you're going to expand out from +there so it's got to be big enough so + + align:start position:0% +there so it's got to be big enough so + + + align:start position:0% +there so it's got to be big enough so +that we can land our boats on it it's + + align:start position:0% +that we can land our boats on it it's + + + align:start position:0% +that we can land our boats on it it's +got to be sufficient that we can start + + align:start position:0% +got to be sufficient that we can start + + + align:start position:0% +got to be sufficient that we can start +to build up enough people on the ground + + align:start position:0% +to build up enough people on the ground + + + align:start position:0% +to build up enough people on the ground +and then it's got to be such that we can + + align:start position:0% +and then it's got to be such that we can + + + align:start position:0% +and then it's got to be such that we can +then conquer additional territories from + + align:start position:0% +then conquer additional territories from + + + align:start position:0% +then conquer additional territories from +there so we don't want it to be the + + align:start position:0% +there so we don't want it to be the + + + align:start position:0% +there so we don't want it to be the +biggest possible Market we want it to be + + align:start position:0% +biggest possible Market we want it to be + + + align:start position:0% +biggest possible Market we want it to be +the lowest hanging fruit that we can get + + align:start position:0% +the lowest hanging fruit that we can get + + + align:start position:0% +the lowest hanging fruit that we can get +but it's fruit that's big enough that + + align:start position:0% +but it's fruit that's big enough that + + + align:start position:0% +but it's fruit that's big enough that +will allow us to get to be cash flow + + align:start position:0% +will allow us to get to be cash flow + + + align:start position:0% +will allow us to get to be cash flow +positive and then position us to win + + align:start position:0% +positive and then position us to win + + + align:start position:0% +positive and then position us to win +additional markets that's what the + + align:start position:0% +additional markets that's what the + + + align:start position:0% +additional markets that's what the +definition of a beach Head Market is why + + align:start position:0% +definition of a beach Head Market is why + + + align:start position:0% +definition of a beach Head Market is why +we do it and generally how we're going + + align:start position:0% +we do it and generally how we're going + + + align:start position:0% +we do it and generally how we're going +to go about doing + + align:start position:0% +to go about doing + + + align:start position:0% +to go about doing +it \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3yqpirzxudw.txt b/3yqpirzxudw.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7e26cfd0fe9fb6b8d7b743ac132693834c2a949b --- /dev/null +++ b/3yqpirzxudw.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8523 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or to view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ok guys hope you enjoyed the the brief + + align:start position:0% +ok guys hope you enjoyed the the brief + + + align:start position:0% +ok guys hope you enjoyed the the brief +break from the heavy technical stuff cuz + + align:start position:0% +break from the heavy technical stuff cuz + + + align:start position:0% +break from the heavy technical stuff cuz +we're gonna get right back into it and + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna get right back into it and + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna get right back into it and +developed the neutron transport equation + + align:start position:0% +developed the neutron transport equation + + + align:start position:0% +developed the neutron transport equation +today the one that you see on + + align:start position:0% +today the one that you see on + + + align:start position:0% +today the one that you see on +everybody's t-shirts here in the + + align:start position:0% +everybody's t-shirts here in the + + + align:start position:0% +everybody's t-shirts here in the +department so I think multiple years + + align:start position:0% +department so I think multiple years + + + align:start position:0% +department so I think multiple years +folks have used this equation on the + + align:start position:0% +folks have used this equation on the + + + align:start position:0% +folks have used this equation on the +back of t-shirts to just be like we're + + align:start position:0% +back of t-shirts to just be like we're + + + align:start position:0% +back of t-shirts to just be like we're +awesome and we do difficult math well + + align:start position:0% +awesome and we do difficult math well + + + align:start position:0% +awesome and we do difficult math well +this is when you're gonna start to do it + + align:start position:0% +this is when you're gonna start to do it + + + align:start position:0% +this is when you're gonna start to do it +in fact it's big enough and hard enough + + align:start position:0% +in fact it's big enough and hard enough + + + align:start position:0% +in fact it's big enough and hard enough +that we're gonna spend all day today + + align:start position:0% +that we're gonna spend all day today + + + align:start position:0% +that we're gonna spend all day today +developing it like actually writing out + + align:start position:0% +developing it like actually writing out + + + align:start position:0% +developing it like actually writing out +the terms of the equation and + + align:start position:0% +the terms of the equation and + + + align:start position:0% +the terms of the equation and +understanding what it actually means + + align:start position:0% +understanding what it actually means + + + align:start position:0% +understanding what it actually means +before on Thursday and Friday we're + + align:start position:0% +before on Thursday and Friday we're + + + align:start position:0% +before on Thursday and Friday we're +going to reduce it down to a much + + align:start position:0% +going to reduce it down to a much + + + align:start position:0% +going to reduce it down to a much +simpler equation something that you can + + align:start position:0% +simpler equation something that you can + + + align:start position:0% +simpler equation something that you can +actually solve and do some simple + + align:start position:0% +actually solve and do some simple + + + align:start position:0% +actually solve and do some simple +reactor calculations with we started off + + align:start position:0% +reactor calculations with we started off + + + align:start position:0% +reactor calculations with we started off +the whole idea of the neutron transport + + align:start position:0% +the whole idea of the neutron transport + + + align:start position:0% +the whole idea of the neutron transport +equation as a way to track some + + align:start position:0% +equation as a way to track some + + + align:start position:0% +equation as a way to track some +population of neutrons see I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +population of neutrons see I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +population of neutrons see I'm gonna +have our variable list up here what I'll + + align:start position:0% +have our variable list up here what I'll + + + align:start position:0% +have our variable list up here what I'll +probably do is on Thursday and Friday + + align:start position:0% +probably do is on Thursday and Friday + + + align:start position:0% +probably do is on Thursday and Friday +I'll just have it back up on the screen + + align:start position:0% +I'll just have it back up on the screen + + + align:start position:0% +I'll just have it back up on the screen +so that we don't have to write it twice + + align:start position:0% +so that we don't have to write it twice + + + align:start position:0% +so that we don't have to write it twice +but there's gonna be a lot of variables + + align:start position:0% +but there's gonna be a lot of variables + + + align:start position:0% +but there's gonna be a lot of variables +in this equation I'm gonna do my best + + align:start position:0% +in this equation I'm gonna do my best + + + align:start position:0% +in this equation I'm gonna do my best +again to make the difference between V + + align:start position:0% +again to make the difference between V + + + align:start position:0% +again to make the difference between V +and nu very obvious and anything else + + align:start position:0% +and nu very obvious and anything else + + + align:start position:0% +and nu very obvious and anything else +like that but the goal is to track some + + align:start position:0% +like that but the goal is to track some + + + align:start position:0% +like that but the goal is to track some +population of neutrons at some position + + align:start position:0% +population of neutrons at some position + + + align:start position:0% +population of neutrons at some position +at some energy traveling in some + + align:start position:0% +at some energy traveling in some + + + align:start position:0% +at some energy traveling in some +direction Omega as a function of time + + align:start position:0% +direction Omega as a function of time + + + align:start position:0% +direction Omega as a function of time +and the 3d representation of what we're + + align:start position:0% +and the 3d representation of what we're + + + align:start position:0% +and the 3d representation of what we're +looking at here is let's say we had some + + align:start position:0% +looking at here is let's say we had some + + + align:start position:0% +looking at here is let's say we had some +small volume element which we'll call + + align:start position:0% +small volume element which we'll call + + + align:start position:0% +small volume element which we'll call +that R DV that's got normal vectors + + align:start position:0% +that R DV that's got normal vectors + + + align:start position:0% +that R DV that's got normal vectors +sticking out of it we'll call those n + + align:start position:0% +sticking out of it we'll call those n + + + align:start position:0% +sticking out of it we'll call those n +hats in all directions and inside there + + align:start position:0% +hats in all directions and inside there + + + align:start position:0% +hats in all directions and inside there +let's say if this is our energy scale + + align:start position:0% +let's say if this is our energy scale + + + align:start position:0% +let's say if this is our energy scale +we're tracking the population of + + align:start position:0% +we're tracking the population of + + + align:start position:0% +we're tracking the population of +neutrons that occupy some small energy + + align:start position:0% +neutrons that occupy some small energy + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons that occupy some small energy +group de and is also traveling in some + + align:start position:0% +group de and is also traveling in some + + + align:start position:0% +group de and is also traveling in some +small direction that we designate as D + + align:start position:0% +small direction that we designate as D + + + align:start position:0% +small direction that we designate as D +Omega so that's the goal of this whole + + align:start position:0% +Omega so that's the goal of this whole + + + align:start position:0% +Omega so that's the goal of this whole +equation is to track the number of + + align:start position:0% +equation is to track the number of + + + align:start position:0% +equation is to track the number of +neutrons at any given position so let's + + align:start position:0% +neutrons at any given position so let's + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons at any given position so let's +call this distance + + align:start position:0% +call this distance + + + align:start position:0% +call this distance +or the vector are in this little volume + + align:start position:0% +or the vector are in this little volume + + + align:start position:0% +or the vector are in this little volume +traveling in some direction Omega with + + align:start position:0% +traveling in some direction Omega with + + + align:start position:0% +traveling in some direction Omega with +some infinitesimally small energy group + + align:start position:0% +some infinitesimally small energy group + + + align:start position:0% +some infinitesimally small energy group +D that's gonna be the goal of the whole + + align:start position:0% +D that's gonna be the goal of the whole + + + align:start position:0% +D that's gonna be the goal of the whole +thing and what we'll do is write this to + + align:start position:0% +thing and what we'll do is write this to + + + align:start position:0% +thing and what we'll do is write this to +say the change in the population of + + align:start position:0% +say the change in the population of + + + align:start position:0% +say the change in the population of +neutrons at a given distance energy + + align:start position:0% +neutrons at a given distance energy + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons at a given distance energy +angle and time over time is just gonna + + align:start position:0% +angle and time over time is just gonna + + + align:start position:0% +angle and time over time is just gonna +be a sum of gain and loss terms and what + + align:start position:0% +be a sum of gain and loss terms and what + + + align:start position:0% +be a sum of gain and loss terms and what +I think will take all day today to do is + + align:start position:0% +I think will take all day today to do is + + + align:start position:0% +I think will take all day today to do is +to figure out what are the actual + + align:start position:0% +to figure out what are the actual + + + align:start position:0% +to figure out what are the actual +physical things that neutrons can do in + + align:start position:0% +physical things that neutrons can do in + + + align:start position:0% +physical things that neutrons can do in +and out of this volume and how do we + + align:start position:0% +and out of this volume and how do we + + + align:start position:0% +and out of this volume and how do we +turn those into math something that we + + align:start position:0% +turn those into math something that we + + + align:start position:0% +turn those into math something that we +can abstract and solve there's a couple + + align:start position:0% +can abstract and solve there's a couple + + + align:start position:0% +can abstract and solve there's a couple +other terms that we're going to put up + + align:start position:0% +other terms that we're going to put up + + + align:start position:0% +other terms that we're going to put up +here we'll say that the flux of neutrons + + align:start position:0% +here we'll say that the flux of neutrons + + + align:start position:0% +here we'll say that the flux of neutrons +which is usually the variable that we + + align:start position:0% +which is usually the variable that we + + + align:start position:0% +which is usually the variable that we +actually track is just the velocity + + align:start position:0% +actually track is just the velocity + + + align:start position:0% +actually track is just the velocity +times the neutron population and also + + align:start position:0% +times the neutron population and also + + + align:start position:0% +times the neutron population and also +let's define some angular ly independent + + align:start position:0% +let's define some angular ly independent + + + align:start position:0% +let's define some angular ly independent +terms because in the end we've been + + align:start position:0% +terms because in the end we've been + + + align:start position:0% +terms because in the end we've been +talking about what's the probability of + + align:start position:0% +talking about what's the probability of + + + align:start position:0% +talking about what's the probability of +some neutron or particle interacting + + align:start position:0% +some neutron or particle interacting + + + align:start position:0% +some neutron or particle interacting +with some electron going out at some + + align:start position:0% +with some electron going out at some + + + align:start position:0% +with some electron going out at some +angle but as we're interested in how + + align:start position:0% +angle but as we're interested in how + + + align:start position:0% +angle but as we're interested in how +many neutrons are there in the reactor + + align:start position:0% +many neutrons are there in the reactor + + + align:start position:0% +many neutrons are there in the reactor +we usually don't care in which direction + + align:start position:0% +we usually don't care in which direction + + + align:start position:0% +we usually don't care in which direction +they're traveling so the first + + align:start position:0% +they're traveling so the first + + + align:start position:0% +they're traveling so the first +simplification that we will do is get + + align:start position:0% +simplification that we will do is get + + + align:start position:0% +simplification that we will do is get +rid of any sort of angular dependence + + align:start position:0% +rid of any sort of angular dependence + + + align:start position:0% +rid of any sort of angular dependence +getting rid of two of the seven + + align:start position:0% +getting rid of two of the seven + + + align:start position:0% +getting rid of two of the seven +variables that we're dealing with here + + align:start position:0% +variables that we're dealing with here + + + align:start position:0% +variables that we're dealing with here +so all these variables right here will + + align:start position:0% +so all these variables right here will + + + align:start position:0% +so all these variables right here will +be dependent on angle and all these + + align:start position:0% +be dependent on angle and all these + + + align:start position:0% +be dependent on angle and all these +variables right here will be angular ly + + align:start position:0% +variables right here will be angular ly + + + align:start position:0% +variables right here will be angular ly +and you literally independence + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so there'll be some corresponding + + align:start position:0% +so there'll be some corresponding + + + align:start position:0% +so there'll be some corresponding +capital N or number of neutrons as a + + align:start position:0% +capital N or number of neutrons as a + + + align:start position:0% +capital N or number of neutrons as a +function of re and T will call this flux + + align:start position:0% +function of re and T will call this flux + + + align:start position:0% +function of re and T will call this flux +we'll call this number + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's going to be a number of + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be a number of + + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be a number of +cross-sections that we need to worry + + align:start position:0% +cross-sections that we need to worry + + + align:start position:0% +cross-sections that we need to worry +about so we'll refer to little Sigma as + + align:start position:0% +about so we'll refer to little Sigma as + + + align:start position:0% +about so we'll refer to little Sigma as +a function of energy as our micro cross + + align:start position:0% +a function of energy as our micro cross + + + align:start position:0% +a function of energy as our micro cross +section and big Sigma of e as a + + align:start position:0% +section and big Sigma of e as a + + + align:start position:0% +section and big Sigma of e as a +macroscopic cross section then you want + + align:start position:0% +macroscopic cross section then you want + + + align:start position:0% +macroscopic cross section then you want +to remember the relation between these + + align:start position:0% +to remember the relation between these + + + align:start position:0% +to remember the relation between these +two the solid angle not quite that's + + align:start position:0% +two the solid angle not quite that's + + + align:start position:0% +two the solid angle not quite that's +let's see there's a difference between + + align:start position:0% +let's see there's a difference between + + + align:start position:0% +let's see there's a difference between +and so what these physically mean as + + align:start position:0% +and so what these physically mean as + + + align:start position:0% +and so what these physically mean as +little Sigma means the probability of + + align:start position:0% +little Sigma means the probability of + + + align:start position:0% +little Sigma means the probability of +interaction with one particle and this + + align:start position:0% +interaction with one particle and this + + + align:start position:0% +interaction with one particle and this +is just a total probability of + + align:start position:0% +is just a total probability of + + + align:start position:0% +is just a total probability of +interaction with all the particles that + + align:start position:0% +interaction with all the particles that + + + align:start position:0% +interaction with all the particles that +may be there so yeah Chris there's + + align:start position:0% +may be there so yeah Chris there's + + + align:start position:0% +may be there so yeah Chris there's +number density already we have another + + align:start position:0% +number density already we have another + + + align:start position:0% +number density already we have another +variable conflict how do we want to + + align:start position:0% +variable conflict how do we want to + + + align:start position:0% +variable conflict how do we want to +resolve this let's see I'll have to + + align:start position:0% +resolve this let's see I'll have to + + + align:start position:0% +resolve this let's see I'll have to +change the symbol somehow let's make it + + align:start position:0% +change the symbol somehow let's make it + + + align:start position:0% +change the symbol somehow let's make it +cursive don't know what else to do I + + align:start position:0% +cursive don't know what else to do I + + + align:start position:0% +cursive don't know what else to do I +don't want to give it a number other + + align:start position:0% +don't want to give it a number other + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to give it a number other +than n since we're talking about + + align:start position:0% +than n since we're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +than n since we're talking about +neutrons where that right here is going + + align:start position:0% +neutrons where that right here is going + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons where that right here is going +to be number density and in the end + + align:start position:0% +to be number density and in the end + + + align:start position:0% +to be number density and in the end +we're worried about some sort of + + align:start position:0% +we're worried about some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +we're worried about some sort of +reaction rate which is always going to + + align:start position:0% +reaction rate which is always going to + + + align:start position:0% +reaction rate which is always going to +equal some flux or let's just stick with + + align:start position:0% +equal some flux or let's just stick with + + + align:start position:0% +equal some flux or let's just stick with +some angular ly dependent flux at re + + align:start position:0% +some angular ly dependent flux at re + + + align:start position:0% +some angular ly dependent flux at re +Omega T times some cross-section as a + + align:start position:0% +Omega T times some cross-section as a + + + align:start position:0% +Omega T times some cross-section as a +function of energy and it's these + + align:start position:0% +function of energy and it's these + + + align:start position:0% +function of energy and it's these +reaction rates that are the rates of + + align:start position:0% +reaction rates that are the rates of + + + align:start position:0% +reaction rates that are the rates of +gains and losses of neutrons out of this + + align:start position:0% +gains and losses of neutrons out of this + + + align:start position:0% +gains and losses of neutrons out of this +volume out of this little angle out of + + align:start position:0% +volume out of this little angle out of + + + align:start position:0% +volume out of this little angle out of +this energy group and out of that space + + align:start position:0% +this energy group and out of that space + + + align:start position:0% +this energy group and out of that space +or into that volume energy group in + + align:start position:0% +or into that volume energy group in + + + align:start position:0% +or into that volume energy group in +space so let's see other terms that + + align:start position:0% +space so let's see other terms that + + + align:start position:0% +space so let's see other terms that +we'll want to define + + align:start position:0% +we'll want to define + + + align:start position:0% +we'll want to define +include new like last time we'll call + + align:start position:0% +include new like last time we'll call + + + align:start position:0% +include new like last time we'll call +this Neutron multiplication in other + + align:start position:0% +this Neutron multiplication in other + + + align:start position:0% +this Neutron multiplication in other +words this is the number of neutrons + + align:start position:0% +words this is the number of neutrons + + + align:start position:0% +words this is the number of neutrons +made on average during each fission + + align:start position:0% +made on average during each fission + + + align:start position:0% +made on average during each fission +event and we give it energy dependence + + align:start position:0% +event and we give it energy dependence + + + align:start position:0% +event and we give it energy dependence +because as we saw on the Janus libraries + + align:start position:0% +because as we saw on the Janus libraries + + + align:start position:0% +because as we saw on the Janus libraries +on Friday I think it was what's today + + align:start position:0% +on Friday I think it was what's today + + + align:start position:0% +on Friday I think it was what's today +Tuesday I don't even know anymore I + + align:start position:0% +Tuesday I don't even know anymore I + + + align:start position:0% +Tuesday I don't even know anymore I +think as we saw on Friday that depends + + align:start position:0% +think as we saw on Friday that depends + + + align:start position:0% +think as we saw on Friday that depends +on energy for the higher energy levels + + align:start position:0% +on energy for the higher energy levels + + + align:start position:0% +on energy for the higher energy levels +and there's also going to be some kaiser + + align:start position:0% +and there's also going to be some kaiser + + + align:start position:0% +and there's also going to be some kaiser +or some neutron birth spectrum which + + align:start position:0% +or some neutron birth spectrum which + + + align:start position:0% +or some neutron birth spectrum which +tells you the average energy at which + + align:start position:0% +tells you the average energy at which + + + align:start position:0% +tells you the average energy at which +neutrons are born from fission so + + align:start position:0% +neutrons are born from fission so + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons are born from fission so +regardless of what energy goes in to + + align:start position:0% +regardless of what energy goes in to + + + align:start position:0% +regardless of what energy goes in to +cause the fission there's some + + align:start position:0% +cause the fission there's some + + + align:start position:0% +cause the fission there's some +probability distribution of a neutron + + align:start position:0% +probability distribution of a neutron + + + align:start position:0% +probability distribution of a neutron +being born at a certain energy and it + + align:start position:0% +being born at a certain energy and it + + + align:start position:0% +being born at a certain energy and it +looks something like this where that's + + align:start position:0% +looks something like this where that's + + + align:start position:0% +looks something like this where that's +about one MeV that's about ten MeV and + + align:start position:0% +about one MeV that's about ten MeV and + + + align:start position:0% +about one MeV that's about ten MeV and +that average right there is around two + + align:start position:0% +that average right there is around two + + + align:start position:0% +that average right there is around two +MeV and so it's important to note that + + align:start position:0% +MeV and so it's important to note that + + + align:start position:0% +MeV and so it's important to note that +neutrons are born at different energies + + align:start position:0% +neutrons are born at different energies + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons are born at different energies +because we want to track every single + + align:start position:0% +because we want to track every single + + + align:start position:0% +because we want to track every single +possible de throughout this control + + align:start position:0% +possible de throughout this control + + + align:start position:0% +possible de throughout this control +volume which we'll also call a reactor + + align:start position:0% +volume which we'll also call a reactor + + + align:start position:0% +volume which we'll also call a reactor +let's say what other terms will we need + + align:start position:0% +let's say what other terms will we need + + + align:start position:0% +let's say what other terms will we need +to know the different types of + + align:start position:0% +to know the different types of + + + align:start position:0% +to know the different types of +cross-sections are the different + + align:start position:0% +cross-sections are the different + + + align:start position:0% +cross-sections are the different +interactions that neutrons can have with + + align:start position:0% +interactions that neutrons can have with + + + align:start position:0% +interactions that neutrons can have with +matter what are some of the ones that we + + align:start position:0% +matter what are some of the ones that we + + + align:start position:0% +matter what are some of the ones that we +had talked about well what can neutrons + + align:start position:0% +had talked about well what can neutrons + + + align:start position:0% +had talked about well what can neutrons +do when they run into stuff they can + + align:start position:0% +do when they run into stuff they can + + + align:start position:0% +do when they run into stuff they can +scatter so there's going to be some + + align:start position:0% +scatter so there's going to be some + + + align:start position:0% +scatter so there's going to be some +scattering cross-section and when they + + align:start position:0% +scattering cross-section and when they + + + align:start position:0% +scattering cross-section and when they +scatter the important part here is + + align:start position:0% +scatter the important part here is + + + align:start position:0% +scatter the important part here is +they're going to change in energy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what else can they do + + align:start position:0% +what else can they do + + + align:start position:0% +what else can they do +yep they can be absorbed so we'll have + + align:start position:0% +yep they can be absorbed so we'll have + + + align:start position:0% +yep they can be absorbed so we'll have +some Sigma absorption what are some of + + align:start position:0% +some Sigma absorption what are some of + + + align:start position:0% +some Sigma absorption what are some of +the various things that can happen when + + align:start position:0% +the various things that can happen when + + + align:start position:0% +the various things that can happen when +a neutron is absorbed yep so one of them + + align:start position:0% +a neutron is absorbed yep so one of them + + + align:start position:0% +a neutron is absorbed yep so one of them +is fission what are some of the other + + align:start position:0% +is fission what are some of the other + + + align:start position:0% +is fission what are some of the other +ones yep + + align:start position:0% +ones yep + + + align:start position:0% +ones yep +capture over some of the ones that we + + align:start position:0% +capture over some of the ones that we + + + align:start position:0% +capture over some of the ones that we +talked about during the Chadwick paper + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yep so there can be some we'll call it n + + align:start position:0% +yep so there can be some we'll call it n + + + align:start position:0% +yep so there can be some we'll call it n +I n + + align:start position:0% +I n + + + align:start position:0% +I n +one Neutron goes in i neutrons come out + + align:start position:0% +one Neutron goes in i neutrons come out + + + align:start position:0% +one Neutron goes in i neutrons come out +so one two i neutrons sure anything else + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +encompassed and absorption + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well when we refer to scatter here what + + align:start position:0% +well when we refer to scatter here what + + + align:start position:0% +well when we refer to scatter here what +type of scattering are we talking about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Compton's for photons it's okay + + align:start position:0% +Compton's for photons it's okay + + + align:start position:0% +Compton's for photons it's okay +was it elastic or inelastic scattering + + align:start position:0% +was it elastic or inelastic scattering + + + align:start position:0% +was it elastic or inelastic scattering +elastic scattering so another thing you + + align:start position:0% +elastic scattering so another thing you + + + align:start position:0% +elastic scattering so another thing you +could call an absorption event depending + + align:start position:0% +could call an absorption event depending + + + align:start position:0% +could call an absorption event depending +on what bin you put things in is + + align:start position:0% +on what bin you put things in is + + + align:start position:0% +on what bin you put things in is +inelastic scattering which is that kind + + align:start position:0% +inelastic scattering which is that kind + + + align:start position:0% +inelastic scattering which is that kind +of skites we call it scattering because + + align:start position:0% +of skites we call it scattering because + + + align:start position:0% +of skites we call it scattering because +one Neutron goes in one neutron comes + + align:start position:0% +one Neutron goes in one neutron comes + + + align:start position:0% +one Neutron goes in one neutron comes +out but in reality you have a compound + + align:start position:0% +out but in reality you have a compound + + + align:start position:0% +out but in reality you have a compound +nucleus forming and a neutron emitted + + align:start position:0% +nucleus forming and a neutron emitted + + + align:start position:0% +nucleus forming and a neutron emitted +from a different energy level so it + + align:start position:0% +from a different energy level so it + + + align:start position:0% +from a different energy level so it +doesn't follow the simple ballistic laws + + align:start position:0% +doesn't follow the simple ballistic laws + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't follow the simple ballistic laws +of an kinematic laws of inelastic + + align:start position:0% +of an kinematic laws of inelastic + + + align:start position:0% +of an kinematic laws of inelastic +scattering what else can neutrons do now + + align:start position:0% +scattering what else can neutrons do now + + + align:start position:0% +scattering what else can neutrons do now +we're getting into the real esoteric + + align:start position:0% +we're getting into the real esoteric + + + align:start position:0% +we're getting into the real esoteric +stuff but I want to see if you guys have + + align:start position:0% +stuff but I want to see if you guys have + + + align:start position:0% +stuff but I want to see if you guys have +any idea did you know that neutrons can + + align:start position:0% +any idea did you know that neutrons can + + + align:start position:0% +any idea did you know that neutrons can +decay a lone Neutron is actually not a + + align:start position:0% +decay a lone Neutron is actually not a + + + align:start position:0% +decay a lone Neutron is actually not a +stable particle if you look up on the + + align:start position:0% +stable particle if you look up on the + + + align:start position:0% +stable particle if you look up on the +Kairi table of nuclides it's got a + + align:start position:0% +Kairi table of nuclides it's got a + + + align:start position:0% +Kairi table of nuclides it's got a +half-life of 12 minutes so if you happen + + align:start position:0% +half-life of 12 minutes so if you happen + + + align:start position:0% +half-life of 12 minutes so if you happen +to be able to have neutrons in a bottle + + align:start position:0% +to be able to have neutrons in a bottle + + + align:start position:0% +to be able to have neutrons in a bottle +or something which we actually can do + + align:start position:0% +or something which we actually can do + + + align:start position:0% +or something which we actually can do +there's Centers for ultracold neutrons + + align:start position:0% +there's Centers for ultracold neutrons + + + align:start position:0% +there's Centers for ultracold neutrons +and atoms there's there's one at North + + align:start position:0% +and atoms there's there's one at North + + + align:start position:0% +and atoms there's there's one at North +Carolina State or they actually cool + + align:start position:0% +Carolina State or they actually cool + + + align:start position:0% +Carolina State or they actually cool +down neutrons to cryogenic temperatures + + align:start position:0% +down neutrons to cryogenic temperatures + + + align:start position:0% +down neutrons to cryogenic temperatures +to the point where they can actually + + align:start position:0% +to the point where they can actually + + + align:start position:0% +to the point where they can actually +confine them they only live on average + + align:start position:0% +confine them they only live on average + + + align:start position:0% +confine them they only live on average +12 minutes and then there would also be + + align:start position:0% +12 minutes and then there would also be + + + align:start position:0% +12 minutes and then there would also be +what we call Neutron Neutron + + align:start position:0% +what we call Neutron Neutron + + + align:start position:0% +what we call Neutron Neutron +interactions there is a finite non zero + + align:start position:0% +interactions there is a finite non zero + + + align:start position:0% +interactions there is a finite non zero +but very small probability that neutrons + + align:start position:0% +but very small probability that neutrons + + + align:start position:0% +but very small probability that neutrons +can hit other neutrons but the mean free + + align:start position:0% +can hit other neutrons but the mean free + + + align:start position:0% +can hit other neutrons but the mean free +path for these is on the order of 10 to + + align:start position:0% +path for these is on the order of 10 to + + + align:start position:0% +path for these is on the order of 10 to +the 8th centimeters so this is not + + align:start position:0% +the 8th centimeters so this is not + + + align:start position:0% +the 8th centimeters so this is not +something we have to consider but it's + + align:start position:0% +something we have to consider but it's + + + align:start position:0% +something we have to consider but it's +interesting to know that yes neutrons + + align:start position:0% +interesting to know that yes neutrons + + + align:start position:0% +interesting to know that yes neutrons +can run into other neutrons and these + + align:start position:0% +can run into other neutrons and these + + + align:start position:0% +can run into other neutrons and these +sorts of things have been measured we + + align:start position:0% +sorts of things have been measured we + + + align:start position:0% +sorts of things have been measured we +won't have to worry about this we won't + + align:start position:0% +won't have to worry about this we won't + + + align:start position:0% +won't have to worry about this we won't +have to worry about neutron decay but it + + align:start position:0% +have to worry about neutron decay but it + + + align:start position:0% +have to worry about neutron decay but it +interesting to note that a lone Neutron + + align:start position:0% +interesting to note that a lone Neutron + + + align:start position:0% +interesting to note that a lone Neutron +is not a stable particle it'll + + align:start position:0% +is not a stable particle it'll + + + align:start position:0% +is not a stable particle it'll +spontaneously undergo beta decay and do + + align:start position:0% +spontaneously undergo beta decay and do + + + align:start position:0% +spontaneously undergo beta decay and do +it a proton and an electron pretty neat + + align:start position:0% +it a proton and an electron pretty neat + + + align:start position:0% +it a proton and an electron pretty neat +huh anyway if we sum up all these + + align:start position:0% +huh anyway if we sum up all these + + + align:start position:0% +huh anyway if we sum up all these +possible interactions we have one other + + align:start position:0% +possible interactions we have one other + + + align:start position:0% +possible interactions we have one other +cross-section which we're going to call + + align:start position:0% +cross-section which we're going to call + + + align:start position:0% +cross-section which we're going to call +this the total cross-section the + + align:start position:0% +this the total cross-section the + + + align:start position:0% +this the total cross-section the +probability of absolutely any + + align:start position:0% +probability of absolutely any + + + align:start position:0% +probability of absolutely any +interaction occurring at all because any + + align:start position:0% +interaction occurring at all because any + + + align:start position:0% +interaction occurring at all because any +sort of interaction of that Neutron is + + align:start position:0% +sort of interaction of that Neutron is + + + align:start position:0% +sort of interaction of that Neutron is +going to cause removal from this group + + align:start position:0% +going to cause removal from this group + + + align:start position:0% +going to cause removal from this group +of energy position angle location + + align:start position:0% +of energy position angle location + + + align:start position:0% +of energy position angle location +whatever whether it's absorption or + + align:start position:0% +whatever whether it's absorption or + + + align:start position:0% +whatever whether it's absorption or +fission or elastic scattering or + + align:start position:0% +fission or elastic scattering or + + + align:start position:0% +fission or elastic scattering or +inelastic scattering any sort of event + + align:start position:0% +inelastic scattering any sort of event + + + align:start position:0% +inelastic scattering any sort of event +except for forward scattering which + + align:start position:0% +except for forward scattering which + + + align:start position:0% +except for forward scattering which +means nothing happens is going to result + + align:start position:0% +means nothing happens is going to result + + + align:start position:0% +means nothing happens is going to result +in this neutron either leaving the + + align:start position:0% +in this neutron either leaving the + + + align:start position:0% +in this neutron either leaving the +volume so it might scatter out of our + + align:start position:0% +volume so it might scatter out of our + + + align:start position:0% +volume so it might scatter out of our +little volume or it might change + + align:start position:0% +little volume or it might change + + + align:start position:0% +little volume or it might change +direction scatter out of our D Omega or + + align:start position:0% +direction scatter out of our D Omega or + + + align:start position:0% +direction scatter out of our D Omega or +it will lose some energy or gain some + + align:start position:0% +it will lose some energy or gain some + + + align:start position:0% +it will lose some energy or gain some +energy in some cases leaving our little + + align:start position:0% +energy in some cases leaving our little + + + align:start position:0% +energy in some cases leaving our little +d e which is what we're trying to track + + align:start position:0% +d e which is what we're trying to track + + + align:start position:0% +d e which is what we're trying to track +because we're actually tracking what's + + align:start position:0% +because we're actually tracking what's + + + align:start position:0% +because we're actually tracking what's +the population of neutrons in this + + align:start position:0% +the population of neutrons in this + + + align:start position:0% +the population of neutrons in this +little de in this direction in this + + align:start position:0% +little de in this direction in this + + + align:start position:0% +little de in this direction in this +position at this time and supposedly if + + align:start position:0% +position at this time and supposedly if + + + align:start position:0% +position at this time and supposedly if +we know this term fully we can solve for + + align:start position:0% +we know this term fully we can solve for + + + align:start position:0% +we know this term fully we can solve for +all the neutrons everywhere anywhere in + + align:start position:0% +all the neutrons everywhere anywhere in + + + align:start position:0% +all the neutrons everywhere anywhere in +the reactor with full information so + + align:start position:0% +the reactor with full information so + + + align:start position:0% +the reactor with full information so +we'll spend the rest of today doing is + + align:start position:0% +we'll spend the rest of today doing is + + + align:start position:0% +we'll spend the rest of today doing is +figuring out what are all the possible + + align:start position:0% +figuring out what are all the possible + + + align:start position:0% +figuring out what are all the possible +gain and loss terms so let's start just + + align:start position:0% +gain and loss terms so let's start just + + + align:start position:0% +gain and loss terms so let's start just +putting them out physically or in words + + align:start position:0% +putting them out physically or in words + + + align:start position:0% +putting them out physically or in words +and then we'll put them to math so what + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll put them to math so what + + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll put them to math so what +are some of the ways in which neutrons + + align:start position:0% +are some of the ways in which neutrons + + + align:start position:0% +are some of the ways in which neutrons +can enter our little group of volume + + align:start position:0% +can enter our little group of volume + + + align:start position:0% +can enter our little group of volume +angle and energy our neutrons created + + align:start position:0% +angle and energy our neutrons created + + + align:start position:0% +angle and energy our neutrons created +yeah Luke + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +some vision yep so that's one big source + + align:start position:0% +some vision yep so that's one big source + + + align:start position:0% +some vision yep so that's one big source +so we'll call this a games this is the + + align:start position:0% +so we'll call this a games this is the + + + align:start position:0% +so we'll call this a games this is the +losses and you said a neutron source can + + align:start position:0% +losses and you said a neutron source can + + + align:start position:0% +losses and you said a neutron source can +you be more specific + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so we'll say n I end reactions + + align:start position:0% +okay so we'll say n I end reactions + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we'll say n I end reactions +right okay cool + + align:start position:0% +right okay cool + + + align:start position:0% +right okay cool +how else can we gain neutrons fusion + + align:start position:0% +how else can we gain neutrons fusion + + + align:start position:0% +how else can we gain neutrons fusion +okay ah that is true although fusion + + align:start position:0% +okay ah that is true although fusion + + + align:start position:0% +okay ah that is true although fusion +reactors don't really operate on the + + align:start position:0% +reactors don't really operate on the + + + align:start position:0% +reactors don't really operate on the +principle of neutron criticality or + + align:start position:0% +principle of neutron criticality or + + + align:start position:0% +principle of neutron criticality or +Neutron balance so this discussion for + + align:start position:0% +Neutron balance so this discussion for + + + align:start position:0% +Neutron balance so this discussion for +now is gonna be limited to fission + + align:start position:0% +now is gonna be limited to fission + + + align:start position:0% +now is gonna be limited to fission +reactors but yeah good point + + align:start position:0% +reactors but yeah good point + + + align:start position:0% +reactors but yeah good point +fusion does make neutrons what else yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah they could come from somewhere else + + align:start position:0% +yeah they could come from somewhere else + + + align:start position:0% +yeah they could come from somewhere else +right let's just call that an external + + align:start position:0% +right let's just call that an external + + + align:start position:0% +right let's just call that an external +source in the books and in your reading + + align:start position:0% +source in the books and in your reading + + + align:start position:0% +source in the books and in your reading +you'll just see them treat this external + + align:start position:0% +you'll just see them treat this external + + + align:start position:0% +you'll just see them treat this external +source as some variable s of our e Omega + + align:start position:0% +source as some variable s of our e Omega + + + align:start position:0% +source as some variable s of our e Omega +T so you'll just see this treated as s a + + align:start position:0% +T so you'll just see this treated as s a + + + align:start position:0% +T so you'll just see this treated as s a +source with no further explanation it's + + align:start position:0% +source with no further explanation it's + + + align:start position:0% +source with no further explanation it's +like oh math says that there could be + + align:start position:0% +like oh math says that there could be + + + align:start position:0% +like oh math says that there could be +external sources but I want to tell you + + align:start position:0% +external sources but I want to tell you + + + align:start position:0% +external sources but I want to tell you +where they really come from most + + align:start position:0% +where they really come from most + + + align:start position:0% +where they really come from most +reactors nowadays don't just start up + + align:start position:0% +reactors nowadays don't just start up + + + align:start position:0% +reactors nowadays don't just start up +when you throw a bunch of uranium into a + + align:start position:0% +when you throw a bunch of uranium into a + + + align:start position:0% +when you throw a bunch of uranium into a +pool and pull out the control rods you + + align:start position:0% +pool and pull out the control rods you + + + align:start position:0% +pool and pull out the control rods you +actually have to stick in if this is + + align:start position:0% +actually have to stick in if this is + + + align:start position:0% +actually have to stick in if this is +your little reactor right here you + + align:start position:0% +your little reactor right here you + + + align:start position:0% +your little reactor right here you +actually have to stick in a little piece + + align:start position:0% +actually have to stick in a little piece + + + align:start position:0% +actually have to stick in a little piece +of californium I think the isotope is + + align:start position:0% +of californium I think the isotope is + + + align:start position:0% +of californium I think the isotope is +252 as what we call a kick starter + + align:start position:0% +252 as what we call a kick starter + + + align:start position:0% +252 as what we call a kick starter +source so californium is made mostly in + + align:start position:0% +source so californium is made mostly in + + + align:start position:0% +source so californium is made mostly in +the high fer or the high flux isotope + + align:start position:0% +the high fer or the high flux isotope + + + align:start position:0% +the high fer or the high flux isotope +reactor at the Oak Ridge National Lab in + + align:start position:0% +reactor at the Oak Ridge National Lab in + + + align:start position:0% +reactor at the Oak Ridge National Lab in +Tennessee where they have a really + + align:start position:0% +Tennessee where they have a really + + + align:start position:0% +Tennessee where they have a really +really high power reactor it's 85 + + align:start position:0% +really high power reactor it's 85 + + + align:start position:0% +really high power reactor it's 85 +megawatts it's about that big around and + + align:start position:0% +megawatts it's about that big around and + + + align:start position:0% +megawatts it's about that big around and +this tall it's really really small for a + + align:start position:0% +this tall it's really really small for a + + + align:start position:0% +this tall it's really really small for a +reference that's about the size of the + + align:start position:0% +reference that's about the size of the + + + align:start position:0% +reference that's about the size of the +MIT reactor except our reactor six + + align:start position:0% +MIT reactor except our reactor six + + + align:start position:0% +MIT reactor except our reactor six +megawatts there's as 85 megawatts and + + align:start position:0% +megawatts there's as 85 megawatts and + + + align:start position:0% +megawatts there's as 85 megawatts and +it's designed to be an incredibly high + + align:start position:0% +it's designed to be an incredibly high + + + align:start position:0% +it's designed to be an incredibly high +flux to go by Neutron capture and + + align:start position:0% +flux to go by Neutron capture and + + + align:start position:0% +flux to go by Neutron capture and +neutron capture reactions to build up + + align:start position:0% +neutron capture reactions to build up + + + align:start position:0% +neutron capture reactions to build up +californium to 52 which is spontaneously + + align:start position:0% +californium to 52 which is spontaneously + + + align:start position:0% +californium to 52 which is spontaneously +giving off neutrons like crazy and this + + align:start position:0% +giving off neutrons like crazy and this + + + align:start position:0% +giving off neutrons like crazy and this +right here that's your external source + + align:start position:0% +right here that's your external source + + + align:start position:0% +right here that's your external source +and this helps get reactors going + + align:start position:0% +and this helps get reactors going + + + align:start position:0% +and this helps get reactors going +because you can either very slowly wait + + align:start position:0% +because you can either very slowly wait + + + align:start position:0% +because you can either very slowly wait +for the fission reaction to build up in + + align:start position:0% +for the fission reaction to build up in + + + align:start position:0% +for the fission reaction to build up in +a controlled manner or you can give it a + + align:start position:0% +a controlled manner or you can give it a + + + align:start position:0% +a controlled manner or you can give it a +kick in the pants and get it going this + + align:start position:0% +kick in the pants and get it going this + + + align:start position:0% +kick in the pants and get it going this +hyper reactor is pretty cool like I said + + align:start position:0% +hyper reactor is pretty cool like I said + + + align:start position:0% +hyper reactor is pretty cool like I said +it's 85 megawatts and it's about as + + align:start position:0% +it's 85 megawatts and it's about as + + + align:start position:0% +it's 85 megawatts and it's about as +dense as it can get the fuels actually + + align:start position:0% +dense as it can get the fuels actually + + + align:start position:0% +dense as it can get the fuels actually +made by explosively bonding sheets of + + align:start position:0% +made by explosively bonding sheets of + + + align:start position:0% +made by explosively bonding sheets of +uranium in a certain sort of semi + + align:start position:0% +uranium in a certain sort of semi + + + align:start position:0% +uranium in a certain sort of semi +cylindrical configuration and it + + align:start position:0% +cylindrical configuration and it + + + align:start position:0% +cylindrical configuration and it +produces so much decay heat in so little + + align:start position:0% +produces so much decay heat in so little + + + align:start position:0% +produces so much decay heat in so little +space that if it were to lose cooling + + align:start position:0% +space that if it were to lose cooling + + + align:start position:0% +space that if it were to lose cooling +reactor would melt in eight seconds + + align:start position:0% +reactor would melt in eight seconds + + + align:start position:0% +reactor would melt in eight seconds +usually have days or so before that + + align:start position:0% +usually have days or so before that + + + align:start position:0% +usually have days or so before that +happens in a conventional reactor + + align:start position:0% +happens in a conventional reactor + + + align:start position:0% +happens in a conventional reactor +because the power density just isn't + + align:start position:0% +because the power density just isn't + + + align:start position:0% +because the power density just isn't +that high + + align:start position:0% +that high + + + align:start position:0% +that high +so you can actually see down to the tank + + align:start position:0% +so you can actually see down to the tank + + + align:start position:0% +so you can actually see down to the tank +that contains - if you go for a tour at + + align:start position:0% +that contains - if you go for a tour at + + + align:start position:0% +that contains - if you go for a tour at +Oakridge National Lab and it's way down + + align:start position:0% +Oakridge National Lab and it's way down + + + align:start position:0% +Oakridge National Lab and it's way down +below this gigantic like not quite + + align:start position:0% +below this gigantic like not quite + + + align:start position:0% +below this gigantic like not quite +Olympic but get in there sized pool of + + align:start position:0% +Olympic but get in there sized pool of + + + align:start position:0% +Olympic but get in there sized pool of +water just to make sure that there is + + align:start position:0% +water just to make sure that there is + + + align:start position:0% +water just to make sure that there is +adequate cooling for this thing it's + + align:start position:0% +adequate cooling for this thing it's + + + align:start position:0% +adequate cooling for this thing it's +intense but yeah that's just to notice + + align:start position:0% +intense but yeah that's just to notice + + + align:start position:0% +intense but yeah that's just to notice +that these external sources these are + + align:start position:0% +that these external sources these are + + + align:start position:0% +that these external sources these are +real things that we use in power + + align:start position:0% +real things that we use in power + + + align:start position:0% +real things that we use in power +reactors to get them going what are some + + align:start position:0% +reactors to get them going what are some + + + align:start position:0% +reactors to get them going what are some +other ways that one could make neutrons + + align:start position:0% +other ways that one could make neutrons + + + align:start position:0% +other ways that one could make neutrons +or that neutrons could enter into our + + align:start position:0% +or that neutrons could enter into our + + + align:start position:0% +or that neutrons could enter into our +energy group and the silence is expected + + align:start position:0% +energy group and the silence is expected + + + align:start position:0% +energy group and the silence is expected +because this is usually the hardest part + + align:start position:0% +because this is usually the hardest part + + + align:start position:0% +because this is usually the hardest part +of developing this equation and I want + + align:start position:0% +of developing this equation and I want + + + align:start position:0% +of developing this equation and I want +to introduce it yeah Luke that's exactly + + align:start position:0% +to introduce it yeah Luke that's exactly + + + align:start position:0% +to introduce it yeah Luke that's exactly +it they can scatter in so when we + + align:start position:0% +it they can scatter in so when we + + + align:start position:0% +it they can scatter in so when we +develop this Neutron transport equation + + align:start position:0% +develop this Neutron transport equation + + + align:start position:0% +develop this Neutron transport equation +we're not just tracking the neutrons in + + align:start position:0% +we're not just tracking the neutrons in + + + align:start position:0% +we're not just tracking the neutrons in +this little energy group de Direction D + + align:start position:0% +this little energy group de Direction D + + + align:start position:0% +this little energy group de Direction D +Omega and volume DV you actually have to + + align:start position:0% +Omega and volume DV you actually have to + + + align:start position:0% +Omega and volume DV you actually have to +know what's the population of neutrons + + align:start position:0% +know what's the population of neutrons + + + align:start position:0% +know what's the population of neutrons +at every single group because you might + + align:start position:0% +at every single group because you might + + + align:start position:0% +at every single group because you might +have a neutron at a higher energy level + + align:start position:0% +have a neutron at a higher energy level + + + align:start position:0% +have a neutron at a higher energy level +that undergoes scattering from some + + align:start position:0% +that undergoes scattering from some + + + align:start position:0% +that undergoes scattering from some +different energy E Prime into our energy + + align:start position:0% +different energy E Prime into our energy + + + align:start position:0% +different energy E Prime into our energy +group so continuing with our gigantic + + align:start position:0% +group so continuing with our gigantic + + + align:start position:0% +group so continuing with our gigantic +list of variables we're going to call e + + align:start position:0% +list of variables we're going to call e + + + align:start position:0% +list of variables we're going to call e +is I'll say our energy and this vector + + align:start position:0% +is I'll say our energy and this vector + + + align:start position:0% +is I'll say our energy and this vector +Omega is our direction the one that + + align:start position:0% +Omega is our direction the one that + + + align:start position:0% +Omega is our direction the one that +we're tracking and a prime is going to + + align:start position:0% +we're tracking and a prime is going to + + + align:start position:0% +we're tracking and a prime is going to +be some other energy and Omega vector + + align:start position:0% +be some other energy and Omega vector + + + align:start position:0% +be some other energy and Omega vector +prime is going to be some coming from + + align:start position:0% +prime is going to be some coming from + + + align:start position:0% +prime is going to be some coming from +some other direction and like Luke said + + align:start position:0% +some other direction and like Luke said + + + align:start position:0% +some other direction and like Luke said +this this is what we would refer to as + + align:start position:0% +this this is what we would refer to as + + + align:start position:0% +this this is what we would refer to as +in scattering + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which means some neutron comes that was + + align:start position:0% +which means some neutron comes that was + + + align:start position:0% +which means some neutron comes that was +going in a different direction that did + + align:start position:0% +going in a different direction that did + + + align:start position:0% +going in a different direction that did +have a different energy and has now + + align:start position:0% +have a different energy and has now + + + align:start position:0% +have a different energy and has now +entered into the single group that we're + + align:start position:0% +entered into the single group that we're + + + align:start position:0% +entered into the single group that we're +tracking eventually we're going to + + align:start position:0% +tracking eventually we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +tracking eventually we're going to +integrate over all energies to track all + + align:start position:0% +integrate over all energies to track all + + + align:start position:0% +integrate over all energies to track all +energy groups so that's where we're + + align:start position:0% +energy groups so that's where we're + + + align:start position:0% +energy groups so that's where we're +going and there's one more term that I + + align:start position:0% +going and there's one more term that I + + + align:start position:0% +going and there's one more term that I +want to introduce right now it's what's + + align:start position:0% +want to introduce right now it's what's + + + align:start position:0% +want to introduce right now it's what's +called the scattering kernel don't ask + + align:start position:0% +called the scattering kernel don't ask + + + align:start position:0% +called the scattering kernel don't ask +me why it's called kernel but this is + + align:start position:0% +me why it's called kernel but this is + + + align:start position:0% +me why it's called kernel but this is +just the terminology I want you guys to + + align:start position:0% +just the terminology I want you guys to + + + align:start position:0% +just the terminology I want you guys to +get used to and it's going to be some + + align:start position:0% +get used to and it's going to be some + + + align:start position:0% +get used to and it's going to be some +sort of probability function where a + + align:start position:0% +sort of probability function where a + + + align:start position:0% +sort of probability function where a +neutron starts off at a different energy + + align:start position:0% +neutron starts off at a different energy + + + align:start position:0% +neutron starts off at a different energy +e Prime and in a different direction + + align:start position:0% +e Prime and in a different direction + + + align:start position:0% +e Prime and in a different direction +Omega Prime and it enters into our group + + align:start position:0% +Omega Prime and it enters into our group + + + align:start position:0% +Omega Prime and it enters into our group +energy E and Direction Omega right now + + align:start position:0% +energy E and Direction Omega right now + + + align:start position:0% +energy E and Direction Omega right now +we'll leave it as a highly general + + align:start position:0% +we'll leave it as a highly general + + + align:start position:0% +we'll leave it as a highly general +function what we're gonna find later is + + align:start position:0% +function what we're gonna find later is + + + align:start position:0% +function what we're gonna find later is +there's just some sort of simple line to + + align:start position:0% +there's just some sort of simple line to + + + align:start position:0% +there's just some sort of simple line to +it if you guys remember if some neutron + + align:start position:0% +it if you guys remember if some neutron + + + align:start position:0% +it if you guys remember if some neutron +starts off let's say probability of + + align:start position:0% +starts off let's say probability of + + + align:start position:0% +starts off let's say probability of +entering it to some energy group if you + + align:start position:0% +entering it to some energy group if you + + + align:start position:0% +entering it to some energy group if you +notice if you remember from last time + + align:start position:0% +notice if you remember from last time + + + align:start position:0% +notice if you remember from last time +the neutron when it undergoes any sort + + align:start position:0% +the neutron when it undergoes any sort + + + align:start position:0% +the neutron when it undergoes any sort +of scattering reaction can end up with + + align:start position:0% +of scattering reaction can end up with + + + align:start position:0% +of scattering reaction can end up with +any energy between its original energy + + align:start position:0% +any energy between its original energy + + + align:start position:0% +any energy between its original energy +for the case of theta equals zero and + + align:start position:0% +for the case of theta equals zero and + + + align:start position:0% +for the case of theta equals zero and +this parameter alpha energy for the case + + align:start position:0% +this parameter alpha energy for the case + + + align:start position:0% +this parameter alpha energy for the case +theta equals PI where alpha is a minus 1 + + align:start position:0% +theta equals PI where alpha is a minus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +theta equals PI where alpha is a minus 1 +over a plus 1 squared where a is the + + align:start position:0% +over a plus 1 squared where a is the + + + align:start position:0% +over a plus 1 squared where a is the +atomic mass you guys remember this from + + align:start position:0% +atomic mass you guys remember this from + + + align:start position:0% +atomic mass you guys remember this from +back in the Q equation days when we were + + align:start position:0% +back in the Q equation days when we were + + + align:start position:0% +back in the Q equation days when we were +finding out what's the probability that + + align:start position:0% +finding out what's the probability that + + + align:start position:0% +finding out what's the probability that +a neutron coming in with energy e + + align:start position:0% +a neutron coming in with energy e + + + align:start position:0% +a neutron coming in with energy e +ends up at any energy e prime what this + + align:start position:0% +ends up at any energy e prime what this + + + align:start position:0% +ends up at any energy e prime what this +actually I'll just write this as the + + align:start position:0% +actually I'll just write this as the + + + align:start position:0% +actually I'll just write this as the +scattering kernel what it ends up + + align:start position:0% +scattering kernel what it ends up + + + align:start position:0% +scattering kernel what it ends up +looking like in most cases is just a + + align:start position:0% +looking like in most cases is just a + + + align:start position:0% +looking like in most cases is just a +flat line there's an equal probability + + align:start position:0% +flat line there's an equal probability + + + align:start position:0% +flat line there's an equal probability +of the neutron ending up anywhere + + align:start position:0% +of the neutron ending up anywhere + + + align:start position:0% +of the neutron ending up anywhere +between energy E and anywhere between + + align:start position:0% +between energy E and anywhere between + + + align:start position:0% +between energy E and anywhere between +energy alpha e it's actually a pretty + + align:start position:0% +energy alpha e it's actually a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +energy alpha e it's actually a pretty +simple function it's just a constant + + align:start position:0% +simple function it's just a constant + + + align:start position:0% +simple function it's just a constant +value here and zero everywhere else what + + align:start position:0% +value here and zero everywhere else what + + + align:start position:0% +value here and zero everywhere else what +that means is that if let's say a + + align:start position:0% +that means is that if let's say a + + + align:start position:0% +that means is that if let's say a +neutron hits a uranium atom there's no + + align:start position:0% +neutron hits a uranium atom there's no + + + align:start position:0% +neutron hits a uranium atom there's no +way in hell that it can transfer all of + + align:start position:0% +way in hell that it can transfer all of + + + align:start position:0% +way in hell that it can transfer all of +its energy to a uranium atom because of + + align:start position:0% +its energy to a uranium atom because of + + + align:start position:0% +its energy to a uranium atom because of +conservation and energy and conservation + + align:start position:0% +conservation and energy and conservation + + + align:start position:0% +conservation and energy and conservation +of energy and momentum like we've been + + align:start position:0% +of energy and momentum like we've been + + + align:start position:0% +of energy and momentum like we've been +harping on for kind of this whole class + + align:start position:0% +harping on for kind of this whole class + + + align:start position:0% +harping on for kind of this whole class +what's the only time that this alpha e + + align:start position:0% +what's the only time that this alpha e + + + align:start position:0% +what's the only time that this alpha e +could actually extend all the way to + + align:start position:0% +could actually extend all the way to + + + align:start position:0% +could actually extend all the way to +zero what case would that be you're + + align:start position:0% +zero what case would that be you're + + + align:start position:0% +zero what case would that be you're +hitting another neutron which as we said + + align:start position:0% +hitting another neutron which as we said + + + align:start position:0% +hitting another neutron which as we said +is a very rare event that is true or + + align:start position:0% +is a very rare event that is true or + + + align:start position:0% +is a very rare event that is true or +what else could you be hitting a proton + + align:start position:0% +what else could you be hitting a proton + + + align:start position:0% +what else could you be hitting a proton +hydrogen that's right so it can only be + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen that's right so it can only be + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen that's right so it can only be +let's say you can only have the + + align:start position:0% +let's say you can only have the + + + align:start position:0% +let's say you can only have the +probability of the neutron coming ending + + align:start position:0% +probability of the neutron coming ending + + + align:start position:0% +probability of the neutron coming ending +up with any energy for the case of + + align:start position:0% +up with any energy for the case of + + + align:start position:0% +up with any energy for the case of +hydrogen incidentally this is why we + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen incidentally this is why we + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen incidentally this is why we +fill light water reactors with hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +fill light water reactors with hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +fill light water reactors with hydrogen +the goal is to get the neutrons as slow + + align:start position:0% +the goal is to get the neutrons as slow + + + align:start position:0% +the goal is to get the neutrons as slow +as possible as quick as possible + + align:start position:0% +as possible as quick as possible + + + align:start position:0% +as possible as quick as possible +interesting sentence to say there right + + align:start position:0% +interesting sentence to say there right + + + align:start position:0% +interesting sentence to say there right +we want the neutrons to be as low energy + + align:start position:0% +we want the neutrons to be as low energy + + + align:start position:0% +we want the neutrons to be as low energy +as possible as rapidly as possible and + + align:start position:0% +as possible as rapidly as possible and + + + align:start position:0% +as possible as rapidly as possible and +the best way to do that is to fill the + + align:start position:0% +the best way to do that is to fill the + + + align:start position:0% +the best way to do that is to fill the +reactor with hydrogen because then any + + align:start position:0% +reactor with hydrogen because then any + + + align:start position:0% +reactor with hydrogen because then any +collision could in theory get the + + align:start position:0% +collision could in theory get the + + + align:start position:0% +collision could in theory get the +neutron down to zero energy without + + align:start position:0% +neutron down to zero energy without + + + align:start position:0% +neutron down to zero energy without +water or something with the same mass as + + align:start position:0% +water or something with the same mass as + + + align:start position:0% +water or something with the same mass as +a neutron like another Neutron there's + + align:start position:0% +a neutron like another Neutron there's + + + align:start position:0% +a neutron like another Neutron there's +no way that that Neutron can slow down + + align:start position:0% +no way that that Neutron can slow down + + + align:start position:0% +no way that that Neutron can slow down +by very much so even though we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +by very much so even though we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +by very much so even though we're gonna +keep it as this generalized function + + align:start position:0% +keep it as this generalized function + + + align:start position:0% +keep it as this generalized function +note that in reality it's this pretty + + align:start position:0% +note that in reality it's this pretty + + + align:start position:0% +note that in reality it's this pretty +simple function it changes a little bit + + align:start position:0% +simple function it changes a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +simple function it changes a little bit +as there can be a forward scattering + + align:start position:0% +as there can be a forward scattering + + + align:start position:0% +as there can be a forward scattering +bias for some Neutron reactions but we + + align:start position:0% +bias for some Neutron reactions but we + + + align:start position:0% +bias for some Neutron reactions but we +are not going to deal with that this + + align:start position:0% +are not going to deal with that this + + + align:start position:0% +are not going to deal with that this +year you will deal with that next year + + align:start position:0% +year you will deal with that next year + + + align:start position:0% +year you will deal with that next year +in 22:05 so I've been saying a lot oh + + align:start position:0% +in 22:05 so I've been saying a lot oh + + + align:start position:0% +in 22:05 so I've been saying a lot oh +well we're not gonna go into this topic + + align:start position:0% +well we're not gonna go into this topic + + + align:start position:0% +well we're not gonna go into this topic +because if you're gonna see it in 2202 + + align:start position:0% +because if you're gonna see it in 2202 + + + align:start position:0% +because if you're gonna see it in 2202 +which is quantum now I switch gears to + + align:start position:0% +which is quantum now I switch gears to + + + align:start position:0% +which is quantum now I switch gears to +say we're not going to go into the way + + align:start position:0% +say we're not going to go into the way + + + align:start position:0% +say we're not going to go into the way +this function changes cuz you'll see it + + align:start position:0% +this function changes cuz you'll see it + + + align:start position:0% +this function changes cuz you'll see it +next year in 2205 which is Neutron + + align:start position:0% +next year in 2205 which is Neutron + + + align:start position:0% +next year in 2205 which is Neutron +physics but for now I want you to be + + align:start position:0% +physics but for now I want you to be + + + align:start position:0% +physics but for now I want you to be +prepared for 2205 so we'll put on in + + align:start position:0% +prepared for 2205 so we'll put on in + + + align:start position:0% +prepared for 2205 so we'll put on in +scattering as one of our gains + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's a last one I want to make you + + align:start position:0% +there's a last one I want to make you + + + align:start position:0% +there's a last one I want to make you +aware of we very briefly touched upon it + + align:start position:0% +aware of we very briefly touched upon it + + + align:start position:0% +aware of we very briefly touched upon it +but I wouldn't be surprised if no one + + align:start position:0% +but I wouldn't be surprised if no one + + + align:start position:0% +but I wouldn't be surprised if no one +remembers because it was for like ten + + align:start position:0% +remembers because it was for like ten + + + align:start position:0% +remembers because it was for like ten +seconds it's what's called photo fission + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what this means is you have some + + align:start position:0% +what this means is you have some + + + align:start position:0% +what this means is you have some +reaction that would in comes a gamma and + + align:start position:0% +reaction that would in comes a gamma and + + + align:start position:0% +reaction that would in comes a gamma and +out goes fission this actually does + + align:start position:0% +out goes fission this actually does + + + align:start position:0% +out goes fission this actually does +start to happen around three or four MeV + + align:start position:0% +start to happen around three or four MeV + + + align:start position:0% +start to happen around three or four MeV +for isotopes like uranium-235 and in our + + align:start position:0% +for isotopes like uranium-235 and in our + + + align:start position:0% +for isotopes like uranium-235 and in our +reactor whatever whatever shape we + + align:start position:0% +reactor whatever whatever shape we + + + align:start position:0% +reactor whatever whatever shape we +decide it is there are tons of gamma + + align:start position:0% +decide it is there are tons of gamma + + + align:start position:0% +decide it is there are tons of gamma +rays flying about in all directions at + + align:start position:0% +rays flying about in all directions at + + + align:start position:0% +rays flying about in all directions at +very high energy does anyone remember + + align:start position:0% +very high energy does anyone remember + + + align:start position:0% +very high energy does anyone remember +where they come from anyone remember the + + align:start position:0% +where they come from anyone remember the + + + align:start position:0% +where they come from anyone remember the +fission timeline that we drew on Friday + + align:start position:0% +fission timeline that we drew on Friday + + + align:start position:0% +fission timeline that we drew on Friday +so what we said there was right away + + align:start position:0% +so what we said there was right away + + + align:start position:0% +so what we said there was right away +let's say fission happens and almost + + align:start position:0% +let's say fission happens and almost + + + align:start position:0% +let's say fission happens and almost +instantly you get your fission product + + align:start position:0% +instantly you get your fission product + + + align:start position:0% +instantly you get your fission product +one and fission product two and they + + align:start position:0% +one and fission product two and they + + + align:start position:0% +one and fission product two and they +move around for a little while + + align:start position:0% +move around for a little while + + + align:start position:0% +move around for a little while +and then some of them will emit some + + align:start position:0% +and then some of them will emit some + + + align:start position:0% +and then some of them will emit some +neutrons and then some of them will + + align:start position:0% +neutrons and then some of them will + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons and then some of them will +start to emit gamma rays betas and + + align:start position:0% +start to emit gamma rays betas and + + + align:start position:0% +start to emit gamma rays betas and +whatever else they're gonna do until + + align:start position:0% +whatever else they're gonna do until + + + align:start position:0% +whatever else they're gonna do until +they finally lose all their kinetic + + align:start position:0% +they finally lose all their kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +they finally lose all their kinetic +energy and stop in the surrounding fuel + + align:start position:0% +energy and stop in the surrounding fuel + + + align:start position:0% +energy and stop in the surrounding fuel +creating the heat that actually powers + + align:start position:0% +creating the heat that actually powers + + + align:start position:0% +creating the heat that actually powers +the turbine and makes steam to make + + align:start position:0% +the turbine and makes steam to make + + + align:start position:0% +the turbine and makes steam to make +electricity and so it's from these + + align:start position:0% +electricity and so it's from these + + + align:start position:0% +electricity and so it's from these +gammas as well as any of the gammas from + + align:start position:0% +gammas as well as any of the gammas from + + + align:start position:0% +gammas as well as any of the gammas from +the decay products of the fission + + align:start position:0% +the decay products of the fission + + + align:start position:0% +the decay products of the fission +products that lead to a huge flux of + + align:start position:0% +products that lead to a huge flux of + + + align:start position:0% +products that lead to a huge flux of +gamma rays firing out from all sides in + + align:start position:0% +gamma rays firing out from all sides in + + + align:start position:0% +gamma rays firing out from all sides in +the reactor that's one of the main + + align:start position:0% +the reactor that's one of the main + + + align:start position:0% +the reactor that's one of the main +things that you actually have to shield + + align:start position:0% +things that you actually have to shield + + + align:start position:0% +things that you actually have to shield +in a nuclear reactor since we talked + + align:start position:0% +in a nuclear reactor since we talked + + + align:start position:0% +in a nuclear reactor since we talked +about all sorts of different shielding + + align:start position:0% +about all sorts of different shielding + + + align:start position:0% +about all sorts of different shielding +and all sorts of ways that you have to + + align:start position:0% +and all sorts of ways that you have to + + + align:start position:0% +and all sorts of ways that you have to +shield things you know from seeing the + + align:start position:0% +shield things you know from seeing the + + + align:start position:0% +shield things you know from seeing the +MIT reactor which you all did that + + align:start position:0% +MIT reactor which you all did that + + + align:start position:0% +MIT reactor which you all did that +there's like six feet of lead and + + align:start position:0% +there's like six feet of lead and + + + align:start position:0% +there's like six feet of lead and +concrete shielding around the reactor + + align:start position:0% +concrete shielding around the reactor + + + align:start position:0% +concrete shielding around the reactor +it's not there to shield the alphas and + + align:start position:0% +it's not there to shield the alphas and + + + align:start position:0% +it's not there to shield the alphas and +the beta's because those don't really + + align:start position:0% +the beta's because those don't really + + + align:start position:0% +the beta's because those don't really +make it out of the water it's not there + + align:start position:0% +make it out of the water it's not there + + + align:start position:0% +make it out of the water it's not there +to shield the soft x-rays that betas + + align:start position:0% +to shield the soft x-rays that betas + + + align:start position:0% +to shield the soft x-rays that betas +make from bremsstrahlung + + align:start position:0% +make from bremsstrahlung + + + align:start position:0% +make from bremsstrahlung +it's also not there to shield the + + align:start position:0% +it's also not there to shield the + + + align:start position:0% +it's also not there to shield the +neutrons because the neutrons don't + + align:start position:0% +neutrons because the neutrons don't + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons because the neutrons don't +really get out they bounce around or get + + align:start position:0% +really get out they bounce around or get + + + align:start position:0% +really get out they bounce around or get +absorbed in the water the fuel the + + align:start position:0% +absorbed in the water the fuel the + + + align:start position:0% +absorbed in the water the fuel the +reflector it's there to shield the + + align:start position:0% +reflector it's there to shield the + + + align:start position:0% +reflector it's there to shield the +high-energy gamma rays because the only + + align:start position:0% +high-energy gamma rays because the only + + + align:start position:0% +high-energy gamma rays because the only +thing that stops high-energy gamma rays + + align:start position:0% +thing that stops high-energy gamma rays + + + align:start position:0% +thing that stops high-energy gamma rays +is lots of mass in between the source + + align:start position:0% +is lots of mass in between the source + + + align:start position:0% +is lots of mass in between the source +and you so we know there's tons of + + align:start position:0% +and you so we know there's tons of + + + align:start position:0% +and you so we know there's tons of +gammas all about so let's say there's + + align:start position:0% +gammas all about so let's say there's + + + align:start position:0% +gammas all about so let's say there's +also going to be some gamma ray flux + + align:start position:0% +also going to be some gamma ray flux + + + align:start position:0% +also going to be some gamma ray flux +there'll be some gamma ray energy and + + align:start position:0% +there'll be some gamma ray energy and + + + align:start position:0% +there'll be some gamma ray energy and +there'll be some cross-section for photo + + align:start position:0% +there'll be some cross-section for photo + + + align:start position:0% +there'll be some cross-section for photo +fission as a function of the incoming + + align:start position:0% +fission as a function of the incoming + + + align:start position:0% +fission as a function of the incoming +gamma ray energy spectrum now I'm adding + + align:start position:0% +gamma ray energy spectrum now I'm adding + + + align:start position:0% +gamma ray energy spectrum now I'm adding +terms to the ones that you'll see in the + + align:start position:0% +terms to the ones that you'll see in the + + + align:start position:0% +terms to the ones that you'll see in the +reading because drawing them out in math + + align:start position:0% +reading because drawing them out in math + + + align:start position:0% +reading because drawing them out in math +is actually fairly instructive they all + + align:start position:0% +is actually fairly instructive they all + + + align:start position:0% +is actually fairly instructive they all +follow the same pattern so instead of + + align:start position:0% +follow the same pattern so instead of + + + align:start position:0% +follow the same pattern so instead of +just showing you one of each and saying + + align:start position:0% +just showing you one of each and saying + + + align:start position:0% +just showing you one of each and saying +memorize we'll develop a whole lot of + + align:start position:0% +memorize we'll develop a whole lot of + + + align:start position:0% +memorize we'll develop a whole lot of +these and you'll find out that they all + + align:start position:0% +these and you'll find out that they all + + + align:start position:0% +these and you'll find out that they all +actually look almost the same anyone + + align:start position:0% +actually look almost the same anyone + + + align:start position:0% +actually look almost the same anyone +else can anyone else think of any + + align:start position:0% +else can anyone else think of any + + + align:start position:0% +else can anyone else think of any +possible gains of neutrons where else + + align:start position:0% +possible gains of neutrons where else + + + align:start position:0% +possible gains of neutrons where else +could they come from yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the neutron birth spectrum is + + align:start position:0% +so the neutron birth spectrum is + + + align:start position:0% +so the neutron birth spectrum is +included in fission so our new is in + + align:start position:0% +included in fission so our new is in + + + align:start position:0% +included in fission so our new is in +there our kya V is in there and that's a + + align:start position:0% +there our kya V is in there and that's a + + + align:start position:0% +there our kya V is in there and that's a +new of II that's all accounted for in + + align:start position:0% +new of II that's all accounted for in + + + align:start position:0% +new of II that's all accounted for in +the fission term and we'll see how we + + align:start position:0% +the fission term and we'll see how we + + + align:start position:0% +the fission term and we'll see how we +put that together to math and if no one + + align:start position:0% +put that together to math and if no one + + + align:start position:0% +put that together to math and if no one +else has any ideas that's good because + + align:start position:0% +else has any ideas that's good because + + + align:start position:0% +else has any ideas that's good because +neither do I now what about the lost + + align:start position:0% +neither do I now what about the lost + + + align:start position:0% +neither do I now what about the lost +terms there aren't too many of these as + + align:start position:0% +terms there aren't too many of these as + + + align:start position:0% +terms there aren't too many of these as +long as you lump them correctly so what + + align:start position:0% +long as you lump them correctly so what + + + align:start position:0% +long as you lump them correctly so what +sort of ways could neutrons be lost from + + align:start position:0% +sort of ways could neutrons be lost from + + + align:start position:0% +sort of ways could neutrons be lost from +our energy group yep + + align:start position:0% +our energy group yep + + + align:start position:0% +our energy group yep +scatter out yep they can undergo any + + align:start position:0% +scatter out yep they can undergo any + + + align:start position:0% +scatter out yep they can undergo any +kind of scattering reaction and they + + align:start position:0% +kind of scattering reaction and they + + + align:start position:0% +kind of scattering reaction and they +will probably change direction and + + align:start position:0% +will probably change direction and + + + align:start position:0% +will probably change direction and +energy what else well we've got to lift + + align:start position:0% +energy what else well we've got to lift + + + align:start position:0% +energy what else well we've got to lift +up on the board right there right + + align:start position:0% +up on the board right there right + + + align:start position:0% +up on the board right there right +capture decision because in order to + + align:start position:0% +capture decision because in order to + + + align:start position:0% +capture decision because in order to +undergo fission you actually have to + + align:start position:0% +undergo fission you actually have to + + + align:start position:0% +undergo fission you actually have to +lose a neutron and so on and so on and + + align:start position:0% +lose a neutron and so on and so on and + + + align:start position:0% +lose a neutron and so on and so on and +so on what I want to do to simplify + + align:start position:0% +so on what I want to do to simplify + + + align:start position:0% +so on what I want to do to simplify +things is this it's a lot simpler just + + align:start position:0% +things is this it's a lot simpler just + + + align:start position:0% +things is this it's a lot simpler just +to track the total cross-section the + + align:start position:0% +to track the total cross-section the + + + align:start position:0% +to track the total cross-section the +probability of any interaction at all + + align:start position:0% +probability of any interaction at all + + + align:start position:0% +probability of any interaction at all +whatsoever because any interaction will + + align:start position:0% +whatsoever because any interaction will + + + align:start position:0% +whatsoever because any interaction will +cause the neutron to either change + + align:start position:0% +cause the neutron to either change + + + align:start position:0% +cause the neutron to either change +energy and angle or disappear even if it + + align:start position:0% +energy and angle or disappear even if it + + + align:start position:0% +energy and angle or disappear even if it +makes some other ones so we can simplify + + align:start position:0% +makes some other ones so we can simplify + + + align:start position:0% +makes some other ones so we can simplify +this to just the total cross-section + + align:start position:0% +this to just the total cross-section + + + align:start position:0% +this to just the total cross-section +term and there's only one other way that + + align:start position:0% +term and there's only one other way that + + + align:start position:0% +term and there's only one other way that +neutrons can leave our energy angle and + + align:start position:0% +neutrons can leave our energy angle and + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons can leave our energy angle and +volume group what would that be so any + + align:start position:0% +volume group what would that be so any + + + align:start position:0% +volume group what would that be so any +reaction takes care of energy and angle + + align:start position:0% +reaction takes care of energy and angle + + + align:start position:0% +reaction takes care of energy and angle +what about volume how did neutrons leave + + align:start position:0% +what about volume how did neutrons leave + + + align:start position:0% +what about volume how did neutrons leave +the control volume + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's simpler than it may sound they just + + align:start position:0% +it's simpler than it may sound they just + + + align:start position:0% +it's simpler than it may sound they just +go they just move the neutrons are + + align:start position:0% +go they just move the neutrons are + + + align:start position:0% +go they just move the neutrons are +always moving right we'll call that + + align:start position:0% +always moving right we'll call that + + + align:start position:0% +always moving right we'll call that +leakage because every neutrons got a + + align:start position:0% +leakage because every neutrons got a + + + align:start position:0% +leakage because every neutrons got a +speed like we've showed up here where + + align:start position:0% +speed like we've showed up here where + + + align:start position:0% +speed like we've showed up here where +the flux of neutrons the number of + + align:start position:0% +the flux of neutrons the number of + + + align:start position:0% +the flux of neutrons the number of +neutrons moving through some surface per + + align:start position:0% +neutrons moving through some surface per + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons moving through some surface per +second is just their velocity times the + + align:start position:0% +second is just their velocity times the + + + align:start position:0% +second is just their velocity times the +number that are there for there to be a + + align:start position:0% +number that are there for there to be a + + + align:start position:0% +number that are there for there to be a +neutron flux there has to be a velocity + + align:start position:0% +neutron flux there has to be a velocity + + + align:start position:0% +neutron flux there has to be a velocity +which means the neutrons are moving so + + align:start position:0% +which means the neutrons are moving so + + + align:start position:0% +which means the neutrons are moving so +the neutrons even without undergoing any + + align:start position:0% +the neutrons even without undergoing any + + + align:start position:0% +the neutrons even without undergoing any +reaction could just move out of our + + align:start position:0% +reaction could just move out of our + + + align:start position:0% +reaction could just move out of our +control volume and then they're gone and + + align:start position:0% +control volume and then they're gone and + + + align:start position:0% +control volume and then they're gone and +that's all there is for gain and loss + + align:start position:0% +that's all there is for gain and loss + + + align:start position:0% +that's all there is for gain and loss +terms so let's see if we can do this all + + align:start position:0% +terms so let's see if we can do this all + + + align:start position:0% +terms so let's see if we can do this all +on one board I want to start putting + + align:start position:0% +on one board I want to start putting + + + align:start position:0% +on one board I want to start putting +this table right here into math that + + align:start position:0% +this table right here into math that + + + align:start position:0% +this table right here into math that +we'll be able to abstract simplify and + + align:start position:0% +we'll be able to abstract simplify and + + + align:start position:0% +we'll be able to abstract simplify and +then solve but not today not solve today + + align:start position:0% +then solve but not today not solve today + + + align:start position:0% +then solve but not today not solve today +so if we want to track the change in the + + align:start position:0% +so if we want to track the change in the + + + align:start position:0% +so if we want to track the change in the +number of neutrons as a function of time + + align:start position:0% +number of neutrons as a function of time + + + align:start position:0% +number of neutrons as a function of time +let's start writing down the gain terms + + align:start position:0% +let's start writing down the gain terms + + + align:start position:0% +let's start writing down the gain terms +so how do we describe the number of + + align:start position:0% +so how do we describe the number of + + + align:start position:0% +so how do we describe the number of +neutrons produced from fission what sort + + align:start position:0% +neutrons produced from fission what sort + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons produced from fission what sort +of terms do we have to include and Jared + + align:start position:0% +of terms do we have to include and Jared + + + align:start position:0% +of terms do we have to include and Jared +started kicking us off so what would you + + align:start position:0% +started kicking us off so what would you + + + align:start position:0% +started kicking us off so what would you +say + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yep so the neutron birth spectrum + + align:start position:0% +yep so the neutron birth spectrum + + + align:start position:0% +yep so the neutron birth spectrum +there's going to be some probability + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be some probability + + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be some probability +that a neutron is born in our energy + + align:start position:0% +that a neutron is born in our energy + + + align:start position:0% +that a neutron is born in our energy +group e because we're tracking how many + + align:start position:0% +group e because we're tracking how many + + + align:start position:0% +group e because we're tracking how many +neutrons are in our little de energy + + align:start position:0% +neutrons are in our little de energy + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons are in our little de energy +group what else matters in terms of + + align:start position:0% +group what else matters in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +group what else matters in terms of +fission yep number of fissions so if we + + align:start position:0% +fission yep number of fissions so if we + + + align:start position:0% +fission yep number of fissions so if we +want to write number of fission's we + + align:start position:0% +want to write number of fission's we + + + align:start position:0% +want to write number of fission's we +have to write that as a reaction rate so + + align:start position:0% +have to write that as a reaction rate so + + + align:start position:0% +have to write that as a reaction rate so +let's take those two terms right there + + align:start position:0% +let's take those two terms right there + + + align:start position:0% +let's take those two terms right there +so we'll have Sigma fission in this case + + align:start position:0% +so we'll have Sigma fission in this case + + + align:start position:0% +so we'll have Sigma fission in this case +we're gonna write e prime times flux of + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna write e prime times flux of + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna write e prime times flux of +our e prime Omega prime T why did I + + align:start position:0% +our e prime Omega prime T why did I + + + align:start position:0% +our e prime Omega prime T why did I +write in Omega prime here just from a + + align:start position:0% +write in Omega prime here just from a + + + align:start position:0% +write in Omega prime here just from a +physical reason yeah precisely that's + + align:start position:0% +physical reason yeah precisely that's + + + align:start position:0% +physical reason yeah precisely that's +right so the neutrons are going to be + + align:start position:0% +right so the neutrons are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +right so the neutrons are going to be +produced from some other energy group + + align:start position:0% +produced from some other energy group + + + align:start position:0% +produced from some other energy group +for example the fission birth spectrum + + align:start position:0% +for example the fission birth spectrum + + + align:start position:0% +for example the fission birth spectrum +right here starts out where did it go I + + align:start position:0% +right here starts out where did it go I + + + align:start position:0% +right here starts out where did it go I +knew I drew it somewhere at 1 MeV but + + align:start position:0% +knew I drew it somewhere at 1 MeV but + + + align:start position:0% +knew I drew it somewhere at 1 MeV but +most of the neutrons that cause fission + + align:start position:0% +most of the neutrons that cause fission + + + align:start position:0% +most of the neutrons that cause fission +to happen are way down below one easy so + + align:start position:0% +to happen are way down below one easy so + + + align:start position:0% +to happen are way down below one easy so +it's different energy neutrons that + + align:start position:0% +it's different energy neutrons that + + + align:start position:0% +it's different energy neutrons that +cause neutrons to be born in our energy + + align:start position:0% +cause neutrons to be born in our energy + + + align:start position:0% +cause neutrons to be born in our energy +group that's why we're using a prime and + + align:start position:0% +group that's why we're using a prime and + + + align:start position:0% +group that's why we're using a prime and +not e it's some other energy group and + + align:start position:0% +not e it's some other energy group and + + + align:start position:0% +not e it's some other energy group and +so we also have to account for all + + align:start position:0% +so we also have to account for all + + + align:start position:0% +so we also have to account for all +possible other energy groups so if we + + align:start position:0% +possible other energy groups so if we + + + align:start position:0% +possible other energy groups so if we +want to write this right we'll say this + + align:start position:0% +want to write this right we'll say this + + + align:start position:0% +want to write this right we'll say this +could be as low as 0 evey to our maximum + + align:start position:0% +could be as low as 0 evey to our maximum + + + align:start position:0% +could be as low as 0 evey to our maximum +energy and there's going to be some D + + align:start position:0% +energy and there's going to be some D + + + align:start position:0% +energy and there's going to be some D +Omega prime D prime D V we'll also have + + align:start position:0% +Omega prime D prime D V we'll also have + + + align:start position:0% +Omega prime D prime D V we'll also have +to account for all possible angles and + + align:start position:0% +to account for all possible angles and + + + align:start position:0% +to account for all possible angles and +integrate over our entire volume it's + + align:start position:0% +integrate over our entire volume it's + + + align:start position:0% +integrate over our entire volume it's +get it's going to get it's going to look + + align:start position:0% +get it's going to get it's going to look + + + align:start position:0% +get it's going to get it's going to look +ugly quick but it's all going to be + + align:start position:0% +ugly quick but it's all going to be + + + align:start position:0% +ugly quick but it's all going to be +understandable so what this says is that + + align:start position:0% +understandable so what this says is that + + + align:start position:0% +understandable so what this says is that +we have to account for + + align:start position:0% +we have to account for + + + align:start position:0% +we have to account for +the reaction rate of fission from all + + align:start position:0% +the reaction rate of fission from all + + + align:start position:0% +the reaction rate of fission from all +other energy neutrons inside our volume + + align:start position:0% +other energy neutrons inside our volume + + + align:start position:0% +other energy neutrons inside our volume +from other energies and other angles and + + align:start position:0% +from other energies and other angles and + + + align:start position:0% +from other energies and other angles and +account for every other possible energy + + align:start position:0% +account for every other possible energy + + + align:start position:0% +account for every other possible energy +because they can all make fission happen + + align:start position:0% +because they can all make fission happen + + + align:start position:0% +because they can all make fission happen +what else is missing in terms of + + align:start position:0% +what else is missing in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +what else is missing in terms of +describing the number of neutrons made + + align:start position:0% +describing the number of neutrons made + + + align:start position:0% +describing the number of neutrons made +from fission yep there's the number of + + align:start position:0% +from fission yep there's the number of + + + align:start position:0% +from fission yep there's the number of +neutrons made provision so we have to + + align:start position:0% +neutrons made provision so we have to + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons made provision so we have to +put in our Neutron multiplication factor + + align:start position:0% +put in our Neutron multiplication factor + + + align:start position:0% +put in our Neutron multiplication factor +and in this case normalize think someone + + align:start position:0% +and in this case normalize think someone + + + align:start position:0% +and in this case normalize think someone +had mentioned solid angle we normalize + + align:start position:0% +had mentioned solid angle we normalize + + + align:start position:0% +had mentioned solid angle we normalize +over all possible angles with an over + + align:start position:0% +over all possible angles with an over + + + align:start position:0% +over all possible angles with an over +4pi in there and this right here is the + + align:start position:0% +4pi in there and this right here is the + + + align:start position:0% +4pi in there and this right here is the +fission term so this tells us the number + + align:start position:0% +fission term so this tells us the number + + + align:start position:0% +fission term so this tells us the number +of neutrons gained in terms of a + + align:start position:0% +of neutrons gained in terms of a + + + align:start position:0% +of neutrons gained in terms of a +reaction rate times the number of + + align:start position:0% +reaction rate times the number of + + + align:start position:0% +reaction rate times the number of +neutrons for each of those reactions + + align:start position:0% +neutrons for each of those reactions + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons for each of those reactions +times the probability that there just + + align:start position:0% +times the probability that there just + + + align:start position:0% +times the probability that there just +happened to be born in the energy group + + align:start position:0% +happened to be born in the energy group + + + align:start position:0% +happened to be born in the energy group +that we're tracking so is there any term + + align:start position:0% +that we're tracking so is there any term + + + align:start position:0% +that we're tracking so is there any term +here that's unclear to folks yeah on the + + align:start position:0% +here that's unclear to folks yeah on the + + + align:start position:0% +here that's unclear to folks yeah on the +first integral that's zero electron + + align:start position:0% +first integral that's zero electron + + + align:start position:0% +first integral that's zero electron +volts because supposedly you could have + + align:start position:0% +volts because supposedly you could have + + + align:start position:0% +volts because supposedly you could have +a neutron at zero evey which has a very + + align:start position:0% +a neutron at zero evey which has a very + + + align:start position:0% +a neutron at zero evey which has a very +high cross section of that so it should + + align:start position:0% +high cross section of that so it should + + + align:start position:0% +high cross section of that so it should +probably induce fission in reality there + + align:start position:0% +probably induce fission in reality there + + + align:start position:0% +probably induce fission in reality there +might be some actual minimum temperature + + align:start position:0% +might be some actual minimum temperature + + + align:start position:0% +might be some actual minimum temperature +but there is a nonzero probability that + + align:start position:0% +but there is a nonzero probability that + + + align:start position:0% +but there is a nonzero probability that +you could have a neutron at rest it's + + align:start position:0% +you could have a neutron at rest it's + + + align:start position:0% +you could have a neutron at rest it's +just not very large the top bound is + + align:start position:0% +just not very large the top bound is + + + align:start position:0% +just not very large the top bound is +Emax whatever your maximum Neutron + + align:start position:0% +Emax whatever your maximum Neutron + + + align:start position:0% +Emax whatever your maximum Neutron +energy is this is usually around 10 MeV + + align:start position:0% +energy is this is usually around 10 MeV + + + align:start position:0% +energy is this is usually around 10 MeV +for most fission reactors that Emax is + + align:start position:0% +for most fission reactors that Emax is + + + align:start position:0% +for most fission reactors that Emax is +going to be this point right here the + + align:start position:0% +going to be this point right here the + + + align:start position:0% +going to be this point right here the +highest energy at which neutrons can be + + align:start position:0% +highest energy at which neutrons can be + + + align:start position:0% +highest energy at which neutrons can be +born by any process and so this term + + align:start position:0% +born by any process and so this term + + + align:start position:0% +born by any process and so this term +right here is going to serve as a + + align:start position:0% +right here is going to serve as a + + + align:start position:0% +right here is going to serve as a +template for all the other gain and loss + + align:start position:0% +template for all the other gain and loss + + + align:start position:0% +template for all the other gain and loss +terms so I think this is the hardest one + + align:start position:0% +terms so I think this is the hardest one + + + align:start position:0% +terms so I think this is the hardest one +that we had to develop from the + + align:start position:0% +that we had to develop from the + + + align:start position:0% +that we had to develop from the +beginning + + align:start position:0% +beginning + + + align:start position:0% +beginning +now let's develop the term for let's + + align:start position:0% +now let's develop the term for let's + + + align:start position:0% +now let's develop the term for let's +just go with external sources pretty + + align:start position:0% +just go with external sources pretty + + + align:start position:0% +just go with external sources pretty +easy + + align:start position:0% +easy + + + align:start position:0% +easy +there's gonna be some source making + + align:start position:0% +there's gonna be some source making + + + align:start position:0% +there's gonna be some source making +neutrons it's something that you would + + align:start position:0% +neutrons it's something that you would + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons it's something that you would +just impose like say alright I have a + + align:start position:0% +just impose like say alright I have a + + + align:start position:0% +just impose like say alright I have a +californium source giving off this many + + align:start position:0% +californium source giving off this many + + + align:start position:0% +californium source giving off this many +neutrons well then you know how many + + align:start position:0% +neutrons well then you know how many + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons well then you know how many +neutrons that's giving off and that + + align:start position:0% +neutrons that's giving off and that + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons that's giving off and that +one's done that's easy so we've done + + align:start position:0% +one's done that's easy so we've done + + + align:start position:0% +one's done that's easy so we've done +fission we've done external now that + + align:start position:0% +fission we've done external now that + + + align:start position:0% +fission we've done external now that +we've done fission let's tackle photo + + align:start position:0% +we've done fission let's tackle photo + + + align:start position:0% +we've done fission let's tackle photo +fission so what would the photo fission + + align:start position:0% +fission so what would the photo fission + + + align:start position:0% +fission so what would the photo fission +cross-section look like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's going to look awfully similar so + + align:start position:0% +it's going to look awfully similar so + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to look awfully similar so +what sort of things do you need to know + + align:start position:0% +what sort of things do you need to know + + + align:start position:0% +what sort of things do you need to know +if it's a fission reaction well what do + + align:start position:0% +if it's a fission reaction well what do + + + align:start position:0% +if it's a fission reaction well what do +we have up here to start reading things + + align:start position:0% +we have up here to start reading things + + + align:start position:0% +we have up here to start reading things +off I heard a murmur was that yep so + + align:start position:0% +off I heard a murmur was that yep so + + + align:start position:0% +off I heard a murmur was that yep so +you're gonna have to have some flux in + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna have to have some flux in + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna have to have some flux in +this case we want to know what's the + + align:start position:0% +this case we want to know what's the + + + align:start position:0% +this case we want to know what's the +flux of gamma rays because photo fission + + align:start position:0% +flux of gamma rays because photo fission + + + align:start position:0% +flux of gamma rays because photo fission +starts off with a gamma that ends up + + align:start position:0% +starts off with a gamma that ends up + + + align:start position:0% +starts off with a gamma that ends up +with a fission and it's also going to be + + align:start position:0% +with a fission and it's also going to be + + + align:start position:0% +with a fission and it's also going to be +in our volume it's going to matter what + + align:start position:0% +in our volume it's going to matter what + + + align:start position:0% +in our volume it's going to matter what +the energy of those gammas is they'll + + align:start position:0% +the energy of those gammas is they'll + + + align:start position:0% +the energy of those gammas is they'll +all be traveling in some direction at + + align:start position:0% +all be traveling in some direction at + + + align:start position:0% +all be traveling in some direction at +some time what else do we need uh yeah + + align:start position:0% +some time what else do we need uh yeah + + + align:start position:0% +some time what else do we need uh yeah +if we're gonna be going over all angles + + align:start position:0% +if we're gonna be going over all angles + + + align:start position:0% +if we're gonna be going over all angles +yep you need the 4pi what else do we + + align:start position:0% +yep you need the 4pi what else do we + + + align:start position:0% +yep you need the 4pi what else do we +have a reaction rate yet no well what's + + align:start position:0% +have a reaction rate yet no well what's + + + align:start position:0% +have a reaction rate yet no well what's +missing that's right + + align:start position:0% +missing that's right + + + align:start position:0% +missing that's right +we need a cross-section and in this case + + align:start position:0% +we need a cross-section and in this case + + + align:start position:0% +we need a cross-section and in this case +instead of just fission or neutron + + align:start position:0% +instead of just fission or neutron + + + align:start position:0% +instead of just fission or neutron +fission we'll put in the gamma fission + + align:start position:0% +fission we'll put in the gamma fission + + + align:start position:0% +fission we'll put in the gamma fission +cross-section and so now we have a + + align:start position:0% +cross-section and so now we have a + + + align:start position:0% +cross-section and so now we have a +reaction rate for a single reaction + + align:start position:0% +reaction rate for a single reaction + + + align:start position:0% +reaction rate for a single reaction +we've got to integrate over all of our + + align:start position:0% +we've got to integrate over all of our + + + align:start position:0% +we've got to integrate over all of our +gamma-ray energies over all angles over + + align:start position:0% +gamma-ray energies over all angles over + + + align:start position:0% +gamma-ray energies over all angles over +our volume what else is missing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +besides our D Omega de gamma D volume it + + align:start position:0% +besides our D Omega de gamma D volume it + + + align:start position:0% +besides our D Omega de gamma D volume it +should look awfully similar because the + + align:start position:0% +should look awfully similar because the + + + align:start position:0% +should look awfully similar because the +terms are basically exactly the same + + align:start position:0% +terms are basically exactly the same + + + align:start position:0% +terms are basically exactly the same +with just different cross sections and + + align:start position:0% +with just different cross sections and + + + align:start position:0% +with just different cross sections and +energies in there so what's missing + + align:start position:0% +energies in there so what's missing + + + align:start position:0% +energies in there so what's missing +between the photo fission and the + + align:start position:0% +between the photo fission and the + + + align:start position:0% +between the photo fission and the +neutron fission one sure there might be + + align:start position:0% +neutron fission one sure there might be + + + align:start position:0% +neutron fission one sure there might be +some different birth spectrum for gammas + + align:start position:0% +some different birth spectrum for gammas + + + align:start position:0% +some different birth spectrum for gammas +and there might be some different + + align:start position:0% +and there might be some different + + + align:start position:0% +and there might be some different +multiplication factor for gammas between + + align:start position:0% +multiplication factor for gammas between + + + align:start position:0% +multiplication factor for gammas between +neutron fission and photo fission but + + align:start position:0% +neutron fission and photo fission but + + + align:start position:0% +neutron fission and photo fission but +these terms should look exactly the same + + align:start position:0% +these terms should look exactly the same + + + align:start position:0% +these terms should look exactly the same +because in every case you're looking at + + align:start position:0% +because in every case you're looking at + + + align:start position:0% +because in every case you're looking at +some reaction rate between either the + + align:start position:0% +some reaction rate between either the + + + align:start position:0% +some reaction rate between either the +neutrons and fission or the gammas and + + align:start position:0% +neutrons and fission or the gammas and + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons and fission or the gammas and +fission and you need to know at what + + align:start position:0% +fission and you need to know at what + + + align:start position:0% +fission and you need to know at what +energy they're born how many are made + + align:start position:0% +energy they're born how many are made + + + align:start position:0% +energy they're born how many are made +all the angles and integrate over all + + align:start position:0% +all the angles and integrate over all + + + align:start position:0% +all the angles and integrate over all +the variables that we care about and + + align:start position:0% +the variables that we care about and + + + align:start position:0% +the variables that we care about and +this is part of why I'm adding these + + align:start position:0% +this is part of why I'm adding these + + + align:start position:0% +this is part of why I'm adding these +extra terms because they end up looking + + align:start position:0% +extra terms because they end up looking + + + align:start position:0% +extra terms because they end up looking +all exactly the same it's the integral + + align:start position:0% +all exactly the same it's the integral + + + align:start position:0% +all exactly the same it's the integral +of a reaction rate times some stuff + + align:start position:0% +of a reaction rate times some stuff + + + align:start position:0% +of a reaction rate times some stuff +that's all that every single one of + + align:start position:0% +that's all that every single one of + + + align:start position:0% +that's all that every single one of +these terms is going to be so we've got + + align:start position:0% +these terms is going to be so we've got + + + align:start position:0% +these terms is going to be so we've got +photo fission + + align:start position:0% +photo fission + + + align:start position:0% +photo fission +now let's tackle in scattering so how do + + align:start position:0% +now let's tackle in scattering so how do + + + align:start position:0% +now let's tackle in scattering so how do +we represent scattering in the same way + + align:start position:0% +we represent scattering in the same way + + + align:start position:0% +we represent scattering in the same way +that we represented fission what do we + + align:start position:0% +that we represented fission what do we + + + align:start position:0% +that we represented fission what do we +start with inside the integral + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reaction rate yes so we're going to have + + align:start position:0% +reaction rate yes so we're going to have + + + align:start position:0% +reaction rate yes so we're going to have +some scattering cross-section and if + + align:start position:0% +some scattering cross-section and if + + + align:start position:0% +some scattering cross-section and if +it's in scattering it means it's coming + + align:start position:0% +it's in scattering it means it's coming + + + align:start position:0% +it's in scattering it means it's coming +from a different energy + + align:start position:0% +from a different energy + + + align:start position:0% +from a different energy +hence the prime will have our flux and + + align:start position:0% +hence the prime will have our flux and + + + align:start position:0% +hence the prime will have our flux and +here's where we're gonna bring in our + + align:start position:0% +here's where we're gonna bring in our + + + align:start position:0% +here's where we're gonna bring in our +scattering kernel because there's some + + align:start position:0% +scattering kernel because there's some + + + align:start position:0% +scattering kernel because there's some +probability that the neutron scatters in + + align:start position:0% +probability that the neutron scatters in + + + align:start position:0% +probability that the neutron scatters in +from a different group and then we'll + + align:start position:0% +from a different group and then we'll + + + align:start position:0% +from a different group and then we'll +have our D Omega D prime DV is this + + align:start position:0% +have our D Omega D prime DV is this + + + align:start position:0% +have our D Omega D prime DV is this +complete yet + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we've now accounted for one other energy + + align:start position:0% +we've now accounted for one other energy + + + align:start position:0% +we've now accounted for one other energy +e prime now how do we account for all + + align:start position:0% +e prime now how do we account for all + + + align:start position:0% +e prime now how do we account for all +possible other energies scattering into + + align:start position:0% +possible other energies scattering into + + + align:start position:0% +possible other energies scattering into +our energy group yep again same + + align:start position:0% +our energy group yep again same + + + align:start position:0% +our energy group yep again same +integrals we integrate over all possible + + align:start position:0% +integrals we integrate over all possible + + + align:start position:0% +integrals we integrate over all possible +energies over all possible angles and + + align:start position:0% +energies over all possible angles and + + + align:start position:0% +energies over all possible angles and +over our volume hopefully these terms + + align:start position:0% +over our volume hopefully these terms + + + align:start position:0% +over our volume hopefully these terms +are looking very similar in every case + + align:start position:0% +are looking very similar in every case + + + align:start position:0% +are looking very similar in every case +it's a volume angle energy integral of a + + align:start position:0% +it's a volume angle energy integral of a + + + align:start position:0% +it's a volume angle energy integral of a +reaction rate and all that saying is + + align:start position:0% +reaction rate and all that saying is + + + align:start position:0% +reaction rate and all that saying is +there's some rate that these reactions + + align:start position:0% +there's some rate that these reactions + + + align:start position:0% +there's some rate that these reactions +are occurring which is either a gain + + align:start position:0% +are occurring which is either a gain + + + align:start position:0% +are occurring which is either a gain +rate or a loss rate we integrate over + + align:start position:0% +rate or a loss rate we integrate over + + + align:start position:0% +rate or a loss rate we integrate over +whatever volume energy and angle we're + + align:start position:0% +whatever volume energy and angle we're + + + align:start position:0% +whatever volume energy and angle we're +tracking and that's all there is to it + + align:start position:0% +tracking and that's all there is to it + + + align:start position:0% +tracking and that's all there is to it +so we've got in scattering now let's + + align:start position:0% +so we've got in scattering now let's + + + align:start position:0% +so we've got in scattering now let's +tackle the ni n reactions there's only + + align:start position:0% +tackle the ni n reactions there's only + + + align:start position:0% +tackle the ni n reactions there's only +going to be one little difference but I + + align:start position:0% +going to be one little difference but I + + + align:start position:0% +going to be one little difference but I +want you guys to tell me what sort of + + align:start position:0% +want you guys to tell me what sort of + + + align:start position:0% +want you guys to tell me what sort of +things are going to be the same as all + + align:start position:0% +things are going to be the same as all + + + align:start position:0% +things are going to be the same as all +the other terms that we have here so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what do we start off with in this in the + + align:start position:0% +what do we start off with in this in the + + + align:start position:0% +what do we start off with in this in the +inside the integral + + align:start position:0% +inside the integral + + + align:start position:0% +inside the integral +a reaction rate how we write that yep a + + align:start position:0% +a reaction rate how we write that yep a + + + align:start position:0% +a reaction rate how we write that yep a +cross-section there's going to be some + + align:start position:0% +cross-section there's going to be some + + + align:start position:0% +cross-section there's going to be some +cross-section for let's call it an + + align:start position:0% +cross-section for let's call it an + + + align:start position:0% +cross-section for let's call it an +n-by-n reaction as a function of energy + + align:start position:0% +n-by-n reaction as a function of energy + + + align:start position:0% +n-by-n reaction as a function of energy +times a flux will be our normal + + align:start position:0% +times a flux will be our normal + + + align:start position:0% +times a flux will be our normal +integrated over all angles all energies + + align:start position:0% +integrated over all angles all energies + + + align:start position:0% +integrated over all angles all energies +and our volume so we have a reaction + + align:start position:0% +and our volume so we have a reaction + + + align:start position:0% +and our volume so we have a reaction +rate what do we have to then integrate + + align:start position:0% +rate what do we have to then integrate + + + align:start position:0% +rate what do we have to then integrate +that reaction right over to get all the + + align:start position:0% +that reaction right over to get all the + + + align:start position:0% +that reaction right over to get all the +neutrons in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +same things as everything else exactly + + align:start position:0% +same things as everything else exactly + + + align:start position:0% +same things as everything else exactly +integrate over all possible energies + + align:start position:0% +integrate over all possible energies + + + align:start position:0% +integrate over all possible energies +integrate over all possible angles + + align:start position:0% +integrate over all possible angles + + + align:start position:0% +integrate over all possible angles +integrate over our volume looks quite + + align:start position:0% +integrate over our volume looks quite + + + align:start position:0% +integrate over our volume looks quite +similar the only thing we haven't dealt + + align:start position:0% +similar the only thing we haven't dealt + + + align:start position:0% +similar the only thing we haven't dealt +with is this I term right here because + + align:start position:0% +with is this I term right here because + + + align:start position:0% +with is this I term right here because +there can be there are actually n to n + + align:start position:0% +there can be there are actually n to n + + + align:start position:0% +there can be there are actually n to n +reactions + 3 n + 4 N and so on so there + + align:start position:0% +reactions + 3 n + 4 N and so on so there + + + align:start position:0% +reactions + 3 n + 4 N and so on so there +are probabilities that let's say you in + + align:start position:0% +are probabilities that let's say you in + + + align:start position:0% +are probabilities that let's say you in +goes one Neutron out comes three + + align:start position:0% +goes one Neutron out comes three + + + align:start position:0% +goes one Neutron out comes three +neutrons but no fission actually + + align:start position:0% +neutrons but no fission actually + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons but no fission actually +happened you just blast a few of them + + align:start position:0% +happened you just blast a few of them + + + align:start position:0% +happened you just blast a few of them +out so I think all we'd really have to + + align:start position:0% +out so I think all we'd really have to + + + align:start position:0% +out so I think all we'd really have to +do is sum over I equals 1 oh I'm sorry I + + align:start position:0% +do is sum over I equals 1 oh I'm sorry I + + + align:start position:0% +do is sum over I equals 1 oh I'm sorry I +equals 2 because a neutron going in and + + align:start position:0% +equals 2 because a neutron going in and + + + align:start position:0% +equals 2 because a neutron going in and +then the same Neutron going out that's + + align:start position:0% +then the same Neutron going out that's + + + align:start position:0% +then the same Neutron going out that's +just scattering and what would be the + + align:start position:0% +just scattering and what would be the + + + align:start position:0% +just scattering and what would be the +maximum probably 4 because the + + align:start position:0% +maximum probably 4 because the + + + align:start position:0% +maximum probably 4 because the +probability of an increasing I or more + + align:start position:0% +probability of an increasing I or more + + + align:start position:0% +probability of an increasing I or more +neutrons coming out gets lower and lower + + align:start position:0% +neutrons coming out gets lower and lower + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons coming out gets lower and lower +as you go in fact these reactions don't + + align:start position:0% +as you go in fact these reactions don't + + + align:start position:0% +as you go in fact these reactions don't +even turn on until the end-to-end + + align:start position:0% +even turn on until the end-to-end + + + align:start position:0% +even turn on until the end-to-end +reaction turns on at around like 1 MeV + + align:start position:0% +reaction turns on at around like 1 MeV + + + align:start position:0% +reaction turns on at around like 1 MeV +this one turns on and around like 5 MeV + + align:start position:0% +this one turns on and around like 5 MeV + + + align:start position:0% +this one turns on and around like 5 MeV +this one turns on at like 12 MeV I was + + align:start position:0% +this one turns on at like 12 MeV I was + + + align:start position:0% +this one turns on at like 12 MeV I was +just looking up these cross-sections + + align:start position:0% +just looking up these cross-sections + + + align:start position:0% +just looking up these cross-sections +before class so if you have a reaction + + align:start position:0% +before class so if you have a reaction + + + align:start position:0% +before class so if you have a reaction +that doesn't happen beyond your highest + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't happen beyond your highest + + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't happen beyond your highest +Neutron energy you probably don't need + + align:start position:0% +Neutron energy you probably don't need + + + align:start position:0% +Neutron energy you probably don't need +to worry about it but the reason I had + + align:start position:0% +to worry about it but the reason I had + + + align:start position:0% +to worry about it but the reason I had +us write all these extra equations and I + + align:start position:0% +us write all these extra equations and I + + + align:start position:0% +us write all these extra equations and I +think that the the t-shirt for this + + align:start position:0% +think that the the t-shirt for this + + + align:start position:0% +think that the the t-shirt for this +department needs some updating to + + align:start position:0% +department needs some updating to + + + align:start position:0% +department needs some updating to +include these extra terms because + + align:start position:0% +include these extra terms because + + + align:start position:0% +include these extra terms because +they're all the same term it is in every + + align:start position:0% +they're all the same term it is in every + + + align:start position:0% +they're all the same term it is in every +case it's an integral over all of our + + align:start position:0% +case it's an integral over all of our + + + align:start position:0% +case it's an integral over all of our +stuff of a reaction rate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Dease tough times some multiplier every + + align:start position:0% +Dease tough times some multiplier every + + + align:start position:0% +Dease tough times some multiplier every +single term in this equation follows the + + align:start position:0% +single term in this equation follows the + + + align:start position:0% +single term in this equation follows the +exact same pattern so what I hope and I + + align:start position:0% +exact same pattern so what I hope and I + + + align:start position:0% +exact same pattern so what I hope and I +would expect out of you guys is that if + + align:start position:0% +would expect out of you guys is that if + + + align:start position:0% +would expect out of you guys is that if +I were to give you this table of + + align:start position:0% +I were to give you this table of + + + align:start position:0% +I were to give you this table of +possible reactions you would be able to + + align:start position:0% +possible reactions you would be able to + + + align:start position:0% +possible reactions you would be able to +recreate this neutron transport equation + + align:start position:0% +recreate this neutron transport equation + + + align:start position:0% +recreate this neutron transport equation +using this template to know that every + + align:start position:0% +using this template to know that every + + + align:start position:0% +using this template to know that every +single reaction is just multiplier times + + align:start position:0% +single reaction is just multiplier times + + + align:start position:0% +single reaction is just multiplier times +integral of stuff of a reaction rate D + + align:start position:0% +integral of stuff of a reaction rate D + + + align:start position:0% +integral of stuff of a reaction rate D +stuff where the reaction rate is just a + + align:start position:0% +stuff where the reaction rate is just a + + + align:start position:0% +stuff where the reaction rate is just a +cross section times the flux that's all + + align:start position:0% +cross section times the flux that's all + + + align:start position:0% +cross section times the flux that's all +there is to it not bad when you see that + + align:start position:0% +there is to it not bad when you see that + + + align:start position:0% +there is to it not bad when you see that +everything follows the same pattern + + align:start position:0% +everything follows the same pattern + + + align:start position:0% +everything follows the same pattern +right that's the basis behind most of + + align:start position:0% +right that's the basis behind most of + + + align:start position:0% +right that's the basis behind most of +the hideous equations that you see in + + align:start position:0% +the hideous equations that you see in + + + align:start position:0% +the hideous equations that you see in +all physics everywhere is if there are + + align:start position:0% +all physics everywhere is if there are + + + align:start position:0% +all physics everywhere is if there are +additive or subtractive terms they + + align:start position:0% +additive or subtractive terms they + + + align:start position:0% +additive or subtractive terms they +better be in the same units and so + + align:start position:0% +better be in the same units and so + + + align:start position:0% +better be in the same units and so +they're going to follow some sort of a + + align:start position:0% +they're going to follow some sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to follow some sort of a +similar template not too scary when you + + align:start position:0% +similar template not too scary when you + + + align:start position:0% +similar template not too scary when you +think of it that way so let's now come + + align:start position:0% +think of it that way so let's now come + + + align:start position:0% +think of it that way so let's now come +up with the lost terms I should have + + align:start position:0% +up with the lost terms I should have + + + align:start position:0% +up with the lost terms I should have +planned these boards better keep these + + align:start position:0% +planned these boards better keep these + + + align:start position:0% +planned these boards better keep these +ones here so we keep a template and + + align:start position:0% +ones here so we keep a template and + + + align:start position:0% +ones here so we keep a template and +we'll have a - well how do we write the + + align:start position:0% +we'll have a - well how do we write the + + + align:start position:0% +we'll have a - well how do we write the +anything reaction using this template + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how many neutrons undergo a reaction + + align:start position:0% +how many neutrons undergo a reaction + + + align:start position:0% +how many neutrons undergo a reaction +when one Neutron undergoes a reaction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah one so our multiplier is one we + + align:start position:0% +yeah one so our multiplier is one we + + + align:start position:0% +yeah one so our multiplier is one we +don't have to worry about it we have our + + align:start position:0% +don't have to worry about it we have our + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to worry about it we have our +integral of stuff so we'll have to + + align:start position:0% +integral of stuff so we'll have to + + + align:start position:0% +integral of stuff so we'll have to +integrate over all possible volumes + + align:start position:0% +integrate over all possible volumes + + + align:start position:0% +integrate over all possible volumes +angles and energy and what's on the + + align:start position:0% +angles and energy and what's on the + + + align:start position:0% +angles and energy and what's on the +inside yep + + align:start position:0% +inside yep + + + align:start position:0% +inside yep +total cross-section as a function of + + align:start position:0% +total cross-section as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +total cross-section as a function of +energy times the flux DS stuff save time + + align:start position:0% +energy times the flux DS stuff save time + + + align:start position:0% +energy times the flux DS stuff save time +so don't worry even though the boards + + align:start position:0% +so don't worry even though the boards + + + align:start position:0% +so don't worry even though the boards +are laid out funny on the pictures of + + align:start position:0% +are laid out funny on the pictures of + + + align:start position:0% +are laid out funny on the pictures of +the blackboard that will put on the + + align:start position:0% +the blackboard that will put on the + + + align:start position:0% +the blackboard that will put on the +stellar site I'll Photoshop these and + + align:start position:0% +stellar site I'll Photoshop these and + + + align:start position:0% +stellar site I'll Photoshop these and +arrange them so that they're all in + + align:start position:0% +arrange them so that they're all in + + + align:start position:0% +arrange them so that they're all in +sequence and you can see everything and + + align:start position:0% +sequence and you can see everything and + + + align:start position:0% +sequence and you can see everything and +then there's the last term to account + + align:start position:0% +then there's the last term to account + + + align:start position:0% +then there's the last term to account +for that's the leakage term this one is + + align:start position:0% +for that's the leakage term this one is + + + align:start position:0% +for that's the leakage term this one is +a little different it's the only one + + align:start position:0% +a little different it's the only one + + + align:start position:0% +a little different it's the only one +that's a little different and in this + + align:start position:0% +that's a little different and in this + + + align:start position:0% +that's a little different and in this +case we're going to say that our little + + align:start position:0% +case we're going to say that our little + + + align:start position:0% +case we're going to say that our little +volume element also has a surface to it + + align:start position:0% +volume element also has a surface to it + + + align:start position:0% +volume element also has a surface to it +and if the neutrons leave the surface + + align:start position:0% +and if the neutrons leave the surface + + + align:start position:0% +and if the neutrons leave the surface +then they're go then they leave the + + align:start position:0% +then they're go then they leave the + + + align:start position:0% +then they're go then they leave the +volume so in this case we'll have a + + align:start position:0% +volume so in this case we'll have a + + + align:start position:0% +volume so in this case we'll have a +surface integral of our Neutron flouts + + align:start position:0% +surface integral of our Neutron flouts + + + align:start position:0% +surface integral of our Neutron flouts +say our Neutron flux D s because there's + + align:start position:0% +say our Neutron flux D s because there's + + + align:start position:0% +say our Neutron flux D s because there's +no reaction happening when neutrons just + + align:start position:0% +no reaction happening when neutrons just + + + align:start position:0% +no reaction happening when neutrons just +move right they just go and so well we'd + + align:start position:0% +move right they just go and so well we'd + + + align:start position:0% +move right they just go and so well we'd +also have to multiply by our normal + + align:start position:0% +also have to multiply by our normal + + + align:start position:0% +also have to multiply by our normal +vector because every flux is going to + + align:start position:0% +vector because every flux is going to + + + align:start position:0% +vector because every flux is going to +have a certain number of neutrons moving + + align:start position:0% +have a certain number of neutrons moving + + + align:start position:0% +have a certain number of neutrons moving +in a certain direction let's say we were + + align:start position:0% +in a certain direction let's say we were + + + align:start position:0% +in a certain direction let's say we were +tracking the flow of neutrons through + + align:start position:0% +tracking the flow of neutrons through + + + align:start position:0% +tracking the flow of neutrons through +this surface right here and if we had a + + align:start position:0% +this surface right here and if we had a + + + align:start position:0% +this surface right here and if we had a +flux going in exactly this direction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +through this surface and this is the + + align:start position:0% +through this surface and this is the + + + align:start position:0% +through this surface and this is the +normal vector in this case flux which is + + align:start position:0% +normal vector in this case flux which is + + + align:start position:0% +normal vector in this case flux which is +a vector dotted with a normal vector is + + align:start position:0% +a vector dotted with a normal vector is + + + align:start position:0% +a vector dotted with a normal vector is +just the flux which is to say that if + + align:start position:0% +just the flux which is to say that if + + + align:start position:0% +just the flux which is to say that if +the flux and the normal vector are + + align:start position:0% +the flux and the normal vector are + + + align:start position:0% +the flux and the normal vector are +aligned in the same way then every + + align:start position:0% +aligned in the same way then every + + + align:start position:0% +aligned in the same way then every +Neutron going through the surface is + + align:start position:0% +Neutron going through the surface is + + + align:start position:0% +Neutron going through the surface is +tracked as going through the surface to + + align:start position:0% +tracked as going through the surface to + + + align:start position:0% +tracked as going through the surface to +take the opposite example what about the + + align:start position:0% +take the opposite example what about the + + + align:start position:0% +take the opposite example what about the +situation where you have a surface here + + align:start position:0% +situation where you have a surface here + + + align:start position:0% +situation where you have a surface here +and you have a mono directional flux of + + align:start position:0% +and you have a mono directional flux of + + + align:start position:0% +and you have a mono directional flux of +neutrons in this direction and that is + + align:start position:0% +neutrons in this direction and that is + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons in this direction and that is +your surface normal what does the flux + + align:start position:0% +your surface normal what does the flux + + + align:start position:0% +your surface normal what does the flux +dotted with the surface normal vector + + align:start position:0% +dotted with the surface normal vector + + + align:start position:0% +dotted with the surface normal vector +equal zero just a dot product between + + align:start position:0% +equal zero just a dot product between + + + align:start position:0% +equal zero just a dot product between +the direction that your neutrons are + + align:start position:0% +the direction that your neutrons are + + + align:start position:0% +the direction that your neutrons are +moving and the normal vector saying does + + align:start position:0% +moving and the normal vector saying does + + + align:start position:0% +moving and the normal vector saying does +it go out of the surface at all so for + + align:start position:0% +it go out of the surface at all so for + + + align:start position:0% +it go out of the surface at all so for +these two limiting cases in this case + + align:start position:0% +these two limiting cases in this case + + + align:start position:0% +these two limiting cases in this case +the flux is just listed what is it the + + align:start position:0% +the flux is just listed what is it the + + + align:start position:0% +the flux is just listed what is it the +number of neutrons leaving the surface + + align:start position:0% +number of neutrons leaving the surface + + + align:start position:0% +number of neutrons leaving the surface +is the flux in this case no neutrons + + align:start position:0% +is the flux in this case no neutrons + + + align:start position:0% +is the flux in this case no neutrons +leave the surface because they're not + + align:start position:0% +leave the surface because they're not + + + align:start position:0% +leave the surface because they're not +actually going through the surface it's + + align:start position:0% +actually going through the surface it's + + + align:start position:0% +actually going through the surface it's +a good time to mention again that these + + align:start position:0% +a good time to mention again that these + + + align:start position:0% +a good time to mention again that these +units of flux are in neutrons per + + align:start position:0% +units of flux are in neutrons per + + + align:start position:0% +units of flux are in neutrons per +centimeter squared per second which is + + align:start position:0% +centimeter squared per second which is + + + align:start position:0% +centimeter squared per second which is +to say the number of particles traveling + + align:start position:0% +to say the number of particles traveling + + + align:start position:0% +to say the number of particles traveling +through this area in centimeters squared + + align:start position:0% +through this area in centimeters squared + + + align:start position:0% +through this area in centimeters squared +every second I know we've gone over it + + align:start position:0% +every second I know we've gone over it + + + align:start position:0% +every second I know we've gone over it +before but I want you to keep these + + align:start position:0% +before but I want you to keep these + + + align:start position:0% +before but I want you to keep these +units in mind because now they actually + + align:start position:0% +units in mind because now they actually + + + align:start position:0% +units in mind because now they actually +have a little more physical significance + + align:start position:0% +have a little more physical significance + + + align:start position:0% +have a little more physical significance +and that's why we have this flux times + + align:start position:0% +and that's why we have this flux times + + + align:start position:0% +and that's why we have this flux times +normal vector DS that describes the + + align:start position:0% +normal vector DS that describes the + + + align:start position:0% +normal vector DS that describes the +number of neutrons that get through the + + align:start position:0% +number of neutrons that get through the + + + align:start position:0% +number of neutrons that get through the +surface the last thing we'll do because + + align:start position:0% +surface the last thing we'll do because + + + align:start position:0% +surface the last thing we'll do because +everything else is a volume integral we + + align:start position:0% +everything else is a volume integral we + + + align:start position:0% +everything else is a volume integral we +want this to be a volume integral + + align:start position:0% +want this to be a volume integral + + + align:start position:0% +want this to be a volume integral +because we're going to simplify this in + + align:start position:0% +because we're going to simplify this in + + + align:start position:0% +because we're going to simplify this in +terms of getting rid of all the volume + + align:start position:0% +terms of getting rid of all the volume + + + align:start position:0% +terms of getting rid of all the volume +stuff we're going to use what's called + + align:start position:0% +stuff we're going to use what's called + + + align:start position:0% +stuff we're going to use what's called +the divergence theorem I hear some + + align:start position:0% +the divergence theorem I hear some + + + align:start position:0% +the divergence theorem I hear some +snickering because I remember this is + + align:start position:0% +snickering because I remember this is + + + align:start position:0% +snickering because I remember this is +probably something that where you were + + align:start position:0% +probably something that where you were + + + align:start position:0% +probably something that where you were +told in 1801 or eight - no - this exists + + align:start position:0% +told in 1801 or eight - no - this exists + + + align:start position:0% +told in 1801 or eight - no - this exists +use it in a few problems moving on that + + align:start position:0% +use it in a few problems moving on that + + + align:start position:0% +use it in a few problems moving on that +sound about right + + align:start position:0% +sound about right + + + align:start position:0% +sound about right +this is + + align:start position:0% +this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is +you actually use it so the divergence + + align:start position:0% +you actually use it so the divergence + + + align:start position:0% +you actually use it so the divergence +theorem says that the integral of some + + align:start position:0% +theorem says that the integral of some + + + align:start position:0% +theorem says that the integral of some +variable f D s through some volume + + align:start position:0% +variable f D s through some volume + + + align:start position:0% +variable f D s through some volume +element of surface is the same as the + + align:start position:0% +element of surface is the same as the + + + align:start position:0% +element of surface is the same as the +volume integral of how does this go del + + align:start position:0% +volume integral of how does this go del + + + align:start position:0% +volume integral of how does this go del +dot F DV and this is going to be quite + + align:start position:0% +dot F DV and this is going to be quite + + + align:start position:0% +dot F DV and this is going to be quite +important because one it gives us a + + align:start position:0% +important because one it gives us a + + + align:start position:0% +important because one it gives us a +volume integral so this is a be a volume + + align:start position:0% +volume integral so this is a be a volume + + + align:start position:0% +volume integral so this is a be a volume +integral of our del dot flux DV so now + + align:start position:0% +integral of our del dot flux DV so now + + + align:start position:0% +integral of our del dot flux DV so now +everything's in the same units and if we + + align:start position:0% +everything's in the same units and if we + + + align:start position:0% +everything's in the same units and if we +were to say forget about our little + + align:start position:0% +were to say forget about our little + + + align:start position:0% +were to say forget about our little +volume element let's just assume an + + align:start position:0% +volume element let's just assume an + + + align:start position:0% +volume element let's just assume an +infinite reactor every single volume + + align:start position:0% +infinite reactor every single volume + + + align:start position:0% +infinite reactor every single volume +integral in terms instantly disappears + + align:start position:0% +integral in terms instantly disappears + + + align:start position:0% +integral in terms instantly disappears +because we wrote these equations to be + + align:start position:0% +because we wrote these equations to be + + + align:start position:0% +because we wrote these equations to be +identical for any DV anywhere inside + + align:start position:0% +identical for any DV anywhere inside + + + align:start position:0% +identical for any DV anywhere inside +this reactor if the reactor is then + + align:start position:0% +this reactor if the reactor is then + + + align:start position:0% +this reactor if the reactor is then +infinite then all of those volume terms + + align:start position:0% +infinite then all of those volume terms + + + align:start position:0% +infinite then all of those volume terms +disappear and that's the first + + align:start position:0% +disappear and that's the first + + + align:start position:0% +disappear and that's the first +simplification that we'll make in the + + align:start position:0% +simplification that we'll make in the + + + align:start position:0% +simplification that we'll make in the +next class but right here on these five + + align:start position:0% +next class but right here on these five + + + align:start position:0% +next class but right here on these five +boards we've developed the neutron + + align:start position:0% +boards we've developed the neutron + + + align:start position:0% +boards we've developed the neutron +transport equation which is the absolute + + align:start position:0% +transport equation which is the absolute + + + align:start position:0% +transport equation which is the absolute +most general highest escalated form of + + align:start position:0% +most general highest escalated form of + + + align:start position:0% +most general highest escalated form of +how do you track neutrons through any + + align:start position:0% +how do you track neutrons through any + + + align:start position:0% +how do you track neutrons through any +volume any direction any energy at any + + align:start position:0% +volume any direction any energy at any + + + align:start position:0% +volume any direction any energy at any +time and we'll spend Thursday and Friday + + align:start position:0% +time and we'll spend Thursday and Friday + + + align:start position:0% +time and we'll spend Thursday and Friday +simplifying this to something that we + + align:start position:0% +simplifying this to something that we + + + align:start position:0% +simplifying this to something that we +can solve the other reason that we use + + align:start position:0% +can solve the other reason that we use + + + align:start position:0% +can solve the other reason that we use +this divergence theorem is because we're + + align:start position:0% +this divergence theorem is because we're + + + align:start position:0% +this divergence theorem is because we're +going to make an approximation this + + align:start position:0% +going to make an approximation this + + + align:start position:0% +going to make an approximation this +crazy-looking thing right here we will + + align:start position:0% +crazy-looking thing right here we will + + + align:start position:0% +crazy-looking thing right here we will +make an approximation called the + + align:start position:0% +make an approximation called the + + + align:start position:0% +make an approximation called the +diffusion approximation where we assume + + align:start position:0% +diffusion approximation where we assume + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion approximation where we assume +that neutrons are like a gas that just + + align:start position:0% +that neutrons are like a gas that just + + + align:start position:0% +that neutrons are like a gas that just +diffuse away from each other and that's + + align:start position:0% +diffuse away from each other and that's + + + align:start position:0% +diffuse away from each other and that's +gonna make solving this really really + + align:start position:0% +gonna make solving this really really + + + align:start position:0% +gonna make solving this really really +easy it's gonna go from some + + align:start position:0% +easy it's gonna go from some + + + align:start position:0% +easy it's gonna go from some +second-order differential or + + align:start position:0% +second-order differential or + + + align:start position:0% +second-order differential or +differential integral equation to just + + align:start position:0% +differential integral equation to just + + + align:start position:0% +differential integral equation to just +an equation that you can solve with + + align:start position:0% +an equation that you can solve with + + + align:start position:0% +an equation that you can solve with +algebra yep + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +probably yep + + align:start position:0% +probably yep + + + align:start position:0% +probably yep +overall II overall Omega and that flux + + align:start position:0% +overall II overall Omega and that flux + + + align:start position:0% +overall II overall Omega and that flux +is gonna be of our e omega t absolutely + + align:start position:0% +is gonna be of our e omega t absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +is gonna be of our e omega t absolutely +just to make sure everything's in the + + align:start position:0% +just to make sure everything's in the + + + align:start position:0% +just to make sure everything's in the +same units every term has a fairly + + align:start position:0% +same units every term has a fairly + + + align:start position:0% +same units every term has a fairly +similar template the only difference is + + align:start position:0% +similar template the only difference is + + + align:start position:0% +similar template the only difference is +leakage there's no reaction here every + + align:start position:0% +leakage there's no reaction here every + + + align:start position:0% +leakage there's no reaction here every +single other term constitutes a reaction + + align:start position:0% +single other term constitutes a reaction + + + align:start position:0% +single other term constitutes a reaction +and they all follow this template so I + + align:start position:0% +and they all follow this template so I + + + align:start position:0% +and they all follow this template so I +will stop here because it is 5 of C if + + align:start position:0% +will stop here because it is 5 of C if + + + align:start position:0% +will stop here because it is 5 of C if +anyone has any quick questions on what + + align:start position:0% +anyone has any quick questions on what + + + align:start position:0% +anyone has any quick questions on what +you've got here I'll make sure to get + + align:start position:0% +you've got here I'll make sure to get + + + align:start position:0% +you've got here I'll make sure to get +all of this on the board images so you + + align:start position:0% +all of this on the board images so you + + + align:start position:0% +all of this on the board images so you +guys can take a look at it and I'll + + align:start position:0% +guys can take a look at it and I'll + + + align:start position:0% +guys can take a look at it and I'll +project it up on the screen so that we + + align:start position:0% +project it up on the screen so that we + + + align:start position:0% +project it up on the screen so that we +can make some simplifications based on + + align:start position:0% +can make some simplifications based on + + + align:start position:0% +can make some simplifications based on +what we see here on Thursday yeah the + + align:start position:0% +what we see here on Thursday yeah the + + + align:start position:0% +what we see here on Thursday yeah the +neutron birth spectrum says that if you + + align:start position:0% +neutron birth spectrum says that if you + + + align:start position:0% +neutron birth spectrum says that if you +have any old fission event what's the + + align:start position:0% +have any old fission event what's the + + + align:start position:0% +have any old fission event what's the +probability of those neutrons being born + + align:start position:0% +probability of those neutrons being born + + + align:start position:0% +probability of those neutrons being born +at different energies what this says is + + align:start position:0% +at different energies what this says is + + + align:start position:0% +at different energies what this says is +that they're born between 1 and 10 MeV + + align:start position:0% +that they're born between 1 and 10 MeV + + + align:start position:0% +that they're born between 1 and 10 MeV +with a peak at around 2 MeV but if you + + align:start position:0% +with a peak at around 2 MeV but if you + + + align:start position:0% +with a peak at around 2 MeV but if you +want to track the number of neutrons in + + align:start position:0% +want to track the number of neutrons in + + + align:start position:0% +want to track the number of neutrons in +every energy group you need to know + + align:start position:0% +every energy group you need to know + + + align:start position:0% +every energy group you need to know +where they begin good question so if any + + align:start position:0% +where they begin good question so if any + + + align:start position:0% +where they begin good question so if any +of the terms here are unclear what they + + align:start position:0% +of the terms here are unclear what they + + + align:start position:0% +of the terms here are unclear what they +physically mean because that's what I'm + + align:start position:0% +physically mean because that's what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +physically mean because that's what I'm +most interested in you guys knowing + + align:start position:0% +most interested in you guys knowing + + + align:start position:0% +most interested in you guys knowing +please do ask either on Piazza on email + + align:start position:0% +please do ask either on Piazza on email + + + align:start position:0% +please do ask either on Piazza on email +on Thursday yeah the big end and the + + align:start position:0% +on Thursday yeah the big end and the + + + align:start position:0% +on Thursday yeah the big end and the +little end which one the curse of one or + + align:start position:0% +little end which one the curse of one or + + + align:start position:0% +little end which one the curse of one or +this one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay the little end and the non cursive + + align:start position:0% +okay the little end and the non cursive + + + align:start position:0% +okay the little end and the non cursive +one little n is the number of neutrons + + align:start position:0% +one little n is the number of neutrons + + + align:start position:0% +one little n is the number of neutrons +in a volume at a certain energy going in + + align:start position:0% +in a volume at a certain energy going in + + + align:start position:0% +in a volume at a certain energy going in +a direction at a certain time big n + + align:start position:0% +a direction at a certain time big n + + + align:start position:0% +a direction at a certain time big n +right here is just number density number + + align:start position:0% +right here is just number density number + + + align:start position:0% +right here is just number density number +of atoms per centimeter cubed cursive n + + align:start position:0% +of atoms per centimeter cubed cursive n + + + align:start position:0% +of atoms per centimeter cubed cursive n +is the number of neutrons at an energy + + align:start position:0% +is the number of neutrons at an energy + + + align:start position:0% +is the number of neutrons at an energy +in a volume we don't care where they're + + align:start position:0% +in a volume we don't care where they're + + + align:start position:0% +in a volume we don't care where they're +going and the reason I write these terms + + align:start position:0% +going and the reason I write these terms + + + align:start position:0% +going and the reason I write these terms +up here is we are going to switch from + + align:start position:0% +up here is we are going to switch from + + + align:start position:0% +up here is we are going to switch from +lowercase to capital or angular ly + + align:start position:0% +lowercase to capital or angular ly + + + align:start position:0% +lowercase to capital or angular ly +dependent to angular ly independent by + + align:start position:0% +dependent to angular ly independent by + + + align:start position:0% +dependent to angular ly independent by +making a simple approximation to say we + + align:start position:0% +making a simple approximation to say we + + + align:start position:0% +making a simple approximation to say we +don't care what direction they're going + + align:start position:0% +don't care what direction they're going + + + align:start position:0% +don't care what direction they're going +we just care if they're there but in + + align:start position:0% +we just care if they're there but in + + + align:start position:0% +we just care if they're there but in +real complex neutron physics problems + + align:start position:0% +real complex neutron physics problems + + + align:start position:0% +real complex neutron physics problems +like the one solved in the computational + + align:start position:0% +like the one solved in the computational + + + align:start position:0% +like the one solved in the computational +reactor physics group you need to know + + align:start position:0% +reactor physics group you need to know + + + align:start position:0% +reactor physics group you need to know +all the angles and you need to know the + + align:start position:0% +all the angles and you need to know the + + + align:start position:0% +all the angles and you need to know the +probability or the cross section that a + + align:start position:0% +probability or the cross section that a + + + align:start position:0% +probability or the cross section that a +neutron coming in at this angle leaves + + align:start position:0% +neutron coming in at this angle leaves + + + align:start position:0% +neutron coming in at this angle leaves +at that angle and imparts a certain + + align:start position:0% +at that angle and imparts a certain + + + align:start position:0% +at that angle and imparts a certain +energy because they're all different the + + align:start position:0% +energy because they're all different the + + + align:start position:0% +energy because they're all different the +purposes of this class I just want you + + align:start position:0% +purposes of this class I just want you + + + align:start position:0% +purposes of this class I just want you +to know that they exist and the first + + align:start position:0% +to know that they exist and the first + + + align:start position:0% +to know that they exist and the first +thing we will do is simplify them away + + align:start position:0% +thing we will do is simplify them away + + + align:start position:0% +thing we will do is simplify them away +but this way you'll be fully prepared + + align:start position:0% +but this way you'll be fully prepared + + + align:start position:0% +but this way you'll be fully prepared +for 22:05 and a lifetime of reactor + + align:start position:0% +for 22:05 and a lifetime of reactor + + + align:start position:0% +for 22:05 and a lifetime of reactor +physics if you so choose who here's done + + align:start position:0% +physics if you so choose who here's done + + + align:start position:0% +physics if you so choose who here's done +a year up in the computational reactor + + align:start position:0% +a year up in the computational reactor + + + align:start position:0% +a year up in the computational reactor +physics group just one okay I recommend + + align:start position:0% +physics group just one okay I recommend + + + align:start position:0% +physics group just one okay I recommend +more they they tend to be the biggest + + align:start position:0% +more they they tend to be the biggest + + + align:start position:0% +more they they tend to be the biggest +group in the department they've got like + + align:start position:0% +group in the department they've got like + + + align:start position:0% +group in the department they've got like +twenty grad students and probably more + + align:start position:0% +twenty grad students and probably more + + + align:start position:0% +twenty grad students and probably more +your ops than that so try it out it's + + align:start position:0% +your ops than that so try it out it's + + + align:start position:0% +your ops than that so try it out it's +what makes us us us nukes right is + + align:start position:0% +what makes us us us nukes right is + + + align:start position:0% +what makes us us us nukes right is +neutrons and tracking them to ridiculous + + align:start position:0% +neutrons and tracking them to ridiculous + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons and tracking them to ridiculous +proportions okay definitely wanna let + + align:start position:0% +proportions okay definitely wanna let + + + align:start position:0% +proportions okay definitely wanna let +you guys go cuz it's one of so I'll see + + align:start position:0% +you guys go cuz it's one of so I'll see + + + align:start position:0% +you guys go cuz it's one of so I'll see +you all on Thursday \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/42TkHA__6bk.txt b/42TkHA__6bk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5114a9bb37e91c9e540b679bac8aae3a72be5a37 --- /dev/null +++ b/42TkHA__6bk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7266 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or to view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right today I would like to do a + + align:start position:0% +all right today I would like to do a + + + align:start position:0% +all right today I would like to do a +kinetic Montecarlo example with you in + + align:start position:0% +kinetic Montecarlo example with you in + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic Montecarlo example with you in +class and also talk a little bit about + + align:start position:0% +class and also talk a little bit about + + + align:start position:0% +class and also talk a little bit about +the connection between the master + + align:start position:0% +the connection between the master + + + align:start position:0% +the connection between the master +equations mess equations mesh equation + + align:start position:0% +equations mess equations mesh equation + + + align:start position:0% +equations mess equations mesh equation +solution the normal kinetic equations we + + align:start position:0% +solution the normal kinetic equations we + + + align:start position:0% +solution the normal kinetic equations we +use and the how you handle these + + align:start position:0% +use and the how you handle these + + + align:start position:0% +use and the how you handle these +trajectories you'll get how to connect + + align:start position:0% +trajectories you'll get how to connect + + + align:start position:0% +trajectories you'll get how to connect +my Karla alright so let's just pick a + + align:start position:0% +my Karla alright so let's just pick a + + + align:start position:0% +my Karla alright so let's just pick a +simple example as we mentioned in the + + align:start position:0% +simple example as we mentioned in the + + + align:start position:0% +simple example as we mentioned in the +real world it's pretty easy for these + + align:start position:0% +real world it's pretty easy for these + + + align:start position:0% +real world it's pretty easy for these +examples to get completely out of hand + + align:start position:0% +examples to get completely out of hand + + + align:start position:0% +examples to get completely out of hand +because the number of possible States + + align:start position:0% +because the number of possible States + + + align:start position:0% +because the number of possible States +could be so gigantic and so I'll do a + + align:start position:0% +could be so gigantic and so I'll do a + + + align:start position:0% +could be so gigantic and so I'll do a +really super super simple one here to + + align:start position:0% +really super super simple one here to + + + align:start position:0% +really super super simple one here to +try to keep that under hand not worry + + align:start position:0% +try to keep that under hand not worry + + + align:start position:0% +try to keep that under hand not worry +about that when you do the real problems + + align:start position:0% +about that when you do the real problems + + + align:start position:0% +about that when you do the real problems +that will be a major issue is that the + + align:start position:0% +that will be a major issue is that the + + + align:start position:0% +that will be a major issue is that the +number States gets out of hand so the + + align:start position:0% +number States gets out of hand so the + + + align:start position:0% +number States gets out of hand so the +tip suppose that we're going to do is a + + align:start position:0% +tip suppose that we're going to do is a + + + align:start position:0% +tip suppose that we're going to do is a +real one from inside your body so inside + + align:start position:0% +real one from inside your body so inside + + + align:start position:0% +real one from inside your body so inside +your body you have a thing called low + + align:start position:0% +your body you have a thing called low + + + align:start position:0% +your body you have a thing called low +density lipoprotein and there's little + + align:start position:0% +density lipoprotein and there's little + + + align:start position:0% +density lipoprotein and there's little +vesicles of fat lipids in these inside + + align:start position:0% +vesicles of fat lipids in these inside + + + align:start position:0% +vesicles of fat lipids in these inside +your it's not your body actually in your + + align:start position:0% +your it's not your body actually in your + + + align:start position:0% +your it's not your body actually in your +blood vessels and these are bad if you + + align:start position:0% +blood vessels and these are bad if you + + + align:start position:0% +blood vessels and these are bad if you +go to the doctor they measure your LDL + + align:start position:0% +go to the doctor they measure your LDL + + + align:start position:0% +go to the doctor they measure your LDL +and your HDL and if your LDL numbers too + + align:start position:0% +and your HDL and if your LDL numbers too + + + align:start position:0% +and your HDL and if your LDL numbers too +high then they yell at you for easy too + + align:start position:0% +high then they yell at you for easy too + + + align:start position:0% +high then they yell at you for easy too +much bad food and they make you exercise + + align:start position:0% +much bad food and they make you exercise + + + align:start position:0% +much bad food and they make you exercise +and stuff like that this has happened to + + align:start position:0% +and stuff like that this has happened to + + + align:start position:0% +and stuff like that this has happened to +me I know and there's a reason for this + + align:start position:0% +me I know and there's a reason for this + + + align:start position:0% +me I know and there's a reason for this +is because the LDL is susceptible to + + align:start position:0% +is because the LDL is susceptible to + + + align:start position:0% +is because the LDL is susceptible to +oxidation and if it if too many of the + + align:start position:0% +oxidation and if it if too many of the + + + align:start position:0% +oxidation and if it if too many of the +those lipid molecules per oxidized + + align:start position:0% +those lipid molecules per oxidized + + + align:start position:0% +those lipid molecules per oxidized +because is an inflammation in your blood + + align:start position:0% +because is an inflammation in your blood + + + align:start position:0% +because is an inflammation in your blood +vessels and that can cause your blood + + align:start position:0% +vessels and that can cause your blood + + + align:start position:0% +vessels and that can cause your blood +vessels to constrict and stuff that + + align:start position:0% +vessels to constrict and stuff that + + + align:start position:0% +vessels to constrict and stuff that +eventually can lead to heart attacks and + + align:start position:0% +eventually can lead to heart attacks and + + + align:start position:0% +eventually can lead to heart attacks and +so that's why your doctor is alarmed if + + align:start position:0% +so that's why your doctor is alarmed if + + + align:start position:0% +so that's why your doctor is alarmed if +you have too much LDL because it's just + + align:start position:0% +you have too much LDL because it's just + + + align:start position:0% +you have too much LDL because it's just +you have a lot more more material + + align:start position:0% +you have a lot more more material + + + align:start position:0% +you have a lot more more material +available that could be oxidized that + + align:start position:0% +available that could be oxidized that + + + align:start position:0% +available that could be oxidized that +could kill you there's actually a really + + align:start position:0% +could kill you there's actually a really + + + align:start position:0% +could kill you there's actually a really +complicated interesting story about what + + align:start position:0% +complicated interesting story about what + + + align:start position:0% +complicated interesting story about what +vitamin e does in the LDL and how it + + align:start position:0% +vitamin e does in the LDL and how it + + + align:start position:0% +vitamin e does in the LDL and how it +interacts with vitamin C and if you take + + align:start position:0% +interacts with vitamin C and if you take + + + align:start position:0% +interacts with vitamin C and if you take +my kinetics class I'll tell you about + + align:start position:0% +my kinetics class I'll tell you about + + + align:start position:0% +my kinetics class I'll tell you about +that but we'll do the simplest case now + + align:start position:0% +that but we'll do the simplest case now + + + align:start position:0% +that but we'll do the simplest case now +we'll just do if there's no vitamin E + + align:start position:0% +we'll just do if there's no vitamin E + + + align:start position:0% +we'll just do if there's no vitamin E +there's nobody even see + + align:start position:0% +there's nobody even see + + + align:start position:0% +there's nobody even see +you just have some lipid and is + + align:start position:0% +you just have some lipid and is + + + align:start position:0% +you just have some lipid and is +oxidizing and let's model what's + + align:start position:0% +oxidizing and let's model what's + + + align:start position:0% +oxidizing and let's model what's +happening so what you have is a little + + align:start position:0% +happening so what you have is a little + + + align:start position:0% +happening so what you have is a little +bubble of fat so out here's water and + + align:start position:0% +bubble of fat so out here's water and + + + align:start position:0% +bubble of fat so out here's water and +here's my fat which I'll lightly call a + + align:start position:0% +here's my fat which I'll lightly call a + + + align:start position:0% +here's my fat which I'll lightly call a +lipid that sounds like not quite as fat + + align:start position:0% +lipid that sounds like not quite as fat + + + align:start position:0% +lipid that sounds like not quite as fat +if you call it lipid slimming and the + + align:start position:0% +if you call it lipid slimming and the + + + align:start position:0% +if you call it lipid slimming and the +lipid is susceptible to attack by this + + align:start position:0% +lipid is susceptible to attack by this + + + align:start position:0% +lipid is susceptible to attack by this +reaction so if I have some peroxy + + align:start position:0% +reaction so if I have some peroxy + + + align:start position:0% +reaction so if I have some peroxy +radical and I have the lipid molecules + + align:start position:0% +radical and I have the lipid molecules + + + align:start position:0% +radical and I have the lipid molecules +which are some hydrocarbon they can + + align:start position:0% +which are some hydrocarbon they can + + + align:start position:0% +which are some hydrocarbon they can +react and make rocks peroxide plus a + + align:start position:0% +react and make rocks peroxide plus a + + + align:start position:0% +react and make rocks peroxide plus a +radical and in your blood vessels if + + align:start position:0% +radical and in your blood vessels if + + + align:start position:0% +radical and in your blood vessels if +you're not under the water or being + + align:start position:0% +you're not under the water or being + + + align:start position:0% +you're not under the water or being +killed you have a lot of oxygen and so + + align:start position:0% +killed you have a lot of oxygen and so + + + align:start position:0% +killed you have a lot of oxygen and so +the radicals the carbon Center radicals + + align:start position:0% +the radicals the carbon Center radicals + + + align:start position:0% +the radicals the carbon Center radicals +you form immediately react with oxygen + + align:start position:0% +you form immediately react with oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +you form immediately react with oxygen +to make the peroxy radical back in it so + + align:start position:0% +to make the peroxy radical back in it so + + + align:start position:0% +to make the peroxy radical back in it so +the net process we can kind of combine + + align:start position:0% +the net process we can kind of combine + + + align:start position:0% +the net process we can kind of combine +these steps because this is super fast + + align:start position:0% +these steps because this is super fast + + + align:start position:0% +these steps because this is super fast +so that's like a microsecond time scale + + align:start position:0% +so that's like a microsecond time scale + + + align:start position:0% +so that's like a microsecond time scale +for that to happen in your body because + + align:start position:0% +for that to happen in your body because + + + align:start position:0% +for that to happen in your body because +the oxygen conservation set high in the + + align:start position:0% +the oxygen conservation set high in the + + + align:start position:0% +the oxygen conservation set high in the +blood and so this reaction is really Roo + + align:start position:0% +blood and so this reaction is really Roo + + + align:start position:0% +blood and so this reaction is really Roo ++ rh + o2 - ROH so the radicals just + + align:start position:0% ++ rh + o2 - ROH so the radicals just + + + align:start position:0% ++ rh + o2 - ROH so the radicals just +catalyzing the oxidation of your lipid + + align:start position:0% +catalyzing the oxidation of your lipid + + + align:start position:0% +catalyzing the oxidation of your lipid +into the peroxide when this level gets + + align:start position:0% +into the peroxide when this level gets + + + align:start position:0% +into the peroxide when this level gets +too high then your body will detect it + + align:start position:0% +too high then your body will detect it + + + align:start position:0% +too high then your body will detect it +this inflammation and you'll have all + + align:start position:0% +this inflammation and you'll have all + + + align:start position:0% +this inflammation and you'll have all +kinds of trouble ok so we'd like to + + align:start position:0% +kinds of trouble ok so we'd like to + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of trouble ok so we'd like to +understand this now these vesicles are + + align:start position:0% +understand this now these vesicles are + + + align:start position:0% +understand this now these vesicles are +very small so there's a probability you + + align:start position:0% +very small so there's a probability you + + + align:start position:0% +very small so there's a probability you +might have only a very very small number + + align:start position:0% +might have only a very very small number + + + align:start position:0% +might have only a very very small number +of radicals in there also your body has + + align:start position:0% +of radicals in there also your body has + + + align:start position:0% +of radicals in there also your body has +a lot of antioxidants in it like vitamin + + align:start position:0% +a lot of antioxidants in it like vitamin + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of antioxidants in it like vitamin +C vitamin E and some other ones too + + align:start position:0% +C vitamin E and some other ones too + + + align:start position:0% +C vitamin E and some other ones too +and the antioxidants are trying to get + + align:start position:0% +and the antioxidants are trying to get + + + align:start position:0% +and the antioxidants are trying to get +rid of radicals so the number of + + align:start position:0% +rid of radicals so the number of + + + align:start position:0% +rid of radicals so the number of +radicals you'd expect the conservation + + align:start position:0% +radicals you'd expect the conservation + + + align:start position:0% +radicals you'd expect the conservation +background customers is very tiny and + + align:start position:0% +background customers is very tiny and + + + align:start position:0% +background customers is very tiny and +because of that this is tiny and the + + align:start position:0% +because of that this is tiny and the + + + align:start position:0% +because of that this is tiny and the +conservation is tiny so the + + align:start position:0% +conservation is tiny so the + + + align:start position:0% +conservation is tiny so the +concentration times the volume might + + align:start position:0% +concentration times the volume might + + + align:start position:0% +concentration times the volume might +also be tiny so the total number of + + align:start position:0% +also be tiny so the total number of + + + align:start position:0% +also be tiny so the total number of +radicals might be very very small and so + + align:start position:0% +radicals might be very very small and so + + + align:start position:0% +radicals might be very very small and so +therefore you might need to worry about + + align:start position:0% +therefore you might need to worry about + + + align:start position:0% +therefore you might need to worry about +the stochastic kinetics being different + + align:start position:0% +the stochastic kinetics being different + + + align:start position:0% +the stochastic kinetics being different +than the continuum kinetics ok so that's + + align:start position:0% +than the continuum kinetics ok so that's + + + align:start position:0% +than the continuum kinetics ok so that's +the idea + + align:start position:0% +the idea + + + align:start position:0% +the idea +now on top of that you also have a lot + + align:start position:0% +now on top of that you also have a lot + + + align:start position:0% +now on top of that you also have a lot +of these vesicles in your body so you + + align:start position:0% +of these vesicles in your body so you + + + align:start position:0% +of these vesicles in your body so you +might be able to somehow work up some + + align:start position:0% +might be able to somehow work up some + + + align:start position:0% +might be able to somehow work up some +kind of continuum model treat them all + + align:start position:0% +kind of continuum model treat them all + + + align:start position:0% +kind of continuum model treat them all +and in fact I think that's what people + + align:start position:0% +and in fact I think that's what people + + + align:start position:0% +and in fact I think that's what people +did originally is they just said well + + align:start position:0% +did originally is they just said well + + + align:start position:0% +did originally is they just said well +let's take the total amount of LDL you + + align:start position:0% +let's take the total amount of LDL you + + + align:start position:0% +let's take the total amount of LDL you +got your body and do a continuum model + + align:start position:0% +got your body and do a continuum model + + + align:start position:0% +got your body and do a continuum model +but as we'll see it's different because + + align:start position:0% +but as we'll see it's different because + + + align:start position:0% +but as we'll see it's different because +the fact that the vesicles are small + + align:start position:0% +the fact that the vesicles are small + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that the vesicles are small +each one might only have say one radical + + align:start position:0% +each one might only have say one radical + + + align:start position:0% +each one might only have say one radical +in it and that will actually behave + + align:start position:0% +in it and that will actually behave + + + align:start position:0% +in it and that will actually behave +quite differently than if you had a lot + + align:start position:0% +quite differently than if you had a lot + + + align:start position:0% +quite differently than if you had a lot +of radicals all right so this is the + + align:start position:0% +of radicals all right so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +of radicals all right so this is the +kinetics and the oxygen is almost always + + align:start position:0% +kinetics and the oxygen is almost always + + + align:start position:0% +kinetics and the oxygen is almost always +high concentration so I'm not going to + + align:start position:0% +high concentration so I'm not going to + + + align:start position:0% +high concentration so I'm not going to +worry about that and I'm gonna assume + + align:start position:0% +worry about that and I'm gonna assume + + + align:start position:0% +worry about that and I'm gonna assume +that we're not gonna let your your lipid + + align:start position:0% +that we're not gonna let your your lipid + + + align:start position:0% +that we're not gonna let your your lipid +oxidize so much that the amount of lipid + + align:start position:0% +oxidize so much that the amount of lipid + + + align:start position:0% +oxidize so much that the amount of lipid +changes significantly so let's just for + + align:start position:0% +changes significantly so let's just for + + + align:start position:0% +changes significantly so let's just for +now we'll just ignore this okay maybe + + align:start position:0% +now we'll just ignore this okay maybe + + + align:start position:0% +now we'll just ignore this okay maybe +later we might go back and figure out + + align:start position:0% +later we might go back and figure out + + + align:start position:0% +later we might go back and figure out +how you account for the fact that these + + align:start position:0% +how you account for the fact that these + + + align:start position:0% +how you account for the fact that these +dyes are being consumed which would + + align:start position:0% +dyes are being consumed which would + + + align:start position:0% +dyes are being consumed which would +change the rates a little bit so what is + + align:start position:0% +change the rates a little bit so what is + + + align:start position:0% +change the rates a little bit so what is +this term that that contraction is + + align:start position:0% +this term that that contraction is + + + align:start position:0% +this term that that contraction is +constant so you have a tiny amount of + + align:start position:0% +constant so you have a tiny amount of + + + align:start position:0% +constant so you have a tiny amount of +radicals and if you have the radicals in + + align:start position:0% +radicals and if you have the radicals in + + + align:start position:0% +radicals and if you have the radicals in +your bicycle they're creating ROH and + + align:start position:0% +your bicycle they're creating ROH and + + + align:start position:0% +your bicycle they're creating ROH and +you see that ro is catalytic and so + + align:start position:0% +you see that ro is catalytic and so + + + align:start position:0% +you see that ro is catalytic and so +where we go C is basically D if you did + + align:start position:0% +where we go C is basically D if you did + + + align:start position:0% +where we go C is basically D if you did +in classical kinetics you dr dr et tu + + align:start position:0% +in classical kinetics you dr dr et tu + + + align:start position:0% +in classical kinetics you dr dr et tu +this is basically equal some constant + + align:start position:0% +this is basically equal some constant + + + align:start position:0% +this is basically equal some constant +times R okay because this and I lumped + + align:start position:0% +times R okay because this and I lumped + + + align:start position:0% +times R okay because this and I lumped +these concentrations into this costume + + align:start position:0% +these concentrations into this costume + + + align:start position:0% +these concentrations into this costume +really okay all right + + align:start position:0% +really okay all right + + + align:start position:0% +really okay all right +all right so that's the important + + align:start position:0% +all right so that's the important + + + align:start position:0% +all right so that's the important +process we also have another important + + align:start position:0% +process we also have another important + + + align:start position:0% +process we also have another important +process is that if you get two radicals + + align:start position:0% +process is that if you get two radicals + + + align:start position:0% +process is that if you get two radicals +in there and they bump into each other + + align:start position:0% +in there and they bump into each other + + + align:start position:0% +in there and they bump into each other +they can kill each other off so two + + align:start position:0% +they can kill each other off so two + + + align:start position:0% +they can kill each other off so two +peroxy radicals can combine to make + + align:start position:0% +peroxy radicals can combine to make + + + align:start position:0% +peroxy radicals can combine to make +stable molecules and we don't care what + + align:start position:0% +stable molecules and we don't care what + + + align:start position:0% +stable molecules and we don't care what +stable molecules they really are what's + + align:start position:0% +stable molecules they really are what's + + + align:start position:0% +stable molecules they really are what's +important is to get rid of the radicals + + align:start position:0% +important is to get rid of the radicals + + + align:start position:0% +important is to get rid of the radicals +because the radicals are catalyzing the + + align:start position:0% +because the radicals are catalyzing the + + + align:start position:0% +because the radicals are catalyzing the +unfavorable oxidation so this is and I'm + + align:start position:0% +unfavorable oxidation so this is and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +unfavorable oxidation so this is and I'm +gonna call and this program I started + + align:start position:0% +gonna call and this program I started + + + align:start position:0% +gonna call and this program I started +writing I call this K 3 + + align:start position:0% +writing I call this K 3 + + + align:start position:0% +writing I call this K 3 +this is k4 before there's two other + + align:start position:0% +this is k4 before there's two other + + + align:start position:0% +this is k4 before there's two other +things happening it's out here I had + + align:start position:0% +things happening it's out here I had + + + align:start position:0% +things happening it's out here I had +some proxy radicals they're floating + + align:start position:0% +some proxy radicals they're floating + + + align:start position:0% +some proxy radicals they're floating +around the water + + align:start position:0% +around the water + + + align:start position:0% +around the water +some of them might go into my lip bed + + align:start position:0% +some of them might go into my lip bed + + + align:start position:0% +some of them might go into my lip bed +I'll call that process k1 there's some + + align:start position:0% +I'll call that process k1 there's some + + + align:start position:0% +I'll call that process k1 there's some +time constant which new radicals arrive + + align:start position:0% +time constant which new radicals arrive + + + align:start position:0% +time constant which new radicals arrive +and then I also have the possibility of + + align:start position:0% +and then I also have the possibility of + + + align:start position:0% +and then I also have the possibility of +these guys could diffuse out so I call + + align:start position:0% +these guys could diffuse out so I call + + + align:start position:0% +these guys could diffuse out so I call +that kids and k1 I'll just treat it's a + + align:start position:0% +that kids and k1 I'll just treat it's a + + + align:start position:0% +that kids and k1 I'll just treat it's a +constant so I sue there's a background + + align:start position:0% +constant so I sue there's a background + + + align:start position:0% +constant so I sue there's a background +concentration of radicals that's + + align:start position:0% +concentration of radicals that's + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of radicals that's +constant and so this is a some you know + + align:start position:0% +constant and so this is a some you know + + + align:start position:0% +constant and so this is a some you know +every every 10 seconds or something a + + align:start position:0% +every every 10 seconds or something a + + + align:start position:0% +every every 10 seconds or something a +radical arrives in a vesicle and this + + align:start position:0% +radical arrives in a vesicle and this + + + align:start position:0% +radical arrives in a vesicle and this +will depend on the constellation the + + align:start position:0% +will depend on the constellation the + + + align:start position:0% +will depend on the constellation the +number of probes right so the more you + + align:start position:0% +number of probes right so the more you + + + align:start position:0% +number of probes right so the more you +have inside here the faster the rate + + align:start position:0% +have inside here the faster the rate + + + align:start position:0% +have inside here the faster the rate +which they go out said all right + + align:start position:0% +which they go out said all right + + + align:start position:0% +which they go out said all right +and it's just mass transfer but from the + + align:start position:0% +and it's just mass transfer but from the + + + align:start position:0% +and it's just mass transfer but from the +point of view of the equations it + + align:start position:0% +point of view of the equations it + + + align:start position:0% +point of view of the equations it +doesn't care if it's mass transfer or a + + align:start position:0% +doesn't care if it's mass transfer or a + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't care if it's mass transfer or a +chemical reaction you're very much a boy + + align:start position:0% +chemical reaction you're very much a boy + + + align:start position:0% +chemical reaction you're very much a boy +all right so that's the system and so + + align:start position:0% +all right so that's the system and so + + + align:start position:0% +all right so that's the system and so +let's look at the I started trying right + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the I started trying right + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the I started trying right +the MATLAB code for this and maybe we + + align:start position:0% +the MATLAB code for this and maybe we + + + align:start position:0% +the MATLAB code for this and maybe we +can try to finish this together in class + + align:start position:0% +can try to finish this together in class + + + align:start position:0% +can try to finish this together in class +so I have four processes rival a new + + align:start position:0% +so I have four processes rival a new + + + align:start position:0% +so I have four processes rival a new +radical diffusion of the radical out of + + align:start position:0% +radical diffusion of the radical out of + + + align:start position:0% +radical diffusion of the radical out of +the vesicle reaction to make the + + align:start position:0% +the vesicle reaction to make the + + + align:start position:0% +the vesicle reaction to make the +peroxide and self-destruction of the + + align:start position:0% +peroxide and self-destruction of the + + + align:start position:0% +peroxide and self-destruction of the +radicals okay + + align:start position:0% +radicals okay + + + align:start position:0% +radicals okay +and I wrote down what each of these does + + align:start position:0% +and I wrote down what each of these does + + + align:start position:0% +and I wrote down what each of these does +so the first one increases the number of + + align:start position:0% +so the first one increases the number of + + + align:start position:0% +so the first one increases the number of +radicals by why it's not gonna destroy + + align:start position:0% +radicals by why it's not gonna destroy + + + align:start position:0% +radicals by why it's not gonna destroy +it gets ro gets rid of a radical because + + align:start position:0% +it gets ro gets rid of a radical because + + + align:start position:0% +it gets ro gets rid of a radical because +he fused away the third one increases + + align:start position:0% +he fused away the third one increases + + + align:start position:0% +he fused away the third one increases +the amount of peroxide the last one gets + + align:start position:0% +the amount of peroxide the last one gets + + + align:start position:0% +the amount of peroxide the last one gets +rid of two radicals okay so we're going + + align:start position:0% +rid of two radicals okay so we're going + + + align:start position:0% +rid of two radicals okay so we're going +to try to compute a trajectory by the + + align:start position:0% +to try to compute a trajectory by the + + + align:start position:0% +to try to compute a trajectory by the +kinetic Monte Carlo method and a + + align:start position:0% +kinetic Monte Carlo method and a + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic Monte Carlo method and a +trajectory is going to be some time + + align:start position:0% +trajectory is going to be some time + + + align:start position:0% +trajectory is going to be some time +points the number of radicals at that + + align:start position:0% +points the number of radicals at that + + + align:start position:0% +points the number of radicals at that +time point the number of for oxide to + + align:start position:0% +time point the number of for oxide to + + + align:start position:0% +time point the number of for oxide to +have at that time point and as I run I'm + + align:start position:0% +have at that time point and as I run I'm + + + align:start position:0% +have at that time point and as I run I'm +gonna get a lot many many different time + + align:start position:0% +gonna get a lot many many different time + + + align:start position:0% +gonna get a lot many many different time +points and each one will have a + + align:start position:0% +points and each one will have a + + + align:start position:0% +points and each one will have a +different number radicals or different + + align:start position:0% +different number radicals or different + + + align:start position:0% +different number radicals or different +number of processes and that's what I + + align:start position:0% +number of processes and that's what I + + + align:start position:0% +number of processes and that's what I +want to compute and then at the end + + align:start position:0% +want to compute and then at the end + + + align:start position:0% +want to compute and then at the end +after I have in trajectories like that + + align:start position:0% +after I have in trajectories like that + + + align:start position:0% +after I have in trajectories like that +big tables of these things I want to + + align:start position:0% +big tables of these things I want to + + + align:start position:0% +big tables of these things I want to +somehow put it together to figure out on + + align:start position:0% +somehow put it together to figure out on + + + align:start position:0% +somehow put it together to figure out on +average what happened or something try + + align:start position:0% +average what happened or something try + + + align:start position:0% +average what happened or something try +to understand it and so let's see so we + + align:start position:0% +to understand it and so let's see so we + + + align:start position:0% +to understand it and so let's see so we +inputs are the initial numbers of + + align:start position:0% +inputs are the initial numbers of + + + align:start position:0% +inputs are the initial numbers of +radicals and peroxides in the in the + + align:start position:0% +radicals and peroxides in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +radicals and peroxides in the in the +vesicle + + align:start position:0% +vesicle + + + align:start position:0% +vesicle +the vector of rate coefficients the + + align:start position:0% +the vector of rate coefficients the + + + align:start position:0% +the vector of rate coefficients the +maximum amount of time I want to run the + + align:start position:0% +maximum amount of time I want to run the + + + align:start position:0% +maximum amount of time I want to run the +true identity for naught + + align:start position:0% +true identity for naught + + + align:start position:0% +true identity for naught +not clock time but time in the + + align:start position:0% +not clock time but time in the + + + align:start position:0% +not clock time but time in the +simulation so it's like how how many + + align:start position:0% +simulation so it's like how how many + + + align:start position:0% +simulation so it's like how how many +microseconds or milliseconds or seconds + + align:start position:0% +microseconds or milliseconds or seconds + + + align:start position:0% +microseconds or milliseconds or seconds +I'd run look at my London 14 see what's + + align:start position:0% +I'd run look at my London 14 see what's + + + align:start position:0% +I'd run look at my London 14 see what's +doing and then maximum number of staff + + align:start position:0% +doing and then maximum number of staff + + + align:start position:0% +doing and then maximum number of staff +says I don't want to get a trajectory + + align:start position:0% +says I don't want to get a trajectory + + + align:start position:0% +says I don't want to get a trajectory +list that's 10 to the 9th long is it my + + align:start position:0% +list that's 10 to the 9th long is it my + + + align:start position:0% +list that's 10 to the 9th long is it my +overall my memory my computer it cost me + + align:start position:0% +overall my memory my computer it cost me + + + align:start position:0% +overall my memory my computer it cost me +trouble ok so here they are all this set + + align:start position:0% +trouble ok so here they are all this set + + + align:start position:0% +trouble ok so here they are all this set +ups everything's fine so far so here's + + align:start position:0% +ups everything's fine so far so here's + + + align:start position:0% +ups everything's fine so far so here's +the loop so the first the outermost loop + + align:start position:0% +the loop so the first the outermost loop + + + align:start position:0% +the loop so the first the outermost loop +is just to keep track of how many steps + + align:start position:0% +is just to keep track of how many steps + + + align:start position:0% +is just to keep track of how many steps +we have which is going to be the number + + align:start position:0% +we have which is going to be the number + + + align:start position:0% +we have which is going to be the number +of entries we have in the trajectory + + align:start position:0% +of entries we have in the trajectory + + + align:start position:0% +of entries we have in the trajectory +table and the second one is really what + + align:start position:0% +table and the second one is really what + + + align:start position:0% +table and the second one is really what +we care about is well the time is less + + align:start position:0% +we care about is well the time is less + + + align:start position:0% +we care about is well the time is less +than the maximum time of the simulation + + align:start position:0% +than the maximum time of the simulation + + + align:start position:0% +than the maximum time of the simulation +first we want to figure out the time + + align:start position:0% +first we want to figure out the time + + + align:start position:0% +first we want to figure out the time +step until something happens so + + align:start position:0% +step until something happens so + + + align:start position:0% +step until something happens so +following Joe Scott's notes we compute + + align:start position:0% +following Joe Scott's notes we compute + + + align:start position:0% +following Joe Scott's notes we compute +this quantity called a which is the sort + + align:start position:0% +this quantity called a which is the sort + + + align:start position:0% +this quantity called a which is the sort +of the sum of all the rates and that's + + align:start position:0% +of the sum of all the rates and that's + + + align:start position:0% +of the sum of all the rates and that's +equal to the rate of the first process + + align:start position:0% +equal to the rate of the first process + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the rate of the first process +and then there in the second process + + align:start position:0% +and then there in the second process + + + align:start position:0% +and then there in the second process +which is depends on the number of + + align:start position:0% +which is depends on the number of + + + align:start position:0% +which is depends on the number of +radicals and the rate of the third + + align:start position:0% +radicals and the rate of the third + + + align:start position:0% +radicals and the rate of the third +process all depends on radicals and the + + align:start position:0% +process all depends on radicals and the + + + align:start position:0% +process all depends on radicals and the +rate of the fourth process which is + + align:start position:0% +rate of the fourth process which is + + + align:start position:0% +rate of the fourth process which is +number of radicals time symmetric + + align:start position:0% +number of radicals time symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +number of radicals time symmetric +radicals minus one now k4 has tab units + + align:start position:0% +radicals minus one now k4 has tab units + + + align:start position:0% +radicals minus one now k4 has tab units +of per second but by molecular rates + + align:start position:0% +of per second but by molecular rates + + + align:start position:0% +of per second but by molecular rates +would normally have units of volume per + + align:start position:0% +would normally have units of volume per + + + align:start position:0% +would normally have units of volume per +second per mole even is from molecule + + align:start position:0% +second per mole even is from molecule + + + align:start position:0% +second per mole even is from molecule +per second and so that K floor has to + + align:start position:0% +per second and so that K floor has to + + + align:start position:0% +per second and so that K floor has to +really be a normal kind of K divided by + + align:start position:0% +really be a normal kind of K divided by + + + align:start position:0% +really be a normal kind of K divided by +the volume and we're going to figure out + + align:start position:0% +the volume and we're going to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +the volume and we're going to figure out +what to do about that all right and then + + align:start position:0% +what to do about that all right and then + + + align:start position:0% +what to do about that all right and then +we do the formula to get the Gillespie's + + align:start position:0% +we do the formula to get the Gillespie's + + + align:start position:0% +we do the formula to get the Gillespie's +formula for how to sample from an + + align:start position:0% +formula for how to sample from an + + + align:start position:0% +formula for how to sample from an +exponential decay it's good that's that + + align:start position:0% +exponential decay it's good that's that + + + align:start position:0% +exponential decay it's good that's that +is and so it's sampling so Gillespie + + align:start position:0% +is and so it's sampling so Gillespie + + + align:start position:0% +is and so it's sampling so Gillespie +thinks that the probability that + + align:start position:0% +thinks that the probability that + + + align:start position:0% +thinks that the probability that +something is going to happen or the + + align:start position:0% +something is going to happen or the + + + align:start position:0% +something is going to happen or the +probability the time until the next + + align:start position:0% +probability the time until the next + + + align:start position:0% +probability the time until the next +until the next thing happens is going as + + align:start position:0% +until the next thing happens is going as + + + align:start position:0% +until the next thing happens is going as +e to the negative + + align:start position:0% +e to the negative + + + align:start position:0% +e to the negative +a times so we're trying to sample from + + align:start position:0% +a times so we're trying to sample from + + + align:start position:0% +a times so we're trying to sample from +either negative eighty and that's what + + align:start position:0% +either negative eighty and that's what + + + align:start position:0% +either negative eighty and that's what +that crazy log of the random number is + + align:start position:0% +that crazy log of the random number is + + + align:start position:0% +that crazy log of the random number is +doing is it sampling from that + + align:start position:0% +doing is it sampling from that + + + align:start position:0% +doing is it sampling from that +distribution and and so we get a towel + + align:start position:0% +distribution and and so we get a towel + + + align:start position:0% +distribution and and so we get a towel +is that how long how long we've waited + + align:start position:0% +is that how long how long we've waited + + + align:start position:0% +is that how long how long we've waited +from the last the time the last thing + + align:start position:0% +from the last the time the last thing + + + align:start position:0% +from the last the time the last thing +happened until the next thing happens + + align:start position:0% +happened until the next thing happens + + + align:start position:0% +happened until the next thing happens +and then we have to figure out what + + align:start position:0% +and then we have to figure out what + + + align:start position:0% +and then we have to figure out what +happened so there's four different + + align:start position:0% +happened so there's four different + + + align:start position:0% +happened so there's four different +processes that could have happened a + + align:start position:0% +processes that could have happened a + + + align:start position:0% +processes that could have happened a +radical could have arrived or I could + + align:start position:0% +radical could have arrived or I could + + + align:start position:0% +radical could have arrived or I could +have left a radical could have reacted + + align:start position:0% +have left a radical could have reacted + + + align:start position:0% +have left a radical could have reacted +with my one of my harder carbon + + align:start position:0% +with my one of my harder carbon + + + align:start position:0% +with my one of my harder carbon +molecules my luck one of my lipids or + + align:start position:0% +molecules my luck one of my lipids or + + + align:start position:0% +molecules my luck one of my lipids or +the two radicals could have killed each + + align:start position:0% +the two radicals could have killed each + + + align:start position:0% +the two radicals could have killed each +other so we list these guys out a is the + + align:start position:0% +other so we list these guys out a is the + + + align:start position:0% +other so we list these guys out a is the +sum of all those processes P one is the + + align:start position:0% +sum of all those processes P one is the + + + align:start position:0% +sum of all those processes P one is the +probability that the first process + + align:start position:0% +probability that the first process + + + align:start position:0% +probability that the first process +happened that a new radical arrived so + + align:start position:0% +happened that a new radical arrived so + + + align:start position:0% +happened that a new radical arrived so +it's going to be the the K for the first + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be the the K for the first + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be the the K for the first +step divided by a that one was zero + + align:start position:0% +step divided by a that one was zero + + + align:start position:0% +step divided by a that one was zero +water because the subject using it from + + align:start position:0% +water because the subject using it from + + + align:start position:0% +water because the subject using it from +outside so it's just a k1 the second one + + align:start position:0% +outside so it's just a k1 the second one + + + align:start position:0% +outside so it's just a k1 the second one +probably the second step is k2 times n + + align:start position:0% +probably the second step is k2 times n + + + align:start position:0% +probably the second step is k2 times n +rad that's the rate the rate of the + + align:start position:0% +rad that's the rate the rate of the + + + align:start position:0% +rad that's the rate the rate of the +second step divided by the total rate of + + align:start position:0% +second step divided by the total rate of + + + align:start position:0% +second step divided by the total rate of +all the processes and I'm gonna add that + + align:start position:0% +all the processes and I'm gonna add that + + + align:start position:0% +all the processes and I'm gonna add that +on the p1 to make a vector of possible + + align:start position:0% +on the p1 to make a vector of possible + + + align:start position:0% +on the p1 to make a vector of possible +things that can happen so I have I'm + + align:start position:0% +things that can happen so I have I'm + + + align:start position:0% +things that can happen so I have I'm +picking the mapping a random number from + + align:start position:0% +picking the mapping a random number from + + + align:start position:0% +picking the mapping a random number from +zero to one and I want to make little + + align:start position:0% +zero to one and I want to make little + + + align:start position:0% +zero to one and I want to make little +bar here's the probability the first + + align:start position:0% +bar here's the probability the first + + + align:start position:0% +bar here's the probability the first +process happened and here's the + + align:start position:0% +process happened and here's the + + + align:start position:0% +process happened and here's the +probability the second process happen + + align:start position:0% +probability the second process happen + + + align:start position:0% +probability the second process happen +here's the third process happen here's + + align:start position:0% +here's the third process happen here's + + + align:start position:0% +here's the third process happen here's +probably the fourth process happened I + + align:start position:0% +probably the fourth process happened I + + + align:start position:0% +probably the fourth process happened I +know that these guys have to add up to + + align:start position:0% +know that these guys have to add up to + + + align:start position:0% +know that these guys have to add up to +one because I computed that something + + align:start position:0% +one because I computed that something + + + align:start position:0% +one because I computed that something +happened all right + + align:start position:0% +happened all right + + + align:start position:0% +happened all right +and so I'm going to try to compare my + + align:start position:0% +and so I'm going to try to compare my + + + align:start position:0% +and so I'm going to try to compare my +random number from zero to one + + align:start position:0% +random number from zero to one + + + align:start position:0% +random number from zero to one +to these breaks and sort it out into + + align:start position:0% +to these breaks and sort it out into + + + align:start position:0% +to these breaks and sort it out into +these four possibilities and then figure + + align:start position:0% +these four possibilities and then figure + + + align:start position:0% +these four possibilities and then figure +out which thing happened I guess this is + + align:start position:0% +out which thing happened I guess this is + + + align:start position:0% +out which thing happened I guess this is +the second step of the lucky Celestia's + + align:start position:0% +the second step of the lucky Celestia's + + + align:start position:0% +the second step of the lucky Celestia's +algorithm alright so maybe you guys can + + align:start position:0% +algorithm alright so maybe you guys can + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm alright so maybe you guys can +help me finish the code here if you want + + align:start position:0% +help me finish the code here if you want + + + align:start position:0% +help me finish the code here if you want +to go to Broadway in Chicago you can get + + align:start position:0% +to go to Broadway in Chicago you can get + + + align:start position:0% +to go to Broadway in Chicago you can get +it all right so + + align:start position:0% +it all right so + + + align:start position:0% +it all right so +I need to write the next one so P 3 is + + align:start position:0% +I need to write the next one so P 3 is + + + align:start position:0% +I need to write the next one so P 3 is +equal to P 2 plus 1 so we are step three + + align:start position:0% +equal to P 2 plus 1 so we are step three + + + align:start position:0% +equal to P 2 plus 1 so we are step three +is sorry alright and that's that's + + align:start position:0% +is sorry alright and that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +is sorry alright and that's that's +enough right so now I did to choose a + + align:start position:0% +enough right so now I did to choose a + + + align:start position:0% +enough right so now I did to choose a +random number + + align:start position:0% +random number + + + align:start position:0% +random number +so say X is equal to R and and then I + + align:start position:0% +so say X is equal to R and and then I + + + align:start position:0% +so say X is equal to R and and then I +have to say if X is less than p1 and + + align:start position:0% +have to say if X is less than p1 and + + + align:start position:0% +have to say if X is less than p1 and +something what's the end of 8 then step + + align:start position:0% +something what's the end of 8 then step + + + align:start position:0% +something what's the end of 8 then step +number one happened so it means that and + + align:start position:0% +number one happened so it means that and + + + align:start position:0% +number one happened so it means that and +red is equal to and red plus one so add + + align:start position:0% +red is equal to and red plus one so add + + + align:start position:0% +red is equal to and red plus one so add +one radical trend just put it in if X is + + align:start position:0% +one radical trend just put it in if X is + + + align:start position:0% +one radical trend just put it in if X is +less than p2 that stuff so good o cf1 o + + align:start position:0% +less than p2 that stuff so good o cf1 o + + + align:start position:0% +less than p2 that stuff so good o cf1 o +space thank you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what happens here if this is B and red + + align:start position:0% +what happens here if this is B and red + + + align:start position:0% +what happens here if this is B and red +is equal to n red minus 1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I think the else will take care of that + + align:start position:0% +I think the else will take care of that + + + align:start position:0% +I think the else will take care of that +right this is right X is less than P 3 + + align:start position:0% +right this is right X is less than P 3 + + + align:start position:0% +right this is right X is less than P 3 +and ROH + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +else and so look right do I need an end + + align:start position:0% +else and so look right do I need an end + + + align:start position:0% +else and so look right do I need an end +yeah semicolon instead I call it thank + + align:start position:0% +yeah semicolon instead I call it thank + + + align:start position:0% +yeah semicolon instead I call it thank +you that would be really bad yeah all + + align:start position:0% +you that would be really bad yeah all + + + align:start position:0% +you that would be really bad yeah all +right yes that's not good should be less + + align:start position:0% +right yes that's not good should be less + + + align:start position:0% +right yes that's not good should be less +than thank you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anywhere bucks spaces after the brackets + + align:start position:0% +anywhere bucks spaces after the brackets + + + align:start position:0% +anywhere bucks spaces after the brackets +we're here very regular separate lines + + align:start position:0% +we're here very regular separate lines + + + align:start position:0% +we're here very regular separate lines +okay you do that it's easier to read + + align:start position:0% +okay you do that it's easier to read + + + align:start position:0% +okay you do that it's easier to read +anyway that's good I definitely do that + + align:start position:0% +anyway that's good I definitely do that + + + align:start position:0% +anyway that's good I definitely do that +all right yeah you like this with all + + align:start position:0% +all right yeah you like this with all + + + align:start position:0% +all right yeah you like this with all +these sales tips I don't need any ants + + align:start position:0% +these sales tips I don't need any ants + + + align:start position:0% +these sales tips I don't need any ants +is that right + + align:start position:0% +is that right + + + align:start position:0% +is that right +they're wonderful the other like that no + + align:start position:0% +they're wonderful the other like that no + + + align:start position:0% +they're wonderful the other like that no +problem just just one entity that's good + + align:start position:0% +problem just just one entity that's good + + + align:start position:0% +problem just just one entity that's good +all right all right so we're okay with + + align:start position:0% +all right all right so we're okay with + + + align:start position:0% +all right all right so we're okay with +this we think this gonna work huh all + + align:start position:0% +this we think this gonna work huh all + + + align:start position:0% +this we think this gonna work huh all +right so now we've computed what's gonna + + align:start position:0% +right so now we've computed what's gonna + + + align:start position:0% +right so now we've computed what's gonna +happen now we need to store results of + + align:start position:0% +happen now we need to store results of + + + align:start position:0% +happen now we need to store results of +now right so I'm gonna say trajectory + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's equal to or treachery of steps a + + align:start position:0% +it's equal to or treachery of steps a + + + align:start position:0% +it's equal to or treachery of steps a +step was zero then I'll step his wand + + align:start position:0% +step was zero then I'll step his wand + + + align:start position:0% +step was zero then I'll step his wand +you know what a step is one start with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah it's just looking + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah I'd only Thomas is all right no + + align:start position:0% +yeah I'd only Thomas is all right no + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I'd only Thomas is all right no +commas I won't step to zero if I already + + align:start position:0% +commas I won't step to zero if I already + + + align:start position:0% +commas I won't step to zero if I already +have the first line filled in here is + + align:start position:0% +have the first line filled in here is + + + align:start position:0% +have the first line filled in here is +that good well then we'll see I don't + + align:start position:0% +that good well then we'll see I don't + + + align:start position:0% +that good well then we'll see I don't +know k or not but I believe you all + + align:start position:0% +know k or not but I believe you all + + + align:start position:0% +know k or not but I believe you all +right all right so right now we have a + + align:start position:0% +right all right so right now we have a + + + align:start position:0% +right all right so right now we have a +program with that maybe or maybe not + + align:start position:0% +program with that maybe or maybe not + + + align:start position:0% +program with that maybe or maybe not +might actually compute something is that + + align:start position:0% +might actually compute something is that + + + align:start position:0% +might actually compute something is that +right okay now we can figure out what + + align:start position:0% +right okay now we can figure out what + + + align:start position:0% +right okay now we can figure out what +the initial how we're going to have even + + align:start position:0% +the initial how we're going to have even + + + align:start position:0% +the initial how we're going to have even +run this program so we need an initial + + align:start position:0% +run this program so we need an initial + + + align:start position:0% +run this program so we need an initial +so any suggestions all right so let's do + + align:start position:0% +so any suggestions all right so let's do + + + align:start position:0% +so any suggestions all right so let's do +an initial how about n rad is equal to 1 + + align:start position:0% +an initial how about n rad is equal to 1 + + + align:start position:0% +an initial how about n rad is equal to 1 +and n ro h is equal to 0 ok we're good + + align:start position:0% +and n ro h is equal to 0 ok we're good + + + align:start position:0% +and n ro h is equal to 0 ok we're good +we're cool with that + + align:start position:0% +we're cool with that + + + align:start position:0% +we're cool with that +ok and how about K so do we need a + + align:start position:0% +ok and how about K so do we need a + + + align:start position:0% +ok and how about K so do we need a +vector of KS + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the yep yes thank you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right yes + + align:start position:0% +all right yes + + + align:start position:0% +all right yes +all right so let's think about what's + + align:start position:0% +all right so let's think about what's + + + align:start position:0% +all right so let's think about what's +reasonable for the case so I think we + + align:start position:0% +reasonable for the case so I think we + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable for the case so I think we +can make the K for the stuff diffusing + + align:start position:0% +can make the K for the stuff diffusing + + + align:start position:0% +can make the K for the stuff diffusing +in very very small so I don't know what + + align:start position:0% +in very very small so I don't know what + + + align:start position:0% +in very very small so I don't know what +we're gonna make is small on e minus + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna make is small on e minus + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna make is small on e minus +five something that small only once an + + align:start position:0% +five something that small only once an + + + align:start position:0% +five something that small only once an +hour might be a little too small and + + align:start position:0% +hour might be a little too small and + + + align:start position:0% +hour might be a little too small and +then we the next one is how fast things + + align:start position:0% +then we the next one is how fast things + + + align:start position:0% +then we the next one is how fast things +diffuse out now that's gonna what's that + + align:start position:0% +diffuse out now that's gonna what's that + + + align:start position:0% +diffuse out now that's gonna what's that +going to physically depend on it should + + align:start position:0% +going to physically depend on it should + + + align:start position:0% +going to physically depend on it should +be like something like the diffusion + + align:start position:0% +be like something like the diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +be like something like the diffusion +diffusion lens to look to the get back + + align:start position:0% +diffusion lens to look to the get back + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion lens to look to the get back +to the wall that's the outside so it + + align:start position:0% +to the wall that's the outside so it + + + align:start position:0% +to the wall that's the outside so it +should be by one one radical in here + + align:start position:0% +should be by one one radical in here + + + align:start position:0% +should be by one one radical in here +what's the average time protein diffuse + + align:start position:0% +what's the average time protein diffuse + + + align:start position:0% +what's the average time protein diffuse +back out the ideas so if it does a say + + align:start position:0% +back out the ideas so if it does a say + + + align:start position:0% +back out the ideas so if it does a say +just a random walk maybe then you say + + align:start position:0% +just a random walk maybe then you say + + + align:start position:0% +just a random walk maybe then you say +it's like Delta x squared is like T + + align:start position:0% +it's like Delta x squared is like T + + + align:start position:0% +it's like Delta x squared is like T +times T yeah + + align:start position:0% +times T yeah + + + align:start position:0% +times T yeah +okay so Delta x squared made me make + + align:start position:0% +okay so Delta x squared made me make + + + align:start position:0% +okay so Delta x squared made me make +this like the radius of our lipid + + align:start position:0% +this like the radius of our lipid + + + align:start position:0% +this like the radius of our lipid +vesicle so the delta T is like R squared + + align:start position:0% +vesicle so the delta T is like R squared + + + align:start position:0% +vesicle so the delta T is like R squared +over D seems like a reasonable scaling + + align:start position:0% +over D seems like a reasonable scaling + + + align:start position:0% +over D seems like a reasonable scaling +and we actually want to rate so the + + align:start position:0% +and we actually want to rate so the + + + align:start position:0% +and we actually want to rate so the +other way around so K - it's gonna be + + align:start position:0% +other way around so K - it's gonna be + + + align:start position:0% +other way around so K - it's gonna be +something like D over R squared all + + align:start position:0% +something like D over R squared all + + + align:start position:0% +something like D over R squared all +right so we need to pick a size of our + + align:start position:0% +right so we need to pick a size of our + + + align:start position:0% +right so we need to pick a size of our +LDL vesicles I don't actually know what + + align:start position:0% +LDL vesicles I don't actually know what + + + align:start position:0% +LDL vesicles I don't actually know what +they are I used to do this but remember + + align:start position:0% +they are I used to do this but remember + + + align:start position:0% +they are I used to do this but remember +anybody want to make a guess how BIG's a + + align:start position:0% +anybody want to make a guess how BIG's a + + + align:start position:0% +anybody want to make a guess how BIG's a +vesicle inside your blood vessel + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +micron micron okay let's pick it micro + + align:start position:0% +micron micron okay let's pick it micro + + + align:start position:0% +micron micron okay let's pick it micro +so so I say R is equal to 10 to minus 6 + + align:start position:0% +so so I say R is equal to 10 to minus 6 + + + align:start position:0% +so so I say R is equal to 10 to minus 6 +meters what's it what's a let's get + + align:start position:0% +meters what's it what's a let's get + + + align:start position:0% +meters what's it what's a let's get +what's the diffusion constant liquid + + align:start position:0% +what's the diffusion constant liquid + + + align:start position:0% +what's the diffusion constant liquid +phase phase v what units and my expense + + align:start position:0% +phase phase v what units and my expense + + + align:start position:0% +phase phase v what units and my expense +meters per second if I sell diesel and + + align:start position:0% +meters per second if I sell diesel and + + + align:start position:0% +meters per second if I sell diesel and +when you have its meter square + + align:start position:0% +when you have its meter square + + + align:start position:0% +when you have its meter square +centimeter square but you guys see the + + align:start position:0% +centimeter square but you guys see the + + + align:start position:0% +centimeter square but you guys see the +one the drug but was the drugs one was + + align:start position:0% +one the drug but was the drugs one was + + + align:start position:0% +one the drug but was the drugs one was +10 to minus 6 meter square centimeters + + align:start position:0% +10 to minus 6 meter square centimeters + + + align:start position:0% +10 to minus 6 meter square centimeters +per meter square okay so meters so for a + + align:start position:0% +per meter square okay so meters so for a + + + align:start position:0% +per meter square okay so meters so for a +lime smaller molecule just reasonable + + align:start position:0% +lime smaller molecule just reasonable + + + align:start position:0% +lime smaller molecule just reasonable +yeah okay so this number should be + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so this number should be + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so this number should be +something like 10 to minus 5 divided by + + align:start position:0% +something like 10 to minus 5 divided by + + + align:start position:0% +something like 10 to minus 5 divided by +10 to minus 12 so something like 10 to + + align:start position:0% +10 to minus 12 so something like 10 to + + + align:start position:0% +10 to minus 12 so something like 10 to +this 7 okay one to the seven all right + + align:start position:0% +this 7 okay one to the seven all right + + + align:start position:0% +this 7 okay one to the seven all right +now for the reaction ro plus r h we + + align:start position:0% +now for the reaction ro plus r h we + + + align:start position:0% +now for the reaction ro plus r h we +could go look it up on the NIST gov + + align:start position:0% +could go look it up on the NIST gov + + + align:start position:0% +could go look it up on the NIST gov +they'll have a list of reactions like + + align:start position:0% +they'll have a list of reactions like + + + align:start position:0% +they'll have a list of reactions like +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +let's but for now let's just just guess + + align:start position:0% +let's but for now let's just just guess + + + align:start position:0% +let's but for now let's just just guess +and so let's say that K 3 K 3 all right + + align:start position:0% +and so let's say that K 3 K 3 all right + + + align:start position:0% +and so let's say that K 3 K 3 all right +okay I'm rol + rh these guys typically + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm rol + rh these guys typically + + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm rol + rh these guys typically +have a factors of 10 to the 8th liters + + align:start position:0% +have a factors of 10 to the 8th liters + + + align:start position:0% +have a factors of 10 to the 8th liters +per mole second and they have EAS about + + align:start position:0% +per mole second and they have EAS about + + + align:start position:0% +per mole second and they have EAS about +15 15 kcal per mole over RT okay so now + + align:start position:0% +15 15 kcal per mole over RT okay so now + + + align:start position:0% +15 15 kcal per mole over RT okay so now +we do figure out how to turn this into + + align:start position:0% +we do figure out how to turn this into + + + align:start position:0% +we do figure out how to turn this into +that k 3 we won now the K 3 we want is + + align:start position:0% +that k 3 we won now the K 3 we want is + + + align:start position:0% +that k 3 we won now the K 3 we want is +really K 3 is like this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +times the concentration of the RH + + align:start position:0% +times the concentration of the RH + + + align:start position:0% +times the concentration of the RH +because we took the RH out of the + + align:start position:0% +because we took the RH out of the + + + align:start position:0% +because we took the RH out of the +problem right because it's really the + + align:start position:0% +problem right because it's really the + + + align:start position:0% +problem right because it's really the +said we want this to have units at per + + align:start position:0% +said we want this to have units at per + + + align:start position:0% +said we want this to have units at per +second said right and this is in units + + align:start position:0% +second said right and this is in units + + + align:start position:0% +second said right and this is in units +of volume per meters cubed per mole + + align:start position:0% +of volume per meters cubed per mole + + + align:start position:0% +of volume per meters cubed per mole +second and this would be moles per meter + + align:start position:0% +second and this would be moles per meter + + + align:start position:0% +second and this would be moles per meter +cubed and cents per second which looks + + align:start position:0% +cubed and cents per second which looks + + + align:start position:0% +cubed and cents per second which looks +right okay so now we need to have + + align:start position:0% +right okay so now we need to have + + + align:start position:0% +right okay so now we need to have +somebody other so we have calculator we + + align:start position:0% +somebody other so we have calculator we + + + align:start position:0% +somebody other so we have calculator we +try to calculate this number for room + + align:start position:0% +try to calculate this number for room + + + align:start position:0% +try to calculate this number for room +temperature and this does not mean room + + align:start position:0% +temperature and this does not mean room + + + align:start position:0% +temperature and this does not mean room +temperatures these are kinds team + + align:start position:0% +temperatures these are kinds team + + + align:start position:0% +temperatures these are kinds team +actually for body temperature and the + + align:start position:0% +actually for body temperature and the + + + align:start position:0% +actually for body temperature and the +concentration of hydrocarbon it's + + align:start position:0% +concentration of hydrocarbon it's + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of hydrocarbon it's +actually the number of HS because every + + align:start position:0% +actually the number of HS because every + + + align:start position:0% +actually the number of HS because every +age can be attacked at the hydrocarbon + + align:start position:0% +age can be attacked at the hydrocarbon + + + align:start position:0% +age can be attacked at the hydrocarbon +so you typically have densities of point + + align:start position:0% +so you typically have densities of point + + + align:start position:0% +so you typically have densities of point +eight grams per centimeter cube is for + + align:start position:0% +eight grams per centimeter cube is for + + + align:start position:0% +eight grams per centimeter cube is for +organic and you typically have two two H + + align:start position:0% +organic and you typically have two two H + + + align:start position:0% +organic and you typically have two two H +atoms per 14 grams of ch2 groups because + + align:start position:0% +atoms per 14 grams of ch2 groups because + + + align:start position:0% +atoms per 14 grams of ch2 groups because +you only ch2 groups are there all right + + align:start position:0% +you only ch2 groups are there all right + + + align:start position:0% +you only ch2 groups are there all right +set to be channels and then if we're + + align:start position:0% +set to be channels and then if we're + + + align:start position:0% +set to be channels and then if we're +gonna try to keep moles here we need six + + align:start position:0% +gonna try to keep moles here we need six + + + align:start position:0% +gonna try to keep moles here we need six +times 10 to the 23rd atoms whole alright + + align:start position:0% +times 10 to the 23rd atoms whole alright + + + align:start position:0% +times 10 to the 23rd atoms whole alright +and this is said to be theirs cubed but + + align:start position:0% +and this is said to be theirs cubed but + + + align:start position:0% +and this is said to be theirs cubed but +this one is leaders so I need a 10 to 3 + + align:start position:0% +this one is leaders so I need a 10 to 3 + + + align:start position:0% +this one is leaders so I need a 10 to 3 +centimeters to + + align:start position:0% +centimeters to + + + align:start position:0% +centimeters to +so again verifying what your highschool + + align:start position:0% +so again verifying what your highschool + + + align:start position:0% +so again verifying what your highschool +teacher taught you that the first thing + + align:start position:0% +teacher taught you that the first thing + + + align:start position:0% +teacher taught you that the first thing +is to learn units need a conversion all + + align:start position:0% +is to learn units need a conversion all + + + align:start position:0% +is to learn units need a conversion all +right so we take all these these numbers + + align:start position:0% +right so we take all these these numbers + + + align:start position:0% +right so we take all these these numbers +this is the RH and this is the K then we + + align:start position:0% +this is the RH and this is the K then we + + + align:start position:0% +this is the RH and this is the K then we +can multiply them all together and we + + align:start position:0% +can multiply them all together and we + + + align:start position:0% +can multiply them all together and we +should get something reasonable maybe + + align:start position:0% +should get something reasonable maybe + + + align:start position:0% +should get something reasonable maybe +and since we have MATLAB we can make it + + align:start position:0% +and since we have MATLAB we can make it + + + align:start position:0% +and since we have MATLAB we can make it +do it for us so let's just do that so I + + align:start position:0% +do it for us so let's just do that so I + + + align:start position:0% +do it for us so let's just do that so I +think it's tell me I can't read this + + align:start position:0% +think it's tell me I can't read this + + + align:start position:0% +think it's tell me I can't read this +very well + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1e k star exponential negative 15,000 / + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1.98 seven times what's body temperature + + align:start position:0% +1.98 seven times what's body temperature + + + align:start position:0% +1.98 seven times what's body temperature +what do you see them so it's 310 Kelvin + + align:start position:0% +what do you see them so it's 310 Kelvin + + + align:start position:0% +what do you see them so it's 310 Kelvin +baby all right times all these numbers + + align:start position:0% +baby all right times all these numbers + + + align:start position:0% +baby all right times all these numbers +0.8 times 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +/ I'm supposed to license I do my best + + align:start position:0% +/ I'm supposed to license I do my best + + + align:start position:0% +/ I'm supposed to license I do my best +to the Twitter where factors in there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so 5 times 10 to minus 25 + + align:start position:0% +okay so 5 times 10 to minus 25 + + + align:start position:0% +okay so 5 times 10 to minus 25 +we think we got this right ah but I want + + align:start position:0% +we think we got this right ah but I want + + + align:start position:0% +we think we got this right ah but I want +to get balls say how this involves it's + + align:start position:0% +to get balls say how this involves it's + + + align:start position:0% +to get balls say how this involves it's +probably Jenna this is really more of a + + align:start position:0% +probably Jenna this is really more of a + + + align:start position:0% +probably Jenna this is really more of a +challenge sorry + + align:start position:0% +challenge sorry + + + align:start position:0% +challenge sorry +okay so we'll try it see what happens + + align:start position:0% +okay so we'll try it see what happens + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we'll try it see what happens +Steph five times seven is 25 it does + + align:start position:0% +Steph five times seven is 25 it does + + + align:start position:0% +Steph five times seven is 25 it does +seem pretty small so all right and then + + align:start position:0% +seem pretty small so all right and then + + + align:start position:0% +seem pretty small so all right and then +the last reaction those reactions are + + align:start position:0% +the last reaction those reactions are + + + align:start position:0% +the last reaction those reactions are +typically 10 to the fifth liters per + + align:start position:0% +typically 10 to the fifth liters per + + + align:start position:0% +typically 10 to the fifth liters per +mole second is for a recombination of + + align:start position:0% +mole second is for a recombination of + + + align:start position:0% +mole second is for a recombination of +peroxy radicals so now we have to get + + align:start position:0% +peroxy radicals so now we have to get + + + align:start position:0% +peroxy radicals so now we have to get +rid of the volume unit right this is for + + align:start position:0% +rid of the volume unit right this is for + + + align:start position:0% +rid of the volume unit right this is for +our oh oh sorry okay so for this + + align:start position:0% +our oh oh sorry okay so for this + + + align:start position:0% +our oh oh sorry okay so for this +reaction yeah yes one mol program very + + align:start position:0% +reaction yeah yes one mol program very + + + align:start position:0% +reaction yeah yes one mol program very +good + + align:start position:0% +good + + + align:start position:0% +good +that's right cuz it gram is not just two + + align:start position:0% +that's right cuz it gram is not just two + + + align:start position:0% +that's right cuz it gram is not just two +atoms right it's actually 2 moles yes + + align:start position:0% +atoms right it's actually 2 moles yes + + + align:start position:0% +atoms right it's actually 2 moles yes +that would change the side only factor + + align:start position:0% +that would change the side only factor + + + align:start position:0% +that would change the side only factor +of 10 to 23 + + align:start position:0% +of 10 to 23 + + + align:start position:0% +of 10 to 23 +all right so we go back thank you there + + align:start position:0% +all right so we go back thank you there + + + align:start position:0% +all right so we go back thank you there +we go point 3 yeah that's one more like + + align:start position:0% +we go point 3 yeah that's one more like + + + align:start position:0% +we go point 3 yeah that's one more like +it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +alright okay so now let's go do the same + + align:start position:0% +alright okay so now let's go do the same + + + align:start position:0% +alright okay so now let's go do the same +thing with this one ro + Roo so + + align:start position:0% +thing with this one ro + Roo so + + + align:start position:0% +thing with this one ro + Roo so +typically these reactions the normal way + + align:start position:0% +typically these reactions the normal way + + + align:start position:0% +typically these reactions the normal way +they're written our numbers that are + + align:start position:0% +they're written our numbers that are + + + align:start position:0% +they're written our numbers that are +about 10 to 15 second for too bad + + align:start position:0% +about 10 to 15 second for too bad + + + align:start position:0% +about 10 to 15 second for too bad +nickels recombining okay so now I need + + align:start position:0% +nickels recombining okay so now I need + + + align:start position:0% +nickels recombining okay so now I need +to figure out how can I change the + + align:start position:0% +to figure out how can I change the + + + align:start position:0% +to figure out how can I change the +volume here and the thing that key is I + + align:start position:0% +volume here and the thing that key is I + + + align:start position:0% +volume here and the thing that key is I +know the volume of this lipid particle + + align:start position:0% +know the volume of this lipid particle + + + align:start position:0% +know the volume of this lipid particle +so what I really want is this my K 4 is + + align:start position:0% +so what I really want is this my K 4 is + + + align:start position:0% +so what I really want is this my K 4 is +going to be equal to normal K divided by + + align:start position:0% +going to be equal to normal K divided by + + + align:start position:0% +going to be equal to normal K divided by +the volume of the reactor because it's + + align:start position:0% +the volume of the reactor because it's + + + align:start position:0% +the volume of the reactor because it's +really the rate we would write normally + + align:start position:0% +really the rate we would write normally + + + align:start position:0% +really the rate we would write normally +which would be D ro DT is it would be + + align:start position:0% +which would be D ro DT is it would be + + + align:start position:0% +which would be D ro DT is it would be +like negative 2 k Arlo Arlo times the + + align:start position:0% +like negative 2 k Arlo Arlo times the + + + align:start position:0% +like negative 2 k Arlo Arlo times the +number about the moles concentration how + + align:start position:0% +number about the moles concentration how + + + align:start position:0% +number about the moles concentration how +R squared right this is how we would + + align:start position:0% +R squared right this is how we would + + + align:start position:0% +R squared right this is how we would +normally write it and so we have to have + + align:start position:0% +normally write it and so we have to have + + + align:start position:0% +normally write it and so we have to have +the its units all right so this this is + + align:start position:0% +the its units all right so this this is + + + align:start position:0% +the its units all right so this this is +the volume of the reactor so we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +the volume of the reactor so we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +the volume of the reactor so we're gonna +have we were having in rol over V but we + + align:start position:0% +have we were having in rol over V but we + + + align:start position:0% +have we were having in rol over V but we +might need to have to God rest over here + + align:start position:0% +might need to have to God rest over here + + + align:start position:0% +might need to have to God rest over here +right because we're the rate here is in + + align:start position:0% +right because we're the rate here is in + + + align:start position:0% +right because we're the rate here is in +moles but now we are gonna do them + + align:start position:0% +moles but now we are gonna do them + + + align:start position:0% +moles but now we are gonna do them +single add single molecules yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +umm yes for a I think it's there yeah + + align:start position:0% +umm yes for a I think it's there yeah + + + align:start position:0% +umm yes for a I think it's there yeah +good question + + align:start position:0% +good question + + + align:start position:0% +good question +all right so we said we think this + + align:start position:0% +all right so we said we think this + + + align:start position:0% +all right so we said we think this +should be like a volume per molecule + + align:start position:0% +should be like a volume per molecule + + + align:start position:0% +should be like a volume per molecule +like that for one volume so this should + + align:start position:0% +like that for one volume so this should + + + align:start position:0% +like that for one volume so this should +be K for + + align:start position:0% +be K for + + + align:start position:0% +be K for +should be 10 to the 5th liters per mole + + align:start position:0% +should be 10 to the 5th liters per mole + + + align:start position:0% +should be 10 to the 5th liters per mole +so you divide it by 4/3 PI R cubed right + + align:start position:0% +so you divide it by 4/3 PI R cubed right + + + align:start position:0% +so you divide it by 4/3 PI R cubed right +and then we need a mole which extends + + align:start position:0% +and then we need a mole which extends + + + align:start position:0% +and then we need a mole which extends +way through molecules and we have to + + align:start position:0% +way through molecules and we have to + + + align:start position:0% +way through molecules and we have to +make sure that the leaders in these guys + + align:start position:0% +make sure that the leaders in these guys + + + align:start position:0% +make sure that the leaders in these guys +match up which is not gonna be so easy + + align:start position:0% +match up which is not gonna be so easy + + + align:start position:0% +match up which is not gonna be so easy +so this is gonna be in my views 10 to + + align:start position:0% +so this is gonna be in my views 10 to + + + align:start position:0% +so this is gonna be in my views 10 to +minus 6 meters this is going to be + + align:start position:0% +minus 6 meters this is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +minus 6 meters this is going to be +meters cubed so I need 10 to the 3 + + align:start position:0% +meters cubed so I need 10 to the 3 + + + align:start position:0% +meters cubed so I need 10 to the 3 +liters meter cubed and I think that wall + + align:start position:0% +liters meter cubed and I think that wall + + + align:start position:0% +liters meter cubed and I think that wall +worked out to be per second so let's try + + align:start position:0% +worked out to be per second so let's try + + + align:start position:0% +worked out to be per second so let's try +it so this would be 10 to the fifth over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +4/3 pi is about 4 10 to the negative 18 + + align:start position:0% +4/3 pi is about 4 10 to the negative 18 + + + align:start position:0% +4/3 pi is about 4 10 to the negative 18 +6 times 10 to the 23rd yep so the all + + align:start position:0% +6 times 10 to the 23rd yep so the all + + + align:start position:0% +6 times 10 to the 23rd yep so the all +the big ones cancel each other out + + align:start position:0% +the big ones cancel each other out + + + align:start position:0% +the big ones cancel each other out +there's a 1 over 24 right oh I lost it + + align:start position:0% +there's a 1 over 24 right oh I lost it + + + align:start position:0% +there's a 1 over 24 right oh I lost it +that's better okay so one of our 24,000 + + align:start position:0% +that's better okay so one of our 24,000 + + + align:start position:0% +that's better okay so one of our 24,000 +yeah it's a lot easier to do it a lot of + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's a lot easier to do it a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's a lot easier to do it a lot of +people checking your work all right so 4 + + align:start position:0% +people checking your work all right so 4 + + + align:start position:0% +people checking your work all right so 4 +times 7 minus 5 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +those what we think chaos yeah + + align:start position:0% +those what we think chaos yeah + + + align:start position:0% +those what we think chaos yeah +anything else we need we need a team axe + + align:start position:0% +anything else we need we need a team axe + + + align:start position:0% +anything else we need we need a team axe +you want to get a guess of time hello + + align:start position:0% +you want to get a guess of time hello + + + align:start position:0% +you want to get a guess of time hello +you want to wait the time for the main + + align:start position:0% +you want to wait the time for the main + + + align:start position:0% +you want to wait the time for the main +reaction the time constant is like + + align:start position:0% +reaction the time constant is like + + + align:start position:0% +reaction the time constant is like +seconds right so if we made thousand + + align:start position:0% +seconds right so if we made thousand + + + align:start position:0% +seconds right so if we made thousand +seconds a lot of stuffs gonna happen + + align:start position:0% +seconds a lot of stuffs gonna happen + + + align:start position:0% +seconds a lot of stuffs gonna happen +right yeah so maybe a thousand seconds + + align:start position:0% +right yeah so maybe a thousand seconds + + + align:start position:0% +right yeah so maybe a thousand seconds +if you have a 40 max so let's try this + + align:start position:0% +if you have a 40 max so let's try this + + + align:start position:0% +if you have a 40 max so let's try this +off all right so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the main function I just had my in + + align:start position:0% +the main function I just had my in + + + align:start position:0% +the main function I just had my in +initial was simple 1-0 all right okay + + align:start position:0% +initial was simple 1-0 all right okay + + + align:start position:0% +initial was simple 1-0 all right okay +you just decided with us twenty minus + + align:start position:0% +you just decided with us twenty minus + + + align:start position:0% +you just decided with us twenty minus +five twenty seven point three five now + + align:start position:0% +five twenty seven point three five now + + + align:start position:0% +five twenty seven point three five now +you just look at this first these rates + + align:start position:0% +you just look at this first these rates + + + align:start position:0% +you just look at this first these rates +for a second I think you can see a + + align:start position:0% +for a second I think you can see a + + + align:start position:0% +for a second I think you can see a +problem we're gonna have my steps idea + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the timescales here this twenty seven is + + align:start position:0% +the timescales here this twenty seven is + + + align:start position:0% +the timescales here this twenty seven is +pretty fast so the this stuff's going to + + align:start position:0% +pretty fast so the this stuff's going to + + + align:start position:0% +pretty fast so the this stuff's going to +diffuse out of there the radicals + + align:start position:0% +diffuse out of there the radicals + + + align:start position:0% +diffuse out of there the radicals +disappear and then nothing's gonna + + align:start position:0% +disappear and then nothing's gonna + + + align:start position:0% +disappear and then nothing's gonna +happen + + align:start position:0% +happen + + + align:start position:0% +happen +yep Sammy's gray I thought so yeah okay + + align:start position:0% +yep Sammy's gray I thought so yeah okay + + + align:start position:0% +yep Sammy's gray I thought so yeah okay +thank you so we think this is 10 to + + align:start position:0% +thank you so we think this is 10 to + + + align:start position:0% +thank you so we think this is 10 to +minus 9 so this is actually uh for + + align:start position:0% +minus 9 so this is actually uh for + + + align:start position:0% +minus 9 so this is actually uh for +DiMaggio's lower all right we're still + + align:start position:0% +DiMaggio's lower all right we're still + + + align:start position:0% +DiMaggio's lower all right we're still +we have a problem but it's not quite bad + + align:start position:0% +we have a problem but it's not quite bad + + + align:start position:0% +we have a problem but it's not quite bad +as problem fix that so I think our + + align:start position:0% +as problem fix that so I think our + + + align:start position:0% +as problem fix that so I think our +problem is that the one minus five is + + align:start position:0% +problem is that the one minus five is + + + align:start position:0% +problem is that the one minus five is +actually too slow so radicals are + + align:start position:0% +actually too slow so radicals are + + + align:start position:0% +actually too slow so radicals are +diffusing in from outside at some rate + + align:start position:0% +diffusing in from outside at some rate + + + align:start position:0% +diffusing in from outside at some rate +and it's got to be a rate so that if + + align:start position:0% +and it's got to be a rate so that if + + + align:start position:0% +and it's got to be a rate so that if +there was no reaction + + align:start position:0% +there was no reaction + + + align:start position:0% +there was no reaction +basically the concentrations of this + + align:start position:0% +basically the concentrations of this + + + align:start position:0% +basically the concentrations of this +stuff here and here might be about the + + align:start position:0% +stuff here and here might be about the + + + align:start position:0% +stuff here and here might be about the +same right we've seen whatever magnitude + + align:start position:0% +same right we've seen whatever magnitude + + + align:start position:0% +same right we've seen whatever magnitude +the stuff to top of the water dissolved + + align:start position:0% +the stuff to top of the water dissolved + + + align:start position:0% +the stuff to top of the water dissolved +in the lipid I mean maybe a couple + + align:start position:0% +in the lipid I mean maybe a couple + + + align:start position:0% +in the lipid I mean maybe a couple +different but not a million times + + align:start position:0% +different but not a million times + + + align:start position:0% +different but not a million times +different and so we need to have the + + align:start position:0% +different and so we need to have the + + + align:start position:0% +different and so we need to have the +rate of this stuff coming in + + align:start position:0% +rate of this stuff coming in + + + align:start position:0% +rate of this stuff coming in +to be something reasonable that's going + + align:start position:0% +to be something reasonable that's going + + + align:start position:0% +to be something reasonable that's going +to be consistent with having a chance of + + align:start position:0% +to be consistent with having a chance of + + + align:start position:0% +to be consistent with having a chance of +having some radical in here so now we + + align:start position:0% +having some radical in here so now we + + + align:start position:0% +having some radical in here so now we +have to guess what we think the real + + align:start position:0% +have to guess what we think the real + + + align:start position:0% +have to guess what we think the real +outside world radical concentration is + + align:start position:0% +outside world radical concentration is + + + align:start position:0% +outside world radical concentration is +so maybe I don't know what 20 minus 10 + + align:start position:0% +so maybe I don't know what 20 minus 10 + + + align:start position:0% +so maybe I don't know what 20 minus 10 +moles per liter money minus 6 moles per + + align:start position:0% +moles per liter money minus 6 moles per + + + align:start position:0% +moles per liter money minus 6 moles per +liter I don't know they might have an + + align:start position:0% +liter I don't know they might have an + + + align:start position:0% +liter I don't know they might have an +idea biologists here not a free radicals + + align:start position:0% +idea biologists here not a free radicals + + + align:start position:0% +idea biologists here not a free radicals +you have your body they can measure it + + align:start position:0% +you have your body they can measure it + + + align:start position:0% +you have your body they can measure it +right so it can't be Kippy zero + + align:start position:0% +right so it can't be Kippy zero + + + align:start position:0% +right so it can't be Kippy zero +all right people talk about reactive + + align:start position:0% +all right people talk about reactive + + + align:start position:0% +all right people talk about reactive +oxygen species in your body are OS yeah + + align:start position:0% +oxygen species in your body are OS yeah + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen species in your body are OS yeah +yeah so I don't know it is 10 to minus 6 + + align:start position:0% +yeah so I don't know it is 10 to minus 6 + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so I don't know it is 10 to minus 6 +maybe 10 minus 8 so we had the number + + align:start position:0% +maybe 10 minus 8 so we had the number + + + align:start position:0% +maybe 10 minus 8 so we had the number +for 23 is for is for going out from the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +since we have that rate leaving this 183 + + align:start position:0% +since we have that rate leaving this 183 + + + align:start position:0% +since we have that rate leaving this 183 +per second times the number in there + + align:start position:0% +per second times the number in there + + + align:start position:0% +per second times the number in there +divided by the volume really right well + + align:start position:0% +divided by the volume really right well + + + align:start position:0% +divided by the volume really right well +is it but it's that this times the + + align:start position:0% +is it but it's that this times the + + + align:start position:0% +is it but it's that this times the +number that's the rate this leaving but + + align:start position:0% +number that's the rate this leaving but + + + align:start position:0% +number that's the rate this leaving but +we would think of this as there's a K I + + align:start position:0% +we would think of this as there's a K I + + + align:start position:0% +we would think of this as there's a K I +don't think of this actually but for + + align:start position:0% +don't think of this actually but for + + + align:start position:0% +don't think of this actually but for +sure the volume matters right so that we + + align:start position:0% +sure the volume matters right so that we + + + align:start position:0% +sure the volume matters right so that we +in order for us to compute this we use + + align:start position:0% +in order for us to compute this we use + + + align:start position:0% +in order for us to compute this we use +the R squared now another way you don't + + align:start position:0% +the R squared now another way you don't + + + align:start position:0% +the R squared now another way you don't +look at this and say well it's diffusion + + align:start position:0% +look at this and say well it's diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +look at this and say well it's diffusion +times the gradient in the concentration + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well it's okay so they only live in a + + align:start position:0% +well it's okay so they only live in a + + + align:start position:0% +well it's okay so they only live in a +little tiny thing for a millisecond then + + align:start position:0% +little tiny thing for a millisecond then + + + align:start position:0% +little tiny thing for a millisecond then +they diffuse out I think that's actually + + align:start position:0% +they diffuse out I think that's actually + + + align:start position:0% +they diffuse out I think that's actually +sense very reasonable + + align:start position:0% +sense very reasonable + + + align:start position:0% +sense very reasonable +it's only it's only a micron though it's + + align:start position:0% +it's only it's only a micron though it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's only it's only a micron though it's +a very tiny little thing so the question + + align:start position:0% +a very tiny little thing so the question + + + align:start position:0% +a very tiny little thing so the question +is how we compute the reverse so if we + + align:start position:0% +is how we compute the reverse so if we + + + align:start position:0% +is how we compute the reverse so if we +have we had stuff outside and suppose we + + align:start position:0% +have we had stuff outside and suppose we + + + align:start position:0% +have we had stuff outside and suppose we +didn't have anything inside we'd have + + align:start position:0% +didn't have anything inside we'd have + + + align:start position:0% +didn't have anything inside we'd have +some rate of diffusion of the radical + + align:start position:0% +some rate of diffusion of the radical + + + align:start position:0% +some rate of diffusion of the radical +from the outside coming in right + + align:start position:0% +from the outside coming in right + + + align:start position:0% +from the outside coming in right +and so that would be this one got be the + + align:start position:0% +and so that would be this one got be the + + + align:start position:0% +and so that would be this one got be the +inverse of this so if we think the time + + align:start position:0% +inverse of this so if we think the time + + + align:start position:0% +inverse of this so if we think the time +constant is 10 the minus 10 to the minus + + align:start position:0% +constant is 10 the minus 10 to the minus + + + align:start position:0% +constant is 10 the minus 10 to the minus +3 I'm not gonna come out it's probably + + align:start position:0% +3 I'm not gonna come out it's probably + + + align:start position:0% +3 I'm not gonna come out it's probably +about a millisecond to come in right I + + align:start position:0% +about a millisecond to come in right I + + + align:start position:0% +about a millisecond to come in right I +don't know you think it's going to + + align:start position:0% +don't know you think it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +don't know you think it's going to +maintain whenever initial concentration + + align:start position:0% +maintain whenever initial concentration + + + align:start position:0% +maintain whenever initial concentration +we put there 1 1 / by and then it's + + align:start position:0% +we put there 1 1 / by and then it's + + + align:start position:0% +we put there 1 1 / by and then it's +gotta be about the same so this can't be + + align:start position:0% +gotta be about the same so this can't be + + + align:start position:0% +gotta be about the same so this can't be +as tiny as 10 minus 5 so we think if we + + align:start position:0% +as tiny as 10 minus 5 so we think if we + + + align:start position:0% +as tiny as 10 minus 5 so we think if we +think the average average conjuration is + + align:start position:0% +think the average average conjuration is + + + align:start position:0% +think the average average conjuration is +1 then this would be 10 to the 3 I think + + align:start position:0% +1 then this would be 10 to the 3 I think + + + align:start position:0% +1 then this would be 10 to the 3 I think +we think the average concentration is 10 + + align:start position:0% +we think the average concentration is 10 + + + align:start position:0% +we think the average concentration is 10 +then there should be 10 to the 4 with + + align:start position:0% +then there should be 10 to the 4 with + + + align:start position:0% +then there should be 10 to the 4 with +the average concentration is 100 then + + align:start position:0% +the average concentration is 100 then + + + align:start position:0% +the average concentration is 100 then +this would be 10 to 5 so let's try 10 2 + + align:start position:0% +this would be 10 to 5 so let's try 10 2 + + + align:start position:0% +this would be 10 to 5 so let's try 10 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so every millisecond something comes and + + align:start position:0% +so every millisecond something comes and + + + align:start position:0% +so every millisecond something comes and +goes out it's not radical cuz they're + + align:start position:0% +goes out it's not radical cuz they're + + + align:start position:0% +goes out it's not radical cuz they're +all right you guys buy this + + align:start position:0% +all right you guys buy this + + + align:start position:0% +all right you guys buy this +what do you defend this to your boss are + + align:start position:0% +what do you defend this to your boss are + + + align:start position:0% +what do you defend this to your boss are +you playing the professor green all + + align:start position:0% +you playing the professor green all + + + align:start position:0% +you playing the professor green all +right here goes nothing he's gonna work + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +line 29 what's wrong what's wrong with + + align:start position:0% +line 29 what's wrong what's wrong with + + + align:start position:0% +line 29 what's wrong what's wrong with +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anybody to save the latest version let's + + align:start position:0% +anybody to save the latest version let's + + + align:start position:0% +anybody to save the latest version let's +try it + + align:start position:0% +try it + + + align:start position:0% +try it +ah I didn't say the latest version + + align:start position:0% +ah I didn't say the latest version + + + align:start position:0% +ah I didn't say the latest version +that's what all right now here goes + + align:start position:0% +that's what all right now here goes + + + align:start position:0% +that's what all right now here goes +nothing that one else help leave me + + align:start position:0% +nothing that one else help leave me + + + align:start position:0% +nothing that one else help leave me +alone all right trajectory the first + + align:start position:0% +alone all right trajectory the first + + + align:start position:0% +alone all right trajectory the first +column is the x so uses the x-axis and + + align:start position:0% +column is the x so uses the x-axis and + + + align:start position:0% +column is the x so uses the x-axis and +last column is the oxidation right the + + align:start position:0% +last column is the oxidation right the + + + align:start position:0% +last column is the oxidation right the +product so let's see if anything more + + align:start position:0% +product so let's see if anything more + + + align:start position:0% +product so let's see if anything more +oxidized or not oh I have all these + + align:start position:0% +oxidized or not oh I have all these + + + align:start position:0% +oxidized or not oh I have all these +zeros right so how can we show the plot + + align:start position:0% +zeros right so how can we show the plot + + + align:start position:0% +zeros right so how can we show the plot +that way this really weird again the + + align:start position:0% +that way this really weird again the + + + align:start position:0% +that way this really weird again the +time minus T plus tau I guess I didn't + + align:start position:0% +time minus T plus tau I guess I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +time minus T plus tau I guess I didn't +look at the right leave the course what + + align:start position:0% +look at the right leave the course what + + + align:start position:0% +look at the right leave the course what +happened so trajectory so I only gave + + align:start position:0% +happened so trajectory so I only gave + + + align:start position:0% +happened so trajectory so I only gave +two points that's why it looks like that + + align:start position:0% +two points that's why it looks like that + + + align:start position:0% +two points that's why it looks like that +I don't know why it doesn't show the + + align:start position:0% +I don't know why it doesn't show the + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know why it doesn't show the +zeros it all showin top of the enlarger + + align:start position:0% +zeros it all showin top of the enlarger + + + align:start position:0% +zeros it all showin top of the enlarger +there so why did it only give us two + + align:start position:0% +there so why did it only give us two + + + align:start position:0% +there so why did it only give us two +points yeah also know so since I got 307 + + align:start position:0% +points yeah also know so since I got 307 + + + align:start position:0% +points yeah also know so since I got 307 +oxidations but but why 307 all of a + + align:start position:0% +oxidations but but why 307 all of a + + + align:start position:0% +oxidations but but why 307 all of a +sudden that makes no sense right so it + + align:start position:0% +sudden that makes no sense right so it + + + align:start position:0% +sudden that makes no sense right so it +should be one at a time I should receive + + align:start position:0% +should be one at a time I should receive + + + align:start position:0% +should be one at a time I should receive +one in time coming in yes it's very + + align:start position:0% +one in time coming in yes it's very + + + align:start position:0% +one in time coming in yes it's very +worried yes I agree so we have a bug + + align:start position:0% +worried yes I agree so we have a bug + + + align:start position:0% +worried yes I agree so we have a bug +right yeah so where is our bug this is + + align:start position:0% +right yeah so where is our bug this is + + + align:start position:0% +right yeah so where is our bug this is +where I need your help okay guys + + align:start position:0% +where I need your help okay guys + + + align:start position:0% +where I need your help okay guys +let's figure out why didn't this work so + + align:start position:0% +let's figure out why didn't this work so + + + align:start position:0% +let's figure out why didn't this work so +I'm storing I stepping the steps right + + align:start position:0% +I'm storing I stepping the steps right + + + align:start position:0% +I'm storing I stepping the steps right +there going up I know what's wrong I + + align:start position:0% +there going up I know what's wrong I + + + align:start position:0% +there going up I know what's wrong I +need this step thing inside they live + + align:start position:0% +need this step thing inside they live + + + align:start position:0% +need this step thing inside they live +here so all this let's see if I can + + align:start position:0% +here so all this let's see if I can + + + align:start position:0% +here so all this let's see if I can +explain this I'm storing them according + + align:start position:0% +explain this I'm storing them according + + + align:start position:0% +explain this I'm storing them according +to the step but right now the while loop + + align:start position:0% +to the step but right now the while loop + + + align:start position:0% +to the step but right now the while loop +is just zipping around and then it ends + + align:start position:0% +is just zipping around and then it ends + + + align:start position:0% +is just zipping around and then it ends +the step and just gets one so this is + + align:start position:0% +the step and just gets one so this is + + + align:start position:0% +the step and just gets one so this is +alright let's try again these go where + + align:start position:0% +alright let's try again these go where + + + align:start position:0% +alright let's try again these go where +at this time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you guys don't have any faith if people + + align:start position:0% +you guys don't have any faith if people + + + align:start position:0% +you guys don't have any faith if people +say that that scientists and engineers + + align:start position:0% +say that that scientists and engineers + + + align:start position:0% +say that that scientists and engineers +don't have any faith I think we have + + align:start position:0% +don't have any faith I think we have + + + align:start position:0% +don't have any faith I think we have +more faith than anybody else we believe + + align:start position:0% +more faith than anybody else we believe + + + align:start position:0% +more faith than anybody else we believe +stuff like this is gonna work it's like + + align:start position:0% +stuff like this is gonna work it's like + + + align:start position:0% +stuff like this is gonna work it's like +yeah it's doing something now who knows + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's doing something now who knows + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's doing something now who knows +why + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yep yeah is that good right + + align:start position:0% +yep yeah is that good right + + + align:start position:0% +yep yeah is that good right +don't have to make yeah it's a very good + + align:start position:0% +don't have to make yeah it's a very good + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to make yeah it's a very good +point music I have a nested loop that + + align:start position:0% +point music I have a nested loop that + + + align:start position:0% +point music I have a nested loop that +should not be right yes I agree + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so let's see how we can fix this so + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's see how we can fix this so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's see how we can fix this so +we really want is it really a jump out + + align:start position:0% +we really want is it really a jump out + + + align:start position:0% +we really want is it really a jump out +is that right if if the number of steps + + align:start position:0% +is that right if if the number of steps + + + align:start position:0% +is that right if if the number of steps +gets too large we just want to jump out + + align:start position:0% +gets too large we just want to jump out + + + align:start position:0% +gets too large we just want to jump out +so we want to go to or break this one so + + align:start position:0% +so we want to go to or break this one so + + + align:start position:0% +so we want to go to or break this one so +while it's not the correct thing to do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we're second time every time we'll do + + align:start position:0% +so we're second time every time we'll do + + + align:start position:0% +so we're second time every time we'll do +the steps and we just want to break step + + align:start position:0% +the steps and we just want to break step + + + align:start position:0% +the steps and we just want to break step +greater than next steps what happens if + + align:start position:0% +greater than next steps what happens if + + + align:start position:0% +greater than next steps what happens if +you do a wild live like that do you guys + + align:start position:0% +you do a wild live like that do you guys + + + align:start position:0% +you do a wild live like that do you guys +know sort okay + + align:start position:0% +know sort okay + + + align:start position:0% +know sort okay +that's easy Dabo and that's how I try it + + align:start position:0% +that's easy Dabo and that's how I try it + + + align:start position:0% +that's easy Dabo and that's how I try it +with the end this morning it didn't work + + align:start position:0% +with the end this morning it didn't work + + + align:start position:0% +with the end this morning it didn't work +as I stuffed in stuff like that Kelly it + + align:start position:0% +as I stuffed in stuff like that Kelly it + + + align:start position:0% +as I stuffed in stuff like that Kelly it +doesn't it all right we got one over the + + align:start position:0% +doesn't it all right we got one over the + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't it all right we got one over the +ends at the end I think that's I think + + align:start position:0% +ends at the end I think that's I think + + + align:start position:0% +ends at the end I think that's I think +it's likely to cause the problem why is + + align:start position:0% +it's likely to cause the problem why is + + + align:start position:0% +it's likely to cause the problem why is +taking 10 million years + + align:start position:0% +taking 10 million years + + + align:start position:0% +taking 10 million years +so really it's no reason to be a nested + + align:start position:0% +so really it's no reason to be a nested + + + align:start position:0% +so really it's no reason to be a nested +loop right yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay alright try again that's too fast + + align:start position:0% +okay alright try again that's too fast + + + align:start position:0% +okay alright try again that's too fast +try that again + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's do the apply + + align:start position:0% +let's do the apply + + + align:start position:0% +let's do the apply +Oh jumps to one very good so that much + + align:start position:0% +Oh jumps to one very good so that much + + + align:start position:0% +Oh jumps to one very good so that much +more like what you expect right so that + + align:start position:0% +more like what you expect right so that + + + align:start position:0% +more like what you expect right so that +at some time steps I have one two three + + align:start position:0% +at some time steps I have one two three + + + align:start position:0% +at some time steps I have one two three +or four or five radicals in the in this + + align:start position:0% +or four or five radicals in the in this + + + align:start position:0% +or four or five radicals in the in this +vesicle I'd only have one time step + + align:start position:0% +vesicle I'd only have one time step + + + align:start position:0% +vesicle I'd only have one time step +where it goes up to nine so I think this + + align:start position:0% +where it goes up to nine so I think this + + + align:start position:0% +where it goes up to nine so I think this +this actually looks like oh I expect I + + align:start position:0% +this actually looks like oh I expect I + + + align:start position:0% +this actually looks like oh I expect I +should you see jumping up and down stuff + + align:start position:0% +should you see jumping up and down stuff + + + align:start position:0% +should you see jumping up and down stuff +comes in and out sometimes it reacts + + align:start position:0% +comes in and out sometimes it reacts + + + align:start position:0% +comes in and out sometimes it reacts +those it goes away so this one's correct + + align:start position:0% +those it goes away so this one's correct + + + align:start position:0% +those it goes away so this one's correct +I don't know what's up on the other one + + align:start position:0% +I don't know what's up on the other one + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know what's up on the other one +so what to figure out what's wrong with + + align:start position:0% +so what to figure out what's wrong with + + + align:start position:0% +so what to figure out what's wrong with +that equation all right we're almost + + align:start position:0% +that equation all right we're almost + + + align:start position:0% +that equation all right we're almost +done time oh I wanted to talk about for + + align:start position:0% +done time oh I wanted to talk about for + + + align:start position:0% +done time oh I wanted to talk about for +just one minute is what do we do after + + align:start position:0% +just one minute is what do we do after + + + align:start position:0% +just one minute is what do we do after +we have this step working so we get this + + align:start position:0% +we have this step working so we get this + + + align:start position:0% +we have this step working so we get this +working we have the trajectory we really + + align:start position:0% +working we have the trajectory we really + + + align:start position:0% +working we have the trajectory we really +want to run ten thousand trajectories + + align:start position:0% +want to run ten thousand trajectories + + + align:start position:0% +want to run ten thousand trajectories +right because all we're doing is + + align:start position:0% +right because all we're doing is + + + align:start position:0% +right because all we're doing is +sampling from the probability + + align:start position:0% +sampling from the probability + + + align:start position:0% +sampling from the probability +distribution of time so we need to run + + align:start position:0% +distribution of time so we need to run + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of time so we need to run +zillions of them so this whole thing we + + align:start position:0% +zillions of them so this whole thing we + + + align:start position:0% +zillions of them so this whole thing we +just wrote would be inside a loop that + + align:start position:0% +just wrote would be inside a loop that + + + align:start position:0% +just wrote would be inside a loop that +runs a lot of different cases because + + align:start position:0% +runs a lot of different cases because + + + align:start position:0% +runs a lot of different cases because +every time you run this because the + + align:start position:0% +every time you run this because the + + + align:start position:0% +every time you run this because the +random number you're gonna get a + + align:start position:0% +random number you're gonna get a + + + align:start position:0% +random number you're gonna get a +different trajectory and what you care + + align:start position:0% +different trajectory and what you care + + + align:start position:0% +different trajectory and what you care +about is is sort of some kind of average + + align:start position:0% +about is is sort of some kind of average + + + align:start position:0% +about is is sort of some kind of average +behavior or you might want to know + + align:start position:0% +behavior or you might want to know + + + align:start position:0% +behavior or you might want to know +what's the percentage chance that I'm + + align:start position:0% +what's the percentage chance that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +what's the percentage chance that I'm +gonna have to be oxidized and die so you + + align:start position:0% +gonna have to be oxidized and die so you + + + align:start position:0% +gonna have to be oxidized and die so you +might say you know I want to count what + + align:start position:0% +might say you know I want to count what + + + align:start position:0% +might say you know I want to count what +fraction of the trajectories end up with + + align:start position:0% +fraction of the trajectories end up with + + + align:start position:0% +fraction of the trajectories end up with +number of peroxide greater than some + + align:start position:0% +number of peroxide greater than some + + + align:start position:0% +number of peroxide greater than some +number that means I'm dead and and if + + align:start position:0% +number that means I'm dead and and if + + + align:start position:0% +number that means I'm dead and and if +that probability is too high then I know + + align:start position:0% +that probability is too high then I know + + + align:start position:0% +that probability is too high then I know +big trouble okay so that'd be one cost + + align:start position:0% +big trouble okay so that'd be one cost + + + align:start position:0% +big trouble okay so that'd be one cost +possibly you might have whatever + + align:start position:0% +possibly you might have whatever + + + align:start position:0% +possibly you might have whatever +objective function you want but you need + + align:start position:0% +objective function you want but you need + + + align:start position:0% +objective function you want but you need +to run a lot too + + align:start position:0% +to run a lot too + + + align:start position:0% +to run a lot too +good statistics for anything so you're + + align:start position:0% +good statistics for anything so you're + + + align:start position:0% +good statistics for anything so you're +gonna have to loop embed this whole + + align:start position:0% +gonna have to loop embed this whole + + + align:start position:0% +gonna have to loop embed this whole +calculation inside a loop and then + + align:start position:0% +calculation inside a loop and then + + + align:start position:0% +calculation inside a loop and then +you're going to get a zillion of these + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get a zillion of these + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get a zillion of these +trajectories out and to figure out how + + align:start position:0% +trajectories out and to figure out how + + + align:start position:0% +trajectories out and to figure out how +are you going to analyze them in order + + align:start position:0% +are you going to analyze them in order + + + align:start position:0% +are you going to analyze them in order +to figure out what you want okay so one + + align:start position:0% +to figure out what you want okay so one + + + align:start position:0% +to figure out what you want okay so one +way is if you could add the trajectories + + align:start position:0% +way is if you could add the trajectories + + + align:start position:0% +way is if you could add the trajectories +up so I have a trajectory suppose I have + + align:start position:0% +up so I have a trajectory suppose I have + + + align:start position:0% +up so I have a trajectory suppose I have +the number of RoHS versus time and I do + + align:start position:0% +the number of RoHS versus time and I do + + + align:start position:0% +the number of RoHS versus time and I do +it once and I have done a nice one and + + align:start position:0% +it once and I have done a nice one and + + + align:start position:0% +it once and I have done a nice one and +then I have two and then I wait longer + + align:start position:0% +then I have two and then I wait longer + + + align:start position:0% +then I have two and then I wait longer +to get three wait long or whatever + + align:start position:0% +to get three wait long or whatever + + + align:start position:0% +to get three wait long or whatever +something something like that that's + + align:start position:0% +something something like that that's + + + align:start position:0% +something something like that that's +what it really looks like for one + + align:start position:0% +what it really looks like for one + + + align:start position:0% +what it really looks like for one +trajectory the next time I run it it + + align:start position:0% +trajectory the next time I run it it + + + align:start position:0% +trajectory the next time I run it it +starts this slightly different time and + + align:start position:0% +starts this slightly different time and + + + align:start position:0% +starts this slightly different time and +this time it runs longer before + + align:start position:0% +this time it runs longer before + + + align:start position:0% +this time it runs longer before +something else happens then it gets here + + align:start position:0% +something else happens then it gets here + + + align:start position:0% +something else happens then it gets here +and then maybe goes over here right and + + align:start position:0% +and then maybe goes over here right and + + + align:start position:0% +and then maybe goes over here right and +I have a lot of them like that at 10000 + + align:start position:0% +I have a lot of them like that at 10000 + + + align:start position:0% +I have a lot of them like that at 10000 +trajectories all look like that so if I + + align:start position:0% +trajectories all look like that so if I + + + align:start position:0% +trajectories all look like that so if I +could add them then I can do to an + + align:start position:0% +could add them then I can do to an + + + align:start position:0% +could add them then I can do to an +average right to get an average + + align:start position:0% +average right to get an average + + + align:start position:0% +average right to get an average +directories that'd be one possible thing + + align:start position:0% +directories that'd be one possible thing + + + align:start position:0% +directories that'd be one possible thing +or I might want a histogram so I might + + align:start position:0% +or I might want a histogram so I might + + + align:start position:0% +or I might want a histogram so I might +pick one time point it's like after 20 + + align:start position:0% +pick one time point it's like after 20 + + + align:start position:0% +pick one time point it's like after 20 +minutes I want a histogram of what this + + align:start position:0% +minutes I want a histogram of what this + + + align:start position:0% +minutes I want a histogram of what this +looks like here or here say you know I + + align:start position:0% +looks like here or here say you know I + + + align:start position:0% +looks like here or here say you know I +okay I have one of them has for + + align:start position:0% +okay I have one of them has for + + + align:start position:0% +okay I have one of them has for +peroxides and one is five peroxides and + + align:start position:0% +peroxides and one is five peroxides and + + + align:start position:0% +peroxides and one is five peroxides and +on the other 9999 some of the three so + + align:start position:0% +on the other 9999 some of the three so + + + align:start position:0% +on the other 9999 some of the three so +whatever yes question you're not gonna + + align:start position:0% +whatever yes question you're not gonna + + + align:start position:0% +whatever yes question you're not gonna +get the same time points that's right so + + align:start position:0% +get the same time points that's right so + + + align:start position:0% +get the same time points that's right so +see when the this first time it stopped + + align:start position:0% +see when the this first time it stopped + + + align:start position:0% +see when the this first time it stopped +the first time I was here the second + + align:start position:0% +the first time I was here the second + + + align:start position:0% +the first time I was here the second +time the first time point was here and + + align:start position:0% +time the first time point was here and + + + align:start position:0% +time the first time point was here and +they'll be all be different so one is I + + align:start position:0% +they'll be all be different so one is I + + + align:start position:0% +they'll be all be different so one is I +was asking a few the students before the + + align:start position:0% +was asking a few the students before the + + + align:start position:0% +was asking a few the students before the +class started what's the there's got to + + align:start position:0% +class started what's the there's got to + + + align:start position:0% +class started what's the there's got to +be a program in that lab that will let + + align:start position:0% +be a program in that lab that will let + + + align:start position:0% +be a program in that lab that will let +you generate these kind of plots with + + align:start position:0% +you generate these kind of plots with + + + align:start position:0% +you generate these kind of plots with +the flatlines + + align:start position:0% +the flatlines + + + align:start position:0% +the flatlines +or even a linear interpolation would be + + align:start position:0% +or even a linear interpolation would be + + + align:start position:0% +or even a linear interpolation would be +okay too + + align:start position:0% +okay too + + + align:start position:0% +okay too +but you need to have some way to to add + + align:start position:0% +but you need to have some way to to add + + + align:start position:0% +but you need to have some way to to add +them up as continuous functions because + + align:start position:0% +them up as continuous functions because + + + align:start position:0% +them up as continuous functions because +they all have different time points so + + align:start position:0% +they all have different time points so + + + align:start position:0% +they all have different time points so +that's one practical issue about it okay + + align:start position:0% +that's one practical issue about it okay + + + align:start position:0% +that's one practical issue about it okay +because you want to pick some special + + align:start position:0% +because you want to pick some special + + + align:start position:0% +because you want to pick some special +time you care about and you want to know + + align:start position:0% +time you care about and you want to know + + + align:start position:0% +time you care about and you want to know +what does this Treasury say what does + + align:start position:0% +what does this Treasury say what does + + + align:start position:0% +what does this Treasury say what does +this treachery say but you actually only + + align:start position:0% +this treachery say but you actually only + + + align:start position:0% +this treachery say but you actually only +have number + + align:start position:0% +have number + + + align:start position:0% +have number +here just really have that number and + + align:start position:0% +here just really have that number and + + + align:start position:0% +here just really have that number and +this number and this number that's all + + align:start position:0% +this number and this number that's all + + + align:start position:0% +this number and this number that's all +you got yep yep okay so the bug versus + + align:start position:0% +you got yep yep okay so the bug versus + + + align:start position:0% +you got yep yep okay so the bug versus +time instead right yes right so you just + + align:start position:0% +time instead right yes right so you just + + + align:start position:0% +time instead right yes right so you just +think of what you want you're going to + + align:start position:0% +think of what you want you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +think of what you want you're going to +have all these trajectory information + + align:start position:0% +have all these trajectory information + + + align:start position:0% +have all these trajectory information +and Andy Taylor what do you want and + + align:start position:0% +and Andy Taylor what do you want and + + + align:start position:0% +and Andy Taylor what do you want and +then what you gonna plot and what do you + + align:start position:0% +then what you gonna plot and what do you + + + align:start position:0% +then what you gonna plot and what do you +get what are you trying to compute and + + align:start position:0% +get what are you trying to compute and + + + align:start position:0% +get what are you trying to compute and +you might want to compute not only the + + align:start position:0% +you might want to compute not only the + + + align:start position:0% +you might want to compute not only the +number but the standard deviation of the + + align:start position:0% +number but the standard deviation of the + + + align:start position:0% +number but the standard deviation of the +number because you don't know how many + + align:start position:0% +number because you don't know how many + + + align:start position:0% +number because you don't know how many +trajectories you have to run before the + + align:start position:0% +trajectories you have to run before the + + + align:start position:0% +trajectories you have to run before the +standard deviation it's narrow enough + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation it's narrow enough + + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation it's narrow enough +that you'll be confident with it so this + + align:start position:0% +that you'll be confident with it so this + + + align:start position:0% +that you'll be confident with it so this +is a general problem with this whole + + align:start position:0% +is a general problem with this whole + + + align:start position:0% +is a general problem with this whole +approach is that what you're getting out + + align:start position:0% +approach is that what you're getting out + + + align:start position:0% +approach is that what you're getting out +are just samples of things that happen + + align:start position:0% +are just samples of things that happen + + + align:start position:0% +are just samples of things that happen +it's just like if you're doing in Monte + + align:start position:0% +it's just like if you're doing in Monte + + + align:start position:0% +it's just like if you're doing in Monte +Carlo and you just got some of the + + align:start position:0% +Carlo and you just got some of the + + + align:start position:0% +Carlo and you just got some of the +energy values from the hydrogen peroxide + + align:start position:0% +energy values from the hydrogen peroxide + + + align:start position:0% +energy values from the hydrogen peroxide +calculation you guys did yeah at 47 of + + align:start position:0% +calculation you guys did yeah at 47 of + + + align:start position:0% +calculation you guys did yeah at 47 of +those energy values what I'm gonna do + + align:start position:0% +those energy values what I'm gonna do + + + align:start position:0% +those energy values what I'm gonna do +with that so yet to figure out how you + + align:start position:0% +with that so yet to figure out how you + + + align:start position:0% +with that so yet to figure out how you +gonna take the output this calculation + + align:start position:0% +gonna take the output this calculation + + + align:start position:0% +gonna take the output this calculation +it means it's sampling from the real + + align:start position:0% +it means it's sampling from the real + + + align:start position:0% +it means it's sampling from the real +solution so it should be okay but what + + align:start position:0% +solution so it should be okay but what + + + align:start position:0% +solution so it should be okay but what +is it how you're gonna handle that and + + align:start position:0% +is it how you're gonna handle that and + + + align:start position:0% +is it how you're gonna handle that and +use it as a I mean means this or like if + + align:start position:0% +use it as a I mean means this or like if + + + align:start position:0% +use it as a I mean means this or like if +you guys if you ran a zillion + + align:start position:0% +you guys if you ran a zillion + + + align:start position:0% +you guys if you ran a zillion +experiments and then what are you gonna + + align:start position:0% +experiments and then what are you gonna + + + align:start position:0% +experiments and then what are you gonna +what would you do with all that data so + + align:start position:0% +what would you do with all that data so + + + align:start position:0% +what would you do with all that data so +that's that's like issue number one now + + align:start position:0% +that's that's like issue number one now + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's like issue number one now +alternatively you could rewrite this as + + align:start position:0% +alternatively you could rewrite this as + + + align:start position:0% +alternatively you could rewrite this as +the master equation and solve it it's a + + align:start position:0% +the master equation and solve it it's a + + + align:start position:0% +the master equation and solve it it's a +know de in which case you'll get + + align:start position:0% +know de in which case you'll get + + + align:start position:0% +know de in which case you'll get +explicitly P of P of each of these ends + + align:start position:0% +explicitly P of P of each of these ends + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly P of P of each of these ends +so n rad and ROH time + + align:start position:0% +so n rad and ROH time + + + align:start position:0% +so n rad and ROH time +now let's would be a well it would be + + align:start position:0% +now let's would be a well it would be + + + align:start position:0% +now let's would be a well it would be +continuous in principle but actually the + + align:start position:0% +continuous in principle but actually the + + + align:start position:0% +continuous in principle but actually the +o de sauver gives you out random time + + align:start position:0% +o de sauver gives you out random time + + + align:start position:0% +o de sauver gives you out random time +points also right so you get a similar + + align:start position:0% +points also right so you get a similar + + + align:start position:0% +points also right so you get a similar +kind of thing out from the ODU solver + + align:start position:0% +kind of thing out from the ODU solver + + + align:start position:0% +kind of thing out from the ODU solver +except it'll give you probability for + + align:start position:0% +except it'll give you probability for + + + align:start position:0% +except it'll give you probability for +every possible arrange of these guys so + + align:start position:0% +every possible arrange of these guys so + + + align:start position:0% +every possible arrange of these guys so +if you have one radical two radicals + + align:start position:0% +if you have one radical two radicals + + + align:start position:0% +if you have one radical two radicals +three radicals for atoms five radicals + + align:start position:0% +three radicals for atoms five radicals + + + align:start position:0% +three radicals for atoms five radicals +and number of peroxides from 1000 or M + + align:start position:0% +and number of peroxides from 1000 or M + + + align:start position:0% +and number of peroxides from 1000 or M +any process that you get you're gonna + + align:start position:0% +any process that you get you're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +any process that you get you're gonna +get numbers so you have all these + + align:start position:0% +get numbers so you have all these + + + align:start position:0% +get numbers so you have all these +numbers all these probabilities at + + align:start position:0% +numbers all these probabilities at + + + align:start position:0% +numbers all these probabilities at +different times + + align:start position:0% +different times + + + align:start position:0% +different times +again what are you gonna do with that so + + align:start position:0% +again what are you gonna do with that so + + + align:start position:0% +again what are you gonna do with that so +one thing people do a lot is they would + + align:start position:0% +one thing people do a lot is they would + + + align:start position:0% +one thing people do a lot is they would +plot say the number of RoHS versus time + + align:start position:0% +plot say the number of RoHS versus time + + + align:start position:0% +plot say the number of RoHS versus time +so at different time points compute the + + align:start position:0% +so at different time points compute the + + + align:start position:0% +so at different time points compute the +the average over all your trajectories + + align:start position:0% +the average over all your trajectories + + + align:start position:0% +the average over all your trajectories +were with if you have this solution you + + align:start position:0% +were with if you have this solution you + + + align:start position:0% +were with if you have this solution you +can compute that as n RI h p and roh so + + align:start position:0% +can compute that as n RI h p and roh so + + + align:start position:0% +can compute that as n RI h p and roh so +on Tennessee have some kind of average + + align:start position:0% +on Tennessee have some kind of average + + + align:start position:0% +on Tennessee have some kind of average +to do it that way and either one or fine + + align:start position:0% +to do it that way and either one or fine + + + align:start position:0% +to do it that way and either one or fine +but you have to think of what do you + + align:start position:0% +but you have to think of what do you + + + align:start position:0% +but you have to think of what do you +want + + align:start position:0% +want + + + align:start position:0% +want +and then in both cases you probably + + align:start position:0% +and then in both cases you probably + + + align:start position:0% +and then in both cases you probably +interested in the dispersion so you're + + align:start position:0% +interested in the dispersion so you're + + + align:start position:0% +interested in the dispersion so you're +going to worry about the n square - all + + align:start position:0% +going to worry about the n square - all + + + align:start position:0% +going to worry about the n square - all +right we'll talk more about this on + + align:start position:0% +right we'll talk more about this on + + + align:start position:0% +right we'll talk more about this on +money alright and I posted a homework + + align:start position:0% +money alright and I posted a homework + + + align:start position:0% +money alright and I posted a homework +problem Steven last year about this for + + align:start position:0% +problem Steven last year about this for + + + align:start position:0% +problem Steven last year about this for +kinetic Monte Carlo for catalysis it's + + align:start position:0% +kinetic Monte Carlo for catalysis it's + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic Monte Carlo for catalysis it's +used a lot in heterogeneous catalysis + + align:start position:0% +used a lot in heterogeneous catalysis + + + align:start position:0% +used a lot in heterogeneous catalysis +and if you have extra time feel free to + + align:start position:0% +and if you have extra time feel free to + + + align:start position:0% +and if you have extra time feel free to +do that problem it's a really good + + align:start position:0% +do that problem it's a really good + + + align:start position:0% +do that problem it's a really good +problem those of you who are feeling + + align:start position:0% +problem those of you who are feeling + + + align:start position:0% +problem those of you who are feeling +like you don't have any extra time and + + align:start position:0% +like you don't have any extra time and + + + align:start position:0% +like you don't have any extra time and +you're about to kill yourself please + + align:start position:0% +you're about to kill yourself please + + + align:start position:0% +you're about to kill yourself please +don't kill yourself and instead just + + align:start position:0% +don't kill yourself and instead just + + + align:start position:0% +don't kill yourself and instead just +send an email to me a professor Swan + + align:start position:0% +send an email to me a professor Swan + + + align:start position:0% +send an email to me a professor Swan +asking for an extension and we can give + + align:start position:0% +asking for an extension and we can give + + + align:start position:0% +asking for an extension and we can give +you more some more time to finish up the + + align:start position:0% +you more some more time to finish up the + + + align:start position:0% +you more some more time to finish up the +homeworks + + align:start position:0% +homeworks + + + align:start position:0% +homeworks +let's do tonight all right talk to you + + align:start position:0% +let's do tonight all right talk to you + + + align:start position:0% +let's do tonight all right talk to you +later \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/4Dz4vNUxnZM.txt b/4Dz4vNUxnZM.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..308e597002a6c636322a61e3260ff0c923ad22b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/4Dz4vNUxnZM.txt @@ -0,0 +1,763 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the pigeon hole principle is a counting + + align:start position:0% +the pigeon hole principle is a counting + + + align:start position:0% +the pigeon hole principle is a counting +principle that's so obvious that you may + + align:start position:0% +principle that's so obvious that you may + + + align:start position:0% +principle that's so obvious that you may +not have noticed that you're using it uh + + align:start position:0% +not have noticed that you're using it uh + + + align:start position:0% +not have noticed that you're using it uh +in simple form it says that uh if there + + align:start position:0% +in simple form it says that uh if there + + + align:start position:0% +in simple form it says that uh if there +are more + + align:start position:0% +are more + + + align:start position:0% +are more +pigeons than pigeon + + align:start position:0% +pigeons than pigeon + + + align:start position:0% +pigeons than pigeon +holes then you have to have at least two + + align:start position:0% +holes then you have to have at least two + + + align:start position:0% +holes then you have to have at least two +pigeons in the same + + align:start position:0% +pigeons in the same + + + align:start position:0% +pigeons in the same +hole okay uh we'll get some mileage out + + align:start position:0% +hole okay uh we'll get some mileage out + + + align:start position:0% +hole okay uh we'll get some mileage out +of that uh shortly but let's remember + + align:start position:0% +of that uh shortly but let's remember + + + align:start position:0% +of that uh shortly but let's remember +that this is actually just an informal + + align:start position:0% +that this is actually just an informal + + + align:start position:0% +that this is actually just an informal +way of saying something that we formally + + align:start position:0% +way of saying something that we formally + + + align:start position:0% +way of saying something that we formally +seen already one of the mapping rules is + + align:start position:0% +seen already one of the mapping rules is + + + align:start position:0% +seen already one of the mapping rules is +that if you have a total injection from + + align:start position:0% +that if you have a total injection from + + + align:start position:0% +that if you have a total injection from +a set a to a set B that implies that the + + align:start position:0% +a set a to a set B that implies that the + + + align:start position:0% +a set a to a set B that implies that the +size of a is less than or equal to the + + align:start position:0% +size of a is less than or equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +size of a is less than or equal to the +size of B and taking the contrapositive + + align:start position:0% +size of B and taking the contrapositive + + + align:start position:0% +size of B and taking the contrapositive +of that it means that if the size of a + + align:start position:0% +of that it means that if the size of a + + + align:start position:0% +of that it means that if the size of a +is greater than the size of B then no + + align:start position:0% +is greater than the size of B then no + + + align:start position:0% +is greater than the size of B then no +total injection from A to B is possible + + align:start position:0% +total injection from A to B is possible + + + align:start position:0% +total injection from A to B is possible +no total injection means that there's no + + align:start position:0% +no total injection means that there's no + + + align:start position:0% +no total injection means that there's no +uh relation that has an arrow out of + + align:start position:0% +uh relation that has an arrow out of + + + align:start position:0% +uh relation that has an arrow out of +everything in a and at most one Arrow + + align:start position:0% +everything in a and at most one Arrow + + + align:start position:0% +everything in a and at most one Arrow +into B if everything out of a has an + + align:start position:0% +into B if everything out of a has an + + + align:start position:0% +into B if everything out of a has an +arrow out of it there have to be at + + align:start position:0% +arrow out of it there have to be at + + + align:start position:0% +arrow out of it there have to be at +least two arrows two pigeons coming to + + align:start position:0% +least two arrows two pigeons coming to + + + align:start position:0% +least two arrows two pigeons coming to +the same pigeon hole in B so we know + + align:start position:0% +the same pigeon hole in B so we know + + + align:start position:0% +the same pigeon hole in B so we know +this rule already and the only thing + + align:start position:0% +this rule already and the only thing + + + align:start position:0% +this rule already and the only thing +that's surprising about it is uh how you + + align:start position:0% +that's surprising about it is uh how you + + + align:start position:0% +that's surprising about it is uh how you +make use of it we're not going to make + + align:start position:0% +make use of it we're not going to make + + + align:start position:0% +make use of it we're not going to make +elaborate uses of it in this little + + align:start position:0% +elaborate uses of it in this little + + + align:start position:0% +elaborate uses of it in this little +video you can read in the text about + + align:start position:0% +video you can read in the text about + + + align:start position:0% +video you can read in the text about +some amusing applications about proving + + align:start position:0% +some amusing applications about proving + + + align:start position:0% +some amusing applications about proving +that there have to be three people in + + align:start position:0% +that there have to be three people in + + + align:start position:0% +that there have to be three people in +the Boston area with more than 10,000 + + align:start position:0% +the Boston area with more than 10,000 + + + align:start position:0% +the Boston area with more than 10,000 +hairs in their head but the exact same + + align:start position:0% +hairs in their head but the exact same + + + align:start position:0% +hairs in their head but the exact same +number or that there have to be uh two + + align:start position:0% +number or that there have to be uh two + + + align:start position:0% +number or that there have to be uh two +different subsets of uh uh of 90 numbers + + align:start position:0% +different subsets of uh uh of 90 numbers + + + align:start position:0% +different subsets of uh uh of 90 numbers +of 25 digits that have the same + + align:start position:0% +of 25 digits that have the same + + + align:start position:0% +of 25 digits that have the same +sum uh but we will take a much more + + align:start position:0% +sum uh but we will take a much more + + + align:start position:0% +sum uh but we will take a much more +modest application of the pigeon hauling + + align:start position:0% +modest application of the pigeon hauling + + + align:start position:0% +modest application of the pigeon hauling +principle namely if I have a set of five + + align:start position:0% +principle namely if I have a set of five + + + align:start position:0% +principle namely if I have a set of five +cards then I have to have at least two + + align:start position:0% +cards then I have to have at least two + + + align:start position:0% +cards then I have to have at least two +cards with the same suit why well there + + align:start position:0% +cards with the same suit why well there + + + align:start position:0% +cards with the same suit why well there +are four suits Spades hearts diamonds + + align:start position:0% +are four suits Spades hearts diamonds + + + align:start position:0% +are four suits Spades hearts diamonds +clubs indicated here and if you have + + align:start position:0% +clubs indicated here and if you have + + + align:start position:0% +clubs indicated here and if you have +five cards there's more pigeons cards + + align:start position:0% +five cards there's more pigeons cards + + + align:start position:0% +five cards there's more pigeons cards +than suits holes so if you're going to + + align:start position:0% +than suits holes so if you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +than suits holes so if you're going to +assign a pigeon to a hole again the + + align:start position:0% +assign a pigeon to a hole again the + + + align:start position:0% +assign a pigeon to a hole again the +pigeons are going to have to crowd up + + align:start position:0% +pigeons are going to have to crowd up + + + align:start position:0% +pigeons are going to have to crowd up +there are going to have to be at least + + align:start position:0% +there are going to have to be at least + + + align:start position:0% +there are going to have to be at least +two pigeons in the same hole at least + + align:start position:0% +two pigeons in the same hole at least + + + align:start position:0% +two pigeons in the same hole at least +two cards of the same suit maybe + + align:start position:0% +two cards of the same suit maybe + + + align:start position:0% +two cards of the same suit maybe +more okay uh slight generalization + + align:start position:0% +more okay uh slight generalization + + + align:start position:0% +more okay uh slight generalization +suppose I have 10 cards uh how many + + align:start position:0% +suppose I have 10 cards uh how many + + + align:start position:0% +suppose I have 10 cards uh how many +cards must I have of the same suit what + + align:start position:0% +cards must I have of the same suit what + + + align:start position:0% +cards must I have of the same suit what +number of of cards of the same suit am I + + align:start position:0% +number of of cards of the same suit am I + + + align:start position:0% +number of of cards of the same suit am I +guaranteed to have no matter what the 10 + + align:start position:0% +guaranteed to have no matter what the 10 + + + align:start position:0% +guaranteed to have no matter what the 10 +cards are well now if I have the four + + align:start position:0% +cards are well now if I have the four + + + align:start position:0% +cards are well now if I have the four +slots and I'm trying to distribute uh 10 + + align:start position:0% +slots and I'm trying to distribute uh 10 + + + align:start position:0% +slots and I'm trying to distribute uh 10 +cards is it possible that I had less + + align:start position:0% +cards is it possible that I had less + + + align:start position:0% +cards is it possible that I had less +than three cards in every hole no + + align:start position:0% +than three cards in every hole no + + + align:start position:0% +than three cards in every hole no +because if I have only two cards in + + align:start position:0% +because if I have only two cards in + + + align:start position:0% +because if I have only two cards in +every hole then I have at most eight + + align:start position:0% +every hole then I have at most eight + + + align:start position:0% +every hole then I have at most eight +elements and I got 10 to distribute in + + align:start position:0% +elements and I got 10 to distribute in + + + align:start position:0% +elements and I got 10 to distribute in +the four slots I have to Bunch them up + + align:start position:0% +the four slots I have to Bunch them up + + + align:start position:0% +the four slots I have to Bunch them up +and and have at least three cards of the + + align:start position:0% +and and have at least three cards of the + + + align:start position:0% +and and have at least three cards of the +same suit you can check that I needn't + + align:start position:0% +same suit you can check that I needn't + + + align:start position:0% +same suit you can check that I needn't +have any more of course um so the + + align:start position:0% +have any more of course um so the + + + align:start position:0% +have any more of course um so the +reasoning here is that the number of + + align:start position:0% +reasoning here is that the number of + + + align:start position:0% +reasoning here is that the number of +cards with the same suit is going to be + + align:start position:0% +cards with the same suit is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +cards with the same suit is going to be +what you get by uh dividing up the 10 + + align:start position:0% +what you get by uh dividing up the 10 + + + align:start position:0% +what you get by uh dividing up the 10 +cards that you have by the four slots + + align:start position:0% +cards that you have by the four slots + + + align:start position:0% +cards that you have by the four slots +and argue that at least one of the slots + + align:start position:0% +and argue that at least one of the slots + + + align:start position:0% +and argue that at least one of the slots +has to have an average number of cards + + align:start position:0% +has to have an average number of cards + + + align:start position:0% +has to have an average number of cards +namely 10 over4 they can't all be below + + align:start position:0% +namely 10 over4 they can't all be below + + + align:start position:0% +namely 10 over4 they can't all be below +average and of course since there are an + + align:start position:0% +average and of course since there are an + + + align:start position:0% +average and of course since there are an +integer number of cards you can round up + + align:start position:0% +integer number of cards you can round up + + + align:start position:0% +integer number of cards you can round up +this remember these uh Corner braces + + align:start position:0% +this remember these uh Corner braces + + + align:start position:0% +this remember these uh Corner braces +mean round up to the nearest integer so + + align:start position:0% +mean round up to the nearest integer so + + + align:start position:0% +mean round up to the nearest integer so +10 / 4 rounded up is three and that's + + align:start position:0% +10 / 4 rounded up is three and that's + + + align:start position:0% +10 / 4 rounded up is three and that's +lower bound on the number of uh cards + + align:start position:0% +lower bound on the number of uh cards + + + align:start position:0% +lower bound on the number of uh cards +that you have to Bunch up in one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +slot more generally if I have n pigeons + + align:start position:0% +slot more generally if I have n pigeons + + + align:start position:0% +slot more generally if I have n pigeons +and I'm going to be assigning pigeons to + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to be assigning pigeons to + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to be assigning pigeons to +Unique holes uh and if I have H holes + + align:start position:0% +Unique holes uh and if I have H holes + + + align:start position:0% +Unique holes uh and if I have H holes +then some hole has to have uh n ided by + + align:start position:0% +then some hole has to have uh n ided by + + + align:start position:0% +then some hole has to have uh n ided by +H rounded up again n divided by H can be + + align:start position:0% +H rounded up again n divided by H can be + + + align:start position:0% +H rounded up again n divided by H can be +understood as the average number of + + align:start position:0% +understood as the average number of + + + align:start position:0% +understood as the average number of +pigeons per hole and it's the the pigeon + + align:start position:0% +pigeons per hole and it's the the pigeon + + + align:start position:0% +pigeons per hole and it's the the pigeon +hole principle can be formulated as + + align:start position:0% +hole principle can be formulated as + + + align:start position:0% +hole principle can be formulated as +saying at least one hole has to have + + align:start position:0% +saying at least one hole has to have + + + align:start position:0% +saying at least one hole has to have +greater than or equal to the average + + align:start position:0% +greater than or equal to the average + + + align:start position:0% +greater than or equal to the average +number and that is the generalized + + align:start position:0% +number and that is the generalized + + + align:start position:0% +number and that is the generalized +pigeon hole + + align:start position:0% +pigeon hole + + + align:start position:0% +pigeon hole +principle \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/4KheWy0pTro.txt b/4KheWy0pTro.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..53a9e38800fd2b106e4a09f6dc135d3b2768a890 --- /dev/null +++ b/4KheWy0pTro.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7752 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'll just say that Charles has been my + + align:start position:0% +I'll just say that Charles has been my + + + align:start position:0% +I'll just say that Charles has been my +colleague for several years and we have + + align:start position:0% +colleague for several years and we have + + + align:start position:0% +colleague for several years and we have +worked together on a series of projects + + align:start position:0% +worked together on a series of projects + + + align:start position:0% +worked together on a series of projects +involving silent films that are reissued + + align:start position:0% +involving silent films that are reissued + + + align:start position:0% +involving silent films that are reissued +in collections called Treasures from + + align:start position:0% +in collections called Treasures from + + + align:start position:0% +in collections called Treasures from +American Film archives for which I've + + align:start position:0% +American Film archives for which I've + + + align:start position:0% +American Film archives for which I've +been the music curator and wherever + + align:start position:0% +been the music curator and wherever + + + align:start position:0% +been the music curator and wherever +possible instead of my doing a piano + + align:start position:0% +possible instead of my doing a piano + + + align:start position:0% +possible instead of my doing a piano +store I've + + align:start position:0% +store I've + + + align:start position:0% +store I've +asked Charles and other members of our + + align:start position:0% +asked Charles and other members of our + + + align:start position:0% +asked Charles and other members of our +section to do their own original scores + + align:start position:0% +section to do their own original scores + + + align:start position:0% +section to do their own original scores +so you had an opportunity to see how + + align:start position:0% +so you had an opportunity to see how + + + align:start position:0% +so you had an opportunity to see how +Peter child approach that with + + align:start position:0% +Peter child approach that with + + + align:start position:0% +Peter child approach that with +skyscraper Symphony um this is another + + align:start position:0% +skyscraper Symphony um this is another + + + align:start position:0% +skyscraper Symphony um this is another +approach altogether and a very different + + align:start position:0% +approach altogether and a very different + + + align:start position:0% +approach altogether and a very different +kind of film um Charles will speak to + + align:start position:0% +kind of film um Charles will speak to + + + align:start position:0% +kind of film um Charles will speak to +you about those issues and then + + align:start position:0% +you about those issues and then + + + align:start position:0% +you about those issues and then +afterward we can have some + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +discussion well hello everybody it's it + + align:start position:0% +discussion well hello everybody it's it + + + align:start position:0% +discussion well hello everybody it's it +is fun to be here and just sort of being + + align:start position:0% +is fun to be here and just sort of being + + + align:start position:0% +is fun to be here and just sort of being +in a in an opport having an opportunity + + align:start position:0% +in a in an opport having an opportunity + + + align:start position:0% +in a in an opport having an opportunity +to talk to you sort of rather than + + align:start position:0% +to talk to you sort of rather than + + + align:start position:0% +to talk to you sort of rather than +introducing everybody else and sort of + + align:start position:0% +introducing everybody else and sort of + + + align:start position:0% +introducing everybody else and sort of +guiding questions and all of that uh and + + align:start position:0% +guiding questions and all of that uh and + + + align:start position:0% +guiding questions and all of that uh and +I would like to say it's been a pleasure + + align:start position:0% +I would like to say it's been a pleasure + + + align:start position:0% +I would like to say it's been a pleasure +getting to know those of you who I + + align:start position:0% +getting to know those of you who I + + + align:start position:0% +getting to know those of you who I +didn't already know um and um we're + + align:start position:0% +didn't already know um and um we're + + + align:start position:0% +didn't already know um and um we're +going to look at a particular work of + + align:start position:0% +going to look at a particular work of + + + align:start position:0% +going to look at a particular work of +mine today and we're going to try to + + align:start position:0% +mine today and we're going to try to + + + align:start position:0% +mine today and we're going to try to +formulate a way of looking at in terms + + align:start position:0% +formulate a way of looking at in terms + + + align:start position:0% +formulate a way of looking at in terms +of time and music uh and time has been + + align:start position:0% +of time and music uh and time has been + + + align:start position:0% +of time and music uh and time has been +our topic for the class uh and I think + + align:start position:0% +our topic for the class uh and I think + + + align:start position:0% +our topic for the class uh and I think +one of the things we've taken away from + + align:start position:0% +one of the things we've taken away from + + + align:start position:0% +one of the things we've taken away from +that is how almost overwhelmingly broad + + align:start position:0% +that is how almost overwhelmingly broad + + + align:start position:0% +that is how almost overwhelmingly broad +the concept of time in music is what do + + align:start position:0% +the concept of time in music is what do + + + align:start position:0% +the concept of time in music is what do +we mean by time uh and there there's + + align:start position:0% +we mean by time uh and there there's + + + align:start position:0% +we mean by time uh and there there's +several ways I want to look at that uh + + align:start position:0% +several ways I want to look at that uh + + + align:start position:0% +several ways I want to look at that uh +today but first I want to talk a little + + align:start position:0% +today but first I want to talk a little + + + align:start position:0% +today but first I want to talk a little +bit about the film um it is based on a + + align:start position:0% +bit about the film um it is based on a + + + align:start position:0% +bit about the film um it is based on a +novel by Helen Hunt jackon called Ramona + + align:start position:0% +novel by Helen Hunt jackon called Ramona + + + align:start position:0% +novel by Helen Hunt jackon called Ramona +does anyone know the novel has anyone + + align:start position:0% +does anyone know the novel has anyone + + + align:start position:0% +does anyone know the novel has anyone +read it it's unlikely uh 50 years ago + + align:start position:0% +read it it's unlikely uh 50 years ago + + + align:start position:0% +read it it's unlikely uh 50 years ago +that wouldn't have been the case and + + align:start position:0% +that wouldn't have been the case and + + + align:start position:0% +that wouldn't have been the case and +that this was one of the sort of + + align:start position:0% +that this was one of the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +that this was one of the sort of +Classics of + + align:start position:0% +Classics of + + + align:start position:0% +Classics of +American almost popular literature uh at + + align:start position:0% +American almost popular literature uh at + + + align:start position:0% +American almost popular literature uh at +the turn of of the previous Century + + align:start position:0% +the turn of of the previous Century + + + align:start position:0% +the turn of of the previous Century +Jackson was born in + + align:start position:0% +Jackson was born in + + + align:start position:0% +Jackson was born in +1830 uh died in + + align:start position:0% +1830 uh died in + + + align:start position:0% +1830 uh died in +1885 she was born in Amherst uh + + align:start position:0% +1885 she was born in Amherst uh + + + align:start position:0% +1885 she was born in Amherst uh +Massachusetts where she was essentially + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts where she was essentially + + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts where she was essentially +the closest childhood friend of Emily + + align:start position:0% +the closest childhood friend of Emily + + + align:start position:0% +the closest childhood friend of Emily +Dickens and remained in close contact uh + + align:start position:0% +Dickens and remained in close contact uh + + + align:start position:0% +Dickens and remained in close contact uh +with Dickinson throughout her + + align:start position:0% +with Dickinson throughout her + + + align:start position:0% +with Dickinson throughout her +life she's an interesting life and you + + align:start position:0% +life she's an interesting life and you + + + align:start position:0% +life she's an interesting life and you +can sort of sort of look it up um we + + align:start position:0% +can sort of sort of look it up um we + + + align:start position:0% +can sort of sort of look it up um we +won't have time to go into it but around + + align:start position:0% +won't have time to go into it but around + + + align:start position:0% +won't have time to go into it but around +1879 um she came into + + align:start position:0% +1879 um she came into + + + align:start position:0% +1879 um she came into +contact UM with some Native American + + align:start position:0% +contact UM with some Native American + + + align:start position:0% +contact UM with some Native American +people uh from the oage nation then in + + align:start position:0% +people uh from the oage nation then in + + + align:start position:0% +people uh from the oage nation then in +Kansas now in Oklahoma um and she became + + align:start position:0% +Kansas now in Oklahoma um and she became + + + align:start position:0% +Kansas now in Oklahoma um and she became +very concerned + + align:start position:0% +very concerned + + + align:start position:0% +very concerned +with the plight of native + + align:start position:0% +with the plight of native + + + align:start position:0% +with the plight of native +people um so she decided to take this on + + align:start position:0% +people um so she decided to take this on + + + align:start position:0% +people um so she decided to take this on +as a cause rather in the same way that + + align:start position:0% +as a cause rather in the same way that + + + align:start position:0% +as a cause rather in the same way that +Harriet beer Stow had taken on the cause + + align:start position:0% +Harriet beer Stow had taken on the cause + + + align:start position:0% +Harriet beer Stow had taken on the cause +of abolition um particularly through her + + align:start position:0% +of abolition um particularly through her + + + align:start position:0% +of abolition um particularly through her +incredibly important novel Uncle Tom's + + align:start position:0% +incredibly important novel Uncle Tom's + + + align:start position:0% +incredibly important novel Uncle Tom's +Cabin which sort of really galvanized + + align:start position:0% +Cabin which sort of really galvanized + + + align:start position:0% +Cabin which sort of really galvanized +abolition as a sort of popular movement + + align:start position:0% +abolition as a sort of popular movement + + + align:start position:0% +abolition as a sort of popular movement +rather than a sort of Fringe movement in + + align:start position:0% +rather than a sort of Fringe movement in + + + align:start position:0% +rather than a sort of Fringe movement in +in in the culture um in 1882 she + + align:start position:0% +in in the culture um in 1882 she + + + align:start position:0% +in in the culture um in 1882 she +published a work called A Century of + + align:start position:0% +published a work called A Century of + + + align:start position:0% +published a work called A Century of +Dishonor that was about it was simply a + + align:start position:0% +Dishonor that was about it was simply a + + + align:start position:0% +Dishonor that was about it was simply a +case-by case study about how uh various + + align:start position:0% +case-by case study about how uh various + + + align:start position:0% +case-by case study about how uh various +treaties with the American government + + align:start position:0% +treaties with the American government + + + align:start position:0% +treaties with the American government +had been had been broken and Indian + + align:start position:0% +had been had been broken and Indian + + + align:start position:0% +had been had been broken and Indian +people had been + + align:start position:0% +people had been + + + align:start position:0% +people had been +dispossessed um it was not a financial + + align:start position:0% +dispossessed um it was not a financial + + + align:start position:0% +dispossessed um it was not a financial +success but it did receive a lot of + + align:start position:0% +success but it did receive a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +success but it did receive a lot of +attention um she rather cleverly sent a + + align:start position:0% +attention um she rather cleverly sent a + + + align:start position:0% +attention um she rather cleverly sent a +copy of it to each member of the Senate + + align:start position:0% +copy of it to each member of the Senate + + + align:start position:0% +copy of it to each member of the Senate +and the Congress interestingly the + + align:start position:0% +and the Congress interestingly the + + + align:start position:0% +and the Congress interestingly the +Senate passed a bill following her + + align:start position:0% +Senate passed a bill following her + + + align:start position:0% +Senate passed a bill following her +recommendations but it was never passed + + align:start position:0% +recommendations but it was never passed + + + align:start position:0% +recommendations but it was never passed +by the house um however + + align:start position:0% +by the house um however + + + align:start position:0% +by the house um however +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +um then President Grant uh got + + align:start position:0% +um then President Grant uh got + + + align:start position:0% +um then President Grant uh got +interested in it and perhaps um this + + align:start position:0% +interested in it and perhaps um this + + + align:start position:0% +interested in it and perhaps um this +will amuse you he appointed her a + + align:start position:0% +will amuse you he appointed her a + + + align:start position:0% +will amuse you he appointed her a +special Commissioner of Indian Affairs + + align:start position:0% +special Commissioner of Indian Affairs + + + align:start position:0% +special Commissioner of Indian Affairs +uh and she went out to the west to sort + + align:start position:0% +uh and she went out to the west to sort + + + align:start position:0% +uh and she went out to the west to sort +of look into Indian issues uh there's a + + align:start position:0% +of look into Indian issues uh there's a + + + align:start position:0% +of look into Indian issues uh there's a +sense that this was useful because it + + align:start position:0% +sense that this was useful because it + + + align:start position:0% +sense that this was useful because it +got this annoying woman who had this + + align:start position:0% +got this annoying woman who had this + + + align:start position:0% +got this annoying woman who had this +cause out of Washington uh so send her + + align:start position:0% +cause out of Washington uh so send her + + + align:start position:0% +cause out of Washington uh so send her +away um and in this respect she became + + align:start position:0% +away um and in this respect she became + + + align:start position:0% +away um and in this respect she became +the model for a popular television + + align:start position:0% +the model for a popular television + + + align:start position:0% +the model for a popular television +series you may remember it from your + + align:start position:0% +series you may remember it from your + + + align:start position:0% +series you may remember it from your +childhood it was called Dr Quinn + + align:start position:0% +childhood it was called Dr Quinn + + + align:start position:0% +childhood it was called Dr Quinn +Medicine Woman uh who was very vaguely + + align:start position:0% +Medicine Woman uh who was very vaguely + + + align:start position:0% +Medicine Woman uh who was very vaguely +based on Helen Hunt + + align:start position:0% +based on Helen Hunt + + + align:start position:0% +based on Helen Hunt +Jackson um in 1884 she publishes a novel + + align:start position:0% +Jackson um in 1884 she publishes a novel + + + align:start position:0% +Jackson um in 1884 she publishes a novel +based on sort of Indian issues and that + + align:start position:0% +based on sort of Indian issues and that + + + align:start position:0% +based on sort of Indian issues and that +novel is Ramona and it is an enormous + + align:start position:0% +novel is Ramona and it is an enormous + + + align:start position:0% +novel is Ramona and it is an enormous +success um it sort of changes the way uh + + align:start position:0% +success um it sort of changes the way uh + + + align:start position:0% +success um it sort of changes the way uh +the nation looks at sort of native + + align:start position:0% +the nation looks at sort of native + + + align:start position:0% +the nation looks at sort of native +rights uh it's also incredibly important + + align:start position:0% +rights uh it's also incredibly important + + + align:start position:0% +rights uh it's also incredibly important +in that it turns California particularly + + align:start position:0% +in that it turns California particularly + + + align:start position:0% +in that it turns California particularly +Southern California into a tourist + + align:start position:0% +Southern California into a tourist + + + align:start position:0% +Southern California into a tourist +destination uh and in American art + + align:start position:0% +destination uh and in American art + + + align:start position:0% +destination uh and in American art +historical terms it's very important in + + align:start position:0% +historical terms it's very important in + + + align:start position:0% +historical terms it's very important in +that it brings about a Revival of + + align:start position:0% +that it brings about a Revival of + + + align:start position:0% +that it brings about a Revival of +interest in the art and architecture of + + align:start position:0% +interest in the art and architecture of + + + align:start position:0% +interest in the art and architecture of +sort of Spanish colonial era so every + + align:start position:0% +sort of Spanish colonial era so every + + + align:start position:0% +sort of Spanish colonial era so every +time you see an old style Taco Bell you + + align:start position:0% +time you see an old style Taco Bell you + + + align:start position:0% +time you see an old style Taco Bell you +know with a little Arch and the bell + + align:start position:0% +know with a little Arch and the bell + + + align:start position:0% +know with a little Arch and the bell +remember that this is sort of the legacy + + align:start position:0% +remember that this is sort of the legacy + + + align:start position:0% +remember that this is sort of the legacy +of Helen Hunt Jackson um Jackson of + + align:start position:0% +of Helen Hunt Jackson um Jackson of + + + align:start position:0% +of Helen Hunt Jackson um Jackson of +course dies the year after Ramona uh was + + align:start position:0% +course dies the year after Ramona uh was + + + align:start position:0% +course dies the year after Ramona uh was +published um but the novel goes into + + align:start position:0% +published um but the novel goes into + + + align:start position:0% +published um but the novel goes into +sort of endless + + align:start position:0% +sort of endless + + + align:start position:0% +sort of endless +republications um it in about 15 years + + align:start position:0% +republications um it in about 15 years + + + align:start position:0% +republications um it in about 15 years +ago it became the most successful Tel + + align:start position:0% +ago it became the most successful Tel + + + align:start position:0% +ago it became the most successful Tel +Nolla in Mexican history uh so Ramona is + + align:start position:0% +Nolla in Mexican history uh so Ramona is + + + align:start position:0% +Nolla in Mexican history uh so Ramona is +very much with us there are Ramona + + align:start position:0% +very much with us there are Ramona + + + align:start position:0% +very much with us there are Ramona +festivals in + + align:start position:0% +festivals in + + + align:start position:0% +festivals in +California uh and it's quite interesting + + align:start position:0% +California uh and it's quite interesting + + + align:start position:0% +California uh and it's quite interesting +uh Ramona of course is the heroine of + + align:start position:0% +uh Ramona of course is the heroine of + + + align:start position:0% +uh Ramona of course is the heroine of +the novel and she is a fictional + + align:start position:0% +the novel and she is a fictional + + + align:start position:0% +the novel and she is a fictional +character but by the 1890s and + + align:start position:0% +character but by the 1890s and + + + align:start position:0% +character but by the 1890s and +particularly by 1900 there is a huge + + align:start position:0% +particularly by 1900 there is a huge + + + align:start position:0% +particularly by 1900 there is a huge +industry in California uh where people + + align:start position:0% +industry in California uh where people + + + align:start position:0% +industry in California uh where people +as tourists go to visit the locations + + align:start position:0% +as tourists go to visit the locations + + + align:start position:0% +as tourists go to visit the locations +described in the novel or at least + + align:start position:0% +described in the novel or at least + + + align:start position:0% +described in the novel or at least +locations that may be described in the + + align:start position:0% +locations that may be described in the + + + align:start position:0% +locations that may be described in the +novel uh there's been a lot written + + align:start position:0% +novel uh there's been a lot written + + + align:start position:0% +novel uh there's been a lot written +about how accurate the descriptions or + + align:start position:0% +about how accurate the descriptions or + + + align:start position:0% +about how accurate the descriptions or +whether in Jackson intended a particular + + align:start position:0% +whether in Jackson intended a particular + + + align:start position:0% +whether in Jackson intended a particular +place to be um + + align:start position:0% +place to be um + + + align:start position:0% +place to be um +evoked but this plays an important role + + align:start position:0% +evoked but this plays an important role + + + align:start position:0% +evoked but this plays an important role +in this film film is made in + + align:start position:0% +in this film film is made in + + + align:start position:0% +in this film film is made in +1910 um by DW Griffin uh and you may + + align:start position:0% +1910 um by DW Griffin uh and you may + + + align:start position:0% +1910 um by DW Griffin uh and you may +know him he + + align:start position:0% +know him he + + + align:start position:0% +know him he +is sort of the great figure in early + + align:start position:0% +is sort of the great figure in early + + + align:start position:0% +is sort of the great figure in early +silent film or one of the great ones + + align:start position:0% +silent film or one of the great ones + + + align:start position:0% +silent film or one of the great ones +maybe the greatest uh he's he sort of + + align:start position:0% +maybe the greatest uh he's he sort of + + + align:start position:0% +maybe the greatest uh he's he sort of +develops silent film as a compelling + + align:start position:0% +develops silent film as a compelling + + + align:start position:0% +develops silent film as a compelling +sort of narrative in a way that maybe no + + align:start position:0% +sort of narrative in a way that maybe no + + + align:start position:0% +sort of narrative in a way that maybe no +one else did before um and one of the + + align:start position:0% +one else did before um and one of the + + + align:start position:0% +one else did before um and one of the +fascinating things about this film is it + + align:start position:0% +fascinating things about this film is it + + + align:start position:0% +fascinating things about this film is it +is the first film to have been filmed + + align:start position:0% +is the first film to have been filmed + + + align:start position:0% +is the first film to have been filmed +quote unquote on location in that + + align:start position:0% +quote unquote on location in that + + + align:start position:0% +quote unquote on location in that +Griffith takes his actors and Camera + + align:start position:0% +Griffith takes his actors and Camera + + + align:start position:0% +Griffith takes his actors and Camera +Crews to the actual sites that were + + align:start position:0% +Crews to the actual sites that were + + + align:start position:0% +Crews to the actual sites that were +presumed to be described in the film uh + + align:start position:0% +presumed to be described in the film uh + + + align:start position:0% +presumed to be described in the film uh +the ranch that you'll see actually is + + align:start position:0% +the ranch that you'll see actually is + + + align:start position:0% +the ranch that you'll see actually is +still a museum to this day uh and and + + align:start position:0% +still a museum to this day uh and and + + + align:start position:0% +still a museum to this day uh and and +you can visit it if you're in California + + align:start position:0% +you can visit it if you're in California + + + align:start position:0% +you can visit it if you're in California +but no no fictional film had ever been + + align:start position:0% +but no no fictional film had ever been + + + align:start position:0% +but no no fictional film had ever been +sort of filmed um on the sort of + + align:start position:0% +sort of filmed um on the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of filmed um on the sort of +locations that that the author was + + align:start position:0% +locations that that the author was + + + align:start position:0% +locations that that the author was +writing about before so it's really + + align:start position:0% +writing about before so it's really + + + align:start position:0% +writing about before so it's really +important historically about that it's + + align:start position:0% +important historically about that it's + + + align:start position:0% +important historically about that it's +also one of the very early films of Mary + + align:start position:0% +also one of the very early films of Mary + + + align:start position:0% +also one of the very early films of Mary +pford one of the greatest of all the + + align:start position:0% +pford one of the greatest of all the + + + align:start position:0% +pford one of the greatest of all the +silent film uh actors um so this sort of + + align:start position:0% +silent film uh actors um so this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +silent film uh actors um so this sort of +an interesting thing to think think of + + align:start position:0% +an interesting thing to think think of + + + align:start position:0% +an interesting thing to think think of +in terms of + + align:start position:0% +in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +um what I'd like to do is sort of think + + align:start position:0% +um what I'd like to do is sort of think + + + align:start position:0% +um what I'd like to do is sort of think +about the work in terms of ideas of + + align:start position:0% +about the work in terms of ideas of + + + align:start position:0% +about the work in terms of ideas of +time and when I think about time you + + align:start position:0% +time and when I think about time you + + + align:start position:0% +time and when I think about time you +know I mean a number of different + + align:start position:0% +know I mean a number of different + + + align:start position:0% +know I mean a number of different +things + + align:start position:0% +things + + + align:start position:0% +things +and time you know what time is this + + align:start position:0% +and time you know what time is this + + + align:start position:0% +and time you know what time is this +piece set in we sometimes talk about + + align:start position:0% +piece set in we sometimes talk about + + + align:start position:0% +piece set in we sometimes talk about +time to mean what era is it I mean how + + align:start position:0% +time to mean what era is it I mean how + + + align:start position:0% +time to mean what era is it I mean how +do we understand when in historical + + align:start position:0% +do we understand when in historical + + + align:start position:0% +do we understand when in historical +chronological time did this work happen + + align:start position:0% +chronological time did this work happen + + + align:start position:0% +chronological time did this work happen +um and that was certainly a major + + align:start position:0% +um and that was certainly a major + + + align:start position:0% +um and that was certainly a major +concern of mine in the + + align:start position:0% +concern of mine in the + + + align:start position:0% +concern of mine in the +piece well it's California in the mid + + align:start position:0% +piece well it's California in the mid + + + align:start position:0% +piece well it's California in the mid +19th century early mid 19th century just + + align:start position:0% +19th century early mid 19th century just + + + align:start position:0% +19th century early mid 19th century just +after California has ceased to be a + + align:start position:0% +after California has ceased to be a + + + align:start position:0% +after California has ceased to be a +Spanish possession + + align:start position:0% +Spanish possession + + + align:start position:0% +Spanish possession +curiously Spanish well later Mexican + + align:start position:0% +curiously Spanish well later Mexican + + + align:start position:0% +curiously Spanish well later Mexican +held California uh had very careful + + align:start position:0% +held California uh had very careful + + + align:start position:0% +held California uh had very careful +protections built into the legal code uh + + align:start position:0% +protections built into the legal code uh + + + align:start position:0% +protections built into the legal code uh +that worked to the favor of Native + + align:start position:0% +that worked to the favor of Native + + + align:start position:0% +that worked to the favor of Native +Americans who were associated with the + + align:start position:0% +Americans who were associated with the + + + align:start position:0% +Americans who were associated with the +California missions um when the + + align:start position:0% +California missions um when the + + + align:start position:0% +California missions um when the +Americans took over all of those laws + + align:start position:0% +Americans took over all of those laws + + + align:start position:0% +Americans took over all of those laws +were abolished right so all those + + align:start position:0% +were abolished right so all those + + + align:start position:0% +were abolished right so all those +protections and sort of in franchisement + + align:start position:0% +protections and sort of in franchisement + + + align:start position:0% +protections and sort of in franchisement +for native people were lost and Jackson + + align:start position:0% +for native people were lost and Jackson + + + align:start position:0% +for native people were lost and Jackson +became very sort of concerned about that + + align:start position:0% +became very sort of concerned about that + + + align:start position:0% +became very sort of concerned about that +and you will see that sort of American + + align:start position:0% +and you will see that sort of American + + + align:start position:0% +and you will see that sort of American +settlers are portrayed in an extremely + + align:start position:0% +settlers are portrayed in an extremely + + + align:start position:0% +settlers are portrayed in an extremely +negative light uh in this film sort of + + align:start position:0% +negative light uh in this film sort of + + + align:start position:0% +negative light uh in this film sort of +ironic because of course Griffin later + + align:start position:0% +ironic because of course Griffin later + + + align:start position:0% +ironic because of course Griffin later +made um a movie called Birth of a Nation + + align:start position:0% +made um a movie called Birth of a Nation + + + align:start position:0% +made um a movie called Birth of a Nation +which has sometimes been seen as + + align:start position:0% +which has sometimes been seen as + + + align:start position:0% +which has sometimes been seen as +celebrating the rise of the Klux Clan so + + align:start position:0% +celebrating the rise of the Klux Clan so + + + align:start position:0% +celebrating the rise of the Klux Clan so +Griffith is clearly very conflicted + + align:start position:0% +Griffith is clearly very conflicted + + + align:start position:0% +Griffith is clearly very conflicted +about the whole idea of race uh in + + align:start position:0% +about the whole idea of race uh in + + + align:start position:0% +about the whole idea of race uh in +America he can feel threatened by + + align:start position:0% +America he can feel threatened by + + + align:start position:0% +America he can feel threatened by +African-Americans but he can sort of + + align:start position:0% +African-Americans but he can sort of + + + align:start position:0% +African-Americans but he can sort of +have at least a sentimentalized sympathy + + align:start position:0% +have at least a sentimentalized sympathy + + + align:start position:0% +have at least a sentimentalized sympathy +uh for Native Americans um so it's a + + align:start position:0% +uh for Native Americans um so it's a + + + align:start position:0% +uh for Native Americans um so it's a +it's a complex thing to think + + align:start position:0% +it's a complex thing to think + + + align:start position:0% +it's a complex thing to think +about anyway but time is an evocation of + + align:start position:0% +about anyway but time is an evocation of + + + align:start position:0% +about anyway but time is an evocation of +era so I wanted to suggest in a very + + align:start position:0% +era so I wanted to suggest in a very + + + align:start position:0% +era so I wanted to suggest in a very +sort of straightforward way some of the + + align:start position:0% +sort of straightforward way some of the + + + align:start position:0% +sort of straightforward way some of the +music of of uh Spanish California in + + align:start position:0% +music of of uh Spanish California in + + + align:start position:0% +music of of uh Spanish California in +that era so I looked at a lot of sort of + + align:start position:0% +that era so I looked at a lot of sort of + + + align:start position:0% +that era so I looked at a lot of sort of +folk songs that had been collected from + + align:start position:0% +folk songs that had been collected from + + + align:start position:0% +folk songs that had been collected from +that era um and there's a little dance + + align:start position:0% +that era um and there's a little dance + + + align:start position:0% +that era um and there's a little dance +like material that opens the film or + + align:start position:0% +like material that opens the film or + + + align:start position:0% +like material that opens the film or +comes very early in the film and it just + + align:start position:0% +comes very early in the film and it just + + + align:start position:0% +comes very early in the film and it just +suggests sort of day-to-day life in + + align:start position:0% +suggests sort of day-to-day life in + + + align:start position:0% +suggests sort of day-to-day life in +Spanish California the thing that I was + + align:start position:0% +Spanish California the thing that I was + + + align:start position:0% +Spanish California the thing that I was +really intrigued to find is the + + align:start position:0% +really intrigued to find is the + + + align:start position:0% +really intrigued to find is the +syncopated rhythmic structure of a lot + + align:start position:0% +syncopated rhythmic structure of a lot + + + align:start position:0% +syncopated rhythmic structure of a lot +of Latin American Music simply played no + + align:start position:0% +of Latin American Music simply played no + + + align:start position:0% +of Latin American Music simply played no +part uh in in the music of of uh much of + + align:start position:0% +part uh in in the music of of uh much of + + + align:start position:0% +part uh in in the music of of uh much of +Mexico uh and it sort of Northern + + align:start position:0% +Mexico uh and it sort of Northern + + + align:start position:0% +Mexico uh and it sort of Northern +provinces uh so it it's a very sort of + + align:start position:0% +provinces uh so it it's a very sort of + + + align:start position:0% +provinces uh so it it's a very sort of +europeanized uh sort of Music um + + align:start position:0% +europeanized uh sort of Music um + + + align:start position:0% +europeanized uh sort of Music um +references to the church play a role in + + align:start position:0% +references to the church play a role in + + + align:start position:0% +references to the church play a role in +it and for that I used a music that + + align:start position:0% +it and for that I used a music that + + + align:start position:0% +it and for that I used a music that +evoked an even earlier time uh I took a + + align:start position:0% +evoked an even earlier time uh I took a + + + align:start position:0% +evoked an even earlier time uh I took a +very famous Gregorian chant called the + + align:start position:0% +very famous Gregorian chant called the + + + align:start position:0% +very famous Gregorian chant called the +ponga lingua uh and like a Renaissance + + align:start position:0% +ponga lingua uh and like a Renaissance + + + align:start position:0% +ponga lingua uh and like a Renaissance +composer + + align:start position:0% +composer + + + align:start position:0% +composer +I used that uh to build up + + align:start position:0% +I used that uh to build up + + + align:start position:0% +I used that uh to build up +aonic piece a piece of multiple + + align:start position:0% +aonic piece a piece of multiple + + + align:start position:0% +aonic piece a piece of multiple +imitative voices that sort of suggest + + align:start position:0% +imitative voices that sort of suggest + + + align:start position:0% +imitative voices that sort of suggest +the music of the Renaissance because in + + align:start position:0% +the music of the Renaissance because in + + + align:start position:0% +the music of the Renaissance because in +fact we know that certain simple kinds + + align:start position:0% +fact we know that certain simple kinds + + + align:start position:0% +fact we know that certain simple kinds +of music of the style were part of the + + align:start position:0% +of music of the style were part of the + + + align:start position:0% +of music of the style were part of the +California mission + + align:start position:0% +California mission + + + align:start position:0% +California mission +tradition there's also a moment in the + + align:start position:0% +tradition there's also a moment in the + + + align:start position:0% +tradition there's also a moment in the +piece where our Indian hero sings a + + align:start position:0% +piece where our Indian hero sings a + + + align:start position:0% +piece where our Indian hero sings a +serenade right so I needed to come up + + align:start position:0% +serenade right so I needed to come up + + + align:start position:0% +serenade right so I needed to come up +with music in the style of a serenade + + align:start position:0% +with music in the style of a serenade + + + align:start position:0% +with music in the style of a serenade +right music that you sing to the woman + + align:start position:0% +right music that you sing to the woman + + + align:start position:0% +right music that you sing to the woman +you love um and you'll you'll sort of + + align:start position:0% +you love um and you'll you'll sort of + + + align:start position:0% +you love um and you'll you'll sort of +see how that plays um an interesting + + align:start position:0% +see how that plays um an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +see how that plays um an interesting +character of some of this music the + + align:start position:0% +character of some of this music the + + + align:start position:0% +character of some of this music the +church music perhaps but the serenade + + align:start position:0% +church music perhaps but the serenade + + + align:start position:0% +church music perhaps but the serenade +certainly I think is interesting for us + + align:start position:0% +certainly I think is interesting for us + + + align:start position:0% +certainly I think is interesting for us +in terms of time in that this is music + + align:start position:0% +in terms of time in that this is music + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of time in that this is music +the serenade that is that is being heard + + align:start position:0% +the serenade that is that is being heard + + + align:start position:0% +the serenade that is that is being heard +by the characters in the movie right um + + align:start position:0% +by the characters in the movie right um + + + align:start position:0% +by the characters in the movie right um +that's called diagetic but it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +that's called diagetic but it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +that's called diagetic but it doesn't +really matter what you call it but the + + align:start position:0% +really matter what you call it but the + + + align:start position:0% +really matter what you call it but the +thing that's interesting about that is + + align:start position:0% +thing that's interesting about that is + + + align:start position:0% +thing that's interesting about that is +it implies that it happens in real time + + align:start position:0% +it implies that it happens in real time + + + align:start position:0% +it implies that it happens in real time +right it's being heard by the characters + + align:start position:0% +right it's being heard by the characters + + + align:start position:0% +right it's being heard by the characters +so in fact it's not one of those moments + + align:start position:0% +so in fact it's not one of those moments + + + align:start position:0% +so in fact it's not one of those moments +in a movie where time stretches or time + + align:start position:0% +in a movie where time stretches or time + + + align:start position:0% +in a movie where time stretches or time +compresses as it so often does right you + + align:start position:0% +compresses as it so often does right you + + + align:start position:0% +compresses as it so often does right you +know you see the caption 3 weeks later + + align:start position:0% +know you see the caption 3 weeks later + + + align:start position:0% +know you see the caption 3 weeks later +um it's not like that it's actually sort + + align:start position:0% +um it's not like that it's actually sort + + + align:start position:0% +um it's not like that it's actually sort +of music that happens in real + + align:start position:0% +of music that happens in real + + + align:start position:0% +of music that happens in real +time uh other kinds of music happen + + align:start position:0% +time uh other kinds of music happen + + + align:start position:0% +time uh other kinds of music happen +there's a scene where our hero alesandro + + align:start position:0% +there's a scene where our hero alesandro + + + align:start position:0% +there's a scene where our hero alesandro +Alejandro rather uh goes insane uh and + + align:start position:0% +Alejandro rather uh goes insane uh and + + + align:start position:0% +Alejandro rather uh goes insane uh and +we have a sort of very atonal Fugue that + + align:start position:0% +we have a sort of very atonal Fugue that + + + align:start position:0% +we have a sort of very atonal Fugue that +sort of represents the sort of + + align:start position:0% +sort of represents the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of represents the sort of +disintegration of his attachment with + + align:start position:0% +disintegration of his attachment with + + + align:start position:0% +disintegration of his attachment with +reality + + align:start position:0% +reality + + + align:start position:0% +reality +um just a few other things that you + + align:start position:0% +um just a few other things that you + + + align:start position:0% +um just a few other things that you +should probably know before we we look + + align:start position:0% +should probably know before we we look + + + align:start position:0% +should probably know before we we look +at the film is there are four major + + align:start position:0% +at the film is there are four major + + + align:start position:0% +at the film is there are four major +characters there's Rona and Ramona is + + align:start position:0% +characters there's Rona and Ramona is + + + align:start position:0% +characters there's Rona and Ramona is +half Indian and half Scottish um so + + align:start position:0% +half Indian and half Scottish um so + + + align:start position:0% +half Indian and half Scottish um so +she's both white and Indian um she has + + align:start position:0% +she's both white and Indian um she has + + + align:start position:0% +she's both white and Indian um she has +been raised as the ward of a wealthy + + align:start position:0% +been raised as the ward of a wealthy + + + align:start position:0% +been raised as the ward of a wealthy +California Spanish family uh and part of + + align:start position:0% +California Spanish family uh and part of + + + align:start position:0% +California Spanish family uh and part of +the movie is about her discovering that + + align:start position:0% +the movie is about her discovering that + + + align:start position:0% +the movie is about her discovering that +in fact she is half Native + + align:start position:0% +in fact she is half Native + + + align:start position:0% +in fact she is half Native +American um the love interest is the um + + align:start position:0% +American um the love interest is the um + + + align:start position:0% +American um the love interest is the um +Indian + + align:start position:0% +Indian + + + align:start position:0% +Indian +Alejandro and he's a really interesting + + align:start position:0% +Alejandro and he's a really interesting + + + align:start position:0% +Alejandro and he's a really interesting +figure in that he is fully Native + + align:start position:0% +figure in that he is fully Native + + + align:start position:0% +figure in that he is fully Native +American but he has been raised in the + + align:start position:0% +American but he has been raised in the + + + align:start position:0% +American but he has been raised in the +California mission environment uh and + + align:start position:0% +California mission environment uh and + + + align:start position:0% +California mission environment uh and +Jackson talks about him at Great length + + align:start position:0% +Jackson talks about him at Great length + + + align:start position:0% +Jackson talks about him at Great length +in the novel being a talented violinist + + align:start position:0% +in the novel being a talented violinist + + + align:start position:0% +in the novel being a talented violinist +and she sort of talks about him playing + + align:start position:0% +and she sort of talks about him playing + + + align:start position:0% +and she sort of talks about him playing +essentially + + align:start position:0% +essentially + + + align:start position:0% +essentially +um not only folk music but sort of + + align:start position:0% +um not only folk music but sort of + + + align:start position:0% +um not only folk music but sort of +European art music in in church services + + align:start position:0% +European art music in in church services + + + align:start position:0% +European art music in in church services +so I decided I wanted each of these uh + + align:start position:0% +so I decided I wanted each of these uh + + + align:start position:0% +so I decided I wanted each of these uh +characters to be represented by an + + align:start position:0% +characters to be represented by an + + + align:start position:0% +characters to be represented by an +individual musical instrument so it + + align:start position:0% +individual musical instrument so it + + + align:start position:0% +individual musical instrument so it +became clear that um that Alejandro had + + align:start position:0% +became clear that um that Alejandro had + + + align:start position:0% +became clear that um that Alejandro had +to be + + align:start position:0% +to be + + + align:start position:0% +to be +represented by the violin right since + + align:start position:0% +represented by the violin right since + + + align:start position:0% +represented by the violin right since +this is his + + align:start position:0% +this is his + + + align:start position:0% +this is his +instrument since the character of silent + + align:start position:0% +instrument since the character of silent + + + align:start position:0% +instrument since the character of silent +film an early silent film there's this + + align:start position:0% +film an early silent film there's this + + + align:start position:0% +film an early silent film there's this +sort of wonderful delicate flickering to + + align:start position:0% +sort of wonderful delicate flickering to + + + align:start position:0% +sort of wonderful delicate flickering to +the image I thought an instrument that + + align:start position:0% +the image I thought an instrument that + + + align:start position:0% +the image I thought an instrument that +would most evoke that for Ramona would + + align:start position:0% +would most evoke that for Ramona would + + + align:start position:0% +would most evoke that for Ramona would +be the flute so Ramona's music is + + align:start position:0% +be the flute so Ramona's music is + + + align:start position:0% +be the flute so Ramona's music is +usually associated with the flute um the + + align:start position:0% +usually associated with the flute um the + + + align:start position:0% +usually associated with the flute um the +family that Ramona lives with is + + align:start position:0% +family that Ramona lives with is + + + align:start position:0% +family that Ramona lives with is +represented by a a sort of unpleasant + + align:start position:0% +represented by a a sort of unpleasant + + + align:start position:0% +represented by a a sort of unpleasant +older lady uh she's a grand Spanish lady + + align:start position:0% +older lady uh she's a grand Spanish lady + + + align:start position:0% +older lady uh she's a grand Spanish lady +and you'll see her wearing a lace mana + + align:start position:0% +and you'll see her wearing a lace mana + + + align:start position:0% +and you'll see her wearing a lace mana +and FL es she sort of looks like a + + align:start position:0% +and FL es she sort of looks like a + + + align:start position:0% +and FL es she sort of looks like a +wedding cake gone bad uh and for her I + + align:start position:0% +wedding cake gone bad uh and for her I + + + align:start position:0% +wedding cake gone bad uh and for her I +used the harps Accord right now you + + align:start position:0% +used the harps Accord right now you + + + align:start position:0% +used the harps Accord right now you +would think for a Spanish lady I would + + align:start position:0% +would think for a Spanish lady I would + + + align:start position:0% +would think for a Spanish lady I would +choose the guitar but I didn't I needed + + align:start position:0% +choose the guitar but I didn't I needed + + + align:start position:0% +choose the guitar but I didn't I needed +an instrument that had some more diverse + + align:start position:0% +an instrument that had some more diverse + + + align:start position:0% +an instrument that had some more diverse +possibilities and if you think about the + + align:start position:0% +possibilities and if you think about the + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities and if you think about the +sort of golden age of of Spanish music + + align:start position:0% +sort of golden age of of Spanish music + + + align:start position:0% +sort of golden age of of Spanish music +perhaps in the 18th century with + + align:start position:0% +perhaps in the 18th century with + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps in the 18th century with +composers like solar and and scarlotti + + align:start position:0% +composers like solar and and scarlotti + + + align:start position:0% +composers like solar and and scarlotti +it's one of the great ages of harpsicord + + align:start position:0% +it's one of the great ages of harpsicord + + + align:start position:0% +it's one of the great ages of harpsicord +music so I wanted to evoke that uh as + + align:start position:0% +music so I wanted to evoke that uh as + + + align:start position:0% +music so I wanted to evoke that uh as +well her son uh is also in love with + + align:start position:0% +well her son uh is also in love with + + + align:start position:0% +well her son uh is also in love with +Ramona and while the love is not + + align:start position:0% +Ramona and while the love is not + + + align:start position:0% +Ramona and while the love is not +requited he in fact is a very good solid + + align:start position:0% +requited he in fact is a very good solid + + + align:start position:0% +requited he in fact is a very good solid +steady fellow uh with a certain nobility + + align:start position:0% +steady fellow uh with a certain nobility + + + align:start position:0% +steady fellow uh with a certain nobility +and strength of character so I thought + + align:start position:0% +and strength of character so I thought + + + align:start position:0% +and strength of character so I thought +the cello would be the sort of right + + align:start position:0% +the cello would be the sort of right + + + align:start position:0% +the cello would be the sort of right +instrument to to represent him + + align:start position:0% +instrument to to represent him + + + align:start position:0% +instrument to to represent him +um they have their own musical ideas + + align:start position:0% +um they have their own musical ideas + + + align:start position:0% +um they have their own musical ideas +their own themes that that recur + + align:start position:0% +their own themes that that recur + + + align:start position:0% +their own themes that that recur +throughout the piece and you'll + + align:start position:0% +throughout the piece and you'll + + + align:start position:0% +throughout the piece and you'll +recognize some of them uh but I don't + + align:start position:0% +recognize some of them uh but I don't + + + align:start position:0% +recognize some of them uh but I don't +think that's sort of the most useful + + align:start position:0% +think that's sort of the most useful + + + align:start position:0% +think that's sort of the most useful +thing to talk + + align:start position:0% +thing to talk + + + align:start position:0% +thing to talk +about so that is my take on time as a + + align:start position:0% +about so that is my take on time as a + + + align:start position:0% +about so that is my take on time as a +way of indicating period now I also want + + align:start position:0% +way of indicating period now I also want + + + align:start position:0% +way of indicating period now I also want +to talk in terms of time and how time + + align:start position:0% +to talk in terms of time and how time + + + align:start position:0% +to talk in terms of time and how time +works for a composer of a film score the + + align:start position:0% +works for a composer of a film score the + + + align:start position:0% +works for a composer of a film score the +sort of technical mechanics of that but + + align:start position:0% +sort of technical mechanics of that but + + + align:start position:0% +sort of technical mechanics of that but +in fact I think what we should do first + + align:start position:0% +in fact I think what we should do first + + + align:start position:0% +in fact I think what we should do first +is play the film and we'll sort of go + + align:start position:0% +is play the film and we'll sort of go + + + align:start position:0% +is play the film and we'll sort of go +back and talk about how some of that + + align:start position:0% +back and talk about how some of that + + + align:start position:0% +back and talk about how some of that +works then finally I'd like to sort of + + align:start position:0% +works then finally I'd like to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +works then finally I'd like to sort of +talk at the very end about a few ideas + + align:start position:0% +talk at the very end about a few ideas + + + align:start position:0% +talk at the very end about a few ideas +that might tie this film in with some of + + align:start position:0% +that might tie this film in with some of + + + align:start position:0% +that might tie this film in with some of +the other things we've talked about + + align:start position:0% +the other things we've talked about + + + align:start position:0% +the other things we've talked about +particularly Steven tapscott's discuss + + align:start position:0% +particularly Steven tapscott's discuss + + + align:start position:0% +particularly Steven tapscott's discuss +of the California based uh photographer + + align:start position:0% +of the California based uh photographer + + + align:start position:0% +of the California based uh photographer +Edward uh mbridge + + align:start position:0% +Edward uh mbridge + + + align:start position:0% +Edward uh mbridge +um there's some really sort of + + align:start position:0% +um there's some really sort of + + + align:start position:0% +um there's some really sort of +interesting ties between a film made um + + align:start position:0% +interesting ties between a film made um + + + align:start position:0% +interesting ties between a film made um +you know 15 years after mybridge uh 20 + + align:start position:0% +you know 15 years after mybridge uh 20 + + + align:start position:0% +you know 15 years after mybridge uh 20 +um and we'll sort of sort of look at + + align:start position:0% +um and we'll sort of sort of look at + + + align:start position:0% +um and we'll sort of sort of look at +that a little bit but anyway I think we + + align:start position:0% +that a little bit but anyway I think we + + + align:start position:0% +that a little bit but anyway I think we +should screen the film um Let me let me + + align:start position:0% +should screen the film um Let me let me + + + align:start position:0% +should screen the film um Let me let me +just add a couple things Charles before + + align:start position:0% +just add a couple things Charles before + + + align:start position:0% +just add a couple things Charles before +before we do Charles great on giving you + + align:start position:0% +before we do Charles great on giving you + + + align:start position:0% +before we do Charles great on giving you +a lot of ideas about how music can + + align:start position:0% +a lot of ideas about how music can + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of ideas about how music can +represent the period and also characters + + align:start position:0% +represent the period and also characters + + + align:start position:0% +represent the period and also characters +uh one thing since I know we are no + + align:start position:0% +uh one thing since I know we are no + + + align:start position:0% +uh one thing since I know we are no +longer used to watching silent films + + align:start position:0% +longer used to watching silent films + + + align:start position:0% +longer used to watching silent films +abolutely um there are a couple of + + align:start position:0% +abolutely um there are a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +abolutely um there are a couple of +things first the idea of having a + + align:start position:0% +things first the idea of having a + + + align:start position:0% +things first the idea of having a +recorded score with the silent film is a + + align:start position:0% +recorded score with the silent film is a + + + align:start position:0% +recorded score with the silent film is a +modern necessity but at the at the time + + align:start position:0% +modern necessity but at the at the time + + + align:start position:0% +modern necessity but at the at the time +when these films were originally + + align:start position:0% +when these films were originally + + + align:start position:0% +when these films were originally +presented there was live music and very + + align:start position:0% +presented there was live music and very + + + align:start position:0% +presented there was live music and very +often at this period early silent per + + align:start position:0% +often at this period early silent per + + + align:start position:0% +often at this period early silent per +period it would have been a keyboard + + align:start position:0% +period it would have been a keyboard + + + align:start position:0% +period it would have been a keyboard +person a Pianist maybe a small Ensemble + + align:start position:0% +person a Pianist maybe a small Ensemble + + + align:start position:0% +person a Pianist maybe a small Ensemble +but the typical Ensemble might have been + + align:start position:0% +but the typical Ensemble might have been + + + align:start position:0% +but the typical Ensemble might have been +a trio of a piano a violin and a cello + + align:start position:0% +a trio of a piano a violin and a cello + + + align:start position:0% +a trio of a piano a violin and a cello +or a piano a violin and a clarinet + + align:start position:0% +or a piano a violin and a clarinet + + + align:start position:0% +or a piano a violin and a clarinet +something like that or a drummer the + + align:start position:0% +something like that or a drummer the + + + align:start position:0% +something like that or a drummer the +quartet idea is represented by Charles + + align:start position:0% +quartet idea is represented by Charles + + + align:start position:0% +quartet idea is represented by Charles +escore but it's an entirely + + align:start position:0% +escore but it's an entirely + + + align:start position:0% +escore but it's an entirely +unconventional modern quartet you would + + align:start position:0% +unconventional modern quartet you would + + + align:start position:0% +unconventional modern quartet you would +never have heard a piano flute violin + + align:start position:0% +never have heard a piano flute violin + + + align:start position:0% +never have heard a piano flute violin +sorry flute violin cello and harpsicord + + align:start position:0% +sorry flute violin cello and harpsicord + + + align:start position:0% +sorry flute violin cello and harpsicord +as an accompaniment to a silent film in + + align:start position:0% +as an accompaniment to a silent film in + + + align:start position:0% +as an accompaniment to a silent film in + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +it would have been contemporary style + + align:start position:0% +it would have been contemporary style + + + align:start position:0% +it would have been contemporary style +classical ensembles that would have + + align:start position:0% +classical ensembles that would have + + + align:start position:0% +classical ensembles that would have +tended to dominate in the theaters right + + align:start position:0% +tended to dominate in the theaters right + + + align:start position:0% +tended to dominate in the theaters right +secondly Griffith was a great Pioneer + + align:start position:0% +secondly Griffith was a great Pioneer + + + align:start position:0% +secondly Griffith was a great Pioneer +absolutely and a controversial one this + + align:start position:0% +absolutely and a controversial one this + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely and a controversial one this +is very early in his career he made + + align:start position:0% +is very early in his career he made + + + align:start position:0% +is very early in his career he made +hundreds and hundreds of short films for + + align:start position:0% +hundreds and hundreds of short films for + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds and hundreds of short films for +about seven years before he moved into + + align:start position:0% +about seven years before he moved into + + + align:start position:0% +about seven years before he moved into +featurelength films and that was the + + align:start position:0% +featurelength films and that was the + + + align:start position:0% +featurelength films and that was the +history of film narrative it started + + align:start position:0% +history of film narrative it started + + + align:start position:0% +history of film narrative it started +with 8 to 10 minute narratives moved to + + align:start position:0% +with 8 to 10 minute narratives moved to + + + align:start position:0% +with 8 to 10 minute narratives moved to +6 to 20 minute narratives while we're + + align:start position:0% +6 to 20 minute narratives while we're + + + align:start position:0% +6 to 20 minute narratives while we're +called two reelers instead of one + + align:start position:0% +called two reelers instead of one + + + align:start position:0% +called two reelers instead of one +reelers gradually The Narrative length + + align:start position:0% +reelers gradually The Narrative length + + + align:start position:0% +reelers gradually The Narrative length +expanded and griffith was key to that + + align:start position:0% +expanded and griffith was key to that + + + align:start position:0% +expanded and griffith was key to that +this is actually a two reer it runs + + align:start position:0% +this is actually a two reer it runs + + + align:start position:0% +this is actually a two reer it runs +about 16 minutes at a proper projection + + align:start position:0% +about 16 minutes at a proper projection + + + align:start position:0% +about 16 minutes at a proper projection +speed but that 16 minutes is hard for us + + align:start position:0% +speed but that 16 minutes is hard for us + + + align:start position:0% +speed but that 16 minutes is hard for us +to accept because it moves at a + + align:start position:0% +to accept because it moves at a + + + align:start position:0% +to accept because it moves at a +different pace and with different + + align:start position:0% +different pace and with different + + + align:start position:0% +different pace and with different +editing and film techniques than modern + + align:start position:0% +editing and film techniques than modern + + + align:start position:0% +editing and film techniques than modern +film does sometimes it seems slower than + + align:start position:0% +film does sometimes it seems slower than + + + align:start position:0% +film does sometimes it seems slower than +necessary other times it seems choppy + + align:start position:0% +necessary other times it seems choppy + + + align:start position:0% +necessary other times it seems choppy +and too fast part of that choppiness is + + align:start position:0% +and too fast part of that choppiness is + + + align:start position:0% +and too fast part of that choppiness is +due to the fact that everybody who saw + + align:start position:0% +due to the fact that everybody who saw + + + align:start position:0% +due to the fact that everybody who saw +the film or maybe 80% of the people who + + align:start position:0% +the film or maybe 80% of the people who + + + align:start position:0% +the film or maybe 80% of the people who +saw the film or more might have known + + align:start position:0% +saw the film or more might have known + + + align:start position:0% +saw the film or more might have known +the story so they didn't need all the + + align:start position:0% +the story so they didn't need all the + + + align:start position:0% +the story so they didn't need all the +details filled in for them the + + align:start position:0% +details filled in for them the + + + align:start position:0% +details filled in for them the +connecting tissue is very much removed + + align:start position:0% +connecting tissue is very much removed + + + align:start position:0% +connecting tissue is very much removed +Griffin counts on that so that he can + + align:start position:0% +Griffin counts on that so that he can + + + align:start position:0% +Griffin counts on that so that he can +get and he wants to get right to the key + + align:start position:0% +get and he wants to get right to the key + + + align:start position:0% +get and he wants to get right to the key +moments but even for a 1910 film which + + align:start position:0% +moments but even for a 1910 film which + + + align:start position:0% +moments but even for a 1910 film which +is a very stiff kind of silent film + + align:start position:0% +is a very stiff kind of silent film + + + align:start position:0% +is a very stiff kind of silent film +making there's a dynamism here visual + + align:start position:0% +making there's a dynamism here visual + + + align:start position:0% +making there's a dynamism here visual +especially as Charles mentioned in the + + align:start position:0% +especially as Charles mentioned in the + + + align:start position:0% +especially as Charles mentioned in the +use of the locations it isn't just that + + align:start position:0% +use of the locations it isn't just that + + + align:start position:0% +use of the locations it isn't just that +he brought the cameras there but he knew + + align:start position:0% +he brought the cameras there but he knew + + + align:start position:0% +he brought the cameras there but he knew +where to put them and he loves angle + + align:start position:0% +where to put them and he loves angle + + + align:start position:0% +where to put them and he loves angle +shots he doesn't want straight on shots + + align:start position:0% +shots he doesn't want straight on shots + + + align:start position:0% +shots he doesn't want straight on shots +he wants angle shots in fact later I + + align:start position:0% +he wants angle shots in fact later I + + + align:start position:0% +he wants angle shots in fact later I +think that's a really important point + + align:start position:0% +think that's a really important point + + + align:start position:0% +think that's a really important point +and we'll come back to because he + + align:start position:0% +and we'll come back to because he + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll come back to because he +reverses some of the ideas that we had + + align:start position:0% +reverses some of the ideas that we had + + + align:start position:0% +reverses some of the ideas that we had +seen with more Bri and we'll sort of + + align:start position:0% +seen with more Bri and we'll sort of + + + align:start position:0% +seen with more Bri and we'll sort of +talk about that all right so uh here we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well probably some questions and ideas + + align:start position:0% +well probably some questions and ideas + + + align:start position:0% +well probably some questions and ideas +to share especially if as many people + + align:start position:0% +to share especially if as many people + + + align:start position:0% +to share especially if as many people +find they've never seen a silent film + + align:start position:0% +find they've never seen a silent film + + + align:start position:0% +find they've never seen a silent film +before um what's your experience any + + align:start position:0% +before um what's your experience any + + + align:start position:0% +before um what's your experience any +sort of questions or just thoughts about + + align:start position:0% +sort of questions or just thoughts about + + + align:start position:0% +sort of questions or just thoughts about +it before we sort of continue our our + + align:start position:0% +it before we sort of continue our our + + + align:start position:0% +it before we sort of continue our our +questions so so there was a + + align:start position:0% +questions so so there was a + + + align:start position:0% +questions so so there was a +score which comes with a movie and no + + align:start position:0% +score which comes with a movie and no + + + align:start position:0% +score which comes with a movie and no +no uh there is no surv in some cases + + align:start position:0% +no uh there is no surv in some cases + + + align:start position:0% +no uh there is no surv in some cases +there were actual published scores for + + align:start position:0% +there were actual published scores for + + + align:start position:0% +there were actual published scores for +silent films and you can speak to + + align:start position:0% +silent films and you can speak to + + + align:start position:0% +silent films and you can speak to +Professor Marx about this he's sort of + + align:start position:0% +Professor Marx about this he's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +Professor Marx about this he's sort of +sort of the authority on it uh but + + align:start position:0% +sort of the authority on it uh but + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the authority on it uh but +usually they were simply either + + align:start position:0% +usually they were simply either + + + align:start position:0% +usually they were simply either +improvised or assembled from pieces that + + align:start position:0% +improvised or assembled from pieces that + + + align:start position:0% +improvised or assembled from pieces that +people knew uh and so sort of each time + + align:start position:0% +people knew uh and so sort of each time + + + align:start position:0% +people knew uh and so sort of each time +you heard the film in most cases the + + align:start position:0% +you heard the film in most cases the + + + align:start position:0% +you heard the film in most cases the +music would have been different for it + + align:start position:0% +music would have been different for it + + + align:start position:0% +music would have been different for it +again there were some published scores + + align:start position:0% +again there were some published scores + + + align:start position:0% +again there were some published scores +but those tended to come later didn't + + align:start position:0% +but those tended to come later didn't + + + align:start position:0% +but those tended to come later didn't +they and + + align:start position:0% +they and + + + align:start position:0% +they and +Bigger Productions at this point uh + + align:start position:0% +Bigger Productions at this point uh + + + align:start position:0% +Bigger Productions at this point uh +there was almost never a score for an + + align:start position:0% +there was almost never a score for an + + + align:start position:0% +there was almost never a score for an +American short film the distribution of + + align:start position:0% +American short film the distribution of + + + align:start position:0% +American short film the distribution of +a score over a large distance would have + + align:start position:0% +a score over a large distance would have + + + align:start position:0% +a score over a large distance would have +been impossible CU films a film like + + align:start position:0% +been impossible CU films a film like + + + align:start position:0% +been impossible CU films a film like +this might have played for a week in a + + align:start position:0% +this might have played for a week in a + + + align:start position:0% +this might have played for a week in a +number of theaters all across country + + align:start position:0% +number of theaters all across country + + + align:start position:0% +number of theaters all across country +but it wouldn't have been all at once it + + align:start position:0% +but it wouldn't have been all at once it + + + align:start position:0% +but it wouldn't have been all at once it +would have moved from one place to + + align:start position:0% +would have moved from one place to + + + align:start position:0% +would have moved from one place to +another there wouldn't have been that + + align:start position:0% +another there wouldn't have been that + + + align:start position:0% +another there wouldn't have been that +many copies Publishers hadn't figured + + align:start position:0% +many copies Publishers hadn't figured + + + align:start position:0% +many copies Publishers hadn't figured +out a way yet to make scores marketable + + align:start position:0% +out a way yet to make scores marketable + + + align:start position:0% +out a way yet to make scores marketable +it wasn't the industry system was just + + align:start position:0% +it wasn't the industry system was just + + + align:start position:0% +it wasn't the industry system was just +beginning to take hold in America and + + align:start position:0% +beginning to take hold in America and + + + align:start position:0% +beginning to take hold in America and +the industry for distribution of Music + + align:start position:0% +the industry for distribution of Music + + + align:start position:0% +the industry for distribution of Music +grew with film narratives so most of it + + align:start position:0% +grew with film narratives so most of it + + + align:start position:0% +grew with film narratives so most of it +happened later and actually Griffith was + + align:start position:0% +happened later and actually Griffith was + + + align:start position:0% +happened later and actually Griffith was +very important for that because he's he + + align:start position:0% +very important for that because he's he + + + align:start position:0% +very important for that because he's he +had scores prepared for all of his + + align:start position:0% +had scores prepared for all of his + + + align:start position:0% +had scores prepared for all of his +feature L starting with + + align:start position:0% +feature L starting with + + + align:start position:0% +feature L starting with +ration but in this case it's what we + + align:start position:0% +ration but in this case it's what we + + + align:start position:0% +ration but in this case it's what we +would have heard would have been very + + align:start position:0% +would have heard would have been very + + + align:start position:0% +would have heard would have been very +very different from what Charles wrote + + align:start position:0% +very different from what Charles wrote + + + align:start position:0% +very different from what Charles wrote +yeah I think the only way that I evoked + + align:start position:0% +yeah I think the only way that I evoked + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I think the only way that I evoked +that is for the the um Americans when + + align:start position:0% +that is for the the um Americans when + + + align:start position:0% +that is for the the um Americans when +they're sort of savaging everybody uh I + + align:start position:0% +they're sort of savaging everybody uh I + + + align:start position:0% +they're sort of savaging everybody uh I +use this sort of um parody version of + + align:start position:0% +use this sort of um parody version of + + + align:start position:0% +use this sort of um parody version of +Camp town + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +racis uh and indeed those kinds of folk + + align:start position:0% +racis uh and indeed those kinds of folk + + + align:start position:0% +racis uh and indeed those kinds of folk +or folk likee songs I mean it's stepen + + align:start position:0% +or folk likee songs I mean it's stepen + + + align:start position:0% +or folk likee songs I mean it's stepen +Foster might very well have been in the + + align:start position:0% +Foster might very well have been in the + + + align:start position:0% +Foster might very well have been in the +repertoire of whatever pianist or small + + align:start position:0% +repertoire of whatever pianist or small + + + align:start position:0% +repertoire of whatever pianist or small +Ensemble would accompanied the film uh + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble would accompanied the film uh + + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble would accompanied the film uh +certainly not in that sort of post-tonal + + align:start position:0% +certainly not in that sort of post-tonal + + + align:start position:0% +certainly not in that sort of post-tonal +style um but yeah something like that if + + align:start position:0% +style um but yeah something like that if + + + align:start position:0% +style um but yeah something like that if +a film like this when people would have + + align:start position:0% +a film like this when people would have + + + align:start position:0% +a film like this when people would have +been playing for a film like this + + align:start position:0% +been playing for a film like this + + + align:start position:0% +been playing for a film like this +Spanish okay they would have gone for + + align:start position:0% +Spanish okay they would have gone for + + + align:start position:0% +Spanish okay they would have gone for +the most obvious kind of Spanish music + + align:start position:0% +the most obvious kind of Spanish music + + + align:start position:0% +the most obvious kind of Spanish music +they could have thought of a Spanish + + align:start position:0% +they could have thought of a Spanish + + + align:start position:0% +they could have thought of a Spanish +Waltz a Spanish Tango um a Spanish + + align:start position:0% +Waltz a Spanish Tango um a Spanish + + + align:start position:0% +Waltz a Spanish Tango um a Spanish +popular song The Mexican Hat Dance kind + + align:start position:0% +popular song The Mexican Hat Dance kind + + + align:start position:0% +popular song The Mexican Hat Dance kind +of silliness but whatever Association + + align:start position:0% +of silliness but whatever Association + + + align:start position:0% +of silliness but whatever Association +would have worked the Indian Motif is a + + align:start position:0% +would have worked the Indian Motif is a + + + align:start position:0% +would have worked the Indian Motif is a +little different here from most westerns + + align:start position:0% +little different here from most westerns + + + align:start position:0% +little different here from most westerns +because the Indians are Spanish + + align:start position:0% +because the Indians are Spanish + + + align:start position:0% +because the Indians are Spanish +Indian right I mean they're they're + + align:start position:0% +Indian right I mean they're they're + + + align:start position:0% +Indian right I mean they're they're +culturally in a sort of different place + + align:start position:0% +culturally in a sort of different place + + + align:start position:0% +culturally in a sort of different place +yeah he did he does uh he doesn't but if + + align:start position:0% +yeah he did he does uh he doesn't but if + + + align:start position:0% +yeah he did he does uh he doesn't but if +you were going to hear music for + + align:start position:0% +you were going to hear music for + + + align:start position:0% +you were going to hear music for +oh yeah you you you would do you + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah you you you would do you + + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah you you you would do you +know oh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry + + align:start position:0% +sorry + + + align:start position:0% +sorry +right I mean you you do pounding fifths + + align:start position:0% +right I mean you you do pounding fifths + + + align:start position:0% +right I mean you you do pounding fifths +in the base and a little modal + + align:start position:0% +in the base and a little modal + + + align:start position:0% +in the base and a little modal +Melody stuff like that yeah a good a + + align:start position:0% +Melody stuff like that yeah a good a + + + align:start position:0% +Melody stuff like that yeah a good a +good musician might have figured out + + align:start position:0% +good musician might have figured out + + + align:start position:0% +good musician might have figured out +some way to do that with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it to evoke something vaguely Spanish + + align:start position:0% +it to evoke something vaguely Spanish + + + align:start position:0% +it to evoke something vaguely Spanish +you know right but with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +you know God + + align:start position:0% +you know God + + + align:start position:0% +you know God +knows what my stupid brain well right + + align:start position:0% +knows what my stupid brain well right + + + align:start position:0% +knows what my stupid brain well right +and absolutely you'd expect that I just + + align:start position:0% +and absolutely you'd expect that I just + + + align:start position:0% +and absolutely you'd expect that I just +sort of got interested in pushing beyond + + align:start position:0% +sort of got interested in pushing beyond + + + align:start position:0% +sort of got interested in pushing beyond +that a little bit I mean when Jackson's + + align:start position:0% +that a little bit I mean when Jackson's + + + align:start position:0% +that a little bit I mean when Jackson's +talking about you know alesandro playing + + align:start position:0% +talking about you know alesandro playing + + + align:start position:0% +talking about you know alesandro playing +hiding + + align:start position:0% +hiding + + + align:start position:0% +hiding +masses uh you know it seemed to me that + + align:start position:0% +masses uh you know it seemed to me that + + + align:start position:0% +masses uh you know it seemed to me that +that we could we could suggest that this + + align:start position:0% +that we could we could suggest that this + + + align:start position:0% +that we could we could suggest that this +in fact you know was an in C was a + + align:start position:0% +in fact you know was an in C was a + + + align:start position:0% +in fact you know was an in C was a +culture rather than just this sort of + + align:start position:0% +culture rather than just this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +culture rather than just this sort of +you know little bit of exoticism to to + + align:start position:0% +you know little bit of exoticism to to + + + align:start position:0% +you know little bit of exoticism to to +Thrill the audience that you could + + align:start position:0% +Thrill the audience that you could + + + align:start position:0% +Thrill the audience that you could +really play with that um other thoughts + + align:start position:0% +really play with that um other thoughts + + + align:start position:0% +really play with that um other thoughts +and sort of questions yeah anything + + align:start position:0% +and sort of questions yeah anything + + + align:start position:0% +and sort of questions yeah anything +else yeah soting the score was it done + + align:start position:0% +else yeah soting the score was it done + + + align:start position:0% +else yeah soting the score was it done +in was it made in chronological order or + + align:start position:0% +in was it made in chronological order or + + + align:start position:0% +in was it made in chronological order or +did you like focus on certain events in + + align:start position:0% +did you like focus on certain events in + + + align:start position:0% +did you like focus on certain events in +the film and + + align:start position:0% +the film and + + + align:start position:0% +the film and +then actually I did do it in + + align:start position:0% +then actually I did do it in + + + align:start position:0% +then actually I did do it in +chronological order it was composed in + + align:start position:0% +chronological order it was composed in + + + align:start position:0% +chronological order it was composed in +chronological order but that's sort of + + align:start position:0% +chronological order but that's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +chronological order but that's sort of +the next big topic to talk about about + + align:start position:0% +the next big topic to talk about about + + + align:start position:0% +the next big topic to talk about about +and that's sort of like how I put + + align:start position:0% +and that's sort of like how I put + + + align:start position:0% +and that's sort of like how I put +together this + + align:start position:0% +together this + + + align:start position:0% +together this +film the score for the film + + align:start position:0% +film the score for the film + + + align:start position:0% +film the score for the film +and you the the issue is how do things + + align:start position:0% +and you the the issue is how do things + + + align:start position:0% +and you the the issue is how do things +line up right how does the music + + align:start position:0% +line up right how does the music + + + align:start position:0% +line up right how does the music +synchronize with the film you know this + + align:start position:0% +synchronize with the film you know this + + + align:start position:0% +synchronize with the film you know this +is not time is metaphor this is time is + + align:start position:0% +is not time is metaphor this is time is + + + align:start position:0% +is not time is metaphor this is time is +you know how are we going to get these + + align:start position:0% +you know how are we going to get these + + + align:start position:0% +you know how are we going to get these +things to work + + align:start position:0% +things to work + + + align:start position:0% +things to work +and you can pass a copy of the score + + align:start position:0% +and you can pass a copy of the score + + + align:start position:0% +and you can pass a copy of the score +around and you'll notice up above the + + align:start position:0% +around and you'll notice up above the + + + align:start position:0% +around and you'll notice up above the +music we've got the measure numbers oh + + align:start position:0% +music we've got the measure numbers oh + + + align:start position:0% +music we've got the measure numbers oh +sorry measure numbers below and + + align:start position:0% +sorry measure numbers below and + + + align:start position:0% +sorry measure numbers below and +timings okay uh and I took a simplistic + + align:start position:0% +timings okay uh and I took a simplistic + + + align:start position:0% +timings okay uh and I took a simplistic +approach just because I'm such a + + align:start position:0% +approach just because I'm such a + + + align:start position:0% +approach just because I'm such a +mathematical illiterate and I decided + + align:start position:0% +mathematical illiterate and I decided + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical illiterate and I decided +that I would have the quarter note pulse + + align:start position:0% +that I would have the quarter note pulse + + + align:start position:0% +that I would have the quarter note pulse +equal + + align:start position:0% +equal + + + align:start position:0% +equal +60 throughout right uh and I also + + align:start position:0% +60 throughout right uh and I also + + + align:start position:0% +60 throughout right uh and I also +thought that that would give the you + + align:start position:0% +thought that that would give the you + + + align:start position:0% +thought that that would give the you +know some of the music feels much faster + + align:start position:0% +know some of the music feels much faster + + + align:start position:0% +know some of the music feels much faster +and some of the music feels much slower + + align:start position:0% +and some of the music feels much slower + + + align:start position:0% +and some of the music feels much slower +but the basic pulse is the same + + align:start position:0% +but the basic pulse is the same + + + align:start position:0% +but the basic pulse is the same +throughout the whole film and I thought + + align:start position:0% +throughout the whole film and I thought + + + align:start position:0% +throughout the whole film and I thought +in this very sort of fragmentary + + align:start position:0% +in this very sort of fragmentary + + + align:start position:0% +in this very sort of fragmentary +narrative in fact that might be a bonus + + align:start position:0% +narrative in fact that might be a bonus + + + align:start position:0% +narrative in fact that might be a bonus +right that that that was all pretty much + + align:start position:0% +right that that that was all pretty much + + + align:start position:0% +right that that that was all pretty much +the same so I'll pass this around and + + align:start position:0% +the same so I'll pass this around and + + + align:start position:0% +the same so I'll pass this around and +you can sort of look + + align:start position:0% +you can sort of look + + + align:start position:0% +you can sort of look +at I wanted to be really really precise + + align:start position:0% +at I wanted to be really really precise + + + align:start position:0% +at I wanted to be really really precise +yes um let me explain that those timings + + align:start position:0% +yes um let me explain that those timings + + + align:start position:0% +yes um let me explain that those timings +that are in the score are keyed to a + + align:start position:0% +that are in the score are keyed to a + + + align:start position:0% +that are in the score are keyed to a +print that yes thank you an electronic + + align:start position:0% +print that yes thank you an electronic + + + align:start position:0% +print that yes thank you an electronic +DVD file of the film that was given to + + align:start position:0% +DVD file of the film that was given to + + + align:start position:0% +DVD file of the film that was given to +me using time code this is how right so + + align:start position:0% +me using time code this is how right so + + + align:start position:0% +me using time code this is how right so +I'm watching time code the whole time + + align:start position:0% +I'm watching time code the whole time + + + align:start position:0% +I'm watching time code the whole time +this is how all films are uh this is the + + align:start position:0% +this is how all films are uh this is the + + + align:start position:0% +this is how all films are uh this is the +technology behind all film recording + + align:start position:0% +technology behind all film recording + + + align:start position:0% +technology behind all film recording +today you have a time code running right + + align:start position:0% +today you have a time code running right + + + align:start position:0% +today you have a time code running right +through the computer huge letters down + + align:start position:0% +through the computer huge letters down + + + align:start position:0% +through the computer huge letters down +here yeah yeah sorry and it goes down + + align:start position:0% +here yeah yeah sorry and it goes down + + + align:start position:0% +here yeah yeah sorry and it goes down +from hour to minute to second to frames + + align:start position:0% +from hour to minute to second to frames + + + align:start position:0% +from hour to minute to second to frames +per second and actually there's like 29 + + align:start position:0% +per second and actually there's like 29 + + + align:start position:0% +per second and actually there's like 29 +frames per second or 29 in a fraction + + align:start position:0% +frames per second or 29 in a fraction + + + align:start position:0% +frames per second or 29 in a fraction +it's a little off so it gets a little + + align:start position:0% +it's a little off so it gets a little + + + align:start position:0% +it's a little off so it gets a little +complicated and you need computer uh + + align:start position:0% +complicated and you need computer uh + + + align:start position:0% +complicated and you need computer uh +equivalency tables to convert this to + + align:start position:0% +equivalency tables to convert this to + + + align:start position:0% +equivalency tables to convert this to +musical recording time um so Charles's + + align:start position:0% +musical recording time um so Charles's + + + align:start position:0% +musical recording time um so Charles's +timings are based on those time code + + align:start position:0% +timings are based on those time code + + + align:start position:0% +timings are based on those time code +numbers in the film and when he says uh + + align:start position:0% +numbers in the film and when he says uh + + + align:start position:0% +numbers in the film and when he says uh +quarter note equals 60 what he's doing + + align:start position:0% +quarter note equals 60 what he's doing + + + align:start position:0% +quarter note equals 60 what he's doing +is making it easier for even the players + + align:start position:0% +is making it easier for even the players + + + align:start position:0% +is making it easier for even the players +to look at the screen and not pay so + + align:start position:0% +to look at the screen and not pay so + + + align:start position:0% +to look at the screen and not pay so +much attention to what's happen + + align:start position:0% +much attention to what's happen + + + align:start position:0% +much attention to what's happen +happening as to pay attention to the + + align:start position:0% +happening as to pay attention to the + + + align:start position:0% +happening as to pay attention to the +seconds ticking by because each tick of + + align:start position:0% +seconds ticking by because each tick of + + + align:start position:0% +seconds ticking by because each tick of +a second becomes a beat in their score + + align:start position:0% +a second becomes a beat in their score + + + align:start position:0% +a second becomes a beat in their score +so that's how synchronization becomes + + align:start position:0% +so that's how synchronization becomes + + + align:start position:0% +so that's how synchronization becomes +simpler if you use a multiple of 60 like + + align:start position:0% +simpler if you use a multiple of 60 like + + + align:start position:0% +simpler if you use a multiple of 60 like +90 or + + align:start position:0% +90 or + + + align:start position:0% +90 or +120 um you get a fairly easy ratio of + + align:start position:0% +120 um you get a fairly easy ratio of + + + align:start position:0% +120 um you get a fairly easy ratio of +time to work with as a as a performer + + align:start position:0% +time to work with as a as a performer + + + align:start position:0% +time to work with as a as a performer +yeah I wanted in a way a a slower beat + + align:start position:0% +yeah I wanted in a way a a slower beat + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I wanted in a way a a slower beat +uh because there's a + + align:start position:0% +uh because there's a + + + align:start position:0% +uh because there's a +tendency what's what's the metomic + + align:start position:0% +tendency what's what's the metomic + + + align:start position:0% +tendency what's what's the metomic +marking that I learned it that most most + + align:start position:0% +marking that I learned it that most most + + + align:start position:0% +marking that I learned it that most most +early cartoons were done and it's faster + + align:start position:0% +early cartoons were done and it's faster + + + align:start position:0% +early cartoons were done and it's faster +it actually 120 yeah 120 so I wanted to + + align:start position:0% +it actually 120 yeah 120 so I wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +it actually 120 yeah 120 so I wanted to +avoid this whole sense of that fast a + + align:start position:0% +avoid this whole sense of that fast a + + + align:start position:0% +avoid this whole sense of that fast a +Tempo I I didn't want things to become + + align:start position:0% +Tempo I I didn't want things to become + + + align:start position:0% +Tempo I I didn't want things to become +unintentionally comic as silent film can + + align:start position:0% +unintentionally comic as silent film can + + + align:start position:0% +unintentionally comic as silent film can +sometimes happen with Peter's skyscraper + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Symphony it's closer to 120 right right + + align:start position:0% +Symphony it's closer to 120 right right + + + align:start position:0% +Symphony it's closer to 120 right right +a much later sort of urban film with a + + align:start position:0% +a much later sort of urban film with a + + + align:start position:0% +a much later sort of urban film with a +lot of different things wanting to evoke + + align:start position:0% +lot of different things wanting to evoke + + + align:start position:0% +lot of different things wanting to evoke +now the thing that was interesting is + + align:start position:0% +now the thing that was interesting is + + + align:start position:0% +now the thing that was interesting is +like I said I wanted to be incredibly + + align:start position:0% +like I said I wanted to be incredibly + + + align:start position:0% +like I said I wanted to be incredibly +specific um and that that was an + + align:start position:0% +specific um and that that was an + + + align:start position:0% +specific um and that that was an +ambitious thing and it's it's a short + + align:start position:0% +ambitious thing and it's it's a short + + + align:start position:0% +ambitious thing and it's it's a short +film it's like 14 minutes but it it took + + align:start position:0% +film it's like 14 minutes but it it took + + + align:start position:0% +film it's like 14 minutes but it it took +weeks and weeks of work I could have + + align:start position:0% +weeks and weeks of work I could have + + + align:start position:0% +weeks and weeks of work I could have +written a big orchestral piece easily in + + align:start position:0% +written a big orchestral piece easily in + + + align:start position:0% +written a big orchestral piece easily in +the same length of time but what I + + align:start position:0% +the same length of time but what I + + + align:start position:0% +the same length of time but what I +simply did is I sat at my computer and I + + align:start position:0% +simply did is I sat at my computer and I + + + align:start position:0% +simply did is I sat at my computer and I +looked at it frame by by frame right and + + align:start position:0% +looked at it frame by by frame right and + + + align:start position:0% +looked at it frame by by frame right and +this happens here the slap happens here + + align:start position:0% +this happens here the slap happens here + + + align:start position:0% +this happens here the slap happens here +in this Frame and it's you know 8 + + align:start position:0% +in this Frame and it's you know 8 + + + align:start position:0% +in this Frame and it's you know 8 +minutes 33 seconds and a + + align:start position:0% +minutes 33 seconds and a + + + align:start position:0% +minutes 33 seconds and a +fraction right so I'll move it over an + + align:start position:0% +fraction right so I'll move it over an + + + align:start position:0% +fraction right so I'll move it over an +eighth note and that'll help it line up + + align:start position:0% +eighth note and that'll help it line up + + + align:start position:0% +eighth note and that'll help it line up +um so I was trying to be incredibly + + align:start position:0% +um so I was trying to be incredibly + + + align:start position:0% +um so I was trying to be incredibly +precise for + + align:start position:0% +precise for + + + align:start position:0% +precise for +me partly that's because I sort of + + align:start position:0% +me partly that's because I sort of + + + align:start position:0% +me partly that's because I sort of +looked at the film and when you look at + + align:start position:0% +looked at the film and when you look at + + + align:start position:0% +looked at the film and when you look at +a film frame by frame over and over + + align:start position:0% +a film frame by frame over and over + + + align:start position:0% +a film frame by frame over and over +again I think maybe any film becomes + + align:start position:0% +again I think maybe any film becomes + + + align:start position:0% +again I think maybe any film becomes +incredibly fascinating right uh and I + + align:start position:0% +incredibly fascinating right uh and I + + + align:start position:0% +incredibly fascinating right uh and I +just it started to feel more and more + + align:start position:0% +just it started to feel more and more + + + align:start position:0% +just it started to feel more and more +sort of important as a work of art and I + + align:start position:0% +sort of important as a work of art and I + + + align:start position:0% +sort of important as a work of art and I +sort of wanted to celebrate that by + + align:start position:0% +sort of wanted to celebrate that by + + + align:start position:0% +sort of wanted to celebrate that by +being as specific as I could so it + + align:start position:0% +being as specific as I could so it + + + align:start position:0% +being as specific as I could so it +became for me almost more like an opera + + align:start position:0% +became for me almost more like an opera + + + align:start position:0% +became for me almost more like an opera +where the instruments sing they don't + + align:start position:0% +where the instruments sing they don't + + + align:start position:0% +where the instruments sing they don't +have text but they have their own + + align:start position:0% +have text but they have their own + + + align:start position:0% +have text but they have their own +characters and sort of also what happens + + align:start position:0% +characters and sort of also what happens + + + align:start position:0% +characters and sort of also what happens +in this that could sort of never happen + + align:start position:0% +in this that could sort of never happen + + + align:start position:0% +in this that could sort of never happen +in a commercial film I think in some + + align:start position:0% +in a commercial film I think in some + + + align:start position:0% +in a commercial film I think in some +ways + + align:start position:0% +ways + + + align:start position:0% +ways +is the degree of layerings of + + align:start position:0% +is the degree of layerings of + + + align:start position:0% +is the degree of layerings of +simultaneous events and so much of the + + align:start position:0% +simultaneous events and so much of the + + + align:start position:0% +simultaneous events and so much of the +last concert was about that um you + + align:start position:0% +last concert was about that um you + + + align:start position:0% +last concert was about that um you +Professor Harris talked about you know + + align:start position:0% +Professor Harris talked about you know + + + align:start position:0% +Professor Harris talked about you know +these multiple events happening in + + align:start position:0% +these multiple events happening in + + + align:start position:0% +these multiple events happening in +musical time in a way that they can't + + align:start position:0% +musical time in a way that they can't + + + align:start position:0% +musical time in a way that they can't +happen elsewhere and so I was really + + align:start position:0% +happen elsewhere and so I was really + + + align:start position:0% +happen elsewhere and so I was really +sort of trying to get at part of that + + align:start position:0% +sort of trying to get at part of that + + + align:start position:0% +sort of trying to get at part of that +um from yeah so so would you would you + + align:start position:0% +um from yeah so so would you would you + + + align:start position:0% +um from yeah so so would you would you +have this score performed separately + + align:start position:0% +have this score performed separately + + + align:start position:0% +have this score performed separately +from the film + + align:start position:0% +from the film + + + align:start position:0% +from the film +that's an interesting thing in fact in + + align:start position:0% +that's an interesting thing in fact in + + + align:start position:0% +that's an interesting thing in fact in +the recording studio and we used killi + + align:start position:0% +the recording studio and we used killi + + + align:start position:0% +the recording studio and we used killi +and Hall we had the big screen up and + + align:start position:0% +and Hall we had the big screen up and + + + align:start position:0% +and Hall we had the big screen up and +the film was going on behind it with + + align:start position:0% +the film was going on behind it with + + + align:start position:0% +the film was going on behind it with +time code which the musicians couldn't + + align:start position:0% +time code which the musicians couldn't + + + align:start position:0% +time code which the musicians couldn't +really see but the conductor could see + + align:start position:0% +really see but the conductor could see + + + align:start position:0% +really see but the conductor could see +right um yeah absolutely no well I mean + + align:start position:0% +right um yeah absolutely no well I mean + + + align:start position:0% +right um yeah absolutely no well I mean +I mean if you remove the film you know + + align:start position:0% +I mean if you remove the film you know + + + align:start position:0% +I mean if you remove the film you know +it's it's a piece of music would you + + align:start position:0% +it's it's a piece of music would you + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's a piece of music would you +have it played as a piece of music is + + align:start position:0% +have it played as a piece of music is + + + align:start position:0% +have it played as a piece of music is +what he's asking you know people have + + align:start position:0% +what he's asking you know people have + + + align:start position:0% +what he's asking you know people have +asked me about that and have suggested + + align:start position:0% +asked me about that and have suggested + + + align:start position:0% +asked me about that and have suggested +that it was a good + + align:start position:0% +that it was a good + + + align:start position:0% +that it was a good +idea but it seems weird to me it's it + + align:start position:0% +idea but it seems weird to me it's it + + + align:start position:0% +idea but it seems weird to me it's it +seems hard for me to imagine it without + + align:start position:0% +seems hard for me to imagine it without + + + align:start position:0% +seems hard for me to imagine it without +the images because while I wanted to + + align:start position:0% +the images because while I wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +the images because while I wanted to +make very much musical shapes when and + + align:start position:0% +make very much musical shapes when and + + + align:start position:0% +make very much musical shapes when and +how they happen is completely the + + align:start position:0% +how they happen is completely the + + + align:start position:0% +how they happen is completely the +product of the visual image now that + + align:start position:0% +product of the visual image now that + + + align:start position:0% +product of the visual image now that +might in fact for lots of people be + + align:start position:0% +might in fact for lots of people be + + + align:start position:0% +might in fact for lots of people be +satisfying + + align:start position:0% +satisfying + + + align:start position:0% +satisfying +afterwards might very well but it's just + + align:start position:0% +afterwards might very well but it's just + + + align:start position:0% +afterwards might very well but it's just +hard for me to think of it that way I I + + align:start position:0% +hard for me to think of it that way I I + + + align:start position:0% +hard for me to think of it that way I I +would certainly if someone wanted to + + align:start position:0% +would certainly if someone wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +would certainly if someone wanted to +perform it as a score I wouldn't forbid + + align:start position:0% +perform it as a score I wouldn't forbid + + + align:start position:0% +perform it as a score I wouldn't forbid +that but I think I'd feel puzzled by it + + align:start position:0% +that but I think I'd feel puzzled by it + + + align:start position:0% +that but I think I'd feel puzzled by it +um you know so really good question yeah + + align:start position:0% +um you know so really good question yeah + + + align:start position:0% +um you know so really good question yeah +Markus well that same issue came up + + align:start position:0% +Markus well that same issue came up + + + align:start position:0% +Markus well that same issue came up +with right could be performed U just and + + align:start position:0% +with right could be performed U just and + + + align:start position:0% +with right could be performed U just and +be perfectly F without the film + + align:start position:0% +be perfectly F without the film + + + align:start position:0% +be perfectly F without the film +uh but we were also dealing with with a + + align:start position:0% +uh but we were also dealing with with a + + + align:start position:0% +uh but we were also dealing with with a +different situation in that the uh it + + align:start position:0% +different situation in that the uh it + + + align:start position:0% +different situation in that the uh it +had never been + + align:start position:0% +had never been + + + align:start position:0% +had never been +formed it was made direct to film right + + align:start position:0% +formed it was made direct to film right + + + align:start position:0% +formed it was made direct to film right +recorded directly on the film this led + + align:start position:0% +recorded directly on the film this led + + + align:start position:0% +recorded directly on the film this led +up that's a very interesting issue to + + align:start position:0% +up that's a very interesting issue to + + + align:start position:0% +up that's a very interesting issue to +have to deal with if you uh want to do + + align:start position:0% +have to deal with if you uh want to do + + + align:start position:0% +have to deal with if you uh want to do +this the way silent film were + + align:start position:0% +this the way silent film were + + + align:start position:0% +this the way silent film were +accompl oh yeah and maybe not a + + align:start position:0% +accompl oh yeah and maybe not a + + + align:start position:0% +accompl oh yeah and maybe not a +conductor you already answered that + + align:start position:0% +conductor you already answered that + + + align:start position:0% +conductor you already answered that +question as to whether or not a + + align:start position:0% +question as to whether or not a + + + align:start position:0% +question as to whether or not a +conductor was involved I guess the + + align:start position:0% +conductor was involved I guess the + + + align:start position:0% +conductor was involved I guess the +conductor looking at a time code would + + align:start position:0% +conductor looking at a time code would + + + align:start position:0% +conductor looking at a time code would +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +AOL + + align:start position:0% +AOL + + + align:start position:0% +AOL +right one hopes um you know and we did + + align:start position:0% +right one hopes um you know and we did + + + align:start position:0% +right one hopes um you know and we did +it surp in some + + align:start position:0% +it surp in some + + + align:start position:0% +it surp in some +surprisingly long takes there are some + + align:start position:0% +surprisingly long takes there are some + + + align:start position:0% +surprisingly long takes there are some +takes in this that are close to 3 + + align:start position:0% +takes in this that are close to 3 + + + align:start position:0% +takes in this that are close to 3 +minutes long I you know they were great + + align:start position:0% +minutes long I you know they were great + + + align:start position:0% +minutes long I you know they were great +musicians and I was amazed cuz you know + + align:start position:0% +musicians and I was amazed cuz you know + + + align:start position:0% +musicians and I was amazed cuz you know +I had prepared a score for the conductor + + align:start position:0% +I had prepared a score for the conductor + + + align:start position:0% +I had prepared a score for the conductor +saying okay well if we can get this 15 + + align:start position:0% +saying okay well if we can get this 15 + + + align:start position:0% +saying okay well if we can get this 15 +seconds and then we'll record this 15 + + align:start position:0% +seconds and then we'll record this 15 + + + align:start position:0% +seconds and then we'll record this 15 +seconds and in fact it didn't work like + + align:start position:0% +seconds and in fact it didn't work like + + + align:start position:0% +seconds and in fact it didn't work like +that and we got whole big actual phrases + + align:start position:0% +that and we got whole big actual phrases + + + align:start position:0% +that and we got whole big actual phrases +of Music which I think helped + + align:start position:0% +of Music which I think helped + + + align:start position:0% +of Music which I think helped +enormously um but yeah that's that's an + + align:start position:0% +enormously um but yeah that's that's an + + + align:start position:0% +enormously um but yeah that's that's an +in incredible concern right + + align:start position:0% +in incredible concern right + + + align:start position:0% +in incredible concern right +absolutely oh okay so I had a question + + align:start position:0% +absolutely oh okay so I had a question + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely oh okay so I had a question +about the ending of the film cuz I felt + + align:start position:0% +about the ending of the film cuz I felt + + + align:start position:0% +about the ending of the film cuz I felt +like um the film itself it just sort of + + align:start position:0% +like um the film itself it just sort of + + + align:start position:0% +like um the film itself it just sort of +like ends when she he's like the other + + align:start position:0% +like ends when she he's like the other + + + align:start position:0% +like ends when she he's like the other +guy and it kind of like chops right + + align:start position:0% +guy and it kind of like chops right + + + align:start position:0% +guy and it kind of like chops right +there like um I guess like when you were + + align:start position:0% +there like um I guess like when you were + + + align:start position:0% +there like um I guess like when you were +comp composing the music did you feel + + align:start position:0% +comp composing the music did you feel + + + align:start position:0% +comp composing the music did you feel +that it was like almost awkward because + + align:start position:0% +that it was like almost awkward because + + + align:start position:0% +that it was like almost awkward because +I feel like most of the time something + + align:start position:0% +I feel like most of the time something + + + align:start position:0% +I feel like most of the time something +like Fades out and it just hugely abrupt + + align:start position:0% +like Fades out and it just hugely abrupt + + + align:start position:0% +like Fades out and it just hugely abrupt +and there are there are some experts on + + align:start position:0% +and there are there are some experts on + + + align:start position:0% +and there are there are some experts on +this film that think part of it is + + align:start position:0% +this film that think part of it is + + + align:start position:0% +this film that think part of it is +missing yeah uh because yes absolutely + + align:start position:0% +missing yeah uh because yes absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +missing yeah uh because yes absolutely +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +like yeah it feels it feels very abrupt + + align:start position:0% +like yeah it feels it feels very abrupt + + + align:start position:0% +like yeah it feels it feels very abrupt +um and and sort of part of the rules of + + align:start position:0% +um and and sort of part of the rules of + + + align:start position:0% +um and and sort of part of the rules of +the project is you weren't allowed to go + + align:start position:0% +the project is you weren't allowed to go + + + align:start position:0% +the project is you weren't allowed to go +into overtime right you couldn't go into + + align:start position:0% +into overtime right you couldn't go into + + + align:start position:0% +into overtime right you couldn't go into +black essentially uh other than just + + align:start position:0% +black essentially uh other than just + + + align:start position:0% +black essentially uh other than just +just a second or two yeah let's I would + + align:start position:0% +just a second or two yeah let's I would + + + align:start position:0% +just a second or two yeah let's I would +like to to try something there I'd like + + align:start position:0% +like to to try something there I'd like + + + align:start position:0% +like to to try something there I'd like +to show them the ending without any + + align:start position:0% +to show them the ending without any + + + align:start position:0% +to show them the ending without any +music and then show them what you did + + align:start position:0% +music and then show them what you did + + + align:start position:0% +music and then show them what you did +okay which is really really interesting + + align:start position:0% +okay which is really really interesting + + + align:start position:0% +okay which is really really interesting +okay um so let's can you set it up + + align:start position:0% +okay um so let's can you set it up + + + align:start position:0% +okay um so let's can you set it up +yeah you know while he's doing that I + + align:start position:0% +yeah you know while he's doing that I + + + align:start position:0% +yeah you know while he's doing that I +would also say the thing for me that was + + align:start position:0% +would also say the thing for me that was + + + align:start position:0% +would also say the thing for me that was +an incredible challenge as a composer is + + align:start position:0% +an incredible challenge as a composer is + + + align:start position:0% +an incredible challenge as a composer is +none of this is composed in real time + + align:start position:0% +none of this is composed in real time + + + align:start position:0% +none of this is composed in real time +right you know I'm setting out my + + align:start position:0% +right you know I'm setting out my + + + align:start position:0% +right you know I'm setting out my +numbers of measures and in measure 28 on + + align:start position:0% +numbers of measures and in measure 28 on + + + align:start position:0% +numbers of measures and in measure 28 on +the third eth note of the measure I need + + align:start position:0% +the third eth note of the measure I need + + + align:start position:0% +the third eth note of the measure I need +something for the slap right so in fact + + align:start position:0% +something for the slap right so in fact + + + align:start position:0% +something for the slap right so in fact +I'm having to come up with all of the + + align:start position:0% +I'm having to come up with all of the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm having to come up with all of the +musical phrases everything in a sort of + + align:start position:0% +musical phrases everything in a sort of + + + align:start position:0% +musical phrases everything in a sort of +abstract sense right and in this + + align:start position:0% +abstract sense right and in this + + + align:start position:0% +abstract sense right and in this +incredibly slowed down version of time + + align:start position:0% +incredibly slowed down version of time + + + align:start position:0% +incredibly slowed down version of time +chapters no + + align:start position:0% +chapters no + + + align:start position:0% +chapters no +no so that was sort of the huge + + align:start position:0% +no so that was sort of the huge + + + align:start position:0% +no so that was sort of the huge +Challenge and then I had to basically + + align:start position:0% +Challenge and then I had to basically + + + align:start position:0% +Challenge and then I had to basically +imagine what it would sound like in real + + align:start position:0% +imagine what it would sound like in real + + + align:start position:0% +imagine what it would sound like in real +time right cuz to get that Precision + + align:start position:0% +time right cuz to get that Precision + + + align:start position:0% +time right cuz to get that Precision +none of it could + + align:start position:0% +none of it could + + + align:start position:0% +none of it could +be could work that way I mean I'm used + + align:start position:0% +be could work that way I mean I'm used + + + align:start position:0% +be could work that way I mean I'm used +to writing Opera and of course events + + align:start position:0% +to writing Opera and of course events + + + align:start position:0% +to writing Opera and of course events +happen when I make them happen musically + + align:start position:0% +happen when I make them happen musically + + + align:start position:0% +happen when I make them happen musically +right and the character does whatever + + align:start position:0% +right and the character does whatever + + + align:start position:0% +right and the character does whatever +they have to do at that moment and then + + align:start position:0% +they have to do at that moment and then + + + align:start position:0% +they have to do at that moment and then +of course this is this is the opposite + + align:start position:0% +of course this is this is the opposite + + + align:start position:0% +of course this is this is the opposite +right there's this event that I wanted + + align:start position:0% +right there's this event that I wanted + + + align:start position:0% +right there's this event that I wanted +to take so it's a real challenge was + + align:start position:0% +to take so it's a real challenge was + + + align:start position:0% +to take so it's a real challenge was +maybe even a stupid idea but I was + + align:start position:0% +maybe even a stupid idea but I was + + + align:start position:0% +maybe even a stupid idea but I was +really intrigued by it or at least a + + align:start position:0% +really intrigued by it or at least a + + + align:start position:0% +really intrigued by it or at least a +difficult + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +idea take a few minutes interestingly + + align:start position:0% +idea take a few minutes interestingly + + + align:start position:0% +idea take a few minutes interestingly +the copyright + + align:start position:0% +the copyright + + + align:start position:0% +the copyright +notice it's the first time that ever + + align:start position:0% +notice it's the first time that ever + + + align:start position:0% +notice it's the first time that ever +happens in a film um Griffith and the + + align:start position:0% +happens in a film um Griffith and the + + + align:start position:0% +happens in a film um Griffith and the +company he was working for paid little + + align:start position:0% +company he was working for paid little + + + align:start position:0% +company he was working for paid little +and brown company + + align:start position:0% +and brown company + + + align:start position:0% +and brown company +I believe it was + + align:start position:0% +I believe it was + + + align:start position:0% +I believe it was +$115 for adaptation rights first time in + + align:start position:0% +$115 for adaptation rights first time in + + + align:start position:0% +$115 for adaptation rights first time in +history a publisher was ever paid for + + align:start position:0% +history a publisher was ever paid for + + + align:start position:0% +history a publisher was ever paid for +rights to a movie so there's all sorts + + align:start position:0% +rights to a movie so there's all sorts + + + align:start position:0% +rights to a movie so there's all sorts +of weird reasons why this film is + + align:start position:0% +of weird reasons why this film is + + + align:start position:0% +of weird reasons why this film is +important here we've got the end all + + align:start position:0% +important here we've got the end all + + + align:start position:0% +important here we've got the end all +right so uh you will see at the end an + + align:start position:0% +right so uh you will see at the end an + + + align:start position:0% +right so uh you will see at the end an +Insignia AB in a circle that's the + + align:start position:0% +Insignia AB in a circle that's the + + + align:start position:0% +Insignia AB in a circle that's the +monogram for the production company + + align:start position:0% +monogram for the production company + + + align:start position:0% +monogram for the production company +American biograph right um do you want + + align:start position:0% +American biograph right um do you want + + + align:start position:0% +American biograph right um do you want +to explain what they're looking at um + + align:start position:0% +to explain what they're looking at um + + + align:start position:0% +to explain what they're looking at um +right so here you've got the very the + + align:start position:0% +right so here you've got the very the + + + align:start position:0% +right so here you've got the very the +the scene with Alejandro's alesandro's + + align:start position:0% +the scene with Alejandro's alesandro's + + + align:start position:0% +the scene with Alejandro's alesandro's +body um and these sort of smudge pot + + align:start position:0% +body um and these sort of smudge pot + + + align:start position:0% +body um and these sort of smudge pot +things going and Felipe comes and finds + + align:start position:0% +things going and Felipe comes and finds + + + align:start position:0% +things going and Felipe comes and finds +Ramona and he will then sort of take her + + align:start position:0% +Ramona and he will then sort of take her + + + align:start position:0% +Ramona and he will then sort of take her +off and actually in the book years later + + align:start position:0% +off and actually in the book years later + + + align:start position:0% +off and actually in the book years later +they marry they have a family they move + + align:start position:0% +they marry they have a family they move + + + align:start position:0% +they marry they have a family they move +back to Mexico it's all okay um but not + + align:start position:0% +back to Mexico it's all okay um but not + + + align:start position:0% +back to Mexico it's all okay um but not +here I'll bring it back just to the + + align:start position:0% +here I'll bring it back just to the + + + align:start position:0% +here I'll bring it back just to the +beginning of + + align:start position:0% +beginning of + + + align:start position:0% +beginning of +sequence + + align:start position:0% +sequence + + + align:start position:0% +sequence +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so that's the end it goes from + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's the end it goes from + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's the end it goes from +there to Black after a few + + align:start position:0% +there to Black after a few + + + align:start position:0% +there to Black after a few +seconds + + align:start position:0% +seconds + + + align:start position:0% +seconds +mhm can do it now with music + + align:start position:0% +mhm can do it now with music + + + align:start position:0% +mhm can do it now with music +I get get close to + + align:start position:0% +I get get close to + + + align:start position:0% +I get get close to +it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah right there I'm sorry I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +too + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh + + align:start position:0% +oh + + + align:start position:0% +oh +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this so there is with with music sort of + + align:start position:0% +this so there is with with music sort of + + + align:start position:0% +this so there is with with music sort of +a different experience uh certainly it + + align:start position:0% +a different experience uh certainly it + + + align:start position:0% +a different experience uh certainly it +would be possible to say well I liked it + + align:start position:0% +would be possible to say well I liked it + + + align:start position:0% +would be possible to say well I liked it +better silent um but did you really + + align:start position:0% +better silent um but did you really + + + align:start position:0% +better silent um but did you really +intend to have the progression have a + + align:start position:0% +intend to have the progression have a + + + align:start position:0% +intend to have the progression have a +and b in the middle voices actually no I + + align:start position:0% +and b in the middle voices actually no I + + + align:start position:0% +and b in the middle voices actually no I +did you know I didn't know that it is a + + align:start position:0% +did you know I didn't know that it is a + + + align:start position:0% +did you know I didn't know that it is a +and b yeah because it's a and yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yeah I was just interested in the + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah I was just interested in the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah I was just interested in the +fact that Charles managed to bring back + + align:start position:0% +fact that Charles managed to bring back + + + align:start position:0% +fact that Charles managed to bring back +the opening material from the beginning + + align:start position:0% +the opening material from the beginning + + + align:start position:0% +the opening material from the beginning +of the film and and resolved the cord so + + align:start position:0% +of the film and and resolved the cord so + + + align:start position:0% +of the film and and resolved the cord so +beautifully but he had in order to make + + align:start position:0% +beautifully but he had in order to make + + + align:start position:0% +beautifully but he had in order to make +it work I mean if you notice there was + + align:start position:0% +it work I mean if you notice there was + + + align:start position:0% +it work I mean if you notice there was +like time standing still during the + + align:start position:0% +like time standing still during the + + + align:start position:0% +like time standing still during the +gunshots with the tremolo this moment of + + align:start position:0% +gunshots with the tremolo this moment of + + + align:start position:0% +gunshots with the tremolo this moment of +and then the + + align:start position:0% +and then the + + + align:start position:0% +and then the +Galloping and then a completely changed + + align:start position:0% +Galloping and then a completely changed + + + align:start position:0% +Galloping and then a completely changed +tempo for the death for her morning and + + align:start position:0% +tempo for the death for her morning and + + + align:start position:0% +tempo for the death for her morning and +Felipe's arrival and you managed to + + align:start position:0% +Felipe's arrival and you managed to + + + align:start position:0% +Felipe's arrival and you managed to +resolve the final note the final dis + + align:start position:0% +resolve the final note the final dis + + + align:start position:0% +resolve the final note the final dis +just at the end of the ab right right + + align:start position:0% +just at the end of the ab right right + + + align:start position:0% +just at the end of the ab right right +right which these are the the details of + + align:start position:0% +right which these are the the details of + + + align:start position:0% +right which these are the the details of +film scoring that require you to create + + align:start position:0% +film scoring that require you to create + + + align:start position:0% +film scoring that require you to create +a form that has no logic other than you + + align:start position:0% +a form that has no logic other than you + + + align:start position:0% +a form that has no logic other than you +see yeah because the temporal thing + + align:start position:0% +see yeah because the temporal thing + + + align:start position:0% +see yeah because the temporal thing +simply doesn't mean anything as you're + + align:start position:0% +simply doesn't mean anything as you're + + + align:start position:0% +simply doesn't mean anything as you're +composing that I mean you'll watch it + + align:start position:0% +composing that I mean you'll watch it + + + align:start position:0% +composing that I mean you'll watch it +over and over again and you think okay + + align:start position:0% +over and over again and you think okay + + + align:start position:0% +over and over again and you think okay +well when it actually happens in real + + align:start position:0% +well when it actually happens in real + + + align:start position:0% +well when it actually happens in real +time it will feel like this or the + + align:start position:0% +time it will feel like this or the + + + align:start position:0% +time it will feel like this or the +phrase will shape like this or XY or Z + + align:start position:0% +phrase will shape like this or XY or Z + + + align:start position:0% +phrase will shape like this or XY or Z +will happen but as you're looking at it + + align:start position:0% +will happen but as you're looking at it + + + align:start position:0% +will happen but as you're looking at it +frame by frame that seems like a totally + + align:start position:0% +frame by frame that seems like a totally + + + align:start position:0% +frame by frame that seems like a totally +remote thing I mean I actually ended + + align:start position:0% +remote thing I mean I actually ended + + + align:start position:0% +remote thing I mean I actually ended +feel up pleased with this work but when + + align:start position:0% +feel up pleased with this work but when + + + align:start position:0% +feel up pleased with this work but when +I was writing it I couldn't tell I could + + align:start position:0% +I was writing it I couldn't tell I could + + + align:start position:0% +I was writing it I couldn't tell I could +make no judgments of quality whatsoever + + align:start position:0% +make no judgments of quality whatsoever + + + align:start position:0% +make no judgments of quality whatsoever +you know I'd work like eight hours a day + + align:start position:0% +you know I'd work like eight hours a day + + + align:start position:0% +you know I'd work like eight hours a day +and I think this is awful you know + + align:start position:0% +and I think this is awful you know + + + align:start position:0% +and I think this is awful you know +because it's not like music I mean we + + align:start position:0% +because it's not like music I mean we + + + align:start position:0% +because it's not like music I mean we +think of music in real time and even + + align:start position:0% +think of music in real time and even + + + align:start position:0% +think of music in real time and even +when we compose it you know you can sort + + align:start position:0% +when we compose it you know you can sort + + + align:start position:0% +when we compose it you know you can sort +of play through it in real time and it + + align:start position:0% +of play through it in real time and it + + + align:start position:0% +of play through it in real time and it +just sort of wasn't possible to work in + + align:start position:0% +just sort of wasn't possible to work in + + + align:start position:0% +just sort of wasn't possible to work in +the same way well that's that's + + align:start position:0% +the same way well that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +the same way well that's that's +interesting you say that because there + + align:start position:0% +interesting you say that because there + + + align:start position:0% +interesting you say that because there +are people and I'm thinking particularly + + align:start position:0% +are people and I'm thinking particularly + + + align:start position:0% +are people and I'm thinking particularly +of trinsky who talked about having the + + align:start position:0% +of trinsky who talked about having the + + + align:start position:0% +of trinsky who talked about having the +greatest freedom under the greatest + + align:start position:0% +greatest freedom under the greatest + + + align:start position:0% +greatest freedom under the greatest +restriction and what you have in in fact + + align:start position:0% +restriction and what you have in in fact + + + align:start position:0% +restriction and what you have in in fact +done was create a sense of freedom but + + align:start position:0% +done was create a sense of freedom but + + + align:start position:0% +done was create a sense of freedom but +working on very tight absolutely and + + align:start position:0% +working on very tight absolutely and + + + align:start position:0% +working on very tight absolutely and +that was the goal and I think in a way + + align:start position:0% +that was the goal and I think in a way + + + align:start position:0% +that was the goal and I think in a way +that was why I was so intrigued and so + + align:start position:0% +that was why I was so intrigued and so + + + align:start position:0% +that was why I was so intrigued and so +thrilled to get to do the sort of + + align:start position:0% +thrilled to get to do the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +thrilled to get to do the sort of +process it's like what would it be if + + align:start position:0% +process it's like what would it be if + + + align:start position:0% +process it's like what would it be if +you were thinking of Music in a way + + align:start position:0% +you were thinking of Music in a way + + + align:start position:0% +you were thinking of Music in a way +that's sort of uncharacteristic about + + align:start position:0% +that's sort of uncharacteristic about + + + align:start position:0% +that's sort of uncharacteristic about +how maybe one would would normally + + align:start position:0% +how maybe one would would normally + + + align:start position:0% +how maybe one would would normally +compose uh and exactly huge amounts of + + align:start position:0% +compose uh and exactly huge amounts of + + + align:start position:0% +compose uh and exactly huge amounts of +restriction you know this should happen + + align:start position:0% +restriction you know this should happen + + + align:start position:0% +restriction you know this should happen +that should happen um the whole sense of + + align:start position:0% +that should happen um the whole sense of + + + align:start position:0% +that should happen um the whole sense of +The Narrative of the piece is of course + + align:start position:0% +The Narrative of the piece is of course + + + align:start position:0% +The Narrative of the piece is of course +The Narrative of the film not + + align:start position:0% +The Narrative of the film not + + + align:start position:0% +The Narrative of the film not +about and and so to work with that I + + align:start position:0% +about and and so to work with that I + + + align:start position:0% +about and and so to work with that I +thought was was sort of an interesting + + align:start position:0% +thought was was sort of an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +thought was was sort of an interesting +challenge for me it was and I'm I'm + + align:start position:0% +challenge for me it was and I'm I'm + + + align:start position:0% +challenge for me it was and I'm I'm +really glad you could see this because + + align:start position:0% +really glad you could see this because + + + align:start position:0% +really glad you could see this because +again this is a this is quite an opposed + + align:start position:0% +again this is a this is quite an opposed + + + align:start position:0% +again this is a this is quite an opposed +style of film making to skyscaper + + align:start position:0% +style of film making to skyscaper + + + align:start position:0% +style of film making to skyscaper +Symphony and it's obviously an opposed + + align:start position:0% +Symphony and it's obviously an opposed + + + align:start position:0% +Symphony and it's obviously an opposed +style of music was scoring um Peter in a + + align:start position:0% +style of music was scoring um Peter in a + + + align:start position:0% +style of music was scoring um Peter in a +sense had a harder challenge because he + + align:start position:0% +sense had a harder challenge because he + + + align:start position:0% +sense had a harder challenge because he +had a non-narrative film but precisely + + align:start position:0% +had a non-narrative film but precisely + + + align:start position:0% +had a non-narrative film but precisely +because of that he had an easier time of + + align:start position:0% +because of that he had an easier time of + + + align:start position:0% +because of that he had an easier time of +it because he could impose a shape on + + align:start position:0% +it because he could impose a shape on + + + align:start position:0% +it because he could impose a shape on +that film through more purely musical + + align:start position:0% +that film through more purely musical + + + align:start position:0% +that film through more purely musical +means of rhythmic structures and + + align:start position:0% +means of rhythmic structures and + + + align:start position:0% +means of rhythmic structures and +movement lengths it was his job to + + align:start position:0% +movement lengths it was his job to + + + align:start position:0% +movement lengths it was his job to +decide this is a change of feeling now I + + align:start position:0% +decide this is a change of feeling now I + + + align:start position:0% +decide this is a change of feeling now I +can go into a slow movement now I can go + + align:start position:0% +can go into a slow movement now I can go + + + align:start position:0% +can go into a slow movement now I can go +into a Scaro now I can bring back the + + align:start position:0% +into a Scaro now I can bring back the + + + align:start position:0% +into a Scaro now I can bring back the +opening material in a very classical way + + align:start position:0% +opening material in a very classical way + + + align:start position:0% +opening material in a very classical way +whereas + + align:start position:0% +whereas + + + align:start position:0% +whereas +Charles he's got to write a serenade in + + align:start position:0% +Charles he's got to write a serenade in + + + align:start position:0% +Charles he's got to write a serenade in +one bit for a minute and 14 and a half + + align:start position:0% +one bit for a minute and 14 and a half + + + align:start position:0% +one bit for a minute and 14 and a half +seconds and then he's got to right that + + align:start position:0% +seconds and then he's got to right that + + + align:start position:0% +seconds and then he's got to right that +was actually the easiest part but every + + align:start position:0% +was actually the easiest part but every + + + align:start position:0% +was actually the easiest part but every +yeah so it's it's and it's fascinating + + align:start position:0% +yeah so it's it's and it's fascinating + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so it's it's and it's fascinating +how film composers do meet those + + align:start position:0% +how film composers do meet those + + + align:start position:0% +how film composers do meet those +challenges marus is right although + + align:start position:0% +challenges marus is right although + + + align:start position:0% +challenges marus is right although +Stravinsky hated the idea of having to + + align:start position:0% +Stravinsky hated the idea of having to + + + align:start position:0% +Stravinsky hated the idea of having to +subordinate his music to the visuals on + + align:start position:0% +subordinate his music to the visuals on + + + align:start position:0% +subordinate his music to the visuals on +the screen and to the sounds on the + + align:start position:0% +the screen and to the sounds on the + + + align:start position:0% +the screen and to the sounds on the +screen for him dance was a much happier + + align:start position:0% +screen for him dance was a much happier + + + align:start position:0% +screen for him dance was a much happier +medium because music was the primary + + align:start position:0% +medium because music was the primary + + + align:start position:0% +medium because music was the primary +motivator Force there in time one thing + + align:start position:0% +motivator Force there in time one thing + + + align:start position:0% +motivator Force there in time one thing +I would like to say very briefly before + + align:start position:0% +I would like to say very briefly before + + + align:start position:0% +I would like to say very briefly before +we we quit it was it was interesting + + align:start position:0% +we we quit it was it was interesting + + + align:start position:0% +we we quit it was it was interesting +when we were seeing photographs of yosee + + align:start position:0% +when we were seeing photographs of yosee + + + align:start position:0% +when we were seeing photographs of yosee +right that mybridge took with these + + align:start position:0% +right that mybridge took with these + + + align:start position:0% +right that mybridge took with these +enormous photographic plates looking up + + align:start position:0% +enormous photographic plates looking up + + + align:start position:0% +enormous photographic plates looking up +at the mountains we have a very similar + + align:start position:0% +at the mountains we have a very similar + + + align:start position:0% +at the mountains we have a very similar +setup at the end of this the whole idea + + align:start position:0% +setup at the end of this the whole idea + + + align:start position:0% +setup at the end of this the whole idea +of the sort of Sublimity of the American + + align:start position:0% +of the sort of Sublimity of the American + + + align:start position:0% +of the sort of Sublimity of the American +landscape and being wedded to the idea + + align:start position:0% +landscape and being wedded to the idea + + + align:start position:0% +landscape and being wedded to the idea +of violence that was the whole Tapscott + + align:start position:0% +of violence that was the whole Tapscott + + + align:start position:0% +of violence that was the whole Tapscott +lecture was about sort of that sublime + + align:start position:0% +lecture was about sort of that sublime + + + align:start position:0% +lecture was about sort of that sublime +meeting violence and that happens here + + align:start position:0% +meeting violence and that happens here + + + align:start position:0% +meeting violence and that happens here +but it's really interesting Griffith is + + align:start position:0% +but it's really interesting Griffith is + + + align:start position:0% +but it's really interesting Griffith is +incredibly clever because notice the + + align:start position:0% +incredibly clever because notice the + + + align:start position:0% +incredibly clever because notice the +actors are not in the valley floor + + align:start position:0% +actors are not in the valley floor + + + align:start position:0% +actors are not in the valley floor +looking up at yosee they're on the edge + + align:start position:0% +looking up at yosee they're on the edge + + + align:start position:0% +looking up at yosee they're on the edge +of the precipice right they could fall + + align:start position:0% +of the precipice right they could fall + + + align:start position:0% +of the precipice right they could fall +off they could be + + align:start position:0% +off they could be + + + align:start position:0% +off they could be +overwhelmed by that Sublime sort of at + + align:start position:0% +overwhelmed by that Sublime sort of at + + + align:start position:0% +overwhelmed by that Sublime sort of at +any moment much more modern sort of fra + + align:start position:0% +any moment much more modern sort of fra + + + align:start position:0% +any moment much more modern sort of fra +agile sense I think than some of the + + align:start position:0% +agile sense I think than some of the + + + align:start position:0% +agile sense I think than some of the +heroic qualities of of mbridge but + + align:start position:0% +heroic qualities of of mbridge but + + + align:start position:0% +heroic qualities of of mbridge but +anyway just something to tie it in with + + align:start position:0% +anyway just something to tie it in with + + + align:start position:0% +anyway just something to tie it in with +things you were doing yesterday any + + align:start position:0% +things you were doing yesterday any + + + align:start position:0% +things you were doing yesterday any +questions before we're done or any sum + + align:start position:0% +questions before we're done or any sum + + + align:start position:0% +questions before we're done or any sum +up fascinating Point um the Copeland's + + align:start position:0% +up fascinating Point um the Copeland's + + + align:start position:0% +up fascinating Point um the Copeland's +whole style is based on the idea of + + align:start position:0% +whole style is based on the idea of + + + align:start position:0% +whole style is based on the idea of +being able to evoke the American + + align:start position:0% +being able to evoke the American + + + align:start position:0% +being able to evoke the American +landscape in its most Sublime aspects + + align:start position:0% +landscape in its most Sublime aspects + + + align:start position:0% +landscape in its most Sublime aspects +and in fact his first movie music um uh + + align:start position:0% +and in fact his first movie music um uh + + + align:start position:0% +and in fact his first movie music um uh +was his first few film scores he took + + align:start position:0% +was his first few film scores he took + + + align:start position:0% +was his first few film scores he took +and combined into a suite called music + + align:start position:0% +and combined into a suite called music + + + align:start position:0% +and combined into a suite called music +for movies in 1942 and the first + + align:start position:0% +for movies in 1942 and the first + + + align:start position:0% +for movies in 1942 and the first +movement was called New England um + + align:start position:0% +movement was called New England um + + + align:start position:0% +movement was called New England um +Countryside and it's all about these + + align:start position:0% +Countryside and it's all about these + + + align:start position:0% +Countryside and it's all about these +kind of craggy Appalachian Mountains but + + align:start position:0% +kind of craggy Appalachian Mountains but + + + align:start position:0% +kind of craggy Appalachian Mountains but +yeah very very nostalgic + + align:start position:0% +yeah very very nostalgic + + + align:start position:0% +yeah very very nostalgic +feeling perhaps you could have gone in + + align:start position:0% +feeling perhaps you could have gone in + + + align:start position:0% +feeling perhaps you could have gone in +that direction with those Mountain vs + + align:start position:0% +that direction with those Mountain vs + + + align:start position:0% +that direction with those Mountain vs +but you had a style going with your + + align:start position:0% +but you had a style going with your + + + align:start position:0% +but you had a style going with your +themes and your instrumentation it would + + align:start position:0% +themes and your instrumentation it would + + + align:start position:0% +themes and your instrumentation it would +be hard to make a Harps Accord in a sh + + align:start position:0% +be hard to make a Harps Accord in a sh + + + align:start position:0% +be hard to make a Harps Accord in a sh +and a flute sound some line there I well + + align:start position:0% +and a flute sound some line there I well + + + align:start position:0% +and a flute sound some line there I well +yeah visuals do that yeah exactly let + + align:start position:0% +yeah visuals do that yeah exactly let + + + align:start position:0% +yeah visuals do that yeah exactly let +let them + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/4QeL1ma_XJ0.txt b/4QeL1ma_XJ0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..24ad2902d21e8063a00410de6cb130582d43c84f --- /dev/null +++ b/4QeL1ma_XJ0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2019 @@ +align:start position:0% + +we have seen that several properties + + align:start position:0% +we have seen that several properties + + + align:start position:0% +we have seen that several properties +such as for example linearity of + + align:start position:0% +such as for example linearity of + + + align:start position:0% +such as for example linearity of +expectations are common for discrete and + + align:start position:0% +expectations are common for discrete and + + + align:start position:0% +expectations are common for discrete and +continuous random variables for this + + align:start position:0% +continuous random variables for this + + + align:start position:0% +continuous random variables for this +reason it would be nice to have a way of + + align:start position:0% +reason it would be nice to have a way of + + + align:start position:0% +reason it would be nice to have a way of +talking about the distributions of all + + align:start position:0% +talking about the distributions of all + + + align:start position:0% +talking about the distributions of all +kinds of random variables without having + + align:start position:0% +kinds of random variables without having + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of random variables without having +to keep making a distinction between the + + align:start position:0% +to keep making a distinction between the + + + align:start position:0% +to keep making a distinction between the +different types discrete or continuous + + align:start position:0% +different types discrete or continuous + + + align:start position:0% +different types discrete or continuous +this leads us to describe the + + align:start position:0% +this leads us to describe the + + + align:start position:0% +this leads us to describe the +distribution of a random variable in a + + align:start position:0% +distribution of a random variable in a + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of a random variable in a +new way in terms of a so called + + align:start position:0% +new way in terms of a so called + + + align:start position:0% +new way in terms of a so called +cumulative distribution function or CDF + + align:start position:0% +cumulative distribution function or CDF + + + align:start position:0% +cumulative distribution function or CDF +for short and CDF is defined as follows + + align:start position:0% +for short and CDF is defined as follows + + + align:start position:0% +for short and CDF is defined as follows +the CDF is a function of a single + + align:start position:0% +the CDF is a function of a single + + + align:start position:0% +the CDF is a function of a single +argument which we denote by little X in + + align:start position:0% +argument which we denote by little X in + + + align:start position:0% +argument which we denote by little X in +this case and it gives us the + + align:start position:0% +this case and it gives us the + + + align:start position:0% +this case and it gives us the +probability that the random variable + + align:start position:0% +probability that the random variable + + + align:start position:0% +probability that the random variable +takes a value less than or equal to this + + align:start position:0% +takes a value less than or equal to this + + + align:start position:0% +takes a value less than or equal to this +particular little X we will always use + + align:start position:0% +particular little X we will always use + + + align:start position:0% +particular little X we will always use +uppercase F to indicate CDF's + + align:start position:0% +uppercase F to indicate CDF's + + + align:start position:0% +uppercase F to indicate CDF's +and we will always have some subscripts + + align:start position:0% +and we will always have some subscripts + + + align:start position:0% +and we will always have some subscripts +that indicate which random variable + + align:start position:0% +that indicate which random variable + + + align:start position:0% +that indicate which random variable +we're talking about the beauty of the + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about the beauty of the + + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about the beauty of the +CDF is that it just involves the + + align:start position:0% +CDF is that it just involves the + + + align:start position:0% +CDF is that it just involves the +probability a concept that is well + + align:start position:0% +probability a concept that is well + + + align:start position:0% +probability a concept that is well +defined no matter what kind of random + + align:start position:0% +defined no matter what kind of random + + + align:start position:0% +defined no matter what kind of random +variable we are dealing with so in + + align:start position:0% +variable we are dealing with so in + + + align:start position:0% +variable we are dealing with so in +particular if X is a continuous random + + align:start position:0% +particular if X is a continuous random + + + align:start position:0% +particular if X is a continuous random +variable the probability that X is less + + align:start position:0% +variable the probability that X is less + + + align:start position:0% +variable the probability that X is less +than or equal to a certain number this + + align:start position:0% +than or equal to a certain number this + + + align:start position:0% +than or equal to a certain number this +is just the integral of the PDF over + + align:start position:0% +is just the integral of the PDF over + + + align:start position:0% +is just the integral of the PDF over +that range from minus infinity up to + + align:start position:0% +that range from minus infinity up to + + + align:start position:0% +that range from minus infinity up to +that number as a more concrete example + + align:start position:0% +that number as a more concrete example + + + align:start position:0% +that number as a more concrete example +let us consider a uniform random + + align:start position:0% +let us consider a uniform random + + + align:start position:0% +let us consider a uniform random +variable that ranges between a and B and + + align:start position:0% +variable that ranges between a and B and + + + align:start position:0% +variable that ranges between a and B and +let us try to plot the corresponding CDF + + align:start position:0% +let us try to plot the corresponding CDF + + + align:start position:0% +let us try to plot the corresponding CDF +the CDF is a function of little X and + + align:start position:0% +the CDF is a function of little X and + + + align:start position:0% +the CDF is a function of little X and +the form that it takes depends on what + + align:start position:0% +the form that it takes depends on what + + + align:start position:0% +the form that it takes depends on what +kind of X we're talking about if little + + align:start position:0% +kind of X we're talking about if little + + + align:start position:0% +kind of X we're talking about if little +X falls somewhere here to the left of a + + align:start position:0% +X falls somewhere here to the left of a + + + align:start position:0% +X falls somewhere here to the left of a +and we ask for the probability that a + + align:start position:0% +and we ask for the probability that a + + + align:start position:0% +and we ask for the probability that a +random variable takes values in this + + align:start position:0% +random variable takes values in this + + + align:start position:0% +random variable takes values in this +interval then this probability will be 0 + + align:start position:0% +interval then this probability will be 0 + + + align:start position:0% +interval then this probability will be 0 +because all of the probability of this + + align:start position:0% +because all of the probability of this + + + align:start position:0% +because all of the probability of this +uniform is between a and B therefore the + + align:start position:0% +uniform is between a and B therefore the + + + align:start position:0% +uniform is between a and B therefore the +CDF is going to be 0 for values of x + + align:start position:0% +CDF is going to be 0 for values of x + + + align:start position:0% +CDF is going to be 0 for values of x +less than or equal to a how about the + + align:start position:0% +less than or equal to a how about the + + + align:start position:0% +less than or equal to a how about the +case where X lies some + + align:start position:0% +case where X lies some + + + align:start position:0% +case where X lies some +between a and B in that case the + + align:start position:0% +between a and B in that case the + + + align:start position:0% +between a and B in that case the +probability that our random variable + + align:start position:0% +probability that our random variable + + + align:start position:0% +probability that our random variable +falls to the left of here this is + + align:start position:0% +falls to the left of here this is + + + align:start position:0% +falls to the left of here this is +whatever mass there is under the PDF + + align:start position:0% +whatever mass there is under the PDF + + + align:start position:0% +whatever mass there is under the PDF +when we consider the integral up to this + + align:start position:0% +when we consider the integral up to this + + + align:start position:0% +when we consider the integral up to this +particular point so we're looking at the + + align:start position:0% +particular point so we're looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +particular point so we're looking at the +area under the PDF up to this particular + + align:start position:0% +area under the PDF up to this particular + + + align:start position:0% +area under the PDF up to this particular +point X this area is of the form the + + align:start position:0% +point X this area is of the form the + + + align:start position:0% +point X this area is of the form the +base of the rectangle which is X minus a + + align:start position:0% +base of the rectangle which is X minus a + + + align:start position:0% +base of the rectangle which is X minus a +times the height of the rectangle which + + align:start position:0% +times the height of the rectangle which + + + align:start position:0% +times the height of the rectangle which +is 1 over B minus a this is a linear + + align:start position:0% +is 1 over B minus a this is a linear + + + align:start position:0% +is 1 over B minus a this is a linear +function in X that takes the value of 0 + + align:start position:0% +function in X that takes the value of 0 + + + align:start position:0% +function in X that takes the value of 0 +when X is equal to a grows linearly and + + align:start position:0% +when X is equal to a grows linearly and + + + align:start position:0% +when X is equal to a grows linearly and +when X reaches a value of B it becomes + + align:start position:0% +when X reaches a value of B it becomes + + + align:start position:0% +when X reaches a value of B it becomes +equal to 1 how about the case where X + + align:start position:0% +equal to 1 how about the case where X + + + align:start position:0% +equal to 1 how about the case where X +lies to the right of B we are talking + + align:start position:0% +lies to the right of B we are talking + + + align:start position:0% +lies to the right of B we are talking +about the probability that a random + + align:start position:0% +about the probability that a random + + + align:start position:0% +about the probability that a random +variable takes values less than or equal + + align:start position:0% +variable takes values less than or equal + + + align:start position:0% +variable takes values less than or equal +to this particular X but this includes + + align:start position:0% +to this particular X but this includes + + + align:start position:0% +to this particular X but this includes +the entire probability mass of this + + align:start position:0% +the entire probability mass of this + + + align:start position:0% +the entire probability mass of this +uniform we have unit mass on this + + align:start position:0% +uniform we have unit mass on this + + + align:start position:0% +uniform we have unit mass on this +particular interval so the probability + + align:start position:0% +particular interval so the probability + + + align:start position:0% +particular interval so the probability +of falling to the left of here is equal + + align:start position:0% +of falling to the left of here is equal + + + align:start position:0% +of falling to the left of here is equal +to 1 and this is the shape of the CDF + + align:start position:0% +to 1 and this is the shape of the CDF + + + align:start position:0% +to 1 and this is the shape of the CDF +for the case of a uniform random + + align:start position:0% +for the case of a uniform random + + + align:start position:0% +for the case of a uniform random +variable it starts at 0 eventually it + + align:start position:0% +variable it starts at 0 eventually it + + + align:start position:0% +variable it starts at 0 eventually it +rises and eventually it reaches the + + align:start position:0% +rises and eventually it reaches the + + + align:start position:0% +rises and eventually it reaches the +value of 1 and stays constant coming + + align:start position:0% +value of 1 and stays constant coming + + + align:start position:0% +value of 1 and stays constant coming +back to the general case CDF's are very + + align:start position:0% +back to the general case CDF's are very + + + align:start position:0% +back to the general case CDF's are very +useful because once we know the cdf of a + + align:start position:0% +useful because once we know the cdf of a + + + align:start position:0% +useful because once we know the cdf of a +random variable we have enough + + align:start position:0% +random variable we have enough + + + align:start position:0% +random variable we have enough +information to calculate anything we + + align:start position:0% +information to calculate anything we + + + align:start position:0% +information to calculate anything we +might want to calculate for example + + align:start position:0% +might want to calculate for example + + + align:start position:0% +might want to calculate for example +consider the following calculation let + + align:start position:0% +consider the following calculation let + + + align:start position:0% +consider the following calculation let +us look at the range of numbers from + + align:start position:0% +us look at the range of numbers from + + + align:start position:0% +us look at the range of numbers from +minus infinity to 3 and then up to 4 if + + align:start position:0% +minus infinity to 3 and then up to 4 if + + + align:start position:0% +minus infinity to 3 and then up to 4 if +we want to calculate the probability + + align:start position:0% +we want to calculate the probability + + + align:start position:0% +we want to calculate the probability +that X is less than or equal to 4 we can + + align:start position:0% +that X is less than or equal to 4 we can + + + align:start position:0% +that X is less than or equal to 4 we can +break it down as the probability that X + + align:start position:0% +break it down as the probability that X + + + align:start position:0% +break it down as the probability that X +is less than or equal to 3 this is one + + align:start position:0% +is less than or equal to 3 this is one + + + align:start position:0% +is less than or equal to 3 this is one +term plus + + align:start position:0% +term plus + + + align:start position:0% +term plus +the probability that X falls between 3 & + + align:start position:0% +the probability that X falls between 3 & + + + align:start position:0% +the probability that X falls between 3 & +4 which would be this event here so this + + align:start position:0% +4 which would be this event here so this + + + align:start position:0% +4 which would be this event here so this +equality is true because of the + + align:start position:0% +equality is true because of the + + + align:start position:0% +equality is true because of the +additivity property of probabilities + + align:start position:0% +additivity property of probabilities + + + align:start position:0% +additivity property of probabilities +this event is broken down into two + + align:start position:0% +this event is broken down into two + + + align:start position:0% +this event is broken down into two +possible events either X is less than or + + align:start position:0% +possible events either X is less than or + + + align:start position:0% +possible events either X is less than or +equal to 3 or X is bigger than 3 but + + align:start position:0% +equal to 3 or X is bigger than 3 but + + + align:start position:0% +equal to 3 or X is bigger than 3 but +less than or equal to 4 + + align:start position:0% +less than or equal to 4 + + + align:start position:0% +less than or equal to 4 +but now we recognize that if we know the + + align:start position:0% +but now we recognize that if we know the + + + align:start position:0% +but now we recognize that if we know the +CDF of the random variable then we know + + align:start position:0% +CDF of the random variable then we know + + + align:start position:0% +CDF of the random variable then we know +this quantity we also know this quantity + + align:start position:0% +this quantity we also know this quantity + + + align:start position:0% +this quantity we also know this quantity +and this allows us to calculate this + + align:start position:0% +and this allows us to calculate this + + + align:start position:0% +and this allows us to calculate this +quantity so we can calculate the + + align:start position:0% +quantity so we can calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +quantity so we can calculate the +probability of a more general interval + + align:start position:0% +probability of a more general interval + + + align:start position:0% +probability of a more general interval +so in general the CDF contains all + + align:start position:0% +so in general the CDF contains all + + + align:start position:0% +so in general the CDF contains all +available probabilistic information + + align:start position:0% +available probabilistic information + + + align:start position:0% +available probabilistic information +about a random variable it is just a + + align:start position:0% +about a random variable it is just a + + + align:start position:0% +about a random variable it is just a +different way of describing a + + align:start position:0% +different way of describing a + + + align:start position:0% +different way of describing a +probability distribution from the CDF we + + align:start position:0% +probability distribution from the CDF we + + + align:start position:0% +probability distribution from the CDF we +can recover any quantity we might wish + + align:start position:0% +can recover any quantity we might wish + + + align:start position:0% +can recover any quantity we might wish +to know and for continuous random + + align:start position:0% +to know and for continuous random + + + align:start position:0% +to know and for continuous random +variables the CDF actually has enough + + align:start position:0% +variables the CDF actually has enough + + + align:start position:0% +variables the CDF actually has enough +information for us to be able to recover + + align:start position:0% +information for us to be able to recover + + + align:start position:0% +information for us to be able to recover +the PDF how can we do that let's look at + + align:start position:0% +the PDF how can we do that let's look at + + + align:start position:0% +the PDF how can we do that let's look at +this relation here and let's take + + align:start position:0% +this relation here and let's take + + + align:start position:0% +this relation here and let's take +derivatives of both sides on the Left we + + align:start position:0% +derivatives of both sides on the Left we + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives of both sides on the Left we +obtain the derivative of the CDF and + + align:start position:0% +obtain the derivative of the CDF and + + + align:start position:0% +obtain the derivative of the CDF and +let's evaluate it at a particular point + + align:start position:0% +let's evaluate it at a particular point + + + align:start position:0% +let's evaluate it at a particular point +X what we get on the right by basic + + align:start position:0% +X what we get on the right by basic + + + align:start position:0% +X what we get on the right by basic +calculus results the derivative of an + + align:start position:0% +calculus results the derivative of an + + + align:start position:0% +calculus results the derivative of an +integral with respect to the upper limit + + align:start position:0% +integral with respect to the upper limit + + + align:start position:0% +integral with respect to the upper limit +of the integration is just the integrand + + align:start position:0% +of the integration is just the integrand + + + align:start position:0% +of the integration is just the integrand +itself so it is the density itself so + + align:start position:0% +itself so it is the density itself so + + + align:start position:0% +itself so it is the density itself so +this is a very useful formula which + + align:start position:0% +this is a very useful formula which + + + align:start position:0% +this is a very useful formula which +tells us that once we have the CDF we + + align:start position:0% +tells us that once we have the CDF we + + + align:start position:0% +tells us that once we have the CDF we +can calculate the PDF and conversely if + + align:start position:0% +can calculate the PDF and conversely if + + + align:start position:0% +can calculate the PDF and conversely if +we have the PDF we can find the CDF by + + align:start position:0% +we have the PDF we can find the CDF by + + + align:start position:0% +we have the PDF we can find the CDF by +integrating of course this formula can + + align:start position:0% +integrating of course this formula can + + + align:start position:0% +integrating of course this formula can +only be correct at those places where + + align:start position:0% +only be correct at those places where + + + align:start position:0% +only be correct at those places where +the CDF has a derivative for example at + + align:start position:0% +the CDF has a derivative for example at + + + align:start position:0% +the CDF has a derivative for example at +this corner here the derivative of the + + align:start position:0% +this corner here the derivative of the + + + align:start position:0% +this corner here the derivative of the +CDF is not well-defined we would get a + + align:start position:0% +CDF is not well-defined we would get a + + + align:start position:0% +CDF is not well-defined we would get a +different value if we're differentiate + + align:start position:0% +different value if we're differentiate + + + align:start position:0% +different value if we're differentiate +from the left different value when we + + align:start position:0% +from the left different value when we + + + align:start position:0% +from the left different value when we +differentiate from the right so we + + align:start position:0% +differentiate from the right so we + + + align:start position:0% +differentiate from the right so we +cannot apply this formula but at those + + align:start position:0% +cannot apply this formula but at those + + + align:start position:0% +cannot apply this formula but at those +places where + + align:start position:0% +places where + + + align:start position:0% +places where +the CDF is differentiable at those + + align:start position:0% +the CDF is differentiable at those + + + align:start position:0% +the CDF is differentiable at those +places we can find the corresponding + + align:start position:0% +places we can find the corresponding + + + align:start position:0% +places we can find the corresponding +value of the PDF for instance in this + + align:start position:0% +value of the PDF for instance in this + + + align:start position:0% +value of the PDF for instance in this +diagram at this point the CDF is + + align:start position:0% +diagram at this point the CDF is + + + align:start position:0% +diagram at this point the CDF is +differentiable the derivative is equal + + align:start position:0% +differentiable the derivative is equal + + + align:start position:0% +differentiable the derivative is equal +to the slope which is this quantity and + + align:start position:0% +to the slope which is this quantity and + + + align:start position:0% +to the slope which is this quantity and +this quantity happens to be exactly the + + align:start position:0% +this quantity happens to be exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +this quantity happens to be exactly the +same as the value of the PDF so indeed + + align:start position:0% +same as the value of the PDF so indeed + + + align:start position:0% +same as the value of the PDF so indeed +here we see that the PDF can be found by + + align:start position:0% +here we see that the PDF can be found by + + + align:start position:0% +here we see that the PDF can be found by +taking the derivative of the CDF now as + + align:start position:0% +taking the derivative of the CDF now as + + + align:start position:0% +taking the derivative of the CDF now as +we discussed earlier CDF's are relevant + + align:start position:0% +we discussed earlier CDF's are relevant + + + align:start position:0% +we discussed earlier CDF's are relevant +to all types of random variables so in + + align:start position:0% +to all types of random variables so in + + + align:start position:0% +to all types of random variables so in +particular they are also relevant to + + align:start position:0% +particular they are also relevant to + + + align:start position:0% +particular they are also relevant to +discrete random variables for a discrete + + align:start position:0% +discrete random variables for a discrete + + + align:start position:0% +discrete random variables for a discrete +random variable the CDF is of course + + align:start position:0% +random variable the CDF is of course + + + align:start position:0% +random variable the CDF is of course +defined the same way except that we + + align:start position:0% +defined the same way except that we + + + align:start position:0% +defined the same way except that we +calculate this probability by adding the + + align:start position:0% +calculate this probability by adding the + + + align:start position:0% +calculate this probability by adding the +probabilities of all possible values of + + align:start position:0% +probabilities of all possible values of + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities of all possible values of +the random variable that are less than + + align:start position:0% +the random variable that are less than + + + align:start position:0% +the random variable that are less than +the particular little X that we are + + align:start position:0% +the particular little X that we are + + + align:start position:0% +the particular little X that we are +considering so we have a summation + + align:start position:0% +considering so we have a summation + + + align:start position:0% +considering so we have a summation +instead of an integral let us look at an + + align:start position:0% +instead of an integral let us look at an + + + align:start position:0% +instead of an integral let us look at an +example this is an example of a discrete + + align:start position:0% +example this is an example of a discrete + + + align:start position:0% +example this is an example of a discrete +random variable described by a PMF and + + align:start position:0% +random variable described by a PMF and + + + align:start position:0% +random variable described by a PMF and +let us try to calculate the + + align:start position:0% +let us try to calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +let us try to calculate the +corresponding CDF the probability of + + align:start position:0% +corresponding CDF the probability of + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding CDF the probability of +falling to the left of this number for + + align:start position:0% +falling to the left of this number for + + + align:start position:0% +falling to the left of this number for +example is equal to 0 and all the way up + + align:start position:0% +example is equal to 0 and all the way up + + + align:start position:0% +example is equal to 0 and all the way up +to 1 there is 0 probability of getting a + + align:start position:0% +to 1 there is 0 probability of getting a + + + align:start position:0% +to 1 there is 0 probability of getting a +value for the random variable less than + + align:start position:0% +value for the random variable less than + + + align:start position:0% +value for the random variable less than +that but now if we let X to be equal to + + align:start position:0% +that but now if we let X to be equal to + + + align:start position:0% +that but now if we let X to be equal to +1 then we are talking about the + + align:start position:0% +1 then we are talking about the + + + align:start position:0% +1 then we are talking about the +probability that the random variable + + align:start position:0% +probability that the random variable + + + align:start position:0% +probability that the random variable +takes a value less than or equal to 1 + + align:start position:0% +takes a value less than or equal to 1 + + + align:start position:0% +takes a value less than or equal to 1 +and because this includes the value of 1 + + align:start position:0% +and because this includes the value of 1 + + + align:start position:0% +and because this includes the value of 1 +this probability will be equal to 1/4 + + align:start position:0% +this probability will be equal to 1/4 + + + align:start position:0% +this probability will be equal to 1/4 +this means that once we reach this point + + align:start position:0% +this means that once we reach this point + + + align:start position:0% +this means that once we reach this point +the value of the CDF becomes 1/4 at this + + align:start position:0% +the value of the CDF becomes 1/4 at this + + + align:start position:0% +the value of the CDF becomes 1/4 at this +point the CDF makes a jump at 1 the + + align:start position:0% +point the CDF makes a jump at 1 the + + + align:start position:0% +point the CDF makes a jump at 1 the +value of the CDF is equal to 1/4 just + + align:start position:0% +value of the CDF is equal to 1/4 just + + + align:start position:0% +value of the CDF is equal to 1/4 just +before 1 the value of the CDF was equal + + align:start position:0% +before 1 the value of the CDF was equal + + + align:start position:0% +before 1 the value of the CDF was equal +to 0 now what's the probability of + + align:start position:0% +to 0 now what's the probability of + + + align:start position:0% +to 0 now what's the probability of +falling to the left of let's say 2 this + + align:start position:0% +falling to the left of let's say 2 this + + + align:start position:0% +falling to the left of let's say 2 this +probability is a + + align:start position:0% +probability is a + + + align:start position:0% +probability is a +one fourth there's no change in the + + align:start position:0% +one fourth there's no change in the + + + align:start position:0% +one fourth there's no change in the +probability as we keep moving inside + + align:start position:0% +probability as we keep moving inside + + + align:start position:0% +probability as we keep moving inside +this interval so the CDF stays constant + + align:start position:0% +this interval so the CDF stays constant + + + align:start position:0% +this interval so the CDF stays constant +until at some point we reach the value + + align:start position:0% +until at some point we reach the value + + + align:start position:0% +until at some point we reach the value +of three and at that point the + + align:start position:0% +of three and at that point the + + + align:start position:0% +of three and at that point the +probability that the random variable + + align:start position:0% +probability that the random variable + + + align:start position:0% +probability that the random variable +takes a value less than or equal to + + align:start position:0% +takes a value less than or equal to + + + align:start position:0% +takes a value less than or equal to +three is going to be the probability of + + align:start position:0% +three is going to be the probability of + + + align:start position:0% +three is going to be the probability of +a three plus the probability of a 1 + + align:start position:0% +a three plus the probability of a 1 + + + align:start position:0% +a three plus the probability of a 1 +which becomes three over four for any + + align:start position:0% +which becomes three over four for any + + + align:start position:0% +which becomes three over four for any +other X in this interval the probability + + align:start position:0% +other X in this interval the probability + + + align:start position:0% +other X in this interval the probability +that the random variable takes a value + + align:start position:0% +that the random variable takes a value + + + align:start position:0% +that the random variable takes a value +less than this number will stay at 1/4 + + align:start position:0% +less than this number will stay at 1/4 + + + align:start position:0% +less than this number will stay at 1/4 +plus one half so the CDF stays constant + + align:start position:0% +plus one half so the CDF stays constant + + + align:start position:0% +plus one half so the CDF stays constant +and at this point the probability of + + align:start position:0% +and at this point the probability of + + + align:start position:0% +and at this point the probability of +being less than or equal to four this + + align:start position:0% +being less than or equal to four this + + + align:start position:0% +being less than or equal to four this +probability becomes one and so the CDF + + align:start position:0% +probability becomes one and so the CDF + + + align:start position:0% +probability becomes one and so the CDF +jumps once more to a value of 1 again at + + align:start position:0% +jumps once more to a value of 1 again at + + + align:start position:0% +jumps once more to a value of 1 again at +the places where the CDF makes a jump + + align:start position:0% +the places where the CDF makes a jump + + + align:start position:0% +the places where the CDF makes a jump +which one of the two is the correct + + align:start position:0% +which one of the two is the correct + + + align:start position:0% +which one of the two is the correct +value the correct value is this one and + + align:start position:0% +value the correct value is this one and + + + align:start position:0% +value the correct value is this one and +this is because the CDF is defined by + + align:start position:0% +this is because the CDF is defined by + + + align:start position:0% +this is because the CDF is defined by +using a less than or equal sign in the + + align:start position:0% +using a less than or equal sign in the + + + align:start position:0% +using a less than or equal sign in the +probability involved here so in the case + + align:start position:0% +probability involved here so in the case + + + align:start position:0% +probability involved here so in the case +of discrete random variables the CDF + + align:start position:0% +of discrete random variables the CDF + + + align:start position:0% +of discrete random variables the CDF +takes the form of a staircase function + + align:start position:0% +takes the form of a staircase function + + + align:start position:0% +takes the form of a staircase function +it starts at 0 it ends up at 1 it has a + + align:start position:0% +it starts at 0 it ends up at 1 it has a + + + align:start position:0% +it starts at 0 it ends up at 1 it has a +jump at those points where the PMF + + align:start position:0% +jump at those points where the PMF + + + align:start position:0% +jump at those points where the PMF +assigns a positive mass and the size of + + align:start position:0% +assigns a positive mass and the size of + + + align:start position:0% +assigns a positive mass and the size of +the jump is exactly equal to the + + align:start position:0% +the jump is exactly equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +the jump is exactly equal to the +corresponding value of the PMF similarly + + align:start position:0% +corresponding value of the PMF similarly + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding value of the PMF similarly +the size of the PMF here is 1/4 and so + + align:start position:0% +the size of the PMF here is 1/4 and so + + + align:start position:0% +the size of the PMF here is 1/4 and so +the size of the corresponding jump at + + align:start position:0% +the size of the corresponding jump at + + + align:start position:0% +the size of the corresponding jump at +the CDF will also be equal to 1/4 CDF's + + align:start position:0% +the CDF will also be equal to 1/4 CDF's + + + align:start position:0% +the CDF will also be equal to 1/4 CDF's +have some general properties and we have + + align:start position:0% +have some general properties and we have + + + align:start position:0% +have some general properties and we have +seen a hint of those properties in what + + align:start position:0% +seen a hint of those properties in what + + + align:start position:0% +seen a hint of those properties in what +we have done so far so the CDF is by + + align:start position:0% +we have done so far so the CDF is by + + + align:start position:0% +we have done so far so the CDF is by +definition the probability of obtaining + + align:start position:0% +definition the probability of obtaining + + + align:start position:0% +definition the probability of obtaining +value less than or equal to a certain + + align:start position:0% +value less than or equal to a certain + + + align:start position:0% +value less than or equal to a certain +number little X it's the probability of + + align:start position:0% +number little X it's the probability of + + + align:start position:0% +number little X it's the probability of +this interval if I were to take a larger + + align:start position:0% +this interval if I were to take a larger + + + align:start position:0% +this interval if I were to take a larger +interval and go up to some larger number + + align:start position:0% +interval and go up to some larger number + + + align:start position:0% +interval and go up to some larger number +Y this would be the probability of a + + align:start position:0% +Y this would be the probability of a + + + align:start position:0% +Y this would be the probability of a +bigger interval so that probability + + align:start position:0% +bigger interval so that probability + + + align:start position:0% +bigger interval so that probability +could only be bigger and this translates + + align:start position:0% +could only be bigger and this translates + + + align:start position:0% +could only be bigger and this translates +into the fact that the CDF is an non + + align:start position:0% +into the fact that the CDF is an non + + + align:start position:0% +into the fact that the CDF is an non +decreasing function if Y is larger than + + align:start position:0% +decreasing function if Y is larger than + + + align:start position:0% +decreasing function if Y is larger than +or equal to X as in this picture then + + align:start position:0% +or equal to X as in this picture then + + + align:start position:0% +or equal to X as in this picture then +the value of the CDF evaluated at that + + align:start position:0% +the value of the CDF evaluated at that + + + align:start position:0% +the value of the CDF evaluated at that +point Y is going to be larger than or + + align:start position:0% +point Y is going to be larger than or + + + align:start position:0% +point Y is going to be larger than or +equal to the CDF evaluated at that point + + align:start position:0% +equal to the CDF evaluated at that point + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the CDF evaluated at that point +little X other properties that the CDF + + align:start position:0% +little X other properties that the CDF + + + align:start position:0% +little X other properties that the CDF +has is that as X goes to infinity we're + + align:start position:0% +has is that as X goes to infinity we're + + + align:start position:0% +has is that as X goes to infinity we're +talking about the probability + + align:start position:0% +talking about the probability + + + align:start position:0% +talking about the probability +essentially of the entire real line and + + align:start position:0% +essentially of the entire real line and + + + align:start position:0% +essentially of the entire real line and +so the CDF will converge to one on the + + align:start position:0% +so the CDF will converge to one on the + + + align:start position:0% +so the CDF will converge to one on the +other hand if X tends to minus infinity + + align:start position:0% +other hand if X tends to minus infinity + + + align:start position:0% +other hand if X tends to minus infinity +so we're talking about the probability + + align:start position:0% +so we're talking about the probability + + + align:start position:0% +so we're talking about the probability +of an interval to the left of a point + + align:start position:0% +of an interval to the left of a point + + + align:start position:0% +of an interval to the left of a point +that's all the way out further and + + align:start position:0% +that's all the way out further and + + + align:start position:0% +that's all the way out further and +further out that probability has to + + align:start position:0% +further out that probability has to + + + align:start position:0% +further out that probability has to +diminish and eventually converge to zero + + align:start position:0% +diminish and eventually converge to zero + + + align:start position:0% +diminish and eventually converge to zero +so in general CDF's + + align:start position:0% +so in general CDF's + + + align:start position:0% +so in general CDF's +asymptotically start at zero they can + + align:start position:0% +asymptotically start at zero they can + + + align:start position:0% +asymptotically start at zero they can +never go down they can only go up and in + + align:start position:0% +never go down they can only go up and in + + + align:start position:0% +never go down they can only go up and in +the limit as X goes to infinity the CDF + + align:start position:0% +the limit as X goes to infinity the CDF + + + align:start position:0% +the limit as X goes to infinity the CDF +has to approach one actually in the + + align:start position:0% +has to approach one actually in the + + + align:start position:0% +has to approach one actually in the +examples that we saw earlier it reaches + + align:start position:0% +examples that we saw earlier it reaches + + + align:start position:0% +examples that we saw earlier it reaches +the value of one after a certain finite + + align:start position:0% +the value of one after a certain finite + + + align:start position:0% +the value of one after a certain finite +point but in general for general random + + align:start position:0% +point but in general for general random + + + align:start position:0% +point but in general for general random +variables it might only reach the value + + align:start position:0% +variables it might only reach the value + + + align:start position:0% +variables it might only reach the value +of one asymptotically \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/4bsc1II5KK0.txt b/4bsc1II5KK0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..99b73ba53296039980b3b5204c0bfc10e609639e --- /dev/null +++ b/4bsc1II5KK0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,283 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so we just made this plot and ggplot2 + + align:start position:0% +so we just made this plot and ggplot2 + + + align:start position:0% +so we just made this plot and ggplot2 +when we compare it back to the pie graph + + align:start position:0% +when we compare it back to the pie graph + + + align:start position:0% +when we compare it back to the pie graph +to this thing I notice is that now all + + align:start position:0% +to this thing I notice is that now all + + + align:start position:0% +to this thing I notice is that now all +the data is visible we haven't lost for + + align:start position:0% +the data is visible we haven't lost for + + + align:start position:0% +the data is visible we haven't lost for +small regions and we can read out the + + align:start position:0% +small regions and we can read out the + + + align:start position:0% +small regions and we can read out the +exact share that comes from Africa + + align:start position:0% +exact share that comes from Africa + + + align:start position:0% +exact share that comes from Africa +Oceania and unknown or stateless : I + + align:start position:0% +Oceania and unknown or stateless : I + + + align:start position:0% +Oceania and unknown or stateless : I +believe it is also easier to compare the + + align:start position:0% +believe it is also easier to compare the + + + align:start position:0% +believe it is also easier to compare the +relative sizes of each region because + + align:start position:0% +relative sizes of each region because + + + align:start position:0% +relative sizes of each region because +they're all put side-by-side in a + + align:start position:0% +they're all put side-by-side in a + + + align:start position:0% +they're all put side-by-side in a +similar scale there's no tricks of three + + align:start position:0% +similar scale there's no tricks of three + + + align:start position:0% +similar scale there's no tricks of three +dimensions or colors to create a + + align:start position:0% +dimensions or colors to create a + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions or colors to create a +perception issue but I will say that + + align:start position:0% +perception issue but I will say that + + + align:start position:0% +perception issue but I will say that +something to consider is but some people + + align:start position:0% +something to consider is but some people + + + align:start position:0% +something to consider is but some people +and some applications being not as + + align:start position:0% +and some applications being not as + + + align:start position:0% +and some applications being not as +visually exciting as a negative this + + align:start position:0% +visually exciting as a negative this + + + align:start position:0% +visually exciting as a negative this +plot while very readable and correct + + align:start position:0% +plot while very readable and correct + + + align:start position:0% +plot while very readable and correct +there's certainly a little bit dull in + + align:start position:0% +there's certainly a little bit dull in + + + align:start position:0% +there's certainly a little bit dull in +some applications this is an important + + align:start position:0% +some applications this is an important + + + align:start position:0% +some applications this is an important +consideration now wouldn't it be + + align:start position:0% +consideration now wouldn't it be + + + align:start position:0% +consideration now wouldn't it be +interesting if we could plot this data + + align:start position:0% +interesting if we could plot this data + + + align:start position:0% +interesting if we could plot this data +on a world map it would be possible but + + align:start position:0% +on a world map it would be possible but + + + align:start position:0% +on a world map it would be possible but +a bit tedious to create because we need + + align:start position:0% +a bit tedious to create because we need + + + align:start position:0% +a bit tedious to create because we need +to determine which country lies in which + + align:start position:0% +to determine which country lies in which + + + align:start position:0% +to determine which country lies in which +region shading all countries in a region + + align:start position:0% +region shading all countries in a region + + + align:start position:0% +region shading all countries in a region +of the same color might be misleading + + align:start position:0% +of the same color might be misleading + + + align:start position:0% +of the same color might be misleading +though for example countries in Latin + + align:start position:0% +though for example countries in Latin + + + align:start position:0% +though for example countries in Latin +America will send students at different + + align:start position:0% +America will send students at different + + + align:start position:0% +America will send students at different +rates naturally but if we call them all + + align:start position:0% +rates naturally but if we call them all + + + align:start position:0% +rates naturally but if we call them all +the same color it kind of gives a false + + align:start position:0% +the same color it kind of gives a false + + + align:start position:0% +the same color it kind of gives a false +impression as it turns out we actually + + align:start position:0% +impression as it turns out we actually + + + align:start position:0% +impression as it turns out we actually +have axis per country data so we will + + align:start position:0% +have axis per country data so we will + + + align:start position:0% +have axis per country data so we will +plot that on a world map instead and see + + align:start position:0% +plot that on a world map instead and see + + + align:start position:0% +plot that on a world map instead and see +if it is an effective way of + + align:start position:0% +if it is an effective way of + + + align:start position:0% +if it is an effective way of +communicating where students come from + + align:start position:0% +communicating where students come from + + + align:start position:0% +communicating where students come from +to MIT \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/4hs_Q_xxFMI.txt b/4hs_Q_xxFMI.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..973de0d15afa2e734304cc14c20776cbe034f072 --- /dev/null +++ b/4hs_Q_xxFMI.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16771 @@ +align:start position:0% + +uh so today I'm I'm continuing my + + align:start position:0% +uh so today I'm I'm continuing my + + + align:start position:0% +uh so today I'm I'm continuing my +lecture I'm I'm uh starting new topic on + + align:start position:0% +lecture I'm I'm uh starting new topic on + + + align:start position:0% +lecture I'm I'm uh starting new topic on +uh online markets and you know I I'm you + + align:start position:0% +uh online markets and you know I I'm you + + + align:start position:0% +uh online markets and you know I I'm you +know some I think in online markets you + + align:start position:0% +know some I think in online markets you + + + align:start position:0% +know some I think in online markets you +know it's sort of it's come to be that + + align:start position:0% +know it's sort of it's come to be that + + + align:start position:0% +know it's sort of it's come to be that +uh Google and Facebook and + + align:start position:0% +uh Google and Facebook and + + + align:start position:0% +uh Google and Facebook and +Amazon and you know tend to really + + align:start position:0% +Amazon and you know tend to really + + + align:start position:0% +Amazon and you know tend to really +dominate the online space earn most of + + align:start position:0% +dominate the online space earn most of + + + align:start position:0% +dominate the online space earn most of +the profits and most of the page views + + align:start position:0% +the profits and most of the page views + + + align:start position:0% +the profits and most of the page views +or whatever so you know I think most of + + align:start position:0% +or whatever so you know I think most of + + + align:start position:0% +or whatever so you know I think most of +what I'm going to do is sort of try to + + align:start position:0% +what I'm going to do is sort of try to + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm going to do is sort of try to +talk about those leading firms uh + + align:start position:0% +talk about those leading firms uh + + + align:start position:0% +talk about those leading firms uh +actually most of today is going to be + + align:start position:0% +actually most of today is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +actually most of today is going to be +about Google I'm going to get a little + + align:start position:0% +about Google I'm going to get a little + + + align:start position:0% +about Google I'm going to get a little +bit to talking about sort of models help + + align:start position:0% +bit to talking about sort of models help + + + align:start position:0% +bit to talking about sort of models help +people think about Amazon at the very + + align:start position:0% +people think about Amazon at the very + + + align:start position:0% +people think about Amazon at the very +end I actually don't know a lot of good + + align:start position:0% +end I actually don't know a lot of good + + + align:start position:0% +end I actually don't know a lot of good +stuff about uh social media other than + + align:start position:0% +stuff about uh social media other than + + + align:start position:0% +stuff about uh social media other than +sort of uh you know there's a literature + + align:start position:0% +sort of uh you know there's a literature + + + align:start position:0% +sort of uh you know there's a literature +about social media addiction and and + + align:start position:0% +about social media addiction and and + + + align:start position:0% +about social media addiction and and +which I think is also an interesting + + align:start position:0% +which I think is also an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +which I think is also an interesting +topic there but not much uh theory on it + + align:start position:0% +topic there but not much uh theory on it + + + align:start position:0% +topic there but not much uh theory on it +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +oops okay so anyway before starting + + align:start position:0% +oops okay so anyway before starting + + + align:start position:0% +oops okay so anyway before starting +today's topic I'm going to do a A Brief + + align:start position:0% +today's topic I'm going to do a A Brief + + + align:start position:0% +today's topic I'm going to do a A Brief +Review of vcg mechanisms and I think + + align:start position:0% +Review of vcg mechanisms and I think + + + align:start position:0% +Review of vcg mechanisms and I think +Stephen is teaching 124 this year he'll + + align:start position:0% +Stephen is teaching 124 this year he'll + + + align:start position:0% +Stephen is teaching 124 this year he'll +do a better job but I wanted to go over + + align:start position:0% +do a better job but I wanted to go over + + + align:start position:0% +do a better job but I wanted to go over +this quickly because it helps for + + align:start position:0% +this quickly because it helps for + + + align:start position:0% +this quickly because it helps for +thinking about allocating problems so + + align:start position:0% +thinking about allocating problems so + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about allocating problems so +I'm going to find a private value social + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to find a private value social + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to find a private value social +uh Choice problem to be uh given by four + + align:start position:0% +uh Choice problem to be uh given by four + + + align:start position:0% +uh Choice problem to be uh given by four +Primitives first you have a set of types + + align:start position:0% +Primitives first you have a set of types + + + align:start position:0% +Primitives first you have a set of types +for each player which you can think of + + align:start position:0% +for each player which you can think of + + + align:start position:0% +for each player which you can think of +as typically giving their holding their + + align:start position:0% +as typically giving their holding their + + + align:start position:0% +as typically giving their holding their +preferences but it could be other + + align:start position:0% +preferences but it could be other + + + align:start position:0% +preferences but it could be other +information that the players have um + + align:start position:0% +information that the players have um + + + align:start position:0% +information that the players have um +there's some probability distribution p + + align:start position:0% +there's some probability distribution p + + + align:start position:0% +there's some probability distribution p +on uh cartisian product of all the + + align:start position:0% +on uh cartisian product of all the + + + align:start position:0% +on uh cartisian product of all the +thetas and we're going to allow you know + + align:start position:0% +thetas and we're going to allow you know + + + align:start position:0% +thetas and we're going to allow you know +think of those PS as not necessarily + + align:start position:0% +think of those PS as not necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +think of those PS as not necessarily +independent across players um there's a + + align:start position:0% +independent across players um there's a + + + align:start position:0% +independent across players um there's a +set a of possible social + + align:start position:0% +set a of possible social + + + align:start position:0% +set a of possible social +Alternatives um in like the simple + + align:start position:0% +Alternatives um in like the simple + + + align:start position:0% +Alternatives um in like the simple +auction example the social alternatives + + align:start position:0% +auction example the social alternatives + + + align:start position:0% +auction example the social alternatives +are give the good to person one give the + + align:start position:0% +are give the good to person one give the + + + align:start position:0% +are give the good to person one give the +good to person two give the good to + + align:start position:0% +good to person two give the good to + + + align:start position:0% +good to person two give the good to +person three and so on uh in I'm going + + align:start position:0% +person three and so on uh in I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +person three and so on uh in I'm going +to talking about like online advertising + + align:start position:0% +to talking about like online advertising + + + align:start position:0% +to talking about like online advertising +examples the social Alternatives would + + align:start position:0% +examples the social Alternatives would + + + align:start position:0% +examples the social Alternatives would +be all of the ads that are displayed on + + align:start position:0% +be all of the ads that are displayed on + + + align:start position:0% +be all of the ads that are displayed on +the page and where they're displayed on + + align:start position:0% +the page and where they're displayed on + + + align:start position:0% +the page and where they're displayed on +the page and the complete set of ads are + + align:start position:0% +the page and the complete set of ads are + + + align:start position:0% +the page and the complete set of ads are +all possible social Alternatives U and + + align:start position:0% +all possible social Alternatives U and + + + align:start position:0% +all possible social Alternatives U and +you know this model also does other + + align:start position:0% +you know this model also does other + + + align:start position:0% +you know this model also does other +things like you know you can have group + + align:start position:0% +things like you know you can have group + + + align:start position:0% +things like you know you can have group +of n roommates get two tickets to a play + + align:start position:0% +of n roommates get two tickets to a play + + + align:start position:0% +of n roommates get two tickets to a play +and they have to pick two people to go + + align:start position:0% +and they have to pick two people to go + + + align:start position:0% +and they have to pick two people to go +to the play together and the people + + align:start position:0% +to the play together and the people + + + align:start position:0% +to the play together and the people +could care about who they go with and + + align:start position:0% +could care about who they go with and + + + align:start position:0% +could care about who they go with and +whatever ever then the Alternatives + + align:start position:0% +whatever ever then the Alternatives + + + align:start position:0% +whatever ever then the Alternatives +would be all of the sets of at most two + + align:start position:0% +would be all of the sets of at most two + + + align:start position:0% +would be all of the sets of at most two +people who are going to get the two + + align:start position:0% +people who are going to get the two + + + align:start position:0% +people who are going to get the two +tickets uh and then so the utility + + align:start position:0% +tickets uh and then so the utility + + + align:start position:0% +tickets uh and then so the utility +functions depend on the chosen social + + align:start position:0% +functions depend on the chosen social + + + align:start position:0% +functions depend on the chosen social +alternative um depend on the on your + + align:start position:0% +alternative um depend on the on your + + + align:start position:0% +alternative um depend on the on your +only on your own private type and then + + align:start position:0% +only on your own private type and then + + + align:start position:0% +only on your own private type and then +on transfers and I'm going to make them + + align:start position:0% +on transfers and I'm going to make them + + + align:start position:0% +on transfers and I'm going to make them +additively separable so you have this + + align:start position:0% +additively separable so you have this + + + align:start position:0% +additively separable so you have this +gross utility + + align:start position:0% +gross utility + + + align:start position:0% +gross utility +function for your utility of action a + + align:start position:0% +function for your utility of action a + + + align:start position:0% +function for your utility of action a +when your type is Theta I and then + + align:start position:0% +when your type is Theta I and then + + + align:start position:0% +when your type is Theta I and then +there's a transfer and so it's important + + align:start position:0% +there's a transfer and so it's important + + + align:start position:0% +there's a transfer and so it's important +that it's a private value problem you + + align:start position:0% +that it's a private value problem you + + + align:start position:0% +that it's a private value problem you +know your own valuation for all the + + align:start position:0% +know your own valuation for all the + + + align:start position:0% +know your own valuation for all the +social Alternatives okay um we defin the + + align:start position:0% +social Alternatives okay um we defin the + + + align:start position:0% +social Alternatives okay um we defin the +utilitarian solution to this problem to + + align:start position:0% +utilitarian solution to this problem to + + + align:start position:0% +utilitarian solution to this problem to +be the function a mapping Theta into a + + align:start position:0% +be the function a mapping Theta into a + + + align:start position:0% +be the function a mapping Theta into a +that's just defined by Au of theta is + + align:start position:0% +that's just defined by Au of theta is + + + align:start position:0% +that's just defined by Au of theta is +the action that maximizes the sum of the + + align:start position:0% +the action that maximizes the sum of the + + + align:start position:0% +the action that maximizes the sum of the +utilities uh given the given the true + + align:start position:0% +utilities uh given the given the true + + + align:start position:0% +utilities uh given the given the true +types okay um so again like in a second + + align:start position:0% +types okay um so again like in a second + + + align:start position:0% +types okay um so again like in a second +price auction the outcome that maximizes + + align:start position:0% +price auction the outcome that maximizes + + + align:start position:0% +price auction the outcome that maximizes +social maximizes utility is give the + + align:start position:0% +social maximizes utility is give the + + + align:start position:0% +social maximizes utility is give the +good to the person with the highest + + align:start position:0% +good to the person with the highest + + + align:start position:0% +good to the person with the highest +value because you give it to the highest + + align:start position:0% +value because you give it to the highest + + + align:start position:0% +value because you give it to the highest +value that's the maximum of the sum of + + align:start position:0% +value that's the maximum of the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +value that's the maximum of the sum of +the utilities you can achieve okay um + + align:start position:0% +the utilities you can achieve okay um + + + align:start position:0% +the utilities you can achieve okay um +what is a a mechanism is going to be a + + align:start position:0% +what is a a mechanism is going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +what is a a mechanism is going to be a +way for trying to achieve an outcome in + + align:start position:0% +way for trying to achieve an outcome in + + + align:start position:0% +way for trying to achieve an outcome in +a social Choice problem a mechanism + + align:start position:0% +a social Choice problem a mechanism + + + align:start position:0% +a social Choice problem a mechanism +consists of a set of possible strategy + + align:start position:0% +consists of a set of possible strategy + + + align:start position:0% +consists of a set of possible strategy +profiles uh you know one set SI for each + + align:start position:0% +profiles uh you know one set SI for each + + + align:start position:0% +profiles uh you know one set SI for each +player an action fun so basically you + + align:start position:0% +player an action fun so basically you + + + align:start position:0% +player an action fun so basically you +can think of a mechanism as every player + + align:start position:0% +can think of a mechanism as every player + + + align:start position:0% +can think of a mechanism as every player +chooses some player I chooses an SI and + + align:start position:0% +chooses some player I chooses an SI and + + + align:start position:0% +chooses some player I chooses an SI and +capital SI and then after we observe + + align:start position:0% +capital SI and then after we observe + + + align:start position:0% +capital SI and then after we observe +what actions every what what uh uh what + + align:start position:0% +what actions every what what uh uh what + + + align:start position:0% +what actions every what what uh uh what +strategies everyone has chosen there's + + align:start position:0% +strategies everyone has chosen there's + + + align:start position:0% +strategies everyone has chosen there's +some function for determining what the + + align:start position:0% +some function for determining what the + + + align:start position:0% +some function for determining what the +action is going to be as a function of + + align:start position:0% +action is going to be as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +action is going to be as a function of +those uh choices and then they're going + + align:start position:0% +those uh choices and then they're going + + + align:start position:0% +those uh choices and then they're going +to be transfers paid and again the + + align:start position:0% +to be transfers paid and again the + + + align:start position:0% +to be transfers paid and again the +transfer that player I gets which can be + + align:start position:0% +transfer that player I gets which can be + + + align:start position:0% +transfer that player I gets which can be +positive or negative is a function of + + align:start position:0% +positive or negative is a function of + + + align:start position:0% +positive or negative is a function of +everybody's + + align:start position:0% +everybody's + + + align:start position:0% +everybody's +strategy okay so if we have the social + + align:start position:0% +strategy okay so if we have the social + + + align:start position:0% +strategy okay so if we have the social +Choice problem we have a + + align:start position:0% +Choice problem we have a + + + align:start position:0% +Choice problem we have a +mechanism then + + align:start position:0% +mechanism then + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism then +um we're going to think about the game + + align:start position:0% +um we're going to think about the game + + + align:start position:0% +um we're going to think about the game +where + + align:start position:0% +where + + + align:start position:0% +where +players observe their types standard + + align:start position:0% +players observe their types standard + + + align:start position:0% +players observe their types standard +beijan game players observe their types + + align:start position:0% +beijan game players observe their types + + + align:start position:0% +beijan game players observe their types +they then choose strategies from the + + align:start position:0% +they then choose strategies from the + + + align:start position:0% +they then choose strategies from the +sets s and then the mechanism + + align:start position:0% +sets s and then the mechanism + + + align:start position:0% +sets s and then the mechanism +decides Which social allocation is + + align:start position:0% +decides Which social allocation is + + + align:start position:0% +decides Which social allocation is +chosen and what transfers everyone gets + + align:start position:0% +chosen and what transfers everyone gets + + + align:start position:0% +chosen and what transfers everyone gets +okay and so the you know second price + + align:start position:0% +okay and so the you know second price + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so the you know second price +auction is an example of a mechanism + + align:start position:0% +auction is an example of a mechanism + + + align:start position:0% +auction is an example of a mechanism +that implements the utilitarian solution + + align:start position:0% +that implements the utilitarian solution + + + align:start position:0% +that implements the utilitarian solution +We Run the second price auction game + + align:start position:0% +We Run the second price auction game + + + align:start position:0% +We Run the second price auction game +everyone bids against each other in the + + align:start position:0% +everyone bids against each other in the + + + align:start position:0% +everyone bids against each other in the +second price auction and then in and + + align:start position:0% +second price auction and then in and + + + align:start position:0% +second price auction and then in and +then in that in that game I showed it's + + align:start position:0% +then in that in that game I showed it's + + + align:start position:0% +then in that in that game I showed it's +a dominant strategy for everyone to bid + + align:start position:0% +a dominant strategy for everyone to bid + + + align:start position:0% +a dominant strategy for everyone to bid +their true value and then the high value + + align:start position:0% +their true value and then the high value + + + align:start position:0% +their true value and then the high value +person ends up getting allocated the + + align:start position:0% +person ends up getting allocated the + + + align:start position:0% +person ends up getting allocated the +object so that second price auction is a + + align:start position:0% +object so that second price auction is a + + + align:start position:0% +object so that second price auction is a +mechanism that implements the + + align:start position:0% +mechanism that implements the + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism that implements the +utilitarian solution in dominant + + align:start position:0% +utilitarian solution in dominant + + + align:start position:0% +utilitarian solution in dominant +strategies the first price auction is + + align:start position:0% +strategies the first price auction is + + + align:start position:0% +strategies the first price auction is +also a mechanism that implements the + + align:start position:0% +also a mechanism that implements the + + + align:start position:0% +also a mechanism that implements the +utilitarian solution there it does it + + align:start position:0% +utilitarian solution there it does it + + + align:start position:0% +utilitarian solution there it does it +just as a basion Nash equilibrium not as + + align:start position:0% +just as a basion Nash equilibrium not as + + + align:start position:0% +just as a basion Nash equilibrium not as +a b dominant strategy basion Nash + + align:start position:0% +a b dominant strategy basion Nash + + + align:start position:0% +a b dominant strategy basion Nash +equilibrium but the first price auction + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium but the first price auction + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium but the first price auction +also implements the the social + + align:start position:0% +also implements the the social + + + align:start position:0% +also implements the the social +Optimum okay um you know important + + align:start position:0% +Optimum okay um you know important + + + align:start position:0% +Optimum okay um you know important +result due to vicory Clark Groves is + + align:start position:0% +result due to vicory Clark Groves is + + + align:start position:0% +result due to vicory Clark Groves is +that we can Implement utilitarian action + + align:start position:0% +that we can Implement utilitarian action + + + align:start position:0% +that we can Implement utilitarian action +the second price auction in some sense + + align:start position:0% +the second price auction in some sense + + + align:start position:0% +the second price auction in some sense +is just a special case of a much more + + align:start position:0% +is just a special case of a much more + + + align:start position:0% +is just a special case of a much more +powerful mechanism and basically that we + + align:start position:0% +powerful mechanism and basically that we + + + align:start position:0% +powerful mechanism and basically that we +can even in complicated problems like + + align:start position:0% +can even in complicated problems like + + + align:start position:0% +can even in complicated problems like +the one I mentioned with the roommates + + align:start position:0% +the one I mentioned with the roommates + + + align:start position:0% +the one I mentioned with the roommates +where everybody cares about who who who + + align:start position:0% +where everybody cares about who who who + + + align:start position:0% +where everybody cares about who who who +you know like they may be jealous of + + align:start position:0% +you know like they may be jealous of + + + align:start position:0% +you know like they may be jealous of +other people going they may want to go + + align:start position:0% +other people going they may want to go + + + align:start position:0% +other people going they may want to go +with some people not want to go with + + align:start position:0% +with some people not want to go with + + + align:start position:0% +with some people not want to go with +other people whatever preferences you + + align:start position:0% +other people whatever preferences you + + + align:start position:0% +other people whatever preferences you +give them over those complicated sets we + + align:start position:0% +give them over those complicated sets we + + + align:start position:0% +give them over those complicated sets we +we can still implement the utilitarian + + align:start position:0% +we can still implement the utilitarian + + + align:start position:0% +we can still implement the utilitarian +solution in dominant strategies okay so + + align:start position:0% +solution in dominant strategies okay so + + + align:start position:0% +solution in dominant strategies okay so +how does vcg do this so uh you know uh + + align:start position:0% +how does vcg do this so uh you know uh + + + align:start position:0% +how does vcg do this so uh you know uh +so I had this function Au which + + align:start position:0% +so I had this function Au which + + + align:start position:0% +so I had this function Au which +described what was socially optimal + + align:start position:0% +described what was socially optimal + + + align:start position:0% +described what was socially optimal +given the types Theta I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +given the types Theta I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +given the types Theta I'm going to +Define this second function a minus IU + + align:start position:0% +Define this second function a minus IU + + + align:start position:0% +Define this second function a minus IU +to be what's socially optimal if we + + align:start position:0% +to be what's socially optimal if we + + + align:start position:0% +to be what's socially optimal if we +ignore player I's preferences so given + + align:start position:0% +ignore player I's preferences so given + + + align:start position:0% +ignore player I's preferences so given +uh a vector of types Theta what + + align:start position:0% +uh a vector of types Theta what + + + align:start position:0% +uh a vector of types Theta what +maximizes the sum over everybody else's + + align:start position:0% +maximizes the sum over everybody else's + + + align:start position:0% +maximizes the sum over everybody else's +utility so for instance in a second + + align:start position:0% +utility so for instance in a second + + + align:start position:0% +utility so for instance in a second +price + + align:start position:0% +price + + + align:start position:0% +price +auction a minus IU is to give the object + + align:start position:0% +auction a minus IU is to give the object + + + align:start position:0% +auction a minus IU is to give the object +to the person who has the highest value + + align:start position:0% +to the person who has the highest value + + + align:start position:0% +to the person who has the highest value +other than player I so this is what's + + align:start position:0% +other than player I so this is what's + + + align:start position:0% +other than player I so this is what's +the best thing for everyone other than + + align:start position:0% +the best thing for everyone other than + + + align:start position:0% +the best thing for everyone other than +player I okay uh I then Define the + + align:start position:0% +player I okay uh I then Define the + + + align:start position:0% +player I okay uh I then Define the +externality that player I exerts on + + align:start position:0% +externality that player I exerts on + + + align:start position:0% +externality that player I exerts on +others to be what is everybody else's + + align:start position:0% +others to be what is everybody else's + + + align:start position:0% +others to be what is everybody else's +utility when we take player I's utility + + align:start position:0% +utility when we take player I's utility + + + align:start position:0% +utility when we take player I's utility +into account and choose the optimal + + align:start position:0% +into account and choose the optimal + + + align:start position:0% +into account and choose the optimal +action minus what is everybody else's + + align:start position:0% +action minus what is everybody else's + + + align:start position:0% +action minus what is everybody else's +utility if we ignore player eyes utility + + align:start position:0% +utility if we ignore player eyes utility + + + align:start position:0% +utility if we ignore player eyes utility +when we're deciding what to do okay so + + align:start position:0% +when we're deciding what to do okay so + + + align:start position:0% +when we're deciding what to do okay so +generally this is going to be a negative + + align:start position:0% +generally this is going to be a negative + + + align:start position:0% +generally this is going to be a negative +number if we ignore player eyes + + align:start position:0% +number if we ignore player eyes + + + align:start position:0% +number if we ignore player eyes +utility if you know if we ignore player + + align:start position:0% +utility if you know if we ignore player + + + align:start position:0% +utility if you know if we ignore player +eyes utility we're going to do something + + align:start position:0% +eyes utility we're going to do something + + + align:start position:0% +eyes utility we're going to do something +that's better for all the other players + + align:start position:0% +that's better for all the other players + + + align:start position:0% +that's better for all the other players +um it could be zero if you know whether + + align:start position:0% +um it could be zero if you know whether + + + align:start position:0% +um it could be zero if you know whether +player I is there or not we give it to + + align:start position:0% +player I is there or not we give it to + + + align:start position:0% +player I is there or not we give it to +player three um but anyway this is what + + align:start position:0% +player three um but anyway this is what + + + align:start position:0% +player three um but anyway this is what +we find this is the externality that I + + align:start position:0% +we find this is the externality that I + + + align:start position:0% +we find this is the externality that I +exerts on + + align:start position:0% +exerts on + + + align:start position:0% +exerts on +others and so then definition of the V + + align:start position:0% +others and so then definition of the V + + + align:start position:0% +others and so then definition of the V +vcg mechanism the vcg mechanism is um + + align:start position:0% +vcg mechanism the vcg mechanism is um + + + align:start position:0% +vcg mechanism the vcg mechanism is um +let the set s be Capital Theta so every + + align:start position:0% +let the set s be Capital Theta so every + + + align:start position:0% +let the set s be Capital Theta so every +player is just asked to announce their + + align:start position:0% +player is just asked to announce their + + + align:start position:0% +player is just asked to announce their +true + + align:start position:0% +true + + + align:start position:0% +true +type the action is the utilitarian + + align:start position:0% +type the action is the utilitarian + + + align:start position:0% +type the action is the utilitarian +solution treating the announced types as + + align:start position:0% +solution treating the announced types as + + + align:start position:0% +solution treating the announced types as +true and then the transfers that every + + align:start position:0% +true and then the transfers that every + + + align:start position:0% +true and then the transfers that every +player is asked to make is the transfers + + align:start position:0% +player is asked to make is the transfers + + + align:start position:0% +player is asked to make is the transfers +that are given to every player is um the + + align:start position:0% +that are given to every player is um the + + + align:start position:0% +that are given to every player is um the +negative externality that they exert on + + align:start position:0% +negative externality that they exert on + + + align:start position:0% +negative externality that they exert on +others by having their preferences + + align:start position:0% +others by having their preferences + + + align:start position:0% +others by having their preferences +considered okay so everyone announces + + align:start position:0% +considered okay so everyone announces + + + align:start position:0% +considered okay so everyone announces +their type we do what's utilitarian + + align:start position:0% +their type we do what's utilitarian + + + align:start position:0% +their type we do what's utilitarian +given the announced types and then if + + align:start position:0% +given the announced types and then if + + + align:start position:0% +given the announced types and then if +you're exerting a negative externality + + align:start position:0% +you're exerting a negative externality + + + align:start position:0% +you're exerting a negative externality +on others by having your preferences + + align:start position:0% +on others by having your preferences + + + align:start position:0% +on others by having your preferences +taken into account we make we make you + + align:start position:0% +taken into account we make we make you + + + align:start position:0% +taken into account we make we make you +pay for your we ask you to pay your + + align:start position:0% +pay for your we ask you to pay your + + + align:start position:0% +pay for your we ask you to pay your +negative + + align:start position:0% +negative + + + align:start position:0% +negative +externality okay um so the second price + + align:start position:0% +externality okay um so the second price + + + align:start position:0% +externality okay um so the second price +auction is a special case right in the + + align:start position:0% +auction is a special case right in the + + + align:start position:0% +auction is a special case right in the +second price auction you get the good + + align:start position:0% +second price auction you get the good + + + align:start position:0% +second price auction you get the good +and then you pay the second highest + + align:start position:0% +and then you pay the second highest + + + align:start position:0% +and then you pay the second highest +person's value that's the negative + + align:start position:0% +person's value that's the negative + + + align:start position:0% +person's value that's the negative +externality you exert because if you + + align:start position:0% +externality you exert because if you + + + align:start position:0% +externality you exert because if you +weren't if the win bidder wasn't there + + align:start position:0% +weren't if the win bidder wasn't there + + + align:start position:0% +weren't if the win bidder wasn't there +the second high bidder would have gotten + + align:start position:0% +the second high bidder would have gotten + + + align:start position:0% +the second high bidder would have gotten +the good and the second high bidder's + + align:start position:0% +the good and the second high bidder's + + + align:start position:0% +the good and the second high bidder's +bid is their utility therefore you're + + align:start position:0% +bid is their utility therefore you're + + + align:start position:0% +bid is their utility therefore you're +you're paying the negative externality + + align:start position:0% +you're paying the negative externality + + + align:start position:0% +you're paying the negative externality +you're exerting on others because it's + + align:start position:0% +you're exerting on others because it's + + + align:start position:0% +you're exerting on others because it's +it's the you're taking it away from the + + align:start position:0% +it's the you're taking it away from the + + + align:start position:0% +it's the you're taking it away from the +second high bidder and so that's why you + + align:start position:0% +second high bidder and so that's why you + + + align:start position:0% +second high bidder and so that's why you +pay the second high bid not your own bid + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and so anyway uh theorem vcg + + align:start position:0% +okay and so anyway uh theorem vcg + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so anyway uh theorem vcg +mechanism implements utilit solution is + + align:start position:0% +mechanism implements utilit solution is + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism implements utilit solution is +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +truth-telling uh dominant strategy Bas + + align:start position:0% +truth-telling uh dominant strategy Bas + + + align:start position:0% +truth-telling uh dominant strategy Bas +and natur equilibrium in any private uh + + align:start position:0% +and natur equilibrium in any private uh + + + align:start position:0% +and natur equilibrium in any private uh +value social Choice + + align:start position:0% +value social Choice + + + align:start position:0% +value social Choice +problem so you know important things to + + align:start position:0% +problem so you know important things to + + + align:start position:0% +problem so you know important things to +know about this you know that vcg is + + align:start position:0% +know about this you know that vcg is + + + align:start position:0% +know about this you know that vcg is +just very powerful you know it's you can + + align:start position:0% +just very powerful you know it's you can + + + align:start position:0% +just very powerful you know it's you can +do this in models with end goods and + + align:start position:0% +do this in models with end goods and + + + align:start position:0% +do this in models with end goods and +models where the social Alternatives + + align:start position:0% +models where the social Alternatives + + + align:start position:0% +models where the social Alternatives +aren't Goods at all the social + + align:start position:0% +aren't Goods at all the social + + + align:start position:0% +aren't Goods at all the social +alternatives are just things that + + align:start position:0% +alternatives are just things that + + + align:start position:0% +alternatives are just things that +Society has to be choosing among as long + + align:start position:0% +Society has to be choosing among as long + + + align:start position:0% +Society has to be choosing among as long +as the + + align:start position:0% +as the + + + align:start position:0% +as the +players know their own valuation you can + + align:start position:0% +players know their own valuation you can + + + align:start position:0% +players know their own valuation you can +sort of get players all the players to + + align:start position:0% +sort of get players all the players to + + + align:start position:0% +sort of get players all the players to +to reveal that information at least + + align:start position:0% +to reveal that information at least + + + align:start position:0% +to reveal that information at least +reveal it enough that you can choose a + + align:start position:0% +reveal it enough that you can choose a + + + align:start position:0% +reveal it enough that you can choose a +socially optimal + + align:start position:0% +socially optimal + + + align:start position:0% +socially optimal +outcome um vcg is essentially the only + + align:start position:0% +outcome um vcg is essentially the only + + + align:start position:0% +outcome um vcg is essentially the only +way to achieve dominant strategy Bas and + + align:start position:0% +way to achieve dominant strategy Bas and + + + align:start position:0% +way to achieve dominant strategy Bas and +ntion equ implementation of a in some + + align:start position:0% +ntion equ implementation of a in some + + + align:start position:0% +ntion equ implementation of a in some +ways you can just I haven't even shown + + align:start position:0% +ways you can just I haven't even shown + + + align:start position:0% +ways you can just I haven't even shown +you the proof yet but there's a you in + + align:start position:0% +you the proof yet but there's a you in + + + align:start position:0% +you the proof yet but there's a you in +some sense the convers of proof is if + + align:start position:0% +some sense the convers of proof is if + + + align:start position:0% +some sense the convers of proof is if +ever someone wasn't paying the negative + + align:start position:0% +ever someone wasn't paying the negative + + + align:start position:0% +ever someone wasn't paying the negative +externality they'd exert on others then + + align:start position:0% +externality they'd exert on others then + + + align:start position:0% +externality they'd exert on others then +then they could take an action that that + + align:start position:0% +then they could take an action that that + + + align:start position:0% +then they could take an action that that +you know makes Society better worse off + + align:start position:0% +you know makes Society better worse off + + + align:start position:0% +you know makes Society better worse off +by doing giving them slightly more + + align:start position:0% +by doing giving them slightly more + + + align:start position:0% +by doing giving them slightly more +slightly less utility + + align:start position:0% +slightly less utility + + + align:start position:0% +slightly less utility +um um vcg mechanism is not budget + + align:start position:0% +um um vcg mechanism is not budget + + + align:start position:0% +um um vcg mechanism is not budget +balanced um you know we have these trans + + align:start position:0% +balanced um you know we have these trans + + + align:start position:0% +balanced um you know we have these trans +everyone pays pays this transfer T the + + align:start position:0% +everyone pays pays this transfer T the + + + align:start position:0% +everyone pays pays this transfer T the +transfers don't add up to zero like if + + align:start position:0% +transfers don't add up to zero like if + + + align:start position:0% +transfers don't add up to zero like if +you think about the second price auction + + align:start position:0% +you think about the second price auction + + + align:start position:0% +you think about the second price auction +it's important in the second price + + align:start position:0% +it's important in the second price + + + align:start position:0% +it's important in the second price +auction that the money is going to the + + align:start position:0% +auction that the money is going to the + + + align:start position:0% +auction that the money is going to the +auctioneer not to the other biders like + + align:start position:0% +auctioneer not to the other biders like + + + align:start position:0% +auctioneer not to the other biders like +if the money went to the other biders + + align:start position:0% +if the money went to the other biders + + + align:start position:0% +if the money went to the other biders +then like the second high bidder would + + align:start position:0% +then like the second high bidder would + + + align:start position:0% +then like the second high bidder would +have an incentive to lie and claimed + + align:start position:0% +have an incentive to lie and claimed + + + align:start position:0% +have an incentive to lie and claimed +that the thing was worth more to them + + align:start position:0% +that the thing was worth more to them + + + align:start position:0% +that the thing was worth more to them +than it really is so that the they got a + + align:start position:0% +than it really is so that the they got a + + + align:start position:0% +than it really is so that the they got a +higher transfer + + align:start position:0% +higher transfer + + + align:start position:0% +higher transfer +and so it's a you know what happens is + + align:start position:0% +and so it's a you know what happens is + + + align:start position:0% +and so it's a you know what happens is +the money is C Sense there's a set of + + align:start position:0% +the money is C Sense there's a set of + + + align:start position:0% +the money is C Sense there's a set of +bidders the money is Flowing out of the + + align:start position:0% +bidders the money is Flowing out of the + + + align:start position:0% +bidders the money is Flowing out of the +set of biders to this outside party + + align:start position:0% +set of biders to this outside party + + + align:start position:0% +set of biders to this outside party +which is the auctioneer and it's that's + + align:start position:0% +which is the auctioneer and it's that's + + + align:start position:0% +which is the auctioneer and it's that's +sort of fundamental in vcg that you + + align:start position:0% +sort of fundamental in vcg that you + + + align:start position:0% +sort of fundamental in vcg that you +can't as I said essentially the only way + + align:start position:0% +can't as I said essentially the only way + + + align:start position:0% +can't as I said essentially the only way +to achieve uh dominant strategy + + align:start position:0% +to achieve uh dominant strategy + + + align:start position:0% +to achieve uh dominant strategy +implementation and you know it's not + + align:start position:0% +implementation and you know it's not + + + align:start position:0% +implementation and you know it's not +budget balanced so you can't achieve + + align:start position:0% +budget balanced so you can't achieve + + + align:start position:0% +budget balanced so you can't achieve +dominant strategy implementation in a + + align:start position:0% +dominant strategy implementation in a + + + align:start position:0% +dominant strategy implementation in a +budget balanced way okay uh and then in + + align:start position:0% +budget balanced way okay uh and then in + + + align:start position:0% +budget balanced way okay uh and then in +terms of is this a practical mechanism + + align:start position:0% +terms of is this a practical mechanism + + + align:start position:0% +terms of is this a practical mechanism +um you know the vcg action spaces could + + align:start position:0% +um you know the vcg action spaces could + + + align:start position:0% +um you know the vcg action spaces could +be very large so you know famous example + + align:start position:0% +be very large so you know famous example + + + align:start position:0% +be very large so you know famous example +is we there was a a prop you know we + + align:start position:0% +is we there was a a prop you know we + + + align:start position:0% +is we there was a a prop you know we +were the United States again in the + + align:start position:0% +were the United States again in the + + + align:start position:0% +were the United States again in the +early 2000s was auctioning off the right + + align:start position:0% +early 2000s was auctioning off the right + + + align:start position:0% +early 2000s was auctioning off the right +to provide cellular telephone service in + + align:start position:0% +to provide cellular telephone service in + + + align:start position:0% +to provide cellular telephone service in +you know 394 cities + + align:start position:0% +you know 394 cities + + + align:start position:0% +you know 394 cities +simultaneously and Verizon was bidding + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously and Verizon was bidding + + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously and Verizon was bidding +and T-Mobile was bidding and AT&T was + + align:start position:0% +and T-Mobile was bidding and AT&T was + + + align:start position:0% +and T-Mobile was bidding and AT&T was +bidding and if you and they had you know + + align:start position:0% +bidding and if you and they had you know + + + align:start position:0% +bidding and if you and they had you know +two licenses per City and so if you + + align:start position:0% +two licenses per City and so if you + + + align:start position:0% +two licenses per City and so if you +think about like what's the set of + + align:start position:0% +think about like what's the set of + + + align:start position:0% +think about like what's the set of +possible social Alternatives it's like + + align:start position:0% +possible social Alternatives it's like + + + align:start position:0% +possible social Alternatives it's like +Verizon T-Mobile get Boston Verizon and + + align:start position:0% +Verizon T-Mobile get Boston Verizon and + + + align:start position:0% +Verizon T-Mobile get Boston Verizon and +AT&T get New York Verizon and Sprint get + + align:start position:0% +AT&T get New York Verizon and Sprint get + + + align:start position:0% +AT&T get New York Verizon and Sprint get +DC whatever if you go with like every + + align:start position:0% +DC whatever if you go with like every + + + align:start position:0% +DC whatever if you go with like every +set of those Alternatives you're like + + align:start position:0% +set of those Alternatives you're like + + + align:start position:0% +set of those Alternatives you're like +you know 20 biders so there may have + + align:start position:0% +you know 20 biders so there may have + + + align:start position:0% +you know 20 biders so there may have +been 20 choose two raised to the 430th + + align:start position:0% +been 20 choose two raised to the 430th + + + align:start position:0% +been 20 choose two raised to the 430th +power that's the number of social + + align:start position:0% +power that's the number of social + + + align:start position:0% +power that's the number of social +Alternatives vcg says you submit your + + align:start position:0% +Alternatives vcg says you submit your + + + align:start position:0% +Alternatives vcg says you submit your +preferences over every social + + align:start position:0% +preferences over every social + + + align:start position:0% +preferences over every social +alternative and then you know that's not + + align:start position:0% +alternative and then you know that's not + + + align:start position:0% +alternative and then you know that's not +feasible and then there would be the + + align:start position:0% +feasible and then there would be the + + + align:start position:0% +feasible and then there would be the +second step you'd have then figure out + + align:start position:0% +second step you'd have then figure out + + + align:start position:0% +second step you'd have then figure out +okay if this is every body's preferences + + align:start position:0% +okay if this is every body's preferences + + + align:start position:0% +okay if this is every body's preferences +over these you know 2 to 1,000 social + + align:start position:0% +over these you know 2 to 1,000 social + + + align:start position:0% +over these you know 2 to 1,000 social +Alternatives + + align:start position:0% +Alternatives + + + align:start position:0% +Alternatives +then who what's actually the high the + + align:start position:0% +then who what's actually the high the + + + align:start position:0% +then who what's actually the high the +best combination you'd have to sort of + + align:start position:0% +best combination you'd have to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +best combination you'd have to sort of +then search over that set and find + + align:start position:0% +then search over that set and find + + + align:start position:0% +then search over that set and find +what's the best allocation of the goods + + align:start position:0% +what's the best allocation of the goods + + + align:start position:0% +what's the best allocation of the goods +to the biders it can be completely + + align:start position:0% +to the biders it can be completely + + + align:start position:0% +to the biders it can be completely +infeasible if the number of social + + align:start position:0% +infeasible if the number of social + + + align:start position:0% +infeasible if the number of social +Alternatives is very large + + align:start position:0% +Alternatives is very large + + + align:start position:0% +Alternatives is very large +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um okay questions so anyway Steven will + + align:start position:0% +um okay questions so anyway Steven will + + + align:start position:0% +um okay questions so anyway Steven will +do vcg much better in in 124 but I + + align:start position:0% +do vcg much better in in 124 but I + + + align:start position:0% +do vcg much better in in 124 but I +recognize many people have not taken 124 + + align:start position:0% +recognize many people have not taken 124 + + + align:start position:0% +recognize many people have not taken 124 +so want to do it quickly um here's a + + align:start position:0% +so want to do it quickly um here's a + + + align:start position:0% +so want to do it quickly um here's a +proof you know sometimes you use uh + + align:start position:0% +proof you know sometimes you use uh + + + align:start position:0% +proof you know sometimes you use uh +slides as just lecture notes if you want + + align:start position:0% +slides as just lecture notes if you want + + + align:start position:0% +slides as just lecture notes if you want +to see a proof there's a proof there um + + align:start position:0% +to see a proof there's a proof there um + + + align:start position:0% +to see a proof there's a proof there um +okay so uh now most of what I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh now most of what I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh now most of what I'm going to +talk about today is Google um so you + + align:start position:0% +talk about today is Google um so you + + + align:start position:0% +talk about today is Google um so you +know Google is the uh dominant search + + align:start position:0% +know Google is the uh dominant search + + + align:start position:0% +know Google is the uh dominant search +engine uh in some sense Google has been + + align:start position:0% +engine uh in some sense Google has been + + + align:start position:0% +engine uh in some sense Google has been +the dominant search engine for a while + + align:start position:0% +the dominant search engine for a while + + + align:start position:0% +the dominant search engine for a while +there there was a time when many + + align:start position:0% +there there was a time when many + + + align:start position:0% +there there was a time when many +different countries had their own native + + align:start position:0% +different countries had their own native + + + align:start position:0% +different countries had their own native +search engines and those native search + + align:start position:0% +search engines and those native search + + + align:start position:0% +search engines and those native search +engines dominated Google and you know so + + align:start position:0% +engines dominated Google and you know so + + + align:start position:0% +engines dominated Google and you know so +Google was all well you know Google came + + align:start position:0% +Google was all well you know Google came + + + align:start position:0% +Google was all well you know Google came +into the United States and there were + + align:start position:0% +into the United States and there were + + + align:start position:0% +into the United States and there were +four or five other search engines that + + align:start position:0% +four or five other search engines that + + + align:start position:0% +four or five other search engines that +had 100% market share Google very + + align:start position:0% +had 100% market share Google very + + + align:start position:0% +had 100% market share Google very +quickly after its introduction took over + + align:start position:0% +quickly after its introduction took over + + + align:start position:0% +quickly after its introduction took over +the US uh and then just one by one by + + align:start position:0% +the US uh and then just one by one by + + + align:start position:0% +the US uh and then just one by one by +one it's sort of taken over all other + + align:start position:0% +one it's sort of taken over all other + + + align:start position:0% +one it's sort of taken over all other +countries uh cnam in czechia was like + + align:start position:0% +countries uh cnam in czechia was like + + + align:start position:0% +countries uh cnam in czechia was like +one of the last holdouts and Google + + align:start position:0% +one of the last holdouts and Google + + + align:start position:0% +one of the last holdouts and Google +passed them in + + align:start position:0% +passed them in + + + align:start position:0% +passed them in +2011 um Yahoo was number one in h Japan + + align:start position:0% +2011 um Yahoo was number one in h Japan + + + align:start position:0% +2011 um Yahoo was number one in h Japan +and Taiwan uh neor was number one in + + align:start position:0% +and Taiwan uh neor was number one in + + + align:start position:0% +and Taiwan uh neor was number one in +Korea one by one by one Google picked + + align:start position:0% +Korea one by one by one Google picked + + + align:start position:0% +Korea one by one by one Google picked +them off uh Google actually passed uh + + align:start position:0% +them off uh Google actually passed uh + + + align:start position:0% +them off uh Google actually passed uh +Yandex in Russia in 2019 but I guess + + align:start position:0% +Yandex in Russia in 2019 but I guess + + + align:start position:0% +Yandex in Russia in 2019 but I guess +postwar Yandex is back to being the + + align:start position:0% +postwar Yandex is back to being the + + + align:start position:0% +postwar Yandex is back to being the +number one search engine in Russia and + + align:start position:0% +number one search engine in Russia and + + + align:start position:0% +number one search engine in Russia and +then China is the one major country + + align:start position:0% +then China is the one major country + + + align:start position:0% +then China is the one major country +where Google is not dominant and Google + + align:start position:0% +where Google is not dominant and Google + + + align:start position:0% +where Google is not dominant and Google +just has very tiny share in China + + align:start position:0% +just has very tiny share in China + + + align:start position:0% +just has very tiny share in China +um but anyway worldwide market share of + + align:start position:0% +um but anyway worldwide market share of + + + align:start position:0% +um but anyway worldwide market share of +Google was reported to be roughly 90 + + align:start position:0% +Google was reported to be roughly 90 + + + align:start position:0% +Google was reported to be roughly 90 +over over + + align:start position:0% +over over + + + align:start position:0% +over over +90% um you know Google is inedibly + + align:start position:0% +90% um you know Google is inedibly + + + align:start position:0% +90% um you know Google is inedibly +profitable you know Google has like + + align:start position:0% +profitable you know Google has like + + + align:start position:0% +profitable you know Google has like +hundred billion dollar in re revenues it + + align:start position:0% +hundred billion dollar in re revenues it + + + align:start position:0% +hundred billion dollar in re revenues it +has very high profit margins it + + align:start position:0% +has very high profit margins it + + + align:start position:0% +has very high profit margins it +therefore makes tens of billions of + + align:start position:0% +therefore makes tens of billions of + + + align:start position:0% +therefore makes tens of billions of +dollars a year in profits um in some + + align:start position:0% +dollars a year in profits um in some + + + align:start position:0% +dollars a year in profits um in some +ways I think Google is even more + + align:start position:0% +ways I think Google is even more + + + align:start position:0% +ways I think Google is even more +important than just the fact that it's + + align:start position:0% +important than just the fact that it's + + + align:start position:0% +important than just the fact that it's +dominating the search business is that + + align:start position:0% +dominating the search business is that + + + align:start position:0% +dominating the search business is that +the fact that Google has this enormous + + align:start position:0% +the fact that Google has this enormous + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that Google has this enormous +Revenue coming in the search business + + align:start position:0% +Revenue coming in the search business + + + align:start position:0% +Revenue coming in the search business +lets it do many many other things and + + align:start position:0% +lets it do many many other things and + + + align:start position:0% +lets it do many many other things and +affect many other online businesses you + + align:start position:0% +affect many other online businesses you + + + align:start position:0% +affect many other online businesses you +know Android operating systems in some + + align:start position:0% +know Android operating systems in some + + + align:start position:0% +know Android operating systems in some +sense Google bought Android and and puts + + align:start position:0% +sense Google bought Android and and puts + + + align:start position:0% +sense Google bought Android and and puts +out Android phones as the only + + align:start position:0% +out Android phones as the only + + + align:start position:0% +out Android phones as the only +competitor of the iPhone in part because + + align:start position:0% +competitor of the iPhone in part because + + + align:start position:0% +competitor of the iPhone in part because +of the you know it's using the revenues + + align:start position:0% +of the you know it's using the revenues + + + align:start position:0% +of the you know it's using the revenues +that it gets from searches on Android + + align:start position:0% +that it gets from searches on Android + + + align:start position:0% +that it gets from searches on Android +phones and the profits that it's getting + + align:start position:0% +phones and the profits that it's getting + + + align:start position:0% +phones and the profits that it's getting +from its other businesses to keep + + align:start position:0% +from its other businesses to keep + + + align:start position:0% +from its other businesses to keep +Android as a viable competitor to + + align:start position:0% +Android as a viable competitor to + + + align:start position:0% +Android as a viable competitor to +iPhones uh other products like you know + + align:start position:0% +iPhones uh other products like you know + + + align:start position:0% +iPhones uh other products like you know +Google quickly dominated uh online email + + align:start position:0% +Google quickly dominated uh online email + + + align:start position:0% +Google quickly dominated uh online email +Google quickly dominated well after a + + align:start position:0% +Google quickly dominated well after a + + + align:start position:0% +Google quickly dominated well after a +number of years came to dominate the + + align:start position:0% +number of years came to dominate the + + + align:start position:0% +number of years came to dominate the +browser Market Google's trying many + + align:start position:0% +browser Market Google's trying many + + + align:start position:0% +browser Market Google's trying many +other markets you know Chrome OS and + + align:start position:0% +other markets you know Chrome OS and + + + align:start position:0% +other markets you know Chrome OS and +Google Docs competing with um uh + + align:start position:0% +Google Docs competing with um uh + + + align:start position:0% +Google Docs competing with um uh +competing with Microsoft Google Cloud + + align:start position:0% +competing with Microsoft Google Cloud + + + align:start position:0% +competing with Microsoft Google Cloud +competing with Amazon web + + align:start position:0% +competing with Amazon web + + + align:start position:0% +competing with Amazon web +services uh and with Microsoft Azure + + align:start position:0% +services uh and with Microsoft Azure + + + align:start position:0% +services uh and with Microsoft Azure +Google + + align:start position:0% +Google + + + align:start position:0% +Google +meets uh you know I don't know how well + + align:start position:0% +meets uh you know I don't know how well + + + align:start position:0% +meets uh you know I don't know how well +Google meets is competing but uh anyway + + align:start position:0% +Google meets is competing but uh anyway + + + align:start position:0% +Google meets is competing but uh anyway +you know in some sense Google has all + + align:start position:0% +you know in some sense Google has all + + + align:start position:0% +you know in some sense Google has all +this money and Google can plow this + + align:start position:0% +this money and Google can plow this + + + align:start position:0% +this money and Google can plow this +money into other markets and so + + align:start position:0% +money into other markets and so + + + align:start position:0% +money into other markets and so +understanding Google's profits are + + align:start position:0% +understanding Google's profits are + + + align:start position:0% +understanding Google's profits are +essential to um uh understanding what's + + align:start position:0% +essential to um uh understanding what's + + + align:start position:0% +essential to um uh understanding what's +going on there um the US Department of + + align:start position:0% +going on there um the US Department of + + + align:start position:0% +going on there um the US Department of +Justice filed suit uh in October 2020 + + align:start position:0% +Justice filed suit uh in October 2020 + + + align:start position:0% +Justice filed suit uh in October 2020 +alleging that Google violated the + + align:start position:0% +alleging that Google violated the + + + align:start position:0% +alleging that Google violated the +Sherman Act in monopolizing the search + + align:start position:0% +Sherman Act in monopolizing the search + + + align:start position:0% +Sherman Act in monopolizing the search +Market um you know part of their case is + + align:start position:0% +Market um you know part of their case is + + + align:start position:0% +Market um you know part of their case is +that Google makes very very large + + align:start position:0% +that Google makes very very large + + + align:start position:0% +that Google makes very very large +payments to Apple every year to be the + + align:start position:0% +payments to Apple every year to be the + + + align:start position:0% +payments to Apple every year to be the +default search provider on iPhones uh + + align:start position:0% +default search provider on iPhones uh + + + align:start position:0% +default search provider on iPhones uh +you justice department is alleging that + + align:start position:0% +you justice department is alleging that + + + align:start position:0% +you justice department is alleging that +that's a + + align:start position:0% +that's a + + + align:start position:0% +that's a +monopolization that Google in some sense + + align:start position:0% +monopolization that Google in some sense + + + align:start position:0% +monopolization that Google in some sense +is act actively acting to become a + + align:start position:0% +is act actively acting to become a + + + align:start position:0% +is act actively acting to become a +monopoly um several states have also + + align:start position:0% +monopoly um several states have also + + + align:start position:0% +monopoly um several states have also +sued Google for monopolizing uh online + + align:start position:0% +sued Google for monopolizing uh online + + + align:start position:0% +sued Google for monopolizing uh online +uh advertising and and for their ad + + align:start position:0% +uh advertising and and for their ad + + + align:start position:0% +uh advertising and and for their ad +sales practices uh keep being rumors + + align:start position:0% +sales practices uh keep being rumors + + + align:start position:0% +sales practices uh keep being rumors +that department of justice is going to + + align:start position:0% +that department of justice is going to + + + align:start position:0% +that department of justice is going to +file related claims also and hasn't + + align:start position:0% +file related claims also and hasn't + + + align:start position:0% +file related claims also and hasn't +happened yet as far as I know + + align:start position:0% +happened yet as far as I know + + + align:start position:0% +happened yet as far as I know +um okay so anyway some basic facts about + + align:start position:0% +um okay so anyway some basic facts about + + + align:start position:0% +um okay so anyway some basic facts about +Google is you know every time you do a + + align:start position:0% +Google is you know every time you do a + + + align:start position:0% +Google is you know every time you do a +search on Google Google runs an auction + + align:start position:0% +search on Google Google runs an auction + + + align:start position:0% +search on Google Google runs an auction +that auction determines what the + + align:start position:0% +that auction determines what the + + + align:start position:0% +that auction determines what the +advertisements are going to be this + + align:start position:0% +advertisements are going to be this + + + align:start position:0% +advertisements are going to be this +advertising auction is produces very + + align:start position:0% +advertising auction is produces very + + + align:start position:0% +advertising auction is produces very +stable results uh the pro advertising is + + align:start position:0% +stable results uh the pro advertising is + + + align:start position:0% +stable results uh the pro advertising is +incredibly profitable and you know + + align:start position:0% +incredibly profitable and you know + + + align:start position:0% +incredibly profitable and you know +Microsoft has been losing you know + + align:start position:0% +Microsoft has been losing you know + + + align:start position:0% +Microsoft has been losing you know +billions of dollars a year running + + align:start position:0% +billions of dollars a year running + + + align:start position:0% +billions of dollars a year running +Bing despite the fact that Microsoft is + + align:start position:0% +Bing despite the fact that Microsoft is + + + align:start position:0% +Bing despite the fact that Microsoft is +sort of channeling a billion dollars a + + align:start position:0% +sort of channeling a billion dollars a + + + align:start position:0% +sort of channeling a billion dollars a +year or more into Bing you know Bing has + + align:start position:0% +year or more into Bing you know Bing has + + + align:start position:0% +year or more into Bing you know Bing has +done very little to erode Google's + + align:start position:0% +done very little to erode Google's + + + align:start position:0% +done very little to erode Google's +profit margins uh or or its market share + + align:start position:0% +profit margins uh or or its market share + + + align:start position:0% +profit margins uh or or its market share +um what does it mean for results to be + + align:start position:0% +um what does it mean for results to be + + + align:start position:0% +um what does it mean for results to be +stable on this um so you know the the + + align:start position:0% +stable on this um so you know the the + + + align:start position:0% +stable on this um so you know the the +actually let me show you I guess I'll + + align:start position:0% +actually let me show you I guess I'll + + + align:start position:0% +actually let me show you I guess I'll +show you what unstable is is that so um + + align:start position:0% +show you what unstable is is that so um + + + align:start position:0% +show you what unstable is is that so um +so I guess stable meaning if you do a + + align:start position:0% +so I guess stable meaning if you do a + + + align:start position:0% +so I guess stable meaning if you do a +search on Google the ads stay in the + + align:start position:0% +search on Google the ads stay in the + + + align:start position:0% +search on Google the ads stay in the +same place the firms don't change their + + align:start position:0% +same place the firms don't change their + + + align:start position:0% +same place the firms don't change their +bids so Google runs an auction the firms + + align:start position:0% +bids so Google runs an auction the firms + + + align:start position:0% +bids so Google runs an auction the firms +seem content to just put in their bids + + align:start position:0% +seem content to just put in their bids + + + align:start position:0% +seem content to just put in their bids +leave their bids where they are the ads + + align:start position:0% +leave their bids where they are the ads + + + align:start position:0% +leave their bids where they are the ads +stay the same place rather than the + + align:start position:0% +stay the same place rather than the + + + align:start position:0% +stay the same place rather than the +firms needing to sort of cycle through + + align:start position:0% +firms needing to sort of cycle through + + + align:start position:0% +firms needing to sort of cycle through +the bidding um I I'll give an example of + + align:start position:0% +the bidding um I I'll give an example of + + + align:start position:0% +the bidding um I I'll give an example of +unstable in a minute so just I I assume + + align:start position:0% +unstable in a minute so just I I assume + + + align:start position:0% +unstable in a minute so just I I assume +most people um most people have used + + align:start position:0% +most people um most people have used + + + align:start position:0% +most people um most people have used +Google um you know you're looking for + + align:start position:0% +Google um you know you're looking for + + + align:start position:0% +Google um you know you're looking for +something uh turkey platter you do a + + align:start position:0% +something uh turkey platter you do a + + + align:start position:0% +something uh turkey platter you do a +search for turkey platter and what you + + align:start position:0% +search for turkey platter and what you + + + align:start position:0% +search for turkey platter and what you +can get is uh several kinds of sponsored + + align:start position:0% +can get is uh several kinds of sponsored + + + align:start position:0% +can get is uh several kinds of sponsored +ads you get an ad up here at the top + + align:start position:0% +ads you get an ad up here at the top + + + align:start position:0% +ads you get an ad up here at the top +sometimes you see three of those on + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you see three of those on + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you see three of those on +shopping links sometimes you'll get a + + align:start position:0% +shopping links sometimes you'll get a + + + align:start position:0% +shopping links sometimes you'll get a +box like this with pictures then you get + + align:start position:0% +box like this with pictures then you get + + + align:start position:0% +box like this with pictures then you get +a bunch of ads over here on the right + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of ads over here on the right + + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of ads over here on the right +side for turkey platters and then down + + align:start position:0% +side for turkey platters and then down + + + align:start position:0% +side for turkey platters and then down +here you get what people sometimes call + + align:start position:0% +here you get what people sometimes call + + + align:start position:0% +here you get what people sometimes call +the organic or algorithmic search + + align:start position:0% +the organic or algorithmic search + + + align:start position:0% +the organic or algorithmic search +results these are the ones that are + + align:start position:0% +results these are the ones that are + + + align:start position:0% +results these are the ones that are +advertisers didn't pay for and this is + + align:start position:0% +advertisers didn't pay for and this is + + + align:start position:0% +advertisers didn't pay for and this is +just Google picking out what's a good + + align:start position:0% +just Google picking out what's a good + + + align:start position:0% +just Google picking out what's a good +turkey platter uh site to look at okay + + align:start position:0% +turkey platter uh site to look at okay + + + align:start position:0% +turkey platter uh site to look at okay +um maybe you haven't done Bing uh but + + align:start position:0% +um maybe you haven't done Bing uh but + + + align:start position:0% +um maybe you haven't done Bing uh but +anyway if you do a search search on Bing + + align:start position:0% +anyway if you do a search search on Bing + + + align:start position:0% +anyway if you do a search search on Bing +Bing is very much like Google um again I + + align:start position:0% +Bing is very much like Google um again I + + + align:start position:0% +Bing is very much like Google um again I +do a search for turkey platter I get + + align:start position:0% +do a search for turkey platter I get + + + align:start position:0% +do a search for turkey platter I get +some set of ads at the top I get image + + align:start position:0% +some set of ads at the top I get image + + + align:start position:0% +some set of ads at the top I get image +ads here uh actually these may not those + + align:start position:0% +ads here uh actually these may not those + + + align:start position:0% +ads here uh actually these may not those +are not image ads so I guess I get uh + + align:start position:0% +are not image ads so I guess I get uh + + + align:start position:0% +are not image ads so I guess I get uh +ads here images that are not + + align:start position:0% +ads here images that are not + + + align:start position:0% +ads here images that are not +advertisements ads here on the right and + + align:start position:0% +advertisements ads here on the right and + + + align:start position:0% +advertisements ads here on the right and +then the uh you know organic results for + + align:start position:0% +then the uh you know organic results for + + + align:start position:0% +then the uh you know organic results for +telling you you could find a turkey + + align:start position:0% +telling you you could find a turkey + + + align:start position:0% +telling you you could find a turkey +platter or and eBay start + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here one thing you'll notice about you + + align:start position:0% +here one thing you'll notice about you + + + align:start position:0% +here one thing you'll notice about you +notice very quickly if you sort of play + + align:start position:0% +notice very quickly if you sort of play + + + align:start position:0% +notice very quickly if you sort of play +with Google is that what Google is doing + + align:start position:0% +with Google is that what Google is doing + + + align:start position:0% +with Google is that what Google is doing +with the ads depends very much on the + + align:start position:0% +with the ads depends very much on the + + + align:start position:0% +with the ads depends very much on the +type of query that you type in and the + + align:start position:0% +type of query that you type in and the + + + align:start position:0% +type of query that you type in and the +less commercial is your query the fewer + + align:start position:0% +less commercial is your query the fewer + + + align:start position:0% +less commercial is your query the fewer +ads there are so I I for instance I type + + align:start position:0% +ads there are so I I for instance I type + + + align:start position:0% +ads there are so I I for instance I type +in uh search for a fairly non-commercial + + align:start position:0% +in uh search for a fairly non-commercial + + + align:start position:0% +in uh search for a fairly non-commercial +term math counts which is like a middle + + align:start position:0% +term math counts which is like a middle + + + align:start position:0% +term math counts which is like a middle +school American math competition and + + align:start position:0% +school American math competition and + + + align:start position:0% +school American math competition and +what you see is just the mathc count.org + + align:start position:0% +what you see is just the mathc count.org + + + align:start position:0% +what you see is just the mathc count.org +site with several sublinks and then math + + align:start position:0% +site with several sublinks and then math + + + align:start position:0% +site with several sublinks and then math +counts practice a Wikipedia article + + align:start position:0% +counts practice a Wikipedia article + + + align:start position:0% +counts practice a Wikipedia article +various other things about math counts + + align:start position:0% +various other things about math counts + + + align:start position:0% +various other things about math counts +but just no ads whatsoever on that page + + align:start position:0% +but just no ads whatsoever on that page + + + align:start position:0% +but just no ads whatsoever on that page +and then if I make my search slightly + + align:start position:0% +and then if I make my search slightly + + + align:start position:0% +and then if I make my search slightly +more um commercial by putting in math + + align:start position:0% +more um commercial by putting in math + + + align:start position:0% +more um commercial by putting in math +counts + + align:start position:0% +counts + + + align:start position:0% +counts +preparation then Google decides it's a + + align:start position:0% +preparation then Google decides it's a + + + align:start position:0% +preparation then Google decides it's a +little more commercial and they put two + + align:start position:0% +little more commercial and they put two + + + align:start position:0% +little more commercial and they put two +ads on the screen up here at the top no + + align:start position:0% +ads on the screen up here at the top no + + + align:start position:0% +ads on the screen up here at the top no +ads on the right but they do have math + + align:start position:0% +ads on the right but they do have math + + + align:start position:0% +ads on the right but they do have math +counts preparation at AR problems + + align:start position:0% +counts preparation at AR problems + + + align:start position:0% +counts preparation at AR problems +solving. comom and amazon.com to get + + align:start position:0% +solving. comom and amazon.com to get + + + align:start position:0% +solving. comom and amazon.com to get +books for to prepare for Math counts but + + align:start position:0% +books for to prepare for Math counts but + + + align:start position:0% +books for to prepare for Math counts but +then otherwise it's still mostly online + + align:start position:0% +then otherwise it's still mostly online + + + align:start position:0% +then otherwise it's still mostly online +search mostly + + align:start position:0% +search mostly + + + align:start position:0% +search mostly +organic and then if I pick uh I picked + + align:start position:0% +organic and then if I pick uh I picked + + + align:start position:0% +organic and then if I pick uh I picked +shorts as a word that's more commercial + + align:start position:0% +shorts as a word that's more commercial + + + align:start position:0% +shorts as a word that's more commercial +you know people type in the word shorts + + align:start position:0% +you know people type in the word shorts + + + align:start position:0% +you know people type in the word shorts +typically they're trying to buy some + + align:start position:0% +typically they're trying to buy some + + + align:start position:0% +typically they're trying to buy some +shorts um and so this is a very + + align:start position:0% +shorts um and so this is a very + + + align:start position:0% +shorts um and so this is a very +commercial words so on shorts you see + + align:start position:0% +commercial words so on shorts you see + + + align:start position:0% +commercial words so on shorts you see +you get the full treatment of the 11 ads + + align:start position:0% +you get the full treatment of the 11 ads + + + align:start position:0% +you get the full treatment of the 11 ads +which is maximum Google was doing at the + + align:start position:0% +which is maximum Google was doing at the + + + align:start position:0% +which is maximum Google was doing at the +time I took these I think may still be + + align:start position:0% +time I took these I think may still be + + + align:start position:0% +time I took these I think may still be +true so I search for shorts I get three + + align:start position:0% +true so I search for shorts I get three + + + align:start position:0% +true so I search for shorts I get three +ads at the top Macy's Victoria Secret + + align:start position:0% +ads at the top Macy's Victoria Secret + + + align:start position:0% +ads at the top Macy's Victoria Secret +zapo and then over on the right I get 1 + + align:start position:0% +zapo and then over on the right I get 1 + + + align:start position:0% +zapo and then over on the right I get 1 +two 3 four five I get eight ads over + + align:start position:0% +two 3 four five I get eight ads over + + + align:start position:0% +two 3 four five I get eight ads over +here other places you could buy shorts + + align:start position:0% +here other places you could buy shorts + + + align:start position:0% +here other places you could buy shorts +um and you'll notice that Google has an + + align:start position:0% +um and you'll notice that Google has an + + + align:start position:0% +um and you'll notice that Google has an +awful lot of trouble even thinking of + + align:start position:0% +awful lot of trouble even thinking of + + + align:start position:0% +awful lot of trouble even thinking of +what are the organic search results to + + align:start position:0% +what are the organic search results to + + + align:start position:0% +what are the organic search results to +display so they do put in there was a + + align:start position:0% +display so they do put in there was a + + + align:start position:0% +display so they do put in there was a +movie named shorts uh and they put in a + + align:start position:0% +movie named shorts uh and they put in a + + + align:start position:0% +movie named shorts uh and they put in a +link to that movie they do decide that + + align:start position:0% +link to that movie they do decide that + + + align:start position:0% +link to that movie they do decide that +maybe zapo is a place to buy shorts or + + align:start position:0% +maybe zapo is a place to buy shorts or + + + align:start position:0% +maybe zapo is a place to buy shorts or +zap zapo Forever 21 and Kohl's are the + + align:start position:0% +zap zapo Forever 21 and Kohl's are the + + + align:start position:0% +zap zapo Forever 21 and Kohl's are the +places they think of to buy shorts I'm + + align:start position:0% +places they think of to buy shorts I'm + + + align:start position:0% +places they think of to buy shorts I'm +doubting those are the three most common + + align:start position:0% +doubting those are the three most common + + + align:start position:0% +doubting those are the three most common +places to buy shorts but anyway that's + + align:start position:0% +places to buy shorts but anyway that's + + + align:start position:0% +places to buy shorts but anyway that's +what Google picked out and then they + + align:start position:0% +what Google picked out and then they + + + align:start position:0% +what Google picked out and then they +also have the my favorite was the + + align:start position:0% +also have the my favorite was the + + + align:start position:0% +also have the my favorite was the +Wikipedia entry in number five which + + align:start position:0% +Wikipedia entry in number five which + + + align:start position:0% +Wikipedia entry in number five which +tells you shorts are a bifurcated + + align:start position:0% +tells you shorts are a bifurcated + + + align:start position:0% +tells you shorts are a bifurcated +garment worn by men and women over the + + align:start position:0% +garment worn by men and women over the + + + align:start position:0% +garment worn by men and women over the +pelvic area circling the waist and + + align:start position:0% +pelvic area circling the waist and + + + align:start position:0% +pelvic area circling the waist and +covering the upper parts of the legs I + + align:start position:0% +covering the upper parts of the legs I + + + align:start position:0% +covering the upper parts of the legs I +just you know I find it hard to believe + + align:start position:0% +just you know I find it hard to believe + + + align:start position:0% +just you know I find it hard to believe +that there's anybody who did the search + + align:start position:0% +that there's anybody who did the search + + + align:start position:0% +that there's anybody who did the search +for shorts because they didn't know what + + align:start position:0% +for shorts because they didn't know what + + + align:start position:0% +for shorts because they didn't know what +they were and then that description you + + align:start position:0% +they were and then that description you + + + align:start position:0% +they were and then that description you +know I didn't know what a pair of shorts + + align:start position:0% +know I didn't know what a pair of shorts + + + align:start position:0% +know I didn't know what a pair of shorts +were but now that I read that you know + + align:start position:0% +were but now that I read that you know + + + align:start position:0% +were but now that I read that you know +my English is such that that's what they + + align:start position:0% +my English is such that that's what they + + + align:start position:0% +my English is such that that's what they +are um anyway um but you know it's + + align:start position:0% +are um anyway um but you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +are um anyway um but you know it's +commercial so that what you can see is + + align:start position:0% +commercial so that what you can see is + + + align:start position:0% +commercial so that what you can see is +they've largely turned the page over to + + align:start position:0% +they've largely turned the page over to + + + align:start position:0% +they've largely turned the page over to +the ads rather than the organic + + align:start position:0% +the ads rather than the organic + + + align:start position:0% +the ads rather than the organic +results uh and I and I think what you + + align:start position:0% +results uh and I and I think what you + + + align:start position:0% +results uh and I and I think what you +know I and others would argue is + + align:start position:0% +know I and others would argue is + + + align:start position:0% +know I and others would argue is +that you know the ads have done a better + + align:start position:0% +that you know the ads have done a better + + + align:start position:0% +that you know the ads have done a better +job than Google could do not than than + + align:start position:0% +job than Google could do not than than + + + align:start position:0% +job than Google could do not than than +the Google's organic search results here + + align:start position:0% +the Google's organic search results here + + + align:start position:0% +the Google's organic search results here +that somehow the ads have figured out + + align:start position:0% +that somehow the ads have figured out + + + align:start position:0% +that somehow the ads have figured out +that Macy's would be a good place to buy + + align:start position:0% +that Macy's would be a good place to buy + + + align:start position:0% +that Macy's would be a good place to buy +shorts the Dockers that Athleta AE Loft + + align:start position:0% +shorts the Dockers that Athleta AE Loft + + + align:start position:0% +shorts the Dockers that Athleta AE Loft +you know in some sense they picked out a + + align:start position:0% +you know in some sense they picked out a + + + align:start position:0% +you know in some sense they picked out a +variety of places where people might + + align:start position:0% +variety of places where people might + + + align:start position:0% +variety of places where people might +actually buy shorts that in my guess is + + align:start position:0% +actually buy shorts that in my guess is + + + align:start position:0% +actually buy shorts that in my guess is +better than Kohl's but I don't know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um just you know uh one more example + + align:start position:0% +um just you know uh one more example + + + align:start position:0% +um just you know uh one more example +this is uh you know when when things + + align:start position:0% +this is uh you know when when things + + + align:start position:0% +this is uh you know when when things +didn't work so this is a Yahoo search + + align:start position:0% +didn't work so this is a Yahoo search + + + align:start position:0% +didn't work so this is a Yahoo search +example um from Yahoo search from before + + align:start position:0% +example um from Yahoo search from before + + + align:start position:0% +example um from Yahoo search from before +go when Yahoo was still competing with + + align:start position:0% +go when Yahoo was still competing with + + + align:start position:0% +go when Yahoo was still competing with +Google um I did a search for Paris + + align:start position:0% +Google um I did a search for Paris + + + align:start position:0% +Google um I did a search for Paris +Hilton + + align:start position:0% +Hilton + + + align:start position:0% +Hilton +um and you look at like what is it you + + align:start position:0% +um and you look at like what is it you + + + align:start position:0% +um and you look at like what is it you +know sort of you know what is it that + + align:start position:0% +know sort of you know what is it that + + + align:start position:0% +know sort of you know what is it that +when you search for Paris Hilton can be + + align:start position:0% +when you search for Paris Hilton can be + + + align:start position:0% +when you search for Paris Hilton can be +well certainly in the you know like you + + align:start position:0% +well certainly in the you know like you + + + align:start position:0% +well certainly in the you know like you +look at what Yahoo is able to come up + + align:start position:0% +look at what Yahoo is able to come up + + + align:start position:0% +look at what Yahoo is able to come up +here for ads um Paris Hilton tones get + + align:start position:0% +here for ads um Paris Hilton tones get + + + align:start position:0% +here for ads um Paris Hilton tones get +complimentary Paris Hilton ringtones you + + align:start position:0% +complimentary Paris Hilton ringtones you + + + align:start position:0% +complimentary Paris Hilton ringtones you +know Paris Hilton is not a singer you + + align:start position:0% +know Paris Hilton is not a singer you + + + align:start position:0% +know Paris Hilton is not a singer you +know she's not a music like what is a + + align:start position:0% +know she's not a music like what is a + + + align:start position:0% +know she's not a music like what is a +Paris Hilton ringtone what makes you + + align:start position:0% +Paris Hilton ringtone what makes you + + + align:start position:0% +Paris Hilton ringtone what makes you +know like but clearly they just had an + + align:start position:0% +know like but clearly they just had an + + + align:start position:0% +know like but clearly they just had an +ad for ringtones that they would throw + + align:start position:0% +ad for ringtones that they would throw + + + align:start position:0% +ad for ringtones that they would throw +up there almost no matter what you + + align:start position:0% +up there almost no matter what you + + + align:start position:0% +up there almost no matter what you +searched for and they would put Paris + + align:start position:0% +searched for and they would put Paris + + + align:start position:0% +searched for and they would put Paris +Hilton in the name um and then you know + + align:start position:0% +Hilton in the name um and then you know + + + align:start position:0% +Hilton in the name um and then you know +they do have the you know Paris Hilton + + align:start position:0% +they do have the you know Paris Hilton + + + align:start position:0% +they do have the you know Paris Hilton +cheap prices and huge selection Paris + + align:start position:0% +cheap prices and huge selection Paris + + + align:start position:0% +cheap prices and huge selection Paris +Hilton on sale again you know this was + + align:start position:0% +Hilton on sale again you know this was + + + align:start position:0% +Hilton on sale again you know this was +an ad that would pop up if you typed if + + align:start position:0% +an ad that would pop up if you typed if + + + align:start position:0% +an ad that would pop up if you typed if +I typed in shorts it would say shorts + + align:start position:0% +I typed in shorts it would say shorts + + + align:start position:0% +I typed in shorts it would say shorts +cheap price and huge selection shorts on + + align:start position:0% +cheap price and huge selection shorts on + + + align:start position:0% +cheap price and huge selection shorts on +sale if I typed in you know pencils it + + align:start position:0% +sale if I typed in you know pencils it + + + align:start position:0% +sale if I typed in you know pencils it +would say pencils on sale clearly you + + align:start position:0% +would say pencils on sale clearly you + + + align:start position:0% +would say pencils on sale clearly you +know there's just Yahoo had not figured + + align:start position:0% +know there's just Yahoo had not figured + + + align:start position:0% +know there's just Yahoo had not figured +it out one the other interesting thing + + align:start position:0% +it out one the other interesting thing + + + align:start position:0% +it out one the other interesting thing +about this is that you notice you know + + align:start position:0% +about this is that you notice you know + + + align:start position:0% +about this is that you notice you know +online machine learning always does + + align:start position:0% +online machine learning always does + + + align:start position:0% +online machine learning always does +things that you don't necessar intended + + align:start position:0% +things that you don't necessar intended + + + align:start position:0% +things that you don't necessar intended +to do so what is what is what is Yahoo's + + align:start position:0% +to do so what is what is what is Yahoo's + + + align:start position:0% +to do so what is what is what is Yahoo's +machine learning thing doing here it's + + align:start position:0% +machine learning thing doing here it's + + + align:start position:0% +machine learning thing doing here it's +trying to teach Middle School boys to + + align:start position:0% +trying to teach Middle School boys to + + + align:start position:0% +trying to teach Middle School boys to +overcome their school's um uh content + + align:start position:0% +overcome their school's um uh content + + + align:start position:0% +overcome their school's um uh content +filters so like you know you you you + + align:start position:0% +filters so like you know you you you + + + align:start position:0% +filters so like you know you you you +know clearly it must be that some amount + + align:start position:0% +know clearly it must be that some amount + + + align:start position:0% +know clearly it must be that some amount +of the searches for Paris Hilton photos + + align:start position:0% +of the searches for Paris Hilton photos + + + align:start position:0% +of the searches for Paris Hilton photos +are teenage boys trying to find naked + + align:start position:0% +are teenage boys trying to find naked + + + align:start position:0% +are teenage boys trying to find naked +pictures of Paris Hilton or whatever and + + align:start position:0% +pictures of Paris Hilton or whatever and + + + align:start position:0% +pictures of Paris Hilton or whatever and +what it suggests is that also try Paris + + align:start position:0% +what it suggests is that also try Paris + + + align:start position:0% +what it suggests is that also try Paris +Hilton private parts photos hot Paris + + align:start position:0% +Hilton private parts photos hot Paris + + + align:start position:0% +Hilton private parts photos hot Paris +Hilton photos because you know if you + + align:start position:0% +Hilton photos because you know if you + + + align:start position:0% +Hilton photos because you know if you +type in Paris Hilton naked photos your + + align:start position:0% +type in Paris Hilton naked photos your + + + align:start position:0% +type in Paris Hilton naked photos your +middle school computer blocks that and + + align:start position:0% +middle school computer blocks that and + + + align:start position:0% +middle school computer blocks that and +so in some sense Yahoo is teaching + + align:start position:0% +so in some sense Yahoo is teaching + + + align:start position:0% +so in some sense Yahoo is teaching +students how to avoid what your middle + + align:start position:0% +students how to avoid what your middle + + + align:start position:0% +students how to avoid what your middle +school computer blocks and you know it's + + align:start position:0% +school computer blocks and you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +school computer blocks and you know it's +obviously it's doing it because it notes + + align:start position:0% +obviously it's doing it because it notes + + + align:start position:0% +obviously it's doing it because it notes +that people type something in it gets + + align:start position:0% +that people type something in it gets + + + align:start position:0% +that people type something in it gets +blocked and they type that in and then + + align:start position:0% +blocked and they type that in and then + + + align:start position:0% +blocked and they type that in and then +they look at something for a long time + + align:start position:0% +they look at something for a long time + + + align:start position:0% +they look at something for a long time +so it's like aha that's what I should + + align:start position:0% +so it's like aha that's what I should + + + align:start position:0% +so it's like aha that's what I should +suggest they search for + + align:start position:0% +suggest they search for + + + align:start position:0% +suggest they search for +um okay um so anyway you know Google + + align:start position:0% +um okay um so anyway you know Google + + + align:start position:0% +um okay um so anyway you know Google +runs an auction every every single + + align:start position:0% +runs an auction every every single + + + align:start position:0% +runs an auction every every single +search you do you type in a search + + align:start position:0% +search you do you type in a search + + + align:start position:0% +search you do you type in a search +there's an auction occurs and the + + align:start position:0% +there's an auction occurs and the + + + align:start position:0% +there's an auction occurs and the +auction occurs to determine which ads to + + align:start position:0% +auction occurs to determine which ads to + + + align:start position:0% +auction occurs to determine which ads to +show you in between the time you hit + + align:start position:0% +show you in between the time you hit + + + align:start position:0% +show you in between the time you hit +your query and the page + + align:start position:0% +your query and the page + + + align:start position:0% +your query and the page +loads you know so that millisecond or + + align:start position:0% +loads you know so that millisecond or + + + align:start position:0% +loads you know so that millisecond or +whatever it is an auction has been run + + align:start position:0% +whatever it is an auction has been run + + + align:start position:0% +whatever it is an auction has been run +um here's an example of like a yah when + + align:start position:0% +um here's an example of like a yah when + + + align:start position:0% +um here's an example of like a yah when +yah who was running that that sort of + + align:start position:0% +yah who was running that that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +yah who was running that that sort of +engine that crappy engine I was showing + + align:start position:0% +engine that crappy engine I was showing + + + align:start position:0% +engine that crappy engine I was showing +you this is what um bids on Yahoo for + + align:start position:0% +you this is what um bids on Yahoo for + + + align:start position:0% +you this is what um bids on Yahoo for +some keyword um for click-through rates + + align:start position:0% +some keyword um for click-through rates + + + align:start position:0% +some keyword um for click-through rates +looked like over a one-week period and + + align:start position:0% +looked like over a one-week period and + + + align:start position:0% +looked like over a one-week period and +you can see the bids were doing like + + align:start position:0% +you can see the bids were doing like + + + align:start position:0% +you can see the bids were doing like +this what was happening was at the time + + align:start position:0% +this what was happening was at the time + + + align:start position:0% +this what was happening was at the time +Yahoo was running a first price uh + + align:start position:0% +Yahoo was running a first price uh + + + align:start position:0% +Yahoo was running a first price uh +auction for ad slots they're running a + + align:start position:0% +auction for ad slots they're running a + + + align:start position:0% +auction for ad slots they're running a +first price auction for ad slots and so + + align:start position:0% +first price auction for ad slots and so + + + align:start position:0% +first price auction for ad slots and so +like on the word auto insurance I want + + align:start position:0% +like on the word auto insurance I want + + + align:start position:0% +like on the word auto insurance I want +to be number one on auto insurance page + + align:start position:0% +to be number one on auto insurance page + + + align:start position:0% +to be number one on auto insurance page +so what happens Geico puts in a bid and + + align:start position:0% +so what happens Geico puts in a bid and + + + align:start position:0% +so what happens Geico puts in a bid and +gets to be number one and then + + align:start position:0% +gets to be number one and then + + + align:start position:0% +gets to be number one and then +Progressive is like oh I want to bid + + align:start position:0% +Progressive is like oh I want to bid + + + align:start position:0% +Progressive is like oh I want to bid +into penny more than that and I'll put + + align:start position:0% +into penny more than that and I'll put + + + align:start position:0% +into penny more than that and I'll put +in my bid and I'll get to be first and + + align:start position:0% +in my bid and I'll get to be first and + + + align:start position:0% +in my bid and I'll get to be first and +then Geico bids again go puts a penny + + align:start position:0% +then Geico bids again go puts a penny + + + align:start position:0% +then Geico bids again go puts a penny +above that and the firms would just play + + align:start position:0% +above that and the firms would just play + + + align:start position:0% +above that and the firms would just play +these sort of cycling games where they + + align:start position:0% +these sort of cycling games where they + + + align:start position:0% +these sort of cycling games where they +would just sort of + + align:start position:0% +would just sort of + + + align:start position:0% +would just sort of +overbid each other over and over and + + align:start position:0% +overbid each other over and over and + + + align:start position:0% +overbid each other over and over and +over again creating these sort of you + + align:start position:0% +over again creating these sort of you + + + align:start position:0% +over again creating these sort of you +know Edge worth Cycles on steroids and + + align:start position:0% +know Edge worth Cycles on steroids and + + + align:start position:0% +know Edge worth Cycles on steroids and +you know they would you know obviously + + align:start position:0% +you know they would you know obviously + + + align:start position:0% +you know they would you know obviously +everybody has to write a bot to update + + align:start position:0% +everybody has to write a bot to update + + + align:start position:0% +everybody has to write a bot to update +their prices every millisecond or + + align:start position:0% +their prices every millisecond or + + + align:start position:0% +their prices every millisecond or +whatever to keep up with each other and + + align:start position:0% +whatever to keep up with each other and + + + align:start position:0% +whatever to keep up with each other and +we had this sort of chaotic thing where + + align:start position:0% +we had this sort of chaotic thing where + + + align:start position:0% +we had this sort of chaotic thing where +the firms were spending a lot of time + + align:start position:0% +the firms were spending a lot of time + + + align:start position:0% +the firms were spending a lot of time +writing pricing Bots rather than just + + align:start position:0% +writing pricing Bots rather than just + + + align:start position:0% +writing pricing Bots rather than just +figuring out what the Au what the slots + + align:start position:0% +figuring out what the Au what the slots + + + align:start position:0% +figuring out what the Au what the slots +were worth to them and putting and just + + align:start position:0% +were worth to them and putting and just + + + align:start position:0% +were worth to them and putting and just +and putting their ads up there um okay + + align:start position:0% +and putting their ads up there um okay + + + align:start position:0% +and putting their ads up there um okay +so I said those other things already + + align:start position:0% +so I said those other things already + + + align:start position:0% +so I said those other things already +ready + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um okay so you know how the system works + + align:start position:0% +um okay so you know how the system works + + + align:start position:0% +um okay so you know how the system works +is you know there can be up to 11 ads um + + align:start position:0% +is you know there can be up to 11 ads um + + + align:start position:0% +is you know there can be up to 11 ads um +the way I'm going to think about this is + + align:start position:0% +the way I'm going to think about this is + + + align:start position:0% +the way I'm going to think about this is +It's hard for Google to figure out what + + align:start position:0% +It's hard for Google to figure out what + + + align:start position:0% +It's hard for Google to figure out what +just looking at it's hard for machine + + align:start position:0% +just looking at it's hard for machine + + + align:start position:0% +just looking at it's hard for machine +learning to figure out which sites have + + align:start position:0% +learning to figure out which sites have + + + align:start position:0% +learning to figure out which sites have +good shorts at good prices um but the + + align:start position:0% +good shorts at good prices um but the + + + align:start position:0% +good shorts at good prices um but the +advertisers are going to have + + align:start position:0% +advertisers are going to have + + + align:start position:0% +advertisers are going to have +information about that the advertisers + + align:start position:0% +information about that the advertisers + + + align:start position:0% +information about that the advertisers +know whether people who come to their + + align:start position:0% +know whether people who come to their + + + align:start position:0% +know whether people who come to their +site buy shorts or not uh and so the + + align:start position:0% +site buy shorts or not uh and so the + + + align:start position:0% +site buy shorts or not uh and so the +idea is going to be that this is readily + + align:start position:0% +idea is going to be that this is readily + + + align:start position:0% +idea is going to be that this is readily +available information for Google that + + align:start position:0% +available information for Google that + + + align:start position:0% +available information for Google that +Google can use to figure out which ads + + align:start position:0% +Google can use to figure out which ads + + + align:start position:0% +Google can use to figure out which ads +to display is just ask the sellers how + + align:start position:0% +to display is just ask the sellers how + + + align:start position:0% +to display is just ask the sellers how +much they're willing to pay to have + + align:start position:0% +much they're willing to pay to have + + + align:start position:0% +much they're willing to pay to have +their shorts displayed that's going to + + align:start position:0% +their shorts displayed that's going to + + + align:start position:0% +their shorts displayed that's going to +tell you which you know the people who + + align:start position:0% +tell you which you know the people who + + + align:start position:0% +tell you which you know the people who +are going to pay more to be displayed + + align:start position:0% +are going to pay more to be displayed + + + align:start position:0% +are going to pay more to be displayed +are the ones that are actually more + + align:start position:0% +are the ones that are actually more + + + align:start position:0% +are the ones that are actually more +likely to sell things to people when + + align:start position:0% +likely to sell things to people when + + + align:start position:0% +likely to sell things to people when +they click on the ad and that's valuable + + align:start position:0% +they click on the ad and that's valuable + + + align:start position:0% +they click on the ad and that's valuable +information that's information that's + + align:start position:0% +information that's information that's + + + align:start position:0% +information that's information that's +easier to get out of those bids than it + + align:start position:0% +easier to get out of those bids than it + + + align:start position:0% +easier to get out of those bids than it +is out of the whole uh machine learning + + align:start position:0% +is out of the whole uh machine learning + + + align:start position:0% +is out of the whole uh machine learning +stuff now in theory what we could do is + + align:start position:0% +stuff now in theory what we could do is + + + align:start position:0% +stuff now in theory what we could do is +actually figure out the best value Page + + align:start position:0% +actually figure out the best value Page + + + align:start position:0% +actually figure out the best value Page +by just having all the biders say you + + align:start position:0% +by just having all the biders say you + + + align:start position:0% +by just having all the biders say you +know there are 50 people out 50 firms + + align:start position:0% +know there are 50 people out 50 firms + + + align:start position:0% +know there are 50 people out 50 firms +out there that would like to display ads + + align:start position:0% +out there that would like to display ads + + + align:start position:0% +out there that would like to display ads +on the keyword shorts you could just ask + + align:start position:0% +on the keyword shorts you could just ask + + + align:start position:0% +on the keyword shorts you could just ask +all 50 of them okay think about every + + align:start position:0% +all 50 of them okay think about every + + + align:start position:0% +all 50 of them okay think about every +way that we could make up this page + + align:start position:0% +way that we could make up this page + + + align:start position:0% +way that we could make up this page +which is you know 50 firms we could put + + align:start position:0% +which is you know 50 firms we could put + + + align:start position:0% +which is you know 50 firms we could put +here 49 here 48 here 47 46 45 so we just + + align:start position:0% +here 49 here 48 here 47 46 45 so we just + + + align:start position:0% +here 49 here 48 here 47 46 45 so we just +have you know 50 factorial over 39 + + align:start position:0% +have you know 50 factorial over 39 + + + align:start position:0% +have you know 50 factorial over 39 +factorial and then say tell me your bid + + align:start position:0% +factorial and then say tell me your bid + + + align:start position:0% +factorial and then say tell me your bid +for that composition of the page with + + align:start position:0% +for that composition of the page with + + + align:start position:0% +for that composition of the page with +you first and Athleta second and Macy's + + align:start position:0% +you first and Athleta second and Macy's + + + align:start position:0% +you first and Athleta second and Macy's +third and so on and then we would run + + align:start position:0% +third and so on and then we would run + + + align:start position:0% +third and so on and then we would run +the vcg mechanism we determine who's + + align:start position:0% +the vcg mechanism we determine who's + + + align:start position:0% +the vcg mechanism we determine who's +best and that would that would be a way + + align:start position:0% +best and that would that would be a way + + + align:start position:0% +best and that would that would be a way +to allocate the ads efficiently okay um + + align:start position:0% +to allocate the ads efficiently okay um + + + align:start position:0% +to allocate the ads efficiently okay um +clearly that doesn't work because the + + align:start position:0% +clearly that doesn't work because the + + + align:start position:0% +clearly that doesn't work because the +just the bidding space for the firms + + align:start position:0% +just the bidding space for the firms + + + align:start position:0% +just the bidding space for the firms +would be absolutely enormous you know + + align:start position:0% +would be absolutely enormous you know + + + align:start position:0% +would be absolutely enormous you know +how does how does American Eagle know + + align:start position:0% +how does how does American Eagle know + + + align:start position:0% +how does how does American Eagle know +what their value is for all of these + + align:start position:0% +what their value is for all of these + + + align:start position:0% +what their value is for all of these +pages and then how do they send you that + + align:start position:0% +pages and then how do they send you that + + + align:start position:0% +pages and then how do they send you that +message in a you know with a trillion + + align:start position:0% +message in a you know with a trillion + + + align:start position:0% +message in a you know with a trillion +different bids and it's just sort of an + + align:start position:0% +different bids and it's just sort of an + + + align:start position:0% +different bids and it's just sort of an +infeasible system but that's some sense + + align:start position:0% +infeasible system but that's some sense + + + align:start position:0% +infeasible system but that's some sense +Theory would say that's that's what you + + align:start position:0% +Theory would say that's that's what you + + + align:start position:0% +Theory would say that's that's what you +want to do is just run the vcg mechanism + + align:start position:0% +want to do is just run the vcg mechanism + + + align:start position:0% +want to do is just run the vcg mechanism +to have every all the advertisers tell + + align:start position:0% +to have every all the advertisers tell + + + align:start position:0% +to have every all the advertisers tell +you what's the V what's the best value + + align:start position:0% +you what's the V what's the best value + + + align:start position:0% +you what's the V what's the best value +of every page them and then you just + + align:start position:0% +of every page them and then you just + + + align:start position:0% +of every page them and then you just +pick the value maximizing page okay um + + align:start position:0% +pick the value maximizing page okay um + + + align:start position:0% +pick the value maximizing page okay um +okay so what has Google done instead uh + + align:start position:0% +okay so what has Google done instead uh + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what has Google done instead uh +Google uh again early 2000s invented the + + align:start position:0% +Google uh again early 2000s invented the + + + align:start position:0% +Google uh again early 2000s invented the +following um Advertiser submit standing + + align:start position:0% +following um Advertiser submit standing + + + align:start position:0% +following um Advertiser submit standing +per click bids so I can enter any search + + align:start position:0% +per click bids so I can enter any search + + + align:start position:0% +per click bids so I can enter any search +query I want I could enter Paris I could + + align:start position:0% +query I want I could enter Paris I could + + + align:start position:0% +query I want I could enter Paris I could +enter Paris hotels I can do Paris minus + + align:start position:0% +enter Paris hotels I can do Paris minus + + + align:start position:0% +enter Paris hotels I can do Paris minus +Hilton to say if it's got Paris Hilton + + align:start position:0% +Hilton to say if it's got Paris Hilton + + + align:start position:0% +Hilton to say if it's got Paris Hilton +in it I don't if it's got both words I + + align:start position:0% +in it I don't if it's got both words I + + + align:start position:0% +in it I don't if it's got both words I +don't want it um I can do these bids + + align:start position:0% +don't want it um I can do these bids + + + align:start position:0% +don't want it um I can do these bids +times persons in the United States + + align:start position:0% +times persons in the United States + + + align:start position:0% +times persons in the United States +person is is 18 to 39 years old person + + align:start position:0% +person is is 18 to 39 years old person + + + align:start position:0% +person is is 18 to 39 years old person +is whatever but I just have a fairly + + align:start position:0% +is whatever but I just have a fairly + + + align:start position:0% +is whatever but I just have a fairly +expressive bidding language where I can + + align:start position:0% +expressive bidding language where I can + + + align:start position:0% +expressive bidding language where I can +sort of say for a person of this type + + align:start position:0% +sort of say for a person of this type + + + align:start position:0% +sort of say for a person of this type +having done this search this is my value + + align:start position:0% +having done this search this is my value + + + align:start position:0% +having done this search this is my value +that I'm willing to pay per click to + + align:start position:0% +that I'm willing to pay per click to + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm willing to pay per click to +have my ad clicked on okay um when + + align:start position:0% +have my ad clicked on okay um when + + + align:start position:0% +have my ad clicked on okay um when +someone T and people just can submit + + align:start position:0% +someone T and people just can submit + + + align:start position:0% +someone T and people just can submit +these you know asynchronously just + + align:start position:0% +these you know asynchronously just + + + align:start position:0% +these you know asynchronously just +anytime you just have a list of and like + + align:start position:0% +anytime you just have a list of and like + + + align:start position:0% +anytime you just have a list of and like +a large advertis will have a million + + align:start position:0% +a large advertis will have a million + + + align:start position:0% +a large advertis will have a million +standing bids on Google when someone + + align:start position:0% +standing bids on Google when someone + + + align:start position:0% +standing bids on Google when someone +types in a search query Google you know + + align:start position:0% +types in a search query Google you know + + + align:start position:0% +types in a search query Google you know +has this computer science problem of + + align:start position:0% +has this computer science problem of + + + align:start position:0% +has this computer science problem of +identifying all the bids that apply to + + align:start position:0% +identifying all the bids that apply to + + + align:start position:0% +identifying all the bids that apply to +that search query but anyway they quick + + align:start position:0% +that search query but anyway they quick + + + align:start position:0% +that search query but anyway they quick +as quick as they can they find all the + + align:start position:0% +as quick as they can they find all the + + + align:start position:0% +as quick as they can they find all the +bids they think apply to that query and + + align:start position:0% +bids they think apply to that query and + + + align:start position:0% +bids they think apply to that query and +then I'm going to say Suppose there are + + align:start position:0% +then I'm going to say Suppose there are + + + align:start position:0% +then I'm going to say Suppose there are +end bids bids B1 through BN that apply + + align:start position:0% +end bids bids B1 through BN that apply + + + align:start position:0% +end bids bids B1 through BN that apply +to that + + align:start position:0% +to that + + + align:start position:0% +to that +query uh then what Google does it + + align:start position:0% +query uh then what Google does it + + + align:start position:0% +query uh then what Google does it +multiplies every bid by a quality score + + align:start position:0% +multiplies every bid by a quality score + + + align:start position:0% +multiplies every bid by a quality score +uh W1 W2 up to + + align:start position:0% +uh W1 W2 up to + + + align:start position:0% +uh W1 W2 up to +WN and then it ranks the pro the the + + align:start position:0% +WN and then it ranks the pro the the + + + align:start position:0% +WN and then it ranks the pro the the +bids from highest to lowest on the + + align:start position:0% +bids from highest to lowest on the + + + align:start position:0% +bids from highest to lowest on the +product of the quality score and the + + align:start position:0% +product of the quality score and the + + + align:start position:0% +product of the quality score and the +bid and then the chooses as winners the + + align:start position:0% +bid and then the chooses as winners the + + + align:start position:0% +bid and then the chooses as winners the +people whose products are highest and it + + align:start position:0% +people whose products are highest and it + + + align:start position:0% +people whose products are highest and it +picks some M between uh zero 11 + + align:start position:0% +picks some M between uh zero 11 + + + align:start position:0% +picks some M between uh zero 11 +sometimes it plays zero ad sometimes one + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it plays zero ad sometimes one + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it plays zero ad sometimes one +up to 11 uh and then advertisers only + + align:start position:0% +up to 11 uh and then advertisers only + + + align:start position:0% +up to 11 uh and then advertisers only +pay if you click on their ad um so + + align:start position:0% +pay if you click on their ad um so + + + align:start position:0% +pay if you click on their ad um so +advertisers only pay if you click on + + align:start position:0% +advertisers only pay if you click on + + + align:start position:0% +advertisers only pay if you click on +their ad if adk is clicked then what + + align:start position:0% +their ad if adk is clicked then what + + + align:start position:0% +their ad if adk is clicked then what +Advertiser K pays is WK + 1 BK +1 over + + align:start position:0% +Advertiser K pays is WK + 1 BK +1 over + + + align:start position:0% +Advertiser K pays is WK + 1 BK +1 over +WK which you can think of as a + + align:start position:0% +WK which you can think of as a + + + align:start position:0% +WK which you can think of as a +generalization of the K of the K plus + + align:start position:0% +generalization of the K of the K plus + + + align:start position:0% +generalization of the K of the K plus +first price auction so this is the + + align:start position:0% +first price auction so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +first price auction so this is the +lowest that I could have bid and still + + align:start position:0% +lowest that I could have bid and still + + + align:start position:0% +lowest that I could have bid and still +beating bidder + + align:start position:0% +beating bidder + + + align:start position:0% +beating bidder +k+1 so I I bid something that beats + + align:start position:0% +k+1 so I I bid something that beats + + + align:start position:0% +k+1 so I I bid something that beats +bidder k+1 and they're just sort of + + align:start position:0% +bidder k+1 and they're just sort of + + + align:start position:0% +bidder k+1 and they're just sort of +saying think of the lowest number you + + align:start position:0% +saying think of the lowest number you + + + align:start position:0% +saying think of the lowest number you +could have bid and still bid in the same + + align:start position:0% +could have bid and still bid in the same + + + align:start position:0% +could have bid and still bid in the same +position that's what we're going to + + align:start position:0% +position that's what we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +position that's what we're going to +charge you per on a per click + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +basis I'm going to mostly ignore them + + align:start position:0% +basis I'm going to mostly ignore them + + + align:start position:0% +basis I'm going to mostly ignore them +today but you know the weights are + + align:start position:0% +today but you know the weights are + + + align:start position:0% +today but you know the weights are +incredibly important you know I would + + align:start position:0% +incredibly important you know I would + + + align:start position:0% +incredibly important you know I would +guess Google may spend a billion dollars + + align:start position:0% +guess Google may spend a billion dollars + + + align:start position:0% +guess Google may spend a billion dollars +a year on their waiting algorithms uh + + align:start position:0% +a year on their waiting algorithms uh + + + align:start position:0% +a year on their waiting algorithms uh +because the whole point is you know I I + + align:start position:0% +because the whole point is you know I I + + + align:start position:0% +because the whole point is you know I I +I didn't have the other Yahoo examples + + align:start position:0% +I didn't have the other Yahoo examples + + + align:start position:0% +I didn't have the other Yahoo examples +illustrating this Yahoo had an + + align:start position:0% +illustrating this Yahoo had an + + + align:start position:0% +illustrating this Yahoo had an +unweighted auction unweighted first + + align:start position:0% +unweighted auction unweighted first + + + align:start position:0% +unweighted auction unweighted first +price auction in the old days um so + + align:start position:0% +price auction in the old days um so + + + align:start position:0% +price auction in the old days um so +let's suppose you do a search uh for the + + align:start position:0% +let's suppose you do a search uh for the + + + align:start position:0% +let's suppose you do a search uh for the +word uh you know tennis racket on on + + align:start position:0% +word uh you know tennis racket on on + + + align:start position:0% +word uh you know tennis racket on on +Yahoo in the unweighted auction days + + align:start position:0% +Yahoo in the unweighted auction days + + + align:start position:0% +Yahoo in the unweighted auction days +what's going to come up first on the + + align:start position:0% +what's going to come up first on the + + + align:start position:0% +what's going to come up first on the +search screen you might think okay it + + align:start position:0% +search screen you might think okay it + + + align:start position:0% +search screen you might think okay it +should be stores who sell tennis rackets + + align:start position:0% +should be stores who sell tennis rackets + + + align:start position:0% +should be stores who sell tennis rackets +like maybe Dick Sporting Goods is number + + align:start position:0% +like maybe Dick Sporting Goods is number + + + align:start position:0% +like maybe Dick Sporting Goods is number +one or somebody who is going to sell + + align:start position:0% +one or somebody who is going to sell + + + align:start position:0% +one or somebody who is going to sell +tennis rackets no that wasn't what it + + align:start position:0% +tennis rackets no that wasn't what it + + + align:start position:0% +tennis rackets no that wasn't what it +was under Yahoo it was people who sold + + align:start position:0% +was under Yahoo it was people who sold + + + align:start position:0% +was under Yahoo it was people who sold +ringtones and people who sold + + align:start position:0% +ringtones and people who sold + + + align:start position:0% +ringtones and people who sold +pornography and you might think well why + + align:start position:0% +pornography and you might think well why + + + align:start position:0% +pornography and you might think well why +would pornography show up as number one + + align:start position:0% +would pornography show up as number one + + + align:start position:0% +would pornography show up as number one +when someone searched for tennis racket + + align:start position:0% +when someone searched for tennis racket + + + align:start position:0% +when someone searched for tennis racket +well the whole point is it's a + + align:start position:0% +well the whole point is it's a + + + align:start position:0% +well the whole point is it's a +payperclick auction it's not a payper + + align:start position:0% +payperclick auction it's not a payper + + + align:start position:0% +payperclick auction it's not a payper +display auction and so if someone types + + align:start position:0% +display auction and so if someone types + + + align:start position:0% +display auction and so if someone types +in in tennis racket and then you put an + + align:start position:0% +in in tennis racket and then you put an + + + align:start position:0% +in in tennis racket and then you put an +ad there that says Tri XX videos you + + align:start position:0% +ad there that says Tri XX videos you + + + align:start position:0% +ad there that says Tri XX videos you +know 1990 you know promotion 99 cents a + + align:start position:0% +know 1990 you know promotion 99 cents a + + + align:start position:0% +know 1990 you know promotion 99 cents a +month for the first six months you know + + align:start position:0% +month for the first six months you know + + + align:start position:0% +month for the first six months you know +free or whatever + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +99.999% of the people who click on that + + align:start position:0% +99.999% of the people who click on that + + + align:start position:0% +99.999% of the people who click on that +ad are not going to buy the pornography + + align:start position:0% +ad are not going to buy the pornography + + + align:start position:0% +ad are not going to buy the pornography +but conditional on seeing the ad for + + align:start position:0% +but conditional on seeing the ad for + + + align:start position:0% +but conditional on seeing the ad for +pornography and have it be very clear + + align:start position:0% +pornography and have it be very clear + + + align:start position:0% +pornography and have it be very clear +that it's buying pornography and + + align:start position:0% +that it's buying pornography and + + + align:start position:0% +that it's buying pornography and +entering your credit card + + align:start position:0% +entering your credit card + + + align:start position:0% +entering your credit card +number if you click on it then they're + + align:start position:0% +number if you click on it then they're + + + align:start position:0% +number if you click on it then they're +going to make a lot of money off you and + + align:start position:0% +going to make a lot of money off you and + + + align:start position:0% +going to make a lot of money off you and +they're going to make more money off you + + align:start position:0% +they're going to make more money off you + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to make more money off you +than they would make selling tennis + + align:start position:0% +than they would make selling tennis + + + align:start position:0% +than they would make selling tennis +rackets because like tennis rackets have + + align:start position:0% +rackets because like tennis rackets have + + + align:start position:0% +rackets because like tennis rackets have +a $2 profit margin pornography is zero + + align:start position:0% +a $2 profit margin pornography is zero + + + align:start position:0% +a $2 profit margin pornography is zero +marginal cost and if you get people to + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost and if you get people to + + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost and if you get people to +sign up for a 9.9 $9.95 a month plan you + + align:start position:0% +sign up for a 9.9 $9.95 a month plan you + + + align:start position:0% +sign up for a 9.9 $9.95 a month plan you +make $120 a year off each customer and + + align:start position:0% +make $120 a year off each customer and + + + align:start position:0% +make $120 a year off each customer and +so if you don't have the weights there + + align:start position:0% +so if you don't have the weights there + + + align:start position:0% +so if you don't have the weights there +and you're only paying when you're + + align:start position:0% +and you're only paying when you're + + + align:start position:0% +and you're only paying when you're +clicked you get the screen fills up with + + align:start position:0% +clicked you get the screen fills up with + + + align:start position:0% +clicked you get the screen fills up with +things that have high profit if clicked + + align:start position:0% +things that have high profit if clicked + + + align:start position:0% +things that have high profit if clicked +on and that usually won't be clicked on + + align:start position:0% +on and that usually won't be clicked on + + + align:start position:0% +on and that usually won't be clicked on +by + + align:start position:0% +by + + + align:start position:0% +by +accident okay and so anyway the weights + + align:start position:0% +accident okay and so anyway the weights + + + align:start position:0% +accident okay and so anyway the weights +there are very very important like if + + align:start position:0% +there are very very important like if + + + align:start position:0% +there are very very important like if +you look at the keyword shorts I cannot + + align:start position:0% +you look at the keyword shorts I cannot + + + align:start position:0% +you look at the keyword shorts I cannot +get on the Google screen for the keyword + + align:start position:0% +get on the Google screen for the keyword + + + align:start position:0% +get on the Google screen for the keyword +shorts because if I try to bid for + + align:start position:0% +shorts because if I try to bid for + + + align:start position:0% +shorts because if I try to bid for +shorts I can say I'm willing to pay $10 + + align:start position:0% +shorts I can say I'm willing to pay $10 + + + align:start position:0% +shorts I can say I'm willing to pay $10 +a click but they're going to look at my + + align:start position:0% +a click but they're going to look at my + + + align:start position:0% +a click but they're going to look at my +at my landing page and my landing page + + align:start position:0% +at my landing page and my landing page + + + align:start position:0% +at my landing page and my landing page +doesn't look like a store that sells + + align:start position:0% +doesn't look like a store that sells + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't look like a store that sells +shorts they're going to be like no one + + align:start position:0% +shorts they're going to be like no one + + + align:start position:0% +shorts they're going to be like no one +is interested in that we're not going to + + align:start position:0% +is interested in that we're not going to + + + align:start position:0% +is interested in that we're not going to +sort of sell the keyword shorts to him + + align:start position:0% +sort of sell the keyword shorts to him + + + align:start position:0% +sort of sell the keyword shorts to him +unless he has a high quality + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +score okay but from now on I'm actually + + align:start position:0% +score okay but from now on I'm actually + + + align:start position:0% +score okay but from now on I'm actually +let let me just sort say from here now + + align:start position:0% +let let me just sort say from here now + + + align:start position:0% +let let me just sort say from here now +I'm going to ignore the quality score + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to ignore the quality score + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to ignore the quality score +for much of this lecture because you can + + align:start position:0% +for much of this lecture because you can + + + align:start position:0% +for much of this lecture because you can +ignore the quality SC your once you sort + + align:start position:0% +ignore the quality SC your once you sort + + + align:start position:0% +ignore the quality SC your once you sort +of restrict to Macy's and Athleta and + + align:start position:0% +of restrict to Macy's and Athleta and + + + align:start position:0% +of restrict to Macy's and Athleta and +Loft and whomever who are all selling + + align:start position:0% +Loft and whomever who are all selling + + + align:start position:0% +Loft and whomever who are all selling +shorts + + align:start position:0% +shorts + + + align:start position:0% +shorts +then they may have all have + + align:start position:0% +then they may have all have + + + align:start position:0% +then they may have all have +approximately equal quality scores and + + align:start position:0% +approximately equal quality scores and + + + align:start position:0% +approximately equal quality scores and +the quality scores don't matter so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +much + + align:start position:0% +much + + + align:start position:0% +much +um okay so there's a you know uh paper + + align:start position:0% +um okay so there's a you know uh paper + + + align:start position:0% +um okay so there's a you know uh paper +first paper I want to do is Edelman + + align:start position:0% +first paper I want to do is Edelman + + + align:start position:0% +first paper I want to do is Edelman +ovsky and Schwarz which is a you know + + align:start position:0% +ovsky and Schwarz which is a you know + + + align:start position:0% +ovsky and Schwarz which is a you know +develop the following model to think + + align:start position:0% +develop the following model to think + + + align:start position:0% +develop the following model to think +about how this Google + + align:start position:0% +about how this Google + + + align:start position:0% +about how this Google +advertising system works and why it + + align:start position:0% +advertising system works and why it + + + align:start position:0% +advertising system works and why it +seems to work so well for Google so + + align:start position:0% +seems to work so well for Google so + + + align:start position:0% +seems to work so well for Google so +here's their model so they're n firms + + align:start position:0% +here's their model so they're n firms + + + align:start position:0% +here's their model so they're n firms +uh there be M prizes so think of these + + align:start position:0% +uh there be M prizes so think of these + + + align:start position:0% +uh there be M prizes so think of these +positions on the screen as the + + align:start position:0% +positions on the screen as the + + + align:start position:0% +positions on the screen as the +prizes and if you get prize K you get ZK + + align:start position:0% +prizes and if you get prize K you get ZK + + + align:start position:0% +prizes and if you get prize K you get ZK +clicks and they're going to assume that + + align:start position:0% +clicks and they're going to assume that + + + align:start position:0% +clicks and they're going to assume that +Z1 is bigger than Z2 is bigger than ZM + + align:start position:0% +Z1 is bigger than Z2 is bigger than ZM + + + align:start position:0% +Z1 is bigger than Z2 is bigger than ZM +so just somehow + + align:start position:0% +so just somehow + + + align:start position:0% +so just somehow +exogenously slot one gets the most + + align:start position:0% +exogenously slot one gets the most + + + align:start position:0% +exogenously slot one gets the most +clicks slot three gets third four five + + align:start position:0% +clicks slot three gets third four five + + + align:start position:0% +clicks slot three gets third four five +whatever so the slots are ordered in + + align:start position:0% +whatever so the slots are ordered in + + + align:start position:0% +whatever so the slots are ordered in +terms of the number of times people will + + align:start position:0% +terms of the number of times people will + + + align:start position:0% +terms of the number of times people will +click on them uh and it is true in + + align:start position:0% +click on them uh and it is true in + + + align:start position:0% +click on them uh and it is true in +practice people click on the for things + + align:start position:0% +practice people click on the for things + + + align:start position:0% +practice people click on the for things +the top much more they click on things + + align:start position:0% +the top much more they click on things + + + align:start position:0% +the top much more they click on things +on the + + align:start position:0% +on the + + + align:start position:0% +on the +bottom um they're going to assume that + + align:start position:0% +bottom um they're going to assume that + + + align:start position:0% +bottom um they're going to assume that +bidder ey gets pay off ZK time VI uh if + + align:start position:0% +bidder ey gets pay off ZK time VI uh if + + + align:start position:0% +bidder ey gets pay off ZK time VI uh if +if that bidder gets ZK clicks so each + + align:start position:0% +if that bidder gets ZK clicks so each + + + align:start position:0% +if that bidder gets ZK clicks so each +you know each it's as if each seller has + + align:start position:0% +you know each it's as if each seller has + + + align:start position:0% +you know each it's as if each seller has +an expected profit they're going to get + + align:start position:0% +an expected profit they're going to get + + + align:start position:0% +an expected profit they're going to get +every time someone clicks on their ad + + align:start position:0% +every time someone clicks on their ad + + + align:start position:0% +every time someone clicks on their ad +and their total payoff is just number of + + align:start position:0% +and their total payoff is just number of + + + align:start position:0% +and their total payoff is just number of +clicks times payoff per click and then + + align:start position:0% +clicks times payoff per click and then + + + align:start position:0% +clicks times payoff per click and then +it's the vi that's the random variable + + align:start position:0% +it's the vi that's the random variable + + + align:start position:0% +it's the vi that's the random variable +that's known to bidder ey and unknown to + + align:start position:0% +that's known to bidder ey and unknown to + + + align:start position:0% +that's known to bidder ey and unknown to +unknown to Google and that's why you + + align:start position:0% +unknown to Google and that's why you + + + align:start position:0% +unknown to Google and that's why you +need the bidding is to get the high VII + + align:start position:0% +need the bidding is to get the high VII + + + align:start position:0% +need the bidding is to get the high VII +people to be + + align:start position:0% +people to be + + + align:start position:0% +people to be +displayed uh suppose that advertising + + align:start position:0% +displayed uh suppose that advertising + + + align:start position:0% +displayed uh suppose that advertising +slots are auctioned by the following + + align:start position:0% +slots are auctioned by the following + + + align:start position:0% +slots are auctioned by the following +clock auction procedure there's a price + + align:start position:0% +clock auction procedure there's a price + + + align:start position:0% +clock auction procedure there's a price +clock that starts at zero the price + + align:start position:0% +clock that starts at zero the price + + + align:start position:0% +clock that starts at zero the price +Rises + + align:start position:0% +Rises + + + align:start position:0% +Rises +until there only M biders left bidding + + align:start position:0% +until there only M biders left bidding + + + align:start position:0% +until there only M biders left bidding +to try to be on the screen and then from + + align:start position:0% +to try to be on the screen and then from + + + align:start position:0% +to try to be on the screen and then from +that point on every time a bidder drops + + align:start position:0% +that point on every time a bidder drops + + + align:start position:0% +that point on every time a bidder drops +out so there only K minus one biders + + align:start position:0% +out so there only K minus one biders + + + align:start position:0% +out so there only K minus one biders +left the bidder who just dropped out + + align:start position:0% +left the bidder who just dropped out + + + align:start position:0% +left the bidder who just dropped out +gets position k and is assigned a per + + align:start position:0% +gets position k and is assigned a per + + + align:start position:0% +gets position k and is assigned a per +click payment which is equal to the + + align:start position:0% +click payment which is equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +click payment which is equal to the +Dropout point of the bidder in position + + align:start position:0% +Dropout point of the bidder in position + + + align:start position:0% +Dropout point of the bidder in position +K plus + + align:start position:0% +K plus + + + align:start position:0% +K plus +one okay so this is how they're going to + + align:start position:0% +one okay so this is how they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +one okay so this is how they're going to +think about uh the Google mechanism of + + align:start position:0% +think about uh the Google mechanism of + + + align:start position:0% +think about uh the Google mechanism of +submitting sealed bids with the K plus + + align:start position:0% +submitting sealed bids with the K plus + + + align:start position:0% +submitting sealed bids with the K plus +first + + align:start position:0% +first + + + align:start position:0% +first +pricing uh plan as the outcome of an + + align:start position:0% +pricing uh plan as the outcome of an + + + align:start position:0% +pricing uh plan as the outcome of an +English auction just to specify the game + + align:start position:0% +English auction just to specify the game + + + align:start position:0% +English auction just to specify the game +a little more it turns out the game is + + align:start position:0% +a little more it turns out the game is + + + align:start position:0% +a little more it turns out the game is +better specified as an English auction + + align:start position:0% +better specified as an English auction + + + align:start position:0% +better specified as an English auction +than as a sealed bid auction but they + + align:start position:0% +than as a sealed bid auction but they + + + align:start position:0% +than as a sealed bid auction but they +specify it as an English auction where + + align:start position:0% +specify it as an English auction where + + + align:start position:0% +specify it as an English auction where +just prices go up and then every time + + align:start position:0% +just prices go up and then every time + + + align:start position:0% +just prices go up and then every time +you you know like people drop out in + + align:start position:0% +you you know like people drop out in + + + align:start position:0% +you you know like people drop out in +order like once there only 12 firms left + + align:start position:0% +order like once there only 12 firms left + + + align:start position:0% +order like once there only 12 firms left +11th firm drops out they get slot 11 + + align:start position:0% +11th firm drops out they get slot 11 + + + align:start position:0% +11th firm drops out they get slot 11 +10th firm drops out they get slot 10 you + + align:start position:0% +10th firm drops out they get slot 10 you + + + align:start position:0% +10th firm drops out they get slot 10 you +pay the Dropout point of the person + + align:start position:0% +pay the Dropout point of the person + + + align:start position:0% +pay the Dropout point of the person +below you okay so this is just a way of + + align:start position:0% +below you okay so this is just a way of + + + align:start position:0% +below you okay so this is just a way of +modeling that sort of sealed bid + + align:start position:0% +modeling that sort of sealed bid + + + align:start position:0% +modeling that sort of sealed bid +procedure to give us a unique + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +outcome okay initial observations you + + align:start position:0% +outcome okay initial observations you + + + align:start position:0% +outcome okay initial observations you +know this generalized second price C + + align:start position:0% +know this generalized second price C + + + align:start position:0% +know this generalized second price C +mechanism that they're describing is not + + align:start position:0% +mechanism that they're describing is not + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism that they're describing is not +the vcg mechanism you in the vcg + + align:start position:0% +the vcg mechanism you in the vcg + + + align:start position:0% +the vcg mechanism you in the vcg +mechanism you're having to give bids + + align:start position:0% +mechanism you're having to give bids + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism you're having to give bids +over you know 50 factorial over 39 + + align:start position:0% +over you know 50 factorial over 39 + + + align:start position:0% +over you know 50 factorial over 39 +factorial possible outcomes of the + + align:start position:0% +factorial possible outcomes of the + + + align:start position:0% +factorial possible outcomes of the +screen here you're just submitting a + + align:start position:0% +screen here you're just submitting a + + + align:start position:0% +screen here you're just submitting a +single one-dimensional real number which + + align:start position:0% +single one-dimensional real number which + + + align:start position:0% +single one-dimensional real number which +is just your + + align:start position:0% +is just your + + + align:start position:0% +is just your +paperclick right so you're submitting + + align:start position:0% +paperclick right so you're submitting + + + align:start position:0% +paperclick right so you're submitting +your paperclick that's a very different + + align:start position:0% +your paperclick that's a very different + + + align:start position:0% +your paperclick that's a very different +thing um so the message space is + + align:start position:0% +thing um so the message space is + + + align:start position:0% +thing um so the message space is +smaller and um met space is smaller and + + align:start position:0% +smaller and um met space is smaller and + + + align:start position:0% +smaller and um met space is smaller and +your payment is different um you know in + + align:start position:0% +your payment is different um you know in + + + align:start position:0% +your payment is different um you know in +the Google mechanism you pay the number + + align:start position:0% +the Google mechanism you pay the number + + + align:start position:0% +the Google mechanism you pay the number +of clicks you get times the bid of the + + align:start position:0% +of clicks you get times the bid of the + + + align:start position:0% +of clicks you get times the bid of the +person below + + align:start position:0% +person below + + + align:start position:0% +person below +you what's my vcg cost let's suppose I + + align:start position:0% +you what's my vcg cost let's suppose I + + + align:start position:0% +you what's my vcg cost let's suppose I +take this slot in the vcg mechanism you + + align:start position:0% +take this slot in the vcg mechanism you + + + align:start position:0% +take this slot in the vcg mechanism you +know by taking this slot I move the + + align:start position:0% +know by taking this slot I move the + + + align:start position:0% +know by taking this slot I move the +person who would have been here down to + + align:start position:0% +person who would have been here down to + + + align:start position:0% +person who would have been here down to +this slot and the person who would have + + align:start position:0% +this slot and the person who would have + + + align:start position:0% +this slot and the person who would have +been here down to that slot the person + + align:start position:0% +been here down to that slot the person + + + align:start position:0% +been here down to that slot the person +who would have been here to that slot + + align:start position:0% +who would have been here to that slot + + + align:start position:0% +who would have been here to that slot +person who would have been here to that + + align:start position:0% +person who would have been here to that + + + align:start position:0% +person who would have been here to that +slot and this person just gets nothing + + align:start position:0% +slot and this person just gets nothing + + + align:start position:0% +slot and this person just gets nothing +right so by taking this slot I'm doing a + + align:start position:0% +right so by taking this slot I'm doing a + + + align:start position:0% +right so by taking this slot I'm doing a +negative externality on on the person + + align:start position:0% +negative externality on on the person + + + align:start position:0% +negative externality on on the person +who would have been here and here and + + align:start position:0% +who would have been here and here and + + + align:start position:0% +who would have been here and here and +here and here and here and so my vcg + + align:start position:0% +here and here and here and so my vcg + + + align:start position:0% +here and here and here and so my vcg +payment should be the number of clicks + + align:start position:0% +payment should be the number of clicks + + + align:start position:0% +payment should be the number of clicks +that I take from somebody and moving + + align:start position:0% +that I take from somebody and moving + + + align:start position:0% +that I take from somebody and moving +them from spot I down to spot I + one + + align:start position:0% +them from spot I down to spot I + one + + + align:start position:0% +them from spot I down to spot I + one +the number of clicks I take from someone + + align:start position:0% +the number of clicks I take from someone + + + align:start position:0% +the number of clicks I take from someone +else to move them from spot I plus one + + align:start position:0% +else to move them from spot I plus one + + + align:start position:0% +else to move them from spot I plus one +down to spot I plus 2 I multiply that by + + align:start position:0% +down to spot I plus 2 I multiply that by + + + align:start position:0% +down to spot I plus 2 I multiply that by +their value because that's how much I + + align:start position:0% +their value because that's how much I + + + align:start position:0% +their value because that's how much I +hurt them and then finally the person + + align:start position:0% +hurt them and then finally the person + + + align:start position:0% +hurt them and then finally the person +who I bump off the screen entirely they + + align:start position:0% +who I bump off the screen entirely they + + + align:start position:0% +who I bump off the screen entirely they +would have gotten ZM clicks and had + + align:start position:0% +would have gotten ZM clicks and had + + + align:start position:0% +would have gotten ZM clicks and had +payment VM plus one that's that's how + + align:start position:0% +payment VM plus one that's that's how + + + align:start position:0% +payment VM plus one that's that's how +much I hurt that's how much I hurt + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +them so it's it's not a vcg mechanism it + + align:start position:0% +them so it's it's not a vcg mechanism it + + + align:start position:0% +them so it's it's not a vcg mechanism it +just has a much smaller bidding space + + align:start position:0% +just has a much smaller bidding space + + + align:start position:0% +just has a much smaller bidding space +and it has the ra it doesn't have the + + align:start position:0% +and it has the ra it doesn't have the + + + align:start position:0% +and it has the ra it doesn't have the +negative externality payments it has + + align:start position:0% +negative externality payments it has + + + align:start position:0% +negative externality payments it has +just the bidder below you bid payment + + align:start position:0% +just the bidder below you bid payment + + + align:start position:0% +just the bidder below you bid payment +not the weighted average of all the bids + + align:start position:0% +not the weighted average of all the bids + + + align:start position:0% +not the weighted average of all the bids +of all the people below you + + align:start position:0% +of all the people below you + + + align:start position:0% +of all the people below you +payments um truth telling is not + + align:start position:0% +payments um truth telling is not + + + align:start position:0% +payments um truth telling is not +necessarily going to be an equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +necessarily going to be an equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily going to be an equilibrium +when you have more than one bidder or + + align:start position:0% +when you have more than one bidder or + + + align:start position:0% +when you have more than one bidder or +more than one slot available so I give + + align:start position:0% +more than one slot available so I give + + + align:start position:0% +more than one slot available so I give +this example here of Suppose there are + + align:start position:0% +this example here of Suppose there are + + + align:start position:0% +this example here of Suppose there are +two slots on the + + align:start position:0% +two slots on the + + + align:start position:0% +two slots on the +screen slot one gives 200 clicks slot + + align:start position:0% +screen slot one gives 200 clicks slot + + + align:start position:0% +screen slot one gives 200 clicks slot +two gives 199 clicks and there's no + + align:start position:0% +two gives 199 clicks and there's no + + + align:start position:0% +two gives 199 clicks and there's no +third slot and then imagine you have + + align:start position:0% +third slot and then imagine you have + + + align:start position:0% +third slot and then imagine you have +three biders have these values high + + align:start position:0% +three biders have these values high + + + align:start position:0% +three biders have these values high +value bidder has a value of 10 second + + align:start position:0% +value bidder has a value of 10 second + + + align:start position:0% +value bidder has a value of 10 second +has a value of four third has a value of + + align:start position:0% +has a value of four third has a value of + + + align:start position:0% +has a value of four third has a value of +two you know with truth telling bidder + + align:start position:0% +two you know with truth telling bidder + + + align:start position:0% +two you know with truth telling bidder +one bids 10 one gets the top slot they + + align:start position:0% +one bids 10 one gets the top slot they + + + align:start position:0% +one bids 10 one gets the top slot they +get 200 clicks and they're paying six + + align:start position:0% +get 200 clicks and they're paying six + + + align:start position:0% +get 200 clicks and they're paying six +they're pay they get a profit of six per + + align:start position:0% +they're pay they get a profit of six per + + + align:start position:0% +they're pay they get a profit of six per +click because they're paying four for + + align:start position:0% +click because they're paying four for + + + align:start position:0% +click because they're paying four for +each click they get 200 * 6 is + + align:start position:0% +each click they get 200 * 6 is + + + align:start position:0% +each click they get 200 * 6 is +1,200 but if my bid was If instead of + + align:start position:0% +1,200 but if my bid was If instead of + + + align:start position:0% +1,200 but if my bid was If instead of +bidding 10 I bid three then I move down + + align:start position:0% +bidding 10 I bid three then I move down + + + align:start position:0% +bidding 10 I bid three then I move down +to the second slot on the screen I get + + align:start position:0% +to the second slot on the screen I get + + + align:start position:0% +to the second slot on the screen I get +199 clicks instead of 200 by I'm only + + align:start position:0% +199 clicks instead of 200 by I'm only + + + align:start position:0% +199 clicks instead of 200 by I'm only +paying two for them instead of paying + + align:start position:0% +paying two for them instead of paying + + + align:start position:0% +paying two for them instead of paying +four so I wouldn't want to bid + + align:start position:0% +four so I wouldn't want to bid + + + align:start position:0% +four so I wouldn't want to bid +truthfully I would sort of you know here + + align:start position:0% +truthfully I would sort of you know here + + + align:start position:0% +truthfully I would sort of you know here +I would drop my bid from 10 and I would + + align:start position:0% +I would drop my bid from 10 and I would + + + align:start position:0% +I would drop my bid from 10 and I would +rather bid three because bidding three + + align:start position:0% +rather bid three because bidding three + + + align:start position:0% +rather bid three because bidding three +gets me more more you know almost the + + align:start position:0% +gets me more more you know almost the + + + align:start position:0% +gets me more more you know almost the +same number clicks at a lower price so + + align:start position:0% +same number clicks at a lower price so + + + align:start position:0% +same number clicks at a lower price so +this Google mechanism it's not vcg + + align:start position:0% +this Google mechanism it's not vcg + + + align:start position:0% +this Google mechanism it's not vcg +different strategy space different + + align:start position:0% +different strategy space different + + + align:start position:0% +different strategy space different +payments and it's not vcg like and that + + align:start position:0% +payments and it's not vcg like and that + + + align:start position:0% +payments and it's not vcg like and that +biders it's going to be a nontruth + + align:start position:0% +biders it's going to be a nontruth + + + align:start position:0% +biders it's going to be a nontruth +telling equilibrium in this mechanism + + align:start position:0% +telling equilibrium in this mechanism + + + align:start position:0% +telling equilibrium in this mechanism +kind of like the first price auction is + + align:start position:0% +kind of like the first price auction is + + + align:start position:0% +kind of like the first price auction is +a nontruth telling mechanism but biders + + align:start position:0% +a nontruth telling mechanism but biders + + + align:start position:0% +a nontruth telling mechanism but biders +are going to have to shade their bids + + align:start position:0% +are going to have to shade their bids + + + align:start position:0% +are going to have to shade their bids +because bidding truthfully isn't isn't + + align:start position:0% +because bidding truthfully isn't isn't + + + align:start position:0% +because bidding truthfully isn't isn't +optimal okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um okay so what happens + + align:start position:0% +um okay so what happens + + + align:start position:0% +um okay so what happens +um you + + align:start position:0% +um you + + + align:start position:0% +um you +know much like the first price auction + + align:start position:0% +know much like the first price auction + + + align:start position:0% +know much like the first price auction +adovi and Schwarz show that this model + + align:start position:0% +adovi and Schwarz show that this model + + + align:start position:0% +adovi and Schwarz show that this model +does have an equilibrium in which biders + + align:start position:0% +does have an equilibrium in which biders + + + align:start position:0% +does have an equilibrium in which biders +shade their bids uh + + align:start position:0% +shade their bids uh + + + align:start position:0% +shade their bids uh +so all if you're going to stay if you're + + align:start position:0% +so all if you're going to stay if you're + + + align:start position:0% +so all if you're going to stay if you're +not going to get on the screen you + + align:start position:0% +not going to get on the screen you + + + align:start position:0% +not going to get on the screen you +always want to stay on the keep bidding + + align:start position:0% +always want to stay on the keep bidding + + + align:start position:0% +always want to stay on the keep bidding +higher and higher if you need to to get + + align:start position:0% +higher and higher if you need to to get + + + align:start position:0% +higher and higher if you need to to get +on the screen because getting on the + + align:start position:0% +on the screen because getting on the + + + align:start position:0% +on the screen because getting on the +scre if you don't get on the screen you + + align:start position:0% +scre if you don't get on the screen you + + + align:start position:0% +scre if you don't get on the screen you +and nothing so all the losing biders + + align:start position:0% +and nothing so all the losing biders + + + align:start position:0% +and nothing so all the losing biders +stay in until the clock reaches their + + align:start position:0% +stay in until the clock reaches their + + + align:start position:0% +stay in until the clock reaches their +true + + align:start position:0% +true + + + align:start position:0% +true +value but then once you're guaranteed a + + align:start position:0% +value but then once you're guaranteed a + + + align:start position:0% +value but then once you're guaranteed a +slot uh when there K biders drop out and + + align:start position:0% +slot uh when there K biders drop out and + + + align:start position:0% +slot uh when there K biders drop out and +the K plus first bid was B k+ one you + + align:start position:0% +the K plus first bid was B k+ one you + + + align:start position:0% +the K plus first bid was B k+ one you +drop out at your true value minus + + align:start position:0% +drop out at your true value minus + + + align:start position:0% +drop out at your true value minus +something and it's your value minus + + align:start position:0% +something and it's your value minus + + + align:start position:0% +something and it's your value minus +something that's a fraction of of the + + align:start position:0% +something that's a fraction of of the + + + align:start position:0% +something that's a fraction of of the +Sur it's something related to the + + align:start position:0% +Sur it's something related to the + + + align:start position:0% +Sur it's something related to the +Surplus that you're getting and the + + align:start position:0% +Surplus that you're getting and the + + + align:start position:0% +Surplus that you're getting and the +ratio of the number of clicks of the two + + align:start position:0% +ratio of the number of clicks of the two + + + align:start position:0% +ratio of the number of clicks of the two +higher slots it's like the 200 over + + align:start position:0% +higher slots it's like the 200 over + + + align:start position:0% +higher slots it's like the 200 over +199 uh 199 over 200 thing but anyway + + align:start position:0% +199 uh 199 over 200 thing but anyway + + + align:start position:0% +199 uh 199 over 200 thing but anyway +it's it's your bid minus some fraction + + align:start position:0% +it's it's your bid minus some fraction + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's your bid minus some fraction +of the Surplus that you're already + + align:start position:0% +of the Surplus that you're already + + + align:start position:0% +of the Surplus that you're already +getting you drop out early and you know + + align:start position:0% +getting you drop out early and you know + + + align:start position:0% +getting you drop out early and you know +the intuition is you can't bid TR like + + align:start position:0% +the intuition is you can't bid TR like + + + align:start position:0% +the intuition is you can't bid TR like +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +suppose you know suppose I'm I'm bidding + + align:start position:0% +suppose you know suppose I'm I'm bidding + + + align:start position:0% +suppose you know suppose I'm I'm bidding +again there two of us you know are I'm + + align:start position:0% +again there two of us you know are I'm + + + align:start position:0% +again there two of us you know are I'm +bidding for the to get on the very top + + align:start position:0% +bidding for the to get on the very top + + + align:start position:0% +bidding for the to get on the very top +slot on the screen and there are two of + + align:start position:0% +slot on the screen and there are two of + + + align:start position:0% +slot on the screen and there are two of +us who are hanging in the bidding trying + + align:start position:0% +us who are hanging in the bidding trying + + + align:start position:0% +us who are hanging in the bidding trying +to get the number number one slot and my + + align:start position:0% +to get the number number one slot and my + + + align:start position:0% +to get the number number one slot and my +value is + + align:start position:0% +value is + + + align:start position:0% +value is +$10 okay well as the clock is + + align:start position:0% +$10 okay well as the clock is + + + align:start position:0% +$10 okay well as the clock is +approaching + + align:start position:0% +approaching + + + align:start position:0% +approaching +$10 if my opponent hasn't dropped out at + + align:start position:0% +$10 if my opponent hasn't dropped out at + + + align:start position:0% +$10 if my opponent hasn't dropped out at +$10 and I haven't dropped out at $10 the + + align:start position:0% +$10 and I haven't dropped out at $10 the + + + align:start position:0% +$10 and I haven't dropped out at $10 the +worst thing on Earth for me is if my + + align:start position:0% +worst thing on Earth for me is if my + + + align:start position:0% +worst thing on Earth for me is if my +opponent drops out at + + align:start position:0% +opponent drops out at + + + align:start position:0% +opponent drops out at +$9.99 because if he drops out at $9.99 + + align:start position:0% +$9.99 because if he drops out at $9.99 + + + align:start position:0% +$9.99 because if he drops out at $9.99 +I'm paying $9.99 per click and I'm only + + align:start position:0% +I'm paying $9.99 per click and I'm only + + + align:start position:0% +I'm paying $9.99 per click and I'm only +getting $10 a click worth of value and + + align:start position:0% +getting $10 a click worth of value and + + + align:start position:0% +getting $10 a click worth of value and +so I'm getting one penny per click in + + align:start position:0% +so I'm getting one penny per click in + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm getting one penny per click in +Surplus and so I'm getting almost + + align:start position:0% +Surplus and so I'm getting almost + + + align:start position:0% +Surplus and so I'm getting almost +nothing much better so like you know if + + align:start position:0% +nothing much better so like you know if + + + align:start position:0% +nothing much better so like you know if +they're if someone else dropped out at + + align:start position:0% +they're if someone else dropped out at + + + align:start position:0% +they're if someone else dropped out at +six and there are two of us bidding for + + align:start position:0% +six and there are two of us bidding for + + + align:start position:0% +six and there are two of us bidding for +the top two slots at some point I want + + align:start position:0% +the top two slots at some point I want + + + align:start position:0% +the top two slots at some point I want +to take my $4 per click for a lot of + + align:start position:0% +to take my $4 per click for a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +to take my $4 per click for a lot of +Clicks in the number two position rather + + align:start position:0% +Clicks in the number two position rather + + + align:start position:0% +Clicks in the number two position rather +than hang out and risk my risk the other + + align:start position:0% +than hang out and risk my risk the other + + + align:start position:0% +than hang out and risk my risk the other +guy dropping out at like anytime I'm I'm + + align:start position:0% +guy dropping out at like anytime I'm I'm + + + align:start position:0% +guy dropping out at like anytime I'm I'm +mad if he drops out I shouldn't be + + align:start position:0% +mad if he drops out I shouldn't be + + + align:start position:0% +mad if he drops out I shouldn't be +there and so there's going to be some + + align:start position:0% +there and so there's going to be some + + + align:start position:0% +there and so there's going to be some +drop off point you decide like in a + + align:start position:0% +drop off point you decide like in a + + + align:start position:0% +drop off point you decide like in a +first price auction I want some Surplus + + align:start position:0% +first price auction I want some Surplus + + + align:start position:0% +first price auction I want some Surplus +so I just drop out and take my Surplus + + align:start position:0% +so I just drop out and take my Surplus + + + align:start position:0% +so I just drop out and take my Surplus +and in position two rather than risking + + align:start position:0% +and in position two rather than risking + + + align:start position:0% +and in position two rather than risking +this guy drops out and living with + + align:start position:0% +this guy drops out and living with + + + align:start position:0% +this guy drops out and living with +almost no Sur Plus in position one okay + + align:start position:0% +almost no Sur Plus in position one okay + + + align:start position:0% +almost no Sur Plus in position one okay +so there's going to be a bid shading uh + + align:start position:0% +so there's going to be a bid shading uh + + + align:start position:0% +so there's going to be a bid shading uh +bid shading + + align:start position:0% +bid shading + + + align:start position:0% +bid shading +equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +uh you know why is this if you think + + align:start position:0% +uh you know why is this if you think + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know why is this if you think +about you + + align:start position:0% +about you + + + align:start position:0% +about you +know think about like this equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +know think about like this equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +know think about like this equilibrium +Dropout point B star of V you know the + + align:start position:0% +Dropout point B star of V you know the + + + align:start position:0% +Dropout point B star of V you know the +first order condition is I'm indifferent + + align:start position:0% +first order condition is I'm indifferent + + + align:start position:0% +first order condition is I'm indifferent +between dropping out at bar star of v + + align:start position:0% +between dropping out at bar star of v + + + align:start position:0% +between dropping out at bar star of v +and dropping out at bar star of V plus + + align:start position:0% +and dropping out at bar star of V plus + + + align:start position:0% +and dropping out at bar star of V plus +Delta V + + align:start position:0% +Delta V + + + align:start position:0% +Delta V +okayo what's the difference in my payoff + + align:start position:0% +okayo what's the difference in my payoff + + + align:start position:0% +okayo what's the difference in my payoff +if I if I drop out at this one versus + + align:start position:0% +if I if I drop out at this one versus + + + align:start position:0% +if I if I drop out at this one versus +this one if my opponent doesn't drop out + + align:start position:0% +this one if my opponent doesn't drop out + + + align:start position:0% +this one if my opponent doesn't drop out +in between if my opponent doesn't drop + + align:start position:0% +in between if my opponent doesn't drop + + + align:start position:0% +in between if my opponent doesn't drop +out in between it makes no difference + + align:start position:0% +out in between it makes no difference + + + align:start position:0% +out in between it makes no difference +because I'm still just paying the $6 and + + align:start position:0% +because I'm still just paying the $6 and + + + align:start position:0% +because I'm still just paying the $6 and +getting slot number two so the only time + + align:start position:0% +getting slot number two so the only time + + + align:start position:0% +getting slot number two so the only time +it makes a difference to me whether I + + align:start position:0% +it makes a difference to me whether I + + + align:start position:0% +it makes a difference to me whether I +stay in from like you know + + align:start position:0% +stay in from like you know + + + align:start position:0% +stay in from like you know +857 to 858 is if my opponent is going to + + align:start position:0% +857 to 858 is if my opponent is going to + + + align:start position:0% +857 to 858 is if my opponent is going to +drop out between 857 and 858 + + align:start position:0% +drop out between 857 and 858 + + + align:start position:0% +drop out between 857 and 858 +and so if this is the optimum it must be + + align:start position:0% +and so if this is the optimum it must be + + + align:start position:0% +and so if this is the optimum it must be +I'm indifferent between dropping out at + + align:start position:0% +I'm indifferent between dropping out at + + + align:start position:0% +I'm indifferent between dropping out at +857 and 858 conditional on my opponent + + align:start position:0% +857 and 858 conditional on my opponent + + + align:start position:0% +857 and 858 conditional on my opponent +dropping out in between the two of them + + align:start position:0% +dropping out in between the two of them + + + align:start position:0% +dropping out in between the two of them +which would be that you know my payoff + + align:start position:0% +which would be that you know my payoff + + + align:start position:0% +which would be that you know my payoff +if I'm the second person to drop out is + + align:start position:0% +if I'm the second person to drop out is + + + align:start position:0% +if I'm the second person to drop out is +I get the higher slot and I pay B Star a + + align:start position:0% +I get the higher slot and I pay B Star a + + + align:start position:0% +I get the higher slot and I pay B Star a +v you know essentially he's dropping out + + align:start position:0% +v you know essentially he's dropping out + + + align:start position:0% +v you know essentially he's dropping out +essentially where I was going to drop + + align:start position:0% +essentially where I was going to drop + + + align:start position:0% +essentially where I was going to drop +out or getting the lower slot where I + + align:start position:0% +out or getting the lower slot where I + + + align:start position:0% +out or getting the lower slot where I +get fewer clicks ZK instead of ZK minus + + align:start position:0% +get fewer clicks ZK instead of ZK minus + + + align:start position:0% +get fewer clicks ZK instead of ZK minus +one but I pay the $6 instead of the + + align:start position:0% +one but I pay the $6 instead of the + + + align:start position:0% +one but I pay the $6 instead of the +857 and so anyway so it's this local + + align:start position:0% +857 and so anyway so it's this local + + + align:start position:0% +857 and so anyway so it's this local +indifference that tells me I'm locally + + align:start position:0% +indifference that tells me I'm locally + + + align:start position:0% +indifference that tells me I'm locally +indifferent between dropping out at and + + align:start position:0% +indifferent between dropping out at and + + + align:start position:0% +indifferent between dropping out at and +getting the lower at the point where I'm + + align:start position:0% +getting the lower at the point where I'm + + + align:start position:0% +getting the lower at the point where I'm +dropping IND dropping out I'm locally + + align:start position:0% +dropping IND dropping out I'm locally + + + align:start position:0% +dropping IND dropping out I'm locally +indifferent between dropping out and + + align:start position:0% +indifferent between dropping out and + + + align:start position:0% +indifferent between dropping out and +getting the lower or the higher slot and + + align:start position:0% +getting the lower or the higher slot and + + + align:start position:0% +getting the lower or the higher slot and +that gives me an expression that I can + + align:start position:0% +that gives me an expression that I can + + + align:start position:0% +that gives me an expression that I can +use to solve for bid + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +shading and then you know sort of uh + + align:start position:0% +shading and then you know sort of uh + + + align:start position:0% +shading and then you know sort of uh +corollary you know the bidding formula + + align:start position:0% +corollary you know the bidding formula + + + align:start position:0% +corollary you know the bidding formula +seemed unexciting okay you shade your + + align:start position:0% +seemed unexciting okay you shade your + + + align:start position:0% +seemed unexciting okay you shade your +bid remarkable corollary is when players + + align:start position:0% +bid remarkable corollary is when players + + + align:start position:0% +bid remarkable corollary is when players +bid using those formulas I just showed + + align:start position:0% +bid using those formulas I just showed + + + align:start position:0% +bid using those formulas I just showed +you uh the Google auction mechanism + + align:start position:0% +you uh the Google auction mechanism + + + align:start position:0% +you uh the Google auction mechanism +results in every player making the same + + align:start position:0% +results in every player making the same + + + align:start position:0% +results in every player making the same +payment schedule as they would have made + + align:start position:0% +payment schedule as they would have made + + + align:start position:0% +payment schedule as they would have made +in a vcg + + align:start position:0% +in a vcg + + + align:start position:0% +in a vcg +mechanism so it's not people are it's a + + align:start position:0% +mechanism so it's not people are it's a + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism so it's not people are it's a +nontruth telling equilibrium everyone + + align:start position:0% +nontruth telling equilibrium everyone + + + align:start position:0% +nontruth telling equilibrium everyone +everyone Shades their bids but somehow + + align:start position:0% +everyone Shades their bids but somehow + + + align:start position:0% +everyone Shades their bids but somehow +in equilibrium everyone Shades their + + align:start position:0% +in equilibrium everyone Shades their + + + align:start position:0% +in equilibrium everyone Shades their +bids in a way that this exactly + + align:start position:0% +bids in a way that this exactly + + + align:start position:0% +bids in a way that this exactly +reproduces uh vcg payments + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay um why is that well you know it's + + align:start position:0% +okay um why is that well you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +okay um why is that well you know it's +just a simple induction argument you + + align:start position:0% +just a simple induction argument you + + + align:start position:0% +just a simple induction argument you +know the losing biders pay nothing + + align:start position:0% +know the losing biders pay nothing + + + align:start position:0% +know the losing biders pay nothing +that's what happens in the vcg + + align:start position:0% +that's what happens in the vcg + + + align:start position:0% +that's what happens in the vcg +mechanism the bidder in the very bottom + + align:start position:0% +mechanism the bidder in the very bottom + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism the bidder in the very bottom +position on the screen who's bumping + + align:start position:0% +position on the screen who's bumping + + + align:start position:0% +position on the screen who's bumping +someone else off the screen they pay the + + align:start position:0% +someone else off the screen they pay the + + + align:start position:0% +someone else off the screen they pay the +number of clicks they get times the bid + + align:start position:0% +number of clicks they get times the bid + + + align:start position:0% +number of clicks they get times the bid +of the person below them that's also the + + align:start position:0% +of the person below them that's also the + + + align:start position:0% +of the person below them that's also the +vcg + + align:start position:0% +vcg + + + align:start position:0% +vcg +externality and then just go one level + + align:start position:0% +externality and then just go one level + + + align:start position:0% +externality and then just go one level +level up what does the person in this + + align:start position:0% +level up what does the person in this + + + align:start position:0% +level up what does the person in this +slot pay um they pay the number of + + align:start position:0% +slot pay um they pay the number of + + + align:start position:0% +slot pay um they pay the number of +clicks they get times the bit of this + + align:start position:0% +clicks they get times the bit of this + + + align:start position:0% +clicks they get times the bit of this +person so they paid number of Clicks in + + align:start position:0% +person so they paid number of Clicks in + + + align:start position:0% +person so they paid number of Clicks in +position Min minus one times the bid of + + align:start position:0% +position Min minus one times the bid of + + + align:start position:0% +position Min minus one times the bid of +the person in position + + align:start position:0% +the person in position + + + align:start position:0% +the person in position +M but what was the bid of the P person + + align:start position:0% +M but what was the bid of the P person + + + align:start position:0% +M but what was the bid of the P person +in position M it was VM minus this bid + + align:start position:0% +in position M it was VM minus this bid + + + align:start position:0% +in position M it was VM minus this bid +shading which was ZM over ZM minus1 vmus + + align:start position:0% +shading which was ZM over ZM minus1 vmus + + + align:start position:0% +shading which was ZM over ZM minus1 vmus +BM + + + align:start position:0% +BM + + + + align:start position:0% +BM + +1 when I multiply these things together + + align:start position:0% +1 when I multiply these things together + + + align:start position:0% +1 when I multiply these things together +I get ZM minus1 + + align:start position:0% +I get ZM minus1 + + + align:start position:0% +I get ZM minus1 +VM uh and then this cancels and I get + + align:start position:0% +VM uh and then this cancels and I get + + + align:start position:0% +VM uh and then this cancels and I get +minus ZM + + align:start position:0% +minus ZM + + + align:start position:0% +minus ZM +VM so the first two terms I get are the + + align:start position:0% +VM so the first two terms I get are the + + + align:start position:0% +VM so the first two terms I get are the +number of clicks that I reduce the um + + align:start position:0% +number of clicks that I reduce the um + + + align:start position:0% +number of clicks that I reduce the um +number of clicks that I cost the person + + align:start position:0% +number of clicks that I cost the person + + + align:start position:0% +number of clicks that I cost the person +who ends up in position M multiplied by + + align:start position:0% +who ends up in position M multiplied by + + + align:start position:0% +who ends up in position M multiplied by +their + + align:start position:0% +their + + + align:start position:0% +their +value and then there's a final term + + align:start position:0% +value and then there's a final term + + + align:start position:0% +value and then there's a final term +which is this times this times this I + + align:start position:0% +which is this times this times this I + + + align:start position:0% +which is this times this times this I +get ZM * VM + 1 so I'm getting the + + align:start position:0% +get ZM * VM + 1 so I'm getting the + + + align:start position:0% +get ZM * VM + 1 so I'm getting the +negative externality on the person in M + + align:start position:0% +negative externality on the person in M + + + align:start position:0% +negative externality on the person in M +minus one + + align:start position:0% +minus one + + + align:start position:0% +minus one +plus the negative externality on the + + align:start position:0% +plus the negative externality on the + + + align:start position:0% +plus the negative externality on the +person in person M so somehow that + + align:start position:0% +person in person M so somehow that + + + align:start position:0% +person in person M so somehow that +indifference condition that determine + + align:start position:0% +indifference condition that determine + + + align:start position:0% +indifference condition that determine +the equilibrium bids results in the + + align:start position:0% +the equilibrium bids results in the + + + align:start position:0% +the equilibrium bids results in the +equilibrium payment that I make being + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium payment that I make being + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium payment that I make being +the vcg payment I'm I'm actually paying + + align:start position:0% +the vcg payment I'm I'm actually paying + + + align:start position:0% +the vcg payment I'm I'm actually paying +that sum of negative externalities of + + align:start position:0% +that sum of negative externalities of + + + align:start position:0% +that sum of negative externalities of +all the people up and down the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +table and so you know what is do I have + + align:start position:0% +table and so you know what is do I have + + + align:start position:0% +table and so you know what is do I have +another slide should I take it yeah so + + align:start position:0% +another slide should I take it yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +another slide should I take it yeah so +implications you know the fact that + + align:start position:0% +implications you know the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +implications you know the fact that +Google's me mechanism recreates vcg + + align:start position:0% +Google's me mechanism recreates vcg + + + align:start position:0% +Google's me mechanism recreates vcg +means that it's an expost equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +means that it's an expost equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +means that it's an expost equilibrium +you know in vcg you announce your values + + align:start position:0% +you know in vcg you announce your values + + + align:start position:0% +you know in vcg you announce your values +it was a dominant strategy you don't + + align:start position:0% +it was a dominant strategy you don't + + + align:start position:0% +it was a dominant strategy you don't +want to change what you announced when + + align:start position:0% +want to change what you announced when + + + align:start position:0% +want to change what you announced when +you like in a first price auction you + + align:start position:0% +you like in a first price auction you + + + align:start position:0% +you like in a first price auction you +bid you see that you've been slightly + + align:start position:0% +bid you see that you've been slightly + + + align:start position:0% +bid you see that you've been slightly +out bid when you bid V over2 you want to + + align:start position:0% +out bid when you bid V over2 you want to + + + align:start position:0% +out bid when you bid V over2 you want to +change your bid in a vcg mechanism you + + align:start position:0% +change your bid in a vcg mechanism you + + + align:start position:0% +change your bid in a vcg mechanism you +make your announcement you make your + + align:start position:0% +make your announcement you make your + + + align:start position:0% +make your announcement you make your +payment you don't want to change your + + align:start position:0% +payment you don't want to change your + + + align:start position:0% +payment you don't want to change your +announcement because it was a dominant + + align:start position:0% +announcement because it was a dominant + + + align:start position:0% +announcement because it was a dominant +your announcement was a dominant + + align:start position:0% +your announcement was a dominant + + + align:start position:0% +your announcement was a dominant +strategy the fact that this is + + align:start position:0% +strategy the fact that this is + + + align:start position:0% +strategy the fact that this is +recreating vcg means you don't want to + + align:start position:0% +recreating vcg means you don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +recreating vcg means you don't want to +change your bid when you've seen what + + align:start position:0% +change your bid when you've seen what + + + align:start position:0% +change your bid when you've seen what +the other people bid you're making the + + align:start position:0% +the other people bid you're making the + + + align:start position:0% +the other people bid you're making the +vcg payments given your true value + + align:start position:0% +vcg payments given your true value + + + align:start position:0% +vcg payments given your true value +assuming everyone else announces their + + align:start position:0% +assuming everyone else announces their + + + align:start position:0% +assuming everyone else announces their +true value everyone plays the + + align:start position:0% +true value everyone plays the + + + align:start position:0% +true value everyone plays the +equilibrium given their true value + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium given their true value + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium given their true value +you're making your vcg payment given the + + align:start position:0% +you're making your vcg payment given the + + + align:start position:0% +you're making your vcg payment given the +announcements that are being made + + align:start position:0% +announcements that are being made + + + align:start position:0% +announcements that are being made +therefore it's an expost equilibrium you + + align:start position:0% +therefore it's an expost equilibrium you + + + align:start position:0% +therefore it's an expost equilibrium you +don't need to change your bid and you + + align:start position:0% +don't need to change your bid and you + + + align:start position:0% +don't need to change your bid and you +know this is computer science-wise right + + align:start position:0% +know this is computer science-wise right + + + align:start position:0% +know this is computer science-wise right +this is a incredibly important aspect to + + align:start position:0% +this is a incredibly important aspect to + + + align:start position:0% +this is a incredibly important aspect to +making a system work efficiently is you + + align:start position:0% +making a system work efficiently is you + + + align:start position:0% +making a system work efficiently is you +don't want everyone to have to have a + + align:start position:0% +don't want everyone to have to have a + + + align:start position:0% +don't want everyone to have to have a +bot that's repricing their bids every + + align:start position:0% +bot that's repricing their bids every + + + align:start position:0% +bot that's repricing their bids every +millisecond seeing what everyone else is + + align:start position:0% +millisecond seeing what everyone else is + + + align:start position:0% +millisecond seeing what everyone else is +doing by having the vcg payments it's + + align:start position:0% +doing by having the vcg payments it's + + + align:start position:0% +doing by having the vcg payments it's +Expo it's an expost equilibrium you're + + align:start position:0% +Expo it's an expost equilibrium you're + + + align:start position:0% +Expo it's an expost equilibrium you're +happy to have your bid stay the same + + align:start position:0% +happy to have your bid stay the same + + + align:start position:0% +happy to have your bid stay the same +everyone can just put in these + + align:start position:0% +everyone can just put in these + + + align:start position:0% +everyone can just put in these +equilibrium bids and then let them sit + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium bids and then let them sit + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium bids and then let them sit +there and they're not it's not like I'm + + align:start position:0% +there and they're not it's not like I'm + + + align:start position:0% +there and they're not it's not like I'm +disappointed that I'm third instead of + + align:start position:0% +disappointed that I'm third instead of + + + align:start position:0% +disappointed that I'm third instead of +second it's like I put in my bid and I'm + + align:start position:0% +second it's like I put in my bid and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +second it's like I put in my bid and I'm +happy where I am if if I had ended up + + align:start position:0% +happy where I am if if I had ended up + + + align:start position:0% +happy where I am if if I had ended up +third instead of second that would be + + align:start position:0% +third instead of second that would be + + + align:start position:0% +third instead of second that would be +good but given what other people are + + align:start position:0% +good but given what other people are + + + align:start position:0% +good but given what other people are +bidding I don't want to move okay + + align:start position:0% +bidding I don't want to move okay + + + align:start position:0% +bidding I don't want to move okay +um another implication of EC equivalence + + align:start position:0% +um another implication of EC equivalence + + + align:start position:0% +um another implication of EC equivalence +is that this mechanism is efficient um + + align:start position:0% +is that this mechanism is efficient um + + + align:start position:0% +is that this mechanism is efficient um +the winners are the firms that derive + + align:start position:0% +the winners are the firms that derive + + + align:start position:0% +the winners are the firms that derive +the most value from being + + align:start position:0% +the most value from being + + + align:start position:0% +the most value from being +listed um and you know this gives you a + + align:start position:0% +listed um and you know this gives you a + + + align:start position:0% +listed um and you know this gives you a +reason suggestion for why it may be that + + align:start position:0% +reason suggestion for why it may be that + + + align:start position:0% +reason suggestion for why it may be that +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +Google ad Pages work so well you know + + align:start position:0% +Google ad Pages work so well you know + + + align:start position:0% +Google ad Pages work so well you know +like if it's the case that value of of + + align:start position:0% +like if it's the case that value of of + + + align:start position:0% +like if it's the case that value of of +an ad for shorts most like that whenever + + align:start position:0% +an ad for shorts most like that whenever + + + align:start position:0% +an ad for shorts most like that whenever +you know that the amount people The + + align:start position:0% +you know that the amount people The + + + align:start position:0% +you know that the amount people The +Profit that goes to the seller is like + + align:start position:0% +Profit that goes to the seller is like + + + align:start position:0% +Profit that goes to the seller is like +proport is like proportional to the + + align:start position:0% +proport is like proportional to the + + + align:start position:0% +proport is like proportional to the +consumer surplus because + + align:start position:0% +consumer surplus because + + + align:start position:0% +consumer surplus because +you know consumer surplus tends to be + + align:start position:0% +you know consumer surplus tends to be + + + align:start position:0% +you know consumer surplus tends to be +divided evenly between sellers and + + align:start position:0% +divided evenly between sellers and + + + align:start position:0% +divided evenly between sellers and +buyers in an + + align:start position:0% +buyers in an + + + align:start position:0% +buyers in an +equilibrium then Google is picking out + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium then Google is picking out + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium then Google is picking out +the highest value advertisers there via + + align:start position:0% +the highest value advertisers there via + + + align:start position:0% +the highest value advertisers there via +this mechanism whatever you know this + + align:start position:0% +this mechanism whatever you know this + + + align:start position:0% +this mechanism whatever you know this +page Max over all possible 50 factorial + + align:start position:0% +page Max over all possible 50 factorial + + + align:start position:0% +page Max over all possible 50 factorial +over 39 factorial orientations this is + + align:start position:0% +over 39 factorial orientations this is + + + align:start position:0% +over 39 factorial orientations this is +picking out the page that gives the + + align:start position:0% +picking out the page that gives the + + + align:start position:0% +picking out the page that gives the +largest sum of values to the firms which + + align:start position:0% +largest sum of values to the firms which + + + align:start position:0% +largest sum of values to the firms which +maybe the largest sum of consumer + + align:start position:0% +maybe the largest sum of consumer + + + align:start position:0% +maybe the largest sum of consumer +surpluses to the + + align:start position:0% +surpluses to the + + + align:start position:0% +surpluses to the +consumers um + + align:start position:0% +consumers um + + + align:start position:0% +consumers um +third observation is you know remember I + + align:start position:0% +third observation is you know remember I + + + align:start position:0% +third observation is you know remember I +said vcg is not budget balanced you know + + align:start position:0% +said vcg is not budget balanced you know + + + align:start position:0% +said vcg is not budget balanced you know +this is sort of what I sometimes call + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of what I sometimes call + + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of what I sometimes call +the commercial Genius of Google that is + + align:start position:0% +the commercial Genius of Google that is + + + align:start position:0% +the commercial Genius of Google that is +you know vcg is not budget balanced all + + align:start position:0% +you know vcg is not budget balanced all + + + align:start position:0% +you know vcg is not budget balanced all +the the only way to choose the right ads + + align:start position:0% +the the only way to choose the right ads + + + align:start position:0% +the the only way to choose the right ads +is to have firms making vcg payments for + + align:start position:0% +is to have firms making vcg payments for + + + align:start position:0% +is to have firms making vcg payments for +being on the screen where's all that + + align:start position:0% +being on the screen where's all that + + + align:start position:0% +being on the screen where's all that +money flowing it's flowing from the + + align:start position:0% +money flowing it's flowing from the + + + align:start position:0% +money flowing it's flowing from the +advertisers to Google and like let's + + align:start position:0% +advertisers to Google and like let's + + + align:start position:0% +advertisers to Google and like let's +suppose you know Bing were to say okay + + align:start position:0% +suppose you know Bing were to say okay + + + align:start position:0% +suppose you know Bing were to say okay +we we would like you to we're going to + + align:start position:0% +we we would like you to we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +we we would like you to we're going to +try to steal advertisers away from + + align:start position:0% +try to steal advertisers away from + + + align:start position:0% +try to steal advertisers away from +Google by sort of char charging the + + align:start position:0% +Google by sort of char charging the + + + align:start position:0% +Google by sort of char charging the +advertisers less and hoping the + + align:start position:0% +advertisers less and hoping the + + + align:start position:0% +advertisers less and hoping the +advertiser will abandon Google and + + align:start position:0% +advertiser will abandon Google and + + + align:start position:0% +advertiser will abandon Google and +advertise on being instead you know this + + align:start position:0% +advertise on being instead you know this + + + align:start position:0% +advertise on being instead you know this +theorem basically says you can't do that + + align:start position:0% +theorem basically says you can't do that + + + align:start position:0% +theorem basically says you can't do that +you can't charge the advertisers any + + align:start position:0% +you can't charge the advertisers any + + + align:start position:0% +you can't charge the advertisers any +less than this and find out which are + + align:start position:0% +less than this and find out which are + + + align:start position:0% +less than this and find out which are +the best ads to show so Google in some + + align:start position:0% +the best ads to show so Google in some + + + align:start position:0% +the best ads to show so Google in some +sense has this immunity to undercutting + + align:start position:0% +sense has this immunity to undercutting + + + align:start position:0% +sense has this immunity to undercutting +in price that many firms don't have + + align:start position:0% +in price that many firms don't have + + + align:start position:0% +in price that many firms don't have +right the theem is like if you try to + + align:start position:0% +right the theem is like if you try to + + + align:start position:0% +right the theem is like if you try to +undercut Google on price you're picking + + align:start position:0% +undercut Google on price you're picking + + + align:start position:0% +undercut Google on price you're picking +the wrong ads and consumers will like + + align:start position:0% +the wrong ads and consumers will like + + + align:start position:0% +the wrong ads and consumers will like +the page less so some sense Google is + + align:start position:0% +the page less so some sense Google is + + + align:start position:0% +the page less so some sense Google is +charging you know like Google is Char + + align:start position:0% +charging you know like Google is Char + + + align:start position:0% +charging you know like Google is Char +you to do this business and to choose + + align:start position:0% +you to do this business and to choose + + + align:start position:0% +you to do this business and to choose +the right ads you have to charge the + + align:start position:0% +the right ads you have to charge the + + + align:start position:0% +the right ads you have to charge the +advertisers this much uh and and there's + + align:start position:0% +advertisers this much uh and and there's + + + align:start position:0% +advertisers this much uh and and there's +no the price competition doesn't work + + align:start position:0% +no the price competition doesn't work + + + align:start position:0% +no the price competition doesn't work +the way it would otherwise + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +work you know uh uh at one point + + align:start position:0% +work you know uh uh at one point + + + align:start position:0% +work you know uh uh at one point +Microsoft had this sort of U I mayly + + align:start position:0% +Microsoft had this sort of U I mayly + + + align:start position:0% +Microsoft had this sort of U I mayly +still have it they had Bing Rewards and + + align:start position:0% +still have it they had Bing Rewards and + + + align:start position:0% +still have it they had Bing Rewards and +like you know they had like a Bing + + align:start position:0% +like you know they had like a Bing + + + align:start position:0% +like you know they had like a Bing +Rewards program for the advertisers + + align:start position:0% +Rewards program for the advertisers + + + align:start position:0% +Rewards program for the advertisers +where it would be like if you've + + align:start position:0% +where it would be like if you've + + + align:start position:0% +where it would be like if you've +advertised a lot on Bing will'll give + + align:start position:0% +advertised a lot on Bing will'll give + + + align:start position:0% +advertised a lot on Bing will'll give +you an advertising credit and give you + + align:start position:0% +you an advertising credit and give you + + + align:start position:0% +you an advertising credit and give you +50% back at the end of the month for + + align:start position:0% +50% back at the end of the month for + + + align:start position:0% +50% back at the end of the month for +having bought a lot of Bing ads you know + + align:start position:0% +having bought a lot of Bing ads you know + + + align:start position:0% +having bought a lot of Bing ads you know +what's the equiv of that game just + + align:start position:0% +what's the equiv of that game just + + + align:start position:0% +what's the equiv of that game just +everyone bids twice as much get 50% back + + align:start position:0% +everyone bids twice as much get 50% back + + + align:start position:0% +everyone bids twice as much get 50% back +and then they're happy with their + + align:start position:0% +and then they're happy with their + + + align:start position:0% +and then they're happy with their +position right you know in some sense + + align:start position:0% +position right you know in some sense + + + align:start position:0% +position right you know in some sense +it's hard to undo this logic that if you + + align:start position:0% +it's hard to undo this logic that if you + + + align:start position:0% +it's hard to undo this logic that if you +firms you want to choose the right + + align:start position:0% +firms you want to choose the right + + + align:start position:0% +firms you want to choose the right +things firms have to make the vcg + + align:start position:0% +things firms have to make the vcg + + + align:start position:0% +things firms have to make the vcg +payments it's hard to mess with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that okay + + align:start position:0% +that okay + + + align:start position:0% +that okay +um so other issues you know I think it's + + align:start position:0% +um so other issues you know I think it's + + + align:start position:0% +um so other issues you know I think it's +a adal Schwarz is a beautiful theorem + + align:start position:0% +a adal Schwarz is a beautiful theorem + + + align:start position:0% +a adal Schwarz is a beautiful theorem +you know I think in practice um these + + align:start position:0% +you know I think in practice um these + + + align:start position:0% +you know I think in practice um these +weights are are incredibly important um + + align:start position:0% +weights are are incredibly important um + + + align:start position:0% +weights are are incredibly important um +you know the weights are you know the + + align:start position:0% +you know the weights are you know the + + + align:start position:0% +you know the weights are you know the +weights are what let you do this + + align:start position:0% +weights are what let you do this + + + align:start position:0% +weights are what let you do this +payperclick + + align:start position:0% +payperclick + + + align:start position:0% +payperclick +auction um because without the weights + + align:start position:0% +auction um because without the weights + + + align:start position:0% +auction um because without the weights +you could you couldn't do payperclick + + align:start position:0% +you could you couldn't do payperclick + + + align:start position:0% +you could you couldn't do payperclick +and have the right bidder selected + + align:start position:0% +and have the right bidder selected + + + align:start position:0% +and have the right bidder selected +because then there'd be this big bias + + align:start position:0% +because then there'd be this big bias + + + align:start position:0% +because then there'd be this big bias +towards people whose ads don't get + + align:start position:0% +towards people whose ads don't get + + + align:start position:0% +towards people whose ads don't get +clicked on or people you know don't get + + align:start position:0% +clicked on or people you know don't get + + + align:start position:0% +clicked on or people you know don't get +clicked on unless for people who most + + align:start position:0% +clicked on unless for people who most + + + align:start position:0% +clicked on unless for people who most +most people on search are not interested + + align:start position:0% +most people on search are not interested + + + align:start position:0% +most people on search are not interested +in Those ads and so the weights are + + align:start position:0% +in Those ads and so the weights are + + + align:start position:0% +in Those ads and so the weights are +incredibly important you know the + + align:start position:0% +incredibly important you know the + + + align:start position:0% +incredibly important you know the +weights do reflect uh if you look at the + + align:start position:0% +weights do reflect uh if you look at the + + + align:start position:0% +weights do reflect uh if you look at the +weights that Google's using the weights + + align:start position:0% +weights that Google's using the weights + + + align:start position:0% +weights that Google's using the weights +clearly reflect what people are going to + + align:start position:0% +clearly reflect what people are going to + + + align:start position:0% +clearly reflect what people are going to +click on uh but the weights also reflect + + align:start position:0% +click on uh but the weights also reflect + + + align:start position:0% +click on uh but the weights also reflect +much more than what people are going to + + align:start position:0% +much more than what people are going to + + + align:start position:0% +much more than what people are going to +click on the weights are also going to + + align:start position:0% +click on the weights are also going to + + + align:start position:0% +click on the weights are also going to +have to like reflect whether people buy + + align:start position:0% +have to like reflect whether people buy + + + align:start position:0% +have to like reflect whether people buy +for something after clicking on it + + align:start position:0% +for something after clicking on it + + + align:start position:0% +for something after clicking on it +rather than they're disappointed after + + align:start position:0% +rather than they're disappointed after + + + align:start position:0% +rather than they're disappointed after +clicking on it and so on + + align:start position:0% +clicking on it and so on + + + align:start position:0% +clicking on it and so on +um Google makes liberal use of + + align:start position:0% +um Google makes liberal use of + + + align:start position:0% +um Google makes liberal use of +reservation prices you know many many + + align:start position:0% +reservation prices you know many many + + + align:start position:0% +reservation prices you know many many +pages have no ads whatsoever that math + + align:start position:0% +pages have no ads whatsoever that math + + + align:start position:0% +pages have no ads whatsoever that math +counts page you know I've got a book to + + align:start position:0% +counts page you know I've got a book to + + + align:start position:0% +counts page you know I've got a book to +sell that has middle school math + + align:start position:0% +sell that has middle school math + + + align:start position:0% +sell that has middle school math +practice for kids you know I I if I'm + + align:start position:0% +practice for kids you know I I if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +practice for kids you know I I if I'm +not willing to bid $3 or $2 a click + + align:start position:0% +not willing to bid $3 or $2 a click + + + align:start position:0% +not willing to bid $3 or $2 a click +Google's not going to display it uh and + + align:start position:0% +Google's not going to display it uh and + + + align:start position:0% +Google's not going to display it uh and +they just they've chosen a very high + + align:start position:0% +they just they've chosen a very high + + + align:start position:0% +they just they've chosen a very high +reservation price for that page they're + + align:start position:0% +reservation price for that page they're + + + align:start position:0% +reservation price for that page they're +not going to show ads that have less + + align:start position:0% +not going to show ads that have less + + + align:start position:0% +not going to show ads that have less +than that reservation price um I think + + align:start position:0% +than that reservation price um I think + + + align:start position:0% +than that reservation price um I think +Ed stoski Schwarz is not an adquate tool + + align:start position:0% +Ed stoski Schwarz is not an adquate tool + + + align:start position:0% +Ed stoski Schwarz is not an adquate tool +for thinking about the welfare + + align:start position:0% +for thinking about the welfare + + + align:start position:0% +for thinking about the welfare +implications of that you know like in + + align:start position:0% +implications of that you know like in + + + align:start position:0% +implications of that you know like in +eled stovsky + + align:start position:0% +eled stovsky + + + align:start position:0% +eled stovsky +Schwarz all reservation prices are + + align:start position:0% +Schwarz all reservation prices are + + + align:start position:0% +Schwarz all reservation prices are +purely consumer welfare reducing right + + align:start position:0% +purely consumer welfare reducing right + + + align:start position:0% +purely consumer welfare reducing right +you know if if these firms have values + + align:start position:0% +you know if if these firms have values + + + align:start position:0% +you know if if these firms have values +for all these slots then by not putting + + align:start position:0% +for all these slots then by not putting + + + align:start position:0% +for all these slots then by not putting +the ad on there you're just reducing the + + align:start position:0% +the ad on there you're just reducing the + + + align:start position:0% +the ad on there you're just reducing the +number of people who click on them the + + align:start position:0% +number of people who click on them the + + + align:start position:0% +number of people who click on them the +total C you know like you can't get any + + align:start position:0% +total C you know like you can't get any + + + align:start position:0% +total C you know like you can't get any +consumer surplus if there's no click um + + align:start position:0% +consumer surplus if there's no click um + + + align:start position:0% +consumer surplus if there's no click um +so owski Schwarz would say the fact that + + align:start position:0% +so owski Schwarz would say the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +so owski Schwarz would say the fact that +Google's using Reserve prices is + + align:start position:0% +Google's using Reserve prices is + + + align:start position:0% +Google's using Reserve prices is +evidence that it's exerting Market power + + align:start position:0% +evidence that it's exerting Market power + + + align:start position:0% +evidence that it's exerting Market power +and Market power is always bad um so I + + align:start position:0% +and Market power is always bad um so I + + + align:start position:0% +and Market power is always bad um so I +think you know that's see the next paper + + align:start position:0% +think you know that's see the next paper + + + align:start position:0% +think you know that's see the next paper +I'm going to cover is is about part how + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to cover is is about part how + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to cover is is about part how +do we think about Reserve prices and why + + align:start position:0% +do we think about Reserve prices and why + + + align:start position:0% +do we think about Reserve prices and why +they may not be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bad okay anyway so uh next paper um any + + align:start position:0% +bad okay anyway so uh next paper um any + + + align:start position:0% +bad okay anyway so uh next paper um any +any questions on that before I I go on + + align:start position:0% +any questions on that before I I go on + + + align:start position:0% +any questions on that before I I go on +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +mine okay um so um uh ay Ellison + + align:start position:0% +mine okay um so um uh ay Ellison + + + align:start position:0% +mine okay um so um uh ay Ellison +position auctions with consumer search + + align:start position:0% +position auctions with consumer search + + + align:start position:0% +position auctions with consumer search +uh you know the main idea of our paper + + align:start position:0% +uh you know the main idea of our paper + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know the main idea of our paper +is to sort of endogenize the prizes in + + align:start position:0% +is to sort of endogenize the prizes in + + + align:start position:0% +is to sort of endogenize the prizes in +the adovi Schwarz model as the profits + + align:start position:0% +the adovi Schwarz model as the profits + + + align:start position:0% +the adovi Schwarz model as the profits +that you get from selling to Consumer + + align:start position:0% +that you get from selling to Consumer + + + align:start position:0% +that you get from selling to Consumer +population and the idea is going to be + + align:start position:0% +population and the idea is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +population and the idea is going to be +that we're going to sort of marry Ed + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to sort of marry Ed + + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to sort of marry Ed +Schwarz with a search model where + + align:start position:0% +Schwarz with a search model where + + + align:start position:0% +Schwarz with a search model where +consumers are have search costs they + + align:start position:0% +consumers are have search costs they + + + align:start position:0% +consumers are have search costs they +incur every time they click on an ad and + + align:start position:0% +incur every time they click on an ad and + + + align:start position:0% +incur every time they click on an ad and +only click on an ad if they think that + + align:start position:0% +only click on an ad if they think that + + + align:start position:0% +only click on an ad if they think that +the ad is going to have something that's + + align:start position:0% +the ad is going to have something that's + + + align:start position:0% +the ad is going to have something that's +worth showing them um you know what are + + align:start position:0% +worth showing them um you know what are + + + align:start position:0% +worth showing them um you know what are +motivations for doing this obviously + + align:start position:0% +motivations for doing this obviously + + + align:start position:0% +motivations for doing this obviously +thinking about the consumers clicking + + align:start position:0% +thinking about the consumers clicking + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about the consumers clicking +seems like a reasonable Channel + + align:start position:0% +seems like a reasonable Channel + + + align:start position:0% +seems like a reasonable Channel +um you know think about where the value + + align:start position:0% +um you know think about where the value + + + align:start position:0% +um you know think about where the value +comes from is going to sort of think + + align:start position:0% +comes from is going to sort of think + + + align:start position:0% +comes from is going to sort of think +about changes you're going to want to + + align:start position:0% +about changes you're going to want to + + + align:start position:0% +about changes you're going to want to +make to the standard model in + + align:start position:0% +make to the standard model in + + + align:start position:0% +make to the standard model in +particular you know one idea we have is + + align:start position:0% +particular you know one idea we have is + + + align:start position:0% +particular you know one idea we have is +that we reserve prices need not be + + align:start position:0% +that we reserve prices need not be + + + align:start position:0% +that we reserve prices need not be +welfare reducing um some sense why are + + align:start position:0% +welfare reducing um some sense why are + + + align:start position:0% +welfare reducing um some sense why are +Reserve prices not welfare reducing you + + align:start position:0% +Reserve prices not welfare reducing you + + + align:start position:0% +Reserve prices not welfare reducing you +know consumers have to always make these + + align:start position:0% +know consumers have to always make these + + + align:start position:0% +know consumers have to always make these +decisions do I click on ads if every + + align:start position:0% +decisions do I click on ads if every + + + align:start position:0% +decisions do I click on ads if every +page you put an like if you're Yahoo and + + align:start position:0% +page you put an like if you're Yahoo and + + + align:start position:0% +page you put an like if you're Yahoo and +every page you put up there it's like + + align:start position:0% +every page you put up there it's like + + + align:start position:0% +every page you put up there it's like +here the Paris Hilton ringtones thing + + align:start position:0% +here the Paris Hilton ringtones thing + + + align:start position:0% +here the Paris Hilton ringtones thing +what do consumers learn consumers + + align:start position:0% +what do consumers learn consumers + + + align:start position:0% +what do consumers learn consumers +learned that the upper right point of + + align:start position:0% +learned that the upper right point of + + + align:start position:0% +learned that the upper right point of +the screen is where you can find the + + align:start position:0% +the screen is where you can find the + + + align:start position:0% +the screen is where you can find the +find X ringtones ad consumers won't even + + align:start position:0% +find X ringtones ad consumers won't even + + + align:start position:0% +find X ringtones ad consumers won't even +read that they won't read it they will + + align:start position:0% +read that they won't read it they will + + + align:start position:0% +read that they won't read it they will +never click on it if there actually is + + align:start position:0% +never click on it if there actually is + + + align:start position:0% +never click on it if there actually is +something that's useful to them up there + + align:start position:0% +something that's useful to them up there + + + align:start position:0% +something that's useful to them up there +they won't see it they won't consider + + align:start position:0% +they won't see it they won't consider + + + align:start position:0% +they won't see it they won't consider +clicking on it so by using reserve price + + align:start position:0% +clicking on it so by using reserve price + + + align:start position:0% +clicking on it so by using reserve price +Reserve prices can like convince + + align:start position:0% +Reserve prices can like convince + + + align:start position:0% +Reserve prices can like convince +consumers that there is probably some + + align:start position:0% +consumers that there is probably some + + + align:start position:0% +consumers that there is probably some +like the fact that when you see an ad + + align:start position:0% +like the fact that when you see an ad + + + align:start position:0% +like the fact that when you see an ad +you know that person was willing to pay + + align:start position:0% +you know that person was willing to pay + + + align:start position:0% +you know that person was willing to pay +the reserve price which means they + + align:start position:0% +the reserve price which means they + + + align:start position:0% +the reserve price which means they +probably have something good to sell you + + align:start position:0% +probably have something good to sell you + + + align:start position:0% +probably have something good to sell you +so you should read it and you should + + align:start position:0% +so you should read it and you should + + + align:start position:0% +so you should read it and you should +think about clicking on it depending on + + align:start position:0% +think about clicking on it depending on + + + align:start position:0% +think about clicking on it depending on +your clicking cost + + align:start position:0% +your clicking cost + + + align:start position:0% +your clicking cost +um but the idea is that Reserve prices + + align:start position:0% +um but the idea is that Reserve prices + + + align:start position:0% +um but the idea is that Reserve prices +can be valuable as a way to signal to + + align:start position:0% +can be valuable as a way to signal to + + + align:start position:0% +can be valuable as a way to signal to +Consumers that the ads that are there + + align:start position:0% +Consumers that the ads that are there + + + align:start position:0% +Consumers that the ads that are there +are worth clicking on and then can + + align:start position:0% +are worth clicking on and then can + + + align:start position:0% +are worth clicking on and then can +actually increase the total number of + + align:start position:0% +actually increase the total number of + + + align:start position:0% +actually increase the total number of +clicks rather than always decreasing the + + align:start position:0% +clicks rather than always decreasing the + + + align:start position:0% +clicks rather than always decreasing the +total number of clicks okay uh and then + + align:start position:0% +total number of clicks okay uh and then + + + align:start position:0% +total number of clicks okay uh and then +also just you know we want to think + + align:start position:0% +also just you know we want to think + + + align:start position:0% +also just you know we want to think +about when you have a model with the + + align:start position:0% +about when you have a model with the + + + align:start position:0% +about when you have a model with the +consumers you can't think about consumer + + align:start position:0% +consumers you can't think about consumer + + + align:start position:0% +consumers you can't think about consumer +and social welfare and atropy Schwarz + + align:start position:0% +and social welfare and atropy Schwarz + + + align:start position:0% +and social welfare and atropy Schwarz +because the consumers are + + align:start position:0% +because the consumers are + + + align:start position:0% +because the consumers are +just mindlessly clicking and buying + + align:start position:0% +just mindlessly clicking and buying + + + align:start position:0% +just mindlessly clicking and buying +things you don't have the consumer + + align:start position:0% +things you don't have the consumer + + + align:start position:0% +things you don't have the consumer +search costs that are being incurred + + align:start position:0% +search costs that are being incurred + + + align:start position:0% +search costs that are being incurred +when you put the ads on on the screen + + align:start position:0% +when you put the ads on on the screen + + + align:start position:0% +when you put the ads on on the screen +that let you think about what the + + align:start position:0% +that let you think about what the + + + align:start position:0% +that let you think about what the +consumer welfare is going to + + align:start position:0% +consumer welfare is going to + + + align:start position:0% +consumer welfare is going to +be so anyway our model basic elements uh + + align:start position:0% +be so anyway our model basic elements uh + + + align:start position:0% +be so anyway our model basic elements uh +consumers are going to have a need like + + align:start position:0% +consumers are going to have a need like + + + align:start position:0% +consumers are going to have a need like +a need could be a pair of shorts uh they + + align:start position:0% +a need could be a pair of shorts uh they + + + align:start position:0% +a need could be a pair of shorts uh they +can meet this need by purchasing from + + align:start position:0% +can meet this need by purchasing from + + + align:start position:0% +can meet this need by purchasing from +some + + align:start position:0% +some + + + align:start position:0% +some +Advertiser + + align:start position:0% +Advertiser + + + align:start position:0% +Advertiser +uh consumers incur some kind of search + + align:start position:0% +uh consumers incur some kind of search + + + align:start position:0% +uh consumers incur some kind of search +cost every time they click on a link uh + + align:start position:0% +cost every time they click on a link uh + + + align:start position:0% +cost every time they click on a link uh +the advertisers differ in Quality + + align:start position:0% +the advertisers differ in Quality + + + align:start position:0% +the advertisers differ in Quality +quality is just going to be the + + align:start position:0% +quality is just going to be the + + + align:start position:0% +quality is just going to be the +probability of having something the + + align:start position:0% +probability of having something the + + + align:start position:0% +probability of having something the +consumer wants to buy so everyone has a + + align:start position:0% +consumer wants to buy so everyone has a + + + align:start position:0% +consumer wants to buy so everyone has a +pair some pair of shorts they want to + + align:start position:0% +pair some pair of shorts they want to + + + align:start position:0% +pair some pair of shorts they want to +buy if you click on their ad they may + + align:start position:0% +buy if you click on their ad they may + + + align:start position:0% +buy if you click on their ad they may +have the pair of shorts you want in + + align:start position:0% +have the pair of shorts you want in + + + align:start position:0% +have the pair of shorts you want in +which case you buy it um Quality is + + align:start position:0% +which case you buy it um Quality is + + + align:start position:0% +which case you buy it um Quality is +private information of the advertisers + + align:start position:0% +private information of the advertisers + + + align:start position:0% +private information of the advertisers +each adver you know some advertisers + + align:start position:0% +each adver you know some advertisers + + + align:start position:0% +each adver you know some advertisers +know that 90% of people who click will + + align:start position:0% +know that 90% of people who click will + + + align:start position:0% +know that 90% of people who click will +find the shorts they want 30% will find + + align:start position:0% +find the shorts they want 30% will find + + + align:start position:0% +find the shorts they want 30% will find +it 10% will find it uh and then if the + + align:start position:0% +it 10% will find it uh and then if the + + + align:start position:0% +it 10% will find it uh and then if the +bids do end up being ordered in a way + + align:start position:0% +bids do end up being ordered in a way + + + align:start position:0% +bids do end up being ordered in a way +that's monotone in quality like the + + align:start position:0% +that's monotone in quality like the + + + align:start position:0% +that's monotone in quality like the +highest quality firm is here the second + + align:start position:0% +highest quality firm is here the second + + + align:start position:0% +highest quality firm is here the second +highest quality firm is here the third + + align:start position:0% +highest quality firm is here the third + + + align:start position:0% +highest quality firm is here the third +highest quality firm is here then + + align:start position:0% +highest quality firm is here then + + + align:start position:0% +highest quality firm is here then +consumer that let's you know that + + align:start position:0% +consumer that let's you know that + + + align:start position:0% +consumer that let's you know that +creates guided consumer search where + + align:start position:0% +creates guided consumer search where + + + align:start position:0% +creates guided consumer search where +instead of having to search randomly + + align:start position:0% +instead of having to search randomly + + + align:start position:0% +instead of having to search randomly +over all the firms you know to click on + + align:start position:0% +over all the firms you know to click on + + + align:start position:0% +over all the firms you know to click on +the highest quality firm first then the + + align:start position:0% +the highest quality firm first then the + + + align:start position:0% +the highest quality firm first then the +second highest quality firm then the + + align:start position:0% +second highest quality firm then the + + + align:start position:0% +second highest quality firm then the +third highest quality firm and that sort + + align:start position:0% +third highest quality firm and that sort + + + align:start position:0% +third highest quality firm and that sort +of guiding in your search can be sort of + + align:start position:0% +of guiding in your search can be sort of + + + align:start position:0% +of guiding in your search can be sort of +in some sense it's a uh intermediary + + align:start position:0% +in some sense it's a uh intermediary + + + align:start position:0% +in some sense it's a uh intermediary +that improves the quality of search by + + align:start position:0% +that improves the quality of search by + + + align:start position:0% +that improves the quality of search by +by giving you partial information about + + align:start position:0% +by giving you partial information about + + + align:start position:0% +by giving you partial information about +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +qualities + + align:start position:0% +qualities + + + align:start position:0% +qualities +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +um so uh anyway uh observations in the + + align:start position:0% +um so uh anyway uh observations in the + + + align:start position:0% +um so uh anyway uh observations in the +paper um you know you can think about + + align:start position:0% +paper um you know you can think about + + + align:start position:0% +paper um you know you can think about +these sponsored search as a means of as + + align:start position:0% +these sponsored search as a means of as + + + align:start position:0% +these sponsored search as a means of as +an information intermediary providing + + align:start position:0% +an information intermediary providing + + + align:start position:0% +an information intermediary providing +partial information to Consumers which + + align:start position:0% +partial information to Consumers which + + + align:start position:0% +partial information to Consumers which +is this ordering of the firms on quality + + align:start position:0% +is this ordering of the firms on quality + + + align:start position:0% +is this ordering of the firms on quality +um we can generalize some of the ADI + + align:start position:0% +um we can generalize some of the ADI + + + align:start position:0% +um we can generalize some of the ADI +Schwarz model to this even though + + align:start position:0% +Schwarz model to this even though + + + align:start position:0% +Schwarz model to this even though +they're they are common value elements + + align:start position:0% +they're they are common value elements + + + align:start position:0% +they're they are common value elements +now um Reserve prices can improve social + + align:start position:0% +now um Reserve prices can improve social + + + align:start position:0% +now um Reserve prices can improve social +welfare and the standard results about + + align:start position:0% +welfare and the standard results about + + + align:start position:0% +welfare and the standard results about +cck waiting being a weighted things I'll + + align:start position:0% +cck waiting being a weighted things I'll + + + align:start position:0% +cck waiting being a weighted things I'll +discuss there of you would want to do + + align:start position:0% +discuss there of you would want to do + + + align:start position:0% +discuss there of you would want to do +the waiting differently in in in this + + align:start position:0% +the waiting differently in in in this + + + align:start position:0% +the waiting differently in in in this +model than you would do waiting in adovi + + align:start position:0% +model than you would do waiting in adovi + + + align:start position:0% +model than you would do waiting in adovi +Schwarz I'll I'll I'll do this + + align:start position:0% +Schwarz I'll I'll I'll do this + + + align:start position:0% +Schwarz I'll I'll I'll do this +relatively quickly and Skip some of the + + align:start position:0% +relatively quickly and Skip some of the + + + align:start position:0% +relatively quickly and Skip some of the +results but so the basic model is we + + align:start position:0% +results but so the basic model is we + + + align:start position:0% +results but so the basic model is we +have this continu of consumers of unit + + align:start position:0% +have this continu of consumers of unit + + + align:start position:0% +have this continu of consumers of unit +Mass um everybody has a need they get a + + align:start position:0% +Mass um everybody has a need they get a + + + align:start position:0% +Mass um everybody has a need they get a +payoff of one if they meet their need uh + + align:start position:0% +payoff of one if they meet their need uh + + + align:start position:0% +payoff of one if they meet their need uh +the consumers have search cost SJ from + + align:start position:0% +the consumers have search cost SJ from + + + align:start position:0% +the consumers have search cost SJ from +clicking on a link and then we're going + + align:start position:0% +clicking on a link and then we're going + + + align:start position:0% +clicking on a link and then we're going +to assume that search costs are + + align:start position:0% +to assume that search costs are + + + align:start position:0% +to assume that search costs are +heterogeneous in the population and what + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneous in the population and what + + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneous in the population and what +consumers do is they search off + + align:start position:0% +consumers do is they search off + + + align:start position:0% +consumers do is they search off +optimally until their need is met or the + + align:start position:0% +optimally until their need is met or the + + + align:start position:0% +optimally until their need is met or the +benefit of further search Falls below + + align:start position:0% +benefit of further search Falls below + + + align:start position:0% +benefit of further search Falls below +SJ um we have n advertisers bidding to + + align:start position:0% +SJ um we have n advertisers bidding to + + + align:start position:0% +SJ um we have n advertisers bidding to +be the sponsored links firmi has + + align:start position:0% +be the sponsored links firmi has + + + align:start position:0% +be the sponsored links firmi has +probability Qi of meeting a random + + align:start position:0% +probability Qi of meeting a random + + + align:start position:0% +probability Qi of meeting a random +consumer's need Qi is private + + align:start position:0% +consumer's need Qi is private + + + align:start position:0% +consumer's need Qi is private +information of the firms uh firms get a + + align:start position:0% +information of the firms uh firms get a + + + align:start position:0% +information of the firms uh firms get a +payoff of one if they meet a need and + + align:start position:0% +payoff of one if they meet a need and + + + align:start position:0% +payoff of one if they meet a need and +what the search engine is going to do is + + align:start position:0% +what the search engine is going to do is + + + align:start position:0% +what the search engine is going to do is +conduct the standard unweighted + + align:start position:0% +conduct the standard unweighted + + + align:start position:0% +conduct the standard unweighted +generalized second price auction like in + + align:start position:0% +generalized second price auction like in + + + align:start position:0% +generalized second price auction like in +in edal stovsky Schwarz and then they + + align:start position:0% +in edal stovsky Schwarz and then they + + + align:start position:0% +in edal stovsky Schwarz and then they +display M sponsored links ordered + + align:start position:0% +display M sponsored links ordered + + + align:start position:0% +display M sponsored links ordered +according to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bids so just you know benchmark for how + + align:start position:0% +bids so just you know benchmark for how + + + align:start position:0% +bids so just you know benchmark for how +the Improvement in search quality + + align:start position:0% +the Improvement in search quality + + + align:start position:0% +the Improvement in search quality +works you know what would you do if if + + align:start position:0% +works you know what would you do if if + + + align:start position:0% +works you know what would you do if if +if all you saw is the ads and the ads + + align:start position:0% +if all you saw is the ads and the ads + + + align:start position:0% +if all you saw is the ads and the ads +had no ordering to them what do you do + + align:start position:0% +had no ordering to them what do you do + + + align:start position:0% +had no ordering to them what do you do +you just click on a random ad you have + + align:start position:0% +you just click on a random ad you have + + + align:start position:0% +you just click on a random ad you have +some expectation of the quality of a + + align:start position:0% +some expectation of the quality of a + + + align:start position:0% +some expectation of the quality of a +random ad I either don't click on + + align:start position:0% +random ad I either don't click on + + + align:start position:0% +random ad I either don't click on +anything or I click one random ad and + + align:start position:0% +anything or I click one random ad and + + + align:start position:0% +anything or I click one random ad and +then I just keep clicking random ads + + align:start position:0% +then I just keep clicking random ads + + + align:start position:0% +then I just keep clicking random ads +every every ad is independent of every + + align:start position:0% +every every ad is independent of every + + + align:start position:0% +every every ad is independent of every +other AD so I just keep clicking random + + align:start position:0% +other AD so I just keep clicking random + + + align:start position:0% +other AD so I just keep clicking random +ads to see if they have what I want + + align:start position:0% +ads to see if they have what I want + + + align:start position:0% +ads to see if they have what I want +until I run out of ads um what do you do + + align:start position:0% +until I run out of ads um what do you do + + + align:start position:0% +until I run out of ads um what do you do +if you + + align:start position:0% +if you + + + align:start position:0% +if you +um what do you do if the ads are ordered + + align:start position:0% +um what do you do if the ads are ordered + + + align:start position:0% +um what do you do if the ads are ordered +if the ads are sorted by quality and + + align:start position:0% +if the ads are sorted by quality and + + + align:start position:0% +if the ads are sorted by quality and +equilibrium then consumers follow a top- + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium then consumers follow a top- + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium then consumers follow a top- +down strategy right they start at the + + align:start position:0% +down strategy right they start at the + + + align:start position:0% +down strategy right they start at the +top and then just continue clicking + + align:start position:0% +top and then just continue clicking + + + align:start position:0% +top and then just continue clicking +until either their need is met or until + + align:start position:0% +until either their need is met or until + + + align:start position:0% +until either their need is met or until +the expected quality of the next website + + align:start position:0% +the expected quality of the next website + + + align:start position:0% +the expected quality of the next website +is less than the search cost and as you + + align:start position:0% +is less than the search cost and as you + + + align:start position:0% +is less than the search cost and as you +move down the screen expected quality is + + align:start position:0% +move down the screen expected quality is + + + align:start position:0% +move down the screen expected quality is +decreasing for two reasons one is you + + align:start position:0% +decreasing for two reasons one is you + + + align:start position:0% +decreasing for two reasons one is you +know + + align:start position:0% +know + + + align:start position:0% +know +that you know you know that the firms + + align:start position:0% +that you know you know that the firms + + + align:start position:0% +that you know you know that the firms +were ordered on + + align:start position:0% +were ordered on + + + align:start position:0% +were ordered on +quality so that as you're going further + + align:start position:0% +quality so that as you're going further + + + align:start position:0% +quality so that as you're going further +down you're getting a lower order + + align:start position:0% +down you're getting a lower order + + + align:start position:0% +down you're getting a lower order +statistic from the + + align:start position:0% +statistic from the + + + align:start position:0% +statistic from the +distribution and then you're also beijan + + align:start position:0% +distribution and then you're also beijan + + + align:start position:0% +distribution and then you're also beijan +updating because you're learning that if + + align:start position:0% +updating because you're learning that if + + + align:start position:0% +updating because you're learning that if +the top three firms didn't have what I'm + + align:start position:0% +the top three firms didn't have what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the top three firms didn't have what I'm +looking for it must be that the set of + + align:start position:0% +looking for it must be that the set of + + + align:start position:0% +looking for it must be that the set of +ads is lower quality than I thought it + + align:start position:0% +ads is lower quality than I thought it + + + align:start position:0% +ads is lower quality than I thought it +was X Ane + + align:start position:0% +was X Ane + + + align:start position:0% +was X Ane +and there the realizations were all low + + align:start position:0% +and there the realizations were all low + + + align:start position:0% +and there the realizations were all low +therefore the realization of the fifth + + align:start position:0% +therefore the realization of the fifth + + + align:start position:0% +therefore the realization of the fifth +one is even lower than my Exane + + align:start position:0% +one is even lower than my Exane + + + align:start position:0% +one is even lower than my Exane +expectation of the realization of the + + align:start position:0% +expectation of the realization of the + + + align:start position:0% +expectation of the realization of the +fifth one so as you move down the list + + align:start position:0% +fifth one so as you move down the list + + + align:start position:0% +fifth one so as you move down the list +you're sort of your your expectation of + + align:start position:0% +you're sort of your your expectation of + + + align:start position:0% +you're sort of your your expectation of +the probability meaning your need goes + + align:start position:0% +the probability meaning your need goes + + + align:start position:0% +the probability meaning your need goes +down for two reasons you know they a + + align:start position:0% +down for two reasons you know they a + + + align:start position:0% +down for two reasons you know they a +lower order statistic and you know that + + align:start position:0% +lower order statistic and you know that + + + align:start position:0% +lower order statistic and you know that +the top firms were no good which makes + + align:start position:0% +the top firms were no good which makes + + + align:start position:0% +the top firms were no good which makes +you think that the whole set of draws + + align:start position:0% +you think that the whole set of draws + + + align:start position:0% +you think that the whole set of draws +from the distribution were a low draw + + align:start position:0% +from the distribution were a low draw + + + align:start position:0% +from the distribution were a low draw +and so as you move down you're just + + align:start position:0% +and so as you move down you're just + + + align:start position:0% +and so as you move down you're just +going to start at the top and then move + + align:start position:0% +going to start at the top and then move + + + align:start position:0% +going to start at the top and then move +down until your updated expectation + + align:start position:0% +down until your updated expectation + + + align:start position:0% +down until your updated expectation +given that you've had a whole bunch of + + align:start position:0% +given that you've had a whole bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +given that you've had a whole bunch of +failures to meet your need is less than + + align:start position:0% +failures to meet your need is less than + + + align:start position:0% +failures to meet your need is less than +your search + + align:start position:0% +your search + + + align:start position:0% +your search +cost what happens in the bidding game + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um you know bidding game is just like Ed + + align:start position:0% +um you know bidding game is just like Ed + + + align:start position:0% +um you know bidding game is just like Ed +noski Schwarz right we sort of the firms + + align:start position:0% +noski Schwarz right we sort of the firms + + + align:start position:0% +noski Schwarz right we sort of the firms +are suppose firms dropped out of these + + align:start position:0% +are suppose firms dropped out of these + + + align:start position:0% +are suppose firms dropped out of these +prices you're deciding how long to stay + + align:start position:0% +prices you're deciding how long to stay + + + align:start position:0% +prices you're deciding how long to stay +and accept slot K again you're just + + align:start position:0% +and accept slot K again you're just + + + align:start position:0% +and accept slot K again you're just +going to have this indifference between + + align:start position:0% +going to have this indifference between + + + align:start position:0% +going to have this indifference between +dropping out at this bar star and + + align:start position:0% +dropping out at this bar star and + + + align:start position:0% +dropping out at this bar star and +dropping out at bar star plus + + align:start position:0% +dropping out at bar star plus + + + align:start position:0% +dropping out at bar star plus +DB + + align:start position:0% +DB + + + align:start position:0% +DB +um if you're in the + + align:start position:0% +um if you're in the + + + align:start position:0% +um if you're in the +um uh slot K minus + + align:start position:0% +um uh slot K minus + + + align:start position:0% +um uh slot K minus +one if you're in the higher slot you get + + align:start position:0% +one if you're in the higher slot you get + + + align:start position:0% +one if you're in the higher slot you get +Qi minus BK times the number of slots + + align:start position:0% +Qi minus BK times the number of slots + + + align:start position:0% +Qi minus BK times the number of slots +that go to slot K minus + + align:start position:0% +that go to slot K minus + + + align:start position:0% +that go to slot K minus +one but what happens if you drop you + + align:start position:0% +one but what happens if you drop you + + + align:start position:0% +one but what happens if you drop you +know like I'm bidding against another + + align:start position:0% +know like I'm bidding against another + + + align:start position:0% +know like I'm bidding against another +firm for slot number one what happens if + + align:start position:0% +firm for slot number one what happens if + + + align:start position:0% +firm for slot number one what happens if +I take the lower thing I now get if I + + align:start position:0% +I take the lower thing I now get if I + + + align:start position:0% +I take the lower thing I now get if I +take the lower slot I get Q - BK + 1 + + align:start position:0% +take the lower slot I get Q - BK + 1 + + + align:start position:0% +take the lower slot I get Q - BK + 1 +time my demand for being in slot K but + + align:start position:0% +time my demand for being in slot K but + + + align:start position:0% +time my demand for being in slot K but +my demand for being in slot K depends on + + align:start position:0% +my demand for being in slot K depends on + + + align:start position:0% +my demand for being in slot K depends on +the quality of all the firms that are in + + align:start position:0% +the quality of all the firms that are in + + + align:start position:0% +the quality of all the firms that are in +higher slots so like if I'm beating + + align:start position:0% +higher slots so like if I'm beating + + + align:start position:0% +higher slots so like if I'm beating +against someone and I realize that they + + align:start position:0% +against someone and I realize that they + + + align:start position:0% +against someone and I realize that they +have quality one then I don't want to + + align:start position:0% +have quality one then I don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +have quality one then I don't want to +lose to them because if I lose to them + + align:start position:0% +lose to them because if I lose to them + + + align:start position:0% +lose to them because if I lose to them +I'm never going to Consumer never going + + align:start position:0% +I'm never going to Consumer never going + + + align:start position:0% +I'm never going to Consumer never going +to buy from me so it's in some sense + + align:start position:0% +to buy from me so it's in some sense + + + align:start position:0% +to buy from me so it's in some sense +it's a common value auction instead of a + + align:start position:0% +it's a common value auction instead of a + + + align:start position:0% +it's a common value auction instead of a +private value auction because I care + + align:start position:0% +private value auction because I care + + + align:start position:0% +private value auction because I care +about the quality of the firms I'm + + align:start position:0% +about the quality of the firms I'm + + + align:start position:0% +about the quality of the firms I'm +beaing against because if they're really + + align:start position:0% +beaing against because if they're really + + + align:start position:0% +beaing against because if they're really +high quality and I get out bid by them + + align:start position:0% +high quality and I get out bid by them + + + align:start position:0% +high quality and I get out bid by them +I'm never going to make a sale and if + + align:start position:0% +I'm never going to make a sale and if + + + align:start position:0% +I'm never going to make a sale and if +they're really low quality I don't care + + align:start position:0% +they're really low quality I don't care + + + align:start position:0% +they're really low quality I don't care +about being out bid by them because + + align:start position:0% +about being out bid by them because + + + align:start position:0% +about being out bid by them because +they're not going to make the sale + + align:start position:0% +they're not going to make the sale + + + align:start position:0% +they're not going to make the sale +anyway so I might as well be in the + + align:start position:0% +anyway so I might as well be in the + + + align:start position:0% +anyway so I might as well be in the +second position so if you think about + + align:start position:0% +second position so if you think about + + + align:start position:0% +second position so if you think about +like we had the rare draw where all the + + align:start position:0% +like we had the rare draw where all the + + + align:start position:0% +like we had the rare draw where all the +qualities were almost + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero you know there's no reason to bid + + align:start position:0% +zero you know there's no reason to bid + + + align:start position:0% +zero you know there's no reason to bid +anything to be in the you know no reason + + align:start position:0% +anything to be in the you know no reason + + + align:start position:0% +anything to be in the you know no reason +to bid for the second versus the first + + align:start position:0% +to bid for the second versus the first + + + align:start position:0% +to bid for the second versus the first +slot because the consumers are going to + + align:start position:0% +slot because the consumers are going to + + + align:start position:0% +slot because the consumers are going to +think the second firm is really good so + + align:start position:0% +think the second firm is really good so + + + align:start position:0% +think the second firm is really good so +I might as well just take the second + + align:start position:0% +I might as well just take the second + + + align:start position:0% +I might as well just take the second +slot with the first guy have zero + + align:start position:0% +slot with the first guy have zero + + + align:start position:0% +slot with the first guy have zero +quality and now bid me I'm I'm fine + + align:start position:0% +quality and now bid me I'm I'm fine + + + align:start position:0% +quality and now bid me I'm I'm fine +okay um turns out that you know despite + + align:start position:0% +okay um turns out that you know despite + + + align:start position:0% +okay um turns out that you know despite +this being uh common value auction same + + align:start position:0% +this being uh common value auction same + + + align:start position:0% +this being uh common value auction same +argument goes through you can + + align:start position:0% +argument goes through you can + + + align:start position:0% +argument goes through you can +characterize what are the equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +characterize what are the equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +characterize what are the equilibrium +bids it's easy to find the equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +bids it's easy to find the equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +bids it's easy to find the equilibrium +bids so it it model + + align:start position:0% +bids so it it model + + + align:start position:0% +bids so it it model +still still has a solution like the + + align:start position:0% +still still has a solution like the + + + align:start position:0% +still still has a solution like the +other model where you just there's some + + align:start position:0% +other model where you just there's some + + + align:start position:0% +other model where you just there's some +bid shading you shade your bid you shade + + align:start position:0% +bid shading you shade your bid you shade + + + align:start position:0% +bid shading you shade your bid you shade +your bid because you're getting going to + + align:start position:0% +your bid because you're getting going to + + + align:start position:0% +your bid because you're getting going to +get you know you're going to get fewer + + align:start position:0% +get you know you're going to get fewer + + + align:start position:0% +get you know you're going to get fewer +clicks for two reasons because the + + align:start position:0% +clicks for two reasons because the + + + align:start position:0% +clicks for two reasons because the +uh posterior is getting worse and + + align:start position:0% +uh posterior is getting worse and + + + align:start position:0% +uh posterior is getting worse and +because they might have made the sale + + align:start position:0% +because they might have made the sale + + + align:start position:0% +because they might have made the sale +ahead of you so you have the two + + align:start position:0% +ahead of you so you have the two + + + align:start position:0% +ahead of you so you have the two +different factors leading you to shade + + align:start position:0% +different factors leading you to shade + + + align:start position:0% +different factors leading you to shade +your bid but it's you know same same + + align:start position:0% +your bid but it's you know same same + + + align:start position:0% +your bid but it's you know same same +deal um okay um so anyway but you know + + align:start position:0% +deal um okay um so anyway but you know + + + align:start position:0% +deal um okay um so anyway but you know +again sort of I think the heart of this + + align:start position:0% +again sort of I think the heart of this + + + align:start position:0% +again sort of I think the heart of this +paper like you know EDI Schwarz was a + + align:start position:0% +paper like you know EDI Schwarz was a + + + align:start position:0% +paper like you know EDI Schwarz was a +theor the heart of the paper was a + + align:start position:0% +theor the heart of the paper was a + + + align:start position:0% +theor the heart of the paper was a +theorem about this reproduces vcg ours + + align:start position:0% +theorem about this reproduces vcg ours + + + align:start position:0% +theorem about this reproduces vcg ours +we have this sort of theorem about uh + + align:start position:0% +we have this sort of theorem about uh + + + align:start position:0% +we have this sort of theorem about uh +welfare an effects of Reserve prices and + + align:start position:0% +welfare an effects of Reserve prices and + + + align:start position:0% +welfare an effects of Reserve prices and +so here it's a theem on reserve prices + + align:start position:0% +so here it's a theem on reserve prices + + + align:start position:0% +so here it's a theem on reserve prices +suppose search costs are uniformly + + align:start position:0% +suppose search costs are uniformly + + + align:start position:0% +suppose search costs are uniformly +distributed an important property is + + align:start position:0% +distributed an important property is + + + align:start position:0% +distributed an important property is +that consumer surplus and social welfare + + align:start position:0% +that consumer surplus and social welfare + + + align:start position:0% +that consumer surplus and social welfare +are maximized at exactly the same + + align:start position:0% +are maximized at exactly the same + + + align:start position:0% +are maximized at exactly the same +reserve price and in fact given any + + align:start position:0% +reserve price and in fact given any + + + align:start position:0% +reserve price and in fact given any +bidding Behavior by Advertiser and any + + align:start position:0% +bidding Behavior by Advertiser and any + + + align:start position:0% +bidding Behavior by Advertiser and any +reserve price policy of the search + + align:start position:0% +reserve price policy of the search + + + align:start position:0% +reserve price policy of the search +engine equilibrium Behavior by consumers + + align:start position:0% +engine equilibrium Behavior by consumers + + + align:start position:0% +engine equilibrium Behavior by consumers +implies that the expected welf social + + align:start position:0% +implies that the expected welf social + + + align:start position:0% +implies that the expected welf social +welfare is just three times the expected + + align:start position:0% +welfare is just three times the expected + + + align:start position:0% +welfare is just three times the expected +Surplus or expected advert in Google + + align:start position:0% +Surplus or expected advert in Google + + + align:start position:0% +Surplus or expected advert in Google +Surplus is always twice expected + + align:start position:0% +Surplus is always twice expected + + + align:start position:0% +Surplus is always twice expected +consumer surplus so there's a this sort + + align:start position:0% +consumer surplus so there's a this sort + + + align:start position:0% +consumer surplus so there's a this sort +of social Optimum that coincides with + + align:start position:0% +of social Optimum that coincides with + + + align:start position:0% +of social Optimum that coincides with +the consumer + + align:start position:0% +the consumer + + + align:start position:0% +the consumer +Optimum okay and what's a proof of that + + align:start position:0% +Optimum okay and what's a proof of that + + + align:start position:0% +Optimum okay and what's a proof of that +is pretty simple I'm going to find this + + align:start position:0% +is pretty simple I'm going to find this + + + align:start position:0% +is pretty simple I'm going to find this +object called gross consumer surplus + + align:start position:0% +object called gross consumer surplus + + + align:start position:0% +object called gross consumer surplus +which is consumer search Surplus plus + + align:start position:0% +which is consumer search Surplus plus + + + align:start position:0% +which is consumer search Surplus plus +the search costs + + align:start position:0% +the search costs + + + align:start position:0% +the search costs +incurred and I'm can Define gross + + align:start position:0% +incurred and I'm can Define gross + + + align:start position:0% +incurred and I'm can Define gross +producer Surplus to be the advertiser + + align:start position:0% +producer Surplus to be the advertiser + + + align:start position:0% +producer Surplus to be the advertiser +profit plus the fees that Google is + + align:start position:0% +profit plus the fees that Google is + + + align:start position:0% +profit plus the fees that Google is +charging note that a search produces one + + align:start position:0% +charging note that a search produces one + + + align:start position:0% +charging note that a search produces one +unit of each of those if the need is met + + align:start position:0% +unit of each of those if the need is met + + + align:start position:0% +unit of each of those if the need is met +because if the need is met the consumer + + align:start position:0% +because if the need is met the consumer + + + align:start position:0% +because if the need is met the consumer +surplus is one minus the search cost + + align:start position:0% +surplus is one minus the search cost + + + align:start position:0% +surplus is one minus the search cost +incurred so that the gross consumer + + align:start position:0% +incurred so that the gross consumer + + + align:start position:0% +incurred so that the gross consumer +surplus is one and the gross producer + + align:start position:0% +surplus is one and the gross producer + + + align:start position:0% +surplus is one and the gross producer +Surplus is the advertiser profit which + + align:start position:0% +Surplus is the advertiser profit which + + + align:start position:0% +Surplus is the advertiser profit which +is one minus the search engine fees so + + align:start position:0% +is one minus the search engine fees so + + + align:start position:0% +is one minus the search engine fees so +if the search is successful it produces + + align:start position:0% +if the search is successful it produces + + + align:start position:0% +if the search is successful it produces +one unit of each of these and if it's + + align:start position:0% +one unit of each of these and if it's + + + align:start position:0% +one unit of each of these and if it's +unsuccessful it produces zero units of + + align:start position:0% +unsuccessful it produces zero units of + + + align:start position:0% +unsuccessful it produces zero units of +each of these if you click and don't + + align:start position:0% +each of these if you click and don't + + + align:start position:0% +each of these if you click and don't +find what you want these are both Z + + align:start position:0% +find what you want these are both Z + + + align:start position:0% +find what you want these are both Z +these are both zero so that means the + + align:start position:0% +these are both zero so that means the + + + align:start position:0% +these are both zero so that means the +expected gross consumer surplus is the + + align:start position:0% +expected gross consumer surplus is the + + + align:start position:0% +expected gross consumer surplus is the +expected uh gross producer + + align:start position:0% +expected uh gross producer + + + align:start position:0% +expected uh gross producer +Surplus welfare is gross consumer + + align:start position:0% +Surplus welfare is gross consumer + + + align:start position:0% +Surplus welfare is gross consumer +surplus plus gross producer Surplus + + align:start position:0% +surplus plus gross producer Surplus + + + align:start position:0% +surplus plus gross producer Surplus +minus search + + align:start position:0% +minus search + + + align:start position:0% +minus search +costs so we just to prove the theorem we + + align:start position:0% +costs so we just to prove the theorem we + + + align:start position:0% +costs so we just to prove the theorem we +just need to show the expected search + + align:start position:0% +just need to show the expected search + + + align:start position:0% +just need to show the expected search +costs are exactly half of the gross + + align:start position:0% +costs are exactly half of the gross + + + align:start position:0% +costs are exactly half of the gross +consumer + + align:start position:0% +consumer + + + align:start position:0% +consumer +surplus um but that follows immediately + + align:start position:0% +surplus um but that follows immediately + + + align:start position:0% +surplus um but that follows immediately +from the optimality of consumer search + + align:start position:0% +from the optimality of consumer search + + + align:start position:0% +from the optimality of consumer search +and this assumption that search costs + + align:start position:0% +and this assumption that search costs + + + align:start position:0% +and this assumption that search costs +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +uniform because what's going to happen + + align:start position:0% +uniform because what's going to happen + + + align:start position:0% +uniform because what's going to happen +is every time an ad is displayed you can + + align:start position:0% +is every time an ad is displayed you can + + + align:start position:0% +is every time an ad is displayed you can +think of who's going to click on the + + align:start position:0% +think of who's going to click on the + + + align:start position:0% +think of who's going to click on the +ad the people with low search cost click + + align:start position:0% +ad the people with low search cost click + + + align:start position:0% +ad the people with low search cost click +on the ad the people with high search + + align:start position:0% +on the ad the people with high search + + + align:start position:0% +on the ad the people with high search +cost don't click on the + + align:start position:0% +cost don't click on the + + + align:start position:0% +cost don't click on the +ad what's the cut off the cut off + + align:start position:0% +ad what's the cut off the cut off + + + align:start position:0% +ad what's the cut off the cut off +is whatever information you have you're + + align:start position:0% +is whatever information you have you're + + + align:start position:0% +is whatever information you have you're +going to click if the expected value of + + align:start position:0% +going to click if the expected value of + + + align:start position:0% +going to click if the expected value of +the ad given your information if your + + align:start position:0% +the ad given your information if your + + + align:start position:0% +the ad given your information if your +search cost is less than the expected + + align:start position:0% +search cost is less than the expected + + + align:start position:0% +search cost is less than the expected +value of clicking given the information + + align:start position:0% +value of clicking given the information + + + align:start position:0% +value of clicking given the information +you have you're going to click otherwise + + align:start position:0% +you have you're going to click otherwise + + + align:start position:0% +you have you're going to click otherwise +you're not going to click so what's the + + align:start position:0% +you're not going to click so what's the + + + align:start position:0% +you're not going to click so what's the +average cost incurred by clicking it's + + align:start position:0% +average cost incurred by clicking it's + + + align:start position:0% +average cost incurred by clicking it's +just the expected clicking cost + + align:start position:0% +just the expected clicking cost + + + align:start position:0% +just the expected clicking cost +conditional on your clicking cost being + + align:start position:0% +conditional on your clicking cost being + + + align:start position:0% +conditional on your clicking cost being +less than this which is 1 half of + + align:start position:0% +less than this which is 1 half of + + + align:start position:0% +less than this which is 1 half of +expected V so the expected value of + + align:start position:0% +expected V so the expected value of + + + align:start position:0% +expected V so the expected value of +search costs given that search costs are + + align:start position:0% +search costs given that search costs are + + + align:start position:0% +search costs given that search costs are +less than a cuto off is just one half of + + align:start position:0% +less than a cuto off is just one half of + + + align:start position:0% +less than a cuto off is just one half of +that cut off so click by click whatever + + align:start position:0% +that cut off so click by click whatever + + + align:start position:0% +that cut off so click by click whatever +all these situations that come up the + + align:start position:0% +all these situations that come up the + + + align:start position:0% +all these situations that come up the +search costs are always half of that + + align:start position:0% +search costs are always half of that + + + align:start position:0% +search costs are always half of that +conditional expectation so an average + + align:start position:0% +conditional expectation so an average + + + align:start position:0% +conditional expectation so an average +search clost eat up half of the gross + + align:start position:0% +search clost eat up half of the gross + + + align:start position:0% +search clost eat up half of the gross +consumer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +surplus okay and so like what does that + + align:start position:0% +surplus okay and so like what does that + + + align:start position:0% +surplus okay and so like what does that +alignment theorem do that alignment + + align:start position:0% +alignment theorem do that alignment + + + align:start position:0% +alignment theorem do that alignment +theorem you know so we have + + align:start position:0% +theorem you know so we have + + + align:start position:0% +theorem you know so we have +this something that you can think of if + + align:start position:0% +this something that you can think of if + + + align:start position:0% +this something that you can think of if +we have the sort of Reserve prices here + + align:start position:0% +we have the sort of Reserve prices here + + + align:start position:0% +we have the sort of Reserve prices here +on this axis um there's going to be + + align:start position:0% +on this axis um there's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +on this axis um there's going to be +some some amount of consumer surplus + + align:start position:0% +some some amount of consumer surplus + + + align:start position:0% +some some amount of consumer surplus +that looks like + + align:start position:0% +that looks like + + + align:start position:0% +that looks like +this and then there's just going to be + + align:start position:0% +this and then there's just going to be + + + align:start position:0% +this and then there's just going to be +the producer Surplus is just going to be + + align:start position:0% +the producer Surplus is just going to be + + + align:start position:0% +the producer Surplus is just going to be +uh three times + + align:start position:0% +uh three times + + + align:start position:0% +uh three times +that so producer Surplus is just always + + align:start position:0% +that so producer Surplus is just always + + + align:start position:0% +that so producer Surplus is just always +three times or producer Surplus + + align:start position:0% +three times or producer Surplus + + + align:start position:0% +three times or producer Surplus +is uh just always three times consumer + + align:start position:0% +is uh just always three times consumer + + + align:start position:0% +is uh just always three times consumer +surplus there's sort of this unique + + align:start position:0% +surplus there's sort of this unique + + + align:start position:0% +surplus there's sort of this unique +maximizing point R star where consumer + + align:start position:0% +maximizing point R star where consumer + + + align:start position:0% +maximizing point R star where consumer +surplus is maximized and Advertiser Plus + + align:start position:0% +surplus is maximized and Advertiser Plus + + + align:start position:0% +surplus is maximized and Advertiser Plus +Google profit is also + + align:start position:0% +Google profit is also + + + align:start position:0% +Google profit is also +maximized + + align:start position:0% +maximized + + + align:start position:0% +maximized +um you know simple example to show that + + align:start position:0% +um you know simple example to show that + + + align:start position:0% +um you know simple example to show that +these things can be positive is suppose + + align:start position:0% +these things can be positive is suppose + + + align:start position:0% +these things can be positive is suppose +that there's only one slot on the screen + + align:start position:0% +that there's only one slot on the screen + + + align:start position:0% +that there's only one slot on the screen +and the distrib of search cost is + + align:start position:0% +and the distrib of search cost is + + + align:start position:0% +and the distrib of search cost is +uniform then the reserve price is always + + align:start position:0% +uniform then the reserve price is always + + + align:start position:0% +uniform then the reserve price is always +going to Optimal reserve price is always + + align:start position:0% +going to Optimal reserve price is always + + + align:start position:0% +going to Optimal reserve price is always +going to satisfy the reserve price is + + align:start position:0% +going to satisfy the reserve price is + + + align:start position:0% +going to satisfy the reserve price is +just one half of the expectation of the + + align:start position:0% +just one half of the expectation of the + + + align:start position:0% +just one half of the expectation of the +quality of the best link given that the + + align:start position:0% +quality of the best link given that the + + + align:start position:0% +quality of the best link given that the +best link has quality at least R because + + align:start position:0% +best link has quality at least R because + + + align:start position:0% +best link has quality at least R because +it must be if you're maximizing consumer + + align:start position:0% +it must be if you're maximizing consumer + + + align:start position:0% +it must be if you're maximizing consumer +surplus it must be X poost when you're + + align:start position:0% +surplus it must be X poost when you're + + + align:start position:0% +surplus it must be X poost when you're +supposed to display the link you're want + + align:start position:0% +supposed to display the link you're want + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to display the link you're want +like you you're supposed to display the + + align:start position:0% +like you you're supposed to display the + + + align:start position:0% +like you you're supposed to display the +link if the bid is above R and not + + align:start position:0% +link if the bid is above R and not + + + align:start position:0% +link if the bid is above R and not +display if the bid is below R it must be + + align:start position:0% +display if the bid is below R it must be + + + align:start position:0% +display if the bid is below R it must be +that's X post optimal for you to do if I + + align:start position:0% +that's X post optimal for you to do if I + + + align:start position:0% +that's X post optimal for you to do if I +display a link and people think that the + + align:start position:0% +display a link and people think that the + + + align:start position:0% +display a link and people think that the +quality is bigger than + + align:start position:0% +quality is bigger than + + + align:start position:0% +quality is bigger than +R this is going to be the ex people are + + align:start position:0% +R this is going to be the ex people are + + + align:start position:0% +R this is going to be the ex people are +going to click if it only if their value + + align:start position:0% +going to click if it only if their value + + + align:start position:0% +going to click if it only if their value +is at least this High therefore the + + align:start position:0% +is at least this High therefore the + + + align:start position:0% +is at least this High therefore the +search costs incurred are going to be + + align:start position:0% +search costs incurred are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +search costs incurred are going to be +one half of this and it have to be that + + align:start position:0% +one half of this and it have to be that + + + align:start position:0% +one half of this and it have to be that +I don't want to save the consumers from + + align:start position:0% +I don't want to save the consumers from + + + align:start position:0% +I don't want to save the consumers from +search costs by not showing it and so I + + align:start position:0% +search costs by not showing it and so I + + + align:start position:0% +search costs by not showing it and so I +must be indifferent of showing an ad + + align:start position:0% +must be indifferent of showing an ad + + + align:start position:0% +must be indifferent of showing an ad +that has quality exactly R which means + + align:start position:0% +that has quality exactly R which means + + + align:start position:0% +that has quality exactly R which means +that R satisfies this equation so you + + align:start position:0% +that R satisfies this equation so you + + + align:start position:0% +that R satisfies this equation so you +know like if I have one bidder R is + + align:start position:0% +know like if I have one bidder R is + + + align:start position:0% +know like if I have one bidder R is +going to be a third or something like + + align:start position:0% +going to be a third or something like + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a third or something like +that I do something kind of like + + align:start position:0% +that I do something kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +that I do something kind of like +Monopoly pricing and it's because I + + align:start position:0% +Monopoly pricing and it's because I + + + align:start position:0% +Monopoly pricing and it's because I +don't want to you know it has to be that + + align:start position:0% +don't want to you know it has to be that + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to you know it has to be that +consumers know that this is my reserve + + align:start position:0% +consumers know that this is my reserve + + + align:start position:0% +consumers know that this is my reserve +price and I only display things that are + + align:start position:0% +price and I only display things that are + + + align:start position:0% +price and I only display things that are +this this good then once they know that + + align:start position:0% +this this good then once they know that + + + align:start position:0% +this this good then once they know that +the quality is high uh their expected + + align:start position:0% +the quality is high uh their expected + + + align:start position:0% +the quality is high uh their expected +quality that has to be exactly twice r + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +another Coral area is that there's this + + align:start position:0% +another Coral area is that there's this + + + align:start position:0% +another Coral area is that there's this +um inherent conflict of interest between + + align:start position:0% +um inherent conflict of interest between + + + align:start position:0% +um inherent conflict of interest between +Google and its advertisers it says that + + align:start position:0% +Google and its advertisers it says that + + + align:start position:0% +Google and its advertisers it says that +Advertiser Surplus is lower under the + + align:start position:0% +Advertiser Surplus is lower under the + + + align:start position:0% +Advertiser Surplus is lower under the +profit maximizing reserve price than + + align:start position:0% +profit maximizing reserve price than + + + align:start position:0% +profit maximizing reserve price than +under the consumer optimal Ser reserve + + align:start position:0% +under the consumer optimal Ser reserve + + + align:start position:0% +under the consumer optimal Ser reserve +price so you know under the consumer + + align:start position:0% +price so you know under the consumer + + + align:start position:0% +price so you know under the consumer +optimal reserve price we get this + + align:start position:0% +optimal reserve price we get this + + + align:start position:0% +optimal reserve price we get this +consumer surplus and this is the gross + + align:start position:0% +consumer surplus and this is the gross + + + align:start position:0% +consumer surplus and this is the gross +Advertiser Surplus shared + + align:start position:0% +Advertiser Surplus shared + + + align:start position:0% +Advertiser Surplus shared +between uh shared between Google and its + + align:start position:0% +between uh shared between Google and its + + + align:start position:0% +between uh shared between Google and its +advertisers you know suppose in + + align:start position:0% +advertisers you know suppose in + + + align:start position:0% +advertisers you know suppose in +equilibrium Google doesn't pick this + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium Google doesn't pick this + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium Google doesn't pick this +reserve price Google picks a higher + + align:start position:0% +reserve price Google picks a higher + + + align:start position:0% +reserve price Google picks a higher +reserve + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +price okay so you know we had this one + + align:start position:0% +price okay so you know we had this one + + + align:start position:0% +price okay so you know we had this one +and this one was shared between you know + + align:start position:0% +and this one was shared between you know + + + align:start position:0% +and this one was shared between you know +Google gets some the advertisers get + + align:start position:0% +Google gets some the advertisers get + + + align:start position:0% +Google gets some the advertisers get +some if Google instead is picking a + + align:start position:0% +some if Google instead is picking a + + + align:start position:0% +some if Google instead is picking a +different reserve price it must be that + + align:start position:0% +different reserve price it must be that + + + align:start position:0% +different reserve price it must be that +Google's getting more profit from this + + align:start position:0% +Google's getting more profit from this + + + align:start position:0% +Google's getting more profit from this +reserve price than it gets at this + + align:start position:0% +reserve price than it gets at this + + + align:start position:0% +reserve price than it gets at this +reserve price so it must be that the + + align:start position:0% +reserve price so it must be that the + + + align:start position:0% +reserve price so it must be that the +area of Google's profit has gotten + + align:start position:0% +area of Google's profit has gotten + + + align:start position:0% +area of Google's profit has gotten +larger + + align:start position:0% +larger + + + align:start position:0% +larger +for Google to want to choose that higher + + align:start position:0% +for Google to want to choose that higher + + + align:start position:0% +for Google to want to choose that higher +reserve + + align:start position:0% +reserve + + + align:start position:0% +reserve +price but we know that consumer surplus + + align:start position:0% +price but we know that consumer surplus + + + align:start position:0% +price but we know that consumer surplus +is lower therefore consu Google Plus + + align:start position:0% +is lower therefore consu Google Plus + + + align:start position:0% +is lower therefore consu Google Plus +producer Surplus is lower so this is + + align:start position:0% +producer Surplus is lower so this is + + + align:start position:0% +producer Surplus is lower so this is +smaller than this and Google's getting + + align:start position:0% +smaller than this and Google's getting + + + align:start position:0% +smaller than this and Google's getting +more so the advertisers get + + align:start position:0% +more so the advertisers get + + + align:start position:0% +more so the advertisers get +less so anything that Google does that's + + align:start position:0% +less so anything that Google does that's + + + align:start position:0% +less so anything that Google does that's +different from the consumer Ser opal + + align:start position:0% +different from the consumer Ser opal + + + align:start position:0% +different from the consumer Ser opal +reserve price is something that's + + align:start position:0% +reserve price is something that's + + + align:start position:0% +reserve price is something that's +hurting advertisers so there is this + + align:start position:0% +hurting advertisers so there is this + + + align:start position:0% +hurting advertisers so there is this +sort + + align:start position:0% +sort + + + align:start position:0% +sort +of uh you know if your search engine is + + align:start position:0% +of uh you know if your search engine is + + + align:start position:0% +of uh you know if your search engine is +trying to maximize consumer surplus and + + align:start position:0% +trying to maximize consumer surplus and + + + align:start position:0% +trying to maximize consumer surplus and +then it doing something other than + + align:start position:0% +then it doing something other than + + + align:start position:0% +then it doing something other than +maximizing consumer surplus it's doing + + align:start position:0% +maximizing consumer surplus it's doing + + + align:start position:0% +maximizing consumer surplus it's doing +something that's worse for advertisers + + align:start position:0% +something that's worse for advertisers + + + align:start position:0% +something that's worse for advertisers +than maximizing consumer surplus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is and obviously like you in the long + + align:start position:0% +is and obviously like you in the long + + + align:start position:0% +is and obviously like you in the long +run I I may talk to other people you + + align:start position:0% +run I I may talk to other people you + + + align:start position:0% +run I I may talk to other people you +know like I think we think that it may + + align:start position:0% +know like I think we think that it may + + + align:start position:0% +know like I think we think that it may +be a reasonable to think that in the + + align:start position:0% +be a reasonable to think that in the + + + align:start position:0% +be a reasonable to think that in the +early days Google was trying to maximize + + align:start position:0% +early days Google was trying to maximize + + + align:start position:0% +early days Google was trying to maximize +consumer surplus you know if you're + + align:start position:0% +consumer surplus you know if you're + + + align:start position:0% +consumer surplus you know if you're +trying to maximize number of longrun + + align:start position:0% +trying to maximize number of longrun + + + align:start position:0% +trying to maximize number of longrun +customers using your platform it may be + + align:start position:0% +customers using your platform it may be + + + align:start position:0% +customers using your platform it may be +that try of design the platform that + + align:start position:0% +that try of design the platform that + + + align:start position:0% +that try of design the platform that +maximizes consumer surplus as a good + + align:start position:0% +maximizes consumer surplus as a good + + + align:start position:0% +maximizes consumer surplus as a good +rule of thumb for doing that uh but to + + align:start position:0% +rule of thumb for doing that uh but to + + + align:start position:0% +rule of thumb for doing that uh but to +the extent you start Monopoly pricing + + align:start position:0% +the extent you start Monopoly pricing + + + align:start position:0% +the extent you start Monopoly pricing +and doing something other than + + align:start position:0% +and doing something other than + + + align:start position:0% +and doing something other than +maximizing consumer so positive Reserve + + align:start position:0% +maximizing consumer so positive Reserve + + + align:start position:0% +maximizing consumer so positive Reserve +prices to maximize consumer surplus good + + align:start position:0% +prices to maximize consumer surplus good + + + align:start position:0% +prices to maximize consumer surplus good +for everyone uh changing away from that + + align:start position:0% +for everyone uh changing away from that + + + align:start position:0% +for everyone uh changing away from that +then it's advertisers are suffering + + align:start position:0% +then it's advertisers are suffering + + + align:start position:0% +then it's advertisers are suffering +consumers are suffering uh in you know + + align:start position:0% +consumers are suffering uh in you know + + + align:start position:0% +consumers are suffering uh in you know +any departure from this advertisers and + + align:start position:0% +any departure from this advertisers and + + + align:start position:0% +any departure from this advertisers and +consumers are both worse off and if + + align:start position:0% +consumers are both worse off and if + + + align:start position:0% +consumers are both worse off and if +Google is better + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +off um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anyway you know I just think that this + + align:start position:0% +anyway you know I just think that this + + + align:start position:0% +anyway you know I just think that this +is a literature that is still open for + + align:start position:0% +is a literature that is still open for + + + align:start position:0% +is a literature that is still open for +people to do other things you know + + align:start position:0% +people to do other things you know + + + align:start position:0% +people to do other things you know +search engine can obviously do better + + align:start position:0% +search engine can obviously do better + + + align:start position:0% +search engine can obviously do better +with um you know more General strategies + + align:start position:0% +with um you know more General strategies + + + align:start position:0% +with um you know more General strategies +if you think about the search engine as + + align:start position:0% +if you think about the search engine as + + + align:start position:0% +if you think about the search engine as +trying to convey + + align:start position:0% +trying to convey + + + align:start position:0% +trying to convey +information you could really bring in + + align:start position:0% +information you could really bring in + + + align:start position:0% +information you could really bring in +all kinds of information design ideas + + align:start position:0% +all kinds of information design ideas + + + align:start position:0% +all kinds of information design ideas +you know you could think about simple + + align:start position:0% +you know you could think about simple + + + align:start position:0% +you know you could think about simple +things like reserve prices could vary by + + align:start position:0% +things like reserve prices could vary by + + + align:start position:0% +things like reserve prices could vary by +the position on the screen the displays + + align:start position:0% +the position on the screen the displays + + + align:start position:0% +the position on the screen the displays +could convey more information about qu + + align:start position:0% +could convey more information about qu + + + align:start position:0% +could convey more information about qu +quality I think Google already does this + + align:start position:0% +quality I think Google already does this + + + align:start position:0% +quality I think Google already does this +by sometimes putting ads only on the + + align:start position:0% +by sometimes putting ads only on the + + + align:start position:0% +by sometimes putting ads only on the +side versus on the top to give you some + + align:start position:0% +side versus on the top to give you some + + + align:start position:0% +side versus on the top to give you some +signal of what the quality is um but you + + align:start position:0% +signal of what the quality is um but you + + + align:start position:0% +signal of what the quality is um but you +could think about giving more + + align:start position:0% +could think about giving more + + + align:start position:0% +could think about giving more +information somehow about sponsor links + + align:start position:0% +information somehow about sponsor links + + + align:start position:0% +information somehow about sponsor links +um anyway the paper also has sort of + + align:start position:0% +um anyway the paper also has sort of + + + align:start position:0% +um anyway the paper also has sort of +sections about thinking about waiting + + align:start position:0% +sections about thinking about waiting + + + align:start position:0% +sections about thinking about waiting +but in some sense like I think waiting + + align:start position:0% +but in some sense like I think waiting + + + align:start position:0% +but in some sense like I think waiting +Ed sty Schwarz every product is + + align:start position:0% +Ed sty Schwarz every product is + + + align:start position:0% +Ed sty Schwarz every product is +independent of every other product if + + align:start position:0% +independent of every other product if + + + align:start position:0% +independent of every other product if +you think about what Google's trying to + + align:start position:0% +you think about what Google's trying to + + + align:start position:0% +you think about what Google's trying to +do Google is trying to display a + + align:start position:0% +do Google is trying to display a + + + align:start position:0% +do Google is trying to display a +shopping mall they're trying to create a + + align:start position:0% +shopping mall they're trying to create a + + + align:start position:0% +shopping mall they're trying to create a +shopping mall on the page so some what + + align:start position:0% +shopping mall on the page so some what + + + align:start position:0% +shopping mall on the page so some what +they want to do is also have like some + + align:start position:0% +they want to do is also have like some + + + align:start position:0% +they want to do is also have like some +kind of diversity waiting scheme like + + align:start position:0% +kind of diversity waiting scheme like + + + align:start position:0% +kind of diversity waiting scheme like +have something showing women shorts some + + align:start position:0% +have something showing women shorts some + + + align:start position:0% +have something showing women shorts some +showing men shorts some showing athletic + + align:start position:0% +showing men shorts some showing athletic + + + align:start position:0% +showing men shorts some showing athletic +shorts some showing fashion shorts you + + align:start position:0% +shorts some showing fashion shorts you + + + align:start position:0% +shorts some showing fashion shorts you +know in some sense what you want to do + + align:start position:0% +know in some sense what you want to do + + + align:start position:0% +know in some sense what you want to do +is have some weights that reflect how + + align:start position:0% +is have some weights that reflect how + + + align:start position:0% +is have some weights that reflect how +different every ad is from every other + + align:start position:0% +different every ad is from every other + + + align:start position:0% +different every ad is from every other +AD so that you're some sense creating + + align:start position:0% +AD so that you're some sense creating + + + align:start position:0% +AD so that you're some sense creating +the equivalent of a shopping mall rather + + align:start position:0% +the equivalent of a shopping mall rather + + + align:start position:0% +the equivalent of a shopping mall rather +than sort of maximizing store by store + + align:start position:0% +than sort of maximizing store by store + + + align:start position:0% +than sort of maximizing store by store +by store what you're trying to do up + + align:start position:0% +by store what you're trying to do up + + + align:start position:0% +by store what you're trying to do up +there um okay anyway you I will leave + + align:start position:0% +there um okay anyway you I will leave + + + align:start position:0% +there um okay anyway you I will leave +that people can read in the paper um I + + align:start position:0% +that people can read in the paper um I + + + align:start position:0% +that people can read in the paper um I +have two other things to hear one I I + + align:start position:0% +have two other things to hear one I I + + + align:start position:0% +have two other things to hear one I I +will give you the uh 30 second version + + align:start position:0% +will give you the uh 30 second version + + + align:start position:0% +will give you the uh 30 second version +of of each of each of the following two + + align:start position:0% +of of each of each of the following two + + + align:start position:0% +of of each of each of the following two +papers so um one recent paper uh + + align:start position:0% +papers so um one recent paper uh + + + align:start position:0% +papers so um one recent paper uh +Anderson and Renault search Direction + + align:start position:0% +Anderson and Renault search Direction + + + align:start position:0% +Anderson and Renault search Direction +positive e and position bias this is um + + align:start position:0% +positive e and position bias this is um + + + align:start position:0% +positive e and position bias this is um +you know fixing a addressing a + + align:start position:0% +you know fixing a addressing a + + + align:start position:0% +you know fixing a addressing a +limitation in all of these previous + + align:start position:0% +limitation in all of these previous + + + align:start position:0% +limitation in all of these previous +papers um you know mine included that in + + align:start position:0% +papers um you know mine included that in + + + align:start position:0% +papers um you know mine included that in +in my paper we take prices as exogenous + + align:start position:0% +in my paper we take prices as exogenous + + + align:start position:0% +in my paper we take prices as exogenous +that we have it like every time you + + align:start position:0% +that we have it like every time you + + + align:start position:0% +that we have it like every time you +click on an ad you get one one unit of + + align:start position:0% +click on an ad you get one one unit of + + + align:start position:0% +click on an ad you get one one unit of +consumer surplus one unit of producer + + align:start position:0% +consumer surplus one unit of producer + + + align:start position:0% +consumer surplus one unit of producer +Surplus we don't let the firms change + + align:start position:0% +Surplus we don't let the firms change + + + align:start position:0% +Surplus we don't let the firms change +prices you could imagine that in a model + + align:start position:0% +prices you could imagine that in a model + + + align:start position:0% +prices you could imagine that in a model +like this firms are going to use their + + align:start position:0% +like this firms are going to use their + + + align:start position:0% +like this firms are going to use their +pricing to exploit their position on the + + align:start position:0% +pricing to exploit their position on the + + + align:start position:0% +pricing to exploit their position on the +screen uh and so what Anderson and Rena + + align:start position:0% +screen uh and so what Anderson and Rena + + + align:start position:0% +screen uh and so what Anderson and Rena +work out is what would happen in a model + + align:start position:0% +work out is what would happen in a model + + + align:start position:0% +work out is what would happen in a model +where firms pricing is + + align:start position:0% +where firms pricing is + + + align:start position:0% +where firms pricing is +endogenous uh and they can sort of set + + align:start position:0% +endogenous uh and they can sort of set + + + align:start position:0% +endogenous uh and they can sort of set +PR in some sense the high price the + + align:start position:0% +PR in some sense the high price the + + + align:start position:0% +PR in some sense the high price the +first firms they can exploit their + + align:start position:0% +first firms they can exploit their + + + align:start position:0% +first firms they can exploit their +pricing Advantage they also want sort of + + align:start position:0% +pricing Advantage they also want sort of + + + align:start position:0% +pricing Advantage they also want sort of +may want to use low prices to keep + + align:start position:0% +may want to use low prices to keep + + + align:start position:0% +may want to use low prices to keep +consumers from searching the things + + align:start position:0% +consumers from searching the things + + + align:start position:0% +consumers from searching the things +below them and in their model turns out + + align:start position:0% +below them and in their model turns out + + + align:start position:0% +below them and in their model turns out +that turns out to be the more important + + align:start position:0% +that turns out to be the more important + + + align:start position:0% +that turns out to be the more important +factor that I want to set a price low + + align:start position:0% +factor that I want to set a price low + + + align:start position:0% +factor that I want to set a price low +enough that consumers who like my + + align:start position:0% +enough that consumers who like my + + + align:start position:0% +enough that consumers who like my +product don't have an incentive to + + align:start position:0% +product don't have an incentive to + + + align:start position:0% +product don't have an incentive to +search the rest of the screen and find + + align:start position:0% +search the rest of the screen and find + + + align:start position:0% +search the rest of the screen and find +the lower prices I want to take + + align:start position:0% +the lower prices I want to take + + + align:start position:0% +the lower prices I want to take +advantage of the fact they've sunk their + + align:start position:0% +advantage of the fact they've sunk their + + + align:start position:0% +advantage of the fact they've sunk their +search cost on me to get them to buy + + align:start position:0% +search cost on me to get them to buy + + + align:start position:0% +search cost on me to get them to buy +from me and not search everybody else um + + align:start position:0% +from me and not search everybody else um + + + align:start position:0% +from me and not search everybody else um +so anyway they have this model where + + align:start position:0% +so anyway they have this model where + + + align:start position:0% +so anyway they have this model where +consumers have this need every seller + + align:start position:0% +consumers have this need every seller + + + align:start position:0% +consumers have this need every seller +meets the need with some probability but + + align:start position:0% +meets the need with some probability but + + + align:start position:0% +meets the need with some probability but +then if consumers meet the need the + + align:start position:0% +then if consumers meet the need the + + + align:start position:0% +then if consumers meet the need the +gross utility they will provide is + + align:start position:0% +gross utility they will provide is + + + align:start position:0% +gross utility they will provide is +something distributed on some interval V + + align:start position:0% +something distributed on some interval V + + + align:start position:0% +something distributed on some interval V +lower bar V upper bar and then the firm + + align:start position:0% +lower bar V upper bar and then the firm + + + align:start position:0% +lower bar V upper bar and then the firm +set prices optimally knowing their + + align:start position:0% +set prices optimally knowing their + + + align:start position:0% +set prices optimally knowing their +position on the screen so once they + + align:start position:0% +position on the screen so once they + + + align:start position:0% +position on the screen so once they +learn their position on the screen uh + + align:start position:0% +learn their position on the screen uh + + + align:start position:0% +learn their position on the screen uh +they set their price and the interesting + + align:start position:0% +they set their price and the interesting + + + align:start position:0% +they set their price and the interesting +aspect of this paper is they note that + + align:start position:0% +aspect of this paper is they note that + + + align:start position:0% +aspect of this paper is they note that +this model has multiple equilibria you + + align:start position:0% +this model has multiple equilibria you + + + align:start position:0% +this model has multiple equilibria you +can have like even if you have just uh + + align:start position:0% +can have like even if you have just uh + + + align:start position:0% +can have like even if you have just uh +two firms you can have the lowquality + + align:start position:0% +two firms you can have the lowquality + + + align:start position:0% +two firms you can have the lowquality +firm on top and the high quality firm + + align:start position:0% +firm on top and the high quality firm + + + align:start position:0% +firm on top and the high quality firm +below or the high quality firm on top + + align:start position:0% +below or the high quality firm on top + + + align:start position:0% +below or the high quality firm on top +and the low quality firm below and they + + align:start position:0% +and the low quality firm below and they + + + align:start position:0% +and the low quality firm below and they +can both be equilibria with consumer + + align:start position:0% +can both be equilibria with consumer + + + align:start position:0% +can both be equilibria with consumer +searching top down because in each case + + align:start position:0% +searching top down because in each case + + + align:start position:0% +searching top down because in each case +all the the firms know that the consumer + + align:start position:0% +all the the firms know that the consumer + + + align:start position:0% +all the the firms know that the consumer +search top down therefore the top firm + + align:start position:0% +search top down therefore the top firm + + + align:start position:0% +search top down therefore the top firm +sets a really low price to keep + + align:start position:0% +sets a really low price to keep + + + align:start position:0% +sets a really low price to keep +consumers from searching the second one + + align:start position:0% +consumers from searching the second one + + + align:start position:0% +consumers from searching the second one +and therefore having either firm on top + + align:start position:0% +and therefore having either firm on top + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore having either firm on top +at a low price and then the firm below + + align:start position:0% +at a low price and then the firm below + + + align:start position:0% +at a low price and then the firm below +at a high price to only serve consumers + + align:start position:0% +at a high price to only serve consumers + + + align:start position:0% +at a high price to only serve consumers +who couldn't meet their need of the + + align:start position:0% +who couldn't meet their need of the + + + align:start position:0% +who couldn't meet their need of the +first firm those are both + + align:start position:0% +first firm those are both + + + align:start position:0% +first firm those are both +equilibria and so they work out that + + align:start position:0% +equilibria and so they work out that + + + align:start position:0% +equilibria and so they work out that +this becomes a model where that has + + align:start position:0% +this becomes a model where that has + + + align:start position:0% +this becomes a model where that has +multiple equilibria and different + + align:start position:0% +multiple equilibria and different + + + align:start position:0% +multiple equilibria and different +equilibria are better for consumers in + + align:start position:0% +equilibria are better for consumers in + + + align:start position:0% +equilibria are better for consumers in +different equilibria are better for + + align:start position:0% +different equilibria are better for + + + align:start position:0% +different equilibria are better for +firms and they all involve this + + align:start position:0% +firms and they all involve this + + + align:start position:0% +firms and they all involve this +endogenous pricing uh anyway so I think + + align:start position:0% +endogenous pricing uh anyway so I think + + + align:start position:0% +endogenous pricing uh anyway so I think +it's an interesting recent working paper + + align:start position:0% +it's an interesting recent working paper + + + align:start position:0% +it's an interesting recent working paper +uh and then the second one uh I wanted + + align:start position:0% +uh and then the second one uh I wanted + + + align:start position:0% +uh and then the second one uh I wanted +to mention is uh Armstrong and Joe on + + align:start position:0% +to mention is uh Armstrong and Joe on + + + align:start position:0% +to mention is uh Armstrong and Joe on +consumer information in platform design + + align:start position:0% +consumer information in platform design + + + align:start position:0% +consumer information in platform design +so this is thinking about + + align:start position:0% +so this is thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +so this is thinking about +um this is thinking + + align:start position:0% +um this is thinking + + + align:start position:0% +um this is thinking +about uh Amazon or other platforms who + + align:start position:0% +about uh Amazon or other platforms who + + + align:start position:0% +about uh Amazon or other platforms who +are mediating the process through which + + align:start position:0% +are mediating the process through which + + + align:start position:0% +are mediating the process through which +outside sellers sell products to + + align:start position:0% +outside sellers sell products to + + + align:start position:0% +outside sellers sell products to +Consumers okay and the thought is going + + align:start position:0% +Consumers okay and the thought is going + + + align:start position:0% +Consumers okay and the thought is going +to be that you know consumers are going + + align:start position:0% +to be that you know consumers are going + + + align:start position:0% +to be that you know consumers are going +to get utility vij minus PJ if they buy + + align:start position:0% +to get utility vij minus PJ if they buy + + + align:start position:0% +to get utility vij minus PJ if they buy +from firm J where vij is a random + + align:start position:0% +from firm J where vij is a random + + + align:start position:0% +from firm J where vij is a random +variable that represents your + + align:start position:0% +variable that represents your + + + align:start position:0% +variable that represents your +idiosyncratic preferences for the two + + align:start position:0% +idiosyncratic preferences for the two + + + align:start position:0% +idiosyncratic preferences for the two +firms products and the platform design + + align:start position:0% +firms products and the platform design + + + align:start position:0% +firms products and the platform design +consists of choosing and committing to + + align:start position:0% +consists of choosing and committing to + + + align:start position:0% +consists of choosing and committing to +some signal structure how much are you + + align:start position:0% +some signal structure how much are you + + + align:start position:0% +some signal structure how much are you +going to tell the consumers about the + + align:start position:0% +going to tell the consumers about the + + + align:start position:0% +going to tell the consumers about the +two products um how much you going to + + align:start position:0% +two products um how much you going to + + + align:start position:0% +two products um how much you going to +tell the consumers about the two + + align:start position:0% +tell the consumers about the two + + + align:start position:0% +tell the consumers about the two +products uh before they click on the ads + + align:start position:0% +products uh before they click on the ads + + + align:start position:0% +products uh before they click on the ads +in some sense and you're by limiting how + + align:start position:0% +in some sense and you're by limiting how + + + align:start position:0% +in some sense and you're by limiting how +much information consumers get you + + align:start position:0% +much information consumers get you + + + align:start position:0% +much information consumers get you +change the price competition between + + align:start position:0% +change the price competition between + + + align:start position:0% +change the price competition between +firms so again this is an endogenous + + align:start position:0% +firms so again this is an endogenous + + + align:start position:0% +firms so again this is an endogenous +pricing paper um and you know first + + align:start position:0% +pricing paper um and you know first + + + align:start position:0% +pricing paper um and you know first +immediate thought is that like the + + align:start position:0% +immediate thought is that like the + + + align:start position:0% +immediate thought is that like the +consumer optimal outcome is unattainable + + align:start position:0% +consumer optimal outcome is unattainable + + + align:start position:0% +consumer optimal outcome is unattainable +you know like what you would like to do + + align:start position:0% +you know like what you would like to do + + + align:start position:0% +you know like what you would like to do +is have all consumers buy the product + + align:start position:0% +is have all consumers buy the product + + + align:start position:0% +is have all consumers buy the product +they like better at P equals + + align:start position:0% +they like better at P equals + + + align:start position:0% +they like better at P equals +c but having all consumers get the + + align:start position:0% +c but having all consumers get the + + + align:start position:0% +c but having all consumers get the +product they like better at P equals c + + align:start position:0% +product they like better at P equals c + + + align:start position:0% +product they like better at P equals c +is not feasible because for consumers to + + align:start position:0% +is not feasible because for consumers to + + + align:start position:0% +is not feasible because for consumers to +get the product they like better they + + align:start position:0% +get the product they like better they + + + align:start position:0% +get the product they like better they +have to know which product they like + + align:start position:0% +have to know which product they like + + + align:start position:0% +have to know which product they like +better and if you tell consumers which + + align:start position:0% +better and if you tell consumers which + + + align:start position:0% +better and if you tell consumers which +product they like better then the firms + + align:start position:0% +product they like better then the firms + + + align:start position:0% +product they like better then the firms +are going to have Market power knowing + + align:start position:0% +are going to have Market power knowing + + + align:start position:0% +are going to have Market power knowing +that all the consumers know that they + + align:start position:0% +that all the consumers know that they + + + align:start position:0% +that all the consumers know that they +like my product better than the other + + align:start position:0% +like my product better than the other + + + align:start position:0% +like my product better than the other +firm's product and they're going to + + align:start position:0% +firm's product and they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +firm's product and they're going to +price that into their um they're going + + align:start position:0% +price that into their um they're going + + + align:start position:0% +price that into their um they're going +to raise their price to reflect that so + + align:start position:0% +to raise their price to reflect that so + + + align:start position:0% +to raise their price to reflect that so +you know for consumers to get the + + align:start position:0% +you know for consumers to get the + + + align:start position:0% +you know for consumers to get the +product they like better they have to + + align:start position:0% +product they like better they have to + + + align:start position:0% +product they like better they have to +know which one they like better then + + align:start position:0% +know which one they like better then + + + align:start position:0% +know which one they like better then +there's differentiation then the pricing + + align:start position:0% +there's differentiation then the pricing + + + align:start position:0% +there's differentiation then the pricing +game results in non in pricing not at + + align:start position:0% +game results in non in pricing not at + + + align:start position:0% +game results in non in pricing not at +marginal cost so there's no way to get + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost so there's no way to get + + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost so there's no way to get +that consumer fully consumer optimal + + align:start position:0% +that consumer fully consumer optimal + + + align:start position:0% +that consumer fully consumer optimal +outcome um the seller optimal outcome + + align:start position:0% +outcome um the seller optimal outcome + + + align:start position:0% +outcome um the seller optimal outcome +you can sometimes do the seller optimal + + align:start position:0% +you can sometimes do the seller optimal + + + align:start position:0% +you can sometimes do the seller optimal +outcome is to tell consumers which + + align:start position:0% +outcome is to tell consumers which + + + align:start position:0% +outcome is to tell consumers which +product they like better and give them + + align:start position:0% +product they like better and give them + + + align:start position:0% +product they like better and give them +zero other information about how much + + align:start position:0% +zero other information about how much + + + align:start position:0% +zero other information about how much +how much they like it because there have + + align:start position:0% +how much they like it because there have + + + align:start position:0% +how much they like it because there have +no information about how much better it + + align:start position:0% +no information about how much better it + + + align:start position:0% +no information about how much better it +is then all consumers are exam The + + align:start position:0% +is then all consumers are exam The + + + align:start position:0% +is then all consumers are exam The +Identical and the firm can just charge + + align:start position:0% +Identical and the firm can just charge + + + align:start position:0% +Identical and the firm can just charge +consumers what is your value for the if + + align:start position:0% +consumers what is your value for the if + + + align:start position:0% +consumers what is your value for the if +you know their two products you know + + align:start position:0% +you know their two products you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know their two products you know +which one you like better what's your + + align:start position:0% +which one you like better what's your + + + align:start position:0% +which one you like better what's your +expected value for the one you like + + align:start position:0% +expected value for the one you like + + + align:start position:0% +expected value for the one you like +better and then fully extract the + + align:start position:0% +better and then fully extract the + + + align:start position:0% +better and then fully extract the +consumer + + align:start position:0% +consumer + + + align:start position:0% +consumer +surplus + + align:start position:0% +surplus + + + align:start position:0% +surplus +okay and so that's sometimes possible + + align:start position:0% +okay and so that's sometimes possible + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so that's sometimes possible +and then they work out is you know what + + align:start position:0% +and then they work out is you know what + + + align:start position:0% +and then they work out is you know what +do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you what are you going to want to do if + + align:start position:0% +you what are you going to want to do if + + + align:start position:0% +you what are you going to want to do if +you're trying to maximize consumer + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to maximize consumer + + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to maximize consumer +surplus versus producer + + align:start position:0% +surplus versus producer + + + align:start position:0% +surplus versus producer +Surplus + + align:start position:0% +Surplus + + + align:start position:0% +Surplus +um and you know what they show is that + + align:start position:0% +um and you know what they show is that + + + align:start position:0% +um and you know what they show is that +um if you you know some sense this is + + align:start position:0% +um if you you know some sense this is + + + align:start position:0% +um if you you know some sense this is +going back to this information design + + align:start position:0% +going back to this information design + + + align:start position:0% +going back to this information design +thing where you're just sort of saying + + align:start position:0% +thing where you're just sort of saying + + + align:start position:0% +thing where you're just sort of saying +what is going to be the + + align:start position:0% +what is going to be the + + + align:start position:0% +what is going to be the +posterior what is going to be consumer's + + align:start position:0% +posterior what is going to be consumer's + + + align:start position:0% +posterior what is going to be consumer's +posterior on V1 minus V2 given whatever + + align:start position:0% +posterior on V1 minus V2 given whatever + + + align:start position:0% +posterior on V1 minus V2 given whatever +information signal you've given them and + + align:start position:0% +information signal you've given them and + + + align:start position:0% +information signal you've given them and +what you want to do + + align:start position:0% +what you want to do + + + align:start position:0% +what you want to do +to maximize consumer surplus is have + + align:start position:0% +to maximize consumer surplus is have + + + align:start position:0% +to maximize consumer surplus is have +consumers + + align:start position:0% +consumers + + + align:start position:0% +consumers +who have different view the two products + + align:start position:0% +who have different view the two products + + + align:start position:0% +who have different view the two products +differently they think I think I like + + align:start position:0% +differently they think I think I like + + + align:start position:0% +differently they think I think I like +product one slightly more than product + + align:start position:0% +product one slightly more than product + + + align:start position:0% +product one slightly more than product +two or product two slightly more than + + align:start position:0% +two or product two slightly more than + + + align:start position:0% +two or product two slightly more than +product one and you want to have them + + align:start position:0% +product one and you want to have them + + + align:start position:0% +product one and you want to have them +have a posterior like this that creates + + align:start position:0% +have a posterior like this that creates + + + align:start position:0% +have a posterior like this that creates +tremendous incentive for the firms to + + align:start position:0% +tremendous incentive for the firms to + + + align:start position:0% +tremendous incentive for the firms to +undercut because most consumers know + + align:start position:0% +undercut because most consumers know + + + align:start position:0% +undercut because most consumers know +that I like firm one only Epsilon better + + align:start position:0% +that I like firm one only Epsilon better + + + align:start position:0% +that I like firm one only Epsilon better +than firm two given the Epsilon + + align:start position:0% +than firm two given the Epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +than firm two given the Epsilon +information you've given me and so by + + align:start position:0% +information you've given me and so by + + + align:start position:0% +information you've given me and so by +giving them this Epsilon information + + align:start position:0% +giving them this Epsilon information + + + align:start position:0% +giving them this Epsilon information +about how much they like product a + + align:start position:0% +about how much they like product a + + + align:start position:0% +about how much they like product a +versus product B then you've created + + align:start position:0% +versus product B then you've created + + + align:start position:0% +versus product B then you've created +very high um elasticities and so the + + align:start position:0% +very high um elasticities and so the + + + align:start position:0% +very high um elasticities and so the +firm's price very low and even only + + align:start position:0% +firm's price very low and even only + + + align:start position:0% +firm's price very low and even only +having this thinking that there's you + + align:start position:0% +having this thinking that there's you + + + align:start position:0% +having this thinking that there's you +like this one Epsilon better than the + + align:start position:0% +like this one Epsilon better than the + + + align:start position:0% +like this one Epsilon better than the +other one in expectation lets you often + + align:start position:0% +other one in expectation lets you often + + + align:start position:0% +other one in expectation lets you often +get the right product so giving + + align:start position:0% +get the right product so giving + + + align:start position:0% +get the right product so giving +consumers this minimal information about + + align:start position:0% +consumers this minimal information about + + + align:start position:0% +consumers this minimal information about +lots of consumers sort of minimal + + align:start position:0% +lots of consumers sort of minimal + + + align:start position:0% +lots of consumers sort of minimal +information about which product they + + align:start position:0% +information about which product they + + + align:start position:0% +information about which product they +like better creates very intense + + align:start position:0% +like better creates very intense + + + align:start position:0% +like better creates very intense +competition and makes that trade-off of + + align:start position:0% +competition and makes that trade-off of + + + align:start position:0% +competition and makes that trade-off of +getting a lot of consumers to buy the + + align:start position:0% +getting a lot of consumers to buy the + + + align:start position:0% +getting a lot of consumers to buy the +product they do like + + align:start position:0% +product they do like + + + align:start position:0% +product they do like +better uh whereas then the profit + + align:start position:0% +better uh whereas then the profit + + + align:start position:0% +better uh whereas then the profit +maximizing solution uh you know profit + + align:start position:0% +maximizing solution uh you know profit + + + align:start position:0% +maximizing solution uh you know profit +maximizing solution is often to you know + + align:start position:0% +maximizing solution is often to you know + + + align:start position:0% +maximizing solution is often to you know +you you give consumers sort of + + align:start position:0% +you you give consumers sort of + + + align:start position:0% +you you give consumers sort of +um uh have many consumers think they + + align:start position:0% +um uh have many consumers think they + + + align:start position:0% +um uh have many consumers think they +like prod one product much more than the + + align:start position:0% +like prod one product much more than the + + + align:start position:0% +like prod one product much more than the +other and only a few consumers who think + + align:start position:0% +other and only a few consumers who think + + + align:start position:0% +other and only a few consumers who think +that they're roughly indifferent between + + align:start position:0% +that they're roughly indifferent between + + + align:start position:0% +that they're roughly indifferent between +their products and you do that sort of + + align:start position:0% +their products and you do that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +their products and you do that sort of +try to get the prices as high as you can + + align:start position:0% +try to get the prices as high as you can + + + align:start position:0% +try to get the prices as high as you can +possibly get and get many of the + + align:start position:0% +possibly get and get many of the + + + align:start position:0% +possibly get and get many of the +consumers to buy the products they like + + align:start position:0% +consumers to buy the products they like + + + align:start position:0% +consumers to buy the products they like +okay um but I guess one of the takeaways + + align:start position:0% +okay um but I guess one of the takeaways + + + align:start position:0% +okay um but I guess one of the takeaways +from this paper was that they found that + + align:start position:0% +from this paper was that they found that + + + align:start position:0% +from this paper was that they found that +there's really not much scope to + + align:start position:0% +there's really not much scope to + + + align:start position:0% +there's really not much scope to +transfer for Surplus between consumers + + align:start position:0% +transfer for Surplus between consumers + + + align:start position:0% +transfer for Surplus between consumers +uh not much scope to modify social + + align:start position:0% +uh not much scope to modify social + + + align:start position:0% +uh not much scope to modify social +welfare a lot of it is transferring + + align:start position:0% +welfare a lot of it is transferring + + + align:start position:0% +welfare a lot of it is transferring +Surplus between consumers and producers + + align:start position:0% +Surplus between consumers and producers + + + align:start position:0% +Surplus between consumers and producers +by giving this kind of information or + + align:start position:0% +by giving this kind of information or + + + align:start position:0% +by giving this kind of information or +this kind of information but it's harder + + align:start position:0% +this kind of information but it's harder + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of information but it's harder +to sort of modify the equilibrium social + + align:start position:0% +to sort of modify the equilibrium social + + + align:start position:0% +to sort of modify the equilibrium social +welfare um okay anyway if you're + + align:start position:0% +welfare um okay anyway if you're + + + align:start position:0% +welfare um okay anyway if you're +interested in Reading recent papers on + + align:start position:0% +interested in Reading recent papers on + + + align:start position:0% +interested in Reading recent papers on +on Google with pricing or on Amazon + + align:start position:0% +on Google with pricing or on Amazon + + + align:start position:0% +on Google with pricing or on Amazon +these would be2 I'd recommend okay um so + + align:start position:0% +these would be2 I'd recommend okay um so + + + align:start position:0% +these would be2 I'd recommend okay um so +anyway um Monday I'm I'm going to be + + align:start position:0% +anyway um Monday I'm I'm going to be + + + align:start position:0% +anyway um Monday I'm I'm going to be +back here I'm going to be doing + + align:start position:0% +back here I'm going to be doing + + + align:start position:0% +back here I'm going to be doing +empirical work on online markets uh and + + align:start position:0% +empirical work on online markets uh and + + + align:start position:0% +empirical work on online markets uh and +these will be actually largely papers on + + align:start position:0% +these will be actually largely papers on + + + align:start position:0% +these will be actually largely papers on +online retail and thinking about + + align:start position:0% +online retail and thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +online retail and thinking about +consumer preferences in online retail \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/55AoWKZZtww.txt b/55AoWKZZtww.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b2c16eed30a935143958be189d5823da7535b54e --- /dev/null +++ b/55AoWKZZtww.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1315 @@ +align:start position:0% + +hi welcome back to recitation + + align:start position:0% +hi welcome back to recitation + + + align:start position:0% +hi welcome back to recitation +in lecture you've been learning about + + align:start position:0% +in lecture you've been learning about + + + align:start position:0% +in lecture you've been learning about +the properties of determinants if you + + align:start position:0% +the properties of determinants if you + + + align:start position:0% +the properties of determinants if you +remember there were three main + + align:start position:0% +remember there were three main + + + align:start position:0% +remember there were three main +properties and then seven more that fall + + align:start position:0% +properties and then seven more that fall + + + align:start position:0% +properties and then seven more that fall +out of those three I'll tell you what + + align:start position:0% +out of those three I'll tell you what + + + align:start position:0% +out of those three I'll tell you what +these three were the first one was the + + align:start position:0% +these three were the first one was the + + + align:start position:0% +these three were the first one was the +determinant of the identity matrix is + + align:start position:0% +determinant of the identity matrix is + + + align:start position:0% +determinant of the identity matrix is +always equal to one + + align:start position:0% +always equal to one + + + align:start position:0% +always equal to one +if you switch two rows in a matrix the + + align:start position:0% +if you switch two rows in a matrix the + + + align:start position:0% +if you switch two rows in a matrix the +determinant switches sign and + + align:start position:0% +determinant switches sign and + + + align:start position:0% +determinant switches sign and +determinant is a function on of each + + align:start position:0% +determinant is a function on of each + + + align:start position:0% +determinant is a function on of each +it's a linear function of each row + + align:start position:0% +it's a linear function of each row + + + align:start position:0% +it's a linear function of each row +separately and there's seven more we'll + + align:start position:0% +separately and there's seven more we'll + + + align:start position:0% +separately and there's seven more we'll +use them here today's problem is about + + align:start position:0% +use them here today's problem is about + + + align:start position:0% +use them here today's problem is about +finding the determinants of matrices by + + align:start position:0% +finding the determinants of matrices by + + + align:start position:0% +finding the determinants of matrices by +using these properties so here you have + + align:start position:0% +using these properties so here you have + + + align:start position:0% +using these properties so here you have +four matrices a has lots of 100 200 and + + align:start position:0% +four matrices a has lots of 100 200 and + + + align:start position:0% +four matrices a has lots of 100 200 and +300 numbers B is called a vandermonde + + align:start position:0% +300 numbers B is called a vandermonde + + + align:start position:0% +300 numbers B is called a vandermonde +matrix it has a very nice structure once + + align:start position:0% +matrix it has a very nice structure once + + + align:start position:0% +matrix it has a very nice structure once +and then ABC a squared B squared C + + align:start position:0% +and then ABC a squared B squared C + + + align:start position:0% +and then ABC a squared B squared C +squared and can be bigger and you'll + + align:start position:0% +squared and can be bigger and you'll + + + align:start position:0% +squared and can be bigger and you'll +just have cubes and more letters down + + align:start position:0% +just have cubes and more letters down + + + align:start position:0% +just have cubes and more letters down +here C is given by the product of these + + align:start position:0% +here C is given by the product of these + + + align:start position:0% +here C is given by the product of these +two and D is this matrix all right good + + align:start position:0% +two and D is this matrix all right good + + + align:start position:0% +two and D is this matrix all right good +luck hit pause work on them and when + + align:start position:0% +luck hit pause work on them and when + + + align:start position:0% +luck hit pause work on them and when +you're ready come back and I'll show you + + align:start position:0% +you're ready come back and I'll show you + + + align:start position:0% +you're ready come back and I'll show you +how I did it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right did you get some okay let's do + + align:start position:0% +all right did you get some okay let's do + + + align:start position:0% +all right did you get some okay let's do +it start with matrix a well I have lots + + align:start position:0% +it start with matrix a well I have lots + + + align:start position:0% +it start with matrix a well I have lots +of big numbers I suggest that we do a + + align:start position:0% +of big numbers I suggest that we do a + + + align:start position:0% +of big numbers I suggest that we do a +little bit of elimination because as you + + align:start position:0% +little bit of elimination because as you + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of elimination because as you +know doing elimination steps except for + + align:start position:0% +know doing elimination steps except for + + + align:start position:0% +know doing elimination steps except for +permuting rows doesn't change the + + align:start position:0% +permuting rows doesn't change the + + + align:start position:0% +permuting rows doesn't change the +determinant of the matrix so let's do + + align:start position:0% +determinant of the matrix so let's do + + + align:start position:0% +determinant of the matrix so let's do +determinant of a is equal to 1 0 1 0 101 + + align:start position:0% +determinant of a is equal to 1 0 1 0 101 + + + align:start position:0% +determinant of a is equal to 1 0 1 0 101 +then if I subtract off the first row + + align:start position:0% +then if I subtract off the first row + + + align:start position:0% +then if I subtract off the first row +from the second one I'll get 1 1 1 which + + align:start position:0% +from the second one I'll get 1 1 1 which + + + align:start position:0% +from the second one I'll get 1 1 1 which +is very convenient and actually if you + + align:start position:0% +is very convenient and actually if you + + + align:start position:0% +is very convenient and actually if you +subtract the second row from the third + + align:start position:0% +subtract the second row from the third + + + align:start position:0% +subtract the second row from the third +one you'll get 1 1 1 here's the property + + align:start position:0% +one you'll get 1 1 1 here's the property + + + align:start position:0% +one you'll get 1 1 1 here's the property +of the determinant if you have two equal + + align:start position:0% +of the determinant if you have two equal + + + align:start position:0% +of the determinant if you have two equal +rows on your matrix the determinant is + + align:start position:0% +rows on your matrix the determinant is + + + align:start position:0% +rows on your matrix the determinant is +automatically equal to 0 + + align:start position:0% +automatically equal to 0 + + + align:start position:0% +automatically equal to 0 +all right all done with one of them + + align:start position:0% +all right all done with one of them + + + align:start position:0% +all right all done with one of them +let's work on the second one the + + align:start position:0% +let's work on the second one the + + + align:start position:0% +let's work on the second one the +determinant of B hmm + + align:start position:0% +determinant of B hmm + + + align:start position:0% +determinant of B hmm +well let's try elimination again 1 a a + + align:start position:0% +well let's try elimination again 1 a a + + + align:start position:0% +well let's try elimination again 1 a a +squared 1 minus 1 is 0 B minus a and B + + align:start position:0% +squared 1 minus 1 is 0 B minus a and B + + + align:start position:0% +squared 1 minus 1 is 0 B minus a and B +squared minus a squared B squared minus + + align:start position:0% +squared minus a squared B squared minus + + + align:start position:0% +squared minus a squared B squared minus +a squared let me factor that into B + + align:start position:0% +a squared let me factor that into B + + + align:start position:0% +a squared let me factor that into B +minus a B plus a which will be very + + align:start position:0% +minus a B plus a which will be very + + + align:start position:0% +minus a B plus a which will be very +convenient in the next step and then I'm + + align:start position:0% +convenient in the next step and then I'm + + + align:start position:0% +convenient in the next step and then I'm +gonna subtract the first row again from + + align:start position:0% +gonna subtract the first row again from + + + align:start position:0% +gonna subtract the first row again from +the third one I'll get 0 C minus a and + + align:start position:0% +the third one I'll get 0 C minus a and + + + align:start position:0% +the third one I'll get 0 C minus a and +again I'll get C squared minus a squared + + align:start position:0% +again I'll get C squared minus a squared + + + align:start position:0% +again I'll get C squared minus a squared +C minus a C plus a all right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's use that second property third + + align:start position:0% +let's use that second property third + + + align:start position:0% +let's use that second property third +property that was the determinant is + + align:start position:0% +property that was the determinant is + + + align:start position:0% +property that was the determinant is +linear on each row separately so when + + align:start position:0% +linear on each row separately so when + + + align:start position:0% +linear on each row separately so when +I'm + + align:start position:0% +I'm + + + align:start position:0% +I'm +to do is see this factor of B minus a + + align:start position:0% +to do is see this factor of B minus a + + + align:start position:0% +to do is see this factor of B minus a +shows up in every entry of this row well + + align:start position:0% +shows up in every entry of this row well + + + align:start position:0% +shows up in every entry of this row well +it's a zero so it's the zero multiple of + + align:start position:0% +it's a zero so it's the zero multiple of + + + align:start position:0% +it's a zero so it's the zero multiple of +B minus a so I'm going to pull out this + + align:start position:0% +B minus a so I'm going to pull out this + + + align:start position:0% +B minus a so I'm going to pull out this +factor of B minus a and this Row is + + align:start position:0% +factor of B minus a and this Row is + + + align:start position:0% +factor of B minus a and this Row is +going to become zero one B plus a I will + + align:start position:0% +going to become zero one B plus a I will + + + align:start position:0% +going to become zero one B plus a I will +also in the same step do the same thing + + align:start position:0% +also in the same step do the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +also in the same step do the same thing +with the third row I'll pull out a + + align:start position:0% +with the third row I'll pull out a + + + align:start position:0% +with the third row I'll pull out a +factor of C minus a and it will become + + align:start position:0% +factor of C minus a and it will become + + + align:start position:0% +factor of C minus a and it will become +zero 1 C plus a here's one factor from + + align:start position:0% +zero 1 C plus a here's one factor from + + + align:start position:0% +zero 1 C plus a here's one factor from +the second row another factor from the + + align:start position:0% +the second row another factor from the + + + align:start position:0% +the second row another factor from the +third row and one a a squared 0 1 B plus + + align:start position:0% +third row and one a a squared 0 1 B plus + + + align:start position:0% +third row and one a a squared 0 1 B plus +a 0 1 C plus a now what well remember + + align:start position:0% +a 0 1 C plus a now what well remember + + + align:start position:0% +a 0 1 C plus a now what well remember +you know how to do the determinant of + + align:start position:0% +you know how to do the determinant of + + + align:start position:0% +you know how to do the determinant of +upper triangular matrices because all + + align:start position:0% +upper triangular matrices because all + + + align:start position:0% +upper triangular matrices because all +that you do is multiply the pivots this + + align:start position:0% +that you do is multiply the pivots this + + + align:start position:0% +that you do is multiply the pivots this +is almost a per triangular except + + align:start position:0% +is almost a per triangular except + + + align:start position:0% +is almost a per triangular except +there's a 1 over here so let's do + + align:start position:0% +there's a 1 over here so let's do + + + align:start position:0% +there's a 1 over here so let's do +another elimination step B minus a C + + align:start position:0% +another elimination step B minus a C + + + align:start position:0% +another elimination step B minus a C +minus a 1 a a squared 0 1 B plus a 0 0 C + + align:start position:0% +minus a 1 a a squared 0 1 B plus a 0 0 C + + + align:start position:0% +minus a 1 a a squared 0 1 B plus a 0 0 C +plus a minus B plus a is C minus B + + align:start position:0% +plus a minus B plus a is C minus B + + + align:start position:0% +plus a minus B plus a is C minus B +alright so the matrix the determinant of + + align:start position:0% +alright so the matrix the determinant of + + + align:start position:0% +alright so the matrix the determinant of +this matrix is now 1 times 1 times C + + align:start position:0% +this matrix is now 1 times 1 times C + + + align:start position:0% +this matrix is now 1 times 1 times C +minus B so we get B minus a C minus a C + + align:start position:0% +minus B so we get B minus a C minus a C + + + align:start position:0% +minus B so we get B minus a C minus a C +minus B which has a really nice formula + + align:start position:0% +minus B which has a really nice formula + + + align:start position:0% +minus B which has a really nice formula +this is called the vandermonde + + align:start position:0% +this is called the vandermonde + + + align:start position:0% +this is called the vandermonde +determinant it's always like this even + + align:start position:0% +determinant it's always like this even + + + align:start position:0% +determinant it's always like this even +if your matrix is bigger than 3x3 if + + align:start position:0% +if your matrix is bigger than 3x3 if + + + align:start position:0% +if your matrix is bigger than 3x3 if +it's 4 by 4 or 5 by 5 and so on you just + + align:start position:0% +it's 4 by 4 or 5 by 5 and so on you just + + + align:start position:0% +it's 4 by 4 or 5 by 5 and so on you just +have more differences of all the letters + + align:start position:0% +have more differences of all the letters + + + align:start position:0% +have more differences of all the letters +that show up in your matrix on to matrix + + align:start position:0% +that show up in your matrix on to matrix + + + align:start position:0% +that show up in your matrix on to matrix +numbers number 3 C equals 1 2 3 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1 - 4 5 how did you get the determinant + + align:start position:0% +1 - 4 5 how did you get the determinant + + + align:start position:0% +1 - 4 5 how did you get the determinant +for this one well remember this is the + + align:start position:0% +for this one well remember this is the + + + align:start position:0% +for this one well remember this is the +rank one that you want Rank 1 matrix + + align:start position:0% +rank one that you want Rank 1 matrix + + + align:start position:0% +rank one that you want Rank 1 matrix +because it's a column vector times a row + + align:start position:0% +because it's a column vector times a row + + + align:start position:0% +because it's a column vector times a row +vector so if you write out what the + + align:start position:0% +vector so if you write out what the + + + align:start position:0% +vector so if you write out what the +matrix is + + align:start position:0% +matrix is + + + align:start position:0% +matrix is +it'll be a three by three matrix where + + align:start position:0% +it'll be a three by three matrix where + + + align:start position:0% +it'll be a three by three matrix where +we can think about it this way the first + + align:start position:0% +we can think about it this way the first + + + align:start position:0% +we can think about it this way the first +row will be 1 times 1 minus 4 5 the + + align:start position:0% +row will be 1 times 1 minus 4 5 the + + + align:start position:0% +row will be 1 times 1 minus 4 5 the +second row will be 2 times those numbers + + align:start position:0% +second row will be 2 times those numbers + + + align:start position:0% +second row will be 2 times those numbers +and the third row will be 3 times those + + align:start position:0% +and the third row will be 3 times those + + + align:start position:0% +and the third row will be 3 times those +numbers so all the all the rows are + + align:start position:0% +numbers so all the all the rows are + + + align:start position:0% +numbers so all the all the rows are +going to be linearly dependent or + + align:start position:0% +going to be linearly dependent or + + + align:start position:0% +going to be linearly dependent or +another way of saying the matrix is + + align:start position:0% +another way of saying the matrix is + + + align:start position:0% +another way of saying the matrix is +singular when the matrix is singular the + + align:start position:0% +singular when the matrix is singular the + + + align:start position:0% +singular when the matrix is singular the +determinant is always equal to 0 that's + + align:start position:0% +determinant is always equal to 0 that's + + + align:start position:0% +determinant is always equal to 0 that's +also one of the properties C 0 onto the + + align:start position:0% +also one of the properties C 0 onto the + + + align:start position:0% +also one of the properties C 0 onto the +next matrix last one D is equal to 0 0 0 + + align:start position:0% +next matrix last one D is equal to 0 0 0 + + + align:start position:0% +next matrix last one D is equal to 0 0 0 +1 minus 1 3 minus 3 4 minus 4 maybe you + + align:start position:0% +1 minus 1 3 minus 3 4 minus 4 maybe you + + + align:start position:0% +1 minus 1 3 minus 3 4 minus 4 maybe you +didn't get that from just looking at the + + align:start position:0% +didn't get that from just looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +didn't get that from just looking at the +matrix in the first time but did you see + + align:start position:0% +matrix in the first time but did you see + + + align:start position:0% +matrix in the first time but did you see +how I wrote it down have zeros down the + + align:start position:0% +how I wrote it down have zeros down the + + + align:start position:0% +how I wrote it down have zeros down the +diagonal and then for each entry I have + + align:start position:0% +diagonal and then for each entry I have + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal and then for each entry I have +minus that entry that means that this + + align:start position:0% +minus that entry that means that this + + + align:start position:0% +minus that entry that means that this +matrix is skew symmetric what that means + + align:start position:0% +matrix is skew symmetric what that means + + + align:start position:0% +matrix is skew symmetric what that means +is if you do D transpose it will not be + + align:start position:0% +is if you do D transpose it will not be + + + align:start position:0% +is if you do D transpose it will not be +equal to D but it will be equal to minus + + align:start position:0% +equal to D but it will be equal to minus + + + align:start position:0% +equal to D but it will be equal to minus +D D is equal d transpose is equal to + + align:start position:0% +D D is equal d transpose is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +D D is equal d transpose is equal to +minus D now what does this give this for + + align:start position:0% +minus D now what does this give this for + + + align:start position:0% +minus D now what does this give this for +a determinant well if these two matrices + + align:start position:0% +a determinant well if these two matrices + + + align:start position:0% +a determinant well if these two matrices +are the same matrix this determinant is + + align:start position:0% +are the same matrix this determinant is + + + align:start position:0% +are the same matrix this determinant is +equal to that determinant right one of + + align:start position:0% +equal to that determinant right one of + + + align:start position:0% +equal to that determinant right one of +the properties is that the determinant + + align:start position:0% +the properties is that the determinant + + + align:start position:0% +the properties is that the determinant +with transpose of the matrix is equal to + + align:start position:0% +with transpose of the matrix is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +with transpose of the matrix is equal to +the determinant of the original matrix + + align:start position:0% +the determinant of the original matrix + + + align:start position:0% +the determinant of the original matrix +how about this side well + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +first temptation would be to just write + + align:start position:0% +first temptation would be to just write + + + align:start position:0% +first temptation would be to just write +that is that always true + + align:start position:0% +that is that always true + + + align:start position:0% +that is that always true +no the determinant is linear on each row + + align:start position:0% +no the determinant is linear on each row + + + align:start position:0% +no the determinant is linear on each row +separately that means that you can't + + align:start position:0% +separately that means that you can't + + + align:start position:0% +separately that means that you can't +pull out a factor that is multiplying + + align:start position:0% +pull out a factor that is multiplying + + + align:start position:0% +pull out a factor that is multiplying +the matrix you have to pull it out once + + align:start position:0% +the matrix you have to pull it out once + + + align:start position:0% +the matrix you have to pull it out once +for each row of the matrix so what I + + align:start position:0% +for each row of the matrix so what I + + + align:start position:0% +for each row of the matrix so what I +should have written what I should have + + align:start position:0% +should have written what I should have + + + align:start position:0% +should have written what I should have +written was minus one that's my factor - + + align:start position:0% +written was minus one that's my factor - + + + align:start position:0% +written was minus one that's my factor - +how many rows do I have 1 2 3 pull it + + align:start position:0% +how many rows do I have 1 2 3 pull it + + + align:start position:0% +how many rows do I have 1 2 3 pull it +out once for each row times the + + align:start position:0% +out once for each row times the + + + align:start position:0% +out once for each row times the +determinant of D well fortunately minus + + align:start position:0% +determinant of D well fortunately minus + + + align:start position:0% +determinant of D well fortunately minus +1 to the 3rd is simply equal to minus D + + align:start position:0% +1 to the 3rd is simply equal to minus D + + + align:start position:0% +1 to the 3rd is simply equal to minus D +minus 1 so here we go it was correct + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 so here we go it was correct + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 so here we go it was correct +in fact all right we have determinant of + + align:start position:0% +in fact all right we have determinant of + + + align:start position:0% +in fact all right we have determinant of +D is equal to minus determinant of D + + align:start position:0% +D is equal to minus determinant of D + + + align:start position:0% +D is equal to minus determinant of D +what is the only number that is equal to + + align:start position:0% +what is the only number that is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +what is the only number that is equal to +minus that number zero determinant of D + + align:start position:0% +minus that number zero determinant of D + + + align:start position:0% +minus that number zero determinant of D +is equal to zero again let me ask you + + align:start position:0% +is equal to zero again let me ask you + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to zero again let me ask you +one last question is it true that all + + align:start position:0% +one last question is it true that all + + + align:start position:0% +one last question is it true that all +skew symmetric matrices have the + + align:start position:0% +skew symmetric matrices have the + + + align:start position:0% +skew symmetric matrices have the +determinant equal to zero it was true + + align:start position:0% +determinant equal to zero it was true + + + align:start position:0% +determinant equal to zero it was true +for this one is it true in every case + + align:start position:0% +for this one is it true in every case + + + align:start position:0% +for this one is it true in every case +well the key factor here was that I had + + align:start position:0% +well the key factor here was that I had + + + align:start position:0% +well the key factor here was that I had +minus 1 to the third power and I got a + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 to the third power and I got a + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 to the third power and I got a +minus sign here the determinant of D is + + align:start position:0% +minus sign here the determinant of D is + + + align:start position:0% +minus sign here the determinant of D is +equal to minus determinant of D but if + + align:start position:0% +equal to minus determinant of D but if + + + align:start position:0% +equal to minus determinant of D but if +this number had been an even number then + + align:start position:0% +this number had been an even number then + + + align:start position:0% +this number had been an even number then +I would just have determinant of D is + + align:start position:0% +I would just have determinant of D is + + + align:start position:0% +I would just have determinant of D is +equal minus 1/2 an even number D that's + + align:start position:0% +equal minus 1/2 an even number D that's + + + align:start position:0% +equal minus 1/2 an even number D that's +1 so I would have determinant of D it's + + align:start position:0% +1 so I would have determinant of D it's + + + align:start position:0% +1 so I would have determinant of D it's +equal to determinant of D there's + + align:start position:0% +equal to determinant of D there's + + + align:start position:0% +equal to determinant of D there's +nothing I can say about that number can + + align:start position:0% +nothing I can say about that number can + + + align:start position:0% +nothing I can say about that number can +be your favorite number not necessarily + + align:start position:0% +be your favorite number not necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +be your favorite number not necessarily +0 all right we're done for today thank + + align:start position:0% +0 all right we're done for today thank + + + align:start position:0% +0 all right we're done for today thank +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/5CHUuMZZzSY.txt b/5CHUuMZZzSY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6642a7948d9e6d9da8b201454fce7c76400cb8d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/5CHUuMZZzSY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,411 @@ +align:start position:0% + +let us now look at an example consider a + + align:start position:0% +let us now look at an example consider a + + + align:start position:0% +let us now look at an example consider a +piecewise constant PDF of the form shown + + align:start position:0% +piecewise constant PDF of the form shown + + + align:start position:0% +piecewise constant PDF of the form shown +in this diagram suppose that we + + align:start position:0% +in this diagram suppose that we + + + align:start position:0% +in this diagram suppose that we +condition on the event that X lies + + align:start position:0% +condition on the event that X lies + + + align:start position:0% +condition on the event that X lies +between a plus B over two which is here + + align:start position:0% +between a plus B over two which is here + + + align:start position:0% +between a plus B over two which is here +and B so we're conditioning on X lying + + align:start position:0% +and B so we're conditioning on X lying + + + align:start position:0% +and B so we're conditioning on X lying +in this particular red interval what is + + align:start position:0% +in this particular red interval what is + + + align:start position:0% +in this particular red interval what is +the conditional PDF the conditional PDF + + align:start position:0% +the conditional PDF the conditional PDF + + + align:start position:0% +the conditional PDF the conditional PDF +is going to be zero outside the interval + + align:start position:0% +is going to be zero outside the interval + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be zero outside the interval +on which we are conditioning so the + + align:start position:0% +on which we are conditioning so the + + + align:start position:0% +on which we are conditioning so the +conditional PDF is zero in this range + + align:start position:0% +conditional PDF is zero in this range + + + align:start position:0% +conditional PDF is zero in this range +and also it is zero in this range within + + align:start position:0% +and also it is zero in this range within + + + align:start position:0% +and also it is zero in this range within +the range of values of X that are + + align:start position:0% +the range of values of X that are + + + align:start position:0% +the range of values of X that are +allowed given the conditioning + + align:start position:0% +allowed given the conditioning + + + align:start position:0% +allowed given the conditioning +information the conditional PDF must + + align:start position:0% +information the conditional PDF must + + + align:start position:0% +information the conditional PDF must +retain the same shape as the + + align:start position:0% +retain the same shape as the + + + align:start position:0% +retain the same shape as the +unconditional one and the unconditional + + align:start position:0% +unconditional one and the unconditional + + + align:start position:0% +unconditional one and the unconditional +one is constant in that range so the + + align:start position:0% +one is constant in that range so the + + + align:start position:0% +one is constant in that range so the +conditional PDF will also be a constant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because in this case the length of this + + align:start position:0% +because in this case the length of this + + + align:start position:0% +because in this case the length of this +interval is half of the distance between + + align:start position:0% +interval is half of the distance between + + + align:start position:0% +interval is half of the distance between +B minus a so the length of this interval + + align:start position:0% +B minus a so the length of this interval + + + align:start position:0% +B minus a so the length of this interval +is B minus a over two in order for the + + align:start position:0% +is B minus a over two in order for the + + + align:start position:0% +is B minus a over two in order for the +area under this curve to be equal to one + + align:start position:0% +area under this curve to be equal to one + + + align:start position:0% +area under this curve to be equal to one +it means that the height of this curve + + align:start position:0% +it means that the height of this curve + + + align:start position:0% +it means that the height of this curve +has to be equal to two over B minus a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the conditional expectation in this + + align:start position:0% +the conditional expectation in this + + + align:start position:0% +the conditional expectation in this +example is just the ordinary expectation + + align:start position:0% +example is just the ordinary expectation + + + align:start position:0% +example is just the ordinary expectation +but applied to the conditional model + + align:start position:0% +but applied to the conditional model + + + align:start position:0% +but applied to the conditional model +since the conditional PDF is uniform the + + align:start position:0% +since the conditional PDF is uniform the + + + align:start position:0% +since the conditional PDF is uniform the +conditional expectation will be the + + align:start position:0% +conditional expectation will be the + + + align:start position:0% +conditional expectation will be the +midpoint of the range of this + + align:start position:0% +midpoint of the range of this + + + align:start position:0% +midpoint of the range of this +conditional PDF and in this case the + + align:start position:0% +conditional PDF and in this case the + + + align:start position:0% +conditional PDF and in this case the +midpoint is 1/2 the left end of the + + align:start position:0% +midpoint is 1/2 the left end of the + + + align:start position:0% +midpoint is 1/2 the left end of the +interval which is a plus B over 2 plus + + align:start position:0% +interval which is a plus B over 2 plus + + + align:start position:0% +interval which is a plus B over 2 plus +1/2 the right endpoint of the interval + + align:start position:0% +1/2 the right endpoint of the interval + + + align:start position:0% +1/2 the right endpoint of the interval +which is B + + align:start position:0% +which is B + + + align:start position:0% +which is B +and so this evaluates to one-fourth + + align:start position:0% +and so this evaluates to one-fourth + + + align:start position:0% +and so this evaluates to one-fourth +times a plus 3/4 times B we can also + + align:start position:0% +times a plus 3/4 times B we can also + + + align:start position:0% +times a plus 3/4 times B we can also +calculate the expected value of x + + align:start position:0% +calculate the expected value of x + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the expected value of x +squared in the conditional model using + + align:start position:0% +squared in the conditional model using + + + align:start position:0% +squared in the conditional model using +the expected value rule according to the + + align:start position:0% +the expected value rule according to the + + + align:start position:0% +the expected value rule according to the +expected value rule it's going to be an + + align:start position:0% +expected value rule it's going to be an + + + align:start position:0% +expected value rule it's going to be an +integral of the conditional PDF which is + + align:start position:0% +integral of the conditional PDF which is + + + align:start position:0% +integral of the conditional PDF which is +2 over B minus a multiplied by x squared + + align:start position:0% +2 over B minus a multiplied by x squared + + + align:start position:0% +2 over B minus a multiplied by x squared +and this integral runs over the range + + align:start position:0% +and this integral runs over the range + + + align:start position:0% +and this integral runs over the range +where the conditional PDF is actually + + align:start position:0% +where the conditional PDF is actually + + + align:start position:0% +where the conditional PDF is actually +nonzero so it's an integral that ranges + + align:start position:0% +nonzero so it's an integral that ranges + + + align:start position:0% +nonzero so it's an integral that ranges +from a plus B over 2 up to B and this is + + align:start position:0% +from a plus B over 2 up to B and this is + + + align:start position:0% +from a plus B over 2 up to B and this is +an integral which is not too hard to + + align:start position:0% +an integral which is not too hard to + + + align:start position:0% +an integral which is not too hard to +evaluate and there is no point in + + align:start position:0% +evaluate and there is no point in + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate and there is no point in +carrying out the evaluation to the end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/6-Zh8U1RRK4.txt b/6-Zh8U1RRK4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..91c3b31888de763e1dc109d7cd4cd84525f3d9e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/6-Zh8U1RRK4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2393 @@ +PROFESSOR: So this lecture was +about hyperbolic paraboloids, + +and the extent to which +they don't exist or exist. + +Here is a regular +non-existing hyperbolic + +paraboloid with the concentric +squares, no diagonals, folded + +here. + +And so, those are just a +few questions about this. + +What does it mean, other things. + +These are all asked by +[INAUDIBLE] I believe, + +and they're all open, so-- +they're all good questions. + +We don't know whether +the good triangulation, + +the alternating one, +works for arbitrary, + +and we only know +up to n equals 100, + +for the various fixed +angles that we checked. + +We don't have a proof +technique to do arbitrary in. + +You could try to do some +amount of alternation, + +but not, somewhere in +between the two extremes, + +and probably you'll get +something in between goodness, + +but I don't know. + +You could certainly +play with that. + +And it's very natural to try +this with larger than squares. + +The only trouble is, +the center no longer + +has a single degree of +freedom, so the only thing + +to answer there would be, How +do you want to initially fold, + +like, if you're doing +a hexagon, hexagon + +is probably clear what +you might want to do, + +but for general +k-gon, how do you + +want to arrange that +innermost k-gon? + +From that, you +could propagate out, + +just like we did with +the square, if you + +use an alternating +triangulation, say. + +Probably works well, +but we haven't tried it. + +That could be a cool project +to do that, not that hard. + +So those were open problems. + +Next, we have some, sort of, +math, general math questions. + +c1, c2, and semi-creases. + +These are related questions. + +So let me do a quick visual +review of these terms. + +I'm going to do it for +one-dimensional curves in 2D, + +because that's a lot +easier to think about, then + +what we really care +about, which is + +two-dimensional services in 3D. + +But all the ideas carry over, +so here is just a function. + +Let's say, for example, +this is a parabolic arc, + +than a straight segment. + +This point is missing, +and instead it's up here. + +These points are +present, and here we + +have another parabolic arc. + +So, this function I would +call piecewise C infinity. + +Let me explain what +these things mean. + +So we have, on the one +hand, c zero is a term, + +meaning just continuous. + +Continuous means +no jumps like this, + +so this is not a +continuous function. + +So this function overall +is not even c zero. c1 + +is a stronger condition, which +means that not only are you + +continuous, but you also have +a continuous and existing + +first derivative. + +So whereas here we're +thinking about f, here + +we're thinking of f prime. + +So, not only can you talk about +the function being continuous, + +c0c1, but you can talk about +individual moments in time. + +So for example, this moment +here is going to be c1. + +It has a nice derivative. + +That derivative is +changing continuously here. + +Here, however, this +is c zero, but not c1, + +because the tangent +on the left is + +different from the +tangent on the right. + +So this is not a c1 function, +because the derivative + +is jumping at that point. + +I'm not going to draw +the derivative here, + +it's a little harder to +draw, but you could draw it + +with the same x-axis, +and you'd see a jump + +from one angle to another. + +This point is not even c zero. + +This point is c +zero, but not c1. + +This point is c1, because +the tangent here is equal, + +on the left, is equal to +the tangent on the right, + +if I drew this +properly, where this + +is the bottom of the parabola. + +You can ask for more than +c1, and we do in class, + +we talk about c2, +and this says you + +should have a continuous +second derivative. + +So acceleration. + +And this point, for +example, is not c2. + +Because while the +tangents meet, if you + +take the next derivative, you +see that it's suddenly-- here + +the tangent was +completely flat, it + +has a second derivative of +zero, and then suddenly it + +starts increasing. + +Now you can design functions +that are even C infinity. + +C infinity means no matter +how many derivatives + +you take, it's continuous +and defined, no jumps. + +But if you do a +parabola, for example, + +it will not be so +well-behaved, I think, yes. + +Got the x, y equals x squared, +you take the derivative, + +you get 2x, take the derivative +of that, you get 2, and then + +the derivative of +that, you get zero. + +So the second derivative here +is 2, all along the curve. + +So I guess y prime, +y double prime. + +So, in particular here, we had +a second derivative of zero, + +here we have a second +derivative of 2. + +All right, so that's +a quick crash course + +on individual points +being c zero or c1 or c2, + +or C infinity is when +you can go all the way. + +Creases are points on the +paper where you're not c1. + +That means that you have +two different tangent + +plans coming +together, typically. + +So discontinuity is in +the first derivative, + +that's what we call creases. + +Semi-creases are discontinuities +in the second derivative + +So semi-crease is +where you're not c2, + +crease is where you're +not c1, according + +to this particular paper. + +Semi-crease is not +too common a term, + +but crease is very comm-- this +is the usual meaning of crease, + +semi-crease is maybe a little +new to this paper we're talking + +about, nonexistence of pi parse. + +And so, for example, +this would be a crease, + +and this would be a semi-crease. + +Here the derivative changes, +that looks like a crease, + +if you had a one-dimensional +piece of paper. + +This doesn't look like a +crease, it's kind of smooth, + +but not-- it's a little +bit smooth, it's c1, + +but it's not c2. + +So there's a semi-crease there. + +And part of that paper is sort +of worrying about semi-creases, + +because we want to +deal with c2 parts, + +because c2 functions are nice. + +I mean, ideally we +have C infinity parts, + +but we only need +c2 parts, and so + +we subdivide at +the semi-creases. + +And basically, argue most the +time semi-creases don't really + +happen, so you don't +have to worry about them. + +But that's what they are. + +Any questions about smoothness? + +These are all different +kinds of smoothness. + +Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: All of these +things are C infinity, + +except at these points. + +So every polynomial C infinity, +you can differentiate it + +all the time, +eventually get to zero. + +Exponentials are +C infinity, pretty + +much all functions you can +think of that are smooth + +are C infinity. + +Yeah. + +All right, so next +question is about one + +of the proofs, which was that-- +the proof involving normals + +basically, the one +involving tangent planes, + +and the other one is +involving normals. + +This is the polygonal +implies flat proof, + +so this was, If you +have a region of paper + +that is bounded by +polygonal creases, + +so they're piecewise straight, +then that region of paper, + +if it's uncreased, +must actually be flat. + +And I'm just going +to, I want to talk + +about just one +part of the proof. + +So there was a +sequence of steps, + +but ultimately what we +wanted was some segment, bf. + +This is a boundary of your +region, somewhere over here, + +and we assume that +it's straight. + +So, we took a few +steps to get here. + +But suppose we have a +straight region and locally, + +around this point, +there's some ruling. + +And then we're looking +at a point, Q, here. + +I'm going to define this +ruling to be r of q. + +The rule line from q, and +so q is an arbitrary point, + +it slides along this segment. + +And then we're interested +in a normal vector + +here, which we called n of q. + +That's normal to the +surface at this point, + +and so as q slides, +n of q changes. + +And we were claiming +a few things, + +but so the definition +of this guy being normal + +is it has to be perpendicular +to-- normal to the surface is + +perpendicular to the surface. + +It has to be perpendicular +to this axis of the surface, + +and it has to be +perpendicular to this axis. + +So we know, just from +definition of normal, n of q + +is perpendicular +to bf, and n of q + +is perpendicular to r +of q, the rule line. + +So that's the definition but +it wasn't quite what we wanted. + +We wanted to prove, for +example, that the derivative + +of the normal, funny thing, +is perpendicular to bf. + +That was one of the +things we wanted, + +and the other one was the +corresponding perpendicular + +to the rule line. + +I don't know if I used +this notation in lecture, + +but this just means that +they're perpendicular, + +which is like the dot product +of those two vectors is zero. + +So, how do we go +from here to here? + +This was actually the part +that was most confusing to me. + +I find this one more confusing, +because it uses the fact + +that it's [INAUDIBLE], +but the question + +was actually about this one, so +unless you ask about this one + +now, I'll just cover this one. + +It's a little simpler. + +Both are in the notes. + +So why is this true? + +I guess, first, the +intuitive reason. + +So, you've got all these +different normals here. + +We're going to end up +concluding they're all + +pointed the same +way but, in general, + +they're changing +direction somehow. + +We know that at all +times the normal + +is perpendicular +to this segment, + +so it is pointing away, +straight away from the segments. + +So you've got a +right angle here. + +So it's kind of spinning +around the segment + +at best, as it moves around. + +We claim that the change in +the normal, the derivative + +of the normal, as you +walk along this segment, + +must also be perpendicular +to the segment. + +Intuitively, this is obvious, +if you think about it enough. + +If you were changing in +a direction that was not + +perpendicular to normal, to +this segment, for example + +you're going this +way or something, + +then, while initially +you're perpendicular, + +you're kind of falling +over, and then you'll + +no longer be perpendicular. + +So if you change +in a first order + +way that is not +perpendicular to this thing, + +then afterwards you will +no longer be perpendicular. + +So that's intuitively why +this follows from this. + +One way to formalize that +is to use Taylor expansion, + +so I'll just write that quickly. + +If you look at a +point, q, and I'm + +going to use this +notation, q plus epsilon, + +to mean a point just +a little bit over. + +This is q plus +epsilon, this is q. + +For a very small epsilon, this +is going to be approximately n + +of q, plus epsilon, +and the prime of q. + +In Taylor expansion, then +you have epsilon squared, + +but for small enough epsilon, +this is a good approximation. + +And so, on the one +hand, you have-- + +If you look at n +of q plus epsilon, + +and you compare +it to bf, you know + +that these are perpendicular, +and what you can write that + +as a product being +equal to zero. + +So the dot product +of these two vectors + +should be equal to zero, +that is, being perpendicular. + +We know this is true +for all points q, + +so in particular, it's going +to be true for q plus epsilon. + +So that's what we know, but +now we can expand this thing, + +and we get these two terms. + +So we get n of q dot bf, plus +epsilon and prime of q, dot bf. + +That's just distributing +that sum over this product, + +dot products work OK that way. + +Now this thing is also +zero, because this + +is just another point +q dotted with bf, + +and they should always +be perpendicular. + +And this is the +thing we care about. + +Now if this whole +sum is equal to zero, + +and this term is equal +to zero, then this better + +be equal to zero. + +So implies this +thing equals zero, + +and that's what we wanted. + +And prime of q is +perpendicular to bf. + +So that's the algebra +way to see it. + +But if you think about it +enough, and you believe things + +are linear to the +first order, as we say, + +than that has to be true. + +You can get second derivatives +and things as well, + +but first derivative +better hold in, particular. + +Any questions about that? + +You can do the same +thing with this property, + +but it's messier. + +You need to use the +[INAUDIBLE] property, which + +we didn't really go +into much detail on, + +so I think I'll skip it. + +Last question is, +what does it all mean? + +If we're proving +things are impossible, + +and yet here I have physical +models of them existing, + +what's going on? + +What's the difference +between mathematical paper + +and real paper? + +And, of course, there's no +real mathematical answer + +to that question, but there-- +we have a couple competing + +theories for what might be +happening in this model. + +One is that perhaps the +paper is not being isometric. + +Perhaps it's +stretching or shearing. + +So normally we think of paper +as unstretchable and not + +shearable, the only way +to shear is to fold it. + +And that is almost perfectly +true but, of course, + +no material is perfect. + +So it might be +shearing or changing + +the geometry, the intrinsic +geometry just enough + +to somehow make this possible. + +Our theory only says +that it's impossible + +if you're exactly +perfect, so maybe-- it + +would be interesting to +measure how exact paper is. + +Question? + +AUDIENCE: If it's possible +to imitate a shear, + +if it compresses the paper +but I fold it, then-- + +PROFESSOR: This is not a shear. + +AUDIENCE: I know, but +if you can fold it, + +so that it, like, +imitates a shear-- + +PROFESSOR: Well, you can +add creases to make it, + +to simulate a shear. + +AUDIENCE: Right. + +PROFESSOR: But only +by adding creases, + +that's what we +proved in lecture. + +So yeah, you can kind of +fake a shear, but only + +by adding creases. + +Now, it doesn't look like +there's extra creases here. + +Theory number 2 +is there are lots + +of really tiny creases +here that are so small. + +I mean, here you could +detect the crease, + +because it was a +big change in angle, + +but if they're super, +super tiny here + +and, you know, we never +fold these things completely + +perfect, it could be lots +of little tiny things, + +maybe you look +under a microscope + +and you'll see +that, I don't know. + +It could be an +interesting project + +to try to investigate what +really happens with paper + +in these kinds of +models in real life, + +and how it differs +from mathematics. + +But the two theories are +maybe some stretching or maybe + +extra creases. + +We know by adding the +diagonals, it folds. + +Now here, you could +pretty clearly + +see the diagonals +are not being added, + +but there might be-- there +might be effectively, + +there might be enough added +creases that are together + +so tiny, you can't see them. + +AUDIENCE: It's +not semi-creases-- + +PROFESSOR: Semi-creases +are not enough. + +The theory says that if you +have these creases and possibly + +any number of semi-creases, +you can't fold it all. + +So you need to add +actual creases. + +Yeah, good question. + +All right, that's +it for old material. + +Now I wanted to show you +some cool new material, + +which is based on-- + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, question? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] +don't really + +look like straight lines. + +PROFESSOR: Right. + +The creases here do not +look like straight lines, + +and yet we prove they +must be straight lines, + +so something's going on. + +Now, we didn't know initially +that straight creases had + +to stay straight +in 3D, but once we + +proved that, we were pretty +sure this didn't exist. + +It's not obvious that straight +creases stay straight, + +but they do. + +It's evidence there's a problem. + +OK, I wanted to talk +about this paper, + +because it's kind of related. + +It's about how to efficiently +make pleat folding happen, + +and it's written by a bunch of +people, Jean Cardinal, Marty, + +our cameraman, Shinji Imahori, +Yoshi Ito, Messashi Kiomi, + +Stefan Langerman, +Ryuhei Uehara, who's + +here on sabbatical, +and Tachiachi Uno. + +Good practice. + +So, here's the kind of setting. + +It's going to be +familiar, in that we + +have a one-D piece of +paper, so it's a segment, + +and we're also going to assume +that it's uniformly creased, + +so each of these +is spacing of 1. + +And now usually we think +of preassigning mountains + +and valleys here, and then +you could only fold mountains + +on the mountains, you can only +fold valleys in the valleys. + +The model here is +that you're allowed + +to fold and unfold repeatedly +on the same segments. + +So you can do some +layers, simple folds, + +although, I think, we'll just +need all layers here today. + +But you can also unfold +any previous folds. + +And I'll say that +unfolds are free, + +you don't pay for the +unfolding operations, + +because it's just +a constant factor. + +You can only unfold things that +have previously been folded. + +So we'll count the +number of folds you make. + +Each time you do a fold, +it's a mountain or a valley, + +say, through all the layers +and through some of the layers. + +But our goal is in, the end, +to have our segment creased + +in a particular pattern. + +And the pleat pattern +would be mv, mv, mv. + +So we want the last time +each crease to be folded, + +to be a particular +pattern, but along the way + +we could fold it in +lots of-- it could be, + +this one could be mountain for a +while, as long as the last time + +we crease this thing, it's +a valley, we're happy. + +So we end up with +mountain valley strings, + +and we want to know +how many folds, + +how many folding operations +do you need to make, + +in order to achieve a particular +mountain valley string? + +And, in particular, we care +about strings like mv mv mv, + +because, as we'll learn later +today when we fold these, + +pleating takes a lot +of time, it's tedious. + +It would be nice if you +could do things faster. + +Now, why do we think we +can do things faster? + +Because I can take a piece +of paper and, imagine this + +is one-dimensional, +and fold it in half, + +and then fold it in half again. + +Boom, I got how many creases? + +Two creases for the +price of one operation. + +Now I fold again, Boom! + +I get four creases +for the price of one. + +I fold it again. + +Wow, I get eight creases +for the price of one. + +So the number of folding +operations you do here + +may be much, much +smaller than n. + +n is going to be the +number of the creases, + +the length of your string. + +So if I fold a piece +of paper like this-- + +I actually tried +this-- and then I + +unfold to see what +mountain valley assignment + +I got-- unfolding is free-- +I get this weird shape. + +And I didn't do it perfectly. + +It's hard to do perfectly +because of creep. + +I get a weird thing. + +Anyone know what +this thing is called? + +I think that's pretty much-- +if I unfold them to 90 degrees. + +AUDIENCE: Dragon curve. + +PROFESSOR: Dragon curve. + +Yeah. + +Dragon curve looks like this. + +This is the Wikipedia +drawing, and the more + +you fold in half, that you +keep adding this iteration, + +it's a nice fractal. + +It's kind of cool, +it doesn't have-- + +you can prove it +doesn't self intersect. + +It touches itself at vertices, +but it doesn't properly + +cross itself. + +You take the limit, it +looks something like this + +if you fill it in, very cool. + +Wikipedia calls it the, I don't +want to spoil the surprise, + +but there's actually a book +where the section headings are + +iterations of this fractal? + +Anyone know what this book is? + +AUDIENCE: Jurassic Park. + +PROFESSOR: Jurassic Park, +yes, Ian Malcolm right there. + +So, pretty cool. + +It's called the Jurassic Park +fractal, to some, at least + +on Wikipedia. + +And so that's one particular +mountain valley assignment + +you can get. + +And let me tell you what is. + +It's pretty easy to figure out, +and you see why it's a fractal. + +So the first time +we make a fold-- + +let's say I always make +mountains, just for simplicity. + +You have a little bit of +choice here, but not very much. + +So first I make a +mountain fold, so now I've + +got things folded in half. + +Now let's say I make a +mountain fold over here. + +Of course, it's +already folded in half, + +which means I get +a valley over here. + +So I'm going to-- Yeah. + +So now I make another +mountain fold, maybe + +I should have done it the +other way, anyway, so it is. + +So I make another mountain +fold here, and on the left + +I get this, on the right I +get the reflection of that. + +And then I make +another mountain fold, + +and I get this on +the left, and I + +get the reflection +of that on the right. + +And when I reflect, I'm reading +backwards and also inverting + +everything. + +vv and so on. + +So you see the kind of +fractal nature here, + +and that's what +gives the cool curve. + +Keep repeating that. + +You have, essentially, +n choices, + +because they're log n +folds that you make, + +each could be a +mountain or valley. + +So there are n +different mv strings + +you can get in +essentially log n folds. + +But sadly, none +of them is the one + +we want, mvmvmv, the pleat fold. + +So that leaves us with the +question of how many operations + +do you need to get a pleat fold? + +This is where things get cool. + +So-- why don't I tell +you some answers. + +So if you want to +fold mmmm, or mvmv, + +these turn out to be +the same, because you + +can do m's on the odd positions, +v's on the even positions. + +Then you can do it in +log squared n folds, + +and you need at least log +squared n over log, log n. + +This is way, way faster than n. + +There's an open +problem between log + +squared n and log +squared over log + +log, small gap of +the log log factor. + +But somewhere in between here. + +If you want to do, let's say, +a random pattern, then we + +can prove you need about +n divided by log n. + +So the obvious way to do it +is fold each crease unfolds, + +that takes n steps. + +So you can always +improve by a log factor, + +and that's the best you +could do for most strings. + +But these strings are +sufficiently special, + +that you can get a huge factor, +basically exponential, when, + +instead of doing +roughly n steps, + +you're only doing +poly log steps. + +So, there's four results here. + +Which ones would +you like to see? + +How many people vote for +log squared n upper bound? + +Four. + +How many people vote for +log squared over log log + +lower bound? + +Completely different +set of four. + +How many people vote for the +n over log n story, upper + +bound first and lower bound? + +OK. + +I think the upper bound +here wins, just curious. + +They all these similar ideas. + +I'm going to briefly +sketch, because I + +want to get to folding stuff, +how you achieve n over log n + +upper bound, maybe then I'll do +log squared upper bound here. + +Lower bounds are, +well, they're bounds. + +That doesn't say anything. + +So, if you have an mv string, +to get this bound, arbitrary + +string, I'm going to +consider epsilon-- sorry, + +1 minus epsilon log n, +consecutive letters, + +and split into, basically, n +over log n chunks, each of size + +roughly log n, a little +bit smaller than log n. + +Why do I do that? + +Because the number of +different chunk values + +is 2 to the 1 minus +epsilon, times log n, right, + +each can be mountain or valley. + +Now 2 the log n is n, so +this is n to the 1 minus + +epsilon, possible +different chunk values. + +These are chunks. + +Why is that interesting? + +Because I have basically +n over log n chunks, + +but there's only n to the 1 +minus epsilon different chunk + +values. + +This is much, much +smaller than this. + +Think of epsilon being a half, +as the square root of n, this + +is n over log n. + +So there's actually most-- many +the chunks have to be repeated. + +So this means that an average +chunk is repeated, What is it? + +It's n over log n of +them, is n over log n, + +times n to the 1 +minus epsilon times, + +which is n to the +epsilon over log n. + +This is the number +of chunks here, + +and we're dividing by the +number of different ones, + +so typical repetition +is going to be + +n to the epsilon +over log n times. + +I'll just assume all chunks +are repeated this many times. + +It's all linear, so +it doesn't matter + +whether some are more common +and some are less common. + +OK, cool. + +Now what? + +So, if I look at one of +these chunks and all of it + +is repetitions, I would like +to fold them all somehow + +more efficiently. + +And there's one key +idea in this paper + +on how to do that, which is-- +so here's my strip, maybe here's + +one instance of the +chunk, here's another one. + +They can be kind of +spaced out arbitrarily. + +So what I'm going to do is fold +here, fold here, fold here. + +I think that's right, +all the bisectors. + +So I end up with +one chunk like this, + +than another chunk like this, +than another chunk something + +like this. + +Then, this one is very tiny. + +Can I get my four +repetitions of the chunk + +all on top of each other? + +What I then do, so this is going +to take how many repetitions + +is, n to the epsilon over +log n, so this is about n + +to the epsilon over log n +steps, to do all these folds. + +Now I fold here, fold here, fold +here, fold here simultaneously, + +getting them all correct. + +That's going to take +1 minus epsilon times + +basically log n +steps, then I unfold. + +And then I discover, Darn it, +half of them were upside down. + +Because I got this one +right and this one right, + +but these two are flipped, +so that's so good, + +so then I recurse on +the remaining half. + +But this turns out to +be a geometric series, + +so if I do all four of these, +and then I do two of them, + +and then I do one of +them, I'll be done, + +and it will only cost me +another factor of 2 in time. + +So I get log n plus n to +the epsilon over log n. + +I have to do this for each of +the different chunk values, + +so I need to do n to +the 1 minus epsilon, + +times log n plus n to the +epsilon over log n, times 2 + +because of the geometric series. + +And this comes out +to n over log n. + +Ta-da! + +Magic. + +The log n is basically coming +from the chunk size being + +log n and 1 minus epsilon log +n as big as we could make it, + +because we needed this to +be a lot smaller than n. + +So that's how you save a +factor of log n, little crazy, + +but it works in theory. + +That's the upper +bound, the lower bound + +is actually pretty obvious, +because if you only + +use k folds, you're doing-- +there's n to the k or maybe 2n + +to the k, different +things you can do, + +because there's n different +places you could make a fold, + +could be a mountain or a valley. + +And this better be, +at least, 2 to the n, + +because they're 2 the n +different mountain valley + +patterns you could +make, and you have + +to somehow make +them with k folds. + +These are all the things +you could make with k folds. + +And you work that +out and k has to be, + +at least, about n over log n. + +So that's why it's optimal, and +because this is an information + +theoretic argument, this works +in the average case as well. + +Take a random example. + +You need at least n over log n. + +Most examples, high probability, +will need n over log n. + +So that's those lower bounds. + +Let me briefly tell you about +this log squared n upper bound. + +It uses the same idea, but +because everything is repeated + +in the mmmm string, you don't-- +it's a lot easier to do this + +kind of folding. + +Oh sorry, there's one +step I left out here. + +So great, you make these +folds, you line things up, + +you fold these things. + +Then you unfold. + +So in recurse, eventually +you fix these guys, + +but you also destroyed +this crease and this crease + +and this crease, so you kind +of messed things up a little. + +You've got to do this +repeatedly for every chunk. + +You don't want to mess +up previous chunks + +that you've done. + +So you have to go back +and fix this fold, + +unfold, fix this fold, +unfold, but that, + +again, it only costs n to +the epsilon over log n, + +so not too bad. + +So another factor of 2 here. + +But I'm ignoring +constant factors. + +OK, that was n over +log n, upper bound. + +Let's do log squared +upper bound for mmmmm. + +So I need to look this +up, it's a little tricky. + +We're going to use the +trick of the dragon curve, + +essentially, which is +repeatedly fold in half, + +and we're going to keep +doing that until we + +are left with three creases, +which haven't yet been folded. + +So this is my folded bundle. + +There's many, many, +many layers here. + +And then I'm going to fold +mmm on those three creases. + +Instead of going all the way to +dragon curve, which would just + +be, Do m, fold here first, I'm +going to fold this, unfold, + +fold this, unfold, fold this, +unfold, so I get this pattern. + +When I unfold this, +it actually turns out + +to be kind of nice +and alternating. + +It will be something mmm, +something, valley valley + +valley, something, mountain +mountain mountain, something, + +valley valley valley, and so on. + +OK great, half of my things, +roughly, are mountains. + +I just need to +fix these valleys. + +So I use the same trick, +which is I'm going to fold, + +let me use red maybe-- fold in +the middle of these mountain + +segments. + +If I do that, I line up +all the valley segments. + +So I end up with, after folding, +this is going to look like, + +you almost need a computer +to work all this out, + +but we have implemented +this, it works. + +It's going to look like this, +I mean, with many layers + +like this. + +All the values are +on top of each other. + +These question marks are +still question marks. + +This mountain is that mountain, +this mountain is that mountain, + +my mountain is your +mountain, I don't know. + +So now we're going to fold +mountain mountain mountain + +mountain, on all +five of these things, + +and these two remain mountains. + +And then unfold, and what I +end up with is twice as good. + +I end up with question mark, +and then, I think, sorry, + +not quite-- because this +part also gets messed up. + +So I end up with valley, +mountain, question mark, + +then seven mountains, +then question mark, + +then some not so pretty stuff, +m v v v v v m, question mark, + +and then this repeats until we +get to the end of the string. + +And then the end looks +kind of like this. + +So the point is, I had +three m's in a row, + +now I have seven m's in a row. + +Each time I do this, +I roughly double + +the number of m's in a row. + +By the end, almost +everything will + +be m's, after I do +this log n times. + +I have pretty much all m's +and then I can finish it off. + +And each of these +steps took log n steps, + +because I had to fold +along all these things. + +How did I fold along them? + +Not one at a time, of course, I +fold in half and fold in half, + +and fold in half, roughly. + +I choose the middlemost +red line to fold first, + +and about log n steps later, +everything will be piled up. + +So I get to use this efficiency +of dragon curve things. + +I'm messing up these +creases, of course, + +but it's OK, because +I get a big chunk + +that all gets correct at once. + +Half of it gets wrong, +half of it's correct, + +but the half that's getting +correct, gets longer and longer + +each step, doubling. + +So only log squared steps. + +Pretty sure this is optimal, +but the best lower bound + +we can prove is log +squared over log log. + +All right, finally, +let's fold some stuff. + +I thought we would fold +some hyperbolic paraboloids + +and maybe put them together +into structures like this. + +So, you have your squares. + +If you don't have squares, +a bunch of squares up here. + +You can start folding +as many as you like. + +We're going to +put them together. + +I will demonstrate up here. + +So the first thing we want to +do is fold along the diagonals. + +These aren't perfect +squares, but it's OK. + +So we fold along on diagonal, +and the other diagonal. + +This is mainly so we know +where the center is, but also + +because we need to +fold a diagonal, + +so we kill two birds +with one stone. + +Whereas we just saw how +to kill, in this case, + +log n birds with one stone. + +Say log n, here we're +only killing two. + +So now you've got your +diagonals and your square, + +we want to fold-- +it's kind of cool, + +I colored the edges +with my chalk hands. + +Now everything's +going to be parallel + +to the sides of the square. + +So the first thing +we're going to do + +is construct a +square that's half as + +big, centered along that point. + +So this involves folding +the bottom edge, usually + +do this valley fold. + +Fold the bottom edge to +line up with that center, + +and also line up the edges. + +Now, very important. + +When you make this fold, +don't fold it all the way, + +just fold the middle half, +between the two diagonals. + +That's really key, otherwise +this will not work. + +It's the only thing you +have to be careful of. + +Don't fall all the way, +just in the middle. + +OK, that's one quarter. + +Do that four times. + +So we go here, line up at +the center, fold the middle. + +Once you've got +the inner square, + +you're going to make two more. + +There's going to be this +square at the one quarter mark, + +and an inner square +at the 3/4 mark. + +To make the outer square, you +fold the edge to the thing + +that you just folded. + +Keep careful note of which +crease you're folding to, + +should be from the +previous square, + +not from the current square. + +To fold the inner square, +you go all the way up + +to the opposite side +of the first square. + +And you can just look visually, +are these evenly spaced. + +If yes, you did it right, +if not, you're in trouble. + +You're probably OK if you +make a few extra creases, + +but don't try to make as few +extra creases as possible. + +So then repeat that four +times and you'll get your, + +I guess, four squares, if +you count the outer boundary. + +It's a little hard to see, once +you've got that, those squares, + +looks like I did one +of them incorrectly. + +Got your nice concentric +squares, four of them. + +Now you're halfway +down, you flip it over, + +and do valley folds +on the other side, + +because you want these to +be alternating mountain + +valley, mountain valley, and +just fill in all the squares + +in between those squares. + +And you can figure out what +the reference markers are, + +they're all the mountain folds, +actually every other mountain + +fold will be one +of your references. + +Don't go to one of +your new valley folds, + +always go to the mountain ones. + +And just check that you're +always filling in halfway + +in between two of +your mountain folds. + +Don't forget to flip +over, very important. + +And skip every other +guy, otherwise you + +will make a refold and just +increase the wrong way. + +This is what it looks like +after one quarter of those. + +And once you've done all +this crazy pre-creasing, + +concentric squares, +alternating mountain valley, + +then the fun part begins. + +This is actually, literally fun. + +It's, I guess, also harder, +but much more exciting + +than all that pre-creasing. + +So, in this case, you have to +fold all the creases at once, + +and the easy way to do that +is start at the outside + +and make the outermost +ring, fold it, just + +go around once or twice. + +Make sure everything's folded, +including that diagonal. + +So here I have valley +folded everything, + +including the outer diagonal. + +And then you want to +mountain fold the next one, + +and get them to be +against each other. + +You're aiming for a +kind of x shape, which + +is drawn over here. + +It's going to look +like that ideally. + +Just keep collapsing, square +by square, making sure you + +alternating mountain +valley, it should just + +fall into place pretty much. + +But paper likes to +misfold a little bit, + +so you've got to fix it all. + +Here I've done two +squares, little more. + +It gets easier and easier, +because the squares + +get smaller and smaller. + +We've got three squares done, +so I'm, like, halfway to an x. + +Fourth square. + +The center is a +little bit tricky, + +try to get it so it alternates, +so now it's nice and thin. + +It's like repeated sync +folds of a water bomb base, + +and it's like an x. + +And then this is +your opportunity + +to recrease all your +creases really hard, + +just give it a good squeeze +on each of the three, + +four legs of the starfish. + +And now you've got your +hyperbolic paraboloid. + +To make it, you want to take two +midpoints here of the squares, + +pull them apart until +it's a little bit open, + +and then give it a twist, +and then open it up a little, + +and you've got your +hyperbolic paraboloid. + +If we make enough of +these, we can assemble it + +into some cool shapes. + +How many people have folded one? + +At least one. + +A few people. + +I will show you-- +you can fold more. + +We're going to +assemble something, + +might need a bunch of people. + +This is the algorithm we use +for converting a polyhedron + +into a bunch of +hyperbolic paraboloids. + +It's in this paper +for '99, and we + +take each face of the polygons, +of the polyhedron, sorry. + +So if you have a cube, you've +got a bunch of squares. + +For each square, +we will make what + +we call a four hat, which is +four hyperbolic paraboloids, + +joined in a cycle, like this. + +And you've got to be careful +the join it the right way, + +but then, these, the tips of +the high parts that are not + +joined-- I mean, one tip +of each of the high parts + +comes together at the center. + +Than these tips are +going to represent + +the edge of the +polygon, these red dots. + +And so these two sides are +the sides of-- these two sides + +are the sides of [INAUDIBLE]. + +They're going to join to an +adjacent [INAUDIBLE] over here. + +So that's the idea. + +So I've got-- I've already +folded a bunch of these + +already. + +I'll show you, maybe, +what a hat looks like. + +So take two of them, join +them along those edges. + +We're going to use tape +or staples to join them, + +I don't have a fancy +lock, I'm afraid. + +And join these edges +together, and you + +get-- this is a three-hat +and you can put on your head, + +whatever, and that would +represent a triangle. + +And then we're going to +join along these two sides + +to an adjacent +triangle or whatever. + +So we could make +a platonic solid. + +I guess the simplest one would +be a tetrahedron has six edges, + +so it needs 12 [INAUDIBLE]. + +I was thinking we +could make this solid, + +it's never been made before. + +It should be cool. + +It's the simplest +Archimedean solid, + +in terms of number of edges, +the truncated tetrahedron. + +This requires 36 parts, +so if we're ambitious, + +we can go for it, but I +think we're low on time. + +So a tetrahedron might +be an easier bet. + +If people want to come +up and start assembling. + +Finish taping that. + +Hold these, and +then this goes here. + +Do you want to hold this one? + +Virtual assembly +here, so maybe we'll + +finish assembling next class. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/6OKvJRyeKUQ.txt b/6OKvJRyeKUQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4fc00a3f25165fcdd563dfa689716ceb231a71c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/6OKvJRyeKUQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,835 @@ +align:start position:0% + +in the last lecture we completed the + + align:start position:0% +in the last lecture we completed the + + + align:start position:0% +in the last lecture we completed the +design of the beta our reduced + + align:start position:0% +design of the beta our reduced + + + align:start position:0% +design of the beta our reduced +instruction set computer the simple + + align:start position:0% +instruction set computer the simple + + + align:start position:0% +instruction set computer the simple +organization of the beta is a meant that + + align:start position:0% +organization of the beta is a meant that + + + align:start position:0% +organization of the beta is a meant that +there was a lot of commonality in the + + align:start position:0% +there was a lot of commonality in the + + + align:start position:0% +there was a lot of commonality in the +circuitry needed to implement the + + align:start position:0% +circuitry needed to implement the + + + align:start position:0% +circuitry needed to implement the +instructions the final design has a few + + align:start position:0% +instructions the final design has a few + + + align:start position:0% +instructions the final design has a few +main building blocks with mock steering + + align:start position:0% +main building blocks with mock steering + + + align:start position:0% +main building blocks with mock steering +logic to select input values as + + align:start position:0% +logic to select input values as + + + align:start position:0% +logic to select input values as +appropriate if we were to count MOSFETs + + align:start position:0% +appropriate if we were to count MOSFETs + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate if we were to count MOSFETs +and think about propagation delays we'd + + align:start position:0% +and think about propagation delays we'd + + + align:start position:0% +and think about propagation delays we'd +quickly determined that our 3 port main + + align:start position:0% +quickly determined that our 3 port main + + + align:start position:0% +quickly determined that our 3 port main +memory shown here as the two yellow + + align:start position:0% +memory shown here as the two yellow + + + align:start position:0% +memory shown here as the two yellow +components was the most costly component + + align:start position:0% +components was the most costly component + + + align:start position:0% +components was the most costly component +both in terms of space and percentage of + + align:start position:0% +both in terms of space and percentage of + + + align:start position:0% +both in terms of space and percentage of +the cycle time required by the memory + + align:start position:0% +the cycle time required by the memory + + + align:start position:0% +the cycle time required by the memory +accesses so in many ways we really have + + align:start position:0% +accesses so in many ways we really have + + + align:start position:0% +accesses so in many ways we really have +a memory machine instead of a computing + + align:start position:0% +a memory machine instead of a computing + + + align:start position:0% +a memory machine instead of a computing +machine the execution of every + + align:start position:0% +machine the execution of every + + + align:start position:0% +machine the execution of every +instruction starts by fetching the + + align:start position:0% +instruction starts by fetching the + + + align:start position:0% +instruction starts by fetching the +instruction from main memory and + + align:start position:0% +instruction from main memory and + + + align:start position:0% +instruction from main memory and +ultimately all the data processed by the + + align:start position:0% +ultimately all the data processed by the + + + align:start position:0% +ultimately all the data processed by the +CPU is loaded from or stored to main + + align:start position:0% +CPU is loaded from or stored to main + + + align:start position:0% +CPU is loaded from or stored to main +memory a very few frequently used + + align:start position:0% +memory a very few frequently used + + + align:start position:0% +memory a very few frequently used +variable values can be kept in the CPUs + + align:start position:0% +variable values can be kept in the CPUs + + + align:start position:0% +variable values can be kept in the CPUs +register file but most interesting + + align:start position:0% +register file but most interesting + + + align:start position:0% +register file but most interesting +programs manipulate much more data than + + align:start position:0% +programs manipulate much more data than + + + align:start position:0% +programs manipulate much more data than +can be accommodated by the storage + + align:start position:0% +can be accommodated by the storage + + + align:start position:0% +can be accommodated by the storage +available as part of the CPU data path + + align:start position:0% +available as part of the CPU data path + + + align:start position:0% +available as part of the CPU data path +in fact the performance of most modern + + align:start position:0% +in fact the performance of most modern + + + align:start position:0% +in fact the performance of most modern +computers is limited by the bandwidth in + + align:start position:0% +computers is limited by the bandwidth in + + + align:start position:0% +computers is limited by the bandwidth in +other words bytes per second of the + + align:start position:0% +other words bytes per second of the + + + align:start position:0% +other words bytes per second of the +connection between the CPU and main + + align:start position:0% +connection between the CPU and main + + + align:start position:0% +connection between the CPU and main +memory the so-called + + align:start position:0% +memory the so-called + + + align:start position:0% +memory the so-called +memory bottleneck the goal of this + + align:start position:0% +memory bottleneck the goal of this + + + align:start position:0% +memory bottleneck the goal of this +lecture is to understand the nature of + + align:start position:0% +lecture is to understand the nature of + + + align:start position:0% +lecture is to understand the nature of +the bottleneck and to see if there are + + align:start position:0% +the bottleneck and to see if there are + + + align:start position:0% +the bottleneck and to see if there are +architectural improvements we might make + + align:start position:0% +architectural improvements we might make + + + align:start position:0% +architectural improvements we might make +to minimize the problem as much as + + align:start position:0% +to minimize the problem as much as + + + align:start position:0% +to minimize the problem as much as +possible we have a number of memory + + align:start position:0% +possible we have a number of memory + + + align:start position:0% +possible we have a number of memory +technologies at our disposal varying + + align:start position:0% +technologies at our disposal varying + + + align:start position:0% +technologies at our disposal varying +widely in their capacity latency + + align:start position:0% +widely in their capacity latency + + + align:start position:0% +widely in their capacity latency +bandwidth energy efficiency and their + + align:start position:0% +bandwidth energy efficiency and their + + + align:start position:0% +bandwidth energy efficiency and their +cost not surprisingly we find that each + + align:start position:0% +cost not surprisingly we find that each + + + align:start position:0% +cost not surprisingly we find that each +is useful for different applications in + + align:start position:0% +is useful for different applications in + + + align:start position:0% +is useful for different applications in +our overall system architecture our + + align:start position:0% +our overall system architecture our + + + align:start position:0% +our overall system architecture our +registers are built from sequential + + align:start position:0% +registers are built from sequential + + + align:start position:0% +registers are built from sequential +logic and provide very low latency + + align:start position:0% +logic and provide very low latency + + + align:start position:0% +logic and provide very low latency +access of 20 picoseconds or so to at + + align:start position:0% +access of 20 picoseconds or so to at + + + align:start position:0% +access of 20 picoseconds or so to at +most a few thousands of bits of data + + align:start position:0% +most a few thousands of bits of data + + + align:start position:0% +most a few thousands of bits of data +static and dynamic memories which we'll + + align:start position:0% +static and dynamic memories which we'll + + + align:start position:0% +static and dynamic memories which we'll +discuss further in the coming slides + + align:start position:0% +discuss further in the coming slides + + + align:start position:0% +discuss further in the coming slides +offer large capacities at the cost of + + align:start position:0% +offer large capacities at the cost of + + + align:start position:0% +offer large capacities at the cost of +longer access latencies static random + + align:start position:0% +longer access latencies static random + + + align:start position:0% +longer access latencies static random +access memories SRAM's are designed to + + align:start position:0% +access memories SRAM's are designed to + + + align:start position:0% +access memories SRAM's are designed to +provide low latencies a few nanoseconds + + align:start position:0% +provide low latencies a few nanoseconds + + + align:start position:0% +provide low latencies a few nanoseconds +of most to many thousands of locations + + align:start position:0% +of most to many thousands of locations + + + align:start position:0% +of most to many thousands of locations +already we see that more locations means + + align:start position:0% +already we see that more locations means + + + align:start position:0% +already we see that more locations means +longer access latencies this is a + + align:start position:0% +longer access latencies this is a + + + align:start position:0% +longer access latencies this is a +fundamental size versus performance + + align:start position:0% +fundamental size versus performance + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental size versus performance +trade-off of our current memory + + align:start position:0% +trade-off of our current memory + + + align:start position:0% +trade-off of our current memory +architectures the trade-off comes about + + align:start position:0% +architectures the trade-off comes about + + + align:start position:0% +architectures the trade-off comes about +because increasing the number of bits + + align:start position:0% +because increasing the number of bits + + + align:start position:0% +because increasing the number of bits +will increase the area needed for the + + align:start position:0% +will increase the area needed for the + + + align:start position:0% +will increase the area needed for the +memory circuitry which will in turn lead + + align:start position:0% +memory circuitry which will in turn lead + + + align:start position:0% +memory circuitry which will in turn lead +to longer signal lines and slower + + align:start position:0% +to longer signal lines and slower + + + align:start position:0% +to longer signal lines and slower +circuit performance due to increased + + align:start position:0% +circuit performance due to increased + + + align:start position:0% +circuit performance due to increased +capacitive loads dynamic random access + + align:start position:0% +capacitive loads dynamic random access + + + align:start position:0% +capacitive loads dynamic random access +memories D rams are optimized for + + align:start position:0% +memories D rams are optimized for + + + align:start position:0% +memories D rams are optimized for +capacity and low cost sacrificing access + + align:start position:0% +capacity and low cost sacrificing access + + + align:start position:0% +capacity and low cost sacrificing access +latency as we'll see in this lecture + + align:start position:0% +latency as we'll see in this lecture + + + align:start position:0% +latency as we'll see in this lecture +we'll use both s rams and d rams + + align:start position:0% +we'll use both s rams and d rams + + + align:start position:0% +we'll use both s rams and d rams +to build a hybrid memory hierarchy that + + align:start position:0% +to build a hybrid memory hierarchy that + + + align:start position:0% +to build a hybrid memory hierarchy that +provides low average latency and high + + align:start position:0% +provides low average latency and high + + + align:start position:0% +provides low average latency and high +capacity an attempt to get the best of + + align:start position:0% +capacity an attempt to get the best of + + + align:start position:0% +capacity an attempt to get the best of +both worlds + + align:start position:0% +both worlds + + + align:start position:0% +both worlds +notice that the word average has snuck + + align:start position:0% +notice that the word average has snuck + + + align:start position:0% +notice that the word average has snuck +into the performance claims this means + + align:start position:0% +into the performance claims this means + + + align:start position:0% +into the performance claims this means +that we'll be relying on statistical + + align:start position:0% +that we'll be relying on statistical + + + align:start position:0% +that we'll be relying on statistical +properties of memory accesses to achieve + + align:start position:0% +properties of memory accesses to achieve + + + align:start position:0% +properties of memory accesses to achieve +our goals of low latency and high + + align:start position:0% +our goals of low latency and high + + + align:start position:0% +our goals of low latency and high +capacity in the worst case we'll still + + align:start position:0% +capacity in the worst case we'll still + + + align:start position:0% +capacity in the worst case we'll still +be stuck with the capacity limitations + + align:start position:0% +be stuck with the capacity limitations + + + align:start position:0% +be stuck with the capacity limitations +of s rams and the long latency z' of d + + align:start position:0% +of s rams and the long latency z' of d + + + align:start position:0% +of s rams and the long latency z' of d +rams + + align:start position:0% +rams + + + align:start position:0% +rams +but we'll work hard to ensure that the + + align:start position:0% +but we'll work hard to ensure that the + + + align:start position:0% +but we'll work hard to ensure that the +worst case occurs infrequently flash + + align:start position:0% +worst case occurs infrequently flash + + + align:start position:0% +worst case occurs infrequently flash +memory and hard disk drives provide + + align:start position:0% +memory and hard disk drives provide + + + align:start position:0% +memory and hard disk drives provide +non-volatile storage non-volatile means + + align:start position:0% +non-volatile storage non-volatile means + + + align:start position:0% +non-volatile storage non-volatile means +that the memory contents are preserved + + align:start position:0% +that the memory contents are preserved + + + align:start position:0% +that the memory contents are preserved +even when the power is turned off hard + + align:start position:0% +even when the power is turned off hard + + + align:start position:0% +even when the power is turned off hard +disks are at the bottom of the memory + + align:start position:0% +disks are at the bottom of the memory + + + align:start position:0% +disks are at the bottom of the memory +hierarchy providing massive amounts of + + align:start position:0% +hierarchy providing massive amounts of + + + align:start position:0% +hierarchy providing massive amounts of +long-term storage for very little cost + + align:start position:0% +long-term storage for very little cost + + + align:start position:0% +long-term storage for very little cost +flash memories with a hundredfold + + align:start position:0% +flash memories with a hundredfold + + + align:start position:0% +flash memories with a hundredfold +improvement in access latency are often + + align:start position:0% +improvement in access latency are often + + + align:start position:0% +improvement in access latency are often +used in concert with hard disk drives in + + align:start position:0% +used in concert with hard disk drives in + + + align:start position:0% +used in concert with hard disk drives in +the same way that s rams are used in + + align:start position:0% +the same way that s rams are used in + + + align:start position:0% +the same way that s rams are used in +concert with d rams in other words to + + align:start position:0% +concert with d rams in other words to + + + align:start position:0% +concert with d rams in other words to +provide a hybrid system for non-volatile + + align:start position:0% +provide a hybrid system for non-volatile + + + align:start position:0% +provide a hybrid system for non-volatile +storage that has improved latency and + + align:start position:0% +storage that has improved latency and + + + align:start position:0% +storage that has improved latency and +high capacity let's learn a bit more + + align:start position:0% +high capacity let's learn a bit more + + + align:start position:0% +high capacity let's learn a bit more +about each of these four memory + + align:start position:0% +about each of these four memory + + + align:start position:0% +about each of these four memory +technologies then we'll return to the + + align:start position:0% +technologies then we'll return to the + + + align:start position:0% +technologies then we'll return to the +job of building our memory system \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/6XhkCU8Rw_0.txt b/6XhkCU8Rw_0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..90001a38e1d1729de315a5ed02486deff1fc061c --- /dev/null +++ b/6XhkCU8Rw_0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9587 @@ +align:start position:0% + +alright let's get started + + align:start position:0% +alright let's get started + + + align:start position:0% +alright let's get started +today with our lecture on factor markets + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so when we talked about producer theory + + align:start position:0% +so when we talked about producer theory + + + align:start position:0% +so when we talked about producer theory +we talked about input prices that firms + + align:start position:0% +we talked about input prices that firms + + + align:start position:0% +we talked about input prices that firms +had prices for their wages in their + + align:start position:0% +had prices for their wages in their + + + align:start position:0% +had prices for their wages in their +capital and we just sort of posed those + + align:start position:0% +capital and we just sort of posed those + + + align:start position:0% +capital and we just sort of posed those +as given I just sort of gave you values + + align:start position:0% +as given I just sort of gave you values + + + align:start position:0% +as given I just sort of gave you values +for the wage and the rental rate of + + align:start position:0% +for the wage and the rental rate of + + + align:start position:0% +for the wage and the rental rate of +capital but we never really talked about + + align:start position:0% +capital but we never really talked about + + + align:start position:0% +capital but we never really talked about +where those prices come from given that + + align:start position:0% +where those prices come from given that + + + align:start position:0% +where those prices come from given that +they may be the most important prices on + + align:start position:0% +they may be the most important prices on + + + align:start position:0% +they may be the most important prices on +our whole economy it's probably worth + + align:start position:0% +our whole economy it's probably worth + + + align:start position:0% +our whole economy it's probably worth +spending a little time on talking about + + align:start position:0% +spending a little time on talking about + + + align:start position:0% +spending a little time on talking about +where do W and are actually come from + + align:start position:0% +where do W and are actually come from + + + align:start position:0% +where do W and are actually come from +and that's will do for the next three + + align:start position:0% +and that's will do for the next three + + + align:start position:0% +and that's will do for the next three +lectures is talk about factor markets + + align:start position:0% +lectures is talk about factor markets + + + align:start position:0% +lectures is talk about factor markets +talk about the markets that give us the + + align:start position:0% +talk about the markets that give us the + + + align:start position:0% +talk about the markets that give us the +price of labor and capital + + align:start position:0% +price of labor and capital + + + align:start position:0% +price of labor and capital +we're gonna start by talking about + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna start by talking about + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna start by talking about +factor demand the general demand for + + align:start position:0% +factor demand the general demand for + + + align:start position:0% +factor demand the general demand for +labor and capital and then we'll move on + + align:start position:0% +labor and capital and then we'll move on + + + align:start position:0% +labor and capital and then we'll move on +to talk about factors supply where does + + align:start position:0% +to talk about factors supply where does + + + align:start position:0% +to talk about factors supply where does +supply come from will then develop the + + align:start position:0% +supply come from will then develop the + + + align:start position:0% +supply come from will then develop the +equilibrium and that will tell us where + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium and that will tell us where + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium and that will tell us where +wages and the interest rate come from so + + align:start position:0% +wages and the interest rate come from so + + + align:start position:0% +wages and the interest rate come from so +that's sort of the map of where we're + + align:start position:0% +that's sort of the map of where we're + + + align:start position:0% +that's sort of the map of where we're +going is we're basically to develop the + + align:start position:0% +going is we're basically to develop the + + + align:start position:0% +going is we're basically to develop the +markets that give us the wage rate and + + align:start position:0% +markets that give us the wage rate and + + + align:start position:0% +markets that give us the wage rate and +the interest rate so let's start with + + align:start position:0% +the interest rate so let's start with + + + align:start position:0% +the interest rate so let's start with +factor demand factor demand and let's + + align:start position:0% +factor demand factor demand and let's + + + align:start position:0% +factor demand factor demand and let's +start and we're going to start with the + + align:start position:0% +start and we're going to start with the + + + align:start position:0% +start and we're going to start with the +cleanest case we're gonna assume that + + align:start position:0% +cleanest case we're gonna assume that + + + align:start position:0% +cleanest case we're gonna assume that +factor markets are perfectly competitive + + align:start position:0% +factor markets are perfectly competitive + + + align:start position:0% +factor markets are perfectly competitive +so unless I say otherwise we're assuming + + align:start position:0% +so unless I say otherwise we're assuming + + + align:start position:0% +so unless I say otherwise we're assuming +the market for workers or the market for + + align:start position:0% +the market for workers or the market for + + + align:start position:0% +the market for workers or the market for +machines or capital it's perfectly + + align:start position:0% +machines or capital it's perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +machines or capital it's perfectly +competitive ok we'll come back and bend + + align:start position:0% +competitive ok we'll come back and bend + + + align:start position:0% +competitive ok we'll come back and bend +that a little bit later so what that + + align:start position:0% +that a little bit later so what that + + + align:start position:0% +that a little bit later so what that +means is that there's basically many + + align:start position:0% +means is that there's basically many + + + align:start position:0% +means is that there's basically many +sellers and buyers ok so any worker ok + + align:start position:0% +sellers and buyers ok so any worker ok + + + align:start position:0% +sellers and buyers ok so any worker ok +is basically competing with lots of + + align:start position:0% +is basically competing with lots of + + + align:start position:0% +is basically competing with lots of +workers for jobs any firm has commuted + + align:start position:0% +workers for jobs any firm has commuted + + + align:start position:0% +workers for jobs any firm has commuted +lots of firms to hire the workers ok and + + align:start position:0% +lots of firms to hire the workers ok and + + + align:start position:0% +lots of firms to hire the workers ok and +we're also gonna so we're going to + + align:start position:0% +we're also gonna so we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +we're also gonna so we're going to +assume a perfectly competitive input + + align:start position:0% +assume a perfectly competitive input + + + align:start position:0% +assume a perfectly competitive input +market that is lots of firms and workers + + align:start position:0% +market that is lots of firms and workers + + + align:start position:0% +market that is lots of firms and workers +competing to match with each other we're + + align:start position:0% +competing to match with each other we're + + + align:start position:0% +competing to match with each other we're +also going to assume a perfectly + + align:start position:0% +also going to assume a perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +also going to assume a perfectly +competitive output market that is we're + + align:start position:0% +competitive output market that is we're + + + align:start position:0% +competitive output market that is we're +gonna examine this for the case not of a + + align:start position:0% +gonna examine this for the case not of a + + + align:start position:0% +gonna examine this for the case not of a +monopoly firm but of a totally + + align:start position:0% +monopoly firm but of a totally + + + align:start position:0% +monopoly firm but of a totally +competitive firm so just as you're + + align:start position:0% +competitive firm so just as you're + + + align:start position:0% +competitive firm so just as you're +perfectly competitive firm + + align:start position:0% +perfectly competitive firm + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly competitive firm +competing with lots of other firms too + + align:start position:0% +competing with lots of other firms too + + + align:start position:0% +competing with lots of other firms too +workers ok so let's start by talking + + align:start position:0% +workers ok so let's start by talking + + + align:start position:0% +workers ok so let's start by talking +about short-run labor demand in this + + align:start position:0% +about short-run labor demand in this + + + align:start position:0% +about short-run labor demand in this +context let's talk about short-run labor + + align:start position:0% +context let's talk about short-run labor + + + align:start position:0% +context let's talk about short-run labor +demand now in the short-run capital is + + align:start position:0% +demand now in the short-run capital is + + + align:start position:0% +demand now in the short-run capital is +fixed so our decision is just do we add + + align:start position:0% +fixed so our decision is just do we add + + + align:start position:0% +fixed so our decision is just do we add +another worker or not or another hour of + + align:start position:0% +another worker or not or another hour of + + + align:start position:0% +another worker or not or another hour of +labor not like I said - so the unit's + + align:start position:0% +labor not like I said - so the unit's + + + align:start position:0% +labor not like I said - so the unit's +don't really matter here but let's think + + align:start position:0% +don't really matter here but let's think + + + align:start position:0% +don't really matter here but let's think +in terms of workers do we add another + + align:start position:0% +in terms of workers do we add another + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of workers do we add another +worker or not okay well as with + + align:start position:0% +worker or not okay well as with + + + align:start position:0% +worker or not okay well as with +everything else in this course who want + + align:start position:0% +everything else in this course who want + + + align:start position:0% +everything else in this course who want +to consider the marginal benefits of the + + align:start position:0% +to consider the marginal benefits of the + + + align:start position:0% +to consider the marginal benefits of the +marginal cost of that decision the + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost of that decision the + + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost of that decision the +marginal benefit of of an extra worker + + align:start position:0% +marginal benefit of of an extra worker + + + align:start position:0% +marginal benefit of of an extra worker +is that one extra unit of labour raises + + align:start position:0% +is that one extra unit of labour raises + + + align:start position:0% +is that one extra unit of labour raises +productivity by the marginal product of + + align:start position:0% +productivity by the marginal product of + + + align:start position:0% +productivity by the marginal product of +labor ok one more unit of labour raises + + align:start position:0% +labor ok one more unit of labour raises + + + align:start position:0% +labor ok one more unit of labour raises +our output by the marginal product of + + align:start position:0% +our output by the marginal product of + + + align:start position:0% +our output by the marginal product of +labor ok but that's not the only part of + + align:start position:0% +labor ok but that's not the only part of + + + align:start position:0% +labor ok but that's not the only part of +the benefit because we don't actually + + align:start position:0% +the benefit because we don't actually + + + align:start position:0% +the benefit because we don't actually +care as a firm about units of output we + + align:start position:0% +care as a firm about units of output we + + + align:start position:0% +care as a firm about units of output we +care about revenues so the benefit of a + + align:start position:0% +care about revenues so the benefit of a + + + align:start position:0% +care about revenues so the benefit of a +worker is not just the how many units it + + align:start position:0% +worker is not just the how many units it + + + align:start position:0% +worker is not just the how many units it +produces but the value of those units ok + + align:start position:0% +produces but the value of those units ok + + + align:start position:0% +produces but the value of those units ok +and what is the value of the next unit + + align:start position:0% +and what is the value of the next unit + + + align:start position:0% +and what is the value of the next unit +produced it's the marginal revenue so + + align:start position:0% +produced it's the marginal revenue so + + + align:start position:0% +produced it's the marginal revenue so +the value of the next unit of labour is + + align:start position:0% +the value of the next unit of labour is + + + align:start position:0% +the value of the next unit of labour is +what we call the marginal revenue + + align:start position:0% +what we call the marginal revenue + + + align:start position:0% +what we call the marginal revenue +product M are P sub L the marginal + + align:start position:0% +product M are P sub L the marginal + + + align:start position:0% +product M are P sub L the marginal +revenue product is the Martyr product of + + align:start position:0% +revenue product is the Martyr product of + + + align:start position:0% +revenue product is the Martyr product of +labour times marginal revenue that's the + + align:start position:0% +labour times marginal revenue that's the + + + align:start position:0% +labour times marginal revenue that's the +benefit of another unit of labour it's + + align:start position:0% +benefit of another unit of labour it's + + + align:start position:0% +benefit of another unit of labour it's +not just what they make but what it's + + align:start position:0% +not just what they make but what it's + + + align:start position:0% +not just what they make but what it's +worth ok it's not just what they make + + align:start position:0% +worth ok it's not just what they make + + + align:start position:0% +worth ok it's not just what they make +but what it's worth okay so that's the + + align:start position:0% +but what it's worth okay so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +but what it's worth okay so that's the +marginal benefit the value of another + + align:start position:0% +marginal benefit the value of another + + + align:start position:0% +marginal benefit the value of another +unit of labour is he makes a marginal + + align:start position:0% +unit of labour is he makes a marginal + + + align:start position:0% +unit of labour is he makes a marginal +revenue product amount more stuff and + + align:start position:0% +revenue product amount more stuff and + + + align:start position:0% +revenue product amount more stuff and +you sell that at the marginal revenue + + align:start position:0% +you sell that at the marginal revenue + + + align:start position:0% +you sell that at the marginal revenue +that's the marginal benefit what's the + + align:start position:0% +that's the marginal benefit what's the + + + align:start position:0% +that's the marginal benefit what's the +marginal cost of another unit of labour + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost of another unit of labour + + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost of another unit of labour +this is the marginal benefit of another + + align:start position:0% +this is the marginal benefit of another + + + align:start position:0% +this is the marginal benefit of another +unit of labour what's the marginal cost + + align:start position:0% +unit of labour what's the marginal cost + + + align:start position:0% +unit of labour what's the marginal cost +well the marginal cost of the labor is + + align:start position:0% +well the marginal cost of the labor is + + + align:start position:0% +well the marginal cost of the labor is +just the wage so we simply set this + + align:start position:0% +just the wage so we simply set this + + + align:start position:0% +just the wage so we simply set this +equal to the wage we set the marginal + + align:start position:0% +equal to the wage we set the marginal + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the wage we set the marginal +product of labor + + align:start position:0% +product of labor + + + align:start position:0% +product of labor +equal to the wage and that gives us our + + align:start position:0% +equal to the wage and that gives us our + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the wage and that gives us our +optimization condition for the out full + + align:start position:0% +optimization condition for the out full + + + align:start position:0% +optimization condition for the out full +amount of labor the firms want to demand + + align:start position:0% +amount of labor the firms want to demand + + + align:start position:0% +amount of labor the firms want to demand +is to set the marginal revenue product + + align:start position:0% +is to set the marginal revenue product + + + align:start position:0% +is to set the marginal revenue product +of labor equal to the wage marginal + + align:start position:0% +of labor equal to the wage marginal + + + align:start position:0% +of labor equal to the wage marginal +benefits of hiring another unit of labor + + align:start position:0% +benefits of hiring another unit of labor + + + align:start position:0% +benefits of hiring another unit of labor +equals the marginal cost of hiring + + align:start position:0% +equals the marginal cost of hiring + + + align:start position:0% +equals the marginal cost of hiring +another unit of labor now to go further + + align:start position:0% +another unit of labor now to go further + + + align:start position:0% +another unit of labor now to go further +remember I said this is a perfectly + + align:start position:0% +remember I said this is a perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +remember I said this is a perfectly +competitive output market so what is the + + align:start position:0% +competitive output market so what is the + + + align:start position:0% +competitive output market so what is the +marginal revenue and a perfectly + + align:start position:0% +marginal revenue and a perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +marginal revenue and a perfectly +competitive output market what's the + + align:start position:0% +competitive output market what's the + + + align:start position:0% +competitive output market what's the +marginal revenue of a firm producing + + align:start position:0% +marginal revenue of a firm producing + + + align:start position:0% +marginal revenue of a firm producing +yeah price so you can write this more to + + align:start position:0% +yeah price so you can write this more to + + + align:start position:0% +yeah price so you can write this more to +say that once that the marginal product + + align:start position:0% +say that once that the marginal product + + + align:start position:0% +say that once that the marginal product +of labor times the price equal to the + + align:start position:0% +of labor times the price equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +of labor times the price equal to the +wage okay so basically what we're saying + + align:start position:0% +wage okay so basically what we're saying + + + align:start position:0% +wage okay so basically what we're saying +here think about it is hire workers + + align:start position:0% +here think about it is hire workers + + + align:start position:0% +here think about it is hire workers +until the cost of the next unit of labor + + align:start position:0% +until the cost of the next unit of labor + + + align:start position:0% +until the cost of the next unit of labor +is the same as what that unit will + + align:start position:0% +is the same as what that unit will + + + align:start position:0% +is the same as what that unit will +actually produce for you + + align:start position:0% +actually produce for you + + + align:start position:0% +actually produce for you +okay the next year's labor cost eww it + + align:start position:0% +okay the next year's labor cost eww it + + + align:start position:0% +okay the next year's labor cost eww it +produces for you MPL times P so you want + + align:start position:0% +produces for you MPL times P so you want + + + align:start position:0% +produces for you MPL times P so you want +to hire workers until that condition is + + align:start position:0% +to hire workers until that condition is + + + align:start position:0% +to hire workers until that condition is +met okay so think about that figure + + align:start position:0% +met okay so think about that figure + + + align:start position:0% +met okay so think about that figure +fifteen one sort of shows this okay we + + align:start position:0% +fifteen one sort of shows this okay we + + + align:start position:0% +fifteen one sort of shows this okay we +have I we have a supply of Labor in 51 + + align:start position:0% +have I we have a supply of Labor in 51 + + + align:start position:0% +have I we have a supply of Labor in 51 +that's horizontal because we're assuming + + align:start position:0% +that's horizontal because we're assuming + + + align:start position:0% +that's horizontal because we're assuming +a competitive market for workers okay + + align:start position:0% +a competitive market for workers okay + + + align:start position:0% +a competitive market for workers okay +we're sooo competitive market for + + align:start position:0% +we're sooo competitive market for + + + align:start position:0% +we're sooo competitive market for +workers that is if a perfectly + + align:start position:0% +workers that is if a perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +workers that is if a perfectly +competitive market so if I try to pay + + align:start position:0% +competitive market so if I try to pay + + + align:start position:0% +competitive market so if I try to pay +workers one penny more than other firms + + align:start position:0% +workers one penny more than other firms + + + align:start position:0% +workers one penny more than other firms +every worker in the world will want to + + align:start position:0% +every worker in the world will want to + + + align:start position:0% +every worker in the world will want to +work for me if I pay workers one penny + + align:start position:0% +work for me if I pay workers one penny + + + align:start position:0% +work for me if I pay workers one penny +less than other firms no workers will + + align:start position:0% +less than other firms no workers will + + + align:start position:0% +less than other firms no workers will +want to work for me that's what a + + align:start position:0% +want to work for me that's what a + + + align:start position:0% +want to work for me that's what a +perfectly competitive labor market means + + align:start position:0% +perfectly competitive labor market means + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly competitive labor market means +that literally I am a price taker in the + + align:start position:0% +that literally I am a price taker in the + + + align:start position:0% +that literally I am a price taker in the +input market I don't get to set the wage + + align:start position:0% +input market I don't get to set the wage + + + align:start position:0% +input market I don't get to set the wage +okay III don't get to set the wage the + + align:start position:0% +okay III don't get to set the wage the + + + align:start position:0% +okay III don't get to set the wage the +wage is given to me by the labor by the + + align:start position:0% +wage is given to me by the labor by the + + + align:start position:0% +wage is given to me by the labor by the +labor market so just like a perfectly + + align:start position:0% +labor market so just like a perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +labor market so just like a perfectly +competitive firm doesn't get to set the + + align:start position:0% +competitive firm doesn't get to set the + + + align:start position:0% +competitive firm doesn't get to set the +price their product it's given to them + + align:start position:0% +price their product it's given to them + + + align:start position:0% +price their product it's given to them +by the competitive market a perfectly + + align:start position:0% +by the competitive market a perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +by the competitive market a perfectly +competitive firm in the input market + + align:start position:0% +competitive firm in the input market + + + align:start position:0% +competitive firm in the input market +doesn't get to set the wage they pay its + + align:start position:0% +doesn't get to set the wage they pay its + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't get to set the wage they pay its +given to them through the kind of + + align:start position:0% +given to them through the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +given to them through the kind of +process that delivered us our prices on + + align:start position:0% +process that delivered us our prices on + + + align:start position:0% +process that delivered us our prices on +the output side okay so we get a + + align:start position:0% +the output side okay so we get a + + + align:start position:0% +the output side okay so we get a +horizontal labor supply curve and then + + align:start position:0% +horizontal labor supply curve and then + + + align:start position:0% +horizontal labor supply curve and then +we have this downward sloping labor + + align:start position:0% +we have this downward sloping labor + + + align:start position:0% +we have this downward sloping labor +demand curve why is it downward sloping + + align:start position:0% +demand curve why is it downward sloping + + + align:start position:0% +demand curve why is it downward sloping +someone raise their hand and tell me why + + align:start position:0% +someone raise their hand and tell me why + + + align:start position:0% +someone raise their hand and tell me why +is the labor demand curve downwards + + align:start position:0% +is the labor demand curve downwards + + + align:start position:0% +is the labor demand curve downwards +downward sloping yeah exactly + + align:start position:0% +downward sloping yeah exactly + + + align:start position:0% +downward sloping yeah exactly +the diminishing marginal product of + + align:start position:0% +the diminishing marginal product of + + + align:start position:0% +the diminishing marginal product of +labor means you have a downward sloping + + align:start position:0% +labor means you have a downward sloping + + + align:start position:0% +labor means you have a downward sloping +marginal benefit of Labor + + align:start position:0% +marginal benefit of Labor + + + align:start position:0% +marginal benefit of Labor +each additionally remember holding + + align:start position:0% +each additionally remember holding + + + align:start position:0% +each additionally remember holding +capital fix is only one shovel so each + + align:start position:0% +capital fix is only one shovel so each + + + align:start position:0% +capital fix is only one shovel so each +additional worker adds less and less to + + align:start position:0% +additional worker adds less and less to + + + align:start position:0% +additional worker adds less and less to +digging that hole okay + + align:start position:0% +digging that hole okay + + + align:start position:0% +digging that hole okay +so Marge products diminishing since P is + + align:start position:0% +so Marge products diminishing since P is + + + align:start position:0% +so Marge products diminishing since P is +a constant that doesn't really affect + + align:start position:0% +a constant that doesn't really affect + + + align:start position:0% +a constant that doesn't really affect +the slope I mean it affects the slope it + + align:start position:0% +the slope I mean it affects the slope it + + + align:start position:0% +the slope I mean it affects the slope it +doesn't really affect this is a sign it + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really affect this is a sign it + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really affect this is a sign it +doesn't affect the sign its diminishing + + align:start position:0% +doesn't affect the sign its diminishing + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't affect the sign its diminishing +because the marginal product of labor is + + align:start position:0% +because the marginal product of labor is + + + align:start position:0% +because the marginal product of labor is +diminishing so the equilibrium is where + + align:start position:0% +diminishing so the equilibrium is where + + + align:start position:0% +diminishing so the equilibrium is where +they intersect so the bottom line this + + align:start position:0% +they intersect so the bottom line this + + + align:start position:0% +they intersect so the bottom line this +is complicated and new the bottom line + + align:start position:0% +is complicated and new the bottom line + + + align:start position:0% +is complicated and new the bottom line +intuition is to think about as I decide + + align:start position:0% +intuition is to think about as I decide + + + align:start position:0% +intuition is to think about as I decide +whether to hire one more one more hour + + align:start position:0% +whether to hire one more one more hour + + + align:start position:0% +whether to hire one more one more hour +of work you've got a firm you've got a + + align:start position:0% +of work you've got a firm you've got a + + + align:start position:0% +of work you've got a firm you've got a +side do I want worker to work one more + + align:start position:0% +side do I want worker to work one more + + + align:start position:0% +side do I want worker to work one more +hour you do the trade-off of what am I + + align:start position:0% +hour you do the trade-off of what am I + + + align:start position:0% +hour you do the trade-off of what am I +going to pay them for an hour versus + + align:start position:0% +going to pay them for an hour versus + + + align:start position:0% +going to pay them for an hour versus +what are they gonna get me for an hour + + align:start position:0% +what are they gonna get me for an hour + + + align:start position:0% +what are they gonna get me for an hour +what they're gonna get me is their + + align:start position:0% +what they're gonna get me is their + + + align:start position:0% +what they're gonna get me is their +marginal product times the price okay + + align:start position:0% +marginal product times the price okay + + + align:start position:0% +marginal product times the price okay +now a that um so in other words the + + align:start position:0% +now a that um so in other words the + + + align:start position:0% +now a that um so in other words the +reasons not just a marginal product is + + align:start position:0% +reasons not just a marginal product is + + + align:start position:0% +reasons not just a marginal product is +the managing of two workers or equally + + align:start position:0% +the managing of two workers or equally + + + align:start position:0% +the managing of two workers or equally +productive with one more out work they + + align:start position:0% +productive with one more out work they + + + align:start position:0% +productive with one more out work they +each make three more units well let's + + align:start position:0% +each make three more units well let's + + + align:start position:0% +each make three more units well let's +say in one case a unit is a computer + + align:start position:0% +say in one case a unit is a computer + + + align:start position:0% +say in one case a unit is a computer +chip okay in another case a unit is a + + align:start position:0% +chip okay in another case a unit is a + + + align:start position:0% +chip okay in another case a unit is a +potato chip okay we clearly would not + + align:start position:0% +potato chip okay we clearly would not + + + align:start position:0% +potato chip okay we clearly would not +want to pay the same wage to someone who + + align:start position:0% +want to pay the same wage to someone who + + + align:start position:0% +want to pay the same wage to someone who +bruises three more computer chips is + + align:start position:0% +bruises three more computer chips is + + + align:start position:0% +bruises three more computer chips is +owned ruses three more potato chips okay + + align:start position:0% +owned ruses three more potato chips okay + + + align:start position:0% +owned ruses three more potato chips okay +we'd want to pay a lot more the person + + align:start position:0% +we'd want to pay a lot more the person + + + align:start position:0% +we'd want to pay a lot more the person +three more computer chips why oxen + + align:start position:0% +three more computer chips why oxen + + + align:start position:0% +three more computer chips why oxen +computers aren't currently valuable in + + align:start position:0% +computers aren't currently valuable in + + + align:start position:0% +computers aren't currently valuable in +fact the ten chips are much more + + align:start position:0% +fact the ten chips are much more + + + align:start position:0% +fact the ten chips are much more +delicious than computer chips because + + align:start position:0% +delicious than computer chips because + + + align:start position:0% +delicious than computer chips because +they sell they sell for a higher price + + align:start position:0% +they sell they sell for a higher price + + + align:start position:0% +they sell they sell for a higher price +so therefore you'd want to pay more to + + align:start position:0% +so therefore you'd want to pay more to + + + align:start position:0% +so therefore you'd want to pay more to +the worker peruses more unit so more + + align:start position:0% +the worker peruses more unit so more + + + align:start position:0% +the worker peruses more unit so more +valuable good so let's uh let's think + + align:start position:0% +valuable good so let's uh let's think + + + align:start position:0% +valuable good so let's uh let's think +about a Sports example okay and I + + align:start position:0% +about a Sports example okay and I + + + align:start position:0% +about a Sports example okay and I +realize we're all about baseball today + + align:start position:0% +realize we're all about baseball today + + + align:start position:0% +realize we're all about baseball today +is we should be Go Red Sox but let's + + align:start position:0% +is we should be Go Red Sox but let's + + + align:start position:0% +is we should be Go Red Sox but let's +focus on basketball for a minute + + align:start position:0% +focus on basketball for a minute + + + align:start position:0% +focus on basketball for a minute +okay now imagine your owner of a team in + + align:start position:0% +okay now imagine your owner of a team in + + + align:start position:0% +okay now imagine your owner of a team in +the NBA the National Basketball + + align:start position:0% +the NBA the National Basketball + + + align:start position:0% +the NBA the National Basketball +Association and you're trying to decide + + align:start position:0% +Association and you're trying to decide + + + align:start position:0% +Association and you're trying to decide +how much to pay one of your players so + + align:start position:0% +how much to pay one of your players so + + + align:start position:0% +how much to pay one of your players so +basically in that case your goal is to + + align:start position:0% +basically in that case your goal is to + + + align:start position:0% +basically in that case your goal is to +your what your goal is wins that's the + + align:start position:0% +your what your goal is wins that's the + + + align:start position:0% +your what your goal is wins that's the +goal that's the profit trying to + + align:start position:0% +goal that's the profit trying to + + + align:start position:0% +goal that's the profit trying to +maximize your wins let's say you + + align:start position:0% +maximize your wins let's say you + + + align:start position:0% +maximize your wins let's say you +probably trying to maximize your your + + align:start position:0% +probably trying to maximize your your + + + align:start position:0% +probably trying to maximize your your +revenues from ads and stuff but assume + + align:start position:0% +revenues from ads and stuff but assume + + + align:start position:0% +revenues from ads and stuff but assume +that's proportional to wins okay it's in + + align:start position:0% +that's proportional to wins okay it's in + + + align:start position:0% +that's proportional to wins okay it's in +the face of the more you win the more + + align:start position:0% +the face of the more you win the more + + + align:start position:0% +the face of the more you win the more +money you make so let's say the thing + + align:start position:0% +money you make so let's say the thing + + + align:start position:0% +money you make so let's say the thing +you're trying to maximize his wins okay + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to maximize his wins okay + + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to maximize his wins okay +so your labor demand the marginal + + align:start position:0% +so your labor demand the marginal + + + align:start position:0% +so your labor demand the marginal +product you care about is the + + align:start position:0% +product you care about is the + + + align:start position:0% +product you care about is the +contribution of the next player to your + + align:start position:0% +contribution of the next player to your + + + align:start position:0% +contribution of the next player to your +wind total that's we care about the + + align:start position:0% +wind total that's we care about the + + + align:start position:0% +wind total that's we care about the +marginal product of labor is how much + + align:start position:0% +marginal product of labor is how much + + + align:start position:0% +marginal product of labor is how much +does that next player add to my wind + + align:start position:0% +does that next player add to my wind + + + align:start position:0% +does that next player add to my wind +total okay so for example LeBron James + + align:start position:0% +total okay so for example LeBron James + + + align:start position:0% +total okay so for example LeBron James +the best player in basketball arguably + + align:start position:0% +the best player in basketball arguably + + + align:start position:0% +the best player in basketball arguably +that's play in history we could have + + align:start position:0% +that's play in history we could have + + + align:start position:0% +that's play in history we could have +that we have the LeBron versus Michael + + align:start position:0% +that we have the LeBron versus Michael + + + align:start position:0% +that we have the LeBron versus Michael +debate some other time okay LeBron James + + align:start position:0% +debate some other time okay LeBron James + + + align:start position:0% +debate some other time okay LeBron James +makes 31 million dollars and that's + + align:start position:0% +makes 31 million dollars and that's + + + align:start position:0% +makes 31 million dollars and that's +because his marginal product is enormous + + align:start position:0% +because his marginal product is enormous + + + align:start position:0% +because his marginal product is enormous +he adds a huge amount of wins to any + + align:start position:0% +he adds a huge amount of wins to any + + + align:start position:0% +he adds a huge amount of wins to any +team okay will excuse with it + + align:start position:0% +team okay will excuse with it + + + align:start position:0% +team okay will excuse with it +we'll run the experiment to watch how + + align:start position:0% +we'll run the experiment to watch how + + + align:start position:0% +we'll run the experiment to watch how +the Cleveland Cavaliers tanked this year + + align:start position:0% +the Cleveland Cavaliers tanked this year + + + align:start position:0% +the Cleveland Cavaliers tanked this year +once the Bron is left okay now other + + align:start position:0% +once the Bron is left okay now other + + + align:start position:0% +once the Bron is left okay now other +players don't make as much let's compare + + align:start position:0% +players don't make as much let's compare + + + align:start position:0% +players don't make as much let's compare +LeBron James to Nate Robinson + + align:start position:0% +LeBron James to Nate Robinson + + + align:start position:0% +LeBron James to Nate Robinson +you guys might not know Nate Robinson is + + align:start position:0% +you guys might not know Nate Robinson is + + + align:start position:0% +you guys might not know Nate Robinson is +he's one of the shortest players in + + align:start position:0% +he's one of the shortest players in + + + align:start position:0% +he's one of the shortest players in +history of the NBA at a paltry five nine + + align:start position:0% +history of the NBA at a paltry five nine + + + align:start position:0% +history of the NBA at a paltry five nine +which sounds pretty tall to you and I + + align:start position:0% +which sounds pretty tall to you and I + + + align:start position:0% +which sounds pretty tall to you and I +but his tiny for the NBA okay he was a + + align:start position:0% +but his tiny for the NBA okay he was a + + + align:start position:0% +but his tiny for the NBA okay he was a +very exciting player it's kind of fun + + align:start position:0% +very exciting player it's kind of fun + + + align:start position:0% +very exciting player it's kind of fun +watch this little guy run among these + + align:start position:0% +watch this little guy run among these + + + align:start position:0% +watch this little guy run among these +giants okay um but uh but he was just + + align:start position:0% +giants okay um but uh but he was just + + + align:start position:0% +giants okay um but uh but he was just +okay he wasn't a great player as a fine + + align:start position:0% +okay he wasn't a great player as a fine + + + align:start position:0% +okay he wasn't a great player as a fine +player he made about two million dollars + + align:start position:0% +player he made about two million dollars + + + align:start position:0% +player he made about two million dollars +a year by the end of his career okay so + + align:start position:0% +a year by the end of his career okay so + + + align:start position:0% +a year by the end of his career okay so +basically you're LeBron maked 31 million + + align:start position:0% +basically you're LeBron maked 31 million + + + align:start position:0% +basically you're LeBron maked 31 million +and Nate Robinson make it 2 million and + + align:start position:0% +and Nate Robinson make it 2 million and + + + align:start position:0% +and Nate Robinson make it 2 million and +that's sort of related to their marginal + + align:start position:0% +that's sort of related to their marginal + + + align:start position:0% +that's sort of related to their marginal +products abroad adds a lot more to your + + align:start position:0% +products abroad adds a lot more to your + + + align:start position:0% +products abroad adds a lot more to your +wits now what happened is Nate Nate + + align:start position:0% +wits now what happened is Nate Nate + + + align:start position:0% +wits now what happened is Nate Nate +Robinson quit basketball in the US and + + align:start position:0% +Robinson quit basketball in the US and + + + align:start position:0% +Robinson quit basketball in the US and +would play basketball in Israel in + + align:start position:0% +would play basketball in Israel in + + + align:start position:0% +would play basketball in Israel in +Israel they love basketball they have a + + align:start position:0% +Israel they love basketball they have a + + + align:start position:0% +Israel they love basketball they have a +league and he went to Israel and he was + + align:start position:0% +league and he went to Israel and he was + + + align:start position:0% +league and he went to Israel and he was +dominant he was the best player in + + align:start position:0% +dominant he was the best player in + + + align:start position:0% +dominant he was the best player in +Israel because they don't they're not as + + align:start position:0% +Israel because they don't they're not as + + + align:start position:0% +Israel because they don't they're not as +good as the US okay so his marginal + + align:start position:0% +good as the US okay so his marginal + + + align:start position:0% +good as the US okay so his marginal +product went way up Nate Robinson went + + align:start position:0% +product went way up Nate Robinson went + + + align:start position:0% +product went way up Nate Robinson went +from being so on a small margin Proctor + + align:start position:0% +from being so on a small margin Proctor + + + align:start position:0% +from being so on a small margin Proctor +may be the highest marginal product in + + align:start position:0% +may be the highest marginal product in + + + align:start position:0% +may be the highest marginal product in +the league and it's wage went down + + align:start position:0% +the league and it's wage went down + + + align:start position:0% +the league and it's wage went down +from 2 million to 500,000 see the + + align:start position:0% +from 2 million to 500,000 see the + + + align:start position:0% +from 2 million to 500,000 see the +situation where someone's marginal + + align:start position:0% +situation where someone's marginal + + + align:start position:0% +situation where someone's marginal +product went way up and their wage went + + align:start position:0% +product went way up and their wage went + + + align:start position:0% +product went way up and their wage went +down why yeah right cuz the margin + + align:start position:0% +down why yeah right cuz the margin + + + align:start position:0% +down why yeah right cuz the margin +product went up but the price went way + + align:start position:0% +product went up but the price went way + + + align:start position:0% +product went up but the price went way +down okay and what we care about is the + + align:start position:0% +down okay and what we care about is the + + + align:start position:0% +down okay and what we care about is the +wage is equal the market product times + + align:start position:0% +wage is equal the market product times + + + align:start position:0% +wage is equal the market product times +the price see a situation where a player + + align:start position:0% +the price see a situation where a player + + + align:start position:0% +the price see a situation where a player +got better but got paid less because + + align:start position:0% +got better but got paid less because + + + align:start position:0% +got better but got paid less because +they got better he moved from make + + align:start position:0% +they got better he moved from make + + + align:start position:0% +they got better he moved from make +computer chips to making potato chips + + align:start position:0% +computer chips to making potato chips + + + align:start position:0% +computer chips to making potato chips +okay he moved from a market where he was + + align:start position:0% +okay he moved from a market where he was + + + align:start position:0% +okay he moved from a market where he was +earning a valuable commodity to one + + align:start position:0% +earning a valuable commodity to one + + + align:start position:0% +earning a valuable commodity to one +rezoning one that was much less so so + + align:start position:0% +rezoning one that was much less so so + + + align:start position:0% +rezoning one that was much less so so +basically it's a situation that example + + align:start position:0% +basically it's a situation that example + + + align:start position:0% +basically it's a situation that example +shows why she care about both the + + align:start position:0% +shows why she care about both the + + + align:start position:0% +shows why she care about both the +quantity of the additional worker and + + align:start position:0% +quantity of the additional worker and + + + align:start position:0% +quantity of the additional worker and +the value of what they're producing okay + + align:start position:0% +the value of what they're producing okay + + + align:start position:0% +the value of what they're producing okay +any questions about that yeah no single + + align:start position:0% +any questions about that yeah no single + + + align:start position:0% +any questions about that yeah no single +hour of work is paid equally it's not + + align:start position:0% +hour of work is paid equally it's not + + + align:start position:0% +hour of work is paid equally it's not +equal march progress we're talking about + + align:start position:0% +equal march progress we're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +equal march progress we're talking about +is a market let's think about a + + align:start position:0% +is a market let's think about a + + + align:start position:0% +is a market let's think about a +perfectly competitive + + align:start position:0% +perfectly competitive + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly competitive +I probably two fastest let's say a + + align:start position:0% +I probably two fastest let's say a + + + align:start position:0% +I probably two fastest let's say a +perfectly competitive output market is + + align:start position:0% +perfectly competitive output market is + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly competitive output market is +where the firm's sell the goods into a + + align:start position:0% +where the firm's sell the goods into a + + + align:start position:0% +where the firm's sell the goods into a +market where people have perfect + + align:start position:0% +market where people have perfect + + + align:start position:0% +market where people have perfect +information it can shop across all firms + + align:start position:0% +information it can shop across all firms + + + align:start position:0% +information it can shop across all firms +easily a perfectly competitive input + + align:start position:0% +easily a perfectly competitive input + + + align:start position:0% +easily a perfectly competitive input +market it's where firms hire workers in + + align:start position:0% +market it's where firms hire workers in + + + align:start position:0% +market it's where firms hire workers in +a situation workers have perfect + + align:start position:0% +a situation workers have perfect + + + align:start position:0% +a situation workers have perfect +information and compare across law firms + + align:start position:0% +information and compare across law firms + + + align:start position:0% +information and compare across law firms +equally so basically the point is think + + align:start position:0% +equally so basically the point is think + + + align:start position:0% +equally so basically the point is think +about it perfectly clear about a + + align:start position:0% +about it perfectly clear about a + + + align:start position:0% +about it perfectly clear about a +perfectly competitive output market + + align:start position:0% +perfectly competitive output market + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly competitive output market +think about a market where lots of + + align:start position:0% +think about a market where lots of + + + align:start position:0% +think about a market where lots of +people are shopping and all the options + + align:start position:0% +people are shopping and all the options + + + align:start position:0% +people are shopping and all the options +are in front of them I've heard early + + align:start position:0% +are in front of them I've heard early + + + align:start position:0% +are in front of them I've heard early +competitive labor markets where you as a + + align:start position:0% +competitive labor markets where you as a + + + align:start position:0% +competitive labor markets where you as a +worker have lots of firms you can work + + align:start position:0% +worker have lots of firms you can work + + + align:start position:0% +worker have lots of firms you can work +for and they're all clearly in front of + + align:start position:0% +for and they're all clearly in front of + + + align:start position:0% +for and they're all clearly in front of +you and they all offer a wage and you + + align:start position:0% +you and they all offer a wage and you + + + align:start position:0% +you and they all offer a wage and you +can see it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what we're saying is letting the firm's + + align:start position:0% +what we're saying is letting the firm's + + + align:start position:0% +what we're saying is letting the firm's +have for information about the laborers + + align:start position:0% +have for information about the laborers + + + align:start position:0% +have for information about the laborers +the firm's essentially uh I think I + + align:start position:0% +the firm's essentially uh I think I + + + align:start position:0% +the firm's essentially uh I think I +described this so once again the firms + + align:start position:0% +described this so once again the firms + + + align:start position:0% +described this so once again the firms +are from the firm's perspective they do + + align:start position:0% +are from the firm's perspective they do + + + align:start position:0% +are from the firm's perspective they do +a perfect information though the wages + + align:start position:0% +a perfect information though the wages + + + align:start position:0% +a perfect information though the wages +aren't it yes right the workers aren't + + align:start position:0% +aren't it yes right the workers aren't + + + align:start position:0% +aren't it yes right the workers aren't +the same they've different marginal + + align:start position:0% +the same they've different marginal + + + align:start position:0% +the same they've different marginal +products the were the firm's no you're + + align:start position:0% +products the were the firm's no you're + + + align:start position:0% +products the were the firm's no you're +better than you or vice versa + + align:start position:0% +better than you or vice versa + + + align:start position:0% +better than you or vice versa +but from the firm's perspective the main + + align:start position:0% +but from the firm's perspective the main + + + align:start position:0% +but from the firm's perspective the main +from the workers perspective it's just I + + align:start position:0% +from the workers perspective it's just I + + + align:start position:0% +from the workers perspective it's just I +think of the workers as the consumers in + + align:start position:0% +think of the workers as the consumers in + + + align:start position:0% +think of the workers as the consumers in +a perfectly competitive output market + + align:start position:0% +a perfectly competitive output market + + + align:start position:0% +a perfectly competitive output market +very competitive output market the + + align:start position:0% +very competitive output market the + + + align:start position:0% +very competitive output market the +consumers can easily shop across all the + + align:start position:0% +consumers can easily shop across all the + + + align:start position:0% +consumers can easily shop across all the +firms they might buy from and a + + align:start position:0% +firms they might buy from and a + + + align:start position:0% +firms they might buy from and a +perfectly competitive input market + + align:start position:0% +perfectly competitive input market + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly competitive input market +workers can easily shop among all firms + + align:start position:0% +workers can easily shop among all firms + + + align:start position:0% +workers can easily shop among all firms +they might work for okay that's a good + + align:start position:0% +they might work for okay that's a good + + + align:start position:0% +they might work for okay that's a good +good question other questions + + align:start position:0% +good question other questions + + + align:start position:0% +good question other questions +okay now let's think about the long run + + align:start position:0% +okay now let's think about the long run + + + align:start position:0% +okay now let's think about the long run +this was the short run let's think for a + + align:start position:0% +this was the short run let's think for a + + + align:start position:0% +this was the short run let's think for a +minute about long run labor demand big + + align:start position:0% +minute about long run labor demand big + + + align:start position:0% +minute about long run labor demand big +for a second about long run labor demand + + align:start position:0% +for a second about long run labor demand + + + align:start position:0% +for a second about long run labor demand +well what's different the only thing + + align:start position:0% +well what's different the only thing + + + align:start position:0% +well what's different the only thing +that's different isn't a long run + + align:start position:0% +that's different isn't a long run + + + align:start position:0% +that's different isn't a long run +capital can adjust as well + + align:start position:0% +capital can adjust as well + + + align:start position:0% +capital can adjust as well +Tilly's differed about the long run all + + align:start position:0% +Tilly's differed about the long run all + + + align:start position:0% +Tilly's differed about the long run all +the intuition everything's the same + + align:start position:0% +the intuition everything's the same + + + align:start position:0% +the intuition everything's the same +it's just that capital can adjust as + + align:start position:0% +it's just that capital can adjust as + + + align:start position:0% +it's just that capital can adjust as +well and what this means is that + + align:start position:0% +well and what this means is that + + + align:start position:0% +well and what this means is that +long-run labor demand is more elastic + + align:start position:0% +long-run labor demand is more elastic + + + align:start position:0% +long-run labor demand is more elastic +than short-run labor demand okay so we + + align:start position:0% +than short-run labor demand okay so we + + + align:start position:0% +than short-run labor demand okay so we +could see this in Figure 15 - okay so + + align:start position:0% +could see this in Figure 15 - okay so + + + align:start position:0% +could see this in Figure 15 - okay so +the figure shows 2 different short-run + + align:start position:0% +the figure shows 2 different short-run + + + align:start position:0% +the figure shows 2 different short-run +labor demand curves at two different + + align:start position:0% +labor demand curves at two different + + + align:start position:0% +labor demand curves at two different +levels of capital okay so the short-run + + align:start position:0% +levels of capital okay so the short-run + + + align:start position:0% +levels of capital okay so the short-run +labor demand when K when K bar equals 32 + + align:start position:0% +labor demand when K when K bar equals 32 + + + align:start position:0% +labor demand when K when K bar equals 32 +is that lower one the short-run labor + + align:start position:0% +is that lower one the short-run labor + + + align:start position:0% +is that lower one the short-run labor +demand when K bar equals 108 is the + + align:start position:0% +demand when K bar equals 108 is the + + + align:start position:0% +demand when K bar equals 108 is the +higher one and what this says is in the + + align:start position:0% +higher one and what this says is in the + + + align:start position:0% +higher one and what this says is in the +short-run you've got these two labor + + align:start position:0% +short-run you've got these two labor + + + align:start position:0% +short-run you've got these two labor +demand curves in the long run you could + + align:start position:0% +demand curves in the long run you could + + + align:start position:0% +demand curves in the long run you could +optimize capital you can pick a point on + + align:start position:0% +optimize capital you can pick a point on + + + align:start position:0% +optimize capital you can pick a point on +either curve depending on which level of + + align:start position:0% +either curve depending on which level of + + + align:start position:0% +either curve depending on which level of +capital you choose and by definition + + align:start position:0% +capital you choose and by definition + + + align:start position:0% +capital you choose and by definition +that allows you to that allows you to be + + align:start position:0% +that allows you to that allows you to be + + + align:start position:0% +that allows you to that allows you to be +more elastic and choosing your labor + + align:start position:0% +more elastic and choosing your labor + + + align:start position:0% +more elastic and choosing your labor +you're more flexible because you can + + align:start position:0% +you're more flexible because you can + + + align:start position:0% +you're more flexible because you can +optimize not just over workers but over + + align:start position:0% +optimize not just over workers but over + + + align:start position:0% +optimize not just over workers but over +machines as well it's the same intuition + + align:start position:0% +machines as well it's the same intuition + + + align:start position:0% +machines as well it's the same intuition +we developed before talking about + + align:start position:0% +we developed before talking about + + + align:start position:0% +we developed before talking about +short-run and long-run costs that the + + align:start position:0% +short-run and long-run costs that the + + + align:start position:0% +short-run and long-run costs that the +long-run cost curve was a lower envelope + + align:start position:0% +long-run cost curve was a lower envelope + + + align:start position:0% +long-run cost curve was a lower envelope +for the short-run cost curse same thing + + align:start position:0% +for the short-run cost curse same thing + + + align:start position:0% +for the short-run cost curse same thing +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +why's that the long run labor demands + + align:start position:0% +why's that the long run labor demands + + + align:start position:0% +why's that the long run labor demands +more elastic because I basically am more + + align:start position:0% +more elastic because I basically am more + + + align:start position:0% +more elastic because I basically am more +flexible I can I not only could choose a + + align:start position:0% +flexible I can I not only could choose a + + + align:start position:0% +flexible I can I not only could choose a +long a curve I can choose which curve I + + align:start position:0% +long a curve I can choose which curve I + + + align:start position:0% +long a curve I can choose which curve I +use and by definition that means that + + align:start position:0% +use and by definition that means that + + + align:start position:0% +use and by definition that means that +the long run more is more elastic okay + + align:start position:0% +the long run more is more elastic okay + + + align:start position:0% +the long run more is more elastic okay +just a small sort of side point there + + align:start position:0% +just a small sort of side point there + + + align:start position:0% +just a small sort of side point there +now last thing I want to talk about here + + align:start position:0% +now last thing I want to talk about here + + + align:start position:0% +now last thing I want to talk about here +is capital demand we talked about + + align:start position:0% +is capital demand we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +is capital demand we talked about +short-run long where labor demand sorry + + align:start position:0% +short-run long where labor demand sorry + + + align:start position:0% +short-run long where labor demand sorry +about capital demand it basically is the + + align:start position:0% +about capital demand it basically is the + + + align:start position:0% +about capital demand it basically is the +same thing capital demand is the exact + + align:start position:0% +same thing capital demand is the exact + + + align:start position:0% +same thing capital demand is the exact +same intuition you want to get machines + + align:start position:0% +same intuition you want to get machines + + + align:start position:0% +same intuition you want to get machines +until the marginal product of capital + + align:start position:0% +until the marginal product of capital + + + align:start position:0% +until the marginal product of capital +mark the next machine times the price + + align:start position:0% +mark the next machine times the price + + + align:start position:0% +mark the next machine times the price +you get for your good equals the + + align:start position:0% +you get for your good equals the + + + align:start position:0% +you get for your good equals the +interest rate it's the same condition so + + align:start position:0% +interest rate it's the same condition so + + + align:start position:0% +interest rate it's the same condition so +we want to hire workers so the march + + align:start position:0% +we want to hire workers so the march + + + align:start position:0% +we want to hire workers so the march +product of labor times the price of our + + align:start position:0% +product of labor times the price of our + + + align:start position:0% +product of labor times the price of our +good equals the wage rate want to invest + + align:start position:0% +good equals the wage rate want to invest + + + align:start position:0% +good equals the wage rate want to invest +in more machines until the marginal + + align:start position:0% +in more machines until the marginal + + + align:start position:0% +in more machines until the marginal +product of capital of the next machine + + align:start position:0% +product of capital of the next machine + + + align:start position:0% +product of capital of the next machine +times the price for our good is equal to + + align:start position:0% +times the price for our good is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +times the price for our good is equal to +the interest rate so it's exact same + + align:start position:0% +the interest rate so it's exact same + + + align:start position:0% +the interest rate so it's exact same +logic here's the marginal cost the next + + align:start position:0% +logic here's the marginal cost the next + + + align:start position:0% +logic here's the marginal cost the next +sheet of kappa remember we talked about + + align:start position:0% +sheet of kappa remember we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +sheet of kappa remember we talked about +the intuition the always renting things + + align:start position:0% +the intuition the always renting things + + + align:start position:0% +the intuition the always renting things +so think about renting a machine the + + align:start position:0% +so think about renting a machine the + + + align:start position:0% +so think about renting a machine the +next machine costs are to rent do you + + align:start position:0% +next machine costs are to rent do you + + + align:start position:0% +next machine costs are to rent do you +want to rent it well it depends what + + align:start position:0% +want to rent it well it depends what + + + align:start position:0% +want to rent it well it depends what +will it produce and what can you sell + + align:start position:0% +will it produce and what can you sell + + + align:start position:0% +will it produce and what can you sell +that stuff for so you rent the next + + align:start position:0% +that stuff for so you rent the next + + + align:start position:0% +that stuff for so you rent the next +machine if the if the marginal part of + + align:start position:0% +machine if the if the marginal part of + + + align:start position:0% +machine if the if the marginal part of +capital if the goods it produces times + + align:start position:0% +capital if the goods it produces times + + + align:start position:0% +capital if the goods it produces times +what you sell those goods for you want + + align:start position:0% +what you sell those goods for you want + + + align:start position:0% +what you sell those goods for you want +to do that until that equals the + + align:start position:0% +to do that until that equals the + + + align:start position:0% +to do that until that equals the +interest rate okay + + align:start position:0% +interest rate okay + + + align:start position:0% +interest rate okay +questions about that yeah starting next + + align:start position:0% +questions about that yeah starting next + + + align:start position:0% +questions about that yeah starting next +lecture right now I think I just put + + align:start position:0% +lecture right now I think I just put + + + align:start position:0% +lecture right now I think I just put +this down here we'll come back to it but + + align:start position:0% +this down here we'll come back to it but + + + align:start position:0% +this down here we'll come back to it but +I'm gonna focus on labor for this + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna focus on labor for this + + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna focus on labor for this +lecture okay so let's focus on labor + + align:start position:0% +lecture okay so let's focus on labor + + + align:start position:0% +lecture okay so let's focus on labor +and let's so I just put that down then + + align:start position:0% +and let's so I just put that down then + + + align:start position:0% +and let's so I just put that down then +we'll come back to capital but focus on + + align:start position:0% +we'll come back to capital but focus on + + + align:start position:0% +we'll come back to capital but focus on +labor for a minute it makes you + + align:start position:0% +labor for a minute it makes you + + + align:start position:0% +labor for a minute it makes you +understand where labor demand comes from + + align:start position:0% +understand where labor demand comes from + + + align:start position:0% +understand where labor demand comes from +now let's talk about where does labor + + align:start position:0% +now let's talk about where does labor + + + align:start position:0% +now let's talk about where does labor +supply come from we talked about fur at + + align:start position:0% +supply come from we talked about fur at + + + align:start position:0% +supply come from we talked about fur at +the firm level labor supplies perfectly + + align:start position:0% +the firm level labor supplies perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +the firm level labor supplies perfectly +elastic so go back to figure fifteen one + + align:start position:0% +elastic so go back to figure fifteen one + + + align:start position:0% +elastic so go back to figure fifteen one +that was a firm level curve okay that + + align:start position:0% +that was a firm level curve okay that + + + align:start position:0% +that was a firm level curve okay that +was a firm level curve that's a + + align:start position:0% +was a firm level curve that's a + + + align:start position:0% +was a firm level curve that's a +perfectly elastic latest light to affirm + + align:start position:0% +perfectly elastic latest light to affirm + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly elastic latest light to affirm +but that doesn't mean Labor's light to + + align:start position:0% +but that doesn't mean Labor's light to + + + align:start position:0% +but that doesn't mean Labor's light to +the markets perfectly elastic so now we + + align:start position:0% +the markets perfectly elastic so now we + + + align:start position:0% +the markets perfectly elastic so now we +want to derive market labor supply so + + align:start position:0% +want to derive market labor supply so + + + align:start position:0% +want to derive market labor supply so +I'll call this deriving market labor + + align:start position:0% +I'll call this deriving market labor + + + align:start position:0% +I'll call this deriving market labor +supply deriving market labor supply okay + + align:start position:0% +supply deriving market labor supply okay + + + align:start position:0% +supply deriving market labor supply okay +now this is basically the question of + + align:start position:0% +now this is basically the question of + + + align:start position:0% +now this is basically the question of +how do we model how hard people want to + + align:start position:0% +how do we model how hard people want to + + + align:start position:0% +how do we model how hard people want to +work this is once again getting to what + + align:start position:0% +work this is once again getting to what + + + align:start position:0% +work this is once again getting to what +economic society exciting ok you sort of + + align:start position:0% +economic society exciting ok you sort of + + + align:start position:0% +economic society exciting ok you sort of +knew that economics was involved in how + + align:start position:0% +knew that economics was involved in how + + + align:start position:0% +knew that economics was involved in how +much Ford cart charge for a car but you + + align:start position:0% +much Ford cart charge for a car but you + + + align:start position:0% +much Ford cart charge for a car but you +probably did might not have thought so + + align:start position:0% +probably did might not have thought so + + + align:start position:0% +probably did might not have thought so +much about economics was involved in + + align:start position:0% +much about economics was involved in + + + align:start position:0% +much about economics was involved in +deciding how hard you work but it is and + + align:start position:0% +deciding how hard you work but it is and + + + align:start position:0% +deciding how hard you work but it is and +we're gonna use the same tools of + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna use the same tools of + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna use the same tools of +consumer choice indeed I used to teach + + align:start position:0% +consumer choice indeed I used to teach + + + align:start position:0% +consumer choice indeed I used to teach +us right now as an application of + + align:start position:0% +us right now as an application of + + + align:start position:0% +us right now as an application of +consumer choice but now I teach it here + + align:start position:0% +consumer choice but now I teach it here + + + align:start position:0% +consumer choice but now I teach it here +because it's the same tools of consumer + + align:start position:0% +because it's the same tools of consumer + + + align:start position:0% +because it's the same tools of consumer +choice but now consumers instead of + + align:start position:0% +choice but now consumers instead of + + + align:start position:0% +choice but now consumers instead of +choosing good a versus good B are gonna + + align:start position:0% +choosing good a versus good B are gonna + + + align:start position:0% +choosing good a versus good B are gonna +choose how hard they're gonna work ok so + + align:start position:0% +choose how hard they're gonna work ok so + + + align:start position:0% +choose how hard they're gonna work ok so +basically like any choice there's a + + align:start position:0% +basically like any choice there's a + + + align:start position:0% +basically like any choice there's a +trade-off there's a trade-off on the one + + align:start position:0% +trade-off there's a trade-off on the one + + + align:start position:0% +trade-off there's a trade-off on the one +hand if you work harder you get more + + align:start position:0% +hand if you work harder you get more + + + align:start position:0% +hand if you work harder you get more +stuff so you bring home more income you + + align:start position:0% +stuff so you bring home more income you + + + align:start position:0% +stuff so you bring home more income you +can buy more pizzas and cookies ok + + align:start position:0% +can buy more pizzas and cookies ok + + + align:start position:0% +can buy more pizzas and cookies ok +remember we talked about income as a + + align:start position:0% +remember we talked about income as a + + + align:start position:0% +remember we talked about income as a +fixed thing your parents gave you but in + + align:start position:0% +fixed thing your parents gave you but in + + + align:start position:0% +fixed thing your parents gave you but in +reality sorry kids you're gonna have to + + align:start position:0% +reality sorry kids you're gonna have to + + + align:start position:0% +reality sorry kids you're gonna have to +make your own money someday ok in + + align:start position:0% +make your own money someday ok in + + + align:start position:0% +make your own money someday ok in +reality you're gonna make it oh why it's + + align:start position:0% +reality you're gonna make it oh why it's + + + align:start position:0% +reality you're gonna make it oh why it's +not gonna be given to you and so if you + + align:start position:0% +not gonna be given to you and so if you + + + align:start position:0% +not gonna be given to you and so if you +want to buy more pizza and cookies + + align:start position:0% +want to buy more pizza and cookies + + + align:start position:0% +want to buy more pizza and cookies +you're gonna have to raise your why it's + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna have to raise your why it's + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna have to raise your why it's +not going to be given ok so the reason + + align:start position:0% +not going to be given ok so the reason + + + align:start position:0% +not going to be given ok so the reason +you want to work harder is to buy more + + align:start position:0% +you want to work harder is to buy more + + + align:start position:0% +you want to work harder is to buy more +pizzas and cookies the reason you don't + + align:start position:0% +pizzas and cookies the reason you don't + + + align:start position:0% +pizzas and cookies the reason you don't +want to work harder it's because you're + + align:start position:0% +want to work harder it's because you're + + + align:start position:0% +want to work harder it's because you're +not an MIT student ok that is normal + + align:start position:0% +not an MIT student ok that is normal + + + align:start position:0% +not an MIT student ok that is normal +people actually don't like work + + align:start position:0% +people actually don't like work + + + align:start position:0% +people actually don't like work +newsflash + + align:start position:0% +newsflash + + + align:start position:0% +newsflash +okay normal people actually like leisure + + align:start position:0% +okay normal people actually like leisure + + + align:start position:0% +okay normal people actually like leisure +there's the thing called leisure it + + align:start position:0% +there's the thing called leisure it + + + align:start position:0% +there's the thing called leisure it +turns out okay normal people like it + + align:start position:0% +turns out okay normal people like it + + + align:start position:0% +turns out okay normal people like it +okay so the trade-off for regular people + + align:start position:0% +okay so the trade-off for regular people + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the trade-off for regular people +is always a hard thing to teach at MIT + + align:start position:0% +is always a hard thing to teach at MIT + + + align:start position:0% +is always a hard thing to teach at MIT +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +is that basically Pete the trade-off is + + align:start position:0% +is that basically Pete the trade-off is + + + align:start position:0% +is that basically Pete the trade-off is +if you work harder you get more stuff + + align:start position:0% +if you work harder you get more stuff + + + align:start position:0% +if you work harder you get more stuff +but you spend more time doing something + + align:start position:0% +but you spend more time doing something + + + align:start position:0% +but you spend more time doing something +you don't want to do now this is weird + + align:start position:0% +you don't want to do now this is weird + + + align:start position:0% +you don't want to do now this is weird +we're gonna talk about trade-offs before + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna talk about trade-offs before + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna talk about trade-offs before +touch out the trade-offs between Goods + + align:start position:0% +touch out the trade-offs between Goods + + + align:start position:0% +touch out the trade-offs between Goods +pizza and cookies now we're talking + + align:start position:0% +pizza and cookies now we're talking + + + align:start position:0% +pizza and cookies now we're talking +about the trade-off between a good and a + + align:start position:0% +about the trade-off between a good and a + + + align:start position:0% +about the trade-off between a good and a +bad the good is more stuff to eat the + + align:start position:0% +bad the good is more stuff to eat the + + + align:start position:0% +bad the good is more stuff to eat the +bad is working harder and we don't + + align:start position:0% +bad is working harder and we don't + + + align:start position:0% +bad is working harder and we don't +really know how to model that so the + + align:start position:0% +really know how to model that so the + + + align:start position:0% +really know how to model that so the +trick we're going to use here is we're + + align:start position:0% +trick we're going to use here is we're + + + align:start position:0% +trick we're going to use here is we're +gonna flip the bad into a good instead + + align:start position:0% +gonna flip the bad into a good instead + + + align:start position:0% +gonna flip the bad into a good instead +of modeling labor we're gonna model + + align:start position:0% +of modeling labor we're gonna model + + + align:start position:0% +of modeling labor we're gonna model +leisure so to get labor supply we're + + align:start position:0% +leisure so to get labor supply we're + + + align:start position:0% +leisure so to get labor supply we're +gonna model leisure supply and then just + + align:start position:0% +gonna model leisure supply and then just + + + align:start position:0% +gonna model leisure supply and then just +flip it around and get labor supply okay + + align:start position:0% +flip it around and get labor supply okay + + + align:start position:0% +flip it around and get labor supply okay +so that is we're gonna say your ultimate + + align:start position:0% +so that is we're gonna say your ultimate + + + align:start position:0% +so that is we're gonna say your ultimate +labor supply the amount of hours you + + align:start position:0% +labor supply the amount of hours you + + + align:start position:0% +labor supply the amount of hours you +work the amount you work amount of hours + + align:start position:0% +work the amount you work amount of hours + + + align:start position:0% +work the amount you work amount of hours +you work call them H okay is equal to 24 + + align:start position:0% +you work call them H okay is equal to 24 + + + align:start position:0% +you work call them H okay is equal to 24 +minus is equal to 24 minus leisure call + + align:start position:0% +minus is equal to 24 minus leisure call + + + align:start position:0% +minus is equal to 24 minus leisure call +it in good let's call it leisure cuz + + align:start position:0% +it in good let's call it leisure cuz + + + align:start position:0% +it in good let's call it leisure cuz +legs let's call it little L lashes + + align:start position:0% +legs let's call it little L lashes + + + align:start position:0% +legs let's call it little L lashes +little out the amount of hours you work + + align:start position:0% +little out the amount of hours you work + + + align:start position:0% +little out the amount of hours you work +is 24 minus the hours of leisure you + + align:start position:0% +is 24 minus the hours of leisure you + + + align:start position:0% +is 24 minus the hours of leisure you +take what that means is I don't have to + + align:start position:0% +take what that means is I don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +take what that means is I don't have to +model the bad I can model the good and + + align:start position:0% +model the bad I can model the good and + + + align:start position:0% +model the bad I can model the good and +the juice is simple you know reflection + + align:start position:0% +the juice is simple you know reflection + + + align:start position:0% +the juice is simple you know reflection +equation to get the the bad okay so this + + align:start position:0% +equation to get the the bad okay so this + + + align:start position:0% +equation to get the the bad okay so this +is the trick in economics a good + + align:start position:0% +is the trick in economics a good + + + align:start position:0% +is the trick in economics a good +modeling trick + + align:start position:0% +modeling trick + + + align:start position:0% +modeling trick +we don't mom a bad stone under the + + align:start position:0% +we don't mom a bad stone under the + + + align:start position:0% +we don't mom a bad stone under the +trade-off between a bad and a good we + + align:start position:0% +trade-off between a bad and a good we + + + align:start position:0% +trade-off between a bad and a good we +don't want them to do the trade a 15-2 + + align:start position:0% +don't want them to do the trade a 15-2 + + + align:start position:0% +don't want them to do the trade a 15-2 +goods so turn the bat into a good don't + + align:start position:0% +goods so turn the bat into a good don't + + + align:start position:0% +goods so turn the bat into a good don't +model work model leisure don't model + + align:start position:0% +model work model leisure don't model + + + align:start position:0% +model work model leisure don't model +your hours you work model how many hours + + align:start position:0% +your hours you work model how many hours + + + align:start position:0% +your hours you work model how many hours +of leisure okay this is a general + + align:start position:0% +of leisure okay this is a general + + + align:start position:0% +of leisure okay this is a general +modeling trick so what we want to ask is + + align:start position:0% +modeling trick so what we want to ask is + + + align:start position:0% +modeling trick so what we want to ask is +now not how do you derive to supply of + + align:start position:0% +now not how do you derive to supply of + + + align:start position:0% +now not how do you derive to supply of +labor how do you derive the demand for + + align:start position:0% +labor how do you derive the demand for + + + align:start position:0% +labor how do you derive the demand for +leisure how how do we derive how much + + align:start position:0% +leisure how how do we derive how much + + + align:start position:0% +leisure how how do we derive how much +leisure people want well once I say it + + align:start position:0% +leisure people want well once I say it + + + align:start position:0% +leisure people want well once I say it +that way you know what to do which is I + + align:start position:0% +that way you know what to do which is I + + + align:start position:0% +that way you know what to do which is I +just said they're two goods consumption + + align:start position:0% +just said they're two goods consumption + + + align:start position:0% +just said they're two goods consumption +and leisure I wonder how much of one + + align:start position:0% +and leisure I wonder how much of one + + + align:start position:0% +and leisure I wonder how much of one +good you choose of each good you choose + + align:start position:0% +good you choose of each good you choose + + + align:start position:0% +good you choose of each good you choose +well that's a consumer consumer choice + + align:start position:0% +well that's a consumer consumer choice + + + align:start position:0% +well that's a consumer consumer choice +problem you know how to do that okay + + align:start position:0% +problem you know how to do that okay + + + align:start position:0% +problem you know how to do that okay +so basically take figure fifteen three + + align:start position:0% +so basically take figure fifteen three + + + align:start position:0% +so basically take figure fifteen three +okay in Figure fifteen three now instead + + align:start position:0% +okay in Figure fifteen three now instead + + + align:start position:0% +okay in Figure fifteen three now instead +of doing Pizza versus cookies now our + + align:start position:0% +of doing Pizza versus cookies now our + + + align:start position:0% +of doing Pizza versus cookies now our +decision is all consumption so they like + + align:start position:0% +decision is all consumption so they like + + + align:start position:0% +decision is all consumption so they like +consumption as a bundle okay + + align:start position:0% +consumption as a bundle okay + + + align:start position:0% +consumption as a bundle okay +versus leisure so on the y-axis is how + + align:start position:0% +versus leisure so on the y-axis is how + + + align:start position:0% +versus leisure so on the y-axis is how +the goods you choose on the x-axis is + + align:start position:0% +the goods you choose on the x-axis is + + + align:start position:0% +the goods you choose on the x-axis is +how much leisure you take okay it says n + + align:start position:0% +how much leisure you take okay it says n + + + align:start position:0% +how much leisure you take okay it says n +but actually cliff should be little L + + align:start position:0% +but actually cliff should be little L + + + align:start position:0% +but actually cliff should be little L +okay should be little L so let's call + + align:start position:0% +okay should be little L so let's call + + + align:start position:0% +okay should be little L so let's call +that little L okay so basically as you + + align:start position:0% +that little L okay so basically as you + + + align:start position:0% +that little L okay so basically as you +go more positive on the x-axis that's + + align:start position:0% +go more positive on the x-axis that's + + + align:start position:0% +go more positive on the x-axis that's +more leisure but because this equation + + align:start position:0% +more leisure but because this equation + + + align:start position:0% +more leisure but because this equation +that implies as you go to the left on + + align:start position:0% +that implies as you go to the left on + + + align:start position:0% +that implies as you go to the left on +the XS that's more work okay yeah + + align:start position:0% +the XS that's more work okay yeah + + + align:start position:0% +the XS that's more work okay yeah +each is hours of work inches hours of + + align:start position:0% +each is hours of work inches hours of + + + align:start position:0% +each is hours of work inches hours of +work so as you go to the left you work + + align:start position:0% +work so as you go to the left you work + + + align:start position:0% +work so as you go to the left you work +more so you go to the right you take + + align:start position:0% +more so you go to the right you take + + + align:start position:0% +more so you go to the right you take +more leisure but we're modeling the good + + align:start position:0% +more leisure but we're modeling the good + + + align:start position:0% +more leisure but we're modeling the good +which is leisure and then we just go to + + align:start position:0% +which is leisure and then we just go to + + + align:start position:0% +which is leisure and then we just go to +our standard we go to our standard + + align:start position:0% +our standard we go to our standard + + + align:start position:0% +our standard we go to our standard +consumer choice equation we have a + + align:start position:0% +consumer choice equation we have a + + + align:start position:0% +consumer choice equation we have a +budget constraint and preferences the + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint and preferences the + + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint and preferences the +indifference curve comes from your + + align:start position:0% +indifference curve comes from your + + + align:start position:0% +indifference curve comes from your +utility function it comes from your + + align:start position:0% +utility function it comes from your + + + align:start position:0% +utility function it comes from your +indifference between how much you + + align:start position:0% +indifference between how much you + + + align:start position:0% +indifference between how much you +consume and how much leisure you take + + align:start position:0% +consume and how much leisure you take + + + align:start position:0% +consume and how much leisure you take +and the universe curve comes from like + + align:start position:0% +and the universe curve comes from like + + + align:start position:0% +and the universe curve comes from like +any consumer choice decision but instead + + align:start position:0% +any consumer choice decision but instead + + + align:start position:0% +any consumer choice decision but instead +of choosing to be pizza and cookies now + + align:start position:0% +of choosing to be pizza and cookies now + + + align:start position:0% +of choosing to be pizza and cookies now +it's how much stuff you want for this + + align:start position:0% +it's how much stuff you want for this + + + align:start position:0% +it's how much stuff you want for this +how much larger you want to take so it's + + align:start position:0% +how much larger you want to take so it's + + + align:start position:0% +how much larger you want to take so it's +the same sort of indifference curve the + + align:start position:0% +the same sort of indifference curve the + + + align:start position:0% +the same sort of indifference curve the +budget constraint comes from the what + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint comes from the what + + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint comes from the what +the market tells you is the cost of + + align:start position:0% +the market tells you is the cost of + + + align:start position:0% +the market tells you is the cost of +leisure what is the price of leisure + + align:start position:0% +leisure what is the price of leisure + + + align:start position:0% +leisure what is the price of leisure +what is the price of leisure someone + + align:start position:0% +what is the price of leisure someone + + + align:start position:0% +what is the price of leisure someone +else price is an opportunity costs are + + align:start position:0% +else price is an opportunity costs are + + + align:start position:0% +else price is an opportunity costs are +the same thing in economics here's once + + align:start position:0% +the same thing in economics here's once + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing in economics here's once +again where it gets interesting to apply + + align:start position:0% +again where it gets interesting to apply + + + align:start position:0% +again where it gets interesting to apply +what we've learned which is that + + align:start position:0% +what we've learned which is that + + + align:start position:0% +what we've learned which is that +basically this is why what's the end + + align:start position:0% +basically this is why what's the end + + + align:start position:0% +basically this is why what's the end +Akali comics the dismal science instead + + align:start position:0% +Akali comics the dismal science instead + + + align:start position:0% +Akali comics the dismal science instead +of having fun sitting around we're + + align:start position:0% +of having fun sitting around we're + + + align:start position:0% +of having fun sitting around we're +telling you you know by the way you + + align:start position:0% +telling you you know by the way you + + + align:start position:0% +telling you you know by the way you +could be working and making a wage so + + align:start position:0% +could be working and making a wage so + + + align:start position:0% +could be working and making a wage so +you're actually spending + + align:start position:0% +you're actually spending + + + align:start position:0% +you're actually spending +money by taking leisure by taking less + + align:start position:0% +money by taking leisure by taking less + + + align:start position:0% +money by taking leisure by taking less +you are spending money what are you + + align:start position:0% +you are spending money what are you + + + align:start position:0% +you are spending money what are you +spending you're spending the money you + + align:start position:0% +spending you're spending the money you + + + align:start position:0% +spending you're spending the money you +could be earning so the opportunity so + + align:start position:0% +could be earning so the opportunity so + + + align:start position:0% +could be earning so the opportunity so +lesser has a price and the price of + + align:start position:0% +lesser has a price and the price of + + + align:start position:0% +lesser has a price and the price of +leisure is the wage it's what you could + + align:start position:0% +leisure is the wage it's what you could + + + align:start position:0% +leisure is the wage it's what you could +be earning if you were working so the + + align:start position:0% +be earning if you were working so the + + + align:start position:0% +be earning if you were working so the +budget constraint has the slope of minus + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint has the slope of minus + + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint has the slope of minus +W so if you leave the budget constraint + + align:start position:0% +W so if you leave the budget constraint + + + align:start position:0% +W so if you leave the budget constraint +you could take 24 hours of leisure and + + align:start position:0% +you could take 24 hours of leisure and + + + align:start position:0% +you could take 24 hours of leisure and +have zero consumption okay that's the + + align:start position:0% +have zero consumption okay that's the + + + align:start position:0% +have zero consumption okay that's the +x-axis intercept or you take no leisure + + align:start position:0% +x-axis intercept or you take no leisure + + + align:start position:0% +x-axis intercept or you take no leisure +and have 24 W worth of consumption okay + + align:start position:0% +and have 24 W worth of consumption okay + + + align:start position:0% +and have 24 W worth of consumption okay +so basically that is the trade-off you + + align:start position:0% +so basically that is the trade-off you + + + align:start position:0% +so basically that is the trade-off you +face one other modeling trick couple of + + align:start position:0% +face one other modeling trick couple of + + + align:start position:0% +face one other modeling trick couple of +muscle couple of modeling tricks here + + align:start position:0% +muscle couple of modeling tricks here + + + align:start position:0% +muscle couple of modeling tricks here +modeling trick one is a model of good + + align:start position:0% +modeling trick one is a model of good + + + align:start position:0% +modeling trick one is a model of good +not too bad okay + + align:start position:0% +not too bad okay + + + align:start position:0% +not too bad okay +modeling trick 2 is I wrote on the + + align:start position:0% +modeling trick 2 is I wrote on the + + + align:start position:0% +modeling trick 2 is I wrote on the +x-axis goods but we don't think in + + align:start position:0% +x-axis goods but we don't think in + + + align:start position:0% +x-axis goods but we don't think in +quantities we think of dollars so to + + align:start position:0% +quantities we think of dollars so to + + + align:start position:0% +quantities we think of dollars so to +make life easier I just said let's + + align:start position:0% +make life easier I just said let's + + + align:start position:0% +make life easier I just said let's +assume the price of the average good is + + align:start position:0% +assume the price of the average good is + + + align:start position:0% +assume the price of the average good is +$1 that way you can it that's called the + + align:start position:0% +$1 that way you can it that's called the + + + align:start position:0% +$1 that way you can it that's called the +that's just a normalization ok which + + align:start position:0% +that's just a normalization ok which + + + align:start position:0% +that's just a normalization ok which +allows you to think in terms of dollars + + align:start position:0% +allows you to think in terms of dollars + + + align:start position:0% +allows you to think in terms of dollars +of goods rather than quantity of goods + + align:start position:0% +of goods rather than quantity of goods + + + align:start position:0% +of goods rather than quantity of goods +that's another modeling trick we'll do + + align:start position:0% +that's another modeling trick we'll do + + + align:start position:0% +that's another modeling trick we'll do +we call making a numeraire good ok you + + align:start position:0% +we call making a numeraire good ok you + + + align:start position:0% +we call making a numeraire good ok you +don't remember that term but the point + + align:start position:0% +don't remember that term but the point + + + align:start position:0% +don't remember that term but the point +is a trick we'll do is we want to model + + align:start position:0% +is a trick we'll do is we want to model + + + align:start position:0% +is a trick we'll do is we want to model +dollars not quantities we just make the + + align:start position:0% +dollars not quantities we just make the + + + align:start position:0% +dollars not quantities we just make the +quantities cost a dollar and then we can + + align:start position:0% +quantities cost a dollar and then we can + + + align:start position:0% +quantities cost a dollar and then we can +model quantities basically as dollars as + + align:start position:0% +model quantities basically as dollars as + + + align:start position:0% +model quantities basically as dollars as +I said the trick we're doing so the + + align:start position:0% +I said the trick we're doing so the + + + align:start position:0% +I said the trick we're doing so the +y-axis is dollars but it's also + + align:start position:0% +y-axis is dollars but it's also + + + align:start position:0% +y-axis is dollars but it's also +quantities because it may be the price + + align:start position:0% +quantities because it may be the price + + + align:start position:0% +quantities because it may be the price +of everything be a dollar okay it's just + + align:start position:0% +of everything be a dollar okay it's just + + + align:start position:0% +of everything be a dollar okay it's just +another trick that makes life easier + + align:start position:0% +another trick that makes life easier + + + align:start position:0% +another trick that makes life easier +okay so - modeling tricks here + + align:start position:0% +okay so - modeling tricks here + + + align:start position:0% +okay so - modeling tricks here +the numeraire trick which is making the + + align:start position:0% +the numeraire trick which is making the + + + align:start position:0% +the numeraire trick which is making the +phrase a dollar so quantities become + + align:start position:0% +phrase a dollar so quantities become + + + align:start position:0% +phrase a dollar so quantities become +dollars and the good and the bad is good + + align:start position:0% +dollars and the good and the bad is good + + + align:start position:0% +dollars and the good and the bad is good +trick which is model the good and the + + align:start position:0% +trick which is model the good and the + + + align:start position:0% +trick which is model the good and the +reverse that to get the bad having done + + align:start position:0% +reverse that to get the bad having done + + + align:start position:0% +reverse that to get the bad having done +that we know what to do we get an + + align:start position:0% +that we know what to do we get an + + + align:start position:0% +that we know what to do we get an +optimum which is the tangency between + + align:start position:0% +optimum which is the tangency between + + + align:start position:0% +optimum which is the tangency between +the indifference curve in the budget + + align:start position:0% +the indifference curve in the budget + + + align:start position:0% +the indifference curve in the budget +constraint and we're done and so what do + + align:start position:0% +constraint and we're done and so what do + + + align:start position:0% +constraint and we're done and so what do +you do you choose we're gonna call it L + + align:start position:0% +you do you choose we're gonna call it L + + + align:start position:0% +you do you choose we're gonna call it L +will car little L you choose little L + + align:start position:0% +will car little L you choose little L + + + align:start position:0% +will car little L you choose little L +star hours of leisure which means you + + align:start position:0% +star hours of leisure which means you + + + align:start position:0% +star hours of leisure which means you +choose 24 - little L star hours of work + + align:start position:0% +choose 24 - little L star hours of work + + + align:start position:0% +choose 24 - little L star hours of work +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so basically you sat down you made the + + align:start position:0% +so basically you sat down you made the + + + align:start position:0% +so basically you sat down you made the +decision how much do I want to eat first + + align:start position:0% +decision how much do I want to eat first + + + align:start position:0% +decision how much do I want to eat first +is how much you want to watch TV you + + align:start position:0% +is how much you want to watch TV you + + + align:start position:0% +is how much you want to watch TV you +make that trade-off and that determines + + align:start position:0% +make that trade-off and that determines + + + align:start position:0% +make that trade-off and that determines +how hard + + align:start position:0% +how hard + + + align:start position:0% +how hard +work okay now yeah well that's what and + + align:start position:0% +work okay now yeah well that's what and + + + align:start position:0% +work okay now yeah well that's what and +in substance that should that would be + + align:start position:0% +in substance that should that would be + + + align:start position:0% +in substance that should that would be +in your utility function or that would + + align:start position:0% +in your utility function or that would + + + align:start position:0% +in your utility function or that would +it would be in your Tilly function + + align:start position:0% +it would be in your Tilly function + + + align:start position:0% +it would be in your Tilly function +and/or your budget constraint that would + + align:start position:0% +and/or your budget constraint that would + + + align:start position:0% +and/or your budget constraint that would +be true + + align:start position:0% +be true + + + align:start position:0% +be true +absolutely but that would be a feature + + align:start position:0% +absolutely but that would be a feature + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely but that would be a feature +that wouldn't change this maximization + + align:start position:0% +that wouldn't change this maximization + + + align:start position:0% +that wouldn't change this maximization +problem just changed the underlying + + align:start position:0% +problem just changed the underlying + + + align:start position:0% +problem just changed the underlying +structure of the equations that go into + + align:start position:0% +structure of the equations that go into + + + align:start position:0% +structure of the equations that go into +the maximization problem okay so + + align:start position:0% +the maximization problem okay so + + + align:start position:0% +the maximization problem okay so +basically now what's really interesting + + align:start position:0% +basically now what's really interesting + + + align:start position:0% +basically now what's really interesting +about this is now we finally understand + + align:start position:0% +about this is now we finally understand + + + align:start position:0% +about this is now we finally understand +why we learned all that about + + align:start position:0% +why we learned all that about + + + align:start position:0% +why we learned all that about +income and substitution effects remember + + align:start position:0% +income and substitution effects remember + + + align:start position:0% +income and substitution effects remember +let's take those Sosa's facts and you're + + align:start position:0% +let's take those Sosa's facts and you're + + + align:start position:0% +let's take those Sosa's facts and you're +probably saying like why do I care price + + align:start position:0% +probably saying like why do I care price + + + align:start position:0% +probably saying like why do I care price +goes up quantity goes down why do I care + + align:start position:0% +goes up quantity goes down why do I care + + + align:start position:0% +goes up quantity goes down why do I care +here's why you care because now it gets + + align:start position:0% +here's why you care because now it gets + + + align:start position:0% +here's why you care because now it gets +really interesting okay because when + + align:start position:0% +really interesting okay because when + + + align:start position:0% +really interesting okay because when +we're doing a substitution effects for a + + align:start position:0% +we're doing a substitution effects for a + + + align:start position:0% +we're doing a substitution effects for a +good they work together as long as the + + align:start position:0% +good they work together as long as the + + + align:start position:0% +good they work together as long as the +good was normal they work together when + + align:start position:0% +good was normal they work together when + + + align:start position:0% +good was normal they work together when +the price went up you substitute away + + align:start position:0% +the price went up you substitute away + + + align:start position:0% +the price went up you substitute away +from the good and you were poor so he + + align:start position:0% +from the good and you were poor so he + + + align:start position:0% +from the good and you were poor so he +could sum it down for two reasons now a + + align:start position:0% +could sum it down for two reasons now a + + + align:start position:0% +could sum it down for two reasons now a +normal lesser effect is an inferior + + align:start position:0% +normal lesser effect is an inferior + + + align:start position:0% +normal lesser effect is an inferior +labor effect what I mean by that is that + + align:start position:0% +labor effect what I mean by that is that + + + align:start position:0% +labor effect what I mean by that is that +when your wage goes up you work more + + align:start position:0% +when your wage goes up you work more + + + align:start position:0% +when your wage goes up you work more +through the substitution effect but now + + align:start position:0% +through the substitution effect but now + + + align:start position:0% +through the substitution effect but now +you're richer and when you're richer you + + align:start position:0% +you're richer and when you're richer you + + + align:start position:0% +you're richer and when you're richer you +buy more of everything including leisure + + align:start position:0% +buy more of everything including leisure + + + align:start position:0% +buy more of everything including leisure +so if you take more leisure you do less + + align:start position:0% +so if you take more leisure you do less + + + align:start position:0% +so if you take more leisure you do less +labor so the income effect naturally + + align:start position:0% +labor so the income effect naturally + + + align:start position:0% +labor so the income effect naturally +goes against the substitution effect oh + + align:start position:0% +goes against the substitution effect oh + + + align:start position:0% +goes against the substitution effect oh +this is a couple times don't worry big + + align:start position:0% +this is a couple times don't worry big + + + align:start position:0% +this is a couple times don't worry big +game affect me actually goes against the + + align:start position:0% +game affect me actually goes against the + + + align:start position:0% +game affect me actually goes against the +substitution effect here for consumption + + align:start position:0% +substitution effect here for consumption + + + align:start position:0% +substitution effect here for consumption +goods the income effect naturally work + + align:start position:0% +goods the income effect naturally work + + + align:start position:0% +goods the income effect naturally work +together okay and we're we almost never + + align:start position:0% +together okay and we're we almost never + + + align:start position:0% +together okay and we're we almost never +saw sort of a given good type phenomenon + + align:start position:0% +saw sort of a given good type phenomenon + + + align:start position:0% +saw sort of a given good type phenomenon +we think of effect could sort of switch + + align:start position:0% +we think of effect could sort of switch + + + align:start position:0% +we think of effect could sort of switch +the overall effect for labor that's much + + align:start position:0% +the overall effect for labor that's much + + + align:start position:0% +the overall effect for labor that's much +more likely it's much more likely not + + align:start position:0% +more likely it's much more likely not + + + align:start position:0% +more likely it's much more likely not +because leisure not because of any + + align:start position:0% +because leisure not because of any + + + align:start position:0% +because leisure not because of any +inferior good it's because leisure czar + + align:start position:0% +inferior good it's because leisure czar + + + align:start position:0% +inferior good it's because leisure czar +normal good and Labor's the opposite of + + align:start position:0% +normal good and Labor's the opposite of + + + align:start position:0% +normal good and Labor's the opposite of +leisure so once again let me say it + + align:start position:0% +leisure so once again let me say it + + + align:start position:0% +leisure so once again let me say it +again the wage goes up + + align:start position:0% +again the wage goes up + + + align:start position:0% +again the wage goes up +the substitution effect when the think + + align:start position:0% +the substitution effect when the think + + + align:start position:0% +the substitution effect when the think +of leisure is a good when the wage goes + + align:start position:0% +of leisure is a good when the wage goes + + + align:start position:0% +of leisure is a good when the wage goes +up that's the price of leisure going up + + align:start position:0% +up that's the price of leisure going up + + + align:start position:0% +up that's the price of leisure going up +when the price of a good goes up the + + align:start position:0% +when the price of a good goes up the + + + align:start position:0% +when the price of a good goes up the +substitution effect says you want less + + align:start position:0% +substitution effect says you want less + + + align:start position:0% +substitution effect says you want less +of it okay so when the wage goes up the + + align:start position:0% +of it okay so when the wage goes up the + + + align:start position:0% +of it okay so when the wage goes up the +substitution effect says that leisure + + align:start position:0% +substitution effect says that leisure + + + align:start position:0% +substitution effect says that leisure +goes down right because you want to + + align:start position:0% +goes down right because you want to + + + align:start position:0% +goes down right because you want to +substitute a weight lesser just got more + + align:start position:0% +substitute a weight lesser just got more + + + align:start position:0% +substitute a weight lesser just got more +expensive you now feel worse singer I'm + + align:start position:0% +expensive you now feel worse singer I'm + + + align:start position:0% +expensive you now feel worse singer I'm +watching TV because you could be out + + align:start position:0% +watching TV because you could be out + + + align:start position:0% +watching TV because you could be out +there making more money yeah okay so the + + align:start position:0% +there making more money yeah okay so the + + + align:start position:0% +there making more money yeah okay so the +substitution effect says that leisure + + align:start position:0% +substitution effect says that leisure + + + align:start position:0% +substitution effect says that leisure +goes down okay + + align:start position:0% +goes down okay + + + align:start position:0% +goes down okay +the income effect says that you are + + align:start position:0% +the income effect says that you are + + + align:start position:0% +the income effect says that you are +richer right your wage went up you're + + align:start position:0% +richer right your wage went up you're + + + align:start position:0% +richer right your wage went up you're +richer when you're richer you want more + + align:start position:0% +richer when you're richer you want more + + + align:start position:0% +richer when you're richer you want more +of all normal goods leisure for non MIT + + align:start position:0% +of all normal goods leisure for non MIT + + + align:start position:0% +of all normal goods leisure for non MIT +students is a normal good so you want + + align:start position:0% +students is a normal good so you want + + + align:start position:0% +students is a normal good so you want +more of it so here with the in with + + align:start position:0% +more of it so here with the in with + + + align:start position:0% +more of it so here with the in with +consumption goods when they were normal + + align:start position:0% +consumption goods when they were normal + + + align:start position:0% +consumption goods when they were normal +being a musician effects work together + + align:start position:0% +being a musician effects work together + + + align:start position:0% +being a musician effects work together +with labour and leisure they work + + align:start position:0% +with labour and leisure they work + + + align:start position:0% +with labour and leisure they work +opposite so what this says the + + align:start position:0% +opposite so what this says the + + + align:start position:0% +opposite so what this says the +substitution effect says take more + + align:start position:0% +substitution effect says take more + + + align:start position:0% +substitution effect says take more +leisure which means work take less + + align:start position:0% +leisure which means work take less + + + align:start position:0% +leisure which means work take less +luxuries work harder work more hours but + + align:start position:0% +luxuries work harder work more hours but + + + align:start position:0% +luxuries work harder work more hours but +the effect says take more leisure which + + align:start position:0% +the effect says take more leisure which + + + align:start position:0% +the effect says take more leisure which +means work less hours so you don't know + + align:start position:0% +means work less hours so you don't know + + + align:start position:0% +means work less hours so you don't know +what the net effect is so that's why we + + align:start position:0% +what the net effect is so that's why we + + + align:start position:0% +what the net effect is so that's why we +do income and substitution effects + + align:start position:0% +do income and substitution effects + + + align:start position:0% +do income and substitution effects +because in a case like this they get + + align:start position:0% +because in a case like this they get + + + align:start position:0% +because in a case like this they get +much more interesting yes now your + + align:start position:0% +much more interesting yes now your + + + align:start position:0% +much more interesting yes now your +question no this is your income your + + align:start position:0% +question no this is your income your + + + align:start position:0% +question no this is your income your +actual cash income you are now richer + + align:start position:0% +actual cash income you are now richer + + + align:start position:0% +actual cash income you are now richer +and when you're richer you spend more on + + align:start position:0% +and when you're richer you spend more on + + + align:start position:0% +and when you're richer you spend more on +everything so think of it this way what + + align:start position:0% +everything so think of it this way what + + + align:start position:0% +everything so think of it this way what +to get imagine you're not MIT student a + + align:start position:0% +to get imagine you're not MIT student a + + + align:start position:0% +to get imagine you're not MIT student a +normal guy okay if we won the lottery if + + align:start position:0% +normal guy okay if we won the lottery if + + + align:start position:0% +normal guy okay if we won the lottery if +you guys won the lottery you would use + + align:start position:0% +you guys won the lottery you would use + + + align:start position:0% +you guys won the lottery you would use +that to do a startup okay if a normal + + align:start position:0% +that to do a startup okay if a normal + + + align:start position:0% +that to do a startup okay if a normal +person won the lottery + + align:start position:0% +person won the lottery + + + align:start position:0% +person won the lottery +they used it to not work okay + + align:start position:0% +they used it to not work okay + + + align:start position:0% +they used it to not work okay +that's the income effect okay when + + align:start position:0% +that's the income effect okay when + + + align:start position:0% +that's the income effect okay when +normal win lotteries they don't go work + + align:start position:0% +normal win lotteries they don't go work + + + align:start position:0% +normal win lotteries they don't go work +harder they don't work okay so that's + + align:start position:0% +harder they don't work okay so that's + + + align:start position:0% +harder they don't work okay so that's +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +wait you are now richer because your + + align:start position:0% +wait you are now richer because your + + + align:start position:0% +wait you are now richer because your +wage went up so you work less and that + + align:start position:0% +wage went up so you work less and that + + + align:start position:0% +wage went up so you work less and that +offsets it so let's show this in a graph + + align:start position:0% +offsets it so let's show this in a graph + + + align:start position:0% +offsets it so let's show this in a graph +let's go back to our income and + + align:start position:0% +let's go back to our income and + + + align:start position:0% +let's go back to our income and +substitution effect graphs like I do + + align:start position:0% +substitution effect graphs like I do + + + align:start position:0% +substitution effect graphs like I do +before figure 15 4 ok now we're back to + + align:start position:0% +before figure 15 4 ok now we're back to + + + align:start position:0% +before figure 15 4 ok now we're back to +once again this is just applied consumer + + align:start position:0% +once again this is just applied consumer + + + align:start position:0% +once again this is just applied consumer +theory ok let's go back to the income + + align:start position:0% +theory ok let's go back to the income + + + align:start position:0% +theory ok let's go back to the income +and substitution effects we start with + + align:start position:0% +and substitution effects we start with + + + align:start position:0% +and substitution effects we start with +budget constraint one at wage one and we + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint one at wage one and we + + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint one at wage one and we +have our initial tangency at a ok with + + align:start position:0% +have our initial tangency at a ok with + + + align:start position:0% +have our initial tangency at a ok with +with leisure of n1 or a little l1 now + + align:start position:0% +with leisure of n1 or a little l1 now + + + align:start position:0% +with leisure of n1 or a little l1 now +our wage goes up our wage goes up + + align:start position:0% +our wage goes up our wage goes up + + + align:start position:0% +our wage goes up our wage goes up +therefore the budget constraint pivots + + align:start position:0% +therefore the budget constraint pivots + + + align:start position:0% +therefore the budget constraint pivots +up think of what that means you can + + align:start position:0% +up think of what that means you can + + + align:start position:0% +up think of what that means you can +still only have 24 hours of leisure + + align:start position:0% +still only have 24 hours of leisure + + + align:start position:0% +still only have 24 hours of leisure +that's a fixed point but as you would + + align:start position:0% +that's a fixed point but as you would + + + align:start position:0% +that's a fixed point but as you would +take less leisure you make more money so + + align:start position:0% +take less leisure you make more money so + + + align:start position:0% +take less leisure you make more money so +the budget right now pivots up well that + + align:start position:0% +the budget right now pivots up well that + + + align:start position:0% +the budget right now pivots up well that +has two effects the first is the + + align:start position:0% +has two effects the first is the + + + align:start position:0% +has two effects the first is the +substitution effect + + align:start position:0% +substitution effect + + + align:start position:0% +substitution effect +remember how we get that we draw an + + align:start position:0% +remember how we get that we draw an + + + align:start position:0% +remember how we get that we draw an +imaginary budget constraint at the new + + align:start position:0% +imaginary budget constraint at the new + + + align:start position:0% +imaginary budget constraint at the new +price ratio the price ratio is just W + + align:start position:0% +price ratio the price ratio is just W + + + align:start position:0% +price ratio the price ratio is just W +because I've assumed the price of goods + + align:start position:0% +because I've assumed the price of goods + + + align:start position:0% +because I've assumed the price of goods +is 1 the new price ratio tangent to the + + align:start position:0% +is 1 the new price ratio tangent to the + + + align:start position:0% +is 1 the new price ratio tangent to the +old indifference curve that is point B + + align:start position:0% +old indifference curve that is point B + + + align:start position:0% +old indifference curve that is point B +so the substitution effect says take + + align:start position:0% +so the substitution effect says take + + + align:start position:0% +so the substitution effect says take +less leisure + + align:start position:0% +less leisure + + + align:start position:0% +less leisure +ok you're the price of leisure has gone + + align:start position:0% +ok you're the price of leisure has gone + + + align:start position:0% +ok you're the price of leisure has gone +up so holding utility constant want to + + align:start position:0% +up so holding utility constant want to + + + align:start position:0% +up so holding utility constant want to +take less leisure the income effect + + align:start position:0% +take less leisure the income effect + + + align:start position:0% +take less leisure the income effect +however says you are now richer so take + + align:start position:0% +however says you are now richer so take + + + align:start position:0% +however says you are now richer so take +more leisure so the income effect goes + + align:start position:0% +more leisure so the income effect goes + + + align:start position:0% +more leisure so the income effect goes +the opposite way of the substitution + + align:start position:0% +the opposite way of the substitution + + + align:start position:0% +the opposite way of the substitution +effect naturally not you don't need a + + align:start position:0% +effect naturally not you don't need a + + + align:start position:0% +effect naturally not you don't need a +weird thing for that to happen like with + + align:start position:0% +weird thing for that to happen like with + + + align:start position:0% +weird thing for that to happen like with +pizza and cookies it comes naturally so + + align:start position:0% +pizza and cookies it comes naturally so + + + align:start position:0% +pizza and cookies it comes naturally so +for normal goods being effect goes the + + align:start position:0% +for normal goods being effect goes the + + + align:start position:0% +for normal goods being effect goes the +opposite way now in this case we end up + + align:start position:0% +opposite way now in this case we end up + + + align:start position:0% +opposite way now in this case we end up +with less you're still going down we end + + align:start position:0% +with less you're still going down we end + + + align:start position:0% +with less you're still going down we end +up with the wage goes up leisure Goes + + align:start position:0% +up with the wage goes up leisure Goes + + + align:start position:0% +up with the wage goes up leisure Goes +Down and therefore labor supply goes up + + align:start position:0% +Down and therefore labor supply goes up + + + align:start position:0% +Down and therefore labor supply goes up +so we end up with our standard intuition + + align:start position:0% +so we end up with our standard intuition + + + align:start position:0% +so we end up with our standard intuition +which is I tell you if I'm going to pay + + align:start position:0% +which is I tell you if I'm going to pay + + + align:start position:0% +which is I tell you if I'm going to pay +you more you're gonna work harder or + + align:start position:0% +you more you're gonna work harder or + + + align:start position:0% +you more you're gonna work harder or +less hard the standard tuition is I work + + align:start position:0% +less hard the standard tuition is I work + + + align:start position:0% +less hard the standard tuition is I work +more hard ok but as figure 15 5 shows it + + align:start position:0% +more hard ok but as figure 15 5 shows it + + + align:start position:0% +more hard ok but as figure 15 5 shows it +would not be super odd to get a Giffen + + align:start position:0% +would not be super odd to get a Giffen + + + align:start position:0% +would not be super odd to get a Giffen +good effect here which is the wage goes + + align:start position:0% +good effect here which is the wage goes + + + align:start position:0% +good effect here which is the wage goes +up the substitution effect shifts you to + + align:start position:0% +up the substitution effect shifts you to + + + align:start position:0% +up the substitution effect shifts you to +the left but the income effect shifts + + align:start position:0% +the left but the income effect shifts + + + align:start position:0% +the left but the income effect shifts +you even more to the right + + align:start position:0% +you even more to the right + + + align:start position:0% +you even more to the right +and you actually end up with more + + align:start position:0% +and you actually end up with more + + + align:start position:0% +and you actually end up with more +leisure so once again my intuition if I + + align:start position:0% +leisure so once again my intuition if I + + + align:start position:0% +leisure so once again my intuition if I +say to you the price of pizza went up + + align:start position:0% +say to you the price of pizza went up + + + align:start position:0% +say to you the price of pizza went up +what happens your demand for pizza you + + align:start position:0% +what happens your demand for pizza you + + + align:start position:0% +what happens your demand for pizza you +think of a standard you say well I'm + + align:start position:0% +think of a standard you say well I'm + + + align:start position:0% +think of a standard you say well I'm +gonna demand less pizza if I save you + + align:start position:0% +gonna demand less pizza if I save you + + + align:start position:0% +gonna demand less pizza if I save you +the wage went up what happened to how + + align:start position:0% +the wage went up what happened to how + + + align:start position:0% +the wage went up what happened to how +hard you work it's not clear think of a + + align:start position:0% +hard you work it's not clear think of a + + + align:start position:0% +hard you work it's not clear think of a +simple example think of yourself + + align:start position:0% +simple example think of yourself + + + align:start position:0% +simple example think of yourself +actually back before en mi cheese + + align:start position:0% +actually back before en mi cheese + + + align:start position:0% +actually back before en mi cheese +student when you were a kid saving for + + align:start position:0% +student when you were a kid saving for + + + align:start position:0% +student when you were a kid saving for +something you were saving to buy a bike + + align:start position:0% +something you were saving to buy a bike + + + align:start position:0% +something you were saving to buy a bike +and the bike was 150 bucks ok bike was + + align:start position:0% +and the bike was 150 bucks ok bike was + + + align:start position:0% +and the bike was 150 bucks ok bike was +200 bucks and you're earning 10 bucks an + + align:start position:0% +200 bucks and you're earning 10 bucks an + + + align:start position:0% +200 bucks and you're earning 10 bucks an +hour ok so you had to work 20 hours to + + align:start position:0% +hour ok so you had to work 20 hours to + + + align:start position:0% +hour ok so you had to work 20 hours to +get the bike now I gave you a race to 15 + + align:start position:0% +get the bike now I gave you a race to 15 + + + align:start position:0% +get the bike now I gave you a race to 15 +hours to $15 an hour or to $20 an hour + + align:start position:0% +hours to $15 an hour or to $20 an hour + + + align:start position:0% +hours to $15 an hour or to $20 an hour +would you work harder or less hard well + + align:start position:0% +would you work harder or less hard well + + + align:start position:0% +would you work harder or less hard well +if all you want is the bike you'd work + + align:start position:0% +if all you want is the bike you'd work + + + align:start position:0% +if all you want is the bike you'd work +less hard you never to wear 20 hours of + + align:start position:0% +less hard you never to wear 20 hours of + + + align:start position:0% +less hard you never to wear 20 hours of +oil to work 10 hours so in fact a higher + + align:start position:0% +oil to work 10 hours so in fact a higher + + + align:start position:0% +oil to work 10 hours so in fact a higher +wage cause you to work less hard that's + + align:start position:0% +wage cause you to work less hard that's + + + align:start position:0% +wage cause you to work less hard that's +not that bizarre a case right that makes + + align:start position:0% +not that bizarre a case right that makes + + + align:start position:0% +not that bizarre a case right that makes +sense + + align:start position:0% +sense + + + align:start position:0% +sense +the point is it's actually quite + + align:start position:0% +the point is it's actually quite + + + align:start position:0% +the point is it's actually quite +sensible that you couldn't end up with + + align:start position:0% +sensible that you couldn't end up with + + + align:start position:0% +sensible that you couldn't end up with +labor supply being a gift and good with + + align:start position:0% +labor supply being a gift and good with + + + align:start position:0% +labor supply being a gift and good with +a higher wage causing you to work less + + align:start position:0% +a higher wage causing you to work less + + + align:start position:0% +a higher wage causing you to work less +it's not a crazy outcome given Goods and + + align:start position:0% +it's not a crazy outcome given Goods and + + + align:start position:0% +it's not a crazy outcome given Goods and +consumer goods are crazy it's not at all + + align:start position:0% +consumer goods are crazy it's not at all + + + align:start position:0% +consumer goods are crazy it's not at all +crazy to think that in cases like having + + align:start position:0% +crazy to think that in cases like having + + + align:start position:0% +crazy to think that in cases like having +a target a purchased target a higher + + align:start position:0% +a target a purchased target a higher + + + align:start position:0% +a target a purchased target a higher +wage will cause people to work less yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +absolutely applies there's no violation + + align:start position:0% +absolutely applies there's no violation + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely applies there's no violation +here we haven't violated any of the laws + + align:start position:0% +here we haven't violated any of the laws + + + align:start position:0% +here we haven't violated any of the laws +all we've done is just set income + + align:start position:0% +all we've done is just set income + + + align:start position:0% +all we've done is just set income +effects so because it didn't apply with + + align:start position:0% +effects so because it didn't apply with + + + align:start position:0% +effects so because it didn't apply with +giving goods - it's all just saying + + align:start position:0% +giving goods - it's all just saying + + + align:start position:0% +giving goods - it's all just saying +income effects domini substitution + + align:start position:0% +income effects domini substitution + + + align:start position:0% +income effects domini substitution +effects which we thought was sort of + + align:start position:0% +effects which we thought was sort of + + + align:start position:0% +effects which we thought was sort of +gonna be pretty bizarre in the + + align:start position:0% +gonna be pretty bizarre in the + + + align:start position:0% +gonna be pretty bizarre in the +consumption good context but it's not a + + align:start position:0% +consumption good context but it's not a + + + align:start position:0% +consumption good context but it's not a +law bizarre in the labor supply context + + align:start position:0% +law bizarre in the labor supply context + + + align:start position:0% +law bizarre in the labor supply context +this is pretty wild what this says is + + align:start position:0% +this is pretty wild what this says is + + + align:start position:0% +this is pretty wild what this says is +that basically you've got a situation + + align:start position:0% +that basically you've got a situation + + + align:start position:0% +that basically you've got a situation +where even the normal world you could + + align:start position:0% +where even the normal world you could + + + align:start position:0% +where even the normal world you could +get the paying workers more makes them + + align:start position:0% +get the paying workers more makes them + + + align:start position:0% +get the paying workers more makes them +work less which is kind of bizarre ok + + align:start position:0% +work less which is kind of bizarre ok + + + align:start position:0% +work less which is kind of bizarre ok +questions about that about that + + align:start position:0% +questions about that about that + + + align:start position:0% +questions about that about that +intuition or the math of the grass or + + align:start position:0% +intuition or the math of the grass or + + + align:start position:0% +intuition or the math of the grass or +well the math even gun but the graphs do + + align:start position:0% +well the math even gun but the graphs do + + + align:start position:0% +well the math even gun but the graphs do +the math on Friday the graphs or + + align:start position:0% +the math on Friday the graphs or + + + align:start position:0% +the math on Friday the graphs or +anything ok + + align:start position:0% +anything ok + + + align:start position:0% +anything ok +let's then say well does that happen in + + align:start position:0% +let's then say well does that happen in + + + align:start position:0% +let's then say well does that happen in +reality + + align:start position:0% +reality + + + align:start position:0% +reality +what does the evidence say let's go to + + align:start position:0% +what does the evidence say let's go to + + + align:start position:0% +what does the evidence say let's go to +the evidence what does the evidence say + + align:start position:0% +the evidence what does the evidence say + + + align:start position:0% +the evidence what does the evidence say +okay and there may be sort of no + + align:start position:0% +okay and there may be sort of no + + + align:start position:0% +okay and there may be sort of no +question more worked on in economics + + align:start position:0% +question more worked on in economics + + + align:start position:0% +question more worked on in economics +than the elasticity of labour supply or + + align:start position:0% +than the elasticity of labour supply or + + + align:start position:0% +than the elasticity of labour supply or +the shape of the labor supply curve + + align:start position:0% +the shape of the labor supply curve + + + align:start position:0% +the shape of the labor supply curve +there is thousands of articles written + + align:start position:0% +there is thousands of articles written + + + align:start position:0% +there is thousands of articles written +on this question okay and what I want to + + align:start position:0% +on this question okay and what I want to + + + align:start position:0% +on this question okay and what I want to +do here to make the intuition easy I + + align:start position:0% +do here to make the intuition easy I + + + align:start position:0% +do here to make the intuition easy I +want to go back into that flourish or + + align:start position:0% +want to go back into that flourish or + + + align:start position:0% +want to go back into that flourish or +circa 40 years ago when it was sort of + + align:start position:0% +circa 40 years ago when it was sort of + + + align:start position:0% +circa 40 years ago when it was sort of +the initial burst of interest in this + + align:start position:0% +the initial burst of interest in this + + + align:start position:0% +the initial burst of interest in this +and like the 1970s 98 was a burst of + + align:start position:0% +and like the 1970s 98 was a burst of + + + align:start position:0% +and like the 1970s 98 was a burst of +interest in this and what the literature + + align:start position:0% +interest in this and what the literature + + + align:start position:0% +interest in this and what the literature +did was it look separately at men and + + align:start position:0% +did was it look separately at men and + + + align:start position:0% +did was it look separately at men and +married women because most women were + + align:start position:0% +married women because most women were + + + align:start position:0% +married women because most women were +married and back then we didn't care + + align:start position:0% +married and back then we didn't care + + + align:start position:0% +married and back then we didn't care +about single women okay okay was it was + + align:start position:0% +about single women okay okay was it was + + + align:start position:0% +about single women okay okay was it was +it was a dark time okay so the look at + + align:start position:0% +it was a dark time okay so the look at + + + align:start position:0% +it was a dark time okay so the look at +men and women and married women and + + align:start position:0% +men and women and married women and + + + align:start position:0% +men and women and married women and +asked what was their Alessi's a labor + + align:start position:0% +asked what was their Alessi's a labor + + + align:start position:0% +asked what was their Alessi's a labor +supply well let's think for a second + + align:start position:0% +supply well let's think for a second + + + align:start position:0% +supply well let's think for a second +about what we'd expect and to do that + + align:start position:0% +about what we'd expect and to do that + + + align:start position:0% +about what we'd expect and to do that +let's think about the substitution + + align:start position:0% +let's think about the substitution + + + align:start position:0% +let's think about the substitution +effect and the income effect let's start + + align:start position:0% +effect and the income effect let's start + + + align:start position:0% +effect and the income effect let's start +with men the male substitution effect + + align:start position:0% +with men the male substitution effect + + + align:start position:0% +with men the male substitution effect +let's so substitute back men versus + + align:start position:0% +let's so substitute back men versus + + + align:start position:0% +let's so substitute back men versus +married women who has a bigger + + align:start position:0% +married women who has a bigger + + + align:start position:0% +married women who has a bigger +substitution effect in Y that is when + + align:start position:0% +substitution effect in Y that is when + + + align:start position:0% +substitution effect in Y that is when +the wage goes up who who has a bigger + + align:start position:0% +the wage goes up who who has a bigger + + + align:start position:0% +the wage goes up who who has a bigger +substitution response to that and why + + align:start position:0% +substitution response to that and why + + + align:start position:0% +substitution response to that and why +men are married women think about the + + align:start position:0% +men are married women think about the + + + align:start position:0% +men are married women think about the +world you know you've seen Matt together + + align:start position:0% +world you know you've seen Matt together + + + align:start position:0% +world you know you've seen Matt together +at the Mad Men world or the world you + + align:start position:0% +at the Mad Men world or the world you + + + align:start position:0% +at the Mad Men world or the world you +know circa 40 years ago you guys seen + + align:start position:0% +know circa 40 years ago you guys seen + + + align:start position:0% +know circa 40 years ago you guys seen +enough TV and stuff to know how life was + + align:start position:0% +enough TV and stuff to know how life was + + + align:start position:0% +enough TV and stuff to know how life was +a little bit okay + + align:start position:0% +a little bit okay + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit okay +so who's gonna respond who's the bigger + + align:start position:0% +so who's gonna respond who's the bigger + + + align:start position:0% +so who's gonna respond who's the bigger +guy well they certainly were in the + + align:start position:0% +guy well they certainly were in the + + + align:start position:0% +guy well they certainly were in the +1970s men have a bigger substitution + + align:start position:0% +1970s men have a bigger substitution + + + align:start position:0% +1970s men have a bigger substitution +effect okay um let's that's one option + + align:start position:0% +effect okay um let's that's one option + + + align:start position:0% +effect okay um let's that's one option +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so it's actually married women + + align:start position:0% +right so it's actually married women + + + align:start position:0% +right so it's actually married women +because men are already working 40 hours + + align:start position:0% +because men are already working 40 hours + + + align:start position:0% +because men are already working 40 hours +they can't there's no so think about a + + align:start position:0% +they can't there's no so think about a + + + align:start position:0% +they can't there's no so think about a +married man in 1975 okay men didn't + + align:start position:0% +married man in 1975 okay men didn't + + + align:start position:0% +married man in 1975 okay men didn't +raise their kids men quite frankly get + + align:start position:0% +raise their kids men quite frankly get + + + align:start position:0% +raise their kids men quite frankly get +much of a about their kids okay men + + align:start position:0% +much of a about their kids okay men + + + align:start position:0% +much of a about their kids okay men +just worked that's what men did in 1975 + + align:start position:0% +just worked that's what men did in 1975 + + + align:start position:0% +just worked that's what men did in 1975 +okay they worked and they work their + + align:start position:0% +okay they worked and they work their + + + align:start position:0% +okay they worked and they work their +forty hours and they went home okay + + align:start position:0% +forty hours and they went home okay + + + align:start position:0% +forty hours and they went home okay +maybe they work less or more than forty + + align:start position:0% +maybe they work less or more than forty + + + align:start position:0% +maybe they work less or more than forty +hours but certainly the notion is saying + + align:start position:0% +hours but certainly the notion is saying + + + align:start position:0% +hours but certainly the notion is saying +well the wage went up maybe I'll take + + align:start position:0% +well the wage went up maybe I'll take + + + align:start position:0% +well the wage went up maybe I'll take +more leisure never lacrosse demands mine + + align:start position:0% +more leisure never lacrosse demands mine + + + align:start position:0% +more leisure never lacrosse demands mine +in 1975 because what were they gonna do + + align:start position:0% +in 1975 because what were they gonna do + + + align:start position:0% +in 1975 because what were they gonna do +there's no one to play golf with they + + align:start position:0% +there's no one to play golf with they + + + align:start position:0% +there's no one to play golf with they +didn't want time to spend time with + + align:start position:0% +didn't want time to spend time with + + + align:start position:0% +didn't want time to spend time with +their kids what were they gonna do + + align:start position:0% +their kids what were they gonna do + + + align:start position:0% +their kids what were they gonna do +whereas women had a real substitution + + align:start position:0% +whereas women had a real substitution + + + align:start position:0% +whereas women had a real substitution +possibility okay + + align:start position:0% +possibility okay + + + align:start position:0% +possibility okay +this was an era women were entering the + + align:start position:0% +this was an era women were entering the + + + align:start position:0% +this was an era women were entering the +labor force the real opportunities for + + align:start position:0% +labor force the real opportunities for + + + align:start position:0% +labor force the real opportunities for +work but it was also fine to hang out at + + align:start position:0% +work but it was also fine to hang out at + + + align:start position:0% +work but it was also fine to hang out at +home you know a lot of your friends are + + align:start position:0% +home you know a lot of your friends are + + + align:start position:0% +home you know a lot of your friends are +in at home you can take care of your + + align:start position:0% +in at home you can take care of your + + + align:start position:0% +in at home you can take care of your +kids or a lot of things to do so women + + align:start position:0% +kids or a lot of things to do so women + + + align:start position:0% +kids or a lot of things to do so women +had a much larger substitution effect + + align:start position:0% +had a much larger substitution effect + + + align:start position:0% +had a much larger substitution effect +than men okay because men what remember + + align:start position:0% +than men okay because men what remember + + + align:start position:0% +than men okay because men what remember +what's the substitution effect it's + + align:start position:0% +what's the substitution effect it's + + + align:start position:0% +what's the substitution effect it's +about the next best alternative for men + + align:start position:0% +about the next best alternative for men + + + align:start position:0% +about the next best alternative for men +there was no next best alternative Oh + + align:start position:0% +there was no next best alternative Oh + + + align:start position:0% +there was no next best alternative Oh +should work you know basically G 9:00 to + + align:start position:0% +should work you know basically G 9:00 to + + + align:start position:0% +should work you know basically G 9:00 to +5:00 on a weekday there was nothing else + + align:start position:0% +5:00 on a weekday there was nothing else + + + align:start position:0% +5:00 on a weekday there was nothing else +to do okay for women there was other + + align:start position:0% +to do okay for women there was other + + + align:start position:0% +to do okay for women there was other +things to do which is you can hang out + + align:start position:0% +things to do which is you can hang out + + + align:start position:0% +things to do which is you can hang out +with friends who weren't working or you + + align:start position:0% +with friends who weren't working or you + + + align:start position:0% +with friends who weren't working or you +could take care of the kids yeah okay + + align:start position:0% +could take care of the kids yeah okay + + + align:start position:0% +could take care of the kids yeah okay +well let's but once again if I'm a man + + align:start position:0% +well let's but once again if I'm a man + + + align:start position:0% +well let's but once again if I'm a man +you might think that I could then but + + align:start position:0% +you might think that I could then but + + + align:start position:0% +you might think that I could then but +then once again if I work oh the + + align:start position:0% +then once again if I work oh the + + + align:start position:0% +then once again if I work oh the +substitution effect could work that way + + align:start position:0% +substitution effect could work that way + + + align:start position:0% +substitution effect could work that way +for overtime but let's talk about just + + align:start position:0% +for overtime but let's talk about just + + + align:start position:0% +for overtime but let's talk about just +the decision to work at all at some + + align:start position:0% +the decision to work at all at some + + + align:start position:0% +the decision to work at all at some +sense or the decision to work so to your + + align:start position:0% +sense or the decision to work so to your + + + align:start position:0% +sense or the decision to work so to your +first 40 hours overtimes hard because + + align:start position:0% +first 40 hours overtimes hard because + + + align:start position:0% +first 40 hours overtimes hard because +then you get paid more etc okay + + align:start position:0% +then you get paid more etc okay + + + align:start position:0% +then you get paid more etc okay +now let's go to the other side let's go + + align:start position:0% +now let's go to the other side let's go + + + align:start position:0% +now let's go to the other side let's go +to the income effect so let's not say + + align:start position:0% +to the income effect so let's not say + + + align:start position:0% +to the income effect so let's not say +this is zero let's say it's small okay + + align:start position:0% +this is zero let's say it's small okay + + + align:start position:0% +this is zero let's say it's small okay +so this is big and this is small because + + align:start position:0% +so this is big and this is small because + + + align:start position:0% +so this is big and this is small because +you can work a little bit of overtime or + + align:start position:0% +you can work a little bit of overtime or + + + align:start position:0% +you can work a little bit of overtime or +something like that and some men didn't + + align:start position:0% +something like that and some men didn't + + + align:start position:0% +something like that and some men didn't +care about the kids I'm obviously being + + align:start position:0% +care about the kids I'm obviously being + + + align:start position:0% +care about the kids I'm obviously being +facetious so it could be some some men + + align:start position:0% +facetious so it could be some some men + + + align:start position:0% +facetious so it could be some some men +were willing to spend time with their + + align:start position:0% +were willing to spend time with their + + + align:start position:0% +were willing to spend time with their +kids etc okay now let's go to the income + + align:start position:0% +kids etc okay now let's go to the income + + + align:start position:0% +kids etc okay now let's go to the income +effect for whom is the income effect + + align:start position:0% +effect for whom is the income effect + + + align:start position:0% +effect for whom is the income effect +couldn't be bigger men or women whom is + + align:start position:0% +couldn't be bigger men or women whom is + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't be bigger men or women whom is +the income effect going to be bigger + + align:start position:0% +the income effect going to be bigger + + + align:start position:0% +the income effect going to be bigger +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +because because there they have a goal + + align:start position:0% +because because there they have a goal + + + align:start position:0% +because because there they have a goal +like they need X amount of money to + + align:start position:0% +like they need X amount of money to + + + align:start position:0% +like they need X amount of money to +provide for their family so like if they + + align:start position:0% +provide for their family so like if they + + + align:start position:0% +provide for their family so like if they +reach exactly there's actually two + + align:start position:0% +reach exactly there's actually two + + + align:start position:0% +reach exactly there's actually two +reasons it's men one you're more likely + + align:start position:0% +reasons it's men one you're more likely + + + align:start position:0% +reasons it's men one you're more likely +the target income two is you can't have + + align:start position:0% +the target income two is you can't have + + + align:start position:0% +the target income two is you can't have +an income effect if you don't work okay + + align:start position:0% +an income effect if you don't work okay + + + align:start position:0% +an income effect if you don't work okay +the income effect is proportional to how + + align:start position:0% +the income effect is proportional to how + + + align:start position:0% +the income effect is proportional to how +hard you were working if you weren't + + align:start position:0% +hard you were working if you weren't + + + align:start position:0% +hard you were working if you weren't +working then there's no income effect + + align:start position:0% +working then there's no income effect + + + align:start position:0% +working then there's no income effect +right income effect is essentially the + + align:start position:0% +right income effect is essentially the + + + align:start position:0% +right income effect is essentially the +income effect for labor is essentially + + align:start position:0% +income effect for labor is essentially + + + align:start position:0% +income effect for labor is essentially +the hours x d h dy what Manny said was a + + align:start position:0% +the hours x d h dy what Manny said was a + + + align:start position:0% +the hours x d h dy what Manny said was a +reason why DHD Y might be bigger for men + + align:start position:0% +reason why DHD Y might be bigger for men + + + align:start position:0% +reason why DHD Y might be bigger for men +than women because they have these + + align:start position:0% +than women because they have these + + + align:start position:0% +than women because they have these +targets more relevantly if women weren't + + align:start position:0% +targets more relevantly if women weren't + + + align:start position:0% +targets more relevantly if women weren't +working they didn't have the h this is + + align:start position:0% +working they didn't have the h this is + + + align:start position:0% +working they didn't have the h this is +zero so the income affects zero so for + + align:start position:0% +zero so the income affects zero so for + + + align:start position:0% +zero so the income affects zero so for +men this was big and for women this was + + align:start position:0% +men this was big and for women this was + + + align:start position:0% +men this was big and for women this was +small okay put this together and what + + align:start position:0% +small okay put this together and what + + + align:start position:0% +small okay put this together and what +does it suggest about the relative + + align:start position:0% +does it suggest about the relative + + + align:start position:0% +does it suggest about the relative +shapes of Labour's fly for men and women + + align:start position:0% +shapes of Labour's fly for men and women + + + align:start position:0% +shapes of Labour's fly for men and women +so I'm raise their hand and tell me what + + align:start position:0% +so I'm raise their hand and tell me what + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm raise their hand and tell me what +does it suggest about the labor supply + + align:start position:0% +does it suggest about the labor supply + + + align:start position:0% +does it suggest about the labor supply +curve would look like for men and women + + align:start position:0% +curve would look like for men and women + + + align:start position:0% +curve would look like for men and women +in the Sierra okay given given we given + + align:start position:0% +in the Sierra okay given given we given + + + align:start position:0% +in the Sierra okay given given we given +the intuition we talked about here what + + align:start position:0% +the intuition we talked about here what + + + align:start position:0% +the intuition we talked about here what +is suggest the female a male the married + + align:start position:0% +is suggest the female a male the married + + + align:start position:0% +is suggest the female a male the married +women layers fighting that male air + + align:start position:0% +women layers fighting that male air + + + align:start position:0% +women layers fighting that male air +supply curve should look like you guys + + align:start position:0% +supply curve should look like you guys + + + align:start position:0% +supply curve should look like you guys +can get this come on okay well let's + + align:start position:0% +can get this come on okay well let's + + + align:start position:0% +can get this come on okay well let's +talk what do we talk about we talked + + align:start position:0% +talk what do we talk about we talked + + + align:start position:0% +talk what do we talk about we talked +about the substitution effect if the + + align:start position:0% +about the substitution effect if the + + + align:start position:0% +about the substitution effect if the +wage goes up it leads to more leisure + + align:start position:0% +wage goes up it leads to more leisure + + + align:start position:0% +wage goes up it leads to more leisure +which means at least a more labor supply + + align:start position:0% +which means at least a more labor supply + + + align:start position:0% +which means at least a more labor supply +by the income effect if the wage goes up + + align:start position:0% +by the income effect if the wage goes up + + + align:start position:0% +by the income effect if the wage goes up +at least two less labor supply so for + + align:start position:0% +at least two less labor supply so for + + + align:start position:0% +at least two less labor supply so for +men with us for women with a big + + align:start position:0% +men with us for women with a big + + + align:start position:0% +men with us for women with a big +substitution effect and a small income + + align:start position:0% +substitution effect and a small income + + + align:start position:0% +substitution effect and a small income +effect this suggests a standard steep + + align:start position:0% +effect this suggests a standard steep + + + align:start position:0% +effect this suggests a standard steep +upwards and standard upward sloping + + align:start position:0% +upwards and standard upward sloping + + + align:start position:0% +upwards and standard upward sloping +supply curve think of the income effect + + align:start position:0% +supply curve think of the income effect + + + align:start position:0% +supply curve think of the income effect +being zero then we get the standard + + align:start position:0% +being zero then we get the standard + + + align:start position:0% +being zero then we get the standard +substitution effect we know the sign of + + align:start position:0% +substitution effect we know the sign of + + + align:start position:0% +substitution effect we know the sign of +that so for women this suggests an + + align:start position:0% +that so for women this suggests an + + + align:start position:0% +that so for women this suggests an +upward sloping supply curve just like a + + align:start position:0% +upward sloping supply curve just like a + + + align:start position:0% +upward sloping supply curve just like a +substitution effects just a downward + + align:start position:0% +substitution effects just a downward + + + align:start position:0% +substitution effects just a downward +sloping demand curve for men it's not + + align:start position:0% +sloping demand curve for men it's not + + + align:start position:0% +sloping demand curve for men it's not +clear you could very much get a Giffen + + align:start position:0% +clear you could very much get a Giffen + + + align:start position:0% +clear you could very much get a Giffen +effect here + + align:start position:0% +effect here + + + align:start position:0% +effect here +because basically there's not much + + align:start position:0% +because basically there's not much + + + align:start position:0% +because basically there's not much +opportunity for substitution but they + + align:start position:0% +opportunity for substitution but they + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity for substitution but they +might work a lot less if they get rich + + align:start position:0% +might work a lot less if they get rich + + + align:start position:0% +might work a lot less if they get rich +okay so that is sort of this the that's + + align:start position:0% +okay so that is sort of this the that's + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that is sort of this the that's +what I like this example it's hard well + + align:start position:0% +what I like this example it's hard well + + + align:start position:0% +what I like this example it's hard well +like this example sort of illustrates + + align:start position:0% +like this example sort of illustrates + + + align:start position:0% +like this example sort of illustrates +how substitution effects can come + + align:start position:0% +how substitution effects can come + + + align:start position:0% +how substitution effects can come +together to get a lower bottom and + + align:start position:0% +together to get a lower bottom and + + + align:start position:0% +together to get a lower bottom and +bottom line answer what do we know what + + align:start position:0% +bottom line answer what do we know what + + + align:start position:0% +bottom line answer what do we know what +we know is that actually evidence is + + align:start position:0% +we know is that actually evidence is + + + align:start position:0% +we know is that actually evidence is +that female layers fly was very elastic + + align:start position:0% +that female layers fly was very elastic + + + align:start position:0% +that female layers fly was very elastic +that circa this era female has an + + align:start position:0% +that circa this era female has an + + + align:start position:0% +that circa this era female has an +elasticity of between 0.5 and 1 that if + + align:start position:0% +elasticity of between 0.5 and 1 that if + + + align:start position:0% +elasticity of between 0.5 and 1 that if +you raised women's wage by 10% there was + + align:start position:0% +you raised women's wage by 10% there was + + + align:start position:0% +you raised women's wage by 10% there was +a five to ten percent increase in their + + align:start position:0% +a five to ten percent increase in their + + + align:start position:0% +a five to ten percent increase in their +labor supply which is pretty not elastic + + align:start position:0% +labor supply which is pretty not elastic + + + align:start position:0% +labor supply which is pretty not elastic +elastic but reasonably elastic okay + + align:start position:0% +elastic but reasonably elastic okay + + + align:start position:0% +elastic but reasonably elastic okay +whereas for men it was pretty much zero + + align:start position:0% +whereas for men it was pretty much zero + + + align:start position:0% +whereas for men it was pretty much zero +it wasn't negative it wasn't positive as + + align:start position:0% +it wasn't negative it wasn't positive as + + + align:start position:0% +it wasn't negative it wasn't positive as +basically zero basically men just worked + + align:start position:0% +basically zero basically men just worked + + + align:start position:0% +basically zero basically men just worked +40 hours and then went home okay so + + align:start position:0% +40 hours and then went home okay so + + + align:start position:0% +40 hours and then went home okay so +basically an era where for women the + + align:start position:0% +basically an era where for women the + + + align:start position:0% +basically an era where for women the +layers light was very elastic and of the + + align:start position:0% +layers light was very elastic and of the + + + align:start position:0% +layers light was very elastic and of the +standard direction higher wage leads you + + align:start position:0% +standard direction higher wage leads you + + + align:start position:0% +standard direction higher wage leads you +to work harder an upward sloping supply + + align:start position:0% +to work harder an upward sloping supply + + + align:start position:0% +to work harder an upward sloping supply +curve but for men it was pretty much a + + align:start position:0% +curve but for men it was pretty much a + + + align:start position:0% +curve but for men it was pretty much a +vertical supply curve maybe even a bit + + align:start position:0% +vertical supply curve maybe even a bit + + + align:start position:0% +vertical supply curve maybe even a bit +backward bending maybe even a wrong + + align:start position:0% +backward bending maybe even a wrong + + + align:start position:0% +backward bending maybe even a wrong +signed supply curve but pretty much you + + align:start position:0% +signed supply curve but pretty much you + + + align:start position:0% +signed supply curve but pretty much you +could think of it as zero okay now what + + align:start position:0% +could think of it as zero okay now what + + + align:start position:0% +could think of it as zero okay now what +do we think has happened in the 40 years + + align:start position:0% +do we think has happened in the 40 years + + + align:start position:0% +do we think has happened in the 40 years +since - these two numbers so unless this + + align:start position:0% +since - these two numbers so unless this + + + align:start position:0% +since - these two numbers so unless this +is rhomin are between 0.5 and 1 and men + + align:start position:0% +is rhomin are between 0.5 and 1 and men + + + align:start position:0% +is rhomin are between 0.5 and 1 and men +of 0 what do we think is what happened + + align:start position:0% +of 0 what do we think is what happened + + + align:start position:0% +of 0 what do we think is what happened +to these two numbers in the 40 years + + align:start position:0% +to these two numbers in the 40 years + + + align:start position:0% +to these two numbers in the 40 years +since these these studies and why what + + align:start position:0% +since these these studies and why what + + + align:start position:0% +since these these studies and why what +do you think has happened to these + + align:start position:0% +do you think has happened to these + + + align:start position:0% +do you think has happened to these +elasticity estimates and why yeah women + + align:start position:0% +elasticity estimates and why yeah women + + + align:start position:0% +elasticity estimates and why yeah women +what do you think's happened to the + + align:start position:0% +what do you think's happened to the + + + align:start position:0% +what do you think's happened to the +female estimate because + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right well first of all this is gonna + + align:start position:0% +right well first of all this is gonna + + + align:start position:0% +right well first of all this is gonna +come down because in fact it's now more + + align:start position:0% +come down because in fact it's now more + + + align:start position:0% +come down because in fact it's now more +standard just to work right in fact now + + align:start position:0% +standard just to work right in fact now + + + align:start position:0% +standard just to work right in fact now +for a woman today in many communities + + align:start position:0% +for a woman today in many communities + + + align:start position:0% +for a woman today in many communities +it's like being in mankind 70s which is + + align:start position:0% +it's like being in mankind 70s which is + + + align:start position:0% +it's like being in mankind 70s which is +if you don't go to work there's no one + + align:start position:0% +if you don't go to work there's no one + + + align:start position:0% +if you don't go to work there's no one +to hang out with okay so basically this + + align:start position:0% +to hang out with okay so basically this + + + align:start position:0% +to hang out with okay so basically this +is going to get smaller and they're more + + align:start position:0% +is going to get smaller and they're more + + + align:start position:0% +is going to get smaller and they're more +of a primary earner in the families this + + align:start position:0% +of a primary earner in the families this + + + align:start position:0% +of a primary earner in the families this +is gonna get bigger + + align:start position:0% +is gonna get bigger + + + align:start position:0% +is gonna get bigger +so in fact female labor supply has + + align:start position:0% +so in fact female labor supply has + + + align:start position:0% +so in fact female labor supply has +fallen more to like about an elasticity + + align:start position:0% +fallen more to like about an elasticity + + + align:start position:0% +fallen more to like about an elasticity +of about 0.2 it's actually fallen over + + align:start position:0% +of about 0.2 it's actually fallen over + + + align:start position:0% +of about 0.2 it's actually fallen over +time now for men the question is do you + + align:start position:0% +time now for men the question is do you + + + align:start position:0% +time now for men the question is do you +get the opposite effect actual immense + + align:start position:0% +get the opposite effect actual immense + + + align:start position:0% +get the opposite effect actual immense +sort of care more about their kids now + + align:start position:0% +sort of care more about their kids now + + + align:start position:0% +sort of care more about their kids now +and there's more sort of activities + + align:start position:0% +and there's more sort of activities + + + align:start position:0% +and there's more sort of activities +going on during the day but in fact it + + align:start position:0% +going on during the day but in fact it + + + align:start position:0% +going on during the day but in fact it +has it the fact mailers fly still was + + align:start position:0% +has it the fact mailers fly still was + + + align:start position:0% +has it the fact mailers fly still was +pretty inelastic what's happened is kids + + align:start position:0% +pretty inelastic what's happened is kids + + + align:start position:0% +pretty inelastic what's happened is kids +are now in childcare so basically we've + + align:start position:0% +are now in childcare so basically we've + + + align:start position:0% +are now in childcare so basically we've +gone from a world where as wages went up + + align:start position:0% +gone from a world where as wages went up + + + align:start position:0% +gone from a world where as wages went up +women went as men worked women either + + align:start position:0% +women went as men worked women either + + + align:start position:0% +women went as men worked women either +worked or didn't work depending on the + + align:start position:0% +worked or didn't work depending on the + + + align:start position:0% +worked or didn't work depending on the +wage and if they work the kids went in + + align:start position:0% +wage and if they work the kids went in + + + align:start position:0% +wage and if they work the kids went in +childcare now men work and women work + + align:start position:0% +childcare now men work and women work + + + align:start position:0% +childcare now men work and women work +and kids are in childcare and that's + + align:start position:0% +and kids are in childcare and that's + + + align:start position:0% +and kids are in childcare and that's +basically the change the evolution of + + align:start position:0% +basically the change the evolution of + + + align:start position:0% +basically the change the evolution of +the labor roughly speaking obviously + + align:start position:0% +the labor roughly speaking obviously + + + align:start position:0% +the labor roughly speaking obviously +still female labor force participation + + align:start position:0% +still female labor force participation + + + align:start position:0% +still female labor force participation +is only about 70 percent ok many women + + align:start position:0% +is only about 70 percent ok many women + + + align:start position:0% +is only about 70 percent ok many women +still do stay home and raise their kids + + align:start position:0% +still do stay home and raise their kids + + + align:start position:0% +still do stay home and raise their kids +and are in and out of the labor force + + align:start position:0% +and are in and out of the labor force + + + align:start position:0% +and are in and out of the labor force +okay but by and large we move to a world + + align:start position:0% +okay but by and large we move to a world + + + align:start position:0% +okay but by and large we move to a world +with just overall less elastic labor + + align:start position:0% +with just overall less elastic labor + + + align:start position:0% +with just overall less elastic labor +supply yeah okay we're gonna get into + + align:start position:0% +supply yeah okay we're gonna get into + + + align:start position:0% +supply yeah okay we're gonna get into +this and we talk about income + + align:start position:0% +this and we talk about income + + + align:start position:0% +this and we talk about income +distribution what this is done is + + align:start position:0% +distribution what this is done is + + + align:start position:0% +distribution what this is done is +allowed the average family household + + align:start position:0% +allowed the average family household + + + align:start position:0% +allowed the average family household +test red water so it's the average two + + align:start position:0% +test red water so it's the average two + + + align:start position:0% +test red water so it's the average two +family household today has the same + + align:start position:0% +family household today has the same + + + align:start position:0% +family household today has the same +income as they did in the 1970s why + + align:start position:0% +income as they did in the 1970s why + + + align:start position:0% +income as they did in the 1970s why +because workers aren't a ton less in + + align:start position:0% +because workers aren't a ton less in + + + align:start position:0% +because workers aren't a ton less in +real terms than they did and that's + + align:start position:0% +real terms than they did and that's + + + align:start position:0% +real terms than they did and that's +facts about inequality will come to that + + align:start position:0% +facts about inequality will come to that + + + align:start position:0% +facts about inequality will come to that +face the average family in America + + align:start position:0% +face the average family in America + + + align:start position:0% +face the average family in America +despite having going from the wife not + + align:start position:0% +despite having going from the wife not + + + align:start position:0% +despite having going from the wife not +working to the wife working is no better + + align:start position:0% +working to the wife working is no better + + + align:start position:0% +working to the wife working is no better +off than they were 40 years ago and that + + align:start position:0% +off than they were 40 years ago and that + + + align:start position:0% +off than they were 40 years ago and that +has lots implications we'll talk about + + align:start position:0% +has lots implications we'll talk about + + + align:start position:0% +has lots implications we'll talk about +okay so any other questions about that + + align:start position:0% +okay so any other questions about that + + + align:start position:0% +okay so any other questions about that +so let me end with one final example + + align:start position:0% +so let me end with one final example + + + align:start position:0% +so let me end with one final example +okay an application okay which is - the + + align:start position:0% +okay an application okay which is - the + + + align:start position:0% +okay an application okay which is - the +problem - the problem we have in the + + align:start position:0% +problem - the problem we have in the + + + align:start position:0% +problem - the problem we have in the +world of child labor it's a huge problem + + align:start position:0% +world of child labor it's a huge problem + + + align:start position:0% +world of child labor it's a huge problem +around the world as kids being forced to + + align:start position:0% +around the world as kids being forced to + + + align:start position:0% +around the world as kids being forced to +work was a huge problem in the u.s. till + + align:start position:0% +work was a huge problem in the u.s. till + + + align:start position:0% +work was a huge problem in the u.s. till +the 20s + + align:start position:0% +the 20s + + + align:start position:0% +the 20s +centuries huge problem around the world + + align:start position:0% +centuries huge problem around the world + + + align:start position:0% +centuries huge problem around the world +because a work can often be dangerous + + align:start position:0% +because a work can often be dangerous + + + align:start position:0% +because a work can often be dangerous +and bad for their health but B they + + align:start position:0% +and bad for their health but B they + + + align:start position:0% +and bad for their health but B they +can't be going to school and have an + + align:start position:0% +can't be going to school and have an + + + align:start position:0% +can't be going to school and have an +opportunity to better themselves if a + + align:start position:0% +opportunity to better themselves if a + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity to better themselves if a +kid is spending all day working then + + align:start position:0% +kid is spending all day working then + + + align:start position:0% +kid is spending all day working then +that kid is destined to a life of + + align:start position:0% +that kid is destined to a life of + + + align:start position:0% +that kid is destined to a life of +working in the same crappy job because + + align:start position:0% +working in the same crappy job because + + + align:start position:0% +working in the same crappy job because +there's no way to get the skills that + + align:start position:0% +there's no way to get the skills that + + + align:start position:0% +there's no way to get the skills that +allows them to grow and go further okay + + align:start position:0% +allows them to grow and go further okay + + + align:start position:0% +allows them to grow and go further okay +now one when wheat we will talk in the + + align:start position:0% +now one when wheat we will talk in the + + + align:start position:0% +now one when wheat we will talk in the +next few lectures and a few lectures + + align:start position:0% +next few lectures and a few lectures + + + align:start position:0% +next few lectures and a few lectures +about international trade and one + + align:start position:0% +about international trade and one + + + align:start position:0% +about international trade and one +criticism of international trade is + + align:start position:0% +criticism of international trade is + + + align:start position:0% +criticism of international trade is +people say well if you allow these + + align:start position:0% +people say well if you allow these + + + align:start position:0% +people say well if you allow these +developing countries to sell more stuff + + align:start position:0% +developing countries to sell more stuff + + + align:start position:0% +developing countries to sell more stuff +to developed world that will they'll put + + align:start position:0% +to developed world that will they'll put + + + align:start position:0% +to developed world that will they'll put +the kids to work more so if we have free + + align:start position:0% +the kids to work more so if we have free + + + align:start position:0% +the kids to work more so if we have free +trade and Vietnam can suddenly sell a + + align:start position:0% +trade and Vietnam can suddenly sell a + + + align:start position:0% +trade and Vietnam can suddenly sell a +bunch of stuff to America that's more + + align:start position:0% +bunch of stuff to America that's more + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of stuff to America that's more +kids are gonna put to work making that + + align:start position:0% +kids are gonna put to work making that + + + align:start position:0% +kids are gonna put to work making that +stuff so one common argument you hear + + align:start position:0% +stuff so one common argument you hear + + + align:start position:0% +stuff so one common argument you hear +against free trade is it's bad for kids + + align:start position:0% +against free trade is it's bad for kids + + + align:start position:0% +against free trade is it's bad for kids +but in fact that argument is not + + align:start position:0% +but in fact that argument is not + + + align:start position:0% +but in fact that argument is not +necessarily right because it ignores an + + align:start position:0% +necessarily right because it ignores an + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily right because it ignores an +important point Manny the point that + + align:start position:0% +important point Manny the point that + + + align:start position:0% +important point Manny the point that +that's right but the point it ignores is + + align:start position:0% +that's right but the point it ignores is + + + align:start position:0% +that's right but the point it ignores is +free trade makes families richer and a + + align:start position:0% +free trade makes families richer and a + + + align:start position:0% +free trade makes families richer and a +families are richer they may want to buy + + align:start position:0% +families are richer they may want to buy + + + align:start position:0% +families are richer they may want to buy +more education for their kids so on the + + align:start position:0% +more education for their kids so on the + + + align:start position:0% +more education for their kids so on the +one hand it's true free trade makes kids + + align:start position:0% +one hand it's true free trade makes kids + + + align:start position:0% +one hand it's true free trade makes kids +more valuable in the labor force the + + align:start position:0% +more valuable in the labor force the + + + align:start position:0% +more valuable in the labor force the +other hand it makes family richer and + + align:start position:0% +other hand it makes family richer and + + + align:start position:0% +other hand it makes family richer and +then one more education for their kids + + align:start position:0% +then one more education for their kids + + + align:start position:0% +then one more education for their kids +so to look at that to Dartmouth + + align:start position:0% +so to look at that to Dartmouth + + + align:start position:0% +so to look at that to Dartmouth +professors did a study we looked at + + align:start position:0% +professors did a study we looked at + + + align:start position:0% +professors did a study we looked at +Vietnam and looked at what happened when + + align:start position:0% +Vietnam and looked at what happened when + + + align:start position:0% +Vietnam and looked at what happened when +Vietnam liberalized trade in rice so + + align:start position:0% +Vietnam liberalized trade in rice so + + + align:start position:0% +Vietnam liberalized trade in rice so +let's go to figure fifteen six now we + + align:start position:0% +let's go to figure fifteen six now we + + + align:start position:0% +let's go to figure fifteen six now we +haven't got international trade yet so + + align:start position:0% +haven't got international trade yet so + + + align:start position:0% +haven't got international trade yet so +I'm just gonna sort of hand wave through + + align:start position:0% +I'm just gonna sort of hand wave through + + + align:start position:0% +I'm just gonna sort of hand wave through +this you don't really understand this + + align:start position:0% +this you don't really understand this + + + align:start position:0% +this you don't really understand this +graph except with the bottom line is + + align:start position:0% +graph except with the bottom line is + + + align:start position:0% +graph except with the bottom line is +okay what happened was + + align:start position:0% +okay what happened was + + + align:start position:0% +okay what happened was +but before trade liberalisation in + + align:start position:0% +but before trade liberalisation in + + + align:start position:0% +but before trade liberalisation in +Vietnam before 1989 you could only sell + + align:start position:0% +Vietnam before 1989 you could only sell + + + align:start position:0% +Vietnam before 1989 you could only sell +rice made in Vietnam in Vietnam so what + + align:start position:0% +rice made in Vietnam in Vietnam so what + + + align:start position:0% +rice made in Vietnam in Vietnam so what +that meant was the supply of rice was S + + align:start position:0% +that meant was the supply of rice was S + + + align:start position:0% +that meant was the supply of rice was S +sub V the demand for rice with D sub V + + align:start position:0% +sub V the demand for rice with D sub V + + + align:start position:0% +sub V the demand for rice with D sub V +and you a matter of race always Q sub V + + align:start position:0% +and you a matter of race always Q sub V + + + align:start position:0% +and you a matter of race always Q sub V +and kids worked in the rice paddies when + + align:start position:0% +and kids worked in the rice paddies when + + + align:start position:0% +and kids worked in the rice paddies when +they liberalized trade suddenly Vietnam + + align:start position:0% +they liberalized trade suddenly Vietnam + + + align:start position:0% +they liberalized trade suddenly Vietnam +could sell to a much larger market they + + align:start position:0% +could sell to a much larger market they + + + align:start position:0% +could sell to a much larger market they +could sell to the world market D sub W + + align:start position:0% +could sell to the world market D sub W + + + align:start position:0% +could sell to the world market D sub W +that's a bigger market so they were able + + align:start position:0% +that's a bigger market so they were able + + + align:start position:0% +that's a bigger market so they were able +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +up there supply curve and sell more rice + + align:start position:0% +up there supply curve and sell more rice + + + align:start position:0% +up there supply curve and sell more rice +okay they could sell more rice because + + align:start position:0% +okay they could sell more rice because + + + align:start position:0% +okay they could sell more rice because +now there's such the whole world not + + align:start position:0% +now there's such the whole world not + + + align:start position:0% +now there's such the whole world not +just to Vietnam okay you don't need + + align:start position:0% +just to Vietnam okay you don't need + + + align:start position:0% +just to Vietnam okay you don't need +roads to the grass so much Dean tuition + + align:start position:0% +roads to the grass so much Dean tuition + + + align:start position:0% +roads to the grass so much Dean tuition +if you give someone a bigger market + + align:start position:0% +if you give someone a bigger market + + + align:start position:0% +if you give someone a bigger market +they're gonna make more stuff okay yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they let it set up and so I didn't think + + align:start position:0% +they let it set up and so I didn't think + + + align:start position:0% +they let it set up and so I didn't think +they let more in okay well we'll come + + align:start position:0% +they let more in okay well we'll come + + + align:start position:0% +they let more in okay well we'll come +back to international trade okay so + + align:start position:0% +back to international trade okay so + + + align:start position:0% +back to international trade okay so +basically the point is there was there + + align:start position:0% +basically the point is there was there + + + align:start position:0% +basically the point is there was there +was this demand shock that allowed them + + align:start position:0% +was this demand shock that allowed them + + + align:start position:0% +was this demand shock that allowed them +to somewhere right so what effect does + + align:start position:0% +to somewhere right so what effect does + + + align:start position:0% +to somewhere right so what effect does +that have on the market for child labor + + align:start position:0% +that have on the market for child labor + + + align:start position:0% +that have on the market for child labor +let's go to highly complicated last + + align:start position:0% +let's go to highly complicated last + + + align:start position:0% +let's go to highly complicated last +figure let me walk you through this here + + align:start position:0% +figure let me walk you through this here + + + align:start position:0% +figure let me walk you through this here +is the market for child labor okay on + + align:start position:0% +is the market for child labor okay on + + + align:start position:0% +is the market for child labor okay on +the x-axis is the amount of child labor + + align:start position:0% +the x-axis is the amount of child labor + + + align:start position:0% +the x-axis is the amount of child labor +on the y-axis the wage of kids okay + + align:start position:0% +on the y-axis the wage of kids okay + + + align:start position:0% +on the y-axis the wage of kids okay +we start at point one initial demand + + align:start position:0% +we start at point one initial demand + + + align:start position:0% +we start at point one initial demand +initial supply wage one l1 now we + + align:start position:0% +initial supply wage one l1 now we + + + align:start position:0% +initial supply wage one l1 now we +liberalize trade and that leads to more + + align:start position:0% +liberalize trade and that leads to more + + + align:start position:0% +liberalize trade and that leads to more +demand for child labor because we want + + align:start position:0% +demand for child labor because we want + + + align:start position:0% +demand for child labor because we want +to produce more rice so that shifts us + + align:start position:0% +to produce more rice so that shifts us + + + align:start position:0% +to produce more rice so that shifts us +out to D two and point two so we have + + align:start position:0% +out to D two and point two so we have + + + align:start position:0% +out to D two and point two so we have +more child labor that's bad but what + + align:start position:0% +more child labor that's bad but what + + + align:start position:0% +more child labor that's bad but what +this ignores is families are now richer + + align:start position:0% +this ignores is families are now richer + + + align:start position:0% +this ignores is families are now richer +and with the income effect they will buy + + align:start position:0% +and with the income effect they will buy + + + align:start position:0% +and with the income effect they will buy +their kids education they'll pull their + + align:start position:0% +their kids education they'll pull their + + + align:start position:0% +their kids education they'll pull their +kids out of working and put them in + + align:start position:0% +kids out of working and put them in + + + align:start position:0% +kids out of working and put them in +school that's represented as a shift to + + align:start position:0% +school that's represented as a shift to + + + align:start position:0% +school that's represented as a shift to +the left of the supply curve so we move + + align:start position:0% +the left of the supply curve so we move + + + align:start position:0% +the left of the supply curve so we move +from point 2 to point 3 through the + + align:start position:0% +from point 2 to point 3 through the + + + align:start position:0% +from point 2 to point 3 through the +income effect families in are richer and + + align:start position:0% +income effect families in are richer and + + + align:start position:0% +income effect families in are richer and +indeed if the income effect is large + + align:start position:0% +indeed if the income effect is large + + + align:start position:0% +indeed if the income effect is large +enough you could move to point four you + + align:start position:0% +enough you could move to point four you + + + align:start position:0% +enough you could move to point four you +can actually have a reduction in child + + align:start position:0% +can actually have a reduction in child + + + align:start position:0% +can actually have a reduction in child +labor why because the benefits of more + + align:start position:0% +labor why because the benefits of more + + + align:start position:0% +labor why because the benefits of more +kids working in terms of producing more + + align:start position:0% +kids working in terms of producing more + + + align:start position:0% +kids working in terms of producing more +rice is exceeded by the value to the + + align:start position:0% +rice is exceeded by the value to the + + + align:start position:0% +rice is exceeded by the value to the +firm's of taking their of the families + + align:start position:0% +firm's of taking their of the families + + + align:start position:0% +firm's of taking their of the families +of taking the extra money they're making + + align:start position:0% +of taking the extra money they're making + + + align:start position:0% +of taking the extra money they're making +and putting it to education for their + + align:start position:0% +and putting it to education for their + + + align:start position:0% +and putting it to education for their +kids and in fact the study showed that + + align:start position:0% +kids and in fact the study showed that + + + align:start position:0% +kids and in fact the study showed that +we did move to a point like point four + + align:start position:0% +we did move to a point like point four + + + align:start position:0% +we did move to a point like point four +okay we actually found that child labor + + align:start position:0% +okay we actually found that child labor + + + align:start position:0% +okay we actually found that child labor +fell + + align:start position:0% +fell + + + align:start position:0% +fell +when they liberalize trade that the that + + align:start position:0% +when they liberalize trade that the that + + + align:start position:0% +when they liberalize trade that the that +the art the intuitive argument that gee + + align:start position:0% +the art the intuitive argument that gee + + + align:start position:0% +the art the intuitive argument that gee +if they sell more more kids or go to + + align:start position:0% +if they sell more more kids or go to + + + align:start position:0% +if they sell more more kids or go to +work is wrong that in fact when you sell + + align:start position:0% +work is wrong that in fact when you sell + + + align:start position:0% +work is wrong that in fact when you sell +more guess more kids demand for more + + align:start position:0% +more guess more kids demand for more + + + align:start position:0% +more guess more kids demand for more +kids but family is so rich they put + + align:start position:0% +kids but family is so rich they put + + + align:start position:0% +kids but family is so rich they put +their kids in education rather than + + align:start position:0% +their kids in education rather than + + + align:start position:0% +their kids in education rather than +their fields ok and that is a wonderful + + align:start position:0% +their fields ok and that is a wonderful + + + align:start position:0% +their fields ok and that is a wonderful +sort of counterintuitive story of how + + align:start position:0% +sort of counterintuitive story of how + + + align:start position:0% +sort of counterintuitive story of how +what economy I'll talk about economist + + align:start position:0% +what economy I'll talk about economist + + + align:start position:0% +what economy I'll talk about economist +like free trade how free trade + + align:start position:0% +like free trade how free trade + + + align:start position:0% +like free trade how free trade +connection of unexpected positive effect + + align:start position:0% +connection of unexpected positive effect + + + align:start position:0% +connection of unexpected positive effect +we might think it's negative and there's + + align:start position:0% +we might think it's negative and there's + + + align:start position:0% +we might think it's negative and there's +the question come up if you want to talk + + align:start position:0% +the question come up if you want to talk + + + align:start position:0% +the question come up if you want to talk +but we got to end now so thank you for + + align:start position:0% +but we got to end now so thank you for + + + align:start position:0% +but we got to end now so thank you for +staying minute extra and I will see you + + align:start position:0% +staying minute extra and I will see you + + + align:start position:0% +staying minute extra and I will see you +guys on Wednesday \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/6a2YKft1ZxQ.txt b/6a2YKft1ZxQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e8444364d945d60881a796aecedc0865c014b3cf --- /dev/null +++ b/6a2YKft1ZxQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1051 @@ +align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dude I like what you built there what's + + align:start position:0% +dude I like what you built there what's + + + align:start position:0% +dude I like what you built there what's +it do oh hi is this is a cool bug I made + + align:start position:0% +it do oh hi is this is a cool bug I made + + + align:start position:0% +it do oh hi is this is a cool bug I made +it using an Electronics building kit + + align:start position:0% +it using an Electronics building kit + + + align:start position:0% +it using an Electronics building kit +that Sally got me she wanted to get me a + + align:start position:0% +that Sally got me she wanted to get me a + + + align:start position:0% +that Sally got me she wanted to get me a +genetics kit but nothing's available yet + + align:start position:0% +genetics kit but nothing's available yet + + + align:start position:0% +genetics kit but nothing's available yet +E I don't get it why is it so easy to + + align:start position:0% +E I don't get it why is it so easy to + + + align:start position:0% +E I don't get it why is it so easy to +turn on and off the lights for this + + align:start position:0% +turn on and off the lights for this + + + align:start position:0% +turn on and off the lights for this +electronic bug but so hard to turn + + align:start position:0% +electronic bug but so hard to turn + + + align:start position:0% +electronic bug but so hard to turn +things on and off in biology what do you + + align:start position:0% +things on and off in biology what do you + + + align:start position:0% +things on and off in biology what do you +mean dude the Arsenic sensor that we + + align:start position:0% +mean dude the Arsenic sensor that we + + + align:start position:0% +mean dude the Arsenic sensor that we +built in bacteria a few years ago works + + align:start position:0% +built in bacteria a few years ago works + + + align:start position:0% +built in bacteria a few years ago works +pretty well if there's arsenic in the + + align:start position:0% +pretty well if there's arsenic in the + + + align:start position:0% +pretty well if there's arsenic in the +water being tested the sensor turns on + + align:start position:0% +water being tested the sensor turns on + + + align:start position:0% +water being tested the sensor turns on +and when arsenic isn't in the water the + + align:start position:0% +and when arsenic isn't in the water the + + + align:start position:0% +and when arsenic isn't in the water the +sensor is off and we built that sensor + + align:start position:0% +sensor is off and we built that sensor + + + align:start position:0% +sensor is off and we built that sensor +with natural biological parts so arsenic + + align:start position:0% +with natural biological parts so arsenic + + + align:start position:0% +with natural biological parts so arsenic +works like the switch how's that + + align:start position:0% +works like the switch how's that + + + align:start position:0% +works like the switch how's that +possible how does the cell no we use + + align:start position:0% +possible how does the cell no we use + + + align:start position:0% +possible how does the cell no we use +parts from the arzar oon to program + + align:start position:0% +parts from the arzar oon to program + + + align:start position:0% +parts from the arzar oon to program +arenic inducible expression hold up + + align:start position:0% +arenic inducible expression hold up + + + align:start position:0% +arenic inducible expression hold up +arsenic inducible expression what's that + + align:start position:0% +arsenic inducible expression what's that + + + align:start position:0% +arsenic inducible expression what's that +mean all I know is that arsenic is toxic + + align:start position:0% +mean all I know is that arsenic is toxic + + + align:start position:0% +mean all I know is that arsenic is toxic +don't the cells just die when you poison + + align:start position:0% +don't the cells just die when you poison + + + align:start position:0% +don't the cells just die when you poison +them cells have to come up with a bunch + + align:start position:0% +them cells have to come up with a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +them cells have to come up with a bunch +of clever ways to survive in the case of + + align:start position:0% +of clever ways to survive in the case of + + + align:start position:0% +of clever ways to survive in the case of +arsenic the cells make a pump to get the + + align:start position:0% +arsenic the cells make a pump to get the + + + align:start position:0% +arsenic the cells make a pump to get the +poison out as soon as any comes inside + + align:start position:0% +poison out as soon as any comes inside + + + align:start position:0% +poison out as soon as any comes inside +the cell so Asser is the pump dude be + + align:start position:0% +the cell so Asser is the pump dude be + + + align:start position:0% +the cell so Asser is the pump dude be +careful how you say it the protein is + + align:start position:0% +careful how you say it the protein is + + + align:start position:0% +careful how you say it the protein is +called arzar since it's the Arsenic + + align:start position:0% +called arzar since it's the Arsenic + + + align:start position:0% +called arzar since it's the Arsenic +repressor protein and ours are is in the + + align:start position:0% +repressor protein and ours are is in the + + + align:start position:0% +repressor protein and ours are is in the +pump it just tells the cell when to make + + align:start position:0% +pump it just tells the cell when to make + + + align:start position:0% +pump it just tells the cell when to make +the pump the operon has a promoter which + + align:start position:0% +the pump the operon has a promoter which + + + align:start position:0% +the pump the operon has a promoter which +is where the cell's RNA polymeris binds + + align:start position:0% +is where the cell's RNA polymeris binds + + + align:start position:0% +is where the cell's RNA polymeris binds +and at least three genes the rsr gene + + align:start position:0% +and at least three genes the rsr gene + + + align:start position:0% +and at least three genes the rsr gene +which encodes the repressor protein and + + align:start position:0% +which encodes the repressor protein and + + + align:start position:0% +which encodes the repressor protein and +the RSB Gene which encodes the pump and + + align:start position:0% +the RSB Gene which encodes the pump and + + + align:start position:0% +the RSB Gene which encodes the pump and +the RS C Gene which encodes an enzyme + + align:start position:0% +the RS C Gene which encodes an enzyme + + + align:start position:0% +the RS C Gene which encodes an enzyme +that reduces arsenic in the cell so it + + align:start position:0% +that reduces arsenic in the cell so it + + + align:start position:0% +that reduces arsenic in the cell so it +can be pumped out oh right so why did + + align:start position:0% +can be pumped out oh right so why did + + + align:start position:0% +can be pumped out oh right so why did +you call call it + + align:start position:0% +you call call it + + + align:start position:0% +you call call it +inducible most of the time the operon is + + align:start position:0% +inducible most of the time the operon is + + + align:start position:0% +inducible most of the time the operon is +turned off since the arzar protein binds + + align:start position:0% +turned off since the arzar protein binds + + + align:start position:0% +turned off since the arzar protein binds +the DNA near the promoter to stop + + align:start position:0% +the DNA near the promoter to stop + + + align:start position:0% +the DNA near the promoter to stop +transcription but when the Arsenic comes + + align:start position:0% +transcription but when the Arsenic comes + + + align:start position:0% +transcription but when the Arsenic comes +into the cell it binds the arzar protein + + align:start position:0% +into the cell it binds the arzar protein + + + align:start position:0% +into the cell it binds the arzar protein +and when the repressor is bound to + + align:start position:0% +and when the repressor is bound to + + + align:start position:0% +and when the repressor is bound to +arsenic it can't bind the DNA so RNA + + align:start position:0% +arsenic it can't bind the DNA so RNA + + + align:start position:0% +arsenic it can't bind the DNA so RNA +polymerize can that way the cell makes + + align:start position:0% +polymerize can that way the cell makes + + + align:start position:0% +polymerize can that way the cell makes +more of the repressor the pump and the + + align:start position:0% +more of the repressor the pump and the + + + align:start position:0% +more of the repressor the pump and the +enzyme only when there's arsenic around + + align:start position:0% +enzyme only when there's arsenic around + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme only when there's arsenic around +that's the inducible part so why did you + + align:start position:0% +that's the inducible part so why did you + + + align:start position:0% +that's the inducible part so why did you +include the whole operon in your arsenic + + align:start position:0% +include the whole operon in your arsenic + + + align:start position:0% +include the whole operon in your arsenic +sensor it seems like you could just + + align:start position:0% +sensor it seems like you could just + + + align:start position:0% +sensor it seems like you could just +include the rsr Gene and the promoter + + align:start position:0% +include the rsr Gene and the promoter + + + align:start position:0% +include the rsr Gene and the promoter +parts for your arsenic sensor device + + align:start position:0% +parts for your arsenic sensor device + + + align:start position:0% +parts for your arsenic sensor device +nice work that's actually exactly what + + align:start position:0% +nice work that's actually exactly what + + + align:start position:0% +nice work that's actually exactly what +we did we simplified the natural system + + align:start position:0% +we did we simplified the natural system + + + align:start position:0% +we did we simplified the natural system +to only use the parts we wanted so it + + align:start position:0% +to only use the parts we wanted so it + + + align:start position:0% +to only use the parts we wanted so it +looks like + + align:start position:0% +looks like + + + align:start position:0% +looks like +this so your arsenic sensor works like + + align:start position:0% +this so your arsenic sensor works like + + + align:start position:0% +this so your arsenic sensor works like +this dude that's great but I have two + + align:start position:0% +this dude that's great but I have two + + + align:start position:0% +this dude that's great but I have two +even simpler ways to write it this is + + align:start position:0% +even simpler ways to write it this is + + + align:start position:0% +even simpler ways to write it this is +called a truth table and this is called + + align:start position:0% +called a truth table and this is called + + + align:start position:0% +called a truth table and this is called +a transfer curve both tell tell you that + + align:start position:0% +a transfer curve both tell tell you that + + + align:start position:0% +a transfer curve both tell tell you that +when arsenic levels are low the operon + + align:start position:0% +when arsenic levels are low the operon + + + align:start position:0% +when arsenic levels are low the operon +is mostly off and when arsenic levels + + align:start position:0% +is mostly off and when arsenic levels + + + align:start position:0% +is mostly off and when arsenic levels +are high the opon turns on and starts + + align:start position:0% +are high the opon turns on and starts + + + align:start position:0% +are high the opon turns on and starts +cranking out + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +proteins Earth D dude what are you doing + + align:start position:0% +proteins Earth D dude what are you doing + + + align:start position:0% +proteins Earth D dude what are you doing +well here's the thing is I'm always + + align:start position:0% +well here's the thing is I'm always + + + align:start position:0% +well here's the thing is I'm always +looking for some way to get Buddy's Goma + + align:start position:0% +looking for some way to get Buddy's Goma + + + align:start position:0% +looking for some way to get Buddy's Goma +module to turn off before he gets too + + align:start position:0% +module to turn off before he gets too + + + align:start position:0% +module to turn off before he gets too +big I was hoping I could maybe switch + + align:start position:0% +big I was hoping I could maybe switch + + + align:start position:0% +big I was hoping I could maybe switch +the operon around to get the truth table + + align:start position:0% +the operon around to get the truth table + + + align:start position:0% +the operon around to get the truth table +working like this and get the transfer + + align:start position:0% +working like this and get the transfer + + + align:start position:0% +working like this and get the transfer +curve looking like this no problem + + align:start position:0% +curve looking like this no problem + + + align:start position:0% +curve looking like this no problem +you're looking for a simple digital + + align:start position:0% +you're looking for a simple digital + + + align:start position:0% +you're looking for a simple digital +device called an + + align:start position:0% +device called an + + + align:start position:0% +device called an +inverter okay can we turn this operon + + align:start position:0% +inverter okay can we turn this operon + + + align:start position:0% +inverter okay can we turn this operon +into an inverter or do I have to build + + align:start position:0% +into an inverter or do I have to build + + + align:start position:0% +into an inverter or do I have to build +something completely different there are + + align:start position:0% +something completely different there are + + + align:start position:0% +something completely different there are +already a few transcription based + + align:start position:0% +already a few transcription based + + + align:start position:0% +already a few transcription based +inverters in the registry but I don't + + align:start position:0% +inverters in the registry but I don't + + + align:start position:0% +inverters in the registry but I don't +know if anyone's spiled one using the + + align:start position:0% +know if anyone's spiled one using the + + + align:start position:0% +know if anyone's spiled one using the +Arsenic repressor maybe you can be the + + align:start position:0% +Arsenic repressor maybe you can be the + + + align:start position:0% +Arsenic repressor maybe you can be the +first do you want to try you bet but how + + align:start position:0% +first do you want to try you bet but how + + + align:start position:0% +first do you want to try you bet but how +what about this idea let's take this + + align:start position:0% +what about this idea let's take this + + + align:start position:0% +what about this idea let's take this +promoter that binds the RZR protein and + + align:start position:0% +promoter that binds the RZR protein and + + + align:start position:0% +promoter that binds the RZR protein and +move it to the end of the operon this + + align:start position:0% +move it to the end of the operon this + + + align:start position:0% +move it to the end of the operon this +way if I put my gimatic device after the + + align:start position:0% +way if I put my gimatic device after the + + + align:start position:0% +way if I put my gimatic device after the +promoter then high production of the + + align:start position:0% +promoter then high production of the + + + align:start position:0% +promoter then high production of the +Arsenic operon gives low production of + + align:start position:0% +Arsenic operon gives low production of + + + align:start position:0% +Arsenic operon gives low production of +the gastic device input one output + + align:start position:0% +the gastic device input one output + + + align:start position:0% +the gastic device input one output +zero I think I nailed it nice thinking + + align:start position:0% +zero I think I nailed it nice thinking + + + align:start position:0% +zero I think I nailed it nice thinking +dude most of the registry's + + align:start position:0% +dude most of the registry's + + + align:start position:0% +dude most of the registry's +transcriptional inverters are of that + + align:start position:0% +transcriptional inverters are of that + + + align:start position:0% +transcriptional inverters are of that +form DNA that encodes the repressor and + + align:start position:0% +form DNA that encodes the repressor and + + + align:start position:0% +form DNA that encodes the repressor and +then a promoters that's repressed by it + + align:start position:0% +then a promoters that's repressed by it + + + align:start position:0% +then a promoters that's repressed by it +one thing to remember about + + align:start position:0% +one thing to remember about + + + align:start position:0% +one thing to remember about +transcriptional inverters is that + + align:start position:0% +transcriptional inverters is that + + + align:start position:0% +transcriptional inverters is that +they're pretty slow to switch it can + + align:start position:0% +they're pretty slow to switch it can + + + align:start position:0% +they're pretty slow to switch it can +take over an hour for the inverter to + + align:start position:0% +take over an hour for the inverter to + + + align:start position:0% +take over an hour for the inverter to +change its output signal after it + + align:start position:0% +change its output signal after it + + + align:start position:0% +change its output signal after it +receives a change in the input signal + + align:start position:0% +receives a change in the input signal + + + align:start position:0% +receives a change in the input signal +well that might be okay it's not like + + align:start position:0% +well that might be okay it's not like + + + align:start position:0% +well that might be okay it's not like +buddy grows super fast well then maybe + + align:start position:0% +buddy grows super fast well then maybe + + + align:start position:0% +buddy grows super fast well then maybe +for your application a transcriptional + + align:start position:0% +for your application a transcriptional + + + align:start position:0% +for your application a transcriptional +inverter is just fine or maybe the + + align:start position:0% +inverter is just fine or maybe the + + + align:start position:0% +inverter is just fine or maybe the +registry has one that will work better + + align:start position:0% +registry has one that will work better + + + align:start position:0% +registry has one that will work better +registry search Parts + + align:start position:0% +registry search Parts + + + align:start position:0% +registry search Parts +inverter I like this number number Q + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +0441 H that's strange the registry says + + align:start position:0% +0441 H that's strange the registry says + + + align:start position:0% +0441 H that's strange the registry says +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +bbor Q4 41 works but the transfer curve + + align:start position:0% +bbor Q4 41 works but the transfer curve + + + align:start position:0% +bbor Q4 41 works but the transfer curve +doesn't look like what you've drawn well + + align:start position:0% +doesn't look like what you've drawn well + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't look like what you've drawn well +the transfer curve that I drew is a + + align:start position:0% +the transfer curve that I drew is a + + + align:start position:0% +the transfer curve that I drew is a +perfect inverter transfer curve but when + + align:start position:0% +perfect inverter transfer curve but when + + + align:start position:0% +perfect inverter transfer curve but when +you actually build the devices they + + align:start position:0% +you actually build the devices they + + + align:start position:0% +you actually build the devices they +aren't going to have perfect behavior + + align:start position:0% +aren't going to have perfect behavior + + + align:start position:0% +aren't going to have perfect behavior +and that's as true in electrical + + align:start position:0% +and that's as true in electrical + + + align:start position:0% +and that's as true in electrical +engineering and biological engineering + + align:start position:0% +engineering and biological engineering + + + align:start position:0% +engineering and biological engineering +in devices won't switch from high to low + + align:start position:0% +in devices won't switch from high to low + + + align:start position:0% +in devices won't switch from high to low +as sharply as what I've drawn I really + + align:start position:0% +as sharply as what I've drawn I really + + + align:start position:0% +as sharply as what I've drawn I really +like a sharper change than this though + + align:start position:0% +like a sharper change than this though + + + align:start position:0% +like a sharper change than this though +maybe I should just build the rsr + + align:start position:0% +maybe I should just build the rsr + + + align:start position:0% +maybe I should just build the rsr +inverter to try and buddy I think it + + align:start position:0% +inverter to try and buddy I think it + + + align:start position:0% +inverter to try and buddy I think it +will be worth the shot let's get the + + align:start position:0% +will be worth the shot let's get the + + + align:start position:0% +will be worth the shot let's get the +part you need and we can start + + align:start position:0% +part you need and we can start + + + align:start position:0% +part you need and we can start +today \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/6kBqi9vVC6s.txt b/6kBqi9vVC6s.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ae35f3c6c8c239c4189e61b07c73c4ae14616dca --- /dev/null +++ b/6kBqi9vVC6s.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2109 @@ +The following content is +provided under a Creative + +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to + +offer high quality educational +resources for free. + +To make a donation or view +additional materials from + +hundreds of MIT courses, visit +MIT OpenCourseWare at + +ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: Today I want +to start us off on a + +somewhat new topic. + +Which is phase equilibria. + +So, recently you've been +looking at chemical + +equilibria. + +What happens when substances +change their chemical + +structure and interchange, and +you've figured out how to + +calculate where equilibrium +lies in the + +case of chemical reactions. + +Calculate equilibrium constants, +and so forth. + +Now we'll introduce +phase equilibria. + +So this is a little +bit different. + +You still have a lot of +molecules in one state + +changing to another state, but +they're not changing their own + +molecular structure. + +They're changing what phase +of matter they're in. + +From liquid to solid to gas. + +And so the treatment is a +little bit different. + +And there's some new results +that are somewhat different + +from what you've seen in the +case of chemical reactions. + +So we'll start with phase +equilibria in just one + +component system. + +So in other words, we're going +to start with a single + +substance and see how it goes +from solid to liquid to gas. + +And we'll from there +see what happens in + +multiple component systems. + +Where, for example, then we'll +be able to talk about + +solubility and mixtures of +liquids and so forth. + +And into which phase different +constituents in a + +mixture will go. + +But let's start here. + +So, let's say we just have two +phases at equilibrium. + +And this could just look +like ice and water. + +You could have a little bit +of ice floating in water. + +So in this case you have +solid and liquid. + +That could be in equilibrium. + +And this is going to be at some +pressure and temperature. + +Or, you could have liquid +and gas in equilibrium. + +So let's put a lid +on our container. + +Still have some specified +pressure and temperature. + +And now there's a liquid +at the bottom. + +And a gas at the top. + +So, you could have equilibrium +between liquid and gas phases. + +And in some cases you have +equilibrium between solid and + +gas phases, depending +on the pressure. + +And and a little piece of solid +could sit at the bottom + +and there's equilibrium +with the gas above it. + +And so, to start, what quantity +are we going to need + +to look at to tell whether the +different phases are in + +equilibrium, or if they're not +in equilibrium, in which + +direction are things +going to go? + +Are things going to change so +that the ice will melt and + +we'll have water or, so +the water will freeze + +and we'll have ice. + +What quantity is going to +tell us about all that? + +Who thinks they can guess? + +Give you a hint. + +We're specifying pressure +and temperature. + +Nobody really knows? + +What quantity is it that you've +seen from which you can + +determine everything. + +Yes. + +The Gibbs free energy is going +to tell us everything. + +And we're going to frame the +discussion in terms of the + +chemical potential. + +That is, the Gibbs free +energy for a mole. + +And since there's only one +constituent, one component at + +this point, we just have n. + +We don't have different mole +numbers for different + +constituents, we'll +see that later. + +OK, so what's going to happen +is, the value of the chemical + +potential in the different +phases is going to tell us + +everything. + +Because you know that at +equilibrium, the chemical + +potential needs to be the +same in all of these. + +If not, let's say the potential +energy here is lower + +in the solid than in the gas, +nothing's going to stop the + +molecules in the gas +phase from going + +into the solid phase. + +That's what they'll do. + +If the chemical potential of +the water is lower than the + +chemical potential of the ice, +then the ice is going to melt. + +Because the molecules are going +to want to go toward + +lowest possible accessible +chemical potential. + +And there's the liquid +right there. + +They have access to it, so they +can, the ice will melt. + +And you'll have just water. + +So the main point here is that +at equilibrium, mu is + +identical everywhere. + +By everywhere, I mean in +all phases that are at + +equilibrium. + +And so if multiple phases are +present, mu has to be the same + +in all the phases. + +And if it isn't, then the +molecules will go into the + +phase with the lower +chemical potential. + +And this is what is going to +guide everything in our + +consideration of phase +equilibrium. + +So, OK, what's going +to happen? + +Let's consider our ice +water equilibrium. + +So of course, if mu of the solid +is equal to mu of the + +liquid, which for water it +should happen at zero degrees + +Centigrade. + +And pressure of one bar, for +example, not the only place it + +could happen. + +But certainly at +that condition. + +Then the ice and water +will be in + +equilibrium, they'll co-exist. + +Now, what happens if you just +want some ice water and you + +take some ice out of the freezer +and put it in the cup, + +and you put some water in? + +And you see them both there. + +They're sitting there. + +Maybe for a while. + +And yet it's not +at zero degrees + +Centigrade, at one bar. + +It may be at one bar, you might +be out in the room, but + +it might be room temperature. + +Does that tell us that +this isn't true? + +What's going to happen? + +The ice is going to melt. + +It may take a while. + +This doesn't tell us about +the kinetics of it. + +And it could take a while, +gradually, from the surface + +inward, for the ice to melt. + +So the fact that you might see +something sitting there with + +two phases present, that alone +of course, doesn't tell you + +the two phases are +in equilibrium. + +And it may take time for +equilibrium to occur. + +And what's going to happen +if at some pressure and + +temperature, you have the mu s +greater than mu of the liquid. + +Then which way are things +going to go? + +What's going to happen? + +You've got to be able +to figure this out. + +Of course. + +The ice is going to melt. + +The chemical potential of +the liquid is lower. + +And so molecules are going to +move toward that phase. + +And, of course, if mu solid less +than mu liquid, then the + +water freezes. + +All this behavior is something +that we can summarize in a + +phase diagram. + +So the phase diagram can tell +us for all pressures and + +temperatures, what phase, or +what phases, will be present + +in equilibrium. + +And so typically, phase diagram +might look like this. + +Where here's our solid. + +Here's our liquid. + +Here's our gas phase. + +So let's just look at what's +happening here. + +If we go to really low +temperature, in + +general, what happens? + +What phase does stuff enter +when you're at the lowest + +accessible temperatures? + +Solid, right? + +Everything eventually freezes. + +In fact, really I should make +this, leave some room on my + +axis for that effect. + +So of course, low temperature +you get solid. + +How about high pressure, +what usually happens? + +You squeeze something +real hard. + +Tends to go into the +solid phase. + +Now let's warm stuff up. + +And depending on the pressure, +you might go + +to the liquid phase. + +Certainly you'll go to the +gas phase at high enough + +temperature. + +And that's what'll happen. + +And now, if you start changing +the pressure, let's say you're + +at high temperature and you've +got just the gas present, in + +some big container. + +Now you start squeezing it. + +You just apply more and more +pressure to the gas at + +constant temperature. + +What's going to happen? + +Forget the phase diagram. + +You know what's going +to happen. + +You keep squeezing, what +will happen eventually? + +This isn't going to be +part of your grade. + +You can speak up loud, and +even if you're completely + +wrong, nothing bad is going +to happen to you. + +Yeah. + +It's going to liquefy, +of course. + +You're going to start getting +liquid to form. + +It's essentially Le Chatelier's + +principle, of course. + +The liquid occupies +less volume. + +The density of the liquid +is much higher. + +So as you increase the pressure, +the stuff wants to + +go from the gas phase +to the liquid phase. + +Yeah. + +STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: Well, with water +you know that at ordinary + +pressure, you know where +the gas-liquid + +coexistence would occur. + +So let's say you're there. + +Let's say you're at +the boiling point. + +And now, you already in some +sense know that that's a point + +that's somewhere on the +gas-liquid curve. + +So now what's going to happen? + +Well, if you from there keep +that temperature constant. + +You're at the boiling point. + +And you could easily do this. + +You've got a pot that's +covered, right? + +And it's boiling. + +So there's liquid down here +and there's gas here. + +So what'll happen? + +As you start squeezing, +literally what'll happen is + +you'll squeeze out all +the room for the gas. + +And eventually you'll +have all liquid. + +And in fact, you know what'll +happen at that point, if you + +keep squeezing and you +keep the heat on. + +The liquid will get hotter +than the boiling point. + +Normally that doesn't happen, +if you're just out at + +atmospheric pressure. + +Because it'll boil. + +And instead of getting hotter, +molecules will simply leave + +the liquid and go into +the gas phase. + +So that's what'll happen. + +If you increase the pressure, +you'll liquefy all the gas. + +And obviously the opposite +will also occur. + +If you just allow the volume to +expand and keep expanding, + +maybe you don't have too much +liquid there, you wouldn't + +have to expand it too much. + +You'll run out, all the +liquid will vaporize. + +And you'll just have gas at 100 +degrees C. You could heat + +it more if you wanted, +but even there. + +So in other words, changing +the pressure if you think + +about actually executing that +in the lab, or in this case + +even in your kitchen, you'll get +the result that you should + +see on the phase diagram. + +So let's just look at this. + +So we've already talked +about boiling. + +That's what's happening +along this line. + +The line, and I'll explain the +end of this in a while, all + +these lines are coexistence +curves. + +That is, these are +where you have + +equilibrium between two phases. + +They coexist in equilibrium. and +it could happen for water, + +for that case, for 100 degrees +C and one bar. + +But that's not the only place. + +It could happen it +a whole bunch of + +temperatures and pressure. + +Because as you vary the +pressure, you're almost surely + +familiar with this, the +boiling point changes. + +So the boiling point up in +Denver at high elevation is + +not the same as the boiling +point here in Massachusetts + +right at sea level. + +Because the pressure's +lower up in Denver. + +Let's just look at the others. + +So, of course, this is going +from solid to liquid. + +So we're looking at melting. + +And then there is solid-gas +equilibria in many cases. + +And this is sublimation. + +And this endpoint is called +the critical point. + +And there's one point where +all three phases are in + +equilibrium, called +the triple point. + +So let's look at the +various cases. + +For example, let's look +at the melting line. + +It could be water, it could +be water and ice. + +Solid going to a liquid. + +Let's just look at them +one at a time. + +What you have there is mu of the +solid at some temperature + +and pressure. + +Is equal to mu of the +liquid at the same + +temperature and pressure. + +Now, just if we back off and +look at this essentially + +mathematically, there's +an equation here. + +And there are two +free variables. + +Temperature and pressure. + +The equation puts a constraint +on them. + +So there are going to be a bunch +of solutions along some + +line or some curve. + +So in other words, it's one +equation in two unknowns. + +Temperature and pressure. + +So the solution is a +line or a curve. + +In other words, we could solve +for pressure as a function of + +temperature, or temperatures +as a function of pressure, + +along the coexistence curve. + +And we'll do that shortly. + +Now, if we're in one of these +regions, then there aren't any + +equalities. + +There aren't any constraints. + +Because we don't have multiple +chemical potentials that are + +equal to each other. + +Right here we have three +phases in chemical + +equilibrium. + +Solid, liquid and gas. + +So let's just look at +that triple point. + +Mu solid equals mu liquid +equals mu of the gas. + +We have two unknowns, +or two variables, + +temperature and pressure. + +And we have two equations. + +What that means is there's only +one solution, and that's + +what the phase diagram shows. + +There's a unique solution, the +triple point temperature and + +the triple point pressure. + +So this has only one solution. + +If we summarize, how many +degrees of freedom, or how + +many free variables, we have, +anywhere here, we can do that + +in the following way. + +We can write F is 3 minus p. + +This is the number of +degrees of freedom. + +Or independent variables. + +And this is the number of +phases in equilibrium. + +So, what's it telling us? + +If we have just one phase in +equilibrium, or way over in + +the solid or just gas +or just liquid part + +of the phase diagram. + +This is one. + +We have two independent +variables. + +Which is exactly what we +know to be the case. + +In other words, in those +regions, temperature and + +pressure can vary freely +without constraints. + +If we go to any of the +coexistence curves, now we + +have two phases in +equilibrium. + +And then only one variable +can be changed freely. + +If we want to stay on the +coexistence curve, let's say + +we've got gas and liquid +in equilibrium. + +It's boiling. + +We could change the pressure +some, but if we want to keep + +them in equilibrium, if we've +changed the pressure, we'd + +better change the temperature +accordingly to stay on the + +coexistence curve. + +Otherwise everything will +go up into the liquid or + +into the gas phase. + +Because you'll go off of the +coexistence curve if you were + +to change one of these variables +and not the other. + +In other words, there's +a constraint. + +So only one can vary freely. + +And if all three phases are in +equilibrium at the triple + +point, then you have no +degrees of freedom. + +Nothing can vary and +there's only one + +place where that happens. + +Now let's see if we can +understand also, why does the + +whole thing have the overall +structure that it does. + +Why are some of the slopes +generally steeper than others. + +Turns out, we can get a +qualitative understanding of + +phase equilibria in a +pretty simple way. + +So in other words, can we +understand how p and T change + +with respect to each other +along any one of these + +coexistence curves? + +Can we understand the +qualitative features of the + +phase diagrams? + +And what we'll see is, we can +get an equation for dp/dT at + +coexistence. + +That's, in a sense, our +objective here in order to get + +the sort of qualitative +picture. + +So let's say we are +somewhere here. + +It could be the gas-solid +part. + +And we have some T. And now we +go to T plus dT, and out here + +is pressure. + +How much does the pressure +change when we stay on the + +coexistence curve? + +Well, let's go through this. + +Let's just consider any two +phases, alpha and beta. + +They could be solid, +liquid, gas. + +And the main condition, if +we're going to be on the + +coexistence curve, is +that the chemical + +potentials have to be equal. + +Well, that's fine. + +Now let's change the conditions +a little bit. + +Staying on the coexistence +curve. + +So, let's start again. mu s, +or mu alpha of T and p is + +equal to mu beta at T and p. + +Now let's let temperature go to +T plus dT, and pressure go + +to p plus dp. + +But since we're staying on the +coexistence curve still, at + +the new temperature and +pressure, mu alpha and beta + +have to be equal +to each other. + +So mu alpha is going to go to +mu alpha plus d mu alpha. + +There'll be some change in it. + +Mu beta is going to go to +mu beta plus d mu beta. + +But we already have that mu +alpha and mu beta at the + +beginning were equal +to each other. + +And these have to be equal +to each other. + +Because we've specified that +we're staying on the + +coexistence curve. + +So what that says is d mu +alpha equals d mu beta. + +And now, remember in general +d mu is dG per mole, so our + +fundamental equation for G, it's +minus S per mole dT plus + +molar volume dp. + +So this equality is telling us +that minus S alpha dT plus V + +alpha dp is equal to minus +S beta dT plus V beta dp. + +So we're just applying the +fundamental relation to the + +changes in each of the phases. + +But since the changes +in mu are equal, + +so are these changes. + +And now I'm just going +to rearrange these. + +In other words, S beta minus S +alpha dT is equal to V theta + +minus V alpha dp. + +And that immediately +is going to give us + +our derivative dp/dT. + +So, dp/dT, staying the +coexistence curve, is just S + +beta minus S alpha over +V beta minus V alpha. + +Which is to say it's just, we +can say delta S over delta V. + +Going from alpha to beta. + +So we have a result that can +guide our thinking into what + +the slopes of those +coexistence lines + +are going to be. + +And it's pretty useful +to look at that. + +By the way, we can actually +express this in + +another way if we want. + +And in some cases it can +be advantageous. + +And that is, we know that of +course G is H minus TS. + +So our mu alpha equals mu beta +condition, or a d mu alpha is + +d mu beta condition, can +be applied that way. + +That is, H alpha minus +TS alpha equals H + +beta minus TS beta. + +So we can do the same +rearrangements. + +H beta minus H alpha equals +T S beta minus S alpha. + +And what that's saying, in other +words, is that we can + +substitute for delta S, delta H +over T. So we can write our + +relation for dp/dT +in two ways. + +We can also write dp/dT at +coexistence is equal to delta + +H over T delta V. Going +from alpha to beta. + +These are both forms of what's +called the Clapeyron equation. + +And these are always valid. + +We haven't made any +approximations. + +Yet. + +Later, in going to the gas +phase, we'll make some + +approximations about having +an ideal gas. + +We'll be able to treat this +delta V in a simple way using + +the ideal gas law. + +But for now, these are exact. + +OK, so now let's look +at what it tells us. + +Let's look at the different +pieces of the phase diagram + +and see what we can conclude. + +Essentially we should be able +to construct qualitatively, + +the features of the phase +diagram using this relation. + +So let's try to do that. + +Here's p and T. We're going to +start with an empty slate. + +And now let's look at +the liquid gas case. + +So, let's look at our delta +S delta V, going + +from liquid to gas. + +Well, one thing you know, when +you go from liquid to gas, + +what happens to the +molar volume? + +It increases. + +By a little, by a lot? + +By a lot, right? + +The molar volume in the gas is +enormous compared to the molar + +volume in the liquid. + +So delta V is positive +and very big. + +Now let's think about delta S. +What's it going to do, going + +from liquid to gas? + +It's going to increase? + +The disorder increases. + +Now, it increases +significantly. + +But the liquid already is +a disordered phase. + +And the molecules and the +liquid already have + +considerable freedom. + +Certainly not near as much as +they have in the gas phase. + +But still considerable. + +So, to be sure, delta +S positive. + +And it's not small. + +So there's your condition. + +It's not nearly as big +as delta V is going + +to turn out to be. + +So what's going to happen here +is, if we look at the slope + +going from liquid to +gas, it's positive. + +But it's not enormous. + +It's not very steep. + +So dp/dT, for liquid-gas +coexistence right, greater + +than zero, but small. + +Not steep slope. + +So somewhere, we're going to +put our liquid-gas curve. + +And I, where exactly we +can worry about it. + +We haven't put any numbers +on this scale. + +But the point is, wherever it +is, it's not going to be a + +very steep slope. + +How about solid to gas? + +Well, so what's delta V going +from the solid to the gas? + +What happens to the +molar volume? + +What happens to the molar +volume, going from solid? + +Of course, by a lot, +by a little? + +By a lot. + +It's an enormous increase. + +Even bigger than before. + +How about delta S, the +entropy change? + +Yeah, it increases. + +And also by a lot, because now +you're going from an ordered + +crystalline solid, usually, so +you have a very, very, low + +entropy there. + +Into a disordered phase. + +Not just the liquid, +but the gas phase. + +So this is also very big. + +Well, ok, so now we've got delta +S over delta V. There's + +going to be a steeper slope. + +Because this is bigger then +for liquid to gas. + +So typically, the solid-liquid +part will have a steeper slope + +then the liquid to gas part. + +Now, wait. + +Sorry, sorry, this +isn't right. + +And that's because I've really +badly misplaced things here. + +That was solid to gas that +we just discussed. + +It has the steepest slope +relative to liquid-gas. + +OK, now let's think about +solid to liquid. + +Delta V for going from +solid to a liquid. + +What is it? + +What sign is it? + +How big is it? + +Let's forgot about the +sign for a minute. + +How much does the volume, molar +volume, change going + +from solid to liquid? + +Yeah, not a very lot, right? + +You melt the solid. + +There's still a little piece +of stuff down there. + +Didn't increase in volume +enormously. + +Usually, it increases. + +So generally delta V is +greater than, or sort + +of equal to, zero. + +It's not a big amount. + +How about entropy? + +Going from solid to liquid? + +It increases, by +a good amount. + +You're going from an ordered +to a disordered phase. + +So delta S is greater +than zero. + +And so the result here is, now, +if you look at dS/dV, or + +delta S over delta V, delta S +is positive and you a pretty + +good amount. + +Delta V is small. + +The molar volume +hardly changed. + +And so what that's going to tell +us is the slope is going + +to be steep. + +And generally positive. + +So now, we're going to really +be on the increase. + +Typical kind of phase +diagram and + +individual coexistence curve. + +And all these things, again, you +could understand in terms + +of Le Chatelier's principle. + +In terms of going from, say, +solid to liquid if you know + +think about two pressures. + +Go from p1 to p2, some +higher pressure. + +Where are you? + +Well, if you want to stay on the +coexistence curve you need + +to raise the temperature quite +a bit in order to do that. + +Because, basically, to keep on +there, you know what's going + +to happen if you have, say, +solid and liquid. + +It's ice and water. + +You know the freezing point, +it does depend on the + +pressure, of course. + +But since the change in the +volume isn't that big, what + +happens is, a modest change, if +you change the temperature + +by a little bit, maybe easier +to think about it that way, + +you've got to change the +pressure by a lot to stay on + +the coexistence curve. + +Otherwise it'll have a great +tendency to simply go into one + +phase or the other. + +Now we've, in a sense, +reconstructed the coexistence + +curve by our consideration of +the Clapeyron equation. + +There's another way we can +usefully understand the + +qualitative features of +the phase diagram. + +And that's just by looking +at mu itself. + +Looking at the free energy +itself, at different + +temperature. + +So let's just do that. + +Let's just consider mu of T +at some fixed pressure. + +Just qualitatively, +what will happen? + +So let's go back to d mu is +minus S dT plus V dp. + +And just look at the +derivatives. + +So d mu / dT at constant +pressure is minus s. + +Minus the molar volume. + +This is the one we're really +going to look at. + +Of course, we also could look +at d mu / dp at constant + +temperature, and just +the molar volume. + +Let's just look at this. + +We know that entropy is always +a positive number, right? + +Entropy at the lowest, in a +perfect crystal, at zero + +Kelvin, could be what value? + +Entropy of a perfect +pure crystal at + +zero degrees Kelvin. + +Zero, right? + +And it's only going +up from there. + +So entropy is always positive. + +So what that tells us is that, +then, if we just look at mu + +versus T, it's negative +S, for whatever phase. + +So it's always negative. + +So in some sense, you say why? + +Well, it's because we're keeping +pressure constant and + +we're raising the temperature +and essentially the effect of + +the entropy is more important. + +Is going up. + +You could see it just by saying +well, G is H minus TS. + +And as you raise temperature, +the product TS is increasing. + +Which means the G is +decreasing, because + +it's H minus TS. + +So it's always a +negative slope. + +Let's look at it in the +different phases. + +So we have entropy of the gas, +that's greater than the + +entropy of the liquid. + +Which is greater than the +entropy of the solid. + +So that immediately tells us +the relative slopes for the + +three phases. + +So d mu gas / dT at constant +pressure is minus S gas. d mu + +liquid / dT is minus S of the +liquid. d mu solid / dT is + +minus S of the solid. + +And the magnitude is much bigger +in the gas than the + +liquid than the solid. + +And so the same goes +for the slope. + +So now let's sketch this. + +There's mu. + +And there's temperature. + +So what we've seen is for the +gas, first of all, the slope's + +always negative. + +And it's steepest by +far, or steepest + +substantially, for the gas. + +Next steepest for the liquid. + +And least steep of all +for the solid. + +Now, there can be variation. + +Because, of course, +these do change as + +a function of pressure. + +But this, certainly the slope, +the magnitudes of the slopes + +are always going to +be like this. + +What could change as a function +of pressure is where + +these happen to lie. + +But this is certainly typical. + +So what does it mean? + +So, it means, remember, the +stuff is always going to be in + +the phase with the lowest +value of mu. + +So at low temperature, down +here, that's where the solid + +phase has the lowest +chemical potential. + +Now, let's keep going up. + +Eventually they cross. + +This is where, for this +particular pressure, this is + +where the liquid and the solid +are in equilibrium. + +In other words, we've started, +we've got the solid and we're + +raising the pressure. + +Now it's going to melt. + +Here's our melting point at +this particular pressure. + +And now we've got, if we keep +raising the temperature, we're + +no longer in equilibrium, and +we'll be in the one phase part + +of the phase diagram. + +It's just the liquid. + +Because that's the lowest +chemical potential. + +Let's keep raising +the temperature. + +Down here, of course, the +chemical potential of the gas + +is way up there, right? + +So it's not going to come into +play now, though they're going + +to be in equilibrium. + +Here is the boiling point. + +So now let's keep raising +the temperature. + +And we'll be in just the +gas part of the curve. + +And of course that'll +go on forever. + +So that can just help us +understand, in addition to the + +slopes, the positions, the +relative positions, of where + +these equilibria occur. + +Now if we start changing the +pressure in particular, we + +could move this. + +So that you could have a +sublimation point where the + +gas and the solid are in +equilibrium because this has + +moved over to here. + +Any questions about the overall +structure of the phase + +diagrams and these +phase equilibria? + +OK, let me just end with a few +comments about one part of the + +phase diagram that we haven't +talked about yet. + +This. + +What's going on there? + +If we were to change, of course, +I've got a finite + +amount of space on the +blackboard, so I haven't drawn + +T and p out to infinity. + +But if I could, this line would +keep going forever. + +There would always be some +pressure and temperature at + +which you would have equilibrium +between two + +different, distinct solid +and liquid phases. + +Turns out, that's not true for +the gas and the liquid. + +And there are a bunch +of ways to see this. + +But one is you could think of +the symmetry difference. + +When you go from a crystal, a +crystal and solid, to a liquid + +or a gas, there's no question +that you've changed phase. + +Because there's a symmetry in +the solid that's no longer + +maintained in the isotropic +liquid or gas. + +So clearly there's never going +to be a point where these two + +phases become the same thing. + +Become somehow +indistinguishable. + +But the gas and the liquid, +I don't know, what's the + +difference between them? + +The density, right? + +The gas is more dense. + +It's condensed. + +Sorry, the liquid +is condensed. + +The gas isn't. + +But that starts to change when +you adjust the pressure and + +temperature accordingly. + +And you can sort of +see it coming. + +What'll happen is, you change +the temperature, the molar + +volumes of the liquid and +the gas start to get + +equal to each other. + +That's what'll end +up happening. + +And at that point, what's the +difference between them? + +There is no difference. + +There's no symmetry +difference. + +So you can actually, instead +of going through a phase + +transition, where there's a +meniscus, you can see the top + +of the liquid when +you heat it up. + +There's boiling and then +there's the gas. + +You can actually go from the +gas, let's go the other way, + +from the liquid to the gas +phase, without ever boiling. + +If you change the pressure +as well. + +So that you can actually walk +all the way around the + +critical point. + +What happens, is up here you +don't have two distinguishable + +phases any more. + +And actually, material out at +this region has a bunch of + +very unusual behaviors. + +Very useful behaviors, +actually. + +Chemical behavior can be really +very, very, different + +in what's called supercritical, +the + +supercritical region beyond +the critical point. + +Water behaves really +unusually there. + +Or it turns out, in that region, +it turns out to be a + +terrific solvent for +organic stuff. + +Organic molecules which +normally don't + +dissolve well in water. + +And it doesn't dissolve +salts very well. + +That's pretty unusual. + +Carbon dioxide, CO2, turns out +to be a pretty good solvent + +for organics in the +supercritical region. + +That's what dry cleaning is. + +Very nice, because know CO2, +apart from its slow effect on + +our atmosphere, it's +not poisonous. + +It's not toxic. + +So you can do dry cleaning +without organic solvents. + +All sorts of unusual behavior +happens above + +the critical point. + +Beyond the critical point. + +There's also a whole range +of behavior at + +the critical point. + +Right at the critical point +that's extremely unusual. + +That you could think of as a +consequence of the fact that + +the molar volumes are +getting to be almost + +equal to each other. + +That's unusual in +a lot of ways. + +And what ends up happening is, +you can see if you go online, + +actually, if you just Google +critical point, you can see + +amazing movies of stuff that's +at the critical point. + +Because what happens is, so +you've got the liquid. + +And you've got a meniscus, +and you've got the gas. + +And you can tell. + +You look at it. + +There's the liquid. + +There's the gas. + +But if you go real close to the +critical point, the stuff + +doesn't really know what +phase it's in. + +Because it's losing +the distinction + +between the two phases. + +You start seeing globules +of liquid up + +there in the gas phase. + +And globules of the gas +down in the liquid. + +Because their densities - I +mean, the only reason the + +liquid's at the bottom normally +is because the + +density is higher. + +If that stops being the case, it +has no more right to occupy + +the bottom part than the gas. + +And so they sort of start +interchanging. + +And if you get even closer, +of course, what eventually + +happens is, there's +just one phase. + +You don't see distinct +meniscus's any more. + +But right near there, you see +enormous fluctuations in the + +local density and +in the location. + +The physical locations +of different phases. + +And we'll see that come in +another context later. + +Because when we talk about two +phase equilibria solutions. + +You get this with you oil and +water, you get critical + +mixtures also, where right +at the special point, the + +meniscus goes away and the oil +and water start interchanging. + +And in those situations, a tiny +amount of force can give + +you a really big response. + +Because the two things are just +teetering in the balance. + +So a little bit of force +pushes things + +one way or the other. + +That's actually useful +in a whole bunch + +of different cases. + +Because that critical behavior +happens in all kinds of phase + +transitions. + +Magnetic phase transitions. + +Ferroelectric phase +transitions. + +And in those situations, a tiny +little magnetic field, + +for example, gives you a really +big change in the + +magnetization. + +If the alignment of spins. + +And that's very useful. + +You can get a very big material +response and change. + +You can switch something, for +example, with a really small + +external field. + +And in these cases, you can +change the density really a + +lot by only a small change +in pressure. + +OK, next time we'll extend the +Clapeyron equation and also go + +to two component systems. + +So you actually, Professor +Blendi will take + +over again on Friday. + +And we'll see you then. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/6lUGb3VIPmY.txt b/6lUGb3VIPmY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4f4e48ba0b3444bdd576fff15eea8c859e5508c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/6lUGb3VIPmY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4635 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free to make a donation or to view + + align:start position:0% +for free to make a donation or to view + + + align:start position:0% +for free to make a donation or to view +additional materials from hundreds of + + align:start position:0% +additional materials from hundreds of + + + align:start position:0% +additional materials from hundreds of +MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at + + align:start position:0% +MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at + + + align:start position:0% +MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at +ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +alright we're going to how about hosting + + align:start position:0% +alright we're going to how about hosting + + + align:start position:0% +alright we're going to how about hosting +I'm going to go through rules quickly + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to go through rules quickly + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to go through rules quickly +guidelines just the same as we did + + align:start position:0% +guidelines just the same as we did + + + align:start position:0% +guidelines just the same as we did +before then I'm going to read a short + + align:start position:0% +before then I'm going to read a short + + + align:start position:0% +before then I'm going to read a short +section of one of your scripts you're + + align:start position:0% +section of one of your scripts you're + + + align:start position:0% +section of one of your scripts you're +going to critique my hosting and then + + align:start position:0% +going to critique my hosting and then + + + align:start position:0% +going to critique my hosting and then +we'll do the same thing for some of you + + align:start position:0% +we'll do the same thing for some of you + + + align:start position:0% +we'll do the same thing for some of you +we again we won't talk to we won't do + + align:start position:0% +we again we won't talk to we won't do + + + align:start position:0% +we again we won't talk to we won't do +everyone this we covered already don't + + align:start position:0% +everyone this we covered already don't + + + align:start position:0% +everyone this we covered already don't +read it tell it this is what Ira Glass + + align:start position:0% +read it tell it this is what Ira Glass + + + align:start position:0% +read it tell it this is what Ira Glass +the Ira Glass video before from before + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is a subtle point you can start off + + align:start position:0% +this is a subtle point you can start off + + + align:start position:0% +this is a subtle point you can start off +by imitating someone else's hosting + + align:start position:0% +by imitating someone else's hosting + + + align:start position:0% +by imitating someone else's hosting +style but you'll invariably just get + + align:start position:0% +style but you'll invariably just get + + + align:start position:0% +style but you'll invariably just get +caught as like that's the only thing + + align:start position:0% +caught as like that's the only thing + + + align:start position:0% +caught as like that's the only thing +that you can do and it's since it's not + + align:start position:0% +that you can do and it's since it's not + + + align:start position:0% +that you can do and it's since it's not +your own personality it's just sort of + + align:start position:0% +your own personality it's just sort of + + + align:start position:0% +your own personality it's just sort of +weird and unnatural and doesn't work I + + align:start position:0% +weird and unnatural and doesn't work I + + + align:start position:0% +weird and unnatural and doesn't work I +did this when I was first starting out + + align:start position:0% +did this when I was first starting out + + + align:start position:0% +did this when I was first starting out +it did not end well these are my words + + align:start position:0% +it did not end well these are my words + + + align:start position:0% +it did not end well these are my words +of wisdom to you and no more needs to be + + align:start position:0% +of wisdom to you and no more needs to be + + + align:start position:0% +of wisdom to you and no more needs to be +said about that this is a really hard + + align:start position:0% +said about that this is a really hard + + + align:start position:0% +said about that this is a really hard +one so there's this device called the + + align:start position:0% +one so there's this device called the + + + align:start position:0% +one so there's this device called the +it's called a like interview something I + + align:start position:0% +it's called a like interview something I + + + align:start position:0% +it's called a like interview something I +don't know that there's a famous + + align:start position:0% +don't know that there's a famous + + + align:start position:0% +don't know that there's a famous +director who basically has a silvered + + align:start position:0% +director who basically has a silvered + + + align:start position:0% +director who basically has a silvered +mirror that he puts in front of the + + align:start position:0% +mirror that he puts in front of the + + + align:start position:0% +mirror that he puts in front of the +camera so that and there's an image + + align:start position:0% +camera so that and there's an image + + + align:start position:0% +camera so that and there's an image +below it's like a teleprompter except + + align:start position:0% +below it's like a teleprompter except + + + align:start position:0% +below it's like a teleprompter except +instead of text you see a person's face + + align:start position:0% +instead of text you see a person's face + + + align:start position:0% +instead of text you see a person's face +you see the interviewers face so the + + align:start position:0% +you see the interviewers face so the + + + align:start position:0% +you see the interviewers face so the +interviewee is looking straight into the + + align:start position:0% +interviewee is looking straight into the + + + align:start position:0% +interviewee is looking straight into the +camera lens but that person is actually + + align:start position:0% +camera lens but that person is actually + + + align:start position:0% +camera lens but that person is actually +seeing the face of the person who's + + align:start position:0% +seeing the face of the person who's + + + align:start position:0% +seeing the face of the person who's +interviewing so who's seen the movie the + + align:start position:0% +interviewing so who's seen the movie the + + + align:start position:0% +interviewing so who's seen the movie the +fog of war yeah no one else okay you + + align:start position:0% +fog of war yeah no one else okay you + + + align:start position:0% +fog of war yeah no one else okay you +should watch it it's really interesting + + align:start position:0% +should watch it it's really interesting + + + align:start position:0% +should watch it it's really interesting +it's it's basically it's a documentary + + align:start position:0% +it's it's basically it's a documentary + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's basically it's a documentary +it's an interview movie and rich not not + + align:start position:0% +it's an interview movie and rich not not + + + align:start position:0% +it's an interview movie and rich not not +Richard Nixon the Secretary of War for + + align:start position:0% +Richard Nixon the Secretary of War for + + + align:start position:0% +Richard Nixon the Secretary of War for +the Vietnam War was McNamara so he was + + align:start position:0% +the Vietnam War was McNamara so he was + + + align:start position:0% +the Vietnam War was McNamara so he was +interviewed on on that movie using this + + align:start position:0% +interviewed on on that movie using this + + + align:start position:0% +interviewed on on that movie using this +technique and it's a really interesting + + align:start position:0% +technique and it's a really interesting + + + align:start position:0% +technique and it's a really interesting +technique but the point is when you look + + align:start position:0% +technique but the point is when you look + + + align:start position:0% +technique but the point is when you look +into the camera we don't have a fancy + + align:start position:0% +into the camera we don't have a fancy + + + align:start position:0% +into the camera we don't have a fancy +device like that unfortunately but when + + align:start position:0% +device like that unfortunately but when + + + align:start position:0% +device like that unfortunately but when +you look into a camera see a person's + + align:start position:0% +you look into a camera see a person's + + + align:start position:0% +you look into a camera see a person's +face preferably someone that you know + + align:start position:0% +face preferably someone that you know + + + align:start position:0% +face preferably someone that you know +whether it's like a friend husband wife + + align:start position:0% +whether it's like a friend husband wife + + + align:start position:0% +whether it's like a friend husband wife +son daughter whatever it is pick someone + + align:start position:0% +son daughter whatever it is pick someone + + + align:start position:0% +son daughter whatever it is pick someone +and see their face on camera that is the + + align:start position:0% +and see their face on camera that is the + + + align:start position:0% +and see their face on camera that is the +quickest and easiest way to make your + + align:start position:0% +quickest and easiest way to make your + + + align:start position:0% +quickest and easiest way to make your +hosting + + align:start position:0% +hosting + + + align:start position:0% +hosting +more natural without really thinking + + align:start position:0% +more natural without really thinking + + + align:start position:0% +more natural without really thinking +about it and that's very hard to do + + align:start position:0% +about it and that's very hard to do + + + align:start position:0% +about it and that's very hard to do +because you're thinking of your script + + align:start position:0% +because you're thinking of your script + + + align:start position:0% +because you're thinking of your script +you're thinking of 18,000 other things + + align:start position:0% +you're thinking of 18,000 other things + + + align:start position:0% +you're thinking of 18,000 other things +but that's the most important rule + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +usually the camera tones you down so if + + align:start position:0% +usually the camera tones you down so if + + + align:start position:0% +usually the camera tones you down so if +you are talking like you would normally + + align:start position:0% +you are talking like you would normally + + + align:start position:0% +you are talking like you would normally +talk you will kind of seemed like this + + align:start position:0% +talk you will kind of seemed like this + + + align:start position:0% +talk you will kind of seemed like this +on camera it just it just tones you down + + align:start position:0% +on camera it just it just tones you down + + + align:start position:0% +on camera it just it just tones you down +and slows you down and the lower is your + + align:start position:0% +and slows you down and the lower is your + + + align:start position:0% +and slows you down and the lower is your +energy level unless it's right in your + + align:start position:0% +energy level unless it's right in your + + + align:start position:0% +energy level unless it's right in your +face then it then it's different but + + align:start position:0% +face then it then it's different but + + + align:start position:0% +face then it then it's different but +usually it's not right in your face so + + align:start position:0% +usually it's not right in your face so + + + align:start position:0% +usually it's not right in your face so +you need to compensate by I really + + align:start position:0% +you need to compensate by I really + + + align:start position:0% +you need to compensate by I really +hesitate to say like up your energy + + align:start position:0% +hesitate to say like up your energy + + + align:start position:0% +hesitate to say like up your energy +level because when people say that the + + align:start position:0% +level because when people say that the + + + align:start position:0% +level because when people say that the +initial reaction is to be like and then + + align:start position:0% +initial reaction is to be like and then + + + align:start position:0% +initial reaction is to be like and then +you need to talk like this because + + align:start position:0% +you need to talk like this because + + + align:start position:0% +you need to talk like this because +that's how you know and like that just + + align:start position:0% +that's how you know and like that just + + + align:start position:0% +that's how you know and like that just +doesn't work either so you want to be a + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work either so you want to be a + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work either so you want to be a +more energetic version of your natural + + align:start position:0% +more energetic version of your natural + + + align:start position:0% +more energetic version of your natural +self so I think of like if you were just + + align:start position:0% +self so I think of like if you were just + + + align:start position:0% +self so I think of like if you were just +really excited about something how would + + align:start position:0% +really excited about something how would + + + align:start position:0% +really excited about something how would +you actually be that's how you should be + + align:start position:0% +you actually be that's how you should be + + + align:start position:0% +you actually be that's how you should be +on camera and just like + + align:start position:0% +on camera and just like + + + align:start position:0% +on camera and just like +metrics higher energy doesn't need + + align:start position:0% +metrics higher energy doesn't need + + + align:start position:0% +metrics higher energy doesn't need +higher pitch that's like the biggest + + align:start position:0% +higher pitch that's like the biggest + + + align:start position:0% +higher pitch that's like the biggest +thing that happens in the sailing now + + align:start position:0% +thing that happens in the sailing now + + + align:start position:0% +thing that happens in the sailing now +it's more energy then people talk with a + + align:start position:0% +it's more energy then people talk with a + + + align:start position:0% +it's more energy then people talk with a +high end toward like this and that's + + align:start position:0% +high end toward like this and that's + + + align:start position:0% +high end toward like this and that's +lacking wanna do 10 yeah okay so now + + align:start position:0% +lacking wanna do 10 yeah okay so now + + + align:start position:0% +lacking wanna do 10 yeah okay so now +what I'm going to do is I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +what I'm going to do is I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm going to do is I'm going to +read this and you all are going to + + align:start position:0% +read this and you all are going to + + + align:start position:0% +read this and you all are going to +critique my hosting style and I'm going + + align:start position:0% +critique my hosting style and I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +critique my hosting style and I'm going +to read it as if I'm going to deliver it + + align:start position:0% +to read it as if I'm going to deliver it + + + align:start position:0% +to read it as if I'm going to deliver it +sorry as if like oh wait no this is much + + align:start position:0% +sorry as if like oh wait no this is much + + + align:start position:0% +sorry as if like oh wait no this is much +of this as a quote so let me do + + align:start position:0% +of this as a quote so let me do + + + align:start position:0% +of this as a quote so let me do +something else I'll do this I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +something else I'll do this I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +something else I'll do this I'm going to +deliver this as though like it's not my + + align:start position:0% +deliver this as though like it's not my + + + align:start position:0% +deliver this as though like it's not my +job okay ready here we go why do some + + align:start position:0% +job okay ready here we go why do some + + + align:start position:0% +job okay ready here we go why do some +people handle cold better than others + + align:start position:0% +people handle cold better than others + + + align:start position:0% +people handle cold better than others +why is it that some are so fearful of + + align:start position:0% +why is it that some are so fearful of + + + align:start position:0% +why is it that some are so fearful of +the cold that they'd rather die than be + + align:start position:0% +the cold that they'd rather die than be + + + align:start position:0% +the cold that they'd rather die than be +caught outside with all the winter gear + + align:start position:0% +caught outside with all the winter gear + + + align:start position:0% +caught outside with all the winter gear +on masks and all while others can wear + + align:start position:0% +on masks and all while others can wear + + + align:start position:0% +on masks and all while others can wear +one layer for a morning jog what makes + + align:start position:0% +one layer for a morning jog what makes + + + align:start position:0% +one layer for a morning jog what makes +all the difference okay critique what + + align:start position:0% +all the difference okay critique what + + + align:start position:0% +all the difference okay critique what +was wrong with that yeah I feel like two + + align:start position:0% +was wrong with that yeah I feel like two + + + align:start position:0% +was wrong with that yeah I feel like two +more see we restrained by the fact + + align:start position:0% +more see we restrained by the fact + + + align:start position:0% +more see we restrained by the fact +you're looking at somebody else's work + + align:start position:0% +you're looking at somebody else's work + + + align:start position:0% +you're looking at somebody else's work +okay that is true so if I was if I was + + align:start position:0% +okay that is true so if I was if I was + + + align:start position:0% +okay that is true so if I was if I was +reading something that I would that I + + align:start position:0% +reading something that I would that I + + + align:start position:0% +reading something that I would that I +have written myself I'd probably do a + + align:start position:0% +have written myself I'd probably do a + + + align:start position:0% +have written myself I'd probably do a +better job but in this case I you will + + align:start position:0% +better job but in this case I you will + + + align:start position:0% +better job but in this case I you will +be reading your own work so that won't + + align:start position:0% +be reading your own work so that won't + + + align:start position:0% +be reading your own work so that won't +be quite the same yeah so they just how + + align:start position:0% +be quite the same yeah so they just how + + + align:start position:0% +be quite the same yeah so they just how +you've read it it seemed like you're + + align:start position:0% +you've read it it seemed like you're + + + align:start position:0% +you've read it it seemed like you're +asking question but it's not really like + + align:start position:0% +asking question but it's not really like + + + align:start position:0% +asking question but it's not really like +there's no life oh yeah I've never + + align:start position:0% +there's no life oh yeah I've never + + + align:start position:0% +there's no life oh yeah I've never +thought that it's like why some people + + align:start position:0% +thought that it's like why some people + + + align:start position:0% +thought that it's like why some people +handle cold any others but it may be + + align:start position:0% +handle cold any others but it may be + + + align:start position:0% +handle cold any others but it may be +cheese like if it we wondered why some + + align:start position:0% +cheese like if it we wondered why some + + + align:start position:0% +cheese like if it we wondered why some +people Concetta I'm of its structure + + align:start position:0% +people Concetta I'm of its structure + + + align:start position:0% +people Concetta I'm of its structure +that sentence it just tasted it so there + + align:start position:0% +that sentence it just tasted it so there + + + align:start position:0% +that sentence it just tasted it so there +is and this is part of the exercises i'm + + align:start position:0% +is and this is part of the exercises i'm + + + align:start position:0% +is and this is part of the exercises i'm +reading it word for word so let's assume + + align:start position:0% +reading it word for word so let's assume + + + align:start position:0% +reading it word for word so let's assume +that i can't change the wording i mean + + align:start position:0% +that i can't change the wording i mean + + + align:start position:0% +that i can't change the wording i mean +in real life you can but what could i do + + align:start position:0% +in real life you can but what could i do + + + align:start position:0% +in real life you can but what could i do +just with intonation of my voice or what + + align:start position:0% +just with intonation of my voice or what + + + align:start position:0% +just with intonation of my voice or what +else may be slow down a little bit okay + + align:start position:0% +else may be slow down a little bit okay + + + align:start position:0% +else may be slow down a little bit okay +yeah and really hit that question okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you were gonna you right here no you had + + align:start position:0% +you were gonna you right here no you had + + + align:start position:0% +you were gonna you right here no you had +your hand up okay the donation we ask + + align:start position:0% +your hand up okay the donation we ask + + + align:start position:0% +your hand up okay the donation we ask +the question you probably want to + + align:start position:0% +the question you probably want to + + + align:start position:0% +the question you probably want to +breathe it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you were to ask a very much because + + align:start position:0% +if you were to ask a very much because + + + align:start position:0% +if you were to ask a very much because +they have a couple of questions here so + + align:start position:0% +they have a couple of questions here so + + + align:start position:0% +they have a couple of questions here so +i guess you can pick the one that you + + align:start position:0% +i guess you can pick the one that you + + + align:start position:0% +i guess you can pick the one that you +really want them to think and give them + + align:start position:0% +really want them to think and give them + + + align:start position:0% +really want them to think and give them +pause so get them to think before which + + align:start position:0% +pause so get them to think before which + + + align:start position:0% +pause so get them to think before which +may be cool that's a good point that you + + align:start position:0% +may be cool that's a good point that you + + + align:start position:0% +may be cool that's a good point that you +can create suspension in your tone of + + align:start position:0% +can create suspension in your tone of + + + align:start position:0% +can create suspension in your tone of +voice but a lot of people make the + + align:start position:0% +voice but a lot of people make the + + + align:start position:0% +voice but a lot of people make the +mistake of assuming that every question + + align:start position:0% +mistake of assuming that every question + + + align:start position:0% +mistake of assuming that every question +has to end with up tomm right a powerful + + align:start position:0% +has to end with up tomm right a powerful + + + align:start position:0% +has to end with up tomm right a powerful +question can be posed with the tone + + align:start position:0% +question can be posed with the tone + + + align:start position:0% +question can be posed with the tone +anything why do some people handle cold + + align:start position:0% +anything why do some people handle cold + + + align:start position:0% +anything why do some people handle cold +better than others right that is still a + + align:start position:0% +better than others right that is still a + + + align:start position:0% +better than others right that is still a +strong question even though I didn't say + + align:start position:0% +strong question even though I didn't say + + + align:start position:0% +strong question even though I didn't say +why do some people handle the cold + + align:start position:0% +why do some people handle the cold + + + align:start position:0% +why do some people handle the cold +better than others right like that + + align:start position:0% +better than others right like that + + + align:start position:0% +better than others right like that +actually is well you didn't end up word + + align:start position:0% +actually is well you didn't end up word + + + align:start position:0% +actually is well you didn't end up word +on either one of those write the ending + + align:start position:0% +on either one of those write the ending + + + align:start position:0% +on either one of those write the ending +up word is like why do some people + + align:start position:0% +up word is like why do some people + + + align:start position:0% +up word is like why do some people +handle cold better than others like + + align:start position:0% +handle cold better than others like + + + align:start position:0% +handle cold better than others like +that's the traditional way that people + + align:start position:0% +that's the traditional way that people + + + align:start position:0% +that's the traditional way that people +ask question but but i agree with you + + align:start position:0% +ask question but but i agree with you + + + align:start position:0% +ask question but but i agree with you +like the way that i read it all the + + align:start position:0% +like the way that i read it all the + + + align:start position:0% +like the way that i read it all the +questions were flat all had the same + + align:start position:0% +questions were flat all had the same + + + align:start position:0% +questions were flat all had the same +intonation what i really want to do is + + align:start position:0% +intonation what i really want to do is + + + align:start position:0% +intonation what i really want to do is +very so something like why do some + + align:start position:0% +very so something like why do some + + + align:start position:0% +very so something like why do some +people handle cold better than others + + align:start position:0% +people handle cold better than others + + + align:start position:0% +people handle cold better than others +why is it that some are so fearful of + + align:start position:0% +why is it that some are so fearful of + + + align:start position:0% +why is it that some are so fearful of +the cold they'd rather die than be + + align:start position:0% +the cold they'd rather die than be + + + align:start position:0% +the cold they'd rather die than be +caught outside with alt without all the + + align:start position:0% +caught outside with alt without all the + + + align:start position:0% +caught outside with alt without all the +winter gear on all the masks and all + + align:start position:0% +winter gear on all the masks and all + + + align:start position:0% +winter gear on all the masks and all +that stuff where other people can just + + align:start position:0% +that stuff where other people can just + + + align:start position:0% +that stuff where other people can just +wear one layer for a morning jog what's + + align:start position:0% +wear one layer for a morning jog what's + + + align:start position:0% +wear one layer for a morning jog what's +the difference right so each question i + + align:start position:0% +the difference right so each question i + + + align:start position:0% +the difference right so each question i +asked there in a totally different way + + align:start position:0% +asked there in a totally different way + + + align:start position:0% +asked there in a totally different way +what else + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so a big piece of advice that we give to + + align:start position:0% +so a big piece of advice that we give to + + + align:start position:0% +so a big piece of advice that we give to +students is to think about the words + + align:start position:0% +students is to think about the words + + + align:start position:0% +students is to think about the words +that you're saying which is also the + + align:start position:0% +that you're saying which is also the + + + align:start position:0% +that you're saying which is also the +hardest thing to do when you're trying + + align:start position:0% +hardest thing to do when you're trying + + + align:start position:0% +hardest thing to do when you're trying +to remember everything that you're + + align:start position:0% +to remember everything that you're + + + align:start position:0% +to remember everything that you're +saying or give a camera in front of you + + align:start position:0% +saying or give a camera in front of you + + + align:start position:0% +saying or give a camera in front of you +but that's also why we often see the + + align:start position:0% +but that's also why we often see the + + + align:start position:0% +but that's also why we often see the +script away from the student is it's + + align:start position:0% +script away from the student is it's + + + align:start position:0% +script away from the student is it's +easy to get caught up in oh I have + + align:start position:0% +easy to get caught up in oh I have + + + align:start position:0% +easy to get caught up in oh I have +to remember all the words and I'm very + + align:start position:0% +to remember all the words and I'm very + + + align:start position:0% +to remember all the words and I'm very +very guilty of this as well so I totally + + align:start position:0% +very guilty of this as well so I totally + + + align:start position:0% +very guilty of this as well so I totally +understand how hard it is to do but when + + align:start position:0% +understand how hard it is to do but when + + + align:start position:0% +understand how hard it is to do but when +you are asking the question generally + + align:start position:0% +you are asking the question generally + + + align:start position:0% +you are asking the question generally +why do some people get called while + + align:start position:0% +why do some people get called while + + + align:start position:0% +why do some people get called while +other people don't like the way I said + + align:start position:0% +other people don't like the way I said + + + align:start position:0% +other people don't like the way I said +that was very different than why do some + + align:start position:0% +that was very different than why do some + + + align:start position:0% +that was very different than why do some +people handle cold better than others + + align:start position:0% +people handle cold better than others + + + align:start position:0% +people handle cold better than others +right when I'm actually thinking about + + align:start position:0% +right when I'm actually thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +right when I'm actually thinking about +the words that I'm saying which is a + + align:start position:0% +the words that I'm saying which is a + + + align:start position:0% +the words that I'm saying which is a +very obvious suggestion to make but + + align:start position:0% +very obvious suggestion to make but + + + align:start position:0% +very obvious suggestion to make but +again very hard to implement yourself + + align:start position:0% +again very hard to implement yourself + + + align:start position:0% +again very hard to implement yourself +the intonation and the delivery becomes + + align:start position:0% +the intonation and the delivery becomes + + + align:start position:0% +the intonation and the delivery becomes +a lot more natural and genuine + + align:start position:0% +a lot more natural and genuine + + + align:start position:0% +a lot more natural and genuine +yeah that's that's another rule like you + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's that's another rule like you + + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's that's another rule like you +know when you look into the camera see + + align:start position:0% +know when you look into the camera see + + + align:start position:0% +know when you look into the camera see +someone's face that's something that is + + align:start position:0% +someone's face that's something that is + + + align:start position:0% +someone's face that's something that is +something that you can do that doesn't + + align:start position:0% +something that you can do that doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +something that you can do that doesn't +mean it requires some preparation but it + + align:start position:0% +mean it requires some preparation but it + + + align:start position:0% +mean it requires some preparation but it +doesn't require thought while you're + + align:start position:0% +doesn't require thought while you're + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't require thought while you're +actually doing it so when you look in + + align:start position:0% +actually doing it so when you look in + + + align:start position:0% +actually doing it so when you look in +the camera see someone's face and + + align:start position:0% +the camera see someone's face and + + + align:start position:0% +the camera see someone's face and +actually think about the words that + + align:start position:0% +actually think about the words that + + + align:start position:0% +actually think about the words that +you're that you're saying is helpful to + + align:start position:0% +you're that you're saying is helpful to + + + align:start position:0% +you're that you're saying is helpful to +you want to avoid monotony but just in + + align:start position:0% +you want to avoid monotony but just in + + + align:start position:0% +you want to avoid monotony but just in +the intonation so you don't want to say + + align:start position:0% +the intonation so you don't want to say + + + align:start position:0% +the intonation so you don't want to say +why do some people handle cold better + + align:start position:0% +why do some people handle cold better + + + align:start position:0% +why do some people handle cold better +than the others why is it that some our + + align:start position:0% +than the others why is it that some our + + + align:start position:0% +than the others why is it that some our +so fearful right that's monotonous and + + align:start position:0% +so fearful right that's monotonous and + + + align:start position:0% +so fearful right that's monotonous and +tone but it's also monotonous in rhythm + + align:start position:0% +tone but it's also monotonous in rhythm + + + align:start position:0% +tone but it's also monotonous in rhythm +right so when george said it the second + + align:start position:0% +right so when george said it the second + + + align:start position:0% +right so when george said it the second +time he rushed through some of the the + + align:start position:0% +time he rushed through some of the the + + + align:start position:0% +time he rushed through some of the the +words in the middle that weren't a list + + align:start position:0% +words in the middle that weren't a list + + + align:start position:0% +words in the middle that weren't a list +which is very natural when we're like + + align:start position:0% +which is very natural when we're like + + + align:start position:0% +which is very natural when we're like +this morning i are going to work and I + + align:start position:0% +this morning i are going to work and I + + + align:start position:0% +this morning i are going to work and I +have to do this and I do this is you + + align:start position:0% +have to do this and I do this is you + + + align:start position:0% +have to do this and I do this is you +rush through things that you list + + align:start position:0% +rush through things that you list + + + align:start position:0% +rush through things that you list +whereas if you're just reading like you + + align:start position:0% +whereas if you're just reading like you + + + align:start position:0% +whereas if you're just reading like you +would read you say it with the same + + align:start position:0% +would read you say it with the same + + + align:start position:0% +would read you say it with the same +rhythmic pacing make the pauses where + + align:start position:0% +rhythmic pacing make the pauses where + + + align:start position:0% +rhythmic pacing make the pauses where +the punctuation is you sound very even + + align:start position:0% +the punctuation is you sound very even + + + align:start position:0% +the punctuation is you sound very even +with the way you break up your words and + + align:start position:0% +with the way you break up your words and + + + align:start position:0% +with the way you break up your words and +that's super unnatural that's why it + + align:start position:0% +that's super unnatural that's why it + + + align:start position:0% +that's super unnatural that's why it +sounds robotic right so when you mix up + + align:start position:0% +sounds robotic right so when you mix up + + + align:start position:0% +sounds robotic right so when you mix up +not only the intonation but also the + + align:start position:0% +not only the intonation but also the + + + align:start position:0% +not only the intonation but also the +speed at which you're delivering some of + + align:start position:0% +speed at which you're delivering some of + + + align:start position:0% +speed at which you're delivering some of +the words so + + align:start position:0% +the words so + + + align:start position:0% +the words so +and then you can do it again and made me + + align:start position:0% +and then you can do it again and made me + + + align:start position:0% +and then you can do it again and made me +pay attention to how he does it that's + + align:start position:0% +pay attention to how he does it that's + + + align:start position:0% +pay attention to how he does it that's +kind of also why it feels a lot more + + align:start position:0% +kind of also why it feels a lot more + + + align:start position:0% +kind of also why it feels a lot more +natural so I'm going to do it again this + + align:start position:0% +natural so I'm going to do it again this + + + align:start position:0% +natural so I'm going to do it again this +time completely different and get your + + align:start position:0% +time completely different and get your + + + align:start position:0% +time completely different and get your +critique as well why do some people + + align:start position:0% +critique as well why do some people + + + align:start position:0% +critique as well why do some people +handle cold better than others why is it + + align:start position:0% +handle cold better than others why is it + + + align:start position:0% +handle cold better than others why is it +that some are so fearful of the cold + + align:start position:0% +that some are so fearful of the cold + + + align:start position:0% +that some are so fearful of the cold +that they would rather die than be + + align:start position:0% +that they would rather die than be + + + align:start position:0% +that they would rather die than be +caught outside without all the winter + + align:start position:0% +caught outside without all the winter + + + align:start position:0% +caught outside without all the winter +gear on masks and all while others can + + align:start position:0% +gear on masks and all while others can + + + align:start position:0% +gear on masks and all while others can +wear one layer for a morning jog what's + + align:start position:0% +wear one layer for a morning jog what's + + + align:start position:0% +wear one layer for a morning jog what's +the difference was that better or worse + + align:start position:0% +the difference was that better or worse + + + align:start position:0% +the difference was that better or worse +than the first time I did it sounds like + + align:start position:0% +than the first time I did it sounds like + + + align:start position:0% +than the first time I did it sounds like +a TED video oh man then I'm not making + + align:start position:0% +a TED video oh man then I'm not making + + + align:start position:0% +a TED video oh man then I'm not making +very good Ted videos ok why what was + + align:start position:0% +very good Ted videos ok why what was + + + align:start position:0% +very good Ted videos ok why what was +inauthentic about that yeah so normally + + align:start position:0% +inauthentic about that yeah so normally + + + align:start position:0% +inauthentic about that yeah so normally +when we say to someone like up your + + align:start position:0% +when we say to someone like up your + + + align:start position:0% +when we say to someone like up your +energy or when anyone says that that's + + align:start position:0% +energy or when anyone says that that's + + + align:start position:0% +energy or when anyone says that that's +what comes out is you get this like + + align:start position:0% +what comes out is you get this like + + + align:start position:0% +what comes out is you get this like +weird like I have to really try to be + + align:start position:0% +weird like I have to really try to be + + + align:start position:0% +weird like I have to really try to be +excited about this because I don't + + align:start position:0% +excited about this because I don't + + + align:start position:0% +excited about this because I don't +really know what I'm reading but I'm + + align:start position:0% +really know what I'm reading but I'm + + + align:start position:0% +really know what I'm reading but I'm +going to just emphasize random words and + + align:start position:0% +going to just emphasize random words and + + + align:start position:0% +going to just emphasize random words and +say them louder and that makes it + + align:start position:0% +say them louder and that makes it + + + align:start position:0% +say them louder and that makes it +exciting no it doesn't make it you know + + align:start position:0% +exciting no it doesn't make it you know + + + align:start position:0% +exciting no it doesn't make it you know +like that that's and that and especially + + align:start position:0% +like that that's and that and especially + + + align:start position:0% +like that that's and that and especially +if you mix that in with like a bit of + + align:start position:0% +if you mix that in with like a bit of + + + align:start position:0% +if you mix that in with like a bit of +news caster II then you're just dead in + + align:start position:0% +news caster II then you're just dead in + + + align:start position:0% +news caster II then you're just dead in +the water because you know you hit you + + align:start position:0% +the water because you know you hit you + + + align:start position:0% +the water because you know you hit you +end up with like the most unwatchable + + align:start position:0% +end up with like the most unwatchable + + + align:start position:0% +end up with like the most unwatchable +video ever and you sound like you're + + align:start position:0% +video ever and you sound like you're + + + align:start position:0% +video ever and you sound like you're +trying to talk + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the final + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ok now I'm going to read it again and + + align:start position:0% +ok now I'm going to read it again and + + + align:start position:0% +ok now I'm going to read it again and +this is going to be a bit more subtle + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be a bit more subtle + + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be a bit more subtle +here we go why do some people handle + + align:start position:0% +here we go why do some people handle + + + align:start position:0% +here we go why do some people handle +cold better than others why is it that + + align:start position:0% +cold better than others why is it that + + + align:start position:0% +cold better than others why is it that +some are so fearful of the cold that + + align:start position:0% +some are so fearful of the cold that + + + align:start position:0% +some are so fearful of the cold that +they'd rather die than be caught outside + + align:start position:0% +they'd rather die than be caught outside + + + align:start position:0% +they'd rather die than be caught outside +without all the winter gear on masks and + + align:start position:0% +without all the winter gear on masks and + + + align:start position:0% +without all the winter gear on masks and +all while others can wear one layer and + + align:start position:0% +all while others can wear one layer and + + + align:start position:0% +all while others can wear one layer and +be fine what makes the difference what + + align:start position:0% +be fine what makes the difference what + + + align:start position:0% +be fine what makes the difference what +does that sound like to you definitely + + align:start position:0% +does that sound like to you definitely + + + align:start position:0% +does that sound like to you definitely +sounds more natural any critique of it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Wow + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like and I talking to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's like yeah I mean why is it that + + align:start position:0% +it's like yeah I mean why is it that + + + align:start position:0% +it's like yeah I mean why is it that +then and i'm at right there is it is + + align:start position:0% +then and i'm at right there is it is + + + align:start position:0% +then and i'm at right there is it is +very natural but there is a lack of like + + align:start position:0% +very natural but there is a lack of like + + + align:start position:0% +very natural but there is a lack of like +wonder about that this is something this + + align:start position:0% +wonder about that this is something this + + + align:start position:0% +wonder about that this is something this +is a topic that I sort of taking for + + align:start position:0% +is a topic that I sort of taking for + + + align:start position:0% +is a topic that I sort of taking for +granted you know and I've like I'm sort + + align:start position:0% +granted you know and I've like I'm sort + + + align:start position:0% +granted you know and I've like I'm sort +of expect that you'll take it for + + align:start position:0% +of expect that you'll take it for + + + align:start position:0% +of expect that you'll take it for +granted too so you you do take it for + + align:start position:0% +granted too so you you do take it for + + + align:start position:0% +granted too so you you do take it for +granted all right I sort of run out of + + align:start position:0% +granted all right I sort of run out of + + + align:start position:0% +granted all right I sort of run out of +different ways to do that so let's have + + align:start position:0% +different ways to do that so let's have + + + align:start position:0% +different ways to do that so let's have +you guys try who did not have their + + align:start position:0% +you guys try who did not have their + + + align:start position:0% +you guys try who did not have their +script analyzed come on up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so take my hot seat there and give us + + align:start position:0% +so take my hot seat there and give us + + + align:start position:0% +so take my hot seat there and give us +Arita why do some people handle cold + + align:start position:0% +Arita why do some people handle cold + + + align:start position:0% +Arita why do some people handle cold +better than others why is it that some + + align:start position:0% +better than others why is it that some + + + align:start position:0% +better than others why is it that some +are so fearful of the cold that they'd + + align:start position:0% +are so fearful of the cold that they'd + + + align:start position:0% +are so fearful of the cold that they'd +rather die than be caught outside + + align:start position:0% +rather die than be caught outside + + + align:start position:0% +rather die than be caught outside +without all the winter gear on masks and + + align:start position:0% +without all the winter gear on masks and + + + align:start position:0% +without all the winter gear on masks and +all while others can wear one layer for + + align:start position:0% +all while others can wear one layer for + + + align:start position:0% +all while others can wear one layer for +a morning jog what makes all the + + align:start position:0% +a morning jog what makes all the + + + align:start position:0% +a morning jog what makes all the +difference differently do it differently + + align:start position:0% +difference differently do it differently + + + align:start position:0% +difference differently do it differently +by the way sorry those of you that will + + align:start position:0% +by the way sorry those of you that will + + + align:start position:0% +by the way sorry those of you that will +do production with me and Elizabeth that + + align:start position:0% +do production with me and Elizabeth that + + + align:start position:0% +do production with me and Elizabeth that +is the phrase that you will hear most + + align:start position:0% +is the phrase that you will hear most + + + align:start position:0% +is the phrase that you will hear most +throughout the week is one more time go + + align:start position:0% +throughout the week is one more time go + + + align:start position:0% +throughout the week is one more time go +ahead why do some people handle cold + + align:start position:0% +ahead why do some people handle cold + + + align:start position:0% +ahead why do some people handle cold +better than others why is it that some + + align:start position:0% +better than others why is it that some + + + align:start position:0% +better than others why is it that some +people are so fearful of the cold though + + align:start position:0% +people are so fearful of the cold though + + + align:start position:0% +people are so fearful of the cold though +they'd rather die than be caught outside + + align:start position:0% +they'd rather die than be caught outside + + + align:start position:0% +they'd rather die than be caught outside +without all the winter gear on masks and + + align:start position:0% +without all the winter gear on masks and + + + align:start position:0% +without all the winter gear on masks and +all while others can wear one layer for + + align:start position:0% +all while others can wear one layer for + + + align:start position:0% +all while others can wear one layer for +a morning jog what makes all the + + align:start position:0% +a morning jog what makes all the + + + align:start position:0% +a morning jog what makes all the +difference do you have the first + + align:start position:0% +difference do you have the first + + + align:start position:0% +difference do you have the first +sentence memorized deliver it without + + align:start position:0% +sentence memorized deliver it without + + + align:start position:0% +sentence memorized deliver it without +looking at the script why do some people + + align:start position:0% +looking at the script why do some people + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the script why do some people +handle the cold better than others now + + align:start position:0% +handle the cold better than others now + + + align:start position:0% +handle the cold better than others now +look at Elizabeth and just ask her that + + align:start position:0% +look at Elizabeth and just ask her that + + + align:start position:0% +look at Elizabeth and just ask her that +question why do some people handle cold + + align:start position:0% +question why do some people handle cold + + + align:start position:0% +question why do some people handle cold +better than others now like don't don't + + align:start position:0% +better than others now like don't don't + + + align:start position:0% +better than others now like don't don't +don't have the line in your head just + + align:start position:0% +don't have the line in your head just + + + align:start position:0% +don't have the line in your head just +ask her why do some people handle the + + align:start position:0% +ask her why do some people handle the + + + align:start position:0% +ask her why do some people handle the +cold weather in the notice now ask me as + + align:start position:0% +cold weather in the notice now ask me as + + + align:start position:0% +cold weather in the notice now ask me as +if I were Eric lender + + align:start position:0% +if I were Eric lender + + + align:start position:0% +if I were Eric lender +I've never seen him why do some people + + align:start position:0% +I've never seen him why do some people + + + align:start position:0% +I've never seen him why do some people +handle a cold better than others what + + align:start position:0% +handle a cold better than others what + + + align:start position:0% +handle a cold better than others what +was missing closer okay i'm i'm a + + align:start position:0% +was missing closer okay i'm i'm a + + + align:start position:0% +was missing closer okay i'm i'm a +professor and you're on my office hours + + align:start position:0% +professor and you're on my office hours + + + align:start position:0% +professor and you're on my office hours +and I've given you the pset question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +relating to hyperthermia why do some + + align:start position:0% +relating to hyperthermia why do some + + + align:start position:0% +relating to hyperthermia why do some +people handle look hold better than + + align:start position:0% +people handle look hold better than + + + align:start position:0% +people handle look hold better than +others now like ask the question in your + + align:start position:0% +others now like ask the question in your + + + align:start position:0% +others now like ask the question in your +own words like don't use the words that + + align:start position:0% +own words like don't use the words that + + + align:start position:0% +own words like don't use the words that +are that are written on the script + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ask Elizabeth why are some people so + + align:start position:0% +ask Elizabeth why are some people so + + + align:start position:0% +ask Elizabeth why are some people so +immune to the cold so do people see how + + align:start position:0% +immune to the cold so do people see how + + + align:start position:0% +immune to the cold so do people see how +hard this is this is really not easy + + align:start position:0% +hard this is this is really not easy + + + align:start position:0% +hard this is this is really not easy +right thanks you're good come on back + + align:start position:0% +right thanks you're good come on back + + + align:start position:0% +right thanks you're good come on back +all right who's next your turn + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +same paragraph + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +why do some people handle cold better + + align:start position:0% +why do some people handle cold better + + + align:start position:0% +why do some people handle cold better +than others why is it that some are so + + align:start position:0% +than others why is it that some are so + + + align:start position:0% +than others why is it that some are so +fearful the cold that they'd rather die + + align:start position:0% +fearful the cold that they'd rather die + + + align:start position:0% +fearful the cold that they'd rather die +than be caught outside with all the + + align:start position:0% +than be caught outside with all the + + + align:start position:0% +than be caught outside with all the +winter gear on masks and all while + + align:start position:0% +winter gear on masks and all while + + + align:start position:0% +winter gear on masks and all while +others can wear one layer of a morning + + align:start position:0% +others can wear one layer of a morning + + + align:start position:0% +others can wear one layer of a morning +jog what makes all the difference why do + + align:start position:0% +jog what makes all the difference why do + + + align:start position:0% +jog what makes all the difference why do +some people handle the cold better than + + align:start position:0% +some people handle the cold better than + + + align:start position:0% +some people handle the cold better than +others why is it that some is so fearful + + align:start position:0% +others why is it that some is so fearful + + + align:start position:0% +others why is it that some is so fearful +the call that they'd rather die than be + + align:start position:0% +the call that they'd rather die than be + + + align:start position:0% +the call that they'd rather die than be +caught outside with all the winter gear + + align:start position:0% +caught outside with all the winter gear + + + align:start position:0% +caught outside with all the winter gear +on masks and all while others can wear + + align:start position:0% +on masks and all while others can wear + + + align:start position:0% +on masks and all while others can wear +one layer for a morning jog what makes + + align:start position:0% +one layer for a morning jog what makes + + + align:start position:0% +one layer for a morning jog what makes +all the difference I do the first line + + align:start position:0% +all the difference I do the first line + + + align:start position:0% +all the difference I do the first line +not reading I hobo memory John don't + + align:start position:0% +not reading I hobo memory John don't + + + align:start position:0% +not reading I hobo memory John don't +don't worry about the words everyone + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I guess just + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +when I'm digital video about dealing + + align:start position:0% +when I'm digital video about dealing + + + align:start position:0% +when I'm digital video about dealing +with the cold weather or okay I have a + + align:start position:0% +with the cold weather or okay I have a + + + align:start position:0% +with the cold weather or okay I have a +wire some people better at dealing cold + + align:start position:0% +wire some people better at dealing cold + + + align:start position:0% +wire some people better at dealing cold +than others okay you can sit down so um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anyone else want to go any well son to + + align:start position:0% +anyone else want to go any well son to + + + align:start position:0% +anyone else want to go any well son to +give it a shot yeah come on up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +same paragraph why do some people handle + + align:start position:0% +same paragraph why do some people handle + + + align:start position:0% +same paragraph why do some people handle +cold better than others why is it that + + align:start position:0% +cold better than others why is it that + + + align:start position:0% +cold better than others why is it that +some people are so fearful of the call + + align:start position:0% +some people are so fearful of the call + + + align:start position:0% +some people are so fearful of the call +that they'd rather die than be caught + + align:start position:0% +that they'd rather die than be caught + + + align:start position:0% +that they'd rather die than be caught +outside with all the winter gear on mass + + align:start position:0% +outside with all the winter gear on mass + + + align:start position:0% +outside with all the winter gear on mass +and all while others can wear one there + + align:start position:0% +and all while others can wear one there + + + align:start position:0% +and all while others can wear one there +in the morning John what makes all the + + align:start position:0% +in the morning John what makes all the + + + align:start position:0% +in the morning John what makes all the +difference why do some people handle + + align:start position:0% +difference why do some people handle + + + align:start position:0% +difference why do some people handle +cold better than others why is it that + + align:start position:0% +cold better than others why is it that + + + align:start position:0% +cold better than others why is it that +some are so fearful of the code that + + align:start position:0% +some are so fearful of the code that + + + align:start position:0% +some are so fearful of the code that +they'd rather die then we caught outside + + align:start position:0% +they'd rather die then we caught outside + + + align:start position:0% +they'd rather die then we caught outside +with all the winter gear on masks and + + align:start position:0% +with all the winter gear on masks and + + + align:start position:0% +with all the winter gear on masks and +all while others can wear one layer in + + align:start position:0% +all while others can wear one layer in + + + align:start position:0% +all while others can wear one layer in +the morning job what makes all the + + align:start position:0% +the morning job what makes all the + + + align:start position:0% +the morning job what makes all the +difference great thanks what time is it + + align:start position:0% +difference great thanks what time is it + + + align:start position:0% +difference great thanks what time is it +to have time ok what did you guys notice + + align:start position:0% +to have time ok what did you guys notice + + + align:start position:0% +to have time ok what did you guys notice +about all of all of those all three + + align:start position:0% +about all of all of those all three + + + align:start position:0% +about all of all of those all three +deliveries + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +were they different or similar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +both the personalities came through okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but it sounds like there's a button but + + align:start position:0% +but it sounds like there's a button but + + + align:start position:0% +but it sounds like there's a button but +they had a really hard time doing + + align:start position:0% +they had a really hard time doing + + + align:start position:0% +they had a really hard time doing +something different from what they did + + align:start position:0% +something different from what they did + + + align:start position:0% +something different from what they did +the first time + + align:start position:0% +the first time + + + align:start position:0% +the first time +I'm not I don't know why this is I don't + + align:start position:0% +I'm not I don't know why this is I don't + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not I don't know why this is I don't +have any like cognitive theory as to + + align:start position:0% +have any like cognitive theory as to + + + align:start position:0% +have any like cognitive theory as to +like why it's so hard to do something so + + align:start position:0% +like why it's so hard to do something so + + + align:start position:0% +like why it's so hard to do something so +differently sorry why it's hard to read + + align:start position:0% +differently sorry why it's hard to read + + + align:start position:0% +differently sorry why it's hard to read +when you have the same words in front of + + align:start position:0% +when you have the same words in front of + + + align:start position:0% +when you have the same words in front of +you why it's very difficult to read them + + align:start position:0% +you why it's very difficult to read them + + + align:start position:0% +you why it's very difficult to read them +in different ways but it just this just + + align:start position:0% +in different ways but it just this just + + + align:start position:0% +in different ways but it just this just +happens with everyone and like what + + align:start position:0% +happens with everyone and like what + + + align:start position:0% +happens with everyone and like what +especially if you've written the script + + align:start position:0% +especially if you've written the script + + + align:start position:0% +especially if you've written the script +yourself you know you know the words so + + align:start position:0% +yourself you know you know the words so + + + align:start position:0% +yourself you know you know the words so +well you've looked at it a million times + + align:start position:0% +well you've looked at it a million times + + + align:start position:0% +well you've looked at it a million times +when it comes time to actually be on + + align:start position:0% +when it comes time to actually be on + + + align:start position:0% +when it comes time to actually be on +camera and perform that script and we + + align:start position:0% +camera and perform that script and we + + + align:start position:0% +camera and perform that script and we +say like okay well that was a great but + + align:start position:0% +say like okay well that was a great but + + + align:start position:0% +say like okay well that was a great but +do it a different way you're like well I + + align:start position:0% +do it a different way you're like well I + + + align:start position:0% +do it a different way you're like well I +wrote it this one way why should I do it + + align:start position:0% +wrote it this one way why should I do it + + + align:start position:0% +wrote it this one way why should I do it +a different way maybe that's what your + + align:start position:0% +a different way maybe that's what your + + + align:start position:0% +a different way maybe that's what your +brain is thinking and so you don't know + + align:start position:0% +brain is thinking and so you don't know + + + align:start position:0% +brain is thinking and so you don't know +how just don't know how to do it a + + align:start position:0% +how just don't know how to do it a + + + align:start position:0% +how just don't know how to do it a +different way let's try something a + + align:start position:0% +different way let's try something a + + + align:start position:0% +different way let's try something a +little weird and creative what you Leo + + align:start position:0% +little weird and creative what you Leo + + + align:start position:0% +little weird and creative what you Leo +right do the first line but try and do + + align:start position:0% +right do the first line but try and do + + + align:start position:0% +right do the first line but try and do +it as different from your first reading + + align:start position:0% +it as different from your first reading + + + align:start position:0% +it as different from your first reading +as you possibly can and I mean if you + + align:start position:0% +as you possibly can and I mean if you + + + align:start position:0% +as you possibly can and I mean if you +want to exaggerate not like don't think + + align:start position:0% +want to exaggerate not like don't think + + + align:start position:0% +want to exaggerate not like don't think +of this as I'm hosting a line just think + + align:start position:0% +of this as I'm hosting a line just think + + + align:start position:0% +of this as I'm hosting a line just think +of it as like I'm going to say these + + align:start position:0% +of it as like I'm going to say these + + + align:start position:0% +of it as like I'm going to say these +words in the most different way I can + + align:start position:0% +words in the most different way I can + + + align:start position:0% +words in the most different way I can +think of yeah like why do some people + + align:start position:0% +think of yeah like why do some people + + + align:start position:0% +think of yeah like why do some people +handle cold better + + align:start position:0% +handle cold better + + + align:start position:0% +handle cold better +so valley girl okay good that was very + + align:start position:0% +so valley girl okay good that was very + + + align:start position:0% +so valley girl okay good that was very +different than your first delivery great + + align:start position:0% +different than your first delivery great + + + align:start position:0% +different than your first delivery great +remind me of your name again Joshua go + + align:start position:0% +remind me of your name again Joshua go + + + align:start position:0% +remind me of your name again Joshua go +ahead do the first line totally + + align:start position:0% +ahead do the first line totally + + + align:start position:0% +ahead do the first line totally +different than the way you did it and + + align:start position:0% +different than the way you did it and + + + align:start position:0% +different than the way you did it and +not valley girl either we put some yeah + + align:start position:0% +not valley girl either we put some yeah + + + align:start position:0% +not valley girl either we put some yeah +hey what do people sometimes handle cold + + align:start position:0% +hey what do people sometimes handle cold + + + align:start position:0% +hey what do people sometimes handle cold +better than others okay that was an + + align:start position:0% +better than others okay that was an + + + align:start position:0% +better than others okay that was an +accent so great very different mommy of + + align:start position:0% +accent so great very different mommy of + + + align:start position:0% +accent so great very different mommy of +your name again Nathan your turn why + + align:start position:0% +your name again Nathan your turn why + + + align:start position:0% +your name again Nathan your turn why +some people handle cold better than + + align:start position:0% +some people handle cold better than + + + align:start position:0% +some people handle cold better than +office Yulia yellow the line why do some + + align:start position:0% +office Yulia yellow the line why do some + + + align:start position:0% +office Yulia yellow the line why do some +people handle cold better than others + + align:start position:0% +people handle cold better than others + + + align:start position:0% +people handle cold better than others +okay now close your eyes and just say it + + align:start position:0% +okay now close your eyes and just say it + + + align:start position:0% +okay now close your eyes and just say it +ask the question why do some people + + align:start position:0% +ask the question why do some people + + + align:start position:0% +ask the question why do some people +handle cold better than others okay that + + align:start position:0% +handle cold better than others okay that + + + align:start position:0% +handle cold better than others okay that +was your best delivery I don't know why + + align:start position:0% +was your best delivery I don't know why + + + align:start position:0% +was your best delivery I don't know why +like sometimes getting people to step + + align:start position:0% +like sometimes getting people to step + + + align:start position:0% +like sometimes getting people to step +way outside their comfort zone and do a + + align:start position:0% +way outside their comfort zone and do a + + + align:start position:0% +way outside their comfort zone and do a +line in a totally ridiculous way that + + align:start position:0% +line in a totally ridiculous way that + + + align:start position:0% +line in a totally ridiculous way that +you would never actually use resets + + align:start position:0% +you would never actually use resets + + + align:start position:0% +you would never actually use resets +something in your mental circuitry I + + align:start position:0% +something in your mental circuitry I + + + align:start position:0% +something in your mental circuitry I +have no explanation for why this works + + align:start position:0% +have no explanation for why this works + + + align:start position:0% +have no explanation for why this works +but like you get out of your normal and + + align:start position:0% +but like you get out of your normal and + + + align:start position:0% +but like you get out of your normal and +you then you just you just sort of do it + + align:start position:0% +you then you just you just sort of do it + + + align:start position:0% +you then you just you just sort of do it +the way that you would normally do it if + + align:start position:0% +the way that you would normally do it if + + + align:start position:0% +the way that you would normally do it if +you were talking to someone that's a + + align:start position:0% +you were talking to someone that's a + + + align:start position:0% +you were talking to someone that's a +technique that will also use when when + + align:start position:0% +technique that will also use when when + + + align:start position:0% +technique that will also use when when +you were in production will be like okay + + align:start position:0% +you were in production will be like okay + + + align:start position:0% +you were in production will be like okay +you know actually we might even say like + + align:start position:0% +you know actually we might even say like + + + align:start position:0% +you know actually we might even say like +do this line as a valley girl do it with + + align:start position:0% +do this line as a valley girl do it with + + + align:start position:0% +do this line as a valley girl do it with +an accent yell it out loud you know do + + align:start position:0% +an accent yell it out loud you know do + + + align:start position:0% +an accent yell it out loud you know do +it like a robot why do some people + + align:start position:0% +it like a robot why do some people + + + align:start position:0% +it like a robot why do some people +handle cold better than others and then + + align:start position:0% +handle cold better than others and then + + + align:start position:0% +handle cold better than others and then +like do it in your normal why do some + + align:start position:0% +like do it in your normal why do some + + + align:start position:0% +like do it in your normal why do some +people handle cold better than others I + + align:start position:0% +people handle cold better than others I + + + align:start position:0% +people handle cold better than others I +mean that was different than how I've + + align:start position:0% +mean that was different than how I've + + + align:start position:0% +mean that was different than how I've +done it every single time what other + + align:start position:0% +done it every single time what other + + + align:start position:0% +done it every single time what other +hosting tech mean this is just one of + + align:start position:0% +hosting tech mean this is just one of + + + align:start position:0% +hosting tech mean this is just one of +those things that practice you need to + + align:start position:0% +those things that practice you need to + + + align:start position:0% +those things that practice you need to +practice and you should do it like I was + + align:start position:0% +practice and you should do it like I was + + + align:start position:0% +practice and you should do it like I was +saying earlier with an audio recorder + + align:start position:0% +saying earlier with an audio recorder + + + align:start position:0% +saying earlier with an audio recorder +you have them doing vlogs right it might + + align:start position:0% +you have them doing vlogs right it might + + + align:start position:0% +you have them doing vlogs right it might +be good to change one of those + + align:start position:0% +be good to change one of those + + + align:start position:0% +be good to change one of those +assignments into an audio vlog versa + + align:start position:0% +assignments into an audio vlog versa + + + align:start position:0% +assignments into an audio vlog versa +socially so for your daily reflection + + align:start position:0% +socially so for your daily reflection + + + align:start position:0% +socially so for your daily reflection +I no sirree did a video just to make + + align:start position:0% +I no sirree did a video just to make + + + align:start position:0% +I no sirree did a video just to make +sure that you guys but you don't have to + + align:start position:0% +sure that you guys but you don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +sure that you guys but you don't have to +do text reflections you can do an audio + + align:start position:0% +do text reflections you can do an audio + + + align:start position:0% +do text reflections you can do an audio +recording if you want you can do a video + + align:start position:0% +recording if you want you can do a video + + + align:start position:0% +recording if you want you can do a video +blog if you want and I think that's a + + align:start position:0% +blog if you want and I think that's a + + + align:start position:0% +blog if you want and I think that's a +great opportunity to practice some of + + align:start position:0% +great opportunity to practice some of + + + align:start position:0% +great opportunity to practice some of +this stuff like your reflection last + + align:start position:0% +this stuff like your reflection last + + + align:start position:0% +this stuff like your reflection last +night is really good it was really + + align:start position:0% +night is really good it was really + + + align:start position:0% +night is really good it was really +authentic you weren't trying to host but + + align:start position:0% +authentic you weren't trying to host but + + + align:start position:0% +authentic you weren't trying to host but +I thought you did a pretty good job on + + align:start position:0% +I thought you did a pretty good job on + + + align:start position:0% +I thought you did a pretty good job on +camera and it was very different from + + align:start position:0% +camera and it was very different from + + + align:start position:0% +camera and it was very different from +your pitch right I got would suggest + + align:start position:0% +your pitch right I got would suggest + + + align:start position:0% +your pitch right I got would suggest +that you go back and watch yourself on + + align:start position:0% +that you go back and watch yourself on + + + align:start position:0% +that you go back and watch yourself on +both your pitch and on your blog last + + align:start position:0% +both your pitch and on your blog last + + + align:start position:0% +both your pitch and on your blog last +night and you'll see a pretty surprising + + align:start position:0% +night and you'll see a pretty surprising + + + align:start position:0% +night and you'll see a pretty surprising +difference and it happens to all of us + + align:start position:0% +difference and it happens to all of us + + + align:start position:0% +difference and it happens to all of us +when you listen to like that's the other + + align:start position:0% +when you listen to like that's the other + + + align:start position:0% +when you listen to like that's the other +part of this is that once you do your + + align:start position:0% +part of this is that once you do your + + + align:start position:0% +part of this is that once you do your +you know vlog reflection or whatever or + + align:start position:0% +you know vlog reflection or whatever or + + + align:start position:0% +you know vlog reflection or whatever or +audio blogger murder listen to it and + + align:start position:0% +audio blogger murder listen to it and + + + align:start position:0% +audio blogger murder listen to it and +see what you sound like do one where + + align:start position:0% +see what you sound like do one where + + + align:start position:0% +see what you sound like do one where +you're just talking off the cuff you + + align:start position:0% +you're just talking off the cuff you + + + align:start position:0% +you're just talking off the cuff you +know you're like today was great we had + + align:start position:0% +know you're like today was great we had + + + align:start position:0% +know you're like today was great we had +this guy was you know he was terrible + + align:start position:0% +this guy was you know he was terrible + + + align:start position:0% +this guy was you know he was terrible +but he had some good points whatever + + align:start position:0% +but he had some good points whatever + + + align:start position:0% +but he had some good points whatever +whatever and then do one where you + + align:start position:0% +whatever and then do one where you + + + align:start position:0% +whatever and then do one where you +actually read you could read even this + + align:start position:0% +actually read you could read even this + + + align:start position:0% +actually read you could read even this +same paragraph if you want or pick + + align:start position:0% +same paragraph if you want or pick + + + align:start position:0% +same paragraph if you want or pick +something that you've written and listen + + align:start position:0% +something that you've written and listen + + + align:start position:0% +something that you've written and listen +to the difference I think it's only by + + align:start position:0% +to the difference I think it's only by + + + align:start position:0% +to the difference I think it's only by +sort of really listening to yourself + + align:start position:0% +sort of really listening to yourself + + + align:start position:0% +sort of really listening to yourself +that you will learn to do this yeah you + + align:start position:0% +that you will learn to do this yeah you + + + align:start position:0% +that you will learn to do this yeah you +ever try to have people do + + align:start position:0% +ever try to have people do + + + align:start position:0% +ever try to have people do +how I could practice dry runs you know + + align:start position:0% +how I could practice dry runs you know + + + align:start position:0% +how I could practice dry runs you know +yes yeah we do that all the time it um I + + align:start position:0% +yes yeah we do that all the time it um I + + + align:start position:0% +yes yeah we do that all the time it um I +mean will say oh this is a rehearsal + + align:start position:0% +mean will say oh this is a rehearsal + + + align:start position:0% +mean will say oh this is a rehearsal +we're not rolling but go ahead and you + + align:start position:0% +we're not rolling but go ahead and you + + + align:start position:0% +we're not rolling but go ahead and you +know go ahead and deliver the line + + align:start position:0% +know go ahead and deliver the line + + + align:start position:0% +know go ahead and deliver the line +anyway sometimes it works it usually + + align:start position:0% +anyway sometimes it works it usually + + + align:start position:0% +anyway sometimes it works it usually +doesn't because you've still got the + + align:start position:0% +doesn't because you've still got the + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't because you've still got the +camera there yeah it's it's still yeah + + align:start position:0% +camera there yeah it's it's still yeah + + + align:start position:0% +camera there yeah it's it's still yeah +and the other thing is even though we + + align:start position:0% +and the other thing is even though we + + + align:start position:0% +and the other thing is even though we +want you to sound as natural as possible + + align:start position:0% +want you to sound as natural as possible + + + align:start position:0% +want you to sound as natural as possible +when it comes to the day of shooting the + + align:start position:0% +when it comes to the day of shooting the + + + align:start position:0% +when it comes to the day of shooting the +more you practice your lines it just + + align:start position:0% +more you practice your lines it just + + + align:start position:0% +more you practice your lines it just +takes that one more confounding variable + + align:start position:0% +takes that one more confounding variable + + + align:start position:0% +takes that one more confounding variable +that will stress you out during the day + + align:start position:0% +that will stress you out during the day + + + align:start position:0% +that will stress you out during the day +of shoot that the students you can + + align:start position:0% +of shoot that the students you can + + + align:start position:0% +of shoot that the students you can +really tell if they rehearse their lines + + align:start position:0% +really tell if they rehearse their lines + + + align:start position:0% +really tell if they rehearse their lines +even if we end up changing a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +even if we end up changing a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +even if we end up changing a lot of the +wording they're just much more + + align:start position:0% +wording they're just much more + + + align:start position:0% +wording they're just much more +comfortable because they're not worrying + + align:start position:0% +comfortable because they're not worrying + + + align:start position:0% +comfortable because they're not worrying +about remembering things they actually + + align:start position:0% +about remembering things they actually + + + align:start position:0% +about remembering things they actually +are thinking about the words that + + align:start position:0% +are thinking about the words that + + + align:start position:0% +are thinking about the words that +they're saying + + align:start position:0% +they're saying + + + align:start position:0% +they're saying +for tonight's assignment it will just be + + align:start position:0% +for tonight's assignment it will just be + + + align:start position:0% +for tonight's assignment it will just be +to recreate your episode pitch and you + + align:start position:0% +to recreate your episode pitch and you + + + align:start position:0% +to recreate your episode pitch and you +can I would suggest that you read raft + + align:start position:0% +can I would suggest that you read raft + + + align:start position:0% +can I would suggest that you read raft +your script we are going to do a table + + align:start position:0% +your script we are going to do a table + + + align:start position:0% +your script we are going to do a table +read next Monday and there's no official + + align:start position:0% +read next Monday and there's no official + + + align:start position:0% +read next Monday and there's no official +assignment for another draft of a script + + align:start position:0% +assignment for another draft of a script + + + align:start position:0% +assignment for another draft of a script +until then if you want feedback on any + + align:start position:0% +until then if you want feedback on any + + + align:start position:0% +until then if you want feedback on any +material that would be right which I + + align:start position:0% +material that would be right which I + + + align:start position:0% +material that would be right which I +would recommend and I'm happy to give + + align:start position:0% +would recommend and I'm happy to give + + + align:start position:0% +would recommend and I'm happy to give +feedback George ship on the world or it + + align:start position:0% +feedback George ship on the world or it + + + align:start position:0% +feedback George ship on the world or it +is happy then get his emails also on the + + align:start position:0% +is happy then get his emails also on the + + + align:start position:0% +is happy then get his emails also on the +syllabus we're all happy to give + + align:start position:0% +syllabus we're all happy to give + + + align:start position:0% +syllabus we're all happy to give +feedback that will have additional + + align:start position:0% +feedback that will have additional + + + align:start position:0% +feedback that will have additional +office hours today tomorrow friday so + + align:start position:0% +office hours today tomorrow friday so + + + align:start position:0% +office hours today tomorrow friday so +there's lots of opportunity for a + + align:start position:0% +there's lots of opportunity for a + + + align:start position:0% +there's lots of opportunity for a +feedback before the table read but just + + align:start position:0% +feedback before the table read but just + + + align:start position:0% +feedback before the table read but just +so you guys know for tonight it's just a + + align:start position:0% +so you guys know for tonight it's just a + + + align:start position:0% +so you guys know for tonight it's just a +reaping I'm gonna gia for your episode + + align:start position:0% +reaping I'm gonna gia for your episode + + + align:start position:0% +reaping I'm gonna gia for your episode +that's all the material that i had does + + align:start position:0% +that's all the material that i had does + + + align:start position:0% +that's all the material that i had does +anyone have any questions in the two + + align:start position:0% +anyone have any questions in the two + + + align:start position:0% +anyone have any questions in the two +minutes remaining and I'm going to stick + + align:start position:0% +minutes remaining and I'm going to stick + + + align:start position:0% +minutes remaining and I'm going to stick +around so if you guys want to chat with + + align:start position:0% +around so if you guys want to chat with + + + align:start position:0% +around so if you guys want to chat with +me individually that's fine too you just + + align:start position:0% +me individually that's fine too you just + + + align:start position:0% +me individually that's fine too you just +yeah them to the moat to the to the most + + align:start position:0% +yeah them to the moat to the to the most + + + align:start position:0% +yeah them to the moat to the to the most +extent that you can be yourself yeah and + + align:start position:0% +extent that you can be yourself yeah and + + + align:start position:0% +extent that you can be yourself yeah and +I mean there are exceptions to every + + align:start position:0% +I mean there are exceptions to every + + + align:start position:0% +I mean there are exceptions to every +single roll I know about when I hope + + align:start position:0% +single roll I know about when I hope + + + align:start position:0% +single roll I know about when I hope +star very different them I am in real + + align:start position:0% +star very different them I am in real + + + align:start position:0% +star very different them I am in real +life not really yeah yeah very recently + + align:start position:0% +life not really yeah yeah very recently + + + align:start position:0% +life not really yeah yeah very recently +said that I my hosting persona was alive + + align:start position:0% +said that I my hosting persona was alive + + + align:start position:0% +said that I my hosting persona was alive +and then you were expecting no just + + align:start position:0% +and then you were expecting no just + + + align:start position:0% +and then you were expecting no just +messing me but um for the most part be + + align:start position:0% +messing me but um for the most part be + + + align:start position:0% +messing me but um for the most part be +yourself like and we mean that very + + align:start position:0% +yourself like and we mean that very + + + align:start position:0% +yourself like and we mean that very +literally right I don't know if you guys + + align:start position:0% +literally right I don't know if you guys + + + align:start position:0% +literally right I don't know if you guys +noticed but that time you asked that + + align:start position:0% +noticed but that time you asked that + + + align:start position:0% +noticed but that time you asked that +question at the very end like it was it + + align:start position:0% +question at the very end like it was it + + + align:start position:0% +question at the very end like it was it +was how you would say it and it + + align:start position:0% +was how you would say it and it + + + align:start position:0% +was how you would say it and it +so so less like a pitch to like get + + align:start position:0% +so so less like a pitch to like get + + + align:start position:0% +so so less like a pitch to like get +people tip it just kind of explain what + + align:start position:0% +people tip it just kind of explain what + + + align:start position:0% +people tip it just kind of explain what +your dinner yeah as I have a pitch kind + + align:start position:0% +your dinner yeah as I have a pitch kind + + + align:start position:0% +your dinner yeah as I have a pitch kind +of you know just say on it it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +of you know just say on it it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +of you know just say on it it's kind of +like excited when you think of pets you + + align:start position:0% +like excited when you think of pets you + + + align:start position:0% +like excited when you think of pets you +think of like shark tank and you think I + + align:start position:0% +think of like shark tank and you think I + + + align:start position:0% +think of like shark tank and you think I +have 30 seconds to get someone to buy + + align:start position:0% +have 30 seconds to get someone to buy + + + align:start position:0% +have 30 seconds to get someone to buy +buy buy into my idea so I'm just going + + align:start position:0% +buy buy into my idea so I'm just going + + + align:start position:0% +buy buy into my idea so I'm just going +to be as loud and exaggerated as + + align:start position:0% +to be as loud and exaggerated as + + + align:start position:0% +to be as loud and exaggerated as +possible so please don't mistake pitch + + align:start position:0% +possible so please don't mistake pitch + + + align:start position:0% +possible so please don't mistake pitch +for that keep it under a minute and a + + align:start position:0% +for that keep it under a minute and a + + + align:start position:0% +for that keep it under a minute and a +half a lot of your videos is really five + + align:start position:0% +half a lot of your videos is really five + + + align:start position:0% +half a lot of your videos is really five +and a half minutes that's like longer + + align:start position:0% +and a half minutes that's like longer + + + align:start position:0% +and a half minutes that's like longer +than your entire absence is going to be + + align:start position:0% +than your entire absence is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +than your entire absence is going to be +keep it under a minute and a half I + + align:start position:0% +keep it under a minute and a half I + + + align:start position:0% +keep it under a minute and a half I +really I not just has a challenge but + + align:start position:0% +really I not just has a challenge but + + + align:start position:0% +really I not just has a challenge but +that'll really help structure the way + + align:start position:0% +that'll really help structure the way + + + align:start position:0% +that'll really help structure the way +you deliver and this should be the point + + align:start position:0% +you deliver and this should be the point + + + align:start position:0% +you deliver and this should be the point +of your video + + align:start position:0% +of your video + + + align:start position:0% +of your video +so maybe not think about it as a pitch + + align:start position:0% +so maybe not think about it as a pitch + + + align:start position:0% +so maybe not think about it as a pitch +as it is a point like a thesis think of + + align:start position:0% +as it is a point like a thesis think of + + + align:start position:0% +as it is a point like a thesis think of +it as explaining your video to someone + + align:start position:0% +it as explaining your video to someone + + + align:start position:0% +it as explaining your video to someone +else + + align:start position:0% +else + + + align:start position:0% +else +this is not the actual stuff people + + align:start position:0% +this is not the actual stuff people + + + align:start position:0% +this is not the actual stuff people +it's like a trailer remember Paul right + + align:start position:0% +it's like a trailer remember Paul right + + + align:start position:0% +it's like a trailer remember Paul right +that yeah remember when Paul was doing + + align:start position:0% +that yeah remember when Paul was doing + + + align:start position:0% +that yeah remember when Paul was doing +his shoe box thing it's that yes you can + + align:start position:0% +his shoe box thing it's that yes you can + + + align:start position:0% +his shoe box thing it's that yes you can +just mine yeah we get we got we got + + align:start position:0% +just mine yeah we get we got we got + + + align:start position:0% +just mine yeah we get we got we got +about a dollar fifty okay thanks guys + + align:start position:0% +about a dollar fifty okay thanks guys + + + align:start position:0% +about a dollar fifty okay thanks guys +hey we'll stick around for a while you + + align:start position:0% +hey we'll stick around for a while you + + + align:start position:0% +hey we'll stick around for a while you +guys have question \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/7F0ZThtJfo8.txt b/7F0ZThtJfo8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3ef713cb6e1a86dbe74cba43bf90ace44395d9ac --- /dev/null +++ b/7F0ZThtJfo8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8339 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay why don't we get + + align:start position:0% +okay why don't we get + + + align:start position:0% +okay why don't we get +started so last class we started talking + + align:start position:0% +started so last class we started talking + + + align:start position:0% +started so last class we started talking +about magnetic + + align:start position:0% +about magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +about magnetic +components and this is a pretty + + align:start position:0% +components and this is a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +components and this is a pretty +important topic in Power Electronics + + align:start position:0% +important topic in Power Electronics + + + align:start position:0% +important topic in Power Electronics +because most power converters have + + align:start position:0% +because most power converters have + + + align:start position:0% +because most power converters have +magnetic components at the heart of them + + align:start position:0% +magnetic components at the heart of them + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic components at the heart of them +um and we introduced the notion of of + + align:start position:0% +um and we introduced the notion of of + + + align:start position:0% +um and we introduced the notion of of +just having an inductor so maybe we have + + align:start position:0% +just having an inductor so maybe we have + + + align:start position:0% +just having an inductor so maybe we have +some + + align:start position:0% +some + + + align:start position:0% +some +core uh where we have some permeability + + align:start position:0% +core uh where we have some permeability + + + align:start position:0% +core uh where we have some permeability +of the core some cross-sectional area of + + align:start position:0% +of the core some cross-sectional area of + + + align:start position:0% +of the core some cross-sectional area of +the core and some length of the core and + + align:start position:0% +the core and some length of the core and + + + align:start position:0% +the core and some length of the core and +then we put some windings on + + align:start position:0% +then we put some windings on + + + align:start position:0% +then we put some windings on +it maybe n n turns of + + align:start position:0% +it maybe n n turns of + + + align:start position:0% +it maybe n n turns of +winding and we have some + + align:start position:0% +winding and we have some + + + align:start position:0% +winding and we have some +voltage V and current + + align:start position:0% +voltage V and current + + + align:start position:0% +voltage V and current +I defined with the associated variables + + align:start position:0% +I defined with the associated variables + + + align:start position:0% +I defined with the associated variables +convention okay and + + align:start position:0% +convention okay and + + + align:start position:0% +convention okay and +we kind of analyzed this thing and what + + align:start position:0% +we kind of analyzed this thing and what + + + align:start position:0% +we kind of analyzed this thing and what +we found is that we would first of all + + align:start position:0% +we found is that we would first of all + + + align:start position:0% +we found is that we would first of all +if I had + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +a flux density B in the core I might + + align:start position:0% +a flux density B in the core I might + + + align:start position:0% +a flux density B in the core I might +have B in the core is equal to Mu core * + + align:start position:0% +have B in the core is equal to Mu core * + + + align:start position:0% +have B in the core is equal to Mu core * +H in the core the the magnetic flux + + align:start position:0% +H in the core the the magnetic flux + + + align:start position:0% +H in the core the the magnetic flux +density and the magnetic field strength + + align:start position:0% +density and the magnetic field strength + + + align:start position:0% +density and the magnetic field strength +okay and we said Okay um on each + + align:start position:0% +okay and we said Okay um on each + + + align:start position:0% +okay and we said Okay um on each +turn of the winding right I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +turn of the winding right I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +turn of the winding right I'm going to +have some B + + align:start position:0% +have some B + + + align:start position:0% +have some B +field and the B field times the + + align:start position:0% +field and the B field times the + + + align:start position:0% +field and the B field times the +cross-sectional area is the magnetic + + align:start position:0% +cross-sectional area is the magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +cross-sectional area is the magnetic +flux in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +core right and we said okay uh by + + align:start position:0% +core right and we said okay uh by + + + align:start position:0% +core right and we said okay uh by +Faraday's law the voltage say on one + + align:start position:0% +Faraday's law the voltage say on one + + + align:start position:0% +Faraday's law the voltage say on one +turn I'll call it V1 turn + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +would equal um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +DDT okay with the right polarity + + align:start position:0% +DDT okay with the right polarity + + + align:start position:0% +DDT okay with the right polarity +associated with lens's law okay and then + + align:start position:0% +associated with lens's law okay and then + + + align:start position:0% +associated with lens's law okay and then +if I have n + + align:start position:0% +if I have n + + + align:start position:0% +if I have n +turns this would say I have a voltage on + + align:start position:0% +turns this would say I have a voltage on + + + align:start position:0% +turns this would say I have a voltage on +this turn a voltage on this turn a + + align:start position:0% +this turn a voltage on this turn a + + + align:start position:0% +this turn a voltage on this turn a +voltage on this turn the total voltage + + align:start position:0% +voltage on this turn the total voltage + + + align:start position:0% +voltage on this turn the total voltage +would be equal to n * D + + align:start position:0% +would be equal to n * D + + + align:start position:0% +would be equal to n * D +DT or we could write this as + + align:start position:0% +DT or we could write this as + + + align:start position:0% +DT or we could write this as +DDT of n times the flux through the core + + align:start position:0% +DDT of n times the flux through the core + + + align:start position:0% +DDT of n times the flux through the core +and we would often write this as D + + align:start position:0% +and we would often write this as D + + + align:start position:0% +and we would often write this as D +Lambda + + align:start position:0% +Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda +DT where + + align:start position:0% +DT where + + + align:start position:0% +DT where +Lambda is the flux + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +linkage that's its definition so it's + + align:start position:0% +linkage that's its definition so it's + + + align:start position:0% +linkage that's its definition so it's +the flux linked by the net end turn + + align:start position:0% +the flux linked by the net end turn + + + align:start position:0% +the flux linked by the net end turn +windings or n times the flux link by + + align:start position:0% +windings or n times the flux link by + + + align:start position:0% +windings or n times the flux link by +each + + align:start position:0% +each + + + align:start position:0% +each +turn okay and we also said that we + + align:start position:0% +turn okay and we also said that we + + + align:start position:0% +turn okay and we also said that we +derived the fact that Lambda the flux + + align:start position:0% +derived the fact that Lambda the flux + + + align:start position:0% +derived the fact that Lambda the flux +linkage is equal to some constant L the + + align:start position:0% +linkage is equal to some constant L the + + + align:start position:0% +linkage is equal to some constant L the +inductance times the current or D Lambda + + align:start position:0% +inductance times the current or D Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +inductance times the current or D Lambda +DT is equal to the voltage is equal to + + align:start position:0% +DT is equal to the voltage is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +DT is equal to the voltage is equal to +ldt + + align:start position:0% +ldt + + + align:start position:0% +ldt +okay just to show you that's true we set + + align:start position:0% +okay just to show you that's true we set + + + align:start position:0% +okay just to show you that's true we set +up a demo okay we actually what we have + + align:start position:0% +up a demo okay we actually what we have + + + align:start position:0% +up a demo okay we actually what we have +here is a + + align:start position:0% +here is a + + + align:start position:0% +here is a +toroidal inductor + + align:start position:0% +toroidal inductor + + + align:start position:0% +toroidal inductor +okay with a bunch of turns on it okay + + align:start position:0% +okay with a bunch of turns on it okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay with a bunch of turns on it okay +and what we're going to do is we're + + align:start position:0% +and what we're going to do is we're + + + align:start position:0% +and what we're going to do is we're +going to apply a voltage to it okay and + + align:start position:0% +going to apply a voltage to it okay and + + + align:start position:0% +going to apply a voltage to it okay and +what you can see right now is + + align:start position:0% +what you can see right now is + + + align:start position:0% +what you can see right now is +essentially the voltage being applied + + align:start position:0% +essentially the voltage being applied + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the voltage being applied +across this whole + + align:start position:0% +across this whole + + + align:start position:0% +across this whole +inductor but what I did was I we wound + + align:start position:0% +inductor but what I did was I we wound + + + align:start position:0% +inductor but what I did was I we wound +the inductor with sort of uninsulated + + align:start position:0% +the inductor with sort of uninsulated + + + align:start position:0% +the inductor with sort of uninsulated +wires so we could tap individual turns + + align:start position:0% +wires so we could tap individual turns + + + align:start position:0% +wires so we could tap individual turns +going around and what you can see is if + + align:start position:0% +going around and what you can see is if + + + align:start position:0% +going around and what you can see is if +I look + + align:start position:0% +I look + + + align:start position:0% +I look +just um + + align:start position:0% +just um + + + align:start position:0% +just um +on one turn for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example come + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +on oh it would help if I looked at the + + align:start position:0% +on oh it would help if I looked at the + + + align:start position:0% +on oh it would help if I looked at the +right end if I looked on just on one + + align:start position:0% +right end if I looked on just on one + + + align:start position:0% +right end if I looked on just on one +turn I'll see one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +voltage okay you know what I think we're + + align:start position:0% +voltage okay you know what I think we're + + + align:start position:0% +voltage okay you know what I think we're +going to try this another time we'll + + align:start position:0% +going to try this another time we'll + + + align:start position:0% +going to try this another time we'll +bring this demo back + + align:start position:0% +bring this demo back + + + align:start position:0% +bring this demo back +later if it had worked what you would + + align:start position:0% +later if it had worked what you would + + + align:start position:0% +later if it had worked what you would +have seen is the voltage build building + + align:start position:0% +have seen is the voltage build building + + + align:start position:0% +have seen is the voltage build building +up around the core which it did do in + + align:start position:0% +up around the core which it did do in + + + align:start position:0% +up around the core which it did do in +the lab 20 minutes ago but you know + + align:start position:0% +the lab 20 minutes ago but you know + + + align:start position:0% +the lab 20 minutes ago but you know +that's the way it goes sometimes I I + + align:start position:0% +that's the way it goes sometimes I I + + + align:start position:0% +that's the way it goes sometimes I I +think we have some problem with with + + align:start position:0% +think we have some problem with with + + + align:start position:0% +think we have some problem with with +what signals being picked up what we + + align:start position:0% +what signals being picked up what we + + + align:start position:0% +what signals being picked up what we +did starting from this is saying well we + + align:start position:0% +did starting from this is saying well we + + + align:start position:0% +did starting from this is saying well we +used Maxwell's equations to get to these + + align:start position:0% +used Maxwell's equations to get to these + + + align:start position:0% +used Maxwell's equations to get to these +results and + + align:start position:0% +results and + + + align:start position:0% +results and +um that was fine but it was very + + align:start position:0% +um that was fine but it was very + + + align:start position:0% +um that was fine but it was very +complicated so then we introduced this + + align:start position:0% +complicated so then we introduced this + + + align:start position:0% +complicated so then we introduced this +notion of a magnetic circuit model + + align:start position:0% +notion of a magnetic circuit model + + + align:start position:0% +notion of a magnetic circuit model +okay where he said okay in electric + + align:start position:0% +okay where he said okay in electric + + + align:start position:0% +okay where he said okay in electric +circuit we have kvl and KCl we have + + align:start position:0% +circuit we have kvl and KCl we have + + + align:start position:0% +circuit we have kvl and KCl we have +voltage sources sometimes called an EMF + + align:start position:0% +voltage sources sometimes called an EMF + + + align:start position:0% +voltage sources sometimes called an EMF +we have + + align:start position:0% +we have + + + align:start position:0% +we have +current which is sort of our flow + + align:start position:0% +current which is sort of our flow + + + align:start position:0% +current which is sort of our flow +variable or our through variable and we + + align:start position:0% +variable or our through variable and we + + + align:start position:0% +variable or our through variable and we +have resistances which kind of talk + + align:start position:0% +have resistances which kind of talk + + + align:start position:0% +have resistances which kind of talk +about the resistance of a material to + + align:start position:0% +about the resistance of a material to + + + align:start position:0% +about the resistance of a material to +current flow through it when a voltage + + align:start position:0% +current flow through it when a voltage + + + align:start position:0% +current flow through it when a voltage +is applied and we said okay we can build + + align:start position:0% +is applied and we said okay we can build + + + align:start position:0% +is applied and we said okay we can build +a magnetic circuit that describes + + align:start position:0% +a magnetic circuit that describes + + + align:start position:0% +a magnetic circuit that describes +magnetic structures where we have an MMF + + align:start position:0% +magnetic structures where we have an MMF + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic structures where we have an MMF +which is usually the Amper turns drive + + align:start position:0% +which is usually the Amper turns drive + + + align:start position:0% +which is usually the Amper turns drive +that's trying to drive flux okay flux is + + align:start position:0% +that's trying to drive flux okay flux is + + + align:start position:0% +that's trying to drive flux okay flux is +our through variable so MMF is our + + align:start position:0% +our through variable so MMF is our + + + align:start position:0% +our through variable so MMF is our +across variable flux is our through + + align:start position:0% +across variable flux is our through + + + align:start position:0% +across variable flux is our through +variable and reluctance to magnetic flux + + align:start position:0% +variable and reluctance to magnetic flux + + + align:start position:0% +variable and reluctance to magnetic flux +uh depends upon the material okay and + + align:start position:0% +uh depends upon the material okay and + + + align:start position:0% +uh depends upon the material okay and +the and the geometry and we said just as + + align:start position:0% +the and the geometry and we said just as + + + align:start position:0% +the and the geometry and we said just as +an electrical resistance is the length + + align:start position:0% +an electrical resistance is the length + + + align:start position:0% +an electrical resistance is the length +of the resistor divided by the area + + align:start position:0% +of the resistor divided by the area + + + align:start position:0% +of the resistor divided by the area +resistor and the conductivity of the + + align:start position:0% +resistor and the conductivity of the + + + align:start position:0% +resistor and the conductivity of the +material permeability is just + + align:start position:0% +material permeability is just + + + align:start position:0% +material permeability is just +conductivity to magnetic flux and so + + align:start position:0% +conductivity to magnetic flux and so + + + align:start position:0% +conductivity to magnetic flux and so +this equivalent circuit model is very + + align:start position:0% +this equivalent circuit model is very + + + align:start position:0% +this equivalent circuit model is very +useful to very quickly uh making all the + + align:start position:0% +useful to very quickly uh making all the + + + align:start position:0% +useful to very quickly uh making all the +calculations that we'd otherwise have to + + align:start position:0% +calculations that we'd otherwise have to + + + align:start position:0% +calculations that we'd otherwise have to +start applying Maxwells equations to + + align:start position:0% +start applying Maxwells equations to + + + align:start position:0% +start applying Maxwells equations to +do okay so for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example if we sat and said you know + + align:start position:0% +example if we sat and said you know + + + align:start position:0% +example if we sat and said you know +let's take a chord structure like + + align:start position:0% +let's take a chord structure like + + + align:start position:0% +let's take a chord structure like +this and this would be called a C Core + + align:start position:0% +this and this would be called a C Core + + + align:start position:0% +this and this would be called a C Core +where I put a gap in the core and we saw + + align:start position:0% +where I put a gap in the core and we saw + + + align:start position:0% +where I put a gap in the core and we saw +that we would do that in part because we + + align:start position:0% +that we would do that in part because we + + + align:start position:0% +that we would do that in part because we +can make the magnetic + + align:start position:0% +can make the magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +can make the magnetic +inductance more stable to material + + align:start position:0% +inductance more stable to material + + + align:start position:0% +inductance more stable to material +variations per permeability variations + + align:start position:0% +variations per permeability variations + + + align:start position:0% +variations per permeability variations +we would also do it + + align:start position:0% +we would also do it + + + align:start position:0% +we would also do it +um for reasons that we tend to store + + align:start position:0% +um for reasons that we tend to store + + + align:start position:0% +um for reasons that we tend to store +energy in the Gap instead of in the core + + align:start position:0% +energy in the Gap instead of in the core + + + align:start position:0% +energy in the Gap instead of in the core +material okay preferably and we go put n + + align:start position:0% +material okay preferably and we go put n + + + align:start position:0% +material okay preferably and we go put n +turns on + + align:start position:0% +turns on + + + align:start position:0% +turns on +this so we'd have + + align:start position:0% +this so we'd have + + + align:start position:0% +this so we'd have +ni n turns of current I and we get + + align:start position:0% +ni n turns of current I and we get + + + align:start position:0% +ni n turns of current I and we get +voltage + + align:start position:0% +voltage + + + align:start position:0% +voltage +V okay and we said + + align:start position:0% +V okay and we said + + + align:start position:0% +V okay and we said +my magnetic circuit model would be ni is + + align:start position:0% +my magnetic circuit model would be ni is + + + align:start position:0% +my magnetic circuit model would be ni is +trying to drive flux in the + + align:start position:0% +trying to drive flux in the + + + align:start position:0% +trying to drive flux in the +core right and a positive current by the + + align:start position:0% +core right and a positive current by the + + + align:start position:0% +core right and a positive current by the +right hand rule is trying to throw flux + + align:start position:0% +right hand rule is trying to throw flux + + + align:start position:0% +right hand rule is trying to throw flux +clockwise around the score okay then I + + align:start position:0% +clockwise around the score okay then I + + + align:start position:0% +clockwise around the score okay then I +would have the reluctance of the core + + align:start position:0% +would have the reluctance of the core + + + align:start position:0% +would have the reluctance of the core +right which is is equal to LC over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +muac okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the reluctance of the Gap is equal + + align:start position:0% +and the reluctance of the Gap is equal + + + align:start position:0% +and the reluctance of the Gap is equal +to LG over mu + + align:start position:0% +to LG over mu + + + align:start position:0% +to LG over mu +AG okay and then I can calculate you + + align:start position:0% +AG okay and then I can calculate you + + + align:start position:0% +AG okay and then I can calculate you +know what the net flux in this traveling + + align:start position:0% +know what the net flux in this traveling + + + align:start position:0% +know what the net flux in this traveling +around this path + + align:start position:0% +around this path + + + align:start position:0% +around this path +is right and that would just be this + + align:start position:0% +is right and that would just be this + + + align:start position:0% +is right and that would just be this +flux + + align:start position:0% +flux + + + align:start position:0% +flux +fi + + align:start position:0% +fi + + + align:start position:0% +fi +okay so what could we say well we can + + align:start position:0% +okay so what could we say well we can + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what could we say well we can +calculate Fi Fi is just simply equal to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ni divided by the reluctance of the core + + align:start position:0% +ni divided by the reluctance of the core + + + align:start position:0% +ni divided by the reluctance of the core +plus the reluctance of the Gap right + + align:start position:0% +plus the reluctance of the Gap right + + + align:start position:0% +plus the reluctance of the Gap right +it's pretty simple resistive circuit + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty simple resistive circuit + + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty simple resistive circuit +there right and then we can say well + + align:start position:0% +there right and then we can say well + + + align:start position:0% +there right and then we can say well +Lambda is the flux + + align:start position:0% +Lambda is the flux + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda is the flux +linkage of this MMF source so Lambda if + + align:start position:0% +linkage of this MMF source so Lambda if + + + align:start position:0% +linkage of this MMF source so Lambda if +I call that F core Lambda is just equal + + align:start position:0% +I call that F core Lambda is just equal + + + align:start position:0% +I call that F core Lambda is just equal +to n * 5 Core which makes it n^2 over + + align:start position:0% +to n * 5 Core which makes it n^2 over + + + align:start position:0% +to n * 5 Core which makes it n^2 over +the reluctance of the core plus the + + align:start position:0% +the reluctance of the core plus the + + + align:start position:0% +the reluctance of the core plus the +reluctance of the Gap times the current + + align:start position:0% +reluctance of the Gap times the current + + + align:start position:0% +reluctance of the Gap times the current +right and this thing + + align:start position:0% +right and this thing + + + align:start position:0% +right and this thing +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +um this proportionality factor is just + + align:start position:0% +um this proportionality factor is just + + + align:start position:0% +um this proportionality factor is just +the inductance L right so I can sort of + + align:start position:0% +the inductance L right so I can sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the inductance L right so I can sort of +immediately from this structure get the + + align:start position:0% +immediately from this structure get the + + + align:start position:0% +immediately from this structure get the +inductance I can also come back and say + + align:start position:0% +inductance I can also come back and say + + + align:start position:0% +inductance I can also come back and say +okay well what's the voltage the + + align:start position:0% +okay well what's the voltage the + + + align:start position:0% +okay well what's the voltage the +voltage is equal to D Lambda DT + + align:start position:0% +voltage is equal to D Lambda DT + + + align:start position:0% +voltage is equal to D Lambda DT +which is n^2 over the reluctance of the + + align:start position:0% +which is n^2 over the reluctance of the + + + align:start position:0% +which is n^2 over the reluctance of the +core plus the reluctance of the Gap time + + align:start position:0% +core plus the reluctance of the Gap time + + + align:start position:0% +core plus the reluctance of the Gap time +DT right so I can come back and figure + + align:start position:0% +DT right so I can come back and figure + + + align:start position:0% +DT right so I can come back and figure +out what the voltage on this winding is + + align:start position:0% +out what the voltage on this winding is + + + align:start position:0% +out what the voltage on this winding is +and when I do that I have to be a little + + align:start position:0% +and when I do that I have to be a little + + + align:start position:0% +and when I do that I have to be a little +bit careful about the signs okay and if + + align:start position:0% +bit careful about the signs okay and if + + + align:start position:0% +bit careful about the signs okay and if +you notice the flux I'm talking about is + + align:start position:0% +you notice the flux I'm talking about is + + + align:start position:0% +you notice the flux I'm talking about is +the flux that's coming out of the + + align:start position:0% +the flux that's coming out of the + + + align:start position:0% +the flux that's coming out of the +positive terminal of the MMF Source in + + align:start position:0% +positive terminal of the MMF Source in + + + align:start position:0% +positive terminal of the MMF Source in +the positive circuit relates to the + + align:start position:0% +the positive circuit relates to the + + + align:start position:0% +the positive circuit relates to the +voltage with the associated variables of + + align:start position:0% +voltage with the associated variables of + + + align:start position:0% +voltage with the associated variables of +the current going into that winding okay + + align:start position:0% +the current going into that winding okay + + + align:start position:0% +the current going into that winding okay +so if I Divine a current and I get the + + align:start position:0% +so if I Divine a current and I get the + + + align:start position:0% +so if I Divine a current and I get the +MMF Source the flux coming out of the + + align:start position:0% +MMF Source the flux coming out of the + + + align:start position:0% +MMF Source the flux coming out of the +MMF source gives me the voltage with + + align:start position:0% +MMF source gives me the voltage with + + + align:start position:0% +MMF source gives me the voltage with +this polarity so it's the + + align:start position:0% +this polarity so it's the + + + align:start position:0% +this polarity so it's the +vni V * I is the power into the + + align:start position:0% +vni V * I is the power into the + + + align:start position:0% +vni V * I is the power into the +component any questions about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that so that's just a very very quick + + align:start position:0% +that so that's just a very very quick + + + align:start position:0% +that so that's just a very very quick +review of last class class the other + + align:start position:0% +review of last class class the other + + + align:start position:0% +review of last class class the other +thing we may want to pay a little bit + + align:start position:0% +thing we may want to pay a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +thing we may want to pay a little bit +attention to and what we often use these + + align:start position:0% +attention to and what we often use these + + + align:start position:0% +attention to and what we often use these +magnetic circuits for is that we assumed + + align:start position:0% +magnetic circuits for is that we assumed + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic circuits for is that we assumed +in all this that b was mu right I'm + + align:start position:0% +in all this that b was mu right I'm + + + align:start position:0% +in all this that b was mu right I'm +assuming that the relationship in the + + align:start position:0% +assuming that the relationship in the + + + align:start position:0% +assuming that the relationship in the +core + + align:start position:0% +core + + + align:start position:0% +core +material B is equal to Mu core * H + + align:start position:0% +material B is equal to Mu core * H + + + align:start position:0% +material B is equal to Mu core * H +inside this magnetic core well right in + + align:start position:0% +inside this magnetic core well right in + + + align:start position:0% +inside this magnetic core well right in +a real core material B is equal to Mu + + align:start position:0% +a real core material B is equal to Mu + + + align:start position:0% +a real core material B is equal to Mu +um if this is H and this is B in the + + align:start position:0% +um if this is H and this is B in the + + + align:start position:0% +um if this is H and this is B in the +core that's + + align:start position:0% +core that's + + + align:start position:0% +core that's +true or approximately true for for + + align:start position:0% +true or approximately true for for + + + align:start position:0% +true or approximately true for for +rather low flux + + align:start position:0% +rather low flux + + + align:start position:0% +rather low flux +densities above some level that we + + align:start position:0% +densities above some level that we + + + align:start position:0% +densities above some level that we +sometimes call bat or the saturation + + align:start position:0% +sometimes call bat or the saturation + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes call bat or the saturation +flux density you know that this this + + align:start position:0% +flux density you know that this this + + + align:start position:0% +flux density you know that this this +tapers off all the magnetic domains + + align:start position:0% +tapers off all the magnetic domains + + + align:start position:0% +tapers off all the magnetic domains +align and I get something that does this + + align:start position:0% +align and I get something that does this + + + align:start position:0% +align and I get something that does this +I'm simplifying a bit but this would end + + align:start position:0% +I'm simplifying a bit but this would end + + + align:start position:0% +I'm simplifying a bit but this would end +up being mu KN okay so in order to use + + align:start position:0% +up being mu KN okay so in order to use + + + align:start position:0% +up being mu KN okay so in order to use +this model we sort of know that we want + + align:start position:0% +this model we sort of know that we want + + + align:start position:0% +this model we sort of know that we want +to be operating down here below the + + align:start position:0% +to be operating down here below the + + + align:start position:0% +to be operating down here below the +saturation flux density of the + + align:start position:0% +saturation flux density of the + + + align:start position:0% +saturation flux density of the +material okay so I might also use this + + align:start position:0% +material okay so I might also use this + + + align:start position:0% +material okay so I might also use this +kind of model to say at what current + + align:start position:0% +kind of model to say at what current + + + align:start position:0% +kind of model to say at what current +does this thing start to saturate given + + align:start position:0% +does this thing start to saturate given + + + align:start position:0% +does this thing start to saturate given +its geometry okay because B is related + + align:start position:0% +its geometry okay because B is related + + + align:start position:0% +its geometry okay because B is related +to flux any questions about + + align:start position:0% +to flux any questions about + + + align:start position:0% +to flux any questions about +that okay so that was sort of a + + align:start position:0% +that okay so that was sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +that okay so that was sort of a +lightning review of last + + align:start position:0% +lightning review of last + + + align:start position:0% +lightning review of last +class what I'd like to do today is start + + align:start position:0% +class what I'd like to do today is start + + + align:start position:0% +class what I'd like to do today is start +talking about Transformers + + align:start position:0% +talking about Transformers + + + align:start position:0% +talking about Transformers +okay and what's a Transformer you might + + align:start position:0% +okay and what's a Transformer you might + + + align:start position:0% +okay and what's a Transformer you might +think of a transformer or at least a + + align:start position:0% +think of a transformer or at least a + + + align:start position:0% +think of a transformer or at least a +two- winding Transformer is a magnetic + + align:start position:0% +two- winding Transformer is a magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +two- winding Transformer is a magnetic +circuit where instead of having a + + align:start position:0% +circuit where instead of having a + + + align:start position:0% +circuit where instead of having a +winding and a gap to store the energy I + + align:start position:0% +winding and a gap to store the energy I + + + align:start position:0% +winding and a gap to store the energy I +have a winding and another winding to + + align:start position:0% +have a winding and another winding to + + + align:start position:0% +have a winding and another winding to +transfer energy okay but a simple + + align:start position:0% +transfer energy okay but a simple + + + align:start position:0% +transfer energy okay but a simple +Transformer maybe I'll draw it like this + + align:start position:0% +Transformer maybe I'll draw it like this + + + align:start position:0% +Transformer maybe I'll draw it like this +suppose I just have some core and again + + align:start position:0% +suppose I just have some core and again + + + align:start position:0% +suppose I just have some core and again +I'm going to assume it has some area of + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to assume it has some area of + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to assume it has some area of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +core uh permeability of the core and + + align:start position:0% +core uh permeability of the core and + + + align:start position:0% +core uh permeability of the core and +some length of the core okay and I'll + + align:start position:0% +some length of the core okay and I'll + + + align:start position:0% +some length of the core okay and I'll +put a first winding on it like + + align:start position:0% +put a first winding on it like + + + align:start position:0% +put a first winding on it like +this and I'll say that this is + + align:start position:0% +this and I'll say that this is + + + align:start position:0% +this and I'll say that this is +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +N1 i1 and + + align:start position:0% +N1 i1 and + + + align:start position:0% +N1 i1 and +V1 okay and let me put a second winding + + align:start position:0% +V1 okay and let me put a second winding + + + align:start position:0% +V1 okay and let me put a second winding +on it that I'll + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +call + + align:start position:0% +call + + + align:start position:0% +call +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +N2 I2 and + + align:start position:0% +N2 I2 and + + + align:start position:0% +N2 I2 and +V2 and notice that I'm keeping + + align:start position:0% +V2 and notice that I'm keeping + + + align:start position:0% +V2 and notice that I'm keeping +Associated variables my voltages and + + align:start position:0% +Associated variables my voltages and + + + align:start position:0% +Associated variables my voltages and +currents here okay now if I thought + + align:start position:0% +currents here okay now if I thought + + + align:start position:0% +currents here okay now if I thought +about this thing what would be the + + align:start position:0% +about this thing what would be the + + + align:start position:0% +about this thing what would be the +magnetic circuit + + align:start position:0% +magnetic circuit + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic circuit +model well I said here's an MMF Source + + align:start position:0% +model well I said here's an MMF Source + + + align:start position:0% +model well I said here's an MMF Source +if I have a current into this winding I + + align:start position:0% +if I have a current into this winding I + + + align:start position:0% +if I have a current into this winding I +have some MMF so my magnetic circuit + + align:start position:0% +have some MMF so my magnetic circuit + + + align:start position:0% +have some MMF so my magnetic circuit +would look like + + align:start position:0% +would look like + + + align:start position:0% +would look like +this N1 + + align:start position:0% +this N1 + + + align:start position:0% +this N1 +i1 okay then I have the reluctance of + + align:start position:0% +i1 okay then I have the reluctance of + + + align:start position:0% +i1 okay then I have the reluctance of +the core that I have to worry about + + align:start position:0% +the core that I have to worry about + + + align:start position:0% +the core that I have to worry about +right so let me put that in + + align:start position:0% +right so let me put that in + + + align:start position:0% +right so let me put that in +here's the reluctance of the core and + + align:start position:0% +here's the reluctance of the core and + + + align:start position:0% +here's the reluctance of the core and +now I have another MMF Source N2 + + align:start position:0% +now I have another MMF Source N2 + + + align:start position:0% +now I have another MMF Source N2 +I2 right but now I got to be careful + + align:start position:0% +I2 right but now I got to be careful + + + align:start position:0% +I2 right but now I got to be careful +because you know what's the relative + + align:start position:0% +because you know what's the relative + + + align:start position:0% +because you know what's the relative +polarity of what this MMF source is + + align:start position:0% +polarity of what this MMF source is + + + align:start position:0% +polarity of what this MMF source is +going to do to drive flux and what this + + align:start position:0% +going to do to drive flux and what this + + + align:start position:0% +going to do to drive flux and what this +MMF source is going to do to drive flux + + align:start position:0% +MMF source is going to do to drive flux + + + align:start position:0% +MMF source is going to do to drive flux +right and in this case if I have a + + align:start position:0% +right and in this case if I have a + + + align:start position:0% +right and in this case if I have a +positive current into the winding by the + + align:start position:0% +positive current into the winding by the + + + align:start position:0% +positive current into the winding by the +right hand rule it's trying to push flux + + align:start position:0% +right hand rule it's trying to push flux + + + align:start position:0% +right hand rule it's trying to push flux +clockwise around the core right right so + + align:start position:0% +clockwise around the core right right so + + + align:start position:0% +clockwise around the core right right so +I could imagine + + align:start position:0% +I could imagine + + + align:start position:0% +I could imagine +some core flux being driven this way F + + align:start position:0% +some core flux being driven this way F + + + align:start position:0% +some core flux being driven this way F +core from this a positive current i1 + + align:start position:0% +core from this a positive current i1 + + + align:start position:0% +core from this a positive current i1 +here notice that the way I drew this if + + align:start position:0% +here notice that the way I drew this if + + + align:start position:0% +here notice that the way I drew this if +I put a positive current I2 here by the + + align:start position:0% +I put a positive current I2 here by the + + + align:start position:0% +I put a positive current I2 here by the +right hand rule it's also trying to + + align:start position:0% +right hand rule it's also trying to + + + align:start position:0% +right hand rule it's also trying to +drive flux in the same direction okay + + align:start position:0% +drive flux in the same direction okay + + + align:start position:0% +drive flux in the same direction okay +that means in my magnetic circuit + + align:start position:0% +that means in my magnetic circuit + + + align:start position:0% +that means in my magnetic circuit +model + + align:start position:0% +model + + + align:start position:0% +model +um here I would have N2 I2 and notice + + align:start position:0% +um here I would have N2 I2 and notice + + + align:start position:0% +um here I would have N2 I2 and notice +that N2 and I2 and N1 and i1 are trying + + align:start position:0% +that N2 and I2 and N1 and i1 are trying + + + align:start position:0% +that N2 and I2 and N1 and i1 are trying +to push flux in the same direction + + align:start position:0% +to push flux in the same direction + + + align:start position:0% +to push flux in the same direction +around the core okay and you could say + + align:start position:0% +around the core okay and you could say + + + align:start position:0% +around the core okay and you could say +that's correct it is correct uh why did + + align:start position:0% +that's correct it is correct uh why did + + + align:start position:0% +that's correct it is correct uh why did +it work out this way because you could + + align:start position:0% +it work out this way because you could + + + align:start position:0% +it work out this way because you could +look at it either one way or another + + align:start position:0% +look at it either one way or another + + + align:start position:0% +look at it either one way or another +because of the relative way I drew the + + align:start position:0% +because of the relative way I drew the + + + align:start position:0% +because of the relative way I drew the +polarity of this winding which way it + + align:start position:0% +polarity of this winding which way it + + + align:start position:0% +polarity of this winding which way it +was wrapped on the core or equivalently + + align:start position:0% +was wrapped on the core or equivalently + + + align:start position:0% +was wrapped on the core or equivalently +which way I Define voltage and current I + + align:start position:0% +which way I Define voltage and current I + + + align:start position:0% +which way I Define voltage and current I +could Define it some other way + + align:start position:0% +could Define it some other way + + + align:start position:0% +could Define it some other way +right I could I could Define voltage V2 + + align:start position:0% +right I could I could Define voltage V2 + + + align:start position:0% +right I could I could Define voltage V2 +the other way in which case and I2 the + + align:start position:0% +the other way in which case and I2 the + + + align:start position:0% +the other way in which case and I2 the +other way in which case I'd have to flip + + align:start position:0% +other way in which case I'd have to flip + + + align:start position:0% +other way in which case I'd have to flip +that MMF source so the polarities matter + + align:start position:0% +that MMF source so the polarities matter + + + align:start position:0% +that MMF source so the polarities matter +a lot in this so you ought to think + + align:start position:0% +a lot in this so you ought to think + + + align:start position:0% +a lot in this so you ought to think +about it the other thing I will say is + + align:start position:0% +about it the other thing I will say is + + + align:start position:0% +about it the other thing I will say is +when we talk about a Transformer at + + align:start position:0% +when we talk about a Transformer at + + + align:start position:0% +when we talk about a Transformer at +least a two- winding Transformer you'll + + align:start position:0% +least a two- winding Transformer you'll + + + align:start position:0% +least a two- winding Transformer you'll +often see something called The Dot + + align:start position:0% +often see something called The Dot + + + align:start position:0% +often see something called The Dot +convention okay and so somewhere in the + + align:start position:0% +convention okay and so somewhere in the + + + align:start position:0% +convention okay and so somewhere in the +structure maybe you'll see this and + + align:start position:0% +structure maybe you'll see this and + + + align:start position:0% +structure maybe you'll see this and +you'll see it in the schematic symbol + + align:start position:0% +you'll see it in the schematic symbol + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see it in the schematic symbol +there's a going to be a DOT here and a + + align:start position:0% +there's a going to be a DOT here and a + + + align:start position:0% +there's a going to be a DOT here and a +DOT here what that + + align:start position:0% +DOT here what that + + + align:start position:0% +DOT here what that +means is is in practice currents into + + align:start position:0% +means is is in practice currents into + + + align:start position:0% +means is is in practice currents into +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +dot okay throw flux try to throw flux + + align:start position:0% +dot okay throw flux try to throw flux + + + align:start position:0% +dot okay throw flux try to throw flux +the same direction around the + + align:start position:0% +the same direction around the + + + align:start position:0% +the same direction around the +core okay so that just is saying + + align:start position:0% +core okay so that just is saying + + + align:start position:0% +core okay so that just is saying +something about the relative definitions + + align:start position:0% +something about the relative definitions + + + align:start position:0% +something about the relative definitions +of the winding + + align:start position:0% +of the winding + + + align:start position:0% +of the winding +polarities + + align:start position:0% +polarities + + + align:start position:0% +polarities +uh just is denoted by the dots okay so + + align:start position:0% +uh just is denoted by the dots okay so + + + align:start position:0% +uh just is denoted by the dots okay so +just think currents into the dot throw + + align:start position:0% +just think currents into the dot throw + + + align:start position:0% +just think currents into the dot throw +flux the same way around the core okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so +um this is my simple circuit model and I + + align:start position:0% +um this is my simple circuit model and I + + + align:start position:0% +um this is my simple circuit model and I +have reluctance of the core is L core + + align:start position:0% +have reluctance of the core is L core + + + align:start position:0% +have reluctance of the core is L core +over mu core a + + align:start position:0% +over mu core a + + + align:start position:0% +over mu core a +core all right what could I say about + + align:start position:0% +core all right what could I say about + + + align:start position:0% +core all right what could I say about +this magnetic structure as to what it + + align:start position:0% +this magnetic structure as to what it + + + align:start position:0% +this magnetic structure as to what it +would do okay well let me start by + + align:start position:0% +would do okay well let me start by + + + align:start position:0% +would do okay well let me start by +considering the idealized case where + + align:start position:0% +considering the idealized case where + + + align:start position:0% +considering the idealized case where +muore is really big right it's a really + + align:start position:0% +muore is really big right it's a really + + + align:start position:0% +muore is really big right it's a really +big number if mu is really big or if the + + align:start position:0% +big number if mu is really big or if the + + + align:start position:0% +big number if mu is really big or if the +area cor is really big the reluctance of + + align:start position:0% +area cor is really big the reluctance of + + + align:start position:0% +area cor is really big the reluctance of +the core is really small all right and + + align:start position:0% +the core is really small all right and + + + align:start position:0% +the core is really small all right and +that's for many Transformer designs + + align:start position:0% +that's for many Transformer designs + + + align:start position:0% +that's for many Transformer designs +that's what you do okay you try to try + + align:start position:0% +that's what you do okay you try to try + + + align:start position:0% +that's what you do okay you try to try +to approximate it that way so let's see + + align:start position:0% +to approximate it that way so let's see + + + align:start position:0% +to approximate it that way so let's see +what we would get what would I get for a + + align:start position:0% +what we would get what would I get for a + + + align:start position:0% +what we would get what would I get for a +voltage V1 well + + align:start position:0% +voltage V1 well + + + align:start position:0% +voltage V1 well +V1 is equal to uh + + align:start position:0% +V1 is equal to uh + + + align:start position:0% +V1 is equal to uh +DDT of N1 times the flux in the + + align:start position:0% +DDT of N1 times the flux in the + + + align:start position:0% +DDT of N1 times the flux in the +core + + align:start position:0% +core + + + align:start position:0% +core +right because v v is equal to D Lambda + + align:start position:0% +right because v v is equal to D Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +right because v v is equal to D Lambda +V1 is D Lambda 1 DT + + align:start position:0% +V1 is D Lambda 1 DT + + + align:start position:0% +V1 is D Lambda 1 DT +V2 is simply equal to + + align:start position:0% +V2 is simply equal to + + + align:start position:0% +V2 is simply equal to +DDT of N2 times the flux in the core and + + align:start position:0% +DDT of N2 times the flux in the core and + + + align:start position:0% +DDT of N2 times the flux in the core and +that's because notice in both cases the + + align:start position:0% +that's because notice in both cases the + + + align:start position:0% +that's because notice in both cases the +flux in the core I've defined the + + align:start position:0% +flux in the core I've defined the + + + align:start position:0% +flux in the core I've defined the +flux clockwise + + align:start position:0% +flux clockwise + + + align:start position:0% +flux clockwise +here okay so I'm the Flux Of The Core is + + align:start position:0% +here okay so I'm the Flux Of The Core is + + + align:start position:0% +here okay so I'm the Flux Of The Core is +the flux out of the top of this nnf + + align:start position:0% +the flux out of the top of this nnf + + + align:start position:0% +the flux out of the top of this nnf +Source it's also out of the positive + + align:start position:0% +Source it's also out of the positive + + + align:start position:0% +Source it's also out of the positive +terminal of this nnf Source right so + + align:start position:0% +terminal of this nnf Source right so + + + align:start position:0% +terminal of this nnf Source right so +that's why the sign are the same here + + align:start position:0% +that's why the sign are the same here + + + align:start position:0% +that's why the sign are the same here +does that make sense + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense + + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense +everybody so what does this say overall + + align:start position:0% +everybody so what does this say overall + + + align:start position:0% +everybody so what does this say overall +well I could pull the N1 and n2s out and + + align:start position:0% +well I could pull the N1 and n2s out and + + + align:start position:0% +well I could pull the N1 and n2s out and +divide the two and what this + + align:start position:0% +divide the two and what this + + + align:start position:0% +divide the two and what this +relationship tells me is that V1 and V2 + + align:start position:0% +relationship tells me is that V1 and V2 + + + align:start position:0% +relationship tells me is that V1 and V2 +are proportional right because V1 is + + align:start position:0% +are proportional right because V1 is + + + align:start position:0% +are proportional right because V1 is +proportional to the flux in the core by + + align:start position:0% +proportional to the flux in the core by + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to the flux in the core by +the number of turns and V2 is + + align:start position:0% +the number of turns and V2 is + + + align:start position:0% +the number of turns and V2 is +proportional to flux in the core by the + + align:start position:0% +proportional to flux in the core by the + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to flux in the core by the +number of turns what I get is V2 over V1 + + align:start position:0% +number of turns what I get is V2 over V1 + + + align:start position:0% +number of turns what I get is V2 over V1 +is equal to N2 over N1 + + align:start position:0% +is equal to N2 over N1 + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to N2 over N1 +okay so this is one characteristic that + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is one characteristic that + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is one characteristic that +I get in the + + align:start position:0% +I get in the + + + align:start position:0% +I get in the +system okay make sense + + align:start position:0% +system okay make sense + + + align:start position:0% +system okay make sense +everybody well what else can I say about + + align:start position:0% +everybody well what else can I say about + + + align:start position:0% +everybody well what else can I say about +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +system um N1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i1 plus N2 I2 is the total MMF here and + + align:start position:0% +i1 plus N2 I2 is the total MMF here and + + + align:start position:0% +i1 plus N2 I2 is the total MMF here and +that's got to be equal to F core time + + align:start position:0% +that's got to be equal to F core time + + + align:start position:0% +that's got to be equal to F core time +the reluctance of the core + + align:start position:0% +the reluctance of the core + + + align:start position:0% +the reluctance of the core +four right that's just magnetic kvl + + align:start position:0% +four right that's just magnetic kvl + + + align:start position:0% +four right that's just magnetic kvl +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +okay well all right um what can I say + + align:start position:0% +okay well all right um what can I say + + + align:start position:0% +okay well all right um what can I say +well if I said if Rance of the core was + + align:start position:0% +well if I said if Rance of the core was + + + align:start position:0% +well if I said if Rance of the core was +really really small right goes to + + align:start position:0% +really really small right goes to + + + align:start position:0% +really really small right goes to +zero then this right hand ought to go to + + align:start position:0% +zero then this right hand ought to go to + + + align:start position:0% +zero then this right hand ought to go to +zero so what I have is in the + + align:start position:0% +zero so what I have is in the + + + align:start position:0% +zero so what I have is in the +limit as Mu of the core goes to Infinity + + align:start position:0% +limit as Mu of the core goes to Infinity + + + align:start position:0% +limit as Mu of the core goes to Infinity +what I get is N1 i1 1 + N2 I2 is equal + + align:start position:0% +what I get is N1 i1 1 + N2 I2 is equal + + + align:start position:0% +what I get is N1 i1 1 + N2 I2 is equal +to 0 okay or equivalently uh I2 over i1 + + align:start position:0% +to 0 okay or equivalently uh I2 over i1 + + + align:start position:0% +to 0 okay or equivalently uh I2 over i1 +is equal to + + align:start position:0% +is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to +minus N1 over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +N2 okay so what I have is two sets of + + align:start position:0% +N2 okay so what I have is two sets of + + + align:start position:0% +N2 okay so what I have is two sets of +relations here one between the voltages + + align:start position:0% +relations here one between the voltages + + + align:start position:0% +relations here one between the voltages +the sets of Terminals and one between + + align:start position:0% +the sets of Terminals and one between + + + align:start position:0% +the sets of Terminals and one between +the currents at the sets of + + align:start position:0% +the currents at the sets of + + + align:start position:0% +the currents at the sets of +terminals okay these two sets of + + align:start position:0% +terminals okay these two sets of + + + align:start position:0% +terminals okay these two sets of +equations that I've starred are known as + + align:start position:0% +equations that I've starred are known as + + + align:start position:0% +equations that I've starred are known as +the ideal Transformer relations okay + + align:start position:0% +the ideal Transformer relations okay + + + align:start position:0% +the ideal Transformer relations okay +this is what an ideal Transformer would + + align:start position:0% +this is what an ideal Transformer would + + + align:start position:0% +this is what an ideal Transformer would +do so we would often draw that like this + + align:start position:0% +do so we would often draw that like this + + + align:start position:0% +do so we would often draw that like this +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um usually they often put bars here + + align:start position:0% +um usually they often put bars here + + + align:start position:0% +um usually they often put bars here +that's to sim symbolize the fact that + + align:start position:0% +that's to sim symbolize the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +that's to sim symbolize the fact that +there's a core there okay we will have + + align:start position:0% +there's a core there okay we will have + + + align:start position:0% +there's a core there okay we will have +our dots which is telling us about + + align:start position:0% +our dots which is telling us about + + + align:start position:0% +our dots which is telling us about +voltage + + align:start position:0% +voltage + + + align:start position:0% +voltage +polarities and I would indicate the + + align:start position:0% +polarities and I would indicate the + + + align:start position:0% +polarities and I would indicate the +number of turns N1 to N2 and then I + + align:start position:0% +number of turns N1 to N2 and then I + + + align:start position:0% +number of turns N1 to N2 and then I +would have + + align:start position:0% +would have + + + align:start position:0% +would have +V1 + + align:start position:0% +V1 + + + align:start position:0% +V1 +i1 and + + align:start position:0% +i1 and + + + align:start position:0% +i1 and +V2 + + align:start position:0% +V2 + + + align:start position:0% +V2 +I2 the other way you can look at the + + align:start position:0% +I2 the other way you can look at the + + + align:start position:0% +I2 the other way you can look at the +dots is + + align:start position:0% +dots is + + + align:start position:0% +dots is +um the + + align:start position:0% +um the + + + align:start position:0% +um the +voltages with uh have the same polarity + + align:start position:0% +voltages with uh have the same polarity + + + align:start position:0% +voltages with uh have the same polarity +if the positive terminals at the dot + + align:start position:0% +if the positive terminals at the dot + + + align:start position:0% +if the positive terminals at the dot +okay so this is saying which way are the + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is saying which way are the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is saying which way are the +is the voltage is it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +positive terminal here and positive + + align:start position:0% +positive terminal here and positive + + + align:start position:0% +positive terminal here and positive +terminal here means the sign of V1 and + + align:start position:0% +terminal here means the sign of V1 and + + + align:start position:0% +terminal here means the sign of V1 and +V2 is the + + align:start position:0% +V2 is the + + + align:start position:0% +V2 is the +same + + align:start position:0% +same + + + align:start position:0% +same +okay so if you see this + + align:start position:0% +okay so if you see this + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if you see this +symbol right very often that's used to + + align:start position:0% +symbol right very often that's used to + + + align:start position:0% +symbol right very often that's used to +designate an ideal Transformer that has + + align:start position:0% +designate an ideal Transformer that has + + + align:start position:0% +designate an ideal Transformer that has +these relations and if you look at this + + align:start position:0% +these relations and if you look at this + + + align:start position:0% +these relations and if you look at this +this is saying that the voltage scales + + align:start position:0% +this is saying that the voltage scales + + + align:start position:0% +this is saying that the voltage scales +one way right so the voltage with its + + align:start position:0% +one way right so the voltage with its + + + align:start position:0% +one way right so the voltage with its +positive terminal at the dot this way is + + align:start position:0% +positive terminal at the dot this way is + + + align:start position:0% +positive terminal at the dot this way is +proportional to the voltage here the + + align:start position:0% +proportional to the voltage here the + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to the voltage here the +current whatever current comes into this + + align:start position:0% +current whatever current comes into this + + + align:start position:0% +current whatever current comes into this +dot a scaled version of that current + + align:start position:0% +dot a scaled version of that current + + + align:start position:0% +dot a scaled version of that current +must come out of this dot because I2 + + align:start position:0% +must come out of this dot because I2 + + + align:start position:0% +must come out of this dot because I2 +over i1 has a minus sign here right so + + align:start position:0% +over i1 has a minus sign here right so + + + align:start position:0% +over i1 has a minus sign here right so +current goes into one dot comes out the + + align:start position:0% +current goes into one dot comes out the + + + align:start position:0% +current goes into one dot comes out the +other dot is the way people think about + + align:start position:0% +other dot is the way people think about + + + align:start position:0% +other dot is the way people think about +it okay with the right + + align:start position:0% +it okay with the right + + + align:start position:0% +it okay with the right +scaling if you look at this carefully + + align:start position:0% +scaling if you look at this carefully + + + align:start position:0% +scaling if you look at this carefully +this also means V1 i1 equals minus V2 I2 + + align:start position:0% +this also means V1 i1 equals minus V2 I2 + + + align:start position:0% +this also means V1 i1 equals minus V2 I2 +at all times so an ideal Transformer + + align:start position:0% +at all times so an ideal Transformer + + + align:start position:0% +at all times so an ideal Transformer +stores no energy whatever power flows in + + align:start position:0% +stores no energy whatever power flows in + + + align:start position:0% +stores no energy whatever power flows in +one side flows out the other but the + + align:start position:0% +one side flows out the other but the + + + align:start position:0% +one side flows out the other but the +voltages and currents are + + align:start position:0% +voltages and currents are + + + align:start position:0% +voltages and currents are +scaled all right so that's often the way + + align:start position:0% +scaled all right so that's often the way + + + align:start position:0% +scaled all right so that's often the way +you use you to scale up and down a + + align:start position:0% +you use you to scale up and down a + + + align:start position:0% +you use you to scale up and down a +voltage if you scale up the voltage it + + align:start position:0% +voltage if you scale up the voltage it + + + align:start position:0% +voltage if you scale up the voltage it +scales down the current does you know + + align:start position:0% +scales down the current does you know + + + align:start position:0% +scales down the current does you know +gives you this transformation that you + + align:start position:0% +gives you this transformation that you + + + align:start position:0% +gives you this transformation that you +want any questions about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that okay so the first thing you're + + align:start position:0% +that okay so the first thing you're + + + align:start position:0% +that okay so the first thing you're +going to want to think about when you + + align:start position:0% +going to want to think about when you + + + align:start position:0% +going to want to think about when you +see this symbol is that you've got an + + align:start position:0% +see this symbol is that you've got an + + + align:start position:0% +see this symbol is that you've got an +ideal trans Transformer and you know + + align:start position:0% +ideal trans Transformer and you know + + + align:start position:0% +ideal trans Transformer and you know +these equations which I think are in + + align:start position:0% +these equations which I think are in + + + align:start position:0% +these equations which I think are in +chapter one of principle principles of + + align:start position:0% +chapter one of principle principles of + + + align:start position:0% +chapter one of principle principles of +Power Electronics are just worth + + align:start position:0% +Power Electronics are just worth + + + align:start position:0% +Power Electronics are just worth +memorizing if you don't already have + + align:start position:0% +memorizing if you don't already have + + + align:start position:0% +memorizing if you don't already have +them in your + + align:start position:0% +them in your + + + align:start position:0% +them in your +head + + align:start position:0% +head + + + align:start position:0% +head +um let's now start talking about what + + align:start position:0% +um let's now start talking about what + + + align:start position:0% +um let's now start talking about what +real Transformers + + align:start position:0% +real Transformers + + + align:start position:0% +real Transformers +do okay um because it's not quite as + + align:start position:0% +do okay um because it's not quite as + + + align:start position:0% +do okay um because it's not quite as +simple and pretty as that right in the + + align:start position:0% +simple and pretty as that right in the + + + align:start position:0% +simple and pretty as that right in the +real world you know the reason this is + + align:start position:0% +real world you know the reason this is + + + align:start position:0% +real world you know the reason this is +and and if I draw this symbol usually + + align:start position:0% +and and if I draw this symbol usually + + + align:start position:0% +and and if I draw this symbol usually +what I'll mean is an + + align:start position:0% +what I'll mean is an + + + align:start position:0% +what I'll mean is an +ideal Transformer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well real Transformers aren't ideal well + + align:start position:0% +well real Transformers aren't ideal well + + + align:start position:0% +well real Transformers aren't ideal well +how are they not ideal they're not ideal + + align:start position:0% +how are they not ideal they're not ideal + + + align:start position:0% +how are they not ideal they're not ideal +in a lot of ways but let's think about + + align:start position:0% +in a lot of ways but let's think about + + + align:start position:0% +in a lot of ways but let's think about +first of all some of the principal + + align:start position:0% +first of all some of the principal + + + align:start position:0% +first of all some of the principal +parasitics that show up in these things + + align:start position:0% +parasitics that show up in these things + + + align:start position:0% +parasitics that show up in these things +okay well where would I get the first + + align:start position:0% +okay well where would I get the first + + + align:start position:0% +okay well where would I get the first +one the first principle parasitic kind + + align:start position:0% +one the first principle parasitic kind + + + align:start position:0% +one the first principle parasitic kind +of comes from this equation here okay + + align:start position:0% +of comes from this equation here okay + + + align:start position:0% +of comes from this equation here okay +what did I do to make this assumption + + align:start position:0% +what did I do to make this assumption + + + align:start position:0% +what did I do to make this assumption +what did I do to get to this current + + align:start position:0% +what did I do to get to this current + + + align:start position:0% +what did I do to get to this current +relation I assumed that 5 c times the + + align:start position:0% +relation I assumed that 5 c times the + + + align:start position:0% +relation I assumed that 5 c times the +reluctance of the core was zero right or + + align:start position:0% +reluctance of the core was zero right or + + + align:start position:0% +reluctance of the core was zero right or +the core reluctance was Zero okay + + align:start position:0% +the core reluctance was Zero okay + + + align:start position:0% +the core reluctance was Zero okay +well the core reluctance isn't really + + align:start position:0% +well the core reluctance isn't really + + + align:start position:0% +well the core reluctance isn't really +zero this is actually + + align:start position:0% +zero this is actually + + + align:start position:0% +zero this is actually +some um nonzero value that means that + + align:start position:0% +some um nonzero value that means that + + + align:start position:0% +some um nonzero value that means that +the current relations are kind of + + align:start position:0% +the current relations are kind of + + + align:start position:0% +the current relations are kind of +mismatched right I don't really get I2 + + align:start position:0% +mismatched right I don't really get I2 + + + align:start position:0% +mismatched right I don't really get I2 +over i1 being some perfect scal + + align:start position:0% +over i1 being some perfect scal + + + align:start position:0% +over i1 being some perfect scal +but I get a mismatch that's exactly by + + align:start position:0% +but I get a mismatch that's exactly by + + + align:start position:0% +but I get a mismatch that's exactly by +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +amount all + + align:start position:0% +amount all + + + align:start position:0% +amount all +right so what does that look like in + + align:start position:0% +right so what does that look like in + + + align:start position:0% +right so what does that look like in +circuit + + align:start position:0% +circuit + + + align:start position:0% +circuit +terms well suppose I took my Transformer + + align:start position:0% +terms well suppose I took my Transformer + + + align:start position:0% +terms well suppose I took my Transformer +and I just + + align:start position:0% +and I just + + + align:start position:0% +and I just +put a winding on one side oh I have a + + align:start position:0% +put a winding on one side oh I have a + + + align:start position:0% +put a winding on one side oh I have a +winding on both sides but I open circuit + + align:start position:0% +winding on both sides but I open circuit + + + align:start position:0% +winding on both sides but I open circuit +the second winding I just don't connect + + align:start position:0% +the second winding I just don't connect + + + align:start position:0% +the second winding I just don't connect +it to anything then what do I know about + + align:start position:0% +it to anything then what do I know about + + + align:start position:0% +it to anything then what do I know about +I2 if it's + + align:start position:0% +I2 if it's + + + align:start position:0% +I2 if it's +disconnected I2 is zero + + align:start position:0% +disconnected I2 is zero + + + align:start position:0% +disconnected I2 is zero +if it's disconnected the ideal + + align:start position:0% +if it's disconnected the ideal + + + align:start position:0% +if it's disconnected the ideal +Transformer relations here would tell + + align:start position:0% +Transformer relations here would tell + + + align:start position:0% +Transformer relations here would tell +you that because I2 was Zero the hence + + align:start position:0% +you that because I2 was Zero the hence + + + align:start position:0% +you that because I2 was Zero the hence +i1 must be + + align:start position:0% +i1 must be + + + align:start position:0% +i1 must be +zero okay but if we just thought about + + align:start position:0% +zero okay but if we just thought about + + + align:start position:0% +zero okay but if we just thought about +this thing well if if I open circuit the + + align:start position:0% +this thing well if if I open circuit the + + + align:start position:0% +this thing well if if I open circuit the +second one I can kind of ignore it it's + + align:start position:0% +second one I can kind of ignore it it's + + + align:start position:0% +second one I can kind of ignore it it's +not you know for practical purposes it's + + align:start position:0% +not you know for practical purposes it's + + + align:start position:0% +not you know for practical purposes it's +not really there but I do have a whining + + align:start position:0% +not really there but I do have a whining + + + align:start position:0% +not really there but I do have a whining +in a core that looks kind of like an + + align:start position:0% +in a core that looks kind of like an + + + align:start position:0% +in a core that looks kind of like an +inductor doesn't + + align:start position:0% +inductor doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +inductor doesn't +it well so what would I expect + + align:start position:0% +it well so what would I expect + + + align:start position:0% +it well so what would I expect +um what would I expect in a real + + align:start position:0% +um what would I expect in a real + + + align:start position:0% +um what would I expect in a real +system well it's exactly I already have + + align:start position:0% +system well it's exactly I already have + + + align:start position:0% +system well it's exactly I already have +the model I have already have the model + + align:start position:0% +the model I have already have the model + + + align:start position:0% +the model I have already have the model +right here all I've done is made I20 + + align:start position:0% +right here all I've done is made I20 + + + align:start position:0% +right here all I've done is made I20 +which means this MMF source is zero and + + align:start position:0% +which means this MMF source is zero and + + + align:start position:0% +which means this MMF source is zero and +I have this flux Source N1 i1 and a + + align:start position:0% +I have this flux Source N1 i1 and a + + + align:start position:0% +I have this flux Source N1 i1 and a +reluctance of the core right so what I + + align:start position:0% +reluctance of the core right so what I + + + align:start position:0% +reluctance of the core right so what I +would really + + align:start position:0% +would really + + + align:start position:0% +would really +get if + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I20 okay what would I get + + align:start position:0% +I20 okay what would I get + + + align:start position:0% +I20 okay what would I get +I would get um f in the + + align:start position:0% +I would get um f in the + + + align:start position:0% +I would get um f in the +core would really be equal to N1 i1 + + align:start position:0% +core would really be equal to N1 i1 + + + align:start position:0% +core would really be equal to N1 i1 +divided by the reluctance of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +core which would give me Lambda one + + align:start position:0% +core which would give me Lambda one + + + align:start position:0% +core which would give me Lambda one +would be n1^ SAR over the reluctance of + + align:start position:0% +would be n1^ SAR over the reluctance of + + + align:start position:0% +would be n1^ SAR over the reluctance of +the core time i1 right this is just an + + align:start position:0% +the core time i1 right this is just an + + + align:start position:0% +the core time i1 right this is just an +inductance that we're going to call L + + align:start position:0% +inductance that we're going to call L + + + align:start position:0% +inductance that we're going to call L +mu1 it's the magnetizing inductance of + + align:start position:0% +mu1 it's the magnetizing inductance of + + + align:start position:0% +mu1 it's the magnetizing inductance of +the core reference to the first + + align:start position:0% +the core reference to the first + + + align:start position:0% +the core reference to the first +winding okay so essentially if I have + + align:start position:0% +winding okay so essentially if I have + + + align:start position:0% +winding okay so essentially if I have +nothing connected to the second winding + + align:start position:0% +nothing connected to the second winding + + + align:start position:0% +nothing connected to the second winding +this thing just looks like an inductor + + align:start position:0% +this thing just looks like an inductor + + + align:start position:0% +this thing just looks like an inductor +right and what I'm going to get is if I + + align:start position:0% +right and what I'm going to get is if I + + + align:start position:0% +right and what I'm going to get is if I +just differentiate this I'm going to get + + align:start position:0% +just differentiate this I'm going to get + + + align:start position:0% +just differentiate this I'm going to get +something as V1 is equal to l mu1 * di1 + + align:start position:0% +something as V1 is equal to l mu1 * di1 + + + align:start position:0% +something as V1 is equal to l mu1 * di1 +DT okay I'm going to get a current into + + align:start position:0% +DT okay I'm going to get a current into + + + align:start position:0% +DT okay I'm going to get a current into +the first + + align:start position:0% +the first + + + align:start position:0% +the first +winding that essentially is the current + + align:start position:0% +winding that essentially is the current + + + align:start position:0% +winding that essentially is the current +into an inductor and why is there a + + align:start position:0% +into an inductor and why is there a + + + align:start position:0% +into an inductor and why is there a +current into the inductor because I have + + align:start position:0% +current into the inductor because I have + + + align:start position:0% +current into the inductor because I have +flux that's being generated in the core + + align:start position:0% +flux that's being generated in the core + + + align:start position:0% +flux that's being generated in the core +that flux is storing energy in magnetic + + align:start position:0% +that flux is storing energy in magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +that flux is storing energy in magnetic +form and that has to come out being + + align:start position:0% +form and that has to come out being + + + align:start position:0% +form and that has to come out being +represented somehow electrically + + align:start position:0% +represented somehow electrically + + + align:start position:0% +represented somehow electrically +right so what would I do to represent + + align:start position:0% +right so what would I do to represent + + + align:start position:0% +right so what would I do to represent +that the I have finite flux in the core + + align:start position:0% +that the I have finite flux in the core + + + align:start position:0% +that the I have finite flux in the core +the flux would have been zero or + + align:start position:0% +the flux would have been zero or + + + align:start position:0% +the flux would have been zero or +negligible if the reluctance of the core + + align:start position:0% +negligible if the reluctance of the core + + + align:start position:0% +negligible if the reluctance of the core +was Zero but it's + + align:start position:0% +was Zero but it's + + + align:start position:0% +was Zero but it's +not so what I could say then is that + + align:start position:0% +not so what I could say then is that + + + align:start position:0% +not so what I could say then is that +maybe I could model this thing this way + + align:start position:0% +maybe I could model this thing this way + + + align:start position:0% +maybe I could model this thing this way +I could model the Transformer as an + + align:start position:0% +I could model the Transformer as an + + + align:start position:0% +I could model the Transformer as an +ideal Transformer N1 to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +N2 here's V1 and + + align:start position:0% +N2 here's V1 and + + + align:start position:0% +N2 here's V1 and +i1 and here's V2 and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I2 but maybe may I could just say all + + align:start position:0% +I2 but maybe may I could just say all + + + align:start position:0% +I2 but maybe may I could just say all +right let me model this as an extra + + align:start position:0% +right let me model this as an extra + + + align:start position:0% +right let me model this as an extra +inductor you know this is this is my + + align:start position:0% +inductor you know this is this is my + + + align:start position:0% +inductor you know this is this is my +ideal Transformer + + align:start position:0% +ideal Transformer + + + align:start position:0% +ideal Transformer +here let me model this Behavior as + + align:start position:0% +here let me model this Behavior as + + + align:start position:0% +here let me model this Behavior as +another + + align:start position:0% +another + + + align:start position:0% +another +inductor and I'm going to call this + + align:start position:0% +inductor and I'm going to call this + + + align:start position:0% +inductor and I'm going to call this +inductor L + + align:start position:0% +inductor L + + + align:start position:0% +inductor L +mu1 and I'm going to call this current I + + align:start position:0% +mu1 and I'm going to call this current I + + + align:start position:0% +mu1 and I'm going to call this current I +mu1 okay so if the secondary side's + + align:start position:0% +mu1 okay so if the secondary side's + + + align:start position:0% +mu1 okay so if the secondary side's +disconnected the ideal Transformer has + + align:start position:0% +disconnected the ideal Transformer has + + + align:start position:0% +disconnected the ideal Transformer has +no current going into it but I still get + + align:start position:0% +no current going into it but I still get + + + align:start position:0% +no current going into it but I still get +a magnetizing + + align:start position:0% +a magnetizing + + + align:start position:0% +a magnetizing +current and the way I think about that + + align:start position:0% +current and the way I think about that + + + align:start position:0% +current and the way I think about that +magnetizing current is the energy stored + + align:start position:0% +magnetizing current is the energy stored + + + align:start position:0% +magnetizing current is the energy stored +in this so-called magnetizing inductance + + align:start position:0% +in this so-called magnetizing inductance + + + align:start position:0% +in this so-called magnetizing inductance +this fictitious inductance that I'm + + align:start position:0% +this fictitious inductance that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +this fictitious inductance that I'm +using to model the behavior of actual + + align:start position:0% +using to model the behavior of actual + + + align:start position:0% +using to model the behavior of actual +device 12 l mu1 i mu1 SAR models the + + align:start position:0% +device 12 l mu1 i mu1 SAR models the + + + align:start position:0% +device 12 l mu1 i mu1 SAR models the +energy stored in the + + align:start position:0% +energy stored in the + + + align:start position:0% +energy stored in the +core all right so the fact that I have + + align:start position:0% +core all right so the fact that I have + + + align:start position:0% +core all right so the fact that I have +uh nonzero flux to generate + + align:start position:0% +uh nonzero flux to generate + + + align:start position:0% +uh nonzero flux to generate +my um induced voltage on the other + + align:start position:0% +my um induced voltage on the other + + + align:start position:0% +my um induced voltage on the other +winding means that I'm going to end up + + align:start position:0% +winding means that I'm going to end up + + + align:start position:0% +winding means that I'm going to end up +with some energy stored in the core L + + align:start position:0% +with some energy stored in the core L + + + align:start position:0% +with some energy stored in the core L +mu1 is not infinite and I get some + + align:start position:0% +mu1 is not infinite and I get some + + + align:start position:0% +mu1 is not infinite and I get some +finite current here that's storing + + align:start position:0% +finite current here that's storing + + + align:start position:0% +finite current here that's storing +energy okay any questions about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that so if I have a real Transformer I + + align:start position:0% +that so if I have a real Transformer I + + + align:start position:0% +that so if I have a real Transformer I +often think of it as an ideal + + align:start position:0% +often think of it as an ideal + + + align:start position:0% +often think of it as an ideal +Transformer plus some magnetizing + + align:start position:0% +Transformer plus some magnetizing + + + align:start position:0% +Transformer plus some magnetizing +inductance that I can often think of as + + align:start position:0% +inductance that I can often think of as + + + align:start position:0% +inductance that I can often think of as +a completely separate + + align:start position:0% +a completely separate + + + align:start position:0% +a completely separate +inductor to model the behavior of the + + align:start position:0% +inductor to model the behavior of the + + + align:start position:0% +inductor to model the behavior of the +actual + + align:start position:0% +actual + + + align:start position:0% +actual +device + + align:start position:0% +device + + + align:start position:0% +device +okay by the + + align:start position:0% +okay by the + + + align:start position:0% +okay by the +way I put this on the primary side right + + align:start position:0% +way I put this on the primary side right + + + align:start position:0% +way I put this on the primary side right +in the V1 i1 side as opposed to the + + align:start position:0% +in the V1 i1 side as opposed to the + + + align:start position:0% +in the V1 i1 side as opposed to the +so-called secondary side the V2 I2 side + + align:start position:0% +so-called secondary side the V2 I2 side + + + align:start position:0% +so-called secondary side the V2 I2 side +I could have done it the other way right + + align:start position:0% +I could have done it the other way right + + + align:start position:0% +I could have done it the other way right +I could have modeled the Transformer + + align:start position:0% +I could have modeled the Transformer + + + align:start position:0% +I could have modeled the Transformer +equally like this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +N1 to N2 and had + + align:start position:0% +N1 to N2 and had + + + align:start position:0% +N1 to N2 and had +V1 + + align:start position:0% +V1 + + + align:start position:0% +V1 +i1 + + align:start position:0% +i1 + + + align:start position:0% +i1 +V2 I2 and I could + + align:start position:0% +V2 I2 and I could + + + align:start position:0% +V2 I2 and I could +have place my magnetizing element on + + align:start position:0% +have place my magnetizing element on + + + align:start position:0% +have place my magnetizing element on +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +side right this would have been L mu2 + + align:start position:0% +side right this would have been L mu2 + + + align:start position:0% +side right this would have been L mu2 +the magnetizing inductance referred to + + align:start position:0% +the magnetizing inductance referred to + + + align:start position:0% +the magnetizing inductance referred to +the secondary side which would have been + + align:start position:0% +the secondary side which would have been + + + align:start position:0% +the secondary side which would have been +equal to + + align:start position:0% +equal to + + + align:start position:0% +equal to +n22 or N2 over + + align:start position:0% +n22 or N2 over + + + align:start position:0% +n22 or N2 over +n1^ 2ar l mu1 or equal to N2 2 over the + + align:start position:0% +n1^ 2ar l mu1 or equal to N2 2 over the + + + align:start position:0% +n1^ 2ar l mu1 or equal to N2 2 over the +reluctance of the + + align:start position:0% +reluctance of the + + + align:start position:0% +reluctance of the +core okay so I could place this sort of + + align:start position:0% +core okay so I could place this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +core okay so I could place this sort of +fictitious component on either side of + + align:start position:0% +fictitious component on either side of + + + align:start position:0% +fictitious component on either side of +the core because whichever place I play + + align:start position:0% +the core because whichever place I play + + + align:start position:0% +the core because whichever place I play +place it it's modeling the same + + align:start position:0% +place it it's modeling the same + + + align:start position:0% +place it it's modeling the same +phenomena the energy stored in the core + + align:start position:0% +phenomena the energy stored in the core + + + align:start position:0% +phenomena the energy stored in the core +energy associated with a flux being + + align:start position:0% +energy associated with a flux being + + + align:start position:0% +energy associated with a flux being +thrown around the + + align:start position:0% +thrown around the + + + align:start position:0% +thrown around the +core yeah so + + align:start position:0% +core yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +core yeah so +but when you have both sides cond + + align:start position:0% +but when you have both sides cond + + + align:start position:0% +but when you have both sides cond +current M wouldn't you have a different + + align:start position:0% +current M wouldn't you have a different + + + align:start position:0% +current M wouldn't you have a different +l in total wouldn't have to do both nope + + align:start position:0% +l in total wouldn't have to do both nope + + + align:start position:0% +l in total wouldn't have to do both nope +no because think about it suppose I + + align:start position:0% +no because think about it suppose I + + + align:start position:0% +no because think about it suppose I +still have the secondary + + align:start position:0% +still have the secondary + + + align:start position:0% +still have the secondary +disconnected right if I apply a voltage + + align:start position:0% +disconnected right if I apply a voltage + + + align:start position:0% +disconnected right if I apply a voltage +to the primary side I get a scaled + + align:start position:0% +to the primary side I get a scaled + + + align:start position:0% +to the primary side I get a scaled +voltage applied to the secondary I get + + align:start position:0% +voltage applied to the secondary I get + + + align:start position:0% +voltage applied to the secondary I get +some current I + + align:start position:0% +some current I + + + align:start position:0% +some current I +mu2 right which is going to be N2 + + align:start position:0% +mu2 right which is going to be N2 + + + align:start position:0% +mu2 right which is going to be N2 +N1 time + + align:start position:0% +N1 time + + + align:start position:0% +N1 time +V1 and + + align:start position:0% +V1 and + + + align:start position:0% +V1 and +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +uh D DDT of that or the integral of + + align:start position:0% +uh D DDT of that or the integral of + + + align:start position:0% +uh D DDT of that or the integral of +that's is going to give me this current + + align:start position:0% +that's is going to give me this current + + + align:start position:0% +that's is going to give me this current +sorry + + align:start position:0% +sorry + + + align:start position:0% +sorry +right but there's nowhere for this + + align:start position:0% +right but there's nowhere for this + + + align:start position:0% +right but there's nowhere for this +current to flow except out of this dot + + align:start position:0% +current to flow except out of this dot + + + align:start position:0% +current to flow except out of this dot +which means then there's a current + + align:start position:0% +which means then there's a current + + + align:start position:0% +which means then there's a current +flowing into this + + align:start position:0% +flowing into this + + + align:start position:0% +flowing into this +dot all right and if I look at what this + + align:start position:0% +dot all right and if I look at what this + + + align:start position:0% +dot all right and if I look at what this +current coming in is it looks exactly + + align:start position:0% +current coming in is it looks exactly + + + align:start position:0% +current coming in is it looks exactly +the same as if I had placed it on this + + align:start position:0% +the same as if I had placed it on this + + + align:start position:0% +the same as if I had placed it on this +side and had nothing on the secondary + + align:start position:0% +side and had nothing on the secondary + + + align:start position:0% +side and had nothing on the secondary +side so ultimately this magnetizing + + align:start position:0% +side so ultimately this magnetizing + + + align:start position:0% +side so ultimately this magnetizing +inductance really just reflects the + + align:start position:0% +inductance really just reflects the + + + align:start position:0% +inductance really just reflects the +current mismatch that's F core times + + align:start position:0% +current mismatch that's F core times + + + align:start position:0% +current mismatch that's F core times +reluctance of the + + align:start position:0% +reluctance of the + + + align:start position:0% +reluctance of the +core okay and I can place it either + + align:start position:0% +core okay and I can place it either + + + align:start position:0% +core okay and I can place it either +place but I don't need to place it both + + align:start position:0% +place but I don't need to place it both + + + align:start position:0% +place but I don't need to place it both +it's one or the other you know if I + + align:start position:0% +it's one or the other you know if I + + + align:start position:0% +it's one or the other you know if I +apply a voltage here I'll get a certain + + align:start position:0% +apply a voltage here I'll get a certain + + + align:start position:0% +apply a voltage here I'll get a certain +current into L + + align:start position:0% +current into L + + + align:start position:0% +current into L +mu1 and if I scale instead I put it on + + align:start position:0% +mu1 and if I scale instead I put it on + + + align:start position:0% +mu1 and if I scale instead I put it on +the other side and I scale it right it's + + align:start position:0% +the other side and I scale it right it's + + + align:start position:0% +the other side and I scale it right it's +just coming out of the ideal Transformer + + align:start position:0% +just coming out of the ideal Transformer + + + align:start position:0% +just coming out of the ideal Transformer +on this Dot and into the ideal + + align:start position:0% +on this Dot and into the ideal + + + align:start position:0% +on this Dot and into the ideal +Transformer on that dot so does that + + align:start position:0% +Transformer on that dot so does that + + + align:start position:0% +Transformer on that dot so does that +mean that the induct of the Transformer + + align:start position:0% +mean that the induct of the Transformer + + + align:start position:0% +mean that the induct of the Transformer +doesn't depend on the magnitude + + align:start position:0% +doesn't depend on the magnitude + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't depend on the magnitude +Cur the magnetizing inductance has + + align:start position:0% +Cur the magnetizing inductance has + + + align:start position:0% +Cur the magnetizing inductance has +nothing to do with the magnitude of the + + align:start position:0% +nothing to do with the magnitude of the + + + align:start position:0% +nothing to do with the magnitude of the +currents that's right and the same way I + + align:start position:0% +currents that's right and the same way I + + + align:start position:0% +currents that's right and the same way I +mean ideally speaking the same way in + + align:start position:0% +mean ideally speaking the same way in + + + align:start position:0% +mean ideally speaking the same way in +the inductor the inductance value I get + + align:start position:0% +the inductor the inductance value I get + + + align:start position:0% +the inductor the inductance value I get +doesn't relate to the currents it's just + + align:start position:0% +doesn't relate to the currents it's just + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't relate to the currents it's just +the scale between flux linkage and + + align:start position:0% +the scale between flux linkage and + + + align:start position:0% +the scale between flux linkage and +current yeah so it it doesn't depend on + + align:start position:0% +current yeah so it it doesn't depend on + + + align:start position:0% +current yeah so it it doesn't depend on +the currents and if I had something some + + align:start position:0% +the currents and if I had something some + + + align:start position:0% +the currents and if I had something some +other load out here I could just keep + + align:start position:0% +other load out here I could just keep + + + align:start position:0% +other load out here I could just keep +modeling everything I'm doing I just + + align:start position:0% +modeling everything I'm doing I just + + + align:start position:0% +modeling everything I'm doing I just +need one extra element to model that + + align:start position:0% +need one extra element to model that + + + align:start position:0% +need one extra element to model that +parasitic + + align:start position:0% +parasitic + + + align:start position:0% +parasitic +Behavior great question any other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions okay so that's one practical + + align:start position:0% +questions okay so that's one practical + + + align:start position:0% +questions okay so that's one practical +nonideality okay there's a second + + align:start position:0% +nonideality okay there's a second + + + align:start position:0% +nonideality okay there's a second +practical non- ideality that we also + + align:start position:0% +practical non- ideality that we also + + + align:start position:0% +practical non- ideality that we also +want to think about very often and what + + align:start position:0% +want to think about very often and what + + + align:start position:0% +want to think about very often and what +is that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well if I had again an infinitely + + align:start position:0% +well if I had again an infinitely + + + align:start position:0% +well if I had again an infinitely +permeable + + align:start position:0% +permeable + + + align:start position:0% +permeable +core or a permeability that was so much + + align:start position:0% +core or a permeability that was so much + + + align:start position:0% +core or a permeability that was so much +higher than the surrounding universe + + align:start position:0% +higher than the surrounding universe + + + align:start position:0% +higher than the surrounding universe +that I could ignore any flux that goes + + align:start position:0% +that I could ignore any flux that goes + + + align:start position:0% +that I could ignore any flux that goes +anywhere except in the core that would + + align:start position:0% +anywhere except in the core that would + + + align:start position:0% +anywhere except in the core that would +be great but the problem is as we said + + align:start position:0% +be great but the problem is as we said + + + align:start position:0% +be great but the problem is as we said +you know permeabilities are sort of a + + align:start position:0% +you know permeabilities are sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +you know permeabilities are sort of a +th000 or 10,000 M or something like that + + align:start position:0% +th000 or 10,000 M or something like that + + + align:start position:0% +th000 or 10,000 M or something like that +magnetic circuits are kind of leaky the + + align:start position:0% +magnetic circuits are kind of leaky the + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic circuits are kind of leaky the +the the flux pipes are very leaky pipes + + align:start position:0% +the the flux pipes are very leaky pipes + + + align:start position:0% +the the flux pipes are very leaky pipes +what that means is you know if I + + align:start position:0% +what that means is you know if I + + + align:start position:0% +what that means is you know if I +applied some ni over here I will indeed + + align:start position:0% +applied some ni over here I will indeed + + + align:start position:0% +applied some ni over here I will indeed +get some flux going around the core but + + align:start position:0% +get some flux going around the core but + + + align:start position:0% +get some flux going around the core but +I will get an additional component of + + align:start position:0% +I will get an additional component of + + + align:start position:0% +I will get an additional component of +flux that might link winding + + align:start position:0% +flux that might link winding + + + align:start position:0% +flux that might link winding +one but you know what it can come out of + + align:start position:0% +one but you know what it can come out of + + + align:start position:0% +one but you know what it can come out of +the core + + align:start position:0% +the core + + + align:start position:0% +the core +and Link back this way so I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +and Link back this way so I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +and Link back this way so I'm going to +get some leakage flux I'm going to call + + align:start position:0% +get some leakage flux I'm going to call + + + align:start position:0% +get some leakage flux I'm going to call +Fi leakage one which links the primary + + align:start position:0% +Fi leakage one which links the primary + + + align:start position:0% +Fi leakage one which links the primary +turn a primary turn primary winding but + + align:start position:0% +turn a primary turn primary winding but + + + align:start position:0% +turn a primary turn primary winding but +eventually either here or here or + + align:start position:0% +eventually either here or here or + + + align:start position:0% +eventually either here or here or +somewhere else jumps out of the core and + + align:start position:0% +somewhere else jumps out of the core and + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere else jumps out of the core and +doesn't make it over to the second + + align:start position:0% +doesn't make it over to the second + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't make it over to the second +winding okay likewise you could + + align:start position:0% +winding okay likewise you could + + + align:start position:0% +winding okay likewise you could +imagine that I could have some flux that + + align:start position:0% +imagine that I could have some flux that + + + align:start position:0% +imagine that I could have some flux that +would link the second winding but then + + align:start position:0% +would link the second winding but then + + + align:start position:0% +would link the second winding but then +jump out of the + + align:start position:0% +jump out of the + + + align:start position:0% +jump out of the +core and I'll call that fi leakage 2 and + + align:start position:0% +core and I'll call that fi leakage 2 and + + + align:start position:0% +core and I'll call that fi leakage 2 and +never links the primary + + align:start position:0% +never links the primary + + + align:start position:0% +never links the primary +winding okay and this parasitic sort of + + align:start position:0% +winding okay and this parasitic sort of + + + align:start position:0% +winding okay and this parasitic sort of +leakage flux from one winding to the + + align:start position:0% +leakage flux from one winding to the + + + align:start position:0% +leakage flux from one winding to the +other um imposes additional non + + align:start position:0% +other um imposes additional non + + + align:start position:0% +other um imposes additional non +idealities on the behavior of the system + + align:start position:0% +idealities on the behavior of the system + + + align:start position:0% +idealities on the behavior of the system +okay and it becomes + + align:start position:0% +okay and it becomes + + + align:start position:0% +okay and it becomes +particularly worse in a percentage basis + + align:start position:0% +particularly worse in a percentage basis + + + align:start position:0% +particularly worse in a percentage basis +if the Cor permeability is high but keep + + align:start position:0% +if the Cor permeability is high but keep + + + align:start position:0% +if the Cor permeability is high but keep +appreciating you know even if I made the + + align:start position:0% +appreciating you know even if I made the + + + align:start position:0% +appreciating you know even if I made the +core permeability infinite there is + + align:start position:0% +core permeability infinite there is + + + align:start position:0% +core permeability infinite there is +still some flux that's going to jump out + + align:start position:0% +still some flux that's going to jump out + + + align:start position:0% +still some flux that's going to jump out +it just may not be a big fraction of it + + align:start position:0% +it just may not be a big fraction of it + + + align:start position:0% +it just may not be a big fraction of it +does that make sense + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +everybody so the question is how would I + + align:start position:0% +everybody so the question is how would I + + + align:start position:0% +everybody so the question is how would I +model that kind of + + align:start position:0% +model that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +model that kind of +behavior + + align:start position:0% +behavior + + + align:start position:0% +behavior +okay ah something I forgot to tell you + + align:start position:0% +okay ah something I forgot to tell you + + + align:start position:0% +okay ah something I forgot to tell you +so we're going to model this behavior in + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to model this behavior in + + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to model this behavior in +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +second there's something I forgot to + + align:start position:0% +second there's something I forgot to + + + align:start position:0% +second there's something I forgot to +tell you about the + + align:start position:0% +tell you about the + + + align:start position:0% +tell you about the +magnetizing inductance and the + + align:start position:0% +magnetizing inductance and the + + + align:start position:0% +magnetizing inductance and the +magnetizing flux which I I better not + + align:start position:0% +magnetizing flux which I I better not + + + align:start position:0% +magnetizing flux which I I better not +forget to tell you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um one of the one of the things one of + + align:start position:0% +um one of the one of the things one of + + + align:start position:0% +um one of the one of the things one of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +aspects of this magnetizing + + align:start position:0% +aspects of this magnetizing + + + align:start position:0% +aspects of this magnetizing +behavior is that uh it's a reason you + + align:start position:0% +behavior is that uh it's a reason you + + + align:start position:0% +behavior is that uh it's a reason you +can't use Transformers at + + align:start position:0% +can't use Transformers at + + + align:start position:0% +can't use Transformers at +DC okay + + align:start position:0% +DC okay + + + align:start position:0% +DC okay +so you know we we said you know we want + + align:start position:0% +so you know we we said you know we want + + + align:start position:0% +so you know we we said you know we want +to convert voltage you know why did sort + + align:start position:0% +to convert voltage you know why did sort + + + align:start position:0% +to convert voltage you know why did sort +of wesing house and Tesla win over + + align:start position:0% +of wesing house and Tesla win over + + + align:start position:0% +of wesing house and Tesla win over +Edison it's because Edison didn't have a + + align:start position:0% +Edison it's because Edison didn't have a + + + align:start position:0% +Edison it's because Edison didn't have a +great way to convert voltage from one + + align:start position:0% +great way to convert voltage from one + + + align:start position:0% +great way to convert voltage from one +level to another right he couldn't step + + align:start position:0% +level to another right he couldn't step + + + align:start position:0% +level to another right he couldn't step +down voltage very + + align:start position:0% +down voltage very + + + align:start position:0% +down voltage very +easily um you can do it with AC it's + + align:start position:0% +easily um you can do it with AC it's + + + align:start position:0% +easily um you can do it with AC it's +hard to do with DC why is that what + + align:start position:0% +hard to do with DC why is that what + + + align:start position:0% +hard to do with DC why is that what +would happen if I applied a constant + + align:start position:0% +would happen if I applied a constant + + + align:start position:0% +would happen if I applied a constant +voltage across this primary of this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Transformer well what would happen is + + align:start position:0% +Transformer well what would happen is + + + align:start position:0% +Transformer well what would happen is +I'd have a continuously increasing + + align:start position:0% +I'd have a continuously increasing + + + align:start position:0% +I'd have a continuously increasing +magnetizing current forever right V is + + align:start position:0% +magnetizing current forever right V is + + + align:start position:0% +magnetizing current forever right V is +equal to ldt that mean I'd have a con if + + align:start position:0% +equal to ldt that mean I'd have a con if + + + align:start position:0% +equal to ldt that mean I'd have a con if +I have a constant voltage here I have a + + align:start position:0% +I have a constant voltage here I have a + + + align:start position:0% +I have a constant voltage here I have a +constant DT in this inductor right or + + align:start position:0% +constant DT in this inductor right or + + + align:start position:0% +constant DT in this inductor right or +looked at another + + align:start position:0% +looked at another + + + align:start position:0% +looked at another +way um V is equal to l mu1 di DT that + + align:start position:0% +way um V is equal to l mu1 di DT that + + + align:start position:0% +way um V is equal to l mu1 di DT that +means i1 is equal to uh 1 / L mu uh the + + align:start position:0% +means i1 is equal to uh 1 / L mu uh the + + + align:start position:0% +means i1 is equal to uh 1 / L mu uh the +integral of vdt + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay uh keep in mind um that the flux + + align:start position:0% +okay uh keep in mind um that the flux + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh keep in mind um that the flux +link another way to look at it is what's + + align:start position:0% +link another way to look at it is what's + + + align:start position:0% +link another way to look at it is what's +the flux linkage in the core Lambda is + + align:start position:0% +the flux linkage in the core Lambda is + + + align:start position:0% +the flux linkage in the core Lambda is +equal to Li but + + align:start position:0% +equal to Li but + + + align:start position:0% +equal to Li but +Lambda is equal to + + align:start position:0% +Lambda is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda is equal to +NFI right or say N1 fi Lambda 1 is equal + + align:start position:0% +NFI right or say N1 fi Lambda 1 is equal + + + align:start position:0% +NFI right or say N1 fi Lambda 1 is equal +to N1 F which is equal to + + align:start position:0% +to N1 F which is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +to N1 F which is equal to +N1 the area of the core times the flux + + align:start position:0% +N1 the area of the core times the flux + + + align:start position:0% +N1 the area of the core times the flux +density in the + + align:start position:0% +density in the + + + align:start position:0% +density in the +core okay and this is equal to the + + align:start position:0% +core okay and this is equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +core okay and this is equal to the +integral of V1 + + align:start position:0% +integral of V1 + + + align:start position:0% +integral of V1 +DT right that's what Lambda one is right + + align:start position:0% +DT right that's what Lambda one is right + + + align:start position:0% +DT right that's what Lambda one is right +this means that uh if I have a limit a + + align:start position:0% +this means that uh if I have a limit a + + + align:start position:0% +this means that uh if I have a limit a +saturation flux density limit on my core + + align:start position:0% +saturation flux density limit on my core + + + align:start position:0% +saturation flux density limit on my core +B core has to be less than bat or it + + align:start position:0% +B core has to be less than bat or it + + + align:start position:0% +B core has to be less than bat or it +saturates and as somebody said shorts + + align:start position:0% +saturates and as somebody said shorts + + + align:start position:0% +saturates and as somebody said shorts +out right um what I need is the integral + + align:start position:0% +out right um what I need is the integral + + + align:start position:0% +out right um what I need is the integral +of V1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +DT has to be less than or equal to + + align:start position:0% +DT has to be less than or equal to + + + align:start position:0% +DT has to be less than or equal to +N1 B core time H area of the core + + align:start position:0% +N1 B core time H area of the core + + + align:start position:0% +N1 B core time H area of the core +right and what this means is if I have a + + align:start position:0% +right and what this means is if I have a + + + align:start position:0% +right and what this means is if I have a +sinusal voltage that means you know this + + align:start position:0% +sinusal voltage that means you know this + + + align:start position:0% +sinusal voltage that means you know this +integral is going to go up and then it's + + align:start position:0% +integral is going to go up and then it's + + + align:start position:0% +integral is going to go up and then it's +going to go down and then it's go + + align:start position:0% +going to go down and then it's go + + + align:start position:0% +going to go down and then it's go +negative right there's a limit of the + + align:start position:0% +negative right there's a limit of the + + + align:start position:0% +negative right there's a limit of the +volt seconds I can apply to the core + + align:start position:0% +volt seconds I can apply to the core + + + align:start position:0% +volt seconds I can apply to the core +that's limited by this saturation flux + + align:start position:0% +that's limited by this saturation flux + + + align:start position:0% +that's limited by this saturation flux +density + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so one important consequence of + + align:start position:0% +okay so one important consequence of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so one important consequence of +this parasitic and I'm apologize for not + + align:start position:0% +this parasitic and I'm apologize for not + + + align:start position:0% +this parasitic and I'm apologize for not +mentioning it earlier is the fact that + + align:start position:0% +mentioning it earlier is the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +mentioning it earlier is the fact that +um there's a + + align:start position:0% +um there's a + + + align:start position:0% +um there's a +relationship between the number of turns + + align:start position:0% +relationship between the number of turns + + + align:start position:0% +relationship between the number of turns +and the saturation flux density in the + + align:start position:0% +and the saturation flux density in the + + + align:start position:0% +and the saturation flux density in the +cross-sectional area and the maximum + + align:start position:0% +cross-sectional area and the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +cross-sectional area and the maximum +volt seconds you can apply in + + align:start position:0% +volt seconds you can apply in + + + align:start position:0% +volt seconds you can apply in +Winding okay before you get it out of + + align:start position:0% +Winding okay before you get it out of + + + align:start position:0% +Winding okay before you get it out of +the saturation range once you get it out + + align:start position:0% +the saturation range once you get it out + + + align:start position:0% +the saturation range once you get it out +of the saturation range the per ility + + align:start position:0% +of the saturation range the per ility + + + align:start position:0% +of the saturation range the per ility +goes away and then more or less the + + align:start position:0% +goes away and then more or less the + + + align:start position:0% +goes away and then more or less the +transformer shorts out and you get huge + + align:start position:0% +transformer shorts out and you get huge + + + align:start position:0% +transformer shorts out and you get huge +magnetizing currents and bad stuff + + align:start position:0% +magnetizing currents and bad stuff + + + align:start position:0% +magnetizing currents and bad stuff +happens + + align:start position:0% +happens + + + align:start position:0% +happens +okay so that's the other consequence of + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's the other consequence of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's the other consequence of +this particular + + align:start position:0% +this particular + + + align:start position:0% +this particular +parasitic okay um the second parasitic + + align:start position:0% +parasitic okay um the second parasitic + + + align:start position:0% +parasitic okay um the second parasitic +first of all any questions about + + align:start position:0% +first of all any questions about + + + align:start position:0% +first of all any questions about +that yeah are there any applications + + align:start position:0% +that yeah are there any applications + + + align:start position:0% +that yeah are there any applications +where you could sort of use this like a + + align:start position:0% +where you could sort of use this like a + + + align:start position:0% +where you could sort of use this like a +switch Supply where you're applying DC + + align:start position:0% +switch Supply where you're applying DC + + + align:start position:0% +switch Supply where you're applying DC +voltage for a little bit and then you + + align:start position:0% +voltage for a little bit and then you + + + align:start position:0% +voltage for a little bit and then you +know you switch off and so that way + + align:start position:0% +know you switch off and so that way + + + align:start position:0% +know you switch off and so that way +you're like the the volt seconds that + + align:start position:0% +you're like the the volt seconds that + + + align:start position:0% +you're like the the volt seconds that +you're that you have to Transformer on + + align:start position:0% +you're that you have to Transformer on + + + align:start position:0% +you're that you have to Transformer on +is you enough that you don't reach that + + align:start position:0% +is you enough that you don't reach that + + + align:start position:0% +is you enough that you don't reach that +saturation field but you're still using + + align:start position:0% +saturation field but you're still using + + + align:start position:0% +saturation field but you're still using +it for DC volage is there any use for + + align:start position:0% +it for DC volage is there any use for + + + align:start position:0% +it for DC volage is there any use for +that um sort of there is the the notion + + align:start position:0% +that um sort of there is the the notion + + + align:start position:0% +that um sort of there is the the notion +of applying a voltage for a little while + + align:start position:0% +of applying a voltage for a little while + + + align:start position:0% +of applying a voltage for a little while +and storing some energy in this + + align:start position:0% +and storing some energy in this + + + align:start position:0% +and storing some energy in this +magnetizing inductance right which is + + align:start position:0% +magnetizing inductance right which is + + + align:start position:0% +magnetizing inductance right which is +sort of what you just said is exactly + + align:start position:0% +sort of what you just said is exactly + + + align:start position:0% +sort of what you just said is exactly +what you do in certain kinds of + + align:start position:0% +what you do in certain kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +what you do in certain kinds of +converters so in some kinds of + + align:start position:0% +converters so in some kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +converters so in some kinds of +converters we will actually use this + + align:start position:0% +converters we will actually use this + + + align:start position:0% +converters we will actually use this +parasitic component to our advantage and + + align:start position:0% +parasitic component to our advantage and + + + align:start position:0% +parasitic component to our advantage and +we'll talk about how you design for that + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about how you design for that + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about how you design for that +but it won't you know that's a limited + + align:start position:0% +but it won't you know that's a limited + + + align:start position:0% +but it won't you know that's a limited +time the integral of V1 DT is limited by + + align:start position:0% +time the integral of V1 DT is limited by + + + align:start position:0% +time the integral of V1 DT is limited by +the volt seconds you still can't apply + + align:start position:0% +the volt seconds you still can't apply + + + align:start position:0% +the volt seconds you still can't apply +it forever and yes we will use it that + + align:start position:0% +it forever and yes we will use it that + + + align:start position:0% +it forever and yes we will use it that +way so sometimes that's a b parasitics a + + align:start position:0% +way so sometimes that's a b parasitics a + + + align:start position:0% +way so sometimes that's a b parasitics a +bad thing um sometimes it's a good thing + + align:start position:0% +bad thing um sometimes it's a good thing + + + align:start position:0% +bad thing um sometimes it's a good thing +and we'll see using it both ways great + + align:start position:0% +and we'll see using it both ways great + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll see using it both ways great +question any other questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so I for apologize for forgetting + + align:start position:0% +okay so I for apologize for forgetting + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I for apologize for forgetting +to mention the other impact of this + + align:start position:0% +to mention the other impact of this + + + align:start position:0% +to mention the other impact of this +parasitic let's come + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +back to the fact that in addition to + + align:start position:0% +back to the fact that in addition to + + + align:start position:0% +back to the fact that in addition to +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +parasitic + + align:start position:0% +parasitic + + + align:start position:0% +parasitic +right I have some flux that links + + align:start position:0% +right I have some flux that links + + + align:start position:0% +right I have some flux that links +winding one that doesn't link winding + + align:start position:0% +winding one that doesn't link winding + + + align:start position:0% +winding one that doesn't link winding +two and some flux that may link winding + + align:start position:0% +two and some flux that may link winding + + + align:start position:0% +two and some flux that may link winding +two that doesn't link winding one okay + + align:start position:0% +two that doesn't link winding one okay + + + align:start position:0% +two that doesn't link winding one okay +well how would I model + + align:start position:0% +well how would I model + + + align:start position:0% +well how would I model +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +okay well what does the magnetic circuit + + align:start position:0% +okay well what does the magnetic circuit + + + align:start position:0% +okay well what does the magnetic circuit +for that look like once I add things in + + align:start position:0% +for that look like once I add things in + + + align:start position:0% +for that look like once I add things in +well I have I still have um N1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i1 right and I still have my reluctance + + align:start position:0% +i1 right and I still have my reluctance + + + align:start position:0% +i1 right and I still have my reluctance +of my + + align:start position:0% +of my + + + align:start position:0% +of my +core okay and I have N2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I2 okay but then what I'm doing when I'm + + align:start position:0% +I2 okay but then what I'm doing when I'm + + + align:start position:0% +I2 okay but then what I'm doing when I'm +saying oh there's some flux that's going + + align:start position:0% +saying oh there's some flux that's going + + + align:start position:0% +saying oh there's some flux that's going +to come up here and jump out of the core + + align:start position:0% +to come up here and jump out of the core + + + align:start position:0% +to come up here and jump out of the core +I'm sort of saying there's there's some + + align:start position:0% +I'm sort of saying there's there's some + + + align:start position:0% +I'm sort of saying there's there's some +path for flux to + + align:start position:0% +path for flux to + + + align:start position:0% +path for flux to +flow that doesn't go through the other + + align:start position:0% +flow that doesn't go through the other + + + align:start position:0% +flow that doesn't go through the other +winding right if what I've drawn so far + + align:start position:0% +winding right if what I've drawn so far + + + align:start position:0% +winding right if what I've drawn so far +anything goes through my circuit must go + + align:start position:0% +anything goes through my circuit must go + + + align:start position:0% +anything goes through my circuit must go +around the loop here and I + + align:start position:0% +around the loop here and I + + + align:start position:0% +around the loop here and I +have sort of five core I'm imagining + + align:start position:0% +have sort of five core I'm imagining + + + align:start position:0% +have sort of five core I'm imagining +doing + + align:start position:0% +doing + + + align:start position:0% +doing +this what I'm saying now is oh well I + + align:start position:0% +this what I'm saying now is oh well I + + + align:start position:0% +this what I'm saying now is oh well I +can have some flux that comes up here + + align:start position:0% +can have some flux that comes up here + + + align:start position:0% +can have some flux that comes up here +through this MMF + + align:start position:0% +through this MMF + + + align:start position:0% +through this MMF +Source but returns through through some + + align:start position:0% +Source but returns through through some + + + align:start position:0% +Source but returns through through some +other path that I'm going to call Fi + + align:start position:0% +other path that I'm going to call Fi + + + align:start position:0% +other path that I'm going to call Fi +leakage + + align:start position:0% +leakage + + + align:start position:0% +leakage +one and I'm going to have a second flux + + align:start position:0% +one and I'm going to have a second flux + + + align:start position:0% +one and I'm going to have a second flux +path that I'll call reluctance leakage + + align:start position:0% +path that I'll call reluctance leakage + + + align:start position:0% +path that I'll call reluctance leakage +2 okay that's going to go through you + + align:start position:0% +2 okay that's going to go through you + + + align:start position:0% +2 okay that's going to go through you +know flux may come down here and return + + align:start position:0% +know flux may come down here and return + + + align:start position:0% +know flux may come down here and return +up here and I'm going to call that fi + + align:start position:0% +up here and I'm going to call that fi + + + align:start position:0% +up here and I'm going to call that fi +leakage 2 okay so this is my extended + + align:start position:0% +leakage 2 okay so this is my extended + + + align:start position:0% +leakage 2 okay so this is my extended +magnetic circuit model accounting for + + align:start position:0% +magnetic circuit model accounting for + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic circuit model accounting for +the fact that there's other paths for + + align:start position:0% +the fact that there's other paths for + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that there's other paths for +flux to flow + + align:start position:0% +flux to flow + + + align:start position:0% +flux to flow +and not link the two windings + + align:start position:0% +and not link the two windings + + + align:start position:0% +and not link the two windings +together any questions about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that so if I add this + + align:start position:0% +that so if I add this + + + align:start position:0% +that so if I add this +on sort of what would I get well that's + + align:start position:0% +on sort of what would I get well that's + + + align:start position:0% +on sort of what would I get well that's +the magnetic circuit model um what is fi + + align:start position:0% +the magnetic circuit model um what is fi + + + align:start position:0% +the magnetic circuit model um what is fi +leakage + + align:start position:0% +leakage + + + align:start position:0% +leakage +1 fi leakage one is simply equal to N1 + + align:start position:0% +1 fi leakage one is simply equal to N1 + + + align:start position:0% +1 fi leakage one is simply equal to N1 +i1 over whatever this reluctance is is + + align:start position:0% +i1 over whatever this reluctance is is + + + align:start position:0% +i1 over whatever this reluctance is is +so I'll call this reluctance leakage + + align:start position:0% +so I'll call this reluctance leakage + + + align:start position:0% +so I'll call this reluctance leakage +one okay fi leakage + + align:start position:0% +one okay fi leakage + + + align:start position:0% +one okay fi leakage +2 is equal to N2 + + align:start position:0% +2 is equal to N2 + + + align:start position:0% +2 is equal to N2 +I2 over reluctance leakage 2 and by the + + align:start position:0% +I2 over reluctance leakage 2 and by the + + + align:start position:0% +I2 over reluctance leakage 2 and by the +way sometimes since these have big air + + align:start position:0% +way sometimes since these have big air + + + align:start position:0% +way sometimes since these have big air +path components Sometimes It's tricky to + + align:start position:0% +path components Sometimes It's tricky to + + + align:start position:0% +path components Sometimes It's tricky to +figure out what the values of reluctance + + align:start position:0% +figure out what the values of reluctance + + + align:start position:0% +figure out what the values of reluctance +leak leakage reluctance one and leakage + + align:start position:0% +leak leakage reluctance one and leakage + + + align:start position:0% +leak leakage reluctance one and leakage +reluctance two are but nonetheless there + + align:start position:0% +reluctance two are but nonetheless there + + + align:start position:0% +reluctance two are but nonetheless there +some value that you can figure out one + + align:start position:0% +some value that you can figure out one + + + align:start position:0% +some value that you can figure out one +way or another okay and then we have fi + + align:start position:0% +way or another okay and then we have fi + + + align:start position:0% +way or another okay and then we have fi +core which is sort of unchanged it's N1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i1 plus N2 + + align:start position:0% +i1 plus N2 + + + align:start position:0% +i1 plus N2 +I2 divided by The Rance of the + + align:start position:0% +I2 divided by The Rance of the + + + align:start position:0% +I2 divided by The Rance of the +core okay so that's my magnetic circuit + + align:start position:0% +core okay so that's my magnetic circuit + + + align:start position:0% +core okay so that's my magnetic circuit +model for the whole thing any questions + + align:start position:0% +model for the whole thing any questions + + + align:start position:0% +model for the whole thing any questions +about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that so what do I get well I can + + align:start position:0% +that so what do I get well I can + + + align:start position:0% +that so what do I get well I can +basically figure out what the the um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I can basically figure out what + + align:start position:0% +I can basically figure out what + + + align:start position:0% +I can basically figure out what +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +um net Rel what the net flux linkage on + + align:start position:0% +um net Rel what the net flux linkage on + + + align:start position:0% +um net Rel what the net flux linkage on +winding one is right what's Lambda + + align:start position:0% +winding one is right what's Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +winding one is right what's Lambda +1 Lambda 1 is equal to N1 times the + + align:start position:0% +1 Lambda 1 is equal to N1 times the + + + align:start position:0% +1 Lambda 1 is equal to N1 times the +total flux coming out of uh the positive + + align:start position:0% +total flux coming out of uh the positive + + + align:start position:0% +total flux coming out of uh the positive +terminal of the MMF Source N1 + + align:start position:0% +terminal of the MMF Source N1 + + + align:start position:0% +terminal of the MMF Source N1 +i1 right so that should be N1 * fi + + align:start position:0% +i1 right so that should be N1 * fi + + + align:start position:0% +i1 right so that should be N1 * fi +leakage 1 + + align:start position:0% +leakage 1 + + + align:start position:0% +leakage 1 ++ 5 Core which would be equal to n1^ + + align:start position:0% ++ 5 Core which would be equal to n1^ + + + align:start position:0% ++ 5 Core which would be equal to n1^ +2 over reluctance leakage 1 * + + align:start position:0% +2 over reluctance leakage 1 * + + + align:start position:0% +2 over reluctance leakage 1 * +i1 plus N1 * fi core which is n1^ 2ar + + align:start position:0% +i1 plus N1 * fi core which is n1^ 2ar + + + align:start position:0% +i1 plus N1 * fi core which is n1^ 2ar +over the reluctance to the core i1 Plus + + align:start position:0% +over the reluctance to the core i1 Plus + + + align:start position:0% +over the reluctance to the core i1 Plus +N1 N2 over the reluctance of the core + + align:start position:0% +N1 N2 over the reluctance of the core + + + align:start position:0% +N1 N2 over the reluctance of the core +I2 okay Lambda 2 + + align:start position:0% +I2 okay Lambda 2 + + + align:start position:0% +I2 okay Lambda 2 +which is the flux linking the second MMF + + align:start position:0% +which is the flux linking the second MMF + + + align:start position:0% +which is the flux linking the second MMF +source is equal to + + align:start position:0% +source is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +source is equal to +N2 times fi leakage 2 plus F core right + + align:start position:0% +N2 times fi leakage 2 plus F core right + + + align:start position:0% +N2 times fi leakage 2 plus F core right +it's the same same story all over again + + align:start position:0% +it's the same same story all over again + + + align:start position:0% +it's the same same story all over again +and I'll just substituting my values + + align:start position:0% +and I'll just substituting my values + + + align:start position:0% +and I'll just substituting my values +here and what I get is this is going to + + align:start position:0% +here and what I get is this is going to + + + align:start position:0% +here and what I get is this is going to +be equal to + + align:start position:0% +be equal to + + + align:start position:0% +be equal to +N2 + + align:start position:0% +N2 + + + align:start position:0% +N2 +squared over Elance leakage + + align:start position:0% +squared over Elance leakage + + + align:start position:0% +squared over Elance leakage +2 plus N2 over times pi core which is N2 + + align:start position:0% +2 plus N2 over times pi core which is N2 + + + align:start position:0% +2 plus N2 over times pi core which is N2 +2ar over the reluctance of the core oh + + align:start position:0% +2ar over the reluctance of the core oh + + + align:start position:0% +2ar over the reluctance of the core oh +this is times I2 this time + + align:start position:0% +this is times I2 this time + + + align:start position:0% +this is times I2 this time +I2 plus + + align:start position:0% +I2 plus + + + align:start position:0% +I2 plus +N1 N2 over the reluctance of the core + + align:start position:0% +N1 N2 over the reluctance of the core + + + align:start position:0% +N1 N2 over the reluctance of the core +I2 okay so that's sort of two equations + + align:start position:0% +I2 okay so that's sort of two equations + + + align:start position:0% +I2 okay so that's sort of two equations +right expressing the two flux linkages + + align:start position:0% +right expressing the two flux linkages + + + align:start position:0% +right expressing the two flux linkages +in terms of i1 and I2 I could put that + + align:start position:0% +in terms of i1 and I2 I could put that + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of i1 and I2 I could put that +in a matrix form right and that would + + align:start position:0% +in a matrix form right and that would + + + align:start position:0% +in a matrix form right and that would +just be Lambda 1 1 Lambda 2 which is + + align:start position:0% +just be Lambda 1 1 Lambda 2 which is + + + align:start position:0% +just be Lambda 1 1 Lambda 2 which is +equal to the essentially the integral of + + align:start position:0% +equal to the essentially the integral of + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the essentially the integral of +V1 and the integral of + + align:start position:0% +V1 and the integral of + + + align:start position:0% +V1 and the integral of +V2 okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +DT and that would be equal + + align:start position:0% +DT and that would be equal + + + align:start position:0% +DT and that would be equal +to N1 + + align:start position:0% +to N1 + + + align:start position:0% +to N1 +sared over reluctance leakage 1 plus n1^ + + align:start position:0% +sared over reluctance leakage 1 plus n1^ + + + align:start position:0% +sared over reluctance leakage 1 plus n1^ +2ar over the reluctance of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +core Plus N1 N2 over the to the core + + align:start position:0% +core Plus N1 N2 over the to the core + + + align:start position:0% +core Plus N1 N2 over the to the core +time i1 I2 it's a matrix equation I get + + align:start position:0% +time i1 I2 it's a matrix equation I get + + + align:start position:0% +time i1 I2 it's a matrix equation I get +the same thing I get N1 N2 over the + + align:start position:0% +the same thing I get N1 N2 over the + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing I get N1 N2 over the +reluctance of the core time N2 2 over + + align:start position:0% +reluctance of the core time N2 2 over + + + align:start position:0% +reluctance of the core time N2 2 over +the reluctance of the core plus N2 2 + + align:start position:0% +the reluctance of the core plus N2 2 + + + align:start position:0% +the reluctance of the core plus N2 2 +over reluctance leakage 2 that's the + + align:start position:0% +over reluctance leakage 2 that's the + + + align:start position:0% +over reluctance leakage 2 that's the +whole Matrix + + align:start position:0% +whole Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +whole Matrix +equation okay so instead of the integral + + align:start position:0% +equation okay so instead of the integral + + + align:start position:0% +equation okay so instead of the integral +of or instead of V1 is equal to + + align:start position:0% +of or instead of V1 is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +of or instead of V1 is equal to +something times the i1 DT I have a + + align:start position:0% +something times the i1 DT I have a + + + align:start position:0% +something times the i1 DT I have a +matrix equation between + + align:start position:0% +matrix equation between + + + align:start position:0% +matrix equation between +the voltage on the the current into the + + align:start position:0% +the voltage on the the current into the + + + align:start position:0% +the voltage on the the current into the +two windings and the voltages on the two + + align:start position:0% +two windings and the voltages on the two + + + align:start position:0% +two windings and the voltages on the two +windings if I differentiated this + + align:start position:0% +windings if I differentiated this + + + align:start position:0% +windings if I differentiated this +equation to get V1 and V2 I could write + + align:start position:0% +equation to get V1 and V2 I could write + + + align:start position:0% +equation to get V1 and V2 I could write +this as V1 V2 is equal + + align:start position:0% +this as V1 V2 is equal + + + align:start position:0% +this as V1 V2 is equal +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +l11 LM LM and + + align:start position:0% +l11 LM LM and + + + align:start position:0% +l11 LM LM and +l22 + + align:start position:0% +l22 + + + align:start position:0% +l22 +times uh I i1 I2 + + align:start position:0% +times uh I i1 I2 + + + align:start position:0% +times uh I i1 I2 +dot or maybe I should just get rid of + + align:start position:0% +dot or maybe I should just get rid of + + + align:start position:0% +dot or maybe I should just get rid of +the dot and I'll just write this as + + align:start position:0% +the dot and I'll just write this as + + + align:start position:0% +the dot and I'll just write this as +Lambda 1 and Lambda + + align:start position:0% +Lambda 1 and Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda 1 and Lambda +2 okay so there's now a matrix equation + + align:start position:0% +2 okay so there's now a matrix equation + + + align:start position:0% +2 okay so there's now a matrix equation +relating flux linkages and + + align:start position:0% +relating flux linkages and + + + align:start position:0% +relating flux linkages and +currents any questions about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that what do I want to come back to let + + align:start position:0% +that what do I want to come back to let + + + align:start position:0% +that what do I want to come back to let +me come back to a equivalent circuit + + align:start position:0% +me come back to a equivalent circuit + + + align:start position:0% +me come back to a equivalent circuit +model associated with this okay I gave + + align:start position:0% +model associated with this okay I gave + + + align:start position:0% +model associated with this okay I gave +you an equivalent circuit model what + + align:start position:0% +you an equivalent circuit model what + + + align:start position:0% +you an equivalent circuit model what +happens to my + + align:start position:0% +happens to my + + + align:start position:0% +happens to my +um what happens to my voltage and + + align:start position:0% +um what happens to my voltage and + + + align:start position:0% +um what happens to my voltage and +current relationships and here's what + + align:start position:0% +current relationships and here's what + + + align:start position:0% +current relationships and here's what +you can do you can take this model or + + align:start position:0% +you can do you can take this model or + + + align:start position:0% +you can do you can take this model or +this model here and come up with an + + align:start position:0% +this model here and come up with an + + + align:start position:0% +this model here and come up with an +equivalent circuit that has the same + + align:start position:0% +equivalent circuit that has the same + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent circuit that has the same +relationship between voltages and + + align:start position:0% +relationship between voltages and + + + align:start position:0% +relationship between voltages and +currents and it looks like this I have + + align:start position:0% +currents and it looks like this I have + + + align:start position:0% +currents and it looks like this I have +an ideal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Transformer N1 to N2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so and then I have a magnetizing + + align:start position:0% +so and then I have a magnetizing + + + align:start position:0% +so and then I have a magnetizing +inductance L + + align:start position:0% +inductance L + + + align:start position:0% +inductance L +mu1 is equal to n1^ 2 over reluctance of + + align:start position:0% +mu1 is equal to n1^ 2 over reluctance of + + + align:start position:0% +mu1 is equal to n1^ 2 over reluctance of +the core okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then I have a leakage + + align:start position:0% +then I have a leakage + + + align:start position:0% +then I have a leakage +inductance that we're going to call L + + align:start position:0% +inductance that we're going to call L + + + align:start position:0% +inductance that we're going to call L +leakage 1 which is equal to n1^ 2ar over + + align:start position:0% +leakage 1 which is equal to n1^ 2ar over + + + align:start position:0% +leakage 1 which is equal to n1^ 2ar over +reluctance leakage 1 + + align:start position:0% +reluctance leakage 1 + + + align:start position:0% +reluctance leakage 1 +okay and then I'm going to have a second + + align:start position:0% +okay and then I'm going to have a second + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then I'm going to have a second +parasitic + + align:start position:0% +parasitic + + + align:start position:0% +parasitic +inductance L leakage 2 which is equal to + + align:start position:0% +inductance L leakage 2 which is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +inductance L leakage 2 which is equal to +N2 2ar over reluctance leakage + + align:start position:0% +N2 2ar over reluctance leakage + + + align:start position:0% +N2 2ar over reluctance leakage +2 okay and I put these + + align:start position:0% +2 okay and I put these + + + align:start position:0% +2 okay and I put these +together then I have V2 + + align:start position:0% +together then I have V2 + + + align:start position:0% +together then I have V2 +I2 and V1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i1 okay so all that happens if I include + + align:start position:0% +i1 okay so all that happens if I include + + + align:start position:0% +i1 okay so all that happens if I include +the fact that in this drawing there's + + align:start position:0% +the fact that in this drawing there's + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that in this drawing there's +some additional leakage flux paths that + + align:start position:0% +some additional leakage flux paths that + + + align:start position:0% +some additional leakage flux paths that +go out of the area that I you know + + align:start position:0% +go out of the area that I you know + + + align:start position:0% +go out of the area that I you know +ideally would have is that I sort of get + + align:start position:0% +ideally would have is that I sort of get + + + align:start position:0% +ideally would have is that I sort of get +two independent inductors here right + + align:start position:0% +two independent inductors here right + + + align:start position:0% +two independent inductors here right +that sort of get added on to my full + + align:start position:0% +that sort of get added on to my full + + + align:start position:0% +that sort of get added on to my full +Transformer model the energy stored in + + align:start position:0% +Transformer model the energy stored in + + + align:start position:0% +Transformer model the energy stored in +this kind of purple inductor here + + align:start position:0% +this kind of purple inductor here + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of purple inductor here +relates to the magnetic energy that's + + align:start position:0% +relates to the magnetic energy that's + + + align:start position:0% +relates to the magnetic energy that's +stored in the field associated with this + + align:start position:0% +stored in the field associated with this + + + align:start position:0% +stored in the field associated with this +flux path likewise the energy stored in + + align:start position:0% +flux path likewise the energy stored in + + + align:start position:0% +flux path likewise the energy stored in +this inductance is exactly the energy + + align:start position:0% +this inductance is exactly the energy + + + align:start position:0% +this inductance is exactly the energy +stored in the flux that links winding + + align:start position:0% +stored in the flux that links winding + + + align:start position:0% +stored in the flux that links winding +two but not winding + + align:start position:0% +two but not winding + + + align:start position:0% +two but not winding +one and so what this does is this sort + + align:start position:0% +one and so what this does is this sort + + + align:start position:0% +one and so what this does is this sort +of whereas the magnetizing inductance + + align:start position:0% +of whereas the magnetizing inductance + + + align:start position:0% +of whereas the magnetizing inductance +sort of created a mismatch in the + + align:start position:0% +sort of created a mismatch in the + + + align:start position:0% +sort of created a mismatch in the +current relationships between the + + align:start position:0% +current relationships between the + + + align:start position:0% +current relationships between the +primary and secondary currents deviating + + align:start position:0% +primary and secondary currents deviating + + + align:start position:0% +primary and secondary currents deviating +from my ideal current relationships the + + align:start position:0% +from my ideal current relationships the + + + align:start position:0% +from my ideal current relationships the +the leakage inductances socalled that I + + align:start position:0% +the leakage inductances socalled that I + + + align:start position:0% +the leakage inductances socalled that I +would add on mess up the ideal voltage + + align:start position:0% +would add on mess up the ideal voltage + + + align:start position:0% +would add on mess up the ideal voltage +trans transformation cu the voltage you + + align:start position:0% +trans transformation cu the voltage you + + + align:start position:0% +trans transformation cu the voltage you +know if I call this V1 Prime and V2 + + align:start position:0% +know if I call this V1 Prime and V2 + + + align:start position:0% +know if I call this V1 Prime and V2 +Prime these follow the ideal voltage + + align:start position:0% +Prime these follow the ideal voltage + + + align:start position:0% +Prime these follow the ideal voltage +relations but the voltage the actual + + align:start position:0% +relations but the voltage the actual + + + align:start position:0% +relations but the voltage the actual +voltages of the Transformer terminals do + + align:start position:0% +voltages of the Transformer terminals do + + + align:start position:0% +voltages of the Transformer terminals do +not okay so this is what we would + + align:start position:0% +not okay so this is what we would + + + align:start position:0% +not okay so this is what we would +consider sort of + + align:start position:0% +consider sort of + + + align:start position:0% +consider sort of +a transformer model that has an ideal + + align:start position:0% +a transformer model that has an ideal + + + align:start position:0% +a transformer model that has an ideal +Transformer at its + + align:start position:0% +Transformer at its + + + align:start position:0% +Transformer at its +heart but then + + align:start position:0% +heart but then + + + align:start position:0% +heart but then +incorporates three additional + + align:start position:0% +incorporates three additional + + + align:start position:0% +incorporates three additional +inductances to model the energy stored + + align:start position:0% +inductances to model the energy stored + + + align:start position:0% +inductances to model the energy stored +in the core and the energy storage in + + align:start position:0% +in the core and the energy storage in + + + align:start position:0% +in the core and the energy storage in +the leakage fields around the + + align:start position:0% +the leakage fields around the + + + align:start position:0% +the leakage fields around the +Transformer okay so I apologize I've run + + align:start position:0% +Transformer okay so I apologize I've run + + + align:start position:0% +Transformer okay so I apologize I've run +over there I'll take any last quick + + align:start position:0% +over there I'll take any last quick + + + align:start position:0% +over there I'll take any last quick +question before we R ramp up or I'll + + align:start position:0% +question before we R ramp up or I'll + + + align:start position:0% +question before we R ramp up or I'll +happily answer questions after + + align:start position:0% +happily answer questions after + + + align:start position:0% +happily answer questions after +class okay have a great day we'll pick + + align:start position:0% +class okay have a great day we'll pick + + + align:start position:0% +class okay have a great day we'll pick +this up on Wednesday \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/7Nrymx1ULis.txt b/7Nrymx1ULis.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a8acb09c52a3cb4bacaab7b88928c0c1abb7d655 --- /dev/null +++ b/7Nrymx1ULis.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3072 @@ +The following +content is provided + +under a Creative +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue + +to offer high quality, +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation or to +view additional materials, + +from hundreds of MIT courses, +visit MIT OpenCourseWare + +at ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: All right. + +So, this homework +that is due on Friday + +contains some questions on +the harmonic oscillator. + +And the harmonic oscillator +is awfully important. + +I gave you notes on that. + +And I want to use about +half of the lecture, + +perhaps a little +less, to go over + +some of those points +in the notes concerning + +the harmonic oscillator. + +After that, we're going +to begin, essentially, + +our study of dynamics. + +And we will give the revision, +today, of the Schrodinger + +equation. + +It's the way Dirac, in his +textbook on quantum mechanics, + +presents the +Schrodinger equation. + +I think it's actually, +extremely insightful. + +It's probably not +the way you should + +see it the first +time in your life. + +But it's a good way +to think about it. + +And it will give +you a nice feeling + +that this Schrodinger +equation is something + +so fundamental and +so basic that it + +would be very hard to +change or do anything to it + +and tinker with it. + +It's a rather complete theory +and quite beautiful [? idea. ?] + +So we begin with the +harmonic oscillator. + +And this will be a bit quick. + +I won't go over every detail. + +You have the notes. + +I think that's pretty +much all you need to know. + +So we'll leave it at that. + +So the harmonic oscillator +is a quantum system. + +And as quantum +systems go, they're + +inspired by classical systems. + +And the classical system +is very famous here. + +It's the system in +which, for example, you + +have a mass and a spring. + +And it does an oscillation for +which the energy is written + +as p squared over 2m plus 1/2 +m, omega squared, x squared. + +And m omega squared is +sometimes called k squared, + +the spring constant. + +And you are supposed to do +quantum mechanics with this. + +So nobody can tell you this is +what the harmonic oscillators + +in quantum mechanics. + +You have to define it. + +But since there's +only one logical way + +to define the quantum +system, everybody + +agrees on what the harmonic +oscillator quantum system is. + +Basically, you use +the inspiration + +of the classical system +and declare, well, + +energy will be the +Hamiltonian operator. + +p will be the momentum operator. + +And x will be the +position operator. + +And given that +these are operators, + +will have a basic commutation +relation between x and p + +being equal to i h-bar. + +And that's it. + +This is your quantum system. + +Hamiltonian is-- +the set of operators + +that are relevant for this are +the x the p, and the energy + +operator that will +control the dynamics. + +You know also you should specify +a vector space, the vector + +space where this acts. + +And this will be complex +functions on the real line. + +So this will act +in wave functions + +that define the vector space, +sometimes called Hilbert space. + +It will be the set of integrable +functions on the real line, + +so complex functions +on the real line. + +These are your wave functions, +a set of states of the theory. + +All these complex functions +on the real line work. + +I won't try to be more precise. + +You could say they're +square integrable. + +That for sure is necessary. + +And we'll leave it at that. + +Now you have to +solve this problem. + +And in 804, we discussed this by +using the differential equation + +and then through the creation +annihilation operators. + +And we're going +do it, today, just + +through creation and +annihilation operators. + +But we want to +emphasize something + +about this Hamiltonian and +something very general, which + +is that you can right +the Hamiltonian as say + +1/2m, omega squared, x squared. + +And then you have plus +p squared, m squared, + +omega squared. + +And a great solution +to the problem + +of solving the Hamiltonian-- +and it's the best you could ever + +hope-- is what is +called the factorization + +of the Hamiltonian, in +which you would manage + +to write this Hamiltonian as +some operator times the dagger + +operator. + +So this is the ideal situation. + +It's just wonderful, +as you will see, + +if you can manage to do that. + +If you could manage to +do this factorization, + +you would know immediately +what is the ground state + +energy, how low can +it go, something + +about the Hamiltonian. + +You're way on your way +of solving the problem. + +If you could just factorize it. + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] if +you could just factorize it + +in terms of v and v +instead of v dagger and v? + +PROFESSOR: You want to factorize +in which way instead of that? + +AUDIENCE: Would it be +helpful, if it were possible, + +to factor it in terms of v +times v instead of v dagger? + +PROFESSOR: No, no, I +want, really, v dagger. + +I don't want v v. That +that's not so good. + +I want that this factorization +has a v dagger there. + +It will make things +much, much better. + +So how can you achieve that? + +Well, it almost looks possible. + +If you have something like this, +like a squared plus b squared, + +you write it as a minus +ib times a plus ib. + +And that works out. + +So you try here, 1/2 +m, omega squared, + +x minus ip over m omega, +x plus ip over m omega. + +And beware that's +not quite right. + +Because here, you have +cross terms that cancel. + +You have aib b and minus iba. + +And they would only +cancel if a and b commute. + +And here they don't commute. + +So it's almost perfect. + +But if you expand this out, +you get the x squared for sure. + +You get this term. + +But then you get an extra term +coming from the cross terms. + +And please calculate it. + +Happily, it's just a number, +because the commutator + +of x and b is just a number. + +So the answer for +this thing is that you + +get, here, x +squared plus this is + +equal to this, plus h-bar over m +omega, times the unit operator. + +So here is what you +could call v dagger. + +And this is what we'd call v. + +So what is your Hamiltonian? + +Your Hamiltonian has become +1/2 m, omega squared, v dagger + +v, plus, if you multiply out, +H omega times the identity. + +So we basically succeeded. + +And it's as good as what we +could hope or want, actually. + +I multiply this +out, so h-bar omega + +was the only thing +that was left. + +And there's your Hamiltonian. + +Now, in order to see +what this tells you, + +just sandwich it +between any two states. + +Well, this is 1/2 m, omega +squared, psi, v dagger, v, + +psi, plus 1/2 half h, omega. + +And assume it's a +normalized state, + +so it just gives you that. + +So this thing is the +norm of the state, v psi. + +You'd think it's +dagger and it's this. + +So this is the norm +squared of v psi. + +And therefore that's positive. + +So H, between any +normalized state, + +is greater than or equal +to 1/2 h-bar omega. + +In particular, if psi +is an energy eigenstate, + +so that H psi is equal to E psi. + +If psi is an energy +eigenstate, then you have this. + +And back here, you +get that the energy + +must be greater than or +equal to 1/2 h omega, + +because H and psi gives +you an E. The E goes out. + +And you're left with +psi, psi, which is 1. + +So you already know +that the energy + +is at least greater than +or equal to 1/2 h omega. + +So this factorization +has been very powerful. + +It has taught you +something extremely + +nontrivial about the +spectrum of the Hamiltonian. + +All energy eigenstates +must be greater than + +or equal to 1/2 h omega. + +In fact, this is +so good that people + +try to do this for +almost any problem. + +Any Hamiltonian, probably +the first thing you can try + +is to establish a +factorization of this kind. + +For the hydrogen atom, that +factorization is also possible. + +There will be some +homework sometime later on. + +It's less well known and +doesn't lead to useful creation + +and annihilation operators. + +But you can get the ground +state energy in a proof + +that you kind of go below +that energy very quickly. + +So a few things are done +now to clean up this system. + +And basically, here I have the +definition of v and v dagger. + +Then you define a to be square +root of m omega over 2 h-bar, + +v. And a dagger must be m +omega over 2 h-bar v dagger. + +And I have not written for +you the commutator of v and v + +dagger. + +We might as well do the +commutator of a and a dagger. + +And that commutator turns +out to be extremely simple. + +a with a dagger is +just equal to 1. + +Now things that are useful, +relations that are useful + +is-- just write +what v is in here + +so that you have a +formula for a and a dagger + +in terms of x and p. + +So I will not bother writing it. + +But it's here already. + +Maybe I'll do the first one. + +m omega over 2 h-bar. + +v is here would be x, +plus ip over m omega. + +And you can write +the other one there. + +So you have an expression +for a and a dagger + +in terms of x and p. + +And that can be +inverted as well. + +And it's pretty useful. + +And it's an example +of formulas that you + +don't need to know by heart. + +And they would be in +any formula sheet. + +And the units and +all those constants + +make it hard to remember. + +But here they are. + +So you should know that x is a +plus a dagger up to a constant. + +And p is a dagger minus a. + +Now p is Hermitian, that's +why there is an i here. + +So that this, this +anti-Hermitian, + +the i becomes a +Hermitian operator. + +x is manifestly Hermitian, +because a plus a dagger is. + +Finally, you want to +write the Hamiltonian. + +And the Hamiltonian is given +by the following formula. + +You know you just have to put +the v and v dagger, what they + +are in terms of the creation, +annihilation operators. + +So v dagger, you +substitute a dagger. + +v, you go back here +and just calculate it. + +And these calculations +really should be done. + +It's something that is +good practice and make sure + +you don't make silly mistakes. + +So this operator is so important +it has been given a name. + +It's called the +number operator, N. + +And its eigenvalues are numbers, +0, 1, 2, 3, all these things. + +And the good thing about +it is that, once you + +are with a's and a +daggers, all this m omega, + +h-bar are all gone. + +This is all that +is happening here. + +The basic energy is h-bar omega. + +Ground state energies, what +we'll see is 1/2 h-bar omega. + +And this is the number operator. + +So this is written as h-bar +omega, number operator-- + +probably with a hat-- like that. + +So when you're talking +about eigenvalues, + +as we will talk soon, or +states for which these thing's + +are numbers, saying that +you have a state that + +is an eigenstate +of the Hamiltonian + +is exactly the same +thing as saying + +that it's an eigenstate +of the number operator. + +Because that's the only thing +that is an operator here. + +There's this plus this number. + +So this number +causes no problem. + +Any state multiplied by a number +is proportional to itself. + +But it's not true that every +state multiplied by a dagger a + +is proportional to itself. + +So being an +eigenstate of N means + +that acting on a state, +N, gives you a number. + +But then H is just +N times the number. + +So H is also an eigenstate. + +So eigenstates of N +or eigenstates of H + +are exactly the same thing. + +Now there's a couple +more properties + +that maybe need to be mentioned. + +So I wanted to talk in +terms of eigenvalues. + +I would just simply write +the energy eigenvalue + +is therefore equal h-bar +omega, the number eigenvalue-- + +so the operator is +with a hat-- plus 1/2. + +So in terms of +eigenvalues, you have that. + +From here, the energy is +greater than 1/2 h omega. + +So the number must be greater +or equal than 0 on any state. + +And that's also clear from the +definition of this operator. + +On any state, the expectation +value of this operator + +has to be positive. + +And therefore, you have this. + +So two more properties +that are crucial here + +are that the +Hamiltonian commuted + +with a is equal +to minus h omega a + +and that the Hamiltonian +committed with a dagger + +is plus h omega a dagger. + +Now there is a +reasonably precise way + +of going through +the whole spectrum + +of the harmonic oscillator +without solving differential + +equations, almost to +any degree, and trying + +to be just very +logical about it. + +It's possible to deduce the +properties of the spectrum. + +So I will do that right now. + +And we begin with the +following statement. + +We assume there is +some energy eigenstate. + +So assume there is a state E +such that the Hamiltonian-- + +for some reason in +the notes apparently + +I put hats on the Hamiltonian, +so I'll start putting hats + +here-- so that the states +are labeled by the energy. + +And this begins a tiny bit of +confusion about the notation. + +Many times you want to label +the states by the energy. + +We'll end up labeling them +with the number operator. + +And then, I said, +it will turn out, + +when the number operator is +0, we'll put a 0 in here. + +And that doesn't mean 0 energy. + +It means energy equal +1/2 h-bar omega. + +So if you assume there +is an energy eigenstate, + +that's the first step +in the construction. + +You assume there is one. + +And what does that mean? + +It means that this +is a good state. + +So it may be normalized. + +It may not be normalized. + +In any case, it +should be positive. + +I put first the equal, but +I shouldn't put the equal. + +Because we know in a +complex vector space, + +if a state has 0 norm, it's 0. + +And I want to say +that there's really + +some state that is non-0, +that has this energy. + +If the state would be 0, this +would become a triviality. + +So this state is good. + +It's all good. + +Now with this state, you can +define, now, two other states, + +acting with the creation, +annihilation operators. + +I didn't mention that name. + +But a dagger is going to be +called the creation operator. + +And this is the destruction +or annihilation operator. + +And we built two states, E +plus is a dagger acting on E. + +And E minus is a +acting on E. Now + +you could fairly +ask a this moment + +and say, well, how do you +know these states are good? + +How do you know they even exist? + +How do you know that +if you act with this, + +don't you get an +inconsistent state? + +How do you know +this makes sense? + +And these are perfectly +good questions. + +And in fact, this is exactly +what you have to understand. + +This procedure can +give some funny things. + +And we want to +discuss algebraically + +why some things are safe and +why some things may not quite + +be safe. + +And adding an a dagger, +we will see it's safe. + +While adding a's to the +state could be fairly unsafe. + +So what can be bad +about the state? + +It could be a 0 state, or it +could be an inconsistent state. + +And what this an +inconsistent state? + +Well, all our states are +represented by wave functions. + +And they should be normalizable. + +And therefore they have +norms that are positive, + +norms squared that are positive. + +Well you may find, +here, that you + +have states that have +norms that are negative, + +norm squareds that are negative. + +So this thing that +should be positive, + +algebraically you may +show that actually you + +can get into trouble. + +And trouble, of course, +is very interesting. + +So I want to skip this +calculation and state something + +that you probably checked +in 804, several times, + +that this state has +more energy than E + +and, in fact, has as much +energy as E plus h-bar omega. + +Because a dagger, the +creation operator, + +adds energy, h-bar omega. + +And this subtracts +energy, h-bar omega. + +This state has an +energy, E plus, + +which is equal to +E plus h-bar omega. + +And E minus is equal +to E minus h-bar omega. + +Now how do you check that? + +You're supposed to act +with a Hamiltonian on this, + +use the commutation relation +that we wrote up there, + +and prove that those are +the energy eigenvalues. + +So at this moment, you +can do the following. + +So these states have energies, +they have number operators, + +they have number eigenvalues. + +So we can test, if +these states are good, + +by computing their norms. + +So let's compute the +norm, a dagger on E, + +a dagger on E for the first one. + +And we'll compute a E, a E. +We'll do this computation. + +We just want to +see what this is. + +Now remember how you do this. + +An operator acting +here goes with a dagger + +into the other side. + +So this is equal to +E a, a dagger, E. + +Now a, a dagger is +not quite perfect. + +It differs from the +one that we know + +is an eigenvalue for this state, +which is the number operator. + +So what is a, a +dagger in terms of N? + +Well, a, a dagger-- +it's something + +you will use many, +many times-- is + +equal to a commutator with +a dagger plus a dagger a. + +So that's 1 plus +the number operator. + +So this thing is E +1 plus the number + +operator acting on the state E. + +Well, the 1 is clear what it is. + +And the number operate is clear. + +If this has some +energy E, well, I + +can now what is the eigenvalue +of the number operator + +because the energy on +the number eigenvalues + +are related that way. + +So I will simply call +it the number of E + +and leave it at that. + +Times EE. + +So in here, the +computation is easier + +because it's just E a dagger +a E. That's the number, + +so that's just NE times EE. + +OK, so these are +the key equations + +we're going to be +using to understand + +the spectrum quickly. + +And let me say a couple +of things about them. + +So I'll repeat what we +have there, a dagger + +E a dagger E is equal +to 1 plus NE EE. + +On the other hand, 888 +aE aE is equal to NE EE. + +OK, so here it goes. + +Here is the main thing that +you have to think about. + +Suppose this state +was good, which + +means this state has +a good norm here. + +And moreover, we've +already learned + +that the energy is +greater than some value. + +So the number +operator of this state + +could be 0-- could +take eigenvalue 0. + +But it could be bigger +than 0, so that's all good. + +Now, at this stage, we have +that-- for example, this state, + +a dagger E has number +one higher than this one, + +than the state E because it has +an extra factor of the a dagger + +which adds an energy of h omega. + +Which means that it +adds number of 1, + +So if this state +has some number, + +this state has a +number which is bigger. + +So suppose you keep adding. + +Now, look at the +norm of this state. + +The norm of this state is pretty +good because this is positive + +and this is positive. + +If you keep adding +a daggers here, + +you always have that this state, +the state with two a daggers, + +you could use that +to find its norm. + +You could use this formula, +put in the states with one + +a dagger here. + +But the states with one a +dagger already has a good norm. + +So this state with two a daggers +would have also good norm. + +So you can go on step by +step using this equation + +to show that as long as +you keep adding a daggers, + +all these states will +have positive norms. + +And they have positive norms +because their number eigenvalue + +is bigger and bigger. + +And therefore, +the recursion says + +that when you add +one a dagger, you + +don't change the sign of this +norm because this is positive + +and this is positive, +and this keeps happening. + +On the other hand, +this is an equation + +that's a lot more dangerous. + +Because this says that in this +equation, a lowers the number. + +So if this has some number, +NE, this has NE minus 1. + +And if you added +another a here, you + +would use this +equation again and try + +to find, what is the norm +of things with two a's here? + +And put in the one +with one a here + +and the number of that state. + +But eventually, the number can +turn into a negative number. + +And as soon as the number turns +negative, you run into trouble. + +So this is the equation +that is problematic + +and the equation that +you need to understand. + +So let me do it in two stages. + +Here are the numbers. + +And here is 5 4, 3, 2, 1, 0. + +Possibly minus 1, minus +2, and all these numbers. + +Now, suppose you start with +a number that is an integer. + +Well, you go with this equation. + +This has number 4. + +Well, you put an a. + +Now it's a state with +number 3, but its norm + +is given 4 times that. + +So it's good. + +Now you go down another 1, you +have a state with number 3, + +with number 2, with +number 1, with number 0. + +And then if you keep lowering, +you will get minus 1, + +which is not so good. + +We'll see what happens. + +Well, here you go +on and you start + +producing the states-- +the state with number 4, + +state with number 3, state with +number 2, state with number 1. + +And state here, let's call +it has an energy E prime. + +And it has number equal 0. + +Number of E prime equals 0. + +So you look at this +equation and it + +says aE prime times aE prime is +equal N E prime times E prime E + +prime. + +Well, you obtain this +state at E prime, + +and it was a good +state because it + +came from a state +that was good before. + +And therefore, when +you did the last step, + +you had the state at 1 +here, with n equals to 1, + +and then that was the +norm of this state. + +So this E E prime is a +fine number positive. + +But the number E prime is 0. + +So this equation says that aE +prime aE prime is equal to 0. + +And if that's equal +to 0, the state + +aE prime must be equal to 0. + +And 0 doesn't mean the +vacuum state or anything. + +It's just not there. + +There's no such state. + +You can't create it. + +You see, aE prime would be a +state here with number minus 1. + +And everything suggests to +us that that's not possible. + +It's an inconsistent state. + +The number must be less than 1. + +And we avoided the inconsistency +because this procedure + +said that as you go ahead +and do these things, + +you eventually run into this +state E prime at 0 number. + +But then, you get that +the next state is 0 + +and there's no inconsistency. + +Now, that's one possibility. + +The other possibility +that could happen + +is that there are +energy eigenstates that + +have numbers which are not-- +well, I'll put it here. + +That are not integer. + +So maybe you have a state +here with some number E + +which is not an integer. + +It doesn't belong +to the integers. + +OK, so what happens now? + +Well, this number is positive. + +So you can lower it and you can +put another state with number + +1 less. + +Also, not integer +and it has good norm. + +And this thing has +number 2.5, say. + +Well, if I use the +equation again, + +I put the 2.5 state +with its number 2.5 + +and now I get the +state with number 1.5 + +and it still has positive norm. + +Do it again, you find +the state with 0.5 number + +and still positive norm. + +And looking at this, +you start with a state + +with 0.5, with 0.5 here. + +And oops, you get a +state that minus 0.5. + +And it seems to be +good, positive norm. + +But then, if this +is possible, you + +could also build another +state acting with another a. + +And this state is now very bad +because the N for this state + +was minus 1/2. + +And therefore, if +you put that state, + +that state at the minus +1/2, you get the norm + +of the next one +that has one less. + +And this state now +is inconsistent. + +So you run into a difficulty. + +So what are the ways in +which this difficulty + +could be avoided? + +What are the escape hatches? + +There are two possibilities. + +Well, the simplest one would +be that the assumption is bad. + +There's no state with +fractional number + +because it leads to +inconsistent states. + +You can build them and +they should be good, + +but they're bad. + +The other possibility +is that just + +like this one sort +of terminated, + +and when you hit 0-- +boom, the state became 0. + +Maybe this one with +a fractional one, + +before you run into trouble +you hit a 0 and the state + +becomes 0. + +So basically, what you +really need to know now + +on the algebraic method cannot +tell you is how many states are + +killed by a. + +If maybe the state of +1/2 is also killed by a, + +then we would have trouble. + +Now, as we will see now, +that's a simple problem. + +And it's the only +place where it's + +interesting to +solve some equation. + +So the equation that +we want to solve + +is the equation a on +some state is equal to 0. + +Now, that equation already says +that this possibility is not + +going to happen. + +Why? + +Because from this equation, you +can put an a dagger on this. + +And therefore, you get +that NE is equal to 0. + +This is the number operator, +so the eigenvalue of the number + +operator, we call it NE. + +So in order to be killed by a, +you have to have NE equals 0. + +So in the fractional case, +no state will be killed + +and you would arrive +to an inconsistency. + +So the only possibility is that +there's no fractional states. + +So it's still interesting to +figure out this differential + +equation, what it gives you. + +And why do we call it a +differential equation? + +Because a is this +operator over there. + +It has x and ip. + +So the equation +is x a E equals 0, + +which is square root of +m omega over 2 h bar x + +x plus ip over m +omega on E equals 0. + +And you've translated +these kind of things. + +The first term is an x +multiplying the wave function. + +We can call it psi E of x. + +The next term, the +coefficient in front + +is something you don't +have to worry, of course. + +It's just multiplying +everything, + +so it's just irrelevant. + +So have i over m omega. + +And p, as you remember, is h bar +over i d dx of psi E of x zero. + +So it's so simple +differential equation, + +x plus h bar over m omega d dx +on psi E of x is equal to 0. + +Just one solution +up to a constant + +is the Gaussian that +you know represents + +a simple harmonic oscillator. + +So that's pretty +much the end of it. + +This ground state wave +function is a number + +times the exponential of minus +m omega over 2 h bar x squared. + +And that's that. + +This is called the ground state. + +It has N equals 0 +represented as a state. + +We say this number +is N equals 0. + +So this state is the thing +that represents this psi + +E. In other words, psi +E of x is x with 0. + +And that 0 is a +little confusing. + +Some people think +it's the 0 vector. + +That's not good. + +This is not the 0 vector. + +The 0 vector is not a state. + +It's not in the Hilbert space. + +This is the ground state. + +Then, the worst confusion is +to think it's the 0 vector. + +The next confusion is +to think it's 0 energy. + +That's not 0 energy, +it's number equals 0. + +The energy is, therefore, +1/2 h bar omega. + +And now, given +our discussion, we + +can start building states +with more oscillators. + +So we build a state +with number equal 1, + +which is constructed by +an a dagger on the vacuum. + +This has energy 1 +h bar omega more. + +It has number equal to 1. + +And that's sometimes +useful to just + +make sure you understand why +N on a dagger on the vacuum + +is a dagger a a +dagger on the vacuum. + +Now, a kills the +vacuum, so this can + +be replaced by the +commutator, which is 1. + +And therefore, you're left +with a dagger on the vacuum. + +And that means that +the eigenvalue of n hat + +is 1 for this state. + +Moreover, this state is +where normalized 1 with 1 + +actually gives you +a good normalization + +if 0 is well-normalized. + +So we'll take 0 with 0 +to be 1, the number 1. + +And that requires fixing +that N0 over here. + +Now, these are things +that you've mostly seen, + +so I don't want to say +much more about them. + +I'd rather go through +the Schrodinger thing + +that we have later. + +So let me conclude by just +listing the general states, + +and then leaving for you to read +what is left there in the notes + +so that you can just get an +appreciation of how you use it. + +And with the practice +problems, you'll be done. + +So here it is. + +Here is the answer. + +The n state is given by 1 over +square root of n factorial + +a dagger to the n +acting on the vacuum. + +And these n states are such +that m with n is delta mn. + +So here we're using +all kinds of things. + +First, you should check +this is well normalized, + +or read it and do +the calculations. + +And these are, in +fact, orthogonal + +unless they have the same +number of creation operators + +are the same number. + +Now, that had to be expected. + +These are eigenstates +of a Hermitian operator. + +The N operator is Hermitian. + +Eigenstates of a +Hermitian operator + +with different +eigenvalues are always + +orthogonal to each other. + +If you have eigenstates +of a Hermitian operator + +with the same eigenvalue, +if you have a degeneracy, + +you can always arrange them +to make them orthogonal. + +But if the eigenvalues are +different, they are orthogonal. + +And there's no degeneracies +in this spectrum whatsoever. + +You will, in fact, argue that +because there's no degeneracy + +in the ground state, there +cannot be degeneracy anywhere + +else. + +So this result, +this orthonormality + +is really a consequence of +all the theorems we've proven. + +And you could check it +by doing the algebra + +and you would start +moving a and a daggers. + +And you would be left +with either some a's or + +some a daggers. + +If you're left +with some a's, they + +would kill the +thing on the right. + +If you're left with +some a daggers, + +it would kill the +thing on the left. + +So this can be proven. + +But this is just a consequence +that these are eigenstates + +of the Hermitian operator n +that have different eigenvalues. + +And therefore, you've +succeeded in constructing + +a full decomposition +of the state + +space of the +harmonic oscillator. + +We spoke about +the Hilbert space. + +Are now very +precisely, see we can + +say this is u0 plus +u1 plus u2 where + +uk is the states of the form +alpha k, where N on k-- maybe + +I should put n here. + +It looks nicer. + +n. + +Where N n equal n n. + +So every +one-dimensional subspace + +is spanned by that +state of number n. + +So you have the states of +number 0, states of number 1, + +states of number 2. + +These are all +orthogonal subspaces. + +They add up to form everything. + +It's a nice description. + +So the general +state in this system + +is a complex number times +the state with number 0 + +plus the complex number states +of number 1, complex number, + +and that. + +Things couldn't have +been easier in a sense. + +The other thing that you +already know from 804 + +is that if you try to compute +expectation values, most + +of the times you want to +use a's and a daggers. + +So the typical thing +that one wants to compete + +is on the state n, what is the +uncertainty in x on the state + +n? + +How much is it? + +What is the +uncertainty of momentum + +on the energy +eigenstate of number n? + +These are relatively +straightforward calculations. + +If you have to do the integrals, +each one-- by the time you + +organize all your constants-- +half an hour, maybe 20 minutes. + +If you do it with +a and a daggers, + +this computation +should be five minutes, + +or something like that. + +We'll see that +done on the notes. + +You can also do them yourselves. + +You probably have +played with them a bit. + +So this was a brief review and +discussion of them spectrum. + +It was a little detailed. + +We had to argue things +carefully to make + +sure we don't assume things. + +And this is the +way we'll do also + +with angular momentum +in a few weeks from now. + +But now I want to leave that, +so I'm going to take questions. + +If there are any questions +on this logic, please ask. + +Yes. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] for +how you got a dagger, a, + +a dagger, 0, 2 dagger, 0? + +PROFESSOR: Yes, +that calculation. + +So let me do at the step +that I did in words. + +So at this place-- +so the question was, + +how did I do this computation? + +Here I just copied what N is. + +So I just copied that. + +Then, the next step was to +say, since a kills this, + +this is equal to a dagger times +a a dagger minus a dagger a. + +Because a kills it. + +And I can add this, it +doesn't cost me anything. + +Now, I added something +that is convenient, + +so that this is a +dagger commutator of a + +with a dagger on 0. + +This is 1, so you get that. + +It's a little more +interesting when + +you have, for +example, the state 2, + +which is 1 over square root +of 2 a dagger a dagger on 0. + +I advise you to try to +calculate n on that. + +And in general, +convince yourselves + +that n is a number +operator, which means + +counts the number of a daggers. + +You'll have to use that +property if you have N with AB. + +It's N with A B and then A N +with B. The derivative property + +of the bracket has to +be used all the time. + +So Schrodinger dynamics, +let's spend the last 20 + +minutes of our lecture on this. + +So basically, it's +a postulate of how + +evolution occurs in +quantum mechanics. + +So we'll state it as follows. + +What is time in +quantum mechanics? + +Well, you have a state space. + +And you see the +state space, you've + +seen it in the +harmonic oscillator + +is this sum of vectors. + +And these vectors were wave +functions, if you wish. + +There's no time anywhere there. + +There's no time on +this vector space. + +This vector space is an +abstract vector space + +of functions or states, but time +comes because you have clocks. + +And then you can ask, +where is my state? + +And that's that vector +on that state space. + +And you ask the +question a littler later + +and the state has moved. + +It's another vector. + +So these are vectors and +the vectors change in time. + +And that's all the dynamics +is in quantum mechanics. + +The time is sort of +auxiliary to all this. + +So we must have a +picture of that. + +And the way we do this is to +imagine that we have a vector + +space H. And here is a vector. + +And that H is for Hilbert space. + +We used to call it in our +math part of the course + +V, the complex vector space. + +And this state is the +state of the system. + +And we sometimes +put the time here + +to indicate that's what it is. + +At time t0, that's it. + +Well, at time t, some arbitrary +later time, it could be here. + +And the state moves. + +But one thing is clear. + +If it's a state of a +system, if we normalize it, + +it should be of unit length. + +And we can think of a sphere +in which this unit sphere is + +the set of all the tips of the +vectors that have unit norm. + +And this vector will move here +in time, trace a trajectory, + +and reach this one. + +And it should do it preserving +the length of the vector. + +And in fact, if you don't +use a normalized vector, + +it has a norm of 3. + +Well, it should preserve +that 3 because you'd + +normalize the state +once and forever. + +So we proved in our +math part of the subject + +that an operator +that always preserves + +the length of all vectors +is a unitary operator. + +So this is the fundamental +thing that we want. + +And the idea of quantum +mechanics is that psi at time t + +is obtained by the action +of a unitary operator + +from the state psi at time t0. + +And this is for all t and t0. + +And this being unitary. + +Now, I want to make +sure this is clear. + +It can be misinterpreted, +this equation. + +Here, psi at t0 is +an arbitrary state. + +If you had another +state, psi prime of t0, + +it would also evolve +with this formula. + +And this U is the same. + +So the postulate of +unitary time evolution + +is that there is this +magical U operator that + +can evolve any state. + +Any state that you +give me at time + +equal 0, any possible +state in the Hilbert space, + +you plug it in here. + +And by acting with +this unitary operator, + +you get the state +at the later time. + +Now, you've slipped an +extraordinary amount of physics + +into that statement. + +If you've bought it, you've +bought the Schrodinger equation + +already. + +That is going to +come out by just + +doing a little +calculation from this. + +So the Schrodinger equation +is really fundamentally, + +at the end of the +day, the statement + +that this unitary +time evolution, which + +is to mean there's a +unitary operator that + +evolves any physical state. + +So let's try to discuss this. + +Are there any questions? + +Yes. + +AUDIENCE: So you +mentioned at first that + +in the current +formulation [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: A little louder. + +We do what in our +current formulation? + +AUDIENCE: So if you don't +include time [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: That's right. + +There's no start of +the vector space. + +AUDIENCE: Right. + +So is it possible to consider +a vector space with time? + +PROFESSOR: Unclear. + +I don't think so. + +It's just nowhere there. + +What would it mean, even, to +add time to the vector space? + +I think you would +have a hard time even + +imagining what it means. + +Now, people try to +change quantum mechanics + +in all kinds of ways. + +Nobody has succeeded in +changing quantum mechanics. + +That should not be a +deterrent for you to try, + +but should give you +a little caution + +that is not likely to be easy. + +So we'll not try to do that. + +Now, let me follow on this +and see what it gives us. + +Well, a few things. + +This operator is unique. + +If it exists, it's unique. + +If there's another operator that +evolves states the same way, + +it must be the same as that one. + +Easy to prove. + +Two operators that attack +the same way on every state + +are the same, so that's it. + +Unitary, what does it mean +that u t, t0 dagger times u t, + +t0 is equal to 1? + +Now, here these parentheses +are a little cumbersome. + +This is very clear, +you take this operator + +and you dagger it. + +But it's cumbersome, so +we write it like this. + +This means the dagger +of the whole operator. + +So this is just the same thing. + +OK, what else? + +u of t0, t0, it's +the unit operator. + +If the times are the same, +you get the unit operator + +for all t0 because you're +getting psi of t0 here + +and psi of t0 here. + +And the only operator that +leaves all states the same + +is the unit operator. + +So this unitary operator must +become the unit operator, + +in fact, for the two +arguments being equal. + +Composition. + +If you have psi t2, that can be +obtained as U of t2, t1 times + +the psi of t1. + +And it can be obtained as u of +t2, t1, u of t1, t0, psi of t0. + +So what do we learn from here? + +That this state itself is u of +t2, t0 on the original state. + +So u of t2, t0 is u of +t2, t1 times u of t1, t0. + +It's like time composition is +like matrix multiplication. + +You go from t0 to t1, +then from t1 to t2. + +It's like the second +index of this matrix. + +In the first index +of this matrix, + +you are multiplying them +and you get this thing. + +So that's composition. + +And then, you have +inverses as well. + +And here are the inverses. + +In that equation, you +take t2 equal to t0. + +So the left-hand side becomes 1. + +And t1 equal to t, so you get +u of t0, t be times u of t, + +t0 is equal to 1, +which makes sense. + +You propagate from t0 to t. + +And then from t to +t0, you get nothing. + +Or if it's to say that the +inverse of an operator-- + +the inverse of this +operator is this one. + +So to take the inverse of a +u, you flip the arguments. + +So I'll write it like that, +the inverse minus 1 of t, t0. + +You just flip the arguments. + +It's u of t0, t. + +And since the +operator is Hermitian, + +the dagger is equal +to the inverse. + +So the inverse of an operator +is equal to the dagger. + +so t, t0 as well. + +So this one we got here. + +And Hermiticity says that the +dagger is equal to the inverse. + +Inverse and dagger are the same. + +So basically, you can +delete the word "inverse" + +by flipping the order +of the arguments. + +And since dagger is +the same as inverse, + +you can delete the +dagger by flipping + +the order of the arguments. + +All right, so let's try to +find the Schrodinger equation. + +So how c we c the +Schrodinger equation? + +Well, we try obtaining +the differential equation + +using that time +evolution over there. + +So the time evolution +is over there. + +Let's try to find +what is d dt of psi t. + +So d dt of psi of +t is just the d dt + +of this operator u +of t, t0 psi of t0. + +And I should only +differentiate that operate. + +Now, I want an +equation for psi of t. + +So I have here psi of t0. + +So I can write this +as du of t, t0 dt. + +And now put a psi at t. + +And then, I could +put a u from t to t0. + +Now, this u of t and t0 just +brings it back to time t0. + +And this is all good now, I have +this complicated operator here. + +But there's nothing too +complicated about it. + +Especially if I +reverse the order here, + +I'll have du dt of t, t0 +and u dagger of t, t0. + +And I reverse the order there +in order that this operator + +is the same as that, the one +that is being [INAUDIBLE] that + +has the same order of +arguments, t and t0. + +So I've got something now. + +And I'll call this +lambda of t and t0. + +So what have I learned? + +That d dt of psi and t is equal +to lambda of t, t0 psi of t. + +Questions? + +I don't want to loose +you in their derivation. + +Look at it. + +Anything-- you got lost, +notation, anything. + +It's a good time to ask. + +Yes. + +AUDIENCE: Just to make sure when +you differentiated the state + +by t, the reason that you don't +put that in the derivative + +because it doesn't have a +time [INAUDIBLE] necessarily, + +or because-- oh, because +you're using the value at t0. + +PROFESSOR: Right. + +Here I looked at that +equation and the only part + +that has anything +to do with time t + +is the operator, not the state. + +Any other comments or questions? + +OK, so what have we learned? + +We want to know some important +things about this operator + +lambda because +somehow, it's almost + +looking like a +Schrodinger equation. + +So we want to see a +couple of things about it. + +So the first thing +that I will show to you + +is that lambda is, in +fact, anti-Hermitian. + +Here is lambda. + +I could figure out, +what is lambda dagger? + +Well, lambda dagger is you +take the dagger of this. + +You have to think when you +take the dagger of this thing. + +It looks a little worrisome, +but this is an operator. + +This is another operator, +which is a time derivative. + +So you take the dagger by +doing the reverse operators + +and daggers. + +So the first factor +is clearly u of t, t0. + +And then the dagger of this. + +Now, dagger doesn't interfere +at all with time derivatives. + +Think of the time derivative-- +operator at one time, + +operator at another +slightly different time. + +Subtract it. + +You take the dagger +and the dagger + +goes through the derivative. + +So this is d u dagger t, t0 dt. + +So I wrote here what +lambda dagger is. + +You have here what lambda is. + +And the claim is that one +is minus the other one. + +It doesn't look +obvious because it's + +supposed to be anti-Hermitian. + +But you can show it is true by +doing the following-- u of t, + +t0 u dagger of t, t0 +is a unitary operator. + +So this is 1. + +And now you differentiate +with respect to t. + +If you differentiate +with respect to t, + +you get du dt of t, t0 u dagger +of t, t0 plus u of t, t0 du + +dagger of t, t0 equals 0 because +the right-hand side is 1. + +And this term is lambda. + +And the second term +is lambda dagger. + +And they add up to 0, so +lambda dagger is minus lambda. + +Lambda is, therefore, +anti-Hermitian as claimed. + +Now, look. + +This is starting to +look pretty good. + +This lambda depends on t and t0. + +That's a little nasty though. + +Why? + +Here is t. + +What is t0 doing here? + +It better not be there. + +So what I want to show to +you is that even though this + +looks like it has a t0 +in there, there's no t0. + +So we want to show this operator +is actually independent of t0. + +So I will show that if +you have lambda of t, t0, + +it's actually equal to +lambda of t, t1 for any t1. + +We'll show that. + +Sorry. + +[LAUGHTER] + +PROFESSOR: So this will +show that you could take t1 + +to be t0 plus epsilon. + +And take the limit +and say the derivative + +of this with respect of t0 is 0. + +Or take this to +mean that it's just + +absolutely independent of t0 +and t0 is really not there. + +So if you take t1 equal +t dot plus epsilon, + +you could just +conclude from these + +that this lambda with +respect to t0 is 0. + +No dependence on t0. + +So how do we do that? + +Let's go a little quick. + +This is du t, t0 dt +times u dagger of t, t0. + +Complete set of states +said add something. + +We want to put the t1 here. + +So let's add something +that will help us do that. + +So let's add t, t0 and +put here a u of t0, + +t1 and a u dagger of t0, t1. + +This thing is 1, and I've put +the u dagger of t, t0 here. + +OK, look at this. + +T0 and t1 here and t +dot t1 there like that. + +So actually, we'll do +it the following way. + +Think of this whole +thing, this d dt + +is acting just on this factor. + +But since it's time, +it might as well + +be acting on all of this factor +because this has no time. + +So this is d dt on +u t, t0 u t0, t1. + +And this thing is u of t1m t0. + +The dagger can be +compensated by this. + +And this dagger is u of t0, t. + +This at a t and that's a comma. + +t0, t. + +Yes. + +OK, so should I go there? + +Yes. + +We're almost there. + +You see that the first +derivative is already + +d dt of u of t, t1. + +And the second operator +by compensation + +is u of t1, t, which is the +same as u dagger of t, t1. + +And then, du of t, t1 u dagger +of t, t1 is lambda of t, t1. + +So it's a little +sneaky, the proof, + +but it's totally rigorous. + +And I don't think +there's any step + +you should be worried there. + +They're all very +logical and reasonable. + +So we have two things. + +First of all, that +this quantity, + +even though it looks +like it depends on t0, + +we finally realized that +it does not depend on t0. + +So I will rewrite this +equation as lambda of t. + +And lambda of t +is anti-Hermitian, + +so we will multiply by an +i to make it Hermitian. + +And in fact, lambda has +units of 1 over time. + +Unitary operators have no units. + +They're like numbers, +like 1 or e to the i phi, + +or something like +that-- have no units. + +So this has units +of 1 over time. + +So if I take i h +bar lambda of t, + +this goes from lambda being +anti-Hermitian-- this operator + +is now Hermitian. + +This goes from lambda +having units of 1 over time + +to this thing having +units of energy. + +So this is a Hermitian +operator with units of energy. + +Well, I guess not much +more needs to be said. + +If that's a Hermitian +operator with units of energy, + +we will give it a name +called H, or Hamiltonian. + +i h bar lambda of t. + +Take this equation and multiply +by i h bar to get i h bar + +d dt of psi is equal +to this i h bar + +lambda, which is +h of t psi of t. + +Schrodinger equation. + +So we really got it. + +That's the Schrodinger equation. + +That's the question +that must be satisfied + +by any system governed by +unitary time evolution. + +There's not more information +in the Schrodinger equation + +than unitary time evolution. + +But it allows you to +turn the problem around. + +You see, when you went to +invent a quantum system, + +you don't quite know how +to find this operator u. + +If you knew u, you know +how to evolve anything. + +And you don't have +any more questions. + +All your questions in life +have been answered by that. + +You know how to find the future. + +You can invest in +the stock market. + +You can do anything now. + +Anyway, but the unitary operator +then gives you the Hamiltonian. + +So if somebody tells you, +here's my unitary operator. + +And they ask you, what +is the Hamiltonian? + +You go here and calculate +I h bar lambda, where + +lambda is this derivative. + +And that's the Hamiltonian. + +And we conversely, +if you are lucky-- + +and that's what we're +going to do next time. + +If you have a +Hamiltonian, you try + +to find the unitary +time evolution. + +That's all you want to know. + +But that's a harder problem +because you have a differential + +equation. + +You have h, which is here +, and you are to find u. + +So it's a first-order matrix +differential equation. + +So it's not a simple problem. + +But why do we like Hamiltonians? + +Because Hamiltonians +have to do with energy. + +And we can get inspired +and write quantum systems + +because we know the energy +functional of systems. + +So we invent a Hamiltonian +and typically try + +to find the unitary +time operator. + +But logically +speaking, there's not + +more and no less in the +Schrodinger equation + +than the postulate of +unitary time evolution. + +All right, we'll +see you next week. + +In fact-- + +[APPLAUSE] + +Thank you. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/7d73E1DiH0w.txt b/7d73E1DiH0w.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3b8368edeaa9be866fc135b46b69fac5279d6d57 --- /dev/null +++ b/7d73E1DiH0w.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14187 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open +courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu all right welcome to 6890 + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu all right welcome to 6890 + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu all right welcome to 6890 +algorithmic lower bounds fun with + + align:start position:0% +algorithmic lower bounds fun with + + + align:start position:0% +algorithmic lower bounds fun with +hardness proofs I am your host Eric Dain + + align:start position:0% +hardness proofs I am your host Eric Dain + + + align:start position:0% +hardness proofs I am your host Eric Dain +we have on the left uh my left uh Jason + + align:start position:0% +we have on the left uh my left uh Jason + + + align:start position:0% +we have on the left uh my left uh Jason +Lynch and Sarah eisenstat your Tas first + + align:start position:0% +Lynch and Sarah eisenstat your Tas first + + + align:start position:0% +Lynch and Sarah eisenstat your Tas first +question is what is this class about uh + + align:start position:0% +question is what is this class about uh + + + align:start position:0% +question is what is this class about uh +the tagline is hardness Made Easy in + + align:start position:0% +the tagline is hardness Made Easy in + + + align:start position:0% +the tagline is hardness Made Easy in +general we're interested in proving + + align:start position:0% +general we're interested in proving + + + align:start position:0% +general we're interested in proving +problems hard proving that there's no + + align:start position:0% +problems hard proving that there's no + + + align:start position:0% +problems hard proving that there's no +fast algorithms to solve problems under + + align:start position:0% +fast algorithms to solve problems under + + + align:start position:0% +fast algorithms to solve problems under +certain assumptions um and the goal is + + align:start position:0% +certain assumptions um and the goal is + + + align:start position:0% +certain assumptions um and the goal is +to give you a practical guide and give + + align:start position:0% +to give you a practical guide and give + + + align:start position:0% +to give you a practical guide and give +you lot of experience on how to prove + + align:start position:0% +you lot of experience on how to prove + + + align:start position:0% +you lot of experience on how to prove +problems hard to make that an easy + + align:start position:0% +problems hard to make that an easy + + + align:start position:0% +problems hard to make that an easy +process uh there's a lot of technique + + align:start position:0% +process uh there's a lot of technique + + + align:start position:0% +process uh there's a lot of technique +involves and the more experience you get + + align:start position:0% +involves and the more experience you get + + + align:start position:0% +involves and the more experience you get +in proving hardness uh it becomes + + align:start position:0% +in proving hardness uh it becomes + + + align:start position:0% +in proving hardness uh it becomes +relatively straightforward to take + + align:start position:0% +relatively straightforward to take + + + align:start position:0% +relatively straightforward to take +whatever problem you're interested in + + align:start position:0% +whatever problem you're interested in + + + align:start position:0% +whatever problem you're interested in +and prove it hard so uh three of us are + + align:start position:0% +and prove it hard so uh three of us are + + + align:start position:0% +and prove it hard so uh three of us are +pretty good at it and our goal is to + + align:start position:0% +pretty good at it and our goal is to + + + align:start position:0% +pretty good at it and our goal is to +share with you that expertise so that + + align:start position:0% +share with you that expertise so that + + + align:start position:0% +share with you that expertise so that +everyone's good at it um this is not a + + align:start position:0% +everyone's good at it um this is not a + + + align:start position:0% +everyone's good at it um this is not a +complexity class uh because there are + + align:start position:0% +complexity class uh because there are + + + align:start position:0% +complexity class uh because there are +lots of complex computational complexity + + align:start position:0% +lots of complex computational complexity + + + align:start position:0% +lots of complex computational complexity +classes at MIT um so so we're not going + + align:start position:0% +classes at MIT um so so we're not going + + + align:start position:0% +classes at MIT um so so we're not going +to talk about lots of beautiful deep + + align:start position:0% +to talk about lots of beautiful deep + + + align:start position:0% +to talk about lots of beautiful deep +mathematics about relations between + + align:start position:0% +mathematics about relations between + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics about relations between +complexity classes we're just going to + + align:start position:0% +complexity classes we're just going to + + + align:start position:0% +complexity classes we're just going to +use a lot of those results wholesale + + align:start position:0% +use a lot of those results wholesale + + + align:start position:0% +use a lot of those results wholesale +without proving them uh and you can take + + align:start position:0% +without proving them uh and you can take + + + align:start position:0% +without proving them uh and you can take +one of the many computational complexity + + align:start position:0% +one of the many computational complexity + + + align:start position:0% +one of the many computational complexity +classes to get that background I will + + align:start position:0% +classes to get that background I will + + + align:start position:0% +classes to get that background I will +tell you everything you need to know + + align:start position:0% +tell you everything you need to know + + + align:start position:0% +tell you everything you need to know +about complexity so the if you've taken + + align:start position:0% +about complexity so the if you've taken + + + align:start position:0% +about complexity so the if you've taken +a complexity class there will be a small + + align:start position:0% +a complexity class there will be a small + + + align:start position:0% +a complexity class there will be a small +amount of repetition most of it will be + + align:start position:0% +amount of repetition most of it will be + + + align:start position:0% +amount of repetition most of it will be +contained in today's lecture so but very + + align:start position:0% +contained in today's lecture so but very + + + align:start position:0% +contained in today's lecture so but very +little repetition but also no background + + align:start position:0% +little repetition but also no background + + + align:start position:0% +little repetition but also no background +required I do expect you to have a + + align:start position:0% +required I do expect you to have a + + + align:start position:0% +required I do expect you to have a +background in algorithms uh because we + + align:start position:0% +background in algorithms uh because we + + + align:start position:0% +background in algorithms uh because we +take a kind of algorithmic perspective I + + align:start position:0% +take a kind of algorithmic perspective I + + + align:start position:0% +take a kind of algorithmic perspective I +can call it an anti- algorithmic + + align:start position:0% +can call it an anti- algorithmic + + + align:start position:0% +can call it an anti- algorithmic +perspective if you like um and so uh + + align:start position:0% +perspective if you like um and so uh + + + align:start position:0% +perspective if you like um and so uh +yeah so that's what this class is why + + align:start position:0% +yeah so that's what this class is why + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so that's what this class is why +would you want to take this class why + + align:start position:0% +would you want to take this class why + + + align:start position:0% +would you want to take this class why +prove hardness well the main reason is + + align:start position:0% +prove hardness well the main reason is + + + align:start position:0% +prove hardness well the main reason is +to show uh that you can't design + + align:start position:0% +to show uh that you can't design + + + align:start position:0% +to show uh that you can't design +algorithms in whatever model you're + + align:start position:0% +algorithms in whatever model you're + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms in whatever model you're +interested in that encourages you either + + align:start position:0% +interested in that encourages you either + + + align:start position:0% +interested in that encourages you either +to change the problem I like to look for + + align:start position:0% +to change the problem I like to look for + + + align:start position:0% +to change the problem I like to look for +approximation algorithms or fixed + + align:start position:0% +approximation algorithms or fixed + + + align:start position:0% +approximation algorithms or fixed +parameter algorithms that's of course + + align:start position:0% +parameter algorithms that's of course + + + align:start position:0% +parameter algorithms that's of course +the topics of an algorithms class our + + align:start position:0% +the topics of an algorithms class our + + + align:start position:0% +the topics of an algorithms class our +goal is to prove when these things are + + align:start position:0% +goal is to prove when these things are + + + align:start position:0% +goal is to prove when these things are +not possible in this class uh we're + + align:start position:0% +not possible in this class uh we're + + + align:start position:0% +not possible in this class uh we're +going to master a lot of techniques + + align:start position:0% +going to master a lot of techniques + + + align:start position:0% +going to master a lot of techniques +you'll see a lot of key problems to + + align:start position:0% +you'll see a lot of key problems to + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see a lot of key problems to +reduce from to your problem uh get a lot + + align:start position:0% +reduce from to your problem uh get a lot + + + align:start position:0% +reduce from to your problem uh get a lot +of proof styles that are quite common in + + align:start position:0% +of proof styles that are quite common in + + + align:start position:0% +of proof styles that are quite common in +the literature but unless you've done + + align:start position:0% +the literature but unless you've done + + + align:start position:0% +the literature but unless you've done +them and experienced them it's hard to + + align:start position:0% +them and experienced them it's hard to + + + align:start position:0% +them and experienced them it's hard to +know what to look for and one of the the + + align:start position:0% +know what to look for and one of the the + + + align:start position:0% +know what to look for and one of the the +Big Ideas in this class is gadgets and + + align:start position:0% +Big Ideas in this class is gadgets and + + + align:start position:0% +Big Ideas in this class is gadgets and +you may have seen gadgets before but + + align:start position:0% +you may have seen gadgets before but + + + align:start position:0% +you may have seen gadgets before but +we're going to explore gadgets to their + + align:start position:0% +we're going to explore gadgets to their + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to explore gadgets to their +fullest the idea of taking lots of small + + align:start position:0% +fullest the idea of taking lots of small + + + align:start position:0% +fullest the idea of taking lots of small +components and combining them together + + align:start position:0% +components and combining them together + + + align:start position:0% +components and combining them together +uh even if you don't care about hardness + + align:start position:0% +uh even if you don't care about hardness + + + align:start position:0% +uh even if you don't care about hardness +I think this class is a lot of fun for + + align:start position:0% +I think this class is a lot of fun for + + + align:start position:0% +I think this class is a lot of fun for +two reasons maybe three um one is that + + align:start position:0% +two reasons maybe three um one is that + + + align:start position:0% +two reasons maybe three um one is that +you see lots of cool connections between + + align:start position:0% +you see lots of cool connections between + + + align:start position:0% +you see lots of cool connections between +different problems that you might not + + align:start position:0% +different problems that you might not + + + align:start position:0% +different problems that you might not +think are related at first glance most + + align:start position:0% +think are related at first glance most + + + align:start position:0% +think are related at first glance most +of the problems in this class are + + align:start position:0% +of the problems in this class are + + + align:start position:0% +of the problems in this class are +equivalent to each other and it's all + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to each other and it's all + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to each other and it's all +about proving that that's the the goal + + align:start position:0% +about proving that that's the the goal + + + align:start position:0% +about proving that that's the the goal +uh we'll also study lots of fun problems + + align:start position:0% +uh we'll also study lots of fun problems + + + align:start position:0% +uh we'll also study lots of fun problems +like Super Mario Brothers will prove and + + align:start position:0% +like Super Mario Brothers will prove and + + + align:start position:0% +like Super Mario Brothers will prove and +be complete today uh Tetris will do in a + + align:start position:0% +be complete today uh Tetris will do in a + + + align:start position:0% +be complete today uh Tetris will do in a +lecture or two they're also serious + + align:start position:0% +lecture or two they're also serious + + + align:start position:0% +lecture or two they're also serious +problems so if you don't like fun don't + + align:start position:0% +problems so if you don't like fun don't + + + align:start position:0% +problems so if you don't like fun don't +worry um and in general proving problems + + align:start position:0% +worry um and in general proving problems + + + align:start position:0% +worry um and in general proving problems +hard is really like solving a puzzle and + + align:start position:0% +hard is really like solving a puzzle and + + + align:start position:0% +hard is really like solving a puzzle and +it's a lot of fun and this is one of the + + align:start position:0% +it's a lot of fun and this is one of the + + + align:start position:0% +it's a lot of fun and this is one of the +rare areas where you can basically play + + align:start position:0% +rare areas where you can basically play + + + align:start position:0% +rare areas where you can basically play +with puzzles all day and in the end have + + align:start position:0% +with puzzles all day and in the end have + + + align:start position:0% +with puzzles all day and in the end have +publishable papers so uh we're going to + + align:start position:0% +publishable papers so uh we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +publishable papers so uh we're going to +do that in particular through an open + + align:start position:0% +do that in particular through an open + + + align:start position:0% +do that in particular through an open +problem session which is optional if you + + align:start position:0% +problem session which is optional if you + + + align:start position:0% +problem session which is optional if you +want to solve open problems on that no + + align:start position:0% +want to solve open problems on that no + + + align:start position:0% +want to solve open problems on that no +one knows the answer to we will try to + + align:start position:0% +one knows the answer to we will try to + + + align:start position:0% +one knows the answer to we will try to +do it once a week uh we'll be sending + + align:start position:0% +do it once a week uh we'll be sending + + + align:start position:0% +do it once a week uh we'll be sending +email with a call for times when that's + + align:start position:0% +email with a call for times when that's + + + align:start position:0% +email with a call for times when that's +ideal for everybody um we talked about + + align:start position:0% +ideal for everybody um we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +ideal for everybody um we talked about +background so um and requirements so + + align:start position:0% +background so um and requirements so + + + align:start position:0% +background so um and requirements so +first requirement of the class is to + + align:start position:0% +first requirement of the class is to + + + align:start position:0% +first requirement of the class is to +fill out the survey which is circulating + + align:start position:0% +fill out the survey which is circulating + + + align:start position:0% +fill out the survey which is circulating +ases anyone not have a survey good + + align:start position:0% +ases anyone not have a survey good + + + align:start position:0% +ases anyone not have a survey good +everyone has one so fill that out uh so + + align:start position:0% +everyone has one so fill that out uh so + + + align:start position:0% +everyone has one so fill that out uh so +we know who you are um you should also + + align:start position:0% +we know who you are um you should also + + + align:start position:0% +we know who you are um you should also +join the mailing list by filling out + + align:start position:0% +join the mailing list by filling out + + + align:start position:0% +join the mailing list by filling out +that survey you should Auto join the + + align:start position:0% +that survey you should Auto join the + + + align:start position:0% +that survey you should Auto join the +mailing list but just in case if you + + align:start position:0% +mailing list but just in case if you + + + align:start position:0% +mailing list but just in case if you +haven't the mailing list is on the + + align:start position:0% +haven't the mailing list is on the + + + align:start position:0% +haven't the mailing list is on the +course website um yeah + + align:start position:0% +course website um yeah + + + align:start position:0% +course website um yeah +good there uh another requirement is to + + align:start position:0% +good there uh another requirement is to + + + align:start position:0% +good there uh another requirement is to +attend lectures you're doing good on + + align:start position:0% +attend lectures you're doing good on + + + align:start position:0% +attend lectures you're doing good on +that so far um and you'll have to scribe + + align:start position:0% +that so far um and you'll have to scribe + + + align:start position:0% +that so far um and you'll have to scribe +uh I would guess at this scale uh you'll + + align:start position:0% +uh I would guess at this scale uh you'll + + + align:start position:0% +uh I would guess at this scale uh you'll +scribe once probably in a team but we + + align:start position:0% +scribe once probably in a team but we + + + align:start position:0% +scribe once probably in a team but we +will figure that out uh as time goes on + + align:start position:0% +will figure that out uh as time goes on + + + align:start position:0% +will figure that out uh as time goes on +again there will be email about uh + + align:start position:0% +again there will be email about uh + + + align:start position:0% +again there will be email about uh +signing up for scribing so scribing is + + align:start position:0% +signing up for scribing so scribing is + + + align:start position:0% +signing up for scribing so scribing is +you know taking notes in the lecture so + + align:start position:0% +you know taking notes in the lecture so + + + align:start position:0% +you know taking notes in the lecture so +we have another form of notes uh there + + align:start position:0% +we have another form of notes uh there + + + align:start position:0% +we have another form of notes uh there +will be something like five pie every + + align:start position:0% +will be something like five pie every + + + align:start position:0% +will be something like five pie every +two to three weeks first one will go out + + align:start position:0% +two to three weeks first one will go out + + + align:start position:0% +two to three weeks first one will go out +Tuesday is the + + align:start position:0% +Tuesday is the + + + align:start position:0% +Tuesday is the +plan uh and then the big part of the + + align:start position:0% +plan uh and then the big part of the + + + align:start position:0% +plan uh and then the big part of the +class is the project in presentation so + + align:start position:0% +class is the project in presentation so + + + align:start position:0% +class is the project in presentation so +final project um you could do it on + + align:start position:0% +final project um you could do it on + + + align:start position:0% +final project um you could do it on +almost anything related to the content + + align:start position:0% +almost anything related to the content + + + align:start position:0% +almost anything related to the content +of the class typical projects are do + + align:start position:0% +of the class typical projects are do + + + align:start position:0% +of the class typical projects are do +something new theoretically prove a + + align:start position:0% +something new theoretically prove a + + + align:start position:0% +something new theoretically prove a +problem hard find some nice open + + align:start position:0% +problem hard find some nice open + + + align:start position:0% +problem hard find some nice open +problems uh survey existing material + + align:start position:0% +problems uh survey existing material + + + align:start position:0% +problems uh survey existing material +something is not covered in class uh you + + align:start position:0% +something is not covered in class uh you + + + align:start position:0% +something is not covered in class uh you +can code something I think in this + + align:start position:0% +can code something I think in this + + + align:start position:0% +can code something I think in this +context the most thing to do is to + + align:start position:0% +context the most thing to do is to + + + align:start position:0% +context the most thing to do is to +visualize uh cool proofs that we cover + + align:start position:0% +visualize uh cool proofs that we cover + + + align:start position:0% +visualize uh cool proofs that we cover +in class in a new way uh you could + + align:start position:0% +in class in a new way uh you could + + + align:start position:0% +in class in a new way uh you could +contribute to Wikipedia or you can make + + align:start position:0% +contribute to Wikipedia or you can make + + + align:start position:0% +contribute to Wikipedia or you can make +some art piece like a sculpture or a + + align:start position:0% +some art piece like a sculpture or a + + + align:start position:0% +some art piece like a sculpture or a +performance or whatever you want related + + align:start position:0% +performance or whatever you want related + + + align:start position:0% +performance or whatever you want related +to hardness proofs um + + align:start position:0% +to hardness proofs um + + + align:start position:0% +to hardness proofs um +that's your project possibilities so uh + + align:start position:0% +that's your project possibilities so uh + + + align:start position:0% +that's your project possibilities so uh +what is in this class I will look at + + align:start position:0% +what is in this class I will look at + + + align:start position:0% +what is in this class I will look at +what specific topics are covered uh this + + align:start position:0% +what specific topics are covered uh this + + + align:start position:0% +what specific topics are covered uh this +is on the website so a lot of the class + + align:start position:0% +is on the website so a lot of the class + + + align:start position:0% +is on the website so a lot of the class +will be about MP completeness which I + + align:start position:0% +will be about MP completeness which I + + + align:start position:0% +will be about MP completeness which I +will Define in a bit um but we'll also + + align:start position:0% +will Define in a bit um but we'll also + + + align:start position:0% +will Define in a bit um but we'll also +look at even harder these are all + + align:start position:0% +look at even harder these are all + + + align:start position:0% +look at even harder these are all +Notions of No polinomial Time algorithm + + align:start position:0% +Notions of No polinomial Time algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +Notions of No polinomial Time algorithm +uh we'll do even harder Notions than NP + + align:start position:0% +uh we'll do even harder Notions than NP + + + align:start position:0% +uh we'll do even harder Notions than NP +like pspace and X time and so on uh in + + align:start position:0% +like pspace and X time and so on uh in + + + align:start position:0% +like pspace and X time and so on uh in +particular we'll be studying those in + + align:start position:0% +particular we'll be studying those in + + + align:start position:0% +particular we'll be studying those in +the context of games and puzzles and + + align:start position:0% +the context of games and puzzles and + + + align:start position:0% +the context of games and puzzles and +there's a whole Theory called games + + align:start position:0% +there's a whole Theory called games + + + align:start position:0% +there's a whole Theory called games +puzzles and computation the topic of + + align:start position:0% +puzzles and computation the topic of + + + align:start position:0% +puzzles and computation the topic of +this book uh which uh we will talk about + + align:start position:0% +this book uh which uh we will talk about + + + align:start position:0% +this book uh which uh we will talk about +at length then we will go to um + + align:start position:0% +at length then we will go to um + + + align:start position:0% +at length then we will go to um +inapproximability this is not + + align:start position:0% +inapproximability this is not + + + align:start position:0% +inapproximability this is not +necessarily in order uh so I shouldn't + + align:start position:0% +necessarily in order uh so I shouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily in order uh so I shouldn't +say then but we'll talk about when you + + align:start position:0% +say then but we'll talk about when you + + + align:start position:0% +say then but we'll talk about when you +cannot find good approximation + + align:start position:0% +cannot find good approximation + + + align:start position:0% +cannot find good approximation +algorithms and what good means depends + + align:start position:0% +algorithms and what good means depends + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms and what good means depends +on what sort of problem you're looking + + align:start position:0% +on what sort of problem you're looking + + + align:start position:0% +on what sort of problem you're looking +at uh and when you cannot find fixed + + align:start position:0% +at uh and when you cannot find fixed + + + align:start position:0% +at uh and when you cannot find fixed +parameter algorithms which are fast + + align:start position:0% +parameter algorithms which are fast + + + align:start position:0% +parameter algorithms which are fast +algorithms when the Optimal Solutions + + align:start position:0% +algorithms when the Optimal Solutions + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms when the Optimal Solutions +happens to be small um so that's all + + align:start position:0% +happens to be small um so that's all + + + align:start position:0% +happens to be small um so that's all +about not polinomial then what there's a + + align:start position:0% +about not polinomial then what there's a + + + align:start position:0% +about not polinomial then what there's a +small amount of work on understanding + + align:start position:0% +small amount of work on understanding + + + align:start position:0% +small amount of work on understanding +the polinomial aspect in for small pols + + align:start position:0% +the polinomial aspect in for small pols + + + align:start position:0% +the polinomial aspect in for small pols +distinguishing almost linear time from n + + align:start position:0% +distinguishing almost linear time from n + + + align:start position:0% +distinguishing almost linear time from n +s time or n Cub time that sort of thing + + align:start position:0% +s time or n Cub time that sort of thing + + + align:start position:0% +s time or n Cub time that sort of thing +uh then there are other sorts of + + align:start position:0% +uh then there are other sorts of + + + align:start position:0% +uh then there are other sorts of +problems we can think about less common + + align:start position:0% +problems we can think about less common + + + align:start position:0% +problems we can think about less common +types of problems like where you want to + + align:start position:0% +types of problems like where you want to + + + align:start position:0% +types of problems like where you want to +count the number of solutions instead of + + align:start position:0% +count the number of solutions instead of + + + align:start position:0% +count the number of solutions instead of +just find one or tell whether the + + align:start position:0% +just find one or tell whether the + + + align:start position:0% +just find one or tell whether the +solution is unique uh there's some + + align:start position:0% +solution is unique uh there's some + + + align:start position:0% +solution is unique uh there's some +economic Game Theory stuff uh this + + align:start position:0% +economic Game Theory stuff uh this + + + align:start position:0% +economic Game Theory stuff uh this +existential theory of the reals comes up + + align:start position:0% +existential theory of the reals comes up + + + align:start position:0% +existential theory of the reals comes up +in some geometric settings and if + + align:start position:0% +in some geometric settings and if + + + align:start position:0% +in some geometric settings and if +there's time we'll talk a little bit + + align:start position:0% +there's time we'll talk a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +there's time we'll talk a little bit +about undecidability although that's + + align:start position:0% +about undecidability although that's + + + align:start position:0% +about undecidability although that's +pretty pretty different world that's + + align:start position:0% +pretty pretty different world that's + + + align:start position:0% +pretty pretty different world that's +where there's no algorithm given in well + + align:start position:0% +where there's no algorithm given in well + + + align:start position:0% +where there's no algorithm given in well +given any finite time + + align:start position:0% +given any finite time + + + align:start position:0% +given any finite time +bound um so that's in a nutshell with + + align:start position:0% +bound um so that's in a nutshell with + + + align:start position:0% +bound um so that's in a nutshell with +the entire classes uh today we're going + + align:start position:0% +the entire classes uh today we're going + + + align:start position:0% +the entire classes uh today we're going +to do um a sort of Crash Course on + + align:start position:0% +to do um a sort of Crash Course on + + + align:start position:0% +to do um a sort of Crash Course on +computational complexity most of what + + align:start position:0% +computational complexity most of what + + + align:start position:0% +computational complexity most of what +you should need for the entire course I + + align:start position:0% +you should need for the entire course I + + + align:start position:0% +you should need for the entire course I +think will fit in about 40 minutes um + + align:start position:0% +think will fit in about 40 minutes um + + + align:start position:0% +think will fit in about 40 minutes um +and maybe 50 minutes something and uh + + align:start position:0% +and maybe 50 minutes something and uh + + + align:start position:0% +and maybe 50 minutes something and uh +that will serve as a guideline if you + + align:start position:0% +that will serve as a guideline if you + + + align:start position:0% +that will serve as a guideline if you +have any if anything's not clear if I go + + align:start position:0% +have any if anything's not clear if I go + + + align:start position:0% +have any if anything's not clear if I go +too fast feel free to stop ask questions + + align:start position:0% +too fast feel free to stop ask questions + + + align:start position:0% +too fast feel free to stop ask questions +during class or after class um and let's + + align:start position:0% +during class or after class um and let's + + + align:start position:0% +during class or after class um and let's +see so we have + + align:start position:0% +see so we have + + + align:start position:0% +see so we have +some there's no real textbook for the + + align:start position:0% +some there's no real textbook for the + + + align:start position:0% +some there's no real textbook for the +class but there are two recommended + + align:start position:0% +class but there are two recommended + + + align:start position:0% +class but there are two recommended +reading books they are Gary and Johnson + + align:start position:0% +reading books they are Gary and Johnson + + + align:start position:0% +reading books they are Gary and Johnson +uh computers and intractability is the + + align:start position:0% +uh computers and intractability is the + + + align:start position:0% +uh computers and intractability is the +title most people call it Gary and + + align:start position:0% +title most people call it Gary and + + + align:start position:0% +title most people call it Gary and +Johnson this is an old book from pretty + + align:start position:0% +Johnson this is an old book from pretty + + + align:start position:0% +Johnson this is an old book from pretty +much in early on in the world of MP + + align:start position:0% +much in early on in the world of MP + + + align:start position:0% +much in early on in the world of MP +completeness but it's still a really + + align:start position:0% +completeness but it's still a really + + + align:start position:0% +completeness but it's still a really +good book uh so that's good to check out + + align:start position:0% +good book uh so that's good to check out + + + align:start position:0% +good book uh so that's good to check out +and uh then there's uh my book with Bob + + align:start position:0% +and uh then there's uh my book with Bob + + + align:start position:0% +and uh then there's uh my book with Bob +Hearn this is Bob hearn's PhD thesis at + + align:start position:0% +Hearn this is Bob hearn's PhD thesis at + + + align:start position:0% +Hearn this is Bob hearn's PhD thesis at +MIT games puzzles and computation this + + align:start position:0% +MIT games puzzles and computation this + + + align:start position:0% +MIT games puzzles and computation this +is available ially for free online to + + align:start position:0% +is available ially for free online to + + + align:start position:0% +is available ially for free online to +all MIT people so if you look it up in + + align:start position:0% +all MIT people so if you look it up in + + + align:start position:0% +all MIT people so if you look it up in +MIT libraries it's actually linked right + + align:start position:0% +MIT libraries it's actually linked right + + + align:start position:0% +MIT libraries it's actually linked right +here um CRC netbase you can get an + + align:start position:0% +here um CRC netbase you can get an + + + align:start position:0% +here um CRC netbase you can get an +electronic copy if you want to buy one + + align:start position:0% +electronic copy if you want to buy one + + + align:start position:0% +electronic copy if you want to buy one +talk to me or you know order + + align:start position:0% +talk to me or you know order + + + align:start position:0% +talk to me or you know order +it uh there's a couple other links on + + align:start position:0% +it uh there's a couple other links on + + + align:start position:0% +it uh there's a couple other links on +the website uh there was some followup + + align:start position:0% +the website uh there was some followup + + + align:start position:0% +the website uh there was some followup +to the Gary and Johnson book by Johnson + + align:start position:0% +to the Gary and Johnson book by Johnson + + + align:start position:0% +to the Gary and Johnson book by Johnson +uh and some other cool + + align:start position:0% +uh and some other cool + + + align:start position:0% +uh and some other cool +websites all + + align:start position:0% +websites all + + + align:start position:0% +websites all +right so I think that that is the + + align:start position:0% +right so I think that that is the + + + align:start position:0% +right so I think that that is the +administrative part now we can start the + + align:start position:0% +administrative part now we can start the + + + align:start position:0% +administrative part now we can start the +fun part of the class + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let's do our crash course on + + align:start position:0% +so let's do our crash course on + + + align:start position:0% +so let's do our crash course on +complexity so if you've seen complexity + + align:start position:0% +complexity so if you've seen complexity + + + align:start position:0% +complexity so if you've seen complexity +before some of this will be review uh we + + align:start position:0% +before some of this will be review uh we + + + align:start position:0% +before some of this will be review uh we +start with our favorite class + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of problems that can be solved in + + align:start position:0% +of problems that can be solved in + + + align:start position:0% +of problems that can be solved in +polinomial + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +say on a ram I should specify a model of + + align:start position:0% +say on a ram I should specify a model of + + + align:start position:0% +say on a ram I should specify a model of +computation and exactly what a problem + + align:start position:0% +computation and exactly what a problem + + + align:start position:0% +computation and exactly what a problem +is but it'll be a little bit informal + + align:start position:0% +is but it'll be a little bit informal + + + align:start position:0% +is but it'll be a little bit informal +here polinomial time means uh n to some + + align:start position:0% +here polinomial time means uh n to some + + + align:start position:0% +here polinomial time means uh n to some +constant uh where n is the size of + + align:start position:0% +constant uh where n is the size of + + + align:start position:0% +constant uh where n is the size of +the problem instance and we will talk a + + align:start position:0% +the problem instance and we will talk a + + + align:start position:0% +the problem instance and we will talk a +little bit more about subtleties in + + align:start position:0% +little bit more about subtleties in + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more about subtleties in +defining n but uh usually polinomial + + align:start position:0% +defining n but uh usually polinomial + + + align:start position:0% +defining n but uh usually polinomial +time is pretty clear this is what we + + align:start position:0% +time is pretty clear this is what we + + + align:start position:0% +time is pretty clear this is what we +consider good algorithms and example of + + align:start position:0% +consider good algorithms and example of + + + align:start position:0% +consider good algorithms and example of +something we consider bad is exponential + + align:start position:0% +something we consider bad is exponential + + + align:start position:0% +something we consider bad is exponential +time so X is going to be all the + + align:start position:0% +time so X is going to be all the + + + align:start position:0% +time so X is going to be all the +problems that can be solved in + + align:start position:0% +problems that can be solved in + + + align:start position:0% +problems that can be solved in +exponential + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time and exponential is a little less uh + + align:start position:0% +time and exponential is a little less uh + + + align:start position:0% +time and exponential is a little less uh +uniquely defined but I'll Define it this + + align:start position:0% +uniquely defined but I'll Define it this + + + align:start position:0% +uniquely defined but I'll Define it this +way I think this is the usual definition + + align:start position:0% +way I think this is the usual definition + + + align:start position:0% +way I think this is the usual definition +for x uh so two to a polinomial of + + align:start position:0% +for x uh so two to a polinomial of + + + align:start position:0% +for x uh so two to a polinomial of +course it could be three if you prefer + + align:start position:0% +course it could be three if you prefer + + + align:start position:0% +course it could be three if you prefer +any constant will be the same here this + + align:start position:0% +any constant will be the same here this + + + align:start position:0% +any constant will be the same here this +constant dwarfs any constant there um + + align:start position:0% +constant dwarfs any constant there um + + + align:start position:0% +constant dwarfs any constant there um +so that is pro this is a huge class any + + align:start position:0% +so that is pro this is a huge class any + + + align:start position:0% +so that is pro this is a huge class any +problem you can solve in exponential + + align:start position:0% +problem you can solve in exponential + + + align:start position:0% +problem you can solve in exponential +time most problems can be solved in + + align:start position:0% +time most problems can be solved in + + + align:start position:0% +time most problems can be solved in +exponential time though not all um most + + align:start position:0% +exponential time though not all um most + + + align:start position:0% +exponential time though not all um most +problems we encounter I should + + align:start position:0% +problems we encounter I should + + + align:start position:0% +problems we encounter I should +say uh and then I'll Define one more + + align:start position:0% +say uh and then I'll Define one more + + + align:start position:0% +say uh and then I'll Define one more +Just for kicks uh R is recursively + + align:start position:0% +Just for kicks uh R is recursively + + + align:start position:0% +Just for kicks uh R is recursively +inumerable problems or recursive + + align:start position:0% +inumerable problems or recursive + + + align:start position:0% +inumerable problems or recursive +problems uh these are all the problems + + align:start position:0% +problems uh these are all the problems + + + align:start position:0% +problems uh these are all the problems +that can be solved in finite + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time always and this these are all worst + + align:start position:0% +time always and this these are all worst + + + align:start position:0% +time always and this these are all worst +case bounds right + + align:start position:0% +case bounds right + + + align:start position:0% +case bounds right +so uh I'm going to have a running + + align:start position:0% +so uh I'm going to have a running + + + align:start position:0% +so uh I'm going to have a running +picture this is + + align:start position:0% +picture this is + + + align:start position:0% +picture this is +my favorite picture to draw we have on + + align:start position:0% +my favorite picture to draw we have on + + + align:start position:0% +my favorite picture to draw we have on +the x-axis + + align:start position:0% +the x-axis + + + align:start position:0% +the x-axis +a uh somewhat vague notion of + + align:start position:0% +a uh somewhat vague notion of + + + align:start position:0% +a uh somewhat vague notion of +computational + + align:start position:0% +computational + + + align:start position:0% +computational +difficulty what you might call hardness + + align:start position:0% +difficulty what you might call hardness + + + align:start position:0% +difficulty what you might call hardness +cloaky uh this is a bit informal but + + align:start position:0% +cloaky uh this is a bit informal but + + + align:start position:0% +cloaky uh this is a bit informal but +still useful way to think about things + + align:start position:0% +still useful way to think about things + + + align:start position:0% +still useful way to think about things +so uh this initial chunk here is going + + align:start position:0% +so uh this initial chunk here is going + + + align:start position:0% +so uh this initial chunk here is going +to be p + + align:start position:0% +to be p + + + align:start position:0% +to be p +um I'm going to leave some space to fill + + align:start position:0% +um I'm going to leave some space to fill + + + align:start position:0% +um I'm going to leave some space to fill +in some other things and probably go to + + align:start position:0% +in some other things and probably go to + + + align:start position:0% +in some other things and probably go to +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +and this + + align:start position:0% +and this + + + align:start position:0% +and this +part is going to be + + align:start position:0% +part is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +part is going to be +X and + + align:start position:0% +X and + + + align:start position:0% +X and +then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +everything to the left of this line are + + align:start position:0% +everything to the left of this line are + + + align:start position:0% +everything to the left of this line are +the problems that are solvable in finite + + align:start position:0% +the problems that are solvable in finite + + + align:start position:0% +the problems that are solvable in finite +time everything to the right of that + + align:start position:0% +time everything to the right of that + + + align:start position:0% +time everything to the right of that +line is not solvable by algorithms that + + align:start position:0% +line is not solvable by algorithms that + + + align:start position:0% +line is not solvable by algorithms that +would be + + align:start position:0% +would be + + + align:start position:0% +would be +undecidable okay okay so obviously + + align:start position:0% +undecidable okay okay so obviously + + + align:start position:0% +undecidable okay okay so obviously +anything can be solved in exponen or in + + align:start position:0% +anything can be solved in exponen or in + + + align:start position:0% +anything can be solved in exponen or in +polinomial time can also be solved in + + align:start position:0% +polinomial time can also be solved in + + + align:start position:0% +polinomial time can also be solved in +exponential time that's all that this is + + align:start position:0% +exponential time that's all that this is + + + align:start position:0% +exponential time that's all that this is +saying uh cool so I have well examples + + align:start position:0% +saying uh cool so I have well examples + + + align:start position:0% +saying uh cool so I have well examples +give you uh some examples to think about + + align:start position:0% +give you uh some examples to think about + + + align:start position:0% +give you uh some examples to think about +um for + + align:start position:0% +um for + + + align:start position:0% +um for +example N byn + + align:start position:0% +example N byn + + + align:start position:0% +example N byn +Chess so this is I give you a chess + + align:start position:0% +Chess so this is I give you a chess + + + align:start position:0% +Chess so this is I give you a chess +configuration on an N byn board and I + + align:start position:0% +configuration on an N byn board and I + + + align:start position:0% +configuration on an N byn board and I +want to know let's say white to move can + + align:start position:0% +want to know let's say white to move can + + + align:start position:0% +want to know let's say white to move can +white force uh a + + align:start position:0% +white force uh a + + + align:start position:0% +white force uh a +win this turns out to be solvable in + + align:start position:0% +win this turns out to be solvable in + + + align:start position:0% +win this turns out to be solvable in +exponential + + align:start position:0% +exponential + + + align:start position:0% +exponential +time um + + align:start position:0% +time um + + + align:start position:0% +time um +and is uh not solvable in polinomial + + align:start position:0% +and is uh not solvable in polinomial + + + align:start position:0% +and is uh not solvable in polinomial +time so that's a nice result something + + align:start position:0% +time so that's a nice result something + + + align:start position:0% +time so that's a nice result something +we will get to um another + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example is Tetris suitably generalized + + align:start position:0% +example is Tetris suitably generalized + + + align:start position:0% +example is Tetris suitably generalized +so we're thinking about problems where + + align:start position:0% +so we're thinking about problems where + + + align:start position:0% +so we're thinking about problems where +you have all the information usually in + + align:start position:0% +you have all the information usually in + + + align:start position:0% +you have all the information usually in +Tetris you don't know all the pieces + + align:start position:0% +Tetris you don't know all the pieces + + + align:start position:0% +Tetris you don't know all the pieces +that are going to come but supposing you + + align:start position:0% +that are going to come but supposing you + + + align:start position:0% +that are going to come but supposing you +knew the future you I give you the + + align:start position:0% +knew the future you I give you the + + + align:start position:0% +knew the future you I give you the +entire sequence of pieces that are going + + align:start position:0% +entire sequence of pieces that are going + + + align:start position:0% +entire sequence of pieces that are going +to come sort of a Tetris puzzle they + + align:start position:0% +to come sort of a Tetris puzzle they + + + align:start position:0% +to come sort of a Tetris puzzle they +used to publish these in Nintendo Power + + align:start position:0% +used to publish these in Nintendo Power + + + align:start position:0% +used to publish these in Nintendo Power +Magazine um and you want to know can I + + align:start position:0% +Magazine um and you want to know can I + + + align:start position:0% +Magazine um and you want to know can I +survive from this board position can I + + align:start position:0% +survive from this board position can I + + + align:start position:0% +survive from this board position can I +survive this sequence of pieces uh this + + align:start position:0% +survive this sequence of pieces uh this + + + align:start position:0% +survive this sequence of pieces uh this +is also in exp you can solve this in + + align:start position:0% +is also in exp you can solve this in + + + align:start position:0% +is also in exp you can solve this in +exponential time that's a little more + + align:start position:0% +exponential time that's a little more + + + align:start position:0% +exponential time that's a little more +obvious um but we don't know whether + + align:start position:0% +obvious um but we don't know whether + + + align:start position:0% +obvious um but we don't know whether +it's in + + align:start position:0% +it's in + + + align:start position:0% +it's in +P probably it's not and we'll say why in + + align:start position:0% +P probably it's not and we'll say why in + + + align:start position:0% +P probably it's not and we'll say why in +a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +moment + + align:start position:0% +moment + + + align:start position:0% +moment +uh if you you've taken an algorithm's + + align:start position:0% +uh if you you've taken an algorithm's + + + align:start position:0% +uh if you you've taken an algorithm's +class so you know tons of examples of + + align:start position:0% +class so you know tons of examples of + + + align:start position:0% +class so you know tons of examples of +problems that are in p uh like Shores + + align:start position:0% +problems that are in p uh like Shores + + + align:start position:0% +problems that are in p uh like Shores +paths or lots of good things um halting + + align:start position:0% +paths or lots of good things um halting + + + align:start position:0% +paths or lots of good things um halting +problem probably heard + + align:start position:0% +problem probably heard + + + align:start position:0% +problem probably heard +of kind of a + + align:start position:0% +of kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +of kind of a +classic halting problem is uh given an + + align:start position:0% +classic halting problem is uh given an + + + align:start position:0% +classic halting problem is uh given an +algorithm does it terminate or given + + align:start position:0% +algorithm does it terminate or given + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm does it terminate or given +some computer code does it terminate + + align:start position:0% +some computer code does it terminate + + + align:start position:0% +some computer code does it terminate +this uh is not recursive meaning there's + + align:start position:0% +this uh is not recursive meaning there's + + + align:start position:0% +this uh is not recursive meaning there's +no algorithm to solve it in finite time + + align:start position:0% +no algorithm to solve it in finite time + + + align:start position:0% +no algorithm to solve it in finite time +in the worst case um there's a more + + align:start position:0% +in the worst case um there's a more + + + align:start position:0% +in the worst case um there's a more +depressing result which is that in fact + + align:start position:0% +depressing result which is that in fact + + + align:start position:0% +depressing result which is that in fact +most problems let's say most decision + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problems are not in + + align:start position:0% +problems are not in + + + align:start position:0% +problems are not in +R most problems cannot be solved by an + + align:start position:0% +R most problems cannot be solved by an + + + align:start position:0% +R most problems cannot be solved by an +algorithm if you haven't seen that it's + + align:start position:0% +algorithm if you haven't seen that it's + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm if you haven't seen that it's +a cool result uh basically the proof is + + align:start position:0% +a cool result uh basically the proof is + + + align:start position:0% +a cool result uh basically the proof is +that the uh number of problems + + align:start position:0% +that the uh number of problems + + + align:start position:0% +that the uh number of problems +is in the universe is about 2 to the n + + align:start position:0% +is in the universe is about 2 to the n + + + align:start position:0% +is in the universe is about 2 to the n +and the number of algorithms is only + + align:start position:0% +and the number of algorithms is only + + + align:start position:0% +and the number of algorithms is only +about n so if you know set theory great + + align:start position:0% +about n so if you know set theory great + + + align:start position:0% +about n so if you know set theory great +otherwise ignore this sentence um so you + + align:start position:0% +otherwise ignore this sentence um so you + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise ignore this sentence um so you +know you can think of an algorithm as a + + align:start position:0% +know you can think of an algorithm as a + + + align:start position:0% +know you can think of an algorithm as a +number it's like you write take the + + align:start position:0% +number it's like you write take the + + + align:start position:0% +number it's like you write take the +string convert it to a giant number so + + align:start position:0% +string convert it to a giant number so + + + align:start position:0% +string convert it to a giant number so +that's integers over here uh you can + + align:start position:0% +that's integers over here uh you can + + + align:start position:0% +that's integers over here uh you can +think of problems as a mapping from + + align:start position:0% +think of problems as a mapping from + + + align:start position:0% +think of problems as a mapping from +inputs to yes or no that's yes or no is + + align:start position:0% +inputs to yes or no that's yes or no is + + + align:start position:0% +inputs to yes or no that's yes or no is +the two input is the n uh this is the + + align:start position:0% +the two input is the n uh this is the + + + align:start position:0% +the two input is the n uh this is the +same as real numbers this is the + + align:start position:0% +same as real numbers this is the + + + align:start position:0% +same as real numbers this is the +integers and there are a lot more real + + align:start position:0% +integers and there are a lot more real + + + align:start position:0% +integers and there are a lot more real +numbers than integers you probably heard + + align:start position:0% +numbers than integers you probably heard + + + align:start position:0% +numbers than integers you probably heard +of that so this means most problems have + + align:start position:0% +of that so this means most problems have + + + align:start position:0% +of that so this means most problems have +no algorithm if an algorithm can only + + align:start position:0% +no algorithm if an algorithm can only + + + align:start position:0% +no algorithm if an algorithm can only +solve one problem that's the sad news of + + align:start position:0% +solve one problem that's the sad news of + + + align:start position:0% +solve one problem that's the sad news of +Life luckily most of the problems we + + align:start position:0% +Life luckily most of the problems we + + + align:start position:0% +Life luckily most of the problems we +tend to pose do have an algorithm and + + align:start position:0% +tend to pose do have an algorithm and + + + align:start position:0% +tend to pose do have an algorithm and +it's more about P versus X that this + + align:start position:0% +it's more about P versus X that this + + + align:start position:0% +it's more about P versus X that this +class is + + align:start position:0% +class is + + + align:start position:0% +class is +about so let's go to more interesting + + align:start position:0% +about so let's go to more interesting + + + align:start position:0% +about so let's go to more interesting +things + + align:start position:0% +things + + + align:start position:0% +things +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +I'm going to define a class + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to define a class + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to define a class +NP which is in between here in between p + + align:start position:0% +NP which is in between here in between p + + + align:start position:0% +NP which is in between here in between p +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X so as I said decision problems are + + align:start position:0% +X so as I said decision problems are + + + align:start position:0% +X so as I said decision problems are +problems where the answer is yes or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no there are lots of possible + + align:start position:0% +no there are lots of possible + + + align:start position:0% +no there are lots of possible +definitions of NP I will cover + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two would like there to be an algorithm + + align:start position:0% +two would like there to be an algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +two would like there to be an algorithm +to solve the problem in polinomial time + + align:start position:0% +to solve the problem in polinomial time + + + align:start position:0% +to solve the problem in polinomial time +but not in a regular model of + + align:start position:0% +but not in a regular model of + + + align:start position:0% +but not in a regular model of +computation but with something I call a + + align:start position:0% +computation but with something I call a + + + align:start position:0% +computation but with something I call a +lucky + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +algorithm lucky algorithm comes to a + + align:start position:0% +algorithm lucky algorithm comes to a + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm lucky algorithm comes to a +decision and it always makes the right + + align:start position:0% +decision and it always makes the right + + + align:start position:0% +decision and it always makes the right +one without it's just lucky doesn't have + + align:start position:0% +one without it's just lucky doesn't have + + + align:start position:0% +one without it's just lucky doesn't have +any reason to believe that's the right + + align:start position:0% +any reason to believe that's the right + + + align:start position:0% +any reason to believe that's the right +one it just always makes the right + + align:start position:0% +one it just always makes the right + + + align:start position:0% +one it just always makes the right +choice given uh a choice between two + + align:start position:0% +choice given uh a choice between two + + + align:start position:0% +choice given uh a choice between two +options let's say uh so this is the you + + align:start position:0% +options let's say uh so this is the you + + + align:start position:0% +options let's say uh so this is the you +make lucky guesses always guess the + + align:start position:0% +make lucky guesses always guess the + + + align:start position:0% +make lucky guesses always guess the +right one where um you're it's a little + + align:start position:0% +right one where um you're it's a little + + + align:start position:0% +right one where um you're it's a little +bit biased in a way that I should say so + + align:start position:0% +bit biased in a way that I should say so + + + align:start position:0% +bit biased in a way that I should say so +let me be a little more precise this is + + align:start position:0% +let me be a little more precise this is + + + align:start position:0% +let me be a little more precise this is +called a non-deterministic + + align:start position:0% +called a non-deterministic + + + align:start position:0% +called a non-deterministic +model and the n in + + align:start position:0% +model and the n in + + + align:start position:0% +model and the n in +NP is uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +non-deterministic so the the idea is + + align:start position:0% +non-deterministic so the the idea is + + + align:start position:0% +non-deterministic so the the idea is +that the algorithm uh makes a series of + + align:start position:0% +that the algorithm uh makes a series of + + + align:start position:0% +that the algorithm uh makes a series of +guesses could do it at the beginning or + + align:start position:0% +guesses could do it at the beginning or + + + align:start position:0% +guesses could do it at the beginning or +could do it in the middle of the + + align:start position:0% +could do it in the middle of the + + + align:start position:0% +could do it in the middle of the +computation um and eventually it outputs + + align:start position:0% +computation um and eventually it outputs + + + align:start position:0% +computation um and eventually it outputs +uh an answer so it's going to say either + + align:start position:0% +uh an answer so it's going to say either + + + align:start position:0% +uh an answer so it's going to say either +yes or + + align:start position:0% +yes or + + + align:start position:0% +yes or +no and what we guarantee in this weird + + align:start position:0% +no and what we guarantee in this weird + + + align:start position:0% +no and what we guarantee in this weird +non-deterministic lucky model of + + align:start position:0% +non-deterministic lucky model of + + + align:start position:0% +non-deterministic lucky model of +computation is that uh you will be led + + align:start position:0% +computation is that uh you will be led + + + align:start position:0% +computation is that uh you will be led +to a yes answer if it's + + align:start position:0% +to a yes answer if it's + + + align:start position:0% +to a yes answer if it's +possible so guess is this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +asymmetric + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what this means is say you run your + + align:start position:0% +so what this means is say you run your + + + align:start position:0% +so what this means is say you run your +magical lucky algorithm and outputs no + + align:start position:0% +magical lucky algorithm and outputs no + + + align:start position:0% +magical lucky algorithm and outputs no +that means you know that no matter what + + align:start position:0% +that means you know that no matter what + + + align:start position:0% +that means you know that no matter what +set of guesses what no matter what set + + align:start position:0% +set of guesses what no matter what set + + + align:start position:0% +set of guesses what no matter what set +of choices you made for each guess uh + + align:start position:0% +of choices you made for each guess uh + + + align:start position:0% +of choices you made for each guess uh +you would always get to a no if you get + + align:start position:0% +you would always get to a no if you get + + + align:start position:0% +you would always get to a no if you get +a yes answer you just know there's some + + align:start position:0% +a yes answer you just know there's some + + + align:start position:0% +a yes answer you just know there's some +set of guesses that lead to a yes answer + + align:start position:0% +set of guesses that lead to a yes answer + + + align:start position:0% +set of guesses that lead to a yes answer +so it's one is a existential quantifier + + align:start position:0% +so it's one is a existential quantifier + + + align:start position:0% +so it's one is a existential quantifier +one's Universal so this is asymmetric um + + align:start position:0% +one's Universal so this is asymmetric um + + + align:start position:0% +one's Universal so this is asymmetric um +there is a notion of Co NP which is + + align:start position:0% +there is a notion of Co NP which is + + + align:start position:0% +there is a notion of Co NP which is +exactly the reverse uh Co P you let's + + align:start position:0% +exactly the reverse uh Co P you let's + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the reverse uh Co P you let's +say + + align:start position:0% +say + + + align:start position:0% +say +flip yes with no So Co P you prefer no + + align:start position:0% +flip yes with no So Co P you prefer no + + + align:start position:0% +flip yes with no So Co P you prefer no +answers if you can get + + align:start position:0% +answers if you can get + + + align:start position:0% +answers if you can get +them all right so + + align:start position:0% +them all right so + + + align:start position:0% +them all right so +what um Let me give another definition + + align:start position:0% +what um Let me give another definition + + + align:start position:0% +what um Let me give another definition +of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +NP + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +another way to think of the same + + align:start position:0% +another way to think of the same + + + align:start position:0% +another way to think of the same +definition + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +really + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so you can also think of NP problems as + + align:start position:0% +so you can also think of NP problems as + + + align:start position:0% +so you can also think of NP problems as +problems that have solutions that are + + align:start position:0% +problems that have solutions that are + + + align:start position:0% +problems that have solutions that are +relatively succinct and can be checked + + align:start position:0% +relatively succinct and can be checked + + + align:start position:0% +relatively succinct and can be checked +in polinomial time I guess really they + + align:start position:0% +in polinomial time I guess really they + + + align:start position:0% +in polinomial time I guess really they +need to be checkable efficiently um so + + align:start position:0% +need to be checkable efficiently um so + + + align:start position:0% +need to be checkable efficiently um so +uh what you can think of this as saying + + align:start position:0% +uh what you can think of this as saying + + + align:start position:0% +uh what you can think of this as saying +is Well every time I make a guess I'll + + align:start position:0% +is Well every time I make a guess I'll + + + align:start position:0% +is Well every time I make a guess I'll +write down whether I went left or went + + align:start position:0% +write down whether I went left or went + + + align:start position:0% +write down whether I went left or went +right in my in my maze I guess um and so + + align:start position:0% +right in my in my maze I guess um and so + + + align:start position:0% +right in my in my maze I guess um and so +that you can think of as a certificate + + align:start position:0% +that you can think of as a certificate + + + align:start position:0% +that you can think of as a certificate +if you know what the right sequence of + + align:start position:0% +if you know what the right sequence of + + + align:start position:0% +if you know what the right sequence of +guesses are of course you can run the + + align:start position:0% +guesses are of course you can run the + + + align:start position:0% +guesses are of course you can run the +algorithm because it's a polinomial Time + + align:start position:0% +algorithm because it's a polinomial Time + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm because it's a polinomial Time +algorithm + + align:start position:0% +algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm +conversely if I don't have the solution + + align:start position:0% +conversely if I don't have the solution + + + align:start position:0% +conversely if I don't have the solution +to the problem yet I'm told that it + + align:start position:0% +to the problem yet I'm told that it + + + align:start position:0% +to the problem yet I'm told that it +exists at the top of my algorithm I + + align:start position:0% +exists at the top of my algorithm I + + + align:start position:0% +exists at the top of my algorithm I +could just guess what that solution is + + align:start position:0% +could just guess what that solution is + + + align:start position:0% +could just guess what that solution is +and then check it so if if I'm given + + align:start position:0% +and then check it so if if I'm given + + + align:start position:0% +and then check it so if if I'm given +such an algorithm I can convert it into + + align:start position:0% +such an algorithm I can convert it into + + + align:start position:0% +such an algorithm I can convert it into +a lucky algorithm if I've given a lucky + + align:start position:0% +a lucky algorithm if I've given a lucky + + + align:start position:0% +a lucky algorithm if I've given a lucky +algorithm I can convert it into one of + + align:start position:0% +algorithm I can convert it into one of + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm I can convert it into one of +these checking + + align:start position:0% +these checking + + + align:start position:0% +these checking +algorithms + + align:start position:0% +algorithms + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms +okay uh so let's do an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example let's say uh + + align:start position:0% +example let's say uh + + + align:start position:0% +example let's say uh +Tetris is in + + align:start position:0% +Tetris is in + + + align:start position:0% +Tetris is in +NP so if I give you a board and I give + + align:start position:0% +NP so if I give you a board and I give + + + align:start position:0% +NP so if I give you a board and I give +you a sequence of pieces that are going + + align:start position:0% +you a sequence of pieces that are going + + + align:start position:0% +you a sequence of pieces that are going +to come + + align:start position:0% +to come + + + align:start position:0% +to come +how would I prove to you that I can + + align:start position:0% +how would I prove to you that I can + + + align:start position:0% +how would I prove to you that I can +survive those sequence of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pieces say they just say where they go + + align:start position:0% +pieces say they just say where they go + + + align:start position:0% +pieces say they just say where they go +say what sequence of moves I press what + + align:start position:0% +say what sequence of moves I press what + + + align:start position:0% +say what sequence of moves I press what +uh and at what times say um just where + + align:start position:0% +uh and at what times say um just where + + + align:start position:0% +uh and at what times say um just where +should I drop each piece uh so then all + + align:start position:0% +should I drop each piece uh so then all + + + align:start position:0% +should I drop each piece uh so then all +you need to do for this definition is + + align:start position:0% +you need to do for this definition is + + + align:start position:0% +you need to do for this definition is +check that that's a valid solution that + + align:start position:0% +check that that's a valid solution that + + + align:start position:0% +check that that's a valid solution that +you can actually you never have to push + + align:start position:0% +you can actually you never have to push + + + align:start position:0% +you can actually you never have to push +a piece up for example to get it into uh + + align:start position:0% +a piece up for example to get it into uh + + + align:start position:0% +a piece up for example to get it into uh +the right + + align:start position:0% +the right + + + align:start position:0% +the right +position uh or you can think of the same + + align:start position:0% +position uh or you can think of the same + + + align:start position:0% +position uh or you can think of the same +thing as an algorithm says okay every + + align:start position:0% +thing as an algorithm says okay every + + + align:start position:0% +thing as an algorithm says okay every +time I have to press left or right or + + align:start position:0% +time I have to press left or right or + + + align:start position:0% +time I have to press left or right or +wait a second or push down I'll just + + align:start position:0% +wait a second or push down I'll just + + + align:start position:0% +wait a second or push down I'll just +guess which one to do and then do that + + align:start position:0% +guess which one to do and then do that + + + align:start position:0% +guess which one to do and then do that +so these are the same same algorithm + + align:start position:0% +so these are the same same algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +so these are the same same algorithm +essentially and that's why Tetris is in + + align:start position:0% +essentially and that's why Tetris is in + + + align:start position:0% +essentially and that's why Tetris is in +NP in + + align:start position:0% +NP in + + + align:start position:0% +NP in +general uh let's see every every problem + + align:start position:0% +general uh let's see every every problem + + + align:start position:0% +general uh let's see every every problem +that I can solve in polinomial time of + + align:start position:0% +that I can solve in polinomial time of + + + align:start position:0% +that I can solve in polinomial time of +course I can solve in non-deterministic + + align:start position:0% +course I can solve in non-deterministic + + + align:start position:0% +course I can solve in non-deterministic +polinomial time so that's that + + align:start position:0% +polinomial time so that's that + + + align:start position:0% +polinomial time so that's that +containment uh if I want if I have an NP + + align:start position:0% +containment uh if I want if I have an NP + + + align:start position:0% +containment uh if I want if I have an NP +problem I want to solve it in + + align:start position:0% +problem I want to solve it in + + + align:start position:0% +problem I want to solve it in +exponential time well I could just + + align:start position:0% +exponential time well I could just + + + align:start position:0% +exponential time well I could just +simulate all the possible guessing pth + + align:start position:0% +simulate all the possible guessing pth + + + align:start position:0% +simulate all the possible guessing pth +because I run for only polom time and so + + align:start position:0% +because I run for only polom time and so + + + align:start position:0% +because I run for only polom time and so +for each one maybe I have two choices + + align:start position:0% +for each one maybe I have two choices + + + align:start position:0% +for each one maybe I have two choices +I'll just try both I'll do sort of depth + + align:start position:0% +I'll just try both I'll do sort of depth + + + align:start position:0% +I'll just try both I'll do sort of depth +for search and uh yeah I have + + align:start position:0% +for search and uh yeah I have + + + align:start position:0% +for search and uh yeah I have +exponential is exactly two to that + + align:start position:0% +exponential is exactly two to that + + + align:start position:0% +exponential is exactly two to that +polinomial so I can afford to branch in + + align:start position:0% +polinomial so I can afford to branch in + + + align:start position:0% +polinomial so I can afford to branch in +both directions so I guess my guesses + + align:start position:0% +both directions so I guess my guesses + + + align:start position:0% +both directions so I guess my guesses +here are just binary uh I can afford to + + align:start position:0% +here are just binary uh I can afford to + + + align:start position:0% +here are just binary uh I can afford to +branch in both directions and uh + + align:start position:0% +branch in both directions and uh + + + align:start position:0% +branch in both directions and uh +eventually see whether any of them leads + + align:start position:0% +eventually see whether any of them leads + + + align:start position:0% +eventually see whether any of them leads +to a yes I could also figure out whether + + align:start position:0% +to a yes I could also figure out whether + + + align:start position:0% +to a yes I could also figure out whether +any of them leads to a no but in general + + align:start position:0% +any of them leads to a no but in general + + + align:start position:0% +any of them leads to a no but in general +NP is contained in + + align:start position:0% +NP is contained in + + + align:start position:0% +NP is contained in +EXP + + align:start position:0% +EXP + + + align:start position:0% +EXP +cool still not + + align:start position:0% +cool still not + + + align:start position:0% +cool still not +too interesting + + align:start position:0% +too interesting + + + align:start position:0% +too interesting +um where it gets interesting is when we + + align:start position:0% +um where it gets interesting is when we + + + align:start position:0% +um where it gets interesting is when we +start talking about hardness which is + + align:start position:0% +start talking about hardness which is + + + align:start position:0% +start talking about hardness which is +next uh I should mention uh big open + + align:start position:0% +next uh I should mention uh big open + + + align:start position:0% +next uh I should mention uh big open +question is whether there's any problem + + align:start position:0% +question is whether there's any problem + + + align:start position:0% +question is whether there's any problem +in here in NP minus P this is the famous + + align:start position:0% +in here in NP minus P this is the famous + + + align:start position:0% +in here in NP minus P this is the famous +P equals NP open problem most people + + align:start position:0% +P equals NP open problem most people + + + align:start position:0% +P equals NP open problem most people +most San people in the universe believe + + align:start position:0% +most San people in the universe believe + + + align:start position:0% +most San people in the universe believe +P does not equal NP uh what this means + + align:start position:0% +P does not equal NP uh what this means + + + align:start position:0% +P does not equal NP uh what this means +intuitively is that you can't engineer + + align:start position:0% +intuitively is that you can't engineer + + + align:start position:0% +intuitively is that you can't engineer +luck luck shouldn't exist in the real + + align:start position:0% +luck luck shouldn't exist in the real + + + align:start position:0% +luck luck shouldn't exist in the real +world you can't just like you know go + + align:start position:0% +world you can't just like you know go + + + align:start position:0% +world you can't just like you know go +one way or the other and always make the + + align:start position:0% +one way or the other and always make the + + + align:start position:0% +one way or the other and always make the +right choice you could make a random + + align:start position:0% +right choice you could make a random + + + align:start position:0% +right choice you could make a random +choice you could make you could try both + + align:start position:0% +choice you could make you could try both + + + align:start position:0% +choice you could make you could try both +choices but you shouldn't be able to + + align:start position:0% +choices but you shouldn't be able to + + + align:start position:0% +choices but you shouldn't be able to +always make the right choice for all + + align:start position:0% +always make the right choice for all + + + align:start position:0% +always make the right choice for all +problems that seems insane so if you + + align:start position:0% +problems that seems insane so if you + + + align:start position:0% +problems that seems insane so if you +believe that you believe P does not + + align:start position:0% +believe that you believe P does not + + + align:start position:0% +believe that you believe P does not +equal NP and you believe there's some + + align:start position:0% +equal NP and you believe there's some + + + align:start position:0% +equal NP and you believe there's some +things in between those two lines but we + + align:start position:0% +things in between those two lines but we + + + align:start position:0% +things in between those two lines but we +don't know + + align:start position:0% +don't know + + + align:start position:0% +don't know +unfortunately so + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately so + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately so +um let me talk about + + align:start position:0% +um let me talk about + + + align:start position:0% +um let me talk about +hardness so if I have some complexity + + align:start position:0% +hardness so if I have some complexity + + + align:start position:0% +hardness so if I have some complexity +class x x could be NP + + align:start position:0% +class x x could be NP + + + align:start position:0% +class x x could be NP +or uh X at this point P we won't talk + + align:start position:0% +or uh X at this point P we won't talk + + + align:start position:0% +or uh X at this point P we won't talk +about P hardness is a little weird + + align:start position:0% +about P hardness is a little weird + + + align:start position:0% +about P hardness is a little weird +um and I'm not going to Define this + + align:start position:0% +um and I'm not going to Define this + + + align:start position:0% +um and I'm not going to Define this +formally until a little bit later in + + align:start position:0% +formally until a little bit later in + + + align:start position:0% +formally until a little bit later in +today's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +class so problem is X hard if it's sort + + align:start position:0% +class so problem is X hard if it's sort + + + align:start position:0% +class so problem is X hard if it's sort +of the hardest problem in the class X if + + align:start position:0% +of the hardest problem in the class X if + + + align:start position:0% +of the hardest problem in the class X if +it's as hard as every other problem in X + + align:start position:0% +it's as hard as every other problem in X + + + align:start position:0% +it's as hard as every other problem in X +actually this problem may not be NX so + + align:start position:0% +actually this problem may not be NX so + + + align:start position:0% +actually this problem may not be NX so +it's I should say it's as hard as every + + align:start position:0% +it's I should say it's as hard as every + + + align:start position:0% +it's I should say it's as hard as every +problem in X um so what that means in + + align:start position:0% +problem in X um so what that means in + + + align:start position:0% +problem in X um so what that means in +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +picture is uh the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +following so every problem from here + + align:start position:0% +following so every problem from here + + + align:start position:0% +following so every problem from here +onward is X + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hard okay and every problem from here + + align:start position:0% +hard okay and every problem from here + + + align:start position:0% +hard okay and every problem from here +onward is NP + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +heart + + align:start position:0% +heart + + + align:start position:0% +heart +whoops from + + align:start position:0% +whoops from + + + align:start position:0% +whoops from +here we won't talk about P hardness + + align:start position:0% +here we won't talk about P hardness + + + align:start position:0% +here we won't talk about P hardness +that's a notion in parallel Computing um + + align:start position:0% +that's a notion in parallel Computing um + + + align:start position:0% +that's a notion in parallel Computing um +I mean maybe we'll have time to talk + + align:start position:0% +I mean maybe we'll have time to talk + + + align:start position:0% +I mean maybe we'll have time to talk +about it but uh it's not currently on + + align:start position:0% +about it but uh it's not currently on + + + align:start position:0% +about it but uh it's not currently on +the plan so uh this is the lower bound + + align:start position:0% +the plan so uh this is the lower bound + + + align:start position:0% +the plan so uh this is the lower bound +side right you're proving that you're at + + align:start position:0% +side right you're proving that you're at + + + align:start position:0% +side right you're proving that you're at +least as hard as the very hardest + + align:start position:0% +least as hard as the very hardest + + + align:start position:0% +least as hard as the very hardest +problem in NP or you're at least as hard + + align:start position:0% +problem in NP or you're at least as hard + + + align:start position:0% +problem in NP or you're at least as hard +as a very uh the problem in X the reason + + align:start position:0% +as a very uh the problem in X the reason + + + align:start position:0% +as a very uh the problem in X the reason +the only reason I know that uh chess is + + align:start position:0% +the only reason I know that uh chess is + + + align:start position:0% +the only reason I know that uh chess is +not in P is because I know that chess is + + align:start position:0% +not in P is because I know that chess is + + + align:start position:0% +not in P is because I know that chess is +actually xart I know it's at least as + + align:start position:0% +actually xart I know it's at least as + + + align:start position:0% +actually xart I know it's at least as +hard as all problems solvable in + + align:start position:0% +hard as all problems solvable in + + + align:start position:0% +hard as all problems solvable in +exponential time and there's a great + + align:start position:0% +exponential time and there's a great + + + align:start position:0% +exponential time and there's a great +theorem called time hierarchy theorem + + align:start position:0% +theorem called time hierarchy theorem + + + align:start position:0% +theorem called time hierarchy theorem +that tells you that P does not equal x + + align:start position:0% +that tells you that P does not equal x + + + align:start position:0% +that tells you that P does not equal x +in particular so we know there are some + + align:start position:0% +in particular so we know there are some + + + align:start position:0% +in particular so we know there are some +problems in X that are not in P some + + align:start position:0% +problems in X that are not in P some + + + align:start position:0% +problems in X that are not in P some +problems that require exponential time + + align:start position:0% +problems that require exponential time + + + align:start position:0% +problems that require exponential time +can't be done in polinomial time and we + + align:start position:0% +can't be done in polinomial time and we + + + align:start position:0% +can't be done in polinomial time and we +know the chess is as hard as all of them + + align:start position:0% +know the chess is as hard as all of them + + + align:start position:0% +know the chess is as hard as all of them +so in particular it can also can't be + + align:start position:0% +so in particular it can also can't be + + + align:start position:0% +so in particular it can also can't be +solved in polinomial time okay modulo I + + align:start position:0% +solved in polinomial time okay modulo I + + + align:start position:0% +solved in polinomial time okay modulo I +haven't defined what as hard as means + + align:start position:0% +haven't defined what as hard as means + + + align:start position:0% +haven't defined what as hard as means +yet but I will get + + align:start position:0% +yet but I will get + + + align:start position:0% +yet but I will get +there another good term to know is X + + align:start position:0% +there another good term to know is X + + + align:start position:0% +there another good term to know is X +completeness this is just the and of two + + align:start position:0% +completeness this is just the and of two + + + align:start position:0% +completeness this is just the and of two +things being X hard and being in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X um so in my + + align:start position:0% +X um so in my + + + align:start position:0% +X um so in my +picture this dot right here is NP + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +complete and this dot right here is uh + + align:start position:0% +complete and this dot right here is uh + + + align:start position:0% +complete and this dot right here is uh +this way is X + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +complete okay I already mentioned that + + align:start position:0% +complete okay I already mentioned that + + + align:start position:0% +complete okay I already mentioned that +chess is in x so in fact chess is X x + + align:start position:0% +chess is in x so in fact chess is X x + + + align:start position:0% +chess is in x so in fact chess is X x +complete it means there's an upper bound + + align:start position:0% +complete it means there's an upper bound + + + align:start position:0% +complete it means there's an upper bound +saying that you can solve it in + + align:start position:0% +saying that you can solve it in + + + align:start position:0% +saying that you can solve it in +exponential time there's a lower bound + + align:start position:0% +exponential time there's a lower bound + + + align:start position:0% +exponential time there's a lower bound +saying that it's at least as hard as + + align:start position:0% +saying that it's at least as hard as + + + align:start position:0% +saying that it's at least as hard as +everything in exp and both are true so + + align:start position:0% +everything in exp and both are true so + + + align:start position:0% +everything in exp and both are true so +you know you're kind of right here from + + align:start position:0% +you know you're kind of right here from + + + align:start position:0% +you know you're kind of right here from +the resolution of this picture that's + + align:start position:0% +the resolution of this picture that's + + + align:start position:0% +the resolution of this picture that's +all you could hope to know about + + align:start position:0% +all you could hope to know about + + + align:start position:0% +all you could hope to know about +Chess + + align:start position:0% +Chess + + + align:start position:0% +Chess +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +so um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good one more + + align:start position:0% +good one more + + + align:start position:0% +good one more +class of problems good to know about and + + align:start position:0% +class of problems good to know about and + + + align:start position:0% +class of problems good to know about and +will come up a lot in + + align:start position:0% +will come up a lot in + + + align:start position:0% +will come up a lot in +games is a notion of P + + align:start position:0% +games is a notion of P + + + align:start position:0% +games is a notion of P +space so so far we've only thought about + + align:start position:0% +space so so far we've only thought about + + + align:start position:0% +space so so far we've only thought about +time but usually we measure algorithms + + align:start position:0% +time but usually we measure algorithms + + + align:start position:0% +time but usually we measure algorithms +in terms of time and space how much + + align:start position:0% +in terms of time and space how much + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of time and space how much +memory does your algorithm use uh + + align:start position:0% +memory does your algorithm use uh + + + align:start position:0% +memory does your algorithm use uh +and uh so ppace is going to be I + + align:start position:0% +and uh so ppace is going to be I + + + align:start position:0% +and uh so ppace is going to be I +guess let's say + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problems + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh uh sorry I give you one example um to + + align:start position:0% +oh uh sorry I give you one example um to + + + align:start position:0% +oh uh sorry I give you one example um to +go with our other examples problem we'll + + align:start position:0% +go with our other examples problem we'll + + + align:start position:0% +go with our other examples problem we'll +look at today is Rush + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Hour uh this is a one player puzzle + + align:start position:0% +Hour uh this is a one player puzzle + + + align:start position:0% +Hour uh this is a one player puzzle +where you're trying to move the cars and + + align:start position:0% +where you're trying to move the cars and + + + align:start position:0% +where you're trying to move the cars and +they can only go ver vertically or + + align:start position:0% +they can only go ver vertically or + + + align:start position:0% +they can only go ver vertically or +horizontally um this is in + + align:start position:0% +horizontally um this is in + + + align:start position:0% +horizontally um this is in +pspace which is maybe not so obvious + + align:start position:0% +pspace which is maybe not so obvious + + + align:start position:0% +pspace which is maybe not so obvious +um and actually it's it's p space + + align:start position:0% +um and actually it's it's p space + + + align:start position:0% +um and actually it's it's p space +complete + + align:start position:0% +complete + + + align:start position:0% +complete +so this is uh from the diagram ppace + + align:start position:0% +so this is uh from the diagram ppace + + + align:start position:0% +so this is uh from the diagram ppace +complete is harder than NP complete now + + align:start position:0% +complete is harder than NP complete now + + + align:start position:0% +complete is harder than NP complete now +of course we don't actually know whether + + align:start position:0% +of course we don't actually know whether + + + align:start position:0% +of course we don't actually know whether +these two points are the same it's kind + + align:start position:0% +these two points are the same it's kind + + + align:start position:0% +these two points are the same it's kind +of annoying we don't know whether these + + align:start position:0% +of annoying we don't know whether these + + + align:start position:0% +of annoying we don't know whether these +two points are the same we don't know + + align:start position:0% +two points are the same we don't know + + + align:start position:0% +two points are the same we don't know +whether these two points are the same + + align:start position:0% +whether these two points are the same + + + align:start position:0% +whether these two points are the same +this whole thing could collapse we do + + align:start position:0% +this whole thing could collapse we do + + + align:start position:0% +this whole thing could collapse we do +know these two points are different so + + align:start position:0% +know these two points are different so + + + align:start position:0% +know these two points are different so +somewhere here or here or here we have a + + align:start position:0% +somewhere here or here or here we have a + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere here or here or here we have a +a positive range most people believe all + + align:start position:0% +a positive range most people believe all + + + align:start position:0% +a positive range most people believe all +of these have problems in them uh so + + align:start position:0% +of these have problems in them uh so + + + align:start position:0% +of these have problems in them uh so +none of these things are the same could + + align:start position:0% +none of these things are the same could + + + align:start position:0% +none of these things are the same could +be MP complete is the same as P space + + align:start position:0% +be MP complete is the same as P space + + + align:start position:0% +be MP complete is the same as P space +complete but again most people believe + + align:start position:0% +complete but again most people believe + + + align:start position:0% +complete but again most people believe +these are different so in some sense + + align:start position:0% +these are different so in some sense + + + align:start position:0% +these are different so in some sense +Rush Hour which is here is harder than + + align:start position:0% +Rush Hour which is here is harder than + + + align:start position:0% +Rush Hour which is here is harder than +Tetris which is + + align:start position:0% +Tetris which is + + + align:start position:0% +Tetris which is +here um cool and if you believe that + + align:start position:0% +here um cool and if you believe that + + + align:start position:0% +here um cool and if you believe that +either one of these uh is not empty then + + align:start position:0% +either one of these uh is not empty then + + + align:start position:0% +either one of these uh is not empty then +we know that rush hour does not have a + + align:start position:0% +we know that rush hour does not have a + + + align:start position:0% +we know that rush hour does not have a +polinomial Time algorithm so to to show + + align:start position:0% +polinomial Time algorithm so to to show + + + align:start position:0% +polinomial Time algorithm so to to show +that rush hour is not in P you you have + + align:start position:0% +that rush hour is not in P you you have + + + align:start position:0% +that rush hour is not in P you you have +a choice you could prove either one of + + align:start position:0% +a choice you could prove either one of + + + align:start position:0% +a choice you could prove either one of +these is not empty for Tetris you have + + align:start position:0% +these is not empty for Tetris you have + + + align:start position:0% +these is not empty for Tetris you have +to prove this one so so you'd be less + + align:start position:0% +to prove this one so so you'd be less + + + align:start position:0% +to prove this one so so you'd be less +famous if you approve this one still + + align:start position:0% +famous if you approve this one still + + + align:start position:0% +famous if you approve this one still +pretty famous but you wouldn't win the + + align:start position:0% +pretty famous but you wouldn't win the + + + align:start position:0% +pretty famous but you wouldn't win the +million dollar Bounty that's on P versus + + align:start position:0% +million dollar Bounty that's on P versus + + + align:start position:0% +million dollar Bounty that's on P versus +NP all right um there are bigger classes + + align:start position:0% +NP all right um there are bigger classes + + + align:start position:0% +NP all right um there are bigger classes +you can talk about we talked about + + align:start position:0% +you can talk about we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +you can talk about we talked about +exponential time you can of course talk + + align:start position:0% +exponential time you can of course talk + + + align:start position:0% +exponential time you can of course talk +about exponential space in general these + + align:start position:0% +about exponential space in general these + + + align:start position:0% +about exponential space in general these +inter leave you go polinomial time + + align:start position:0% +inter leave you go polinomial time + + + align:start position:0% +inter leave you go polinomial time +polinomial space exponential time + + align:start position:0% +polinomial space exponential time + + + align:start position:0% +polinomial space exponential time +exponential space doubly exponential + + align:start position:0% +exponential space doubly exponential + + + align:start position:0% +exponential space doubly exponential +time doubly exponential space and so on + + align:start position:0% +time doubly exponential space and so on + + + align:start position:0% +time doubly exponential space and so on +that's the order in which they occur um + + align:start position:0% +that's the order in which they occur um + + + align:start position:0% +that's the order in which they occur um +the only things we know is that + + align:start position:0% +the only things we know is that + + + align:start position:0% +the only things we know is that +polinomial time is different from + + align:start position:0% +polinomial time is different from + + + align:start position:0% +polinomial time is different from +exponential time is different from + + align:start position:0% +exponential time is different from + + + align:start position:0% +exponential time is different from +double exponential time or any function + + align:start position:0% +double exponential time or any function + + + align:start position:0% +double exponential time or any function +of time really um and we know that + + align:start position:0% +of time really um and we know that + + + align:start position:0% +of time really um and we know that +polinomial space is different from + + align:start position:0% +polinomial space is different from + + + align:start position:0% +polinomial space is different from +exponential space is different from dou + + align:start position:0% +exponential space is different from dou + + + align:start position:0% +exponential space is different from dou +exponential space but we don't know + + align:start position:0% +exponential space but we don't know + + + align:start position:0% +exponential space but we don't know +about the interrelation between time and + + align:start position:0% +about the interrelation between time and + + + align:start position:0% +about the interrelation between time and +space that's sort of the big one of the + + align:start position:0% +space that's sort of the big one of the + + + align:start position:0% +space that's sort of the big one of the +big questions the other big question is + + align:start position:0% +big questions the other big question is + + + align:start position:0% +big questions the other big question is +non-determinism one fun fact you should + + align:start position:0% +non-determinism one fun fact you should + + + align:start position:0% +non-determinism one fun fact you should +know um is that P space equals NP space + + align:start position:0% +know um is that P space equals NP space + + + align:start position:0% +know um is that P space equals NP space +this is a a useful fact um NP space is + + align:start position:0% +this is a a useful fact um NP space is + + + align:start position:0% +this is a a useful fact um NP space is +non-deterministic polinomial space so + + align:start position:0% +non-deterministic polinomial space so + + + align:start position:0% +non-deterministic polinomial space so +you take a lucky algorithm and you don't + + align:start position:0% +you take a lucky algorithm and you don't + + + align:start position:0% +you take a lucky algorithm and you don't +guarantee how much time it takes it will + + align:start position:0% +guarantee how much time it takes it will + + + align:start position:0% +guarantee how much time it takes it will +be at most exponential time you only + + align:start position:0% +be at most exponential time you only + + + align:start position:0% +be at most exponential time you only +guarantee the amount of space it uses is + + align:start position:0% +guarantee the amount of space it uses is + + + align:start position:0% +guarantee the amount of space it uses is +at most polinomial um this is a theorem + + align:start position:0% +at most polinomial um this is a theorem + + + align:start position:0% +at most polinomial um this is a theorem +called Savage's theorem and it works for + + align:start position:0% +called Savage's theorem and it works for + + + align:start position:0% +called Savage's theorem and it works for +any Space Bound in general the Space + + align:start position:0% +any Space Bound in general the Space + + + align:start position:0% +any Space Bound in general the Space +Bound I think grows to the square of its + + align:start position:0% +Bound I think grows to the square of its + + + align:start position:0% +Bound I think grows to the square of its +original if you want to convert + + align:start position:0% +original if you want to convert + + + align:start position:0% +original if you want to convert +non-deterministic to deterministic this + + align:start position:0% +non-deterministic to deterministic this + + + align:start position:0% +non-deterministic to deterministic this +is useful for rush hour because to play + + align:start position:0% +is useful for rush hour because to play + + + align:start position:0% +is useful for rush hour because to play +a rush hour game in general the number + + align:start position:0% +a rush hour game in general the number + + + align:start position:0% +a rush hour game in general the number +of moves you might have to make is EXP + + align:start position:0% +of moves you might have to make is EXP + + + align:start position:0% +of moves you might have to make is EXP +exponential so it's not in it's not + + align:start position:0% +exponential so it's not in it's not + + + align:start position:0% +exponential so it's not in it's not +obviously in NP because NP would have to + + align:start position:0% +obviously in NP because NP would have to + + + align:start position:0% +obviously in NP because NP would have to +have a short polinomial length solution + + align:start position:0% +have a short polinomial length solution + + + align:start position:0% +have a short polinomial length solution +that you can check in polinomial time um + + align:start position:0% +that you can check in polinomial time um + + + align:start position:0% +that you can check in polinomial time um +but rush hour you can solve in + + align:start position:0% +but rush hour you can solve in + + + align:start position:0% +but rush hour you can solve in +polinomial space if you're really lucky + + align:start position:0% +polinomial space if you're really lucky + + + align:start position:0% +polinomial space if you're really lucky +because you just say well what move + + align:start position:0% +because you just say well what move + + + align:start position:0% +because you just say well what move +should I make I'll guess one then I'll + + align:start position:0% +should I make I'll guess one then I'll + + + align:start position:0% +should I make I'll guess one then I'll +make that move guess another move make + + align:start position:0% +make that move guess another move make + + + align:start position:0% +make that move guess another move make +the move and just maintaining the state + + align:start position:0% +the move and just maintaining the state + + + align:start position:0% +the move and just maintaining the state +of the board only takes polinomial space + + align:start position:0% +of the board only takes polinomial space + + + align:start position:0% +of the board only takes polinomial space +so then if you solve it you're happy if + + align:start position:0% +so then if you solve it you're happy if + + + align:start position:0% +so then if you solve it you're happy if +there's no way to solve it you will + + align:start position:0% +there's no way to solve it you will + + + align:start position:0% +there's no way to solve it you will +return no uh I guess you can you have a + + align:start position:0% +return no uh I guess you can you have a + + + align:start position:0% +return no uh I guess you can you have a +timer after you've made exponentially + + align:start position:0% +timer after you've made exponentially + + + align:start position:0% +timer after you've made exponentially +m&a moves if you still haven't solved + + align:start position:0% +m&a moves if you still haven't solved + + + align:start position:0% +m&a moves if you still haven't solved +the puzzle you can return no uh and in + + align:start position:0% +the puzzle you can return no uh and in + + + align:start position:0% +the puzzle you can return no uh and in +the lucky world that means you will find + + align:start position:0% +the lucky world that means you will find + + + align:start position:0% +the lucky world that means you will find +a solution if there is one conveniently + + align:start position:0% +a solution if there is one conveniently + + + align:start position:0% +a solution if there is one conveniently +lucky algorithms can be turned into + + align:start position:0% +lucky algorithms can be turned into + + + align:start position:0% +lucky algorithms can be turned into +regular algorithms when you're only + + align:start position:0% +regular algorithms when you're only + + + align:start position:0% +regular algorithms when you're only +worried about space bounds and so that's + + align:start position:0% +worried about space bounds and so that's + + + align:start position:0% +worried about space bounds and so that's +how you prove rush hour is in + + align:start position:0% +how you prove rush hour is in + + + align:start position:0% +how you prove rush hour is in +ppace so that's a good good fact to know + + align:start position:0% +ppace so that's a good good fact to know + + + align:start position:0% +ppace so that's a good good fact to know +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +cool all right there's one key thing we + + align:start position:0% +cool all right there's one key thing we + + + align:start position:0% +cool all right there's one key thing we +haven't defined yet which is as hard as + + align:start position:0% +haven't defined yet which is as hard as + + + align:start position:0% +haven't defined yet which is as hard as +so let's get to that this is really the + + align:start position:0% +so let's get to that this is really the + + + align:start position:0% +so let's get to that this is really the +heart + + align:start position:0% +heart + + + align:start position:0% +heart +of the + + align:start position:0% +of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the +class let me go up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the this class is really all about + + align:start position:0% +so the this class is really all about + + + align:start position:0% +so the this class is really all about +One notion and that notion is reductions + + align:start position:0% +One notion and that notion is reductions + + + align:start position:0% +One notion and that notion is reductions +so if I have two problems A and B then + + align:start position:0% +so if I have two problems A and B then + + + align:start position:0% +so if I have two problems A and B then +there's this notion of a reduction from + + align:start position:0% +there's this notion of a reduction from + + + align:start position:0% +there's this notion of a reduction from +A to B this will be an algorithm uh for + + align:start position:0% +A to B this will be an algorithm uh for + + + align:start position:0% +A to B this will be an algorithm uh for +us almost all the time it will be a + + align:start position:0% +us almost all the time it will be a + + + align:start position:0% +us almost all the time it will be a +polinomial time algorithm although you + + align:start position:0% +polinomial time algorithm although you + + + align:start position:0% +polinomial time algorithm although you +could put in a different adjective here + + align:start position:0% +could put in a different adjective here + + + align:start position:0% +could put in a different adjective here +than polinomial time most of the time + + align:start position:0% +than polinomial time most of the time + + + align:start position:0% +than polinomial time most of the time +that is what we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +want and it's going to + + align:start position:0% +want and it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +want and it's going to +convert an instance of the a problem so + + align:start position:0% +convert an instance of the a problem so + + + align:start position:0% +convert an instance of the a problem so +instance just means + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +input and it will convert it into an + + align:start position:0% +input and it will convert it into an + + + align:start position:0% +input and it will convert it into an +instance of the B + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problem and it's going to do so so in a + + align:start position:0% +problem and it's going to do so so in a + + + align:start position:0% +problem and it's going to do so so in a +way such that uh the solution to a + + align:start position:0% +way such that uh the solution to a + + + align:start position:0% +way such that uh the solution to a +equals the solution to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +B I mean the solution of that instance + + align:start position:0% +B I mean the solution of that instance + + + align:start position:0% +B I mean the solution of that instance +of a is has is the same as the solution + + align:start position:0% +of a is has is the same as the solution + + + align:start position:0% +of a is has is the same as the solution +of the instance to B so this is um think + + align:start position:0% +of the instance to B so this is um think + + + align:start position:0% +of the instance to B so this is um think +decision problems right the answer is + + align:start position:0% +decision problems right the answer is + + + align:start position:0% +decision problems right the answer is +either yes or no uh so we want to + + align:start position:0% +either yes or no uh so we want to + + + align:start position:0% +either yes or no uh so we want to +convert a into an equivalent instance of + + align:start position:0% +convert a into an equivalent instance of + + + align:start position:0% +convert a into an equivalent instance of +B equivalent meaning that it has has the + + align:start position:0% +B equivalent meaning that it has has the + + + align:start position:0% +B equivalent meaning that it has has the +same + + align:start position:0% +same + + + align:start position:0% +same +answer why do we care because let's + + align:start position:0% +answer why do we care because let's + + + align:start position:0% +answer why do we care because let's +suppose we knew we had an algorithm to + + align:start position:0% +suppose we knew we had an algorithm to + + + align:start position:0% +suppose we knew we had an algorithm to +solve B that would be this Arrow so + + align:start position:0% +solve B that would be this Arrow so + + + align:start position:0% +solve B that would be this Arrow so +let's say if uh we can solve + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +B then we can solve a by this diagram + + align:start position:0% +B then we can solve a by this diagram + + + align:start position:0% +B then we can solve a by this diagram +take an instance of a convert it into + + align:start position:0% +take an instance of a convert it into + + + align:start position:0% +take an instance of a convert it into +equivalent instance of B solve B and + + align:start position:0% +equivalent instance of B solve B and + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent instance of B solve B and +then that solution is equal to the + + align:start position:0% +then that solution is equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +then that solution is equal to the +solution to a so we solve + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a this is as hard as so what we say is + + align:start position:0% +a this is as hard as so what we say is + + + align:start position:0% +a this is as hard as so what we say is +um B is as hard as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a that's a definition of his hardest + + align:start position:0% +a that's a definition of his hardest + + + align:start position:0% +a that's a definition of his hardest +okay in general depending on your + + align:start position:0% +okay in general depending on your + + + align:start position:0% +okay in general depending on your +definition of reduction you get a + + align:start position:0% +definition of reduction you get a + + + align:start position:0% +definition of reduction you get a +different notion of as hard as but we + + align:start position:0% +different notion of as hard as but we + + + align:start position:0% +different notion of as hard as but we +will stick primarily to polinomial + + align:start position:0% +will stick primarily to polinomial + + + align:start position:0% +will stick primarily to polinomial +time reductions uh this is what you what + + align:start position:0% +time reductions uh this is what you what + + + align:start position:0% +time reductions uh this is what you what +you might call a one call + + align:start position:0% +you might call a one call + + + align:start position:0% +you might call a one call +reduction uh this is kind of a + + align:start position:0% +reduction uh this is kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +reduction uh this is kind of a +technicality + + align:start position:0% +technicality + + + align:start position:0% +technicality +um also called a carp style reduction + + align:start position:0% +um also called a carp style reduction + + + align:start position:0% +um also called a carp style reduction +because karp gave a whole bunch of them + + align:start position:0% +because karp gave a whole bunch of them + + + align:start position:0% +because karp gave a whole bunch of them +in uh 70s 80s um and so the idea is you + + align:start position:0% +in uh 70s 80s um and so the idea is you + + + align:start position:0% +in uh 70s 80s um and so the idea is you +you only get to call your solution to be + + align:start position:0% +you only get to call your solution to be + + + align:start position:0% +you only get to call your solution to be +once in general you could could imagine + + align:start position:0% +once in general you could could imagine + + + align:start position:0% +once in general you could could imagine +an algorithm that calls Your solution to + + align:start position:0% +an algorithm that calls Your solution to + + + align:start position:0% +an algorithm that calls Your solution to +be many times that would also be a + + align:start position:0% +be many times that would also be a + + + align:start position:0% +be many times that would also be a +notion of as hard as uh for the problems + + align:start position:0% +notion of as hard as uh for the problems + + + align:start position:0% +notion of as hard as uh for the problems +we'll look at basically these two + + align:start position:0% +we'll look at basically these two + + + align:start position:0% +we'll look at basically these two +Notions + + align:start position:0% +Notions + + + align:start position:0% +Notions +are don't seem very helpful let's say so + + align:start position:0% +are don't seem very helpful let's say so + + + align:start position:0% +are don't seem very helpful let's say so +we'll stick to one call reductions + + align:start position:0% +we'll stick to one call reductions + + + align:start position:0% +we'll stick to one call reductions +because they seem sufficient for + + align:start position:0% +because they seem sufficient for + + + align:start position:0% +because they seem sufficient for +everything that we will cover in this + + align:start position:0% +everything that we will cover in this + + + align:start position:0% +everything that we will cover in this +class probably maybe some very late + + align:start position:0% +class probably maybe some very late + + + align:start position:0% +class probably maybe some very late +lecture we'll talk about multicol + + align:start position:0% +lecture we'll talk about multicol + + + align:start position:0% +lecture we'll talk about multicol +reductions but they're not so prominent + + align:start position:0% +reductions but they're not so prominent + + + align:start position:0% +reductions but they're not so prominent +oneall reductions are the bread and + + align:start position:0% +oneall reductions are the bread and + + + align:start position:0% +oneall reductions are the bread and +butter of hardness so as you might + + align:start position:0% +butter of hardness so as you might + + + align:start position:0% +butter of hardness so as you might +imagine this is how you prove a problem + + align:start position:0% +imagine this is how you prove a problem + + + align:start position:0% +imagine this is how you prove a problem +hard basically all hardness proofs in + + align:start position:0% +hard basically all hardness proofs in + + + align:start position:0% +hard basically all hardness proofs in +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +universe in the known universe uh are + + align:start position:0% +universe in the known universe uh are + + + align:start position:0% +universe in the known universe uh are +based on a reduction you start from a + + align:start position:0% +based on a reduction you start from a + + + align:start position:0% +based on a reduction you start from a +problem which you know is hard in + + align:start position:0% +problem which you know is hard in + + + align:start position:0% +problem which you know is hard in +whatever class you care about and you + + align:start position:0% +whatever class you care about and you + + + align:start position:0% +whatever class you care about and you +reduce from that problem the known hard + + align:start position:0% +reduce from that problem the known hard + + + align:start position:0% +reduce from that problem the known hard +problem to your problem that you're not + + align:start position:0% +problem to your problem that you're not + + + align:start position:0% +problem to your problem that you're not +sure about if you can do that then you + + align:start position:0% +sure about if you can do that then you + + + align:start position:0% +sure about if you can do that then you +prove that your problem is as hard as + + align:start position:0% +prove that your problem is as hard as + + + align:start position:0% +prove that your problem is as hard as +the original problem if you know that + + align:start position:0% +the original problem if you know that + + + align:start position:0% +the original problem if you know that +one is hard then this one is hard don't + + align:start position:0% +one is hard then this one is hard don't + + + align:start position:0% +one is hard then this one is hard don't +get this + + align:start position:0% +get this + + + align:start position:0% +get this +backwards you will anyway but try not to + + align:start position:0% +backwards you will anyway but try not to + + + align:start position:0% +backwards you will anyway but try not to +get it backwards you're always reducing + + align:start position:0% +get it backwards you're always reducing + + + align:start position:0% +get it backwards you're always reducing +from the known hard problem to your + + align:start position:0% +from the known hard problem to your + + + align:start position:0% +from the known hard problem to your +problem okay so usually say our proof is + + align:start position:0% +problem okay so usually say our proof is + + + align:start position:0% +problem okay so usually say our proof is +based on a reduction from pick your + + align:start position:0% +based on a reduction from pick your + + + align:start position:0% +based on a reduction from pick your +favorite problem okay never to easy to + + align:start position:0% +favorite problem okay never to easy to + + + align:start position:0% +favorite problem okay never to easy to +get wrong uh because it's you know easy + + align:start position:0% +get wrong uh because it's you know easy + + + align:start position:0% +get wrong uh because it's you know easy +to make a sign error but that's life so + + align:start position:0% +to make a sign error but that's life so + + + align:start position:0% +to make a sign error but that's life so +uh good anything else now if you've + + align:start position:0% +uh good anything else now if you've + + + align:start position:0% +uh good anything else now if you've +taken an algorithms class you've seen + + align:start position:0% +taken an algorithms class you've seen + + + align:start position:0% +taken an algorithms class you've seen +lots of reductions reductions are a + + align:start position:0% +lots of reductions reductions are a + + + align:start position:0% +lots of reductions reductions are a +powerful tool in algorithms too uh for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +charge problem you want to find a path + + align:start position:0% +charge problem you want to find a path + + + align:start position:0% +charge problem you want to find a path +that has the minimum product of all of + + align:start position:0% +that has the minimum product of all of + + + align:start position:0% +that has the minimum product of all of +the values to convert products into a + + align:start position:0% +the values to convert products into a + + + align:start position:0% +the values to convert products into a +Min sum problem you just take logs of + + align:start position:0% +Min sum problem you just take logs of + + + align:start position:0% +Min sum problem you just take logs of +all the values so the reduction is + + align:start position:0% +all the values so the reduction is + + + align:start position:0% +all the values so the reduction is +compute logs on all the weights so + + align:start position:0% +compute logs on all the weights so + + + align:start position:0% +compute logs on all the weights so +you've probably seen lots of lots of + + align:start position:0% +you've probably seen lots of lots of + + + align:start position:0% +you've probably seen lots of lots of +things like that some are more + + align:start position:0% +things like that some are more + + + align:start position:0% +things like that some are more +complicated than + + align:start position:0% +complicated than + + + align:start position:0% +complicated than +others uh what we're going to do in this + + align:start position:0% +others uh what we're going to do in this + + + align:start position:0% +others uh what we're going to do in this +class is reduce uh instead of so for + + align:start position:0% +class is reduce uh instead of so for + + + align:start position:0% +class is reduce uh instead of so for +algorithms you want to reduce to + + align:start position:0% +algorithms you want to reduce to + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms you want to reduce to +something you know how to solve we're + + align:start position:0% +something you know how to solve we're + + + align:start position:0% +something you know how to solve we're +going to reduce from something we know + + align:start position:0% +going to reduce from something we know + + + align:start position:0% +going to reduce from something we know +we can't solve under a certain + + align:start position:0% +we can't solve under a certain + + + align:start position:0% +we can't solve under a certain +assumption so assuming P does not not + + align:start position:0% +assumption so assuming P does not not + + + align:start position:0% +assumption so assuming P does not not +equal NP if a is NP hard and we reduce + + align:start position:0% +equal NP if a is NP hard and we reduce + + + align:start position:0% +equal NP if a is NP hard and we reduce +from A to B uh then we know that b is NP + + align:start position:0% +from A to B uh then we know that b is NP + + + align:start position:0% +from A to B uh then we know that b is NP +hard okay that's a theorem um so in in + + align:start position:0% +hard okay that's a theorem um so in in + + + align:start position:0% +hard okay that's a theorem um so in in +this situation if we have a reduction uh + + align:start position:0% +this situation if we have a reduction uh + + + align:start position:0% +this situation if we have a reduction uh +let's say if a reduces to B I'll be + + align:start position:0% +let's say if a reduces to B I'll be + + + align:start position:0% +let's say if a reduces to B I'll be +explicit um and uh a better get this + + align:start position:0% +explicit um and uh a better get this + + + align:start position:0% +explicit um and uh a better get this +right it' be pretty embarrassing if I + + align:start position:0% +right it' be pretty embarrassing if I + + + align:start position:0% +right it' be pretty embarrassing if I +got it wrong I probably will get it + + align:start position:0% +got it wrong I probably will get it + + + align:start position:0% +got it wrong I probably will get it +wrong at some point in this class + + align:start position:0% +wrong at some point in this class + + + align:start position:0% +wrong at some point in this class +hopefully not today um then B is X + + align:start position:0% +hopefully not today um then B is X + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully not today um then B is X +hard okay that's actually kind of a + + align:start position:0% +hard okay that's actually kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +hard okay that's actually kind of a +trivial theorem if you read all the + + align:start position:0% +trivial theorem if you read all the + + + align:start position:0% +trivial theorem if you read all the +definitions what did X hard mean it + + align:start position:0% +definitions what did X hard mean it + + + align:start position:0% +definitions what did X hard mean it +meant as hard as every problem in X so + + align:start position:0% +meant as hard as every problem in X so + + + align:start position:0% +meant as hard as every problem in X so +uh and as hard as meant there was a + + align:start position:0% +uh and as hard as meant there was a + + + align:start position:0% +uh and as hard as meant there was a +reduction uh so that means get this + + align:start position:0% +reduction uh so that means get this + + + align:start position:0% +reduction uh so that means get this +right uh there's a reduction from every + + align:start position:0% +right uh there's a reduction from every + + + align:start position:0% +right uh there's a reduction from every +problem in X to your problem so if a is + + align:start position:0% +problem in X to your problem so if a is + + + align:start position:0% +problem in X to your problem so if a is +NP hard there's there's a reduction from + + align:start position:0% +NP hard there's there's a reduction from + + + align:start position:0% +NP hard there's there's a reduction from +every problem to a and we're saying now + + align:start position:0% +every problem to a and we're saying now + + + align:start position:0% +every problem to a and we're saying now +what if there's also a reduction for A + + align:start position:0% +what if there's also a reduction for A + + + align:start position:0% +what if there's also a reduction for A +to B well then we can just chain those + + align:start position:0% +to B well then we can just chain those + + + align:start position:0% +to B well then we can just chain those +two reductions together convert any + + align:start position:0% +two reductions together convert any + + + align:start position:0% +two reductions together convert any +problem in X to a then convert it to B + + align:start position:0% +problem in X to a then convert it to B + + + align:start position:0% +problem in X to a then convert it to B +and so we've shown every problem in X + + align:start position:0% +and so we've shown every problem in X + + + align:start position:0% +and so we've shown every problem in X +can be reduced to B therefore B is X + + align:start position:0% +can be reduced to B therefore B is X + + + align:start position:0% +can be reduced to B therefore B is X +hard okay these are this easy + + align:start position:0% +hard okay these are this easy + + + align:start position:0% +hard okay these are this easy +theorem um the converse would be if B + + align:start position:0% +theorem um the converse would be if B + + + align:start position:0% +theorem um the converse would be if B +can be solved in class x and x contains + + align:start position:0% +can be solved in class x and x contains + + + align:start position:0% +can be solved in class x and x contains +polinomial time uh then you can also + + align:start position:0% +polinomial time uh then you can also + + + align:start position:0% +polinomial time uh then you can also +solve a in in the same complexity class + + align:start position:0% +solve a in in the same complexity class + + + align:start position:0% +solve a in in the same complexity class +so for example if B is in pspace then we + + align:start position:0% +so for example if B is in pspace then we + + + align:start position:0% +so for example if B is in pspace then we +learned that a is in pspace something + + align:start position:0% +learned that a is in pspace something + + + align:start position:0% +learned that a is in pspace something +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +cool uh any questions at this + + align:start position:0% +cool uh any questions at this + + + align:start position:0% +cool uh any questions at this +point question yeah so we've talked a l + + align:start position:0% +point question yeah so we've talked a l + + + align:start position:0% +point question yeah so we've talked a l +about this MP thing why don't we ever + + align:start position:0% +about this MP thing why don't we ever + + + align:start position:0% +about this MP thing why don't we ever +talk about nondeterministic exponential + + align:start position:0% +talk about nondeterministic exponential + + + align:start position:0% +talk about nondeterministic exponential +problems or things like that okay uh + + align:start position:0% +problems or things like that okay uh + + + align:start position:0% +problems or things like that okay uh +yeah I didn't Define non-deterministic + + align:start position:0% +yeah I didn't Define non-deterministic + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I didn't Define non-deterministic +exponential problems but that's a valid + + align:start position:0% +exponential problems but that's a valid + + + align:start position:0% +exponential problems but that's a valid +thing I think it's usually written NX + + align:start position:0% +thing I think it's usually written NX + + + align:start position:0% +thing I think it's usually written NX +and I believe there is a class of games + + align:start position:0% +and I believe there is a class of games + + + align:start position:0% +and I believe there is a class of games +that naturally fits into NX it's mainly + + align:start position:0% +that naturally fits into NX it's mainly + + + align:start position:0% +that naturally fits into NX it's mainly +an issue of which classes commonly arise + + align:start position:0% +an issue of which classes commonly arise + + + align:start position:0% +an issue of which classes commonly arise +in problems that we care about this is a + + align:start position:0% +in problems that we care about this is a + + + align:start position:0% +in problems that we care about this is a +pretty rare one but I think there might + + align:start position:0% +pretty rare one but I think there might + + + align:start position:0% +pretty rare one but I think there might +be one instance where we might touch on + + align:start position:0% +be one instance where we might touch on + + + align:start position:0% +be one instance where we might touch on +this yeah we definitely can uh it's the + + align:start position:0% +this yeah we definitely can uh it's the + + + align:start position:0% +this yeah we definitely can uh it's the +same open problem whether x equals NX uh + + align:start position:0% +same open problem whether x equals NX uh + + + align:start position:0% +same open problem whether x equals NX uh +I mean it's another open problem I + + align:start position:0% +I mean it's another open problem I + + + align:start position:0% +I mean it's another open problem I +shouldn't say it's the same I think you + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't say it's the same I think you + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't say it's the same I think you +could solve one without the other again + + align:start position:0% +could solve one without the other again + + + align:start position:0% +could solve one without the other again +everyone believes you can't do it if you + + align:start position:0% +everyone believes you can't do it if you + + + align:start position:0% +everyone believes you can't do it if you +believe you can't engineer luckiness + + align:start position:0% +believe you can't engineer luckiness + + + align:start position:0% +believe you can't engineer luckiness +then of course NX uh doesn't equal X but + + align:start position:0% +then of course NX uh doesn't equal X but + + + align:start position:0% +then of course NX uh doesn't equal X but +uh that would fit right after uh right + + align:start position:0% +uh that would fit right after uh right + + + align:start position:0% +uh that would fit right after uh right +after X you get NX and then you get X + + align:start position:0% +after X you get NX and then you get X + + + align:start position:0% +after X you get NX and then you get X +space according to the things we've + + align:start position:0% +space according to the things we've + + + align:start position:0% +space according to the things we've +written down and cared about that would + + align:start position:0% +written down and cared about that would + + + align:start position:0% +written down and cared about that would +be the order of things of course there + + align:start position:0% +be the order of things of course there + + + align:start position:0% +be the order of things of course there +are classes in between these but um + + align:start position:0% +are classes in between these but um + + + align:start position:0% +are classes in between these but um +those are these are the ones that appear + + align:start position:0% +those are these are the ones that appear + + + align:start position:0% +those are these are the ones that appear +normally yeah do we know how to use + + align:start position:0% +normally yeah do we know how to use + + + align:start position:0% +normally yeah do we know how to use +hardness assumptions so for example P + + align:start position:0% +hardness assumptions so for example P + + + align:start position:0% +hardness assumptions so for example P +not equal to NP to say whether there + + align:start position:0% +not equal to NP to say whether there + + + align:start position:0% +not equal to NP to say whether there +exist problems that are not NP nor NP + + align:start position:0% +exist problems that are not NP nor NP + + + align:start position:0% +exist problems that are not NP nor NP +complete uh yeah that's another big open + + align:start position:0% +complete uh yeah that's another big open + + + align:start position:0% +complete uh yeah that's another big open +question uh say p does not equal NP are + + align:start position:0% +question uh say p does not equal NP are + + + align:start position:0% +question uh say p does not equal NP are +there problems here which is to say + + align:start position:0% +there problems here which is to say + + + align:start position:0% +there problems here which is to say +strictly in between being in so they're + + align:start position:0% +strictly in between being in so they're + + + align:start position:0% +strictly in between being in so they're +still not in P they're right of this + + align:start position:0% +still not in P they're right of this + + + align:start position:0% +still not in P they're right of this +line but they're also easier than MP + + align:start position:0% +line but they're also easier than MP + + + align:start position:0% +line but they're also easier than MP +complete problems there are a couple + + align:start position:0% +complete problems there are a couple + + + align:start position:0% +complete problems there are a couple +problems that are famously conjectured + + align:start position:0% +problems that are famously conjectured + + + align:start position:0% +problems that are famously conjectured +to live there uh like factoring integers + + align:start position:0% +to live there uh like factoring integers + + + align:start position:0% +to live there uh like factoring integers +and graph isomorphism but I'm not aware + + align:start position:0% +and graph isomorphism but I'm not aware + + + align:start position:0% +and graph isomorphism but I'm not aware +of any uh nice complexity class there + + align:start position:0% +of any uh nice complexity class there + + + align:start position:0% +of any uh nice complexity class there +you can of course say um you can talk + + align:start position:0% +you can of course say um you can talk + + + align:start position:0% +you can of course say um you can talk +about a class of problems that + + align:start position:0% +about a class of problems that + + + align:start position:0% +about a class of problems that +as hard as graph isomorphism in a + + align:start position:0% +as hard as graph isomorphism in a + + + align:start position:0% +as hard as graph isomorphism in a +certain sense uh that if you believe if + + align:start position:0% +certain sense uh that if you believe if + + + align:start position:0% +certain sense uh that if you believe if +you have like a graph isomorphism Oracle + + align:start position:0% +you have like a graph isomorphism Oracle + + + align:start position:0% +you have like a graph isomorphism Oracle +what can you do and so there's a little + + align:start position:0% +what can you do and so there's a little + + + align:start position:0% +what can you do and so there's a little +bit of work trying to chart that space + + align:start position:0% +bit of work trying to chart that space + + + align:start position:0% +bit of work trying to chart that space +But I'd say in general it's been uh not + + align:start position:0% +But I'd say in general it's been uh not + + + align:start position:0% +But I'd say in general it's been uh not +super successful don't quote me on that + + align:start position:0% +super successful don't quote me on that + + + align:start position:0% +super successful don't quote me on that +though I also don't know the literature + + align:start position:0% +though I also don't know the literature + + + align:start position:0% +though I also don't know the literature +super well there so that's a big + + align:start position:0% +super well there so that's a big + + + align:start position:0% +super well there so that's a big +Uncharted Territory let's say could be a + + align:start position:0% +Uncharted Territory let's say could be a + + + align:start position:0% +Uncharted Territory let's say could be a +good project probably lots of open + + align:start position:0% +good project probably lots of open + + + align:start position:0% +good project probably lots of open +problems + + align:start position:0% +problems + + + align:start position:0% +problems +there other questions but I think most + + align:start position:0% +there other questions but I think most + + + align:start position:0% +there other questions but I think most +people believe there are things there um + + align:start position:0% +people believe there are things there um + + + align:start position:0% +people believe there are things there um +one thing you could prove is there's a + + align:start position:0% +one thing you could prove is there's a + + + align:start position:0% +one thing you could prove is there's a +thing called exponential time hypothesis + + align:start position:0% +thing called exponential time hypothesis + + + align:start position:0% +thing called exponential time hypothesis +which would say that sat has no + + align:start position:0% +which would say that sat has no + + + align:start position:0% +which would say that sat has no +subexponential algorithm nothing two to + + align:start position:0% +subexponential algorithm nothing two to + + + align:start position:0% +subexponential algorithm nothing two to +the little o of n if you believe that + + align:start position:0% +the little o of n if you believe that + + + align:start position:0% +the little o of n if you believe that +then it's known there are things in + + align:start position:0% +then it's known there are things in + + + align:start position:0% +then it's known there are things in +between you can pick your favorite + + align:start position:0% +between you can pick your favorite + + + align:start position:0% +between you can pick your favorite +function like n to the log log n that's + + align:start position:0% +function like n to the log log n that's + + + align:start position:0% +function like n to the log log n that's +bigger than polinomial but smaller than + + align:start position:0% +bigger than polinomial but smaller than + + + align:start position:0% +bigger than polinomial but smaller than +exponential and there are there are + + align:start position:0% +exponential and there are there are + + + align:start position:0% +exponential and there are there are +problems that are in that class and not + + align:start position:0% +problems that are in that class and not + + + align:start position:0% +problems that are in that class and not +in P so definitely with eth you can do + + align:start position:0% +in P so definitely with eth you can do + + + align:start position:0% +in P so definitely with eth you can do +it yeah so regarding that question I + + align:start position:0% +it yeah so regarding that question I + + + align:start position:0% +it yeah so regarding that question I +think it uh it has been proven that if P + + align:start position:0% +think it uh it has been proven that if P + + + align:start position:0% +think it uh it has been proven that if P +not equal NP then there is stuff in + + align:start position:0% +not equal NP then there is stuff in + + + align:start position:0% +not equal NP then there is stuff in +there because you can kind of do a + + align:start position:0% +there because you can kind of do a + + + align:start position:0% +there because you can kind of do a +diagonalization other questions yeah + + align:start position:0% +diagonalization other questions yeah + + + align:start position:0% +diagonalization other questions yeah +what's the decision problem for the + + align:start position:0% +what's the decision problem for the + + + align:start position:0% +what's the decision problem for the +factoring uh decision problem for + + align:start position:0% +factoring uh decision problem for + + + align:start position:0% +factoring uh decision problem for +factoring I think one version is uh I I + + align:start position:0% +factoring I think one version is uh I I + + + align:start position:0% +factoring I think one version is uh I I +give you a number the decision and I + + align:start position:0% +give you a number the decision and I + + + align:start position:0% +give you a number the decision and I +give you a bit position and I want to + + align:start position:0% +give you a bit position and I want to + + + align:start position:0% +give you a bit position and I want to +know whether there is a factor that has + + align:start position:0% +know whether there is a factor that has + + + align:start position:0% +know whether there is a factor that has +a zero or one in that position so if you + + align:start position:0% +a zero or one in that position so if you + + + align:start position:0% +a zero or one in that position so if you +can solve that problem then by repeated + + align:start position:0% +can solve that problem then by repeated + + + align:start position:0% +can solve that problem then by repeated +calls you could actually find a factor + + align:start position:0% +calls you could actually find a factor + + + align:start position:0% +calls you could actually find a factor +that's not one + + align:start position:0% +that's not one + + + align:start position:0% +that's not one +um I don't know if there's a better + + align:start position:0% +um I don't know if there's a better + + + align:start position:0% +um I don't know if there's a better +better version than that you have to be + + align:start position:0% +better version than that you have to be + + + align:start position:0% +better version than that you have to be +careful of course if you say well he the + + align:start position:0% +careful of course if you say well he the + + + align:start position:0% +careful of course if you say well he the +number Prime then that's in polinomial + + align:start position:0% +number Prime then that's in polinomial + + + align:start position:0% +number Prime then that's in polinomial +time that was a big result a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +time that was a big result a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +time that was a big result a bunch of +years ago so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah most of the time it's easy to go + + align:start position:0% +yeah most of the time it's easy to go + + + align:start position:0% +yeah most of the time it's easy to go +from your problem optimization problem + + align:start position:0% +from your problem optimization problem + + + align:start position:0% +from your problem optimization problem +to a decision problem but uh factoring + + align:start position:0% +to a decision problem but uh factoring + + + align:start position:0% +to a decision problem but uh factoring +is one where it's less + + align:start position:0% +is one where it's less + + + align:start position:0% +is one where it's less +clear more + + align:start position:0% +clear more + + + align:start position:0% +clear more +questions + + align:start position:0% +questions + + + align:start position:0% +questions +that was a lot in a small amount of time + + align:start position:0% +that was a lot in a small amount of time + + + align:start position:0% +that was a lot in a small amount of time +uh but that's all you should need from + + align:start position:0% +uh but that's all you should need from + + + align:start position:0% +uh but that's all you should need from +complexity Theory yeah okay I guess um I + + align:start position:0% +complexity Theory yeah okay I guess um I + + + align:start position:0% +complexity Theory yeah okay I guess um I +have a question about the way you + + align:start position:0% +have a question about the way you + + + align:start position:0% +have a question about the way you +defined NP there with lucky algorithms y + + align:start position:0% +defined NP there with lucky algorithms y + + + align:start position:0% +defined NP there with lucky algorithms y +uh so the definition that I've seen + + align:start position:0% +uh so the definition that I've seen + + + align:start position:0% +uh so the definition that I've seen +before is in terms of not teristic uh + + align:start position:0% +before is in terms of not teristic uh + + + align:start position:0% +before is in terms of not teristic uh +turning machines corre and there uh it + + align:start position:0% +turning machines corre and there uh it + + + align:start position:0% +turning machines corre and there uh it +specifically constrains every branch of + + align:start position:0% +specifically constrains every branch of + + + align:start position:0% +specifically constrains every branch of +the computation to run po of time + + align:start position:0% +the computation to run po of time + + + align:start position:0% +the computation to run po of time +whereas you can imagine a lucky + + align:start position:0% +whereas you can imagine a lucky + + + align:start position:0% +whereas you can imagine a lucky +algorithm that avoids like infinite + + align:start position:0% +algorithm that avoids like infinite + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm that avoids like infinite +looping just because it's lucky oh okay + + align:start position:0% +looping just because it's lucky oh okay + + + align:start position:0% +looping just because it's lucky oh okay +yeah I was a little vague here I said uh + + align:start position:0% +yeah I was a little vague here I said uh + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I was a little vague here I said uh +for the definition of NP I said + + align:start position:0% +for the definition of NP I said + + + align:start position:0% +for the definition of NP I said +polinomial time in the worst case + + align:start position:0% +polinomial time in the worst case + + + align:start position:0% +polinomial time in the worst case +probably I need to say it's polinomial + + align:start position:0% +probably I need to say it's polinomial + + + align:start position:0% +probably I need to say it's polinomial +time no matter what branch you + + align:start position:0% +time no matter what branch you + + + align:start position:0% +time no matter what branch you +take uh not sure it matters because + + align:start position:0% +take uh not sure it matters because + + + align:start position:0% +take uh not sure it matters because +maybe uh if you know your algorith is + + align:start position:0% +maybe uh if you know your algorith is + + + align:start position:0% +maybe uh if you know your algorith is +supposed to run in polinomial time you + + align:start position:0% +supposed to run in polinomial time you + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to run in polinomial time you +could have a timer and if it ever + + align:start position:0% +could have a timer and if it ever + + + align:start position:0% +could have a timer and if it ever +exceeds that time just return no uh so + + align:start position:0% +exceeds that time just return no uh so + + + align:start position:0% +exceeds that time just return no uh so +you might be able to convert the weaker + + align:start position:0% +you might be able to convert the weaker + + + align:start position:0% +you might be able to convert the weaker +notion of polinomial time to the + + align:start position:0% +notion of polinomial time to the + + + align:start position:0% +notion of polinomial time to the +stronger one but yeah it won't matter + + align:start position:0% +stronger one but yeah it won't matter + + + align:start position:0% +stronger one but yeah it won't matter +too much I mean in all the algorithms + + align:start position:0% +too much I mean in all the algorithms + + + align:start position:0% +too much I mean in all the algorithms +we'll think about you every Branch you + + align:start position:0% +we'll think about you every Branch you + + + align:start position:0% +we'll think about you every Branch you +could possibly think of even the non- + + align:start position:0% +could possibly think of even the non- + + + align:start position:0% +could possibly think of even the non- +luuy ones are polinomial time so we will + + align:start position:0% +luuy ones are polinomial time so we will + + + align:start position:0% +luuy ones are polinomial time so we will +stick to that uh we won't spend much + + align:start position:0% +stick to that uh we won't spend much + + + align:start position:0% +stick to that uh we won't spend much +time in general proving that problems + + align:start position:0% +time in general proving that problems + + + align:start position:0% +time in general proving that problems +are in NP or in P space only to check + + align:start position:0% +are in NP or in P space only to check + + + align:start position:0% +are in NP or in P space only to check +that this is the right class we're + + align:start position:0% +that this is the right class we're + + + align:start position:0% +that this is the right class we're +supposed to be working in we'll spend + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be working in we'll spend + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be working in we'll spend +most of our time proving the the + + align:start position:0% +most of our time proving the the + + + align:start position:0% +most of our time proving the the +hardness cases the lower bounds yeah so + + align:start position:0% +hardness cases the lower bounds yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +hardness cases the lower bounds yeah so +um you you mentioned that if you use + + align:start position:0% +um you you mentioned that if you use + + + align:start position:0% +um you you mentioned that if you use +different U Notions of a reduction + + align:start position:0% +different U Notions of a reduction + + + align:start position:0% +different U Notions of a reduction +different limits basically on on the + + align:start position:0% +different limits basically on on the + + + align:start position:0% +different limits basically on on the +competition you get different measures + + align:start position:0% +competition you get different measures + + + align:start position:0% +competition you get different measures +of as hard as so as your classes get + + align:start position:0% +of as hard as so as your classes get + + + align:start position:0% +of as hard as so as your classes get +bigger does it matter if you start using + + align:start position:0% +bigger does it matter if you start using + + + align:start position:0% +bigger does it matter if you start using +more than polinomial time in your + + align:start position:0% +more than polinomial time in your + + + align:start position:0% +more than polinomial time in your +reduction does it actually + + align:start position:0% +reduction does it actually + + + align:start position:0% +reduction does it actually +change I'm sure it matters but again + + align:start position:0% +change I'm sure it matters but again + + + align:start position:0% +change I'm sure it matters but again +it's beyond the the classes that are + + align:start position:0% +it's beyond the the classes that are + + + align:start position:0% +it's beyond the the classes that are +usually considered from an algorithmic + + align:start position:0% +usually considered from an algorithmic + + + align:start position:0% +usually considered from an algorithmic +standpoint the bigger bigger than these + + align:start position:0% +standpoint the bigger bigger than these + + + align:start position:0% +standpoint the bigger bigger than these +classes don't seem to matter much and in + + align:start position:0% +classes don't seem to matter much and in + + + align:start position:0% +classes don't seem to matter much and in +these maybe once I've seen like a + + align:start position:0% +these maybe once I've seen like a + + + align:start position:0% +these maybe once I've seen like a +polinomial space reduction to prove X + + align:start position:0% +polinomial space reduction to prove X + + + align:start position:0% +polinomial space reduction to prove X +parness so it's a slightly weaker notion + + align:start position:0% +parness so it's a slightly weaker notion + + + align:start position:0% +parness so it's a slightly weaker notion +than if you do polom time reduction um + + align:start position:0% +than if you do polom time reduction um + + + align:start position:0% +than if you do polom time reduction um +but if you believe P space is not equal + + align:start position:0% +but if you believe P space is not equal + + + align:start position:0% +but if you believe P space is not equal +x but still a separation so sometimes + + align:start position:0% +x but still a separation so sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +x but still a separation so sometimes +things like that happen I think the the + + align:start position:0% +things like that happen I think the the + + + align:start position:0% +things like that happen I think the the +most common is just switching to a space + + align:start position:0% +most common is just switching to a space + + + align:start position:0% +most common is just switching to a space +measure over a Time measure um I don't + + align:start position:0% +measure over a Time measure um I don't + + + align:start position:0% +measure over a Time measure um I don't +think it will matter in anything we see + + align:start position:0% +think it will matter in anything we see + + + align:start position:0% +think it will matter in anything we see +here but it does it does arise in the + + align:start position:0% +here but it does it does arise in the + + + align:start position:0% +here but it does it does arise in the +literature definitely I think pspace or + + align:start position:0% +literature definitely I think pspace or + + + align:start position:0% +literature definitely I think pspace or +log space are the two common ones and of + + align:start position:0% +log space are the two common ones and of + + + align:start position:0% +log space are the two common ones and of +course when you're doing peace + + align:start position:0% +course when you're doing peace + + + align:start position:0% +course when you're doing peace +completeness it's another another world + + align:start position:0% +completeness it's another another world + + + align:start position:0% +completeness it's another another world +but yeah you mentioned setting a Hyer + + align:start position:0% +but yeah you mentioned setting a Hyer + + + align:start position:0% +but yeah you mentioned setting a Hyer +and I'm um + + align:start position:0% +and I'm um + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm um +curious how that how you could do that + + align:start position:0% +curious how that how you could do that + + + align:start position:0% +curious how that how you could do that +because for + + align:start position:0% +because for + + + align:start position:0% +because for +any you know for any instance of problem + + align:start position:0% +any you know for any instance of problem + + + align:start position:0% +any you know for any instance of problem +right you you can't say that I've used + + align:start position:0% +right you you can't say that I've used + + + align:start position:0% +right you you can't say that I've used +exponential time it could just be that + + align:start position:0% +exponential time it could just be that + + + align:start position:0% +exponential time it could just be that +there's a bigger constant out front Okay + + align:start position:0% +there's a bigger constant out front Okay + + + align:start position:0% +there's a bigger constant out front Okay +yeah so you need to know what the + + align:start position:0% +yeah so you need to know what the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so you need to know what the +polinomial is for it to have a timer + + align:start position:0% +polinomial is for it to have a timer + + + align:start position:0% +polinomial is for it to have a timer +that's a small catch + + align:start position:0% +that's a small catch + + + align:start position:0% +that's a small catch +uh yeah I don't see an easy way to avoid + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah I don't see an easy way to avoid + + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah I don't see an easy way to avoid +that yeah there's there's some a few + + align:start position:0% +that yeah there's there's some a few + + + align:start position:0% +that yeah there's there's some a few +subtle constructive issues there if you + + align:start position:0% +subtle constructive issues there if you + + + align:start position:0% +subtle constructive issues there if you +don't know what the bound is then things + + align:start position:0% +don't know what the bound is then things + + + align:start position:0% +don't know what the bound is then things +get more annoying none of those things + + align:start position:0% +get more annoying none of those things + + + align:start position:0% +get more annoying none of those things +will happen in reality so remember this + + align:start position:0% +will happen in reality so remember this + + + align:start position:0% +will happen in reality so remember this +is not a complexity class we're looking + + align:start position:0% +is not a complexity class we're looking + + + align:start position:0% +is not a complexity class we're looking +at algorithms here so well this this + + align:start position:0% +at algorithms here so well this this + + + align:start position:0% +at algorithms here so well this this +part is actually easy it's all about the + + align:start position:0% +part is actually easy it's all about the + + + align:start position:0% +part is actually easy it's all about the +reductions that's where the meat of this + + align:start position:0% +reductions that's where the meat of this + + + align:start position:0% +reductions that's where the meat of this +class will be and for that we need to + + align:start position:0% +class will be and for that we need to + + + align:start position:0% +class will be and for that we need to +get NP + + align:start position:0% +get NP + + + align:start position:0% +get NP +hardcore uh I think all of you soon will + + align:start position:0% +hardcore uh I think all of you soon will + + + align:start position:0% +hardcore uh I think all of you soon will +be NP hardc course and we'll be able to + + align:start position:0% +be NP hardc course and we'll be able to + + + align:start position:0% +be NP hardc course and we'll be able to +prove uh really hard problems really + + align:start position:0% +prove uh really hard problems really + + + align:start position:0% +prove uh really hard problems really +hard so in the spirit of NP hardc + + align:start position:0% +hard so in the spirit of NP hardc + + + align:start position:0% +hard so in the spirit of NP hardc +coreness we're going to take the classic + + align:start position:0% +coreness we're going to take the classic + + + align:start position:0% +coreness we're going to take the classic +of hardcore video games Super Mario + + align:start position:0% +of hardcore video games Super Mario + + + align:start position:0% +of hardcore video games Super Mario +Brothers and our first proof will be + + align:start position:0% +Brothers and our first proof will be + + + align:start position:0% +Brothers and our first proof will be +that Mario Brothers is NP hard this got + + align:start position:0% +that Mario Brothers is NP hard this got + + + align:start position:0% +that Mario Brothers is NP hard this got +lots of press like here's Kaku saying + + align:start position:0% +lots of press like here's Kaku saying + + + align:start position:0% +lots of press like here's Kaku saying +science proves old video games were + + align:start position:0% +science proves old video games were + + + align:start position:0% +science proves old video games were +super + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hard this is + + align:start position:0% +hard this is + + + align:start position:0% +hard this is +a this is you know proving the obvious I + + align:start position:0% +a this is you know proving the obvious I + + + align:start position:0% +a this is you know proving the obvious I +guess but uh anyway um so let me tell + + align:start position:0% +guess but uh anyway um so let me tell + + + align:start position:0% +guess but uh anyway um so let me tell +you a little bit about how this proof + + align:start position:0% +you a little bit about how this proof + + + align:start position:0% +you a little bit about how this proof +goes and then we will see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it all right so + + align:start position:0% +it all right so + + + align:start position:0% +it all right so +um we need a problem to reduce from the + + align:start position:0% +um we need a problem to reduce from the + + + align:start position:0% +um we need a problem to reduce from the +problem is threat this is probably the + + align:start position:0% +problem is threat this is probably the + + + align:start position:0% +problem is threat this is probably the +most common problem to reduce from we + + align:start position:0% +most common problem to reduce from we + + + align:start position:0% +most common problem to reduce from we +will spend a bunch of lectures on it it + + align:start position:0% +will spend a bunch of lectures on it it + + + align:start position:0% +will spend a bunch of lectures on it it +won't be our next very next class but we + + align:start position:0% +won't be our next very next class but we + + + align:start position:0% +won't be our next very next class but we +will get to it pretty soon uh this is + + align:start position:0% +will get to it pretty soon uh this is + + + align:start position:0% +will get to it pretty soon uh this is +also known as three + + align:start position:0% +also known as three + + + align:start position:0% +also known as three +satisfiability if you're ever trying to + + align:start position:0% +satisfiability if you're ever trying to + + + align:start position:0% +satisfiability if you're ever trying to +prove NP hardness and you don't know + + align:start position:0% +prove NP hardness and you don't know + + + align:start position:0% +prove NP hardness and you don't know +where to start from the answer is threat + + align:start position:0% +where to start from the answer is threat + + + align:start position:0% +where to start from the answer is threat +almost always but not always + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um okay whatever + + align:start position:0% +um okay whatever + + + align:start position:0% +um okay whatever +um so what's the problem um you're given + + align:start position:0% +um so what's the problem um you're given + + + align:start position:0% +um so what's the problem um you're given +a 3 CNF formula this means uh something + + align:start position:0% +a 3 CNF formula this means uh something + + + align:start position:0% +a 3 CNF formula this means uh something +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +X5 or I I'll be I'll be nice and write + + align:start position:0% +X5 or I I'll be I'll be nice and write + + + align:start position:0% +X5 or I I'll be I'll be nice and write +English or X3 or uh not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X1 and another thing like that + + align:start position:0% +X1 and another thing like that + + + align:start position:0% +X1 and another thing like that +X7 or uh not + + align:start position:0% +X7 or uh not + + + align:start position:0% +X7 or uh not +X2 or X x 5 + + align:start position:0% +X2 or X x 5 + + + align:start position:0% +X2 or X x 5 +whatever and so on so uh some key words + + align:start position:0% +whatever and so on so uh some key words + + + align:start position:0% +whatever and so on so uh some key words +you should + + align:start position:0% +you should + + + align:start position:0% +you should +know XIs those are called + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +variables XI or not XI those are called + + align:start position:0% +variables XI or not XI those are called + + + align:start position:0% +variables XI or not XI those are called +literals you have two choices you can + + align:start position:0% +literals you have two choices you can + + + align:start position:0% +literals you have two choices you can +either have a positive variable or a + + align:start position:0% +either have a positive variable or a + + + align:start position:0% +either have a positive variable or a +negative + + align:start position:0% +negative + + + align:start position:0% +negative +variable then you always have three + + align:start position:0% +variable then you always have three + + + align:start position:0% +variable then you always have three +literals per Clause these things things + + align:start position:0% +literals per Clause these things things + + + align:start position:0% +literals per Clause these things things +are called each row of this thing that I + + align:start position:0% +are called each row of this thing that I + + + align:start position:0% +are called each row of this thing that I +drew is called a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +clause okay the whole thing is called a + + align:start position:0% +clause okay the whole thing is called a + + + align:start position:0% +clause okay the whole thing is called a +formula and the question is can you make + + align:start position:0% +formula and the question is can you make + + + align:start position:0% +formula and the question is can you make +this formula + + align:start position:0% +this formula + + + align:start position:0% +this formula +true so that's what you want to know um + + align:start position:0% +true so that's what you want to know um + + + align:start position:0% +true so that's what you want to know um +do there exist uh + + align:start position:0% +do there exist uh + + + align:start position:0% +do there exist uh +XIs such that the formula is + + align:start position:0% +XIs such that the formula is + + + align:start position:0% +XIs such that the formula is +true that's a decision + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problem and it's NP complete + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it is almost the first problem proved + + align:start position:0% +it is almost the first problem proved + + + align:start position:0% +it is almost the first problem proved +EMP + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +complete um it's like the second problem + + align:start position:0% +complete um it's like the second problem + + + align:start position:0% +complete um it's like the second problem +grp didn't be complete uh the the first + + align:start position:0% +grp didn't be complete uh the the first + + + align:start position:0% +grp didn't be complete uh the the first +one was without the this particular + + align:start position:0% +one was without the this particular + + + align:start position:0% +one was without the this particular +formula this particular style it was + + align:start position:0% +formula this particular style it was + + + align:start position:0% +formula this particular style it was +just a bunch of ANS and ores and knots + + align:start position:0% +just a bunch of ANS and ores and knots + + + align:start position:0% +just a bunch of ANS and ores and knots +in any combination uh but this is also + + align:start position:0% +in any combination uh but this is also + + + align:start position:0% +in any combination uh but this is also +hard and it's usually easier to start + + align:start position:0% +hard and it's usually easier to start + + + align:start position:0% +hard and it's usually easier to start +from this situation so what we want to + + align:start position:0% +from this situation so what we want to + + + align:start position:0% +from this situation so what we want to +do is reduce from threat to Super Mario + + align:start position:0% +do is reduce from threat to Super Mario + + + align:start position:0% +do is reduce from threat to Super Mario +Brothers okay so let's do it um so I + + align:start position:0% +Brothers okay so let's do it um so I + + + align:start position:0% +Brothers okay so let's do it um so I +should mention our proof holds Super + + align:start position:0% +should mention our proof holds Super + + + align:start position:0% +should mention our proof holds Super +Mario Brothers one two and or One Lost + + align:start position:0% +Mario Brothers one two and or One Lost + + + align:start position:0% +Mario Brothers one two and or One Lost +Levels and three uh Super Mario Brothers + + align:start position:0% +Levels and three uh Super Mario Brothers + + + align:start position:0% +Levels and three uh Super Mario Brothers +2 is another world also Super Mario + + align:start position:0% +2 is another world also Super Mario + + + align:start position:0% +2 is another world also Super Mario +worlds I think one and two um but most + + align:start position:0% +worlds I think one and two um but most + + + align:start position:0% +worlds I think one and two um but most +of the pictures will be Super Mario + + align:start position:0% +of the pictures will be Super Mario + + + align:start position:0% +of the pictures will be Super Mario +Brothers original uh so uh what we're + + align:start position:0% +Brothers original uh so uh what we're + + + align:start position:0% +Brothers original uh so uh what we're +going to do are build gadgets gadgets + + align:start position:0% +going to do are build gadgets gadgets + + + align:start position:0% +going to do are build gadgets gadgets +are in this case little pieces of levels + + align:start position:0% +are in this case little pieces of levels + + + align:start position:0% +are in this case little pieces of levels +that we're going to join together to + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to join together to + + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to join together to +make the actual reduction so it's + + align:start position:0% +make the actual reduction so it's + + + align:start position:0% +make the actual reduction so it's +usually it's not typical that you look + + align:start position:0% +usually it's not typical that you look + + + align:start position:0% +usually it's not typical that you look +at the instance of a and just think + + align:start position:0% +at the instance of a and just think + + + align:start position:0% +at the instance of a and just think +really hard and then just output an + + align:start position:0% +really hard and then just output an + + + align:start position:0% +really hard and then just output an +instance of B from from nowhere you just + + align:start position:0% +instance of B from from nowhere you just + + + align:start position:0% +instance of B from from nowhere you just +say well okay instance of a has lots of + + align:start position:0% +say well okay instance of a has lots of + + + align:start position:0% +say well okay instance of a has lots of +little pieces you know it's got + + align:start position:0% +little pieces you know it's got + + + align:start position:0% +little pieces you know it's got +variables and literals and clauses and a + + align:start position:0% +variables and literals and clauses and a + + + align:start position:0% +variables and literals and clauses and a +formula I'm just going to take each of + + align:start position:0% +formula I'm just going to take each of + + + align:start position:0% +formula I'm just going to take each of +those little pieces and convert them + + align:start position:0% +those little pieces and convert them + + + align:start position:0% +those little pieces and convert them +into a little piece in my output and + + align:start position:0% +into a little piece in my output and + + + align:start position:0% +into a little piece in my output and +then just string them all together + + align:start position:0% +then just string them all together + + + align:start position:0% +then just string them all together +usually a fairly obvious way though + + align:start position:0% +usually a fairly obvious way though + + + align:start position:0% +usually a fairly obvious way though +sometimes there's some subtleties there + + align:start position:0% +sometimes there's some subtleties there + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes there's some subtleties there +almost all of our proofs will follow the + + align:start position:0% +almost all of our proofs will follow the + + + align:start position:0% +almost all of our proofs will follow the +structure this is Gadget structure and + + align:start position:0% +structure this is Gadget structure and + + + align:start position:0% +structure this is Gadget structure and +this is the thing you're here to learn + + align:start position:0% +this is the thing you're here to learn + + + align:start position:0% +this is the thing you're here to learn +is super cool uh cuz if you once you + + align:start position:0% +is super cool uh cuz if you once you + + + align:start position:0% +is super cool uh cuz if you once you +know that you want to do threat you're + + align:start position:0% +know that you want to do threat you're + + + align:start position:0% +know that you want to do threat you're +like okay I need variables and clauses + + align:start position:0% +like okay I need variables and clauses + + + align:start position:0% +like okay I need variables and clauses +so here's the variable got Mario on the + + align:start position:0% +so here's the variable got Mario on the + + + align:start position:0% +so here's the variable got Mario on the +top Mario has to decide should he go + + align:start position:0% +top Mario has to decide should he go + + + align:start position:0% +top Mario has to decide should he go +left or + + align:start position:0% +left or + + + align:start position:0% +left or +right um I mean you could go back but if + + align:start position:0% +right um I mean you could go back but if + + + align:start position:0% +right um I mean you could go back but if +you want to sort of go through this + + align:start position:0% +you want to sort of go through this + + + align:start position:0% +you want to sort of go through this +gadget you can either fall left or fall + + align:start position:0% +gadget you can either fall left or fall + + + align:start position:0% +gadget you can either fall left or fall +right and all of these Heights are so + + align:start position:0% +right and all of these Heights are so + + + align:start position:0% +right and all of these Heights are so +large that once you make that decision + + align:start position:0% +large that once you make that decision + + + align:start position:0% +large that once you make that decision +you can't come back up because you have + + align:start position:0% +you can't come back up because you have + + + align:start position:0% +you can't come back up because you have +a limited jump + + align:start position:0% +a limited jump + + + align:start position:0% +a limited jump +height okay here's the Clause + + align:start position:0% +height okay here's the Clause + + + align:start position:0% +height okay here's the Clause +Gadget uh so the idea of variable is + + align:start position:0% +Gadget uh so the idea of variable is + + + align:start position:0% +Gadget uh so the idea of variable is +we're choosing do do I set X5 to be true + + align:start position:0% +we're choosing do do I set X5 to be true + + + align:start position:0% +we're choosing do do I set X5 to be true +or false let's say the left Branch + + align:start position:0% +or false let's say the left Branch + + + align:start position:0% +or false let's say the left Branch +corresponds to true the right Branch + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to true the right Branch + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to true the right Branch +corresponds to false how that happens + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to false how that happens + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to false how that happens +we'll see in a moment that's about how + + align:start position:0% +we'll see in a moment that's about how + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see in a moment that's about how +the gadgets fit together Clause Gadget + + align:start position:0% +the gadgets fit together Clause Gadget + + + align:start position:0% +the gadgets fit together Clause Gadget +has two parts on the one hand you have + + align:start position:0% +has two parts on the one hand you have + + + align:start position:0% +has two parts on the one hand you have +these three entry points where your goal + + align:start position:0% +these three entry points where your goal + + + align:start position:0% +these three entry points where your goal +is to hit Koopas + + align:start position:0% +is to hit Koopas + + + align:start position:0% +is to hit Koopas +and bounce them around and then the + + align:start position:0% +and bounce them around and then the + + + align:start position:0% +and bounce them around and then the +other part is down here is a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +other part is down here is a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +other part is down here is a bunch of +bricks and at the end of the level we're + + align:start position:0% +bricks and at the end of the level we're + + + align:start position:0% +bricks and at the end of the level we're +going to set it up so Mario has to go + + align:start position:0% +going to set it up so Mario has to go + + + align:start position:0% +going to set it up so Mario has to go +through this part okay and this will be + + align:start position:0% +through this part okay and this will be + + + align:start position:0% +through this part okay and this will be +traversable if and only if these bricks + + align:start position:0% +traversable if and only if these bricks + + + align:start position:0% +traversable if and only if these bricks +have been broken so how would you do + + align:start position:0% +have been broken so how would you do + + + align:start position:0% +have been broken so how would you do +that um this brick and well various + + align:start position:0% +that um this brick and well various + + + align:start position:0% +that um this brick and well various +things are in the way here so um what + + align:start position:0% +things are in the way here so um what + + + align:start position:0% +things are in the way here so um what +you need to + + align:start position:0% +you need to + + + align:start position:0% +you need to +do interesting uh we're going to change + + align:start position:0% +do interesting uh we're going to change + + + align:start position:0% +do interesting uh we're going to change +this gadge in a second I I already see + + align:start position:0% +this gadge in a second I I already see + + + align:start position:0% +this gadge in a second I I already see +some issues with it but um this was our + + align:start position:0% +some issues with it but um this was our + + + align:start position:0% +some issues with it but um this was our +original original proof didn't get + + align:start position:0% +original original proof didn't get + + + align:start position:0% +original original proof didn't get +published uh we ended up fixing it + + align:start position:0% +published uh we ended up fixing it + + + align:start position:0% +published uh we ended up fixing it +before we submitted it um so what you + + align:start position:0% +before we submitted it um so what you + + + align:start position:0% +before we submitted it um so what you +the idea is what we want Mario to do is + + align:start position:0% +the idea is what we want Mario to do is + + + align:start position:0% +the idea is what we want Mario to do is +come down here hit the Koopa and then + + align:start position:0% +come down here hit the Koopa and then + + + align:start position:0% +come down here hit the Koopa and then +knock the shell out here and it will + + align:start position:0% +knock the shell out here and it will + + + align:start position:0% +knock the shell out here and it will +bounce and eventually Break All These + + align:start position:0% +bounce and eventually Break All These + + + align:start position:0% +bounce and eventually Break All These +Bricks right well no that would be Super + + align:start position:0% +Bricks right well no that would be Super + + + align:start position:0% +Bricks right well no that would be Super +Mario Brothers 3 where Turtles actually + + align:start position:0% +Mario Brothers 3 where Turtles actually + + + align:start position:0% +Mario Brothers 3 where Turtles actually +break bricks and Super Mario Brothers + + align:start position:0% +break bricks and Super Mario Brothers + + + align:start position:0% +break bricks and Super Mario Brothers +one they don't + + align:start position:0% +one they don't + + + align:start position:0% +one they don't +so uh we will use a different Gadget + + align:start position:0% +so uh we will use a different Gadget + + + align:start position:0% +so uh we will use a different Gadget +with fire bars and uh question blocks + + align:start position:0% +with fire bars and uh question blocks + + + align:start position:0% +with fire bars and uh question blocks +with uh invincibility stars in them okay + + align:start position:0% +with uh invincibility stars in them okay + + + align:start position:0% +with uh invincibility stars in them okay +so same idea there are three entrances + + align:start position:0% +so same idea there are three entrances + + + align:start position:0% +so same idea there are three entrances +down here if you hit any one of them + + align:start position:0% +down here if you hit any one of them + + + align:start position:0% +down here if you hit any one of them +then the star will just float around + + align:start position:0% +then the star will just float around + + + align:start position:0% +then the star will just float around +here forever we test it it goes there + + align:start position:0% +here forever we test it it goes there + + + align:start position:0% +here forever we test it it goes there +for as long as the level can last then + + align:start position:0% +for as long as the level can last then + + + align:start position:0% +for as long as the level can last then +later if you come here lots of testing + + align:start position:0% +later if you come here lots of testing + + + align:start position:0% +later if you come here lots of testing +involves of course um later if you come + + align:start position:0% +involves of course um later if you come + + + align:start position:0% +involves of course um later if you come +into here and you can get the star you + + align:start position:0% +into here and you can get the star you + + + align:start position:0% +into here and you can get the star you +have just enough time to run through all + + align:start position:0% +have just enough time to run through all + + + align:start position:0% +have just enough time to run through all +these fireb bars if you don't you will + + align:start position:0% +these fireb bars if you don't you will + + + align:start position:0% +these fireb bars if you don't you will +die okay so uh that's the Clause Gadget + + align:start position:0% +die okay so uh that's the Clause Gadget + + + align:start position:0% +die okay so uh that's the Clause Gadget +so there if you visit in at least one of + + align:start position:0% +so there if you visit in at least one of + + + align:start position:0% +so there if you visit in at least one of +these three places you can visit in all + + align:start position:0% +these three places you can visit in all + + + align:start position:0% +these three places you can visit in all +of them it doesn't help to have three + + align:start position:0% +of them it doesn't help to have three + + + align:start position:0% +of them it doesn't help to have three +stars versus one in this case because + + align:start position:0% +stars versus one in this case because + + + align:start position:0% +stars versus one in this case because +they don't stack or anything um then and + + align:start position:0% +they don't stack or anything um then and + + + align:start position:0% +they don't stack or anything um then and +only then can you go through the top + + align:start position:0% +only then can you go through the top + + + align:start position:0% +only then can you go through the top +part okay this is what we might call + + align:start position:0% +part okay this is what we might call + + + align:start position:0% +part okay this is what we might call +traversal and this is I don't know you + + align:start position:0% +traversal and this is I don't know you + + + align:start position:0% +traversal and this is I don't know you +can call it setting the gadget to + + align:start position:0% +can call it setting the gadget to + + + align:start position:0% +can call it setting the gadget to +True uh how does this all fit together + + align:start position:0% +True uh how does this all fit together + + + align:start position:0% +True uh how does this all fit together +this is sort of the bigger issue so + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of the bigger issue so + + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of the bigger issue so +we're going to take this threat instance + + align:start position:0% +we're going to take this threat instance + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to take this threat instance +okay it's got variables and clauses and + + align:start position:0% +okay it's got variables and clauses and + + + align:start position:0% +okay it's got variables and clauses and +Let's ignore the negations for now uh am + + align:start position:0% +Let's ignore the negations for now uh am + + + align:start position:0% +Let's ignore the negations for now uh am +I going to ignore them no I'm not going + + align:start position:0% +I going to ignore them no I'm not going + + + align:start position:0% +I going to ignore them no I'm not going +to ignore them but uh on the one hand we + + align:start position:0% +to ignore them but uh on the one hand we + + + align:start position:0% +to ignore them but uh on the one hand we +have variables the other hand we have + + align:start position:0% +have variables the other hand we have + + + align:start position:0% +have variables the other hand we have +Clauses and we're going to connect each + + align:start position:0% +Clauses and we're going to connect each + + + align:start position:0% +Clauses and we're going to connect each +variable to the Clause that contains it + + align:start position:0% +variable to the Clause that contains it + + + align:start position:0% +variable to the Clause that contains it +so this is an actual set of four Clauses + + align:start position:0% +so this is an actual set of four Clauses + + + align:start position:0% +so this is an actual set of four Clauses +here and you can trace them all so the + + align:start position:0% +here and you can trace them all so the + + + align:start position:0% +here and you can trace them all so the +claim is that X in the positive form + + align:start position:0% +claim is that X in the positive form + + + align:start position:0% +claim is that X in the positive form +appears in the first clause and the + + align:start position:0% +appears in the first clause and the + + + align:start position:0% +appears in the first clause and the +second Clause you can see there's an X + + align:start position:0% +second Clause you can see there's an X + + + align:start position:0% +second Clause you can see there's an X +here and an X here it appears in the + + align:start position:0% +here and an X here it appears in the + + + align:start position:0% +here and an X here it appears in the +negative form this is not x uh in clause + + align:start position:0% +negative form this is not x uh in clause + + + align:start position:0% +negative form this is not x uh in clause +three and Clause 4 because here's not X + + align:start position:0% +three and Clause 4 because here's not X + + + align:start position:0% +three and Clause 4 because here's not X +and not X okay um and so on so that's + + align:start position:0% +and not X okay um and so on so that's + + + align:start position:0% +and not X okay um and so on so that's +what all these Connections in the middle + + align:start position:0% +what all these Connections in the middle + + + align:start position:0% +what all these Connections in the middle +are in general it's kind of a bipartite + + align:start position:0% +are in general it's kind of a bipartite + + + align:start position:0% +are in general it's kind of a bipartite +graph you've got variables on the one + + align:start position:0% +graph you've got variables on the one + + + align:start position:0% +graph you've got variables on the one +side Clauses on the other side uh and we + + align:start position:0% +side Clauses on the other side uh and we + + + align:start position:0% +side Clauses on the other side uh and we +happen to have coess things in these + + align:start position:0% +happen to have coess things in these + + + align:start position:0% +happen to have coess things in these +groups uh what these edges are now going + + align:start position:0% +groups uh what these edges are now going + + + align:start position:0% +groups uh what these edges are now going +to be converted into our paths for Mario + + align:start position:0% +to be converted into our paths for Mario + + + align:start position:0% +to be converted into our paths for Mario +to follow so this is the variable Gadget + + align:start position:0% +to follow so this is the variable Gadget + + + align:start position:0% +to follow so this is the variable Gadget +it's this thing we're just going to plug + + align:start position:0% +it's this thing we're just going to plug + + + align:start position:0% +it's this thing we're just going to plug +that in here so the idea is you enter + + align:start position:0% +that in here so the idea is you enter + + + align:start position:0% +that in here so the idea is you enter +from here and then you have two ways + + align:start position:0% +from here and then you have two ways + + + align:start position:0% +from here and then you have two ways +that you can + + align:start position:0% +that you can + + + align:start position:0% +that you can +go okay either the true way or the false + + align:start position:0% +go okay either the true way or the false + + + align:start position:0% +go okay either the true way or the false +way if you set the variable to true you + + align:start position:0% +way if you set the variable to true you + + + align:start position:0% +way if you set the variable to true you +can then go and visit the corresponding + + align:start position:0% +can then go and visit the corresponding + + + align:start position:0% +can then go and visit the corresponding +Clauses that contain it and get one of + + align:start position:0% +Clauses that contain it and get one of + + + align:start position:0% +Clauses that contain it and get one of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +Stars okay + + align:start position:0% +Stars okay + + + align:start position:0% +Stars okay +now if for each variable you only get to + + align:start position:0% +now if for each variable you only get to + + + align:start position:0% +now if for each variable you only get to +make one of those choices then you + + align:start position:0% +make one of those choices then you + + + align:start position:0% +make one of those choices then you +satisfy all the Clauses that contain + + align:start position:0% +satisfy all the Clauses that contain + + + align:start position:0% +satisfy all the Clauses that contain +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +literal at the end and then when you're + + align:start position:0% +literal at the end and then when you're + + + align:start position:0% +literal at the end and then when you're +done you can walk to the next + + align:start position:0% +done you can walk to the next + + + align:start position:0% +done you can walk to the next +variable okay uh so there's actually two + + align:start position:0% +variable okay uh so there's actually two + + + align:start position:0% +variable okay uh so there's actually two +entrances to the variable it doesn't uh + + align:start position:0% +entrances to the variable it doesn't uh + + + align:start position:0% +entrances to the variable it doesn't uh +I guess that kind of matters what we + + align:start position:0% +I guess that kind of matters what we + + + align:start position:0% +I guess that kind of matters what we +want in the variable so if you came from + + align:start position:0% +want in the variable so if you came from + + + align:start position:0% +want in the variable so if you came from +the true setting or you came from the + + align:start position:0% +the true setting or you came from the + + + align:start position:0% +the true setting or you came from the +false setting you don't want to be able + + align:start position:0% +false setting you don't want to be able + + + align:start position:0% +false setting you don't want to be able +to like run and jump over to the other + + align:start position:0% +to like run and jump over to the other + + + align:start position:0% +to like run and jump over to the other +side and then satisfy the previous + + align:start position:0% +side and then satisfy the previous + + + align:start position:0% +side and then satisfy the previous +variable both true and false you only + + align:start position:0% +variable both true and false you only + + + align:start position:0% +variable both true and false you only +get to make one choice + + align:start position:0% +get to make one choice + + + align:start position:0% +get to make one choice +lots of things to check here then in the + + align:start position:0% +lots of things to check here then in the + + + align:start position:0% +lots of things to check here then in the +end at the very end after you set the + + align:start position:0% +end at the very end after you set the + + + align:start position:0% +end at the very end after you set the +last variable you have to Traverse all + + align:start position:0% +last variable you have to Traverse all + + + align:start position:0% +last variable you have to Traverse all +of these Clauses through the fireb bars + + align:start position:0% +of these Clauses through the fireb bars + + + align:start position:0% +of these Clauses through the fireb bars +and that's going to be possible if and + + align:start position:0% +and that's going to be possible if and + + + align:start position:0% +and that's going to be possible if and +only if every one of the Clauses has a + + align:start position:0% +only if every one of the Clauses has a + + + align:start position:0% +only if every one of the Clauses has a +star in it in other words the variable + + align:start position:0% +star in it in other words the variable + + + align:start position:0% +star in it in other words the variable +satisfied all the Clauses in other words + + align:start position:0% +satisfied all the Clauses in other words + + + align:start position:0% +satisfied all the Clauses in other words +the formula is true because the Clauses + + align:start position:0% +the formula is true because the Clauses + + + align:start position:0% +the formula is true because the Clauses +are combined with an + + align:start position:0% +are combined with an + + + align:start position:0% +are combined with an +and okay that is in a nutshell the proof + + align:start position:0% +and okay that is in a nutshell the proof + + + align:start position:0% +and okay that is in a nutshell the proof +once you've made this construction uh + + align:start position:0% +once you've made this construction uh + + + align:start position:0% +once you've made this construction uh +that the uh solu solution to threet is + + align:start position:0% +that the uh solu solution to threet is + + + align:start position:0% +that the uh solu solution to threet is +equal to the solution to uh Mario in + + align:start position:0% +equal to the solution to uh Mario in + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the solution to uh Mario in +general you want to prove on the one + + align:start position:0% +general you want to prove on the one + + + align:start position:0% +general you want to prove on the one +hand if the answer is yes to three set + + align:start position:0% +hand if the answer is yes to three set + + + align:start position:0% +hand if the answer is yes to three set +if there's a valid setting for the + + align:start position:0% +if there's a valid setting for the + + + align:start position:0% +if there's a valid setting for the +variables then there's a solution to + + align:start position:0% +variables then there's a solution to + + + align:start position:0% +variables then there's a solution to +this Mario instance you can actually + + align:start position:0% +this Mario instance you can actually + + + align:start position:0% +this Mario instance you can actually +solve the level the decision question + + align:start position:0% +solve the level the decision question + + + align:start position:0% +solve the level the decision question +here is can I make it to the end of the + + align:start position:0% +here is can I make it to the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +here is can I make it to the end of the +level there's a flag over there um and + + align:start position:0% +level there's a flag over there um and + + + align:start position:0% +level there's a flag over there um and +conversely if there is an actual + + align:start position:0% +conversely if there is an actual + + + align:start position:0% +conversely if there is an actual +solution to this puzzle you want to show + + align:start position:0% +solution to this puzzle you want to show + + + align:start position:0% +solution to this puzzle you want to show +that you can convert it into a valid + + align:start position:0% +that you can convert it into a valid + + + align:start position:0% +that you can convert it into a valid +setting for three sat that satisfies the + + align:start position:0% +setting for three sat that satisfies the + + + align:start position:0% +setting for three sat that satisfies the +formula you need to check both and that + + align:start position:0% +formula you need to check both and that + + + align:start position:0% +formula you need to check both and that +mean that gives you the the equality + + align:start position:0% +mean that gives you the the equality + + + align:start position:0% +mean that gives you the the equality +here question don't you need this graph + + align:start position:0% +here question don't you need this graph + + + align:start position:0% +here question don't you need this graph +to be + + align:start position:0% +to be + + + align:start position:0% +to be +planer ah good question uh this graph is + + align:start position:0% +planer ah good question uh this graph is + + + align:start position:0% +planer ah good question uh this graph is +not planer and so there're these + + align:start position:0% +not planer and so there're these + + + align:start position:0% +not planer and so there're these +Crossings so there's one more + + align:start position:0% +Crossings so there's one more + + + align:start position:0% +Crossings so there's one more +Gadget the crossover Gadget and this is + + align:start position:0% +Gadget the crossover Gadget and this is + + + align:start position:0% +Gadget the crossover Gadget and this is +on the poster so if you were analyzing + + align:start position:0% +on the poster so if you were analyzing + + + align:start position:0% +on the poster so if you were analyzing +it uh there are many ways to do + + align:start position:0% +it uh there are many ways to do + + + align:start position:0% +it uh there are many ways to do +crossover and this one is kind of + + align:start position:0% +crossover and this one is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +crossover and this one is kind of +Overkill unless I tell you that Super + + align:start position:0% +Overkill unless I tell you that Super + + + align:start position:0% +Overkill unless I tell you that Super +Mario Brothers has tons of uh hacks and + + align:start position:0% +Mario Brothers has tons of uh hacks and + + + align:start position:0% +Mario Brothers has tons of uh hacks and +cheats you can play and run through + + align:start position:0% +cheats you can play and run through + + + align:start position:0% +cheats you can play and run through +walls and crazy things but never mind + + align:start position:0% +walls and crazy things but never mind + + + align:start position:0% +walls and crazy things but never mind +that uh the idea here is you are a big + + align:start position:0% +that uh the idea here is you are a big + + + align:start position:0% +that uh the idea here is you are a big +Mario at the beginning of the level + + align:start position:0% +Mario at the beginning of the level + + + align:start position:0% +Mario at the beginning of the level +there's a mushroom and you better not + + align:start position:0% +there's a mushroom and you better not + + + align:start position:0% +there's a mushroom and you better not +lose it otherwise you're in trouble so + + align:start position:0% +lose it otherwise you're in trouble so + + + align:start position:0% +lose it otherwise you're in trouble so +on the one hand I can go from left to + + align:start position:0% +on the one hand I can go from left to + + + align:start position:0% +on the one hand I can go from left to +right it's a directional crossover or I + + align:start position:0% +right it's a directional crossover or I + + + align:start position:0% +right it's a directional crossover or I +can go from this is sort of the bottom + + align:start position:0% +can go from this is sort of the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +can go from this is sort of the bottom +to the top but I can't go from bottom to + + align:start position:0% +to the top but I can't go from bottom to + + + align:start position:0% +to the top but I can't go from bottom to +right I can't go from bottom to left all + + align:start position:0% +right I can't go from bottom to left all + + + align:start position:0% +right I can't go from bottom to left all +all these sorts of things why um okay + + align:start position:0% +all these sorts of things why um okay + + + align:start position:0% +all these sorts of things why um okay +let's do the positive case first uh say + + align:start position:0% +let's do the positive case first uh say + + + align:start position:0% +let's do the positive case first uh say +I'm From the Bottom I fall here can't go + + align:start position:0% +I'm From the Bottom I fall here can't go + + + align:start position:0% +I'm From the Bottom I fall here can't go +back I can jump uh if I'm big Mario I + + align:start position:0% +back I can jump uh if I'm big Mario I + + + align:start position:0% +back I can jump uh if I'm big Mario I +can break through a couple bricks and + + align:start position:0% +can break through a couple bricks and + + + align:start position:0% +can break through a couple bricks and +then I can escape okay um but if I tried + + align:start position:0% +then I can escape okay um but if I tried + + + align:start position:0% +then I can escape okay um but if I tried +to I could uh run under here for example + + align:start position:0% +to I could uh run under here for example + + + align:start position:0% +to I could uh run under here for example +if you're good you can Crouch slide and + + align:start position:0% +if you're good you can Crouch slide and + + + align:start position:0% +if you're good you can Crouch slide and +then jump jump jump jump jump you get to + + align:start position:0% +then jump jump jump jump jump you get to + + + align:start position:0% +then jump jump jump jump jump you get to +here uh but you cannot get through this + + align:start position:0% +here uh but you cannot get through this + + + align:start position:0% +here uh but you cannot get through this +or maybe I need to add one more wiggle a + + align:start position:0% +or maybe I need to add one more wiggle a + + + align:start position:0% +or maybe I need to add one more wiggle a +little easier to see over here maybe I + + align:start position:0% +little easier to see over here maybe I + + + align:start position:0% +little easier to see over here maybe I +can get here and move over but if if + + align:start position:0% +can get here and move over but if if + + + align:start position:0% +can get here and move over but if if +you're in this position you have no uh + + align:start position:0% +you're in this position you have no uh + + + align:start position:0% +you're in this position you have no uh +momentum you can gain and so you can't + + align:start position:0% +momentum you can gain and so you can't + + + align:start position:0% +momentum you can gain and so you can't +Crouch slide into there so if you're + + align:start position:0% +Crouch slide into there so if you're + + + align:start position:0% +Crouch slide into there so if you're +here coming from the bottom you can't + + align:start position:0% +here coming from the bottom you can't + + + align:start position:0% +here coming from the bottom you can't +get out + + align:start position:0% +get out + + + align:start position:0% +get out +alternatively if you come from the left + + align:start position:0% +alternatively if you come from the left + + + align:start position:0% +alternatively if you come from the left +instead of you know it's so tempting to + + align:start position:0% +instead of you know it's so tempting to + + + align:start position:0% +instead of you know it's so tempting to +kill the Goomba but instead of killing + + align:start position:0% +kill the Goomba but instead of killing + + + align:start position:0% +kill the Goomba but instead of killing +him you take damage become small Mario + + align:start position:0% +him you take damage become small Mario + + + align:start position:0% +him you take damage become small Mario +then you can Traverse through here cuz + + align:start position:0% +then you can Traverse through here cuz + + + align:start position:0% +then you can Traverse through here cuz +you don't need to crutch slide you just + + align:start position:0% +you don't need to crutch slide you just + + + align:start position:0% +you don't need to crutch slide you just +jump and then there's another mushroom + + align:start position:0% +jump and then there's another mushroom + + + align:start position:0% +jump and then there's another mushroom +for you to become restore big Mario and + + align:start position:0% +for you to become restore big Mario and + + + align:start position:0% +for you to become restore big Mario and +restore the invariant then you can and + + align:start position:0% +restore the invariant then you can and + + + align:start position:0% +restore the invariant then you can and +you better take it because otherwise you + + align:start position:0% +you better take it because otherwise you + + + align:start position:0% +you better take it because otherwise you +can't get out through here + + align:start position:0% +can't get out through here + + + align:start position:0% +can't get out through here +okay so you almost forced to go left to + + align:start position:0% +okay so you almost forced to go left to + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you almost forced to go left to +right or bottom to top now if you + + align:start position:0% +right or bottom to top now if you + + + align:start position:0% +right or bottom to top now if you +Traverse both of these gadgets then + + align:start position:0% +Traverse both of these gadgets then + + + align:start position:0% +Traverse both of these gadgets then +every both directions then everything + + align:start position:0% +every both directions then everything + + + align:start position:0% +every both directions then everything +all bets are off then you can go from + + align:start position:0% +all bets are off then you can go from + + + align:start position:0% +all bets are off then you can go from +anywhere to anywhere that's okay um + + align:start position:0% +anywhere to anywhere that's okay um + + + align:start position:0% +anywhere to anywhere that's okay um +because what we're worried about in this + + align:start position:0% +because what we're worried about in this + + + align:start position:0% +because what we're worried about in this +reduction is uh whether you can reach + + align:start position:0% +reduction is uh whether you can reach + + + align:start position:0% +reduction is uh whether you can reach +certain things if you can reach + + align:start position:0% +certain things if you can reach + + + align:start position:0% +certain things if you can reach +something I don't care whether you reach + + align:start position:0% +something I don't care whether you reach + + + align:start position:0% +something I don't care whether you reach +it now or later uh it's just you don't + + align:start position:0% +it now or later uh it's just you don't + + + align:start position:0% +it now or later uh it's just you don't +want to be able to reach unreachable + + align:start position:0% +want to be able to reach unreachable + + + align:start position:0% +want to be able to reach unreachable +things when you set the variable to true + + align:start position:0% +things when you set the variable to true + + + align:start position:0% +things when you set the variable to true +I don't want to be able to visit this + + align:start position:0% +I don't want to be able to visit this + + + align:start position:0% +I don't want to be able to visit this +false vertex ever and if you check all + + align:start position:0% +false vertex ever and if you check all + + + align:start position:0% +false vertex ever and if you check all +the Crossovers it's enough to build this + + align:start position:0% +the Crossovers it's enough to build this + + + align:start position:0% +the Crossovers it's enough to build this +kind of thing which either you Traverse + + align:start position:0% +kind of thing which either you Traverse + + + align:start position:0% +kind of thing which either you Traverse +left to right or bottom to top or you + + align:start position:0% +left to right or bottom to top or you + + + align:start position:0% +left to right or bottom to top or you +can reach both the left and the bottom + + align:start position:0% +can reach both the left and the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +can reach both the left and the bottom +and then you can reach anything okay and + + align:start position:0% +and then you can reach anything okay and + + + align:start position:0% +and then you can reach anything okay and +you never have to go right to left you + + align:start position:0% +you never have to go right to left you + + + align:start position:0% +you never have to go right to left you +never have to go top to bottom because + + align:start position:0% +never have to go top to bottom because + + + align:start position:0% +never have to go top to bottom because +we always know the order in which we're + + align:start position:0% +we always know the order in which we're + + + align:start position:0% +we always know the order in which we're +traversing things and so on okay I think + + align:start position:0% +traversing things and so on okay I think + + + align:start position:0% +traversing things and so on okay I think +I've waved my hands enough there are + + align:start position:0% +I've waved my hands enough there are + + + align:start position:0% +I've waved my hands enough there are +details to check but if you're + + align:start position:0% +details to check but if you're + + + align:start position:0% +details to check but if you're +interested you can wait till this part + + align:start position:0% +interested you can wait till this part + + + align:start position:0% +interested you can wait till this part +of the class where we'll cover uh Legend + + align:start position:0% +of the class where we'll cover uh Legend + + + align:start position:0% +of the class where we'll cover uh Legend +of Zelda Pokemon uh Metroid and I'm + + align:start position:0% +of Zelda Pokemon uh Metroid and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +of Zelda Pokemon uh Metroid and I'm +missing one Donkey Kong Country Donkey + + align:start position:0% +missing one Donkey Kong Country Donkey + + + align:start position:0% +missing one Donkey Kong Country Donkey +Kong Country is peace space complete + + align:start position:0% +Kong Country is peace space complete + + + align:start position:0% +Kong Country is peace space complete +that's that's a hard proof no pun + + align:start position:0% +that's that's a hard proof no pun + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's a hard proof no pun +intended um so that was Super Mario + + align:start position:0% +intended um so that was Super Mario + + + align:start position:0% +intended um so that was Super Mario +Brothers any more questions you asked + + align:start position:0% +Brothers any more questions you asked + + + align:start position:0% +Brothers any more questions you asked +the right one I would have gone to it + + align:start position:0% +the right one I would have gone to it + + + align:start position:0% +the right one I would have gone to it +otherwise yeah um our reer will never + + align:start position:0% +otherwise yeah um our reer will never + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise yeah um our reer will never +have to go say left to right twice + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh yes uh that's a good question what + + align:start position:0% +uh yes uh that's a good question what + + + align:start position:0% +uh yes uh that's a good question what +about um in this gadget we are not able + + align:start position:0% +about um in this gadget we are not able + + + align:start position:0% +about um in this gadget we are not able +to go left to right twice uh but that's + + align:start position:0% +to go left to right twice uh but that's + + + align:start position:0% +to go left to right twice uh but that's +okay uh + + align:start position:0% +okay uh + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh +what's not really drawn here but should + + align:start position:0% +what's not really drawn here but should + + + align:start position:0% +what's not really drawn here but should +be uh is we're really taking an Oiler + + align:start position:0% +be uh is we're really taking an Oiler + + + align:start position:0% +be uh is we're really taking an Oiler +tour of this star so we're going to go + + align:start position:0% +tour of this star so we're going to go + + + align:start position:0% +tour of this star so we're going to go +sort of on the left path there's + + align:start position:0% +sort of on the left path there's + + + align:start position:0% +sort of on the left path there's +actually two paths down here maybe uh + + align:start position:0% +actually two paths down here maybe uh + + + align:start position:0% +actually two paths down here maybe uh +we're going to go down here then we'll + + align:start position:0% +we're going to go down here then we'll + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to go down here then we'll +come back the other way go here here + + align:start position:0% +come back the other way go here here + + + align:start position:0% +come back the other way go here here +we're here they're actual cross + + align:start position:0% +we're here they're actual cross + + + align:start position:0% +we're here they're actual cross +crossovers when we come back there are + + align:start position:0% +crossovers when we come back there are + + + align:start position:0% +crossovers when we come back there are +different crossover gadgets yeah so you + + align:start position:0% +different crossover gadgets yeah so you + + + align:start position:0% +different crossover gadgets yeah so you +could say there's two crossover gadgets + + align:start position:0% +could say there's two crossover gadgets + + + align:start position:0% +could say there's two crossover gadgets +for each of these one for going One + + align:start position:0% +for each of these one for going One + + + align:start position:0% +for each of these one for going One +Direction one for coming + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +back yeah two two Cross Four crossovers + + align:start position:0% +back yeah two two Cross Four crossovers + + + align:start position:0% +back yeah two two Cross Four crossovers +for each intersection yeah for both + + align:start position:0% +for each intersection yeah for both + + + align:start position:0% +for each intersection yeah for both +directions and both guys yeah both I'm + + align:start position:0% +directions and both guys yeah both I'm + + + align:start position:0% +directions and both guys yeah both I'm +mostly willing to believe you but I have + + align:start position:0% +mostly willing to believe you but I have + + + align:start position:0% +mostly willing to believe you but I have +this nagling doubt that you can't + + align:start position:0% +this nagling doubt that you can't + + + align:start position:0% +this nagling doubt that you can't +actually arrange all of these things and + + align:start position:0% +actually arrange all of these things and + + + align:start position:0% +actually arrange all of these things and +they can fit together okay so there is a + + align:start position:0% +they can fit together okay so there is a + + + align:start position:0% +they can fit together okay so there is a +top level question which is in general + + align:start position:0% +top level question which is in general + + + align:start position:0% +top level question which is in general +it's the gadget problem if I have all + + align:start position:0% +it's the gadget problem if I have all + + + align:start position:0% +it's the gadget problem if I have all +these gadgets can I actually put them + + align:start position:0% +these gadgets can I actually put them + + + align:start position:0% +these gadgets can I actually put them +together and it's important uh the + + align:start position:0% +together and it's important uh the + + + align:start position:0% +together and it's important uh the +output instance should have polinomial + + align:start position:0% +output instance should have polinomial + + + align:start position:0% +output instance should have polinomial +size I probably should mention that here + + align:start position:0% +size I probably should mention that here + + + align:start position:0% +size I probably should mention that here +uh that's important + + align:start position:0% +uh that's important + + + align:start position:0% +uh that's important +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +polinomial oh it's polom time algorithm + + align:start position:0% +polinomial oh it's polom time algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +polinomial oh it's polom time algorithm +good good good yes so this is in + + align:start position:0% +good good good yes so this is in + + + align:start position:0% +good good good yes so this is in +parenthesis because it's a polinomial + + align:start position:0% +parenthesis because it's a polinomial + + + align:start position:0% +parenthesis because it's a polinomial +Time algorithm you will generate a + + align:start position:0% +Time algorithm you will generate a + + + align:start position:0% +Time algorithm you will generate a +polinomial size output because our have + + align:start position:0% +polinomial size output because our have + + + align:start position:0% +polinomial size output because our have +to be represented explicitly for + + align:start position:0% +to be represented explicitly for + + + align:start position:0% +to be represented explicitly for +reduction so uh the main issue is can + + align:start position:0% +reduction so uh the main issue is can + + + align:start position:0% +reduction so uh the main issue is can +you draw this in a grid of polinomial + + align:start position:0% +you draw this in a grid of polinomial + + + align:start position:0% +you draw this in a grid of polinomial +size and the short answer to your + + align:start position:0% +size and the short answer to your + + + align:start position:0% +size and the short answer to your +question is uh use standard graph + + align:start position:0% +question is uh use standard graph + + + align:start position:0% +question is uh use standard graph +drawing algorithms um if I give you a + + align:start position:0% +drawing algorithms um if I give you a + + + align:start position:0% +drawing algorithms um if I give you a +planer graph uh I can draw it with n + + align:start position:0% +planer graph uh I can draw it with n + + + align:start position:0% +planer graph uh I can draw it with n +vertices I can draw it in a grid that is + + align:start position:0% +vertices I can draw it in a grid that is + + + align:start position:0% +vertices I can draw it in a grid that is +order n by order N I think I forget what + + align:start position:0% +order n by order N I think I forget what + + + align:start position:0% +order n by order N I think I forget what +the best bound is maybe 6 n by 6n + + align:start position:0% +the best bound is maybe 6 n by 6n + + + align:start position:0% +the best bound is maybe 6 n by 6n +doesn't matter here now this graph is + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter here now this graph is + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter here now this graph is +not planer but if you just add a Vertex + + align:start position:0% +not planer but if you just add a Vertex + + + align:start position:0% +not planer but if you just add a Vertex +for every intersection uh and there's at + + align:start position:0% +for every intersection uh and there's at + + + align:start position:0% +for every intersection uh and there's at +most n squ intersections then I will + + align:start position:0% +most n squ intersections then I will + + + align:start position:0% +most n squ intersections then I will +have a planer graph then I apply that + + align:start position:0% +have a planer graph then I apply that + + + align:start position:0% +have a planer graph then I apply that +algorithm it draws everything into a + + align:start position:0% +algorithm it draws everything into a + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm it draws everything into a +grid I explode that grid by a factor of + + align:start position:0% +grid I explode that grid by a factor of + + + align:start position:0% +grid I explode that grid by a factor of +100 whatever the largest size of this + + align:start position:0% +100 whatever the largest size of this + + + align:start position:0% +100 whatever the largest size of this +gadget is plunk them in and then I route + + align:start position:0% +gadget is plunk them in and then I route + + + align:start position:0% +gadget is plunk them in and then I route +the tunnels so the the only thing I + + align:start position:0% +the tunnels so the the only thing I + + + align:start position:0% +the tunnels so the the only thing I +haven't really filled in is how do you + + align:start position:0% +haven't really filled in is how do you + + + align:start position:0% +haven't really filled in is how do you +route the tunnels to make them + + align:start position:0% +route the tunnels to make them + + + align:start position:0% +route the tunnels to make them +traversible because if you go up you've + + align:start position:0% +traversible because if you go up you've + + + align:start position:0% +traversible because if you go up you've +got to have enough stairs along the way + + align:start position:0% +got to have enough stairs along the way + + + align:start position:0% +got to have enough stairs along the way +but it's an exercise for the reader + + align:start position:0% +but it's an exercise for the reader + + + align:start position:0% +but it's an exercise for the reader +there are definitely details there and + + align:start position:0% +there are definitely details there and + + + align:start position:0% +there are definitely details there and +in some cases they are subtle I'll tell + + align:start position:0% +in some cases they are subtle I'll tell + + + align:start position:0% +in some cases they are subtle I'll tell +you the most annoying issue that can + + align:start position:0% +you the most annoying issue that can + + + align:start position:0% +you the most annoying issue that can +happen is a parody issue uh sometimes + + align:start position:0% +happen is a parody issue uh sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +happen is a parody issue uh sometimes +these these gadgets I mean you can make + + align:start position:0% +these these gadgets I mean you can make + + + align:start position:0% +these these gadgets I mean you can make +them slightly wider slightly taller it + + align:start position:0% +them slightly wider slightly taller it + + + align:start position:0% +them slightly wider slightly taller it +doesn't matter sometimes they have to be + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter sometimes they have to be + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter sometimes they have to be +even size or odd size and then things + + align:start position:0% +even size or odd size and then things + + + align:start position:0% +even size or odd size and then things +don't always fit up well and that's a + + align:start position:0% +don't always fit up well and that's a + + + align:start position:0% +don't always fit up well and that's a +pain to do um and I had a proof uh last + + align:start position:0% +pain to do um and I had a proof uh last + + + align:start position:0% +pain to do um and I had a proof uh last +month where I had I think three separate + + align:start position:0% +month where I had I think three separate + + + align:start position:0% +month where I had I think three separate +parody issues in a row I fix one and + + align:start position:0% +parody issues in a row I fix one and + + + align:start position:0% +parody issues in a row I fix one and +it's like yes I've got the proof and + + align:start position:0% +it's like yes I've got the proof and + + + align:start position:0% +it's like yes I've got the proof and +it's like uhoh there's another par + + align:start position:0% +it's like uhoh there's another par + + + align:start position:0% +it's like uhoh there's another par +problem then I fix that one and then uh + + align:start position:0% +problem then I fix that one and then uh + + + align:start position:0% +problem then I fix that one and then uh +oh there's another PR problem and + + align:start position:0% +oh there's another PR problem and + + + align:start position:0% +oh there's another PR problem and +finally the proof is hopefully correct + + align:start position:0% +finally the proof is hopefully correct + + + align:start position:0% +finally the proof is hopefully correct +um we might go through that as an + + align:start position:0% +um we might go through that as an + + + align:start position:0% +um we might go through that as an +example so they're definitely issues + + align:start position:0% +example so they're definitely issues + + + align:start position:0% +example so they're definitely issues +that can come up in gadget assembly but + + align:start position:0% +that can come up in gadget assembly but + + + align:start position:0% +that can come up in gadget assembly but +uh this one I'm not worried about let's + + align:start position:0% +uh this one I'm not worried about let's + + + align:start position:0% +uh this one I'm not worried about let's +see yeah to the original Super Mario + + align:start position:0% +see yeah to the original Super Mario + + + align:start position:0% +see yeah to the original Super Mario +Brothers allow you to go left no in + + align:start position:0% +Brothers allow you to go left no in + + + align:start position:0% +Brothers allow you to go left no in +original Super Mario Brothers you cannot + + align:start position:0% +original Super Mario Brothers you cannot + + + align:start position:0% +original Super Mario Brothers you cannot +scroll the screen left Mario can go left + + align:start position:0% +scroll the screen left Mario can go left + + + align:start position:0% +scroll the screen left Mario can go left +so this is all one + + align:start position:0% +so this is all one + + + align:start position:0% +so this is all one +screen you always have to generalize + + align:start position:0% +screen you always have to generalize + + + align:start position:0% +screen you always have to generalize +something in your problem and and uh if + + align:start position:0% +something in your problem and and uh if + + + align:start position:0% +something in your problem and and uh if +you don't if you say the size of your + + align:start position:0% +you don't if you say the size of your + + + align:start position:0% +you don't if you say the size of your +screen you know it's 320 by 240 or + + align:start position:0% +screen you know it's 320 by 240 or + + + align:start position:0% +screen you know it's 320 by 240 or +whatever in the original is constant + + align:start position:0% +whatever in the original is constant + + + align:start position:0% +whatever in the original is constant +then you can solve Mario and polinomial + + align:start position:0% +then you can solve Mario and polinomial + + + align:start position:0% +then you can solve Mario and polinomial +Time by dnamic programming so that's not + + align:start position:0% +Time by dnamic programming so that's not + + + align:start position:0% +Time by dnamic programming so that's not +as interesting uh Mario one of course + + align:start position:0% +as interesting uh Mario one of course + + + align:start position:0% +as interesting uh Mario one of course +any other Mario you can go left uh + + align:start position:0% +any other Mario you can go left uh + + + align:start position:0% +any other Mario you can go left uh +except sometimes it forgets the status + + align:start position:0% +except sometimes it forgets the status + + + align:start position:0% +except sometimes it forgets the status +of uh of your monsters so um you can't + + align:start position:0% +of uh of your monsters so um you can't + + + align:start position:0% +of uh of your monsters so um you can't +if you again if you have that you can + + align:start position:0% +if you again if you have that you can + + + align:start position:0% +if you again if you have that you can +solve it in polinomial time by dynamic + + align:start position:0% +solve it in polinomial time by dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +solve it in polinomial time by dynamic +programming uh so we're in the the sort + + align:start position:0% +programming uh so we're in the the sort + + + align:start position:0% +programming uh so we're in the the sort +of it will say as intended model which + + align:start position:0% +of it will say as intended model which + + + align:start position:0% +of it will say as intended model which +is you have a big you can have a big + + align:start position:0% +is you have a big you can have a big + + + align:start position:0% +is you have a big you can have a big +level imagine the future you know 4K is + + align:start position:0% +level imagine the future you know 4K is + + + align:start position:0% +level imagine the future you know 4K is +already happening imagine the future you + + align:start position:0% +already happening imagine the future you + + + align:start position:0% +already happening imagine the future you +have a giant screen and you play a giant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +level um other + + align:start position:0% +level um other + + + align:start position:0% +level um other +questions now one question is is Mario + + align:start position:0% +questions now one question is is Mario + + + align:start position:0% +questions now one question is is Mario +Brothers in NP I conjecture no I think + + align:start position:0% +Brothers in NP I conjecture no I think + + + align:start position:0% +Brothers in NP I conjecture no I think +by now we might have a proof that it's p + + align:start position:0% +by now we might have a proof that it's p + + + align:start position:0% +by now we might have a proof that it's p +space complete uh but that's not + + align:start position:0% +space complete uh but that's not + + + align:start position:0% +space complete uh but that's not +published yet or even written yet so + + align:start position:0% +published yet or even written yet so + + + align:start position:0% +published yet or even written yet so +certainly not guaranteed but we think so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay uh last + + align:start position:0% +okay uh last + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh last +proof um is rush hour before I get to + + align:start position:0% +proof um is rush hour before I get to + + + align:start position:0% +proof um is rush hour before I get to +rush hour I'm going to tell you about um + + align:start position:0% +rush hour I'm going to tell you about um + + + align:start position:0% +rush hour I'm going to tell you about um +a another source problem so threat is + + align:start position:0% +a another source problem so threat is + + + align:start position:0% +a another source problem so threat is +the most common problem for you might + + align:start position:0% +the most common problem for you might + + + align:start position:0% +the most common problem for you might +call them uh short puzzles uh Mario + + align:start position:0% +call them uh short puzzles uh Mario + + + align:start position:0% +call them uh short puzzles uh Mario +Brothers is maybe a short puzzle if you + + align:start position:0% +Brothers is maybe a short puzzle if you + + + align:start position:0% +Brothers is maybe a short puzzle if you +have a time limit in Mario Brothers then + + align:start position:0% +have a time limit in Mario Brothers then + + + align:start position:0% +have a time limit in Mario Brothers then +you're guaranteed you can make it most + + align:start position:0% +you're guaranteed you can make it most + + + align:start position:0% +you're guaranteed you can make it most +uh let's say say n moves and then the + + align:start position:0% +uh let's say say n moves and then the + + + align:start position:0% +uh let's say say n moves and then the +game is over you either die or you + + align:start position:0% +game is over you either die or you + + + align:start position:0% +game is over you either die or you +finish um and three satisfiability is a + + align:start position:0% +finish um and three satisfiability is a + + + align:start position:0% +finish um and three satisfiability is a +good representation of that uh for + + align:start position:0% +good representation of that uh for + + + align:start position:0% +good representation of that uh for +longer games uh another model called + + align:start position:0% +longer games uh another model called + + + align:start position:0% +longer games uh another model called +constraint logic or constraint graphs is + + align:start position:0% +constraint logic or constraint graphs is + + + align:start position:0% +constraint logic or constraint graphs is +useful so let me tell you this problem + + align:start position:0% +useful so let me tell you this problem + + + align:start position:0% +useful so let me tell you this problem +okay it's in some sense simpler than + + align:start position:0% +okay it's in some sense simpler than + + + align:start position:0% +okay it's in some sense simpler than +three sets on a graph you have red edges + + align:start position:0% +three sets on a graph you have red edges + + + align:start position:0% +three sets on a graph you have red edges +and blue edges notice the blue edges are + + align:start position:0% +and blue edges notice the blue edges are + + + align:start position:0% +and blue edges notice the blue edges are +thicker that means they're twice as + + align:start position:0% +thicker that means they're twice as + + + align:start position:0% +thicker that means they're twice as +heavy uh so that you think of this as + + align:start position:0% +heavy uh so that you think of this as + + + align:start position:0% +heavy uh so that you think of this as +your machine um now a state of the + + align:start position:0% +your machine um now a state of the + + + align:start position:0% +your machine um now a state of the +machine is going to be an orientation of + + align:start position:0% +machine is going to be an orientation of + + + align:start position:0% +machine is going to be an orientation of +the graph so every Edge is just going to + + align:start position:0% +the graph so every Edge is just going to + + + align:start position:0% +the graph so every Edge is just going to +be oriented one way or the other and the + + align:start position:0% +be oriented one way or the other and the + + + align:start position:0% +be oriented one way or the other and the +constraint in general this is called a + + align:start position:0% +constraint in general this is called a + + + align:start position:0% +constraint in general this is called a +constraint graph and the constraint you + + align:start position:0% +constraint graph and the constraint you + + + align:start position:0% +constraint graph and the constraint you +have to satisfy is that at every vertex + + align:start position:0% +have to satisfy is that at every vertex + + + align:start position:0% +have to satisfy is that at every vertex +you have at least two units of flow + + align:start position:0% +you have at least two units of flow + + + align:start position:0% +you have at least two units of flow +pointed into the vertex so here there's + + align:start position:0% +pointed into the vertex so here there's + + + align:start position:0% +pointed into the vertex so here there's +actually three units of flow pointed in + + align:start position:0% +actually three units of flow pointed in + + + align:start position:0% +actually three units of flow pointed in +there's the red single unit and the blue + + align:start position:0% +there's the red single unit and the blue + + + align:start position:0% +there's the red single unit and the blue +double unit blue is always two red is + + align:start position:0% +double unit blue is always two red is + + + align:start position:0% +double unit blue is always two red is +always one so if don't if you get the + + align:start position:0% +always one so if don't if you get the + + + align:start position:0% +always one so if don't if you get the +Kindle edition of this book don't read + + align:start position:0% +Kindle edition of this book don't read + + + align:start position:0% +Kindle edition of this book don't read +it on a black and white + + align:start position:0% +it on a black and white + + + align:start position:0% +it on a black and white +display um or the PDF whatever so uh + + align:start position:0% +display um or the PDF whatever so uh + + + align:start position:0% +display um or the PDF whatever so uh +what you're allowed to do in this game + + align:start position:0% +what you're allowed to do in this game + + + align:start position:0% +what you're allowed to do in this game +the move you're allowed to do is reverse + + align:start position:0% +the move you're allowed to do is reverse + + + align:start position:0% +the move you're allowed to do is reverse +an edge as long as you always satisfy + + align:start position:0% +an edge as long as you always satisfy + + + align:start position:0% +an edge as long as you always satisfy +this invariant that at least two units + + align:start position:0% +this invariant that at least two units + + + align:start position:0% +this invariant that at least two units +are in then you're okay so I think here + + align:start position:0% +are in then you're okay so I think here + + + align:start position:0% +are in then you're okay so I think here +we're going to reverse uh this one first + + align:start position:0% +we're going to reverse uh this one first + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to reverse uh this one first +so now we have three units of flow + + align:start position:0% +so now we have three units of flow + + + align:start position:0% +so now we have three units of flow +pointed in you have to check that the + + align:start position:0% +pointed in you have to check that the + + + align:start position:0% +pointed in you have to check that the +other vertices satisfy but this one's + + align:start position:0% +other vertices satisfy but this one's + + + align:start position:0% +other vertices satisfy but this one's +certainly okay uh now uh because there + + align:start position:0% +certainly okay uh now uh because there + + + align:start position:0% +certainly okay uh now uh because there +are two red units we can reverse the + + align:start position:0% +are two red units we can reverse the + + + align:start position:0% +are two red units we can reverse the +blue one um and if we cannot r reverse + + align:start position:0% +blue one um and if we cannot r reverse + + + align:start position:0% +blue one um and if we cannot r reverse +the red ones right now because there's + + align:start position:0% +the red ones right now because there's + + + align:start position:0% +the red ones right now because there's +that would leave only one unit of flow + + align:start position:0% +that would leave only one unit of flow + + + align:start position:0% +that would leave only one unit of flow +inwards it's always two um so in fact + + align:start position:0% +inwards it's always two um so in fact + + + align:start position:0% +inwards it's always two um so in fact +this vertex that I've drawn is in some + + align:start position:0% +this vertex that I've drawn is in some + + + align:start position:0% +this vertex that I've drawn is in some +sense an and gate we call it an and + + align:start position:0% +sense an and gate we call it an and + + + align:start position:0% +sense an and gate we call it an and +vertex because it's not it's not a + + align:start position:0% +vertex because it's not it's not a + + + align:start position:0% +vertex because it's not it's not a +regular gate over here um we're going to + + align:start position:0% +regular gate over here um we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +regular gate over here um we're going to +think of it's a little bit asymmetric + + align:start position:0% +think of it's a little bit asymmetric + + + align:start position:0% +think of it's a little bit asymmetric +we're going to think of these as the + + align:start position:0% +we're going to think of these as the + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to think of these as the +inputs to the gate and this as the + + align:start position:0% +inputs to the gate and this as the + + + align:start position:0% +inputs to the gate and this as the +output of the gate and if the inputs are + + align:start position:0% +output of the gate and if the inputs are + + + align:start position:0% +output of the gate and if the inputs are +pointing out that's a false if they're + + align:start position:0% +pointing out that's a false if they're + + + align:start position:0% +pointing out that's a false if they're +pointing in that's a true and the output + + align:start position:0% +pointing in that's a true and the output + + + align:start position:0% +pointing in that's a true and the output +is reversed so if it's pointing in + + align:start position:0% +is reversed so if it's pointing in + + + align:start position:0% +is reversed so if it's pointing in +that's a false if it's pointing out it's + + align:start position:0% +that's a false if it's pointing out it's + + + align:start position:0% +that's a false if it's pointing out it's +a true so here's one state false false + + align:start position:0% +a true so here's one state false false + + + align:start position:0% +a true so here's one state false false +and so the and of false and false is + + align:start position:0% +and so the and of false and false is + + + align:start position:0% +and so the and of false and false is +false uh here's another state where both + + align:start position:0% +false uh here's another state where both + + + align:start position:0% +false uh here's another state where both +inputs are true and then the output can + + align:start position:0% +inputs are true and then the output can + + + align:start position:0% +inputs are true and then the output can +be true doesn't have to be though so in + + align:start position:0% +be true doesn't have to be though so in + + + align:start position:0% +be true doesn't have to be though so in +this example let's say we reverse this + + align:start position:0% +this example let's say we reverse this + + + align:start position:0% +this example let's say we reverse this +Edge so now we have false and true still + + align:start position:0% +Edge so now we have false and true still + + + align:start position:0% +Edge so now we have false and true still +we can't reverse this because false and + + align:start position:0% +we can't reverse this because false and + + + align:start position:0% +we can't reverse this because false and +true is false uh and because there's + + align:start position:0% +true is false uh and because there's + + + align:start position:0% +true is false uh and because there's +only there would only be one unit of + + align:start position:0% +only there would only be one unit of + + + align:start position:0% +only there would only be one unit of +incoming flow before we can reverse this + + align:start position:0% +incoming flow before we can reverse this + + + align:start position:0% +incoming flow before we can reverse this +if uh I could reverse it back I could + + align:start position:0% +if uh I could reverse it back I could + + + align:start position:0% +if uh I could reverse it back I could +reverse the other one uh only once I + + align:start position:0% +reverse the other one uh only once I + + + align:start position:0% +reverse the other one uh only once I +reverse both of the inputs can I am I + + align:start position:0% +reverse both of the inputs can I am I + + + align:start position:0% +reverse both of the inputs can I am I +allowed to reverse the output but I + + align:start position:0% +allowed to reverse the output but I + + + align:start position:0% +allowed to reverse the output but I +don't have to I could just let it sit + + align:start position:0% +don't have to I could just let it sit + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to I could just let it sit +there so it's not a gate in the sense + + align:start position:0% +there so it's not a gate in the sense + + + align:start position:0% +there so it's not a gate in the sense +that it doesn't compute the answer but + + align:start position:0% +that it doesn't compute the answer but + + + align:start position:0% +that it doesn't compute the answer but +what you know is that if if you have an + + align:start position:0% +what you know is that if if you have an + + + align:start position:0% +what you know is that if if you have an +output of true you know that the inputs + + align:start position:0% +output of true you know that the inputs + + + align:start position:0% +output of true you know that the inputs +must be true so it's kind of an + + align:start position:0% +must be true so it's kind of an + + + align:start position:0% +must be true so it's kind of an +and um we call it a constraint logic and + + align:start position:0% +and um we call it a constraint logic and + + + align:start position:0% +and um we call it a constraint logic and +uh now here this I claim is as an ore + + align:start position:0% +uh now here this I claim is as an ore + + + align:start position:0% +uh now here this I claim is as an ore +now if you look at this in a graph it's + + align:start position:0% +now if you look at this in a graph it's + + + align:start position:0% +now if you look at this in a graph it's +totally symmetric right it's just three + + align:start position:0% +totally symmetric right it's just three + + + align:start position:0% +totally symmetric right it's just three +blue edges but if you think of these two + + align:start position:0% +blue edges but if you think of these two + + + align:start position:0% +blue edges but if you think of these two +as inputs and these two as outputs it's + + align:start position:0% +as inputs and these two as outputs it's + + + align:start position:0% +as inputs and these two as outputs it's +an ore uh + + align:start position:0% +an ore uh + + + align:start position:0% +an ore uh +and so what's the point well if I + + align:start position:0% +and so what's the point well if I + + + align:start position:0% +and so what's the point well if I +reverse any of the edges the incoming + + align:start position:0% +reverse any of the edges the incoming + + + align:start position:0% +reverse any of the edges the incoming +edges uh the input edges I should say + + align:start position:0% +edges uh the input edges I should say + + + align:start position:0% +edges uh the input edges I should say +then I can reverse the bottom Edge I + + align:start position:0% +then I can reverse the bottom Edge I + + + align:start position:0% +then I can reverse the bottom Edge I +don't have to um and I could I could + + align:start position:0% +don't have to um and I could I could + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to um and I could I could +also do both true this can still be true + + align:start position:0% +also do both true this can still be true + + + align:start position:0% +also do both true this can still be true +and so on um so how do you if it's + + align:start position:0% +and so on um so how do you if it's + + + align:start position:0% +and so on um so how do you if it's +symmetric how do you constrain some of + + align:start position:0% +symmetric how do you constrain some of + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric how do you constrain some of +them to be inputs and other to be output + + align:start position:0% +them to be inputs and other to be output + + + align:start position:0% +them to be inputs and other to be output +uh the inputs and output distinction is + + align:start position:0% +uh the inputs and output distinction is + + + align:start position:0% +uh the inputs and output distinction is +only in your head um the the way that I + + align:start position:0% +only in your head um the the way that I + + + align:start position:0% +only in your head um the the way that I +used it is I said well an input is true + + align:start position:0% +used it is I said well an input is true + + + align:start position:0% +used it is I said well an input is true +if it's pointing in an output is true if + + align:start position:0% +if it's pointing in an output is true if + + + align:start position:0% +if it's pointing in an output is true if +it's pointing + + align:start position:0% +it's pointing + + + align:start position:0% +it's pointing +out okay so that's asymmetric and it's + + align:start position:0% +out okay so that's asymmetric and it's + + + align:start position:0% +out okay so that's asymmetric and it's +just a way of interpreting what's + + align:start position:0% +just a way of interpreting what's + + + align:start position:0% +just a way of interpreting what's +happening in the graph the graph knows + + align:start position:0% +happening in the graph the graph knows + + + align:start position:0% +happening in the graph the graph knows +no difference um this is useful of + + align:start position:0% +no difference um this is useful of + + + align:start position:0% +no difference um this is useful of +course because your output is the next + + align:start position:0% +course because your output is the next + + + align:start position:0% +course because your output is the next +vertex's input probably if you're + + align:start position:0% +vertex's input probably if you're + + + align:start position:0% +vertex's input probably if you're +building + + align:start position:0% +building + + + align:start position:0% +building +a bunch of ANS and ores if you're + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of ANS and ores if you're + + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of ANS and ores if you're +building a regular circuit so you you + + align:start position:0% +building a regular circuit so you you + + + align:start position:0% +building a regular circuit so you you +want that definition to be asymmetric it + + align:start position:0% +want that definition to be asymmetric it + + + align:start position:0% +want that definition to be asymmetric it +gets a little bit confusing but uh we + + align:start position:0% +gets a little bit confusing but uh we + + + align:start position:0% +gets a little bit confusing but uh we +will spend a lot more time on constraint + + align:start position:0% +will spend a lot more time on constraint + + + align:start position:0% +will spend a lot more time on constraint +logic this is more of a teaser okay but + + align:start position:0% +logic this is more of a teaser okay but + + + align:start position:0% +logic this is more of a teaser okay but +that's uh that's just in the in the + + align:start position:0% +that's uh that's just in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +that's uh that's just in the in the +naming of things naming of true and + + align:start position:0% +naming of things naming of true and + + + align:start position:0% +naming of things naming of true and +false okay so uh constraint logic uh + + align:start position:0% +false okay so uh constraint logic uh + + + align:start position:0% +false okay so uh constraint logic uh +let's say the what's the decision + + align:start position:0% +let's say the what's the decision + + + align:start position:0% +let's say the what's the decision +problem um I give you such a graph this + + align:start position:0% +problem um I give you such a graph this + + + align:start position:0% +problem um I give you such a graph this +uh notice every vertex is either an and + + align:start position:0% +uh notice every vertex is either an and + + + align:start position:0% +uh notice every vertex is either an and +two red and a blue or an or three blues + + align:start position:0% +two red and a blue or an or three blues + + + align:start position:0% +two red and a blue or an or three blues +and I want to know can I reverse that + + align:start position:0% +and I want to know can I reverse that + + + align:start position:0% +and I want to know can I reverse that +edge uh this is actually a crossover + + align:start position:0% +edge uh this is actually a crossover + + + align:start position:0% +edge uh this is actually a crossover +Gadget if you're curious um in this + + align:start position:0% +Gadget if you're curious um in this + + + align:start position:0% +Gadget if you're curious um in this +world crossover gadgets you can just + + align:start position:0% +world crossover gadgets you can just + + + align:start position:0% +world crossover gadgets you can just +build using ants Andor there's no knots + + align:start position:0% +build using ants Andor there's no knots + + + align:start position:0% +build using ants Andor there's no knots +in this world knots don't even make + + align:start position:0% +in this world knots don't even make + + + align:start position:0% +in this world knots don't even make +sense uh because you can't force + + align:start position:0% +sense uh because you can't force + + + align:start position:0% +sense uh because you can't force +anything but uh turns out this problem + + align:start position:0% +anything but uh turns out this problem + + + align:start position:0% +anything but uh turns out this problem +is PE space complete so even harder than + + align:start position:0% +is PE space complete so even harder than + + + align:start position:0% +is PE space complete so even harder than +three set assuming and P does not equal + + align:start position:0% +three set assuming and P does not equal + + + align:start position:0% +three set assuming and P does not equal +p + + align:start position:0% +p + + + align:start position:0% +p +space uh and the cool thing is once you + + align:start position:0% +space uh and the cool thing is once you + + + align:start position:0% +space uh and the cool thing is once you +have developed all that infrastructure + + align:start position:0% +have developed all that infrastructure + + + align:start position:0% +have developed all that infrastructure +if you want to take a a puzzle like rush + + align:start position:0% +if you want to take a a puzzle like rush + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to take a a puzzle like rush +hour so these are cars each car can + + align:start position:0% +hour so these are cars each car can + + + align:start position:0% +hour so these are cars each car can +slide in the direction of the car no + + align:start position:0% +slide in the direction of the car no + + + align:start position:0% +slide in the direction of the car no +turns allowed and your goal is to get + + align:start position:0% +turns allowed and your goal is to get + + + align:start position:0% +turns allowed and your goal is to get +some car out or to move some car at all + + align:start position:0% +some car out or to move some car at all + + + align:start position:0% +some car out or to move some car at all +let's say uh I need to do two things I + + align:start position:0% +let's say uh I need to do two things I + + + align:start position:0% +let's say uh I need to do two things I +need to construct an and gate and + + align:start position:0% +need to construct an and gate and + + + align:start position:0% +need to construct an and gate and +construct an or gate and then I need to + + align:start position:0% +construct an or gate and then I need to + + + align:start position:0% +construct an or gate and then I need to +check that they fit together um so let + + align:start position:0% +check that they fit together um so let + + + align:start position:0% +check that they fit together um so let +me convince you this is an and with this + + align:start position:0% +me convince you this is an and with this + + + align:start position:0% +me convince you this is an and with this +kind of orientation and + + align:start position:0% +kind of orientation and + + + align:start position:0% +kind of orientation and +uh um yeah so this is going to be a + + align:start position:0% +uh um yeah so this is going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +uh um yeah so this is going to be a +little bit feel a little backwards + + align:start position:0% +little bit feel a little backwards + + + align:start position:0% +little bit feel a little backwards +inward pointing means that the block is + + align:start position:0% +inward pointing means that the block is + + + align:start position:0% +inward pointing means that the block is +out and outward pointing means the block + + align:start position:0% +out and outward pointing means the block + + + align:start position:0% +out and outward pointing means the block +is in ignore this picture for the moment + + align:start position:0% +is in ignore this picture for the moment + + + align:start position:0% +is in ignore this picture for the moment +um what happens here is if you want to + + align:start position:0% +um what happens here is if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +um what happens here is if you want to +push C into this gadget imagine the dark + + align:start position:0% +push C into this gadget imagine the dark + + + align:start position:0% +push C into this gadget imagine the dark +gray blocks are rigid they can't they + + align:start position:0% +gray blocks are rigid they can't they + + + align:start position:0% +gray blocks are rigid they can't they +can never move that's going to be true + + align:start position:0% +can never move that's going to be true + + + align:start position:0% +can never move that's going to be true +uh we'll see why in a moment so then + + align:start position:0% +uh we'll see why in a moment so then + + + align:start position:0% +uh we'll see why in a moment so then +it's just about these inner guys moving + + align:start position:0% +it's just about these inner guys moving + + + align:start position:0% +it's just about these inner guys moving +if you want to move C in one unit that + + align:start position:0% +if you want to move C in one unit that + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to move C in one unit that +will be possible if an only if a moves + + align:start position:0% +will be possible if an only if a moves + + + align:start position:0% +will be possible if an only if a moves +out and B moves out by one unit a moves + + align:start position:0% +out and B moves out by one unit a moves + + + align:start position:0% +out and B moves out by one unit a moves +out by one unit B moves out by one unit + + align:start position:0% +out by one unit B moves out by one unit + + + align:start position:0% +out by one unit B moves out by one unit +then this block can slide here this + + align:start position:0% +then this block can slide here this + + + align:start position:0% +then this block can slide here this +block can slide here uh this block can + + align:start position:0% +block can slide here uh this block can + + + align:start position:0% +block can slide here uh this block can +slide one uh this block can slide two + + align:start position:0% +slide one uh this block can slide two + + + align:start position:0% +slide one uh this block can slide two +and then C can move in one okay on the + + align:start position:0% +and then C can move in one okay on the + + + align:start position:0% +and then C can move in one okay on the +other hand this is an orgate or or + + align:start position:0% +other hand this is an orgate or or + + + align:start position:0% +other hand this is an orgate or or +vertex if a moves out one or B moves out + + align:start position:0% +vertex if a moves out one or B moves out + + + align:start position:0% +vertex if a moves out one or B moves out +one then either e can move down or this + + align:start position:0% +one then either e can move down or this + + + align:start position:0% +one then either e can move down or this +guy can move down once either of those + + align:start position:0% +guy can move down once either of those + + + align:start position:0% +guy can move down once either of those +moves down D can move all the way to the + + align:start position:0% +moves down D can move all the way to the + + + align:start position:0% +moves down D can move all the way to the +right or all the way to the left and + + align:start position:0% +right or all the way to the left and + + + align:start position:0% +right or all the way to the left and +then C can move down one okay uh this is + + align:start position:0% +then C can move down one okay uh this is + + + align:start position:0% +then C can move down one okay uh this is +called a protected ore small subtle + + align:start position:0% +called a protected ore small subtle + + + align:start position:0% +called a protected ore small subtle +detail if a and b move out then + + align:start position:0% +detail if a and b move out then + + + align:start position:0% +detail if a and b move out then +everything can fall apart so um there's + + align:start position:0% +everything can fall apart so um there's + + + align:start position:0% +everything can fall apart so um there's +uh basically there's a proof in this + + align:start position:0% +uh basically there's a proof in this + + + align:start position:0% +uh basically there's a proof in this +book that says you don't need to worry + + align:start position:0% +book that says you don't need to worry + + + align:start position:0% +book that says you don't need to worry +about that we can guarantee that we'll + + align:start position:0% +about that we can guarantee that we'll + + + align:start position:0% +about that we can guarantee that we'll +never have both A and B move out only + + align:start position:0% +never have both A and B move out only + + + align:start position:0% +never have both A and B move out only +one of them will happen that's the + + align:start position:0% +one of them will happen that's the + + + align:start position:0% +one of them will happen that's the +protected part uh so that's basically + + align:start position:0% +protected part uh so that's basically + + + align:start position:0% +protected part uh so that's basically +the proof of Peace Bas completeness in + + align:start position:0% +the proof of Peace Bas completeness in + + + align:start position:0% +the proof of Peace Bas completeness in +two pictures this is the cool thing + + align:start position:0% +two pictures this is the cool thing + + + align:start position:0% +two pictures this is the cool thing +about constraint logic you don't need a + + align:start position:0% +about constraint logic you don't need a + + + align:start position:0% +about constraint logic you don't need a +crossover Gadget because those always + + align:start position:0% +crossover Gadget because those always + + + align:start position:0% +crossover Gadget because those always +happen for free uh you just need to + + align:start position:0% +happen for free uh you just need to + + + align:start position:0% +happen for free uh you just need to +check that you can fit the gadgets + + align:start position:0% +check that you can fit the gadgets + + + align:start position:0% +check that you can fit the gadgets +together and this is the intended tiling + + align:start position:0% +together and this is the intended tiling + + + align:start position:0% +together and this is the intended tiling +to fit them together uh and you can + + align:start position:0% +to fit them together uh and you can + + + align:start position:0% +to fit them together uh and you can +check that if as long as blocks only + + align:start position:0% +check that if as long as blocks only + + + align:start position:0% +check that if as long as blocks only +move at most one unit at any time then + + align:start position:0% +move at most one unit at any time then + + + align:start position:0% +move at most one unit at any time then +uh these Gray regions are solid all the + + align:start position:0% +uh these Gray regions are solid all the + + + align:start position:0% +uh these Gray regions are solid all the +way through uh I think I need to add + + align:start position:0% +way through uh I think I need to add + + + align:start position:0% +way through uh I think I need to add +some more filler here and therefore the + + align:start position:0% +some more filler here and therefore the + + + align:start position:0% +some more filler here and therefore the +the gray blocks can never + + align:start position:0% +the gray blocks can never + + + align:start position:0% +the gray blocks can never +move and so then you can analyze each + + align:start position:0% +move and so then you can analyze each + + + align:start position:0% +move and so then you can analyze each +Gadget one at a time and uh construct + + align:start position:0% +Gadget one at a time and uh construct + + + align:start position:0% +Gadget one at a time and uh construct +any constraint logic graph in this + + align:start position:0% +any constraint logic graph in this + + + align:start position:0% +any constraint logic graph in this +way uh questions yeah so for that uh + + align:start position:0% +way uh questions yeah so for that uh + + + align:start position:0% +way uh questions yeah so for that uh +graph orientation problem right so like + + align:start position:0% +graph orientation problem right so like + + + align:start position:0% +graph orientation problem right so like +I I do not fully understand so if if you + + align:start position:0% +I I do not fully understand so if if you + + + align:start position:0% +I I do not fully understand so if if you +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +you given a graph you're given a graph + + align:start position:0% +you given a graph you're given a graph + + + align:start position:0% +you given a graph you're given a graph +and an orientation and you want to know + + align:start position:0% +and an orientation and you want to know + + + align:start position:0% +and an orientation and you want to know +can I reverse this one Edge so in this + + align:start position:0% +can I reverse this one Edge so in this + + + align:start position:0% +can I reverse this one Edge so in this +world it means you're given an initial + + align:start position:0% +world it means you're given an initial + + + align:start position:0% +world it means you're given an initial +placement of all the blocks and you know + + align:start position:0% +placement of all the blocks and you know + + + align:start position:0% +placement of all the blocks and you know +whether each thing is in or out because + + align:start position:0% +whether each thing is in or out because + + + align:start position:0% +whether each thing is in or out because +you know whether the edge is in is + + align:start position:0% +you know whether the edge is in is + + + align:start position:0% +you know whether the edge is in is +pointed to the left or pointed to the + + align:start position:0% +pointed to the left or pointed to the + + + align:start position:0% +pointed to the left or pointed to the +right and you want to know can I move + + align:start position:0% +right and you want to know can I move + + + align:start position:0% +right and you want to know can I move +this one block okay and and then for + + align:start position:0% +this one block okay and and then for + + + align:start position:0% +this one block okay and and then for +this graph you have satisfi you satisfy + + align:start position:0% +this graph you have satisfi you satisfy + + + align:start position:0% +this graph you have satisfi you satisfy +the property that each vertex has at + + align:start position:0% +the property that each vertex has at + + + align:start position:0% +the property that each vertex has at +least two units of inflow yes the the + + align:start position:0% +least two units of inflow yes the the + + + align:start position:0% +least two units of inflow yes the the +input oriented graph should already + + align:start position:0% +input oriented graph should already + + + align:start position:0% +input oriented graph should already +satisfy the invariant and then and then + + align:start position:0% +satisfy the invariant and then and then + + + align:start position:0% +satisfy the invariant and then and then +at every move you you do you have to + + align:start position:0% +at every move you you do you have to + + + align:start position:0% +at every move you you do you have to +also satisfy the environment can you + + align:start position:0% +also satisfy the environment can you + + + align:start position:0% +also satisfy the environment can you +give a small example of a graph which + + align:start position:0% +give a small example of a graph which + + + align:start position:0% +give a small example of a graph which +satisfies the + + align:start position:0% +satisfies the + + + align:start position:0% +satisfies the +environment small example like this + + align:start position:0% +environment small example like this + + + align:start position:0% +environment small example like this +one uh this is not a single graph but if + + align:start position:0% +one uh this is not a single graph but if + + + align:start position:0% +one uh this is not a single graph but if +I connect this Edge to here and this + + align:start position:0% +I connect this Edge to here and this + + + align:start position:0% +I connect this Edge to here and this +Edge to here that will satisfy the + + align:start position:0% +Edge to here that will satisfy the + + + align:start position:0% +Edge to here that will satisfy the +property and it's one graph I don't have + + align:start position:0% +property and it's one graph I don't have + + + align:start position:0% +property and it's one graph I don't have +a small example off hand but I think you + + align:start position:0% +a small example off hand but I think you + + + align:start position:0% +a small example off hand but I think you +could make + + align:start position:0% +could make + + + align:start position:0% +could make +[Laughter] + + align:start position:0% +[Laughter] + + + align:start position:0% +[Laughter] +one I don't know how it's interesting + + align:start position:0% +one I don't know how it's interesting + + + align:start position:0% +one I don't know how it's interesting +question what's the smallest satisfied + + align:start position:0% +question what's the smallest satisfied + + + align:start position:0% +question what's the smallest satisfied +graph probably 10 vertices or something + + align:start position:0% +graph probably 10 vertices or something + + + align:start position:0% +graph probably 10 vertices or something +should + + align:start position:0% +should + + + align:start position:0% +should +suffice should put it on the problem + + align:start position:0% +suffice should put it on the problem + + + align:start position:0% +suffice should put it on the problem +set but later we'll talk about + + align:start position:0% +set but later we'll talk about + + + align:start position:0% +set but later we'll talk about +constraint logic more + + align:start position:0% +constraint logic more + + + align:start position:0% +constraint logic more +later yeah uh more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions so we did a lot we proved + + align:start position:0% +questions so we did a lot we proved + + + align:start position:0% +questions so we did a lot we proved +Mario is P complete I mean some hand + + align:start position:0% +Mario is P complete I mean some hand + + + align:start position:0% +Mario is P complete I mean some hand +wiving involved we proved that uh rush + + align:start position:0% +wiving involved we proved that uh rush + + + align:start position:0% +wiving involved we proved that uh rush +hour is p space complete if you believe + + align:start position:0% +hour is p space complete if you believe + + + align:start position:0% +hour is p space complete if you believe +that constraint logic is ppace complete + + align:start position:0% +that constraint logic is ppace complete + + + align:start position:0% +that constraint logic is ppace complete +in general this whole class is about + + align:start position:0% +in general this whole class is about + + + align:start position:0% +in general this whole class is about +reductions about taking a known hard + + align:start position:0% +reductions about taking a known hard + + + align:start position:0% +reductions about taking a known hard +problem converting it into your problem + + align:start position:0% +problem converting it into your problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem converting it into your problem +we will see a ton of them uh and each + + align:start position:0% +we will see a ton of them uh and each + + + align:start position:0% +we will see a ton of them uh and each +each kind of type of problem has a + + align:start position:0% +each kind of type of problem has a + + + align:start position:0% +each kind of type of problem has a +different different flavor there's the + + align:start position:0% +different different flavor there's the + + + align:start position:0% +different different flavor there's the +there's a whole range of different + + align:start position:0% +there's a whole range of different + + + align:start position:0% +there's a whole range of different +threat proofs this is not the only form + + align:start position:0% +threat proofs this is not the only form + + + align:start position:0% +threat proofs this is not the only form +of threat there are probably a dozen of + + align:start position:0% +of threat there are probably a dozen of + + + align:start position:0% +of threat there are probably a dozen of +them uh but they all follow the same + + align:start position:0% +them uh but they all follow the same + + + align:start position:0% +them uh but they all follow the same +pattern which is come up with a clause + + align:start position:0% +pattern which is come up with a clause + + + align:start position:0% +pattern which is come up with a clause +Gadget come up with a variable Gadget + + align:start position:0% +Gadget come up with a variable Gadget + + + align:start position:0% +Gadget come up with a variable Gadget +come up with ways to connect them + + align:start position:0% +come up with ways to connect them + + + align:start position:0% +come up with ways to connect them +together that's a very useful way of + + align:start position:0% +together that's a very useful way of + + + align:start position:0% +together that's a very useful way of +thinking about things for some problems + + align:start position:0% +thinking about things for some problems + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about things for some problems +and then for other problems there will + + align:start position:0% +and then for other problems there will + + + align:start position:0% +and then for other problems there will +be uh you might use things like + + align:start position:0% +be uh you might use things like + + + align:start position:0% +be uh you might use things like +constraint logic constraint logic is + + align:start position:0% +constraint logic constraint logic is + + + align:start position:0% +constraint logic constraint logic is +most relevant is designed around games + + align:start position:0% +most relevant is designed around games + + + align:start position:0% +most relevant is designed around games +and puzzles but it comes up in other + + align:start position:0% +and puzzles but it comes up in other + + + align:start position:0% +and puzzles but it comes up in other +scenarios too uh I think in graph + + align:start position:0% +scenarios too uh I think in graph + + + align:start position:0% +scenarios too uh I think in graph +labeling uh there's there have been + + align:start position:0% +labeling uh there's there have been + + + align:start position:0% +labeling uh there's there have been +proofs of pebas completeness using + + align:start position:0% +proofs of pebas completeness using + + + align:start position:0% +proofs of pebas completeness using +constraint logic + + align:start position:0% +constraint logic + + + align:start position:0% +constraint logic +um their next class we'll talk about a + + align:start position:0% +um their next class we'll talk about a + + + align:start position:0% +um their next class we'll talk about a +problem called three partition which is + + align:start position:0% +problem called three partition which is + + + align:start position:0% +problem called three partition which is +really useful for problems that involve + + align:start position:0% +really useful for problems that involve + + + align:start position:0% +really useful for problems that involve +numbers and adding up numbers uh where + + align:start position:0% +numbers and adding up numbers uh where + + + align:start position:0% +numbers and adding up numbers uh where +three sattin isn't really useful but uh + + align:start position:0% +three sattin isn't really useful but uh + + + align:start position:0% +three sattin isn't really useful but uh +three partition turns out to be the + + align:start position:0% +three partition turns out to be the + + + align:start position:0% +three partition turns out to be the +right thing so that will be next uh and + + align:start position:0% +right thing so that will be next uh and + + + align:start position:0% +right thing so that will be next uh and +that's all for + + align:start position:0% +that's all for + + + align:start position:0% +that's all for +today + + align:start position:0% +today + + + align:start position:0% +today +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thanks \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/8KB9sHZZdQM.txt b/8KB9sHZZdQM.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f81b3ef6cb6364bdda84b78c80d21301b1f53e6a --- /dev/null +++ b/8KB9sHZZdQM.txt @@ -0,0 +1,755 @@ +align:start position:0% + +13024 is a + + align:start position:0% +13024 is a + + + align:start position:0% +13024 is a +subject in which we attempt to teach the + + align:start position:0% +subject in which we attempt to teach the + + + align:start position:0% +subject in which we attempt to teach the +students how to + + align:start position:0% +students how to + + + align:start position:0% +students how to +do the hydram + + align:start position:0% +do the hydram + + + align:start position:0% +do the hydram +problems + + align:start position:0% +problems + + + align:start position:0% +problems +associated with + + align:start position:0% +associated with + + + align:start position:0% +associated with +with uh Marine + + align:start position:0% +with uh Marine + + + align:start position:0% +with uh Marine +problems through numerical + + align:start position:0% +problems through numerical + + + align:start position:0% +problems through numerical +methods and with the + + align:start position:0% +methods and with the + + + align:start position:0% +methods and with the +programming in mat Lab Mat lab has + + align:start position:0% +programming in mat Lab Mat lab has + + + align:start position:0% +programming in mat Lab Mat lab has +become a culture at + + align:start position:0% +become a culture at + + + align:start position:0% +become a culture at +MIT and because of that we have chosen + + align:start position:0% +MIT and because of that we have chosen + + + align:start position:0% +MIT and because of that we have chosen +mat lab as the language to use we've + + align:start position:0% +mat lab as the language to use we've + + + align:start position:0% +mat lab as the language to use we've +taught the course over a period period + + align:start position:0% +taught the course over a period period + + + align:start position:0% +taught the course over a period period +of about 5 years during that time we + + align:start position:0% +of about 5 years during that time we + + + align:start position:0% +of about 5 years during that time we +have taught it in the computer + + align:start position:0% +have taught it in the computer + + + align:start position:0% +have taught it in the computer +languages of + + align:start position:0% +languages of + + + align:start position:0% +languages of +Fortran C + + align:start position:0% +Fortran C + + + align:start position:0% +Fortran C +C++ and mat lab we use it for + + align:start position:0% +C++ and mat lab we use it for + + + align:start position:0% +C++ and mat lab we use it for +solving h a suite of problems in Marine + + align:start position:0% +solving h a suite of problems in Marine + + + align:start position:0% +solving h a suite of problems in Marine +hydrodynamics numerically using + + align:start position:0% +hydrodynamics numerically using + + + align:start position:0% +hydrodynamics numerically using +matlb the way the students are + + align:start position:0% +matlb the way the students are + + + align:start position:0% +matlb the way the students are +evaluated are in three forms their + + align:start position:0% +evaluated are in three forms their + + + align:start position:0% +evaluated are in three forms their +participation in class is one of the + + align:start position:0% +participation in class is one of the + + + align:start position:0% +participation in class is one of the +forms another and very important form is + + align:start position:0% +forms another and very important form is + + + align:start position:0% +forms another and very important form is +their + + align:start position:0% +their + + + align:start position:0% +their +performance on the problem sets we have + + align:start position:0% +performance on the problem sets we have + + + align:start position:0% +performance on the problem sets we have +seven or eight problem sets + + align:start position:0% +seven or eight problem sets + + + align:start position:0% +seven or eight problem sets +during the course of the term we do help + + align:start position:0% +during the course of the term we do help + + + align:start position:0% +during the course of the term we do help +them with the problem sets although a + + align:start position:0% +them with the problem sets although a + + + align:start position:0% +them with the problem sets although a +great deal of the work is done on their + + align:start position:0% +great deal of the work is done on their + + + align:start position:0% +great deal of the work is done on their +own all of the problem sets require them + + align:start position:0% +own all of the problem sets require them + + + align:start position:0% +own all of the problem sets require them +writing matlb programs in mat lab + + align:start position:0% +writing matlb programs in mat lab + + + align:start position:0% +writing matlb programs in mat lab +programs are called M + + align:start position:0% +programs are called M + + + align:start position:0% +programs are called M +scripts and then there are usually + + align:start position:0% +scripts and then there are usually + + + align:start position:0% +scripts and then there are usually +two take-home quizzes Which are really + + align:start position:0% +two take-home quizzes Which are really + + + align:start position:0% +two take-home quizzes Which are really +glorified problem sets the pedagogical + + align:start position:0% +glorified problem sets the pedagogical + + + align:start position:0% +glorified problem sets the pedagogical +approach that we + + align:start position:0% +approach that we + + + align:start position:0% +approach that we +use starts out in the teaching of mat + + align:start position:0% +use starts out in the teaching of mat + + + align:start position:0% +use starts out in the teaching of mat +lab with uh + + align:start position:0% +lab with uh + + + align:start position:0% +lab with uh +reading about how the Matlab language + + align:start position:0% +reading about how the Matlab language + + + align:start position:0% +reading about how the Matlab language +Works uh the students doing homework + + align:start position:0% +Works uh the students doing homework + + + align:start position:0% +Works uh the students doing homework +assignments with the programming that + + align:start position:0% +assignments with the programming that + + + align:start position:0% +assignments with the programming that +they can do on their own personal + + align:start position:0% +they can do on their own personal + + + align:start position:0% +they can do on their own personal +computers or on the + + align:start position:0% +computers or on the + + + align:start position:0% +computers or on the +MIT uh computer system which has matlb + + align:start position:0% +MIT uh computer system which has matlb + + + align:start position:0% +MIT uh computer system which has matlb +on it and in the + + align:start position:0% +on it and in the + + + align:start position:0% +on it and in the +classroom we have a computer with mat + + align:start position:0% +classroom we have a computer with mat + + + align:start position:0% +classroom we have a computer with mat +lab on it and we + + align:start position:0% +lab on it and we + + + align:start position:0% +lab on it and we +demonstrate how to + + align:start position:0% +demonstrate how to + + + align:start position:0% +demonstrate how to +to run the various + + align:start position:0% +to run the various + + + align:start position:0% +to run the various +problems that they will + + align:start position:0% +problems that they will + + + align:start position:0% +problems that they will +encounter in the + + align:start position:0% +encounter in the + + + align:start position:0% +encounter in the +classroom by uh uh operating the matlb + + align:start position:0% +classroom by uh uh operating the matlb + + + align:start position:0% +classroom by uh uh operating the matlb +code which is either developed in class + + align:start position:0% +code which is either developed in class + + + align:start position:0% +code which is either developed in class +or developed ahead of class in the + + align:start position:0% +or developed ahead of class in the + + + align:start position:0% +or developed ahead of class in the +classroom show them how it works show + + align:start position:0% +classroom show them how it works show + + + align:start position:0% +classroom show them how it works show +them what mistakes cause + + align:start position:0% +them what mistakes cause + + + align:start position:0% +them what mistakes cause +and show them various approaches in real + + align:start position:0% +and show them various approaches in real + + + align:start position:0% +and show them various approaches in real +time in + + align:start position:0% +time in + + + align:start position:0% +time in +class uh + + align:start position:0% +class uh + + + align:start position:0% +class uh +subsequently after they've become + + align:start position:0% +subsequently after they've become + + + align:start position:0% +subsequently after they've become +proficient in mat lab the + + align:start position:0% +proficient in mat lab the + + + align:start position:0% +proficient in mat lab the +pedagogy turns more to uh a lecture + + align:start position:0% +pedagogy turns more to uh a lecture + + + align:start position:0% +pedagogy turns more to uh a lecture +format that describes how to do + + align:start position:0% +format that describes how to do + + + align:start position:0% +format that describes how to do +problems often + + align:start position:0% +problems often + + + align:start position:0% +problems often +the approach is done with view + + align:start position:0% +the approach is done with view + + + align:start position:0% +the approach is done with view +graphs it's occasionally done by doing + + align:start position:0% +graphs it's occasionally done by doing + + + align:start position:0% +graphs it's occasionally done by doing +the problems for the subject at hand + + align:start position:0% +the problems for the subject at hand + + + align:start position:0% +the problems for the subject at hand +with matlb programs and the matlb + + align:start position:0% +with matlb programs and the matlb + + + align:start position:0% +with matlb programs and the matlb +programs are run on a computer with a + + align:start position:0% +programs are run on a computer with a + + + align:start position:0% +programs are run on a computer with a +computer projector in + + align:start position:0% +computer projector in + + + align:start position:0% +computer projector in +class um it's more often than not the + + align:start position:0% +class um it's more often than not the + + + align:start position:0% +class um it's more often than not the +results of running mat lab code for the + + align:start position:0% +results of running mat lab code for the + + + align:start position:0% +results of running mat lab code for the +subject that's being considered are + + align:start position:0% +subject that's being considered are + + + align:start position:0% +subject that's being considered are +shown in the form of view + + align:start position:0% +shown in the form of view + + + align:start position:0% +shown in the form of view +graphs they learn a number + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of specific + + align:start position:0% +of specific + + + align:start position:0% +of specific +techniques such as numerical + + align:start position:0% +techniques such as numerical + + + align:start position:0% +techniques such as numerical +differentiation uh numerical errors that + + align:start position:0% +differentiation uh numerical errors that + + + align:start position:0% +differentiation uh numerical errors that +are built into any numerical system + + align:start position:0% +are built into any numerical system + + + align:start position:0% +are built into any numerical system +numerical + + align:start position:0% +numerical + + + align:start position:0% +numerical +integration methods of solving + + align:start position:0% +integration methods of solving + + + align:start position:0% +integration methods of solving +differential + + align:start position:0% +differential + + + align:start position:0% +differential +equations uh some people call that + + align:start position:0% +equations uh some people call that + + + align:start position:0% +equations uh some people call that +integration of differential + + align:start position:0% +integration of differential + + + align:start position:0% +integration of differential +equations they learn how to do forier + + align:start position:0% +equations they learn how to do forier + + + align:start position:0% +equations they learn how to do forier +analysis with the tremendous speed gain + + align:start position:0% +analysis with the tremendous speed gain + + + align:start position:0% +analysis with the tremendous speed gain +of fast 4A + + align:start position:0% +of fast 4A + + + align:start position:0% +of fast 4A +transforms + + align:start position:0% +transforms + + + align:start position:0% +transforms +um they learn how to do all those + + align:start position:0% +um they learn how to do all those + + + align:start position:0% +um they learn how to do all those +things because it is a Marine course the + + align:start position:0% +things because it is a Marine course the + + + align:start position:0% +things because it is a Marine course the +examples that are used to teach them + + align:start position:0% +examples that are used to teach them + + + align:start position:0% +examples that are used to teach them +these things are Marine + + align:start position:0% +these things are Marine + + + align:start position:0% +these things are Marine +problems \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/8kFFg5jAoQc.txt b/8kFFg5jAoQc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c963c29364f3f2e23939efbcc2ac119f01ed93ee --- /dev/null +++ b/8kFFg5jAoQc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7995 @@ +align:start position:0% + +I'm Sarah Hansen and today I'm talking + + align:start position:0% +I'm Sarah Hansen and today I'm talking + + + align:start position:0% +I'm Sarah Hansen and today I'm talking +with financial economist Andrew Low + + align:start position:0% +with financial economist Andrew Low + + + align:start position:0% +with financial economist Andrew Low +whose videos have been viewed millions + + align:start position:0% +whose videos have been viewed millions + + + align:start position:0% +whose videos have been viewed millions +of times on our channel. I ask Andrew + + align:start position:0% +of times on our channel. I ask Andrew + + + align:start position:0% +of times on our channel. I ask Andrew +how he makes a topic like finance + + align:start position:0% +how he makes a topic like finance + + + align:start position:0% +how he makes a topic like finance +accessible to everyone. It it's amazing + + align:start position:0% +accessible to everyone. It it's amazing + + + align:start position:0% +accessible to everyone. It it's amazing +how bad we are as uh homo sapiens in + + align:start position:0% +how bad we are as uh homo sapiens in + + + align:start position:0% +how bad we are as uh homo sapiens in +managing our finances. We also get + + align:start position:0% +managing our finances. We also get + + + align:start position:0% +managing our finances. We also get +personal about his own learning journey. + + align:start position:0% +personal about his own learning journey. + + + align:start position:0% +personal about his own learning journey. +I uh have a learning issue. It's the + + align:start position:0% +I uh have a learning issue. It's the + + + align:start position:0% +I uh have a learning issue. It's the +mathematical equivalent of dyslexia. + + align:start position:0% +mathematical equivalent of dyslexia. + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical equivalent of dyslexia. +Discalcula. You do? and I get his answer + + align:start position:0% +Discalcula. You do? and I get his answer + + + align:start position:0% +Discalcula. You do? and I get his answer +to the question, should I use chat GPT + + align:start position:0% +to the question, should I use chat GPT + + + align:start position:0% +to the question, should I use chat GPT +to plan my + + align:start position:0% +to plan my + + + align:start position:0% +to plan my +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +retirement? All this and more on Chalk + + align:start position:0% +retirement? All this and more on Chalk + + + align:start position:0% +retirement? All this and more on Chalk +Radio. Andrew, thank you so much for + + align:start position:0% +Radio. Andrew, thank you so much for + + + align:start position:0% +Radio. Andrew, thank you so much for +being with us today. A pleasure. Thank + + align:start position:0% +being with us today. A pleasure. Thank + + + align:start position:0% +being with us today. A pleasure. Thank +you for having me. For a long time, I've + + align:start position:0% +you for having me. For a long time, I've + + + align:start position:0% +you for having me. For a long time, I've +thought that if I don't have an advanced + + align:start position:0% +thought that if I don't have an advanced + + + align:start position:0% +thought that if I don't have an advanced +degree in mathematics that I probably + + align:start position:0% +degree in mathematics that I probably + + + align:start position:0% +degree in mathematics that I probably +don't have a place in finance and + + align:start position:0% +don't have a place in finance and + + + align:start position:0% +don't have a place in finance and +probably shouldn't be thinking about it + + align:start position:0% +probably shouldn't be thinking about it + + + align:start position:0% +probably shouldn't be thinking about it +much. But I'm wondering if you might + + align:start position:0% +much. But I'm wondering if you might + + + align:start position:0% +much. But I'm wondering if you might +prompt me to think differently. Well, + + align:start position:0% +prompt me to think differently. Well, + + + align:start position:0% +prompt me to think differently. Well, +not surprisingly, I have a very + + align:start position:0% +not surprisingly, I have a very + + + align:start position:0% +not surprisingly, I have a very +different perspective as a financial + + align:start position:0% +different perspective as a financial + + + align:start position:0% +different perspective as a financial +economist. Someone once said that to a + + align:start position:0% +economist. Someone once said that to a + + + align:start position:0% +economist. Someone once said that to a +person that has a hammer, everything + + align:start position:0% +person that has a hammer, everything + + + align:start position:0% +person that has a hammer, everything +looks like a nail and I'm guilty as + + align:start position:0% +looks like a nail and I'm guilty as + + + align:start position:0% +looks like a nail and I'm guilty as +charged. I learned early on in life that + + align:start position:0% +charged. I learned early on in life that + + + align:start position:0% +charged. I learned early on in life that +virtually everything at some point or + + align:start position:0% +virtually everything at some point or + + + align:start position:0% +virtually everything at some point or +another ends up being about money. + + align:start position:0% +another ends up being about money. + + + align:start position:0% +another ends up being about money. +Particularly with regard to any kind of + + align:start position:0% +Particularly with regard to any kind of + + + align:start position:0% +Particularly with regard to any kind of +innovative pursuits for entrepreneurship + + align:start position:0% +innovative pursuits for entrepreneurship + + + align:start position:0% +innovative pursuits for entrepreneurship +or career-wise, at some point or + + align:start position:0% +or career-wise, at some point or + + + align:start position:0% +or career-wise, at some point or +another, you're going to have to deal + + align:start position:0% +another, you're going to have to deal + + + align:start position:0% +another, you're going to have to deal +with money. and then you need to speak + + align:start position:0% +with money. and then you need to speak + + + align:start position:0% +with money. and then you need to speak +the language of finance. Yeah. So that's + + align:start position:0% +the language of finance. Yeah. So that's + + + align:start position:0% +the language of finance. Yeah. So that's +what really motivated me to learn how to + + align:start position:0% +what really motivated me to learn how to + + + align:start position:0% +what really motivated me to learn how to +speak that and then ultimately be able + + align:start position:0% +speak that and then ultimately be able + + + align:start position:0% +speak that and then ultimately be able +to develop new words and sentences in + + align:start position:0% +to develop new words and sentences in + + + align:start position:0% +to develop new words and sentences in +that language. Yeah, it is a new + + align:start position:0% +that language. Yeah, it is a new + + + align:start position:0% +that language. Yeah, it is a new +language. It's and it seems like it's + + align:start position:0% +language. It's and it seems like it's + + + align:start position:0% +language. It's and it seems like it's +something that everybody can learn no + + align:start position:0% +something that everybody can learn no + + + align:start position:0% +something that everybody can learn no +matter where they're starting from. + + align:start position:0% +matter where they're starting from. + + + align:start position:0% +matter where they're starting from. +Absolutely. You've contributed to open + + align:start position:0% +Absolutely. You've contributed to open + + + align:start position:0% +Absolutely. You've contributed to open +courseware. Your videos have been + + align:start position:0% +courseware. Your videos have been + + + align:start position:0% +courseware. Your videos have been +watched millions of times and you seem + + align:start position:0% +watched millions of times and you seem + + + align:start position:0% +watched millions of times and you seem +really good at making finance accessible + + align:start position:0% +really good at making finance accessible + + + align:start position:0% +really good at making finance accessible +to people no matter where they're + + align:start position:0% +to people no matter where they're + + + align:start position:0% +to people no matter where they're +starting from. I I'm wondering what it + + align:start position:0% +starting from. I I'm wondering what it + + + align:start position:0% +starting from. I I'm wondering what it +is that you do that allows that to + + align:start position:0% +is that you do that allows that to + + + align:start position:0% +is that you do that allows that to +happen. Have you done any reflecting on + + align:start position:0% +happen. Have you done any reflecting on + + + align:start position:0% +happen. Have you done any reflecting on +that over the years? Well, first of all, + + align:start position:0% +that over the years? Well, first of all, + + + align:start position:0% +that over the years? Well, first of all, +it's a great honor to be part of Open + + align:start position:0% +it's a great honor to be part of Open + + + align:start position:0% +it's a great honor to be part of Open +Course Square and the fact that it does + + align:start position:0% +Course Square and the fact that it does + + + align:start position:0% +Course Square and the fact that it does +reach people all around the world + + align:start position:0% +reach people all around the world + + + align:start position:0% +reach people all around the world +regardless of cost or access is really + + align:start position:0% +regardless of cost or access is really + + + align:start position:0% +regardless of cost or access is really +wonderful. And um the reason that I was + + align:start position:0% +wonderful. And um the reason that I was + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful. And um the reason that I was +so pleased and and honored to + + align:start position:0% +so pleased and and honored to + + + align:start position:0% +so pleased and and honored to +participate in that is because I really + + align:start position:0% +participate in that is because I really + + + align:start position:0% +participate in that is because I really +feel like everybody should have access + + align:start position:0% +feel like everybody should have access + + + align:start position:0% +feel like everybody should have access +to this knowledge at different levels of + + align:start position:0% +to this knowledge at different levels of + + + align:start position:0% +to this knowledge at different levels of +course um but we all need to know a + + align:start position:0% +course um but we all need to know a + + + align:start position:0% +course um but we all need to know a +little bit of finance and I think that + + align:start position:0% +little bit of finance and I think that + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of finance and I think that +early on I was really drawn to this + + align:start position:0% +early on I was really drawn to this + + + align:start position:0% +early on I was really drawn to this +field because of how impenetrable it was + + align:start position:0% +field because of how impenetrable it was + + + align:start position:0% +field because of how impenetrable it was +and at the same time how important it + + align:start position:0% +and at the same time how important it + + + align:start position:0% +and at the same time how important it +is. growing up, I just remember um + + align:start position:0% +is. growing up, I just remember um + + + align:start position:0% +is. growing up, I just remember um +always hearing my mother talk about + + align:start position:0% +always hearing my mother talk about + + + align:start position:0% +always hearing my mother talk about +finances and some of the challenges that + + align:start position:0% +finances and some of the challenges that + + + align:start position:0% +finances and some of the challenges that +we were facing. And I think that really + + align:start position:0% +we were facing. And I think that really + + + align:start position:0% +we were facing. And I think that really +made me hyper aware of the fact that um + + align:start position:0% +made me hyper aware of the fact that um + + + align:start position:0% +made me hyper aware of the fact that um +it's really a necessary part of life. + + align:start position:0% +it's really a necessary part of life. + + + align:start position:0% +it's really a necessary part of life. +Sometimes uh unfortunately too much a + + align:start position:0% +Sometimes uh unfortunately too much a + + + align:start position:0% +Sometimes uh unfortunately too much a +part of life and if we don't understand + + align:start position:0% +part of life and if we don't understand + + + align:start position:0% +part of life and if we don't understand +it, it's very easy to uh to end up being + + align:start position:0% +it, it's very easy to uh to end up being + + + align:start position:0% +it, it's very easy to uh to end up being +taken advantage of or not being well + + align:start position:0% +taken advantage of or not being well + + + align:start position:0% +taken advantage of or not being well +prepared for the kind of things that + + align:start position:0% +prepared for the kind of things that + + + align:start position:0% +prepared for the kind of things that +finance helps you deal with. Yeah, I + + align:start position:0% +finance helps you deal with. Yeah, I + + + align:start position:0% +finance helps you deal with. Yeah, I +think about this a lot when I go to the + + align:start position:0% +think about this a lot when I go to the + + + align:start position:0% +think about this a lot when I go to the +grocery store and see cereals for over + + align:start position:0% +grocery store and see cereals for over + + + align:start position:0% +grocery store and see cereals for over +$6 and eggs sometimes up to $8. I mean, + + align:start position:0% +$6 and eggs sometimes up to $8. I mean, + + + align:start position:0% +$6 and eggs sometimes up to $8. I mean, +what are + + align:start position:0% +what are + + + align:start position:0% +what are +some theories of modern finance that + + align:start position:0% +some theories of modern finance that + + + align:start position:0% +some theories of modern finance that +everyday people like me could apply or + + align:start position:0% +everyday people like me could apply or + + + align:start position:0% +everyday people like me could apply or +think about when I'm faced with those + + align:start position:0% +think about when I'm faced with those + + + align:start position:0% +think about when I'm faced with those +situations? + + align:start position:0% +situations? + + + align:start position:0% +situations? +Wow. Well, there's a whole bunch of + + align:start position:0% +Wow. Well, there's a whole bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +Wow. Well, there's a whole bunch of +ideas and and important uh notions that + + align:start position:0% +ideas and and important uh notions that + + + align:start position:0% +ideas and and important uh notions that +we can use in our everyday lives. One of + + align:start position:0% +we can use in our everyday lives. One of + + + align:start position:0% +we can use in our everyday lives. One of +the key notions is that there's a + + align:start position:0% +the key notions is that there's a + + + align:start position:0% +the key notions is that there's a +trade-off among everything that we do + + align:start position:0% +trade-off among everything that we do + + + align:start position:0% +trade-off among everything that we do +and everything that we purchase. Far too + + align:start position:0% +and everything that we purchase. Far too + + + align:start position:0% +and everything that we purchase. Far too +often we tend to compartmentalize and we + + align:start position:0% +often we tend to compartmentalize and we + + + align:start position:0% +often we tend to compartmentalize and we +have a mental budget for certain + + align:start position:0% +have a mental budget for certain + + + align:start position:0% +have a mental budget for certain +activities as well as other budgets for + + align:start position:0% +activities as well as other budgets for + + + align:start position:0% +activities as well as other budgets for +other activities and we don't allow them + + align:start position:0% +other activities and we don't allow them + + + align:start position:0% +other activities and we don't allow them +to mix. But sometimes if you can think a + + align:start position:0% +to mix. But sometimes if you can think a + + + align:start position:0% +to mix. But sometimes if you can think a +little bit more broadly about the fact + + align:start position:0% +little bit more broadly about the fact + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more broadly about the fact +that we have a given set of resources + + align:start position:0% +that we have a given set of resources + + + align:start position:0% +that we have a given set of resources +and we have to allocate them across lots + + align:start position:0% +and we have to allocate them across lots + + + align:start position:0% +and we have to allocate them across lots +of different activities and there are + + align:start position:0% +of different activities and there are + + + align:start position:0% +of different activities and there are +interesting financial ways of making + + align:start position:0% +interesting financial ways of making + + + align:start position:0% +interesting financial ways of making +those decisions, we can actually come up + + align:start position:0% +those decisions, we can actually come up + + + align:start position:0% +those decisions, we can actually come up +with better outcomes. You one example + + align:start position:0% +with better outcomes. You one example + + + align:start position:0% +with better outcomes. You one example +that I think most people are aware of is + + align:start position:0% +that I think most people are aware of is + + + align:start position:0% +that I think most people are aware of is +uh borrowing money to buy a home or buy + + align:start position:0% +uh borrowing money to buy a home or buy + + + align:start position:0% +uh borrowing money to buy a home or buy +a car. That is basically moving money + + align:start position:0% +a car. That is basically moving money + + + align:start position:0% +a car. That is basically moving money +from the future, our futures to our + + align:start position:0% +from the future, our futures to our + + + align:start position:0% +from the future, our futures to our +present. we're borrowing and sometimes + + align:start position:0% +present. we're borrowing and sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +present. we're borrowing and sometimes +we need to put money today aside for our + + align:start position:0% +we need to put money today aside for our + + + align:start position:0% +we need to put money today aside for our +kids' college fund or purchasing a car + + align:start position:0% +kids' college fund or purchasing a car + + + align:start position:0% +kids' college fund or purchasing a car +in the future. That's an example of + + align:start position:0% +in the future. That's an example of + + + align:start position:0% +in the future. That's an example of +moving money from today to ourselves 2 + + align:start position:0% +moving money from today to ourselves 2 + + + align:start position:0% +moving money from today to ourselves 2 +years from now or 3 years from now. So, + + align:start position:0% +years from now or 3 years from now. So, + + + align:start position:0% +years from now or 3 years from now. So, +this notion of being able to move money + + align:start position:0% +this notion of being able to move money + + + align:start position:0% +this notion of being able to move money +around and making sure that you don't + + align:start position:0% +around and making sure that you don't + + + align:start position:0% +around and making sure that you don't +lose a lot of it in the process is part + + align:start position:0% +lose a lot of it in the process is part + + + align:start position:0% +lose a lot of it in the process is part +of the language of finance and that's + + align:start position:0% +of the language of finance and that's + + + align:start position:0% +of the language of finance and that's +something that all of us can benefit + + align:start position:0% +something that all of us can benefit + + + align:start position:0% +something that all of us can benefit +from. Yeah, it's so interesting the idea + + align:start position:0% +from. Yeah, it's so interesting the idea + + + align:start position:0% +from. Yeah, it's so interesting the idea +of having more flexible um understanding + + align:start position:0% +of having more flexible um understanding + + + align:start position:0% +of having more flexible um understanding +of your resources and how they might + + align:start position:0% +of your resources and how they might + + + align:start position:0% +of your resources and how they might +move across categories. Yeah. I mean, I + + align:start position:0% +move across categories. Yeah. I mean, I + + + align:start position:0% +move across categories. Yeah. I mean, I +think at the heart of it, it's really + + align:start position:0% +think at the heart of it, it's really + + + align:start position:0% +think at the heart of it, it's really +all about control, but I think not + + align:start position:0% +all about control, but I think not + + + align:start position:0% +all about control, but I think not +enough people understand how finance + + align:start position:0% +enough people understand how finance + + + align:start position:0% +enough people understand how finance +works so that ultimately it ends up + + align:start position:0% +works so that ultimately it ends up + + + align:start position:0% +works so that ultimately it ends up +ruling their lives as opposed to + + align:start position:0% +ruling their lives as opposed to + + + align:start position:0% +ruling their lives as opposed to +allowing them to use finance to achieve + + align:start position:0% +allowing them to use finance to achieve + + + align:start position:0% +allowing them to use finance to achieve +the kind of goals that they really want. + + align:start position:0% +the kind of goals that they really want. + + + align:start position:0% +the kind of goals that they really want. +So Andrew before the show we asked you + + align:start position:0% +So Andrew before the show we asked you + + + align:start position:0% +So Andrew before the show we asked you +to respond to a question which we'll we + + align:start position:0% +to respond to a question which we'll we + + + align:start position:0% +to respond to a question which we'll we +will now reveal the answer to. So the + + align:start position:0% +will now reveal the answer to. So the + + + align:start position:0% +will now reveal the answer to. So the +question was should I Sarah Hansen use + + align:start position:0% +question was should I Sarah Hansen use + + + align:start position:0% +question was should I Sarah Hansen use +chat GPT right now to plan my + + align:start position:0% +chat GPT right now to plan my + + + align:start position:0% +chat GPT right now to plan my +retirement? What's our answer? + + align:start position:0% +retirement? What's our answer? + + + align:start position:0% +retirement? What's our answer? +Not yet. Okay, please explain. + + align:start position:0% +Not yet. Okay, please explain. + + + align:start position:0% +Not yet. Okay, please explain. +Not yet because large language models + + align:start position:0% +Not yet because large language models + + + align:start position:0% +Not yet because large language models +are not yet ready to be able to do + + align:start position:0% +are not yet ready to be able to do + + + align:start position:0% +are not yet ready to be able to do +delegated financial decision-m for us. + + align:start position:0% +delegated financial decision-m for us. + + + align:start position:0% +delegated financial decision-m for us. +Turns out that saving for retirement is + + align:start position:0% +Turns out that saving for retirement is + + + align:start position:0% +Turns out that saving for retirement is +one set of activities. But then spending + + align:start position:0% +one set of activities. But then spending + + + align:start position:0% +one set of activities. But then spending +while in retirement, that's a whole + + align:start position:0% +while in retirement, that's a whole + + + align:start position:0% +while in retirement, that's a whole +different set of activities. And many of + + align:start position:0% +different set of activities. And many of + + + align:start position:0% +different set of activities. And many of +us have become good at saving. But you + + align:start position:0% +us have become good at saving. But you + + + align:start position:0% +us have become good at saving. But you +know, we've been such good savers that + + align:start position:0% +know, we've been such good savers that + + + align:start position:0% +know, we've been such good savers that +we forget that at some point we need to + + align:start position:0% +we forget that at some point we need to + + + align:start position:0% +we forget that at some point we need to +spend and and we have to spend at the + + align:start position:0% +spend and and we have to spend at the + + + align:start position:0% +spend and and we have to spend at the +right rate for the right things at the + + align:start position:0% +right rate for the right things at the + + + align:start position:0% +right rate for the right things at the +right times. So what my colleagues and I + + align:start position:0% +right times. So what my colleagues and I + + + align:start position:0% +right times. So what my colleagues and I +are trying to understand now is not only + + align:start position:0% +are trying to understand now is not only + + + align:start position:0% +are trying to understand now is not only +what those optimal decisions are. I + + align:start position:0% +what those optimal decisions are. I + + + align:start position:0% +what those optimal decisions are. I +think we now have a lot of information + + align:start position:0% +think we now have a lot of information + + + align:start position:0% +think we now have a lot of information +about that. There's been a lot of + + align:start position:0% +about that. There's been a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +about that. There's been a lot of +research done on that. But the more + + align:start position:0% +research done on that. But the more + + + align:start position:0% +research done on that. But the more +challenging issue is how do we + + align:start position:0% +challenging issue is how do we + + + align:start position:0% +challenging issue is how do we +communicate that to people who don't + + align:start position:0% +communicate that to people who don't + + + align:start position:0% +communicate that to people who don't +have any finance background and and + + align:start position:0% +have any finance background and and + + + align:start position:0% +have any finance background and and +moreover can't afford to hire the + + align:start position:0% +moreover can't afford to hire the + + + align:start position:0% +moreover can't afford to hire the +financial adviserss that some of the + + align:start position:0% +financial adviserss that some of the + + + align:start position:0% +financial adviserss that some of the +higher net worth individuals have access + + align:start position:0% +higher net worth individuals have access + + + align:start position:0% +higher net worth individuals have access +to. So, we're working on an AI solution + + align:start position:0% +to. So, we're working on an AI solution + + + align:start position:0% +to. So, we're working on an AI solution +uh an AI financial adviser that can + + align:start position:0% +uh an AI financial adviser that can + + + align:start position:0% +uh an AI financial adviser that can +satisfy the most important criterion of + + align:start position:0% +satisfy the most important criterion of + + + align:start position:0% +satisfy the most important criterion of +financial advice that regulators impose + + align:start position:0% +financial advice that regulators impose + + + align:start position:0% +financial advice that regulators impose +which is something called fiduciary + + align:start position:0% +which is something called fiduciary + + + align:start position:0% +which is something called fiduciary +duty. A fiduciary is somebody who is + + align:start position:0% +duty. A fiduciary is somebody who is + + + align:start position:0% +duty. A fiduciary is somebody who is +appointed to help you further your + + align:start position:0% +appointed to help you further your + + + align:start position:0% +appointed to help you further your +goals, will look out for your best + + align:start position:0% +goals, will look out for your best + + + align:start position:0% +goals, will look out for your best +interests uh above and beyond their own. + + align:start position:0% +interests uh above and beyond their own. + + + align:start position:0% +interests uh above and beyond their own. +And so very often people get a little + + align:start position:0% +And so very often people get a little + + + align:start position:0% +And so very often people get a little +bit concerned about you know financial + + align:start position:0% +bit concerned about you know financial + + + align:start position:0% +bit concerned about you know financial +planners and other people in the + + align:start position:0% +planners and other people in the + + + align:start position:0% +planners and other people in the +financial industry because they don't + + align:start position:0% +financial industry because they don't + + + align:start position:0% +financial industry because they don't +want to be taken advantage of and you + + align:start position:0% +want to be taken advantage of and you + + + align:start position:0% +want to be taken advantage of and you +know there are many good financial + + align:start position:0% +know there are many good financial + + + align:start position:0% +know there are many good financial +planners out there but not everybody can + + align:start position:0% +planners out there but not everybody can + + + align:start position:0% +planners out there but not everybody can +afford one. So the question is can you + + align:start position:0% +afford one. So the question is can you + + + align:start position:0% +afford one. So the question is can you +for those people who can't afford + + align:start position:0% +for those people who can't afford + + + align:start position:0% +for those people who can't afford +financial planning and for the financial + + align:start position:0% +financial planning and for the financial + + + align:start position:0% +financial planning and for the financial +institutions that don't want to spend + + align:start position:0% +institutions that don't want to spend + + + align:start position:0% +institutions that don't want to spend +their resources of financial advice to + + align:start position:0% +their resources of financial advice to + + + align:start position:0% +their resources of financial advice to +those who aren't going to generate + + align:start position:0% +those who aren't going to generate + + + align:start position:0% +those who aren't going to generate +enough commissions for them for these + + align:start position:0% +enough commissions for them for these + + + align:start position:0% +enough commissions for them for these +people can we come up with uh financial + + align:start position:0% +people can we come up with uh financial + + + align:start position:0% +people can we come up with uh financial +advice from an AI platform that + + align:start position:0% +advice from an AI platform that + + + align:start position:0% +advice from an AI platform that +satisfies the definition of a fiduciary + + align:start position:0% +satisfies the definition of a fiduciary + + + align:start position:0% +satisfies the definition of a fiduciary +some some program that you can trust to + + align:start position:0% +some some program that you can trust to + + + align:start position:0% +some some program that you can trust to +look out for your best interest. We're + + align:start position:0% +look out for your best interest. We're + + + align:start position:0% +look out for your best interest. We're +not there yet. However, I believe that + + align:start position:0% +not there yet. However, I believe that + + + align:start position:0% +not there yet. However, I believe that +everybody should use large language + + align:start position:0% +everybody should use large language + + + align:start position:0% +everybody should use large language +models to help them think through + + align:start position:0% +models to help them think through + + + align:start position:0% +models to help them think through +retirement issues more seriously. For + + align:start position:0% +retirement issues more seriously. For + + + align:start position:0% +retirement issues more seriously. For +example, ask JBT, "What are the biggest + + align:start position:0% +example, ask JBT, "What are the biggest + + + align:start position:0% +example, ask JBT, "What are the biggest +issues that I need to focus on for my + + align:start position:0% +issues that I need to focus on for my + + + align:start position:0% +issues that I need to focus on for my +retirement? How much time do I have? + + align:start position:0% +retirement? How much time do I have? + + + align:start position:0% +retirement? How much time do I have? +What kind of ideas and products and + + align:start position:0% +What kind of ideas and products and + + + align:start position:0% +What kind of ideas and products and +services should I make use of? How do I + + align:start position:0% +services should I make use of? How do I + + + align:start position:0% +services should I make use of? How do I +get better financial information? How do + + align:start position:0% +get better financial information? How do + + + align:start position:0% +get better financial information? How do +I learn more about these problems?" All + + align:start position:0% +I learn more about these problems?" All + + + align:start position:0% +I learn more about these problems?" All +of those things I think chatbt can do a + + align:start position:0% +of those things I think chatbt can do a + + + align:start position:0% +of those things I think chatbt can do a +pretty good job at, but I wouldn't let + + align:start position:0% +pretty good job at, but I wouldn't let + + + align:start position:0% +pretty good job at, but I wouldn't let +it make your decisions for you. Real + + align:start position:0% +it make your decisions for you. Real + + + align:start position:0% +it make your decisions for you. Real +question for you. I know a lot of times + + align:start position:0% +question for you. I know a lot of times + + + align:start position:0% +question for you. I know a lot of times +when I put in a prompt that's um within + + align:start position:0% +when I put in a prompt that's um within + + + align:start position:0% +when I put in a prompt that's um within +my domain of expertise, some of it will + + align:start position:0% +my domain of expertise, some of it will + + + align:start position:0% +my domain of expertise, some of it will +be good, but some of it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +be good, but some of it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +be good, but some of it's kind of +garbage and not all that accurate. So, + + align:start position:0% +garbage and not all that accurate. So, + + + align:start position:0% +garbage and not all that accurate. So, +as a person who doesn't know finance, + + align:start position:0% +as a person who doesn't know finance, + + + align:start position:0% +as a person who doesn't know finance, +how do I know I can trust the answers + + align:start position:0% +how do I know I can trust the answers + + + align:start position:0% +how do I know I can trust the answers +that are coming back even about those + + align:start position:0% +that are coming back even about those + + + align:start position:0% +that are coming back even about those +general type of questions? Well, so + + align:start position:0% +general type of questions? Well, so + + + align:start position:0% +general type of questions? Well, so +that's really why you need to have + + align:start position:0% +that's really why you need to have + + + align:start position:0% +that's really why you need to have +additional time and effort employed in + + align:start position:0% +additional time and effort employed in + + + align:start position:0% +additional time and effort employed in +thinking through these issues, not just + + align:start position:0% +thinking through these issues, not just + + + align:start position:0% +thinking through these issues, not just +by yourself, but with friends and + + align:start position:0% +by yourself, but with friends and + + + align:start position:0% +by yourself, but with friends and +family. Yeah. So we need human support + + align:start position:0% +family. Yeah. So we need human support + + + align:start position:0% +family. Yeah. So we need human support +for thinking about how large language + + align:start position:0% +for thinking about how large language + + + align:start position:0% +for thinking about how large language +models can work either well or in some + + align:start position:0% +models can work either well or in some + + + align:start position:0% +models can work either well or in some +cases not so well. And in any case, if + + align:start position:0% +cases not so well. And in any case, if + + + align:start position:0% +cases not so well. And in any case, if +you are planning for your retirement, at + + align:start position:0% +you are planning for your retirement, at + + + align:start position:0% +you are planning for your retirement, at +some point or another, you're going to + + align:start position:0% +some point or another, you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +some point or another, you're going to +have to engage with people from the + + align:start position:0% +have to engage with people from the + + + align:start position:0% +have to engage with people from the +financial institutions. Yeah. They will + + align:start position:0% +financial institutions. Yeah. They will + + + align:start position:0% +financial institutions. Yeah. They will +be able to help deal with some of the + + align:start position:0% +be able to help deal with some of the + + + align:start position:0% +be able to help deal with some of the +so-called hallucination problems with + + align:start position:0% +so-called hallucination problems with + + + align:start position:0% +so-called hallucination problems with +these large language models. But the + + align:start position:0% +these large language models. But the + + + align:start position:0% +these large language models. But the +answer is like anything else that we do. + + align:start position:0% +answer is like anything else that we do. + + + align:start position:0% +answer is like anything else that we do. +You know, how do you know that your + + align:start position:0% +You know, how do you know that your + + + align:start position:0% +You know, how do you know that your +doctor is always giving you the best + + align:start position:0% +doctor is always giving you the best + + + align:start position:0% +doctor is always giving you the best +information? Doctors are very highly + + align:start position:0% +information? Doctors are very highly + + + align:start position:0% +information? Doctors are very highly +trained, but they do make mistakes. So + + align:start position:0% +trained, but they do make mistakes. So + + + align:start position:0% +trained, but they do make mistakes. So +get a second opinion, get a third + + align:start position:0% +get a second opinion, get a third + + + align:start position:0% +get a second opinion, get a third +opinion, talk to your family members. + + align:start position:0% +opinion, talk to your family members. + + + align:start position:0% +opinion, talk to your family members. +Ultimately, you're going to be + + align:start position:0% +Ultimately, you're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +Ultimately, you're going to be +responsible for your own decisions. But + + align:start position:0% +responsible for your own decisions. But + + + align:start position:0% +responsible for your own decisions. But +the more informed you can be and the + + align:start position:0% +the more informed you can be and the + + + align:start position:0% +the more informed you can be and the +more you can check the uh accuracy of + + align:start position:0% +more you can check the uh accuracy of + + + align:start position:0% +more you can check the uh accuracy of +the information and that information + + align:start position:0% +the information and that information + + + align:start position:0% +the information and that information +come from humans or from chat bots, I + + align:start position:0% +come from humans or from chat bots, I + + + align:start position:0% +come from humans or from chat bots, I +think those are the ways that we've + + align:start position:0% +think those are the ways that we've + + + align:start position:0% +think those are the ways that we've +developed for making sure that we make + + align:start position:0% +developed for making sure that we make + + + align:start position:0% +developed for making sure that we make +the best decisions possible. Get a + + align:start position:0% +the best decisions possible. Get a + + + align:start position:0% +the best decisions possible. Get a +better handle on this. Right. And I + + align:start position:0% +better handle on this. Right. And I + + + align:start position:0% +better handle on this. Right. And I +assume part of the idea would be to + + align:start position:0% +assume part of the idea would be to + + + align:start position:0% +assume part of the idea would be to +start this in your 20s if you can start + + align:start position:0% +start this in your 20s if you can start + + + align:start position:0% +start this in your 20s if you can start +learning and start using these + + align:start position:0% +learning and start using these + + + align:start position:0% +learning and start using these +applications to really begin to save. + + align:start position:0% +applications to really begin to save. + + + align:start position:0% +applications to really begin to save. +Exactly. Many people don't realize that + + align:start position:0% +Exactly. Many people don't realize that + + + align:start position:0% +Exactly. Many people don't realize that +the decisions that they make early on + + align:start position:0% +the decisions that they make early on + + + align:start position:0% +the decisions that they make early on +can have just tremendous consequences + + align:start position:0% +can have just tremendous consequences + + + align:start position:0% +can have just tremendous consequences +30, 40 years from now. We now know that + + align:start position:0% +30, 40 years from now. We now know that + + + align:start position:0% +30, 40 years from now. We now know that +about health. We know that if we don't + + align:start position:0% +about health. We know that if we don't + + + align:start position:0% +about health. We know that if we don't +eat right, even as a teenager, we can + + align:start position:0% +eat right, even as a teenager, we can + + + align:start position:0% +eat right, even as a teenager, we can +affect our health when we get to middle + + align:start position:0% +affect our health when we get to middle + + + align:start position:0% +affect our health when we get to middle +age. The same thing is true about our + + align:start position:0% +age. The same thing is true about our + + + align:start position:0% +age. The same thing is true about our +finances. If we make bad financial + + align:start position:0% +finances. If we make bad financial + + + align:start position:0% +finances. If we make bad financial +decisions early on, it could end up + + align:start position:0% +decisions early on, it could end up + + + align:start position:0% +decisions early on, it could end up +having repercussions far beyond what we + + align:start position:0% +having repercussions far beyond what we + + + align:start position:0% +having repercussions far beyond what we +typically are able to measure. And so + + align:start position:0% +typically are able to measure. And so + + + align:start position:0% +typically are able to measure. And so +that's really the purpose of having some + + align:start position:0% +that's really the purpose of having some + + + align:start position:0% +that's really the purpose of having some +kind of support, some kind of advice + + align:start position:0% +kind of support, some kind of advice + + + align:start position:0% +kind of support, some kind of advice +that can actually look 40, 50 years + + align:start position:0% +that can actually look 40, 50 years + + + align:start position:0% +that can actually look 40, 50 years +ahead of a teenager. It's kind of + + align:start position:0% +ahead of a teenager. It's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +ahead of a teenager. It's kind of +interesting because at least in the US + + align:start position:0% +interesting because at least in the US + + + align:start position:0% +interesting because at least in the US +or at least in the cultural circles in + + align:start position:0% +or at least in the cultural circles in + + + align:start position:0% +or at least in the cultural circles in +which I grew up, it was sort of taboo to + + align:start position:0% +which I grew up, it was sort of taboo to + + + align:start position:0% +which I grew up, it was sort of taboo to +talk about money, how much you make, uh + + align:start position:0% +talk about money, how much you make, uh + + + align:start position:0% +talk about money, how much you make, uh +how much other people make, how you're + + align:start position:0% +how much other people make, how you're + + + align:start position:0% +how much other people make, how you're +budgeting. Have you found that in this + + align:start position:0% +budgeting. Have you found that in this + + + align:start position:0% +budgeting. Have you found that in this +context? Absolutely. And that's actually + + align:start position:0% +context? Absolutely. And that's actually + + + align:start position:0% +context? Absolutely. And that's actually +one of the reasons why you want to have + + align:start position:0% +one of the reasons why you want to have + + + align:start position:0% +one of the reasons why you want to have +a fiduciary. You want to have somebody + + align:start position:0% +a fiduciary. You want to have somebody + + + align:start position:0% +a fiduciary. You want to have somebody +you can talk to about your deepest + + align:start position:0% +you can talk to about your deepest + + + align:start position:0% +you can talk to about your deepest +secrets, your financial goals, your + + align:start position:0% +secrets, your financial goals, your + + + align:start position:0% +secrets, your financial goals, your +constraints, the concerns that you have + + align:start position:0% +constraints, the concerns that you have + + + align:start position:0% +constraints, the concerns that you have +about losing your job or or not being + + align:start position:0% +about losing your job or or not being + + + align:start position:0% +about losing your job or or not being +able to find a job and be able to get + + align:start position:0% +able to find a job and be able to get + + + align:start position:0% +able to find a job and be able to get +honest advice about what to do about it. + + align:start position:0% +honest advice about what to do about it. + + + align:start position:0% +honest advice about what to do about it. +You know, many of us have good friends + + align:start position:0% +You know, many of us have good friends + + + align:start position:0% +You know, many of us have good friends +that we can rely on for that. But if you + + align:start position:0% +that we can rely on for that. But if you + + + align:start position:0% +that we can rely on for that. But if you +don't have a friend who has financial + + align:start position:0% +don't have a friend who has financial + + + align:start position:0% +don't have a friend who has financial +expertise, what do you do? Yeah. So the + + align:start position:0% +expertise, what do you do? Yeah. So the + + + align:start position:0% +expertise, what do you do? Yeah. So the +hope is that maybe a platform uh a + + align:start position:0% +hope is that maybe a platform uh a + + + align:start position:0% +hope is that maybe a platform uh a +reliable AI platform that is able to + + align:start position:0% +reliable AI platform that is able to + + + align:start position:0% +reliable AI platform that is able to +serve as a fiduciary can really help + + align:start position:0% +serve as a fiduciary can really help + + + align:start position:0% +serve as a fiduciary can really help +individuals with all of their concerns. + + align:start position:0% +individuals with all of their concerns. + + + align:start position:0% +individuals with all of their concerns. +Yeah, it's going to be a gamecher for + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, it's going to be a gamecher for + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, it's going to be a gamecher for +sure. What are some of the dangers, + + align:start position:0% +sure. What are some of the dangers, + + + align:start position:0% +sure. What are some of the dangers, +pitfalls or challenges that might come + + align:start position:0% +pitfalls or challenges that might come + + + align:start position:0% +pitfalls or challenges that might come +with leveraging AI to give financial + + align:start position:0% +with leveraging AI to give financial + + + align:start position:0% +with leveraging AI to give financial +advice to people who do not have + + align:start position:0% +advice to people who do not have + + + align:start position:0% +advice to people who do not have +financial um expertise? Well, any great + + align:start position:0% +financial um expertise? Well, any great + + + align:start position:0% +financial um expertise? Well, any great +tool can easily be abused and I think we + + align:start position:0% +tool can easily be abused and I think we + + + align:start position:0% +tool can easily be abused and I think we +have to worry about the fact that if we + + align:start position:0% +have to worry about the fact that if we + + + align:start position:0% +have to worry about the fact that if we +have a financial planning tool that is + + align:start position:0% +have a financial planning tool that is + + + align:start position:0% +have a financial planning tool that is +AIdriven, can that be abused? What if we + + align:start position:0% +AIdriven, can that be abused? What if we + + + align:start position:0% +AIdriven, can that be abused? What if we +were to ask this AI to engage in illicit + + align:start position:0% +were to ask this AI to engage in illicit + + + align:start position:0% +were to ask this AI to engage in illicit +activities uh for our financial + + align:start position:0% +activities uh for our financial + + + align:start position:0% +activities uh for our financial +betterment? Is that something that uh we + + align:start position:0% +betterment? Is that something that uh we + + + align:start position:0% +betterment? Is that something that uh we +should be able to do or is it something + + align:start position:0% +should be able to do or is it something + + + align:start position:0% +should be able to do or is it something +that the AIS should guard against? uh + + align:start position:0% +that the AIS should guard against? uh + + + align:start position:0% +that the AIS should guard against? uh +you get into all sorts of tricky ethical + + align:start position:0% +you get into all sorts of tricky ethical + + + align:start position:0% +you get into all sorts of tricky ethical +questions about how these tools are used + + align:start position:0% +questions about how these tools are used + + + align:start position:0% +questions about how these tools are used +and so I think that those of us who are + + align:start position:0% +and so I think that those of us who are + + + align:start position:0% +and so I think that those of us who are +developing the technologies really + + align:start position:0% +developing the technologies really + + + align:start position:0% +developing the technologies really +require spending more time thinking + + align:start position:0% +require spending more time thinking + + + align:start position:0% +require spending more time thinking +about the ethical dimensions that's not + + align:start position:0% +about the ethical dimensions that's not + + + align:start position:0% +about the ethical dimensions that's not +something that you typically focus on in + + align:start position:0% +something that you typically focus on in + + + align:start position:0% +something that you typically focus on in +your research but for us now given how + + align:start position:0% +your research but for us now given how + + + align:start position:0% +your research but for us now given how +far AI has come and what it can do we + + align:start position:0% +far AI has come and what it can do we + + + align:start position:0% +far AI has come and what it can do we +have to be be much more proactive about + + align:start position:0% +have to be be much more proactive about + + + align:start position:0% +have to be be much more proactive about +thinking about these unintended + + align:start position:0% +thinking about these unintended + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about these unintended +consequences yeah and just how fast + + align:start position:0% +consequences yeah and just how fast + + + align:start position:0% +consequences yeah and just how fast +everything is changing the technology is + + align:start position:0% +everything is changing the technology is + + + align:start position:0% +everything is changing the technology is +so fluid and so fast and honestly not + + align:start position:0% +so fluid and so fast and honestly not + + + align:start position:0% +so fluid and so fast and honestly not +all that transparent most of the time. + + align:start position:0% +all that transparent most of the time. + + + align:start position:0% +all that transparent most of the time. +Yeah. You know, that's a concern that I + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. You know, that's a concern that I + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. You know, that's a concern that I +think most people don't really + + align:start position:0% +think most people don't really + + + align:start position:0% +think most people don't really +appreciate yet. You know, it's true that + + align:start position:0% +appreciate yet. You know, it's true that + + + align:start position:0% +appreciate yet. You know, it's true that +there's always been technology that is + + align:start position:0% +there's always been technology that is + + + align:start position:0% +there's always been technology that is +made advances and as a result has + + align:start position:0% +made advances and as a result has + + + align:start position:0% +made advances and as a result has +created winners and losers. You know, + + align:start position:0% +created winners and losers. You know, + + + align:start position:0% +created winners and losers. You know, +when the horsedrawn buggy gave way to + + align:start position:0% +when the horsedrawn buggy gave way to + + + align:start position:0% +when the horsedrawn buggy gave way to +railroads and then eventually to + + align:start position:0% +railroads and then eventually to + + + align:start position:0% +railroads and then eventually to +automobiles, people lost their jobs and + + align:start position:0% +automobiles, people lost their jobs and + + + align:start position:0% +automobiles, people lost their jobs and +people had to be retrained. But there is + + align:start position:0% +people had to be retrained. But there is + + + align:start position:0% +people had to be retrained. But there is +a big difference between that technology + + align:start position:0% +a big difference between that technology + + + align:start position:0% +a big difference between that technology +and the current set of technologies and + + align:start position:0% +and the current set of technologies and + + + align:start position:0% +and the current set of technologies and +it's exactly what you said. It's about + + align:start position:0% +it's exactly what you said. It's about + + + align:start position:0% +it's exactly what you said. It's about +speed. The fact is that right now AI is + + align:start position:0% +speed. The fact is that right now AI is + + + align:start position:0% +speed. The fact is that right now AI is +moving at such breakneck pace that + + align:start position:0% +moving at such breakneck pace that + + + align:start position:0% +moving at such breakneck pace that +within a very short period of time we + + align:start position:0% +within a very short period of time we + + + align:start position:0% +within a very short period of time we +can actually have large parts of our + + align:start position:0% +can actually have large parts of our + + + align:start position:0% +can actually have large parts of our +population unemployed and the hope of + + align:start position:0% +population unemployed and the hope of + + + align:start position:0% +population unemployed and the hope of +retraining them in time for them to make + + align:start position:0% +retraining them in time for them to make + + + align:start position:0% +retraining them in time for them to make +a difference for their lives can be very + + align:start position:0% +a difference for their lives can be very + + + align:start position:0% +a difference for their lives can be very +challenging given how quickly things are + + align:start position:0% +challenging given how quickly things are + + + align:start position:0% +challenging given how quickly things are +moving. So I think that's the one + + align:start position:0% +moving. So I think that's the one + + + align:start position:0% +moving. So I think that's the one +concern that the AI researchers are + + align:start position:0% +concern that the AI researchers are + + + align:start position:0% +concern that the AI researchers are +thinking about. Uh we don't have any + + align:start position:0% +thinking about. Uh we don't have any + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about. Uh we don't have any +good answers yet. Um, and one of the + + align:start position:0% +good answers yet. Um, and one of the + + + align:start position:0% +good answers yet. Um, and one of the +answers that's been proposed, which is + + align:start position:0% +answers that's been proposed, which is + + + align:start position:0% +answers that's been proposed, which is +to slow down the rate of progress, + + align:start position:0% +to slow down the rate of progress, + + + align:start position:0% +to slow down the rate of progress, +right? That's almost never possible. + + align:start position:0% +right? That's almost never possible. + + + align:start position:0% +right? That's almost never possible. +Even if you want to do it, even if you + + align:start position:0% +Even if you want to do it, even if you + + + align:start position:0% +Even if you want to do it, even if you +have legislation, there'll be people + + align:start position:0% +have legislation, there'll be people + + + align:start position:0% +have legislation, there'll be people +that will refuse to abide by that + + align:start position:0% +that will refuse to abide by that + + + align:start position:0% +that will refuse to abide by that +because legislation is not going to stop + + align:start position:0% +because legislation is not going to stop + + + align:start position:0% +because legislation is not going to stop +that kind of innovation. It's not going + + align:start position:0% +that kind of innovation. It's not going + + + align:start position:0% +that kind of innovation. It's not going +to stop people from having ideas and + + align:start position:0% +to stop people from having ideas and + + + align:start position:0% +to stop people from having ideas and +wanting to implement them. Yeah. The + + align:start position:0% +wanting to implement them. Yeah. The + + + align:start position:0% +wanting to implement them. Yeah. The +idea of people being put out of work um + + align:start position:0% +idea of people being put out of work um + + + align:start position:0% +idea of people being put out of work um +with the advancement of these + + align:start position:0% +with the advancement of these + + + align:start position:0% +with the advancement of these +technologies is hugely concerning. And I + + align:start position:0% +technologies is hugely concerning. And I + + + align:start position:0% +technologies is hugely concerning. And I +know one that you're concerned about + + align:start position:0% +know one that you're concerned about + + + align:start position:0% +know one that you're concerned about +because it seems like in everything you + + align:start position:0% +because it seems like in everything you + + + align:start position:0% +because it seems like in everything you +do, it all comes back to people and the + + align:start position:0% +do, it all comes back to people and the + + + align:start position:0% +do, it all comes back to people and the +impact on people. Um I'm wondering where + + align:start position:0% +impact on people. Um I'm wondering where + + + align:start position:0% +impact on people. Um I'm wondering where +that drive comes from. Where did your + + align:start position:0% +that drive comes from. Where did your + + + align:start position:0% +that drive comes from. Where did your +interest in leveraging finance to + + align:start position:0% +interest in leveraging finance to + + + align:start position:0% +interest in leveraging finance to +positively impact people's lives come + + align:start position:0% +positively impact people's lives come + + + align:start position:0% +positively impact people's lives come +from? Because it didn't have to. There's + + align:start position:0% +from? Because it didn't have to. There's + + + align:start position:0% +from? Because it didn't have to. There's +a lot you can do with with money and not + + align:start position:0% +a lot you can do with with money and not + + + align:start position:0% +a lot you can do with with money and not +worry about positively impacting people. + + align:start position:0% +worry about positively impacting people. + + + align:start position:0% +worry about positively impacting people. +So tell us a little bit about that. + + align:start position:0% +So tell us a little bit about that. + + + align:start position:0% +So tell us a little bit about that. +Well, yeah, I have to say that um that + + align:start position:0% +Well, yeah, I have to say that um that + + + align:start position:0% +Well, yeah, I have to say that um that +was really not something that I had + + align:start position:0% +was really not something that I had + + + align:start position:0% +was really not something that I had +planned. Much of my early career was + + align:start position:0% +planned. Much of my early career was + + + align:start position:0% +planned. Much of my early career was +focused on applying mathematical and + + align:start position:0% +focused on applying mathematical and + + + align:start position:0% +focused on applying mathematical and +statistical models to investment + + align:start position:0% +statistical models to investment + + + align:start position:0% +statistical models to investment +problems, developing trading strategies, + + align:start position:0% +problems, developing trading strategies, + + + align:start position:0% +problems, developing trading strategies, +risk management policies, various kinds + + align:start position:0% +risk management policies, various kinds + + + align:start position:0% +risk management policies, various kinds +of systemic risk measures. It was really + + align:start position:0% +of systemic risk measures. It was really + + + align:start position:0% +of systemic risk measures. It was really +all geared around the amazing impact + + align:start position:0% +all geared around the amazing impact + + + align:start position:0% +all geared around the amazing impact +that this technology could have on the + + align:start position:0% +that this technology could have on the + + + align:start position:0% +that this technology could have on the +field itself, on finance, making finance + + align:start position:0% +field itself, on finance, making finance + + + align:start position:0% +field itself, on finance, making finance +better. and uh in some of the things + + align:start position:0% +better. and uh in some of the things + + + align:start position:0% +better. and uh in some of the things +that I did in practice on the commercial + + align:start position:0% +that I did in practice on the commercial + + + align:start position:0% +that I did in practice on the commercial +side um started up my own asset + + align:start position:0% +side um started up my own asset + + + align:start position:0% +side um started up my own asset +management company and ultimately + + align:start position:0% +management company and ultimately + + + align:start position:0% +management company and ultimately +implemented some of these strategies for + + align:start position:0% +implemented some of these strategies for + + + align:start position:0% +implemented some of these strategies for +various kinds of hedge funds and uh + + align:start position:0% +various kinds of hedge funds and uh + + + align:start position:0% +various kinds of hedge funds and uh +investors and um at some point I mean it + + align:start position:0% +investors and um at some point I mean it + + + align:start position:0% +investors and um at some point I mean it +was very satisfying but at some point I + + align:start position:0% +was very satisfying but at some point I + + + align:start position:0% +was very satisfying but at some point I +started to wonder whether or not um you + + align:start position:0% +started to wonder whether or not um you + + + align:start position:0% +started to wonder whether or not um you +know this was uh this was it this is you + + align:start position:0% +know this was uh this was it this is you + + + align:start position:0% +know this was uh this was it this is you +know what um I was meant to do and + + align:start position:0% +know what um I was meant to do and + + + align:start position:0% +know what um I was meant to do and +around that time it's about 20 years ago + + align:start position:0% +around that time it's about 20 years ago + + + align:start position:0% +around that time it's about 20 years ago +a number of friends and family uh all + + align:start position:0% +a number of friends and family uh all + + + align:start position:0% +a number of friends and family uh all +developed cancer at the same time within + + align:start position:0% +developed cancer at the same time within + + + align:start position:0% +developed cancer at the same time within +seven years six people close to me all + + align:start position:0% +seven years six people close to me all + + + align:start position:0% +seven years six people close to me all +died including my mother you know I I + + align:start position:0% +died including my mother you know I I + + + align:start position:0% +died including my mother you know I I +really never dealt with death up close + + align:start position:0% +really never dealt with death up close + + + align:start position:0% +really never dealt with death up close +and personal before that and so it was a + + align:start position:0% +and personal before that and so it was a + + + align:start position:0% +and personal before that and so it was a +big wakeup call and through that process + + align:start position:0% +big wakeup call and through that process + + + align:start position:0% +big wakeup call and through that process +realized that uh finance plays a pretty + + align:start position:0% +realized that uh finance plays a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +realized that uh finance plays a pretty +big role in cancer drug development you + + align:start position:0% +big role in cancer drug development you + + + align:start position:0% +big role in cancer drug development you +know I was pretty naive at the time I + + align:start position:0% +know I was pretty naive at the time I + + + align:start position:0% +know I was pretty naive at the time I +just thought that if there was a patient + + align:start position:0% +just thought that if there was a patient + + + align:start position:0% +just thought that if there was a patient +in need and there was some great + + align:start position:0% +in need and there was some great + + + align:start position:0% +in need and there was some great +technology that could help that patient + + align:start position:0% +technology that could help that patient + + + align:start position:0% +technology that could help that patient +that somehow magically money would just + + align:start position:0% +that somehow magically money would just + + + align:start position:0% +that somehow magically money would just +come sprinkling down and develop the + + align:start position:0% +come sprinkling down and develop the + + + align:start position:0% +come sprinkling down and develop the +drug um But when I looked into it and + + align:start position:0% +drug um But when I looked into it and + + + align:start position:0% +drug um But when I looked into it and +talked to my colleagues uh here in + + align:start position:0% +talked to my colleagues uh here in + + + align:start position:0% +talked to my colleagues uh here in +Cambridge, uh it became very obvious to + + align:start position:0% +Cambridge, uh it became very obvious to + + + align:start position:0% +Cambridge, uh it became very obvious to +me that that was not the case. That that + + align:start position:0% +me that that was not the case. That that + + + align:start position:0% +me that that was not the case. That that +there were many examples of good drugs + + align:start position:0% +there were many examples of good drugs + + + align:start position:0% +there were many examples of good drugs +that could help lots of patients that + + align:start position:0% +that could help lots of patients that + + + align:start position:0% +that could help lots of patients that +will never ever see it to market because + + align:start position:0% +will never ever see it to market because + + + align:start position:0% +will never ever see it to market because +there was not enough financing to bring + + align:start position:0% +there was not enough financing to bring + + + align:start position:0% +there was not enough financing to bring +that to the patients. So that's when I + + align:start position:0% +that to the patients. So that's when I + + + align:start position:0% +that to the patients. So that's when I +started uh thinking about how finance + + align:start position:0% +started uh thinking about how finance + + + align:start position:0% +started uh thinking about how finance +could play a role in that. And it was + + align:start position:0% +could play a role in that. And it was + + + align:start position:0% +could play a role in that. And it was +actually totally selfish. I wanted to + + align:start position:0% +actually totally selfish. I wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +actually totally selfish. I wanted to +figure out how to help my friends and + + align:start position:0% +figure out how to help my friends and + + + align:start position:0% +figure out how to help my friends and +family uh and how to get better drugs to + + align:start position:0% +family uh and how to get better drugs to + + + align:start position:0% +family uh and how to get better drugs to +them. uh but in doing so it just made me + + align:start position:0% +them. uh but in doing so it just made me + + + align:start position:0% +them. uh but in doing so it just made me +realize the power of finance and and the + + align:start position:0% +realize the power of finance and and the + + + align:start position:0% +realize the power of finance and and the +responsibility that we have uh given + + align:start position:0% +responsibility that we have uh given + + + align:start position:0% +responsibility that we have uh given +that we understand the kind of things + + align:start position:0% +that we understand the kind of things + + + align:start position:0% +that we understand the kind of things +that other people don't about how to + + align:start position:0% +that other people don't about how to + + + align:start position:0% +that other people don't about how to +finance certain kinds of projects about + + align:start position:0% +finance certain kinds of projects about + + + align:start position:0% +finance certain kinds of projects about +how to bring money to a particular area + + align:start position:0% +how to bring money to a particular area + + + align:start position:0% +how to bring money to a particular area +and really make it go faster. Um that + + align:start position:0% +and really make it go faster. Um that + + + align:start position:0% +and really make it go faster. Um that +that we also have a responsibility to + + align:start position:0% +that we also have a responsibility to + + + align:start position:0% +that we also have a responsibility to +take some of these ideas and implement + + align:start position:0% +take some of these ideas and implement + + + align:start position:0% +take some of these ideas and implement +them for those really high impact high + + align:start position:0% +them for those really high impact high + + + align:start position:0% +them for those really high impact high +societal impact kinds of uh uh pursuits. + + align:start position:0% +societal impact kinds of uh uh pursuits. + + + align:start position:0% +societal impact kinds of uh uh pursuits. +Um so I started with that and then one + + align:start position:0% +Um so I started with that and then one + + + align:start position:0% +Um so I started with that and then one +thing led to another and I began + + align:start position:0% +thing led to another and I began + + + align:start position:0% +thing led to another and I began +thinking more broadly about how finance + + align:start position:0% +thinking more broadly about how finance + + + align:start position:0% +thinking more broadly about how finance +uh impacts society in general and + + align:start position:0% +uh impacts society in general and + + + align:start position:0% +uh impacts society in general and +realizing that there are many things + + align:start position:0% +realizing that there are many things + + + align:start position:0% +realizing that there are many things +that we can do to further all sorts of + + align:start position:0% +that we can do to further all sorts of + + + align:start position:0% +that we can do to further all sorts of +different goals. Climate change uh + + align:start position:0% +different goals. Climate change uh + + + align:start position:0% +different goals. Climate change uh +energy transition. There are so many + + align:start position:0% +energy transition. There are so many + + + align:start position:0% +energy transition. There are so many +different issues that really are crying + + align:start position:0% +different issues that really are crying + + + align:start position:0% +different issues that really are crying +out for new business models and + + align:start position:0% +out for new business models and + + + align:start position:0% +out for new business models and +financing strategies and these are you + + align:start position:0% +financing strategies and these are you + + + align:start position:0% +financing strategies and these are you +know well-known tools that all financial + + align:start position:0% +know well-known tools that all financial + + + align:start position:0% +know well-known tools that all financial +economists know but we haven't really + + align:start position:0% +economists know but we haven't really + + + align:start position:0% +economists know but we haven't really +spent time thinking about the + + align:start position:0% +spent time thinking about the + + + align:start position:0% +spent time thinking about the +applications. So that's been a really + + align:start position:0% +applications. So that's been a really + + + align:start position:0% +applications. So that's been a really +rewarding aspect of my current focus. + + align:start position:0% +rewarding aspect of my current focus. + + + align:start position:0% +rewarding aspect of my current focus. +Yeah. Could you give an example of how a + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Could you give an example of how a + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Could you give an example of how a +different business model might radically + + align:start position:0% +different business model might radically + + + align:start position:0% +different business model might radically +change the climate trajectory that we're + + align:start position:0% +change the climate trajectory that we're + + + align:start position:0% +change the climate trajectory that we're +on? Sure. Let's talk about energy + + align:start position:0% +on? Sure. Let's talk about energy + + + align:start position:0% +on? Sure. Let's talk about energy +transition because clearly we are not in + + align:start position:0% +transition because clearly we are not in + + + align:start position:0% +transition because clearly we are not in +the process of transitioning very + + align:start position:0% +the process of transitioning very + + + align:start position:0% +the process of transitioning very +quickly. That's right. In fact, right + + align:start position:0% +quickly. That's right. In fact, right + + + align:start position:0% +quickly. That's right. In fact, right +now about 82% of the world's energy + + align:start position:0% +now about 82% of the world's energy + + + align:start position:0% +now about 82% of the world's energy +usage is in the form of fossil fuels. I + + align:start position:0% +usage is in the form of fossil fuels. I + + + align:start position:0% +usage is in the form of fossil fuels. I +think that might be down from 83 or 84% + + align:start position:0% +think that might be down from 83 or 84% + + + align:start position:0% +think that might be down from 83 or 84% +10 years ago. It's not enough and we're + + align:start position:0% +10 years ago. It's not enough and we're + + + align:start position:0% +10 years ago. It's not enough and we're +not making a difference fast enough. A + + align:start position:0% +not making a difference fast enough. A + + + align:start position:0% +not making a difference fast enough. A +number of people who know a lot more + + align:start position:0% +number of people who know a lot more + + + align:start position:0% +number of people who know a lot more +about the issues than I do have said + + align:start position:0% +about the issues than I do have said + + + align:start position:0% +about the issues than I do have said +that we're not really right now in the + + align:start position:0% +that we're not really right now in the + + + align:start position:0% +that we're not really right now in the +business of transitioning because it's + + align:start position:0% +business of transitioning because it's + + + align:start position:0% +business of transitioning because it's +not as if we're declining our usage of + + align:start position:0% +not as if we're declining our usage of + + + align:start position:0% +not as if we're declining our usage of +energy. If anything, it's growing. So, + + align:start position:0% +energy. If anything, it's growing. So, + + + align:start position:0% +energy. If anything, it's growing. So, +what we need to do is to come up with + + align:start position:0% +what we need to do is to come up with + + + align:start position:0% +what we need to do is to come up with +new sources of energy, energy addition + + align:start position:0% +new sources of energy, energy addition + + + align:start position:0% +new sources of energy, energy addition +as opposed to energy transition. Oh, + + align:start position:0% +as opposed to energy transition. Oh, + + + align:start position:0% +as opposed to energy transition. Oh, +that's interesting. And so what do you + + align:start position:0% +that's interesting. And so what do you + + + align:start position:0% +that's interesting. And so what do you +do with that? Where do you go? There are + + align:start position:0% +do with that? Where do you go? There are + + + align:start position:0% +do with that? Where do you go? There are +three totally green sources of energy + + align:start position:0% +three totally green sources of energy + + + align:start position:0% +three totally green sources of energy +that my colleagues tell me right now + + align:start position:0% +that my colleagues tell me right now + + + align:start position:0% +that my colleagues tell me right now +that that are um not in the renewable + + align:start position:0% +that that are um not in the renewable + + + align:start position:0% +that that are um not in the renewable +space. Obviously solar, wind, hydro is + + align:start position:0% +space. Obviously solar, wind, hydro is + + + align:start position:0% +space. Obviously solar, wind, hydro is +important, but they're not always there + + align:start position:0% +important, but they're not always there + + + align:start position:0% +important, but they're not always there +when we need it. We need to develop + + align:start position:0% +when we need it. We need to develop + + + align:start position:0% +when we need it. We need to develop +better battery technologies and that's + + align:start position:0% +better battery technologies and that's + + + align:start position:0% +better battery technologies and that's +all happening. That's good, but again, + + align:start position:0% +all happening. That's good, but again, + + + align:start position:0% +all happening. That's good, but again, +not enough. So if we want to speed up + + align:start position:0% +not enough. So if we want to speed up + + + align:start position:0% +not enough. So if we want to speed up +the process of energy addition, we need + + align:start position:0% +the process of energy addition, we need + + + align:start position:0% +the process of energy addition, we need +new sources of green energy. And there + + align:start position:0% +new sources of green energy. And there + + + align:start position:0% +new sources of green energy. And there +are three. There's nuclear fision. + + align:start position:0% +are three. There's nuclear fision. + + + align:start position:0% +are three. There's nuclear fision. +nuclear fusion and + + align:start position:0% +nuclear fusion and + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear fusion and +geothermal. And all of these should be + + align:start position:0% +geothermal. And all of these should be + + + align:start position:0% +geothermal. And all of these should be +areas that we pursue. And so imagine if + + align:start position:0% +areas that we pursue. And so imagine if + + + align:start position:0% +areas that we pursue. And so imagine if +we could support all sorts of different + + align:start position:0% +we could support all sorts of different + + + align:start position:0% +we could support all sorts of different +investment projects in all three areas + + align:start position:0% +investment projects in all three areas + + + align:start position:0% +investment projects in all three areas +and really make a concerted effort to + + align:start position:0% +and really make a concerted effort to + + + align:start position:0% +and really make a concerted effort to +develop these new sources of green + + align:start position:0% +develop these new sources of green + + + align:start position:0% +develop these new sources of green +energy. That's an example of what + + align:start position:0% +energy. That's an example of what + + + align:start position:0% +energy. That's an example of what +finance can do. But we need to develop + + align:start position:0% +finance can do. But we need to develop + + + align:start position:0% +finance can do. But we need to develop +the the political will to be able to do + + align:start position:0% +the the political will to be able to do + + + align:start position:0% +the the political will to be able to do +that. And and even part of that can be + + align:start position:0% +that. And and even part of that can be + + + align:start position:0% +that. And and even part of that can be +uh hastened by finance because if you + + align:start position:0% +uh hastened by finance because if you + + + align:start position:0% +uh hastened by finance because if you +can show that governments can actually + + align:start position:0% +can show that governments can actually + + + align:start position:0% +can show that governments can actually +save money in the long run by investing + + align:start position:0% +save money in the long run by investing + + + align:start position:0% +save money in the long run by investing +in these if they can get a good rate of + + align:start position:0% +in these if they can get a good rate of + + + align:start position:0% +in these if they can get a good rate of +return on these investments they're much + + align:start position:0% +return on these investments they're much + + + align:start position:0% +return on these investments they're much +more likely to be able to write the + + align:start position:0% +more likely to be able to write the + + + align:start position:0% +more likely to be able to write the +checks that we need now. Yeah, it really + + align:start position:0% +checks that we need now. Yeah, it really + + + align:start position:0% +checks that we need now. Yeah, it really +does all come down to money. + + align:start position:0% +does all come down to money. + + + align:start position:0% +does all come down to money. +Unfortunately um in most cases that + + align:start position:0% +Unfortunately um in most cases that + + + align:start position:0% +Unfortunately um in most cases that +seems to be true. Uh but fortunately the + + align:start position:0% +seems to be true. Uh but fortunately the + + + align:start position:0% +seems to be true. Uh but fortunately the +world has become wealthier and largely + + align:start position:0% +world has become wealthier and largely + + + align:start position:0% +world has become wealthier and largely +that's happened because of + + align:start position:0% +that's happened because of + + + align:start position:0% +that's happened because of +industrialization and the innovations + + align:start position:0% +industrialization and the innovations + + + align:start position:0% +industrialization and the innovations +and technology that we have pioneered. + + align:start position:0% +and technology that we have pioneered. + + + align:start position:0% +and technology that we have pioneered. +Uh but the wealth is not equally spread. + + align:start position:0% +Uh but the wealth is not equally spread. + + + align:start position:0% +Uh but the wealth is not equally spread. +There's definitely winners and losers + + align:start position:0% +There's definitely winners and losers + + + align:start position:0% +There's definitely winners and losers +and I would argue that the wealth is not + + align:start position:0% +and I would argue that the wealth is not + + + align:start position:0% +and I would argue that the wealth is not +necessarily being allocated in the most + + align:start position:0% +necessarily being allocated in the most + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily being allocated in the most +efficient way. If we were to change some + + align:start position:0% +efficient way. If we were to change some + + + align:start position:0% +efficient way. If we were to change some +of that allocation, we could actually + + align:start position:0% +of that allocation, we could actually + + + align:start position:0% +of that allocation, we could actually +get better outcomes for everybody. + + align:start position:0% +get better outcomes for everybody. + + + align:start position:0% +get better outcomes for everybody. +Nobody has to lose. So it all sounds so + + align:start position:0% +Nobody has to lose. So it all sounds so + + + align:start position:0% +Nobody has to lose. So it all sounds so +logical when you explain it. Uh but then + + align:start position:0% +logical when you explain it. Uh but then + + + align:start position:0% +logical when you explain it. Uh but then +you introduce + + align:start position:0% +you introduce + + + align:start position:0% +you introduce +humans. Talk to me about humans. You + + align:start position:0% +humans. Talk to me about humans. You + + + align:start position:0% +humans. Talk to me about humans. You +know, human behavior is one of the most + + align:start position:0% +know, human behavior is one of the most + + + align:start position:0% +know, human behavior is one of the most +interesting and most confounding aspects + + align:start position:0% +interesting and most confounding aspects + + + align:start position:0% +interesting and most confounding aspects +of what I do in finance because we can + + align:start position:0% +of what I do in finance because we can + + + align:start position:0% +of what I do in finance because we can +write down all these wonderful equations + + align:start position:0% +write down all these wonderful equations + + + align:start position:0% +write down all these wonderful equations +that predict various kinds of + + align:start position:0% +that predict various kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +that predict various kinds of +opportunities for financial investments, + + align:start position:0% +opportunities for financial investments, + + + align:start position:0% +opportunities for financial investments, +but the at the end of the day, you're + + align:start position:0% +but the at the end of the day, you're + + + align:start position:0% +but the at the end of the day, you're +talking about people. Yeah. And people + + align:start position:0% +talking about people. Yeah. And people + + + align:start position:0% +talking about people. Yeah. And people +can react. Sometimes they can overreact. + + align:start position:0% +can react. Sometimes they can overreact. + + + align:start position:0% +can react. Sometimes they can overreact. +Uh you know for example during the + + align:start position:0% +Uh you know for example during the + + + align:start position:0% +Uh you know for example during the +pandemic the stock market lost something + + align:start position:0% +pandemic the stock market lost something + + + align:start position:0% +pandemic the stock market lost something +like 30% in a matter of a few days. Wow. + + align:start position:0% +like 30% in a matter of a few days. Wow. + + + align:start position:0% +like 30% in a matter of a few days. Wow. +And right if most of your retirement is + + align:start position:0% +And right if most of your retirement is + + + align:start position:0% +And right if most of your retirement is +tied up in the stock market that was a + + align:start position:0% +tied up in the stock market that was a + + + align:start position:0% +tied up in the stock market that was a +really big hit. Yeah. So a number of + + align:start position:0% +really big hit. Yeah. So a number of + + + align:start position:0% +really big hit. Yeah. So a number of +people responded by what? By pulling out + + align:start position:0% +people responded by what? By pulling out + + + align:start position:0% +people responded by what? By pulling out +their money from the stock market + + align:start position:0% +their money from the stock market + + + align:start position:0% +their money from the stock market +putting it in + + align:start position:0% +putting it in + + + align:start position:0% +putting it in +cash. That's in and of itself is not a + + align:start position:0% +cash. That's in and of itself is not a + + + align:start position:0% +cash. That's in and of itself is not a +necessarily bad decision. The problem is + + align:start position:0% +necessarily bad decision. The problem is + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily bad decision. The problem is +that many of these individuals, they + + align:start position:0% +that many of these individuals, they + + + align:start position:0% +that many of these individuals, they +took too long to put the money back into + + align:start position:0% +took too long to put the money back into + + + align:start position:0% +took too long to put the money back into +the stock market and they missed the + + align:start position:0% +the stock market and they missed the + + + align:start position:0% +the stock market and they missed the +rebound, which actually happened just a + + align:start position:0% +rebound, which actually happened just a + + + align:start position:0% +rebound, which actually happened just a +few weeks after that 30% decline. The + + align:start position:0% +few weeks after that 30% decline. The + + + align:start position:0% +few weeks after that 30% decline. The +market went right back up. And if if you + + align:start position:0% +market went right back up. And if if you + + + align:start position:0% +market went right back up. And if if you +had taken a vacation between, you know, + + align:start position:0% +had taken a vacation between, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +had taken a vacation between, you know, +middle of March 2020 and middle of June + + align:start position:0% +middle of March 2020 and middle of June + + + align:start position:0% +middle of March 2020 and middle of June +2020, if you had taken a vacation and + + align:start position:0% +2020, if you had taken a vacation and + + + align:start position:0% +2020, if you had taken a vacation and +done nothing, you would not even have + + align:start position:0% +done nothing, you would not even have + + + align:start position:0% +done nothing, you would not even have +noticed that the stock market moved. It + + align:start position:0% +noticed that the stock market moved. It + + + align:start position:0% +noticed that the stock market moved. It +just went down and then back up. + + align:start position:0% +just went down and then back up. + + + align:start position:0% +just went down and then back up. +So I think that understanding these kind + + align:start position:0% +So I think that understanding these kind + + + align:start position:0% +So I think that understanding these kind +of dynamics is important because we + + align:start position:0% +of dynamics is important because we + + + align:start position:0% +of dynamics is important because we +often allow ourselves to engage in + + align:start position:0% +often allow ourselves to engage in + + + align:start position:0% +often allow ourselves to engage in +behaviors that can be really + + align:start position:0% +behaviors that can be really + + + align:start position:0% +behaviors that can be really +counterproductive. And that's part of + + align:start position:0% +counterproductive. And that's part of + + + align:start position:0% +counterproductive. And that's part of +what I do as a finance professional is + + align:start position:0% +what I do as a finance professional is + + + align:start position:0% +what I do as a finance professional is +to understand how human behavior factors + + align:start position:0% +to understand how human behavior factors + + + align:start position:0% +to understand how human behavior factors +into this. And it's amazing how bad we + + align:start position:0% +into this. And it's amazing how bad we + + + align:start position:0% +into this. And it's amazing how bad we +are as uh homo sapiens in managing our + + align:start position:0% +are as uh homo sapiens in managing our + + + align:start position:0% +are as uh homo sapiens in managing our +finances. And that's one of the reasons + + align:start position:0% +finances. And that's one of the reasons + + + align:start position:0% +finances. And that's one of the reasons +why I do what I do. I'm really excited + + align:start position:0% +why I do what I do. I'm really excited + + + align:start position:0% +why I do what I do. I'm really excited +about it. Yeah. You have a + + align:start position:0% +about it. Yeah. You have a + + + align:start position:0% +about it. Yeah. You have a +hypothesis. What is it called? So my + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis. What is it called? So my + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis. What is it called? So my +hypothesis is the adaptive markets + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis is the adaptive markets + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis is the adaptive markets +hypothesis. And uh it was developed in + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis. And uh it was developed in + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis. And uh it was developed in +contrast to one of the most popular + + align:start position:0% +contrast to one of the most popular + + + align:start position:0% +contrast to one of the most popular +theories in my field called the + + align:start position:0% +theories in my field called the + + + align:start position:0% +theories in my field called the +efficient markets hypothesis. Okay, + + align:start position:0% +efficient markets hypothesis. Okay, + + + align:start position:0% +efficient markets hypothesis. Okay, +that's a theory that says that markets + + align:start position:0% +that's a theory that says that markets + + + align:start position:0% +that's a theory that says that markets +always and everywhere reflect all + + align:start position:0% +always and everywhere reflect all + + + align:start position:0% +always and everywhere reflect all +available information and that means + + align:start position:0% +available information and that means + + + align:start position:0% +available information and that means +that the prices that you see are + + align:start position:0% +that the prices that you see are + + + align:start position:0% +that the prices that you see are +generally correct. And it turns out the + + align:start position:0% +generally correct. And it turns out the + + + align:start position:0% +generally correct. And it turns out the +deficient markets hypothesis is not + + align:start position:0% +deficient markets hypothesis is not + + + align:start position:0% +deficient markets hypothesis is not +wrong. It actually works most of the + + align:start position:0% +wrong. It actually works most of the + + + align:start position:0% +wrong. It actually works most of the +time, but it's not complete. It doesn't + + align:start position:0% +time, but it's not complete. It doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +time, but it's not complete. It doesn't +work all the time. And for the times + + align:start position:0% +work all the time. And for the times + + + align:start position:0% +work all the time. And for the times +when it doesn't work, where human + + align:start position:0% +when it doesn't work, where human + + + align:start position:0% +when it doesn't work, where human +behavior overwhelms the kind of + + align:start position:0% +behavior overwhelms the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +behavior overwhelms the kind of +rationality that you typically see in + + align:start position:0% +rationality that you typically see in + + + align:start position:0% +rationality that you typically see in +the markets, that's where you need to + + align:start position:0% +the markets, that's where you need to + + + align:start position:0% +the markets, that's where you need to +understand how the mechanics of human + + align:start position:0% +understand how the mechanics of human + + + align:start position:0% +understand how the mechanics of human +behavior interacts with the beautiful + + align:start position:0% +behavior interacts with the beautiful + + + align:start position:0% +behavior interacts with the beautiful +logic of financial markets. That's the + + align:start position:0% +logic of financial markets. That's the + + + align:start position:0% +logic of financial markets. That's the +adaptive markets hypothesis. Yeah. So, + + align:start position:0% +adaptive markets hypothesis. Yeah. So, + + + align:start position:0% +adaptive markets hypothesis. Yeah. So, +as a fellow human, what can I do to + + align:start position:0% +as a fellow human, what can I do to + + + align:start position:0% +as a fellow human, what can I do to +counteract my own um irrational + + align:start position:0% +counteract my own um irrational + + + align:start position:0% +counteract my own um irrational +tendencies? Well, the first step is to + + align:start position:0% +tendencies? Well, the first step is to + + + align:start position:0% +tendencies? Well, the first step is to +recognize that this is an issue. So, uh + + align:start position:0% +recognize that this is an issue. So, uh + + + align:start position:0% +recognize that this is an issue. So, uh +if you recognize that we all have this + + align:start position:0% +if you recognize that we all have this + + + align:start position:0% +if you recognize that we all have this +problem, that's the first step in + + align:start position:0% +problem, that's the first step in + + + align:start position:0% +problem, that's the first step in +recovery in trying to understand how to + + align:start position:0% +recovery in trying to understand how to + + + align:start position:0% +recovery in trying to understand how to +deal with it. The the second step is to + + align:start position:0% +deal with it. The the second step is to + + + align:start position:0% +deal with it. The the second step is to +do scenario analyses in our brain. So, + + align:start position:0% +do scenario analyses in our brain. So, + + + align:start position:0% +do scenario analyses in our brain. So, +one one of the most magnificent gifts of + + align:start position:0% +one one of the most magnificent gifts of + + + align:start position:0% +one one of the most magnificent gifts of +human evolution is the ability to engage + + align:start position:0% +human evolution is the ability to engage + + + align:start position:0% +human evolution is the ability to engage +in abstract thought. Okay. In + + align:start position:0% +in abstract thought. Okay. In + + + align:start position:0% +in abstract thought. Okay. In +hypotheticals. Yeah. We can hold in our + + align:start position:0% +hypotheticals. Yeah. We can hold in our + + + align:start position:0% +hypotheticals. Yeah. We can hold in our +mind all sorts of what ifs of what if I + + align:start position:0% +mind all sorts of what ifs of what if I + + + align:start position:0% +mind all sorts of what ifs of what if I +decided not to go to work today? What + + align:start position:0% +decided not to go to work today? What + + + align:start position:0% +decided not to go to work today? What +would happen then? What if I decided to + + align:start position:0% +would happen then? What if I decided to + + + align:start position:0% +would happen then? What if I decided to +become a doctor, a lawyer? Uh what if I + + align:start position:0% +become a doctor, a lawyer? Uh what if I + + + align:start position:0% +become a doctor, a lawyer? Uh what if I +decided uh to save money uh so that my + + align:start position:0% +decided uh to save money uh so that my + + + align:start position:0% +decided uh to save money uh so that my +kids can go to college? Those kinds of + + align:start position:0% +kids can go to college? Those kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +kids can go to college? Those kinds of +whatifs we can often work out in + + align:start position:0% +whatifs we can often work out in + + + align:start position:0% +whatifs we can often work out in +reasonable detail in our heads and then + + align:start position:0% +reasonable detail in our heads and then + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable detail in our heads and then +pick the what if that is the most + + align:start position:0% +pick the what if that is the most + + + align:start position:0% +pick the what if that is the most +attractive. Uh-huh. So, right now, if + + align:start position:0% +attractive. Uh-huh. So, right now, if + + + align:start position:0% +attractive. Uh-huh. So, right now, if +we're not in the middle of a financial + + align:start position:0% +we're not in the middle of a financial + + + align:start position:0% +we're not in the middle of a financial +crisis, we can do the what if and say, + + align:start position:0% +crisis, we can do the what if and say, + + + align:start position:0% +crisis, we can do the what if and say, +"What if it turns out the stock market + + align:start position:0% +"What if it turns out the stock market + + + align:start position:0% +"What if it turns out the stock market +crashes by 20%." Okay. Given my age, + + align:start position:0% +crashes by 20%." Okay. Given my age, + + + align:start position:0% +crashes by 20%." Okay. Given my age, +given the likelihood that it's going to + + align:start position:0% +given the likelihood that it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +given the likelihood that it's going to +come back because based on the last + + align:start position:0% +come back because based on the last + + + align:start position:0% +come back because based on the last +hundred years of history, when the + + align:start position:0% +hundred years of history, when the + + + align:start position:0% +hundred years of history, when the +markets go down, eventually they go back + + align:start position:0% +markets go down, eventually they go back + + + align:start position:0% +markets go down, eventually they go back +up. It takes a while, but you we can + + align:start position:0% +up. It takes a while, but you we can + + + align:start position:0% +up. It takes a while, but you we can +actually see when things are recovering. + + align:start position:0% +actually see when things are recovering. + + + align:start position:0% +actually see when things are recovering. +What if I decided not to sell out + + align:start position:0% +What if I decided not to sell out + + + align:start position:0% +What if I decided not to sell out +everything? What if I decided to wait + + align:start position:0% +everything? What if I decided to wait + + + align:start position:0% +everything? What if I decided to wait +and see how things go? What if I were to + + align:start position:0% +and see how things go? What if I were to + + + align:start position:0% +and see how things go? What if I were to +wait two years, three years, five years? + + align:start position:0% +wait two years, three years, five years? + + + align:start position:0% +wait two years, three years, five years? +Can I afford to wait? By doing those + + align:start position:0% +Can I afford to wait? By doing those + + + align:start position:0% +Can I afford to wait? By doing those +kinds of what if analyses, we can go a + + align:start position:0% +kinds of what if analyses, we can go a + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of what if analyses, we can go a +long way towards preparing for these + + align:start position:0% +long way towards preparing for these + + + align:start position:0% +long way towards preparing for these +kinds of events. And this is where + + align:start position:0% +kinds of events. And this is where + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of events. And this is where +financial planners are really helpful. + + align:start position:0% +financial planners are really helpful. + + + align:start position:0% +financial planners are really helpful. +They have a lot more sophisticated + + align:start position:0% +They have a lot more sophisticated + + + align:start position:0% +They have a lot more sophisticated +whatifs than you and I might be able to + + align:start position:0% +whatifs than you and I might be able to + + + align:start position:0% +whatifs than you and I might be able to +come up on our own. And there I think we + + align:start position:0% +come up on our own. And there I think we + + + align:start position:0% +come up on our own. And there I think we +can get AI to play a role because AI now + + align:start position:0% +can get AI to play a role because AI now + + + align:start position:0% +can get AI to play a role because AI now +with large language models are + + align:start position:0% +with large language models are + + + align:start position:0% +with large language models are +remarkably good at coming up with all + + align:start position:0% +remarkably good at coming up with all + + + align:start position:0% +remarkably good at coming up with all +sorts of interesting whatifs. And so to + + align:start position:0% +sorts of interesting whatifs. And so to + + + align:start position:0% +sorts of interesting whatifs. And so to +be for ararmed is to be to be foreworn + + align:start position:0% +be for ararmed is to be to be foreworn + + + align:start position:0% +be for ararmed is to be to be foreworn +is to be forarmed. We have a lot of + + align:start position:0% +is to be forarmed. We have a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +is to be forarmed. We have a lot of +YouTube comments pointing out that you + + align:start position:0% +YouTube comments pointing out that you + + + align:start position:0% +YouTube comments pointing out that you +tend to make finance very accessible + + align:start position:0% +tend to make finance very accessible + + + align:start position:0% +tend to make finance very accessible +through your lectures and I'm wondering + + align:start position:0% +through your lectures and I'm wondering + + + align:start position:0% +through your lectures and I'm wondering +if you could articulate what it is you + + align:start position:0% +if you could articulate what it is you + + + align:start position:0% +if you could articulate what it is you +think you do that opens the door for + + align:start position:0% +think you do that opens the door for + + + align:start position:0% +think you do that opens the door for +students in your classes and around the + + align:start position:0% +students in your classes and around the + + + align:start position:0% +students in your classes and around the +world when they watch your open + + align:start position:0% +world when they watch your open + + + align:start position:0% +world when they watch your open +courseware videos. Well, first of all, + + align:start position:0% +courseware videos. Well, first of all, + + + align:start position:0% +courseware videos. Well, first of all, +thank you for that observation. I'm + + align:start position:0% +thank you for that observation. I'm + + + align:start position:0% +thank you for that observation. I'm +really uh humbled and and grateful for + + align:start position:0% +really uh humbled and and grateful for + + + align:start position:0% +really uh humbled and and grateful for +that. If that's true, it's because I + + align:start position:0% +that. If that's true, it's because I + + + align:start position:0% +that. If that's true, it's because I +often develop my lectures with an eye + + align:start position:0% +often develop my lectures with an eye + + + align:start position:0% +often develop my lectures with an eye +towards being a student myself. I was a + + align:start position:0% +towards being a student myself. I was a + + + align:start position:0% +towards being a student myself. I was a +high school student in New York City at + + align:start position:0% +high school student in New York City at + + + align:start position:0% +high school student in New York City at +the Bronx High School of Science is a a + + align:start position:0% +the Bronx High School of Science is a a + + + align:start position:0% +the Bronx High School of Science is a a +school that specializes in STEM and uh + + align:start position:0% +school that specializes in STEM and uh + + + align:start position:0% +school that specializes in STEM and uh +wonderful education that money didn't + + align:start position:0% +wonderful education that money didn't + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful education that money didn't +need to buy because it's a p public + + align:start position:0% +need to buy because it's a p public + + + align:start position:0% +need to buy because it's a p public +school. And I u I learned more from my + + align:start position:0% +school. And I u I learned more from my + + + align:start position:0% +school. And I u I learned more from my +classmates in Bronx Science than I think + + align:start position:0% +classmates in Bronx Science than I think + + + align:start position:0% +classmates in Bronx Science than I think +I did from any other uh time in my + + align:start position:0% +I did from any other uh time in my + + + align:start position:0% +I did from any other uh time in my +educational career. It's a phenomenal + + align:start position:0% +educational career. It's a phenomenal + + + align:start position:0% +educational career. It's a phenomenal +school. But one of the things that I + + align:start position:0% +school. But one of the things that I + + + align:start position:0% +school. But one of the things that I +learned from Bron Science that wasn't + + align:start position:0% +learned from Bron Science that wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +learned from Bron Science that wasn't +quite right and this is my own fault. I + + align:start position:0% +quite right and this is my own fault. I + + + align:start position:0% +quite right and this is my own fault. I +identified intelligence with STEM. So if + + align:start position:0% +identified intelligence with STEM. So if + + + align:start position:0% +identified intelligence with STEM. So if +you were smart at Bronx Science, that + + align:start position:0% +you were smart at Bronx Science, that + + + align:start position:0% +you were smart at Bronx Science, that +meant you were good at science and math. + + align:start position:0% +meant you were good at science and math. + + + align:start position:0% +meant you were good at science and math. +I mean, you know, we had history, + + align:start position:0% +I mean, you know, we had history, + + + align:start position:0% +I mean, you know, we had history, +English, social studies, all of those + + align:start position:0% +English, social studies, all of those + + + align:start position:0% +English, social studies, all of those +other fields, but those weren't the real + + align:start position:0% +other fields, but those weren't the real + + + align:start position:0% +other fields, but those weren't the real +focus of the kids that went there. It + + align:start position:0% +focus of the kids that went there. It + + + align:start position:0% +focus of the kids that went there. It +you went there because you wanted to + + align:start position:0% +you went there because you wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +you went there because you wanted to +study science, math, and engineering. + + align:start position:0% +study science, math, and engineering. + + + align:start position:0% +study science, math, and engineering. +And it wasn't until I got to college + + align:start position:0% +And it wasn't until I got to college + + + align:start position:0% +And it wasn't until I got to college +that I was completely disabused of that + + align:start position:0% +that I was completely disabused of that + + + align:start position:0% +that I was completely disabused of that +notion. And it happened because I met + + align:start position:0% +notion. And it happened because I met + + + align:start position:0% +notion. And it happened because I met +somebody who was completely innumerate. + + align:start position:0% +somebody who was completely innumerate. + + + align:start position:0% +somebody who was completely innumerate. +I mean, he he wasn't even able to take + + align:start position:0% +I mean, he he wasn't even able to take + + + align:start position:0% +I mean, he he wasn't even able to take +the introductory math class at in + + align:start position:0% +the introductory math class at in + + + align:start position:0% +the introductory math class at in +college and needed my help to get + + align:start position:0% +college and needed my help to get + + + align:start position:0% +college and needed my help to get +through it. And so, I would tutor him + + align:start position:0% +through it. And so, I would tutor him + + + align:start position:0% +through it. And so, I would tutor him +every once in a while and um you know, + + align:start position:0% +every once in a while and um you know, + + + align:start position:0% +every once in a while and um you know, +he would eventually learn, but it took + + align:start position:0% +he would eventually learn, but it took + + + align:start position:0% +he would eventually learn, but it took +him a while and it was never easy. He + + align:start position:0% +him a while and it was never easy. He + + + align:start position:0% +him a while and it was never easy. He +really sweated it out and ultimately I + + align:start position:0% +really sweated it out and ultimately I + + + align:start position:0% +really sweated it out and ultimately I +think passed with a a C or something. + + align:start position:0% +think passed with a a C or something. + + + align:start position:0% +think passed with a a C or something. +And yet, may or may not have been that + + align:start position:0% +And yet, may or may not have been that + + + align:start position:0% +And yet, may or may not have been that +person, but go well. The the thing about + + align:start position:0% +person, but go well. The the thing about + + + align:start position:0% +person, but go well. The the thing about +that person uh is that he was one of the + + align:start position:0% +that person uh is that he was one of the + + + align:start position:0% +that person uh is that he was one of the +smartest people I ever met in college. + + align:start position:0% +smartest people I ever met in college. + + + align:start position:0% +smartest people I ever met in college. +And I didn't expect that. And let me + + align:start position:0% +And I didn't expect that. And let me + + + align:start position:0% +And I didn't expect that. And let me +explain what I mean by that. We'd be + + align:start position:0% +explain what I mean by that. We'd be + + + align:start position:0% +explain what I mean by that. We'd be +sitting at dinner and no matter what the + + align:start position:0% +sitting at dinner and no matter what the + + + align:start position:0% +sitting at dinner and no matter what the +topic of conversation was, politics, + + align:start position:0% +topic of conversation was, politics, + + + align:start position:0% +topic of conversation was, politics, +religion, music, anything that you would + + align:start position:0% +religion, music, anything that you would + + + align:start position:0% +religion, music, anything that you would +talk about other than + + align:start position:0% +talk about other than + + + align:start position:0% +talk about other than +mathematics, he was just incredibly + + align:start position:0% +mathematics, he was just incredibly + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics, he was just incredibly +well-informed, + + align:start position:0% +well-informed, + + + align:start position:0% +well-informed, +articulate, and extraordinarily + + align:start position:0% +articulate, and extraordinarily + + + align:start position:0% +articulate, and extraordinarily +analytical. + + align:start position:0% +analytical. + + + align:start position:0% +analytical. +So that really threw me for a loop + + align:start position:0% +So that really threw me for a loop + + + align:start position:0% +So that really threw me for a loop +because again, analytical math but not + + align:start position:0% +because again, analytical math but not + + + align:start position:0% +because again, analytical math but not +in his brain. Yeah. So he ultimately + + align:start position:0% +in his brain. Yeah. So he ultimately + + + align:start position:0% +in his brain. Yeah. So he ultimately +went to law school, became a very very + + align:start position:0% +went to law school, became a very very + + + align:start position:0% +went to law school, became a very very +wellrespected attorney and you know he + + align:start position:0% +wellrespected attorney and you know he + + + align:start position:0% +wellrespected attorney and you know he +could argue anybody uh you know into the + + align:start position:0% +could argue anybody uh you know into the + + + align:start position:0% +could argue anybody uh you know into the +ground because he had a mind sharp as a + + align:start position:0% +ground because he had a mind sharp as a + + + align:start position:0% +ground because he had a mind sharp as a +razor blade. Yeah. How is it possible + + align:start position:0% +razor blade. Yeah. How is it possible + + + align:start position:0% +razor blade. Yeah. How is it possible +that somebody could be so smart and yet + + align:start position:0% +that somebody could be so smart and yet + + + align:start position:0% +that somebody could be so smart and yet +innumerate? That was a big wakeup call + + align:start position:0% +innumerate? That was a big wakeup call + + + align:start position:0% +innumerate? That was a big wakeup call +for me and it pointed out the fact that + + align:start position:0% +for me and it pointed out the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +for me and it pointed out the fact that +there are different kinds of + + align:start position:0% +there are different kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +there are different kinds of +intelligence. So up until recently when + + align:start position:0% +intelligence. So up until recently when + + + align:start position:0% +intelligence. So up until recently when +we think about artificial intelligence + + align:start position:0% +we think about artificial intelligence + + + align:start position:0% +we think about artificial intelligence +and computation it's all computational + + align:start position:0% +and computation it's all computational + + + align:start position:0% +and computation it's all computational +quantitative right for the very first + + align:start position:0% +quantitative right for the very first + + + align:start position:0% +quantitative right for the very first +time and this is why I think large + + align:start position:0% +time and this is why I think large + + + align:start position:0% +time and this is why I think large +language models are such a breakthrough + + align:start position:0% +language models are such a breakthrough + + + align:start position:0% +language models are such a breakthrough +we are now confronted with a very + + align:start position:0% +we are now confronted with a very + + + align:start position:0% +we are now confronted with a very +different kind of artificial + + align:start position:0% +different kind of artificial + + + align:start position:0% +different kind of artificial +intelligence this is intelligence that + + align:start position:0% +intelligence this is intelligence that + + + align:start position:0% +intelligence this is intelligence that +is like my friend in college it becomes + + align:start position:0% +is like my friend in college it becomes + + + align:start position:0% +is like my friend in college it becomes +analytical but in a way that uses + + align:start position:0% +analytical but in a way that uses + + + align:start position:0% +analytical but in a way that uses +language not numbers and equations and + + align:start position:0% +language not numbers and equations and + + + align:start position:0% +language not numbers and equations and +so I think that large language models + + align:start position:0% +so I think that large language models + + + align:start position:0% +so I think that large language models +is a different type of AI than what + + align:start position:0% +is a different type of AI than what + + + align:start position:0% +is a different type of AI than what +we're used to. That's what makes it so + + align:start position:0% +we're used to. That's what makes it so + + + align:start position:0% +we're used to. That's what makes it so +powerful, but it does have some + + align:start position:0% +powerful, but it does have some + + + align:start position:0% +powerful, but it does have some +weaknesses. Just like my friend who if + + align:start position:0% +weaknesses. Just like my friend who if + + + align:start position:0% +weaknesses. Just like my friend who if +you ask him to prove a very simple + + align:start position:0% +you ask him to prove a very simple + + + align:start position:0% +you ask him to prove a very simple +theorem in calculus, he'd sweat bullets + + align:start position:0% +theorem in calculus, he'd sweat bullets + + + align:start position:0% +theorem in calculus, he'd sweat bullets +doing it, but he was incredibly + + align:start position:0% +doing it, but he was incredibly + + + align:start position:0% +doing it, but he was incredibly +intelligent in other ways. And so I + + align:start position:0% +intelligent in other ways. And so I + + + align:start position:0% +intelligent in other ways. And so I +think that opens up all sorts of new + + align:start position:0% +think that opens up all sorts of new + + + align:start position:0% +think that opens up all sorts of new +insights for me in terms of my own + + align:start position:0% +insights for me in terms of my own + + + align:start position:0% +insights for me in terms of my own +students, myself, and how we think about + + align:start position:0% +students, myself, and how we think about + + + align:start position:0% +students, myself, and how we think about +intelligence and sometimes how limited + + align:start position:0% +intelligence and sometimes how limited + + + align:start position:0% +intelligence and sometimes how limited +we are in thinking about intelligence. + + align:start position:0% +we are in thinking about intelligence. + + + align:start position:0% +we are in thinking about intelligence. +We measure intelligence with tests, + + align:start position:0% +We measure intelligence with tests, + + + align:start position:0% +We measure intelligence with tests, +reading comprehension, vocabulary, and + + align:start position:0% +reading comprehension, vocabulary, and + + + align:start position:0% +reading comprehension, vocabulary, and +uh, you know, mathematical problems. But + + align:start position:0% +uh, you know, mathematical problems. But + + + align:start position:0% +uh, you know, mathematical problems. But +I wonder if there's many forms of + + align:start position:0% +I wonder if there's many forms of + + + align:start position:0% +I wonder if there's many forms of +intelligence that we're not capturing + + align:start position:0% +intelligence that we're not capturing + + + align:start position:0% +intelligence that we're not capturing +with those tests. And there are whole + + align:start position:0% +with those tests. And there are whole + + + align:start position:0% +with those tests. And there are whole +swaths of society that we have somehow + + align:start position:0% +swaths of society that we have somehow + + + align:start position:0% +swaths of society that we have somehow +neglected and underappreciated because + + align:start position:0% +neglected and underappreciated because + + + align:start position:0% +neglected and underappreciated because +they have an intelligence that we don't + + align:start position:0% +they have an intelligence that we don't + + + align:start position:0% +they have an intelligence that we don't +know about, we can't measure, but we + + align:start position:0% +know about, we can't measure, but we + + + align:start position:0% +know about, we can't measure, but we +really could benefit from. Well, I + + align:start position:0% +really could benefit from. Well, I + + + align:start position:0% +really could benefit from. Well, I +couldn't agree with you more. I used to + + align:start position:0% +couldn't agree with you more. I used to + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't agree with you more. I used to +be an elementary school teacher, so I + + align:start position:0% +be an elementary school teacher, so I + + + align:start position:0% +be an elementary school teacher, so I +saw the ways in which schools pinpoint + + align:start position:0% +saw the ways in which schools pinpoint + + + align:start position:0% +saw the ways in which schools pinpoint +intelligence and measure it and leave + + align:start position:0% +intelligence and measure it and leave + + + align:start position:0% +intelligence and measure it and leave +out large groups of people. Yeah. So, + + align:start position:0% +out large groups of people. Yeah. So, + + + align:start position:0% +out large groups of people. Yeah. So, +we're on the same page there. Well, + + align:start position:0% +we're on the same page there. Well, + + + align:start position:0% +we're on the same page there. Well, +speaking of elementary school, that was + + align:start position:0% +speaking of elementary school, that was + + + align:start position:0% +speaking of elementary school, that was +one of the important and formative + + align:start position:0% +one of the important and formative + + + align:start position:0% +one of the important and formative +experiences of my life. It turns out + + align:start position:0% +experiences of my life. It turns out + + + align:start position:0% +experiences of my life. It turns out +that um uh in retrospect, I uh have a + + align:start position:0% +that um uh in retrospect, I uh have a + + + align:start position:0% +that um uh in retrospect, I uh have a +learning issue. Uh it's the mathematical + + align:start position:0% +learning issue. Uh it's the mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +learning issue. Uh it's the mathematical +equivalent of dyslexia, dcalculia. You + + align:start position:0% +equivalent of dyslexia, dcalculia. You + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent of dyslexia, dcalculia. You +do? Yes. + + align:start position:0% +do? Yes. + + + align:start position:0% +do? Yes. +Wow, that is so surprising. Well, you + + align:start position:0% +Wow, that is so surprising. Well, you + + + align:start position:0% +Wow, that is so surprising. Well, you +know, people say that because of what I + + align:start position:0% +know, people say that because of what I + + + align:start position:0% +know, people say that because of what I +do now. Yeah. But, um, it was definitely + + align:start position:0% +do now. Yeah. But, um, it was definitely + + + align:start position:0% +do now. Yeah. But, um, it was definitely +the case that math was my worst subject. + + align:start position:0% +the case that math was my worst subject. + + + align:start position:0% +the case that math was my worst subject. +And, you know, for an Asian growing up + + align:start position:0% +And, you know, for an Asian growing up + + + align:start position:0% +And, you know, for an Asian growing up +in New York City in the 1970s, that was + + align:start position:0% +in New York City in the 1970s, that was + + + align:start position:0% +in New York City in the 1970s, that was +not easy. Wow. So, um, it wasn't until I + + align:start position:0% +not easy. Wow. So, um, it wasn't until I + + + align:start position:0% +not easy. Wow. So, um, it wasn't until I +went to the third grade that I finally + + align:start position:0% +went to the third grade that I finally + + + align:start position:0% +went to the third grade that I finally +found a teacher that recognized + + align:start position:0% +found a teacher that recognized + + + align:start position:0% +found a teacher that recognized +something in me. Mrs. Barbara Ficolora, + + align:start position:0% +something in me. Mrs. Barbara Ficolora, + + + align:start position:0% +something in me. Mrs. Barbara Ficolora, +third grade, PS13 in Queens. And + + align:start position:0% +third grade, PS13 in Queens. And + + + align:start position:0% +third grade, PS13 in Queens. And +um she knew that I was struggling with + + align:start position:0% +um she knew that I was struggling with + + + align:start position:0% +um she knew that I was struggling with +math. Yeah. But yet she also saw that I + + align:start position:0% +math. Yeah. But yet she also saw that I + + + align:start position:0% +math. Yeah. But yet she also saw that I +was really curious. I would always enjoy + + align:start position:0% +was really curious. I would always enjoy + + + align:start position:0% +was really curious. I would always enjoy +going to the library once a week. I + + align:start position:0% +going to the library once a week. I + + + align:start position:0% +going to the library once a week. I +would take out a stack of science books + + align:start position:0% +would take out a stack of science books + + + align:start position:0% +would take out a stack of science books +and read them and be really interested + + align:start position:0% +and read them and be really interested + + + align:start position:0% +and read them and be really interested +in that. And uh so she tried to boost my + + align:start position:0% +in that. And uh so she tried to boost my + + + align:start position:0% +in that. And uh so she tried to boost my +confidence by by making me the class + + align:start position:0% +confidence by by making me the class + + + align:start position:0% +confidence by by making me the class +scientist. Okay. Now, I didn't know that + + align:start position:0% +scientist. Okay. Now, I didn't know that + + + align:start position:0% +scientist. Okay. Now, I didn't know that +that position existed. I certainly + + align:start position:0% +that position existed. I certainly + + + align:start position:0% +that position existed. I certainly +didn't apply for it. But what it meant + + align:start position:0% +didn't apply for it. But what it meant + + + align:start position:0% +didn't apply for it. But what it meant +was that I got to demonstrate one of + + align:start position:0% +was that I got to demonstrate one of + + + align:start position:0% +was that I got to demonstrate one of +these science experiments that I was + + align:start position:0% +these science experiments that I was + + + align:start position:0% +these science experiments that I was +concocting at the back of the room every + + align:start position:0% +concocting at the back of the room every + + + align:start position:0% +concocting at the back of the room every +free period I could get uh and just talk + + align:start position:0% +free period I could get uh and just talk + + + align:start position:0% +free period I could get uh and just talk +to the whole class about, you know, how + + align:start position:0% +to the whole class about, you know, how + + + align:start position:0% +to the whole class about, you know, how +to make um a battery out of lemons uh + + align:start position:0% +to make um a battery out of lemons uh + + + align:start position:0% +to make um a battery out of lemons uh +and um uh magnets. And I think it was + + align:start position:0% +and um uh magnets. And I think it was + + + align:start position:0% +and um uh magnets. And I think it was +that experience that allowed me to get + + align:start position:0% +that experience that allowed me to get + + + align:start position:0% +that experience that allowed me to get +through my elementary years despite the + + align:start position:0% +through my elementary years despite the + + + align:start position:0% +through my elementary years despite the +fact that other teachers that I had who + + align:start position:0% +fact that other teachers that I had who + + + align:start position:0% +fact that other teachers that I had who +were not so supportive um were pretty + + align:start position:0% +were not so supportive um were pretty + + + align:start position:0% +were not so supportive um were pretty +discouraging and to me and and to my + + align:start position:0% +discouraging and to me and and to my + + + align:start position:0% +discouraging and to me and and to my +mother back then there was no diagnosis + + align:start position:0% +mother back then there was no diagnosis + + + align:start position:0% +mother back then there was no diagnosis +of ADHD or disalculia, right? Um so you + + align:start position:0% +of ADHD or disalculia, right? Um so you + + + align:start position:0% +of ADHD or disalculia, right? Um so you +know I basically solded on until uh I + + align:start position:0% +know I basically solded on until uh I + + + align:start position:0% +know I basically solded on until uh I +went to high school at that Bronx High + + align:start position:0% +went to high school at that Bronx High + + + align:start position:0% +went to high school at that Bronx High +School of Science I mentioned, right? + + align:start position:0% +School of Science I mentioned, right? + + + align:start position:0% +School of Science I mentioned, right? +That was in the 1970s when New York City + + align:start position:0% +That was in the 1970s when New York City + + + align:start position:0% +That was in the 1970s when New York City +was undergoing this radical experiment + + align:start position:0% +was undergoing this radical experiment + + + align:start position:0% +was undergoing this radical experiment +called the new math. I don't know if + + align:start position:0% +called the new math. I don't know if + + + align:start position:0% +called the new math. I don't know if +you've heard about that, but it was a + + align:start position:0% +you've heard about that, but it was a + + + align:start position:0% +you've heard about that, but it was a +widely renowned failure because it was + + align:start position:0% +widely renowned failure because it was + + + align:start position:0% +widely renowned failure because it was +replacing the basic concepts of algebra, + + align:start position:0% +replacing the basic concepts of algebra, + + + align:start position:0% +replacing the basic concepts of algebra, +geometry, and trigonometry with all + + align:start position:0% +geometry, and trigonometry with all + + + align:start position:0% +geometry, and trigonometry with all +these mathematical concepts of groups, + + align:start position:0% +these mathematical concepts of groups, + + + align:start position:0% +these mathematical concepts of groups, +rings, fields, isomorphisms, and other + + align:start position:0% +rings, fields, isomorphisms, and other + + + align:start position:0% +rings, fields, isomorphisms, and other +transformations. + + align:start position:0% +transformations. + + + align:start position:0% +transformations. +And while mathematically it was more + + align:start position:0% +And while mathematically it was more + + + align:start position:0% +And while mathematically it was more +rigorous and intellectually more + + align:start position:0% +rigorous and intellectually more + + + align:start position:0% +rigorous and intellectually more +pleasing, most of the New York City + + align:start position:0% +pleasing, most of the New York City + + + align:start position:0% +pleasing, most of the New York City +school teachers were not prepared to + + align:start position:0% +school teachers were not prepared to + + + align:start position:0% +school teachers were not prepared to +teach in this way. And so for most uh + + align:start position:0% +teach in this way. And so for most uh + + + align:start position:0% +teach in this way. And so for most uh +schools, it was really a a failure. But + + align:start position:0% +schools, it was really a a failure. But + + + align:start position:0% +schools, it was really a a failure. But +for me, it was night and day. I came + + align:start position:0% +for me, it was night and day. I came + + + align:start position:0% +for me, it was night and day. I came +from being a C student in math to an A + + align:start position:0% +from being a C student in math to an A + + + align:start position:0% +from being a C student in math to an A +student overnight because it was more + + align:start position:0% +student overnight because it was more + + + align:start position:0% +student overnight because it was more +analytical and less focused on numbers. + + align:start position:0% +analytical and less focused on numbers. + + + align:start position:0% +analytical and less focused on numbers. +No numbers. I I to this day I have a + + align:start position:0% +No numbers. I I to this day I have a + + + align:start position:0% +No numbers. I I to this day I have a +hard time memorizing numbers. I never + + align:start position:0% +hard time memorizing numbers. I never + + + align:start position:0% +hard time memorizing numbers. I never +memorize the multiplication tables. Uh I + + align:start position:0% +memorize the multiplication tables. Uh I + + + align:start position:0% +memorize the multiplication tables. Uh I +still have trouble with 6* 7. I have to + + align:start position:0% +still have trouble with 6* 7. I have to + + + align:start position:0% +still have trouble with 6* 7. I have to +actually do the calculation in my head + + align:start position:0% +actually do the calculation in my head + + + align:start position:0% +actually do the calculation in my head +and takes me a little bit longer than + + align:start position:0% +and takes me a little bit longer than + + + align:start position:0% +and takes me a little bit longer than +most people. Yeah. Uh but when you + + align:start position:0% +most people. Yeah. Uh but when you + + + align:start position:0% +most people. Yeah. Uh but when you +replace numbers with equations, that was + + align:start position:0% +replace numbers with equations, that was + + + align:start position:0% +replace numbers with equations, that was +like a huge relief. It's like, you know, + + align:start position:0% +like a huge relief. It's like, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +like a huge relief. It's like, you know, +wearing shoes that are two sizes too + + align:start position:0% +wearing shoes that are two sizes too + + + align:start position:0% +wearing shoes that are two sizes too +small and then you take them off and you + + align:start position:0% +small and then you take them off and you + + + align:start position:0% +small and then you take them off and you +put on shoes that are just exactly the + + align:start position:0% +put on shoes that are just exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +put on shoes that are just exactly the +right size. It felt wonderful. And + + align:start position:0% +right size. It felt wonderful. And + + + align:start position:0% +right size. It felt wonderful. And +because I struggled as a student with my + + align:start position:0% +because I struggled as a student with my + + + align:start position:0% +because I struggled as a student with my +own learning issues, I could tell the + + align:start position:0% +own learning issues, I could tell the + + + align:start position:0% +own learning issues, I could tell the +difference between good teaching and bad + + align:start position:0% +difference between good teaching and bad + + + align:start position:0% +difference between good teaching and bad +teaching. And of course, for a while, I + + align:start position:0% +teaching. And of course, for a while, I + + + align:start position:0% +teaching. And of course, for a while, I +blamed it on myself. But then once I + + align:start position:0% +blamed it on myself. But then once I + + + align:start position:0% +blamed it on myself. But then once I +learned a bit more about my own learning + + align:start position:0% +learned a bit more about my own learning + + + align:start position:0% +learned a bit more about my own learning +issues, I began to understand what + + align:start position:0% +issues, I began to understand what + + + align:start position:0% +issues, I began to understand what +certain things would allow me to see a + + align:start position:0% +certain things would allow me to see a + + + align:start position:0% +certain things would allow me to see a +concept versus other things that would + + align:start position:0% +concept versus other things that would + + + align:start position:0% +concept versus other things that would +confuse me. Now, when I write my + + align:start position:0% +confuse me. Now, when I write my + + + align:start position:0% +confuse me. Now, when I write my +lectures, I often have to step into the + + align:start position:0% +lectures, I often have to step into the + + + align:start position:0% +lectures, I often have to step into the +students role and ask myself, if I + + align:start position:0% +students role and ask myself, if I + + + align:start position:0% +students role and ask myself, if I +didn't know anything about this, what + + align:start position:0% +didn't know anything about this, what + + + align:start position:0% +didn't know anything about this, what +would be the fastest way to get me to + + align:start position:0% +would be the fastest way to get me to + + + align:start position:0% +would be the fastest way to get me to +have some kind of a grasp of what it is + + align:start position:0% +have some kind of a grasp of what it is + + + align:start position:0% +have some kind of a grasp of what it is +that I'm trying to teach? And again, + + align:start position:0% +that I'm trying to teach? And again, + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm trying to teach? And again, +looking at it from my own lens. The + + align:start position:0% +looking at it from my own lens. The + + + align:start position:0% +looking at it from my own lens. The +other part is that I've had the the + + align:start position:0% +other part is that I've had the the + + + align:start position:0% +other part is that I've had the the +great gift of having a number of really + + align:start position:0% +great gift of having a number of really + + + align:start position:0% +great gift of having a number of really +incredible teachers. When I was a high + + align:start position:0% +incredible teachers. When I was a high + + + align:start position:0% +incredible teachers. When I was a high +school student, my calculus teacher, + + align:start position:0% +school student, my calculus teacher, + + + align:start position:0% +school student, my calculus teacher, +Mrs. Henrietta Amazin, was amazing. uh + + align:start position:0% +Mrs. Henrietta Amazin, was amazing. uh + + + align:start position:0% +Mrs. Henrietta Amazin, was amazing. uh +when I was a college student uh Saul + + align:start position:0% +when I was a college student uh Saul + + + align:start position:0% +when I was a college student uh Saul +Levmore, Sharon Auster, Herb Scarf, + + align:start position:0% +Levmore, Sharon Auster, Herb Scarf, + + + align:start position:0% +Levmore, Sharon Auster, Herb Scarf, +amazing as a graduate student, Andy Ael, + + align:start position:0% +amazing as a graduate student, Andy Ael, + + + align:start position:0% +amazing as a graduate student, Andy Ael, +uh Jerry Hman, I I remember all of these + + align:start position:0% +uh Jerry Hman, I I remember all of these + + + align:start position:0% +uh Jerry Hman, I I remember all of these +teachers names, uh it's because they + + align:start position:0% +teachers names, uh it's because they + + + align:start position:0% +teachers names, uh it's because they +just made a huge impact on they changed + + align:start position:0% +just made a huge impact on they changed + + + align:start position:0% +just made a huge impact on they changed +my life. And so part of why I spend time + + align:start position:0% +my life. And so part of why I spend time + + + align:start position:0% +my life. And so part of why I spend time +on teaching and I think this is another + + align:start position:0% +on teaching and I think this is another + + + align:start position:0% +on teaching and I think this is another +aspect. Some of my colleagues uh are so + + align:start position:0% +aspect. Some of my colleagues uh are so + + + align:start position:0% +aspect. Some of my colleagues uh are so +focused on research that they feel like + + align:start position:0% +focused on research that they feel like + + + align:start position:0% +focused on research that they feel like +they can't afford to spend time on + + align:start position:0% +they can't afford to spend time on + + + align:start position:0% +they can't afford to spend time on +teaching. But because I remember what it + + align:start position:0% +teaching. But because I remember what it + + + align:start position:0% +teaching. But because I remember what it +was like as a student when faculty + + align:start position:0% +was like as a student when faculty + + + align:start position:0% +was like as a student when faculty +didn't take the time to try to explain + + align:start position:0% +didn't take the time to try to explain + + + align:start position:0% +didn't take the time to try to explain +something in a way that would be more + + align:start position:0% +something in a way that would be more + + + align:start position:0% +something in a way that would be more +understandable, I decided to spend the + + align:start position:0% +understandable, I decided to spend the + + + align:start position:0% +understandable, I decided to spend the +time on working on my lectures. Someone + + align:start position:0% +time on working on my lectures. Someone + + + align:start position:0% +time on working on my lectures. Someone +once said that um great writing is not + + align:start position:0% +once said that um great writing is not + + + align:start position:0% +once said that um great writing is not +writing so that other people can + + align:start position:0% +writing so that other people can + + + align:start position:0% +writing so that other people can +understand. It's writing so that other + + align:start position:0% +understand. It's writing so that other + + + align:start position:0% +understand. It's writing so that other +people cannot possibly misunderstand. + + align:start position:0% +people cannot possibly misunderstand. + + + align:start position:0% +people cannot possibly misunderstand. +Oh, that's a good one. Yeah, that's a a + + align:start position:0% +Oh, that's a good one. Yeah, that's a a + + + align:start position:0% +Oh, that's a good one. Yeah, that's a a +very difficult uh standard to uh adhere + + align:start position:0% +very difficult uh standard to uh adhere + + + align:start position:0% +very difficult uh standard to uh adhere +to. But I think that's the same with + + align:start position:0% +to. But I think that's the same with + + + align:start position:0% +to. But I think that's the same with +teaching. teaching is lecturing so that + + align:start position:0% +teaching. teaching is lecturing so that + + + align:start position:0% +teaching. teaching is lecturing so that +students cannot possibly + + align:start position:0% +students cannot possibly + + + align:start position:0% +students cannot possibly +misunderstand and that does take a + + align:start position:0% +misunderstand and that does take a + + + align:start position:0% +misunderstand and that does take a +little bit more time but you know when + + align:start position:0% +little bit more time but you know when + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more time but you know when +you are able to land a concept with an + + align:start position:0% +you are able to land a concept with an + + + align:start position:0% +you are able to land a concept with an +audience there is no better feeling from + + align:start position:0% +audience there is no better feeling from + + + align:start position:0% +audience there is no better feeling from +my perspective it is you know it is like + + align:start position:0% +my perspective it is you know it is like + + + align:start position:0% +my perspective it is you know it is like +you know I don't know a gymnasts you + + align:start position:0% +you know I don't know a gymnasts you + + + align:start position:0% +you know I don't know a gymnasts you +know hitting a perfect landing uh ice + + align:start position:0% +know hitting a perfect landing uh ice + + + align:start position:0% +know hitting a perfect landing uh ice +skaters being able to do a triple axle + + align:start position:0% +skaters being able to do a triple axle + + + align:start position:0% +skaters being able to do a triple axle +without falling uh for me that is you + + align:start position:0% +without falling uh for me that is you + + + align:start position:0% +without falling uh for me that is you +know just an incredible feeling a rush + + align:start position:0% +know just an incredible feeling a rush + + + align:start position:0% +know just an incredible feeling a rush +that I can communicate something that + + align:start position:0% +that I can communicate something that + + + align:start position:0% +that I can communicate something that +somebody didn't understand and now their + + align:start position:0% +somebody didn't understand and now their + + + align:start position:0% +somebody didn't understand and now their +faces light up and I get it now. I mean + + align:start position:0% +faces light up and I get it now. I mean + + + align:start position:0% +faces light up and I get it now. I mean +and they will forever from that point + + align:start position:0% +and they will forever from that point + + + align:start position:0% +and they will forever from that point +they will forever have that uh to use + + align:start position:0% +they will forever have that uh to use + + + align:start position:0% +they will forever have that uh to use +and to benefit from. And also one of the + + align:start position:0% +and to benefit from. And also one of the + + + align:start position:0% +and to benefit from. And also one of the +things that um makes me particularly uh + + align:start position:0% +things that um makes me particularly uh + + + align:start position:0% +things that um makes me particularly uh +grateful to open courseware is that it + + align:start position:0% +grateful to open courseware is that it + + + align:start position:0% +grateful to open courseware is that it +is the great equalizer. You know, there + + align:start position:0% +is the great equalizer. You know, there + + + align:start position:0% +is the great equalizer. You know, there +are so many people that that can't learn + + align:start position:0% +are so many people that that can't learn + + + align:start position:0% +are so many people that that can't learn +on a schedule and that have all sorts of + + align:start position:0% +on a schedule and that have all sorts of + + + align:start position:0% +on a schedule and that have all sorts of +issues that don't allow them to excel in + + align:start position:0% +issues that don't allow them to excel in + + + align:start position:0% +issues that don't allow them to excel in +a classroom with 30 other kids. And yet + + align:start position:0% +a classroom with 30 other kids. And yet + + + align:start position:0% +a classroom with 30 other kids. And yet +they're perfectly intelligent, in some + + align:start position:0% +they're perfectly intelligent, in some + + + align:start position:0% +they're perfectly intelligent, in some +cases, super intelligent, but they have + + align:start position:0% +cases, super intelligent, but they have + + + align:start position:0% +cases, super intelligent, but they have +these challenges. open course where it + + align:start position:0% +these challenges. open course where it + + + align:start position:0% +these challenges. open course where it +gives them a platform at least to be + + align:start position:0% +gives them a platform at least to be + + + align:start position:0% +gives them a platform at least to be +able to learn at their own pace, to be + + align:start position:0% +able to learn at their own pace, to be + + + align:start position:0% +able to learn at their own pace, to be +able to stop the video, to think about + + align:start position:0% +able to stop the video, to think about + + + align:start position:0% +able to stop the video, to think about +it, to start it up again when they're + + align:start position:0% +it, to start it up again when they're + + + align:start position:0% +it, to start it up again when they're +ready, and there's nobody looking over + + align:start position:0% +ready, and there's nobody looking over + + + align:start position:0% +ready, and there's nobody looking over +their shoulder seeing how well they're + + align:start position:0% +their shoulder seeing how well they're + + + align:start position:0% +their shoulder seeing how well they're +doing relative to their competitors. It + + align:start position:0% +doing relative to their competitors. It + + + align:start position:0% +doing relative to their competitors. It +it it changes the learning field and I + + align:start position:0% +it it changes the learning field and I + + + align:start position:0% +it it changes the learning field and I +think gives opportunities that weren't + + align:start position:0% +think gives opportunities that weren't + + + align:start position:0% +think gives opportunities that weren't +available. So, I I I can't tell you how + + align:start position:0% +available. So, I I I can't tell you how + + + align:start position:0% +available. So, I I I can't tell you how +honored I am to be part of this and to + + align:start position:0% +honored I am to be part of this and to + + + align:start position:0% +honored I am to be part of this and to +be part of the institution that came up + + align:start position:0% +be part of the institution that came up + + + align:start position:0% +be part of the institution that came up +with this platform and and basically + + align:start position:0% +with this platform and and basically + + + align:start position:0% +with this platform and and basically +gave knowledge away to the rest of the + + align:start position:0% +gave knowledge away to the rest of the + + + align:start position:0% +gave knowledge away to the rest of the +world. You brought something with you + + align:start position:0% +world. You brought something with you + + + align:start position:0% +world. You brought something with you +today. + + align:start position:0% +today. + + + align:start position:0% +today. +I did. So, you know, when I was asked to + + align:start position:0% +I did. So, you know, when I was asked to + + + align:start position:0% +I did. So, you know, when I was asked to +come on this program, um, you asked me + + align:start position:0% +come on this program, um, you asked me + + + align:start position:0% +come on this program, um, you asked me +to bring a a meaningful momentto, + + align:start position:0% +to bring a a meaningful momentto, + + + align:start position:0% +to bring a a meaningful momentto, +something small that I can carry. Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +something small that I can carry. Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +something small that I can carry. Yeah. +And I have to tell you that was a that + + align:start position:0% +And I have to tell you that was a that + + + align:start position:0% +And I have to tell you that was a that +was a terrible assignment. It just took + + align:start position:0% +was a terrible assignment. It just took + + + align:start position:0% +was a terrible assignment. It just took +me a long time cuz, you know, what + + align:start position:0% +me a long time cuz, you know, what + + + align:start position:0% +me a long time cuz, you know, what +should I bring? A little art objects + + align:start position:0% +should I bring? A little art objects + + + align:start position:0% +should I bring? A little art objects +that my kids made, you know, very dear + + align:start position:0% +that my kids made, you know, very dear + + + align:start position:0% +that my kids made, you know, very dear +to me. Um, you know, my my high school + + align:start position:0% +to me. Um, you know, my my high school + + + align:start position:0% +to me. Um, you know, my my high school +diploma. Uh, but I decided to bring the + + align:start position:0% +diploma. Uh, but I decided to bring the + + + align:start position:0% +diploma. Uh, but I decided to bring the +most important um reason for where I am + + align:start position:0% +most important um reason for where I am + + + align:start position:0% +most important um reason for where I am +today. And this is a picture of my + + align:start position:0% +today. And this is a picture of my + + + align:start position:0% +today. And this is a picture of my +mother. Oh, so I um I mentioned that um + + align:start position:0% +mother. Oh, so I um I mentioned that um + + + align:start position:0% +mother. Oh, so I um I mentioned that um +you know, we grew up in in New York + + align:start position:0% +you know, we grew up in in New York + + + align:start position:0% +you know, we grew up in in New York +City. Um we were a single parent + + align:start position:0% +City. Um we were a single parent + + + align:start position:0% +City. Um we were a single parent +household. She um uh worked um one job + + align:start position:0% +household. She um uh worked um one job + + + align:start position:0% +household. She um uh worked um one job +uh with overtime, you know, to be able + + align:start position:0% +uh with overtime, you know, to be able + + + align:start position:0% +uh with overtime, you know, to be able +to raise three kids by herself. I was + + align:start position:0% +to raise three kids by herself. I was + + + align:start position:0% +to raise three kids by herself. I was +the youngest of three. and um instilled + + align:start position:0% +the youngest of three. and um instilled + + + align:start position:0% +the youngest of three. and um instilled +in me and my brother and sister a love + + align:start position:0% +in me and my brother and sister a love + + + align:start position:0% +in me and my brother and sister a love +of learning and uh the importance of + + align:start position:0% +of learning and uh the importance of + + + align:start position:0% +of learning and uh the importance of +hard work and um you know focusing on on + + align:start position:0% +hard work and um you know focusing on on + + + align:start position:0% +hard work and um you know focusing on on +the the longer game as opposed to you + + align:start position:0% +the the longer game as opposed to you + + + align:start position:0% +the the longer game as opposed to you +know short-term issues which is ironic + + align:start position:0% +know short-term issues which is ironic + + + align:start position:0% +know short-term issues which is ironic +because most of her young life as a + + align:start position:0% +because most of her young life as a + + + align:start position:0% +because most of her young life as a +mother was focused on trying to make + + align:start position:0% +mother was focused on trying to make + + + align:start position:0% +mother was focused on trying to make +ends meet. I would remember + + align:start position:0% +ends meet. I would remember + + + align:start position:0% +ends meet. I would remember +conversations about finance pretty much + + align:start position:0% +conversations about finance pretty much + + + align:start position:0% +conversations about finance pretty much +every single month. And it was uh it was + + align:start position:0% +every single month. And it was uh it was + + + align:start position:0% +every single month. And it was uh it was +tough because uh we did not grow up with + + align:start position:0% +tough because uh we did not grow up with + + + align:start position:0% +tough because uh we did not grow up with +a lot. Um and uh you know she was uh + + align:start position:0% +a lot. Um and uh you know she was uh + + + align:start position:0% +a lot. Um and uh you know she was uh +divorced um at and that was a time when + + align:start position:0% +divorced um at and that was a time when + + + align:start position:0% +divorced um at and that was a time when +um it was very difficult to to uh + + align:start position:0% +um it was very difficult to to uh + + + align:start position:0% +um it was very difficult to to uh +survive as a single woman uh with three + + align:start position:0% +survive as a single woman uh with three + + + align:start position:0% +survive as a single woman uh with three +kids. Yeah. But uh she did an amazing + + align:start position:0% +kids. Yeah. But uh she did an amazing + + + align:start position:0% +kids. Yeah. But uh she did an amazing +job and um so I owe her a lot. So, if + + align:start position:0% +job and um so I owe her a lot. So, if + + + align:start position:0% +job and um so I owe her a lot. So, if +she was here with us now, what would she + + align:start position:0% +she was here with us now, what would she + + + align:start position:0% +she was here with us now, what would she +say to me about balancing the um meat + + align:start position:0% +say to me about balancing the um meat + + + align:start position:0% +say to me about balancing the um meat +ends meet with the long game? Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +ends meet with the long game? Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +ends meet with the long game? Yeah. +Well, I I don't know that her advice + + align:start position:0% +Well, I I don't know that her advice + + + align:start position:0% +Well, I I don't know that her advice +would be something that anybody would or + + align:start position:0% +would be something that anybody would or + + + align:start position:0% +would be something that anybody would or +could do because she sacrificed her + + align:start position:0% +could do because she sacrificed her + + + align:start position:0% +could do because she sacrificed her +career for us. She was a a lawyer by + + align:start position:0% +career for us. She was a a lawyer by + + + align:start position:0% +career for us. She was a a lawyer by +training. Um left uh China when the + + align:start position:0% +training. Um left uh China when the + + + align:start position:0% +training. Um left uh China when the +communist revolution took place. Um then + + align:start position:0% +communist revolution took place. Um then + + + align:start position:0% +communist revolution took place. Um then +uh married someone who was uh not ideal + + align:start position:0% +uh married someone who was uh not ideal + + + align:start position:0% +uh married someone who was uh not ideal +um a an abusive uh husband. Um took a a + + align:start position:0% +um a an abusive uh husband. Um took a a + + + align:start position:0% +um a an abusive uh husband. Um took a a +long time for her to see that and get + + align:start position:0% +long time for her to see that and get + + + align:start position:0% +long time for her to see that and get +divorced as she did. It was a very messy + + align:start position:0% +divorced as she did. It was a very messy + + + align:start position:0% +divorced as she did. It was a very messy +divorce. Um and because he was a foreign + + align:start position:0% +divorce. Um and because he was a foreign + + + align:start position:0% +divorce. Um and because he was a foreign +national and ended up being a diplomat. + + align:start position:0% +national and ended up being a diplomat. + + + align:start position:0% +national and ended up being a diplomat. +Uh he was also the best thing about that + + align:start position:0% +Uh he was also the best thing about that + + + align:start position:0% +Uh he was also the best thing about that +marriage was that he was an absentee + + align:start position:0% +marriage was that he was an absentee + + + align:start position:0% +marriage was that he was an absentee +father because he was uh abusive when he + + align:start position:0% +father because he was uh abusive when he + + + align:start position:0% +father because he was uh abusive when he +was around. And um so she dedicated her + + align:start position:0% +was around. And um so she dedicated her + + + align:start position:0% +was around. And um so she dedicated her +life to her kids and um uh you know held + + align:start position:0% +life to her kids and um uh you know held + + + align:start position:0% +life to her kids and um uh you know held +a a menial secretarial position despite + + align:start position:0% +a a menial secretarial position despite + + + align:start position:0% +a a menial secretarial position despite +the fact that she was educated uh in law + + align:start position:0% +the fact that she was educated uh in law + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that she was educated uh in law +from China and um ultimately um I think + + align:start position:0% +from China and um ultimately um I think + + + align:start position:0% +from China and um ultimately um I think +uh really put the three of us through + + align:start position:0% +uh really put the three of us through + + + align:start position:0% +uh really put the three of us through +school so that we could have the careers + + align:start position:0% +school so that we could have the careers + + + align:start position:0% +school so that we could have the careers +that we do now. I don't know that that's + + align:start position:0% +that we do now. I don't know that that's + + + align:start position:0% +that we do now. I don't know that that's +the right advice in general um for women + + align:start position:0% +the right advice in general um for women + + + align:start position:0% +the right advice in general um for women +that are in that position because I + + align:start position:0% +that are in that position because I + + + align:start position:0% +that are in that position because I +think there has to be more of a balance, + + align:start position:0% +think there has to be more of a balance, + + + align:start position:0% +think there has to be more of a balance, +but for her it was just really important + + align:start position:0% +but for her it was just really important + + + align:start position:0% +but for her it was just really important +for her kids to um reach the career + + align:start position:0% +for her kids to um reach the career + + + align:start position:0% +for her kids to um reach the career +goals that she set out for us. What's + + align:start position:0% +goals that she set out for us. What's + + + align:start position:0% +goals that she set out for us. What's +her name? Julia Yao Lo. That's lovely. + + align:start position:0% +her name? Julia Yao Lo. That's lovely. + + + align:start position:0% +her name? Julia Yao Lo. That's lovely. +Thank you. Thank you for being here. I + + align:start position:0% +Thank you. Thank you for being here. I + + + align:start position:0% +Thank you. Thank you for being here. I +really enjoyed getting to know you and + + align:start position:0% +really enjoyed getting to know you and + + + align:start position:0% +really enjoyed getting to know you and +you've completely changed my perspective + + align:start position:0% +you've completely changed my perspective + + + align:start position:0% +you've completely changed my perspective +on what's possible in terms of my + + align:start position:0% +on what's possible in terms of my + + + align:start position:0% +on what's possible in terms of my +relationship to mathematics and to + + align:start position:0% +relationship to mathematics and to + + + align:start position:0% +relationship to mathematics and to +finance. Good. I uh am honored to have + + align:start position:0% +finance. Good. I uh am honored to have + + + align:start position:0% +finance. Good. I uh am honored to have +played that role. Thank you. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/8kPUI5HoVxg.txt b/8kPUI5HoVxg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..303a3dd5270a3e75be7ecb41f86b337758a4f07e --- /dev/null +++ b/8kPUI5HoVxg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9539 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or to view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay should we begin let me remind you + + align:start position:0% +okay should we begin let me remind you + + + align:start position:0% +okay should we begin let me remind you +we switched topics we transition from + + align:start position:0% +we switched topics we transition from + + + align:start position:0% +we switched topics we transition from +linear algebra solving systems of linear + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra solving systems of linear + + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra solving systems of linear +equations to solving systems of + + align:start position:0% +equations to solving systems of + + + align:start position:0% +equations to solving systems of +nonlinear equations and it turns out + + align:start position:0% +nonlinear equations and it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +nonlinear equations and it turns out +linear algebra is at the core of the way + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra is at the core of the way + + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra is at the core of the way +that we're gonna solve these equations + + align:start position:0% +that we're gonna solve these equations + + + align:start position:0% +that we're gonna solve these equations +we need iterative approaches these + + align:start position:0% +we need iterative approaches these + + + align:start position:0% +we need iterative approaches these +problems are complicated we don't know + + align:start position:0% +problems are complicated we don't know + + + align:start position:0% +problems are complicated we don't know +how many solutions there could be we + + align:start position:0% +how many solutions there could be we + + + align:start position:0% +how many solutions there could be we +have no idea where those solutions could + + align:start position:0% +have no idea where those solutions could + + + align:start position:0% +have no idea where those solutions could +be located we have no exact ways of + + align:start position:0% +be located we have no exact ways of + + + align:start position:0% +be located we have no exact ways of +finding them who use iterative methods + + align:start position:0% +finding them who use iterative methods + + + align:start position:0% +finding them who use iterative methods +to transform non-linear equations into + + align:start position:0% +to transform non-linear equations into + + + align:start position:0% +to transform non-linear equations into +simpler problems right iterates of + + align:start position:0% +simpler problems right iterates of + + + align:start position:0% +simpler problems right iterates of +systems of linear equations and the key + + align:start position:0% +systems of linear equations and the key + + + align:start position:0% +systems of linear equations and the key +to that was the newton-raphson method so + + align:start position:0% +to that was the newton-raphson method so + + + align:start position:0% +to that was the newton-raphson method so +I'm going to pick up where we left off + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to pick up where we left off + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to pick up where we left off +with the newton-raphson method and we're + + align:start position:0% +with the newton-raphson method and we're + + + align:start position:0% +with the newton-raphson method and we're +gonna find out ways of being less + + align:start position:0% +gonna find out ways of being less + + + align:start position:0% +gonna find out ways of being less +newton-raphson ii in order to overcome + + align:start position:0% +newton-raphson ii in order to overcome + + + align:start position:0% +newton-raphson ii in order to overcome +some difficulties with the method + + align:start position:0% +some difficulties with the method + + + align:start position:0% +some difficulties with the method +shortcomings of the method there are a + + align:start position:0% +shortcomings of the method there are a + + + align:start position:0% +shortcomings of the method there are a +number of them that have to be overcome + + align:start position:0% +number of them that have to be overcome + + + align:start position:0% +number of them that have to be overcome +in various ways you sort of choose these + + align:start position:0% +in various ways you sort of choose these + + + align:start position:0% +in various ways you sort of choose these +so-called quasi newton raphson methods + + align:start position:0% +so-called quasi newton raphson methods + + + align:start position:0% +so-called quasi newton raphson methods +as you need them okay so you'll find out + + align:start position:0% +as you need them okay so you'll find out + + + align:start position:0% +as you need them okay so you'll find out +you try to solve a problem and the + + align:start position:0% +you try to solve a problem and the + + + align:start position:0% +you try to solve a problem and the +newton raphson method presents some + + align:start position:0% +newton raphson method presents some + + + align:start position:0% +newton raphson method presents some +difficulty you might resort to a quasi + + align:start position:0% +difficulty you might resort to a quasi + + + align:start position:0% +difficulty you might resort to a quasi +newton raphson method instead built-in + + align:start position:0% +newton raphson method instead built-in + + + align:start position:0% +newton raphson method instead built-in +to matlab is a nonlinear equation solver + + align:start position:0% +to matlab is a nonlinear equation solver + + + align:start position:0% +to matlab is a nonlinear equation solver +f solve okay it's gonna happily solve + + align:start position:0% +f solve okay it's gonna happily solve + + + align:start position:0% +f solve okay it's gonna happily solve +systems of nonlinear equations for you + + align:start position:0% +systems of nonlinear equations for you + + + align:start position:0% +systems of nonlinear equations for you +it's gonna use this methodology to do it + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna use this methodology to do it + + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna use this methodology to do it +it's gonna use various aspects of these + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna use various aspects of these + + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna use various aspects of these +quasi newton raphson methods to do it + + align:start position:0% +quasi newton raphson methods to do it + + + align:start position:0% +quasi newton raphson methods to do it +I'll sort of point out places where f + + align:start position:0% +I'll sort of point out places where f + + + align:start position:0% +I'll sort of point out places where f +solve will take from our lecture and + + align:start position:0% +solve will take from our lecture and + + + align:start position:0% +solve will take from our lecture and +implement them for you it'll even use + + align:start position:0% +implement them for you it'll even use + + + align:start position:0% +implement them for you it'll even use +some more complicated methods that will + + align:start position:0% +some more complicated methods that will + + + align:start position:0% +some more complicated methods that will +talk about later on in the context of + + align:start position:0% +talk about later on in the context of + + + align:start position:0% +talk about later on in the context of +optimization somebody asked an + + align:start position:0% +optimization somebody asked an + + + align:start position:0% +optimization somebody asked an +interesting question which is how many + + align:start position:0% +interesting question which is how many + + + align:start position:0% +interesting question which is how many +of these nonlinear equations am I going + + align:start position:0% +of these nonlinear equations am I going + + + align:start position:0% +of these nonlinear equations am I going +to want to solve at once right like I + + align:start position:0% +to want to solve at once right like I + + + align:start position:0% +to want to solve at once right like I +have a system of these equations what + + align:start position:0% +have a system of these equations what + + + align:start position:0% +have a system of these equations what +what does a big system of nonlinear + + align:start position:0% +what does a big system of nonlinear + + + align:start position:0% +what does a big system of nonlinear +equations look like and just like with + + align:start position:0% +equations look like and just like with + + + align:start position:0% +equations look like and just like with +linear equations it's as big as you can + + align:start position:0% +linear equations it's as big as you can + + + align:start position:0% +linear equations it's as big as you can +imagine so one case you could think + + align:start position:0% +imagine so one case you could think + + + align:start position:0% +imagine so one case you could think +about is trying to solve for example the + + align:start position:0% +about is trying to solve for example the + + + align:start position:0% +about is trying to solve for example the +steady navier-stokes equations right + + align:start position:0% +steady navier-stokes equations right + + + align:start position:0% +steady navier-stokes equations right +that's a nonlinear partial differential + + align:start position:0% +that's a nonlinear partial differential + + + align:start position:0% +that's a nonlinear partial differential +equation for the velocity field and the + + align:start position:0% +equation for the velocity field and the + + + align:start position:0% +equation for the velocity field and the +pressure in a + + align:start position:0% +pressure in a + + + align:start position:0% +pressure in a +Lewin and a high Reynolds number that + + align:start position:0% +Lewin and a high Reynolds number that + + + align:start position:0% +Lewin and a high Reynolds number that +non-linearity is going to present itself + + align:start position:0% +non-linearity is going to present itself + + + align:start position:0% +non-linearity is going to present itself +in terms of inertial terms that may even + + align:start position:0% +in terms of inertial terms that may even + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of inertial terms that may even +dominate the flow characteristics in + + align:start position:0% +dominate the flow characteristics in + + + align:start position:0% +dominate the flow characteristics in +many places + + align:start position:0% +many places + + + align:start position:0% +many places +we'll learn ways of discretizing partial + + align:start position:0% +we'll learn ways of discretizing partial + + + align:start position:0% +we'll learn ways of discretizing partial +differential equations like that and so + + align:start position:0% +differential equations like that and so + + + align:start position:0% +differential equations like that and so +then at each point in the fluid we're + + align:start position:0% +then at each point in the fluid we're + + + align:start position:0% +then at each point in the fluid we're +interested in we're gonna have a + + align:start position:0% +interested in we're gonna have a + + + align:start position:0% +interested in we're gonna have a +nonlinear equation that we have to solve + + align:start position:0% +nonlinear equation that we have to solve + + + align:start position:0% +nonlinear equation that we have to solve +right so it's gonna be a system of these + + align:start position:0% +right so it's gonna be a system of these + + + align:start position:0% +right so it's gonna be a system of these +nonlinear equations that are coupled + + align:start position:0% +nonlinear equations that are coupled + + + align:start position:0% +nonlinear equations that are coupled +together how many points are there going + + align:start position:0% +together how many points are there going + + + align:start position:0% +together how many points are there going +to be that's up to you + + align:start position:0% +to be that's up to you + + + align:start position:0% +to be that's up to you +okay and so you're going to need methods + + align:start position:0% +okay and so you're going to need methods + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so you're going to need methods +like this to solve that that sounds very + + align:start position:0% +like this to solve that that sounds very + + + align:start position:0% +like this to solve that that sounds very +complicated so a lot of times in fluid + + align:start position:0% +complicated so a lot of times in fluid + + + align:start position:0% +complicated so a lot of times in fluid +mechanics we have better ways of going + + align:start position:0% +mechanics we have better ways of going + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics we have better ways of going +about doing it but in principle we'd + + align:start position:0% +about doing it but in principle we'd + + + align:start position:0% +about doing it but in principle we'd +have any number of nonlinear equations + + align:start position:0% +have any number of nonlinear equations + + + align:start position:0% +have any number of nonlinear equations +so we want to solve we discussed last + + align:start position:0% +so we want to solve we discussed last + + + align:start position:0% +so we want to solve we discussed last +time the newton-raphson method which was + + align:start position:0% +time the newton-raphson method which was + + + align:start position:0% +time the newton-raphson method which was +based around the idea of linearization + + align:start position:0% +based around the idea of linearization + + + align:start position:0% +based around the idea of linearization +we have these nonlinear equations we + + align:start position:0% +we have these nonlinear equations we + + + align:start position:0% +we have these nonlinear equations we +don't know what to do with them so let's + + align:start position:0% +don't know what to do with them so let's + + + align:start position:0% +don't know what to do with them so let's +linearize them right if we have some + + align:start position:0% +linearize them right if we have some + + + align:start position:0% +linearize them right if we have some +guests for the solution just imperfect + + align:start position:0% +guests for the solution just imperfect + + + align:start position:0% +guests for the solution just imperfect +but it's our best possible guess let's + + align:start position:0% +but it's our best possible guess let's + + + align:start position:0% +but it's our best possible guess let's +look at the function and find a + + align:start position:0% +look at the function and find a + + + align:start position:0% +look at the function and find a +linearized form of the function and see + + align:start position:0% +linearized form of the function and see + + + align:start position:0% +linearized form of the function and see +where that linearized form has an + + align:start position:0% +where that linearized form has an + + + align:start position:0% +where that linearized form has an +intercept and we just have a non sots we + + align:start position:0% +intercept and we just have a non sots we + + + align:start position:0% +intercept and we just have a non sots we +guess that this is a better solution + + align:start position:0% +guess that this is a better solution + + + align:start position:0% +guess that this is a better solution +than the one we had before and we + + align:start position:0% +than the one we had before and we + + + align:start position:0% +than the one we had before and we +iterate it turns out you can prove that + + align:start position:0% +iterate it turns out you can prove that + + + align:start position:0% +iterate it turns out you can prove that +this sort of a strategy this + + align:start position:0% +this sort of a strategy this + + + align:start position:0% +this sort of a strategy this +newton-raphson strategy is locally + + align:start position:0% +newton-raphson strategy is locally + + + align:start position:0% +newton-raphson strategy is locally +convergent right if I start with a guess + + align:start position:0% +convergent right if I start with a guess + + + align:start position:0% +convergent right if I start with a guess +sufficiently close to the root you can + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently close to the root you can + + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently close to the root you can +prove mathematically that this procedure + + align:start position:0% +prove mathematically that this procedure + + + align:start position:0% +prove mathematically that this procedure +will terminate with a solution at the + + align:start position:0% +will terminate with a solution at the + + + align:start position:0% +will terminate with a solution at the +root right it's going to approach after + + align:start position:0% +root right it's going to approach after + + + align:start position:0% +root right it's going to approach after +an infinite number of iterates the root + + align:start position:0% +an infinite number of iterates the root + + + align:start position:0% +an infinite number of iterates the root +that's wonderful it's locally convergent + + align:start position:0% +that's wonderful it's locally convergent + + + align:start position:0% +that's wonderful it's locally convergent +not globally convergent so this is one + + align:start position:0% +not globally convergent so this is one + + + align:start position:0% +not globally convergent so this is one +of those problems that we discussed take + + align:start position:0% +of those problems that we discussed take + + + align:start position:0% +of those problems that we discussed take +a second here right here's your + + align:start position:0% +a second here right here's your + + + align:start position:0% +a second here right here's your +newton-raphson formula you got it on + + align:start position:0% +newton-raphson formula you got it on + + + align:start position:0% +newton-raphson formula you got it on +your slides take a second here and this + + align:start position:0% +your slides take a second here and this + + + align:start position:0% +your slides take a second here and this +is sort of interesting derive the + + align:start position:0% +is sort of interesting derive the + + + align:start position:0% +is sort of interesting derive the +Babylonian method right because of + + align:start position:0% +Babylonian method right because of + + + align:start position:0% +Babylonian method right because of +Babylonians didn't know anything about + + align:start position:0% +Babylonians didn't know anything about + + + align:start position:0% +Babylonians didn't know anything about +newton raphson but they had some good + + align:start position:0% +newton raphson but they had some good + + + align:start position:0% +newton raphson but they had some good +guesses for how to find square roots + + align:start position:0% +guesses for how to find square roots + + + align:start position:0% +guesses for how to find square roots +right find the roots of an equation like + + align:start position:0% +right find the roots of an equation like + + + align:start position:0% +right find the roots of an equation like +this see that you understand the + + align:start position:0% +this see that you understand the + + + align:start position:0% +this see that you understand the +newton-raphson method by deriving the + + align:start position:0% +newton-raphson method by deriving the + + + align:start position:0% +newton-raphson method by deriving the +Babylonian method right the iterative + + align:start position:0% +Babylonian method right the iterative + + + align:start position:0% +Babylonian method right the iterative +method for finding the square root of s + + align:start position:0% +method for finding the square root of s + + + align:start position:0% +method for finding the square root of s +as the root of this equation he doing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes you know how to do this right so + + align:start position:0% +yes you know how to do this right so + + + align:start position:0% +yes you know how to do this right so +calculate the derivative the derivative + + align:start position:0% +calculate the derivative the derivative + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the derivative the derivative +is 2x here's our formula for the + + align:start position:0% +is 2x here's our formula for the + + + align:start position:0% +is 2x here's our formula for the +iterative method right so it's f of X + + align:start position:0% +iterative method right so it's f of X + + + align:start position:0% +iterative method right so it's f of X +over F prime of X that sets the + + align:start position:0% +over F prime of X that sets the + + + align:start position:0% +over F prime of X that sets the +magnitude of the step the direction is + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of the step the direction is + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of the step the direction is +minus this magnitude it's in 1d so we + + align:start position:0% +minus this magnitude it's in 1d so we + + + align:start position:0% +minus this magnitude it's in 1d so we +have to go left or we go right - sets + + align:start position:0% +have to go left or we go right - sets + + + align:start position:0% +have to go left or we go right - sets +the direction right we add that to our + + align:start position:0% +the direction right we add that to our + + + align:start position:0% +the direction right we add that to our +previous guess and we have our new + + align:start position:0% +previous guess and we have our new + + + align:start position:0% +previous guess and we have our new +iterate right you substitute F in F + + align:start position:0% +iterate right you substitute F in F + + + align:start position:0% +iterate right you substitute F in F +Prime and you can simplify this down to + + align:start position:0% +Prime and you can simplify this down to + + + align:start position:0% +Prime and you can simplify this down to +the Babylonian method which said you + + align:start position:0% +the Babylonian method which said you + + + align:start position:0% +the Babylonian method which said you +know take the average of X and s over X + + align:start position:0% +know take the average of X and s over X + + + align:start position:0% +know take the average of X and s over X +if I'm at the root both of these should + + align:start position:0% +if I'm at the root both of these should + + + align:start position:0% +if I'm at the root both of these should +be square root of s and this quantity + + align:start position:0% +be square root of s and this quantity + + + align:start position:0% +be square root of s and this quantity +should be 0 exactly right you'll get + + align:start position:0% +should be 0 exactly right you'll get + + + align:start position:0% +should be 0 exactly right you'll get +your solution so that's the Babylonian + + align:start position:0% +your solution so that's the Babylonian + + + align:start position:0% +your solution so that's the Babylonian +method right it's just an extension of + + align:start position:0% +method right it's just an extension of + + + align:start position:0% +method right it's just an extension of +the newton raphson method was pretty + + align:start position:0% +the newton raphson method was pretty + + + align:start position:0% +the newton raphson method was pretty +good back in the day right quadratic + + align:start position:0% +good back in the day right quadratic + + + align:start position:0% +good back in the day right quadratic +convergence to the square root of a + + align:start position:0% +convergence to the square root of a + + + align:start position:0% +convergence to the square root of a +number I mentioned early on computers + + align:start position:0% +number I mentioned early on computers + + + align:start position:0% +number I mentioned early on computers +got really good at computing square + + align:start position:0% +got really good at computing square + + + align:start position:0% +got really good at computing square +roots at one point because somebody + + align:start position:0% +roots at one point because somebody + + + align:start position:0% +roots at one point because somebody +somebody did something kind of magic + + align:start position:0% +somebody did something kind of magic + + + align:start position:0% +somebody did something kind of magic +they came up with a scheme for getting + + align:start position:0% +they came up with a scheme for getting + + + align:start position:0% +they came up with a scheme for getting +good initial guesses for the square + + align:start position:0% +good initial guesses for the square + + + align:start position:0% +good initial guesses for the square +roots right this iterative method has to + + align:start position:0% +roots right this iterative method has to + + + align:start position:0% +roots right this iterative method has to +start with some initial guess if it + + align:start position:0% +start with some initial guess if it + + + align:start position:0% +start with some initial guess if it +starts far away it'll take more + + align:start position:0% +starts far away it'll take more + + + align:start position:0% +starts far away it'll take more +iterations to get there it'll get there + + align:start position:0% +iterations to get there it'll get there + + + align:start position:0% +iterations to get there it'll get there +ok what's gonna take more iterations to + + align:start position:0% +ok what's gonna take more iterations to + + + align:start position:0% +ok what's gonna take more iterations to +get there let's undesirable if you're + + align:start position:0% +get there let's undesirable if you're + + + align:start position:0% +get there let's undesirable if you're +trying to do fast calculations so + + align:start position:0% +trying to do fast calculations so + + + align:start position:0% +trying to do fast calculations so +somebody came up with some magic scheme + + align:start position:0% +somebody came up with some magic scheme + + + align:start position:0% +somebody came up with some magic scheme +using floating-point mathematics right + + align:start position:0% +using floating-point mathematics right + + + align:start position:0% +using floating-point mathematics right +they masked some of them bits in the + + align:start position:0% +they masked some of them bits in the + + + align:start position:0% +they masked some of them bits in the +digits of these numbers a special number + + align:start position:0% +digits of these numbers a special number + + + align:start position:0% +digits of these numbers a special number +to mask those bits they found that using + + align:start position:0% +to mask those bits they found that using + + + align:start position:0% +to mask those bits they found that using +optimization it turns out and they got + + align:start position:0% +optimization it turns out and they got + + + align:start position:0% +optimization it turns out and they got +really good initial guesses and then it + + align:start position:0% +really good initial guesses and then it + + + align:start position:0% +really good initial guesses and then it +would take one or two iterations with + + align:start position:0% +would take one or two iterations with + + + align:start position:0% +would take one or two iterations with +the newton-raphson method to get sixteen + + align:start position:0% +the newton-raphson method to get sixteen + + + align:start position:0% +the newton-raphson method to get sixteen +to just of accuracy it's pretty good ok + + align:start position:0% +to just of accuracy it's pretty good ok + + + align:start position:0% +to just of accuracy it's pretty good ok +but good initial guesses are important + + align:start position:0% +but good initial guesses are important + + + align:start position:0% +but good initial guesses are important +we'll talk about that next week on + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about that next week on + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about that next week on +Wednesday where do those good initial + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday where do those good initial + + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday where do those good initial +guesses come from but sometimes we don't + + align:start position:0% +guesses come from but sometimes we don't + + + align:start position:0% +guesses come from but sometimes we don't +have those available to us so what are + + align:start position:0% +have those available to us so what are + + + align:start position:0% +have those available to us so what are +some other ways that we can improve the + + align:start position:0% +some other ways that we can improve the + + + align:start position:0% +some other ways that we can improve the +newton-raphson method that'll be the + + align:start position:0% +newton-raphson method that'll be the + + + align:start position:0% +newton-raphson method that'll be the +topic of today's lecture + + align:start position:0% +topic of today's lecture + + + align:start position:0% +topic of today's lecture +what's the newton-raphson method look + + align:start position:0% +what's the newton-raphson method look + + + align:start position:0% +what's the newton-raphson method look +like graphically in many dimensions + + align:start position:0% +like graphically in many dimensions + + + align:start position:0% +like graphically in many dimensions +right we talked about this Jacobian + + align:start position:0% +right we talked about this Jacobian + + + align:start position:0% +right we talked about this Jacobian +right when we're trying to find the + + align:start position:0% +right when we're trying to find the + + + align:start position:0% +right when we're trying to find the +roots of a non-linear equation where our + + align:start position:0% +roots of a non-linear equation where our + + + align:start position:0% +roots of a non-linear equation where our +function has more than one dimension + + align:start position:0% +function has more than one dimension + + + align:start position:0% +function has more than one dimension +let's say it has two dimensions so we + + align:start position:0% +let's say it has two dimensions so we + + + align:start position:0% +let's say it has two dimensions so we +have an f1 and f2 + + align:start position:0% +have an f1 and f2 + + + align:start position:0% +have an f1 and f2 +and our unknowns are X 1 and X 2 they + + align:start position:0% +and our unknowns are X 1 and X 2 they + + + align:start position:0% +and our unknowns are X 1 and X 2 they +live in this X 1 X 2 plane right F 1 + + align:start position:0% +live in this X 1 X 2 plane right F 1 + + + align:start position:0% +live in this X 1 X 2 plane right F 1 +might be this say bowl shaped function + + align:start position:0% +might be this say bowl shaped function + + + align:start position:0% +might be this say bowl shaped function +I've sketched out in red right it's + + align:start position:0% +I've sketched out in red right it's + + + align:start position:0% +I've sketched out in red right it's +3-dimensional it's some surface here + + align:start position:0% +3-dimensional it's some surface here + + + align:start position:0% +3-dimensional it's some surface here +right we have some initial guests for + + align:start position:0% +right we have some initial guests for + + + align:start position:0% +right we have some initial guests for +the solution we go up to the function + + align:start position:0% +the solution we go up to the function + + + align:start position:0% +the solution we go up to the function +and we find a linearization of it which + + align:start position:0% +and we find a linearization of it which + + + align:start position:0% +and we find a linearization of it which +is not a line but a plane and that plane + + align:start position:0% +is not a line but a plane and that plane + + + align:start position:0% +is not a line but a plane and that plane +intersects the X 1 X 2 plane at a line + + align:start position:0% +intersects the X 1 X 2 plane at a line + + + align:start position:0% +intersects the X 1 X 2 plane at a line +and our next best guess is going to live + + align:start position:0% +and our next best guess is going to live + + + align:start position:0% +and our next best guess is going to live +somewhere on this line where on this + + align:start position:0% +somewhere on this line where on this + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere on this line where on this +line depends on the linearization of F 2 + + align:start position:0% +line depends on the linearization of F 2 + + + align:start position:0% +line depends on the linearization of F 2 +right so we got to draw the same picture + + align:start position:0% +right so we got to draw the same picture + + + align:start position:0% +right so we got to draw the same picture +for F to you but I'm not going to do + + align:start position:0% +for F to you but I'm not going to do + + + align:start position:0% +for F to you but I'm not going to do +that for you so let's say this is where + + align:start position:0% +that for you so let's say this is where + + + align:start position:0% +that for you so let's say this is where +the equivalent line from F 2 it + + align:start position:0% +the equivalent line from F 2 it + + + align:start position:0% +the equivalent line from F 2 it +intersects the line from F 1 right so + + align:start position:0% +intersects the line from F 1 right so + + + align:start position:0% +intersects the line from F 1 right so +the two linearizations intersect here + + align:start position:0% +the two linearizations intersect here + + + align:start position:0% +the two linearizations intersect here +that's our next best guess we go back up + + align:start position:0% +that's our next best guess we go back up + + + align:start position:0% +that's our next best guess we go back up +to the curve we find the plane that's + + align:start position:0% +to the curve we find the plane that's + + + align:start position:0% +to the curve we find the plane that's +tangent to the curve we figure out where + + align:start position:0% +tangent to the curve we figure out where + + + align:start position:0% +tangent to the curve we figure out where +it intersects the X 1 X 2 plane that's a + + align:start position:0% +it intersects the X 1 X 2 plane that's a + + + align:start position:0% +it intersects the X 1 X 2 plane that's a +line we find the point on the line + + align:start position:0% +line we find the point on the line + + + align:start position:0% +line we find the point on the line +that's our next best guess and continue + + align:start position:0% +that's our next best guess and continue + + + align:start position:0% +that's our next best guess and continue +right finding that intersection in the + + align:start position:0% +right finding that intersection in the + + + align:start position:0% +right finding that intersection in the +plane is the act of computing Jacobian + + align:start position:0% +plane is the act of computing Jacobian + + + align:start position:0% +plane is the act of computing Jacobian +inverse times F if we project down to + + align:start position:0% +inverse times F if we project down to + + + align:start position:0% +inverse times F if we project down to +just the X 1 X 2 plane and we draw the + + align:start position:0% +just the X 1 X 2 plane and we draw the + + + align:start position:0% +just the X 1 X 2 plane and we draw the +curves where F 1 equals 0 and F 2 equals + + align:start position:0% +curves where F 1 equals 0 and F 2 equals + + + align:start position:0% +curves where F 1 equals 0 and F 2 equals +0 right then each of these iterates we + + align:start position:0% +0 right then each of these iterates we + + + align:start position:0% +0 right then each of these iterates we +start with an initial guess we find the + + align:start position:0% +start with an initial guess we find the + + + align:start position:0% +start with an initial guess we find the +planes that are tangent to these curves + + align:start position:0% +planes that are tangent to these curves + + + align:start position:0% +planes that are tangent to these curves +or to these surfaces and where they + + align:start position:0% +or to these surfaces and where they + + + align:start position:0% +or to these surfaces and where they +intersect the X 1 X 2 plane those give + + align:start position:0% +intersect the X 1 X 2 plane those give + + + align:start position:0% +intersect the X 1 X 2 plane those give +us these lines and the intersection of + + align:start position:0% +us these lines and the intersection of + + + align:start position:0% +us these lines and the intersection of +the lines give us our next approximation + + align:start position:0% +the lines give us our next approximation + + + align:start position:0% +the lines give us our next approximation +and so our function steps along in the X + + align:start position:0% +and so our function steps along in the X + + + align:start position:0% +and so our function steps along in the X +1 X 2 plane it takes some path through + + align:start position:0% +1 X 2 plane it takes some path through + + + align:start position:0% +1 X 2 plane it takes some path through +that plane and eventually it'll approach + + align:start position:0% +that plane and eventually it'll approach + + + align:start position:0% +that plane and eventually it'll approach +this locally unique solution right so + + align:start position:0% +this locally unique solution right so + + + align:start position:0% +this locally unique solution right so +that's what this iterative method is + + align:start position:0% +that's what this iterative method is + + + align:start position:0% +that's what this iterative method is +doing right it's navigating this + + align:start position:0% +doing right it's navigating this + + + align:start position:0% +doing right it's navigating this +multi-dimensional space right it moves + + align:start position:0% +multi-dimensional space right it moves + + + align:start position:0% +multi-dimensional space right it moves +where it has to to satisfy these + + align:start position:0% +where it has to to satisfy these + + + align:start position:0% +where it has to to satisfy these +linearized equations right producing + + align:start position:0% +linearized equations right producing + + + align:start position:0% +linearized equations right producing +ever better approximations for a root + + align:start position:0% +ever better approximations for a root + + + align:start position:0% +ever better approximations for a root +start closed it'll converge fast how + + align:start position:0% +start closed it'll converge fast how + + + align:start position:0% +start closed it'll converge fast how +fast quadratically you can prove this + + align:start position:0% +fast quadratically you can prove this + + + align:start position:0% +fast quadratically you can prove this +I'll prove it in 1d you might think + + align:start position:0% +I'll prove it in 1d you might think + + + align:start position:0% +I'll prove it in 1d you might think +about the multi-dimensional case okay + + align:start position:0% +about the multi-dimensional case okay + + + align:start position:0% +about the multi-dimensional case okay +but I'll show you in one dimension so + + align:start position:0% +but I'll show you in one dimension so + + + align:start position:0% +but I'll show you in one dimension so +the newton-raphson method + + align:start position:0% +the newton-raphson method + + + align:start position:0% +the newton-raphson method +said X I plus 1 is equal to X I minus f + + align:start position:0% +said X I plus 1 is equal to X I minus f + + + align:start position:0% +said X I plus 1 is equal to X I minus f +of X I over F prime of X I I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +of X I over F prime of X I I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +of X I over F prime of X I I'm going to +subtract the root the exact root from + + align:start position:0% +subtract the root the exact root from + + + align:start position:0% +subtract the root the exact root from +both sides of this equation right so + + align:start position:0% +both sides of this equation right so + + + align:start position:0% +both sides of this equation right so +this is the absolute error in the I plus + + align:start position:0% +this is the absolute error in the I plus + + + align:start position:0% +this is the absolute error in the I plus +1 approximation it's equal to this and + + align:start position:0% +1 approximation it's equal to this and + + + align:start position:0% +1 approximation it's equal to this and +we're gonna do a little trick okay + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna do a little trick okay + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna do a little trick okay +the value of the function at the root is + + align:start position:0% +the value of the function at the root is + + + align:start position:0% +the value of the function at the root is +exactly equal to 0 and I'm gonna expand + + align:start position:0% +exactly equal to 0 and I'm gonna expand + + + align:start position:0% +exactly equal to 0 and I'm gonna expand +this right as a Taylor series about the + + align:start position:0% +this right as a Taylor series about the + + + align:start position:0% +this right as a Taylor series about the +point X I so f of X I plus F prime of X + + align:start position:0% +point X I so f of X I plus F prime of X + + + align:start position:0% +point X I so f of X I plus F prime of X +I times X star minus X I plus this + + align:start position:0% +I times X star minus X I plus this + + + align:start position:0% +I times X star minus X I plus this +second order term as well plus cubic + + align:start position:0% +second order term as well plus cubic + + + align:start position:0% +second order term as well plus cubic +terms in this Taylor expansion right all + + align:start position:0% +terms in this Taylor expansion right all + + + align:start position:0% +terms in this Taylor expansion right all +of those need to sum up and be equal to + + align:start position:0% +of those need to sum up and be equal to + + + align:start position:0% +of those need to sum up and be equal to +0 because f of X star by definition is 0 + + align:start position:0% +0 because f of X star by definition is 0 + + + align:start position:0% +0 because f of X star by definition is 0 +X star is the root and buried in this + + align:start position:0% +X star is the root and buried in this + + + align:start position:0% +X star is the root and buried in this +expression here is a quantity which can + + align:start position:0% +expression here is a quantity which can + + + align:start position:0% +expression here is a quantity which can +be related to X I minus f of X I over F + + align:start position:0% +be related to X I minus f of X I over F + + + align:start position:0% +be related to X I minus f of X I over F +prime minus X star it's right here right + + align:start position:0% +prime minus X star it's right here right + + + align:start position:0% +prime minus X star it's right here right +X I minus X star X I minus X star I'm + + align:start position:0% +X I minus X star X I minus X star I'm + + + align:start position:0% +X I minus X star X I minus X star I'm +going to divide through by F prime + + align:start position:0% +going to divide through by F prime + + + align:start position:0% +going to divide through by F prime +divided through by F prime and I get F + + align:start position:0% +divided through by F prime and I get F + + + align:start position:0% +divided through by F prime and I get F +over F prime that's this guy here those + + align:start position:0% +over F prime that's this guy here those + + + align:start position:0% +over F prime that's this guy here those +things are equal in magnitude then to + + align:start position:0% +things are equal in magnitude then to + + + align:start position:0% +things are equal in magnitude then to +the second order term here so they're + + align:start position:0% +the second order term here so they're + + + align:start position:0% +the second order term here so they're +equal in magnitude to 1/2 the second + + align:start position:0% +equal in magnitude to 1/2 the second + + + align:start position:0% +equal in magnitude to 1/2 the second +derivative of F divided by F prime times + + align:start position:0% +derivative of F divided by F prime times + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of F divided by F prime times +X I minus x star squared and then these + + align:start position:0% +X I minus x star squared and then these + + + align:start position:0% +X I minus x star squared and then these +cubic terms well they're still around + + align:start position:0% +cubic terms well they're still around + + + align:start position:0% +cubic terms well they're still around +but they're gonna be small as I get + + align:start position:0% +but they're gonna be small as I get + + + align:start position:0% +but they're gonna be small as I get +close to the actual root so they're + + align:start position:0% +close to the actual root so they're + + + align:start position:0% +close to the actual root so they're +negligible right compared to the second + + align:start position:0% +negligible right compared to the second + + + align:start position:0% +negligible right compared to the second +order terms they can be neglected you + + align:start position:0% +order terms they can be neglected you + + + align:start position:0% +order terms they can be neglected you +should convince yourself that I can + + align:start position:0% +should convince yourself that I can + + + align:start position:0% +should convince yourself that I can +apply some of the norm properties that + + align:start position:0% +apply some of the norm properties that + + + align:start position:0% +apply some of the norm properties that +we used before okay to the absolute + + align:start position:0% +we used before okay to the absolute + + + align:start position:0% +we used before okay to the absolute +value the absolute value is the norm of + + align:start position:0% +value the absolute value is the norm of + + + align:start position:0% +value the absolute value is the norm of +a scalar as these norm properties tell + + align:start position:0% +a scalar as these norm properties tell + + + align:start position:0% +a scalar as these norm properties tell +me that this quantity has to be less + + align:start position:0% +me that this quantity has to be less + + + align:start position:0% +me that this quantity has to be less +than or equal to write this ratio of + + align:start position:0% +than or equal to write this ratio of + + + align:start position:0% +than or equal to write this ratio of +derivatives multiplied by the absolute + + align:start position:0% +derivatives multiplied by the absolute + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives multiplied by the absolute +error in step I squared and I'll divide + + align:start position:0% +error in step I squared and I'll divide + + + align:start position:0% +error in step I squared and I'll divide +by that absolute air and step I squared + + align:start position:0% +by that absolute air and step I squared + + + align:start position:0% +by that absolute air and step I squared +so taking the limit as I goes to + + align:start position:0% +so taking the limit as I goes to + + + align:start position:0% +so taking the limit as I goes to +infinity this ratio here is bound by a + + align:start position:0% +infinity this ratio here is bound by a + + + align:start position:0% +infinity this ratio here is bound by a +constant + + align:start position:0% +constant + + + align:start position:0% +constant +this is a definition for the rate of + + align:start position:0% +this is a definition for the rate of + + + align:start position:0% +this is a definition for the rate of +convergence it says I take the absolute + + align:start position:0% +convergence it says I take the absolute + + + align:start position:0% +convergence it says I take the absolute +error in step I plus one I divided by + + align:start position:0% +error in step I plus one I divided by + + + align:start position:0% +error in step I plus one I divided by +the absolute air and step I squared and + + align:start position:0% +the absolute air and step I squared and + + + align:start position:0% +the absolute air and step I squared and +it'll always be smaller than some + + align:start position:0% +it'll always be smaller than some + + + align:start position:0% +it'll always be smaller than some +constant as I goes to infinity so + + align:start position:0% +constant as I goes to infinity so + + + align:start position:0% +constant as I goes to infinity so +converges quadratically right if the if + + align:start position:0% +converges quadratically right if the if + + + align:start position:0% +converges quadratically right if the if +the relative air in step I write was + + align:start position:0% +the relative air in step I write was + + + align:start position:0% +the relative air in step I write was +order ten to the minus one then the + + align:start position:0% +order ten to the minus one then the + + + align:start position:0% +order ten to the minus one then the +relative error in step I plus one will + + align:start position:0% +relative error in step I plus one will + + + align:start position:0% +relative error in step I plus one will +be order ten to the minus two because + + align:start position:0% +be order ten to the minus two because + + + align:start position:0% +be order ten to the minus two because +they got to be bound by this constant if + + align:start position:0% +they got to be bound by this constant if + + + align:start position:0% +they got to be bound by this constant if +the relative error in step I was ten to + + align:start position:0% +the relative error in step I was ten to + + + align:start position:0% +the relative error in step I was ten to +the minus two the relative air and step + + align:start position:0% +the minus two the relative air and step + + + align:start position:0% +the minus two the relative air and step +I plus one it's got to be order ten to + + align:start position:0% +I plus one it's got to be order ten to + + + align:start position:0% +I plus one it's got to be order ten to +the minus four or smaller right because + + align:start position:0% +the minus four or smaller right because + + + align:start position:0% +the minus four or smaller right because +I square the quantity down here I get to + + align:start position:0% +I square the quantity down here I get to + + + align:start position:0% +I square the quantity down here I get to +double the number of accurate digits + + align:start position:0% +double the number of accurate digits + + + align:start position:0% +double the number of accurate digits +with each iteration and this will hold + + align:start position:0% +with each iteration and this will hold + + + align:start position:0% +with each iteration and this will hold +so long it's the derivative evaluated at + + align:start position:0% +so long it's the derivative evaluated at + + + align:start position:0% +so long it's the derivative evaluated at +the root is not equal to zero the + + align:start position:0% +the root is not equal to zero the + + + align:start position:0% +the root is not equal to zero the +derivative evaluated at the root is + + align:start position:0% +derivative evaluated at the root is + + + align:start position:0% +derivative evaluated at the root is +equal to zero this analysis wasn't + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero this analysis wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero this analysis wasn't +really valid you can't divide by zero in + + align:start position:0% +really valid you can't divide by zero in + + + align:start position:0% +really valid you can't divide by zero in +various places okay it turns out the + + align:start position:0% +various places okay it turns out the + + + align:start position:0% +various places okay it turns out the +same thing is true if we do the + + align:start position:0% +same thing is true if we do the + + + align:start position:0% +same thing is true if we do the +multi-dimensional case so leave it to + + align:start position:0% +multi-dimensional case so leave it to + + + align:start position:0% +multi-dimensional case so leave it to +you to investigate that case I think + + align:start position:0% +you to investigate that case I think + + + align:start position:0% +you to investigate that case I think +it's interesting for you to try to + + align:start position:0% +it's interesting for you to try to + + + align:start position:0% +it's interesting for you to try to +explore that it follows the 1d model I + + align:start position:0% +explore that it follows the 1d model I + + + align:start position:0% +explore that it follows the 1d model I +showed you before but the absolute air + + align:start position:0% +showed you before but the absolute air + + + align:start position:0% +showed you before but the absolute air +in it or at I plus one divided by the + + align:start position:0% +in it or at I plus one divided by the + + + align:start position:0% +in it or at I plus one divided by the +absolute air inator and I there's a + + align:start position:0% +absolute air inator and I there's a + + + align:start position:0% +absolute air inator and I there's a +small typo here cross out that plus one + + align:start position:0% +small typo here cross out that plus one + + + align:start position:0% +small typo here cross out that plus one +write the absolute air inator at I + + align:start position:0% +write the absolute air inator at I + + + align:start position:0% +write the absolute air inator at I +squared right it's gonna be bound by a + + align:start position:0% +squared right it's gonna be bound by a + + + align:start position:0% +squared right it's gonna be bound by a +constant and this will be true so long + + align:start position:0% +constant and this will be true so long + + + align:start position:0% +constant and this will be true so long +is the determine of the Jacobian at the + + align:start position:0% +is the determine of the Jacobian at the + + + align:start position:0% +is the determine of the Jacobian at the +root is not equal to zero we know the + + align:start position:0% +root is not equal to zero we know the + + + align:start position:0% +root is not equal to zero we know the +determine of the Jacobian plays the role + + align:start position:0% +determine of the Jacobian plays the role + + + align:start position:0% +determine of the Jacobian plays the role +of the derivative in the 1d case when + + align:start position:0% +of the derivative in the 1d case when + + + align:start position:0% +of the derivative in the 1d case when +the Jacobian is singular you can show + + align:start position:0% +the Jacobian is singular you can show + + + align:start position:0% +the Jacobian is singular you can show +that linear convergence is going to + + align:start position:0% +that linear convergence is going to + + + align:start position:0% +that linear convergence is going to +occur instead okay so it'll still + + align:start position:0% +occur instead okay so it'll still + + + align:start position:0% +occur instead okay so it'll still +converge right it's not necessarily a + + align:start position:0% +converge right it's not necessarily a + + + align:start position:0% +converge right it's not necessarily a +problem with the Jacobian becomes + + align:start position:0% +problem with the Jacobian becomes + + + align:start position:0% +problem with the Jacobian becomes +singular at the root but you're gonna + + align:start position:0% +singular at the root but you're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +singular at the root but you're gonna +lose your rate of quadratic convergence + + align:start position:0% +lose your rate of quadratic convergence + + + align:start position:0% +lose your rate of quadratic convergence +okay and this rate of convergence is + + align:start position:0% +okay and this rate of convergence is + + + align:start position:0% +okay and this rate of convergence is +only guaranteed if we start sufficiently + + align:start position:0% +only guaranteed if we start sufficiently + + + align:start position:0% +only guaranteed if we start sufficiently +close to the root so good good initial + + align:start position:0% +close to the root so good good initial + + + align:start position:0% +close to the root so good good initial +guesses that's important we have a + + align:start position:0% +guesses that's important we have a + + + align:start position:0% +guesses that's important we have a +locally convergent method bad initial + + align:start position:0% +locally convergent method bad initial + + + align:start position:0% +locally convergent method bad initial +guesses well who knows where this + + align:start position:0% +guesses well who knows where this + + + align:start position:0% +guesses well who knows where this +iterative method is going to go there's + + align:start position:0% +iterative method is going to go there's + + + align:start position:0% +iterative method is going to go there's +nothing to guarantee you that it's going + + align:start position:0% +nothing to guarantee you that it's going + + + align:start position:0% +nothing to guarantee you that it's going +to converge + + align:start position:0% +to converge + + + align:start position:0% +to converge +right it may run away someplace here are + + align:start position:0% +right it may run away someplace here are + + + align:start position:0% +right it may run away someplace here are +a few examples of where things can go + + align:start position:0% +a few examples of where things can go + + + align:start position:0% +a few examples of where things can go +wrong so if I have a local minima or + + align:start position:0% +wrong so if I have a local minima or + + + align:start position:0% +wrong so if I have a local minima or +Maxima right I might have an iterate + + align:start position:0% +Maxima right I might have an iterate + + + align:start position:0% +Maxima right I might have an iterate +where I evaluate the linearization and + + align:start position:0% +where I evaluate the linearization and + + + align:start position:0% +where I evaluate the linearization and +it tells me my next best approximation + + align:start position:0% +it tells me my next best approximation + + + align:start position:0% +it tells me my next best approximation +is on the other side of this minima or + + align:start position:0% +is on the other side of this minima or + + + align:start position:0% +is on the other side of this minima or +Maxima and then I go up and I get the + + align:start position:0% +Maxima and then I go up and I get the + + + align:start position:0% +Maxima and then I go up and I get the +linearization here and it tells me oh my + + align:start position:0% +linearization here and it tells me oh my + + + align:start position:0% +linearization here and it tells me oh my +next best approximation is on the other + + align:start position:0% +next best approximation is on the other + + + align:start position:0% +next best approximation is on the other +side and this method could bounce back + + align:start position:0% +side and this method could bounce back + + + align:start position:0% +side and this method could bounce back +and forth in here for for as long as we + + align:start position:0% +and forth in here for for as long as we + + + align:start position:0% +and forth in here for for as long as we +sit and wait right + + align:start position:0% +sit and wait right + + + align:start position:0% +sit and wait right +it's a locally convergent not globally + + align:start position:0% +it's a locally convergent not globally + + + align:start position:0% +it's a locally convergent not globally +convergent it can get hung up in + + align:start position:0% +convergent it can get hung up in + + + align:start position:0% +convergent it can get hung up in +situations like this asymptotes are a + + align:start position:0% +situations like this asymptotes are a + + + align:start position:0% +situations like this asymptotes are a +problem right I have an asymptote which + + align:start position:0% +problem right I have an asymptote which + + + align:start position:0% +problem right I have an asymptote which +presumably has an effective route + + align:start position:0% +presumably has an effective route + + + align:start position:0% +presumably has an effective route +somewhere out here at infinity or my + + align:start position:0% +somewhere out here at infinity or my + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere out here at infinity or my +solution would like to follow the + + align:start position:0% +solution would like to follow the + + + align:start position:0% +solution would like to follow the +linearizations the successive + + align:start position:0% +linearizations the successive + + + align:start position:0% +linearizations the successive +linearizations all the way out along + + align:start position:0% +linearizations all the way out along + + + align:start position:0% +linearizations all the way out along +this asymptote right so my interests may + + align:start position:0% +this asymptote right so my interests may + + + align:start position:0% +this asymptote right so my interests may +blow up in an uncontrolled fashion you + + align:start position:0% +blow up in an uncontrolled fashion you + + + align:start position:0% +blow up in an uncontrolled fashion you +can also wind up with funny cases where + + align:start position:0% +can also wind up with funny cases where + + + align:start position:0% +can also wind up with funny cases where +our newton-raphson steps continually + + align:start position:0% +our newton-raphson steps continually + + + align:start position:0% +our newton-raphson steps continually +overshoot the roots so there can be + + align:start position:0% +overshoot the roots so there can be + + + align:start position:0% +overshoot the roots so there can be +functions right who have a power loss + + align:start position:0% +functions right who have a power loss + + + align:start position:0% +functions right who have a power loss +scaling rate near the root such that the + + align:start position:0% +scaling rate near the root such that the + + + align:start position:0% +scaling rate near the root such that the +derivative right doesn't exist okay all + + align:start position:0% +derivative right doesn't exist okay all + + + align:start position:0% +derivative right doesn't exist okay all +right so here the derivative of this + + align:start position:0% +right so here the derivative of this + + + align:start position:0% +right so here the derivative of this +thing if ass is smaller than one okay at + + align:start position:0% +thing if ass is smaller than one okay at + + + align:start position:0% +thing if ass is smaller than one okay at +x equals zero won't it won't exist right + + align:start position:0% +x equals zero won't it won't exist right + + + align:start position:0% +x equals zero won't it won't exist right +there isn't a derivative that's defined + + align:start position:0% +there isn't a derivative that's defined + + + align:start position:0% +there isn't a derivative that's defined +there and in those cases you can often + + align:start position:0% +there and in those cases you can often + + + align:start position:0% +there and in those cases you can often +wind up with overshoot so I'll take a + + align:start position:0% +wind up with overshoot so I'll take a + + + align:start position:0% +wind up with overshoot so I'll take a +linearization and I'll shoot over the + + align:start position:0% +linearization and I'll shoot over the + + + align:start position:0% +linearization and I'll shoot over the +root and I'll go up and I'll take my + + align:start position:0% +root and I'll go up and I'll take my + + + align:start position:0% +root and I'll go up and I'll take my +next linearization I'll shoot back on + + align:start position:0% +next linearization I'll shoot back on + + + align:start position:0% +next linearization I'll shoot back on +the other side of the roof and depending + + align:start position:0% +the other side of the roof and depending + + + align:start position:0% +the other side of the roof and depending +on the power of s associated with this + + align:start position:0% +on the power of s associated with this + + + align:start position:0% +on the power of s associated with this +function it may diverge right + + align:start position:0% +function it may diverge right + + + align:start position:0% +function it may diverge right +I may get further and further away from + + align:start position:0% +I may get further and further away from + + + align:start position:0% +I may get further and further away from +the root or may slowly converge towards + + align:start position:0% +the root or may slowly converge towards + + + align:start position:0% +the root or may slowly converge towards +that root okay but it can be problematic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here's another problem that crops up + + align:start position:0% +here's another problem that crops up + + + align:start position:0% +here's another problem that crops up +okay sometimes people talk about basins + + align:start position:0% +okay sometimes people talk about basins + + + align:start position:0% +okay sometimes people talk about basins +of attraction so here's a two + + align:start position:0% +of attraction so here's a two + + + align:start position:0% +of attraction so here's a two +dimensional nonlinear equation I want to + + align:start position:0% +dimensional nonlinear equation I want to + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional nonlinear equation I want to +find the roots for its cubic in nature + + align:start position:0% +find the roots for its cubic in nature + + + align:start position:0% +find the roots for its cubic in nature +so it's got three roots which are + + align:start position:0% +so it's got three roots which are + + + align:start position:0% +so it's got three roots which are +indicated by these stars in the X 1 X 2 + + align:start position:0% +indicated by these stars in the X 1 X 2 + + + align:start position:0% +indicated by these stars in the X 1 X 2 +plane and I've taken a number of + + align:start position:0% +plane and I've taken a number of + + + align:start position:0% +plane and I've taken a number of +different initial guesses from all over + + align:start position:0% +different initial guesses from all over + + + align:start position:0% +different initial guesses from all over +this plane + + align:start position:0% +this plane + + + align:start position:0% +this plane +I've asked given that initial guess + + align:start position:0% +I've asked given that initial guess + + + align:start position:0% +I've asked given that initial guess +using the newton-raphson method which + + align:start position:0% +using the newton-raphson method which + + + align:start position:0% +using the newton-raphson method which +route do I find okay so if you see a + + align:start position:0% +route do I find okay so if you see a + + + align:start position:0% +route do I find okay so if you see a +dark blue color like this that means + + align:start position:0% +dark blue color like this that means + + + align:start position:0% +dark blue color like this that means +initial guesses there found this route + + align:start position:0% +initial guesses there found this route + + + align:start position:0% +initial guesses there found this route +if you see a medium blue color that + + align:start position:0% +if you see a medium blue color that + + + align:start position:0% +if you see a medium blue color that +means they found this route you see a + + align:start position:0% +means they found this route you see a + + + align:start position:0% +means they found this route you see a +light blue color it means they found + + align:start position:0% +light blue color it means they found + + + align:start position:0% +light blue color it means they found +this route and this is a relatively + + align:start position:0% +this route and this is a relatively + + + align:start position:0% +this route and this is a relatively +simple function relatively low dimension + + align:start position:0% +simple function relatively low dimension + + + align:start position:0% +simple function relatively low dimension +but the plane here is tiled by a it's a + + align:start position:0% +but the plane here is tiled by a it's a + + + align:start position:0% +but the plane here is tiled by a it's a +tile that's filled with a fractal right + + align:start position:0% +tile that's filled with a fractal right + + + align:start position:0% +tile that's filled with a fractal right +these basins of attraction or fractal in + + align:start position:0% +these basins of attraction or fractal in + + + align:start position:0% +these basins of attraction or fractal in +nature which means you know I could + + align:start position:0% +nature which means you know I could + + + align:start position:0% +nature which means you know I could +think that I'm starting with the + + align:start position:0% +think that I'm starting with the + + + align:start position:0% +think that I'm starting with the +solution right here that should converge + + align:start position:0% +solution right here that should converge + + + align:start position:0% +solution right here that should converge +to this green root because it's close + + align:start position:0% +to this green root because it's close + + + align:start position:0% +to this green root because it's close +but it actually goes over here and if I + + align:start position:0% +but it actually goes over here and if I + + + align:start position:0% +but it actually goes over here and if I +change that initial guess by a little + + align:start position:0% +change that initial guess by a little + + + align:start position:0% +change that initial guess by a little +bit it actually pops up to this root + + align:start position:0% +bit it actually pops up to this root + + + align:start position:0% +bit it actually pops up to this root +over here instead right it's quite + + align:start position:0% +over here instead right it's quite + + + align:start position:0% +over here instead right it's quite +difficult to predict which solution + + align:start position:0% +difficult to predict which solution + + + align:start position:0% +difficult to predict which solution +you're going to converge to yes yes this + + align:start position:0% +you're going to converge to yes yes this + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to converge to yes yes this +is a problem I think this is this is + + align:start position:0% +is a problem I think this is this is + + + align:start position:0% +is a problem I think this is this is +about the minimum level of complexity + + align:start position:0% +about the minimum level of complexity + + + align:start position:0% +about the minimum level of complexity +you need which is not very complex at + + align:start position:0% +you need which is not very complex at + + + align:start position:0% +you need which is not very complex at +all in a function to get these sorts of + + align:start position:0% +all in a function to get these sorts of + + + align:start position:0% +all in a function to get these sorts of +basins of attraction polynomial + + align:start position:0% +basins of attraction polynomial + + + align:start position:0% +basins of attraction polynomial +equations are ones that really suffer + + align:start position:0% +equations are ones that really suffer + + + align:start position:0% +equations are ones that really suffer +from this especially but but it's it's a + + align:start position:0% +from this especially but but it's it's a + + + align:start position:0% +from this especially but but it's it's a +problem in general you often don't know + + align:start position:0% +problem in general you often don't know + + + align:start position:0% +problem in general you often don't know +okay I'll show you quasi newton raphson + + align:start position:0% +okay I'll show you quasi newton raphson + + + align:start position:0% +okay I'll show you quasi newton raphson +methods that help fix some of these + + align:start position:0% +methods that help fix some of these + + + align:start position:0% +methods that help fix some of these +problems how about other problems right + + align:start position:0% +problems how about other problems right + + + align:start position:0% +problems how about other problems right +it's good to know what's where the + + align:start position:0% +it's good to know what's where the + + + align:start position:0% +it's good to know what's where the +weaknesses are newton-raphson sounds + + align:start position:0% +weaknesses are newton-raphson sounds + + + align:start position:0% +weaknesses are newton-raphson sounds +great but where the weaknesses let's see + + align:start position:0% +great but where the weaknesses let's see + + + align:start position:0% +great but where the weaknesses let's see +the Jacobian might not be easy to + + align:start position:0% +the Jacobian might not be easy to + + + align:start position:0% +the Jacobian might not be easy to +calculate analytically right so far + + align:start position:0% +calculate analytically right so far + + + align:start position:0% +calculate analytically right so far +we've written down analytical forms for + + align:start position:0% +we've written down analytical forms for + + + align:start position:0% +we've written down analytical forms for +the Jacobian fence simple functions but + + align:start position:0% +the Jacobian fence simple functions but + + + align:start position:0% +the Jacobian fence simple functions but +maybe it's not easy to calculate + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's not easy to calculate + + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's not easy to calculate +analytically you should think about what + + align:start position:0% +analytically you should think about what + + + align:start position:0% +analytically you should think about what +are the sources for this function f of X + + align:start position:0% +are the sources for this function f of X + + + align:start position:0% +are the sources for this function f of X +that we're trying to find the roots for + + align:start position:0% +that we're trying to find the roots for + + + align:start position:0% +that we're trying to find the roots for +also we got to invert the Jacobi and we + + align:start position:0% +also we got to invert the Jacobi and we + + + align:start position:0% +also we got to invert the Jacobi and we +know that's a matrix and matrices which + + align:start position:0% +know that's a matrix and matrices which + + + align:start position:0% +know that's a matrix and matrices which +have a lot of dimensions in them are + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of dimensions in them are + + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of dimensions in them are +complicated to infer if there's a huge + + align:start position:0% +complicated to infer if there's a huge + + + align:start position:0% +complicated to infer if there's a huge +amount of complexity + + align:start position:0% +amount of complexity + + + align:start position:0% +amount of complexity +computational complexity and + + align:start position:0% +computational complexity and + + + align:start position:0% +computational complexity and +those inversions can take a long time to + + align:start position:0% +those inversions can take a long time to + + + align:start position:0% +those inversions can take a long time to +do them it may be undesirable to have to + + align:start position:0% +do them it may be undesirable to have to + + + align:start position:0% +do them it may be undesirable to have to +constantly be solving a system of linear + + align:start position:0% +constantly be solving a system of linear + + + align:start position:0% +constantly be solving a system of linear +equations so I may think about some + + align:start position:0% +equations so I may think about some + + + align:start position:0% +equations so I may think about some +options for mitigating this sometimes it + + align:start position:0% +options for mitigating this sometimes it + + + align:start position:0% +options for mitigating this sometimes it +won't + + align:start position:0% +won't + + + align:start position:0% +won't +right converge at all or to the nearest + + align:start position:0% +right converge at all or to the nearest + + + align:start position:0% +right converge at all or to the nearest +root this is this overshoot or Basin + + align:start position:0% +root this is this overshoot or Basin + + + align:start position:0% +root this is this overshoot or Basin +basin of Attraction problem and we'll + + align:start position:0% +basin of Attraction problem and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +basin of Attraction problem and we'll +talk about these modifications to + + align:start position:0% +talk about these modifications to + + + align:start position:0% +talk about these modifications to +correct these issues they come with a + + align:start position:0% +correct these issues they come with a + + + align:start position:0% +correct these issues they come with a +penalty though okay so newton-raphson + + align:start position:0% +penalty though okay so newton-raphson + + + align:start position:0% +penalty though okay so newton-raphson +was based around the idea of + + align:start position:0% +was based around the idea of + + + align:start position:0% +was based around the idea of +linearization if we modify that + + align:start position:0% +linearization if we modify that + + + align:start position:0% +linearization if we modify that +linearization we're gonna lose some of + + align:start position:0% +linearization we're gonna lose some of + + + align:start position:0% +linearization we're gonna lose some of +these great benefits of the + + align:start position:0% +these great benefits of the + + + align:start position:0% +these great benefits of the +newton-raphson method namely that it's + + align:start position:0% +newton-raphson method namely that it's + + + align:start position:0% +newton-raphson method namely that it's +quadratically convergent right we're + + align:start position:0% +quadratically convergent right we're + + + align:start position:0% +quadratically convergent right we're +gonna make some changes to the method + + align:start position:0% +gonna make some changes to the method + + + align:start position:0% +gonna make some changes to the method +that's not going to converge + + align:start position:0% +that's not going to converge + + + align:start position:0% +that's not going to converge +quadratically anymore it's gonna slow + + align:start position:0% +quadratically anymore it's gonna slow + + + align:start position:0% +quadratically anymore it's gonna slow +down but maybe we'll be able to rein in + + align:start position:0% +down but maybe we'll be able to rein in + + + align:start position:0% +down but maybe we'll be able to rein in +the method and make it converge either + + align:start position:0% +the method and make it converge either + + + align:start position:0% +the method and make it converge either +to the roots we want it to converge to + + align:start position:0% +to the roots we want it to converge to + + + align:start position:0% +to the roots we want it to converge to +or converge more reliably than it would + + align:start position:0% +or converge more reliably than it would + + + align:start position:0% +or converge more reliably than it would +before maybe we'll be able to actually + + align:start position:0% +before maybe we'll be able to actually + + + align:start position:0% +before maybe we'll be able to actually +do the calculation faster even though + + align:start position:0% +do the calculation faster even though + + + align:start position:0% +do the calculation faster even though +right it may require more iterations + + align:start position:0% +right it may require more iterations + + + align:start position:0% +right it may require more iterations +maybe we can make each iteration much + + align:start position:0% +maybe we can make each iteration much + + + align:start position:0% +maybe we can make each iteration much +faster using some of these methods okay + + align:start position:0% +faster using some of these methods okay + + + align:start position:0% +faster using some of these methods okay +so here the three things we're going to + + align:start position:0% +so here the three things we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +so here the three things we're going to +talk about we talk about approximating + + align:start position:0% +talk about we talk about approximating + + + align:start position:0% +talk about we talk about approximating +the Jacobian with finite differences + + align:start position:0% +the Jacobian with finite differences + + + align:start position:0% +the Jacobian with finite differences +we're talking about Broyden method for + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about Broyden method for + + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about Broyden method for +approximating the inverse of the + + align:start position:0% +approximating the inverse of the + + + align:start position:0% +approximating the inverse of the +Jacobian then we're talking about + + align:start position:0% +Jacobian then we're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +Jacobian then we're talking about +something called damped newton-raphson + + align:start position:0% +something called damped newton-raphson + + + align:start position:0% +something called damped newton-raphson +methods those will be the three topics + + align:start position:0% +methods those will be the three topics + + + align:start position:0% +methods those will be the three topics +of the day okay so here's what I said + + align:start position:0% +of the day okay so here's what I said + + + align:start position:0% +of the day okay so here's what I said +before analytical calculations Jacobi + + align:start position:0% +before analytical calculations Jacobi + + + align:start position:0% +before analytical calculations Jacobi +neat requires an analytical formulas for + + align:start position:0% +neat requires an analytical formulas for + + + align:start position:0% +neat requires an analytical formulas for +F and for functions of a few dimensions + + align:start position:0% +F and for functions of a few dimensions + + + align:start position:0% +F and for functions of a few dimensions +right these calculations are not too + + align:start position:0% +right these calculations are not too + + + align:start position:0% +right these calculations are not too +tough for functions of many dimensions + + align:start position:0% +tough for functions of many dimensions + + + align:start position:0% +tough for functions of many dimensions +right this is tedious at best err prone + + align:start position:0% +right this is tedious at best err prone + + + align:start position:0% +right this is tedious at best err prone +at worst right think about even + + align:start position:0% +at worst right think about even + + + align:start position:0% +at worst right think about even +something like 10 equations for 10 + + align:start position:0% +something like 10 equations for 10 + + + align:start position:0% +something like 10 equations for 10 +unknowns if your error rate is 1% + + align:start position:0% +unknowns if your error rate is 1% + + + align:start position:0% +unknowns if your error rate is 1% +well you're shocked right it's a pretty + + align:start position:0% +well you're shocked right it's a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +well you're shocked right it's a pretty +good chance that you missed one element + + align:start position:0% +good chance that you missed one element + + + align:start position:0% +good chance that you missed one element +of the Jacobian you made a mistake + + align:start position:0% +of the Jacobian you made a mistake + + + align:start position:0% +of the Jacobian you made a mistake +somewhere in there and now you're not + + align:start position:0% +somewhere in there and now you're not + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere in there and now you're not +doing newton-raphson you're doing some + + align:start position:0% +doing newton-raphson you're doing some + + + align:start position:0% +doing newton-raphson you're doing some +other iterative method that isn't the + + align:start position:0% +other iterative method that isn't the + + + align:start position:0% +other iterative method that isn't the +one that you intended there are a lot of + + align:start position:0% +one that you intended there are a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +one that you intended there are a lot of +times where maybe I have an analytical + + align:start position:0% +times where maybe I have an analytical + + + align:start position:0% +times where maybe I have an analytical +formula for some of these ups but not + + align:start position:0% +formula for some of these ups but not + + + align:start position:0% +formula for some of these ups but not +all of them okay so where where can + + align:start position:0% +all of them okay so where where can + + + align:start position:0% +all of them okay so where where can +these function values come from we've + + align:start position:0% +these function values come from we've + + + align:start position:0% +these function values come from we've +seen some cases maybe where you have + + align:start position:0% +seen some cases maybe where you have + + + align:start position:0% +seen some cases maybe where you have +physical models there when I + + align:start position:0% +physical models there when I + + + align:start position:0% +physical models there when I +models that you can write down by hand + + align:start position:0% +models that you can write down by hand + + + align:start position:0% +models that you can write down by hand +but where are other places that these + + align:start position:0% +but where are other places that these + + + align:start position:0% +but where are other places that these +functions come from ideas oh good + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +beautiful so this is going to be the + + align:start position:0% +beautiful so this is going to be the + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful so this is going to be the +most common case right maybe maybe you + + align:start position:0% +most common case right maybe maybe you + + + align:start position:0% +most common case right maybe maybe you +want to use some sort of simulation code + + align:start position:0% +want to use some sort of simulation code + + + align:start position:0% +want to use some sort of simulation code +right to model something it's somebody + + align:start position:0% +right to model something it's somebody + + + align:start position:0% +right to model something it's somebody +else's simulation code they're an expert + + align:start position:0% +else's simulation code they're an expert + + + align:start position:0% +else's simulation code they're an expert +at doing finite element modeling but the + + align:start position:0% +at doing finite element modeling but the + + + align:start position:0% +at doing finite element modeling but the +output is this F that you're interested + + align:start position:0% +output is this F that you're interested + + + align:start position:0% +output is this F that you're interested +in the input to the simulation are these + + align:start position:0% +in the input to the simulation are these + + + align:start position:0% +in the input to the simulation are these +X's right and you want to find the roots + + align:start position:0% +X's right and you want to find the roots + + + align:start position:0% +X's right and you want to find the roots +associated with this problem that you're + + align:start position:0% +associated with this problem that you're + + + align:start position:0% +associated with this problem that you're +solving via the simulation code right + + align:start position:0% +solving via the simulation code right + + + align:start position:0% +solving via the simulation code right +this is pretty important being able to + + align:start position:0% +this is pretty important being able to + + + align:start position:0% +this is pretty important being able to +connect different pieces of software + + align:start position:0% +connect different pieces of software + + + align:start position:0% +connect different pieces of software +together well there's no analytical + + align:start position:0% +together well there's no analytical + + + align:start position:0% +together well there's no analytical +formula for F there okay you're shot so + + align:start position:0% +formula for F there okay you're shot so + + + align:start position:0% +formula for F there okay you're shot so +it may come from results of simulations + + align:start position:0% +it may come from results of simulations + + + align:start position:0% +it may come from results of simulations +this is extremely common they come from + + align:start position:0% +this is extremely common they come from + + + align:start position:0% +this is extremely common they come from +interpolation of data okay so you may + + align:start position:0% +interpolation of data okay so you may + + + align:start position:0% +interpolation of data okay so you may +have a bunch of data that's being + + align:start position:0% +have a bunch of data that's being + + + align:start position:0% +have a bunch of data that's being +generated by some physical measurement + + align:start position:0% +generated by some physical measurement + + + align:start position:0% +generated by some physical measurement +or process either continuously or you + + align:start position:0% +or process either continuously or you + + + align:start position:0% +or process either continuously or you +just have a data set that's available to + + align:start position:0% +just have a data set that's available to + + + align:start position:0% +just have a data set that's available to +you but these function values are often + + align:start position:0% +you but these function values are often + + + align:start position:0% +you but these function values are often +not they're not things that you know + + align:start position:0% +not they're not things that you know + + + align:start position:0% +not they're not things that you know +analytically it may also be the case + + align:start position:0% +analytically it may also be the case + + + align:start position:0% +analytically it may also be the case +that Oh men even Aspin you're gonna wind + + align:start position:0% +that Oh men even Aspin you're gonna wind + + + align:start position:0% +that Oh men even Aspin you're gonna wind +up solving systems of nonlinear + + align:start position:0% +up solving systems of nonlinear + + + align:start position:0% +up solving systems of nonlinear +equations it's going to use the + + align:start position:0% +equations it's going to use the + + + align:start position:0% +equations it's going to use the +newton-raphson method + + align:start position:0% +newton-raphson method + + + align:start position:0% +newton-raphson method +Aspen's gonna have lots of these + + align:start position:0% +Aspen's gonna have lots of these + + + align:start position:0% +Aspen's gonna have lots of these +formulas in it for functions whose going + + align:start position:0% +formulas in it for functions whose going + + + align:start position:0% +formulas in it for functions whose going +in by hand and computing the derivatives + + align:start position:0% +in by hand and computing the derivatives + + + align:start position:0% +in by hand and computing the derivatives +of all these functions for aspirin right + + align:start position:0% +of all these functions for aspirin right + + + align:start position:0% +of all these functions for aspirin right +MATLAB has a nonlinear equation solver + + align:start position:0% +MATLAB has a nonlinear equation solver + + + align:start position:0% +MATLAB has a nonlinear equation solver +and you give it the function and it'll + + align:start position:0% +and you give it the function and it'll + + + align:start position:0% +and you give it the function and it'll +find a root of the equation given a + + align:start position:0% +find a root of the equation given a + + + align:start position:0% +find a root of the equation given a +guess it's gonna use the newton-raphson + + align:start position:0% +guess it's gonna use the newton-raphson + + + align:start position:0% +guess it's gonna use the newton-raphson +method whose computing the Jacobian for + + align:start position:0% +method whose computing the Jacobian for + + + align:start position:0% +method whose computing the Jacobian for +matlab + + align:start position:0% +matlab + + + align:start position:0% +matlab +you can you can compute it by hand and + + align:start position:0% +you can you can compute it by hand and + + + align:start position:0% +you can you can compute it by hand and +give it it input sometimes that's a + + align:start position:0% +give it it input sometimes that's a + + + align:start position:0% +give it it input sometimes that's a +really good thing to do okay but + + align:start position:0% +really good thing to do okay but + + + align:start position:0% +really good thing to do okay but +sometimes we don't have that available + + align:start position:0% +sometimes we don't have that available + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes we don't have that available +to us so we need alternative ways of + + align:start position:0% +to us so we need alternative ways of + + + align:start position:0% +to us so we need alternative ways of +computing this Jacobian the simplest one + + align:start position:0% +computing this Jacobian the simplest one + + + align:start position:0% +computing this Jacobian the simplest one +is a finite difference approximation + + align:start position:0% +is a finite difference approximation + + + align:start position:0% +is a finite difference approximation +rights you recall the definition of the + + align:start position:0% +rights you recall the definition of the + + + align:start position:0% +rights you recall the definition of the +derivative raised the limit of this + + align:start position:0% +derivative raised the limit of this + + + align:start position:0% +derivative raised the limit of this +difference write f of X plus epsilon + + align:start position:0% +difference write f of X plus epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +difference write f of X plus epsilon +minus f of X divided by epsilon this + + align:start position:0% +minus f of X divided by epsilon this + + + align:start position:0% +minus f of X divided by epsilon this +epsilon goes to 0 there's an error in + + align:start position:0% +epsilon goes to 0 there's an error in + + + align:start position:0% +epsilon goes to 0 there's an error in +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +approximation for the derivative with + + align:start position:0% +approximation for the derivative with + + + align:start position:0% +approximation for the derivative with +the finite value for epsilon which is + + align:start position:0% +the finite value for epsilon which is + + + align:start position:0% +the finite value for epsilon which is +proportional to Epsilon okay so choose a + + align:start position:0% +proportional to Epsilon okay so choose a + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to Epsilon okay so choose a +small value of Epsilon you'll get a good + + align:start position:0% +small value of Epsilon you'll get a good + + + align:start position:0% +small value of Epsilon you'll get a good +approximation for the derivative it + + align:start position:0% +approximation for the derivative it + + + align:start position:0% +approximation for the derivative it +turns out the accuracy depends on + + align:start position:0% +turns out the accuracy depends on + + + align:start position:0% +turns out the accuracy depends on +epsilon but kind of in a non-intuitive + + align:start position:0% +epsilon but kind of in a non-intuitive + + + align:start position:0% +epsilon but kind of in a non-intuitive +way and here's a simple example so let's + + align:start position:0% +way and here's a simple example so let's + + + align:start position:0% +way and here's a simple example so let's +compute the derivative of f of x equals + + align:start position:0% +compute the derivative of f of x equals + + + align:start position:0% +compute the derivative of f of x equals +e to the X which is e to the X let's + + align:start position:0% +e to the X which is e to the X let's + + + align:start position:0% +e to the X which is e to the X let's +evaluate it at x equals 1 so f prime of + + align:start position:0% +evaluate it at x equals 1 so f prime of + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate it at x equals 1 so f prime of +1 is e to the 1 which should + + align:start position:0% +1 is e to the 1 which should + + + align:start position:0% +1 is e to the 1 which should +approximately be e to the 1 plus epsilon + + align:start position:0% +approximately be e to the 1 plus epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +approximately be e to the 1 plus epsilon +minus e to the 1 over epsilon I here + + align:start position:0% +minus e to the 1 over epsilon I here + + + align:start position:0% +minus e to the 1 over epsilon I here +I've done this calculation and I've + + align:start position:0% +I've done this calculation and I've + + + align:start position:0% +I've done this calculation and I've +asked what's the absolute error in this + + align:start position:0% +asked what's the absolute error in this + + + align:start position:0% +asked what's the absolute error in this +calculation by taking the difference + + align:start position:0% +calculation by taking the difference + + + align:start position:0% +calculation by taking the difference +between this and this ok for different + + align:start position:0% +between this and this ok for different + + + align:start position:0% +between this and this ok for different +values of epsilon you can see initially + + align:start position:0% +values of epsilon you can see initially + + + align:start position:0% +values of epsilon you can see initially +as epsilon gets smaller the absolute + + align:start position:0% +as epsilon gets smaller the absolute + + + align:start position:0% +as epsilon gets smaller the absolute +error goes down in proportion Epsilon + + align:start position:0% +error goes down in proportion Epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +error goes down in proportion Epsilon +right 10 to the minus 3 a 1000 minus 3 + + align:start position:0% +right 10 to the minus 3 a 1000 minus 3 + + + align:start position:0% +right 10 to the minus 3 a 1000 minus 3 +10 to the minus 4 to the minus 4 10 to + + align:start position:0% +10 to the minus 4 to the minus 4 10 to + + + align:start position:0% +10 to the minus 4 to the minus 4 10 to +the minus 8 10 to the minus 8 10 to the + + align:start position:0% +the minus 8 10 to the minus 8 10 to the + + + align:start position:0% +the minus 8 10 to the minus 8 10 to the +minus 9 10 to the minus 7 10 to the + + align:start position:0% +minus 9 10 to the minus 7 10 to the + + + align:start position:0% +minus 9 10 to the minus 7 10 to the +minus 10 10 to the minus 6 so it went + + align:start position:0% +minus 10 10 to the minus 6 so it went + + + align:start position:0% +minus 10 10 to the minus 6 so it went +down and it came back up well that's not + + align:start position:0% +down and it came back up well that's not + + + align:start position:0% +down and it came back up well that's not +what this formula told us should happen + + align:start position:0% +what this formula told us should happen + + + align:start position:0% +what this formula told us should happen +right yes yes exponential one is + + align:start position:0% +right yes yes exponential one is + + + align:start position:0% +right yes yes exponential one is +exponential one f prime of 1 is our + + align:start position:0% +exponential one f prime of 1 is our + + + align:start position:0% +exponential one f prime of 1 is our +approximation here sorry that that's + + align:start position:0% +approximation here sorry that that's + + + align:start position:0% +approximation here sorry that that's +unclear yes so this is the absolute + + align:start position:0% +unclear yes so this is the absolute + + + align:start position:0% +unclear yes so this is the absolute +error in this approximation okay so it + + align:start position:0% +error in this approximation okay so it + + + align:start position:0% +error in this approximation okay so it +goes down and then it goes up is that + + align:start position:0% +goes down and then it goes up is that + + + align:start position:0% +goes down and then it goes up is that +clear enough good okay why does it go + + align:start position:0% +clear enough good okay why does it go + + + align:start position:0% +clear enough good okay why does it go +down goes down because our definition of + + align:start position:0% +down goes down because our definition of + + + align:start position:0% +down goes down because our definition of +the derivative says it should go down at + + align:start position:0% +the derivative says it should go down at + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative says it should go down at +some point I've actually got to do these + + align:start position:0% +some point I've actually got to do these + + + align:start position:0% +some point I've actually got to do these +calculations with high enough accuracy + + align:start position:0% +calculations with high enough accuracy + + + align:start position:0% +calculations with high enough accuracy +to be able to perceive the difference + + align:start position:0% +to be able to perceive the difference + + + align:start position:0% +to be able to perceive the difference +between e to the 1 plus 10 to the minus + + align:start position:0% +between e to the 1 plus 10 to the minus + + + align:start position:0% +between e to the 1 plus 10 to the minus +9 and e to the 1 okay so there's a + + align:start position:0% +9 and e to the 1 okay so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +9 and e to the 1 okay so there's a +truncation error in the calculation of + + align:start position:0% +truncation error in the calculation of + + + align:start position:0% +truncation error in the calculation of +this difference right that reduces my + + align:start position:0% +this difference right that reduces my + + + align:start position:0% +this difference right that reduces my +accuracy at a certain level there's a + + align:start position:0% +accuracy at a certain level there's a + + + align:start position:0% +accuracy at a certain level there's a +heuristic you can use here okay you want + + align:start position:0% +heuristic you can use here okay you want + + + align:start position:0% +heuristic you can use here okay you want +to set this Epsilon when you do this + + align:start position:0% +to set this Epsilon when you do this + + + align:start position:0% +to set this Epsilon when you do this +finite difference approximation to be + + align:start position:0% +finite difference approximation to be + + + align:start position:0% +finite difference approximation to be +the square root of the Machine precision + + align:start position:0% +the square root of the Machine precision + + + align:start position:0% +the square root of the Machine precision +times the magnitude + + align:start position:0% +times the magnitude + + + align:start position:0% +times the magnitude +of X the point at which you're trying to + + align:start position:0% +of X the point at which you're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +of X the point at which you're trying to +calculate this derivatives it's usually + + align:start position:0% +calculate this derivatives it's usually + + + align:start position:0% +calculate this derivatives it's usually +we're double precision so this is + + align:start position:0% +we're double precision so this is + + + align:start position:0% +we're double precision so this is +something like 10 to the minus 8 times + + align:start position:0% +something like 10 to the minus 8 times + + + align:start position:0% +something like 10 to the minus 8 times +the magnitude of X that's pretty good + + align:start position:0% +the magnitude of X that's pretty good + + + align:start position:0% +the magnitude of X that's pretty good +that holds true here okay you can test + + align:start position:0% +that holds true here okay you can test + + + align:start position:0% +that holds true here okay you can test +it out on some other functions if X is 0 + + align:start position:0% +it out on some other functions if X is 0 + + + align:start position:0% +it out on some other functions if X is 0 +or very small we don't want a relative + + align:start position:0% +or very small we don't want a relative + + + align:start position:0% +or very small we don't want a relative +tolerance we got to choose an absolute + + align:start position:0% +tolerance we got to choose an absolute + + + align:start position:0% +tolerance we got to choose an absolute +tolerance instead okay just like we + + align:start position:0% +tolerance instead okay just like we + + + align:start position:0% +tolerance instead okay just like we +talked about with the step norm criteria + + align:start position:0% +talked about with the step norm criteria + + + align:start position:0% +talked about with the step norm criteria +so one has to be a little bit careful + + align:start position:0% +so one has to be a little bit careful + + + align:start position:0% +so one has to be a little bit careful +and how you implement this but this is a + + align:start position:0% +and how you implement this but this is a + + + align:start position:0% +and how you implement this but this is a +good a good guide ok a good way to think + + align:start position:0% +good a good guide ok a good way to think + + + align:start position:0% +good a good guide ok a good way to think +about how the error is going to go down + + align:start position:0% +about how the error is going to go down + + + align:start position:0% +about how the error is going to go down +and where it's going to start to come + + align:start position:0% +and where it's going to start to come + + + align:start position:0% +and where it's going to start to come +back up makes sense good ok so how do + + align:start position:0% +back up makes sense good ok so how do + + + align:start position:0% +back up makes sense good ok so how do +you compute elements of the Jacobian + + align:start position:0% +you compute elements of the Jacobian + + + align:start position:0% +you compute elements of the Jacobian +then well those are all just partial + + align:start position:0% +then well those are all just partial + + + align:start position:0% +then well those are all just partial +derivatives of the function with respect + + align:start position:0% +derivatives of the function with respect + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives of the function with respect +to one of the unknown variables right so + + align:start position:0% +to one of the unknown variables right so + + + align:start position:0% +to one of the unknown variables right so +partial fi with respect to XJ is just fi + + align:start position:0% +partial fi with respect to XJ is just fi + + + align:start position:0% +partial fi with respect to XJ is just fi +at X plus some epsilon deviation of X in + + align:start position:0% +at X plus some epsilon deviation of X in + + + align:start position:0% +at X plus some epsilon deviation of X in +its jate component only so this is like + + align:start position:0% +its jate component only so this is like + + + align:start position:0% +its jate component only so this is like +a unit vector right in the J direction + + align:start position:0% +a unit vector right in the J direction + + + align:start position:0% +a unit vector right in the J direction +or associated with the J DH element of + + align:start position:0% +or associated with the J DH element of + + + align:start position:0% +or associated with the J DH element of +this vector minus fi of X divided by + + align:start position:0% +this vector minus fi of X divided by + + + align:start position:0% +this vector minus fi of X divided by +this Epsilon equivalently right you'd + + align:start position:0% +this Epsilon equivalently right you'd + + + align:start position:0% +this Epsilon equivalently right you'd +have to do this for fi you can compute + + align:start position:0% +have to do this for fi you can compute + + + align:start position:0% +have to do this for fi you can compute +all the columns of the Jacobian very + + align:start position:0% +all the columns of the Jacobian very + + + align:start position:0% +all the columns of the Jacobian very +quickly by calling f of X plus epsilon + + align:start position:0% +quickly by calling f of X plus epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +quickly by calling f of X plus epsilon +minus f of X over epsilon right just + + align:start position:0% +minus f of X over epsilon right just + + + align:start position:0% +minus f of X over epsilon right just +evaluate your vector valued function + + align:start position:0% +evaluate your vector valued function + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate your vector valued function +right at these different X's take the + + align:start position:0% +right at these different X's take the + + + align:start position:0% +right at these different X's take the +difference and that will give you call + + align:start position:0% +difference and that will give you call + + + align:start position:0% +difference and that will give you call +and J of your Jacobian so how many + + align:start position:0% +and J of your Jacobian so how many + + + align:start position:0% +and J of your Jacobian so how many +function evaluations does it take to + + align:start position:0% +function evaluations does it take to + + + align:start position:0% +function evaluations does it take to +calculate the Jacobian at a single point + + align:start position:0% +calculate the Jacobian at a single point + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the Jacobian at a single point +how many times do I have to evaluate my + + align:start position:0% +how many times do I have to evaluate my + + + align:start position:0% +how many times do I have to evaluate my +function + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah 2n right so if I have n right if I + + align:start position:0% +yeah 2n right so if I have n right if I + + + align:start position:0% +yeah 2n right so if I have n right if I +have n elements 2x I've got to make two + + align:start position:0% +have n elements 2x I've got to make two + + + align:start position:0% +have n elements 2x I've got to make two +function calls per column of J there's + + align:start position:0% +function calls per column of J there's + + + align:start position:0% +function calls per column of J there's +gonna be any columns in J ok so 2 n + + align:start position:0% +gonna be any columns in J ok so 2 n + + + align:start position:0% +gonna be any columns in J ok so 2 n +function evaluations to compute the + + align:start position:0% +function evaluations to compute the + + + align:start position:0% +function evaluations to compute the +Jacobian at a single point is that + + align:start position:0% +Jacobian at a single point is that + + + align:start position:0% +Jacobian at a single point is that +really true though not quite f of X is f + + align:start position:0% +really true though not quite f of X is f + + + align:start position:0% +really true though not quite f of X is f +of X right + + align:start position:0% +of X right + + + align:start position:0% +of X right +I'd have to compute it every time I just + + align:start position:0% +I'd have to compute it every time I just + + + align:start position:0% +I'd have to compute it every time I just +compute f of X once so it's really like + + align:start position:0% +compute f of X once so it's really like + + + align:start position:0% +compute f of X once so it's really like +n plus 1 that I have to do right and + + align:start position:0% +n plus 1 that I have to do right and + + + align:start position:0% +n plus 1 that I have to do right and +plus one function evaluations to compute + + align:start position:0% +plus one function evaluations to compute + + + align:start position:0% +plus one function evaluations to compute +this thing I actually got to compute + + align:start position:0% +this thing I actually got to compute + + + align:start position:0% +this thing I actually got to compute +them though function evaluations may be + + align:start position:0% +them though function evaluations may be + + + align:start position:0% +them though function evaluations may be +really expensive ok suppose you're doing + + align:start position:0% +really expensive ok suppose you're doing + + + align:start position:0% +really expensive ok suppose you're doing +some sort of complicated simulation like + + align:start position:0% +some sort of complicated simulation like + + + align:start position:0% +some sort of complicated simulation like +a finite element simulation maybe take + + align:start position:0% +a finite element simulation maybe take + + + align:start position:0% +a finite element simulation maybe take +some minutes to generate a function + + align:start position:0% +some minutes to generate a function + + + align:start position:0% +some minutes to generate a function +evaluation ok so can be expensive to + + align:start position:0% +evaluation ok so can be expensive to + + + align:start position:0% +evaluation ok so can be expensive to +compute the Jacobian in this way just be + + align:start position:0% +compute the Jacobian in this way just be + + + align:start position:0% +compute the Jacobian in this way just be +expensive to compute the Jacobian how is + + align:start position:0% +expensive to compute the Jacobian how is + + + align:start position:0% +expensive to compute the Jacobian how is +approximation of Jacobian can affect the + + align:start position:0% +approximation of Jacobian can affect the + + + align:start position:0% +approximation of Jacobian can affect the +convergence what's gonna happen to the + + align:start position:0% +convergence what's gonna happen to the + + + align:start position:0% +convergence what's gonna happen to the +rate of convergence of our method it's + + align:start position:0% +rate of convergence of our method it's + + + align:start position:0% +rate of convergence of our method it's +gonna go down right it's probably gonna + + align:start position:0% +gonna go down right it's probably gonna + + + align:start position:0% +gonna go down right it's probably gonna +be linear it's not gonna be quadratic + + align:start position:0% +be linear it's not gonna be quadratic + + + align:start position:0% +be linear it's not gonna be quadratic +it's gonna be some super linear factor + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna be some super linear factor + + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna be some super linear factor +it's gonna depend on how accurate the + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna depend on how accurate the + + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna depend on how accurate the +Jacobian is how sensitive the function + + align:start position:0% +Jacobian is how sensitive the function + + + align:start position:0% +Jacobian is how sensitive the function +is near the root ok but it's going to + + align:start position:0% +is near the root ok but it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +is near the root ok but it's going to +reduce the accuracy of the method or the + + align:start position:0% +reduce the accuracy of the method or the + + + align:start position:0% +reduce the accuracy of the method or the +convergence rate of the method by a + + align:start position:0% +convergence rate of the method by a + + + align:start position:0% +convergence rate of the method by a +little bit ok that's ok so this is what + + align:start position:0% +little bit ok that's ok so this is what + + + align:start position:0% +little bit ok that's ok so this is what +matlab does right it uses a finite + + align:start position:0% +matlab does right it uses a finite + + + align:start position:0% +matlab does right it uses a finite +difference approximation for your + + align:start position:0% +difference approximation for your + + + align:start position:0% +difference approximation for your +Jacobian when you give it a function and + + align:start position:0% +Jacobian when you give it a function and + + + align:start position:0% +Jacobian when you give it a function and +you don't tell it the Jacobian + + align:start position:0% +you don't tell it the Jacobian + + + align:start position:0% +you don't tell it the Jacobian +explicitly here's an example of how to + + align:start position:0% +explicitly here's an example of how to + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly here's an example of how to +implement this yourself ok so I gotta + + align:start position:0% +implement this yourself ok so I gotta + + + align:start position:0% +implement this yourself ok so I gotta +have some function that does whatever + + align:start position:0% +have some function that does whatever + + + align:start position:0% +have some function that does whatever +this function is supposed to do it takes + + align:start position:0% +this function is supposed to do it takes + + + align:start position:0% +this function is supposed to do it takes +as input X and it gives an output f and + + align:start position:0% +as input X and it gives an output f and + + + align:start position:0% +as input X and it gives an output f and +then the Jacobian right its matrix so we + + align:start position:0% +then the Jacobian right its matrix so we + + + align:start position:0% +then the Jacobian right its matrix so we +initialize this matrix we loop over each + + align:start position:0% +initialize this matrix we loop over each + + + align:start position:0% +initialize this matrix we loop over each +of the columns right we compute the + + align:start position:0% +of the columns right we compute the + + + align:start position:0% +of the columns right we compute the +displacement right the deviation from X + + align:start position:0% +displacement right the deviation from X + + + align:start position:0% +displacement right the deviation from X +for each of these and then we compute + + align:start position:0% +for each of these and then we compute + + + align:start position:0% +for each of these and then we compute +this difference and divide it by epsilon + + align:start position:0% +this difference and divide it by epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +this difference and divide it by epsilon +ok I haven't done everything perfect + + align:start position:0% +ok I haven't done everything perfect + + + align:start position:0% +ok I haven't done everything perfect +here right here's an extra function + + align:start position:0% +here right here's an extra function + + + align:start position:0% +here right here's an extra function +evaluation I could just calculate the + + align:start position:0% +evaluation I could just calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +evaluation I could just calculate the +value of the function at X before doing + + align:start position:0% +value of the function at X before doing + + + align:start position:0% +value of the function at X before doing +the loop okay I'm also only used a + + align:start position:0% +the loop okay I'm also only used a + + + align:start position:0% +the loop okay I'm also only used a +relative tolerance here I'm going to be + + align:start position:0% +relative tolerance here I'm going to be + + + align:start position:0% +relative tolerance here I'm going to be +in trouble if X is zero right that's + + align:start position:0% +in trouble if X is zero right that's + + + align:start position:0% +in trouble if X is zero right that's +gonna be a problem with this algorithm + + align:start position:0% +gonna be a problem with this algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +gonna be a problem with this algorithm +so these are the little details one has + + align:start position:0% +so these are the little details one has + + + align:start position:0% +so these are the little details one has +to pay attention to okay but it's a + + align:start position:0% +to pay attention to okay but it's a + + + align:start position:0% +to pay attention to okay but it's a +simple enough calculation to do loop + + align:start position:0% +simple enough calculation to do loop + + + align:start position:0% +simple enough calculation to do loop +over the columns right compute these + + align:start position:0% +over the columns right compute these + + + align:start position:0% +over the columns right compute these +differences divided by epsilon you have + + align:start position:0% +differences divided by epsilon you have + + + align:start position:0% +differences divided by epsilon you have +your approximation for the Jacobian I + + align:start position:0% +your approximation for the Jacobian I + + + align:start position:0% +your approximation for the Jacobian I +got to do that at every iteration right + + align:start position:0% +got to do that at every iteration right + + + align:start position:0% +got to do that at every iteration right +every time X is updated I've got to + + align:start position:0% +every time X is updated I've got to + + + align:start position:0% +every time X is updated I've got to +recompute my Jacobian that's it though + + align:start position:0% +recompute my Jacobian that's it though + + + align:start position:0% +recompute my Jacobian that's it though +alright that's one way of approximating + + align:start position:0% +alright that's one way of approximating + + + align:start position:0% +alright that's one way of approximating +in Jacobi there's a method that's used + + align:start position:0% +in Jacobi there's a method that's used + + + align:start position:0% +in Jacobi there's a method that's used +in one dimension called the secant + + align:start position:0% +in one dimension called the secant + + + align:start position:0% +in one dimension called the secant +method okay it's a special case of the + + align:start position:0% +method okay it's a special case of the + + + align:start position:0% +method okay it's a special case of the +newton-raphson method and uses a coarser + + align:start position:0% +newton-raphson method and uses a coarser + + + align:start position:0% +newton-raphson method and uses a coarser +approximation for the derivative it says + + align:start position:0% +approximation for the derivative it says + + + align:start position:0% +approximation for the derivative it says +I was taking these steps from X I minus + + align:start position:0% +I was taking these steps from X I minus + + + align:start position:0% +I was taking these steps from X I minus +1 to X I and I knew the function values + + align:start position:0% +1 to X I and I knew the function values + + + align:start position:0% +1 to X I and I knew the function values +there maybe I should just compute the + + align:start position:0% +there maybe I should just compute the + + + align:start position:0% +there maybe I should just compute the +slope of the line that goes through + + align:start position:0% +slope of the line that goes through + + + align:start position:0% +slope of the line that goes through +those points and say that's that's my + + align:start position:0% +those points and say that's that's my + + + align:start position:0% +those points and say that's that's my +approximation for the derivative why not + + align:start position:0% +approximation for the derivative why not + + + align:start position:0% +approximation for the derivative why not +I have the data available to me it seems + + align:start position:0% +I have the data available to me it seems + + + align:start position:0% +I have the data available to me it seems +like a sensible thing to do alright so + + align:start position:0% +like a sensible thing to do alright so + + + align:start position:0% +like a sensible thing to do alright so +we replace f prime at x i with f of x i + + align:start position:0% +we replace f prime at x i with f of x i + + + align:start position:0% +we replace f prime at x i with f of x i +minus f of f of x i minus one down here + + align:start position:0% +minus f of f of x i minus one down here + + + align:start position:0% +minus f of f of x i minus one down here +we put X I minus X I minus 1 up here + + align:start position:0% +we put X I minus X I minus 1 up here + + + align:start position:0% +we put X I minus X I minus 1 up here +that's our approximation for the + + align:start position:0% +that's our approximation for the + + + align:start position:0% +that's our approximation for the +derivative or the inverse of the + + align:start position:0% +derivative or the inverse of the + + + align:start position:0% +derivative or the inverse of the +derivative ok this can work it can work + + align:start position:0% +derivative ok this can work it can work + + + align:start position:0% +derivative ok this can work it can work +just fine can it be extended to many + + align:start position:0% +just fine can it be extended to many + + + align:start position:0% +just fine can it be extended to many +dimensions that's an interesting + + align:start position:0% +dimensions that's an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions that's an interesting +question though this is simple in many + + align:start position:0% +question though this is simple in many + + + align:start position:0% +question though this is simple in many +dimensions not so obvious right if I + + align:start position:0% +dimensions not so obvious right if I + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions not so obvious right if I +know X I X I minus 1 f of X I f of X I + + align:start position:0% +know X I X I minus 1 f of X I f of X I + + + align:start position:0% +know X I X I minus 1 f of X I f of X I +minus 1 can i approximate the Jacobian + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 can i approximate the Jacobian + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 can i approximate the Jacobian +what do you think + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it strike you as though there might be + + align:start position:0% +it strike you as though there might be + + + align:start position:0% +it strike you as though there might be +some fundamental difficulty to doing + + align:start position:0% +some fundamental difficulty to doing + + + align:start position:0% +some fundamental difficulty to doing +that yeah okay okay so let's yeah go + + align:start position:0% +that yeah okay okay so let's yeah go + + + align:start position:0% +that yeah okay okay so let's yeah go +ahead yeah yeah yes yeah so how do i how + + align:start position:0% +ahead yeah yeah yes yeah so how do i how + + + align:start position:0% +ahead yeah yeah yes yeah so how do i how +do I divide these things that's a good + + align:start position:0% +do I divide these things that's a good + + + align:start position:0% +do I divide these things that's a good +question the Jacobian how much how much + + align:start position:0% +question the Jacobian how much how much + + + align:start position:0% +question the Jacobian how much how much +information content is that in the + + align:start position:0% +information content is that in the + + + align:start position:0% +information content is that in the +Jacobian how many independent quantities + + align:start position:0% +Jacobian how many independent quantities + + + align:start position:0% +Jacobian how many independent quantities +are built into the Jacobian and squared + + align:start position:0% +are built into the Jacobian and squared + + + align:start position:0% +are built into the Jacobian and squared +and how much data do I have to work with + + align:start position:0% +and how much data do I have to work with + + + align:start position:0% +and how much data do I have to work with +here you know order n data to figure out + + align:start position:0% +here you know order n data to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +here you know order n data to figure out +order N squared quantities this is the + + align:start position:0% +order N squared quantities this is the + + + align:start position:0% +order N squared quantities this is the +division problem you're describing right + + align:start position:0% +division problem you're describing right + + + align:start position:0% +division problem you're describing right +so it seems like this is an + + align:start position:0% +so it seems like this is an + + + align:start position:0% +so it seems like this is an +underdetermined sort of problem and it + + align:start position:0% +underdetermined sort of problem and it + + + align:start position:0% +underdetermined sort of problem and it +is okay so there isn't a direct analog + + align:start position:0% +is okay so there isn't a direct analog + + + align:start position:0% +is okay so there isn't a direct analog +to the secant method in n dimensions we + + align:start position:0% +to the secant method in n dimensions we + + + align:start position:0% +to the secant method in n dimensions we +can write down something that makes + + align:start position:0% +can write down something that makes + + + align:start position:0% +can write down something that makes +sense so this is the 1d secant + + align:start position:0% +sense so this is the 1d secant + + + align:start position:0% +sense so this is the 1d secant +approximation that the value of the + + align:start position:0% +approximation that the value of the + + + align:start position:0% +approximation that the value of the +derivative multiplied by the step + + align:start position:0% +derivative multiplied by the step + + + align:start position:0% +derivative multiplied by the step +between I minus 1 and I is approximated + + align:start position:0% +between I minus 1 and I is approximated + + + align:start position:0% +between I minus 1 and I is approximated +by the difference in the values of the + + align:start position:0% +by the difference in the values of the + + + align:start position:0% +by the difference in the values of the +function right the equivalent is the + + align:start position:0% +function right the equivalent is the + + + align:start position:0% +function right the equivalent is the +value of the Jacobian multiplied by the + + align:start position:0% +value of the Jacobian multiplied by the + + + align:start position:0% +value of the Jacobian multiplied by the +step between I minus 1 and I is equal to + + align:start position:0% +step between I minus 1 and I is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +step between I minus 1 and I is equal to +the difference between the values of the + + align:start position:0% +the difference between the values of the + + + align:start position:0% +the difference between the values of the +functions but now this is an equation + + align:start position:0% +functions but now this is an equation + + + align:start position:0% +functions but now this is an equation +for n squared elements of the Jacobian + + align:start position:0% +for n squared elements of the Jacobian + + + align:start position:0% +for n squared elements of the Jacobian +in terms of n elements of the function + + align:start position:0% +in terms of n elements of the function + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of n elements of the function +right so it's massively massively + + align:start position:0% +right so it's massively massively + + + align:start position:0% +right so it's massively massively +underdetermined + + align:start position:0% +underdetermined + + + align:start position:0% +underdetermined +okay here we have an equation for we + + align:start position:0% +okay here we have an equation for we + + + align:start position:0% +okay here we have an equation for we +have one equation for one unknown the + + align:start position:0% +have one equation for one unknown the + + + align:start position:0% +have one equation for one unknown the +derivative right + + align:start position:0% +derivative right + + + align:start position:0% +derivative right +think about how it was moving through + + align:start position:0% +think about how it was moving through + + + align:start position:0% +think about how it was moving through +space before right the difference here + + align:start position:0% +space before right the difference here + + + align:start position:0% +space before right the difference here +xixi minus one that's that's some sort + + align:start position:0% +xixi minus one that's that's some sort + + + align:start position:0% +xixi minus one that's that's some sort +of linear path right that I'm moving + + align:start position:0% +of linear path right that I'm moving + + + align:start position:0% +of linear path right that I'm moving +along through space how am I supposed to + + align:start position:0% +along through space how am I supposed to + + + align:start position:0% +along through space how am I supposed to +figure out what the tangent curves to + + align:start position:0% +figure out what the tangent curves to + + + align:start position:0% +figure out what the tangent curves to +all these functions are from this linear + + align:start position:0% +all these functions are from this linear + + + align:start position:0% +all these functions are from this linear +path through a multi-dimensional space + + align:start position:0% +path through a multi-dimensional space + + + align:start position:0% +path through a multi-dimensional space +right that's not going to work there's a + + align:start position:0% +right that's not going to work there's a + + + align:start position:0% +right that's not going to work there's a +underdetermined problems it's not so + + align:start position:0% +underdetermined problems it's not so + + + align:start position:0% +underdetermined problems it's not so +that's not so bad actually right doesn't + + align:start position:0% +that's not so bad actually right doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +that's not so bad actually right doesn't +mean there's no solution in fact it + + align:start position:0% +mean there's no solution in fact it + + + align:start position:0% +mean there's no solution in fact it +means there's all a lot of solutions so + + align:start position:0% +means there's all a lot of solutions so + + + align:start position:0% +means there's all a lot of solutions so +we can pick right whichever one we think + + align:start position:0% +we can pick right whichever one we think + + + align:start position:0% +we can pick right whichever one we think +is suitable embroiders method is a + + align:start position:0% +is suitable embroiders method is a + + + align:start position:0% +is suitable embroiders method is a +method for picking one of these + + align:start position:0% +method for picking one of these + + + align:start position:0% +method for picking one of these +potential solutions to this + + align:start position:0% +potential solutions to this + + + align:start position:0% +potential solutions to this +underdetermined problem right we don't + + align:start position:0% +underdetermined problem right we don't + + + align:start position:0% +underdetermined problem right we don't +have enough information to calculate the + + align:start position:0% +have enough information to calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +have enough information to calculate the +Jacobian exactly but maybe we can + + align:start position:0% +Jacobian exactly but maybe we can + + + align:start position:0% +Jacobian exactly but maybe we can +construct a suitable approximation for + + align:start position:0% +construct a suitable approximation for + + + align:start position:0% +construct a suitable approximation for +it and here's what's done okay so here's + + align:start position:0% +it and here's what's done okay so here's + + + align:start position:0% +it and here's what's done okay so here's +the secant approximation + + align:start position:0% +the secant approximation + + + align:start position:0% +the secant approximation +it says the Jacobian times this step + + align:start position:0% +it says the Jacobian times this step + + + align:start position:0% +it says the Jacobian times this step +size or the newton raphson's step should + + align:start position:0% +size or the newton raphson's step should + + + align:start position:0% +size or the newton raphson's step should +be the difference in the functions and + + align:start position:0% +be the difference in the functions and + + + align:start position:0% +be the difference in the functions and +Newton's method right for X I said X I + + align:start position:0% +Newton's method right for X I said X I + + + align:start position:0% +Newton's method right for X I said X I +minus X I minus 1 was equal times the + + align:start position:0% +minus X I minus 1 was equal times the + + + align:start position:0% +minus X I minus 1 was equal times the +Jacobian was equal to minus f of X I + + align:start position:0% +Jacobian was equal to minus f of X I + + + align:start position:0% +Jacobian was equal to minus f of X I +minus 1 this is Newton's method I invert + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 this is Newton's method I invert + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 this is Newton's method I invert +invert the Jacobian put it on the other + + align:start position:0% +invert the Jacobian put it on the other + + + align:start position:0% +invert the Jacobian put it on the other +side of the equation + + align:start position:0% +side of the equation + + + align:start position:0% +side of the equation +Breen's method said I there's a trick + + align:start position:0% +Breen's method said I there's a trick + + + align:start position:0% +Breen's method said I there's a trick +here take the difference between these + + align:start position:0% +here take the difference between these + + + align:start position:0% +here take the difference between these +things okay I got the same left hand + + align:start position:0% +things okay I got the same left hand + + + align:start position:0% +things okay I got the same left hand +side on both of these equations so take + + align:start position:0% +side on both of these equations so take + + + align:start position:0% +side on both of these equations so take +the difference and I can figure out how + + align:start position:0% +the difference and I can figure out how + + + align:start position:0% +the difference and I can figure out how +the Jacobian should change from one step + + align:start position:0% +the Jacobian should change from one step + + + align:start position:0% +the Jacobian should change from one step +to the next so maybe have a good + + align:start position:0% +to the next so maybe have a good + + + align:start position:0% +to the next so maybe have a good +approximation to the Jacobian at X I + + align:start position:0% +approximation to the Jacobian at X I + + + align:start position:0% +approximation to the Jacobian at X I +minus one I might be able to use this + + align:start position:0% +minus one I might be able to use this + + + align:start position:0% +minus one I might be able to use this +still under determined problem to figure + + align:start position:0% +still under determined problem to figure + + + align:start position:0% +still under determined problem to figure +out how to update that Jacobian + + align:start position:0% +out how to update that Jacobian + + + align:start position:0% +out how to update that Jacobian +alright so brainy's method is what's + + align:start position:0% +alright so brainy's method is what's + + + align:start position:0% +alright so brainy's method is what's +referred to as the rank one update you + + align:start position:0% +referred to as the rank one update you + + + align:start position:0% +referred to as the rank one update you +should convince yourself that letting + + align:start position:0% +should convince yourself that letting + + + align:start position:0% +should convince yourself that letting +the Jacobian EDX I minus the Jacobian + + align:start position:0% +the Jacobian EDX I minus the Jacobian + + + align:start position:0% +the Jacobian EDX I minus the Jacobian +that X I minus one be equal to this is + + align:start position:0% +that X I minus one be equal to this is + + + align:start position:0% +that X I minus one be equal to this is +one possible solution of this + + align:start position:0% +one possible solution of this + + + align:start position:0% +one possible solution of this +underdetermined equation there are + + align:start position:0% +underdetermined equation there are + + + align:start position:0% +underdetermined equation there are +others this is one possible solution it + + align:start position:0% +others this is one possible solution it + + + align:start position:0% +others this is one possible solution it +turns out to be a good one to choose so + + align:start position:0% +turns out to be a good one to choose so + + + align:start position:0% +turns out to be a good one to choose so +there's an iterative approximation now + + align:start position:0% +there's an iterative approximation now + + + align:start position:0% +there's an iterative approximation now +for the + + align:start position:0% +for the + + + align:start position:0% +for the +Cobian does this strategy make sense + + align:start position:0% +Cobian does this strategy make sense + + + align:start position:0% +Cobian does this strategy make sense +that's a little weird right there's + + align:start position:0% +that's a little weird right there's + + + align:start position:0% +that's a little weird right there's +something tricky here you got to know to + + align:start position:0% +something tricky here you got to know to + + + align:start position:0% +something tricky here you got to know to +do this right so somebody has to have in + + align:start position:0% +do this right so somebody has to have in + + + align:start position:0% +do this right so somebody has to have in +mind already that they're looking for + + align:start position:0% +mind already that they're looking for + + + align:start position:0% +mind already that they're looking for +differences in the jacobian that they're + + align:start position:0% +differences in the jacobian that they're + + + align:start position:0% +differences in the jacobian that they're +gonna update over time so this tells me + + align:start position:0% +gonna update over time so this tells me + + + align:start position:0% +gonna update over time so this tells me +the Jacobian how the Jacobian is updated + + align:start position:0% +the Jacobian how the Jacobian is updated + + + align:start position:0% +the Jacobian how the Jacobian is updated +all right really we need the Jacobian + + align:start position:0% +all right really we need the Jacobian + + + align:start position:0% +all right really we need the Jacobian +inverse and the reason for choosing this + + align:start position:0% +inverse and the reason for choosing this + + + align:start position:0% +inverse and the reason for choosing this +rank one update approximation is it's + + align:start position:0% +rank one update approximation is it's + + + align:start position:0% +rank one update approximation is it's +possible to write the inverse of J of X + + align:start position:0% +possible to write the inverse of J of X + + + align:start position:0% +possible to write the inverse of J of X +I in terms of the inverse of J at X I + + align:start position:0% +I in terms of the inverse of J at X I + + + align:start position:0% +I in terms of the inverse of J at X I +minus 1 right when this update formula + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 right when this update formula + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 right when this update formula +is true so there's something called the + + align:start position:0% +is true so there's something called the + + + align:start position:0% +is true so there's something called the +shermann morrison formula which says the + + align:start position:0% +shermann morrison formula which says the + + + align:start position:0% +shermann morrison formula which says the +inverse of a matrix plus the dyadic + + align:start position:0% +inverse of a matrix plus the dyadic + + + align:start position:0% +inverse of a matrix plus the dyadic +product of two vectors can be written in + + align:start position:0% +product of two vectors can be written in + + + align:start position:0% +product of two vectors can be written in +this form okay we don't need to derive + + align:start position:0% +this form okay we don't need to derive + + + align:start position:0% +this form okay we don't need to derive +this but this is true this matrix plus + + align:start position:0% +this but this is true this matrix plus + + + align:start position:0% +this but this is true this matrix plus +static product is exactly this okay we + + align:start position:0% +static product is exactly this okay we + + + align:start position:0% +static product is exactly this okay we +have datak product between F and the + + align:start position:0% +have datak product between F and the + + + align:start position:0% +have datak product between F and the +step from X I minus 1 to X and so we can + + align:start position:0% +step from X I minus 1 to X and so we can + + + align:start position:0% +step from X I minus 1 to X and so we can +apply that shermann morrison formula to + + align:start position:0% +apply that shermann morrison formula to + + + align:start position:0% +apply that shermann morrison formula to +the rank one update and not only can we + + align:start position:0% +the rank one update and not only can we + + + align:start position:0% +the rank one update and not only can we +update the Jacobian iteratively but we + + align:start position:0% +update the Jacobian iteratively but we + + + align:start position:0% +update the Jacobian iteratively but we +can update the Jacobian inverse so if I + + align:start position:0% +can update the Jacobian inverse so if I + + + align:start position:0% +can update the Jacobian inverse so if I +know J inverse at some previous time I + + align:start position:0% +know J inverse at some previous time I + + + align:start position:0% +know J inverse at some previous time I +know J inverse at some later time to + + align:start position:0% +know J inverse at some later time to + + + align:start position:0% +know J inverse at some later time to +write I don't have to compute these + + align:start position:0% +write I don't have to compute these + + + align:start position:0% +write I don't have to compute these +things enough to solve these systems of + + align:start position:0% +things enough to solve these systems of + + + align:start position:0% +things enough to solve these systems of +equations right I just update this + + align:start position:0% +equations right I just update this + + + align:start position:0% +equations right I just update this +matrix update this matrix and I can very + + align:start position:0% +matrix update this matrix and I can very + + + align:start position:0% +matrix update this matrix and I can very +rapidly do these computations so not + + align:start position:0% +rapidly do these computations so not + + + align:start position:0% +rapidly do these computations so not +only to have an iterative formula for + + align:start position:0% +only to have an iterative formula for + + + align:start position:0% +only to have an iterative formula for +the steps write from x0 to x1 to x2 all + + align:start position:0% +the steps write from x0 to x1 to x2 all + + + align:start position:0% +the steps write from x0 to x1 to x2 all +the way up to our converged solution we + + align:start position:0% +the way up to our converged solution we + + + align:start position:0% +the way up to our converged solution we +can have an 8:02 formula for the inverse + + align:start position:0% +can have an 8:02 formula for the inverse + + + align:start position:0% +can have an 8:02 formula for the inverse +of the Jacobian we give up accuracy but + + align:start position:0% +of the Jacobian we give up accuracy but + + + align:start position:0% +of the Jacobian we give up accuracy but +that's paid for in terms of the amount + + align:start position:0% +that's paid for in terms of the amount + + + align:start position:0% +that's paid for in terms of the amount +of time we have to spend doing these + + align:start position:0% +of time we have to spend doing these + + + align:start position:0% +of time we have to spend doing these +calculations does it pay off it depends + + align:start position:0% +calculations does it pay off it depends + + + align:start position:0% +calculations does it pay off it depends +on the problem right we try to solve + + align:start position:0% +on the problem right we try to solve + + + align:start position:0% +on the problem right we try to solve +problems in different ways this is a + + align:start position:0% +problems in different ways this is a + + + align:start position:0% +problems in different ways this is a +pretty common way to approximate the + + align:start position:0% +pretty common way to approximate the + + + align:start position:0% +pretty common way to approximate the +Jacobian questions about this know + + align:start position:0% +Jacobian questions about this know + + + align:start position:0% +Jacobian questions about this know +okay Brian Smith + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right here's the last one + + align:start position:0% +right here's the last one + + + align:start position:0% +right here's the last one +the damn newton-raphson method do this + + align:start position:0% +the damn newton-raphson method do this + + + align:start position:0% +the damn newton-raphson method do this +in one dimension okay so the + + align:start position:0% +in one dimension okay so the + + + align:start position:0% +in one dimension okay so the +newton-raphson method + + align:start position:0% +newton-raphson method + + + align:start position:0% +newton-raphson method +newton-raphson told us take a step from + + align:start position:0% +newton-raphson told us take a step from + + + align:start position:0% +newton-raphson told us take a step from +X I to X is one that is this big ok xi2 + + align:start position:0% +X I to X is one that is this big ok xi2 + + + align:start position:0% +X I to X is one that is this big ok xi2 +xin it's this big + + align:start position:0% +xin it's this big + + + align:start position:0% +xin it's this big +sometimes you'll take that step and + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you'll take that step and + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you'll take that step and +you'll find that the value of the + + align:start position:0% +you'll find that the value of the + + + align:start position:0% +you'll find that the value of the +function at X I plus 1 is even bigger + + align:start position:0% +function at X I plus 1 is even bigger + + + align:start position:0% +function at X I plus 1 is even bigger +than the value of the function at X I + + align:start position:0% +than the value of the function at X I + + + align:start position:0% +than the value of the function at X I +there's nothing about the newton-raphson + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing about the newton-raphson + + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing about the newton-raphson +method that told us the function value + + align:start position:0% +method that told us the function value + + + align:start position:0% +method that told us the function value +is always going to be decreasing but + + align:start position:0% +is always going to be decreasing but + + + align:start position:0% +is always going to be decreasing but +actually our goal is to make the + + align:start position:0% +actually our goal is to make the + + + align:start position:0% +actually our goal is to make the +function value go to zero an absolute + + align:start position:0% +function value go to zero an absolute + + + align:start position:0% +function value go to zero an absolute +value so it seems like this step not a + + align:start position:0% +value so it seems like this step not a + + + align:start position:0% +value so it seems like this step not a +very good one right what our + + align:start position:0% +very good one right what our + + + align:start position:0% +very good one right what our +newton-raphson thinking is not a good + + align:start position:0% +newton-raphson thinking is not a good + + + align:start position:0% +newton-raphson thinking is not a good +idea the function value went up far from + + align:start position:0% +idea the function value went up far from + + + align:start position:0% +idea the function value went up far from +a root ok the newton-raphson methods + + align:start position:0% +a root ok the newton-raphson methods + + + align:start position:0% +a root ok the newton-raphson methods +going to give these sorts of erratic + + align:start position:0% +going to give these sorts of erratic + + + align:start position:0% +going to give these sorts of erratic +responses right who knows what direction + + align:start position:0% +responses right who knows what direction + + + align:start position:0% +responses right who knows what direction +it's going to go and it's only locally + + align:start position:0% +it's going to go and it's only locally + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to go and it's only locally +convergent ok it tells us a direction to + + align:start position:0% +convergent ok it tells us a direction to + + + align:start position:0% +convergent ok it tells us a direction to +move in but it doesn't always give the + + align:start position:0% +move in but it doesn't always give the + + + align:start position:0% +move in but it doesn't always give the +right sort of magnitude associated with + + align:start position:0% +right sort of magnitude associated with + + + align:start position:0% +right sort of magnitude associated with +that step and so you take these steps + + align:start position:0% +that step and so you take these steps + + + align:start position:0% +that step and so you take these steps +and you can find out the value of your + + align:start position:0% +and you can find out the value of your + + + align:start position:0% +and you can find out the value of your +function the norm the value of your + + align:start position:0% +function the norm the value of your + + + align:start position:0% +function the norm the value of your +function is bigger than where you start + + align:start position:0% +function is bigger than where you start + + + align:start position:0% +function is bigger than where you start +it seems like you're getting further + + align:start position:0% +it seems like you're getting further + + + align:start position:0% +it seems like you're getting further +away from the root our ultimate goal is + + align:start position:0% +away from the root our ultimate goal is + + + align:start position:0% +away from the root our ultimate goal is +to dry drive this norm to zero so steps + + align:start position:0% +to dry drive this norm to zero so steps + + + align:start position:0% +to dry drive this norm to zero so steps +like that you might even call + + align:start position:0% +like that you might even call + + + align:start position:0% +like that you might even call +unacceptable right why would I ever take + + align:start position:0% +unacceptable right why would I ever take + + + align:start position:0% +unacceptable right why would I ever take +a step in that direction maybe I should + + align:start position:0% +a step in that direction maybe I should + + + align:start position:0% +a step in that direction maybe I should +use a different method when I take a + + align:start position:0% +use a different method when I take a + + + align:start position:0% +use a different method when I take a +step that's so big my function value + + align:start position:0% +step that's so big my function value + + + align:start position:0% +step that's so big my function value +grows in norm value so what one does + + align:start position:0% +grows in norm value so what one does + + + align:start position:0% +grows in norm value so what one does +often times does introduce a damping + + align:start position:0% +often times does introduce a damping + + + align:start position:0% +often times does introduce a damping +factor right we said that this ratio or + + align:start position:0% +factor right we said that this ratio or + + + align:start position:0% +factor right we said that this ratio or +equivalently the Jacobian inverse times + + align:start position:0% +equivalently the Jacobian inverse times + + + align:start position:0% +equivalently the Jacobian inverse times +the value of the function gives us the + + align:start position:0% +the value of the function gives us the + + + align:start position:0% +the value of the function gives us the +right direction to step in but how big a + + align:start position:0% +right direction to step in but how big a + + + align:start position:0% +right direction to step in but how big a +step should we take right it's clear + + align:start position:0% +step should we take right it's clear + + + align:start position:0% +step should we take right it's clear +right a step like this is a good one it + + align:start position:0% +right a step like this is a good one it + + + align:start position:0% +right a step like this is a good one it +reduce the value of the function right + + align:start position:0% +reduce the value of the function right + + + align:start position:0% +reduce the value of the function right +and it's better than the one we took + + align:start position:0% +and it's better than the one we took + + + align:start position:0% +and it's better than the one we took +before which was given by the linear + + align:start position:0% +before which was given by the linear + + + align:start position:0% +before which was given by the linear +approximation so if I draw the tangent + + align:start position:0% +approximation so if I draw the tangent + + + align:start position:0% +approximation so if I draw the tangent +line it intercepts here if I take a step + + align:start position:0% +line it intercepts here if I take a step + + + align:start position:0% +line it intercepts here if I take a step +in this direction but I reduced the + + align:start position:0% +in this direction but I reduced the + + + align:start position:0% +in this direction but I reduced the +slope by having some damping factor + + align:start position:0% +slope by having some damping factor + + + align:start position:0% +slope by having some damping factor +that's smaller they want to get + + align:start position:0% +that's smaller they want to get + + + align:start position:0% +that's smaller they want to get +closer to the root ideally we'd like to + + align:start position:0% +closer to the root ideally we'd like to + + + align:start position:0% +closer to the root ideally we'd like to +choose that damping factor to be the one + + align:start position:0% +choose that damping factor to be the one + + + align:start position:0% +choose that damping factor to be the one +that minimizes the value of the function + + align:start position:0% +that minimizes the value of the function + + + align:start position:0% +that minimizes the value of the function +at X I plus one right so it's the + + align:start position:0% +at X I plus one right so it's the + + + align:start position:0% +at X I plus one right so it's the +argument that minimizes the value of the + + align:start position:0% +argument that minimizes the value of the + + + align:start position:0% +argument that minimizes the value of the +function at X I plus one or an X I minus + + align:start position:0% +function at X I plus one or an X I minus + + + align:start position:0% +function at X I plus one or an X I minus +alpha F over f prime okay solving that + + align:start position:0% +alpha F over f prime okay solving that + + + align:start position:0% +alpha F over f prime okay solving that +optimization problems as hard as finding + + align:start position:0% +optimization problems as hard as finding + + + align:start position:0% +optimization problems as hard as finding +the root itself + + align:start position:0% +the root itself + + + align:start position:0% +the root itself +okay so ideally this is true but + + align:start position:0% +okay so ideally this is true but + + + align:start position:0% +okay so ideally this is true but +practically you're not going to be able + + align:start position:0% +practically you're not going to be able + + + align:start position:0% +practically you're not going to be able +to do it so we have to come up with some + + align:start position:0% +to do it so we have to come up with some + + + align:start position:0% +to do it so we have to come up with some +approximate methods of solving this + + align:start position:0% +approximate methods of solving this + + + align:start position:0% +approximate methods of solving this +optimization problem actually we don't + + align:start position:0% +optimization problem actually we don't + + + align:start position:0% +optimization problem actually we don't +even care about getting it exact we know + + align:start position:0% +even care about getting it exact we know + + + align:start position:0% +even care about getting it exact we know +newton-raphson does a pretty good job we + + align:start position:0% +newton-raphson does a pretty good job we + + + align:start position:0% +newton-raphson does a pretty good job we +just want to you know some sort of guess + + align:start position:0% +just want to you know some sort of guess + + + align:start position:0% +just want to you know some sort of guess +that's respectable for this alpha okay + + align:start position:0% +that's respectable for this alpha okay + + + align:start position:0% +that's respectable for this alpha okay +so that we get close to this root once + + align:start position:0% +so that we get close to this root once + + + align:start position:0% +so that we get close to this root once +we get close + + align:start position:0% +we get close + + + align:start position:0% +we get close +we'll probably choose alpha equal to one + + align:start position:0% +we'll probably choose alpha equal to one + + + align:start position:0% +we'll probably choose alpha equal to one +we'll just take the newton-raphson steps + + align:start position:0% +we'll just take the newton-raphson steps + + + align:start position:0% +we'll just take the newton-raphson steps +all the way down to the root so here it + + align:start position:0% +all the way down to the root so here it + + + align:start position:0% +all the way down to the root so here it +is in many dimensions right modify the + + align:start position:0% +is in many dimensions right modify the + + + align:start position:0% +is in many dimensions right modify the +newton-raphson step by some value alpha + + align:start position:0% +newton-raphson step by some value alpha + + + align:start position:0% +newton-raphson step by some value alpha +choose alpha to be the argument that + + align:start position:0% +choose alpha to be the argument that + + + align:start position:0% +choose alpha to be the argument that +minimizes the norm value of the function + + align:start position:0% +minimizes the norm value of the function + + + align:start position:0% +minimizes the norm value of the function +at X I plus one here's one way of doing + + align:start position:0% +at X I plus one here's one way of doing + + + align:start position:0% +at X I plus one here's one way of doing +this this is called the Armijo line + + align:start position:0% +this this is called the Armijo line + + + align:start position:0% +this this is called the Armijo line +search C line search okay start by + + align:start position:0% +search C line search okay start by + + + align:start position:0% +search C line search okay start by +letting alpha equal to one take the full + + align:start position:0% +letting alpha equal to one take the full + + + align:start position:0% +letting alpha equal to one take the full +newton-raphson step and check what's the + + align:start position:0% +newton-raphson step and check what's the + + + align:start position:0% +newton-raphson step and check what's the +value of my function smaller than where + + align:start position:0% +value of my function smaller than where + + + align:start position:0% +value of my function smaller than where +I started okay if it is let's take the + + align:start position:0% +I started okay if it is let's take the + + + align:start position:0% +I started okay if it is let's take the +step okay it's getting us we're + + align:start position:0% +step okay it's getting us we're + + + align:start position:0% +step okay it's getting us we're +accomplishing our goal we're reducing + + align:start position:0% +accomplishing our goal we're reducing + + + align:start position:0% +accomplishing our goal we're reducing +the value of the function in norm + + align:start position:0% +the value of the function in norm + + + align:start position:0% +the value of the function in norm +maybe we're headed towards zero that's + + align:start position:0% +maybe we're headed towards zero that's + + + align:start position:0% +maybe we're headed towards zero that's +good except it if no let's replace alpha + + align:start position:0% +good except it if no let's replace alpha + + + align:start position:0% +good except it if no let's replace alpha +with alpha over two let's take a shorter + + align:start position:0% +with alpha over two let's take a shorter + + + align:start position:0% +with alpha over two let's take a shorter +step okay we take a shorter step and we + + align:start position:0% +step okay we take a shorter step and we + + + align:start position:0% +step okay we take a shorter step and we +repeat right take the shorter step check + + align:start position:0% +repeat right take the shorter step check + + + align:start position:0% +repeat right take the shorter step check +whether the value of the function with + + align:start position:0% +whether the value of the function with + + + align:start position:0% +whether the value of the function with +the shorter step is acceptable if yes + + align:start position:0% +the shorter step is acceptable if yes + + + align:start position:0% +the shorter step is acceptable if yes +let's take it and let's move on and if + + align:start position:0% +let's take it and let's move on and if + + + align:start position:0% +let's take it and let's move on and if +no right replace alpha with alpha over + + align:start position:0% +no right replace alpha with alpha over + + + align:start position:0% +no right replace alpha with alpha over +two and continue so we have our step + + align:start position:0% +two and continue so we have our step + + + align:start position:0% +two and continue so we have our step +size every time but don't we don't just + + align:start position:0% +size every time but don't we don't just + + + align:start position:0% +size every time but don't we don't just +have to have it we could choose + + align:start position:0% +have to have it we could choose + + + align:start position:0% +have to have it we could choose +different factors to reduce it by we try + + align:start position:0% +different factors to reduce it by we try + + + align:start position:0% +different factors to reduce it by we try +to take shorter and shorter steps until + + align:start position:0% +to take shorter and shorter steps until + + + align:start position:0% +to take shorter and shorter steps until +we accomplished our goal of having a + + align:start position:0% +we accomplished our goal of having a + + + align:start position:0% +we accomplished our goal of having a +function right which is smaller in + + align:start position:0% +function right which is smaller in + + + align:start position:0% +function right which is smaller in +Norman + + align:start position:0% +Norman + + + align:start position:0% +Norman +than where we were before it's good the + + align:start position:0% +than where we were before it's good the + + + align:start position:0% +than where we were before it's good the +function value will be reduced the + + align:start position:0% +function value will be reduced the + + + align:start position:0% +function value will be reduced the +newton raphson method picks a direction + + align:start position:0% +newton raphson method picks a direction + + + align:start position:0% +newton raphson method picks a direction +that wants to bring the function value + + align:start position:0% +that wants to bring the function value + + + align:start position:0% +that wants to bring the function value +closer to zero okay we linearize the + + align:start position:0% +closer to zero okay we linearize the + + + align:start position:0% +closer to zero okay we linearize the +function and we found the direction we + + align:start position:0% +function and we found the direction we + + + align:start position:0% +function and we found the direction we +needed to go to make that linearization + + align:start position:0% +needed to go to make that linearization + + + align:start position:0% +needed to go to make that linearization +go to zero so there is a step size for + + align:start position:0% +go to zero so there is a step size for + + + align:start position:0% +go to zero so there is a step size for +which the function value will be reduced + + align:start position:0% +which the function value will be reduced + + + align:start position:0% +which the function value will be reduced +okay and because of that this Armijo + + align:start position:0% +okay and because of that this Armijo + + + align:start position:0% +okay and because of that this Armijo +line search of the stamp newton-raphson + + align:start position:0% +line search of the stamp newton-raphson + + + align:start position:0% +line search of the stamp newton-raphson +method is actually globally convergent + + align:start position:0% +method is actually globally convergent + + + align:start position:0% +method is actually globally convergent +right the iterative method will + + align:start position:0% +right the iterative method will + + + align:start position:0% +right the iterative method will +terminate you can guarantee it here's + + align:start position:0% +terminate you can guarantee it here's + + + align:start position:0% +terminate you can guarantee it here's +what it looks like graphically right I + + align:start position:0% +what it looks like graphically right I + + + align:start position:0% +what it looks like graphically right I +take my big step my alpha equals one + + align:start position:0% +take my big step my alpha equals one + + + align:start position:0% +take my big step my alpha equals one +step I check the value of the function + + align:start position:0% +step I check the value of the function + + + align:start position:0% +step I check the value of the function +it's bigger in absolute value than where + + align:start position:0% +it's bigger in absolute value than where + + + align:start position:0% +it's bigger in absolute value than where +I started so I go back I take half that + + align:start position:0% +I started so I go back I take half that + + + align:start position:0% +I started so I go back I take half that +step size okay I look at the value of + + align:start position:0% +step size okay I look at the value of + + + align:start position:0% +step size okay I look at the value of +function still bigger let's reject it + + align:start position:0% +function still bigger let's reject it + + + align:start position:0% +function still bigger let's reject it +and go back I take half that stuff size + + align:start position:0% +and go back I take half that stuff size + + + align:start position:0% +and go back I take half that stuff size +again the value of the function here is + + align:start position:0% +again the value of the function here is + + + align:start position:0% +again the value of the function here is +now smaller and absolute value so I + + align:start position:0% +now smaller and absolute value so I + + + align:start position:0% +now smaller and absolute value so I +accept it and I put myself pretty close + + align:start position:0% +accept it and I put myself pretty close + + + align:start position:0% +accept it and I put myself pretty close +to the root so it's convergent globally + + align:start position:0% +to the root so it's convergent globally + + + align:start position:0% +to the root so it's convergent globally +convergent okay that's nice uh it's not + + align:start position:0% +convergent okay that's nice uh it's not + + + align:start position:0% +convergent okay that's nice uh it's not +globally convergent two roots which is a + + align:start position:0% +globally convergent two roots which is a + + + align:start position:0% +globally convergent two roots which is a +pain but it's globally convergent it'll + + align:start position:0% +pain but it's globally convergent it'll + + + align:start position:0% +pain but it's globally convergent it'll +terminate eventually okay you'll get to + + align:start position:0% +terminate eventually okay you'll get to + + + align:start position:0% +terminate eventually okay you'll get to +a point where where you won't be able to + + align:start position:0% +a point where where you won't be able to + + + align:start position:0% +a point where where you won't be able to +advance your steps any further okay it + + align:start position:0% +advance your steps any further okay it + + + align:start position:0% +advance your steps any further okay it +may converge to minima or Maxima of a + + align:start position:0% +may converge to minima or Maxima of a + + + align:start position:0% +may converge to minima or Maxima of a +function okay or may converge to roots + + align:start position:0% +function okay or may converge to roots + + + align:start position:0% +function okay or may converge to roots +but it will converge I showed you this + + align:start position:0% +but it will converge I showed you this + + + align:start position:0% +but it will converge I showed you this +example before with basins of attraction + + align:start position:0% +example before with basins of attraction + + + align:start position:0% +example before with basins of attraction +right so here we have different basins + + align:start position:0% +right so here we have different basins + + + align:start position:0% +right so here we have different basins +of attraction they're all colored in + + align:start position:0% +of attraction they're all colored in + + + align:start position:0% +of attraction they're all colored in +they show you which roots you approach + + align:start position:0% +they show you which roots you approach + + + align:start position:0% +they show you which roots you approach +here have applied the damp + + align:start position:0% +here have applied the damp + + + align:start position:0% +here have applied the damp +newton-raphson method right it said the + + align:start position:0% +newton-raphson method right it said the + + + align:start position:0% +newton-raphson method right it said the +same system of equations and you can see + + align:start position:0% +same system of equations and you can see + + + align:start position:0% +same system of equations and you can see +the basins of attraction are shrunk + + align:start position:0% +the basins of attraction are shrunk + + + align:start position:0% +the basins of attraction are shrunk +because of the damping right what + + align:start position:0% +because of the damping right what + + + align:start position:0% +because of the damping right what +happens when you're very close to places + + align:start position:0% +happens when you're very close to places + + + align:start position:0% +happens when you're very close to places +where the determine of the Jacobian is + + align:start position:0% +where the determine of the Jacobian is + + + align:start position:0% +where the determine of the Jacobian is +singular right you take all sorts of + + align:start position:0% +singular right you take all sorts of + + + align:start position:0% +singular right you take all sorts of +wild steps okay you go to places where + + align:start position:0% +wild steps okay you go to places where + + + align:start position:0% +wild steps okay you go to places where +the value of the function is bigger than + + align:start position:0% +the value of the function is bigger than + + + align:start position:0% +the value of the function is bigger than +where you started and then you've got to + + align:start position:0% +where you started and then you've got to + + + align:start position:0% +where you started and then you've got to +step down from there to try to find the + + align:start position:0% +step down from there to try to find the + + + align:start position:0% +step down from there to try to find the +root who knows where those locations are + + align:start position:0% +root who knows where those locations are + + + align:start position:0% +root who knows where those locations are +it's a very complicated geometrically + + align:start position:0% +it's a very complicated geometrically + + + align:start position:0% +it's a very complicated geometrically +complicated space that you're moving + + align:start position:0% +complicated space that you're moving + + + align:start position:0% +complicated space that you're moving +through and the dampening rafts of + + align:start position:0% +through and the dampening rafts of + + + align:start position:0% +through and the dampening rafts of +methods for seen right forcing the steps + + align:start position:0% +methods for seen right forcing the steps + + + align:start position:0% +methods for seen right forcing the steps +to always reduce the value of the + + align:start position:0% +to always reduce the value of the + + + align:start position:0% +to always reduce the value of the +function + + align:start position:0% +function + + + align:start position:0% +function +so they reduce the size of these basins + + align:start position:0% +so they reduce the size of these basins + + + align:start position:0% +so they reduce the size of these basins +of attraction so this is often a nice + + align:start position:0% +of attraction so this is often a nice + + + align:start position:0% +of attraction so this is often a nice +way to to supplement the newton-raphson + + align:start position:0% +way to to supplement the newton-raphson + + + align:start position:0% +way to to supplement the newton-raphson +method when your guesses aren't very + + align:start position:0% +method when your guesses aren't very + + + align:start position:0% +method when your guesses aren't very +good to begin with when you start to get + + align:start position:0% +good to begin with when you start to get + + + align:start position:0% +good to begin with when you start to get +close to the root you're always just + + align:start position:0% +close to the root you're always just + + + align:start position:0% +close to the root you're always just +going to accept alpha equals 1 right the + + align:start position:0% +going to accept alpha equals 1 right the + + + align:start position:0% +going to accept alpha equals 1 right the +first step will be the best step and + + align:start position:0% +first step will be the best step and + + + align:start position:0% +first step will be the best step and +then you'll converge very rapidly to the + + align:start position:0% +then you'll converge very rapidly to the + + + align:start position:0% +then you'll converge very rapidly to the +solution do we have to do any extra work + + align:start position:0% +solution do we have to do any extra work + + + align:start position:0% +solution do we have to do any extra work +actually to do this dammed in drafts + + align:start position:0% +actually to do this dammed in drafts + + + align:start position:0% +actually to do this dammed in drafts +method does require extra calculations + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what do you think a lot of X a lot of + + align:start position:0% +what do you think a lot of X a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +what do you think a lot of X a lot of +extra calculate how many extra + + align:start position:0% +extra calculate how many extra + + + align:start position:0% +extra calculate how many extra +calculations does it require of course + + align:start position:0% +calculations does it require of course + + + align:start position:0% +calculations does it require of course +it requires extra how many what do you + + align:start position:0% +it requires extra how many what do you + + + align:start position:0% +it requires extra how many what do you +think it's that much history so let's + + align:start position:0% +think it's that much history so let's + + + align:start position:0% +think it's that much history so let's +let's talk about taking one step okay + + align:start position:0% +let's talk about taking one step okay + + + align:start position:0% +let's talk about taking one step okay +all right how many more how many more + + align:start position:0% +all right how many more how many more + + + align:start position:0% +all right how many more how many more +calculations don't have to pay to do + + align:start position:0% +calculations don't have to pay to do + + + align:start position:0% +calculations don't have to pay to do +this sort of a step or even write the + + align:start position:0% +this sort of a step or even write the + + + align:start position:0% +this sort of a step or even write the +multi-dimensional step for each of these + + align:start position:0% +multi-dimensional step for each of these + + + align:start position:0% +multi-dimensional step for each of these +times around this loop don't have to + + align:start position:0% +times around this loop don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +times around this loop don't have to +recompute you have to solve the system + + align:start position:0% +recompute you have to solve the system + + + align:start position:0% +recompute you have to solve the system +of equations no right you pre compute + + align:start position:0% +of equations no right you pre compute + + + align:start position:0% +of equations no right you pre compute +this right this is the basic + + align:start position:0% +this right this is the basic + + + align:start position:0% +this right this is the basic +newton-raphson step you compute that + + align:start position:0% +newton-raphson step you compute that + + + align:start position:0% +newton-raphson step you compute that +first you got to do it once right and + + align:start position:0% +first you got to do it once right and + + + align:start position:0% +first you got to do it once right and +then it's pretty cheap after that right + + align:start position:0% +then it's pretty cheap after that right + + + align:start position:0% +then it's pretty cheap after that right +I got to do some extra function + + align:start position:0% +I got to do some extra function + + + align:start position:0% +I got to do some extra function +evaluations but I actually have to solve + + align:start position:0% +evaluations but I actually have to solve + + + align:start position:0% +evaluations but I actually have to solve +a system of equations right remember + + align:start position:0% +a system of equations right remember + + + align:start position:0% +a system of equations right remember +this is order and cubed if we solve it + + align:start position:0% +this is order and cubed if we solve it + + + align:start position:0% +this is order and cubed if we solve it +exactly maybe order N squared or order n + + align:start position:0% +exactly maybe order N squared or order n + + + align:start position:0% +exactly maybe order N squared or order n +if we do it iteratively and the Jacobian + + align:start position:0% +if we do it iteratively and the Jacobian + + + align:start position:0% +if we do it iteratively and the Jacobian +is sparse somehow and we know about its + + align:start position:0% +is sparse somehow and we know about its + + + align:start position:0% +is sparse somehow and we know about its +sparsity pattern this is expensive + + align:start position:0% +sparsity pattern this is expensive + + + align:start position:0% +sparsity pattern this is expensive +function evaluations those are order n + + align:start position:0% +function evaluations those are order n + + + align:start position:0% +function evaluations those are order n +to compute ok relatively cheap by + + align:start position:0% +to compute ok relatively cheap by + + + align:start position:0% +to compute ok relatively cheap by +comparison so you compute your initial + + align:start position:0% +comparison so you compute your initial + + + align:start position:0% +comparison so you compute your initial +step right that's expensive but all of + + align:start position:0% +step right that's expensive but all of + + + align:start position:0% +step right that's expensive but all of +this down here is pretty cheap yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is true it's true well Jacobian is + + align:start position:0% +this is true it's true well Jacobian is + + + align:start position:0% +this is true it's true well Jacobian is +also very expensive to compute then - so + + align:start position:0% +also very expensive to compute then - so + + + align:start position:0% +also very expensive to compute then - so +you sure sure sure no I I don't disagree + + align:start position:0% +you sure sure sure no I I don't disagree + + + align:start position:0% +you sure sure sure no I I don't disagree +I think I think one has to pick pick the + + align:start position:0% +I think I think one has to pick pick the + + + align:start position:0% +I think I think one has to pick pick the +method you're going to use to suit the + + align:start position:0% +method you're going to use to suit the + + + align:start position:0% +method you're going to use to suit the +problem it turns out this this doesn't + + align:start position:0% +problem it turns out this this doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +problem it turns out this this doesn't +involve much extra calculation so by + + align:start position:0% +involve much extra calculation so by + + + align:start position:0% +involve much extra calculation so by +default for example f solve in Mal I'm + + align:start position:0% +default for example f solve in Mal I'm + + + align:start position:0% +default for example f solve in Mal I'm +gonna do this for you or some version of + + align:start position:0% +gonna do this for you or some version of + + + align:start position:0% +gonna do this for you or some version of +this okay it's going to try to take + + align:start position:0% +this okay it's going to try to take + + + align:start position:0% +this okay it's going to try to take +steps that aren't too big and limit the + + align:start position:0% +steps that aren't too big and limit the + + + align:start position:0% +steps that aren't too big and limit the +step size for you so that it keeps the + + align:start position:0% +step size for you so that it keeps the + + + align:start position:0% +step size for you so that it keeps the +value of the function reducing in + + align:start position:0% +value of the function reducing in + + + align:start position:0% +value of the function reducing in +magnitude it's a pretty good general + + align:start position:0% +magnitude it's a pretty good general + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude it's a pretty good general +strategy yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I see so why ask that one more time this + + align:start position:0% +I see so why ask that one more time this + + + align:start position:0% +I see so why ask that one more time this +is this is a good question can you can + + align:start position:0% +is this is a good question can you can + + + align:start position:0% +is this is a good question can you can +you say it a little louder so everyone + + align:start position:0% +you say it a little louder so everyone + + + align:start position:0% +you say it a little louder so everyone +can hear I see so the question is yeah + + align:start position:0% +can hear I see so the question is yeah + + + align:start position:0% +can hear I see so the question is yeah +we use the scalar alpha here right if we + + align:start position:0% +we use the scalar alpha here right if we + + + align:start position:0% +we use the scalar alpha here right if we +wanted to we could reduce the step size + + align:start position:0% +wanted to we could reduce the step size + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to we could reduce the step size +and also change direction we would use a + + align:start position:0% +and also change direction we would use a + + + align:start position:0% +and also change direction we would use a +matrix to do that instead right it would + + align:start position:0% +matrix to do that instead right it would + + + align:start position:0% +matrix to do that instead right it would +transform the step and change its + + align:start position:0% +transform the step and change its + + + align:start position:0% +transform the step and change its +direction and maybe we would choose + + align:start position:0% +direction and maybe we would choose + + + align:start position:0% +direction and maybe we would choose +different different alphas along + + align:start position:0% +different different alphas along + + + align:start position:0% +different different alphas along +different directions for example so a + + align:start position:0% +different directions for example so a + + + align:start position:0% +different directions for example so a +diagonal matrix with different alphas we + + align:start position:0% +diagonal matrix with different alphas we + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal matrix with different alphas we +could potentially do that okay we're + + align:start position:0% +could potentially do that okay we're + + + align:start position:0% +could potentially do that okay we're +probably going to need some some extra + + align:start position:0% +probably going to need some some extra + + + align:start position:0% +probably going to need some some extra +information to decide how to set the + + align:start position:0% +information to decide how to set the + + + align:start position:0% +information to decide how to set the +scaling in different directions okay one + + align:start position:0% +scaling in different directions okay one + + + align:start position:0% +scaling in different directions okay one +thing we know for sure is that the + + align:start position:0% +thing we know for sure is that the + + + align:start position:0% +thing we know for sure is that the +newton raphson's step will reduce the + + align:start position:0% +newton raphson's step will reduce the + + + align:start position:0% +newton raphson's step will reduce the +value of the function if we take a small + + align:start position:0% +value of the function if we take a small + + + align:start position:0% +value of the function if we take a small +enough step size it will bring the value + + align:start position:0% +enough step size it will bring the value + + + align:start position:0% +enough step size it will bring the value +of the function down we know that + + align:start position:0% +of the function down we know that + + + align:start position:0% +of the function down we know that +because we did a Taylor expansion of the + + align:start position:0% +because we did a Taylor expansion of the + + + align:start position:0% +because we did a Taylor expansion of the +function to determine that step size + + align:start position:0% +function to determine that step size + + + align:start position:0% +function to determine that step size +right and that Taylor expansion was + + align:start position:0% +right and that Taylor expansion was + + + align:start position:0% +right and that Taylor expansion was +going to be that Taylor expansion is + + align:start position:0% +going to be that Taylor expansion is + + + align:start position:0% +going to be that Taylor expansion is +nearly exact in the limit of very very + + align:start position:0% +nearly exact in the limit of very very + + + align:start position:0% +nearly exact in the limit of very very +small step sizes so there will always be + + align:start position:0% +small step sizes so there will always be + + + align:start position:0% +small step sizes so there will always be +some small step in this direction which + + align:start position:0% +some small step in this direction which + + + align:start position:0% +some small step in this direction which +will reduce the value of the function in + + align:start position:0% +will reduce the value of the function in + + + align:start position:0% +will reduce the value of the function in +other directions right we may reduce the + + align:start position:0% +other directions right we may reduce the + + + align:start position:0% +other directions right we may reduce the +value of the function faster we don't + + align:start position:0% +value of the function faster we don't + + + align:start position:0% +value of the function faster we don't +know which directions to choose okay I + + align:start position:0% +know which directions to choose okay I + + + align:start position:0% +know which directions to choose okay I +shouldn't say that when we take very + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't say that when we take very + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't say that when we take very +small step size this is direction that's + + align:start position:0% +small step size this is direction that's + + + align:start position:0% +small step size this is direction that's +reducing the value of the function + + align:start position:0% +reducing the value of the function + + + align:start position:0% +reducing the value of the function +fastest there isn't a faster direction + + align:start position:0% +fastest there isn't a faster direction + + + align:start position:0% +fastest there isn't a faster direction +to go in when we take impossibly small + + align:start position:0% +to go in when we take impossibly small + + + align:start position:0% +to go in when we take impossibly small +right vanishingly small step sizes but + + align:start position:0% +right vanishingly small step sizes but + + + align:start position:0% +right vanishingly small step sizes but +in principle if I had some extra + + align:start position:0% +in principle if I had some extra + + + align:start position:0% +in principle if I had some extra +information in the problem I might be + + align:start position:0% +information in the problem I might be + + + align:start position:0% +information in the problem I might be +able to choose step sizes along + + align:start position:0% +able to choose step sizes along + + + align:start position:0% +able to choose step sizes along +different directions I may know that one + + align:start position:0% +different directions I may know that one + + + align:start position:0% +different directions I may know that one +of these directions is more ill-behaved + + align:start position:0% +of these directions is more ill-behaved + + + align:start position:0% +of these directions is more ill-behaved +than the other ones right and choose a + + align:start position:0% +than the other ones right and choose a + + + align:start position:0% +than the other ones right and choose a +different damping factor for it that's a + + align:start position:0% +different damping factor for it that's a + + + align:start position:0% +different damping factor for it that's a +possibility but we actually have to know + + align:start position:0% +possibility but we actually have to know + + + align:start position:0% +possibility but we actually have to know +something about the details of the + + align:start position:0% +something about the details of the + + + align:start position:0% +something about the details of the +problem we're trying to solve if we're + + align:start position:0% +problem we're trying to solve if we're + + + align:start position:0% +problem we're trying to solve if we're +going to do so it's a wonderful question + + align:start position:0% +going to do so it's a wonderful question + + + align:start position:0% +going to do so it's a wonderful question +right I mean you could you could think + + align:start position:0% +right I mean you could you could think + + + align:start position:0% +right I mean you could you could think +about ways of making this more + + align:start position:0% +about ways of making this more + + + align:start position:0% +about ways of making this more +potentially more robust I'll show you an + + align:start position:0% +potentially more robust I'll show you an + + + align:start position:0% +potentially more robust I'll show you an +alternative way of doing this when we + + align:start position:0% +alternative way of doing this when we + + + align:start position:0% +alternative way of doing this when we +talk about optimization an optimization + + align:start position:0% +talk about optimization an optimization + + + align:start position:0% +talk about optimization an optimization +will do will solve systems of nonlinear + + align:start position:0% +will do will solve systems of nonlinear + + + align:start position:0% +will do will solve systems of nonlinear +equations to solve these optimization + + align:start position:0% +equations to solve these optimization + + + align:start position:0% +equations to solve these optimization +problems there's another way of doing + + align:start position:0% +problems there's another way of doing + + + align:start position:0% +problems there's another way of doing +the same sort of strategy that that's + + align:start position:0% +the same sort of strategy that that's + + + align:start position:0% +the same sort of strategy that that's +more along what you're describing maybe + + align:start position:0% +more along what you're describing maybe + + + align:start position:0% +more along what you're describing maybe +a different direction to choose instead + + align:start position:0% +a different direction to choose instead + + + align:start position:0% +a different direction to choose instead +that could be preferable this is + + align:start position:0% +that could be preferable this is + + + align:start position:0% +that could be preferable this is +something called the dogleg method okay + + align:start position:0% +something called the dogleg method okay + + + align:start position:0% +something called the dogleg method okay +great question + + align:start position:0% +great question + + + align:start position:0% +great question +anything else no okay + + align:start position:0% +anything else no okay + + + align:start position:0% +anything else no okay +so globally convergent right converges + + align:start position:0% +so globally convergent right converges + + + align:start position:0% +so globally convergent right converges +to Ruth's local minima or Maxima right + + align:start position:0% +to Ruth's local minima or Maxima right + + + align:start position:0% +to Ruth's local minima or Maxima right +there are other modifications that are + + align:start position:0% +there are other modifications that are + + + align:start position:0% +there are other modifications that are +possible we'll talk about them in + + align:start position:0% +possible we'll talk about them in + + + align:start position:0% +possible we'll talk about them in +optimization there's always a penalty to + + align:start position:0% +optimization there's always a penalty to + + + align:start position:0% +optimization there's always a penalty to +doing this right the penalty is in the + + align:start position:0% +doing this right the penalty is in the + + + align:start position:0% +doing this right the penalty is in the +rate of convergence okay so will + + align:start position:0% +rate of convergence okay so will + + + align:start position:0% +rate of convergence okay so will +converge more slowly but maybe you speed + + align:start position:0% +converge more slowly but maybe you speed + + + align:start position:0% +converge more slowly but maybe you speed +the calculations along anyways right + + align:start position:0% +the calculations along anyways right + + + align:start position:0% +the calculations along anyways right +maybe it requires fewer iterations + + align:start position:0% +maybe it requires fewer iterations + + + align:start position:0% +maybe it requires fewer iterations +overall to get there because you tame + + align:start position:0% +overall to get there because you tame + + + align:start position:0% +overall to get there because you tame +the locally convergent properties of the + + align:start position:0% +the locally convergent properties of the + + + align:start position:0% +the locally convergent properties of the +newton-raphson method or you shortcut + + align:start position:0% +newton-raphson method or you shortcut + + + align:start position:0% +newton-raphson method or you shortcut +some of the expensive calculations like + + align:start position:0% +some of the expensive calculations like + + + align:start position:0% +some of the expensive calculations like +getting your Jacobian or calculating + + align:start position:0% +getting your Jacobian or calculating + + + align:start position:0% +getting your Jacobian or calculating +Jacobian inverse alright good so Monday + + align:start position:0% +Jacobian inverse alright good so Monday + + + align:start position:0% +Jacobian inverse alright good so Monday +we're going to review sort of topics up + + align:start position:0% +we're going to review sort of topics up + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to review sort of topics up +till now professor Greene will run the + + align:start position:0% +till now professor Greene will run the + + + align:start position:0% +till now professor Greene will run the +lecture on Monday and then after that + + align:start position:0% +lecture on Monday and then after that + + + align:start position:0% +lecture on Monday and then after that +we'll pick up with optimization which + + align:start position:0% +we'll pick up with optimization which + + + align:start position:0% +we'll pick up with optimization which +will follow right on from what we've + + align:start position:0% +will follow right on from what we've + + + align:start position:0% +will follow right on from what we've +done so far Thanks \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/922Oig1HWG8.txt b/922Oig1HWG8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0f0d837aefe70f749fad203e9d7a661cb461d01d --- /dev/null +++ b/922Oig1HWG8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4923 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + + align:start position:0% +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu +hi today what we're gonna do is focus on + + align:start position:0% +hi today what we're gonna do is focus on + + + align:start position:0% +hi today what we're gonna do is focus on +yet another cofactor that you get out of + + align:start position:0% +yet another cofactor that you get out of + + + align:start position:0% +yet another cofactor that you get out of +your vitamin bottle and today we're + + align:start position:0% +your vitamin bottle and today we're + + + align:start position:0% +your vitamin bottle and today we're +gonna be looking at vitamin b6 and + + align:start position:0% +gonna be looking at vitamin b6 and + + + align:start position:0% +gonna be looking at vitamin b6 and +vitamin b6 is the cofactor that used + + align:start position:0% +vitamin b6 is the cofactor that used + + + align:start position:0% +vitamin b6 is the cofactor that used +what you use whenever you want to + + align:start position:0% +what you use whenever you want to + + + align:start position:0% +what you use whenever you want to +metabolize amino acids where do you get + + align:start position:0% +metabolize amino acids where do you get + + + align:start position:0% +metabolize amino acids where do you get +amino acids we all eat proteins the + + align:start position:0% +amino acids we all eat proteins the + + + align:start position:0% +amino acids we all eat proteins the +proteins get degraded to amino acids and + + align:start position:0% +proteins get degraded to amino acids and + + + align:start position:0% +proteins get degraded to amino acids and +we can use the energy released and trap + + align:start position:0% +we can use the energy released and trap + + + align:start position:0% +we can use the energy released and trap +that energy to do biosynthesis and we + + align:start position:0% +that energy to do biosynthesis and we + + + align:start position:0% +that energy to do biosynthesis and we +use amino acids convert them into + + align:start position:0% +use amino acids convert them into + + + align:start position:0% +use amino acids convert them into +central metabolism and use them to make + + align:start position:0% +central metabolism and use them to make + + + align:start position:0% +central metabolism and use them to make +fats or or sugars depending on what the + + align:start position:0% +fats or or sugars depending on what the + + + align:start position:0% +fats or or sugars depending on what the +environment is telling us we need to do + + align:start position:0% +environment is telling us we need to do + + + align:start position:0% +environment is telling us we need to do +so let me introduce you to this cofactor + + align:start position:0% +so let me introduce you to this cofactor + + + align:start position:0% +so let me introduce you to this cofactor +the vitamin itself as you have seen now + + align:start position:0% +the vitamin itself as you have seen now + + + align:start position:0% +the vitamin itself as you have seen now +over and over again is not the actual + + align:start position:0% +over and over again is not the actual + + + align:start position:0% +over and over again is not the actual +cofactor it's pyridoxal and so that's + + align:start position:0% +cofactor it's pyridoxal and so that's + + + align:start position:0% +cofactor it's pyridoxal and so that's +what you eat out of the vitamin bottle + + align:start position:0% +what you eat out of the vitamin bottle + + + align:start position:0% +what you eat out of the vitamin bottle +and as in the case of all vitamins + + align:start position:0% +and as in the case of all vitamins + + + align:start position:0% +and as in the case of all vitamins +inside the cell it has to be converted + + align:start position:0% +inside the cell it has to be converted + + + align:start position:0% +inside the cell it has to be converted +into the active form of the cofactor and + + align:start position:0% +into the active form of the cofactor and + + + align:start position:0% +into the active form of the cofactor and +the cofactor we're going to be talking + + align:start position:0% +the cofactor we're going to be talking + + + align:start position:0% +the cofactor we're going to be talking +about the active form is pyridoxal + + align:start position:0% +about the active form is pyridoxal + + + align:start position:0% +about the active form is pyridoxal +phosphate which is called PLP and the + + align:start position:0% +phosphate which is called PLP and the + + + align:start position:0% +phosphate which is called PLP and the +structure of paradox so there are two + + align:start position:0% +structure of paradox so there are two + + + align:start position:0% +structure of paradox so there are two +main main structures of the pyridoxal + + align:start position:0% +main main structures of the pyridoxal + + + align:start position:0% +main main structures of the pyridoxal +phosphate cofactor one of them is + + align:start position:0% +phosphate cofactor one of them is + + + align:start position:0% +phosphate cofactor one of them is +involved in 80 percent of all the + + align:start position:0% +involved in 80 percent of all the + + + align:start position:0% +involved in 80 percent of all the +chemistry and the one we're going to + + align:start position:0% +chemistry and the one we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry and the one we're going to +talk about today uses both forms of the + + align:start position:0% +talk about today uses both forms of the + + + align:start position:0% +talk about today uses both forms of the +cofactor that fits into central + + align:start position:0% +cofactor that fits into central + + + align:start position:0% +cofactor that fits into central +metabolism I'll show you how that fits + + align:start position:0% +metabolism I'll show you how that fits + + + align:start position:0% +metabolism I'll show you how that fits +in in a minute + + align:start position:0% +in in a minute + + + align:start position:0% +in in a minute +so pyridoxal phosphate has this + + align:start position:0% +so pyridoxal phosphate has this + + + align:start position:0% +so pyridoxal phosphate has this +structure you have a pyridine ring the + + align:start position:0% +structure you have a pyridine ring the + + + align:start position:0% +structure you have a pyridine ring the +pKa of the pyridine ring is 65 so it may + + align:start position:0% +pKa of the pyridine ring is 65 so it may + + + align:start position:0% +pKa of the pyridine ring is 65 so it may +or may not be protonated + + align:start position:0% +or may not be protonated + + + align:start position:0% +or may not be protonated +and the key part of the cofactor or one + + align:start position:0% +and the key part of the cofactor or one + + + align:start position:0% +and the key part of the cofactor or one +of the key parts of the cofactor is this + + align:start position:0% +of the key parts of the cofactor is this + + + align:start position:0% +of the key parts of the cofactor is this +aldehyde so pyridoxal means that this is + + align:start position:0% +aldehyde so pyridoxal means that this is + + + align:start position:0% +aldehyde so pyridoxal means that this is +an aldehyde the second form of the + + align:start position:0% +an aldehyde the second form of the + + + align:start position:0% +an aldehyde the second form of the +cofactor is pyridoxamine so this + + align:start position:0% +cofactor is pyridoxamine so this + + + align:start position:0% +cofactor is pyridoxamine so this +aldehyde is somehow and we'll show we'll + + align:start position:0% +aldehyde is somehow and we'll show we'll + + + align:start position:0% +aldehyde is somehow and we'll show we'll +look at how this happens is converted + + align:start position:0% +look at how this happens is converted + + + align:start position:0% +look at how this happens is converted +from this aldehyde into an amino group + + align:start position:0% +from this aldehyde into an amino group + + + align:start position:0% +from this aldehyde into an amino group +and this is called PMP or pyridoxamine + + align:start position:0% +and this is called PMP or pyridoxamine + + + align:start position:0% +and this is called PMP or pyridoxamine +phosphate now the other thing I wanted + + align:start position:0% +phosphate now the other thing I wanted + + + align:start position:0% +phosphate now the other thing I wanted +to show you before we move on to look at + + align:start position:0% +to show you before we move on to look at + + + align:start position:0% +to show you before we move on to look at +more details at pyridoxal phosphate is + + align:start position:0% +more details at pyridoxal phosphate is + + + align:start position:0% +more details at pyridoxal phosphate is +while this is the form of the vitamin + + align:start position:0% +while this is the form of the vitamin + + + align:start position:0% +while this is the form of the vitamin +you almost never see this form inside + + align:start position:0% +you almost never see this form inside + + + align:start position:0% +you almost never see this form inside +the cell it is always bound in the + + align:start position:0% +the cell it is always bound in the + + + align:start position:0% +the cell it is always bound in the +active site of the enzyme and it binds + + align:start position:0% +active site of the enzyme and it binds + + + align:start position:0% +active site of the enzyme and it binds +in the active site of the enzyme so + + align:start position:0% +in the active site of the enzyme so + + + align:start position:0% +in the active site of the enzyme so +here's your enzyme through the epsilon + + align:start position:0% +here's your enzyme through the epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +here's your enzyme through the epsilon +amino group of a lysine so you never + + align:start position:0% +amino group of a lysine so you never + + + align:start position:0% +amino group of a lysine so you never +really when you purify the protein + + align:start position:0% +really when you purify the protein + + + align:start position:0% +really when you purify the protein +you never isolate the aldehyde you have + + align:start position:0% +you never isolate the aldehyde you have + + + align:start position:0% +you never isolate the aldehyde you have +so this is the aldehyde and I won't draw + + align:start position:0% +so this is the aldehyde and I won't draw + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the aldehyde and I won't draw +out all the rest of the structure but + + align:start position:0% +out all the rest of the structure but + + + align:start position:0% +out all the rest of the structure but +what you have is an amino group that's + + align:start position:0% +what you have is an amino group that's + + + align:start position:0% +what you have is an amino group that's +attached to lysine in the active site of + + align:start position:0% +attached to lysine in the active site of + + + align:start position:0% +attached to lysine in the active site of +your enzyme and what we're gonna do is + + align:start position:0% +your enzyme and what we're gonna do is + + + align:start position:0% +your enzyme and what we're gonna do is +convert this ketone into any amine so + + align:start position:0% +convert this ketone into any amine so + + + align:start position:0% +convert this ketone into any amine so +this is chemistry you see over and over + + align:start position:0% +this is chemistry you see over and over + + + align:start position:0% +this is chemistry you see over and over +and over again you've seen it already + + align:start position:0% +and over again you've seen it already + + + align:start position:0% +and over again you've seen it already +with carbonyl chemistry with + + align:start position:0% +with carbonyl chemistry with + + + align:start position:0% +with carbonyl chemistry with +carbon-carbon bond forming reactions + + align:start position:0% +carbon-carbon bond forming reactions + + + align:start position:0% +carbon-carbon bond forming reactions +with peptide bond hydrolysis that we've + + align:start position:0% +with peptide bond hydrolysis that we've + + + align:start position:0% +with peptide bond hydrolysis that we've +already talked about but what you do is + + align:start position:0% +already talked about but what you do is + + + align:start position:0% +already talked about but what you do is +you're going to convert this this + + align:start position:0% +you're going to convert this this + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to convert this this +aldehyde into an amine you need to go + + align:start position:0% +aldehyde into an amine you need to go + + + align:start position:0% +aldehyde into an amine you need to go +through a tetrahedral intermediate and + + align:start position:0% +through a tetrahedral intermediate and + + + align:start position:0% +through a tetrahedral intermediate and +the carbonyl is polarized Delta plus + + align:start position:0% +the carbonyl is polarized Delta plus + + + align:start position:0% +the carbonyl is polarized Delta plus +Delta minus you spent a lot of time + + align:start position:0% +Delta minus you spent a lot of time + + + align:start position:0% +Delta minus you spent a lot of time +practicing this kind of chemistry to + + align:start position:0% +practicing this kind of chemistry to + + + align:start position:0% +practicing this kind of chemistry to +form a tetrahedral intermediate and I'm + + align:start position:0% +form a tetrahedral intermediate and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +form a tetrahedral intermediate and I'm +going to have a proton transfer so one + + align:start position:0% +going to have a proton transfer so one + + + align:start position:0% +going to have a proton transfer so one +of the things that's tricky about this + + align:start position:0% +of the things that's tricky about this + + + align:start position:0% +of the things that's tricky about this +chemistry is that if you count the + + align:start position:0% +chemistry is that if you count the + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry is that if you count the +number of protons they move around a lot + + align:start position:0% +number of protons they move around a lot + + + align:start position:0% +number of protons they move around a lot +in the active site and the fact is that + + align:start position:0% +in the active site and the fact is that + + + align:start position:0% +in the active site and the fact is that +you want to protonate some + + align:start position:0% +you want to protonate some + + + align:start position:0% +you want to protonate some +thing to make it into a better leaving + + align:start position:0% +thing to make it into a better leaving + + + align:start position:0% +thing to make it into a better leaving +group you want a deep pro need something + + align:start position:0% +group you want a deep pro need something + + + align:start position:0% +group you want a deep pro need something +to make it function more like a + + align:start position:0% +to make it function more like a + + + align:start position:0% +to make it function more like a +nucleophile or as a base and nature is + + align:start position:0% +nucleophile or as a base and nature is + + + align:start position:0% +nucleophile or as a base and nature is +figured out how to orchestrate all the + + align:start position:0% +figured out how to orchestrate all the + + + align:start position:0% +figured out how to orchestrate all the +residues in the active site to do this + + align:start position:0% +residues in the active site to do this + + + align:start position:0% +residues in the active site to do this +in most cases we don't understand all of + + align:start position:0% +in most cases we don't understand all of + + + align:start position:0% +in most cases we don't understand all of +the details and so I'm not going to + + align:start position:0% +the details and so I'm not going to + + + align:start position:0% +the details and so I'm not going to +focus on proton transfer but you're + + align:start position:0% +focus on proton transfer but you're + + + align:start position:0% +focus on proton transfer but you're +going to see many proton transfers + + align:start position:0% +going to see many proton transfers + + + align:start position:0% +going to see many proton transfers +within the active site so this gives us + + align:start position:0% +within the active site so this gives us + + + align:start position:0% +within the active site so this gives us +a tetrahedral intermediate or transition + + align:start position:0% +a tetrahedral intermediate or transition + + + align:start position:0% +a tetrahedral intermediate or transition +state you've seen that over and over + + align:start position:0% +state you've seen that over and over + + + align:start position:0% +state you've seen that over and over +again and now what will happen is that + + align:start position:0% +again and now what will happen is that + + + align:start position:0% +again and now what will happen is that +you want to lose a molecule of water so + + align:start position:0% +you want to lose a molecule of water so + + + align:start position:0% +you want to lose a molecule of water so +again you need to protonate that and + + align:start position:0% +again you need to protonate that and + + + align:start position:0% +again you need to protonate that and +what you form then is a new carbon + + align:start position:0% +what you form then is a new carbon + + + align:start position:0% +what you form then is a new carbon +doubly bonded to a nitrogen + + align:start position:0% +doubly bonded to a nitrogen + + + align:start position:0% +doubly bonded to a nitrogen +rather than doubly bonded to the oxygen + + align:start position:0% +rather than doubly bonded to the oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +rather than doubly bonded to the oxygen +that's covalently bound to the enzyme + + align:start position:0% +that's covalently bound to the enzyme + + + align:start position:0% +that's covalently bound to the enzyme +and so this is called an amine and + + align:start position:0% +and so this is called an amine and + + + align:start position:0% +and so this is called an amine and +because it's an amine of an aldehyde + + align:start position:0% +because it's an amine of an aldehyde + + + align:start position:0% +because it's an amine of an aldehyde +it's called an aldimine so whenever you + + align:start position:0% +it's called an aldimine so whenever you + + + align:start position:0% +it's called an aldimine so whenever you +isolate your enzyme whenever you isolate + + align:start position:0% +isolate your enzyme whenever you isolate + + + align:start position:0% +isolate your enzyme whenever you isolate +your enzyme the pyridoxal is always + + align:start position:0% +your enzyme the pyridoxal is always + + + align:start position:0% +your enzyme the pyridoxal is always +covalently bound ok so this bond is is + + align:start position:0% +covalently bound ok so this bond is is + + + align:start position:0% +covalently bound ok so this bond is is +chemically easy to hydrolyze but it's + + align:start position:0% +chemically easy to hydrolyze but it's + + + align:start position:0% +chemically easy to hydrolyze but it's +always covalently bound ok so what I + + align:start position:0% +always covalently bound ok so what I + + + align:start position:0% +always covalently bound ok so what I +want to do now is make a few + + align:start position:0% +want to do now is make a few + + + align:start position:0% +want to do now is make a few +generalizations about pyridoxal but the + + align:start position:0% +generalizations about pyridoxal but the + + + align:start position:0% +generalizations about pyridoxal but the +first thing is that in all cases + + align:start position:0% +first thing is that in all cases + + + align:start position:0% +first thing is that in all cases +whenever you metabolize I want to + + align:start position:0% +whenever you metabolize I want to + + + align:start position:0% +whenever you metabolize I want to +metabolize an amino acid pyridoxal + + align:start position:0% +metabolize an amino acid pyridoxal + + + align:start position:0% +metabolize an amino acid pyridoxal +phosphate requiring enzyme is going to + + align:start position:0% +phosphate requiring enzyme is going to + + + align:start position:0% +phosphate requiring enzyme is going to +be the key player ok + + align:start position:0% +be the key player ok + + + align:start position:0% +be the key player ok +so here's an amino acid okay here's the + + align:start position:0% +so here's an amino acid okay here's the + + + align:start position:0% +so here's an amino acid okay here's the +Alpha position the beta position and the + + align:start position:0% +Alpha position the beta position and the + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha position the beta position and the +gamma position well what's a mate so + + align:start position:0% +gamma position well what's a mate so + + + align:start position:0% +gamma position well what's a mate so +amazing and I remember first hearing + + align:start position:0% +amazing and I remember first hearing + + + align:start position:0% +amazing and I remember first hearing +about this is that you can do chemistry + + align:start position:0% +about this is that you can do chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +about this is that you can do chemistry +at all these positions and the way + + align:start position:0% +at all these positions and the way + + + align:start position:0% +at all these positions and the way +nature figures out how to do this is by + + align:start position:0% +nature figures out how to do this is by + + + align:start position:0% +nature figures out how to do this is by +orchestrating the active site with acid + + align:start position:0% +orchestrating the active site with acid + + + align:start position:0% +orchestrating the active site with acid +base catalyzed + + align:start position:0% +base catalyzed + + + align:start position:0% +base catalyzed +cat catalyst sitting around in the right + + align:start position:0% +cat catalyst sitting around in the right + + + align:start position:0% +cat catalyst sitting around in the right +place to allow you to do the chemical + + align:start position:0% +place to allow you to do the chemical + + + align:start position:0% +place to allow you to do the chemical +transformation that this protein has a + + align:start position:0% +transformation that this protein has a + + + align:start position:0% +transformation that this protein has a +while + + align:start position:0% +while + + + align:start position:0% +while +to do so let me just show you at the + + align:start position:0% +to do so let me just show you at the + + + align:start position:0% +to do so let me just show you at the +Alpha position so this is the output + + align:start position:0% +Alpha position so this is the output + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha position so this is the output +position you can cleave this bond I'll + + align:start position:0% +position you can cleave this bond I'll + + + align:start position:0% +position you can cleave this bond I'll +show you how this happens you can alert + + align:start position:0% +show you how this happens you can alert + + + align:start position:0% +show you how this happens you can alert +you can do all this chemistry with a few + + align:start position:0% +you can do all this chemistry with a few + + + align:start position:0% +you can do all this chemistry with a few +simple chemical transformations takes + + align:start position:0% +simple chemical transformations takes + + + align:start position:0% +simple chemical transformations takes +practice but once you sort of get what + + align:start position:0% +practice but once you sort of get what + + + align:start position:0% +practice but once you sort of get what +these transformations are you can it's + + align:start position:0% +these transformations are you can it's + + + align:start position:0% +these transformations are you can it's +amazing what you can get this cofactor + + align:start position:0% +amazing what you can get this cofactor + + + align:start position:0% +amazing what you can get this cofactor +to help you do and I'll explain that in + + align:start position:0% +to help you do and I'll explain that in + + + align:start position:0% +to help you do and I'll explain that in +a minute so you get cleavage of the + + align:start position:0% +a minute so you get cleavage of the + + + align:start position:0% +a minute so you get cleavage of the +carbon-carbon bond that's losses C or + + align:start position:0% +carbon-carbon bond that's losses C or + + + align:start position:0% +carbon-carbon bond that's losses C or +two that's a decarboxylation reaction we + + align:start position:0% +two that's a decarboxylation reaction we + + + align:start position:0% +two that's a decarboxylation reaction we +don't talk about that in 507 but that + + align:start position:0% +don't talk about that in 507 but that + + + align:start position:0% +don't talk about that in 507 but that +generates all of our neuro that kind of + + align:start position:0% +generates all of our neuro that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +generates all of our neuro that kind of +reaction generates all of our + + align:start position:0% +reaction generates all of our + + + align:start position:0% +reaction generates all of our +neurotransmitters you're going to cleave + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitters you're going to cleave + + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitters you're going to cleave +this carbon hydrogen bond remember amino + + align:start position:0% +this carbon hydrogen bond remember amino + + + align:start position:0% +this carbon hydrogen bond remember amino +acids are in the S configuration but for + + align:start position:0% +acids are in the S configuration but for + + + align:start position:0% +acids are in the S configuration but for +example in cell wall of bacteria they + + align:start position:0% +example in cell wall of bacteria they + + + align:start position:0% +example in cell wall of bacteria they +can be either the S or the arc + + align:start position:0% +can be either the S or the arc + + + align:start position:0% +can be either the S or the arc +configuration so you can cleave that + + align:start position:0% +configuration so you can cleave that + + + align:start position:0% +configuration so you can cleave that +bond and put the proton back on the + + align:start position:0% +bond and put the proton back on the + + + align:start position:0% +bond and put the proton back on the +other face that's a Rasmussen reaction + + align:start position:0% +other face that's a Rasmussen reaction + + + align:start position:0% +other face that's a Rasmussen reaction +you can cleave this carbon-carbon bond + + align:start position:0% +you can cleave this carbon-carbon bond + + + align:start position:0% +you can cleave this carbon-carbon bond +between the Alpha and the beta position + + align:start position:0% +between the Alpha and the beta position + + + align:start position:0% +between the Alpha and the beta position +that's a reaction remember we talked + + align:start position:0% +that's a reaction remember we talked + + + align:start position:0% +that's a reaction remember we talked +about carbon-carbon bond formation this + + align:start position:0% +about carbon-carbon bond formation this + + + align:start position:0% +about carbon-carbon bond formation this +is a reverse aldol reaction and the one + + align:start position:0% +is a reverse aldol reaction and the one + + + align:start position:0% +is a reverse aldol reaction and the one +we're going to focus on today which is + + align:start position:0% +we're going to focus on today which is + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to focus on today which is +the one that fits best into central + + align:start position:0% +the one that fits best into central + + + align:start position:0% +the one that fits best into central +metabolism is what happens to this + + align:start position:0% +metabolism is what happens to this + + + align:start position:0% +metabolism is what happens to this +carbon nitrogen bond so we have an amino + + align:start position:0% +carbon nitrogen bond so we have an amino + + + align:start position:0% +carbon nitrogen bond so we have an amino +group of our amino acid is going to get + + align:start position:0% +group of our amino acid is going to get + + + align:start position:0% +group of our amino acid is going to get +converted into a ketone group okay so + + align:start position:0% +converted into a ketone group okay so + + + align:start position:0% +converted into a ketone group okay so +this group is going to get converted + + align:start position:0% +this group is going to get converted + + + align:start position:0% +this group is going to get converted +into this group and to do that we're + + align:start position:0% +into this group and to do that we're + + + align:start position:0% +into this group and to do that we're +going to use the amine of pyridoxal + + align:start position:0% +going to use the amine of pyridoxal + + + align:start position:0% +going to use the amine of pyridoxal +phosphate that we have in the active + + align:start position:0% +phosphate that we have in the active + + + align:start position:0% +phosphate that we have in the active +site of the enzyme so this is sort of + + align:start position:0% +site of the enzyme so this is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +site of the enzyme so this is sort of +like a carbonyl and that's going to get + + align:start position:0% +like a carbonyl and that's going to get + + + align:start position:0% +like a carbonyl and that's going to get +converted into the amine the + + align:start position:0% +converted into the amine the + + + align:start position:0% +converted into the amine the +pyridoxamine so these are the two forms + + align:start position:0% +pyridoxamine so these are the two forms + + + align:start position:0% +pyridoxamine so these are the two forms +of the cofactor so what I was going to + + align:start position:0% +of the cofactor so what I was going to + + + align:start position:0% +of the cofactor so what I was going to +be focusing on is how these two how this + + align:start position:0% +be focusing on is how these two how this + + + align:start position:0% +be focusing on is how these two how this +reaction actually happens and this is + + align:start position:0% +reaction actually happens and this is + + + align:start position:0% +reaction actually happens and this is +the most complicated of all the + + align:start position:0% +the most complicated of all the + + + align:start position:0% +the most complicated of all the +pyridoxal phosphate dependent reactions + + align:start position:0% +pyridoxal phosphate dependent reactions + + + align:start position:0% +pyridoxal phosphate dependent reactions +so that i'm going to come back to this + + align:start position:0% +so that i'm going to come back to this + + + align:start position:0% +so that i'm going to come back to this +in a minute + + align:start position:0% +in a minute + + + align:start position:0% +in a minute +but what I want to do is make a few + + align:start position:0% +but what I want to do is make a few + + + align:start position:0% +but what I want to do is make a few +generalizations about where you're going + + align:start position:0% +generalizations about where you're going + + + align:start position:0% +generalizations about where you're going +to see pyridoxal phosphate chemistry in + + align:start position:0% +to see pyridoxal phosphate chemistry in + + + align:start position:0% +to see pyridoxal phosphate chemistry in +primary metabolism so what we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +primary metabolism so what we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +primary metabolism so what we're gonna +see is the TCA cycle tricarboxylic acid + + align:start position:0% +see is the TCA cycle tricarboxylic acid + + + align:start position:0% +see is the TCA cycle tricarboxylic acid +cycle of the krebs cycle plays a central + + align:start position:0% +cycle of the krebs cycle plays a central + + + align:start position:0% +cycle of the krebs cycle plays a central +role it's found in the mitochondria + + align:start position:0% +role it's found in the mitochondria + + + align:start position:0% +role it's found in the mitochondria +you're gonna see this over and over + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna see this over and over + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna see this over and over +again over the course of the semester + + align:start position:0% +again over the course of the semester + + + align:start position:0% +again over the course of the semester +things feed in and out of the cycle a + + align:start position:0% +things feed in and out of the cycle a + + + align:start position:0% +things feed in and out of the cycle a +cycle means it goes around and around + + align:start position:0% +cycle means it goes around and around + + + align:start position:0% +cycle means it goes around and around +and if you remove something from the + + align:start position:0% +and if you remove something from the + + + align:start position:0% +and if you remove something from the +cycle and don't put anything back into + + align:start position:0% +cycle and don't put anything back into + + + align:start position:0% +cycle and don't put anything back into +the cycle the cycle stops and you're in + + align:start position:0% +the cycle the cycle stops and you're in + + + align:start position:0% +the cycle the cycle stops and you're in +serious trouble so one way one thing one + + align:start position:0% +serious trouble so one way one thing one + + + align:start position:0% +serious trouble so one way one thing one +way to feed in and out of this cycle is + + align:start position:0% +way to feed in and out of this cycle is + + + align:start position:0% +way to feed in and out of this cycle is +through amino acids so this reaction + + align:start position:0% +through amino acids so this reaction + + + align:start position:0% +through amino acids so this reaction +which we're going to call a + + align:start position:0% +which we're going to call a + + + align:start position:0% +which we're going to call a +transamination or a transamination is + + align:start position:0% +transamination or a transamination is + + + align:start position:0% +transamination or a transamination is +metabolism of amino acid + + align:start position:0% +metabolism of amino acid + + + align:start position:0% +metabolism of amino acid +we'll see into an alpha keto acid so if + + align:start position:0% +we'll see into an alpha keto acid so if + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see into an alpha keto acid so if +you look at the TCA cycle and we look at + + align:start position:0% +you look at the TCA cycle and we look at + + + align:start position:0% +you look at the TCA cycle and we look at +this reaction what you'll see is you + + align:start position:0% +this reaction what you'll see is you + + + align:start position:0% +this reaction what you'll see is you +have this compound called alpha + + align:start position:0% +have this compound called alpha + + + align:start position:0% +have this compound called alpha +ketoglutarate okay so alpha + + align:start position:0% +ketoglutarate okay so alpha + + + align:start position:0% +ketoglutarate okay so alpha +ketoglutarate and that's gonna + + align:start position:0% +ketoglutarate and that's gonna + + + align:start position:0% +ketoglutarate and that's gonna +interconvert with the amino acid and so + + align:start position:0% +interconvert with the amino acid and so + + + align:start position:0% +interconvert with the amino acid and so +this ketone is going to be converted + + align:start position:0% +this ketone is going to be converted + + + align:start position:0% +this ketone is going to be converted +into an amino group and so we're having + + align:start position:0% +into an amino group and so we're having + + + align:start position:0% +into an amino group and so we're having +the amino group converted into a ketone + + align:start position:0% +the amino group converted into a ketone + + + align:start position:0% +the amino group converted into a ketone +group and pyridoxal is going to be + + align:start position:0% +group and pyridoxal is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +group and pyridoxal is going to be +converted into pyridoxamine + + align:start position:0% +converted into pyridoxamine + + + align:start position:0% +converted into pyridoxamine +so we're going to have PLP converted + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to have PLP converted + + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to have PLP converted +into PMP I'm going to show you how that + + align:start position:0% +into PMP I'm going to show you how that + + + align:start position:0% +into PMP I'm going to show you how that +works if we move so if you feed in + + align:start position:0% +works if we move so if you feed in + + + align:start position:0% +works if we move so if you feed in +glutamate from your diet it by this + + align:start position:0% +glutamate from your diet it by this + + + align:start position:0% +glutamate from your diet it by this +pyridoxal phosphate dependent reaction + + align:start position:0% +pyridoxal phosphate dependent reaction + + + align:start position:0% +pyridoxal phosphate dependent reaction +can feed into the Krebs cycle if you + + align:start position:0% +can feed into the Krebs cycle if you + + + align:start position:0% +can feed into the Krebs cycle if you +want to make amino acids on the other + + align:start position:0% +want to make amino acids on the other + + + align:start position:0% +want to make amino acids on the other +hand you can suck some of the alpha keto + + align:start position:0% +hand you can suck some of the alpha keto + + + align:start position:0% +hand you can suck some of the alpha keto +acid out and convert it into amino acids + + align:start position:0% +acid out and convert it into amino acids + + + align:start position:0% +acid out and convert it into amino acids +and you have to have a way of + + align:start position:0% +and you have to have a way of + + + align:start position:0% +and you have to have a way of +controlling whether you feed in or you + + align:start position:0% +controlling whether you feed in or you + + + align:start position:0% +controlling whether you feed in or you +actually remove your metabolites from + + align:start position:0% +actually remove your metabolites from + + + align:start position:0% +actually remove your metabolites from +this cycle if you come up here and looks + + align:start position:0% +this cycle if you come up here and looks + + + align:start position:0% +this cycle if you come up here and looks +at look at oxaloacetic acid an aspartic + + align:start position:0% +at look at oxaloacetic acid an aspartic + + + align:start position:0% +at look at oxaloacetic acid an aspartic +acid so oxaloacetic acid is also an + + align:start position:0% +acid so oxaloacetic acid is also an + + + align:start position:0% +acid so oxaloacetic acid is also an +alpha keto acid okay and the amino acid + + align:start position:0% +alpha keto acid okay and the amino acid + + + align:start position:0% +alpha keto acid okay and the amino acid +Oh Oh can you see I probably get too + + align:start position:0% +Oh Oh can you see I probably get too + + + align:start position:0% +Oh Oh can you see I probably get too +close to the edge okay and so here we + + align:start position:0% +close to the edge okay and so here we + + + align:start position:0% +close to the edge okay and so here we +have the amino acid so here we have + + align:start position:0% +have the amino acid so here we have + + + align:start position:0% +have the amino acid so here we have +amino acid alpha keto acid amino acid + + align:start position:0% +amino acid alpha keto acid amino acid + + + align:start position:0% +amino acid alpha keto acid amino acid +alpha keto acid if you go further up and + + align:start position:0% +alpha keto acid if you go further up and + + + align:start position:0% +alpha keto acid if you go further up and +go + + align:start position:0% +go + + + align:start position:0% +go +pyruvate feeds into the TCA cycle + + align:start position:0% +pyruvate feeds into the TCA cycle + + + align:start position:0% +pyruvate feeds into the TCA cycle +pyruvate comes from like electrolysis + + align:start position:0% +pyruvate comes from like electrolysis + + + align:start position:0% +pyruvate comes from like electrolysis +pathway which again is breakdown of + + align:start position:0% +pathway which again is breakdown of + + + align:start position:0% +pathway which again is breakdown of +sugars pyruvate is an alpha keto acid + + align:start position:0% +sugars pyruvate is an alpha keto acid + + + align:start position:0% +sugars pyruvate is an alpha keto acid +this is a ch3 so this is the simplest + + align:start position:0% +this is a ch3 so this is the simplest + + + align:start position:0% +this is a ch3 so this is the simplest +and this can get into converted into + + align:start position:0% +and this can get into converted into + + + align:start position:0% +and this can get into converted into +Elleni so what you see is this same + + align:start position:0% +Elleni so what you see is this same + + + align:start position:0% +Elleni so what you see is this same +theme amino group ketone amino group + + align:start position:0% +theme amino group ketone amino group + + + align:start position:0% +theme amino group ketone amino group +ketone I'm being sloppy here most amino + + align:start position:0% +ketone I'm being sloppy here most amino + + + align:start position:0% +ketone I'm being sloppy here most amino +groups are protonated because a PKA is + + align:start position:0% +groups are protonated because a PKA is + + + align:start position:0% +groups are protonated because a PKA is +remember is around nine so they're + + align:start position:0% +remember is around nine so they're + + + align:start position:0% +remember is around nine so they're +mostly protonated in solution I should + + align:start position:0% +mostly protonated in solution I should + + + align:start position:0% +mostly protonated in solution I should +protonate this over here as well and so + + align:start position:0% +protonate this over here as well and so + + + align:start position:0% +protonate this over here as well and so +you have a ketone group in amino group + + align:start position:0% +you have a ketone group in amino group + + + align:start position:0% +you have a ketone group in amino group +so this is called an applaud the + + align:start position:0% +so this is called an applaud the + + + align:start position:0% +so this is called an applaud the +antibiotic pathways where things can + + align:start position:0% +antibiotic pathways where things can + + + align:start position:0% +antibiotic pathways where things can +feed in and feed out of central + + align:start position:0% +feed in and feed out of central + + + align:start position:0% +feed in and feed out of central +metabolism and this is the only time + + align:start position:0% +metabolism and this is the only time + + + align:start position:0% +metabolism and this is the only time +during the course of 507 that you're + + align:start position:0% +during the course of 507 that you're + + + align:start position:0% +during the course of 507 that you're +introduced to amino acids and how + + align:start position:0% +introduced to amino acids and how + + + align:start position:0% +introduced to amino acids and how +they're metabolize so what I want to do + + align:start position:0% +they're metabolize so what I want to do + + + align:start position:0% +they're metabolize so what I want to do +now is then briefly show you how this + + align:start position:0% +now is then briefly show you how this + + + align:start position:0% +now is then briefly show you how this +transformation actually works okay so + + align:start position:0% +transformation actually works okay so + + + align:start position:0% +transformation actually works okay so +I'm gonna give you some general rules so + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna give you some general rules so + + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna give you some general rules so +the transformation I just showed you an + + align:start position:0% +the transformation I just showed you an + + + align:start position:0% +the transformation I just showed you an +alpha an amino acid into an alpha keto + + align:start position:0% +alpha an amino acid into an alpha keto + + + align:start position:0% +alpha an amino acid into an alpha keto +acid looks to be complicated and I told + + align:start position:0% +acid looks to be complicated and I told + + + align:start position:0% +acid looks to be complicated and I told +you the cofactor changes its structure + + align:start position:0% +you the cofactor changes its structure + + + align:start position:0% +you the cofactor changes its structure +from an amine into an amino group and + + align:start position:0% +from an amine into an amino group and + + + align:start position:0% +from an amine into an amino group and +the question is how does that happen so + + align:start position:0% +the question is how does that happen so + + + align:start position:0% +the question is how does that happen so +I want to show you in a bunch of simple + + align:start position:0% +I want to show you in a bunch of simple + + + align:start position:0% +I want to show you in a bunch of simple +basic rules that allow you to think + + align:start position:0% +basic rules that allow you to think + + + align:start position:0% +basic rules that allow you to think +about all pyridoxal phosphate requiring + + align:start position:0% +about all pyridoxal phosphate requiring + + + align:start position:0% +about all pyridoxal phosphate requiring +chemistry so I'm going to write down the + + align:start position:0% +chemistry so I'm going to write down the + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry so I'm going to write down the +rules and then I'm going to show you how + + align:start position:0% +rules and then I'm going to show you how + + + align:start position:0% +rules and then I'm going to show you how +it works on the reactions we were just + + align:start position:0% +it works on the reactions we were just + + + align:start position:0% +it works on the reactions we were just +looking at this these transamination or + + align:start position:0% +looking at this these transamination or + + + align:start position:0% +looking at this these transamination or +transamination reactions so how do we + + align:start position:0% +transamination reactions so how do we + + + align:start position:0% +transamination reactions so how do we +think about the mechanism of these PLP + + align:start position:0% +think about the mechanism of these PLP + + + align:start position:0% +think about the mechanism of these PLP +enzymes so the first thing is the first + + align:start position:0% +enzymes so the first thing is the first + + + align:start position:0% +enzymes so the first thing is the first +step + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is so you're gonna start out with an + + align:start position:0% +is so you're gonna start out with an + + + align:start position:0% +is so you're gonna start out with an +amine bound to the active site if your + + align:start position:0% +amine bound to the active site if your + + + align:start position:0% +amine bound to the active site if your +pyridoxal phosphate and an amino acid + + align:start position:0% +pyridoxal phosphate and an amino acid + + + align:start position:0% +pyridoxal phosphate and an amino acid +I'll abbreviate it AAA and the first + + align:start position:0% +I'll abbreviate it AAA and the first + + + align:start position:0% +I'll abbreviate it AAA and the first +thing you do is you're gonna remove this + + align:start position:0% +thing you do is you're gonna remove this + + + align:start position:0% +thing you do is you're gonna remove this +amine and form a new amine with the + + align:start position:0% +amine and form a new amine with the + + + align:start position:0% +amine and form a new amine with the +amino acid so that's called a trans + + align:start position:0% +amino acid so that's called a trans + + + align:start position:0% +amino acid so that's called a trans +emanation reaction okay so what we're + + align:start position:0% +emanation reaction okay so what we're + + + align:start position:0% +emanation reaction okay so what we're +gonna do is form a new amine and so the + + align:start position:0% +gonna do is form a new amine and so the + + + align:start position:0% +gonna do is form a new amine and so the +amine from the amino acid and I'll show + + align:start position:0% +amine from the amino acid and I'll show + + + align:start position:0% +amine from the amino acid and I'll show +you how this happen is going to take + + align:start position:0% +you how this happen is going to take + + + align:start position:0% +you how this happen is going to take +switch with this one and so what you're + + align:start position:0% +switch with this one and so what you're + + + align:start position:0% +switch with this one and so what you're +left with in the active site is the + + align:start position:0% +left with in the active site is the + + + align:start position:0% +left with in the active site is the +amino group of the lysine okay so this + + align:start position:0% +amino group of the lysine okay so this + + + align:start position:0% +amino group of the lysine okay so this +lysine Nature has figured out how to + + align:start position:0% +lysine Nature has figured out how to + + + align:start position:0% +lysine Nature has figured out how to +minimize the numbers of acid and base + + align:start position:0% +minimize the numbers of acid and base + + + align:start position:0% +minimize the numbers of acid and base +groups constrained in the region the + + align:start position:0% +groups constrained in the region the + + + align:start position:0% +groups constrained in the region the +active site where all the chemistry + + align:start position:0% +active site where all the chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +active site where all the chemistry +happens and she uses this lysine which + + align:start position:0% +happens and she uses this lysine which + + + align:start position:0% +happens and she uses this lysine which +initially is holding covalently the + + align:start position:0% +initially is holding covalently the + + + align:start position:0% +initially is holding covalently the +cofactor in the active site she then + + align:start position:0% +cofactor in the active site she then + + + align:start position:0% +cofactor in the active site she then +uses this lysine to do general acid + + align:start position:0% +uses this lysine to do general acid + + + align:start position:0% +uses this lysine to do general acid +general base catalysis and she uses it + + align:start position:0% +general base catalysis and she uses it + + + align:start position:0% +general base catalysis and she uses it +over and over and over again now every + + align:start position:0% +over and over and over again now every + + + align:start position:0% +over and over and over again now every +pyridoxal enzyme is distinct and has + + align:start position:0% +pyridoxal enzyme is distinct and has + + + align:start position:0% +pyridoxal enzyme is distinct and has +additional groups in the active site so + + align:start position:0% +additional groups in the active site so + + + align:start position:0% +additional groups in the active site so +but we know a lot about this chemistry + + align:start position:0% +but we know a lot about this chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +but we know a lot about this chemistry +we even know what the groups are but + + align:start position:0% +we even know what the groups are but + + + align:start position:0% +we even know what the groups are but +we're gonna look and talk about + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna look and talk about + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna look and talk about +generalizations so the first thing we + + align:start position:0% +generalizations so the first thing we + + + align:start position:0% +generalizations so the first thing we +have to do is we need to free up our + + align:start position:0% +have to do is we need to free up our + + + align:start position:0% +have to do is we need to free up our +general acid base catalysis + + align:start position:0% +general acid base catalysis + + + align:start position:0% +general acid base catalysis +covalently bind the amino acid which is + + align:start position:0% +covalently bind the amino acid which is + + + align:start position:0% +covalently bind the amino acid which is +a substrate into pyridoxal so that's the + + align:start position:0% +a substrate into pyridoxal so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +a substrate into pyridoxal so that's the +first step and i'm going to come back to + + align:start position:0% +first step and i'm going to come back to + + + align:start position:0% +first step and i'm going to come back to +this in a minute the second step in all + + align:start position:0% +this in a minute the second step in all + + + align:start position:0% +this in a minute the second step in all +of these reactions is all amino acids + + align:start position:0% +of these reactions is all amino acids + + + align:start position:0% +of these reactions is all amino acids +have an alpha hydrogen okay that alpha + + align:start position:0% +have an alpha hydrogen okay that alpha + + + align:start position:0% +have an alpha hydrogen okay that alpha +hydrogen has very high PKA it's very + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen has very high PKA it's very + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen has very high PKA it's very +hard for a normal amino acid side chain + + align:start position:0% +hard for a normal amino acid side chain + + + align:start position:0% +hard for a normal amino acid side chain +in the active site to remove that proton + + align:start position:0% +in the active site to remove that proton + + + align:start position:0% +in the active site to remove that proton +because it's not acidic enough so what + + align:start position:0% +because it's not acidic enough so what + + + align:start position:0% +because it's not acidic enough so what +I'm going to show you is + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to show you is + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to show you is +pyridoxal increases the acidity of that + + align:start position:0% +pyridoxal increases the acidity of that + + + align:start position:0% +pyridoxal increases the acidity of that +alpha hydrogen making it easier to do + + align:start position:0% +alpha hydrogen making it easier to do + + + align:start position:0% +alpha hydrogen making it easier to do +the chemistry so the second step in + + align:start position:0% +the chemistry so the second step in + + + align:start position:0% +the chemistry so the second step in +almost all pyridoxal reactions is + + align:start position:0% +almost all pyridoxal reactions is + + + align:start position:0% +almost all pyridoxal reactions is +removal of the alpha hydrogen and we can + + align:start position:0% +removal of the alpha hydrogen and we can + + + align:start position:0% +removal of the alpha hydrogen and we can +do that because PLP makes the hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +do that because PLP makes the hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +do that because PLP makes the hydrogen +more acidic and I'll show you why that's + + align:start position:0% +more acidic and I'll show you why that's + + + align:start position:0% +more acidic and I'll show you why that's +true in a minute and then the third + + align:start position:0% +true in a minute and then the third + + + align:start position:0% +true in a minute and then the third +thing is once you remove that hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +thing is once you remove that hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +thing is once you remove that hydrogen +then you've got to look at the chemistry + + align:start position:0% +then you've got to look at the chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +then you've got to look at the chemistry +you want to catalyze and we're going to + + align:start position:0% +you want to catalyze and we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +you want to catalyze and we're going to +be talking about this transamination + + align:start position:0% +be talking about this transamination + + + align:start position:0% +be talking about this transamination +transamination reactions but remember I + + align:start position:0% +transamination reactions but remember I + + + align:start position:0% +transamination reactions but remember I +told you can do all this chemistry at + + align:start position:0% +told you can do all this chemistry at + + + align:start position:0% +told you can do all this chemistry at +Alpha Beta Gamma so you need to assess + + align:start position:0% +Alpha Beta Gamma so you need to assess + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha Beta Gamma so you need to assess +what the substrate is and what the + + align:start position:0% +what the substrate is and what the + + + align:start position:0% +what the substrate is and what the +product is and then within the active + + align:start position:0% +product is and then within the active + + + align:start position:0% +product is and then within the active +site you're gonna have to do a lot of + + align:start position:0% +site you're gonna have to do a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +site you're gonna have to do a lot of +manipulation with acid and base + + align:start position:0% +manipulation with acid and base + + + align:start position:0% +manipulation with acid and base +catalysts to get you into the final + + align:start position:0% +catalysts to get you into the final + + + align:start position:0% +catalysts to get you into the final +stage where you can release the product + + align:start position:0% +stage where you can release the product + + + align:start position:0% +stage where you can release the product +you want to release so the last step in + + align:start position:0% +you want to release so the last step in + + + align:start position:0% +you want to release so the last step in +this reaction in all pyridoxal reactions + + align:start position:0% +this reaction in all pyridoxal reactions + + + align:start position:0% +this reaction in all pyridoxal reactions +so we do some chemistry in here okay and + + align:start position:0% +so we do some chemistry in here okay and + + + align:start position:0% +so we do some chemistry in here okay and +I'll show you what the chemistry is with + + align:start position:0% +I'll show you what the chemistry is with + + + align:start position:0% +I'll show you what the chemistry is with +trans amination reactions there were + + align:start position:0% +trans amination reactions there were + + + align:start position:0% +trans amination reactions there were +trans emanation reactions now I keep + + align:start position:0% +trans emanation reactions now I keep + + + align:start position:0% +trans emanation reactions now I keep +saying + + align:start position:0% +saying + + + align:start position:0% +saying +trans amination and trans emanation + + align:start position:0% +trans amination and trans emanation + + + align:start position:0% +trans amination and trans emanation +that's because most textbooks call it + + align:start position:0% +that's because most textbooks call it + + + align:start position:0% +that's because most textbooks call it +transamination because they think about + + align:start position:0% +transamination because they think about + + + align:start position:0% +transamination because they think about +pyridoxal as the aldehyde but reality + + align:start position:0% +pyridoxal as the aldehyde but reality + + + align:start position:0% +pyridoxal as the aldehyde but reality +pyridoxal is always in the amine + + align:start position:0% +pyridoxal is always in the amine + + + align:start position:0% +pyridoxal is always in the amine +covalently bound and so that's why it's + + align:start position:0% +covalently bound and so that's why it's + + + align:start position:0% +covalently bound and so that's why it's +a trans emanation rather than a trans + + align:start position:0% +a trans emanation rather than a trans + + + align:start position:0% +a trans emanation rather than a trans +amination so the last step then is + + align:start position:0% +amination so the last step then is + + + align:start position:0% +amination so the last step then is +hydrolysis and I'll show you how that + + align:start position:0% +hydrolysis and I'll show you how that + + + align:start position:0% +hydrolysis and I'll show you how that +happens or trans emanation to reform + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this structure so we get ourselves back + + align:start position:0% +this structure so we get ourselves back + + + align:start position:0% +this structure so we get ourselves back +to where we start so there's three + + align:start position:0% +to where we start so there's three + + + align:start position:0% +to where we start so there's three +simple steps and in the middle depending + + align:start position:0% +simple steps and in the middle depending + + + align:start position:0% +simple steps and in the middle depending +on what the reaction is you have to do + + align:start position:0% +on what the reaction is you have to do + + + align:start position:0% +on what the reaction is you have to do +additional manipulations but all + + align:start position:0% +additional manipulations but all + + + align:start position:0% +additional manipulations but all +pyridoxal enzymes go through these three + + align:start position:0% +pyridoxal enzymes go through these three + + + align:start position:0% +pyridoxal enzymes go through these three +general steps the first step I told you + + align:start position:0% +general steps the first step I told you + + + align:start position:0% +general steps the first step I told you +in all these reactions is trans + + align:start position:0% +in all these reactions is trans + + + align:start position:0% +in all these reactions is trans +emanation okay so here's + + align:start position:0% +emanation okay so here's + + + align:start position:0% +emanation okay so here's +our ship space and it's your pyridoxal + + align:start position:0% +our ship space and it's your pyridoxal + + + align:start position:0% +our ship space and it's your pyridoxal +is covalently bound to the lysine in the + + align:start position:0% +is covalently bound to the lysine in the + + + align:start position:0% +is covalently bound to the lysine in the +active site now one thing that students + + align:start position:0% +active site now one thing that students + + + align:start position:0% +active site now one thing that students +often find confusing is the protonation + + align:start position:0% +often find confusing is the protonation + + + align:start position:0% +often find confusing is the protonation +state of this amine and that's because + + align:start position:0% +state of this amine and that's because + + + align:start position:0% +state of this amine and that's because +it's right around neutral pH pH 7 so + + align:start position:0% +it's right around neutral pH pH 7 so + + + align:start position:0% +it's right around neutral pH pH 7 so +depending on what's in the active site + + align:start position:0% +depending on what's in the active site + + + align:start position:0% +depending on what's in the active site +it could be protonated or not protonated + + align:start position:0% +it could be protonated or not protonated + + + align:start position:0% +it could be protonated or not protonated +if it's protonated of course it can't + + align:start position:0% +if it's protonated of course it can't + + + align:start position:0% +if it's protonated of course it can't +Kansas's reactivity for nucleophilic + + align:start position:0% +Kansas's reactivity for nucleophilic + + + align:start position:0% +Kansas's reactivity for nucleophilic +attack so you wanted to be protonated so + + align:start position:0% +attack so you wanted to be protonated so + + + align:start position:0% +attack so you wanted to be protonated so +the active site is going to manipulate + + align:start position:0% +the active site is going to manipulate + + + align:start position:0% +the active site is going to manipulate +itself to put it in the protonated state + + align:start position:0% +itself to put it in the protonated state + + + align:start position:0% +itself to put it in the protonated state +so here you have an amino acid okay and + + align:start position:0% +so here you have an amino acid okay and + + + align:start position:0% +so here you have an amino acid okay and +here we have a protonated amine and so + + align:start position:0% +here we have a protonated amine and so + + + align:start position:0% +here we have a protonated amine and so +this is a nucleophile and it can attack + + align:start position:0% +this is a nucleophile and it can attack + + + align:start position:0% +this is a nucleophile and it can attack +the carbon of the amine to form a + + align:start position:0% +the carbon of the amine to form a + + + align:start position:0% +the carbon of the amine to form a +tetrahedral addict so that's what we're + + align:start position:0% +tetrahedral addict so that's what we're + + + align:start position:0% +tetrahedral addict so that's what we're +doing here so this is going to attack + + align:start position:0% +doing here so this is going to attack + + + align:start position:0% +doing here so this is going to attack +this to form this tetrahedral antic and + + align:start position:0% +this to form this tetrahedral antic and + + + align:start position:0% +this to form this tetrahedral antic and +you've seen again the tetrahedral + + align:start position:0% +you've seen again the tetrahedral + + + align:start position:0% +you've seen again the tetrahedral +chemistry over again when I showed you + + align:start position:0% +chemistry over again when I showed you + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry over again when I showed you +how you form this you mean in the first + + align:start position:0% +how you form this you mean in the first + + + align:start position:0% +how you form this you mean in the first +place so tetrahedral chemistry + + align:start position:0% +place so tetrahedral chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +place so tetrahedral chemistry +tetrahedral intermediates transition + + align:start position:0% +tetrahedral intermediates transition + + + align:start position:0% +tetrahedral intermediates transition +states which collapse to form back in + + align:start position:0% +states which collapse to form back in + + + align:start position:0% +states which collapse to form back in +means or carbonyls is happen to over and + + align:start position:0% +means or carbonyls is happen to over and + + + align:start position:0% +means or carbonyls is happen to over and +over and over again and pyridoxal + + align:start position:0% +over and over again and pyridoxal + + + align:start position:0% +over and over again and pyridoxal +chemistry so now what happens is we have + + align:start position:0% +chemistry so now what happens is we have + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry so now what happens is we have +this tetrahedral intermediate or + + align:start position:0% +this tetrahedral intermediate or + + + align:start position:0% +this tetrahedral intermediate or +transition state I have it in + + align:start position:0% +transition state I have it in + + + align:start position:0% +transition state I have it in +parenthesis because it's a high-energy + + align:start position:0% +parenthesis because it's a high-energy + + + align:start position:0% +parenthesis because it's a high-energy +intermediate it doesn't sit around and + + align:start position:0% +intermediate it doesn't sit around and + + + align:start position:0% +intermediate it doesn't sit around and +let us look at it most of the time you + + align:start position:0% +let us look at it most of the time you + + + align:start position:0% +let us look at it most of the time you +can never see it it's very high on a + + align:start position:0% +can never see it it's very high on a + + + align:start position:0% +can never see it it's very high on a +reaction coordinate this collapses then + + align:start position:0% +reaction coordinate this collapses then + + + align:start position:0% +reaction coordinate this collapses then +and when it collapses what do you + + align:start position:0% +and when it collapses what do you + + + align:start position:0% +and when it collapses what do you +generate you generate the lysine and the + + align:start position:0% +generate you generate the lysine and the + + + align:start position:0% +generate you generate the lysine and the +active site + + align:start position:0% +active site + + + align:start position:0% +active site +okay so now we have generated a resident + + align:start position:0% +okay so now we have generated a resident + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now we have generated a resident +in the active site that can function as + + align:start position:0% +in the active site that can function as + + + align:start position:0% +in the active site that can function as +a general acid or general base catalysis + + align:start position:0% +a general acid or general base catalysis + + + align:start position:0% +a general acid or general base catalysis +through the rest of the chemical + + align:start position:0% +through the rest of the chemical + + + align:start position:0% +through the rest of the chemical +transformations and what have we done is + + align:start position:0% +transformations and what have we done is + + + align:start position:0% +transformations and what have we done is +we've converted this mu mean with lysine + + align:start position:0% +we've converted this mu mean with lysine + + + align:start position:0% +we've converted this mu mean with lysine +now to an amine of the amino acid so + + align:start position:0% +now to an amine of the amino acid so + + + align:start position:0% +now to an amine of the amino acid so +that's what trans emanation is one you + + align:start position:0% +that's what trans emanation is one you + + + align:start position:0% +that's what trans emanation is one you +mean to another amine the amine that's + + align:start position:0% +mean to another amine the amine that's + + + align:start position:0% +mean to another amine the amine that's +covalently bound to the protein through + + align:start position:0% +covalently bound to the protein through + + + align:start position:0% +covalently bound to the protein through +pyridoxal to an amino acid amine okay so + + align:start position:0% +pyridoxal to an amino acid amine okay so + + + align:start position:0% +pyridoxal to an amino acid amine okay so +that's the first step + + align:start position:0% +that's the first step + + + align:start position:0% +that's the first step +the second step is that ultimately and + + align:start position:0% +the second step is that ultimately and + + + align:start position:0% +the second step is that ultimately and +almost all pyridoxal reactions you want + + align:start position:0% +almost all pyridoxal reactions you want + + + align:start position:0% +almost all pyridoxal reactions you want +to remove this alpha hydrogen and that + + align:start position:0% +to remove this alpha hydrogen and that + + + align:start position:0% +to remove this alpha hydrogen and that +alpha hydrogen again is extremely non + + align:start position:0% +alpha hydrogen again is extremely non + + + align:start position:0% +alpha hydrogen again is extremely non +acidic but by complexing the amino acid + + align:start position:0% +acidic but by complexing the amino acid + + + align:start position:0% +acidic but by complexing the amino acid +to pyridoxal this is what the function + + align:start position:0% +to pyridoxal this is what the function + + + align:start position:0% +to pyridoxal this is what the function +of the cofactor is you are enhancing the + + align:start position:0% +of the cofactor is you are enhancing the + + + align:start position:0% +of the cofactor is you are enhancing the +acidity of this alpha hydrogen you're + + align:start position:0% +acidity of this alpha hydrogen you're + + + align:start position:0% +acidity of this alpha hydrogen you're +making it easier for a group in the + + align:start position:0% +making it easier for a group in the + + + align:start position:0% +making it easier for a group in the +active site a general base catalyst like + + align:start position:0% +active site a general base catalyst like + + + align:start position:0% +active site a general base catalyst like +lysine can now pull off this proton to + + align:start position:0% +lysine can now pull off this proton to + + + align:start position:0% +lysine can now pull off this proton to +generate this intermediate okay now why + + align:start position:0% +generate this intermediate okay now why + + + align:start position:0% +generate this intermediate okay now why +is this hydrogen more acidic well if you + + align:start position:0% +is this hydrogen more acidic well if you + + + align:start position:0% +is this hydrogen more acidic well if you +look at the structure you can draw all + + align:start position:0% +look at the structure you can draw all + + + align:start position:0% +look at the structure you can draw all +kinds of resonance structures which + + align:start position:0% +kinds of resonance structures which + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of resonance structures which +shows that this carbon ion is more + + align:start position:0% +shows that this carbon ion is more + + + align:start position:0% +shows that this carbon ion is more +stabilized because it's attached to the + + align:start position:0% +stabilized because it's attached to the + + + align:start position:0% +stabilized because it's attached to the +pyridoxal cofactor so if you look at + + align:start position:0% +pyridoxal cofactor so if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +pyridoxal cofactor so if you look at +this you can draw this resonance + + align:start position:0% +this you can draw this resonance + + + align:start position:0% +this you can draw this resonance +structure which is shown here and you + + align:start position:0% +structure which is shown here and you + + + align:start position:0% +structure which is shown here and you +can draw 20 other resonance structures + + align:start position:0% +can draw 20 other resonance structures + + + align:start position:0% +can draw 20 other resonance structures +okay so the key here is you can remove + + align:start position:0% +okay so the key here is you can remove + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the key here is you can remove +the alpha hydrogen because you're able + + align:start position:0% +the alpha hydrogen because you're able + + + align:start position:0% +the alpha hydrogen because you're able +to delocalized this unpaired these + + align:start position:0% +to delocalized this unpaired these + + + align:start position:0% +to delocalized this unpaired these +unpaired electrons on this carbon over + + align:start position:0% +unpaired electrons on this carbon over + + + align:start position:0% +unpaired electrons on this carbon over +the entire system so let me show you + + align:start position:0% +the entire system so let me show you + + + align:start position:0% +the entire system so let me show you +what that looks like so if I draw this + + align:start position:0% +what that looks like so if I draw this + + + align:start position:0% +what that looks like so if I draw this +is called Donathan hypothesis so here's + + align:start position:0% +is called Donathan hypothesis so here's + + + align:start position:0% +is called Donathan hypothesis so here's +our pyridine ring okay here's our you + + align:start position:0% +our pyridine ring okay here's our you + + + align:start position:0% +our pyridine ring okay here's our you +mean and here's our amino acid here's + + align:start position:0% +mean and here's our amino acid here's + + + align:start position:0% +mean and here's our amino acid here's +the carboxy as a sidechain and our group + + align:start position:0% +the carboxy as a sidechain and our group + + + align:start position:0% +the carboxy as a sidechain and our group +and here's the carboxylate okay so the + + align:start position:0% +and here's the carboxylate okay so the + + + align:start position:0% +and here's the carboxylate okay so the +idea is you have like a benzene ring if + + align:start position:0% +idea is you have like a benzene ring if + + + align:start position:0% +idea is you have like a benzene ring if +you haven't seen pyridine rings but you + + align:start position:0% +you haven't seen pyridine rings but you + + + align:start position:0% +you haven't seen pyridine rings but you +have a PI cloud that D localizes where + + align:start position:0% +have a PI cloud that D localizes where + + + align:start position:0% +have a PI cloud that D localizes where +these electrons are completely + + align:start position:0% +these electrons are completely + + + align:start position:0% +these electrons are completely +delocalized over the aromatic ring but + + align:start position:0% +delocalized over the aromatic ring but + + + align:start position:0% +delocalized over the aromatic ring but +here you also have a PI cloud and these + + align:start position:0% +here you also have a PI cloud and these + + + align:start position:0% +here you also have a PI cloud and these +things are close close close enough so + + align:start position:0% +things are close close close enough so + + + align:start position:0% +things are close close close enough so +you can delocalized now what you're + + align:start position:0% +you can delocalized now what you're + + + align:start position:0% +you can delocalized now what you're +going to do and the way nature decides + + align:start position:0% +going to do and the way nature decides + + + align:start position:0% +going to do and the way nature decides +what chemistry can happen is since we + + align:start position:0% +what chemistry can happen is since we + + + align:start position:0% +what chemistry can happen is since we +want to cleave in this case the carbon + + align:start position:0% +want to cleave in this case the carbon + + + align:start position:0% +want to cleave in this case the carbon +hydrogen bond she places that carbon + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen bond she places that carbon + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen bond she places that carbon +hydrogen bond by + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen bond by + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen bond by +complexing the carboxylate and + + align:start position:0% +complexing the carboxylate and + + + align:start position:0% +complexing the carboxylate and +complexing whatever the our group is she + + align:start position:0% +complexing whatever the our group is she + + + align:start position:0% +complexing whatever the our group is she +places that carbon hydrogen bond + + align:start position:0% +places that carbon hydrogen bond + + + align:start position:0% +places that carbon hydrogen bond +perpendicular to this plane of the pi + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to this plane of the pi + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to this plane of the pi +aldimine system so what you're doing + + align:start position:0% +aldimine system so what you're doing + + + align:start position:0% +aldimine system so what you're doing +then is the lysine that we just + + align:start position:0% +then is the lysine that we just + + + align:start position:0% +then is the lysine that we just +liberated from doing the trance + + align:start position:0% +liberated from doing the trance + + + align:start position:0% +liberated from doing the trance +emanation reaction you now generate an + + align:start position:0% +emanation reaction you now generate an + + + align:start position:0% +emanation reaction you now generate an +empty p orbital with unpaired electrons + + align:start position:0% +empty p orbital with unpaired electrons + + + align:start position:0% +empty p orbital with unpaired electrons +in it generate the carbon ion and now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this system can completely be localized + + align:start position:0% +this system can completely be localized + + + align:start position:0% +this system can completely be localized +so again this is point this pyridine + + align:start position:0% +so again this is point this pyridine + + + align:start position:0% +so again this is point this pyridine +ring is planar so you can keep + + align:start position:0% +ring is planar so you can keep + + + align:start position:0% +ring is planar so you can keep +completely delocalized the electrons + + align:start position:0% +completely delocalized the electrons + + + align:start position:0% +completely delocalized the electrons +over this whole system this is a PI + + align:start position:0% +over this whole system this is a PI + + + align:start position:0% +over this whole system this is a PI +cloud and now this is already set up so + + align:start position:0% +cloud and now this is already set up so + + + align:start position:0% +cloud and now this is already set up so +that it can be localized over this whole + + align:start position:0% +that it can be localized over this whole + + + align:start position:0% +that it can be localized over this whole +system so what you've done then is + + align:start position:0% +system so what you've done then is + + + align:start position:0% +system so what you've done then is +because of the ability to stabilize this + + align:start position:0% +because of the ability to stabilize this + + + align:start position:0% +because of the ability to stabilize this +carbon ion you're making that hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +carbon ion you're making that hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +carbon ion you're making that hydrogen +more acidic so if you wanted to say for + + align:start position:0% +more acidic so if you wanted to say for + + + align:start position:0% +more acidic so if you wanted to say for +example cleave remember I told you at + + align:start position:0% +example cleave remember I told you at + + + align:start position:0% +example cleave remember I told you at +the very beginning you might be able to + + align:start position:0% +the very beginning you might be able to + + + align:start position:0% +the very beginning you might be able to +decarboxylate that enzyme would place + + align:start position:0% +decarboxylate that enzyme would place + + + align:start position:0% +decarboxylate that enzyme would place +that co2 perpendicular to the plane of + + align:start position:0% +that co2 perpendicular to the plane of + + + align:start position:0% +that co2 perpendicular to the plane of +the PI aldimine system and use the same + + align:start position:0% +the PI aldimine system and use the same + + + align:start position:0% +the PI aldimine system and use the same +strategy to stabilize the resulting + + align:start position:0% +strategy to stabilize the resulting + + + align:start position:0% +strategy to stabilize the resulting +carbon ion intermediate + + align:start position:0% +carbon ion intermediate + + + align:start position:0% +carbon ion intermediate +we're not going to talk about that + + align:start position:0% +we're not going to talk about that + + + align:start position:0% +we're not going to talk about that +chemistry and 507 so what you've done + + align:start position:0% +chemistry and 507 so what you've done + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry and 507 so what you've done +then what the beauty of pyridoxal is + + align:start position:0% +then what the beauty of pyridoxal is + + + align:start position:0% +then what the beauty of pyridoxal is +that she's increases acidity and allows + + align:start position:0% +that she's increases acidity and allows + + + align:start position:0% +that she's increases acidity and allows +you a great deal of flexibility because + + align:start position:0% +you a great deal of flexibility because + + + align:start position:0% +you a great deal of flexibility because +once you generate that carbon I and + + align:start position:0% +once you generate that carbon I and + + + align:start position:0% +once you generate that carbon I and +those of you who've had 5:13 you'll + + align:start position:0% +those of you who've had 5:13 you'll + + + align:start position:0% +those of you who've had 5:13 you'll +immediately recognize if you have a + + align:start position:0% +immediately recognize if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +immediately recognize if you have a +leaving group on a carbon adjacent to + + align:start position:0% +leaving group on a carbon adjacent to + + + align:start position:0% +leaving group on a carbon adjacent to +this carbon you can do an elimination + + align:start position:0% +this carbon you can do an elimination + + + align:start position:0% +this carbon you can do an elimination +reaction so it sets up a whole series of + + align:start position:0% +reaction so it sets up a whole series of + + + align:start position:0% +reaction so it sets up a whole series of +transformations but today we're only + + align:start position:0% +transformations but today we're only + + + align:start position:0% +transformations but today we're only +focusing on the trans emanation reaction + + align:start position:0% +focusing on the trans emanation reaction + + + align:start position:0% +focusing on the trans emanation reaction +how do we convert this to an alpha keto + + align:start position:0% +how do we convert this to an alpha keto + + + align:start position:0% +how do we convert this to an alpha keto +acid okay and the pyridoxal to + + align:start position:0% +acid okay and the pyridoxal to + + + align:start position:0% +acid okay and the pyridoxal to +pyridoxamine that's the question we're + + align:start position:0% +pyridoxamine that's the question we're + + + align:start position:0% +pyridoxamine that's the question we're +asking so we do this chemistry and now + + align:start position:0% +asking so we do this chemistry and now + + + align:start position:0% +asking so we do this chemistry and now +what we need to do we can use this + + align:start position:0% +what we need to do we can use this + + + align:start position:0% +what we need to do we can use this +resonant + + align:start position:0% +resonant + + + align:start position:0% +resonant +structure we want to ask the question + + align:start position:0% +structure we want to ask the question + + + align:start position:0% +structure we want to ask the question +what is the product well we want to get + + align:start position:0% +what is the product well we want to get + + + align:start position:0% +what is the product well we want to get +to an alpha keto acid okay and if you + + align:start position:0% +to an alpha keto acid okay and if you + + + align:start position:0% +to an alpha keto acid okay and if you +look at this structure this molecule is + + align:start position:0% +look at this structure this molecule is + + + align:start position:0% +look at this structure this molecule is +an amine of an alpha keto acid so this + + align:start position:0% +an amine of an alpha keto acid so this + + + align:start position:0% +an amine of an alpha keto acid so this +is exactly the state we want to be in + + align:start position:0% +is exactly the state we want to be in + + + align:start position:0% +is exactly the state we want to be in +but then we have all of this we have + + align:start position:0% +but then we have all of this we have + + + align:start position:0% +but then we have all of this we have +this reactive intermediate here so what + + align:start position:0% +this reactive intermediate here so what + + + align:start position:0% +this reactive intermediate here so what +we want to do is protonate someplace + + align:start position:0% +we want to do is protonate someplace + + + align:start position:0% +we want to do is protonate someplace +here to generate this state so that the + + align:start position:0% +here to generate this state so that the + + + align:start position:0% +here to generate this state so that the +last step in all pyridoxal reactions is + + align:start position:0% +last step in all pyridoxal reactions is + + + align:start position:0% +last step in all pyridoxal reactions is +hydrolysis and now we're set up with a + + align:start position:0% +hydrolysis and now we're set up with a + + + align:start position:0% +hydrolysis and now we're set up with a +hydrolysis reaction to generate the + + align:start position:0% +hydrolysis reaction to generate the + + + align:start position:0% +hydrolysis reaction to generate the +alpha keto acid so we then want to ask + + align:start position:0% +alpha keto acid so we then want to ask + + + align:start position:0% +alpha keto acid so we then want to ask +the question where could we protonate + + align:start position:0% +the question where could we protonate + + + align:start position:0% +the question where could we protonate +and so again we have this lysine which + + align:start position:0% +and so again we have this lysine which + + + align:start position:0% +and so again we have this lysine which +we now have used to pull off the alpha + + align:start position:0% +we now have used to pull off the alpha + + + align:start position:0% +we now have used to pull off the alpha +hydrogen it's now protonated so now + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen it's now protonated so now + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen it's now protonated so now +instead of being a general base catalyst + + align:start position:0% +instead of being a general base catalyst + + + align:start position:0% +instead of being a general base catalyst +here it's functioning as a general now + + align:start position:0% +here it's functioning as a general now + + + align:start position:0% +here it's functioning as a general now +said catalyst and so now what can happen + + align:start position:0% +said catalyst and so now what can happen + + + align:start position:0% +said catalyst and so now what can happen +is you can pick up a proton from this + + align:start position:0% +is you can pick up a proton from this + + + align:start position:0% +is you can pick up a proton from this +lysine it's applying it with that proton + + align:start position:0% +lysine it's applying it with that proton + + + align:start position:0% +lysine it's applying it with that proton +to generate this structure and + + align:start position:0% +to generate this structure and + + + align:start position:0% +to generate this structure and +regenerate lysine as a general that can + + align:start position:0% +regenerate lysine as a general that can + + + align:start position:0% +regenerate lysine as a general that can +function now is a general base catalyst + + align:start position:0% +function now is a general base catalyst + + + align:start position:0% +function now is a general base catalyst +so it's toggling between general acid + + align:start position:0% +so it's toggling between general acid + + + align:start position:0% +so it's toggling between general acid +and general base catalysis and now + + align:start position:0% +and general base catalysis and now + + + align:start position:0% +and general base catalysis and now +remember what we want to get in the end + + align:start position:0% +remember what we want to get in the end + + + align:start position:0% +remember what we want to get in the end +is this pyridoxamine and we want this + + align:start position:0% +is this pyridoxamine and we want this + + + align:start position:0% +is this pyridoxamine and we want this +alpha keto acid and now we're set up to + + align:start position:0% +alpha keto acid and now we're set up to + + + align:start position:0% +alpha keto acid and now we're set up to +rapidly go to an alpha keto acid where + + align:start position:0% +rapidly go to an alpha keto acid where + + + align:start position:0% +rapidly go to an alpha keto acid where +have you seen chemistry like this before + + align:start position:0% +have you seen chemistry like this before + + + align:start position:0% +have you seen chemistry like this before +you've seen it in the aldolase reaction + + align:start position:0% +you've seen it in the aldolase reaction + + + align:start position:0% +you've seen it in the aldolase reaction +that we talked about with carbon-carbon + + align:start position:0% +that we talked about with carbon-carbon + + + align:start position:0% +that we talked about with carbon-carbon +bond forming reactions so the last step + + align:start position:0% +bond forming reactions so the last step + + + align:start position:0% +bond forming reactions so the last step +in all PLP dependent transamination is + + align:start position:0% +in all PLP dependent transamination is + + + align:start position:0% +in all PLP dependent transamination is +hydrolysis so here we have the lysine + + align:start position:0% +hydrolysis so here we have the lysine + + + align:start position:0% +hydrolysis so here we have the lysine +acting as a general base to activate + + align:start position:0% +acting as a general base to activate + + + align:start position:0% +acting as a general base to activate +water for a nucleophilic attack on this + + align:start position:0% +water for a nucleophilic attack on this + + + align:start position:0% +water for a nucleophilic attack on this +amine which is activated to have water + + align:start position:0% +amine which is activated to have water + + + align:start position:0% +amine which is activated to have water +add and now you form again your + + align:start position:0% +add and now you form again your + + + align:start position:0% +add and now you form again your +tetrahedral transition state I have all + + align:start position:0% +tetrahedral transition state I have all + + + align:start position:0% +tetrahedral transition state I have all +of these unstable species and brackets + + align:start position:0% +of these unstable species and brackets + + + align:start position:0% +of these unstable species and brackets +we really sometimes we see them + + align:start position:0% +we really sometimes we see them + + + align:start position:0% +we really sometimes we see them +sometimes we don't but you have to work + + align:start position:0% +sometimes we don't but you have to work + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes we don't but you have to work +hard to see them and now this simply the + + align:start position:0% +hard to see them and now this simply the + + + align:start position:0% +hard to see them and now this simply the +tetrahedral ad ad collapses to form + + align:start position:0% +tetrahedral ad ad collapses to form + + + align:start position:0% +tetrahedral ad ad collapses to form +pyridoxamine and forms the alpha keto + + align:start position:0% +pyridoxamine and forms the alpha keto + + + align:start position:0% +pyridoxamine and forms the alpha keto +acid + + align:start position:0% +acid + + + align:start position:0% +acid +so that's where we wanted to get but now + + align:start position:0% +so that's where we wanted to get but now + + + align:start position:0% +so that's where we wanted to get but now +what happens is we're in the form of the + + align:start position:0% +what happens is we're in the form of the + + + align:start position:0% +what happens is we're in the form of the +cofactor instead of being in the + + align:start position:0% +cofactor instead of being in the + + + align:start position:0% +cofactor instead of being in the +aldehyde form we're in the amine form so + + align:start position:0% +aldehyde form we're in the amine form so + + + align:start position:0% +aldehyde form we're in the amine form so +what we want to do now is reverse this + + align:start position:0% +what we want to do now is reverse this + + + align:start position:0% +what we want to do now is reverse this +reaction using a different alpha keto + + align:start position:0% +reaction using a different alpha keto + + + align:start position:0% +reaction using a different alpha keto +acid and we will generate a different + + align:start position:0% +acid and we will generate a different + + + align:start position:0% +acid and we will generate a different +amino acid so now what can happen so in + + align:start position:0% +amino acid so now what can happen so in + + + align:start position:0% +amino acid so now what can happen so in +their pyridoxamine form we then can bind + + align:start position:0% +their pyridoxamine form we then can bind + + + align:start position:0% +their pyridoxamine form we then can bind +a different alpha keto acid remember in + + align:start position:0% +a different alpha keto acid remember in + + + align:start position:0% +a different alpha keto acid remember in +the first slide I showed you three + + align:start position:0% +the first slide I showed you three + + + align:start position:0% +the first slide I showed you three +different alpha keto acids like salad we + + align:start position:0% +different alpha keto acids like salad we + + + align:start position:0% +different alpha keto acids like salad we +see the gas in alpha cute glitter ate + + align:start position:0% +see the gas in alpha cute glitter ate + + + align:start position:0% +see the gas in alpha cute glitter ate +pyruvate you can reverse this whole + + align:start position:0% +pyruvate you can reverse this whole + + + align:start position:0% +pyruvate you can reverse this whole +process and in the end what you end up + + align:start position:0% +process and in the end what you end up + + + align:start position:0% +process and in the end what you end up +with is a different surgery you end up + + align:start position:0% +with is a different surgery you end up + + + align:start position:0% +with is a different surgery you end up +with a different amino acid and you + + align:start position:0% +with a different amino acid and you + + + align:start position:0% +with a different amino acid and you +regenerate your amine of pyridoxal so + + align:start position:0% +regenerate your amine of pyridoxal so + + + align:start position:0% +regenerate your amine of pyridoxal so +out of all the only the only pyridoxal + + align:start position:0% +out of all the only the only pyridoxal + + + align:start position:0% +out of all the only the only pyridoxal +phosphate requiring enzyme that goes + + align:start position:0% +phosphate requiring enzyme that goes + + + align:start position:0% +phosphate requiring enzyme that goes +from the high or the amine to the + + align:start position:0% +from the high or the amine to the + + + align:start position:0% +from the high or the amine to the +pyridoxamine of these transamination + + align:start position:0% +pyridoxamine of these transamination + + + align:start position:0% +pyridoxamine of these transamination +reactions and so this is the most + + align:start position:0% +reactions and so this is the most + + + align:start position:0% +reactions and so this is the most +complicated normally at the end of your + + align:start position:0% +complicated normally at the end of your + + + align:start position:0% +complicated normally at the end of your +reaction you end up in this state and + + align:start position:0% +reaction you end up in this state and + + + align:start position:0% +reaction you end up in this state and +this probably seems extremely confusing + + align:start position:0% +this probably seems extremely confusing + + + align:start position:0% +this probably seems extremely confusing +to most of you but after you solve three + + align:start position:0% +to most of you but after you solve three + + + align:start position:0% +to most of you but after you solve three +or four problems where you have to look + + align:start position:0% +or four problems where you have to look + + + align:start position:0% +or four problems where you have to look +at the actual transformations and think + + align:start position:0% +at the actual transformations and think + + + align:start position:0% +at the actual transformations and think +about this tetrahedral chemistry amines + + align:start position:0% +about this tetrahedral chemistry amines + + + align:start position:0% +about this tetrahedral chemistry amines +and amino groups and alpha keto groups + + align:start position:0% +and amino groups and alpha keto groups + + + align:start position:0% +and amino groups and alpha keto groups +you I think be able to actually easily + + align:start position:0% +you I think be able to actually easily + + + align:start position:0% +you I think be able to actually easily +see how ingenious nature has been to + + align:start position:0% +see how ingenious nature has been to + + + align:start position:0% +see how ingenious nature has been to +actually design pyridoxal phosphate and + + align:start position:0% +actually design pyridoxal phosphate and + + + align:start position:0% +actually design pyridoxal phosphate and +I think the most amazing thing of course + + align:start position:0% +I think the most amazing thing of course + + + align:start position:0% +I think the most amazing thing of course +is that pyridoxal phosphate without any + + align:start position:0% +is that pyridoxal phosphate without any + + + align:start position:0% +is that pyridoxal phosphate without any +enzyme I told you you can catalyze many + + align:start position:0% +enzyme I told you you can catalyze many + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme I told you you can catalyze many +many reactions you do all the reactions + + align:start position:0% +many reactions you do all the reactions + + + align:start position:0% +many reactions you do all the reactions +at the end it doesn't spontaneously at + + align:start position:0% +at the end it doesn't spontaneously at + + + align:start position:0% +at the end it doesn't spontaneously at +room temperature at pH 7 what the enzyme + + align:start position:0% +room temperature at pH 7 what the enzyme + + + align:start position:0% +room temperature at pH 7 what the enzyme +does is only allows one of these + + align:start position:0% +does is only allows one of these + + + align:start position:0% +does is only allows one of these +reactions by heavy having everything + + align:start position:0% +reactions by heavy having everything + + + align:start position:0% +reactions by heavy having everything +positioned exactly the right way in the + + align:start position:0% +positioned exactly the right way in the + + + align:start position:0% +positioned exactly the right way in the +active site so this is one of the + + align:start position:0% +active site so this is one of the + + + align:start position:0% +active site so this is one of the +cofactors that I thought was amazingly + + align:start position:0% +cofactors that I thought was amazingly + + + align:start position:0% +cofactors that I thought was amazingly +cool when I was in graduate school + + align:start position:0% +cool when I was in graduate school + + + align:start position:0% +cool when I was in graduate school +made me want to become a biochemist \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/93-dFNci-2A.txt b/93-dFNci-2A.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e116487d560d4ae2abb0e750d839212347a0e334 --- /dev/null +++ b/93-dFNci-2A.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1099 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +the question is i wanted next to come to + + align:start position:0% +the question is i wanted next to come to + + + align:start position:0% +the question is i wanted next to come to +does the valuation function and i should + + align:start position:0% +does the valuation function and i should + + + align:start position:0% +does the valuation function and i should +have an underscore for the x to indicate + + align:start position:0% +have an underscore for the x to indicate + + + align:start position:0% +have an underscore for the x to indicate +that it's a vector does it mean apply to + + align:start position:0% +that it's a vector does it mean apply to + + + align:start position:0% +that it's a vector does it mean apply to +groups and + + align:start position:0% +groups and + + + align:start position:0% +groups and +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +the basic issue is does all do all + + align:start position:0% +the basic issue is does all do all + + + align:start position:0% +the basic issue is does all do all +members of the group have the same sets + + align:start position:0% +members of the group have the same sets + + + align:start position:0% +members of the group have the same sets +of preferences well + + align:start position:0% +of preferences well + + + align:start position:0% +of preferences well +that's not excluded but in general + + align:start position:0% +that's not excluded but in general + + + align:start position:0% +that's not excluded but in general +shareholder uh any groups are composed + + align:start position:0% +shareholder uh any groups are composed + + + align:start position:0% +shareholder uh any groups are composed +of stakeholders with different interests + + align:start position:0% +of stakeholders with different interests + + + align:start position:0% +of stakeholders with different interests +like investors managers + + align:start position:0% +like investors managers + + + align:start position:0% +like investors managers +investors want the most return from it + + align:start position:0% +investors want the most return from it + + + align:start position:0% +investors want the most return from it +the managers want more power and glory + + align:start position:0% +the managers want more power and glory + + + align:start position:0% +the managers want more power and glory +for themselves the users want a good + + align:start position:0% +for themselves the users want a good + + + align:start position:0% +for themselves the users want a good +product the workers want a + + align:start position:0% +product the workers want a + + + align:start position:0% +product the workers want a +better working conditions and less work + + align:start position:0% +better working conditions and less work + + + align:start position:0% +better working conditions and less work +whatever uh less uh effort perhaps and + + align:start position:0% +whatever uh less uh effort perhaps and + + + align:start position:0% +whatever uh less uh effort perhaps and +they're in their collective interest + + align:start position:0% +they're in their collective interest + + + align:start position:0% +they're in their collective interest +almost certainly degree + + align:start position:0% +almost certainly degree + + + align:start position:0% +almost certainly degree +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +uh we can't expect them to agree that is + + align:start position:0% +uh we can't expect them to agree that is + + + align:start position:0% +uh we can't expect them to agree that is +the point so let's now look at this + + align:start position:0% +the point so let's now look at this + + + align:start position:0% +the point so let's now look at this +simple uh + + align:start position:0% +simple uh + + + align:start position:0% +simple uh +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +example i have so + + align:start position:0% +example i have so + + + align:start position:0% +example i have so +i think what i have there is that we + + align:start position:0% +i think what i have there is that we + + + align:start position:0% +i think what i have there is that we +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +three prospective voters tom diana and + + align:start position:0% +three prospective voters tom diana and + + + align:start position:0% +three prospective voters tom diana and +harriet and + + align:start position:0% +harriet and + + + align:start position:0% +harriet and +tom is a uh + + align:start position:0% +tom is a uh + + + align:start position:0% +tom is a uh +very much on the left + + align:start position:0% +very much on the left + + + align:start position:0% +very much on the left +he's a sanders fan if he wants to go + + align:start position:0% +he's a sanders fan if he wants to go + + + align:start position:0% +he's a sanders fan if he wants to go +that way uh the further to the right you + + align:start position:0% +that way uh the further to the right you + + + align:start position:0% +that way uh the further to the right you +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +uh the less he likes you + + align:start position:0% +uh the less he likes you + + + align:start position:0% +uh the less he likes you +diana on the on the other hand is a + + align:start position:0% +diana on the on the other hand is a + + + align:start position:0% +diana on the on the other hand is a +center of the road kind of person uh + + align:start position:0% +center of the road kind of person uh + + + align:start position:0% +center of the road kind of person uh +doesn't like the extremes if they uh she + + align:start position:0% +doesn't like the extremes if they uh she + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't like the extremes if they uh she +might be more conservative than + + align:start position:0% +might be more conservative than + + + align:start position:0% +might be more conservative than +uh towards the left + + align:start position:0% +uh towards the left + + + align:start position:0% +uh towards the left +and harriet is uh completely + + align:start position:0% +and harriet is uh completely + + + align:start position:0% +and harriet is uh completely +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +conservative i won't characterize that + + align:start position:0% +conservative i won't characterize that + + + align:start position:0% +conservative i won't characterize that +particularly but um + + align:start position:0% +particularly but um + + + align:start position:0% +particularly but um +she + + align:start position:0% +she + + + align:start position:0% +she +um doesn't like wishy-washy people in + + align:start position:0% +um doesn't like wishy-washy people in + + + align:start position:0% +um doesn't like wishy-washy people in +the middle so she's either + + align:start position:0% +the middle so she's either + + + align:start position:0% +the middle so she's either +right or left but not anybody in the + + align:start position:0% +right or left but not anybody in the + + + align:start position:0% +right or left but not anybody in the +middle i'm not going to draw any + + align:start position:0% +middle i'm not going to draw any + + + align:start position:0% +middle i'm not going to draw any +comparisons with anybody currently in + + align:start position:0% +comparisons with anybody currently in + + + align:start position:0% +comparisons with anybody currently in +the election + + align:start position:0% +the election + + + align:start position:0% +the election +but now i'm going to ask you who wins + + align:start position:0% +but now i'm going to ask you who wins + + + align:start position:0% +but now i'm going to ask you who wins +the election + + align:start position:0% +the election + + + align:start position:0% +the election +and i'm going to think of it in terms of + + align:start position:0% +and i'm going to think of it in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +and i'm going to think of it in terms of +these voters and the candidates that are + + align:start position:0% +these voters and the candidates that are + + + align:start position:0% +these voters and the candidates that are +done and let me suppose the candidates + + align:start position:0% +done and let me suppose the candidates + + + align:start position:0% +done and let me suppose the candidates +are either + + align:start position:0% +are either + + + align:start position:0% +are either +either left center or right + + align:start position:0% +either left center or right + + + align:start position:0% +either left center or right +so i'm going to ask you to if left + + align:start position:0% +so i'm going to ask you to if left + + + align:start position:0% +so i'm going to ask you to if left +the left candidate against the center + + align:start position:0% +the left candidate against the center + + + align:start position:0% +the left candidate against the center +who wins + + align:start position:0% +who wins + + + align:start position:0% +who wins +the center against the right who wins + + align:start position:0% +the center against the right who wins + + + align:start position:0% +the center against the right who wins +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +finally if it's a left against the right + + align:start position:0% +finally if it's a left against the right + + + align:start position:0% +finally if it's a left against the right +so the point is i'm going to close it + + align:start position:0% +so the point is i'm going to close it + + + align:start position:0% +so the point is i'm going to close it +myself because you see that left beat + + align:start position:0% +myself because you see that left beat + + + align:start position:0% +myself because you see that left beat +center center beats + + align:start position:0% +center center beats + + + align:start position:0% +center center beats +right so it feels transitive left would + + align:start position:0% +right so it feels transitive left would + + + align:start position:0% +right so it feels transitive left would +be center would be right but in fact if + + align:start position:0% +be center would be right but in fact if + + + align:start position:0% +be center would be right but in fact if +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +structure if you fall it out it is not a + + align:start position:0% +structure if you fall it out it is not a + + + align:start position:0% +structure if you fall it out it is not a +transitive which is the whole point of + + align:start position:0% +transitive which is the whole point of + + + align:start position:0% +transitive which is the whole point of +it as a simple example + + align:start position:0% +it as a simple example + + + align:start position:0% +it as a simple example +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +something that is not transitive and the + + align:start position:0% +something that is not transitive and the + + + align:start position:0% +something that is not transitive and the +answer is that you have an intransitive + + align:start position:0% +answer is that you have an intransitive + + + align:start position:0% +answer is that you have an intransitive +situation that is because of the + + align:start position:0% +situation that is because of the + + + align:start position:0% +situation that is because of the +structure the detailed structure of + + align:start position:0% +structure the detailed structure of + + + align:start position:0% +structure the detailed structure of +people's preferences that they're not + + align:start position:0% +people's preferences that they're not + + + align:start position:0% +people's preferences that they're not +ranking them in the same order + + align:start position:0% +ranking them in the same order + + + align:start position:0% +ranking them in the same order +uh you can construct a + + align:start position:0% +uh you can construct a + + + align:start position:0% +uh you can construct a +uh intransitive uh solution very + + align:start position:0% +uh intransitive uh solution very + + + align:start position:0% +uh intransitive uh solution very +trivially and it's simply to show that + + align:start position:0% +trivially and it's simply to show that + + + align:start position:0% +trivially and it's simply to show that +because of people have transit + + align:start position:0% +because of people have transit + + + align:start position:0% +because of people have transit +have different rankings of the + + align:start position:0% +have different rankings of the + + + align:start position:0% +have different rankings of the +particular things uh whether it's food + + align:start position:0% +particular things uh whether it's food + + + align:start position:0% +particular things uh whether it's food +they eat or people they vote for or + + align:start position:0% +they eat or people they vote for or + + + align:start position:0% +they eat or people they vote for or +where they like to spend their holidays + + align:start position:0% +where they like to spend their holidays + + + align:start position:0% +where they like to spend their holidays +or whatever it's very easy to set up an + + align:start position:0% +or whatever it's very easy to set up an + + + align:start position:0% +or whatever it's very easy to set up an +intransitive situation the bottom line + + align:start position:0% +intransitive situation the bottom line + + + align:start position:0% +intransitive situation the bottom line +is because of this feature + + align:start position:0% +is because of this feature + + + align:start position:0% +is because of this feature +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +uh you simply do not have a + + align:start position:0% +uh you simply do not have a + + + align:start position:0% +uh you simply do not have a +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +the basis for a value function for + + align:start position:0% +the basis for a value function for + + + align:start position:0% +the basis for a value function for +groups it is it is you can go through + + align:start position:0% +groups it is it is you can go through + + + align:start position:0% +groups it is it is you can go through +the math and say we're going to await + + align:start position:0% +the math and say we're going to await + + + align:start position:0% +the math and say we're going to await +people this way or that way and will + + align:start position:0% +people this way or that way and will + + + align:start position:0% +people this way or that way and will +come to some solution + + align:start position:0% +come to some solution + + + align:start position:0% +come to some solution +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +some people have more + + align:start position:0% +some people have more + + + align:start position:0% +some people have more +are more important are more persuasive + + align:start position:0% +are more important are more persuasive + + + align:start position:0% +are more important are more persuasive +than others but to think about being + + align:start position:0% +than others but to think about being + + + align:start position:0% +than others but to think about being +able to have a unique valuation function + + align:start position:0% +able to have a unique valuation function + + + align:start position:0% +able to have a unique valuation function +that you could optimize is a pipe dream + + align:start position:0% +that you could optimize is a pipe dream + + + align:start position:0% +that you could optimize is a pipe dream +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +it is in some ways that uh you you can + + align:start position:0% +it is in some ways that uh you you can + + + align:start position:0% +it is in some ways that uh you you can +agree + + align:start position:0% +agree + + + align:start position:0% +agree +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +uh to have + + align:start position:0% +uh to have + + + align:start position:0% +uh to have +a voting system which people will agree + + align:start position:0% +a voting system which people will agree + + + align:start position:0% +a voting system which people will agree +upon but it will not satisfy everybody + + align:start position:0% +upon but it will not satisfy everybody + + + align:start position:0% +upon but it will not satisfy everybody +and it'll be + + align:start position:0% +and it'll be + + + align:start position:0% +and it'll be +leave some people unhappy as + + align:start position:0% +leave some people unhappy as + + + align:start position:0% +leave some people unhappy as +we regularly see in elections + + align:start position:0% +we regularly see in elections + + + align:start position:0% +we regularly see in elections +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +the concept of best is not meaningful + + align:start position:0% +the concept of best is not meaningful + + + align:start position:0% +the concept of best is not meaningful +for the design of complex systems that's + + align:start position:0% +for the design of complex systems that's + + + align:start position:0% +for the design of complex systems that's +where this whole thing has been going + + align:start position:0% +where this whole thing has been going + + + align:start position:0% +where this whole thing has been going +but we can + + align:start position:0% +but we can + + + align:start position:0% +but we can +agree to some process where you can + + align:start position:0% +agree to some process where you can + + + align:start position:0% +agree to some process where you can +identify a preferred one but from a + + align:start position:0% +identify a preferred one but from a + + + align:start position:0% +identify a preferred one but from a +mathematical optimization point of view + + align:start position:0% +mathematical optimization point of view + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical optimization point of view +the idea that we can run a a + + align:start position:0% +the idea that we can run a a + + + align:start position:0% +the idea that we can run a a +we a metric and have the optimal + + align:start position:0% +we a metric and have the optimal + + + align:start position:0% +we a metric and have the optimal +solution + + align:start position:0% +solution + + + align:start position:0% +solution +is only meaningful when we can have a + + align:start position:0% +is only meaningful when we can have a + + + align:start position:0% +is only meaningful when we can have a +single objective function or + + align:start position:0% +single objective function or + + + align:start position:0% +single objective function or +or a combination where everything can be + + align:start position:0% +or a combination where everything can be + + + align:start position:0% +or a combination where everything can be +put on the same values such as money uh + + align:start position:0% +put on the same values such as money uh + + + align:start position:0% +put on the same values such as money uh +otherwise we are necessarily talking + + align:start position:0% +otherwise we are necessarily talking + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise we are necessarily talking +about a preferred solution and that's + + align:start position:0% +about a preferred solution and that's + + + align:start position:0% +about a preferred solution and that's +where this the basis for the next + + align:start position:0% +where this the basis for the next + + + align:start position:0% +where this the basis for the next +issues here \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/9NS0JcjNdp4.txt b/9NS0JcjNdp4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..98605b1aa84f41b4529373b11da03c95655def50 --- /dev/null +++ b/9NS0JcjNdp4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,387 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay well I like to lay in the hammock + + align:start position:0% +okay well I like to lay in the hammock + + + align:start position:0% +okay well I like to lay in the hammock +in the summer and this is our version of + + align:start position:0% +in the summer and this is our version of + + + align:start position:0% +in the summer and this is our version of +that hammock so we're having one rope or + + align:start position:0% +that hammock so we're having one rope or + + + align:start position:0% +that hammock so we're having one rope or +perhaps two ropes hanging between two + + align:start position:0% +perhaps two ropes hanging between two + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps two ropes hanging between two +trees here and the span is an + + align:start position:0% +trees here and the span is an + + + align:start position:0% +trees here and the span is an +angle-theta on on each side here and we + + align:start position:0% +angle-theta on on each side here and we + + + align:start position:0% +angle-theta on on each side here and we +want to know what is the tension in this + + align:start position:0% +want to know what is the tension in this + + + align:start position:0% +want to know what is the tension in this +rope at the midpoint and here right + + align:start position:0% +rope at the midpoint and here right + + + align:start position:0% +rope at the midpoint and here right +where it is attached to the tree and + + align:start position:0% +where it is attached to the tree and + + + align:start position:0% +where it is attached to the tree and +here we already have the Freebody + + align:start position:0% +here we already have the Freebody + + + align:start position:0% +here we already have the Freebody +diagram I just drew this piece of the + + align:start position:0% +diagram I just drew this piece of the + + + align:start position:0% +diagram I just drew this piece of the +rope here that's that's hanging on this + + align:start position:0% +rope here that's that's hanging on this + + + align:start position:0% +rope here that's that's hanging on this +tree here and we made an imaginary card + + align:start position:0% +tree here and we made an imaginary card + + + align:start position:0% +tree here and we made an imaginary card +we we just cut it in the middle which + + align:start position:0% +we we just cut it in the middle which + + + align:start position:0% +we we just cut it in the middle which +means gravity is obviously acting on it + + align:start position:0% +means gravity is obviously acting on it + + + align:start position:0% +means gravity is obviously acting on it +it's hanging through and but it does so + + align:start position:0% +it's hanging through and but it does so + + + align:start position:0% +it's hanging through and but it does so +with am half here for our half rope we + + align:start position:0% +with am half here for our half rope we + + + align:start position:0% +with am half here for our half rope we +know that there is a tension here at the + + align:start position:0% +know that there is a tension here at the + + + align:start position:0% +know that there is a tension here at the +midpoint T mid and up here we have + + align:start position:0% +midpoint T mid and up here we have + + + align:start position:0% +midpoint T mid and up here we have +attention at that end point that goes + + align:start position:0% +attention at that end point that goes + + + align:start position:0% +attention at that end point that goes +under this angle here I just use an + + align:start position:0% +under this angle here I just use an + + + align:start position:0% +under this angle here I just use an +ordinary Cartesian coordinate system + + align:start position:0% +ordinary Cartesian coordinate system + + + align:start position:0% +ordinary Cartesian coordinate system +with I had Direction going in the X + + align:start position:0% +with I had Direction going in the X + + + align:start position:0% +with I had Direction going in the X +direction and J had gone in the Y + + align:start position:0% +direction and J had gone in the Y + + + align:start position:0% +direction and J had gone in the Y +direction so all we need to do is we + + align:start position:0% +direction so all we need to do is we + + + align:start position:0% +direction so all we need to do is we +need to apply Newton's second law and do + + align:start position:0% +need to apply Newton's second law and do + + + align:start position:0% +need to apply Newton's second law and do +an F equals a MN and analysis to figure + + align:start position:0% +an F equals a MN and analysis to figure + + + align:start position:0% +an F equals a MN and analysis to figure +out what these tensions are so let's + + align:start position:0% +out what these tensions are so let's + + + align:start position:0% +out what these tensions are so let's +apply Newton's second law the F equals + + align:start position:0% +apply Newton's second law the F equals + + + align:start position:0% +apply Newton's second law the F equals +MA analysis to figure out what the + + align:start position:0% +MA analysis to figure out what the + + + align:start position:0% +MA analysis to figure out what the +tensions are at the midpoint and at the + + align:start position:0% +tensions are at the midpoint and at the + + + align:start position:0% +tensions are at the midpoint and at the +end over there so we have F equals MA + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we'll have to very carefully + + align:start position:0% +and we'll have to very carefully + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll have to very carefully +separate the components here let's start + + align:start position:0% +separate the components here let's start + + + align:start position:0% +separate the components here let's start +with eye hat we have T mid + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +- tea end but of course we have only the + + align:start position:0% +- tea end but of course we have only the + + + align:start position:0% +- tea end but of course we have only the +projection of tea end so this is T and + + align:start position:0% +projection of tea end so this is T and + + + align:start position:0% +projection of tea end so this is T and +sine theta and since this rope is just + + align:start position:0% +sine theta and since this rope is just + + + align:start position:0% +sine theta and since this rope is just +hanging either the acceleration is zero + + align:start position:0% +hanging either the acceleration is zero + + + align:start position:0% +hanging either the acceleration is zero +in the J hat direction we have minus M + + align:start position:0% +in the J hat direction we have minus M + + + align:start position:0% +in the J hat direction we have minus M +1/2 G and then plus T end and here we + + align:start position:0% +1/2 G and then plus T end and here we + + + align:start position:0% +1/2 G and then plus T end and here we +have the COS theta component and that is + + align:start position:0% +have the COS theta component and that is + + + align:start position:0% +have the COS theta component and that is +also zero so we see from here pretty + + align:start position:0% +also zero so we see from here pretty + + + align:start position:0% +also zero so we see from here pretty +much immediately that T end equals M 1/2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +M 1/2 G over cos theta and we can stick + + align:start position:0% +M 1/2 G over cos theta and we can stick + + + align:start position:0% +M 1/2 G over cos theta and we can stick +this one here into the I hat equation so + + align:start position:0% +this one here into the I hat equation so + + + align:start position:0% +this one here into the I hat equation so +we'll get T mid equals M half cos theta + + align:start position:0% +we'll get T mid equals M half cos theta + + + align:start position:0% +we'll get T mid equals M half cos theta +G sine theta and that's nothing else but + + align:start position:0% +G sine theta and that's nothing else but + + + align:start position:0% +G sine theta and that's nothing else but +mg over two tangents theta \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/BbfTs2o_oHE.txt b/BbfTs2o_oHE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5f8340792c119c297b6f34feedf17941fd22abe2 --- /dev/null +++ b/BbfTs2o_oHE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6587 @@ +align:start position:0% + +today we're we'll do more neuroanatomy + + align:start position:0% +today we're we'll do more neuroanatomy + + + align:start position:0% +today we're we'll do more neuroanatomy +but it's we're focusing on development + + align:start position:0% +but it's we're focusing on development + + + align:start position:0% +but it's we're focusing on development +now for the next four lectures + + align:start position:0% +now for the next four lectures + + + align:start position:0% +now for the next four lectures +you will need to know some of the things + + align:start position:0% +you will need to know some of the things + + + align:start position:0% +you will need to know some of the things +you've learned + + align:start position:0% +you've learned + + + align:start position:0% +you've learned +in the previous anatomy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sessions just review some of the + + align:start position:0% +sessions just review some of the + + + align:start position:0% +sessions just review some of the +highlights + + align:start position:0% +highlights + + + align:start position:0% +highlights +of what we've been talking about + + align:start position:0% +of what we've been talking about + + + align:start position:0% +of what we've been talking about +you should now know the sub basic + + align:start position:0% +you should now know the sub basic + + + align:start position:0% +you should now know the sub basic +subdivisions of the central nervous + + align:start position:0% +subdivisions of the central nervous + + + align:start position:0% +subdivisions of the central nervous +system definitions of + + align:start position:0% +system definitions of + + + align:start position:0% +system definitions of +some of the cell + + align:start position:0% +some of the cell + + + align:start position:0% +some of the cell +types you should be beginning to get + + align:start position:0% +types you should be beginning to get + + + align:start position:0% +types you should be beginning to get +familiar with the shape of the neural + + align:start position:0% +familiar with the shape of the neural + + + align:start position:0% +familiar with the shape of the neural +tube cross sectional shape + + align:start position:0% +tube cross sectional shape + + + align:start position:0% +tube cross sectional shape +at various levels at least the embryonic + + align:start position:0% +at various levels at least the embryonic + + + align:start position:0% +at various levels at least the embryonic +neural tube + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you did this section yet a few more + + align:start position:0% +if you did this section yet a few more + + + align:start position:0% +if you did this section yet a few more +of you will do it tonight + + align:start position:0% +of you will do it tonight + + + align:start position:0% +of you will do it tonight +you'll get a more realistic view of that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then we went through century channels + + align:start position:0% +then we went through century channels + + + align:start position:0% +then we went through century channels +are trying to simplify pathways + + align:start position:0% +are trying to simplify pathways + + + align:start position:0% +are trying to simplify pathways +information takes when it comes into the + + align:start position:0% +information takes when it comes into the + + + align:start position:0% +information takes when it comes into the +nervous system + + align:start position:0% +nervous system + + + align:start position:0% +nervous system +you should know the definition of + + align:start position:0% +you should know the definition of + + + align:start position:0% +you should know the definition of +dermatomes + + align:start position:0% +dermatomes + + + align:start position:0% +dermatomes +you should also have an idea what + + align:start position:0% +you should also have an idea what + + + align:start position:0% +you should also have an idea what +diasthesis means because very important + + align:start position:0% +diasthesis means because very important + + + align:start position:0% +diasthesis means because very important +in talking about lesion effects + + align:start position:0% +in talking about lesion effects + + + align:start position:0% +in talking about lesion effects +and it's a neglected topic + + align:start position:0% +and it's a neglected topic + + + align:start position:0% +and it's a neglected topic +in neuroscience and that's why i like to + + align:start position:0% +in neuroscience and that's why i like to + + + align:start position:0% +in neuroscience and that's why i like to +emphasize it because of its importance + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +functional depression of neurons after + + align:start position:0% +functional depression of neurons after + + + align:start position:0% +functional depression of neurons after +de-afferentiation that is loss of inputs + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then we talked about a little bit about + + align:start position:0% +then we talked about a little bit about + + + align:start position:0% +then we talked about a little bit about +the evolution of neocortex how it arose + + align:start position:0% +the evolution of neocortex how it arose + + + align:start position:0% +the evolution of neocortex how it arose +and some of the major ascending and + + align:start position:0% +and some of the major ascending and + + + align:start position:0% +and some of the major ascending and +descending pathways to and from it you + + align:start position:0% +descending pathways to and from it you + + + align:start position:0% +descending pathways to and from it you +were asked about that today's + + align:start position:0% +were asked about that today's + + + align:start position:0% +were asked about that today's +quiz + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we did the spinal cord structure + + align:start position:0% +and we did the spinal cord structure + + + align:start position:0% +and we did the spinal cord structure +noted the differences between different + + align:start position:0% +noted the differences between different + + + align:start position:0% +noted the differences between different +levels we defined propriospinal system + + align:start position:0% +levels we defined propriospinal system + + + align:start position:0% +levels we defined propriospinal system +which was a quiz question that i took + + align:start position:0% +which was a quiz question that i took + + + align:start position:0% +which was a quiz question that i took +off + + align:start position:0% +off + + + align:start position:0% +off +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +the components the autonomic nervous + + align:start position:0% +the components the autonomic nervous + + + align:start position:0% +the components the autonomic nervous +system + + align:start position:0% +system + + + align:start position:0% +system +hindbrain organization + + align:start position:0% +hindbrain organization + + + align:start position:0% +hindbrain organization +you should know what i mean by + + align:start position:0% +you should know what i mean by + + + align:start position:0% +you should know what i mean by +distortions of the basic plan + + align:start position:0% +distortions of the basic plan + + + align:start position:0% +distortions of the basic plan +of the hindbrain + + align:start position:0% +of the hindbrain + + + align:start position:0% +of the hindbrain +what's the major distortion in mammals + + align:start position:0% +what's the major distortion in mammals + + + align:start position:0% +what's the major distortion in mammals +and a cerebellum which appears in the + + align:start position:0% +and a cerebellum which appears in the + + + align:start position:0% +and a cerebellum which appears in the +roof plate and then what appears in the + + align:start position:0% +roof plate and then what appears in the + + + align:start position:0% +roof plate and then what appears in the +migrates from + + align:start position:0% +migrates from + + + align:start position:0% +migrates from +the ailer plate but actually ends up at + + align:start position:0% +the ailer plate but actually ends up at + + + align:start position:0% +the ailer plate but actually ends up at +the bottom + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the ponds + + align:start position:0% +the ponds + + + align:start position:0% +the ponds +very it's enormous in humans + + align:start position:0% +very it's enormous in humans + + + align:start position:0% +very it's enormous in humans +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and we've talked about some of the + + align:start position:0% +and we've talked about some of the + + + align:start position:0% +and we've talked about some of the +cranial nerves we've mentioned a number + + align:start position:0% +cranial nerves we've mentioned a number + + + align:start position:0% +cranial nerves we've mentioned a number +of them the one we put the most emphasis + + align:start position:0% +of them the one we put the most emphasis + + + align:start position:0% +of them the one we put the most emphasis +on the electrics was the fifth their + + align:start position:0% +on the electrics was the fifth their + + + align:start position:0% +on the electrics was the fifth their +trigeminal nerve + + align:start position:0% +trigeminal nerve + + + align:start position:0% +trigeminal nerve +you should review that a little bit so + + align:start position:0% +you should review that a little bit so + + + align:start position:0% +you should review that a little bit so +you know how to relate that to what we + + align:start position:0% +you know how to relate that to what we + + + align:start position:0% +you know how to relate that to what we +said about the spinal cord + + align:start position:0% +said about the spinal cord + + + align:start position:0% +said about the spinal cord +when we went into the midbrain i talked + + align:start position:0% +when we went into the midbrain i talked + + + align:start position:0% +when we went into the midbrain i talked +about the midbrain tectum + + align:start position:0% +about the midbrain tectum + + + align:start position:0% +about the midbrain tectum +superior and inferior gliculite + + align:start position:0% +superior and inferior gliculite + + + align:start position:0% +superior and inferior gliculite +you saw that in your dissections if you + + align:start position:0% +you saw that in your dissections if you + + + align:start position:0% +you saw that in your dissections if you +came + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +often anatomists talk about the + + align:start position:0% +often anatomists talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +often anatomists talk about the +tegmentum below the tectum + + align:start position:0% +tegmentum below the tectum + + + align:start position:0% +tegmentum below the tectum +actually both words have similar + + align:start position:0% +actually both words have similar + + + align:start position:0% +actually both words have similar +meanings tectum means the roof + + align:start position:0% +meanings tectum means the roof + + + align:start position:0% +meanings tectum means the roof +and tegmenta means the covering + + align:start position:0% +and tegmenta means the covering + + + align:start position:0% +and tegmenta means the covering +so i guess it's the covering of + + align:start position:0% +so i guess it's the covering of + + + align:start position:0% +so i guess it's the covering of +everything below the tectum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but it actually refers to that all that + + align:start position:0% +but it actually refers to that all that + + + align:start position:0% +but it actually refers to that all that +reticular formation and even the red + + align:start position:0% +reticular formation and even the red + + + align:start position:0% +reticular formation and even the red +nucleus + + align:start position:0% +nucleus + + + align:start position:0% +nucleus +down below + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay then the tween brain the + + align:start position:0% +okay then the tween brain the + + + align:start position:0% +okay then the tween brain the +diencephalon + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two major functional subdivisions that i + + align:start position:0% +two major functional subdivisions that i + + + align:start position:0% +two major functional subdivisions that i +used actually for midbrain also midbrain + + align:start position:0% +used actually for midbrain also midbrain + + + align:start position:0% +used actually for midbrain also midbrain +diencephalon and and brain okay midbrain + + align:start position:0% +diencephalon and and brain okay midbrain + + + align:start position:0% +diencephalon and and brain okay midbrain +between brain membrane the somatic and + + align:start position:0% +between brain membrane the somatic and + + + align:start position:0% +between brain membrane the somatic and +limbic portions + + align:start position:0% +limbic portions + + + align:start position:0% +limbic portions +and then we talk the major structural + + align:start position:0% +and then we talk the major structural + + + align:start position:0% +and then we talk the major structural +parts the two biggest ones the almost + + align:start position:0% +parts the two biggest ones the almost + + + align:start position:0% +parts the two biggest ones the almost +the hypothalamus + + align:start position:0% +the hypothalamus + + + align:start position:0% +the hypothalamus +and the smaller ones the epithalamus and + + align:start position:0% +and the smaller ones the epithalamus and + + + align:start position:0% +and the smaller ones the epithalamus and +subdoms + + align:start position:0% +subdoms + + + align:start position:0% +subdoms +okay and then the end brain + + align:start position:0% +okay and then the end brain + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then the end brain +you should know the difference between + + align:start position:0% +you should know the difference between + + + align:start position:0% +you should know the difference between +cerebral hemispheres and basal forebrain + + align:start position:0% +cerebral hemispheres and basal forebrain + + + align:start position:0% +cerebral hemispheres and basal forebrain +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +you get some help in the dissections + + align:start position:0% +you get some help in the dissections + + + align:start position:0% +you get some help in the dissections +also organs of two major pathways for + + align:start position:0% +also organs of two major pathways for + + + align:start position:0% +also organs of two major pathways for +descending axons and there's some + + align:start position:0% +descending axons and there's some + + + align:start position:0% +descending axons and there's some +ascending actions in those pathways also + + align:start position:0% +ascending actions in those pathways also + + + align:start position:0% +ascending actions in those pathways also +what are they they come from embryology + + align:start position:0% +what are they they come from embryology + + + align:start position:0% +what are they they come from embryology +lateral and medial forebrain bundles the + + align:start position:0% +lateral and medial forebrain bundles the + + + align:start position:0% +lateral and medial forebrain bundles the +medial forebrandal but medial for brain + + align:start position:0% +medial forebrandal but medial for brain + + + align:start position:0% +medial forebrandal but medial for brain +bundle is a commonly used term in + + align:start position:0% +bundle is a commonly used term in + + + align:start position:0% +bundle is a commonly used term in +anatomy lateral forebrain muscle is not + + align:start position:0% +anatomy lateral forebrain muscle is not + + + align:start position:0% +anatomy lateral forebrain muscle is not +instead they confuse you by giving it + + align:start position:0% +instead they confuse you by giving it + + + align:start position:0% +instead they confuse you by giving it +all kinds of different names at + + align:start position:0% +all kinds of different names at + + + align:start position:0% +all kinds of different names at +different parts + + align:start position:0% +different parts + + + align:start position:0% +different parts +different portions of the nervous system + + align:start position:0% +different portions of the nervous system + + + align:start position:0% +different portions of the nervous system +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +i say here other major pathways but + + align:start position:0% +i say here other major pathways but + + + align:start position:0% +i say here other major pathways but +actually this one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is part of the lateral forebrain bundle + + align:start position:0% +is part of the lateral forebrain bundle + + + align:start position:0% +is part of the lateral forebrain bundle +corticospinal corticopontine pathways + + align:start position:0% +corticospinal corticopontine pathways + + + align:start position:0% +corticospinal corticopontine pathways +corticospinal + + align:start position:0% +corticospinal + + + align:start position:0% +corticospinal +pathway actually goes to all levels of + + align:start position:0% +pathway actually goes to all levels of + + + align:start position:0% +pathway actually goes to all levels of +the cns descending pathways + + align:start position:0% +the cns descending pathways + + + align:start position:0% +the cns descending pathways +officially corticospinal of course is + + align:start position:0% +officially corticospinal of course is + + + align:start position:0% +officially corticospinal of course is +only those accents that make it all the + + align:start position:0% +only those accents that make it all the + + + align:start position:0% +only those accents that make it all the +way down to the court + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +i'm going to divide development up into + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to divide development up into + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to divide development up into +these stages + + align:start position:0% +these stages + + + align:start position:0% +these stages +the text does it slightly differently + + align:start position:0% +the text does it slightly differently + + + align:start position:0% +the text does it slightly differently +but we'll review that briefly we've + + align:start position:0% +but we'll review that briefly we've + + + align:start position:0% +but we'll review that briefly we've +mentioned neurolation already formation + + align:start position:0% +mentioned neurolation already formation + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned neurolation already formation +of the neural tube + + align:start position:0% +of the neural tube + + + align:start position:0% +of the neural tube +we've not talked much about the + + align:start position:0% +we've not talked much about the + + + align:start position:0% +we've not talked much about the +proliferation and the migration of cells + + align:start position:0% +proliferation and the migration of cells + + + align:start position:0% +proliferation and the migration of cells +i've mentioned migration + + align:start position:0% +i've mentioned migration + + + align:start position:0% +i've mentioned migration +but we'll talk about it more detail now + + align:start position:0% +but we'll talk about it more detail now + + + align:start position:0% +but we'll talk about it more detail now +and then we'll finally we'll talk about + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll finally we'll talk about + + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll finally we'll talk about +growth of the processes so the cells + + align:start position:0% +growth of the processes so the cells + + + align:start position:0% +growth of the processes so the cells +grow from their little neuroblast stage + + align:start position:0% +grow from their little neuroblast stage + + + align:start position:0% +grow from their little neuroblast stage +to where they look like mature neurons + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i should mention here that with + + align:start position:0% +i should mention here that with + + + align:start position:0% +i should mention here that with +differentiation + + align:start position:0% +differentiation + + + align:start position:0% +differentiation +we're going to talk mainly about + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk mainly about + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk mainly about +structural differentiation but in fact + + align:start position:0% +structural differentiation but in fact + + + align:start position:0% +structural differentiation but in fact +at the molecular level cells become + + align:start position:0% +at the molecular level cells become + + + align:start position:0% +at the molecular level cells become +determined to be a certain cell type + + align:start position:0% +determined to be a certain cell type + + + align:start position:0% +determined to be a certain cell type +earlier then they actually look + + align:start position:0% +earlier then they actually look + + + align:start position:0% +earlier then they actually look +different okay and we will mention that + + align:start position:0% +different okay and we will mention that + + + align:start position:0% +different okay and we will mention that +it's called determination of the cell + + align:start position:0% +it's called determination of the cell + + + align:start position:0% +it's called determination of the cell +okay this is the way the textbook and i + + align:start position:0% +okay this is the way the textbook and i + + + align:start position:0% +okay this is the way the textbook and i +presented just because i want you to + + align:start position:0% +presented just because i want you to + + + align:start position:0% +presented just because i want you to +realize there's different ways to divide + + align:start position:0% +realize there's different ways to divide + + + align:start position:0% +realize there's different ways to divide +up a + + align:start position:0% +up a + + + align:start position:0% +up a +time sequence + + align:start position:0% +time sequence + + + align:start position:0% +time sequence +you know they start there with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mitosis and neurogenesis well i start a + + align:start position:0% +mitosis and neurogenesis well i start a + + + align:start position:0% +mitosis and neurogenesis well i start a +little earlier in fact we'll even go + + align:start position:0% +little earlier in fact we'll even go + + + align:start position:0% +little earlier in fact we'll even go +back one stage earlier in the next few + + align:start position:0% +back one stage earlier in the next few + + + align:start position:0% +back one stage earlier in the next few +slides so you know what happens before + + align:start position:0% +slides so you know what happens before + + + align:start position:0% +slides so you know what happens before +there's neurallation + + align:start position:0% +there's neurallation + + + align:start position:0% +there's neurallation +okay what happens to that fertilized egg + + align:start position:0% +okay what happens to that fertilized egg + + + align:start position:0% +okay what happens to that fertilized egg +how does it get to the nervous system + + align:start position:0% +how does it get to the nervous system + + + align:start position:0% +how does it get to the nervous system +okay so here they start + + align:start position:0% +okay so here they start + + + align:start position:0% +okay so here they start +focusing on neural development they're + + align:start position:0% +focusing on neural development they're + + + align:start position:0% +focusing on neural development they're +just starting with mitosis after the + + align:start position:0% +just starting with mitosis after the + + + align:start position:0% +just starting with mitosis after the +neural tube is already formed + + align:start position:0% +neural tube is already formed + + + align:start position:0% +neural tube is already formed +okay and then + + align:start position:0% +okay and then + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then +migration + + align:start position:0% +migration + + + align:start position:0% +migration +and we're going to talk about different + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to talk about different + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to talk about different +kinds of migration + + align:start position:0% +kinds of migration + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of migration +and then what we call differentiation + + align:start position:0% +and then what we call differentiation + + + align:start position:0% +and then what we call differentiation +they have + + align:start position:0% +they have + + + align:start position:0% +they have +divided up here + + align:start position:0% +divided up here + + + align:start position:0% +divided up here +they're in talking just about the + + align:start position:0% +they're in talking just about the + + + align:start position:0% +they're in talking just about the +initial stages of growth processes and + + align:start position:0% +initial stages of growth processes and + + + align:start position:0% +initial stages of growth processes and +then he has synaptogenesis + + align:start position:0% +then he has synaptogenesis + + + align:start position:0% +then he has synaptogenesis +cell death synaptic rearrangement now + + align:start position:0% +cell death synaptic rearrangement now + + + align:start position:0% +cell death synaptic rearrangement now +all these things happen + + align:start position:0% +all these things happen + + + align:start position:0% +all these things happen +uh not in strict sequence + + align:start position:0% +uh not in strict sequence + + + align:start position:0% +uh not in strict sequence +okay and i will include them all as part + + align:start position:0% +okay and i will include them all as part + + + align:start position:0% +okay and i will include them all as part +of differentiation the nervous system + + align:start position:0% +of differentiation the nervous system + + + align:start position:0% +of differentiation the nervous system +okay now you remember this + + align:start position:0% +okay now you remember this + + + align:start position:0% +okay now you remember this +this picture + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because it's fun to look at we'll look + + align:start position:0% +because it's fun to look at we'll look + + + align:start position:0% +because it's fun to look at we'll look +at it again + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +before there's even an earl played + + align:start position:0% +before there's even an earl played + + + align:start position:0% +before there's even an earl played +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we talk about the gastrula and we're + + align:start position:0% +we talk about the gastrula and we're + + + align:start position:0% +we talk about the gastrula and we're +going to look at gastrulation but after + + align:start position:0% +going to look at gastrulation but after + + + align:start position:0% +going to look at gastrulation but after +the gastrul is formed + + align:start position:0% +the gastrul is formed + + + align:start position:0% +the gastrul is formed +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +by an invagination of the + + align:start position:0% +by an invagination of the + + + align:start position:0% +by an invagination of the +the blast heal the gastrula forms and + + align:start position:0% +the blast heal the gastrula forms and + + + align:start position:0% +the blast heal the gastrula forms and +then the neural plate appears you can't + + align:start position:0% +then the neural plate appears you can't + + + align:start position:0% +then the neural plate appears you can't +really see it here but + + align:start position:0% +really see it here but + + + align:start position:0% +really see it here but +that now you can begin to see it + + align:start position:0% +that now you can begin to see it + + + align:start position:0% +that now you can begin to see it +along the dorsal part of this one + + align:start position:0% +along the dorsal part of this one + + + align:start position:0% +along the dorsal part of this one +from there to there + + align:start position:0% +from there to there + + + align:start position:0% +from there to there +and then we see it form the neural tube + + align:start position:0% +and then we see it form the neural tube + + + align:start position:0% +and then we see it form the neural tube +and fold okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so now + + align:start position:0% +okay so now + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now +we're gonna go back + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna go back + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna go back +to the stage + + align:start position:0% +to the stage + + + align:start position:0% +to the stage +before + + align:start position:0% +before + + + align:start position:0% +before +the stages before neurolation just so + + align:start position:0% +the stages before neurolation just so + + + align:start position:0% +the stages before neurolation just so +you know what's going on + + align:start position:0% +you know what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +you know what's going on +these are sort of diagrammatic but + + align:start position:0% +these are sort of diagrammatic but + + + align:start position:0% +these are sort of diagrammatic but +they're showing you how you can + + align:start position:0% +they're showing you how you can + + + align:start position:0% +they're showing you how you can +cells have already become determined + + align:start position:0% +cells have already become determined + + + align:start position:0% +cells have already become determined +much earlier + + align:start position:0% +much earlier + + + align:start position:0% +much earlier +so what happens you get one cell first + + align:start position:0% +so what happens you get one cell first + + + align:start position:0% +so what happens you get one cell first +it becomes fertilized and starts + + align:start position:0% +it becomes fertilized and starts + + + align:start position:0% +it becomes fertilized and starts +dividing so it's two four eight and so + + align:start position:0% +dividing so it's two four eight and so + + + align:start position:0% +dividing so it's two four eight and so +forth + + align:start position:0% +forth + + + align:start position:0% +forth +you know that's the moral it's a + + align:start position:0% +you know that's the moral it's a + + + align:start position:0% +you know that's the moral it's a +raspberry + + align:start position:0% +raspberry + + + align:start position:0% +raspberry +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +it's a clump of cells okay but then + + align:start position:0% +it's a clump of cells okay but then + + + align:start position:0% +it's a clump of cells okay but then +the blastula forms it develops a hollow + + align:start position:0% +the blastula forms it develops a hollow + + + align:start position:0% +the blastula forms it develops a hollow +center fluid filled center + + align:start position:0% +center fluid filled center + + + align:start position:0% +center fluid filled center +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +that eventually becomes the + + align:start position:0% +that eventually becomes the + + + align:start position:0% +that eventually becomes the +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +will be incorporated as fluid of the + + align:start position:0% +will be incorporated as fluid of the + + + align:start position:0% +will be incorporated as fluid of the +ventricles of the cns as well as other + + align:start position:0% +ventricles of the cns as well as other + + + align:start position:0% +ventricles of the cns as well as other +things + + align:start position:0% +things + + + align:start position:0% +things +okay but so now we have here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the hollow ball + + align:start position:0% +the hollow ball + + + align:start position:0% +the hollow ball +and it has become determined that + + align:start position:0% +and it has become determined that + + + align:start position:0% +and it has become determined that +different parts of that surface + + align:start position:0% +different parts of that surface + + + align:start position:0% +different parts of that surface +will become different things + + align:start position:0% +will become different things + + + align:start position:0% +will become different things +okay this part here will become nervous + + align:start position:0% +okay this part here will become nervous + + + align:start position:0% +okay this part here will become nervous +system + + align:start position:0% +system + + + align:start position:0% +system +is starting to invaginate right there + + align:start position:0% +is starting to invaginate right there + + + align:start position:0% +is starting to invaginate right there +and here is the invagination and what + + align:start position:0% +and here is the invagination and what + + + align:start position:0% +and here is the invagination and what +happens is the cells flow into the + + align:start position:0% +happens is the cells flow into the + + + align:start position:0% +happens is the cells flow into the +interior + + align:start position:0% +interior + + + align:start position:0% +interior +okay and you get then the formation of + + align:start position:0% +okay and you get then the formation of + + + align:start position:0% +okay and you get then the formation of +the germ layers with gastrulation + + align:start position:0% +the germ layers with gastrulation + + + align:start position:0% +the germ layers with gastrulation +okay so you get + + align:start position:0% +okay so you get + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you get +the surface ectoderm layer + + align:start position:0% +the surface ectoderm layer + + + align:start position:0% +the surface ectoderm layer +the mesodermal layer where you get the + + align:start position:0% +the mesodermal layer where you get the + + + align:start position:0% +the mesodermal layer where you get the +the notochord forming + + align:start position:0% +the notochord forming + + + align:start position:0% +the notochord forming +and then + + align:start position:0% +and then + + + align:start position:0% +and then +the endoderm in the inside + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then we we've already looked at what + + align:start position:0% +and then we we've already looked at what + + + align:start position:0% +and then we we've already looked at what +happens to the gastro when the nervous + + align:start position:0% +happens to the gastro when the nervous + + + align:start position:0% +happens to the gastro when the nervous +system starts to form with the + + align:start position:0% +system starts to form with the + + + align:start position:0% +system starts to form with the +neurolation + + align:start position:0% +neurolation + + + align:start position:0% +neurolation +and this is the way they're diagrammatic + + align:start position:0% +and this is the way they're diagrammatic + + + align:start position:0% +and this is the way they're diagrammatic +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +diagramming it we've looked at that + + align:start position:0% +diagramming it we've looked at that + + + align:start position:0% +diagramming it we've looked at that +already + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so how does that happen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's been known a long time that + + align:start position:0% +it's been known a long time that + + + align:start position:0% +it's been known a long time that +the notochord region + + align:start position:0% +the notochord region + + + align:start position:0% +the notochord region +and even earlier the part of that + + align:start position:0% +and even earlier the part of that + + + align:start position:0% +and even earlier the part of that +gastrula that will form + + align:start position:0% +gastrula that will form + + + align:start position:0% +gastrula that will form +the notochord + + align:start position:0% +the notochord + + + align:start position:0% +the notochord +if you if you manipulate it in the + + align:start position:0% +if you if you manipulate it in the + + + align:start position:0% +if you if you manipulate it in the +developing embryo you will alter the + + align:start position:0% +developing embryo you will alter the + + + align:start position:0% +developing embryo you will alter the +development of the nervous system you + + align:start position:0% +development of the nervous system you + + + align:start position:0% +development of the nervous system you +can even get two nervous systems to form + + align:start position:0% +can even get two nervous systems to form + + + align:start position:0% +can even get two nervous systems to form +if you take part of it and put it at the + + align:start position:0% +if you take part of it and put it at the + + + align:start position:0% +if you take part of it and put it at the +other end you'll get two nervous systems + + align:start position:0% +other end you'll get two nervous systems + + + align:start position:0% +other end you'll get two nervous systems +and the reason is is the nervous system + + align:start position:0% +and the reason is is the nervous system + + + align:start position:0% +and the reason is is the nervous system +is induced by the nordic motor cord + + align:start position:0% +is induced by the nordic motor cord + + + align:start position:0% +is induced by the nordic motor cord +region + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +tom jessel and co-workers at columbia + + align:start position:0% +tom jessel and co-workers at columbia + + + align:start position:0% +tom jessel and co-workers at columbia +discovered some of the inducing + + align:start position:0% +discovered some of the inducing + + + align:start position:0% +discovered some of the inducing +molecules involved and then others were + + align:start position:0% +molecules involved and then others were + + + align:start position:0% +molecules involved and then others were +discovered too to play a role in later + + align:start position:0% +discovered too to play a role in later + + + align:start position:0% +discovered too to play a role in later +determination of the cells of the neural + + align:start position:0% +determination of the cells of the neural + + + align:start position:0% +determination of the cells of the neural +tube + + align:start position:0% +tube + + + align:start position:0% +tube +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so these are the terms you should + + align:start position:0% +so these are the terms you should + + + align:start position:0% +so these are the terms you should +already know + + align:start position:0% +already know + + + align:start position:0% +already know +formation of the neural plate the + + align:start position:0% +formation of the neural plate the + + + align:start position:0% +formation of the neural plate the +thickening of the ectoderm above the + + align:start position:0% +thickening of the ectoderm above the + + + align:start position:0% +thickening of the ectoderm above the +notochord + + align:start position:0% +notochord + + + align:start position:0% +notochord +and then we talk about the neural groove + + align:start position:0% +and then we talk about the neural groove + + + align:start position:0% +and then we talk about the neural groove +before + + align:start position:0% +before + + + align:start position:0% +before +the invagination is complete and it + + align:start position:0% +the invagination is complete and it + + + align:start position:0% +the invagination is complete and it +forms the tube and then you should also + + align:start position:0% +forms the tube and then you should also + + + align:start position:0% +forms the tube and then you should also +know the term narrow crest + + align:start position:0% +know the term narrow crest + + + align:start position:0% +know the term narrow crest +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so what we want to talk about now is + + align:start position:0% +so what we want to talk about now is + + + align:start position:0% +so what we want to talk about now is +let me + + align:start position:0% +let me + + + align:start position:0% +let me +get my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pen back here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we want to talk about molecules + + align:start position:0% +we want to talk about molecules + + + align:start position:0% +we want to talk about molecules +that come from the notochord here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that are influencing the overlying + + align:start position:0% +that are influencing the overlying + + + align:start position:0% +that are influencing the overlying +structure + + align:start position:0% +structure + + + align:start position:0% +structure +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and that continues to happen at this + + align:start position:0% +and that continues to happen at this + + + align:start position:0% +and that continues to happen at this +later stage + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and finally after the neural tube is + + align:start position:0% +and finally after the neural tube is + + + align:start position:0% +and finally after the neural tube is +formed so that we call that induction + + align:start position:0% +formed so that we call that induction + + + align:start position:0% +formed so that we call that induction +it's an influence of these molecules + + align:start position:0% +it's an influence of these molecules + + + align:start position:0% +it's an influence of these molecules +the molecule it's called sonic hedgehogs + + align:start position:0% +the molecule it's called sonic hedgehogs + + + align:start position:0% +the molecule it's called sonic hedgehogs +the most important one at the later + + align:start position:0% +the most important one at the later + + + align:start position:0% +the most important one at the later +stages that starts to be secreted also + + align:start position:0% +stages that starts to be secreted also + + + align:start position:0% +stages that starts to be secreted also +not only by the notochord here + + align:start position:0% +not only by the notochord here + + + align:start position:0% +not only by the notochord here +but by + + align:start position:0% +but by + + + align:start position:0% +but by +the floor plate + + align:start position:0% +the floor plate + + + align:start position:0% +the floor plate +this is going to become the floor plate + + align:start position:0% +this is going to become the floor plate + + + align:start position:0% +this is going to become the floor plate +these cells here they're the ones + + align:start position:0% +these cells here they're the ones + + + align:start position:0% +these cells here they're the ones +closest to the notochord + + align:start position:0% +closest to the notochord + + + align:start position:0% +closest to the notochord +so concentration of those molecules + + align:start position:0% +so concentration of those molecules + + + align:start position:0% +so concentration of those molecules +seems to make a difference + + align:start position:0% +seems to make a difference + + + align:start position:0% +seems to make a difference +okay this is the name of the + + align:start position:0% +okay this is the name of the + + + align:start position:0% +okay this is the name of the +the protein that was discovered to play + + align:start position:0% +the protein that was discovered to play + + + align:start position:0% +the protein that was discovered to play +a key role in that process since that + + align:start position:0% +a key role in that process since that + + + align:start position:0% +a key role in that process since that +time it's been discovered to play other + + align:start position:0% +time it's been discovered to play other + + + align:start position:0% +time it's been discovered to play other +roles in development as well + + align:start position:0% +roles in development as well + + + align:start position:0% +roles in development as well +it often happens + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then it was discovered that it has + + align:start position:0% +and then it was discovered that it has + + + align:start position:0% +and then it was discovered that it has +later effects it not only induces the + + align:start position:0% +later effects it not only induces the + + + align:start position:0% +later effects it not only induces the +formation of the nervous system so + + align:start position:0% +formation of the nervous system so + + + align:start position:0% +formation of the nervous system so +neuralation results but + + align:start position:0% +neuralation results but + + + align:start position:0% +neuralation results but +it also affects the later + + align:start position:0% +it also affects the later + + + align:start position:0% +it also affects the later +differentiation of the basal plate cells + + align:start position:0% +differentiation of the basal plate cells + + + align:start position:0% +differentiation of the basal plate cells +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then they discovered other factors + + align:start position:0% +and then they discovered other factors + + + align:start position:0% +and then they discovered other factors +and these are a couple of them the most + + align:start position:0% +and these are a couple of them the most + + + align:start position:0% +and these are a couple of them the most +important ones + + align:start position:0% +important ones + + + align:start position:0% +important ones +bmp four and seven one more for genetic + + align:start position:0% +bmp four and seven one more for genetic + + + align:start position:0% +bmp four and seven one more for genetic +protein because they were discovered + + align:start position:0% +protein because they were discovered + + + align:start position:0% +protein because they were discovered +play a role in bone development but they + + align:start position:0% +play a role in bone development but they + + + align:start position:0% +play a role in bone development but they +play a role in nervous system too and + + align:start position:0% +play a role in nervous system too and + + + align:start position:0% +play a role in nervous system too and +they're ectodermal factors + + align:start position:0% +they're ectodermal factors + + + align:start position:0% +they're ectodermal factors +so if we look at this again + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +first of all look up here + + align:start position:0% +first of all look up here + + + align:start position:0% +first of all look up here +which part is going to form + + align:start position:0% +which part is going to form + + + align:start position:0% +which part is going to form +the ailer plate and which part's going + + align:start position:0% +the ailer plate and which part's going + + + align:start position:0% +the ailer plate and which part's going +to form the basal plate well it's pretty + + align:start position:0% +to form the basal plate well it's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +to form the basal plate well it's pretty +clear if you look here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here's the division somewhere in here + + align:start position:0% +here's the division somewhere in here + + + align:start position:0% +here's the division somewhere in here +between + + align:start position:0% +between + + + align:start position:0% +between +ectoderm + + align:start position:0% +ectoderm + + + align:start position:0% +ectoderm +out here + + align:start position:0% +out here + + + align:start position:0% +out here +and cns + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +if this is going to become the ailer + + align:start position:0% +if this is going to become the ailer + + + align:start position:0% +if this is going to become the ailer +plate here the part that's not neural + + align:start position:0% +plate here the part that's not neural + + + align:start position:0% +plate here the part that's not neural +crest + + align:start position:0% +crest + + + align:start position:0% +crest +we'll + + align:start position:0% +we'll + + + align:start position:0% +we'll +color it green here + + align:start position:0% +color it green here + + + align:start position:0% +color it green here +that's how it develops okay so it + + align:start position:0% +that's how it develops okay so it + + + align:start position:0% +that's how it develops okay so it +started out right out here + + align:start position:0% +started out right out here + + + align:start position:0% +started out right out here +is the part of that neural + + align:start position:0% +is the part of that neural + + + align:start position:0% +is the part of that neural +plate that's nearest + + align:start position:0% +plate that's nearest + + + align:start position:0% +plate that's nearest +the ectoderm okay + + align:start position:0% +the ectoderm okay + + + align:start position:0% +the ectoderm okay +so bmp4 and seven + + align:start position:0% +so bmp4 and seven + + + align:start position:0% +so bmp4 and seven +okay are molecules that come from + + align:start position:0% +okay are molecules that come from + + + align:start position:0% +okay are molecules that come from +the ectoderm here + + align:start position:0% +the ectoderm here + + + align:start position:0% +the ectoderm here +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +diffuse into the + + align:start position:0% +diffuse into the + + + align:start position:0% +diffuse into the +adjacent part + + align:start position:0% +adjacent part + + + align:start position:0% +adjacent part +of the neural tube the adjacent part was + + align:start position:0% +of the neural tube the adjacent part was + + + align:start position:0% +of the neural tube the adjacent part was +the ailer plate region + + align:start position:0% +the ailer plate region + + + align:start position:0% +the ailer plate region +okay and that influences what cells are + + align:start position:0% +okay and that influences what cells are + + + align:start position:0% +okay and that influences what cells are +going to become + + align:start position:0% +going to become + + + align:start position:0% +going to become +okay whereas + + align:start position:0% +okay whereas + + + align:start position:0% +okay whereas +sonic hedgehog remember now at this + + align:start position:0% +sonic hedgehog remember now at this + + + align:start position:0% +sonic hedgehog remember now at this +stage it's being secreted by the floor + + align:start position:0% +stage it's being secreted by the floor + + + align:start position:0% +stage it's being secreted by the floor +plate cells + + align:start position:0% +plate cells + + + align:start position:0% +plate cells +and those molecules are diffusing this + + align:start position:0% +and those molecules are diffusing this + + + align:start position:0% +and those molecules are diffusing this +way and they're influencing the + + align:start position:0% +way and they're influencing the + + + align:start position:0% +way and they're influencing the +differentiation of the basal plate + + align:start position:0% +differentiation of the basal plate + + + align:start position:0% +differentiation of the basal plate +and where it's most concentrated + + align:start position:0% +and where it's most concentrated + + + align:start position:0% +and where it's most concentrated +you get more neurons where it's less + + align:start position:0% +you get more neurons where it's less + + + align:start position:0% +you get more neurons where it's less +concentrated you get into neurons at + + align:start position:0% +concentrated you get into neurons at + + + align:start position:0% +concentrated you get into neurons at +least that's the theory + + align:start position:0% +least that's the theory + + + align:start position:0% +least that's the theory +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +we'll look at this one again too just so + + align:start position:0% +we'll look at this one again too just so + + + align:start position:0% +we'll look at this one again too just so +i can + + align:start position:0% +i can + + + align:start position:0% +i can +explain a little more of that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there it is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so just look up here + + align:start position:0% +okay so just look up here + + + align:start position:0% +okay so just look up here +in the upper right + + align:start position:0% +in the upper right + + + align:start position:0% +in the upper right +so here you see + + align:start position:0% +so here you see + + + align:start position:0% +so here you see +well this is all going on + + align:start position:0% +well this is all going on + + + align:start position:0% +well this is all going on +these inducing molecules are exerting + + align:start position:0% +these inducing molecules are exerting + + + align:start position:0% +these inducing molecules are exerting +their influence + + align:start position:0% +their influence + + + align:start position:0% +their influence +the bmp4 and seven are flowing into this + + align:start position:0% +the bmp4 and seven are flowing into this + + + align:start position:0% +the bmp4 and seven are flowing into this +and sonic hedgehog is + + align:start position:0% +and sonic hedgehog is + + + align:start position:0% +and sonic hedgehog is +influencing this by now the neural tube + + align:start position:0% +influencing this by now the neural tube + + + align:start position:0% +influencing this by now the neural tube +is closing and the floor plate is + + align:start position:0% +is closing and the floor plate is + + + align:start position:0% +is closing and the floor plate is +starting to secrete + + align:start position:0% +starting to secrete + + + align:start position:0% +starting to secrete +well this + + align:start position:0% +well this + + + align:start position:0% +well this +so that's all happening before the + + align:start position:0% +so that's all happening before the + + + align:start position:0% +so that's all happening before the +neural tube is closed you see here it's + + align:start position:0% +neural tube is closed you see here it's + + + align:start position:0% +neural tube is closed you see here it's +not closed yet at the caudal end and at + + align:start position:0% +not closed yet at the caudal end and at + + + align:start position:0% +not closed yet at the caudal end and at +the roster line + + align:start position:0% +the roster line + + + align:start position:0% +the roster line +all these kinds of things are happening + + align:start position:0% +all these kinds of things are happening + + + align:start position:0% +all these kinds of things are happening +at all these levels but they happen + + align:start position:0% +at all these levels but they happen + + + align:start position:0% +at all these levels but they happen +slightly different times the earliest + + align:start position:0% +slightly different times the earliest + + + align:start position:0% +slightly different times the earliest +part of the nervous system to develop + + align:start position:0% +part of the nervous system to develop + + + align:start position:0% +part of the nervous system to develop +is this region + + align:start position:0% +is this region + + + align:start position:0% +is this region +corresponds to the cervical spinal cord + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to the cervical spinal cord + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to the cervical spinal cord +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +that's the earliest part of the nervous + + align:start position:0% +that's the earliest part of the nervous + + + align:start position:0% +that's the earliest part of the nervous +system develop and then it develops + + align:start position:0% +system develop and then it develops + + + align:start position:0% +system develop and then it develops +excessively more cautiously + + align:start position:0% +excessively more cautiously + + + align:start position:0% +excessively more cautiously +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +the last part of the narrow tube to + + align:start position:0% +the last part of the narrow tube to + + + align:start position:0% +the last part of the narrow tube to +close + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is up here in the brain region but + + align:start position:0% +is up here in the brain region but + + + align:start position:0% +is up here in the brain region but +almost at the same time it closes at the + + align:start position:0% +almost at the same time it closes at the + + + align:start position:0% +almost at the same time it closes at the +cloud + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so now we're going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +so now we're going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +so now we're going to talk about +proliferation + + align:start position:0% +proliferation + + + align:start position:0% +proliferation +we've got the nervousness the basic form + + align:start position:0% +we've got the nervousness the basic form + + + align:start position:0% +we've got the nervousness the basic form +of the nervous system now of all the + + align:start position:0% +of the nervous system now of all the + + + align:start position:0% +of the nervous system now of all the +chordates we've got a neural tube + + align:start position:0% +chordates we've got a neural tube + + + align:start position:0% +chordates we've got a neural tube +it's one cell thick + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what is the tube and it is now separate + + align:start position:0% +what is the tube and it is now separate + + + align:start position:0% +what is the tube and it is now separate +from all the periphery + + align:start position:0% +from all the periphery + + + align:start position:0% +from all the periphery +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so now what happens to it + + align:start position:0% +so now what happens to it + + + align:start position:0% +so now what happens to it +well the neural tube is going to get + + align:start position:0% +well the neural tube is going to get + + + align:start position:0% +well the neural tube is going to get +thicker the walls are going to get + + align:start position:0% +thicker the walls are going to get + + + align:start position:0% +thicker the walls are going to get +thicker we saw we've been you've seen + + align:start position:0% +thicker we saw we've been you've seen + + + align:start position:0% +thicker we saw we've been you've seen +that in the pictures of the + + align:start position:0% +that in the pictures of the + + + align:start position:0% +that in the pictures of the +developing spinal cord + + align:start position:0% +developing spinal cord + + + align:start position:0% +developing spinal cord +the mitosis always happen + + align:start position:0% +the mitosis always happen + + + align:start position:0% +the mitosis always happen +in the spinal cord at least adjacent to + + align:start position:0% +in the spinal cord at least adjacent to + + + align:start position:0% +in the spinal cord at least adjacent to +the ventricle that's not true for all + + align:start position:0% +the ventricle that's not true for all + + + align:start position:0% +the ventricle that's not true for all +parts of the cns but actually in all + + align:start position:0% +parts of the cns but actually in all + + + align:start position:0% +parts of the cns but actually in all +parts there are always mitoses adjacent + + align:start position:0% +parts there are always mitoses adjacent + + + align:start position:0% +parts there are always mitoses adjacent +to the ventricle it's just that there's + + align:start position:0% +to the ventricle it's just that there's + + + align:start position:0% +to the ventricle it's just that there's +other more specialized regions where it + + align:start position:0% +other more specialized regions where it + + + align:start position:0% +other more specialized regions where it +also takes place and we'll talk about + + align:start position:0% +also takes place and we'll talk about + + + align:start position:0% +also takes place and we'll talk about +some of those + + align:start position:0% +some of those + + + align:start position:0% +some of those +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and because of that we call the + + align:start position:0% +and because of that we call the + + + align:start position:0% +and because of that we call the +ventricular layer the matrix + + align:start position:0% +ventricular layer the matrix + + + align:start position:0% +ventricular layer the matrix +layer okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this term the matrix + + align:start position:0% +this term the matrix + + + align:start position:0% +this term the matrix +which means womb or mother okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but in fact + + align:start position:0% +but in fact + + + align:start position:0% +but in fact +the terms ventricular layer intermediate + + align:start position:0% +the terms ventricular layer intermediate + + + align:start position:0% +the terms ventricular layer intermediate +layer and + + align:start position:0% +layer and + + + align:start position:0% +layer and +uh marginal layer weren't the initial + + align:start position:0% +uh marginal layer weren't the initial + + + align:start position:0% +uh marginal layer weren't the initial +terms used in embryology but then there + + align:start position:0% +terms used in embryology but then there + + + align:start position:0% +terms used in embryology but then there +was too much of a proliferation of terms + + align:start position:0% +was too much of a proliferation of terms + + + align:start position:0% +was too much of a proliferation of terms +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +in about 1970 a group met a group of + + align:start position:0% +in about 1970 a group met a group of + + + align:start position:0% +in about 1970 a group met a group of +embryologists and tried to simplify it + + align:start position:0% +embryologists and tried to simplify it + + + align:start position:0% +embryologists and tried to simplify it +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +some of the old terms are still very + + align:start position:0% +some of the old terms are still very + + + align:start position:0% +some of the old terms are still very +useful because they're very descriptive + + align:start position:0% +useful because they're very descriptive + + + align:start position:0% +useful because they're very descriptive +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so when mitosis occur we talk about two + + align:start position:0% +so when mitosis occur we talk about two + + + align:start position:0% +so when mitosis occur we talk about two +kinds of cell division + + align:start position:0% +kinds of cell division + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of cell division +symmetric cell division + + align:start position:0% +symmetric cell division + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric cell division +and asymmetric cell division + + align:start position:0% +and asymmetric cell division + + + align:start position:0% +and asymmetric cell division +symmetric cell division + + align:start position:0% +symmetric cell division + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric cell division +is when two daughter cells are formed + + align:start position:0% +is when two daughter cells are formed + + + align:start position:0% +is when two daughter cells are formed +but they both stay stem cells they're + + align:start position:0% +but they both stay stem cells they're + + + align:start position:0% +but they both stay stem cells they're +both still going to + + align:start position:0% +both still going to + + + align:start position:0% +both still going to +undergo mitosis + + align:start position:0% +undergo mitosis + + + align:start position:0% +undergo mitosis +okay whereas in asymmetric cell division + + align:start position:0% +okay whereas in asymmetric cell division + + + align:start position:0% +okay whereas in asymmetric cell division +one of them + + align:start position:0% +one of them + + + align:start position:0% +one of them +becomes post-mitotic + + align:start position:0% +becomes post-mitotic + + + align:start position:0% +becomes post-mitotic +and migrates away + + align:start position:0% +and migrates away + + + align:start position:0% +and migrates away +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +the other one remains a stem cell + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now let's look at some alcohol pictures + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +he was looking at golgi stands at the + + align:start position:0% +he was looking at golgi stands at the + + + align:start position:0% +he was looking at golgi stands at the +wall of the neural tube + + align:start position:0% +wall of the neural tube + + + align:start position:0% +wall of the neural tube +in those early stages where the neural + + align:start position:0% +in those early stages where the neural + + + align:start position:0% +in those early stages where the neural +tube was just starting to thicken okay + + align:start position:0% +tube was just starting to thicken okay + + + align:start position:0% +tube was just starting to thicken okay +he saw something very interesting he saw + + align:start position:0% +he saw something very interesting he saw + + + align:start position:0% +he saw something very interesting he saw +that all the cells + + align:start position:0% +that all the cells + + + align:start position:0% +that all the cells +for most of them not all of them + + align:start position:0% +for most of them not all of them + + + align:start position:0% +for most of them not all of them +many of them were like + + align:start position:0% +many of them were like + + + align:start position:0% +many of them were like +these three cells here + + align:start position:0% +these three cells here + + + align:start position:0% +these three cells here +they are attached the ventricular layer + + align:start position:0% +they are attached the ventricular layer + + + align:start position:0% +they are attached the ventricular layer +and to the peel layer okay here's the + + align:start position:0% +and to the peel layer okay here's the + + + align:start position:0% +and to the peel layer okay here's the +pia + + align:start position:0% +pia + + + align:start position:0% +pia +here's the ventricle + + align:start position:0% +here's the ventricle + + + align:start position:0% +here's the ventricle +okay so we're looking at the wall of the + + align:start position:0% +okay so we're looking at the wall of the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we're looking at the wall of the +tube + + align:start position:0% +tube + + + align:start position:0% +tube +and many many cells have these + + align:start position:0% +and many many cells have these + + + align:start position:0% +and many many cells have these +attachments + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so here we're outside the brain + + align:start position:0% +so here we're outside the brain + + + align:start position:0% +so here we're outside the brain +when we're above the pia + + align:start position:0% +when we're above the pia + + + align:start position:0% +when we're above the pia +that's where you would have + + align:start position:0% +that's where you would have + + + align:start position:0% +that's where you would have +the brain would be surrounded by spinal + + align:start position:0% +the brain would be surrounded by spinal + + + align:start position:0% +the brain would be surrounded by spinal +fluid + + align:start position:0% +fluid + + + align:start position:0% +fluid +and here you're in the ventricle where + + align:start position:0% +and here you're in the ventricle where + + + align:start position:0% +and here you're in the ventricle where +you have + + align:start position:0% +you have + + + align:start position:0% +you have +cerebral spinal fluid + + align:start position:0% +cerebral spinal fluid + + + align:start position:0% +cerebral spinal fluid +why is it the same + + align:start position:0% +why is it the same + + + align:start position:0% +why is it the same +because the cervical spinal fluid is + + align:start position:0% +because the cervical spinal fluid is + + + align:start position:0% +because the cervical spinal fluid is +made + + align:start position:0% +made + + + align:start position:0% +made +by some of you are at the dissections + + align:start position:0% +by some of you are at the dissections + + + align:start position:0% +by some of you are at the dissections +what makes the circle spinal fluid + + align:start position:0% +what makes the circle spinal fluid + + + align:start position:0% +what makes the circle spinal fluid +any of you remember + + align:start position:0% +any of you remember + + + align:start position:0% +any of you remember +remember that dark stuff that was + + align:start position:0% +remember that dark stuff that was + + + align:start position:0% +remember that dark stuff that was +you found in the ventricles + + align:start position:0% +you found in the ventricles + + + align:start position:0% +you found in the ventricles +the chloride plexus + + align:start position:0% +the chloride plexus + + + align:start position:0% +the chloride plexus +a few of you were starting to say it + + align:start position:0% +a few of you were starting to say it + + + align:start position:0% +a few of you were starting to say it +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +a specialized ventricular layer cells + + align:start position:0% +a specialized ventricular layer cells + + + align:start position:0% +a specialized ventricular layer cells +that make the chloride plexus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and that has that also gets out through + + align:start position:0% +and that has that also gets out through + + + align:start position:0% +and that has that also gets out through +special openings at the level of the + + align:start position:0% +special openings at the level of the + + + align:start position:0% +special openings at the level of the +cerebellum in the + + align:start position:0% +cerebellum in the + + + align:start position:0% +cerebellum in the +in the roof plate in the cerebellar + + align:start position:0% +in the roof plate in the cerebellar + + + align:start position:0% +in the roof plate in the cerebellar +region and and it surrounds the brain it + + align:start position:0% +region and and it surrounds the brain it + + + align:start position:0% +region and and it surrounds the brain it +flows underneath the + + align:start position:0% +flows underneath the + + + align:start position:0% +flows underneath the +the arachnoid + + align:start position:0% +the arachnoid + + + align:start position:0% +the arachnoid +and the part it's actually all subdural + + align:start position:0% +and the part it's actually all subdural + + + align:start position:0% +and the part it's actually all subdural +in the ira i'm in among the arachnoid + + align:start position:0% +in the ira i'm in among the arachnoid + + + align:start position:0% +in the ira i'm in among the arachnoid +membranes okay + + align:start position:0% +membranes okay + + + align:start position:0% +membranes okay +let's look at + + align:start position:0% +let's look at + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at +this neural tube is one cell + + align:start position:0% +this neural tube is one cell + + + align:start position:0% +this neural tube is one cell +but the cell bodies can be located at + + align:start position:0% +but the cell bodies can be located at + + + align:start position:0% +but the cell bodies can be located at +various place places okay we will have + + align:start position:0% +various place places okay we will have + + + align:start position:0% +various place places okay we will have +some cells that are attached here and + + align:start position:0% +some cells that are attached here and + + + align:start position:0% +some cells that are attached here and +the cell body will be out here okay but + + align:start position:0% +the cell body will be out here okay but + + + align:start position:0% +the cell body will be out here okay but +then it's still attached here + + align:start position:0% +then it's still attached here + + + align:start position:0% +then it's still attached here +you know other cells + + align:start position:0% +you know other cells + + + align:start position:0% +you know other cells +cell body will be here + + align:start position:0% +cell body will be here + + + align:start position:0% +cell body will be here +it's still attached here now some of + + align:start position:0% +it's still attached here now some of + + + align:start position:0% +it's still attached here now some of +them like these here + + align:start position:0% +them like these here + + + align:start position:0% +them like these here +have an attachment only to the + + align:start position:0% +have an attachment only to the + + + align:start position:0% +have an attachment only to the +ventricular liquid + + align:start position:0% +ventricular liquid + + + align:start position:0% +ventricular liquid +either they're differentiating and + + align:start position:0% +either they're differentiating and + + + align:start position:0% +either they're differentiating and +becoming ventricular cells or and most + + align:start position:0% +becoming ventricular cells or and most + + + align:start position:0% +becoming ventricular cells or and most +of them this is true for they're + + align:start position:0% +of them this is true for they're + + + align:start position:0% +of them this is true for they're +undergoing + + align:start position:0% +undergoing + + + align:start position:0% +undergoing +mitosis + + align:start position:0% +mitosis + + + align:start position:0% +mitosis +okay they're in the proliferative stage + + align:start position:0% +okay they're in the proliferative stage + + + align:start position:0% +okay they're in the proliferative stage +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so because it's still one cell thick + + align:start position:0% +so because it's still one cell thick + + + align:start position:0% +so because it's still one cell thick +we call it a pseudostratified epithelium + + align:start position:0% +we call it a pseudostratified epithelium + + + align:start position:0% +we call it a pseudostratified epithelium +because you can see layers in it + + align:start position:0% +because you can see layers in it + + + align:start position:0% +because you can see layers in it +many more the cells are bunched up + + align:start position:0% +many more the cells are bunched up + + + align:start position:0% +many more the cells are bunched up +towards the ventricle a few cells in the + + align:start position:0% +towards the ventricle a few cells in the + + + align:start position:0% +towards the ventricle a few cells in the +outside cell bodies + + align:start position:0% +outside cell bodies + + + align:start position:0% +outside cell bodies +but in fact this cells most of them + + align:start position:0% +but in fact this cells most of them + + + align:start position:0% +but in fact this cells most of them +stretch between the + + align:start position:0% +stretch between the + + + align:start position:0% +stretch between the +two margins of the nervous system + + align:start position:0% +two margins of the nervous system + + + align:start position:0% +two margins of the nervous system +so the cell nucleus is moving within + + align:start position:0% +so the cell nucleus is moving within + + + align:start position:0% +so the cell nucleus is moving within +that elongated cell + + align:start position:0% +that elongated cell + + + align:start position:0% +that elongated cell +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +cells that kahal saw as frozen + + align:start position:0% +cells that kahal saw as frozen + + + align:start position:0% +cells that kahal saw as frozen +because he was looking at golgi + + align:start position:0% +because he was looking at golgi + + + align:start position:0% +because he was looking at golgi +we know now + + align:start position:0% +we know now + + + align:start position:0% +we know now +that that nucleus can move + + align:start position:0% +that that nucleus can move + + + align:start position:0% +that that nucleus can move +the fact that he saw two here doesn't + + align:start position:0% +the fact that he saw two here doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that he saw two here doesn't +mean too much he might have been + + align:start position:0% +mean too much he might have been + + + align:start position:0% +mean too much he might have been +staining two together and he couldn't + + align:start position:0% +staining two together and he couldn't + + + align:start position:0% +staining two together and he couldn't +differentiate them most of them in fact + + align:start position:0% +differentiate them most of them in fact + + + align:start position:0% +differentiate them most of them in fact +have only one nucleus but that nucleus + + align:start position:0% +have only one nucleus but that nucleus + + + align:start position:0% +have only one nucleus but that nucleus +can move + + align:start position:0% +can move + + + align:start position:0% +can move +okay and + + align:start position:0% +okay and + + + align:start position:0% +okay and +it moves + + align:start position:0% +it moves + + + align:start position:0% +it moves +during the steps of cell division + + align:start position:0% +during the steps of cell division + + + align:start position:0% +during the steps of cell division +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +during mitosis + + align:start position:0% +during mitosis + + + align:start position:0% +during mitosis +but then it moves more + + align:start position:0% +but then it moves more + + + align:start position:0% +but then it moves more +further away from the ventricle when you + + align:start position:0% +further away from the ventricle when you + + + align:start position:0% +further away from the ventricle when you +get migration but it's still moving + + align:start position:0% +get migration but it's still moving + + + align:start position:0% +get migration but it's still moving +within + + align:start position:0% +within + + + align:start position:0% +within +that process + + align:start position:0% +that process + + + align:start position:0% +that process +that elongated process + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and that's we call migration so the + + align:start position:0% +and that's we call migration so the + + + align:start position:0% +and that's we call migration so the +first type of migration is simply + + align:start position:0% +first type of migration is simply + + + align:start position:0% +first type of migration is simply +translocation of the nucleus + + align:start position:0% +translocation of the nucleus + + + align:start position:0% +translocation of the nucleus +and that seems to be the major part type + + align:start position:0% +and that seems to be the major part type + + + align:start position:0% +and that seems to be the major part type +in the spinal cord + + align:start position:0% +in the spinal cord + + + align:start position:0% +in the spinal cord +but we know in other parts of the + + align:start position:0% +but we know in other parts of the + + + align:start position:0% +but we know in other parts of the +nervous system migration can + + align:start position:0% +nervous system migration can + + + align:start position:0% +nervous system migration can +it can lose the attachments + + align:start position:0% +it can lose the attachments + + + align:start position:0% +it can lose the attachments +to the ventricular layer and the peel + + align:start position:0% +to the ventricular layer and the peel + + + align:start position:0% +to the ventricular layer and the peel +layer and be guided along + + align:start position:0% +layer and be guided along + + + align:start position:0% +layer and be guided along +processes that haven't lost them + + align:start position:0% +processes that haven't lost them + + + align:start position:0% +processes that haven't lost them +so in other words if we go back to the + + align:start position:0% +so in other words if we go back to the + + + align:start position:0% +so in other words if we go back to the +cajol picture when you get to the + + align:start position:0% +cajol picture when you get to the + + + align:start position:0% +cajol picture when you get to the +up in the cortex + + align:start position:0% +up in the cortex + + + align:start position:0% +up in the cortex +this might this cell here might might be + + align:start position:0% +this might this cell here might might be + + + align:start position:0% +this might this cell here might might be +a glial cell but then there's little + + align:start position:0% +a glial cell but then there's little + + + align:start position:0% +a glial cell but then there's little +neurons + + align:start position:0% +neurons + + + align:start position:0% +neurons +moving along it there might be many of + + align:start position:0% +moving along it there might be many of + + + align:start position:0% +moving along it there might be many of +them moving along the same one + + align:start position:0% +them moving along the same one + + + align:start position:0% +them moving along the same one +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +in every one you see the nucleus + + align:start position:0% +in every one you see the nucleus + + + align:start position:0% +in every one you see the nucleus +sorry i hit the button there and erased + + align:start position:0% +sorry i hit the button there and erased + + + align:start position:0% +sorry i hit the button there and erased +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +and these cells are moving this way + + align:start position:0% +and these cells are moving this way + + + align:start position:0% +and these cells are moving this way +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +that's glial guidance it doesn't happen + + align:start position:0% +that's glial guidance it doesn't happen + + + align:start position:0% +that's glial guidance it doesn't happen +much in the spinal cords + + align:start position:0% +much in the spinal cords + + + align:start position:0% +much in the spinal cords +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +but in every case the nucleus is still + + align:start position:0% +but in every case the nucleus is still + + + align:start position:0% +but in every case the nucleus is still +moving through a process + + align:start position:0% +moving through a process + + + align:start position:0% +moving through a process +but in the case of + + align:start position:0% +but in the case of + + + align:start position:0% +but in the case of +the migrating cells in the cortex + + align:start position:0% +the migrating cells in the cortex + + + align:start position:0% +the migrating cells in the cortex +the process is extending + + align:start position:0% +the process is extending + + + align:start position:0% +the process is extending +up towards the surface + + align:start position:0% +up towards the surface + + + align:start position:0% +up towards the surface +and it's withdrawing its process + + align:start position:0% +and it's withdrawing its process + + + align:start position:0% +and it's withdrawing its process +behind and then the nucleus is moving + + align:start position:0% +behind and then the nucleus is moving + + + align:start position:0% +behind and then the nucleus is moving +so the actual mechanics of movement are + + align:start position:0% +so the actual mechanics of movement are + + + align:start position:0% +so the actual mechanics of movement are +pretty similar + + align:start position:0% +pretty similar + + + align:start position:0% +pretty similar +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +in some cases there's other kinds of + + align:start position:0% +in some cases there's other kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +in some cases there's other kinds of +migration like in the formation of the + + align:start position:0% +migration like in the formation of the + + + align:start position:0% +migration like in the formation of the +cerebellum + + align:start position:0% +cerebellum + + + align:start position:0% +cerebellum +there's + + align:start position:0% +there's + + + align:start position:0% +there's +cells can move laterally also they + + align:start position:0% +cells can move laterally also they + + + align:start position:0% +cells can move laterally also they +generally move along some guiding + + align:start position:0% +generally move along some guiding + + + align:start position:0% +generally move along some guiding +substrate + + align:start position:0% +substrate + + + align:start position:0% +substrate +usually glial cells form that substrate + + align:start position:0% +usually glial cells form that substrate + + + align:start position:0% +usually glial cells form that substrate +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so here now let's just look at a few of + + align:start position:0% +so here now let's just look at a few of + + + align:start position:0% +so here now let's just look at a few of +these stages of in kahal's picture + + align:start position:0% +these stages of in kahal's picture + + + align:start position:0% +these stages of in kahal's picture +he calls it the neuroepithelium well + + align:start position:0% +he calls it the neuroepithelium well + + + align:start position:0% +he calls it the neuroepithelium well +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +part of the surface layer of the body + + align:start position:0% +part of the surface layer of the body + + + align:start position:0% +part of the surface layer of the body +it's an epithelial layer we know the + + align:start position:0% +it's an epithelial layer we know the + + + align:start position:0% +it's an epithelial layer we know the +nervous system form that way now we call + + align:start position:0% +nervous system form that way now we call + + + align:start position:0% +nervous system form that way now we call +it the neural epithelium it's still one + + align:start position:0% +it the neural epithelium it's still one + + + align:start position:0% +it the neural epithelium it's still one +cell thick almost almost every cell he's + + align:start position:0% +cell thick almost almost every cell he's + + + align:start position:0% +cell thick almost almost every cell he's +drawn here have the connection + + align:start position:0% +drawn here have the connection + + + align:start position:0% +drawn here have the connection +but you see + + align:start position:0% +but you see + + + align:start position:0% +but you see +here for example the cell body is way + + align:start position:0% +here for example the cell body is way + + + align:start position:0% +here for example the cell body is way +out here the cell bodies next to the + + align:start position:0% +out here the cell bodies next to the + + + align:start position:0% +out here the cell bodies next to the +ventricle + + align:start position:0% +ventricle + + + align:start position:0% +ventricle +and you see how different they look at + + align:start position:0% +and you see how different they look at + + + align:start position:0% +and you see how different they look at +the floor plate or north plate okay + + align:start position:0% +the floor plate or north plate okay + + + align:start position:0% +the floor plate or north plate okay +but now in other remember the golgi + + align:start position:0% +but now in other remember the golgi + + + align:start position:0% +but now in other remember the golgi +stain is sort of somewhat selective and + + align:start position:0% +stain is sort of somewhat selective and + + + align:start position:0% +stain is sort of somewhat selective and +you can't always predict how it will + + align:start position:0% +you can't always predict how it will + + + align:start position:0% +you can't always predict how it will +stand so in other + + align:start position:0% +stand so in other + + + align:start position:0% +stand so in other +chicks + + align:start position:0% +chicks + + + align:start position:0% +chicks +day three + + align:start position:0% +day three + + + align:start position:0% +day three +he saw this + + align:start position:0% +he saw this + + + align:start position:0% +he saw this +he saw that already + + align:start position:0% +he saw that already + + + align:start position:0% +he saw that already +when all the cells seemed to have the + + align:start position:0% +when all the cells seemed to have the + + + align:start position:0% +when all the cells seemed to have the +connect be elongated like this some of + + align:start position:0% +connect be elongated like this some of + + + align:start position:0% +connect be elongated like this some of +them were also differentiating + + align:start position:0% +them were also differentiating + + + align:start position:0% +them were also differentiating +further + + align:start position:0% +further + + + align:start position:0% +further +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +most interesting was is that some of the + + align:start position:0% +most interesting was is that some of the + + + align:start position:0% +most interesting was is that some of the +ones in the basal plate region here + + align:start position:0% +ones in the basal plate region here + + + align:start position:0% +ones in the basal plate region here +we're sending axons out okay + + align:start position:0% +we're sending axons out okay + + + align:start position:0% +we're sending axons out okay +they're becoming motor neurons okay + + align:start position:0% +they're becoming motor neurons okay + + + align:start position:0% +they're becoming motor neurons okay +so differentiation can start when the + + align:start position:0% +so differentiation can start when the + + + align:start position:0% +so differentiation can start when the +cell still has those + + align:start position:0% +cell still has those + + + align:start position:0% +cell still has those +primitive + + align:start position:0% +primitive + + + align:start position:0% +primitive +connections to the pia and to the + + align:start position:0% +connections to the pia and to the + + + align:start position:0% +connections to the pia and to the +ventricular surface + + align:start position:0% +ventricular surface + + + align:start position:0% +ventricular surface +he's also showing a few accents + + align:start position:0% +he's also showing a few accents + + + align:start position:0% +he's also showing a few accents +growing in + + align:start position:0% +growing in + + + align:start position:0% +growing in +from the dorsal root ganglion there + + align:start position:0% +from the dorsal root ganglion there + + + align:start position:0% +from the dorsal root ganglion there +and others that are simply extending + + align:start position:0% +and others that are simply extending + + + align:start position:0% +and others that are simply extending +processes within the cord + + align:start position:0% +processes within the cord + + + align:start position:0% +processes within the cord +okay those would be interneurons in the + + align:start position:0% +okay those would be interneurons in the + + + align:start position:0% +okay those would be interneurons in the +court they might + + align:start position:0% +court they might + + + align:start position:0% +court they might +they would be going to other parts of + + align:start position:0% +they would be going to other parts of + + + align:start position:0% +they would be going to other parts of +the spinal cord + + align:start position:0% +the spinal cord + + + align:start position:0% +the spinal cord +for example + + align:start position:0% +for example + + + align:start position:0% +for example +here's one this is the growth cone + + align:start position:0% +here's one this is the growth cone + + + align:start position:0% +here's one this is the growth cone +the cell body is way up here someplace + + align:start position:0% +the cell body is way up here someplace + + + align:start position:0% +the cell body is way up here someplace +and it's grown to the + + align:start position:0% +and it's grown to the + + + align:start position:0% +and it's grown to the +towards the midline there on the floor + + align:start position:0% +towards the midline there on the floor + + + align:start position:0% +towards the midline there on the floor +plate it's going to cross over to the + + align:start position:0% +plate it's going to cross over to the + + + align:start position:0% +plate it's going to cross over to the +other side so that might be a developing + + align:start position:0% +other side so that might be a developing + + + align:start position:0% +other side so that might be a developing +spinal thalamic tract accident + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so now + + align:start position:0% +okay so now + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now +as it's getting thicker and thicker + + align:start position:0% +as it's getting thicker and thicker + + + align:start position:0% +as it's getting thicker and thicker +here's another two days later + + align:start position:0% +here's another two days later + + + align:start position:0% +here's another two days later +this would take a little longer than a + + align:start position:0% +this would take a little longer than a + + + align:start position:0% +this would take a little longer than a +human being it would take even less time + + align:start position:0% +human being it would take even less time + + + align:start position:0% +human being it would take even less time +if it were a hamster because it develops + + align:start position:0% +if it were a hamster because it develops + + + align:start position:0% +if it were a hamster because it develops +very rapidly we still have elongated + + align:start position:0% +very rapidly we still have elongated + + + align:start position:0% +very rapidly we still have elongated +cells they get very long + + align:start position:0% +cells they get very long + + + align:start position:0% +cells they get very long +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and here we are from human + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +somewhat later and yet + + align:start position:0% +somewhat later and yet + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat later and yet +the cells are simply even longer some of + + align:start position:0% +the cells are simply even longer some of + + + align:start position:0% +the cells are simply even longer some of +them are more complex now some of these + + align:start position:0% +them are more complex now some of these + + + align:start position:0% +them are more complex now some of these +may be glial cells some of them may be + + align:start position:0% +may be glial cells some of them may be + + + align:start position:0% +may be glial cells some of them may be +neurons in fact it's very difficult to + + align:start position:0% +neurons in fact it's very difficult to + + + align:start position:0% +neurons in fact it's very difficult to +tell the difference in these early + + align:start position:0% +tell the difference in these early + + + align:start position:0% +tell the difference in these early +stages + + align:start position:0% +stages + + + align:start position:0% +stages +okay unless we have an immunized + + align:start position:0% +okay unless we have an immunized + + + align:start position:0% +okay unless we have an immunized +chemical procedure where we can look at + + align:start position:0% +chemical procedure where we can look at + + + align:start position:0% +chemical procedure where we can look at +specific molecules that can identify + + align:start position:0% +specific molecules that can identify + + + align:start position:0% +specific molecules that can identify +them okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what i'm going to do here and i'll i + + align:start position:0% +so what i'm going to do here and i'll i + + + align:start position:0% +so what i'm going to do here and i'll i +can review this next time also + + align:start position:0% +can review this next time also + + + align:start position:0% +can review this next time also +just to there was a lot of argument + + align:start position:0% +just to there was a lot of argument + + + align:start position:0% +just to there was a lot of argument +about nuclear translocation whether it's + + align:start position:0% +about nuclear translocation whether it's + + + align:start position:0% +about nuclear translocation whether it's +a valid type + + align:start position:0% +a valid type + + + align:start position:0% +a valid type +can we really think of migration + + align:start position:0% +can we really think of migration + + + align:start position:0% +can we really think of migration +happening that way + + align:start position:0% +happening that way + + + align:start position:0% +happening that way +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +the man who argued most for it ken + + align:start position:0% +the man who argued most for it ken + + + align:start position:0% +the man who argued most for it ken +arrest + + align:start position:0% +arrest + + + align:start position:0% +arrest +and uh + + align:start position:0% +and uh + + + align:start position:0% +and uh +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +this man + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the other scientist donna sick was an + + align:start position:0% +the other scientist donna sick was an + + + align:start position:0% +the other scientist donna sick was an +mit uh graduate student that worked with + + align:start position:0% +mit uh graduate student that worked with + + + align:start position:0% +mit uh graduate student that worked with +maresta after she left nowadays lab here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they argued that it happened not only in + + align:start position:0% +they argued that it happened not only in + + + align:start position:0% +they argued that it happened not only in +the spinal cord but in the brain as well + + align:start position:0% +the spinal cord but in the brain as well + + + align:start position:0% +the spinal cord but in the brain as well +in fact morass originally argued it + + align:start position:0% +in fact morass originally argued it + + + align:start position:0% +in fact morass originally argued it +happened everywhere + + align:start position:0% +happened everywhere + + + align:start position:0% +happened everywhere +that other people + + align:start position:0% +that other people + + + align:start position:0% +that other people +had the wrong idea + + align:start position:0% +had the wrong idea + + + align:start position:0% +had the wrong idea +now we know there's multiple types of + + align:start position:0% +now we know there's multiple types of + + + align:start position:0% +now we know there's multiple types of +migration okay + + align:start position:0% +migration okay + + + align:start position:0% +migration okay +but to prove that it happened in the + + align:start position:0% +but to prove that it happened in the + + + align:start position:0% +but to prove that it happened in the +sin in the brain as well as in the + + align:start position:0% +sin in the brain as well as in the + + + align:start position:0% +sin in the brain as well as in the +spinal cord + + align:start position:0% +spinal cord + + + align:start position:0% +spinal cord +they were able to give a very nice + + align:start position:0% +they were able to give a very nice + + + align:start position:0% +they were able to give a very nice +demonstration + + align:start position:0% +demonstration + + + align:start position:0% +demonstration +and one type of midbrain cell that i'll + + align:start position:0% +and one type of midbrain cell that i'll + + + align:start position:0% +and one type of midbrain cell that i'll +describe + + align:start position:0% +describe + + + align:start position:0% +describe +it's important because + + align:start position:0% +it's important because + + + align:start position:0% +it's important because +it argues about the basic mechanisms of + + align:start position:0% +it argues about the basic mechanisms of + + + align:start position:0% +it argues about the basic mechanisms of +development and shows the variety + + align:start position:0% +development and shows the variety + + + align:start position:0% +development and shows the variety +so here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +at the left here + + align:start position:0% +at the left here + + + align:start position:0% +at the left here +i'm showing + + align:start position:0% +i'm showing + + + align:start position:0% +i'm showing +his drawing + + align:start position:0% +his drawing + + + align:start position:0% +his drawing +i guess i have to keep my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is the cell body + + align:start position:0% +this is the cell body + + + align:start position:0% +this is the cell body +that of a cell that is + + align:start position:0% +that of a cell that is + + + align:start position:0% +that of a cell that is +it originally + + align:start position:0% +it originally + + + align:start position:0% +it originally +just before this stage look like this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it has attachments at the ventricle and + + align:start position:0% +it has attachments at the ventricle and + + + align:start position:0% +it has attachments at the ventricle and +at the pia and the cell body was down + + align:start position:0% +at the pia and the cell body was down + + + align:start position:0% +at the pia and the cell body was down +here it's recently undergone mitosis + + align:start position:0% +here it's recently undergone mitosis + + + align:start position:0% +here it's recently undergone mitosis +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and it's re-extended its process after + + align:start position:0% +and it's re-extended its process after + + + align:start position:0% +and it's re-extended its process after +mitosis all the way out to the pia and + + align:start position:0% +mitosis all the way out to the pia and + + + align:start position:0% +mitosis all the way out to the pia and +then just after that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +look what's happening + + align:start position:0% +look what's happening + + + align:start position:0% +look what's happening +it's starting to grow an axon this is + + align:start position:0% +it's starting to grow an axon this is + + + align:start position:0% +it's starting to grow an axon this is +actually meant to be a growth cone here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and it + + align:start position:0% +and it + + + align:start position:0% +and it +it grows in a characteristic way and + + align:start position:0% +it grows in a characteristic way and + + + align:start position:0% +it grows in a characteristic way and +that caught the attention of domestic + + align:start position:0% +that caught the attention of domestic + + + align:start position:0% +that caught the attention of domestic +and mrs because they knew about a cell + + align:start position:0% +and mrs because they knew about a cell + + + align:start position:0% +and mrs because they knew about a cell +type + + align:start position:0% +type + + + align:start position:0% +type +in the adult tectum + + align:start position:0% +in the adult tectum + + + align:start position:0% +in the adult tectum +that always had an axon that had this + + align:start position:0% +that always had an axon that had this + + + align:start position:0% +that always had an axon that had this +crook in it at the beginning so it was + + align:start position:0% +crook in it at the beginning so it was + + + align:start position:0% +crook in it at the beginning so it was +called a shepherd's crook cell because + + align:start position:0% +called a shepherd's crook cell because + + + align:start position:0% +called a shepherd's crook cell because +of that so actually stage four here is + + align:start position:0% +of that so actually stage four here is + + + align:start position:0% +of that so actually stage four here is +where their study started + + align:start position:0% +where their study started + + + align:start position:0% +where their study started +they started with the mature cells with + + align:start position:0% +they started with the mature cells with + + + align:start position:0% +they started with the mature cells with +that peculiar axon + + align:start position:0% +that peculiar axon + + + align:start position:0% +that peculiar axon +and then they went back to earlier and + + align:start position:0% +and then they went back to earlier and + + + align:start position:0% +and then they went back to earlier and +earlier stages to see if they could see + + align:start position:0% +earlier stages to see if they could see + + + align:start position:0% +earlier stages to see if they could see +the same cell and they could identify + + align:start position:0% +the same cell and they could identify + + + align:start position:0% +the same cell and they could identify +the cell by the shape of the axon + + align:start position:0% +the cell by the shape of the axon + + + align:start position:0% +the cell by the shape of the axon +because it's the only cell type that has + + align:start position:0% +because it's the only cell type that has + + + align:start position:0% +because it's the only cell type that has +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +in the detect layers superficial layers + + align:start position:0% +in the detect layers superficial layers + + + align:start position:0% +in the detect layers superficial layers +of the midbrain tectum + + align:start position:0% +of the midbrain tectum + + + align:start position:0% +of the midbrain tectum +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so if they went back a little bit they + + align:start position:0% +so if they went back a little bit they + + + align:start position:0% +so if they went back a little bit they +found the axon + + align:start position:0% +found the axon + + + align:start position:0% +found the axon +and they found the cell body but they + + align:start position:0% +and they found the cell body but they + + + align:start position:0% +and they found the cell body but they +saw that it was still connected also to + + align:start position:0% +saw that it was still connected also to + + + align:start position:0% +saw that it was still connected also to +the pia up here + + align:start position:0% +the pia up here + + + align:start position:0% +the pia up here +but it had lost the connection to the + + align:start position:0% +but it had lost the connection to the + + + align:start position:0% +but it had lost the connection to the +ventricle okay + + align:start position:0% +ventricle okay + + + align:start position:0% +ventricle okay +this is now being withdrawn that process + + align:start position:0% +this is now being withdrawn that process + + + align:start position:0% +this is now being withdrawn that process +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and they verified that by going a little + + align:start position:0% +and they verified that by going a little + + + align:start position:0% +and they verified that by going a little +earlier + + align:start position:0% +earlier + + + align:start position:0% +earlier +and there they found the shepherd's + + align:start position:0% +and there they found the shepherd's + + + align:start position:0% +and there they found the shepherd's +crook axon they saw the connection to + + align:start position:0% +crook axon they saw the connection to + + + align:start position:0% +crook axon they saw the connection to +the pia but now the cell body wasn't up + + align:start position:0% +the pia but now the cell body wasn't up + + + align:start position:0% +the pia but now the cell body wasn't up +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +by the accent the cell body was way down + + align:start position:0% +by the accent the cell body was way down + + + align:start position:0% +by the accent the cell body was way down +here and the connection to the ventricle + + align:start position:0% +here and the connection to the ventricle + + + align:start position:0% +here and the connection to the ventricle +ventricular surface was still there so + + align:start position:0% +ventricular surface was still there so + + + align:start position:0% +ventricular surface was still there so +they knew then putting this together + + align:start position:0% +they knew then putting this together + + + align:start position:0% +they knew then putting this together +that the cell must be migrating like + + align:start position:0% +that the cell must be migrating like + + + align:start position:0% +that the cell must be migrating like +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +and in fact if they went to the earlier + + align:start position:0% +and in fact if they went to the earlier + + + align:start position:0% +and in fact if they went to the earlier +stages they saw it cleared on here + + align:start position:0% +stages they saw it cleared on here + + + align:start position:0% +stages they saw it cleared on here +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +see they're going back in time that was + + align:start position:0% +see they're going back in time that was + + + align:start position:0% +see they're going back in time that was +the way they reconstructed the + + align:start position:0% +the way they reconstructed the + + + align:start position:0% +the way they reconstructed the +developmental sequence because they + + align:start position:0% +developmental sequence because they + + + align:start position:0% +developmental sequence because they +couldn't see this in tissue culture + + align:start position:0% +couldn't see this in tissue culture + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't see this in tissue culture +there's only very recently + + align:start position:0% +there's only very recently + + + align:start position:0% +there's only very recently +have investigators been able to see + + align:start position:0% +have investigators been able to see + + + align:start position:0% +have investigators been able to see +migration happening in culture cultural + + align:start position:0% +migration happening in culture cultural + + + align:start position:0% +migration happening in culture cultural +methods weren't developed enough for + + align:start position:0% +methods weren't developed enough for + + + align:start position:0% +methods weren't developed enough for +that earlier + + align:start position:0% +that earlier + + + align:start position:0% +that earlier +okay so initially this was all worked + + align:start position:0% +okay so initially this was all worked + + + align:start position:0% +okay so initially this was all worked +out from static pictures but looking at + + align:start position:0% +out from static pictures but looking at + + + align:start position:0% +out from static pictures but looking at +closely spaced time series and in this + + align:start position:0% +closely spaced time series and in this + + + align:start position:0% +closely spaced time series and in this +case they went backwards in time in + + align:start position:0% +case they went backwards in time in + + + align:start position:0% +case they went backwards in time in +order to reconstruct the path of that + + align:start position:0% +order to reconstruct the path of that + + + align:start position:0% +order to reconstruct the path of that +cell + + align:start position:0% +cell + + + align:start position:0% +cell +so now we know nuclear translocation + + align:start position:0% +so now we know nuclear translocation + + + align:start position:0% +so now we know nuclear translocation +happens in the spinal cord it happens in + + align:start position:0% +happens in the spinal cord it happens in + + + align:start position:0% +happens in the spinal cord it happens in +the midbrain tectum + + align:start position:0% +the midbrain tectum + + + align:start position:0% +the midbrain tectum +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and it does happen elsewhere too but + + align:start position:0% +and it does happen elsewhere too but + + + align:start position:0% +and it does happen elsewhere too but +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +other mechanisms were discovered and + + align:start position:0% +other mechanisms were discovered and + + + align:start position:0% +other mechanisms were discovered and +that's where we're going to start next + + align:start position:0% +that's where we're going to start next + + + align:start position:0% +that's where we're going to start next +time \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/C-n3hyz-sSY.txt b/C-n3hyz-sSY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c6c854d905aa04648ae56b4efea373c9be6b2352 --- /dev/null +++ b/C-n3hyz-sSY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1347 @@ +align:start position:0% + +Saturn was one of the most radical + + align:start position:0% +Saturn was one of the most radical + + + align:start position:0% +Saturn was one of the most radical +Innovations in work organization of the + + align:start position:0% +Innovations in work organization of the + + + align:start position:0% +Innovations in work organization of the +last several decades but it was not + + align:start position:0% +last several decades but it was not + + + align:start position:0% +last several decades but it was not +alone so let's take a look at a number + + align:start position:0% +alone so let's take a look at a number + + + align:start position:0% +alone so let's take a look at a number +of companies that are proof of concept + + align:start position:0% +of companies that are proof of concept + + + align:start position:0% +of companies that are proof of concept +that you can compete with what we call + + align:start position:0% +that you can compete with what we call + + + align:start position:0% +that you can compete with what we call +High Road strategies with good jobs that + + align:start position:0% +High Road strategies with good jobs that + + + align:start position:0% +High Road strategies with good jobs that +provide good returns to shareholders by + + align:start position:0% +provide good returns to shareholders by + + + align:start position:0% +provide good returns to shareholders by +using what we call human capital that is + + align:start position:0% +using what we call human capital that is + + + align:start position:0% +using what we call human capital that is +essentially workers skills and their + + align:start position:0% +essentially workers skills and their + + + align:start position:0% +essentially workers skills and their +social networks to drive Innovation good + + align:start position:0% +social networks to drive Innovation good + + + align:start position:0% +social networks to drive Innovation good +jobs and high performance for the + + align:start position:0% +jobs and high performance for the + + + align:start position:0% +jobs and high performance for the +organization let's start with one that I + + align:start position:0% +organization let's start with one that I + + + align:start position:0% +organization let's start with one that I +think almost everyone knows Southwest + + align:start position:0% +think almost everyone knows Southwest + + + align:start position:0% +think almost everyone knows Southwest +Airlines this is an airline that was + + align:start position:0% +Airlines this is an airline that was + + + align:start position:0% +Airlines this is an airline that was +created in the + + align:start position:0% +created in the + + + align:start position:0% +created in the +1970s and it's been an anomaly to our + + align:start position:0% +1970s and it's been an anomaly to our + + + align:start position:0% +1970s and it's been an anomaly to our +friends on Wall Street Southwest has + + align:start position:0% +friends on Wall Street Southwest has + + + align:start position:0% +friends on Wall Street Southwest has +been one of the most profitable airlines + + align:start position:0% +been one of the most profitable airlines + + + align:start position:0% +been one of the most profitable airlines +in the United States over the last 30 + + align:start position:0% +in the United States over the last 30 + + + align:start position:0% +in the United States over the last 30 +Years yet at the same time it breaks a + + align:start position:0% +Years yet at the same time it breaks a + + + align:start position:0% +Years yet at the same time it breaks a +lot of rules first of all it's been + + align:start position:0% +lot of rules first of all it's been + + + align:start position:0% +lot of rules first of all it's been +roundly criticized by Wall Street for + + align:start position:0% +roundly criticized by Wall Street for + + + align:start position:0% +roundly criticized by Wall Street for +not in not expanding fast enough not + + align:start position:0% +not in not expanding fast enough not + + + align:start position:0% +not in not expanding fast enough not +growing fast enough but using its + + align:start position:0% +growing fast enough but using its + + + align:start position:0% +growing fast enough but using its +retained earnings to uh share them more + + align:start position:0% +retained earnings to uh share them more + + + align:start position:0% +retained earnings to uh share them more +equitably with their + + align:start position:0% +equitably with their + + + align:start position:0% +equitably with their +employees than growing in the airline + + align:start position:0% +employees than growing in the airline + + + align:start position:0% +employees than growing in the airline +secondly it's highly unionized Airline + + align:start position:0% +secondly it's highly unionized Airline + + + align:start position:0% +secondly it's highly unionized Airline +Wall Street thinks unions are a drag + + align:start position:0% +Wall Street thinks unions are a drag + + + align:start position:0% +Wall Street thinks unions are a drag +third it has the best customer customer + + align:start position:0% +third it has the best customer customer + + + align:start position:0% +third it has the best customer customer +service of any airline in the country + + align:start position:0% +service of any airline in the country + + + align:start position:0% +service of any airline in the country +and it builds that customer service by + + align:start position:0% +and it builds that customer service by + + + align:start position:0% +and it builds that customer service by +engaging employees in successful + + align:start position:0% +engaging employees in successful + + + align:start position:0% +engaging employees in successful +ways and it has continued to be + + align:start position:0% +ways and it has continued to be + + + align:start position:0% +ways and it has continued to be +successful even after the retirement of + + align:start position:0% +successful even after the retirement of + + + align:start position:0% +successful even after the retirement of +its charismatic founder the CEO herb + + align:start position:0% +its charismatic founder the CEO herb + + + align:start position:0% +its charismatic founder the CEO herb +kellerer were now on the fourth CEO at + + align:start position:0% +kellerer were now on the fourth CEO at + + + align:start position:0% +kellerer were now on the fourth CEO at +Southwest and it continues to do well + + align:start position:0% +Southwest and it continues to do well + + + align:start position:0% +Southwest and it continues to do well +and so Southwest does get good ratings + + align:start position:0% +and so Southwest does get good ratings + + + align:start position:0% +and so Southwest does get good ratings +from its employees and now even it gets + + align:start position:0% +from its employees and now even it gets + + + align:start position:0% +from its employees and now even it gets +good ratings from Wall Street so this is + + align:start position:0% +good ratings from Wall Street so this is + + + align:start position:0% +good ratings from Wall Street so this is +from uh a glass door survey where + + align:start position:0% +from uh a glass door survey where + + + align:start position:0% +from uh a glass door survey where +employees can voluntarily uh offer their + + align:start position:0% +employees can voluntarily uh offer their + + + align:start position:0% +employees can voluntarily uh offer their +assessment of their companies and their + + align:start position:0% +assessment of their companies and their + + + align:start position:0% +assessment of their companies and their +CEO and you can see that Southwest is + + align:start position:0% +CEO and you can see that Southwest is + + + align:start position:0% +CEO and you can see that Southwest is +ranked number one in the country in + + align:start position:0% +ranked number one in the country in + + + align:start position:0% +ranked number one in the country in +terms of a place to work so we can do + + align:start position:0% +terms of a place to work so we can do + + + align:start position:0% +terms of a place to work so we can do +this we can make companies design + + align:start position:0% +this we can make companies design + + + align:start position:0% +this we can make companies design +companies that are successful for + + align:start position:0% +companies that are successful for + + + align:start position:0% +companies that are successful for +employees by listening to them by + + align:start position:0% +employees by listening to them by + + + align:start position:0% +employees by listening to them by +engaging them by engaging in the + + align:start position:0% +engaging them by engaging in the + + + align:start position:0% +engaging them by engaging in the +teamwork that Southwest uh provides as + + align:start position:0% +teamwork that Southwest uh provides as + + + align:start position:0% +teamwork that Southwest uh provides as +well as producing highquality services + + align:start position:0% +well as producing highquality services + + + align:start position:0% +well as producing highquality services +and highly profitable companies but + + align:start position:0% +and highly profitable companies but + + + align:start position:0% +and highly profitable companies but +Southwest is not alone let's dig a + + align:start position:0% +Southwest is not alone let's dig a + + + align:start position:0% +Southwest is not alone let's dig a +little bit deeper and understand what + + align:start position:0% +little bit deeper and understand what + + + align:start position:0% +little bit deeper and understand what +the difference is between a high road + + align:start position:0% +the difference is between a high road + + + align:start position:0% +the difference is between a high road +and a low road company let's do that by + + align:start position:0% +and a low road company let's do that by + + + align:start position:0% +and a low road company let's do that by +first looking at Walmart and then + + align:start position:0% +first looking at Walmart and then + + + align:start position:0% +first looking at Walmart and then +comparing it to another company called + + align:start position:0% +comparing it to another company called + + + align:start position:0% +comparing it to another company called +Costco as you know Walmart is the + + align:start position:0% +Costco as you know Walmart is the + + + align:start position:0% +Costco as you know Walmart is the +largest employer in the United States it + + align:start position:0% +largest employer in the United States it + + + align:start position:0% +largest employer in the United States it +has over 1.2 million quote associates + + align:start position:0% +has over 1.2 million quote associates + + + align:start position:0% +has over 1.2 million quote associates +they like to use the term associat to + + align:start position:0% +they like to use the term associat to + + + align:start position:0% +they like to use the term associat to +describe their + + align:start position:0% +describe their + + + align:start position:0% +describe their +employees Walmart has been successful + + align:start position:0% +employees Walmart has been successful + + + align:start position:0% +employees Walmart has been successful +financially yet Walmart has the tightest + + align:start position:0% +financially yet Walmart has the tightest + + + align:start position:0% +financially yet Walmart has the tightest +controls on its employees it gets its + + align:start position:0% +controls on its employees it gets its + + + align:start position:0% +controls on its employees it gets its +financial success by having as you know + + align:start position:0% +financial success by having as you know + + + align:start position:0% +financial success by having as you know +a motto of low prices all the time how + + align:start position:0% +a motto of low prices all the time how + + + align:start position:0% +a motto of low prices all the time how +does it get those low prices by having + + align:start position:0% +does it get those low prices by having + + + align:start position:0% +does it get those low prices by having +very low wage rates by controlling + + align:start position:0% +very low wage rates by controlling + + + align:start position:0% +very low wage rates by controlling +employees by having high turnovers so + + align:start position:0% +employees by having high turnovers so + + + align:start position:0% +employees by having high turnovers so +employees don't become more expensive it + + align:start position:0% +employees don't become more expensive it + + + align:start position:0% +employees don't become more expensive it +has no unions and in fact it fights + + align:start position:0% +has no unions and in fact it fights + + + align:start position:0% +has no unions and in fact it fights +unions too the nail to make sure it + + align:start position:0% +unions too the nail to make sure it + + + align:start position:0% +unions too the nail to make sure it +stays non-union so here's a company that + + align:start position:0% +stays non-union so here's a company that + + + align:start position:0% +stays non-union so here's a company that +works for shareholders but is very tough + + align:start position:0% +works for shareholders but is very tough + + + align:start position:0% +works for shareholders but is very tough +on its employees but then compare that + + align:start position:0% +on its employees but then compare that + + + align:start position:0% +on its employees but then compare that +to Costco Costco competes with some of + + align:start position:0% +to Costco Costco competes with some of + + + align:start position:0% +to Costco Costco competes with some of +Walmart's stores that are called Sam + + align:start position:0% +Walmart's stores that are called Sam + + + align:start position:0% +Walmart's stores that are called Sam +Club and Costco has a very different + + align:start position:0% +Club and Costco has a very different + + + align:start position:0% +Club and Costco has a very different +model it emphasizes product quality it + + align:start position:0% +model it emphasizes product quality it + + + align:start position:0% +model it emphasizes product quality it +emphasizes customer service it pays + + align:start position:0% +emphasizes customer service it pays + + + align:start position:0% +emphasizes customer service it pays +wages that are higher than Walmart it + + align:start position:0% +wages that are higher than Walmart it + + + align:start position:0% +wages that are higher than Walmart it +allows employees to unionize if that's + + align:start position:0% +allows employees to unionize if that's + + + align:start position:0% +allows employees to unionize if that's +what they choose to do so some of stores + + align:start position:0% +what they choose to do so some of stores + + + align:start position:0% +what they choose to do so some of stores +are unionized and some are not it has a + + align:start position:0% +are unionized and some are not it has a + + + align:start position:0% +are unionized and some are not it has a +very long tenure of its employees + + align:start position:0% +very long tenure of its employees + + + align:start position:0% +very long tenure of its employees +because they learn about the business + + align:start position:0% +because they learn about the business + + + align:start position:0% +because they learn about the business +and they become more productive over + + align:start position:0% +and they become more productive over + + + align:start position:0% +and they become more productive over +time and so here we have two + + align:start position:0% +time and so here we have two + + + align:start position:0% +time and so here we have two +Alternatives we have a high road + + align:start position:0% +Alternatives we have a high road + + + align:start position:0% +Alternatives we have a high road +employer called Costco we have a low + + align:start position:0% +employer called Costco we have a low + + + align:start position:0% +employer called Costco we have a low +road employer called Walmart both can be + + align:start position:0% +road employer called Walmart both can be + + + align:start position:0% +road employer called Walmart both can be +reasonably successful financially but + + align:start position:0% +reasonably successful financially but + + + align:start position:0% +reasonably successful financially but +only one can be successful financially + + align:start position:0% +only one can be successful financially + + + align:start position:0% +only one can be successful financially +and provide good jobs and good + + align:start position:0% +and provide good jobs and good + + + align:start position:0% +and provide good jobs and good +opportunities for uh its employees + + align:start position:0% +opportunities for uh its employees + + + align:start position:0% +opportunities for uh its employees +and in fact this chart shows that Costco + + align:start position:0% +and in fact this chart shows that Costco + + + align:start position:0% +and in fact this chart shows that Costco +has outperformed Walmart on financial + + align:start position:0% +has outperformed Walmart on financial + + + align:start position:0% +has outperformed Walmart on financial +grounds in recent years and so there are + + align:start position:0% +grounds in recent years and so there are + + + align:start position:0% +grounds in recent years and so there are +two ways to compete there's a low road + + align:start position:0% +two ways to compete there's a low road + + + align:start position:0% +two ways to compete there's a low road +there's a high road let's review just + + align:start position:0% +there's a high road let's review just + + + align:start position:0% +there's a high road let's review just +how do you get these high road practices + + align:start position:0% +how do you get these high road practices + + + align:start position:0% +how do you get these high road practices +how can you build companies that are + + align:start position:0% +how can you build companies that are + + + align:start position:0% +how can you build companies that are +successful for both investors for + + align:start position:0% +successful for both investors for + + + align:start position:0% +successful for both investors for +employees and for customers well it + + align:start position:0% +employees and for customers well it + + + align:start position:0% +employees and for customers well it +starts by selecting employees both for + + align:start position:0% +starts by selecting employees both for + + + align:start position:0% +starts by selecting employees both for +technical skills and for teamwork skills + + align:start position:0% +technical skills and for teamwork skills + + + align:start position:0% +technical skills and for teamwork skills +so that they're ready to work together + + align:start position:0% +so that they're ready to work together + + + align:start position:0% +so that they're ready to work together +effectively with their colleagues + + align:start position:0% +effectively with their colleagues + + + align:start position:0% +effectively with their colleagues +secondly it requires continuous training + + align:start position:0% +secondly it requires continuous training + + + align:start position:0% +secondly it requires continuous training +and investment a Frontline workers as + + align:start position:0% +and investment a Frontline workers as + + + align:start position:0% +and investment a Frontline workers as +well as middle managers and supervisors + + align:start position:0% +well as middle managers and supervisors + + + align:start position:0% +well as middle managers and supervisors +it requires us to work together to build + + align:start position:0% +it requires us to work together to build + + + align:start position:0% +it requires us to work together to build +a culture of trust at the workplace to + + align:start position:0% +a culture of trust at the workplace to + + + align:start position:0% +a culture of trust at the workplace to +engage employees and to get them to want + + align:start position:0% +engage employees and to get them to want + + + align:start position:0% +engage employees and to get them to want +to cooperate with each other to get the + + align:start position:0% +to cooperate with each other to get the + + + align:start position:0% +to cooperate with each other to get the +jobs done it requires compensation + + align:start position:0% +jobs done it requires compensation + + + align:start position:0% +jobs done it requires compensation +systems that align the incentives so + + align:start position:0% +systems that align the incentives so + + + align:start position:0% +systems that align the incentives so +that employees share in the income and + + align:start position:0% +that employees share in the income and + + + align:start position:0% +that employees share in the income and +the productivity that they help to + + align:start position:0% +the productivity that they help to + + + align:start position:0% +the productivity that they help to +produce by profit sharing or various + + align:start position:0% +produce by profit sharing or various + + + align:start position:0% +produce by profit sharing or various +kinds of incentive systems it requires + + align:start position:0% +kinds of incentive systems it requires + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of incentive systems it requires +if unionized to have Labor Management + + align:start position:0% +if unionized to have Labor Management + + + align:start position:0% +if unionized to have Labor Management +Partnerships where labor and management + + align:start position:0% +Partnerships where labor and management + + + align:start position:0% +Partnerships where labor and management +work together and the union leaders are + + align:start position:0% +work together and the union leaders are + + + align:start position:0% +work together and the union leaders are +taken into the confidence of management + + align:start position:0% +taken into the confidence of management + + + align:start position:0% +taken into the confidence of management +representatives to get the job done + + align:start position:0% +representatives to get the job done + + + align:start position:0% +representatives to get the job done +together and these principles apply to + + align:start position:0% +together and these principles apply to + + + align:start position:0% +together and these principles apply to +organizations not just in the US but all + + align:start position:0% +organizations not just in the US but all + + + align:start position:0% +organizations not just in the US but all +around the world recall that we + + align:start position:0% +around the world recall that we + + + align:start position:0% +around the world recall that we +mentioned earlier compan companies like + + align:start position:0% +mentioned earlier compan companies like + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned earlier compan companies like +Semco in Brazil where employees help + + align:start position:0% +Semco in Brazil where employees help + + + align:start position:0% +Semco in Brazil where employees help +design their own jobs and work in + + align:start position:0% +design their own jobs and work in + + + align:start position:0% +design their own jobs and work in +partnership with management to improve + + align:start position:0% +partnership with management to improve + + + align:start position:0% +partnership with management to improve +operations and sometimes to create new + + align:start position:0% +operations and sometimes to create new + + + align:start position:0% +operations and sometimes to create new +businesses or Ikea in Sweden or let's + + align:start position:0% +businesses or Ikea in Sweden or let's + + + align:start position:0% +businesses or Ikea in Sweden or let's +take the classic example of Toyota in + + align:start position:0% +take the classic example of Toyota in + + + align:start position:0% +take the classic example of Toyota in +Japan or in its plants all around the + + align:start position:0% +Japan or in its plants all around the + + + align:start position:0% +Japan or in its plants all around the +world in fact Toyota's model of + + align:start position:0% +world in fact Toyota's model of + + + align:start position:0% +world in fact Toyota's model of +so-called lean production is the source + + align:start position:0% +so-called lean production is the source + + + align:start position:0% +so-called lean production is the source +of many of the ideas and practices that + + align:start position:0% +of many of the ideas and practices that + + + align:start position:0% +of many of the ideas and practices that +need to be fitted together in high road + + align:start position:0% +need to be fitted together in high road + + + align:start position:0% +need to be fitted together in high road +firms to achieve worldclass productivity + + align:start position:0% +firms to achieve worldclass productivity + + + align:start position:0% +firms to achieve worldclass productivity +quality and good jobs we're going to see + + align:start position:0% +quality and good jobs we're going to see + + + align:start position:0% +quality and good jobs we're going to see +in another video my colleague zenup tan + + align:start position:0% +in another video my colleague zenup tan + + + align:start position:0% +in another video my colleague zenup tan +talking about a grocery chain here in + + align:start position:0% +talking about a grocery chain here in + + + align:start position:0% +talking about a grocery chain here in +the northeastern part of the United + + align:start position:0% +the northeastern part of the United + + + align:start position:0% +the northeastern part of the United +States that has been very successful in + + align:start position:0% +States that has been very successful in + + + align:start position:0% +States that has been very successful in +building a company that works for + + align:start position:0% +building a company that works for + + + align:start position:0% +building a company that works for +shareholders as well as customers and + + align:start position:0% +shareholders as well as customers and + + + align:start position:0% +shareholders as well as customers and +employees and in fact the employees and + + align:start position:0% +employees and in fact the employees and + + + align:start position:0% +employees and in fact the employees and +managers revolted to save the company + + align:start position:0% +managers revolted to save the company + + + align:start position:0% +managers revolted to save the company +from a change in strategy in the summer + + align:start position:0% +from a change in strategy in the summer + + + align:start position:0% +from a change in strategy in the summer +of 2014 + + align:start position:0% +of 2014 + + + align:start position:0% +of 2014 +so let's get on with the task of + + align:start position:0% +so let's get on with the task of + + + align:start position:0% +so let's get on with the task of +building these high road good jobs + + align:start position:0% +building these high road good jobs + + + align:start position:0% +building these high road good jobs +companies or if you're not in a top + + align:start position:0% +companies or if you're not in a top + + + align:start position:0% +companies or if you're not in a top +management position at the moment + + align:start position:0% +management position at the moment + + + align:start position:0% +management position at the moment +demanding that your employer follow + + align:start position:0% +demanding that your employer follow + + + align:start position:0% +demanding that your employer follow +these principles wherever you happen to + + align:start position:0% +these principles wherever you happen to + + + align:start position:0% +these principles wherever you happen to +live and work that's the challenge you + + align:start position:0% +live and work that's the challenge you + + + align:start position:0% +live and work that's the challenge you +face not only in creating these but + + align:start position:0% +face not only in creating these but + + + align:start position:0% +face not only in creating these but +spreading these to become the norm + + align:start position:0% +spreading these to become the norm + + + align:start position:0% +spreading these to become the norm +across American + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +industry for \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/CKeXFjIOmZE.txt b/CKeXFjIOmZE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f9b026e7d7351c5da79ea8d416ccc403d06d114b --- /dev/null +++ b/CKeXFjIOmZE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1339 @@ +align:start position:0% + +very very easy okay + + align:start position:0% +very very easy okay + + + align:start position:0% +very very easy okay +so you have the list of ingredients + + align:start position:0% +so you have the list of ingredients + + + align:start position:0% +so you have the list of ingredients +this is + + align:start position:0% +this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is +for per una + + align:start position:0% +for per una + + + align:start position:0% +for per una +crostata + + align:start position:0% +crostata + + + align:start position:0% +crostata +so we have to + + align:start position:0% +so we have to + + + align:start position:0% +so we have to +make four times that amount so can we + + align:start position:0% +make four times that amount so can we + + + align:start position:0% +make four times that amount so can we +just make all these things + + align:start position:0% +just make all these things + + + align:start position:0% +just make all these things +well since you are six i think you + + align:start position:0% +well since you are six i think you + + + align:start position:0% +well since you are six i think you +should multiply + + align:start position:0% +should multiply + + + align:start position:0% +should multiply +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +weight by four and then dividing by six + + align:start position:0% +weight by four and then dividing by six + + + align:start position:0% +weight by four and then dividing by six +so that each of you has a chance to make + + align:start position:0% +so that each of you has a chance to make + + + align:start position:0% +so that each of you has a chance to make +a little bowl of dough + + align:start position:0% +a little bowl of dough + + + align:start position:0% +a little bowl of dough +you're to mix the dry ingredients that + + align:start position:0% +you're to mix the dry ingredients that + + + align:start position:0% +you're to mix the dry ingredients that +would be la farina lo zucchero + + align:start position:0% +would be la farina lo zucchero + + + align:start position:0% +would be la farina lo zucchero +and sale + + align:start position:0% +and sale + + + align:start position:0% +and sale +mm-hmm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and you add them to the dry dry + + align:start position:0% +and you add them to the dry dry + + + align:start position:0% +and you add them to the dry dry +ingredients + + align:start position:0% +ingredients + + + align:start position:0% +ingredients +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +we want to be sure that the burrow + + align:start position:0% +we want to be sure that the burrow + + + align:start position:0% +we want to be sure that the burrow +remains cold + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes + + align:start position:0% +yes + + + align:start position:0% +yes +and you will cut it in cubes + + align:start position:0% +and you will cut it in cubes + + + align:start position:0% +and you will cut it in cubes +and you will add it afterwards so you + + align:start position:0% +and you will add it afterwards so you + + + align:start position:0% +and you will add it afterwards so you +first put all the the dry ingredients + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +guava what's twirling + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then we will add the butter and the + + align:start position:0% +and then we will add the butter and the + + + align:start position:0% +and then we will add the butter and the +idea is that you really just want to put + + align:start position:0% +idea is that you really just want to put + + + align:start position:0% +idea is that you really just want to put +everything together super fast + + align:start position:0% +everything together super fast + + + align:start position:0% +everything together super fast +you will need to knead it for + + align:start position:0% +you will need to knead it for + + + align:start position:0% +you will need to knead it for +something like 30 seconds not more + + align:start position:0% +something like 30 seconds not more + + + align:start position:0% +something like 30 seconds not more +you remember the same thing we did with + + align:start position:0% +you remember the same thing we did with + + + align:start position:0% +you remember the same thing we did with +this prison + + align:start position:0% +this prison + + + align:start position:0% +this prison +so like you will have these little + + align:start position:0% +so like you will have these little + + + align:start position:0% +so like you will have these little +pieces you do like this + + align:start position:0% +pieces you do like this + + + align:start position:0% +pieces you do like this +with your fingers and then as + + align:start position:0% +with your fingers and then as + + + align:start position:0% +with your fingers and then as +when they start to + + align:start position:0% +when they start to + + + align:start position:0% +when they start to +come together the dough starts to come + + align:start position:0% +come together the dough starts to come + + + align:start position:0% +come together the dough starts to come +together you just make a little bow wrap + + align:start position:0% +together you just make a little bow wrap + + + align:start position:0% +together you just make a little bow wrap +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +transparent what you call it in plastic + + align:start position:0% +transparent what you call it in plastic + + + align:start position:0% +transparent what you call it in plastic +wrap + + align:start position:0% +wrap + + + align:start position:0% +wrap +yes + + align:start position:0% +yes + + + align:start position:0% +yes +and then we put it in the refrigerator + + align:start position:0% +and then we put it in the refrigerator + + + align:start position:0% +and then we put it in the refrigerator +to rest + + align:start position:0% +to rest + + + align:start position:0% +to rest +separate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i think people love it how's that + + align:start position:0% +i think people love it how's that + + + align:start position:0% +i think people love it how's that +oh where are you gonna come to next year + + align:start position:0% +oh where are you gonna come to next year + + + align:start position:0% +oh where are you gonna come to next year +i don't know + + align:start position:0% +i don't know + + + align:start position:0% +i don't know +right now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are the same right + + align:start position:0% +are the same right + + + align:start position:0% +are the same right +so if this happens there are two options + + align:start position:0% +so if this happens there are two options + + + align:start position:0% +so if this happens there are two options +you know it's not sticking together but + + align:start position:0% +you know it's not sticking together but + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's not sticking together but +we don't want to over mix so you still + + align:start position:0% +we don't want to over mix so you still + + + align:start position:0% +we don't want to over mix so you still +want to keep it crumbly and at this + + align:start position:0% +want to keep it crumbly and at this + + + align:start position:0% +want to keep it crumbly and at this +point you have two choices + + align:start position:0% +point you have two choices + + + align:start position:0% +point you have two choices +either you add some of the white + + align:start position:0% +either you add some of the white + + + align:start position:0% +either you add some of the white +that we kept + + align:start position:0% +that we kept + + + align:start position:0% +that we kept +or you can add some + + align:start position:0% +or you can add some + + + align:start position:0% +or you can add some +super chilled water + + align:start position:0% +super chilled water + + + align:start position:0% +super chilled water +so i would suggest to make uh + + align:start position:0% +so i would suggest to make uh + + + align:start position:0% +so i would suggest to make uh +half and half what do you think + + align:start position:0% +half and half what do you think + + + align:start position:0% +half and half what do you think +right so we're adding cold water or the + + align:start position:0% +right so we're adding cold water or the + + + align:start position:0% +right so we're adding cold water or the +white of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i don't know eggs much it's supposed to + + align:start position:0% +i don't know eggs much it's supposed to + + + align:start position:0% +i don't know eggs much it's supposed to +go + + align:start position:0% +go + + + align:start position:0% +go +because it's not sticking yet add it + + align:start position:0% +because it's not sticking yet add it + + + align:start position:0% +because it's not sticking yet add it +together + + align:start position:0% +together + + + align:start position:0% +together +together + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and if you make a lot you can also + + align:start position:0% +and if you make a lot you can also + + + align:start position:0% +and if you make a lot you can also +freeze it and use it + + align:start position:0% +freeze it and use it + + + align:start position:0% +freeze it and use it +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +the month after in a month from now + + align:start position:0% +the month after in a month from now + + + align:start position:0% +the month after in a month from now +so in the meantime we can prepare la + + align:start position:0% +so in the meantime we can prepare la + + + align:start position:0% +so in the meantime we can prepare la +crema pastichera + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +guava + + align:start position:0% +guava + + + align:start position:0% +guava +twirly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you can warm up this caldera + + align:start position:0% +you can warm up this caldera + + + align:start position:0% +you can warm up this caldera +you want it to be warm but not boiling + + align:start position:0% +you want it to be warm but not boiling + + + align:start position:0% +you want it to be warm but not boiling +but warm okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the next step + + align:start position:0% +so the next step + + + align:start position:0% +so the next step +and that step is going to be very + + align:start position:0% +and that step is going to be very + + + align:start position:0% +and that step is going to be very +delicate + + align:start position:0% +delicate + + + align:start position:0% +delicate +you will have to + + align:start position:0% +you will have to + + + align:start position:0% +you will have to +mix the hot + + align:start position:0% +mix the hot + + + align:start position:0% +mix the hot +milk + + align:start position:0% +milk + + + align:start position:0% +milk +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +the sugar and + + align:start position:0% +the sugar and + + + align:start position:0% +the sugar and +egg mix + + align:start position:0% +egg mix + + + align:start position:0% +egg mix +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +gently and keep mixing and the idea is + + align:start position:0% +gently and keep mixing and the idea is + + + align:start position:0% +gently and keep mixing and the idea is +that you want to keep mixing in the same + + align:start position:0% +that you want to keep mixing in the same + + + align:start position:0% +that you want to keep mixing in the same +direction + + align:start position:0% +direction + + + align:start position:0% +direction +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and you put it then on fire + + align:start position:0% +and you put it then on fire + + + align:start position:0% +and you put it then on fire +like medium heat + + align:start position:0% +like medium heat + + + align:start position:0% +like medium heat +until it thickens and this should take + + align:start position:0% +until it thickens and this should take + + + align:start position:0% +until it thickens and this should take +really a few minutes not too long + + align:start position:0% +really a few minutes not too long + + + align:start position:0% +really a few minutes not too long +okay we say when + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sometimes doesn't come out very well + + align:start position:0% +sometimes doesn't come out very well + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes doesn't come out very well +so we say that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is a crazy person you said this in + + align:start position:0% +is a crazy person you said this in + + + align:start position:0% +is a crazy person you said this in +english when somebody's crazy a little + + align:start position:0% +english when somebody's crazy a little + + + align:start position:0% +english when somebody's crazy a little +bit let's say you use like this + + align:start position:0% +bit let's say you use like this + + + align:start position:0% +bit let's say you use like this +or like somebody who's crazy + + align:start position:0% +or like somebody who's crazy + + + align:start position:0% +or like somebody who's crazy +and we say that la crema + + align:start position:0% +and we say that la crema + + + align:start position:0% +and we say that la crema +it got crazy + + align:start position:0% +it got crazy + + + align:start position:0% +it got crazy +if we didn't come out right so there are + + align:start position:0% +if we didn't come out right so there are + + + align:start position:0% +if we didn't come out right so there are +many reasons why it may not come out + + align:start position:0% +many reasons why it may not come out + + + align:start position:0% +many reasons why it may not come out +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +one reason could be that + + align:start position:0% +one reason could be that + + + align:start position:0% +one reason could be that +we used eggs that were too cold + + align:start position:0% +we used eggs that were too cold + + + align:start position:0% +we used eggs that were too cold +you want the eggs to be a temperature + + align:start position:0% +you want the eggs to be a temperature + + + align:start position:0% +you want the eggs to be a temperature +at room temperature + + align:start position:0% +at room temperature + + + align:start position:0% +at room temperature +the other reason is that you start + + align:start position:0% +the other reason is that you start + + + align:start position:0% +the other reason is that you start +mixing one direction and then mixing the + + align:start position:0% +mixing one direction and then mixing the + + + align:start position:0% +mixing one direction and then mixing the +other + + align:start position:0% +other + + + align:start position:0% +other +that doesn't work or maybe you + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't work or maybe you + + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't work or maybe you +overcooked it + + align:start position:0% +overcooked it + + + align:start position:0% +overcooked it +so there are different that's why i got + + align:start position:0% +so there are different that's why i got + + + align:start position:0% +so there are different that's why i got +some extra milk just to be sure that + + align:start position:0% +some extra milk just to be sure that + + + align:start position:0% +some extra milk just to be sure that +my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +flour + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +super super slowly okay okay and here + + align:start position:0% +super super slowly okay okay and here + + + align:start position:0% +super super slowly okay okay and here +you do it either like this or and you + + align:start position:0% +you do it either like this or and you + + + align:start position:0% +you do it either like this or and you +keep it in the same direction + + align:start position:0% +keep it in the same direction + + + align:start position:0% +keep it in the same direction +okay here we go and then once all the + + align:start position:0% +okay here we go and then once all the + + + align:start position:0% +okay here we go and then once all the +milk is in there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we can do this this thing is not gonna + + align:start position:0% +we can do this this thing is not gonna + + + align:start position:0% +we can do this this thing is not gonna +go crazy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so you will need to put a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +so you will need to put a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +so you will need to put a little bit of +flour on the counter otherwise it will + + align:start position:0% +flour on the counter otherwise it will + + + align:start position:0% +flour on the counter otherwise it will +stick forever + + align:start position:0% +stick forever + + + align:start position:0% +stick forever +and also you will need to put a little + + align:start position:0% +and also you will need to put a little + + + align:start position:0% +and also you will need to put a little +bit of flour + + align:start position:0% +bit of flour + + + align:start position:0% +bit of flour +on your rolling seed + + align:start position:0% +on your rolling seed + + + align:start position:0% +on your rolling seed +we flattened + + align:start position:0% +we flattened + + + align:start position:0% +we flattened +to about half a + + align:start position:0% +to about half a + + + align:start position:0% +to about half a +centimeter and now we transfer it into + + align:start position:0% +centimeter and now we transfer it into + + + align:start position:0% +centimeter and now we transfer it into +the parchment paper stuck a little bit + + align:start position:0% +the parchment paper stuck a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +the parchment paper stuck a little bit +so we need some extra flour + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we have a perfect prima pasticera + + align:start position:0% +and we have a perfect prima pasticera + + + align:start position:0% +and we have a perfect prima pasticera +you see the consistency yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so we can use this for the + + align:start position:0% +okay so we can use this for the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we can use this for the +crosstalk + + align:start position:0% +crosstalk + + + align:start position:0% +crosstalk +what you do you simply take + + align:start position:0% +what you do you simply take + + + align:start position:0% +what you do you simply take +your + + align:start position:0% +your + + + align:start position:0% +your +jam or the nutellas and peel them out + + align:start position:0% +jam or the nutellas and peel them out + + + align:start position:0% +jam or the nutellas and peel them out +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +okay before you do that you want to + + align:start position:0% +okay before you do that you want to + + + align:start position:0% +okay before you do that you want to +what about yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay because the idea is that you place + + align:start position:0% +okay because the idea is that you place + + + align:start position:0% +okay because the idea is that you place +them out + + align:start position:0% +them out + + + align:start position:0% +them out +and then you will cut some strips and + + align:start position:0% +and then you will cut some strips and + + + align:start position:0% +and then you will cut some strips and +you will put the strips to create a sort + + align:start position:0% +you will put the strips to create a sort + + + align:start position:0% +you will put the strips to create a sort +of a lattice + + align:start position:0% +of a lattice + + + align:start position:0% +of a lattice +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the only weird like normal looking + + align:start position:0% +the only weird like normal looking + + + align:start position:0% +the only weird like normal looking +person + + align:start position:0% +person + + + align:start position:0% +person +thank you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/CPaFPYeVKoY.txt b/CPaFPYeVKoY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..20f617f78f6aab027a8dcd688137aefbb16713e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/CPaFPYeVKoY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,651 @@ +align:start position:0% + +welcome back to a20 special relativity + + align:start position:0% +welcome back to a20 special relativity + + + align:start position:0% +welcome back to a20 special relativity +in this section we're going to talk + + align:start position:0% +in this section we're going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +in this section we're going to talk +about the relativistic doppler effect + + align:start position:0% +about the relativistic doppler effect + + + align:start position:0% +about the relativistic doppler effect +and we make good use of our space-time + + align:start position:0% +and we make good use of our space-time + + + align:start position:0% +and we make good use of our space-time +diagrams which we discussed earlier + + align:start position:0% +diagrams which we discussed earlier + + + align:start position:0% +diagrams which we discussed earlier +so the situation is as follows to + + align:start position:0% +so the situation is as follows to + + + align:start position:0% +so the situation is as follows to +simplify this we have a a source which + + align:start position:0% +simplify this we have a a source which + + + align:start position:0% +simplify this we have a a source which +is emitting pulses so the waves are + + align:start position:0% +is emitting pulses so the waves are + + + align:start position:0% +is emitting pulses so the waves are +pulses every now and then there is a + + align:start position:0% +pulses every now and then there is a + + + align:start position:0% +pulses every now and then there is a +beep and another creep and another peep + + align:start position:0% +beep and another creep and another peep + + + align:start position:0% +beep and another creep and another peep +and those those two pulses they travel + + align:start position:0% +and those those two pulses they travel + + + align:start position:0% +and those those two pulses they travel +with their velocity with their wave + + align:start position:0% +with their velocity with their wave + + + align:start position:0% +with their velocity with their wave +velocity + + align:start position:0% +velocity + + + align:start position:0% +velocity +um and they have a word line represented + + align:start position:0% +um and they have a word line represented + + + align:start position:0% +um and they have a word line represented +here in the space time diagram this is + + align:start position:0% +here in the space time diagram this is + + + align:start position:0% +here in the space time diagram this is +pulse number one + + align:start position:0% +pulse number one + + + align:start position:0% +pulse number one +and this is pulse number two + + align:start position:0% +and this is pulse number two + + + align:start position:0% +and this is pulse number two +the distance between those two pulses is + + align:start position:0% +the distance between those two pulses is + + + align:start position:0% +the distance between those two pulses is +our period the period of our wave which + + align:start position:0% +our period the period of our wave which + + + align:start position:0% +our period the period of our wave which +we call tau + + align:start position:0% +we call tau + + + align:start position:0% +we call tau +the question now is how is this being + + align:start position:0% +the question now is how is this being + + + align:start position:0% +the question now is how is this being +observed by our observer which is moving + + align:start position:0% +observed by our observer which is moving + + + align:start position:0% +observed by our observer which is moving +with a relative velocity v with respect + + align:start position:0% +with a relative velocity v with respect + + + align:start position:0% +with a relative velocity v with respect +to the source + + align:start position:0% +to the source + + + align:start position:0% +to the source +so let's analyze this + + align:start position:0% +so let's analyze this + + + align:start position:0% +so let's analyze this +so if you want to characterize or find + + align:start position:0% +so if you want to characterize or find + + + align:start position:0% +so if you want to characterize or find +our position x1 and x2 we can do this by + + align:start position:0% +our position x1 and x2 we can do this by + + + align:start position:0% +our position x1 and x2 we can do this by +saying + + align:start position:0% +saying + + + align:start position:0% +saying +x1 is equal to c tau 1 at t1 + + align:start position:0% +x1 is equal to c tau 1 at t1 + + + align:start position:0% +x1 is equal to c tau 1 at t1 +or equal to x0 which is the distance + + align:start position:0% +or equal to x0 which is the distance + + + align:start position:0% +or equal to x0 which is the distance +of the observer to the source plus v + + align:start position:0% +of the observer to the source plus v + + + align:start position:0% +of the observer to the source plus v +times t1 + + align:start position:0% +times t1 + + + align:start position:0% +times t1 +v is the velocity in which + + align:start position:0% +v is the velocity in which + + + align:start position:0% +v is the velocity in which +the source is moving + + align:start position:0% +the source is moving + + + align:start position:0% +the source is moving +and similarly for tx2 we find c times t + + align:start position:0% +and similarly for tx2 we find c times t + + + align:start position:0% +and similarly for tx2 we find c times t +2 minus tau + + align:start position:0% +2 minus tau + + + align:start position:0% +2 minus tau +and that's also equal x 0 + + align:start position:0% +and that's also equal x 0 + + + align:start position:0% +and that's also equal x 0 +plus v times + + align:start position:0% +plus v times + + + align:start position:0% +plus v times +t 1 and t 2. + + align:start position:0% +t 1 and t 2. + + + align:start position:0% +t 1 and t 2. +so the distance in time + + align:start position:0% +so the distance in time + + + align:start position:0% +so the distance in time +still in the reference frame s of the + + align:start position:0% +still in the reference frame s of the + + + align:start position:0% +still in the reference frame s of the +source is given by c times tau over c + + align:start position:0% +source is given by c times tau over c + + + align:start position:0% +source is given by c times tau over c +minus v + + align:start position:0% +minus v + + + align:start position:0% +minus v +and the distance in space is given by v + + align:start position:0% +and the distance in space is given by v + + + align:start position:0% +and the distance in space is given by v +times c times tau over c minus v + + align:start position:0% +times c times tau over c minus v + + + align:start position:0% +times c times tau over c minus v +so the question is not how this is + + align:start position:0% +so the question is not how this is + + + align:start position:0% +so the question is not how this is +observed how this is seen by the source + + align:start position:0% +observed how this is seen by the source + + + align:start position:0% +observed how this is seen by the source +but how this is being seen by the + + align:start position:0% +but how this is being seen by the + + + align:start position:0% +but how this is being seen by the +observer so we have to do apply loans + + align:start position:0% +observer so we have to do apply loans + + + align:start position:0% +observer so we have to do apply loans +transformation + + align:start position:0% +transformation + + + align:start position:0% +transformation +so in the s prime frame which is the + + align:start position:0% +so in the s prime frame which is the + + + align:start position:0% +so in the s prime frame which is the +observer frame + + align:start position:0% +observer frame + + + align:start position:0% +observer frame +we find delta t prime is equal to gamma + + align:start position:0% +we find delta t prime is equal to gamma + + + align:start position:0% +we find delta t prime is equal to gamma +delta t minus v over c square delta x + + align:start position:0% +delta t minus v over c square delta x + + + align:start position:0% +delta t minus v over c square delta x +and then we just fill in the information + + align:start position:0% +and then we just fill in the information + + + align:start position:0% +and then we just fill in the information +as we discussed before + + align:start position:0% +as we discussed before + + + align:start position:0% +as we discussed before +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tau prime is then + + align:start position:0% +tau prime is then + + + align:start position:0% +tau prime is then +gamma times c tau + + align:start position:0% +gamma times c tau + + + align:start position:0% +gamma times c tau +over c minus v + + align:start position:0% +over c minus v + + + align:start position:0% +over c minus v +times one minus v square over c square + + align:start position:0% +times one minus v square over c square + + + align:start position:0% +times one minus v square over c square +and then we make use of beta equal v + + align:start position:0% +and then we make use of beta equal v + + + align:start position:0% +and then we make use of beta equal v +over c + + align:start position:0% +over c + + + align:start position:0% +over c +and we + + align:start position:0% +and we + + + align:start position:0% +and we +make use of + + align:start position:0% +make use of + + + align:start position:0% +make use of +of gamma equal 1 over square root 1 + + align:start position:0% +of gamma equal 1 over square root 1 + + + align:start position:0% +of gamma equal 1 over square root 1 +minus beta square and we find then + + align:start position:0% +minus beta square and we find then + + + align:start position:0% +minus beta square and we find then +this is a little bit of an algebra + + align:start position:0% +this is a little bit of an algebra + + + align:start position:0% +this is a little bit of an algebra +exercise here let's say the period + + align:start position:0% +exercise here let's say the period + + + align:start position:0% +exercise here let's say the period +now is given by + + align:start position:0% +now is given by + + + align:start position:0% +now is given by +1 plus beta over 1 minus better square + + align:start position:0% +1 plus beta over 1 minus better square + + + align:start position:0% +1 plus beta over 1 minus better square +root of that times tau + + align:start position:0% +root of that times tau + + + align:start position:0% +root of that times tau +and the frequency is the inverse we have + + align:start position:0% +and the frequency is the inverse we have + + + align:start position:0% +and the frequency is the inverse we have +one minus better over one plus better + + align:start position:0% +one minus better over one plus better + + + align:start position:0% +one minus better over one plus better +square root of that + + align:start position:0% +square root of that + + + align:start position:0% +square root of that +times the frequency + + align:start position:0% +times the frequency + + + align:start position:0% +times the frequency +so we just calculated relativistically + + align:start position:0% +so we just calculated relativistically + + + align:start position:0% +so we just calculated relativistically +how the period and the frequency of a + + align:start position:0% +how the period and the frequency of a + + + align:start position:0% +how the period and the frequency of a +wave + + align:start position:0% +wave + + + align:start position:0% +wave +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +is loans transformed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Cy5-17esUsE.txt b/Cy5-17esUsE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ffd538577316afdc1dfb124d271853ce67ad4d35 --- /dev/null +++ b/Cy5-17esUsE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18587 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu so uh last week was the + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu so uh last week was the + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu so uh last week was the +intro class and the human power lab + + align:start position:0% +intro class and the human power lab + + + align:start position:0% +intro class and the human power lab +today I just told you what we're doing + + align:start position:0% +today I just told you what we're doing + + + align:start position:0% +today I just told you what we're doing +on Friday we'll have the energy storage + + align:start position:0% +on Friday we'll have the energy storage + + + align:start position:0% +on Friday we'll have the energy storage +lab and then next week into lighting so + + align:start position:0% +lab and then next week into lighting so + + + align:start position:0% +lab and then next week into lighting so +um and in two weeks is quiz one so just + + align:start position:0% +um and in two weeks is quiz one so just + + + align:start position:0% +um and in two weeks is quiz one so just +so you have that in your + + align:start position:0% +so you have that in your + + + align:start position:0% +so you have that in your +minds uh so the muddy cards um I'm going + + align:start position:0% +minds uh so the muddy cards um I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +minds uh so the muddy cards um I'm going +to do this one at the + + align:start position:0% +to do this one at the + + + align:start position:0% +to do this one at the +end so one question was there were some + + align:start position:0% +end so one question was there were some + + + align:start position:0% +end so one question was there were some +questions on the estimation so one was + + align:start position:0% +questions on the estimation so one was + + + align:start position:0% +questions on the estimation so one was +what if I have no reference point for + + align:start position:0% +what if I have no reference point for + + + align:start position:0% +what if I have no reference point for +estimation for example I have no idea + + align:start position:0% +estimation for example I have no idea + + + align:start position:0% +estimation for example I have no idea +what a D cell is basically so then + + align:start position:0% +what a D cell is basically so then + + + align:start position:0% +what a D cell is basically so then +you're kind of stuck right because it's + + align:start position:0% +you're kind of stuck right because it's + + + align:start position:0% +you're kind of stuck right because it's +really hard if I ask you to estimate you + + align:start position:0% +really hard if I ask you to estimate you + + + align:start position:0% +really hard if I ask you to estimate you +know the power in a glob and you're like + + align:start position:0% +know the power in a glob and you're like + + + align:start position:0% +know the power in a glob and you're like +uh what's the glob Amy um and I'm not + + align:start position:0% +uh what's the glob Amy um and I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +uh what's the glob Amy um and I'm not +telling you cuz it's an estimation + + align:start position:0% +telling you cuz it's an estimation + + + align:start position:0% +telling you cuz it's an estimation +you're stuck and so if I literally say + + align:start position:0% +you're stuck and so if I literally say + + + align:start position:0% +you're stuck and so if I literally say +glob and you're like I have no idea what + + align:start position:0% +glob and you're like I have no idea what + + + align:start position:0% +glob and you're like I have no idea what +a glob is then you're kind of done and + + align:start position:0% +a glob is then you're kind of done and + + + align:start position:0% +a glob is then you're kind of done and +you have to reference some sort of + + align:start position:0% +you have to reference some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +you have to reference some sort of +manual but if you know like Dell is a + + align:start position:0% +manual but if you know like Dell is a + + + align:start position:0% +manual but if you know like Dell is a +battery right then the best practice is + + align:start position:0% +battery right then the best practice is + + + align:start position:0% +battery right then the best practice is +to say okay am a familiar with any + + align:start position:0% +to say okay am a familiar with any + + + align:start position:0% +to say okay am a familiar with any +battery say a able a or a car battery or + + align:start position:0% +battery say a able a or a car battery or + + + align:start position:0% +battery say a able a or a car battery or +a 9vt or something and say I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +a 9vt or something and say I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +a 9vt or something and say I'm going to +and just write an explicit assumption + + align:start position:0% +and just write an explicit assumption + + + align:start position:0% +and just write an explicit assumption +your estimation I'm assuming a d Cel is + + align:start position:0% +your estimation I'm assuming a d Cel is + + + align:start position:0% +your estimation I'm assuming a d Cel is +a 9vt or Dell is a car battery or + + align:start position:0% +a 9vt or Dell is a car battery or + + + align:start position:0% +a 9vt or Dell is a car battery or +whatever assumption you make that brings + + align:start position:0% +whatever assumption you make that brings + + + align:start position:0% +whatever assumption you make that brings +you to something you're familiar with + + align:start position:0% +you to something you're familiar with + + + align:start position:0% +you to something you're familiar with +and that way when you do the estimation + + align:start position:0% +and that way when you do the estimation + + + align:start position:0% +and that way when you do the estimation +and if you do it clearly then when you + + align:start position:0% +and if you do it clearly then when you + + + align:start position:0% +and if you do it clearly then when you +have time to check that assumption you + + align:start position:0% +have time to check that assumption you + + + align:start position:0% +have time to check that assumption you +can then very quickly revise your + + align:start position:0% +can then very quickly revise your + + + align:start position:0% +can then very quickly revise your +estimate based on real world data and + + align:start position:0% +estimate based on real world data and + + + align:start position:0% +estimate based on real world data and +and that way if it's something you're + + align:start position:0% +and that way if it's something you're + + + align:start position:0% +and that way if it's something you're +turning into me or something you're + + align:start position:0% +turning into me or something you're + + + align:start position:0% +turning into me or something you're +using in the real world um you still get + + align:start position:0% +using in the real world um you still get + + + align:start position:0% +using in the real world um you still get +to do something and maybe you'll be off + + align:start position:0% +to do something and maybe you'll be off + + + align:start position:0% +to do something and maybe you'll be off +by you know have less confidence in that + + align:start position:0% +by you know have less confidence in that + + + align:start position:0% +by you know have less confidence in that +answer at the end so maybe you're going + + align:start position:0% +answer at the end so maybe you're going + + + align:start position:0% +answer at the end so maybe you're going +to be off by a couple of orders of + + align:start position:0% +to be off by a couple of orders of + + + align:start position:0% +to be off by a couple of orders of +magnitude rather than one but at least + + align:start position:0% +magnitude rather than one but at least + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude rather than one but at least +you've done something rather than just + + align:start position:0% +you've done something rather than just + + + align:start position:0% +you've done something rather than just +sat there looking bored but if I say + + align:start position:0% +sat there looking bored but if I say + + + align:start position:0% +sat there looking bored but if I say +glob and you literally you're like I + + align:start position:0% +glob and you literally you're like I + + + align:start position:0% +glob and you literally you're like I +have no idea what you're talking about + + align:start position:0% +have no idea what you're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +have no idea what you're talking about +um then yeah that's a tricky situation + + align:start position:0% +um then yeah that's a tricky situation + + + align:start position:0% +um then yeah that's a tricky situation +um but hopefully that doesn't come up + + align:start position:0% +um but hopefully that doesn't come up + + + align:start position:0% +um but hopefully that doesn't come up +too often yeah Kurt for the purp of + + align:start position:0% +too often yeah Kurt for the purp of + + + align:start position:0% +too often yeah Kurt for the purp of +would you want us to kind of pull a + + align:start position:0% +would you want us to kind of pull a + + + align:start position:0% +would you want us to kind of pull a +number out of thin air for something + + align:start position:0% +number out of thin air for something + + + align:start position:0% +number out of thin air for something +like how much energy like solar thermal + + align:start position:0% +like how much energy like solar thermal + + + align:start position:0% +like how much energy like solar thermal +system can produce so those that wasn't + + align:start position:0% +system can produce so those that wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +system can produce so those that wasn't +an explicit estimation okay so that that + + align:start position:0% +an explicit estimation okay so that that + + + align:start position:0% +an explicit estimation okay so that that +would be a case where you should be + + align:start position:0% +would be a case where you should be + + + align:start position:0% +would be a case where you should be +Googling and documenting where you get + + align:start position:0% +Googling and documenting where you get + + + align:start position:0% +Googling and documenting where you get +your numbers um but absolutely looking + + align:start position:0% +your numbers um but absolutely looking + + + align:start position:0% +your numbers um but absolutely looking +stuff up um it'll generally um I will + + align:start position:0% +stuff up um it'll generally um I will + + + align:start position:0% +stuff up um it'll generally um I will +say estimate if I mean estimate um but + + align:start position:0% +say estimate if I mean estimate um but + + + align:start position:0% +say estimate if I mean estimate um but +if you're unclear always ask um I'm not + + align:start position:0% +if you're unclear always ask um I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +if you're unclear always ask um I'm not +100% responding to email quickly but I + + align:start position:0% +100% responding to email quickly but I + + + align:start position:0% +100% responding to email quickly but I +try to and if you don't hear from me + + align:start position:0% +try to and if you don't hear from me + + + align:start position:0% +try to and if you don't hear from me +like 24 hours just send another email + + align:start position:0% +like 24 hours just send another email + + + align:start position:0% +like 24 hours just send another email +and be like seriously give me the answer + + align:start position:0% +and be like seriously give me the answer + + + align:start position:0% +and be like seriously give me the answer +um I get a lot of emails per day as I'm + + align:start position:0% +um I get a lot of emails per day as I'm + + + align:start position:0% +um I get a lot of emails per day as I'm +sure we all do and sometimes it hurts if + + align:start position:0% +sure we all do and sometimes it hurts if + + + align:start position:0% +sure we all do and sometimes it hurts if +you put like an explicit dlab energy in + + align:start position:0% +you put like an explicit dlab energy in + + + align:start position:0% +you put like an explicit dlab energy in +the subject line that will probably + + align:start position:0% +the subject line that will probably + + + align:start position:0% +the subject line that will probably +improve my ability to respond quickly um + + align:start position:0% +improve my ability to respond quickly um + + + align:start position:0% +improve my ability to respond quickly um +because I'll I won't necessarily + + align:start position:0% +because I'll I won't necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +because I'll I won't necessarily +recognize your email but I will see that + + align:start position:0% +recognize your email but I will see that + + + align:start position:0% +recognize your email but I will see that +subject so yeah but I my in is to + + align:start position:0% +subject so yeah but I my in is to + + + align:start position:0% +subject so yeah but I my in is to +respond quickly but people I got people + + align:start position:0% +respond quickly but people I got people + + + align:start position:0% +respond quickly but people I got people +like emailing me at 1: in the morning + + align:start position:0% +like emailing me at 1: in the morning + + + align:start position:0% +like emailing me at 1: in the morning +needing a response by the next morning + + align:start position:0% +needing a response by the next morning + + + align:start position:0% +needing a response by the next morning +and that is hard for me if I've already + + align:start position:0% +and that is hard for me if I've already + + + align:start position:0% +and that is hard for me if I've already +gone to bed sometimes I haven't but if I + + align:start position:0% +gone to bed sometimes I haven't but if I + + + align:start position:0% +gone to bed sometimes I haven't but if I +have I usually don't get to email until + + align:start position:0% +have I usually don't get to email until + + + align:start position:0% +have I usually don't get to email until +midday so that's just a warning that + + align:start position:0% +midday so that's just a warning that + + + align:start position:0% +midday so that's just a warning that +unfortunately or fortunately I don't + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately or fortunately I don't + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately or fortunately I don't +keep 2 a.m. hours anymore usually I try + + align:start position:0% +keep 2 a.m. hours anymore usually I try + + + align:start position:0% +keep 2 a.m. hours anymore usually I try +not to um another one was a situation + + align:start position:0% +not to um another one was a situation + + + align:start position:0% +not to um another one was a situation +where we could actually use estimation + + align:start position:0% +where we could actually use estimation + + + align:start position:0% +where we could actually use estimation +in the real world and I hope that that + + align:start position:0% +in the real world and I hope that that + + + align:start position:0% +in the real world and I hope that that +will become clear as the weeks go on but + + align:start position:0% +will become clear as the weeks go on but + + + align:start position:0% +will become clear as the weeks go on but +um for example your community partner + + align:start position:0% +um for example your community partner + + + align:start position:0% +um for example your community partner +May well + + align:start position:0% +May well + + + align:start position:0% +May well +say let's put a wind turbine here could + + align:start position:0% +say let's put a wind turbine here could + + + align:start position:0% +say let's put a wind turbine here could +we do wind power here and literally that + + align:start position:0% +we do wind power here and literally that + + + align:start position:0% +we do wind power here and literally that +will be the question and your choice is + + align:start position:0% +will be the question and your choice is + + + align:start position:0% +will be the question and your choice is +to say I have no idea or yes or no or + + align:start position:0% +to say I have no idea or yes or no or + + + align:start position:0% +to say I have no idea or yes or no or +give me 10 minutes and let me do an + + align:start position:0% +give me 10 minutes and let me do an + + + align:start position:0% +give me 10 minutes and let me do an +estimation and then you can give a much + + align:start position:0% +estimation and then you can give a much + + + align:start position:0% +estimation and then you can give a much +more useful answer than any of those and + + align:start position:0% +more useful answer than any of those and + + + align:start position:0% +more useful answer than any of those and +so you could very quickly say well talk + + align:start position:0% +so you could very quickly say well talk + + + align:start position:0% +so you could very quickly say well talk +to me about wind speed and we'll talk + + align:start position:0% +to me about wind speed and we'll talk + + + align:start position:0% +to me about wind speed and we'll talk +about how to estimate wind power later + + align:start position:0% +about how to estimate wind power later + + + align:start position:0% +about how to estimate wind power later +later on in the semester but so you know + + align:start position:0% +later on in the semester but so you know + + + align:start position:0% +later on in the semester but so you know +how much of the branches moving um are + + align:start position:0% +how much of the branches moving um are + + + align:start position:0% +how much of the branches moving um are +you falling down because of the wind um + + align:start position:0% +you falling down because of the wind um + + + align:start position:0% +you falling down because of the wind um +or you know is it just a little breeze + + align:start position:0% +or you know is it just a little breeze + + + align:start position:0% +or you know is it just a little breeze +occasionally and get an estimate of the + + align:start position:0% +occasionally and get an estimate of the + + + align:start position:0% +occasionally and get an estimate of the +wind speed and then you can run through + + align:start position:0% +wind speed and then you can run through + + + align:start position:0% +wind speed and then you can run through +a calculation that says yes or no you + + align:start position:0% +a calculation that says yes or no you + + + align:start position:0% +a calculation that says yes or no you +could power a light bulb or whatever you + + align:start position:0% +could power a light bulb or whatever you + + + align:start position:0% +could power a light bulb or whatever you +want and those questions come up all the + + align:start position:0% +want and those questions come up all the + + + align:start position:0% +want and those questions come up all the +time or I really want to do solar power + + align:start position:0% +time or I really want to do solar power + + + align:start position:0% +time or I really want to do solar power +how much is it going to cost me and + + align:start position:0% +how much is it going to cost me and + + + align:start position:0% +how much is it going to cost me and +being able to give someone a ballpark by + + align:start position:0% +being able to give someone a ballpark by + + + align:start position:0% +being able to give someone a ballpark by +running through the numbers really + + align:start position:0% +running through the numbers really + + + align:start position:0% +running through the numbers really +quickly is great or when you're in a job + + align:start position:0% +quickly is great or when you're in a job + + + align:start position:0% +quickly is great or when you're in a job +interview and someone asks you these + + align:start position:0% +interview and someone asks you these + + + align:start position:0% +interview and someone asks you these +sorts of questions probably NE not + + align:start position:0% +sorts of questions probably NE not + + + align:start position:0% +sorts of questions probably NE not +necessarily about developing country + + align:start position:0% +necessarily about developing country + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily about developing country +stuff but um just a random question + + align:start position:0% +stuff but um just a random question + + + align:start position:0% +stuff but um just a random question +having that skill will serve you in a + + align:start position:0% +having that skill will serve you in a + + + align:start position:0% +having that skill will serve you in a +job interview when you're in a + + align:start position:0% +job interview when you're in a + + + align:start position:0% +job interview when you're in a +consulting job and a customer asks you a + + align:start position:0% +consulting job and a customer asks you a + + + align:start position:0% +consulting job and a customer asks you a +question when you're in developing + + align:start position:0% +question when you're in developing + + + align:start position:0% +question when you're in developing +countries it's going to be useful I + + align:start position:0% +countries it's going to be useful I + + + align:start position:0% +countries it's going to be useful I +swear and it's pretty powerful to be + + align:start position:0% +swear and it's pretty powerful to be + + + align:start position:0% +swear and it's pretty powerful to be +able to answer and instead of just being + + align:start position:0% +able to answer and instead of just being + + + align:start position:0% +able to answer and instead of just being +like I don't know I wish I + + align:start position:0% +like I don't know I wish I + + + align:start position:0% +like I don't know I wish I +did um so I screwed up and mentioned + + align:start position:0% +did um so I screwed up and mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +did um so I screwed up and mentioned +that the LED was in amp hours + + align:start position:0% +that the LED was in amp hours + + + align:start position:0% +that the LED was in amp hours +uh and I sent you guys all an email + + align:start position:0% +uh and I sent you guys all an email + + + align:start position:0% +uh and I sent you guys all an email +apologizing for that so amp hours would + + align:start position:0% +apologizing for that so amp hours would + + + align:start position:0% +apologizing for that so amp hours would +be how long a battery can last and there + + align:start position:0% +be how long a battery can last and there + + + align:start position:0% +be how long a battery can last and there +was a confusion about that so for + + align:start position:0% +was a confusion about that so for + + + align:start position:0% +was a confusion about that so for +example if + + align:start position:0% +example if + + + align:start position:0% +example if +um a battery has a 2 Amp Hour rating for + + align:start position:0% +um a battery has a 2 Amp Hour rating for + + + align:start position:0% +um a battery has a 2 Amp Hour rating for +example which is kind of low and you + + align:start position:0% +example which is kind of low and you + + + align:start position:0% +example which is kind of low and you +know the voltage of your battery and you + + align:start position:0% +know the voltage of your battery and you + + + align:start position:0% +know the voltage of your battery and you +know or the voltage that you're using + + align:start position:0% +know or the voltage that you're using + + + align:start position:0% +know or the voltage that you're using +and you know the current that you're + + align:start position:0% +and you know the current that you're + + + align:start position:0% +and you know the current that you're +drawing then you can use the current to + + align:start position:0% +drawing then you can use the current to + + + align:start position:0% +drawing then you can use the current to +figure out um so let's say it's 2 + + align:start position:0% +figure out um so let's say it's 2 + + + align:start position:0% +figure out um so let's say it's 2 +milliamps is your current then you can + + align:start position:0% +milliamps is your current then you can + + + align:start position:0% +milliamps is your current then you can +multiply or divide the 2 Amp + + align:start position:0% +multiply or divide the 2 Amp + + + align:start position:0% +multiply or divide the 2 Amp +hours / 2 + + align:start position:0% +hours / 2 + + + align:start position:0% +hours / 2 +mamps equals + + align:start position:0% +mamps equals + + + align:start position:0% +mamps equals +1 I really I fail at math on the + + align:start position:0% +1 I really I fail at math on the + + + align:start position:0% +1 I really I fail at math on the +board am I blocking the camera sorry um + + align:start position:0% +board am I blocking the camera sorry um + + + align:start position:0% +board am I blocking the camera sorry um +so we have 1,000 hours that this is + + align:start position:0% +so we have 1,000 hours that this is + + + align:start position:0% +so we have 1,000 hours that this is +going to last and again you have + + align:start position:0% +going to last and again you have + + + align:start position:0% +going to last and again you have +efficiency and issues with batteries + + align:start position:0% +efficiency and issues with batteries + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency and issues with batteries +that we'll talk about a little bit today + + align:start position:0% +that we'll talk about a little bit today + + + align:start position:0% +that we'll talk about a little bit today +so that's not an exact number that you + + align:start position:0% +so that's not an exact number that you + + + align:start position:0% +so that's not an exact number that you +can rely on that my my battery is going + + align:start position:0% +can rely on that my my battery is going + + + align:start position:0% +can rely on that my my battery is going +to last exactly 1,000 hours but it gives + + align:start position:0% +to last exactly 1,000 hours but it gives + + + align:start position:0% +to last exactly 1,000 hours but it gives +you again an order of magnitude estimate + + align:start position:0% +you again an order of magnitude estimate + + + align:start position:0% +you again an order of magnitude estimate +um yeah so does that does anyone have a + + align:start position:0% +um yeah so does that does anyone have a + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah so does that does anyone have a +question about AMP hours versus + + align:start position:0% +question about AMP hours versus + + + align:start position:0% +question about AMP hours versus +amps batteries and um some of these + + align:start position:0% +amps batteries and um some of these + + + align:start position:0% +amps batteries and um some of these +muddy card questions please keep putting + + align:start position:0% +muddy card questions please keep putting + + + align:start position:0% +muddy card questions please keep putting +questions you have on the money cards + + align:start position:0% +questions you have on the money cards + + + align:start position:0% +questions you have on the money cards +but if you're confused about something + + align:start position:0% +but if you're confused about something + + + align:start position:0% +but if you're confused about something +also feel free to contact me or meet and + + align:start position:0% +also feel free to contact me or meet and + + + align:start position:0% +also feel free to contact me or meet and +set up a time to meet or come after + + align:start position:0% +set up a time to meet or come after + + + align:start position:0% +set up a time to meet or come after +class or before class to talk um because + + align:start position:0% +class or before class to talk um because + + + align:start position:0% +class or before class to talk um because +we're happy to help and we don't have + + align:start position:0% +we're happy to help and we don't have + + + align:start position:0% +we're happy to help and we don't have +explicit office hours but we are around + + align:start position:0% +explicit office hours but we are around + + + align:start position:0% +explicit office hours but we are around +a lot and happy to help um so someone + + align:start position:0% +a lot and happy to help um so someone + + + align:start position:0% +a lot and happy to help um so someone +wrote like I just want more insight into + + align:start position:0% +wrote like I just want more insight into + + + align:start position:0% +wrote like I just want more insight into +power energy time and work relationships + + align:start position:0% +power energy time and work relationships + + + align:start position:0% +power energy time and work relationships +and that's a hard question to answer + + align:start position:0% +and that's a hard question to answer + + + align:start position:0% +and that's a hard question to answer +generically but I'm happy to sit down + + align:start position:0% +generically but I'm happy to sit down + + + align:start position:0% +generically but I'm happy to sit down +with you and give you more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +insight um and then some other quick + + align:start position:0% +insight um and then some other quick + + + align:start position:0% +insight um and then some other quick +ones background of instructor I + + align:start position:0% +ones background of instructor I + + + align:start position:0% +ones background of instructor I +completely forgot to tell you anything + + align:start position:0% +completely forgot to tell you anything + + + align:start position:0% +completely forgot to tell you anything +about myself other than I have a kid + + align:start position:0% +about myself other than I have a kid + + + align:start position:0% +about myself other than I have a kid +which is probably the least useful thing + + align:start position:0% +which is probably the least useful thing + + + align:start position:0% +which is probably the least useful thing +for you so I apologize for that um so + + align:start position:0% +for you so I apologize for that um so + + + align:start position:0% +for you so I apologize for that um so +I'm a PhD in mechanical engineering I + + align:start position:0% +I'm a PhD in mechanical engineering I + + + align:start position:0% +I'm a PhD in mechanical engineering I +hope to God I'm in my last year um I've + + align:start position:0% +hope to God I'm in my last year um I've + + + align:start position:0% +hope to God I'm in my last year um I've +been here a while I did my undergrad at + + align:start position:0% +been here a while I did my undergrad at + + + align:start position:0% +been here a while I did my undergrad at +MIT a long time ago also in mechanical + + align:start position:0% +MIT a long time ago also in mechanical + + + align:start position:0% +MIT a long time ago also in mechanical +engineering and when I finished I spent + + align:start position:0% +engineering and when I finished I spent + + + align:start position:0% +engineering and when I finished I spent +3 years in the auto automotive industry + + align:start position:0% +3 years in the auto automotive industry + + + align:start position:0% +3 years in the auto automotive industry +working for Texas Instruments which no + + align:start position:0% +working for Texas Instruments which no + + + align:start position:0% +working for Texas Instruments which no +longer has an automotive sensors and + + align:start position:0% +longer has an automotive sensors and + + + align:start position:0% +longer has an automotive sensors and +controls division but did at the time um + + align:start position:0% +controls division but did at the time um + + + align:start position:0% +controls division but did at the time um +they sold it off and now it's called + + align:start position:0% +they sold it off and now it's called + + + align:start position:0% +they sold it off and now it's called +Sada um and so I worked as first as a + + align:start position:0% +Sada um and so I worked as first as a + + + align:start position:0% +Sada um and so I worked as first as a +manufacturing engineer and then as a + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing engineer and then as a + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing engineer and then as a +design engineer building um pressure + + align:start position:0% +design engineer building um pressure + + + align:start position:0% +design engineer building um pressure +switch manifolds which go into vehicles + + align:start position:0% +switch manifolds which go into vehicles + + + align:start position:0% +switch manifolds which go into vehicles +to ensure that the car um transmission + + align:start position:0% +to ensure that the car um transmission + + + align:start position:0% +to ensure that the car um transmission +is in the right gear so that if you + + align:start position:0% +is in the right gear so that if you + + + align:start position:0% +is in the right gear so that if you +think you're in drive the car also + + align:start position:0% +think you're in drive the car also + + + align:start position:0% +think you're in drive the car also +agrees that you're in drive and not in + + align:start position:0% +agrees that you're in drive and not in + + + align:start position:0% +agrees that you're in drive and not in +Reverse for example which is pretty + + align:start position:0% +Reverse for example which is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +Reverse for example which is pretty +safety critical um and then um and then + + align:start position:0% +safety critical um and then um and then + + + align:start position:0% +safety critical um and then um and then +switched over to becoming a design + + align:start position:0% +switched over to becoming a design + + + align:start position:0% +switched over to becoming a design +engineer and primarily worked on + + align:start position:0% +engineer and primarily worked on + + + align:start position:0% +engineer and primarily worked on +capactive Automotive um Capac capacitive + + align:start position:0% +capactive Automotive um Capac capacitive + + + align:start position:0% +capactive Automotive um Capac capacitive +sensors to which are often used for like + + align:start position:0% +sensors to which are often used for like + + + align:start position:0% +sensors to which are often used for like +anti-roll roll um issues to make sure + + align:start position:0% +anti-roll roll um issues to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +anti-roll roll um issues to make sure +the car stays flat and parallel to the + + align:start position:0% +the car stays flat and parallel to the + + + align:start position:0% +the car stays flat and parallel to the +ground and doesn't flip over um so I + + align:start position:0% +ground and doesn't flip over um so I + + + align:start position:0% +ground and doesn't flip over um so I +have designed and Manufacturing and + + align:start position:0% +have designed and Manufacturing and + + + align:start position:0% +have designed and Manufacturing and +Industry experience which was really + + align:start position:0% +Industry experience which was really + + + align:start position:0% +Industry experience which was really +good I learned a ton but I decided that + + align:start position:0% +good I learned a ton but I decided that + + + align:start position:0% +good I learned a ton but I decided that +um it wasn't as fulfilling or my passion + + align:start position:0% +um it wasn't as fulfilling or my passion + + + align:start position:0% +um it wasn't as fulfilling or my passion +to be working in automotive industry I + + align:start position:0% +to be working in automotive industry I + + + align:start position:0% +to be working in automotive industry I +really wanted to be working on things + + align:start position:0% +really wanted to be working on things + + + align:start position:0% +really wanted to be working on things +that were directly having humanitarian + + align:start position:0% +that were directly having humanitarian + + + align:start position:0% +that were directly having humanitarian +benefit um and while both of those car + + align:start position:0% +benefit um and while both of those car + + + align:start position:0% +benefit um and while both of those car +sensors help a lot to not get you dead + + align:start position:0% +sensors help a lot to not get you dead + + + align:start position:0% +sensors help a lot to not get you dead +on the road in a car and that's pretty + + align:start position:0% +on the road in a car and that's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +on the road in a car and that's pretty +important uh it wasn't a good fit for me + + align:start position:0% +important uh it wasn't a good fit for me + + + align:start position:0% +important uh it wasn't a good fit for me +so then I um quit and was a little lost + + align:start position:0% +so then I um quit and was a little lost + + + align:start position:0% +so then I um quit and was a little lost +and through a c variety of things found + + align:start position:0% +and through a c variety of things found + + + align:start position:0% +and through a c variety of things found +myself back at MIT working for the media + + align:start position:0% +myself back at MIT working for the media + + + align:start position:0% +myself back at MIT working for the media +lab in a group called think cycle and + + align:start position:0% +lab in a group called think cycle and + + + align:start position:0% +lab in a group called think cycle and +design that matters um and design that + + align:start position:0% +design that matters um and design that + + + align:start position:0% +design that matters um and design that +matters has spun off into its own + + align:start position:0% +matters has spun off into its own + + + align:start position:0% +matters has spun off into its own +separate nonprofit it's run in Kendall + + align:start position:0% +separate nonprofit it's run in Kendall + + + align:start position:0% +separate nonprofit it's run in Kendall +Square think cycle is still a website + + align:start position:0% +Square think cycle is still a website + + + align:start position:0% +Square think cycle is still a website +I'm not sure how actively it's used but + + align:start position:0% +I'm not sure how actively it's used but + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not sure how actively it's used but +the idea was to do collaborative um + + align:start position:0% +the idea was to do collaborative um + + + align:start position:0% +the idea was to do collaborative um +design work for developing countries + + align:start position:0% +design work for developing countries + + + align:start position:0% +design work for developing countries +overseas so that someone in Kenya could + + align:start position:0% +overseas so that someone in Kenya could + + + align:start position:0% +overseas so that someone in Kenya could +post saying I need a better water + + align:start position:0% +post saying I need a better water + + + align:start position:0% +post saying I need a better water +filtration system and someone working in + + align:start position:0% +filtration system and someone working in + + + align:start position:0% +filtration system and someone working in +the US who had a few extra hours could + + align:start position:0% +the US who had a few extra hours could + + + align:start position:0% +the US who had a few extra hours could +work on that problem which is + + align:start position:0% +work on that problem which is + + + align:start position:0% +work on that problem which is +interesting but as we'll talk about it's + + align:start position:0% +interesting but as we'll talk about it's + + + align:start position:0% +interesting but as we'll talk about it's +really hard to do that kind of work + + align:start position:0% +really hard to do that kind of work + + + align:start position:0% +really hard to do that kind of work +without actually going to Kenya um or + + align:start position:0% +without actually going to Kenya um or + + + align:start position:0% +without actually going to Kenya um or +wherever you need to go so that was one + + align:start position:0% +wherever you need to go so that was one + + + align:start position:0% +wherever you need to go so that was one +of the challenges um but through that I + + align:start position:0% +of the challenges um but through that I + + + align:start position:0% +of the challenges um but through that I +met Amy Smith and Met Sally suitz in the + + align:start position:0% +met Amy Smith and Met Sally suitz in the + + + align:start position:0% +met Amy Smith and Met Sally suitz in the +public service center and became mit's + + align:start position:0% +public service center and became mit's + + + align:start position:0% +public service center and became mit's +First Service Learning coordinator which + + align:start position:0% +First Service Learning coordinator which + + + align:start position:0% +First Service Learning coordinator which +allowed me to figure out how to apply um + + align:start position:0% +allowed me to figure out how to apply um + + + align:start position:0% +allowed me to figure out how to apply um +projects that help people both in + + align:start position:0% +projects that help people both in + + + align:start position:0% +projects that help people both in +developing countries as well as in um + + align:start position:0% +developing countries as well as in um + + + align:start position:0% +developing countries as well as in um +this country uh people who are + + align:start position:0% +this country uh people who are + + + align:start position:0% +this country uh people who are +underserved in a variety of definitions + + align:start position:0% +underserved in a variety of definitions + + + align:start position:0% +underserved in a variety of definitions +um figure out how students at MIT in + + align:start position:0% +um figure out how students at MIT in + + + align:start position:0% +um figure out how students at MIT in +their classes could be working on + + align:start position:0% +their classes could be working on + + + align:start position:0% +their classes could be working on +projects that would help them so for + + align:start position:0% +projects that would help them so for + + + align:start position:0% +projects that would help them so for +example how can you learn in two2 which + + align:start position:0% +example how can you learn in two2 which + + + align:start position:0% +example how can you learn in two2 which +is um mechanics of mechanics of + + align:start position:0% +is um mechanics of mechanics of + + + align:start position:0% +is um mechanics of mechanics of +materials relatively introductory course + + align:start position:0% +materials relatively introductory course + + + align:start position:0% +materials relatively introductory course +how can you actually be helping people + + align:start position:0% +how can you actually be helping people + + + align:start position:0% +how can you actually be helping people +in Haiti and figuring out projects where + + align:start position:0% +in Haiti and figuring out projects where + + + align:start position:0% +in Haiti and figuring out projects where +the activities that you're doing in + + align:start position:0% +the activities that you're doing in + + + align:start position:0% +the activities that you're doing in +class that are you're learning really + + align:start position:0% +class that are you're learning really + + + align:start position:0% +class that are you're learning really +hardcore engineering or hardcore science + + align:start position:0% +hardcore engineering or hardcore science + + + align:start position:0% +hardcore engineering or hardcore science +or whatever can actually be helping + + align:start position:0% +or whatever can actually be helping + + + align:start position:0% +or whatever can actually be helping +people in developing countries too um + + align:start position:0% +people in developing countries too um + + + align:start position:0% +people in developing countries too um +because it tends to resonate really well + + align:start position:0% +because it tends to resonate really well + + + align:start position:0% +because it tends to resonate really well +with students make the material more + + align:start position:0% +with students make the material more + + + align:start position:0% +with students make the material more +interesting make you more excited to + + align:start position:0% +interesting make you more excited to + + + align:start position:0% +interesting make you more excited to +learn the material um and help people + + align:start position:0% +learn the material um and help people + + + align:start position:0% +learn the material um and help people +too so uh it was cool and I love doing + + align:start position:0% +too so uh it was cool and I love doing + + + align:start position:0% +too so uh it was cool and I love doing +it for 3 years and then I said you know + + align:start position:0% +it for 3 years and then I said you know + + + align:start position:0% +it for 3 years and then I said you know +what I really want to be doing these + + align:start position:0% +what I really want to be doing these + + + align:start position:0% +what I really want to be doing these +cool projects not just helping people do + + align:start position:0% +cool projects not just helping people do + + + align:start position:0% +cool projects not just helping people do +them so that's why I came back to grad + + align:start position:0% +them so that's why I came back to grad + + + align:start position:0% +them so that's why I came back to grad +school and so my grad school research is + + align:start position:0% +school and so my grad school research is + + + align:start position:0% +school and so my grad school research is +in charcoal which you'll learn a ton + + align:start position:0% +in charcoal which you'll learn a ton + + + align:start position:0% +in charcoal which you'll learn a ton +about in this class because it's very + + align:start position:0% +about in this class because it's very + + + align:start position:0% +about in this class because it's very +relevant to the class conveniently um + + align:start position:0% +relevant to the class conveniently um + + + align:start position:0% +relevant to the class conveniently um +and then also studying service learning + + align:start position:0% +and then also studying service learning + + + align:start position:0% +and then also studying service learning +as a pedagogical technique in + + align:start position:0% +as a pedagogical technique in + + + align:start position:0% +as a pedagogical technique in +engineering so that's a nutshell do you + + align:start position:0% +engineering so that's a nutshell do you + + + align:start position:0% +engineering so that's a nutshell do you +guys have any other questions about my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +background yeah do you mind sharing what + + align:start position:0% +background yeah do you mind sharing what + + + align:start position:0% +background yeah do you mind sharing what +year it was that you were the first what + + align:start position:0% +year it was that you were the first what + + + align:start position:0% +year it was that you were the first what +year was it when you were the first + + align:start position:0% +year was it when you were the first + + + align:start position:0% +year was it when you were the first +uh service coordinat service learning + + align:start position:0% +uh service coordinat service learning + + + align:start position:0% +uh service coordinat service learning +coord I think it was 2002 that I started + + align:start position:0% +coord I think it was 2002 that I started + + + align:start position:0% +coord I think it was 2002 that I started +that um somewhere around there so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +developed not that yeah yeah no MIT has + + align:start position:0% +developed not that yeah yeah no MIT has + + + align:start position:0% +developed not that yeah yeah no MIT has +changed a ton like I've been here since + + align:start position:0% +changed a ton like I've been here since + + + align:start position:0% +changed a ton like I've been here since +94 um and MIT has changed a ton in + + align:start position:0% +94 um and MIT has changed a ton in + + + align:start position:0% +94 um and MIT has changed a ton in +almost two decades um in a lot of ways + + align:start position:0% +almost two decades um in a lot of ways + + + align:start position:0% +almost two decades um in a lot of ways +and many ways that I'm quite jealous + + align:start position:0% +and many ways that I'm quite jealous + + + align:start position:0% +and many ways that I'm quite jealous +that I didn't have daab when I was in + + align:start position:0% +that I didn't have daab when I was in + + + align:start position:0% +that I didn't have daab when I was in +undergrad didn't have service learning + + align:start position:0% +undergrad didn't have service learning + + + align:start position:0% +undergrad didn't have service learning +so it's great that uh we have it and + + align:start position:0% +so it's great that uh we have it and + + + align:start position:0% +so it's great that uh we have it and +just to repeat that question um you were + + align:start position:0% +just to repeat that question um you were + + + align:start position:0% +just to repeat that question um you were +asking uh when I came to MIT for um or + + align:start position:0% +asking uh when I came to MIT for um or + + + align:start position:0% +asking uh when I came to MIT for um or +and when I did the public service center + + align:start position:0% +and when I did the public service center + + + align:start position:0% +and when I did the public service center +work so yeah + + align:start position:0% +work so yeah + + + align:start position:0% +work so yeah +so any other questions about + + align:start position:0% +so any other questions about + + + align:start position:0% +so any other questions about +that um more details about the trip uh + + align:start position:0% +that um more details about the trip uh + + + align:start position:0% +that um more details about the trip uh +we're going to talk about today projects + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about today projects + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about today projects +from last year and details on the final + + align:start position:0% +from last year and details on the final + + + align:start position:0% +from last year and details on the final +project a little bit today and then more + + align:start position:0% +project a little bit today and then more + + + align:start position:0% +project a little bit today and then more +next week extent of work daab does in + + align:start position:0% +next week extent of work daab does in + + + align:start position:0% +next week extent of work daab does in +developing + + align:start position:0% +developing + + + align:start position:0% +developing +countries I think we work in more than + + align:start position:0% +countries I think we work in more than + + + align:start position:0% +countries I think we work in more than +20 countries uh the biggest work we do + + align:start position:0% +20 countries uh the biggest work we do + + + align:start position:0% +20 countries uh the biggest work we do +is over IAP when a bunch of students + + align:start position:0% +is over IAP when a bunch of students + + + align:start position:0% +is over IAP when a bunch of students +travel for daab development as well as + + align:start position:0% +travel for daab development as well as + + + align:start position:0% +travel for daab development as well as +um what other classes travel vur cycle + + align:start position:0% +um what other classes travel vur cycle + + + align:start position:0% +um what other classes travel vur cycle +Ventures yeah the daab schools class + + align:start position:0% +Ventures yeah the daab schools class + + + align:start position:0% +Ventures yeah the daab schools class +travels um so there's a lot of work done + + align:start position:0% +travels um so there's a lot of work done + + + align:start position:0% +travels um so there's a lot of work done +over IP then a bunch of students often + + align:start position:0% +over IP then a bunch of students often + + + align:start position:0% +over IP then a bunch of students often +get fellowships to travel over the + + align:start position:0% +get fellowships to travel over the + + + align:start position:0% +get fellowships to travel over the +summer to do work um Amy Smith and + + align:start position:0% +summer to do work um Amy Smith and + + + align:start position:0% +summer to do work um Amy Smith and +myself and Jose Gomez Marquez and some + + align:start position:0% +myself and Jose Gomez Marquez and some + + + align:start position:0% +myself and Jose Gomez Marquez and some +of the other DB staff and instructors + + align:start position:0% +of the other DB staff and instructors + + + align:start position:0% +of the other DB staff and instructors +also travel independently to do work in + + align:start position:0% +also travel independently to do work in + + + align:start position:0% +also travel independently to do work in +developing countries so we're working um + + align:start position:0% +developing countries so we're working um + + + align:start position:0% +developing countries so we're working um +worldwide we work in on we don't we work + + align:start position:0% +worldwide we work in on we don't we work + + + align:start position:0% +worldwide we work in on we don't we work +on almost every continent not Australia + + align:start position:0% +on almost every continent not Australia + + + align:start position:0% +on almost every continent not Australia +and not Antarctica but pretty much other + + align:start position:0% +and not Antarctica but pretty much other + + + align:start position:0% +and not Antarctica but pretty much other +than that we're working on it um and how + + align:start position:0% +than that we're working on it um and how + + + align:start position:0% +than that we're working on it um and how +we pick countries is kind of um + + align:start position:0% +we pick countries is kind of um + + + align:start position:0% +we pick countries is kind of um +complicated and subtle so I won't get + + align:start position:0% +complicated and subtle so I won't get + + + align:start position:0% +complicated and subtle so I won't get +into that but there's a lot of countries + + align:start position:0% +into that but there's a lot of countries + + + align:start position:0% +into that but there's a lot of countries +we work in and more being added + + align:start position:0% +we work in and more being added + + + align:start position:0% +we work in and more being added +regularly however we try to maintain + + align:start position:0% +regularly however we try to maintain + + + align:start position:0% +regularly however we try to maintain +really strong relationships with the + + align:start position:0% +really strong relationships with the + + + align:start position:0% +really strong relationships with the +Community Partners we work with so we're + + align:start position:0% +Community Partners we work with so we're + + + align:start position:0% +Community Partners we work with so we're +not just doing one off visit one year + + align:start position:0% +not just doing one off visit one year + + + align:start position:0% +not just doing one off visit one year +and then leave and never see the + + align:start position:0% +and then leave and never see the + + + align:start position:0% +and then leave and never see the +community partner again and so um + + align:start position:0% +community partner again and so um + + + align:start position:0% +community partner again and so um +because that's not very useful for the + + align:start position:0% +because that's not very useful for the + + + align:start position:0% +because that's not very useful for the +community partner that tends to do harm + + align:start position:0% +community partner that tends to do harm + + + align:start position:0% +community partner that tends to do harm +not good for our relationship and the + + align:start position:0% +not good for our relationship and the + + + align:start position:0% +not good for our relationship and the +general um NGO world's relationship to + + align:start position:0% +general um NGO world's relationship to + + + align:start position:0% +general um NGO world's relationship to +Community Partners so we try to revisit + + align:start position:0% +Community Partners so we try to revisit + + + align:start position:0% +Community Partners so we try to revisit +so that requires a lot of commitment so + + align:start position:0% +so that requires a lot of commitment so + + + align:start position:0% +so that requires a lot of commitment so +once we have an established relationship + + align:start position:0% +once we have an established relationship + + + align:start position:0% +once we have an established relationship +we have to keep going back which means + + align:start position:0% +we have to keep going back which means + + + align:start position:0% +we have to keep going back which means +we can only grow if we have additional + + align:start position:0% +we can only grow if we have additional + + + align:start position:0% +we can only grow if we have additional +capacity to go back to new places um are + + align:start position:0% +capacity to go back to new places um are + + + align:start position:0% +capacity to go back to new places um are +there any other questions about that + + align:start position:0% +there any other questions about that + + + align:start position:0% +there any other questions about that +just general daab stuff I think there's + + align:start position:0% +just general daab stuff I think there's + + + align:start position:0% +just general daab stuff I think there's +12 daab classes so lots of opportunities + + align:start position:0% +12 daab classes so lots of opportunities + + + align:start position:0% +12 daab classes so lots of opportunities +to faux major in daab if you so choose + + align:start position:0% +to faux major in daab if you so choose + + + align:start position:0% +to faux major in daab if you so choose +um we have some students who basically + + align:start position:0% +um we have some students who basically + + + align:start position:0% +um we have some students who basically +do that um or just take one and + + align:start position:0% +do that um or just take one and + + + align:start position:0% +do that um or just take one and +experience it enjoy it uh uh yeah + + align:start position:0% +experience it enjoy it uh uh yeah + + + align:start position:0% +experience it enjoy it uh uh yeah +there's Europe opportunities other stuff + + align:start position:0% +there's Europe opportunities other stuff + + + align:start position:0% +there's Europe opportunities other stuff +if you want to get more + + align:start position:0% +if you want to get more + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to get more +involved okay um so that's muddy cards + + align:start position:0% +involved okay um so that's muddy cards + + + align:start position:0% +involved okay um so that's muddy cards +so I will try to do that relatively + + align:start position:0% +so I will try to do that relatively + + + align:start position:0% +so I will try to do that relatively +quickly but at the beginning of every + + align:start position:0% +quickly but at the beginning of every + + + align:start position:0% +quickly but at the beginning of every +day make sure we review what wasn't + + align:start position:0% +day make sure we review what wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +day make sure we review what wasn't +clear last time um yeah so next I want + + align:start position:0% +clear last time um yeah so next I want + + + align:start position:0% +clear last time um yeah so next I want +to talk about the lantern so as I + + align:start position:0% +to talk about the lantern so as I + + + align:start position:0% +to talk about the lantern so as I +mentioned they were awesome here's a + + align:start position:0% +mentioned they were awesome here's a + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned they were awesome here's a +bunch here's a picture of almost all of + + align:start position:0% +bunch here's a picture of almost all of + + + align:start position:0% +bunch here's a picture of almost all of +them um and it was really exciting to + + align:start position:0% +them um and it was really exciting to + + + align:start position:0% +them um and it was really exciting to +see them and what I've done is I've put + + align:start position:0% +see them and what I've done is I've put + + + align:start position:0% +see them and what I've done is I've put +them on the back walls and so what I'd + + align:start position:0% +them on the back walls and so what I'd + + + align:start position:0% +them on the back walls and so what I'd +like everyone to do is take 2 minutes to + + align:start position:0% +like everyone to do is take 2 minutes to + + + align:start position:0% +like everyone to do is take 2 minutes to +just um if you haven't looked at the + + align:start position:0% +just um if you haven't looked at the + + + align:start position:0% +just um if you haven't looked at the +sheet that um I gave you that gives you + + align:start position:0% +sheet that um I gave you that gives you + + + align:start position:0% +sheet that um I gave you that gives you +feedback look at it look at the grading + + align:start position:0% +feedback look at it look at the grading + + + align:start position:0% +feedback look at it look at the grading +rubric so you have a sense of what we + + align:start position:0% +rubric so you have a sense of what we + + + align:start position:0% +rubric so you have a sense of what we +valued and then check out the lanterns + + align:start position:0% +valued and then check out the lanterns + + + align:start position:0% +valued and then check out the lanterns +and see what strikes you both in terms + + align:start position:0% +and see what strikes you both in terms + + + align:start position:0% +and see what strikes you both in terms +of the rubric is a really solid or a + + align:start position:0% +of the rubric is a really solid or a + + + align:start position:0% +of the rubric is a really solid or a +really weak um Lantern there's nothing + + align:start position:0% +really weak um Lantern there's nothing + + + align:start position:0% +really weak um Lantern there's nothing +really weak on that table but um there's + + align:start position:0% +really weak on that table but um there's + + + align:start position:0% +really weak on that table but um there's +some that are stronger than others and + + align:start position:0% +some that are stronger than others and + + + align:start position:0% +some that are stronger than others and +then also so um ones that just strike + + align:start position:0% +then also so um ones that just strike + + + align:start position:0% +then also so um ones that just strike +you is ones that are some of the best in + + align:start position:0% +you is ones that are some of the best in + + + align:start position:0% +you is ones that are some of the best in +terms of actually using them in + + align:start position:0% +terms of actually using them in + + + align:start position:0% +terms of actually using them in +developing countries uh what really fits + + align:start position:0% +developing countries uh what really fits + + + align:start position:0% +developing countries uh what really fits +and try out the switches some are easier + + align:start position:0% +and try out the switches some are easier + + + align:start position:0% +and try out the switches some are easier +to use than others or more obvious to + + align:start position:0% +to use than others or more obvious to + + + align:start position:0% +to use than others or more obvious to +use than others I think when we last + + align:start position:0% +use than others I think when we last + + + align:start position:0% +use than others I think when we last +played with them they were all working + + align:start position:0% +played with them they were all working + + + align:start position:0% +played with them they were all working +hopefully they all still are um so just + + align:start position:0% +hopefully they all still are um so just + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully they all still are um so just +take a few minutes just to familiarize + + align:start position:0% +take a few minutes just to familiarize + + + align:start position:0% +take a few minutes just to familiarize +yourself with them um and I won't I will + + align:start position:0% +yourself with them um and I won't I will + + + align:start position:0% +yourself with them um and I won't I will +give them back to you after next week + + align:start position:0% +give them back to you after next week + + + align:start position:0% +give them back to you after next week +but I need them this week so I don't + + align:start position:0% +but I need them this week so I don't + + + align:start position:0% +but I need them this week so I don't +take them back um yet + + align:start position:0% +take them back um yet + + + align:start position:0% +take them back um yet +okay so I'm just going to highlight some + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'm just going to highlight some + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'm just going to highlight some +of the cooler uh lanterns that some of + + align:start position:0% +of the cooler uh lanterns that some of + + + align:start position:0% +of the cooler uh lanterns that some of +the students made there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +the students made there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +the students made there's a lot of +different form factors you can see this + + align:start position:0% +different form factors you can see this + + + align:start position:0% +different form factors you can see this +one would be a personal Lantern and uh + + align:start position:0% +one would be a personal Lantern and uh + + + align:start position:0% +one would be a personal Lantern and uh +then you switch it on and has a nice + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reflector there's also some that look + + align:start position:0% +reflector there's also some that look + + + align:start position:0% +reflector there's also some that look +very much like traditional lanterns one + + align:start position:0% +very much like traditional lanterns one + + + align:start position:0% +very much like traditional lanterns one +of the things I really like about this + + align:start position:0% +of the things I really like about this + + + align:start position:0% +of the things I really like about this +design is both that it has a very simple + + align:start position:0% +design is both that it has a very simple + + + align:start position:0% +design is both that it has a very simple +handmade switch you can see it turns on + + align:start position:0% +handmade switch you can see it turns on + + + align:start position:0% +handmade switch you can see it turns on +and off like that and then also the top + + align:start position:0% +and off like that and then also the top + + + align:start position:0% +and off like that and then also the top +open + + align:start position:0% +open + + + align:start position:0% +open +so that you can look inside understand + + align:start position:0% +so that you can look inside understand + + + align:start position:0% +so that you can look inside understand +how it works and if there's a problem + + align:start position:0% +how it works and if there's a problem + + + align:start position:0% +how it works and if there's a problem +with it repair it very easily which is a + + align:start position:0% +with it repair it very easily which is a + + + align:start position:0% +with it repair it very easily which is a +nice aspect of Designing for any product + + align:start position:0% +nice aspect of Designing for any product + + + align:start position:0% +nice aspect of Designing for any product +and specifically in developing countries + + align:start position:0% +and specifically in developing countries + + + align:start position:0% +and specifically in developing countries +where getting help for repair is harder + + align:start position:0% +where getting help for repair is harder + + + align:start position:0% +where getting help for repair is harder +we also have some more radical designs + + align:start position:0% +we also have some more radical designs + + + align:start position:0% +we also have some more radical designs +for example this I call the lightsaber + + align:start position:0% +for example this I call the lightsaber + + + align:start position:0% +for example this I call the lightsaber +design um and the intent from the + + align:start position:0% +design um and the intent from the + + + align:start position:0% +design um and the intent from the +student was that it would help you um + + align:start position:0% +student was that it would help you um + + + align:start position:0% +student was that it would help you um +light your way at night so you could + + align:start position:0% +light your way at night so you could + + + align:start position:0% +light your way at night so you could +hold it as a walking stick and then also + + align:start position:0% +hold it as a walking stick and then also + + + align:start position:0% +hold it as a walking stick and then also +use it to to light uh whatever you + + align:start position:0% +use it to to light uh whatever you + + + align:start position:0% +use it to to light uh whatever you +needed to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +light this design hasn't um been fully + + align:start position:0% +light this design hasn't um been fully + + + align:start position:0% +light this design hasn't um been fully +realized in terms of the lantern aspect + + align:start position:0% +realized in terms of the lantern aspect + + + align:start position:0% +realized in terms of the lantern aspect +of it but the use of the binder clip as + + align:start position:0% +of it but the use of the binder clip as + + + align:start position:0% +of it but the use of the binder clip as +a switch is very cute and we liked it a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lot this Lantern uses a pingpong ball + + align:start position:0% +lot this Lantern uses a pingpong ball + + + align:start position:0% +lot this Lantern uses a pingpong ball +diffuser which is a really nice + + align:start position:0% +diffuser which is a really nice + + + align:start position:0% +diffuser which is a really nice +integration of found material very + + align:start position:0% +integration of found material very + + + align:start position:0% +integration of found material very +effectively used uh to improve the + + align:start position:0% +effectively used uh to improve the + + + align:start position:0% +effectively used uh to improve the +effectiveness of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +light and you can see the whole range of + + align:start position:0% +light and you can see the whole range of + + + align:start position:0% +light and you can see the whole range of +devices here and we just really enjoyed + + align:start position:0% +devices here and we just really enjoyed + + + align:start position:0% +devices here and we just really enjoyed +seeing the tremendous variation in all + + align:start position:0% +seeing the tremendous variation in all + + + align:start position:0% +seeing the tremendous variation in all +the different devices with students all + + align:start position:0% +the different devices with students all + + + align:start position:0% +the different devices with students all +giving being given the same assignment + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the variety is tremendous and it's + + align:start position:0% +so the variety is tremendous and it's + + + align:start position:0% +so the variety is tremendous and it's +really cool that you got an assignment + + align:start position:0% +really cool that you got an assignment + + + align:start position:0% +really cool that you got an assignment +to I'll make a lantern and I really + + align:start position:0% +to I'll make a lantern and I really + + + align:start position:0% +to I'll make a lantern and I really +can't say there's any two that look the + + align:start position:0% +can't say there's any two that look the + + + align:start position:0% +can't say there's any two that look the +same um not even close and part of that + + align:start position:0% +same um not even close and part of that + + + align:start position:0% +same um not even close and part of that +the reality of found materials and us + + align:start position:0% +the reality of found materials and us + + + align:start position:0% +the reality of found materials and us +all being different people but it it was + + align:start position:0% +all being different people but it it was + + + align:start position:0% +all being different people but it it was +nice to see that range and so clearly + + align:start position:0% +nice to see that range and so clearly + + + align:start position:0% +nice to see that range and so clearly +there's not a mental conception of + + align:start position:0% +there's not a mental conception of + + + align:start position:0% +there's not a mental conception of +lantern that is so rigid that we're all + + align:start position:0% +lantern that is so rigid that we're all + + + align:start position:0% +lantern that is so rigid that we're all +going in the same direction which is + + align:start position:0% +going in the same direction which is + + + align:start position:0% +going in the same direction which is +pretty cool actually + + align:start position:0% +pretty cool actually + + + align:start position:0% +pretty cool actually +because um I talked to a woman who works + + align:start position:0% +because um I talked to a woman who works + + + align:start position:0% +because um I talked to a woman who works +for the World Bank focused on lighting + + align:start position:0% +for the World Bank focused on lighting + + + align:start position:0% +for the World Bank focused on lighting +and and they've really pushed lately for + + align:start position:0% +and and they've really pushed lately for + + + align:start position:0% +and and they've really pushed lately for +better lanterns in Africa because 10 or + + align:start position:0% +better lanterns in Africa because 10 or + + + align:start position:0% +better lanterns in Africa because 10 or +15 years ago all the lanterns basically + + align:start position:0% +15 years ago all the lanterns basically + + + align:start position:0% +15 years ago all the lanterns basically +looked like Coleman camp camping + + align:start position:0% +looked like Coleman camp camping + + + align:start position:0% +looked like Coleman camp camping +lanterns um because that was the + + align:start position:0% +lanterns um because that was the + + + align:start position:0% +lanterns um because that was the +designer's conception of lantern and + + align:start position:0% +designer's conception of lantern and + + + align:start position:0% +designer's conception of lantern and +that's what they built which is a really + + align:start position:0% +that's what they built which is a really + + + align:start position:0% +that's what they built which is a really +limiting problematic situation for the + + align:start position:0% +limiting problematic situation for the + + + align:start position:0% +limiting problematic situation for the +whole different range of lighting needs + + align:start position:0% +whole different range of lighting needs + + + align:start position:0% +whole different range of lighting needs +in Africa and Africa is itself we talk + + align:start position:0% +in Africa and Africa is itself we talk + + + align:start position:0% +in Africa and Africa is itself we talk +about it and it's a continent right so + + align:start position:0% +about it and it's a continent right so + + + align:start position:0% +about it and it's a continent right so +it's sort of and it's a big continent so + + align:start position:0% +it's sort of and it's a big continent so + + + align:start position:0% +it's sort of and it's a big continent so +it's sort of like talking about the + + align:start position:0% +it's sort of like talking about the + + + align:start position:0% +it's sort of like talking about the +needs of Americas including North and + + align:start position:0% +needs of Americas including North and + + + align:start position:0% +needs of Americas including North and +South America and saying oh yeah that we + + align:start position:0% +South America and saying oh yeah that we + + + align:start position:0% +South America and saying oh yeah that we +all need the same exact shoe right and + + align:start position:0% +all need the same exact shoe right and + + + align:start position:0% +all need the same exact shoe right and +no one in this room is even wearing the + + align:start position:0% +no one in this room is even wearing the + + + align:start position:0% +no one in this room is even wearing the +same shoe because we all have different + + align:start position:0% +same shoe because we all have different + + + align:start position:0% +same shoe because we all have different +needs just within this room and we're a + + align:start position:0% +needs just within this room and we're a + + + align:start position:0% +needs just within this room and we're a +pretty uniform community in some + + align:start position:0% +pretty uniform community in some + + + align:start position:0% +pretty uniform community in some +respects right in other respects not so + + align:start position:0% +respects right in other respects not so + + + align:start position:0% +respects right in other respects not so +much but um in some respects very + + align:start position:0% +much but um in some respects very + + + align:start position:0% +much but um in some respects very +uniform and yet we all need different + + align:start position:0% +uniform and yet we all need different + + + align:start position:0% +uniform and yet we all need different +shoes and similarly we might all need + + align:start position:0% +shoes and similarly we might all need + + + align:start position:0% +shoes and similarly we might all need +different lanterns um and so if you + + align:start position:0% +different lanterns um and so if you + + + align:start position:0% +different lanterns um and so if you +abstract that to or expand that to all + + align:start position:0% +abstract that to or expand that to all + + + align:start position:0% +abstract that to or expand that to all +of Africa and all the different lanterns + + align:start position:0% +of Africa and all the different lanterns + + + align:start position:0% +of Africa and all the different lanterns +that's huge and yet all the lanterns are + + align:start position:0% +that's huge and yet all the lanterns are + + + align:start position:0% +that's huge and yet all the lanterns are +looking like Coleman lanterns or + + align:start position:0% +looking like Coleman lanterns or + + + align:start position:0% +looking like Coleman lanterns or +kerosene lanterns it's very limiting so + + align:start position:0% +kerosene lanterns it's very limiting so + + + align:start position:0% +kerosene lanterns it's very limiting so +I was really excited to see the range + + align:start position:0% +I was really excited to see the range + + + align:start position:0% +I was really excited to see the range +what else did you guys + + align:start position:0% +what else did you guys + + + align:start position:0% +what else did you guys +notice the switches were pretty unique + + align:start position:0% +notice the switches were pretty unique + + + align:start position:0% +notice the switches were pretty unique +yeah the switches were unique some were + + align:start position:0% +yeah the switches were unique some were + + + align:start position:0% +yeah the switches were unique some were +by were very EAS easy to understand easy + + align:start position:0% +by were very EAS easy to understand easy + + + align:start position:0% +by were very EAS easy to understand easy +to use um both handmade and offthe shelf + + align:start position:0% +to use um both handmade and offthe shelf + + + align:start position:0% +to use um both handmade and offthe shelf +ones that were grabbed others were + + align:start position:0% +ones that were grabbed others were + + + align:start position:0% +ones that were grabbed others were +pretty subtle and hard to figure out is + + align:start position:0% +pretty subtle and hard to figure out is + + + align:start position:0% +pretty subtle and hard to figure out is +what I saw so there was a real variety + + align:start position:0% +what I saw so there was a real variety + + + align:start position:0% +what I saw so there was a real variety +there and after class or during the + + align:start position:0% +there and after class or during the + + + align:start position:0% +there and after class or during the +break you might want to go back and + + align:start position:0% +break you might want to go back and + + + align:start position:0% +break you might want to go back and +think about what made for a great switch + + align:start position:0% +think about what made for a great switch + + + align:start position:0% +think about what made for a great switch +and what made for a subtle switch + + align:start position:0% +and what made for a subtle switch + + + align:start position:0% +and what made for a subtle switch +um I I know like for example this + + align:start position:0% +um I I know like for example this + + + align:start position:0% +um I I know like for example this +Lantern the person wrote in their write + + align:start position:0% +Lantern the person wrote in their write + + + align:start position:0% +Lantern the person wrote in their write +up um intentionally that they they have + + align:start position:0% +up um intentionally that they they have + + + align:start position:0% +up um intentionally that they they have +the switch right here to turn it on and + + align:start position:0% +the switch right here to turn it on and + + + align:start position:0% +the switch right here to turn it on and +it's not working anymore um oh it is oh + + align:start position:0% +it's not working anymore um oh it is oh + + + align:start position:0% +it's not working anymore um oh it is oh +okay it is um and so they said oh but + + align:start position:0% +okay it is um and so they said oh but + + + align:start position:0% +okay it is um and so they said oh but +that looks kind of ugly so I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +that looks kind of ugly so I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +that looks kind of ugly so I'm going to +add these wires here so that the + + align:start position:0% +add these wires here so that the + + + align:start position:0% +add these wires here so that the +aesthetic is a little bit better um + + align:start position:0% +aesthetic is a little bit better um + + + align:start position:0% +aesthetic is a little bit better um +which is a really nice thought except + + align:start position:0% +which is a really nice thought except + + + align:start position:0% +which is a really nice thought except +the result is that the switch is really + + align:start position:0% +the result is that the switch is really + + + align:start position:0% +the result is that the switch is really +buried so you have no it took me quite a + + align:start position:0% +buried so you have no it took me quite a + + + align:start position:0% +buried so you have no it took me quite a +while to figure out oh that without + + align:start position:0% +while to figure out oh that without + + + align:start position:0% +while to figure out oh that without +reading the instructions and I I didn't + + align:start position:0% +reading the instructions and I I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +reading the instructions and I I didn't +read the instructions unless I had to um + + align:start position:0% +read the instructions unless I had to um + + + align:start position:0% +read the instructions unless I had to um +oh how is this going to work it takes a + + align:start position:0% +oh how is this going to work it takes a + + + align:start position:0% +oh how is this going to work it takes a +while to figure out and and um there is + + align:start position:0% +while to figure out and and um there is + + + align:start position:0% +while to figure out and and um there is +a realm of design where it's appropriate + + align:start position:0% +a realm of design where it's appropriate + + + align:start position:0% +a realm of design where it's appropriate +to make things subtle but for the type + + align:start position:0% +to make things subtle but for the type + + + align:start position:0% +to make things subtle but for the type +of design we're going to be doing where + + align:start position:0% +of design we're going to be doing where + + + align:start position:0% +of design we're going to be doing where +we're working with people who are + + align:start position:0% +we're working with people who are + + + align:start position:0% +we're working with people who are +definitely not almost definitely not + + align:start position:0% +definitely not almost definitely not + + + align:start position:0% +definitely not almost definitely not +going to be reading instructions and a + + align:start position:0% +going to be reading instructions and a + + + align:start position:0% +going to be reading instructions and a +variety of you people are going to be + + align:start position:0% +variety of you people are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +variety of you people are going to be +using it you always want it to be very + + align:start position:0% +using it you always want it to be very + + + align:start position:0% +using it you always want it to be very +evident how the device Works um so that + + align:start position:0% +evident how the device Works um so that + + + align:start position:0% +evident how the device Works um so that +people can use it without + + align:start position:0% +people can use it without + + + align:start position:0% +people can use it without +instructions uh anything else you guys + + align:start position:0% +instructions uh anything else you guys + + + align:start position:0% +instructions uh anything else you guys +noticed yeah I guess like when I + + align:start position:0% +noticed yeah I guess like when I + + + align:start position:0% +noticed yeah I guess like when I +approach project I was like okay so she + + align:start position:0% +approach project I was like okay so she + + + align:start position:0% +approach project I was like okay so she +wants a lantern not a flashlight and so + + align:start position:0% +wants a lantern not a flashlight and so + + + align:start position:0% +wants a lantern not a flashlight and so +like the challenging part was using I + + align:start position:0% +like the challenging part was using I + + + align:start position:0% +like the challenging part was using I +think we're all really respectful cuz + + align:start position:0% +think we're all really respectful cuz + + + align:start position:0% +think we're all really respectful cuz +like these cups and there's like an ey + + align:start position:0% +like these cups and there's like an ey + + + align:start position:0% +like these cups and there's like an ey +glass like a case for eyelasses so + + align:start position:0% +glass like a case for eyelasses so + + + align:start position:0% +glass like a case for eyelasses so +that's really fun to see and um and so + + align:start position:0% +that's really fun to see and um and so + + + align:start position:0% +that's really fun to see and um and so +it was challenging like to I really + + align:start position:0% +it was challenging like to I really + + + align:start position:0% +it was challenging like to I really +wanted to like meet the expectations of + + align:start position:0% +wanted to like meet the expectations of + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to like meet the expectations of +the assignment but it was so broad that + + align:start position:0% +the assignment but it was so broad that + + + align:start position:0% +the assignment but it was so broad that +I was like oh my God what she want to do + + align:start position:0% +I was like oh my God what she want to do + + + align:start position:0% +I was like oh my God what she want to do +should be like channeled in one + + align:start position:0% +should be like channeled in one + + + align:start position:0% +should be like channeled in one +direction should radi oh my gosh so I + + align:start position:0% +direction should radi oh my gosh so I + + + align:start position:0% +direction should radi oh my gosh so I +don't know how limited we're going to be + + align:start position:0% +don't know how limited we're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +don't know how limited we're going to be +in our design in like these developing + + align:start position:0% +in our design in like these developing + + + align:start position:0% +in our design in like these developing +countries but + + align:start position:0% +countries but + + + align:start position:0% +countries but +I think this is very real world that no + + align:start position:0% +I think this is very real world that no + + + align:start position:0% +I think this is very real world that no +one says I want a flashlight that looks + + align:start position:0% +one says I want a flashlight that looks + + + align:start position:0% +one says I want a flashlight that looks +exactly like this and even if they do + + align:start position:0% +exactly like this and even if they do + + + align:start position:0% +exactly like this and even if they do +they rarely mean and if it looks exactly + + align:start position:0% +they rarely mean and if it looks exactly + + + align:start position:0% +they rarely mean and if it looks exactly +like this I'll be happy with it right + + align:start position:0% +like this I'll be happy with it right + + + align:start position:0% +like this I'll be happy with it right +because when you're not a designer or an + + align:start position:0% +because when you're not a designer or an + + + align:start position:0% +because when you're not a designer or an +engineer and you're talking about a + + align:start position:0% +engineer and you're talking about a + + + align:start position:0% +engineer and you're talking about a +product it's really hard to talk beyond + + align:start position:0% +product it's really hard to talk beyond + + + align:start position:0% +product it's really hard to talk beyond +what you've seen and what you've + + align:start position:0% +what you've seen and what you've + + + align:start position:0% +what you've seen and what you've +experienced and it's rare that what + + align:start position:0% +experienced and it's rare that what + + + align:start position:0% +experienced and it's rare that what +you've seen and experienced is + + align:start position:0% +you've seen and experienced is + + + align:start position:0% +you've seen and experienced is +sufficient for what your actual needs + + align:start position:0% +sufficient for what your actual needs + + + align:start position:0% +sufficient for what your actual needs +are so part of the challenge is how do I + + align:start position:0% +are so part of the challenge is how do I + + + align:start position:0% +are so part of the challenge is how do I +dig down ask the right questions + + align:start position:0% +dig down ask the right questions + + + align:start position:0% +dig down ask the right questions +talk to my users to really understand + + align:start position:0% +talk to my users to really understand + + + align:start position:0% +talk to my users to really understand +what they need as opposed to what they + + align:start position:0% +what they need as opposed to what they + + + align:start position:0% +what they need as opposed to what they +say they need which may or may not match + + align:start position:0% +say they need which may or may not match + + + align:start position:0% +say they need which may or may not match +and while you really want to respect + + align:start position:0% +and while you really want to respect + + + align:start position:0% +and while you really want to respect +your user in their requests and really + + align:start position:0% +your user in their requests and really + + + align:start position:0% +your user in their requests and really +understand the the impetus behind all + + align:start position:0% +understand the the impetus behind all + + + align:start position:0% +understand the the impetus behind all +their requests some are really confusing + + align:start position:0% +their requests some are really confusing + + + align:start position:0% +their requests some are really confusing +to you and really legitimate and others + + align:start position:0% +to you and really legitimate and others + + + align:start position:0% +to you and really legitimate and others +are really confusing to you or really + + align:start position:0% +are really confusing to you or really + + + align:start position:0% +are really confusing to you or really +clear to you and not entirely what they + + align:start position:0% +clear to you and not entirely what they + + + align:start position:0% +clear to you and not entirely what they +mean so for example + + align:start position:0% +mean so for example + + + align:start position:0% +mean so for example +um we were just talking about this the + + align:start position:0% +um we were just talking about this the + + + align:start position:0% +um we were just talking about this the +other day in daab that often times women + + align:start position:0% +other day in daab that often times women + + + align:start position:0% +other day in daab that often times women +who spend a lot of hours collecting + + align:start position:0% +who spend a lot of hours collecting + + + align:start position:0% +who spend a lot of hours collecting +water and or collecting wood value that + + align:start position:0% +water and or collecting wood value that + + + align:start position:0% +water and or collecting wood value that +time because it means they're away from + + align:start position:0% +time because it means they're away from + + + align:start position:0% +time because it means they're away from +their family they get a little break + + align:start position:0% +their family they get a little break + + + align:start position:0% +their family they get a little break +it's the only time they get away from + + align:start position:0% +it's the only time they get away from + + + align:start position:0% +it's the only time they get away from +the house and they get to hang out with + + align:start position:0% +the house and they get to hang out with + + + align:start position:0% +the house and they get to hang out with +their friends and go for a long walk and + + align:start position:0% +their friends and go for a long walk and + + + align:start position:0% +their friends and go for a long walk and +that can be a really nice thing and so + + align:start position:0% +that can be a really nice thing and so + + + align:start position:0% +that can be a really nice thing and so +eliminating that time without building + + align:start position:0% +eliminating that time without building + + + align:start position:0% +eliminating that time without building +in the other opportunity for that + + align:start position:0% +in the other opportunity for that + + + align:start position:0% +in the other opportunity for that +socialization means they've just lost a + + align:start position:0% +socialization means they've just lost a + + + align:start position:0% +socialization means they've just lost a +key part of their daily life that they + + align:start position:0% +key part of their daily life that they + + + align:start position:0% +key part of their daily life that they +value + + align:start position:0% +value + + + align:start position:0% +value +and so they may say oh well thanks a lot + + align:start position:0% +and so they may say oh well thanks a lot + + + align:start position:0% +and so they may say oh well thanks a lot +for making this more efficient stove or + + align:start position:0% +for making this more efficient stove or + + + align:start position:0% +for making this more efficient stove or +whatever but I would rather keep using + + align:start position:0% +whatever but I would rather keep using + + + align:start position:0% +whatever but I would rather keep using +my old one not because I don't like the + + align:start position:0% +my old one not because I don't like the + + + align:start position:0% +my old one not because I don't like the +new efficiency or the new lack of smoke + + align:start position:0% +new efficiency or the new lack of smoke + + + align:start position:0% +new efficiency or the new lack of smoke +but because I miss the time with my + + align:start position:0% +but because I miss the time with my + + + align:start position:0% +but because I miss the time with my +friends and that's so important to my + + align:start position:0% +friends and that's so important to my + + + align:start position:0% +friends and that's so important to my +mental health and Sanity and well-being + + align:start position:0% +mental health and Sanity and well-being + + + align:start position:0% +mental health and Sanity and well-being +that I'm still going to go collect the + + align:start position:0% +that I'm still going to go collect the + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm still going to go collect the +wood um and so there's a million + + align:start position:0% +wood um and so there's a million + + + align:start position:0% +wood um and so there's a million +examples of why projects like this fail + + align:start position:0% +examples of why projects like this fail + + + align:start position:0% +examples of why projects like this fail +and so it's really important when you're + + align:start position:0% +and so it's really important when you're + + + align:start position:0% +and so it's really important when you're +talking to users to understand all these + + align:start position:0% +talking to users to understand all these + + + align:start position:0% +talking to users to understand all these +subtle elements um and so if someone you + + align:start position:0% +subtle elements um and so if someone you + + + align:start position:0% +subtle elements um and so if someone you +know might very off-hand mention it's + + align:start position:0% +know might very off-hand mention it's + + + align:start position:0% +know might very off-hand mention it's +nice to talk to my friends right and if + + align:start position:0% +nice to talk to my friends right and if + + + align:start position:0% +nice to talk to my friends right and if +you don't pick up on that as a huge need + + align:start position:0% +you don't pick up on that as a huge need + + + align:start position:0% +you don't pick up on that as a huge need +you may design something that's going to + + align:start position:0% +you may design something that's going to + + + align:start position:0% +you may design something that's going to +flop for that reason and so here you + + align:start position:0% +flop for that reason and so here you + + + align:start position:0% +flop for that reason and so here you +didn't really have a chance to talk to + + align:start position:0% +didn't really have a chance to talk to + + + align:start position:0% +didn't really have a chance to talk to +any user right I just said make a + + align:start position:0% +any user right I just said make a + + + align:start position:0% +any user right I just said make a +lantern but um it was that is the + + align:start position:0% +lantern but um it was that is the + + + align:start position:0% +lantern but um it was that is the +open-ended sort of thing that you often + + align:start position:0% +open-ended sort of thing that you often + + + align:start position:0% +open-ended sort of thing that you often +get from customers so yeah okay so + + align:start position:0% +get from customers so yeah okay so + + + align:start position:0% +get from customers so yeah okay so +overall yeah great job you got the + + align:start position:0% +overall yeah great job you got the + + + align:start position:0% +overall yeah great job you got the +specific feedback + + align:start position:0% +specific feedback + + + align:start position:0% +specific feedback +um yeah + + align:start position:0% +um yeah + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah +okay so are there any other questions or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +comments okay so I just wanted to do a + + align:start position:0% +comments okay so I just wanted to do a + + + align:start position:0% +comments okay so I just wanted to do a +little review on the human power stuff + + align:start position:0% +little review on the human power stuff + + + align:start position:0% +little review on the human power stuff +so you guys all got to try out the temp + + align:start position:0% +so you guys all got to try out the temp + + + align:start position:0% +so you guys all got to try out the temp +line you can see where it actually goes + + align:start position:0% +line you can see where it actually goes + + + align:start position:0% +line you can see where it actually goes +on your head varies um these are both + + align:start position:0% +on your head varies um these are both + + + align:start position:0% +on your head varies um these are both +cloth tum lines I've seen them made out + + align:start position:0% +cloth tum lines I've seen them made out + + + align:start position:0% +cloth tum lines I've seen them made out +of bark a variety of things um yeah but + + align:start position:0% +of bark a variety of things um yeah but + + + align:start position:0% +of bark a variety of things um yeah but +you can see the absurd amount of weight + + align:start position:0% +you can see the absurd amount of weight + + + align:start position:0% +you can see the absurd amount of weight +that you can carry with a tum line um + + align:start position:0% +that you can carry with a tum line um + + + align:start position:0% +that you can carry with a tum line um +like these are full Coke bottles and + + align:start position:0% +like these are full Coke bottles and + + + align:start position:0% +like these are full Coke bottles and +that is really um a ridiculous amount of + + align:start position:0% +that is really um a ridiculous amount of + + + align:start position:0% +that is really um a ridiculous amount of +weight um and there's a the lab + + align:start position:0% +weight um and there's a the lab + + + align:start position:0% +weight um and there's a the lab +assignment includes reading up on these + + align:start position:0% +assignment includes reading up on these + + + align:start position:0% +assignment includes reading up on these +a little bit more so I'm going to let + + align:start position:0% +a little bit more so I'm going to let + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit more so I'm going to let +you do that and not talk about them + + align:start position:0% +you do that and not talk about them + + + align:start position:0% +you do that and not talk about them +right now but um they're very cool did + + align:start position:0% +right now but um they're very cool did + + + align:start position:0% +right now but um they're very cool did +you have a question how long we + + align:start position:0% +you have a question how long we + + + align:start position:0% +you have a question how long we +that all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +day um yeah and and then the head carry + + align:start position:0% +day um yeah and and then the head carry + + + align:start position:0% +day um yeah and and then the head carry +so you you can see the variety of um + + align:start position:0% +so you you can see the variety of um + + + align:start position:0% +so you you can see the variety of um +devices there's not a huge variety but + + align:start position:0% +devices there's not a huge variety but + + + align:start position:0% +devices there's not a huge variety but +you do see like both the Jerry can and + + align:start position:0% +you do see like both the Jerry can and + + + align:start position:0% +you do see like both the Jerry can and +the more traditional water carrying and + + align:start position:0% +the more traditional water carrying and + + + align:start position:0% +the more traditional water carrying and +you you see all sorts of ridiculous + + align:start position:0% +you you see all sorts of ridiculous + + + align:start position:0% +you you see all sorts of ridiculous +things or amazing things on people's + + align:start position:0% +things or amazing things on people's + + + align:start position:0% +things or amazing things on people's +head and the thickness of this fabric + + align:start position:0% +head and the thickness of this fabric + + + align:start position:0% +head and the thickness of this fabric +part that separates your head from + + align:start position:0% +part that separates your head from + + + align:start position:0% +part that separates your head from +whatever you're carrying really varies + + align:start position:0% +whatever you're carrying really varies + + + align:start position:0% +whatever you're carrying really varies +depending on cultural um norms uh so + + align:start position:0% +depending on cultural um norms uh so + + + align:start position:0% +depending on cultural um norms uh so +you'll see a whole range from like you + + align:start position:0% +you'll see a whole range from like you + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see a whole range from like you +can barely see it to something like this + + align:start position:0% +can barely see it to something like this + + + align:start position:0% +can barely see it to something like this +which is quite thick uh we use quite + + align:start position:0% +which is quite thick uh we use quite + + + align:start position:0% +which is quite thick uh we use quite +thick just cuz I find it easier and I + + align:start position:0% +thick just cuz I find it easier and I + + + align:start position:0% +thick just cuz I find it easier and I +figure you'll find it easier too um it's + + align:start position:0% +figure you'll find it easier too um it's + + + align:start position:0% +figure you'll find it easier too um it's +pretty normal to get help bringing it up + + align:start position:0% +pretty normal to get help bringing it up + + + align:start position:0% +pretty normal to get help bringing it up +and down so um getting that help wasn't + + align:start position:0% +and down so um getting that help wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +and down so um getting that help wasn't +a cheat but it's also pretty normal to + + align:start position:0% +a cheat but it's also pretty normal to + + + align:start position:0% +a cheat but it's also pretty normal to +be using no hands and none of us were + + align:start position:0% +be using no hands and none of us were + + + align:start position:0% +be using no hands and none of us were +able to pull that off um + + align:start position:0% +able to pull that off um + + + align:start position:0% +able to pull that off um +unsurprisingly uh one thing we didn't + + align:start position:0% +unsurprisingly uh one thing we didn't + + + align:start position:0% +unsurprisingly uh one thing we didn't +really talk about is Pedal Power which + + align:start position:0% +really talk about is Pedal Power which + + + align:start position:0% +really talk about is Pedal Power which +is a huge part of human power um and + + align:start position:0% +is a huge part of human power um and + + + align:start position:0% +is a huge part of human power um and +that's a little bit of assignment too so + + align:start position:0% +that's a little bit of assignment too so + + + align:start position:0% +that's a little bit of assignment too so +I'm not going to go into that too much + + align:start position:0% +I'm not going to go into that too much + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not going to go into that too much +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +um and these are the this whole thing is + + align:start position:0% +um and these are the this whole thing is + + + align:start position:0% +um and these are the this whole thing is +from Jody woo Who was one of those daab + + align:start position:0% +from Jody woo Who was one of those daab + + + align:start position:0% +from Jody woo Who was one of those daab +Majors I talked about who took as many + + align:start position:0% +Majors I talked about who took as many + + + align:start position:0% +Majors I talked about who took as many +dlab classes as she could take um and is + + align:start position:0% +dlab classes as she could take um and is + + + align:start position:0% +dlab classes as she could take um and is +now working on a company she she R owns + + align:start position:0% +now working on a company she she R owns + + + align:start position:0% +now working on a company she she R owns +a company in Tanzania um doing Pedal + + align:start position:0% +a company in Tanzania um doing Pedal + + + align:start position:0% +a company in Tanzania um doing Pedal +Power devices that um came out of her + + align:start position:0% +Power devices that um came out of her + + + align:start position:0% +Power devices that um came out of her +daab work so um and there's a whole + + align:start position:0% +daab work so um and there's a whole + + + align:start position:0% +daab work so um and there's a whole +variety of people where these pictures + + align:start position:0% +variety of people where these pictures + + + align:start position:0% +variety of people where these pictures +came from but so Pedal Power all the way + + align:start position:0% +came from but so Pedal Power all the way + + + align:start position:0% +came from but so Pedal Power all the way +from from the bicycle which you're used + + align:start position:0% +from from the bicycle which you're used + + + align:start position:0% +from from the bicycle which you're used +to to a completely homebuilt bicycle + + align:start position:0% +to to a completely homebuilt bicycle + + + align:start position:0% +to to a completely homebuilt bicycle +which would be rather challenging to + + align:start position:0% +which would be rather challenging to + + + align:start position:0% +which would be rather challenging to +ride but is pretty amazing um to + + align:start position:0% +ride but is pretty amazing um to + + + align:start position:0% +ride but is pretty amazing um to +something sort of like a bicycle but is + + align:start position:0% +something sort of like a bicycle but is + + + align:start position:0% +something sort of like a bicycle but is +just basically using Wheels um both for + + align:start position:0% +just basically using Wheels um both for + + + align:start position:0% +just basically using Wheels um both for +going + + align:start position:0% +going + + + align:start position:0% +going +downhills and uphills um because + + align:start position:0% +downhills and uphills um because + + + align:start position:0% +downhills and uphills um because +carrying loads is always an issue and + + align:start position:0% +carrying loads is always an issue and + + + align:start position:0% +carrying loads is always an issue and +the Assumption of good good roads is not + + align:start position:0% +the Assumption of good good roads is not + + + align:start position:0% +the Assumption of good good roads is not +a good one um to uh a pedal powered + + align:start position:0% +a good one um to uh a pedal powered + + + align:start position:0% +a good one um to uh a pedal powered +device that looks kind of like a sewing + + align:start position:0% +device that looks kind of like a sewing + + + align:start position:0% +device that looks kind of like a sewing +machine power but instead of powering um + + align:start position:0% +machine power but instead of powering um + + + align:start position:0% +machine power but instead of powering um +the what is it $100 laptop is that what + + align:start position:0% +the what is it $100 laptop is that what + + + align:start position:0% +the what is it $100 laptop is that what +it's called or 200 now I + + align:start position:0% +it's called or 200 now I + + + align:start position:0% +it's called or 200 now I +forget yeah ohpc that's it thanks um + + align:start position:0% +forget yeah ohpc that's it thanks um + + + align:start position:0% +forget yeah ohpc that's it thanks um +yeah uh this is a pedal powered + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh this is a pedal powered + + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh this is a pedal powered +um compressor which is a kind of + + align:start position:0% +um compressor which is a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +um compressor which is a kind of +interesting project because Pedal Power + + align:start position:0% +interesting project because Pedal Power + + + align:start position:0% +interesting project because Pedal Power +is the exactly wrong technology to use + + align:start position:0% +is the exactly wrong technology to use + + + align:start position:0% +is the exactly wrong technology to use +here um because when the um pressure + + align:start position:0% +here um because when the um pressure + + + align:start position:0% +here um because when the um pressure +tank is empty you have to be P pedaling + + align:start position:0% +tank is empty you have to be P pedaling + + + align:start position:0% +tank is empty you have to be P pedaling +incredibly quickly to get any sort of + + align:start position:0% +incredibly quickly to get any sort of + + + align:start position:0% +incredibly quickly to get any sort of +pressure built up because there's no + + align:start position:0% +pressure built up because there's no + + + align:start position:0% +pressure built up because there's no +back pressure for you to Pedal against + + align:start position:0% +back pressure for you to Pedal against + + + align:start position:0% +back pressure for you to Pedal against +and when it's full you um have an + + align:start position:0% +and when it's full you um have an + + + align:start position:0% +and when it's full you um have an +infinite amount of pressure to push + + align:start position:0% +infinite amount of pressure to push + + + align:start position:0% +infinite amount of pressure to push +against and so you can you can't pedal + + align:start position:0% +against and so you can you can't pedal + + + align:start position:0% +against and so you can you can't pedal +at all um and in fact there's a really + + align:start position:0% +at all um and in fact there's a really + + + align:start position:0% +at all um and in fact there's a really +handy device that works for this great + + align:start position:0% +handy device that works for this great + + + align:start position:0% +handy device that works for this great +that uses arm power and of course you + + align:start position:0% +that uses arm power and of course you + + + align:start position:0% +that uses arm power and of course you +could think of a a foot version but this + + align:start position:0% +could think of a a foot version but this + + + align:start position:0% +could think of a a foot version but this +is just a reminder that Pedal Power has + + align:start position:0% +is just a reminder that Pedal Power has + + + align:start position:0% +is just a reminder that Pedal Power has +a near infinite number of uses but not + + align:start position:0% +a near infinite number of uses but not + + + align:start position:0% +a near infinite number of uses but not +literally infinite there are some places + + align:start position:0% +literally infinite there are some places + + + align:start position:0% +literally infinite there are some places +where Pedal Power is + + align:start position:0% +where Pedal Power is + + + align:start position:0% +where Pedal Power is +ridiculous um this is a petal powered um + + align:start position:0% +ridiculous um this is a petal powered um + + + align:start position:0% +ridiculous um this is a petal powered um +grinder I think for + + align:start position:0% +grinder I think for + + + align:start position:0% +grinder I think for +corn people carry amazing loads on bikes + + align:start position:0% +corn people carry amazing loads on bikes + + + align:start position:0% +corn people carry amazing loads on bikes +as well and these are bikes specially + + align:start position:0% +as well and these are bikes specially + + + align:start position:0% +as well and these are bikes specially +modified to allow for carrying loads um + + align:start position:0% +modified to allow for carrying loads um + + + align:start position:0% +modified to allow for carrying loads um +we usually think of pedal power as two + + align:start position:0% +we usually think of pedal power as two + + + align:start position:0% +we usually think of pedal power as two +wheeled bikes but three- Wheels is + + align:start position:0% +wheeled bikes but three- Wheels is + + + align:start position:0% +wheeled bikes but three- Wheels is +really common too and can offer a lot of + + align:start position:0% +really common too and can offer a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +really common too and can offer a lot of +stab ility benefits uh pedal powered + + align:start position:0% +stab ility benefits uh pedal powered + + + align:start position:0% +stab ility benefits uh pedal powered +ambulances um there's a lot of places in + + align:start position:0% +ambulances um there's a lot of places in + + + align:start position:0% +ambulances um there's a lot of places in +this country and more so in Europe where + + align:start position:0% +this country and more so in Europe where + + + align:start position:0% +this country and more so in Europe where +Pedal Power is standard um in more + + align:start position:0% +Pedal Power is standard um in more + + + align:start position:0% +Pedal Power is standard um in more +developed countries as well and we're + + align:start position:0% +developed countries as well and we're + + + align:start position:0% +developed countries as well and we're +seeing it more in Cambridge actually + + align:start position:0% +seeing it more in Cambridge actually + + + align:start position:0% +seeing it more in Cambridge actually +there's a lot of Pedal Power delivery + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of Pedal Power delivery + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of Pedal Power delivery +now in Cambridge which is kind of cool + + align:start position:0% +now in Cambridge which is kind of cool + + + align:start position:0% +now in Cambridge which is kind of cool +though harder right now in the season + + align:start position:0% +though harder right now in the season + + + align:start position:0% +though harder right now in the season +with all our snow um variety of folding + + align:start position:0% +with all our snow um variety of folding + + + align:start position:0% +with all our snow um variety of folding +bikes or different orientations of bikes + + align:start position:0% +bikes or different orientations of bikes + + + align:start position:0% +bikes or different orientations of bikes +um variety of different things carrying + + align:start position:0% +um variety of different things carrying + + + align:start position:0% +um variety of different things carrying +amazing bikes for going on + + align:start position:0% +amazing bikes for going on + + + align:start position:0% +amazing bikes for going on +water um this these are pedal powered + + align:start position:0% +water um this these are pedal powered + + + align:start position:0% +water um this these are pedal powered +washing machines that um were uh I don't + + align:start position:0% +washing machines that um were uh I don't + + + align:start position:0% +washing machines that um were uh I don't +know about this one but there was a + + align:start position:0% +know about this one but there was a + + + align:start position:0% +know about this one but there was a +collaboration between daab and a group + + align:start position:0% +collaboration between daab and a group + + + align:start position:0% +collaboration between daab and a group +in Guatemala that does Pedal Power to + + align:start position:0% +in Guatemala that does Pedal Power to + + + align:start position:0% +in Guatemala that does Pedal Power to +build a washing + + align:start position:0% +build a washing + + + align:start position:0% +build a washing +machine um pedal powered water pumps + + align:start position:0% +machine um pedal powered water pumps + + + align:start position:0% +machine um pedal powered water pumps +coffee dep pulper maze sheller washing + + align:start position:0% +coffee dep pulper maze sheller washing + + + align:start position:0% +coffee dep pulper maze sheller washing +machine + + align:start position:0% +machine + + + align:start position:0% +machine +blender um plow knife sharpener soap + + align:start position:0% +blender um plow knife sharpener soap + + + align:start position:0% +blender um plow knife sharpener soap +blender nutshell saw um more washing + + align:start position:0% +blender nutshell saw um more washing + + + align:start position:0% +blender nutshell saw um more washing +machine picks this is the group in + + align:start position:0% +machine picks this is the group in + + + align:start position:0% +machine picks this is the group in +Guatemala um maze grinder again + + align:start position:0% +Guatemala um maze grinder again + + + align:start position:0% +Guatemala um maze grinder again +woodworking + + align:start position:0% +woodworking + + + align:start position:0% +woodworking +lathe corn shelling so there's a + + align:start position:0% +lathe corn shelling so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +lathe corn shelling so there's a +ridiculous number of ways to use pedal + + align:start position:0% +ridiculous number of ways to use pedal + + + align:start position:0% +ridiculous number of ways to use pedal +power and because most of you hopefully + + align:start position:0% +power and because most of you hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +power and because most of you hopefully +have ridden a bike um and there's a lot + + align:start position:0% +have ridden a bike um and there's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +have ridden a bike um and there's a lot +of Technologies in Zab that are more + + align:start position:0% +of Technologies in Zab that are more + + + align:start position:0% +of Technologies in Zab that are more +familiar with pedal power than like the + + align:start position:0% +familiar with pedal power than like the + + + align:start position:0% +familiar with pedal power than like the +pumping that we showed that's why we + + align:start position:0% +pumping that we showed that's why we + + + align:start position:0% +pumping that we showed that's why we +went for pumping rather than P power but + + align:start position:0% +went for pumping rather than P power but + + + align:start position:0% +went for pumping rather than P power but +it is something to keep in mind um + + align:start position:0% +it is something to keep in mind um + + + align:start position:0% +it is something to keep in mind um +as you're thinking about projects that + + align:start position:0% +as you're thinking about projects that + + + align:start position:0% +as you're thinking about projects that +Pedal Power is pretty powerful and + + align:start position:0% +Pedal Power is pretty powerful and + + + align:start position:0% +Pedal Power is pretty powerful and +awesome any questions on + + align:start position:0% +awesome any questions on + + + align:start position:0% +awesome any questions on +that okay so now we're going to talk + + align:start position:0% +that okay so now we're going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +that okay so now we're going to talk +about power + + align:start position:0% +about power + + + align:start position:0% +about power +generally um and one of the biggest + + align:start position:0% +generally um and one of the biggest + + + align:start position:0% +generally um and one of the biggest +challenges is that power is really + + align:start position:0% +challenges is that power is really + + + align:start position:0% +challenges is that power is really +generated where you need it or when you + + align:start position:0% +generated where you need it or when you + + + align:start position:0% +generated where you need it or when you +need it so for example the sun is only + + align:start position:0% +need it so for example the sun is only + + + align:start position:0% +need it so for example the sun is only +out for some portion of the day and in + + align:start position:0% +out for some portion of the day and in + + + align:start position:0% +out for some portion of the day and in +the winter new England even less um and + + align:start position:0% +the winter new England even less um and + + + align:start position:0% +the winter new England even less um and +in Norway where my brother lives even + + align:start position:0% +in Norway where my brother lives even + + + align:start position:0% +in Norway where my brother lives even +less and on super cloudy days it's a + + align:start position:0% +less and on super cloudy days it's a + + + align:start position:0% +less and on super cloudy days it's a +whole lot less useful so that's a + + align:start position:0% +whole lot less useful so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +whole lot less useful so that's a +question of of when and there that's + + align:start position:0% +question of of when and there that's + + + align:start position:0% +question of of when and there that's +true for uh wind as well the when is an + + align:start position:0% +true for uh wind as well the when is an + + + align:start position:0% +true for uh wind as well the when is an +issue and then the wear is an issue very + + align:start position:0% +issue and then the wear is an issue very + + + align:start position:0% +issue and then the wear is an issue very +few people want to live right next door + + align:start position:0% +few people want to live right next door + + + align:start position:0% +few people want to live right next door +to a nuclear power plant or a coal fir + + align:start position:0% +to a nuclear power plant or a coal fir + + + align:start position:0% +to a nuclear power plant or a coal fir +plant nor is it preferable to and uh for + + align:start position:0% +plant nor is it preferable to and uh for + + + align:start position:0% +plant nor is it preferable to and uh for +like microh Hydro systems you may not + + align:start position:0% +like microh Hydro systems you may not + + + align:start position:0% +like microh Hydro systems you may not +want to live right on the river you may + + align:start position:0% +want to live right on the river you may + + + align:start position:0% +want to live right on the river you may +want to live a bit far farther so what + + align:start position:0% +want to live a bit far farther so what + + + align:start position:0% +want to live a bit far farther so what +are the solutions that Humanity has come + + align:start position:0% +are the solutions that Humanity has come + + + align:start position:0% +are the solutions that Humanity has come +up with to + + align:start position:0% +up with to + + + align:start position:0% +up with to +address that + + align:start position:0% +address that + + + align:start position:0% +address that +issue yeah so we have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +grids lines yeah which include + + align:start position:0% +grids lines yeah which include + + + align:start position:0% +grids lines yeah which include +transmission + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lines ways to store the power and + + align:start position:0% +lines ways to store the power and + + + align:start position:0% +lines ways to store the power and +transport it yeah and so and we have + + align:start position:0% +transport it yeah and so and we have + + + align:start position:0% +transport it yeah and so and we have +storage and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transport absolutely and so with so + + align:start position:0% +transport absolutely and so with so + + + align:start position:0% +transport absolutely and so with so +we're going to talk about both of those + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about both of those + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about both of those +today and so what are the limitations of + + align:start position:0% +today and so what are the limitations of + + + align:start position:0% +today and so what are the limitations of +grids what are the challenges you face + + align:start position:0% +grids what are the challenges you face + + + align:start position:0% +grids what are the challenges you face +with any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +grid to actually set up a a large scale + + align:start position:0% +grid to actually set up a a large scale + + + align:start position:0% +grid to actually set up a a large scale +yeah so but what do you mean by + + align:start position:0% +yeah so but what do you mean by + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so but what do you mean by +difficult + + align:start position:0% +difficult + + + align:start position:0% +difficult +well it's it's very money intensive if + + align:start position:0% +well it's it's very money intensive if + + + align:start position:0% +well it's it's very money intensive if +you want to string up a highly efficient + + align:start position:0% +you want to string up a highly efficient + + + align:start position:0% +you want to string up a highly efficient +grid main reason why the US is actually + + align:start position:0% +grid main reason why the US is actually + + + align:start position:0% +grid main reason why the US is actually +still working on a grid system developed + + align:start position:0% +still working on a grid system developed + + + align:start position:0% +still working on a grid system developed +like 100 years ago yeah so grids are + + align:start position:0% +like 100 years ago yeah so grids are + + + align:start position:0% +like 100 years ago yeah so grids are +incredibly Capital intensitive if you're + + align:start position:0% +incredibly Capital intensitive if you're + + + align:start position:0% +incredibly Capital intensitive if you're +doing a Big Grid uh one change the + + align:start position:0% +doing a Big Grid uh one change the + + + align:start position:0% +doing a Big Grid uh one change the +voltage as you go across you have to + + align:start position:0% +voltage as you go across you have to + + + align:start position:0% +voltage as you go across you have to +increase it for long distance and then + + align:start position:0% +increase it for long distance and then + + + align:start position:0% +increase it for long distance and then +decrease it back to usable power yeah + + align:start position:0% +decrease it back to usable power yeah + + + align:start position:0% +decrease it back to usable power yeah +and do you know why you have the change + + align:start position:0% +and do you know why you have the change + + + align:start position:0% +and do you know why you have the change +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +voltage efficiency + + align:start position:0% +voltage efficiency + + + align:start position:0% +voltage efficiency +efficiency when you're transporting it + + align:start position:0% +efficiency when you're transporting it + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency when you're transporting it +through the yeah yeah so you have lost + + align:start position:0% +through the yeah yeah so you have lost + + + align:start position:0% +through the yeah yeah so you have lost +issues that you need to take into + + align:start position:0% +issues that you need to take into + + + align:start position:0% +issues that you need to take into +account um I saw a lot of hands yeah + + align:start position:0% +account um I saw a lot of hands yeah + + + align:start position:0% +account um I saw a lot of hands yeah +still really inefficient even with that + + align:start position:0% +still really inefficient even with that + + + align:start position:0% +still really inefficient even with that +conversion like they just don't face so + + align:start position:0% +conversion like they just don't face so + + + align:start position:0% +conversion like they just don't face so +part of the one of those Market + + align:start position:0% +part of the one of those Market + + + align:start position:0% +part of the one of those Market +techologies is a pmu which is a phas + + align:start position:0% +techologies is a pmu which is a phas + + + align:start position:0% +techologies is a pmu which is a phas +meter units I believe tries to sync it + + align:start position:0% +meter units I believe tries to sync it + + + align:start position:0% +meter units I believe tries to sync it +but reality like today all they have is + + align:start position:0% +but reality like today all they have is + + + align:start position:0% +but reality like today all they have is +like people at different sub stations + + align:start position:0% +like people at different sub stations + + + align:start position:0% +like people at different sub stations +and just like Crank It Up crank it down + + align:start position:0% +and just like Crank It Up crank it down + + + align:start position:0% +and just like Crank It Up crank it down +a little bit depending on how it's + + align:start position:0% +a little bit depending on how it's + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit depending on how it's +coming in and out but I think the + + align:start position:0% +coming in and out but I think the + + + align:start position:0% +coming in and out but I think the +problem with uh from a policy standpoint + + align:start position:0% +problem with uh from a policy standpoint + + + align:start position:0% +problem with uh from a policy standpoint +is that once the infrastructure is there + + align:start position:0% +is that once the infrastructure is there + + + align:start position:0% +is that once the infrastructure is there +they there for long periods of years and + + align:start position:0% +they there for long periods of years and + + + align:start position:0% +they there for long periods of years and +so it's really hard to regulate because + + align:start position:0% +so it's really hard to regulate because + + + align:start position:0% +so it's really hard to regulate because +you have like so many different uh ner + + align:start position:0% +you have like so many different uh ner + + + align:start position:0% +you have like so many different uh ner +regions so these are transitions going + + align:start position:0% +regions so these are transitions going + + + align:start position:0% +regions so these are transitions going +across different states then you get + + align:start position:0% +across different states then you get + + + align:start position:0% +across different states then you get +into the issue of like is it the federal + + align:start position:0% +into the issue of like is it the federal + + + align:start position:0% +into the issue of like is it the federal +government or is it us and so just like + + align:start position:0% +government or is it us and so just like + + + align:start position:0% +government or is it us and so just like +ening a lot regulating all lot + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +policy absolutely so we have issues with + + align:start position:0% +policy absolutely so we have issues with + + + align:start position:0% +policy absolutely so we have issues with +once they're in place they're in place + + align:start position:0% +once they're in place they're in place + + + align:start position:0% +once they're in place they're in place +forever um that the efficiency you can + + align:start position:0% +forever um that the efficiency you can + + + align:start position:0% +forever um that the efficiency you can +do things to improve the efficiency but + + align:start position:0% +do things to improve the efficiency but + + + align:start position:0% +do things to improve the efficiency but +you're going to have losses always and + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have losses always and + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have losses always and +then policy and ownership issues are + + align:start position:0% +then policy and ownership issues are + + + align:start position:0% +then policy and ownership issues are +challenging as well I saw a few other + + align:start position:0% +challenging as well I saw a few other + + + align:start position:0% +challenging as well I saw a few other +hands yeah when there storms and you + + align:start position:0% +hands yeah when there storms and you + + + align:start position:0% +hands yeah when there storms and you +have a power outage problem yeah so + + align:start position:0% +have a power outage problem yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +have a power outage problem yeah so +storms + + align:start position:0% +storms + + + align:start position:0% +storms +and i' I'd say more generally + + align:start position:0% +and i' I'd say more generally + + + align:start position:0% +and i' I'd say more generally +maintenance um for Gen us typical and + + align:start position:0% +maintenance um for Gen us typical and + + + align:start position:0% +maintenance um for Gen us typical and +atypical situations is always always an + + align:start position:0% +atypical situations is always always an + + + align:start position:0% +atypical situations is always always an +issue um any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +others yeah Miss see um you usually have + + align:start position:0% +others yeah Miss see um you usually have + + + align:start position:0% +others yeah Miss see um you usually have +to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +use yeah so it's + + align:start position:0% +use yeah so it's + + + align:start position:0% +use yeah so it's +um there isn't no storage in a typical + + align:start position:0% +um there isn't no storage in a typical + + + align:start position:0% +um there isn't no storage in a typical +grid right so lack lack of storage is an + + align:start position:0% +grid right so lack lack of storage is an + + + align:start position:0% +grid right so lack lack of storage is an +issue um yeah and then getting to + + align:start position:0% +issue um yeah and then getting to + + + align:start position:0% +issue um yeah and then getting to +storage and transport and for that we're + + align:start position:0% +storage and transport and for that we're + + + align:start position:0% +storage and transport and for that we're +going to focus on + + align:start position:0% +going to focus on + + + align:start position:0% +going to focus on +batteries um there are a few other + + align:start position:0% +batteries um there are a few other + + + align:start position:0% +batteries um there are a few other +options but the most common is batteries + + align:start position:0% +options but the most common is batteries + + + align:start position:0% +options but the most common is batteries +so what are some issues around + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +batteries yeah + + align:start position:0% +batteries yeah + + + align:start position:0% +batteries yeah +so the life is an + + align:start position:0% +so the life is an + + + align:start position:0% +so the life is an +issue disposal + + align:start position:0% +issue disposal + + + align:start position:0% +issue disposal +disposal which is very linked to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +life according to our problem said it + + align:start position:0% +life according to our problem said it + + + align:start position:0% +life according to our problem said it +actually doesn't carry that much energy + + align:start position:0% +actually doesn't carry that much energy + + + align:start position:0% +actually doesn't carry that much energy +so it's not + + align:start position:0% +so it's not + + + align:start position:0% +so it's not +very yeah so the the + + align:start position:0% +very yeah so the the + + + align:start position:0% +very yeah so the the +density the energy density of batteries + + align:start position:0% +density the energy density of batteries + + + align:start position:0% +density the energy density of batteries +is pretty poor compared to a lot of + + align:start position:0% +is pretty poor compared to a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +is pretty poor compared to a lot of +other Technologies we're used to any + + align:start position:0% +other Technologies we're used to any + + + align:start position:0% +other Technologies we're used to any +other thoughts yeah material or like + + align:start position:0% +other thoughts yeah material or like + + + align:start position:0% +other thoughts yeah material or like +that you need to use to make the battery + + align:start position:0% +that you need to use to make the battery + + + align:start position:0% +that you need to use to make the battery +yeah so the + + align:start position:0% +yeah so the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so the +materials um that can be an issue for + + align:start position:0% +materials um that can be an issue for + + + align:start position:0% +materials um that can be an issue for +Environmental + + align:start position:0% +Environmental + + + align:start position:0% +Environmental +reasons it can be an issue for um + + align:start position:0% +reasons it can be an issue for um + + + align:start position:0% +reasons it can be an issue for um +cost and just + + align:start position:0% +cost and just + + + align:start position:0% +cost and just +availability there are some materials we + + align:start position:0% +availability there are some materials we + + + align:start position:0% +availability there are some materials we +use that we literally have a fixed + + align:start position:0% +use that we literally have a fixed + + + align:start position:0% +use that we literally have a fixed +amount of and uh we're running + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +out some other things we we yeah go + + align:start position:0% +out some other things we we yeah go + + + align:start position:0% +out some other things we we yeah go +ahead one more thing with batteries is + + align:start position:0% +ahead one more thing with batteries is + + + align:start position:0% +ahead one more thing with batteries is +just their design constraints as far as + + align:start position:0% +just their design constraints as far as + + + align:start position:0% +just their design constraints as far as +usually use them for small portable + + align:start position:0% +usually use them for small portable + + + align:start position:0% +usually use them for small portable +devices the battery the less energy it + + align:start position:0% +devices the battery the less energy it + + + align:start position:0% +devices the battery the less energy it +provides so um it's just you say that + + align:start position:0% +provides so um it's just you say that + + + align:start position:0% +provides so um it's just you say that +design + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problems well I don't know if this this + + align:start position:0% +problems well I don't know if this this + + + align:start position:0% +problems well I don't know if this this +exactly right way to say it but the way + + align:start position:0% +exactly right way to say it but the way + + + align:start position:0% +exactly right way to say it but the way +I'm going to say it is that the size and + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to say it is that the size and + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to say it is that the size and +the weight of the battery versus its + + align:start position:0% +the weight of the battery versus its + + + align:start position:0% +the weight of the battery versus its +utility to you is kind of inversely + + align:start position:0% +utility to you is kind of inversely + + + align:start position:0% +utility to you is kind of inversely +proportional and a bit of a bummer um so + + align:start position:0% +proportional and a bit of a bummer um so + + + align:start position:0% +proportional and a bit of a bummer um so +you want a for getting a really good + + align:start position:0% +you want a for getting a really good + + + align:start position:0% +you want a for getting a really good +storage capability you generally need a + + align:start position:0% +storage capability you generally need a + + + align:start position:0% +storage capability you generally need a +big large heavy battery and typically + + align:start position:0% +big large heavy battery and typically + + + align:start position:0% +big large heavy battery and typically +you want as light and small a battery as + + align:start position:0% +you want as light and small a battery as + + + align:start position:0% +you want as light and small a battery as +possible so that's a pretty frustrating + + align:start position:0% +possible so that's a pretty frustrating + + + align:start position:0% +possible so that's a pretty frustrating +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +conflict yeah + + align:start position:0% +conflict yeah + + + align:start position:0% +conflict yeah +so let's start with grids so all of + + align:start position:0% +so let's start with grids so all of + + + align:start position:0% +so let's start with grids so all of +these are major issues and I want to + + align:start position:0% +these are major issues and I want to + + + align:start position:0% +these are major issues and I want to +start by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +talking about the US grid just for a + + align:start position:0% +talking about the US grid just for a + + + align:start position:0% +talking about the US grid just for a +minute um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is what the US grid looks like + + align:start position:0% +so this is what the US grid looks like + + + align:start position:0% +so this is what the US grid looks like +this is a really nice um interactive + + align:start position:0% +this is a really nice um interactive + + + align:start position:0% +this is a really nice um interactive +graph from + + align:start position:0% +graph from + + + align:start position:0% +graph from +NPR that the link is on the um slide + + align:start position:0% +NPR that the link is on the um slide + + + align:start position:0% +NPR that the link is on the um slide +notes and you can go to it and play with + + align:start position:0% +notes and you can go to it and play with + + + align:start position:0% +notes and you can go to it and play with +it um and you can see all of the + + align:start position:0% +it um and you can see all of the + + + align:start position:0% +it um and you can see all of the +different transmission lines and all + + align:start position:0% +different transmission lines and all + + + align:start position:0% +different transmission lines and all +these voltages are incredibly High + + align:start position:0% +these voltages are incredibly High + + + align:start position:0% +these voltages are incredibly High +compared to what you're used to using + + align:start position:0% +compared to what you're used to using + + + align:start position:0% +compared to what you're used to using +but um you can see there's a range of + + align:start position:0% +but um you can see there's a range of + + + align:start position:0% +but um you can see there's a range of +sizes because the higher you have to + + align:start position:0% +sizes because the higher you have to + + + align:start position:0% +sizes because the higher you have to +um uh transform the voltage the more + + align:start position:0% +um uh transform the voltage the more + + + align:start position:0% +um uh transform the voltage the more +expensive it is um but you can see this + + align:start position:0% +expensive it is um but you can see this + + + align:start position:0% +expensive it is um but you can see this +is our major these these are our major + + align:start position:0% +is our major these these are our major + + + align:start position:0% +is our major these these are our major +currents on the Eastern Seaboard um so + + align:start position:0% +currents on the Eastern Seaboard um so + + + align:start position:0% +currents on the Eastern Seaboard um so +that is just an interesting thing to + + align:start position:0% +that is just an interesting thing to + + + align:start position:0% +that is just an interesting thing to +note and then in terms of the power + + align:start position:0% +note and then in terms of the power + + + align:start position:0% +note and then in terms of the power +plants in the + + align:start position:0% +plants in the + + + align:start position:0% +plants in the +US you can see um just how spread out + + align:start position:0% +US you can see um just how spread out + + + align:start position:0% +US you can see um just how spread out +they are and how varying in size and + + align:start position:0% +they are and how varying in size and + + + align:start position:0% +they are and how varying in size and +then therefore how critical our grid + + align:start position:0% +then therefore how critical our grid + + + align:start position:0% +then therefore how critical our grid +system is in order to get the power to + + align:start position:0% +system is in order to get the power to + + + align:start position:0% +system is in order to get the power to +where we need it um if otherwise people + + align:start position:0% +where we need it um if otherwise people + + + align:start position:0% +where we need it um if otherwise people +in Maine for example would not have much + + align:start position:0% +in Maine for example would not have much + + + align:start position:0% +in Maine for example would not have much +power at all um and you can see other + + align:start position:0% +power at all um and you can see other + + + align:start position:0% +power at all um and you can see other +parts of the country where the power + + align:start position:0% +parts of the country where the power + + + align:start position:0% +parts of the country where the power +would be really limited + + align:start position:0% +would be really limited + + + align:start position:0% +would be really limited +otherwise um and then this is just I + + align:start position:0% +otherwise um and then this is just I + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise um and then this is just I +just want to show you this because it + + align:start position:0% +just want to show you this because it + + + align:start position:0% +just want to show you this because it +goes down and shows you all the + + align:start position:0% +goes down and shows you all the + + + align:start position:0% +goes down and shows you all the +different plant types you can have and + + align:start position:0% +different plant types you can have and + + + align:start position:0% +different plant types you can have and +then you can click you on on the plants + + align:start position:0% +then you can click you on on the plants + + + align:start position:0% +then you can click you on on the plants +you can go to each state and compare + + align:start position:0% +you can go to each state and compare + + + align:start position:0% +you can go to each state and compare +where we get our power so for example in + + align:start position:0% +where we get our power so for example in + + + align:start position:0% +where we get our power so for example in +Massachusetts were primarily gas whereas + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts were primarily gas whereas + + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts were primarily gas whereas +in um Vermont they're primarily Nuclear + + align:start position:0% +in um Vermont they're primarily Nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +in um Vermont they're primarily Nuclear +So it's just really interesting to see + + align:start position:0% +So it's just really interesting to see + + + align:start position:0% +So it's just really interesting to see +even within the US how much variation + + align:start position:0% +even within the US how much variation + + + align:start position:0% +even within the US how much variation +there is in States right next to each + + align:start position:0% +there is in States right next to each + + + align:start position:0% +there is in States right next to each +other um let alone across the country um + + align:start position:0% +other um let alone across the country um + + + align:start position:0% +other um let alone across the country um +you can also see what the + + align:start position:0% +you can also see what the + + + align:start position:0% +you can also see what the +solar um opportunities are in the + + align:start position:0% +solar um opportunities are in the + + + align:start position:0% +solar um opportunities are in the +country and if we're going to go to + + align:start position:0% +country and if we're going to go to + + + align:start position:0% +country and if we're going to go to +primarily solar we have to figure out a + + align:start position:0% +primarily solar we have to figure out a + + + align:start position:0% +primarily solar we have to figure out a +way to transmit the power from in this + + align:start position:0% +way to transmit the power from in this + + + align:start position:0% +way to transmit the power from in this +realm all the way across the whole + + align:start position:0% +realm all the way across the whole + + + align:start position:0% +realm all the way across the whole +country if we're going to be successful + + align:start position:0% +country if we're going to be successful + + + align:start position:0% +country if we're going to be successful +with solar power and similarly with wind + + align:start position:0% +with solar power and similarly with wind + + + align:start position:0% +with solar power and similarly with wind +power um some of the eastern and western + + align:start position:0% +power um some of the eastern and western + + + align:start position:0% +power um some of the eastern and western +Seaboard look great but then the center + + align:start position:0% +Seaboard look great but then the center + + + align:start position:0% +Seaboard look great but then the center +of the country is kind of in trouble if + + align:start position:0% +of the country is kind of in trouble if + + + align:start position:0% +of the country is kind of in trouble if +we just go with wind so um comparing the + + align:start position:0% +we just go with wind so um comparing the + + + align:start position:0% +we just go with wind so um comparing the +amount of wind power to say the number + + align:start position:0% +amount of wind power to say the number + + + align:start position:0% +amount of wind power to say the number +of power plants that are in existence + + align:start position:0% +of power plants that are in existence + + + align:start position:0% +of power plants that are in existence +um wind is a whole lot less well + + align:start position:0% +um wind is a whole lot less well + + + align:start position:0% +um wind is a whole lot less well +distributed than what we've got right + + align:start position:0% +distributed than what we've got right + + + align:start position:0% +distributed than what we've got right +now so um yeah this is just a very cool + + align:start position:0% +now so um yeah this is just a very cool + + + align:start position:0% +now so um yeah this is just a very cool +demo to give you a sense of the US grid + + align:start position:0% +demo to give you a sense of the US grid + + + align:start position:0% +demo to give you a sense of the US grid +really quickly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um okay so um now it's time to do some + + align:start position:0% +um okay so um now it's time to do some + + + align:start position:0% +um okay so um now it's time to do some +equations to uh think about the line + + align:start position:0% +equations to uh think about the line + + + align:start position:0% +equations to uh think about the line +losses that you have to deal with so the + + align:start position:0% +losses that you have to deal with so the + + + align:start position:0% +losses that you have to deal with so the +line losses are all due to what heating + + align:start position:0% +line losses are all due to what heating + + + align:start position:0% +line losses are all due to what heating +yeah heating of the wire and why is the + + align:start position:0% +yeah heating of the wire and why is the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah heating of the wire and why is the +wire being heated current through it + + align:start position:0% +wire being heated current through it + + + align:start position:0% +wire being heated current through it +because it has current through it and a + + align:start position:0% +because it has current through it and a + + + align:start position:0% +because it has current through it and a +wire is has some resistance so the + + align:start position:0% +wire is has some resistance so the + + + align:start position:0% +wire is has some resistance so the +equation for that is Jewels law and is + + align:start position:0% +equation for that is Jewels law and is + + + align:start position:0% +equation for that is Jewels law and is +defined as Q is equal to which is the + + align:start position:0% +defined as Q is equal to which is the + + + align:start position:0% +defined as Q is equal to which is the +heat is to the square of current times + + align:start position:0% +heat is to the square of current times + + + align:start position:0% +heat is to the square of current times +the resistance + + align:start position:0% +the resistance + + + align:start position:0% +the resistance +times the time so and that's juul's law + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um and if you're not super comfortable + + align:start position:0% +um and if you're not super comfortable + + + align:start position:0% +um and if you're not super comfortable +with your double e you're probably going + + align:start position:0% +with your double e you're probably going + + + align:start position:0% +with your double e you're probably going +to say oh well the IR that sounds like a + + align:start position:0% +to say oh well the IR that sounds like a + + + align:start position:0% +to say oh well the IR that sounds like a +voltage and throw a voltage in there um + + align:start position:0% +voltage and throw a voltage in there um + + + align:start position:0% +voltage and throw a voltage in there um +and you're missing a subtlety um because + + align:start position:0% +and you're missing a subtlety um because + + + align:start position:0% +and you're missing a subtlety um because +then you say oh well it's related to + + align:start position:0% +then you say oh well it's related to + + + align:start position:0% +then you say oh well it's related to +current and voltage at the same level + + align:start position:0% +current and voltage at the same level + + + align:start position:0% +current and voltage at the same level +but you're you have to figure out what + + align:start position:0% +but you're you have to figure out what + + + align:start position:0% +but you're you have to figure out what +voltage you're calculating because if + + align:start position:0% +voltage you're calculating because if + + + align:start position:0% +voltage you're calculating because if +you recall while current is going + + align:start position:0% +you recall while current is going + + + align:start position:0% +you recall while current is going +through the whole wire at the same rate + + align:start position:0% +through the whole wire at the same rate + + + align:start position:0% +through the whole wire at the same rate +everywhere because it's a flow a voltage + + align:start position:0% +everywhere because it's a flow a voltage + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere because it's a flow a voltage +is based on a comparison of two places + + align:start position:0% +is based on a comparison of two places + + + align:start position:0% +is based on a comparison of two places +and you have to compare the right + + align:start position:0% +and you have to compare the right + + + align:start position:0% +and you have to compare the right +voltage in order to plug that into the + + align:start position:0% +voltage in order to plug that into the + + + align:start position:0% +voltage in order to plug that into the +equation correctly so we're not going to + + align:start position:0% +equation correctly so we're not going to + + + align:start position:0% +equation correctly so we're not going to +do that right now but we're going to go + + align:start position:0% +do that right now but we're going to go + + + align:start position:0% +do that right now but we're going to go +through + + align:start position:0% +through + + + align:start position:0% +through +um this equation in a little more detail + + align:start position:0% +um this equation in a little more detail + + + align:start position:0% +um this equation in a little more detail +so hopefully it becomes a little more + + align:start position:0% +so hopefully it becomes a little more + + + align:start position:0% +so hopefully it becomes a little more +intuitive so let's pretend that we're + + align:start position:0% +intuitive so let's pretend that we're + + + align:start position:0% +intuitive so let's pretend that we're +trying to deliver power from some power + + align:start position:0% +trying to deliver power from some power + + + align:start position:0% +trying to deliver power from some power +plant in western Mass to + + align:start position:0% +plant in western Mass to + + + align:start position:0% +plant in western Mass to +Boston um and so so we're going to call + + align:start position:0% +Boston um and so so we're going to call + + + align:start position:0% +Boston um and so so we're going to call +that power that we need power with a + + align:start position:0% +that power that we need power with a + + + align:start position:0% +that power that we need power with a +capital + + align:start position:0% +capital + + + align:start position:0% +capital +P and power as we require recall is the + + align:start position:0% +P and power as we require recall is the + + + align:start position:0% +P and power as we require recall is the +voltage and that's um from from your + + align:start position:0% +voltage and that's um from from your + + + align:start position:0% +voltage and that's um from from your +from the line to + + align:start position:0% +from the line to + + + align:start position:0% +from the line to +ground times the resistance through the + + align:start position:0% +ground times the resistance through the + + + align:start position:0% +ground times the resistance through the +power + + align:start position:0% +power + + + align:start position:0% +power +line uh so P equals VI um but we also + + align:start position:0% +line uh so P equals VI um but we also + + + align:start position:0% +line uh so P equals VI um but we also +have the issue of the power loss that we + + align:start position:0% +have the issue of the power loss that we + + + align:start position:0% +have the issue of the power loss that we +know is happening Through the Wire so to + + align:start position:0% +know is happening Through the Wire so to + + + align:start position:0% +know is happening Through the Wire so to +calate that you're using the same + + align:start position:0% +calate that you're using the same + + + align:start position:0% +calate that you're using the same +equation we're going to call that + + align:start position:0% +equation we're going to call that + + + align:start position:0% +equation we're going to call that +lowercase + + align:start position:0% +lowercase + + + align:start position:0% +lowercase +p is equal to voltage from from a the + + align:start position:0% +p is equal to voltage from from a the + + + align:start position:0% +p is equal to voltage from from a the +end of the line to the beginning of the + + align:start position:0% +end of the line to the beginning of the + + + align:start position:0% +end of the line to the beginning of the +line so L1 to L2 times I These Eyes + + align:start position:0% +line so L1 to L2 times I These Eyes + + + align:start position:0% +line so L1 to L2 times I These Eyes +thankfully for um just thinking for + + align:start position:0% +thankfully for um just thinking for + + + align:start position:0% +thankfully for um just thinking for +minimizing how much confusion are the + + align:start position:0% +minimizing how much confusion are the + + + align:start position:0% +minimizing how much confusion are the +same eye right they're the same current + + align:start position:0% +same eye right they're the same current + + + align:start position:0% +same eye right they're the same current +Going Through the Wire which is going to + + align:start position:0% +Going Through the Wire which is going to + + + align:start position:0% +Going Through the Wire which is going to +be the same throughout the entire wire + + align:start position:0% +be the same throughout the entire wire + + + align:start position:0% +be the same throughout the entire wire +but the voltage here for big p we're + + align:start position:0% +but the voltage here for big p we're + + + align:start position:0% +but the voltage here for big p we're +worrying about checking the voltage at + + align:start position:0% +worrying about checking the voltage at + + + align:start position:0% +worrying about checking the voltage at +one end of the line or the other to + + align:start position:0% +one end of the line or the other to + + + align:start position:0% +one end of the line or the other to +ground and Little P we're worrying about + + align:start position:0% +ground and Little P we're worrying about + + + align:start position:0% +ground and Little P we're worrying about +the voltage drop from one end of the + + align:start position:0% +the voltage drop from one end of the + + + align:start position:0% +the voltage drop from one end of the +line to the other so for example let's + + align:start position:0% +line to the other so for example let's + + + align:start position:0% +line to the other so for example let's +say the power PL plant is providing + + align:start position:0% +say the power PL plant is providing + + + align:start position:0% +say the power PL plant is providing +10,000 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Vol can I write and you can still see + + align:start position:0% +Vol can I write and you can still see + + + align:start position:0% +Vol can I write and you can still see +like if I write down to there can you + + align:start position:0% +like if I write down to there can you + + + align:start position:0% +like if I write down to there can you +see + + align:start position:0% +see + + + align:start position:0% +see +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +no no no is a better answer than Blank + + align:start position:0% +no no no is a better answer than Blank + + + align:start position:0% +no no no is a better answer than Blank +Stare so all right can you can you see + + align:start position:0% +Stare so all right can you can you see + + + align:start position:0% +Stare so all right can you can you see +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +range + + align:start position:0% +range + + + align:start position:0% +range +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and this is going to make me + + align:start position:0% +okay and this is going to make me + + + align:start position:0% +okay and this is going to make me +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +baddy okay um so we have 10,000 volts + + align:start position:0% +baddy okay um so we have 10,000 volts + + + align:start position:0% +baddy okay um so we have 10,000 volts +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so the power + + align:start position:0% +so the power + + + align:start position:0% +so the power +the the voltage here from line to ground + + align:start position:0% +the the voltage here from line to ground + + + align:start position:0% +the the voltage here from line to ground +at the power plant is 10,000 and then + + align:start position:0% +at the power plant is 10,000 and then + + + align:start position:0% +at the power plant is 10,000 and then +let's say we lose a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +th000 volts across here um for due to + + align:start position:0% +th000 volts across here um for due to + + + align:start position:0% +th000 volts across here um for due to +line losses so that this would be this v + + align:start position:0% +line losses so that this would be this v + + + align:start position:0% +line losses so that this would be this v +um and this would be v l minus + + align:start position:0% +um and this would be v l minus + + + align:start position:0% +um and this would be v l minus +G and then conveniently so then we know + + align:start position:0% +G and then conveniently so then we know + + + align:start position:0% +G and then conveniently so then we know +we know we have the V at the end + + align:start position:0% +we know we have the V at the end + + + align:start position:0% +we know we have the V at the end +is just going to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um 9,000 + + align:start position:0% +um 9,000 + + + align:start position:0% +um 9,000 +volts right so this is pretty simple + + align:start position:0% +volts right so this is pretty simple + + + align:start position:0% +volts right so this is pretty simple +math + + align:start position:0% +math + + + align:start position:0% +math +hopefully um + + align:start position:0% +hopefully um + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully um +so power the lower case + + align:start position:0% +so power the lower case + + + align:start position:0% +so power the lower case +p is equal to the voltage drop across + + align:start position:0% +p is equal to the voltage drop across + + + align:start position:0% +p is equal to the voltage drop across +the line so V L1 to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +L2 time + + align:start position:0% +L2 time + + + align:start position:0% +L2 time +I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and yeah sorry I'm getting myself + + align:start position:0% +and yeah sorry I'm getting myself + + + align:start position:0% +and yeah sorry I'm getting myself +confused so power is equal + + align:start position:0% +confused so power is equal + + + align:start position:0% +confused so power is equal +to I and Powers is also equal to i s * r + + align:start position:0% +to I and Powers is also equal to i s * r + + + align:start position:0% +to I and Powers is also equal to i s * r +that I + + align:start position:0% +that I + + + align:start position:0% +that I +so our options + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are we can make our + + align:start position:0% +are we can make our + + + align:start position:0% +are we can make our +V sorry I just got totally Lo l in my + + align:start position:0% +V sorry I just got totally Lo l in my + + + align:start position:0% +V sorry I just got totally Lo l in my +notes so let me start + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +again right okay so we have these two + + align:start position:0% +again right okay so we have these two + + + align:start position:0% +again right okay so we have these two +equations we're not going to worry about + + align:start position:0% +equations we're not going to worry about + + + align:start position:0% +equations we're not going to worry about +numbers right + + align:start position:0% +numbers right + + + align:start position:0% +numbers right +now so for ma we want to maximize this p + + align:start position:0% +now so for ma we want to maximize this p + + + align:start position:0% +now so for ma we want to maximize this p +and minimize that P right so um and this + + align:start position:0% +and minimize that P right so um and this + + + align:start position:0% +and minimize that P right so um and this +and we know the relationship + + align:start position:0% +and we know the relationship + + + align:start position:0% +and we know the relationship +between these two v's right so then um + + align:start position:0% +between these two v's right so then um + + + align:start position:0% +between these two v's right so then um +so if we minimize I we minimize that + + align:start position:0% +so if we minimize I we minimize that + + + align:start position:0% +so if we minimize I we minimize that +power which is good but we also minimize + + align:start position:0% +power which is good but we also minimize + + + align:start position:0% +power which is good but we also minimize +this power which is bad and that's why + + align:start position:0% +this power which is bad and that's why + + + align:start position:0% +this power which is bad and that's why +we're trying to pop up the voltage to be + + align:start position:0% +we're trying to pop up the voltage to be + + + align:start position:0% +we're trying to pop up the voltage to be +as high as possible um so that we can um + + align:start position:0% +as high as possible um so that we can um + + + align:start position:0% +as high as possible um so that we can um +maximize power and minimize our losses + + align:start position:0% +maximize power and minimize our losses + + + align:start position:0% +maximize power and minimize our losses +does that make it sense to everyone I + + align:start position:0% +does that make it sense to everyone I + + + align:start position:0% +does that make it sense to everyone I +know I got lost in the + + align:start position:0% +know I got lost in the + + + align:start position:0% +know I got lost in the +middle okay if it doesn't and you don't + + align:start position:0% +middle okay if it doesn't and you don't + + + align:start position:0% +middle okay if it doesn't and you don't +want to talk about it right now you can + + align:start position:0% +want to talk about it right now you can + + + align:start position:0% +want to talk about it right now you can +talk to me after class we can go through + + align:start position:0% +talk to me after class we can go through + + + align:start position:0% +talk to me after class we can go through +it then um so that is great in a macro + + align:start position:0% +it then um so that is great in a macro + + + align:start position:0% +it then um so that is great in a macro +grid right so we can bump up the voltage + + align:start position:0% +grid right so we can bump up the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +grid right so we can bump up the voltage +super and we're all set however in a + + align:start position:0% +super and we're all set however in a + + + align:start position:0% +super and we're all set however in a +micro grid bumping up the voltage + + align:start position:0% +micro grid bumping up the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +micro grid bumping up the voltage +transforming the voltage is really + + align:start position:0% +transforming the voltage is really + + + align:start position:0% +transforming the voltage is really +really expensive so in a micro grid you + + align:start position:0% +really expensive so in a micro grid you + + + align:start position:0% +really expensive so in a micro grid you +don't do that you just use your given + + align:start position:0% +don't do that you just use your given + + + align:start position:0% +don't do that you just use your given +voltage um which saves you a lot of + + align:start position:0% +voltage um which saves you a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +voltage um which saves you a lot of +money but also means that losses are + + align:start position:0% +money but also means that losses are + + + align:start position:0% +money but also means that losses are +huge and so for a for in that case if + + align:start position:0% +huge and so for a for in that case if + + + align:start position:0% +huge and so for a for in that case if +you're not if you can't change your + + align:start position:0% +you're not if you can't change your + + + align:start position:0% +you're not if you can't change your +voltage what is your loss based + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +on you already ented it is the + + align:start position:0% +on you already ented it is the + + + align:start position:0% +on you already ented it is the +resistance in The Wire right is what we + + align:start position:0% +resistance in The Wire right is what we + + + align:start position:0% +resistance in The Wire right is what we +have to worry about so the resistance in + + align:start position:0% +have to worry about so the resistance in + + + align:start position:0% +have to worry about so the resistance in +the wire is based on row L over a where + + align:start position:0% +the wire is based on row L over a where + + + align:start position:0% +the wire is based on row L over a where +row is equal to the inherent resistivity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +L is the + + align:start position:0% +L is the + + + align:start position:0% +L is the +length and a is the + + align:start position:0% +length and a is the + + + align:start position:0% +length and a is the +area in cross-section of your wire and + + align:start position:0% +area in cross-section of your wire and + + + align:start position:0% +area in cross-section of your wire and +so for your resistivity that means + + align:start position:0% +so for your resistivity that means + + + align:start position:0% +so for your resistivity that means +you're picking your wire so you could + + align:start position:0% +you're picking your wire so you could + + + align:start position:0% +you're picking your wire so you could +use an aluminum wire or a copper wire or + + align:start position:0% +use an aluminum wire or a copper wire or + + + align:start position:0% +use an aluminum wire or a copper wire or +what have you um copper tends to have + + align:start position:0% +what have you um copper tends to have + + + align:start position:0% +what have you um copper tends to have +the best resistivity of the options but + + align:start position:0% +the best resistivity of the options but + + + align:start position:0% +the best resistivity of the options but +copper is also incredibly expensive + + align:start position:0% +copper is also incredibly expensive + + + align:start position:0% +copper is also incredibly expensive +which you know if for no other reason + + align:start position:0% +which you know if for no other reason + + + align:start position:0% +which you know if for no other reason +than because people are stealing copper + + align:start position:0% +than because people are stealing copper + + + align:start position:0% +than because people are stealing copper +all over countries in the US us so + + align:start position:0% +all over countries in the US us so + + + align:start position:0% +all over countries in the US us so +people who have beautiful rain gutters + + align:start position:0% +people who have beautiful rain gutters + + + align:start position:0% +people who have beautiful rain gutters +made of copper no longer do because + + align:start position:0% +made of copper no longer do because + + + align:start position:0% +made of copper no longer do because +people are stealing them because copper + + align:start position:0% +people are stealing them because copper + + + align:start position:0% +people are stealing them because copper +is scarce and expensive these days um + + align:start position:0% +is scarce and expensive these days um + + + align:start position:0% +is scarce and expensive these days um +length so that's so copper your + + align:start position:0% +length so that's so copper your + + + align:start position:0% +length so that's so copper your +resistivity is probably going to be + + align:start position:0% +resistivity is probably going to be + + + align:start position:0% +resistivity is probably going to be +basically fixed based on your costs um + + align:start position:0% +basically fixed based on your costs um + + + align:start position:0% +basically fixed based on your costs um +length is something you can control but + + align:start position:0% +length is something you can control but + + + align:start position:0% +length is something you can control but +is also a bummer right because if you go + + align:start position:0% +is also a bummer right because if you go + + + align:start position:0% +is also a bummer right because if you go +too far if if you want to power a house + + align:start position:0% +too far if if you want to power a house + + + align:start position:0% +too far if if you want to power a house +that's an extra few blocks down you + + align:start position:0% +that's an extra few blocks down you + + + align:start position:0% +that's an extra few blocks down you +can't um if you're limited by your + + align:start position:0% +can't um if you're limited by your + + + align:start position:0% +can't um if you're limited by your +length and then your area your diameter + + align:start position:0% +length and then your area your diameter + + + align:start position:0% +length and then your area your diameter +again is going to be completely related + + align:start position:0% +again is going to be completely related + + + align:start position:0% +again is going to be completely related +to cost um so from a cost standpoint you + + align:start position:0% +to cost um so from a cost standpoint you + + + align:start position:0% +to cost um so from a cost standpoint you +want a really small area but to Maxim or + + align:start position:0% +want a really small area but to Maxim or + + + align:start position:0% +want a really small area but to Maxim or +minimize your resistance you want a + + align:start position:0% +minimize your resistance you want a + + + align:start position:0% +minimize your resistance you want a +really large area so + + align:start position:0% +really large area so + + + align:start position:0% +really large area so +um yeah so let's run through a + + align:start position:0% +um yeah so let's run through a + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah so let's run through a +calculation just to hopefully make this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +clearer so in teams + + align:start position:0% +clearer so in teams + + + align:start position:0% +clearer so in teams +of a couple + + align:start position:0% +of a couple + + + align:start position:0% +of a couple +a couple of people um if you can run + + align:start position:0% +a couple of people um if you can run + + + align:start position:0% +a couple of people um if you can run +through this so typical jumper jumper + + align:start position:0% +through this so typical jumper jumper + + + align:start position:0% +through this so typical jumper jumper +cables um are are helping to um provide + + align:start position:0% +cables um are are helping to um provide + + + align:start position:0% +cables um are are helping to um provide +a jump to a dead car battery from an + + align:start position:0% +a jump to a dead car battery from an + + + align:start position:0% +a jump to a dead car battery from an +existing working car battery right so + + align:start position:0% +existing working car battery right so + + + align:start position:0% +existing working car battery right so +you're providing somewhere on the order + + align:start position:0% +you're providing somewhere on the order + + + align:start position:0% +you're providing somewhere on the order +of 400 amps at 12 volts and the typical + + align:start position:0% +of 400 amps at 12 volts and the typical + + + align:start position:0% +of 400 amps at 12 volts and the typical +diameter of a jumper cable is um an wire + + align:start position:0% +diameter of a jumper cable is um an wire + + + align:start position:0% +diameter of a jumper cable is um an wire +gauge of of four which translates to + + align:start position:0% +gauge of of four which translates to + + + align:start position:0% +gauge of of four which translates to +2/10 of an inch in diameter versus um a + + align:start position:0% +2/10 of an inch in diameter versus um a + + + align:start position:0% +2/10 of an inch in diameter versus um a +typical wire like you used on your + + align:start position:0% +typical wire like you used on your + + + align:start position:0% +typical wire like you used on your +lanterns is on the order of um a wire + + align:start position:0% +lanterns is on the order of um a wire + + + align:start position:0% +lanterns is on the order of um a wire +gauge of 26 which is a much much much + + align:start position:0% +gauge of 26 which is a much much much + + + align:start position:0% +gauge of 26 which is a much much much +smaller + + align:start position:0% +smaller + + + align:start position:0% +smaller +diameter um and so we're going to assume + + align:start position:0% +diameter um and so we're going to assume + + + align:start position:0% +diameter um and so we're going to assume +we're using copper so that's the copper + + align:start position:0% +we're using copper so that's the copper + + + align:start position:0% +we're using copper so that's the copper +resistivity length and so now what I + + align:start position:0% +resistivity length and so now what I + + + align:start position:0% +resistivity length and so now what I +want you to do is figure out what length + + align:start position:0% +want you to do is figure out what length + + + align:start position:0% +want you to do is figure out what length +of cable can be used for each um wire + + align:start position:0% +of cable can be used for each um wire + + + align:start position:0% +of cable can be used for each um wire +gug AG so that you still um so that your + + align:start position:0% +gug AG so that you still um so that your + + + align:start position:0% +gug AG so that you still um so that your +losses don't dominate over uh your + + align:start position:0% +losses don't dominate over uh your + + + align:start position:0% +losses don't dominate over uh your +transmission does this question make + + align:start position:0% +transmission does this question make + + + align:start position:0% +transmission does this question make +sense I'm seeing a lot of confused + + align:start position:0% +sense I'm seeing a lot of confused + + + align:start position:0% +sense I'm seeing a lot of confused +faces + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yeah so let let's say we can't + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah so let let's say we can't + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah so let let's say we can't +lose you can Define how much you can + + align:start position:0% +lose you can Define how much you can + + + align:start position:0% +lose you can Define how much you can +lose because again this is open-ended + + align:start position:0% +lose because again this is open-ended + + + align:start position:0% +lose because again this is open-ended +but um intentionally open-ended but if + + align:start position:0% +but um intentionally open-ended but if + + + align:start position:0% +but um intentionally open-ended but if +you're losing 100% of of all your is + + align:start position:0% +you're losing 100% of of all your is + + + align:start position:0% +you're losing 100% of of all your is +going to heat that's a problem right and + + align:start position:0% +going to heat that's a problem right and + + + align:start position:0% +going to heat that's a problem right and +why don't you set what percent can go to + + align:start position:0% +why don't you set what percent can go to + + + align:start position:0% +why don't you set what percent can go to +heat and then figure out what length you + + align:start position:0% +heat and then figure out what length you + + + align:start position:0% +heat and then figure out what length you +can + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +use okay so I think most people are done + + align:start position:0% +use okay so I think most people are done + + + align:start position:0% +use okay so I think most people are done +so I'm just going to get a a range of + + align:start position:0% +so I'm just going to get a a range of + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm just going to get a a range of +where we are in the class so can someone + + align:start position:0% +where we are in the class so can someone + + + align:start position:0% +where we are in the class so can someone +just shout out um what you got for the + + align:start position:0% +just shout out um what you got for the + + + align:start position:0% +just shout out um what you got for the +the 26 gauge the four gauge and the + + align:start position:0% +the 26 gauge the four gauge and the + + + align:start position:0% +the 26 gauge the four gauge and the +percentage loss you + + align:start position:0% +percentage loss you + + + align:start position:0% +percentage loss you +assumed like I know you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +guys and another team + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah anyone + + align:start position:0% +yeah anyone + + + align:start position:0% +yeah anyone +else about 9 + + align:start position:0% +else about 9 + + + align:start position:0% +else about 9 +cm + + align:start position:0% +cm + + + align:start position:0% +cm +so and um what is it 14.6 m 14 M yeah or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +40% so these are all um looking you know + + align:start position:0% +40% so these are all um looking you know + + + align:start position:0% +40% so these are all um looking you know +there there's clearly something subtle + + align:start position:0% +there there's clearly something subtle + + + align:start position:0% +there there's clearly something subtle +going on we're not getting it quite + + align:start position:0% +going on we're not getting it quite + + + align:start position:0% +going on we're not getting it quite +right but we're all the order magnitude + + align:start position:0% +right but we're all the order magnitude + + + align:start position:0% +right but we're all the order magnitude +correct so um I'm happy um this is class + + align:start position:0% +correct so um I'm happy um this is class + + + align:start position:0% +correct so um I'm happy um this is class +is not about getting an exact answer but + + align:start position:0% +is not about getting an exact answer but + + + align:start position:0% +is not about getting an exact answer but +getting the gist down and this this + + align:start position:0% +getting the gist down and this this + + + align:start position:0% +getting the gist down and this this +looks good is there a team that got + + align:start position:0% +looks good is there a team that got + + + align:start position:0% +looks good is there a team that got +wildly different I think there's at + + align:start position:0% +wildly different I think there's at + + + align:start position:0% +wildly different I think there's at +least one we got + + align:start position:0% +least one we got + + + align:start position:0% +least one we got +3636 M and and what uh we didn't + + align:start position:0% +3636 M and and what uh we didn't + + + align:start position:0% +3636 M and and what uh we didn't +calculate the okay and what was your + + align:start position:0% +calculate the okay and what was your + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the okay and what was your +percent loss + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um I'm + + align:start position:0% +um I'm + + + align:start position:0% +um I'm +sorry 33 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +33% sorry no it's 16 it was we lost two + + align:start position:0% +33% sorry no it's 16 it was we lost two + + + align:start position:0% +33% sorry no it's 16 it was we lost two +volts out of 12 volts that's six no + + align:start position:0% +volts out of 12 volts that's six no + + + align:start position:0% +volts out of 12 volts that's six no +power lost is it power is it Accord to + + align:start position:0% +power lost is it power is it Accord to + + + align:start position:0% +power lost is it power is it Accord to +power loss or + + align:start position:0% +power loss or + + + align:start position:0% +power loss or +volage same + + align:start position:0% +volage same + + + align:start position:0% +volage same +same yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so um basically this is on the + + align:start position:0% +okay so um basically this is on the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so um basically this is on the +order of a length of + + align:start position:0% +order of a length of + + + align:start position:0% +order of a length of +um a length of a jumper cable is usually + + align:start position:0% +um a length of a jumper cable is usually + + + align:start position:0% +um a length of a jumper cable is usually +um between two and 3 m and these are all + + align:start position:0% +um between two and 3 m and these are all + + + align:start position:0% +um between two and 3 m and these are all +really big losses right like your wires + + align:start position:0% +really big losses right like your wires + + + align:start position:0% +really big losses right like your wires +are going to get super dangerously hot + + align:start position:0% +are going to get super dangerously hot + + + align:start position:0% +are going to get super dangerously hot +if you're losing this much power so + + align:start position:0% +if you're losing this much power so + + + align:start position:0% +if you're losing this much power so +which is fine for just doing an order of + + align:start position:0% +which is fine for just doing an order of + + + align:start position:0% +which is fine for just doing an order of +magnitude where am I but that's why + + align:start position:0% +magnitude where am I but that's why + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude where am I but that's why +they're actually quite a bit shorter + + align:start position:0% +they're actually quite a bit shorter + + + align:start position:0% +they're actually quite a bit shorter +than that plus you rarely need um your + + align:start position:0% +than that plus you rarely need um your + + + align:start position:0% +than that plus you rarely need um your +cars to be 20 M apart um + + align:start position:0% +cars to be 20 M apart um + + + align:start position:0% +cars to be 20 M apart um +thankfully or when and when you do it's + + align:start position:0% +thankfully or when and when you do it's + + + align:start position:0% +thankfully or when and when you do it's +really + + align:start position:0% +really + + + align:start position:0% +really +frustrating and then this is a reason + + align:start position:0% +frustrating and then this is a reason + + + align:start position:0% +frustrating and then this is a reason +why jumper CA are expensive and you need + + align:start position:0% +why jumper CA are expensive and you need + + + align:start position:0% +why jumper CA are expensive and you need +a big diameter copper wire right is this + + align:start position:0% +a big diameter copper wire right is this + + + align:start position:0% +a big diameter copper wire right is this +would just wouldn't work and so if + + align:start position:0% +would just wouldn't work and so if + + + align:start position:0% +would just wouldn't work and so if +someone again consultant came to you or + + align:start position:0% +someone again consultant came to you or + + + align:start position:0% +someone again consultant came to you or +someone came to you looking for money + + align:start position:0% +someone came to you looking for money + + + align:start position:0% +someone came to you looking for money +saying I have a great idea for a new + + align:start position:0% +saying I have a great idea for a new + + + align:start position:0% +saying I have a great idea for a new +jumper cable and we're going to use + + align:start position:0% +jumper cable and we're going to use + + + align:start position:0% +jumper cable and we're going to use +really thin wires it's going to save us + + align:start position:0% +really thin wires it's going to save us + + + align:start position:0% +really thin wires it's going to save us +so much money you can do this type of + + align:start position:0% +so much money you can do this type of + + + align:start position:0% +so much money you can do this type of +calculation really fast to be like oh no + + align:start position:0% +calculation really fast to be like oh no + + + align:start position:0% +calculation really fast to be like oh no +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +can't um unless you want to have magic + + align:start position:0% +can't um unless you want to have magic + + + align:start position:0% +can't um unless you want to have magic +cars that are right next to each other + + align:start position:0% +cars that are right next to each other + + + align:start position:0% +cars that are right next to each other +so yeah if you want to extend it to be + + align:start position:0% +so yeah if you want to extend it to be + + + align:start position:0% +so yeah if you want to extend it to be +20 M away and so you just put like two + + align:start position:0% +20 M away and so you just put like two + + + align:start position:0% +20 M away and so you just put like two +jumper cables lined up there isn't + + align:start position:0% +jumper cables lined up there isn't + + + align:start position:0% +jumper cables lined up there isn't +supposed to be a loss there but what it + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be a loss there but what it + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be a loss there but what it +do you know like what the actual loss is + + align:start position:0% +do you know like what the actual loss is + + + align:start position:0% +do you know like what the actual loss is +when you like just connect wire to wire + + align:start position:0% +when you like just connect wire to wire + + + align:start position:0% +when you like just connect wire to wire +this kind of this kind of power going + + align:start position:0% +this kind of this kind of power going + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of this kind of power going +through + + align:start position:0% +through + + + align:start position:0% +through +it well so if you connected if if you + + align:start position:0% +it well so if you connected if if you + + + align:start position:0% +it well so if you connected if if you +have your one car and your + + align:start position:0% +have your one car and your + + + align:start position:0% +have your one car and your +next excuse me um if you have one car in + + align:start position:0% +next excuse me um if you have one car in + + + align:start position:0% +next excuse me um if you have one car in +your next car and you're connecting your + + align:start position:0% +your next car and you're connecting your + + + align:start position:0% +your next car and you're connecting your +jumper cables and then you say so that + + align:start position:0% +jumper cables and then you say so that + + + align:start position:0% +jumper cables and then you say so that +that's just going to work right because + + align:start position:0% +that's just going to work right because + + + align:start position:0% +that's just going to work right because +it's normal jumper cers but then if your + + align:start position:0% +it's normal jumper cers but then if your + + + align:start position:0% +it's normal jumper cers but then if your +car is in fact this far so you need + + align:start position:0% +car is in fact this far so you need + + + align:start position:0% +car is in fact this far so you need +another set of cables here your loss is + + align:start position:0% +another set of cables here your loss is + + + align:start position:0% +another set of cables here your loss is +going to go up right + + align:start position:0% +going to go up right + + + align:start position:0% +going to go up right +just just cu the distance is going + + align:start position:0% +just just cu the distance is going + + + align:start position:0% +just just cu the distance is going +up yeah and the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cont the the loss assed with your + + align:start position:0% +cont the the loss assed with your + + + align:start position:0% +cont the the loss assed with your +contacts yeah is there L do you I mean + + align:start position:0% +contacts yeah is there L do you I mean + + + align:start position:0% +contacts yeah is there L do you I mean +just like clipping one to the other yeah + + align:start position:0% +just like clipping one to the other yeah + + + align:start position:0% +just like clipping one to the other yeah +there's there's going to be losses + + align:start position:0% +there's there's going to be losses + + + align:start position:0% +there's there's going to be losses +everywhere but I would say the length is + + align:start position:0% +everywhere but I would say the length is + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere but I would say the length is +going to dominate over that so um again + + align:start position:0% +going to dominate over that so um again + + + align:start position:0% +going to dominate over that so um again +this is the type of engineering where + + align:start position:0% +this is the type of engineering where + + + align:start position:0% +this is the type of engineering where +you focus on what's going to dominate + + align:start position:0% +you focus on what's going to dominate + + + align:start position:0% +you focus on what's going to dominate +and pay attention to that and the stuff + + align:start position:0% +and pay attention to that and the stuff + + + align:start position:0% +and pay attention to that and the stuff +that is small small you don't even worry + + align:start position:0% +that is small small you don't even worry + + + align:start position:0% +that is small small you don't even worry +about um which is most of engineering + + align:start position:0% +about um which is most of engineering + + + align:start position:0% +about um which is most of engineering +until you get into the Super detail + + align:start position:0% +until you get into the Super detail + + + align:start position:0% +until you get into the Super detail +design + + align:start position:0% +design + + + align:start position:0% +design +um yeah so you you worry about it and + + align:start position:0% +um yeah so you you worry about it and + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah so you you worry about it and +one of the things that's really + + align:start position:0% +one of the things that's really + + + align:start position:0% +one of the things that's really +interesting on your lanterns is that a + + align:start position:0% +interesting on your lanterns is that a + + + align:start position:0% +interesting on your lanterns is that a +lot of you didn't use wire you used + + align:start position:0% +lot of you didn't use wire you used + + + align:start position:0% +lot of you didn't use wire you used +found materials like paper clips and + + align:start position:0% +found materials like paper clips and + + + align:start position:0% +found materials like paper clips and +um can't remember the name of binder + + align:start position:0% +um can't remember the name of binder + + + align:start position:0% +um can't remember the name of binder +clips and all the the variety of things + + align:start position:0% +clips and all the the variety of things + + + align:start position:0% +clips and all the the variety of things +which have decent um resistance and yet + + align:start position:0% +which have decent um resistance and yet + + + align:start position:0% +which have decent um resistance and yet +you have an LED that's pretty robust to + + align:start position:0% +you have an LED that's pretty robust to + + + align:start position:0% +you have an LED that's pretty robust to +high resistance and so it worked fine um + + align:start position:0% +high resistance and so it worked fine um + + + align:start position:0% +high resistance and so it worked fine um +so that is one of the nice things to + + align:start position:0% +so that is one of the nice things to + + + align:start position:0% +so that is one of the nice things to +think about is yes you're getting losses + + align:start position:0% +think about is yes you're getting losses + + + align:start position:0% +think about is yes you're getting losses +there and if you want to get um if you + + align:start position:0% +there and if you want to get um if you + + + align:start position:0% +there and if you want to get um if you +want to perfectly maximize the light + + align:start position:0% +want to perfectly maximize the light + + + align:start position:0% +want to perfectly maximize the light +output of your LED then you need to + + align:start position:0% +output of your LED then you need to + + + align:start position:0% +output of your LED then you need to +worry about it but if the losses are + + align:start position:0% +worry about it but if the losses are + + + align:start position:0% +worry about it but if the losses are +relatively small you're fine so if one + + align:start position:0% +relatively small you're fine so if one + + + align:start position:0% +relatively small you're fine so if one +of you had made a lantern that was like + + align:start position:0% +of you had made a lantern that was like + + + align:start position:0% +of you had made a lantern that was like +you know somehow had wires that were 20 + + align:start position:0% +you know somehow had wires that were 20 + + + align:start position:0% +you know somehow had wires that were 20 +ft long then we're going to start + + align:start position:0% +ft long then we're going to start + + + align:start position:0% +ft long then we're going to start +worrying depending on how small your + + align:start position:0% +worrying depending on how small your + + + align:start position:0% +worrying depending on how small your +gauge is and how high the resistance is + + align:start position:0% +gauge is and how high the resistance is + + + align:start position:0% +gauge is and how high the resistance is +in the line but you you've got some + + align:start position:0% +in the line but you you've got some + + + align:start position:0% +in the line but you you've got some +flexibility + + align:start position:0% +flexibility + + + align:start position:0% +flexibility +there if you guys didn't if you if + + align:start position:0% +there if you guys didn't if you if + + + align:start position:0% +there if you guys didn't if you if +anyone got lost here which is + + align:start position:0% +anyone got lost here which is + + + align:start position:0% +anyone got lost here which is +understandable because it's confusing um + + align:start position:0% +understandable because it's confusing um + + + align:start position:0% +understandable because it's confusing um +and want just come talk to us and we can + + align:start position:0% +and want just come talk to us and we can + + + align:start position:0% +and want just come talk to us and we can +go through it with you um but it's + + align:start position:0% +go through it with you um but it's + + + align:start position:0% +go through it with you um but it's +important to to understand this because + + align:start position:0% +important to to understand this because + + + align:start position:0% +important to to understand this because +it's a useful calculation to be able to + + align:start position:0% +it's a useful calculation to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +it's a useful calculation to be able to +make um so just in summary for microids + + align:start position:0% +make um so just in summary for microids + + + align:start position:0% +make um so just in summary for microids +some of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Jesus some of the benefits are autonomy + + align:start position:0% +Jesus some of the benefits are autonomy + + + align:start position:0% +Jesus some of the benefits are autonomy +right so if a community in the middle of + + align:start position:0% +right so if a community in the middle of + + + align:start position:0% +right so if a community in the middle of +nowhere needs power you don't have to + + align:start position:0% +nowhere needs power you don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +nowhere needs power you don't have to +wait until the government decides to + + align:start position:0% +wait until the government decides to + + + align:start position:0% +wait until the government decides to +deliver that power to you you can just + + align:start position:0% +deliver that power to you you can just + + + align:start position:0% +deliver that power to you you can just +build it and you're not ryant on the on + + align:start position:0% +build it and you're not ryant on the on + + + align:start position:0% +build it and you're not ryant on the on +vagaries of politics you can just build + + align:start position:0% +vagaries of politics you can just build + + + align:start position:0% +vagaries of politics you can just build +it um compatibility you can micro grids + + align:start position:0% +it um compatibility you can micro grids + + + align:start position:0% +it um compatibility you can micro grids +can hypothetically attach to the macro + + align:start position:0% +can hypothetically attach to the macro + + + align:start position:0% +can hypothetically attach to the macro +grid so that's an opportunity um and you + + align:start position:0% +grid so that's an opportunity um and you + + + align:start position:0% +grid so that's an opportunity um and you +can connect your uh with with some + + align:start position:0% +can connect your uh with with some + + + align:start position:0% +can connect your uh with with some +controls you can cont connect your wind + + align:start position:0% +controls you can cont connect your wind + + + align:start position:0% +controls you can cont connect your wind +turbine and your hydr turbine and your + + align:start position:0% +turbine and your hydr turbine and your + + + align:start position:0% +turbine and your hydr turbine and your +solar panels all to the same grid and + + align:start position:0% +solar panels all to the same grid and + + + align:start position:0% +solar panels all to the same grid and +you've got some compatibility and + + align:start position:0% +you've got some compatibility and + + + align:start position:0% +you've got some compatibility and +flexibility opportunities there as well + + align:start position:0% +flexibility opportunities there as well + + + align:start position:0% +flexibility opportunities there as well +as scalability um within the limits of + + align:start position:0% +as scalability um within the limits of + + + align:start position:0% +as scalability um within the limits of +what we just talked about of um + + align:start position:0% +what we just talked about of um + + + align:start position:0% +what we just talked about of um +transmission line length you can scale + + align:start position:0% +transmission line length you can scale + + + align:start position:0% +transmission line length you can scale +your micro grid um so you you can build + + align:start position:0% +your micro grid um so you you can build + + + align:start position:0% +your micro grid um so you you can build +it small and then expand it as needed um + + align:start position:0% +it small and then expand it as needed um + + + align:start position:0% +it small and then expand it as needed um +as long as you're paying attention to + + align:start position:0% +as long as you're paying attention to + + + align:start position:0% +as long as you're paying attention to +the your limiting factors some of the + + align:start position:0% +the your limiting factors some of the + + + align:start position:0% +the your limiting factors some of the +challenges of micro grids especially in + + align:start position:0% +challenges of micro grids especially in + + + align:start position:0% +challenges of micro grids especially in +developing countries are there's always + + align:start position:0% +developing countries are there's always + + + align:start position:0% +developing countries are there's always +going to be maintenance um and if it's + + align:start position:0% +going to be maintenance um and if it's + + + align:start position:0% +going to be maintenance um and if it's +not run by a utility then it's a + + align:start position:0% +not run by a utility then it's a + + + align:start position:0% +not run by a utility then it's a +local issue of the maintenance and so + + align:start position:0% +local issue of the maintenance and so + + + align:start position:0% +local issue of the maintenance and so +who's going to do that and are they + + align:start position:0% +who's going to do that and are they + + + align:start position:0% +who's going to do that and are they +going to do it well um limiting loads so + + align:start position:0% +going to do it well um limiting loads so + + + align:start position:0% +going to do it well um limiting loads so +in the US we have our fuse boxes that + + align:start position:0% +in the US we have our fuse boxes that + + + align:start position:0% +in the US we have our fuse boxes that +limit how how much + + align:start position:0% +limit how how much + + + align:start position:0% +limit how how much +um Power we can draw um you don't always + + align:start position:0% +um Power we can draw um you don't always + + + align:start position:0% +um Power we can draw um you don't always +necessarily have fuse boxes on a micro + + align:start position:0% +necessarily have fuse boxes on a micro + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily have fuse boxes on a micro +grid and so people or you don't have + + align:start position:0% +grid and so people or you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +grid and so people or you don't have +ones at each local house because that's + + align:start position:0% +ones at each local house because that's + + + align:start position:0% +ones at each local house because that's +expensive and so people might just start + + align:start position:0% +expensive and so people might just start + + + align:start position:0% +expensive and so people might just start +plugging in stuff willy-nilly and then + + align:start position:0% +plugging in stuff willy-nilly and then + + + align:start position:0% +plugging in stuff willy-nilly and then +you take down your whole micro grid um + + align:start position:0% +you take down your whole micro grid um + + + align:start position:0% +you take down your whole micro grid um +and then also just private versus public + + align:start position:0% +and then also just private versus public + + + align:start position:0% +and then also just private versus public +sector issues um there's both issues of + + align:start position:0% +sector issues um there's both issues of + + + align:start position:0% +sector issues um there's both issues of +that we one of our Community Partners + + align:start position:0% +that we one of our Community Partners + + + align:start position:0% +that we one of our Community Partners +faces in Nicaragua where they build a + + align:start position:0% +faces in Nicaragua where they build a + + + align:start position:0% +faces in Nicaragua where they build a +micro grid and then um whatever + + align:start position:0% +micro grid and then um whatever + + + align:start position:0% +micro grid and then um whatever +political reason the government decides + + align:start position:0% +political reason the government decides + + + align:start position:0% +political reason the government decides +to install the + + align:start position:0% +to install the + + + align:start position:0% +to install the +um the public grid and all of a sudden + + align:start position:0% +um the public grid and all of a sudden + + + align:start position:0% +um the public grid and all of a sudden +all that investment of the micro grid + + align:start position:0% +all that investment of the micro grid + + + align:start position:0% +all that investment of the micro grid +goes to waste unless you can tie in your + + align:start position:0% +goes to waste unless you can tie in your + + + align:start position:0% +goes to waste unless you can tie in your +micro grid to the public grid which + + align:start position:0% +micro grid to the public grid which + + + align:start position:0% +micro grid to the public grid which +rarely can because um of a variety of + + align:start position:0% +rarely can because um of a variety of + + + align:start position:0% +rarely can because um of a variety of +political and Technical challenges um + + align:start position:0% +political and Technical challenges um + + + align:start position:0% +political and Technical challenges um +there's also just also issues sort of + + align:start position:0% +there's also just also issues sort of + + + align:start position:0% +there's also just also issues sort of +that I referred to of if it's locally + + align:start position:0% +that I referred to of if it's locally + + + align:start position:0% +that I referred to of if it's locally +owned um all those sort of built-in + + align:start position:0% +owned um all those sort of built-in + + + align:start position:0% +owned um all those sort of built-in +bureaucracies that actually can be very + + align:start position:0% +bureaucracies that actually can be very + + + align:start position:0% +bureaucracies that actually can be very +helpful aren't there and figuring out + + align:start position:0% +helpful aren't there and figuring out + + + align:start position:0% +helpful aren't there and figuring out +how to manage that um but microids do + + align:start position:0% +how to manage that um but microids do + + + align:start position:0% +how to manage that um but microids do +allow you to put Power in the middle of + + align:start position:0% +allow you to put Power in the middle of + + + align:start position:0% +allow you to put Power in the middle of +places that would otherwise probably + + align:start position:0% +places that would otherwise probably + + + align:start position:0% +places that would otherwise probably +never get it or it's going to be another + + align:start position:0% +never get it or it's going to be another + + + align:start position:0% +never get it or it's going to be another +Century before they do so it is pretty + + align:start position:0% +Century before they do so it is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +Century before they do so it is pretty +valuable so with that um let's take a + + align:start position:0% +valuable so with that um let's take a + + + align:start position:0% +valuable so with that um let's take a +10-minute break and then we'll talk + + align:start position:0% +10-minute break and then we'll talk + + + align:start position:0% +10-minute break and then we'll talk +about batteries and the trip this graph + + align:start position:0% +about batteries and the trip this graph + + + align:start position:0% +about batteries and the trip this graph +should look familiar both because I + + align:start position:0% +should look familiar both because I + + + align:start position:0% +should look familiar both because I +showed it last week and because you made + + align:start position:0% +showed it last week and because you made + + + align:start position:0% +showed it last week and because you made +a vaguely similar one hopefully in your + + align:start position:0% +a vaguely similar one hopefully in your + + + align:start position:0% +a vaguely similar one hopefully in your +homework today um for today that + + align:start position:0% +homework today um for today that + + + align:start position:0% +homework today um for today that +um batteries are kind of brutal right in + + align:start position:0% +um batteries are kind of brutal right in + + + align:start position:0% +um batteries are kind of brutal right in +terms of the um Energy Solutions we're + + align:start position:0% +terms of the um Energy Solutions we're + + + align:start position:0% +terms of the um Energy Solutions we're +used to and just as a good rule of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thumb batteries are in the order of + + align:start position:0% +thumb batteries are in the order of + + + align:start position:0% +thumb batteries are in the order of +10 to 10 to zero um megga per + + align:start position:0% +10 to 10 to zero um megga per + + + align:start position:0% +10 to 10 to zero um megga per +kilogram and you probably won't memorize + + align:start position:0% +kilogram and you probably won't memorize + + + align:start position:0% +kilogram and you probably won't memorize +this I haven't yet but um + + align:start position:0% +this I haven't yet but um + + + align:start position:0% +this I haven't yet but um +there's + + align:start position:0% +there's + + + align:start position:0% +there's +278 kilowatt hours to one + + align:start position:0% +278 kilowatt hours to one + + + align:start position:0% +278 kilowatt hours to one +megga um but if you can get that in your + + align:start position:0% +megga um but if you can get that in your + + + align:start position:0% +megga um but if you can get that in your +head it's useful so um and + + align:start position:0% +head it's useful so um and + + + align:start position:0% +head it's useful so um and +capacitors which are another way that we + + align:start position:0% +capacitors which are another way that we + + + align:start position:0% +capacitors which are another way that we +store and have even worse life um are + + align:start position:0% +store and have even worse life um are + + + align:start position:0% +store and have even worse life um are +also even worse in terms of use and then + + align:start position:0% +also even worse in terms of use and then + + + align:start position:0% +also even worse in terms of use and then +Springs which students often suggest is + + align:start position:0% +Springs which students often suggest is + + + align:start position:0% +Springs which students often suggest is +a great way to store and they are some + + align:start position:0% +a great way to store and they are some + + + align:start position:0% +a great way to store and they are some +radios and wind up flashlights and + + align:start position:0% +radios and wind up flashlights and + + + align:start position:0% +radios and wind up flashlights and +things like that that use it are we're + + align:start position:0% +things like that that use it are we're + + + align:start position:0% +things like that that use it are we're +talking an even further order of + + align:start position:0% +talking an even further order of + + + align:start position:0% +talking an even further order of +magnitude of Badness um and fossil fuels + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of Badness um and fossil fuels + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of Badness um and fossil fuels +are somewhere on the order of 10 to the + + align:start position:0% +are somewhere on the order of 10 to the + + + align:start position:0% +are somewhere on the order of 10 to the +one so um again this is why batteries + + align:start position:0% +one so um again this is why batteries + + + align:start position:0% +one so um again this is why batteries +are frustrating to use but useful um + + align:start position:0% +are frustrating to use but useful um + + + align:start position:0% +are frustrating to use but useful um +so the other thing that um so now + + align:start position:0% +so the other thing that um so now + + + align:start position:0% +so the other thing that um so now +talking about batteries there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +talking about batteries there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +talking about batteries there's a lot of +different chemistries of batteries right + + align:start position:0% +different chemistries of batteries right + + + align:start position:0% +different chemistries of batteries right +and more being developed every day and + + align:start position:0% +and more being developed every day and + + + align:start position:0% +and more being developed every day and +we are going to be likely sticking with + + align:start position:0% +we are going to be likely sticking with + + + align:start position:0% +we are going to be likely sticking with +established Technologies because the + + align:start position:0% +established Technologies because the + + + align:start position:0% +established Technologies because the +third dimension on this graph which + + align:start position:0% +third dimension on this graph which + + + align:start position:0% +third dimension on this graph which +isn't shown is cost and emergent + + align:start position:0% +isn't shown is cost and emergent + + + align:start position:0% +isn't shown is cost and emergent +Technologies are way off the chart + + align:start position:0% +Technologies are way off the chart + + + align:start position:0% +Technologies are way off the chart +compared to say a lead acid um and lead + + align:start position:0% +compared to say a lead acid um and lead + + + align:start position:0% +compared to say a lead acid um and lead +acid batteries for um a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +acid batteries for um a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +acid batteries for um a lot of the +systems we're talking about are still + + align:start position:0% +systems we're talking about are still + + + align:start position:0% +systems we're talking about are still +expensive just because our costs we're + + align:start position:0% +expensive just because our costs we're + + + align:start position:0% +expensive just because our costs we're +so constrained on cost um + + align:start position:0% +so constrained on cost um + + + align:start position:0% +so constrained on cost um +so alkalins are common and are + + align:start position:0% +so alkalins are common and are + + + align:start position:0% +so alkalins are common and are +relatively inexpensive so they're a + + align:start position:0% +relatively inexpensive so they're a + + + align:start position:0% +relatively inexpensive so they're a +great technology but their bummer is + + align:start position:0% +great technology but their bummer is + + + align:start position:0% +great technology but their bummer is +that they're not + + align:start position:0% +that they're not + + + align:start position:0% +that they're not +rechargeable um and so you're replacing + + align:start position:0% +rechargeable um and so you're replacing + + + align:start position:0% +rechargeable um and so you're replacing +them constantly which is a huge waste + + align:start position:0% +them constantly which is a huge waste + + + align:start position:0% +them constantly which is a huge waste +issue so that um increases their + + align:start position:0% +issue so that um increases their + + + align:start position:0% +issue so that um increases their +effective cost um yeah so um one + + align:start position:0% +effective cost um yeah so um one + + + align:start position:0% +effective cost um yeah so um one +excellent battery resource just if + + align:start position:0% +excellent battery resource just if + + + align:start position:0% +excellent battery resource just if +you're trying to figure out batteries is + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to figure out batteries is + + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to figure out batteries is +this battery primer put together by + + align:start position:0% +this battery primer put together by + + + align:start position:0% +this battery primer put together by +David Wallace who's my adviser and + + align:start position:0% +David Wallace who's my adviser and + + + align:start position:0% +David Wallace who's my adviser and +teaches 2009 which is the senior + + align:start position:0% +teaches 2009 which is the senior + + + align:start position:0% +teaches 2009 which is the senior +Capstone design class and I stole this + + align:start position:0% +Capstone design class and I stole this + + + align:start position:0% +Capstone design class and I stole this +just summary page from that + + align:start position:0% +just summary page from that + + + align:start position:0% +just summary page from that +document um so when you're worrying + + align:start position:0% +document um so when you're worrying + + + align:start position:0% +document um so when you're worrying +about batteries there's a ton of + + align:start position:0% +about batteries there's a ton of + + + align:start position:0% +about batteries there's a ton of +different things you have to worry about + + align:start position:0% +different things you have to worry about + + + align:start position:0% +different things you have to worry about +so and some of which we talked about + + align:start position:0% +so and some of which we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +so and some of which we talked about +already so the physical characteristics + + align:start position:0% +already so the physical characteristics + + + align:start position:0% +already so the physical characteristics +characteristics the size the shape and + + align:start position:0% +characteristics the size the shape and + + + align:start position:0% +characteristics the size the shape and +the weight um it's really frustrating + + align:start position:0% +the weight um it's really frustrating + + + align:start position:0% +the weight um it's really frustrating +when you need to + + align:start position:0% +when you need to + + + align:start position:0% +when you need to +uh for example power and led you noticed + + align:start position:0% +uh for example power and led you noticed + + + align:start position:0% +uh for example power and led you noticed +I gave you 9vt batteries instead of + + align:start position:0% +I gave you 9vt batteries instead of + + + align:start position:0% +I gave you 9vt batteries instead of +ablea batteries right even though + + align:start position:0% +ablea batteries right even though + + + align:start position:0% +ablea batteries right even though +doublea are what you're more familiar + + align:start position:0% +doublea are what you're more familiar + + + align:start position:0% +doublea are what you're more familiar +with but doublea's don't have the + + align:start position:0% +with but doublea's don't have the + + + align:start position:0% +with but doublea's don't have the +voltage you need unless you connect them + + align:start position:0% +voltage you need unless you connect them + + + align:start position:0% +voltage you need unless you connect them +properly um but aa's are a much nicer + + align:start position:0% +properly um but aa's are a much nicer + + + align:start position:0% +properly um but aa's are a much nicer +form factor than 9 volts right but + + align:start position:0% +form factor than 9 volts right but + + + align:start position:0% +form factor than 9 volts right but +you're just you're limited there and it + + align:start position:0% +you're just you're limited there and it + + + align:start position:0% +you're just you're limited there and it +gets more extreme the more you you go + + align:start position:0% +gets more extreme the more you you go + + + align:start position:0% +gets more extreme the more you you go +into a variety of batteries um all the + + align:start position:0% +into a variety of batteries um all the + + + align:start position:0% +into a variety of batteries um all the +different voltage issues um we're we're + + align:start position:0% +different voltage issues um we're we're + + + align:start position:0% +different voltage issues um we're we're +really talking very simplistically but + + align:start position:0% +really talking very simplistically but + + + align:start position:0% +really talking very simplistically but +when you really get into batteries + + align:start position:0% +when you really get into batteries + + + align:start position:0% +when you really get into batteries +figuring out exactly what your Peak load + + align:start position:0% +figuring out exactly what your Peak load + + + align:start position:0% +figuring out exactly what your Peak load +is what time how much time you have um + + align:start position:0% +is what time how much time you have um + + + align:start position:0% +is what time how much time you have um +your current it all matters um and it + + align:start position:0% +your current it all matters um and it + + + align:start position:0% +your current it all matters um and it +can get complicated but the good thing + + align:start position:0% +can get complicated but the good thing + + + align:start position:0% +can get complicated but the good thing +is there's really great handbooks out + + align:start position:0% +is there's really great handbooks out + + + align:start position:0% +is there's really great handbooks out +there that explain it all batteries are + + align:start position:0% +there that explain it all batteries are + + + align:start position:0% +there that explain it all batteries are +really well documented if you get a + + align:start position:0% +really well documented if you get a + + + align:start position:0% +really well documented if you get a +battery spec sheet you see all the + + align:start position:0% +battery spec sheet you see all the + + + align:start position:0% +battery spec sheet you see all the +graphs you can figure out exactly what + + align:start position:0% +graphs you can figure out exactly what + + + align:start position:0% +graphs you can figure out exactly what +you need but you do have to realize + + align:start position:0% +you need but you do have to realize + + + align:start position:0% +you need but you do have to realize +going into it that you have to consider + + align:start position:0% +going into it that you have to consider + + + align:start position:0% +going into it that you have to consider +all these things then you can't just + + align:start position:0% +all these things then you can't just + + + align:start position:0% +all these things then you can't just +grab a car battery and use it and expect + + align:start position:0% +grab a car battery and use it and expect + + + align:start position:0% +grab a car battery and use it and expect +it's going to work well um so for + + align:start position:0% +it's going to work well um so for + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to work well um so for +example a car battery is opposed to a + + align:start position:0% +example a car battery is opposed to a + + + align:start position:0% +example a car battery is opposed to a +deep cycle lead acid battery bther lead + + align:start position:0% +deep cycle lead acid battery bther lead + + + align:start position:0% +deep cycle lead acid battery bther lead +acid um and one of the differences is + + align:start position:0% +acid um and one of the differences is + + + align:start position:0% +acid um and one of the differences is +that um a car battery you need a um High + + align:start position:0% +that um a car battery you need a um High + + + align:start position:0% +that um a car battery you need a um High +current for a very short burst of time + + align:start position:0% +current for a very short burst of time + + + align:start position:0% +current for a very short burst of time +just to get the starter motor to run and + + align:start position:0% +just to get the starter motor to run and + + + align:start position:0% +just to get the starter motor to run and +then your car is set and then you can + + align:start position:0% +then your car is set and then you can + + + align:start position:0% +then your car is set and then you can +recharge it so thanks to your alternator + + align:start position:0% +recharge it so thanks to your alternator + + + align:start position:0% +recharge it so thanks to your alternator +when you're driving your car so the car + + align:start position:0% +when you're driving your car so the car + + + align:start position:0% +when you're driving your car so the car +battery almost never discharges unless + + align:start position:0% +battery almost never discharges unless + + + align:start position:0% +battery almost never discharges unless +you leave your lights on all night + + align:start position:0% +you leave your lights on all night + + + align:start position:0% +you leave your lights on all night +bummer and then your battery is dead and + + align:start position:0% +bummer and then your battery is dead and + + + align:start position:0% +bummer and then your battery is dead and +you probably need a new one um if you do + + align:start position:0% +you probably need a new one um if you do + + + align:start position:0% +you probably need a new one um if you do +that a few times um whereas a solar uh + + align:start position:0% +that a few times um whereas a solar uh + + + align:start position:0% +that a few times um whereas a solar uh +panel installation or wind power if you + + align:start position:0% +panel installation or wind power if you + + + align:start position:0% +panel installation or wind power if you +think about it you don't need a really + + align:start position:0% +think about it you don't need a really + + + align:start position:0% +think about it you don't need a really +high current quickly you need a a steady + + align:start position:0% +high current quickly you need a a steady + + + align:start position:0% +high current quickly you need a a steady +current for a long period of time so a + + align:start position:0% +current for a long period of time so a + + + align:start position:0% +current for a long period of time so a +car battery's chemistry is not um it's + + align:start position:0% +car battery's chemistry is not um it's + + + align:start position:0% +car battery's chemistry is not um it's +not made to to provide that type of + + align:start position:0% +not made to to provide that type of + + + align:start position:0% +not made to to provide that type of +power so if you try to use a cat car + + align:start position:0% +power so if you try to use a cat car + + + align:start position:0% +power so if you try to use a cat car +battery you're going to kill it really + + align:start position:0% +battery you're going to kill it really + + + align:start position:0% +battery you're going to kill it really +fast because you're discharging it too + + align:start position:0% +fast because you're discharging it too + + + align:start position:0% +fast because you're discharging it too +much and all batteries have some lower + + align:start position:0% +much and all batteries have some lower + + + align:start position:0% +much and all batteries have some lower +limit of where your discharge is and you + + align:start position:0% +limit of where your discharge is and you + + + align:start position:0% +limit of where your discharge is and you +can't discharge any lower so that means + + align:start position:0% +can't discharge any lower so that means + + + align:start position:0% +can't discharge any lower so that means +if you're doing anything complicated you + + align:start position:0% +if you're doing anything complicated you + + + align:start position:0% +if you're doing anything complicated you +can't just use a battery you also have + + align:start position:0% +can't just use a battery you also have + + + align:start position:0% +can't just use a battery you also have +to use some sort of charge controller a + + align:start position:0% +to use some sort of charge controller a + + + align:start position:0% +to use some sort of charge controller a +discharge controller so that you never + + align:start position:0% +discharge controller so that you never + + + align:start position:0% +discharge controller so that you never +discharge your battery too much and you + + align:start position:0% +discharge your battery too much and you + + + align:start position:0% +discharge your battery too much and you +never overcharge it and all these + + align:start position:0% +never overcharge it and all these + + + align:start position:0% +never overcharge it and all these +subtleties so um batteries are really + + align:start position:0% +subtleties so um batteries are really + + + align:start position:0% +subtleties so um batteries are really +useful but they're they're um there's a + + align:start position:0% +useful but they're they're um there's a + + + align:start position:0% +useful but they're they're um there's a +lot of details to worry about so again I + + align:start position:0% +lot of details to worry about so again I + + + align:start position:0% +lot of details to worry about so again I +was talking about the duty cycling the + + align:start position:0% +was talking about the duty cycling the + + + align:start position:0% +was talking about the duty cycling the +charging and the discharge cycling + + align:start position:0% +charging and the discharge cycling + + + align:start position:0% +charging and the discharge cycling +temperature is another thing we're + + align:start position:0% +temperature is another thing we're + + + align:start position:0% +temperature is another thing we're +generally working in climates that are + + align:start position:0% +generally working in climates that are + + + align:start position:0% +generally working in climates that are +really hot and batteries are um ideally + + align:start position:0% +really hot and batteries are um ideally + + + align:start position:0% +really hot and batteries are um ideally +used in a pretty warm environment but + + align:start position:0% +used in a pretty warm environment but + + + align:start position:0% +used in a pretty warm environment but +not 100° um and so they don't always + + align:start position:0% +not 100° um and so they don't always + + + align:start position:0% +not 100° um and so they don't always +work well um 100° f um in places we're + + align:start position:0% +work well um 100° f um in places we're + + + align:start position:0% +work well um 100° f um in places we're +working and so you have to account for + + align:start position:0% +working and so you have to account for + + + align:start position:0% +working and so you have to account for +that um service life so how long do they + + align:start position:0% +that um service life so how long do they + + + align:start position:0% +that um service life so how long do they +last um and is there going to be someone + + align:start position:0% +last um and is there going to be someone + + + align:start position:0% +last um and is there going to be someone +and of some budget to replace the + + align:start position:0% +and of some budget to replace the + + + align:start position:0% +and of some budget to replace the +battery when they die um safety we're + + align:start position:0% +battery when they die um safety we're + + + align:start position:0% +battery when they die um safety we're +all used to alins right which are pretty + + align:start position:0% +all used to alins right which are pretty + + + align:start position:0% +all used to alins right which are pretty +safe they rarely leak but um a lot of + + align:start position:0% +safe they rarely leak but um a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +safe they rarely leak but um a lot of +the deep cycle batteries can actually be + + align:start position:0% +the deep cycle batteries can actually be + + + align:start position:0% +the deep cycle batteries can actually be +relatively unsafe um and you need to + + align:start position:0% +relatively unsafe um and you need to + + + align:start position:0% +relatively unsafe um and you need to +worry about them in all batteries you + + align:start position:0% +worry about them in all batteries you + + + align:start position:0% +worry about them in all batteries you +have to worry about + + align:start position:0% +have to worry about + + + align:start position:0% +have to worry about +disposal um environment maintenance is a + + align:start position:0% +disposal um environment maintenance is a + + + align:start position:0% +disposal um environment maintenance is a +huge issue on the cheapest blood acid + + align:start position:0% +huge issue on the cheapest blood acid + + + align:start position:0% +huge issue on the cheapest blood acid +batteries which are what is often used + + align:start position:0% +batteries which are what is often used + + + align:start position:0% +batteries which are what is often used +and then the cost both initial and life + + align:start position:0% +and then the cost both initial and life + + + align:start position:0% +and then the cost both initial and life +cycle so there's a ton of stuff to + + align:start position:0% +cycle so there's a ton of stuff to + + + align:start position:0% +cycle so there's a ton of stuff to +consider with batteries um and + + align:start position:0% +consider with batteries um and + + + align:start position:0% +consider with batteries um and +then for just simply thinking about say + + align:start position:0% +then for just simply thinking about say + + + align:start position:0% +then for just simply thinking about say +a lead + + align:start position:0% +a lead + + + align:start position:0% +a lead +battery and how it's going to integrate + + align:start position:0% +battery and how it's going to integrate + + + align:start position:0% +battery and how it's going to integrate +into your system and how do you size it + + align:start position:0% +into your system and how do you size it + + + align:start position:0% +into your system and how do you size it +so you figure out what your source is + + align:start position:0% +so you figure out what your source is + + + align:start position:0% +so you figure out what your source is +and you have to think about both your + + align:start position:0% +and you have to think about both your + + + align:start position:0% +and you have to think about both your +daily average as well as your Peaks and + + align:start position:0% +daily average as well as your Peaks and + + + align:start position:0% +daily average as well as your Peaks and +lows on a day-to-day basis and a + + align:start position:0% +lows on a day-to-day basis and a + + + align:start position:0% +lows on a day-to-day basis and a +seasonal basis so if you think about + + align:start position:0% +seasonal basis so if you think about + + + align:start position:0% +seasonal basis so if you think about +solar it's varying over the season it's + + align:start position:0% +solar it's varying over the season it's + + + align:start position:0% +solar it's varying over the season it's +varying over the course of the day um + + align:start position:0% +varying over the course of the day um + + + align:start position:0% +varying over the course of the day um +your daily average of your load um and + + align:start position:0% +your daily average of your load um and + + + align:start position:0% +your daily average of your load um and +that also varies if it's hot people + + align:start position:0% +that also varies if it's hot people + + + align:start position:0% +that also varies if it's hot people +might have more fans on um if you have a + + align:start position:0% +might have more fans on um if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +might have more fans on um if you have a +party and you keep your lights on for + + align:start position:0% +party and you keep your lights on for + + + align:start position:0% +party and you keep your lights on for +longer or what have you um how many days + + align:start position:0% +longer or what have you um how many days + + + align:start position:0% +longer or what have you um how many days +of storage so if you have no days of + + align:start position:0% +of storage so if you have no days of + + + align:start position:0% +of storage so if you have no days of +storage you're just relying on the sun + + align:start position:0% +storage you're just relying on the sun + + + align:start position:0% +storage you're just relying on the sun +and you have a cloudy day um it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +and you have a cloudy day um it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +and you have a cloudy day um it doesn't +work your your your system doesn't work + + align:start position:0% +work your your your system doesn't work + + + align:start position:0% +work your your your system doesn't work +that night if you have a few days of + + align:start position:0% +that night if you have a few days of + + + align:start position:0% +that night if you have a few days of +storage great um so that typically + + align:start position:0% +storage great um so that typically + + + align:start position:0% +storage great um so that typically +people put in 3 to six days depending um + + align:start position:0% +people put in 3 to six days depending um + + + align:start position:0% +people put in 3 to six days depending um +and then you have also have a budget so + + align:start position:0% +and then you have also have a budget so + + + align:start position:0% +and then you have also have a budget so +you can develop the perfect battery plan + + align:start position:0% +you can develop the perfect battery plan + + + align:start position:0% +you can develop the perfect battery plan +for what you need and then you realize + + align:start position:0% +for what you need and then you realize + + + align:start position:0% +for what you need and then you realize +that that's going to cost you $10,000 + + align:start position:0% +that that's going to cost you $10,000 + + + align:start position:0% +that that's going to cost you $10,000 +and you only have a thousand and so then + + align:start position:0% +and you only have a thousand and so then + + + align:start position:0% +and you only have a thousand and so then +you iterate and figure out what can you + + align:start position:0% +you iterate and figure out what can you + + + align:start position:0% +you iterate and figure out what can you +P off pull off the things you're + + align:start position:0% +P off pull off the things you're + + + align:start position:0% +P off pull off the things you're +considering are your energy source and + + align:start position:0% +considering are your energy source and + + + align:start position:0% +considering are your energy source and +usually for Renewables that's a DC + + align:start position:0% +usually for Renewables that's a DC + + + align:start position:0% +usually for Renewables that's a DC +Source um and then you have a charge + + align:start position:0% +Source um and then you have a charge + + + align:start position:0% +Source um and then you have a charge +controller to make sure that you don't + + align:start position:0% +controller to make sure that you don't + + + align:start position:0% +controller to make sure that you don't +harm your battery as you're charging it + + align:start position:0% +harm your battery as you're charging it + + + align:start position:0% +harm your battery as you're charging it +um and + + align:start position:0% +um and + + + align:start position:0% +um and +then and the charge controller has some + + align:start position:0% +then and the charge controller has some + + + align:start position:0% +then and the charge controller has some +efficiency uh the battery can never get + + align:start position:0% +efficiency uh the battery can never get + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency uh the battery can never get +too low and then you have an inverter to + + align:start position:0% +too low and then you have an inverter to + + + align:start position:0% +too low and then you have an inverter to +go from DC to AC current um and that has + + align:start position:0% +go from DC to AC current um and that has + + + align:start position:0% +go from DC to AC current um and that has +an efficiency all all the way to get to + + align:start position:0% +an efficiency all all the way to get to + + + align:start position:0% +an efficiency all all the way to get to +your AC load in some places like for + + align:start position:0% +your AC load in some places like for + + + align:start position:0% +your AC load in some places like for +example on boats they just use DC + + align:start position:0% +example on boats they just use DC + + + align:start position:0% +example on boats they just use DC +lighting um and everything is uh on + + align:start position:0% +lighting um and everything is uh on + + + align:start position:0% +lighting um and everything is uh on +certain boats everything is just DC so + + align:start position:0% +certain boats everything is just DC so + + + align:start position:0% +certain boats everything is just DC so +you don't have to use the inverter and + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to use the inverter and + + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to use the inverter and +that's an option too but a lot of people + + align:start position:0% +that's an option too but a lot of people + + + align:start position:0% +that's an option too but a lot of people +want appliances that are not DC + + align:start position:0% +want appliances that are not DC + + + align:start position:0% +want appliances that are not DC +appliances because those are um a + + align:start position:0% +appliances because those are um a + + + align:start position:0% +appliances because those are um a +limited set so um they're all just + + align:start position:0% +limited set so um they're all just + + + align:start position:0% +limited set so um they're all just +different issues to consider + + align:start position:0% +different issues to consider + + + align:start position:0% +different issues to consider +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so now I want to are there any questions + + align:start position:0% +so now I want to are there any questions + + + align:start position:0% +so now I want to are there any questions +on batteries I know this was + + align:start position:0% +on batteries I know this was + + + align:start position:0% +on batteries I know this was +ridiculously fast and limited but it's + + align:start position:0% +ridiculously fast and limited but it's + + + align:start position:0% +ridiculously fast and limited but it's +hard + + align:start position:0% +hard + + + align:start position:0% +hard +to it's more interesting and useful to + + align:start position:0% +to it's more interesting and useful to + + + align:start position:0% +to it's more interesting and useful to +talk about the batteries once you know + + align:start position:0% +talk about the batteries once you know + + + align:start position:0% +talk about the batteries once you know +what you actually need and so that's why + + align:start position:0% +what you actually need and so that's why + + + align:start position:0% +what you actually need and so that's why +I'm trying to just give you the resource + + align:start position:0% +I'm trying to just give you the resource + + + align:start position:0% +I'm trying to just give you the resource +of what you might need to think about + + align:start position:0% +of what you might need to think about + + + align:start position:0% +of what you might need to think about +and um where you can go to think about + + align:start position:0% +and um where you can go to think about + + + align:start position:0% +and um where you can go to think about +it there's also a a handbook that um + + align:start position:0% +it there's also a a handbook that um + + + align:start position:0% +it there's also a a handbook that um +David Wallace references that's where he + + align:start position:0% +David Wallace references that's where he + + + align:start position:0% +David Wallace references that's where he +got all of that stuff um that's really + + align:start position:0% +got all of that stuff um that's really + + + align:start position:0% +got all of that stuff um that's really +good that's on my desk today so you can + + align:start position:0% +good that's on my desk today so you can + + + align:start position:0% +good that's on my desk today so you can +look at it right now after class if + + align:start position:0% +look at it right now after class if + + + align:start position:0% +look at it right now after class if +you're interested but then it's going + + align:start position:0% +you're interested but then it's going + + + align:start position:0% +you're interested but then it's going +back to the library because it's due + + align:start position:0% +back to the library because it's due + + + align:start position:0% +back to the library because it's due +today so um but you can check it out + + align:start position:0% +today so um but you can check it out + + + align:start position:0% +today so um but you can check it out +from Barker uh and there's lots of + + align:start position:0% +from Barker uh and there's lots of + + + align:start position:0% +from Barker uh and there's lots of +resources um so are there any questions + + align:start position:0% +resources um so are there any questions + + + align:start position:0% +resources um so are there any questions +on batteries just + + align:start position:0% +on batteries just + + + align:start position:0% +on batteries just +generally okay so now what I want you to + + align:start position:0% +generally okay so now what I want you to + + + align:start position:0% +generally okay so now what I want you to +do is two estimation sets again in + + align:start position:0% +do is two estimation sets again in + + + align:start position:0% +do is two estimation sets again in +groups and again um trying to vary who + + align:start position:0% +groups and again um trying to vary who + + + align:start position:0% +groups and again um trying to vary who +you're working with uh because you don't + + align:start position:0% +you're working with uh because you don't + + + align:start position:0% +you're working with uh because you don't +know who you'll be going on the trip + + align:start position:0% +know who you'll be going on the trip + + + align:start position:0% +know who you'll be going on the trip +with if you're going on the trip and who + + align:start position:0% +with if you're going on the trip and who + + + align:start position:0% +with if you're going on the trip and who +your team will be with post trip so it's + + align:start position:0% +your team will be with post trip so it's + + + align:start position:0% +your team will be with post trip so it's +nice to get a sense of everyone in the + + align:start position:0% +nice to get a sense of everyone in the + + + align:start position:0% +nice to get a sense of everyone in the +class and get comfortable working with + + align:start position:0% +class and get comfortable working with + + + align:start position:0% +class and get comfortable working with +them um so one is estimating the um + + align:start position:0% +them um so one is estimating the um + + + align:start position:0% +them um so one is estimating the um +Power required for typical objects that + + align:start position:0% +Power required for typical objects that + + + align:start position:0% +Power required for typical objects that +you might encount counter in your daily + + align:start position:0% +you might encount counter in your daily + + + align:start position:0% +you might encount counter in your daily +life and then probably building off of + + align:start position:0% +life and then probably building off of + + + align:start position:0% +life and then probably building off of +that estimation is each person doing a + + align:start position:0% +that estimation is each person doing a + + + align:start position:0% +that estimation is each person doing a +separate one um but you can work + + align:start position:0% +separate one um but you can work + + + align:start position:0% +separate one um but you can work +together to help you figure it out how + + align:start position:0% +together to help you figure it out how + + + align:start position:0% +together to help you figure it out how +much you think you um consume daily um + + align:start position:0% +much you think you um consume daily um + + + align:start position:0% +much you think you um consume daily um +and everyone needs to get uh how much um + + align:start position:0% +and everyone needs to get uh how much um + + + align:start position:0% +and everyone needs to get uh how much um +energy you consume daily and everyone + + align:start position:0% +energy you consume daily and everyone + + + align:start position:0% +energy you consume daily and everyone +needs to get to the personal daily + + align:start position:0% +needs to get to the personal daily + + + align:start position:0% +needs to get to the personal daily +energy consumption number you need to + + align:start position:0% +energy consumption number you need to + + + align:start position:0% +energy consumption number you need to +get a number um we can probably this + + align:start position:0% +get a number um we can probably this + + + align:start position:0% +get a number um we can probably this +will probably take like 15 minutes um to + + align:start position:0% +will probably take like 15 minutes um to + + + align:start position:0% +will probably take like 15 minutes um to +get to that number because you're going + + align:start position:0% +get to that number because you're going + + + align:start position:0% +get to that number because you're going +to this is going to be related to the + + align:start position:0% +to this is going to be related to the + + + align:start position:0% +to this is going to be related to the +homework so everyone needs to turn in um + + align:start position:0% +homework so everyone needs to turn in um + + + align:start position:0% +homework so everyone needs to turn in um +a number to me and I'll have a sheet + + align:start position:0% +a number to me and I'll have a sheet + + + align:start position:0% +a number to me and I'll have a sheet +going around so everyone can write down + + align:start position:0% +going around so everyone can write down + + + align:start position:0% +going around so everyone can write down +what you think your personal energy + + align:start position:0% +what you think your personal energy + + + align:start position:0% +what you think your personal energy +consumption is on a daily basis and + + align:start position:0% +consumption is on a daily basis and + + + align:start position:0% +consumption is on a daily basis and +again I know your days vary some days + + align:start position:0% +again I know your days vary some days + + + align:start position:0% +again I know your days vary some days +you you cook with an oven and some days + + align:start position:0% +you you cook with an oven and some days + + + align:start position:0% +you you cook with an oven and some days +you don't but you know some random + + align:start position:0% +you don't but you know some random + + + align:start position:0% +you don't but you know some random +average any questions on + + align:start position:0% +average any questions on + + + align:start position:0% +average any questions on +this for the daily energy consumption + + align:start position:0% +this for the daily energy consumption + + + align:start position:0% +this for the daily energy consumption +say um you buy food at a store for a day + + align:start position:0% +say um you buy food at a store for a day + + + align:start position:0% +say um you buy food at a store for a day +or you you don't cook should you like + + align:start position:0% +or you you don't cook should you like + + + align:start position:0% +or you you don't cook should you like +kind of estimate I guess for my meal + + align:start position:0% +kind of estimate I guess for my meal + + + align:start position:0% +kind of estimate I guess for my meal +they probably cooked it in an oven and + + align:start position:0% +they probably cooked it in an oven and + + + align:start position:0% +they probably cooked it in an oven and +it probably took this many watts + + align:start position:0% +it probably took this many watts + + + align:start position:0% +it probably took this many watts +or yeah yeah yeah so just just a general + + align:start position:0% +or yeah yeah yeah so just just a general + + + align:start position:0% +or yeah yeah yeah so just just a general +guess this this is a challenging + + align:start position:0% +guess this this is a challenging + + + align:start position:0% +guess this this is a challenging +assignment right because + + align:start position:0% +assignment right because + + + align:start position:0% +assignment right because +it's really there's so many times that + + align:start position:0% +it's really there's so many times that + + + align:start position:0% +it's really there's so many times that +you're dealing with energy that is out + + align:start position:0% +you're dealing with energy that is out + + + align:start position:0% +you're dealing with energy that is out +of your control right there a majority + + align:start position:0% +of your control right there a majority + + + align:start position:0% +of your control right there a majority +of your life is energy that you have no + + align:start position:0% +of your life is energy that you have no + + + align:start position:0% +of your life is energy that you have no +control over this building is often 85° + + align:start position:0% +control over this building is often 85° + + + align:start position:0% +control over this building is often 85° +and that wasn't something you chose or + + align:start position:0% +and that wasn't something you chose or + + + align:start position:0% +and that wasn't something you chose or +something I chose um but there you are + + align:start position:0% +something I chose um but there you are + + + align:start position:0% +something I chose um but there you are +and what percentage of this building is + + align:start position:0% +and what percentage of this building is + + + align:start position:0% +and what percentage of this building is +your fault like that's a really strange + + align:start position:0% +your fault like that's a really strange + + + align:start position:0% +your fault like that's a really strange +thing to think about and calculate um + + align:start position:0% +thing to think about and calculate um + + + align:start position:0% +thing to think about and calculate um +and so you just do your best um the + + align:start position:0% +and so you just do your best um the + + + align:start position:0% +and so you just do your best um the +other thing is we should you should only + + align:start position:0% +other thing is we should you should only + + + align:start position:0% +other thing is we should you should only +be talking about consumable energy so + + align:start position:0% +be talking about consumable energy so + + + align:start position:0% +be talking about consumable energy so +you don't need to worry about the energy + + align:start position:0% +you don't need to worry about the energy + + + align:start position:0% +you don't need to worry about the energy +required to build your laptop just the + + align:start position:0% +required to build your laptop just the + + + align:start position:0% +required to build your laptop just the +energy you're pulling to um Power the + + align:start position:0% +energy you're pulling to um Power the + + + align:start position:0% +energy you're pulling to um Power the +laptop as you're using it that day does + + align:start position:0% +laptop as you're using it that day does + + + align:start position:0% +laptop as you're using it that day does +that make sense any other + + align:start position:0% +that make sense any other + + + align:start position:0% +that make sense any other +questions okay so get started I me and I + + align:start position:0% +questions okay so get started I me and I + + + align:start position:0% +questions okay so get started I me and I +here if you have questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I have see a few orders of magnitude + + align:start position:0% +so I have see a few orders of magnitude + + + align:start position:0% +so I have see a few orders of magnitude +variation in what you guys put so um + + align:start position:0% +variation in what you guys put so um + + + align:start position:0% +variation in what you guys put so um +this is actually part of your homework + + align:start position:0% +this is actually part of your homework + + + align:start position:0% +this is actually part of your homework +assignment so definitely you'll want to + + align:start position:0% +assignment so definitely you'll want to + + + align:start position:0% +assignment so definitely you'll want to +go back and do some sanity checking on + + align:start position:0% +go back and do some sanity checking on + + + align:start position:0% +go back and do some sanity checking on +your number and then also there just + + align:start position:0% +your number and then also there just + + + align:start position:0% +your number and then also there just +naturally there will be some refinement + + align:start position:0% +naturally there will be some refinement + + + align:start position:0% +naturally there will be some refinement +when you do it for your homework um but + + align:start position:0% +when you do it for your homework um but + + + align:start position:0% +when you do it for your homework um but +yeah uh the make sure you know what + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh the make sure you know what + + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh the make sure you know what +number you just wrote down because + + align:start position:0% +number you just wrote down because + + + align:start position:0% +number you just wrote down because +you're going to use that in the homework + + align:start position:0% +you're going to use that in the homework + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to use that in the homework +to compare it so the value recalculate + + align:start position:0% +to compare it so the value recalculate + + + align:start position:0% +to compare it so the value recalculate +Etc but I'll talk about the homework in + + align:start position:0% +Etc but I'll talk about the homework in + + + align:start position:0% +Etc but I'll talk about the homework in +a minute so now are there any questions + + align:start position:0% +a minute so now are there any questions + + + align:start position:0% +a minute so now are there any questions +on this all these numbers um and + + align:start position:0% +on this all these numbers um and + + + align:start position:0% +on this all these numbers um and +whatever else you used it's relatively + + align:start position:0% +whatever else you used it's relatively + + + align:start position:0% +whatever else you used it's relatively +easy to Google so I wanted you to First + + align:start position:0% +easy to Google so I wanted you to First + + + align:start position:0% +easy to Google so I wanted you to First +do the estimation so you got to practice + + align:start position:0% +do the estimation so you got to practice + + + align:start position:0% +do the estimation so you got to practice +with estimation but now you can just + + align:start position:0% +with estimation but now you can just + + + align:start position:0% +with estimation but now you can just +Google it and look it up um I recommend + + align:start position:0% +Google it and look it up um I recommend + + + align:start position:0% +Google it and look it up um I recommend +when you Google to look for at least + + align:start position:0% +when you Google to look for at least + + + align:start position:0% +when you Google to look for at least +three corroborating sources that have + + align:start position:0% +three corroborating sources that have + + + align:start position:0% +three corroborating sources that have +different um that aren't self-referenced + + align:start position:0% +different um that aren't self-referenced + + + align:start position:0% +different um that aren't self-referenced +before you trust it if you're going to + + align:start position:0% +before you trust it if you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +before you trust it if you're going to +do Google because as all knowing as + + align:start position:0% +do Google because as all knowing as + + + align:start position:0% +do Google because as all knowing as +Wikipedia is it's often off and um and + + align:start position:0% +Wikipedia is it's often off and um and + + + align:start position:0% +Wikipedia is it's often off and um and +so are other sources so uh Google's fast + + align:start position:0% +so are other sources so uh Google's fast + + + align:start position:0% +so are other sources so uh Google's fast +so if you're not going to um get a a + + align:start position:0% +so if you're not going to um get a a + + + align:start position:0% +so if you're not going to um get a a +real reference text then um definit + + align:start position:0% +real reference text then um definit + + + align:start position:0% +real reference text then um definit +that's you know actually believable then + + align:start position:0% +that's you know actually believable then + + + align:start position:0% +that's you know actually believable then +definitely get a few sources uh before + + align:start position:0% +definitely get a few sources uh before + + + align:start position:0% +definitely get a few sources uh before +you before you rely on it um okay so the + + align:start position:0% +you before you rely on it um okay so the + + + align:start position:0% +you before you rely on it um okay so the +spring break trip you guys of course + + align:start position:0% +spring break trip you guys of course + + + align:start position:0% +spring break trip you guys of course +said quite questions about it um + + align:start position:0% +said quite questions about it um + + + align:start position:0% +said quite questions about it um +so we're going to + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to +Nicaragua which is south of + + align:start position:0% +Nicaragua which is south of + + + align:start position:0% +Nicaragua which is south of +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +um so spring break is this week and we + + align:start position:0% +um so spring break is this week and we + + + align:start position:0% +um so spring break is this week and we +try to go Saturday to Saturday um but + + align:start position:0% +try to go Saturday to Saturday um but + + + align:start position:0% +try to go Saturday to Saturday um but +because of plane ticket costs sometimes + + align:start position:0% +because of plane ticket costs sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +because of plane ticket costs sometimes +we travel on a Friday or Saturday or + + align:start position:0% +we travel on a Friday or Saturday or + + + align:start position:0% +we travel on a Friday or Saturday or +Sunday on both ends um so I will put up + + align:start position:0% +Sunday on both ends um so I will put up + + + align:start position:0% +Sunday on both ends um so I will put up +shortly a form online for you to tell me + + align:start position:0% +shortly a form online for you to tell me + + + align:start position:0% +shortly a form online for you to tell me +like would you be available to travel on + + align:start position:0% +like would you be available to travel on + + + align:start position:0% +like would you be available to travel on +a Friday some of you might have classes + + align:start position:0% +a Friday some of you might have classes + + + align:start position:0% +a Friday some of you might have classes +after this class in which case that + + align:start position:0% +after this class in which case that + + + align:start position:0% +after this class in which case that +would be no some of you don't and so + + align:start position:0% +would be no some of you don't and so + + + align:start position:0% +would be no some of you don't and so +students who didn't last year just skip + + align:start position:0% +students who didn't last year just skip + + + align:start position:0% +students who didn't last year just skip +the the day of class this this lab on on + + align:start position:0% +the the day of class this this lab on on + + + align:start position:0% +the the day of class this this lab on on +the Friday with my permission obviously + + align:start position:0% +the Friday with my permission obviously + + + align:start position:0% +the Friday with my permission obviously +to fly to Nicaragua to make it more + + align:start position:0% +to fly to Nicaragua to make it more + + + align:start position:0% +to fly to Nicaragua to make it more +affordable so just so one of the + + align:start position:0% +affordable so just so one of the + + + align:start position:0% +affordable so just so one of the +questions on here will be like what is + + align:start position:0% +questions on here will be like what is + + + align:start position:0% +questions on here will be like what is +your flexibility um so for tra arriving + + align:start position:0% +your flexibility um so for tra arriving + + + align:start position:0% +your flexibility um so for tra arriving +and departing so that we can um minimize + + align:start position:0% +and departing so that we can um minimize + + + align:start position:0% +and departing so that we can um minimize +plane ticket costs for ourselves um but + + align:start position:0% +plane ticket costs for ourselves um but + + + align:start position:0% +plane ticket costs for ourselves um but +that's the those are the approximate + + align:start position:0% +that's the those are the approximate + + + align:start position:0% +that's the those are the approximate +dates um the cost for you so for all DB + + align:start position:0% +dates um the cost for you so for all DB + + + align:start position:0% +dates um the cost for you so for all DB +trips students contribute $500 which + + align:start position:0% +trips students contribute $500 which + + + align:start position:0% +trips students contribute $500 which +usually does not even cover the cost of + + align:start position:0% +usually does not even cover the cost of + + + align:start position:0% +usually does not even cover the cost of +the plane ticket um but allows us to + + align:start position:0% +the plane ticket um but allows us to + + + align:start position:0% +the plane ticket um but allows us to +make this it possible for most students + + align:start position:0% +make this it possible for most students + + + align:start position:0% +make this it possible for most students +to travel who want to um if $500 is is + + align:start position:0% +to travel who want to um if $500 is is + + + align:start position:0% +to travel who want to um if $500 is is +personally prohibitive for you you can + + align:start position:0% +personally prohibitive for you you can + + + align:start position:0% +personally prohibitive for you you can +come talk to me and we can see if we can + + align:start position:0% +come talk to me and we can see if we can + + + align:start position:0% +come talk to me and we can see if we can +um get you a scholarship for the trip um + + align:start position:0% +um get you a scholarship for the trip um + + + align:start position:0% +um get you a scholarship for the trip um +but otherwise uh it really allows daab + + align:start position:0% +but otherwise uh it really allows daab + + + align:start position:0% +but otherwise uh it really allows daab +to do a lot of great stuff stuff to have + + align:start position:0% +to do a lot of great stuff stuff to have + + + align:start position:0% +to do a lot of great stuff stuff to have +have your contribution that we couldn't + + align:start position:0% +have your contribution that we couldn't + + + align:start position:0% +have your contribution that we couldn't +do if we paid everything also like $500 + + align:start position:0% +do if we paid everything also like $500 + + + align:start position:0% +do if we paid everything also like $500 +is an amazing bargain for the trip + + align:start position:0% +is an amazing bargain for the trip + + + align:start position:0% +is an amazing bargain for the trip +you're going on um and it's nice to have + + align:start position:0% +you're going on um and it's nice to have + + + align:start position:0% +you're going on um and it's nice to have +you you know personally contribute to to + + align:start position:0% +you you know personally contribute to to + + + align:start position:0% +you you know personally contribute to to +what you're doing um and then also we + + align:start position:0% +what you're doing um and then also we + + + align:start position:0% +what you're doing um and then also we +don't cover things like medical you'll + + align:start position:0% +don't cover things like medical you'll + + + align:start position:0% +don't cover things like medical you'll +need some vaccines at MIT medical + + align:start position:0% +need some vaccines at MIT medical + + + align:start position:0% +need some vaccines at MIT medical +probably those cost a little bit we + + align:start position:0% +probably those cost a little bit we + + + align:start position:0% +probably those cost a little bit we +don't pay for those um if you need a + + align:start position:0% +don't pay for those um if you need a + + + align:start position:0% +don't pay for those um if you need a +passport Andor a Visa um that's + + align:start position:0% +passport Andor a Visa um that's + + + align:start position:0% +passport Andor a Visa um that's +something you cover on your own then + + align:start position:0% +something you cover on your own then + + + align:start position:0% +something you cover on your own then +when you're in country you pay for your + + align:start position:0% +when you're in country you pay for your + + + align:start position:0% +when you're in country you pay for your +own food um it works out to usually a + + align:start position:0% +own food um it works out to usually a + + + align:start position:0% +own food um it works out to usually a +few dollars a day so it's pretty + + align:start position:0% +few dollars a day so it's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +few dollars a day so it's pretty +affordable compared to here um and then + + align:start position:0% +affordable compared to here um and then + + + align:start position:0% +affordable compared to here um and then +we usually give gifts to Our Community + + align:start position:0% +we usually give gifts to Our Community + + + align:start position:0% +we usually give gifts to Our Community +Partners and that's something that comes + + align:start position:0% +Partners and that's something that comes + + + align:start position:0% +Partners and that's something that comes +out of your own pocket um they can be + + align:start position:0% +out of your own pocket um they can be + + + align:start position:0% +out of your own pocket um they can be +they're generally very modest um both + + align:start position:0% +they're generally very modest um both + + + align:start position:0% +they're generally very modest um both +because of our own personal budgets and + + align:start position:0% +because of our own personal budgets and + + + align:start position:0% +because of our own personal budgets and +it's pretty um it leads to some + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty um it leads to some + + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty um it leads to some +uncomfortable situations that we'll talk + + align:start position:0% +uncomfortable situations that we'll talk + + + align:start position:0% +uncomfortable situations that we'll talk +about later if you go to this place + + align:start position:0% +about later if you go to this place + + + align:start position:0% +about later if you go to this place +where people are earning $2 a day and + + align:start position:0% +where people are earning $2 a day and + + + align:start position:0% +where people are earning $2 a day and +present them with something that's worth + + align:start position:0% +present them with something that's worth + + + align:start position:0% +present them with something that's worth +a ton of money it just it's it's um + + align:start position:0% +a ton of money it just it's it's um + + + align:start position:0% +a ton of money it just it's it's um +problematic for a lot of reasons so it's + + align:start position:0% +problematic for a lot of reasons so it's + + + align:start position:0% +problematic for a lot of reasons so it's +not prohibitive but those are those I'm + + align:start position:0% +not prohibitive but those are those I'm + + + align:start position:0% +not prohibitive but those are those I'm +just trying to make sure you guys are + + align:start position:0% +just trying to make sure you guys are + + + align:start position:0% +just trying to make sure you guys are +clear on all the costs but we make sure + + align:start position:0% +clear on all the costs but we make sure + + + align:start position:0% +clear on all the costs but we make sure +that you get there with the plane ticket + + align:start position:0% +that you get there with the plane ticket + + + align:start position:0% +that you get there with the plane ticket +um housing Transportation all that stuff + + align:start position:0% +um housing Transportation all that stuff + + + align:start position:0% +um housing Transportation all that stuff +is covered do you have any questions on + + align:start position:0% +is covered do you have any questions on + + + align:start position:0% +is covered do you have any questions on +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +costs um and the way you pay this is you + + align:start position:0% +costs um and the way you pay this is you + + + align:start position:0% +costs um and the way you pay this is you +can write a check to daab generally um + + align:start position:0% +can write a check to daab generally um + + + align:start position:0% +can write a check to daab generally um +it's pretty easy if you have a US + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty easy if you have a US + + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty easy if you have a US +passport you won't a Visa you will not + + align:start position:0% +passport you won't a Visa you will not + + + align:start position:0% +passport you won't a Visa you will not +need a visa if you have a US passport um + + align:start position:0% +need a visa if you have a US passport um + + + align:start position:0% +need a visa if you have a US passport um +and many other countries don't require a + + align:start position:0% +and many other countries don't require a + + + align:start position:0% +and many other countries don't require a +Visa some do the cost of the Visa I + + align:start position:0% +Visa some do the cost of the Visa I + + + align:start position:0% +Visa some do the cost of the Visa I +think last year was on the order of like + + align:start position:0% +think last year was on the order of like + + + align:start position:0% +think last year was on the order of like +$80 or $90 something like that we'll we + + align:start position:0% +$80 or $90 something like that we'll we + + + align:start position:0% +$80 or $90 something like that we'll we +can figure it out um so things to do now + + align:start position:0% +can figure it out um so things to do now + + + align:start position:0% +can figure it out um so things to do now +um there's a lot of things that need to + + align:start position:0% +um there's a lot of things that need to + + + align:start position:0% +um there's a lot of things that need to +be posted tonight um so you can't + + align:start position:0% +be posted tonight um so you can't + + + align:start position:0% +be posted tonight um so you can't +literally do it right after class but + + align:start position:0% +literally do it right after class but + + + align:start position:0% +literally do it right after class but +one is there'll be a form online just to + + align:start position:0% +one is there'll be a form online just to + + + align:start position:0% +one is there'll be a form online just to +get details if you are hoping to go on + + align:start position:0% +get details if you are hoping to go on + + + align:start position:0% +get details if you are hoping to go on +the trip um that you should fill out um + + align:start position:0% +the trip um that you should fill out um + + + align:start position:0% +the trip um that you should fill out um +ideally by before Friday's class um two + + align:start position:0% +ideally by before Friday's class um two + + + align:start position:0% +ideally by before Friday's class um two +is check your passport to make sure it + + align:start position:0% +is check your passport to make sure it + + + align:start position:0% +is check your passport to make sure it +expires more than 6 months from March + + align:start position:0% +expires more than 6 months from March + + + align:start position:0% +expires more than 6 months from March +because if it doesn't you'll need to + + align:start position:0% +because if it doesn't you'll need to + + + align:start position:0% +because if it doesn't you'll need to +renew it um because you can sometime + + align:start position:0% +renew it um because you can sometime + + + align:start position:0% +renew it um because you can sometime +you're sometimes barred from traveling + + align:start position:0% +you're sometimes barred from traveling + + + align:start position:0% +you're sometimes barred from traveling +if your passport expires too soon um + + align:start position:0% +if your passport expires too soon um + + + align:start position:0% +if your passport expires too soon um +because they don't trust that you'll be + + align:start position:0% +because they don't trust that you'll be + + + align:start position:0% +because they don't trust that you'll be +able to get back into your home country + + align:start position:0% +able to get back into your home country + + + align:start position:0% +able to get back into your home country +and they don't want you stuck in their + + align:start position:0% +and they don't want you stuck in their + + + align:start position:0% +and they don't want you stuck in their +country so um we need to make sure that + + align:start position:0% +country so um we need to make sure that + + + align:start position:0% +country so um we need to make sure that +it doesn't expire um and if it does if + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't expire um and if it does if + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't expire um and if it does if +you process it now it's a whole lot + + align:start position:0% +you process it now it's a whole lot + + + align:start position:0% +you process it now it's a whole lot +cheaper than if you do have to do it + + align:start position:0% +cheaper than if you do have to do it + + + align:start position:0% +cheaper than if you do have to do it +like the night before and a lot less + + align:start position:0% +like the night before and a lot less + + + align:start position:0% +like the night before and a lot less +stressful um which is why I to check now + + align:start position:0% +stressful um which is why I to check now + + + align:start position:0% +stressful um which is why I to check now +um um you need to make a Travel Clinic + + align:start position:0% +um um you need to make a Travel Clinic + + + align:start position:0% +um um you need to make a Travel Clinic +appointment at MIT medical or you can go + + align:start position:0% +appointment at MIT medical or you can go + + + align:start position:0% +appointment at MIT medical or you can go +to a different Travel Clinic if you + + align:start position:0% +to a different Travel Clinic if you + + + align:start position:0% +to a different Travel Clinic if you +prefer but MIT medical is easy and their + + align:start position:0% +prefer but MIT medical is easy and their + + + align:start position:0% +prefer but MIT medical is easy and their +experience for your vaccines um there's + + align:start position:0% +experience for your vaccines um there's + + + align:start position:0% +experience for your vaccines um there's +a variety of things you may need one + + align:start position:0% +a variety of things you may need one + + + align:start position:0% +a variety of things you may need one +thing I would encourage you to talk to + + align:start position:0% +thing I would encourage you to talk to + + + align:start position:0% +thing I would encourage you to talk to +them about is whether you want to do + + align:start position:0% +them about is whether you want to do + + + align:start position:0% +them about is whether you want to do +malaria or not um malaria meds have some + + align:start position:0% +malaria or not um malaria meds have some + + + align:start position:0% +malaria or not um malaria meds have some +side effects that have bothered students + + align:start position:0% +side effects that have bothered students + + + align:start position:0% +side effects that have bothered students +in the past so some people opt to risk + + align:start position:0% +in the past so some people opt to risk + + + align:start position:0% +in the past so some people opt to risk +it um the risk of malaria is relatively + + align:start position:0% +it um the risk of malaria is relatively + + + align:start position:0% +it um the risk of malaria is relatively +low in Nicaragua where we'll be but it's + + align:start position:0% +low in Nicaragua where we'll be but it's + + + align:start position:0% +low in Nicaragua where we'll be but it's +nonzero so it's up to you and your + + align:start position:0% +nonzero so it's up to you and your + + + align:start position:0% +nonzero so it's up to you and your +doctor to decide where you fall on that + + align:start position:0% +doctor to decide where you fall on that + + + align:start position:0% +doctor to decide where you fall on that +cost benefit ratio but it is something + + align:start position:0% +cost benefit ratio but it is something + + + align:start position:0% +cost benefit ratio but it is something +to discuss with them rather than just + + align:start position:0% +to discuss with them rather than just + + + align:start position:0% +to discuss with them rather than just +taking it immediately and then make sure + + align:start position:0% +taking it immediately and then make sure + + + align:start position:0% +taking it immediately and then make sure +they will but make sure they give you um + + align:start position:0% +they will but make sure they give you um + + + align:start position:0% +they will but make sure they give you um +a prescription for cypro or a similar + + align:start position:0% +a prescription for cypro or a similar + + + align:start position:0% +a prescription for cypro or a similar +antibiotic so that if you do get sick in + + align:start position:0% +antibiotic so that if you do get sick in + + + align:start position:0% +antibiotic so that if you do get sick in +country um you can take an antibiotic + + align:start position:0% +country um you can take an antibiotic + + + align:start position:0% +country um you can take an antibiotic +without having to find a clinic that has + + align:start position:0% +without having to find a clinic that has + + + align:start position:0% +without having to find a clinic that has +it which can be challenging um but + + align:start position:0% +it which can be challenging um but + + + align:start position:0% +it which can be challenging um but +that's standard they will they'll do + + align:start position:0% +that's standard they will they'll do + + + align:start position:0% +that's standard they will they'll do +that at MIT but in case you go somewhere + + align:start position:0% +that at MIT but in case you go somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +that at MIT but in case you go somewhere +else um and then the other thing is to + + align:start position:0% +else um and then the other thing is to + + + align:start position:0% +else um and then the other thing is to +figure + + align:start position:0% +figure + + + align:start position:0% +figure +out ideally by Friday because the sooner + + align:start position:0% +out ideally by Friday because the sooner + + + align:start position:0% +out ideally by Friday because the sooner +we buy plane tickets the more affordable + + align:start position:0% +we buy plane tickets the more affordable + + + align:start position:0% +we buy plane tickets the more affordable +they'll be um if you're prepared to + + align:start position:0% +they'll be um if you're prepared to + + + align:start position:0% +they'll be um if you're prepared to +commit to the trip and if you're taking + + align:start position:0% +commit to the trip and if you're taking + + + align:start position:0% +commit to the trip and if you're taking +going on the trip we're really expecting + + align:start position:0% +going on the trip we're really expecting + + + align:start position:0% +going on the trip we're really expecting +that you're committing to the class as + + align:start position:0% +that you're committing to the class as + + + align:start position:0% +that you're committing to the class as +well because we're investing a lot on + + align:start position:0% +well because we're investing a lot on + + + align:start position:0% +well because we're investing a lot on +you to take you on the trip and so while + + align:start position:0% +you to take you on the trip and so while + + + align:start position:0% +you to take you on the trip and so while +drop date is after the trip and you + + align:start position:0% +drop date is after the trip and you + + + align:start position:0% +drop date is after the trip and you +could drop it we're really expecting + + align:start position:0% +could drop it we're really expecting + + + align:start position:0% +could drop it we're really expecting +that you won't um so it's on your honor + + align:start position:0% +that you won't um so it's on your honor + + + align:start position:0% +that you won't um so it's on your honor +there's nothing I can do but you do need + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing I can do but you do need + + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing I can do but you do need +to commit um the other thing is if you + + align:start position:0% +to commit um the other thing is if you + + + align:start position:0% +to commit um the other thing is if you +commit to the trip and we buy your plane + + align:start position:0% +commit to the trip and we buy your plane + + + align:start position:0% +commit to the trip and we buy your plane +tickets and then you back out you will + + align:start position:0% +tickets and then you back out you will + + + align:start position:0% +tickets and then you back out you will +be responsible for the cost of the plane + + align:start position:0% +be responsible for the cost of the plane + + + align:start position:0% +be responsible for the cost of the plane +ticket um which is on the order of + + align:start position:0% +ticket um which is on the order of + + + align:start position:0% +ticket um which is on the order of +$600 um + + align:start position:0% +$600 um + + + align:start position:0% +$600 um +so um yeah so you you do need to decide + + align:start position:0% +so um yeah so you you do need to decide + + + align:start position:0% +so um yeah so you you do need to decide +am I doing this am I not um and then + + align:start position:0% +am I doing this am I not um and then + + + align:start position:0% +am I doing this am I not um and then +I'll post the packing list again tonight + + align:start position:0% +I'll post the packing list again tonight + + + align:start position:0% +I'll post the packing list again tonight +or tomorrow you obviously don't need to + + align:start position:0% +or tomorrow you obviously don't need to + + + align:start position:0% +or tomorrow you obviously don't need to +start packing today unless you're + + align:start position:0% +start packing today unless you're + + + align:start position:0% +start packing today unless you're +incredibly um like my mother packs + + align:start position:0% +incredibly um like my mother packs + + + align:start position:0% +incredibly um like my mother packs +months in advance um but uh it is + + align:start position:0% +months in advance um but uh it is + + + align:start position:0% +months in advance um but uh it is +helpful to just see like oh I don't have + + align:start position:0% +helpful to just see like oh I don't have + + + align:start position:0% +helpful to just see like oh I don't have +any summer clo clothing right now that + + align:start position:0% +any summer clo clothing right now that + + + align:start position:0% +any summer clo clothing right now that +I'm willing to bring toara and probably + + align:start position:0% +I'm willing to bring toara and probably + + + align:start position:0% +I'm willing to bring toara and probably +have trashed so you could order it now + + align:start position:0% +have trashed so you could order it now + + + align:start position:0% +have trashed so you could order it now +um rather than figuring it out the night + + align:start position:0% +um rather than figuring it out the night + + + align:start position:0% +um rather than figuring it out the night +before um just start thinking about that + + align:start position:0% +before um just start thinking about that + + + align:start position:0% +before um just start thinking about that +are there any other questions about the + + align:start position:0% +are there any other questions about the + + + align:start position:0% +are there any other questions about the +trip that I can answer um as far as like + + align:start position:0% +trip that I can answer um as far as like + + + align:start position:0% +trip that I can answer um as far as like +Ian obvious but for clo and stuff what + + align:start position:0% +Ian obvious but for clo and stuff what + + + align:start position:0% +Ian obvious but for clo and stuff what +appropriate there yeah so you want to be + + align:start position:0% +appropriate there yeah so you want to be + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate there yeah so you want to be +relatively conservative so you don't + + align:start position:0% +relatively conservative so you don't + + + align:start position:0% +relatively conservative so you don't +want to be wearing like super thin tank + + align:start position:0% +want to be wearing like super thin tank + + + align:start position:0% +want to be wearing like super thin tank +tops and stuff sometimes it's okay to + + align:start position:0% +tops and stuff sometimes it's okay to + + + align:start position:0% +tops and stuff sometimes it's okay to +wear a tank top often times you want to + + align:start position:0% +wear a tank top often times you want to + + + align:start position:0% +wear a tank top often times you want to +have at least your shoulders covered and + + align:start position:0% +have at least your shoulders covered and + + + align:start position:0% +have at least your shoulders covered and +then you wouldn't want to wear any short + + align:start position:0% +then you wouldn't want to wear any short + + + align:start position:0% +then you wouldn't want to wear any short +shorts but stuff that comes down below + + align:start position:0% +shorts but stuff that comes down below + + + align:start position:0% +shorts but stuff that comes down below +your knee um or and or skirts and pants + + align:start position:0% +your knee um or and or skirts and pants + + + align:start position:0% +your knee um or and or skirts and pants +Nicaragua is pretty chill about this + + align:start position:0% +Nicaragua is pretty chill about this + + + align:start position:0% +Nicaragua is pretty chill about this +stuff compared to some places that daab + + align:start position:0% +stuff compared to some places that daab + + + align:start position:0% +stuff compared to some places that daab +goes so you don't have women don't only + + align:start position:0% +goes so you don't have women don't only + + + align:start position:0% +goes so you don't have women don't only +have to wear dresses and things like + + align:start position:0% +have to wear dresses and things like + + + align:start position:0% +have to wear dresses and things like +that which is a nice thing about + + align:start position:0% +that which is a nice thing about + + + align:start position:0% +that which is a nice thing about +Nicaragua but we do um try to be dress + + align:start position:0% +Nicaragua but we do um try to be dress + + + align:start position:0% +Nicaragua but we do um try to be dress +conservatively um and the one of the + + align:start position:0% +conservatively um and the one of the + + + align:start position:0% +conservatively um and the one of the +things students sort of questioned last + + align:start position:0% +things students sort of questioned last + + + align:start position:0% +things students sort of questioned last +year is they would see people on the + + align:start position:0% +year is they would see people on the + + + align:start position:0% +year is they would see people on the +street dressing entirely not + + align:start position:0% +street dressing entirely not + + + align:start position:0% +street dressing entirely not +conservatively and what's going on there + + align:start position:0% +conservatively and what's going on there + + + align:start position:0% +conservatively and what's going on there +and it's + + align:start position:0% +and it's + + + align:start position:0% +and it's +because when we're in more rural areas + + align:start position:0% +because when we're in more rural areas + + + align:start position:0% +because when we're in more rural areas +number one there's a more conservative + + align:start position:0% +number one there's a more conservative + + + align:start position:0% +number one there's a more conservative +culture number two and we are going to + + align:start position:0% +culture number two and we are going to + + + align:start position:0% +culture number two and we are going to +pretty rural areas number two is that we + + align:start position:0% +pretty rural areas number two is that we + + + align:start position:0% +pretty rural areas number two is that we +are representing MIT the United States + + align:start position:0% +are representing MIT the United States + + + align:start position:0% +are representing MIT the United States +etc etc and so we don't want to be on + + align:start position:0% +etc etc and so we don't want to be on + + + align:start position:0% +etc etc and so we don't want to be on +the edge of things that people might + + align:start position:0% +the edge of things that people might + + + align:start position:0% +the edge of things that people might +find offensive even though some other + + align:start position:0% +find offensive even though some other + + + align:start position:0% +find offensive even though some other +people might wear it right we want to be + + align:start position:0% +people might wear it right we want to be + + + align:start position:0% +people might wear it right we want to be +looking um as professional and um + + align:start position:0% +looking um as professional and um + + + align:start position:0% +looking um as professional and um +respectful as possible so even though + + align:start position:0% +respectful as possible so even though + + + align:start position:0% +respectful as possible so even though +you might see people wearing stuff that + + align:start position:0% +you might see people wearing stuff that + + + align:start position:0% +you might see people wearing stuff that +I specifically said not to wear there's + + align:start position:0% +I specifically said not to wear there's + + + align:start position:0% +I specifically said not to wear there's +a reason I said that it's not just cuz + + align:start position:0% +a reason I said that it's not just cuz + + + align:start position:0% +a reason I said that it's not just cuz +I'm uptight um it's because I want to + + align:start position:0% +I'm uptight um it's because I want to + + + align:start position:0% +I'm uptight um it's because I want to +make sure that we're presenting a + + align:start position:0% +make sure that we're presenting a + + + align:start position:0% +make sure that we're presenting a +respectful face to Our Community + + align:start position:0% +respectful face to Our Community + + + align:start position:0% +respectful face to Our Community +Partners um it's really hot in Nicaragua + + align:start position:0% +Partners um it's really hot in Nicaragua + + + align:start position:0% +Partners um it's really hot in Nicaragua +so you definitely want light clothes as + + align:start position:0% +so you definitely want light clothes as + + + align:start position:0% +so you definitely want light clothes as +light clothes as possible like we + + align:start position:0% +light clothes as possible like we + + + align:start position:0% +light clothes as possible like we +recommend people bring like a light + + align:start position:0% +recommend people bring like a light + + + align:start position:0% +recommend people bring like a light +fleece because it might get cold at + + align:start position:0% +fleece because it might get cold at + + + align:start position:0% +fleece because it might get cold at +night but often times it's never used + + align:start position:0% +night but often times it's never used + + + align:start position:0% +night but often times it's never used +other times it is um Nicaragua doesn't + + align:start position:0% +other times it is um Nicaragua doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +other times it is um Nicaragua doesn't +have a huge seasonal variation but it + + align:start position:0% +have a huge seasonal variation but it + + + align:start position:0% +have a huge seasonal variation but it +still varies a bit um you'll definitely + + align:start position:0% +still varies a bit um you'll definitely + + + align:start position:0% +still varies a bit um you'll definitely +want a swimsuit and again something on + + align:start position:0% +want a swimsuit and again something on + + + align:start position:0% +want a swimsuit and again something on +the more conservative side is better + + align:start position:0% +the more conservative side is better + + + align:start position:0% +the more conservative side is better +than a Brazilian bikini for this trip um + + align:start position:0% +than a Brazilian bikini for this trip um + + + align:start position:0% +than a Brazilian bikini for this trip um +um any other + + align:start position:0% +um any other + + + align:start position:0% +um any other +questions about that the purpose of the + + align:start position:0% +questions about that the purpose of the + + + align:start position:0% +questions about that the purpose of the +trip which I completely skipped over um + + align:start position:0% +trip which I completely skipped over um + + + align:start position:0% +trip which I completely skipped over um +seems like a relevant thing to bring up + + align:start position:0% +seems like a relevant thing to bring up + + + align:start position:0% +seems like a relevant thing to bring up +so uh the we're the main thrust of this + + align:start position:0% +so uh the we're the main thrust of this + + + align:start position:0% +so uh the we're the main thrust of this +class is the projects that we're going + + align:start position:0% +class is the projects that we're going + + + align:start position:0% +class is the projects that we're going +to be working on um and I'll talk more + + align:start position:0% +to be working on um and I'll talk more + + + align:start position:0% +to be working on um and I'll talk more +about them next week but they're + + align:start position:0% +about them next week but they're + + + align:start position:0% +about them next week but they're +projects that are beneficial to Our + + align:start position:0% +projects that are beneficial to Our + + + align:start position:0% +projects that are beneficial to Our +Community Partners ideally are + + align:start position:0% +Community Partners ideally are + + + align:start position:0% +Community Partners ideally are +beneficial to a broad scale of people so + + align:start position:0% +beneficial to a broad scale of people so + + + align:start position:0% +beneficial to a broad scale of people so +that we're working specifically with a + + align:start position:0% +that we're working specifically with a + + + align:start position:0% +that we're working specifically with a +specific client but it's not just a + + align:start position:0% +specific client but it's not just a + + + align:start position:0% +specific client but it's not just a +hypothetically a one-off it could have + + align:start position:0% +hypothetically a one-off it could have + + + align:start position:0% +hypothetically a one-off it could have +greater impact um and so the per and the + + align:start position:0% +greater impact um and so the per and the + + + align:start position:0% +greater impact um and so the per and the +idea is that starting next week likely + + align:start position:0% +idea is that starting next week likely + + + align:start position:0% +idea is that starting next week likely +you guys will be working um to start + + align:start position:0% +you guys will be working um to start + + + align:start position:0% +you guys will be working um to start +thinking about those projects as part of + + align:start position:0% +thinking about those projects as part of + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about those projects as part of +the homework um and going through the + + align:start position:0% +the homework um and going through the + + + align:start position:0% +the homework um and going through the +very initial stages of the design + + align:start position:0% +very initial stages of the design + + + align:start position:0% +very initial stages of the design +process so that when you're in country + + align:start position:0% +process so that when you're in country + + + align:start position:0% +process so that when you're in country +you can talk to them about hey this is + + align:start position:0% +you can talk to them about hey this is + + + align:start position:0% +you can talk to them about hey this is +the idea what we're thinking about this + + align:start position:0% +the idea what we're thinking about this + + + align:start position:0% +the idea what we're thinking about this +is what it'll look like what do you + + align:start position:0% +is what it'll look like what do you + + + align:start position:0% +is what it'll look like what do you +think about this give me feedback and so + + align:start position:0% +think about this give me feedback and so + + + align:start position:0% +think about this give me feedback and so +that way you can really um get a lot of + + align:start position:0% +that way you can really um get a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +that way you can really um get a lot of +information very quickly + + align:start position:0% +information very quickly + + + align:start position:0% +information very quickly +um that is much much harder to get if + + align:start position:0% +um that is much much harder to get if + + + align:start position:0% +um that is much much harder to get if +you don't travel um so that's the idea + + align:start position:0% +you don't travel um so that's the idea + + + align:start position:0% +you don't travel um so that's the idea +as well as just to be familiar with a + + align:start position:0% +as well as just to be familiar with a + + + align:start position:0% +as well as just to be familiar with a +different country and what life is like + + align:start position:0% +different country and what life is like + + + align:start position:0% +different country and what life is like +there um it's a pretty great experience + + align:start position:0% +there um it's a pretty great experience + + + align:start position:0% +there um it's a pretty great experience +for most people that really enriches + + align:start position:0% +for most people that really enriches + + + align:start position:0% +for most people that really enriches +your educational experience just period + + align:start position:0% +your educational experience just period + + + align:start position:0% +your educational experience just period +um to get to travel to a developing + + align:start position:0% +um to get to travel to a developing + + + align:start position:0% +um to get to travel to a developing +country and see um how great and how + + align:start position:0% +country and see um how great and how + + + align:start position:0% +country and see um how great and how +challenging life can be um in a + + align:start position:0% +challenging life can be um in a + + + align:start position:0% +challenging life can be um in a +different place um so it's both from a + + align:start position:0% +different place um so it's both from a + + + align:start position:0% +different place um so it's both from a +project standpoint and a general + + align:start position:0% +project standpoint and a general + + + align:start position:0% +project standpoint and a general +standpoint just maybe this I can ask you + + align:start position:0% +standpoint just maybe this I can ask you + + + align:start position:0% +standpoint just maybe this I can ask you +about after class but could you talk a + + align:start position:0% +about after class but could you talk a + + + align:start position:0% +about after class but could you talk a +little bit about the security and safety + + align:start position:0% +little bit about the security and safety + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about the security and safety +issues going yeah so um + + align:start position:0% +issues going yeah so um + + + align:start position:0% +issues going yeah so um +Nicaragua the people I know who go down + + align:start position:0% +Nicaragua the people I know who go down + + + align:start position:0% +Nicaragua the people I know who go down +there or who live and work down there + + align:start position:0% +there or who live and work down there + + + align:start position:0% +there or who live and work down there +consider it comparable to any um place + + align:start position:0% +consider it comparable to any um place + + + align:start position:0% +consider it comparable to any um place +in the US that's relatively you know on + + align:start position:0% +in the US that's relatively you know on + + + align:start position:0% +in the US that's relatively you know on +the dangerous side so that is no more + + align:start position:0% +the dangerous side so that is no more + + + align:start position:0% +the dangerous side so that is no more +dangerous than like spending time in New + + align:start position:0% +dangerous than like spending time in New + + + align:start position:0% +dangerous than like spending time in New +York for New York City or something like + + align:start position:0% +York for New York City or something like + + + align:start position:0% +York for New York City or something like +that um it's different right like you + + align:start position:0% +that um it's different right like you + + + align:start position:0% +that um it's different right like you +probably don't speak the language as + + align:start position:0% +probably don't speak the language as + + + align:start position:0% +probably don't speak the language as +well you're not familiar with things so + + align:start position:0% +well you're not familiar with things so + + + align:start position:0% +well you're not familiar with things so +you have to be more on your guard than + + align:start position:0% +you have to be more on your guard than + + + align:start position:0% +you have to be more on your guard than +you might be in New York um but in terms + + align:start position:0% +you might be in New York um but in terms + + + align:start position:0% +you might be in New York um but in terms +of actual dangers It's relatively low um + + align:start position:0% +of actual dangers It's relatively low um + + + align:start position:0% +of actual dangers It's relatively low um +there have been some issues more + + align:start position:0% +there have been some issues more + + + align:start position:0% +there have been some issues more +recently in managa the capital city with + + align:start position:0% +recently in managa the capital city with + + + align:start position:0% +recently in managa the capital city with +people um like kidnapping scams with + + align:start position:0% +people um like kidnapping scams with + + + align:start position:0% +people um like kidnapping scams with +taxis um where you don't know where you + + align:start position:0% +taxis um where you don't know where you + + + align:start position:0% +taxis um where you don't know where you +get into a taxi and then they they mug + + align:start position:0% +get into a taxi and then they they mug + + + align:start position:0% +get into a taxi and then they they mug +you basically um so we don't use taxis + + align:start position:0% +you basically um so we don't use taxis + + + align:start position:0% +you basically um so we don't use taxis +that we um where we don't know the um + + align:start position:0% +that we um where we don't know the um + + + align:start position:0% +that we um where we don't know the um +the taxi driver personally and we have a + + align:start position:0% +the taxi driver personally and we have a + + + align:start position:0% +the taxi driver personally and we have a +lot of connections in Nicaragua which + + align:start position:0% +lot of connections in Nicaragua which + + + align:start position:0% +lot of connections in Nicaragua which +allows us to maintain your safety um so + + align:start position:0% +allows us to maintain your safety um so + + + align:start position:0% +allows us to maintain your safety um so +what we do is we take all reasonable + + align:start position:0% +what we do is we take all reasonable + + + align:start position:0% +what we do is we take all reasonable +precautions can I guarantee that nothing + + align:start position:0% +precautions can I guarantee that nothing + + + align:start position:0% +precautions can I guarantee that nothing +will happen absolutely not um do we help + + align:start position:0% +will happen absolutely not um do we help + + + align:start position:0% +will happen absolutely not um do we help +prepare you to make sure that we + + align:start position:0% +prepare you to make sure that we + + + align:start position:0% +prepare you to make sure that we +minimize the chances of anything + + align:start position:0% +minimize the chances of anything + + + align:start position:0% +minimize the chances of anything +happening definitely and I think chances + + align:start position:0% +happening definitely and I think chances + + + align:start position:0% +happening definitely and I think chances +are good that you will come back with + + align:start position:0% +are good that you will come back with + + + align:start position:0% +are good that you will come back with +all your belongings and um everything + + align:start position:0% +all your belongings and um everything + + + align:start position:0% +all your belongings and um everything +intact no problem but um of course I + + align:start position:0% +intact no problem but um of course I + + + align:start position:0% +intact no problem but um of course I +can't guarantee it just I can't + + align:start position:0% +can't guarantee it just I can't + + + align:start position:0% +can't guarantee it just I can't +guarantee you'll be you won't get mugged + + align:start position:0% +guarantee you'll be you won't get mugged + + + align:start position:0% +guarantee you'll be you won't get mugged +walking home to your dorm tonight um + + align:start position:0% +walking home to your dorm tonight um + + + align:start position:0% +walking home to your dorm tonight um +it's just you know a reality of life but + + align:start position:0% +it's just you know a reality of life but + + + align:start position:0% +it's just you know a reality of life but +it is it is relatively safe you can go + + align:start position:0% +it is it is relatively safe you can go + + + align:start position:0% +it is it is relatively safe you can go +on the + + align:start position:0% +on the + + + align:start position:0% +on the +um the the US Embassy sites I think it's + + align:start position:0% +um the the US Embassy sites I think it's + + + align:start position:0% +um the the US Embassy sites I think it's +US Embassy US Government sites to sort + + align:start position:0% +US Embassy US Government sites to sort + + + align:start position:0% +US Embassy US Government sites to sort +of read up on what they recommend about + + align:start position:0% +of read up on what they recommend about + + + align:start position:0% +of read up on what they recommend about +travel in Nicaragua and what are the + + align:start position:0% +travel in Nicaragua and what are the + + + align:start position:0% +travel in Nicaragua and what are the +specific ders if there something you're + + align:start position:0% +specific ders if there something you're + + + align:start position:0% +specific ders if there something you're +concerned about but um I've traveled + + align:start position:0% +concerned about but um I've traveled + + + align:start position:0% +concerned about but um I've traveled +there four times last year and um and I + + align:start position:0% +there four times last year and um and I + + + align:start position:0% +there four times last year and um and I +brought expensive equipment though I was + + align:start position:0% +brought expensive equipment though I was + + + align:start position:0% +brought expensive equipment though I was +very good about making it only taking it + + align:start position:0% +very good about making it only taking it + + + align:start position:0% +very good about making it only taking it +out when I was inside a secure location + + align:start position:0% +out when I was inside a secure location + + + align:start position:0% +out when I was inside a secure location +and keeping it very secure and nothing + + align:start position:0% +and keeping it very secure and nothing + + + align:start position:0% +and keeping it very secure and nothing +disappeared I had no problem I had a + + align:start position:0% +disappeared I had no problem I had a + + + align:start position:0% +disappeared I had no problem I had a +student this past summer who was there + + align:start position:0% +student this past summer who was there + + + align:start position:0% +student this past summer who was there +and she had $30 stolen out of her shoe + + align:start position:0% +and she had $30 stolen out of her shoe + + + align:start position:0% +and she had $30 stolen out of her shoe +or something like that um but that was + + align:start position:0% +or something like that um but that was + + + align:start position:0% +or something like that um but that was +fine um so we've never had something + + align:start position:0% +fine um so we've never had something + + + align:start position:0% +fine um so we've never had something +more significant than that um but it is + + align:start position:0% +more significant than that um but it is + + + align:start position:0% +more significant than that um but it is +always a risk + + align:start position:0% +always a risk + + + align:start position:0% +always a risk +yeah yeah so um I'm still figuring that + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah so um I'm still figuring that + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah so um I'm still figuring that +out um last year we worked in um near + + align:start position:0% +out um last year we worked in um near + + + align:start position:0% +out um last year we worked in um near +okatal so Managua is the capital city + + align:start position:0% +okatal so Managua is the capital city + + + align:start position:0% +okatal so Managua is the capital city +where we'll fly into um and so last year + + align:start position:0% +where we'll fly into um and so last year + + + align:start position:0% +where we'll fly into um and so last year +so we flew into magaga one group worked + + align:start position:0% +so we flew into magaga one group worked + + + align:start position:0% +so we flew into magaga one group worked +up in okatal + + align:start position:0% +up in okatal + + + align:start position:0% +up in okatal +one group worked in um Bluefields on the + + align:start position:0% +one group worked in um Bluefields on the + + + align:start position:0% +one group worked in um Bluefields on the +Atlantic coast which is a very different + + align:start position:0% +Atlantic coast which is a very different + + + align:start position:0% +Atlantic coast which is a very different +population than the um Pacific Coast um + + align:start position:0% +population than the um Pacific Coast um + + + align:start position:0% +population than the um Pacific Coast um +the Atlantic coast has um a lot of + + align:start position:0% +the Atlantic coast has um a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +the Atlantic coast has um a lot of +Caribbean influence as well as + + align:start position:0% +Caribbean influence as well as + + + align:start position:0% +Caribbean influence as well as +indigenous populations at a high level + + align:start position:0% +indigenous populations at a high level + + + align:start position:0% +indigenous populations at a high level +and so it's a really interesting part of + + align:start position:0% +and so it's a really interesting part of + + + align:start position:0% +and so it's a really interesting part of +the country um but it's very expensive + + align:start position:0% +the country um but it's very expensive + + + align:start position:0% +the country um but it's very expensive +so we may not be able to afford to go + + align:start position:0% +so we may not be able to afford to go + + + align:start position:0% +so we may not be able to afford to go +there this year um so but so we worked + + align:start position:0% +there this year um so but so we worked + + + align:start position:0% +there this year um so but so we worked +in okatal in Bluefields um and in the + + align:start position:0% +in okatal in Bluefields um and in the + + + align:start position:0% +in okatal in Bluefields um and in the +maag gala area um we may go to hinota + + align:start position:0% +maag gala area um we may go to hinota + + + align:start position:0% +maag gala area um we may go to hinota +this year as well and the way it works + + align:start position:0% +this year as well and the way it works + + + align:start position:0% +this year as well and the way it works +is that you you're on a mini team and + + align:start position:0% +is that you you're on a mini team and + + + align:start position:0% +is that you you're on a mini team and +the team goes to one place so um last + + align:start position:0% +the team goes to one place so um last + + + align:start position:0% +the team goes to one place so um last +year one team went to Bluefields one + + align:start position:0% +year one team went to Bluefields one + + + align:start position:0% +year one team went to Bluefields one +plays to okatal one team to modala type + + align:start position:0% +plays to okatal one team to modala type + + + align:start position:0% +plays to okatal one team to modala type +of thing so I don't know exactly where + + align:start position:0% +of thing so I don't know exactly where + + + align:start position:0% +of thing so I don't know exactly where +we'll be going um it'll be relatively + + align:start position:0% +we'll be going um it'll be relatively + + + align:start position:0% +we'll be going um it'll be relatively +Rural and + + align:start position:0% +Rural and + + + align:start position:0% +Rural and +um yeah so was not a great answer it um + + align:start position:0% +um yeah so was not a great answer it um + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah so was not a great answer it um +it's sort of real time figuring it out + + align:start position:0% +it's sort of real time figuring it out + + + align:start position:0% +it's sort of real time figuring it out +with our Community Partners right now so + + align:start position:0% +with our Community Partners right now so + + + align:start position:0% +with our Community Partners right now so +as I know more you'll you'll know more + + align:start position:0% +as I know more you'll you'll know more + + + align:start position:0% +as I know more you'll you'll know more +so this the Poor People's Energy Outlook + + align:start position:0% +so this the Poor People's Energy Outlook + + + align:start position:0% +so this the Poor People's Energy Outlook +was it helpful was + + align:start position:0% +was it helpful was + + + align:start position:0% +was it helpful was +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +surprising I thought the focus on like + + align:start position:0% +surprising I thought the focus on like + + + align:start position:0% +surprising I thought the focus on like +opportunity cost was really interesting + + align:start position:0% +opportunity cost was really interesting + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity cost was really interesting +so like energy is like a huge Time s + + align:start position:0% +so like energy is like a huge Time s + + + align:start position:0% +so like energy is like a huge Time s +like providing energy for themselves + + align:start position:0% +like providing energy for themselves + + + align:start position:0% +like providing energy for themselves +where energy access is poor is like just + + align:start position:0% +where energy access is poor is like just + + + align:start position:0% +where energy access is poor is like just +a big really big deal and I was actually + + align:start position:0% +a big really big deal and I was actually + + + align:start position:0% +a big really big deal and I was actually +pretty surprised to hear you say that it + + align:start position:0% +pretty surprised to hear you say that it + + + align:start position:0% +pretty surprised to hear you say that it +was like a Leisure activity but like + + align:start position:0% +was like a Leisure activity but like + + + align:start position:0% +was like a Leisure activity but like +collect with so it it's both a Leisure + + align:start position:0% +collect with so it it's both a Leisure + + + align:start position:0% +collect with so it it's both a Leisure +activity and and a huge hassle right + + align:start position:0% +activity and and a huge hassle right + + + align:start position:0% +activity and and a huge hassle right +it's it's the it's a combo and so the + + align:start position:0% +it's it's the it's a combo and so the + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's the it's a combo and so the +issue is would would most people prefer + + align:start position:0% +issue is would would most people prefer + + + align:start position:0% +issue is would would most people prefer +not to be carrying 65 lbs of wood back + + align:start position:0% +not to be carrying 65 lbs of wood back + + + align:start position:0% +not to be carrying 65 lbs of wood back +and forth for a few miles every day of + + align:start position:0% +and forth for a few miles every day of + + + align:start position:0% +and forth for a few miles every day of +course absolutely but is there an aspect + + align:start position:0% +course absolutely but is there an aspect + + + align:start position:0% +course absolutely but is there an aspect +of that that's important culturally or + + align:start position:0% +of that that's important culturally or + + + align:start position:0% +of that that's important culturally or +personally yes and so when you're + + align:start position:0% +personally yes and so when you're + + + align:start position:0% +personally yes and so when you're +eliminating that really huge burden you + + align:start position:0% +eliminating that really huge burden you + + + align:start position:0% +eliminating that really huge burden you +have to consider like you know the + + align:start position:0% +have to consider like you know the + + + align:start position:0% +have to consider like you know the +positive aspect of that burden and how + + align:start position:0% +positive aspect of that burden and how + + + align:start position:0% +positive aspect of that burden and how +do you make sure not to destroy that + + align:start position:0% +do you make sure not to destroy that + + + align:start position:0% +do you make sure not to destroy that +positive aspect if it's if it's too + + align:start position:0% +positive aspect if it's if it's too + + + align:start position:0% +positive aspect if it's if it's too +important to a community so it's um + + align:start position:0% +important to a community so it's um + + + align:start position:0% +important to a community so it's um +again we're in very gray Realms where I + + align:start position:0% +again we're in very gray Realms where I + + + align:start position:0% +again we're in very gray Realms where I +did not mean to say if I did say that + + align:start position:0% +did not mean to say if I did say that + + + align:start position:0% +did not mean to say if I did say that +it's a Leisure activity that's fun and + + align:start position:0% +it's a Leisure activity that's fun and + + + align:start position:0% +it's a Leisure activity that's fun and +everyone would love to carry 65 pounds + + align:start position:0% +everyone would love to carry 65 pounds + + + align:start position:0% +everyone would love to carry 65 pounds +of wood every day and frankly why aren't + + align:start position:0% +of wood every day and frankly why aren't + + + align:start position:0% +of wood every day and frankly why aren't +you guys doing it CU I highly recommend + + align:start position:0% +you guys doing it CU I highly recommend + + + align:start position:0% +you guys doing it CU I highly recommend +it and I've been starting to do that + + align:start position:0% +it and I've been starting to do that + + + align:start position:0% +it and I've been starting to do that +myself you know like of course + + align:start position:0% +myself you know like of course + + + align:start position:0% +myself you know like of course +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +right um however if there is a reality + + align:start position:0% +right um however if there is a reality + + + align:start position:0% +right um however if there is a reality +that women in developing countries tend + + align:start position:0% +that women in developing countries tend + + + align:start position:0% +that women in developing countries tend +to just live at home and you take care + + align:start position:0% +to just live at home and you take care + + + align:start position:0% +to just live at home and you take care +of the kid you take care the fire and + + align:start position:0% +of the kid you take care the fire and + + + align:start position:0% +of the kid you take care the fire and +you take care of your home and that's it + + align:start position:0% +you take care of your home and that's it + + + align:start position:0% +you take care of your home and that's it +and the only opportunity you have to + + align:start position:0% +and the only opportunity you have to + + + align:start position:0% +and the only opportunity you have to +socialize and get a little sanity time + + align:start position:0% +socialize and get a little sanity time + + + align:start position:0% +socialize and get a little sanity time +um is through work and so if you + + align:start position:0% +um is through work and so if you + + + align:start position:0% +um is through work and so if you +eliminate that work hooray but if you + + align:start position:0% +eliminate that work hooray but if you + + + align:start position:0% +eliminate that work hooray but if you +don't then build in some other way to + + align:start position:0% +don't then build in some other way to + + + align:start position:0% +don't then build in some other way to +get that sanity time then maybe people + + align:start position:0% +get that sanity time then maybe people + + + align:start position:0% +get that sanity time then maybe people +won't be willing to take that work + + align:start position:0% +won't be willing to take that work + + + align:start position:0% +won't be willing to take that work +elimination depending on the cost + + align:start position:0% +elimination depending on the cost + + + align:start position:0% +elimination depending on the cost +benefits so yeah is that like actually a + + align:start position:0% +benefits so yeah is that like actually a + + + align:start position:0% +benefits so yeah is that like actually a +for developers like + + align:start position:0% +for developers like + + + align:start position:0% +for developers like +because I feel like that's how we got + + align:start position:0% +because I feel like that's how we got + + + align:start position:0% +because I feel like that's how we got +where we are today we don't jug around + + align:start position:0% +where we are today we don't jug around + + + align:start position:0% +where we are today we don't jug around +65 lbs of water but we gallons of water + + align:start position:0% +65 lbs of water but we gallons of water + + + align:start position:0% +65 lbs of water but we gallons of water +or whatever but we do have other hobes + + align:start position:0% +or whatever but we do have other hobes + + + align:start position:0% +or whatever but we do have other hobes +or have other things that have occupied + + align:start position:0% +or have other things that have occupied + + + align:start position:0% +or have other things that have occupied +that time well so so the issue is not it + + align:start position:0% +that time well so so the issue is not it + + + align:start position:0% +that time well so so the issue is not it +didn't seem to come up in the readings + + align:start position:0% +didn't seem to come up in the readings + + + align:start position:0% +didn't seem to come up in the readings +so yeah yeah yeah it didn't come in the + + align:start position:0% +so yeah yeah yeah it didn't come in the + + + align:start position:0% +so yeah yeah yeah it didn't come in the +readings + + align:start position:0% +readings + + + align:start position:0% +readings +so there is no reading and there is no + + align:start position:0% +so there is no reading and there is no + + + align:start position:0% +so there is no reading and there is no +person who's the expert on all of this + + align:start position:0% +person who's the expert on all of this + + + align:start position:0% +person who's the expert on all of this +infinitely and can give you every + + align:start position:0% +infinitely and can give you every + + + align:start position:0% +infinitely and can give you every +Insight right that's why I'm giving you + + align:start position:0% +Insight right that's why I'm giving you + + + align:start position:0% +Insight right that's why I'm giving you +going to give you a range of and you're + + align:start position:0% +going to give you a range of and you're + + + align:start position:0% +going to give you a range of and you're +going to hear my perspective but I'm + + align:start position:0% +going to hear my perspective but I'm + + + align:start position:0% +going to hear my perspective but I'm +also giving your readings so it's not + + align:start position:0% +also giving your readings so it's not + + + align:start position:0% +also giving your readings so it's not +just my perspective um the issue is not + + align:start position:0% +just my perspective um the issue is not + + + align:start position:0% +just my perspective um the issue is not +making + + align:start position:0% +making + + + align:start position:0% +making +ensuring Leisure Time necessarily that's + + align:start position:0% +ensuring Leisure Time necessarily that's + + + align:start position:0% +ensuring Leisure Time necessarily that's +not what I'm trying to say what I'm + + align:start position:0% +not what I'm trying to say what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +not what I'm trying to say what I'm +trying to say is that um if there's + + align:start position:0% +trying to say is that um if there's + + + align:start position:0% +trying to say is that um if there's +something about this activity that it's + + align:start position:0% +something about this activity that it's + + + align:start position:0% +something about this activity that it's +a really sucky activity but there's this + + align:start position:0% +a really sucky activity but there's this + + + align:start position:0% +a really sucky activity but there's this +really important aspect to it that + + align:start position:0% +really important aspect to it that + + + align:start position:0% +really important aspect to it that +people really value if you provide them + + align:start position:0% +people really value if you provide them + + + align:start position:0% +people really value if you provide them +an alternative to that sucky activity + + align:start position:0% +an alternative to that sucky activity + + + align:start position:0% +an alternative to that sucky activity +that doesn't address the part that's + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't address the part that's + + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't address the part that's +important to them they may not adopt + + align:start position:0% +important to them they may not adopt + + + align:start position:0% +important to them they may not adopt +regardless of how how hard you work + + align:start position:0% +regardless of how how hard you work + + + align:start position:0% +regardless of how how hard you work +right so it don't know if I mentioned + + align:start position:0% +right so it don't know if I mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +right so it don't know if I mentioned +this but like there's the classic + + align:start position:0% +this but like there's the classic + + + align:start position:0% +this but like there's the classic +example of latrines right and you + + align:start position:0% +example of latrines right and you + + + align:start position:0% +example of latrines right and you +provide people with lrin and you provide + + align:start position:0% +provide people with lrin and you provide + + + align:start position:0% +provide people with lrin and you provide +the community with the line and they + + align:start position:0% +the community with the line and they + + + align:start position:0% +the community with the line and they +never use it or certainly not for line + + align:start position:0% +never use it or certainly not for line + + + align:start position:0% +never use it or certainly not for line +they use it for chicken coup they use it + + align:start position:0% +they use it for chicken coup they use it + + + align:start position:0% +they use it for chicken coup they use it +to store Rin they use it for this they + + align:start position:0% +to store Rin they use it for this they + + + align:start position:0% +to store Rin they use it for this they +use it for that but they don't use it + + align:start position:0% +use it for that but they don't use it + + + align:start position:0% +use it for that but they don't use it +for the actual purpose of you that a + + align:start position:0% +for the actual purpose of you that a + + + align:start position:0% +for the actual purpose of you that a +latrine serves and it blows people's + + align:start position:0% +latrine serves and it blows people's + + + align:start position:0% +latrine serves and it blows people's +minds I installed this rutrine you guys + + align:start position:0% +minds I installed this rutrine you guys + + + align:start position:0% +minds I installed this rutrine you guys +helped me we did it all right and why + + align:start position:0% +helped me we did it all right and why + + + align:start position:0% +helped me we did it all right and why +aren't you using it and it's usually + + align:start position:0% +aren't you using it and it's usually + + + align:start position:0% +aren't you using it and it's usually +something subtle like the latrine is the + + align:start position:0% +something subtle like the latrine is the + + + align:start position:0% +something subtle like the latrine is the +only place where there's a door that + + align:start position:0% +only place where there's a door that + + + align:start position:0% +only place where there's a door that +locks and that's the only secure place + + align:start position:0% +locks and that's the only secure place + + + align:start position:0% +locks and that's the only secure place +and it's more important for me to have a + + align:start position:0% +and it's more important for me to have a + + + align:start position:0% +and it's more important for me to have a +secure place than it is for me to have a + + align:start position:0% +secure place than it is for me to have a + + + align:start position:0% +secure place than it is for me to have a +hygienic place and so therefore I'm not + + align:start position:0% +hygienic place and so therefore I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +hygienic place and so therefore I'm not +going to use the latrine for the + + align:start position:0% +going to use the latrine for the + + + align:start position:0% +going to use the latrine for the +intended purpose um so there's all these + + align:start position:0% +intended purpose um so there's all these + + + align:start position:0% +intended purpose um so there's all these +unintended consequences of any + + align:start position:0% +unintended consequences of any + + + align:start position:0% +unintended consequences of any +technology that you deliver and you have + + align:start position:0% +technology that you deliver and you have + + + align:start position:0% +technology that you deliver and you have +to really think about those unintended + + align:start position:0% +to really think about those unintended + + + align:start position:0% +to really think about those unintended +consequences um or unanticipated + + align:start position:0% +consequences um or unanticipated + + + align:start position:0% +consequences um or unanticipated +Consequences if you're going to deliver + + align:start position:0% +Consequences if you're going to deliver + + + align:start position:0% +Consequences if you're going to deliver +something that's actually going to be + + align:start position:0% +something that's actually going to be + + + align:start position:0% +something that's actually going to be +used in the way that you are hoping it + + align:start position:0% +used in the way that you are hoping it + + + align:start position:0% +used in the way that you are hoping it +will be used used uh does that help + + align:start position:0% +will be used used uh does that help + + + align:start position:0% +will be used used uh does that help +provide Clarity to that subtlety yeah so + + align:start position:0% +provide Clarity to that subtlety yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +provide Clarity to that subtlety yeah so +it's really hard to wrap your head + + align:start position:0% +it's really hard to wrap your head + + + align:start position:0% +it's really hard to wrap your head +around this because there's no like + + align:start position:0% +around this because there's no like + + + align:start position:0% +around this because there's no like +there's an infinite number of examples + + align:start position:0% +there's an infinite number of examples + + + align:start position:0% +there's an infinite number of examples +but and it's but it's hard to make a + + align:start position:0% +but and it's but it's hard to make a + + + align:start position:0% +but and it's but it's hard to make a +really clean generalized statement + + align:start position:0% +really clean generalized statement + + + align:start position:0% +really clean generalized statement +because it's all + + align:start position:0% +because it's all + + + align:start position:0% +because it's all +subtle um one thing I thought was + + align:start position:0% +subtle um one thing I thought was + + + align:start position:0% +subtle um one thing I thought was +interesting about the um the energy + + align:start position:0% +interesting about the um the energy + + + align:start position:0% +interesting about the um the energy +Outlook was the energy access index and + + align:start position:0% +Outlook was the energy access index and + + + align:start position:0% +Outlook was the energy access index and +how they rated everything and + + align:start position:0% +how they rated everything and + + + align:start position:0% +how they rated everything and +um whether that's actually the right way + + align:start position:0% +um whether that's actually the right way + + + align:start position:0% +um whether that's actually the right way +to approach things like um like it's + + align:start position:0% +to approach things like um like it's + + + align:start position:0% +to approach things like um like it's +really useful to have energy and access + + align:start position:0% +really useful to have energy and access + + + align:start position:0% +really useful to have energy and access +index and to be able to compare where + + align:start position:0% +index and to be able to compare where + + + align:start position:0% +index and to be able to compare where +people are at but um are these different + + align:start position:0% +people are at but um are these different + + + align:start position:0% +people are at but um are these different +steps on each level actually the right + + align:start position:0% +steps on each level actually the right + + + align:start position:0% +steps on each level actually the right +steps and um that's open to debate right + + align:start position:0% +steps and um that's open to debate right + + + align:start position:0% +steps and um that's open to debate right +I'm not asking for it yes it is no it's + + align:start position:0% +I'm not asking for it yes it is no it's + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not asking for it yes it is no it's +not um I don't know myself but um it is + + align:start position:0% +not um I don't know myself but um it is + + + align:start position:0% +not um I don't know myself but um it is +uh interesting like do you actually + + align:start position:0% +uh interesting like do you actually + + + align:start position:0% +uh interesting like do you actually +prefer having low voltage DC access that + + align:start position:0% +prefer having low voltage DC access that + + + align:start position:0% +prefer having low voltage DC access that +you control to a 240 volt connection + + align:start position:0% +you control to a 240 volt connection + + + align:start position:0% +you control to a 240 volt connection +that's poor quality and intermittent I'd + + align:start position:0% +that's poor quality and intermittent I'd + + + align:start position:0% +that's poor quality and intermittent I'd +probably prefer step three than step + + align:start position:0% +probably prefer step three than step + + + align:start position:0% +probably prefer step three than step +four um so I think it's an interesting + + align:start position:0% +four um so I think it's an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +four um so I think it's an interesting +thing to to read these documents + + align:start position:0% +thing to to read these documents + + + align:start position:0% +thing to to read these documents +critically that um even though this is + + align:start position:0% +critically that um even though this is + + + align:start position:0% +critically that um even though this is +like practical action and they're an + + align:start position:0% +like practical action and they're an + + + align:start position:0% +like practical action and they're an +amazing group and they're really + + align:start position:0% +amazing group and they're really + + + align:start position:0% +amazing group and they're really +thoughtful and um love their work + + align:start position:0% +thoughtful and um love their work + + + align:start position:0% +thoughtful and um love their work +there're still this is still real hard + + align:start position:0% +there're still this is still real hard + + + align:start position:0% +there're still this is still real hard +stuff and so it can be subtle were there + + align:start position:0% +stuff and so it can be subtle were there + + + align:start position:0% +stuff and so it can be subtle were there +any other thoughts people + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +noticed yeah I wanted to see more + + align:start position:0% +noticed yeah I wanted to see more + + + align:start position:0% +noticed yeah I wanted to see more +comparisons like when I was talking + + align:start position:0% +comparisons like when I was talking + + + align:start position:0% +comparisons like when I was talking +about the birth victims like I wanted to + + align:start position:0% +about the birth victims like I wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +about the birth victims like I wanted to +know what that number was for the stage + + align:start position:0% +know what that number was for the stage + + + align:start position:0% +know what that number was for the stage +because it's something that I know and I + + align:start position:0% +because it's something that I know and I + + + align:start position:0% +because it's something that I know and I +was like well yes 60% of people who came + + align:start position:0% +was like well yes 60% of people who came + + + align:start position:0% +was like well yes 60% of people who came +in with barns it was because of cooking + + align:start position:0% +in with barns it was because of cooking + + + align:start position:0% +in with barns it was because of cooking +or I mean the lighting and I'm like well + + align:start position:0% +or I mean the lighting and I'm like well + + + align:start position:0% +or I mean the lighting and I'm like well +feel like that's actually I mean like + + align:start position:0% +feel like that's actually I mean like + + + align:start position:0% +feel like that's actually I mean like +for us s prob be cooking cuz like how + + align:start position:0% +for us s prob be cooking cuz like how + + + align:start position:0% +for us s prob be cooking cuz like how +else can we really we in ourselves so do + + align:start position:0% +else can we really we in ourselves so do + + + align:start position:0% +else can we really we in ourselves so do +have much to help me understand the + + align:start position:0% +have much to help me understand the + + + align:start position:0% +have much to help me understand the +numbers yeah yeah and yeah and some + + align:start position:0% +numbers yeah yeah and yeah and some + + + align:start position:0% +numbers yeah yeah and yeah and some +other subtleties are how easy is it for + + align:start position:0% +other subtleties are how easy is it for + + + align:start position:0% +other subtleties are how easy is it for +you to get medical care and what are the + + align:start position:0% +you to get medical care and what are the + + + align:start position:0% +you to get medical care and what are the +implications for you if you incapacitate + + align:start position:0% +implications for you if you incapacitate + + + align:start position:0% +implications for you if you incapacitate +your hand versus if you rely on your + + align:start position:0% +your hand versus if you rely on your + + + align:start position:0% +your hand versus if you rely on your +hands to um feed your family every day + + align:start position:0% +hands to um feed your family every day + + + align:start position:0% +hands to um feed your family every day +um so there's other subtleties that are + + align:start position:0% +um so there's other subtleties that are + + + align:start position:0% +um so there's other subtleties that are +hard to see from just a 60% number and + + align:start position:0% +hard to see from just a 60% number and + + + align:start position:0% +hard to see from just a 60% number and +even comparing to the US um but I will + + align:start position:0% +even comparing to the US um but I will + + + align:start position:0% +even comparing to the US um but I will +also try to post some resources that + + align:start position:0% +also try to post some resources that + + + align:start position:0% +also try to post some resources that +allow you to compare countries really + + align:start position:0% +allow you to compare countries really + + + align:start position:0% +allow you to compare countries really +easily so that you can um if the + + align:start position:0% +easily so that you can um if the + + + align:start position:0% +easily so that you can um if the +documentation doesn't provide it you can + + align:start position:0% +documentation doesn't provide it you can + + + align:start position:0% +documentation doesn't provide it you can +pretty easily uh look up on your own + + align:start position:0% +pretty easily uh look up on your own + + + align:start position:0% +pretty easily uh look up on your own +um the comparison if that's of + + align:start position:0% +um the comparison if that's of + + + align:start position:0% +um the comparison if that's of +Interest okay so we are fast approaching + + align:start position:0% +Interest okay so we are fast approaching + + + align:start position:0% +Interest okay so we are fast approaching +the end of the class so this week um the + + align:start position:0% +the end of the class so this week um the + + + align:start position:0% +the end of the class so this week um the +primary homework assignment is what we + + align:start position:0% +primary homework assignment is what we + + + align:start position:0% +primary homework assignment is what we +call the personal energy consumption + + align:start position:0% +call the personal energy consumption + + + align:start position:0% +call the personal energy consumption +challenge um you may or may not know + + align:start position:0% +challenge um you may or may not know + + + align:start position:0% +challenge um you may or may not know +that in daab development students um + + align:start position:0% +that in daab development students um + + + align:start position:0% +that in daab development students um +have to spend a week on $2 a + + align:start position:0% +have to spend a week on $2 a + + + align:start position:0% +have to spend a week on $2 a +day um and it's challenging and it's is + + align:start position:0% +day um and it's challenging and it's is + + + align:start position:0% +day um and it's challenging and it's is +really helpful and so we were like great + + align:start position:0% +really helpful and so we were like great + + + align:start position:0% +really helpful and so we were like great +we're going to make a similar energy + + align:start position:0% +we're going to make a similar energy + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to make a similar energy +assignment but it's much more + + align:start position:0% +assignment but it's much more + + + align:start position:0% +assignment but it's much more +complicated to limit your energy than it + + align:start position:0% +complicated to limit your energy than it + + + align:start position:0% +complicated to limit your energy than it +is to limit your food spend you know + + align:start position:0% +is to limit your food spend you know + + + align:start position:0% +is to limit your food spend you know +your your your um Financial spending + + align:start position:0% +your your your um Financial spending + + + align:start position:0% +your your your um Financial spending +obviously for some of the reasons we + + align:start position:0% +obviously for some of the reasons we + + + align:start position:0% +obviously for some of the reasons we +just talked about that you can't just + + align:start position:0% +just talked about that you can't just + + + align:start position:0% +just talked about that you can't just +walk into a classroom and be like I'm + + align:start position:0% +walk into a classroom and be like I'm + + + align:start position:0% +walk into a classroom and be like I'm +sorry Professor you need to turn off + + align:start position:0% +sorry Professor you need to turn off + + + align:start position:0% +sorry Professor you need to turn off +that projector and I need the lights off + + align:start position:0% +that projector and I need the lights off + + + align:start position:0% +that projector and I need the lights off +and the um heat off um and I can't do my + + align:start position:0% +and the um heat off um and I can't do my + + + align:start position:0% +and the um heat off um and I can't do my +my problem sets today because I can't + + align:start position:0% +my problem sets today because I can't + + + align:start position:0% +my problem sets today because I can't +use light and I can't use my computer + + align:start position:0% +use light and I can't use my computer + + + align:start position:0% +use light and I can't use my computer +cuz um my other class said that right + + align:start position:0% +cuz um my other class said that right + + + align:start position:0% +cuz um my other class said that right +like we don't actually want you to fail + + align:start position:0% +like we don't actually want you to fail + + + align:start position:0% +like we don't actually want you to fail +um your for a given week um or make + + align:start position:0% +um your for a given week um or make + + + align:start position:0% +um your for a given week um or make +everyone in your world hate you because + + align:start position:0% +everyone in your world hate you because + + + align:start position:0% +everyone in your world hate you because +you're restricting and you know it's + + align:start position:0% +you're restricting and you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +you're restricting and you know it's +it's much easier to control your + + align:start position:0% +it's much easier to control your + + + align:start position:0% +it's much easier to control your +personal spending than your personal + + align:start position:0% +personal spending than your personal + + + align:start position:0% +personal spending than your personal +energy um so the way we we did this is + + align:start position:0% +energy um so the way we we did this is + + + align:start position:0% +energy um so the way we we did this is +um we split it up into a few things and + + align:start position:0% +um we split it up into a few things and + + + align:start position:0% +um we split it up into a few things and +the other thing is that most people have + + align:start position:0% +the other thing is that most people have + + + align:start position:0% +the other thing is that most people have +a budget or a general sense of how much + + align:start position:0% +a budget or a general sense of how much + + + align:start position:0% +a budget or a general sense of how much +you're spending on a given day or a + + align:start position:0% +you're spending on a given day or a + + + align:start position:0% +you're spending on a given day or a +given week and very few of us as we just + + align:start position:0% +given week and very few of us as we just + + + align:start position:0% +given week and very few of us as we just +figured out have a sense of how much + + align:start position:0% +figured out have a sense of how much + + + align:start position:0% +figured out have a sense of how much +energy we're spending um use consuming + + align:start position:0% +energy we're spending um use consuming + + + align:start position:0% +energy we're spending um use consuming +on a given day or week + + align:start position:0% +on a given day or week + + + align:start position:0% +on a given day or week +so what I would like you to do is choose + + align:start position:0% +so what I would like you to do is choose + + + align:start position:0% +so what I would like you to do is choose +two days this week um and on the first + + align:start position:0% +two days this week um and on the first + + + align:start position:0% +two days this week um and on the first +day actually spend your day + + align:start position:0% +day actually spend your day + + + align:start position:0% +day actually spend your day +documenting all the time at at all times + + align:start position:0% +documenting all the time at at all times + + + align:start position:0% +documenting all the time at at all times +you know I'm using my laptop for this + + align:start position:0% +you know I'm using my laptop for this + + + align:start position:0% +you know I'm using my laptop for this +much time I'm in a lit room for this + + align:start position:0% +much time I'm in a lit room for this + + + align:start position:0% +much time I'm in a lit room for this +much time I'm in a heated room for this + + align:start position:0% +much time I'm in a heated room for this + + + align:start position:0% +much time I'm in a heated room for this +much time I'm driving my car for this + + align:start position:0% +much time I'm driving my car for this + + + align:start position:0% +much time I'm driving my car for this +much time all this stuff and run through + + align:start position:0% +much time all this stuff and run through + + + align:start position:0% +much time all this stuff and run through +the numbers um so that you can get a + + align:start position:0% +the numbers um so that you can get a + + + align:start position:0% +the numbers um so that you can get a +more refined number than your initial + + align:start position:0% +more refined number than your initial + + + align:start position:0% +more refined number than your initial +estimate + + align:start position:0% +estimate + + + align:start position:0% +estimate +um I don't want you to spend 1,000 hours + + align:start position:0% +um I don't want you to spend 1,000 hours + + + align:start position:0% +um I don't want you to spend 1,000 hours +on this assignment so it would be very + + align:start position:0% +on this assignment so it would be very + + + align:start position:0% +on this assignment so it would be very +easy to get so anal that you would have + + align:start position:0% +easy to get so anal that you would have + + + align:start position:0% +easy to get so anal that you would have +to spend um a ridiculous number of hours + + align:start position:0% +to spend um a ridiculous number of hours + + + align:start position:0% +to spend um a ridiculous number of hours +on this assignment and so you need sort + + align:start position:0% +on this assignment and so you need sort + + + align:start position:0% +on this assignment and so you need sort +of need to balance how refined your + + align:start position:0% +of need to balance how refined your + + + align:start position:0% +of need to balance how refined your +number is versus you have a a life and + + align:start position:0% +number is versus you have a a life and + + + align:start position:0% +number is versus you have a a life and +you can't only spend it on my class as + + align:start position:0% +you can't only spend it on my class as + + + align:start position:0% +you can't only spend it on my class as +much as I think you + + align:start position:0% +much as I think you + + + align:start position:0% +much as I think you +should so um yeah so take that into + + align:start position:0% +should so um yeah so take that into + + + align:start position:0% +should so um yeah so take that into +account one student last year just I + + align:start position:0% +account one student last year just I + + + align:start position:0% +account one student last year just I +think spent like 80 hours on this + + align:start position:0% +think spent like 80 hours on this + + + align:start position:0% +think spent like 80 hours on this +assignment and I really don't want that + + align:start position:0% +assignment and I really don't want that + + + align:start position:0% +assignment and I really don't want that +so yeah um and then some of the things + + align:start position:0% +so yeah um and then some of the things + + + align:start position:0% +so yeah um and then some of the things +you should think about is what is in + + align:start position:0% +you should think about is what is in + + + align:start position:0% +you should think about is what is in +your control and what is not in your + + align:start position:0% +your control and what is not in your + + + align:start position:0% +your control and what is not in your +control and what's sort of in your + + align:start position:0% +control and what's sort of in your + + + align:start position:0% +control and what's sort of in your +control um and then on the second day um + + align:start position:0% +control um and then on the second day um + + + align:start position:0% +control um and then on the second day um +and if it's possible and I know there's + + align:start position:0% +and if it's possible and I know there's + + + align:start position:0% +and if it's possible and I know there's +within reason if you can make the two + + align:start position:0% +within reason if you can make the two + + + align:start position:0% +within reason if you can make the two +days similar so like if one day is a + + align:start position:0% +days similar so like if one day is a + + + align:start position:0% +days similar so like if one day is a +weekend and your weekends are totally + + align:start position:0% +weekend and your weekends are totally + + + align:start position:0% +weekend and your weekends are totally +different from your weekdays if you can + + align:start position:0% +different from your weekdays if you can + + + align:start position:0% +different from your weekdays if you can +try not to do that um so that you can + + align:start position:0% +try not to do that um so that you can + + + align:start position:0% +try not to do that um so that you can +have a comparison that's that's vaguely + + align:start position:0% +have a comparison that's that's vaguely + + + align:start position:0% +have a comparison that's that's vaguely +legitimate um + + align:start position:0% +legitimate um + + + align:start position:0% +legitimate um +make try to implement cut backs as much + + align:start position:0% +make try to implement cut backs as much + + + align:start position:0% +make try to implement cut backs as much +as possible to cut back significantly um + + align:start position:0% +as possible to cut back significantly um + + + align:start position:0% +as possible to cut back significantly um +last year one student cut back by taking + + align:start position:0% +last year one student cut back by taking + + + align:start position:0% +last year one student cut back by taking +shorter showers that was the entire cut + + align:start position:0% +shorter showers that was the entire cut + + + align:start position:0% +shorter showers that was the entire cut +that they made and that's + + align:start position:0% +that they made and that's + + + align:start position:0% +that they made and that's +insufficient so try to really make it + + align:start position:0% +insufficient so try to really make it + + + align:start position:0% +insufficient so try to really make it +hurt like it hurts to spend $2 a day for + + align:start position:0% +hurt like it hurts to spend $2 a day for + + + align:start position:0% +hurt like it hurts to spend $2 a day for +a week um but at the same time try not + + align:start position:0% +a week um but at the same time try not + + + align:start position:0% +a week um but at the same time try not +to fail your classes um so you know + + align:start position:0% +to fail your classes um so you know + + + align:start position:0% +to fail your classes um so you know +there's a a balancing act there um and + + align:start position:0% +there's a a balancing act there um and + + + align:start position:0% +there's a a balancing act there um and +then document how hard was it to cut + + align:start position:0% +then document how hard was it to cut + + + align:start position:0% +then document how hard was it to cut +back where could you could cut back what + + align:start position:0% +back where could you could cut back what + + + align:start position:0% +back where could you could cut back what +was out of your control and then think + + align:start position:0% +was out of your control and then think + + + align:start position:0% +was out of your control and then think +about but don't actually you don't + + align:start position:0% +about but don't actually you don't + + + align:start position:0% +about but don't actually you don't +actually have to experience because um + + align:start position:0% +actually have to experience because um + + + align:start position:0% +actually have to experience because um +it would be very challenging um and + + align:start position:0% +it would be very challenging um and + + + align:start position:0% +it would be very challenging um and +prohibitive is what if I said you have + + align:start position:0% +prohibitive is what if I said you have + + + align:start position:0% +prohibitive is what if I said you have +to use 10% of the energy + + align:start position:0% +to use 10% of the energy + + + align:start position:0% +to use 10% of the energy +um that you're currently using what + + align:start position:0% +um that you're currently using what + + + align:start position:0% +um that you're currently using what +would you do um if that was just a + + align:start position:0% +would you do um if that was just a + + + align:start position:0% +would you do um if that was just a +mandatory thing how would you live and + + align:start position:0% +mandatory thing how would you live and + + + align:start position:0% +mandatory thing how would you live and +then sort of run through that as a + + align:start position:0% +then sort of run through that as a + + + align:start position:0% +then sort of run through that as a +thought experiment but you don't + + align:start position:0% +thought experiment but you don't + + + align:start position:0% +thought experiment but you don't +actually have to do it because it would + + align:start position:0% +actually have to do it because it would + + + align:start position:0% +actually have to do it because it would +be challenging + + align:start position:0% +be challenging + + + align:start position:0% +be challenging +um so and the reason for the 10% + + align:start position:0% +um so and the reason for the 10% + + + align:start position:0% +um so and the reason for the 10% +is looking at the energy energy usage in + + align:start position:0% +is looking at the energy energy usage in + + + align:start position:0% +is looking at the energy energy usage in +the US versus um in + + align:start position:0% +the US versus um in + + + align:start position:0% +the US versus um in +Nicaragua um and then the other + + align:start position:0% +Nicaragua um and then the other + + + align:start position:0% +Nicaragua um and then the other +assignments I just want to remind you of + + align:start position:0% +assignments I just want to remind you of + + + align:start position:0% +assignments I just want to remind you of +one is if you any um plastic bottle from + + align:start position:0% +one is if you any um plastic bottle from + + + align:start position:0% +one is if you any um plastic bottle from +like a personal water bottle or um Coke + + align:start position:0% +like a personal water bottle or um Coke + + + align:start position:0% +like a personal water bottle or um Coke +bottle to a 2 L bottle we need for um a + + align:start position:0% +bottle to a 2 L bottle we need for um a + + + align:start position:0% +bottle to a 2 L bottle we need for um a +lab coming up in a few weeks so if you + + align:start position:0% +lab coming up in a few weeks so if you + + + align:start position:0% +lab coming up in a few weeks so if you +can look around your living group and + + align:start position:0% +can look around your living group and + + + align:start position:0% +can look around your living group and +collect a few and bring them in that + + align:start position:0% +collect a few and bring them in that + + + align:start position:0% +collect a few and bring them in that +will make our lives a lot easier soon um + + align:start position:0% +will make our lives a lot easier soon um + + + align:start position:0% +will make our lives a lot easier soon um +and then the other thing is just + + align:start position:0% +and then the other thing is just + + + align:start position:0% +and then the other thing is just +reminder that you should be practicing + + align:start position:0% +reminder that you should be practicing + + + align:start position:0% +reminder that you should be practicing +Poco espol portor so please do um any + + align:start position:0% +Poco espol portor so please do um any + + + align:start position:0% +Poco espol portor so please do um any +questions on this homework well it's + + align:start position:0% +questions on this homework well it's + + + align:start position:0% +questions on this homework well it's +more on the plastic bottles um is there + + align:start position:0% +more on the plastic bottles um is there + + + align:start position:0% +more on the plastic bottles um is there +a place for us to store the plastic + + align:start position:0% +a place for us to store the plastic + + + align:start position:0% +a place for us to store the plastic +bottles intermediately for example like + + align:start position:0% +bottles intermediately for example like + + + align:start position:0% +bottles intermediately for example like +we that way we don't have to bring in a + + align:start position:0% +we that way we don't have to bring in a + + + align:start position:0% +we that way we don't have to bring in a +whole bunch load of plastic bottles if + + align:start position:0% +whole bunch load of plastic bottles if + + + align:start position:0% +whole bunch load of plastic bottles if +we have if we have them and bring them + + align:start position:0% +we have if we have them and bring them + + + align:start position:0% +we have if we have them and bring them +in week by week yeah you can bring them + + align:start position:0% +in week by week yeah you can bring them + + + align:start position:0% +in week by week yeah you can bring them +in every week and we'll collect them and + + align:start position:0% +in every week and we'll collect them and + + + align:start position:0% +in every week and we'll collect them and +find a place in here in the room next + + align:start position:0% +find a place in here in the room next + + + align:start position:0% +find a place in here in the room next +door to store them so want so we need uh + + align:start position:0% +door to store them so want so we need uh + + + align:start position:0% +door to store them so want so we need uh +we don't we don't actually need that + + align:start position:0% +we don't we don't actually need that + + + align:start position:0% +we don't we don't actually need that +many um but it's nice to have an + + align:start position:0% +many um but it's nice to have an + + + align:start position:0% +many um but it's nice to have an +assortment so when you're building your + + align:start position:0% +assortment so when you're building your + + + align:start position:0% +assortment so when you're building your +wind turbine you can select the one that + + align:start position:0% +wind turbine you can select the one that + + + align:start position:0% +wind turbine you can select the one that +looks most appealing to you so we don't + + align:start position:0% +looks most appealing to you so we don't + + + align:start position:0% +looks most appealing to you so we don't +need an infinite so if everyone brought + + align:start position:0% +need an infinite so if everyone brought + + + align:start position:0% +need an infinite so if everyone brought +one or two that would be plenty um but + + align:start position:0% +one or two that would be plenty um but + + + align:start position:0% +one or two that would be plenty um but +some people it may be easier than others + + align:start position:0% +some people it may be easier than others + + + align:start position:0% +some people it may be easier than others +to bring them in so if you know like + + align:start position:0% +to bring them in so if you know like + + + align:start position:0% +to bring them in so if you know like +don't bring in a 100 but if you can + + align:start position:0% +don't bring in a 100 but if you can + + + align:start position:0% +don't bring in a 100 but if you can +bring in four great um + + align:start position:0% +bring in four great um + + + align:start position:0% +bring in four great um +yeah any other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions okay so if you can fill out + + align:start position:0% +questions okay so if you can fill out + + + align:start position:0% +questions okay so if you can fill out +your muddy cards real quick that would + + align:start position:0% +your muddy cards real quick that would + + + align:start position:0% +your muddy cards real quick that would +be great um next CL lab is energy + + align:start position:0% +be great um next CL lab is energy + + + align:start position:0% +be great um next CL lab is energy +storage here and next class is lighting + + align:start position:0% +storage here and next class is lighting + + + align:start position:0% +storage here and next class is lighting +and P partner intro \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/DXOixR53iJ0.txt b/DXOixR53iJ0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e5f60b2cfab19ca0f4fdb5483d9af97bf01db5a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/DXOixR53iJ0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1763 @@ +align:start position:0% + +Um, our next speaker is, uh, Tito. Um, + + align:start position:0% +Um, our next speaker is, uh, Tito. Um, + + + align:start position:0% +Um, our next speaker is, uh, Tito. Um, +sorry, Kristoff Reinhardt. Um, and I'm + + align:start position:0% +sorry, Kristoff Reinhardt. Um, and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +sorry, Kristoff Reinhardt. Um, and I'm +gonna again let you introduce yourself. + + align:start position:0% +gonna again let you introduce yourself. + + + align:start position:0% +gonna again let you introduce yourself. +>> Okay. I think + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. I think + + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. I think +>> Oh, you got it. You're all set. + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh, you got it. You're all set. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh, you got it. You're all set. +>> Thanks a lot, Zay. Good morning, + + align:start position:0% +>> Thanks a lot, Zay. Good morning, + + + align:start position:0% +>> Thanks a lot, Zay. Good morning, +everybody. Uh, great pleasure to be + + align:start position:0% +everybody. Uh, great pleasure to be + + + align:start position:0% +everybody. Uh, great pleasure to be +here. Thanks a lot to all of you for + + align:start position:0% +here. Thanks a lot to all of you for + + + align:start position:0% +here. Thanks a lot to all of you for +taking the time uh to learn about this + + align:start position:0% +taking the time uh to learn about this + + + align:start position:0% +taking the time uh to learn about this +important topic. And as Zanab said, we + + align:start position:0% +important topic. And as Zanab said, we + + + align:start position:0% +important topic. And as Zanab said, we +all have to get involved in this and + + align:start position:0% +all have to get involved in this and + + + align:start position:0% +all have to get involved in this and +become active. Uh I didn't learn how to + + align:start position:0% +become active. Uh I didn't learn how to + + + align:start position:0% +become active. Uh I didn't learn how to +use a corkbang from Zanap. I learned + + align:start position:0% +use a corkbang from Zanap. I learned + + + align:start position:0% +use a corkbang from Zanap. I learned +that from my uh father-in-law with whom + + align:start position:0% +that from my uh father-in-law with whom + + + align:start position:0% +that from my uh father-in-law with whom +I've done a lot of building renovations + + align:start position:0% +I've done a lot of building renovations + + + align:start position:0% +I've done a lot of building renovations +over the years. Uh but I'm meeting Zanab + + align:start position:0% +over the years. Uh but I'm meeting Zanab + + + align:start position:0% +over the years. Uh but I'm meeting Zanab +regularly over the past year on Pi Days + + align:start position:0% +regularly over the past year on Pi Days + + + align:start position:0% +regularly over the past year on Pi Days +and other events to eat a lot of pie. So + + align:start position:0% +and other events to eat a lot of pie. So + + + align:start position:0% +and other events to eat a lot of pie. So +I think you only know me with a serious + + align:start position:0% +I think you only know me with a serious + + + align:start position:0% +I think you only know me with a serious +sugar rush. And uh so let's see where I + + align:start position:0% +sugar rush. And uh so let's see where I + + + align:start position:0% +sugar rush. And uh so let's see where I +have my remote control here. Yeah, I + + align:start position:0% +have my remote control here. Yeah, I + + + align:start position:0% +have my remote control here. Yeah, I +think that fits really well. Basically + + align:start position:0% +think that fits really well. Basically + + + align:start position:0% +think that fits really well. Basically +Jay uh talked about the whole planet and + + align:start position:0% +Jay uh talked about the whole planet and + + + align:start position:0% +Jay uh talked about the whole planet and +the effects of various actions on the + + align:start position:0% +the effects of various actions on the + + + align:start position:0% +the effects of various actions on the +planet and I tried to make the jump from + + align:start position:0% +planet and I tried to make the jump from + + + align:start position:0% +planet and I tried to make the jump from +the planet to the individual building + + align:start position:0% +the planet to the individual building + + + align:start position:0% +the planet to the individual building +and what this means for an individual + + align:start position:0% +and what this means for an individual + + + align:start position:0% +and what this means for an individual +building owner. So uh I'm really excited + + align:start position:0% +building owner. So uh I'm really excited + + + align:start position:0% +building owner. So uh I'm really excited +about the slides since last week a + + align:start position:0% +about the slides since last week a + + + align:start position:0% +about the slides since last week a +little less so but uh what we put + + align:start position:0% +little less so but uh what we put + + + align:start position:0% +little less so but uh what we put +together basically that as of April of + + align:start position:0% +together basically that as of April of + + + align:start position:0% +together basically that as of April of +last year we had a spectacular + + align:start position:0% +last year we had a spectacular + + + align:start position:0% +last year we had a spectacular +148 countries that represent 90% of the + + align:start position:0% +148 countries that represent 90% of the + + + align:start position:0% +148 countries that represent 90% of the +world's population and 90% of the + + align:start position:0% +world's population and 90% of the + + + align:start position:0% +world's population and 90% of the +world's GDP that had jointly said it's a + + align:start position:0% +world's GDP that had jointly said it's a + + + align:start position:0% +world's GDP that had jointly said it's a +good idea to decarbonize our industry + + align:start position:0% +good idea to decarbonize our industry + + + align:start position:0% +good idea to decarbonize our industry +our world and if we think about in what + + align:start position:0% +our world and if we think about in what + + + align:start position:0% +our world and if we think about in what +kind of incredibly polarized times we + + align:start position:0% +kind of incredibly polarized times we + + + align:start position:0% +kind of incredibly polarized times we +live and I guess last week shows that + + align:start position:0% +live and I guess last week shows that + + + align:start position:0% +live and I guess last week shows that +there are h bumps in the road towards + + align:start position:0% +there are h bumps in the road towards + + + align:start position:0% +there are h bumps in the road towards +this joint goal but uh that there's an + + align:start position:0% +this joint goal but uh that there's an + + + align:start position:0% +this joint goal but uh that there's an +incredible buyin here uh towards this + + align:start position:0% +incredible buyin here uh towards this + + + align:start position:0% +incredible buyin here uh towards this +idea of having a net zero global economy + + align:start position:0% +idea of having a net zero global economy + + + align:start position:0% +idea of having a net zero global economy +and I would call this goal really really + + align:start position:0% +and I would call this goal really really + + + align:start position:0% +and I would call this goal really really +radical and the reason why is because + + align:start position:0% +radical and the reason why is because + + + align:start position:0% +radical and the reason why is because +it's so different from what we have been + + align:start position:0% +it's so different from what we have been + + + align:start position:0% +it's so different from what we have been +doing and not a lot of people know this + + align:start position:0% +doing and not a lot of people know this + + + align:start position:0% +doing and not a lot of people know this +I only came across that a couple of + + align:start position:0% +I only came across that a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +I only came across that a couple of +years ago it's really worthwhile looking + + align:start position:0% +years ago it's really worthwhile looking + + + align:start position:0% +years ago it's really worthwhile looking +this up this uh 1952 pi commission + + align:start position:0% +this up this uh 1952 pi commission + + + align:start position:0% +this up this uh 1952 pi commission +resources for freedom that was a report + + align:start position:0% +resources for freedom that was a report + + + align:start position:0% +resources for freedom that was a report +that I would say was really the moment + + align:start position:0% +that I would say was really the moment + + + align:start position:0% +that I would say was really the moment +that defined global attitude towards + + align:start position:0% +that defined global attitude towards + + + align:start position:0% +that defined global attitude towards +economic growth fossil fuels and so + + align:start position:0% +economic growth fossil fuels and so + + + align:start position:0% +economic growth fossil fuels and so +forth. This was done uh by a set of + + align:start position:0% +forth. This was done uh by a set of + + + align:start position:0% +forth. This was done uh by a set of +experts was really widely published the + + align:start position:0% +experts was really widely published the + + + align:start position:0% +experts was really widely published the +paley commission was by the uh headed by + + align:start position:0% +paley commission was by the uh headed by + + + align:start position:0% +paley commission was by the uh headed by +the president of the CBC paley and + + align:start position:0% +the president of the CBC paley and + + + align:start position:0% +the president of the CBC paley and +basically the sentence at the bottom is + + align:start position:0% +basically the sentence at the bottom is + + + align:start position:0% +basically the sentence at the bottom is +really key. It says that permanent + + align:start position:0% +really key. It says that permanent + + + align:start position:0% +really key. It says that permanent +economic growth powered by cheap fossil + + align:start position:0% +economic growth powered by cheap fossil + + + align:start position:0% +economic growth powered by cheap fossil +fuels of arbitrary origin is the + + align:start position:0% +fuels of arbitrary origin is the + + + align:start position:0% +fuels of arbitrary origin is the +overarching political priority of the + + align:start position:0% +overarching political priority of the + + + align:start position:0% +overarching political priority of the +20th century. And if you think about it, + + align:start position:0% +20th century. And if you think about it, + + + align:start position:0% +20th century. And if you think about it, +it's hard to think of any policy that + + align:start position:0% +it's hard to think of any policy that + + + align:start position:0% +it's hard to think of any policy that +has been like implemented with more + + align:start position:0% +has been like implemented with more + + + align:start position:0% +has been like implemented with more +vigor over such a long period of time. + + align:start position:0% +vigor over such a long period of time. + + + align:start position:0% +vigor over such a long period of time. +And so that in the face of this, we want + + align:start position:0% +And so that in the face of this, we want + + + align:start position:0% +And so that in the face of this, we want +to change here is really remarkable. Of + + align:start position:0% +to change here is really remarkable. Of + + + align:start position:0% +to change here is really remarkable. Of +course, we really don't want to get rid + + align:start position:0% +course, we really don't want to get rid + + + align:start position:0% +course, we really don't want to get rid +of our energy use. We want to get rid of + + align:start position:0% +of our energy use. We want to get rid of + + + align:start position:0% +of our energy use. We want to get rid of +the related carbon that's related to the + + align:start position:0% +the related carbon that's related to the + + + align:start position:0% +the related carbon that's related to the +energy. But um it's still it's a big + + align:start position:0% +energy. But um it's still it's a big + + + align:start position:0% +energy. But um it's still it's a big +change. What are the drivers between + + align:start position:0% +change. What are the drivers between + + + align:start position:0% +change. What are the drivers between +these change? Well, in a way we heard + + align:start position:0% +these change? Well, in a way we heard + + + align:start position:0% +these change? Well, in a way we heard +about it already. Uh there's lots of um + + align:start position:0% +about it already. Uh there's lots of um + + + align:start position:0% +about it already. Uh there's lots of um +disasters happening worldwide. There's + + align:start position:0% +disasters happening worldwide. There's + + + align:start position:0% +disasters happening worldwide. There's +just political momentum building and + + align:start position:0% +just political momentum building and + + + align:start position:0% +just political momentum building and +organizations such as heat obviously + + align:start position:0% +organizations such as heat obviously + + + align:start position:0% +organizations such as heat obviously +provide solutions towards this global + + align:start position:0% +provide solutions towards this global + + + align:start position:0% +provide solutions towards this global +kind of initiative to say we want to + + align:start position:0% +kind of initiative to say we want to + + + align:start position:0% +kind of initiative to say we want to +basically change the ways we deal with + + align:start position:0% +basically change the ways we deal with + + + align:start position:0% +basically change the ways we deal with +our planet. I would say a key driver is + + align:start position:0% +our planet. I would say a key driver is + + + align:start position:0% +our planet. I would say a key driver is +also that cities uh a lot of cities are + + align:start position:0% +also that cities uh a lot of cities are + + + align:start position:0% +also that cities uh a lot of cities are +located near uh the sea and due to sea + + align:start position:0% +located near uh the sea and due to sea + + + align:start position:0% +located near uh the sea and due to sea +level rise we see cities becoming so + + align:start position:0% +level rise we see cities becoming so + + + align:start position:0% +level rise we see cities becoming so +much under pressure that they're + + align:start position:0% +much under pressure that they're + + + align:start position:0% +much under pressure that they're +disappearing. I'm not you sure if you + + align:start position:0% +disappearing. I'm not you sure if you + + + align:start position:0% +disappearing. I'm not you sure if you +followed that Jakarta is the first mega + + align:start position:0% +followed that Jakarta is the first mega + + + align:start position:0% +followed that Jakarta is the first mega +city who announced that they're going to + + align:start position:0% +city who announced that they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +city who announced that they're going to +move Jakarta. There won't be any Jakarta + + align:start position:0% +move Jakarta. There won't be any Jakarta + + + align:start position:0% +move Jakarta. There won't be any Jakarta +anymore. The reason is sea level rise + + align:start position:0% +anymore. The reason is sea level rise + + + align:start position:0% +anymore. The reason is sea level rise +overuse of groundwater in the city. So + + align:start position:0% +overuse of groundwater in the city. So + + + align:start position:0% +overuse of groundwater in the city. So +they just there are some dramatic photos + + align:start position:0% +they just there are some dramatic photos + + + align:start position:0% +they just there are some dramatic photos +out there that I didn't want to share + + align:start position:0% +out there that I didn't want to share + + + align:start position:0% +out there that I didn't want to share +due to our open course reference. I'm + + align:start position:0% +due to our open course reference. I'm + + + align:start position:0% +due to our open course reference. I'm +not even sure if I'm allowed to show + + align:start position:0% +not even sure if I'm allowed to show + + + align:start position:0% +not even sure if I'm allowed to show +this graph here from the New York Times, + + align:start position:0% +this graph here from the New York Times, + + + align:start position:0% +this graph here from the New York Times, +but it's very dramatic what is going on + + align:start position:0% +but it's very dramatic what is going on + + + align:start position:0% +but it's very dramatic what is going on +there. And then finally, of course, uh + + align:start position:0% +there. And then finally, of course, uh + + + align:start position:0% +there. And then finally, of course, uh +we hear that all the time more and more + + align:start position:0% +we hear that all the time more and more + + + align:start position:0% +we hear that all the time more and more +extreme weather events are happening. + + align:start position:0% +extreme weather events are happening. + + + align:start position:0% +extreme weather events are happening. +This graph put we put together a couple + + align:start position:0% +This graph put we put together a couple + + + align:start position:0% +This graph put we put together a couple +of months ago that basically looks at + + align:start position:0% +of months ago that basically looks at + + + align:start position:0% +of months ago that basically looks at +Noah's recorded extreme weather events. + + align:start position:0% +Noah's recorded extreme weather events. + + + align:start position:0% +Noah's recorded extreme weather events. +Wow. Uh over the last um uh over the + + align:start position:0% +Wow. Uh over the last um uh over the + + + align:start position:0% +Wow. Uh over the last um uh over the +last 70 years and 90% of these events + + align:start position:0% +last 70 years and 90% of these events + + + align:start position:0% +last 70 years and 90% of these events +opened have happened in the last decade. + + align:start position:0% +opened have happened in the last decade. + + + align:start position:0% +opened have happened in the last decade. +So it's really uh dramatic what is + + align:start position:0% +So it's really uh dramatic what is + + + align:start position:0% +So it's really uh dramatic what is +happening and I've been told I have to + + align:start position:0% +happening and I've been told I have to + + + align:start position:0% +happening and I've been told I have to +speed up. So now I try to make this + + align:start position:0% +speed up. So now I try to make this + + + align:start position:0% +speed up. So now I try to make this +jump. How do we get basically from our + + align:start position:0% +jump. How do we get basically from our + + + align:start position:0% +jump. How do we get basically from our +goal of uh these are of reducing uh the + + align:start position:0% +goal of uh these are of reducing uh the + + + align:start position:0% +goal of uh these are of reducing uh the +temperature keeping global temperature + + align:start position:0% +temperature keeping global temperature + + + align:start position:0% +temperature keeping global temperature +rise let's say under two degrees C + + align:start position:0% +rise let's say under two degrees C + + + align:start position:0% +rise let's say under two degrees C +whatever our goal is then we know we + + align:start position:0% +whatever our goal is then we know we + + + align:start position:0% +whatever our goal is then we know we +have 90 930 gigatons of CO2 left to make + + align:start position:0% +have 90 930 gigatons of CO2 left to make + + + align:start position:0% +have 90 930 gigatons of CO2 left to make +the global building stock or the global + + align:start position:0% +the global building stock or the global + + + align:start position:0% +the global building stock or the global +economy carbon neutral really if we are + + align:start position:0% +economy carbon neutral really if we are + + + align:start position:0% +economy carbon neutral really if we are +releasing more carbon in the atmosphere + + align:start position:0% +releasing more carbon in the atmosphere + + + align:start position:0% +releasing more carbon in the atmosphere +it's going to get warmer so if we now + + align:start position:0% +it's going to get warmer so if we now + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to get warmer so if we now +say okay the building stock can take 40% + + align:start position:0% +say okay the building stock can take 40% + + + align:start position:0% +say okay the building stock can take 40% +of this then an easy number to remember + + align:start position:0% +of this then an easy number to remember + + + align:start position:0% +of this then an easy number to remember +is that we have 340 gigatons and 30 + + align:start position:0% +is that we have 340 gigatons and 30 + + + align:start position:0% +is that we have 340 gigatons and 30 +years left to make the global building + + align:start position:0% +years left to make the global building + + + align:start position:0% +years left to make the global building +stock carbon neutral. Now this is our + + align:start position:0% +stock carbon neutral. Now this is our + + + align:start position:0% +stock carbon neutral. Now this is our +budget where can we spend our budget on? + + align:start position:0% +budget where can we spend our budget on? + + + align:start position:0% +budget where can we spend our budget on? +It's basically the projections are that + + align:start position:0% +It's basically the projections are that + + + align:start position:0% +It's basically the projections are that +the global build area is going to double + + align:start position:0% +the global build area is going to double + + + align:start position:0% +the global build area is going to double +by 2050. So this is our budget and this + + align:start position:0% +by 2050. So this is our budget and this + + + align:start position:0% +by 2050. So this is our budget and this +is where we have to spend it on. This is + + align:start position:0% +is where we have to spend it on. This is + + + align:start position:0% +is where we have to spend it on. This is +a simple graph that shows three + + align:start position:0% +a simple graph that shows three + + + align:start position:0% +a simple graph that shows three +predictions of what we could do to the + + align:start position:0% +predictions of what we could do to the + + + align:start position:0% +predictions of what we could do to the +global building stock. Business as usual + + align:start position:0% +global building stock. Business as usual + + + align:start position:0% +global building stock. Business as usual +says 1% renovation rate globally. Uh + + align:start position:0% +says 1% renovation rate globally. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +says 1% renovation rate globally. Uh +this is what we currently have and by + + align:start position:0% +this is what we currently have and by + + + align:start position:0% +this is what we currently have and by +2050 we will have net zero solutions for + + align:start position:0% +2050 we will have net zero solutions for + + + align:start position:0% +2050 we will have net zero solutions for +all buildings new and renovated. That's + + align:start position:0% +all buildings new and renovated. That's + + + align:start position:0% +all buildings new and renovated. That's +is going to blow our budget + + align:start position:0% +is going to blow our budget + + + align:start position:0% +is going to blow our budget +dramatically. Then the top of the orange + + align:start position:0% +dramatically. Then the top of the orange + + + align:start position:0% +dramatically. Then the top of the orange +line shows what happens if we have in 10 + + align:start position:0% +line shows what happens if we have in 10 + + + align:start position:0% +line shows what happens if we have in 10 +years net zero new buildings for all new + + align:start position:0% +years net zero new buildings for all new + + + align:start position:0% +years net zero new buildings for all new +construction and we increase the + + align:start position:0% +construction and we increase the + + + align:start position:0% +construction and we increase the +retrofitting rate to five% per year. + + align:start position:0% +retrofitting rate to five% per year. + + + align:start position:0% +retrofitting rate to five% per year. +That still doesn't get us fully there. + + align:start position:0% +That still doesn't get us fully there. + + + align:start position:0% +That still doesn't get us fully there. +We also need to have by this point + + align:start position:0% +We also need to have by this point + + + align:start position:0% +We also need to have by this point +embodied net zero. So all the energy + + align:start position:0% +embodied net zero. So all the energy + + + align:start position:0% +embodied net zero. So all the energy +that goes into building the buildings, + + align:start position:0% +that goes into building the buildings, + + + align:start position:0% +that goes into building the buildings, +we somewhat have to have net zero + + align:start position:0% +we somewhat have to have net zero + + + align:start position:0% +we somewhat have to have net zero +technologies. We have zero ideas of how + + align:start position:0% +technologies. We have zero ideas of how + + + align:start position:0% +technologies. We have zero ideas of how +to do that right now. But if we are + + align:start position:0% +to do that right now. But if we are + + + align:start position:0% +to do that right now. But if we are +putting that together really I would say + + align:start position:0% +putting that together really I would say + + + align:start position:0% +putting that together really I would say +there's a three-pronged approach of how + + align:start position:0% +there's a three-pronged approach of how + + + align:start position:0% +there's a three-pronged approach of how +we're going to move the building stock + + align:start position:0% +we're going to move the building stock + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to move the building stock +around. One is again 5% renovation rate + + align:start position:0% +around. One is again 5% renovation rate + + + align:start position:0% +around. One is again 5% renovation rate +per year. Within 10 years we need to + + align:start position:0% +per year. Within 10 years we need to + + + align:start position:0% +per year. Within 10 years we need to +have carbon neutral solutions for all + + align:start position:0% +have carbon neutral solutions for all + + + align:start position:0% +have carbon neutral solutions for all +new construction and for building + + align:start position:0% +new construction and for building + + + align:start position:0% +new construction and for building +retrofits. And really I would really + + align:start position:0% +retrofits. And really I would really + + + align:start position:0% +retrofits. And really I would really +question this terrible notion that we + + align:start position:0% +question this terrible notion that we + + + align:start position:0% +question this terrible notion that we +have to double the build area like in + + align:start position:0% +have to double the build area like in + + + align:start position:0% +have to double the build area like in +five in 30 years we're going to build + + align:start position:0% +five in 30 years we're going to build + + + align:start position:0% +five in 30 years we're going to build +what uh what we have built in the last + + align:start position:0% +what uh what we have built in the last + + + align:start position:0% +what uh what we have built in the last +5,000 years seems a terrible idea. So + + align:start position:0% +5,000 years seems a terrible idea. So + + + align:start position:0% +5,000 years seems a terrible idea. So +more efficient space use is very + + align:start position:0% +more efficient space use is very + + + align:start position:0% +more efficient space use is very +important as well. So since I have only + + align:start position:0% +important as well. So since I have only + + + align:start position:0% +important as well. So since I have only +two years what techn I'm now trying to + + align:start position:0% +two years what techn I'm now trying to + + + align:start position:0% +two years what techn I'm now trying to +take it down right to the individual + + align:start position:0% +take it down right to the individual + + + align:start position:0% +take it down right to the individual +owner. So if you have a typical building + + align:start position:0% +owner. So if you have a typical building + + + align:start position:0% +owner. So if you have a typical building +in New England right now in + + align:start position:0% +in New England right now in + + + align:start position:0% +in New England right now in +Massachusetts, the main proposal that + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts, the main proposal that + + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts, the main proposal that +you get is put PV on your rooftop and + + align:start position:0% +you get is put PV on your rooftop and + + + align:start position:0% +you get is put PV on your rooftop and +put in an airsource heat pump. That's + + align:start position:0% +put in an airsource heat pump. That's + + + align:start position:0% +put in an airsource heat pump. That's +really what Massachusetts is pushing. + + align:start position:0% +really what Massachusetts is pushing. + + + align:start position:0% +really what Massachusetts is pushing. +And so if we look at that, what that + + align:start position:0% +And so if we look at that, what that + + + align:start position:0% +And so if we look at that, what that +means is basically if you just in + + align:start position:0% +means is basically if you just in + + + align:start position:0% +means is basically if you just in +isolation put in a heat pump that in the + + align:start position:0% +isolation put in a heat pump that in the + + + align:start position:0% +isolation put in a heat pump that in the +best case scenario, unless you do it + + align:start position:0% +best case scenario, unless you do it + + + align:start position:0% +best case scenario, unless you do it +yourself, cost you cost you about + + align:start position:0% +yourself, cost you cost you about + + + align:start position:0% +yourself, cost you cost you about +$25,000. + + align:start position:0% +$25,000. + + + align:start position:0% +$25,000. +And it's going to and that's important + + align:start position:0% +And it's going to and that's important + + + align:start position:0% +And it's going to and that's important +if you're using natural gas right now + + align:start position:0% +if you're using natural gas right now + + + align:start position:0% +if you're using natural gas right now +increase your operating costs. So really + + align:start position:0% +increase your operating costs. So really + + + align:start position:0% +increase your operating costs. So really +from an economic standpoint the best you + + align:start position:0% +from an economic standpoint the best you + + + align:start position:0% +from an economic standpoint the best you +can do is put a heat pump uh use an + + align:start position:0% +can do is put a heat pump uh use an + + + align:start position:0% +can do is put a heat pump uh use an +airsource heat pump and a PV system. But + + align:start position:0% +airsource heat pump and a PV system. But + + + align:start position:0% +airsource heat pump and a PV system. But +what what that happens if you are doing + + align:start position:0% +what what that happens if you are doing + + + align:start position:0% +what what that happens if you are doing +that then of course very suddenly you + + align:start position:0% +that then of course very suddenly you + + + align:start position:0% +that then of course very suddenly you +have a building that puts a really + + align:start position:0% +have a building that puts a really + + + align:start position:0% +have a building that puts a really +strong strain on the grid because you're + + align:start position:0% +strong strain on the grid because you're + + + align:start position:0% +strong strain on the grid because you're +creating the electricity in the summer + + align:start position:0% +creating the electricity in the summer + + + align:start position:0% +creating the electricity in the summer +but you're having a new peak due to your + + align:start position:0% +but you're having a new peak due to your + + + align:start position:0% +but you're having a new peak due to your +heat pump in the winter and so we don't + + align:start position:0% +heat pump in the winter and so we don't + + + align:start position:0% +heat pump in the winter and so we don't +have any big battery lying around + + align:start position:0% +have any big battery lying around + + + align:start position:0% +have any big battery lying around +somewhere so that is a key problem + + align:start position:0% +somewhere so that is a key problem + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere so that is a key problem +overall and so what we should really do + + align:start position:0% +overall and so what we should really do + + + align:start position:0% +overall and so what we should really do +and I know I'm nearly there is we have + + align:start position:0% +and I know I'm nearly there is we have + + + align:start position:0% +and I know I'm nearly there is we have +to have a detailed an we have to offer + + align:start position:0% +to have a detailed an we have to offer + + + align:start position:0% +to have a detailed an we have to offer +every homeowner like a whole series of + + align:start position:0% +every homeowner like a whole series of + + + align:start position:0% +every homeowner like a whole series of +different choices that they can make + + align:start position:0% +different choices that they can make + + + align:start position:0% +different choices that they can make +with LEDs, better appliances, retrofit + + align:start position:0% +with LEDs, better appliances, retrofit + + + align:start position:0% +with LEDs, better appliances, retrofit +their building, PV putting in a heat + + align:start position:0% +their building, PV putting in a heat + + + align:start position:0% +their building, PV putting in a heat +pump. This type of analysis we want to + + align:start position:0% +pump. This type of analysis we want to + + + align:start position:0% +pump. This type of analysis we want to +do to give to every home owner. And in + + align:start position:0% +do to give to every home owner. And in + + + align:start position:0% +do to give to every home owner. And in +order to reach this goal, we're working + + align:start position:0% +order to reach this goal, we're working + + + align:start position:0% +order to reach this goal, we're working +with the state of Massachusetts right + + align:start position:0% +with the state of Massachusetts right + + + align:start position:0% +with the state of Massachusetts right +now. We build a model at two and a half + + align:start position:0% +now. We build a model at two and a half + + + align:start position:0% +now. We build a model at two and a half +million buildings. And the way this is + + align:start position:0% +million buildings. And the way this is + + + align:start position:0% +million buildings. And the way this is +going to look like in a few weeks, you + + align:start position:0% +going to look like in a few weeks, you + + + align:start position:0% +going to look like in a few weeks, you +can go to your building. You can set + + align:start position:0% +can go to your building. You can set + + + align:start position:0% +can go to your building. You can set +what have I done to my building right + + align:start position:0% +what have I done to my building right + + + align:start position:0% +what have I done to my building right +now? And then we're going to give you + + align:start position:0% +now? And then we're going to give you + + + align:start position:0% +now? And then we're going to give you +estimates in terms of cost, carbon + + align:start position:0% +estimates in terms of cost, carbon + + + align:start position:0% +estimates in terms of cost, carbon +savings and so forth what you can do. + + align:start position:0% +savings and so forth what you can do. + + + align:start position:0% +savings and so forth what you can do. +Right now in the first instances we + + align:start position:0% +Right now in the first instances we + + + align:start position:0% +Right now in the first instances we +probably have a airsource and ground + + align:start position:0% +probably have a airsource and ground + + + align:start position:0% +probably have a airsource and ground +source heat pumps not a network but + + align:start position:0% +source heat pumps not a network but + + + align:start position:0% +source heat pumps not a network but +these are things that we can kind of + + align:start position:0% +these are things that we can kind of + + + align:start position:0% +these are things that we can kind of +introduce over time if there's interest. + + align:start position:0% +introduce over time if there's interest. + + + align:start position:0% +introduce over time if there's interest. +Thank you. + + align:start position:0% +Thank you. + + + align:start position:0% +Thank you. +[Applause] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/DhNkLYeApck.txt b/DhNkLYeApck.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e9d9bfe170cb064ad0f25216f677198f2ec093fa --- /dev/null +++ b/DhNkLYeApck.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17288 @@ +align:start position:0% + +foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so just to remind you where we were we + + align:start position:0% +so just to remind you where we were we + + + align:start position:0% +so just to remind you where we were we +were talking about + + align:start position:0% +were talking about + + + align:start position:0% +were talking about +um this separation test and we had sort + + align:start position:0% +um this separation test and we had sort + + + align:start position:0% +um this separation test and we had sort +of gone through all the different you + + align:start position:0% +of gone through all the different you + + + align:start position:0% +of gone through all the different you +know uh all these different cases sort + + align:start position:0% +know uh all these different cases sort + + + align:start position:0% +know uh all these different cases sort +of testing for separation or whatever + + align:start position:0% +of testing for separation or whatever + + + align:start position:0% +of testing for separation or whatever +right and the the idea + + align:start position:0% +right and the the idea + + + align:start position:0% +right and the the idea +um of obsessing preceptor the the idea + + align:start position:0% +um of obsessing preceptor the the idea + + + align:start position:0% +um of obsessing preceptor the the idea +was to say + + align:start position:0% +was to say + + + align:start position:0% +was to say +you know if we have changes in household + + align:start position:0% +you know if we have changes in household + + + align:start position:0% +you know if we have changes in household +labor Supply does that kind of affect + + align:start position:0% +labor Supply does that kind of affect + + + align:start position:0% +labor Supply does that kind of affect +the amount of Labor demanded on sort of + + align:start position:0% +the amount of Labor demanded on sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the amount of Labor demanded on sort of +the the household Farms okay + + align:start position:0% +the the household Farms okay + + + align:start position:0% +the the household Farms okay +and then we talked about sort of some of + + align:start position:0% +and then we talked about sort of some of + + + align:start position:0% +and then we talked about sort of some of +the challenges with some of the empirics + + align:start position:0% +the challenges with some of the empirics + + + align:start position:0% +the challenges with some of the empirics +and the Benjamin paper that you guys + + align:start position:0% +and the Benjamin paper that you guys + + + align:start position:0% +and the Benjamin paper that you guys +read for last time + + align:start position:0% +read for last time + + + align:start position:0% +read for last time +so the idea of this uh Lafave and Thomas + + align:start position:0% +so the idea of this uh Lafave and Thomas + + + align:start position:0% +so the idea of this uh Lafave and Thomas +paper is basically it just literally + + align:start position:0% +paper is basically it just literally + + + align:start position:0% +paper is basically it just literally +kind of takes the model Etc off the + + align:start position:0% +kind of takes the model Etc off the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of takes the model Etc off the +shelf from the from the the Benjamin + + align:start position:0% +shelf from the from the the Benjamin + + + align:start position:0% +shelf from the from the the Benjamin +paper but kind of redoes it using panel + + align:start position:0% +paper but kind of redoes it using panel + + + align:start position:0% +paper but kind of redoes it using panel +data okay and so you know why so um did + + align:start position:0% +data okay and so you know why so um did + + + align:start position:0% +data okay and so you know why so um did +we discuss this at all at the end of the + + align:start position:0% +we discuss this at all at the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +we discuss this at all at the end of the +last class yes no + + align:start position:0% +last class yes no + + + align:start position:0% +last class yes no +yes we did a little bit a little bit but + + align:start position:0% +yes we did a little bit a little bit but + + + align:start position:0% +yes we did a little bit a little bit but +not not a lot okay so just to sum up + + align:start position:0% +not not a lot okay so just to sum up + + + align:start position:0% +not not a lot okay so just to sum up +then okay so sure so so since you + + align:start position:0% +then okay so sure so so since you + + + align:start position:0% +then okay so sure so so since you +answered the question so why so what was + + align:start position:0% +answered the question so why so what was + + + align:start position:0% +answered the question so why so what was +the idea of why was the panel data + + align:start position:0% +the idea of why was the panel data + + + align:start position:0% +the idea of why was the panel data +helping us + + align:start position:0% +helping us + + + align:start position:0% +helping us +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +for individuals or Farms + + align:start position:0% +for individuals or Farms + + + align:start position:0% +for individuals or Farms +exactly why is that helping like what is + + align:start position:0% +exactly why is that helping like what is + + + align:start position:0% +exactly why is that helping like what is +this sort of empirical concern is + + align:start position:0% +this sort of empirical concern is + + + align:start position:0% +this sort of empirical concern is +that there's sort of unreserved + + align:start position:0% +that there's sort of unreserved + + + align:start position:0% +that there's sort of unreserved +individual characteristics of households + + align:start position:0% +individual characteristics of households + + + align:start position:0% +individual characteristics of households +yeah exactly right so there's + + align:start position:0% +yeah exactly right so there's + + + align:start position:0% +yeah exactly right so there's +unobservable characteristics so like + + align:start position:0% +unobservable characteristics so like + + + align:start position:0% +unobservable characteristics so like +maybe there were people who had like you + + align:start position:0% +maybe there were people who had like you + + + align:start position:0% +maybe there were people who had like you +know really good land those people would + + align:start position:0% +know really good land those people would + + + align:start position:0% +know really good land those people would +have like more kids and they would also + + align:start position:0% +have like more kids and they would also + + + align:start position:0% +have like more kids and they would also +have maybe sure they'd have more kids + + align:start position:0% +have maybe sure they'd have more kids + + + align:start position:0% +have maybe sure they'd have more kids +they'd also have like more labor demand + + align:start position:0% +they'd also have like more labor demand + + + align:start position:0% +they'd also have like more labor demand +that's kind of the unreserved + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of the unreserved + + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of the unreserved +characteristic that we'd be dealing with + + align:start position:0% +characteristic that we'd be dealing with + + + align:start position:0% +characteristic that we'd be dealing with +right so fix the facts basically allow + + align:start position:0% +right so fix the facts basically allow + + + align:start position:0% +right so fix the facts basically allow +you to deal with that because we can + + align:start position:0% +you to deal with that because we can + + + align:start position:0% +you to deal with that because we can +like use a variation uh over time + + align:start position:0% +like use a variation uh over time + + + align:start position:0% +like use a variation uh over time +okay so so the idea is that basically + + align:start position:0% +okay so so the idea is that basically + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so the idea is that basically +you know we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +you know we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +you know we're gonna +um you know so in a very if we basically + + align:start position:0% +um you know so in a very if we basically + + + align:start position:0% +um you know so in a very if we basically +ran this regression but there was sort + + align:start position:0% +ran this regression but there was sort + + + align:start position:0% +ran this regression but there was sort +of unobserved land quality that was + + align:start position:0% +of unobserved land quality that was + + + align:start position:0% +of unobserved land quality that was +correlated with both labor demand and + + align:start position:0% +correlated with both labor demand and + + + align:start position:0% +correlated with both labor demand and +people the household with fixed effects + + align:start position:0% +people the household with fixed effects + + + align:start position:0% +people the household with fixed effects +we're going to sort of you know we're + + align:start position:0% +we're going to sort of you know we're + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to sort of you know we're +gonna include that it's equivalent to + + align:start position:0% +gonna include that it's equivalent to + + + align:start position:0% +gonna include that it's equivalent to +essentially demeaning things and so and + + align:start position:0% +essentially demeaning things and so and + + + align:start position:0% +essentially demeaning things and so and +so that that concern is no longer there + + align:start position:0% +so that that concern is no longer there + + + align:start position:0% +so that that concern is no longer there +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so does this strike you as a more + + align:start position:0% +so does this strike you as a more + + + align:start position:0% +so does this strike you as a more +plausible kind of uh empirical setting + + align:start position:0% +plausible kind of uh empirical setting + + + align:start position:0% +plausible kind of uh empirical setting +yes no + + align:start position:0% +yes no + + + align:start position:0% +yes no +what would you think about for this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes no more well clearly it's more + + align:start position:0% +yes no more well clearly it's more + + + align:start position:0% +yes no more well clearly it's more +plausible to strike you as plausible + + align:start position:0% +plausible to strike you as plausible + + + align:start position:0% +plausible to strike you as plausible +like is it like so okay so the ideas are + + align:start position:0% +like is it like so okay so the ideas are + + + align:start position:0% +like is it like so okay so the ideas are +going to use changes okay so first of + + align:start position:0% +going to use changes okay so first of + + + align:start position:0% +going to use changes okay so first of +all + + align:start position:0% +all + + + align:start position:0% +all +what's identifying this to be clear is + + align:start position:0% +what's identifying this to be clear is + + + align:start position:0% +what's identifying this to be clear is +changes over time in household + + align:start position:0% +changes over time in household + + + align:start position:0% +changes over time in household +composition within a given household + + align:start position:0% +composition within a given household + + + align:start position:0% +composition within a given household +right so we have to have a a panel + + align:start position:0% +right so we have to have a a panel + + + align:start position:0% +right so we have to have a a panel +structure where people or household + + align:start position:0% +structure where people or household + + + align:start position:0% +structure where people or household +composition is changing + + align:start position:0% +composition is changing + + + align:start position:0% +composition is changing +okay and so the question is if we get + + align:start position:0% +okay and so the question is if we get + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so the question is if we get +more or you know more or fewer people in + + align:start position:0% +more or you know more or fewer people in + + + align:start position:0% +more or you know more or fewer people in +our household is that associated with + + align:start position:0% +our household is that associated with + + + align:start position:0% +our household is that associated with +changes in labor demand + + align:start position:0% +changes in labor demand + + + align:start position:0% +changes in labor demand +so okay so first of all this + + align:start position:0% +so okay so first of all this + + + align:start position:0% +so okay so first of all this +some will not argue that that's not + + align:start position:0% +some will not argue that that's not + + + align:start position:0% +some will not argue that that's not +plausible + + align:start position:0% +plausible + + + align:start position:0% +plausible +what would be a problem with that + + align:start position:0% +what would be a problem with that + + + align:start position:0% +what would be a problem with that +identification idea + + align:start position:0% +identification idea + + + align:start position:0% +identification idea +yeah Whitney I think we haven't + + align:start position:0% +yeah Whitney I think we haven't + + + align:start position:0% +yeah Whitney I think we haven't +completely fixed the endogenous family + + align:start position:0% +completely fixed the endogenous family + + + align:start position:0% +completely fixed the endogenous family +size so say more so + + align:start position:0% +size so say more so + + + align:start position:0% +size so say more so +if for example your + + align:start position:0% +if for example your + + + align:start position:0% +if for example your +household isn't doing well you're like + + align:start position:0% +household isn't doing well you're like + + + align:start position:0% +household isn't doing well you're like +my relative went out to go work but now + + align:start position:0% +my relative went out to go work but now + + + align:start position:0% +my relative went out to go work but now +I need more help or something I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +I need more help or something I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +I need more help or something I'm gonna +ask to come home and so now my + + align:start position:0% +ask to come home and so now my + + + align:start position:0% +ask to come home and so now my +household size has increased but that + + align:start position:0% +household size has increased but that + + + align:start position:0% +household size has increased but that +was because exactly right exactly so + + align:start position:0% +was because exactly right exactly so + + + align:start position:0% +was because exactly right exactly so +imagine so so just to everyone if + + align:start position:0% +imagine so so just to everyone if + + + align:start position:0% +imagine so so just to everyone if +everyone hurts because the idea is + + align:start position:0% +everyone hurts because the idea is + + + align:start position:0% +everyone hurts because the idea is +imagine I I was being a liberty man + + align:start position:0% +imagine I I was being a liberty man + + + align:start position:0% +imagine I I was being a liberty man +shock I need more land I invite some + + align:start position:0% +shock I need more land I invite some + + + align:start position:0% +shock I need more land I invite some +cousin to come stay with me now my + + align:start position:0% +cousin to come stay with me now my + + + align:start position:0% +cousin to come stay with me now my +household size is increased that's like + + align:start position:0% +household size is increased that's like + + + align:start position:0% +household size is increased that's like +a violation of this right so that's + + align:start position:0% +a violation of this right so that's + + + align:start position:0% +a violation of this right so that's +exactly right so what they're going to + + align:start position:0% +exactly right so what they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +exactly right so what they're going to +do + + align:start position:0% +do + + + align:start position:0% +do +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so that's an induction change right + + align:start position:0% +so that's an induction change right + + + align:start position:0% +so that's an induction change right +that's what we don't want + + align:start position:0% +that's what we don't want + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we don't want +what what would be an exhaust so that's + + align:start position:0% +what what would be an exhaust so that's + + + align:start position:0% +what what would be an exhaust so that's +a problem what would be like an + + align:start position:0% +a problem what would be like an + + + align:start position:0% +a problem what would be like an +exogenous change in household + + align:start position:0% +exogenous change in household + + + align:start position:0% +exogenous change in household +composition + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah surprisingly guys what's that right + + align:start position:0% +yeah surprisingly guys what's that right + + + align:start position:0% +yeah surprisingly guys what's that right +someone surprisingly guys yes surprise + + align:start position:0% +someone surprisingly guys yes surprise + + + align:start position:0% +someone surprisingly guys yes surprise +deaths that would totally that would + + align:start position:0% +deaths that would totally that would + + + align:start position:0% +deaths that would totally that would +absolutely be a change in household + + align:start position:0% +absolutely be a change in household + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely be a change in household +competition + + align:start position:0% +competition + + + align:start position:0% +competition +what else + + align:start position:0% +what else + + + align:start position:0% +what else +what's a more common + + align:start position:0% +what's a more common + + + align:start position:0% +what's a more common +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +yeah I'm playing burst right but + + align:start position:0% +yeah I'm playing burst right but + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I'm playing burst right but +actually okay so I agree with you that's + + align:start position:0% +actually okay so I agree with you that's + + + align:start position:0% +actually okay so I agree with you that's +more common than than surprise deaths + + align:start position:0% +more common than than surprise deaths + + + align:start position:0% +more common than than surprise deaths +although actually I'm not actually I'm + + align:start position:0% +although actually I'm not actually I'm + + + align:start position:0% +although actually I'm not actually I'm +not sure about that I'm not sure which + + align:start position:0% +not sure about that I'm not sure which + + + align:start position:0% +not sure about that I'm not sure which +is more which is more common + + align:start position:0% +is more which is more common + + + align:start position:0% +is more which is more common +um but is there something even more + + align:start position:0% +um but is there something even more + + + align:start position:0% +um but is there something even more +common than that they can use + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +potentially if you basically think that + + align:start position:0% +potentially if you basically think that + + + align:start position:0% +potentially if you basically think that +yeah but I think that one thing you guys + + align:start position:0% +yeah but I think that one thing you guys + + + align:start position:0% +yeah but I think that one thing you guys +are forgetting is that not everyone in + + align:start position:0% +are forgetting is that not everyone in + + + align:start position:0% +are forgetting is that not everyone in +the household actually work is a working + + align:start position:0% +the household actually work is a working + + + align:start position:0% +the household actually work is a working +age and that's actually what they're + + align:start position:0% +age and that's actually what they're + + + align:start position:0% +age and that's actually what they're +going to use right so you guys are sort + + align:start position:0% +going to use right so you guys are sort + + + align:start position:0% +going to use right so you guys are sort +of thinking of like changing people + + align:start position:0% +of thinking of like changing people + + + align:start position:0% +of thinking of like changing people +coming into the household out of the + + align:start position:0% +coming into the household out of the + + + align:start position:0% +coming into the household out of the +household and you're right those are the + + align:start position:0% +household and you're right those are the + + + align:start position:0% +household and you're right those are the +kinds of shocks that we would use for + + align:start position:0% +kinds of shocks that we would use for + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of shocks that we would use for +that but like you know you get a new an + + align:start position:0% +that but like you know you get a new an + + + align:start position:0% +that but like you know you get a new an +infant is not going to sort of like you + + align:start position:0% +infant is not going to sort of like you + + + align:start position:0% +infant is not going to sort of like you +know affect your household labor Supply + + align:start position:0% +know affect your household labor Supply + + + align:start position:0% +know affect your household labor Supply +right kids have to be sort of a certain + + align:start position:0% +right kids have to be sort of a certain + + + align:start position:0% +right kids have to be sort of a certain +age before they can start sort of + + align:start position:0% +age before they can start sort of + + + align:start position:0% +age before they can start sort of +contributing to labor on the farm and so + + align:start position:0% +contributing to labor on the farm and so + + + align:start position:0% +contributing to labor on the farm and so +they're what they're and likewise at the + + align:start position:0% +they're what they're and likewise at the + + + align:start position:0% +they're what they're and likewise at the +other end after people get a certain age + + align:start position:0% +other end after people get a certain age + + + align:start position:0% +other end after people get a certain age +they're sort of you know typically not + + align:start position:0% +they're sort of you know typically not + + + align:start position:0% +they're sort of you know typically not +not supplying as much labor so what + + align:start position:0% +not supplying as much labor so what + + + align:start position:0% +not supplying as much labor so what +they're going to do is basically they're + + align:start position:0% +they're going to do is basically they're + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to do is basically they're +going to use sort of the the Aging of + + align:start position:0% +going to use sort of the the Aging of + + + align:start position:0% +going to use sort of the the Aging of +household members as + + align:start position:0% +household members as + + + align:start position:0% +household members as +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +surely predictable changes in sort of uh + + align:start position:0% +surely predictable changes in sort of uh + + + align:start position:0% +surely predictable changes in sort of uh +you know in your household labor Supply + + align:start position:0% +you know in your household labor Supply + + + align:start position:0% +you know in your household labor Supply +um but change that are uncorrelated with + + align:start position:0% +um but change that are uncorrelated with + + + align:start position:0% +um but change that are uncorrelated with +sort of Labor demand shocks so the so so + + align:start position:0% +sort of Labor demand shocks so the so so + + + align:start position:0% +sort of Labor demand shocks so the so so +the idea is like even if you thought + + align:start position:0% +the idea is like even if you thought + + + align:start position:0% +the idea is like even if you thought +like oh you know we need more kids on + + align:start position:0% +like oh you know we need more kids on + + + align:start position:0% +like oh you know we need more kids on +the farm we're gonna have more kids like + + align:start position:0% +the farm we're gonna have more kids like + + + align:start position:0% +the farm we're gonna have more kids like +there's kind of a time lag there right + + align:start position:0% +there's kind of a time lag there right + + + align:start position:0% +there's kind of a time lag there right +so you know we have a you know they have + + align:start position:0% +so you know we have a you know they have + + + align:start position:0% +so you know we have a you know they have +a kid starts at age zero right they + + align:start position:0% +a kid starts at age zero right they + + + align:start position:0% +a kid starts at age zero right they +don't start working until they're I + + align:start position:0% +don't start working until they're I + + + align:start position:0% +don't start working until they're I +don't know say teenagers or whatever + + align:start position:0% +don't know say teenagers or whatever + + + align:start position:0% +don't know say teenagers or whatever +right that's kind of when the the you + + align:start position:0% +right that's kind of when the the you + + + align:start position:0% +right that's kind of when the the you +know that shift from sort of being + + align:start position:0% +know that shift from sort of being + + + align:start position:0% +know that shift from sort of being +little kids that can't work to sort of + + align:start position:0% +little kids that can't work to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +little kids that can't work to sort of +teenagers that can work or or adults + + align:start position:0% +teenagers that can work or or adults + + + align:start position:0% +teenagers that can work or or adults +that can work that's kind of the the + + align:start position:0% +that can work that's kind of the the + + + align:start position:0% +that can work that's kind of the the +variation they want to use does that + + align:start position:0% +variation they want to use does that + + + align:start position:0% +variation they want to use does that +make sense + + align:start position:0% +make sense + + + align:start position:0% +make sense +so that's what they're going to do + + align:start position:0% +so that's what they're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +so that's what they're going to do +um they also have just like really + + align:start position:0% +um they also have just like really + + + align:start position:0% +um they also have just like really +terrific data and one thing I'll mention + + align:start position:0% +terrific data and one thing I'll mention + + + align:start position:0% +terrific data and one thing I'll mention +by the way is this was an example of as + + align:start position:0% +by the way is this was an example of as + + + align:start position:0% +by the way is this was an example of as +far as I know and and you know the + + align:start position:0% +far as I know and and you know the + + + align:start position:0% +far as I know and and you know the +the authors correct if I'm wrong on this + + align:start position:0% +the authors correct if I'm wrong on this + + + align:start position:0% +the authors correct if I'm wrong on this +but I'm pretty sure this was data that + + align:start position:0% +but I'm pretty sure this was data that + + + align:start position:0% +but I'm pretty sure this was data that +was collected for a totally different + + align:start position:0% +was collected for a totally different + + + align:start position:0% +was collected for a totally different +purpose + + align:start position:0% +purpose + + + align:start position:0% +purpose +um this was data that was collected + + align:start position:0% +um this was data that was collected + + + align:start position:0% +um this was data that was collected +because they were doing a long run study + + align:start position:0% +because they were doing a long run study + + + align:start position:0% +because they were doing a long run study +of iron supplementation in Central Java + + align:start position:0% +of iron supplementation in Central Java + + + align:start position:0% +of iron supplementation in Central Java +and so we wanted to look at what were + + align:start position:0% +and so we wanted to look at what were + + + align:start position:0% +and so we wanted to look at what were +the effects of sort of iron + + align:start position:0% +the effects of sort of iron + + + align:start position:0% +the effects of sort of iron +supplementation on labor Supply and a + + align:start position:0% +supplementation on labor Supply and a + + + align:start position:0% +supplementation on labor Supply and a +bunch of other things and they had all + + align:start position:0% +bunch of other things and they had all + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of other things and they had all +this very rich panel data and then + + align:start position:0% +this very rich panel data and then + + + align:start position:0% +this very rich panel data and then +realized they could use it to answer + + align:start position:0% +realized they could use it to answer + + + align:start position:0% +realized they could use it to answer +this other question and so I actually + + align:start position:0% +this other question and so I actually + + + align:start position:0% +this other question and so I actually +think one + + align:start position:0% +think one + + + align:start position:0% +think one +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +useful thing for you to think about in + + align:start position:0% +useful thing for you to think about in + + + align:start position:0% +useful thing for you to think about in +terms of data sources in general is that + + align:start position:0% +terms of data sources in general is that + + + align:start position:0% +terms of data sources in general is that +there are all of these data sets that + + align:start position:0% +there are all of these data sets that + + + align:start position:0% +there are all of these data sets that +have been collected for all kinds of + + align:start position:0% +have been collected for all kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +have been collected for all kinds of +other things right someone is doing a + + align:start position:0% +other things right someone is doing a + + + align:start position:0% +other things right someone is doing a +study of thus and such and collects you + + align:start position:0% +study of thus and such and collects you + + + align:start position:0% +study of thus and such and collects you +know a bazillion variables to study it + + align:start position:0% +know a bazillion variables to study it + + + align:start position:0% +know a bazillion variables to study it +and those data sets are often incredibly + + align:start position:0% +and those data sets are often incredibly + + + align:start position:0% +and those data sets are often incredibly +rich and can be used for sort of other + + align:start position:0% +rich and can be used for sort of other + + + align:start position:0% +rich and can be used for sort of other +purposes and so actually + + align:start position:0% +purposes and so actually + + + align:start position:0% +purposes and so actually +um you know if you look for example in + + align:start position:0% +um you know if you look for example in + + + align:start position:0% +um you know if you look for example in +the jpal dataverse for example we have + + align:start position:0% +the jpal dataverse for example we have + + + align:start position:0% +the jpal dataverse for example we have +lots of different websites from data pal + + align:start position:0% +lots of different websites from data pal + + + align:start position:0% +lots of different websites from data pal +studies or other sites that sort of + + align:start position:0% +studies or other sites that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +studies or other sites that sort of +compile these as well and + + align:start position:0% +compile these as well and + + + align:start position:0% +compile these as well and +it's worth sort of thinking about + + align:start position:0% +it's worth sort of thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +it's worth sort of thinking about +whether or not you have data sets that + + align:start position:0% +whether or not you have data sets that + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not you have data sets that +can be sort of for one purpose and + + align:start position:0% +can be sort of for one purpose and + + + align:start position:0% +can be sort of for one purpose and +repurposed + + align:start position:0% +repurposed + + + align:start position:0% +repurposed +um you know I did this a bit in one of + + align:start position:0% +um you know I did this a bit in one of + + + align:start position:0% +um you know I did this a bit in one of +my own papers I have a paper on social + + align:start position:0% +my own papers I have a paper on social + + + align:start position:0% +my own papers I have a paper on social +capital for example uh which was sort of + + align:start position:0% +capital for example uh which was sort of + + + align:start position:0% +capital for example uh which was sort of +repurposing a data set that was used for + + align:start position:0% +repurposing a data set that was used for + + + align:start position:0% +repurposing a data set that was used for +that collected for sort of a study about + + align:start position:0% +that collected for sort of a study about + + + align:start position:0% +that collected for sort of a study about +corruption + + align:start position:0% +corruption + + + align:start position:0% +corruption +um you know so you know you can you can + + align:start position:0% +um you know so you know you can you can + + + align:start position:0% +um you know so you know you can you can +think about sort of how these data sets + + align:start position:0% +think about sort of how these data sets + + + align:start position:0% +think about sort of how these data sets +can be repurposed and I expect there's + + align:start position:0% +can be repurposed and I expect there's + + + align:start position:0% +can be repurposed and I expect there's +lots of good lots of good data out there + + align:start position:0% +lots of good lots of good data out there + + + align:start position:0% +lots of good lots of good data out there +that hasn't been exploited and this is a + + align:start position:0% +that hasn't been exploited and this is a + + + align:start position:0% +that hasn't been exploited and this is a +really nice example of a paper that was + + align:start position:0% +really nice example of a paper that was + + + align:start position:0% +really nice example of a paper that was +ultimately published in econometric guy + + align:start position:0% +ultimately published in econometric guy + + + align:start position:0% +ultimately published in econometric guy +using a data set that was collected for + + align:start position:0% +using a data set that was collected for + + + align:start position:0% +using a data set that was collected for +some other purpose + + align:start position:0% +some other purpose + + + align:start position:0% +some other purpose +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so um so what's the the regression right + + align:start position:0% +so um so what's the the regression right + + + align:start position:0% +so um so what's the the regression right +the regression is going to be labor + + align:start position:0% +the regression is going to be labor + + + align:start position:0% +the regression is going to be labor +Demand on the farm as a function of + + align:start position:0% +Demand on the farm as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +Demand on the farm as a function of +number of people in the household of + + align:start position:0% +number of people in the household of + + + align:start position:0% +number of people in the household of +different size bins + + align:start position:0% +different size bins + + + align:start position:0% +different size bins +um and they're going to control for + + align:start position:0% +um and they're going to control for + + + align:start position:0% +um and they're going to control for +um uh household fixed effects and + + align:start position:0% +um uh household fixed effects and + + + align:start position:0% +um uh household fixed effects and +they'll also control for Community times + + align:start position:0% +they'll also control for Community times + + + align:start position:0% +they'll also control for Community times +time fixed effects okay so they're + + align:start position:0% +time fixed effects okay so they're + + + align:start position:0% +time fixed effects okay so they're +controlling for the fact that maybe you + + align:start position:0% +controlling for the fact that maybe you + + + align:start position:0% +controlling for the fact that maybe you +know so so why would you care about this + + align:start position:0% +know so so why would you care about this + + + align:start position:0% +know so so why would you care about this +if you imagine they were on a secular + + align:start position:0% +if you imagine they were on a secular + + + align:start position:0% +if you imagine they were on a secular +growth in household size is not that's + + align:start position:0% +growth in household size is not that's + + + align:start position:0% +growth in household size is not that's +necessarily true but if there was + + align:start position:0% +necessarily true but if there was + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily true but if there was +psychological growth in household sizes + + align:start position:0% +psychological growth in household sizes + + + align:start position:0% +psychological growth in household sizes +in a secular group of Labor demand you + + align:start position:0% +in a secular group of Labor demand you + + + align:start position:0% +in a secular group of Labor demand you +want to control what kind of time + + align:start position:0% +want to control what kind of time + + + align:start position:0% +want to control what kind of time +effects too so that's going to control + + align:start position:0% +effects too so that's going to control + + + align:start position:0% +effects too so that's going to control +for that and they're going to + + align:start position:0% +for that and they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +for that and they're going to +parameterize This n into different age + + align:start position:0% +parameterize This n into different age + + + align:start position:0% +parameterize This n into different age +bins and to isolate these exogenous + + align:start position:0% +bins and to isolate these exogenous + + + align:start position:0% +bins and to isolate these exogenous +changes they're going to restrict + + align:start position:0% +changes they're going to restrict + + + align:start position:0% +changes they're going to restrict +themselves to households with no change + + align:start position:0% +themselves to households with no change + + + align:start position:0% +themselves to households with no change +uh in in household size due to + + align:start position:0% +uh in in household size due to + + + align:start position:0% +uh in in household size due to +membership because the migration births + + align:start position:0% +membership because the migration births + + + align:start position:0% +membership because the migration births +or deaths they're going to just sort of + + align:start position:0% +or deaths they're going to just sort of + + + align:start position:0% +or deaths they're going to just sort of +look at the the changes due to sort of + + align:start position:0% +look at the the changes due to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +look at the the changes due to sort of +the the natural aging + + align:start position:0% +the the natural aging + + + align:start position:0% +the the natural aging +okay is that clear + + align:start position:0% +okay is that clear + + + align:start position:0% +okay is that clear +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +okay so this is a funny regression + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is a funny regression + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is a funny regression +because there's lots and lots of + + align:start position:0% +because there's lots and lots of + + + align:start position:0% +because there's lots and lots of +coefficients here are the different age + + align:start position:0% +coefficients here are the different age + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients here are the different age +bins like 0 to 14 15 19 20 to 34 et + + align:start position:0% +bins like 0 to 14 15 19 20 to 34 et + + + align:start position:0% +bins like 0 to 14 15 19 20 to 34 et +cetera et cetera this is um + + align:start position:0% +cetera et cetera this is um + + + align:start position:0% +cetera et cetera this is um +you know household + + align:start position:0% +you know household + + + align:start position:0% +you know household +uh Farm Demand on these various things + + align:start position:0% +uh Farm Demand on these various things + + + align:start position:0% +uh Farm Demand on these various things +and uh in general you sort of see that + + align:start position:0% +and uh in general you sort of see that + + + align:start position:0% +and uh in general you sort of see that +sort of farm demand is kind of + + align:start position:0% +sort of farm demand is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of farm demand is kind of +increasing as you sort of + + align:start position:0% +increasing as you sort of + + + align:start position:0% +increasing as you sort of +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +uh you know log labor demand as a + + align:start position:0% +uh you know log labor demand as a + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know log labor demand as a +function sort of a number of people in + + align:start position:0% +function sort of a number of people in + + + align:start position:0% +function sort of a number of people in +these different groups is you know is + + align:start position:0% +these different groups is you know is + + + align:start position:0% +these different groups is you know is +increasing for sort of all these + + align:start position:0% +increasing for sort of all these + + + align:start position:0% +increasing for sort of all these +different age ranges okay fine + + align:start position:0% +different age ranges okay fine + + + align:start position:0% +different age ranges okay fine +um if you use the variation from aging + + align:start position:0% +um if you use the variation from aging + + + align:start position:0% +um if you use the variation from aging +only it's the the standard errors are a + + align:start position:0% +only it's the the standard errors are a + + + align:start position:0% +only it's the the standard errors are a +little bit a little bit smaller by the + + align:start position:0% +little bit a little bit smaller by the + + + align:start position:0% +little bit a little bit smaller by the +way and they do this separately for men + + align:start position:0% +way and they do this separately for men + + + align:start position:0% +way and they do this separately for men +and for for women + + align:start position:0% +and for for women + + + align:start position:0% +and for for women +um it does look like you get you know + + align:start position:0% +um it does look like you get you know + + + align:start position:0% +um it does look like you get you know +for example in this age range the 15 to + + align:start position:0% +for example in this age range the 15 to + + + align:start position:0% +for example in this age range the 15 to +19 year olds it looks like for example + + align:start position:0% +19 year olds it looks like for example + + + align:start position:0% +19 year olds it looks like for example +you're getting impacts on labor demand + + align:start position:0% +you're getting impacts on labor demand + + + align:start position:0% +you're getting impacts on labor demand +from from boys but not from girls in + + align:start position:0% +from from boys but not from girls in + + + align:start position:0% +from from boys but not from girls in +other ages ranges you get it from both + + align:start position:0% +other ages ranges you get it from both + + + align:start position:0% +other ages ranges you get it from both +um but the key thing actually of all + + align:start position:0% +um but the key thing actually of all + + + align:start position:0% +um but the key thing actually of all +this is kind of these joint tests right + + align:start position:0% +this is kind of these joint tests right + + + align:start position:0% +this is kind of these joint tests right +so the the thing you want to do is + + align:start position:0% +so the the thing you want to do is + + + align:start position:0% +so the the thing you want to do is +reject if we want to reject separate uh + + align:start position:0% +reject if we want to reject separate uh + + + align:start position:0% +reject if we want to reject separate uh +separation we just want to do a joint + + align:start position:0% +separation we just want to do a joint + + + align:start position:0% +separation we just want to do a joint +test that that of all these demographic + + align:start position:0% +test that that of all these demographic + + + align:start position:0% +test that that of all these demographic +variables not predicting labor Demand + + align:start position:0% +variables not predicting labor Demand + + + align:start position:0% +variables not predicting labor Demand +right and that's what they that's that's + + align:start position:0% +right and that's what they that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +right and that's what they that's that's +what this is right here and so you can + + align:start position:0% +what this is right here and so you can + + + align:start position:0% +what this is right here and so you can +see they can strongly kind of reject the + + align:start position:0% +see they can strongly kind of reject the + + + align:start position:0% +see they can strongly kind of reject the +null of Separation + + align:start position:0% +null of Separation + + + align:start position:0% +null of Separation +um that basically so so on net all those + + align:start position:0% +um that basically so so on net all those + + + align:start position:0% +um that basically so so on net all those +dummies are are all those number all + + align:start position:0% +dummies are are all those number all + + + align:start position:0% +dummies are are all those number all +those variables number of households of + + align:start position:0% +those variables number of households of + + + align:start position:0% +those variables number of households of +of different sizes are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they can reject in all that + + align:start position:0% +they can reject in all that + + + align:start position:0% +they can reject in all that +okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that's kind of the sometimes this + + align:start position:0% +so that's kind of the sometimes this + + + align:start position:0% +so that's kind of the sometimes this +this table of a bunch of P values of + + align:start position:0% +this table of a bunch of P values of + + + align:start position:0% +this table of a bunch of P values of +joint test is sometimes kind of the the + + align:start position:0% +joint test is sometimes kind of the the + + + align:start position:0% +joint test is sometimes kind of the the +main results + + align:start position:0% +main results + + + align:start position:0% +main results +so substantively right it actually looks + + align:start position:0% +so substantively right it actually looks + + + align:start position:0% +so substantively right it actually looks +like we can't we can reject separation + + align:start position:0% +like we can't we can reject separation + + + align:start position:0% +like we can't we can reject separation +uh you know with sort of much better + + align:start position:0% +uh you know with sort of much better + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know with sort of much better +data and kind of a better empirical + + align:start position:0% +data and kind of a better empirical + + + align:start position:0% +data and kind of a better empirical +strategy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I think so I think that sort of we'd all + + align:start position:0% +I think so I think that sort of we'd all + + + align:start position:0% +I think so I think that sort of we'd all +been teaching kind of that Benjamin + + align:start position:0% +been teaching kind of that Benjamin + + + align:start position:0% +been teaching kind of that Benjamin +paper for you know since 1982 and having + + align:start position:0% +paper for you know since 1982 and having + + + align:start position:0% +paper for you know since 1982 and having +to complain about the empirics not being + + align:start position:0% +to complain about the empirics not being + + + align:start position:0% +to complain about the empirics not being +kind of up to Modern sort of standards + + align:start position:0% +kind of up to Modern sort of standards + + + align:start position:0% +kind of up to Modern sort of standards +and so having someone who can say look + + align:start position:0% +and so having someone who can say look + + + align:start position:0% +and so having someone who can say look +like this is a classic kind of + + align:start position:0% +like this is a classic kind of + + + align:start position:0% +like this is a classic kind of +development economics + + align:start position:0% +development economics + + + align:start position:0% +development economics +question and I'm just going to nail the + + align:start position:0% +question and I'm just going to nail the + + + align:start position:0% +question and I'm just going to nail the +empirics of that that's a nice paper + + align:start position:0% +empirics of that that's a nice paper + + + align:start position:0% +empirics of that that's a nice paper +like I think that that and actually that + + align:start position:0% +like I think that that and actually that + + + align:start position:0% +like I think that that and actually that +could be like a you know if you can find + + align:start position:0% +could be like a you know if you can find + + + align:start position:0% +could be like a you know if you can find +you know great classic questions with + + align:start position:0% +you know great classic questions with + + + align:start position:0% +you know great classic questions with +kind of where the that are waiting for + + align:start position:0% +kind of where the that are waiting for + + + align:start position:0% +kind of where the that are waiting for +kind of a good empirical test I think + + align:start position:0% +kind of a good empirical test I think + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a good empirical test I think +that's a great result + + align:start position:0% +that's a great result + + + align:start position:0% +that's a great result +like I would have I would have totally + + align:start position:0% +like I would have I would have totally + + + align:start position:0% +like I would have I would have totally +been happy to publish this paper it's + + align:start position:0% +been happy to publish this paper it's + + + align:start position:0% +been happy to publish this paper it's +great paper + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +other questions + + align:start position:0% +other questions + + + align:start position:0% +other questions +and I was so excited to finally be able + + align:start position:0% +and I was so excited to finally be able + + + align:start position:0% +and I was so excited to finally be able +to update my slides when it came out and + + align:start position:0% +to update my slides when it came out and + + + align:start position:0% +to update my slides when it came out and +be like aha we can now actually say + + align:start position:0% +be like aha we can now actually say + + + align:start position:0% +be like aha we can now actually say +something kind of like a little more + + align:start position:0% +something kind of like a little more + + + align:start position:0% +something kind of like a little more +positive about that and so I think + + align:start position:0% +positive about that and so I think + + + align:start position:0% +positive about that and so I think +that's I think that's great + + align:start position:0% +that's I think that's great + + + align:start position:0% +that's I think that's great +you know and and you'll see lots of + + align:start position:0% +you know and and you'll see lots of + + + align:start position:0% +you know and and you'll see lots of +papers that have that feel of kind of + + align:start position:0% +papers that have that feel of kind of + + + align:start position:0% +papers that have that feel of kind of +like here's a classic theoretical test + + align:start position:0% +like here's a classic theoretical test + + + align:start position:0% +like here's a classic theoretical test +and then someone's going to sort of + + align:start position:0% +and then someone's going to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +and then someone's going to sort of +really nail the empirics for example if + + align:start position:0% +really nail the empirics for example if + + + align:start position:0% +really nail the empirics for example if +you think about the poverty traps + + align:start position:0% +you think about the poverty traps + + + align:start position:0% +you think about the poverty traps +section right there I think Esther + + align:start position:0% +section right there I think Esther + + + align:start position:0% +section right there I think Esther +taught the Balboni at all paper on the + + align:start position:0% +taught the Balboni at all paper on the + + + align:start position:0% +taught the Balboni at all paper on the +estimation of the of the poverty right + + align:start position:0% +estimation of the of the poverty right + + + align:start position:0% +estimation of the of the poverty right +and that was why you know in sometimes + + align:start position:0% +and that was why you know in sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +and that was why you know in sometimes +what's so exciting about that paper well + + align:start position:0% +what's so exciting about that paper well + + + align:start position:0% +what's so exciting about that paper well +we all knew that we could write you know + + align:start position:0% +we all knew that we could write you know + + + align:start position:0% +we all knew that we could write you know +you know you could we could all write + + align:start position:0% +you know you could we could all write + + + align:start position:0% +you know you could we could all write +you know do this graph of tasty plus one + + align:start position:0% +you know do this graph of tasty plus one + + + align:start position:0% +you know do this graph of tasty plus one +versus KT and sort of like you know do + + align:start position:0% +versus KT and sort of like you know do + + + align:start position:0% +versus KT and sort of like you know do +something kind of funky that looked like + + align:start position:0% +something kind of funky that looked like + + + align:start position:0% +something kind of funky that looked like +that but actually sort of you know + + align:start position:0% +that but actually sort of you know + + + align:start position:0% +that but actually sort of you know +really nailing kind of what the shape of + + align:start position:0% +really nailing kind of what the shape of + + + align:start position:0% +really nailing kind of what the shape of +that curve looks like and establishing + + align:start position:0% +that curve looks like and establishing + + + align:start position:0% +that curve looks like and establishing +whether or not there are multiple + + align:start position:0% +whether or not there are multiple + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not there are multiple +equilibrium or not something I think + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium or not something I think + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium or not something I think +everyone's really excited about so I + + align:start position:0% +everyone's really excited about so I + + + align:start position:0% +everyone's really excited about so I +think that's another that suspect that's + + align:start position:0% +think that's another that suspect that's + + + align:start position:0% +think that's another that suspect that's +another reason that paper is sort of so + + align:start position:0% +another reason that paper is sort of so + + + align:start position:0% +another reason that paper is sort of so +exciting is because like that basic sort + + align:start position:0% +exciting is because like that basic sort + + + align:start position:0% +exciting is because like that basic sort +of theoretical framework we'd had for a + + align:start position:0% +of theoretical framework we'd had for a + + + align:start position:0% +of theoretical framework we'd had for a +long time but actually sort of being + + align:start position:0% +long time but actually sort of being + + + align:start position:0% +long time but actually sort of being +able to show it empirically kind of in a + + align:start position:0% +able to show it empirically kind of in a + + + align:start position:0% +able to show it empirically kind of in a +convincing way is really nice + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +on both those examples yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um but again + + align:start position:0% +um but again + + + align:start position:0% +um but again +the the key there is finding like a + + align:start position:0% +the the key there is finding like a + + + align:start position:0% +the the key there is finding like a +classic + + align:start position:0% +classic + + + align:start position:0% +classic +it's not some random Theory paper that + + align:start position:0% +it's not some random Theory paper that + + + align:start position:0% +it's not some random Theory paper that +no one's ever heard of right this is + + align:start position:0% +no one's ever heard of right this is + + + align:start position:0% +no one's ever heard of right this is +like a classic poverty type model that + + align:start position:0% +like a classic poverty type model that + + + align:start position:0% +like a classic poverty type model that +everybody knows right this one this + + align:start position:0% +everybody knows right this one this + + + align:start position:0% +everybody knows right this one this +Benjamin paper is something that sort of + + align:start position:0% +Benjamin paper is something that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +Benjamin paper is something that sort of +you know we'd all + + align:start position:0% +you know we'd all + + + align:start position:0% +you know we'd all +you know been teaching is kind of one of + + align:start position:0% +you know been teaching is kind of one of + + + align:start position:0% +you know been teaching is kind of one of +these key questions in labor economics + + align:start position:0% +these key questions in labor economics + + + align:start position:0% +these key questions in labor economics +and development for a long time so + + align:start position:0% +and development for a long time so + + + align:start position:0% +and development for a long time so +coming in and sort of saying like this + + align:start position:0% +coming in and sort of saying like this + + + align:start position:0% +coming in and sort of saying like this +is a this is going to be the definitive + + align:start position:0% +is a this is going to be the definitive + + + align:start position:0% +is a this is going to be the definitive +kind of empirical piece that goes along + + align:start position:0% +kind of empirical piece that goes along + + + align:start position:0% +kind of empirical piece that goes along +with this theoretical piece that's + + align:start position:0% +with this theoretical piece that's + + + align:start position:0% +with this theoretical piece that's +awesome + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +other questions + + align:start position:0% +other questions + + + align:start position:0% +other questions +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what's going on so if we buy that + + align:start position:0% +so what's going on so if we buy that + + + align:start position:0% +so what's going on so if we buy that +there's sort of these separation + + align:start position:0% +there's sort of these separation + + + align:start position:0% +there's sort of these separation +failures like what is going on in these + + align:start position:0% +failures like what is going on in these + + + align:start position:0% +failures like what is going on in these +labor markets why is this happening well + + align:start position:0% +labor markets why is this happening well + + + align:start position:0% +labor markets why is this happening well +if you think about the theory it said + + align:start position:0% +if you think about the theory it said + + + align:start position:0% +if you think about the theory it said +something is going on that's sort of + + align:start position:0% +something is going on that's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +something is going on that's sort of +making disabled markets not clear right + + align:start position:0% +making disabled markets not clear right + + + align:start position:0% +making disabled markets not clear right +that was kind of the key + + align:start position:0% +that was kind of the key + + + align:start position:0% +that was kind of the key +that's why we got these separation + + align:start position:0% +that's why we got these separation + + + align:start position:0% +that's why we got these separation +failures right and so + + align:start position:0% +failures right and so + + + align:start position:0% +failures right and so +um so why right and so there's a bunch + + align:start position:0% +um so why right and so there's a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +um so why right and so there's a bunch +of papers that have been starting to + + align:start position:0% +of papers that have been starting to + + + align:start position:0% +of papers that have been starting to +understand like what's like try to + + align:start position:0% +understand like what's like try to + + + align:start position:0% +understand like what's like try to +unpack in a little more detail like what + + align:start position:0% +unpack in a little more detail like what + + + align:start position:0% +unpack in a little more detail like what +is going on in these rural labor markets + + align:start position:0% +is going on in these rural labor markets + + + align:start position:0% +is going on in these rural labor markets +why are they not clearing okay so I want + + align:start position:0% +why are they not clearing okay so I want + + + align:start position:0% +why are they not clearing okay so I want +to talk about a few of them + + align:start position:0% +to talk about a few of them + + + align:start position:0% +to talk about a few of them +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +in particular I'm going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +in particular I'm going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +in particular I'm going to talk about +several papers that look at this idea of + + align:start position:0% +several papers that look at this idea of + + + align:start position:0% +several papers that look at this idea of +nominal wage stickiness so how many of + + align:start position:0% +nominal wage stickiness so how many of + + + align:start position:0% +nominal wage stickiness so how many of +you guys have heard of nominal wage + + align:start position:0% +you guys have heard of nominal wage + + + align:start position:0% +you guys have heard of nominal wage +stickiness like from macro + + align:start position:0% +stickiness like from macro + + + align:start position:0% +stickiness like from macro +some of you not not everyone okay so the + + align:start position:0% +some of you not not everyone okay so the + + + align:start position:0% +some of you not not everyone okay so the +basic like someone who's heard of it you + + align:start position:0% +basic like someone who's heard of it you + + + align:start position:0% +basic like someone who's heard of it you +want to summarize it what's the idea + + align:start position:0% +want to summarize it what's the idea + + + align:start position:0% +want to summarize it what's the idea +you can't address wages downwards or the + + align:start position:0% +you can't address wages downwards or the + + + align:start position:0% +you can't address wages downwards or the +nominal wage downwards + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +people don't like it right exactly so + + align:start position:0% +people don't like it right exactly so + + + align:start position:0% +people don't like it right exactly so +this is the idea there's an asymmetry in + + align:start position:0% +this is the idea there's an asymmetry in + + + align:start position:0% +this is the idea there's an asymmetry in +weight adjustments everyone is happy to + + align:start position:0% +weight adjustments everyone is happy to + + + align:start position:0% +weight adjustments everyone is happy to +have their nominal wage go up people do + + align:start position:0% +have their nominal wage go up people do + + + align:start position:0% +have their nominal wage go up people do +not like their nominal waves to go down + + align:start position:0% +not like their nominal waves to go down + + + align:start position:0% +not like their nominal waves to go down +and for some reason that this this is a + + align:start position:0% +and for some reason that this this is a + + + align:start position:0% +and for some reason that this this is a +this is true in uh about nominal wages + + align:start position:0% +this is true in uh about nominal wages + + + align:start position:0% +this is true in uh about nominal wages +and not know so much about real wages + + align:start position:0% +and not know so much about real wages + + + align:start position:0% +and not know so much about real wages +right because your nominal wage and even + + align:start position:0% +right because your nominal wage and even + + + align:start position:0% +right because your nominal wage and even +though that sort of it's harder for our + + align:start position:0% +though that sort of it's harder for our + + + align:start position:0% +though that sort of it's harder for our +models to think about it is like much + + align:start position:0% +models to think about it is like much + + + align:start position:0% +models to think about it is like much +easier for actual people to think about + + align:start position:0% +easier for actual people to think about + + + align:start position:0% +easier for actual people to think about +nominal uh numbers and real numbers + + align:start position:0% +nominal uh numbers and real numbers + + + align:start position:0% +nominal uh numbers and real numbers +right because your nominal wage is like + + align:start position:0% +right because your nominal wage is like + + + align:start position:0% +right because your nominal wage is like +how much you're actually being paid like + + align:start position:0% +how much you're actually being paid like + + + align:start position:0% +how much you're actually being paid like +every period or whatever + + align:start position:0% +every period or whatever + + + align:start position:0% +every period or whatever +and that's really important for that is + + align:start position:0% +and that's really important for that is + + + align:start position:0% +and that's really important for that is +really important macro implications as + + align:start position:0% +really important macro implications as + + + align:start position:0% +really important macro implications as +you may have learned about in macro + + align:start position:0% +you may have learned about in macro + + + align:start position:0% +you may have learned about in macro +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +because it means that sort of you know + + align:start position:0% +because it means that sort of you know + + + align:start position:0% +because it means that sort of you know +wages don't you know if they're if there + + align:start position:0% +wages don't you know if they're if there + + + align:start position:0% +wages don't you know if they're if there +are shocks to labor markets and you have + + align:start position:0% +are shocks to labor markets and you have + + + align:start position:0% +are shocks to labor markets and you have +nominal weight rigidity and you have no + + align:start position:0% +nominal weight rigidity and you have no + + + align:start position:0% +nominal weight rigidity and you have no +inflation then basically you have all + + align:start position:0% +inflation then basically you have all + + + align:start position:0% +inflation then basically you have all +these labor markets that kind of are not + + align:start position:0% +these labor markets that kind of are not + + + align:start position:0% +these labor markets that kind of are not +clearing because you have people you + + align:start position:0% +clearing because you have people you + + + align:start position:0% +clearing because you have people you +know these wages are not sort of sticky + + align:start position:0% +know these wages are not sort of sticky + + + align:start position:0% +know these wages are not sort of sticky +downwards okay and so at the macro level + + align:start position:0% +downwards okay and so at the macro level + + + align:start position:0% +downwards okay and so at the macro level +that's sort of often one of the main + + align:start position:0% +that's sort of often one of the main + + + align:start position:0% +that's sort of often one of the main +arguments why we should have a non-zero + + align:start position:0% +arguments why we should have a non-zero + + + align:start position:0% +arguments why we should have a non-zero +optimal inflation Target right because + + align:start position:0% +optimal inflation Target right because + + + align:start position:0% +optimal inflation Target right because +we want to have a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +we want to have a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +we want to have a little bit of +inflation so that these labor markets + + align:start position:0% +inflation so that these labor markets + + + align:start position:0% +inflation so that these labor markets +can you know because if we have nominal + + align:start position:0% +can you know because if we have nominal + + + align:start position:0% +can you know because if we have nominal +stickiness but not real stickiness a + + align:start position:0% +stickiness but not real stickiness a + + + align:start position:0% +stickiness but not real stickiness a +little bit of inflation means the real + + align:start position:0% +little bit of inflation means the real + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of inflation means the real +wage can sort of move around a little + + align:start position:0% +wage can sort of move around a little + + + align:start position:0% +wage can sort of move around a little +bit and those markets can clear + + align:start position:0% +bit and those markets can clear + + + align:start position:0% +bit and those markets can clear +Okay so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you might + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the natural question is + + align:start position:0% +the natural question is + + + align:start position:0% +the natural question is +you know these these ideas about nominal + + align:start position:0% +you know these these ideas about nominal + + + align:start position:0% +you know these these ideas about nominal +way stickiness are very intuitive in + + align:start position:0% +way stickiness are very intuitive in + + + align:start position:0% +way stickiness are very intuitive in +sort of very formal settings you know + + align:start position:0% +sort of very formal settings you know + + + align:start position:0% +sort of very formal settings you know +with formal wage contracts you know uh + + align:start position:0% +with formal wage contracts you know uh + + + align:start position:0% +with formal wage contracts you know uh +and uh you know my way to set you know + + align:start position:0% +and uh you know my way to set you know + + + align:start position:0% +and uh you know my way to set you know +MIT and has you know sets my ways I have + + align:start position:0% +MIT and has you know sets my ways I have + + + align:start position:0% +MIT and has you know sets my ways I have +a letter sort of saying what my salary + + align:start position:0% +a letter sort of saying what my salary + + + align:start position:0% +a letter sort of saying what my salary +is it's kind of all kind of very you + + align:start position:0% +is it's kind of all kind of very you + + + align:start position:0% +is it's kind of all kind of very you +know by the book + + align:start position:0% +know by the book + + + align:start position:0% +know by the book +um it's even more uh unsurprising in + + align:start position:0% +um it's even more uh unsurprising in + + + align:start position:0% +um it's even more uh unsurprising in +cases where the labor unions involved + + align:start position:0% +cases where the labor unions involved + + + align:start position:0% +cases where the labor unions involved +um but it's not obvious that this would + + align:start position:0% +um but it's not obvious that this would + + + align:start position:0% +um but it's not obvious that this would +translate into kind of like spot labor + + align:start position:0% +translate into kind of like spot labor + + + align:start position:0% +translate into kind of like spot labor +markets for agricultural labor in a + + align:start position:0% +markets for agricultural labor in a + + + align:start position:0% +markets for agricultural labor in a +developing country setting right it's + + align:start position:0% +developing country setting right it's + + + align:start position:0% +developing country setting right it's +like we need to go hire some we need to + + align:start position:0% +like we need to go hire some we need to + + + align:start position:0% +like we need to go hire some we need to +go to sort of the The Villa Center and + + align:start position:0% +go to sort of the The Villa Center and + + + align:start position:0% +go to sort of the The Villa Center and +sort of pick up a few laborers to kind + + align:start position:0% +sort of pick up a few laborers to kind + + + align:start position:0% +sort of pick up a few laborers to kind +of help you know clear our field today + + align:start position:0% +of help you know clear our field today + + + align:start position:0% +of help you know clear our field today +like is that a setting where we expect + + align:start position:0% +like is that a setting where we expect + + + align:start position:0% +like is that a setting where we expect +nominal wage stickiness or not okay and + + align:start position:0% +nominal wage stickiness or not okay and + + + align:start position:0% +nominal wage stickiness or not okay and +it's not obvious right so um + + align:start position:0% +it's not obvious right so um + + + align:start position:0% +it's not obvious right so um +so there's a but you can see why this + + align:start position:0% +so there's a but you can see why this + + + align:start position:0% +so there's a but you can see why this +would be the separation failures right + + align:start position:0% +would be the separation failures right + + + align:start position:0% +would be the separation failures right +that was actually in fact one of so yes + + align:start position:0% +that was actually in fact one of so yes + + + align:start position:0% +that was actually in fact one of so yes +or no why would this lead to separation + + align:start position:0% +or no why would this lead to separation + + + align:start position:0% +or no why would this lead to separation +failures + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay I should ask + + align:start position:0% +okay I should ask + + + align:start position:0% +okay I should ask +you know yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in within the household you're not kind + + align:start position:0% +in within the household you're not kind + + + align:start position:0% +in within the household you're not kind +of set + + align:start position:0% +of set + + + align:start position:0% +of set +up trapped right but more generally like + + align:start position:0% +up trapped right but more generally like + + + align:start position:0% +up trapped right but more generally like +what's the what's the what's which of + + align:start position:0% +what's the what's the what's which of + + + align:start position:0% +what's the what's the what's which of +the those like various little graphs + + align:start position:0% +the those like various little graphs + + + align:start position:0% +the those like various little graphs +with the like you know with the + + align:start position:0% +with the like you know with the + + + align:start position:0% +with the like you know with the +separation failures this correspond to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +someone + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +don't want to take us out with us + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah the market weighs too high exactly + + align:start position:0% +yeah the market weighs too high exactly + + + align:start position:0% +yeah the market weighs too high exactly +right so we like the Mark we like the + + align:start position:0% +right so we like the Mark we like the + + + align:start position:0% +right so we like the Mark we like the +ways to come down right to clear but + + align:start position:0% +ways to come down right to clear but + + + align:start position:0% +ways to come down right to clear but +it's stuck up too high because of + + align:start position:0% +it's stuck up too high because of + + + align:start position:0% +it's stuck up too high because of +nominal wage taking this so it's the + + align:start position:0% +nominal wage taking this so it's the + + + align:start position:0% +nominal wage taking this so it's the +case with anomal wage the market wage is + + align:start position:0% +case with anomal wage the market wage is + + + align:start position:0% +case with anomal wage the market wage is +too high right so so we can't get enough + + align:start position:0% +too high right so so we can't get enough + + + align:start position:0% +too high right so so we can't get enough +we'd like more work the households would + + align:start position:0% +we'd like more work the households would + + + align:start position:0% +we'd like more work the households would +like more work kind of at the market + + align:start position:0% +like more work kind of at the market + + + align:start position:0% +like more work kind of at the market +wage they can't get it + + align:start position:0% +wage they can't get it + + + align:start position:0% +wage they can't get it +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +so uh Supreme car has a paper sort of + + align:start position:0% +so uh Supreme car has a paper sort of + + + align:start position:0% +so uh Supreme car has a paper sort of +testing this idea of whether there is + + align:start position:0% +testing this idea of whether there is + + + align:start position:0% +testing this idea of whether there is +nominal wage stickiness in kind of rural + + align:start position:0% +nominal wage stickiness in kind of rural + + + align:start position:0% +nominal wage stickiness in kind of rural +labor markets + + align:start position:0% +labor markets + + + align:start position:0% +labor markets +um and here's her idea her idea is very + + align:start position:0% +um and here's her idea her idea is very + + + align:start position:0% +um and here's her idea her idea is very +simple + + align:start position:0% +simple + + + align:start position:0% +simple +if you have + + align:start position:0% +if you have + + + align:start position:0% +if you have +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +nominal downward stickiness + + align:start position:0% +nominal downward stickiness + + + align:start position:0% +nominal downward stickiness +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +okay sorry back up she's she's going to + + align:start position:0% +okay sorry back up she's she's going to + + + align:start position:0% +okay sorry back up she's she's going to +use rainfall shocks as shocks to uh + + align:start position:0% +use rainfall shocks as shocks to uh + + + align:start position:0% +use rainfall shocks as shocks to uh +labor demand + + align:start position:0% +labor demand + + + align:start position:0% +labor demand +okay so when you have good rainfall we + + align:start position:0% +okay so when you have good rainfall we + + + align:start position:0% +okay so when you have good rainfall we +need lots of Labor to sort of clear the + + align:start position:0% +need lots of Labor to sort of clear the + + + align:start position:0% +need lots of Labor to sort of clear the +you know do all the agriculture + + align:start position:0% +you know do all the agriculture + + + align:start position:0% +you know do all the agriculture +activities we get bad rainfall there's + + align:start position:0% +activities we get bad rainfall there's + + + align:start position:0% +activities we get bad rainfall there's +not that much to do because the crops + + align:start position:0% +not that much to do because the crops + + + align:start position:0% +not that much to do because the crops +didn't grow that well so we have less + + align:start position:0% +didn't grow that well so we have less + + + align:start position:0% +didn't grow that well so we have less +labor demand okay so we so we we have uh + + align:start position:0% +labor demand okay so we so we we have uh + + + align:start position:0% +labor demand okay so we so we we have uh +rainfall shocks as a measure labor + + align:start position:0% +rainfall shocks as a measure labor + + + align:start position:0% +rainfall shocks as a measure labor +demand + + align:start position:0% +demand + + + align:start position:0% +demand +if you have + + align:start position:0% +if you have + + + align:start position:0% +if you have +but but with nominal nominal downward + + align:start position:0% +but but with nominal nominal downward + + + align:start position:0% +but but with nominal nominal downward +stickiness the sequence of shocks is + + align:start position:0% +stickiness the sequence of shocks is + + + align:start position:0% +stickiness the sequence of shocks is +going to matter + + align:start position:0% +going to matter + + + align:start position:0% +going to matter +so in particular + + align:start position:0% +so in particular + + + align:start position:0% +so in particular +through positive shock and then a + + align:start position:0% +through positive shock and then a + + + align:start position:0% +through positive shock and then a +negative shock the wages went are going + + align:start position:0% +negative shock the wages went are going + + + align:start position:0% +negative shock the wages went are going +to go up after the positive stock and + + align:start position:0% +to go up after the positive stock and + + + align:start position:0% +to go up after the positive stock and +they're going to be stuck too high and + + align:start position:0% +they're going to be stuck too high and + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to be stuck too high and +they're not going to fall during the + + align:start position:0% +they're not going to fall during the + + + align:start position:0% +they're not going to fall during the +negative shock + + align:start position:0% +negative shock + + + align:start position:0% +negative shock +words that I have you know negative + + align:start position:0% +words that I have you know negative + + + align:start position:0% +words that I have you know negative +shock and positive shock I have no + + align:start position:0% +shock and positive shock I have no + + + align:start position:0% +shock and positive shock I have no +problem and in particular the key thing + + align:start position:0% +problem and in particular the key thing + + + align:start position:0% +problem and in particular the key thing +she's going to look at is + + align:start position:0% +she's going to look at is + + + align:start position:0% +she's going to look at is +if I have is in some sense if I have a + + align:start position:0% +if I have is in some sense if I have a + + + align:start position:0% +if I have is in some sense if I have a +negative shock now so I want a low wage + + align:start position:0% +negative shock now so I want a low wage + + + align:start position:0% +negative shock now so I want a low wage +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +then the lagged shock is going to matter + + align:start position:0% +then the lagged shock is going to matter + + + align:start position:0% +then the lagged shock is going to matter +right so if I if I want to if I want a + + align:start position:0% +right so if I if I want to if I want a + + + align:start position:0% +right so if I if I want to if I want a +low wage should I because I got a + + align:start position:0% +low wage should I because I got a + + + align:start position:0% +low wage should I because I got a +negative shock and I had a low wage + + align:start position:0% +negative shock and I had a low wage + + + align:start position:0% +negative shock and I had a low wage +yesterday then we're good but if I had a + + align:start position:0% +yesterday then we're good but if I had a + + + align:start position:0% +yesterday then we're good but if I had a +negative shock now so the optimal wage + + align:start position:0% +negative shock now so the optimal wage + + + align:start position:0% +negative shock now so the optimal wage +is low today but I had a positively + + align:start position:0% +is low today but I had a positively + + + align:start position:0% +is low today but I had a positively +shock in the past then the wage is going + + align:start position:0% +shock in the past then the wage is going + + + align:start position:0% +shock in the past then the wage is going +to be artificially too high + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is that clear + + align:start position:0% +is that clear + + + align:start position:0% +is that clear +yes no + + align:start position:0% +yes no + + + align:start position:0% +yes no +gosh now + + align:start position:0% +gosh now + + + align:start position:0% +gosh now +if it's sticky then why would the first + + align:start position:0% +if it's sticky then why would the first + + + align:start position:0% +if it's sticky then why would the first +negative shot + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what do you mean if you have two + + align:start position:0% +what do you mean if you have two + + + align:start position:0% +what do you mean if you have two +negative shots + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it only sticks it only sticks it it the + + align:start position:0% +it only sticks it only sticks it it the + + + align:start position:0% +it only sticks it only sticks it it the +the thing is it so but but it didn't go + + align:start position:0% +the thing is it so but but it didn't go + + + align:start position:0% +the thing is it so but but it didn't go +up it's almost like the key of A + + align:start position:0% +up it's almost like the key of A + + + align:start position:0% +up it's almost like the key of A +negative side because it wasn't a + + align:start position:0% +negative side because it wasn't a + + + align:start position:0% +negative side because it wasn't a +positive shock that's the thing to think + + align:start position:0% +positive shock that's the thing to think + + + align:start position:0% +positive shock that's the thing to think +about so like imagine we're imagine + + align:start position:0% +about so like imagine we're imagine + + + align:start position:0% +about so like imagine we're imagine +we're just sort of at some base case + + align:start position:0% +we're just sort of at some base case + + + align:start position:0% +we're just sort of at some base case +okay and then in Period uh one + + align:start position:0% +okay and then in Period uh one + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then in Period uh one +right we get just a neutral or negative + + align:start position:0% +right we get just a neutral or negative + + + align:start position:0% +right we get just a neutral or negative +shock so there's no increase in the wage + + align:start position:0% +shock so there's no increase in the wage + + + align:start position:0% +shock so there's no increase in the wage +right so the wage is kind of over here + + align:start position:0% +right so the wage is kind of over here + + + align:start position:0% +right so the wage is kind of over here +and in the other case we get positive + + align:start position:0% +and in the other case we get positive + + + align:start position:0% +and in the other case we get positive +shocks the waves over here + + align:start position:0% +shocks the waves over here + + + align:start position:0% +shocks the waves over here +now the next question is if we get a + + align:start position:0% +now the next question is if we get a + + + align:start position:0% +now the next question is if we get a +negative shock in The Next Period + + align:start position:0% +negative shock in The Next Period + + + align:start position:0% +negative shock in The Next Period +right over here it'll still be kind of + + align:start position:0% +right over here it'll still be kind of + + + align:start position:0% +right over here it'll still be kind of +the way it will be down here over here + + align:start position:0% +the way it will be down here over here + + + align:start position:0% +the way it will be down here over here +the waves will be too high + + align:start position:0% +the waves will be too high + + + align:start position:0% +the waves will be too high +so the key point is kind of that that if + + align:start position:0% +so the key point is kind of that that if + + + align:start position:0% +so the key point is kind of that that if +you get a negative whereas if you've got + + align:start position:0% +you get a negative whereas if you've got + + + align:start position:0% +you get a negative whereas if you've got +a positive shock in the next period then + + align:start position:0% +a positive shock in the next period then + + + align:start position:0% +a positive shock in the next period then +this way you can just you know flip + + align:start position:0% +this way you can just you know flip + + + align:start position:0% +this way you can just you know flip +right back up so you have to say so so + + align:start position:0% +right back up so you have to say so so + + + align:start position:0% +right back up so you have to say so so +it with positive shocks in the second + + align:start position:0% +it with positive shocks in the second + + + align:start position:0% +it with positive shocks in the second +period the lag doesn't really matter + + align:start position:0% +period the lag doesn't really matter + + + align:start position:0% +period the lag doesn't really matter +with negative shocks in the second + + align:start position:0% +with negative shocks in the second + + + align:start position:0% +with negative shocks in the second +period Then you have this Persistence of + + align:start position:0% +period Then you have this Persistence of + + + align:start position:0% +period Then you have this Persistence of +the lag but basically the positive shock + + align:start position:0% +the lag but basically the positive shock + + + align:start position:0% +the lag but basically the positive shock +means the way it stays too high that's + + align:start position:0% +means the way it stays too high that's + + + align:start position:0% +means the way it stays too high that's +kind of the key asymmetry in our test + + align:start position:0% +kind of the key asymmetry in our test + + + align:start position:0% +kind of the key asymmetry in our test +does that make sense + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense + + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so she's going to do this she has data + + align:start position:0% +so she's going to do this she has data + + + align:start position:0% +so she's going to do this she has data +on like a number of years of India from + + align:start position:0% +on like a number of years of India from + + + align:start position:0% +on like a number of years of India from +Indian districts where she has rainfall + + align:start position:0% +Indian districts where she has rainfall + + + align:start position:0% +Indian districts where she has rainfall +shocks and she has so the agricultural + + align:start position:0% +shocks and she has so the agricultural + + + align:start position:0% +shocks and she has so the agricultural +wage + + align:start position:0% +wage + + + align:start position:0% +wage +and so this is kind of so she has two + + align:start position:0% +and so this is kind of so she has two + + + align:start position:0% +and so this is kind of so she has two +different this is like 1956 to 87 so + + align:start position:0% +different this is like 1956 to 87 so + + + align:start position:0% +different this is like 1956 to 87 so +there's a lot of years right and uh this + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of years right and uh this + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of years right and uh this +other I guess is from the world from + + align:start position:0% +other I guess is from the world from + + + align:start position:0% +other I guess is from the world from +World big data set it's also this NSS + + align:start position:0% +World big data set it's also this NSS + + + align:start position:0% +World big data set it's also this NSS +data some 82 to 2008. + + align:start position:0% +data some 82 to 2008. + + + align:start position:0% +data some 82 to 2008. +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and so the key thing is like she's going + + align:start position:0% +and so the key thing is like she's going + + + align:start position:0% +and so the key thing is like she's going +to look at shock t minus one and shock + + align:start position:0% +to look at shock t minus one and shock + + + align:start position:0% +to look at shock t minus one and shock +at time t + + align:start position:0% +at time t + + + align:start position:0% +at time t +okay so what are the key things we can + + align:start position:0% +okay so what are the key things we can + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what are the key things we can +learn from this so first point is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh positive shocks in the second period + + align:start position:0% +uh positive shocks in the second period + + + align:start position:0% +uh positive shocks in the second period +um increase uh the wage okay that's not + + align:start position:0% +um increase uh the wage okay that's not + + + align:start position:0% +um increase uh the wage okay that's not +surprising + + align:start position:0% +surprising + + + align:start position:0% +surprising +doesn't really seem to matter + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really seem to matter + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really seem to matter +what the wage was last period + + align:start position:0% +what the wage was last period + + + align:start position:0% +what the wage was last period +okay so if the shock is high this is all + + align:start position:0% +okay so if the shock is high this is all + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if the shock is high this is all +relative to kind of zero zero like + + align:start position:0% +relative to kind of zero zero like + + + align:start position:0% +relative to kind of zero zero like +neutral neutral okay so if the wage was + + align:start position:0% +neutral neutral okay so if the wage was + + + align:start position:0% +neutral neutral okay so if the wage was +high this period it doesn't matter if we + + align:start position:0% +high this period it doesn't matter if we + + + align:start position:0% +high this period it doesn't matter if we +were like in a drought or had a had a + + align:start position:0% +were like in a drought or had a had a + + + align:start position:0% +were like in a drought or had a had a +highways last period those would look + + align:start position:0% +highways last period those would look + + + align:start position:0% +highways last period those would look +about the same + + align:start position:0% +about the same + + + align:start position:0% +about the same +okay if anything actually looks a little + + align:start position:0% +okay if anything actually looks a little + + + align:start position:0% +okay if anything actually looks a little +weird over here it looks negative but + + align:start position:0% +weird over here it looks negative but + + + align:start position:0% +weird over here it looks negative but +certainly it's not the case that like + + align:start position:0% +certainly it's not the case that like + + + align:start position:0% +certainly it's not the case that like +drought last period is kind of pulling + + align:start position:0% +drought last period is kind of pulling + + + align:start position:0% +drought last period is kind of pulling +the wage down today + + align:start position:0% +the wage down today + + + align:start position:0% +the wage down today +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +on the other hand + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if we have a drought + + align:start position:0% +if we have a drought + + + align:start position:0% +if we have a drought +this period or like a negative shock + + align:start position:0% +this period or like a negative shock + + + align:start position:0% +this period or like a negative shock +this period + + align:start position:0% +this period + + + align:start position:0% +this period +the wage is higher if we had a positive + + align:start position:0% +the wage is higher if we had a positive + + + align:start position:0% +the wage is higher if we had a positive +shock last period so that's what you can + + align:start position:0% +shock last period so that's what you can + + + align:start position:0% +shock last period so that's what you can +see like for example like these + + align:start position:0% +see like for example like these + + + align:start position:0% +see like for example like these +coefficients compared to the ones in + + align:start position:0% +coefficients compared to the ones in + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients compared to the ones in +kind of this bin compared to the ones in + + align:start position:0% +kind of this bin compared to the ones in + + + align:start position:0% +kind of this bin compared to the ones in +this bin + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is that clear + + align:start position:0% +is that clear + + + align:start position:0% +is that clear +I know this is a little small but it + + align:start position:0% +I know this is a little small but it + + + align:start position:0% +I know this is a little small but it +seems like you guys have all your + + align:start position:0% +seems like you guys have all your + + + align:start position:0% +seems like you guys have all your +printouts or your iPads or whatever so + + align:start position:0% +printouts or your iPads or whatever so + + + align:start position:0% +printouts or your iPads or whatever so +hopefully you can read it right so + + align:start position:0% +hopefully you can read it right so + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully you can read it right so +that's that's the key this is the key + + align:start position:0% +that's that's the key this is the key + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's the key this is the key +asymmetry is like over here it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +asymmetry is like over here it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +asymmetry is like over here it doesn't +matter but down here it seems to matter + + align:start position:0% +matter but down here it seems to matter + + + align:start position:0% +matter but down here it seems to matter +okay so the wage is stuck too high in + + align:start position:0% +okay so the wage is stuck too high in + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the wage is stuck too high in +the previous period + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you sort of take the + + align:start position:0% +if you sort of take the + + + align:start position:0% +if you sort of take the +um this idea that sort of this is about + + align:start position:0% +um this idea that sort of this is about + + + align:start position:0% +um this idea that sort of this is about +nominal rigidity + + align:start position:0% +nominal rigidity + + + align:start position:0% +nominal rigidity +then these effects should be smaller if + + align:start position:0% +then these effects should be smaller if + + + align:start position:0% +then these effects should be smaller if +there's inflation going on + + align:start position:0% +there's inflation going on + + + align:start position:0% +there's inflation going on +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +so there this is a period over a 50 or + + align:start position:0% +so there this is a period over a 50 or + + + align:start position:0% +so there this is a period over a 50 or +whatever a 30-year period there's + + align:start position:0% +whatever a 30-year period there's + + + align:start position:0% +whatever a 30-year period there's +different inflation rates so she's going + + align:start position:0% +different inflation rates so she's going + + + align:start position:0% +different inflation rates so she's going +to interact this whole thing with + + align:start position:0% +to interact this whole thing with + + + align:start position:0% +to interact this whole thing with +inflation + + align:start position:0% +inflation + + + align:start position:0% +inflation +and if you remember the kind of the key + + align:start position:0% +and if you remember the kind of the key + + + align:start position:0% +and if you remember the kind of the key +place we thought there was nominal + + align:start position:0% +place we thought there was nominal + + + align:start position:0% +place we thought there was nominal +stickiness was uh like negative shock + + align:start position:0% +stickiness was uh like negative shock + + + align:start position:0% +stickiness was uh like negative shock +this period but positive shock in the + + align:start position:0% +this period but positive shock in the + + + align:start position:0% +this period but positive shock in the +last period so she can interact all + + align:start position:0% +last period so she can interact all + + + align:start position:0% +last period so she can interact all +these shock things with kind of an + + align:start position:0% +these shock things with kind of an + + + align:start position:0% +these shock things with kind of an +inflation measure and the key thing + + align:start position:0% +inflation measure and the key thing + + + align:start position:0% +inflation measure and the key thing +she's going to find is is a negative + + align:start position:0% +she's going to find is is a negative + + + align:start position:0% +she's going to find is is a negative +coefficient over here which is basically + + align:start position:0% +coefficient over here which is basically + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient over here which is basically +that sort of the this effect of the wage + + align:start position:0% +that sort of the this effect of the wage + + + align:start position:0% +that sort of the this effect of the wage +being too high goes away when there's + + align:start position:0% +being too high goes away when there's + + + align:start position:0% +being too high goes away when there's +High inflation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and the final question and I don't + + align:start position:0% +and the final question and I don't + + + align:start position:0% +and the final question and I don't +remember why they have acres per adult + + align:start position:0% +remember why they have acres per adult + + + align:start position:0% +remember why they have acres per adult +in the household actually I don't + + align:start position:0% +in the household actually I don't + + + align:start position:0% +in the household actually I don't +remember that + + align:start position:0% +remember that + + + align:start position:0% +remember that +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +but the final point is does this + + align:start position:0% +but the final point is does this + + + align:start position:0% +but the final point is does this +actually sort of lead to changes in + + align:start position:0% +actually sort of lead to changes in + + + align:start position:0% +actually sort of lead to changes in +aggregate employment + + align:start position:0% +aggregate employment + + + align:start position:0% +aggregate employment +okay so they have a measure of sort of + + align:start position:0% +okay so they have a measure of sort of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so they have a measure of sort of +aggregate employment and if you find + + align:start position:0% +aggregate employment and if you find + + + align:start position:0% +aggregate employment and if you find +that sort of the shock is so in general + + align:start position:0% +that sort of the shock is so in general + + + align:start position:0% +that sort of the shock is so in general +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so a couple things so uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +something actually is going something is + + align:start position:0% +something actually is going something is + + + align:start position:0% +something actually is going something is +weird with this coefficient it's + + align:start position:0% +weird with this coefficient it's + + + align:start position:0% +weird with this coefficient it's +negative over here and positive over + + align:start position:0% +negative over here and positive over + + + align:start position:0% +negative over here and positive over +here so maybe there's something this I + + align:start position:0% +here so maybe there's something this I + + + align:start position:0% +here so maybe there's something this I +suspect there's something off on that + + align:start position:0% +suspect there's something off on that + + + align:start position:0% +suspect there's something off on that +one over here uh I expect that's + + align:start position:0% +one over here uh I expect that's + + + align:start position:0% +one over here uh I expect that's +probably negative + + align:start position:0% +probably negative + + + align:start position:0% +probably negative +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +yeah so in general like positive shocks + + align:start position:0% +yeah so in general like positive shocks + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so in general like positive shocks +lead to more employment negative shocks + + align:start position:0% +lead to more employment negative shocks + + + align:start position:0% +lead to more employment negative shocks +lead to less employment but but when you + + align:start position:0% +lead to less employment but but when you + + + align:start position:0% +lead to less employment but but when you +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +negative shock today shock equals like a + + align:start position:0% +negative shock today shock equals like a + + + align:start position:0% +negative shock today shock equals like a +shock equals this table is a little + + align:start position:0% +shock equals this table is a little + + + align:start position:0% +shock equals this table is a little +funky because sometimes it's zero and + + align:start position:0% +funky because sometimes it's zero and + + + align:start position:0% +funky because sometimes it's zero and +sometimes it's negative I don't exactly + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it's negative I don't exactly + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it's negative I don't exactly +know why she does that frankly + + align:start position:0% +know why she does that frankly + + + align:start position:0% +know why she does that frankly +um but in general when you have uh + + align:start position:0% +um but in general when you have uh + + + align:start position:0% +um but in general when you have uh +positive shocks in the past period and + + align:start position:0% +positive shocks in the past period and + + + align:start position:0% +positive shocks in the past period and +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +negative shocks today you get more + + align:start position:0% +negative shocks today you get more + + + align:start position:0% +negative shocks today you get more +negative effects on employment than if + + align:start position:0% +negative effects on employment than if + + + align:start position:0% +negative effects on employment than if +you just had + + align:start position:0% +you just had + + + align:start position:0% +you just had +um negative shocks today + + align:start position:0% +um negative shocks today + + + align:start position:0% +um negative shocks today +okay so that lagged positive shock is + + align:start position:0% +okay so that lagged positive shock is + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that lagged positive shock is +giving you an extra bump in + + align:start position:0% +giving you an extra bump in + + + align:start position:0% +giving you an extra bump in +Nega you know an additional sort of + + align:start position:0% +Nega you know an additional sort of + + + align:start position:0% +Nega you know an additional sort of +negative employment effect above and + + align:start position:0% +negative employment effect above and + + + align:start position:0% +negative employment effect above and +beyond + + align:start position:0% +beyond + + + align:start position:0% +beyond +um uh + + align:start position:0% +um uh + + + align:start position:0% +um uh +uh just the negative sort of demand + + align:start position:0% +uh just the negative sort of demand + + + align:start position:0% +uh just the negative sort of demand +shock today and that's because the price + + align:start position:0% +shock today and that's because the price + + + align:start position:0% +shock today and that's because the price +is sort of stuck too high + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right and so what's going on there right + + align:start position:0% +right and so what's going on there right + + + align:start position:0% +right and so what's going on there right +we you know what you'd like to have + + align:start position:0% +we you know what you'd like to have + + + align:start position:0% +we you know what you'd like to have +happen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so you know what you'd like to + + align:start position:0% +right so you know what you'd like to + + + align:start position:0% +right so you know what you'd like to +have happen if you have a negative labor + + align:start position:0% +have happen if you have a negative labor + + + align:start position:0% +have happen if you have a negative labor +demand shock + + align:start position:0% +demand shock + + + align:start position:0% +demand shock +right you know the ways should fall uh + + align:start position:0% +right you know the ways should fall uh + + + align:start position:0% +right you know the ways should fall uh +and employment should also fall but if + + align:start position:0% +and employment should also fall but if + + + align:start position:0% +and employment should also fall but if +the wages sort of stuck + + align:start position:0% +the wages sort of stuck + + + align:start position:0% +the wages sort of stuck +um too high then the quantity of the + + align:start position:0% +um too high then the quantity of the + + + align:start position:0% +um too high then the quantity of the +reduction in labor will be even larger + + align:start position:0% +reduction in labor will be even larger + + + align:start position:0% +reduction in labor will be even larger +right so this quantity reduction here + + align:start position:0% +right so this quantity reduction here + + + align:start position:0% +right so this quantity reduction here +here is less than here to here because + + align:start position:0% +here is less than here to here because + + + align:start position:0% +here is less than here to here because +you don't have that sort of the full + + align:start position:0% +you don't have that sort of the full + + + align:start position:0% +you don't have that sort of the full +weight response + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but is that clear yeah okay + + align:start position:0% +but is that clear yeah okay + + + align:start position:0% +but is that clear yeah okay +clear + + align:start position:0% +clear + + + align:start position:0% +clear +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +at some level I think it's actually this + + align:start position:0% +at some level I think it's actually this + + + align:start position:0% +at some level I think it's actually this +is a pretty remarkable set of results if + + align:start position:0% +is a pretty remarkable set of results if + + + align:start position:0% +is a pretty remarkable set of results if +you actually step back and think about + + align:start position:0% +you actually step back and think about + + + align:start position:0% +you actually step back and think about +what's actually what's actually going on + + align:start position:0% +what's actually what's actually going on + + + align:start position:0% +what's actually what's actually going on +right what's going on is it is that we + + align:start position:0% +right what's going on is it is that we + + + align:start position:0% +right what's going on is it is that we +have these sort of spots often these you + + align:start position:0% +have these sort of spots often these you + + + align:start position:0% +have these sort of spots often these you +would think of these spot Builders labor + + align:start position:0% +would think of these spot Builders labor + + + align:start position:0% +would think of these spot Builders labor +markets where + + align:start position:0% +markets where + + + align:start position:0% +markets where +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +but somehow like you know these these + + align:start position:0% +but somehow like you know these these + + + align:start position:0% +but somehow like you know these these +Norms about sort of + + align:start position:0% +Norms about sort of + + + align:start position:0% +Norms about sort of +um uh + + align:start position:0% +um uh + + + align:start position:0% +um uh +not cutting your nominal wages seems to + + align:start position:0% +not cutting your nominal wages seems to + + + align:start position:0% +not cutting your nominal wages seems to +be sort of taking place there too + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so so here's this is one way of + + align:start position:0% +okay so so here's this is one way of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so here's this is one way of +showing this they have another paper uh + + align:start position:0% +showing this they have another paper uh + + + align:start position:0% +showing this they have another paper uh +or actually uh Supreme cower and a + + align:start position:0% +or actually uh Supreme cower and a + + + align:start position:0% +or actually uh Supreme cower and a +different set of Cooperative another + + align:start position:0% +different set of Cooperative another + + + align:start position:0% +different set of Cooperative another +paper sort of looking at this + + align:start position:0% +paper sort of looking at this + + + align:start position:0% +paper sort of looking at this +experimentally which I'll show you in a + + align:start position:0% +experimentally which I'll show you in a + + + align:start position:0% +experimentally which I'll show you in a +second yeah Wesley your question no + + align:start position:0% +second yeah Wesley your question no + + + align:start position:0% +second yeah Wesley your question no +comments questions + + align:start position:0% +comments questions + + + align:start position:0% +comments questions +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that says suggested sort of some some + + align:start position:0% +so that says suggested sort of some some + + + align:start position:0% +so that says suggested sort of some some +kind of nominal wage stickiness + + align:start position:0% +kind of nominal wage stickiness + + + align:start position:0% +kind of nominal wage stickiness +another + + align:start position:0% +another + + + align:start position:0% +another +approach + + align:start position:0% +approach + + + align:start position:0% +approach +could be suppose you want to sort of + + align:start position:0% +could be suppose you want to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +could be suppose you want to sort of +test for sort of these like this this um + + align:start position:0% +test for sort of these like this this um + + + align:start position:0% +test for sort of these like this this um +uh lack of market clearing kind of + + align:start position:0% +uh lack of market clearing kind of + + + align:start position:0% +uh lack of market clearing kind of +experimentally + + align:start position:0% +experimentally + + + align:start position:0% +experimentally +okay how would you how would you do that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not necessarily the the pattern downward + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily the the pattern downward + + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily the the pattern downward +like what so one of you know broadly + + align:start position:0% +like what so one of you know broadly + + + align:start position:0% +like what so one of you know broadly +speaking the previous paper saying look + + align:start position:0% +speaking the previous paper saying look + + + align:start position:0% +speaking the previous paper saying look +we're testing for sort of failures out + + align:start position:0% +we're testing for sort of failures out + + + align:start position:0% +we're testing for sort of failures out +of the market clearing by looking at + + align:start position:0% +of the market clearing by looking at + + + align:start position:0% +of the market clearing by looking at +these patterns of by testing for one + + align:start position:0% +these patterns of by testing for one + + + align:start position:0% +these patterns of by testing for one +particular one which is these patterns + + align:start position:0% +particular one which is these patterns + + + align:start position:0% +particular one which is these patterns +of shocks more generally if we want to + + align:start position:0% +of shocks more generally if we want to + + + align:start position:0% +of shocks more generally if we want to +look to see whether the wage is kind of + + align:start position:0% +look to see whether the wage is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +look to see whether the wage is kind of +not adjusting to the market clearing + + align:start position:0% +not adjusting to the market clearing + + + align:start position:0% +not adjusting to the market clearing +level like what else could you suppose + + align:start position:0% +level like what else could you suppose + + + align:start position:0% +level like what else could you suppose +you want to do that experimentally like + + align:start position:0% +you want to do that experimentally like + + + align:start position:0% +you want to do that experimentally like +what could you do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for sure + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exactly right you can just shock labor + + align:start position:0% +exactly right you can just shock labor + + + align:start position:0% +exactly right you can just shock labor +demand or labor Supply right so in + + align:start position:0% +demand or labor Supply right so in + + + align:start position:0% +demand or labor Supply right so in +particular right we just literally if we + + align:start position:0% +particular right we just literally if we + + + align:start position:0% +particular right we just literally if we +can somehow experimentally shock this we + + align:start position:0% +can somehow experimentally shock this we + + + align:start position:0% +can somehow experimentally shock this we +can see what happens okay and uh and in + + align:start position:0% +can see what happens okay and uh and in + + + align:start position:0% +can see what happens okay and uh and in +particular if you think that the wage is + + align:start position:0% +particular if you think that the wage is + + + align:start position:0% +particular if you think that the wage is +like stuck too high right the key + + align:start position:0% +like stuck too high right the key + + + align:start position:0% +like stuck too high right the key +prediction is I can say experimentally + + align:start position:0% +prediction is I can say experimentally + + + align:start position:0% +prediction is I can say experimentally +shock say labor demand and see if the + + align:start position:0% +shock say labor demand and see if the + + + align:start position:0% +shock say labor demand and see if the +wage moves + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that's what they're gonna do + + align:start position:0% +so that's what they're gonna do + + + align:start position:0% +so that's what they're gonna do +okay so that's literally what they're + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's literally what they're + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's literally what they're +going to do they're going to work in uh + + align:start position:0% +going to do they're going to work in uh + + + align:start position:0% +going to do they're going to work in uh +Village labor markets + + align:start position:0% +Village labor markets + + + align:start position:0% +Village labor markets +and they're going to + + align:start position:0% +and they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +and they're going to +um randomly higher 24 of the labor + + align:start position:0% +um randomly higher 24 of the labor + + + align:start position:0% +um randomly higher 24 of the labor +market in some Village to go do some + + align:start position:0% +market in some Village to go do some + + + align:start position:0% +market in some Village to go do some +work in some Factory + + align:start position:0% +work in some Factory + + + align:start position:0% +work in some Factory +which I think if I remember correctly + + align:start position:0% +which I think if I remember correctly + + + align:start position:0% +which I think if I remember correctly +they were using for some other + + align:start position:0% +they were using for some other + + + align:start position:0% +they were using for some other +paper also like I think they needed a + + align:start position:0% +paper also like I think they needed a + + + align:start position:0% +paper also like I think they needed a +bunch of laborers to go do some things + + align:start position:0% +bunch of laborers to go do some things + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of laborers to go do some things +in Factory to study some other + + align:start position:0% +in Factory to study some other + + + align:start position:0% +in Factory to study some other +thing I don't I'm not 100 sure of this + + align:start position:0% +thing I don't I'm not 100 sure of this + + + align:start position:0% +thing I don't I'm not 100 sure of this +but I'm pretty sure this right + + align:start position:0% +but I'm pretty sure this right + + + align:start position:0% +but I'm pretty sure this right +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +so they said well if we can just sort of + + align:start position:0% +so they said well if we can just sort of + + + align:start position:0% +so they said well if we can just sort of +randomize kind of where we're getting + + align:start position:0% +randomize kind of where we're getting + + + align:start position:0% +randomize kind of where we're getting +them from getting these workers from we + + align:start position:0% +them from getting these workers from we + + + align:start position:0% +them from getting these workers from we +can also sort of study the effects of + + align:start position:0% +can also sort of study the effects of + + + align:start position:0% +can also sort of study the effects of +cut of this labor labor management yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I think they're doing it for like a + + align:start position:0% +I think they're doing it for like a + + + align:start position:0% +I think they're doing it for like a +month and they pick small villages + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah I mean I I mean I actually don't + + align:start position:0% +yeah I mean I I mean I actually don't + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I mean I I mean I actually don't +don't + + align:start position:0% +don't + + + align:start position:0% +don't +know the the details but you know I + + align:start position:0% +know the the details but you know I + + + align:start position:0% +know the the details but you know I +think it's something like that so + + align:start position:0% +think it's something like that so + + + align:start position:0% +think it's something like that so +I don't know where they got the money + + align:start position:0% +I don't know where they got the money + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know where they got the money +okay but actually but hold on a sec so + + align:start position:0% +okay but actually but hold on a sec so + + + align:start position:0% +okay but actually but hold on a sec so +like suppose that I don't know what so I + + align:start position:0% +like suppose that I don't know what so I + + + align:start position:0% +like suppose that I don't know what so I +don't actually you can look in the paper + + align:start position:0% +don't actually you can look in the paper + + + align:start position:0% +don't actually you can look in the paper +and see what the numbers are but if it + + align:start position:0% +and see what the numbers are but if it + + + align:start position:0% +and see what the numbers are but if it +was let's I mean I don't know suppose it + + align:start position:0% +was let's I mean I don't know suppose it + + + align:start position:0% +was let's I mean I don't know suppose it +was + + align:start position:0% +was + + + align:start position:0% +was +24 of the labor markets suppose The + + align:start position:0% +24 of the labor markets suppose The + + + align:start position:0% +24 of the labor markets suppose The +Village had I suppose it was a small + + align:start position:0% +Village had I suppose it was a small + + + align:start position:0% +Village had I suppose it was a small +village a couple hundred people so 50 + + align:start position:0% +village a couple hundred people so 50 + + + align:start position:0% +village a couple hundred people so 50 +people + + align:start position:0% +people + + + align:start position:0% +people +50 people and they make uh I don't know + + align:start position:0% +50 people and they make uh I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +50 people and they make uh I don't know +what the wage is a couple bucks a day + + align:start position:0% +what the wage is a couple bucks a day + + + align:start position:0% +what the wage is a couple bucks a day +um so you know 100 bucks a day + + align:start position:0% +um so you know 100 bucks a day + + + align:start position:0% +um so you know 100 bucks a day +for 50 people times a month would be uh + + align:start position:0% +for 50 people times a month would be uh + + + align:start position:0% +for 50 people times a month would be uh +three thousand + + align:start position:0% +three thousand + + + align:start position:0% +three thousand +dollars per Village and you do that for + + align:start position:0% +dollars per Village and you do that for + + + align:start position:0% +dollars per Village and you do that for +50 Villages it's month that's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +50 Villages it's month that's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +50 Villages it's month that's a lot of +money but it's maybe not sort of like + + align:start position:0% +money but it's maybe not sort of like + + + align:start position:0% +money but it's maybe not sort of like +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +it may not be millions and millions of + + align:start position:0% +it may not be millions and millions of + + + align:start position:0% +it may not be millions and millions of +dollars and the other point is I think + + align:start position:0% +dollars and the other point is I think + + + align:start position:0% +dollars and the other point is I think +they also needed these people anyway for + + align:start position:0% +they also needed these people anyway for + + + align:start position:0% +they also needed these people anyway for +some other thing + + align:start position:0% +some other thing + + + align:start position:0% +some other thing +right so they were sort of getting + + align:start position:0% +right so they were sort of getting + + + align:start position:0% +right so they were sort of getting +multiple you know they needed to hire + + align:start position:0% +multiple you know they needed to hire + + + align:start position:0% +multiple you know they needed to hire +some labor for some other activity + + align:start position:0% +some labor for some other activity + + + align:start position:0% +some labor for some other activity +I think and so maybe that's how they did + + align:start position:0% +I think and so maybe that's how they did + + + align:start position:0% +I think and so maybe that's how they did +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +I suspect I'm those numbers by the way + + align:start position:0% +I suspect I'm those numbers by the way + + + align:start position:0% +I suspect I'm those numbers by the way +are not the actual numbers those are you + + align:start position:0% +are not the actual numbers those are you + + + align:start position:0% +are not the actual numbers those are you +know Rough and Ready calculations I'm + + align:start position:0% +know Rough and Ready calculations I'm + + + align:start position:0% +know Rough and Ready calculations I'm +sure if you look in the paper you could + + align:start position:0% +sure if you look in the paper you could + + + align:start position:0% +sure if you look in the paper you could +figure out what their the the rough + + align:start position:0% +figure out what their the the rough + + + align:start position:0% +figure out what their the the rough +number is + + align:start position:0% +number is + + + align:start position:0% +number is +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so that's what they're gonna do + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's what they're gonna do + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's what they're gonna do +so what are the predictions + + align:start position:0% +so what are the predictions + + + align:start position:0% +so what are the predictions +like what should you look at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +what's right + + align:start position:0% +what's right + + + align:start position:0% +what's right +okay so uh right so uh + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh right so uh + + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh right so uh +this is so they're gonna call this a + + align:start position:0% +this is so they're gonna call this a + + + align:start position:0% +this is so they're gonna call this a +labor + + align:start position:0% +labor + + + align:start position:0% +labor +uh Supply shock + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so and there's gonna be a negative uh + + align:start position:0% +so and there's gonna be a negative uh + + + align:start position:0% +so and there's gonna be a negative uh +labor supply + + align:start position:0% +labor supply + + + align:start position:0% +labor supply +shops + + align:start position:0% +shops + + + align:start position:0% +shops +because we're pulling laborers so you + + align:start position:0% +because we're pulling laborers so you + + + align:start position:0% +because we're pulling laborers so you +can do it either way it actually doesn't + + align:start position:0% +can do it either way it actually doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +can do it either way it actually doesn't +matter + + align:start position:0% +matter + + + align:start position:0% +matter +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so so you can think of there's like the + + align:start position:0% +so so you can think of there's like the + + + align:start position:0% +so so you can think of there's like the +weight there's like a bunch of work in + + align:start position:0% +weight there's like a bunch of work in + + + align:start position:0% +weight there's like a bunch of work in +the village of like farming work or + + align:start position:0% +the village of like farming work or + + + align:start position:0% +the village of like farming work or +whatever and we're going to reduce the + + align:start position:0% +whatever and we're going to reduce the + + + align:start position:0% +whatever and we're going to reduce the +sort of Labor Supply to that farming + + align:start position:0% +sort of Labor Supply to that farming + + + align:start position:0% +sort of Labor Supply to that farming +work + + align:start position:0% +work + + + align:start position:0% +work +that's how I think that's how they think + + align:start position:0% +that's how I think that's how they think + + + align:start position:0% +that's how I think that's how they think +about it you could also think about it + + align:start position:0% +about it you could also think about it + + + align:start position:0% +about it you could also think about it +as like the total labor market in the + + align:start position:0% +as like the total labor market in the + + + align:start position:0% +as like the total labor market in the +village in a positive labor demand shock + + align:start position:0% +village in a positive labor demand shock + + + align:start position:0% +village in a positive labor demand shock +right it's I don't I don't think it's + + align:start position:0% +right it's I don't I don't think it's + + + align:start position:0% +right it's I don't I don't think it's +really gonna matter this is how I think + + align:start position:0% +really gonna matter this is how I think + + + align:start position:0% +really gonna matter this is how I think +they think about it it's like so the + + align:start position:0% +they think about it it's like so the + + + align:start position:0% +they think about it it's like so the +bill like the the labor market for + + align:start position:0% +bill like the the labor market for + + + align:start position:0% +bill like the the labor market for +Village Farm work has just had a + + align:start position:0% +Village Farm work has just had a + + + align:start position:0% +Village Farm work has just had a +negative labor Supply shock + + align:start position:0% +negative labor Supply shock + + + align:start position:0% +negative labor Supply shock +okay right so one view is + + align:start position:0% +okay right so one view is + + + align:start position:0% +okay right so one view is +right we went from here to there so the + + align:start position:0% +right we went from here to there so the + + + align:start position:0% +right we went from here to there so the +wage should go up and the quantity of of + + align:start position:0% +wage should go up and the quantity of of + + + align:start position:0% +wage should go up and the quantity of of +uh labor should go down + + align:start position:0% +uh labor should go down + + + align:start position:0% +uh labor should go down +right that's sort of if we're in a + + align:start position:0% +right that's sort of if we're in a + + + align:start position:0% +right that's sort of if we're in a +competitive market + + align:start position:0% +competitive market + + + align:start position:0% +competitive market +um what else + + align:start position:0% +um what else + + + align:start position:0% +um what else +and so if it was rationed what would you + + align:start position:0% +and so if it was rationed what would you + + + align:start position:0% +and so if it was rationed what would you +expect to have happened + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah Christine uh the weight shouldn't + + align:start position:0% +yeah Christine uh the weight shouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +yeah Christine uh the weight shouldn't +change yeah whatever the party ah + + align:start position:0% +change yeah whatever the party ah + + + align:start position:0% +change yeah whatever the party ah +shouldn't change videos right so if + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't change videos right so if + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't change videos right so if +we're rationed up here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right we're just living on a labor + + align:start position:0% +right we're just living on a labor + + + align:start position:0% +right we're just living on a labor +demand curve and nothing should happen + + align:start position:0% +demand curve and nothing should happen + + + align:start position:0% +demand curve and nothing should happen +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so um any sort of threats to + + align:start position:0% +so um any sort of threats to + + + align:start position:0% +so um any sort of threats to +like anything else you should be worried + + align:start position:0% +like anything else you should be worried + + + align:start position:0% +like anything else you should be worried +about here + + align:start position:0% +about here + + + align:start position:0% +about here +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +um if your shock is too big then you're + + align:start position:0% +um if your shock is too big then you're + + + align:start position:0% +um if your shock is too big then you're +no longer makes me + + align:start position:0% +no longer makes me + + + align:start position:0% +no longer makes me +feel your favorite Supply shot by too + + align:start position:0% +feel your favorite Supply shot by too + + + align:start position:0% +feel your favorite Supply shot by too +far up yep + + align:start position:0% +far up yep + + + align:start position:0% +far up yep +right so the shock can't be too big + + align:start position:0% +right so the shock can't be too big + + + align:start position:0% +right so the shock can't be too big +right because if the shock is too big + + align:start position:0% +right because if the shock is too big + + + align:start position:0% +right because if the shock is too big +then then actually then we'll be off + + align:start position:0% +then then actually then we'll be off + + + align:start position:0% +then then actually then we'll be off +kind of the constraint so it has to be + + align:start position:0% +kind of the constraint so it has to be + + + align:start position:0% +kind of the constraint so it has to be +it has to be + + align:start position:0% +it has to be + + + align:start position:0% +it has to be +big it's you're looking for the right + + align:start position:0% +big it's you're looking for the right + + + align:start position:0% +big it's you're looking for the right +size shock to be detectable but not so + + align:start position:0% +size shock to be detectable but not so + + + align:start position:0% +size shock to be detectable but not so +large that it kind of busts the it goes + + align:start position:0% +large that it kind of busts the it goes + + + align:start position:0% +large that it kind of busts the it goes +over kind of that that clearing Point + + align:start position:0% +over kind of that that clearing Point + + + align:start position:0% +over kind of that that clearing Point +that's that's one number two yep what + + align:start position:0% +that's that's one number two yep what + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's one number two yep what +else do you think about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anything else + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so um + + align:start position:0% +so um + + + align:start position:0% +so um +what would happen + + align:start position:0% +what would happen + + + align:start position:0% +what would happen +if uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +see if I can draw this right + + align:start position:0% +see if I can draw this right + + + align:start position:0% +see if I can draw this right +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we had so that's our labor Supply + + align:start position:0% +and we had so that's our labor Supply + + + align:start position:0% +and we had so that's our labor Supply +shock + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we had totally + + align:start position:0% +and we had totally + + + align:start position:0% +and we had totally +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +inelastic labor demand + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what happened there + + align:start position:0% +so what happened there + + + align:start position:0% +so what happened there +this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +right so here what's right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah no change in quantity but the waste + + align:start position:0% +yeah no change in quantity but the waste + + + align:start position:0% +yeah no change in quantity but the waste +goes up right + + align:start position:0% +goes up right + + + align:start position:0% +goes up right +and likewise if I drew it totally + + align:start position:0% +and likewise if I drew it totally + + + align:start position:0% +and likewise if I drew it totally +inelastic you could have a change in + + align:start position:0% +inelastic you could have a change in + + + align:start position:0% +inelastic you could have a change in +quantity but no change in wage right so + + align:start position:0% +quantity but no change in wage right so + + + align:start position:0% +quantity but no change in wage right so +you might you might get one but not the + + align:start position:0% +you might you might get one but not the + + + align:start position:0% +you might you might get one but not the +other right so we need to look at both + + align:start position:0% +other right so we need to look at both + + + align:start position:0% +other right so we need to look at both +of them we need to look at both here + + align:start position:0% +of them we need to look at both here + + + align:start position:0% +of them we need to look at both here +because if we only looked at one of them + + align:start position:0% +because if we only looked at one of them + + + align:start position:0% +because if we only looked at one of them +we can't necessarily rule that out + + align:start position:0% +we can't necessarily rule that out + + + align:start position:0% +we can't necessarily rule that out +and what about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what if the labor supply curve is + + align:start position:0% +what if the labor supply curve is + + + align:start position:0% +what if the labor supply curve is +totally elastic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Wesley if you want to say that no you're + + align:start position:0% +Wesley if you want to say that no you're + + + align:start position:0% +Wesley if you want to say that no you're +thinking or Patrick somebody yeah + + align:start position:0% +thinking or Patrick somebody yeah + + + align:start position:0% +thinking or Patrick somebody yeah +nothing happens right + + align:start position:0% +nothing happens right + + + align:start position:0% +nothing happens right +so um the I think the one alternative + + align:start position:0% +so um the I think the one alternative + + + align:start position:0% +so um the I think the one alternative +that to my mind like the one of the sort + + align:start position:0% +that to my mind like the one of the sort + + + align:start position:0% +that to my mind like the one of the sort +of alternative things they have to deal + + align:start position:0% +of alternative things they have to deal + + + align:start position:0% +of alternative things they have to deal +with is like maybe the labor Supply is + + align:start position:0% +with is like maybe the labor Supply is + + + align:start position:0% +with is like maybe the labor Supply is +totally elastic right because if labor + + align:start position:0% +totally elastic right because if labor + + + align:start position:0% +totally elastic right because if labor +Supply totally elastic then I pull out a + + align:start position:0% +Supply totally elastic then I pull out a + + + align:start position:0% +Supply totally elastic then I pull out a +bunch of Labor right but you know a + + align:start position:0% +bunch of Labor right but you know a + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of Labor right but you know a +bunch of sort of people that it's a + + align:start position:0% +bunch of sort of people that it's a + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of sort of people that it's a +reservation wage a bunch of people just + + align:start position:0% +reservation wage a bunch of people just + + + align:start position:0% +reservation wage a bunch of people just +enter and and nothing would change + + align:start position:0% +enter and and nothing would change + + + align:start position:0% +enter and and nothing would change +okay so just keep that in mind and and + + align:start position:0% +okay so just keep that in mind and and + + + align:start position:0% +okay so just keep that in mind and and +they have a + + align:start position:0% +they have a + + + align:start position:0% +they have a +I actually does anyone remember anyone + + align:start position:0% +I actually does anyone remember anyone + + + align:start position:0% +I actually does anyone remember anyone +read the paper and remember how they + + align:start position:0% +read the paper and remember how they + + + align:start position:0% +read the paper and remember how they +talk about Labor Health quests see + + align:start position:0% +talk about Labor Health quests see + + + align:start position:0% +talk about Labor Health quests see +they have they have something in the + + align:start position:0% +they have they have something in the + + + align:start position:0% +they have they have something in the +paper to argue this is not the case but + + align:start position:0% +paper to argue this is not the case but + + + align:start position:0% +paper to argue this is not the case but +I don't actually remember at the moment + + align:start position:0% +I don't actually remember at the moment + + + align:start position:0% +I don't actually remember at the moment +exactly why they they argue it's not the + + align:start position:0% +exactly why they they argue it's not the + + + align:start position:0% +exactly why they they argue it's not the +case but it's a good they do have a + + align:start position:0% +case but it's a good they do have a + + + align:start position:0% +case but it's a good they do have a +paragraph or so on this one uh to my + + align:start position:0% +paragraph or so on this one uh to my + + + align:start position:0% +paragraph or so on this one uh to my +mind that's the one I was sort of a + + align:start position:0% +mind that's the one I was sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +mind that's the one I was sort of a +little harder at + + align:start position:0% +little harder at + + + align:start position:0% +little harder at +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +other point is do you think the response + + align:start position:0% +other point is do you think the response + + + align:start position:0% +other point is do you think the response +should be the same throughout the year + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so here's like the key fact right a key + + align:start position:0% +so here's like the key fact right a key + + + align:start position:0% +so here's like the key fact right a key +fact about agricultural labor markets is + + align:start position:0% +fact about agricultural labor markets is + + + align:start position:0% +fact about agricultural labor markets is +there are like Peak periods and non-peak + + align:start position:0% +there are like Peak periods and non-peak + + + align:start position:0% +there are like Peak periods and non-peak +periods right Peak period is when we + + align:start position:0% +periods right Peak period is when we + + + align:start position:0% +periods right Peak period is when we +need to like plant we need to harvest + + align:start position:0% +need to like plant we need to harvest + + + align:start position:0% +need to like plant we need to harvest +and people are like doing a lot of work + + align:start position:0% +and people are like doing a lot of work + + + align:start position:0% +and people are like doing a lot of work +then and then sort of like the slack + + align:start position:0% +then and then sort of like the slack + + + align:start position:0% +then and then sort of like the slack +period is kind of like the rest of the + + align:start position:0% +period is kind of like the rest of the + + + align:start position:0% +period is kind of like the rest of the +year + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so do you think there'd be do you think + + align:start position:0% +so do you think there'd be do you think + + + align:start position:0% +so do you think there'd be do you think +there would be likely to be differences + + align:start position:0% +there would be likely to be differences + + + align:start position:0% +there would be likely to be differences +between these two different parts of the + + align:start position:0% +between these two different parts of the + + + align:start position:0% +between these two different parts of the +year + + align:start position:0% +year + + + align:start position:0% +year +why + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because this is when like there's an + + align:start position:0% +because this is when like there's an + + + align:start position:0% +because this is when like there's an +active market for agricultural labor + + align:start position:0% +active market for agricultural labor + + + align:start position:0% +active market for agricultural labor +um and we'd be less likely to be in a + + align:start position:0% +um and we'd be less likely to be in a + + + align:start position:0% +um and we'd be less likely to be in a +against US Labor Supply + + align:start position:0% +against US Labor Supply + + + align:start position:0% +against US Labor Supply +situation where like taking taking sorry + + align:start position:0% +situation where like taking taking sorry + + + align:start position:0% +situation where like taking taking sorry +to pick up which effect what do you mean + + align:start position:0% +to pick up which effect what do you mean + + + align:start position:0% +to pick up which effect what do you mean +uh like + + align:start position:0% +uh like + + + align:start position:0% +uh like +if we're in a slack period And there's a + + align:start position:0% +if we're in a slack period And there's a + + + align:start position:0% +if we're in a slack period And there's a +bunch of excess labor then taking 24 of + + align:start position:0% +bunch of excess labor then taking 24 of + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of excess labor then taking 24 of +the big Market away + + align:start position:0% +the big Market away + + + align:start position:0% +the big Market away +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay sorry so going back to our little + + align:start position:0% +okay sorry so going back to our little + + + align:start position:0% +okay sorry so going back to our little +like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +graphs so what do you have in mind + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so another way to think about it right + + align:start position:0% +so another way to think about it right + + + align:start position:0% +so another way to think about it right +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is our labor Supply and this is our + + align:start position:0% +this is our labor Supply and this is our + + + align:start position:0% +this is our labor Supply and this is our +labor Supply shock + + align:start position:0% +labor Supply shock + + + align:start position:0% +labor Supply shock +right and + + align:start position:0% +right and + + + align:start position:0% +right and +maybe this is labor demand in Peak + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and maybe I should use different colors + + align:start position:0% +and maybe I should use different colors + + + align:start position:0% +and maybe I should use different colors +huh maybe I'll just different color + + align:start position:0% +huh maybe I'll just different color + + + align:start position:0% +huh maybe I'll just different color +sorry + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is labor demand + + align:start position:0% +this is labor demand + + + align:start position:0% +this is labor demand +Peak + + align:start position:0% +Peak + + + align:start position:0% +Peak +and I guess I only have two colors + + align:start position:0% +and I guess I only have two colors + + + align:start position:0% +and I guess I only have two colors +oh oh no we have more colors + + align:start position:0% +oh oh no we have more colors + + + align:start position:0% +oh oh no we have more colors +that's excellent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sort of okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and that's labor demand in the slack + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and this is labor Supply + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we're going to shock + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to shock + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to shock +and this is our labor Supply shock + + align:start position:0% +and this is our labor Supply shock + + + align:start position:0% +and this is our labor Supply shock +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +in the peak period + + align:start position:0% +in the peak period + + + align:start position:0% +in the peak period +right like in this is all with sort of + + align:start position:0% +right like in this is all with sort of + + + align:start position:0% +right like in this is all with sort of +market clearing right the people here + + align:start position:0% +market clearing right the people here + + + align:start position:0% +market clearing right the people here +we're going from here + + align:start position:0% +we're going from here + + + align:start position:0% +we're going from here +to there + + align:start position:0% +to there + + + align:start position:0% +to there +and in the slack period we're going to + + align:start position:0% +and in the slack period we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +and in the slack period we're going to +go from like here + + align:start position:0% +go from like here + + + align:start position:0% +go from like here +to there okay so that's all on the + + align:start position:0% +to there okay so that's all on the + + + align:start position:0% +to there okay so that's all on the +market clearing yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes okay so now uh okay everyone + + align:start position:0% +yes okay so now uh okay everyone + + + align:start position:0% +yes okay so now uh okay everyone +and by the way I'm just so one + + align:start position:0% +and by the way I'm just so one + + + align:start position:0% +and by the way I'm just so one +assumption I've made in drawing these + + align:start position:0% +assumption I've made in drawing these + + + align:start position:0% +assumption I've made in drawing these +graphs I haven't tilted the + + align:start position:0% +graphs I haven't tilted the + + + align:start position:0% +graphs I haven't tilted the +labor Supply first of all I've assumed + + align:start position:0% +labor Supply first of all I've assumed + + + align:start position:0% +labor Supply first of all I've assumed +labor sorry I've assumed labor Supply is + + align:start position:0% +labor sorry I've assumed labor Supply is + + + align:start position:0% +labor sorry I've assumed labor Supply is +the same in both cases + + align:start position:0% +the same in both cases + + + align:start position:0% +the same in both cases +right uh I've also + + align:start position:0% +right uh I've also + + + align:start position:0% +right uh I've also +um haven't + + align:start position:0% +um haven't + + + align:start position:0% +um haven't +changed labor demand to make it more or + + align:start position:0% +changed labor demand to make it more or + + + align:start position:0% +changed labor demand to make it more or +less elastic in these different periods + + align:start position:0% +less elastic in these different periods + + + align:start position:0% +less elastic in these different periods +right you might also imagine that sort + + align:start position:0% +right you might also imagine that sort + + + align:start position:0% +right you might also imagine that sort +of Labor I mean another thing you could + + align:start position:0% +of Labor I mean another thing you could + + + align:start position:0% +of Labor I mean another thing you could +also Imagine is maybe labor demand is + + align:start position:0% +also Imagine is maybe labor demand is + + + align:start position:0% +also Imagine is maybe labor demand is +less elastic in the peak period because + + align:start position:0% +less elastic in the peak period because + + + align:start position:0% +less elastic in the peak period because +I have to I really really really need to + + align:start position:0% +I have to I really really really need to + + + align:start position:0% +I have to I really really really need to +get those crops clean now otherwise + + align:start position:0% +get those crops clean now otherwise + + + align:start position:0% +get those crops clean now otherwise +they're going to like rot whereas in the + + align:start position:0% +they're going to like rot whereas in the + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to like rot whereas in the +slack period like I have a couple of + + align:start position:0% +slack period like I have a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +slack period like I have a couple of +some stuff to do around the farm but it + + align:start position:0% +some stuff to do around the farm but it + + + align:start position:0% +some stuff to do around the farm but it +could get done now get done later like + + align:start position:0% +could get done now get done later like + + + align:start position:0% +could get done now get done later like +whatever and so that would make it kind + + align:start position:0% +whatever and so that would make it kind + + + align:start position:0% +whatever and so that would make it kind +of more elastic in the uh in the in the + + align:start position:0% +of more elastic in the uh in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +of more elastic in the uh in the in the +in the period but just for the moment + + align:start position:0% +in the period but just for the moment + + + align:start position:0% +in the period but just for the moment +with this with this graph like this does + + align:start position:0% +with this with this graph like this does + + + align:start position:0% +with this with this graph like this does +that give you any thoughts on sort of + + align:start position:0% +that give you any thoughts on sort of + + + align:start position:0% +that give you any thoughts on sort of +how + + align:start position:0% +how + + + align:start position:0% +how +things should be changed like whether + + align:start position:0% +things should be changed like whether + + + align:start position:0% +things should be changed like whether +you'd expect anything different in the + + align:start position:0% +you'd expect anything different in the + + + align:start position:0% +you'd expect anything different in the +peak of the slide periods + + align:start position:0% +peak of the slide periods + + + align:start position:0% +peak of the slide periods +yeah Whitney oh Jenny sorry + + align:start position:0% +yeah Whitney oh Jenny sorry + + + align:start position:0% +yeah Whitney oh Jenny sorry +if you are thinking about brushing being + + align:start position:0% +if you are thinking about brushing being + + + align:start position:0% +if you are thinking about brushing being +like a price floor you're more likely to + + align:start position:0% +like a price floor you're more likely to + + + align:start position:0% +like a price floor you're more likely to +have that + + align:start position:0% +have that + + + align:start position:0% +have that +be the case in this last + + align:start position:0% +be the case in this last + + + align:start position:0% +be the case in this last +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +exactly right so if we draw the uh + + align:start position:0% +exactly right so if we draw the uh + + + align:start position:0% +exactly right so if we draw the uh +rationing thing to be say you know + + align:start position:0% +rationing thing to be say you know + + + align:start position:0% +rationing thing to be say you know +suppose for example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +sorry let's draw it uh + + align:start position:0% +sorry let's draw it uh + + + align:start position:0% +sorry let's draw it uh +bum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let me redraw it a little bit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +yeah let's start over here + + align:start position:0% +yeah let's start over here + + + align:start position:0% +yeah let's start over here +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and let's put the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +waste floor that right so if that's the + + align:start position:0% +waste floor that right so if that's the + + + align:start position:0% +waste floor that right so if that's the +graph hopefully you all can can see my + + align:start position:0% +graph hopefully you all can can see my + + + align:start position:0% +graph hopefully you all can can see my +graph + + align:start position:0% +graph + + + align:start position:0% +graph +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +in in if we have the the wage in general + + align:start position:0% +in in if we have the the wage in general + + + align:start position:0% +in in if we have the the wage in general +is going to be much higher in the peak + + align:start position:0% +is going to be much higher in the peak + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be much higher in the peak +season right and if I just fix a kind of + + align:start position:0% +season right and if I just fix a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +season right and if I just fix a kind of +nominal wage floor then in this example + + align:start position:0% +nominal wage floor then in this example + + + align:start position:0% +nominal wage floor then in this example +in the peak season like everything they + + align:start position:0% +in the peak season like everything they + + + align:start position:0% +in the peak season like everything they +have is kind of nice and competitively + + align:start position:0% +have is kind of nice and competitively + + + align:start position:0% +have is kind of nice and competitively +like the the wage goes up quantity goes + + align:start position:0% +like the the wage goes up quantity goes + + + align:start position:0% +like the the wage goes up quantity goes +down because we're kind of above that + + align:start position:0% +down because we're kind of above that + + + align:start position:0% +down because we're kind of above that +wage floor but in the slack season + + align:start position:0% +wage floor but in the slack season + + + align:start position:0% +wage floor but in the slack season +right we're kind of the whole activity + + align:start position:0% +right we're kind of the whole activity + + + align:start position:0% +right we're kind of the whole activity +is kind of happening below that wage + + align:start position:0% +is kind of happening below that wage + + + align:start position:0% +is kind of happening below that wage +floor and sort of it looks as if we're + + align:start position:0% +floor and sort of it looks as if we're + + + align:start position:0% +floor and sort of it looks as if we're +kind of rational + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and that this is going to be basically + + align:start position:0% +and that this is going to be basically + + + align:start position:0% +and that this is going to be basically +what they're going to argue is sort of + + align:start position:0% +what they're going to argue is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +what they're going to argue is sort of +happening + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is that clear + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so this is how they um + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is how they um + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is how they um +so this is this is basically just + + align:start position:0% +so this is this is basically just + + + align:start position:0% +so this is this is basically just +showing you this is why it's just true + + align:start position:0% +showing you this is why it's just true + + + align:start position:0% +showing you this is why it's just true +so let me just say that okay fine so + + align:start position:0% +so let me just say that okay fine so + + + align:start position:0% +so let me just say that okay fine so +what they're going to then do is they're + + align:start position:0% +what they're going to then do is they're + + + align:start position:0% +what they're going to then do is they're +going to then look at the hiring shock + + align:start position:0% +going to then look at the hiring shock + + + align:start position:0% +going to then look at the hiring shock +right that's sort of the the negatively + + align:start position:0% +right that's sort of the the negatively + + + align:start position:0% +right that's sort of the the negatively +Supply reduction interacted with sort of + + align:start position:0% +Supply reduction interacted with sort of + + + align:start position:0% +Supply reduction interacted with sort of +whether you're at a uh in the peak + + align:start position:0% +whether you're at a uh in the peak + + + align:start position:0% +whether you're at a uh in the peak +period and they can measure this just + + align:start position:0% +period and they can measure this just + + + align:start position:0% +period and they can measure this just +sort of like by being in the peak + + align:start position:0% +sort of like by being in the peak + + + align:start position:0% +sort of like by being in the peak +agricultural period in these areas or by + + align:start position:0% +agricultural period in these areas or by + + + align:start position:0% +agricultural period in these areas or by +sort of the overall employment level as + + align:start position:0% +sort of the overall employment level as + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the overall employment level as +a measure of sort of like how high labor + + align:start position:0% +a measure of sort of like how high labor + + + align:start position:0% +a measure of sort of like how high labor +demand is + + align:start position:0% +demand is + + + align:start position:0% +demand is +so the okay the first thing they're + + align:start position:0% +so the okay the first thing they're + + + align:start position:0% +so the okay the first thing they're +going to do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they're going to look at what they call + + align:start position:0% +they're going to look at what they call + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to look at what they call +the spillover sample so what is this + + align:start position:0% +the spillover sample so what is this + + + align:start position:0% +the spillover sample so what is this +so what they do and this is actually + + align:start position:0% +so what they do and this is actually + + + align:start position:0% +so what they do and this is actually +sort of I think I just want to actually + + align:start position:0% +sort of I think I just want to actually + + + align:start position:0% +sort of I think I just want to actually +this is kind of clever or so what they + + align:start position:0% +this is kind of clever or so what they + + + align:start position:0% +this is kind of clever or so what they +do + + align:start position:0% +do + + + align:start position:0% +do +is they you have to keep track of who's + + align:start position:0% +is they you have to keep track of who's + + + align:start position:0% +is they you have to keep track of who's +who in these different labor markets + + align:start position:0% +who in these different labor markets + + + align:start position:0% +who in these different labor markets +so what they do is before they start + + align:start position:0% +so what they do is before they start + + + align:start position:0% +so what they do is before they start +they recruit a list of workers who are + + align:start position:0% +they recruit a list of workers who are + + + align:start position:0% +they recruit a list of workers who are +interested in their factory jobs + + align:start position:0% +interested in their factory jobs + + + align:start position:0% +interested in their factory jobs +okay that's going to be the potential + + align:start position:0% +okay that's going to be the potential + + + align:start position:0% +okay that's going to be the potential +treatment set + + align:start position:0% +treatment set + + + align:start position:0% +treatment set +and they randomly pick + + align:start position:0% +and they randomly pick + + + align:start position:0% +and they randomly pick +which Villages they're going to hire + + align:start position:0% +which Villages they're going to hire + + + align:start position:0% +which Villages they're going to hire +from and within Villages they randomly + + align:start position:0% +from and within Villages they randomly + + + align:start position:0% +from and within Villages they randomly +pick people from this list + + align:start position:0% +pick people from this list + + + align:start position:0% +pick people from this list +the spillover sample + + align:start position:0% +the spillover sample + + + align:start position:0% +the spillover sample +is everyone who is not in this list + + align:start position:0% +is everyone who is not in this list + + + align:start position:0% +is everyone who is not in this list +who did not say they were engine one of + + align:start position:0% +who did not say they were engine one of + + + align:start position:0% +who did not say they were engine one of +these jobs + + align:start position:0% +these jobs + + + align:start position:0% +these jobs +and what and and the point that I want + + align:start position:0% +and what and and the point that I want + + + align:start position:0% +and what and and the point that I want +to make is because they recruited this + + align:start position:0% +to make is because they recruited this + + + align:start position:0% +to make is because they recruited this +list X ante before they randomize they + + align:start position:0% +list X ante before they randomize they + + + align:start position:0% +list X ante before they randomize they +know who is in the spillover sample in + + align:start position:0% +know who is in the spillover sample in + + + align:start position:0% +know who is in the spillover sample in +both treatment and control Villages kind + + align:start position:0% +both treatment and control Villages kind + + + align:start position:0% +both treatment and control Villages kind +of identically because like Step One is + + align:start position:0% +of identically because like Step One is + + + align:start position:0% +of identically because like Step One is +I split the villages into like you know + + align:start position:0% +I split the villages into like you know + + + align:start position:0% +I split the villages into like you know +say this half of the villages like if + + align:start position:0% +say this half of the villages like if + + + align:start position:0% +say this half of the villages like if +you're a treatment area we're gonna like + + align:start position:0% +you're a treatment area we're gonna like + + + align:start position:0% +you're a treatment area we're gonna like +give you factory work this half of the + + align:start position:0% +give you factory work this half of the + + + align:start position:0% +give you factory work this half of the +village like if you were in the + + align:start position:0% +village like if you were in the + + + align:start position:0% +village like if you were in the +treatment area we're not going to do + + align:start position:0% +treatment area we're not going to do + + + align:start position:0% +treatment area we're not going to do +factory work right and we know who you + + align:start position:0% +factory work right and we know who you + + + align:start position:0% +factory work right and we know who you +are because you identify yourself + + align:start position:0% +are because you identify yourself + + + align:start position:0% +are because you identify yourself +beforehand and then when I randomize you + + align:start position:0% +beforehand and then when I randomize you + + + align:start position:0% +beforehand and then when I randomize you +into the into the experiment later on + + align:start position:0% +into the into the experiment later on + + + align:start position:0% +into the into the experiment later on +it's then totally okay for me to just + + align:start position:0% +it's then totally okay for me to just + + + align:start position:0% +it's then totally okay for me to just +look at this set of people and kind of + + align:start position:0% +look at this set of people and kind of + + + align:start position:0% +look at this set of people and kind of +control and control treatment areas as + + align:start position:0% +control and control treatment areas as + + + align:start position:0% +control and control treatment areas as +as the sort of kind of rest of the labor + + align:start position:0% +as the sort of kind of rest of the labor + + + align:start position:0% +as the sort of kind of rest of the labor +market because identified them + + align:start position:0% +market because identified them + + + align:start position:0% +market because identified them +identically in treatment control areas + + align:start position:0% +identically in treatment control areas + + + align:start position:0% +identically in treatment control areas +if I if I hadn't done this step + + align:start position:0% +if I if I hadn't done this step + + + align:start position:0% +if I if I hadn't done this step +I it would still be okay to look at the + + align:start position:0% +I it would still be okay to look at the + + + align:start position:0% +I it would still be okay to look at the +total labor market but I couldn't sort + + align:start position:0% +total labor market but I couldn't sort + + + align:start position:0% +total labor market but I couldn't sort +of just specifically look at what's + + align:start position:0% +of just specifically look at what's + + + align:start position:0% +of just specifically look at what's +happening to these other set of workers + + align:start position:0% +happening to these other set of workers + + + align:start position:0% +happening to these other set of workers +I wouldn't know like in the treatment + + align:start position:0% +I wouldn't know like in the treatment + + + align:start position:0% +I wouldn't know like in the treatment +area like in the control areas who would + + align:start position:0% +area like in the control areas who would + + + align:start position:0% +area like in the control areas who would +have been the people who would have + + align:start position:0% +have been the people who would have + + + align:start position:0% +have been the people who would have +taken up a factory job and who wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +taken up a factory job and who wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +taken up a factory job and who wouldn't +have been people do you see what I'm + + align:start position:0% +have been people do you see what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +have been people do you see what I'm +saying + + align:start position:0% +saying + + + align:start position:0% +saying +so the fact this is all kind of very + + align:start position:0% +so the fact this is all kind of very + + + align:start position:0% +so the fact this is all kind of very +precise uh and done X ante + + align:start position:0% +precise uh and done X ante + + + align:start position:0% +precise uh and done X ante +um is very helpful + + align:start position:0% +um is very helpful + + + align:start position:0% +um is very helpful +okay clear + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so they're first going to look at the + + align:start position:0% +so they're first going to look at the + + + align:start position:0% +so they're first going to look at the +spillover sample + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +one thing you should know about by the + + align:start position:0% +one thing you should know about by the + + + align:start position:0% +one thing you should know about by the +way is that you know rural wages often + + align:start position:0% +way is that you know rural wages often + + + align:start position:0% +way is that you know rural wages often +take the form of like a bit of wage and + + align:start position:0% +take the form of like a bit of wage and + + + align:start position:0% +take the form of like a bit of wage and +a bit of in kind like they'll give you + + align:start position:0% +a bit of in kind like they'll give you + + + align:start position:0% +a bit of in kind like they'll give you +some cash and then maybe they'll give + + align:start position:0% +some cash and then maybe they'll give + + + align:start position:0% +some cash and then maybe they'll give +you lunch you know or something like + + align:start position:0% +you lunch you know or something like + + + align:start position:0% +you lunch you know or something like +that so you actually have to be and + + align:start position:0% +that so you actually have to be and + + + align:start position:0% +that so you actually have to be and +actually for a you know a rural laborer + + align:start position:0% +actually for a you know a rural laborer + + + align:start position:0% +actually for a you know a rural laborer +making subsistence wage lunch can be a + + align:start position:0% +making subsistence wage lunch can be a + + + align:start position:0% +making subsistence wage lunch can be a +non-trivial + + align:start position:0% +non-trivial + + + align:start position:0% +non-trivial +fraction of the total compensation so + + align:start position:0% +fraction of the total compensation so + + + align:start position:0% +fraction of the total compensation so +you have to be careful to sort of + + align:start position:0% +you have to be careful to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +you have to be careful to sort of +measure that to + + align:start position:0% +measure that to + + + align:start position:0% +measure that to +like lunch and snacks I feel like in one + + align:start position:0% +like lunch and snacks I feel like in one + + + align:start position:0% +like lunch and snacks I feel like in one +case it was like I studied it was like + + align:start position:0% +case it was like I studied it was like + + + align:start position:0% +case it was like I studied it was like +lunch a snack and a couple cigarettes it + + align:start position:0% +lunch a snack and a couple cigarettes it + + + align:start position:0% +lunch a snack and a couple cigarettes it +was like you know but that stuff + + align:start position:0% +was like you know but that stuff + + + align:start position:0% +was like you know but that stuff +actually can be non-trivial sort of + + align:start position:0% +actually can be non-trivial sort of + + + align:start position:0% +actually can be non-trivial sort of +relative to Total compensations you have + + align:start position:0% +relative to Total compensations you have + + + align:start position:0% +relative to Total compensations you have +to conclude it too + + align:start position:0% +to conclude it too + + + align:start position:0% +to conclude it too +okay so in this spillover sample what do + + align:start position:0% +okay so in this spillover sample what do + + + align:start position:0% +okay so in this spillover sample what do +you find so okay someone want to + + align:start position:0% +you find so okay someone want to + + + align:start position:0% +you find so okay someone want to +interpret what we're finding here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the the shock the supply shock is very + + align:start position:0% +the the shock the supply shock is very + + + align:start position:0% +the the shock the supply shock is very +little impact of wages + + align:start position:0% +little impact of wages + + + align:start position:0% +little impact of wages +take care of a stronger effectively + + align:start position:0% +take care of a stronger effectively + + + align:start position:0% +take care of a stronger effectively +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +I don't remember why it's called 70p + + align:start position:0% +I don't remember why it's called 70p + + + align:start position:0% +I don't remember why it's called 70p +let's just call me + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so what do you think of that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or a nice little graph over there yeah + + align:start position:0% +or a nice little graph over there yeah + + + align:start position:0% +or a nice little graph over there yeah +exactly right so okay so that's number + + align:start position:0% +exactly right so okay so that's number + + + align:start position:0% +exactly right so okay so that's number +that's on wages right + + align:start position:0% +that's on wages right + + + align:start position:0% +that's on wages right +and so exactly so that's exactly what + + align:start position:0% +and so exactly so that's exactly what + + + align:start position:0% +and so exactly so that's exactly what +you went you were that's exactly kind of + + align:start position:0% +you went you were that's exactly kind of + + + align:start position:0% +you went you were that's exactly kind of +this point over here which is it in the + + align:start position:0% +this point over here which is it in the + + + align:start position:0% +this point over here which is it in the +non-peak period it looks like they're + + align:start position:0% +non-peak period it looks like they're + + + align:start position:0% +non-peak period it looks like they're +they're constraint like the way is it + + align:start position:0% +they're constraint like the way is it + + + align:start position:0% +they're constraint like the way is it +unaffected in the peak period the wage + + align:start position:0% +unaffected in the peak period the wage + + + align:start position:0% +unaffected in the peak period the wage +is affected right + + align:start position:0% +is affected right + + + align:start position:0% +is affected right +and the second thing is we want to look + + align:start position:0% +and the second thing is we want to look + + + align:start position:0% +and the second thing is we want to look +at employment + + align:start position:0% +at employment + + + align:start position:0% +at employment +right so this is still a spillover + + align:start position:0% +right so this is still a spillover + + + align:start position:0% +right so this is still a spillover +sample uh ignore ignore this bullet + + align:start position:0% +sample uh ignore ignore this bullet + + + align:start position:0% +sample uh ignore ignore this bullet +point I change the graphs and didn't + + align:start position:0% +point I change the graphs and didn't + + + align:start position:0% +point I change the graphs and didn't +change the bullet so just ignore that + + align:start position:0% +change the bullet so just ignore that + + + align:start position:0% +change the bullet so just ignore that +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so this is the uh + + align:start position:0% +so this is the uh + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the uh +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so sorry so what do you make it + + align:start position:0% +okay so sorry so what do you make it + + + align:start position:0% +okay so sorry so what do you make it +what do you make of this + + align:start position:0% +what do you make of this + + + align:start position:0% +what do you make of this +this is employment from the spillover + + align:start position:0% +this is employment from the spillover + + + align:start position:0% +this is employment from the spillover +sample + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +decrease in employment during the peak + + align:start position:0% +decrease in employment during the peak + + + align:start position:0% +decrease in employment during the peak +season and less of a decrease in + + align:start position:0% +season and less of a decrease in + + + align:start position:0% +season and less of a decrease in +employment during the office + + align:start position:0% +employment during the office + + + align:start position:0% +employment during the office +uh say it again sorry let's say that + + align:start position:0% +uh say it again sorry let's say that + + + align:start position:0% +uh say it again sorry let's say that +again so uh + + align:start position:0% +again so uh + + + align:start position:0% +again so uh +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +uh firing shock in the spillover sample + + align:start position:0% +uh firing shock in the spillover sample + + + align:start position:0% +uh firing shock in the spillover sample +causes + + align:start position:0% +causes + + + align:start position:0% +causes +less of a decrease in employment during + + align:start position:0% +less of a decrease in employment during + + + align:start position:0% +less of a decrease in employment during +the off-peak season than during the + + align:start position:0% +the off-peak season than during the + + + align:start position:0% +the off-peak season than during the +seven pieces uh not quite + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I I think so you're right that + + align:start position:0% +so I I think so you're right that + + + align:start position:0% +so I I think so you're right that +there's a there's an interaction effect + + align:start position:0% +there's a there's an interaction effect + + + align:start position:0% +there's a there's an interaction effect +but the main effect you shouldn't think + + align:start position:0% +but the main effect you shouldn't think + + + align:start position:0% +but the main effect you shouldn't think +you're interpreting the wrong way + + align:start position:0% +you're interpreting the wrong way + + + align:start position:0% +you're interpreting the wrong way +so it's it's positive in the + + align:start position:0% +so it's it's positive in the + + + align:start position:0% +so it's it's positive in the +in the off peak season yes + + align:start position:0% +in the off peak season yes + + + align:start position:0% +in the off peak season yes +right so so the way so employment goes + + align:start position:0% +right so so the way so employment goes + + + align:start position:0% +right so so the way so employment goes +up in the off peak season and in the in + + align:start position:0% +up in the off peak season and in the in + + + align:start position:0% +up in the off peak season and in the in +the peak season doesn't change + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah does everyone see that right so for + + align:start position:0% +yeah does everyone see that right so for + + + align:start position:0% +yeah does everyone see that right so for +the for the off-peak season it's just + + align:start position:0% +the for the off-peak season it's just + + + align:start position:0% +the for the off-peak season it's just +positive + + align:start position:0% +positive + + + align:start position:0% +positive +whatever six percent seven percent for + + align:start position:0% +whatever six percent seven percent for + + + align:start position:0% +whatever six percent seven percent for +the non-peak season it's basically zero + + align:start position:0% +the non-peak season it's basically zero + + + align:start position:0% +the non-peak season it's basically zero +because we add these two things + + align:start position:0% +because we add these two things + + + align:start position:0% +because we add these two things +I'm sorry for the peak season it's + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry for the peak season it's + + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry for the peak season it's +basically zero let's get these two + + align:start position:0% +basically zero let's get these two + + + align:start position:0% +basically zero let's get these two +things + + align:start position:0% +things + + + align:start position:0% +things +right Okay so + + align:start position:0% +right Okay so + + + align:start position:0% +right Okay so +uh what is that telling us vis-a-vis the + + align:start position:0% +uh what is that telling us vis-a-vis the + + + align:start position:0% +uh what is that telling us vis-a-vis the +model over there is that consistent not + + align:start position:0% +model over there is that consistent not + + + align:start position:0% +model over there is that consistent not +consistent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let me show you one more thing okay the + + align:start position:0% +let me show you one more thing okay the + + + align:start position:0% +let me show you one more thing okay the +one more piece and then we'll put it all + + align:start position:0% +one more piece and then we'll put it all + + + align:start position:0% +one more piece and then we'll put it all +together + + align:start position:0% +together + + + align:start position:0% +together +okay this one is actually a little + + align:start position:0% +okay this one is actually a little + + + align:start position:0% +okay this one is actually a little +harder to think about because this is + + align:start position:0% +harder to think about because this is + + + align:start position:0% +harder to think about because this is +the spillover this is what's happening + + align:start position:0% +the spillover this is what's happening + + + align:start position:0% +the spillover this is what's happening +just to the spillover I'm sorry almost + + align:start position:0% +just to the spillover I'm sorry almost + + + align:start position:0% +just to the spillover I'm sorry almost +the lasers you guys to the spillover + + align:start position:0% +the lasers you guys to the spillover + + + align:start position:0% +the lasers you guys to the spillover +sample right people over there who right + + align:start position:0% +sample right people over there who right + + + align:start position:0% +sample right people over there who right +who were not potentially included in the + + align:start position:0% +who were not potentially included in the + + + align:start position:0% +who were not potentially included in the +hiring sample + + align:start position:0% +hiring sample + + + align:start position:0% +hiring sample +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is total employment so now we're + + align:start position:0% +this is total employment so now we're + + + align:start position:0% +this is total employment so now we're +just going to pool the whole village + + align:start position:0% +just going to pool the whole village + + + align:start position:0% +just going to pool the whole village +together + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and what so and and what do we + + align:start position:0% +okay and what so and and what do we + + + align:start position:0% +okay and what so and and what do we +learn from this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is the individuals from the school + + align:start position:0% +is the individuals from the school + + + align:start position:0% +is the individuals from the school +resentful this is everything this is + + align:start position:0% +resentful this is everything this is + + + align:start position:0% +resentful this is everything this is +everybody right right does this mean + + align:start position:0% +everybody right right does this mean + + + align:start position:0% +everybody right right does this mean +that individuals in this world + + align:start position:0% +that individuals in this world + + + align:start position:0% +that individuals in this world +these are lower Supply the longer shops + + align:start position:0% +these are lower Supply the longer shops + + + align:start position:0% +these are lower Supply the longer shops +in place + + align:start position:0% +in place + + + align:start position:0% +in place +yeah okay first first before we try to + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay first first before we try to + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay first first before we try to +interpret what this mean like what is + + align:start position:0% +interpret what this mean like what is + + + align:start position:0% +interpret what this mean like what is +this what is this table telling us just + + align:start position:0% +this what is this table telling us just + + + align:start position:0% +this what is this table telling us just +like before like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it may have been easier actually if I + + align:start position:0% +it may have been easier actually if I + + + align:start position:0% +it may have been easier actually if I +started with this one before the + + align:start position:0% +started with this one before the + + + align:start position:0% +started with this one before the +spillover sample so let's take the + + align:start position:0% +spillover sample so let's take the + + + align:start position:0% +spillover sample so let's take the +weighted results fine no effect in the + + align:start position:0% +weighted results fine no effect in the + + + align:start position:0% +weighted results fine no effect in the +peak period in the slack period big + + align:start position:0% +peak period in the slack period big + + + align:start position:0% +peak period in the slack period big +positive effect in this in the peak + + align:start position:0% +positive effect in this in the peak + + + align:start position:0% +positive effect in this in the peak +period and now it's like a total + + align:start position:0% +period and now it's like a total + + + align:start position:0% +period and now it's like a total +quantities and what do we find + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Hazel right yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right total right quantity goes down + + align:start position:0% +right total right quantity goes down + + + align:start position:0% +right total right quantity goes down +right in the peak season right okay so + + align:start position:0% +right in the peak season right okay so + + + align:start position:0% +right in the peak season right okay so +what is this telling us + + align:start position:0% +what is this telling us + + + align:start position:0% +what is this telling us +is that consistent with that or not + + align:start position:0% +is that consistent with that or not + + + align:start position:0% +is that consistent with that or not +consistently exactly it's exactly + + align:start position:0% +consistently exactly it's exactly + + + align:start position:0% +consistently exactly it's exactly +consistent with left-handed graph so + + align:start position:0% +consistent with left-handed graph so + + + align:start position:0% +consistent with left-handed graph so +then so so right so what are we seeing + + align:start position:0% +then so so right so what are we seeing + + + align:start position:0% +then so so right so what are we seeing +so in the non-peak period in the peak + + align:start position:0% +so in the non-peak period in the peak + + + align:start position:0% +so in the non-peak period in the peak +period in the non-peak period we're like + + align:start position:0% +period in the non-peak period we're like + + + align:start position:0% +period in the non-peak period we're like +stuck over here nothing happens + + align:start position:0% +stuck over here nothing happens + + + align:start position:0% +stuck over here nothing happens +in the peak period + + align:start position:0% +in the peak period + + + align:start position:0% +in the peak period +like it's going up okay so and sometimes + + align:start position:0% +like it's going up okay so and sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +like it's going up okay so and sometimes +these two results are the key results so + + align:start position:0% +these two results are the key results so + + + align:start position:0% +these two results are the key results so +why look what is a spillover result + + align:start position:0% +why look what is a spillover result + + + align:start position:0% +why look what is a spillover result +telling us well you might have just + + align:start position:0% +telling us well you might have just + + + align:start position:0% +telling us well you might have just +thought like me like who like something + + align:start position:0% +thought like me like who like something + + + align:start position:0% +thought like me like who like something +weird is happening in the paper markets + + align:start position:0% +weird is happening in the paper markets + + + align:start position:0% +weird is happening in the paper markets +nothing's going on like like nothing + + align:start position:0% +nothing's going on like like nothing + + + align:start position:0% +nothing's going on like like nothing +doing in kind of a slack period what's + + align:start position:0% +doing in kind of a slack period what's + + + align:start position:0% +doing in kind of a slack period what's +nice about the spillover result is it + + align:start position:0% +nice about the spillover result is it + + + align:start position:0% +nice about the spillover result is it +says actually no no + + align:start position:0% +says actually no no + + + align:start position:0% +says actually no no +in the spillover sample in the in the + + align:start position:0% +in the spillover sample in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the spillover sample in the in the +non-p period what do we expect to happen + + align:start position:0% +non-p period what do we expect to happen + + + align:start position:0% +non-p period what do we expect to happen +well we expect we just took a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +well we expect we just took a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +well we expect we just took a bunch of +people out of the labor market + + align:start position:0% +people out of the labor market + + + align:start position:0% +people out of the labor market +out of this out of this roller Market + + align:start position:0% +out of this out of this roller Market + + + align:start position:0% +out of this out of this roller Market +some of them were working + + align:start position:0% +some of them were working + + + align:start position:0% +some of them were working +right the total quantity of the the + + align:start position:0% +right the total quantity of the the + + + align:start position:0% +right the total quantity of the the +total sort of people working in this + + align:start position:0% +total sort of people working in this + + + align:start position:0% +total sort of people working in this +labor market uh + + align:start position:0% +labor market uh + + + align:start position:0% +labor market uh +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +should be unchanged + + align:start position:0% +should be unchanged + + + align:start position:0% +should be unchanged +right therefore we have to pull in some + + align:start position:0% +right therefore we have to pull in some + + + align:start position:0% +right therefore we have to pull in some +of the spillover people have to kind of + + align:start position:0% +of the spillover people have to kind of + + + align:start position:0% +of the spillover people have to kind of +come and take those jobs + + align:start position:0% +come and take those jobs + + + align:start position:0% +come and take those jobs +so that's kind of just the final sort of + + align:start position:0% +so that's kind of just the final sort of + + + align:start position:0% +so that's kind of just the final sort of +piece that's showing you that + + align:start position:0% +piece that's showing you that + + + align:start position:0% +piece that's showing you that +something's actually happening in this + + align:start position:0% +something's actually happening in this + + + align:start position:0% +something's actually happening in this +period + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is that clear + + align:start position:0% +is that clear + + + align:start position:0% +is that clear +yeah Whitney so when you're actually + + align:start position:0% +yeah Whitney so when you're actually + + + align:start position:0% +yeah Whitney so when you're actually +designing this experiment and then you + + align:start position:0% +designing this experiment and then you + + + align:start position:0% +designing this experiment and then you +want to get this effect in the end how + + align:start position:0% +want to get this effect in the end how + + + align:start position:0% +want to get this effect in the end how +do you know that like 24 is + + align:start position:0% +do you know that like 24 is + + + align:start position:0% +do you know that like 24 is +is like you need to be pulling to get + + align:start position:0% +is like you need to be pulling to get + + + align:start position:0% +is like you need to be pulling to get +this good question + + align:start position:0% +this good question + + + align:start position:0% +this good question +um so how do you know what this is a big + + align:start position:0% +um so how do you know what this is a big + + + align:start position:0% +um so how do you know what this is a big +enough effect + + align:start position:0% +enough effect + + + align:start position:0% +enough effect +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +well so you the answer is you would do a + + align:start position:0% +well so you the answer is you would do a + + + align:start position:0% +well so you the answer is you would do a +Power calculation right so you would say + + align:start position:0% +Power calculation right so you would say + + + align:start position:0% +Power calculation right so you would say +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so you don't know I mean you don't fully + + align:start position:0% +so you don't know I mean you don't fully + + + align:start position:0% +so you don't know I mean you don't fully +know and actually I would love to hear + + align:start position:0% +know and actually I would love to hear + + + align:start position:0% +know and actually I would love to hear +the author's answer to that question of + + align:start position:0% +the author's answer to that question of + + + align:start position:0% +the author's answer to that question of +what exactly they did + + align:start position:0% +what exactly they did + + + align:start position:0% +what exactly they did +I suspect the truth was it was the big + + align:start position:0% +I suspect the truth was it was the big + + + align:start position:0% +I suspect the truth was it was the big +enough shock they could afford + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um I if you actually asked like I expect + + align:start position:0% +um I if you actually asked like I expect + + + align:start position:0% +um I if you actually asked like I expect +that's what's going on + + align:start position:0% +that's what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +that's what's going on +but I think you have to do a little more + + align:start position:0% +but I think you have to do a little more + + + align:start position:0% +but I think you have to do a little more +so you can say well look + + align:start position:0% +so you can say well look + + + align:start position:0% +so you can say well look +we know you can calculate + + align:start position:0% +we know you can calculate + + + align:start position:0% +we know you can calculate +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what can you do + + align:start position:0% +so what can you do + + + align:start position:0% +so what can you do +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +you can calculate + + align:start position:0% +you can calculate + + + align:start position:0% +you can calculate +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you have some estimate for the slope + + align:start position:0% +if you have some estimate for the slope + + + align:start position:0% +if you have some estimate for the slope +of the labor Supply and labor demand + + align:start position:0% +of the labor Supply and labor demand + + + align:start position:0% +of the labor Supply and labor demand +curves + + align:start position:0% +curves + + + align:start position:0% +curves +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +you can say if I shock labor Supply by + + align:start position:0% +you can say if I shock labor Supply by + + + align:start position:0% +you can say if I shock labor Supply by + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +how large an effect would I expect on + + align:start position:0% +how large an effect would I expect on + + + align:start position:0% +how large an effect would I expect on +wages and how large in fact I would + + align:start position:0% +wages and how large in fact I would + + + align:start position:0% +wages and how large in fact I would +expect on quantities + + align:start position:0% +expect on quantities + + + align:start position:0% +expect on quantities +right that's just + + align:start position:0% +right that's just + + + align:start position:0% +right that's just +you know uh + + align:start position:0% +you know uh + + + align:start position:0% +you know uh +you have the the the the elasticities + + align:start position:0% +you have the the the the elasticities + + + align:start position:0% +you have the the the the elasticities +you know the percent change in + + align:start position:0% +you know the percent change in + + + align:start position:0% +you know the percent change in +in uh + + align:start position:0% +in uh + + + align:start position:0% +in uh +so whatever if I have a 24 reduction in + + align:start position:0% +so whatever if I have a 24 reduction in + + + align:start position:0% +so whatever if I have a 24 reduction in +labor Supply and + + align:start position:0% +labor Supply and + + + align:start position:0% +labor Supply and +um you know a laborer demand elasticity + + align:start position:0% +um you know a laborer demand elasticity + + + align:start position:0% +um you know a laborer demand elasticity +of you know whatever I can sort of + + align:start position:0% +of you know whatever I can sort of + + + align:start position:0% +of you know whatever I can sort of +multiply you know the labor Supply and + + align:start position:0% +multiply you know the labor Supply and + + + align:start position:0% +multiply you know the labor Supply and +elasticity times the times the percent + + align:start position:0% +elasticity times the times the percent + + + align:start position:0% +elasticity times the times the percent +chalk or divide it and you know figure + + align:start position:0% +chalk or divide it and you know figure + + + align:start position:0% +chalk or divide it and you know figure +out kind of how big a expected change + + align:start position:0% +out kind of how big a expected change + + + align:start position:0% +out kind of how big a expected change +you're going to get + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get +so what I would do if I was designing + + align:start position:0% +so what I would do if I was designing + + + align:start position:0% +so what I would do if I was designing +this experiment is I would a come up + + align:start position:0% +this experiment is I would a come up + + + align:start position:0% +this experiment is I would a come up +with my favorite labor Supply demand + + align:start position:0% +with my favorite labor Supply demand + + + align:start position:0% +with my favorite labor Supply demand +elasticity from some other estimate or + + align:start position:0% +elasticity from some other estimate or + + + align:start position:0% +elasticity from some other estimate or +at least try to get it from somewhere + + align:start position:0% +at least try to get it from somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +at least try to get it from somewhere +right I guess you also need a labor + + align:start position:0% +right I guess you also need a labor + + + align:start position:0% +right I guess you also need a labor +Supply you need both of these estimates + + align:start position:0% +Supply you need both of these estimates + + + align:start position:0% +Supply you need both of these estimates +so take your favorite of these estimates + + align:start position:0% +so take your favorite of these estimates + + + align:start position:0% +so take your favorite of these estimates +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +you would oh no sorry mostly you just + + align:start position:0% +you would oh no sorry mostly you just + + + align:start position:0% +you would oh no sorry mostly you just +need the the labor demand elasticity I + + align:start position:0% +need the the labor demand elasticity I + + + align:start position:0% +need the the labor demand elasticity I +would take my favorite estimate I would + + align:start position:0% +would take my favorite estimate I would + + + align:start position:0% +would take my favorite estimate I would +multiply it by 24 right to figure out + + align:start position:0% +multiply it by 24 right to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +multiply it by 24 right to figure out +how big a change in wages or quantities + + align:start position:0% +how big a change in wages or quantities + + + align:start position:0% +how big a change in wages or quantities +I'd likely to be expected to get + + align:start position:0% +I'd likely to be expected to get + + + align:start position:0% +I'd likely to be expected to get +and the second thing I would do is I + + align:start position:0% +and the second thing I would do is I + + + align:start position:0% +and the second thing I would do is I +would then do a Power calculation and + + align:start position:0% +would then do a Power calculation and + + + align:start position:0% +would then do a Power calculation and +say well you know I'm going to measure + + align:start position:0% +say well you know I'm going to measure + + + align:start position:0% +say well you know I'm going to measure +wages in this Village in the following + + align:start position:0% +wages in this Village in the following + + + align:start position:0% +wages in this Village in the following +quantities in the following way I can + + align:start position:0% +quantities in the following way I can + + + align:start position:0% +quantities in the following way I can +get some estimate from some other data + + align:start position:0% +get some estimate from some other data + + + align:start position:0% +get some estimate from some other data +set that I've done of kind of what the + + align:start position:0% +set that I've done of kind of what the + + + align:start position:0% +set that I've done of kind of what the +standard errors are likely to be in this + + align:start position:0% +standard errors are likely to be in this + + + align:start position:0% +standard errors are likely to be in this +regression + + align:start position:0% +regression + + + align:start position:0% +regression +right and I can put those two things + + align:start position:0% +right and I can put those two things + + + align:start position:0% +right and I can put those two things +together and say what is the you know I + + align:start position:0% +together and say what is the you know I + + + align:start position:0% +together and say what is the you know I +expect to find sort of a difference in + + align:start position:0% +expect to find sort of a difference in + + + align:start position:0% +expect to find sort of a difference in +the wages between these two periods of + + align:start position:0% +the wages between these two periods of + + + align:start position:0% +the wages between these two periods of +you know say seven percent based on sort + + align:start position:0% +you know say seven percent based on sort + + + align:start position:0% +you know say seven percent based on sort +of my best estimates of my of those + + align:start position:0% +of my best estimates of my of those + + + align:start position:0% +of my best estimates of my of those +elasticities and the size of shock you + + align:start position:0% +elasticities and the size of shock you + + + align:start position:0% +elasticities and the size of shock you +know what's the probability I could + + align:start position:0% +know what's the probability I could + + + align:start position:0% +know what's the probability I could +detect that given the expected standard + + align:start position:0% +detect that given the expected standard + + + align:start position:0% +detect that given the expected standard +errors I'm going to find and that's + + align:start position:0% +errors I'm going to find and that's + + + align:start position:0% +errors I'm going to find and that's +about a power calculation exactly does + + align:start position:0% +about a power calculation exactly does + + + align:start position:0% +about a power calculation exactly does +so that's how you would do it + + align:start position:0% +so that's how you would do it + + + align:start position:0% +so that's how you would do it +now that requires two things + + align:start position:0% +now that requires two things + + + align:start position:0% +now that requires two things +it requires having the correct estimate + + align:start position:0% +it requires having the correct estimate + + + align:start position:0% +it requires having the correct estimate +of the of those elasticities or at least + + align:start position:0% +of the of those elasticities or at least + + + align:start position:0% +of the of those elasticities or at least +up something that's in the ballpark but + + align:start position:0% +up something that's in the ballpark but + + + align:start position:0% +up something that's in the ballpark but +even if you don't get it exactly right + + align:start position:0% +even if you don't get it exactly right + + + align:start position:0% +even if you don't get it exactly right +you can kind of get you know these power + + align:start position:0% +you can kind of get you know these power + + + align:start position:0% +you can kind of get you know these power +calculations are never perfect but you + + align:start position:0% +calculations are never perfect but you + + + align:start position:0% +calculations are never perfect but you +can at least get in the rough ballpark + + align:start position:0% +can at least get in the rough ballpark + + + align:start position:0% +can at least get in the rough ballpark +right and it also requires having some + + align:start position:0% +right and it also requires having some + + + align:start position:0% +right and it also requires having some +estimated what these standard errors are + + align:start position:0% +estimated what these standard errors are + + + align:start position:0% +estimated what these standard errors are +going to look like and that's going to + + align:start position:0% +going to look like and that's going to + + + align:start position:0% +going to look like and that's going to +depend on sort of the data generating + + align:start position:0% +depend on sort of the data generating + + + align:start position:0% +depend on sort of the data generating +process and what your sample looks like + + align:start position:0% +process and what your sample looks like + + + align:start position:0% +process and what your sample looks like +and so on and so forth but you can you + + align:start position:0% +and so on and so forth but you can you + + + align:start position:0% +and so on and so forth but you can you +know if you've done other sort of + + align:start position:0% +know if you've done other sort of + + + align:start position:0% +know if you've done other sort of +samples of wages in these areas you + + align:start position:0% +samples of wages in these areas you + + + align:start position:0% +samples of wages in these areas you +could do a pilot survey to sort of get + + align:start position:0% +could do a pilot survey to sort of get + + + align:start position:0% +could do a pilot survey to sort of get +some of that data and you and you use + + align:start position:0% +some of that data and you and you use + + + align:start position:0% +some of that data and you and you use +that so that's actually how you would + + align:start position:0% +that so that's actually how you would + + + align:start position:0% +that so that's actually how you would +how you would do that + + align:start position:0% +how you would do that + + + align:start position:0% +how you would do that +sorry uh probably got another question I + + align:start position:0% +sorry uh probably got another question I + + + align:start position:0% +sorry uh probably got another question I +just have a very good presentation + + align:start position:0% +just have a very good presentation + + + align:start position:0% +just have a very good presentation +question what is employment level here + + align:start position:0% +question what is employment level here + + + align:start position:0% +question what is employment level here +in these tables + + align:start position:0% +in these tables + + + align:start position:0% +in these tables +uh so I actually I will tell you I don't + + align:start position:0% +uh so I actually I will tell you I don't + + + align:start position:0% +uh so I actually I will tell you I don't +remember exactly but I believe it's a + + align:start position:0% +remember exactly but I believe it's a + + + align:start position:0% +remember exactly but I believe it's a +measure of total aggregate employment in + + align:start position:0% +measure of total aggregate employment in + + + align:start position:0% +measure of total aggregate employment in +the in the village in that month as a + + align:start position:0% +the in the village in that month as a + + + align:start position:0% +the in the village in that month as a +way of + + align:start position:0% +way of + + + align:start position:0% +way of +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +as an alternative measure of measuring + + align:start position:0% +as an alternative measure of measuring + + + align:start position:0% +as an alternative measure of measuring +More Than A Piece season or not like + + align:start position:0% +More Than A Piece season or not like + + + align:start position:0% +More Than A Piece season or not like +basically so one is we can Define PCS + + align:start position:0% +basically so one is we can Define PCS + + + align:start position:0% +basically so one is we can Define PCS +and based on season the other is we can + + align:start position:0% +and based on season the other is we can + + + align:start position:0% +and based on season the other is we can +Define it kind of based on the On Cue + + align:start position:0% +Define it kind of based on the On Cue + + + align:start position:0% +Define it kind of based on the On Cue +instead of finding on Q I don't remember + + align:start position:0% +instead of finding on Q I don't remember + + + align:start position:0% +instead of finding on Q I don't remember +the exact definition they use with q but + + align:start position:0% +the exact definition they use with q but + + + align:start position:0% +the exact definition they use with q but +that's the idea + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Jenny I think I'm still confused about + + align:start position:0% +Jenny I think I'm still confused about + + + align:start position:0% +Jenny I think I'm still confused about +why it's important to distinguish the + + align:start position:0% +why it's important to distinguish the + + + align:start position:0% +why it's important to distinguish the +solar blood group for people who don't + + align:start position:0% +solar blood group for people who don't + + + align:start position:0% +solar blood group for people who don't +get the job but we're interested unless + + align:start position:0% +get the job but we're interested unless + + + align:start position:0% +get the job but we're interested unless +you're worried about composition effects + + align:start position:0% +you're worried about composition effects + + + align:start position:0% +you're worried about composition effects +so there could be so for so imagine that + + align:start position:0% +so there could be so for so imagine that + + + align:start position:0% +so there could be so for so imagine that +there are + + align:start position:0% +there are + + + align:start position:0% +there are +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so for wages wages is easiest case wages + + align:start position:0% +so for wages wages is easiest case wages + + + align:start position:0% +so for wages wages is easiest case wages +wages is easier to see why you want to + + align:start position:0% +wages is easier to see why you want to + + + align:start position:0% +wages is easier to see why you want to +do that imagine that we have like good + + align:start position:0% +do that imagine that we have like good + + + align:start position:0% +do that imagine that we have like good +workers and bad work good agricultural + + align:start position:0% +workers and bad work good agricultural + + + align:start position:0% +workers and bad work good agricultural +workers and bad agricultural workers so + + align:start position:0% +workers and bad agricultural workers so + + + align:start position:0% +workers and bad agricultural workers so +agricultural good agricultural workers + + align:start position:0% +agricultural good agricultural workers + + + align:start position:0% +agricultural good agricultural workers +are the ones who are doing the job kind + + align:start position:0% +are the ones who are doing the job kind + + + align:start position:0% +are the ones who are doing the job kind +of in in general + + align:start position:0% +of in in general + + + align:start position:0% +of in in general +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +imagine I just take a bunch of those + + align:start position:0% +imagine I just take a bunch of those + + + align:start position:0% +imagine I just take a bunch of those +greater cultural workers and sort of + + align:start position:0% +greater cultural workers and sort of + + + align:start position:0% +greater cultural workers and sort of +Select them out + + align:start position:0% +Select them out + + + align:start position:0% +Select them out +they're going to be replaced with sort + + align:start position:0% +they're going to be replaced with sort + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to be replaced with sort +of lower quality agricultural workers + + align:start position:0% +of lower quality agricultural workers + + + align:start position:0% +of lower quality agricultural workers +if I'm measuring the wage kind of not + + align:start position:0% +if I'm measuring the wage kind of not + + + align:start position:0% +if I'm measuring the wage kind of not +particularly like the wage I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +particularly like the wage I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +particularly like the wage I'm going to +measure might be your average kind of + + align:start position:0% +measure might be your average kind of + + + align:start position:0% +measure might be your average kind of +marginal product if I replace good + + align:start position:0% +marginal product if I replace good + + + align:start position:0% +marginal product if I replace good +workers with bad workers the wage is + + align:start position:0% +workers with bad workers the wage is + + + align:start position:0% +workers with bad workers the wage is +going to fall not because of these + + align:start position:0% +going to fall not because of these + + + align:start position:0% +going to fall not because of these +effects but just because I've like moved + + align:start position:0% +effects but just because I've like moved + + + align:start position:0% +effects but just because I've like moved +to kind of having worse quality workers + + align:start position:0% +to kind of having worse quality workers + + + align:start position:0% +to kind of having worse quality workers +who are being paid kind of you know + + align:start position:0% +who are being paid kind of you know + + + align:start position:0% +who are being paid kind of you know +uh based on their marginal lower + + align:start position:0% +uh based on their marginal lower + + + align:start position:0% +uh based on their marginal lower +marginal products so the the reason for + + align:start position:0% +marginal products so the the reason for + + + align:start position:0% +marginal products so the the reason for +doing it on the spillover sample is + + align:start position:0% +doing it on the spillover sample is + + + align:start position:0% +doing it on the spillover sample is +we're sort of conditioning on sort of + + align:start position:0% +we're sort of conditioning on sort of + + + align:start position:0% +we're sort of conditioning on sort of +the same set of people + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +it's not perfect actually now that I + + align:start position:0% +it's not perfect actually now that I + + + align:start position:0% +it's not perfect actually now that I +think about it + + align:start position:0% +think about it + + + align:start position:0% +think about it +um because you're sort of getting + + align:start position:0% +um because you're sort of getting + + + align:start position:0% +um because you're sort of getting +different you're still getting it's like + + align:start position:0% +different you're still getting it's like + + + align:start position:0% +different you're still getting it's like +among people who are working so you are + + align:start position:0% +among people who are working so you are + + + align:start position:0% +among people who are working so you are +still getting some selection but I think + + align:start position:0% +still getting some selection but I think + + + align:start position:0% +still getting some selection but I think +it's a little bit less I think that's + + align:start position:0% +it's a little bit less I think that's + + + align:start position:0% +it's a little bit less I think that's +because you're it's it's still + + align:start position:0% +because you're it's it's still + + + align:start position:0% +because you're it's it's still +conditional so if if everyone was + + align:start position:0% +conditional so if if everyone was + + + align:start position:0% +conditional so if if everyone was +working + + align:start position:0% +working + + + align:start position:0% +working +and it was the same people kind of + + align:start position:0% +and it was the same people kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and it was the same people kind of +working with periods that would be + + align:start position:0% +working with periods that would be + + + align:start position:0% +working with periods that would be +totally clean now that I think about the + + align:start position:0% +totally clean now that I think about the + + + align:start position:0% +totally clean now that I think about the +explanation I just gave you + + align:start position:0% +explanation I just gave you + + + align:start position:0% +explanation I just gave you +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +you still could have some selection + + align:start position:0% +you still could have some selection + + + align:start position:0% +you still could have some selection +within the spillover sample but I think + + align:start position:0% +within the spillover sample but I think + + + align:start position:0% +within the spillover sample but I think +it's somewhat less so the idea is that + + align:start position:0% +it's somewhat less so the idea is that + + + align:start position:0% +it's somewhat less so the idea is that +people who are interested in applying + + align:start position:0% +people who are interested in applying + + + align:start position:0% +people who are interested in applying +for this external job + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no it's that there's a mechanical + + align:start position:0% +no it's that there's a mechanical + + + align:start position:0% +no it's that there's a mechanical +selection effect if we pull them out of + + align:start position:0% +selection effect if we pull them out of + + + align:start position:0% +selection effect if we pull them out of +the labor force like the selection in + + align:start position:0% +the labor force like the selection in + + + align:start position:0% +the labor force like the selection in +fact is much larger for that sample + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because I'm like literally just taking + + align:start position:0% +because I'm like literally just taking + + + align:start position:0% +because I'm like literally just taking +these people out and so uh there's like + + align:start position:0% +these people out and so uh there's like + + + align:start position:0% +these people out and so uh there's like +a lot I think a lot like the mechanical + + align:start position:0% +a lot I think a lot like the mechanical + + + align:start position:0% +a lot I think a lot like the mechanical +effect of who's in the labor force is + + align:start position:0% +effect of who's in the labor force is + + + align:start position:0% +effect of who's in the labor force is +much larger over there + + align:start position:0% +much larger over there + + + align:start position:0% +much larger over there +but I I agree actually now that I say it + + align:start position:0% +but I I agree actually now that I say it + + + align:start position:0% +but I I agree actually now that I say it +it's not perfect either but I think + + align:start position:0% +it's not perfect either but I think + + + align:start position:0% +it's not perfect either but I think +that's at least the theory for what you + + align:start position:0% +that's at least the theory for what you + + + align:start position:0% +that's at least the theory for what you +think about it + + align:start position:0% +think about it + + + align:start position:0% +think about it +Patrick + + align:start position:0% +Patrick + + + align:start position:0% +Patrick +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +oh okay so tell me why you want that and + + align:start position:0% +oh okay so tell me why you want that and + + + align:start position:0% +oh okay so tell me why you want that and +then I'll tell you why you don't do that + + align:start position:0% +then I'll tell you why you don't do that + + + align:start position:0% +then I'll tell you why you don't do that +uh maybe then you would see well in the + + align:start position:0% +uh maybe then you would see well in the + + + align:start position:0% +uh maybe then you would see well in the +first stage + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +over shooting yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +avoid them or also actually see to what + + align:start position:0% +avoid them or also actually see to what + + + align:start position:0% +avoid them or also actually see to what +extent + + align:start position:0% +extent + + + align:start position:0% +extent +um it's like working over the + + align:start position:0% +um it's like working over the + + + align:start position:0% +um it's like working over the +world that we're talking about yeah so + + align:start position:0% +world that we're talking about yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +world that we're talking about yeah so +okay so so Patrick's Point just to be + + align:start position:0% +okay so so Patrick's Point just to be + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so Patrick's Point just to be +clear is in our example like yeah maybe + + align:start position:0% +clear is in our example like yeah maybe + + + align:start position:0% +clear is in our example like yeah maybe +I should do multiple shocks to it you + + align:start position:0% +I should do multiple shocks to it you + + + align:start position:0% +I should do multiple shocks to it you +know in case one of them I might + + align:start position:0% +know in case one of them I might + + + align:start position:0% +know in case one of them I might +overshoot so that so with infinite + + align:start position:0% +overshoot so that so with infinite + + + align:start position:0% +overshoot so that so with infinite +sample and infinite budget agree + + align:start position:0% +sample and infinite budget agree + + + align:start position:0% +sample and infinite budget agree +the reason that they don't do that in + + align:start position:0% +the reason that they don't do that in + + + align:start position:0% +the reason that they don't do that in +practice is + + align:start position:0% +practice is + + + align:start position:0% +practice is +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is a power issue basically so you know + + align:start position:0% +is a power issue basically so you know + + + align:start position:0% +is a power issue basically so you know +if I if I split my sample imagine I you + + align:start position:0% +if I if I split my sample imagine I you + + + align:start position:0% +if I if I split my sample imagine I you +know for this is a case by the way where + + align:start position:0% +know for this is a case by the way where + + + align:start position:0% +know for this is a case by the way where +your treatment costs a lot more than + + align:start position:0% +your treatment costs a lot more than + + + align:start position:0% +your treatment costs a lot more than +your control because you have to pay for + + align:start position:0% +your control because you have to pay for + + + align:start position:0% +your control because you have to pay for +all these jobs so you know the relevant + + align:start position:0% +all these jobs so you know the relevant + + + align:start position:0% +all these jobs so you know the relevant +case is not sort of even like instead of + + align:start position:0% +case is not sort of even like instead of + + + align:start position:0% +case is not sort of even like instead of +half half like a third or third third + + align:start position:0% +half half like a third or third third + + + align:start position:0% +half half like a third or third third +it's probably like a quarter a quarter + + align:start position:0% +it's probably like a quarter a quarter + + + align:start position:0% +it's probably like a quarter a quarter +control right is it the kind of budget + + align:start position:0% +control right is it the kind of budget + + + align:start position:0% +control right is it the kind of budget +neutral thing to do uh + + align:start position:0% +neutral thing to do uh + + + align:start position:0% +neutral thing to do uh +approximately not quite because you're + + align:start position:0% +approximately not quite because you're + + + align:start position:0% +approximately not quite because you're +fewer people employed in the smaller + + align:start position:0% +fewer people employed in the smaller + + + align:start position:0% +fewer people employed in the smaller +shock group let's call it roughly that + + align:start position:0% +shock group let's call it roughly that + + + align:start position:0% +shock group let's call it roughly that +so then + + align:start position:0% +so then + + + align:start position:0% +so then +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +actually no I take the back that could + + align:start position:0% +actually no I take the back that could + + + align:start position:0% +actually no I take the back that could +be actually first order actually because + + align:start position:0% +be actually first order actually because + + + align:start position:0% +be actually first order actually because +you know there's you have another + + align:start position:0% +you know there's you have another + + + align:start position:0% +you know there's you have another +actually another question here oh sorry + + align:start position:0% +actually another question here oh sorry + + + align:start position:0% +actually another question here oh sorry +okay there's there's two personal design + + align:start position:0% +okay there's there's two personal design + + + align:start position:0% +okay there's there's two personal design +issues the first experimental design + + align:start position:0% +issues the first experimental design + + + align:start position:0% +issues the first experimental design +issue is would you rat would you is it + + align:start position:0% +issue is would you rat would you is it + + + align:start position:0% +issue is would you rat would you is it +better to have a smaller number of + + align:start position:0% +better to have a smaller number of + + + align:start position:0% +better to have a smaller number of +villages with a big shock + + align:start position:0% +villages with a big shock + + + align:start position:0% +villages with a big shock +or + + align:start position:0% +or + + + align:start position:0% +or +more villages with a small shock so + + align:start position:0% +more villages with a small shock so + + + align:start position:0% +more villages with a small shock so +actually that is kind of relevant so you + + align:start position:0% +actually that is kind of relevant so you + + + align:start position:0% +actually that is kind of relevant so you +could for the same price right I could + + align:start position:0% +could for the same price right I could + + + align:start position:0% +could for the same price right I could +have a hundred villages with a 24 + + align:start position:0% +have a hundred villages with a 24 + + + align:start position:0% +have a hundred villages with a 24 +shock or 200 treatment villages + + align:start position:0% +shock or 200 treatment villages + + + align:start position:0% +shock or 200 treatment villages +with a 12 percent + + align:start position:0% +with a 12 percent + + + align:start position:0% +with a 12 percent +shock + + align:start position:0% +shock + + + align:start position:0% +shock +right this is the same cost + + align:start position:0% +right this is the same cost + + + align:start position:0% +right this is the same cost +which is better forgetting about this + + align:start position:0% +which is better forgetting about this + + + align:start position:0% +which is better forgetting about this +issue for a second just like General + + align:start position:0% +issue for a second just like General + + + align:start position:0% +issue for a second just like General +sort of straight up experiment like + + align:start position:0% +sort of straight up experiment like + + + align:start position:0% +sort of straight up experiment like +forget about this more complicated issue + + align:start position:0% +forget about this more complicated issue + + + align:start position:0% +forget about this more complicated issue +just straight up experimental design + + align:start position:0% +just straight up experimental design + + + align:start position:0% +just straight up experimental design +which of these do you prefer + + align:start position:0% +which of these do you prefer + + + align:start position:0% +which of these do you prefer +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +so does everyone understand why did I go + + align:start position:0% +so does everyone understand why did I go + + + align:start position:0% +so does everyone understand why did I go +over this already in this class or like + + align:start position:0% +over this already in this class or like + + + align:start position:0% +over this already in this class or like +was that in the other class that I + + align:start position:0% +was that in the other class that I + + + align:start position:0% +was that in the other class that I +taught this + + align:start position:0% +taught this + + + align:start position:0% +taught this +like Aaron do you remember which class I + + align:start position:0% +like Aaron do you remember which class I + + + align:start position:0% +like Aaron do you remember which class I +went over this issue + + align:start position:0% +went over this issue + + + align:start position:0% +went over this issue +and someone else relevant to someone + + align:start position:0% +and someone else relevant to someone + + + align:start position:0% +and someone else relevant to someone +someone else did I explain this already + + align:start position:0% +someone else did I explain this already + + + align:start position:0% +someone else did I explain this already +with the with the beta and the t-stat + + align:start position:0% +with the with the beta and the t-stat + + + align:start position:0% +with the with the beta and the t-stat +thing yes okay right exactly okay then + + align:start position:0% +thing yes okay right exactly okay then + + + align:start position:0% +thing yes okay right exactly okay then +you were paying attention good so um so + + align:start position:0% +you were paying attention good so um so + + + align:start position:0% +you were paying attention good so um so +uh so exactly this one has higher power + + align:start position:0% +uh so exactly this one has higher power + + + align:start position:0% +uh so exactly this one has higher power +so the first point is that you + + align:start position:0% +so the first point is that you + + + align:start position:0% +so the first point is that you +the the lower + + align:start position:0% +the the lower + + + align:start position:0% +the the lower +shocks you have less power + + align:start position:0% +shocks you have less power + + + align:start position:0% +shocks you have less power +the second point is + + align:start position:0% +the second point is + + + align:start position:0% +the second point is +um kind of related to that which is + + align:start position:0% +um kind of related to that which is + + + align:start position:0% +um kind of related to that which is +if you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you don't know if you're going to + + align:start position:0% +if you don't know if you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +if you don't know if you're going to +have an effect + + align:start position:0% +have an effect + + + align:start position:0% +have an effect +or be able to detect it + + align:start position:0% +or be able to detect it + + + align:start position:0% +or be able to detect it +it is almost always better to have like + + align:start position:0% +it is almost always better to have like + + + align:start position:0% +it is almost always better to have like +just one control group and a really big + + align:start position:0% +just one control group and a really big + + + align:start position:0% +just one control group and a really big +treatment group rather than an + + align:start position:0% +treatment group rather than an + + + align:start position:0% +treatment group rather than an +intermediate effect + + align:start position:0% +intermediate effect + + + align:start position:0% +intermediate effect +and that's because + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's like this is the control and this + + align:start position:0% +it's like this is the control and this + + + align:start position:0% +it's like this is the control and this +is the treatment + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in general we think the response of most + + align:start position:0% +in general we think the response of most + + + align:start position:0% +in general we think the response of most +things is linear to like approximately + + align:start position:0% +things is linear to like approximately + + + align:start position:0% +things is linear to like approximately +linear right + + align:start position:0% +linear right + + + align:start position:0% +linear right +then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we're trying to figure out we have this + + align:start position:0% +we're trying to figure out we have this + + + align:start position:0% +we're trying to figure out we have this +kind of small thing here we have known + + align:start position:0% +kind of small thing here we have known + + + align:start position:0% +kind of small thing here we have known +of a lot of power on that small thing + + align:start position:0% +of a lot of power on that small thing + + + align:start position:0% +of a lot of power on that small thing +and we'd be trying to sort of test like + + align:start position:0% +and we'd be trying to sort of test like + + + align:start position:0% +and we'd be trying to sort of test like +are we kind of on this line like we're + + align:start position:0% +are we kind of on this line like we're + + + align:start position:0% +are we kind of on this line like we're +usually interested in like are we on + + align:start position:0% +usually interested in like are we on + + + align:start position:0% +usually interested in like are we on +this linear curve or not + + align:start position:0% +this linear curve or not + + + align:start position:0% +this linear curve or not +and so like + + align:start position:0% +and so like + + + align:start position:0% +and so like +testing you know not just like are you + + align:start position:0% +testing you know not just like are you + + + align:start position:0% +testing you know not just like are you +uh you identifying this sort of lower + + align:start position:0% +uh you identifying this sort of lower + + + align:start position:0% +uh you identifying this sort of lower +range thing and sort of testing whether + + align:start position:0% +range thing and sort of testing whether + + + align:start position:0% +range thing and sort of testing whether +you're on this linear curve requires + + align:start position:0% +you're on this linear curve requires + + + align:start position:0% +you're on this linear curve requires +sort of a lot a lot a lot of power so + + align:start position:0% +sort of a lot a lot a lot of power so + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a lot a lot a lot of power so +most of the time these intermediate + + align:start position:0% +most of the time these intermediate + + + align:start position:0% +most of the time these intermediate +outcomes + + align:start position:0% +outcomes + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +are very very difficult to distinguish + + align:start position:0% +are very very difficult to distinguish + + + align:start position:0% +are very very difficult to distinguish +from sort of being on the linear just on + + align:start position:0% +from sort of being on the linear just on + + + align:start position:0% +from sort of being on the linear just on +the linear curve sorry the reason for + + align:start position:0% +the linear curve sorry the reason for + + + align:start position:0% +the linear curve sorry the reason for +that actually is like you know you have + + align:start position:0% +that actually is like you know you have + + + align:start position:0% +that actually is like you know you have +less power here and you're trying to + + align:start position:0% +less power here and you're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +less power here and you're trying to +test like you know that this is equal to + + align:start position:0% +test like you know that this is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +test like you know that this is equal to +this coefficient is equal to half of + + align:start position:0% +this coefficient is equal to half of + + + align:start position:0% +this coefficient is equal to half of +that coefficient it's sort of a very + + align:start position:0% +that coefficient it's sort of a very + + + align:start position:0% +that coefficient it's sort of a very +sort of tight test + + align:start position:0% +sort of tight test + + + align:start position:0% +sort of tight test +now in in this that's the sort of that's + + align:start position:0% +now in in this that's the sort of that's + + + align:start position:0% +now in in this that's the sort of that's +the general reason why if you're not + + align:start position:0% +the general reason why if you're not + + + align:start position:0% +the general reason why if you're not +sure if you have an effect like you + + align:start position:0% +sure if you have an effect like you + + + align:start position:0% +sure if you have an effect like you +would need a really big sample for it to + + align:start position:0% +would need a really big sample for it to + + + align:start position:0% +would need a really big sample for it to +make sense to do sort of these half + + align:start position:0% +make sense to do sort of these half + + + align:start position:0% +make sense to do sort of these half +power + + align:start position:0% +power + + + align:start position:0% +power +uh intermediate outcomes + + align:start position:0% +uh intermediate outcomes + + + align:start position:0% +uh intermediate outcomes +in your case that's not quite right in + + align:start position:0% +in your case that's not quite right in + + + align:start position:0% +in your case that's not quite right in +this case it's not quite right because + + align:start position:0% +this case it's not quite right because + + + align:start position:0% +this case it's not quite right because +we have this additional hypothesis + + align:start position:0% +we have this additional hypothesis + + + align:start position:0% +we have this additional hypothesis +additional issue of like maybe we're + + align:start position:0% +additional issue of like maybe we're + + + align:start position:0% +additional issue of like maybe we're +overshooting + + align:start position:0% +overshooting + + + align:start position:0% +overshooting +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +but again the problem is uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you ran that test you'd want to say + + align:start position:0% +if you ran that test you'd want to say + + + align:start position:0% +if you ran that test you'd want to say +well suppose you found in that case that + + align:start position:0% +well suppose you found in that case that + + + align:start position:0% +well suppose you found in that case that +in the the only relevant case is the + + align:start position:0% +in the the only relevant case is the + + + align:start position:0% +in the the only relevant case is the +case where in the kind of the full one + + align:start position:0% +case where in the kind of the full one + + + align:start position:0% +case where in the kind of the full one +we find labor Supply and labor to + + align:start position:0% +we find labor Supply and labor to + + + align:start position:0% +we find labor Supply and labor to +Manufacturing in this smaller we don't + + align:start position:0% +Manufacturing in this smaller we don't + + + align:start position:0% +Manufacturing in this smaller we don't +that's that's the overshooting case + + align:start position:0% +that's that's the overshooting case + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's the overshooting case +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +but then you have this other problem of + + align:start position:0% +but then you have this other problem of + + + align:start position:0% +but then you have this other problem of +well the treatment was also half the + + align:start position:0% +well the treatment was also half the + + + align:start position:0% +well the treatment was also half the +size + + align:start position:0% +size + + + align:start position:0% +size +so you also have to you'd have to rule + + align:start position:0% +so you also have to you'd have to rule + + + align:start position:0% +so you also have to you'd have to rule +out not only it kind of is the same case + + align:start position:0% +out not only it kind of is the same case + + + align:start position:0% +out not only it kind of is the same case +you have to rule out not like you have + + align:start position:0% +you have to rule out not like you have + + + align:start position:0% +you have to rule out not like you have +to you have to rule out not only are + + align:start position:0% +to you have to rule out not only are + + + align:start position:0% +to you have to rule out not only are +these things different like this one's + + align:start position:0% +these things different like this one's + + + align:start position:0% +these things different like this one's +zero and this one's long but actually + + align:start position:0% +zero and this one's long but actually + + + align:start position:0% +zero and this one's long but actually +you have to also be able to reject a + + align:start position:0% +you have to also be able to reject a + + + align:start position:0% +you have to also be able to reject a +harder thing which is this is not equal + + align:start position:0% +harder thing which is this is not equal + + + align:start position:0% +harder thing which is this is not equal +to just half of this effect + + align:start position:0% +to just half of this effect + + + align:start position:0% +to just half of this effect +you see what I'm saying like the thing + + align:start position:0% +you see what I'm saying like the thing + + + align:start position:0% +you see what I'm saying like the thing +you're testing is not just that this + + align:start position:0% +you're testing is not just that this + + + align:start position:0% +you're testing is not just that this +would be zero and this would be the full + + align:start position:0% +would be zero and this would be the full + + + align:start position:0% +would be zero and this would be the full +thing but you also have to reject that + + align:start position:0% +thing but you also have to reject that + + + align:start position:0% +thing but you also have to reject that +this thing is not just half of that + + align:start position:0% +this thing is not just half of that + + + align:start position:0% +this thing is not just half of that +because that would just be like linear + + align:start position:0% +because that would just be like linear + + + align:start position:0% +because that would just be like linear +you see what I'm saying so the amount of + + align:start position:0% +you see what I'm saying so the amount of + + + align:start position:0% +you see what I'm saying so the amount of +power that you would need to sort of + + align:start position:0% +power that you would need to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +power that you would need to sort of +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +do that successfully would be pretty + + align:start position:0% +do that successfully would be pretty + + + align:start position:0% +do that successfully would be pretty +large + + align:start position:0% +large + + + align:start position:0% +large +does that answer your question yeah that + + align:start position:0% +does that answer your question yeah that + + + align:start position:0% +does that answer your question yeah that +makes sense yeah so I think that + + align:start position:0% +makes sense yeah so I think that + + + align:start position:0% +makes sense yeah so I think that +basically I mean another way of saying + + align:start position:0% +basically I mean another way of saying + + + align:start position:0% +basically I mean another way of saying +it is I think on these things your best + + align:start position:0% +it is I think on these things your best + + + align:start position:0% +it is I think on these things your best +bet is + + align:start position:0% +bet is + + + align:start position:0% +bet is +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +even though it's very very + + align:start position:0% +even though it's very very + + + align:start position:0% +even though it's very very +nerve-wracking as a researcher + + align:start position:0% +nerve-wracking as a researcher + + + align:start position:0% +nerve-wracking as a researcher +it is often not the case that like the + + align:start position:0% +it is often not the case that like the + + + align:start position:0% +it is often not the case that like the +best thing to do is hedge your Bets with + + align:start position:0% +best thing to do is hedge your Bets with + + + align:start position:0% +best thing to do is hedge your Bets with +sort of two different treatment + + align:start position:0% +sort of two different treatment + + + align:start position:0% +sort of two different treatment +exercises + + align:start position:0% +exercises + + + align:start position:0% +exercises +um and by the way like you know if you + + align:start position:0% +um and by the way like you know if you + + + align:start position:0% +um and by the way like you know if you +see like a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +see like a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +see like a lot of the +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +you know the um if you think about how + + align:start position:0% +you know the um if you think about how + + + align:start position:0% +you know the um if you think about how +they're running how do you run clinical + + align:start position:0% +they're running how do you run clinical + + + align:start position:0% +they're running how do you run clinical +trials like if you think about like the + + align:start position:0% +trials like if you think about like the + + + align:start position:0% +trials like if you think about like the +like the the coveted vaccine clinical + + align:start position:0% +like the the coveted vaccine clinical + + + align:start position:0% +like the the coveted vaccine clinical +trials which are probably the clinical + + align:start position:0% +trials which are probably the clinical + + + align:start position:0% +trials which are probably the clinical +trials everyone is most familiar with + + align:start position:0% +trials everyone is most familiar with + + + align:start position:0% +trials everyone is most familiar with +I'm guessing at the moment like that's + + align:start position:0% +I'm guessing at the moment like that's + + + align:start position:0% +I'm guessing at the moment like that's +what they they the main the first trial + + align:start position:0% +what they they the main the first trial + + + align:start position:0% +what they they the main the first trial +of like are we gonna like approve the + + align:start position:0% +of like are we gonna like approve the + + + align:start position:0% +of like are we gonna like approve the +vaccine or not they did a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +vaccine or not they did a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +vaccine or not they did a bunch of +little small things to sort of check the + + align:start position:0% +little small things to sort of check the + + + align:start position:0% +little small things to sort of check the +dosage and make sure it was like you + + align:start position:0% +dosage and make sure it was like you + + + align:start position:0% +dosage and make sure it was like you +know seemed to be like kind of having + + align:start position:0% +know seemed to be like kind of having + + + align:start position:0% +know seemed to be like kind of having +antibody responses and not sort of being + + align:start position:0% +antibody responses and not sort of being + + + align:start position:0% +antibody responses and not sort of being +toxic whatever and they just kind of + + align:start position:0% +toxic whatever and they just kind of + + + align:start position:0% +toxic whatever and they just kind of +like took their best shot + + align:start position:0% +like took their best shot + + + align:start position:0% +like took their best shot +and picked one protocol and ran with + + align:start position:0% +and picked one protocol and ran with + + + align:start position:0% +and picked one protocol and ran with +that for kind of the phase three trial + + align:start position:0% +that for kind of the phase three trial + + + align:start position:0% +that for kind of the phase three trial +right and that's you know so so and then + + align:start position:0% +right and that's you know so so and then + + + align:start position:0% +right and that's you know so so and then +you know once it worked and then in + + align:start position:0% +you know once it worked and then in + + + align:start position:0% +you know once it worked and then in +subsequent trials then they're starting + + align:start position:0% +subsequent trials then they're starting + + + align:start position:0% +subsequent trials then they're starting +to test different things and then they + + align:start position:0% +to test different things and then they + + + align:start position:0% +to test different things and then they +have a much better sense of power and + + align:start position:0% +have a much better sense of power and + + + align:start position:0% +have a much better sense of power and +also the thing works so that they could + + align:start position:0% +also the thing works so that they could + + + align:start position:0% +also the thing works so that they could +like you know but the very first trial + + align:start position:0% +like you know but the very first trial + + + align:start position:0% +like you know but the very first trial +of like is this thing gonna work they + + align:start position:0% +of like is this thing gonna work they + + + align:start position:0% +of like is this thing gonna work they +were like we don't know what the effect + + align:start position:0% +were like we don't know what the effect + + + align:start position:0% +were like we don't know what the effect +size is going to be so we're just going + + align:start position:0% +size is going to be so we're just going + + + align:start position:0% +size is going to be so we're just going +to like max out treatment versus control + + align:start position:0% +to like max out treatment versus control + + + align:start position:0% +to like max out treatment versus control +and just kind of you know pick up take + + align:start position:0% +and just kind of you know pick up take + + + align:start position:0% +and just kind of you know pick up take +our best shot based on sort of the + + align:start position:0% +our best shot based on sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +our best shot based on sort of the +preliminary small scale studies of what + + align:start position:0% +preliminary small scale studies of what + + + align:start position:0% +preliminary small scale studies of what +we think is going to work and that's + + align:start position:0% +we think is going to work and that's + + + align:start position:0% +we think is going to work and that's +what we're going to do for the big trial + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to do for the big trial + + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to do for the big trial +and not sort of in the very first trial + + align:start position:0% +and not sort of in the very first trial + + + align:start position:0% +and not sort of in the very first trial +kind of go for multiple different + + align:start position:0% +kind of go for multiple different + + + align:start position:0% +kind of go for multiple different +strategies as I said once once it works + + align:start position:0% +strategies as I said once once it works + + + align:start position:0% +strategies as I said once once it works +then you actually have much more + + align:start position:0% +then you actually have much more + + + align:start position:0% +then you actually have much more +information you know how big the + + align:start position:0% +information you know how big the + + + align:start position:0% +information you know how big the +response is you can plot these things + + align:start position:0% +response is you can plot these things + + + align:start position:0% +response is you can plot these things +much more carefully you've much tighter + + align:start position:0% +much more carefully you've much tighter + + + align:start position:0% +much more carefully you've much tighter +priors but for that first efficacy trial + + align:start position:0% +priors but for that first efficacy trial + + + align:start position:0% +priors but for that first efficacy trial +it was just kind of like tree members + + align:start position:0% +it was just kind of like tree members + + + align:start position:0% +it was just kind of like tree members +control + + align:start position:0% +control + + + align:start position:0% +control +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I guess if you go for one big group + + align:start position:0% +I guess if you go for one big group + + + align:start position:0% +I guess if you go for one big group +you're not able to ask questions about + + align:start position:0% +you're not able to ask questions about + + + align:start position:0% +you're not able to ask questions about +those things correct uh + + align:start position:0% +those things correct uh + + + align:start position:0% +those things correct uh +you can't ask questions about like other + + align:start position:0% +you can't ask questions about like other + + + align:start position:0% +you can't ask questions about like other +sorts of ancestors but like my point is + + align:start position:0% +sorts of ancestors but like my point is + + + align:start position:0% +sorts of ancestors but like my point is +like you still do more than you are + + align:start position:0% +like you still do more than you are + + + align:start position:0% +like you still do more than you are +uh certainly like what subsequent + + align:start position:0% +uh certainly like what subsequent + + + align:start position:0% +uh certainly like what subsequent +analyzes can you do Beyond this simple + + align:start position:0% +analyzes can you do Beyond this simple + + + align:start position:0% +analyzes can you do Beyond this simple +like difference it means + + align:start position:0% +like difference it means + + + align:start position:0% +like difference it means +what do you mean I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you lose the ability to do just like + + align:start position:0% +you lose the ability to do just like + + + align:start position:0% +you lose the ability to do just like +plot of the effects yes yes you cannot + + align:start position:0% +plot of the effects yes yes you cannot + + + align:start position:0% +plot of the effects yes yes you cannot +exactly you can't do his response in a + + align:start position:0% +exactly you can't do his response in a + + + align:start position:0% +exactly you can't do his response in a +sentence + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I mean if you're trading on like if you + + align:start position:0% +I mean if you're trading on like if you + + + align:start position:0% +I mean if you're trading on like if you +don't do those response you don't you + + align:start position:0% +don't do those response you don't you + + + align:start position:0% +don't do those response you don't you +can't do those response that's what you + + align:start position:0% +can't do those response that's what you + + + align:start position:0% +can't do those response that's what you +lose I think that's that's like that's + + align:start position:0% +lose I think that's that's like that's + + + align:start position:0% +lose I think that's that's like that's +the downside no so what's the gain the + + align:start position:0% +the downside no so what's the gain the + + + align:start position:0% +the downside no so what's the gain the +gain is you're much more likely to pick + + align:start position:0% +gain is you're much more likely to pick + + + align:start position:0% +gain is you're much more likely to pick +up an effect like by like a lot that's + + align:start position:0% +up an effect like by like a lot that's + + + align:start position:0% +up an effect like by like a lot that's +kind of the main like if you're if + + align:start position:0% +kind of the main like if you're if + + + align:start position:0% +kind of the main like if you're if +you're just trying to say does this + + align:start position:0% +you're just trying to say does this + + + align:start position:0% +you're just trying to say does this +thing have an effect and kind of what + + align:start position:0% +thing have an effect and kind of what + + + align:start position:0% +thing have an effect and kind of what +like the first order estimate of kind of + + align:start position:0% +like the first order estimate of kind of + + + align:start position:0% +like the first order estimate of kind of +like what is the slope of the + + align:start position:0% +like what is the slope of the + + + align:start position:0% +like what is the slope of the +of that thing like you know the the + + align:start position:0% +of that thing like you know the the + + + align:start position:0% +of that thing like you know the the +first order thing is gonna need a lot + + align:start position:0% +first order thing is gonna need a lot + + + align:start position:0% +first order thing is gonna need a lot +more power on sort of identifying kind + + align:start position:0% +more power on sort of identifying kind + + + align:start position:0% +more power on sort of identifying kind +of what's going on and rejecting the + + align:start position:0% +of what's going on and rejecting the + + + align:start position:0% +of what's going on and rejecting the +null of zero if you do heterogeneity by + + align:start position:0% +null of zero if you do heterogeneity by + + + align:start position:0% +null of zero if you do heterogeneity by +the based on like people that you think + + align:start position:0% +the based on like people that you think + + + align:start position:0% +the based on like people that you think +Max anti might be the largest molecules + + align:start position:0% +Max anti might be the largest molecules + + + align:start position:0% +Max anti might be the largest molecules +you could if you if you yeah so for like + + align:start position:0% +you could if you if you yeah so for like + + + align:start position:0% +you could if you if you yeah so for like +if you think of the clinical tile + + align:start position:0% +if you think of the clinical tile + + + align:start position:0% +if you think of the clinical tile +example if you thought that like if you + + align:start position:0% +example if you thought that like if you + + + align:start position:0% +example if you thought that like if you +yeah maybe you thought those + + align:start position:0% +yeah maybe you thought those + + + align:start position:0% +yeah maybe you thought those +proportional the weight you could sort + + align:start position:0% +proportional the weight you could sort + + + align:start position:0% +proportional the weight you could sort +of do like you know for example you + + align:start position:0% +of do like you know for example you + + + align:start position:0% +of do like you know for example you +could do that so that's okay but it was + + align:start position:0% +could do that so that's okay but it was + + + align:start position:0% +could do that so that's okay but it was +you know but it's not randomized + + align:start position:0% +you know but it's not randomized + + + align:start position:0% +you know but it's not randomized +heterogeneity so it's correlated with + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneity so it's correlated with + + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneity so it's correlated with +other things maybe like people who are + + align:start position:0% +other things maybe like people who are + + + align:start position:0% +other things maybe like people who are +you know whatever have different immune + + align:start position:0% +you know whatever have different immune + + + align:start position:0% +you know whatever have different immune +system or you know or whatever the + + align:start position:0% +system or you know or whatever the + + + align:start position:0% +system or you know or whatever the +equivalent is here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +okay so what do they find so they find + + align:start position:0% +okay so what do they find so they find + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what do they find so they find +that basically + + align:start position:0% +that basically + + + align:start position:0% +that basically +um in the peak season wages increase by + + align:start position:0% +um in the peak season wages increase by + + + align:start position:0% +um in the peak season wages increase by +five percent employment declines by 21 + + align:start position:0% +five percent employment declines by 21 + + + align:start position:0% +five percent employment declines by 21 +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and uh + + align:start position:0% +and uh + + + align:start position:0% +and uh +in the slack season basically like + + align:start position:0% +in the slack season basically like + + + align:start position:0% +in the slack season basically like +um wages run changed so the peak season + + align:start position:0% +um wages run changed so the peak season + + + align:start position:0% +um wages run changed so the peak season +looks like a competitive + + align:start position:0% +looks like a competitive + + + align:start position:0% +looks like a competitive +um labor market uh with elasticity of + + align:start position:0% +um labor market uh with elasticity of + + + align:start position:0% +um labor market uh with elasticity of +Labor demand of around -4 + + align:start position:0% +Labor demand of around -4 + + + align:start position:0% +Labor demand of around -4 +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and uh and the slack season is um looks + + align:start position:0% +and uh and the slack season is um looks + + + align:start position:0% +and uh and the slack season is um looks +like a vibration + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so both of those in some sense that + + align:start position:0% +okay so both of those in some sense that + + + align:start position:0% +okay so both of those in some sense that +paper and the previous paper go together + + align:start position:0% +paper and the previous paper go together + + + align:start position:0% +paper and the previous paper go together +uh to basically say look it seems like + + align:start position:0% +uh to basically say look it seems like + + + align:start position:0% +uh to basically say look it seems like +we have something kind of not clearing + + align:start position:0% +we have something kind of not clearing + + + align:start position:0% +we have something kind of not clearing +in labor market right the nominal age + + align:start position:0% +in labor market right the nominal age + + + align:start position:0% +in labor market right the nominal age +Unity was sort of saying that + + align:start position:0% +Unity was sort of saying that + + + align:start position:0% +Unity was sort of saying that +that experimental papers are the same + + align:start position:0% +that experimental papers are the same + + + align:start position:0% +that experimental papers are the same +Maps there's something in these real + + align:start position:0% +Maps there's something in these real + + + align:start position:0% +Maps there's something in these real +belief markets which is sort of + + align:start position:0% +belief markets which is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +belief markets which is sort of +preventing labor market + + align:start position:0% +preventing labor market + + + align:start position:0% +preventing labor market +so the question is sort of why like + + align:start position:0% +so the question is sort of why like + + + align:start position:0% +so the question is sort of why like +what's going on + + align:start position:0% +what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on +okay and and and and how is why is this + + align:start position:0% +okay and and and and how is why is this + + + align:start position:0% +okay and and and and how is why is this +happening so there's a couple of recent + + align:start position:0% +happening so there's a couple of recent + + + align:start position:0% +happening so there's a couple of recent +papers which start to sort of uh + + align:start position:0% +papers which start to sort of uh + + + align:start position:0% +papers which start to sort of uh +investigate this so one + + align:start position:0% +investigate this so one + + + align:start position:0% +investigate this so one +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +is uh another paper by sort of a similar + + align:start position:0% +is uh another paper by sort of a similar + + + align:start position:0% +is uh another paper by sort of a similar +set of co-authors + + align:start position:0% +set of co-authors + + + align:start position:0% +set of co-authors +um which runs an experiment to get with + + align:start position:0% +um which runs an experiment to get with + + + align:start position:0% +um which runs an experiment to get with +us and here's what they do okay + + align:start position:0% +us and here's what they do okay + + + align:start position:0% +us and here's what they do okay +they they go to Indian Villages and they + + align:start position:0% +they they go to Indian Villages and they + + + align:start position:0% +they they go to Indian Villages and they +offer spot jobs + + align:start position:0% +offer spot jobs + + + align:start position:0% +offer spot jobs +they vary the wage of the jobs + + align:start position:0% +they vary the wage of the jobs + + + align:start position:0% +they vary the wage of the jobs +and they vary where the wage offer is + + align:start position:0% +and they vary where the wage offer is + + + align:start position:0% +and they vary where the wage offer is +observable or not + + align:start position:0% +observable or not + + + align:start position:0% +observable or not +and the way they do this is pretty + + align:start position:0% +and the way they do this is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +and the way they do this is pretty +subtle + + align:start position:0% +subtle + + + align:start position:0% +subtle +they basically do it in the context of + + align:start position:0% +they basically do it in the context of + + + align:start position:0% +they basically do it in the context of +sort of assert they do a baseline survey + + align:start position:0% +sort of assert they do a baseline survey + + + align:start position:0% +sort of assert they do a baseline survey +and they say by the way we're offering + + align:start position:0% +and they say by the way we're offering + + + align:start position:0% +and they say by the way we're offering +this job you know here's the wage would + + align:start position:0% +this job you know here's the wage would + + + align:start position:0% +this job you know here's the wage would +you like to do it + + align:start position:0% +you like to do it + + + align:start position:0% +you like to do it +um and in some of them + + align:start position:0% +um and in some of them + + + align:start position:0% +um and in some of them +they make that offer on the front porch + + align:start position:0% +they make that offer on the front porch + + + align:start position:0% +they make that offer on the front porch +of a person's house so people who are + + align:start position:0% +of a person's house so people who are + + + align:start position:0% +of a person's house so people who are +you know and if any of you have ever + + align:start position:0% +you know and if any of you have ever + + + align:start position:0% +you know and if any of you have ever +done a survey in a development country + + align:start position:0% +done a survey in a development country + + + align:start position:0% +done a survey in a development country +context it's often pretty common for + + align:start position:0% +context it's often pretty common for + + + align:start position:0% +context it's often pretty common for +other people to kind of crowd around and + + align:start position:0% +other people to kind of crowd around and + + + align:start position:0% +other people to kind of crowd around and +sort of listen to what's going on it's + + align:start position:0% +sort of listen to what's going on it's + + + align:start position:0% +sort of listen to what's going on it's +pretty exciting like you know some + + align:start position:0% +pretty exciting like you know some + + + align:start position:0% +pretty exciting like you know some +person's here doing a survey like let's + + align:start position:0% +person's here doing a survey like let's + + + align:start position:0% +person's here doing a survey like let's +listen in so they do that on the front + + align:start position:0% +listen in so they do that on the front + + + align:start position:0% +listen in so they do that on the front +porch or they say let's please we're + + align:start position:0% +porch or they say let's please we're + + + align:start position:0% +porch or they say let's please we're +gonna do the same thing but we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +gonna do the same thing but we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +gonna do the same thing but we're gonna +do inside your house so it's in private + + align:start position:0% +do inside your house so it's in private + + + align:start position:0% +do inside your house so it's in private +so it's exactly the same but just + + align:start position:0% +so it's exactly the same but just + + + align:start position:0% +so it's exactly the same but just +varying kind of whether it's like on + + align:start position:0% +varying kind of whether it's like on + + + align:start position:0% +varying kind of whether it's like on +your front porch or in private + + align:start position:0% +your front porch or in private + + + align:start position:0% +your front porch or in private +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so those are the those are the three + + align:start position:0% +so those are the those are the three + + + align:start position:0% +so those are the those are the three +treatments and so what would you what + + align:start position:0% +treatments and so what would you what + + + align:start position:0% +treatments and so what would you what +you expect from this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you're more likely to accept a lower + + align:start position:0% +you're more likely to accept a lower + + + align:start position:0% +you're more likely to accept a lower +wage in private than why + + align:start position:0% +wage in private than why + + + align:start position:0% +wage in private than why +huh pride and essentially okay so any + + align:start position:0% +huh pride and essentially okay so any + + + align:start position:0% +huh pride and essentially okay so any +other theories of why + + align:start position:0% +other theories of why + + + align:start position:0% +other theories of why +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +yeah I I guess there's also + + align:start position:0% +yeah I I guess there's also + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I I guess there's also +if there's kind of like a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I guess the analogy I have in my mind is + + align:start position:0% +I guess the analogy I have in my mind is + + + align:start position:0% +I guess the analogy I have in my mind is +like like a scab basically like + + align:start position:0% +like like a scab basically like + + + align:start position:0% +like like a scab basically like +accepting a lower wage where people are + + align:start position:0% +accepting a lower wage where people are + + + align:start position:0% +accepting a lower wage where people are +kind of like + + align:start position:0% +kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +kind of like +I you know there's there's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the very first draft of this paper was + + align:start position:0% +the very first draft of this paper was + + + align:start position:0% +the very first draft of this paper was +titled scabs + + align:start position:0% +titled scabs + + + align:start position:0% +titled scabs +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +uh in part to acknowledge kind of there + + align:start position:0% +uh in part to acknowledge kind of there + + + align:start position:0% +uh in part to acknowledge kind of there +were other things I think going on but + + align:start position:0% +were other things I think going on but + + + align:start position:0% +were other things I think going on but +yeah so one theory is kind of like this + + align:start position:0% +yeah so one theory is kind of like this + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so one theory is kind of like this +social external social Norm theory that + + align:start position:0% +social external social Norm theory that + + + align:start position:0% +social external social Norm theory that +basically like you know there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +basically like you know there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +basically like you know there's a lot of +peer pressure that's going on to sort of + + align:start position:0% +peer pressure that's going on to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +peer pressure that's going on to sort of +prevent this sort of enforce these + + align:start position:0% +prevent this sort of enforce these + + + align:start position:0% +prevent this sort of enforce these +higher wages right and so any individual + + align:start position:0% +higher wages right and so any individual + + + align:start position:0% +higher wages right and so any individual +is going to get Social sanctions if they + + align:start position:0% +is going to get Social sanctions if they + + + align:start position:0% +is going to get Social sanctions if they +kind of accept lower wage and the other + + align:start position:0% +kind of accept lower wage and the other + + + align:start position:0% +kind of accept lower wage and the other +is your series like I kind of this is + + align:start position:0% +is your series like I kind of this is + + + align:start position:0% +is your series like I kind of this is +like an internal thing and I'm not gonna + + align:start position:0% +like an internal thing and I'm not gonna + + + align:start position:0% +like an internal thing and I'm not gonna +do it right so uh and but the internal + + align:start position:0% +do it right so uh and but the internal + + + align:start position:0% +do it right so uh and but the internal +one would have to be sort of like only + + align:start position:0% +one would have to be sort of like only + + + align:start position:0% +one would have to be sort of like only +my pride these would be other people + + align:start position:0% +my pride these would be other people + + + align:start position:0% +my pride these would be other people +like it's not my internal surprise it's + + align:start position:0% +like it's not my internal surprise it's + + + align:start position:0% +like it's not my internal surprise it's +that I have people are sort of watching + + align:start position:0% +that I have people are sort of watching + + + align:start position:0% +that I have people are sort of watching +me yeah I think this is maybe a little + + align:start position:0% +me yeah I think this is maybe a little + + + align:start position:0% +me yeah I think this is maybe a little +bit of articulation + + align:start position:0% +bit of articulation + + + align:start position:0% +bit of articulation +this is maybe a slightly better + + align:start position:0% +this is maybe a slightly better + + + align:start position:0% +this is maybe a slightly better +articulation of the dynasty got it okay + + align:start position:0% +articulation of the dynasty got it okay + + + align:start position:0% +articulation of the dynasty got it okay +so there's something going right and so + + align:start position:0% +so there's something going right and so + + + align:start position:0% +so there's something going right and so +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +by the way can you imagine like are + + align:start position:0% +by the way can you imagine like are + + + align:start position:0% +by the way can you imagine like are +there cases where it would be optimal + + align:start position:0% +there cases where it would be optimal + + + align:start position:0% +there cases where it would be optimal +maybe for the village to like have these + + align:start position:0% +maybe for the village to like have these + + + align:start position:0% +maybe for the village to like have these +norms + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah exactly right so if there's + + align:start position:0% +yeah exactly right so if there's + + + align:start position:0% +yeah exactly right so if there's +Monopoly power local market power it's + + align:start position:0% +Monopoly power local market power it's + + + align:start position:0% +Monopoly power local market power it's +like exactly it's kind of bargaining + + align:start position:0% +like exactly it's kind of bargaining + + + align:start position:0% +like exactly it's kind of bargaining +with the with the firm and or in general + + align:start position:0% +with the with the firm and or in general + + + align:start position:0% +with the with the firm and or in general +if there's any kind of rents right we + + align:start position:0% +if there's any kind of rents right we + + + align:start position:0% +if there's any kind of rents right we +might want to sort of extract some of + + align:start position:0% +might want to sort of extract some of + + + align:start position:0% +might want to sort of extract some of +those rents and so that we might want to + + align:start position:0% +those rents and so that we might want to + + + align:start position:0% +those rents and so that we might want to +keep the wage artificially high and sort + + align:start position:0% +keep the wage artificially high and sort + + + align:start position:0% +keep the wage artificially high and sort +of like that might mean whenever we keep + + align:start position:0% +of like that might mean whenever we keep + + + align:start position:0% +of like that might mean whenever we keep +the movies artificially High you know + + align:start position:0% +the movies artificially High you know + + + align:start position:0% +the movies artificially High you know +there's a little bit of surplus you know + + align:start position:0% +there's a little bit of surplus you know + + + align:start position:0% +there's a little bit of surplus you know +individuals might want to deviate + + align:start position:0% +individuals might want to deviate + + + align:start position:0% +individuals might want to deviate +um but but we're all kind of trying to + + align:start position:0% +um but but we're all kind of trying to + + + align:start position:0% +um but but we're all kind of trying to +keep the wage the wage high to kind of + + align:start position:0% +keep the wage the wage high to kind of + + + align:start position:0% +keep the wage the wage high to kind of +extract rent together right so it's kind + + align:start position:0% +extract rent together right so it's kind + + + align:start position:0% +extract rent together right so it's kind +of a collective action model + + align:start position:0% +of a collective action model + + + align:start position:0% +of a collective action model +okay and here's the result it's like + + align:start position:0% +okay and here's the result it's like + + + align:start position:0% +okay and here's the result it's like +super simple + + align:start position:0% +super simple + + + align:start position:0% +super simple +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh the result is + + align:start position:0% +uh the result is + + + align:start position:0% +uh the result is +this is like the main result so + + align:start position:0% +this is like the main result so + + + align:start position:0% +this is like the main result so +this is probability of taking up the + + align:start position:0% +this is probability of taking up the + + + align:start position:0% +this is probability of taking up the +wage at kind of the going Market wage + + align:start position:0% +wage at kind of the going Market wage + + + align:start position:0% +wage at kind of the going Market wage +at 10 less the going Market wage when in + + align:start position:0% +at 10 less the going Market wage when in + + + align:start position:0% +at 10 less the going Market wage when in +public + + align:start position:0% +public + + + align:start position:0% +public +I'm sorry in private and ten percent + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry in private and ten percent + + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry in private and ten percent +less than the market wage in public + + align:start position:0% +less than the market wage in public + + + align:start position:0% +less than the market wage in public +okay so it's pretty Stark so basically + + align:start position:0% +okay so it's pretty Stark so basically + + + align:start position:0% +okay so it's pretty Stark so basically +almost nobody is willing to um I'm sorry + + align:start position:0% +almost nobody is willing to um I'm sorry + + + align:start position:0% +almost nobody is willing to um I'm sorry +this is in this like the high + + align:start position:0% +this is in this like the high + + + align:start position:0% +this is in this like the high +unemployment periods and low + + align:start position:0% +unemployment periods and low + + + align:start position:0% +unemployment periods and low +unemployment periods in the high + + align:start position:0% +unemployment periods in the high + + + align:start position:0% +unemployment periods in the high +unemployment period basically lots of + + align:start position:0% +unemployment period basically lots of + + + align:start position:0% +unemployment period basically lots of +people want this job right because + + align:start position:0% +people want this job right because + + + align:start position:0% +people want this job right because +there's a lot that that thingy the labor + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot that that thingy the labor + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot that that thingy the labor +market is really that that Gap is kind + + align:start position:0% +market is really that that Gap is kind + + + align:start position:0% +market is really that that Gap is kind +of large in the low unemployment periods + + align:start position:0% +of large in the low unemployment periods + + + align:start position:0% +of large in the low unemployment periods +the Gap is kind of small and so maybe + + align:start position:0% +the Gap is kind of small and so maybe + + + align:start position:0% +the Gap is kind of small and so maybe +actually we don't care that much right + + align:start position:0% +actually we don't care that much right + + + align:start position:0% +actually we don't care that much right +so in these periods over here that's the + + align:start position:0% +so in these periods over here that's the + + + align:start position:0% +so in these periods over here that's the +one kind of consistent with uh what a + + align:start position:0% +one kind of consistent with uh what a + + + align:start position:0% +one kind of consistent with uh what a +Sean was suggesting which is basically + + align:start position:0% +Sean was suggesting which is basically + + + align:start position:0% +Sean was suggesting which is basically +like we're we're we're in in we're in a + + align:start position:0% +like we're we're we're in in we're in a + + + align:start position:0% +like we're we're we're in in we're in a +market where the wage is too high right + + align:start position:0% +market where the wage is too high right + + + align:start position:0% +market where the wage is too high right +we'd all like to get jobs so there's + + align:start position:0% +we'd all like to get jobs so there's + + + align:start position:0% +we'd all like to get jobs so there's +some there's some failure of market + + align:start position:0% +some there's some failure of market + + + align:start position:0% +some there's some failure of market +clearing + + align:start position:0% +clearing + + + align:start position:0% +clearing +um and uh and so people are like if you + + align:start position:0% +um and uh and so people are like if you + + + align:start position:0% +um and uh and so people are like if you +can do it in private you're happy to + + align:start position:0% +can do it in private you're happy to + + + align:start position:0% +can do it in private you're happy to +take it but you don't want to do it in + + align:start position:0% +take it but you don't want to do it in + + + align:start position:0% +take it but you don't want to do it in +public because you're sort of worried + + align:start position:0% +public because you're sort of worried + + + align:start position:0% +public because you're sort of worried +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +um retaliation or whatever and in fact + + align:start position:0% +um retaliation or whatever and in fact + + + align:start position:0% +um retaliation or whatever and in fact +one thing that's kind of nice is this is + + align:start position:0% +one thing that's kind of nice is this is + + + align:start position:0% +one thing that's kind of nice is this is +too small for you to read but you can + + align:start position:0% +too small for you to read but you can + + + align:start position:0% +too small for you to read but you can +see in your handout they ask people + + align:start position:0% +see in your handout they ask people + + + align:start position:0% +see in your handout they ask people +uh what's going on and there are sort of + + align:start position:0% +uh what's going on and there are sort of + + + align:start position:0% +uh what's going on and there are sort of +various sort of um + + align:start position:0% +various sort of um + + + align:start position:0% +various sort of um +uh or what you would what you would do + + align:start position:0% +uh or what you would what you would do + + + align:start position:0% +uh or what you would what you would do +sorry to to a worker who would like you + + align:start position:0% +sorry to to a worker who would like you + + + align:start position:0% +sorry to to a worker who would like you +know took one of these jobs or whatever + + align:start position:0% +know took one of these jobs or whatever + + + align:start position:0% +know took one of these jobs or whatever +right you would like try to convince + + align:start position:0% +right you would like try to convince + + + align:start position:0% +right you would like try to convince +them not to you would like impose social + + align:start position:0% +them not to you would like impose social + + + align:start position:0% +them not to you would like impose social +sanctions you know et cetera et cetera + + align:start position:0% +sanctions you know et cetera et cetera + + + align:start position:0% +sanctions you know et cetera et cetera +you try to exclude them from other labor + + align:start position:0% +you try to exclude them from other labor + + + align:start position:0% +you try to exclude them from other labor +market opportunities Etc or I think or + + align:start position:0% +market opportunities Etc or I think or + + + align:start position:0% +market opportunities Etc or I think or +you know what it you know so so in + + align:start position:0% +you know what it you know so so in + + + align:start position:0% +you know what it you know so so in +general + + align:start position:0% +general + + + align:start position:0% +general +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +you know there are uh + + align:start position:0% +you know there are uh + + + align:start position:0% +you know there are uh +it looks like people are there there are + + align:start position:0% +it looks like people are there there are + + + align:start position:0% +it looks like people are there there are +sort of be public punishments for sort + + align:start position:0% +sort of be public punishments for sort + + + align:start position:0% +sort of be public punishments for sort +of breaking these wage norms + + align:start position:0% +of breaking these wage norms + + + align:start position:0% +of breaking these wage norms +okay and so that's the beginning of of + + align:start position:0% +okay and so that's the beginning of of + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so that's the beginning of of +of an explanation for sort of how we + + align:start position:0% +of an explanation for sort of how we + + + align:start position:0% +of an explanation for sort of how we +might be getting these labor market sort + + align:start position:0% +might be getting these labor market sort + + + align:start position:0% +might be getting these labor market sort +of failures of clearing right we have + + align:start position:0% +of failures of clearing right we have + + + align:start position:0% +of failures of clearing right we have +these kind of prevailing wage Norms you + + align:start position:0% +these kind of prevailing wage Norms you + + + align:start position:0% +these kind of prevailing wage Norms you +know those wages kind of move around + + align:start position:0% +know those wages kind of move around + + + align:start position:0% +know those wages kind of move around +right and they stay there sort of Stay + + align:start position:0% +right and they stay there sort of Stay + + + align:start position:0% +right and they stay there sort of Stay +High uh potentially as a way of sort of + + align:start position:0% +High uh potentially as a way of sort of + + + align:start position:0% +High uh potentially as a way of sort of +getting some breaths you know is it + + align:start position:0% +getting some breaths you know is it + + + align:start position:0% +getting some breaths you know is it +efficient it's actually you know that to + + align:start position:0% +efficient it's actually you know that to + + + align:start position:0% +efficient it's actually you know that to +that question I'm not sure we have a + + align:start position:0% +that question I'm not sure we have a + + + align:start position:0% +that question I'm not sure we have a +clear answer from all these papers + + align:start position:0% +clear answer from all these papers + + + align:start position:0% +clear answer from all these papers +whether or not this is like collectively + + align:start position:0% +whether or not this is like collectively + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not this is like collectively +efficient for these villagers or not + + align:start position:0% +efficient for these villagers or not + + + align:start position:0% +efficient for these villagers or not +um what are the additional sort of you + + align:start position:0% +um what are the additional sort of you + + + align:start position:0% +um what are the additional sort of you +know additional rents they're getting + + align:start position:0% +know additional rents they're getting + + + align:start position:0% +know additional rents they're getting +kind of + + align:start position:0% +kind of + + + align:start position:0% +kind of +exceed the the unemployment you might be + + align:start position:0% +exceed the the unemployment you might be + + + align:start position:0% +exceed the the unemployment you might be +able to calculate that from these papers + + align:start position:0% +able to calculate that from these papers + + + align:start position:0% +able to calculate that from these papers +I don't remember them actually doing + + align:start position:0% +I don't remember them actually doing + + + align:start position:0% +I don't remember them actually doing +that but that's something to think about + + align:start position:0% +that but that's something to think about + + + align:start position:0% +that but that's something to think about +as well + + align:start position:0% +as well + + + align:start position:0% +as well +okay so it looks like actually what's so + + align:start position:0% +okay so it looks like actually what's so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so it looks like actually what's so +something went back it looks like these + + align:start position:0% +something went back it looks like these + + + align:start position:0% +something went back it looks like these +labor marketers are actually kind of you + + align:start position:0% +labor marketers are actually kind of you + + + align:start position:0% +labor marketers are actually kind of you +know what's going on it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +know what's going on it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +know what's going on it's kind of +nuanced right you're having these + + align:start position:0% +nuanced right you're having these + + + align:start position:0% +nuanced right you're having these +failures of labor market clearing you + + align:start position:0% +failures of labor market clearing you + + + align:start position:0% +failures of labor market clearing you +have these social sanctions that are + + align:start position:0% +have these social sanctions that are + + + align:start position:0% +have these social sanctions that are +sort of like a potentially sort of + + align:start position:0% +sort of like a potentially sort of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of like a potentially sort of +impeding map + + align:start position:0% +impeding map + + + align:start position:0% +impeding map +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the final set of topics on labor + + align:start position:0% +so the final set of topics on labor + + + align:start position:0% +so the final set of topics on labor +Supply that I want to talk about uh are + + align:start position:0% +Supply that I want to talk about uh are + + + align:start position:0% +Supply that I want to talk about uh are +I won't get to finish them but I'll + + align:start position:0% +I won't get to finish them but I'll + + + align:start position:0% +I won't get to finish them but I'll +start them is some papers about sort of + + align:start position:0% +start them is some papers about sort of + + + align:start position:0% +start them is some papers about sort of +like you know I would say like poverty + + align:start position:0% +like you know I would say like poverty + + + align:start position:0% +like you know I would say like poverty +and behavioral issues in labor Supply + + align:start position:0% +and behavioral issues in labor Supply + + + align:start position:0% +and behavioral issues in labor Supply +okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +which is to say + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you know so so one issue we talked about + + align:start position:0% +you know so so one issue we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +you know so so one issue we talked about +in general was sort of having these + + align:start position:0% +in general was sort of having these + + + align:start position:0% +in general was sort of having these +labor market frictions + + align:start position:0% +labor market frictions + + + align:start position:0% +labor market frictions +um you know there may be other sort of + + align:start position:0% +um you know there may be other sort of + + + align:start position:0% +um you know there may be other sort of +reasons there may be other things that + + align:start position:0% +reasons there may be other things that + + + align:start position:0% +reasons there may be other things that +are sort of affecting kind of these + + align:start position:0% +are sort of affecting kind of these + + + align:start position:0% +are sort of affecting kind of these +rural labor markets due to the fact that + + align:start position:0% +rural labor markets due to the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +rural labor markets due to the fact that +these people are really poor and so how + + align:start position:0% +these people are really poor and so how + + + align:start position:0% +these people are really poor and so how +can we think about those issues and so I + + align:start position:0% +can we think about those issues and so I + + + align:start position:0% +can we think about those issues and so I +want to explore + + align:start position:0% +want to explore + + + align:start position:0% +want to explore +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +four different kind of related issues + + align:start position:0% +four different kind of related issues + + + align:start position:0% +four different kind of related issues +which will take us mostly the next I'll + + align:start position:0% +which will take us mostly the next I'll + + + align:start position:0% +which will take us mostly the next I'll +do this one today and the rest of them + + align:start position:0% +do this one today and the rest of them + + + align:start position:0% +do this one today and the rest of them +will do next time so the first is sort + + align:start position:0% +will do next time so the first is sort + + + align:start position:0% +will do next time so the first is sort +of like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so these questions are sort of how does + + align:start position:0% +so these questions are sort of how does + + + align:start position:0% +so these questions are sort of how does +poverty affect your labor Supply + + align:start position:0% +poverty affect your labor Supply + + + align:start position:0% +poverty affect your labor Supply +decisions one argument is that sort of + + align:start position:0% +decisions one argument is that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +decisions one argument is that sort of +basic consumption needs basically change + + align:start position:0% +basic consumption needs basically change + + + align:start position:0% +basic consumption needs basically change +the ethnicity of Labor Supply and that + + align:start position:0% +the ethnicity of Labor Supply and that + + + align:start position:0% +the ethnicity of Labor Supply and that +kind of aggregate implications + + align:start position:0% +kind of aggregate implications + + + align:start position:0% +kind of aggregate implications +a second is sort of like a behavioral + + align:start position:0% +a second is sort of like a behavioral + + + align:start position:0% +a second is sort of like a behavioral +Channel where sort of poverty and sort + + align:start position:0% +Channel where sort of poverty and sort + + + align:start position:0% +Channel where sort of poverty and sort +of needing to sort of think about you + + align:start position:0% +of needing to sort of think about you + + + align:start position:0% +of needing to sort of think about you +know your how you're going to meet your + + align:start position:0% +know your how you're going to meet your + + + align:start position:0% +know your how you're going to meet your +daily your daily poverty changes your + + align:start position:0% +daily your daily poverty changes your + + + align:start position:0% +daily your daily poverty changes your +productivity and directly we'll talk + + align:start position:0% +productivity and directly we'll talk + + + align:start position:0% +productivity and directly we'll talk +about identity and labor supply issues + + align:start position:0% +about identity and labor supply issues + + + align:start position:0% +about identity and labor supply issues +and then actually I'll talk about a new + + align:start position:0% +and then actually I'll talk about a new + + + align:start position:0% +and then actually I'll talk about a new +paper on the cognitive benefits of work + + align:start position:0% +paper on the cognitive benefits of work + + + align:start position:0% +paper on the cognitive benefits of work +okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so the first paper I just want to + + align:start position:0% +so the first paper I just want to + + + align:start position:0% +so the first paper I just want to +mention about poverty and labor supplies + + align:start position:0% +mention about poverty and labor supplies + + + align:start position:0% +mention about poverty and labor supplies +paper by semajay chendron + + align:start position:0% +paper by semajay chendron + + + align:start position:0% +paper by semajay chendron +and the idea here is very simple her + + align:start position:0% +and the idea here is very simple her + + + align:start position:0% +and the idea here is very simple her +idea is that that basically workers have + + align:start position:0% +idea is that that basically workers have + + + align:start position:0% +idea is that that basically workers have +minimum consumption needs + + align:start position:0% +minimum consumption needs + + + align:start position:0% +minimum consumption needs +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and if you're really poor or you have + + align:start position:0% +and if you're really poor or you have + + + align:start position:0% +and if you're really poor or you have +inability to smooth shocks across + + align:start position:0% +inability to smooth shocks across + + + align:start position:0% +inability to smooth shocks across +periods or to borrow or do anything to + + align:start position:0% +periods or to borrow or do anything to + + + align:start position:0% +periods or to borrow or do anything to +smooth + + align:start position:0% +smooth + + + align:start position:0% +smooth +that's going to make your labor Supply + + align:start position:0% +that's going to make your labor Supply + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to make your labor Supply +less elastic + + align:start position:0% +less elastic + + + align:start position:0% +less elastic +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and to be less elastic if there's less + + align:start position:0% +and to be less elastic if there's less + + + align:start position:0% +and to be less elastic if there's less +access to credit or less ability to + + align:start position:0% +access to credit or less ability to + + + align:start position:0% +access to credit or less ability to +migrate or whatever + + align:start position:0% +migrate or whatever + + + align:start position:0% +migrate or whatever +and less elastic wages are gonna + + align:start position:0% +and less elastic wages are gonna + + + align:start position:0% +and less elastic wages are gonna +mean that there's a pecuniary + + align:start position:0% +mean that there's a pecuniary + + + align:start position:0% +mean that there's a pecuniary +externality + + align:start position:0% +externality + + + align:start position:0% +externality +from you to sort of other people so in + + align:start position:0% +from you to sort of other people so in + + + align:start position:0% +from you to sort of other people so in +particular + + align:start position:0% +particular + + + align:start position:0% +particular +right if we contrast a labor market + + align:start position:0% +right if we contrast a labor market + + + align:start position:0% +right if we contrast a labor market +where uh labor Supply is kind of elastic + + align:start position:0% +where uh labor Supply is kind of elastic + + + align:start position:0% +where uh labor Supply is kind of elastic +and looks like this + + align:start position:0% +and looks like this + + + align:start position:0% +and looks like this +it's elastic + + align:start position:0% +it's elastic + + + align:start position:0% +it's elastic +to one that looks like this + + align:start position:0% +to one that looks like this + + + align:start position:0% +to one that looks like this +labor Supply inelastic + + align:start position:0% +labor Supply inelastic + + + align:start position:0% +labor Supply inelastic +imagine what happens when we have sort + + align:start position:0% +imagine what happens when we have sort + + + align:start position:0% +imagine what happens when we have sort +of a negative + + align:start position:0% +of a negative + + + align:start position:0% +of a negative +labor Supply shock + + align:start position:0% +labor Supply shock + + + align:start position:0% +labor Supply shock +right when we have a negative labor + + align:start position:0% +right when we have a negative labor + + + align:start position:0% +right when we have a negative labor +Supply shock + + align:start position:0% +Supply shock + + + align:start position:0% +Supply shock +if labor Supply is inelastic the wage is + + align:start position:0% +if labor Supply is inelastic the wage is + + + align:start position:0% +if labor Supply is inelastic the wage is +going to fall more than if it's elastic + + align:start position:0% +going to fall more than if it's elastic + + + align:start position:0% +going to fall more than if it's elastic +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +and what that means is that there's a + + align:start position:0% +and what that means is that there's a + + + align:start position:0% +and what that means is that there's a +there's a negative externality A + + align:start position:0% +there's a negative externality A + + + align:start position:0% +there's a negative externality A +peculiar externality which is the next + + align:start position:0% +peculiar externality which is the next + + + align:start position:0% +peculiar externality which is the next +round that happens through short prices + + align:start position:0% +round that happens through short prices + + + align:start position:0% +round that happens through short prices +of having a lot of poor people around + + align:start position:0% +of having a lot of poor people around + + + align:start position:0% +of having a lot of poor people around +you okay so even if we hold my own sort + + align:start position:0% +you okay so even if we hold my own sort + + + align:start position:0% +you okay so even if we hold my own sort +of ability to smooth shocks constant if + + align:start position:0% +of ability to smooth shocks constant if + + + align:start position:0% +of ability to smooth shocks constant if +I'm surrounded by people who are sort of + + align:start position:0% +I'm surrounded by people who are sort of + + + align:start position:0% +I'm surrounded by people who are sort of +unable to smooth shocks they're going to + + align:start position:0% +unable to smooth shocks they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +unable to smooth shocks they're going to +be more inelastic and that means the + + align:start position:0% +be more inelastic and that means the + + + align:start position:0% +be more inelastic and that means the +area wage that I'm facing is going to + + align:start position:0% +area wage that I'm facing is going to + + + align:start position:0% +area wage that I'm facing is going to +fall more in these kind of negative + + align:start position:0% +fall more in these kind of negative + + + align:start position:0% +fall more in these kind of negative +periods + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is that clear + + align:start position:0% +is that clear + + + align:start position:0% +is that clear +okay actually I'm out of time now so + + align:start position:0% +okay actually I'm out of time now so + + + align:start position:0% +okay actually I'm out of time now so +I'll pick up by just starting with the + + align:start position:0% +I'll pick up by just starting with the + + + align:start position:0% +I'll pick up by just starting with the +empirics of this next time and then + + align:start position:0% +empirics of this next time and then + + + align:start position:0% +empirics of this next time and then +we'll go through these other papers on + + align:start position:0% +we'll go through these other papers on + + + align:start position:0% +we'll go through these other papers on +labor Supply and I'm going to try since + + align:start position:0% +labor Supply and I'm going to try since + + + align:start position:0% +labor Supply and I'm going to try since +I'm running a little bit behind to + + align:start position:0% +I'm running a little bit behind to + + + align:start position:0% +I'm running a little bit behind to +finish up the labor Supply the sort of + + align:start position:0% +finish up the labor Supply the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +finish up the labor Supply the sort of +Labor lecture uh next class so we can + + align:start position:0% +Labor lecture uh next class so we can + + + align:start position:0% +Labor lecture uh next class so we can +have uh spend next week on credit \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/E3JI-qkcTq4.txt b/E3JI-qkcTq4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8b1dc038aabfb8576136e90f1dfa9fefd7772061 --- /dev/null +++ b/E3JI-qkcTq4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +Imagine if you could instantly teleport to MIT + +and become an MIT student for one glorious day! + +You would visit a lab of your choice, + +pick a couple classes to sit in on, + +and have lunch with the OpenCourseWare team. + +Then you’d go on a special private tour of MIT. + +We’ll show you where the best stuff is. + +This is not a wild fantasy. + +It’s real! + +Well, not the teleportation part. + +But if you win our MIT Student for a Day sweepstakes, + +we’ll fly you to Cambridge Massachusetts, + +put you up in a fancy hotel, + +feed you, + +deck you out in MIT gear, + +and give you the FULL MIT EXPERIENCE. + +For one single terrific day. + +Your donation to OCW will help us continue +to serve the thousands of people who use our + +website every day – educators and learners +who are looking to gain knowledge, and improve + +their life and community. + +No purchase necessary to enter. + +Good luck! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/FMb-HSnaNs4.txt b/FMb-HSnaNs4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2b8541965f69c4f5a623deac40db21279dc204ad --- /dev/null +++ b/FMb-HSnaNs4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12043 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu um what I'm talking about + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu um what I'm talking about + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu um what I'm talking about +today is uh neural population decoding + + align:start position:0% +today is uh neural population decoding + + + align:start position:0% +today is uh neural population decoding +which is very similar to what Rebecca + + align:start position:0% +which is very similar to what Rebecca + + + align:start position:0% +which is very similar to what Rebecca +was talking about except for I'm talking + + align:start position:0% +was talking about except for I'm talking + + + align:start position:0% +was talking about except for I'm talking +now more on the single neuron level and + + align:start position:0% +now more on the single neuron level and + + + align:start position:0% +now more on the single neuron level and +also talk a bit about um some Meg at the + + align:start position:0% +also talk a bit about um some Meg at the + + + align:start position:0% +also talk a bit about um some Meg at the +end um but um kind of to tie it to what + + align:start position:0% +end um but um kind of to tie it to what + + + align:start position:0% +end um but um kind of to tie it to what +was uh previously discussed Rebecca + + align:start position:0% +was uh previously discussed Rebecca + + + align:start position:0% +was uh previously discussed Rebecca +talked a lot about um at the end the big + + align:start position:0% +talked a lot about um at the end the big + + + align:start position:0% +talked a lot about um at the end the big +catastrophe well you don't know if + + align:start position:0% +catastrophe well you don't know if + + + align:start position:0% +catastrophe well you don't know if +something is not there in the fmri + + align:start position:0% +something is not there in the fmri + + + align:start position:0% +something is not there in the fmri +signal because things could be masked + + align:start position:0% +signal because things could be masked + + + align:start position:0% +signal because things could be masked +when you're averaging over a large + + align:start position:0% +when you're averaging over a large + + + align:start position:0% +when you're averaging over a large +region as you do when you're recording + + align:start position:0% +region as you do when you're recording + + + align:start position:0% +region as you do when you're recording +from those bold signals and um when + + align:start position:0% +from those bold signals and um when + + + align:start position:0% +from those bold signals and um when +you're doing decoding on single neurons + + align:start position:0% +you're doing decoding on single neurons + + + align:start position:0% +you're doing decoding on single neurons +that is not really an issue cuz you're + + align:start position:0% +that is not really an issue cuz you're + + + align:start position:0% +that is not really an issue cuz you're +actually going down and recording those + + align:start position:0% +actually going down and recording those + + + align:start position:0% +actually going down and recording those +individual neurons and so um while in + + align:start position:0% +individual neurons and so um while in + + + align:start position:0% +individual neurons and so um while in +general in hypothesis testing you can + + align:start position:0% +general in hypothesis testing you can + + + align:start position:0% +general in hypothesis testing you can +never really say something doesn't exist + + align:start position:0% +never really say something doesn't exist + + + align:start position:0% +never really say something doesn't exist +um here you can feel you know fairly + + align:start position:0% +um here you can feel you know fairly + + + align:start position:0% +um here you can feel you know fairly +confident that it probably doesn't right + + align:start position:0% +confident that it probably doesn't right + + + align:start position:0% +confident that it probably doesn't right +unless you I mean you could do a basian + + align:start position:0% +unless you I mean you could do a basian + + + align:start position:0% +unless you I mean you could do a basian +analysis but um anyway all right so um + + align:start position:0% +analysis but um anyway all right so um + + + align:start position:0% +analysis but um anyway all right so um +kind of the very basic motivation behind + + align:start position:0% +kind of the very basic motivation behind + + + align:start position:0% +kind of the very basic motivation behind +what I do is um you know I'm interested + + align:start position:0% +what I do is um you know I'm interested + + + align:start position:0% +what I do is um you know I'm interested +in uh all the questions the cbmm is + + align:start position:0% +in uh all the questions the cbmm is + + + align:start position:0% +in uh all the questions the cbmm is +interested in um how can we + + align:start position:0% +interested in um how can we + + + align:start position:0% +interested in um how can we +algorithmically solve problems and + + align:start position:0% +algorithmically solve problems and + + + align:start position:0% +algorithmically solve problems and +perform behaviors um and so you know + + align:start position:0% +perform behaviors um and so you know + + + align:start position:0% +perform behaviors um and so you know +basically as motivation um you know as a + + align:start position:0% +basically as motivation um you know as a + + + align:start position:0% +basically as motivation um you know as a +theoretician um we might have some great + + align:start position:0% +theoretician um we might have some great + + + align:start position:0% +theoretician um we might have some great +idea about how the brain works and so + + align:start position:0% +idea about how the brain works and so + + + align:start position:0% +idea about how the brain works and so +what we do is we come up with an + + align:start position:0% +what we do is we come up with an + + + align:start position:0% +what we do is we come up with an +experiment and we run it and we record a + + align:start position:0% +experiment and we run it and we record a + + + align:start position:0% +experiment and we run it and we record a +bunch of neural data um and then at the + + align:start position:0% +bunch of neural data um and then at the + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of neural data um and then at the +end of it what we're left with is just a + + align:start position:0% +end of it what we're left with is just a + + + align:start position:0% +end of it what we're left with is just a +bunch of data right it's not really an + + align:start position:0% +bunch of data right it's not really an + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of data right it's not really an +answer to our question um so for example + + align:start position:0% +answer to our question um so for example + + + align:start position:0% +answer to our question um so for example +if you uh recorded a spike you might end + + align:start position:0% +if you uh recorded a spike you might end + + + align:start position:0% +if you uh recorded a spike you might end +up with something called a raster where + + align:start position:0% +up with something called a raster where + + + align:start position:0% +up with something called a raster where +you have trials in time and you just end + + align:start position:0% +you have trials in time and you just end + + + align:start position:0% +you have trials in time and you just end +up with little uh indications at what + + align:start position:0% +up with little uh indications at what + + + align:start position:0% +up with little uh indications at what +times did a neuron Spike right or if you + + align:start position:0% +times did a neuron Spike right or if you + + + align:start position:0% +times did a neuron Spike right or if you +did an Meg experiment you might end up + + align:start position:0% +did an Meg experiment you might end up + + + align:start position:0% +did an Meg experiment you might end up +with a bunch of kind of waveforms that + + align:start position:0% +with a bunch of kind of waveforms that + + + align:start position:0% +with a bunch of kind of waveforms that +are kind of noisy um and so this is a + + align:start position:0% +are kind of noisy um and so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +are kind of noisy um and so this is a +good first step but obviously what you + + align:start position:0% +good first step but obviously what you + + + align:start position:0% +good first step but obviously what you +need to do is take this and turn it into + + align:start position:0% +need to do is take this and turn it into + + + align:start position:0% +need to do is take this and turn it into +some sort of answer to your question + + align:start position:0% +some sort of answer to your question + + + align:start position:0% +some sort of answer to your question +right um because if you can't turn it + + align:start position:0% +right um because if you can't turn it + + + align:start position:0% +right um because if you can't turn it +into an answer to your question there + + align:start position:0% +into an answer to your question there + + + align:start position:0% +into an answer to your question there +was no point in doing that experiment to + + align:start position:0% +was no point in doing that experiment to + + + align:start position:0% +was no point in doing that experiment to +begin with right okay so um basically + + align:start position:0% +begin with right okay so um basically + + + align:start position:0% +begin with right okay so um basically +what I'm looking for is clear anwers uh + + align:start position:0% +what I'm looking for is clear anwers uh + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm looking for is clear anwers uh +to questions in particular I'm + + align:start position:0% +to questions in particular I'm + + + align:start position:0% +to questions in particular I'm +interested in two things one is neural + + align:start position:0% +interested in two things one is neural + + + align:start position:0% +interested in two things one is neural +content and that is what information is + + align:start position:0% +content and that is what information is + + + align:start position:0% +content and that is what information is +in a particular region of the brain um + + align:start position:0% +in a particular region of the brain um + + + align:start position:0% +in a particular region of the brain um +and at what time and the other thing I'm + + align:start position:0% +and at what time and the other thing I'm + + + align:start position:0% +and at what time and the other thing I'm +interested in is neural coding or what + + align:start position:0% +interested in is neural coding or what + + + align:start position:0% +interested in is neural coding or what +features of the neural activity um + + align:start position:0% +features of the neural activity um + + + align:start position:0% +features of the neural activity um +contain that + + align:start position:0% +contain that + + + align:start position:0% +contain that +information okay and so the idea is + + align:start position:0% +information okay and so the idea is + + + align:start position:0% +information okay and so the idea is +basic basically if we could make + + align:start position:0% +basic basically if we could make + + + align:start position:0% +basic basically if we could make +recordings from a number of different + + align:start position:0% +recordings from a number of different + + + align:start position:0% +recordings from a number of different +brain regions and uh tell what content + + align:start position:0% +brain regions and uh tell what content + + + align:start position:0% +brain regions and uh tell what content +was in different parts um then we could + + align:start position:0% +was in different parts um then we could + + + align:start position:0% +was in different parts um then we could +um basically trace the information flow + + align:start position:0% +um basically trace the information flow + + + align:start position:0% +um basically trace the information flow +through the brain and try to unravel the + + align:start position:0% +through the brain and try to unravel the + + + align:start position:0% +through the brain and try to unravel the +algorithms that enable us to perform + + align:start position:0% +algorithms that enable us to perform + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms that enable us to perform +particular tasks and then if we can do + + align:start position:0% +particular tasks and then if we can do + + + align:start position:0% +particular tasks and then if we can do +that we can do other things that the + + align:start position:0% +that we can do other things that the + + + align:start position:0% +that we can do other things that the +cbmm likes to do such as build helpful + + align:start position:0% +cbmm likes to do such as build helpful + + + align:start position:0% +cbmm likes to do such as build helpful +robots um you know that will either + + align:start position:0% +robots um you know that will either + + + align:start position:0% +robots um you know that will either +bring us drinks or create + + align:start position:0% +bring us drinks or create + + + align:start position:0% +bring us drinks or create +piece + + align:start position:0% +piece + + + align:start position:0% +piece +okay so um the outline The Talk today is + + align:start position:0% +okay so um the outline The Talk today is + + + align:start position:0% +okay so um the outline The Talk today is +I'm going to talk about what neural + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to talk about what neural + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to talk about what neural +population decoding is um I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +population decoding is um I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +population decoding is um I'm going to +show you how you can use it to get at + + align:start position:0% +show you how you can use it to get at + + + align:start position:0% +show you how you can use it to get at +neural content so what information is in + + align:start position:0% +neural content so what information is in + + + align:start position:0% +neural content so what information is in +brain regions uh then I'm going to show + + align:start position:0% +brain regions uh then I'm going to show + + + align:start position:0% +brain regions uh then I'm going to show +how you can use it to answer questions + + align:start position:0% +how you can use it to answer questions + + + align:start position:0% +how you can use it to answer questions +about neural coding or how do neurons + + align:start position:0% +about neural coding or how do neurons + + + align:start position:0% +about neural coding or how do neurons +contain + + align:start position:0% +contain + + + align:start position:0% +contain +information and then I'm going to show + + align:start position:0% +information and then I'm going to show + + + align:start position:0% +information and then I'm going to show +you a little bit how you can use it to + + align:start position:0% +you a little bit how you can use it to + + + align:start position:0% +you a little bit how you can use it to +analyze your own data so very briefly um + + align:start position:0% +analyze your own data so very briefly um + + + align:start position:0% +analyze your own data so very briefly um +a toolbox I created that makes it easy + + align:start position:0% +a toolbox I created that makes it easy + + + align:start position:0% +a toolbox I created that makes it easy +to do these + + align:start position:0% +to do these + + + align:start position:0% +to do these +analyses + + align:start position:0% +analyses + + + align:start position:0% +analyses +okay all right + + align:start position:0% +okay all right + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right +um so the basic idea behind uh neural + + align:start position:0% +um so the basic idea behind uh neural + + + align:start position:0% +um so the basic idea behind uh neural +coding is that what you want to do is + + align:start position:0% +coding is that what you want to do is + + + align:start position:0% +coding is that what you want to do is +you want to take neural activity and try + + align:start position:0% +you want to take neural activity and try + + + align:start position:0% +you want to take neural activity and try +to predict something about the stimulus + + align:start position:0% +to predict something about the stimulus + + + align:start position:0% +to predict something about the stimulus +itself or about let's say an animal's + + align:start position:0% +itself or about let's say an animal's + + + align:start position:0% +itself or about let's say an animal's +behavior so it's a function that goes + + align:start position:0% +behavior so it's a function that goes + + + align:start position:0% +behavior so it's a function that goes +from neural activity to a stimulus + + align:start position:0% +from neural activity to a stimulus + + + align:start position:0% +from neural activity to a stimulus +right okay um and decoding approaches uh + + align:start position:0% +right okay um and decoding approaches uh + + + align:start position:0% +right okay um and decoding approaches uh +have been used for uh maybe about 30 + + align:start position:0% +have been used for uh maybe about 30 + + + align:start position:0% +have been used for uh maybe about 30 +years so um Rebecca was saying mbpa goes + + align:start position:0% +years so um Rebecca was saying mbpa goes + + + align:start position:0% +years so um Rebecca was saying mbpa goes +back to 2001 well this goes back much + + align:start position:0% +back to 2001 well this goes back much + + + align:start position:0% +back to 2001 well this goes back much +further um so in in you know 1986 George + + align:start position:0% +further um so in in you know 1986 George + + + align:start position:0% +further um so in in you know 1986 George +opolis did some studies with monkeys + + align:start position:0% +opolis did some studies with monkeys + + + align:start position:0% +opolis did some studies with monkeys +showing that he could uh decode where a + + align:start position:0% +showing that he could uh decode where a + + + align:start position:0% +showing that he could uh decode where a +monkey was moving its Arm based on + + align:start position:0% +monkey was moving its Arm based on + + + align:start position:0% +monkey was moving its Arm based on +neural activity and um there was other + + align:start position:0% +neural activity and um there was other + + + align:start position:0% +neural activity and um there was other +studies in 93 by Matt Wilson and McDon + + align:start position:0% +studies in 93 by Matt Wilson and McDon + + + align:start position:0% +studies in 93 by Matt Wilson and McDon +uh Matt gave a talk here I think as well + + align:start position:0% +uh Matt gave a talk here I think as well + + + align:start position:0% +uh Matt gave a talk here I think as well +um and what he tried to do was decode + + align:start position:0% +um and what he tried to do was decode + + + align:start position:0% +um and what he tried to do was decode +where a rat is in a maze okay so again + + align:start position:0% +where a rat is in a maze okay so again + + + align:start position:0% +where a rat is in a maze okay so again +recording from the hippoc campus trying + + align:start position:0% +recording from the hippoc campus trying + + + align:start position:0% +recording from the hippoc campus trying +to tell where that rat is and there's + + align:start position:0% +to tell where that rat is and there's + + + align:start position:0% +to tell where that rat is and there's +also been a large of computational work + + align:start position:0% +also been a large of computational work + + + align:start position:0% +also been a large of computational work +um such as work by Selenas and Larry + + align:start position:0% +um such as work by Selenas and Larry + + + align:start position:0% +um such as work by Selenas and Larry +Abbott um kind of comparing different + + align:start position:0% +Abbott um kind of comparing different + + + align:start position:0% +Abbott um kind of comparing different +decoding methods okay um but despite all + + align:start position:0% +decoding methods okay um but despite all + + + align:start position:0% +decoding methods okay um but despite all +this work it's still not widely used so + + align:start position:0% +this work it's still not widely used so + + + align:start position:0% +this work it's still not widely used so +you know Rebecca was saying that mvpa + + align:start position:0% +you know Rebecca was saying that mvpa + + + align:start position:0% +you know Rebecca was saying that mvpa +has really taken off well I'm still + + align:start position:0% +has really taken off well I'm still + + + align:start position:0% +has really taken off well I'm still +waiting for population decoding in + + align:start position:0% +waiting for population decoding in + + + align:start position:0% +waiting for population decoding in +neural activity to take off and so part + + align:start position:0% +neural activity to take off and so part + + + align:start position:0% +neural activity to take off and so part +of me being up here today is to say you + + align:start position:0% +of me being up here today is to say you + + + align:start position:0% +of me being up here today is to say you +really should do this it's really good + + align:start position:0% +really should do this it's really good + + + align:start position:0% +really should do this it's really good +okay um and just you know a few other + + align:start position:0% +okay um and just you know a few other + + + align:start position:0% +okay um and just you know a few other +names for decoding is um mvpa mul + + align:start position:0% +names for decoding is um mvpa mul + + + align:start position:0% +names for decoding is um mvpa mul +variate pattern analysis this is the + + align:start position:0% +variate pattern analysis this is the + + + align:start position:0% +variate pattern analysis this is the +terminology that people in the fmri + + align:start position:0% +terminology that people in the fmri + + + align:start position:0% +terminology that people in the fmri +community was use what Rebecca was using + + align:start position:0% +community was use what Rebecca was using + + + align:start position:0% +community was use what Rebecca was using +uh it's also uh called readout so if + + align:start position:0% +uh it's also uh called readout so if + + + align:start position:0% +uh it's also uh called readout so if +you've heard those terms it kind of + + align:start position:0% +you've heard those terms it kind of + + + align:start position:0% +you've heard those terms it kind of +refers to the same + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thing all right so let me show you um + + align:start position:0% +thing all right so let me show you um + + + align:start position:0% +thing all right so let me show you um +what decoding looks like um in terms of + + align:start position:0% +what decoding looks like um in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +what decoding looks like um in terms of +uh an experiment with let's say a monkey + + align:start position:0% +uh an experiment with let's say a monkey + + + align:start position:0% +uh an experiment with let's say a monkey +um so here we'd have an experiment where + + align:start position:0% +um so here we'd have an experiment where + + + align:start position:0% +um so here we'd have an experiment where +we're showing a monkey uh different + + align:start position:0% +we're showing a monkey uh different + + + align:start position:0% +we're showing a monkey uh different +images on a screen um and so for example + + align:start position:0% +images on a screen um and so for example + + + align:start position:0% +images on a screen um and so for example +we could show it a picture of kiwi um + + align:start position:0% +we could show it a picture of kiwi um + + + align:start position:0% +we could show it a picture of kiwi um +and then we'd be making some neural + + align:start position:0% +and then we'd be making some neural + + + align:start position:0% +and then we'd be making some neural +recordings from this monkey so we'd get + + align:start position:0% +recordings from this monkey so we'd get + + + align:start position:0% +recordings from this monkey so we'd get +out a pattern of neural activity and + + align:start position:0% +out a pattern of neural activity and + + + align:start position:0% +out a pattern of neural activity and +what we do in decoding is we feed that + + align:start position:0% +what we do in decoding is we feed that + + + align:start position:0% +what we do in decoding is we feed that +pattern of neural activity into a + + align:start position:0% +pattern of neural activity into a + + + align:start position:0% +pattern of neural activity into a +machine learning algorithm which we call + + align:start position:0% +machine learning algorithm which we call + + + align:start position:0% +machine learning algorithm which we call +pattern classifiers again you've all + + align:start position:0% +pattern classifiers again you've all + + + align:start position:0% +pattern classifiers again you've all +heard a lot about that um and so what + + align:start position:0% +heard a lot about that um and so what + + + align:start position:0% +heard a lot about that um and so what +this algorithm does is it learns to make + + align:start position:0% +this algorithm does is it learns to make + + + align:start position:0% +this algorithm does is it learns to make +an association between uh this + + align:start position:0% +an association between uh this + + + align:start position:0% +an association between uh this +particular stimulus and this particular + + align:start position:0% +particular stimulus and this particular + + + align:start position:0% +particular stimulus and this particular +pattern of neural activity right and so + + align:start position:0% +pattern of neural activity right and so + + + align:start position:0% +pattern of neural activity right and so +then we repeat that process with another + + align:start position:0% +then we repeat that process with another + + + align:start position:0% +then we repeat that process with another +image get another pattern of neural + + align:start position:0% +image get another pattern of neural + + + align:start position:0% +image get another pattern of neural +activity out uh feed that into the + + align:start position:0% +activity out uh feed that into the + + + align:start position:0% +activity out uh feed that into the +classifier and again it learns that + + align:start position:0% +classifier and again it learns that + + + align:start position:0% +classifier and again it learns that +Association and so we do that for every + + align:start position:0% +Association and so we do that for every + + + align:start position:0% +Association and so we do that for every +single stimulus in our stimulus set and + + align:start position:0% +single stimulus in our stimulus set and + + + align:start position:0% +single stimulus in our stimulus set and +for multiple repetitions of each + + align:start position:0% +for multiple repetitions of each + + + align:start position:0% +for multiple repetitions of each +stimulus so you know once once this + + align:start position:0% +stimulus so you know once once this + + + align:start position:0% +stimulus so you know once once this +association's learned what we do is we + + align:start position:0% +association's learned what we do is we + + + align:start position:0% +association's learned what we do is we +uh use the classifier or test the + + align:start position:0% +uh use the classifier or test the + + + align:start position:0% +uh use the classifier or test the +classifier here we' show another image + + align:start position:0% +classifier here we' show another image + + + align:start position:0% +classifier here we' show another image +we get another pattern of neural + + align:start position:0% +we get another pattern of neural + + + align:start position:0% +we get another pattern of neural +activity out we feed that into the + + align:start position:0% +activity out we feed that into the + + + align:start position:0% +activity out we feed that into the +classifier but this time instead of the + + align:start position:0% +classifier but this time instead of the + + + align:start position:0% +classifier but this time instead of the +classifier learning the association it + + align:start position:0% +classifier learning the association it + + + align:start position:0% +classifier learning the association it +makes a prediction right uh and here it + + align:start position:0% +makes a prediction right uh and here it + + + align:start position:0% +makes a prediction right uh and here it +predicted the Kiwi so we'd say it's + + align:start position:0% +predicted the Kiwi so we'd say it's + + + align:start position:0% +predicted the Kiwi so we'd say it's +correct and then we can repeat that with + + align:start position:0% +correct and then we can repeat that with + + + align:start position:0% +correct and then we can repeat that with +a car get another pattern of activity + + align:start position:0% +a car get another pattern of activity + + + align:start position:0% +a car get another pattern of activity +out feed it to the classifier get + + align:start position:0% +out feed it to the classifier get + + + align:start position:0% +out feed it to the classifier get +another prediction and this time the + + align:start position:0% +another prediction and this time the + + + align:start position:0% +another prediction and this time the +prediction was incorrect it predicted a + + align:start position:0% +prediction was incorrect it predicted a + + + align:start position:0% +prediction was incorrect it predicted a +face but it was actually a car right and + + align:start position:0% +face but it was actually a car right and + + + align:start position:0% +face but it was actually a car right and +so what we do is we just note how often + + align:start position:0% +so what we do is we just note how often + + + align:start position:0% +so what we do is we just note how often +is are the predictions correct and we + + align:start position:0% +is are the predictions correct and we + + + align:start position:0% +is are the predictions correct and we +can plot that as a function of time and + + align:start position:0% +can plot that as a function of time and + + + align:start position:0% +can plot that as a function of time and +kind of see the um evolution of + + align:start position:0% +kind of see the um evolution of + + + align:start position:0% +kind of see the um evolution of +information as it flows through a brain + + align:start position:0% +information as it flows through a brain + + + align:start position:0% +information as it flows through a brain +region + + align:start position:0% +region + + + align:start position:0% +region +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +okay all right um so in reality what we + + align:start position:0% +okay all right um so in reality what we + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right um so in reality what we +we usually do is actually R run the full + + align:start position:0% +we usually do is actually R run the full + + + align:start position:0% +we usually do is actually R run the full +experiment um so we actually have + + align:start position:0% +experiment um so we actually have + + + align:start position:0% +experiment um so we actually have +collected all the data beforehand and + + align:start position:0% +collected all the data beforehand and + + + align:start position:0% +collected all the data beforehand and +then what we do is we split it up into + + align:start position:0% +then what we do is we split it up into + + + align:start position:0% +then what we do is we split it up into +different splits um so here we'd um you + + align:start position:0% +different splits um so here we'd um you + + + align:start position:0% +different splits um so here we'd um you +know this experiment let's say it was I + + align:start position:0% +know this experiment let's say it was I + + + align:start position:0% +know this experiment let's say it was I +don't know it's faces and cars or + + align:start position:0% +don't know it's faces and cars or + + + align:start position:0% +don't know it's faces and cars or +something so we have uh different splits + + align:start position:0% +something so we have uh different splits + + + align:start position:0% +something so we have uh different splits +that have two repetitions of the + + align:start position:0% +that have two repetitions of the + + + align:start position:0% +that have two repetitions of the +activity of different neurons to two + + align:start position:0% +activity of different neurons to two + + + align:start position:0% +activity of different neurons to two +phases and two cars and there's three + + align:start position:0% +phases and two cars and there's three + + + align:start position:0% +phases and two cars and there's three +different splits and so what we do is we + + align:start position:0% +different splits and so what we do is we + + + align:start position:0% +different splits and so what we do is we +uh take two of the splits and train the + + align:start position:0% +uh take two of the splits and train the + + + align:start position:0% +uh take two of the splits and train the +classifier and then have the remaining + + align:start position:0% +classifier and then have the remaining + + + align:start position:0% +classifier and then have the remaining +split and test it + + align:start position:0% +split and test it + + + align:start position:0% +split and test it +and we do that for all permutations of + + align:start position:0% +and we do that for all permutations of + + + align:start position:0% +and we do that for all permutations of +uh of uh leaving out a different test + + align:start position:0% +uh of uh leaving out a different test + + + align:start position:0% +uh of uh leaving out a different test +split right so you all heard about cross + + align:start position:0% +split right so you all heard about cross + + + align:start position:0% +split right so you all heard about cross +validation before + + align:start position:0% +validation before + + + align:start position:0% +validation before +okay um one thing to note about uh + + align:start position:0% +okay um one thing to note about uh + + + align:start position:0% +okay um one thing to note about uh +neural populations is when you're doing + + align:start position:0% +neural populations is when you're doing + + + align:start position:0% +neural populations is when you're doing +decoding um you don't actually need to + + align:start position:0% +decoding um you don't actually need to + + + align:start position:0% +decoding um you don't actually need to +record all the neurons simultaneously + + align:start position:0% +record all the neurons simultaneously + + + align:start position:0% +record all the neurons simultaneously +okay so I I think this might be one + + align:start position:0% +okay so I I think this might be one + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I I think this might be one +reason why a lot of people haven't + + align:start position:0% +reason why a lot of people haven't + + + align:start position:0% +reason why a lot of people haven't +jumped on the technique because they + + align:start position:0% +jumped on the technique because they + + + align:start position:0% +jumped on the technique because they +feel like you need to do these massive + + align:start position:0% +feel like you need to do these massive + + + align:start position:0% +feel like you need to do these massive +recordings but you can actually do + + align:start position:0% +recordings but you can actually do + + + align:start position:0% +recordings but you can actually do +something what's called pseudo + + align:start position:0% +something what's called pseudo + + + align:start position:0% +something what's called pseudo +populations where you build up kind of a + + align:start position:0% +populations where you build up kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +populations where you build up kind of a +virtual population that you pretend was + + align:start position:0% +virtual population that you pretend was + + + align:start position:0% +virtual population that you pretend was +recorded simultaneously but really + + align:start position:0% +recorded simultaneously but really + + + align:start position:0% +recorded simultaneously but really +wasn't so what you do with that is you + + align:start position:0% +wasn't so what you do with that is you + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't so what you do with that is you +just if on the first day you recorded + + align:start position:0% +just if on the first day you recorded + + + align:start position:0% +just if on the first day you recorded +one neuron and the second day you + + align:start position:0% +one neuron and the second day you + + + align:start position:0% +one neuron and the second day you +recorded a second neuron Etc um what you + + align:start position:0% +recorded a second neuron Etc um what you + + + align:start position:0% +recorded a second neuron Etc um what you +can do is you can just randomly select + + align:start position:0% +can do is you can just randomly select + + + align:start position:0% +can do is you can just randomly select +let's say one trial when a kiwi was + + align:start position:0% +let's say one trial when a kiwi was + + + align:start position:0% +let's say one trial when a kiwi was +shown from the first day another trial + + align:start position:0% +shown from the first day another trial + + + align:start position:0% +shown from the first day another trial +from the second day Etc and you randomly + + align:start position:0% +from the second day Etc and you randomly + + + align:start position:0% +from the second day Etc and you randomly +pick them and then you can just build up + + align:start position:0% +pick them and then you can just build up + + + align:start position:0% +pick them and then you can just build up +this uh virtual population right and you + + align:start position:0% +this uh virtual population right and you + + + align:start position:0% +this uh virtual population right and you +can do that for for a few examples of + + align:start position:0% +can do that for for a few examples of + + + align:start position:0% +can do that for for a few examples of +kiwis a few examples of cars and then + + align:start position:0% +kiwis a few examples of cars and then + + + align:start position:0% +kiwis a few examples of cars and then +you just train and test your classifier + + align:start position:0% +you just train and test your classifier + + + align:start position:0% +you just train and test your classifier +like normal okay but this kind of + + align:start position:0% +like normal okay but this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +like normal okay but this kind of +broadens the the applicability and then + + align:start position:0% +broadens the the applicability and then + + + align:start position:0% +broadens the the applicability and then +you can ask questions about you know + + align:start position:0% +you can ask questions about you know + + + align:start position:0% +you can ask questions about you know +what is being lost by doing this process + + align:start position:0% +what is being lost by doing this process + + + align:start position:0% +what is being lost by doing this process +verse if you had actually done the + + align:start position:0% +verse if you had actually done the + + + align:start position:0% +verse if you had actually done the +simultaneous recordings and we'll + + align:start position:0% +simultaneous recordings and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +simultaneous recordings and we'll +discuss that a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +discuss that a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +discuss that a little bit more +later + + align:start position:0% +later + + + align:start position:0% +later +okay okay um so I'll give you an example + + align:start position:0% +okay okay um so I'll give you an example + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay um so I'll give you an example +of one classifier again I'm sure you've + + align:start position:0% +of one classifier again I'm sure you've + + + align:start position:0% +of one classifier again I'm sure you've +seen much more sophisticated and + + align:start position:0% +seen much more sophisticated and + + + align:start position:0% +seen much more sophisticated and +interesting methods but I'll show you a + + align:start position:0% +interesting methods but I'll show you a + + + align:start position:0% +interesting methods but I'll show you a +very basic one that I have used uh a bit + + align:start position:0% +very basic one that I have used uh a bit + + + align:start position:0% +very basic one that I have used uh a bit +in the past um it's called a maximum + + align:start position:0% +in the past um it's called a maximum + + + align:start position:0% +in the past um it's called a maximum +correlation coefficient classifier it's + + align:start position:0% +correlation coefficient classifier it's + + + align:start position:0% +correlation coefficient classifier it's +again very similar to what Rebecca was + + align:start position:0% +again very similar to what Rebecca was + + + align:start position:0% +again very similar to what Rebecca was +talking about but um all you do is um + + align:start position:0% +talking about but um all you do is um + + + align:start position:0% +talking about but um all you do is um +let's say we this is our training set so + + align:start position:0% +let's say we this is our training set so + + + align:start position:0% +let's say we this is our training set so +we have uh four vectors for each uh + + align:start position:0% +we have uh four vectors for each uh + + + align:start position:0% +we have uh four vectors for each uh +image um each thing we want to classify + + align:start position:0% +image um each thing we want to classify + + + align:start position:0% +image um each thing we want to classify +and all we're going to do is we're going + + align:start position:0% +and all we're going to do is we're going + + + align:start position:0% +and all we're going to do is we're going +to take the average across uh neurons to + + align:start position:0% +to take the average across uh neurons to + + + align:start position:0% +to take the average across uh neurons to +reduce these four uh vectors into a + + align:start position:0% +reduce these four uh vectors into a + + + align:start position:0% +reduce these four uh vectors into a +single Vector for each stimulus okay so + + align:start position:0% +single Vector for each stimulus okay so + + + align:start position:0% +single Vector for each stimulus okay so +if we did that we'd get + + align:start position:0% +if we did that we'd get + + + align:start position:0% +if we did that we'd get +one kind of prototype of each of the + + align:start position:0% +one kind of prototype of each of the + + + align:start position:0% +one kind of prototype of each of the +stimul and then to test the classifier + + align:start position:0% +stimul and then to test the classifier + + + align:start position:0% +stimul and then to test the classifier +all we're going to do is we're going to + + align:start position:0% +all we're going to do is we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +all we're going to do is we're going to +take a test point and we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +take a test point and we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +take a test point and we're going to do +the correlation between this test point + + align:start position:0% +the correlation between this test point + + + align:start position:0% +the correlation between this test point +and each of the uh kind of prototype + + align:start position:0% +and each of the uh kind of prototype + + + align:start position:0% +and each of the uh kind of prototype +vectors whichever one has the highest uh + + align:start position:0% +vectors whichever one has the highest uh + + + align:start position:0% +vectors whichever one has the highest uh +correlation we're going to say that's + + align:start position:0% +correlation we're going to say that's + + + align:start position:0% +correlation we're going to say that's +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +prediction okay uh hopefully pretty + + align:start position:0% +prediction okay uh hopefully pretty + + + align:start position:0% +prediction okay uh hopefully pretty +simple okay um the reason we often use + + align:start position:0% +simple okay um the reason we often use + + + align:start position:0% +simple okay um the reason we often use +uh fairly simple classifiers such as the + + align:start position:0% +uh fairly simple classifiers such as the + + + align:start position:0% +uh fairly simple classifiers such as the +maximum correlation coefficient + + align:start position:0% +maximum correlation coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +maximum correlation coefficient +classifier is because um or at least one + + align:start position:0% +classifier is because um or at least one + + + align:start position:0% +classifier is because um or at least one +motivation is because it can be + + align:start position:0% +motivation is because it can be + + + align:start position:0% +motivation is because it can be +translated into what information is + + align:start position:0% +translated into what information is + + + align:start position:0% +translated into what information is +directly available to a downstream + + align:start position:0% +directly available to a downstream + + + align:start position:0% +directly available to a downstream +population that is um that is reading uh + + align:start position:0% +population that is um that is reading uh + + + align:start position:0% +population that is um that is reading uh +the information in the population you've + + align:start position:0% +the information in the population you've + + + align:start position:0% +the information in the population you've +have recordings from okay so you could + + align:start position:0% +have recordings from okay so you could + + + align:start position:0% +have recordings from okay so you could +actually view what the classifier learns + + align:start position:0% +actually view what the classifier learns + + + align:start position:0% +actually view what the classifier learns +as synaptic weights to a neuron you + + align:start position:0% +as synaptic weights to a neuron you + + + align:start position:0% +as synaptic weights to a neuron you +could view the uh pattern of activity + + align:start position:0% +could view the uh pattern of activity + + + align:start position:0% +could view the uh pattern of activity +you're trying to classify as the Press + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to classify as the Press + + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to classify as the Press +synaptic activity and then by doing this + + align:start position:0% +synaptic activity and then by doing this + + + align:start position:0% +synaptic activity and then by doing this +dot product multiplication perhaps pass + + align:start position:0% +dot product multiplication perhaps pass + + + align:start position:0% +dot product multiplication perhaps pass +through some nonlinearity you can uh + + align:start position:0% +through some nonlinearity you can uh + + + align:start position:0% +through some nonlinearity you can uh +kind of output a prediction about + + align:start position:0% +kind of output a prediction about + + + align:start position:0% +kind of output a prediction about +whether um there's evidence for a + + align:start position:0% +whether um there's evidence for a + + + align:start position:0% +whether um there's evidence for a +particular stimulus being present all + + align:start position:0% +particular stimulus being present all + + + align:start position:0% +particular stimulus being present all +right so let's go into uh talking about + + align:start position:0% +right so let's go into uh talking about + + + align:start position:0% +right so let's go into uh talking about +neural content or what information is in + + align:start position:0% +neural content or what information is in + + + align:start position:0% +neural content or what information is in +a brain region and how we can use + + align:start position:0% +a brain region and how we can use + + + align:start position:0% +a brain region and how we can use +decoding to get at that um so uh as + + align:start position:0% +decoding to get at that um so uh as + + + align:start position:0% +decoding to get at that um so uh as +motivation I'm going to be talking about + + align:start position:0% +motivation I'm going to be talking about + + + align:start position:0% +motivation I'm going to be talking about +a very simple experiment um basically + + align:start position:0% +a very simple experiment um basically + + + align:start position:0% +a very simple experiment um basically +this experiment uh involves a monkey + + align:start position:0% +this experiment uh involves a monkey + + + align:start position:0% +this experiment uh involves a monkey +fixating on a point for uh well through + + align:start position:0% +fixating on a point for uh well through + + + align:start position:0% +fixating on a point for uh well through +the duration of the trial but first + + align:start position:0% +the duration of the trial but first + + + align:start position:0% +the duration of the trial but first +there's a blank screen and then after + + align:start position:0% +there's a blank screen and then after + + + align:start position:0% +there's a blank screen and then after +500 millisecs up it's going to come a + + align:start position:0% +500 millisecs up it's going to come a + + + align:start position:0% +500 millisecs up it's going to come a +stimulus okay and for this experiment + + align:start position:0% +stimulus okay and for this experiment + + + align:start position:0% +stimulus okay and for this experiment +there's going to be seven different + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be seven different + + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be seven different +possible stimul that are shown here and + + align:start position:0% +possible stimul that are shown here and + + + align:start position:0% +possible stimul that are shown here and +what we're going to try to decode is um + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to try to decode is um + + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to try to decode is um +which of these stimula was present on + + align:start position:0% +which of these stimula was present on + + + align:start position:0% +which of these stimula was present on +one particular trial right and we're + + align:start position:0% +one particular trial right and we're + + + align:start position:0% +one particular trial right and we're +going to do that as a function of + + align:start position:0% +going to do that as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +going to do that as a function of +time okay and the data I'm going to use + + align:start position:0% +time okay and the data I'm going to use + + + align:start position:0% +time okay and the data I'm going to use +comes from uh the inferior tempor cortex + + align:start position:0% +comes from uh the inferior tempor cortex + + + align:start position:0% +comes from uh the inferior tempor cortex +we're going to look at 132 neuron pseudo + + align:start position:0% +we're going to look at 132 neuron pseudo + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to look at 132 neuron pseudo +populations uh this was Data recorded by + + align:start position:0% +populations uh this was Data recorded by + + + align:start position:0% +populations uh this was Data recorded by +Ying Jang in Bob desmone lab okay it's + + align:start position:0% +Ying Jang in Bob desmone lab okay it's + + + align:start position:0% +Ying Jang in Bob desmone lab okay it's +actually part of a more complicated + + align:start position:0% +actually part of a more complicated + + + align:start position:0% +actually part of a more complicated +experiment but I've just reduced it here + + align:start position:0% +experiment but I've just reduced it here + + + align:start position:0% +experiment but I've just reduced it here +to the simplest kind of barebones + + align:start position:0% +to the simplest kind of barebones + + + align:start position:0% +to the simplest kind of barebones +nature okay um so what we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +nature okay um so what we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +nature okay um so what we're going to do +is we're going to uh basically train the + + align:start position:0% +is we're going to uh basically train the + + + align:start position:0% +is we're going to uh basically train the +classifier on the uh at one time point + + align:start position:0% +classifier on the uh at one time point + + + align:start position:0% +classifier on the uh at one time point +with the average firing rate in some bin + + align:start position:0% +with the average firing rate in some bin + + + align:start position:0% +with the average firing rate in some bin +I think in this case it's 100 + + align:start position:0% +I think in this case it's 100 + + + align:start position:0% +I think in this case it's 100 +milliseconds um and then we're going to + + align:start position:0% +milliseconds um and then we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +milliseconds um and then we're going to +test at that time point and then we're + + align:start position:0% +test at that time point and then we're + + + align:start position:0% +test at that time point and then we're +going to slide over by a small amount + + align:start position:0% +going to slide over by a small amount + + + align:start position:0% +going to slide over by a small amount +and repeat that process so each time we + + align:start position:0% +and repeat that process so each time we + + + align:start position:0% +and repeat that process so each time we +are repeating training and testing the + + align:start position:0% +are repeating training and testing the + + + align:start position:0% +are repeating training and testing the +classifier okay um and um again 100 + + align:start position:0% +classifier okay um and um again 100 + + + align:start position:0% +classifier okay um and um again 100 +millisecond sampled every 10 seconds or + + align:start position:0% +millisecond sampled every 10 seconds or + + + align:start position:0% +millisecond sampled every 10 seconds or +sliding every 10 seconds and this will + + align:start position:0% +sliding every 10 seconds and this will + + + align:start position:0% +sliding every 10 seconds and this will +give us a flow of information over time + + align:start position:0% +give us a flow of information over time + + + align:start position:0% +give us a flow of information over time +so during the Baseline period we should + + align:start position:0% +so during the Baseline period we should + + + align:start position:0% +so during the Baseline period we should +not be able to decode what's about to be + + align:start position:0% +not be able to decode what's about to be + + + align:start position:0% +not be able to decode what's about to be +seen unless the monkey is psychic um in + + align:start position:0% +seen unless the monkey is psychic um in + + + align:start position:0% +seen unless the monkey is psychic um in +which case you know either there's + + align:start position:0% +which case you know either there's + + + align:start position:0% +which case you know either there's +something wrong with your experiment + + align:start position:0% +something wrong with your experiment + + + align:start position:0% +something wrong with your experiment +most likely or you should go to Wall + + align:start position:0% +most likely or you should go to Wall + + + align:start position:0% +most likely or you should go to Wall +Street with your monkey I don't know um + + align:start position:0% +Street with your monkey I don't know um + + + align:start position:0% +Street with your monkey I don't know um +but you know you shouldn't get anything + + align:start position:0% +but you know you shouldn't get anything + + + align:start position:0% +but you know you shouldn't get anything +here and then we should see some sort of + + align:start position:0% +here and then we should see some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +here and then we should see some sort of +increase here if there is information + + align:start position:0% +increase here if there is information + + + align:start position:0% +increase here if there is information +okay um and this is kind of what it + + align:start position:0% +okay um and this is kind of what it + + + align:start position:0% +okay um and this is kind of what it +looks like U for the results so uh this + + align:start position:0% +looks like U for the results so uh this + + + align:start position:0% +looks like U for the results so uh this +is zero after here we should see + + align:start position:0% +is zero after here we should see + + + align:start position:0% +is zero after here we should see +information this is chance or 1 over 7 + + align:start position:0% +information this is chance or 1 over 7 + + + align:start position:0% +information this is chance or 1 over 7 +okay and so if we try this decoding + + align:start position:0% +okay and so if we try this decoding + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so if we try this decoding +experiment what we find is during the + + align:start position:0% +experiment what we find is during the + + + align:start position:0% +experiment what we find is during the +Baseline period our monkey is not + + align:start position:0% +Baseline period our monkey is not + + + align:start position:0% +Baseline period our monkey is not +psychic okay but when we put on a + + align:start position:0% +psychic okay but when we put on a + + + align:start position:0% +psychic okay but when we put on a +stimulus um we can deta tell what it is + + align:start position:0% +stimulus um we can deta tell what it is + + + align:start position:0% +stimulus um we can deta tell what it is +pretty well like almost perfectly okay + + align:start position:0% +pretty well like almost perfectly okay + + + align:start position:0% +pretty well like almost perfectly okay +pretty simple all right we we can also + + align:start position:0% +pretty simple all right we we can also + + + align:start position:0% +pretty simple all right we we can also +do some you know statistics to tell you + + align:start position:0% +do some you know statistics to tell you + + + align:start position:0% +do some you know statistics to tell you +when the uh decoding results are above + + align:start position:0% +when the uh decoding results are above + + + align:start position:0% +when the uh decoding results are above +chance doing some sort of permutation + + align:start position:0% +chance doing some sort of permutation + + + align:start position:0% +chance doing some sort of permutation +test where we Shuffle the labels and try + + align:start position:0% +test where we Shuffle the labels and try + + + align:start position:0% +test where we Shuffle the labels and try +to do the decoding on shuffle labels + + align:start position:0% +to do the decoding on shuffle labels + + + align:start position:0% +to do the decoding on shuffle labels +where we should get you know chance + + align:start position:0% +where we should get you know chance + + + align:start position:0% +where we should get you know chance +decoding performance and then we can see + + align:start position:0% +decoding performance and then we can see + + + align:start position:0% +decoding performance and then we can see +where is our real result relative to + + align:start position:0% +where is our real result relative to + + + align:start position:0% +where is our real result relative to +chance and uh get P values and things + + align:start position:0% +chance and uh get P values and things + + + align:start position:0% +chance and uh get P values and things +like that out of it okay so okay it's + + align:start position:0% +like that out of it okay so okay it's + + + align:start position:0% +like that out of it okay so okay it's +pretty simple um how does this Stack Up + + align:start position:0% +pretty simple um how does this Stack Up + + + align:start position:0% +pretty simple um how does this Stack Up +Against other methods that people + + align:start position:0% +Against other methods that people + + + align:start position:0% +Against other methods that people +commonly use um so here's our decoding + + align:start position:0% +commonly use um so here's our decoding + + + align:start position:0% +commonly use um so here's our decoding +result uh here's another method um here + + align:start position:0% +result uh here's another method um here + + + align:start position:0% +result uh here's another method um here +I'm applying an an NOA to each neuron + + align:start position:0% +I'm applying an an NOA to each neuron + + + align:start position:0% +I'm applying an an NOA to each neuron +individually and Counting the number of + + align:start position:0% +individually and Counting the number of + + + align:start position:0% +individually and Counting the number of +neurons that are uh deemed to be + + align:start position:0% +neurons that are uh deemed to be + + + align:start position:0% +neurons that are uh deemed to be +selective okay and so what you see is + + align:start position:0% +selective okay and so what you see is + + + align:start position:0% +selective okay and so what you see is +that there's like basically no neurons + + align:start position:0% +that there's like basically no neurons + + + align:start position:0% +that there's like basically no neurons +in the Baseline period and then we have + + align:start position:0% +in the Baseline period and then we have + + + align:start position:0% +in the Baseline period and then we have +a huge number okay so it looks pretty + + align:start position:0% +a huge number okay so it looks pretty + + + align:start position:0% +a huge number okay so it looks pretty +much + + align:start position:0% +much + + + align:start position:0% +much +identical um we can compute Mutual + + align:start position:0% +identical um we can compute Mutual + + + align:start position:0% +identical um we can compute Mutual +information on each neuron and then a + + align:start position:0% +information on each neuron and then a + + + align:start position:0% +information on each neuron and then a +that together over a whole bunch of + + align:start position:0% +that together over a whole bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +that together over a whole bunch of +neurons again looks pretty simple um or + + align:start position:0% +neurons again looks pretty simple um or + + + align:start position:0% +neurons again looks pretty simple um or +similar I should say or we can um + + align:start position:0% +similar I should say or we can um + + + align:start position:0% +similar I should say or we can um +compute a selectivity index take the + + align:start position:0% +compute a selectivity index take the + + + align:start position:0% +compute a selectivity index take the +best stimulus subtract from the worst + + align:start position:0% +best stimulus subtract from the worst + + + align:start position:0% +best stimulus subtract from the worst +stimulus divide by the sum again look + + align:start position:0% +stimulus divide by the sum again look + + + align:start position:0% +stimulus divide by the sum again look +similar okay so there's two takeaway + + align:start position:0% +similar okay so there's two takeaway + + + align:start position:0% +similar okay so there's two takeaway +messages here uh first of all why do + + align:start position:0% +messages here uh first of all why do + + + align:start position:0% +messages here uh first of all why do +decoding if all the other method methods + + align:start position:0% +decoding if all the other method methods + + + align:start position:0% +decoding if all the other method methods +work just as well um and I'll show you + + align:start position:0% +work just as well um and I'll show you + + + align:start position:0% +work just as well um and I'll show you +in a bit they don't always um and then + + align:start position:0% +in a bit they don't always um and then + + + align:start position:0% +in a bit they don't always um and then +the other takeaway message though is as + + align:start position:0% +the other takeaway message though is as + + + align:start position:0% +the other takeaway message though is as +a reassurance it is is giving you the + + align:start position:0% +a reassurance it is is giving you the + + + align:start position:0% +a reassurance it is is giving you the +same thing right so we know we're not + + align:start position:0% +same thing right so we know we're not + + + align:start position:0% +same thing right so we know we're not +completely crazy it's it's a sensible + + align:start position:0% +completely crazy it's it's a sensible + + + align:start position:0% +completely crazy it's it's a sensible +thing to do in the most basic + + align:start position:0% +thing to do in the most basic + + + align:start position:0% +thing to do in the most basic +case Okay one other thing decoding can + + align:start position:0% +case Okay one other thing decoding can + + + align:start position:0% +case Okay one other thing decoding can +give you that these other methods can't + + align:start position:0% +give you that these other methods can't + + + align:start position:0% +give you that these other methods can't +is uh something called a confusion + + align:start position:0% +is uh something called a confusion + + + align:start position:0% +is uh something called a confusion +Matrix so a confusion Matrix Rebecca + + align:start position:0% +Matrix so a confusion Matrix Rebecca + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix so a confusion Matrix Rebecca +kind of talked a little bit about + + align:start position:0% +kind of talked a little bit about + + + align:start position:0% +kind of talked a little bit about +related Concepts um basically what you + + align:start position:0% +related Concepts um basically what you + + + align:start position:0% +related Concepts um basically what you +have is you have the true uh classes + + align:start position:0% +have is you have the true uh classes + + + align:start position:0% +have is you have the true uh classes +here so this is what was actually shown + + align:start position:0% +here so this is what was actually shown + + + align:start position:0% +here so this is what was actually shown +on each + + align:start position:0% +on each + + + align:start position:0% +on each +trial and this is what your classifier + + align:start position:0% +trial and this is what your classifier + + + align:start position:0% +trial and this is what your classifier +predicted Okay so diagonal elements mean + + align:start position:0% +predicted Okay so diagonal elements mean + + + align:start position:0% +predicted Okay so diagonal elements mean +correct predictions there actually was a + + align:start position:0% +correct predictions there actually was a + + + align:start position:0% +correct predictions there actually was a +car shown and you predicted a car okay + + align:start position:0% +car shown and you predicted a car okay + + + align:start position:0% +car shown and you predicted a car okay +but you can look at the off diagonal + + align:start position:0% +but you can look at the off diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +but you can look at the off diagonal +elements and you can see uh what was + + align:start position:0% +elements and you can see uh what was + + + align:start position:0% +elements and you can see uh what was +commonly made as a mistake right and + + align:start position:0% +commonly made as a mistake right and + + + align:start position:0% +commonly made as a mistake right and +this can tell you oh these two stimula + + align:start position:0% +this can tell you oh these two stimula + + + align:start position:0% +this can tell you oh these two stimula +are represented in a similar way in a + + align:start position:0% +are represented in a similar way in a + + + align:start position:0% +are represented in a similar way in a +brain region right where the mistakes + + align:start position:0% +brain region right where the mistakes + + + align:start position:0% +brain region right where the mistakes +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +happening + + align:start position:0% +happening + + + align:start position:0% +happening +okay um so another kind of methods uh + + align:start position:0% +okay um so another kind of methods uh + + + align:start position:0% +okay um so another kind of methods uh +issue is what is the effect of using + + align:start position:0% +issue is what is the effect of using + + + align:start position:0% +issue is what is the effect of using +different classifiers + + align:start position:0% +different classifiers + + + align:start position:0% +different classifiers +um if the method is highly dependent on + + align:start position:0% +um if the method is highly dependent on + + + align:start position:0% +um if the method is highly dependent on +the classifier you use then um that's + + align:start position:0% +the classifier you use then um that's + + + align:start position:0% +the classifier you use then um that's +not a good thing because you're not + + align:start position:0% +not a good thing because you're not + + + align:start position:0% +not a good thing because you're not +telling you telling yourself anything + + align:start position:0% +telling you telling yourself anything + + + align:start position:0% +telling you telling yourself anything +about the data but you're really telling + + align:start position:0% +about the data but you're really telling + + + align:start position:0% +about the data but you're really telling +you something about the method you use + + align:start position:0% +you something about the method you use + + + align:start position:0% +you something about the method you use +to extract that data um but in general + + align:start position:0% +to extract that data um but in general + + + align:start position:0% +to extract that data um but in general +for at least simple decoding questions + + align:start position:0% +for at least simple decoding questions + + + align:start position:0% +for at least simple decoding questions +um it's pretty robust to the choice of + + align:start position:0% +um it's pretty robust to the choice of + + + align:start position:0% +um it's pretty robust to the choice of +classifier you use so here is the + + align:start position:0% +classifier you use so here is the + + + align:start position:0% +classifier you use so here is the +maximum correlation coefficient + + align:start position:0% +maximum correlation coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +maximum correlation coefficient +classifier I told you about um here's a + + align:start position:0% +classifier I told you about um here's a + + + align:start position:0% +classifier I told you about um here's a +support Vector machine you can see like + + align:start position:0% +support Vector machine you can see like + + + align:start position:0% +support Vector machine you can see like +almost everything looks similar right + + align:start position:0% +almost everything looks similar right + + + align:start position:0% +almost everything looks similar right +and like when there's something not + + align:start position:0% +and like when there's something not + + + align:start position:0% +and like when there's something not +working as well it's generally a slight + + align:start position:0% +working as well it's generally a slight + + + align:start position:0% +working as well it's generally a slight +downward shift so you get the same kind + + align:start position:0% +downward shift so you get the same kind + + + align:start position:0% +downward shift so you get the same kind +of estimation of how much information is + + align:start position:0% +of estimation of how much information is + + + align:start position:0% +of estimation of how much information is +in a brain region flowing as a function + + align:start position:0% +in a brain region flowing as a function + + + align:start position:0% +in a brain region flowing as a function +of time but maybe your absolute accuracy + + align:start position:0% +of time but maybe your absolute accuracy + + + align:start position:0% +of time but maybe your absolute accuracy +is just a little bit lower if you're not + + align:start position:0% +is just a little bit lower if you're not + + + align:start position:0% +is just a little bit lower if you're not +using the optimal method but really it + + align:start position:0% +using the optimal method but really it + + + align:start position:0% +using the optimal method but really it +seems like we're assessing what is in + + align:start position:0% +seems like we're assessing what is in + + + align:start position:0% +seems like we're assessing what is in +the data and not so much about the + + align:start position:0% +the data and not so much about the + + + align:start position:0% +the data and not so much about the +algorithm so that was decoding basic + + align:start position:0% +algorithm so that was decoding basic + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm so that was decoding basic +information in terms of + + align:start position:0% +information in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +information in terms of +content um but I think one of the most + + align:start position:0% +content um but I think one of the most + + + align:start position:0% +content um but I think one of the most +powerful things uh decoding can do is + + align:start position:0% +powerful things uh decoding can do is + + + align:start position:0% +powerful things uh decoding can do is +can decode um what I call abstract or + + align:start position:0% +can decode um what I call abstract or + + + align:start position:0% +can decode um what I call abstract or +invariant information or you can get an + + align:start position:0% +invariant information or you can get an + + + align:start position:0% +invariant information or you can get an +assessment of whether that's present so + + align:start position:0% +assessment of whether that's present so + + + align:start position:0% +assessment of whether that's present so +what does that mean um well basically + + align:start position:0% +what does that mean um well basically + + + align:start position:0% +what does that mean um well basically +you can think of something like the word + + align:start position:0% +you can think of something like the word + + + align:start position:0% +you can think of something like the word +hello um it has many different + + align:start position:0% +hello um it has many different + + + align:start position:0% +hello um it has many different +pronunciations in different languages + + align:start position:0% +pronunciations in different languages + + + align:start position:0% +pronunciations in different languages +but if you speak these different + + align:start position:0% +but if you speak these different + + + align:start position:0% +but if you speak these different +languages you can kind of translate that + + align:start position:0% +languages you can kind of translate that + + + align:start position:0% +languages you can kind of translate that +word into some sort of meaning that it's + + align:start position:0% +word into some sort of meaning that it's + + + align:start position:0% +word into some sort of meaning that it's +a greeting right and you know how to + + align:start position:0% +a greeting right and you know how to + + + align:start position:0% +a greeting right and you know how to +respond appropriately so that's kind of + + align:start position:0% +respond appropriately so that's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +respond appropriately so that's kind of +a form of abstraction it's going from + + align:start position:0% +a form of abstraction it's going from + + + align:start position:0% +a form of abstraction it's going from +very different sound Concepts into some + + align:start position:0% +very different sound Concepts into some + + + align:start position:0% +very different sound Concepts into some +sort of abstract representation where I + + align:start position:0% +sort of abstract representation where I + + + align:start position:0% +sort of abstract representation where I +know to respond appropriately by saying + + align:start position:0% +know to respond appropriately by saying + + + align:start position:0% +know to respond appropriately by saying +hello back in that language right or + + align:start position:0% +hello back in that language right or + + + align:start position:0% +hello back in that language right or +another example of kind of this kind of + + align:start position:0% +another example of kind of this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +another example of kind of this kind of +abstraction or invariance is uh the + + align:start position:0% +abstraction or invariance is uh the + + + align:start position:0% +abstraction or invariance is uh the +invariance of uh the pose of a head so + + align:start position:0% +invariance of uh the pose of a head so + + + align:start position:0% +invariance of uh the pose of a head so +for example here's a bunch of pictures + + align:start position:0% +for example here's a bunch of pictures + + + align:start position:0% +for example here's a bunch of pictures +of Hillary Clinton you can see her head + + align:start position:0% +of Hillary Clinton you can see her head + + + align:start position:0% +of Hillary Clinton you can see her head +is at very different angles but we can + + align:start position:0% +is at very different angles but we can + + + align:start position:0% +is at very different angles but we can +still tell it's Hillary Clinton right so + + align:start position:0% +still tell it's Hillary Clinton right so + + + align:start position:0% +still tell it's Hillary Clinton right so +we have some sort of representation of + + align:start position:0% +we have some sort of representation of + + + align:start position:0% +we have some sort of representation of +Hillary that's abstracted from the exact + + align:start position:0% +Hillary that's abstracted from the exact + + + align:start position:0% +Hillary that's abstracted from the exact +pose of her head and also abstracted + + align:start position:0% +pose of her head and also abstracted + + + align:start position:0% +pose of her head and also abstracted +from the color of her pants suit it's + + align:start position:0% +from the color of her pants suit it's + + + align:start position:0% +from the color of her pants suit it's +very highly abstract right + + align:start position:0% +very highly abstract right + + + align:start position:0% +very highly abstract right +okay so that's pretty powerful to know + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's pretty powerful to know + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's pretty powerful to know +how the brain is dropping information in + + align:start position:0% +how the brain is dropping information in + + + align:start position:0% +how the brain is dropping information in +order to build up these representations + + align:start position:0% +order to build up these representations + + + align:start position:0% +order to build up these representations +that are useful for Behavior right and I + + align:start position:0% +that are useful for Behavior right and I + + + align:start position:0% +that are useful for Behavior right and I +think if we were again going to build an + + align:start position:0% +think if we were again going to build an + + + align:start position:0% +think if we were again going to build an +intelligent robotic system we'd want to + + align:start position:0% +intelligent robotic system we'd want to + + + align:start position:0% +intelligent robotic system we'd want to +build it to have representations that + + align:start position:0% +build it to have representations that + + + align:start position:0% +build it to have representations that +have become more abstract so it can uh + + align:start position:0% +have become more abstract so it can uh + + + align:start position:0% +have become more abstract so it can uh +perform + + align:start position:0% +perform + + + align:start position:0% +perform +correctly okay so um let's show you an + + align:start position:0% +correctly okay so um let's show you an + + + align:start position:0% +correctly okay so um let's show you an +example of how we can assess abstract + + align:start position:0% +example of how we can assess abstract + + + align:start position:0% +example of how we can assess abstract +representations in neural data um this + + align:start position:0% +representations in neural data um this + + + align:start position:0% +representations in neural data um this +uh what I'm going to look at is um + + align:start position:0% +uh what I'm going to look at is um + + + align:start position:0% +uh what I'm going to look at is um +position in variance so um this is + + align:start position:0% +position in variance so um this is + + + align:start position:0% +position in variance so um this is +similar to a study that was done in 2005 + + align:start position:0% +similar to a study that was done in 2005 + + + align:start position:0% +similar to a study that was done in 2005 +by hung in criman in science um and what + + align:start position:0% +by hung in criman in science um and what + + + align:start position:0% +by hung in criman in science um and what +I'm going to do here is I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do here is I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do here is I'm going to +train the + + align:start position:0% +train the + + + align:start position:0% +train the +classifier um with data at an upper + + align:start position:0% +classifier um with data at an upper + + + align:start position:0% +classifier um with data at an upper +location so in this experiment uh the + + align:start position:0% +location so in this experiment uh the + + + align:start position:0% +location so in this experiment uh the +stimul was shown at three different + + align:start position:0% +stimul was shown at three different + + + align:start position:0% +stimul was shown at three different +locations so On Any Given trial one + + align:start position:0% +locations so On Any Given trial one + + + align:start position:0% +locations so On Any Given trial one +stimulus was shown at one location and + + align:start position:0% +stimulus was shown at one location and + + + align:start position:0% +stimulus was shown at one location and +these three locations were used so the + + align:start position:0% +these three locations were used so the + + + align:start position:0% +these three locations were used so the +seven objects were all shown at the + + align:start position:0% +seven objects were all shown at the + + + align:start position:0% +seven objects were all shown at the +upper location or at the middle at the + + align:start position:0% +upper location or at the middle at the + + + align:start position:0% +upper location or at the middle at the +lower and here I'm training the + + align:start position:0% +lower and here I'm training the + + + align:start position:0% +lower and here I'm training the +classifier using just the trials when + + align:start position:0% +classifier using just the trials when + + + align:start position:0% +classifier using just the trials when +the stimul was shown at the upper + + align:start position:0% +the stimul was shown at the upper + + + align:start position:0% +the stimul was shown at the upper +location and then what we can do is we + + align:start position:0% +location and then what we can do is we + + + align:start position:0% +location and then what we can do is we +can then test the classifier on those + + align:start position:0% +can then test the classifier on those + + + align:start position:0% +can then test the classifier on those +trials where the stimul were just shown + + align:start position:0% +trials where the stimul were just shown + + + align:start position:0% +trials where the stimul were just shown +at the lower location and we can see if + + align:start position:0% +at the lower location and we can see if + + + align:start position:0% +at the lower location and we can see if +we train at the upper location does it + + align:start position:0% +we train at the upper location does it + + + align:start position:0% +we train at the upper location does it +generalize to the lower location and if + + align:start position:0% +generalize to the lower location and if + + + align:start position:0% +generalize to the lower location and if +it does it means there's a + + align:start position:0% +it does it means there's a + + + align:start position:0% +it does it means there's a +representation that's invariant to + + align:start position:0% +representation that's invariant to + + + align:start position:0% +representation that's invariant to +position does that make sense to + + align:start position:0% +position does that make sense to + + + align:start position:0% +position does that make sense to +everyone okay so let's take a look at + + align:start position:0% +everyone okay so let's take a look at + + + align:start position:0% +everyone okay so let's take a look at +the results for training at the upper + + align:start position:0% +the results for training at the upper + + + align:start position:0% +the results for training at the upper +and testing at the lower um they're down + + align:start position:0% +and testing at the lower um they're down + + + align:start position:0% +and testing at the lower um they're down +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +um so here again I'm training at the + + align:start position:0% +um so here again I'm training at the + + + align:start position:0% +um so here again I'm training at the +upper location and this is the results + + align:start position:0% +upper location and this is the results + + + align:start position:0% +upper location and this is the results +from testing at the lower here is chance + + align:start position:0% +from testing at the lower here is chance + + + align:start position:0% +from testing at the lower here is chance +and you can see we are well above chance + + align:start position:0% +and you can see we are well above chance + + + align:start position:0% +and you can see we are well above chance +in the decoding so it's generalizing + + align:start position:0% +in the decoding so it's generalizing + + + align:start position:0% +in the decoding so it's generalizing +from the upper location to the lower we + + align:start position:0% +from the upper location to the lower we + + + align:start position:0% +from the upper location to the lower we +can also um train the upper and test at + + align:start position:0% +can also um train the upper and test at + + + align:start position:0% +can also um train the upper and test at +the uh at the same upper at the middle + + align:start position:0% +the uh at the same upper at the middle + + + align:start position:0% +the uh at the same upper at the middle +location um and what we find is this + + align:start position:0% +location um and what we find is this + + + align:start position:0% +location um and what we find is this +pattern of results so we're getting the + + align:start position:0% +pattern of results so we're getting the + + + align:start position:0% +pattern of results so we're getting the +best results when we train and test at + + align:start position:0% +best results when we train and test at + + + align:start position:0% +best results when we train and test at +exactly the same position but we can see + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same position but we can see + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same position but we can see +it it does generalize to other positions + + align:start position:0% +it it does generalize to other positions + + + align:start position:0% +it it does generalize to other positions +as + + align:start position:0% +as + + + align:start position:0% +as +well okay and so we can do um this full + + align:start position:0% +well okay and so we can do um this full + + + align:start position:0% +well okay and so we can do um this full +kind of permutations of things so here + + align:start position:0% +kind of permutations of things so here + + + align:start position:0% +kind of permutations of things so here +we train at the upper we could also + + align:start position:0% +we train at the upper we could also + + + align:start position:0% +we train at the upper we could also +train at the middle or train at the + + align:start position:0% +train at the middle or train at the + + + align:start position:0% +train at the middle or train at the +lower location here if we train at the + + align:start position:0% +lower location here if we train at the + + + align:start position:0% +lower location here if we train at the +middle we get the best uh decoding + + align:start position:0% +middle we get the best uh decoding + + + align:start position:0% +middle we get the best uh decoding +performance when we decode at that same + + align:start position:0% +performance when we decode at that same + + + align:start position:0% +performance when we decode at that same +middle but again it's generalizing to + + align:start position:0% +middle but again it's generalizing to + + + align:start position:0% +middle but again it's generalizing to +the upper lower locations the same for + + align:start position:0% +the upper lower locations the same for + + + align:start position:0% +the upper lower locations the same for +training at lower get the best + + align:start position:0% +training at lower get the best + + + align:start position:0% +training at lower get the best +performance testing lower but it again + + align:start position:0% +performance testing lower but it again + + + align:start position:0% +performance testing lower but it again +generalizes okay so if you want to just + + align:start position:0% +generalizes okay so if you want to just + + + align:start position:0% +generalizes okay so if you want to just +conclude this one mini study here you + + align:start position:0% +conclude this one mini study here you + + + align:start position:0% +conclude this one mini study here you +know information in it is position in + + align:start position:0% +know information in it is position in + + + align:start position:0% +know information in it is position in +variant but not you know 100% + + align:start position:0% +variant but not you know 100% + + + align:start position:0% +variant but not you know 100% +right okay + + align:start position:0% +right okay + + + align:start position:0% +right okay +um okay so we can use this technique + + align:start position:0% +um okay so we can use this technique + + + align:start position:0% +um okay so we can use this technique +I'll show you a few other examples of + + align:start position:0% +I'll show you a few other examples of + + + align:start position:0% +I'll show you a few other examples of +how it can be used in slightly more + + align:start position:0% +how it can be used in slightly more + + + align:start position:0% +how it can be used in slightly more +powerful ways maybe or to answer + + align:start position:0% +powerful ways maybe or to answer + + + align:start position:0% +powerful ways maybe or to answer +slightly more interesting questions um + + align:start position:0% +slightly more interesting questions um + + + align:start position:0% +slightly more interesting questions um +so what another question we might want + + align:start position:0% +so what another question we might want + + + align:start position:0% +so what another question we might want +to ask actually we did ask in this paper + + align:start position:0% +to ask actually we did ask in this paper + + + align:start position:0% +to ask actually we did ask in this paper +that just came out um was um about uh + + align:start position:0% +that just came out um was um about uh + + + align:start position:0% +that just came out um was um about uh +the question of pose invariant identity + + align:start position:0% +the question of pose invariant identity + + + align:start position:0% +the question of pose invariant identity +information so that same question about + + align:start position:0% +information so that same question about + + + align:start position:0% +information so that same question about +can a brain region uh respond to Hillary + + align:start position:0% +can a brain region uh respond to Hillary + + + align:start position:0% +can a brain region uh respond to Hillary +Clinton regardless of where she's + + align:start position:0% +Clinton regardless of where she's + + + align:start position:0% +Clinton regardless of where she's +looking okay and and so this is data + + align:start position:0% +looking okay and and so this is data + + + align:start position:0% +looking okay and and so this is data +recorded by uh vinr Ral and Doris sa + + align:start position:0% +recorded by uh vinr Ral and Doris sa + + + align:start position:0% +recorded by uh vinr Ral and Doris sa +vinr probably already talked about this + + align:start position:0% +vinr probably already talked about this + + + align:start position:0% +vinr probably already talked about this +experiment um but what they did was they + + align:start position:0% +experiment um but what they did was they + + + align:start position:0% +experiment um but what they did was they +had the face system here uh where they + + align:start position:0% +had the face system here uh where they + + + align:start position:0% +had the face system here uh where they +found these little patches through fmri + + align:start position:0% +found these little patches through fmri + + + align:start position:0% +found these little patches through fmri +that respond more to faces than other + + align:start position:0% +that respond more to faces than other + + + align:start position:0% +that respond more to faces than other +stimula they went in and they recorded + + align:start position:0% +stimula they went in and they recorded + + + align:start position:0% +stimula they went in and they recorded +from these patches um and in this study + + align:start position:0% +from these patches um and in this study + + + align:start position:0% +from these patches um and in this study +that we're going to look at um they did + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to look at um they did + + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to look at um they did +this uh they used the stimula that um + + align:start position:0% +this uh they used the stimula that um + + + align:start position:0% +this uh they used the stimula that um +had 25 different individuals shown at + + align:start position:0% +had 25 different individuals shown at + + + align:start position:0% +had 25 different individuals shown at +eight different head orientations so + + align:start position:0% +eight different head orientations so + + + align:start position:0% +eight different head orientations so +this is Doris at eight different head + + align:start position:0% +this is Doris at eight different head + + + align:start position:0% +this is Doris at eight different head +orientations but there were 24 other + + align:start position:0% +orientations but there were 24 other + + + align:start position:0% +orientations but there were 24 other +people who also um were shown okay and + + align:start position:0% +people who also um were shown okay and + + + align:start position:0% +people who also um were shown okay and +so what I'm going to try to do is decode + + align:start position:0% +so what I'm going to try to do is decode + + + align:start position:0% +so what I'm going to try to do is decode +between the 25 different people and see + + align:start position:0% +between the 25 different people and see + + + align:start position:0% +between the 25 different people and see +can it generalize if I train at one head + + align:start position:0% +can it generalize if I train at one head + + + align:start position:0% +can it generalize if I train at one head +orientation and test at a different one + + align:start position:0% +orientation and test at a different one + + + align:start position:0% +orientation and test at a different one +right and the three uh brain regions + + align:start position:0% +right and the three uh brain regions + + + align:start position:0% +right and the three uh brain regions +we're going to use is the most posterior + + align:start position:0% +we're going to use is the most posterior + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to use is the most posterior +region so in this case the eyes is out + + align:start position:0% +region so in this case the eyes is out + + + align:start position:0% +region so in this case the eyes is out +here this is like V1 this is the ventral + + align:start position:0% +here this is like V1 this is the ventral + + + align:start position:0% +here this is like V1 this is the ventral +pathway so the most posterior region + + align:start position:0% +pathway so the most posterior region + + + align:start position:0% +pathway so the most posterior region +we're can combine ML and MF We compare + + align:start position:0% +we're can combine ML and MF We compare + + + align:start position:0% +we're can combine ML and MF We compare +that to Al and to am I'm going to see + + align:start position:0% +that to Al and to am I'm going to see + + + align:start position:0% +that to Al and to am I'm going to see +how much position variance is there all + + align:start position:0% +how much position variance is there all + + + align:start position:0% +how much position variance is there all +right so again like I said let's start + + align:start position:0% +right so again like I said let's start + + + align:start position:0% +right so again like I said let's start +by training on the left profile and then + + align:start position:0% +by training on the left profile and then + + + align:start position:0% +by training on the left profile and then +we can test on the left profile in + + align:start position:0% +we can test on the left profile in + + + align:start position:0% +we can test on the left profile in +different trials or we can test um on a + + align:start position:0% +different trials or we can test um on a + + + align:start position:0% +different trials or we can test um on a +different set of images where the + + align:start position:0% +different set of images where the + + + align:start position:0% +different set of images where the +individuals were looking + + align:start position:0% +individuals were looking + + + align:start position:0% +individuals were looking +straightforward okay um so here are the + + align:start position:0% +straightforward okay um so here are the + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward okay um so here are the +results from the most posterior region + + align:start position:0% +results from the most posterior region + + + align:start position:0% +results from the most posterior region +mlmf um what we see is if we train in + + align:start position:0% +mlmf um what we see is if we train in + + + align:start position:0% +mlmf um what we see is if we train in +the left profile and test on the left + + align:start position:0% +the left profile and test on the left + + + align:start position:0% +the left profile and test on the left +profile here we're getting results that + + align:start position:0% +profile here we're getting results that + + + align:start position:0% +profile here we're getting results that +are above chance as indicated by the uh + + align:start position:0% +are above chance as indicated by the uh + + + align:start position:0% +are above chance as indicated by the uh +letter blue Trace um but if we train on + + align:start position:0% +letter blue Trace um but if we train on + + + align:start position:0% +letter blue Trace um but if we train on +the left profile and test in the + + align:start position:0% +the left profile and test in the + + + align:start position:0% +the left profile and test in the +straight results we're getting results + + align:start position:0% +straight results we're getting results + + + align:start position:0% +straight results we're getting results +that are um at chance okay so this uh + + align:start position:0% +that are um at chance okay so this uh + + + align:start position:0% +that are um at chance okay so this uh +patch here is not showing very much uh + + align:start position:0% +patch here is not showing very much uh + + + align:start position:0% +patch here is not showing very much uh +POS and variance so let's let's take a + + align:start position:0% +POS and variance so let's let's take a + + + align:start position:0% +POS and variance so let's let's take a +look at the rest of results so this is + + align:start position:0% +look at the rest of results so this is + + + align:start position:0% +look at the rest of results so this is +mlmf um if we look at Al um what we see + + align:start position:0% +mlmf um if we look at Al um what we see + + + align:start position:0% +mlmf um if we look at Al um what we see +is again there's a big Advantage for + + align:start position:0% +is again there's a big Advantage for + + + align:start position:0% +is again there's a big Advantage for +training and testing at that same + + align:start position:0% +training and testing at that same + + + align:start position:0% +training and testing at that same +orientation but now we're seeing + + align:start position:0% +orientation but now we're seeing + + + align:start position:0% +orientation but now we're seeing +generalization to the other orientations + + align:start position:0% +generalization to the other orientations + + + align:start position:0% +generalization to the other orientations +okay you're also seeing this U pattern + + align:start position:0% +okay you're also seeing this U pattern + + + align:start position:0% +okay you're also seeing this U pattern +where you're actually generalizing + + align:start position:0% +where you're actually generalizing + + + align:start position:0% +where you're actually generalizing +better from one profile to the opposite + + align:start position:0% +better from one profile to the opposite + + + align:start position:0% +better from one profile to the opposite +profile which was reported in some of + + align:start position:0% +profile which was reported in some of + + + align:start position:0% +profile which was reported in some of +their earlier + + align:start position:0% +their earlier + + + align:start position:0% +their earlier +papers um but yeah here you're seeing + + align:start position:0% +papers um but yeah here you're seeing + + + align:start position:0% +papers um but yeah here you're seeing +statistically that is above chance now + + align:start position:0% +statistically that is above chance now + + + align:start position:0% +statistically that is above chance now +it's not huge but it's it's above what + + align:start position:0% +it's not huge but it's it's above what + + + align:start position:0% +it's not huge but it's it's above what +you expect by chance and if we look at + + align:start position:0% +you expect by chance and if we look at + + + align:start position:0% +you expect by chance and if we look at +am as well um we're seeing a higher + + align:start position:0% +am as well um we're seeing a higher + + + align:start position:0% +am as well um we're seeing a higher +degree of invariance again slight + + align:start position:0% +degree of invariance again slight + + + align:start position:0% +degree of invariance again slight +advantage to the exact pose but still + + align:start position:0% +advantage to the exact pose but still + + + align:start position:0% +advantage to the exact pose but still +pretty good again this u a little bit + + align:start position:0% +pretty good again this u a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +pretty good again this u a little bit +but yeah we're going to the back of the + + align:start position:0% +but yeah we're going to the back of the + + + align:start position:0% +but yeah we're going to the back of the +head right so what would that tell you + + align:start position:0% +head right so what would that tell you + + + align:start position:0% +head right so what would that tell you +that the fact that it's going to the + + align:start position:0% +that the fact that it's going to the + + + align:start position:0% +that the fact that it's going to the +back of the head tells you it's probably + + align:start position:0% +back of the head tells you it's probably + + + align:start position:0% +back of the head tells you it's probably +representing something about hair what + + align:start position:0% +representing something about hair what + + + align:start position:0% +representing something about hair what +I'm going to do next rather than just + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do next rather than just + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do next rather than just +training at the left profile I'm going + + align:start position:0% +training at the left profile I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +training at the left profile I'm going +to take the results of training at each + + align:start position:0% +to take the results of training at each + + + align:start position:0% +to take the results of training at each +of the profiles um and either testing at + + align:start position:0% +of the profiles um and either testing at + + + align:start position:0% +of the profiles um and either testing at +the same or testing at a different + + align:start position:0% +the same or testing at a different + + + align:start position:0% +the same or testing at a different +profile then I'm going to plot it as a + + align:start position:0% +profile then I'm going to plot it as a + + + align:start position:0% +profile then I'm going to plot it as a +function of time okay so um here are the + + align:start position:0% +function of time okay so um here are the + + + align:start position:0% +function of time okay so um here are the +results of training and testing at the + + align:start position:0% +results of training and testing at the + + + align:start position:0% +results of training and testing at the +same pose so the non-invariant case this + + align:start position:0% +same pose so the non-invariant case this + + + align:start position:0% +same pose so the non-invariant case this +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +mlmf um and this is Al and a so this is + + align:start position:0% +mlmf um and this is Al and a so this is + + + align:start position:0% +mlmf um and this is Al and a so this is +going from the back of the head anterior + + align:start position:0% +going from the back of the head anterior + + + align:start position:0% +going from the back of the head anterior +um and what you see is there's an kind + + align:start position:0% +um and what you see is there's an kind + + + align:start position:0% +um and what you see is there's an kind +of an increase in uh this POS specific + + align:start position:0% +of an increase in uh this POS specific + + + align:start position:0% +of an increase in uh this POS specific +information um here the increase is + + align:start position:0% +information um here the increase is + + + align:start position:0% +information um here the increase is +fairly small but um there's just + + align:start position:0% +fairly small but um there's just + + + align:start position:0% +fairly small but um there's just +generally more information as you're + + align:start position:0% +generally more information as you're + + + align:start position:0% +generally more information as you're +going down but the big increase is + + align:start position:0% +going down but the big increase is + + + align:start position:0% +going down but the big increase is +really in this OPP Posen variant + + align:start position:0% +really in this OPP Posen variant + + + align:start position:0% +really in this OPP Posen variant +information when you train at one + + align:start position:0% +information when you train at one + + + align:start position:0% +information when you train at one +location and test at another that's + + align:start position:0% +location and test at another that's + + + align:start position:0% +location and test at another that's +these red traces here and here you can + + align:start position:0% +these red traces here and here you can + + + align:start position:0% +these red traces here and here you can +see it's really uh accelerating a lot so + + align:start position:0% +see it's really uh accelerating a lot so + + + align:start position:0% +see it's really uh accelerating a lot so +it's it's really that these areas + + align:start position:0% +it's it's really that these areas + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's really that these areas +Downstream are uh kind of maybe pooling + + align:start position:0% +Downstream are uh kind of maybe pooling + + + align:start position:0% +Downstream are uh kind of maybe pooling +over the different poses to create a + + align:start position:0% +over the different poses to create a + + + align:start position:0% +over the different poses to create a +pose and variant representation + + align:start position:0% +pose and variant representation + + + align:start position:0% +pose and variant representation +um so to carry on with this more General + + align:start position:0% +um so to carry on with this more General + + + align:start position:0% +um so to carry on with this more General +concept of um testing invariant + + align:start position:0% +concept of um testing invariant + + + align:start position:0% +concept of um testing invariant +representations or TR representations I + + align:start position:0% +representations or TR representations I + + + align:start position:0% +representations or TR representations I +just give you one more example of that + + align:start position:0% +just give you one more example of that + + + align:start position:0% +just give you one more example of that +um here was one of my earlier studies um + + align:start position:0% +um here was one of my earlier studies um + + + align:start position:0% +um here was one of my earlier studies um +what I did was um this study was looking + + align:start position:0% +what I did was um this study was looking + + + align:start position:0% +what I did was um this study was looking +at um categorization it was a study done + + align:start position:0% +at um categorization it was a study done + + + align:start position:0% +at um categorization it was a study done +in Earl Miller's lab David Freeman + + align:start position:0% +in Earl Miller's lab David Freeman + + + align:start position:0% +in Earl Miller's lab David Freeman +collected the data um and what they did + + align:start position:0% +collected the data um and what they did + + + align:start position:0% +collected the data um and what they did +was they trained a monkey to group a + + align:start position:0% +was they trained a monkey to group a + + + align:start position:0% +was they trained a monkey to group a +bunch of images together and call them + + align:start position:0% +bunch of images together and call them + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of images together and call them +cats and then to group uh a number of + + align:start position:0% +cats and then to group uh a number of + + + align:start position:0% +cats and then to group uh a number of +images together and call them dogs um it + + align:start position:0% +images together and call them dogs um it + + + align:start position:0% +images together and call them dogs um it +wasn't clear that the images necessarily + + align:start position:0% +wasn't clear that the images necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't clear that the images necessarily +were more similar to each other within a + + align:start position:0% +were more similar to each other within a + + + align:start position:0% +were more similar to each other within a +category versus out of the category but + + align:start position:0% +category versus out of the category but + + + align:start position:0% +category versus out of the category but +um through this training the monkeys + + align:start position:0% +um through this training the monkeys + + + align:start position:0% +um through this training the monkeys +could quite well um group the images + + align:start position:0% +could quite well um group the images + + + align:start position:0% +could quite well um group the images +together in a delayed match sample task + + align:start position:0% +together in a delayed match sample task + + + align:start position:0% +together in a delayed match sample task +um and so what I wanted to know was is + + align:start position:0% +um and so what I wanted to know was is + + + align:start position:0% +um and so what I wanted to know was is +there information that is kind of about + + align:start position:0% +there information that is kind of about + + + align:start position:0% +there information that is kind of about +the animals category that is um + + align:start position:0% +the animals category that is um + + + align:start position:0% +the animals category that is um +abstracted away from the low-level + + align:start position:0% +abstracted away from the low-level + + + align:start position:0% +abstracted away from the low-level +visual features okay so was this + + align:start position:0% +visual features okay so was this + + + align:start position:0% +visual features okay so was this +learning process did they build uh + + align:start position:0% +learning process did they build uh + + + align:start position:0% +learning process did they build uh +neural representations that are more + + align:start position:0% +neural representations that are more + + + align:start position:0% +neural representations that are more +similar to each other other okay so what + + align:start position:0% +similar to each other other okay so what + + + align:start position:0% +similar to each other other okay so what +I did here was I uh trained uh the + + align:start position:0% +I did here was I uh trained uh the + + + align:start position:0% +I did here was I uh trained uh the +classifier on two of the Prototype + + align:start position:0% +classifier on two of the Prototype + + + align:start position:0% +classifier on two of the Prototype +images and then I tested it on a left + + align:start position:0% +images and then I tested it on a left + + + align:start position:0% +images and then I tested it on a left +out prototype and so if it's making + + align:start position:0% +out prototype and so if it's making + + + align:start position:0% +out prototype and so if it's making +correct predictions here then it is uh + + align:start position:0% +correct predictions here then it is uh + + + align:start position:0% +correct predictions here then it is uh +generalizing to something that would + + align:start position:0% +generalizing to something that would + + + align:start position:0% +generalizing to something that would +only be available in the data if the + + align:start position:0% +only be available in the data if the + + + align:start position:0% +only be available in the data if the +monkey had uh due to the monkey's + + align:start position:0% +monkey had uh due to the monkey's + + + align:start position:0% +monkey had uh due to the monkey's +training + + align:start position:0% +training + + + align:start position:0% +training +okay modulo any low-l + + align:start position:0% +okay modulo any low-l + + + align:start position:0% +okay modulo any low-l +compounds okay um and so here here is + + align:start position:0% +compounds okay um and so here here is + + + align:start position:0% +compounds okay um and so here here is +decoding of um this abstract or inv + + align:start position:0% +decoding of um this abstract or inv + + + align:start position:0% +decoding of um this abstract or inv +varying information from the two areas + + align:start position:0% +varying information from the two areas + + + align:start position:0% +varying information from the two areas +and what you see indeed there seems to + + align:start position:0% +and what you see indeed there seems to + + + align:start position:0% +and what you see indeed there seems to +be um this kind of grouping effect where + + align:start position:0% +be um this kind of grouping effect where + + + align:start position:0% +be um this kind of grouping effect where +the category is of represented both in + + align:start position:0% +the category is of represented both in + + + align:start position:0% +the category is of represented both in +it and PFC in this abstract way okay so + + align:start position:0% +it and PFC in this abstract way okay so + + + align:start position:0% +it and PFC in this abstract way okay so +so the same method can be used to assess + + align:start position:0% +so the same method can be used to assess + + + align:start position:0% +so the same method can be used to assess +learning + + align:start position:0% +learning + + + align:start position:0% +learning +okay um so just to summarize the neural + + align:start position:0% +okay um so just to summarize the neural + + + align:start position:0% +okay um so just to summarize the neural +content part um decoding offers a way to + + align:start position:0% +content part um decoding offers a way to + + + align:start position:0% +content part um decoding offers a way to +clearly see what information is there + + align:start position:0% +clearly see what information is there + + + align:start position:0% +clearly see what information is there +and how it's flowing through a brain + + align:start position:0% +and how it's flowing through a brain + + + align:start position:0% +and how it's flowing through a brain +region as a function of time um we can + + align:start position:0% +region as a function of time um we can + + + align:start position:0% +region as a function of time um we can +assess basic information + + align:start position:0% +assess basic information + + + align:start position:0% +assess basic information +and often it years similar results to + + align:start position:0% +and often it years similar results to + + + align:start position:0% +and often it years similar results to +other methods but we can also do things + + align:start position:0% +other methods but we can also do things + + + align:start position:0% +other methods but we can also do things +like assess um abstract or inv Varian + + align:start position:0% +like assess um abstract or inv Varian + + + align:start position:0% +like assess um abstract or inv Varian +information which is not really possible + + align:start position:0% +information which is not really possible + + + align:start position:0% +information which is not really possible +with other methods as far as I can see + + align:start position:0% +with other methods as far as I can see + + + align:start position:0% +with other methods as far as I can see +how to use those other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +methods um so for neural coding uh my + + align:start position:0% +methods um so for neural coding uh my + + + align:start position:0% +methods um so for neural coding uh my +motivation is uh the game poker or this + + align:start position:0% +motivation is uh the game poker or this + + + align:start position:0% +motivation is uh the game poker or this +one study I did basically when I moved + + align:start position:0% +one study I did basically when I moved + + + align:start position:0% +one study I did basically when I moved +to Boston I learned how to play Texas + + align:start position:0% +to Boston I learned how to play Texas + + + align:start position:0% +to Boston I learned how to play Texas +holdom um it's a card game where you + + align:start position:0% +holdom um it's a card game where you + + + align:start position:0% +holdom um it's a card game where you +know it's very of Poker I'm sure most of + + align:start position:0% +know it's very of Poker I'm sure most of + + + align:start position:0% +know it's very of Poker I'm sure most of +you know I didn't know the rules before + + align:start position:0% +you know I didn't know the rules before + + + align:start position:0% +you know I didn't know the rules before +but I learned the rules um and I could + + align:start position:0% +but I learned the rules um and I could + + + align:start position:0% +but I learned the rules um and I could +play the game pretty successfully in + + align:start position:0% +play the game pretty successfully in + + + align:start position:0% +play the game pretty successfully in +terms of at least applying those rules + + align:start position:0% +terms of at least applying those rules + + + align:start position:0% +terms of at least applying those rules +correctly not necessarily in terms of + + align:start position:0% +correctly not necessarily in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +correctly not necessarily in terms of +winning money but I knew what to do um + + align:start position:0% +winning money but I knew what to do um + + + align:start position:0% +winning money but I knew what to do um +and prior to that I'd known other games + + align:start position:0% +and prior to that I'd known other games + + + align:start position:0% +and prior to that I'd known other games +like Go Fish or war or whatever and me + + align:start position:0% +like Go Fish or war or whatever and me + + + align:start position:0% +like Go Fish or war or whatever and me +learning how to play poker did not + + align:start position:0% +learning how to play poker did not + + + align:start position:0% +learning how to play poker did not +distruct my ability to play Go Fish I + + align:start position:0% +distruct my ability to play Go Fish I + + + align:start position:0% +distruct my ability to play Go Fish I +was still bad at that as well um so + + align:start position:0% +was still bad at that as well um so + + + align:start position:0% +was still bad at that as well um so +somehow uh this information that allowed + + align:start position:0% +somehow uh this information that allowed + + + align:start position:0% +somehow uh this information that allowed +me to play this game had to be added + + align:start position:0% +me to play this game had to be added + + + align:start position:0% +me to play this game had to be added +into my brain if we believe brains cause + + align:start position:0% +into my brain if we believe brains cause + + + align:start position:0% +into my brain if we believe brains cause +behavior um and so in this study we're + + align:start position:0% +behavior um and so in this study we're + + + align:start position:0% +behavior um and so in this study we're +kind of getting at that question what + + align:start position:0% +kind of getting at that question what + + + align:start position:0% +kind of getting at that question what +changed about um a brain to allow it to + + align:start position:0% +changed about um a brain to allow it to + + + align:start position:0% +changed about um a brain to allow it to +perform a new task + + align:start position:0% +perform a new task + + + align:start position:0% +perform a new task +okay um and so to do this um in an + + align:start position:0% +okay um and so to do this um in an + + + align:start position:0% +okay um and so to do this um in an +experiment uh with monkeys um basically + + align:start position:0% +experiment uh with monkeys um basically + + + align:start position:0% +experiment uh with monkeys um basically +they used a paradigm that had uh two + + align:start position:0% +they used a paradigm that had uh two + + + align:start position:0% +they used a paradigm that had uh two +different phases to it the first phase + + align:start position:0% +different phases to it the first phase + + + align:start position:0% +different phases to it the first phase +what they did was they had a monkey just + + align:start position:0% +what they did was they had a monkey just + + + align:start position:0% +what they did was they had a monkey just +do a passive fixation task okay so um + + align:start position:0% +do a passive fixation task okay so um + + + align:start position:0% +do a passive fixation task okay so um +what the monkey did was there would be a + + align:start position:0% +what the monkey did was there would be a + + + align:start position:0% +what the monkey did was there would be a +fixation dot that came up um up would + + align:start position:0% +fixation dot that came up um up would + + + align:start position:0% +fixation dot that came up um up would +come a stimulus there'd be a delay + + align:start position:0% +come a stimulus there'd be a delay + + + align:start position:0% +come a stimulus there'd be a delay +there'd be a second stimulus and there' + + align:start position:0% +there'd be a second stimulus and there' + + + align:start position:0% +there'd be a second stimulus and there' +be a second delay and then there would + + align:start position:0% +be a second delay and then there would + + + align:start position:0% +be a second delay and then there would +be a reward and the reward was given + + align:start position:0% +be a reward and the reward was given + + + align:start position:0% +be a reward and the reward was given +just for the monkey maintaining fixation + + align:start position:0% +just for the monkey maintaining fixation + + + align:start position:0% +just for the monkey maintaining fixation +the monkey did not need to pay attention + + align:start position:0% +the monkey did not need to pay attention + + + align:start position:0% +the monkey did not need to pay attention +to what the stimul were at all okay and + + align:start position:0% +to what the stimul were at all okay and + + + align:start position:0% +to what the stimul were at all okay and +on some trials the stimul was the same + + align:start position:0% +on some trials the stimul was the same + + + align:start position:0% +on some trials the stimul was the same +on other trials they were different but + + align:start position:0% +on other trials they were different but + + + align:start position:0% +on other trials they were different but +the monkey did not need to care about + + align:start position:0% +the monkey did not need to care about + + + align:start position:0% +the monkey did not need to care about +that okay so the monkey does this + + align:start position:0% +that okay so the monkey does this + + + align:start position:0% +that okay so the monkey does this +passive task they record like over 750 + + align:start position:0% +passive task they record like over 750 + + + align:start position:0% +passive task they record like over 750 +neurons from the prefrontal cortex + + align:start position:0% +neurons from the prefrontal cortex + + + align:start position:0% +neurons from the prefrontal cortex +um and then what they did was they + + align:start position:0% +um and then what they did was they + + + align:start position:0% +um and then what they did was they +trained the monkey to do a delayed match + + align:start position:0% +trained the monkey to do a delayed match + + + align:start position:0% +trained the monkey to do a delayed match +to sample task okay and the delayed + + align:start position:0% +to sample task okay and the delayed + + + align:start position:0% +to sample task okay and the delayed +match to sample task uh ran very similar + + align:start position:0% +match to sample task uh ran very similar + + + align:start position:0% +match to sample task uh ran very similar +so it had um a fixation there was a + + align:start position:0% +so it had um a fixation there was a + + + align:start position:0% +so it had um a fixation there was a +first stimulus there was a delay a + + align:start position:0% +first stimulus there was a delay a + + + align:start position:0% +first stimulus there was a delay a +second stimulus a second delay so up to + + align:start position:0% +second stimulus a second delay so up to + + + align:start position:0% +second stimulus a second delay so up to +this point the sequence of stimulate was + + align:start position:0% +this point the sequence of stimulate was + + + align:start position:0% +this point the sequence of stimulate was +exactly the same um but now after the + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same um but now after the + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same um but now after the +second delay um up came a choice um + + align:start position:0% +second delay um up came a choice um + + + align:start position:0% +second delay um up came a choice um +Target a choice image and the monkey + + align:start position:0% +Target a choice image and the monkey + + + align:start position:0% +Target a choice image and the monkey +needed to make a sod to the green + + align:start position:0% +needed to make a sod to the green + + + align:start position:0% +needed to make a sod to the green +stimulus if these two um simly were + + align:start position:0% +stimulus if these two um simly were + + + align:start position:0% +stimulus if these two um simly were +matches and needed to make a sad to the + + align:start position:0% +matches and needed to make a sad to the + + + align:start position:0% +matches and needed to make a sad to the +blue stimulus if they were different + + align:start position:0% +blue stimulus if they were different + + + align:start position:0% +blue stimulus if they were different +okay and so what we wanted to know was + + align:start position:0% +okay and so what we wanted to know was + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so what we wanted to know was +when the monkey is performing this task + + align:start position:0% +when the monkey is performing this task + + + align:start position:0% +when the monkey is performing this task +and needs to remember the stimula and + + align:start position:0% +and needs to remember the stimula and + + + align:start position:0% +and needs to remember the stimula and +whether they were match or not is there + + align:start position:0% +whether they were match or not is there + + + align:start position:0% +whether they were match or not is there +a change change in the monkey's brain + + align:start position:0% +a change change in the monkey's brain + + + align:start position:0% +a change change in the monkey's brain +okay and so the way we're going to get + + align:start position:0% +okay and so the way we're going to get + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so the way we're going to get +at this is uh not surprisingly doing a + + align:start position:0% +at this is uh not surprisingly doing a + + + align:start position:0% +at this is uh not surprisingly doing a +decoding approach right and what we're + + align:start position:0% +decoding approach right and what we're + + + align:start position:0% +decoding approach right and what we're +going to do is we're going to use the + + align:start position:0% +going to do is we're going to use the + + + align:start position:0% +going to do is we're going to use the +same thing where we train the classifier + + align:start position:0% +same thing where we train the classifier + + + align:start position:0% +same thing where we train the classifier +one point in time test and move on and + + align:start position:0% +one point in time test and move on and + + + align:start position:0% +one point in time test and move on and +what we should find is that um we're + + align:start position:0% +what we should find is that um we're + + + align:start position:0% +what we should find is that um we're +going to try to decode whether the + + align:start position:0% +going to try to decode whether the + + + align:start position:0% +going to try to decode whether the +stimul Matched or did not match and so + + align:start position:0% +stimul Matched or did not match and so + + + align:start position:0% +stimul Matched or did not match and so +at the time when the second stimulus was + + align:start position:0% +at the time when the second stimulus was + + + align:start position:0% +at the time when the second stimulus was +shown we should have some sort of + + align:start position:0% +shown we should have some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +shown we should have some sort of +information about whether it was a match + + align:start position:0% +information about whether it was a match + + + align:start position:0% +information about whether it was a match +or non-match if any information is + + align:start position:0% +or non-match if any information is + + + align:start position:0% +or non-match if any information is +present and we can see was that + + align:start position:0% +present and we can see was that + + + align:start position:0% +present and we can see was that +information there before when the monkey + + align:start position:0% +information there before when the monkey + + + align:start position:0% +information there before when the monkey +was just passively fixating or does that + + align:start position:0% +was just passively fixating or does that + + + align:start position:0% +was just passively fixating or does that +information come on only after + + align:start position:0% +information come on only after + + + align:start position:0% +information come on only after +training + + align:start position:0% +training + + + align:start position:0% +training +okay um so here is a schematic of the + + align:start position:0% +okay um so here is a schematic of the + + + align:start position:0% +okay um so here is a schematic of the +results for decoding it's a binary task + + align:start position:0% +results for decoding it's a binary task + + + align:start position:0% +results for decoding it's a binary task +whether a trial was a match or non-match + + align:start position:0% +whether a trial was a match or non-match + + + align:start position:0% +whether a trial was a match or non-match +match so chance is 50% if you were + + align:start position:0% +match so chance is 50% if you were + + + align:start position:0% +match so chance is 50% if you were +guessing uh this light gray shaded + + align:start position:0% +guessing uh this light gray shaded + + + align:start position:0% +guessing uh this light gray shaded +region is the time when the first + + align:start position:0% +region is the time when the first + + + align:start position:0% +region is the time when the first +stimula came on this second uh region is + + align:start position:0% +stimula came on this second uh region is + + + align:start position:0% +stimula came on this second uh region is +the time the second simul came on and + + align:start position:0% +the time the second simul came on and + + + align:start position:0% +the time the second simul came on and +here is where we're kind of going to + + align:start position:0% +here is where we're kind of going to + + + align:start position:0% +here is where we're kind of going to +ignore this was either the monkey was + + align:start position:0% +ignore this was either the monkey was + + + align:start position:0% +ignore this was either the monkey was +making a choice or got a juice reward + + align:start position:0% +making a choice or got a juice reward + + + align:start position:0% +making a choice or got a juice reward +we'll just ignore that okay so let's + + align:start position:0% +we'll just ignore that okay so let's + + + align:start position:0% +we'll just ignore that okay so let's +make this interactive how many people + + align:start position:0% +make this interactive how many people + + + align:start position:0% +make this interactive how many people +thought there was or think there might + + align:start position:0% +thought there was or think there might + + + align:start position:0% +thought there was or think there might +be information about whether the two + + align:start position:0% +be information about whether the two + + + align:start position:0% +be information about whether the two +stim matched or did not match um prior + + align:start position:0% +stim matched or did not match um prior + + + align:start position:0% +stim matched or did not match um prior +to the monkey doing the task so just + + align:start position:0% +to the monkey doing the task so just + + + align:start position:0% +to the monkey doing the task so just +passive fixation + + align:start position:0% +passive fixation + + + align:start position:0% +passive fixation +task two three four five up down how + + align:start position:0% +task two three four five up down how + + + align:start position:0% +task two three four five up down how +many people think there was + + align:start position:0% +many people think there was + + + align:start position:0% +many people think there was +not okay i' say it's about 5050 split + + align:start position:0% +not okay i' say it's about 5050 split + + + align:start position:0% +not okay i' say it's about 5050 split +okay so let's look at the passive + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's look at the passive + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's look at the passive +fixation task and what we find is that + + align:start position:0% +fixation task and what we find is that + + + align:start position:0% +fixation task and what we find is that +the really wasn't any information so + + align:start position:0% +the really wasn't any information so + + + align:start position:0% +the really wasn't any information so +there's no Blue Bar down here so um as + + align:start position:0% +there's no Blue Bar down here so um as + + + align:start position:0% +there's no Blue Bar down here so um as +far as decoding could tell I cannot tell + + align:start position:0% +far as decoding could tell I cannot tell + + + align:start position:0% +far as decoding could tell I cannot tell +whether the two simil match or not match + + align:start position:0% +whether the two simil match or not match + + + align:start position:0% +whether the two simil match or not match +in the passive fixation task okay what + + align:start position:0% +in the passive fixation task okay what + + + align:start position:0% +in the passive fixation task okay what +about in the active delayed match sample + + align:start position:0% +about in the active delayed match sample + + + align:start position:0% +about in the active delayed match sample +task how many people + + align:start position:0% +task how many people + + + align:start position:0% +task how many people +think okay it would be pretty boring + + align:start position:0% +think okay it would be pretty boring + + + align:start position:0% +think okay it would be pretty boring +talk if there wasn't which area we're + + align:start position:0% +talk if there wasn't which area we're + + + align:start position:0% +talk if there wasn't which area we're +talking about uh dorsal lateral actually + + align:start position:0% +talking about uh dorsal lateral actually + + + align:start position:0% +talking about uh dorsal lateral actually +um both dorsa and ventral lateral + + align:start position:0% +um both dorsa and ventral lateral + + + align:start position:0% +um both dorsa and ventral lateral +prefontal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cortex + + align:start position:0% +cortex + + + align:start position:0% +cortex +yeah okay + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay +so yeah indeed there was information + + align:start position:0% +so yeah indeed there was information + + + align:start position:0% +so yeah indeed there was information +there in fact um we could decode nearly + + align:start position:0% +there in fact um we could decode nearly + + + align:start position:0% +there in fact um we could decode nearly +perfectly from that brain region okay so + + align:start position:0% +perfectly from that brain region okay so + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly from that brain region okay so +like way up here at the time when the + + align:start position:0% +like way up here at the time when the + + + align:start position:0% +like way up here at the time when the +second simulus shown so + + align:start position:0% +second simulus shown so + + + align:start position:0% +second simulus shown so +clearly um performing the task or + + align:start position:0% +clearly um performing the task or + + + align:start position:0% +clearly um performing the task or +learning how to perform the task + + align:start position:0% +learning how to perform the task + + + align:start position:0% +learning how to perform the task +influenced what information was present + + align:start position:0% +influenced what information was present + + + align:start position:0% +influenced what information was present +in the preer cortex I'm pretty convinced + + align:start position:0% +in the preer cortex I'm pretty convinced + + + align:start position:0% +in the preer cortex I'm pretty convinced +that this information is present and + + align:start position:0% +that this information is present and + + + align:start position:0% +that this information is present and +real um now the question is and why I'm + + align:start position:0% +real um now the question is and why I'm + + + align:start position:0% +real um now the question is and why I'm +using this as an example of coding how + + align:start position:0% +using this as an example of coding how + + + align:start position:0% +using this as an example of coding how +did this information get added into the + + align:start position:0% +did this information get added into the + + + align:start position:0% +did this information get added into the +population right um we we believe it's + + align:start position:0% +population right um we we believe it's + + + align:start position:0% +population right um we we believe it's +there for real and probably contributing + + align:start position:0% +there for real and probably contributing + + + align:start position:0% +there for real and probably contributing +to behavior it's a pretty big fact okay + + align:start position:0% +to behavior it's a pretty big fact okay + + + align:start position:0% +to behavior it's a pretty big fact okay +um all right so here's just some single + + align:start position:0% +um all right so here's just some single + + + align:start position:0% +um all right so here's just some single +neuron results + + align:start position:0% +neuron results + + + align:start position:0% +neuron results +um what I've plotted here is this is a + + align:start position:0% +um what I've plotted here is this is a + + + align:start position:0% +um what I've plotted here is this is a +measure of how much of the variability + + align:start position:0% +measure of how much of the variability + + + align:start position:0% +measure of how much of the variability +of a neuron is predicted about whether a + + align:start position:0% +of a neuron is predicted about whether a + + + align:start position:0% +of a neuron is predicted about whether a +whether a trial was matched or non-match + + align:start position:0% +whether a trial was matched or non-match + + + align:start position:0% +whether a trial was matched or non-match +okay um and I've plotted each dot as a + + align:start position:0% +okay um and I've plotted each dot as a + + + align:start position:0% +okay um and I've plotted each dot as a +neuron I've plotted each neuron at the + + align:start position:0% +neuron I've plotted each neuron at the + + + align:start position:0% +neuron I've plotted each neuron at the +time where it had this maximum value of + + align:start position:0% +time where it had this maximum value of + + + align:start position:0% +time where it had this maximum value of +being able to predict whether trial is + + align:start position:0% +being able to predict whether trial is + + + align:start position:0% +being able to predict whether trial is +match or not match um and so this is the + + align:start position:0% +match or not match um and so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +match or not match um and so this is the +passive case and so this is kind of a + + align:start position:0% +passive case and so this is kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +passive case and so this is kind of a +null distribution because we didn't see + + align:start position:0% +null distribution because we didn't see + + + align:start position:0% +null distribution because we didn't see +any uh information present about match + + align:start position:0% +any uh information present about match + + + align:start position:0% +any uh information present about match +or non-match in the passive case right + + align:start position:0% +or non-match in the passive case right + + + align:start position:0% +or non-match in the passive case right +um when we when the monkey was + + align:start position:0% +um when we when the monkey was + + + align:start position:0% +um when we when the monkey was +performing the delayed Master sample + + align:start position:0% +performing the delayed Master sample + + + align:start position:0% +performing the delayed Master sample +task what you see is that there's kind + + align:start position:0% +task what you see is that there's kind + + + align:start position:0% +task what you see is that there's kind +of um a small number of neurons that + + align:start position:0% +of um a small number of neurons that + + + align:start position:0% +of um a small number of neurons that +become selective after uh the second + + align:start position:0% +become selective after uh the second + + + align:start position:0% +become selective after uh the second +simulus is shown okay so it seems like a + + align:start position:0% +simulus is shown okay so it seems like a + + + align:start position:0% +simulus is shown okay so it seems like a +few neurons um are carrying a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +few neurons um are carrying a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +few neurons um are carrying a bunch of +the information um let's see if we can + + align:start position:0% +the information um let's see if we can + + + align:start position:0% +the information um let's see if we can +quantify this just maybe a little better + + align:start position:0% +quantify this just maybe a little better + + + align:start position:0% +quantify this just maybe a little better +using decoding um so what we're going to + + align:start position:0% +using decoding um so what we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +using decoding um so what we're going to +do is um we're going to uh take the + + align:start position:0% +do is um we're going to uh take the + + + align:start position:0% +do is um we're going to uh take the +training set and we're going to do an + + align:start position:0% +training set and we're going to do an + + + align:start position:0% +training set and we're going to do an +anova to find um let's say the eight + + align:start position:0% +anova to find um let's say the eight + + + align:start position:0% +anova to find um let's say the eight +neurons that carry the most information + + align:start position:0% +neurons that carry the most information + + + align:start position:0% +neurons that carry the most information +out of the whole population so the 750 + + align:start position:0% +out of the whole population so the 750 + + + align:start position:0% +out of the whole population so the 750 +neurons let's just find the eight that + + align:start position:0% +neurons let's just find the eight that + + + align:start position:0% +neurons let's just find the eight that +had the the smallest P value in an NOA + + align:start position:0% +had the the smallest P value in an NOA + + + align:start position:0% +had the the smallest P value in an NOA +okay and so we can find those neurons + + align:start position:0% +okay and so we can find those neurons + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so we can find those neurons +and we can keep them and we can delete + + align:start position:0% +and we can keep them and we can delete + + + align:start position:0% +and we can keep them and we can delete +all the other neurons okay and then now + + align:start position:0% +all the other neurons okay and then now + + + align:start position:0% +all the other neurons okay and then now +that we found those neurons we'll also + + align:start position:0% +that we found those neurons we'll also + + + align:start position:0% +that we found those neurons we'll also +go to the test set we'll delete those + + align:start position:0% +go to the test set we'll delete those + + + align:start position:0% +go to the test set we'll delete those +neurons and now we'll try doing the + + align:start position:0% +neurons and now we'll try doing the + + + align:start position:0% +neurons and now we'll try doing the +whole uh decoding procedure uh on the + + align:start position:0% +whole uh decoding procedure uh on the + + + align:start position:0% +whole uh decoding procedure uh on the +smaller population okay and by deleting + + align:start position:0% +smaller population okay and by deleting + + + align:start position:0% +smaller population okay and by deleting +the neurons on the training set we're + + align:start position:0% +the neurons on the training set we're + + + align:start position:0% +the neurons on the training set we're +not really biasing our results when we + + align:start position:0% +not really biasing our results when we + + + align:start position:0% +not really biasing our results when we +start doing the classification + + align:start position:0% +start doing the classification + + + align:start position:0% +start doing the classification +okay um so here are the results using + + align:start position:0% +okay um so here are the results using + + + align:start position:0% +okay um so here are the results using +all 750 neurons that I showed you before + + align:start position:0% +all 750 neurons that I showed you before + + + align:start position:0% +all 750 neurons that I showed you before +um and here are the results using just + + align:start position:0% +um and here are the results using just + + + align:start position:0% +um and here are the results using just +the eight best neurons okay and what you + + align:start position:0% +the eight best neurons okay and what you + + + align:start position:0% +the eight best neurons okay and what you +can see is that the eight best neurons + + align:start position:0% +can see is that the eight best neurons + + + align:start position:0% +can see is that the eight best neurons +are doing almost as well as using all + + align:start position:0% +are doing almost as well as using all + + + align:start position:0% +are doing almost as well as using all +750 neurons okay um now I should say + + align:start position:0% +750 neurons okay um now I should say + + + align:start position:0% +750 neurons okay um now I should say +there might be a different eight best at + + align:start position:0% +there might be a different eight best at + + + align:start position:0% +there might be a different eight best at +each point in time because I'm shifting + + align:start position:0% +each point in time because I'm shifting + + + align:start position:0% +each point in time because I'm shifting +that bin around but still at any one + + align:start position:0% +that bin around but still at any one + + + align:start position:0% +that bin around but still at any one +point in time there are eight neurons + + align:start position:0% +point in time there are eight neurons + + + align:start position:0% +point in time there are eight neurons +that are really really good okay um so + + align:start position:0% +that are really really good okay um so + + + align:start position:0% +that are really really good okay um so +clearly there's kind of this compact or + + align:start position:0% +clearly there's kind of this compact or + + + align:start position:0% +clearly there's kind of this compact or +small subset of neurons that carry the + + align:start position:0% +small subset of neurons that carry the + + + align:start position:0% +small subset of neurons that carry the +whole information of the + + align:start position:0% +whole information of the + + + align:start position:0% +whole information of the +population um okay once you've done that + + align:start position:0% +population um okay once you've done that + + + align:start position:0% +population um okay once you've done that +you might not want to know the flip of + + align:start position:0% +you might not want to know the flip of + + + align:start position:0% +you might not want to know the flip of +that um how many redundant neurons are + + align:start position:0% +that um how many redundant neurons are + + + align:start position:0% +that um how many redundant neurons are +there that also carry that information + + align:start position:0% +there that also carry that information + + + align:start position:0% +there that also carry that information +so here are the results um again showing + + align:start position:0% +so here are the results um again showing + + + align:start position:0% +so here are the results um again showing +all 750 neurons as a comparison and what + + align:start position:0% +all 750 neurons as a comparison and what + + + align:start position:0% +all 750 neurons as a comparison and what +I'm going to do now is I'm going to take + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do now is I'm going to take + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do now is I'm going to take +those eight best neurons find them in + + align:start position:0% +those eight best neurons find them in + + + align:start position:0% +those eight best neurons find them in +the training set throw them out um I'm + + align:start position:0% +the training set throw them out um I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the training set throw them out um I'm +going also throw out another 120 of the + + align:start position:0% +going also throw out another 120 of the + + + align:start position:0% +going also throw out another 120 of the +best neurons just to get a lot of a lot + + align:start position:0% +best neurons just to get a lot of a lot + + + align:start position:0% +best neurons just to get a lot of a lot +of stuff so throw out the best 128 and + + align:start position:0% +of stuff so throw out the best 128 and + + + align:start position:0% +of stuff so throw out the best 128 and +then we'll look at the remaining neurons + + align:start position:0% +then we'll look at the remaining neurons + + + align:start position:0% +then we'll look at the remaining neurons +and see is there redundant information + + align:start position:0% +and see is there redundant information + + + align:start position:0% +and see is there redundant information +in those neurons okay it's still like + + align:start position:0% +in those neurons okay it's still like + + + align:start position:0% +in those neurons okay it's still like +600 neurons or more um and so here are + + align:start position:0% +600 neurons or more um and so here are + + + align:start position:0% +600 neurons or more um and so here are +the results from that um what you see is + + align:start position:0% +the results from that um what you see is + + + align:start position:0% +the results from that um what you see is +that there is also redundant information + + align:start position:0% +that there is also redundant information + + + align:start position:0% +that there is also redundant information +in this kind of weaker tail it's not + + align:start position:0% +in this kind of weaker tail it's not + + + align:start position:0% +in this kind of weaker tail it's not +quite as good as the eight best or not + + align:start position:0% +quite as good as the eight best or not + + + align:start position:0% +quite as good as the eight best or not +as high decoding accuracy but there is + + align:start position:0% +as high decoding accuracy but there is + + + align:start position:0% +as high decoding accuracy but there is +redundant information too okay so just + + align:start position:0% +redundant information too okay so just + + + align:start position:0% +redundant information too okay so just +you know to summarize this part um what + + align:start position:0% +you know to summarize this part um what + + + align:start position:0% +you know to summarize this part um what +we see here is that there's a few + + align:start position:0% +we see here is that there's a few + + + align:start position:0% +we see here is that there's a few +neurons that really became highly highly + + align:start position:0% +neurons that really became highly highly + + + align:start position:0% +neurons that really became highly highly +selected due to this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +process so we see that the there's a lot + + align:start position:0% +process so we see that the there's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +process so we see that the there's a lot +of information in this small compact set + + align:start position:0% +of information in this small compact set + + + align:start position:0% +of information in this small compact set +um here are the results from a related + + align:start position:0% +um here are the results from a related + + + align:start position:0% +um here are the results from a related +experiment this was in a task where the + + align:start position:0% +experiment this was in a task where the + + + align:start position:0% +experiment this was in a task where the +monkey had to remember the spatial + + align:start position:0% +monkey had to remember the spatial + + + align:start position:0% +monkey had to remember the spatial +location of a stimul rather than uh what + + align:start position:0% +location of a stimul rather than uh what + + + align:start position:0% +location of a stimul rather than uh what +an image was like a square or Circle but + + align:start position:0% +an image was like a square or Circle but + + + align:start position:0% +an image was like a square or Circle but +anyway small detail um here's this big + + align:start position:0% +anyway small detail um here's this big + + + align:start position:0% +anyway small detail um here's this big +effect of this is match information this + + align:start position:0% +effect of this is match information this + + + align:start position:0% +effect of this is match information this +is non-match information being decoded + + align:start position:0% +is non-match information being decoded + + + align:start position:0% +is non-match information being decoded +okay so this is the decoding results + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is the decoding results + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is the decoding results +kind of that I showed you + + align:start position:0% +kind of that I showed you + + + align:start position:0% +kind of that I showed you +before um here is an analysis where um + + align:start position:0% +before um here is an analysis where um + + + align:start position:0% +before um here is an analysis where um +an Roc analysis was done on this data so + + align:start position:0% +an Roc analysis was done on this data so + + + align:start position:0% +an Roc analysis was done on this data so +for each neuron they calculated how well + + align:start position:0% +for each neuron they calculated how well + + + align:start position:0% +for each neuron they calculated how well +does an individual neuron separate the + + align:start position:0% +does an individual neuron separate the + + + align:start position:0% +does an individual neuron separate the +match and the non-match trials okay and + + align:start position:0% +match and the non-match trials okay and + + + align:start position:0% +match and the non-match trials okay and +again pre- and post training and what + + align:start position:0% +again pre- and post training and what + + + align:start position:0% +again pre- and post training and what +you see is here they were they did not + + align:start position:0% +you see is here they were they did not + + + align:start position:0% +you see is here they were they did not +see this big split that I saw with the + + align:start position:0% +see this big split that I saw with the + + + align:start position:0% +see this big split that I saw with the +decoding okay and this this was + + align:start position:0% +decoding okay and this this was + + + align:start position:0% +decoding okay and this this was +published um so the question is why did + + align:start position:0% +published um so the question is why did + + + align:start position:0% +published um so the question is why did +they not see it um and the reason is + + align:start position:0% +they not see it um and the reason is + + + align:start position:0% +they not see it um and the reason is +because there were only a few neurons + + align:start position:0% +because there were only a few neurons + + + align:start position:0% +because there were only a few neurons +that were really highly selective that + + align:start position:0% +that were really highly selective that + + + align:start position:0% +that were really highly selective that +was enough to drive the decoding but it + + align:start position:0% +was enough to drive the decoding but it + + + align:start position:0% +was enough to drive the decoding but it +wasn't enough if you averaged over all + + align:start position:0% +wasn't enough if you averaged over all + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't enough if you averaged over all +the neurons to see this effect so + + align:start position:0% +the neurons to see this effect so + + + align:start position:0% +the neurons to see this effect so +essentially there's kind of like two + + align:start position:0% +essentially there's kind of like two + + + align:start position:0% +essentially there's kind of like two +populations here there's a huge + + align:start position:0% +populations here there's a huge + + + align:start position:0% +populations here there's a huge +population of neurons that didn't pick + + align:start position:0% +population of neurons that didn't pick + + + align:start position:0% +population of neurons that didn't pick +up the match information or only picked + + align:start position:0% +up the match information or only picked + + + align:start position:0% +up the match information or only picked +it up very weakly and then there's a + + align:start position:0% +it up very weakly and then there's a + + + align:start position:0% +it up very weakly and then there's a +small sub set of neurons that are very + + align:start position:0% +small sub set of neurons that are very + + + align:start position:0% +small sub set of neurons that are very +selective okay and so if you um take an + + align:start position:0% +selective okay and so if you um take an + + + align:start position:0% +selective okay and so if you um take an +average of the non-selective population + + align:start position:0% +average of the non-selective population + + + align:start position:0% +average of the non-selective population +it's just here let's say this is the + + align:start position:0% +it's just here let's say this is the + + + align:start position:0% +it's just here let's say this is the +pre-training population if you take an + + align:start position:0% +pre-training population if you take an + + + align:start position:0% +pre-training population if you take an +average of posttraining over all the + + align:start position:0% +average of posttraining over all the + + + align:start position:0% +average of posttraining over all the +neurons + + align:start position:0% +neurons + + + align:start position:0% +neurons +the average would shift slightly to the + + align:start position:0% +the average would shift slightly to the + + + align:start position:0% +the average would shift slightly to the +right but it might not be very + + align:start position:0% +right but it might not be very + + + align:start position:0% +right but it might not be very +detectable from the pre-training amount + + align:start position:0% +detectable from the pre-training amount + + + align:start position:0% +detectable from the pre-training amount +of information but if you have weights + + align:start position:0% +of information but if you have weights + + + align:start position:0% +of information but if you have weights +on just the highly selective neurons you + + align:start position:0% +on just the highly selective neurons you + + + align:start position:0% +on just the highly selective neurons you +see a huge effect right so it's really + + align:start position:0% +see a huge effect right so it's really + + + align:start position:0% +see a huge effect right so it's really +important that you don't average over + + align:start position:0% +important that you don't average over + + + align:start position:0% +important that you don't average over +all your neurons but you treat the + + align:start position:0% +all your neurons but you treat the + + + align:start position:0% +all your neurons but you treat the +neurons as individuals or maybe classes + + align:start position:0% +neurons as individuals or maybe classes + + + align:start position:0% +neurons as individuals or maybe classes +because they're doing different things + + align:start position:0% +because they're doing different things + + + align:start position:0% +because they're doing different things +so the next um coding question I wanted + + align:start position:0% +so the next um coding question I wanted + + + align:start position:0% +so the next um coding question I wanted +to ask was is information contained in + + align:start position:0% +to ask was is information contained in + + + align:start position:0% +to ask was is information contained in +what I call a dynamic population code + + align:start position:0% +what I call a dynamic population code + + + align:start position:0% +what I call a dynamic population code +okay so let me explain what that means + + align:start position:0% +okay so let me explain what that means + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let me explain what that means +um if we showed a stimulus such as a + + align:start position:0% +um if we showed a stimulus such as a + + + align:start position:0% +um if we showed a stimulus such as a +kiwi which I like showing um you know we + + align:start position:0% +kiwi which I like showing um you know we + + + align:start position:0% +kiwi which I like showing um you know we +saw that there might be a unique pattern + + align:start position:0% +saw that there might be a unique pattern + + + align:start position:0% +saw that there might be a unique pattern +for that kiwi right and that pattern is + + align:start position:0% +for that kiwi right and that pattern is + + + align:start position:0% +for that kiwi right and that pattern is +what enables me to discriminate between + + align:start position:0% +what enables me to discriminate between + + + align:start position:0% +what enables me to discriminate between +all the other stimula and do the + + align:start position:0% +all the other stimula and do the + + + align:start position:0% +all the other stimula and do the +classification right but it might turn + + align:start position:0% +classification right but it might turn + + + align:start position:0% +classification right but it might turn +out that there's not just one pattern + + align:start position:0% +out that there's not just one pattern + + + align:start position:0% +out that there's not just one pattern +for that kiwi but there's actually a + + align:start position:0% +for that kiwi but there's actually a + + + align:start position:0% +for that kiwi but there's actually a +sequence of patterns so if we plotted + + align:start position:0% +sequence of patterns so if we plotted + + + align:start position:0% +sequence of patterns so if we plotted +the patterns in time they would actually + + align:start position:0% +the patterns in time they would actually + + + align:start position:0% +the patterns in time they would actually +change okay so it's a sequence of + + align:start position:0% +change okay so it's a sequence of + + + align:start position:0% +change okay so it's a sequence of +patterns that represents one thing + + align:start position:0% +patterns that represents one thing + + + align:start position:0% +patterns that represents one thing +right um and this kind of thing has been + + align:start position:0% +right um and this kind of thing has been + + + align:start position:0% +right um and this kind of thing has been +shown a little bit um actually now it's + + align:start position:0% +shown a little bit um actually now it's + + + align:start position:0% +shown a little bit um actually now it's +been shown a lot but um when I first did + + align:start position:0% +been shown a lot but um when I first did + + + align:start position:0% +been shown a lot but um when I first did +this in 2008 the the kind of one study I + + align:start position:0% +this in 2008 the the kind of one study I + + + align:start position:0% +this in 2008 the the kind of one study I +knew of that kind of showed this was + + align:start position:0% +knew of that kind of showed this was + + + align:start position:0% +knew of that kind of showed this was +this paper by Mon and G lant where they + + align:start position:0% +this paper by Mon and G lant where they + + + align:start position:0% +this paper by Mon and G lant where they +did kind of a PCA analysis and this is + + align:start position:0% +did kind of a PCA analysis and this is + + + align:start position:0% +did kind of a PCA analysis and this is +in like the locus I think well Factory + + align:start position:0% +in like the locus I think well Factory + + + align:start position:0% +in like the locus I think well Factory +bulb and they showed that there were + + align:start position:0% +bulb and they showed that there were + + + align:start position:0% +bulb and they showed that there were +these kind of trajectories in space + + align:start position:0% +these kind of trajectories in space + + + align:start position:0% +these kind of trajectories in space +where a particular odor was represented + + align:start position:0% +where a particular odor was represented + + + align:start position:0% +where a particular odor was represented +by maybe different neurons okay um and + + align:start position:0% +by maybe different neurons okay um and + + + align:start position:0% +by maybe different neurons okay um and +again I had a paper in 2008 where I I + + align:start position:0% +again I had a paper in 2008 where I I + + + align:start position:0% +again I had a paper in 2008 where I I +examin this and there's a review paper + + align:start position:0% +examin this and there's a review paper + + + align:start position:0% +examin this and there's a review paper +uh by King and Deane in 2014 about this + + align:start position:0% +uh by King and Deane in 2014 about this + + + align:start position:0% +uh by King and Deane in 2014 about this +and there's a lot of people looking at + + align:start position:0% +and there's a lot of people looking at + + + align:start position:0% +and there's a lot of people looking at +this now um so how can we get at this + + align:start position:0% +this now um so how can we get at this + + + align:start position:0% +this now um so how can we get at this +kind of thing in decoding um what you + + align:start position:0% +kind of thing in decoding um what you + + + align:start position:0% +kind of thing in decoding um what you +can do is you can train the classifier + + align:start position:0% +can do is you can train the classifier + + + align:start position:0% +can do is you can train the classifier +at one point in time and test at that + + align:start position:0% +at one point in time and test at that + + + align:start position:0% +at one point in time and test at that +point in time like we were doing before + + align:start position:0% +point in time like we were doing before + + + align:start position:0% +point in time like we were doing before +but you can also test at other points in + + align:start position:0% +but you can also test at other points in + + + align:start position:0% +but you can also test at other points in +time okay and so what happens is if you + + align:start position:0% +time okay and so what happens is if you + + + align:start position:0% +time okay and so what happens is if you +train at a point in time that should + + align:start position:0% +train at a point in time that should + + + align:start position:0% +train at a point in time that should +have the information and things are + + align:start position:0% +have the information and things are + + + align:start position:0% +have the information and things are +contained in a static code where there's + + align:start position:0% +contained in a static code where there's + + + align:start position:0% +contained in a static code where there's +just one pattern then if you test at + + align:start position:0% +just one pattern then if you test at + + + align:start position:0% +just one pattern then if you test at +other points in time you should do well + + align:start position:0% +other points in time you should do well + + + align:start position:0% +other points in time you should do well +right because you capture that pattern + + align:start position:0% +right because you capture that pattern + + + align:start position:0% +right because you capture that pattern +where there's good information and you + + align:start position:0% +where there's good information and you + + + align:start position:0% +where there's good information and you +should do well at other points in time + + align:start position:0% +should do well at other points in time + + + align:start position:0% +should do well at other points in time +um however if it's a changing pattern of + + align:start position:0% +um however if it's a changing pattern of + + + align:start position:0% +um however if it's a changing pattern of +neural activity then when you train at + + align:start position:0% +neural activity then when you train at + + + align:start position:0% +neural activity then when you train at +one point in time you won't do well at + + align:start position:0% +one point in time you won't do well at + + + align:start position:0% +one point in time you won't do well at +other points in time does that make + + align:start position:0% +other points in time does that make + + + align:start position:0% +other points in time does that make +sense + + align:start position:0% +sense + + + align:start position:0% +sense +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and so uh here here are the results + + align:start position:0% +and so uh here here are the results + + + align:start position:0% +and so uh here here are the results +um if I can if that will go away let me + + align:start position:0% +um if I can if that will go away let me + + + align:start position:0% +um if I can if that will go away let me +just Orient you here so so this is um + + align:start position:0% +just Orient you here so so this is um + + + align:start position:0% +just Orient you here so so this is um +the same experiment you know time of the + + align:start position:0% +the same experiment you know time of the + + + align:start position:0% +the same experiment you know time of the +first simulus time of the second simulus + + align:start position:0% +first simulus time of the second simulus + + + align:start position:0% +first simulus time of the second simulus +chance um this black Trace is what we + + align:start position:0% +chance um this black Trace is what we + + + align:start position:0% +chance um this black Trace is what we +saw before that was I was always + + align:start position:0% +saw before that was I was always + + + align:start position:0% +saw before that was I was always +plotting in red this is the standard + + align:start position:0% +plotting in red this is the standard + + + align:start position:0% +plotting in red this is the standard +decoding when I train in test at each + + align:start position:0% +decoding when I train in test at each + + + align:start position:0% +decoding when I train in test at each +point in time okay uh this blue Trace is + + align:start position:0% +point in time okay uh this blue Trace is + + + align:start position:0% +point in time okay uh this blue Trace is +where I train here and I test at all + + align:start position:0% +where I train here and I test at all + + + align:start position:0% +where I train here and I test at all +other points in time okay so if it's the + + align:start position:0% +other points in time okay so if it's the + + + align:start position:0% +other points in time okay so if it's the +case that there's one pattern coding the + + align:start position:0% +case that there's one pattern coding the + + + align:start position:0% +case that there's one pattern coding the +information what you're going to find is + + align:start position:0% +information what you're going to find is + + + align:start position:0% +information what you're going to find is +that as soon as that information becomes + + align:start position:0% +that as soon as that information becomes + + + align:start position:0% +that as soon as that information becomes +present it will fill out this whole + + align:start position:0% +present it will fill out this whole + + + align:start position:0% +present it will fill out this whole +curve right conversely if it's changing + + align:start position:0% +curve right conversely if it's changing + + + align:start position:0% +curve right conversely if it's changing +what you might see is just a + + align:start position:0% +what you might see is just a + + + align:start position:0% +what you might see is just a +localized um information just at one + + align:start position:0% +localized um information just at one + + + align:start position:0% +localized um information just at one +spot so let's take a look at the movie + + align:start position:0% +spot so let's take a look at the movie + + + align:start position:0% +spot so let's take a look at the movie +if that moves out of the way okay here + + align:start position:0% +if that moves out of the way okay here + + + align:start position:0% +if that moves out of the way okay here +is the Moment of Truth information is + + align:start position:0% +is the Moment of Truth information is + + + align:start position:0% +is the Moment of Truth information is +rising + + align:start position:0% +rising + + + align:start position:0% +rising +and what you see in this second delay + + align:start position:0% +and what you see in this second delay + + + align:start position:0% +and what you see in this second delay +period is is clearly we see this little + + align:start position:0% +period is is clearly we see this little + + + align:start position:0% +period is is clearly we see this little +Peak moving along okay so it's not that + + align:start position:0% +Peak moving along okay so it's not that + + + align:start position:0% +Peak moving along okay so it's not that +there's just one pattern that + + align:start position:0% +there's just one pattern that + + + align:start position:0% +there's just one pattern that +contains um information at all points in + + align:start position:0% +contains um information at all points in + + + align:start position:0% +contains um information at all points in +time but in fact it's a sequence of + + align:start position:0% +time but in fact it's a sequence of + + + align:start position:0% +time but in fact it's a sequence of +patterns that each contain that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +information so here are the results just + + align:start position:0% +information so here are the results just + + + align:start position:0% +information so here are the results just +plotted in a different format um this is + + align:start position:0% +plotted in a different format um this is + + + align:start position:0% +plotted in a different format um this is +what I call a temporal cross training + + align:start position:0% +what I call a temporal cross training + + + align:start position:0% +what I call a temporal cross training +plot because I train at one point and + + align:start position:0% +plot because I train at one point and + + + align:start position:0% +plot because I train at one point and +test at a different point in time um so + + align:start position:0% +test at a different point in time um so + + + align:start position:0% +test at a different point in time um so +this is the time I'm testing the + + align:start position:0% +this is the time I'm testing the + + + align:start position:0% +this is the time I'm testing the +classifier this is the time I'm training + + align:start position:0% +classifier this is the time I'm training + + + align:start position:0% +classifier this is the time I'm training +the classifier this is the passive + + align:start position:0% +the classifier this is the passive + + + align:start position:0% +the classifier this is the passive +fixation stage so there was no + + align:start position:0% +fixation stage so there was no + + + align:start position:0% +fixation stage so there was no +information in the population um and + + align:start position:0% +information in the population um and + + + align:start position:0% +information in the population um and +this is just how I often plot it what + + align:start position:0% +this is just how I often plot it what + + + align:start position:0% +this is just how I often plot it what +you see is there's this big diagonal + + align:start position:0% +you see is there's this big diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +you see is there's this big diagonal +band here you see it's like widening a + + align:start position:0% +band here you see it's like widening a + + + align:start position:0% +band here you see it's like widening a +bit so it might be hitting some sort of + + align:start position:0% +bit so it might be hitting some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +bit so it might be hitting some sort of +stationary point there um but you can + + align:start position:0% +stationary point there um but you can + + + align:start position:0% +stationary point there um but you can +see that you know clearly there's this + + align:start position:0% +see that you know clearly there's this + + + align:start position:0% +see that you know clearly there's this +these Dynamics happening right and we + + align:start position:0% +these Dynamics happening right and we + + + align:start position:0% +these Dynamics happening right and we +can we can go and we can look at + + align:start position:0% +can we can go and we can look at + + + align:start position:0% +can we can go and we can look at +individual neurons so these are actually + + align:start position:0% +individual neurons so these are actually + + + align:start position:0% +individual neurons so these are actually +the three most selective neurons they're + + align:start position:0% +the three most selective neurons they're + + + align:start position:0% +the three most selective neurons they're +not randomly chosen um this is the red + + align:start position:0% +not randomly chosen um this is the red + + + align:start position:0% +not randomly chosen um this is the red +is the firing rate to the non-match + + align:start position:0% +is the firing rate to the non-match + + + align:start position:0% +is the firing rate to the non-match +trials blue is the firing rate to the + + align:start position:0% +trials blue is the firing rate to the + + + align:start position:0% +trials blue is the firing rate to the +match trials this neuron has a pretty + + align:start position:0% +match trials this neuron has a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +match trials this neuron has a pretty +Wide Window of selectivity okay this + + align:start position:0% +Wide Window of selectivity okay this + + + align:start position:0% +Wide Window of selectivity okay this +this other neuron here has a really + + align:start position:0% +this other neuron here has a really + + + align:start position:0% +this other neuron here has a really +small window right there's just this + + align:start position:0% +small window right there's just this + + + align:start position:0% +small window right there's just this +little blip where it's more selective or + + align:start position:0% +little blip where it's more selective or + + + align:start position:0% +little blip where it's more selective or +has a higher fing rate to not match + + align:start position:0% +has a higher fing rate to not match + + + align:start position:0% +has a higher fing rate to not match +compared to match okay it's these + + align:start position:0% +compared to match okay it's these + + + align:start position:0% +compared to match okay it's these +neurons that have these little kind of + + align:start position:0% +neurons that have these little kind of + + + align:start position:0% +neurons that have these little kind of +blips that are giving rise to that + + align:start position:0% +blips that are giving rise to that + + + align:start position:0% +blips that are giving rise to that +Dynamics here's something else we can + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics here's something else we can + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics here's something else we can +ask about with the Paradigm of + + align:start position:0% +ask about with the Paradigm of + + + align:start position:0% +ask about with the Paradigm of +um you know asking coding questions what + + align:start position:0% +um you know asking coding questions what + + + align:start position:0% +um you know asking coding questions what +we're going to do here is we're going to + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do here is we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do here is we're going to +try a bunch of different classifiers and + + align:start position:0% +try a bunch of different classifiers and + + + align:start position:0% +try a bunch of different classifiers and +here you know these are some questions + + align:start position:0% +here you know these are some questions + + + align:start position:0% +here you know these are some questions +that kind of came up but can we tweak + + align:start position:0% +that kind of came up but can we tweak + + + align:start position:0% +that kind of came up but can we tweak +the classifier to understand a little + + align:start position:0% +the classifier to understand a little + + + align:start position:0% +the classifier to understand a little +bit more about population code so here's + + align:start position:0% +bit more about population code so here's + + + align:start position:0% +bit more about population code so here's +a you know fairly simple example but I + + align:start position:0% +a you know fairly simple example but I + + + align:start position:0% +a you know fairly simple example but I +compared three different classifiers um + + align:start position:0% +compared three different classifiers um + + + align:start position:0% +compared three different classifiers um +and the question I wanted to get at was + + align:start position:0% +and the question I wanted to get at was + + + align:start position:0% +and the question I wanted to get at was +is information coded in the total + + align:start position:0% +is information coded in the total + + + align:start position:0% +is information coded in the total +activity of a population or is it coded + + align:start position:0% +activity of a population or is it coded + + + align:start position:0% +activity of a population or is it coded +um more so in the relative activity of + + align:start position:0% +um more so in the relative activity of + + + align:start position:0% +um more so in the relative activity of +different neurons so you know in + + align:start position:0% +different neurons so you know in + + + align:start position:0% +different neurons so you know in +particular in the face patches we see + + align:start position:0% +particular in the face patches we see + + + align:start position:0% +particular in the face patches we see +that um information of all neurons + + align:start position:0% +that um information of all neurons + + + align:start position:0% +that um information of all neurons +increases to faces but if you think + + align:start position:0% +increases to faces but if you think + + + align:start position:0% +increases to faces but if you think +about that from a or maybe not + + align:start position:0% +about that from a or maybe not + + + align:start position:0% +about that from a or maybe not +information but the firing rate + + align:start position:0% +information but the firing rate + + + align:start position:0% +information but the firing rate +increases to all faces right but if the + + align:start position:0% +increases to all faces right but if the + + + align:start position:0% +increases to all faces right but if the +firing rate increases to all faces + + align:start position:0% +firing rate increases to all faces + + + align:start position:0% +firing rate increases to all faces +you've lost dynamic range and you can't + + align:start position:0% +you've lost dynamic range and you can't + + + align:start position:0% +you've lost dynamic range and you can't +really you know tell what's happening + + align:start position:0% +really you know tell what's happening + + + align:start position:0% +really you know tell what's happening +for individual faces right so what I + + align:start position:0% +for individual faces right so what I + + + align:start position:0% +for individual faces right so what I +wanted to know was how much information + + align:start position:0% +wanted to know was how much information + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to know was how much information +is coded by this overall Shift versus + + align:start position:0% +is coded by this overall Shift versus + + + align:start position:0% +is coded by this overall Shift versus +patterns okay so what I did here was I + + align:start position:0% +patterns okay so what I did here was I + + + align:start position:0% +patterns okay so what I did here was I +used a panase classifier which takes + + align:start position:0% +used a panase classifier which takes + + + align:start position:0% +used a panase classifier which takes +into account both the overall magnitude + + align:start position:0% +into account both the overall magnitude + + + align:start position:0% +into account both the overall magnitude +and also the patterns I used a + + align:start position:0% +and also the patterns I used a + + + align:start position:0% +and also the patterns I used a +classifier uh minimum angle that took + + align:start position:0% +classifier uh minimum angle that took + + + align:start position:0% +classifier uh minimum angle that took +only the patterns into account and I + + align:start position:0% +only the patterns into account and I + + + align:start position:0% +only the patterns into account and I +used a classifier called the total + + align:start position:0% +used a classifier called the total + + + align:start position:0% +used a classifier called the total +population activity that only took the + + align:start position:0% +population activity that only took the + + + align:start position:0% +population activity that only took the +average activity of the whole population + + align:start position:0% +average activity of the whole population + + + align:start position:0% +average activity of the whole population +okay this classifier is pretty dumb but + + align:start position:0% +okay this classifier is pretty dumb but + + + align:start position:0% +okay this classifier is pretty dumb but +in a certain sense it's what FM is doing + + align:start position:0% +in a certain sense it's what FM is doing + + + align:start position:0% +in a certain sense it's what FM is doing +right just averaging all your neurons + + align:start position:0% +right just averaging all your neurons + + + align:start position:0% +right just averaging all your neurons +together in in okay so it's a little bit + + align:start position:0% +together in in okay so it's a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +together in in okay so it's a little bit +of a proxy there's paper also by um Eli + + align:start position:0% +of a proxy there's paper also by um Eli + + + align:start position:0% +of a proxy there's paper also by um Eli +Jim De Carlo where they showed that fmri + + align:start position:0% +Jim De Carlo where they showed that fmri + + + align:start position:0% +Jim De Carlo where they showed that fmri +is actually fairly somewhat strongly + + align:start position:0% +is actually fairly somewhat strongly + + + align:start position:0% +is actually fairly somewhat strongly +correlated with the average activity of + + align:start position:0% +correlated with the average activity of + + + align:start position:0% +correlated with the average activity of +a whole population so um okay so let's + + align:start position:0% +a whole population so um okay so let's + + + align:start position:0% +a whole population so um okay so let's +see how these these classifiers uh + + align:start position:0% +see how these these classifiers uh + + + align:start position:0% +see how these these classifiers uh +compare to each other to see uh where + + align:start position:0% +compare to each other to see uh where + + + align:start position:0% +compare to each other to see uh where +the information is being coded in the + + align:start position:0% +the information is being coded in the + + + align:start position:0% +the information is being coded in the +activity uh again I'm going to use this + + align:start position:0% +activity uh again I'm going to use this + + + align:start position:0% +activity uh again I'm going to use this +study um from Doris and vinr um where + + align:start position:0% +study um from Doris and vinr um where + + + align:start position:0% +study um from Doris and vinr um where +we're going to be looking at the pose + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be looking at the pose + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be looking at the pose +specific face information just as an + + align:start position:0% +specific face information just as an + + + align:start position:0% +specific face information just as an +example so this is decoding those 25 + + align:start position:0% +example so this is decoding those 25 + + + align:start position:0% +example so this is decoding those 25 +individuals when they're shown trained + + align:start position:0% +individuals when they're shown trained + + + align:start position:0% +individuals when they're shown trained +and tested at the exact same head pose + + align:start position:0% +and tested at the exact same head pose + + + align:start position:0% +and tested at the exact same head pose +okay um and so um what we see is we see + + align:start position:0% +okay um and so um what we see is we see + + + align:start position:0% +okay um and so um what we see is we see +that when we use the pan na Bas + + align:start position:0% +that when we use the pan na Bas + + + align:start position:0% +that when we use the pan na Bas +classifier that took the pattern and + + align:start position:0% +classifier that took the pattern and + + + align:start position:0% +classifier that took the pattern and +also the total activity into account um + + align:start position:0% +also the total activity into account um + + + align:start position:0% +also the total activity into account um +and when we use the the classifier that + + align:start position:0% +and when we use the the classifier that + + + align:start position:0% +and when we use the the classifier that +took just the pattern into account the + + align:start position:0% +took just the pattern into account the + + + align:start position:0% +took just the pattern into account the +minimum angle we're getting um similar + + align:start position:0% +minimum angle we're getting um similar + + + align:start position:0% +minimum angle we're getting um similar +results so the overall activity was not + + align:start position:0% +results so the overall activity was not + + + align:start position:0% +results so the overall activity was not +really adding much but if you just use + + align:start position:0% +really adding much but if you just use + + + align:start position:0% +really adding much but if you just use +the overall activity by itself it was + + align:start position:0% +the overall activity by itself it was + + + align:start position:0% +the overall activity by itself it was +pretty poor okay so this is again + + align:start position:0% +pretty poor okay so this is again + + + align:start position:0% +pretty poor okay so this is again +touching on something about what Rebecca + + align:start position:0% +touching on something about what Rebecca + + + align:start position:0% +touching on something about what Rebecca +said when you start averaging you could + + align:start position:0% +said when you start averaging you could + + + align:start position:0% +said when you start averaging you could +lose a lot and so you might be blind to + + align:start position:0% +lose a lot and so you might be blind to + + + align:start position:0% +lose a lot and so you might be blind to +a lot of what's going on if you're just + + align:start position:0% +a lot of what's going on if you're just + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of what's going on if you're just +using voxal okay + + align:start position:0% +using voxal okay + + + align:start position:0% +using voxal okay +so there is reasons to do invasive + + align:start position:0% +so there is reasons to do invasive + + + align:start position:0% +so there is reasons to do invasive +recordings + + align:start position:0% +recordings + + + align:start position:0% +recordings +okay all + + align:start position:0% +okay all + + + align:start position:0% +okay all +right um and I think this might be my + + align:start position:0% +right um and I think this might be my + + + align:start position:0% +right um and I think this might be my +last point in terms of neural coding um + + align:start position:0% +last point in terms of neural coding um + + + align:start position:0% +last point in terms of neural coding um +but this is the question of the neural + + align:start position:0% +but this is the question of the neural + + + align:start position:0% +but this is the question of the neural +independent neuron code so is there more + + align:start position:0% +independent neuron code so is there more + + + align:start position:0% +independent neuron code so is there more +activity if you took into account the uh + + align:start position:0% +activity if you took into account the uh + + + align:start position:0% +activity if you took into account the uh +joint activity of all neurons + + align:start position:0% +joint activity of all neurons + + + align:start position:0% +joint activity of all neurons +simultaneously so if you had + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously so if you had + + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously so if you had +simultaneous recordings and took that + + align:start position:0% +simultaneous recordings and took that + + + align:start position:0% +simultaneous recordings and took that +into account versus the pseudo + + align:start position:0% +into account versus the pseudo + + + align:start position:0% +into account versus the pseudo +populations I'm doing where you um are + + align:start position:0% +populations I'm doing where you um are + + + align:start position:0% +populations I'm doing where you um are +treating each neuron as if they were + + align:start position:0% +treating each neuron as if they were + + + align:start position:0% +treating each neuron as if they were +statistically independent okay um and so + + align:start position:0% +statistically independent okay um and so + + + align:start position:0% +statistically independent okay um and so +this is a very very simple analysis um + + align:start position:0% +this is a very very simple analysis um + + + align:start position:0% +this is a very very simple analysis um +here I just did the decoding on uh in an + + align:start position:0% +here I just did the decoding on uh in an + + + align:start position:0% +here I just did the decoding on uh in an +experiment where we had simultaneous + + align:start position:0% +experiment where we had simultaneous + + + align:start position:0% +experiment where we had simultaneous +recordings and compared it to using that + + align:start position:0% +recordings and compared it to using that + + + align:start position:0% +recordings and compared it to using that +same data but using pseudo populations + + align:start position:0% +same data but using pseudo populations + + + align:start position:0% +same data but using pseudo populations +on that data okay using very simple + + align:start position:0% +on that data okay using very simple + + + align:start position:0% +on that data okay using very simple +classifiers okay um and so here are the + + align:start position:0% +classifiers okay um and so here are the + + + align:start position:0% +classifiers okay um and so here are the +results uh what I found was that um in + + align:start position:0% +results uh what I found was that um in + + + align:start position:0% +results uh what I found was that um in +this one case there was a little bit + + align:start position:0% +this one case there was a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +this one case there was a little bit +extra information in the simultaneous + + align:start position:0% +extra information in the simultaneous + + + align:start position:0% +extra information in the simultaneous +recordings as compared to the pseudo + + align:start position:0% +recordings as compared to the pseudo + + + align:start position:0% +recordings as compared to the pseudo +populations okay but you know it + + align:start position:0% +populations okay but you know it + + + align:start position:0% +populations okay but you know it +wouldn't really change many of your + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't really change many of your + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't really change many of your +conclusions about what's happening it's + + align:start position:0% +conclusions about what's happening it's + + + align:start position:0% +conclusions about what's happening it's +like you know 5% increase or something + + align:start position:0% +like you know 5% increase or something + + + align:start position:0% +like you know 5% increase or something +and then this has been seen in a lot of + + align:start position:0% +and then this has been seen in a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +and then this has been seen in a lot of +the literature this is the question of + + align:start position:0% +the literature this is the question of + + + align:start position:0% +the literature this is the question of +temporal Precision or was this sometimes + + align:start position:0% +temporal Precision or was this sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +temporal Precision or was this sometimes +called temporal coding what happens you + + align:start position:0% +called temporal coding what happens you + + + align:start position:0% +called temporal coding what happens you +know some of the experiments I was using + + align:start position:0% +know some of the experiments I was using + + + align:start position:0% +know some of the experiments I was using +100 millisecond bin sometimes I was + + align:start position:0% +100 millisecond bin sometimes I was + + + align:start position:0% +100 millisecond bin sometimes I was +using 500 what happens when you change + + align:start position:0% +using 500 what happens when you change + + + align:start position:0% +using 500 what happens when you change +the bin size what happens this is pretty + + align:start position:0% +the bin size what happens this is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +the bin size what happens this is pretty +clear again from a lot of studies that + + align:start position:0% +clear again from a lot of studies that + + + align:start position:0% +clear again from a lot of studies that +I've done um when you increase the bin + + align:start position:0% +I've done um when you increase the bin + + + align:start position:0% +I've done um when you increase the bin +size generally the decoding accuracy + + align:start position:0% +size generally the decoding accuracy + + + align:start position:0% +size generally the decoding accuracy +goes up okay what you lose is temporal + + align:start position:0% +goes up okay what you lose is temporal + + + align:start position:0% +goes up okay what you lose is temporal +Precision right because now you're + + align:start position:0% +Precision right because now you're + + + align:start position:0% +Precision right because now you're +bluring over a much bigger area so in + + align:start position:0% +bluring over a much bigger area so in + + + align:start position:0% +bluring over a much bigger area so in +terms of your understanding what's going + + align:start position:0% +terms of your understanding what's going + + + align:start position:0% +terms of your understanding what's going +on um you have to find the right point + + align:start position:0% +on um you have to find the right point + + + align:start position:0% +on um you have to find the right point +between um having a very clear result by + + align:start position:0% +between um having a very clear result by + + + align:start position:0% +between um having a very clear result by +having a very bin versus is you caring + + align:start position:0% +having a very bin versus is you caring + + + align:start position:0% +having a very bin versus is you caring +about the timing information and using a + + align:start position:0% +about the timing information and using a + + + align:start position:0% +about the timing information and using a +smaller bin okay + + align:start position:0% +smaller bin okay + + + align:start position:0% +smaller bin okay +but and you know I haven't seen that i' + + align:start position:0% +but and you know I haven't seen that i' + + + align:start position:0% +but and you know I haven't seen that i' +need like one millisecond resolution or + + align:start position:0% +need like one millisecond resolution or + + + align:start position:0% +need like one millisecond resolution or +a very complicated classifier that's + + align:start position:0% +a very complicated classifier that's + + + align:start position:0% +a very complicated classifier that's +taking every single Spike time into + + align:start position:0% +taking every single Spike time into + + + align:start position:0% +taking every single Spike time into +account to help me but again I haven't + + align:start position:0% +account to help me but again I haven't + + + align:start position:0% +account to help me but again I haven't +exploited this as ful as I could so it'd + + align:start position:0% +exploited this as ful as I could so it'd + + + align:start position:0% +exploited this as ful as I could so it'd +be interesting you know for someone to + + align:start position:0% +be interesting you know for someone to + + + align:start position:0% +be interesting you know for someone to +use a method people really love the + + align:start position:0% +use a method people really love the + + + align:start position:0% +use a method people really love the +claim that things are coded in patterns + + align:start position:0% +claim that things are coded in patterns + + + align:start position:0% +claim that things are coded in patterns +in time and you know if you want to go + + align:start position:0% +in time and you know if you want to go + + + align:start position:0% +in time and you know if you want to go +for it show me it I've got some data + + align:start position:0% +for it show me it I've got some data + + + align:start position:0% +for it show me it I've got some data +available build a classifier that does + + align:start position:0% +available build a classifier that does + + + align:start position:0% +available build a classifier that does +that and can compare it but I haven't + + align:start position:0% +that and can compare it but I haven't + + + align:start position:0% +that and can compare it but I haven't +seen it + + align:start position:0% +seen it + + + align:start position:0% +seen it +yet okay um so summary of the neural + + align:start position:0% +yet okay um so summary of the neural + + + align:start position:0% +yet okay um so summary of the neural +coding um decoding allows you to examine + + align:start position:0% +coding um decoding allows you to examine + + + align:start position:0% +coding um decoding allows you to examine +uh many questions um such as is there a + + align:start position:0% +uh many questions um such as is there a + + + align:start position:0% +uh many questions um such as is there a +compact code so is there just a few + + align:start position:0% +compact code so is there just a few + + + align:start position:0% +compact code so is there just a few +neurons that has all the information is + + align:start position:0% +neurons that has all the information is + + + align:start position:0% +neurons that has all the information is +there a dynamic code so is the pattern + + align:start position:0% +there a dynamic code so is the pattern + + + align:start position:0% +there a dynamic code so is the pattern +of activity that's coding information + + align:start position:0% +of activity that's coding information + + + align:start position:0% +of activity that's coding information +changing in time um are neurons + + align:start position:0% +changing in time um are neurons + + + align:start position:0% +changing in time um are neurons +independent or is there more information + + align:start position:0% +independent or is there more information + + + align:start position:0% +independent or is there more information +coded in their joint activity um and + + align:start position:0% +coded in their joint activity um and + + + align:start position:0% +coded in their joint activity um and +what is the temporal precision and this + + align:start position:0% +what is the temporal precision and this + + + align:start position:0% +what is the temporal precision and this +is again not an any other questions you + + align:start position:0% +is again not an any other questions you + + + align:start position:0% +is again not an any other questions you +could ask okay um any other questions + + align:start position:0% +could ask okay um any other questions + + + align:start position:0% +could ask okay um any other questions +about the neural + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coding okay um just a few other things + + align:start position:0% +coding okay um just a few other things + + + align:start position:0% +coding okay um just a few other things +to mention um so you know I was talking + + align:start position:0% +to mention um so you know I was talking + + + align:start position:0% +to mention um so you know I was talking +all about basically spiking data but you + + align:start position:0% +all about basically spiking data but you + + + align:start position:0% +all about basically spiking data but you +can also do decoding from meeg data so + + align:start position:0% +can also do decoding from meeg data so + + + align:start position:0% +can also do decoding from meeg data so +there was a great study by Lea where she + + align:start position:0% +there was a great study by Lea where she + + + align:start position:0% +there was a great study by Lea where she +um tried to decode from mg signals U + + align:start position:0% +um tried to decode from mg signals U + + + align:start position:0% +um tried to decode from mg signals U +here's just one example from that paper + + align:start position:0% +here's just one example from that paper + + + align:start position:0% +here's just one example from that paper +where um she was trying to code which + + align:start position:0% +where um she was trying to code which + + + align:start position:0% +where um she was trying to code which +letter of the alphabet um or at least 25 + + align:start position:0% +letter of the alphabet um or at least 25 + + + align:start position:0% +letter of the alphabet um or at least 25 +of the 26 letters was shown to a subject + + align:start position:0% +of the 26 letters was shown to a subject + + + align:start position:0% +of the 26 letters was shown to a subject +in a human subject in mg scanner um you + + align:start position:0% +in a human subject in mg scanner um you + + + align:start position:0% +in a human subject in mg scanner um you +know you see is very nice you know + + align:start position:0% +know you see is very nice you know + + + align:start position:0% +know you see is very nice you know +people are not psychic either um and + + align:start position:0% +people are not psychic either um and + + + align:start position:0% +people are not psychic either um and +then at the time slightly after the + + align:start position:0% +then at the time slightly after the + + + align:start position:0% +then at the time slightly after the +stimulus is shown you can decode quite + + align:start position:0% +stimulus is shown you can decode quite + + + align:start position:0% +stimulus is shown you can decode quite +well okay things are you know above + + align:start position:0% +well okay things are you know above + + + align:start position:0% +well okay things are you know above +chance and then she went on to examine + + align:start position:0% +chance and then she went on to examine + + + align:start position:0% +chance and then she went on to examine +um you know position and variance in + + align:start position:0% +um you know position and variance in + + + align:start position:0% +um you know position and variance in +different parts of the brain and the + + align:start position:0% +different parts of the brain and the + + + align:start position:0% +different parts of the brain and the +timing of that so you can check out that + + align:start position:0% +timing of that so you can check out that + + + align:start position:0% +timing of that so you can check out that +paper as + + align:start position:0% +paper as + + + align:start position:0% +paper as +well okay + + align:start position:0% +well okay + + + align:start position:0% +well okay +and uh as + + align:start position:0% +and uh as + + + align:start position:0% +and uh as +um as Rebecca mentioned um this kind of + + align:start position:0% +um as Rebecca mentioned um this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +um as Rebecca mentioned um this kind of +approach is really taken off an fmri + + align:start position:0% +approach is really taken off an fmri + + + align:start position:0% +approach is really taken off an fmri +here are three different toolboxes you + + align:start position:0% +here are three different toolboxes you + + + align:start position:0% +here are three different toolboxes you +could use if you're doing fmri um so I + + align:start position:0% +could use if you're doing fmri um so I + + + align:start position:0% +could use if you're doing fmri um so I +wrote a toolbox I'll talk about in a + + align:start position:0% +wrote a toolbox I'll talk about in a + + + align:start position:0% +wrote a toolbox I'll talk about in a +minute to do neural decoding and I + + align:start position:0% +minute to do neural decoding and I + + + align:start position:0% +minute to do neural decoding and I +recommend it for that but if you're + + align:start position:0% +recommend it for that but if you're + + + align:start position:0% +recommend it for that but if you're +going to do fmri decoding um you + + align:start position:0% +going to do fmri decoding um you + + + align:start position:0% +going to do fmri decoding um you +probably are better off using one of + + align:start position:0% +probably are better off using one of + + + align:start position:0% +probably are better off using one of +these tool boxes because they have um + + align:start position:0% +these tool boxes because they have um + + + align:start position:0% +these tool boxes because they have um +certain things that are FM specific such + + align:start position:0% +certain things that are FM specific such + + + align:start position:0% +certain things that are FM specific such +as mapping back to voxal that my tool + + align:start position:0% +as mapping back to voxal that my tool + + + align:start position:0% +as mapping back to voxal that my tool +boox doesn't have although you could in + + align:start position:0% +boox doesn't have although you could in + + + align:start position:0% +boox doesn't have although you could in +principle throw F add into my toolbx as + + align:start position:0% +principle throw F add into my toolbx as + + + align:start position:0% +principle throw F add into my toolbx as +well okay um and then you know all the + + align:start position:0% +well okay um and then you know all the + + + align:start position:0% +well okay um and then you know all the +studies so far I've mentioned have had + + align:start position:0% +studies so far I've mentioned have had + + + align:start position:0% +studies so far I've mentioned have had +kind of structure where every trial is + + align:start position:0% +kind of structure where every trial is + + + align:start position:0% +kind of structure where every trial is +exactly the same length as Tyler pointed + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same length as Tyler pointed + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same length as Tyler pointed +out um and if you wanted to do something + + align:start position:0% +out um and if you wanted to do something + + + align:start position:0% +out um and if you wanted to do something +where it wasn't that structure that well + + align:start position:0% +where it wasn't that structure that well + + + align:start position:0% +where it wasn't that structure that well +such as decoding from a rat running + + align:start position:0% +such as decoding from a rat running + + + align:start position:0% +such as decoding from a rat running +around a maze where it wasn't always + + align:start position:0% +around a maze where it wasn't always + + + align:start position:0% +around a maze where it wasn't always +doing things in the same um amount of + + align:start position:0% +doing things in the same um amount of + + + align:start position:0% +doing things in the same um amount of +time uh there's a toolbox um that came + + align:start position:0% +time uh there's a toolbox um that came + + + align:start position:0% +time uh there's a toolbox um that came +out of Emory Brown's + + align:start position:0% +out of Emory Brown's + + + align:start position:0% +out of Emory Brown's +lab um that should hopefully enable you + + align:start position:0% +lab um that should hopefully enable you + + + align:start position:0% +lab um that should hopefully enable you +to do some of those kinds of + + align:start position:0% +to do some of those kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +to do some of those kinds of +analyses + + align:start position:0% +analyses + + + align:start position:0% +analyses +okay all right let me just briefly talk + + align:start position:0% +okay all right let me just briefly talk + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right let me just briefly talk +about some limitations to decoding um + + align:start position:0% +about some limitations to decoding um + + + align:start position:0% +about some limitations to decoding um +just like Rebecca did with the downer at + + align:start position:0% +just like Rebecca did with the downer at + + + align:start position:0% +just like Rebecca did with the downer at +the end um so some limitations are this + + align:start position:0% +the end um so some limitations are this + + + align:start position:0% +the end um so some limitations are this +is a hypothesis Bas method so we have + + align:start position:0% +is a hypothesis Bas method so we have + + + align:start position:0% +is a hypothesis Bas method so we have +specific questions in mind that test and + + align:start position:0% +specific questions in mind that test and + + + align:start position:0% +specific questions in mind that test and +then we can assess whether those + + align:start position:0% +then we can assess whether those + + + align:start position:0% +then we can assess whether those +questions are answered or not to to a + + align:start position:0% +questions are answered or not to to a + + + align:start position:0% +questions are answered or not to to a +certain degree right um so that's kind + + align:start position:0% +certain degree right um so that's kind + + + align:start position:0% +certain degree right um so that's kind +of a good thing but it's also a down + + align:start position:0% +of a good thing but it's also a down + + + align:start position:0% +of a good thing but it's also a down +thing like if we didn't think about the + + align:start position:0% +thing like if we didn't think about the + + + align:start position:0% +thing like if we didn't think about the +right question that we're not going to + + align:start position:0% +right question that we're not going to + + + align:start position:0% +right question that we're not going to +see it right so there could be a lot + + align:start position:0% +see it right so there could be a lot + + + align:start position:0% +see it right so there could be a lot +happening in our activity that we just + + align:start position:0% +happening in our activity that we just + + + align:start position:0% +happening in our activity that we just +didn't think to ask + + align:start position:0% +didn't think to ask + + + align:start position:0% +didn't think to ask +about um and so unsupervised learning + + align:start position:0% +about um and so unsupervised learning + + + align:start position:0% +about um and so unsupervised learning +methods might get at some of that you + + align:start position:0% +methods might get at some of that you + + + align:start position:0% +methods might get at some of that you +could see about how much is the variable + + align:start position:0% +could see about how much is the variable + + + align:start position:0% +could see about how much is the variable +of interest you're interested in + + align:start position:0% +of interest you're interested in + + + align:start position:0% +of interest you're interested in +accounting for the total variability in + + align:start position:0% +accounting for the total variability in + + + align:start position:0% +accounting for the total variability in +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +population um also I I hinted at this + + align:start position:0% +population um also I I hinted at this + + + align:start position:0% +population um also I I hinted at this +throughout the talk uh just because + + align:start position:0% +throughout the talk uh just because + + + align:start position:0% +throughout the talk uh just because +information is present doesn't mean it's + + align:start position:0% +information is present doesn't mean it's + + + align:start position:0% +information is present doesn't mean it's +used okay the back of the head stuff + + align:start position:0% +used okay the back of the head stuff + + + align:start position:0% +used okay the back of the head stuff +might be an example of that or not I + + align:start position:0% +might be an example of that or not I + + + align:start position:0% +might be an example of that or not I +don't know but uh you just have to + + align:start position:0% +don't know but uh you just have to + + + align:start position:0% +don't know but uh you just have to +interpret the results and don't + + align:start position:0% +interpret the results and don't + + + align:start position:0% +interpret the results and don't +information there there therefore this + + align:start position:0% +information there there therefore this + + + align:start position:0% +information there there therefore this +is the brain region doing x a lot of + + align:start position:0% +is the brain region doing x a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +is the brain region doing x a lot of +stuff can kind of sneak in um timing + + align:start position:0% +stuff can kind of sneak in um timing + + + align:start position:0% +stuff can kind of sneak in um timing +information can be also uh really + + align:start position:0% +information can be also uh really + + + align:start position:0% +information can be also uh really +interesting I've been exploring this + + align:start position:0% +interesting I've been exploring this + + + align:start position:0% +interesting I've been exploring this +summer so um if you can know the + + align:start position:0% +summer so um if you can know the + + + align:start position:0% +summer so um if you can know the +relative timing when information is in + + align:start position:0% +relative timing when information is in + + + align:start position:0% +relative timing when information is in +one brain engion versus another you can + + align:start position:0% +one brain engion versus another you can + + + align:start position:0% +one brain engion versus another you can +tell you a lot about um kind of the flow + + align:start position:0% +tell you a lot about um kind of the flow + + + align:start position:0% +tell you a lot about um kind of the flow +of information the computations that + + align:start position:0% +of information the computations that + + + align:start position:0% +of information the computations that +brain region might be doing so I think + + align:start position:0% +brain region might be doing so I think + + + align:start position:0% +brain region might be doing so I think +that's another very promising out to + + align:start position:0% +that's another very promising out to + + + align:start position:0% +that's another very promising out to +explore um also decoding kind of focuses + + align:start position:0% +explore um also decoding kind of focuses + + + align:start position:0% +explore um also decoding kind of focuses +on the computational rather level or + + align:start position:0% +on the computational rather level or + + + align:start position:0% +on the computational rather level or +algorithmic level or really neural + + align:start position:0% +algorithmic level or really neural + + + align:start position:0% +algorithmic level or really neural +representations if you thought about + + align:start position:0% +representations if you thought about + + + align:start position:0% +representations if you thought about +Mars three levels it doesn't talk about + + align:start position:0% +Mars three levels it doesn't talk about + + + align:start position:0% +Mars three levels it doesn't talk about +this kind of implementational + + align:start position:0% +this kind of implementational + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of implementational +mechanistic level right so just not one + + align:start position:0% +mechanistic level right so just not one + + + align:start position:0% +mechanistic level right so just not one +thing it can do now if you have the flow + + align:start position:0% +thing it can do now if you have the flow + + + align:start position:0% +thing it can do now if you have the flow +of information going through an area and + + align:start position:0% +of information going through an area and + + + align:start position:0% +of information going through an area and +you understand that well and what's + + align:start position:0% +you understand that well and what's + + + align:start position:0% +you understand that well and what's +being represented I think you might be + + align:start position:0% +being represented I think you might be + + + align:start position:0% +being represented I think you might be +able to back out some of these + + align:start position:0% +able to back out some of these + + + align:start position:0% +able to back out some of these +mechanisms or processes of how that + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms or processes of how that + + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms or processes of how that +could be built up but in out of itself + + align:start position:0% +could be built up but in out of itself + + + align:start position:0% +could be built up but in out of itself +decoding doesn't give you + + align:start position:0% +decoding doesn't give you + + + align:start position:0% +decoding doesn't give you +that um also decod methods + + align:start position:0% +that um also decod methods + + + align:start position:0% +that um also decod methods +computationally can be intensive um + + align:start position:0% +computationally can be intensive um + + + align:start position:0% +computationally can be intensive um +an hour if you do something really + + align:start position:0% +an hour if you do something really + + + align:start position:0% +an hour if you do something really +complicated take you a week uh to run + + align:start position:0% +complicated take you a week uh to run + + + align:start position:0% +complicated take you a week uh to run +something very elaborate you know + + align:start position:0% +something very elaborate you know + + + align:start position:0% +something very elaborate you know +sometimes it can be quick and you can do + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it can be quick and you can do + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it can be quick and you can do +it in a few minutes but it's certainly a + + align:start position:0% +it in a few minutes but it's certainly a + + + align:start position:0% +it in a few minutes but it's certainly a +lot quicker a lot slower than doing + + align:start position:0% +lot quicker a lot slower than doing + + + align:start position:0% +lot quicker a lot slower than doing +something like a selectivity Index right + + align:start position:0% +something like a selectivity Index right + + + align:start position:0% +something like a selectivity Index right +where you just done in two seconds and + + align:start position:0% +where you just done in two seconds and + + + align:start position:0% +where you just done in two seconds and +then you have the wrong answer right + + align:start position:0% +then you have the wrong answer right + + + align:start position:0% +then you have the wrong answer right +away so + + align:start position:0% +away so + + + align:start position:0% +away so +okay um okay let me just spend like five + + align:start position:0% +okay um okay let me just spend like five + + + align:start position:0% +okay um okay let me just spend like five +more minutes talking about this toolbx + + align:start position:0% +more minutes talking about this toolbx + + + align:start position:0% +more minutes talking about this toolbx +and then you can all go work on your + + align:start position:0% +and then you can all go work on your + + + align:start position:0% +and then you can all go work on your +projects to do what you want to do um so + + align:start position:0% +projects to do what you want to do um so + + + align:start position:0% +projects to do what you want to do um so +this is a toolbx I made called the neur + + align:start position:0% +this is a toolbx I made called the neur + + + align:start position:0% +this is a toolbx I made called the neur +decoding tool boox um there's a paper + + align:start position:0% +decoding tool boox um there's a paper + + + align:start position:0% +decoding tool boox um there's a paper +about it in Frontier is neuro + + align:start position:0% +about it in Frontier is neuro + + + align:start position:0% +about it in Frontier is neuro +informatics 2013 um and the whole point + + align:start position:0% +informatics 2013 um and the whole point + + + align:start position:0% +informatics 2013 um and the whole point +was to try to make it easy for people to + + align:start position:0% +was to try to make it easy for people to + + + align:start position:0% +was to try to make it easy for people to +do these analyses because + + align:start position:0% +do these analyses because + + + align:start position:0% +do these analyses because +I um and so basically here's like six + + align:start position:0% +I um and so basically here's like six + + + align:start position:0% +I um and so basically here's like six +lines of code um that if you ran it + + align:start position:0% +lines of code um that if you ran it + + + align:start position:0% +lines of code um that if you ran it +would do one of those analyses for you + + align:start position:0% +would do one of those analyses for you + + + align:start position:0% +would do one of those analyses for you +um and not only is it six lines of code + + align:start position:0% +um and not only is it six lines of code + + + align:start position:0% +um and not only is it six lines of code +but it's almost literally these exactly + + align:start position:0% +but it's almost literally these exactly + + + align:start position:0% +but it's almost literally these exactly +same six lines of code okay the only + + align:start position:0% +same six lines of code okay the only + + + align:start position:0% +same six lines of code okay the only +thing you like replace would be your + + align:start position:0% +thing you like replace would be your + + + align:start position:0% +thing you like replace would be your +data rather than this data file okay and + + align:start position:0% +data rather than this data file okay and + + + align:start position:0% +data rather than this data file okay and +so um you know do + + align:start position:0% +so um you know do + + + align:start position:0% +so um you know do +um you know the whole idea behind it is + + align:start position:0% +um you know the whole idea behind it is + + + align:start position:0% +um you know the whole idea behind it is +it's kind of open science idea you know + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of open science idea you know + + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of open science idea you know +I want more transparency so I'm sharing + + align:start position:0% +I want more transparency so I'm sharing + + + align:start position:0% +I want more transparency so I'm sharing +my code if you use my code ultimately if + + align:start position:0% +my code if you use my code ultimately if + + + align:start position:0% +my code if you use my code ultimately if +you could share your data that would be + + align:start position:0% +you could share your data that would be + + + align:start position:0% +you could share your data that would be +great because I think I would have been + + align:start position:0% +great because I think I would have been + + + align:start position:0% +great because I think I would have been +able to develop any of the stuff if + + align:start position:0% +able to develop any of the stuff if + + + align:start position:0% +able to develop any of the stuff if +people haven't shared data with me I + + align:start position:0% +people haven't shared data with me I + + + align:start position:0% +people haven't shared data with me I +think we'll make a lot more clients if + + align:start position:0% +think we'll make a lot more clients if + + + align:start position:0% +think we'll make a lot more clients if +we're open in share + + align:start position:0% +we're open in share + + + align:start position:0% +we're open in share +okay there we go I'm a hippie all + + align:start position:0% +okay there we go I'm a hippie all + + + align:start position:0% +okay there we go I'm a hippie all +right um + + align:start position:0% +right um + + + align:start position:0% +right um +okay um and here's the for the toolbox + + align:start position:0% +okay um and here's the for the toolbox + + + align:start position:0% +okay um and here's the for the toolbox +ww. readout. info um uh just talk + + align:start position:0% +ww. readout. info um uh just talk + + + align:start position:0% +ww. readout. info um uh just talk +briefly a little bit more about the + + align:start position:0% +briefly a little bit more about the + + + align:start position:0% +briefly a little bit more about the +toolbox was designed is around um four + + align:start position:0% +toolbox was designed is around um four + + + align:start position:0% +toolbox was designed is around um four +abstract classes so these are kind of + + align:start position:0% +abstract classes so these are kind of + + + align:start position:0% +abstract classes so these are kind of +major pieces or objects that you can + + align:start position:0% +major pieces or objects that you can + + + align:start position:0% +major pieces or objects that you can +kind of swap in and out they're like + + align:start position:0% +kind of swap in and out they're like + + + align:start position:0% +kind of swap in and out they're like +components that allow you to do + + align:start position:0% +components that allow you to do + + + align:start position:0% +components that allow you to do +different things um so for example + + align:start position:0% +different things um so for example + + + align:start position:0% +different things um so for example +there's uh one of the components is a + + align:start position:0% +there's uh one of the components is a + + + align:start position:0% +there's uh one of the components is a +data source this creates the training + + align:start position:0% +data source this creates the training + + + align:start position:0% +data source this creates the training +and test set of data um that out in + + align:start position:0% +and test set of data um that out in + + + align:start position:0% +and test set of data um that out in +different ways like there's just a + + align:start position:0% +different ways like there's just a + + + align:start position:0% +different ways like there's just a +standard one but you can swap it out to + + align:start position:0% +standard one but you can swap it out to + + + align:start position:0% +standard one but you can swap it out to +do that um in variance or abstract + + align:start position:0% +do that um in variance or abstract + + + align:start position:0% +do that um in variance or abstract +analysis or you can do things like I + + align:start position:0% +analysis or you can do things like I + + + align:start position:0% +analysis or you can do things like I +guess change the different binning + + align:start position:0% +guess change the different binning + + + align:start position:0% +guess change the different binning +schemes within that um that piece of + + align:start position:0% +schemes within that um that piece of + + + align:start position:0% +schemes within that um that piece of +code so that's one component you can + + align:start position:0% +code so that's one component you can + + + align:start position:0% +code so that's one component you can +swap in and out another one are these + + align:start position:0% +swap in and out another one are these + + + align:start position:0% +swap in and out another one are these +pre-processors what they do is they + + align:start position:0% +pre-processors what they do is they + + + align:start position:0% +pre-processors what they do is they +pre-processing to your training data and + + align:start position:0% +pre-processing to your training data and + + + align:start position:0% +pre-processing to your training data and +then and then uh use those parameters + + align:start position:0% +then and then uh use those parameters + + + align:start position:0% +then and then uh use those parameters +that we learn on the training set to do + + align:start position:0% +that we learn on the training set to do + + + align:start position:0% +that we learn on the training set to do +some uh uh mechanics to the test set as + + align:start position:0% +some uh uh mechanics to the test set as + + + align:start position:0% +some uh uh mechanics to the test set as +well so for example when I was selecting + + align:start position:0% +well so for example when I was selecting + + + align:start position:0% +well so for example when I was selecting +the best neurons I used a pre-process + + align:start position:0% +the best neurons I used a pre-process + + + align:start position:0% +the best neurons I used a pre-process +that just eliminated found the good + + align:start position:0% +that just eliminated found the good + + + align:start position:0% +that just eliminated found the good +neurons in the training Set uh just use + + align:start position:0% +neurons in the training Set uh just use + + + align:start position:0% +neurons in the training Set uh just use +those and then also eliminated those + + align:start position:0% +those and then also eliminated those + + + align:start position:0% +those and then also eliminated those +neurons in the test set and so the + + align:start position:0% +neurons in the test set and so the + + + align:start position:0% +neurons in the test set and so the +different again components you can swap + + align:start position:0% +different again components you can swap + + + align:start position:0% +different again components you can swap +in and out with that um an obvious + + align:start position:0% +in and out with that um an obvious + + + align:start position:0% +in and out with that um an obvious +component you can swap in and out + + align:start position:0% +component you can swap in and out + + + align:start position:0% +component you can swap in and out +classifiers right you could throw in a + + align:start position:0% +classifiers right you could throw in a + + + align:start position:0% +classifiers right you could throw in a +classifier that takes correlations into + + align:start position:0% +classifier that takes correlations into + + + align:start position:0% +classifier that takes correlations into +account or doesn't or do whatever you + + align:start position:0% +account or doesn't or do whatever you + + + align:start position:0% +account or doesn't or do whatever you +want here you know use some highly + + align:start position:0% +want here you know use some highly + + + align:start position:0% +want here you know use some highly +nonlinear nonlinear thing and see is the + + align:start position:0% +nonlinear nonlinear thing and see is the + + + align:start position:0% +nonlinear nonlinear thing and see is the +brain doing it that way um and there's + + align:start position:0% +brain doing it that way um and there's + + + align:start position:0% +brain doing it that way um and there's +this final piece called a cross + + align:start position:0% +this final piece called a cross + + + align:start position:0% +this final piece called a cross +validator um it basically runs the whole + + align:start position:0% +validator um it basically runs the whole + + + align:start position:0% +validator um it basically runs the whole +cross validation Loop it pulls data from + + align:start position:0% +cross validation Loop it pulls data from + + + align:start position:0% +cross validation Loop it pulls data from +the data source creating training and + + align:start position:0% +the data source creating training and + + + align:start position:0% +the data source creating training and +test set sets it applies the fal appr + + align:start position:0% +test set sets it applies the fal appr + + + align:start position:0% +test set sets it applies the fal appr +processor it trains the classifier and + + align:start position:0% +processor it trains the classifier and + + + align:start position:0% +processor it trains the classifier and +reports the results generally I've only + + align:start position:0% +reports the results generally I've only + + + align:start position:0% +reports the results generally I've only +written one of these and it's pretty + + align:start position:0% +written one of these and it's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +written one of these and it's pretty +long and does a lot of different things + + align:start position:0% +long and does a lot of different things + + + align:start position:0% +long and does a lot of different things +like gives you different types of + + align:start position:0% +like gives you different types of + + + align:start position:0% +like gives you different types of +results so not just one loss but gives + + align:start position:0% +results so not just one loss but gives + + + align:start position:0% +results so not just one loss but gives +you Mutual information and all the other + + align:start position:0% +you Mutual information and all the other + + + align:start position:0% +you Mutual information and all the other +things but again if you wanted to you + + align:start position:0% +things but again if you wanted to you + + + align:start position:0% +things but again if you wanted to you +could expand on that and do the cross + + align:start position:0% +could expand on that and do the cross + + + align:start position:0% +could expand on that and do the cross +validation in different ways + + align:start position:0% +validation in different ways + + + align:start position:0% +validation in different ways +okay okay um if you wanted to get + + align:start position:0% +okay okay um if you wanted to get + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay um if you wanted to get +started on your own data + + align:start position:0% +started on your own data + + + align:start position:0% +started on your own data +um you just have to put your data in a + + align:start position:0% +um you just have to put your data in a + + + align:start position:0% +um you just have to put your data in a +fairly simple format it's a format um I + + align:start position:0% +fairly simple format it's a format um I + + + align:start position:0% +fairly simple format it's a format um I +call raster format just an rter so you + + align:start position:0% +call raster format just an rter so you + + + align:start position:0% +call raster format just an rter so you +just have trials going this way time + + align:start position:0% +just have trials going this way time + + + align:start position:0% +just have trials going this way time +going this way and if it was spikes it + + align:start position:0% +going this way and if it was spikes it + + + align:start position:0% +going this way and if it was spikes it +would just be ones and zeros that happen + + align:start position:0% +would just be ones and zeros that happen + + + align:start position:0% +would just be ones and zeros that happen +on the different trials okay if this was + + align:start position:0% +on the different trials okay if this was + + + align:start position:0% +on the different trials okay if this was +M data you'd have your Meg actual + + align:start position:0% +M data you'd have your Meg actual + + + align:start position:0% +M data you'd have your Meg actual +continuous values in there again trials + + align:start position:0% +continuous values in there again trials + + + align:start position:0% +continuous values in there again trials +in time okay or fmri or whatever F might + + align:start position:0% +in time okay or fmri or whatever F might + + + align:start position:0% +in time okay or fmri or whatever F might +just be one vector if you didn't have + + align:start position:0% +just be one vector if you didn't have + + + align:start position:0% +just be one vector if you didn't have +any + + align:start position:0% +any + + + align:start position:0% +any +time um and so again this is just blown + + align:start position:0% +time um and so again this is just blown + + + align:start position:0% +time um and so again this is just blown +up + + align:start position:0% +up + + + align:start position:0% +up +this was trials this is time you can + + align:start position:0% +this was trials this is time you can + + + align:start position:0% +this was trials this is time you can +have the little ones where a spike + + align:start position:0% +have the little ones where a spike + + + align:start position:0% +have the little ones where a spike +occurred okay and then what corresponds + + align:start position:0% +occurred okay and then what corresponds + + + align:start position:0% +occurred okay and then what corresponds +to each trial you need to give the + + align:start position:0% +to each trial you need to give the + + + align:start position:0% +to each trial you need to give the +labels about what happened so you'd have + + align:start position:0% +labels about what happened so you'd have + + + align:start position:0% +labels about what happened so you'd have +just something called raster labels it's + + align:start position:0% +just something called raster labels it's + + + align:start position:0% +just something called raster labels it's +a structure and you'd say okay on the + + align:start position:0% +a structure and you'd say okay on the + + + align:start position:0% +a structure and you'd say okay on the +first trial I showed a flower second + + align:start position:0% +first trial I showed a flower second + + + align:start position:0% +first trial I showed a flower second +trial I showed a face third trial I show + + align:start position:0% +trial I showed a face third trial I show + + + align:start position:0% +trial I showed a face third trial I show +a couch okay so and these could be + + align:start position:0% +a couch okay so and these could be + + + align:start position:0% +a couch okay so and these could be +numbers whatever you wanted but it's + + align:start position:0% +numbers whatever you wanted but it's + + + align:start position:0% +numbers whatever you wanted but it's +just indicating different things are + + align:start position:0% +just indicating different things are + + + align:start position:0% +just indicating different things are +happening on different trials and you + + align:start position:0% +happening on different trials and you + + + align:start position:0% +happening on different trials and you +can also um you know have multiple ones + + align:start position:0% +can also um you know have multiple ones + + + align:start position:0% +can also um you know have multiple ones +of these so if I wanted to decode + + align:start position:0% +of these so if I wanted to decode + + + align:start position:0% +of these so if I wanted to decode +position I also have up middle lower and + + align:start position:0% +position I also have up middle lower and + + + align:start position:0% +position I also have up middle lower and +so you can use the same data and decode + + align:start position:0% +so you can use the same data and decode + + + align:start position:0% +so you can use the same data and decode +different types of things from that data + + align:start position:0% +different types of things from that data + + + align:start position:0% +different types of things from that data +set um and then there's this final is + + align:start position:0% +set um and then there's this final is + + + align:start position:0% +set um and then there's this final is +kind of optional it's just roster site + + align:start position:0% +kind of optional it's just roster site + + + align:start position:0% +kind of optional it's just roster site +info so for each site you could have + + align:start position:0% +info so for each site you could have + + + align:start position:0% +info so for each site you could have +just meta information this is the + + align:start position:0% +just meta information this is the + + + align:start position:0% +just meta information this is the +recording I made on you know January + + align:start position:0% +recording I made on you know January + + + align:start position:0% +recording I made on you know January +14th and it was recorded from + + align:start position:0% +14th and it was recorded from + + + align:start position:0% +14th and it was recorded from +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +okay um so you just Define these three + + align:start position:0% +okay um so you just Define these three + + + align:start position:0% +okay um so you just Define these three +things then the toolbox plug and + + align:start position:0% +things then the toolbox plug and + + + align:start position:0% +things then the toolbox plug and +play um SOB experience should be able to + + align:start position:0% +play um SOB experience should be able to + + + align:start position:0% +play um SOB experience should be able to +do that okay so that that's it I want to + + align:start position:0% +do that okay so that that's it I want to + + + align:start position:0% +do that okay so that that's it I want to +thank the uh Center for brains Minds + + align:start position:0% +thank the uh Center for brains Minds + + + align:start position:0% +thank the uh Center for brains Minds +machines um for funding this work and + + align:start position:0% +machines um for funding this work and + + + align:start position:0% +machines um for funding this work and +all my collaborators uh who um collected + + align:start position:0% +all my collaborators uh who um collected + + + align:start position:0% +all my collaborators uh who um collected +the data who worked with me to analyze + + align:start position:0% +the data who worked with me to analyze + + + align:start position:0% +the data who worked with me to analyze +it um and um there's the URL for the + + align:start position:0% +it um and um there's the URL for the + + + align:start position:0% +it um and um there's the URL for the +toolbox if you want to down on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it e \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/G0pi_kU22lQ.txt b/G0pi_kU22lQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cf5f4b6387dcd583110b67fd417c08af04b14c46 --- /dev/null +++ b/G0pi_kU22lQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7963 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what I want to do today is continue + + align:start position:0% +so what I want to do today is continue + + + align:start position:0% +so what I want to do today is continue +where we left off to try to get further + + align:start position:0% +where we left off to try to get further + + + align:start position:0% +where we left off to try to get further +in into this module on iron regulation + + align:start position:0% +in into this module on iron regulation + + + align:start position:0% +in into this module on iron regulation +of iron right now in terms of humans and + + align:start position:0% +of iron right now in terms of humans and + + + align:start position:0% +of iron right now in terms of humans and +we're talking about the fact that + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about the fact that +regulation occurs at the translational + + align:start position:0% +regulation occurs at the translational + + + align:start position:0% +regulation occurs at the translational +level and so I'm going to introduce to + + align:start position:0% +level and so I'm going to introduce to + + + align:start position:0% +level and so I'm going to introduce to +you the model and I introduced you last + + align:start position:0% +you the model and I introduced you last + + + align:start position:0% +you the model and I introduced you last +time to two key players that we'll look + + align:start position:0% +time to two key players that we'll look + + + align:start position:0% +time to two key players that we'll look +at in a little more detail proteins and + + align:start position:0% +at in a little more detail proteins and + + + align:start position:0% +at in a little more detail proteins and +little pieces of RNA and what happens is + + align:start position:0% +little pieces of RNA and what happens is + + + align:start position:0% +little pieces of RNA and what happens is +the proteins bind to the little pieces + + align:start position:0% +the proteins bind to the little pieces + + + align:start position:0% +the proteins bind to the little pieces +of RNA and prevent the translation of + + align:start position:0% +of RNA and prevent the translation of + + + align:start position:0% +of RNA and prevent the translation of +the messenger RNA to protein or prevent + + align:start position:0% +the messenger RNA to protein or prevent + + + align:start position:0% +the messenger RNA to protein or prevent +degradation of the messenger RNA + + align:start position:0% +degradation of the messenger RNA + + + align:start position:0% +degradation of the messenger RNA +allowing the translation to proceed so + + align:start position:0% +allowing the translation to proceed so + + + align:start position:0% +allowing the translation to proceed so +that's really the take-home message and + + align:start position:0% +that's really the take-home message and + + + align:start position:0% +that's really the take-home message and +I'll show you what the model is so the + + align:start position:0% +I'll show you what the model is so the + + + align:start position:0% +I'll show you what the model is so the +last time we were talking about one of + + align:start position:0% +last time we were talking about one of + + + align:start position:0% +last time we were talking about one of +the players the protein players IRP one + + align:start position:0% +the players the protein players IRP one + + + align:start position:0% +the players the protein players IRP one +and IRP - and I told you that IRP one + + align:start position:0% +and IRP - and I told you that IRP one + + + align:start position:0% +and IRP - and I told you that IRP one +was a cytosolic a connotates and that + + align:start position:0% +was a cytosolic a connotates and that + + + align:start position:0% +was a cytosolic a connotates and that +you had seen the Acronis phase reaction + + align:start position:0% +you had seen the Acronis phase reaction + + + align:start position:0% +you had seen the Acronis phase reaction +which I drew in the board last time + + align:start position:0% +which I drew in the board last time + + + align:start position:0% +which I drew in the board last time +which is conversion of citrate in to + + align:start position:0% +which is conversion of citrate in to + + + align:start position:0% +which is conversion of citrate in to +isocitrate if you look at the model up + + align:start position:0% +isocitrate if you look at the model up + + + align:start position:0% +isocitrate if you look at the model up +there citrate to isocitrate you're + + align:start position:0% +there citrate to isocitrate you're + + + align:start position:0% +there citrate to isocitrate you're +simply losing a molecule of water and + + align:start position:0% +simply losing a molecule of water and + + + align:start position:0% +simply losing a molecule of water and +then over here you're generating + + align:start position:0% +then over here you're generating + + + align:start position:0% +then over here you're generating +isocitrate and the chemistry is + + align:start position:0% +isocitrate and the chemistry is + + + align:start position:0% +isocitrate and the chemistry is +facilitated by the presence of a single + + align:start position:0% +facilitated by the presence of a single + + + align:start position:0% +facilitated by the presence of a single +unique iron in the four iron four sulfur + + align:start position:0% +unique iron in the four iron four sulfur + + + align:start position:0% +unique iron in the four iron four sulfur +cluster which was the first example of + + align:start position:0% +cluster which was the first example of + + + align:start position:0% +cluster which was the first example of +these kinds of clusters doing chemistry + + align:start position:0% +these kinds of clusters doing chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +these kinds of clusters doing chemistry +in addition to simple not simple but + + align:start position:0% +in addition to simple not simple but + + + align:start position:0% +in addition to simple not simple but +electron transfer reactions that you've + + align:start position:0% +electron transfer reactions that you've + + + align:start position:0% +electron transfer reactions that you've +been exposed to before okay so the + + align:start position:0% +been exposed to before okay so the + + + align:start position:0% +been exposed to before okay so the +question then is what what is the signal + + align:start position:0% +question then is what what is the signal + + + align:start position:0% +question then is what what is the signal +and so we're gonna see that the signal + + align:start position:0% +and so we're gonna see that the signal + + + align:start position:0% +and so we're gonna see that the signal +is going to be related to let me just + + align:start position:0% +is going to be related to let me just + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be related to let me just +get myself organized here so the signal + + align:start position:0% +get myself organized here so the signal + + + align:start position:0% +get myself organized here so the signal +the question is what's recognized under + + align:start position:0% +the question is what's recognized under + + + align:start position:0% +the question is what's recognized under +low iron + + align:start position:0% +low iron + + + align:start position:0% +low iron +and high iron conditions so that's what + + align:start position:0% +and high iron conditions so that's what + + + align:start position:0% +and high iron conditions so that's what +we'll be talking about and how does the + + align:start position:0% +we'll be talking about and how does the + + + align:start position:0% +we'll be talking about and how does the +switch work to allow translation or not + + align:start position:0% +switch work to allow translation or not + + + align:start position:0% +switch work to allow translation or not +allow translation to occur and the other + + align:start position:0% +allow translation to occur and the other + + + align:start position:0% +allow translation to occur and the other +players that we need to be introduced to + + align:start position:0% +players that we need to be introduced to + + + align:start position:0% +players that we need to be introduced to +before we look at how this signal works + + align:start position:0% +before we look at how this signal works + + + align:start position:0% +before we look at how this signal works +is so the second player is the iron + + align:start position:0% +is so the second player is the iron + + + align:start position:0% +is so the second player is the iron +responsive element and this is a piece + + align:start position:0% +responsive element and this is a piece + + + align:start position:0% +responsive element and this is a piece +of RNA and I'll show you that on the + + align:start position:0% +of RNA and I'll show you that on the + + + align:start position:0% +of RNA and I'll show you that on the +next slide within the messenger RNA okay + + align:start position:0% +next slide within the messenger RNA okay + + + align:start position:0% +next slide within the messenger RNA okay +so you have a structure like this and + + align:start position:0% +so you have a structure like this and + + + align:start position:0% +so you have a structure like this and +there are so many base pairs in this + + align:start position:0% +there are so many base pairs in this + + + align:start position:0% +there are so many base pairs in this +little stamp loop that's part of the + + align:start position:0% +little stamp loop that's part of the + + + align:start position:0% +little stamp loop that's part of the +messenger RNA and you have a sequence + + align:start position:0% +messenger RNA and you have a sequence + + + align:start position:0% +messenger RNA and you have a sequence +three nucleotide sequence and this is a + + align:start position:0% +three nucleotide sequence and this is a + + + align:start position:0% +three nucleotide sequence and this is a +bulge sequence and what we're gonna see + + align:start position:0% +bulge sequence and what we're gonna see + + + align:start position:0% +bulge sequence and what we're gonna see +is that there are many of these + + align:start position:0% +is that there are many of these + + + align:start position:0% +is that there are many of these +structures people have now done a much + + align:start position:0% +structures people have now done a much + + + align:start position:0% +structures people have now done a much +more extensive this was the model that + + align:start position:0% +more extensive this was the model that + + + align:start position:0% +more extensive this was the model that +came forth a long time ago and it was + + align:start position:0% +came forth a long time ago and it was + + + align:start position:0% +came forth a long time ago and it was +discovered it was discovered a long time + + align:start position:0% +discovered it was discovered a long time + + + align:start position:0% +discovered it was discovered a long time +ago but people have since done a lot of + + align:start position:0% +ago but people have since done a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +ago but people have since done a lot of +bioinformatics analysis to try to define + + align:start position:0% +bioinformatics analysis to try to define + + + align:start position:0% +bioinformatics analysis to try to define +really what do we know about this little + + align:start position:0% +really what do we know about this little + + + align:start position:0% +really what do we know about this little +sequence here is it three nucleotides + + align:start position:0% +sequence here is it three nucleotides + + + align:start position:0% +sequence here is it three nucleotides +isn't more people now think it's a + + align:start position:0% +isn't more people now think it's a + + + align:start position:0% +isn't more people now think it's a +little bit more but it there's + + align:start position:0% +little bit more but it there's + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more but it there's +variability and that you need a bulge + + align:start position:0% +variability and that you need a bulge + + + align:start position:0% +variability and that you need a bulge +and so what's going to happen is our + + align:start position:0% +and so what's going to happen is our + + + align:start position:0% +and so what's going to happen is our +protein our iron responsive protein is + + align:start position:0% +protein our iron responsive protein is + + + align:start position:0% +protein our iron responsive protein is +going to interact with this bubble tune + + align:start position:0% +going to interact with this bubble tune + + + align:start position:0% +going to interact with this bubble tune +that's going to be what's related to + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be what's related to + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be what's related to +with depending on the location of this + + align:start position:0% +with depending on the location of this + + + align:start position:0% +with depending on the location of this +bulge within the message so we'll see it + + align:start position:0% +bulge within the message so we'll see it + + + align:start position:0% +bulge within the message so we'll see it +can be this bulge can be at the three + + align:start position:0% +can be this bulge can be at the three + + + align:start position:0% +can be this bulge can be at the three +prime end or the five prime end and this + + align:start position:0% +prime end or the five prime end and this + + + align:start position:0% +prime end or the five prime end and this +location and it's interaction with this + + align:start position:0% +location and it's interaction with this + + + align:start position:0% +location and it's interaction with this +protein is going to regulate the + + align:start position:0% +protein is going to regulate the + + + align:start position:0% +protein is going to regulate the +translational process okay so that's + + align:start position:0% +translational process okay so that's + + + align:start position:0% +translational process okay so that's +what I'm going to be presenting to you + + align:start position:0% +what I'm going to be presenting to you + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm going to be presenting to you +so what do I want to say for some reason + + align:start position:0% +so what do I want to say for some reason + + + align:start position:0% +so what do I want to say for some reason +okay so what I want to say then is for + + align:start position:0% +okay so what I want to say then is for + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what I want to say then is for +the iron responsive protein one + + align:start position:0% +the iron responsive protein one + + + align:start position:0% +the iron responsive protein one +it has as we saw with the with the + + align:start position:0% +it has as we saw with the with the + + + align:start position:0% +it has as we saw with the with the +mitochondrial or connotative for iron + + align:start position:0% +mitochondrial or connotative for iron + + + align:start position:0% +mitochondrial or connotative for iron +four sulfur clusters so that could be a + + align:start position:0% +four sulfur clusters so that could be a + + + align:start position:0% +four sulfur clusters so that could be a +switch okay we're doing iron sensing + + align:start position:0% +switch okay we're doing iron sensing + + + align:start position:0% +switch okay we're doing iron sensing +what's going to cause us how will we get + + align:start position:0% +what's going to cause us how will we get + + + align:start position:0% +what's going to cause us how will we get +it what is the sensor of iron that + + align:start position:0% +it what is the sensor of iron that + + + align:start position:0% +it what is the sensor of iron that +allows us to translate or not translate + + align:start position:0% +allows us to translate or not translate + + + align:start position:0% +allows us to translate or not translate +all of the proteins transferrin receptor + + align:start position:0% +all of the proteins transferrin receptor + + + align:start position:0% +all of the proteins transferrin receptor +transferrin ferroportin all of the + + align:start position:0% +transferrin ferroportin all of the + + + align:start position:0% +transferrin ferroportin all of the +things we were introduced to in the + + align:start position:0% +things we were introduced to in the + + + align:start position:0% +things we were introduced to in the +previous lecture so this protein has a + + align:start position:0% +previous lecture so this protein has a + + + align:start position:0% +previous lecture so this protein has a +four iron four sulfur cluster and when + + align:start position:0% +four iron four sulfur cluster and when + + + align:start position:0% +four iron four sulfur cluster and when +it loads the cluster as with + + align:start position:0% +it loads the cluster as with + + + align:start position:0% +it loads the cluster as with +mitochondrial connotates the proteins + + align:start position:0% +mitochondrial connotates the proteins + + + align:start position:0% +mitochondrial connotates the proteins +active so it's found in the cytosol and + + align:start position:0% +active so it's found in the cytosol and + + + align:start position:0% +active so it's found in the cytosol and +as opposed as opposed to the + + align:start position:0% +as opposed as opposed to the + + + align:start position:0% +as opposed as opposed to the +mitochondria and it can convert citrate + + align:start position:0% +mitochondria and it can convert citrate + + + align:start position:0% +mitochondria and it can convert citrate +to isocitrate okay so the question is + + align:start position:0% +to isocitrate okay so the question is + + + align:start position:0% +to isocitrate okay so the question is +what is the switch that allows this IRP + + align:start position:0% +what is the switch that allows this IRP + + + align:start position:0% +what is the switch that allows this IRP +one to interact with this little piece + + align:start position:0% +one to interact with this little piece + + + align:start position:0% +one to interact with this little piece +of RNA the stem-loop piece of RNA and so + + align:start position:0% +of RNA the stem-loop piece of RNA and so + + + align:start position:0% +of RNA the stem-loop piece of RNA and so +the switch is that you have to lose this + + align:start position:0% +the switch is that you have to lose this + + + align:start position:0% +the switch is that you have to lose this +cluster so and what you generate then is + + align:start position:0% +cluster so and what you generate then is + + + align:start position:0% +cluster so and what you generate then is +a PO IRP one and a PO IRP one so somehow + + align:start position:0% +a PO IRP one and a PO IRP one so somehow + + + align:start position:0% +a PO IRP one and a PO IRP one so somehow +the cluster magically disappears and + + align:start position:0% +the cluster magically disappears and + + + align:start position:0% +the cluster magically disappears and +when it disappears it can bind to the + + align:start position:0% +when it disappears it can bind to the + + + align:start position:0% +when it disappears it can bind to the +Ayari so in the april form that means no + + align:start position:0% +Ayari so in the april form that means no + + + align:start position:0% +Ayari so in the april form that means no +metal it binds to ir e okay + + align:start position:0% +metal it binds to ir e okay + + + align:start position:0% +metal it binds to ir e okay +where is in for iron four sulfur loaded + + align:start position:0% +where is in for iron four sulfur loaded + + + align:start position:0% +where is in for iron four sulfur loaded +form it does not bind so what that would + + align:start position:0% +form it does not bind so what that would + + + align:start position:0% +form it does not bind so what that would +imply if you think about it sort of + + align:start position:0% +imply if you think about it sort of + + + align:start position:0% +imply if you think about it sort of +superficially if you have low iron and + + align:start position:0% +superficially if you have low iron and + + + align:start position:0% +superficially if you have low iron and +there's no iron sulfur cluster the a + + align:start position:0% +there's no iron sulfur cluster the a + + + align:start position:0% +there's no iron sulfur cluster the a +proform is going to bind okay I'm going + + align:start position:0% +proform is going to bind okay I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +proform is going to bind okay I'm going +to show you the model in a minute + + align:start position:0% +to show you the model in a minute + + + align:start position:0% +to show you the model in a minute +okay so the switch really is related to + + align:start position:0% +okay so the switch really is related to + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the switch really is related to +in this case the sensor is related to + + align:start position:0% +in this case the sensor is related to + + + align:start position:0% +in this case the sensor is related to +the fact that we have a four iron four + + align:start position:0% +the fact that we have a four iron four + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that we have a four iron four +sulfur cluster so we also have I told + + align:start position:0% +sulfur cluster so we also have I told + + + align:start position:0% +sulfur cluster so we also have I told +you before in addition to having an IRP + + align:start position:0% +you before in addition to having an IRP + + + align:start position:0% +you before in addition to having an IRP +one we have an IR p2 and IRP two also + + align:start position:0% +one we have an IR p2 and IRP two also + + + align:start position:0% +one we have an IR p2 and IRP two also +looks structurally like a cytosolic a + + align:start position:0% +looks structurally like a cytosolic a + + + align:start position:0% +looks structurally like a cytosolic a +connotates but it has no work on today's + + align:start position:0% +connotates but it has no work on today's + + + align:start position:0% +connotates but it has no work on today's +activity okay so we have the second + + align:start position:0% +activity okay so we have the second + + + align:start position:0% +activity okay so we have the second +protein I our p2 it's also a cytosol + + align:start position:0% +protein I our p2 it's also a cytosol + + + align:start position:0% +protein I our p2 it's also a cytosol +econo case look alike but it has no + + align:start position:0% +econo case look alike but it has no + + + align:start position:0% +econo case look alike but it has no +activity and why does it have no + + align:start position:0% +activity and why does it have no + + + align:start position:0% +activity and why does it have no +activity you've seen over here the iron + + align:start position:0% +activity you've seen over here the iron + + + align:start position:0% +activity you've seen over here the iron +sulfur cluster is required to do the + + align:start position:0% +sulfur cluster is required to do the + + + align:start position:0% +sulfur cluster is required to do the +dehydration reaction so it's required + + align:start position:0% +dehydration reaction so it's required + + + align:start position:0% +dehydration reaction so it's required +for activity and the mitochondrial + + align:start position:0% +for activity and the mitochondrial + + + align:start position:0% +for activity and the mitochondrial +enzyme this has no iron sulfur cluster + + align:start position:0% +enzyme this has no iron sulfur cluster + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme this has no iron sulfur cluster +so it has no iron sulfur cluster and + + align:start position:0% +so it has no iron sulfur cluster and + + + align:start position:0% +so it has no iron sulfur cluster and +what it has in addition even though it + + align:start position:0% +what it has in addition even though it + + + align:start position:0% +what it has in addition even though it +looks like IRP one is structurally + + align:start position:0% +looks like IRP one is structurally + + + align:start position:0% +looks like IRP one is structurally +homologous it has a 73 amino acid insert + + align:start position:0% +homologous it has a 73 amino acid insert + + + align:start position:0% +homologous it has a 73 amino acid insert +so this is a distinction between the two + + align:start position:0% +so this is a distinction between the two + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a distinction between the two +okay but now this raises the question + + align:start position:0% +okay but now this raises the question + + + align:start position:0% +okay but now this raises the question +here at least superficially you can + + align:start position:0% +here at least superficially you can + + + align:start position:0% +here at least superficially you can +understand that you might be able to + + align:start position:0% +understand that you might be able to + + + align:start position:0% +understand that you might be able to +sense iron because you have a cluster + + align:start position:0% +sense iron because you have a cluster + + + align:start position:0% +sense iron because you have a cluster +and you can go to no cluster okay and + + align:start position:0% +and you can go to no cluster okay and + + + align:start position:0% +and you can go to no cluster okay and +you can go back and forth and so + + align:start position:0% +you can go back and forth and so + + + align:start position:0% +you can go back and forth and so +remember in in a couple of lectures ago + + align:start position:0% +remember in in a couple of lectures ago + + + align:start position:0% +remember in in a couple of lectures ago +I told you about biosynthetic pathways + + align:start position:0% +I told you about biosynthetic pathways + + + align:start position:0% +I told you about biosynthetic pathways +and I showed you a picture of iron + + align:start position:0% +and I showed you a picture of iron + + + align:start position:0% +and I showed you a picture of iron +sulfur cluster assembly very complicated + + align:start position:0% +sulfur cluster assembly very complicated + + + align:start position:0% +sulfur cluster assembly very complicated +at the end of the notes in this part of + + align:start position:0% +at the end of the notes in this part of + + + align:start position:0% +at the end of the notes in this part of +the lecture you'll see what the model is + + align:start position:0% +the lecture you'll see what the model is + + + align:start position:0% +the lecture you'll see what the model is +I'm not going to go through that but how + + align:start position:0% +I'm not going to go through that but how + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not going to go through that but how +you assemble and disassemble even though + + align:start position:0% +you assemble and disassemble even though + + + align:start position:0% +you assemble and disassemble even though +this model has been around for a long + + align:start position:0% +this model has been around for a long + + + align:start position:0% +this model has been around for a long +time is only recently beginning to be + + align:start position:0% +time is only recently beginning to be + + + align:start position:0% +time is only recently beginning to be +understood it's not trivial because + + align:start position:0% +understood it's not trivial because + + + align:start position:0% +understood it's not trivial because +there are ten steps to assemble the four + + align:start position:0% +there are ten steps to assemble the four + + + align:start position:0% +there are ten steps to assemble the four +iron for us all for a cluster okay but + + align:start position:0% +iron for us all for a cluster okay but + + + align:start position:0% +iron for us all for a cluster okay but +here we don't even have any iron okay so + + align:start position:0% +here we don't even have any iron okay so + + + align:start position:0% +here we don't even have any iron okay so +how how + + align:start position:0% +how how + + + align:start position:0% +how how +is the IR p2 which binds to the same IR + + align:start position:0% +is the IR p2 which binds to the same IR + + + align:start position:0% +is the IR p2 which binds to the same IR +ease okay and again in vivo we don't + + align:start position:0% +ease okay and again in vivo we don't + + + align:start position:0% +ease okay and again in vivo we don't +really know all of this people are + + align:start position:0% +really know all of this people are + + + align:start position:0% +really know all of this people are +trying to sort that out is what the two + + align:start position:0% +trying to sort that out is what the two + + + align:start position:0% +trying to sort that out is what the two +functions of the different what the + + align:start position:0% +functions of the different what the + + + align:start position:0% +functions of the different what the +functions are the different proteins + + align:start position:0% +functions are the different proteins + + + align:start position:0% +functions are the different proteins +actually are but how does it sense and + + align:start position:0% +actually are but how does it sense and + + + align:start position:0% +actually are but how does it sense and +so I just told you that the a proform of + + align:start position:0% +so I just told you that the a proform of + + + align:start position:0% +so I just told you that the a proform of +the IRP one binds that's also true of + + align:start position:0% +the IRP one binds that's also true of + + + align:start position:0% +the IRP one binds that's also true of +the IRP too and in fact it can only be a + + align:start position:0% +the IRP too and in fact it can only be a + + + align:start position:0% +the IRP too and in fact it can only be a +PO because it can't find a cluster so + + align:start position:0% +PO because it can't find a cluster so + + + align:start position:0% +PO because it can't find a cluster so +the active form the binding form the a + + align:start position:0% +the active form the binding form the a + + + align:start position:0% +the active form the binding form the a +PO i rp2 binds the IRT and then the + + align:start position:0% +PO i rp2 binds the IRT and then the + + + align:start position:0% +PO i rp2 binds the IRT and then the +question is what is the switch okay and + + align:start position:0% +question is what is the switch okay and + + + align:start position:0% +question is what is the switch okay and +so what we'll see is that the switch + + align:start position:0% +so what we'll see is that the switch + + + align:start position:0% +so what we'll see is that the switch +relates to the fact that IRP 2 gets + + align:start position:0% +relates to the fact that IRP 2 gets + + + align:start position:0% +relates to the fact that IRP 2 gets +degraded so when IRP two is degraded it + + align:start position:0% +degraded so when IRP two is degraded it + + + align:start position:0% +degraded so when IRP two is degraded it +can't find and that's how you turn the + + align:start position:0% +can't find and that's how you turn the + + + align:start position:0% +can't find and that's how you turn the +thing off ok so then that takes you back + + align:start position:0% +thing off ok so then that takes you back + + + align:start position:0% +thing off ok so then that takes you back +a step further how do you target IRP 2 + + align:start position:0% +a step further how do you target IRP 2 + + + align:start position:0% +a step further how do you target IRP 2 +for degradation ok and this goes back to + + align:start position:0% +for degradation ok and this goes back to + + + align:start position:0% +for degradation ok and this goes back to +one of the reasons that I am to spend + + align:start position:0% +one of the reasons that I am to spend + + + align:start position:0% +one of the reasons that I am to spend +some time talking about degradation in + + align:start position:0% +some time talking about degradation in + + + align:start position:0% +some time talking about degradation in +mammalian systems ok and so it turns out + + align:start position:0% +mammalian systems ok and so it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +mammalian systems ok and so it turns out +how does this relate then to iron + + align:start position:0% +how does this relate then to iron + + + align:start position:0% +how does this relate then to iron +sensing and what I'm going to show you + + align:start position:0% +sensing and what I'm going to show you + + + align:start position:0% +sensing and what I'm going to show you +is that you have an e3 law gaze I'll + + align:start position:0% +is that you have an e3 law gaze I'll + + + align:start position:0% +is that you have an e3 law gaze I'll +show you this in cartoon form they'll + + align:start position:0% +show you this in cartoon form they'll + + + align:start position:0% +show you this in cartoon form they'll +just say see PowerPoint we're not going + + align:start position:0% +just say see PowerPoint we're not going + + + align:start position:0% +just say see PowerPoint we're not going +to it's not really completely understood + + align:start position:0% +to it's not really completely understood + + + align:start position:0% +to it's not really completely understood +so I'm not going to talk about it in + + align:start position:0% +so I'm not going to talk about it in + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm not going to talk about it in +detail but what it has attached to it is + + align:start position:0% +detail but what it has attached to it is + + + align:start position:0% +detail but what it has attached to it is +an f XB l5 domain + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that looks like a protein we've seen + + align:start position:0% +that looks like a protein we've seen + + + align:start position:0% +that looks like a protein we've seen +before earlier that has an iron in it so + + align:start position:0% +before earlier that has an iron in it so + + + align:start position:0% +before earlier that has an iron in it so +many of you probably don't remember + + align:start position:0% +many of you probably don't remember + + + align:start position:0% +many of you probably don't remember +humerus right but that's the little + + align:start position:0% +humerus right but that's the little + + + align:start position:0% +humerus right but that's the little +enzyme and worms that reversibly binds + + align:start position:0% +enzyme and worms that reversibly binds + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme and worms that reversibly binds +oxygen okay so that was incredible it's + + align:start position:0% +oxygen okay so that was incredible it's + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen okay so that was incredible it's +structurally homologous to that little + + align:start position:0% +structurally homologous to that little + + + align:start position:0% +structurally homologous to that little +protein so this is it is again the + + align:start position:0% +protein so this is it is again the + + + align:start position:0% +protein so this is it is again the +details are not known but it can bind + + align:start position:0% +details are not known but it can bind + + + align:start position:0% +details are not known but it can bind +iron and it can sense oxygen okay so + + align:start position:0% +iron and it can sense oxygen okay so + + + align:start position:0% +iron and it can sense oxygen okay so +whether if you're at low iron there's no + + align:start position:0% +whether if you're at low iron there's no + + + align:start position:0% +whether if you're at low iron there's no +wire and bound to this little domain + + align:start position:0% +wire and bound to this little domain + + + align:start position:0% +wire and bound to this little domain +okay and so there's a consequence I'll + + align:start position:0% +okay and so there's a consequence I'll + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so there's a consequence I'll +show you what that is but if it's high + + align:start position:0% +show you what that is but if it's high + + + align:start position:0% +show you what that is but if it's high +iron it has a different consequence so + + align:start position:0% +iron it has a different consequence so + + + align:start position:0% +iron it has a different consequence so +the sensing is back a step it's back a + + align:start position:0% +the sensing is back a step it's back a + + + align:start position:0% +the sensing is back a step it's back a +step in - remember I told you III + + align:start position:0% +step in - remember I told you III + + + align:start position:0% +step in - remember I told you III +ubiquitin ligases our multi enzyme + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitin ligases our multi enzyme + + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitin ligases our multi enzyme +complexes so this is part you'll see in + + align:start position:0% +complexes so this is part you'll see in + + + align:start position:0% +complexes so this is part you'll see in +a minute of the multi-enzyme complex and + + align:start position:0% +a minute of the multi-enzyme complex and + + + align:start position:0% +a minute of the multi-enzyme complex and +that's so under certain sets of + + align:start position:0% +that's so under certain sets of + + + align:start position:0% +that's so under certain sets of +conditions when you have high iron what + + align:start position:0% +conditions when you have high iron what + + + align:start position:0% +conditions when you have high iron what +happens is this is targeted for + + align:start position:0% +happens is this is targeted for + + + align:start position:0% +happens is this is targeted for +degradation I'll show you what the model + + align:start position:0% +degradation I'll show you what the model + + + align:start position:0% +degradation I'll show you what the model +is for how this works so the models are + + align:start position:0% +is for how this works so the models are + + + align:start position:0% +is for how this works so the models are +the same that is April in both cases + + align:start position:0% +the same that is April in both cases + + + align:start position:0% +the same that is April in both cases +find in one case the iron sensor is + + align:start position:0% +find in one case the iron sensor is + + + align:start position:0% +find in one case the iron sensor is +direct directly related to the IRP + + align:start position:0% +direct directly related to the IRP + + + align:start position:0% +direct directly related to the IRP +itself okay because it has an iron + + align:start position:0% +itself okay because it has an iron + + + align:start position:0% +itself okay because it has an iron +sulfur cluster and in the second case + + align:start position:0% +sulfur cluster and in the second case + + + align:start position:0% +sulfur cluster and in the second case +it's indirectly related to an iron + + align:start position:0% +it's indirectly related to an iron + + + align:start position:0% +it's indirectly related to an iron +cluster that's associated with the e3 + + align:start position:0% +cluster that's associated with the e3 + + + align:start position:0% +cluster that's associated with the e3 +ubiquitin ligase so another point I + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitin ligase so another point I + + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitin ligase so another point I +think I want to raise and this will get + + align:start position:0% +think I want to raise and this will get + + + align:start position:0% +think I want to raise and this will get +us into the next module which I'm not + + align:start position:0% +us into the next module which I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +us into the next module which I'm not +going to spend very much time on but the + + align:start position:0% +going to spend very much time on but the + + + align:start position:0% +going to spend very much time on but the +reason that we have iron module + + align:start position:0% +reason that we have iron module + + + align:start position:0% +reason that we have iron module +juxtaposed to the reactive oxygen + + align:start position:0% +juxtaposed to the reactive oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +juxtaposed to the reactive oxygen +species is they're really intimately + + align:start position:0% +species is they're really intimately + + + align:start position:0% +species is they're really intimately +linked okay we've talked about how iron + + align:start position:0% +linked okay we've talked about how iron + + + align:start position:0% +linked okay we've talked about how iron +two can generate hydroxide radical or + + align:start position:0% +two can generate hydroxide radical or + + + align:start position:0% +two can generate hydroxide radical or +hydrogen peroxide these iron sulfur + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen peroxide these iron sulfur + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen peroxide these iron sulfur +clusters are also oxygen sensitive okay + + align:start position:0% +clusters are also oxygen sensitive okay + + + align:start position:0% +clusters are also oxygen sensitive okay +this is oxygen dependent so again what + + align:start position:0% +this is oxygen dependent so again what + + + align:start position:0% +this is oxygen dependent so again what +you're seeing is not only do we have + + align:start position:0% +you're seeing is not only do we have + + + align:start position:0% +you're seeing is not only do we have +iron + + align:start position:0% +iron + + + align:start position:0% +iron +sensors but we will see that iron + + align:start position:0% +sensors but we will see that iron + + + align:start position:0% +sensors but we will see that iron +sensing and oxygen sensing are linked + + align:start position:0% +sensing and oxygen sensing are linked + + + align:start position:0% +sensing and oxygen sensing are linked +and I would say you know I spent I was + + align:start position:0% +and I would say you know I spent I was + + + align:start position:0% +and I would say you know I spent I was +trying to make up your exam and I was + + align:start position:0% +trying to make up your exam and I was + + + align:start position:0% +trying to make up your exam and I was +trying to put in a linkage so you would + + align:start position:0% +trying to put in a linkage so you would + + + align:start position:0% +trying to put in a linkage so you would +all of a sudden see this and the more I + + align:start position:0% +all of a sudden see this and the more I + + + align:start position:0% +all of a sudden see this and the more I +read the more confused I got so the fact + + align:start position:0% +read the more confused I got so the fact + + + align:start position:0% +read the more confused I got so the fact +is there are many many papers publish on + + align:start position:0% +is there are many many papers publish on + + + align:start position:0% +is there are many many papers publish on +this now and the linkages the proteins + + align:start position:0% +this now and the linkages the proteins + + + align:start position:0% +this now and the linkages the proteins +involved do many things and so sorting + + align:start position:0% +involved do many things and so sorting + + + align:start position:0% +involved do many things and so sorting +this out into a very simple model is is + + align:start position:0% +this out into a very simple model is is + + + align:start position:0% +this out into a very simple model is is +really still tough but what I bought + + align:start position:0% +really still tough but what I bought + + + align:start position:0% +really still tough but what I bought +what I believe right now is both on an + + align:start position:0% +what I believe right now is both on an + + + align:start position:0% +what I believe right now is both on an +oxygen sensing are linked through this + + align:start position:0% +oxygen sensing are linked through this + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen sensing are linked through this +type of a model okay so let me that now + + align:start position:0% +type of a model okay so let me that now + + + align:start position:0% +type of a model okay so let me that now +just show you a little bit about IRP one + + align:start position:0% +just show you a little bit about IRP one + + + align:start position:0% +just show you a little bit about IRP one +we know a lot about IRP one because we + + align:start position:0% +we know a lot about IRP one because we + + + align:start position:0% +we know a lot about IRP one because we +have structures okay so this is the + + align:start position:0% +have structures okay so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +have structures okay so this is the +structure of actually of the cytosolic a + + align:start position:0% +structure of actually of the cytosolic a + + + align:start position:0% +structure of actually of the cytosolic a +connotates + + align:start position:0% +connotates + + + align:start position:0% +connotates +and this is with the four iron four + + align:start position:0% +and this is with the four iron four + + + align:start position:0% +and this is with the four iron four +sulfur cluster Brown okay + + align:start position:0% +sulfur cluster Brown okay + + + align:start position:0% +sulfur cluster Brown okay +so what happens when you get to the a + + align:start position:0% +so what happens when you get to the a + + + align:start position:0% +so what happens when you get to the a +proform what happens in the a proform + + align:start position:0% +proform what happens in the a proform + + + align:start position:0% +proform what happens in the a proform +you now have a little piece of RNA a + + align:start position:0% +you now have a little piece of RNA a + + + align:start position:0% +you now have a little piece of RNA a +little piece of RNA bound and this + + align:start position:0% +little piece of RNA bound and this + + + align:start position:0% +little piece of RNA bound and this +little piece of RNA has always has a + + align:start position:0% +little piece of RNA has always has a + + + align:start position:0% +little piece of RNA has always has a +bulge with a cysteine in it and it + + align:start position:0% +bulge with a cysteine in it and it + + + align:start position:0% +bulge with a cysteine in it and it +always has some kind of a loop and that + + align:start position:0% +always has some kind of a loop and that + + + align:start position:0% +always has some kind of a loop and that +we'll see in a second that that the + + align:start position:0% +we'll see in a second that that the + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see in a second that that the +sequence of that loop can be variable + + align:start position:0% +sequence of that loop can be variable + + + align:start position:0% +sequence of that loop can be variable +but here you can see that so these + + align:start position:0% +but here you can see that so these + + + align:start position:0% +but here you can see that so these +little balls here that are iron sulfur + + align:start position:0% +little balls here that are iron sulfur + + + align:start position:0% +little balls here that are iron sulfur +clusters over here that are the site + + align:start position:0% +clusters over here that are the site + + + align:start position:0% +clusters over here that are the site +Adeem bulge in this loop so you see this + + align:start position:0% +Adeem bulge in this loop so you see this + + + align:start position:0% +Adeem bulge in this loop so you see this +thing changes conformation and it's + + align:start position:0% +thing changes conformation and it's + + + align:start position:0% +thing changes conformation and it's +binding to an ir e so that is the switch + + align:start position:0% +binding to an ir e so that is the switch + + + align:start position:0% +binding to an ir e so that is the switch +and then the question is how does that + + align:start position:0% +and then the question is how does that + + + align:start position:0% +and then the question is how does that +work in country and at level of + + align:start position:0% +work in country and at level of + + + align:start position:0% +work in country and at level of +controlling translation which I'm going + + align:start position:0% +controlling translation which I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +controlling translation which I'm going +to show you in a second okay okay so + + align:start position:0% +to show you in a second okay okay so + + + align:start position:0% +to show you in a second okay okay so +where do we see these iron responsive + + align:start position:0% +where do we see these iron responsive + + + align:start position:0% +where do we see these iron responsive +elements in our messenger RNA so + + align:start position:0% +elements in our messenger RNA so + + + align:start position:0% +elements in our messenger RNA so +messenger RNA go back and look at all of + + align:start position:0% +messenger RNA go back and look at all of + + + align:start position:0% +messenger RNA go back and look at all of +the players I introduced you to the last + + align:start position:0% +the players I introduced you to the last + + + align:start position:0% +the players I introduced you to the last +time we have a transferrin receptor + + align:start position:0% +time we have a transferrin receptor + + + align:start position:0% +time we have a transferrin receptor +okay that's involved and uptake we have + + align:start position:0% +okay that's involved and uptake we have + + + align:start position:0% +okay that's involved and uptake we have +DMT one that's a + + align:start position:0% +DMT one that's a + + + align:start position:0% +DMT one that's a +a metal transporter involved in iron + + align:start position:0% +a metal transporter involved in iron + + + align:start position:0% +a metal transporter involved in iron +uptake so intuitively you should ask the + + align:start position:0% +uptake so intuitively you should ask the + + + align:start position:0% +uptake so intuitively you should ask the +question if you are at low iron do you + + align:start position:0% +question if you are at low iron do you + + + align:start position:0% +question if you are at low iron do you +want to take up more iron and you want + + align:start position:0% +want to take up more iron and you want + + + align:start position:0% +want to take up more iron and you want +to take up more iron so you want to turn + + align:start position:0% +to take up more iron so you want to turn + + + align:start position:0% +to take up more iron so you want to turn +on the transferrin receptor you want to + + align:start position:0% +on the transferrin receptor you want to + + + align:start position:0% +on the transferrin receptor you want to +turn on the DMT protein okay so I think + + align:start position:0% +turn on the DMT protein okay so I think + + + align:start position:0% +turn on the DMT protein okay so I think +most of it makes intuitive sense the + + align:start position:0% +most of it makes intuitive sense the + + + align:start position:0% +most of it makes intuitive sense the +linkage to oxygen I think is less + + align:start position:0% +linkage to oxygen I think is less + + + align:start position:0% +linkage to oxygen I think is less +intuitive if you have a lot of iron what + + align:start position:0% +intuitive if you have a lot of iron what + + + align:start position:0% +intuitive if you have a lot of iron what +do you want to do you want to store the + + align:start position:0% +do you want to do you want to store the + + + align:start position:0% +do you want to do you want to store the +iron so you someway want to make more of + + align:start position:0% +iron so you someway want to make more of + + + align:start position:0% +iron so you someway want to make more of +the ferritin okay so and then what's the + + align:start position:0% +the ferritin okay so and then what's the + + + align:start position:0% +the ferritin okay so and then what's the +other the other thing this hip to alpha + + align:start position:0% +other the other thing this hip to alpha + + + align:start position:0% +other the other thing this hip to alpha +is it's a transcription factor hypoxia + + align:start position:0% +is it's a transcription factor hypoxia + + + align:start position:0% +is it's a transcription factor hypoxia +inducible transistor this transcription + + align:start position:0% +inducible transistor this transcription + + + align:start position:0% +inducible transistor this transcription +factor and it's linked to many many + + align:start position:0% +factor and it's linked to many many + + + align:start position:0% +factor and it's linked to many many +things huge number of people working on + + align:start position:0% +things huge number of people working on + + + align:start position:0% +things huge number of people working on +this now one of which is this linkage to + + align:start position:0% +this now one of which is this linkage to + + + align:start position:0% +this now one of which is this linkage to +iron but it's senses in a row biases + + align:start position:0% +iron but it's senses in a row biases + + + align:start position:0% +iron but it's senses in a row biases +okay and so you can see it's also linked + + align:start position:0% +okay and so you can see it's also linked + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so you can see it's also linked +by one of these little elements okay and + + align:start position:0% +by one of these little elements okay and + + + align:start position:0% +by one of these little elements okay and +so in the next slide just shows you a + + align:start position:0% +so in the next slide just shows you a + + + align:start position:0% +so in the next slide just shows you a +more recent one where people started + + align:start position:0% +more recent one where people started + + + align:start position:0% +more recent one where people started +doing a lot of bioinformatics on this + + align:start position:0% +doing a lot of bioinformatics on this + + + align:start position:0% +doing a lot of bioinformatics on this +the previous slide was from a few years + + align:start position:0% +the previous slide was from a few years + + + align:start position:0% +the previous slide was from a few years +ago and again the details what what you + + align:start position:0% +ago and again the details what what you + + + align:start position:0% +ago and again the details what what you +need to see is you + + align:start position:0% +need to see is you + + + align:start position:0% +need to see is you +in all cases help stem loops a little + + align:start position:0% +in all cases help stem loops a little + + + align:start position:0% +in all cases help stem loops a little +bulge of a cytosine and then you have + + align:start position:0% +bulge of a cytosine and then you have + + + align:start position:0% +bulge of a cytosine and then you have +some kind of a loop at the top of this + + align:start position:0% +some kind of a loop at the top of this + + + align:start position:0% +some kind of a loop at the top of this +down loop and if you look down here and + + align:start position:0% +down loop and if you look down here and + + + align:start position:0% +down loop and if you look down here and +you go through what we're so these + + align:start position:0% +you go through what we're so these + + + align:start position:0% +you go through what we're so these +little stem loops are going to be either + + align:start position:0% +little stem loops are going to be either + + + align:start position:0% +little stem loops are going to be either +at the three prime or the five prime end + + align:start position:0% +at the three prime or the five prime end + + + align:start position:0% +at the three prime or the five prime end +of your messenger RNA and so for example + + align:start position:0% +of your messenger RNA and so for example + + + align:start position:0% +of your messenger RNA and so for example +one of the things you see is amino Alevi + + align:start position:0% +one of the things you see is amino Alevi + + + align:start position:0% +one of the things you see is amino Alevi +ilanic acid does anybody know where + + align:start position:0% +ilanic acid does anybody know where + + + align:start position:0% +ilanic acid does anybody know where +that's involved what that's involved + + align:start position:0% +that's involved what that's involved + + + align:start position:0% +that's involved what that's involved +what pathway that's involved in yeah so + + align:start position:0% +what pathway that's involved in yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +what pathway that's involved in yeah so +it's a rate limiting step in he senses + + align:start position:0% +it's a rate limiting step in he senses + + + align:start position:0% +it's a rate limiting step in he senses +so there would be a place that would + + align:start position:0% +so there would be a place that would + + + align:start position:0% +so there would be a place that would +make sense to remember I told you all + + align:start position:0% +make sense to remember I told you all + + + align:start position:0% +make sense to remember I told you all +the iron is in him and hemoglobin okay + + align:start position:0% +the iron is in him and hemoglobin okay + + + align:start position:0% +the iron is in him and hemoglobin okay +so almost all of these stem loops that + + align:start position:0% +so almost all of these stem loops that + + + align:start position:0% +so almost all of these stem loops that +you'll see if you go back and you look + + align:start position:0% +you'll see if you go back and you look + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see if you go back and you look +through your notes will make sense in + + align:start position:0% +through your notes will make sense in + + + align:start position:0% +through your notes will make sense in +terms of the big picture of how you want + + align:start position:0% +terms of the big picture of how you want + + + align:start position:0% +terms of the big picture of how you want +to control the levels of the + + align:start position:0% +to control the levels of the + + + align:start position:0% +to control the levels of the +proteins to deal with high iron or to + + align:start position:0% +proteins to deal with high iron or to + + + align:start position:0% +proteins to deal with high iron or to +deal with low iron okay so that's iron - + + align:start position:0% +deal with low iron okay so that's iron - + + + align:start position:0% +deal with low iron okay so that's iron - +and so here's the picture of IRP - and + + align:start position:0% +and so here's the picture of IRP - and + + + align:start position:0% +and so here's the picture of IRP - and +this is the model for IRP - how I RP - + + align:start position:0% +this is the model for IRP - how I RP - + + + align:start position:0% +this is the model for IRP - how I RP - +works and so here's the case when you + + align:start position:0% +works and so here's the case when you + + + align:start position:0% +works and so here's the case when you +have high iron and when you have my eye + + align:start position:0% +have high iron and when you have my eye + + + align:start position:0% +have high iron and when you have my eye +on this part here the F box SK p1 and + + align:start position:0% +on this part here the F box SK p1 and + + + align:start position:0% +on this part here the F box SK p1 and +cul are all part of the SCF Ubiquiti + + align:start position:0% +cul are all part of the SCF Ubiquiti + + + align:start position:0% +cul are all part of the SCF Ubiquiti +three ubiquitin ligase okay I don't + + align:start position:0% +three ubiquitin ligase okay I don't + + + align:start position:0% +three ubiquitin ligase okay I don't +expect you to remember the names but + + align:start position:0% +expect you to remember the names but + + + align:start position:0% +expect you to remember the names but +remember I told you the e3 ubiquitin + + align:start position:0% +remember I told you the e3 ubiquitin + + + align:start position:0% +remember I told you the e3 ubiquitin +ligase is the one that does what it + + align:start position:0% +ligase is the one that does what it + + + align:start position:0% +ligase is the one that does what it +attaches ubiquitin onto the proteins + + align:start position:0% +attaches ubiquitin onto the proteins + + + align:start position:0% +attaches ubiquitin onto the proteins +targeting targeting it for degradation + + align:start position:0% +targeting targeting it for degradation + + + align:start position:0% +targeting targeting it for degradation +so this little part is the ubiquitin + + align:start position:0% +so this little part is the ubiquitin + + + align:start position:0% +so this little part is the ubiquitin +ligase here's your e - remember you + + align:start position:0% +ligase here's your e - remember you + + + align:start position:0% +ligase here's your e - remember you +always need an e2 and e3 and somehow the + + align:start position:0% +always need an e2 and e3 and somehow the + + + align:start position:0% +always need an e2 and e3 and somehow the +e2 is attaching this on to the IRP - + + align:start position:0% +e2 is attaching this on to the IRP - + + + align:start position:0% +e2 is attaching this on to the IRP - +which is targeting it for degradation by + + align:start position:0% +which is targeting it for degradation by + + + align:start position:0% +which is targeting it for degradation by +the proteasome okay so this is exactly + + align:start position:0% +the proteasome okay so this is exactly + + + align:start position:0% +the proteasome okay so this is exactly +like the model we put forth a couple of + + align:start position:0% +like the model we put forth a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +like the model we put forth a couple of +lectures ago so again this is the part + + align:start position:0% +lectures ago so again this is the part + + + align:start position:0% +lectures ago so again this is the part +that's most interesting is if you go + + align:start position:0% +that's most interesting is if you go + + + align:start position:0% +that's most interesting is if you go +back and you look at Hema ruin which + + align:start position:0% +back and you look at Hema ruin which + + + align:start position:0% +back and you look at Hema ruin which +reversibly binds oxygen with two irons + + align:start position:0% +reversibly binds oxygen with two irons + + + align:start position:0% +reversibly binds oxygen with two irons +you have add iron site and earlier in + + align:start position:0% +you have add iron site and earlier in + + + align:start position:0% +you have add iron site and earlier in +your notes I showed you what that site + + align:start position:0% +your notes I showed you what that site + + + align:start position:0% +your notes I showed you what that site +looks like this site is intact because + + align:start position:0% +looks like this site is intact because + + + align:start position:0% +looks like this site is intact because +the protein is folded under conditions + + align:start position:0% +the protein is folded under conditions + + + align:start position:0% +the protein is folded under conditions +of very low iron what happens is this + + align:start position:0% +of very low iron what happens is this + + + align:start position:0% +of very low iron what happens is this +becomes unfolded and then this part of + + align:start position:0% +becomes unfolded and then this part of + + + align:start position:0% +becomes unfolded and then this part of +the protein gets targeted for + + align:start position:0% +the protein gets targeted for + + + align:start position:0% +the protein gets targeted for +degradation by another III ligase not + + align:start position:0% +degradation by another III ligase not + + + align:start position:0% +degradation by another III ligase not +this one + + align:start position:0% +this one + + + align:start position:0% +this one +and then bullsh you've lost your sensor + + align:start position:0% +and then bullsh you've lost your sensor + + + align:start position:0% +and then bullsh you've lost your sensor +okay so the IRP - remains stable okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so the IRP - remains stable okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the IRP - remains stable okay so +you might think this is complicated + + align:start position:0% +you might think this is complicated + + + align:start position:0% +you might think this is complicated +maybe I didn't go I didn't spend enough + + align:start position:0% +maybe I didn't go I didn't spend enough + + + align:start position:0% +maybe I didn't go I didn't spend enough +time going through this but you should + + align:start position:0% +time going through this but you should + + + align:start position:0% +time going through this but you should +go back and you should look at the + + align:start position:0% +go back and you should look at the + + + align:start position:0% +go back and you should look at the +explanation again so the two key + + align:start position:0% +explanation again so the two key + + + align:start position:0% +explanation again so the two key +switches are here and here this one is + + align:start position:0% +switches are here and here this one is + + + align:start position:0% +switches are here and here this one is +the more complicated switch everybody + + align:start position:0% +the more complicated switch everybody + + + align:start position:0% +the more complicated switch everybody +thought everything was understood once + + align:start position:0% +thought everything was understood once + + + align:start position:0% +thought everything was understood once +they found this little iron binding + + align:start position:0% +they found this little iron binding + + + align:start position:0% +they found this little iron binding +protein that models humor + + align:start position:0% +protein that models humor + + + align:start position:0% +protein that models humor +but nothing could be farther from the + + align:start position:0% +but nothing could be farther from the + + + align:start position:0% +but nothing could be farther from the +truth we still really don't understand + + align:start position:0% +truth we still really don't understand + + + align:start position:0% +truth we still really don't understand +overall how this fits into the big + + align:start position:0% +overall how this fits into the big + + + align:start position:0% +overall how this fits into the big +picture but it's not an accident than + + align:start position:0% +picture but it's not an accident than + + + align:start position:0% +picture but it's not an accident than +iron and oxygen are required to fold + + align:start position:0% +iron and oxygen are required to fold + + + align:start position:0% +iron and oxygen are required to fold +this into this little bundle that looks + + align:start position:0% +this into this little bundle that looks + + + align:start position:0% +this into this little bundle that looks +like humerus right okay so so those are + + align:start position:0% +like humerus right okay so so those are + + + align:start position:0% +like humerus right okay so so those are +the switches and so now what I want to + + align:start position:0% +the switches and so now what I want to + + + align:start position:0% +the switches and so now what I want to +do is put forth the model okay so see + + align:start position:0% +do is put forth the model okay so see + + + align:start position:0% +do is put forth the model okay so see +okay so what is the model for how you + + align:start position:0% +okay so what is the model for how you + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what is the model for how you +want to turn these things off and on + + align:start position:0% +want to turn these things off and on + + + align:start position:0% +want to turn these things off and on +okay so so we have two things we have IR + + align:start position:0% +okay so so we have two things we have IR + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so we have two things we have IR +YZ iron responsive elements that can + + align:start position:0% +YZ iron responsive elements that can + + + align:start position:0% +YZ iron responsive elements that can +bind in front of the message to be just + + align:start position:0% +bind in front of the message to be just + + + align:start position:0% +bind in front of the message to be just +transcribed or at the end okay so what + + align:start position:0% +transcribed or at the end okay so what + + + align:start position:0% +transcribed or at the end okay so what +we're going to have is and we're going + + align:start position:0% +we're going to have is and we're going + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to have is and we're going +to look at two sets of conditions one is + + align:start position:0% +to look at two sets of conditions one is + + + align:start position:0% +to look at two sets of conditions one is +under conditions we have low iron and + + align:start position:0% +under conditions we have low iron and + + + align:start position:0% +under conditions we have low iron and +one is under conditions where you have + + align:start position:0% +one is under conditions where you have + + + align:start position:0% +one is under conditions where you have +high iron how do you sense those + + align:start position:0% +high iron how do you sense those + + + align:start position:0% +high iron how do you sense those +conditions that's a question so we want + + align:start position:0% +conditions that's a question so we want + + + align:start position:0% +conditions that's a question so we want +again we're sensing whoa versus high + + align:start position:0% +again we're sensing whoa versus high + + + align:start position:0% +again we're sensing whoa versus high +iron okay + + align:start position:0% +iron okay + + + align:start position:0% +iron okay +so let's look at low iron first okay so + + align:start position:0% +so let's look at low iron first okay so + + + align:start position:0% +so let's look at low iron first okay so +what we're gonna see is we're going to + + align:start position:0% +what we're gonna see is we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +what we're gonna see is we're going to +have a stem loop so here's my messenger + + align:start position:0% +have a stem loop so here's my messenger + + + align:start position:0% +have a stem loop so here's my messenger +RNA and here's the three prime end and + + align:start position:0% +RNA and here's the three prime end and + + + align:start position:0% +RNA and here's the three prime end and +here's the five prime end and here you + + align:start position:0% +here's the five prime end and here you + + + align:start position:0% +here's the five prime end and here you +initiate translation okay and so if it + + align:start position:0% +initiate translation okay and so if it + + + align:start position:0% +initiate translation okay and so if it +binds if this protein IR p2 or IR p1 + + align:start position:0% +binds if this protein IR p2 or IR p1 + + + align:start position:0% +binds if this protein IR p2 or IR p1 +both in the April form + + align:start position:0% +both in the April form + + + align:start position:0% +both in the April form +okay bind ir e so this could be and they + + align:start position:0% +okay bind ir e so this could be and they + + + align:start position:0% +okay bind ir e so this could be and they +do both fine people are trying to sort + + align:start position:0% +do both fine people are trying to sort + + + align:start position:0% +do both fine people are trying to sort +all of this out so this is IR P sorry + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rp1 or ip2 what happens to the + + align:start position:0% +rp1 or ip2 what happens to the + + + align:start position:0% +rp1 or ip2 what happens to the +translation what happens to the + + align:start position:0% +translation what happens to the + + + align:start position:0% +translation what happens to the +translation is it's inhibited okay so if + + align:start position:0% +translation is it's inhibited okay so if + + + align:start position:0% +translation is it's inhibited okay so if +you have this little stem loop in the + + align:start position:0% +you have this little stem loop in the + + + align:start position:0% +you have this little stem loop in the +front of your message you inhibit + + align:start position:0% +front of your message you inhibit + + + align:start position:0% +front of your message you inhibit +translation okay so what I'm showing you + + align:start position:0% +translation okay so what I'm showing you + + + align:start position:0% +translation okay so what I'm showing you +now and then I will give you some + + align:start position:0% +now and then I will give you some + + + align:start position:0% +now and then I will give you some +examples it's the key to thinking about + + align:start position:0% +examples it's the key to thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +examples it's the key to thinking about +this and most of it actually is + + align:start position:0% +this and most of it actually is + + + align:start position:0% +this and most of it actually is +intuitive once you remember what all the + + align:start position:0% +intuitive once you remember what all the + + + align:start position:0% +intuitive once you remember what all the +factors are they're involved in iron + + align:start position:0% +factors are they're involved in iron + + + align:start position:0% +factors are they're involved in iron +homeostasis that we've already gone over + + align:start position:0% +homeostasis that we've already gone over + + + align:start position:0% +homeostasis that we've already gone over +so so binding inhibits translation okay + + align:start position:0% +so so binding inhibits translation okay + + + align:start position:0% +so so binding inhibits translation okay +okay so then we have a second we have a + + align:start position:0% +okay so then we have a second we have a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so then we have a second we have a +second case at low iron and again we + + align:start position:0% +second case at low iron and again we + + + align:start position:0% +second case at low iron and again we +have a five prime end and then we have a + + align:start position:0% +have a five prime end and then we have a + + + align:start position:0% +have a five prime end and then we have a +three prime end + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +again about messenger RNA + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and here's a initiation of translation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and in this case as well you have + + align:start position:0% +okay and in this case as well you have + + + align:start position:0% +okay and in this case as well you have +the stem loop you have the same sort of + + align:start position:0% +the stem loop you have the same sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the stem loop you have the same sort of +structures of stem loops they are + + align:start position:0% +structures of stem loops they are + + + align:start position:0% +structures of stem loops they are +similar but distinct and what can happen + + align:start position:0% +similar but distinct and what can happen + + + align:start position:0% +similar but distinct and what can happen +with the April form of IRP one or Li rp2 + + align:start position:0% +with the April form of IRP one or Li rp2 + + + align:start position:0% +with the April form of IRP one or Li rp2 +again it can bind to these stem loops + + align:start position:0% +again it can bind to these stem loops + + + align:start position:0% +again it can bind to these stem loops +okay so you can have this chalk is not + + align:start position:0% +okay so you can have this chalk is not + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you can have this chalk is not +working okay so you have your proteins + + align:start position:0% +working okay so you have your proteins + + + align:start position:0% +working okay so you have your proteins +they're all bound they may or may not be + + align:start position:0% +they're all bound they may or may not be + + + align:start position:0% +they're all bound they may or may not be +all bound I don't think we know that + + align:start position:0% +all bound I don't think we know that + + + align:start position:0% +all bound I don't think we know that +much but what you see is the number of + + align:start position:0% +much but what you see is the number of + + + align:start position:0% +much but what you see is the number of +stem loops at the three prime end is + + align:start position:0% +stem loops at the three prime end is + + + align:start position:0% +stem loops at the three prime end is +variable okay it depends on the message + + align:start position:0% +variable okay it depends on the message + + + align:start position:0% +variable okay it depends on the message +so the number of stem loops is variable + + align:start position:0% +so the number of stem loops is variable + + + align:start position:0% +so the number of stem loops is variable +okay so what is this binding do what + + align:start position:0% +okay so what is this binding do what + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what is this binding do what +this binding does is it prevents the + + align:start position:0% +this binding does is it prevents the + + + align:start position:0% +this binding does is it prevents the +messenger RNA from being degraded so it + + align:start position:0% +messenger RNA from being degraded so it + + + align:start position:0% +messenger RNA from being degraded so it +Babel it basically stabilizes the + + align:start position:0% +Babel it basically stabilizes the + + + align:start position:0% +Babel it basically stabilizes the +messenger RNA so this model binding + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +prevents messenger are a degradation + + align:start position:0% +prevents messenger are a degradation + + + align:start position:0% +prevents messenger are a degradation +okay so it stabilizes messenger okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so it stabilizes messenger okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so it stabilizes messenger okay so +that's the model okay so now let's just + + align:start position:0% +that's the model okay so now let's just + + + align:start position:0% +that's the model okay so now let's just +look at a couple of examples and then + + align:start position:0% +look at a couple of examples and then + + + align:start position:0% +look at a couple of examples and then +what you can do + + align:start position:0% +what you can do + + + align:start position:0% +what you can do +later on as go back and think about this + + align:start position:0% +later on as go back and think about this + + + align:start position:0% +later on as go back and think about this +more of what's going on so again this + + align:start position:0% +more of what's going on so again this + + + align:start position:0% +more of what's going on so again this +this is the model and let me just make + + align:start position:0% +this is the model and let me just make + + + align:start position:0% +this is the model and let me just make +sure I go through the ones that want to + + align:start position:0% +sure I go through the ones that want to + + + align:start position:0% +sure I go through the ones that want to +do so we're at look we're still at low + + align:start position:0% +do so we're at look we're still at low + + + align:start position:0% +do so we're at look we're still at low +iron and we'll do to it low iron and + + align:start position:0% +iron and we'll do to it low iron and + + + align:start position:0% +iron and we'll do to it low iron and +then we'll look at the consequences of + + align:start position:0% +then we'll look at the consequences of + + + align:start position:0% +then we'll look at the consequences of +what happens at high iron and doesn't + + align:start position:0% +what happens at high iron and doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +what happens at high iron and doesn't +make intuitive sense based on what we + + align:start position:0% +make intuitive sense based on what we + + + align:start position:0% +make intuitive sense based on what we +think the function of these proteins are + + align:start position:0% +think the function of these proteins are + + + align:start position:0% +think the function of these proteins are +that are gonna be generated going to be + + align:start position:0% +that are gonna be generated going to be + + + align:start position:0% +that are gonna be generated going to be +translated so let's look at low iron so + + align:start position:0% +translated so let's look at low iron so + + + align:start position:0% +translated so let's look at low iron so +we're at low iron and looks let's look + + align:start position:0% +we're at low iron and looks let's look + + + align:start position:0% +we're at low iron and looks let's look +at therapy okay so what is Ferren it's + + align:start position:0% +at therapy okay so what is Ferren it's + + + align:start position:0% +at therapy okay so what is Ferren it's +the iron storage protein okay so under + + align:start position:0% +the iron storage protein okay so under + + + align:start position:0% +the iron storage protein okay so under +low iron do we want to store iron no so + + align:start position:0% +low iron do we want to store iron no so + + + align:start position:0% +low iron do we want to store iron no so +what would you do if you have a choice + + align:start position:0% +what would you do if you have a choice + + + align:start position:0% +what would you do if you have a choice +of these two modes of regulation and + + align:start position:0% +of these two modes of regulation and + + + align:start position:0% +of these two modes of regulation and +what would you choose where would you + + align:start position:0% +what would you choose where would you + + + align:start position:0% +what would you choose where would you +put your iron responsive element at the + + align:start position:0% +put your iron responsive element at the + + + align:start position:0% +put your iron responsive element at the +5-prime end or that's reprime end so + + align:start position:0% +5-prime end or that's reprime end so + + + align:start position:0% +5-prime end or that's reprime end so +we're at low iron we don't want to store + + align:start position:0% +we're at low iron we don't want to store + + + align:start position:0% +we're at low iron we don't want to store +or we don't want to store iron so we + + align:start position:0% +or we don't want to store iron so we + + + align:start position:0% +or we don't want to store iron so we +don't want storage okay so what would we + + align:start position:0% +don't want storage okay so what would we + + + align:start position:0% +don't want storage okay so what would we +do if these are the two choices and + + align:start position:0% +do if these are the two choices and + + + align:start position:0% +do if these are the two choices and +these are the two choices from + + align:start position:0% +these are the two choices from + + + align:start position:0% +these are the two choices from +experimental data there are many other + + align:start position:0% +experimental data there are many other + + + align:start position:0% +experimental data there are many other +variations on this you could have + + align:start position:0% +variations on this you could have + + + align:start position:0% +variations on this you could have +imagined but this is the model that + + align:start position:0% +imagined but this is the model that + + + align:start position:0% +imagined but this is the model that +everybody agrees on at this stage so + + align:start position:0% +everybody agrees on at this stage so + + + align:start position:0% +everybody agrees on at this stage so +where would you put your stem-loop yeah + + align:start position:0% +where would you put your stem-loop yeah + + + align:start position:0% +where would you put your stem-loop yeah +you'd put it at the five prime end and + + align:start position:0% +you'd put it at the five prime end and + + + align:start position:0% +you'd put it at the five prime end and +why would you put it at the five prime + + align:start position:0% +why would you put it at the five prime + + + align:start position:0% +why would you put it at the five prime +end because it prevents conversion of + + align:start position:0% +end because it prevents conversion of + + + align:start position:0% +end because it prevents conversion of +your message for ferritin into the + + align:start position:0% +your message for ferritin into the + + + align:start position:0% +your message for ferritin into the +protein okay so you have less of the + + align:start position:0% +protein okay so you have less of the + + + align:start position:0% +protein okay so you have less of the +Ferren so what you see now is you have + + align:start position:0% +Ferren so what you see now is you have + + + align:start position:0% +Ferren so what you see now is you have +again so this is a stem loop at the five + + align:start position:0% +again so this is a stem loop at the five + + + align:start position:0% +again so this is a stem loop at the five +prime and prevents translation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and you have lower concentration of + + align:start position:0% +and you have lower concentration of + + + align:start position:0% +and you have lower concentration of +Theron okay so that's exactly what you + + align:start position:0% +Theron okay so that's exactly what you + + + align:start position:0% +Theron okay so that's exactly what you +would expect some of the others are less + + align:start position:0% +would expect some of the others are less + + + align:start position:0% +would expect some of the others are less +intuitive but we've seen ferroportin + + align:start position:0% +intuitive but we've seen ferroportin + + + align:start position:0% +intuitive but we've seen ferroportin +remember if they're important is the + + align:start position:0% +remember if they're important is the + + + align:start position:0% +remember if they're important is the +iron to transporter in in many cells + + align:start position:0% +iron to transporter in in many cells + + + align:start position:0% +iron to transporter in in many cells +which allows the iron to come from the + + align:start position:0% +which allows the iron to come from the + + + align:start position:0% +which allows the iron to come from the +inside to the outside get picked up by + + align:start position:0% +inside to the outside get picked up by + + + align:start position:0% +inside to the outside get picked up by +transferrin and redistributed to the + + align:start position:0% +transferrin and redistributed to the + + + align:start position:0% +transferrin and redistributed to the +tissue so it in conjunction with the + + align:start position:0% +tissue so it in conjunction with the + + + align:start position:0% +tissue so it in conjunction with the +helps it in hormone peptide hormone we + + align:start position:0% +helps it in hormone peptide hormone we + + + align:start position:0% +helps it in hormone peptide hormone we +briefly talked about plays a really + + align:start position:0% +briefly talked about plays a really + + + align:start position:0% +briefly talked about plays a really +important role actually in controlling + + align:start position:0% +important role actually in controlling + + + align:start position:0% +important role actually in controlling +where the iron ends up going and in fact + + align:start position:0% +where the iron ends up going and in fact + + + align:start position:0% +where the iron ends up going and in fact +what you would like to be able to do say + + align:start position:0% +what you would like to be able to do say + + + align:start position:0% +what you would like to be able to do say +you had not very much iron where would + + align:start position:0% +you had not very much iron where would + + + align:start position:0% +you had not very much iron where would +you want to put your iron would you want + + align:start position:0% +you want to put your iron would you want + + + align:start position:0% +you want to put your iron would you want +to put your iron in something some + + align:start position:0% +to put your iron in something some + + + align:start position:0% +to put your iron in something some +metabolic pathway that's not so + + align:start position:0% +metabolic pathway that's not so + + + align:start position:0% +metabolic pathway that's not so +important or would you want to put your + + align:start position:0% +important or would you want to put your + + + align:start position:0% +important or would you want to put your +iron in a metabolic pathway that's very + + align:start position:0% +iron in a metabolic pathway that's very + + + align:start position:0% +iron in a metabolic pathway that's very +important you would want to put it into + + align:start position:0% +important you would want to put it into + + + align:start position:0% +important you would want to put it into +the pathway where you really need it to + + align:start position:0% +the pathway where you really need it to + + + align:start position:0% +the pathway where you really need it to +survive and so this is a subtle tuning + + align:start position:0% +survive and so this is a subtle tuning + + + align:start position:0% +survive and so this is a subtle tuning +on all of this and so an example of how + + align:start position:0% +on all of this and so an example of how + + + align:start position:0% +on all of this and so an example of how +this can be tuned if you look at an iron + + align:start position:0% +this can be tuned if you look at an iron + + + align:start position:0% +this can be tuned if you look at an iron +responsive element binding protein is + + align:start position:0% +responsive element binding protein is + + + align:start position:0% +responsive element binding protein is +succinate dehydrogenase anybody know + + align:start position:0% +succinate dehydrogenase anybody know + + + align:start position:0% +succinate dehydrogenase anybody know +where any of you ever heard of succinate + + align:start position:0% +where any of you ever heard of succinate + + + align:start position:0% +where any of you ever heard of succinate +dehydrogenase and where have you heard + + align:start position:0% +dehydrogenase and where have you heard + + + align:start position:0% +dehydrogenase and where have you heard +of it you have heard of it you just + + align:start position:0% +of it you have heard of it you just + + + align:start position:0% +of it you have heard of it you just +probably don't remember it + + align:start position:0% +probably don't remember it + + + align:start position:0% +probably don't remember it +yeah so it's in the TCA cycle so it + + align:start position:0% +yeah so it's in the TCA cycle so it + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so it's in the TCA cycle so it +converts succinate which is a + + align:start position:0% +converts succinate which is a + + + align:start position:0% +converts succinate which is a +hydrocarbon into into an olefin an + + align:start position:0% +hydrocarbon into into an olefin an + + + align:start position:0% +hydrocarbon into into an olefin an +alphabet on set into fumarate okay so + + align:start position:0% +alphabet on set into fumarate okay so + + + align:start position:0% +alphabet on set into fumarate okay so +that remember the TCA cycle you can tune + + align:start position:0% +that remember the TCA cycle you can tune + + + align:start position:0% +that remember the TCA cycle you can tune +it down or you can tune it up okay so if + + align:start position:0% +it down or you can tune it up okay so if + + + align:start position:0% +it down or you can tune it up okay so if +you really were desperate for iron you + + align:start position:0% +you really were desperate for iron you + + + align:start position:0% +you really were desperate for iron you +would probably tune down they the TCA + + align:start position:0% +would probably tune down they the TCA + + + align:start position:0% +would probably tune down they the TCA +cycle so in fact if you look you'll see + + align:start position:0% +cycle so in fact if you look you'll see + + + align:start position:0% +cycle so in fact if you look you'll see +a stem loop in front of succinate + + align:start position:0% +a stem loop in front of succinate + + + align:start position:0% +a stem loop in front of succinate +dehydrogenase which prevents its + + align:start position:0% +dehydrogenase which prevents its + + + align:start position:0% +dehydrogenase which prevents its +translation and turns down the pathway + + align:start position:0% +translation and turns down the pathway + + + align:start position:0% +translation and turns down the pathway +so there's a subtle example of how + + align:start position:0% +so there's a subtle example of how + + + align:start position:0% +so there's a subtle example of how +nature has at least is the way we + + align:start position:0% +nature has at least is the way we + + + align:start position:0% +nature has at least is the way we +rationalize experimental observations of + + align:start position:0% +rationalize experimental observations of + + + align:start position:0% +rationalize experimental observations of +what nature is done now if they're + + align:start position:0% +what nature is done now if they're + + + align:start position:0% +what nature is done now if they're +important + + align:start position:0% +important + + + align:start position:0% +important +I mean ferroportin which is the way I + + align:start position:0% +I mean ferroportin which is the way I + + + align:start position:0% +I mean ferroportin which is the way I +started on this sets priorities and it + + align:start position:0% +started on this sets priorities and it + + + align:start position:0% +started on this sets priorities and it +does this in conjunction with helps it + + align:start position:0% +does this in conjunction with helps it + + + align:start position:0% +does this in conjunction with helps it +in which we already talked about + + align:start position:0% +in which we already talked about + + + align:start position:0% +in which we already talked about +remember helps it in can target Ferro + + align:start position:0% +remember helps it in can target Ferro + + + align:start position:0% +remember helps it in can target Ferro +points for degradation and what we will + + align:start position:0% +points for degradation and what we will + + + align:start position:0% +points for degradation and what we will +and this allows the iron to be + + align:start position:0% +and this allows the iron to be + + + align:start position:0% +and this allows the iron to be +distributed and defined ways within the + + align:start position:0% +distributed and defined ways within the + + + align:start position:0% +distributed and defined ways within the +cell and in fact what you want to do in + + align:start position:0% +cell and in fact what you want to do in + + + align:start position:0% +cell and in fact what you want to do in +this case is have a fair report and the + + align:start position:0% +this case is have a fair report and the + + + align:start position:0% +this case is have a fair report and the +stem loop at the five prime end so that + + align:start position:0% +stem loop at the five prime end so that + + + align:start position:0% +stem loop at the five prime end so that +you don't export the iron inside the + + align:start position:0% +you don't export the iron inside the + + + align:start position:0% +you don't export the iron inside the +cell to the outside okay so that's + + align:start position:0% +cell to the outside okay so that's + + + align:start position:0% +cell to the outside okay so that's +that's what it does okay and some of + + align:start position:0% +that's what it does okay and some of + + + align:start position:0% +that's what it does okay and some of +these is I'm saying are easier to + + align:start position:0% +these is I'm saying are easier to + + + align:start position:0% +these is I'm saying are easier to +rationalize and other the ferritin one + + align:start position:0% +rationalize and other the ferritin one + + + align:start position:0% +rationalize and other the ferritin one +is really easy to wrap rationalize if + + align:start position:0% +is really easy to wrap rationalize if + + + align:start position:0% +is really easy to wrap rationalize if +they're important is easy to rationalize + + align:start position:0% +they're important is easy to rationalize + + + align:start position:0% +they're important is easy to rationalize +based on what I just told you but what + + align:start position:0% +based on what I just told you but what + + + align:start position:0% +based on what I just told you but what +you see also is that in some of these + + align:start position:0% +you see also is that in some of these + + + align:start position:0% +you see also is that in some of these +systems I don't know how much you guys + + align:start position:0% +systems I don't know how much you guys + + + align:start position:0% +systems I don't know how much you guys +excited about RNA but you know messenger + + align:start position:0% +excited about RNA but you know messenger + + + align:start position:0% +excited about RNA but you know messenger +RNA can be spliced and some in different + + align:start position:0% +RNA can be spliced and some in different + + + align:start position:0% +RNA can be spliced and some in different +cells it's placed differently you've + + align:start position:0% +cells it's placed differently you've + + + align:start position:0% +cells it's placed differently you've +also seen that cell types in terms of + + align:start position:0% +also seen that cell types in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +also seen that cell types in terms of +iron homeostasis the intro site the + + align:start position:0% +iron homeostasis the intro site the + + + align:start position:0% +iron homeostasis the intro site the +macrophage macrophage system and the + + align:start position:0% +macrophage macrophage system and the + + + align:start position:0% +macrophage macrophage system and the +spleen red blood cells are much more + + align:start position:0% +spleen red blood cells are much more + + + align:start position:0% +spleen red blood cells are much more +and it might be if you're in some of the + + align:start position:0% +and it might be if you're in some of the + + + align:start position:0% +and it might be if you're in some of the +tissue the splicing site is different + + align:start position:0% +tissue the splicing site is different + + + align:start position:0% +tissue the splicing site is different +and you don't have a stem loop so you + + align:start position:0% +and you don't have a stem loop so you + + + align:start position:0% +and you don't have a stem loop so you +can alter the you can alter the + + align:start position:0% +can alter the you can alter the + + + align:start position:0% +can alter the you can alter the +regulation by alternate splicing systems + + align:start position:0% +regulation by alternate splicing systems + + + align:start position:0% +regulation by alternate splicing systems +okay so these are these two are at at + + align:start position:0% +okay so these are these two are at at + + + align:start position:0% +okay so these are these two are at at +the five prime end what about what about + + align:start position:0% +the five prime end what about what about + + + align:start position:0% +the five prime end what about what about +the transferrin receptor so let me let's + + align:start position:0% +the transferrin receptor so let me let's + + + align:start position:0% +the transferrin receptor so let me let's +put this down here okay what about the + + align:start position:0% +put this down here okay what about the + + + align:start position:0% +put this down here okay what about the +transfer any subject what would you + + align:start position:0% +transfer any subject what would you + + + align:start position:0% +transfer any subject what would you +expect at low iron was still at low iron + + align:start position:0% +expect at low iron was still at low iron + + + align:start position:0% +expect at low iron was still at low iron +what would you expect the regulation to + + align:start position:0% +what would you expect the regulation to + + + align:start position:0% +what would you expect the regulation to +beef and the transferrin receptor what + + align:start position:0% +beef and the transferrin receptor what + + + align:start position:0% +beef and the transferrin receptor what +do you want to do at low iron so we're + + align:start position:0% +do you want to do at low iron so we're + + + align:start position:0% +do you want to do at low iron so we're +still this is another example long iron + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's look at the transferrin receptor + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the transferrin receptor + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the transferrin receptor +okay what does the transferrin receptor + + align:start position:0% +okay what does the transferrin receptor + + + align:start position:0% +okay what does the transferrin receptor +do hopefully you know this yeah you need + + align:start position:0% +do hopefully you know this yeah you need + + + align:start position:0% +do hopefully you know this yeah you need +to speak louder I can't hear anything + + align:start position:0% +to speak louder I can't hear anything + + + align:start position:0% +to speak louder I can't hear anything +you said you just went like this that + + align:start position:0% +you said you just went like this that + + + align:start position:0% +you said you just went like this that +didn't mean anything to me yeah so it + + align:start position:0% +didn't mean anything to me yeah so it + + + align:start position:0% +didn't mean anything to me yeah so it +helps to intake iron so if you have low + + align:start position:0% +helps to intake iron so if you have low + + + align:start position:0% +helps to intake iron so if you have low +iron what do you want to do yes you want + + align:start position:0% +iron what do you want to do yes you want + + + align:start position:0% +iron what do you want to do yes you want +to increase that so where would you put + + align:start position:0% +to increase that so where would you put + + + align:start position:0% +to increase that so where would you put +the same loop yeah so you put it at the + + align:start position:0% +the same loop yeah so you put it at the + + + align:start position:0% +the same loop yeah so you put it at the +three prime end because that stabilizes + + align:start position:0% +three prime end because that stabilizes + + + align:start position:0% +three prime end because that stabilizes +the messenger RNA of the transference so + + align:start position:0% +the messenger RNA of the transference so + + + align:start position:0% +the messenger RNA of the transference so +here at low iron you want to increase + + align:start position:0% +here at low iron you want to increase + + + align:start position:0% +here at low iron you want to increase +iron uptake and that means that if you + + align:start position:0% +iron uptake and that means that if you + + + align:start position:0% +iron uptake and that means that if you +have the three prime end + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you're going to stabilize a message okay + + align:start position:0% +you're going to stabilize a message okay + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to stabilize a message okay +so you can go through each one of the + + align:start position:0% +so you can go through each one of the + + + align:start position:0% +so you can go through each one of the +proteins that we discussed in the last + + align:start position:0% +proteins that we discussed in the last + + + align:start position:0% +proteins that we discussed in the last +lecture and before you look at it try to + + align:start position:0% +lecture and before you look at it try to + + + align:start position:0% +lecture and before you look at it try to +rationalize under different sets of + + align:start position:0% +rationalize under different sets of + + + align:start position:0% +rationalize under different sets of +conditions this is low iron what would + + align:start position:0% +conditions this is low iron what would + + + align:start position:0% +conditions this is low iron what would +you expect to happen + + align:start position:0% +you expect to happen + + + align:start position:0% +you expect to happen +um at high iron okay here let's just + + align:start position:0% +um at high iron okay here let's just + + + align:start position:0% +um at high iron okay here let's just +look at this one so I don't have to draw + + align:start position:0% +look at this one so I don't have to draw + + + align:start position:0% +look at this one so I don't have to draw +this again but what what happened to the + + align:start position:0% +this again but what what happened to the + + + align:start position:0% +this again but what what happened to the +transfer receptor at high iron do you + + align:start position:0% +transfer receptor at high iron do you + + + align:start position:0% +transfer receptor at high iron do you +want to take more iron into the cell + + align:start position:0% +want to take more iron into the cell + + + align:start position:0% +want to take more iron into the cell +know you know so what you want to do is + + align:start position:0% +know you know so what you want to do is + + + align:start position:0% +know you know so what you want to do is +get rid of the transferrin receptor so + + align:start position:0% +get rid of the transferrin receptor so + + + align:start position:0% +get rid of the transferrin receptor so +now what do you do at high iron if your + + align:start position:0% +now what do you do at high iron if your + + + align:start position:0% +now what do you do at high iron if your +IRP one you switch to pick up the iron + + align:start position:0% +IRP one you switch to pick up the iron + + + align:start position:0% +IRP one you switch to pick up the iron +sulfur cluster it no longer binds and so + + align:start position:0% +sulfur cluster it no longer binds and so + + + align:start position:0% +sulfur cluster it no longer binds and so +now what happens so this is all bound so + + align:start position:0% +now what happens so this is all bound so + + + align:start position:0% +now what happens so this is all bound so +stabilized and bound in this case now + + align:start position:0% +stabilized and bound in this case now + + + align:start position:0% +stabilized and bound in this case now +messenger RNA is degraded okay so the + + align:start position:0% +messenger RNA is degraded okay so the + + + align:start position:0% +messenger RNA is degraded okay so the +big players in iron homeostasis I think + + align:start position:0% +big players in iron homeostasis I think + + + align:start position:0% +big players in iron homeostasis I think +are easy to rationalize if you don't you + + align:start position:0% +are easy to rationalize if you don't you + + + align:start position:0% +are easy to rationalize if you don't you +know this mate might not be so rational + + align:start position:0% +know this mate might not be so rational + + + align:start position:0% +know this mate might not be so rational +why you would stabilize messenger RNA or + + align:start position:0% +why you would stabilize messenger RNA or + + + align:start position:0% +why you would stabilize messenger RNA or +whatever but this is the way nature + + align:start position:0% +whatever but this is the way nature + + + align:start position:0% +whatever but this is the way nature +designed this once you remember this + + align:start position:0% +designed this once you remember this + + + align:start position:0% +designed this once you remember this +they remember the switches are just a + + align:start position:0% +they remember the switches are just a + + + align:start position:0% +they remember the switches are just a +poe binding and somehow they sense iron + + align:start position:0% +poe binding and somehow they sense iron + + + align:start position:0% +poe binding and somehow they sense iron +and they no longer bind whatever the + + align:start position:0% +and they no longer bind whatever the + + + align:start position:0% +and they no longer bind whatever the +details are you should be able to + + align:start position:0% +details are you should be able to + + + align:start position:0% +details are you should be able to +understand in different kind of cell + + align:start position:0% +understand in different kind of cell + + + align:start position:0% +understand in different kind of cell +types how you might regulate on the iron + + align:start position:0% +types how you might regulate on the iron + + + align:start position:0% +types how you might regulate on the iron +at the translational level okay so I + + align:start position:0% +at the translational level okay so I + + + align:start position:0% +at the translational level okay so I +think that is all I wanted to say this + + align:start position:0% +think that is all I wanted to say this + + + align:start position:0% +think that is all I wanted to say this +is just a summary of what we've done in + + align:start position:0% +is just a summary of what we've done in + + + align:start position:0% +is just a summary of what we've done in +human in the human part and we thinking + + align:start position:0% +human in the human part and we thinking + + + align:start position:0% +human in the human part and we thinking +about this I gave you a big picture of + + align:start position:0% +about this I gave you a big picture of + + + align:start position:0% +about this I gave you a big picture of +what happens in humans this is a summary + + align:start position:0% +what happens in humans this is a summary + + + align:start position:0% +what happens in humans this is a summary +of that pic big picture with all these + + align:start position:0% +of that pic big picture with all these + + + align:start position:0% +of that pic big picture with all these +factors that are regulated at the + + align:start position:0% +factors that are regulated at the + + + align:start position:0% +factors that are regulated at the +translational level by the iron + + align:start position:0% +translational level by the iron + + + align:start position:0% +translational level by the iron +responsive binding proteins and so you + + align:start position:0% +responsive binding proteins and so you + + + align:start position:0% +responsive binding proteins and so you +can go back and look at this cartoon you + + align:start position:0% +can go back and look at this cartoon you + + + align:start position:0% +can go back and look at this cartoon you +know whether you want to store it + + align:start position:0% +know whether you want to store it + + + align:start position:0% +know whether you want to store it +whether you want to + + align:start position:0% +whether you want to + + + align:start position:0% +whether you want to +distribute it whether you want to put + + align:start position:0% +distribute it whether you want to put + + + align:start position:0% +distribute it whether you want to put +some in the mitochondria all of that + + align:start position:0% +some in the mitochondria all of that + + + align:start position:0% +some in the mitochondria all of that +kind of stuff is regulated at the + + align:start position:0% +kind of stuff is regulated at the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of stuff is regulated at the +translational level okay so in this + + align:start position:0% +translational level okay so in this + + + align:start position:0% +translational level okay so in this +module the second lecture which was + + align:start position:0% +module the second lecture which was + + + align:start position:0% +module the second lecture which was +exten I wanted it to be but that's life + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +was focused on human the big picture for + + align:start position:0% +was focused on human the big picture for + + + align:start position:0% +was focused on human the big picture for +human and how iron is transported and + + align:start position:0% +human and how iron is transported and + + + align:start position:0% +human and how iron is transported and +uptake which we talked about by divalent + + align:start position:0% +uptake which we talked about by divalent + + + align:start position:0% +uptake which we talked about by divalent +metal irons it transporters and by + + align:start position:0% +metal irons it transporters and by + + + align:start position:0% +metal irons it transporters and by +transferring in the +3 state + + align:start position:0% +transferring in the +3 state + + + align:start position:0% +transferring in the +3 state +okay and this question of regulation at + + align:start position:0% +okay and this question of regulation at + + + align:start position:0% +okay and this question of regulation at +the translational level now everything + + align:start position:0% +the translational level now everything + + + align:start position:0% +the translational level now everything +that helps it in we didn't touch on very + + align:start position:0% +that helps it in we didn't touch on very + + + align:start position:0% +that helps it in we didn't touch on very +much very complicated but it plays a + + align:start position:0% +much very complicated but it plays a + + + align:start position:0% +much very complicated but it plays a +major role systemically okay whereas + + align:start position:0% +major role systemically okay whereas + + + align:start position:0% +major role systemically okay whereas +these others are this what we were just + + align:start position:0% +these others are this what we were just + + + align:start position:0% +these others are this what we were just +talking about is more specific for each + + align:start position:0% +talking about is more specific for each + + + align:start position:0% +talking about is more specific for each +cell type and different cell types want + + align:start position:0% +cell type and different cell types want + + + align:start position:0% +cell type and different cell types want +to have regulation in different ways so + + align:start position:0% +to have regulation in different ways so + + + align:start position:0% +to have regulation in different ways so +the bigger picture is that helps it in + + align:start position:0% +the bigger picture is that helps it in + + + align:start position:0% +the bigger picture is that helps it in +and you know it was discovered a while + + align:start position:0% +and you know it was discovered a while + + + align:start position:0% +and you know it was discovered a while +back but I still would say we don't + + align:start position:0% +back but I still would say we don't + + + align:start position:0% +back but I still would say we don't +understand a lot about what's going on + + align:start position:0% +understand a lot about what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +understand a lot about what's going on +in terms of that hormonal regulation + + align:start position:0% +in terms of that hormonal regulation + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of that hormonal regulation +okay so now what I want to do as + + align:start position:0% +okay so now what I want to do as + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now what I want to do as +advertised is move into bacteria and how + + align:start position:0% +advertised is move into bacteria and how + + + align:start position:0% +advertised is move into bacteria and how +do bacteria do the same thing they have + + align:start position:0% +do bacteria do the same thing they have + + + align:start position:0% +do bacteria do the same thing they have +the same problem we talked about metal + + align:start position:0% +the same problem we talked about metal + + + align:start position:0% +the same problem we talked about metal +homeostasis the exact same problem in + + align:start position:0% +homeostasis the exact same problem in + + + align:start position:0% +homeostasis the exact same problem in +human and bacteria but in the end you + + align:start position:0% +human and bacteria but in the end you + + + align:start position:0% +human and bacteria but in the end you +know the bacteria want to survive and we + + align:start position:0% +know the bacteria want to survive and we + + + align:start position:0% +know the bacteria want to survive and we +want to survive so we have the bacteria + + align:start position:0% +want to survive so we have the bacteria + + + align:start position:0% +want to survive so we have the bacteria +we have the battle between the bacteria + + align:start position:0% +we have the battle between the bacteria + + + align:start position:0% +we have the battle between the bacteria +and us 4-iron okay so what I want to do + + align:start position:0% +and us 4-iron okay so what I want to do + + + align:start position:0% +and us 4-iron okay so what I want to do +is introduce you to the bacteria + + align:start position:0% +is introduce you to the bacteria + + + align:start position:0% +is introduce you to the bacteria +generically how they take up metal and + + align:start position:0% +generically how they take up metal and + + + align:start position:0% +generically how they take up metal and +to use by the same for the same things + + align:start position:0% +to use by the same for the same things + + + align:start position:0% +to use by the same for the same things +that we use it for a little less + + align:start position:0% +that we use it for a little less + + + align:start position:0% +that we use it for a little less +complicated maybe than humans and then + + align:start position:0% +complicated maybe than humans and then + + + align:start position:0% +complicated maybe than humans and then +what we're going to do is I'll introduce + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to do is I'll introduce + + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to do is I'll introduce +you to this war between bacteria and + + align:start position:0% +you to this war between bacteria and + + + align:start position:0% +you to this war between bacteria and +humans and then we're going to focus on + + align:start position:0% +humans and then we're going to focus on + + + align:start position:0% +humans and then we're going to focus on +one bacteria that's a major issue + + align:start position:0% +one bacteria that's a major issue + + + align:start position:0% +one bacteria that's a major issue +nowadays as Staphylococcus aureus + + align:start position:0% +nowadays as Staphylococcus aureus + + + align:start position:0% +nowadays as Staphylococcus aureus +because of resistance problems this is a + + align:start position:0% +because of resistance problems this is a + + + align:start position:0% +because of resistance problems this is a +problem that + + align:start position:0% +problem that + + + align:start position:0% +problem that +this lab has worked on and specifically + + align:start position:0% +this lab has worked on and specifically + + + align:start position:0% +this lab has worked on and specifically +I'm going to give you one example of how + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to give you one example of how + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to give you one example of how +Staphylococcus aureus gets iron out of + + align:start position:0% +Staphylococcus aureus gets iron out of + + + align:start position:0% +Staphylococcus aureus gets iron out of +our hemoglobin that's going to be the + + align:start position:0% +our hemoglobin that's going to be the + + + align:start position:0% +our hemoglobin that's going to be the +example okay and the system that you'll + + align:start position:0% +example okay and the system that you'll + + + align:start position:0% +example okay and the system that you'll +see I mean it's amazingly cool but + + align:start position:0% +see I mean it's amazingly cool but + + + align:start position:0% +see I mean it's amazingly cool but +you'll see there's still many things we + + align:start position:0% +you'll see there's still many things we + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see there's still many things we +don't really understand in a lot of + + align:start position:0% +don't really understand in a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +don't really understand in a lot of +details so okay so what I want to do now + + align:start position:0% +details so okay so what I want to do now + + + align:start position:0% +details so okay so what I want to do now +is introduce you that's how am i doing + + align:start position:0% +is introduce you that's how am i doing + + + align:start position:0% +is introduce you that's how am i doing +timewise okay so what I really would + + align:start position:0% +timewise okay so what I really would + + + align:start position:0% +timewise okay so what I really would +like to do is draw this out in the board + + align:start position:0% +like to do is draw this out in the board + + + align:start position:0% +like to do is draw this out in the board +because it's complicated and I know what + + align:start position:0% +because it's complicated and I know what + + + align:start position:0% +because it's complicated and I know what +happens is if you use a power point you + + align:start position:0% +happens is if you use a power point you + + + align:start position:0% +happens is if you use a power point you +go through it at a hundred miles an hour + + align:start position:0% +go through it at a hundred miles an hour + + + align:start position:0% +go through it at a hundred miles an hour +but I'm gonna be using more public point + + align:start position:0% +but I'm gonna be using more public point + + + align:start position:0% +but I'm gonna be using more public point +three something so anyhow this is an + + align:start position:0% +three something so anyhow this is an + + + align:start position:0% +three something so anyhow this is an +overview where we're going if you forget + + align:start position:0% +overview where we're going if you forget + + + align:start position:0% +overview where we're going if you forget +okay so what I wanted to do at least a + + align:start position:0% +okay so what I wanted to do at least a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what I wanted to do at least a +little bit we're gonna be focusing on + + align:start position:0% +little bit we're gonna be focusing on + + + align:start position:0% +little bit we're gonna be focusing on +gram-positive and gram-negative systems + + align:start position:0% +gram-positive and gram-negative systems + + + align:start position:0% +gram-positive and gram-negative systems +and I want to tell you what is the + + align:start position:0% +and I want to tell you what is the + + + align:start position:0% +and I want to tell you what is the +difference you all know or have heard + + align:start position:0% +difference you all know or have heard + + + align:start position:0% +difference you all know or have heard +about grand positive and gram-negative + + align:start position:0% +about grand positive and gram-negative + + + align:start position:0% +about grand positive and gram-negative +bacteria they use different strategies + + align:start position:0% +bacteria they use different strategies + + + align:start position:0% +bacteria they use different strategies +they use the same strategies but they + + align:start position:0% +they use the same strategies but they + + + align:start position:0% +they use the same strategies but they +use distinct strategies because of their + + align:start position:0% +use distinct strategies because of their + + + align:start position:0% +use distinct strategies because of their +structures and so what I want to do is + + align:start position:0% +structures and so what I want to do is + + + align:start position:0% +structures and so what I want to do is +give you an overview and then we'll + + align:start position:0% +give you an overview and then we'll + + + align:start position:0% +give you an overview and then we'll +focus specifically on staph aureus okay + + align:start position:0% +focus specifically on staph aureus okay + + + align:start position:0% +focus specifically on staph aureus okay +so in gram-positive here we have our + + align:start position:0% +so in gram-positive here we have our + + + align:start position:0% +so in gram-positive here we have our +plasma membrane okay so this is the + + align:start position:0% +plasma membrane okay so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +plasma membrane okay so this is the +plasma membrane + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and this big guy here is pg the + + align:start position:0% +and this big guy here is pg the + + + align:start position:0% +and this big guy here is pg the +peptidoglycan and we'll see in + + align:start position:0% +peptidoglycan and we'll see in + + + align:start position:0% +peptidoglycan and we'll see in +staph.aureus the peptidoglycan is gonna + + align:start position:0% +staph.aureus the peptidoglycan is gonna + + + align:start position:0% +staph.aureus the peptidoglycan is gonna +play a key role so you need to + + align:start position:0% +play a key role so you need to + + + align:start position:0% +play a key role so you need to +understand the structure the pepto well + + align:start position:0% +understand the structure the pepto well + + + align:start position:0% +understand the structure the pepto well +I can't I am going to spend a little bit + + align:start position:0% +I can't I am going to spend a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +I can't I am going to spend a little bit +of time describing to you the structure + + align:start position:0% +of time describing to you the structure + + + align:start position:0% +of time describing to you the structure +it's also the major target of many + + align:start position:0% +it's also the major target of many + + + align:start position:0% +it's also the major target of many +antibacterial agents that are currently + + align:start position:0% +antibacterial agents that are currently + + + align:start position:0% +antibacterial agents that are currently +used why because it's unique to bacteria + + align:start position:0% +used why because it's unique to bacteria + + + align:start position:0% +used why because it's unique to bacteria +so you have this huge you have only this + + align:start position:0% +so you have this huge you have only this + + + align:start position:0% +so you have this huge you have only this +plasma membrane there's no outer + + align:start position:0% +plasma membrane there's no outer + + + align:start position:0% +plasma membrane there's no outer +membrane that's going to be distinct + + align:start position:0% +membrane that's going to be distinct + + + align:start position:0% +membrane that's going to be distinct +from gram-negative and so the question + + align:start position:0% +from gram-negative and so the question + + + align:start position:0% +from gram-negative and so the question +is how do you get iron from the outside + + align:start position:0% +is how do you get iron from the outside + + + align:start position:0% +is how do you get iron from the outside +to the inside and so one of the things + + align:start position:0% +to the inside and so one of the things + + + align:start position:0% +to the inside and so one of the things +one of the ways you can take an iron is + + align:start position:0% +one of the ways you can take an iron is + + + align:start position:0% +one of the ways you can take an iron is +you've already seen this and you've + + align:start position:0% +you've already seen this and you've + + + align:start position:0% +you've already seen this and you've +talked about it in detail in the first + + align:start position:0% +talked about it in detail in the first + + + align:start position:0% +talked about it in detail in the first +module in the first after the course is + + align:start position:0% +module in the first after the course is + + + align:start position:0% +module in the first after the course is +city air force okay and we've already + + align:start position:0% +city air force okay and we've already + + + align:start position:0% +city air force okay and we've already +talked about the fact that we have 500 + + align:start position:0% +talked about the fact that we have 500 + + + align:start position:0% +talked about the fact that we have 500 +we have many many different kinds of + + align:start position:0% +we have many many different kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +we have many many different kinds of +city air force okay and somehow these + + align:start position:0% +city air force okay and somehow these + + + align:start position:0% +city air force okay and somehow these +city air force and we'll look at a few + + align:start position:0% +city air force and we'll look at a few + + + align:start position:0% +city air force and we'll look at a few +structures can get to the outside of the + + align:start position:0% +structures can get to the outside of the + + + align:start position:0% +structures can get to the outside of the +cell + + align:start position:0% +cell + + + align:start position:0% +cell +they pick up iron in the +3 state and + + align:start position:0% +they pick up iron in the +3 state and + + + align:start position:0% +they pick up iron in the +3 state and +then they need to bring it back to the + + align:start position:0% +then they need to bring it back to the + + + align:start position:0% +then they need to bring it back to the +plasma membrane and then somehow it + + align:start position:0% +plasma membrane and then somehow it + + + align:start position:0% +plasma membrane and then somehow it +needs to get transported across the + + align:start position:0% +needs to get transported across the + + + align:start position:0% +needs to get transported across the +plasma membrane this is a transporter + + align:start position:0% +plasma membrane this is a transporter + + + align:start position:0% +plasma membrane this is a transporter +most of them are called ABC transporters + + align:start position:0% +most of them are called ABC transporters + + + align:start position:0% +most of them are called ABC transporters +and they require ATP okay and when they + + align:start position:0% +and they require ATP okay and when they + + + align:start position:0% +and they require ATP okay and when they +get across they take the sadirah 4 with + + align:start position:0% +get across they take the sadirah 4 with + + + align:start position:0% +get across they take the sadirah 4 with +the iron into the cells okay okay so + + align:start position:0% +the iron into the cells okay okay so + + + align:start position:0% +the iron into the cells okay okay so +that looks simple enough will see that + + align:start position:0% +that looks simple enough will see that + + + align:start position:0% +that looks simple enough will see that +the strategy of gram-negative bacteria + + align:start position:0% +the strategy of gram-negative bacteria + + + align:start position:0% +the strategy of gram-negative bacteria +is going to be distinct because it has + + align:start position:0% +is going to be distinct because it has + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be distinct because it has +an outer membrane okay so how would you + + align:start position:0% +an outer membrane okay so how would you + + + align:start position:0% +an outer membrane okay so how would you +get the iron out of the Steyr for okay + + align:start position:0% +get the iron out of the Steyr for okay + + + align:start position:0% +get the iron out of the Steyr for okay +and so + + align:start position:0% +and so + + + align:start position:0% +and so +I'm gonna push this up back out again so + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna push this up back out again so + + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna push this up back out again so +how do you get the iron out of Asadero + + align:start position:0% +how do you get the iron out of Asadero + + + align:start position:0% +how do you get the iron out of Asadero +four okay and of course what that + + align:start position:0% +four okay and of course what that + + + align:start position:0% +four okay and of course what that +depends on is the reduction potential of + + align:start position:0% +depends on is the reduction potential of + + + align:start position:0% +depends on is the reduction potential of +the iron okay so we will see with an + + align:start position:0% +the iron okay so we will see with an + + + align:start position:0% +the iron okay so we will see with an +Trobe act in which you already looked at + + align:start position:0% +Trobe act in which you already looked at + + + align:start position:0% +Trobe act in which you already looked at +the reduction in potential under under + + align:start position:0% +the reduction in potential under under + + + align:start position:0% +the reduction in potential under under +neutral conditions is - 750 millivolts + + align:start position:0% +neutral conditions is - 750 millivolts + + + align:start position:0% +neutral conditions is - 750 millivolts +okay - means that it's really hard to + + align:start position:0% +okay - means that it's really hard to + + + align:start position:0% +okay - means that it's really hard to +reduce it wants to be oxidized it's + + align:start position:0% +reduce it wants to be oxidized it's + + + align:start position:0% +reduce it wants to be oxidized it's +outside the realm of what you can do + + align:start position:0% +outside the realm of what you can do + + + align:start position:0% +outside the realm of what you can do +inside the cell so you can we want to + + align:start position:0% +inside the cell so you can we want to + + + align:start position:0% +inside the cell so you can we want to +reduce iron 3 - iron 2 why because we + + align:start position:0% +reduce iron 3 - iron 2 why because we + + + align:start position:0% +reduce iron 3 - iron 2 why because we +have it we we increase the exchange + + align:start position:0% +have it we we increase the exchange + + + align:start position:0% +have it we we increase the exchange +ability of our ligands that's why that + + align:start position:0% +ability of our ligands that's why that + + + align:start position:0% +ability of our ligands that's why that +was introduced before so you could + + align:start position:0% +was introduced before so you could + + + align:start position:0% +was introduced before so you could +reduce this potentially and so I'll just + + align:start position:0% +reduce this potentially and so I'll just + + + align:start position:0% +reduce this potentially and so I'll just +put a question mark there and so then + + align:start position:0% +put a question mark there and so then + + + align:start position:0% +put a question mark there and so then +what you have is an arm what you have is + + align:start position:0% +what you have is an arm what you have is + + + align:start position:0% +what you have is an arm what you have is +a city or a 4 so let me just write this + + align:start position:0% +a city or a 4 so let me just write this + + + align:start position:0% +a city or a 4 so let me just write this +down so you don't forget so this is the + + align:start position:0% +down so you don't forget so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +down so you don't forget so this is the +city or 4 okay and then you have your + + align:start position:0% +city or 4 okay and then you have your + + + align:start position:0% +city or 4 okay and then you have your +iron so what happens to the sadirah 4 + + align:start position:0% +iron so what happens to the sadirah 4 + + + align:start position:0% +iron so what happens to the sadirah 4 +with no iron it can now get recycled + + align:start position:0% +with no iron it can now get recycled + + + align:start position:0% +with no iron it can now get recycled +back to pick up more iron so let me just + + align:start position:0% +back to pick up more iron so let me just + + + align:start position:0% +back to pick up more iron so let me just +put this here + + align:start position:0% +put this here + + + align:start position:0% +put this here +this is recycled and we're gonna see + + align:start position:0% +this is recycled and we're gonna see + + + align:start position:0% +this is recycled and we're gonna see +we're gonna be focusing on we're + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna be focusing on we're + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna be focusing on we're +focusing on here taking up iron from + + align:start position:0% +focusing on here taking up iron from + + + align:start position:0% +focusing on here taking up iron from +Sudhir force but we'll see that you can + + align:start position:0% +Sudhir force but we'll see that you can + + + align:start position:0% +Sudhir force but we'll see that you can +take up iron from heme and you have the + + align:start position:0% +take up iron from heme and you have the + + + align:start position:0% +take up iron from heme and you have the +same issue you're gonna use the same + + align:start position:0% +same issue you're gonna use the same + + + align:start position:0% +same issue you're gonna use the same +strategy you bring it into the cell + + align:start position:0% +strategy you bring it into the cell + + + align:start position:0% +strategy you bring it into the cell +you've got to get the iron out of the + + align:start position:0% +you've got to get the iron out of the + + + align:start position:0% +you've got to get the iron out of the +heme and you have to recycle it so if + + align:start position:0% +heme and you have to recycle it so if + + + align:start position:0% +heme and you have to recycle it so if +you can't reduce it what do you do + + align:start position:0% +you can't reduce it what do you do + + + align:start position:0% +you can't reduce it what do you do +does anybody remember what you do with + + align:start position:0% +does anybody remember what you do with + + + align:start position:0% +does anybody remember what you do with +intro Baptists and turbit anybody + + align:start position:0% +intro Baptists and turbit anybody + + + align:start position:0% +intro Baptists and turbit anybody +remember the KD we talked about this + + align:start position:0% +remember the KD we talked about this + + + align:start position:0% +remember the KD we talked about this +last time but it finds like son of a gun + + align:start position:0% +last time but it finds like son of a gun + + + align:start position:0% +last time but it finds like son of a gun +it's hard to it's hard to reduce you + + align:start position:0% +it's hard to it's hard to reduce you + + + align:start position:0% +it's hard to it's hard to reduce you +have ester linkages in intro back if you + + align:start position:0% +have ester linkages in intro back if you + + + align:start position:0% +have ester linkages in intro back if you +go back and look at the structure and + + align:start position:0% +go back and look at the structure and + + + align:start position:0% +go back and look at the structure and +there are proteins that can hydrolyze + + align:start position:0% +there are proteins that can hydrolyze + + + align:start position:0% +there are proteins that can hydrolyze +the ester linkages so ring opens makes + + align:start position:0% +the ester linkages so ring opens makes + + + align:start position:0% +the ester linkages so ring opens makes +it buying less tightly and so it can be + + align:start position:0% +it buying less tightly and so it can be + + + align:start position:0% +it buying less tightly and so it can be +released so in the case of Enterobacter + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you have an esterase so let me just show + + align:start position:0% +you have an esterase so let me just show + + + align:start position:0% +you have an esterase so let me just show +you that and then we'll come back again + + align:start position:0% +you that and then we'll come back again + + + align:start position:0% +you that and then we'll come back again +to the gram-negative but if you look at + + align:start position:0% +to the gram-negative but if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +to the gram-negative but if you look at +the scenario for its there are five + + align:start position:0% +the scenario for its there are five + + + align:start position:0% +the scenario for its there are five +hundred city or for us here is + + align:start position:0% +hundred city or for us here is + + + align:start position:0% +hundred city or for us here is +enterobacter here are the esters you can + + align:start position:0% +enterobacter here are the esters you can + + + align:start position:0% +enterobacter here are the esters you can +hydrolyze them to read weeks you can't + + align:start position:0% +hydrolyze them to read weeks you can't + + + align:start position:0% +hydrolyze them to read weeks you can't +reduce because again the more negative + + align:start position:0% +reduce because again the more negative + + + align:start position:0% +reduce because again the more negative +the more it wants to be oxidized and you + + align:start position:0% +the more it wants to be oxidized and you + + + align:start position:0% +the more it wants to be oxidized and you +know the range of reduction inside the + + align:start position:0% +know the range of reduction inside the + + + align:start position:0% +know the range of reduction inside the +cell is maybe you know minus 500 you + + align:start position:0% +cell is maybe you know minus 500 you + + + align:start position:0% +cell is maybe you know minus 500 you +can't get that much above that and but + + align:start position:0% +can't get that much above that and but + + + align:start position:0% +can't get that much above that and but +if you look down here at citrate + + align:start position:0% +if you look down here at citrate + + + align:start position:0% +if you look down here at citrate +remember we were talking about citrate + + align:start position:0% +remember we were talking about citrate + + + align:start position:0% +remember we were talking about citrate +it's unusual and that citrate is part of + + align:start position:0% +it's unusual and that citrate is part of + + + align:start position:0% +it's unusual and that citrate is part of +the Sakonnet a sigh rp1 and IRP to + + align:start position:0% +the Sakonnet a sigh rp1 and IRP to + + + align:start position:0% +the Sakonnet a sigh rp1 and IRP to +system but wait what's the reduction + + align:start position:0% +system but wait what's the reduction + + + align:start position:0% +system but wait what's the reduction +potentially a completely different so if + + align:start position:0% +potentially a completely different so if + + + align:start position:0% +potentially a completely different so if +you had on citrate you could easily + + align:start position:0% +you had on citrate you could easily + + + align:start position:0% +you had on citrate you could easily +reduce it under physiological conditions + + align:start position:0% +reduce it under physiological conditions + + + align:start position:0% +reduce it under physiological conditions +so the strategies you need to be able to + + align:start position:0% +so the strategies you need to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +so the strategies you need to be able to +release the iron to then use the iron + + align:start position:0% +release the iron to then use the iron + + + align:start position:0% +release the iron to then use the iron +for what you want to do is distinct + + align:start position:0% +for what you want to do is distinct + + + align:start position:0% +for what you want to do is distinct +depending on the city or for okay so if + + align:start position:0% +depending on the city or for okay so if + + + align:start position:0% +depending on the city or for okay so if +we go back now let's just look over here + + align:start position:0% +we go back now let's just look over here + + + align:start position:0% +we go back now let's just look over here +and i'll drive that in parallel + + align:start position:0% +and i'll drive that in parallel + + + align:start position:0% +and i'll drive that in parallel +so what's the difference between gram + + align:start position:0% +so what's the difference between gram + + + align:start position:0% +so what's the difference between gram +positive and gram negative so let's draw + + align:start position:0% +positive and gram negative so let's draw + + + align:start position:0% +positive and gram negative so let's draw +that and then when I'm going to show you + + align:start position:0% +that and then when I'm going to show you + + + align:start position:0% +that and then when I'm going to show you +rapidly is again the strategies with + + align:start position:0% +rapidly is again the strategies with + + + align:start position:0% +rapidly is again the strategies with +heme are slightly different but very + + align:start position:0% +heme are slightly different but very + + + align:start position:0% +heme are slightly different but very +very similar okay we have different sets + + align:start position:0% +very similar okay we have different sets + + + align:start position:0% +very similar okay we have different sets +of proteins so with gram negative we + + align:start position:0% +of proteins so with gram negative we + + + align:start position:0% +of proteins so with gram negative we +have an outer membrane so this is gram + + align:start position:0% +have an outer membrane so this is gram + + + align:start position:0% +have an outer membrane so this is gram +negative and what we have in the outer + + align:start position:0% +negative and what we have in the outer + + + align:start position:0% +negative and what we have in the outer +membrane our proteins it has a lot of + + align:start position:0% +membrane our proteins it has a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +membrane our proteins it has a lot of +proteins and it has a big protein with a + + align:start position:0% +proteins and it has a big protein with a + + + align:start position:0% +proteins and it has a big protein with a +ball in it and these proteins are at 27 + + align:start position:0% +ball in it and these proteins are at 27 + + + align:start position:0% +ball in it and these proteins are at 27 +has 27 beta strands and these are beta + + align:start position:0% +has 27 beta strands and these are beta + + + align:start position:0% +has 27 beta strands and these are beta +barrels okay so there are many many of + + align:start position:0% +barrels okay so there are many many of + + + align:start position:0% +barrels okay so there are many many of +these proteins in fact if any of you + + align:start position:0% +these proteins in fact if any of you + + + align:start position:0% +these proteins in fact if any of you +heard Dan Collins talk this past + + align:start position:0% +heard Dan Collins talk this past + + + align:start position:0% +heard Dan Collins talk this past +semester he's figured out how do these + + align:start position:0% +semester he's figured out how do these + + + align:start position:0% +semester he's figured out how do these +things get made down here and get + + align:start position:0% +things get made down here and get + + + align:start position:0% +things get made down here and get +inserted in the outer membrane it's an + + align:start position:0% +inserted in the outer membrane it's an + + + align:start position:0% +inserted in the outer membrane it's an +interesting problem so these are beta + + align:start position:0% +interesting problem so these are beta + + + align:start position:0% +interesting problem so these are beta +barrel proteins and they hook 27 strands + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay they we then have a peptidoglycan + + align:start position:0% +okay they we then have a peptidoglycan + + + align:start position:0% +okay they we then have a peptidoglycan +okay so but the peptidoglycan is + + align:start position:0% +okay so but the peptidoglycan is + + + align:start position:0% +okay so but the peptidoglycan is +distinct it's much smaller it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +distinct it's much smaller it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +distinct it's much smaller it doesn't +take up anywhere near as much space and + + align:start position:0% +take up anywhere near as much space and + + + align:start position:0% +take up anywhere near as much space and +then you have your plasma membrane okay + + align:start position:0% +then you have your plasma membrane okay + + + align:start position:0% +then you have your plasma membrane okay +and then in the plasma membrane so this + + align:start position:0% +and then in the plasma membrane so this + + + align:start position:0% +and then in the plasma membrane so this +is a plasma membrane + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you still need to do the same thing you + + align:start position:0% +you still need to do the same thing you + + + align:start position:0% +you still need to do the same thing you +need to get your sedara four into the + + align:start position:0% +need to get your sedara four into the + + + align:start position:0% +need to get your sedara four into the +cell okay so what do you have here you + + align:start position:0% +cell okay so what do you have here you + + + align:start position:0% +cell okay so what do you have here you +still have transporters okay + + align:start position:0% +still have transporters okay + + + align:start position:0% +still have transporters okay +and those transporters are going to + + align:start position:0% +and those transporters are going to + + + align:start position:0% +and those transporters are going to +allow your sadirah for it to go into the + + align:start position:0% +allow your sadirah for it to go into the + + + align:start position:0% +allow your sadirah for it to go into the +cell just like we saw with the + + align:start position:0% +cell just like we saw with the + + + align:start position:0% +cell just like we saw with the +gram-positive so over here then we have + + align:start position:0% +gram-positive so over here then we have + + + align:start position:0% +gram-positive so over here then we have +a sadira for again the same types of + + align:start position:0% +a sadira for again the same types of + + + align:start position:0% +a sadira for again the same types of +city or fours so somehow it needs to get + + align:start position:0% +city or fours so somehow it needs to get + + + align:start position:0% +city or fours so somehow it needs to get +inside the cell and we have many of + + align:start position:0% +inside the cell and we have many of + + + align:start position:0% +inside the cell and we have many of +these beta barrels and a lot of them are + + align:start position:0% +these beta barrels and a lot of them are + + + align:start position:0% +these beta barrels and a lot of them are +specific for a given city or for there + + align:start position:0% +specific for a given city or for there + + + align:start position:0% +specific for a given city or for there +are many many of these things we'll look + + align:start position:0% +are many many of these things we'll look + + + align:start position:0% +are many many of these things we'll look +at E coli there there are you know can + + align:start position:0% +at E coli there there are you know can + + + align:start position:0% +at E coli there there are you know can +different ways to take get iron from the + + align:start position:0% +different ways to take get iron from the + + + align:start position:0% +different ways to take get iron from the +environment into the cell that tells you + + align:start position:0% +environment into the cell that tells you + + + align:start position:0% +environment into the cell that tells you +how important all of this is and it + + align:start position:0% +how important all of this is and it + + + align:start position:0% +how important all of this is and it +turns out that you also have inside the + + align:start position:0% +turns out that you also have inside the + + + align:start position:0% +turns out that you also have inside the +cell a periplasmic binding protein they + + align:start position:0% +cell a periplasmic binding protein they + + + align:start position:0% +cell a periplasmic binding protein they +can pick up the iron when it gets + + align:start position:0% +can pick up the iron when it gets + + + align:start position:0% +can pick up the iron when it gets +transferred across here so you have a + + align:start position:0% +transferred across here so you have a + + + align:start position:0% +transferred across here so you have a +parry plasmic binding protein okay and + + align:start position:0% +parry plasmic binding protein okay and + + + align:start position:0% +parry plasmic binding protein okay and +one of the questions is how does the + + align:start position:0% +one of the questions is how does the + + + align:start position:0% +one of the questions is how does the +Sudhir for get transferred and to do + + align:start position:0% +Sudhir for get transferred and to do + + + align:start position:0% +Sudhir for get transferred and to do +that in gram-negative bacteria you need + + align:start position:0% +that in gram-negative bacteria you need + + + align:start position:0% +that in gram-negative bacteria you need +a machine and that machine is composed + + align:start position:0% +a machine and that machine is composed + + + align:start position:0% +a machine and that machine is composed +of three proteins it's called the time + + align:start position:0% +of three proteins it's called the time + + + align:start position:0% +of three proteins it's called the time +protein if you look over there in pink + + align:start position:0% +protein if you look over there in pink + + + align:start position:0% +protein if you look over there in pink +you have tonbee it's XB XB b and this + + align:start position:0% +you have tonbee it's XB XB b and this + + + align:start position:0% +you have tonbee it's XB XB b and this +should be not C but x b c d okay so that + + align:start position:0% +should be not C but x b c d okay so that + + + align:start position:0% +should be not C but x b c d okay so that +there are three proteins required and + + align:start position:0% +there are three proteins required and + + + align:start position:0% +there are three proteins required and +they somehow can use the proton model + + align:start position:0% +they somehow can use the proton model + + + align:start position:0% +they somehow can use the proton model +force from the inner plasma membrane to + + align:start position:0% +force from the inner plasma membrane to + + + align:start position:0% +force from the inner plasma membrane to +allow transport across the outer + + align:start position:0% +allow transport across the outer + + + align:start position:0% +allow transport across the outer +membrane so in all of these one has + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay Thanh be okay so this is Thanh be + + align:start position:0% +okay Thanh be okay so this is Thanh be + + + align:start position:0% +okay Thanh be okay so this is Thanh be +and Thanh be can recognize part of the + + align:start position:0% +and Thanh be can recognize part of the + + + align:start position:0% +and Thanh be can recognize part of the +beta barrel so it interacts with a beta + + align:start position:0% +beta barrel so it interacts with a beta + + + align:start position:0% +beta barrel so it interacts with a beta +barrel protein and this is e x b d and e + + align:start position:0% +barrel protein and this is e x b d and e + + + align:start position:0% +barrel protein and this is e x b d and e +XB b and again you generate a proton + + align:start position:0% +XB b and again you generate a proton + + + align:start position:0% +XB b and again you generate a proton +motive force which allows the city or + + align:start position:0% +motive force which allows the city or + + + align:start position:0% +motive force which allows the city or +for to get into the cell it then gets + + align:start position:0% +for to get into the cell it then gets + + + align:start position:0% +for to get into the cell it then gets +transferred to a parry plasmic binding + + align:start position:0% +transferred to a parry plasmic binding + + + align:start position:0% +transferred to a parry plasmic binding +protein and then what does it have to do + + align:start position:0% +protein and then what does it have to do + + + align:start position:0% +protein and then what does it have to do +so from here it has to go through our + + align:start position:0% +so from here it has to go through our + + + align:start position:0% +so from here it has to go through our +transporter okay so let me put this up + + align:start position:0% +transporter okay so let me put this up + + + align:start position:0% +transporter okay so let me put this up +here just like we did before + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so your sadirah for okay so you can't + + align:start position:0% +so your sadirah for okay so you can't + + + align:start position:0% +so your sadirah for okay so you can't +see the bottom of my transporter your + + align:start position:0% +see the bottom of my transporter your + + + align:start position:0% +see the bottom of my transporter your +sadirah for comes through okay so this + + align:start position:0% +sadirah for comes through okay so this + + + align:start position:0% +sadirah for comes through okay so this +is the plasma membrane and what do you + + align:start position:0% +is the plasma membrane and what do you + + + align:start position:0% +is the plasma membrane and what do you +have you have the same problem you have + + align:start position:0% +have you have the same problem you have + + + align:start position:0% +have you have the same problem you have +to get the iron out of the sadirah for + + align:start position:0% +to get the iron out of the sadirah for + + + align:start position:0% +to get the iron out of the sadirah for +and so the problem is exactly the same + + align:start position:0% +and so the problem is exactly the same + + + align:start position:0% +and so the problem is exactly the same +and gram-negative and gram-positive so + + align:start position:0% +and gram-negative and gram-positive so + + + align:start position:0% +and gram-negative and gram-positive so +you somehow have to get it in it's more + + align:start position:0% +you somehow have to get it in it's more + + + align:start position:0% +you somehow have to get it in it's more +complicated to get it in with gram + + align:start position:0% +complicated to get it in with gram + + + align:start position:0% +complicated to get it in with gram +negative because of the different + + align:start position:0% +negative because of the different + + + align:start position:0% +negative because of the different +constructions of the peptidoglycan and + + align:start position:0% +constructions of the peptidoglycan and + + + align:start position:0% +constructions of the peptidoglycan and +the outer membrane the other thing I + + align:start position:0% +the outer membrane the other thing I + + + align:start position:0% +the outer membrane the other thing I +wanted to see about the say about the + + align:start position:0% +wanted to see about the say about the + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to see about the say about the +other outer membrane is which I don't + + align:start position:0% +other outer membrane is which I don't + + + align:start position:0% +other outer membrane is which I don't +know if you guys know but I think it's + + align:start position:0% +know if you guys know but I think it's + + + align:start position:0% +know if you guys know but I think it's +incredibly important and its major issue + + align:start position:0% +incredibly important and its major issue + + + align:start position:0% +incredibly important and its major issue +in in human disease is the fact that in + + align:start position:0% +in in human disease is the fact that in + + + align:start position:0% +in in human disease is the fact that in +addition to the side membrane in these + + align:start position:0% +addition to the side membrane in these + + + align:start position:0% +addition to the side membrane in these +beta barrels the whole outer surface is + + align:start position:0% +beta barrels the whole outer surface is + + + align:start position:0% +beta barrels the whole outer surface is +covered with sort of amazing molecules + + align:start position:0% +covered with sort of amazing molecules + + + align:start position:0% +covered with sort of amazing molecules +called lipopolysaccharides so the whole + + align:start position:0% +called lipopolysaccharides so the whole + + + align:start position:0% +called lipopolysaccharides so the whole +outer surface is covered with LP gas I'm + + align:start position:0% +outer surface is covered with LP gas I'm + + + align:start position:0% +outer surface is covered with LP gas I'm +not gonna write out Lippo + + align:start position:0% +not gonna write out Lippo + + + align:start position:0% +not gonna write out Lippo +polysaccharides which actually one of my + + align:start position:0% +polysaccharides which actually one of my + + + align:start position:0% +polysaccharides which actually one of my +best friends elucidated the whole + + align:start position:0% +best friends elucidated the whole + + + align:start position:0% +best friends elucidated the whole +pathway for how that works a beautiful + + align:start position:0% +pathway for how that works a beautiful + + + align:start position:0% +pathway for how that works a beautiful +beautiful set of biochemical studies to + + align:start position:0% +beautiful set of biochemical studies to + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful set of biochemical studies to +figure out how this thing is made + + align:start position:0% +figure out how this thing is made + + + align:start position:0% +figure out how this thing is made +it's got lipids it's got all these + + align:start position:0% +it's got lipids it's got all these + + + align:start position:0% +it's got lipids it's got all these +sugars it's got all this stuff hanging + + align:start position:0% +sugars it's got all this stuff hanging + + + align:start position:0% +sugars it's got all this stuff hanging +off of it and this is really this thing + + align:start position:0% +off of it and this is really this thing + + + align:start position:0% +off of it and this is really this thing +is really important in human health if + + align:start position:0% +is really important in human health if + + + align:start position:0% +is really important in human health if +you read about infections they're always + + align:start position:0% +you read about infections they're always + + + align:start position:0% +you read about infections they're always +talking about little polysaccharides + + align:start position:0% +talking about little polysaccharides + + + align:start position:0% +talking about little polysaccharides +okay so what I'm gonna do next time just + + align:start position:0% +okay so what I'm gonna do next time just + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what I'm gonna do next time just +show it by way of showing you to + + align:start position:0% +show it by way of showing you to + + + align:start position:0% +show it by way of showing you to +introduce you to this but look you can + + align:start position:0% +introduce you to this but look you can + + + align:start position:0% +introduce you to this but look you can +see here in the next cartoon we have the + + align:start position:0% +see here in the next cartoon we have the + + + align:start position:0% +see here in the next cartoon we have the +same problem we want to take up heme as + + align:start position:0% +same problem we want to take up heme as + + + align:start position:0% +same problem we want to take up heme as +opposed to city Aeroforce okay we're + + align:start position:0% +opposed to city Aeroforce okay we're + + + align:start position:0% +opposed to city Aeroforce okay we're +gonna focus on hemas so this is a + + align:start position:0% +gonna focus on hemas so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +gonna focus on hemas so this is a +cartoon very simple and so the one you + + align:start position:0% +cartoon very simple and so the one you + + + align:start position:0% +cartoon very simple and so the one you +just saw and there are a couple of + + align:start position:0% +just saw and there are a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +just saw and there are a couple of +proteins on the outside that you need to + + align:start position:0% +proteins on the outside that you need to + + + align:start position:0% +proteins on the outside that you need to +think about how are you going to get the + + align:start position:0% +think about how are you going to get the + + + align:start position:0% +think about how are you going to get the +heme it across the peptidoglycan or into + + align:start position:0% +heme it across the peptidoglycan or into + + + align:start position:0% +heme it across the peptidoglycan or into +the cells so the model is very similar + + align:start position:0% +the cells so the model is very similar + + + align:start position:0% +the cells so the model is very similar +you should look at that and then we'll + + align:start position:0% +you should look at that and then we'll + + + align:start position:0% +you should look at that and then we'll +see this is what your problem set is + + align:start position:0% +see this is what your problem set is + + + align:start position:0% +see this is what your problem set is +going to be on is this is for staph + + align:start position:0% +going to be on is this is for staph + + + align:start position:0% +going to be on is this is for staph +aureus and we'll see that + + align:start position:0% +aureus and we'll see that + + + align:start position:0% +aureus and we'll see that +if you get a heme there's gonna be a + + align:start position:0% +if you get a heme there's gonna be a + + + align:start position:0% +if you get a heme there's gonna be a +bucket brigade that can transfer the + + align:start position:0% +bucket brigade that can transfer the + + + align:start position:0% +bucket brigade that can transfer the +heme through proteins covalently bound + + align:start position:0% +heme through proteins covalently bound + + + align:start position:0% +heme through proteins covalently bound +to the peptidoglycan into the cell it's + + align:start position:0% +to the peptidoglycan into the cell it's + + + align:start position:0% +to the peptidoglycan into the cell it's +sort of like an amazing system and + + align:start position:0% +sort of like an amazing system and + + + align:start position:0% +sort of like an amazing system and +that's what we're gonna talk about for + + align:start position:0% +that's what we're gonna talk about for + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we're gonna talk about for +probably the first half of the next + + align:start position:0% +probably the first half of the next + + + align:start position:0% +probably the first half of the next +lecture okay so you're gonna have to + + align:start position:0% +lecture okay so you're gonna have to + + + align:start position:0% +lecture okay so you're gonna have to +read on that on your own to solve the + + align:start position:0% +read on that on your own to solve the + + + align:start position:0% +read on that on your own to solve the +problem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/GW-MAJf6Aos.txt b/GW-MAJf6Aos.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..733464d1958c14c6800128e2060950682aee3ae5 --- /dev/null +++ b/GW-MAJf6Aos.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7951 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu okay I decided + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu okay I decided + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu okay I decided +uh we won't have a quiz + + align:start position:0% +uh we won't have a quiz + + + align:start position:0% +uh we won't have a quiz +today there will be + + align:start position:0% +today there will be + + + align:start position:0% +today there will be +one more + + align:start position:0% +one more + + + align:start position:0% +one more +quiz in the class I'd like to make the + + align:start position:0% +quiz in the class I'd like to make the + + + align:start position:0% +quiz in the class I'd like to make the +quiz that well covered discoveries of + + align:start position:0% +quiz that well covered discoveries of + + + align:start position:0% +quiz that well covered discoveries of +sociobiology which we've been talking + + align:start position:0% +sociobiology which we've been talking + + + align:start position:0% +sociobiology which we've been talking +about and we still talk about today and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Friday and then we're also going to + + align:start position:0% +Friday and then we're also going to + + + align:start position:0% +Friday and then we're also going to +finish going over some of the notes I've + + align:start position:0% +finish going over some of the notes I've + + + align:start position:0% +finish going over some of the notes I've +made on eel Wilson's book soci of + + align:start position:0% +made on eel Wilson's book soci of + + + align:start position:0% +made on eel Wilson's book soci of +biology and I'll try to do that in class + + align:start position:0% +biology and I'll try to do that in class + + + align:start position:0% +biology and I'll try to do that in class +uh next time + + align:start position:0% +uh next time + + + align:start position:0% +uh next time +then we'll have that + + align:start position:0% +then we'll have that + + + align:start position:0% +then we'll have that +quiz could easily have been two quizzes + + align:start position:0% +quiz could easily have been two quizzes + + + align:start position:0% +quiz could easily have been two quizzes +but the reason + + align:start position:0% +but the reason + + + align:start position:0% +but the reason +I instead we'll have one more homework + + align:start position:0% +I instead we'll have one more homework + + + align:start position:0% +I instead we'll have one more homework +and that homework will be for you to + + align:start position:0% +and that homework will be for you to + + + align:start position:0% +and that homework will be for you to +find topics for your reports and I'm + + align:start position:0% +find topics for your reports and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +find topics for your reports and I'm +going to ask for at least + + align:start position:0% +going to ask for at least + + + align:start position:0% +going to ask for at least +two + + align:start position:0% +two + + + align:start position:0% +two +uh you could decide later that you + + align:start position:0% +uh you could decide later that you + + + align:start position:0% +uh you could decide later that you +didn't really want like those two well + + align:start position:0% +didn't really want like those two well + + + align:start position:0% +didn't really want like those two well +enough but I want you to describe to + + align:start position:0% +enough but I want you to describe to + + + align:start position:0% +enough but I want you to describe to +topics okay I'll decide just how long + + align:start position:0% +topics okay I'll decide just how long + + + align:start position:0% +topics okay I'll decide just how long +the description we want but I it it + + align:start position:0% +the description we want but I it it + + + align:start position:0% +the description we want but I it it +means I want you to be searching but to + + align:start position:0% +means I want you to be searching but to + + + align:start position:0% +means I want you to be searching but to +do that you've got to read that + + align:start position:0% +do that you've got to read that + + + align:start position:0% +do that you've got to read that +assignment that's been it's + + align:start position:0% +assignment that's been it's + + + align:start position:0% +assignment that's been it's +posted near the the syllabus up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there and uh so you will find that + + align:start position:0% +there and uh so you will find that + + + align:start position:0% +there and uh so you will find that +online there near at the beginning of + + align:start position:0% +online there near at the beginning of + + + align:start position:0% +online there near at the beginning of +the the Stella + + align:start position:0% +the the Stella + + + align:start position:0% +the the Stella +site I'm much more specific this year + + align:start position:0% +site I'm much more specific this year + + + align:start position:0% +site I'm much more specific this year +about the way I want you to do these + + align:start position:0% +about the way I want you to do these + + + align:start position:0% +about the way I want you to do these +reports so study that in preparation for + + align:start position:0% +reports so study that in preparation for + + + align:start position:0% +reports so study that in preparation for +looking for + + align:start position:0% +looking for + + + align:start position:0% +looking for +topics otherwise you will you'll get + + align:start position:0% +topics otherwise you will you'll get + + + align:start position:0% +topics otherwise you will you'll get +topics that just won't be acceptable and + + align:start position:0% +topics that just won't be acceptable and + + + align:start position:0% +topics that just won't be acceptable and +so your the point you get on this + + align:start position:0% +so your the point you get on this + + + align:start position:0% +so your the point you get on this +homework is going to be based on how + + align:start position:0% +homework is going to be based on how + + + align:start position:0% +homework is going to be based on how +well you read that can come up with some + + align:start position:0% +well you read that can come up with some + + + align:start position:0% +well you read that can come up with some +topics even if you decide it's not your + + align:start position:0% +topics even if you decide it's not your + + + align:start position:0% +topics even if you decide it's not your +final topic because then you have to + + align:start position:0% +final topic because then you have to + + + align:start position:0% +final topic because then you have to +start working + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we will ask for a final decision about + + align:start position:0% +we will ask for a final decision about + + + align:start position:0% +we will ask for a final decision about +your topic later and then got get busy + + align:start position:0% +your topic later and then got get busy + + + align:start position:0% +your topic later and then got get busy +on the + + align:start position:0% +on the + + + align:start position:0% +on the +reports + + align:start position:0% +reports + + + align:start position:0% +reports +yes the quiz I think will be next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Wednesday + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday + + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +as you probably realized already from + + align:start position:0% +as you probably realized already from + + + align:start position:0% +as you probably realized already from +what I've said about sociobiology and + + align:start position:0% +what I've said about sociobiology and + + + align:start position:0% +what I've said about sociobiology and +from your reading of + + align:start position:0% +from your reading of + + + align:start position:0% +from your reading of +elcock sociobiology has led to a lot of + + align:start position:0% +elcock sociobiology has led to a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +elcock sociobiology has led to a lot of +changes in the + + align:start position:0% +changes in the + + + align:start position:0% +changes in the +way the reports occurring in the + + align:start position:0% +way the reports occurring in the + + + align:start position:0% +way the reports occurring in the +literature the number of people studying + + align:start position:0% +literature the number of people studying + + + align:start position:0% +literature the number of people studying +animal behavior the topics they're + + align:start position:0% +animal behavior the topics they're + + + align:start position:0% +animal behavior the topics they're +working + + align:start position:0% +working + + + align:start position:0% +working +on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh so that's the first thing I want to + + align:start position:0% +uh so that's the first thing I want to + + + align:start position:0% +uh so that's the first thing I want to +talk about we've mentioned it already + + align:start position:0% +talk about we've mentioned it already + + + align:start position:0% +talk about we've mentioned it already +and then we'll be talking about more + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll be talking about more + + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll be talking about more +examples of things that could be + + align:start position:0% +examples of things that could be + + + align:start position:0% +examples of things that could be +considered darwinian puzzles things that + + align:start position:0% +considered darwinian puzzles things that + + + align:start position:0% +considered darwinian puzzles things that +probably wouldn't have been worked + + align:start position:0% +probably wouldn't have been worked + + + align:start position:0% +probably wouldn't have been worked +on nobody would have even thought to + + align:start position:0% +on nobody would have even thought to + + + align:start position:0% +on nobody would have even thought to +work on them without + + align:start position:0% +work on them without + + + align:start position:0% +work on them without +the uh the ideas of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sociobiology so what were the big + + align:start position:0% +sociobiology so what were the big + + + align:start position:0% +sociobiology so what were the big +changes in animal behavior research + + align:start position:0% +changes in animal behavior research + + + align:start position:0% +changes in animal behavior research +after about 1970 this was all + + align:start position:0% +after about 1970 this was all + + + align:start position:0% +after about 1970 this was all +uh after the publication of this book + + align:start position:0% +uh after the publication of this book + + + align:start position:0% +uh after the publication of this book +adaptation and natural selection by + + align:start position:0% +adaptation and natural selection by + + + align:start position:0% +adaptation and natural selection by +George C Williams in other words the + + align:start position:0% +George C Williams in other words the + + + align:start position:0% +George C Williams in other words the +changes started before the publication + + align:start position:0% +changes started before the publication + + + align:start position:0% +changes started before the publication +of the book sociobiology by EO Wilson + + align:start position:0% +of the book sociobiology by EO Wilson + + + align:start position:0% +of the book sociobiology by EO Wilson +they it was really George Williams that + + align:start position:0% +they it was really George Williams that + + + align:start position:0% +they it was really George Williams that +got that all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +started and + + align:start position:0% +started and + + + align:start position:0% +started and +uh the stress was on + + align:start position:0% +uh the stress was on + + + align:start position:0% +uh the stress was on +adaptation at what why why is this + + align:start position:0% +adaptation at what why why is this + + + align:start position:0% +adaptation at what why why is this +Behavior adaptive in other words + + align:start position:0% +Behavior adaptive in other words + + + align:start position:0% +Behavior adaptive in other words +ultimate questions about the behavior + + align:start position:0% +ultimate questions about the behavior + + + align:start position:0% +ultimate questions about the behavior +not just proximate questions about the + + align:start position:0% +not just proximate questions about the + + + align:start position:0% +not just proximate questions about the +sensory processes the hormonal changes + + align:start position:0% +sensory processes the hormonal changes + + + align:start position:0% +sensory processes the hormonal changes +that cause it uh details of fixed acting + + align:start position:0% +that cause it uh details of fixed acting + + + align:start position:0% +that cause it uh details of fixed acting +patterns and so forth and according to + + align:start position:0% +patterns and so forth and according to + + + align:start position:0% +patterns and so forth and according to +eluk he the change was so dramatic that + + align:start position:0% +eluk he the change was so dramatic that + + + align:start position:0% +eluk he the change was so dramatic that +he he looked + + align:start position:0% +he he looked + + + align:start position:0% +he he looked +at articles that appeared in the year + + align:start position:0% +at articles that appeared in the year + + + align:start position:0% +at articles that appeared in the year +1970 and the year + + align:start position:0% +1970 and the year + + + align:start position:0% +1970 and the year +1995 in the journal animal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +behavior and uh he he's got his table + + align:start position:0% +behavior and uh he he's got his table + + + align:start position:0% +behavior and uh he he's got his table +there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh page 95 there and + + align:start position:0% +uh page 95 there and + + + align:start position:0% +uh page 95 there and +he 72% of the + + align:start position:0% +he 72% of the + + + align:start position:0% +he 72% of the +Articles were on approximate questions + + align:start position:0% +Articles were on approximate questions + + + align:start position:0% +Articles were on approximate questions +in animal behavior in 1970 only 16% of + + align:start position:0% +in animal behavior in 1970 only 16% of + + + align:start position:0% +in animal behavior in 1970 only 16% of +them in + + align:start position:0% +them in + + + align:start position:0% +them in +1995 pretty dramatic + + align:start position:0% +1995 pretty dramatic + + + align:start position:0% +1995 pretty dramatic +shift uh dealing with sensory and hormon + + align:start position:0% +shift uh dealing with sensory and hormon + + + align:start position:0% +shift uh dealing with sensory and hormon +if you just limit yourself to those + + align:start position:0% +if you just limit yourself to those + + + align:start position:0% +if you just limit yourself to those +kinds of approximate + + align:start position:0% +kinds of approximate + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of approximate +questions 44% of them were on those + + align:start position:0% +questions 44% of them were on those + + + align:start position:0% +questions 44% of them were on those +topics in 1970 none of them in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1995 uh whereas articles dealing with + + align:start position:0% +1995 uh whereas articles dealing with + + + align:start position:0% +1995 uh whereas articles dealing with +the Adaptive ba basis of mate choice + + align:start position:0% +the Adaptive ba basis of mate choice + + + align:start position:0% +the Adaptive ba basis of mate choice +just that one topic which is one of the + + align:start position:0% +just that one topic which is one of the + + + align:start position:0% +just that one topic which is one of the +big topics in + + align:start position:0% +big topics in + + + align:start position:0% +big topics in +sociobiology one article + + align:start position:0% +sociobiology one article + + + align:start position:0% +sociobiology one article +4% in 1970 went up to 54% 20 articles in + + align:start position:0% +4% in 1970 went up to 54% 20 articles in + + + align:start position:0% +4% in 1970 went up to 54% 20 articles in +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +'95 + + align:start position:0% +'95 + + + align:start position:0% +'95 +now was the was the change really so + + align:start position:0% +now was the was the change really so + + + align:start position:0% +now was the was the change really so +extremely dramatic well remember they're + + align:start position:0% +extremely dramatic well remember they're + + + align:start position:0% +extremely dramatic well remember they're +just looking at the book The the journal + + align:start position:0% +just looking at the book The the journal + + + align:start position:0% +just looking at the book The the journal +animal + + align:start position:0% +animal + + + align:start position:0% +animal +behavior proximate questions have been + + align:start position:0% +behavior proximate questions have been + + + align:start position:0% +behavior proximate questions have been +continued to be very important in + + align:start position:0% +continued to be very important in + + + align:start position:0% +continued to be very important in +studies of animal behavior but some of + + align:start position:0% +studies of animal behavior but some of + + + align:start position:0% +studies of animal behavior but some of +that has shifted more towards + + align:start position:0% +that has shifted more towards + + + align:start position:0% +that has shifted more towards +neuroethology people in this department + + align:start position:0% +neuroethology people in this department + + + align:start position:0% +neuroethology people in this department +work on bird behavior and on mouse and + + align:start position:0% +work on bird behavior and on mouse and + + + align:start position:0% +work on bird behavior and on mouse and +rat Behavior but of course they're + + align:start position:0% +rat Behavior but of course they're + + + align:start position:0% +rat Behavior but of course they're +studying brain mechanisms and their + + align:start position:0% +studying brain mechanisms and their + + + align:start position:0% +studying brain mechanisms and their +biggest interest of and brain mechanisms + + align:start position:0% +biggest interest of and brain mechanisms + + + align:start position:0% +biggest interest of and brain mechanisms +but they also contribute to the + + align:start position:0% +but they also contribute to the + + + align:start position:0% +but they also contribute to the +behavioral uh study of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +behavior all right + + align:start position:0% +behavior all right + + + align:start position:0% +behavior all right +uh what was the view of evolution + + align:start position:0% +uh what was the view of evolution + + + align:start position:0% +uh what was the view of evolution +presented by Conrad + + align:start position:0% +presented by Conrad + + + align:start position:0% +presented by Conrad +Lawrence in + + align:start position:0% +Lawrence in + + + align:start position:0% +Lawrence in +um especially in this earlier book anog + + align:start position:0% +um especially in this earlier book anog + + + align:start position:0% +um especially in this earlier book anog +ression that was a book that became very + + align:start position:0% +ression that was a book that became very + + + align:start position:0% +ression that was a book that became very +popular and very + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +controversial and + + align:start position:0% +controversial and + + + align:start position:0% +controversial and +uh it was a mistaken View and this is + + align:start position:0% +uh it was a mistaken View and this is + + + align:start position:0% +uh it was a mistaken View and this is +the way I describe it he wrote about + + align:start position:0% +the way I describe it he wrote about + + + align:start position:0% +the way I describe it he wrote about +species + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +benefits very much against George C + + align:start position:0% +benefits very much against George C + + + align:start position:0% +benefits very much against George C +Williams in ' + + align:start position:0% +Williams in ' + + + align:start position:0% +Williams in ' +66 who had argued for the dominance and + + align:start position:0% +66 who had argued for the dominance and + + + align:start position:0% +66 who had argued for the dominance and +evolution of individual + + align:start position:0% +evolution of individual + + + align:start position:0% +evolution of individual +benefits + + align:start position:0% +benefits + + + align:start position:0% +benefits +propag survival and propagation of the + + align:start position:0% +propag survival and propagation of the + + + align:start position:0% +propag survival and propagation of the +specific genes carried by the individual + + align:start position:0% +specific genes carried by the individual + + + align:start position:0% +specific genes carried by the individual +so the question is why didn't that + + align:start position:0% +so the question is why didn't that + + + align:start position:0% +so the question is why didn't that +mistake impede Conrad Lawrence and of + + align:start position:0% +mistake impede Conrad Lawrence and of + + + align:start position:0% +mistake impede Conrad Lawrence and of +course the reason is that he was + + align:start position:0% +course the reason is that he was + + + align:start position:0% +course the reason is that he was +focusing on the proximate questions so + + align:start position:0% +focusing on the proximate questions so + + + align:start position:0% +focusing on the proximate questions so +it didn't matter what his view of + + align:start position:0% +it didn't matter what his view of + + + align:start position:0% +it didn't matter what his view of +evolution was + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh he had a you could call it a group + + align:start position:0% +uh he had a you could call it a group + + + align:start position:0% +uh he had a you could call it a group +selectionist approach to + + align:start position:0% +selectionist approach to + + + align:start position:0% +selectionist approach to +Evolution uh in that book on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +aggression uh and he cites some of it in + + align:start position:0% +aggression uh and he cites some of it in + + + align:start position:0% +aggression uh and he cites some of it in +in in the book we've been reading the + + align:start position:0% +in in the book we've been reading the + + + align:start position:0% +in in the book we've been reading the +foundations of ethology his later book + + align:start position:0% +foundations of ethology his later book + + + align:start position:0% +foundations of ethology his later book +uh on page + + align:start position:0% +uh on page + + + align:start position:0% +uh on page +29 he says its explicit function was + + align:start position:0% +29 he says its explicit function was + + + align:start position:0% +29 he says its explicit function was +selected because of its species + + align:start position:0% +selected because of its species + + + align:start position:0% +selected because of its species +preserving + + align:start position:0% +preserving + + + align:start position:0% +preserving +value but when he writes about genetic + + align:start position:0% +value but when he writes about genetic + + + align:start position:0% +value but when he writes about genetic +VAR creation which he knows is very + + align:start position:0% +VAR creation which he knows is very + + + align:start position:0% +VAR creation which he knows is very +important in + + align:start position:0% +important in + + + align:start position:0% +important in +evolution he does discuss the survival + + align:start position:0% +evolution he does discuss the survival + + + align:start position:0% +evolution he does discuss the survival +of individuals you can find that early + + align:start position:0% +of individuals you can find that early + + + align:start position:0% +of individuals you can find that early +in the book page + + align:start position:0% +in the book page + + + align:start position:0% +in the book page +26 and he has this interesting quote + + align:start position:0% +26 and he has this interesting quote + + + align:start position:0% +26 and he has this interesting quote +from + + align:start position:0% +from + + + align:start position:0% +from +Anan a quote from + + align:start position:0% +Anan a quote from + + + align:start position:0% +Anan a quote from +1975 life is a game in which nothing is + + align:start position:0% +1975 life is a game in which nothing is + + + align:start position:0% +1975 life is a game in which nothing is +stipulated but the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rule well you know when people make + + align:start position:0% +rule well you know when people make + + + align:start position:0% +rule well you know when people make +statements about life that way they're + + align:start position:0% +statements about life that way they're + + + align:start position:0% +statements about life that way they're +being philosophers and and they can mean + + align:start position:0% +being philosophers and and they can mean + + + align:start position:0% +being philosophers and and they can mean +they can have very different things in + + align:start position:0% +they can have very different things in + + + align:start position:0% +they can have very different things in +mind minds but that was the way Lawrence + + align:start position:0% +mind minds but that was the way Lawrence + + + align:start position:0% +mind minds but that was the way Lawrence +did realize that Evolution was + + align:start position:0% +did realize that Evolution was + + + align:start position:0% +did realize that Evolution was +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +rules it just followed rules coldly + + align:start position:0% +rules it just followed rules coldly + + + align:start position:0% +rules it just followed rules coldly +and without regard to things that often + + align:start position:0% +and without regard to things that often + + + align:start position:0% +and without regard to things that often +human societies + + align:start position:0% +human societies + + + align:start position:0% +human societies +value and this this is really it wasn't + + align:start position:0% +value and this this is really it wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +value and this this is really it wasn't +so dis similar to EO Wilson's book when + + align:start position:0% +so dis similar to EO Wilson's book when + + + align:start position:0% +so dis similar to EO Wilson's book when +he discusses the morality of the gene + + align:start position:0% +he discusses the morality of the gene + + + align:start position:0% +he discusses the morality of the gene +which we've gone over + + align:start position:0% +which we've gone over + + + align:start position:0% +which we've gone over +before he says that in a darwinian sense + + align:start position:0% +before he says that in a darwinian sense + + + align:start position:0% +before he says that in a darwinian sense +the organism does not live for itself + + align:start position:0% +the organism does not live for itself + + + align:start position:0% +the organism does not live for itself +its primary functions not even to + + align:start position:0% +its primary functions not even to + + + align:start position:0% +its primary functions not even to +reproduce other organisms it reproduces + + align:start position:0% +reproduce other organisms it reproduces + + + align:start position:0% +reproduce other organisms it reproduces +genes it's just the we're just temporary + + align:start position:0% +genes it's just the we're just temporary + + + align:start position:0% +genes it's just the we're just temporary +carriers of genes it's the genes that + + align:start position:0% +carriers of genes it's the genes that + + + align:start position:0% +carriers of genes it's the genes that +are evolving and at first this seemed + + align:start position:0% +are evolving and at first this seemed + + + align:start position:0% +are evolving and at first this seemed +ridiculous to me and I hope to you until + + align:start position:0% +ridiculous to me and I hope to you until + + + align:start position:0% +ridiculous to me and I hope to you until +you realize that purpose here from the + + align:start position:0% +you realize that purpose here from the + + + align:start position:0% +you realize that purpose here from the +standpoint of biological evolution is + + align:start position:0% +standpoint of biological evolution is + + + align:start position:0% +standpoint of biological evolution is +very restricted Evolution follows a + + align:start position:0% +very restricted Evolution follows a + + + align:start position:0% +very restricted Evolution follows a +blind and simple + + align:start position:0% +blind and simple + + + align:start position:0% +blind and simple +rule okay when we think about + + align:start position:0% +rule okay when we think about + + + align:start position:0% +rule okay when we think about +Consciousness and the great ontological + + align:start position:0% +Consciousness and the great ontological + + + align:start position:0% +Consciousness and the great ontological +questions what are those why does + + align:start position:0% +questions what are those why does + + + align:start position:0% +questions what are those why does +anything exist why does Consciousness + + align:start position:0% +anything exist why does Consciousness + + + align:start position:0% +anything exist why does Consciousness +exist what is it you + + align:start position:0% +exist what is it you + + + align:start position:0% +exist what is it you +know we're really placing ourselves + + align:start position:0% +know we're really placing ourselves + + + align:start position:0% +know we're really placing ourselves +outside the realm of that + + align:start position:0% +outside the realm of that + + + align:start position:0% +outside the realm of that +rule so anyway then you know Wilson goes + + align:start position:0% +rule so anyway then you know Wilson goes + + + align:start position:0% +rule so anyway then you know Wilson goes +on what's In Blue there is what I'm + + align:start position:0% +on what's In Blue there is what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +on what's In Blue there is what I'm +saying uh + + align:start position:0% +saying uh + + + align:start position:0% +saying uh +he talks about brain mechanisms as just + + align:start position:0% +he talks about brain mechanisms as just + + + align:start position:0% +he talks about brain mechanisms as just +engineered to perpetuate DNA and he's + + align:start position:0% +engineered to perpetuate DNA and he's + + + align:start position:0% +engineered to perpetuate DNA and he's +right from the standpoint of biological + + align:start position:0% +right from the standpoint of biological + + + align:start position:0% +right from the standpoint of biological +evolution that's why the brain is + + align:start position:0% +evolution that's why the brain is + + + align:start position:0% +evolution that's why the brain is +evolved the way it + + align:start position:0% +evolved the way it + + + align:start position:0% +evolved the way it +did but I just want to point out that + + align:start position:0% +did but I just want to point out that + + + align:start position:0% +did but I just want to point out that +Wilson was also like Lawrence group + + align:start position:0% +Wilson was also like Lawrence group + + + align:start position:0% +Wilson was also like Lawrence group +selectionist in his view but in a way it + + align:start position:0% +selectionist in his view but in a way it + + + align:start position:0% +selectionist in his view but in a way it +was very different because he knew a lot + + align:start position:0% +was very different because he knew a lot + + + align:start position:0% +was very different because he knew a lot +about molecular genetics all right + + align:start position:0% +about molecular genetics all right + + + align:start position:0% +about molecular genetics all right +so I've just highlighted ated from those + + align:start position:0% +so I've just highlighted ated from those + + + align:start position:0% +so I've just highlighted ated from those +quotes we saw before from + + align:start position:0% +quotes we saw before from + + + align:start position:0% +quotes we saw before from +sociobiology that uh the ambiances in + + align:start position:0% +sociobiology that uh the ambiances in + + + align:start position:0% +sociobiology that uh the ambiances in +organisms are due to these counteracting + + align:start position:0% +organisms are due to these counteracting + + + align:start position:0% +organisms are due to these counteracting +forces in evolution that have affected + + align:start position:0% +forces in evolution that have affected + + + align:start position:0% +forces in evolution that have affected +the way the brain is evolved they did + + align:start position:0% +the way the brain is evolved they did + + + align:start position:0% +the way the brain is evolved they did +didn't evolve to promote happiness and + + align:start position:0% +didn't evolve to promote happiness and + + + align:start position:0% +didn't evolve to promote happiness and +survival of the individual just maximum + + align:start position:0% +survival of the individual just maximum + + + align:start position:0% +survival of the individual just maximum +transf transmission of those controlling + + align:start position:0% +transf transmission of those controlling + + + align:start position:0% +transf transmission of those controlling +genes and then he likes to stress that + + align:start position:0% +genes and then he likes to stress that + + + align:start position:0% +genes and then he likes to stress that +some of these result from differences in + + align:start position:0% +some of these result from differences in + + + align:start position:0% +some of these result from differences in +the in what's adapted for the individual + + align:start position:0% +the in what's adapted for the individual + + + align:start position:0% +the in what's adapted for the individual +and what's adapted for the family and + + align:start position:0% +and what's adapted for the family and + + + align:start position:0% +and what's adapted for the family and +what's ad adaptive for the tribe and so + + align:start position:0% +what's ad adaptive for the tribe and so + + + align:start position:0% +what's ad adaptive for the tribe and so +forth because he thinks a lot more of + + align:start position:0% +forth because he thinks a lot more of + + + align:start position:0% +forth because he thinks a lot more of +the group and there's certainly good + + align:start position:0% +the group and there's certainly good + + + align:start position:0% +the group and there's certainly good +evidence that especially for small + + align:start position:0% +evidence that especially for small + + + align:start position:0% +evidence that especially for small +groups group small groups did evolve as + + align:start position:0% +groups group small groups did evolve as + + + align:start position:0% +groups group small groups did evolve as +groups not just as individuals all right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +William D Hamilton published another it + + align:start position:0% +William D Hamilton published another it + + + align:start position:0% +William D Hamilton published another it +wasn't just Williams that published + + align:start position:0% +wasn't just Williams that published + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't just Williams that published +these very influential papers that + + align:start position:0% +these very influential papers that + + + align:start position:0% +these very influential papers that +influenced the development of this field + + align:start position:0% +influenced the development of this field + + + align:start position:0% +influenced the development of this field +William D Hamilton uh again before soci + + align:start position:0% +William D Hamilton uh again before soci + + + align:start position:0% +William D Hamilton uh again before soci +Biology book was published uh he + + align:start position:0% +Biology book was published uh he + + + align:start position:0% +Biology book was published uh he +published a very influential + + align:start position:0% +published a very influential + + + align:start position:0% +published a very influential +paper the genetical evolution of social + + align:start position:0% +paper the genetical evolution of social + + + align:start position:0% +paper the genetical evolution of social +behavior in the journal so U theoretical + + align:start position:0% +behavior in the journal so U theoretical + + + align:start position:0% +behavior in the journal so U theoretical +biology and he haded there an analysis + + align:start position:0% +biology and he haded there an analysis + + + align:start position:0% +biology and he haded there an analysis +of altruistic behavior of sterile + + align:start position:0% +of altruistic behavior of sterile + + + align:start position:0% +of altruistic behavior of sterile +workers in colonies of social in insects + + align:start position:0% +workers in colonies of social in insects + + + align:start position:0% +workers in colonies of social in insects +so I'm asking there what knowledge that + + align:start position:0% +so I'm asking there what knowledge that + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm asking there what knowledge that +had been unavailable to Darwin did + + align:start position:0% +had been unavailable to Darwin did + + + align:start position:0% +had been unavailable to Darwin did +Hamilton apply to the problem because + + align:start position:0% +Hamilton apply to the problem because + + + align:start position:0% +Hamilton apply to the problem because +this was a big problem for Darwin too + + align:start position:0% +this was a big problem for Darwin too + + + align:start position:0% +this was a big problem for Darwin too +you know he knew it was how + + align:start position:0% +you know he knew it was how + + + align:start position:0% +you know he knew it was how +could how could you explain sterile + + align:start position:0% +could how could you explain sterile + + + align:start position:0% +could how could you explain sterile +worker + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +groups but what was the information that + + align:start position:0% +groups but what was the information that + + + align:start position:0% +groups but what was the information that +Hamilton had + + align:start position:0% +Hamilton had + + + align:start position:0% +Hamilton had +very + + align:start position:0% +very + + + align:start position:0% +very +simply you knew about + + align:start position:0% +simply you knew about + + + align:start position:0% +simply you knew about +genes Darwin didn't know about + + align:start position:0% +genes Darwin didn't know about + + + align:start position:0% +genes Darwin didn't know about +jees he knew about + + align:start position:0% +jees he knew about + + + align:start position:0% +jees he knew about +inheritance he knew there had to be + + align:start position:0% +inheritance he knew there had to be + + + align:start position:0% +inheritance he knew there had to be +something like + + align:start position:0% +something like + + + align:start position:0% +something like +that but that field field of genetics + + align:start position:0% +that but that field field of genetics + + + align:start position:0% +that but that field field of genetics +is I mean what were the dates of we knew + + align:start position:0% +is I mean what were the dates of we knew + + + align:start position:0% +is I mean what were the dates of we knew +he knew something about genetics but + + align:start position:0% +he knew something about genetics but + + + align:start position:0% +he knew something about genetics but +very rudimentary nothing about + + align:start position:0% +very rudimentary nothing about + + + align:start position:0% +very rudimentary nothing about +individual genes they couldn't count + + align:start position:0% +individual genes they couldn't count + + + align:start position:0% +individual genes they couldn't count +genes nothing like + + align:start position:0% +genes nothing like + + + align:start position:0% +genes nothing like +that so unlike Darwin Hamilton and + + align:start position:0% +that so unlike Darwin Hamilton and + + + align:start position:0% +that so unlike Darwin Hamilton and +knowledge of genes he focused on the + + align:start position:0% +knowledge of genes he focused on the + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge of genes he focused on the +genetic consequences of extreme + + align:start position:0% +genetic consequences of extreme + + + align:start position:0% +genetic consequences of extreme +altruism and he pointed out that in a + + align:start position:0% +altruism and he pointed out that in a + + + align:start position:0% +altruism and he pointed out that in a +colony of social insects males are + + align:start position:0% +colony of social insects males are + + + align:start position:0% +colony of social insects males are +halfy they only have one copy one alil + + align:start position:0% +halfy they only have one copy one alil + + + align:start position:0% +halfy they only have one copy one alil +at each gene site the females are + + align:start position:0% +at each gene site the females are + + + align:start position:0% +at each gene site the females are +Diplo so if a queen's eggs are all + + align:start position:0% +Diplo so if a queen's eggs are all + + + align:start position:0% +Diplo so if a queen's eggs are all +fertilized by one + + align:start position:0% +fertilized by one + + + align:start position:0% +fertilized by one +male okay so the male is just got that + + align:start position:0% +male okay so the male is just got that + + + align:start position:0% +male okay so the male is just got that +one Al at each gene + + align:start position:0% +one Al at each gene + + + align:start position:0% +one Al at each gene +site so that's going to come together + + align:start position:0% +site so that's going to come together + + + align:start position:0% +site so that's going to come together +with the females diploid + + align:start position:0% +with the females diploid + + + align:start position:0% +with the females diploid +okay so that will combine with the + + align:start position:0% +okay so that will combine with the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that will combine with the +females genes + + align:start position:0% +females genes + + + align:start position:0% +females genes +and if the Queen's eggs are fertilized + + align:start position:0% +and if the Queen's eggs are fertilized + + + align:start position:0% +and if the Queen's eggs are fertilized +by one male you have to assume that then + + align:start position:0% +by one male you have to assume that then + + + align:start position:0% +by one male you have to assume that then +sister Offspring share 50% of the + + align:start position:0% +sister Offspring share 50% of the + + + align:start position:0% +sister Offspring share 50% of the +mother's genes 100% of the father's + + align:start position:0% +mother's genes 100% of the father's + + + align:start position:0% +mother's genes 100% of the father's +genes and therefore on average 75% with + + align:start position:0% +genes and therefore on average 75% with + + + align:start position:0% +genes and therefore on average 75% with +each other sisters are 75% + + align:start position:0% +each other sisters are 75% + + + align:start position:0% +each other sisters are 75% +related to each other more related to + + align:start position:0% +related to each other more related to + + + align:start position:0% +related to each other more related to +their sisters than they are to their + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mother or their + + align:start position:0% +mother or their + + + align:start position:0% +mother or their +father this should promote altruistic + + align:start position:0% +father this should promote altruistic + + + align:start position:0% +father this should promote altruistic +behavior of female workers towards + + align:start position:0% +behavior of female workers towards + + + align:start position:0% +behavior of female workers towards +sisters or are future + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Queens at least some of those females + + align:start position:0% +Queens at least some of those females + + + align:start position:0% +Queens at least some of those females +many of the females of course will + + align:start position:0% +many of the females of course will + + + align:start position:0% +many of the females of course will +become workers but some of them become + + align:start position:0% +become workers but some of them become + + + align:start position:0% +become workers but some of them become +future queens and there these the + + align:start position:0% +future queens and there these the + + + align:start position:0% +future queens and there these the +workers are taking care of + + align:start position:0% +workers are taking care of + + + align:start position:0% +workers are taking care of +them because if they do that then it + + align:start position:0% +them because if they do that then it + + + align:start position:0% +them because if they do that then it +increases the chances of reproduction of + + align:start position:0% +increases the chances of reproduction of + + + align:start position:0% +increases the chances of reproduction of +their own + + align:start position:0% +their own + + + align:start position:0% +their own +genus which is what genetic fitness + + align:start position:0% +genus which is what genetic fitness + + + align:start position:0% +genus which is what genetic fitness +is okay + + align:start position:0% +is okay + + + align:start position:0% +is okay +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we can ask what the alternatives to + + align:start position:0% +we can ask what the alternatives to + + + align:start position:0% +we can ask what the alternatives to +Hamilton's theoretical analysis in + + align:start position:0% +Hamilton's theoretical analysis in + + + align:start position:0% +Hamilton's theoretical analysis in +explaining the evolution of sterile + + align:start position:0% +explaining the evolution of sterile + + + align:start position:0% +explaining the evolution of sterile +worker class and uh for a long time + + align:start position:0% +worker class and uh for a long time + + + align:start position:0% +worker class and uh for a long time +nobody talked about Alternatives but + + align:start position:0% +nobody talked about Alternatives but + + + align:start position:0% +nobody talked about Alternatives but +then this paper in 2010 + + align:start position:0% +then this paper in 2010 + + + align:start position:0% +then this paper in 2010 +appeared noticed that eel Wilson was one + + align:start position:0% +appeared noticed that eel Wilson was one + + + align:start position:0% +appeared noticed that eel Wilson was one +of the + + align:start position:0% +of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the +authors the evolution of you + + align:start position:0% +authors the evolution of you + + + align:start position:0% +authors the evolution of you +sociality three uh Wilson and two + + align:start position:0% +sociality three uh Wilson and two + + + align:start position:0% +sociality three uh Wilson and two +Associates published in nature they + + align:start position:0% +Associates published in nature they + + + align:start position:0% +Associates published in nature they +present an alternative to the Inclusive + + align:start position:0% +present an alternative to the Inclusive + + + align:start position:0% +present an alternative to the Inclusive +fitness + + align:start position:0% +fitness + + + align:start position:0% +fitness +theory of Williams and Hamilton + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +others and later uh Wilson and Wilson uh + + align:start position:0% +others and later uh Wilson and Wilson uh + + + align:start position:0% +others and later uh Wilson and Wilson uh +no actually earlier okay Wilson and + + align:start position:0% +no actually earlier okay Wilson and + + + align:start position:0% +no actually earlier okay Wilson and +Wilson had published this paper called + + align:start position:0% +Wilson had published this paper called + + + align:start position:0% +Wilson had published this paper called +rethinking that this isn't the other + + align:start position:0% +rethinking that this isn't the other + + + align:start position:0% +rethinking that this isn't the other +Wilson is not related to EO + + align:start position:0% +Wilson is not related to EO + + + align:start position:0% +Wilson is not related to EO +okay EO + + align:start position:0% +okay EO + + + align:start position:0% +okay EO +Wilson thinking the theoretical + + align:start position:0% +Wilson thinking the theoretical + + + align:start position:0% +Wilson thinking the theoretical +foundations of sociobiology so + + align:start position:0% +foundations of sociobiology so + + + align:start position:0% +foundations of sociobiology so +Wilson had worked on this issue of + + align:start position:0% +Wilson had worked on this issue of + + + align:start position:0% +Wilson had worked on this issue of +alternatives to the Inclusive fitness + + align:start position:0% +alternatives to the Inclusive fitness + + + align:start position:0% +alternatives to the Inclusive fitness +Theory and they these authors uh discuss + + align:start position:0% +Theory and they these authors uh discuss + + + align:start position:0% +Theory and they these authors uh discuss +the rejection of group + + align:start position:0% +the rejection of group + + + align:start position:0% +the rejection of group +selection and they present their + + align:start position:0% +selection and they present their + + + align:start position:0% +selection and they present their +argument for a return to more + + align:start position:0% +argument for a return to more + + + align:start position:0% +argument for a return to more +consideration of group selection ideas + + align:start position:0% +consideration of group selection ideas + + + align:start position:0% +consideration of group selection ideas +and because of the importance of that it + + align:start position:0% +and because of the importance of that it + + + align:start position:0% +and because of the importance of that it +still hasn't been it's very hard it's + + align:start position:0% +still hasn't been it's very hard it's + + + align:start position:0% +still hasn't been it's very hard it's +much harder to + + align:start position:0% +much harder to + + + align:start position:0% +much harder to +study so um but anyway I did post the + + align:start position:0% +study so um but anyway I did post the + + + align:start position:0% +study so um but anyway I did post the +article on stellar and to some of you uh + + align:start position:0% +article on stellar and to some of you uh + + + align:start position:0% +article on stellar and to some of you uh +even in reports in the past I've had + + align:start position:0% +even in reports in the past I've had + + + align:start position:0% +even in reports in the past I've had +students that read that and uh find + + align:start position:0% +students that read that and uh find + + + align:start position:0% +students that read that and uh find +things related to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it when they're trying to interpret uh + + align:start position:0% +it when they're trying to interpret uh + + + align:start position:0% +it when they're trying to interpret uh +group beh uh social behavior + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay my next question concern a mammal + + align:start position:0% +okay my next question concern a mammal + + + align:start position:0% +okay my next question concern a mammal +the naked + + align:start position:0% +the naked + + + align:start position:0% +the naked +moat I'm asking how are they similar to + + align:start position:0% +moat I'm asking how are they similar to + + + align:start position:0% +moat I'm asking how are they similar to +the hopa that is the social insects in a + + align:start position:0% +the hopa that is the social insects in a + + + align:start position:0% +the hopa that is the social insects in a +way that leads sociobiologist to predict + + align:start position:0% +way that leads sociobiologist to predict + + + align:start position:0% +way that leads sociobiologist to predict +extreme altruistic behavior in these + + align:start position:0% +extreme altruistic behavior in these + + + align:start position:0% +extreme altruistic behavior in these +animals and it has to do with their + + align:start position:0% +animals and it has to do with their + + + align:start position:0% +animals and it has to do with their +social + + align:start position:0% +social + + + align:start position:0% +social +organization they have a queen with + + align:start position:0% +organization they have a queen with + + + align:start position:0% +organization they have a queen with +several male + + align:start position:0% +several male + + + align:start position:0% +several male +concerts and the workers + + align:start position:0% +concerts and the workers + + + align:start position:0% +concerts and the workers +are siblings or half siblings + + align:start position:0% +are siblings or half siblings + + + align:start position:0% +are siblings or half siblings +siblings but they're actually more + + align:start position:0% +siblings but they're actually more + + + align:start position:0% +siblings but they're actually more +related than that would indicate because + + align:start position:0% +related than that would indicate because + + + align:start position:0% +related than that would indicate because +in in breeding is common and it + + align:start position:0% +in in breeding is common and it + + + align:start position:0% +in in breeding is common and it +increases genetic + + align:start position:0% +increases genetic + + + align:start position:0% +increases genetic +relatedness and that leads to the + + align:start position:0% +relatedness and that leads to the + + + align:start position:0% +relatedness and that leads to the +prediction of more extreme altruistic + + align:start position:0% +prediction of more extreme altruistic + + + align:start position:0% +prediction of more extreme altruistic +Behavior than you would get + + align:start position:0% +Behavior than you would get + + + align:start position:0% +Behavior than you would get +otherwise and the studies of the naked + + align:start position:0% +otherwise and the studies of the naked + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise and the studies of the naked +Morad have supported that you know they + + align:start position:0% +Morad have supported that you know they + + + align:start position:0% +Morad have supported that you know they +will to defend their Queen to defend + + align:start position:0% +will to defend their Queen to defend + + + align:start position:0% +will to defend their Queen to defend +each other you know they will die in + + align:start position:0% +each other you know they will die in + + + align:start position:0% +each other you know they will die in +their tunnels now preventing an intruder + + align:start position:0% +their tunnels now preventing an intruder + + + align:start position:0% +their tunnels now preventing an intruder +from getting in just one example of the + + align:start position:0% +from getting in just one example of the + + + align:start position:0% +from getting in just one example of the +extreme alistic behavior that they + + align:start position:0% +extreme alistic behavior that they + + + align:start position:0% +extreme alistic behavior that they +show this + + align:start position:0% +show this + + + align:start position:0% +show this +is an animal that humans can heat can + + align:start position:0% +is an animal that humans can heat can + + + align:start position:0% +is an animal that humans can heat can +help but think of as being ugly but I'm + + align:start position:0% +help but think of as being ugly but I'm + + + align:start position:0% +help but think of as being ugly but I'm +sure to another moat they're + + align:start position:0% +sure to another moat they're + + + align:start position:0% +sure to another moat they're +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +okay okay let's go to some of these + + align:start position:0% +okay okay let's go to some of these + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay let's go to some of these +puzzles that sociobiologists have + + align:start position:0% +puzzles that sociobiologists have + + + align:start position:0% +puzzles that sociobiologists have +tackled and sometimes they didn't + + align:start position:0% +tackled and sometimes they didn't + + + align:start position:0% +tackled and sometimes they didn't +weren't even recognized because nobody + + align:start position:0% +weren't even recognized because nobody + + + align:start position:0% +weren't even recognized because nobody +had looked for them rivers and hope hair + + align:start position:0% +had looked for them rivers and hope hair + + + align:start position:0% +had looked for them rivers and hope hair +uh wrote an article in + + align:start position:0% +uh wrote an article in + + + align:start position:0% +uh wrote an article in +1976 uh predicting that in colonies of + + align:start position:0% +1976 uh predicting that in colonies of + + + align:start position:0% +1976 uh predicting that in colonies of +social insects workers would care more + + align:start position:0% +social insects workers would care more + + + align:start position:0% +social insects workers would care more +for f queens and for future male drones + + align:start position:0% +for f queens and for future male drones + + + align:start position:0% +for f queens and for future male drones +and we talk briefly about that because + + align:start position:0% +and we talk briefly about that because + + + align:start position:0% +and we talk briefly about that because +of these genetics we mentioned + + align:start position:0% +of these genetics we mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +of these genetics we mentioned +fertilized eggs produce females + + align:start position:0% +fertilized eggs produce females + + + align:start position:0% +fertilized eggs produce females +unfertilized eggs produce + + align:start position:0% +unfertilized eggs produce + + + align:start position:0% +unfertilized eggs produce +males okay + + align:start position:0% +males okay + + + align:start position:0% +males okay +one result is that the female's more + + align:start position:0% +one result is that the female's more + + + align:start position:0% +one result is that the female's more +closely related to her sisters which we + + align:start position:0% +closely related to her sisters which we + + + align:start position:0% +closely related to her sisters which we +pointed out then she is to her daughters + + align:start position:0% +pointed out then she is to her daughters + + + align:start position:0% +pointed out then she is to her daughters +as well as to her brothers + + align:start position:0% +as well as to her brothers + + + align:start position:0% +as well as to her brothers +okay thus a female worker's genetic + + align:start position:0% +okay thus a female worker's genetic + + + align:start position:0% +okay thus a female worker's genetic +fitness benefits more if she raises + + align:start position:0% +fitness benefits more if she raises + + + align:start position:0% +fitness benefits more if she raises +sisters and if she raises brothers or + + align:start position:0% +sisters and if she raises brothers or + + + align:start position:0% +sisters and if she raises brothers or +daughters and I just point out that it + + align:start position:0% +daughters and I just point out that it + + + align:start position:0% +daughters and I just point out that it +it gives a reason why a sterile worker + + align:start position:0% +it gives a reason why a sterile worker + + + align:start position:0% +it gives a reason why a sterile worker +calf could evolve in the first place in + + align:start position:0% +calf could evolve in the first place in + + + align:start position:0% +calf could evolve in the first place in +Social insects because of this + + align:start position:0% +Social insects because of this + + + align:start position:0% +Social insects because of this +uh method of + + align:start position:0% +uh method of + + + align:start position:0% +uh method of +reproduction + + align:start position:0% +reproduction + + + align:start position:0% +reproduction +and then they other discoveries were + + align:start position:0% +and then they other discoveries were + + + align:start position:0% +and then they other discoveries were +made ant workers another social + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +insect uh I'm asking why it should M why + + align:start position:0% +insect uh I'm asking why it should M why + + + align:start position:0% +insect uh I'm asking why it should M why +should it matter to the workers of the + + align:start position:0% +should it matter to the workers of the + + + align:start position:0% +should it matter to the workers of the +European wood ant whether their mother + + align:start position:0% +European wood ant whether their mother + + + align:start position:0% +European wood ant whether their mother +mates with one male or with + + align:start position:0% +mates with one male or with + + + align:start position:0% +mates with one male or with +several this make a point about this + + align:start position:0% +several this make a point about this + + + align:start position:0% +several this make a point about this +difference of the nature of this kind of + + align:start position:0% +difference of the nature of this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +difference of the nature of this kind of +reproduction because the ant workers + + align:start position:0% +reproduction because the ant workers + + + align:start position:0% +reproduction because the ant workers +behave very differently if their mother + + align:start position:0% +behave very differently if their mother + + + align:start position:0% +behave very differently if their mother +has just one mate or more than one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mate and that was very puzzling to + + align:start position:0% +mate and that was very puzzling to + + + align:start position:0% +mate and that was very puzzling to +people when it was discovered so how do + + align:start position:0% +people when it was discovered so how do + + + align:start position:0% +people when it was discovered so how do +you solve the puzzle it's a genetic P + + align:start position:0% +you solve the puzzle it's a genetic P + + + align:start position:0% +you solve the puzzle it's a genetic P +it's a it's a darwinian + + align:start position:0% +it's a it's a darwinian + + + align:start position:0% +it's a it's a darwinian +puzzle and you solve it by Gene + + align:start position:0% +puzzle and you solve it by Gene + + + align:start position:0% +puzzle and you solve it by Gene +calculations the gene calculations are + + align:start position:0% +calculations the gene calculations are + + + align:start position:0% +calculations the gene calculations are +very different if she mates with one + + align:start position:0% +very different if she mates with one + + + align:start position:0% +very different if she mates with one +male or more than one if there's just + + align:start position:0% +male or more than one if there's just + + + align:start position:0% +male or more than one if there's just +one male then the female workers as we + + align:start position:0% +one male then the female workers as we + + + align:start position:0% +one male then the female workers as we +said before sh up to 75% of jeans with + + align:start position:0% +said before sh up to 75% of jeans with + + + align:start position:0% +said before sh up to 75% of jeans with +sisters only 25% with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Brothers if there's two males then the + + align:start position:0% +Brothers if there's two males then the + + + align:start position:0% +Brothers if there's two males then the +workers who are half sisters share only + + align:start position:0% +workers who are half sisters share only + + + align:start position:0% +workers who are half sisters share only +25% of genes the same as with their + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +brothers and some how the workers know + + align:start position:0% +brothers and some how the workers know + + + align:start position:0% +brothers and some how the workers know +because proportional investment in + + align:start position:0% +because proportional investment in + + + align:start position:0% +because proportional investment in +females by workers does depend on the + + align:start position:0% +females by workers does depend on the + + + align:start position:0% +females by workers does depend on the +mother's mating stat status the females + + align:start position:0% +mother's mating stat status the females + + + align:start position:0% +mother's mating stat status the females +the sisters get more care only if the + + align:start position:0% +the sisters get more care only if the + + + align:start position:0% +the sisters get more care only if the +mother is + + align:start position:0% +mother is + + + align:start position:0% +mother is +monogamous not if she's got more than + + align:start position:0% +monogamous not if she's got more than + + + align:start position:0% +monogamous not if she's got more than +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +made and nobody Hamilton uh this uh + + align:start position:0% +made and nobody Hamilton uh this uh + + + align:start position:0% +made and nobody Hamilton uh this uh +alcot points out that no one would ever + + align:start position:0% +alcot points out that no one would ever + + + align:start position:0% +alcot points out that no one would ever +look for such a thing if they had not + + align:start position:0% +look for such a thing if they had not + + + align:start position:0% +look for such a thing if they had not +been educated by Hamilton and + + align:start position:0% +been educated by Hamilton and + + + align:start position:0% +been educated by Hamilton and +Williams and I just these references are + + align:start position:0% +Williams and I just these references are + + + align:start position:0% +Williams and I just these references are +in the back of your book there're two + + align:start position:0% +in the back of your book there're two + + + align:start position:0% +in the back of your book there're two +key + + align:start position:0% +key + + + align:start position:0% +key +articles the founding articles of this + + align:start position:0% +articles the founding articles of this + + + align:start position:0% +articles the founding articles of this +whole field that eel Wilson summarized + + align:start position:0% +whole field that eel Wilson summarized + + + align:start position:0% +whole field that eel Wilson summarized +in his or reviewed in his big book in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh and this + + align:start position:0% +uh and this + + + align:start position:0% +uh and this +is a paper in '96 that presented that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Discovery similar and I think even more + + align:start position:0% +Discovery similar and I think even more + + + align:start position:0% +Discovery similar and I think even more +surprising behavior of red fire ant + + align:start position:0% +surprising behavior of red fire ant + + + align:start position:0% +surprising behavior of red fire ant +colonies if they have more than one + + align:start position:0% +colonies if they have more than one + + + align:start position:0% +colonies if they have more than one +Queen this one's even stranger only + + align:start position:0% +Queen this one's even stranger only + + + align:start position:0% +Queen this one's even stranger only +queens that are heterozygous for one + + align:start position:0% +queens that are heterozygous for one + + + align:start position:0% +queens that are heterozygous for one +particular Gene are allowed to survive + + align:start position:0% +particular Gene are allowed to survive + + + align:start position:0% +particular Gene are allowed to survive +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +reproduce well of course it wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +reproduce well of course it wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +reproduce well of course it wouldn't +matter if the mono if if the ones that + + align:start position:0% +matter if the mono if if the ones that + + + align:start position:0% +matter if the mono if if the ones that +weren't heterozygous didn't survive and + + align:start position:0% +weren't heterozygous didn't survive and + + + align:start position:0% +weren't heterozygous didn't survive and +that's true for this is the Gene + + align:start position:0% +that's true for this is the Gene + + + align:start position:0% +that's true for this is the Gene +gp9 and if you call the two + + align:start position:0% +gp9 and if you call the two + + + align:start position:0% +gp9 and if you call the two +Al Big B and little B B is the the more + + align:start position:0% +Al Big B and little B B is the the more + + + align:start position:0% +Al Big B and little B B is the the more +recessive gene um you only find the + + align:start position:0% +recessive gene um you only find the + + + align:start position:0% +recessive gene um you only find the +heterozygous Queens in the breeding + + align:start position:0% +heterozygous Queens in the breeding + + + align:start position:0% +heterozygous Queens in the breeding +pool the ones with + + align:start position:0% +pool the ones with + + + align:start position:0% +pool the ones with +the double recessive there they don't + + align:start position:0% +the double recessive there they don't + + + align:start position:0% +the double recessive there they don't +survive to reproductive age but what + + align:start position:0% +survive to reproductive age but what + + + align:start position:0% +survive to reproductive age but what +about the others there are workers with + + align:start position:0% +about the others there are workers with + + + align:start position:0% +about the others there are workers with +BB Captain Big + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +B with only that one gene there are + + align:start position:0% +B with only that one gene there are + + + align:start position:0% +B with only that one gene there are +workers like that but you won't find + + align:start position:0% +workers like that but you won't find + + + align:start position:0% +workers like that but you won't find +Queens like that they're born and they + + align:start position:0% +Queens like that they're born and they + + + align:start position:0% +Queens like that they're born and they +survive for a well but they're attacked + + align:start position:0% +survive for a well but they're attacked + + + align:start position:0% +survive for a well but they're attacked +and killed by mobs of workers with the + + align:start position:0% +and killed by mobs of workers with the + + + align:start position:0% +and killed by mobs of workers with the +heterozygous Le + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +type and the workers that have + + align:start position:0% +type and the workers that have + + + align:start position:0% +type and the workers that have +that big be Jan + + align:start position:0% +that big be Jan + + + align:start position:0% +that big be Jan +in double dose they don't participate in + + align:start position:0% +in double dose they don't participate in + + + align:start position:0% +in double dose they don't participate in +the mod it's just the heterozygous + + align:start position:0% +the mod it's just the heterozygous + + + align:start position:0% +the mod it's just the heterozygous +ones it's not clear at least not to me + + align:start position:0% +ones it's not clear at least not to me + + + align:start position:0% +ones it's not clear at least not to me +at the moment I don't know of studies + + align:start position:0% +at the moment I don't know of studies + + + align:start position:0% +at the moment I don't know of studies +that have ever been able to figure out + + align:start position:0% +that have ever been able to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +that have ever been able to figure out +the proximate mechanism how they do that + + align:start position:0% +the proximate mechanism how they do that + + + align:start position:0% +the proximate mechanism how they do that +obviously they have to detect there must + + align:start position:0% +obviously they have to detect there must + + + align:start position:0% +obviously they have to detect there must +be some behavioral signs of + + align:start position:0% +be some behavioral signs of + + + align:start position:0% +be some behavioral signs of +it or it could be old factory + + align:start position:0% +it or it could be old factory + + + align:start position:0% +it or it could be old factory +whatever but the behavior could not be + + align:start position:0% +whatever but the behavior could not be + + + align:start position:0% +whatever but the behavior could not be +explained without this Gene counting by + + align:start position:0% +explained without this Gene counting by + + + align:start position:0% +explained without this Gene counting by +of the + + align:start position:0% +of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the +sociobiologist okay yes stud done if the + + align:start position:0% +sociobiologist okay yes stud done if the + + + align:start position:0% +sociobiologist okay yes stud done if the +homo + + align:start position:0% +homo + + + align:start position:0% +homo +dominant or dominant + + align:start position:0% +dominant or dominant + + + align:start position:0% +dominant or dominant +Queens of their own what exactly that + + align:start position:0% +Queens of their own what exactly that + + + align:start position:0% +Queens of their own what exactly that +would be a good experiment now if you + + align:start position:0% +would be a good experiment now if you + + + align:start position:0% +would be a good experiment now if you +can find a paper on that you've got a + + align:start position:0% +can find a paper on that you've got a + + + align:start position:0% +can find a paper on that you've got a +great report but I haven't checked for + + align:start position:0% +great report but I haven't checked for + + + align:start position:0% +great report but I haven't checked for +that but it's it's a very good question + + align:start position:0% +that but it's it's a very good question + + + align:start position:0% +that but it's it's a very good question +it's a it's an area that's sort + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of crying for more experimental work of + + align:start position:0% +of crying for more experimental work of + + + align:start position:0% +of crying for more experimental work of +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +nature and you're giving a an experiment + + align:start position:0% +nature and you're giving a an experiment + + + align:start position:0% +nature and you're giving a an experiment +you could do without doing some of these + + align:start position:0% +you could do without doing some of these + + + align:start position:0% +you could do without doing some of these +approximate things that we're talking + + align:start position:0% +approximate things that we're talking + + + align:start position:0% +approximate things that we're talking +about trying to look out how how to be + + align:start position:0% +about trying to look out how how to be + + + align:start position:0% +about trying to look out how how to be +they know which the females are like + + align:start position:0% +they know which the females are like + + + align:start position:0% +they know which the females are like +that okay let's go to a simpler type + + align:start position:0% +that okay let's go to a simpler type + + + align:start position:0% +that okay let's go to a simpler type +of thing and this + + align:start position:0% +of thing and this + + + align:start position:0% +of thing and this +is uh the explanation for why a male + + align:start position:0% +is uh the explanation for why a male + + + align:start position:0% +is uh the explanation for why a male +damsel CL stays near a female he's M + + align:start position:0% +damsel CL stays near a female he's M + + + align:start position:0% +damsel CL stays near a female he's M +rather than just fly off in search of + + align:start position:0% +rather than just fly off in search of + + + align:start position:0% +rather than just fly off in search of +other FS females to mate with he's + + align:start position:0% +other FS females to mate with he's + + + align:start position:0% +other FS females to mate with he's +perfectly capable of doing that there + + align:start position:0% +perfectly capable of doing that there + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly capable of doing that there +are other females + + align:start position:0% +are other females + + + align:start position:0% +are other females +around uh George Park Parker in + + align:start position:0% +around uh George Park Parker in + + + align:start position:0% +around uh George Park Parker in +1970 uh I started to call in George + + align:start position:0% +1970 uh I started to call in George + + + align:start position:0% +1970 uh I started to call in George +because I know a famous George Parker + + align:start position:0% +because I know a famous George Parker + + + align:start position:0% +because I know a famous George Parker +much earlier in the century okay but + + align:start position:0% +much earlier in the century okay but + + + align:start position:0% +much earlier in the century okay but +I'm not sure what his name first name + + align:start position:0% +I'm not sure what his name first name + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not sure what his name first name +was but Parker in 1970 called this + + align:start position:0% +was but Parker in 1970 called this + + + align:start position:0% +was but Parker in 1970 called this +phenomenon what called it mate guarding + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon what called it mate guarding + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon what called it mate guarding +okay because that's what the male is + + align:start position:0% +okay because that's what the male is + + + align:start position:0% +okay because that's what the male is +doing he's guarding his mate from other + + align:start position:0% +doing he's guarding his mate from other + + + align:start position:0% +doing he's guarding his mate from other +males preventing her from culating with + + align:start position:0% +males preventing her from culating with + + + align:start position:0% +males preventing her from culating with +other males and he stays with her right + + align:start position:0% +other males and he stays with her right + + + align:start position:0% +other males and he stays with her right +up to the point where + + align:start position:0% +up to the point where + + + align:start position:0% +up to the point where +She lays her eggs She lays them in the + + align:start position:0% +She lays her eggs She lays them in the + + + align:start position:0% +She lays her eggs She lays them in the +water and and you will see the males you + + align:start position:0% +water and and you will see the males you + + + align:start position:0% +water and and you will see the males you +know following that female you'll see + + align:start position:0% +know following that female you'll see + + + align:start position:0% +know following that female you'll see +them in the branches of trees over the + + align:start position:0% +them in the branches of trees over the + + + align:start position:0% +them in the branches of trees over the +water of the streams where they're + + align:start position:0% +water of the streams where they're + + + align:start position:0% +water of the streams where they're +laying eggs and it's only until only + + align:start position:0% +laying eggs and it's only until only + + + align:start position:0% +laying eggs and it's only until only +when after She lays all her eggs that + + align:start position:0% +when after She lays all her eggs that + + + align:start position:0% +when after She lays all her eggs that +they will leave would you expect it to + + align:start position:0% +they will leave would you expect it to + + + align:start position:0% +they will leave would you expect it to +be widespread + + align:start position:0% +be widespread + + + align:start position:0% +be widespread +ac across various species and you'd have + + align:start position:0% +ac across various species and you'd have + + + align:start position:0% +ac across various species and you'd have +to say yes if the females re remain + + align:start position:0% +to say yes if the females re remain + + + align:start position:0% +to say yes if the females re remain +receptive after mating and still can be + + align:start position:0% +receptive after mating and still can be + + + align:start position:0% +receptive after mating and still can be +impregnated it's all related to genetic + + align:start position:0% +impregnated it's all related to genetic + + + align:start position:0% +impregnated it's all related to genetic +fitness + + align:start position:0% +fitness + + + align:start position:0% +fitness +the male does it to protect to increase + + align:start position:0% +the male does it to protect to increase + + + align:start position:0% +the male does it to protect to increase +his own + + align:start position:0% +his own + + + align:start position:0% +his own +Fitness what about the female it + + align:start position:0% +Fitness what about the female it + + + align:start position:0% +Fitness what about the female it +actually might benefit her to make with + + align:start position:0% +actually might benefit her to make with + + + align:start position:0% +actually might benefit her to make with +more than one male maybe Mar eggs would + + align:start position:0% +more than one male maybe Mar eggs would + + + align:start position:0% +more than one male maybe Mar eggs would +hatch like those birds we talked about + + align:start position:0% +hatch like those birds we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +hatch like those birds we talked about +last time but now we're talking about + + align:start position:0% +last time but now we're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +last time but now we're talking about +the genetic interests genetic fitness + + align:start position:0% +the genetic interests genetic fitness + + + align:start position:0% +the genetic interests genetic fitness +interests in male why he engages in + + align:start position:0% +interests in male why he engages in + + + align:start position:0% +interests in male why he engages in +makeu guarding okay and yes you do find + + align:start position:0% +makeu guarding okay and yes you do find + + + align:start position:0% +makeu guarding okay and yes you do find +it this is the damel + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fly type of dragon fly really at least + + align:start position:0% +fly type of dragon fly really at least + + + align:start position:0% +fly type of dragon fly really at least +similar to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dragonflies let's go to another topic + + align:start position:0% +dragonflies let's go to another topic + + + align:start position:0% +dragonflies let's go to another topic +now in Fruit + + align:start position:0% +now in Fruit + + + align:start position:0% +now in Fruit +PES why have male fruit PES evolved so + + align:start position:0% +PES why have male fruit PES evolved so + + + align:start position:0% +PES why have male fruit PES evolved so +they inject chemicals that harm their + + align:start position:0% +they inject chemicals that harm their + + + align:start position:0% +they inject chemicals that harm their +Ma they're toxic chemicals they they + + align:start position:0% +Ma they're toxic chemicals they they + + + align:start position:0% +Ma they're toxic chemicals they they +inject along with their + + align:start position:0% +inject along with their + + + align:start position:0% +inject along with their +sperm it's harmful to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +female how do you explain that in terms + + align:start position:0% +female how do you explain that in terms + + + align:start position:0% +female how do you explain that in terms +of evolutionary Fitness following the + + align:start position:0% +of evolutionary Fitness following the + + + align:start position:0% +of evolutionary Fitness following the +logic of George C Williams what is the + + align:start position:0% +logic of George C Williams what is the + + + align:start position:0% +logic of George C Williams what is the +male interested in he's interested in + + align:start position:0% +male interested in he's interested in + + + align:start position:0% +male interested in he's interested in +promoting his own genetic fitness not + + align:start position:0% +promoting his own genetic fitness not + + + align:start position:0% +promoting his own genetic fitness not +her okay but he needs the female to + + align:start position:0% +her okay but he needs the female to + + + align:start position:0% +her okay but he needs the female to +reproduce + + align:start position:0% +reproduce + + + align:start position:0% +reproduce +right so from the perspective of the + + align:start position:0% +right so from the perspective of the + + + align:start position:0% +right so from the perspective of the +male what counts is the number of eggs + + align:start position:0% +male what counts is the number of eggs + + + align:start position:0% +male what counts is the number of eggs +capable of hatching that he inseminates + + align:start position:0% +capable of hatching that he inseminates + + + align:start position:0% +capable of hatching that he inseminates +it's the interest of it's in the + + align:start position:0% +it's the interest of it's in the + + + align:start position:0% +it's the interest of it's in the +interest of his genes to destroy sperm + + align:start position:0% +interest of his genes to destroy sperm + + + align:start position:0% +interest of his genes to destroy sperm +from other males and that's what he's + + align:start position:0% +from other males and that's what he's + + + align:start position:0% +from other males and that's what he's +doing by injecting that chemical before + + align:start position:0% +doing by injecting that chemical before + + + align:start position:0% +doing by injecting that chemical before +he + + align:start position:0% +he + + + align:start position:0% +he +mates + + align:start position:0% +mates + + + align:start position:0% +mates +okay even if injecting the chemical + + align:start position:0% +okay even if injecting the chemical + + + align:start position:0% +okay even if injecting the chemical +entails reducing the genetic fitness of + + align:start position:0% +entails reducing the genetic fitness of + + + align:start position:0% +entails reducing the genetic fitness of +the female by shortening her life or by + + align:start position:0% +the female by shortening her life or by + + + align:start position:0% +the female by shortening her life or by +reducing the total number of her eggs as + + align:start position:0% +reducing the total number of her eggs as + + + align:start position:0% +reducing the total number of her eggs as +as long as the reduction is not extreme + + align:start position:0% +as long as the reduction is not extreme + + + align:start position:0% +as long as the reduction is not extreme +because if he doesn't do it a lot more + + align:start position:0% +because if he doesn't do it a lot more + + + align:start position:0% +because if he doesn't do it a lot more +of her + + align:start position:0% +of her + + + align:start position:0% +of her +eggs could be fathered by Other + + align:start position:0% +eggs could be fathered by Other + + + align:start position:0% +eggs could be fathered by Other +M + + align:start position:0% +M + + + align:start position:0% +M +okay so that's how we have to interpret + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that we met this phenomenon + + align:start position:0% +that we met this phenomenon + + + align:start position:0% +that we met this phenomenon +previously the + + align:start position:0% +previously the + + + align:start position:0% +previously the +uh the hanging fly do you remember Randy + + align:start position:0% +uh the hanging fly do you remember Randy + + + align:start position:0% +uh the hanging fly do you remember Randy +Thornhill studied it published back in + + align:start position:0% +Thornhill studied it published back in + + + align:start position:0% +Thornhill studied it published back in +76 why does the male present the + + align:start position:0% +76 why does the male present the + + + align:start position:0% +76 why does the male present the +receptive female with a gift of food + + align:start position:0% +receptive female with a gift of food + + + align:start position:0% +receptive female with a gift of food +like a dead moth there you see the + + align:start position:0% +like a dead moth there you see the + + + align:start position:0% +like a dead moth there you see the +female with a dead moth that's not the + + align:start position:0% +female with a dead moth that's not the + + + align:start position:0% +female with a dead moth that's not the +male that's the female that she's about + + align:start position:0% +male that's the female that she's about + + + align:start position:0% +male that's the female that she's about +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +consume and why does the gift have to be + + align:start position:0% +consume and why does the gift have to be + + + align:start position:0% +consume and why does the gift have to be +above a certain + + align:start position:0% +above a certain + + + align:start position:0% +above a certain +size why you + + align:start position:0% +size why you + + + align:start position:0% +size why you +remember we had several slides on it was + + align:start position:0% +remember we had several slides on it was + + + align:start position:0% +remember we had several slides on it was +in your + + align:start position:0% +in your + + + align:start position:0% +in your +reading okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes yes he copulates well she's eating + + align:start position:0% +yes yes he copulates well she's eating + + + align:start position:0% +yes yes he copulates well she's eating +and the other thing you need to know + + align:start position:0% +and the other thing you need to know + + + align:start position:0% +and the other thing you need to know +is it takes quite a bit of time for him + + align:start position:0% +is it takes quite a bit of time for him + + + align:start position:0% +is it takes quite a bit of time for him +to inject all his firm + + align:start position:0% +to inject all his firm + + + align:start position:0% +to inject all his firm +okay and if the food's eaten before the + + align:start position:0% +okay and if the food's eaten before the + + + align:start position:0% +okay and if the food's eaten before the +mail is finished + + align:start position:0% +mail is finished + + + align:start position:0% +mail is finished +and sometimes even before he's begun + + align:start position:0% +and sometimes even before he's begun + + + align:start position:0% +and sometimes even before he's begun +transferring sperm the female just + + align:start position:0% +transferring sperm the female just + + + align:start position:0% +transferring sperm the female just +uncouples flies off to find a mate with + + align:start position:0% +uncouples flies off to find a mate with + + + align:start position:0% +uncouples flies off to find a mate with +a larger food + + align:start position:0% +a larger food + + + align:start position:0% +a larger food +offering you see it's + + align:start position:0% +offering you see it's + + + align:start position:0% +offering you see it's +not it's not necessarily in her interest + + align:start position:0% +not it's not necessarily in her interest + + + align:start position:0% +not it's not necessarily in her interest +to make with that particular male it + + align:start position:0% +to make with that particular male it + + + align:start position:0% +to make with that particular male it +doesn't matter to her she wants to + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter to her she wants to + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter to her she wants to +produce her + + align:start position:0% +produce her + + + align:start position:0% +produce her +genes the male wants to reproduce + + align:start position:0% +genes the male wants to reproduce + + + align:start position:0% +genes the male wants to reproduce +his so after the sper sperm transfers is + + align:start position:0% +his so after the sper sperm transfers is + + + align:start position:0% +his so after the sper sperm transfers is +complete it takes 25 + + align:start position:0% +complete it takes 25 + + + align:start position:0% +complete it takes 25 +minutes then the behavior changes in + + align:start position:0% +minutes then the behavior changes in + + + align:start position:0% +minutes then the behavior changes in +fact the male and female often fight for + + align:start position:0% +fact the male and female often fight for + + + align:start position:0% +fact the male and female often fight for +the remaining + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +food before we said the male has a doggy + + align:start position:0% +food before we said the male has a doggy + + + align:start position:0% +food before we said the male has a doggy +bag but actually the female can struggle + + align:start position:0% +bag but actually the female can struggle + + + align:start position:0% +bag but actually the female can struggle +with him for the remaining food so the + + align:start position:0% +with him for the remaining food so the + + + align:start position:0% +with him for the remaining food so the +conclusion here of all this is that the + + align:start position:0% +conclusion here of all this is that the + + + align:start position:0% +conclusion here of all this is that the +interaction between male and female + + align:start position:0% +interaction between male and female + + + align:start position:0% +interaction between male and female +hanging flies is marked with genetic + + align:start position:0% +hanging flies is marked with genetic + + + align:start position:0% +hanging flies is marked with genetic +conflict as each individual for maximum + + align:start position:0% +conflict as each individual for maximum + + + align:start position:0% +conflict as each individual for maximum +personal reproductive + + align:start position:0% +personal reproductive + + + align:start position:0% +personal reproductive +gain and thus maximum genetic + + align:start position:0% +gain and thus maximum genetic + + + align:start position:0% +gain and thus maximum genetic +success now this is the interpretation + + align:start position:0% +success now this is the interpretation + + + align:start position:0% +success now this is the interpretation +just based on individual genetic fitness + + align:start position:0% +just based on individual genetic fitness + + + align:start position:0% +just based on individual genetic fitness +not on group selection at all okay but + + align:start position:0% +not on group selection at all okay but + + + align:start position:0% +not on group selection at all okay but +that see seems to be what you need how + + align:start position:0% +that see seems to be what you need how + + + align:start position:0% +that see seems to be what you need how +you have to think to + + align:start position:0% +you have to think to + + + align:start position:0% +you have to think to +explain what's going on in these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +animals + + align:start position:0% +animals + + + align:start position:0% +animals +so in studies of mate Choice by females + + align:start position:0% +so in studies of mate Choice by females + + + align:start position:0% +so in studies of mate Choice by females +which has occupied a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +which has occupied a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +which has occupied a lot of the +sociobiological literature in the animal + + align:start position:0% +sociobiological literature in the animal + + + align:start position:0% +sociobiological literature in the animal +behavior literature since + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +uh thornhill's papers on the topic of + + align:start position:0% +uh thornhill's papers on the topic of + + + align:start position:0% +uh thornhill's papers on the topic of +female choice and there there were a + + align:start position:0% +female choice and there there were a + + + align:start position:0% +female choice and there there were a +number of them and the conflict between + + align:start position:0% +number of them and the conflict between + + + align:start position:0% +number of them and the conflict between +the Sexes it marks the start of an era + + align:start position:0% +the Sexes it marks the start of an era + + + align:start position:0% +the Sexes it marks the start of an era +which still continues even now uh not + + align:start position:0% +which still continues even now uh not + + + align:start position:0% +which still continues even now uh not +just up to the time of alcock's book in + + align:start position:0% +just up to the time of alcock's book in + + + align:start position:0% +just up to the time of alcock's book in +which these issues have been actively + + align:start position:0% +which these issues have been actively + + + align:start position:0% +which these issues have been actively +explored a battalion of + + align:start position:0% +explored a battalion of + + + align:start position:0% +explored a battalion of +adaptationists who have adapted the gene + + align:start position:0% +adaptationists who have adapted the gene + + + align:start position:0% +adaptationists who have adapted the gene +counting view of evolution are asking + + align:start position:0% +counting view of evolution are asking + + + align:start position:0% +counting view of evolution are asking +questions like how do female mating + + align:start position:0% +questions like how do female mating + + + align:start position:0% +questions like how do female mating +decisions promote the propagation of + + align:start position:0% +decisions promote the propagation of + + + align:start position:0% +decisions promote the propagation of +their + + align:start position:0% +their + + + align:start position:0% +their +genes what exactly do females in their + + align:start position:0% +genes what exactly do females in their + + + align:start position:0% +genes what exactly do females in their +genes of course gain when females reject + + align:start position:0% +genes of course gain when females reject + + + align:start position:0% +genes of course gain when females reject +some males in favor of + + align:start position:0% +some males in favor of + + + align:start position:0% +some males in favor of +others how do males manage to comp + + align:start position:0% +others how do males manage to comp + + + align:start position:0% +others how do males manage to comp +compete with rival males in a game whose + + align:start position:0% +compete with rival males in a game whose + + + align:start position:0% +compete with rival males in a game whose +rules were established by + + align:start position:0% +rules were established by + + + align:start position:0% +rules were established by +females we're talking about female mate + + align:start position:0% +females we're talking about female mate + + + align:start position:0% +females we're talking about female mate +Choice which is the most common I think + + align:start position:0% +Choice which is the most common I think + + + align:start position:0% +Choice which is the most common I think +type of mate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Choice sometimes the men in my class get + + align:start position:0% +Choice sometimes the men in my class get + + + align:start position:0% +Choice sometimes the men in my class get +quite deflated by all this but I'm + + align:start position:0% +quite deflated by all this but I'm + + + align:start position:0% +quite deflated by all this but I'm +afraid I'm sorry the majority here is + + align:start position:0% +afraid I'm sorry the majority here is + + + align:start position:0% +afraid I'm sorry the majority here is +female all + + align:start position:0% +female all + + + align:start position:0% +female all +right let's talk + + align:start position:0% +right let's talk + + + align:start position:0% +right let's talk +about the phenomena of cryptic female + + align:start position:0% +about the phenomena of cryptic female + + + align:start position:0% +about the phenomena of cryptic female +Choice which came up once before just + + align:start position:0% +Choice which came up once before just + + + align:start position:0% +Choice which came up once before just +briefly what's meant what do we mean by + + align:start position:0% +briefly what's meant what do we mean by + + + align:start position:0% +briefly what's meant what do we mean by +cryptic female choice and when we talked + + align:start position:0% +cryptic female choice and when we talked + + + align:start position:0% +cryptic female choice and when we talked +about it + + align:start position:0% +about it + + + align:start position:0% +about it +before + + align:start position:0% +before + + + align:start position:0% +before +uh I don't know if you remember there + + align:start position:0% +uh I don't know if you remember there + + + align:start position:0% +uh I don't know if you remember there +were two a we talked about a bird and we + + align:start position:0% +were two a we talked about a bird and we + + + align:start position:0% +were two a we talked about a bird and we +talked even about plants and alog + + align:start position:0% +talked even about plants and alog + + + align:start position:0% +talked even about plants and alog +introduces it in his book with an + + align:start position:0% +introduces it in his book with an + + + align:start position:0% +introduces it in his book with an +example from + + align:start position:0% +example from + + + align:start position:0% +example from +botany describing a female flower's + + align:start position:0% +botany describing a female flower's + + + align:start position:0% +botany describing a female flower's +response to T of various + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Origins the gene thinking and the gene + + align:start position:0% +Origins the gene thinking and the gene + + + align:start position:0% +Origins the gene thinking and the gene +counting view LED botanists not just + + align:start position:0% +counting view LED botanists not just + + + align:start position:0% +counting view LED botanists not just +animal behaviors to think start thinking + + align:start position:0% +animal behaviors to think start thinking + + + align:start position:0% +animal behaviors to think start thinking +differently about plant + + align:start position:0% +differently about plant + + + align:start position:0% +differently about plant +reproduction they thought about things + + align:start position:0% +reproduction they thought about things + + + align:start position:0% +reproduction they thought about things +that before that time had just been + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +overlooked uh they discovered the + + align:start position:0% +overlooked uh they discovered the + + + align:start position:0% +overlooked uh they discovered the +equivalent of sperm competition by + + align:start position:0% +equivalent of sperm competition by + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent of sperm competition by +chemicals releasing from pollen landed + + align:start position:0% +chemicals releasing from pollen landed + + + align:start position:0% +chemicals releasing from pollen landed +on nearby parts of the sty in other + + align:start position:0% +on nearby parts of the sty in other + + + align:start position:0% +on nearby parts of the sty in other +words if pollen from One Tree lands on a + + align:start position:0% +words if pollen from One Tree lands on a + + + align:start position:0% +words if pollen from One Tree lands on a +tree okay in the + + align:start position:0% +tree okay in the + + + align:start position:0% +tree okay in the +blossoms what does how does that pollen + + align:start position:0% +blossoms what does how does that pollen + + + align:start position:0% +blossoms what does how does that pollen +prevent other pollen from other trees + + align:start position:0% +prevent other pollen from other trees + + + align:start position:0% +prevent other pollen from other trees +carrying different + + align:start position:0% +carrying different + + + align:start position:0% +carrying different +genes from + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +succeeding in inseminating that + + align:start position:0% +succeeding in inseminating that + + + align:start position:0% +succeeding in inseminating that +particular flower + + align:start position:0% +particular flower + + + align:start position:0% +particular flower +well how about deposit some toxic + + align:start position:0% +well how about deposit some toxic + + + align:start position:0% +well how about deposit some toxic +chemicals that affects the other others + + align:start position:0% +chemicals that affects the other others + + + align:start position:0% +chemicals that affects the other others +they actually do that okay and for the + + align:start position:0% +they actually do that okay and for the + + + align:start position:0% +they actually do that okay and for the +birds this is the example we had before + + align:start position:0% +birds this is the example we had before + + + align:start position:0% +birds this is the example we had before +remember the female Scott spotted + + align:start position:0% +remember the female Scott spotted + + + align:start position:0% +remember the female Scott spotted +Sandpiper she leaves her first mate with + + align:start position:0% +Sandpiper she leaves her first mate with + + + align:start position:0% +Sandpiper she leaves her first mate with +her first clutch of four eggs and she + + align:start position:0% +her first clutch of four eggs and she + + + align:start position:0% +her first clutch of four eggs and she +flies off to establish a nest and a + + align:start position:0% +flies off to establish a nest and a + + + align:start position:0% +flies off to establish a nest and a +second clutch of another four eggs with + + align:start position:0% +second clutch of another four eggs with + + + align:start position:0% +second clutch of another four eggs with +another + + align:start position:0% +another + + + align:start position:0% +another +male however you may not inseminate that + + align:start position:0% +male however you may not inseminate that + + + align:start position:0% +male however you may not inseminate that +second clutch with the eggs uh clutch of + + align:start position:0% +second clutch with the eggs uh clutch of + + + align:start position:0% +second clutch with the eggs uh clutch of +eggs with uh she may seminate with the + + align:start position:0% +eggs with uh she may seminate with the + + + align:start position:0% +eggs with uh she may seminate with the +storage sperm from the first male + + align:start position:0% +storage sperm from the first male + + + align:start position:0% +storage sperm from the first male +instead of the second male so she's just + + align:start position:0% +instead of the second male so she's just + + + align:start position:0% +instead of the second male so she's just +using the second male to rear more + + align:start position:0% +using the second male to rear more + + + align:start position:0% +using the second male to rear more +chicks she leaves the first one and he + + align:start position:0% +chicks she leaves the first one and he + + + align:start position:0% +chicks she leaves the first one and he +stays and takes care of those so she now + + align:start position:0% +stays and takes care of those so she now + + + align:start position:0% +stays and takes care of those so she now +reproduces eight up to + + align:start position:0% +reproduces eight up to + + + align:start position:0% +reproduces eight up to +eight + + align:start position:0% +eight + + + align:start position:0% +eight +individuals Four Chicks in each + + align:start position:0% +individuals Four Chicks in each + + + align:start position:0% +individuals Four Chicks in each +Nest each + + align:start position:0% +Nest each + + + align:start position:0% +Nest each +male the male + + align:start position:0% +male the male + + + align:start position:0% +male the male +in reproduces either eight or only four + + align:start position:0% +in reproduces either eight or only four + + + align:start position:0% +in reproduces either eight or only four +if she actually makes with the second + + align:start position:0% +if she actually makes with the second + + + align:start position:0% +if she actually makes with the second +manale so the female is exerting choice + + align:start position:0% +manale so the female is exerting choice + + + align:start position:0% +manale so the female is exerting choice +in other words but it's cryptic + + align:start position:0% +in other words but it's cryptic + + + align:start position:0% +in other words but it's cryptic +Choice it's nothing evident from just + + align:start position:0% +Choice it's nothing evident from just + + + align:start position:0% +Choice it's nothing evident from just +observing the behavior it's + + align:start position:0% +observing the behavior it's + + + align:start position:0% +observing the behavior it's +happening inside her + + align:start position:0% +happening inside her + + + align:start position:0% +happening inside her +okay so related to that topic is a + + align:start position:0% +okay so related to that topic is a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so related to that topic is a +strategy that's evolved in females of + + align:start position:0% +strategy that's evolved in females of + + + align:start position:0% +strategy that's evolved in females of +many species it's called last firm + + align:start position:0% +many species it's called last firm + + + align:start position:0% +many species it's called last firm +precedence it's based + + align:start position:0% +precedence it's based + + + align:start position:0% +precedence it's based +where the last sperm to enter is got the + + align:start position:0% +where the last sperm to enter is got the + + + align:start position:0% +where the last sperm to enter is got the +best + + align:start position:0% +best + + + align:start position:0% +best +chance of fertilizing the + + align:start position:0% +chance of fertilizing the + + + align:start position:0% +chance of fertilizing the +eggs it's based on the ability of female + + align:start position:0% +eggs it's based on the ability of female + + + align:start position:0% +eggs it's based on the ability of female +Birds to store + + align:start position:0% +Birds to store + + + align:start position:0% +Birds to store +sperm in other words the sperm doesn't + + align:start position:0% +sperm in other words the sperm doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +sperm in other words the sperm doesn't +get to the eggs right away it takes + + align:start position:0% +get to the eggs right away it takes + + + align:start position:0% +get to the eggs right away it takes +quite a while and they can store sperm + + align:start position:0% +quite a while and they can store sperm + + + align:start position:0% +quite a while and they can store sperm +and tubules near the junction of the + + align:start position:0% +and tubules near the junction of the + + + align:start position:0% +and tubules near the junction of the +vagina and uterus they fill up from the + + align:start position:0% +vagina and uterus they fill up from the + + + align:start position:0% +vagina and uterus they fill up from the +back so the last sperm in are the first + + align:start position:0% +back so the last sperm in are the first + + + align:start position:0% +back so the last sperm in are the first +to be released at the time of + + align:start position:0% +to be released at the time of + + + align:start position:0% +to be released at the time of +fertilization fertilization may not take + + align:start position:0% +fertilization fertilization may not take + + + align:start position:0% +fertilization fertilization may not take +place right away after the mating okay + + align:start position:0% +place right away after the mating okay + + + align:start position:0% +place right away after the mating okay +but when the sperm are released so they + + align:start position:0% +but when the sperm are released so they + + + align:start position:0% +but when the sperm are released so they +can inseminate the eggs it'll be that + + align:start position:0% +can inseminate the eggs it'll be that + + + align:start position:0% +can inseminate the eggs it'll be that +last sperm in and as long as she can do + + align:start position:0% +last sperm in and as long as she can do + + + align:start position:0% +last sperm in and as long as she can do +that and store them in this way then he + + align:start position:0% +that and store them in this way then he + + + align:start position:0% +that and store them in this way then he +can make with a number of males + + align:start position:0% +can make with a number of males + + + align:start position:0% +can make with a number of males +constantly looking for better + + align:start position:0% +constantly looking for better + + + align:start position:0% +constantly looking for better +better better + + align:start position:0% +better better + + + align:start position:0% +better better +genes so that's another way she's + + align:start position:0% +genes so that's another way she's + + + align:start position:0% +genes so that's another way she's +exerting choice + + align:start position:0% +exerting choice + + + align:start position:0% +exerting choice +not made choice behaviorally but father + + align:start position:0% +not made choice behaviorally but father + + + align:start position:0% +not made choice behaviorally but father +Choice + + align:start position:0% +Choice + + + align:start position:0% +Choice +okay so then that raises this big + + align:start position:0% +okay so then that raises this big + + + align:start position:0% +okay so then that raises this big +question how have males evolved to + + align:start position:0% +question how have males evolved to + + + align:start position:0% +question how have males evolved to +counter these cryptic abilities of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +females because males aren't concerned + + align:start position:0% +females because males aren't concerned + + + align:start position:0% +females because males aren't concerned +with her genetic fitness they're + + align:start position:0% +with her genetic fitness they're + + + align:start position:0% +with her genetic fitness they're +concerned with their own Fitness we + + align:start position:0% +concerned with their own Fitness we + + + align:start position:0% +concerned with their own Fitness we +talked about dunx + + align:start position:0% +talked about dunx + + + align:start position:0% +talked about dunx +before um when when we were reading + + align:start position:0% +before um when when we were reading + + + align:start position:0% +before um when when we were reading +Scott's + + align:start position:0% +Scott's + + + align:start position:0% +Scott's +book uh the male dunnut can increase the + + align:start position:0% +book uh the male dunnut can increase the + + + align:start position:0% +book uh the male dunnut can increase the +chances of successful fertilization by + + align:start position:0% +chances of successful fertilization by + + + align:start position:0% +chances of successful fertilization by +his + + align:start position:0% +his + + + align:start position:0% +his +sperm by two behaviors one is see simply + + align:start position:0% +sperm by two behaviors one is see simply + + + align:start position:0% +sperm by two behaviors one is see simply +frequent copulation and he does it it's + + align:start position:0% +frequent copulation and he does it it's + + + align:start position:0% +frequent copulation and he does it it's +enhanced when he notices his mate in the + + align:start position:0% +enhanced when he notices his mate in the + + + align:start position:0% +enhanced when he notices his mate in the +vicinity of another + + align:start position:0% +vicinity of another + + + align:start position:0% +vicinity of another +male but because of last bur precedence + + align:start position:0% +male but because of last bur precedence + + + align:start position:0% +male but because of last bur precedence +he just has toate with or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +more so he doesn't lose out in this + + align:start position:0% +more so he doesn't lose out in this + + + align:start position:0% +more so he doesn't lose out in this +sperm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +competition and he also Texs at the clo + + align:start position:0% +competition and he also Texs at the clo + + + align:start position:0% +competition and he also Texs at the clo +region of the female before culation and + + align:start position:0% +region of the female before culation and + + + align:start position:0% +region of the female before culation and +that the Film Studies have shown that + + align:start position:0% +that the Film Studies have shown that + + + align:start position:0% +that the Film Studies have shown that +there are + + align:start position:0% +there are + + + align:start position:0% +there are +contractions that resulting in excretion + + align:start position:0% +contractions that resulting in excretion + + + align:start position:0% +contractions that resulting in excretion +of fluid and they've looked at that + + align:start position:0% +of fluid and they've looked at that + + + align:start position:0% +of fluid and they've looked at that +fluid and it does contain sperm so he's + + align:start position:0% +fluid and it does contain sperm so he's + + + align:start position:0% +fluid and it does contain sperm so he's +basically the pecking causes her to get + + align:start position:0% +basically the pecking causes her to get + + + align:start position:0% +basically the pecking causes her to get +rid of some of the previous + + align:start position:0% +rid of some of the previous + + + align:start position:0% +rid of some of the previous +uh seen that was put in + + align:start position:0% +uh seen that was put in + + + align:start position:0% +uh seen that was put in +there the female actually can choose + + align:start position:0% +there the female actually can choose + + + align:start position:0% +there the female actually can choose +whether to allow that behavior she + + align:start position:0% +whether to allow that behavior she + + + align:start position:0% +whether to allow that behavior she +doesn't + + align:start position:0% +doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't +always but it is a ritual that they go + + align:start position:0% +always but it is a ritual that they go + + + align:start position:0% +always but it is a ritual that they go +through and if she wants to mate with + + align:start position:0% +through and if she wants to mate with + + + align:start position:0% +through and if she wants to mate with +that next + + align:start position:0% +that next + + + align:start position:0% +that next +male then she will engage in that ritual + + align:start position:0% +male then she will engage in that ritual + + + align:start position:0% +male then she will engage in that ritual +and she will + + align:start position:0% +and she will + + + align:start position:0% +and she will +permit that pecking that will result in + + align:start position:0% +permit that pecking that will result in + + + align:start position:0% +permit that pecking that will result in +expulsing of previous + + align:start position:0% +expulsing of previous + + + align:start position:0% +expulsing of previous +sperm so what other strategies are there + + align:start position:0% +sperm so what other strategies are there + + + align:start position:0% +sperm so what other strategies are there +sperm removal we mentioned before it's + + align:start position:0% +sperm removal we mentioned before it's + + + align:start position:0% +sperm removal we mentioned before it's +common among especially male + + align:start position:0% +common among especially male + + + align:start position:0% +common among especially male +invertebrates dragon flies and damsel + + align:start position:0% +invertebrates dragon flies and damsel + + + align:start position:0% +invertebrates dragon flies and damsel +flies have penises covered with bristles + + align:start position:0% +flies have penises covered with bristles + + + align:start position:0% +flies have penises covered with bristles +and Thorns that the male uses to scrub + + align:start position:0% +and Thorns that the male uses to scrub + + + align:start position:0% +and Thorns that the male uses to scrub +out the female before + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +culation the male Bean we Bean Weil has + + align:start position:0% +culation the male Bean we Bean Weil has + + + align:start position:0% +culation the male Bean we Bean Weil has +a different strategy he got a similar + + align:start position:0% +a different strategy he got a similar + + + align:start position:0% +a different strategy he got a similar +penis but he uses it to lacerate the the + + align:start position:0% +penis but he uses it to lacerate the the + + + align:start position:0% +penis but he uses it to lacerate the the +reproductive tract of the female during + + align:start position:0% +reproductive tract of the female during + + + align:start position:0% +reproductive tract of the female during +culation it's like being toxic + + align:start position:0% +culation it's like being toxic + + + align:start position:0% +culation it's like being toxic +insemination by the fruit flies but this + + align:start position:0% +insemination by the fruit flies but this + + + align:start position:0% +insemination by the fruit flies but this +time they're injuring the female why + + align:start position:0% +time they're injuring the female why + + + align:start position:0% +time they're injuring the female why +would they do that well it makes it much + + align:start position:0% +would they do that well it makes it much + + + align:start position:0% +would they do that well it makes it much +less likely that she'll copulate with + + align:start position:0% +less likely that she'll copulate with + + + align:start position:0% +less likely that she'll copulate with +another + + align:start position:0% +another + + + align:start position:0% +another +male it's too + + align:start position:0% +male it's too + + + align:start position:0% +male it's too +painful it does shorten the life of the + + align:start position:0% +painful it does shorten the life of the + + + align:start position:0% +painful it does shorten the life of the +female from about a they normally live + + align:start position:0% +female from about a they normally live + + + align:start position:0% +female from about a they normally live +about a month it can shorten it to 10 + + align:start position:0% +about a month it can shorten it to 10 + + + align:start position:0% +about a month it can shorten it to 10 +days as much as 10 days + + align:start position:0% +days as much as 10 days + + + align:start position:0% +days as much as 10 days +on how bad injuries + + align:start position:0% +on how bad injuries + + + align:start position:0% +on how bad injuries +are and the result is and this is what + + align:start position:0% +are and the result is and this is what + + + align:start position:0% +are and the result is and this is what +the behaviors have observed they they + + align:start position:0% +the behaviors have observed they they + + + align:start position:0% +the behaviors have observed they they +fight off uh male + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +suitors uh generally unwanted but even + + align:start position:0% +suitors uh generally unwanted but even + + + align:start position:0% +suitors uh generally unwanted but even +if she had wanted them before she won't + + align:start position:0% +if she had wanted them before she won't + + + align:start position:0% +if she had wanted them before she won't +want them now because of these + + align:start position:0% +want them now because of these + + + align:start position:0% +want them now because of these +inuries okay so it's a kind of traumatic + + align:start position:0% +inuries okay so it's a kind of traumatic + + + align:start position:0% +inuries okay so it's a kind of traumatic +insemination this is one of the animals + + align:start position:0% +insemination this is one of the animals + + + align:start position:0% +insemination this is one of the animals +that does that the bean weav it shows a + + align:start position:0% +that does that the bean weav it shows a + + + align:start position:0% +that does that the bean weav it shows a +female on a bean + + align:start position:0% +female on a bean + + + align:start position:0% +female on a bean +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +uh often we use examples from Beatles + + align:start position:0% +uh often we use examples from Beatles + + + align:start position:0% +uh often we use examples from Beatles +because there's more Beatles than any + + align:start position:0% +because there's more Beatles than any + + + align:start position:0% +because there's more Beatles than any +group in all of + + align:start position:0% +group in all of + + + align:start position:0% +group in all of +the the whole Animal + + align:start position:0% +the the whole Animal + + + align:start position:0% +the the whole Animal +Kingdom and you find examples of + + align:start position:0% +Kingdom and you find examples of + + + align:start position:0% +Kingdom and you find examples of +chromatic insemination like that and a + + align:start position:0% +chromatic insemination like that and a + + + align:start position:0% +chromatic insemination like that and a +number of other animals the fruit flies + + align:start position:0% +number of other animals the fruit flies + + + align:start position:0% +number of other animals the fruit flies +we mentioned before the bed + + align:start position:0% +we mentioned before the bed + + + align:start position:0% +we mentioned before the bed +bugs uh these are bed bugs I thought you + + align:start position:0% +bugs uh these are bed bugs I thought you + + + align:start position:0% +bugs uh these are bed bugs I thought you +might enjoy seeing some head bugs here + + align:start position:0% +might enjoy seeing some head bugs here + + + align:start position:0% +might enjoy seeing some head bugs here +uh in case you ever look for them here + + align:start position:0% +uh in case you ever look for them here + + + align:start position:0% +uh in case you ever look for them here +they are in the edge of a bed uh if you + + align:start position:0% +they are in the edge of a bed uh if you + + + align:start position:0% +they are in the edge of a bed uh if you +have them you need to do something get + + align:start position:0% +have them you need to do something get + + + align:start position:0% +have them you need to do something get +rid of them okay and then plant bugs and + + align:start position:0% +rid of them okay and then plant bugs and + + + align:start position:0% +rid of them okay and then plant bugs and +spiders they've been found in in all + + align:start position:0% +spiders they've been found in in all + + + align:start position:0% +spiders they've been found in in all +these groups of animals and the bed bugs + + align:start position:0% +these groups of animals and the bed bugs + + + align:start position:0% +these groups of animals and the bed bugs +I first read about in this book by vong + + align:start position:0% +I first read about in this book by vong + + + align:start position:0% +I first read about in this book by vong +vicker vicker in 1973 published a + + align:start position:0% +vicker vicker in 1973 published a + + + align:start position:0% +vicker vicker in 1973 published a +fascinating book that became quite + + align:start position:0% +fascinating book that became quite + + + align:start position:0% +fascinating book that became quite +popular you might still find it in + + align:start position:0% +popular you might still find it in + + + align:start position:0% +popular you might still find it in +paperback back it's called the sexual + + align:start position:0% +paperback back it's called the sexual + + + align:start position:0% +paperback back it's called the sexual +code the social behavior of animals and + + align:start position:0% +code the social behavior of animals and + + + align:start position:0% +code the social behavior of animals and +the animals and Men okay it's translated + + align:start position:0% +the animals and Men okay it's translated + + + align:start position:0% +the animals and Men okay it's translated +by uh into English published by double + + align:start position:0% +by uh into English published by double + + + align:start position:0% +by uh into English published by double +day early in the book page 37 he he has + + align:start position:0% +day early in the book page 37 he he has + + + align:start position:0% +day early in the book page 37 he he has +this description of the bed bugs fmatic + + align:start position:0% +this description of the bed bugs fmatic + + + align:start position:0% +this description of the bed bugs fmatic +insemination he has huge number of + + align:start position:0% +insemination he has huge number of + + + align:start position:0% +insemination he has huge number of +examples you won't believe the + + align:start position:0% +examples you won't believe the + + + align:start position:0% +examples you won't believe the +variety in mating Behavior and the + + align:start position:0% +variety in mating Behavior and the + + + align:start position:0% +variety in mating Behavior and the +nature of reproduction in different + + align:start position:0% +nature of reproduction in different + + + align:start position:0% +nature of reproduction in different +animals when I first went up to the uh + + align:start position:0% +animals when I first went up to the uh + + + align:start position:0% +animals when I first went up to the uh +Museum of comparative zoology at the + + align:start position:0% +Museum of comparative zoology at the + + + align:start position:0% +Museum of comparative zoology at the +time when I was working on my thesis and + + align:start position:0% +time when I was working on my thesis and + + + align:start position:0% +time when I was working on my thesis and +I was looking for articles I couldn't + + align:start position:0% +I was looking for articles I couldn't + + + align:start position:0% +I was looking for articles I couldn't +find at + + align:start position:0% +find at + + + align:start position:0% +find at +MIT Harvard has everything at least it + + align:start position:0% +MIT Harvard has everything at least it + + + align:start position:0% +MIT Harvard has everything at least it +seems so and a lot of them were in this + + align:start position:0% +seems so and a lot of them were in this + + + align:start position:0% +seems so and a lot of them were in this +area were at the Museum and I went + + align:start position:0% +area were at the Museum and I went + + + align:start position:0% +area were at the Museum and I went +through some of these articles in + + align:start position:0% +through some of these articles in + + + align:start position:0% +through some of these articles in +biology biological literature on animals + + align:start position:0% +biology biological literature on animals + + + align:start position:0% +biology biological literature on animals +and reproductive behavior and it was + + align:start position:0% +and reproductive behavior and it was + + + align:start position:0% +and reproductive behavior and it was +amazing the detailed studies of the + + align:start position:0% +amazing the detailed studies of the + + + align:start position:0% +amazing the detailed studies of the +penus anatomy for example of incredible + + align:start position:0% +penus anatomy for example of incredible + + + align:start position:0% +penus anatomy for example of incredible +variety you just wouldn't believe and it + + align:start position:0% +variety you just wouldn't believe and it + + + align:start position:0% +variety you just wouldn't believe and it +raises this question right away why well + + align:start position:0% +raises this question right away why well + + + align:start position:0% +raises this question right away why well +you begin to look at these insects and + + align:start position:0% +you begin to look at these insects and + + + align:start position:0% +you begin to look at these insects and +you begin to + + align:start position:0% +you begin to + + + align:start position:0% +you begin to +understand it's so important in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reproducing so bed bugs are an example + + align:start position:0% +reproducing so bed bugs are an example + + + align:start position:0% +reproducing so bed bugs are an example +of a different kind of traumatic + + align:start position:0% +of a different kind of traumatic + + + align:start position:0% +of a different kind of traumatic +insemination because they insert sperm + + align:start position:0% +insemination because they insert sperm + + + align:start position:0% +insemination because they insert sperm +into the body capity of females without + + align:start position:0% +into the body capity of females without + + + align:start position:0% +into the body capity of females without +using the genital they go right through + + align:start position:0% +using the genital they go right through + + + align:start position:0% +using the genital they go right through +the body + + align:start position:0% +the body + + + align:start position:0% +the body +wall and that's LED some females to + + align:start position:0% +wall and that's LED some females to + + + align:start position:0% +wall and that's LED some females to +evolve specialized body parts the parts + + align:start position:0% +evolve specialized body parts the parts + + + align:start position:0% +evolve specialized body parts the parts +where the males usually are attacking + + align:start position:0% +where the males usually are attacking + + + align:start position:0% +where the males usually are attacking +usually on their back uh to make it + + align:start position:0% +usually on their back uh to make it + + + align:start position:0% +usually on their back uh to make it +harder for the male to do that + + align:start position:0% +harder for the male to do that + + + align:start position:0% +harder for the male to do that +protect them from + + align:start position:0% +protect them from + + + align:start position:0% +protect them from +injury she's trying to reduce the trauma + + align:start position:0% +injury she's trying to reduce the trauma + + + align:start position:0% +injury she's trying to reduce the trauma +so you get this different kind of + + align:start position:0% +so you get this different kind of + + + align:start position:0% +so you get this different kind of +evolution of male and + + align:start position:0% +evolution of male and + + + align:start position:0% +evolution of male and +female now we're not talking about uh + + align:start position:0% +female now we're not talking about uh + + + align:start position:0% +female now we're not talking about uh +sexual selection in the usual way we + + align:start position:0% +sexual selection in the usual way we + + + align:start position:0% +sexual selection in the usual way we +talk about sexual selection in terms of + + align:start position:0% +talk about sexual selection in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +talk about sexual selection in terms of +choice now we're talking about a + + align:start position:0% +choice now we're talking about a + + + align:start position:0% +choice now we're talking about a +different kind of SE we select one Al + + align:start position:0% +different kind of SE we select one Al + + + align:start position:0% +different kind of SE we select one Al +together + + align:start position:0% +together + + + align:start position:0% +together +okay different + + align:start position:0% +okay different + + + align:start position:0% +okay different +Ates of the two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Sexes and I I this was an example I + + align:start position:0% +Sexes and I I this was an example I + + + align:start position:0% +Sexes and I I this was an example I +found a few years back about research + + align:start position:0% +found a few years back about research + + + align:start position:0% +found a few years back about research +with primates that shows cryptic + + align:start position:0% +with primates that shows cryptic + + + align:start position:0% +with primates that shows cryptic +evidence for some kind of cryptic female + + align:start position:0% +evidence for some kind of cryptic female + + + align:start position:0% +evidence for some kind of cryptic female +Choice the paper was entitled selective + + align:start position:0% +Choice the paper was entitled selective + + + align:start position:0% +Choice the paper was entitled selective +polyandry female choice and in + + align:start position:0% +polyandry female choice and in + + + align:start position:0% +polyandry female choice and in +intersexual conflict in a small + + align:start position:0% +intersexual conflict in a small + + + align:start position:0% +intersexual conflict in a small +nocturnal solitary primate and this is + + align:start position:0% +nocturnal solitary primate and this is + + + align:start position:0% +nocturnal solitary primate and this is +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +summary uh uh they were looking at this + + align:start position:0% +summary uh uh they were looking at this + + + align:start position:0% +summary uh uh they were looking at this +little primate the grey mouse + + align:start position:0% +little primate the grey mouse + + + align:start position:0% +little primate the grey mouse +Lemar they were interested in the + + align:start position:0% +Lemar they were interested in the + + + align:start position:0% +Lemar they were interested in the +importance or possible importance of + + align:start position:0% +importance or possible importance of + + + align:start position:0% +importance or possible importance of +female mating + + align:start position:0% +female mating + + + align:start position:0% +female mating +strategies um realizing that her + + align:start position:0% +strategies um realizing that her + + + align:start position:0% +strategies um realizing that her +interests and the male interests could + + align:start position:0% +interests and the male interests could + + + align:start position:0% +interests and the male interests could +be different and even though the males + + align:start position:0% +be different and even though the males + + + align:start position:0% +be different and even though the males +do try to dominate a female they found + + align:start position:0% +do try to dominate a female they found + + + align:start position:0% +do try to dominate a female they found +that by Gene counting methods they they + + align:start position:0% +that by Gene counting methods they they + + + align:start position:0% +that by Gene counting methods they they +first of all behaviorally they found + + align:start position:0% +first of all behaviorally they found + + + align:start position:0% +first of all behaviorally they found +that the female mated with up to seven + + align:start position:0% +that the female mated with up to seven + + + align:start position:0% +that the female mated with up to seven +males up to 11 times with one male + + align:start position:0% +males up to 11 times with one male + + + align:start position:0% +males up to 11 times with one male +during their the one night they become + + align:start position:0% +during their the one night they become + + + align:start position:0% +during their the one night they become +receptive they have a very short perod + + align:start position:0% +receptive they have a very short perod + + + align:start position:0% +receptive they have a very short perod +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +receptivity and so they often have more + + align:start position:0% +receptivity and so they often have more + + + align:start position:0% +receptivity and so they often have more +than one baby and mixed fraternity was + + align:start position:0% +than one baby and mixed fraternity was + + + align:start position:0% +than one baby and mixed fraternity was +common but the heavier males SED more + + align:start position:0% +common but the heavier males SED more + + + align:start position:0% +common but the heavier males SED more +of even though you couldn't observe this + + align:start position:0% +of even though you couldn't observe this + + + align:start position:0% +of even though you couldn't observe this +behaviorally somehow the females were + + align:start position:0% +behaviorally somehow the females were + + + align:start position:0% +behaviorally somehow the females were +exerting some kind of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +choice and uh so they might be mating it + + align:start position:0% +choice and uh so they might be mating it + + + align:start position:0% +choice and uh so they might be mating it +looks behaviorally like they're mating + + align:start position:0% +looks behaviorally like they're mating + + + align:start position:0% +looks behaviorally like they're mating +all the time with one male but even if + + align:start position:0% +all the time with one male but even if + + + align:start position:0% +all the time with one male but even if +they may mate much less with some heavy + + align:start position:0% +they may mate much less with some heavy + + + align:start position:0% +they may mate much less with some heavy +male he's more likely to be the + + align:start position:0% +male he's more likely to be the + + + align:start position:0% +male he's more likely to be the +father so how does the female do it it + + align:start position:0% +father so how does the female do it it + + + align:start position:0% +father so how does the female do it it +means they have to have mechanisms that + + align:start position:0% +means they have to have mechanisms that + + + align:start position:0% +means they have to have mechanisms that +have evolve to allow cryptic choice + + align:start position:0% +have evolve to allow cryptic choice + + + align:start position:0% +have evolve to allow cryptic choice +just like in those + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +birds another Discovery related to this + + align:start position:0% +birds another Discovery related to this + + + align:start position:0% +birds another Discovery related to this +uh these + + align:start position:0% +uh these + + + align:start position:0% +uh these +spermes is the discovery of two kinds of + + align:start position:0% +spermes is the discovery of two kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +spermes is the discovery of two kinds of +sperm they've been called eerm and + + align:start position:0% +sperm they've been called eerm and + + + align:start position:0% +sperm they've been called eerm and +perisperm they have different + + align:start position:0% +perisperm they have different + + + align:start position:0% +perisperm they have different +functions uh this is one of the Articles + + align:start position:0% +functions uh this is one of the Articles + + + align:start position:0% +functions uh this is one of the Articles +uh that was published online in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +2006 one of the early articles in this + + align:start position:0% +2006 one of the early articles in this + + + align:start position:0% +2006 one of the early articles in this +area and this is a summary of that they + + align:start position:0% +area and this is a summary of that they + + + align:start position:0% +area and this is a summary of that they +describe sperm + + align:start position:0% +describe sperm + + + align:start position:0% +describe sperm +heteromorphism uh they + + align:start position:0% +heteromorphism uh they + + + align:start position:0% +heteromorphism uh they +examine two female centered hypotheses + + align:start position:0% +examine two female centered hypotheses + + + align:start position:0% +examine two female centered hypotheses +for the evolution and maintenance of + + align:start position:0% +for the evolution and maintenance of + + + align:start position:0% +for the evolution and maintenance of +this unconventional sperm production + + align:start position:0% +this unconventional sperm production + + + align:start position:0% +this unconventional sperm production +strategy they use models to examine it + + align:start position:0% +strategy they use models to examine it + + + align:start position:0% +strategy they use models to examine it +uh and then they they were looking at it + + align:start position:0% +uh and then they they were looking at it + + + align:start position:0% +uh and then they they were looking at it +from the female point of view so they're + + align:start position:0% +from the female point of view so they're + + + align:start position:0% +from the female point of view so they're +trying to figure out how this could be + + align:start position:0% +trying to figure out how this could be + + + align:start position:0% +trying to figure out how this could be +used by by the female and and in her uh + + align:start position:0% +used by by the female and and in her uh + + + align:start position:0% +used by by the female and and in her uh +cryptic choice + + align:start position:0% +cryptic choice + + + align:start position:0% +cryptic choice +but if you look into + + align:start position:0% +but if you look into + + + align:start position:0% +but if you look into +that how widespread is that phenomenon + + align:start position:0% +that how widespread is that phenomenon + + + align:start position:0% +that how widespread is that phenomenon +of sperm + + align:start position:0% +of sperm + + + align:start position:0% +of sperm +heteromorphism you find that after + + align:start position:0% +heteromorphism you find that after + + + align:start position:0% +heteromorphism you find that after +2001 it's been discovered in a host of + + align:start position:0% +2001 it's been discovered in a host of + + + align:start position:0% +2001 it's been discovered in a host of +animals and we'll take a look at some of + + align:start position:0% +animals and we'll take a look at some of + + + align:start position:0% +animals and we'll take a look at some of +that next time so we'll start with this + + align:start position:0% +that next time so we'll start with this + + + align:start position:0% +that next time so we'll start with this +this topic and then I will finish going + + align:start position:0% +this topic and then I will finish going + + + align:start position:0% +this topic and then I will finish going +through these we'll finish reviewing the + + align:start position:0% +through these we'll finish reviewing the + + + align:start position:0% +through these we'll finish reviewing the +Alcock book and then I'm going to go + + align:start position:0% +Alcock book and then I'm going to go + + + align:start position:0% +Alcock book and then I'm going to go +back to Wilson just to finish up the + + align:start position:0% +back to Wilson just to finish up the + + + align:start position:0% +back to Wilson just to finish up the +topics from + + align:start position:0% +topics from + + + align:start position:0% +topics from +Wilson because I would like you to go + + align:start position:0% +Wilson because I would like you to go + + + align:start position:0% +Wilson because I would like you to go +over that I'll put all the slides in one + + align:start position:0% +over that I'll put all the slides in one + + + align:start position:0% +over that I'll put all the slides in one +file all the slides on Wilson + + align:start position:0% +file all the slides on Wilson + + + align:start position:0% +file all the slides on Wilson +okay \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/GyeJwReGKWg.txt b/GyeJwReGKWg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3485103f64cc061a76c0980f803082ea5c59424c --- /dev/null +++ b/GyeJwReGKWg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2185 @@ +The following content is +provided under a Creative + +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to + +offer high quality educational +resources for free. + +To make a donation or view +additional materials from + +hundreds of MIT courses, visit +MIT OpenCourseWare at + +ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: Ladies and gentlemen, +welcome to this + +lecture on nonlinear finite +element analysis of solids and + +structures. + +In this lecture, I'd like to +discuss with you some solution + +methods that we employ to +solve the finite element + +equations that we encounter in +nonlinear dynamic analysis. + +The solution methods that are, +in general used, can be + +thought of to fall into these +three categories; direct + +integration methods, mode +superposition, and + +substructuring. + +In this lecture, I would like to +talk about the explicit and + +implicit techniques, direct +integration methods, that we + +use to solve the finite +element equations. + +In the next lecture, we will +talk about the mode + +superposition and substructuring +techniques, and + +we will also consider +example solutions. + +When we want to solve the finite +element equations in + +nonlinear dynamic analysis, we +recognize that basically we + +have to operate on this +set of equations. + +Here we have the inertia forces, +the damping forces, + +the elastic forces, and the +externally applied loads. + +The inertia forces and damping +forces, well, you know them + +quite well. + +They're written in terms of +mass matrices, damping + +matrices, accelerations, +velocities. + +The elastic forces, here +"elastic" in quotes, are + +actually the nodal point forces +that are equivalent to + +the internal element stresses. + +And we talked, in the earlier +lectures, about how we + +evaluate them using, in +the updated Lagrangian + +formulation, Cauchy stresses. + +In the total Lagrangian +formulation, the second + +Piola-Kirchhoff stresses +et cetera. + +Please look up all the +information that we talked + +about in the earlier lectures, +if you want to study how we + +calculate these forces in large +displacement, large + +deformation, large +strain analysis. + +This set of equations should +hold at any time t during the + +response solution. + +And in direct integration +analysis, we consider this set + +of equations at the discrete +time points delta t apart, as + +shown down here. + +Of course, even in static +analysis, we always worked + +with the data t time +increment. + +But in static analysis, we did +not include the inertia + +forces, and the damping forces +in the analysis. + +The issues that we like to +discuss are, what are the + +basic procedures for obtaining +the solutions at + +the discrete times? + +And then once we have discussed +this question, we + +have to address the question of +which procedure should be + +used for a given problem. + +If we use, so to say a bad +procedure, "bad" in quotes for + +a given problem, the costs +can be very high + +to solve the problem. + +Therefore, it can be important, +can be very + +important to select the +appropriate technique for the + +given problem. + +Let's talk first about the +explicit time integration + +techniques. + +And the one that I like to +focus attention on is the + +central difference method. + +The central difference method +is very widely used to solve + +nonlinear problems. + +It's an explicit technique, +as we will just now see. + +The basic equations that +we are working + +with are listed here. + +This is the equilibrium +equation at time t. + +Notice here is a tf, the force +that corresponds to the + +internal element stresses +at time t. + +Here are the damping forces, and +here the inertia forces. + +We expand the velocity at +time t as shown on the + +right hand side here. + +And we expand the acceleration +at time t as shown on the + +right hand side here. + +These are the central +difference formulas. + +This method is mainly used for +wave propagation problems. + +It's an explicit technique, +and this is an important + +point, it's an explicit +technique because we are + +looking at the equilibrium +equation at time t to + +calculate the response for +time t plus delta t. + +Any method that does just that, +looks at the equilibrium + +equation at time t to obtain the +solution for the response + +at time t plus delta t is termed +an explicit method, an + +explicit integration method. + +So the central difference +method is + +such an explicit method. + +The important point to recognize +right here is that + +we don't set up a k matrix, +a stiffness matrix. + +And that is one important +fact that pertains + +to an explicit technique. + +Using these three equations, +we can + +directly develop one equation. + +And that equation looks +as shown up here. + +Notice we have three equations +and three unknowns + +which can be solved. + +The three unknowns being the +displacement at time t plus + +delta t, the velocity at time +t plus delta t, and the + +acceleration at time +t plus delta t. + +Three equations and +three unknowns. + +We can solve these equations +and the governing equation + +that we obtain in that solution +is listed right here. + +Notice m over delta t squared. + +Notice c over 2 delta t here. + +And then the unknown +displacement corresponding to + +time t plus delta t, and on the +right hand side, we have + +what we call an effective +load vector + +corresponding to time t. + +There is a hat here, and that +hat means that there are a + +large number of terms to +be taken into account. + +Namely, those corresponding to +the inertia and the damping in + +the system. + +Here we have tr hat is equal +to tr, the actual loads + +applied corresponding +to a time t. + +These are the externally +applied loads + +to the nodal points. + +tf is the force vector +corresponding to the internal + +element stresses, as +I said earlier. + +Here we have an inertia +contribution. + +Here another inertia +contribution and a damping + +contribution. + +But it is important to recognize +that the right hand + +side is known. + +In other words, all the terms +here are known because these + +terms only involve displacements +corresponding to + +time t minus delta t, +and displacements + +corresponding to time t. + +And therefore we know this tr +hat, we can plug it in here on + +the right hand side and +calculate the unknown + +displacements corresponding +to time t plus delta t. + +The method is most useful when +m and c, the mass and damping + +matrices are diagonal. + +Because in that case, these +equations here decouple as + +shown right here. + +Notice we can calculate the +individual displacements + +components, or the displacement +that's individual + +degrees of freedom, one after +the other as shown here. + +Once we have evaluated tr hat, +tr hat let's remember, + +contains these terms here. + +In other words, although m and +c are diagonal, there is some + +coupling from the equation j +into equation j minus 1 and + +into equation j plus 1 right +here on the right hand side, + +because the element +contributions overlap the + +degrees of freedom. + +And therefore, this here is +where the element coupling at + +the nodal points enters. + +But once we have calculated +this vector here, I should + +point to this vector here. + +Once we have calculated this +vector, we know the individual + +components, then we enter +here with that component + +corresponding to a degree of +freedom i, and directly we can + +calculate the nodal point +displacements corresponding to + +a degree of freedom i. + +That's an important point to +recognize, that there is no + +need really to set +up a k matrix, to + +trianglize a k matrix. + +We don't do that here, and that +means that per time step, + +this solution method can +be very effective. + +Note that in the solution if +the damping is 0, in other + +words, we don't have damping in +the system, cii is equal to + +0, we need that mii +is greater than 0. + +Otherwise we can't solve +the equations. + +Notice that tf is calculated +by summing all the element + +contributions. + +Summing over m means summing +over all the elements. + +And as I mentioned earlier, this +is where coupling comes + +into the solution because one +nodal point, one degree of + +freedom at that nodal point +carries contribution from all + +the elements that surround +that nodal point. + +To start the solution, we need +a special equation because, + +remember in the solution for +time t plus delta t, we need + +the information, the +displacements corresponding to + +time t, and corresponding +to time t minus delta t. + +So, if t is equal to 0, and we +want to march ahead to delta + +t, in the first step-- + +we are in the first step-- +we use this equation to + +calculate, to evaluate +minus delta tu. + +And that means we can then +directly start our explicit + +solution process. + +The central difference method is +only conditionally stable. + +The condition that has to be +satisfied on the time step is + +given in this equation. + +Delta t critical is a critical +time step, and delta t, the + +actual time step that is used +in the solution, has to be + +smaller than that value. + +Smaller or equal +to that value. + +Notice delta t critical is given +as tn over pi, where tn + +is the smallest period in the +finite element assemblage. + +In nonlinear analysis, we have +to recognize that tn changes + +during the time history. + +Response, tn would become +smaller if the system + +stiffens, due for example to +large displacement effects. + +And tn would become larger if +the system softens due to + +elasto-plasticity effects. + +One interesting and most +important point is that tn can + +be estimated. + +And it can be estimated, or we +can find a bound on tn which + +we can then use to calculate +the critical time step. + +And that is achieved +as follows. + +We notice that the omega n +squared, omega n being 2 pi + +over tn radians per second omega +n squared is smaller or + +equal to the maximum of the +omega m, nms squared over all + +elements m. + +Now what does this mean? + +It means here that we're looking +at omega nm squared of + +each of the elements, and we +select the largest such value + +to put in here. + +And that then gives us an upper + +bound on omega n squared. + +The actual omega n that +we need, because + +omega n gives us tn. + +So we want to calculate the the +largest frequency of all + +individual elements. + +And with that largest frequency, +we enter in this + +equation here, to get the bound +on tn, noting that in + +nonlinear analysis omega nm +changes, just the way I said + +earlier tn will also change. + +But all the omega nm changes +and tn correspondingly + +changes, this equation +is always satisfied. + +The time integration step that +we can actually use then, is + +given by as this equation. + +We can use delta t is equal to +2 over omega nm maximum. + +The maximum radiant per second +frequency that we have for any + +one of the elements in +the complete mesh. + +Because that expression is +smaller or equal than the + +critical time step. + +We could call this value here 2 +over omega nm , the critical + +time step of element m. + +And therefore, what we're doing +here really is, that + +we're taking the smallest of the +critical time steps over + +all elements as that time +step in the solution. + +And that time step we +know is smaller or + +equal to delta t critical. + +Let's look at the proof of this +relationship, because + +it's an interesting proof and it +gives us a bit more insight + +into why this relationship +really holds. + +So I'd like to prove to you +very briefly that this + +relationship here is valid. + +And we do so by using the +Rayleigh quotient. + +Please look at the textbook +where the Rayleigh quotient is + +discussed, and I have to now +assume that you are familiar + +with the Rayleigh quotient. + +If you write down the Rayleigh +quotient for omega n squared, + +it is this relationship here. + +Omega n being the largest +frequency of the complete + +finite element mesh. + +Omega n is equal to 2 +pi divided by tn. + +And tn was the smallest period +in the mesh that we are + +interested in knowing. + +Let us define this relationship +here, just the + +definition, and this +relationship here. + +Once again, just +the definition. + +Then, by simply substituting +from here and there into this + +relationship here, we surely +can write this equation as + +shown here. + +We're summing over all of the +us, and we're summing + +over all of the is. + +m going over all the elements. + +If you have a 1,000 elements in +the mesh, then n would go + +from 1 to 1,000. + +If we now look at the Rayleigh +quotient for a single element, + +we can say that rho m is given +by this relationship. + +Which is nothing else, using our +definition of um and im, + +is nothing else than this +relationship here. + +However, we can immediately +recognize that rho m, this + +value here, must be smaller or +equal to omega nm squared, + +where omega nm is the largest +frequency radian per second of + +the element m. + +This is here a relationship +that must hold because the + +Rayleigh quotient statement, +or the Rayleigh quotient + +theorem, tells us that +this must hold. + +And once again, please look up +in the textbook a general + +proof, there's a general proof +given that in fact this is a + +valid statement. + +Where now we can use this +statement, go back to this + +equation and immediately +identify that this must hold. + +And notice once again I'm +looking here at the element m. + +Of course, this relationship +must hold for all elements, m + +going from 1 to the total +number of elements you + +actually have in the mesh. + +This is the relationship we +will be using, and we + +substitute that relationship in +our earlier expression, for + +the omega n squared and directly +arrive at this + +relationship here. + +Now we look at this part here, +and recognize that we can take + +this out of the summation sign +by using the largest or the + +effect, we can take the effect +out of the summation sign, I + +should've said, by taking +the largest + +value of omega nm squared. + +And that's being done here and +now we can cancel these two + +terms resulting into this +relationship which + +completes our proof. + +It's an interesting proof, and +once again if you're not + +familiar with the Rayleigh +quotient, please look up the + +information in the textbook, +after which I think you can + +quite easily follow +this proof. + +The important point now is that +the largest frequencies + +of simple elements can be +estimated analytically. + +Sometimes we can calculate them +exactly, and here we have + +a case where we can calculate +the largest frequency of the + +element exactly. + +Here we have a two nodal truss +element, m here, m here, equal + +to rho AL over 2. + +L being the length of the +truss, A being the cross + +sectional area, rho being +the mass density. + +If we write down the eigenvalue +problem for this + +single element, we obtain +this relationship here. + +Stiffness matrix times the +eigenvector phi omega squared, + +which will be an eigenvalue, the +mass matrix phi being the + +sought eigenvector. + +And if we solve this eigenvalue +problem, we obtain + +directly as the eigenvalues +these two values here. + +There are only two of course, +because this is + +a two by two matrix. + +And so is that. + +So we have only two +eigenvalues. + +The first eigenvalue is 0, the +rigid body mode in the system. + +And the second eigenvalue is +given here, which is equal to + +omega n squared. + +And there is the relationship +of that second eigenvalue + +obtained by some very simple +calculations, and this is a + +rewriting of that equation, +of that relationship here. + +c is a wave speed +in the system. + +In fact, c squared is, as you +can see here, e over rho. + +It's this relationship that +we can now use, very + +conveniently, to get a time step +in a finite element mesh + +that will satisfy the critical +time step criterion. + +In other words, if we have a +finite element mesh that is + +consisting of an assemblage of +such truss elements, then to + +get the time step for the +explicit time integration, + +which will be a good time step, +which will be smaller or + +equal to the critical time step, +what we do is we simply + +calculate this relationship here +for each of the elements. + +And this relationship will give +us then, the proper time + +step by evaluating the smallest +time step that we can + +use for any one of +the elements. + +In other words, we simply take +2 over omega n, which is + +written here, and we recognize +that L over c, where L is the + +length of the element, is the +time step that we can use in + +the analysis. + +Notice L over c, we want to use +the smallest value of L + +over c coming from all +of the elements. + +L would be an element length. + +c would be the wave speed +through the element, and we + +want to use the smallest value +of L over c, looking at all + +the elements, as the time step +for our time integration. + +Notice here that L over c is +the time required for wave + +front to travel through +the element. + +That is a physical +interpretation of + +this L over c value. + +Let's look at some +modelling aspects + +regarding this technique. + +Let the applied wavelengths +be Lw as shown here. + +Here schematically +we show a wave. + +And let's see that how we would +model the finite element + +system appropriately when +we apply to that system + +this kind of wave. + +Well, we first of all find the +value tw, which is really the + +time required for the total +wave to propagate across a + +particular point in +the mesh, with the + +wave speed c of course. + +We then choose delta t via this +relationship here, where + +n is the number of time steps +used to represent the wave. + +With delta t now known, we +directly get Le, which is the + +element lengths. + +Well, I should not quite say +it's the element lengths, it's + +related to the element +lengths. + +For very simple problems, and +particular for our problems in + +a model using truss elements, +two nodal truss elements, + +actually Le would be the +element lengths. + +But if we have more complex +elements to model the finite + +elements solution, then this +here, this Le value, would be + +related to the element +lengths. + +Note that in this formula here, +n has to be chosen by + +the analyst to be a reasonable +value so as to be able to + +represent the total wave +appropriately. + +Here we have some +observations. + +Note that in 1D analysis, c, +the wave speed, is given as + +the square root out +of e over rho. + +I mentioned that already +earlier. + +Notice that in nonlinear +analysis, delta t must satisfy + +the stability limit throughout +the solution. + +This is a very important point +and in the next lecture we + +will look at some examples that +demonstrates what happens + +if you don't satisfy +the stability limit + +throughout the solution. + +It may also be effective to +change the time step during + +the analysis. + +Of course, this you +would do in a + +nonlinear analysis, typically. + +For the application. + +or for the use of the explicit +time integration method, when + +you use the explicit time +integration method, one + +generally uses lower-order +elements. + +They are usually preferable. + +And in this particular case, +you want to have + +Le here and Le there. + +Uniform meshing, uniform +meshing. + +For higher-order elements, you +could also use the explicit + +time integration. + +And there again, you want to +really have that this L is + +equal to that L star. + +If you don't have that +condition, then this L here + +will govern the actual +time step. + +The smallest length through +the element will + +govern the time step. + +And if you use this value here +for Le, with 8 there, you have + +a conservative value for Le. + +This 8 here enters into the +solution because you have this + +midnode, and the midnode carries +more stiffness then + +the corner nodes. + +Let us look further at +some observations + +regarding the method. + +In the analysis of this problem, +where we have a beam + +subjected to an end step load as +shown here, we can get the + +exact solution by simply +choosing a finite element mesh + +of truss elements that satisfy +this relationship here. + +In other words, we represent +this beam here, using two + +nodal truss elements. + +And these two nodal truss +elements have a length equal + +to c times delta t. + +Of course, we're looking here at +a linear elastic solution, + +meaning that c is constant. + +And we will get, this is the +important point, we will get + +the exact solution for +any number of truss + +elements that are used. + +In fact, we will look at this +problem later on in the next + +lecture in more detail, and we +will use this fact to obtain + +the exact solution, and we'll +study also what happens if we + +change the time step. + +So I'd like to refer you to the +next lecture in which I + +will be talking more +about this problem. + +Using the explicit time +integration method, it is very + +important to use uniform +meshing. + +And the reason for it +is given right here. + +Namely, we want to have then a +time step that is not unduly + +small in any region +of the total mesh. + +If you don't use uniform +meshing, then the time step is + +governed by a particular part +in the mesh, the time step + +size I should say, +is governed by a + +particular part in the mesh. + +Namely, those elements which +have the smallest Le, the way + +I talked about it earlier. + +And that same time step would +be used for the whole mesh, + +which means then, that time +step, that small time step + +would actually be too +small for the other + +parts of the mesh. + +Of course, one could say, well, +why not use different + +time steps in the mesh? + +Namely, effective time steps for +the elements that are used + +in the various regions +of the mesh. + +That can be done, but then you +have to use special coupling + +techniques to couple the time +step integrations where you + +use in one mesh a small time +step, in one part of the mesh + +a small time step, in the other +products the mesh a + +larger time step. + +It can be done, but it needs +special considerations + +regarding the coupling of the +time integrations in the + +different parts of the mesh. + +We may also want to note that +a system with a very large + +bandwidth can be solved +frequently, quite efficiently, + +with the central difference +method, although the problem + +may not be a wave propagation +problem. + +The reason for this fact is +that in the explicit time + +integration, you do not set up a +k matrix, and therefore, the + +large bandwidth that you're +seeing in the k matrix is not + +really a hindrance. + +It is not being used because the +k matrix is not being set + +up, and you have no +factorization or LDL transpose + +factorization of the +coefficient matrix. + +And therefore, this high cost +that lies in the factorization + +of the coefficient matrix is not +necessary, is not used, is + +not expensed in the explicit +time integration. + +And for that reason, it can be +effective to use explicit time + +integration when there would +be such a large bandwidth. + +Explicit time integration lends +itself also very well to + +parallel processing. + +Notice that the basic equations +that we are solving + +for in explicit time +integration, in each time step + +are given as here. + +T plus delta tu is equal to +something that I denote here + +by the three dots, +times tr hat. + +And this tr hat vector +we defined earlier. + +So all we need to do is +calculate these entries in the + +vector here to get our unknown +displacements. + +Well, that can be done quite +effectively in parallel. + +We might want to calculate these +entries here at the same + +time as we calculate +say, these entries. + +Where this is here a particular +element group, and + +that are the entries +corresponding to an adjacent + +element group. + +And these are the entries +corresponding to another + +element group. + +So we can, in other words, in +parallel, process all the + +information that goes in here, +that goes in here, and that + +goes in here, and so on. + +Notice there's some coupling +in that information, which + +goes across this red +horizontal line. + +That coupling comes from the fm +contributions, namely the + +element contributions that +will be elements that lie + +across these equations, +so to say. + +And that's where a coupling +lies, and that has to be + +properly taken into account in +the parallel processing. + +But in principle, explicit time +integration because the + +equation that we are dealing +with, as shown here, lends + +itself very well to parallel +processing on computers. + +Let us now look at the other +technique that I wanted to + +discuss with you briefly +in this lecture. + +And this is an implicit time +integration method. + +It is a trapezoidal rule, which +is very widely used in + +implicit time integration. + +But let's first look at the +basic equation that we now are + +operating on. + +In implicit time integration, +in any implicit time + +integration scheme, we are +solving this equation here. + +At time t plus delta t to obtain +the solution at time t + +plus delta t. + +Notice this is the equilibrium +equation at time + +t plus delta t. + +This is quite different from +what we're doing in explicit + +time integration. + +In explicit time integration +we are looking at the + +equilibrium equation at time t +to obtain the solution at time + +t plus delta t. + +Here we are looking at the +equilibrium equation, we are + +using the equilibrium equation +at time t plus delta t to + +obtain the solution at +time t plus delta t. + +And that means that we have to +deal with a stiffness matrix. + +And that stiffness matrix here +is given as tk, corresponding + +to a modified Newton +iteration. + +Notice that this equation will +be solved to calculate an + +increment and displacement. + +And that increment in +displacement is added to the + +displacement vector that we +had from the previous + +iteration to obtain an updated +displacement vector. + +This is one equation in the +unknown displacements, + +velocities, and accelerations +at time t plus delta t. + +And we need two more +equations to solve + +for these three unknowns. + +In the trapezoidal rule, which +as I mentioned just now, is + +very widely used for implicit +time integration, these are + +the basic equations used for +displacements and for + +velocities. + +If we rewrite these equations, +we directly obtain the + +velocities and accelerations +in this form. + +Notice there is here the +increment in displacement from + +time t to time t plus delta t. + +Similarly here. + +In nonlinear analysis, we +are iterating for this + +displacement here, and therefore +we rewrite these + +equations a bit. + +And that's being shown, +that rewriting is + +shown on this viewgraph. + +Notice that we now have +the superscript k here + +corresponding to the iteration +k, and that we have split the + +displacement at time t plus +delta t into a value that we + +know, corresponding to iteration +k minus 1, and an + +increment that is unknown, +delta uk. + +We do the same for the +acceleration here. + +Of course, these terms +are as shown on + +the previous viewgraph. + +And now we have our velocity and +acceleration corresponding + +to iteration k, in terms of +known values and one unknown + +value, the incremental +displacement. + +We can now use these two +equations and substitute into + +our equilibrium equation the +equation that you saw on the + +first viewgraph, when we started +to talk about the + +implicit time integration +scheme. + +And the result of that +substitution is + +given on this viewgraph. + +We have a coefficient matrix +here, which we call tk hat + +times the incremental +displacement + +vector, which is unknown. + +And on the right hand side of +that equation, we have the + +externally applied loads, +the nodal point forces + +corresponding to the internal +element stresses at time t + +plus delta t, and at the end +of iteration k minus one. + +To evaluate these, we need the +displacements corresponding to + +iteration k minus 1. + +And here we have inertia +contributions and damping + +contributions. + +But notice all this information +here is known once + +you know the displacements +corresponding to t plus delta + +tu k minus 1. + +We iterate on this equation +until we satisfy certain + +equilibrium criteria, +convergence criteria, and much + +the same way as we do it in +static nonlinear analysis, and + +the way we discussed it +in an earlier lecture. + +However, let us make +a few observations. + +First of all, we notice that as +delta t gets smaller, the + +entries in this tk hat matrix, +this effective stiffness + +matrix, increase. + +Why do they increase? + +Because we have delta t squared +term, 1 over delta t + +squared term in front +of the mass matrix. + +And the 1 over 2 delta +t term in front + +of the damping matrix. + +As delta t becomes smaller, 1 +over delta t squared becomes + +larger and that means that the +entries in this matrix here + +become larger as delta +t gets smaller. + +The convergence characteristics +of the + +equilibrium iterations +are better + +than in static analysis. + +The reason being, that the +entries in tk hat are + +generally larger, much larger +than what we see in static + +analysis because of this 1 over +delta t squared term, and + +1 over 2 delta t term, that +I just mentioned. + +We also notice that the +trapezoidal rule is + +unconditionally stable +in linear analysis. + +The analysis that shows that the +method is unconditionally + +stable is really performed on a +linear system, and therefore + +the unconditional stability +strictly + +holds only linear analysis. + +For nonlinear analysis, we want +to select delta t for + +accuracy, and we want to select +delta t for convergence + +of the iteration. + +If we find, for example, that +we have convergence + +difficulties in the iteration, +then we may want to switch to + +a more powerful scheme. + +That's one approach, of course, +just the same way as + +we are doing it in +static analysis. + +Or we may also recall, or we +may identify actually, that + +delta t is too large, and we +should decrease delta t. + +In particular, as a rule of +thumb, I'd just like to share + +some experience with you. + +We find that if you use the +BFGS method, which we + +discussed earlier in an earlier +lecture, if you use + +the BFGS method for the +equilibrium iteration, and if + +we have difficulties converging +there, then very + +frequently the time +step is too large, + +and should be decreased. + +Not just to obtain convergence +in the BFGS iterations, but to + +obtain an appropriate +accuracy. + +So we really look at the +difficulties obtaining + +convergence in the iterations as +also a signal to us to tell + +us that our time step delta +t is probably too large. + +The convergence criteria that we +are using are basically the + +same that we have seen already +in the static analysis in an + +earlier lecture. + +In static analysis we only +included this term here. + +In dynamic analysis we include +now the mass and damping terms + +in our energy criterion. + +We discussed this criterion +earlier, of course not + +including the mass and +damping effects. + +Now we do. + +Another convergence criterion is +one on forces, and earlier + +we had only this term here. + +Now we include also the inertia +and the damping terms. + +Once again, if we are only +having translational degrees + +of freedom, then here we have +only nodal point forces, nodal + +point forces here. + +And our norm would be having +the dimensions of a nodal + +point force. + +If we have rotational degrees +of freedom, then we still + +include here only the +nodal point forces. + +We extract, in other words, the +components corresponding + +to the translational degrees of +freedom of this vector and + +that vector, and include those +components only up here. + +We use RNORM that also has the +units of the nodal point + +force, and we supplement this +convergence criteria by + +another quotient, where we have +on top the components + +corresponding to the rotational +degrees of freedom + +only, and in the bottom, +what we called + +RMNORM already earlier. + +The point is that we want to +have up here only those + +components that carry the same +units as we have down here. + +Once for translations, +once for rotations. + +And of course recall we're +talking here about the + +Euclidean norm. + +which is defined +as shown here. + +We went through this already +earlier, when we talked about + +the convergence criteria +in static analysis. + +We have also the convergence +criterion on displacements. + +Notice this is what +we saw already + +earlier in static analysis. + +Once again, we use displacement +components here + +to compare with the +displacement. + +We introduced all of the +displacement components here + +to compare with this +displacement and if we have + +rotational degrees of +freedom, they would + +not be included here. + +Their components would +not be included here. + +When you use DNORM here, they +would, however, in a second + +check be included here and only +included here, and then + +we would use here DMNORM. + +We went through that +earlier already. + +Some modelling hints regarding +the use of the implicit time + +integration scheme. + +The integration scheme is +generally used to analyze + +structural vibration +problems, and we + +would proceed as follows. + +We identify the frequencies +contained in the loading by a + +Fourier decomposition. + +We chose a finite element mesh +that can accurately represent + +the static response and all +important frequencies. + +And then we perform a direct +integration using this time + +step here where tco is the +smallest period in seconds + +that we want to integrate. + +Now there's a lot of information +here, and I'd like + +to refer you to an example, +analysis of a tower that I + +will be presenting to you in +the next lecture, where we + +will talk about these items +quite a bit more. + +But this is basically the +approach that we use, to model + +the problem and then also to +perform the direct integration + +of the governing finite +element equations. + +As I said earlier already, the +method is used primarily for + +structural vibration problems. + +It is effective, quite +effective, using also + +higher-order elements. + +And if we do use higher-order +elements, we do find + +frequently that method, or the +total solution should be + +performed most effectively +using a + +consistent mass matrix. + +I'm thinking here in particular, +if you use very + +high-order elements such as +cubic shall elements, + +isoparametric cubic shell +elements, an element that we + +will talk about in a later +lecture, then with such + +element you probably want to use +a consistent mass matrix + +for the overall solution +of the problem. + +Notice that a structural +vibration problem can be + +thought of as a static problem +including inertia forces. + +And we already have noted that +in structural analysis of + +static problems, the +higher-order elements do quite + +well, and sometimes much better + +than the lower elements. + +And for this reason, they also +do quite well in dynamic + +analysis of structural +vibration problems. + +A typical problem that one might +like to solve using this + +implicit time integration +scheme, is + +schematically shown here. + +We have a tower that is +subjected to a blast loading + +as shown here schematically, +and we assume that only the + +structural vibrations +of this tower are + +required to be solved. + +In this case, we may very well +obtain the response of the + +tower using something like about +100 steps to integrate + +the response. + +In fact, we will look at a +problem of this nature in the + +next lecture, where we do +actually analyze a tower using + +the implicit time integration +scheme. + +And where we talk a little bit +about how the tower would be + +modelled, and what one would +look for to make sure that you + +have adequately calculated +the response. + +Finally, I'd like to also +point out that it can be + +effective to use the combined +technique of explicit and + +implicit integration. + +You might, for example, have a +problem that shows an initial + +wave propagation and then +a structural vibration. + +In this case, you might first +want to use the explicit time + +integration to calculate the +initial wave propagation + +response of the structure, and +then restart to use an + +implicit time integration +technique to calculate the + +vibrational response +of the structure. + +So in that case, you would +basically combine explicit and + +implicit time integration, but +the combination would be first + +explicit, and then implicit +time integration. + +Another kind of combination is +quite effective when you have + +to analyze problems where you +have very stiff regions and + +very flexible regions. + +For the flexible regions of the +problem, you might want to + +use explicit time integration, +and for the stiff region you + +might want to use implicit +time integration. + +A typical analysis, for example, +would be a fluid + +structure problem, where the +fluid is very soft and the + +structure is very stiff. + +Using the implicit time +integration for the structure + +and the explicit time +integration for the fluid can + +be effective. + +Of course, then you would also +have to couple these time + +integration schemes properly +at the boundary between the + +fluid and the structure. + +This brings me then to the end +of what I wanted to say in + +this lecture. + +In the next lecture we will +continue our discussion of + +solution methods for the +solution of the nonlinear + +dynamic equilibrium equations. + +And we will also show examples, +examples that + +demonstrate how the techniques +that I discussed in this + +lecture are used to +solve problems. + +Thank you very much for +your attention. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/HtSuA80QTyo.txt b/HtSuA80QTyo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..96697892f562f04d48e34d1b202a961538880306 --- /dev/null +++ b/HtSuA80QTyo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2625 @@ +The following +content is provided + +under a Creative +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue + +to offer high quality +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation or +view additional materials + +from hundreds of MIT courses, +visit MIT OpenCourseWare + +at ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: Hi. + +I'm Srini Devadas. + +I'm a professor of electrical +engineering and computer + +science. + +I'm going to be co-lecturing +6.006-- Introduction + +to Algorithms-- this term +with professor Erik Domane. + +Eric, say hi. + +ERIK DOMANE: Hi. + +[LAUGHTER] + +PROFESSOR: And we +hope you're going + +to have a fun time +in 6.006 learning + +a variety of algorithms. + +What I want to do today is +spend literally a minute or so + +on administrative +details, maybe even less. + +What I'd like to +do is to tell you + +to go to the website that's +listed up there and read it. + +And you'll get all +information you + +need about what this class +is about from a standpoint + +of syllabus; what's expected +of you; the problem set + +schedule; the quiz schedule; +and so on and so forth. + +I want to dive right in and tell +you about interesting things, + +like algorithms and +complexity of algorithms. + +I want to spend +some time giving you + +an overview of the +course content. + +And then we're +going to dive right + +in and look at a +particular problem of peak + +finding-- both the one +dimensional version and a two + +dimensional version-- and +talk about algorithms to solve + +this peak finding problem-- +both varieties of it. + +And you'll find +that there's really + +a difference between +these various algorithms + +that we'll look at in +terms of their complexity. + +And what I mean +by that is you're + +going to have different run +times of these algorithms + +depending on input +size, based on how + +efficient these algorithms are. + +And a prerequisite for +this class is 6.042. + +And in 6.042 you learned +about asymptotic complexity. + +And you'll see that +in this lecture + +we'll analyze relatively +simple algorithms today + +in terms of their +asymptotic complexity. + +And you'll be able +to compare and say + +that this algorithm is fasten +this other one-- assuming + +that you have large +inputs-- because it's + +asymptotically less complex. + +So let's dive right in +and talk about the class. + +So the one sentence +summary of this class + +is that this is about +efficient procedures + +for solving problems +on large inputs. + +And when I say large +inputs, I mean things + +like the US highway +system, a map + +of all of the highways +in the United States; + +the human genome, which +has a billion letters + +in its alphabet; a social +network responding to Facebook, + +that I guess has 500 +million nodes or so. + +So these are large inputs. + +Now our definition of large has +really changed with the times. + +And so really the 21st +century definition of large + +is, I guess, a trillion. + +Right? + +Back when I was your age +large was like 1,000. + +[LAUGHTER] + +I guess I'm dating myself here. + +Back when Eric was your +age, it was a million. + +Right? + +[LAUGHTER] + +But what's happening really +the world is moving faster, + +things are getting bigger. + +We have the capability of +computing on large inputs, + +but that doesn't +mean that efficiency + +isn't of paramount concern. + +The fact of matter is +that you can, maybe, + +scan a billion elements +in a matter of seconds. + +But if you had an algorithm +that required cubic complexity, + +suddenly you're not talking +about 10 raised to 9, + +you're talking about +10 raised to 27. + +And even current +computers can't really + +handle those kinds of numbers, +so efficiency is a concern. + +And as inputs get larger, it +becomes more of a concern. + +All right? + +So we're concerned about-- + +--efficient procedures-- for +solving large scale problems + +in this class. + +And we're concerned +about scalability, + +because-- just as, +you know, 1,000 + +was a big number a +couple of decades ago, + +and now it's kind of +a small number-- it's + +quite possible that by the +time you guys are professors + +teaching this class +in some university + +that a trillion is going +to be a small number. + +And we're going to be talking +about-- I don't know-- + +10 raised to 18 +as being something + +that we're concerned with from +a standpoint of a common case + +input for an algorithm. + +So scalability is important. + +And we want to be able to track +how our algorithms are going + +to do as inputs get +larger and larger. + +You going to learn a bunch +of different data structures. + +We'll call them classic +data structures, + +like binary search +trees, hash tables-- that + +are called dictionaries +in Python-- and data + +structures-- such as balanced +binary search trees-- that + +are more efficient than just +the regular binary search trees. + +And these are all +data structures + +that were invented +many decades ago. + +But they've stood +the test of time, + +and they continue to be useful. + +We're going to augment these +data structures in various ways + +to make them more efficient +for certain kinds of problems. + +And while you're not going to be +doing a whole lot of algorithm + +design in this +class, you will be + +doing some design and a +whole lot of analysis. + +The class following this +one, 6.046 Designing Analysis + +of Algorithms, is +a class that you + +should take if +you like this one. + +And you can do a whole lot more +design of algorithms in 6.046. + +But you will look at +classic data structures + +and classical algorithms +for these data structures, + +including things like sorting +and matching, and so on. + +And one of the nice +things about this class + +is that you'll be doing real +implementations of these data + +structures and +algorithms in Python. + +And in particular are +each of the problem + +sets in this class are +going to have both a theory + +part to them, and a +programming part to them. + +So hopefully it'll +all tie together. + +The kinds of things we're going +to be talking about in lectures + +and recitations are going +to be directly connected + +to the theory parts +of the problem sets. + +And you'll be programming the +algorithms that we talk about + +in lecture, or augmenting +them, running them. + +Figuring out whether they work +well on large inputs or not. + +So let me talk a little +bit about the modules + +in this class and +the problem sets. + +And we hope that +these problem sets + +are going to be fun for you. + +And by fun I don't mean easy. + +I mean challenging and +worthwhile, so at the end of it + +you feel like you've +learned something, + +and you had some +fun along the way. + +All right? + +So content wise-- + +--we have eight +modules in the class. + +Each of which, +roughly speaking, has + +a problem set +associated with it. + +The first of these is what +we call algorithmic thinking. + +And we'll kick start +that one today. + +We'll look at a particular +problem, as I mentioned, + +of peak finding. + +And as part of +this, you're going + +to have a problem set that's +going to go out today as well. + +And you'll find that +in this problem set + +some of these algorithms +I talk about today will + +be coded in Python and given to. + +A couple of them are going +to have bugs in them. + +You'll have to analyze the +complexity of these algorithms; + +figure out which ones are +correct and efficient; + +and write a proof +for one of them. + +All right? + +So that's sort of an +example problem set. + +And you can expect that +most of the problem sets + +are going to follow +that sort of template. + +All right. + +So you'll get a +better sense of this + +by the end of the +day today for sure. + +Or a concrete sense +of this, because we'll + +be done with lecture and you'll +see your first problem set. + +We're going to be doing a +module on sorting and trees. + +Sorting you now about, +sorting a bunch of numbers. + +Imagine if you had +a trillion numbers + +and you wanted to sort them. + +What kind of algorithm +could use for that? + +Trees are a wonderful +data structure. + +There's different varieties, the +most common being binary trees. + +And there's ways of doing +all sorts of things, + +like scheduling, and sorting, +using various kinds of trees, + +including binary trees. + +And we have a problem set on +simulating a logic network + +using a particular kind of +sorting algorithm in a data + +structure. + +That is going to be +your second problem set. + +And more quickly, we're going +to have modules on hashing, + +where we do things +like genome comparison. + +In past terms we compared a +human genome to a rat genome, + +and discovered they +were pretty similar. + +99% similar, which +is kind of amazing. + +But again, these things +are so large that you + +have to have efficiency +in the comparison methods + +that you use. + +And you'll find that if you +don't get the complexity low + +enough, you just won't +be able to complete-- + +your program won't be able to +finish running within the time + +that your problem set is do. + +Right? + +Which is a bit of a problem. + +So that's something to keep +in mind as you test your code. + +The fact is that you will get +large inputs to run your code. + +And you want to keep +complexity in mind + +as you're coding and thinking +about the pseudocode, + +if you will, of your +algorithm itself. + +We will talk about numerics. + +A lot of the time we talk +about such large numbers + +that 32 bits isn't enough. + +Or 64 bits isn't enough to +represent these numbers. + +These numbers have +thousands of bits. + +A good example is +RSA encryption, + +that is used in +SSL, for example. + +And when you go-- use +https on websites, + +RSA is used at the back end. + +And typically you work +with prime numbers + +that are thousands +of bits long in RSA. + +So how do you handle that? + +How does Python handle that? + +How do you write +algorithms that can + +deal with what are called +infinite precision numbers? + +So we have a module on numerics +in the middle of the term that + +talks about that. + +Graphs, really a +fundamental data structure + +in all of computer science. + +You might have heard of the +famous Rubik's cube assignment + +from . + +006 a 2 by 2 by 2 Rubik's cube. + +What's the minimum +number of moves + +necessary to go from a +given starting configuration + +to the final end configuration, +where all of the faces-- each + +of the faces has uniform color? + +And that can be posed +as a graph problem. + +We'll probably do +that one this term. + +In previous terms +we've done other things + +like the 15 puzzle. + +And so some of +these are tentative. + +We definitely know what the +first problem set is like, + +but the rest of them are, +at this moment, tentative. + +And to finish up shortest paths. + +Again in terms past +we've asked you + +to write code using a +particular algorithm that + +finds the shortest path +from Caltech to MIT. + +This time we may do things +a little bit differently. + +We were thinking maybe we'll +give you a street map of Boston + +and go figure out +if Paul Revere used + +the shortest path to get +to where he was going, + +or things like that. + +We'll try and make it fun. + +Dynamic programming is an +important algorithm design + +technique that's used +in many, many problems. + +And it can be used to do a +variety of things, including + +image compression. + +How do you compress an image +so the number of pixels + +reduces, but it still +looks like the image + +that you started out with, +that had many more pixels? + +All right? + +So you could use dynamic +programming for that. + +And finally, advanced topics, +complexity theory, research + +and algorithms. + +Hopefully by now-- by +this time in the course, + +you have been sold +on algorithms. + +And most, if not +all of you, would + +want to pursue a +carrier in algorithms. + +And we'll give you a sense +of what else is there. + +We're just scratching the +surface in this class, + +and there's many, many +classes that you can possibly + +take if you want to continue +in-- to learn about algorithms, + +or to pursue a +career in algorithms. + +All right? + +So that's the +story of the class, + +or the synopsis of the class. + +And I encourage you to go spend +a few minutes on the website. + +In particular please read the +collaboration policy, and get + +a sense of what is +expected of you. + +What the rules are in terms +of doing the problem sets. + +And the course +grading break down, + +the grading policies are all +listed on the website as well. + +All right. + +OK. + +So let's get started. + +I want to talk about +a specific problem. + +And talk about algorithms +for a specific problem. + +We picked this problem, because +it's so easy to understand. + +And they're fairly +straightforward algorithms + +that are not particularly +efficient to solve + +this problem. + +And so this is a, kind +of, a toy problem. + +But like a lot of +toy problems, it's + +very evocative in that it +points out the issues involved + +in designing +efficient algorithms. + +So we'll start with +a one dimensional + +version of what we +call peak finding. + +And a peak finder is something +in the one dimensional case. + +Runs on an array of numbers. + +And I'm just putting-- + +--symbols for each of +these numbers here. + +And the numbers are +positive, negative. + +We'll just assume +they're all positive, + +it doesn't really matter. + +The algorithms we +describe will work. + +And so we have this +one dimensional array + +that has nine +different positions. + +And a through i are numbers. + +And we want to find a peak. + +And so we have to define +what we mean by a peak. + +And so, in particular, +as an example, + +position 2 is a +peak if, and only + +if, b greater than or equal to +a, and b greater than or equal + +to c. + +So it's really a very local +property corresponding + +to a peak. + +In the one dimensional +case, it's trivial. + +Look to your left. + +Look to your right. + +If you are equal or greater +than both of the elements + +that you see on the left and +the right, you're a peak. + +OK? + +And in the case of +the edges, you only + +have to look to one side. + +So position 9 is a peak if i +greater than or equal to h. + +So you just have to +look to your left there, + +because you're all the way +on the right hand side. + +All right? + +So that's it. + +And the statement of the +problem, the one dimensional + +version, is find the +peak if it exists. + +All right? + +That's all there is to it. + +I'm going to give you a +straightforward algorithm. + +And then we'll see +if we can improve it. + +All right? + +You can imagine that the +straightforward algorithm is + +something that just, you +know, walks across the array. + +But we need that as a starting +point for building something + +more sophisticated. + +So let's say we start +from left and all + +we have is one +traversal, really. + +So let's say we have +1, 2, and then we + +have n over 2 over +here corresponding + +to the middle of +this n element array. + +And then we have +n minus 1, and n. + +What I'm interested +in doing is, not only + +coming up with a +straightforward algorithm, + +but also precisely +characterizing + +what its complexity +is in relation + +to n, which is the +number of inputs. + +Yeah? + +Question? + +AUDIENCE: Why do +you say if it exists + +when the criteria +in the [INAUDIBLE] + +guarantees [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: That's exactly right. + +I was going to get to that. + +So if you look at the +definition of the peak, + +then what I have here is +greater than or equal to. + +OK? + +And so this-- That's a great +question that was asked. + +Why is there "if it +exists" in this problem? + +Now in the case where I have +greater than or equal to, + +then-- this is a homework +question for you, + +and for the rest of you-- argue +that any array will always + +have a peak. + +OK? + +Now if you didn't have the +greater than or equal to, + +and you had a greater than, +then can you make that argument? + +No, you can't. + +Right? + +So great question. + +In this case it's +just a question-- + +You would want to +modify this problem + +statement to find the peak. + +But if I had a different +definition of a peak-- and this + +is part of algorithmic thinking. + +You want to be able to create +algorithms that are general, + +so if the problem +definition changes on you, + +you still have a starting +point to go attack + +the second version +of the problem. + +OK? + +So you could eliminate +this in the case + +of the greater than or +equal to definition. + +The "if it exists", because +a peak will always exist. + +But you probably want +to argue that when + +you want to show the +correctness of your algorithm. + +And if in fact you had +a different definition, + +well you would have to create +an algorithm that tells you + +for sure that a peak +doesn't exist, or find + +a peak if it exists. + +All right? + +So that's really +the general case. + +Many a time it's possible that +you're asked to do something, + +and you can't actually give +an answer to the question, + +or find something that satisfies +all the constraints required. + +And in that case, you want to +be able to put up your hand + +and say, you know what? + +I searched long and hard. + +I searched exhaustively. + +Here's my argument that +I searched exhaustively, + +and I couldn't find it. + +Right? + +If you do that, you +get to keep your job. + +Right? + +Otherwise there's +always the case + +that you didn't +search hard enough. + +So it's nice to +have that argument. + +All right? + +Great. + +Thanks for the question. + +Feel free to interrupt. + +Raise your hand, and +I'm watching you guys, + +and I'm happy to answer +questions at any time. + +So let's talk about the +straightforward algorithm. + +The straightforward +algorithm is something + +that starts from the left +and just walks across. + +And you might have something +that looks like that. + +All right? + +By that-- By this I mean +the numbers are increasing + +as you start from the +left, the peak is somewhere + +in the middle, and then +things start decreasing. + +Right? + +So in this case, you know, +this might be the peak. + +You also may have +a situation where + +the peak is all the +way on the right, + +you started from the left. + +And it's 1, 2, 3, +4, 5, 6, literally + +in terms of the numbers. + +And you're going to look at +n elements going all the way + +to the right in order +to find the peak. + +So in the case of +the middle you'd + +look at n over 2 elements. + +If it was right in the middle. + +And the complexity, +worst case complexity-- + +--is what we call theta n. + +And it's theta n, because +in the worst case, + +you may have to look +at all n elements. + +And that would be the case +where you started from the left + +and you had to go all +the way to the right. + +Now remember theta n is +essentially something + +that's says of the order of n. + +So it gives you both the lower +bound and an upper bound. + +Big [? O ?] of n is +just upper bound. + +And what we're +saying here is, we're + +saying this algorithm +that starts from the left + +is going to, essentially, +require in the worst case + +something that's a +constant times n. + +OK? + +And you know that +constant could be 1. + +You could certainly +set things up that way. + +Or if you had a different +kind of algorithm, + +maybe you could work +on the constant. + +But bottom line, we're only +concerned, at this moment, + +about as asymptotic complexity. + +And the asymptotic complexity +of this algorithm is linear. + +All right? + +That make sense? + +OK. + +So someone help me do better. + +How can we do better? + +How can we lower the +asymptotic complexity + +of a one dimensional +peak finder? + +Anybody want to +take a stab at that? + +Yeah? + +Back there. + +AUDIENCE: Do a +binary search subset. + +You look at the +middle, and whatever + +is higher-- whichever side is +higher, then cut that in half, + +because you know there's a peak. + +PROFESSOR: On-- + +AUDIENCE: For example +if you're in the middle + +on the right side-- +there's a higher number + +on the right side-- +then you would just + +look at that, because you know +that your peak's somewhere + +in there. + +And you continue +cutting in half. + +PROFESSOR: Excellent! + +Excellent! + +That's exactly right. + +So you can-- You can do +something different, which + +is essentially try and +break up this problem. + +Use a divide and conquer +strategy, and recursively break + +up this one dimensional +array into smaller arrays. + +And try and get this +complexity down. + +Yeah? + +AUDIENCE: Are we assuming +that there's only one peak? + +PROFESSOR: No, we're not. + +AUDIENCE: OK. + +PROFESSOR: It's find +a peak if it exists. + +And in this case +it's, "find a peak", + +because of the definition. + +We don't really need +this as it was discussed. + +All right? + +OK. + +So-- + +So that was a great answer, +and-- You know this class + +after while is +going to get boring. + +Right? + +Every class gets boring. + +So we, you know, try and +break the monotony here a bit. + +And so-- And then the other +thing that we realized + +was that these seats +you're sitting on-- this + +is a nice classroom-- but +the seats you're sitting on + +are kind of hard. + +Right? + +So what Eric and I +did was we decided + +we'll help you guys +out, especially the ones + +who are-- who are +interacting with us. + +And we have these-- + +[LAUGHTER] + +--cushions that +are 6.006 cushions. + +And, you know, that's a 2 +by 2 by 2 Rubik's cube here. + +And since you answered the first +question, you get a cushion. + +This is kind of like a +Frisbee, but not really. + +So-- + +[LAUGHTER] + +I'm not sure-- I'm not sure +I'm going to get it to you. + +But the other +thing I want to say + +is this is not a baseball game. + +Right? + +Where you just grab the +ball as it comes by. + +This is meant for him, my +friend in the red shirt. + +So here you go. + +Ah, too bad. + +All right. + +It is soft. + +So, you know, it won't-- it +won't hurt you if hits you. + +[LAUGHTER] + +All right. + +So we got a bunch of these. + +And raise your hands, +you know, going + +to ask-- There's going +to be-- I think-- There's + +some trivial questions that +we're going to ask just + +to make sure you're awake. + +So an answer to that +doesn't get you a cushion. + +But an answer like-- +What's your name? + +AUDIENCE: Chase. + +PROFESSOR: Chase. + +An answer like +Chase just gave is-- + +that's a good answer to +a nontrivial question. + +That gets you a cushion. + +OK? + +All right, great. + +So let's put up by +Chase's algorithm up here. + +I'm going to write it +out for the 1D version. + +So what we have here is +a recursive algorithm. + +So the picture you want +to keep in your head + +is this picture +that I put up there. + +And this is a divide +and conquer algorithm. + +You're going to see this over +and over-- this paradigm-- + +over and over in 6.006. + +We're going to look at +the n over 2 position. + +And we're going to +look to the left, + +and we're going to +look to the right. + +And we're going to +do that in sequence. + +So-- + +--if a n over 2 is less than +a n over 2 minus 1, then-- + +--only look at the left half. + +1 through n over 2 minus 1 to +look for peak-- for a peak. + +All right? + +So that's step one. + +And you know I could +put it on the right hand + +side or the left hand side, +doesn't really matter. + +I chose to do the left hand +side first, the left half. + +And so what I've done is, +through that one step, + +if in fact you have that +condition-- a n over 2 + +is less than a n over 2 minus +1-- then you move to your left + +and you work on one +half of the problem. + +But if that's not the case, +then if n over-- n over 2 + +is less than a over n +over-- n by 2 plus 1, + +then only look at n over 2 +plus 1 through n for a peak. + +So I haven't bothered +writing out all the words. + +They're exactly the same +as the left hand side. + +You just look to +the right hand side. + +Otherwise if both of these +conditions don't fire, + +you're actually done. + +OK? + +That's actually the best case +in terms of finishing early, + +at least in this recursive step. + +Because now the n over +2 position is a peak. + +Because what you found is +that the n over 2 position + +is greater than or equal to +both of its adjacent positions, + +and that's exactly the +definition of a peak. + +So you're done. + +OK? + +So all of this is good. + +You want to write an argument +that this algorithm is correct. + +And I'm not going +to bother with that. + +I just wave my hands a +bit, and you all nodded, + +so we're done with that. + +But the point being you +will see in your problem set + +a precise argument for a more +complicated algorithm, the 2D + +version of this. + +And that should be a template +for you to go write a proof, + +or an argument, a +formal argument, + +that a particular +algorithm is correct. + +That it does what +it claims to do. + +And in this case it's two, +three lines of careful reasoning + +that essentially say, given +the definition of the peak, + +that this is going to +find a peak in the array + +that you're given. + +All right? + +So we all believe that +this algorithm is correct. + +Let's talk now about the +complexity of this algorithm. + +Because the whole +point of this algorithm + +was because we didn't +like this theta + +n complexity corresponding to +the straightforward algorithm. + +So it'd like to do better. + +So what I'd like to +do is ask one of you + +to give me a recurrence relation +of the kind, you know, T of n + +equals blah, blah, blah. + +That would correspond to +this recursive algorithm, + +this divide and +conquer algorithm. + +And then using that, I'd like +to get to the actual complexity + +in terms of what the theta +of complexity corresponds to. + +Yeah? + +Back there? + +AUDIENCE: So the worst +case scenario if T of n + +is going to be some +constant amount of time-- + +PROFESSOR: Yep. + +AUDIENCE: --it takes to +investigate whether a certain + +element is [INAUDIBLE], plus-- + +[COUGH] + +--T of n over 2? + +PROFESSOR: Great. + +Exactly right. + +That's exactly right. + +So if you look at this +algorithm and you say, + +from a computation +standpoint, can I + +write an equation +corresponding to the execution + +of this algorithm? + +And you say, T of n is the work +that this algorithm does on-- + +as input of size n. + +OK? + +Then I can write this equation. + +And this theta 1 corresponds +to the two comparisons + +that you do looking at-- +potentially the two comparisons + +that you do-- looking +at the left hand + +side and the right hand side. + +So that's-- 2 is a constant, +so that's why we put theta 1. + +All right? + +So you get a cushion, too. + +Watch out guys. + +Whoa! + +Oh actually that wasn't so bad. + +Good. + +Veers left, Eric. + +Veers left. + +So if you take this and +you start expanding it, + +eventually you're going +to get to the base + +case, which is T +of 1 is theta 1. + +Right? + +Because you have a one element +array you just for that array + +it's just going to +return that as a peak. + +And so if you do that, and +you expand it all the way out, + +then you can write T of n +equals theta 1 plus theta 1. + +And you're going to do this +log to the base 2 of n times. + +And adding these +all up, gives you + +a complexity theta log 2 of n. + +Right? + +So now you compare +this with that. + +And there's really +a huge difference. + +There's an exponential +difference. + +If you coded up this +algorithm in Python-- + +and I did-- both these +algorithms for the 1D version-- + +and if you run it on n +being 10 million or so, + +then this algorithm +takes 13 seconds. + +OK? + +The-- The theta 10 +algorithm takes 13 seconds. + +And this one takes +0.001 seconds. + +OK? + +Huge difference. + +So there is a big difference +between theta n and theta log + +n. + +It's literally the difference +between 2 raised to n, and n. + +It makes sense to try +and reduce complexity + +as you can see, +especially if you're + +talking about large inputs. + +All right? + +And you'll see that +more clearly as we + +go to a 2D version +of this problem. + +All right? + +So you can't really +do better for the 1D. + +The 1D is a +straightforward problem. + +It gets a little +more interesting-- + +the problems get a +little-- excuse me, + +the algorithms get a +little more sophisticated + +when we look at a 2D +version of peak finding. + +So let's talk about +the 2D version. + +So as you can imagine +in the 2D version + +you have a matrix, or a +two dimensional array. + +And we'll say this thing +has n rows and m columns. + +And now we have to +define what a peak is. + +And it's a hill. + +It's the obvious +definition of a peak. + +So if you had a in +here, c, b, d, e. + +Then as you can guess, a is +a 2D peak if, and only if, + +a greater than or equal to b; +a greater than or equal to d, c + +and e. + +All right? + +So it's a little hill up there. + +All right? + +And again I've used the +greater than or equal to here, + +so that's similar to +the 1D in the case + +that you'll always find +a peak in any 2D matrix. + +Now again I'll give you the +straightforward algorithm, + +and we'll call it the +Greedy Ascent algorithm. + +And the Greedy Ascent algorithm +essentially picks a direction + +and, you know, tries to +follow that direction in order + +to find a peak. + +So for example, if I +had this particular-- + +--matrix; 14, 13, +12, 15, 9, 11, 17-- + +Then what might happen is if +I started at some arbitrary + +midpoint-- So the +Greedy Ascent algorithm + +has to make choices +as to where to start. + +Just like we had +different cases here, + +you have to make a choice +as to where to start. + +You might want to +start in the middle, + +and you might want to +work your way left first. + +Or you're going to all-- +You just keep going left, + +our keep going right. + +And if you hit an +edge, you go down. + +So you make some choices as +to what the default traversal + +directions are. + +And so if you say you +want to start with 12, + +you are going to go look +for something to left. + +And if it's greater than, you're +going to follow that direction. + +If it's not, if it's +less, then you're + +going to go in the other +direction, in this case, + +for example. + +So in this case you'll go to +12, 13 , 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, + +and 20. + +And you'd find-- You +'d find this peak. + +Now I haven't given you +the specific details + +of a Greedy Ascent algorithm. + +But I think if you look at +the worst case possibilities + +here, with respect +to a given matrix, + +and for any given +starting point, + +and for any given strategy-- in +terms of choosing left first, + +versus right first, or down +first versus up first-- + +you will have a +situation where-- just + +like we had in the 1D +case-- you may end up + +touching a large fraction of +the elements in this 2D array. + +OK? + +So in this case, we +ended up, you know, + +touching a bunch of +different elements. + +And it's quite possible that +you could end up touching-- + +starting from the midpoint-- +you could up touching half + +the elements, and in some cases, +touching all the elements. + +So if you do a worst case +analysis of this algorithm-- + +a particular algorithm with +particular choices in terms + +of the starting point and +the direction of search-- + +a Greedy Ascent algorithm would +have theta n m complexity. + +All right? + +And in the case where n +equals m, or m equals n, + +you'd have theta n +squared complexity. + +OK? + +I won't spend very +much time on this, + +because I want to talk +to you about the divide + +and conquer versions of this +algorithm for the 2D peak. + +But hopefully you're +all with me with respect + +to what the worst +case complexity is. + +All right? + +People buy that? + +Yeah. + +Question back there. + +AUDIENCE: Can you-- Is +that an approximation? + +Or can you actually get +to n times m traversals? + +PROFESSOR: So there are specific +Greedy Ascent algorithms, + +and specific matrices +where, if I give you + +the code for the algorithm, and +I give you a specific matrix, + +that I could make you touch +all of these elements. + +That's correct. + +So we're talking +about worst case. + +You're being very +paranoid when you + +talk about worst +case complexity. + +And so I'm-- hand +waving a bit here, + +simply because I haven't +given you the specifics + +of the algorithm yet. + +Right? + +This is really a +set of algorithms, + +because I haven't +given you the code, + +I haven't told you +where it starts, + +and which direction it goes. + +But you go, do +that, fix it, and I + +would be the person who tries to +find the worst case complexity. + +Suddenly it's very +easy to get to theta n + +m in terms of having some +constant multiplying n times m. + +But you can definitely +get to that constant + +being very close to 1. + +OK? + +If not 1. + +All right. + +So let's talk about +divide and conquer. + +And let's say that +I did something + +like this, where I just tried +to jam the binary search + +algorithm into the 2D version. + +All right? + +So what I'm going to do is-- + +--I'm going to pick the middle +column, j equals m over 2. + +And I'm going to +find a 1D peak using + +whatever algorithm I want. + +And I'll probably end up using +the more efficient algorithm, + +the binary search +version that's gone + +all the way to the left +of the board there. + +And let's say I find a +binary peak at (i, j). + +Because I've picked a column, +and I'm just finding a 1D peak. + +So this is j equals m over 2. + +That's i. + +Now I use (i,j). + +In particular row i as a start-- + +--to find a 1D peak on row i. + +And I stand up here, +I'm really happy. + +OK? + +Because I say, wow. + +I picked a middle column, +I found a 1D peak, + +that is theta m complexity to +find a 1D peak as we argued. + +And one side-- the theta m-- + +AUDIENCE: Log n. + +PROFESSOR: Oh, I'm sorry. + +You're right. + +The log n complexity, +that's what this was. + +So I do have that here. + +Yeah. + +Log n complexity. + +Thanks, Eric. + +And then once I do that, I +can find a 1D peak on row i. + +In this case row +i would be m wide, + +so it would be log m complexity. + +If n equals m, then I have +a couple of steps of log n, + +and I'm done. + +All right? + +Am I done? + +No. + +Can someone tell me +why I'm not done? + +Precisely? + +Yep. + +AUDIENCE: Because when +you do the second part + +to find the peak in +row i, you might not + +have that column +peak-- There might not + +be a peak on the column anymore. + +PROFESSOR: That's +exactly correct. + +So this algorithm is incorrect. + +OK? + +It doesn't work. + +It's efficient, but incorrect. + +OK? + +It's-- You want to be correct. + +You know being correcting +and inefficient + +is definitely better than +being inefficient-- I'm sorry. + +Being incorrect and efficient. + +So this is an +efficient algorithm, + +in the sense that it will +only take log n time, + +but it doesn't work. + +And I'll give you +a simple example + +here where it doesn't work. + +The problem is-- + +--a 2D peak-- + +--may not exist-- + +--on row i. + +And here's an example of that. + +Actually this is-- This is +exactly the example of that. + +Let's say that I +started with this row. + +Since it's-- I'm starting +with the middle row, + +and I could start with +this one or that one. + +Let's say I started +with that one. + +I end up finding a peak. + +And if this were 10 up here, +I'd choose 12 as a peak. + +And it's quite possible +that I return 12 as a peak. + +Even though 19 is +bigger, because 12 + +is a peak given +10 and 11 up here. + +And then when I choose +this particular row, + +and I find a peak on +this row, it would be 14. + +That is a 1D peak on this row. + +But 14 is not a 2D peak. + +OK? + +So this particular example, +14 would return 14. + +And 14 is not a 2D peak. + +All right? + +You can collect your +cushion after the class. + +So not so good. + +Look like an efficient +algorithm, but doesn't work. + +All right? + +So how can we get to +something that actually works? + +So the last algorithm that +I'm going to show you-- + +And you'll see four different +algorithms in your problem + +set-- + +--that you'll have to analyze +the complexity for and decide + +if they're efficient, +and if they're correct. + +But here's a-- a +recursive version + +that is better than, +in terms of complexity, + +than the Greedy +Ascent algorithm. + +And this one works. + +So what I'm going to do +is pick a middle column. + +j equals m over 2 as before. + +I'm going to find the +global maximum on column j. + +And that's going +to be at (i, j). + +I'm going to compare (i comma +j minus 1), (i comma j), + +and (i,j plus 1). + +Which means that once I've +found the maximum in this row, + +all I'm going to look to +the left and the right, + +and compare. + +I'm going to pick +the left columns. + +If (i comma j minus 1) is +greater than (i comma j)-- + +and similarly for the right. + +And if in fact I-- either +of these two conditions + +don't fire, and what +I have is (i comma j) + +is greater than or equal +to (i comma j minus 1) + +and (i comma j plus +1), then I'm done. + +Just like I had +for the 1D version. + +If (i comma j) is greater +than or equal to (i comma + +j minus 1), and (i comma j +plus 1), that implies (i, j) + +is a 2D peak. + +OK? + +And the reason that +is the case, is + +because (i comma j) was the +maximum element in that column. + +So you know that +you've compared it + +to all of the adjacent elements, +looking up and looking down, + +that's the maximum element. + +Now you've look at the +left and the right, + +and in fact it's greater +than or equal to the elements + +on the left and the right. + +And so therefore it's a 2D peak. + +OK? + +So in this case, when you pick +the left or the right columns-- + +you'll pick one of +them-- you're going + +to solve the new problem with +half the number of columns. + +All right? + +And again, you have to +go through an analysis, + +or an argument, to make sure +that this algorithm is correct. + +But its intuitively correct, +simply because it matches + +the 1D version +much more closely. + +And you also have your condition +where you break away right + +here, where you have a 2D +peak, just like the 1D version. + +And what you've done +is break this matrix up + +into half the size. + +And that's essentially +why this algorithm works. + +When you have a single column-- + +--find the global +maximum and you're done. + +All right? + +So that's the base case. + +So let me end with +just writing out + +what the recurrence relation +for the complexity of this + +is, and argue what the overall +complexity of this algorithm + +is. + +And then I'll give +you the bad news. + +All right. + +So overall what you have is, you +have something like T of (n, m) + +equals T of (n, m +over 2) plus theta n. + +Why is that? + +Well n is the number of rows, +m is the number of columns. + +In one case you'll be +breaking things down + +into half the number of +columns, which is m over 2. + +And in order to find +the global maximum, + +you'll be doing theta +n work, because you're + +finding the global maximum. + +Right? + +You just have to +scan it-- this-- + +That's the way-- That's +what it's going to take. + +And so if you do that, and +you go run it through-- + +and you know that T of +(n, 1) is theta n-- which + +is this last part over +here-- that's your base case. + +You get T of (n, m) is theta +of n added to theta of n, + +log of m times-- +log 2 of m times. + +Which is theta of +n-- log 2 of m. + +All right? + +So you're not done +with peak finding. + +What you'll see is at four +algorithms coded in Python-- + +I'm not going to give away +what those algorithms are, + +but you'll have +to recognize them. + +You will have seen versions +of those algorithms + +already in lecture. + +And your job is going to be to +analyze the algorithms, as I + +said before, prove that +one of them is correct, + +and find counter-examples for +the ones that aren't correct. + +The course staff +will stick around + +here to answer questions-- +logistical questions-- + +or questions about lecture. + +And I owe that +gentleman a cushion. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/JGgzgqIGgk0.txt b/JGgzgqIGgk0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..155f4ad28176c3ab49947ec711f4578ed1d2a5af --- /dev/null +++ b/JGgzgqIGgk0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11011 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided by MIT + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided by MIT + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided by MIT +open courseware under a Creative Commons + + align:start position:0% +open courseware under a Creative Commons + + + align:start position:0% +open courseware under a Creative Commons +license additional information about our + + align:start position:0% +license additional information about our + + + align:start position:0% +license additional information about our +license and MIT open courseware in + + align:start position:0% +license and MIT open courseware in + + + align:start position:0% +license and MIT open courseware in +general is available at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu so in the afternoon um we + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu so in the afternoon um we + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu so in the afternoon um we +want to go back to the model room for + + align:start position:0% +want to go back to the model room for + + + align:start position:0% +want to go back to the model room for +another visit there to look at to look + + align:start position:0% +another visit there to look at to look + + + align:start position:0% +another visit there to look at to look +at those plans of the more informed eye + + align:start position:0% +at those plans of the more informed eye + + + align:start position:0% +at those plans of the more informed eye +and kind of hoping um for you guys to + + align:start position:0% +and kind of hoping um for you guys to + + + align:start position:0% +and kind of hoping um for you guys to +lead the discussion most on on that + + align:start position:0% +lead the discussion most on on that + + + align:start position:0% +lead the discussion most on on that +stuff um and once we're through there + + align:start position:0% +stuff um and once we're through there + + + align:start position:0% +stuff um and once we're through there +we'll go up to the uh plans collection + + align:start position:0% +we'll go up to the uh plans collection + + + align:start position:0% +we'll go up to the uh plans collection +MIT Museum has a an amazing collection + + align:start position:0% +MIT Museum has a an amazing collection + + + align:start position:0% +MIT Museum has a an amazing collection +of plans um boat design plans and so + + align:start position:0% +of plans um boat design plans and so + + + align:start position:0% +of plans um boat design plans and so +we'll look at at different methods of + + align:start position:0% +we'll look at at different methods of + + + align:start position:0% +we'll look at at different methods of +drawing boats and how they suit the + + align:start position:0% +drawing boats and how they suit the + + + align:start position:0% +drawing boats and how they suit the +design um so and just and wrap up the + + align:start position:0% +design um so and just and wrap up the + + + align:start position:0% +design um so and just and wrap up the +class that way I think that the final + + align:start position:0% +class that way I think that the final + + + align:start position:0% +class that way I think that the final +thing is to do a little debrief you know + + align:start position:0% +thing is to do a little debrief you know + + + align:start position:0% +thing is to do a little debrief you know +with you at your models and and um talk + + align:start position:0% +with you at your models and and um talk + + + align:start position:0% +with you at your models and and um talk +about where you've gone and what you see + + align:start position:0% +about where you've gone and what you see + + + align:start position:0% +about where you've gone and what you see +and and uh and also you know bringing it + + align:start position:0% +and and uh and also you know bringing it + + + align:start position:0% +and and uh and also you know bringing it +back to the method strengths weaknesses + + align:start position:0% +back to the method strengths weaknesses + + + align:start position:0% +back to the method strengths weaknesses +you know things you can see with the + + align:start position:0% +you know things you can see with the + + + align:start position:0% +you know things you can see with the +method that you can't otherwise um but + + align:start position:0% +method that you can't otherwise um but + + + align:start position:0% +method that you can't otherwise um but +before we go up there um there's one one + + align:start position:0% +before we go up there um there's one one + + + align:start position:0% +before we go up there um there's one one +key step of translating this into a form + + align:start position:0% +key step of translating this into a form + + + align:start position:0% +key step of translating this into a form +that can be built from which is coming + + align:start position:0% +that can be built from which is coming + + + align:start position:0% +that can be built from which is coming +up with a with a table of offsets um + + align:start position:0% +up with a with a table of offsets um + + + align:start position:0% +up with a with a table of offsets um +every plan will have this little table + + align:start position:0% +every plan will have this little table + + + align:start position:0% +every plan will have this little table +which is basically ordinates on uh on + + align:start position:0% +which is basically ordinates on uh on + + + align:start position:0% +which is basically ordinates on uh on +the grid so that when I'm you know if + + align:start position:0% +the grid so that when I'm you know if + + + align:start position:0% +the grid so that when I'm you know if +I'm building this boat and I need to + + align:start position:0% +I'm building this boat and I need to + + + align:start position:0% +I'm building this boat and I need to +Loft it to draw that full size I need to + + align:start position:0% +Loft it to draw that full size I need to + + + align:start position:0% +Loft it to draw that full size I need to +know you know where these points are on + + align:start position:0% +know you know where these points are on + + + align:start position:0% +know you know where these points are on +the um on the St line so this is + + align:start position:0% +the um on the St line so this is + + + align:start position:0% +the um on the St line so this is +important in terms of looking at the + + align:start position:0% +important in terms of looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +important in terms of looking at the +plan collection upstairs + + align:start position:0% +plan collection upstairs + + + align:start position:0% +plan collection upstairs +so again to um if if you've got your + + align:start position:0% +so again to um if if you've got your + + + align:start position:0% +so again to um if if you've got your +your virtual model in CAD um you + + align:start position:0% +your virtual model in CAD um you + + + align:start position:0% +your virtual model in CAD um you +basically + + align:start position:0% +basically + + + align:start position:0% +basically +press couple special keys and uh and the + + align:start position:0% +press couple special keys and uh and the + + + align:start position:0% +press couple special keys and uh and the +thing will can print out a set of + + align:start position:0% +thing will can print out a set of + + + align:start position:0% +thing will can print out a set of +offsets uh to whatever accuracy you want + + align:start position:0% +offsets uh to whatever accuracy you want + + + align:start position:0% +offsets uh to whatever accuracy you want +or you can send a file to a um a three + + align:start position:0% +or you can send a file to a um a three + + + align:start position:0% +or you can send a file to a um a three +AIS or a five AIS Mill and actually just + + align:start position:0% +AIS or a five AIS Mill and actually just + + + align:start position:0% +AIS or a five AIS Mill and actually just +create create um um actually you know + + align:start position:0% +create create um um actually you know + + + align:start position:0% +create create um um actually you know +physical stuff that that fits exactly + + align:start position:0% +physical stuff that that fits exactly + + + align:start position:0% +physical stuff that that fits exactly +fits the shape of that that you uh that + + align:start position:0% +fits the shape of that that you uh that + + + align:start position:0% +fits the shape of that that you uh that +you've designed um but uh but again back + + align:start position:0% +you've designed um but uh but again back + + + align:start position:0% +you've designed um but uh but again back +in in uh pre pre virtual world you you + + align:start position:0% +in in uh pre pre virtual world you you + + + align:start position:0% +in in uh pre pre virtual world you you +needed to um to take the drawing which + + align:start position:0% +needed to um to take the drawing which + + + align:start position:0% +needed to um to take the drawing which +you've done um and I think you've all + + align:start position:0% +you've done um and I think you've all + + + align:start position:0% +you've done um and I think you've all +kind of got a sense of + + align:start position:0% +kind of got a sense of + + + align:start position:0% +kind of got a sense of +how um with a little practice that you + + align:start position:0% +how um with a little practice that you + + + align:start position:0% +how um with a little practice that you +you can kind of tell if a if if a line + + align:start position:0% +you can kind of tell if a if if a line + + + align:start position:0% +you can kind of tell if a if if a line +is half of a pencil line too fat or too + + align:start position:0% +is half of a pencil line too fat or too + + + align:start position:0% +is half of a pencil line too fat or too +skinny in places and and how you youve + + align:start position:0% +skinny in places and and how you youve + + + align:start position:0% +skinny in places and and how you youve +kind of honed things down to at least at + + align:start position:0% +kind of honed things down to at least at + + + align:start position:0% +kind of honed things down to at least at +scale to where where where things are + + align:start position:0% +scale to where where where things are + + + align:start position:0% +scale to where where where things are +almost in imperceptibly different but + + align:start position:0% +almost in imperceptibly different but + + + align:start position:0% +almost in imperceptibly different but +that that you you've noticed that + + align:start position:0% +that that you you've noticed that + + + align:start position:0% +that that you you've noticed that +there's a difference there well of + + align:start position:0% +there's a difference there well of + + + align:start position:0% +there's a difference there well of +course to scale that up we've been + + align:start position:0% +course to scale that up we've been + + + align:start position:0% +course to scale that up we've been +dealing in Scales of 3/4 or inch to the + + align:start position:0% +dealing in Scales of 3/4 or inch to the + + + align:start position:0% +dealing in Scales of 3/4 or inch to the +foot um or 700 uh inches to the to the + + align:start position:0% +foot um or 700 uh inches to the to the + + + align:start position:0% +foot um or 700 uh inches to the to the +or yeah 700 feet to the inch uh like on + + align:start position:0% +or yeah 700 feet to the inch uh like on + + + align:start position:0% +or yeah 700 feet to the inch uh like on +the on the aircraft carrier but so you + + align:start position:0% +the on the aircraft carrier but so you + + + align:start position:0% +the on the aircraft carrier but so you +can imagine when you scale up that um + + align:start position:0% +can imagine when you scale up that um + + + align:start position:0% +can imagine when you scale up that um +that this very fine accuracy that we + + align:start position:0% +that this very fine accuracy that we + + + align:start position:0% +that this very fine accuracy that we +thought we had in the in the model is + + align:start position:0% +thought we had in the in the model is + + + align:start position:0% +thought we had in the in the model is +really nothing when it comes to real + + align:start position:0% +really nothing when it comes to real + + + align:start position:0% +really nothing when it comes to real +life and that U the width of the pencil + + align:start position:0% +life and that U the width of the pencil + + + align:start position:0% +life and that U the width of the pencil +line could be anywhere from an e of an + + align:start position:0% +line could be anywhere from an e of an + + + align:start position:0% +line could be anywhere from an e of an +inch to to a foot and a half depending + + align:start position:0% +inch to to a foot and a half depending + + + align:start position:0% +inch to to a foot and a half depending +on what scale you're working on and that + + align:start position:0% +on what scale you're working on and that + + + align:start position:0% +on what scale you're working on and that +uh you know ultimately you're going to + + align:start position:0% +uh you know ultimately you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know ultimately you're going to +need to resolve all of that in the + + align:start position:0% +need to resolve all of that in the + + + align:start position:0% +need to resolve all of that in the +lofting but to get from from this to the + + align:start position:0% +lofting but to get from from this to the + + + align:start position:0% +lofting but to get from from this to the +lofting in a systematic way um they + + align:start position:0% +lofting in a systematic way um they + + + align:start position:0% +lofting in a systematic way um they +the you know the convention of of having + + align:start position:0% +the you know the convention of of having + + + align:start position:0% +the you know the convention of of having +a uh a a table of offsets was was was + + align:start position:0% +a uh a a table of offsets was was was + + + align:start position:0% +a uh a a table of offsets was was was +evolved where see there there are the + + align:start position:0% +evolved where see there there are the + + + align:start position:0% +evolved where see there there are the +half breaths from the center line and + + align:start position:0% +half breaths from the center line and + + + align:start position:0% +half breaths from the center line and +then each of the St you know the the + + align:start position:0% +then each of the St you know the the + + + align:start position:0% +then each of the St you know the the +perpendiculars and each of the stations + + align:start position:0% +perpendiculars and each of the stations + + + align:start position:0% +perpendiculars and each of the stations +are listed here then you've got a set of + + align:start position:0% +are listed here then you've got a set of + + + align:start position:0% +are listed here then you've got a set of +diagonals which are these diagonals + + align:start position:0% +diagonals which are these diagonals + + + align:start position:0% +diagonals which are these diagonals +shown here and then here are the heights + + align:start position:0% +shown here and then here are the heights + + + align:start position:0% +shown here and then here are the heights +above base or or Heights from the datam + + align:start position:0% +above base or or Heights from the datam + + + align:start position:0% +above base or or Heights from the datam +waterline or however that wants to be + + align:start position:0% +waterline or however that wants to be + + + align:start position:0% +waterline or however that wants to be +laid out vertically and for each of the + + align:start position:0% +laid out vertically and for each of the + + + align:start position:0% +laid out vertically and for each of the +stations and this the the numbers in + + align:start position:0% +stations and this the the numbers in + + + align:start position:0% +stations and this the the numbers in +here are arrived at by + + align:start position:0% +here are arrived at by + + + align:start position:0% +here are arrived at by +having the the Eagle Eye that did the + + align:start position:0% +having the the Eagle Eye that did the + + + align:start position:0% +having the the Eagle Eye that did the +drawing working the scale Rule and you + + align:start position:0% +drawing working the scale Rule and you + + + align:start position:0% +drawing working the scale Rule and you +find with practice that you can kind of + + align:start position:0% +find with practice that you can kind of + + + align:start position:0% +find with practice that you can kind of +imagine that yourself looking at an inch + + align:start position:0% +imagine that yourself looking at an inch + + + align:start position:0% +imagine that yourself looking at an inch +to the foot scale that you can actually + + align:start position:0% +to the foot scale that you can actually + + + align:start position:0% +to the foot scale that you can actually +tell what a 16th of an inch looks like + + align:start position:0% +tell what a 16th of an inch looks like + + + align:start position:0% +tell what a 16th of an inch looks like +on here I mean + + align:start position:0% +on here I mean + + + align:start position:0% +on here I mean +it's you can't really prove that it's + + align:start position:0% +it's you can't really prove that it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's you can't really prove that it's +true but you kind of kind of can talk + + align:start position:0% +true but you kind of kind of can talk + + + align:start position:0% +true but you kind of kind of can talk +yourself into thinking you can in in + + align:start position:0% +yourself into thinking you can in in + + + align:start position:0% +yourself into thinking you can in in +which case you then have your assistant + + align:start position:0% +which case you then have your assistant + + + align:start position:0% +which case you then have your assistant +write down the first number you know + + align:start position:0% +write down the first number you know + + + align:start position:0% +write down the first number you know +these are they're written in three as + + align:start position:0% +these are they're written in three as + + + align:start position:0% +these are they're written in three as +three numbers with a dash so this is 1 + + align:start position:0% +three numbers with a dash so this is 1 + + + align:start position:0% +three numbers with a dash so this is 1 +foot 9 + + align:start position:0% +foot 9 + + + align:start position:0% +foot 9 +in and + + align:start position:0% +in and + + + align:start position:0% +in and +58 okay and then sometimes you might see + + align:start position:0% +58 okay and then sometimes you might see + + + align:start position:0% +58 okay and then sometimes you might see +a plus sign which means that they think + + align:start position:0% +a plus sign which means that they think + + + align:start position:0% +a plus sign which means that they think +that there's another 16th on that too so + + align:start position:0% +that there's another 16th on that too so + + + align:start position:0% +that there's another 16th on that too so +so then you go through and at that point + + align:start position:0% +so then you go through and at that point + + + align:start position:0% +so then you go through and at that point +you really are kind of just I just want + + align:start position:0% +you really are kind of just I just want + + + align:start position:0% +you really are kind of just I just want +physically lay out so so no intuition + + align:start position:0% +physically lay out so so no intuition + + + align:start position:0% +physically lay out so so no intuition +allowed this is if you whatever your + + align:start position:0% +allowed this is if you whatever your + + + align:start position:0% +allowed this is if you whatever your +scale is you lay your scaling r at + + align:start position:0% +scale is you lay your scaling r at + + + align:start position:0% +scale is you lay your scaling r at +station station uh seven you know you're + + align:start position:0% +station station uh seven you know you're + + + align:start position:0% +station station uh seven you know you're +putting the + + align:start position:0% +putting the + + + align:start position:0% +putting the +um know you're making a measurement so + + align:start position:0% +um know you're making a measurement so + + + align:start position:0% +um know you're making a measurement so +you know it's one foot and uh you know + + align:start position:0% +you know it's one foot and uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's one foot and uh you know +seven and 5 and a 12 inches whatever it + + align:start position:0% +seven and 5 and a 12 inches whatever it + + + align:start position:0% +seven and 5 and a 12 inches whatever it +is to this water line so when I'm when + + align:start position:0% +is to this water line so when I'm when + + + align:start position:0% +is to this water line so when I'm when +I'm lofting the boat my first step is I + + align:start position:0% +I'm lofting the boat my first step is I + + + align:start position:0% +I'm lofting the boat my first step is I +just draw the grid right and then I go + + align:start position:0% +just draw the grid right and then I go + + + align:start position:0% +just draw the grid right and then I go +back and I make a mark at at 1 foot 1 fo + + align:start position:0% +back and I make a mark at at 1 foot 1 fo + + + align:start position:0% +back and I make a mark at at 1 foot 1 fo +s full size so literally that's so so + + align:start position:0% +s full size so literally that's so so + + + align:start position:0% +s full size so literally that's so so +that's that's a half bre off the center + + align:start position:0% +that's that's a half bre off the center + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's a half bre off the center +line and then if we had a datam line + + align:start position:0% +line and then if we had a datam line + + + align:start position:0% +line and then if we had a datam line +here I'd have Heights for the shear you + + align:start position:0% +here I'd have Heights for the shear you + + + align:start position:0% +here I'd have Heights for the shear you +know measured exactly the same right so + + align:start position:0% +know measured exactly the same right so + + + align:start position:0% +know measured exactly the same right so +so if it's not incredibly obvious + + align:start position:0% +so if it's not incredibly obvious + + + align:start position:0% +so if it's not incredibly obvious +hopefully that made right and um and you + + align:start position:0% +hopefully that made right and um and you + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully that made right and um and you +know so then once this is all all all + + align:start position:0% +know so then once this is all all all + + + align:start position:0% +know so then once this is all all all +filled out then then the Builder + + align:start position:0% +filled out then then the Builder + + + align:start position:0% +filled out then then the Builder +starting with that with that basic grid + + align:start position:0% +starting with that with that basic grid + + + align:start position:0% +starting with that with that basic grid +can then can fill all these back in + + align:start position:0% +can then can fill all these back in + + + align:start position:0% +can then can fill all these back in +again and um but actually the the + + align:start position:0% +again and um but actually the the + + + align:start position:0% +again and um but actually the the +Builder laying out the grid is going to + + align:start position:0% +Builder laying out the grid is going to + + + align:start position:0% +Builder laying out the grid is going to +hopefully again not just sort of start + + align:start position:0% +hopefully again not just sort of start + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully again not just sort of start +on one corner corner and and just sort + + align:start position:0% +on one corner corner and and just sort + + + align:start position:0% +on one corner corner and and just sort +of fill this thing in but it's going to + + align:start position:0% +of fill this thing in but it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +of fill this thing in but it's going to +recapitulate the same kind of proof that + + align:start position:0% +recapitulate the same kind of proof that + + + align:start position:0% +recapitulate the same kind of proof that +that we've done in the drawings where + + align:start position:0% +that we've done in the drawings where + + + align:start position:0% +that we've done in the drawings where +where you start with the master lines + + align:start position:0% +where you start with the master lines + + + align:start position:0% +where you start with the master lines +and you reconcile those and then you you + + align:start position:0% +and you reconcile those and then you you + + + align:start position:0% +and you reconcile those and then you you +keep on gaining information as as as uh + + align:start position:0% +keep on gaining information as as as uh + + + align:start position:0% +keep on gaining information as as as uh +the same method of of uh deciding where + + align:start position:0% +the same method of of uh deciding where + + + align:start position:0% +the same method of of uh deciding where +you know which one should I believe + + align:start position:0% +you know which one should I believe + + + align:start position:0% +you know which one should I believe +which one should I hold on to which one + + align:start position:0% +which one should I hold on to which one + + + align:start position:0% +which one should I hold on to which one +should I adjust to reconcile with the + + align:start position:0% +should I adjust to reconcile with the + + + align:start position:0% +should I adjust to reconcile with the +other and um because there would be a + + align:start position:0% +other and um because there would be a + + + align:start position:0% +other and um because there would be a +tremendous amount of interpretation when + + align:start position:0% +tremendous amount of interpretation when + + + align:start position:0% +tremendous amount of interpretation when +you know when an eighth of an inch is + + align:start position:0% +you know when an eighth of an inch is + + + align:start position:0% +you know when an eighth of an inch is +basically less than the thickness of the + + align:start position:0% +basically less than the thickness of the + + + align:start position:0% +basically less than the thickness of the +tick on the on the ruler uh and and and + + align:start position:0% +tick on the on the ruler uh and and and + + + align:start position:0% +tick on the on the ruler uh and and and +uh you want a result that's that's good + + align:start position:0% +uh you want a result that's that's good + + + align:start position:0% +uh you want a result that's that's good +to an actual 16th of an inch in you know + + align:start position:0% +to an actual 16th of an inch in you know + + + align:start position:0% +to an actual 16th of an inch in you know +in Full full size um and then also there + + align:start position:0% +in Full full size um and then also there + + + align:start position:0% +in Full full size um and then also there +could be transposition errors in here + + align:start position:0% +could be transposition errors in here + + + align:start position:0% +could be transposition errors in here +lots of of of famous yacht designers + + align:start position:0% +lots of of of famous yacht designers + + + align:start position:0% +lots of of of famous yacht designers +have made horrible offset tables because + + align:start position:0% +have made horrible offset tables because + + + align:start position:0% +have made horrible offset tables because +they you know they they just were just + + align:start position:0% +they you know they they just were just + + + align:start position:0% +they you know they they just were just +dyslectic and wrote the things backwards + + align:start position:0% +dyslectic and wrote the things backwards + + + align:start position:0% +dyslectic and wrote the things backwards +or missed things or you know just got + + align:start position:0% +or missed things or you know just got + + + align:start position:0% +or missed things or you know just got +them out of order and and those things + + align:start position:0% +them out of order and and those things + + + align:start position:0% +them out of order and and those things +are are um um were in there for the + + align:start position:0% +are are um um were in there for the + + + align:start position:0% +are are um um were in there for the +Builder to have to deal with and much + + align:start position:0% +Builder to have to deal with and much + + + align:start position:0% +Builder to have to deal with and much +easier to sort that out methodically + + align:start position:0% +easier to sort that out methodically + + + align:start position:0% +easier to sort that out methodically +while you're actually laying out the + + align:start position:0% +while you're actually laying out the + + + align:start position:0% +while you're actually laying out the +lofting than it would be to uh to just + + align:start position:0% +lofting than it would be to uh to just + + + align:start position:0% +lofting than it would be to uh to just +sort of make each mold believing that + + align:start position:0% +sort of make each mold believing that + + + align:start position:0% +sort of make each mold believing that +that these offsets were correct for each + + align:start position:0% +that these offsets were correct for each + + + align:start position:0% +that these offsets were correct for each +station standing them up and thinking + + align:start position:0% +station standing them up and thinking + + + align:start position:0% +station standing them up and thinking +well wait a minute this didn't work why + + align:start position:0% +well wait a minute this didn't work why + + + align:start position:0% +well wait a minute this didn't work why +isn't this working and then you're not + + align:start position:0% +isn't this working and then you're not + + + align:start position:0% +isn't this working and then you're not +having any idea why um then also once + + align:start position:0% +having any idea why um then also once + + + align:start position:0% +having any idea why um then also once +the lofting once these lines that give + + align:start position:0% +the lofting once these lines that give + + + align:start position:0% +the lofting once these lines that give +you the shape of the boat have been laid + + align:start position:0% +you the shape of the boat have been laid + + + align:start position:0% +you the shape of the boat have been laid +out on the on the lofting um then uh + + align:start position:0% +out on the on the lofting um then uh + + + align:start position:0% +out on the on the lofting um then uh +depending on the constru ction method + + align:start position:0% +depending on the constru ction method + + + align:start position:0% +depending on the constru ction method +the the Builder can start making actual + + align:start position:0% +the the Builder can start making actual + + + align:start position:0% +the the Builder can start making actual +decisions about how how the uh the + + align:start position:0% +decisions about how how the uh the + + + align:start position:0% +decisions about how how the uh the +actual pieces are going to be be laid + + align:start position:0% +actual pieces are going to be be laid + + + align:start position:0% +actual pieces are going to be be laid +out and constructed and be able to make + + align:start position:0% +out and constructed and be able to make + + + align:start position:0% +out and constructed and be able to make +deductions for for the uh thickness or + + align:start position:0% +deductions for for the uh thickness or + + + align:start position:0% +deductions for for the uh thickness or +width or or intersection of pieces with + + align:start position:0% +width or or intersection of pieces with + + + align:start position:0% +width or or intersection of pieces with +each other and a lot of pieces can + + align:start position:0% +each other and a lot of pieces can + + + align:start position:0% +each other and a lot of pieces can +actually be buil you know are built not + + align:start position:0% +actually be buil you know are built not + + + align:start position:0% +actually be buil you know are built not +just molds but actual you know the whole + + align:start position:0% +just molds but actual you know the whole + + + align:start position:0% +just molds but actual you know the whole +backbone of a boat back Fasteners so + + align:start position:0% +backbone of a boat back Fasteners so + + + align:start position:0% +backbone of a boat back Fasteners so +that you know you may put a a Fastener + + align:start position:0% +that you know you may put a a Fastener + + + align:start position:0% +that you know you may put a a Fastener +that's that's hidden but you can + + align:start position:0% +that's that's hidden but you can + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's hidden but you can +schedule it on the Loft so okay I know I + + align:start position:0% +schedule it on the Loft so okay I know I + + + align:start position:0% +schedule it on the Loft so okay I know I +got a big drift in here then I know that + + align:start position:0% +got a big drift in here then I know that + + + align:start position:0% +got a big drift in here then I know that +coming from the other side I can't put a + + align:start position:0% +coming from the other side I can't put a + + + align:start position:0% +coming from the other side I can't put a +screw you know on this side you can you + + align:start position:0% +screw you know on this side you can you + + + align:start position:0% +screw you know on this side you can you +can take all of that kind of thought + + align:start position:0% +can take all of that kind of thought + + + align:start position:0% +can take all of that kind of thought +process out in pencil and and also all + + align:start position:0% +process out in pencil and and also all + + + align:start position:0% +process out in pencil and and also all +the bevels you know the the angles that + + align:start position:0% +the bevels you know the the angles that + + + align:start position:0% +the bevels you know the the angles that +the planking comes in into the backbone + + align:start position:0% +the planking comes in into the backbone + + + align:start position:0% +the planking comes in into the backbone +I can pick up those those shapes right + + align:start position:0% +I can pick up those those shapes right + + + align:start position:0% +I can pick up those those shapes right +on right on the on my backbone so that + + align:start position:0% +on right on the on my backbone so that + + + align:start position:0% +on right on the on my backbone so that +you know when it comes out the planking + + align:start position:0% +you know when it comes out the planking + + + align:start position:0% +you know when it comes out the planking +they just lie right in they all they all + + align:start position:0% +they just lie right in they all they all + + + align:start position:0% +they just lie right in they all they all +work the this another thing is that the + + align:start position:0% +work the this another thing is that the + + + align:start position:0% +work the this another thing is that the +the whereas the tools that you use to + + align:start position:0% +the whereas the tools that you use to + + + align:start position:0% +the whereas the tools that you use to +create you know when you started you had + + align:start position:0% +create you know when you started you had + + + align:start position:0% +create you know when you started you had +um you had a Point here and a point here + + align:start position:0% +um you had a Point here and a point here + + + align:start position:0% +um you had a Point here and a point here +and a point here but to fill up that + + align:start position:0% +and a point here but to fill up that + + + align:start position:0% +and a point here but to fill up that +space in between you use the curve the + + align:start position:0% +space in between you use the curve the + + + align:start position:0% +space in between you use the curve the +the plastic curves to to occupy that + + align:start position:0% +the plastic curves to to occupy that + + + align:start position:0% +the plastic curves to to occupy that +space if I'm on a um if I'm lofting this + + align:start position:0% +space if I'm on a um if I'm lofting this + + + align:start position:0% +space if I'm on a um if I'm lofting this +boat and this thing now that might be 3 + + align:start position:0% +boat and this thing now that might be 3 + + + align:start position:0% +boat and this thing now that might be 3 +ft apart so the way the the tool for for + + align:start position:0% +ft apart so the way the the tool for for + + + align:start position:0% +ft apart so the way the the tool for for +you for creating accuracy in that space + + align:start position:0% +you for creating accuracy in that space + + + align:start position:0% +you for creating accuracy in that space +there is is called a fairing baton and + + align:start position:0% +there is is called a fairing baton and + + + align:start position:0% +there is is called a fairing baton and +it's a long piece of wood usually longer + + align:start position:0% +it's a long piece of wood usually longer + + + align:start position:0% +it's a long piece of wood usually longer +than the boat is long it might be 20 20 + + align:start position:0% +than the boat is long it might be 20 20 + + + align:start position:0% +than the boat is long it might be 20 20 +22 ft long and um of varying thicknesses + + align:start position:0% +22 ft long and um of varying thicknesses + + + align:start position:0% +22 ft long and um of varying thicknesses +it might be inch and a half square and + + align:start position:0% +it might be inch and a half square and + + + align:start position:0% +it might be inch and a half square and +you use you actually bow that wood to + + align:start position:0% +you use you actually bow that wood to + + + align:start position:0% +you use you actually bow that wood to +follow to follow a line so it meets all + + align:start position:0% +follow to follow a line so it meets all + + + align:start position:0% +follow to follow a line so it meets all +the ordinates and then you get down low + + align:start position:0% +the ordinates and then you get down low + + + align:start position:0% +the ordinates and then you get down low +same as before and you site the curve + + align:start position:0% +same as before and you site the curve + + + align:start position:0% +same as before and you site the curve +and you look for fairness and that's how + + align:start position:0% +and you look for fairness and that's how + + + align:start position:0% +and you look for fairness and that's how +you would that's how you judge if the + + align:start position:0% +you would that's how you judge if the + + + align:start position:0% +you would that's how you judge if the +ordinates that you were given are + + align:start position:0% +ordinates that you were given are + + + align:start position:0% +ordinates that you were given are +accurate right so you you Jud draw those + + align:start position:0% +accurate right so you you Jud draw those + + + align:start position:0% +accurate right so you you Jud draw those +lines so this case you know I would draw + + align:start position:0% +lines so this case you know I would draw + + + align:start position:0% +lines so this case you know I would draw +I would draw this buttock line up to + + align:start position:0% +I would draw this buttock line up to + + + align:start position:0% +I would draw this buttock line up to +maybe here you know then I might draw + + align:start position:0% +maybe here you know then I might draw + + + align:start position:0% +maybe here you know then I might draw +this water line back to here and judge + + align:start position:0% +this water line back to here and judge + + + align:start position:0% +this water line back to here and judge +you know judge how they go how they all + + align:start position:0% +you know judge how they go how they all + + + align:start position:0% +you know judge how they go how they all +work and then later on connect connected + + align:start position:0% +work and then later on connect connected + + + align:start position:0% +work and then later on connect connected +to but but you know I with I usually + + align:start position:0% +to but but you know I with I usually + + + align:start position:0% +to but but you know I with I usually +start drawing these and and reconcile + + align:start position:0% +start drawing these and and reconcile + + + align:start position:0% +start drawing these and and reconcile +make sure these look all fair before I + + align:start position:0% +make sure these look all fair before I + + + align:start position:0% +make sure these look all fair before I +draw these because it's so much easier + + align:start position:0% +draw these because it's so much easier + + + align:start position:0% +draw these because it's so much easier +to sight that long gradual curve then it + + align:start position:0% +to sight that long gradual curve then it + + + align:start position:0% +to sight that long gradual curve then it +is these very tight sudden bends yeah + + align:start position:0% +is these very tight sudden bends yeah + + + align:start position:0% +is these very tight sudden bends yeah +and I can see how they all go together + + align:start position:0% +and I can see how they all go together + + + align:start position:0% +and I can see how they all go together +but then any any inconsistency that you + + align:start position:0% +but then any any inconsistency that you + + + align:start position:0% +but then any any inconsistency that you +find here you've got to to trace it back + + align:start position:0% +find here you've got to to trace it back + + + align:start position:0% +find here you've got to to trace it back +and fix it back in there because um if + + align:start position:0% +and fix it back in there because um if + + + align:start position:0% +and fix it back in there because um if +you find that that this this station + + align:start position:0% +you find that that this this station + + + align:start position:0% +you find that that this this station +right here is off at that intersection + + align:start position:0% +right here is off at that intersection + + + align:start position:0% +right here is off at that intersection +and you make an adjustment well you + + align:start position:0% +and you make an adjustment well you + + + align:start position:0% +and you make an adjustment well you +might find that then that's going to + + align:start position:0% +might find that then that's going to + + + align:start position:0% +might find that then that's going to +affect when you bring that back up here + + align:start position:0% +affect when you bring that back up here + + + align:start position:0% +affect when you bring that back up here +that's going to affect this station and + + align:start position:0% +that's going to affect this station and + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to affect this station and +this station and then it all ripples + + align:start position:0% +this station and then it all ripples + + + align:start position:0% +this station and then it all ripples +through and and there's like zero wiggle + + align:start position:0% +through and and there's like zero wiggle + + + align:start position:0% +through and and there's like zero wiggle +room I mean it has to reconcile + + align:start position:0% +room I mean it has to reconcile + + + align:start position:0% +room I mean it has to reconcile +otherwise it's not buildable you can you + + align:start position:0% +otherwise it's not buildable you can you + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise it's not buildable you can you +know don't ever just fo yourself yeah + + align:start position:0% +know don't ever just fo yourself yeah + + + align:start position:0% +know don't ever just fo yourself yeah +right as you can and you know this whole + + align:start position:0% +right as you can and you know this whole + + + align:start position:0% +right as you can and you know this whole +process of lofting um you know + + align:start position:0% +process of lofting um you know + + + align:start position:0% +process of lofting um you know +everything from from you know big ships + + align:start position:0% +everything from from you know big ships + + + align:start position:0% +everything from from you know big ships +to uh to to you know little canoes were + + align:start position:0% +to uh to to you know little canoes were + + + align:start position:0% +to uh to to you know little canoes were +were were lofted this way and and this + + align:start position:0% +were were lofted this way and and this + + + align:start position:0% +were were lofted this way and and this +whole this whole Tech technique was was + + align:start position:0% +whole this whole Tech technique was was + + + align:start position:0% +whole this whole Tech technique was was +uh was lift and was used uh has been + + align:start position:0% +uh was lift and was used uh has been + + + align:start position:0% +uh was lift and was used uh has been +used again in aviation to you know every + + align:start position:0% +used again in aviation to you know every + + + align:start position:0% +used again in aviation to you know every +every airplane ever built was um before + + align:start position:0% +every airplane ever built was um before + + + align:start position:0% +every airplane ever built was um before +before virtual modeling was was lofted + + align:start position:0% +before virtual modeling was was lofted + + + align:start position:0% +before virtual modeling was was lofted +too and and uh in fact the the whole + + align:start position:0% +too and and uh in fact the the whole + + + align:start position:0% +too and and uh in fact the the whole +terminology and um and methodology of of + + align:start position:0% +terminology and um and methodology of of + + + align:start position:0% +terminology and um and methodology of of +of U designing and building airplanes + + align:start position:0% +of U designing and building airplanes + + + align:start position:0% +of U designing and building airplanes +uses all the same ter you know + + align:start position:0% +uses all the same ter you know + + + align:start position:0% +uses all the same ter you know +terminology and methodology that that + + align:start position:0% +terminology and methodology that that + + + align:start position:0% +terminology and methodology that that +was evolved here um you know if you have + + align:start position:0% +was evolved here um you know if you have + + + align:start position:0% +was evolved here um you know if you have +a CAD program it'll give you a choice of + + align:start position:0% +a CAD program it'll give you a choice of + + + align:start position:0% +a CAD program it'll give you a choice of +of setting things up either uh with the + + align:start position:0% +of setting things up either uh with the + + + align:start position:0% +of setting things up either uh with the +you know kind of an um the architectural + + align:start position:0% +you know kind of an um the architectural + + + align:start position:0% +you know kind of an um the architectural +standard of you know of XY and um for uh + + align:start position:0% +standard of you know of XY and um for uh + + + align:start position:0% +standard of you know of XY and um for uh +that's used for for uh buildings and for + + align:start position:0% +that's used for for uh buildings and for + + + align:start position:0% +that's used for for uh buildings and for +for landscape or whatever but then you + + align:start position:0% +for landscape or whatever but then you + + + align:start position:0% +for landscape or whatever but then you +can set it up on aeronautical and + + align:start position:0% +can set it up on aeronautical and + + + align:start position:0% +can set it up on aeronautical and +aeronautical is really the it's really + + align:start position:0% +aeronautical is really the it's really + + + align:start position:0% +aeronautical is really the it's really +nautical it's the it's it's this setup + + align:start position:0% +nautical it's the it's it's this setup + + + align:start position:0% +nautical it's the it's it's this setup +you know so that uh you know x and x y + + align:start position:0% +you know so that uh you know x and x y + + + align:start position:0% +you know so that uh you know x and x y +and z are are are laid out to be used + + align:start position:0% +and z are are are laid out to be used + + + align:start position:0% +and z are are are laid out to be used +for this kind of kind of thing um so so + + align:start position:0% +for this kind of kind of thing um so so + + + align:start position:0% +for this kind of kind of thing um so so +we'll I think that's I mean that that + + align:start position:0% +we'll I think that's I mean that that + + + align:start position:0% +we'll I think that's I mean that that +was just that last step you know how do + + align:start position:0% +was just that last step you know how do + + + align:start position:0% +was just that last step you know how do +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +you've translated this now how do you + + align:start position:0% +you've translated this now how do you + + + align:start position:0% +you've translated this now how do you +make it into a buildable form is + + align:start position:0% +make it into a buildable form is + + + align:start position:0% +make it into a buildable form is +creating those offsets pretty + + align:start position:0% +creating those offsets pretty + + + align:start position:0% +creating those offsets pretty +straightforward but we'll look at the + + align:start position:0% +straightforward but we'll look at the + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward but we'll look at the +Loft again down by the model room and + + align:start position:0% +Loft again down by the model room and + + + align:start position:0% +Loft again down by the model room and +maybe now that it will resonate a little + + align:start position:0% +maybe now that it will resonate a little + + + align:start position:0% +maybe now that it will resonate a little +better would + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +youel a littleit + + align:start position:0% +youel a littleit + + + align:start position:0% +youel a littleit +and well these days you know what you + + align:start position:0% +and well these days you know what you + + + align:start position:0% +and well these days you know what you +could do is basic um if you had access + + align:start position:0% +could do is basic um if you had access + + + align:start position:0% +could do is basic um if you had access +to the to the right um machines you + + align:start position:0% +to the to the right um machines you + + + align:start position:0% +to the to the right um machines you +could scan the model and that would be + + align:start position:0% +could scan the model and that would be + + + align:start position:0% +could scan the model and that would be +the the you know if uh for for some of + + align:start position:0% +the the you know if uh for for some of + + + align:start position:0% +the the you know if uh for for some of +you who's who went further with the + + align:start position:0% +you who's who went further with the + + + align:start position:0% +you who's who went further with the +model that would actually right now you + + align:start position:0% +model that would actually right now you + + + align:start position:0% +model that would actually right now you +know um in the Practical reality of who + + align:start position:0% +know um in the Practical reality of who + + + align:start position:0% +know um in the Practical reality of who +you are and where you are and what you + + align:start position:0% +you are and where you are and what you + + + align:start position:0% +you are and where you are and what you +have available scanning your model and + + align:start position:0% +have available scanning your model and + + + align:start position:0% +have available scanning your model and +continuing from there or digitizing your + + align:start position:0% +continuing from there or digitizing your + + + align:start position:0% +continuing from there or digitizing your +drawing and continuing for there would + + align:start position:0% +drawing and continuing for there would + + + align:start position:0% +drawing and continuing for there would +probably be more realistic and and even + + align:start position:0% +probably be more realistic and and even + + + align:start position:0% +probably be more realistic and and even +more interesting to you than trying to + + align:start position:0% +more interesting to you than trying to + + + align:start position:0% +more interesting to you than trying to +continue um finding ways to deal with + + align:start position:0% +continue um finding ways to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +continue um finding ways to deal with +this particular uh woodworking or or + + align:start position:0% +this particular uh woodworking or or + + + align:start position:0% +this particular uh woodworking or or +hand drawing uh you know uh Tech te + + align:start position:0% +hand drawing uh you know uh Tech te + + + align:start position:0% +hand drawing uh you know uh Tech te +which are of more historical Interest + + align:start position:0% +which are of more historical Interest + + + align:start position:0% +which are of more historical Interest +really in a pragmatic sense than than + + align:start position:0% +really in a pragmatic sense than than + + + align:start position:0% +really in a pragmatic sense than than +anything else so + + align:start position:0% +anything else so + + + align:start position:0% +anything else so +um you know then then then then um yeah + + align:start position:0% +um you know then then then then um yeah + + + align:start position:0% +um you know then then then then um yeah +um well the one for you yes because you + + align:start position:0% +um well the one for you yes because you + + + align:start position:0% +um well the one for you yes because you +haven't done any of that you might as + + align:start position:0% +haven't done any of that you might as + + + align:start position:0% +haven't done any of that you might as +well skip it directly but for instance + + align:start position:0% +well skip it directly but for instance + + + align:start position:0% +well skip it directly but for instance +for for the ones of you who've gone + + align:start position:0% +for for the ones of you who've gone + + + align:start position:0% +for for the ones of you who've gone +further with the drawing you you might + + align:start position:0% +further with the drawing you you might + + + align:start position:0% +further with the drawing you you might +want to do a combination of scanning the + + align:start position:0% +want to do a combination of scanning the + + + align:start position:0% +want to do a combination of scanning the +model and and uh and digitizing the + + align:start position:0% +model and and uh and digitizing the + + + align:start position:0% +model and and uh and digitizing the +drawing and then actually putting them + + align:start position:0% +drawing and then actually putting them + + + align:start position:0% +drawing and then actually putting them +together and then wow you really open up + + align:start position:0% +together and then wow you really open up + + + align:start position:0% +together and then wow you really open up +a whole sense of of of how all of this + + align:start position:0% +a whole sense of of of how all of this + + + align:start position:0% +a whole sense of of of how all of this +stuff came together um and then U you + + align:start position:0% +stuff came together um and then U you + + + align:start position:0% +stuff came together um and then U you +know once once you're inside of the box + + align:start position:0% +know once once you're inside of the box + + + align:start position:0% +know once once you're inside of the box +there uh um you you can start exploring + + align:start position:0% +there uh um you you can start exploring + + + align:start position:0% +there uh um you you can start exploring +all of the the the the the freedom and + + align:start position:0% +all of the the the the the freedom and + + + align:start position:0% +all of the the the the the freedom and +uh and and um and detail you know the + + align:start position:0% +uh and and um and detail you know the + + + align:start position:0% +uh and and um and detail you know the +the specificity that you can that you + + align:start position:0% +the specificity that you can that you + + + align:start position:0% +the specificity that you can that you +can combine in in that in that format + + align:start position:0% +can combine in in that in that format + + + align:start position:0% +can combine in in that in that format +it's it's it's a matter of familiarity + + align:start position:0% +it's it's it's a matter of familiarity + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's it's a matter of familiarity +with the tools too I mean that's that's + + align:start position:0% +with the tools too I mean that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +with the tools too I mean that's that's +I mean like like The Woodworking part + + align:start position:0% +I mean like like The Woodworking part + + + align:start position:0% +I mean like like The Woodworking part +I'm I'm more familiar with those tools + + align:start position:0% +I'm I'm more familiar with those tools + + + align:start position:0% +I'm I'm more familiar with those tools +than I am any of the drafting tools and + + align:start position:0% +than I am any of the drafting tools and + + + align:start position:0% +than I am any of the drafting tools and +I would proba + + align:start position:0% +I would proba + + + align:start position:0% +I would proba +for myself I would trust my own judgment + + align:start position:0% +for myself I would trust my own judgment + + + align:start position:0% +for myself I would trust my own judgment +on a Model more than I would the drawing + + align:start position:0% +on a Model more than I would the drawing + + + align:start position:0% +on a Model more than I would the drawing +that's my that's what I'm more + + align:start position:0% +that's my that's what I'm more + + + align:start position:0% +that's my that's what I'm more +accustomed to um you know because I know + + align:start position:0% +accustomed to um you know because I know + + + align:start position:0% +accustomed to um you know because I know +how those tools make those Fair curves I + + align:start position:0% +how those tools make those Fair curves I + + + align:start position:0% +how those tools make those Fair curves I +know I know how to make them do it + + align:start position:0% +know I know how to make them do it + + + align:start position:0% +know I know how to make them do it +because I've been planting wood for 35 + + align:start position:0% +because I've been planting wood for 35 + + + align:start position:0% +because I've been planting wood for 35 +years but right um for you know if + + align:start position:0% +years but right um for you know if + + + align:start position:0% +years but right um for you know if +you're more accustomed to a computer and + + align:start position:0% +you're more accustomed to a computer and + + + align:start position:0% +you're more accustomed to a computer and +understanding the shape that way yeah + + align:start position:0% +understanding the shape that way yeah + + + align:start position:0% +understanding the shape that way yeah +then that's a fantastic tool it's better + + align:start position:0% +then that's a fantastic tool it's better + + + align:start position:0% +then that's a fantastic tool it's better +than mine really so but but but here's + + align:start position:0% +than mine really so but but but here's + + + align:start position:0% +than mine really so but but but here's +one thing that I think that that because + + align:start position:0% +one thing that I think that that because + + + align:start position:0% +one thing that I think that that because +of your experience here you're going to + + align:start position:0% +of your experience here you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +of your experience here you're going to +have have uh a more finely tuned sense + + align:start position:0% +have have uh a more finely tuned sense + + + align:start position:0% +have have uh a more finely tuned sense +of what to do in CAD than people who + + align:start position:0% +of what to do in CAD than people who + + + align:start position:0% +of what to do in CAD than people who +just started directly in CAD because um + + align:start position:0% +just started directly in CAD because um + + + align:start position:0% +just started directly in CAD because um +I think you've you've noticed you've + + align:start position:0% +I think you've you've noticed you've + + + align:start position:0% +I think you've you've noticed you've +been able to realize how if you + + align:start position:0% +been able to realize how if you + + + align:start position:0% +been able to realize how if you +don't take control of your tools your + + align:start position:0% +don't take control of your tools your + + + align:start position:0% +don't take control of your tools your +tools take control of you right and the + + align:start position:0% +tools take control of you right and the + + + align:start position:0% +tools take control of you right and the +easier the tool is the easier it is for + + align:start position:0% +easier the tool is the easier it is for + + + align:start position:0% +easier the tool is the easier it is for +the tool to take control of you and so + + align:start position:0% +the tool to take control of you and so + + + align:start position:0% +the tool to take control of you and so +you'll find that um that espe + + align:start position:0% +you'll find that um that espe + + + align:start position:0% +you'll find that um that espe +that this is starting to become less of + + align:start position:0% +that this is starting to become less of + + + align:start position:0% +that this is starting to become less of +a problem but but 15 years ago or so + + align:start position:0% +a problem but but 15 years ago or so + + + align:start position:0% +a problem but but 15 years ago or so +when when CAD design and boats started + + align:start position:0% +when when CAD design and boats started + + + align:start position:0% +when when CAD design and boats started +to First interact u a lot um that every + + align:start position:0% +to First interact u a lot um that every + + + align:start position:0% +to First interact u a lot um that every +CAD boat looked like every other CAD + + align:start position:0% +CAD boat looked like every other CAD + + + align:start position:0% +CAD boat looked like every other CAD +boat because because people were being + + align:start position:0% +boat because because people were being + + + align:start position:0% +boat because because people were being +dominated by the by the technology as + + align:start position:0% +dominated by the by the technology as + + + align:start position:0% +dominated by the by the technology as +opposed to you know using the tool + + align:start position:0% +opposed to you know using the tool + + + align:start position:0% +opposed to you know using the tool +critically um and that's you know that + + align:start position:0% +critically um and that's you know that + + + align:start position:0% +critically um and that's you know that +when I talked about the transition that + + align:start position:0% +when I talked about the transition that + + + align:start position:0% +when I talked about the transition that +I had to personally go through um you + + align:start position:0% +I had to personally go through um you + + + align:start position:0% +I had to personally go through um you +know it could have I could have gotten + + align:start position:0% +know it could have I could have gotten + + + align:start position:0% +know it could have I could have gotten +rid of a lot of the trouble of that if I + + align:start position:0% +rid of a lot of the trouble of that if I + + + align:start position:0% +rid of a lot of the trouble of that if I +had just accepted that and said oh okay + + align:start position:0% +had just accepted that and said oh okay + + + align:start position:0% +had just accepted that and said oh okay +well in cat all boats are supposed to + + align:start position:0% +well in cat all boats are supposed to + + + align:start position:0% +well in cat all boats are supposed to +look like that because that's how boats + + align:start position:0% +look like that because that's how boats + + + align:start position:0% +look like that because that's how boats +are easily done in CAD you know um but I + + align:start position:0% +are easily done in CAD you know um but I + + + align:start position:0% +are easily done in CAD you know um but I +I didn't want to do that so so I wanted + + align:start position:0% +I didn't want to do that so so I wanted + + + align:start position:0% +I didn't want to do that so so I wanted +to bring what I'd learned before that + + align:start position:0% +to bring what I'd learned before that + + + align:start position:0% +to bring what I'd learned before that +and and force CAD to do what I wanted to + + align:start position:0% +and and force CAD to do what I wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +and and force CAD to do what I wanted to +do instead of the other way around so so + + align:start position:0% +do instead of the other way around so so + + + align:start position:0% +do instead of the other way around so so +you know a lot of ways this whole + + align:start position:0% +you know a lot of ways this whole + + + align:start position:0% +you know a lot of ways this whole +experience is probably going to help you + + align:start position:0% +experience is probably going to help you + + + align:start position:0% +experience is probably going to help you +a lot more not get just sucked into the + + align:start position:0% +a lot more not get just sucked into the + + + align:start position:0% +a lot more not get just sucked into the +to the cliches that that that will will + + align:start position:0% +to the cliches that that that will will + + + align:start position:0% +to the cliches that that that will will +set you up for um okay so we and we we + + align:start position:0% +set you up for um okay so we and we we + + + align:start position:0% +set you up for um okay so we and we we +definitely stuck with for this method we + + align:start position:0% +definitely stuck with for this method we + + + align:start position:0% +definitely stuck with for this method we +generally stuck to more traditional + + align:start position:0% +generally stuck to more traditional + + + align:start position:0% +generally stuck to more traditional +forms because the method suits it it + + align:start position:0% +forms because the method suits it it + + + align:start position:0% +forms because the method suits it it +really does and even the way the tools + + align:start position:0% +really does and even the way the tools + + + align:start position:0% +really does and even the way the tools +work you can kind of replicate in your + + align:start position:0% +work you can kind of replicate in your + + + align:start position:0% +work you can kind of replicate in your +mind how the planking would run and how + + align:start position:0% +mind how the planking would run and how + + + align:start position:0% +mind how the planking would run and how +the boat might be built yeah we should + + align:start position:0% +the boat might be built yeah we should + + + align:start position:0% +the boat might be built yeah we should +yeah we should move on so just one last + + align:start position:0% +yeah we should move on so just one last + + + align:start position:0% +yeah we should move on so just one last +thought before we go up when we when we + + align:start position:0% +thought before we go up when we when we + + + align:start position:0% +thought before we go up when we when we +get up to the model room I really would + + align:start position:0% +get up to the model room I really would + + + align:start position:0% +get up to the model room I really would +like each of you to uh to look at all + + align:start position:0% +like each of you to uh to look at all + + + align:start position:0% +like each of you to uh to look at all +the models with a critical eye of how + + align:start position:0% +the models with a critical eye of how + + + align:start position:0% +the models with a critical eye of how +does you know which ones of these have + + align:start position:0% +does you know which ones of these have + + + align:start position:0% +does you know which ones of these have +the most most bearing on what I've been + + align:start position:0% +the most most bearing on what I've been + + + align:start position:0% +the most most bearing on what I've been +working on and uh and then to you know + + align:start position:0% +working on and uh and then to you know + + + align:start position:0% +working on and uh and then to you know +come up with with questions uh that you + + align:start position:0% +come up with with questions uh that you + + + align:start position:0% +come up with with questions uh that you +can share with a group or comments or + + align:start position:0% +can share with a group or comments or + + + align:start position:0% +can share with a group or comments or +whatever um so we can have a bit more of + + align:start position:0% +whatever um so we can have a bit more of + + + align:start position:0% +whatever um so we can have a bit more of +interaction because at this point we do + + align:start position:0% +interaction because at this point we do + + + align:start position:0% +interaction because at this point we do +have each of you have some specificity + + align:start position:0% +have each of you have some specificity + + + align:start position:0% +have each of you have some specificity +that you can bring to bear some starting + + align:start position:0% +that you can bring to bear some starting + + + align:start position:0% +that you can bring to bear some starting +point to bring to bear to this so so we + + align:start position:0% +point to bring to bear to this so so we + + + align:start position:0% +point to bring to bear to this so so we +should be able to make this more of a + + align:start position:0% +should be able to make this more of a + + + align:start position:0% +should be able to make this more of a +discussion so shall we we're gathered + + align:start position:0% +discussion so shall we we're gathered + + + align:start position:0% +discussion so shall we we're gathered +here in the uh uh collection storage + + align:start position:0% +here in the uh uh collection storage + + + align:start position:0% +here in the uh uh collection storage +area um for the the MIT Museum's + + align:start position:0% +area um for the the MIT Museum's + + + align:start position:0% +area um for the the MIT Museum's +archival Collections and photographic + + align:start position:0% +archival Collections and photographic + + + align:start position:0% +archival Collections and photographic +collections uh almost all of our paper + + align:start position:0% +collections uh almost all of our paper + + + align:start position:0% +collections uh almost all of our paper +based and and photographic based + + align:start position:0% +based and and photographic based + + + align:start position:0% +based and and photographic based +collections are in this in this area + + align:start position:0% +collections are in this in this area + + + align:start position:0% +collections are in this in this area +back here and and the uh two largest + + align:start position:0% +back here and and the uh two largest + + + align:start position:0% +back here and and the uh two largest +design collections that we have are uh + + align:start position:0% +design collections that we have are uh + + + align:start position:0% +design collections that we have are uh +what we refer to generally is the heart + + align:start position:0% +what we refer to generally is the heart + + + align:start position:0% +what we refer to generally is the heart +nautical collections it's a series + + align:start position:0% +nautical collections it's a series + + + align:start position:0% +nautical collections it's a series +of uh collections that range from uh + + align:start position:0% +of uh collections that range from uh + + + align:start position:0% +of uh collections that range from uh +ship building archives um + + align:start position:0% +ship building archives um + + + align:start position:0% +ship building archives um +and uh yacht design archives um various + + align:start position:0% +and uh yacht design archives um various + + + align:start position:0% +and uh yacht design archives um various +designers and Builders uh from uh old + + align:start position:0% +designers and Builders uh from uh old + + + align:start position:0% +designers and Builders uh from uh old +mit alum in Nathaniel Green heroff uh + + align:start position:0% +mit alum in Nathaniel Green heroff uh + + + align:start position:0% +mit alum in Nathaniel Green heroff uh +class of 19 + + align:start position:0% +class of 19 + + + align:start position:0% +class of 19 +1869 uh he was a special student in + + align:start position:0% +1869 uh he was a special student in + + + align:start position:0% +1869 uh he was a special student in +mechanical engineering here at MIT back + + align:start position:0% +mechanical engineering here at MIT back + + + align:start position:0% +mechanical engineering here at MIT back +in those days you there were special + + align:start position:0% +in those days you there were special + + + align:start position:0% +in those days you there were special +student status student you could study + + align:start position:0% +student status student you could study + + + align:start position:0% +student status student you could study +whatever you wanted to study but he sort + + align:start position:0% +whatever you wanted to study but he sort + + + align:start position:0% +whatever you wanted to study but he sort +of he didn't actually get a degree uh + + align:start position:0% +of he didn't actually get a degree uh + + + align:start position:0% +of he didn't actually get a degree uh +but he studied here for I think uh three + + align:start position:0% +but he studied here for I think uh three + + + align:start position:0% +but he studied here for I think uh three +years uh we can't use his plans then + + align:start position:0% +years uh we can't use his plans then + + + align:start position:0% +years uh we can't use his plans then +right he doesn't have a degree no no no + + align:start position:0% +right he doesn't have a degree no no no + + + align:start position:0% +right he doesn't have a degree no no no +um so so anyway there's there's uh + + align:start position:0% +um so so anyway there's there's uh + + + align:start position:0% +um so so anyway there's there's uh +various collections that have uh a + + align:start position:0% +various collections that have uh a + + + align:start position:0% +various collections that have uh a +distinct uh MIT uh connection like + + align:start position:0% +distinct uh MIT uh connection like + + + align:start position:0% +distinct uh MIT uh connection like +Professor George Owens design collection + + align:start position:0% +Professor George Owens design collection + + + align:start position:0% +Professor George Owens design collection +is here and and of course many of these + + align:start position:0% +is here and and of course many of these + + + align:start position:0% +is here and and of course many of these +yacht design firms uh and or the + + align:start position:0% +yacht design firms uh and or the + + + align:start position:0% +yacht design firms uh and or the +shipyards + + align:start position:0% +shipyards + + + align:start position:0% +shipyards +employed uh MIT grads not just in uh + + align:start position:0% +employed uh MIT grads not just in uh + + + align:start position:0% +employed uh MIT grads not just in uh +Naval architecture in Ocean engineering + + align:start position:0% +Naval architecture in Ocean engineering + + + align:start position:0% +Naval architecture in Ocean engineering +but mechanical engineering in various uh + + align:start position:0% +but mechanical engineering in various uh + + + align:start position:0% +but mechanical engineering in various uh +various areas so to some extent it is a + + align:start position:0% +various areas so to some extent it is a + + + align:start position:0% +various areas so to some extent it is a +little bit of a it's a it's a record of + + align:start position:0% +little bit of a it's a it's a record of + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of a it's a it's a record of +of us u u Naval and um um uh record of + + align:start position:0% +of us u u Naval and um um uh record of + + + align:start position:0% +of us u u Naval and um um uh record of +US Naval architecture and Marine + + align:start position:0% +US Naval architecture and Marine + + + align:start position:0% +US Naval architecture and Marine +engineering uh from we'll say about mid + + align:start position:0% +engineering uh from we'll say about mid + + + align:start position:0% +engineering uh from we'll say about mid +19 century right on through today and as + + align:start position:0% +19 century right on through today and as + + + align:start position:0% +19 century right on through today and as +I was talking to you earlier we're still + + align:start position:0% +I was talking to you earlier we're still + + + align:start position:0% +I was talking to you earlier we're still +documenting we're still collecting I'm + + align:start position:0% +documenting we're still collecting I'm + + + align:start position:0% +documenting we're still collecting I'm +I'm talking to alums from uh 1970 + + align:start position:0% +I'm talking to alums from uh 1970 + + + align:start position:0% +I'm talking to alums from uh 1970 +1975 um and getting their stories and + + align:start position:0% +1975 um and getting their stories and + + + align:start position:0% +1975 um and getting their stories and +and actually collecting um technology + + align:start position:0% +and actually collecting um technology + + + align:start position:0% +and actually collecting um technology +sort of the where this technology has + + align:start position:0% +sort of the where this technology has + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the where this technology has +has evolved to uh so it's an ongoing + + align:start position:0% +has evolved to uh so it's an ongoing + + + align:start position:0% +has evolved to uh so it's an ongoing +process but what we've what we've gotten + + align:start position:0% +process but what we've what we've gotten + + + align:start position:0% +process but what we've what we've gotten +out here for you today is just a uh just + + align:start position:0% +out here for you today is just a uh just + + + align:start position:0% +out here for you today is just a uh just +a fragment of uh uh some of the material + + align:start position:0% +a fragment of uh uh some of the material + + + align:start position:0% +a fragment of uh uh some of the material +that's here um I did want to point out + + align:start position:0% +that's here um I did want to point out + + + align:start position:0% +that's here um I did want to point out +that uh behind you and on this side here + + align:start position:0% +that uh behind you and on this side here + + + align:start position:0% +that uh behind you and on this side here +all these flat files contain not just + + align:start position:0% +all these flat files contain not just + + + align:start position:0% +all these flat files contain not just +the heart ticle collections but we have + + align:start position:0% +the heart ticle collections but we have + + + align:start position:0% +the heart ticle collections but we have +an architecture and design collection um + + align:start position:0% +an architecture and design collection um + + + align:start position:0% +an architecture and design collection um +that uh represents largely student work + + align:start position:0% +that uh represents largely student work + + + align:start position:0% +that uh represents largely student work +here at MIT the first School of + + align:start position:0% +here at MIT the first School of + + + align:start position:0% +here at MIT the first School of +Architecture in the United States was + + align:start position:0% +Architecture in the United States was + + + align:start position:0% +Architecture in the United States was +MIT and actually the first school of + + align:start position:0% +MIT and actually the first school of + + + align:start position:0% +MIT and actually the first school of +Naval architecture and Marine + + align:start position:0% +Naval architecture and Marine + + + align:start position:0% +Naval architecture and Marine +engineering was first four-year college + + align:start position:0% +engineering was first four-year college + + + align:start position:0% +engineering was first four-year college +program in the United States was here at + + align:start position:0% +program in the United States was here at + + + align:start position:0% +program in the United States was here at +MIT uh so you know + + align:start position:0% +MIT uh so you know + + + align:start position:0% +MIT uh so you know +186 uh six I think the first class were + + align:start position:0% +186 uh six I think the first class were + + + align:start position:0% +186 uh six I think the first class were +6 I think right after the Civil War I + + align:start position:0% +6 I think right after the Civil War I + + + align:start position:0% +6 I think right after the Civil War I +think is one the first classes were and + + align:start position:0% +think is one the first classes were and + + + align:start position:0% +think is one the first classes were and +so that's the beginning of architect + + align:start position:0% +so that's the beginning of architect + + + align:start position:0% +so that's the beginning of architect +formal architecture U education of the + + align:start position:0% +formal architecture U education of the + + + align:start position:0% +formal architecture U education of the +United States and then the the uh what + + align:start position:0% +United States and then the the uh what + + + align:start position:0% +United States and then the the uh what +we refer to was used to refer to as + + align:start position:0% +we refer to was used to refer to as + + + align:start position:0% +we refer to was used to refer to as +course 13 because now it's merged into + + align:start position:0% +course 13 because now it's merged into + + + align:start position:0% +course 13 because now it's merged into +mechanical uh started in + + align:start position:0% +mechanical uh started in + + + align:start position:0% +mechanical uh started in +1893 uh and so in this room you have one + + align:start position:0% +1893 uh and so in this room you have one + + + align:start position:0% +1893 uh and so in this room you have one +of the most uh unique design collections + + align:start position:0% +of the most uh unique design collections + + + align:start position:0% +of the most uh unique design collections +uh probably anywhere in the city and I + + align:start position:0% +uh probably anywhere in the city and I + + + align:start position:0% +uh probably anywhere in the city and I +would I would argue there are a few + + align:start position:0% +would I would argue there are a few + + + align:start position:0% +would I would argue there are a few +other museums that have a + + align:start position:0% +other museums that have a + + + align:start position:0% +other museums that have a +worldclass architecture and Naval + + align:start position:0% +worldclass architecture and Naval + + + align:start position:0% +worldclass architecture and Naval +architecture and Marine engineering + + align:start position:0% +architecture and Marine engineering + + + align:start position:0% +architecture and Marine engineering +design collection so it's it's it's it's + + align:start position:0% +design collection so it's it's it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +design collection so it's it's it's it's +a design + + align:start position:0% +a design + + + align:start position:0% +a design +library and you know right now it's sort + + align:start position:0% +library and you know right now it's sort + + + align:start position:0% +library and you know right now it's sort +of a you know how to access it it's it's + + align:start position:0% +of a you know how to access it it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +of a you know how to access it it's it's +more or less analog we've been doing a + + align:start position:0% +more or less analog we've been doing a + + + align:start position:0% +more or less analog we've been doing a +little bit of uh been uh slogging away + + align:start position:0% +little bit of uh been uh slogging away + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of uh been uh slogging away +at trying to convert the access to a + + align:start position:0% +at trying to convert the access to a + + + align:start position:0% +at trying to convert the access to a +digital access we we literally are going + + align:start position:0% +digital access we we literally are going + + + align:start position:0% +digital access we we literally are going +to have an online + + align:start position:0% +to have an online + + + align:start position:0% +to have an online +database uh starting this summer uh + + align:start position:0% +database uh starting this summer uh + + + align:start position:0% +database uh starting this summer uh +probably not till August uh and you'll + + align:start position:0% +probably not till August uh and you'll + + + align:start position:0% +probably not till August uh and you'll +be able to go in and access 38,000 + + align:start position:0% +be able to go in and access 38,000 + + + align:start position:0% +be able to go in and access 38,000 +records in the heart naal collections um + + align:start position:0% +records in the heart naal collections um + + + align:start position:0% +records in the heart naal collections um +there's going to be a web interface to + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be a web interface to + + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be a web interface to +our database uh we're in the process of + + align:start position:0% +our database uh we're in the process of + + + align:start position:0% +our database uh we're in the process of +buying a new database so you're not + + align:start position:0% +buying a new database so you're not + + + align:start position:0% +buying a new database so you're not +going to be able to see too many images + + align:start position:0% +going to be able to see too many images + + + align:start position:0% +going to be able to see too many images +of the plans but you'll be able to + + align:start position:0% +of the plans but you'll be able to + + + align:start position:0% +of the plans but you'll be able to +search across and this is going to be a + + align:start position:0% +search across and this is going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +search across and this is going to be a +phenomenal breakthrough for all the + + align:start position:0% +phenomenal breakthrough for all the + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenal breakthrough for all the +people who who utilize the collections + + align:start position:0% +people who who utilize the collections + + + align:start position:0% +people who who utilize the collections +right now and then we're going to start + + align:start position:0% +right now and then we're going to start + + + align:start position:0% +right now and then we're going to start +scanning this material in so you'll be + + align:start position:0% +scanning this material in so you'll be + + + align:start position:0% +scanning this material in so you'll be +able to as a design library is is a + + align:start position:0% +able to as a design library is is a + + + align:start position:0% +able to as a design library is is a +library that you must be able to + + align:start position:0% +library that you must be able to + + + align:start position:0% +library that you must be able to +visualize the material you can call up + + align:start position:0% +visualize the material you can call up + + + align:start position:0% +visualize the material you can call up +and say I'm looking for this kind of + + align:start position:0% +and say I'm looking for this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and say I'm looking for this kind of +stuff and you can get records that say + + align:start position:0% +stuff and you can get records that say + + + align:start position:0% +stuff and you can get records that say +well there's sort of this kind of stuff + + align:start position:0% +well there's sort of this kind of stuff + + + align:start position:0% +well there's sort of this kind of stuff +descriptive records but as you as you + + align:start position:0% +descriptive records but as you as you + + + align:start position:0% +descriptive records but as you as you +all have been experiencing you know + + align:start position:0% +all have been experiencing you know + + + align:start position:0% +all have been experiencing you know +visualizing both thre dimensionally and + + align:start position:0% +visualizing both thre dimensionally and + + + align:start position:0% +visualizing both thre dimensionally and +two-dimensionally is really critical and + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensionally is really critical and + + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensionally is really critical and +what's depicted on the plans is is uh + + align:start position:0% +what's depicted on the plans is is uh + + + align:start position:0% +what's depicted on the plans is is uh +you know a lance plan is not a lance + + align:start position:0% +you know a lance plan is not a lance + + + align:start position:0% +you know a lance plan is not a lance +plan is not a lance plan there's there's + + align:start position:0% +plan is not a lance plan there's there's + + + align:start position:0% +plan is not a lance plan there's there's +there's similar information across lines + + align:start position:0% +there's similar information across lines + + + align:start position:0% +there's similar information across lines +plans or construction plans but it + + align:start position:0% +plans or construction plans but it + + + align:start position:0% +plans or construction plans but it +varies so what we have here is um we + + align:start position:0% +varies so what we have here is um we + + + align:start position:0% +varies so what we have here is um we +have a preliminary lines plan of Frank + + align:start position:0% +have a preliminary lines plan of Frank + + + align:start position:0% +have a preliminary lines plan of Frank +if this is Bernice Yep this is a pclass + + align:start position:0% +if this is Bernice Yep this is a pclass + + + align:start position:0% +if this is Bernice Yep this is a pclass +universal rule pclass boat uh by profess + + align:start position:0% +universal rule pclass boat uh by profess + + + align:start position:0% +universal rule pclass boat uh by profess +Professor George Owen and you walk by an + + align:start position:0% +Professor George Owen and you walk by an + + + align:start position:0% +Professor George Owen and you walk by an +exhibit um that you may want to look at + + align:start position:0% +exhibit um that you may want to look at + + + align:start position:0% +exhibit um that you may want to look at +that take a look at that on your on your + + align:start position:0% +that take a look at that on your on your + + + align:start position:0% +that take a look at that on your on your +way out uh it doesn't have any lines + + align:start position:0% +way out uh it doesn't have any lines + + + align:start position:0% +way out uh it doesn't have any lines +plans it has construction and sale plans + + align:start position:0% +plans it has construction and sale plans + + + align:start position:0% +plans it has construction and sale plans +and then some uh some representative + + align:start position:0% +and then some uh some representative + + + align:start position:0% +and then some uh some representative +models from the collection and uh George + + align:start position:0% +models from the collection and uh George + + + align:start position:0% +models from the collection and uh George +designed on the board meaning George did + + align:start position:0% +designed on the board meaning George did + + + align:start position:0% +designed on the board meaning George did +not design as you have been uh uh + + align:start position:0% +not design as you have been uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +not design as you have been uh uh +working this week George designed uh he + + align:start position:0% +working this week George designed uh he + + + align:start position:0% +working this week George designed uh he +didn't design with a model first first + + align:start position:0% +didn't design with a model first first + + + align:start position:0% +didn't design with a model first first +he designed scientifically the new + + align:start position:0% +he designed scientifically the new + + + align:start position:0% +he designed scientifically the new +fangled way and as uh Tony has been you + + align:start position:0% +fangled way and as uh Tony has been you + + + align:start position:0% +fangled way and as uh Tony has been you +know hammering I'm sure uh now you said + + align:start position:0% +know hammering I'm sure uh now you said + + + align:start position:0% +know hammering I'm sure uh now you said +oh you said there was a final actually I + + align:start position:0% +oh you said there was a final actually I + + + align:start position:0% +oh you said there was a final actually I +wouldn't really call these uh right + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't really call these uh right + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't really call these uh right +that's that's one that was apparently + + align:start position:0% +that's that's one that was apparently + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's one that was apparently +sent to the shop and then they use that + + align:start position:0% +sent to the shop and then they use that + + + align:start position:0% +sent to the shop and then they use that +to to expand the lines well what + + align:start position:0% +to to expand the lines well what + + + align:start position:0% +to to expand the lines well what +typically what what what I'm referring + + align:start position:0% +typically what what what I'm referring + + + align:start position:0% +typically what what what I'm referring +to is is there's a working there may be + + align:start position:0% +to is is there's a working there may be + + + align:start position:0% +to is is there's a working there may be +a couple of working examples of the + + align:start position:0% +a couple of working examples of the + + + align:start position:0% +a couple of working examples of the +lines and you'll see all the erasers and + + align:start position:0% +lines and you'll see all the erasers and + + + align:start position:0% +lines and you'll see all the erasers and +this will all be you know this is all + + align:start position:0% +this will all be you know this is all + + + align:start position:0% +this will all be you know this is all +familiar to what you guys been doing to + + align:start position:0% +familiar to what you guys been doing to + + + align:start position:0% +familiar to what you guys been doing to +to some extent and then and then + + align:start position:0% +to some extent and then and then + + + align:start position:0% +to some extent and then and then +generally in a design collection you + + align:start position:0% +generally in a design collection you + + + align:start position:0% +generally in a design collection you +will find in lines you'll find a final + + align:start position:0% +will find in lines you'll find a final + + + align:start position:0% +will find in lines you'll find a final +where they've resolved this is it this + + align:start position:0% +where they've resolved this is it this + + + align:start position:0% +where they've resolved this is it this +is the final and it's it's it's a sort + + align:start position:0% +is the final and it's it's it's a sort + + + align:start position:0% +is the final and it's it's it's a sort +of a documentation of that final shape + + align:start position:0% +of a documentation of that final shape + + + align:start position:0% +of a documentation of that final shape +that was Will presume the built + + align:start position:0% +that was Will presume the built + + + align:start position:0% +that was Will presume the built +shape next one down is a de is + + align:start position:0% +shape next one down is a de is + + + align:start position:0% +shape next one down is a de is +detail and then uh right um you know + + align:start position:0% +detail and then uh right um you know + + + align:start position:0% +detail and then uh right um you know +I'll let Tony talk about about some of + + align:start position:0% +I'll let Tony talk about about some of + + + align:start position:0% +I'll let Tony talk about about some of +these uh in in detail I just want to + + align:start position:0% +these uh in in detail I just want to + + + align:start position:0% +these uh in in detail I just want to +kind of give you a a review of what we + + align:start position:0% +kind of give you a a review of what we + + + align:start position:0% +kind of give you a a review of what we +got this is all one boat this is a boat + + align:start position:0% +got this is all one boat this is a boat + + + align:start position:0% +got this is all one boat this is a boat +that still exists today it's actually + + align:start position:0% +that still exists today it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +that still exists today it's actually +being restored up in um Rockport Maine + + align:start position:0% +being restored up in um Rockport Maine + + + align:start position:0% +being restored up in um Rockport Maine +at uh uh Rockport Marine Rockport Marine + + align:start position:0% +at uh uh Rockport Marine Rockport Marine + + + align:start position:0% +at uh uh Rockport Marine Rockport Marine +um and um and and so uh we just met with + + align:start position:0% +um and um and and so uh we just met with + + + align:start position:0% +um and um and and so uh we just met with +the owner of the boat uh just recently + + align:start position:0% +the owner of the boat uh just recently + + + align:start position:0% +the owner of the boat uh just recently +and and uh let's see what's a PE Boo's + + align:start position:0% +and and uh let's see what's a PE Boo's + + + align:start position:0% +and and uh let's see what's a PE Boo's +overall length it's uh about uh50 I + + align:start position:0% +overall length it's uh about uh50 I + + + align:start position:0% +overall length it's uh about uh50 I +think yeah what this is 50 ft or yeah 55 + + align:start position:0% +think yeah what this is 50 ft or yeah 55 + + + align:start position:0% +think yeah what this is 50 ft or yeah 55 +or so 55 so it's a really sizable yacht + + align:start position:0% +or so 55 so it's a really sizable yacht + + + align:start position:0% +or so 55 so it's a really sizable yacht +um and + + align:start position:0% +um and + + + align:start position:0% +um and +uh and so this is a you know this is his + + align:start position:0% +uh and so this is a you know this is his + + + align:start position:0% +uh and so this is a you know this is his +his approach to a construction plan and + + align:start position:0% +his approach to a construction plan and + + + align:start position:0% +his approach to a construction plan and +you'll see what you what you're looking + + align:start position:0% +you'll see what you what you're looking + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see what you what you're looking +out over here is a construction plan for + + align:start position:0% +out over here is a construction plan for + + + align:start position:0% +out over here is a construction plan for +bivo which is a sa class boat uh by NG + + align:start position:0% +bivo which is a sa class boat uh by NG + + + align:start position:0% +bivo which is a sa class boat uh by NG +heroff and it's similar to the the + + align:start position:0% +heroff and it's similar to the the + + + align:start position:0% +heroff and it's similar to the the +models that we pointed out to you that + + align:start position:0% +models that we pointed out to you that + + + align:start position:0% +models that we pointed out to you that +had the really narrow water line but + + align:start position:0% +had the really narrow water line but + + + align:start position:0% +had the really narrow water line but +lots of overhang and when it heals it's + + align:start position:0% +lots of overhang and when it heals it's + + + align:start position:0% +lots of overhang and when it heals it's +waterline length uh and and there was a + + align:start position:0% +waterline length uh and and there was a + + + align:start position:0% +waterline length uh and and there was a +replica of this boat that was actually + + align:start position:0% +replica of this boat that was actually + + + align:start position:0% +replica of this boat that was actually +built um in um up in Maine about a + + align:start position:0% +built um in um up in Maine about a + + + align:start position:0% +built um in um up in Maine about a +decade ago for a German client this + + align:start position:0% +decade ago for a German client this + + + align:start position:0% +decade ago for a German client this +class is still alive on German lakes and + + align:start position:0% +class is still alive on German lakes and + + + align:start position:0% +class is still alive on German lakes and +there have been a couple of uh replicas + + align:start position:0% +there have been a couple of uh replicas + + + align:start position:0% +there have been a couple of uh replicas +or reproductions built and then uh let's + + align:start position:0% +or reproductions built and then uh let's + + + align:start position:0% +or reproductions built and then uh let's +see what else we've got um this is uh so + + align:start position:0% +see what else we've got um this is uh so + + + align:start position:0% +see what else we've got um this is uh so +this is the in haira collection or the + + align:start position:0% +this is the in haira collection or the + + + align:start position:0% +this is the in haira collection or the +half River hair shof collection the + + align:start position:0% +half River hair shof collection the + + + align:start position:0% +half River hair shof collection the +George Owen collection this is from the + + align:start position:0% +George Owen collection this is from the + + + align:start position:0% +George Owen collection this is from the +the Davis hand collection uh William + + align:start position:0% +the Davis hand collection uh William + + + align:start position:0% +the Davis hand collection uh William +hand was a was a a main uh designer who + + align:start position:0% +hand was a was a a main uh designer who + + + align:start position:0% +hand was a was a a main uh designer who +practiced most of his uh from Maine but + + align:start position:0% +practiced most of his uh from Maine but + + + align:start position:0% +practiced most of his uh from Maine but +practiced mostly in Massachusetts down + + align:start position:0% +practiced mostly in Massachusetts down + + + align:start position:0% +practiced mostly in Massachusetts down +in New Bedford and his uh his early + + align:start position:0% +in New Bedford and his uh his early + + + align:start position:0% +in New Bedford and his uh his early +contribution is he was doing um uh well + + align:start position:0% +contribution is he was doing um uh well + + + align:start position:0% +contribution is he was doing um uh well +power boats at that early period in the + + align:start position:0% +power boats at that early period in the + + + align:start position:0% +power boats at that early period in the +early teens when engines were uh + + align:start position:0% +early teens when engines were uh + + + align:start position:0% +early teens when engines were uh +starting internal engines were starting + + align:start position:0% +starting internal engines were starting + + + align:start position:0% +starting internal engines were starting +to sort of um take over from uh from + + align:start position:0% +to sort of um take over from uh from + + + align:start position:0% +to sort of um take over from uh from +steam or or be a whole new power uh + + align:start position:0% +steam or or be a whole new power uh + + + align:start position:0% +steam or or be a whole new power uh +solution uh he was doing lots of + + align:start position:0% +solution uh he was doing lots of + + + align:start position:0% +solution uh he was doing lots of +experimentation and he was building + + align:start position:0% +experimentation and he was building + + + align:start position:0% +experimentation and he was building +boats that were uh actually quite sea + + align:start position:0% +boats that were uh actually quite sea + + + align:start position:0% +boats that were uh actually quite sea +kindly um they they they were sort of + + align:start position:0% +kindly um they they they were sort of + + + align:start position:0% +kindly um they they they were sort of +pioneers of of the Deep V uh section so + + align:start position:0% +pioneers of of the Deep V uh section so + + + align:start position:0% +pioneers of of the Deep V uh section so +your boat for example you know it's I + + align:start position:0% +your boat for example you know it's I + + + align:start position:0% +your boat for example you know it's I +it's not a power boat but it it's a Chim + + align:start position:0% +it's not a power boat but it it's a Chim + + + align:start position:0% +it's not a power boat but it it's a Chim +boat and if you uh if you um had um more + + align:start position:0% +boat and if you uh if you um had um more + + + align:start position:0% +boat and if you uh if you um had um more +of a v section in the in the run of the + + align:start position:0% +of a v section in the in the run of the + + + align:start position:0% +of a v section in the in the run of the +boat the shape from midship back um you + + align:start position:0% +boat the shape from midship back um you + + + align:start position:0% +boat the shape from midship back um you +know it might be a more sea kindly type + + align:start position:0% +know it might be a more sea kindly type + + + align:start position:0% +know it might be a more sea kindly type +of boat or you might be able to take it + + align:start position:0% +of boat or you might be able to take it + + + align:start position:0% +of boat or you might be able to take it +in heavier ways and you'll note here + + align:start position:0% +in heavier ways and you'll note here + + + align:start position:0% +in heavier ways and you'll note here +that these lines here this last line um + + align:start position:0% +that these lines here this last line um + + + align:start position:0% +that these lines here this last line um +you know you've you've discussed uh what + + align:start position:0% +you know you've you've discussed uh what + + + align:start position:0% +you know you've you've discussed uh what +the lines represent and everything so + + align:start position:0% +the lines represent and everything so + + + align:start position:0% +the lines represent and everything so +everybody's familiar with that in the + + align:start position:0% +everybody's familiar with that in the + + + align:start position:0% +everybody's familiar with that in the +body plan here you'll see the angle of + + align:start position:0% +body plan here you'll see the angle of + + + align:start position:0% +body plan here you'll see the angle of +this this is the last line near the + + align:start position:0% +this this is the last line near the + + + align:start position:0% +this this is the last line near the +trans + + align:start position:0% +trans + + + align:start position:0% +trans +or excuse me not I'm pointing the wrong + + align:start position:0% +or excuse me not I'm pointing the wrong + + + align:start position:0% +or excuse me not I'm pointing the wrong +one this line right here would be the + + align:start position:0% +one this line right here would be the + + + align:start position:0% +one this line right here would be the +last that's essentially the transom I + + align:start position:0% +last that's essentially the transom I + + + align:start position:0% +last that's essentially the transom I +believe right there and see see right at + + align:start position:0% +believe right there and see see right at + + + align:start position:0% +believe right there and see see right at +the transom there's a a fairly good V + + align:start position:0% +the transom there's a a fairly good V + + + align:start position:0% +the transom there's a a fairly good V +section and there's more of a v section + + align:start position:0% +section and there's more of a v section + + + align:start position:0% +section and there's more of a v section +going forward so it wouldn't pound in a + + align:start position:0% +going forward so it wouldn't pound in a + + + align:start position:0% +going forward so it wouldn't pound in a +sea way even though it's a Chine boat it + + align:start position:0% +sea way even though it's a Chine boat it + + + align:start position:0% +sea way even though it's a Chine boat it +would actually and a lot of the other + + align:start position:0% +would actually and a lot of the other + + + align:start position:0% +would actually and a lot of the other +power boats in that era were actually go + + align:start position:0% +power boats in that era were actually go + + + align:start position:0% +power boats in that era were actually go +fast Lake boats and they were really you + + align:start position:0% +fast Lake boats and they were really you + + + align:start position:0% +fast Lake boats and they were really you +know they they they'd basically damage + + align:start position:0% +know they they they'd basically damage + + + align:start position:0% +know they they they'd basically damage +your kidneys if you if you want to speed + + align:start position:0% +your kidneys if you if you want to speed + + + align:start position:0% +your kidneys if you if you want to speed +so um you know this is early power boat + + align:start position:0% +so um you know this is early power boat + + + align:start position:0% +so um you know this is early power boat +and it was really Innovative at its time + + align:start position:0% +and it was really Innovative at its time + + + align:start position:0% +and it was really Innovative at its time +uh today that is in and toward for that + + align:start position:0% +uh today that is in and toward for that + + + align:start position:0% +uh today that is in and toward for that +type of boat that's that's more or less + + align:start position:0% +type of boat that's that's more or less + + + align:start position:0% +type of boat that's that's more or less +a kind of a hull form that's successful + + align:start position:0% +a kind of a hull form that's successful + + + align:start position:0% +a kind of a hull form that's successful +at see I think + + align:start position:0% +at see I think + + + align:start position:0% +at see I think +I'm re stop in and and argue with me if + + align:start position:0% +I'm re stop in and and argue with me if + + + align:start position:0% +I'm re stop in and and argue with me if +I'm wrong you want some gloves for that + + align:start position:0% +I'm wrong you want some gloves for that + + + align:start position:0% +I'm wrong you want some gloves for that +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +sure um and this is an extremely this is + + align:start position:0% +sure um and this is an extremely this is + + + align:start position:0% +sure um and this is an extremely this is +similar to the model I showed you down + + align:start position:0% +similar to the model I showed you down + + + align:start position:0% +similar to the model I showed you down +in the model room I keep this up here to + + align:start position:0% +in the model room I keep this up here to + + + align:start position:0% +in the model room I keep this up here to +sort of demonstrate I mean it's it's + + align:start position:0% +sort of demonstrate I mean it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +sort of demonstrate I mean it's it's +it's a very rare artifact and I probably + + align:start position:0% +it's a very rare artifact and I probably + + + align:start position:0% +it's a very rare artifact and I probably +shouldn't be um taking it apart all the + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't be um taking it apart all the + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't be um taking it apart all the +time but uh I wanted to uh demonstrate + + align:start position:0% +time but uh I wanted to uh demonstrate + + + align:start position:0% +time but uh I wanted to uh demonstrate +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +uh um system + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here it can't be too + + align:start position:0% +here it can't be too + + + align:start position:0% +here it can't be too +moisted it's pretty dry in here so yeah + + align:start position:0% +moisted it's pretty dry in here so yeah + + + align:start position:0% +moisted it's pretty dry in here so yeah +you think water and I don't usually Jam + + align:start position:0% +you think water and I don't usually Jam + + + align:start position:0% +you think water and I don't usually Jam +them in but this then begins to + + align:start position:0% +them in but this then begins to + + + align:start position:0% +them in but this then begins to +illustrate for you how this works or + + align:start position:0% +illustrate for you how this works or + + + align:start position:0% +illustrate for you how this works or +better well see how much more directly + + align:start position:0% +better well see how much more directly + + + align:start position:0% +better well see how much more directly +you go to the from model to plan this + + align:start position:0% +you go to the from model to plan this + + + align:start position:0% +you go to the from model to plan this +way well yeah I mean it's effectively + + align:start position:0% +way well yeah I mean it's effectively + + + align:start position:0% +way well yeah I mean it's effectively +working I I in the same manner as as + + align:start position:0% +working I I in the same manner as as + + + align:start position:0% +working I I in the same manner as as +taking the taking the sections right but + + align:start position:0% +taking the taking the sections right but + + + align:start position:0% +taking the taking the sections right but +you're just taking sections in a + + align:start position:0% +you're just taking sections in a + + + align:start position:0% +you're just taking sections in a +different a different way a different + + align:start position:0% +different a different way a different + + + align:start position:0% +different a different way a different +plane so but you from this you can + + align:start position:0% +plane so but you from this you can + + + align:start position:0% +plane so but you from this you can +extrapolate so from this you would + + align:start position:0% +extrapolate so from this you would + + + align:start position:0% +extrapolate so from this you would +extrapolate those sectional shapes right + + align:start position:0% +extrapolate those sectional shapes right + + + align:start position:0% +extrapolate those sectional shapes right +um rather than the other way you see + + align:start position:0% +um rather than the other way you see + + + align:start position:0% +um rather than the other way you see +that radical down here as you know we're + + align:start position:0% +that radical down here as you know we're + + + align:start position:0% +that radical down here as you know we're +really getting radical as we're getting + + align:start position:0% +really getting radical as we're getting + + + align:start position:0% +really getting radical as we're getting +shape is you can see that this that this + + align:start position:0% +shape is you can see that this that this + + + align:start position:0% +shape is you can see that this that this +kind of shape is that the the line of + + align:start position:0% +kind of shape is that the the line of + + + align:start position:0% +kind of shape is that the the line of +the hole is too oblique um this is a + + align:start position:0% +the hole is too oblique um this is a + + + align:start position:0% +the hole is too oblique um this is a +really nicely carved model you know so + + align:start position:0% +really nicely carved model you know so + + + align:start position:0% +really nicely carved model you know so +it's still a fair line but a little tiny + + align:start position:0% +it's still a fair line but a little tiny + + + align:start position:0% +it's still a fair line but a little tiny +too much sanding here would make that + + align:start position:0% +too much sanding here would make that + + + align:start position:0% +too much sanding here would make that +line wiggle and so you know reliability + + align:start position:0% +line wiggle and so you know reliability + + + align:start position:0% +line wiggle and so you know reliability +goes downhill for that waterline plane + + align:start position:0% +goes downhill for that waterline plane + + + align:start position:0% +goes downhill for that waterline plane +the difference in reliability between + + align:start position:0% +the difference in reliability between + + + align:start position:0% +the difference in reliability between +this part right here and that there + + align:start position:0% +this part right here and that there + + + align:start position:0% +this part right here and that there +there's a little there's a little bump + + align:start position:0% +there's a little there's a little bump + + + align:start position:0% +there's a little there's a little bump +there I guess I got this turn the wrong + + align:start position:0% +there I guess I got this turn the wrong + + + align:start position:0% +there I guess I got this turn the wrong +way don't I it should be this way + + align:start position:0% +way don't I it should be this way + + + align:start position:0% +way don't I it should be this way +yeah that way I mean good to it's + + align:start position:0% +yeah that way I mean good to it's + + + align:start position:0% +yeah that way I mean good to it's +actually maybe better to have them turn + + align:start position:0% +actually maybe better to have them turn + + + align:start position:0% +actually maybe better to have them turn +this way H yeah so we can see that's how + + align:start position:0% +this way H yeah so we can see that's how + + + align:start position:0% +this way H yeah so we can see that's how +you would Trace them yeah that's that's + + align:start position:0% +you would Trace them yeah that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +you would Trace them yeah that's that's +the way that you laid them down on the + + align:start position:0% +the way that you laid them down on the + + + align:start position:0% +the way that you laid them down on the +plan the other yeah the other plan that + + align:start position:0% +plan the other yeah the other plan that + + + align:start position:0% +plan the other yeah the other plan that +to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that so that's that's one concept and of + + align:start position:0% +that so that's that's one concept and of + + + align:start position:0% +that so that's that's one concept and of +course as Ruben and Tony have told you + + align:start position:0% +course as Ruben and Tony have told you + + + align:start position:0% +course as Ruben and Tony have told you +you know you can also cut cut them in + + align:start position:0% +you know you can also cut cut them in + + + align:start position:0% +you know you can also cut cut them in +the body plan this is typically how that + + align:start position:0% +the body plan this is typically how that + + + align:start position:0% +the body plan this is typically how that +how that uh uh uh yeah and they and also + + align:start position:0% +how that uh uh uh yeah and they and also + + + align:start position:0% +how that uh uh uh yeah and they and also +that Dimension is depicted uh two + + align:start position:0% +that Dimension is depicted uh two + + + align:start position:0% +that Dimension is depicted uh two +dimensionally they often you know one + + align:start position:0% +dimensionally they often you know one + + + align:start position:0% +dimensionally they often you know one +reason why models are often rare is that + + align:start position:0% +reason why models are often rare is that + + + align:start position:0% +reason why models are often rare is that +the builders would saw them up because + + align:start position:0% +the builders would saw them up because + + + align:start position:0% +the builders would saw them up because +that's the best way to get those + + align:start position:0% +that's the best way to get those + + + align:start position:0% +that's the best way to get those +sections if you if you're to saw them + + align:start position:0% +sections if you if you're to saw them + + + align:start position:0% +sections if you if you're to saw them +and you know carve them out of a solid + + align:start position:0% +and you know carve them out of a solid + + + align:start position:0% +and you know carve them out of a solid +block or or glue together block rather + + align:start position:0% +block or or glue together block rather + + + align:start position:0% +block or or glue together block rather +than separate them in this plan you + + align:start position:0% +than separate them in this plan you + + + align:start position:0% +than separate them in this plan you +could saw them in this plan and get + + align:start position:0% +could saw them in this plan and get + + + align:start position:0% +could saw them in this plan and get +those sectional shapes and extrapolate + + align:start position:0% +those sectional shapes and extrapolate + + + align:start position:0% +those sectional shapes and extrapolate +that way and you're looking at you know + + align:start position:0% +that way and you're looking at you know + + + align:start position:0% +that way and you're looking at you know +you're looking at a real artifact you're + + align:start position:0% +you're looking at a real artifact you're + + + align:start position:0% +you're looking at a real artifact you're +looking at something from the 1830s 18 + + align:start position:0% +looking at something from the 1830s 18 + + + align:start position:0% +looking at something from the 1830s 18 +at the 1820s 1820s I believe this is and + + align:start position:0% +at the 1820s 1820s I believe this is and + + + align:start position:0% +at the 1820s 1820s I believe this is and +so this is at the very beginning of this + + align:start position:0% +so this is at the very beginning of this + + + align:start position:0% +so this is at the very beginning of this +technology becoming and this just + + align:start position:0% +technology becoming and this just + + + align:start position:0% +technology becoming and this just +general approach becoming a design + + align:start position:0% +general approach becoming a design + + + align:start position:0% +general approach becoming a design +system in the United + + align:start position:0% +system in the United + + + align:start position:0% +system in the United +States so that's you know that these are + + align:start position:0% +States so that's you know that these are + + + align:start position:0% +States so that's you know that these are +the these are the treasures that are in + + align:start position:0% +the these are the treasures that are in + + + align:start position:0% +the these are the treasures that are in +museums that you don't generally get to + + align:start position:0% +museums that you don't generally get to + + + align:start position:0% +museums that you don't generally get to +sort of access uh unless you you know + + align:start position:0% +sort of access uh unless you you know + + + align:start position:0% +sort of access uh unless you you know +you come in however what we're trying to + + align:start position:0% +you come in however what we're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +you come in however what we're trying to +do is turn that on its head and make + + align:start position:0% +do is turn that on its head and make + + + align:start position:0% +do is turn that on its head and make +everyone a museum curator so that + + align:start position:0% +everyone a museum curator so that + + + align:start position:0% +everyone a museum curator so that +literally you can come in virtually and + + align:start position:0% +literally you can come in virtually and + + + align:start position:0% +literally you can come in virtually and +you can you you can you can access this + + align:start position:0% +you can you you can you can access this + + + align:start position:0% +you can you you can you can access this +vast amount of material because the + + align:start position:0% +vast amount of material because the + + + align:start position:0% +vast amount of material because the +design that's embedded in the drawings + + align:start position:0% +design that's embedded in the drawings + + + align:start position:0% +design that's embedded in the drawings +is just it's mindboggling the approaches + + align:start position:0% +is just it's mindboggling the approaches + + + align:start position:0% +is just it's mindboggling the approaches +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +problems um so we're hoping that uh you + + align:start position:0% +problems um so we're hoping that uh you + + + align:start position:0% +problems um so we're hoping that uh you +know not only students of design and + + align:start position:0% +know not only students of design and + + + align:start position:0% +know not only students of design and +Engineering but you know anyone who uh + + align:start position:0% +Engineering but you know anyone who uh + + + align:start position:0% +Engineering but you know anyone who uh +might + + align:start position:0% +might + + + align:start position:0% +might +benefit um so go ahead well I was yeah I + + align:start position:0% +benefit um so go ahead well I was yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +benefit um so go ahead well I was yeah I +was going to launch into Part B but I + + align:start position:0% +was going to launch into Part B but I + + + align:start position:0% +was going to launch into Part B but I +don't need to quite yet if you got more + + align:start position:0% +don't need to quite yet if you got more + + + align:start position:0% +don't need to quite yet if you got more +to uh well I I guess one thing I could I + + align:start position:0% +to uh well I I guess one thing I could I + + + align:start position:0% +to uh well I I guess one thing I could I +could say I I'll talk about uh uh so + + align:start position:0% +could say I I'll talk about uh uh so + + + align:start position:0% +could say I I'll talk about uh uh so +what's the shape for for uh Balo if + + align:start position:0% +what's the shape for for uh Balo if + + + align:start position:0% +what's the shape for for uh Balo if +somebody would slide me over that + + align:start position:0% +somebody would slide me over that + + + align:start position:0% +somebody would slide me over that +booklet right there um I'll I'll I'll + + align:start position:0% +booklet right there um I'll I'll I'll + + + align:start position:0% +booklet right there um I'll I'll I'll +talk to you a little bit about a + + align:start position:0% +talk to you a little bit about a + + + align:start position:0% +talk to you a little bit about a +different system NG + + align:start position:0% +different system NG + + + align:start position:0% +different system NG +harof was was trained he was trained as + + align:start position:0% +harof was was trained he was trained as + + + align:start position:0% +harof was was trained he was trained as +a traditional boat builder and so his + + align:start position:0% +a traditional boat builder and so his + + + align:start position:0% +a traditional boat builder and so his +natural first stage of of realizing a a + + align:start position:0% +natural first stage of of realizing a a + + + align:start position:0% +natural first stage of of realizing a a +design idea was to sculpt it was to + + align:start position:0% +design idea was to sculpt it was to + + + align:start position:0% +design idea was to sculpt it was to +carve a model and but his approach was + + align:start position:0% +carve a model and but his approach was + + + align:start position:0% +carve a model and but his approach was +to carve a very precise + + align:start position:0% +to carve a very precise + + + align:start position:0% +to carve a very precise +model um and uh once he did that once he + + align:start position:0% +model um and uh once he did that once he + + + align:start position:0% +model um and uh once he did that once he +was satisfied that that that that shape + + align:start position:0% +was satisfied that that that that shape + + + align:start position:0% +was satisfied that that that that shape +was what he was uh uh attempting to + + align:start position:0% +was what he was uh uh attempting to + + + align:start position:0% +was what he was uh uh attempting to +achieve then he would take uh uh he had + + align:start position:0% +achieve then he would take uh uh he had + + + align:start position:0% +achieve then he would take uh uh he had +an apparatus an instrument for taking a + + align:start position:0% +an apparatus an instrument for taking a + + + align:start position:0% +an apparatus an instrument for taking a +very Precision instrument much more + + align:start position:0% +very Precision instrument much more + + + align:start position:0% +very Precision instrument much more +Precision instrument than you + + align:start position:0% +Precision instrument than you + + + align:start position:0% +Precision instrument than you +used and he had a uh machined table that + + align:start position:0% +used and he had a uh machined table that + + + align:start position:0% +used and he had a uh machined table that +the model would be uh uh firmly placed + + align:start position:0% +the model would be uh uh firmly placed + + + align:start position:0% +the model would be uh uh firmly placed +down on and it would take and it would + + align:start position:0% +down on and it would take and it would + + + align:start position:0% +down on and it would take and it would +arbitrarily divide the model into into + + align:start position:0% +arbitrarily divide the model into into + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrarily divide the model into into +stations just like every plan here has + + align:start position:0% +stations just like every plan here has + + + align:start position:0% +stations just like every plan here has +stations and uh and in fact uh there's + + align:start position:0% +stations and uh and in fact uh there's + + + align:start position:0% +stations and uh and in fact uh there's +what how many stations do we count on + + align:start position:0% +what how many stations do we count on + + + align:start position:0% +what how many stations do we count on +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plan is there there's a number + + align:start position:0% +plan is there there's a number + + + align:start position:0% +plan is there there's a number +56 57 57 so you'll you'll + + align:start position:0% +56 57 57 so you'll you'll + + + align:start position:0% +56 57 57 so you'll you'll +see that actually um um 51 probably I'll + + align:start position:0% +see that actually um um 51 probably I'll + + + align:start position:0% +see that actually um um 51 probably I'll +bet you that's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +51 here at the stern what the farthest + + align:start position:0% +51 here at the stern what the farthest + + + align:start position:0% +51 here at the stern what the farthest +that back + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here's 50 52 54 56 + + align:start position:0% +here's 50 52 54 56 + + + align:start position:0% +here's 50 52 54 56 +57 oh that's interesting it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +57 oh that's interesting it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +57 oh that's interesting it doesn't +drive with the off said book like we' + + align:start position:0% +drive with the off said book like we' + + + align:start position:0% +drive with the off said book like we' +got a problem here but what what what + + align:start position:0% +got a problem here but what what what + + + align:start position:0% +got a problem here but what what what +what his approach was is that he'd take + + align:start position:0% +what his approach was is that he'd take + + + align:start position:0% +what his approach was is that he'd take +that shape at each at each + + align:start position:0% +that shape at each at each + + + align:start position:0% +that shape at each at each +station and so here's zero and here's + + align:start position:0% +station and so here's zero and here's + + + align:start position:0% +station and so here's zero and here's +one and so that's the actual XYZ + + align:start position:0% +one and so that's the actual XYZ + + + align:start position:0% +one and so that's the actual XYZ +coordinates so just to relate that back + + align:start position:0% +coordinates so just to relate that back + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates so just to relate that back +to what we were just talking about uh + + align:start position:0% +to what we were just talking about uh + + + align:start position:0% +to what we were just talking about uh +last um in the in the shop was that this + + align:start position:0% +last um in the in the shop was that this + + + align:start position:0% +last um in the in the shop was that this +is not giving you know it's actually + + align:start position:0% +is not giving you know it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +is not giving you know it's actually +this this tool that he had actually gave + + align:start position:0% +this this tool that he had actually gave + + + align:start position:0% +this this tool that he had actually gave +offsets actually gave the measurement in + + align:start position:0% +offsets actually gave the measurement in + + + align:start position:0% +offsets actually gave the measurement in +feet in a right so instead and so he + + align:start position:0% +feet in a right so instead and so he + + + align:start position:0% +feet in a right so instead and so he +never had to go through the step of + + align:start position:0% +never had to go through the step of + + + align:start position:0% +never had to go through the step of +drawing the line plan his machine as + + align:start position:0% +drawing the line plan his machine as + + + align:start position:0% +drawing the line plan his machine as +opposed to my R Goldberg contraption + + align:start position:0% +opposed to my R Goldberg contraption + + + align:start position:0% +opposed to my R Goldberg contraption +actually made gave you the measurement + + align:start position:0% +actually made gave you the measurement + + + align:start position:0% +actually made gave you the measurement +in scale and there was a scale you never + + align:start position:0% +in scale and there was a scale you never + + + align:start position:0% +in scale and there was a scale you never +had to take that step of drawing the L + + align:start position:0% +had to take that step of drawing the L + + + align:start position:0% +had to take that step of drawing the L +plan and and what's interesting because + + align:start position:0% +plan and and what's interesting because + + + align:start position:0% +plan and and what's interesting because +the model is highly + + align:start position:0% +the model is highly + + + align:start position:0% +the model is highly +Precision uh he had a scale and so these + + align:start position:0% +Precision uh he had a scale and so these + + + align:start position:0% +Precision uh he had a scale and so these +numbers depending on what the scale of + + align:start position:0% +numbers depending on what the scale of + + + align:start position:0% +numbers depending on what the scale of +the plan was intended to be or the scale + + align:start position:0% +the plan was intended to be or the scale + + + align:start position:0% +the plan was intended to be or the scale +of the model excuse me because that's + + align:start position:0% +of the model excuse me because that's + + + align:start position:0% +of the model excuse me because that's +the basis it just so happens that the + + align:start position:0% +the basis it just so happens that the + + + align:start position:0% +the basis it just so happens that the +model scale is going to be the same as + + align:start position:0% +model scale is going to be the same as + + + align:start position:0% +model scale is going to be the same as +the construction plan scale then that + + align:start position:0% +the construction plan scale then that + + + align:start position:0% +the construction plan scale then that +would automatically give you the full + + align:start position:0% +would automatically give you the full + + + align:start position:0% +would automatically give you the full +size uh + + align:start position:0% +size uh + + + align:start position:0% +size uh +Dimensions andse had an incredibly + + align:start position:0% +Dimensions andse had an incredibly + + + align:start position:0% +Dimensions andse had an incredibly +skilled and Cooperative + + align:start position:0% +skilled and Cooperative + + + align:start position:0% +skilled and Cooperative +lofman who would make corrections as he + + align:start position:0% +lofman who would make corrections as he + + + align:start position:0% +lofman who would make corrections as he +went and then when they actually made + + align:start position:0% +went and then when they actually made + + + align:start position:0% +went and then when they actually made +the molds they would actually do the + + align:start position:0% +the molds they would actually do the + + + align:start position:0% +the molds they would actually do the +fairing on the molds so you'll find + + align:start position:0% +fairing on the molds so you'll find + + + align:start position:0% +fairing on the molds so you'll find +occasionally in the offset booklets + + align:start position:0% +occasionally in the offset booklets + + + align:start position:0% +occasionally in the offset booklets +where there's a number crossed out and a + + align:start position:0% +where there's a number crossed out and a + + + align:start position:0% +where there's a number crossed out and a +new number written in and that's so + + align:start position:0% +new number written in and that's so + + + align:start position:0% +new number written in and that's so +after they made the molds at that + + align:start position:0% +after they made the molds at that + + + align:start position:0% +after they made the molds at that +particular stage they said no actually + + align:start position:0% +particular stage they said no actually + + + align:start position:0% +particular stage they said no actually +it should be this number call correct + + align:start position:0% +it should be this number call correct + + + align:start position:0% +it should be this number call correct +and they correct the offset so these are + + align:start position:0% +and they correct the offset so these are + + + align:start position:0% +and they correct the offset so these are +corrected offsets developed from a model + + align:start position:0% +corrected offsets developed from a model + + + align:start position:0% +corrected offsets developed from a model +scaled up automatically and then + + align:start position:0% +scaled up automatically and then + + + align:start position:0% +scaled up automatically and then +corrected by hand and then that's the + + align:start position:0% +corrected by hand and then that's the + + + align:start position:0% +corrected by hand and then that's the +record so that's a that's a different + + align:start position:0% +record so that's a that's a different + + + align:start position:0% +record so that's a that's a different +system than a lot of other builders at + + align:start position:0% +system than a lot of other builders at + + + align:start position:0% +system than a lot of other builders at +that well we don't know exactly because + + align:start position:0% +that well we don't know exactly because + + + align:start position:0% +that well we don't know exactly because +we don't know a heck of a lot about all + + align:start position:0% +we don't know a heck of a lot about all + + + align:start position:0% +we don't know a heck of a lot about all +of the heroff uh it's what's brilliant + + align:start position:0% +of the heroff uh it's what's brilliant + + + align:start position:0% +of the heroff uh it's what's brilliant +is that it's a very large and very uh + + align:start position:0% +is that it's a very large and very uh + + + align:start position:0% +is that it's a very large and very uh +diverse design collection both Naval + + align:start position:0% +diverse design collection both Naval + + + align:start position:0% +diverse design collection both Naval +architecture Marine engineering there's + + align:start position:0% +architecture Marine engineering there's + + + align:start position:0% +architecture Marine engineering there's +30 different sizes of steam engine + + align:start position:0% +30 different sizes of steam engine + + + align:start position:0% +30 different sizes of steam engine +drawings in this collection uh you know + + align:start position:0% +drawings in this collection uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +drawings in this collection uh you know +every bit of Hardware uh all the + + align:start position:0% +every bit of Hardware uh all the + + + align:start position:0% +every bit of Hardware uh all the +drawings for for every component uh + + align:start position:0% +drawings for for every component uh + + + align:start position:0% +drawings for for every component uh +exists not just the designs of the + + align:start position:0% +exists not just the designs of the + + + align:start position:0% +exists not just the designs of the +vessels but everything that went into + + align:start position:0% +vessels but everything that went into + + + align:start position:0% +vessels but everything that went into +the vessels uh and so we know a fair + + align:start position:0% +the vessels uh and so we know a fair + + + align:start position:0% +the vessels uh and so we know a fair +amount about the way they did it we + + align:start position:0% +amount about the way they did it we + + + align:start position:0% +amount about the way they did it we +don't know for some of the other + + align:start position:0% +don't know for some of the other + + + align:start position:0% +don't know for some of the other +companies where there isn't so much so + + align:start position:0% +companies where there isn't so much so + + + align:start position:0% +companies where there isn't so much so +much evidence so that's um a little bit + + align:start position:0% +much evidence so that's um a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +much evidence so that's um a little bit +of uh hopefully dub tailing with what + + align:start position:0% +of uh hopefully dub tailing with what + + + align:start position:0% +of uh hopefully dub tailing with what +you've been doing um well so we don't + + align:start position:0% +you've been doing um well so we don't + + + align:start position:0% +you've been doing um well so we don't +want to um you don't have a lot of time + + align:start position:0% +want to um you don't have a lot of time + + + align:start position:0% +want to um you don't have a lot of time +so we won't go too much with it um but + + align:start position:0% +so we won't go too much with it um but + + + align:start position:0% +so we won't go too much with it um but +the this a couple of things to look at I + + align:start position:0% +the this a couple of things to look at I + + + align:start position:0% +the this a couple of things to look at I +mean we have we'll move things around um + + align:start position:0% +mean we have we'll move things around um + + + align:start position:0% +mean we have we'll move things around um +uh as we go along but you know what you + + align:start position:0% +uh as we go along but you know what you + + + align:start position:0% +uh as we go along but you know what you +all ought to do is go around a room and + + align:start position:0% +all ought to do is go around a room and + + + align:start position:0% +all ought to do is go around a room and +and look at at at how they how the in + + align:start position:0% +and look at at at how they how the in + + + align:start position:0% +and look at at at how they how the in +drawing the Lin there are different + + align:start position:0% +drawing the Lin there are different + + + align:start position:0% +drawing the Lin there are different +conventions and different ways of + + align:start position:0% +conventions and different ways of + + + align:start position:0% +conventions and different ways of +representing the state you know you + + align:start position:0% +representing the state you know you + + + align:start position:0% +representing the state you know you +you'll notice in about there there + + align:start position:0% +you'll notice in about there there + + + align:start position:0% +you'll notice in about there there +measurements they you know outside of + + align:start position:0% +measurements they you know outside of + + + align:start position:0% +measurements they you know outside of +the offsets there are other measurements + + align:start position:0% +the offsets there are other measurements + + + align:start position:0% +the offsets there are other measurements +to give that sudden curve of the bow um + + align:start position:0% +to give that sudden curve of the bow um + + + align:start position:0% +to give that sudden curve of the bow um +and then you know in these in some of + + align:start position:0% +and then you know in these in some of + + + align:start position:0% +and then you know in these in some of +the the Lun PL for the pclass boat they + + align:start position:0% +the the Lun PL for the pclass boat they + + + align:start position:0% +the the Lun PL for the pclass boat they +actually show the waterline half breath + + align:start position:0% +actually show the waterline half breath + + + align:start position:0% +actually show the waterline half breath +shape on the on the fin portion now + + align:start position:0% +shape on the on the fin portion now + + + align:start position:0% +shape on the on the fin portion now +right on that right on that one profile + + align:start position:0% +right on that right on that one profile + + + align:start position:0% +right on that right on that one profile +view but different ways of of relating + + align:start position:0% +view but different ways of of relating + + + align:start position:0% +view but different ways of of relating +the shape and you can kind of see how + + align:start position:0% +the shape and you can kind of see how + + + align:start position:0% +the shape and you can kind of see how +how um you know how how they solve + + align:start position:0% +how um you know how how they solve + + + align:start position:0% +how um you know how how they solve +problems that came up with in drawing + + align:start position:0% +problems that came up with in drawing + + + align:start position:0% +problems that came up with in drawing +but the other thing that we haven't + + align:start position:0% +but the other thing that we haven't + + + align:start position:0% +but the other thing that we haven't +talked about at all is that the lunch + + align:start position:0% +talked about at all is that the lunch + + + align:start position:0% +talked about at all is that the lunch +plan like the model is only an + + align:start position:0% +plan like the model is only an + + + align:start position:0% +plan like the model is only an +expression of the shape of the boat + + align:start position:0% +expression of the shape of the boat + + + align:start position:0% +expression of the shape of the boat +there's nothing necessarily literal + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing necessarily literal + + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing necessarily literal +right in construction in that lines PL + + align:start position:0% +right in construction in that lines PL + + + align:start position:0% +right in construction in that lines PL +drawing your your frames don't + + align:start position:0% +drawing your your frames don't + + + align:start position:0% +drawing your your frames don't +necessarily line up and often shouldn't + + align:start position:0% +necessarily line up and often shouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily line up and often shouldn't +line up with your sectional U sectional + + align:start position:0% +line up with your sectional U sectional + + + align:start position:0% +line up with your sectional U sectional +shapes um so a lot of these plans will + + align:start position:0% +shapes um so a lot of these plans will + + + align:start position:0% +shapes um so a lot of these plans will +have construction plans and and you can + + align:start position:0% +have construction plans and and you can + + + align:start position:0% +have construction plans and and you can +see how how they would you know Trace + + align:start position:0% +see how how they would you know Trace + + + align:start position:0% +see how how they would you know Trace +over the outline of the lunch plan and + + align:start position:0% +over the outline of the lunch plan and + + + align:start position:0% +over the outline of the lunch plan and +come up with these construction details + + align:start position:0% +come up with these construction details + + + align:start position:0% +come up with these construction details +and there's a lot you know as a builder + + align:start position:0% +and there's a lot you know as a builder + + + align:start position:0% +and there's a lot you know as a builder +this is the thing you spend your time + + align:start position:0% +this is the thing you spend your time + + + align:start position:0% +this is the thing you spend your time +with there everything you need to know + + align:start position:0% +with there everything you need to know + + + align:start position:0% +with there everything you need to know +about the boat usually is right is right + + align:start position:0% +about the boat usually is right is right + + + align:start position:0% +about the boat usually is right is right +here and you can scale you have your + + align:start position:0% +here and you can scale you have your + + + align:start position:0% +here and you can scale you have your +scaling rule I mean any decent boat + + align:start position:0% +scaling rule I mean any decent boat + + + align:start position:0% +scaling rule I mean any decent boat +builder has a rule in their pocket with + + align:start position:0% +builder has a rule in their pocket with + + + align:start position:0% +builder has a rule in their pocket with +a I just call myself a decent bat + + align:start position:0% +a I just call myself a decent bat + + + align:start position:0% +a I just call myself a decent bat +Builder um has a scaling Ru in their + + align:start position:0% +Builder um has a scaling Ru in their + + + align:start position:0% +Builder um has a scaling Ru in their +pocket that that they can scale right to + + align:start position:0% +pocket that that they can scale right to + + + align:start position:0% +pocket that that they can scale right to +the plant um but the you know take a + + align:start position:0% +the plant um but the you know take a + + + align:start position:0% +the plant um but the you know take a +take a good close look at at how these + + align:start position:0% +take a good close look at at how these + + + align:start position:0% +take a good close look at at how these +details were were + + align:start position:0% +details were were + + + align:start position:0% +details were were +handled right yeah a computer um um you + + align:start position:0% +handled right yeah a computer um um you + + + align:start position:0% +handled right yeah a computer um um you +know all kinds of engineering details + + align:start position:0% +know all kinds of engineering details + + + align:start position:0% +know all kinds of engineering details +there there's strapping uh for sticking + + align:start position:0% +there there's strapping uh for sticking + + + align:start position:0% +there there's strapping uh for sticking +stiffing the deck there's all kinds of + + align:start position:0% +stiffing the deck there's all kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +stiffing the deck there's all kinds of +Dimensions written into the scale and + + align:start position:0% +Dimensions written into the scale and + + + align:start position:0% +Dimensions written into the scale and +and and of course uh uh uh uh fasting + + align:start position:0% +and and of course uh uh uh uh fasting + + + align:start position:0% +and and of course uh uh uh uh fasting +schedules there's all kinds of details + + align:start position:0% +schedules there's all kinds of details + + + align:start position:0% +schedules there's all kinds of details +where to cut the scarf for the stem I + + align:start position:0% +where to cut the scarf for the stem I + + + align:start position:0% +where to cut the scarf for the stem I +mean there's just a load of stuff in + + align:start position:0% +mean there's just a load of stuff in + + + align:start position:0% +mean there's just a load of stuff in +here and you can kind of see how you + + align:start position:0% +here and you can kind of see how you + + + align:start position:0% +here and you can kind of see how you +know how informative this sort of plan + + align:start position:0% +know how informative this sort of plan + + + align:start position:0% +know how informative this sort of plan +is for the Builder um so and that's + + align:start position:0% +is for the Builder um so and that's + + + align:start position:0% +is for the Builder um so and that's +that's my rant on the pl for L but yeah + + align:start position:0% +that's my rant on the pl for L but yeah + + + align:start position:0% +that's my rant on the pl for L but yeah +definitely be looking at all of these + + align:start position:0% +definitely be looking at all of these + + + align:start position:0% +definitely be looking at all of these +different ways of drawing yeah the CH + + align:start position:0% +different ways of drawing yeah the CH + + + align:start position:0% +different ways of drawing yeah the CH +boat is a different has different + + align:start position:0% +boat is a different has different + + + align:start position:0% +boat is a different has different +requirements round bottom and the P why + + align:start position:0% +requirements round bottom and the P why + + + align:start position:0% +requirements round bottom and the P why +are there holes in this one that that's + + align:start position:0% +are there holes in this one that that's + + + align:start position:0% +are there holes in this one that that's +a great question what they did was they + + align:start position:0% +a great question what they did was they + + + align:start position:0% +a great question what they did was they +made a half model from that plan + + align:start position:0% +made a half model from that plan + + + align:start position:0% +made a half model from that plan +basically they put laks of wood and they + + align:start position:0% +basically they put laks of wood and they + + + align:start position:0% +basically they put laks of wood and they +made holes that Define these shapes and + + align:start position:0% +made holes that Define these shapes and + + + align:start position:0% +made holes that Define these shapes and +then they glued them together and faed + + align:start position:0% +then they glued them together and faed + + + align:start position:0% +then they glued them together and faed +them down to make that + + align:start position:0% +them down to make that + + + align:start position:0% +them down to make that +shape that's how you make a half model + + align:start position:0% +shape that's how you make a half model + + + align:start position:0% +shape that's how you make a half model +from the plan yeah for instance when + + align:start position:0% +from the plan yeah for instance when + + + align:start position:0% +from the plan yeah for instance when +when you already have a drawing and you + + align:start position:0% +when you already have a drawing and you + + + align:start position:0% +when you already have a drawing and you +want to create a model you don't start + + align:start position:0% +want to create a model you don't start + + + align:start position:0% +want to create a model you don't start +with a block yeah you then you you you + + align:start position:0% +with a block yeah you then you you you + + + align:start position:0% +with a block yeah you then you you you +take and create a bunch of layers but + + align:start position:0% +take and create a bunch of layers but + + + align:start position:0% +take and create a bunch of layers but +then on each of them you you um you you + + align:start position:0% +then on each of them you you um you you + + + align:start position:0% +then on each of them you you um you you +trace or prick through the shape of that + + align:start position:0% +trace or prick through the shape of that + + + align:start position:0% +trace or prick through the shape of that +of that waterline and you at least ink + + align:start position:0% +of that waterline and you at least ink + + + align:start position:0% +of that waterline and you at least ink +or or pencil that accurate line very + + align:start position:0% +or or pencil that accurate line very + + + align:start position:0% +or or pencil that accurate line very +carefully on there uh and cut quite + + align:start position:0% +carefully on there uh and cut quite + + + align:start position:0% +carefully on there uh and cut quite +close to that and then you you actually + + align:start position:0% +close to that and then you you actually + + + align:start position:0% +close to that and then you you actually +you glue them all together in a stack so + + align:start position:0% +you glue them all together in a stack so + + + align:start position:0% +you glue them all together in a stack so +you end up with a stair step model + + align:start position:0% +you end up with a stair step model + + + align:start position:0% +you end up with a stair step model +remember that one I had that that that + + align:start position:0% +remember that one I had that that that + + + align:start position:0% +remember that one I had that that that +dark brown one there and then when you + + align:start position:0% +dark brown one there and then when you + + + align:start position:0% +dark brown one there and then when you +plan away everything that removes the + + align:start position:0% +plan away everything that removes the + + + align:start position:0% +plan away everything that removes the +stair steps and you already and you have + + align:start position:0% +stair steps and you already and you have + + + align:start position:0% +stair steps and you already and you have +a kind of uh of uh of um uh knowledge + + align:start position:0% +a kind of uh of uh of um uh knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +a kind of uh of uh of um uh knowledge +that you guys are starting to get a + + align:start position:0% +that you guys are starting to get a + + + align:start position:0% +that you guys are starting to get a +glimpse of in the last couple of days + + align:start position:0% +glimpse of in the last couple of days + + + align:start position:0% +glimpse of in the last couple of days +about you know how to make these + + align:start position:0% +about you know how to make these + + + align:start position:0% +about you know how to make these +decisions about how it carved it away + + align:start position:0% +decisions about how it carved it away + + + align:start position:0% +decisions about how it carved it away +because it isn't just you can't just + + align:start position:0% +because it isn't just you can't just + + + align:start position:0% +because it isn't just you can't just +sort of hack away you know you're + + align:start position:0% +sort of hack away you know you're + + + align:start position:0% +sort of hack away you know you're +interpreting as you go uh then you end + + align:start position:0% +interpreting as you go uh then you end + + + align:start position:0% +interpreting as you go uh then you end +up with with a model that is accurately + + align:start position:0% +up with with a model that is accurately + + + align:start position:0% +up with with a model that is accurately +reflects the plan and if at any point + + align:start position:0% +reflects the plan and if at any point + + + align:start position:0% +reflects the plan and if at any point +you decide that um that no you need to + + align:start position:0% +you decide that um that no you need to + + + align:start position:0% +you decide that um that no you need to +go further than where those those ink + + align:start position:0% +go further than where those those ink + + + align:start position:0% +go further than where those those ink +edges were then you're actually change + + align:start position:0% +edges were then you're actually change + + + align:start position:0% +edges were then you're actually change +you know you understand at that point + + align:start position:0% +you know you understand at that point + + + align:start position:0% +you know you understand at that point +that you're now making a change from + + align:start position:0% +that you're now making a change from + + + align:start position:0% +that you're now making a change from +yeah and that that that's one way to + + align:start position:0% +yeah and that that that's one way to + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and that that that's one way to +think about how how you know quotequote + + align:start position:0% +think about how how you know quotequote + + + align:start position:0% +think about how how you know quotequote +scientifically a half model Carver might + + align:start position:0% +scientifically a half model Carver might + + + align:start position:0% +scientifically a half model Carver might +might evolve a design like they may make + + align:start position:0% +might evolve a design like they may make + + + align:start position:0% +might evolve a design like they may make +essentially make you know use this to + + align:start position:0% +essentially make you know use this to + + + align:start position:0% +essentially make you know use this to +make a half model but add a little bit + + align:start position:0% +make a half model but add a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +make a half model but add a little bit +here or add or take away some some + + align:start position:0% +here or add or take away some some + + + align:start position:0% +here or add or take away some some +somewhere else and then shape the model + + align:start position:0% +somewhere else and then shape the model + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere else and then shape the model +and use that as a way to develop an idea + + align:start position:0% +and use that as a way to develop an idea + + + align:start position:0% +and use that as a way to develop an idea +so they're beginning you know almost + + align:start position:0% +so they're beginning you know almost + + + align:start position:0% +so they're beginning you know almost +literally with this shap but then + + align:start position:0% +literally with this shap but then + + + align:start position:0% +literally with this shap but then +developing it just a bit Yeah and then + + align:start position:0% +developing it just a bit Yeah and then + + + align:start position:0% +developing it just a bit Yeah and then +you can also see here uh this first off + + align:start position:0% +you can also see here uh this first off + + + align:start position:0% +you can also see here uh this first off +the scale of these drawings how these + + align:start position:0% +the scale of these drawings how these + + + align:start position:0% +the scale of these drawings how these +are much larger L physically larger + + align:start position:0% +are much larger L physically larger + + + align:start position:0% +are much larger L physically larger +drawings than than the models or + + align:start position:0% +drawings than than the models or + + + align:start position:0% +drawings than than the models or +drawings that we've been working on um + + align:start position:0% +drawings that we've been working on um + + + align:start position:0% +drawings that we've been working on um +because again by doubling or even + + align:start position:0% +because again by doubling or even + + + align:start position:0% +because again by doubling or even +tripling the size you're increasing the + + align:start position:0% +tripling the size you're increasing the + + + align:start position:0% +tripling the size you're increasing the +accuracy of the result you're giving + + align:start position:0% +accuracy of the result you're giving + + + align:start position:0% +accuracy of the result you're giving +yourself more more room to to work these + + align:start position:0% +yourself more more room to to work these + + + align:start position:0% +yourself more more room to to work these +are also larger boats so so uh again to + + align:start position:0% +are also larger boats so so uh again to + + + align:start position:0% +are also larger boats so so uh again to +keep the same even to keep the same + + align:start position:0% +keep the same even to keep the same + + + align:start position:0% +keep the same even to keep the same +level of accuracy that most of your + + align:start position:0% +level of accuracy that most of your + + + align:start position:0% +level of accuracy that most of your +models have been you'd need to make the + + align:start position:0% +models have been you'd need to make the + + + align:start position:0% +models have been you'd need to make the +drawing bigger just to to keep the scale + + align:start position:0% +drawing bigger just to to keep the scale + + + align:start position:0% +drawing bigger just to to keep the scale +right there's a drawing on a wall as we + + align:start position:0% +right there's a drawing on a wall as we + + + align:start position:0% +right there's a drawing on a wall as we +go out you'll see it's about what 8 ft + + align:start position:0% +go out you'll see it's about what 8 ft + + + align:start position:0% +go out you'll see it's about what 8 ft +long that right here's here's here's a + + align:start position:0% +long that right here's here's here's a + + + align:start position:0% +long that right here's here's here's a +couple of examples in here that that + + align:start position:0% +couple of examples in here that that + + + align:start position:0% +couple of examples in here that that +that we can look at there may be some + + align:start position:0% +that we can look at there may be some + + + align:start position:0% +that we can look at there may be some +lines in here this is Union Iron Works + + align:start position:0% +lines in here this is Union Iron Works + + + align:start position:0% +lines in here this is Union Iron Works +this is this is ship building stuff here + + align:start position:0% +this is this is ship building stuff here + + + align:start position:0% +this is this is ship building stuff here +and I I although I think some of the + + align:start position:0% +and I I although I think some of the + + + align:start position:0% +and I I although I think some of the +lines may be uh uh you know 's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +lines may be uh uh you know 's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +lines may be uh uh you know 's a lot of +Hardware details but there's a here we + + align:start position:0% +Hardware details but there's a here we + + + align:start position:0% +Hardware details but there's a here we +go here's A's a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +steamer again these these plans are from + + align:start position:0% +steamer again these these plans are from + + + align:start position:0% +steamer again these these plans are from +uh you know early + + align:start position:0% +uh you know early + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know early +uh uh I think these are early 1900s some + + align:start position:0% +uh uh I think these are early 1900s some + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh I think these are early 1900s some +of these are 1800 unds in fact this is + + align:start position:0% +of these are 1800 unds in fact this is + + + align:start position:0% +of these are 1800 unds in fact this is +uh isn't this going to be the same + + align:start position:0% +uh isn't this going to be the same + + + align:start position:0% +uh isn't this going to be the same +vessel construction plan for the h oh + + align:start position:0% +vessel construction plan for the h oh + + + align:start position:0% +vessel construction plan for the h oh +this is different you know line you know + + align:start position:0% +this is different you know line you know + + + align:start position:0% +this is different you know line you know +certain displacements for fresh water + + align:start position:0% +certain displacements for fresh water + + + align:start position:0% +certain displacements for fresh water +and salt water is all kinds of Curves + + align:start position:0% +and salt water is all kinds of Curves + + + align:start position:0% +and salt water is all kinds of Curves +Here and Now interesting thing about + + align:start position:0% +Here and Now interesting thing about + + + align:start position:0% +Here and Now interesting thing about +these these Steamers uh is that they're + + align:start position:0% +these these Steamers uh is that they're + + + align:start position:0% +these these Steamers uh is that they're +kind of at an intersection between + + align:start position:0% +kind of at an intersection between + + + align:start position:0% +kind of at an intersection between +Sebastian's um high speed sailing dingy + + align:start position:0% +Sebastian's um high speed sailing dingy + + + align:start position:0% +Sebastian's um high speed sailing dingy +and um some of the of the early kinds of + + align:start position:0% +and um some of the of the early kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +and um some of the of the early kinds of +rowing shells and uh um and some of the + + align:start position:0% +rowing shells and uh um and some of the + + + align:start position:0% +rowing shells and uh um and some of the +of the um of the power vessels here + + align:start position:0% +of the um of the power vessels here + + + align:start position:0% +of the um of the power vessels here +here's a fabulous plan you don't see + + align:start position:0% +here's a fabulous plan you don't see + + + align:start position:0% +here's a fabulous plan you don't see +this type of plan very often but you've + + align:start position:0% +this type of plan very often but you've + + + align:start position:0% +this type of plan very often but you've +got it all in one plan there yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% +got it all in one plan there yeah yeah + + + align:start position:0% +got it all in one plan there yeah yeah +every detail and superimposing to half + + align:start position:0% +every detail and superimposing to half + + + align:start position:0% +every detail and superimposing to half +breath over the + + align:start position:0% +breath over the + + + align:start position:0% +breath over the +profile yes so this is a whaleboat which + + align:start position:0% +profile yes so this is a whaleboat which + + + align:start position:0% +profile yes so this is a whaleboat which +was a kind of Lifeboat or gig uh used on + + align:start position:0% +was a kind of Lifeboat or gig uh used on + + + align:start position:0% +was a kind of Lifeboat or gig uh used on +the on the USS Olympia which was a a + + align:start position:0% +the on the USS Olympia which was a a + + + align:start position:0% +the on the USS Olympia which was a a +battleship in the Great White Fleet + + align:start position:0% +battleship in the Great White Fleet + + + align:start position:0% +battleship in the Great White Fleet +Roosevelt's uh Teddy Roosevelt's Great + + align:start position:0% +Roosevelt's uh Teddy Roosevelt's Great + + + align:start position:0% +Roosevelt's uh Teddy Roosevelt's Great +White Fleet + + align:start position:0% +White Fleet + + + align:start position:0% +White Fleet +is that the one that's still cury + + align:start position:0% +is that the one that's still cury + + + align:start position:0% +is that the one that's still cury +there's a model of it right I think of + + align:start position:0% +there's a model of it right I think of + + + align:start position:0% +there's a model of it right I think of +the Olympia over there maybe oh there is + + align:start position:0% +the Olympia over there maybe oh there is + + + align:start position:0% +the Olympia over there maybe oh there is +that's right yeah isn't the Olympia the + + align:start position:0% +that's right yeah isn't the Olympia the + + + align:start position:0% +that's right yeah isn't the Olympia the +one still in Philadelphia still in + + align:start position:0% +one still in Philadelphia still in + + + align:start position:0% +one still in Philadelphia still in +Philadelphia it's a treat I mean it's a + + align:start position:0% +Philadelphia it's a treat I mean it's a + + + align:start position:0% +Philadelphia it's a treat I mean it's a +heck of a vessel to see Ever down there + + align:start position:0% +heck of a vessel to see Ever down there + + + align:start position:0% +heck of a vessel to see Ever down there +yeah and uh and then and then of course + + align:start position:0% +yeah and uh and then and then of course + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and uh and then and then of course +the whaleboat type comes comes from uhu + + align:start position:0% +the whaleboat type comes comes from uhu + + + align:start position:0% +the whaleboat type comes comes from uhu +from back you know uh was really one of + + align:start position:0% +from back you know uh was really one of + + + align:start position:0% +from back you know uh was really one of +one of the whaleboats of the world was + + align:start position:0% +one of the whaleboats of the world was + + + align:start position:0% +one of the whaleboats of the world was +was evolved just in Southern New England + + align:start position:0% +was evolved just in Southern New England + + + align:start position:0% +was evolved just in Southern New England +and Bedford and and in in the cap and + + align:start position:0% +and Bedford and and in in the cap and + + + align:start position:0% +and Bedford and and in in the cap and +Islands another interesting feature of + + align:start position:0% +Islands another interesting feature of + + + align:start position:0% +Islands another interesting feature of +this for the use of the boat is that + + align:start position:0% +this for the use of the boat is that + + + align:start position:0% +this for the use of the boat is that +this this rig is meant to be it's called + + align:start position:0% +this this rig is meant to be it's called + + + align:start position:0% +this this rig is meant to be it's called +a knock down rig which doesn't mean you + + align:start position:0% +a knock down rig which doesn't mean you + + + align:start position:0% +a knock down rig which doesn't mean you +knocks a boat down but the whole thing + + align:start position:0% +knocks a boat down but the whole thing + + + align:start position:0% +knocks a boat down but the whole thing +can be collapsed to fit inside the boat + + align:start position:0% +can be collapsed to fit inside the boat + + + align:start position:0% +can be collapsed to fit inside the boat +all those yards are shorter than a + + align:start position:0% +all those yards are shorter than a + + + align:start position:0% +all those yards are shorter than a +boat so you can when you're rowing it + + align:start position:0% +boat so you can when you're rowing it + + + align:start position:0% +boat so you can when you're rowing it +the rig is out of the way and you see + + align:start position:0% +the rig is out of the way and you see + + + align:start position:0% +the rig is out of the way and you see +how here also with this is often done + + align:start position:0% +how here also with this is often done + + + align:start position:0% +how here also with this is often done +and when you're actually lofting the + + align:start position:0% +and when you're actually lofting the + + + align:start position:0% +and when you're actually lofting the +safe space you actually put all three of + + align:start position:0% +safe space you actually put all three of + + + align:start position:0% +safe space you actually put all three of +the of the views collapsed right on top + + align:start position:0% +the of the views collapsed right on top + + + align:start position:0% +the of the views collapsed right on top +of each other uh just because you know + + align:start position:0% +of each other uh just because you know + + + align:start position:0% +of each other uh just because you know +you you don't want an acre of space on + + align:start position:0% +you you don't want an acre of space on + + + align:start position:0% +you you don't want an acre of space on +the floor to to do this um but um you + + align:start position:0% +the floor to to do this um but um you + + + align:start position:0% +the floor to to do this um but um you +see that you can still maintain visual + + align:start position:0% +see that you can still maintain visual + + + align:start position:0% +see that you can still maintain visual +Clarity between between them all look + + align:start position:0% +Clarity between between them all look + + + align:start position:0% +Clarity between between them all look +how wonderfully these are drawn I mean + + align:start position:0% +how wonderfully these are drawn I mean + + + align:start position:0% +how wonderfully these are drawn I mean +the the the workmanship of these + + align:start position:0% +the the the workmanship of these + + + align:start position:0% +the the the workmanship of these +drawings is really stunning I mean the + + align:start position:0% +drawings is really stunning I mean the + + + align:start position:0% +drawings is really stunning I mean the +thing you you really see how well it + + align:start position:0% +thing you you really see how well it + + + align:start position:0% +thing you you really see how well it +done there there's art there really is + + align:start position:0% +done there there's art there really is + + + align:start position:0% +done there there's art there really is +is well discipline compared to the Royal + + align:start position:0% +is well discipline compared to the Royal + + + align:start position:0% +is well discipline compared to the Royal +the the Royal uh draftsman of the 1750s + + align:start position:0% +the the Royal uh draftsman of the 1750s + + + align:start position:0% +the the Royal uh draftsman of the 1750s +too they like on another planet yeah + + align:start position:0% +too they like on another planet yeah + + + align:start position:0% +too they like on another planet yeah +yeah um could this be silk I mean that + + align:start position:0% +yeah um could this be silk I mean that + + + align:start position:0% +yeah um could this be silk I mean that +some of them appear to be linen but this + + align:start position:0% +some of them appear to be linen but this + + + align:start position:0% +some of them appear to be linen but this +doesn't appear to be Lin it's just a + + align:start position:0% +doesn't appear to be Lin it's just a + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't appear to be Lin it's just a +very fine linen right it's just a + + align:start position:0% +very fine linen right it's just a + + + align:start position:0% +very fine linen right it's just a +different grade of Lin it's that higher + + align:start position:0% +different grade of Lin it's that higher + + + align:start position:0% +different grade of Lin it's that higher +late 19th century grade of Lin yeah you + + align:start position:0% +late 19th century grade of Lin yeah you + + + align:start position:0% +late 19th century grade of Lin yeah you +see you know the these translucent + + align:start position:0% +see you know the these translucent + + + align:start position:0% +see you know the these translucent +drawings were done on linen uh it said + + align:start position:0% +drawings were done on linen uh it said + + + align:start position:0% +drawings were done on linen uh it said +yeah I wanted what I wanted are there + + align:start position:0% +yeah I wanted what I wanted are there + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I wanted what I wanted are there +any scales in any of these things has + + align:start position:0% +any scales in any of these things has + + + align:start position:0% +any scales in any of these things has +anybody seen that that's something when + + align:start position:0% +anybody seen that that's something when + + + align:start position:0% +anybody seen that that's something when +you're you know a lot of the pl will + + align:start position:0% +you're you know a lot of the pl will + + + align:start position:0% +you're you know a lot of the pl will +have a scale scale one no no I mean SC + + align:start position:0% +have a scale scale one no no I mean SC + + + align:start position:0% +have a scale scale one no no I mean SC +rle because you know with different + + align:start position:0% +rle because you know with different + + + align:start position:0% +rle because you know with different +humidi paper would stretch and so if + + align:start position:0% +humidi paper would stretch and so if + + + align:start position:0% +humidi paper would stretch and so if +you're scaling off it the paper would + + align:start position:0% +you're scaling off it the paper would + + + align:start position:0% +you're scaling off it the paper would +have a scaling drawn on it so you use + + align:start position:0% +have a scaling drawn on it so you use + + + align:start position:0% +have a scaling drawn on it so you use +you can measure by rather than you + + align:start position:0% +you can measure by rather than you + + + align:start position:0% +you can measure by rather than you +double check your measur so so you'd + + align:start position:0% +double check your measur so so you'd + + + align:start position:0% +double check your measur so so you'd +measure something with a pair of + + align:start position:0% +measure something with a pair of + + + align:start position:0% +measure something with a pair of +dividers not a ruler but then and take + + align:start position:0% +dividers not a ruler but then and take + + + align:start position:0% +dividers not a ruler but then and take +it scale I'll get an example out for you + + align:start position:0% +it scale I'll get an example out for you + + + align:start position:0% +it scale I'll get an example out for you +but uh I just wanted to briefly come + + align:start position:0% +but uh I just wanted to briefly come + + + align:start position:0% +but uh I just wanted to briefly come +back to these three drawings + + align:start position:0% +back to these three drawings + + + align:start position:0% +back to these three drawings +um the um and the way they show the the + + align:start position:0% +um the um and the way they show the the + + + align:start position:0% +um the um and the way they show the the +work cross process here um this oh yeah + + align:start position:0% +work cross process here um this oh yeah + + + align:start position:0% +work cross process here um this oh yeah +this first um a + + align:start position:0% +this first um a + + + align:start position:0% +this first um a +paper uh sheet this buff sheet you see + + align:start position:0% +paper uh sheet this buff sheet you see + + + align:start position:0% +paper uh sheet this buff sheet you see +this was where where where he started uh + + align:start position:0% +this was where where where he started uh + + + align:start position:0% +this was where where where he started uh +working on the design and then he save + + align:start position:0% +working on the design and then he save + + + align:start position:0% +working on the design and then he save +as and went on to this transparency put + + align:start position:0% +as and went on to this transparency put + + + align:start position:0% +as and went on to this transparency put +put over top but here how he um and it's + + align:start position:0% +put over top but here how he um and it's + + + align:start position:0% +put over top but here how he um and it's +very faint and a lot of glare but if if + + align:start position:0% +very faint and a lot of glare but if if + + + align:start position:0% +very faint and a lot of glare but if if +you get a chance to to really take a a + + align:start position:0% +you get a chance to to really take a a + + + align:start position:0% +you get a chance to to really take a a +look at it maybe help everybody see a + + align:start position:0% +look at it maybe help everybody see a + + + align:start position:0% +look at it maybe help everybody see a +little bit more um it has the water + + align:start position:0% +little bit more um it has the water + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more um it has the water +lines it has the profile it has the body + + align:start position:0% +lines it has the profile it has the body + + + align:start position:0% +lines it has the profile it has the body +plan all superimposed it has the + + align:start position:0% +plan all superimposed it has the + + + align:start position:0% +plan all superimposed it has the +diagonals which show here and that you + + align:start position:0% +diagonals which show here and that you + + + align:start position:0% +diagonals which show here and that you +can see what he meant which diagonals he + + align:start position:0% +can see what he meant which diagonals he + + + align:start position:0% +can see what he meant which diagonals he +chose here see there they're arbitrary + + align:start position:0% +chose here see there they're arbitrary + + + align:start position:0% +chose here see there they're arbitrary +but they're with a chosen with a purpose + + align:start position:0% +but they're with a chosen with a purpose + + + align:start position:0% +but they're with a chosen with a purpose +and then this this curve here um at we + + align:start position:0% +and then this this curve here um at we + + + align:start position:0% +and then this this curve here um at we +didn't get to this at all we talked + + align:start position:0% +didn't get to this at all we talked + + + align:start position:0% +didn't get to this at all we talked +about about the curve about about um + + align:start position:0% +about about the curve about about um + + + align:start position:0% +about about the curve about about um +taking and and with from the body plan + + align:start position:0% +taking and and with from the body plan + + + align:start position:0% +taking and and with from the body plan +getting the the area that's enclosed by + + align:start position:0% +getting the the area that's enclosed by + + + align:start position:0% +getting the the area that's enclosed by +the underwater portion of each of the + + align:start position:0% +the underwater portion of each of the + + + align:start position:0% +the underwater portion of each of the +sections and then you plug that into + + align:start position:0% +sections and then you plug that into + + + align:start position:0% +sections and then you plug that into +a formula in that's going to give you + + align:start position:0% +a formula in that's going to give you + + + align:start position:0% +a formula in that's going to give you +the displacement of the boat but it also + + align:start position:0% +the displacement of the boat but it also + + + align:start position:0% +the displacement of the boat but it also +is going to give you some um you know + + align:start position:0% +is going to give you some um you know + + + align:start position:0% +is going to give you some um you know +the areas at each station and if you + + align:start position:0% +the areas at each station and if you + + + align:start position:0% +the areas at each station and if you +plot those out like a graph using the + + align:start position:0% +plot those out like a graph using the + + + align:start position:0% +plot those out like a graph using the +actual literal Station Square + + align:start position:0% +actual literal Station Square + + + align:start position:0% +actual literal Station Square +measurement but you express it as a + + align:start position:0% +measurement but you express it as a + + + align:start position:0% +measurement but you express it as a +linear measurement to get the you know + + align:start position:0% +linear measurement to get the you know + + + align:start position:0% +linear measurement to get the you know +coming up and then you make a graph of + + align:start position:0% +coming up and then you make a graph of + + + align:start position:0% +coming up and then you make a graph of +that because that's not that's that's a + + align:start position:0% +that because that's not that's that's a + + + align:start position:0% +that because that's not that's that's a +graph actually not not a line in space + + align:start position:0% +graph actually not not a line in space + + + align:start position:0% +graph actually not not a line in space +um that shows you the the the + + align:start position:0% +um that shows you the the the + + + align:start position:0% +um that shows you the the the +disposition of that displacement across + + align:start position:0% +disposition of that displacement across + + + align:start position:0% +disposition of that displacement across +the length of the boat now you see here + + align:start position:0% +the length of the boat now you see here + + + align:start position:0% +the length of the boat now you see here +this this particular boat as you can + + align:start position:0% +this this particular boat as you can + + + align:start position:0% +this this particular boat as you can +kind of tell into it just by looking at + + align:start position:0% +kind of tell into it just by looking at + + + align:start position:0% +kind of tell into it just by looking at +the fine ends in the Fuller Middle um + + align:start position:0% +the fine ends in the Fuller Middle um + + + align:start position:0% +the fine ends in the Fuller Middle um +the the displacement starts out quite + + align:start position:0% +the the displacement starts out quite + + + align:start position:0% +the the displacement starts out quite +skinny and then and then kind of + + align:start position:0% +skinny and then and then kind of + + + align:start position:0% +skinny and then and then kind of +gradually grows up to a big lump in the + + align:start position:0% +gradually grows up to a big lump in the + + + align:start position:0% +gradually grows up to a big lump in the +middle and then and then drops back off + + align:start position:0% +middle and then and then drops back off + + + align:start position:0% +middle and then and then drops back off +your boat has some of that character as + + align:start position:0% +your boat has some of that character as + + + align:start position:0% +your boat has some of that character as +well right well well actually very + + align:start position:0% +well right well well actually very + + + align:start position:0% +well right well well actually very +different way yeah actually your boat is + + align:start position:0% +different way yeah actually your boat is + + + align:start position:0% +different way yeah actually your boat is +much more it would be a much much + + align:start position:0% +much more it would be a much much + + + align:start position:0% +much more it would be a much much +flatter much flatter than that flatter + + align:start position:0% +flatter much flatter than that flatter + + + align:start position:0% +flatter much flatter than that flatter +than this but still conting Bucy in yeah + + align:start position:0% +than this but still conting Bucy in yeah + + + align:start position:0% +than this but still conting Bucy in yeah +but but there'd be an area more like so + + align:start position:0% +but but there'd be an area more like so + + + align:start position:0% +but but there'd be an area more like so +under it and uh and you know that that's + + align:start position:0% +under it and uh and you know that that's + + + align:start position:0% +under it and uh and you know that that's +a way to to to take and and uh visually + + align:start position:0% +a way to to to take and and uh visually + + + align:start position:0% +a way to to to take and and uh visually +represent the way some of that uh + + align:start position:0% +represent the way some of that uh + + + align:start position:0% +represent the way some of that uh +analysis would go and U and then of + + align:start position:0% +analysis would go and U and then of + + + align:start position:0% +analysis would go and U and then of +course he's from that too you can get a + + align:start position:0% +course he's from that too you can get a + + + align:start position:0% +course he's from that too you can get a +sense of where the center of buoyancy is + + align:start position:0% +sense of where the center of buoyancy is + + + align:start position:0% +sense of where the center of buoyancy is +because the center buoyancy is going to + + align:start position:0% +because the center buoyancy is going to + + + align:start position:0% +because the center buoyancy is going to +be you know in the middle of this of + + align:start position:0% +be you know in the middle of this of + + + align:start position:0% +be you know in the middle of this of +this space um and uh yeah you can simply + + align:start position:0% +this space um and uh yeah you can simply + + + align:start position:0% +this space um and uh yeah you can simply +cut it out on cardboard and balance + + align:start position:0% +cut it out on cardboard and balance + + + align:start position:0% +cut it out on cardboard and balance +balance it and the center of the of the + + align:start position:0% +balance it and the center of the of the + + + align:start position:0% +balance it and the center of the of the +of the load water line gives you the + + align:start position:0% +of the load water line gives you the + + + align:start position:0% +of the load water line gives you the +center of flotation which is different + + align:start position:0% +center of flotation which is different + + + align:start position:0% +center of flotation which is different +from the center of buoyancy because + + align:start position:0% +from the center of buoyancy because + + + align:start position:0% +from the center of buoyancy because +that's just the the center of the plane + + align:start position:0% +that's just the the center of the plane + + + align:start position:0% +that's just the the center of the plane +that that the whole you know submerged + + align:start position:0% +that that the whole you know submerged + + + align:start position:0% +that that the whole you know submerged +part of the boat takes up um and again + + align:start position:0% +part of the boat takes up um and again + + + align:start position:0% +part of the boat takes up um and again +as we mentioned before about the about + + align:start position:0% +as we mentioned before about the about + + + align:start position:0% +as we mentioned before about the about +the uh the diagonals um you can see how + + align:start position:0% +the uh the diagonals um you can see how + + + align:start position:0% +the uh the diagonals um you can see how +you know there's certain ARB because of + + align:start position:0% +you know there's certain ARB because of + + + align:start position:0% +you know there's certain ARB because of +these geometric uh you know right angle + + align:start position:0% +these geometric uh you know right angle + + + align:start position:0% +these geometric uh you know right angle +cuts that that create the water lines or + + align:start position:0% +cuts that that create the water lines or + + + align:start position:0% +cuts that that create the water lines or +the buttocks in certain places they end + + align:start position:0% +the buttocks in certain places they end + + + align:start position:0% +the buttocks in certain places they end +up looking kind of weird and and have + + align:start position:0% +up looking kind of weird and and have + + + align:start position:0% +up looking kind of weird and and have +nothing to do with with the flow of the + + align:start position:0% +nothing to do with with the flow of the + + + align:start position:0% +nothing to do with with the flow of the +water might be or the or the or the run + + align:start position:0% +water might be or the or the or the run + + + align:start position:0% +water might be or the or the or the run +of the material planking whereas the + + align:start position:0% +of the material planking whereas the + + + align:start position:0% +of the material planking whereas the +these diagonals are chosen in a way as + + align:start position:0% +these diagonals are chosen in a way as + + + align:start position:0% +these diagonals are chosen in a way as +to be kind of more or less normal to the + + align:start position:0% +to be kind of more or less normal to the + + + align:start position:0% +to be kind of more or less normal to the +overall surface in a way that that that + + align:start position:0% +overall surface in a way that that that + + + align:start position:0% +overall surface in a way that that that +ends up giving you a another way of + + align:start position:0% +ends up giving you a another way of + + + align:start position:0% +ends up giving you a another way of +seeing how how fair the flow of water + + align:start position:0% +seeing how how fair the flow of water + + + align:start position:0% +seeing how how fair the flow of water +would be over the surface the curve of + + align:start position:0% +would be over the surface the curve of + + + align:start position:0% +would be over the surface the curve of +the buttocks and profile not even drawn + + align:start position:0% +the buttocks and profile not even drawn + + + align:start position:0% +the buttocks and profile not even drawn +on this on this plant they' be + + align:start position:0% +on this on this plant they' be + + + align:start position:0% +on this on this plant they' be +Superfluous right also these water lines + + align:start position:0% +Superfluous right also these water lines + + + align:start position:0% +Superfluous right also these water lines +you know down at the fin they will be + + align:start position:0% +you know down at the fin they will be + + + align:start position:0% +you know down at the fin they will be +all stacked up where they in at drawing + + align:start position:0% +all stacked up where they in at drawing + + + align:start position:0% +all stacked up where they in at drawing +so they're drawn right on + + align:start position:0% +so they're drawn right on + + + align:start position:0% +so they're drawn right on +see and how each one of these looks like + + align:start position:0% +see and how each one of these looks like + + + align:start position:0% +see and how each one of these looks like +looks like an air foil because really + + align:start position:0% +looks like an air foil because really + + + align:start position:0% +looks like an air foil because really +this is a this is a foil this is a foil + + align:start position:0% +this is a this is a foil this is a foil + + + align:start position:0% +this is a this is a foil this is a foil +just like a wing of an airplane um and + + align:start position:0% +just like a wing of an airplane um and + + + align:start position:0% +just like a wing of an airplane um and +and um you know where these weren't + + align:start position:0% +and um you know where these weren't + + + align:start position:0% +and um you know where these weren't +necessarily taken from actual uh NACA + + align:start position:0% +necessarily taken from actual uh NACA + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily taken from actual uh NACA +foils at this time this is what 1916 + + align:start position:0% +foils at this time this is what 1916 + + + align:start position:0% +foils at this time this is what 1916 +there really weren't any any uh at that + + align:start position:0% +there really weren't any any uh at that + + + align:start position:0% +there really weren't any any uh at that +point + + align:start position:0% +point + + + align:start position:0% +point +uh ca ca foils but U but but the whole + + align:start position:0% +uh ca ca foils but U but but the whole + + + align:start position:0% +uh ca ca foils but U but but the whole +idea you know the idea of trying to to + + align:start position:0% +idea you know the idea of trying to to + + + align:start position:0% +idea you know the idea of trying to to +make to make a U actually probably argue + + align:start position:0% +make to make a U actually probably argue + + + align:start position:0% +make to make a U actually probably argue +that uh that the whole idea of a foil + + align:start position:0% +that uh that the whole idea of a foil + + + align:start position:0% +that uh that the whole idea of a foil +shape of a of a um really started with + + align:start position:0% +shape of a of a um really started with + + + align:start position:0% +shape of a of a um really started with +with with uh with boats and then and + + align:start position:0% +with with uh with boats and then and + + + align:start position:0% +with with uh with boats and then and +then was only adopted by Aviation later + + align:start position:0% +then was only adopted by Aviation later + + + align:start position:0% +then was only adopted by Aviation later +because at this point airplanes had + + align:start position:0% +because at this point airplanes had + + + align:start position:0% +because at this point airplanes had +wings that were that you know that were + + align:start position:0% +wings that were that you know that were + + + align:start position:0% +wings that were that you know that were +just curved on the top but but you know + + align:start position:0% +just curved on the top but but you know + + + align:start position:0% +just curved on the top but but you know +not and curved on the bottom too not not + + align:start position:0% +not and curved on the bottom too not not + + + align:start position:0% +not and curved on the bottom too not not +foil um okay so so yeah so then went + + align:start position:0% +foil um okay so so yeah so then went + + + align:start position:0% +foil um okay so so yeah so then went +went from went from this and then and + + align:start position:0% +went from went from this and then and + + + align:start position:0% +went from went from this and then and +then put this over it and made slight if + + align:start position:0% +then put this over it and made slight if + + + align:start position:0% +then put this over it and made slight if +if you actually put this over there and + + align:start position:0% +if you actually put this over there and + + + align:start position:0% +if you actually put this over there and +I'm not saying we take the time to do it + + align:start position:0% +I'm not saying we take the time to do it + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not saying we take the time to do it +but um you're probably going to find + + align:start position:0% +but um you're probably going to find + + + align:start position:0% +but um you're probably going to find +that there are some minor minor + + align:start position:0% +that there are some minor minor + + + align:start position:0% +that there are some minor minor +adjustments and and uh revisions that + + align:start position:0% +adjustments and and uh revisions that + + + align:start position:0% +adjustments and and uh revisions that +that that happened in here then then + + align:start position:0% +that that happened in here then then + + + align:start position:0% +that that happened in here then then +went to the model and the model was + + align:start position:0% +went to the model and the model was + + + align:start position:0% +went to the model and the model was +probably actually a good selling point + + align:start position:0% +probably actually a good selling point + + + align:start position:0% +probably actually a good selling point +too there something to show the the + + align:start position:0% +too there something to show the the + + + align:start position:0% +too there something to show the the +owner because as you probably can now + + align:start position:0% +owner because as you probably can now + + + align:start position:0% +owner because as you probably can now +realize from if last week if you looked + + align:start position:0% +realize from if last week if you looked + + + align:start position:0% +realize from if last week if you looked +at these things they would be + + align:start position:0% +at these things they would be + + + align:start position:0% +at these things they would be +meaningless to you you just say well + + align:start position:0% +meaningless to you you just say well + + + align:start position:0% +meaningless to you you just say well +yeah kind of nice looking squiggles on + + align:start position:0% +yeah kind of nice looking squiggles on + + + align:start position:0% +yeah kind of nice looking squiggles on +that paper but I have no idea what + + align:start position:0% +that paper but I have no idea what + + + align:start position:0% +that paper but I have no idea what +you're showing me so you know the owners + + align:start position:0% +you're showing me so you know the owners + + + align:start position:0% +you're showing me so you know the owners +of these boats are probably not going to + + align:start position:0% +of these boats are probably not going to + + + align:start position:0% +of these boats are probably not going to +see anything here but if you show them a + + align:start position:0% +see anything here but if you show them a + + + align:start position:0% +see anything here but if you show them a +nice big beautiful model and it's nice + + align:start position:0% +nice big beautiful model and it's nice + + + align:start position:0% +nice big beautiful model and it's nice +and shiny mahogany they're going to go + + align:start position:0% +and shiny mahogany they're going to go + + + align:start position:0% +and shiny mahogany they're going to go +oh yeah I'll write a check for that + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah I'll write a check for that + + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah I'll write a check for that +there's L little Windows cutting here I + + align:start position:0% +there's L little Windows cutting here I + + + align:start position:0% +there's L little Windows cutting here I +guess to orient the plant yeah probably + + align:start position:0% +guess to orient the plant yeah probably + + + align:start position:0% +guess to orient the plant yeah probably +yeah and then and then it's drawn + + align:start position:0% +yeah and then and then it's drawn + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and then and then it's drawn +differently and more cleanly the the the + + align:start position:0% +differently and more cleanly the the the + + + align:start position:0% +differently and more cleanly the the the +body sections are drawn differently um + + align:start position:0% +body sections are drawn differently um + + + align:start position:0% +body sections are drawn differently um +the either diagonals or water I guess + + align:start position:0% +the either diagonals or water I guess + + + align:start position:0% +the either diagonals or water I guess +water line sh them but not diagonals so + + align:start position:0% +water line sh them but not diagonals so + + + align:start position:0% +water line sh them but not diagonals so +another drawing might show the diagonals + + align:start position:0% +another drawing might show the diagonals + + + align:start position:0% +another drawing might show the diagonals +and and I would guess too that there + + align:start position:0% +and and I would guess too that there + + + align:start position:0% +and and I would guess too that there +were there were more of these save as + + align:start position:0% +were there were more of these save as + + + align:start position:0% +were there were more of these save as +layers between this before you got to + + align:start position:0% +layers between this before you got to + + + align:start position:0% +layers between this before you got to +the point of working with this final + + align:start position:0% +the point of working with this final + + + align:start position:0% +the point of working with this final +construction plan and there's one other + + align:start position:0% +construction plan and there's one other + + + align:start position:0% +construction plan and there's one other +version actually in the folder there he + + align:start position:0% +version actually in the folder there he + + + align:start position:0% +version actually in the folder there he +took an old exam book with him up to + + align:start position:0% +took an old exam book with him up to + + + align:start position:0% +took an old exam book with him up to +hton Brothers apparently and said and + + align:start position:0% +hton Brothers apparently and said and + + + align:start position:0% +hton Brothers apparently and said and +how closely did they build it and he has + + align:start position:0% +how closely did they build it and he has + + + align:start position:0% +how closely did they build it and he has +all the variations at all the stations + + align:start position:0% +all the variations at all the stations + + + align:start position:0% +all the variations at all the stations +yeah and a little Escape CL yeah they + + align:start position:0% +yeah and a little Escape CL yeah they + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and a little Escape CL yeah they +probably trying to beat the judges + + align:start position:0% +probably trying to beat the judges + + + align:start position:0% +probably trying to beat the judges +because it's a a boat built to a rule + + align:start position:0% +because it's a a boat built to a rule + + + align:start position:0% +because it's a a boat built to a rule +and he didn't want the judges come and + + align:start position:0% +and he didn't want the judges come and + + + align:start position:0% +and he didn't want the judges come and +saying oh no your your boat's too big + + align:start position:0% +saying oh no your your boat's too big + + + align:start position:0% +saying oh no your your boat's too big +for our + + align:start position:0% +for our + + + align:start position:0% +for our +class um + + align:start position:0% +class um + + + align:start position:0% +class um +how um it's after yeah we probably + + align:start position:0% +how um it's after yeah we probably + + + align:start position:0% +how um it's after yeah we probably +should shove along actually if that's + + align:start position:0% +should shove along actually if that's + + + align:start position:0% +should shove along actually if that's +all right and look + + align:start position:0% +all right and look + + + align:start position:0% +all right and look +at the I guess just is that on there + + align:start position:0% +at the I guess just is that on there + + + align:start position:0% +at the I guess just is that on there +show + + align:start position:0% +show + + + align:start position:0% +show +the that's that's the level of sort of + + align:start position:0% +the that's that's the level of sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the that's that's the level of sort of +that crack + + align:start position:0% +that crack + + + align:start position:0% +that crack +you know is is is there was a love times + + align:start position:0% +you know is is is there was a love times + + + align:start position:0% +you know is is is there was a love times +they were colored there was there was a + + align:start position:0% +they were colored there was there was a + + + align:start position:0% +they were colored there was there was a +lot of love going on in that in that + + align:start position:0% +lot of love going on in that in that + + + align:start position:0% +lot of love going on in that in that +craft and and it was was trying to give + + align:start position:0% +craft and and it was was trying to give + + + align:start position:0% +craft and and it was was trying to give +a it's a working plan you know but + + align:start position:0% +a it's a working plan you know but + + + align:start position:0% +a it's a working plan you know but +you'll see especially in that 19 century + + align:start position:0% +you'll see especially in that 19 century + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see especially in that 19 century +period uh late 19th century period + + align:start position:0% +period uh late 19th century period + + + align:start position:0% +period uh late 19th century period +there's an awful lot of that sort of + + align:start position:0% +there's an awful lot of that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +there's an awful lot of that sort of +illustration yeah but um this is really + + align:start position:0% +illustration yeah but um this is really + + + align:start position:0% +illustration yeah but um this is really +interesting as it from an engineering + + align:start position:0% +interesting as it from an engineering + + + align:start position:0% +interesting as it from an engineering +Viewpoint because here you've got a + + align:start position:0% +Viewpoint because here you've got a + + + align:start position:0% +Viewpoint because here you've got a +structure it's 200 feet long and it's + + align:start position:0% +structure it's 200 feet long and it's + + + align:start position:0% +structure it's 200 feet long and it's +made out of Timber and it has to be + + align:start position:0% +made out of Timber and it has to be + + + align:start position:0% +made out of Timber and it has to be +fairly light but and it but it's also + + align:start position:0% +fairly light but and it but it's also + + + align:start position:0% +fairly light but and it but it's also +because of its shape it's it's not a + + align:start position:0% +because of its shape it's it's not a + + + align:start position:0% +because of its shape it's it's not a +very strong shape it's just a long + + align:start position:0% +very strong shape it's just a long + + + align:start position:0% +very strong shape it's just a long +skinny flimsy shape so U and it's going + + align:start position:0% +skinny flimsy shape so U and it's going + + + align:start position:0% +skinny flimsy shape so U and it's going +to have this tremendously heavy and uh + + align:start position:0% +to have this tremendously heavy and uh + + + align:start position:0% +to have this tremendously heavy and uh +full of vibration big steam lo you know + + align:start position:0% +full of vibration big steam lo you know + + + align:start position:0% +full of vibration big steam lo you know +engine business in the middle here and + + align:start position:0% +engine business in the middle here and + + + align:start position:0% +engine business in the middle here and +this enormous super structure which you + + align:start position:0% +this enormous super structure which you + + + align:start position:0% +this enormous super structure which you +can all guess at you know that makes it + + align:start position:0% +can all guess at you know that makes it + + + align:start position:0% +can all guess at you know that makes it +a very steamer three or four deck on top + + align:start position:0% +a very steamer three or four deck on top + + + align:start position:0% +a very steamer three or four deck on top +and so basically what they're trying to + + align:start position:0% +and so basically what they're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +and so basically what they're trying to +do is create a a a girder structure here + + align:start position:0% +do is create a a a girder structure here + + + align:start position:0% +do is create a a a girder structure here +kind of like a bridge right uh with all + + align:start position:0% +kind of like a bridge right uh with all + + + align:start position:0% +kind of like a bridge right uh with all +these these diagonal braces and trusses + + align:start position:0% +these these diagonal braces and trusses + + + align:start position:0% +these these diagonal braces and trusses +and things right to to create and then + + align:start position:0% +and things right to to create and then + + + align:start position:0% +and things right to to create and then +this enormous thickness of uh of of all + + align:start position:0% +this enormous thickness of uh of of all + + + align:start position:0% +this enormous thickness of uh of of all +those layers of Keel and and these kind + + align:start position:0% +those layers of Keel and and these kind + + + align:start position:0% +those layers of Keel and and these kind +of of U of U big frames in there that + + align:start position:0% +of of U of U big frames in there that + + + align:start position:0% +of of U of U big frames in there that +sandwich between inner and outer KS and + + align:start position:0% +sandwich between inner and outer KS and + + + align:start position:0% +sandwich between inner and outer KS and +everything to just create girds and + + align:start position:0% +everything to just create girds and + + + align:start position:0% +everything to just create girds and +Truss trusses to create to give enough + + align:start position:0% +Truss trusses to create to give enough + + + align:start position:0% +Truss trusses to create to give enough +strength to this thing and enough + + align:start position:0% +strength to this thing and enough + + + align:start position:0% +strength to this thing and enough +stability uh physical you know uh to + + align:start position:0% +stability uh physical you know uh to + + + align:start position:0% +stability uh physical you know uh to +keep it from flexing so that the thing + + align:start position:0% +keep it from flexing so that the thing + + + align:start position:0% +keep it from flexing so that the thing +would actually it actually work and uh + + align:start position:0% +would actually it actually work and uh + + + align:start position:0% +would actually it actually work and uh +and have some sort of a life and of + + align:start position:0% +and have some sort of a life and of + + + align:start position:0% +and have some sort of a life and of +course these things didn't really last + + align:start position:0% +course these things didn't really last + + + align:start position:0% +course these things didn't really last +that long not just because wood is + + align:start position:0% +that long not just because wood is + + + align:start position:0% +that long not just because wood is +perishable but because the they're + + align:start position:0% +perishable but because the they're + + + align:start position:0% +perishable but because the they're +pushing the engineering of the struct of + + align:start position:0% +pushing the engineering of the struct of + + + align:start position:0% +pushing the engineering of the struct of +a structure made out of these materials + + align:start position:0% +a structure made out of these materials + + + align:start position:0% +a structure made out of these materials +it's more it's a little bit more stress + + align:start position:0% +it's more it's a little bit more stress + + + align:start position:0% +it's more it's a little bit more stress +than a bridge has to deal with a lot + + align:start position:0% +than a bridge has to deal with a lot + + + align:start position:0% +than a bridge has to deal with a lot +more stress than because you know it's + + align:start position:0% +more stress than because you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +more stress than because you know it's +carrying a weight in a dynamic + + align:start position:0% +carrying a weight in a dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +carrying a weight in a dynamic +environment and bridges Dynamics are + + align:start position:0% +environment and bridges Dynamics are + + + align:start position:0% +environment and bridges Dynamics are +aerodynamics and and load in + + align:start position:0% +aerodynamics and and load in + + + align:start position:0% +aerodynamics and and load in +aerodynamics but but uh yeah so um and + + align:start position:0% +aerodynamics but but uh yeah so um and + + + align:start position:0% +aerodynamics but but uh yeah so um and +you know you can just imagine if they + + align:start position:0% +you know you can just imagine if they + + + align:start position:0% +you know you can just imagine if they +hauled this boat out and this this ship + + align:start position:0% +hauled this boat out and this this ship + + + align:start position:0% +hauled this boat out and this this ship +out and they you know and the blocking + + align:start position:0% +out and they you know and the blocking + + + align:start position:0% +out and they you know and the blocking +that you know the supported It On The + + align:start position:0% +that you know the supported It On The + + + align:start position:0% +that you know the supported It On The +Ground wasn't exactly right how they + + align:start position:0% +Ground wasn't exactly right how they + + + align:start position:0% +Ground wasn't exactly right how they +could easily just break the whole thing + + align:start position:0% +could easily just break the whole thing + + + align:start position:0% +could easily just break the whole thing +in half uh or if it you know ran against + + align:start position:0% +in half uh or if it you know ran against + + + align:start position:0% +in half uh or if it you know ran against +a rock on one end and the tide went out + + align:start position:0% +a rock on one end and the tide went out + + + align:start position:0% +a rock on one end and the tide went out +I mean you could you know there's + + align:start position:0% +I mean you could you know there's + + + align:start position:0% +I mean you could you know there's +enormous uh strains on the structure and + + align:start position:0% +enormous uh strains on the structure and + + + align:start position:0% +enormous uh strains on the structure and +it's not very strong structure because + + align:start position:0% +it's not very strong structure because + + + align:start position:0% +it's not very strong structure because +of its shape and because of limitations + + align:start position:0% +of its shape and because of limitations + + + align:start position:0% +of its shape and because of limitations +of the material where whereas and which + + align:start position:0% +of the material where whereas and which + + + align:start position:0% +of the material where whereas and which +is kind of uh the same kind of problem + + align:start position:0% +is kind of uh the same kind of problem + + + align:start position:0% +is kind of uh the same kind of problem +that that that that sabat has but is not + + align:start position:0% +that that that that sabat has but is not + + + align:start position:0% +that that that that sabat has but is not +a problem with this shape of boat this + + align:start position:0% +a problem with this shape of boat this + + + align:start position:0% +a problem with this shape of boat this +this boat because it has a lot of + + align:start position:0% +this boat because it has a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +this boat because it has a lot of +curvature and and and U and more + + align:start position:0% +curvature and and and U and more + + + align:start position:0% +curvature and and and U and more +reasonable proportions overall is going + + align:start position:0% +reasonable proportions overall is going + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable proportions overall is going +to have you know kind of the way + + align:start position:0% +to have you know kind of the way + + + align:start position:0% +to have you know kind of the way +eggshell you know an egg has strength + + align:start position:0% +eggshell you know an egg has strength + + + align:start position:0% +eggshell you know an egg has strength +because of its shape versus versus + + align:start position:0% +because of its shape versus versus + + + align:start position:0% +because of its shape versus versus +having strength you know it's a very + + align:start position:0% +having strength you know it's a very + + + align:start position:0% +having strength you know it's a very +brittle material but it because of its + + align:start position:0% +brittle material but it because of its + + + align:start position:0% +brittle material but it because of its +shape it's enormously strong so this is + + align:start position:0% +shape it's enormously strong so this is + + + align:start position:0% +shape it's enormously strong so this is +a strong shape that's a weak shape and + + align:start position:0% +a strong shape that's a weak shape and + + + align:start position:0% +a strong shape that's a weak shape and +that required a lot of engineering to + + align:start position:0% +that required a lot of engineering to + + + align:start position:0% +that required a lot of engineering to +make that into a strong thing same with + + align:start position:0% +make that into a strong thing same with + + + align:start position:0% +make that into a strong thing same with +that whereas this one or that one + + align:start position:0% +that whereas this one or that one + + + align:start position:0% +that whereas this one or that one +they're more reasonable shapes and end + + align:start position:0% +they're more reasonable shapes and end + + + align:start position:0% +they're more reasonable shapes and end +up becoming reasonable in the sense of + + align:start position:0% +up becoming reasonable in the sense of + + + align:start position:0% +up becoming reasonable in the sense of +having strength inherent in the shape so + + align:start position:0% +having strength inherent in the shape so + + + align:start position:0% +having strength inherent in the shape so +they required less engineering and less + + align:start position:0% +they required less engineering and less + + + align:start position:0% +they required less engineering and less +structure to make to make them strong + + align:start position:0% +structure to make to make them strong + + + align:start position:0% +structure to make to make them strong +these boats didn't last as very long + + align:start position:0% +these boats didn't last as very long + + + align:start position:0% +these boats didn't last as very long +because you're pushing the materials you + + align:start position:0% +because you're pushing the materials you + + + align:start position:0% +because you're pushing the materials you +know beyond their limit and the these + + align:start position:0% +know beyond their limit and the these + + + align:start position:0% +know beyond their limit and the these +would be much more conservative as far + + align:start position:0% +would be much more conservative as far + + + align:start position:0% +would be much more conservative as far +as as how as their longevity course this + + align:start position:0% +as as how as their longevity course this + + + align:start position:0% +as as how as their longevity course this +is in even more conservative uh shape + + align:start position:0% +is in even more conservative uh shape + + + align:start position:0% +is in even more conservative uh shape +that's reasonable and easy to to build + + align:start position:0% +that's reasonable and easy to to build + + + align:start position:0% +that's reasonable and easy to to build +out of material there's this shape this + + align:start position:0% +out of material there's this shape this + + + align:start position:0% +out of material there's this shape this +this choice in materials might actually + + align:start position:0% +this choice in materials might actually + + + align:start position:0% +this choice in materials might actually +be because of where the shipyard was + + align:start position:0% +be because of where the shipyard was + + + align:start position:0% +be because of where the shipyard was +yeah on the time yeah yeah I mean you + + align:start position:0% +yeah on the time yeah yeah I mean you + + + align:start position:0% +yeah on the time yeah yeah I mean you +know by by this has got to is there a + + align:start position:0% +know by by this has got to is there a + + + align:start position:0% +know by by this has got to is there a +date on here this has got to be turn of + + align:start position:0% +date on here this has got to be turn of + + + align:start position:0% +date on here this has got to be turn of +the century San Francisco I don't see + + align:start position:0% +the century San Francisco I don't see + + + align:start position:0% +the century San Francisco I don't see +any date on here but um my guess is that + + align:start position:0% +any date on here but um my guess is that + + + align:start position:0% +any date on here but um my guess is that +um it was turn of the century and uh and + + align:start position:0% +um it was turn of the century and uh and + + + align:start position:0% +um it was turn of the century and uh and +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +you you would have expected it to have + + align:start position:0% +you you would have expected it to have + + + align:start position:0% +you you would have expected it to have +been built out of steel um but it was on + + align:start position:0% +been built out of steel um but it was on + + + align:start position:0% +been built out of steel um but it was on +the west coast and there was a huge + + align:start position:0% +the west coast and there was a huge + + + align:start position:0% +the west coast and there was a huge +abundance of that material and and so + + align:start position:0% +abundance of that material and and so + + + align:start position:0% +abundance of that material and and so +yeah there's there's probably a forest + + align:start position:0% +yeah there's there's probably a forest + + + align:start position:0% +yeah there's there's probably a forest +of Douglas fur and redwoods building + + align:start position:0% +of Douglas fur and redwoods building + + + align:start position:0% +of Douglas fur and redwoods building +that but they were local whereas the + + align:start position:0% +that but they were local whereas the + + + align:start position:0% +that but they were local whereas the +steel would had to come from + + align:start position:0% +steel would had to come from + + + align:start position:0% +steel would had to come from +Pennsylvania or something by yeah around + + align:start position:0% +Pennsylvania or something by yeah around + + + align:start position:0% +Pennsylvania or something by yeah around +the horn and would have not been + + align:start position:0% +the horn and would have not been + + + align:start position:0% +the horn and would have not been +economical for them at the time see here + + align:start position:0% +economical for them at the time see here + + + align:start position:0% +economical for them at the time see here +you can see all the all the top hamper + + align:start position:0% +you can see all the all the top hamper + + + align:start position:0% +you can see all the all the top hamper +that isn't shown on on here this this + + align:start position:0% +that isn't shown on on here this this + + + align:start position:0% +that isn't shown on on here this this +block here is equal to that cylinder + + align:start position:0% +block here is equal to that cylinder + + + align:start position:0% +block here is equal to that cylinder +there which is the which is the boiler + + align:start position:0% +there which is the which is the boiler + + + align:start position:0% +there which is the which is the boiler +uh but then there was all of these decks + + align:start position:0% +uh but then there was all of these decks + + + align:start position:0% +uh but then there was all of these decks +above I mean this thing is up up to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yours able to preview the collections + + align:start position:0% +yours able to preview the collections + + + align:start position:0% +yours able to preview the collections +digitally + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/JQtOFKmLOl4.txt b/JQtOFKmLOl4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1a4e3dd5dc7bc6678f33d879700d3e5556d408af --- /dev/null +++ b/JQtOFKmLOl4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17538 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well welcome everybody and thanks for + + align:start position:0% +well welcome everybody and thanks for + + + align:start position:0% +well welcome everybody and thanks for +coming to the 22033 nuclear systems + + align:start position:0% +coming to the 22033 nuclear systems + + + align:start position:0% +coming to the 22033 nuclear systems +design project final presentation my + + align:start position:0% +design project final presentation my + + + align:start position:0% +design project final presentation my +name is Mike short I've been the + + align:start position:0% +name is Mike short I've been the + + + align:start position:0% +name is Mike short I've been the +instructor for the course I'm not going + + align:start position:0% +instructor for the course I'm not going + + + align:start position:0% +instructor for the course I'm not going +to say too much I'm going to lead it to + + align:start position:0% +to say too much I'm going to lead it to + + + align:start position:0% +to say too much I'm going to lead it to +these guys all I will tell you is at the + + align:start position:0% +these guys all I will tell you is at the + + + align:start position:0% +these guys all I will tell you is at the +beginning of the semester um I charged + + align:start position:0% +beginning of the semester um I charged + + + align:start position:0% +beginning of the semester um I charged +these folks with designing a reactor + + align:start position:0% +these folks with designing a reactor + + + align:start position:0% +these folks with designing a reactor +system that is capable of producing at + + align:start position:0% +system that is capable of producing at + + + align:start position:0% +system that is capable of producing at +least 100 megawatt electric and produces + + align:start position:0% +least 100 megawatt electric and produces + + + align:start position:0% +least 100 megawatt electric and produces +hydrogen and biofuels and sells at least + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen and biofuels and sells at least + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen and biofuels and sells at least +one and otherwise the goal was to make + + align:start position:0% +one and otherwise the goal was to make + + + align:start position:0% +one and otherwise the goal was to make +the best design possible to optimize it + + align:start position:0% +the best design possible to optimize it + + + align:start position:0% +the best design possible to optimize it +in terms of performance safety and cost + + align:start position:0% +in terms of performance safety and cost + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of performance safety and cost +it's been a long hard battle but uh I + + align:start position:0% +it's been a long hard battle but uh I + + + align:start position:0% +it's been a long hard battle but uh I +think the results have been quite + + align:start position:0% +think the results have been quite + + + align:start position:0% +think the results have been quite +fruitful and with that I'd like to hand + + align:start position:0% +fruitful and with that I'd like to hand + + + align:start position:0% +fruitful and with that I'd like to hand +it over to Catherine and the rest of the + + align:start position:0% +it over to Catherine and the rest of the + + + align:start position:0% +it over to Catherine and the rest of the +o33 presenters to tell you what they've + + align:start position:0% +o33 presenters to tell you what they've + + + align:start position:0% +o33 presenters to tell you what they've +done hi my name is Katherine and I'm an + + align:start position:0% +done hi my name is Katherine and I'm an + + + align:start position:0% +done hi my name is Katherine and I'm an +integrator I was charged with + + align:start position:0% +integrator I was charged with + + + align:start position:0% +integrator I was charged with +integrating um our 22033 project along + + align:start position:0% +integrating um our 22033 project along + + + align:start position:0% +integrating um our 22033 project along +with Sarah so we're going to give you a + + align:start position:0% +with Sarah so we're going to give you a + + + align:start position:0% +with Sarah so we're going to give you a +brief overview of our plan design before + + align:start position:0% +brief overview of our plan design before + + + align:start position:0% +brief overview of our plan design before +we get into specifics of the separate + + align:start position:0% +we get into specifics of the separate + + + align:start position:0% +we get into specifics of the separate +parts of our PL + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um so uh first I'll talk about why we + + align:start position:0% +um so uh first I'll talk about why we + + + align:start position:0% +um so uh first I'll talk about why we +chose this project um there's a push + + align:start position:0% +chose this project um there's a push + + + align:start position:0% +chose this project um there's a push +towards green energy right now in the + + align:start position:0% +towards green energy right now in the + + + align:start position:0% +towards green energy right now in the +United States um using clean energy to + + align:start position:0% +United States um using clean energy to + + + align:start position:0% +United States um using clean energy to +um help our with the climate change and + + align:start position:0% +um help our with the climate change and + + + align:start position:0% +um help our with the climate change and +um so our project will use um low carbon + + align:start position:0% +um so our project will use um low carbon + + + align:start position:0% +um so our project will use um low carbon +emission we'll have low carbon emissions + + align:start position:0% +emission we'll have low carbon emissions + + + align:start position:0% +emission we'll have low carbon emissions +for um our biodiesel and bio gasoline + + align:start position:0% +for um our biodiesel and bio gasoline + + + align:start position:0% +for um our biodiesel and bio gasoline +output currently the United States um + + align:start position:0% +output currently the United States um + + + align:start position:0% +output currently the United States um +has a very high dependence on foreign + + align:start position:0% +has a very high dependence on foreign + + + align:start position:0% +has a very high dependence on foreign +oil so we're hoping with this um + + align:start position:0% +oil so we're hoping with this um + + + align:start position:0% +oil so we're hoping with this um +reactive design we can help displace um + + align:start position:0% +reactive design we can help displace um + + + align:start position:0% +reactive design we can help displace um +some of that to more of a dependence on + + align:start position:0% +some of that to more of a dependence on + + + align:start position:0% +some of that to more of a dependence on +domestic oil and our nuclear plant um is + + align:start position:0% +domestic oil and our nuclear plant um is + + + align:start position:0% +domestic oil and our nuclear plant um is +going to give us a high energy output um + + align:start position:0% +going to give us a high energy output um + + + align:start position:0% +going to give us a high energy output um +and give us a lot of electricity to the + + align:start position:0% +and give us a lot of electricity to the + + + align:start position:0% +and give us a lot of electricity to the +grid um compared to the maintenance cost + + align:start position:0% +grid um compared to the maintenance cost + + + align:start position:0% +grid um compared to the maintenance cost +um and this is compared to um like a + + align:start position:0% +um and this is compared to um like a + + + align:start position:0% +um and this is compared to um like a +coal plant which has + + align:start position:0% +coal plant which has + + + align:start position:0% +coal plant which has +higher maintenance cost and um not so + + align:start position:0% +higher maintenance cost and um not so + + + align:start position:0% +higher maintenance cost and um not so +much of an electricity and energy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +output so I'm Sarah as Kath mentioned + + align:start position:0% +output so I'm Sarah as Kath mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +output so I'm Sarah as Kath mentioned +earlier I'm the other integrator for + + align:start position:0% +earlier I'm the other integrator for + + + align:start position:0% +earlier I'm the other integrator for +this project um I know most of you + + align:start position:0% +this project um I know most of you + + + align:start position:0% +this project um I know most of you +aren't going to be able to read this um + + align:start position:0% +aren't going to be able to read this um + + + align:start position:0% +aren't going to be able to read this um +we really just wanted to show you how + + align:start position:0% +we really just wanted to show you how + + + align:start position:0% +we really just wanted to show you how +complicated and vast our system is um + + align:start position:0% +complicated and vast our system is um + + + align:start position:0% +complicated and vast our system is um +but I'll talk you through it so up here + + align:start position:0% +but I'll talk you through it so up here + + + align:start position:0% +but I'll talk you through it so up here +we have the reactor which will interface + + align:start position:0% +we have the reactor which will interface + + + align:start position:0% +we have the reactor which will interface +with with the process heat system taking + + align:start position:0% +with with the process heat system taking + + + align:start position:0% +with with the process heat system taking +heat to a hydrogen heat exchanger which + + align:start position:0% +heat to a hydrogen heat exchanger which + + + align:start position:0% +heat to a hydrogen heat exchanger which +then they use as Steam for their system + + align:start position:0% +then they use as Steam for their system + + + align:start position:0% +then they use as Steam for their system +which is over here and it also takes + + align:start position:0% +which is over here and it also takes + + + align:start position:0% +which is over here and it also takes +heat to bio the process heat system also + + align:start position:0% +heat to bio the process heat system also + + + align:start position:0% +heat to bio the process heat system also +takes heat to biofuels which the heat is + + align:start position:0% +takes heat to biofuels which the heat is + + + align:start position:0% +takes heat to biofuels which the heat is +being deposited here the hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +being deposited here the hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +being deposited here the hydrogen +product is being taken along this path + + align:start position:0% +product is being taken along this path + + + align:start position:0% +product is being taken along this path +all the way up into their refining + + align:start position:0% +all the way up into their refining + + + align:start position:0% +all the way up into their refining +system and here's the biofuel output and + + align:start position:0% +system and here's the biofuel output and + + + align:start position:0% +system and here's the biofuel output and +it's taken to a truck and taken out to + + align:start position:0% +it's taken to a truck and taken out to + + + align:start position:0% +it's taken to a truck and taken out to +um distributors + + align:start position:0% +um distributors + + + align:start position:0% +um distributors +um this is the reactor design down here + + align:start position:0% +um this is the reactor design down here + + + align:start position:0% +um this is the reactor design down here +um the core group will go into that more + + align:start position:0% +um the core group will go into that more + + + align:start position:0% +um the core group will go into that more +in more depth and just some other + + align:start position:0% +in more depth and just some other + + + align:start position:0% +in more depth and just some other +intricate processes that are being used + + align:start position:0% +intricate processes that are being used + + + align:start position:0% +intricate processes that are being used +uh we decided in order for ease of + + align:start position:0% +uh we decided in order for ease of + + + align:start position:0% +uh we decided in order for ease of +design we separated the group The we + + align:start position:0% +design we separated the group The we + + + align:start position:0% +design we separated the group The we +separated the system into four control + + align:start position:0% +separated the system into four control + + + align:start position:0% +separated the system into four control +volumes uh which is the reactor group + + align:start position:0% +volumes uh which is the reactor group + + + align:start position:0% +volumes uh which is the reactor group +over here which was in charge of + + align:start position:0% +over here which was in charge of + + + align:start position:0% +over here which was in charge of +Designing the reactor and the primary + + align:start position:0% +Designing the reactor and the primary + + + align:start position:0% +Designing the reactor and the primary +and secondary systems that correspond to + + align:start position:0% +and secondary systems that correspond to + + + align:start position:0% +and secondary systems that correspond to +that the process heat Group which is in + + align:start position:0% +that the process heat Group which is in + + + align:start position:0% +that the process heat Group which is in +charge of taking heat to from the core + + align:start position:0% +charge of taking heat to from the core + + + align:start position:0% +charge of taking heat to from the core +to the hydrogen and biofuels facilities + + align:start position:0% +to the hydrogen and biofuels facilities + + + align:start position:0% +to the hydrogen and biofuels facilities +and also in charge of storing heat in + + align:start position:0% +and also in charge of storing heat in + + + align:start position:0% +and also in charge of storing heat in +order to um keep the secondary system uh + + align:start position:0% +order to um keep the secondary system uh + + + align:start position:0% +order to um keep the secondary system uh +to keep the um primary system um online + + align:start position:0% +to keep the um primary system um online + + + align:start position:0% +to keep the um primary system um online +during shutdown and + + align:start position:0% +during shutdown and + + + align:start position:0% +during shutdown and +um and then the biofuels facility which + + align:start position:0% +um and then the biofuels facility which + + + align:start position:0% +um and then the biofuels facility which +is in charge of creating biofuels and + + align:start position:0% +is in charge of creating biofuels and + + + align:start position:0% +is in charge of creating biofuels and +the hydrogen Group which is in charge of + + align:start position:0% +the hydrogen Group which is in charge of + + + align:start position:0% +the hydrogen Group which is in charge of +creating hydrogen and with that I'm + + align:start position:0% +creating hydrogen and with that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +creating hydrogen and with that I'm +going to turn it over to core + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh hello my name is Bern ener I was the + + align:start position:0% +uh hello my name is Bern ener I was the + + + align:start position:0% +uh hello my name is Bern ener I was the +focus area leader for the core group uh + + align:start position:0% +focus area leader for the core group uh + + + align:start position:0% +focus area leader for the core group uh +the group consists are myself uh Rory + + align:start position:0% +the group consists are myself uh Rory + + + align:start position:0% +the group consists are myself uh Rory +McDonald uh Robert Dron and Jessica + + align:start position:0% +McDonald uh Robert Dron and Jessica + + + align:start position:0% +McDonald uh Robert Dron and Jessica +Hammond and uh I'm here to present to + + align:start position:0% +Hammond and uh I'm here to present to + + + align:start position:0% +Hammond and uh I'm here to present to +you the reactor that's going to be used + + align:start position:0% +you the reactor that's going to be used + + + align:start position:0% +you the reactor that's going to be used +in this whole you know 22033 + + align:start position:0% +in this whole you know 22033 + + + align:start position:0% +in this whole you know 22033 +project uh just a brief overview of what + + align:start position:0% +project uh just a brief overview of what + + + align:start position:0% +project uh just a brief overview of what +I'll go through just talk about some + + align:start position:0% +I'll go through just talk about some + + + align:start position:0% +I'll go through just talk about some +goals and then I'll go into the specic + + align:start position:0% +goals and then I'll go into the specic + + + align:start position:0% +goals and then I'll go into the specic +specifics of the design the fuel some of + + align:start position:0% +specifics of the design the fuel some of + + + align:start position:0% +specifics of the design the fuel some of +the different things we did analyze our + + align:start position:0% +the different things we did analyze our + + + align:start position:0% +the different things we did analyze our +core uh our goal with designing this + + align:start position:0% +core uh our goal with designing this + + + align:start position:0% +core uh our goal with designing this +reactor is we wanted to be able to + + align:start position:0% +reactor is we wanted to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +reactor is we wanted to be able to +produce electricity as Dr Short + + align:start position:0% +produce electricity as Dr Short + + + align:start position:0% +produce electricity as Dr Short +mentioned but we also wanted to be able + + align:start position:0% +mentioned but we also wanted to be able + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned but we also wanted to be able +to Pro provide process heat for the uh + + align:start position:0% +to Pro provide process heat for the uh + + + align:start position:0% +to Pro provide process heat for the uh +hydrogen and biofuels temperatures and + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen and biofuels temperatures and + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen and biofuels temperatures and +those processes required uh a greater + + align:start position:0% +those processes required uh a greater + + + align:start position:0% +those processes required uh a greater +than your typical light waterer reactor + + align:start position:0% +than your typical light waterer reactor + + + align:start position:0% +than your typical light waterer reactor +temperature so we so that challenged us + + align:start position:0% +temperature so we so that challenged us + + + align:start position:0% +temperature so we so that challenged us +to design something uh new something + + align:start position:0% +to design something uh new something + + + align:start position:0% +to design something uh new something +unique and Innovative uh and we think we + + align:start position:0% +unique and Innovative uh and we think we + + + align:start position:0% +unique and Innovative uh and we think we +were able to produce something similar + + align:start position:0% +were able to produce something similar + + + align:start position:0% +were able to produce something similar +to that finally we wanted to be able to + + align:start position:0% +to that finally we wanted to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +to that finally we wanted to be able to +prod some produce something that was + + align:start position:0% +prod some produce something that was + + + align:start position:0% +prod some produce something that was +feasible in like the near-term future we + + align:start position:0% +feasible in like the near-term future we + + + align:start position:0% +feasible in like the near-term future we +didn't want to design something that + + align:start position:0% +didn't want to design something that + + + align:start position:0% +didn't want to design something that +wasn't going to be able to get + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +licensed uh we considered a slew of + + align:start position:0% +licensed uh we considered a slew of + + + align:start position:0% +licensed uh we considered a slew of +different designs uh from the ge-o uh + + align:start position:0% +different designs uh from the ge-o uh + + + align:start position:0% +different designs uh from the ge-o uh +some of them were eliminated right off + + align:start position:0% +some of them were eliminated right off + + + align:start position:0% +some of them were eliminated right off +the bat for different things such as + + align:start position:0% +the bat for different things such as + + + align:start position:0% +the bat for different things such as +like the can do didn't provide enough + + align:start position:0% +like the can do didn't provide enough + + + align:start position:0% +like the can do didn't provide enough +temperature for us uh but these four + + align:start position:0% +temperature for us uh but these four + + + align:start position:0% +temperature for us uh but these four +reactors here were the ones that we + + align:start position:0% +reactors here were the ones that we + + + align:start position:0% +reactors here were the ones that we +really boiled it down to uh we + + align:start position:0% +really boiled it down to uh we + + + align:start position:0% +really boiled it down to uh we +eliminated the sodium fast reactor uh + + align:start position:0% +eliminated the sodium fast reactor uh + + + align:start position:0% +eliminated the sodium fast reactor uh +because it was very similar to our lead + + align:start position:0% +because it was very similar to our lead + + + align:start position:0% +because it was very similar to our lead +cool uh lead bismi tic fast reactor that + + align:start position:0% +cool uh lead bismi tic fast reactor that + + + align:start position:0% +cool uh lead bismi tic fast reactor that +we ended up choosing in the end um but + + align:start position:0% +we ended up choosing in the end um but + + + align:start position:0% +we ended up choosing in the end um but +we thought that the ex the extra little + + align:start position:0% +we thought that the ex the extra little + + + align:start position:0% +we thought that the ex the extra little +tidbit about the fact that sodium reacts + + align:start position:0% +tidbit about the fact that sodium reacts + + + align:start position:0% +tidbit about the fact that sodium reacts +violently with water uh put it out of + + align:start position:0% +violently with water uh put it out of + + + align:start position:0% +violently with water uh put it out of +contention for us uh the um very high + + align:start position:0% +contention for us uh the um very high + + + align:start position:0% +contention for us uh the um very high +temperature reactor uh was removed for + + align:start position:0% +temperature reactor uh was removed for + + + align:start position:0% +temperature reactor uh was removed for +consider from consideration because how + + align:start position:0% +consider from consideration because how + + + align:start position:0% +consider from consideration because how +big the plant was and we wanted to try + + align:start position:0% +big the plant was and we wanted to try + + + align:start position:0% +big the plant was and we wanted to try +and keep a smaller footprint considering + + align:start position:0% +and keep a smaller footprint considering + + + align:start position:0% +and keep a smaller footprint considering +the size of our plant in general with + + align:start position:0% +the size of our plant in general with + + + align:start position:0% +the size of our plant in general with +biofuels and hydrogen production on site + + align:start position:0% +biofuels and hydrogen production on site + + + align:start position:0% +biofuels and hydrogen production on site +as well and finally the molten salt + + align:start position:0% +as well and finally the molten salt + + + align:start position:0% +as well and finally the molten salt +reactor was removed because of the uh + + align:start position:0% +reactor was removed because of the uh + + + align:start position:0% +reactor was removed because of the uh +what we thought was a a feasibility + + align:start position:0% +what we thought was a a feasibility + + + align:start position:0% +what we thought was a a feasibility +issue in the near + + align:start position:0% +issue in the near + + + align:start position:0% +issue in the near +term the reason we chose the lead + + align:start position:0% +term the reason we chose the lead + + + align:start position:0% +term the reason we chose the lead +bismuth tic fast reactor was we were + + align:start position:0% +bismuth tic fast reactor was we were + + + align:start position:0% +bismuth tic fast reactor was we were +were thrilled with the high heat + + align:start position:0% +were thrilled with the high heat + + + align:start position:0% +were thrilled with the high heat +capacity of the coolant um this this + + align:start position:0% +capacity of the coolant um this this + + + align:start position:0% +capacity of the coolant um this this +reactor operated atmospheric pressure + + align:start position:0% +reactor operated atmospheric pressure + + + align:start position:0% +reactor operated atmospheric pressure +which is excellent for safety uh it's + + align:start position:0% +which is excellent for safety uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +which is excellent for safety uh it's +got a very high power density we can + + align:start position:0% +got a very high power density we can + + + align:start position:0% +got a very high power density we can +pack a lot of power into this core in a + + align:start position:0% +pack a lot of power into this core in a + + + align:start position:0% +pack a lot of power into this core in a +relatively small size and also there's a + + align:start position:0% +relatively small size and also there's a + + + align:start position:0% +relatively small size and also there's a +lot of safety features that were pretty + + align:start position:0% +lot of safety features that were pretty + + + align:start position:0% +lot of safety features that were pretty +uh beneficial to it too including the + + align:start position:0% +uh beneficial to it too including the + + + align:start position:0% +uh beneficial to it too including the +fact that our plant can operate natural + + align:start position:0% +fact that our plant can operate natural + + + align:start position:0% +fact that our plant can operate natural +convection at full power + + align:start position:0% +convection at full power + + + align:start position:0% +convection at full power +um a little interesting thing we decided + + align:start position:0% +um a little interesting thing we decided + + + align:start position:0% +um a little interesting thing we decided +to do is for our secondary Loop we chose + + align:start position:0% +to do is for our secondary Loop we chose + + + align:start position:0% +to do is for our secondary Loop we chose +super critical CO2 uh in a Brion cycle + + align:start position:0% +super critical CO2 uh in a Brion cycle + + + align:start position:0% +super critical CO2 uh in a Brion cycle +and part of the reason we chose this is + + align:start position:0% +and part of the reason we chose this is + + + align:start position:0% +and part of the reason we chose this is +because it has it's a high efficiency + + align:start position:0% +because it has it's a high efficiency + + + align:start position:0% +because it has it's a high efficiency +system and the turbines that we're going + + align:start position:0% +system and the turbines that we're going + + + align:start position:0% +system and the turbines that we're going +to that I'll show you that we use were + + align:start position:0% +to that I'll show you that we use were + + + align:start position:0% +to that I'll show you that we use were +very small and we're we're really + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cool uh the final design puts out uh uh + + align:start position:0% +cool uh the final design puts out uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +cool uh the final design puts out uh uh +3575 megawatt thermal and can produce + + align:start position:0% +3575 megawatt thermal and can produce + + + align:start position:0% +3575 megawatt thermal and can produce +15500 megawatt electric uh we're this + + align:start position:0% +15500 megawatt electric uh we're this + + + align:start position:0% +15500 megawatt electric uh we're this +power level is actually limited by the + + align:start position:0% +power level is actually limited by the + + + align:start position:0% +power level is actually limited by the +lead bismi tic uh itself the it it's + + align:start position:0% +lead bismi tic uh itself the it it's + + + align:start position:0% +lead bismi tic uh itself the it it's +limited to about 2.5 m/s beyond that + + align:start position:0% +limited to about 2.5 m/s beyond that + + + align:start position:0% +limited to about 2.5 m/s beyond that +you're going to see a lot of flow + + align:start position:0% +you're going to see a lot of flow + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to see a lot of flow +assisted corrosion uh so you have to + + align:start position:0% +assisted corrosion uh so you have to + + + align:start position:0% +assisted corrosion uh so you have to +limit it to that top top speed we will + + align:start position:0% +limit it to that top top speed we will + + + align:start position:0% +limit it to that top top speed we will +actually only be providing a gwatt of + + align:start position:0% +actually only be providing a gwatt of + + + align:start position:0% +actually only be providing a gwatt of +electricity to the grid the remaining + + align:start position:0% +electricity to the grid the remaining + + + align:start position:0% +electricity to the grid the remaining +500 megawatts is going to remain on site + + align:start position:0% +500 megawatts is going to remain on site + + + align:start position:0% +500 megawatts is going to remain on site +for plant use uh specifically uh the + + align:start position:0% +for plant use uh specifically uh the + + + align:start position:0% +for plant use uh specifically uh the +hydrogen will be using a lot of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that here's a radial and axial view of + + align:start position:0% +that here's a radial and axial view of + + + align:start position:0% +that here's a radial and axial view of +our core um it's a pretty simple picture + + align:start position:0% +our core um it's a pretty simple picture + + + align:start position:0% +our core um it's a pretty simple picture +right here it shows the core uh it sits + + align:start position:0% +right here it shows the core uh it sits + + + align:start position:0% +right here it shows the core uh it sits +in a tank of lead bisou tic flows down + + align:start position:0% +in a tank of lead bisou tic flows down + + + align:start position:0% +in a tank of lead bisou tic flows down +goes through our heat exchangers comes + + align:start position:0% +goes through our heat exchangers comes + + + align:start position:0% +goes through our heat exchangers comes +back in uh as you can see we have three + + align:start position:0% +back in uh as you can see we have three + + + align:start position:0% +back in uh as you can see we have three +uh shell and two heat exchangers that + + align:start position:0% +uh shell and two heat exchangers that + + + align:start position:0% +uh shell and two heat exchangers that +we're going to be using and our core is + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be using and our core is + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be using and our core is +hexagon what you can see better in the + + align:start position:0% +hexagon what you can see better in the + + + align:start position:0% +hexagon what you can see better in the +radio overview of the picture here you + + align:start position:0% +radio overview of the picture here you + + + align:start position:0% +radio overview of the picture here you +can also see our um the ring design of + + align:start position:0% +can also see our um the ring design of + + + align:start position:0% +can also see our um the ring design of +our reactor we have uh 12 Rings uh the + + align:start position:0% +our reactor we have uh 12 Rings uh the + + + align:start position:0% +our reactor we have uh 12 Rings uh the +12th ring is is in red uh we have the + + align:start position:0% +12th ring is is in red uh we have the + + + align:start position:0% +12th ring is is in red uh we have the +inner 10 Rings consist of fuel and + + align:start position:0% +inner 10 Rings consist of fuel and + + + align:start position:0% +inner 10 Rings consist of fuel and +control rods uh that we have uh in Black + + align:start position:0% +control rods uh that we have uh in Black + + + align:start position:0% +control rods uh that we have uh in Black +are the uranium mononitride fuel regions + + align:start position:0% +are the uranium mononitride fuel regions + + + align:start position:0% +are the uranium mononitride fuel regions +there is lid lead bismuth flowing + + align:start position:0% +there is lid lead bismuth flowing + + + align:start position:0% +there is lid lead bismuth flowing +through there I'll show you a picture in + + align:start position:0% +through there I'll show you a picture in + + + align:start position:0% +through there I'll show you a picture in +a second that uh clearly differentiates + + align:start position:0% +a second that uh clearly differentiates + + + align:start position:0% +a second that uh clearly differentiates +the two and the there's 18 uh purple + + align:start position:0% +the two and the there's 18 uh purple + + + align:start position:0% +the two and the there's 18 uh purple +Boron carbide control rods right here uh + + align:start position:0% +Boron carbide control rods right here uh + + + align:start position:0% +Boron carbide control rods right here uh +the 11th ring is a magnesium oxide + + align:start position:0% +the 11th ring is a magnesium oxide + + + align:start position:0% +the 11th ring is a magnesium oxide +reflector and the 12th ring is a boron + + align:start position:0% +reflector and the 12th ring is a boron + + + align:start position:0% +reflector and the 12th ring is a boron +carbide Shield material and the around + + align:start position:0% +carbide Shield material and the around + + + align:start position:0% +carbide Shield material and the around +the outside of our core is a lead bism + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tic this is a picture of one of our fuel + + align:start position:0% +tic this is a picture of one of our fuel + + + align:start position:0% +tic this is a picture of one of our fuel +assemblies um we have we have 100 pins + + align:start position:0% +assemblies um we have we have 100 pins + + + align:start position:0% +assemblies um we have we have 100 pins +per fuel assembly um they're in red uh + + align:start position:0% +per fuel assembly um they're in red uh + + + align:start position:0% +per fuel assembly um they're in red uh +surrounding them is the lead bisou tic + + align:start position:0% +surrounding them is the lead bisou tic + + + align:start position:0% +surrounding them is the lead bisou tic +uh uh flow that goes through our core + + align:start position:0% +uh uh flow that goes through our core + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh flow that goes through our core +our clad material we're right now we're + + align:start position:0% +our clad material we're right now we're + + + align:start position:0% +our clad material we're right now we're +using a two-layer t91 uh with an outer + + align:start position:0% +using a two-layer t91 uh with an outer + + + align:start position:0% +using a two-layer t91 uh with an outer +protective uh corrosion resistant layer + + align:start position:0% +protective uh corrosion resistant layer + + + align:start position:0% +protective uh corrosion resistant layer +uh a thing another thing we did in our + + align:start position:0% +uh a thing another thing we did in our + + + align:start position:0% +uh a thing another thing we did in our +core is we we we have different + + align:start position:0% +core is we we we have different + + + align:start position:0% +core is we we we have different +enrichments in different zones the + + align:start position:0% +enrichments in different zones the + + + align:start position:0% +enrichments in different zones the +maximum enrichment we're using is about + + align:start position:0% +maximum enrichment we're using is about + + + align:start position:0% +maximum enrichment we're using is about +15% which we use in the uh bottom outer + + align:start position:0% +15% which we use in the uh bottom outer + + + align:start position:0% +15% which we use in the uh bottom outer +six rings of our core and the minimum + + align:start position:0% +six rings of our core and the minimum + + + align:start position:0% +six rings of our core and the minimum +enrichment we use is uh 10% which we use + + align:start position:0% +enrichment we use is uh 10% which we use + + + align:start position:0% +enrichment we use is uh 10% which we use +in the top middle uh 33% of our core + + align:start position:0% +in the top middle uh 33% of our core + + + align:start position:0% +in the top middle uh 33% of our core +reason we did this was to flatten our + + align:start position:0% +reason we did this was to flatten our + + + align:start position:0% +reason we did this was to flatten our +flux profile and also to uh for the top + + align:start position:0% +flux profile and also to uh for the top + + + align:start position:0% +flux profile and also to uh for the top +33% we lowered the enrichment because + + align:start position:0% +33% we lowered the enrichment because + + + align:start position:0% +33% we lowered the enrichment because +we're using uh rods to control our + + align:start position:0% +we're using uh rods to control our + + + align:start position:0% +we're using uh rods to control our +reactor so that fuel is mostly going to + + align:start position:0% +reactor so that fuel is mostly going to + + + align:start position:0% +reactor so that fuel is mostly going to +be shielded during + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +operation this shows a a couple of other + + align:start position:0% +operation this shows a a couple of other + + + align:start position:0% +operation this shows a a couple of other +key operating parameters our Outlet + + align:start position:0% +key operating parameters our Outlet + + + align:start position:0% +key operating parameters our Outlet +temperature is about 650 degre C our + + align:start position:0% +temperature is about 650 degre C our + + + align:start position:0% +temperature is about 650 degre C our +Inland temperature about 484 um we have + + align:start position:0% +Inland temperature about 484 um we have + + + align:start position:0% +Inland temperature about 484 um we have +a pretty high mass flow rate about + + align:start position:0% +a pretty high mass flow rate about + + + align:start position:0% +a pretty high mass flow rate about +143,00 600 kg per second uh we do uh use + + align:start position:0% +143,00 600 kg per second uh we do uh use + + + align:start position:0% +143,00 600 kg per second uh we do uh use +natural circulation to provide all that + + align:start position:0% +natural circulation to provide all that + + + align:start position:0% +natural circulation to provide all that +flow at full power um we also have a + + align:start position:0% +flow at full power um we also have a + + + align:start position:0% +flow at full power um we also have a +pretty high linear heat rate as you'll + + align:start position:0% +pretty high linear heat rate as you'll + + + align:start position:0% +pretty high linear heat rate as you'll +see here uh this is just part of the + + align:start position:0% +see here uh this is just part of the + + + align:start position:0% +see here uh this is just part of the +fact that our core is like a pretty + + align:start position:0% +fact that our core is like a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +fact that our core is like a pretty +dense densely packed core and as + + align:start position:0% +dense densely packed core and as + + + align:start position:0% +dense densely packed core and as +mentioned before we use uranium + + align:start position:0% +mentioned before we use uranium + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned before we use uranium +mononitrate as our fuel + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +material the I think uh the picture the + + align:start position:0% +material the I think uh the picture the + + + align:start position:0% +material the I think uh the picture the +you should see a to see this line a + + align:start position:0% +you should see a to see this line a + + + align:start position:0% +you should see a to see this line a +little better but the this is the uh the + + align:start position:0% +little better but the this is the uh the + + + align:start position:0% +little better but the this is the uh the +criticality um calculations we used mcmp + + align:start position:0% +criticality um calculations we used mcmp + + + align:start position:0% +criticality um calculations we used mcmp +to code our reactor um and it shows it's + + align:start position:0% +to code our reactor um and it shows it's + + + align:start position:0% +to code our reactor um and it shows it's +right here you can follow the cursor + + align:start position:0% +right here you can follow the cursor + + + align:start position:0% +right here you can follow the cursor +right there is where the curve is as the + + align:start position:0% +right there is where the curve is as the + + + align:start position:0% +right there is where the curve is as the +wall rods are + + align:start position:0% +wall rods are + + + align:start position:0% +wall rods are +withdrawn um the reactivity obviously + + align:start position:0% +withdrawn um the reactivity obviously + + + align:start position:0% +withdrawn um the reactivity obviously +goes up we go critical about 1.9 meters + + align:start position:0% +goes up we go critical about 1.9 meters + + + align:start position:0% +goes up we go critical about 1.9 meters +out of from from the bottom of our core + + align:start position:0% +out of from from the bottom of our core + + + align:start position:0% +out of from from the bottom of our core +uh this big line right here is shows the + + align:start position:0% +uh this big line right here is shows the + + + align:start position:0% +uh this big line right here is shows the +difference between the two uh reactivity + + align:start position:0% +difference between the two uh reactivity + + + align:start position:0% +difference between the two uh reactivity +zones in our + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +core this picture right here is showing + + align:start position:0% +core this picture right here is showing + + + align:start position:0% +core this picture right here is showing +we did a thermal analysis of our fuel in + + align:start position:0% +we did a thermal analysis of our fuel in + + + align:start position:0% +we did a thermal analysis of our fuel in +our in our different materials to make + + align:start position:0% +our in our different materials to make + + + align:start position:0% +our in our different materials to make +sure that our fuel was um would be solid + + align:start position:0% +sure that our fuel was um would be solid + + + align:start position:0% +sure that our fuel was um would be solid +at full power + + align:start position:0% +at full power + + + align:start position:0% +at full power +operation uh as you can see here we we + + align:start position:0% +operation uh as you can see here we we + + + align:start position:0% +operation uh as you can see here we we +we approximated a linear heat rate with + + align:start position:0% +we approximated a linear heat rate with + + + align:start position:0% +we approximated a linear heat rate with +a um with a simple sinodal shape uh we + + align:start position:0% +a um with a simple sinodal shape uh we + + + align:start position:0% +a um with a simple sinodal shape uh we +set zero at the boundary conditions in + + align:start position:0% +set zero at the boundary conditions in + + + align:start position:0% +set zero at the boundary conditions in +all reality it's actually going to be + + align:start position:0% +all reality it's actually going to be + + + align:start position:0% +all reality it's actually going to be +flatter and pushed a little bit um uh up + + align:start position:0% +flatter and pushed a little bit um uh up + + + align:start position:0% +flatter and pushed a little bit um uh up +to the top of the core uh but uh the + + align:start position:0% +to the top of the core uh but uh the + + + align:start position:0% +to the top of the core uh but uh the +flatness of that re actual curve is + + align:start position:0% +flatness of that re actual curve is + + + align:start position:0% +flatness of that re actual curve is +actually going to add means we're we're + + align:start position:0% +actually going to add means we're we're + + + align:start position:0% +actually going to add means we're we're +using a little bit more of a + + align:start position:0% +using a little bit more of a + + + align:start position:0% +using a little bit more of a +conservative model + + align:start position:0% +conservative model + + + align:start position:0% +conservative model +uh we also only used a meter of active + + align:start position:0% +uh we also only used a meter of active + + + align:start position:0% +uh we also only used a meter of active +fuel height here as I mentioned before + + align:start position:0% +fuel height here as I mentioned before + + + align:start position:0% +fuel height here as I mentioned before +we're going to be going critical about + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be going critical about + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be going critical about +1.9 M nevertheless what we showed was + + align:start position:0% +1.9 M nevertheless what we showed was + + + align:start position:0% +1.9 M nevertheless what we showed was +that uh at uh about full power the Max + + align:start position:0% +that uh at uh about full power the Max + + + align:start position:0% +that uh at uh about full power the Max +uh fuel fuel temperature we're going to + + align:start position:0% +uh fuel fuel temperature we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +uh fuel fuel temperature we're going to +be having is about 8,800 de C and using + + align:start position:0% +be having is about 8,800 de C and using + + + align:start position:0% +be having is about 8,800 de C and using +uh in further analysis that had extra + + align:start position:0% +uh in further analysis that had extra + + + align:start position:0% +uh in further analysis that had extra +conservatism into it showed that like + + align:start position:0% +conservatism into it showed that like + + + align:start position:0% +conservatism into it showed that like +the most we could expect is about 1950 + + align:start position:0% +the most we could expect is about 1950 + + + align:start position:0% +the most we could expect is about 1950 +degre C that's plenty of margin to The + + align:start position:0% +degre C that's plenty of margin to The + + + align:start position:0% +degre C that's plenty of margin to The +Melting Point uranium mononitrate which + + align:start position:0% +Melting Point uranium mononitrate which + + + align:start position:0% +Melting Point uranium mononitrate which +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +2,800 um + + align:start position:0% +2,800 um + + + align:start position:0% +2,800 um +one thing early on is we were actually + + align:start position:0% +one thing early on is we were actually + + + align:start position:0% +one thing early on is we were actually +using uranium dioxide as our fuel and + + align:start position:0% +using uranium dioxide as our fuel and + + + align:start position:0% +using uranium dioxide as our fuel and +when we did that same thermal analysis + + align:start position:0% +when we did that same thermal analysis + + + align:start position:0% +when we did that same thermal analysis +the results for the uranium dioxide fuel + + align:start position:0% +the results for the uranium dioxide fuel + + + align:start position:0% +the results for the uranium dioxide fuel +temperatures was uh 6,600 de C so that + + align:start position:0% +temperatures was uh 6,600 de C so that + + + align:start position:0% +temperatures was uh 6,600 de C so that +necess necessitated a switch to a + + align:start position:0% +necess necessitated a switch to a + + + align:start position:0% +necess necessitated a switch to a +different fuel material which is why we + + align:start position:0% +different fuel material which is why we + + + align:start position:0% +different fuel material which is why we +chose uranium Monon nitrite because it + + align:start position:0% +chose uranium Monon nitrite because it + + + align:start position:0% +chose uranium Monon nitrite because it +has about a seven times better thermal + + align:start position:0% +has about a seven times better thermal + + + align:start position:0% +has about a seven times better thermal +conductivity than uranium dioxide uh it + + align:start position:0% +conductivity than uranium dioxide uh it + + + align:start position:0% +conductivity than uranium dioxide uh it +has the same melting temperature but it + + align:start position:0% +has the same melting temperature but it + + + align:start position:0% +has the same melting temperature but it +also actually is able to pack more + + align:start position:0% +also actually is able to pack more + + + align:start position:0% +also actually is able to pack more +uranium into the fuel itself which + + align:start position:0% +uranium into the fuel itself which + + + align:start position:0% +uranium into the fuel itself which +allowed us to lower the enrichment of + + align:start position:0% +allowed us to lower the enrichment of + + + align:start position:0% +allowed us to lower the enrichment of +our core um a little tidbit about + + align:start position:0% +our core um a little tidbit about + + + align:start position:0% +our core um a little tidbit about +uranium mononitride is that you need to + + align:start position:0% +uranium mononitride is that you need to + + + align:start position:0% +uranium mononitride is that you need to +enrich the nitrogen to nitrogen 15 which + + align:start position:0% +enrich the nitrogen to nitrogen 15 which + + + align:start position:0% +enrich the nitrogen to nitrogen 15 which +is going to add fuel cost to our + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reactor a big benefit of lead bismi tic + + align:start position:0% +reactor a big benefit of lead bismi tic + + + align:start position:0% +reactor a big benefit of lead bismi tic +fast reactors is their ability to + + align:start position:0% +fast reactors is their ability to + + + align:start position:0% +fast reactors is their ability to +operate at natural convection um we we + + align:start position:0% +operate at natural convection um we we + + + align:start position:0% +operate at natural convection um we we +we have shown that we are able to + + align:start position:0% +we have shown that we are able to + + + align:start position:0% +we have shown that we are able to +naturally conve at full power our + + align:start position:0% +naturally conve at full power our + + + align:start position:0% +naturally conve at full power our +reactor we still need to do some + + align:start position:0% +reactor we still need to do some + + + align:start position:0% +reactor we still need to do some +analysis that shows whether or not + + align:start position:0% +analysis that shows whether or not + + + align:start position:0% +analysis that shows whether or not +during transient or shutdown situations + + align:start position:0% +during transient or shutdown situations + + + align:start position:0% +during transient or shutdown situations +if we were able to also provide full + + align:start position:0% +if we were able to also provide full + + + align:start position:0% +if we were able to also provide full +power but what you can see here in this + + align:start position:0% +power but what you can see here in this + + + align:start position:0% +power but what you can see here in this +graph is uh setting an outlet + + align:start position:0% +graph is uh setting an outlet + + + align:start position:0% +graph is uh setting an outlet +temperature about 650° C our Inlet + + align:start position:0% +temperature about 650° C our Inlet + + + align:start position:0% +temperature about 650° C our Inlet +temperature is 484 we're the blue curve + + align:start position:0% +temperature is 484 we're the blue curve + + + align:start position:0% +temperature is 484 we're the blue curve +right here and if you're above this line + + align:start position:0% +right here and if you're above this line + + + align:start position:0% +right here and if you're above this line +This M this line which equates to a + + align:start position:0% +This M this line which equates to a + + + align:start position:0% +This M this line which equates to a +certain Mass flux for our mass flow rate + + align:start position:0% +certain Mass flux for our mass flow rate + + + align:start position:0% +certain Mass flux for our mass flow rate +you are in a natural convection + + align:start position:0% +you are in a natural convection + + + align:start position:0% +you are in a natural convection +providing enough natural convection flow + + align:start position:0% +providing enough natural convection flow + + + align:start position:0% +providing enough natural convection flow +as you can see here we are in fact + + align:start position:0% +as you can see here we are in fact + + + align:start position:0% +as you can see here we are in fact +providing enough flow for natural + + align:start position:0% +providing enough flow for natural + + + align:start position:0% +providing enough flow for natural +convection + + align:start position:0% +convection + + + align:start position:0% +convection +um uh as I mentioned though we need to + + align:start position:0% +um uh as I mentioned though we need to + + + align:start position:0% +um uh as I mentioned though we need to +we need to do a little bit more analysis + + align:start position:0% +we need to do a little bit more analysis + + + align:start position:0% +we need to do a little bit more analysis +to see those transient and shutdown + + align:start position:0% +to see those transient and shutdown + + + align:start position:0% +to see those transient and shutdown +situations we also need to determine the + + align:start position:0% +situations we also need to determine the + + + align:start position:0% +situations we also need to determine the +benefits of a Lamer versus a turbulent + + align:start position:0% +benefits of a Lamer versus a turbulent + + + align:start position:0% +benefits of a Lamer versus a turbulent +flow + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +regime uh one thing we were trying to + + align:start position:0% +regime uh one thing we were trying to + + + align:start position:0% +regime uh one thing we were trying to +get going was uh to do a depletion of + + align:start position:0% +get going was uh to do a depletion of + + + align:start position:0% +get going was uh to do a depletion of +our car and see how long it lasted and + + align:start position:0% +our car and see how long it lasted and + + + align:start position:0% +our car and see how long it lasted and +get some kinematic values out we we were + + align:start position:0% +get some kinematic values out we we were + + + align:start position:0% +get some kinematic values out we we were +using a Ranos for this we unfortunately + + align:start position:0% +using a Ranos for this we unfortunately + + + align:start position:0% +using a Ranos for this we unfortunately +we're not able to do it uh due to a + + align:start position:0% +we're not able to do it uh due to a + + + align:start position:0% +we're not able to do it uh due to a +couple of technical difficulties but we + + align:start position:0% +couple of technical difficulties but we + + + align:start position:0% +couple of technical difficulties but we +are able to compare to some other + + align:start position:0% +are able to compare to some other + + + align:start position:0% +are able to compare to some other +previous similar designs including the + + align:start position:0% +previous similar designs including the + + + align:start position:0% +previous similar designs including the +LC star and the 2400 megawatt thermal + + align:start position:0% +LC star and the 2400 megawatt thermal + + + align:start position:0% +LC star and the 2400 megawatt thermal +MIT reactor uh most similar to our + + align:start position:0% +MIT reactor uh most similar to our + + + align:start position:0% +MIT reactor uh most similar to our +reactor was was the MIT reactor + + align:start position:0% +reactor was was the MIT reactor + + + align:start position:0% +reactor was was the MIT reactor +and that achieved an 1800 day lifetime + + align:start position:0% +and that achieved an 1800 day lifetime + + + align:start position:0% +and that achieved an 1800 day lifetime +uh with a core begin K effective at the + + align:start position:0% +uh with a core begin K effective at the + + + align:start position:0% +uh with a core begin K effective at the +beginning of Life of 1.02 we have double + + align:start position:0% +beginning of Life of 1.02 we have double + + + align:start position:0% +beginning of Life of 1.02 we have double +the excess reactivity of that core so + + align:start position:0% +the excess reactivity of that core so + + + align:start position:0% +the excess reactivity of that core so +but we also operate at a higher power + + align:start position:0% +but we also operate at a higher power + + + align:start position:0% +but we also operate at a higher power +level so we expect to that we'll + + align:start position:0% +level so we expect to that we'll + + + align:start position:0% +level so we expect to that we'll +probably see some increase in lifetime + + align:start position:0% +probably see some increase in lifetime + + + align:start position:0% +probably see some increase in lifetime +from that + + align:start position:0% +from that + + + align:start position:0% +from that +number uh this table right here shows + + align:start position:0% +number uh this table right here shows + + + align:start position:0% +number uh this table right here shows +the uh how our plutonium uranium and + + align:start position:0% +the uh how our plutonium uranium and + + + align:start position:0% +the uh how our plutonium uranium and +minor actinide masses change over time + + align:start position:0% +minor actinide masses change over time + + + align:start position:0% +minor actinide masses change over time +uh we are breeder reactor so we do breed + + align:start position:0% +uh we are breeder reactor so we do breed + + + align:start position:0% +uh we are breeder reactor so we do breed +plutonium but we also burn a significant + + align:start position:0% +plutonium but we also burn a significant + + + align:start position:0% +plutonium but we also burn a significant +amount of minor actinides which is going + + align:start position:0% +amount of minor actinides which is going + + + align:start position:0% +amount of minor actinides which is going +to be useful for Waste storage and uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +costs again what we were hoping to get + + align:start position:0% +costs again what we were hoping to get + + + align:start position:0% +costs again what we were hoping to get +out was some kinematic values from our + + align:start position:0% +out was some kinematic values from our + + + align:start position:0% +out was some kinematic values from our +code and we haven't been able to get + + align:start position:0% +code and we haven't been able to get + + + align:start position:0% +code and we haven't been able to get +that up and running yet but again we can + + align:start position:0% +that up and running yet but again we can + + + align:start position:0% +that up and running yet but again we can +show you some similar situations uh we + + align:start position:0% +show you some similar situations uh we + + + align:start position:0% +show you some similar situations uh we +expect our Doppler coefficient to be + + align:start position:0% +expect our Doppler coefficient to be + + + align:start position:0% +expect our Doppler coefficient to be +negative um it was for the MIT reactor + + align:start position:0% +negative um it was for the MIT reactor + + + align:start position:0% +negative um it was for the MIT reactor +we think our actually will be slightly + + align:start position:0% +we think our actually will be slightly + + + align:start position:0% +we think our actually will be slightly +less negative um we also expect our + + align:start position:0% +less negative um we also expect our + + + align:start position:0% +less negative um we also expect our +temperature coefficient to be positive + + align:start position:0% +temperature coefficient to be positive + + + align:start position:0% +temperature coefficient to be positive +um although we think uh because we're + + align:start position:0% +um although we think uh because we're + + + align:start position:0% +um although we think uh because we're +using a magnesium oxide reflector + + align:start position:0% +using a magnesium oxide reflector + + + align:start position:0% +using a magnesium oxide reflector +there's been some research shown there + + align:start position:0% +there's been some research shown there + + + align:start position:0% +there's been some research shown there +that that can bring down the temperature + + align:start position:0% +that that can bring down the temperature + + + align:start position:0% +that that can bring down the temperature +coefficient so we're hoping for a + + align:start position:0% +coefficient so we're hoping for a + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient so we're hoping for a +similar result in our + + align:start position:0% +similar result in our + + + align:start position:0% +similar result in our +reactor uh but again we need to do a lot + + align:start position:0% +reactor uh but again we need to do a lot + + + align:start position:0% +reactor uh but again we need to do a lot +more um calculations on these to + + align:start position:0% +more um calculations on these to + + + align:start position:0% +more um calculations on these to +actually get it running and see for sure + + align:start position:0% +actually get it running and see for sure + + + align:start position:0% +actually get it running and see for sure +what the numbers + + align:start position:0% +what the numbers + + + align:start position:0% +what the numbers +are uh just a brief overview of what + + align:start position:0% +are uh just a brief overview of what + + + align:start position:0% +are uh just a brief overview of what +we're giving we're giving gigawatt to + + align:start position:0% +we're giving we're giving gigawatt to + + + align:start position:0% +we're giving we're giving gigawatt to +the to the grid uh about half a gwatt + + align:start position:0% +the to the grid uh about half a gwatt + + + align:start position:0% +the to the grid uh about half a gwatt +for our own for keeping on on site and + + align:start position:0% +for our own for keeping on on site and + + + align:start position:0% +for our own for keeping on on site and +we're we're providing about 350 15 Mega + + align:start position:0% +we're we're providing about 350 15 Mega + + + align:start position:0% +we're we're providing about 350 15 Mega +thermal to a process heat uh for those + + align:start position:0% +thermal to a process heat uh for those + + + align:start position:0% +thermal to a process heat uh for those +biofuels and hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +biofuels and hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +biofuels and hydrogen +production and how we do this is we have + + align:start position:0% +production and how we do this is we have + + + align:start position:0% +production and how we do this is we have +a secondary loop as I mentioned of super + + align:start position:0% +a secondary loop as I mentioned of super + + + align:start position:0% +a secondary loop as I mentioned of super +critical CO2 uh the efficiency of our + + align:start position:0% +critical CO2 uh the efficiency of our + + + align:start position:0% +critical CO2 uh the efficiency of our +system including the fact that we're + + align:start position:0% +system including the fact that we're + + + align:start position:0% +system including the fact that we're +moving heat um from to process heat is + + align:start position:0% +moving heat um from to process heat is + + + align:start position:0% +moving heat um from to process heat is +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +42.2% uh we have three Loops as I + + align:start position:0% +42.2% uh we have three Loops as I + + + align:start position:0% +42.2% uh we have three Loops as I +mentioned we have three heat exchangers + + align:start position:0% +mentioned we have three heat exchangers + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned we have three heat exchangers +in each Loop there's two turbines uh + + align:start position:0% +in each Loop there's two turbines uh + + + align:start position:0% +in each Loop there's two turbines uh +rated about 250 megawatt each uh and uh + + align:start position:0% +rated about 250 megawatt each uh and uh + + + align:start position:0% +rated about 250 megawatt each uh and uh +number of different other reheaters + + align:start position:0% +number of different other reheaters + + + align:start position:0% +number of different other reheaters +compressors and components there um in + + align:start position:0% +compressors and components there um in + + + align:start position:0% +compressors and components there um in +our secondary system + + align:start position:0% +our secondary system + + + align:start position:0% +our secondary system +uh we designed the secondary system in E + + align:start position:0% +uh we designed the secondary system in E + + + align:start position:0% +uh we designed the secondary system in E +uh which was which was an excellent tool + + align:start position:0% +uh which was which was an excellent tool + + + align:start position:0% +uh which was which was an excellent tool +for optimization it calculated + + align:start position:0% +for optimization it calculated + + + align:start position:0% +for optimization it calculated +temperatures and mass flows for us it + + align:start position:0% +temperatures and mass flows for us it + + + align:start position:0% +temperatures and mass flows for us it +had all the enthropy values for super + + align:start position:0% +had all the enthropy values for super + + + align:start position:0% +had all the enthropy values for super +critical CO2 made the process uh very + + align:start position:0% +critical CO2 made the process uh very + + + align:start position:0% +critical CO2 made the process uh very +streamlined um I thing the reason we + + align:start position:0% +streamlined um I thing the reason we + + + align:start position:0% +streamlined um I thing the reason we +added that second turbine is we didn't + + align:start position:0% +added that second turbine is we didn't + + + align:start position:0% +added that second turbine is we didn't +want to have six Loops um and so we we + + align:start position:0% +want to have six Loops um and so we we + + + align:start position:0% +want to have six Loops um and so we we +decided to have two turbines in one in + + align:start position:0% +decided to have two turbines in one in + + + align:start position:0% +decided to have two turbines in one in +in three loops as opposed to six + + align:start position:0% +in three loops as opposed to six + + + align:start position:0% +in three loops as opposed to six +turbines in each their own Loop uh the + + align:start position:0% +turbines in each their own Loop uh the + + + align:start position:0% +turbines in each their own Loop uh the +energy divider the process heat uh does + + align:start position:0% +energy divider the process heat uh does + + + align:start position:0% +energy divider the process heat uh does +not significantly affect our our + + align:start position:0% +not significantly affect our our + + + align:start position:0% +not significantly affect our our +efficiency of our secondary cycle but + + align:start position:0% +efficiency of our secondary cycle but + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency of our secondary cycle but +had we not been diverting that um + + align:start position:0% +had we not been diverting that um + + + align:start position:0% +had we not been diverting that um +process heat we our efficiency would be + + align:start position:0% +process heat we our efficiency would be + + + align:start position:0% +process heat we our efficiency would be +about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +45.8% uh the reason we use the shell and + + align:start position:0% +45.8% uh the reason we use the shell and + + + align:start position:0% +45.8% uh the reason we use the shell and +Tube heat exchangers is because we we + + align:start position:0% +Tube heat exchangers is because we we + + + align:start position:0% +Tube heat exchangers is because we we +were actually comparing it to the + + align:start position:0% +were actually comparing it to the + + + align:start position:0% +were actually comparing it to the +printed circuit heat exchangers and you + + align:start position:0% +printed circuit heat exchangers and you + + + align:start position:0% +printed circuit heat exchangers and you +you'll hear more about this from the + + align:start position:0% +you'll hear more about this from the + + + align:start position:0% +you'll hear more about this from the +process heat folks um and the reason we + + align:start position:0% +process heat folks um and the reason we + + + align:start position:0% +process heat folks um and the reason we +couldn't go with printed circuit heat + + align:start position:0% +couldn't go with printed circuit heat + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't go with printed circuit heat +exchangers because of the friction + + align:start position:0% +exchangers because of the friction + + + align:start position:0% +exchangers because of the friction +factors that the lb introduced so that + + align:start position:0% +factors that the lb introduced so that + + + align:start position:0% +factors that the lb introduced so that +removed the printed circuit heat + + align:start position:0% +removed the printed circuit heat + + + align:start position:0% +removed the printed circuit heat +exchanger from contention and we went + + align:start position:0% +exchanger from contention and we went + + + align:start position:0% +exchanger from contention and we went +with um uh some shell and Tube heat + + align:start position:0% +with um uh some shell and Tube heat + + + align:start position:0% +with um uh some shell and Tube heat +exchangers uh one of the huge benefits + + align:start position:0% +exchangers uh one of the huge benefits + + + align:start position:0% +exchangers uh one of the huge benefits +of our reactor is actually the size of + + align:start position:0% +of our reactor is actually the size of + + + align:start position:0% +of our reactor is actually the size of +our turbines um the size of our turbines + + align:start position:0% +our turbines um the size of our turbines + + + align:start position:0% +our turbines um the size of our turbines +is um at a first order estimate is about + + align:start position:0% +is um at a first order estimate is about + + + align:start position:0% +is um at a first order estimate is about +the size of this table right in front of + + align:start position:0% +the size of this table right in front of + + + align:start position:0% +the size of this table right in front of +me um as you can see here compared to a + + align:start position:0% +me um as you can see here compared to a + + + align:start position:0% +me um as you can see here compared to a +steam helium uh turbine this is our + + align:start position:0% +steam helium uh turbine this is our + + + align:start position:0% +steam helium uh turbine this is our +little guy and this is the size of the + + align:start position:0% +little guy and this is the size of the + + + align:start position:0% +little guy and this is the size of the +turbines uh also of note is the fact + + align:start position:0% +turbines uh also of note is the fact + + + align:start position:0% +turbines uh also of note is the fact +that this turbine right here produces + + align:start position:0% +that this turbine right here produces + + + align:start position:0% +that this turbine right here produces +more energy than either of these two + + align:start position:0% +more energy than either of these two + + + align:start position:0% +more energy than either of these two +turbines so this was really great like I + + align:start position:0% +turbines so this was really great like I + + + align:start position:0% +turbines so this was really great like I +said we're trying to keep our footprint + + align:start position:0% +said we're trying to keep our footprint + + + align:start position:0% +said we're trying to keep our footprint +pretty small and our reactor um compared + + align:start position:0% +pretty small and our reactor um compared + + + align:start position:0% +pretty small and our reactor um compared +to like the rest of the plant actually + + align:start position:0% +to like the rest of the plant actually + + + align:start position:0% +to like the rest of the plant actually +has a fairly small + + align:start position:0% +has a fairly small + + + align:start position:0% +has a fairly small +footprint there is some stuff left to do + + align:start position:0% +footprint there is some stuff left to do + + + align:start position:0% +footprint there is some stuff left to do +though um the clad M t91 clad material + + align:start position:0% +though um the clad M t91 clad material + + + align:start position:0% +though um the clad M t91 clad material +that we're using right now uh can't + + align:start position:0% +that we're using right now uh can't + + + align:start position:0% +that we're using right now uh can't +really go any any higher in temperature + + align:start position:0% +really go any any higher in temperature + + + align:start position:0% +really go any any higher in temperature +at about 700 degrees C there's going to + + align:start position:0% +at about 700 degrees C there's going to + + + align:start position:0% +at about 700 degrees C there's going to +be a lot there's going to be significant + + align:start position:0% +be a lot there's going to be significant + + + align:start position:0% +be a lot there's going to be significant +creep effects and right now our our our + + align:start position:0% +creep effects and right now our our our + + + align:start position:0% +creep effects and right now our our our +lifetime is our clad lifetime is limited + + align:start position:0% +lifetime is our clad lifetime is limited + + + align:start position:0% +lifetime is our clad lifetime is limited +to about a year and a quarter uh because + + align:start position:0% +to about a year and a quarter uh because + + + align:start position:0% +to about a year and a quarter uh because +of those creep effects so we're looking + + align:start position:0% +of those creep effects so we're looking + + + align:start position:0% +of those creep effects so we're looking +to switch to a different um different + + align:start position:0% +to switch to a different um different + + + align:start position:0% +to switch to a different um different +clad material probably some like oxide + + align:start position:0% +clad material probably some like oxide + + + align:start position:0% +clad material probably some like oxide +dispersed Steels or something uh there's + + align:start position:0% +dispersed Steels or something uh there's + + + align:start position:0% +dispersed Steels or something uh there's +another there's a couple other things + + align:start position:0% +another there's a couple other things + + + align:start position:0% +another there's a couple other things +we're looking at is uh efficiency + + align:start position:0% +we're looking at is uh efficiency + + + align:start position:0% +we're looking at is uh efficiency +improvements in the secondary systems we + + align:start position:0% +improvements in the secondary systems we + + + align:start position:0% +improvements in the secondary systems we +still think we can uh make it a better + + align:start position:0% +still think we can uh make it a better + + + align:start position:0% +still think we can uh make it a better +uh more efficient system and we want to + + align:start position:0% +uh more efficient system and we want to + + + align:start position:0% +uh more efficient system and we want to +look at different uh alternate fuel + + align:start position:0% +look at different uh alternate fuel + + + align:start position:0% +look at different uh alternate fuel +materials to get rid of that need to + + align:start position:0% +materials to get rid of that need to + + + align:start position:0% +materials to get rid of that need to +enrich that nitrogen for our uranium mon + + align:start position:0% +enrich that nitrogen for our uranium mon + + + align:start position:0% +enrich that nitrogen for our uranium mon +nitrate so what we're going to be + + align:start position:0% +nitrate so what we're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +nitrate so what we're going to be +looking at seeing how uranium carbide + + align:start position:0% +looking at seeing how uranium carbide + + + align:start position:0% +looking at seeing how uranium carbide +performs as well and as I mentioned a + + align:start position:0% +performs as well and as I mentioned a + + + align:start position:0% +performs as well and as I mentioned a +couple times we're going to try and get + + align:start position:0% +couple times we're going to try and get + + + align:start position:0% +couple times we're going to try and get +that full depletion and kinematic + + align:start position:0% +that full depletion and kinematic + + + align:start position:0% +that full depletion and kinematic +analysis done to really get those + + align:start position:0% +analysis done to really get those + + + align:start position:0% +analysis done to really get those +numbers out and see how long our core + + align:start position:0% +numbers out and see how long our core + + + align:start position:0% +numbers out and see how long our core +light uh our core lasts and finally + + align:start position:0% +light uh our core lasts and finally + + + align:start position:0% +light uh our core lasts and finally +we're going we have to finish our + + align:start position:0% +we're going we have to finish our + + + align:start position:0% +we're going we have to finish our +natural uh circulation calculations to + + align:start position:0% +natural uh circulation calculations to + + + align:start position:0% +natural uh circulation calculations to +see how it acts during transient and + + align:start position:0% +see how it acts during transient and + + + align:start position:0% +see how it acts during transient and +shutdown situations but um with that I'm + + align:start position:0% +shutdown situations but um with that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +shutdown situations but um with that I'm +going to turn it over to the process + + align:start position:0% +going to turn it over to the process + + + align:start position:0% +going to turn it over to the process +folks + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hi I'm ADI and this is Lauren we're + + align:start position:0% +hi I'm ADI and this is Lauren we're + + + align:start position:0% +hi I'm ADI and this is Lauren we're +going to be presenting on behalf of the + + align:start position:0% +going to be presenting on behalf of the + + + align:start position:0% +going to be presenting on behalf of the +processing team we're going to begin + + align:start position:0% +processing team we're going to begin + + + align:start position:0% +processing team we're going to begin +with our goals I'm going to discuss our + + align:start position:0% +with our goals I'm going to discuss our + + + align:start position:0% +with our goals I'm going to discuss our +heat exchangers and Lauren is going to + + align:start position:0% +heat exchangers and Lauren is going to + + + align:start position:0% +heat exchangers and Lauren is going to +talk about the piping the heat storage + + align:start position:0% +talk about the piping the heat storage + + + align:start position:0% +talk about the piping the heat storage +and also discuss our future + + align:start position:0% +and also discuss our future + + + align:start position:0% +and also discuss our future +work so the main goals of the process + + align:start position:0% +work so the main goals of the process + + + align:start position:0% +work so the main goals of the process +Heat team were to draw heat from the + + align:start position:0% +Heat team were to draw heat from the + + + align:start position:0% +Heat team were to draw heat from the +core to provide steam to the hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +core to provide steam to the hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +core to provide steam to the hydrogen +and biofuels plants our other goal main + + align:start position:0% +and biofuels plants our other goal main + + + align:start position:0% +and biofuels plants our other goal main +goal also was to keep the lead bismi tic + + align:start position:0% +goal also was to keep the lead bismi tic + + + align:start position:0% +goal also was to keep the lead bismi tic +melted during reactor shutdown and we + + align:start position:0% +melted during reactor shutdown and we + + + align:start position:0% +melted during reactor shutdown and we +needed to design this system for + + align:start position:0% +needed to design this system for + + + align:start position:0% +needed to design this system for +operation both at high temperatures and + + align:start position:0% +operation both at high temperatures and + + + align:start position:0% +operation both at high temperatures and +high + + align:start position:0% +high + + + align:start position:0% +high +pressures this is our system layout we + + align:start position:0% +pressures this is our system layout we + + + align:start position:0% +pressures this is our system layout we +begin with a heat exchange with the + + align:start position:0% +begin with a heat exchange with the + + + align:start position:0% +begin with a heat exchange with the +super critical CO2 Loop that takes place + + align:start position:0% +super critical CO2 Loop that takes place + + + align:start position:0% +super critical CO2 Loop that takes place +in nine printed circuit heat exchanger + + align:start position:0% +in nine printed circuit heat exchanger + + + align:start position:0% +in nine printed circuit heat exchanger +units connected in panel the helium + + align:start position:0% +units connected in panel the helium + + + align:start position:0% +units connected in panel the helium +which is our working fluid gets heated + + align:start position:0% +which is our working fluid gets heated + + + align:start position:0% +which is our working fluid gets heated +up to + + align:start position:0% +up to + + + align:start position:0% +up to +66.5 C and goes to the heat storage + + align:start position:0% +66.5 C and goes to the heat storage + + + align:start position:0% +66.5 C and goes to the heat storage +some of it is rerouted around it the two + + align:start position:0% +some of it is rerouted around it the two + + + align:start position:0% +some of it is rerouted around it the two +streams combine and then go to the 12 + + align:start position:0% +streams combine and then go to the 12 + + + align:start position:0% +streams combine and then go to the 12 +printed circuit heat exchanger units + + align:start position:0% +printed circuit heat exchanger units + + + align:start position:0% +printed circuit heat exchanger units +connected in parallel which are at the + + align:start position:0% +connected in parallel which are at the + + + align:start position:0% +connected in parallel which are at the +hydrogen plant the colder helium goes + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen plant the colder helium goes + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen plant the colder helium goes +back to the printed circuit heat + + align:start position:0% +back to the printed circuit heat + + + align:start position:0% +back to the printed circuit heat +exchanger unit at the super critical CO2 + + align:start position:0% +exchanger unit at the super critical CO2 + + + align:start position:0% +exchanger unit at the super critical CO2 +Loop we also have an emergency sink here + + align:start position:0% +Loop we also have an emergency sink here + + + align:start position:0% +Loop we also have an emergency sink here +to remove the heat from our system in + + align:start position:0% +to remove the heat from our system in + + + align:start position:0% +to remove the heat from our system in +the event of a reactor scam and there is + + align:start position:0% +the event of a reactor scam and there is + + + align:start position:0% +the event of a reactor scam and there is +a separate heat exchanger here which is + + align:start position:0% +a separate heat exchanger here which is + + + align:start position:0% +a separate heat exchanger here which is +not on our main Loop which will draw + + align:start position:0% +not on our main Loop which will draw + + + align:start position:0% +not on our main Loop which will draw +heat from the steam hydrogen and oxygen + + align:start position:0% +heat from the steam hydrogen and oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +heat from the steam hydrogen and oxygen +streams at the hydrogen plant to produce + + align:start position:0% +streams at the hydrogen plant to produce + + + align:start position:0% +streams at the hydrogen plant to produce +stream uh Steam for the biofuels + + align:start position:0% +stream uh Steam for the biofuels + + + align:start position:0% +stream uh Steam for the biofuels +at1 megapascals and 182 + + align:start position:0% +at1 megapascals and 182 + + + align:start position:0% +at1 megapascals and 182 +celus so this is an overview of uh + + align:start position:0% +celus so this is an overview of uh + + + align:start position:0% +celus so this is an overview of uh +pressure changes and temperature changes + + align:start position:0% +pressure changes and temperature changes + + + align:start position:0% +pressure changes and temperature changes +in our system as you can see the + + align:start position:0% +in our system as you can see the + + + align:start position:0% +in our system as you can see the +pressure drops are fairly small for the + + align:start position:0% +pressure drops are fairly small for the + + + align:start position:0% +pressure drops are fairly small for the +heat exchanges there's the audit of + + align:start position:0% +heat exchanges there's the audit of + + + align:start position:0% +heat exchanges there's the audit of +kilopascals the largest pressure drop in + + align:start position:0% +kilopascals the largest pressure drop in + + + align:start position:0% +kilopascals the largest pressure drop in +our system is at the heat storage which + + align:start position:0% +our system is at the heat storage which + + + align:start position:0% +our system is at the heat storage which +is 1,000 kilopascals which is why we + + align:start position:0% +is 1,000 kilopascals which is why we + + + align:start position:0% +is 1,000 kilopascals which is why we +have a circulator right after the + + align:start position:0% +have a circulator right after the + + + align:start position:0% +have a circulator right after the +storage our heat storage device was also + + align:start position:0% +storage our heat storage device was also + + + align:start position:0% +storage our heat storage device was also +designed to have a temper temperature + + align:start position:0% +designed to have a temper temperature + + + align:start position:0% +designed to have a temper temperature +drop of just minus 1.5 C and the + + align:start position:0% +drop of just minus 1.5 C and the + + + align:start position:0% +drop of just minus 1.5 C and the +pressure drop for the piping for 30 m of + + align:start position:0% +pressure drop for the piping for 30 m of + + + align:start position:0% +pressure drop for the piping for 30 m of +the piping is 2.47 kilopascals and the + + align:start position:0% +the piping is 2.47 kilopascals and the + + + align:start position:0% +the piping is 2.47 kilopascals and the +temperature drop is 041 + + align:start position:0% +temperature drop is 041 + + + align:start position:0% +temperature drop is 041 +C + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I'm going to discuss uh design + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to discuss uh design + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to discuss uh design +choices for the heat exchangers now we + + align:start position:0% +choices for the heat exchangers now we + + + align:start position:0% +choices for the heat exchangers now we +chose printed circuit heat + + align:start position:0% +chose printed circuit heat + + + align:start position:0% +chose printed circuit heat +exchangers mainly because of their High + + align:start position:0% +exchangers mainly because of their High + + + align:start position:0% +exchangers mainly because of their High +allowable operating temperatures and + + align:start position:0% +allowable operating temperatures and + + + align:start position:0% +allowable operating temperatures and +pressures and also there small volumes + + align:start position:0% +pressures and also there small volumes + + + align:start position:0% +pressures and also there small volumes +and high + + align:start position:0% +and high + + + align:start position:0% +and high +effectivenesses other options were fuse + + align:start position:0% +effectivenesses other options were fuse + + + align:start position:0% +effectivenesses other options were fuse +plate Heat exchangers and the shell and + + align:start position:0% +plate Heat exchangers and the shell and + + + align:start position:0% +plate Heat exchangers and the shell and +Tube ones are down here obviously you + + align:start position:0% +Tube ones are down here obviously you + + + align:start position:0% +Tube ones are down here obviously you +can see that we're operating at about + + align:start position:0% +can see that we're operating at about + + + align:start position:0% +can see that we're operating at about +630 and 20 MEAP pascals and so we would + + align:start position:0% +630 and 20 MEAP pascals and so we would + + + align:start position:0% +630 and 20 MEAP pascals and so we would +have been right on the boundary for the + + align:start position:0% +have been right on the boundary for the + + + align:start position:0% +have been right on the boundary for the +fuse plate heat exchangers so this is + + align:start position:0% +fuse plate heat exchangers so this is + + + align:start position:0% +fuse plate heat exchangers so this is +why we went for the printed circuit heat + + align:start position:0% +why we went for the printed circuit heat + + + align:start position:0% +why we went for the printed circuit heat +exchangers these heat exchangers are + + align:start position:0% +exchangers these heat exchangers are + + + align:start position:0% +exchangers these heat exchangers are +actually really interesting they're + + align:start position:0% +actually really interesting they're + + + align:start position:0% +actually really interesting they're +fabricated by etching the fluid flow + + align:start position:0% +fabricated by etching the fluid flow + + + align:start position:0% +fabricated by etching the fluid flow +passages chemically on metal plates and + + align:start position:0% +passages chemically on metal plates and + + + align:start position:0% +passages chemically on metal plates and +these metal plates are then diffusion + + align:start position:0% +these metal plates are then diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +these metal plates are then diffusion +bonded + + align:start position:0% +bonded + + + align:start position:0% +bonded +together the next thing to do was to + + align:start position:0% +together the next thing to do was to + + + align:start position:0% +together the next thing to do was to +choose a working fluid for our system we + + align:start position:0% +choose a working fluid for our system we + + + align:start position:0% +choose a working fluid for our system we +considered carbon dioxide water and + + align:start position:0% +considered carbon dioxide water and + + + align:start position:0% +considered carbon dioxide water and +helium because of previous operational + + align:start position:0% +helium because of previous operational + + + align:start position:0% +helium because of previous operational +experience with printed circuit heat + + align:start position:0% +experience with printed circuit heat + + + align:start position:0% +experience with printed circuit heat +exchangers in the end we chose helium + + align:start position:0% +exchangers in the end we chose helium + + + align:start position:0% +exchangers in the end we chose helium +because of its high heat capacity which + + align:start position:0% +because of its high heat capacity which + + + align:start position:0% +because of its high heat capacity which +meant lower mass flow rates and lower + + align:start position:0% +meant lower mass flow rates and lower + + + align:start position:0% +meant lower mass flow rates and lower +viscosity which meant lower frictional + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +losses we chose alloy 617 for actually + + align:start position:0% +losses we chose alloy 617 for actually + + + align:start position:0% +losses we chose alloy 617 for actually +fabricating the printed circuit heat + + align:start position:0% +fabricating the printed circuit heat + + + align:start position:0% +fabricating the printed circuit heat +exchangers because of its high thermal + + align:start position:0% +exchangers because of its high thermal + + + align:start position:0% +exchangers because of its high thermal +conductivity and also because of its + + align:start position:0% +conductivity and also because of its + + + align:start position:0% +conductivity and also because of its +high design stress at temperatures in + + align:start position:0% +high design stress at temperatures in + + + align:start position:0% +high design stress at temperatures in +the ranges that we were interested in + + align:start position:0% +the ranges that we were interested in + + + align:start position:0% +the ranges that we were interested in +and so the point here is that the + + align:start position:0% +and so the point here is that the + + + align:start position:0% +and so the point here is that the +printed circuit heat exchangers will + + align:start position:0% +printed circuit heat exchangers will + + + align:start position:0% +printed circuit heat exchangers will +operate well below the designed stresses + + align:start position:0% +operate well below the designed stresses + + + align:start position:0% +operate well below the designed stresses +for Alli 67 at all points in our system + + align:start position:0% +for Alli 67 at all points in our system + + + align:start position:0% +for Alli 67 at all points in our system +we haven't actually shown the stresses + + align:start position:0% +we haven't actually shown the stresses + + + align:start position:0% +we haven't actually shown the stresses +in our heat exchangers here we + + align:start position:0% +in our heat exchangers here we + + + align:start position:0% +in our heat exchangers here we +calculated them using the thick cylinder + + align:start position:0% +calculated them using the thick cylinder + + + align:start position:0% +calculated them using the thick cylinder +approximation found them to be about 20 + + align:start position:0% +approximation found them to be about 20 + + + align:start position:0% +approximation found them to be about 20 +megapascals once we um add in the + + align:start position:0% +megapascals once we um add in the + + + align:start position:0% +megapascals once we um add in the +correction factors for the sharp edges + + align:start position:0% +correction factors for the sharp edges + + + align:start position:0% +correction factors for the sharp edges +of those semicircular flow channels we + + align:start position:0% +of those semicircular flow channels we + + + align:start position:0% +of those semicircular flow channels we +expect that they'll be closer to about + + align:start position:0% +expect that they'll be closer to about + + + align:start position:0% +expect that they'll be closer to about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +megapascals and so this is an overview + + align:start position:0% +megapascals and so this is an overview + + + align:start position:0% +megapascals and so this is an overview +of the printed circuit heat exchanger I + + align:start position:0% +of the printed circuit heat exchanger I + + + align:start position:0% +of the printed circuit heat exchanger I +will talk about the heat exchanger at + + align:start position:0% +will talk about the heat exchanger at + + + align:start position:0% +will talk about the heat exchanger at +the hydrogen plant separately a little + + align:start position:0% +the hydrogen plant separately a little + + + align:start position:0% +the hydrogen plant separately a little +later so the first one is nine units of + + align:start position:0% +later so the first one is nine units of + + + align:start position:0% +later so the first one is nine units of +35 megawatt printed circuit heat + + align:start position:0% +35 megawatt printed circuit heat + + + align:start position:0% +35 megawatt printed circuit heat +exchangers connected in parallel and the + + align:start position:0% +exchangers connected in parallel and the + + + align:start position:0% +exchangers connected in parallel and the +one at the hydrogen plant is 12 units of + + align:start position:0% +one at the hydrogen plant is 12 units of + + + align:start position:0% +one at the hydrogen plant is 12 units of +the 26 megawatt printed circuit heat + + align:start position:0% +the 26 megawatt printed circuit heat + + + align:start position:0% +the 26 megawatt printed circuit heat +exchangers also connected in parallel + + align:start position:0% +exchangers also connected in parallel + + + align:start position:0% +exchangers also connected in parallel +you see there's a difference in the + + align:start position:0% +you see there's a difference in the + + + align:start position:0% +you see there's a difference in the +total heat rate here and that's what we + + align:start position:0% +total heat rate here and that's what we + + + align:start position:0% +total heat rate here and that's what we +expected our transmission losses to be + + align:start position:0% +expected our transmission losses to be + + + align:start position:0% +expected our transmission losses to be +we chose a zigzag Channel configuration + + align:start position:0% +we chose a zigzag Channel configuration + + + align:start position:0% +we chose a zigzag Channel configuration +ation for pch1 and a straight channel + + align:start position:0% +ation for pch1 and a straight channel + + + align:start position:0% +ation for pch1 and a straight channel +one for pch2 this is because we have + + align:start position:0% +one for pch2 this is because we have + + + align:start position:0% +one for pch2 this is because we have +water in this heat exchanger and we + + align:start position:0% +water in this heat exchanger and we + + + align:start position:0% +water in this heat exchanger and we +didn't want our frictional losses to be + + align:start position:0% +didn't want our frictional losses to be + + + align:start position:0% +didn't want our frictional losses to be +high other than that you can see that + + align:start position:0% +high other than that you can see that + + + align:start position:0% +high other than that you can see that +the total heat transfer coefficient for + + align:start position:0% +the total heat transfer coefficient for + + + align:start position:0% +the total heat transfer coefficient for +the straight Channel printed circuit + + align:start position:0% +the straight Channel printed circuit + + + align:start position:0% +the straight Channel printed circuit +heat exchanger is much smaller this is + + align:start position:0% +heat exchanger is much smaller this is + + + align:start position:0% +heat exchanger is much smaller this is +because the zigzag channels make the + + align:start position:0% +because the zigzag channels make the + + + align:start position:0% +because the zigzag channels make the +floor turbulent this improves heat + + align:start position:0% +floor turbulent this improves heat + + + align:start position:0% +floor turbulent this improves heat +transfer and reduces the heat exchanger + + align:start position:0% +transfer and reduces the heat exchanger + + + align:start position:0% +transfer and reduces the heat exchanger +volume and so we are losing out a little + + align:start position:0% +volume and so we are losing out a little + + + align:start position:0% +volume and so we are losing out a little +bit of that advant AG here with the + + align:start position:0% +bit of that advant AG here with the + + + align:start position:0% +bit of that advant AG here with the +straight Channel but these heat + + align:start position:0% +straight Channel but these heat + + + align:start position:0% +straight Channel but these heat +exchanges are still significantly + + align:start position:0% +exchanges are still significantly + + + align:start position:0% +exchanges are still significantly +smaller than the shell and Tube + + align:start position:0% +smaller than the shell and Tube + + + align:start position:0% +smaller than the shell and Tube +designs so now these are the um + + align:start position:0% +designs so now these are the um + + + align:start position:0% +designs so now these are the um +temperature and heat flux profiles of + + align:start position:0% +temperature and heat flux profiles of + + + align:start position:0% +temperature and heat flux profiles of +the printed circuit Heat exchangers this + + align:start position:0% +the printed circuit Heat exchangers this + + + align:start position:0% +the printed circuit Heat exchangers this +is for + + align:start position:0% +is for + + + align:start position:0% +is for +pch1 the heat exchanger has a zigzag uh + + align:start position:0% +pch1 the heat exchanger has a zigzag uh + + + align:start position:0% +pch1 the heat exchanger has a zigzag uh +has zigzag flow channels and a + + align:start position:0% +has zigzag flow channels and a + + + align:start position:0% +has zigzag flow channels and a +counterflow configuration the heat + + align:start position:0% +counterflow configuration the heat + + + align:start position:0% +counterflow configuration the heat +transfer is by singlephase force + + align:start position:0% +transfer is by singlephase force + + + align:start position:0% +transfer is by singlephase force +convection you can there are no abrupt + + align:start position:0% +convection you can there are no abrupt + + + align:start position:0% +convection you can there are no abrupt +swings in temperature or heat flux the + + align:start position:0% +swings in temperature or heat flux the + + + align:start position:0% +swings in temperature or heat flux the +CO2 is turbulent and the helium is + + align:start position:0% +CO2 is turbulent and the helium is + + + align:start position:0% +CO2 is turbulent and the helium is +lamina the flow directions are listed + + align:start position:0% +lamina the flow directions are listed + + + align:start position:0% +lamina the flow directions are listed +here the CO2 comes in from there and + + align:start position:0% +here the CO2 comes in from there and + + + align:start position:0% +here the CO2 comes in from there and +flows to the right and the helium begins + + align:start position:0% +flows to the right and the helium begins + + + align:start position:0% +flows to the right and the helium begins +here and flows in the other direction so + + align:start position:0% +here and flows in the other direction so + + + align:start position:0% +here and flows in the other direction so +it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +counterflow this is the second printed + + align:start position:0% +counterflow this is the second printed + + + align:start position:0% +counterflow this is the second printed +heat exchanger which should have been + + align:start position:0% +heat exchanger which should have been + + + align:start position:0% +heat exchanger which should have been +labeled as bc2 but anyway this heat + + align:start position:0% +labeled as bc2 but anyway this heat + + + align:start position:0% +labeled as bc2 but anyway this heat +exchanger has straight channels and + + align:start position:0% +exchanger has straight channels and + + + align:start position:0% +exchanger has straight channels and +again account flow configuration the + + align:start position:0% +again account flow configuration the + + + align:start position:0% +again account flow configuration the +flow directions are here + + align:start position:0% +flow directions are here + + + align:start position:0% +flow directions are here +again we have a two-phase flow region in + + align:start position:0% +again we have a two-phase flow region in + + + align:start position:0% +again we have a two-phase flow region in +this heat exchanger and this was model + + align:start position:0% +this heat exchanger and this was model + + + align:start position:0% +this heat exchanger and this was model +using a foran Corde which was actually + + align:start position:0% +using a foran Corde which was actually + + + align:start position:0% +using a foran Corde which was actually +written at MIT and we found unphysical + + align:start position:0% +written at MIT and we found unphysical + + + align:start position:0% +written at MIT and we found unphysical +behavior in this region to the right of + + align:start position:0% +behavior in this region to the right of + + + align:start position:0% +behavior in this region to the right of +68 M where the fluids were just sitting + + align:start position:0% +68 M where the fluids were just sitting + + + align:start position:0% +68 M where the fluids were just sitting +there and there really was no heat + + align:start position:0% +there and there really was no heat + + + align:start position:0% +there and there really was no heat +transfer so excluding this region has no + + align:start position:0% +transfer so excluding this region has no + + + align:start position:0% +transfer so excluding this region has no +impact on our Inlet or Outlet + + align:start position:0% +impact on our Inlet or Outlet + + + align:start position:0% +impact on our Inlet or Outlet +temperature so we're going to exclude + + align:start position:0% +temperature so we're going to exclude + + + align:start position:0% +temperature so we're going to exclude +this and say that our actual heat + + align:start position:0% +this and say that our actual heat + + + align:start position:0% +this and say that our actual heat +exchangers everything to the left of + + align:start position:0% +exchangers everything to the left of + + + align:start position:0% +exchangers everything to the left of +this line and in this heat exchanger + + align:start position:0% +this line and in this heat exchanger + + + align:start position:0% +this line and in this heat exchanger +both fluids are lamina unfortunately + + align:start position:0% +both fluids are lamina unfortunately + + + align:start position:0% +both fluids are lamina unfortunately +there are large swings in temperature + + align:start position:0% +there are large swings in temperature + + + align:start position:0% +there are large swings in temperature +and heat flux and so future work should + + align:start position:0% +and heat flux and so future work should + + + align:start position:0% +and heat flux and so future work should +address designing this heat exchanger as + + align:start position:0% +address designing this heat exchanger as + + + align:start position:0% +address designing this heat exchanger as +three separate heat exchangers a high + + align:start position:0% +three separate heat exchangers a high + + + align:start position:0% +three separate heat exchangers a high +temperature region a two-phase region + + align:start position:0% +temperature region a two-phase region + + + align:start position:0% +temperature region a two-phase region +and the lower temperature singlephase + + align:start position:0% +and the lower temperature singlephase + + + align:start position:0% +and the lower temperature singlephase +region just so that we can avoid the + + align:start position:0% +region just so that we can avoid the + + + align:start position:0% +region just so that we can avoid the +large thermal stresses in alloy + + align:start position:0% +large thermal stresses in alloy + + + align:start position:0% +large thermal stresses in alloy +6117 and + + align:start position:0% +6117 and + + + align:start position:0% +6117 and +um also to have a larger design life for + + align:start position:0% +um also to have a larger design life for + + + align:start position:0% +um also to have a larger design life for +the lower temperature + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sections we also looked into fowling and + + align:start position:0% +sections we also looked into fowling and + + + align:start position:0% +sections we also looked into fowling and +design life issues studies showed that + + align:start position:0% +design life issues studies showed that + + + align:start position:0% +design life issues studies showed that +PCH can operate for up to 500 to 660 + + align:start position:0% +PCH can operate for up to 500 to 660 + + + align:start position:0% +PCH can operate for up to 500 to 660 +hours without any change in + + align:start position:0% +hours without any change in + + + align:start position:0% +hours without any change in +Effectiveness but with a 55% increase in + + align:start position:0% +Effectiveness but with a 55% increase in + + + align:start position:0% +Effectiveness but with a 55% increase in +pressure drop we don't have an exact + + align:start position:0% +pressure drop we don't have an exact + + + align:start position:0% +pressure drop we don't have an exact +number for what the fuel cycle length is + + align:start position:0% +number for what the fuel cycle length is + + + align:start position:0% +number for what the fuel cycle length is +going to be but anything of the order of + + align:start position:0% +going to be but anything of the order of + + + align:start position:0% +going to be but anything of the order of +18 months is 12,9 60 hours so the way to + + align:start position:0% +18 months is 12,9 60 hours so the way to + + + align:start position:0% +18 months is 12,9 60 hours so the way to +counter this 55% increase in pressure + + align:start position:0% +counter this 55% increase in pressure + + + align:start position:0% +counter this 55% increase in pressure +drop which is probably going to be + + align:start position:0% +drop which is probably going to be + + + align:start position:0% +drop which is probably going to be +greater than that if you're going to + + align:start position:0% +greater than that if you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +greater than that if you're going to +operate these printed circuit heat + + align:start position:0% +operate these printed circuit heat + + + align:start position:0% +operate these printed circuit heat +exchangers continuously for + + align:start position:0% +exchangers continuously for + + + align:start position:0% +exchangers continuously for +12,960 hours is either install redundant + + align:start position:0% +12,960 hours is either install redundant + + + align:start position:0% +12,960 hours is either install redundant +units and we think this is our best + + align:start position:0% +units and we think this is our best + + + align:start position:0% +units and we think this is our best +option or to add chlorine at least to + + align:start position:0% +option or to add chlorine at least to + + + align:start position:0% +option or to add chlorine at least to +the water stream that's going to go in + + align:start position:0% +the water stream that's going to go in + + + align:start position:0% +the water stream that's going to go in +to reduce biofouling the problem with + + align:start position:0% +to reduce biofouling the problem with + + + align:start position:0% +to reduce biofouling the problem with +doing this the addition of chlorine is + + align:start position:0% +doing this the addition of chlorine is + + + align:start position:0% +doing this the addition of chlorine is +that it'll then have to be separated + + align:start position:0% +that it'll then have to be separated + + + align:start position:0% +that it'll then have to be separated +from the steam before it goes to the + + align:start position:0% +from the steam before it goes to the + + + align:start position:0% +from the steam before it goes to the +hydrogen plant for high temperature + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen plant for high temperature + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen plant for high temperature +steam + + align:start position:0% +steam + + + align:start position:0% +steam +electrolysis and finally the biofuels + + align:start position:0% +electrolysis and finally the biofuels + + + align:start position:0% +electrolysis and finally the biofuels +heat exchanger which hasn't been + + align:start position:0% +heat exchanger which hasn't been + + + align:start position:0% +heat exchanger which hasn't been +designed and again is the subject of + + align:start position:0% +designed and again is the subject of + + + align:start position:0% +designed and again is the subject of +future work we want to recover the heat + + align:start position:0% +future work we want to recover the heat + + + align:start position:0% +future work we want to recover the heat +from the steam hydrogen and oxygen that + + align:start position:0% +from the steam hydrogen and oxygen that + + + align:start position:0% +from the steam hydrogen and oxygen that +is going to come out at the hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +is going to come out at the hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +is going to come out at the hydrogen +plant to produce Steam for the biofuels + + align:start position:0% +plant to produce Steam for the biofuels + + + align:start position:0% +plant to produce Steam for the biofuels +plant that steam will be produced at 182 + + align:start position:0% +plant that steam will be produced at 182 + + + align:start position:0% +plant that steam will be produced at 182 +celius and .1 megapascal + + align:start position:0% +celius and .1 megapascal + + + align:start position:0% +celius and .1 megapascal +the problem here is that we have highly + + align:start position:0% +the problem here is that we have highly + + + align:start position:0% +the problem here is that we have highly +oxidative and reductive environments in + + align:start position:0% +oxidative and reductive environments in + + + align:start position:0% +oxidative and reductive environments in +the same heat exchanger so really the + + align:start position:0% +the same heat exchanger so really the + + + align:start position:0% +the same heat exchanger so really the +only materials that we can use are + + align:start position:0% +only materials that we can use are + + + align:start position:0% +only materials that we can use are +Ceramics respective materials for + + align:start position:0% +Ceramics respective materials for + + + align:start position:0% +Ceramics respective materials for +fabricating this heat exchanger are + + align:start position:0% +fabricating this heat exchanger are + + + align:start position:0% +fabricating this heat exchanger are +reaction bondage silicon carbide or + + align:start position:0% +reaction bondage silicon carbide or + + + align:start position:0% +reaction bondage silicon carbide or +siliconized silicon carbide both of + + align:start position:0% +siliconized silicon carbide both of + + + align:start position:0% +siliconized silicon carbide both of +these materials have significantly lower + + align:start position:0% +these materials have significantly lower + + + align:start position:0% +these materials have significantly lower +thermal conductivities compared to alloy + + align:start position:0% +thermal conductivities compared to alloy + + + align:start position:0% +thermal conductivities compared to alloy +617 but they can operate at high + + align:start position:0% +617 but they can operate at high + + + align:start position:0% +617 but they can operate at high +temperatures and they can withstand + + align:start position:0% +temperatures and they can withstand + + + align:start position:0% +temperatures and they can withstand +highly oxidative and reductive + + align:start position:0% +highly oxidative and reductive + + + align:start position:0% +highly oxidative and reductive +environment and laen will now talk about + + align:start position:0% +environment and laen will now talk about + + + align:start position:0% +environment and laen will now talk about +piping heat storage and + + align:start position:0% +piping heat storage and + + + align:start position:0% +piping heat storage and +control so this is the piping scheme + + align:start position:0% +control so this is the piping scheme + + + align:start position:0% +control so this is the piping scheme +we're going to go with uh for + + align:start position:0% +we're going to go with uh for + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to go with uh for +transporting the helium throughout our + + align:start position:0% +transporting the helium throughout our + + + align:start position:0% +transporting the helium throughout our +system uh this instulation will allow us + + align:start position:0% +system uh this instulation will allow us + + + align:start position:0% +system uh this instulation will allow us +to have minimal temperature losses as it + + align:start position:0% +to have minimal temperature losses as it + + + align:start position:0% +to have minimal temperature losses as it +transfers from facility to facility + + align:start position:0% +transfers from facility to facility + + + align:start position:0% +transfers from facility to facility +we're going to have our inner diameter + + align:start position:0% +we're going to have our inner diameter + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to have our inner diameter +of 2 meters for helium and if you + + align:start position:0% +of 2 meters for helium and if you + + + align:start position:0% +of 2 meters for helium and if you +remember from our system outline this is + + align:start position:0% +remember from our system outline this is + + + align:start position:0% +remember from our system outline this is +going to be at about 5 megapascals + + align:start position:0% +going to be at about 5 megapascals + + + align:start position:0% +going to be at about 5 megapascals +um so in order to deal with that stress + + align:start position:0% +um so in order to deal with that stress + + + align:start position:0% +um so in order to deal with that stress +we're going to have a 50 mm uh layer + + align:start position:0% +we're going to have a 50 mm uh layer + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to have a 50 mm uh layer +right here of alloy 625 flow liner and + + align:start position:0% +right here of alloy 625 flow liner and + + + align:start position:0% +right here of alloy 625 flow liner and +that's actually also going to minimize + + align:start position:0% +that's actually also going to minimize + + + align:start position:0% +that's actually also going to minimize +our frictional losses uh to on the order + + align:start position:0% +our frictional losses uh to on the order + + + align:start position:0% +our frictional losses uh to on the order +of kilopascals over the course of 30 m + + align:start position:0% +of kilopascals over the course of 30 m + + + align:start position:0% +of kilopascals over the course of 30 m +um after the flow liner we're going to + + align:start position:0% +um after the flow liner we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +um after the flow liner we're going to +have a 1 mm layer of aerogel insulation + + align:start position:0% +have a 1 mm layer of aerogel insulation + + + align:start position:0% +have a 1 mm layer of aerogel insulation +and then a 50 mm layer of alloy uh 304 + + align:start position:0% +and then a 50 mm layer of alloy uh 304 + + + align:start position:0% +and then a 50 mm layer of alloy uh 304 +stainless steel and then a 1 mm layer of + + align:start position:0% +stainless steel and then a 1 mm layer of + + + align:start position:0% +stainless steel and then a 1 mm layer of +gem colay 2600 which is ceramic + + align:start position:0% +gem colay 2600 which is ceramic + + + align:start position:0% +gem colay 2600 which is ceramic +insulator and that's going to minimize + + align:start position:0% +insulator and that's going to minimize + + + align:start position:0% +insulator and that's going to minimize +our temperature losses to on the order + + align:start position:0% +our temperature losses to on the order + + + align:start position:0% +our temperature losses to on the order +of 100th of a degree CSI over the course + + align:start position:0% +of 100th of a degree CSI over the course + + + align:start position:0% +of 100th of a degree CSI over the course +of 30 m which is the longest distance it + + align:start position:0% +of 30 m which is the longest distance it + + + align:start position:0% +of 30 m which is the longest distance it +needs to travel in our + + align:start position:0% +needs to travel in our + + + align:start position:0% +needs to travel in our +plant um so regarding heat storage we + + align:start position:0% +plant um so regarding heat storage we + + + align:start position:0% +plant um so regarding heat storage we +decided to store heat in order to keep + + align:start position:0% +decided to store heat in order to keep + + + align:start position:0% +decided to store heat in order to keep +the lead bismi of the reactor's primary + + align:start position:0% +the lead bismi of the reactor's primary + + + align:start position:0% +the lead bismi of the reactor's primary +Loop molten uh during shutdown after the + + align:start position:0% +Loop molten uh during shutdown after the + + + align:start position:0% +Loop molten uh during shutdown after the +Decay heat uh is low enough that it + + align:start position:0% +Decay heat uh is low enough that it + + + align:start position:0% +Decay heat uh is low enough that it +can't do so on its own so in order to do + + align:start position:0% +can't do so on its own so in order to do + + + align:start position:0% +can't do so on its own so in order to do +so we decided to go with a latent heat + + align:start position:0% +so we decided to go with a latent heat + + + align:start position:0% +so we decided to go with a latent heat +thermal energy storage uh system which + + align:start position:0% +thermal energy storage uh system which + + + align:start position:0% +thermal energy storage uh system which +is storing energy in the latent heat of + + align:start position:0% +is storing energy in the latent heat of + + + align:start position:0% +is storing energy in the latent heat of +a phase change rather than storing + + align:start position:0% +a phase change rather than storing + + + align:start position:0% +a phase change rather than storing +energy in the sensible heat of changing + + align:start position:0% +energy in the sensible heat of changing + + + align:start position:0% +energy in the sensible heat of changing +the temperature of a material um it's + + align:start position:0% +the temperature of a material um it's + + + align:start position:0% +the temperature of a material um it's +more efficient since it's got a higher + + align:start position:0% +more efficient since it's got a higher + + + align:start position:0% +more efficient since it's got a higher +energy density and it also releases heat + + align:start position:0% +energy density and it also releases heat + + + align:start position:0% +energy density and it also releases heat +over a constant temperature as opposed + + align:start position:0% +over a constant temperature as opposed + + + align:start position:0% +over a constant temperature as opposed +to cooling down as it discharges uh so + + align:start position:0% +to cooling down as it discharges uh so + + + align:start position:0% +to cooling down as it discharges uh so +in order to do so we had to pick a phase + + align:start position:0% +in order to do so we had to pick a phase + + + align:start position:0% +in order to do so we had to pick a phase +change material which is what PCM stands + + align:start position:0% +change material which is what PCM stands + + + align:start position:0% +change material which is what PCM stands +for and we went with lithium chloride to + + align:start position:0% +for and we went with lithium chloride to + + + align:start position:0% +for and we went with lithium chloride to +store the energy because as you can see + + align:start position:0% +store the energy because as you can see + + + align:start position:0% +store the energy because as you can see +its melting point is 65° C which which + + align:start position:0% +its melting point is 65° C which which + + + align:start position:0% +its melting point is 65° C which which +is right at the operating temperature of + + align:start position:0% +is right at the operating temperature of + + + align:start position:0% +is right at the operating temperature of +our system 66.5 de c as it comes out of + + align:start position:0% +our system 66.5 de c as it comes out of + + + align:start position:0% +our system 66.5 de c as it comes out of +that first heat exchanger um so this + + align:start position:0% +that first heat exchanger um so this + + + align:start position:0% +that first heat exchanger um so this +means we can neglect any sensible heat + + align:start position:0% +means we can neglect any sensible heat + + + align:start position:0% +means we can neglect any sensible heat +that it's storing after the phase change + + align:start position:0% +that it's storing after the phase change + + + align:start position:0% +that it's storing after the phase change +from solid to liquid um as you can see + + align:start position:0% +from solid to liquid um as you can see + + + align:start position:0% +from solid to liquid um as you can see +latent heat of fusion is several orders + + align:start position:0% +latent heat of fusion is several orders + + + align:start position:0% +latent heat of fusion is several orders +of magnitude higher than the specific + + align:start position:0% +of magnitude higher than the specific + + + align:start position:0% +of magnitude higher than the specific +heat of the material so it's much more + + align:start position:0% +heat of the material so it's much more + + + align:start position:0% +heat of the material so it's much more +efficient to store it as latent + + align:start position:0% +efficient to store it as latent + + + align:start position:0% +efficient to store it as latent +heat um and then because it's a molten + + align:start position:0% +heat um and then because it's a molten + + + align:start position:0% +heat um and then because it's a molten +salt it's good conductor of electricity + + align:start position:0% +salt it's good conductor of electricity + + + align:start position:0% +salt it's good conductor of electricity +um we wanted to make sure to avoid any + + align:start position:0% +um we wanted to make sure to avoid any + + + align:start position:0% +um we wanted to make sure to avoid any +corrosion issues so we chose the + + align:start position:0% +corrosion issues so we chose the + + + align:start position:0% +corrosion issues so we chose the +containment material to be alloy 20 + + align:start position:0% +containment material to be alloy 20 + + + align:start position:0% +containment material to be alloy 20 +which is a nickel chromium altinum alloy + + align:start position:0% +which is a nickel chromium altinum alloy + + + align:start position:0% +which is a nickel chromium altinum alloy +and it's extremely resistant to chloride + + align:start position:0% +and it's extremely resistant to chloride + + + align:start position:0% +and it's extremely resistant to chloride +ion corrosion so it's got excellent + + align:start position:0% +ion corrosion so it's got excellent + + + align:start position:0% +ion corrosion so it's got excellent +compatibility with lithium chloride + + align:start position:0% +compatibility with lithium chloride + + + align:start position:0% +compatibility with lithium chloride +melting points also well above the uh + + align:start position:0% +melting points also well above the uh + + + align:start position:0% +melting points also well above the uh +operating temperature of our system so + + align:start position:0% +operating temperature of our system so + + + align:start position:0% +operating temperature of our system so +we don't expect to have materials issues + + align:start position:0% +we don't expect to have materials issues + + + align:start position:0% +we don't expect to have materials issues +there it's also got a pretty high + + align:start position:0% +there it's also got a pretty high + + + align:start position:0% +there it's also got a pretty high +thermal conductivity which means uh + + align:start position:0% +thermal conductivity which means uh + + + align:start position:0% +thermal conductivity which means uh +which is good because we have to conduct + + align:start position:0% +which is good because we have to conduct + + + align:start position:0% +which is good because we have to conduct +heat through + + align:start position:0% +heat through + + + align:start position:0% +heat through +it this is just a quick overview of the + + align:start position:0% +it this is just a quick overview of the + + + align:start position:0% +it this is just a quick overview of the +heat exchanger we're going to use for + + align:start position:0% +heat exchanger we're going to use for + + + align:start position:0% +heat exchanger we're going to use for +the storage device we can't use a + + align:start position:0% +the storage device we can't use a + + + align:start position:0% +the storage device we can't use a +traditional Heat exch changer since uh + + align:start position:0% +traditional Heat exch changer since uh + + + align:start position:0% +traditional Heat exch changer since uh +when the lithium chloride is a solid we + + align:start position:0% +when the lithium chloride is a solid we + + + align:start position:0% +when the lithium chloride is a solid we +obviously can't pump it through our + + align:start position:0% +obviously can't pump it through our + + + align:start position:0% +obviously can't pump it through our +system so instead the lithium chloride + + align:start position:0% +system so instead the lithium chloride + + + align:start position:0% +system so instead the lithium chloride +is going to be stored in these slabs + + align:start position:0% +is going to be stored in these slabs + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be stored in these slabs +here these are long and they're going to + + align:start position:0% +here these are long and they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +here these are long and they're going to +be flat go into the page a lot um and + + align:start position:0% +be flat go into the page a lot um and + + + align:start position:0% +be flat go into the page a lot um and +they're going to be contained with all + + align:start position:0% +they're going to be contained with all + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to be contained with all +20 um the helium is going to throw flow + + align:start position:0% +20 um the helium is going to throw flow + + + align:start position:0% +20 um the helium is going to throw flow +through these gaps in between the slabs + + align:start position:0% +through these gaps in between the slabs + + + align:start position:0% +through these gaps in between the slabs +and uh depending on whether we're + + align:start position:0% +and uh depending on whether we're + + + align:start position:0% +and uh depending on whether we're +discharging or storing or in steady + + align:start position:0% +discharging or storing or in steady + + + align:start position:0% +discharging or storing or in steady +state uh these valves are going to be + + align:start position:0% +state uh these valves are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +state uh these valves are going to be +open I'll go over those layouts in a few + + align:start position:0% +open I'll go over those layouts in a few + + + align:start position:0% +open I'll go over those layouts in a few +minutes um this is just another view of + + align:start position:0% +minutes um this is just another view of + + + align:start position:0% +minutes um this is just another view of +the heat exchanger this is now helium's + + align:start position:0% +the heat exchanger this is now helium's + + + align:start position:0% +the heat exchanger this is now helium's +flowing into the page these are the + + align:start position:0% +flowing into the page these are the + + + align:start position:0% +flowing into the page these are the +dimensions of the uh device are going to + + align:start position:0% +dimensions of the uh device are going to + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions of the uh device are going to +be 10 slabs of lithium chloride and the + + align:start position:0% +be 10 slabs of lithium chloride and the + + + align:start position:0% +be 10 slabs of lithium chloride and the +device itself is actually going to be 20 + + align:start position:0% +device itself is actually going to be 20 + + + align:start position:0% +device itself is actually going to be 20 +M long so it's going to take up most of + + align:start position:0% +M long so it's going to take up most of + + + align:start position:0% +M long so it's going to take up most of +the space in between the uh heat + + align:start position:0% +the space in between the uh heat + + + align:start position:0% +the space in between the uh heat +exchanger with the core secondary Loop + + align:start position:0% +exchanger with the core secondary Loop + + + align:start position:0% +exchanger with the core secondary Loop +and the heat exchanger with the hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +and the heat exchanger with the hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +and the heat exchanger with the hydrogen +plant um these Dimensions were chosen to + + align:start position:0% +plant um these Dimensions were chosen to + + + align:start position:0% +plant um these Dimensions were chosen to +uh make the Reynolds number of the + + align:start position:0% +uh make the Reynolds number of the + + + align:start position:0% +uh make the Reynolds number of the +helium turbulent in order for better + + align:start position:0% +helium turbulent in order for better + + + align:start position:0% +helium turbulent in order for better +heat transfer properties and also to + + align:start position:0% +heat transfer properties and also to + + + align:start position:0% +heat transfer properties and also to +store enough lithium chloride to keep + + align:start position:0% +store enough lithium chloride to keep + + + align:start position:0% +store enough lithium chloride to keep +the lead bismo melted for 2 weeks uh + + align:start position:0% +the lead bismo melted for 2 weeks uh + + + align:start position:0% +the lead bismo melted for 2 weeks uh +that results in about 4,000 M cubed of + + align:start position:0% +that results in about 4,000 M cubed of + + + align:start position:0% +that results in about 4,000 M cubed of +lithium chloride so it's a pretty big + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tank this is going to be the layout + + align:start position:0% +tank this is going to be the layout + + + align:start position:0% +tank this is going to be the layout +during charging it's pretty similar to + + align:start position:0% +during charging it's pretty similar to + + + align:start position:0% +during charging it's pretty similar to +our uh our steady state layout except + + align:start position:0% +our uh our steady state layout except + + + align:start position:0% +our uh our steady state layout except +here is where it would normally go off + + align:start position:0% +here is where it would normally go off + + + align:start position:0% +here is where it would normally go off +to the hydrogen plant and exchange uh go + + align:start position:0% +to the hydrogen plant and exchange uh go + + + align:start position:0% +to the hydrogen plant and exchange uh go +through the hydrogen pches that's going + + align:start position:0% +through the hydrogen pches that's going + + + align:start position:0% +through the hydrogen pches that's going +to be valved off because uh while we're + + align:start position:0% +to be valved off because uh while we're + + + align:start position:0% +to be valved off because uh while we're +not in steady state this Outlet + + align:start position:0% +not in steady state this Outlet + + + align:start position:0% +not in steady state this Outlet +temperature isn't isn't going to be + + align:start position:0% +temperature isn't isn't going to be + + + align:start position:0% +temperature isn't isn't going to be +constant uh so we're going to wait to + + align:start position:0% +constant uh so we're going to wait to + + + align:start position:0% +constant uh so we're going to wait to +add the hydrogen plant onto our system + + align:start position:0% +add the hydrogen plant onto our system + + + align:start position:0% +add the hydrogen plant onto our system +until storage is completely charged and + + align:start position:0% +until storage is completely charged and + + + align:start position:0% +until storage is completely charged and +also the only other thing that's + + align:start position:0% +also the only other thing that's + + + align:start position:0% +also the only other thing that's +different is we're going to have a 67 + + align:start position:0% +different is we're going to have a 67 + + + align:start position:0% +different is we're going to have a 67 +megawatt preheater right here that's + + align:start position:0% +megawatt preheater right here that's + + + align:start position:0% +megawatt preheater right here that's +going to heat the uh the helium going + + align:start position:0% +going to heat the uh the helium going + + + align:start position:0% +going to heat the uh the helium going +into the lithium chloride storage to 705 + + align:start position:0% +into the lithium chloride storage to 705 + + + align:start position:0% +into the lithium chloride storage to 705 +de C uh because if the the temperature + + align:start position:0% +de C uh because if the the temperature + + + align:start position:0% +de C uh because if the the temperature +of the helium going into storage is only + + align:start position:0% +of the helium going into storage is only + + + align:start position:0% +of the helium going into storage is only +a degree and a half above the melting + + align:start position:0% +a degree and a half above the melting + + + align:start position:0% +a degree and a half above the melting +point it's actually going to take on the + + align:start position:0% +point it's actually going to take on the + + + align:start position:0% +point it's actually going to take on the +order of years or t of tens of years to + + align:start position:0% +order of years or t of tens of years to + + + align:start position:0% +order of years or t of tens of years to +completely charge the storage and that's + + align:start position:0% +completely charge the storage and that's + + + align:start position:0% +completely charge the storage and that's +not really feasible so with this 67 + + align:start position:0% +not really feasible so with this 67 + + + align:start position:0% +not really feasible so with this 67 +megawatt preheater we can reduce the + + align:start position:0% +megawatt preheater we can reduce the + + + align:start position:0% +megawatt preheater we can reduce the +charging time down to 33 days and 12 + + align:start position:0% +charging time down to 33 days and 12 + + + align:start position:0% +charging time down to 33 days and 12 +hours which is a lot more + + align:start position:0% +hours which is a lot more + + + align:start position:0% +hours which is a lot more +realistic then the discharging layout um + + align:start position:0% +realistic then the discharging layout um + + + align:start position:0% +realistic then the discharging layout um +we're going to shut off our main Loop uh + + align:start position:0% +we're going to shut off our main Loop uh + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to shut off our main Loop uh +storage isn't going to be taking any + + align:start position:0% +storage isn't going to be taking any + + + align:start position:0% +storage isn't going to be taking any +more heat from the core at this point + + align:start position:0% +more heat from the core at this point + + + align:start position:0% +more heat from the core at this point +and instead we're going to cycle helium + + align:start position:0% +and instead we're going to cycle helium + + + align:start position:0% +and instead we're going to cycle helium +through this Loop here uh to a shell and + + align:start position:0% +through this Loop here uh to a shell and + + + align:start position:0% +through this Loop here uh to a shell and +Tube heat exchanger with the primary the + + align:start position:0% +Tube heat exchanger with the primary the + + + align:start position:0% +Tube heat exchanger with the primary the +core's primary Loop um we're staying + + align:start position:0% +core's primary Loop um we're staying + + + align:start position:0% +core's primary Loop um we're staying +with helium so we don't contaminate the + + align:start position:0% +with helium so we don't contaminate the + + + align:start position:0% +with helium so we don't contaminate the +storage device with any lead + + align:start position:0% +storage device with any lead + + + align:start position:0% +storage device with any lead +bismo and uh because the heat rate of + + align:start position:0% +bismo and uh because the heat rate of + + + align:start position:0% +bismo and uh because the heat rate of +the storage device is actually going to + + align:start position:0% +the storage device is actually going to + + + align:start position:0% +the storage device is actually going to +depend on the distance between the phase + + align:start position:0% +depend on the distance between the phase + + + align:start position:0% +depend on the distance between the phase +front within the lithium chloride and + + align:start position:0% +front within the lithium chloride and + + + align:start position:0% +front within the lithium chloride and +the edge of the slab it's obviously + + align:start position:0% +the edge of the slab it's obviously + + + align:start position:0% +the edge of the slab it's obviously +going to depend on time as that lithium + + align:start position:0% +going to depend on time as that lithium + + + align:start position:0% +going to depend on time as that lithium +chloride releases its energy and + + align:start position:0% +chloride releases its energy and + + + align:start position:0% +chloride releases its energy and +solidifies so um this Inlet temperature + + align:start position:0% +solidifies so um this Inlet temperature + + + align:start position:0% +solidifies so um this Inlet temperature +is really important because if it's too + + align:start position:0% +is really important because if it's too + + + align:start position:0% +is really important because if it's too +low uh too much energy is going to be + + align:start position:0% +low uh too much energy is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +low uh too much energy is going to be +drawn out too soon and you're going to + + align:start position:0% +drawn out too soon and you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +drawn out too soon and you're going to +use up all the energy before two weeks + + align:start position:0% +use up all the energy before two weeks + + + align:start position:0% +use up all the energy before two weeks +are up and if it's too high then you're + + align:start position:0% +are up and if it's too high then you're + + + align:start position:0% +are up and if it's too high then you're +still going to have energy l left over + + align:start position:0% +still going to have energy l left over + + + align:start position:0% +still going to have energy l left over +after 2 weeks um so this Inlet + + align:start position:0% +after 2 weeks um so this Inlet + + + align:start position:0% +after 2 weeks um so this Inlet +temperature of 550 optimizes that and it + + align:start position:0% +temperature of 550 optimizes that and it + + + align:start position:0% +temperature of 550 optimizes that and it +draws out all the energy over the course + + align:start position:0% +draws out all the energy over the course + + + align:start position:0% +draws out all the energy over the course +of 2 weeks but because that means that + + align:start position:0% +of 2 weeks but because that means that + + + align:start position:0% +of 2 weeks but because that means that +this temper this uh power rate is + + align:start position:0% +this temper this uh power rate is + + + align:start position:0% +this temper this uh power rate is +changing this power is going to have to + + align:start position:0% +changing this power is going to have to + + + align:start position:0% +changing this power is going to have to +equal this one uh in order to do that + + align:start position:0% +equal this one uh in order to do that + + + align:start position:0% +equal this one uh in order to do that +we're going to vary the mass flow rate + + align:start position:0% +we're going to vary the mass flow rate + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to vary the mass flow rate +of the lead bisma throughout the primary + + align:start position:0% +of the lead bisma throughout the primary + + + align:start position:0% +of the lead bisma throughout the primary +Loop So This MC delta T for this heat + + align:start position:0% +Loop So This MC delta T for this heat + + + align:start position:0% +Loop So This MC delta T for this heat +exchanger is equal to this one and we + + align:start position:0% +exchanger is equal to this one and we + + + align:start position:0% +exchanger is equal to this one and we +have an energy balance um so this mass + + align:start position:0% +have an energy balance um so this mass + + + align:start position:0% +have an energy balance um so this mass +flow right here is going to vary such + + align:start position:0% +flow right here is going to vary such + + + align:start position:0% +flow right here is going to vary such +that that's the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +case we also have a few emergency + + align:start position:0% +case we also have a few emergency + + + align:start position:0% +case we also have a few emergency +situations just in case something goes + + align:start position:0% +situations just in case something goes + + + align:start position:0% +situations just in case something goes +wrong um for example with a storage if + + align:start position:0% +wrong um for example with a storage if + + + align:start position:0% +wrong um for example with a storage if +any of the lithium chloride were to leak + + align:start position:0% +any of the lithium chloride were to leak + + + align:start position:0% +any of the lithium chloride were to leak +out of a slab uh would be pretty bad for + + align:start position:0% +out of a slab uh would be pretty bad for + + + align:start position:0% +out of a slab uh would be pretty bad for +a loop because none of our other + + align:start position:0% +a loop because none of our other + + + align:start position:0% +a loop because none of our other +materials are necessarily compatible + + align:start position:0% +materials are necessarily compatible + + + align:start position:0% +materials are necessarily compatible +with lithium chloride other than the + + align:start position:0% +with lithium chloride other than the + + + align:start position:0% +with lithium chloride other than the +alloy 20 and also anytime the + + align:start position:0% +alloy 20 and also anytime the + + + align:start position:0% +alloy 20 and also anytime the +temperature drops below 605 degrees it's + + align:start position:0% +temperature drops below 605 degrees it's + + + align:start position:0% +temperature drops below 605 degrees it's +going to solidify clogger pipes Clogg + + align:start position:0% +going to solidify clogger pipes Clogg + + + align:start position:0% +going to solidify clogger pipes Clogg +our pches uh which we really don't want + + align:start position:0% +our pches uh which we really don't want + + + align:start position:0% +our pches uh which we really don't want +to deal with so in the event of a leak + + align:start position:0% +to deal with so in the event of a leak + + + align:start position:0% +to deal with so in the event of a leak +we're going to actually rrap all the + + align:start position:0% +we're going to actually rrap all the + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to actually rrap all the +helium flow around both the storage + + align:start position:0% +helium flow around both the storage + + + align:start position:0% +helium flow around both the storage +device and the compressor since by doing + + align:start position:0% +device and the compressor since by doing + + + align:start position:0% +device and the compressor since by doing +that we'll remove that large pressure + + align:start position:0% +that we'll remove that large pressure + + + align:start position:0% +that we'll remove that large pressure +drop and uh just completely valve off + + align:start position:0% +drop and uh just completely valve off + + + align:start position:0% +drop and uh just completely valve off +that storage and we also have a heat + + align:start position:0% +that storage and we also have a heat + + + align:start position:0% +that storage and we also have a heat +sink uh in case of a loss of load if we + + align:start position:0% +sink uh in case of a loss of load if we + + + align:start position:0% +sink uh in case of a loss of load if we +lose either of our biofuels or hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +lose either of our biofuels or hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +lose either of our biofuels or hydrogen +facilities the reactor is actually going + + align:start position:0% +facilities the reactor is actually going + + + align:start position:0% +facilities the reactor is actually going +to shut down as well um but we're still + + align:start position:0% +to shut down as well um but we're still + + + align:start position:0% +to shut down as well um but we're still +going to have to deal with a Decay Heat + + align:start position:0% +going to have to deal with a Decay Heat + + + align:start position:0% +going to have to deal with a Decay Heat +and the average Decay heat coming from + + align:start position:0% +and the average Decay heat coming from + + + align:start position:0% +and the average Decay heat coming from +the core to process heat which is not + + align:start position:0% +the core to process heat which is not + + + align:start position:0% +the core to process heat which is not +the total Decay heat um an hour after + + align:start position:0% +the total Decay heat um an hour after + + + align:start position:0% +the total Decay heat um an hour after +shut down is going to be about 5 + + align:start position:0% +shut down is going to be about 5 + + + align:start position:0% +shut down is going to be about 5 +megawatt so in order to deal with this + + align:start position:0% +megawatt so in order to deal with this + + + align:start position:0% +megawatt so in order to deal with this +we're going to have a heat exchanger uh + + align:start position:0% +we're going to have a heat exchanger uh + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to have a heat exchanger uh +with our environmental body of water uh + + align:start position:0% +with our environmental body of water uh + + + align:start position:0% +with our environmental body of water uh +due to EPA limits the maximum + + align:start position:0% +due to EPA limits the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +due to EPA limits the maximum +temperature change we can uh put into + + align:start position:0% +temperature change we can uh put into + + + align:start position:0% +temperature change we can uh put into +the water is 10° C so we going to use a + + align:start position:0% +the water is 10° C so we going to use a + + + align:start position:0% +the water is 10° C so we going to use a +volumetric flow rate of 455 gallons a + + align:start position:0% +volumetric flow rate of 455 gallons a + + + align:start position:0% +volumetric flow rate of 455 gallons a +second using a titanium plate type heat + + align:start position:0% +second using a titanium plate type heat + + + align:start position:0% +second using a titanium plate type heat +exchanger which is specifically for + + align:start position:0% +exchanger which is specifically for + + + align:start position:0% +exchanger which is specifically for +marine applications and it's actually + + align:start position:0% +marine applications and it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +marine applications and it's actually +also going to have diffusers at the + + align:start position:0% +also going to have diffusers at the + + + align:start position:0% +also going to have diffusers at the +outlet such that the uh the water coming + + align:start position:0% +outlet such that the uh the water coming + + + align:start position:0% +outlet such that the uh the water coming +out at a higher temperature diffuses + + align:start position:0% +out at a higher temperature diffuses + + + align:start position:0% +out at a higher temperature diffuses +more quickly and doesn't shock the water + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so for future work we're going to have + + align:start position:0% +so for future work we're going to have + + + align:start position:0% +so for future work we're going to have +to compare the pches at both the core + + align:start position:0% +to compare the pches at both the core + + + align:start position:0% +to compare the pches at both the core +and the hydrogen plant uh with shell and + + align:start position:0% +and the hydrogen plant uh with shell and + + + align:start position:0% +and the hydrogen plant uh with shell and +Tube type designs to see if those might + + align:start position:0% +Tube type designs to see if those might + + + align:start position:0% +Tube type designs to see if those might +be more appropriate for a system as well + + align:start position:0% +be more appropriate for a system as well + + + align:start position:0% +be more appropriate for a system as well +as a DD mention splitting that hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +as a DD mention splitting that hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +as a DD mention splitting that hydrogen +PCH into multiple stages we also have to + + align:start position:0% +PCH into multiple stages we also have to + + + align:start position:0% +PCH into multiple stages we also have to +take a look at PCH fing factors and + + align:start position:0% +take a look at PCH fing factors and + + + align:start position:0% +take a look at PCH fing factors and +correlation factors for determining the + + align:start position:0% +correlation factors for determining the + + + align:start position:0% +correlation factors for determining the +critical heat flux values for + + align:start position:0% +critical heat flux values for + + + align:start position:0% +critical heat flux values for +semicircular channels in those + + align:start position:0% +semicircular channels in those + + + align:start position:0% +semicircular channels in those +pchs uh we have to determine that mass + + align:start position:0% +pchs uh we have to determine that mass + + + align:start position:0% +pchs uh we have to determine that mass +flow rate function of the lead bismi so + + align:start position:0% +flow rate function of the lead bismi so + + + align:start position:0% +flow rate function of the lead bismi so +it can be matched properly + + align:start position:0% +it can be matched properly + + + align:start position:0% +it can be matched properly +to the storage discharge rate and also + + align:start position:0% +to the storage discharge rate and also + + + align:start position:0% +to the storage discharge rate and also +ensure that a delta T of 10° is actually + + align:start position:0% +ensure that a delta T of 10° is actually + + + align:start position:0% +ensure that a delta T of 10° is actually +enough to keep that uh lead bismuth + + align:start position:0% +enough to keep that uh lead bismuth + + + align:start position:0% +enough to keep that uh lead bismuth +molten for even the lowest value of mass + + align:start position:0% +molten for even the lowest value of mass + + + align:start position:0% +molten for even the lowest value of mass +flow rate so that the transmission + + align:start position:0% +flow rate so that the transmission + + + align:start position:0% +flow rate so that the transmission +losses versus the still incoming Decay + + align:start position:0% +losses versus the still incoming Decay + + + align:start position:0% +losses versus the still incoming Decay +heat uh isn't causing it to freeze as it + + align:start position:0% +heat uh isn't causing it to freeze as it + + + align:start position:0% +heat uh isn't causing it to freeze as it +goes through the system um we also have + + align:start position:0% +goes through the system um we also have + + + align:start position:0% +goes through the system um we also have +to see the effects of a support system + + align:start position:0% +to see the effects of a support system + + + align:start position:0% +to see the effects of a support system +on those lithium chloride slabs since + + align:start position:0% +on those lithium chloride slabs since + + + align:start position:0% +on those lithium chloride slabs since +they're really large slabs uh we want to + + align:start position:0% +they're really large slabs uh we want to + + + align:start position:0% +they're really large slabs uh we want to +make sure that a support system isn't + + align:start position:0% +make sure that a support system isn't + + + align:start position:0% +make sure that a support system isn't +going to + + align:start position:0% +going to + + + align:start position:0% +going to +mess with the helium flow in unexpected + + align:start position:0% +mess with the helium flow in unexpected + + + align:start position:0% +mess with the helium flow in unexpected +ways and also take a look at the + + align:start position:0% +ways and also take a look at the + + + align:start position:0% +ways and also take a look at the +insulation for both steady state and + + align:start position:0% +insulation for both steady state and + + + align:start position:0% +insulation for both steady state and +shut down it's going to have to be + + align:start position:0% +shut down it's going to have to be + + + align:start position:0% +shut down it's going to have to be +insulated such that the uh the + + align:start position:0% +insulated such that the uh the + + + align:start position:0% +insulated such that the uh the +temperature doesn't drop below 605 + + align:start position:0% +temperature doesn't drop below 605 + + + align:start position:0% +temperature doesn't drop below 605 +degrees C we're probably going to use + + align:start position:0% +degrees C we're probably going to use + + + align:start position:0% +degrees C we're probably going to use +the same insulation scheme as we are for + + align:start position:0% +the same insulation scheme as we are for + + + align:start position:0% +the same insulation scheme as we are for +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +piping so that turn over to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hydrogen hello everyone I'm Derek + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen hello everyone I'm Derek + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen hello everyone I'm Derek +Sutherland I will be a representative of + + align:start position:0% +Sutherland I will be a representative of + + + align:start position:0% +Sutherland I will be a representative of +the hydrogen production plant along with + + align:start position:0% +the hydrogen production plant along with + + + align:start position:0% +the hydrogen production plant along with +Ben Rebecca and + + align:start position:0% +Ben Rebecca and + + + align:start position:0% +Ben Rebecca and +Lauren so first I want to give a general + + align:start position:0% +Lauren so first I want to give a general + + + align:start position:0% +Lauren so first I want to give a general +outline of the presentation I'll be + + align:start position:0% +outline of the presentation I'll be + + + align:start position:0% +outline of the presentation I'll be +giving uh first we're going to consider + + align:start position:0% +giving uh first we're going to consider + + + align:start position:0% +giving uh first we're going to consider +the engineering objectives that + + align:start position:0% +the engineering objectives that + + + align:start position:0% +the engineering objectives that +motivated our design choices and also go + + align:start position:0% +motivated our design choices and also go + + + align:start position:0% +motivated our design choices and also go +into the options for hydrogen production + + align:start position:0% +into the options for hydrogen production + + + align:start position:0% +into the options for hydrogen production +that we had in the first place first so + + align:start position:0% +that we had in the first place first so + + + align:start position:0% +that we had in the first place first so +our primary decision was the ut3 process + + align:start position:0% +our primary decision was the ut3 process + + + align:start position:0% +our primary decision was the ut3 process +was named after University of Tokyo + + align:start position:0% +was named after University of Tokyo + + + align:start position:0% +was named after University of Tokyo +where it was discovered um but due to a + + align:start position:0% +where it was discovered um but due to a + + + align:start position:0% +where it was discovered um but due to a +change in inputs Midway through the + + align:start position:0% +change in inputs Midway through the + + + align:start position:0% +change in inputs Midway through the +semester we had to switch to a different + + align:start position:0% +semester we had to switch to a different + + + align:start position:0% +semester we had to switch to a different +process called high temperature steam + + align:start position:0% +process called high temperature steam + + + align:start position:0% +process called high temperature steam +electrolysis and then we will go into + + align:start position:0% +electrolysis and then we will go into + + + align:start position:0% +electrolysis and then we will go into +the future work that we + + align:start position:0% +the future work that we + + + align:start position:0% +the future work that we +propose so first the hydrogen production + + align:start position:0% +propose so first the hydrogen production + + + align:start position:0% +propose so first the hydrogen production +plant had to decide what our purpose was + + align:start position:0% +plant had to decide what our purpose was + + + align:start position:0% +plant had to decide what our purpose was +going to be um we were either going to + + align:start position:0% +going to be um we were either going to + + + align:start position:0% +going to be um we were either going to +supply hydrogen for a hydrogen fuel cell + + align:start position:0% +supply hydrogen for a hydrogen fuel cell + + + align:start position:0% +supply hydrogen for a hydrogen fuel cell +economy or we were just going to make + + align:start position:0% +economy or we were just going to make + + + align:start position:0% +economy or we were just going to make +enough hydrogen for the biofuels plant + + align:start position:0% +enough hydrogen for the biofuels plant + + + align:start position:0% +enough hydrogen for the biofuels plant +to utilize for making biodiesel and + + align:start position:0% +to utilize for making biodiesel and + + + align:start position:0% +to utilize for making biodiesel and +biogasoline uh after researching the + + align:start position:0% +biogasoline uh after researching the + + + align:start position:0% +biogasoline uh after researching the +problems with the distribution um of + + align:start position:0% +problems with the distribution um of + + + align:start position:0% +problems with the distribution um of +hydrogen and the current infrastructure + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen and the current infrastructure + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen and the current infrastructure +in this country we felt it was a better + + align:start position:0% +in this country we felt it was a better + + + align:start position:0% +in this country we felt it was a better +idea to just Supply the hydrogen for the + + align:start position:0% +idea to just Supply the hydrogen for the + + + align:start position:0% +idea to just Supply the hydrogen for the +biofuels plant + + align:start position:0% +biofuels plant + + + align:start position:0% +biofuels plant +exclusively um so with that as the + + align:start position:0% +exclusively um so with that as the + + + align:start position:0% +exclusively um so with that as the +underlying motivation for our entire + + align:start position:0% +underlying motivation for our entire + + + align:start position:0% +underlying motivation for our entire +purpose in this project we sought to + + align:start position:0% +purpose in this project we sought to + + + align:start position:0% +purpose in this project we sought to +maximize the use of processed heat + + align:start position:0% +maximize the use of processed heat + + + align:start position:0% +maximize the use of processed heat +because heat after all is more efficient + + align:start position:0% +because heat after all is more efficient + + + align:start position:0% +because heat after all is more efficient +to use than electricity because whenever + + align:start position:0% +to use than electricity because whenever + + + align:start position:0% +to use than electricity because whenever +we use electricity we have to take a + + align:start position:0% +we use electricity we have to take a + + + align:start position:0% +we use electricity we have to take a +thermodynamic hit uh just from second + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamic hit uh just from second + + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamic hit uh just from second +law of Thermodynamics so we wanted to + + align:start position:0% +law of Thermodynamics so we wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +law of Thermodynamics so we wanted to +maximize the process heat uh completely + + align:start position:0% +maximize the process heat uh completely + + + align:start position:0% +maximize the process heat uh completely +symmetric we want to minimize + + align:start position:0% +symmetric we want to minimize + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric we want to minimize +electricity use just for that reason and + + align:start position:0% +electricity use just for that reason and + + + align:start position:0% +electricity use just for that reason and +also since our whole objective is for + + align:start position:0% +also since our whole objective is for + + + align:start position:0% +also since our whole objective is for +green energy we wanted to have zero net + + align:start position:0% +green energy we wanted to have zero net + + + align:start position:0% +green energy we wanted to have zero net +Greenhouse + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +emissions okay so these are the main uh + + align:start position:0% +emissions okay so these are the main uh + + + align:start position:0% +emissions okay so these are the main uh +choices we have for hydrogen production + + align:start position:0% +choices we have for hydrogen production + + + align:start position:0% +choices we have for hydrogen production +processes the acronyms are defined below + + align:start position:0% +processes the acronyms are defined below + + + align:start position:0% +processes the acronyms are defined below +for your convenience um the main uh two + + align:start position:0% +for your convenience um the main uh two + + + align:start position:0% +for your convenience um the main uh two +that came down the the the top two that + + align:start position:0% +that came down the the the top two that + + + align:start position:0% +that came down the the the top two that +we had to decide between was the ut3 + + align:start position:0% +we had to decide between was the ut3 + + + align:start position:0% +we had to decide between was the ut3 +process down here and the high + + align:start position:0% +process down here and the high + + + align:start position:0% +process down here and the high +temperature steam electrolysis process + + align:start position:0% +temperature steam electrolysis process + + + align:start position:0% +temperature steam electrolysis process +these other processes primarily the + + align:start position:0% +these other processes primarily the + + + align:start position:0% +these other processes primarily the +sodium iodide which was I guess the + + align:start position:0% +sodium iodide which was I guess the + + + align:start position:0% +sodium iodide which was I guess the +third runner up was discounted because + + align:start position:0% +third runner up was discounted because + + + align:start position:0% +third runner up was discounted because +the high operating temperature and also + + align:start position:0% +the high operating temperature and also + + + align:start position:0% +the high operating temperature and also +due to the highly um the large material + + align:start position:0% +due to the highly um the large material + + + align:start position:0% +due to the highly um the large material +concerns that we have to deal with when + + align:start position:0% +concerns that we have to deal with when + + + align:start position:0% +concerns that we have to deal with when +dealing with sulfuric acid and what have + + align:start position:0% +dealing with sulfuric acid and what have + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with sulfuric acid and what have +you and so we then chose the ut3 process + + align:start position:0% +you and so we then chose the ut3 process + + + align:start position:0% +you and so we then chose the ut3 process +because it occurs at a slightly lower + + align:start position:0% +because it occurs at a slightly lower + + + align:start position:0% +because it occurs at a slightly lower +temperature 760 compared to 850 but it + + align:start position:0% +temperature 760 compared to 850 but it + + + align:start position:0% +temperature 760 compared to 850 but it +was also has been proven to be + + align:start position:0% +was also has been proven to be + + + align:start position:0% +was also has been proven to be +commercially viable through multiple + + align:start position:0% +commercially viable through multiple + + + align:start position:0% +commercially viable through multiple +studies in Japan and so this is the + + align:start position:0% +studies in Japan and so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +studies in Japan and so this is the +process we we decided to go with like I + + align:start position:0% +process we we decided to go with like I + + + align:start position:0% +process we we decided to go with like I +said we ended up having to switch the + + align:start position:0% +said we ended up having to switch the + + + align:start position:0% +said we ended up having to switch the +high temperature steam electrolysis + + align:start position:0% +high temperature steam electrolysis + + + align:start position:0% +high temperature steam electrolysis +partway through the semester and that + + align:start position:0% +partway through the semester and that + + + align:start position:0% +partway through the semester and that +was our second choice but I'll talk more + + align:start position:0% +was our second choice but I'll talk more + + + align:start position:0% +was our second choice but I'll talk more +about that when I get to + + align:start position:0% +about that when I get to + + + align:start position:0% +about that when I get to +there okay so first I wanted to give a + + align:start position:0% +there okay so first I wanted to give a + + + align:start position:0% +there okay so first I wanted to give a +general overview of the ut3 process um + + align:start position:0% +general overview of the ut3 process um + + + align:start position:0% +general overview of the ut3 process um +so basically it is a four-step reaction + + align:start position:0% +so basically it is a four-step reaction + + + align:start position:0% +so basically it is a four-step reaction +or four reaction process each reaction + + align:start position:0% +or four reaction process each reaction + + + align:start position:0% +or four reaction process each reaction +occurs in a separate reactor we have two + + align:start position:0% +occurs in a separate reactor we have two + + + align:start position:0% +occurs in a separate reactor we have two +calcium reactor units which are + + align:start position:0% +calcium reactor units which are + + + align:start position:0% +calcium reactor units which are +basically named after the primary + + align:start position:0% +basically named after the primary + + + align:start position:0% +basically named after the primary +reactants being calcium molecules and + + align:start position:0% +reactants being calcium molecules and + + + align:start position:0% +reactants being calcium molecules and +two iron reactor units um this process + + align:start position:0% +two iron reactor units um this process + + + align:start position:0% +two iron reactor units um this process +is interesting in that you connect these + + align:start position:0% +is interesting in that you connect these + + + align:start position:0% +is interesting in that you connect these +four you connect these four um reactors + + align:start position:0% +four you connect these four um reactors + + + align:start position:0% +four you connect these four um reactors +in series and the reactions are such + + align:start position:0% +in series and the reactions are such + + + align:start position:0% +in series and the reactions are such +that the reactants of one reaction + + align:start position:0% +that the reactants of one reaction + + + align:start position:0% +that the reactants of one reaction +become the products of the other and + + align:start position:0% +become the products of the other and + + + align:start position:0% +become the products of the other and +vice versa as you can see here this + + align:start position:0% +vice versa as you can see here this + + + align:start position:0% +vice versa as you can see here this +reaction proceeds to calcium oxide and + + align:start position:0% +reaction proceeds to calcium oxide and + + + align:start position:0% +reaction proceeds to calcium oxide and +hydrobromic acid and down here the + + align:start position:0% +hydrobromic acid and down here the + + + align:start position:0% +hydrobromic acid and down here the +reactant is calcium oxide and so + + align:start position:0% +reactant is calcium oxide and so + + + align:start position:0% +reactant is calcium oxide and so +basically the idea overall of this + + align:start position:0% +basically the idea overall of this + + + align:start position:0% +basically the idea overall of this +process is to flow have a working fluid + + align:start position:0% +process is to flow have a working fluid + + + align:start position:0% +process is to flow have a working fluid +of steam in excess to basically push the + + align:start position:0% +of steam in excess to basically push the + + + align:start position:0% +of steam in excess to basically push the +reactants around and you push everything + + align:start position:0% +reactants around and you push everything + + + align:start position:0% +reactants around and you push everything +to completion in One Direction then you + + align:start position:0% +to completion in One Direction then you + + + align:start position:0% +to completion in One Direction then you +basically use a compressor to switch the + + align:start position:0% +basically use a compressor to switch the + + + align:start position:0% +basically use a compressor to switch the +flow and then proceed in the other + + align:start position:0% +flow and then proceed in the other + + + align:start position:0% +flow and then proceed in the other +direction and this just swinging this + + align:start position:0% +direction and this just swinging this + + + align:start position:0% +direction and this just swinging this +cyclic operation enables a constant + + align:start position:0% +cyclic operation enables a constant + + + align:start position:0% +cyclic operation enables a constant +hydrogen output um the main problem we + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen output um the main problem we + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen output um the main problem we +had to deal with materials wise I mean + + align:start position:0% +had to deal with materials wise I mean + + + align:start position:0% +had to deal with materials wise I mean +it's not quite as bad as the sulfur + + align:start position:0% +it's not quite as bad as the sulfur + + + align:start position:0% +it's not quite as bad as the sulfur +iodine process but we did have to do + + align:start position:0% +iodine process but we did have to do + + + align:start position:0% +iodine process but we did have to do +with hydrobromic acid and bromine which + + align:start position:0% +with hydrobromic acid and bromine which + + + align:start position:0% +with hydrobromic acid and bromine which +of course we uh looked into special + + align:start position:0% +of course we uh looked into special + + + align:start position:0% +of course we uh looked into special +piping like um that we could withstand + + align:start position:0% +piping like um that we could withstand + + + align:start position:0% +piping like um that we could withstand +that type of acidity but also I guess + + align:start position:0% +that type of acidity but also I guess + + + align:start position:0% +that type of acidity but also I guess +more fundamentally was the calcium oxide + + align:start position:0% +more fundamentally was the calcium oxide + + + align:start position:0% +more fundamentally was the calcium oxide +system becoming brominated and turning + + align:start position:0% +system becoming brominated and turning + + + align:start position:0% +system becoming brominated and turning +into calcium bromide so calcium oxide + + align:start position:0% +into calcium bromide so calcium oxide + + + align:start position:0% +into calcium bromide so calcium oxide +and calcium bromide have a 76% + + align:start position:0% +and calcium bromide have a 76% + + + align:start position:0% +and calcium bromide have a 76% +volumetric change during bromination and + + align:start position:0% +volumetric change during bromination and + + + align:start position:0% +volumetric change during bromination and +so you have to design a structure a + + align:start position:0% +so you have to design a structure a + + + align:start position:0% +so you have to design a structure a +calcium pellet structure that that can + + align:start position:0% +calcium pellet structure that that can + + + align:start position:0% +calcium pellet structure that that can +withstand that structural stress and so + + align:start position:0% +withstand that structural stress and so + + + align:start position:0% +withstand that structural stress and so +we basically looked into um U calcium + + align:start position:0% +we basically looked into um U calcium + + + align:start position:0% +we basically looked into um U calcium +pellet structures that are able to + + align:start position:0% +pellet structures that are able to + + + align:start position:0% +pellet structures that are able to +withstand that and we were able to + + align:start position:0% +withstand that and we were able to + + + align:start position:0% +withstand that and we were able to +overcome that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problem so like I said so that's an + + align:start position:0% +problem so like I said so that's an + + + align:start position:0% +problem so like I said so that's an +overview of the ut3 process and we had a + + align:start position:0% +overview of the ut3 process and we had a + + + align:start position:0% +overview of the ut3 process and we had a +problem Midway through the semester in + + align:start position:0% +problem Midway through the semester in + + + align:start position:0% +problem Midway through the semester in +that the necessary steam temperatures we + + align:start position:0% +that the necessary steam temperatures we + + + align:start position:0% +that the necessary steam temperatures we +required which is 760 the highest + + align:start position:0% +required which is 760 the highest + + + align:start position:0% +required which is 760 the highest +temperature of the ut3 process uh was + + align:start position:0% +temperature of the ut3 process uh was + + + align:start position:0% +temperature of the ut3 process uh was +not able to be supplied and we were + + align:start position:0% +not able to be supplied and we were + + + align:start position:0% +not able to be supplied and we were +looking at something more like 560 as + + align:start position:0% +looking at something more like 560 as + + + align:start position:0% +looking at something more like 560 as +our maximum operating temperature um so + + align:start position:0% +our maximum operating temperature um so + + + align:start position:0% +our maximum operating temperature um so +at first first response is to + + align:start position:0% +at first first response is to + + + align:start position:0% +at first first response is to +electrically heated the rest of the way + + align:start position:0% +electrically heated the rest of the way + + + align:start position:0% +electrically heated the rest of the way +to 760 + + align:start position:0% +to 760 + + + align:start position:0% +to 760 +but the problem with the ut3 process is + + align:start position:0% +but the problem with the ut3 process is + + + align:start position:0% +but the problem with the ut3 process is +you use a lot of excess steam to be the + + align:start position:0% +you use a lot of excess steam to be the + + + align:start position:0% +you use a lot of excess steam to be the +main working fluid of the system and so + + align:start position:0% +main working fluid of the system and so + + + align:start position:0% +main working fluid of the system and so +the ratio of the actual reacting steam + + align:start position:0% +the ratio of the actual reacting steam + + + align:start position:0% +the ratio of the actual reacting steam +to the exus steam is something like 1 to + + align:start position:0% +to the exus steam is something like 1 to + + + align:start position:0% +to the exus steam is something like 1 to +1,000 and so the actual power required + + align:start position:0% +1,000 and so the actual power required + + + align:start position:0% +1,000 and so the actual power required +to heat up the steam from 560 up to 760 + + align:start position:0% +to heat up the steam from 560 up to 760 + + + align:start position:0% +to heat up the steam from 560 up to 760 +would have been something like, 1600 + + align:start position:0% +would have been something like, 1600 + + + align:start position:0% +would have been something like, 1600 +megaw and since uh the core isn't + + align:start position:0% +megaw and since uh the core isn't + + + align:start position:0% +megaw and since uh the core isn't +putting out 1600 megawatt we don't want + + align:start position:0% +putting out 1600 megawatt we don't want + + + align:start position:0% +putting out 1600 megawatt we don't want +to use all of the electricity so we + + align:start position:0% +to use all of the electricity so we + + + align:start position:0% +to use all of the electricity so we +didn't see that as feasible also we + + align:start position:0% +didn't see that as feasible also we + + + align:start position:0% +didn't see that as feasible also we +decided later to scale up for the + + align:start position:0% +decided later to scale up for the + + + align:start position:0% +decided later to scale up for the +biofuel production plant and so if we + + align:start position:0% +biofuel production plant and so if we + + + align:start position:0% +biofuel production plant and so if we +scaled up even further it would turn + + align:start position:0% +scaled up even further it would turn + + + align:start position:0% +scaled up even further it would turn +something into like 3,000 megawatt + + align:start position:0% +something into like 3,000 megawatt + + + align:start position:0% +something into like 3,000 megawatt +electric which is just a little bit + + align:start position:0% +electric which is just a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +electric which is just a little bit +ridiculous and so basically we decided + + align:start position:0% +ridiculous and so basically we decided + + + align:start position:0% +ridiculous and so basically we decided +that we needed a new hydrogen production + + align:start position:0% +that we needed a new hydrogen production + + + align:start position:0% +that we needed a new hydrogen production +process and so now I'm going to go into + + align:start position:0% +process and so now I'm going to go into + + + align:start position:0% +process and so now I'm going to go into +high temperature steam + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +electrolysis so this is just a cartoon + + align:start position:0% +electrolysis so this is just a cartoon + + + align:start position:0% +electrolysis so this is just a cartoon +of actually how it works simply first we + + align:start position:0% +of actually how it works simply first we + + + align:start position:0% +of actually how it works simply first we +have a porous cathode and a porous anode + + align:start position:0% +have a porous cathode and a porous anode + + + align:start position:0% +have a porous cathode and a porous anode +which allows steam hydrogen and oxygen + + align:start position:0% +which allows steam hydrogen and oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +which allows steam hydrogen and oxygen +to be transported through the + + align:start position:0% +to be transported through the + + + align:start position:0% +to be transported through the +um the potential or the yeah the sides + + align:start position:0% +um the potential or the yeah the sides + + + align:start position:0% +um the potential or the yeah the sides +of it and so the steam comes in it + + align:start position:0% +of it and so the steam comes in it + + + align:start position:0% +of it and so the steam comes in it +permeates into this porus cathode and + + align:start position:0% +permeates into this porus cathode and + + + align:start position:0% +permeates into this porus cathode and +it's split on the surface of this gas + + align:start position:0% +it's split on the surface of this gas + + + align:start position:0% +it's split on the surface of this gas +Tite electrolyte which is shown with the + + align:start position:0% +Tite electrolyte which is shown with the + + + align:start position:0% +Tite electrolyte which is shown with the +oxygen ions being transported across it + + align:start position:0% +oxygen ions being transported across it + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen ions being transported across it +so I'm going to show it a little bit + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to show it a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to show it a little bit +more rigorously so the steam comes in + + align:start position:0% +more rigorously so the steam comes in + + + align:start position:0% +more rigorously so the steam comes in +and on the surface of that this is where + + align:start position:0% +and on the surface of that this is where + + + align:start position:0% +and on the surface of that this is where +the ox hydrogen the water is split into + + align:start position:0% +the ox hydrogen the water is split into + + + align:start position:0% +the ox hydrogen the water is split into +its constituents and so we have a porous + + align:start position:0% +its constituents and so we have a porous + + + align:start position:0% +its constituents and so we have a porous +cathode porous anode and an electrolyte + + align:start position:0% +cathode porous anode and an electrolyte + + + align:start position:0% +cathode porous anode and an electrolyte +that is gas type to prevent + + align:start position:0% +that is gas type to prevent + + + align:start position:0% +that is gas type to prevent +recombination of hydrogen and oxygen um + + align:start position:0% +recombination of hydrogen and oxygen um + + + align:start position:0% +recombination of hydrogen and oxygen um +critical param or critical properties of + + align:start position:0% +critical param or critical properties of + + + align:start position:0% +critical param or critical properties of +the electrolyte that we require is that + + align:start position:0% +the electrolyte that we require is that + + + align:start position:0% +the electrolyte that we require is that +it's dense basically we want to uh + + align:start position:0% +it's dense basically we want to uh + + + align:start position:0% +it's dense basically we want to uh +maximize the conductivity which doesn't + + align:start position:0% +maximize the conductivity which doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +maximize the conductivity which doesn't +necessarily fall from density but it + + align:start position:0% +necessarily fall from density but it + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily fall from density but it +does it is related but more importantly + + align:start position:0% +does it is related but more importantly + + + align:start position:0% +does it is related but more importantly +we want a high ionic conductivity and + + align:start position:0% +we want a high ionic conductivity and + + + align:start position:0% +we want a high ionic conductivity and +coupled with it being thin to reduce the + + align:start position:0% +coupled with it being thin to reduce the + + + align:start position:0% +coupled with it being thin to reduce the +omic resistance overall and so that'll + + align:start position:0% +omic resistance overall and so that'll + + + align:start position:0% +omic resistance overall and so that'll +also equate to a more a higher + + align:start position:0% +also equate to a more a higher + + + align:start position:0% +also equate to a more a higher +electrical efficiency I guess you you + + align:start position:0% +electrical efficiency I guess you you + + + align:start position:0% +electrical efficiency I guess you you +could say um like I said it has to be + + align:start position:0% +could say um like I said it has to be + + + align:start position:0% +could say um like I said it has to be +gas tied because we don't want H and O + + align:start position:0% +gas tied because we don't want H and O + + + align:start position:0% +gas tied because we don't want H and O +to recombine because we're trying to + + align:start position:0% +to recombine because we're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +to recombine because we're trying to +split them after all and more I guess + + align:start position:0% +split them after all and more I guess + + + align:start position:0% +split them after all and more I guess +less important than that is the + + align:start position:0% +less important than that is the + + + align:start position:0% +less important than that is the +electrode properties but it does have to + + align:start position:0% +electrode properties but it does have to + + + align:start position:0% +electrode properties but it does have to +be por but we have a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +be por but we have a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +be por but we have a little bit more +leeway into what we can use for the + + align:start position:0% +leeway into what we can use for the + + + align:start position:0% +leeway into what we can use for the +cathode and anode compared to the + + align:start position:0% +cathode and anode compared to the + + + align:start position:0% +cathode and anode compared to the +electrolytes um we also want the + + align:start position:0% +electrolytes um we also want the + + + align:start position:0% +electrolytes um we also want the +electrodes to be of similar thermal + + align:start position:0% +electrodes to be of similar thermal + + + align:start position:0% +electrodes to be of similar thermal +expansion coefficient to the electrolyte + + align:start position:0% +expansion coefficient to the electrolyte + + + align:start position:0% +expansion coefficient to the electrolyte +because we don't want during startup + + align:start position:0% +because we don't want during startup + + + align:start position:0% +because we don't want during startup +when we're heating up these electrodes + + align:start position:0% +when we're heating up these electrodes + + + align:start position:0% +when we're heating up these electrodes +to 800° C which is basically what we're + + align:start position:0% +to 800° C which is basically what we're + + + align:start position:0% +to 800° C which is basically what we're +operating at we don't want the whole + + align:start position:0% +operating at we don't want the whole + + + align:start position:0% +operating at we don't want the whole +system to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +buckle and so we had a couple decisions + + align:start position:0% +buckle and so we had a couple decisions + + + align:start position:0% +buckle and so we had a couple decisions +between the um electrolyte material and + + align:start position:0% +between the um electrolyte material and + + + align:start position:0% +between the um electrolyte material and +so all of these so the I should have put + + align:start position:0% +so all of these so the I should have put + + + align:start position:0% +so all of these so the I should have put +a key at the bottom but this is like + + align:start position:0% +a key at the bottom but this is like + + + align:start position:0% +a key at the bottom but this is like +galenium dope serium based oxides uh I + + align:start position:0% +galenium dope serium based oxides uh I + + + align:start position:0% +galenium dope serium based oxides uh I +guess sulfur dope cesium then barium + + align:start position:0% +guess sulfur dope cesium then barium + + + align:start position:0% +guess sulfur dope cesium then barium +cium oxide I me but basically it came + + align:start position:0% +cium oxide I me but basically it came + + + align:start position:0% +cium oxide I me but basically it came +down to these two at the top because of + + align:start position:0% +down to these two at the top because of + + + align:start position:0% +down to these two at the top because of +their High ionic conductivity and close + + align:start position:0% +their High ionic conductivity and close + + + align:start position:0% +their High ionic conductivity and close +to the operational temperature so this + + align:start position:0% +to the operational temperature so this + + + align:start position:0% +to the operational temperature so this +is the uh optimal temperature which + + align:start position:0% +is the uh optimal temperature which + + + align:start position:0% +is the uh optimal temperature which +equates to 1,000 C but I just said we're + + align:start position:0% +equates to 1,000 C but I just said we're + + + align:start position:0% +equates to 1,000 C but I just said we're +operating at 800 but even though it's + + align:start position:0% +operating at 800 but even though it's + + + align:start position:0% +operating at 800 but even though it's +not optimal the conductivity of these uh + + align:start position:0% +not optimal the conductivity of these uh + + + align:start position:0% +not optimal the conductivity of these uh +at 800 C is sufficient for our purposes + + align:start position:0% +at 800 C is sufficient for our purposes + + + align:start position:0% +at 800 C is sufficient for our purposes +and so we came down to these two yum + + align:start position:0% +and so we came down to these two yum + + + align:start position:0% +and so we came down to these two yum +stabilizer conia and Scandium stabilizer + + align:start position:0% +stabilizer conia and Scandium stabilizer + + + align:start position:0% +stabilizer conia and Scandium stabilizer +conia and Scandium stabilizer conia is + + align:start position:0% +conia and Scandium stabilizer conia is + + + align:start position:0% +conia and Scandium stabilizer conia is +very very expensive compared to Yum + + align:start position:0% +very very expensive compared to Yum + + + align:start position:0% +very very expensive compared to Yum +stabilizer zonia and so we decided to go + + align:start position:0% +stabilizer zonia and so we decided to go + + + align:start position:0% +stabilizer zonia and so we decided to go +with ysz as our primary electrolyte + + align:start position:0% +with ysz as our primary electrolyte + + + align:start position:0% +with ysz as our primary electrolyte +material okay so the rest of this + + align:start position:0% +material okay so the rest of this + + + align:start position:0% +material okay so the rest of this +project the rest of this design project + + align:start position:0% +project the rest of this design project + + + align:start position:0% +project the rest of this design project +I felt like the best way to explain it + + align:start position:0% +I felt like the best way to explain it + + + align:start position:0% +I felt like the best way to explain it +is to actually go through the system as + + align:start position:0% +is to actually go through the system as + + + align:start position:0% +is to actually go through the system as +the steam flows and just explain our + + align:start position:0% +the steam flows and just explain our + + + align:start position:0% +the steam flows and just explain our +design considerations the questions we + + align:start position:0% +design considerations the questions we + + + align:start position:0% +design considerations the questions we +had and how everything worked together + + align:start position:0% +had and how everything worked together + + + align:start position:0% +had and how everything worked together +in this entire system so conceptually + + align:start position:0% +in this entire system so conceptually + + + align:start position:0% +in this entire system so conceptually +looking at this I guess you can think of + + align:start position:0% +looking at this I guess you can think of + + + align:start position:0% +looking at this I guess you can think of +it as we have a primary system going + + align:start position:0% +it as we have a primary system going + + + align:start position:0% +it as we have a primary system going +vertically down and then we have two + + align:start position:0% +vertically down and then we have two + + + align:start position:0% +vertically down and then we have two +secondary systems on the outside which I + + align:start position:0% +secondary systems on the outside which I + + + align:start position:0% +secondary systems on the outside which I +which we coined as the term regenerative + + align:start position:0% +which we coined as the term regenerative + + + align:start position:0% +which we coined as the term regenerative +Heating and so I'm going to start with + + align:start position:0% +Heating and so I'm going to start with + + + align:start position:0% +Heating and so I'm going to start with +the primary system that we all designed + + align:start position:0% +the primary system that we all designed + + + align:start position:0% +the primary system that we all designed +so first this is our main input of the + + align:start position:0% +so first this is our main input of the + + + align:start position:0% +so first this is our main input of the +system we receive Steam from process he + + align:start position:0% +system we receive Steam from process he + + + align:start position:0% +system we receive Steam from process he +a 559 de c and a slightly above + + align:start position:0% +a 559 de c and a slightly above + + + align:start position:0% +a 559 de c and a slightly above +atmospheric pressure we have a mass full + + align:start position:0% +atmospheric pressure we have a mass full + + + align:start position:0% +atmospheric pressure we have a mass full +rate of 88 kg per second of steam which + + align:start position:0% +rate of 88 kg per second of steam which + + + align:start position:0% +rate of 88 kg per second of steam which +like I said um ut3 process it actually + + align:start position:0% +like I said um ut3 process it actually + + + align:start position:0% +like I said um ut3 process it actually +turns out to be something like 75 Kg per + + align:start position:0% +turns out to be something like 75 Kg per + + + align:start position:0% +turns out to be something like 75 Kg per +second so even though we have a low + + align:start position:0% +second so even though we have a low + + + align:start position:0% +second so even though we have a low +temperature we're going to have to heat + + align:start position:0% +temperature we're going to have to heat + + + align:start position:0% +temperature we're going to have to heat +it up to 800 the electrical requirement + + align:start position:0% +it up to 800 the electrical requirement + + + align:start position:0% +it up to 800 the electrical requirement +which I put it here the startup ledc + + align:start position:0% +which I put it here the startup ledc + + + align:start position:0% +which I put it here the startup ledc +requirement is only 120 megawatt + + align:start position:0% +requirement is only 120 megawatt + + + align:start position:0% +requirement is only 120 megawatt +compared to something massive like 3,000 + + align:start position:0% +compared to something massive like 3,000 + + + align:start position:0% +compared to something massive like 3,000 +megawatt so even though we still have + + align:start position:0% +megawatt so even though we still have + + + align:start position:0% +megawatt so even though we still have +the same problem of having two cold of + + align:start position:0% +the same problem of having two cold of + + + align:start position:0% +the same problem of having two cold of +steam we're able to get past that with + + align:start position:0% +steam we're able to get past that with + + + align:start position:0% +steam we're able to get past that with +this regena of heating and we're saved + + align:start position:0% +this regena of heating and we're saved + + + align:start position:0% +this regena of heating and we're saved +by the fact that the mass flow rate + + align:start position:0% +by the fact that the mass flow rate + + + align:start position:0% +by the fact that the mass flow rate +required for this process is not as high + + align:start position:0% +required for this process is not as high + + + align:start position:0% +required for this process is not as high +and so the steam comes in and as I said + + align:start position:0% +and so the steam comes in and as I said + + + align:start position:0% +and so the steam comes in and as I said +we have to heat it up so the system is + + align:start position:0% +we have to heat it up so the system is + + + align:start position:0% +we have to heat it up so the system is +going to have a two-stage operational um + + align:start position:0% +going to have a two-stage operational um + + + align:start position:0% +going to have a two-stage operational um +I guess situation one we're going to + + align:start position:0% +I guess situation one we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +I guess situation one we're going to +have our startup situation where we're + + align:start position:0% +have our startup situation where we're + + + align:start position:0% +have our startup situation where we're +going to have to raise the temperature + + align:start position:0% +going to have to raise the temperature + + + align:start position:0% +going to have to raise the temperature +electrically and so the actual energy + + align:start position:0% +electrically and so the actual energy + + + align:start position:0% +electrically and so the actual energy +required to raise the steam is 48 + + align:start position:0% +required to raise the steam is 48 + + + align:start position:0% +required to raise the steam is 48 +megawatt but assuming at 40% efficiency + + align:start position:0% +megawatt but assuming at 40% efficiency + + + align:start position:0% +megawatt but assuming at 40% efficiency +for electric heaters it's more like 120 + + align:start position:0% +for electric heaters it's more like 120 + + + align:start position:0% +for electric heaters it's more like 120 +megaw this electrical requirement is the + + align:start position:0% +megaw this electrical requirement is the + + + align:start position:0% +megaw this electrical requirement is the +electrical requirement we're seeking to + + align:start position:0% +electrical requirement we're seeking to + + + align:start position:0% +electrical requirement we're seeking to +reduce with this regenerative heating + + align:start position:0% +reduce with this regenerative heating + + + align:start position:0% +reduce with this regenerative heating +cycle which I'll get to in a second so + + align:start position:0% +cycle which I'll get to in a second so + + + align:start position:0% +cycle which I'll get to in a second so +once we raise this up to 800° which is + + align:start position:0% +once we raise this up to 800° which is + + + align:start position:0% +once we raise this up to 800° which is +sufficient for our soec or solid oxide + + align:start position:0% +sufficient for our soec or solid oxide + + + align:start position:0% +sufficient for our soec or solid oxide +electrolyzer cells to operate at we then + + align:start position:0% +electrolyzer cells to operate at we then + + + align:start position:0% +electrolyzer cells to operate at we then +split it into a massive parallel + + align:start position:0% +split it into a massive parallel + + + align:start position:0% +split it into a massive parallel +structure so I only put three up here + + align:start position:0% +structure so I only put three up here + + + align:start position:0% +structure so I only put three up here +just to drive the point home but we're + + align:start position:0% +just to drive the point home but we're + + + align:start position:0% +just to drive the point home but we're +actually going to have thousands of + + align:start position:0% +actually going to have thousands of + + + align:start position:0% +actually going to have thousands of +these in parallel and these soecs are + + align:start position:0% +these in parallel and these soecs are + + + align:start position:0% +these in parallel and these soecs are +actually Stacks roughly 60 layers tall + + align:start position:0% +actually Stacks roughly 60 layers tall + + + align:start position:0% +actually Stacks roughly 60 layers tall +of these planer U materials electrolyte + + align:start position:0% +of these planer U materials electrolyte + + + align:start position:0% +of these planer U materials electrolyte +uh electrolytic materials and they're + + align:start position:0% +uh electrolytic materials and they're + + + align:start position:0% +uh electrolytic materials and they're +all in these Stacks are all connected in + + align:start position:0% +all in these Stacks are all connected in + + + align:start position:0% +all in these Stacks are all connected in +parallel so even though there's just + + align:start position:0% +parallel so even though there's just + + + align:start position:0% +parallel so even though there's just +three they're just keeping your head + + align:start position:0% +three they're just keeping your head + + + align:start position:0% +three they're just keeping your head +it's going to be thousands and the + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be thousands and the + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be thousands and the +actual surface area we require for This + + align:start position:0% +actual surface area we require for This + + + align:start position:0% +actual surface area we require for This +is 40 football fields it sounds like a + + align:start position:0% +is 40 football fields it sounds like a + + + align:start position:0% +is 40 football fields it sounds like a +lot but since you're able to stack these + + align:start position:0% +lot but since you're able to stack these + + + align:start position:0% +lot but since you're able to stack these +60 high you're actually able to reduce + + align:start position:0% +60 high you're actually able to reduce + + + align:start position:0% +60 high you're actually able to reduce +the footprint of this to something like + + align:start position:0% +the footprint of this to something like + + + align:start position:0% +the footprint of this to something like +less than a football field which is + + align:start position:0% +less than a football field which is + + + align:start position:0% +less than a football field which is +great and so the key in this whole + + align:start position:0% +great and so the key in this whole + + + align:start position:0% +great and so the key in this whole +system and to have this regenerative + + align:start position:0% +system and to have this regenerative + + + align:start position:0% +system and to have this regenerative +heating to be possible is that you have + + align:start position:0% +heating to be possible is that you have + + + align:start position:0% +heating to be possible is that you have +to operate these se's at a certain + + align:start position:0% +to operate these se's at a certain + + + align:start position:0% +to operate these se's at a certain +amperage in order to heat up the + + align:start position:0% +amperage in order to heat up the + + + align:start position:0% +amperage in order to heat up the +products as they propagate through so + + align:start position:0% +products as they propagate through so + + + align:start position:0% +products as they propagate through so +when the steam comes in it's at 800° but + + align:start position:0% +when the steam comes in it's at 800° but + + + align:start position:0% +when the steam comes in it's at 800° but +once it's split if you're operating at + + align:start position:0% +once it's split if you're operating at + + + align:start position:0% +once it's split if you're operating at +7,000 amps per met squar it actually + + align:start position:0% +7,000 amps per met squar it actually + + + align:start position:0% +7,000 amps per met squar it actually +Heats It Up by 40° C and we basically + + align:start position:0% +Heats It Up by 40° C and we basically + + + align:start position:0% +Heats It Up by 40° C and we basically +have Outlet temperatures of the oxygen + + align:start position:0% +have Outlet temperatures of the oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +have Outlet temperatures of the oxygen +Hydro or and the H2O H2 mixture higher + + align:start position:0% +Hydro or and the H2O H2 mixture higher + + + align:start position:0% +Hydro or and the H2O H2 mixture higher +than our Inlet so it introduces the + + align:start position:0% +than our Inlet so it introduces the + + + align:start position:0% +than our Inlet so it introduces the +capability of cooling down the products + + align:start position:0% +capability of cooling down the products + + + align:start position:0% +capability of cooling down the products +and cycling out to the inlet um these s + + align:start position:0% +and cycling out to the inlet um these s + + + align:start position:0% +and cycling out to the inlet um these s +soec cells are fairly efficient we're + + align:start position:0% +soec cells are fairly efficient we're + + + align:start position:0% +soec cells are fairly efficient we're +able to conceivably get an 80% + + align:start position:0% +able to conceivably get an 80% + + + align:start position:0% +able to conceivably get an 80% +conversion of the steam coming into + + align:start position:0% +conversion of the steam coming into + + + align:start position:0% +conversion of the steam coming into +hydrogen and the rest product steam + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen and the rest product steam + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen and the rest product steam +coming out then the oxygen is split up + + align:start position:0% +coming out then the oxygen is split up + + + align:start position:0% +coming out then the oxygen is split up +okay so just for um scale our mass flow + + align:start position:0% +okay so just for um scale our mass flow + + + align:start position:0% +okay so just for um scale our mass flow +rate of o2 is 62.6 kg per second which + + align:start position:0% +rate of o2 is 62.6 kg per second which + + + align:start position:0% +rate of o2 is 62.6 kg per second which +is a lot of oxygen and we're basically + + align:start position:0% +is a lot of oxygen and we're basically + + + align:start position:0% +is a lot of oxygen and we're basically +going to cool that stream down to 71 C + + align:start position:0% +going to cool that stream down to 71 C + + + align:start position:0% +going to cool that stream down to 71 C +from 840 and that's going to be part of + + align:start position:0% +from 840 and that's going to be part of + + + align:start position:0% +from 840 and that's going to be part of +our regenerative heating + + align:start position:0% +our regenerative heating + + + align:start position:0% +our regenerative heating +cycle and what we're going to do with + + align:start position:0% +cycle and what we're going to do with + + + align:start position:0% +cycle and what we're going to do with +the hydro or the oxygen we're not + + align:start position:0% +the hydro or the oxygen we're not + + + align:start position:0% +the hydro or the oxygen we're not +completely sure yet we could sell it but + + align:start position:0% +completely sure yet we could sell it but + + + align:start position:0% +completely sure yet we could sell it but +we have a lot if anyone wants it and so + + align:start position:0% +we have a lot if anyone wants it and so + + + align:start position:0% +we have a lot if anyone wants it and so +now you have a H2O H2 mixture which is + + align:start position:0% +now you have a H2O H2 mixture which is + + + align:start position:0% +now you have a H2O H2 mixture which is +actually the mixture we're interested in + + align:start position:0% +actually the mixture we're interested in + + + align:start position:0% +actually the mixture we're interested in +since we want to separate out the + + align:start position:0% +since we want to separate out the + + + align:start position:0% +since we want to separate out the +hydrogen so this is also at 840 de C it + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen so this is also at 840 de C it + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen so this is also at 840 de C it +comes into this heat exchanger system + + align:start position:0% +comes into this heat exchanger system + + + align:start position:0% +comes into this heat exchanger system +it's cooled to 71 exiting and then the + + align:start position:0% +it's cooled to 71 exiting and then the + + + align:start position:0% +it's cooled to 71 exiting and then the +follow and it's cooled back down to room + + align:start position:0% +follow and it's cooled back down to room + + + align:start position:0% +follow and it's cooled back down to room +temperature at 75 with a condenser and + + align:start position:0% +temperature at 75 with a condenser and + + + align:start position:0% +temperature at 75 with a condenser and +this is where the actual hydrogen is + + align:start position:0% +this is where the actual hydrogen is + + + align:start position:0% +this is where the actual hydrogen is +split off because you you can condense + + align:start position:0% +split off because you you can condense + + + align:start position:0% +split off because you you can condense +water but good looking good look at + + align:start position:0% +water but good looking good look at + + + align:start position:0% +water but good looking good look at +condensing hydrogen at 25° C and so the + + align:start position:0% +condensing hydrogen at 25° C and so the + + + align:start position:0% +condensing hydrogen at 25° C and so the +rest of the H2O is discharged at room + + align:start position:0% +rest of the H2O is discharged at room + + + align:start position:0% +rest of the H2O is discharged at room +temperature which the EPA has no problem + + align:start position:0% +temperature which the EPA has no problem + + + align:start position:0% +temperature which the EPA has no problem +with and so the main regenerative + + align:start position:0% +with and so the main regenerative + + + align:start position:0% +with and so the main regenerative +heating Pro I mean the regenerative + + align:start position:0% +heating Pro I mean the regenerative + + + align:start position:0% +heating Pro I mean the regenerative +heating system is Consolidated in eight + + align:start position:0% +heating system is Consolidated in eight + + + align:start position:0% +heating system is Consolidated in eight +in heat exchanger two and three and so + + align:start position:0% +in heat exchanger two and three and so + + + align:start position:0% +in heat exchanger two and three and so +basically the idea is that we have these + + align:start position:0% +basically the idea is that we have these + + + align:start position:0% +basically the idea is that we have these +liquid streams of water slightly above + + align:start position:0% +liquid streams of water slightly above + + + align:start position:0% +liquid streams of water slightly above +room temperature at 35° C they come in + + align:start position:0% +room temperature at 35° C they come in + + + align:start position:0% +room temperature at 35° C they come in +and they are they interface with our + + align:start position:0% +and they are they interface with our + + + align:start position:0% +and they are they interface with our +exiting streams and we're actually able + + align:start position:0% +exiting streams and we're actually able + + + align:start position:0% +exiting streams and we're actually able +to extract 60 or roughly 70 megaw of + + align:start position:0% +to extract 60 or roughly 70 megaw of + + + align:start position:0% +to extract 60 or roughly 70 megaw of +power from the stream and the stream + + align:start position:0% +power from the stream and the stream + + + align:start position:0% +power from the stream and the stream +exiting will actually be at a + + align:start position:0% +exiting will actually be at a + + + align:start position:0% +exiting will actually be at a +temperature at 80 + + align:start position:0% +temperature at 80 + + + align:start position:0% +temperature at 80 +800° and so of course we're not able to + + align:start position:0% +800° and so of course we're not able to + + + align:start position:0% +800° and so of course we're not able to +heat the exiting stream up in heat + + align:start position:0% +heat the exiting stream up in heat + + + align:start position:0% +heat the exiting stream up in heat +exchanger one to exactly 800 because + + align:start position:0% +exchanger one to exactly 800 because + + + align:start position:0% +exchanger one to exactly 800 because +that would require a very large heat + + align:start position:0% +that would require a very large heat + + + align:start position:0% +that would require a very large heat +exchanger so we still will need some + + align:start position:0% +exchanger so we still will need some + + + align:start position:0% +exchanger so we still will need some +steady state power to raise it up that + + align:start position:0% +steady state power to raise it up that + + + align:start position:0% +steady state power to raise it up that +extra 20° from 780 to 800 but + + align:start position:0% +extra 20° from 780 to 800 but + + + align:start position:0% +extra 20° from 780 to 800 but +essentially we're reducing our startup + + align:start position:0% +essentially we're reducing our startup + + + align:start position:0% +essentially we're reducing our startup +power requirement once this regeneration + + align:start position:0% +power requirement once this regeneration + + + align:start position:0% +power requirement once this regeneration +cycle begins from 120 megawatts to + + align:start position:0% +cycle begins from 120 megawatts to + + + align:start position:0% +cycle begins from 120 megawatts to +something like 15 megaw and so I think + + align:start position:0% +something like 15 megaw and so I think + + + align:start position:0% +something like 15 megaw and so I think +it's definitely worth our while to + + align:start position:0% +it's definitely worth our while to + + + align:start position:0% +it's definitely worth our while to +offset our electrical power uh using the + + align:start position:0% +offset our electrical power uh using the + + + align:start position:0% +offset our electrical power uh using the +system of course since this is + + align:start position:0% +system of course since this is + + + align:start position:0% +system of course since this is +electrolysis we also need a steady state + + align:start position:0% +electrolysis we also need a steady state + + + align:start position:0% +electrolysis we also need a steady state +to main maintain the potentials as the + + align:start position:0% +to main maintain the potentials as the + + + align:start position:0% +to main maintain the potentials as the +currents start flowing through the + + align:start position:0% +currents start flowing through the + + + align:start position:0% +currents start flowing through the +electrodes and so we need a steady state + + align:start position:0% +electrodes and so we need a steady state + + + align:start position:0% +electrodes and so we need a steady state +power which I which we estimated to 390 + + align:start position:0% +power which I which we estimated to 390 + + + align:start position:0% +power which I which we estimated to 390 +to 410 megaw um this is one one of the + + align:start position:0% +to 410 megaw um this is one one of the + + + align:start position:0% +to 410 megaw um this is one one of the +values that I would like that we would + + align:start position:0% +values that I would like that we would + + + align:start position:0% +values that I would like that we would +like to simulate later and to get a more + + align:start position:0% +like to simulate later and to get a more + + + align:start position:0% +like to simulate later and to get a more +definitive number but this is the best + + align:start position:0% +definitive number but this is the best + + + align:start position:0% +definitive number but this is the best +estimation that we + + align:start position:0% +estimation that we + + + align:start position:0% +estimation that we +found + + align:start position:0% +found + + + align:start position:0% +found +um the most interesting thing about this + + align:start position:0% +um the most interesting thing about this + + + align:start position:0% +um the most interesting thing about this +regenerative heating cycle is that we + + align:start position:0% +regenerative heating cycle is that we + + + align:start position:0% +regenerative heating cycle is that we +saw that not we can't extract we need + + align:start position:0% +saw that not we can't extract we need + + + align:start position:0% +saw that not we can't extract we need +47.9 megawatt total to heat up + + align:start position:0% +47.9 megawatt total to heat up + + + align:start position:0% +47.9 megawatt total to heat up +everything to 800 and we need even less + + align:start position:0% +everything to 800 and we need even less + + + align:start position:0% +everything to 800 and we need even less +to heat up to 780 but we I said we have + + align:start position:0% +to heat up to 780 but we I said we have + + + align:start position:0% +to heat up to 780 but we I said we have +70 megawatt left we we can extract 70 + + align:start position:0% +70 megawatt left we we can extract 70 + + + align:start position:0% +70 megawatt left we we can extract 70 +megawatt from these two streams and so + + align:start position:0% +megawatt from these two streams and so + + + align:start position:0% +megawatt from these two streams and so +we saw this as an opportunity to ship + + align:start position:0% +we saw this as an opportunity to ship + + + align:start position:0% +we saw this as an opportunity to ship +our Excess power back to biofuel so they + + align:start position:0% +our Excess power back to biofuel so they + + + align:start position:0% +our Excess power back to biofuel so they +can utilize it to raise to basically + + align:start position:0% +can utilize it to raise to basically + + + align:start position:0% +can utilize it to raise to basically +preheat their system and Supply I think + + align:start position:0% +preheat their system and Supply I think + + + align:start position:0% +preheat their system and Supply I think +or sorry ship it back to process heat so + + align:start position:0% +or sorry ship it back to process heat so + + + align:start position:0% +or sorry ship it back to process heat so +they can supply steam to biofuels at + + align:start position:0% +they can supply steam to biofuels at + + + align:start position:0% +they can supply steam to biofuels at +182c I think it was and so we're + + align:start position:0% +182c I think it was and so we're + + + align:start position:0% +182c I think it was and so we're +basically squeezing as much power as we + + align:start position:0% +basically squeezing as much power as we + + + align:start position:0% +basically squeezing as much power as we +can out of the system and increasing our + + align:start position:0% +can out of the system and increasing our + + + align:start position:0% +can out of the system and increasing our +overall efficiency um to the utmost + + align:start position:0% +overall efficiency um to the utmost + + + align:start position:0% +overall efficiency um to the utmost +degree and overall that is our entire + + align:start position:0% +degree and overall that is our entire + + + align:start position:0% +degree and overall that is our entire +system and so I'm going to end with our + + align:start position:0% +system and so I'm going to end with our + + + align:start position:0% +system and so I'm going to end with our +future work so like I said our main goal + + align:start position:0% +future work so like I said our main goal + + + align:start position:0% +future work so like I said our main goal +is going to be to determine the + + align:start position:0% +is going to be to determine the + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be to determine the +electrical requirement a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +electrical requirement a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +electrical requirement a little bit more +precisely using a simulation software or + + align:start position:0% +precisely using a simulation software or + + + align:start position:0% +precisely using a simulation software or +um any other means that we can find and + + align:start position:0% +um any other means that we can find and + + + align:start position:0% +um any other means that we can find and +and also I wanted to add a third bullet + + align:start position:0% +and also I wanted to add a third bullet + + + align:start position:0% +and also I wanted to add a third bullet +point but we also want to look into + + align:start position:0% +point but we also want to look into + + + align:start position:0% +point but we also want to look into +emergency situations hydrogen leaks are + + align:start position:0% +emergency situations hydrogen leaks are + + + align:start position:0% +emergency situations hydrogen leaks are +normally not a good thing um so we need + + align:start position:0% +normally not a good thing um so we need + + + align:start position:0% +normally not a good thing um so we need +to look into those what we're going to + + align:start position:0% +to look into those what we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +to look into those what we're going to +do under accident scenarios and also + + align:start position:0% +do under accident scenarios and also + + + align:start position:0% +do under accident scenarios and also +what we're going to do in the case of + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to do in the case of + + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to do in the case of +loss of load the biofuels plant doesn't + + align:start position:0% +loss of load the biofuels plant doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +loss of load the biofuels plant doesn't +need our hydrogen and so with that I'd + + align:start position:0% +need our hydrogen and so with that I'd + + + align:start position:0% +need our hydrogen and so with that I'd +like to pass it on to the biofuels + + align:start position:0% +like to pass it on to the biofuels + + + align:start position:0% +like to pass it on to the biofuels +production plant Mr + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Salad uh good afternoon ladies and + + align:start position:0% +Salad uh good afternoon ladies and + + + align:start position:0% +Salad uh good afternoon ladies and +gentlemen my name is Alex Salazar um I + + align:start position:0% +gentlemen my name is Alex Salazar um I + + + align:start position:0% +gentlemen my name is Alex Salazar um I +along with Lizzie Wayne will talk about + + align:start position:0% +along with Lizzie Wayne will talk about + + + align:start position:0% +along with Lizzie Wayne will talk about +implementing bofs production into our + + align:start position:0% +implementing bofs production into our + + + align:start position:0% +implementing bofs production into our +nuclear reactor complex + + align:start position:0% +nuclear reactor complex + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear reactor complex +um so first I'm going to uh delineate + + align:start position:0% +um so first I'm going to uh delineate + + + align:start position:0% +um so first I'm going to uh delineate +our general purpose behind uh + + align:start position:0% +our general purpose behind uh + + + align:start position:0% +our general purpose behind uh +introducing Bops into our process um + + align:start position:0% +introducing Bops into our process um + + + align:start position:0% +introducing Bops into our process um +give you a overview of our overall + + align:start position:0% +give you a overview of our overall + + + align:start position:0% +give you a overview of our overall +design and uh our choice of feed stock + + align:start position:0% +design and uh our choice of feed stock + + + align:start position:0% +design and uh our choice of feed stock +our choice of biomass that we're going + + align:start position:0% +our choice of biomass that we're going + + + align:start position:0% +our choice of biomass that we're going +to be using to make our biues um we will + + align:start position:0% +to be using to make our biues um we will + + + align:start position:0% +to be using to make our biues um we will +then go through each of our individual + + align:start position:0% +then go through each of our individual + + + align:start position:0% +then go through each of our individual +subprocesses uh that will lead to a + + align:start position:0% +subprocesses uh that will lead to a + + + align:start position:0% +subprocesses uh that will lead to a +crude product that we could distill and + + align:start position:0% +crude product that we could distill and + + + align:start position:0% +crude product that we could distill and +refine into an end product that can be + + align:start position:0% +refine into an end product that can be + + + align:start position:0% +refine into an end product that can be +used by consumers um then we'll also + + align:start position:0% +used by consumers um then we'll also + + + align:start position:0% +used by consumers um then we'll also +like Derek just did give some uh + + align:start position:0% +like Derek just did give some uh + + + align:start position:0% +like Derek just did give some uh +thoughts and future that we can do uh to + + align:start position:0% +thoughts and future that we can do uh to + + + align:start position:0% +thoughts and future that we can do uh to +improve our + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +process um so as DK mentioned uh we + + align:start position:0% +process um so as DK mentioned uh we + + + align:start position:0% +process um so as DK mentioned uh we +found that it was more optimal to + + align:start position:0% +found that it was more optimal to + + + align:start position:0% +found that it was more optimal to +instead of produce both hydrogen and + + align:start position:0% +instead of produce both hydrogen and + + + align:start position:0% +instead of produce both hydrogen and +bofes to just use the Ala from the + + align:start position:0% +bofes to just use the Ala from the + + + align:start position:0% +bofes to just use the Ala from the +hydrogen reactor into uh into our bopes + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen reactor into uh into our bopes + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen reactor into uh into our bopes +process um so basically after they + + align:start position:0% +process um so basically after they + + + align:start position:0% +process um so basically after they +redesigned their system into producing + + align:start position:0% +redesigned their system into producing + + + align:start position:0% +redesigned their system into producing +7.9 kogs per second of hydrogen we were + + align:start position:0% +7.9 kogs per second of hydrogen we were + + + align:start position:0% +7.9 kogs per second of hydrogen we were +able to get our um scale up from that + + align:start position:0% +able to get our um scale up from that + + + align:start position:0% +able to get our um scale up from that +and decide how much um biomass they + + align:start position:0% +and decide how much um biomass they + + + align:start position:0% +and decide how much um biomass they +going to put into our system um and + + align:start position:0% +going to put into our system um and + + + align:start position:0% +going to put into our system um and +apart from using just hydrogen we're + + align:start position:0% +apart from using just hydrogen we're + + + align:start position:0% +apart from using just hydrogen we're +also using process heat and electricity + + align:start position:0% +also using process heat and electricity + + + align:start position:0% +also using process heat and electricity +from the + + align:start position:0% +from the + + + align:start position:0% +from the +reactor um this is a large scale + + align:start position:0% +reactor um this is a large scale + + + align:start position:0% +reactor um this is a large scale +operation uh it's going to compete + + align:start position:0% +operation uh it's going to compete + + + align:start position:0% +operation uh it's going to compete +somewhat with the other fossil-based oil + + align:start position:0% +somewhat with the other fossil-based oil + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat with the other fossil-based oil +refineries in the region and um what + + align:start position:0% +refineries in the region and um what + + + align:start position:0% +refineries in the region and um what +really makes this unique is that we're + + align:start position:0% +really makes this unique is that we're + + + align:start position:0% +really makes this unique is that we're +coupling uh you know Green sustainable + + align:start position:0% +coupling uh you know Green sustainable + + + align:start position:0% +coupling uh you know Green sustainable +energy with uh + + align:start position:0% +energy with uh + + + align:start position:0% +energy with uh +nuclear reactors which are you know + + align:start position:0% +nuclear reactors which are you know + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear reactors which are you know +emissions free Green Technology so um we + + align:start position:0% +emissions free Green Technology so um we + + + align:start position:0% +emissions free Green Technology so um we +hope that'll appeal to the public the + + align:start position:0% +hope that'll appeal to the public the + + + align:start position:0% +hope that'll appeal to the public the +public eye in a very positive + + align:start position:0% +public eye in a very positive + + + align:start position:0% +public eye in a very positive +way so um here's an overview of our + + align:start position:0% +way so um here's an overview of our + + + align:start position:0% +way so um here's an overview of our +process um you can see right here we + + align:start position:0% +process um you can see right here we + + + align:start position:0% +process um you can see right here we +start out with Mother Nature uh that is + + align:start position:0% +start out with Mother Nature uh that is + + + align:start position:0% +start out with Mother Nature uh that is +a picture of uh switch grass Panic of + + align:start position:0% +a picture of uh switch grass Panic of + + + align:start position:0% +a picture of uh switch grass Panic of +gotam uh grow it all over United States + + align:start position:0% +gotam uh grow it all over United States + + + align:start position:0% +gotam uh grow it all over United States +uh I'm going to talk more about that a + + align:start position:0% +uh I'm going to talk more about that a + + + align:start position:0% +uh I'm going to talk more about that a +little bit later why we chose this + + align:start position:0% +little bit later why we chose this + + + align:start position:0% +little bit later why we chose this +particular plant um basically we had to + + align:start position:0% +particular plant um basically we had to + + + align:start position:0% +particular plant um basically we had to +take this uh switch grass process it in + + align:start position:0% +take this uh switch grass process it in + + + align:start position:0% +take this uh switch grass process it in +a way that it could be injected into a + + align:start position:0% +a way that it could be injected into a + + + align:start position:0% +a way that it could be injected into a +gasifier where we get uh air heated from + + align:start position:0% +gasifier where we get uh air heated from + + + align:start position:0% +gasifier where we get uh air heated from +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +atmosphere um and steam from our heat + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere um and steam from our heat + + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere um and steam from our heat +process um in such a way that we get + + align:start position:0% +process um in such a way that we get + + + align:start position:0% +process um in such a way that we get +something sing gas um the sing gas is uh + + align:start position:0% +something sing gas um the sing gas is uh + + + align:start position:0% +something sing gas um the sing gas is uh +going to um have some certain uh poisons + + align:start position:0% +going to um have some certain uh poisons + + + align:start position:0% +going to um have some certain uh poisons +that aren't going to be uh beneficial + + align:start position:0% +that aren't going to be uh beneficial + + + align:start position:0% +that aren't going to be uh beneficial +for subsequent processes so those it has + + align:start position:0% +for subsequent processes so those it has + + + align:start position:0% +for subsequent processes so those it has +to be cleaned and so we're going to use + + align:start position:0% +to be cleaned and so we're going to use + + + align:start position:0% +to be cleaned and so we're going to use +that acid gas removal process um once + + align:start position:0% +that acid gas removal process um once + + + align:start position:0% +that acid gas removal process um once +it's cleaned uh we put it through a + + align:start position:0% +it's cleaned uh we put it through a + + + align:start position:0% +it's cleaned uh we put it through a +fishot tro reactor which produces a sort + + align:start position:0% +fishot tro reactor which produces a sort + + + align:start position:0% +fishot tro reactor which produces a sort +of a crude oil sort of um that we could + + align:start position:0% +of a crude oil sort of um that we could + + + align:start position:0% +of a crude oil sort of um that we could +put through a distillation and refining + + align:start position:0% +put through a distillation and refining + + + align:start position:0% +put through a distillation and refining +process um that'll give our end + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +product um here's a graph of relating + + align:start position:0% +product um here's a graph of relating + + + align:start position:0% +product um here's a graph of relating +different types of feed stock that we + + align:start position:0% +different types of feed stock that we + + + align:start position:0% +different types of feed stock that we +could use and um basically uh switch + + align:start position:0% +could use and um basically uh switch + + + align:start position:0% +could use and um basically uh switch +grass up here in the upper left it cost + + align:start position:0% +grass up here in the upper left it cost + + + align:start position:0% +grass up here in the upper left it cost +a bit more than some other alternative + + align:start position:0% +a bit more than some other alternative + + + align:start position:0% +a bit more than some other alternative +sorum energy cane sugar Caine corn and + + align:start position:0% +sorum energy cane sugar Caine corn and + + + align:start position:0% +sorum energy cane sugar Caine corn and +even some non-plant sources like algae + + align:start position:0% +even some non-plant sources like algae + + + align:start position:0% +even some non-plant sources like algae +um however if you look at this column uh + + align:start position:0% +um however if you look at this column uh + + + align:start position:0% +um however if you look at this column uh +the energy density is much more it's + + align:start position:0% +the energy density is much more it's + + + align:start position:0% +the energy density is much more it's +considerably higher than the other ones + + align:start position:0% +considerably higher than the other ones + + + align:start position:0% +considerably higher than the other ones +and um it's much more economic actually + + align:start position:0% +and um it's much more economic actually + + + align:start position:0% +and um it's much more economic actually +for us to get uh work with the plant + + align:start position:0% +for us to get uh work with the plant + + + align:start position:0% +for us to get uh work with the plant +that has a greater lingos cellulosic + + align:start position:0% +that has a greater lingos cellulosic + + + align:start position:0% +that has a greater lingos cellulosic +concentration um to get more bank for + + align:start position:0% +concentration um to get more bank for + + + align:start position:0% +concentration um to get more bank for +our buck per se + + align:start position:0% +our buck per se + + + align:start position:0% +our buck per se +um uh it's in the Lio and the cellus and + + align:start position:0% +um uh it's in the Lio and the cellus and + + + align:start position:0% +um uh it's in the Lio and the cellus and +the plants that really uh that allow us + + align:start position:0% +the plants that really uh that allow us + + + align:start position:0% +the plants that really uh that allow us +to get the uh the things that will the + + align:start position:0% +to get the uh the things that will the + + + align:start position:0% +to get the uh the things that will the +precursors to uh bio biog gasoline and + + align:start position:0% +precursors to uh bio biog gasoline and + + + align:start position:0% +precursors to uh bio biog gasoline and +biodiesel um suass is pretty good + + align:start position:0% +biodiesel um suass is pretty good + + + align:start position:0% +biodiesel um suass is pretty good +because this doesn't compete with the + + align:start position:0% +because this doesn't compete with the + + + align:start position:0% +because this doesn't compete with the +other uh it's not a food crop you know + + align:start position:0% +other uh it's not a food crop you know + + + align:start position:0% +other uh it's not a food crop you know +the if we inject switch grass into our + + align:start position:0% +the if we inject switch grass into our + + + align:start position:0% +the if we inject switch grass into our +reactor we're not stealing food from + + align:start position:0% +reactor we're not stealing food from + + + align:start position:0% +reactor we're not stealing food from +families we're not taking food off + + align:start position:0% +families we're not taking food off + + + align:start position:0% +families we're not taking food off +plates um also it's just very easy to + + align:start position:0% +plates um also it's just very easy to + + + align:start position:0% +plates um also it's just very easy to +grow as a C4 fixation cycle so it could + + align:start position:0% +grow as a C4 fixation cycle so it could + + + align:start position:0% +grow as a C4 fixation cycle so it could +grow um so much more efficient at you + + align:start position:0% +grow um so much more efficient at you + + + align:start position:0% +grow um so much more efficient at you +know using water and other + + align:start position:0% +know using water and other + + + align:start position:0% +know using water and other +fertilizers and + + align:start position:0% +fertilizers and + + + align:start position:0% +fertilizers and +um and it pretty much grows like a weed + + align:start position:0% +um and it pretty much grows like a weed + + + align:start position:0% +um and it pretty much grows like a weed +so uh that's why we chose switch grass + + align:start position:0% +so uh that's why we chose switch grass + + + align:start position:0% +so uh that's why we chose switch grass +compared to these other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Alternatives um here's the map of the + + align:start position:0% +Alternatives um here's the map of the + + + align:start position:0% +Alternatives um here's the map of the +United States showing uh different uh + + align:start position:0% +United States showing uh different uh + + + align:start position:0% +United States showing uh different uh +yields for sarch grass um as you can see + + align:start position:0% +yields for sarch grass um as you can see + + + align:start position:0% +yields for sarch grass um as you can see +there's a high concentration in the uh + + align:start position:0% +there's a high concentration in the uh + + + align:start position:0% +there's a high concentration in the uh +Texas Louisiana area Florida and so the + + align:start position:0% +Texas Louisiana area Florida and so the + + + align:start position:0% +Texas Louisiana area Florida and so the +Carol's Virginia um we decided to choose + + align:start position:0% +Carol's Virginia um we decided to choose + + + align:start position:0% +Carol's Virginia um we decided to choose +uh Texas uh due to its um uh proximity + + align:start position:0% +uh Texas uh due to its um uh proximity + + + align:start position:0% +uh Texas uh due to its um uh proximity +to a uh to other switch grass growing + + align:start position:0% +to a uh to other switch grass growing + + + align:start position:0% +to a uh to other switch grass growing +locations and to a natural body of water + + align:start position:0% +locations and to a natural body of water + + + align:start position:0% +locations and to a natural body of water +um specifically we chose uh Harris + + align:start position:0% +um specifically we chose uh Harris + + + align:start position:0% +um specifically we chose uh Harris +County Texas as our site um as you can + + align:start position:0% +County Texas as our site um as you can + + + align:start position:0% +County Texas as our site um as you can +see from this map uh Harris County has a + + align:start position:0% +see from this map uh Harris County has a + + + align:start position:0% +see from this map uh Harris County has a +very high yield of uh biomass that can + + align:start position:0% +very high yield of uh biomass that can + + + align:start position:0% +very high yield of uh biomass that can +be grown in the region and um even if we + + align:start position:0% +be grown in the region and um even if we + + + align:start position:0% +be grown in the region and um even if we +don't get a biomass from the region uh + + align:start position:0% +don't get a biomass from the region uh + + + align:start position:0% +don't get a biomass from the region uh +existing rare Road and um ground + + align:start position:0% +existing rare Road and um ground + + + align:start position:0% +existing rare Road and um ground +networks will allow us to get biomass + + align:start position:0% +networks will allow us to get biomass + + + align:start position:0% +networks will allow us to get biomass +from nearby + + align:start position:0% +from nearby + + + align:start position:0% +from nearby +Growers um uh hydrogen and a couple of + + align:start position:0% +Growers um uh hydrogen and a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +Growers um uh hydrogen and a couple of +the other people were explaining like oh + + align:start position:0% +the other people were explaining like oh + + + align:start position:0% +the other people were explaining like oh +we're getting we're using a natural + + align:start position:0% +we're getting we're using a natural + + + align:start position:0% +we're getting we're using a natural +reservoir for our water um well we have + + align:start position:0% +reservoir for our water um well we have + + + align:start position:0% +reservoir for our water um well we have +Trinity right here and then for some of + + align:start position:0% +Trinity right here and then for some of + + + align:start position:0% +Trinity right here and then for some of +our larger waterbased processes uh our + + align:start position:0% +our larger waterbased processes uh our + + + align:start position:0% +our larger waterbased processes uh our +coin processes we could you know use the + + align:start position:0% +coin processes we could you know use the + + + align:start position:0% +coin processes we could you know use the +golf of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Mexico um terms of where we're going to + + align:start position:0% +Mexico um terms of where we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +Mexico um terms of where we're going to +obtain uh s grass um there there's a ton + + align:start position:0% +obtain uh s grass um there there's a ton + + + align:start position:0% +obtain uh s grass um there there's a ton +of uh local Growers around there um so + + align:start position:0% +of uh local Growers around there um so + + + align:start position:0% +of uh local Growers around there um so +it was much more economical for instead + + align:start position:0% +it was much more economical for instead + + + align:start position:0% +it was much more economical for instead +of us to grow it ourselves to Outsource + + align:start position:0% +of us to grow it ourselves to Outsource + + + align:start position:0% +of us to grow it ourselves to Outsource +it so basically to um you know uh hire + + align:start position:0% +it so basically to um you know uh hire + + + align:start position:0% +it so basically to um you know uh hire +hire out the job to the farmers + + align:start position:0% +hire out the job to the farmers + + + align:start position:0% +hire out the job to the farmers +themselves and uh there's there a ton of + + align:start position:0% +themselves and uh there's there a ton of + + + align:start position:0% +themselves and uh there's there a ton of +grain elevators around Texas um there's + + align:start position:0% +grain elevators around Texas um there's + + + align:start position:0% +grain elevators around Texas um there's +a bunch of uh co-ops that'll be willing + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of uh co-ops that'll be willing + + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of uh co-ops that'll be willing +to um both sell I mean to both grow the + + align:start position:0% +to um both sell I mean to both grow the + + + align:start position:0% +to um both sell I mean to both grow the +product and to process it for us and + + align:start position:0% +product and to process it for us and + + + align:start position:0% +product and to process it for us and +when I mean by process seen is that uh + + align:start position:0% +when I mean by process seen is that uh + + + align:start position:0% +when I mean by process seen is that uh +switchcraft has a certain density like + + align:start position:0% +switchcraft has a certain density like + + + align:start position:0% +switchcraft has a certain density like +right out of the ground it's like 100 kg + + align:start position:0% +right out of the ground it's like 100 kg + + + align:start position:0% +right out of the ground it's like 100 kg +per meter cubed but that's not very + + align:start position:0% +per meter cubed but that's not very + + + align:start position:0% +per meter cubed but that's not very +practical to transport so what's + + align:start position:0% +practical to transport so what's + + + align:start position:0% +practical to transport so what's +necessary to do beforehand is to + + align:start position:0% +necessary to do beforehand is to + + + align:start position:0% +necessary to do beforehand is to +pelletize it to make it into a denser + + align:start position:0% +pelletize it to make it into a denser + + + align:start position:0% +pelletize it to make it into a denser +product that way it's you know much more + + align:start position:0% +product that way it's you know much more + + + align:start position:0% +product that way it's you know much more +easier to inject into an industrial + + align:start position:0% +easier to inject into an industrial + + + align:start position:0% +easier to inject into an industrial +process and it's much more efficient to + + align:start position:0% +process and it's much more efficient to + + + align:start position:0% +process and it's much more efficient to +transport and uh based upon hydrogen's + + align:start position:0% +transport and uh based upon hydrogen's + + + align:start position:0% +transport and uh based upon hydrogen's +upper limit of uh product 7.9 kg per + + align:start position:0% +upper limit of uh product 7.9 kg per + + + align:start position:0% +upper limit of uh product 7.9 kg per +second we were actually able to figure + + align:start position:0% +second we were actually able to figure + + + align:start position:0% +second we were actually able to figure +out that oh we could make uh we'd have + + align:start position:0% +out that oh we could make uh we'd have + + + align:start position:0% +out that oh we could make uh we'd have +to inject about 24 kg per second into + + align:start position:0% +to inject about 24 kg per second into + + + align:start position:0% +to inject about 24 kg per second into +our gasifier in order to uh you know + + align:start position:0% +our gasifier in order to uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +our gasifier in order to uh you know +prop to use all of that hydrogen fully + + align:start position:0% +prop to use all of that hydrogen fully + + + align:start position:0% +prop to use all of that hydrogen fully +and that amounts to about 2,83 tons a + + align:start position:0% +and that amounts to about 2,83 tons a + + + align:start position:0% +and that amounts to about 2,83 tons a +day um so in terms of transporting that + + align:start position:0% +day um so in terms of transporting that + + + align:start position:0% +day um so in terms of transporting that +we wanted to find growing locations that + + align:start position:0% +we wanted to find growing locations that + + + align:start position:0% +we wanted to find growing locations that +were uh less than 200 km cuz after that + + align:start position:0% +were uh less than 200 km cuz after that + + + align:start position:0% +were uh less than 200 km cuz after that +there's trade-offs that we don't uh + + align:start position:0% +there's trade-offs that we don't uh + + + align:start position:0% +there's trade-offs that we don't uh +expect I that we do not want um so that + + align:start position:0% +expect I that we do not want um so that + + + align:start position:0% +expect I that we do not want um so that +would amount to about 85 flatbed grain + + align:start position:0% +would amount to about 85 flatbed grain + + + align:start position:0% +would amount to about 85 flatbed grain +trucks traveling along uh Texas Highway + + align:start position:0% +trucks traveling along uh Texas Highway + + + align:start position:0% +trucks traveling along uh Texas Highway +6 um a more practical thing to do would + + align:start position:0% +6 um a more practical thing to do would + + + align:start position:0% +6 um a more practical thing to do would +be to use a railroad the railroad + + align:start position:0% +be to use a railroad the railroad + + + align:start position:0% +be to use a railroad the railroad +networks um using uh Hopper cars and + + align:start position:0% +networks um using uh Hopper cars and + + + align:start position:0% +networks um using uh Hopper cars and +that would only be about 13 and even + + align:start position:0% +that would only be about 13 and even + + + align:start position:0% +that would only be about 13 and even +when they at full capacity is pretty + + align:start position:0% +when they at full capacity is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +when they at full capacity is pretty +good because they're nowhere near + + align:start position:0% +good because they're nowhere near + + + align:start position:0% +good because they're nowhere near +nowhere near straining the load limits + + align:start position:0% +nowhere near straining the load limits + + + align:start position:0% +nowhere near straining the load limits +on the cars so um also there's just like + + align:start position:0% +on the cars so um also there's just like + + + align:start position:0% +on the cars so um also there's just like +tons of railroads around Harris County + + align:start position:0% +tons of railroads around Harris County + + + align:start position:0% +tons of railroads around Harris County +so we could just hop uh easily latch + + align:start position:0% +so we could just hop uh easily latch + + + align:start position:0% +so we could just hop uh easily latch +onto those uh existing systems um terms + + align:start position:0% +onto those uh existing systems um terms + + + align:start position:0% +onto those uh existing systems um terms +of storage uh you know we're going to + + align:start position:0% +of storage uh you know we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +of storage uh you know we're going to +use the grain elevators um I remember + + align:start position:0% +use the grain elevators um I remember + + + align:start position:0% +use the grain elevators um I remember +seeing uh looking up one grain elevator + + align:start position:0% +seeing uh looking up one grain elevator + + + align:start position:0% +seeing uh looking up one grain elevator +that was pretty much able to hold 265 + + align:start position:0% +that was pretty much able to hold 265 + + + align:start position:0% +that was pretty much able to hold 265 +operating days worth of switch grass I + + align:start position:0% +operating days worth of switch grass I + + + align:start position:0% +operating days worth of switch grass I +mean of of grain so um it's just more + + align:start position:0% +mean of of grain so um it's just more + + + align:start position:0% +mean of of grain so um it's just more +economic to Outsource storage to uh the + + align:start position:0% +economic to Outsource storage to uh the + + + align:start position:0% +economic to Outsource storage to uh the +holders of these grain elevators however + + align:start position:0% +holders of these grain elevators however + + + align:start position:0% +holders of these grain elevators however +we are going to have one on site um just + + align:start position:0% +we are going to have one on site um just + + + align:start position:0% +we are going to have one on site um just +to have a safe buffer for operation + + align:start position:0% +to have a safe buffer for operation + + + align:start position:0% +to have a safe buffer for operation +it'll hold about 3 days worth of um a + + align:start position:0% +it'll hold about 3 days worth of um a + + + align:start position:0% +it'll hold about 3 days worth of um a +feed and um that'll be specially + + align:start position:0% +feed and um that'll be specially + + + align:start position:0% +feed and um that'll be specially +engineered to have like a conveyor + + align:start position:0% +engineered to have like a conveyor + + + align:start position:0% +engineered to have like a conveyor +system that feeds directly into our + + align:start position:0% +system that feeds directly into our + + + align:start position:0% +system that feeds directly into our +gasification process which I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +gasification process which I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +gasification process which I'm going to +talk about right + + align:start position:0% +talk about right + + + align:start position:0% +talk about right +now so um I'm going talk about + + align:start position:0% +now so um I'm going talk about + + + align:start position:0% +now so um I'm going talk about +gasification um here's a a c cat diagram + + align:start position:0% +gasification um here's a a c cat diagram + + + align:start position:0% +gasification um here's a a c cat diagram +of uh the gasifier up here we see like + + align:start position:0% +of uh the gasifier up here we see like + + + align:start position:0% +of uh the gasifier up here we see like +here's our lock Hopper so after we get + + align:start position:0% +here's our lock Hopper so after we get + + + align:start position:0% +here's our lock Hopper so after we get +our um feed conveyed into the lock + + align:start position:0% +our um feed conveyed into the lock + + + align:start position:0% +our um feed conveyed into the lock +Hopper we could have controlled amount + + align:start position:0% +Hopper we could have controlled amount + + + align:start position:0% +Hopper we could have controlled amount +that feeds into a gasifier and we're + + align:start position:0% +that feeds into a gasifier and we're + + + align:start position:0% +that feeds into a gasifier and we're +taking steam that's produced um that + + align:start position:0% +taking steam that's produced um that + + + align:start position:0% +taking steam that's produced um that +that's from the process heat uh made by + + align:start position:0% +that's from the process heat uh made by + + + align:start position:0% +that's from the process heat uh made by +uh made by the hydrogen group and + + align:start position:0% +uh made by the hydrogen group and + + + align:start position:0% +uh made by the hydrogen group and +basically it pretty much blasts uh the + + align:start position:0% +basically it pretty much blasts uh the + + + align:start position:0% +basically it pretty much blasts uh the +biomass into its components and um here + + align:start position:0% +biomass into its components and um here + + + align:start position:0% +biomass into its components and um here +we see a dual bed uh it + + align:start position:0% +we see a dual bed uh it + + + align:start position:0% +we see a dual bed uh it +basically shoots up um the components + + align:start position:0% +basically shoots up um the components + + + align:start position:0% +basically shoots up um the components +into cycl separators cycl separators are + + align:start position:0% +into cycl separators cycl separators are + + + align:start position:0% +into cycl separators cycl separators are +pretty much separator uh centrifuges for + + align:start position:0% +pretty much separator uh centrifuges for + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much separator uh centrifuges for +gases and it feeds into a combuster um + + align:start position:0% +gases and it feeds into a combuster um + + + align:start position:0% +gases and it feeds into a combuster um +the Char like the charred material from + + align:start position:0% +the Char like the charred material from + + + align:start position:0% +the Char like the charred material from +there uh is able to heat up to around + + align:start position:0% +there uh is able to heat up to around + + + align:start position:0% +there uh is able to heat up to around +like 9917 degrees Celsius which provides + + align:start position:0% +like 9917 degrees Celsius which provides + + + align:start position:0% +like 9917 degrees Celsius which provides +enough heat to power the gasifier so the + + align:start position:0% +enough heat to power the gasifier so the + + + align:start position:0% +enough heat to power the gasifier so the +gasifier is up to about 650 cels um to + + align:start position:0% +gasifier is up to about 650 cels um to + + + align:start position:0% +gasifier is up to about 650 cels um to +sort of uh preheat we have to preheat + + align:start position:0% +sort of uh preheat we have to preheat + + + align:start position:0% +sort of uh preheat we have to preheat +air but we don't have to pump it uh + + align:start position:0% +air but we don't have to pump it uh + + + align:start position:0% +air but we don't have to pump it uh +what's really interesting about this uh + + align:start position:0% +what's really interesting about this uh + + + align:start position:0% +what's really interesting about this uh +pented silver gas process is that we're + + align:start position:0% +pented silver gas process is that we're + + + align:start position:0% +pented silver gas process is that we're +able to operate at atmospheric + + align:start position:0% +able to operate at atmospheric + + + align:start position:0% +able to operate at atmospheric +temperature and um another is just like + + align:start position:0% +temperature and um another is just like + + + align:start position:0% +temperature and um another is just like +it's commercially available um it takes + + align:start position:0% +it's commercially available um it takes + + + align:start position:0% +it's commercially available um it takes +a lot of work off of our hands and it's + + align:start position:0% +a lot of work off of our hands and it's + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of work off of our hands and it's +it's much more reliable in terms of what + + align:start position:0% +it's much more reliable in terms of what + + + align:start position:0% +it's much more reliable in terms of what +it promises to give us um so basically + + align:start position:0% +it promises to give us um so basically + + + align:start position:0% +it promises to give us um so basically +because we have a lot of this heat um S + + align:start position:0% +because we have a lot of this heat um S + + + align:start position:0% +because we have a lot of this heat um S +gas is going to be pretty hot and we're + + align:start position:0% +gas is going to be pretty hot and we're + + + align:start position:0% +gas is going to be pretty hot and we're +going to have to run it through a heat + + align:start position:0% +going to have to run it through a heat + + + align:start position:0% +going to have to run it through a heat +exchanger in order to get it to the + + align:start position:0% +exchanger in order to get it to the + + + align:start position:0% +exchanger in order to get it to the +proper uh temperature for the next step + + align:start position:0% +proper uh temperature for the next step + + + align:start position:0% +proper uh temperature for the next step +in our process which is ASD gas removal + + align:start position:0% +in our process which is ASD gas removal + + + align:start position:0% +in our process which is ASD gas removal +um uh heat process explained uh that's + + align:start position:0% +um uh heat process explained uh that's + + + align:start position:0% +um uh heat process explained uh that's +the work in progress but uh that that + + align:start position:0% +the work in progress but uh that that + + + align:start position:0% +the work in progress but uh that that +heat exchanger is going to give about 19 + + align:start position:0% +heat exchanger is going to give about 19 + + + align:start position:0% +heat exchanger is going to give about 19 +megawatt + + align:start position:0% +megawatt + + + align:start position:0% +megawatt +uh back to the uh heat + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +process so + + align:start position:0% +process so + + + align:start position:0% +process so +um the sing gas that comes out of here + + align:start position:0% +um the sing gas that comes out of here + + + align:start position:0% +um the sing gas that comes out of here +is mainly produc consists of like + + align:start position:0% +is mainly produc consists of like + + + align:start position:0% +is mainly produc consists of like +hydrogen uh carbon monoxide and carbon + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen uh carbon monoxide and carbon + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen uh carbon monoxide and carbon +dioxide along with some other things + + align:start position:0% +dioxide along with some other things + + + align:start position:0% +dioxide along with some other things +right here um here's a chart saying + + align:start position:0% +right here um here's a chart saying + + + align:start position:0% +right here um here's a chart saying +explaining um the different flow rates + + align:start position:0% +explaining um the different flow rates + + + align:start position:0% +explaining um the different flow rates +uh I already explained the 20 24 kilog + + align:start position:0% +uh I already explained the 20 24 kilog + + + align:start position:0% +uh I already explained the 20 24 kilog +per second of biomass um we're going to + + align:start position:0% +per second of biomass um we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +per second of biomass um we're going to +require about 2.6 kg per second from uh + + align:start position:0% +require about 2.6 kg per second from uh + + + align:start position:0% +require about 2.6 kg per second from uh +from of steam from the processing and 19 + + align:start position:0% +from of steam from the processing and 19 + + + align:start position:0% +from of steam from the processing and 19 +11.9 kilg per second of air that needs + + align:start position:0% +11.9 kilg per second of air that needs + + + align:start position:0% +11.9 kilg per second of air that needs +to be injected into the combuster um so + + align:start position:0% +to be injected into the combuster um so + + + align:start position:0% +to be injected into the combuster um so +uh when all said and done we have about + + align:start position:0% +uh when all said and done we have about + + + align:start position:0% +uh when all said and done we have about +20 kogs per second of s gas coming out + + align:start position:0% +20 kogs per second of s gas coming out + + + align:start position:0% +20 kogs per second of s gas coming out +um here's a pie chart basically saying + + align:start position:0% +um here's a pie chart basically saying + + + align:start position:0% +um here's a pie chart basically saying +uh the composition of the S gas by + + align:start position:0% +uh the composition of the S gas by + + + align:start position:0% +uh the composition of the S gas by +volume and we kind we don't really want + + align:start position:0% +volume and we kind we don't really want + + + align:start position:0% +volume and we kind we don't really want +to we don't want this right here this + + align:start position:0% +to we don't want this right here this + + + align:start position:0% +to we don't want this right here this +carbon carbon dioxide we don't want to + + align:start position:0% +carbon carbon dioxide we don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +carbon carbon dioxide we don't want to +get it out of there because it's it + + align:start position:0% +get it out of there because it's it + + + align:start position:0% +get it out of there because it's it +poisons the fishal truck process that's + + align:start position:0% +poisons the fishal truck process that's + + + align:start position:0% +poisons the fishal truck process that's +going to come on later and there's some + + align:start position:0% +going to come on later and there's some + + + align:start position:0% +going to come on later and there's some +other SU sles and uh nitrogenous space + + align:start position:0% +other SU sles and uh nitrogenous space + + + align:start position:0% +other SU sles and uh nitrogenous space +things that aren't really good for our + + align:start position:0% +things that aren't really good for our + + + align:start position:0% +things that aren't really good for our +future processes so we're going to have + + align:start position:0% +future processes so we're going to have + + + align:start position:0% +future processes so we're going to have +to remove + + align:start position:0% +to remove + + + align:start position:0% +to remove +those so now we go on to our acid gas + + align:start position:0% +those so now we go on to our acid gas + + + align:start position:0% +those so now we go on to our acid gas +removal process + + align:start position:0% +removal process + + + align:start position:0% +removal process +um so I already mentioned uh with our + + align:start position:0% +um so I already mentioned uh with our + + + align:start position:0% +um so I already mentioned uh with our +Cyclones we get rid of our particulates + + align:start position:0% +Cyclones we get rid of our particulates + + + align:start position:0% +Cyclones we get rid of our particulates +um and we get rid of it as Ash and we + + align:start position:0% +um and we get rid of it as Ash and we + + + align:start position:0% +um and we get rid of it as Ash and we +just dispose of that um that that + + align:start position:0% +just dispose of that um that that + + + align:start position:0% +just dispose of that um that that +operates about 682 de c um we then put + + align:start position:0% +operates about 682 de c um we then put + + + align:start position:0% +operates about 682 de c um we then put +it through our heat exchanger and cool + + align:start position:0% +it through our heat exchanger and cool + + + align:start position:0% +it through our heat exchanger and cool +the gas send the extra excess heat to + + align:start position:0% +the gas send the extra excess heat to + + + align:start position:0% +the gas send the extra excess heat to +heat process and we then put it through + + align:start position:0% +heat process and we then put it through + + + align:start position:0% +heat process and we then put it through +water scub at 107° c um in order for us + + align:start position:0% +water scub at 107° c um in order for us + + + align:start position:0% +water scub at 107° c um in order for us +to to use these uh processes right here + + align:start position:0% +to to use these uh processes right here + + + align:start position:0% +to to use these uh processes right here +we had to run it through a compressor to + + align:start position:0% +we had to run it through a compressor to + + + align:start position:0% +we had to run it through a compressor to +get it from uh atmospheric 0.1 + + align:start position:0% +get it from uh atmospheric 0.1 + + + align:start position:0% +get it from uh atmospheric 0.1 +megapascal up to 3 uh 3.07 + + align:start position:0% +megapascal up to 3 uh 3.07 + + + align:start position:0% +megapascal up to 3 uh 3.07 +megapascal and um Lizzie would like to + + align:start position:0% +megapascal and um Lizzie would like to + + + align:start position:0% +megapascal and um Lizzie would like to +talk more about these lcat and am so um + + align:start position:0% +talk more about these lcat and am so um + + + align:start position:0% +talk more about these lcat and am so um +as Alex mentioned the whole point of + + align:start position:0% +as Alex mentioned the whole point of + + + align:start position:0% +as Alex mentioned the whole point of +this process is that we want to get a s + + align:start position:0% +this process is that we want to get a s + + + align:start position:0% +this process is that we want to get a s +gas of mostly carbon monoxide and + + align:start position:0% +gas of mostly carbon monoxide and + + + align:start position:0% +gas of mostly carbon monoxide and +hydrogen that we can send onto the + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen that we can send onto the + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen that we can send onto the +fishot tropes reactor and make gasoline + + align:start position:0% +fishot tropes reactor and make gasoline + + + align:start position:0% +fishot tropes reactor and make gasoline +and um Diesel from so these three + + align:start position:0% +and um Diesel from so these three + + + align:start position:0% +and um Diesel from so these three +processes are actually built into the + + align:start position:0% +processes are actually built into the + + + align:start position:0% +processes are actually built into the +silag gas process which is they've been + + align:start position:0% +silag gas process which is they've been + + + align:start position:0% +silag gas process which is they've been +doing a lot of research on gasifiers but + + align:start position:0% +doing a lot of research on gasifiers but + + + align:start position:0% +doing a lot of research on gasifiers but +what we're going to do is then take the + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to do is then take the + + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to do is then take the +output from Silvera gas and compress it + + align:start position:0% +output from Silvera gas and compress it + + + align:start position:0% +output from Silvera gas and compress it +so that we can remove the carbon dioxide + + align:start position:0% +so that we can remove the carbon dioxide + + + align:start position:0% +so that we can remove the carbon dioxide +and most the sulfur compounds because um + + align:start position:0% +and most the sulfur compounds because um + + + align:start position:0% +and most the sulfur compounds because um +for gasoline and Diesel to sell + + align:start position:0% +for gasoline and Diesel to sell + + + align:start position:0% +for gasoline and Diesel to sell +commercially you need less than2 parts + + align:start position:0% +commercially you need less than2 parts + + + align:start position:0% +commercially you need less than2 parts +per million of sulfur which is very + + align:start position:0% +per million of sulfur which is very + + + align:start position:0% +per million of sulfur which is very +little and we don't want any carbon + + align:start position:0% +little and we don't want any carbon + + + align:start position:0% +little and we don't want any carbon +dioxide because that competes with + + align:start position:0% +dioxide because that competes with + + + align:start position:0% +dioxide because that competes with +carbon monoxide in the ficial tropes + + align:start position:0% +carbon monoxide in the ficial tropes + + + align:start position:0% +carbon monoxide in the ficial tropes +reactor and will subtract from our yield + + align:start position:0% +reactor and will subtract from our yield + + + align:start position:0% +reactor and will subtract from our yield +so the process will use is an Amin acid + + align:start position:0% +so the process will use is an Amin acid + + + align:start position:0% +so the process will use is an Amin acid +gas removal and a low cat acid gas + + align:start position:0% +gas removal and a low cat acid gas + + + align:start position:0% +gas removal and a low cat acid gas +removal this is sort of like a coarse + + align:start position:0% +removal this is sort of like a coarse + + + align:start position:0% +removal this is sort of like a coarse +filter that gets rid of the bulk of the + + align:start position:0% +filter that gets rid of the bulk of the + + + align:start position:0% +filter that gets rid of the bulk of the +C CO2 and H2S and then the low cat is a + + align:start position:0% +C CO2 and H2S and then the low cat is a + + + align:start position:0% +C CO2 and H2S and then the low cat is a +patented process that sort of is the + + align:start position:0% +patented process that sort of is the + + + align:start position:0% +patented process that sort of is the +finer filter to do it again and um get + + align:start position:0% +finer filter to do it again and um get + + + align:start position:0% +finer filter to do it again and um get +rid of all the small + + align:start position:0% +rid of all the small + + + align:start position:0% +rid of all the small +parts uh okay I don't know how to go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +on thank + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you okay sorry so from as after the acid + + align:start position:0% +you okay sorry so from as after the acid + + + align:start position:0% +you okay sorry so from as after the acid +gas removal you can see this will be the + + align:start position:0% +gas removal you can see this will be the + + + align:start position:0% +gas removal you can see this will be the +composition of our gas + + align:start position:0% +composition of our gas + + + align:start position:0% +composition of our gas +we've gotten rid of the carbon dioxide + + align:start position:0% +we've gotten rid of the carbon dioxide + + + align:start position:0% +we've gotten rid of the carbon dioxide +basically without much loss and anything + + align:start position:0% +basically without much loss and anything + + + align:start position:0% +basically without much loss and anything +else and you take a note at the um ratio + + align:start position:0% +else and you take a note at the um ratio + + + align:start position:0% +else and you take a note at the um ratio +of Co to H2 ideally for fishot tropes we + + align:start position:0% +of Co to H2 ideally for fishot tropes we + + + align:start position:0% +of Co to H2 ideally for fishot tropes we +want something pretty even with the co + + align:start position:0% +want something pretty even with the co + + + align:start position:0% +want something pretty even with the co +and H2 so you can see where we don't + + align:start position:0% +and H2 so you can see where we don't + + + align:start position:0% +and H2 so you can see where we don't +have a lot of hydrogen which is why we + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of hydrogen which is why we + + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of hydrogen which is why we +need our hydrogen inputs from the + + align:start position:0% +need our hydrogen inputs from the + + + align:start position:0% +need our hydrogen inputs from the +hydrogen plant so the fishal trop + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen plant so the fishal trop + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen plant so the fishal trop +reactor is where all the magic happens + + align:start position:0% +reactor is where all the magic happens + + + align:start position:0% +reactor is where all the magic happens +you have carbon monoxide and hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +you have carbon monoxide and hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +you have carbon monoxide and hydrogen +and it bubbles in and what it does is we + + align:start position:0% +and it bubbles in and what it does is we + + + align:start position:0% +and it bubbles in and what it does is we +bubble in through a slurry of iron + + align:start position:0% +bubble in through a slurry of iron + + + align:start position:0% +bubble in through a slurry of iron +Catalyst that's suspended in oil and as + + align:start position:0% +Catalyst that's suspended in oil and as + + + align:start position:0% +Catalyst that's suspended in oil and as +it goes through this reaction actually + + align:start position:0% +it goes through this reaction actually + + + align:start position:0% +it goes through this reaction actually +happens so you have ch2 long carbon + + align:start position:0% +happens so you have ch2 long carbon + + + align:start position:0% +happens so you have ch2 long carbon +chains that form they're mostly just um + + align:start position:0% +chains that form they're mostly just um + + + align:start position:0% +chains that form they're mostly just um +one long chain not many branches but + + align:start position:0% +one long chain not many branches but + + + align:start position:0% +one long chain not many branches but +it's also an exothermic reaction that + + align:start position:0% +it's also an exothermic reaction that + + + align:start position:0% +it's also an exothermic reaction that +gives off some heat which we'll have to + + align:start position:0% +gives off some heat which we'll have to + + + align:start position:0% +gives off some heat which we'll have to +remove and gives off some water uh + + align:start position:0% +remove and gives off some water uh + + + align:start position:0% +remove and gives off some water uh +there's a competing reaction that goes + + align:start position:0% +there's a competing reaction that goes + + + align:start position:0% +there's a competing reaction that goes +on at the same time it's the waterers + + align:start position:0% +on at the same time it's the waterers + + + align:start position:0% +on at the same time it's the waterers +shift reaction that creates carbon di + + align:start position:0% +shift reaction that creates carbon di + + + align:start position:0% +shift reaction that creates carbon di +oxide and hydrogen this is not ideal um + + align:start position:0% +oxide and hydrogen this is not ideal um + + + align:start position:0% +oxide and hydrogen this is not ideal um +so we've chosen an iron Catalyst that + + align:start position:0% +so we've chosen an iron Catalyst that + + + align:start position:0% +so we've chosen an iron Catalyst that +will sort of minimize the water shift + + align:start position:0% +will sort of minimize the water shift + + + align:start position:0% +will sort of minimize the water shift +reaction that + + align:start position:0% +reaction that + + + align:start position:0% +reaction that +happens and as you can see so we're + + align:start position:0% +happens and as you can see so we're + + + align:start position:0% +happens and as you can see so we're +going to generate about 22 megawatts of + + align:start position:0% +going to generate about 22 megawatts of + + + align:start position:0% +going to generate about 22 megawatts of +heat that will be removed but um the + + align:start position:0% +heat that will be removed but um the + + + align:start position:0% +heat that will be removed but um the +products that form are different lengths + + align:start position:0% +products that form are different lengths + + + align:start position:0% +products that form are different lengths +of carbon chains so the carbon can go + + align:start position:0% +of carbon chains so the carbon can go + + + align:start position:0% +of carbon chains so the carbon can go +from one to 30 something depending on + + align:start position:0% +from one to 30 something depending on + + + align:start position:0% +from one to 30 something depending on +many factors one of them being the + + align:start position:0% +many factors one of them being the + + + align:start position:0% +many factors one of them being the +carbon monoxide as H2 ratio our CO2 H2 + + align:start position:0% +carbon monoxide as H2 ratio our CO2 H2 + + + align:start position:0% +carbon monoxide as H2 ratio our CO2 H2 +ratio is less than one so it's actually + + align:start position:0% +ratio is less than one so it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +ratio is less than one so it's actually +going to be one of these lower curves + + align:start position:0% +going to be one of these lower curves + + + align:start position:0% +going to be one of these lower curves +here um or greater than one because we + + align:start position:0% +here um or greater than one because we + + + align:start position:0% +here um or greater than one because we +have more Co so it's going to be one of + + align:start position:0% +have more Co so it's going to be one of + + + align:start position:0% +have more Co so it's going to be one of +these lower curves here where you can + + align:start position:0% +these lower curves here where you can + + + align:start position:0% +these lower curves here where you can +see we don't want the very high curves + + align:start position:0% +see we don't want the very high curves + + + align:start position:0% +see we don't want the very high curves +because these lower end products are + + align:start position:0% +because these lower end products are + + + align:start position:0% +because these lower end products are +light gases that just fly away they're + + align:start position:0% +light gases that just fly away they're + + + align:start position:0% +light gases that just fly away they're +not really gasoline or diesel um we we + + align:start position:0% +not really gasoline or diesel um we we + + + align:start position:0% +not really gasoline or diesel um we we +will sell those as natural gas but um + + align:start position:0% +will sell those as natural gas but um + + + align:start position:0% +will sell those as natural gas but um +the gasoline and Diesel curves are down + + align:start position:0% +the gasoline and Diesel curves are down + + + align:start position:0% +the gasoline and Diesel curves are down +here and then the higher heavy waxes we + + align:start position:0% +here and then the higher heavy waxes we + + + align:start position:0% +here and then the higher heavy waxes we +will have to refine to make them into + + align:start position:0% +will have to refine to make them into + + + align:start position:0% +will have to refine to make them into +cable + + align:start position:0% +cable + + + align:start position:0% +cable +products sorry so you can see as our + + align:start position:0% +products sorry so you can see as our + + + align:start position:0% +products sorry so you can see as our +process is designed right now these are + + align:start position:0% +process is designed right now these are + + + align:start position:0% +process is designed right now these are +the outputs that will come out it's + + align:start position:0% +the outputs that will come out it's + + + align:start position:0% +the outputs that will come out it's +mostly going to be gasoline and Diesel + + align:start position:0% +mostly going to be gasoline and Diesel + + + align:start position:0% +mostly going to be gasoline and Diesel +there will be some light gas to sell and + + align:start position:0% +there will be some light gas to sell and + + + align:start position:0% +there will be some light gas to sell and +some heavy wax to refine this is + + align:start position:0% +some heavy wax to refine this is + + + align:start position:0% +some heavy wax to refine this is +actually without adding any hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +actually without adding any hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +actually without adding any hydrogen +input before the Fisher tropes reactor + + align:start position:0% +input before the Fisher tropes reactor + + + align:start position:0% +input before the Fisher tropes reactor +so but that is something in the future + + align:start position:0% +so but that is something in the future + + + align:start position:0% +so but that is something in the future +we want to look into is adding some + + align:start position:0% +we want to look into is adding some + + + align:start position:0% +we want to look into is adding some +hydrogen before this reaction + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen before this reaction + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen before this reaction +to sort of improve these products before + + align:start position:0% +to sort of improve these products before + + + align:start position:0% +to sort of improve these products before +even distilling and refining but we will + + align:start position:0% +even distilling and refining but we will + + + align:start position:0% +even distilling and refining but we will +use do distillation and refining the + + align:start position:0% +use do distillation and refining the + + + align:start position:0% +use do distillation and refining the +heat for this is going to come from the + + align:start position:0% +heat for this is going to come from the + + + align:start position:0% +heat for this is going to come from the +process heat system and we will need + + align:start position:0% +process heat system and we will need + + + align:start position:0% +process heat system and we will need +hydrogen um distillation if you're not + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen um distillation if you're not + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen um distillation if you're not +familiar with it is basically just + + align:start position:0% +familiar with it is basically just + + + align:start position:0% +familiar with it is basically just +spoiling everything you have and as you + + align:start position:0% +spoiling everything you have and as you + + + align:start position:0% +spoiling everything you have and as you +send it up through a really tall tower + + align:start position:0% +send it up through a really tall tower + + + align:start position:0% +send it up through a really tall tower +um the things with higher spoiling + + align:start position:0% +um the things with higher spoiling + + + align:start position:0% +um the things with higher spoiling +points when they cool down turn into + + align:start position:0% +points when they cool down turn into + + + align:start position:0% +points when they cool down turn into +liquid first and they settle out on + + align:start position:0% +liquid first and they settle out on + + + align:start position:0% +liquid first and they settle out on +these trays so you basically just it + + align:start position:0% +these trays so you basically just it + + + align:start position:0% +these trays so you basically just it +just settles out for you have it + + align:start position:0% +just settles out for you have it + + + align:start position:0% +just settles out for you have it +separates out your products into your + + align:start position:0% +separates out your products into your + + + align:start position:0% +separates out your products into your +heavy wax the distillate gasoline or + + align:start position:0% +heavy wax the distillate gasoline or + + + align:start position:0% +heavy wax the distillate gasoline or +diesel and + + align:start position:0% +diesel and + + + align:start position:0% +diesel and +gasolines and then uh these products can + + align:start position:0% +gasolines and then uh these products can + + + align:start position:0% +gasolines and then uh these products can +be sent on to refining so the + + align:start position:0% +be sent on to refining so the + + + align:start position:0% +be sent on to refining so the +distillation and refining processes are + + align:start position:0% +distillation and refining processes are + + + align:start position:0% +distillation and refining processes are +pretty much the same as what they do + + align:start position:0% +pretty much the same as what they do + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much the same as what they do +right now in existing coal refineries um + + align:start position:0% +right now in existing coal refineries um + + + align:start position:0% +right now in existing coal refineries um +and gasoline production um you can see + + align:start position:0% +and gasoline production um you can see + + + align:start position:0% +and gasoline production um you can see +there's a lot of places where we need + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of places where we need + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of places where we need +hydrogen the hydrogen is needed to take + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen the hydrogen is needed to take + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen the hydrogen is needed to take +the long carbon chains that are right + + align:start position:0% +the long carbon chains that are right + + + align:start position:0% +the long carbon chains that are right +now just one by one and you want to make + + align:start position:0% +now just one by one and you want to make + + + align:start position:0% +now just one by one and you want to make +it all single bonds first of all + + align:start position:0% +it all single bonds first of all + + + align:start position:0% +it all single bonds first of all +saturated so that you have just C to C + + align:start position:0% +saturated so that you have just C to C + + + align:start position:0% +saturated so that you have just C to C +no double bonds um you also want to + + align:start position:0% +no double bonds um you also want to + + + align:start position:0% +no double bonds um you also want to +create branches because that increases + + align:start position:0% +create branches because that increases + + + align:start position:0% +create branches because that increases +the energy density of your gasoline and + + align:start position:0% +the energy density of your gasoline and + + + align:start position:0% +the energy density of your gasoline and +Diesel so adding hydrogen helps with all + + align:start position:0% +Diesel so adding hydrogen helps with all + + + align:start position:0% +Diesel so adding hydrogen helps with all +of those and you can see all these + + align:start position:0% +of those and you can see all these + + + align:start position:0% +of those and you can see all these +different processes so in the end we + + align:start position:0% +different processes so in the end we + + + align:start position:0% +different processes so in the end we +will have gasoline and + + align:start position:0% +will have gasoline and + + + align:start position:0% +will have gasoline and +Diesel at these Mass flows right now so + + align:start position:0% +Diesel at these Mass flows right now so + + + align:start position:0% +Diesel at these Mass flows right now so +we can sell the light gas as a synthetic + + align:start position:0% +we can sell the light gas as a synthetic + + + align:start position:0% +we can sell the light gas as a synthetic +natural gas and we'll also be able to + + align:start position:0% +natural gas and we'll also be able to + + + align:start position:0% +natural gas and we'll also be able to +sell diesel and gasoline um our expected + + align:start position:0% +sell diesel and gasoline um our expected + + + align:start position:0% +sell diesel and gasoline um our expected +Revenue just based on the barrels per + + align:start position:0% +Revenue just based on the barrels per + + + align:start position:0% +Revenue just based on the barrels per +day and the current prices of oil is + + align:start position:0% +day and the current prices of oil is + + + align:start position:0% +day and the current prices of oil is +about $1.7 million a day assuming um + + align:start position:0% +about $1.7 million a day assuming um + + + align:start position:0% +about $1.7 million a day assuming um +that an average car will take 15 gallons + + align:start position:0% +that an average car will take 15 gallons + + + align:start position:0% +that an average car will take 15 gallons +of um gasoline this amount of gasoline + + align:start position:0% +of um gasoline this amount of gasoline + + + align:start position:0% +of um gasoline this amount of gasoline +and diesel can fill about + + align:start position:0% +and diesel can fill about + + + align:start position:0% +and diesel can fill about +18,500 cars a day this isn't going to + + align:start position:0% +18,500 cars a day this isn't going to + + + align:start position:0% +18,500 cars a day this isn't going to +supply an entire city but I think it's a + + align:start position:0% +supply an entire city but I think it's a + + + align:start position:0% +supply an entire city but I think it's a +good start and obviously there's still a + + align:start position:0% +good start and obviously there's still a + + + align:start position:0% +good start and obviously there's still a +huge demand the US 2011 demand is about + + align:start position:0% +huge demand the US 2011 demand is about + + + align:start position:0% +huge demand the US 2011 demand is about +9.1 million barrels a day so we're still + + align:start position:0% +9.1 million barrels a day so we're still + + + align:start position:0% +9.1 million barrels a day so we're still +a small part of the process but um I + + align:start position:0% +a small part of the process but um I + + + align:start position:0% +a small part of the process but um I +think it's a good start and this is just + + align:start position:0% +think it's a good start and this is just + + + align:start position:0% +think it's a good start and this is just +one plant so we're working to scale it + + align:start position:0% +one plant so we're working to scale it + + + align:start position:0% +one plant so we're working to scale it +up um one minor thing to mention is that + + align:start position:0% +up um one minor thing to mention is that + + + align:start position:0% +up um one minor thing to mention is that +because we are trying to be a green + + align:start position:0% +because we are trying to be a green + + + align:start position:0% +because we are trying to be a green +process there's a lot of carbon dioxide + + align:start position:0% +process there's a lot of carbon dioxide + + + align:start position:0% +process there's a lot of carbon dioxide +that gets removed during the process + + align:start position:0% +that gets removed during the process + + + align:start position:0% +that gets removed during the process +unfortunately + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately +um we're looking at different options of + + align:start position:0% +um we're looking at different options of + + + align:start position:0% +um we're looking at different options of +what to do with it the ideally we would + + align:start position:0% +what to do with it the ideally we would + + + align:start position:0% +what to do with it the ideally we would +recycle it either back through our own + + align:start position:0% +recycle it either back through our own + + + align:start position:0% +recycle it either back through our own +process or maybe do the core because + + align:start position:0% +process or maybe do the core because + + + align:start position:0% +process or maybe do the core because +they use carbon dioxide different things + + align:start position:0% +they use carbon dioxide different things + + + align:start position:0% +they use carbon dioxide different things +or sell it um but one other option that + + align:start position:0% +or sell it um but one other option that + + + align:start position:0% +or sell it um but one other option that +we're considering is because we are + + align:start position:0% +we're considering is because we are + + + align:start position:0% +we're considering is because we are +right next to the Gulf of Mexico you can + + align:start position:0% +right next to the Gulf of Mexico you can + + + align:start position:0% +right next to the Gulf of Mexico you can +actually inject carbon dioxide deep into + + align:start position:0% +actually inject carbon dioxide deep into + + + align:start position:0% +actually inject carbon dioxide deep into +the ocean and that um to such a level + + align:start position:0% +the ocean and that um to such a level + + + align:start position:0% +the ocean and that um to such a level +where it + + align:start position:0% +where it + + + align:start position:0% +where it +stays uh it just stays in the ocean and + + align:start position:0% +stays uh it just stays in the ocean and + + + align:start position:0% +stays uh it just stays in the ocean and +it doesn't come out as gas basically so + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't come out as gas basically so + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't come out as gas basically so +it stays liquefied and we're looking at + + align:start position:0% +it stays liquefied and we're looking at + + + align:start position:0% +it stays liquefied and we're looking at +some processes like that g has made + + align:start position:0% +some processes like that g has made + + + align:start position:0% +some processes like that g has made +where you can do + + align:start position:0% +where you can do + + + align:start position:0% +where you can do +that um so looking forward then these + + align:start position:0% +that um so looking forward then these + + + align:start position:0% +that um so looking forward then these +this is sort of a trend of gasoline + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of a trend of gasoline + + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of a trend of gasoline +prices in the last couple years um so + + align:start position:0% +prices in the last couple years um so + + + align:start position:0% +prices in the last couple years um so +you can see that gas prices are + + align:start position:0% +you can see that gas prices are + + + align:start position:0% +you can see that gas prices are +definitely going up the $1.7 million + + align:start position:0% +definitely going up the $1.7 million + + + align:start position:0% +definitely going up the $1.7 million +projected revenue is based on gas prices + + align:start position:0% +projected revenue is based on gas prices + + + align:start position:0% +projected revenue is based on gas prices +right now as the gas prices continue to + + align:start position:0% +right now as the gas prices continue to + + + align:start position:0% +right now as the gas prices continue to +rise and as our dependence on foreign + + align:start position:0% +rise and as our dependence on foreign + + + align:start position:0% +rise and as our dependence on foreign +oil is still being worked out I'm sure + + align:start position:0% +oil is still being worked out I'm sure + + + align:start position:0% +oil is still being worked out I'm sure +that the prices will rise more um so for + + align:start position:0% +that the prices will rise more um so for + + + align:start position:0% +that the prices will rise more um so for +some conclusions about what's happening + + align:start position:0% +some conclusions about what's happening + + + align:start position:0% +some conclusions about what's happening +then we have a start for a plant there's + + align:start position:0% +then we have a start for a plant there's + + + align:start position:0% +then we have a start for a plant there's +there were so many processes that go + + align:start position:0% +there were so many processes that go + + + align:start position:0% +there were so many processes that go +into making biofuels that we haven't + + align:start position:0% +into making biofuels that we haven't + + + align:start position:0% +into making biofuels that we haven't +been able to do many iterations but + + align:start position:0% +been able to do many iterations but + + + align:start position:0% +been able to do many iterations but +there there's so many inputs and outputs + + align:start position:0% +there there's so many inputs and outputs + + + align:start position:0% +there there's so many inputs and outputs +that we definitely want to make more + + align:start position:0% +that we definitely want to make more + + + align:start position:0% +that we definitely want to make more +effici ient so some examples is the + + align:start position:0% +effici ient so some examples is the + + + align:start position:0% +effici ient so some examples is the +hydrogen production plan is creating + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen production plan is creating + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen production plan is creating +oxygen you can actually use oxygen to + + align:start position:0% +oxygen you can actually use oxygen to + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen you can actually use oxygen to +gasify in the gasification step in the + + align:start position:0% +gasify in the gasification step in the + + + align:start position:0% +gasify in the gasification step in the +very beginning um but that would involve + + align:start position:0% +very beginning um but that would involve + + + align:start position:0% +very beginning um but that would involve +using a different gasifier so we haven't + + align:start position:0% +using a different gasifier so we haven't + + + align:start position:0% +using a different gasifier so we haven't +quite looked into that yet but I think + + align:start position:0% +quite looked into that yet but I think + + + align:start position:0% +quite looked into that yet but I think +that would make our process a lot more + + align:start position:0% +that would make our process a lot more + + + align:start position:0% +that would make our process a lot more +efficient than having to do a twin bed + + align:start position:0% +efficient than having to do a twin bed + + + align:start position:0% +efficient than having to do a twin bed +um we're also looking into different + + align:start position:0% +um we're also looking into different + + + align:start position:0% +um we're also looking into different +ways to recycle our wastes and + + align:start position:0% +ways to recycle our wastes and + + + align:start position:0% +ways to recycle our wastes and +definitely we want to scale up this + + align:start position:0% +definitely we want to scale up this + + + align:start position:0% +definitely we want to scale up this +process a lot because as you saw it's a + + align:start position:0% +process a lot because as you saw it's a + + + align:start position:0% +process a lot because as you saw it's a +start it's make it's going to be a large + + align:start position:0% +start it's make it's going to be a large + + + align:start position:0% +start it's make it's going to be a large +Plant but um there's the demand for oil + + align:start position:0% +Plant but um there's the demand for oil + + + align:start position:0% +Plant but um there's the demand for oil +and gasoline is so high today and we + + align:start position:0% +and gasoline is so high today and we + + + align:start position:0% +and gasoline is so high today and we +think that this is feasible because the + + align:start position:0% +think that this is feasible because the + + + align:start position:0% +think that this is feasible because the +switch grass numbers that you saw for + + align:start position:0% +switch grass numbers that you saw for + + + align:start position:0% +switch grass numbers that you saw for +prices and how much things are growing + + align:start position:0% +prices and how much things are growing + + + align:start position:0% +prices and how much things are growing +is also what's happening right now um + + align:start position:0% +is also what's happening right now um + + + align:start position:0% +is also what's happening right now um +but there's so much research going into + + align:start position:0% +but there's so much research going into + + + align:start position:0% +but there's so much research going into +using switch grass and to expanding the + + align:start position:0% +using switch grass and to expanding the + + + align:start position:0% +using switch grass and to expanding the +amount of switch sets that's grown in + + align:start position:0% +amount of switch sets that's grown in + + + align:start position:0% +amount of switch sets that's grown in +different areas that we think all these + + align:start position:0% +different areas that we think all these + + + align:start position:0% +different areas that we think all these +numbers of how much biomass is available + + align:start position:0% +numbers of how much biomass is available + + + align:start position:0% +numbers of how much biomass is available +is also going to go up in the future + + align:start position:0% +is also going to go up in the future + + + align:start position:0% +is also going to go up in the future +especially if we have plants that are + + align:start position:0% +especially if we have plants that are + + + align:start position:0% +especially if we have plants that are +using it then as the demand for it goes + + align:start position:0% +using it then as the demand for it goes + + + align:start position:0% +using it then as the demand for it goes +up more farmers will start growing + + align:start position:0% +up more farmers will start growing + + + align:start position:0% +up more farmers will start growing +switch grass so it's obviously going to + + align:start position:0% +switch grass so it's obviously going to + + + align:start position:0% +switch grass so it's obviously going to +be a very large scale production + + align:start position:0% +be a very large scale production + + + align:start position:0% +be a very large scale production +producing a lot of jobs and our total + + align:start position:0% +producing a lot of jobs and our total + + + align:start position:0% +producing a lot of jobs and our total +daily profit if we subtract out what we + + align:start position:0% +daily profit if we subtract out what we + + + align:start position:0% +daily profit if we subtract out what we +think our cost will be a very rough + + align:start position:0% +think our cost will be a very rough + + + align:start position:0% +think our cost will be a very rough +estimate is over a million dollars a day + + align:start position:0% +estimate is over a million dollars a day + + + align:start position:0% +estimate is over a million dollars a day +and you can compare this to the profit + + align:start position:0% +and you can compare this to the profit + + + align:start position:0% +and you can compare this to the profit +if we did not make biofuels but simply + + align:start position:0% +if we did not make biofuels but simply + + + align:start position:0% +if we did not make biofuels but simply +um sold the electricity from the core um + + align:start position:0% +um sold the electricity from the core um + + + align:start position:0% +um sold the electricity from the core um +would be about .8 million a day so you + + align:start position:0% +would be about .8 million a day so you + + + align:start position:0% +would be about .8 million a day so you +can see that with the biofuels + + align:start position:0% +can see that with the biofuels + + + align:start position:0% +can see that with the biofuels +production it's almost double the amount + + align:start position:0% +production it's almost double the amount + + + align:start position:0% +production it's almost double the amount +that core can make on its + + align:start position:0% +that core can make on its + + + align:start position:0% +that core can make on its +own so that concludes our section let's + + align:start position:0% +own so that concludes our section let's + + + align:start position:0% +own so that concludes our section let's +turn it over to + + align:start position:0% +turn it over to + + + align:start position:0% +turn it over to +Catherine so this is a lot of + + align:start position:0% +Catherine so this is a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +Catherine so this is a lot of +information I'm just going to summarize + + align:start position:0% +information I'm just going to summarize + + + align:start position:0% +information I'm just going to summarize +really briefly um we were successful in + + align:start position:0% +really briefly um we were successful in + + + align:start position:0% +really briefly um we were successful in +um producing green electricity um + + align:start position:0% +um producing green electricity um + + + align:start position:0% +um producing green electricity um +biodiesel and bio gasoline with our + + align:start position:0% +biodiesel and bio gasoline with our + + + align:start position:0% +biodiesel and bio gasoline with our +reactor + + align:start position:0% +reactor + + + align:start position:0% +reactor +um a reactor um hydrogen and um a + + align:start position:0% +um a reactor um hydrogen and um a + + + align:start position:0% +um a reactor um hydrogen and um a +reactor coupled a hydrogen plant and um + + align:start position:0% +reactor coupled a hydrogen plant and um + + + align:start position:0% +reactor coupled a hydrogen plant and um +biodel um biofuels plant um it's going + + align:start position:0% +biodel um biofuels plant um it's going + + + align:start position:0% +biodel um biofuels plant um it's going +to give us minimal carbon emissions um + + align:start position:0% +to give us minimal carbon emissions um + + + align:start position:0% +to give us minimal carbon emissions um +and it'll produce um a th000 megawatt + + align:start position:0% +and it'll produce um a th000 megawatt + + + align:start position:0% +and it'll produce um a th000 megawatt +electric of energy to the grid um which + + align:start position:0% +electric of energy to the grid um which + + + align:start position:0% +electric of energy to the grid um which +is um which is uh 10 times more than we + + align:start position:0% +is um which is uh 10 times more than we + + + align:start position:0% +is um which is uh 10 times more than we +were asked produ initially um and it'll + + align:start position:0% +were asked produ initially um and it'll + + + align:start position:0% +were asked produ initially um and it'll +also power our hydrogen and bof fuels + + align:start position:0% +also power our hydrogen and bof fuels + + + align:start position:0% +also power our hydrogen and bof fuels +facilities and um hopefully if um our + + align:start position:0% +facilities and um hopefully if um our + + + align:start position:0% +facilities and um hopefully if um our +press our calculations are correct we'll + + align:start position:0% +press our calculations are correct we'll + + + align:start position:0% +press our calculations are correct we'll +be able to provide enough um biodiesel + + align:start position:0% +be able to provide enough um biodiesel + + + align:start position:0% +be able to provide enough um biodiesel +in the end of the day to fuel 18,500 + + align:start position:0% +in the end of the day to fuel 18,500 + + + align:start position:0% +in the end of the day to fuel 18,500 +cars so um we were successful in + + align:start position:0% +cars so um we were successful in + + + align:start position:0% +cars so um we were successful in +accomplishing all of our goals for this + + align:start position:0% +accomplishing all of our goals for this + + + align:start position:0% +accomplishing all of our goals for this +um design project and we still although + + align:start position:0% +um design project and we still although + + + align:start position:0% +um design project and we still although +we still have a lot of future work to do + + align:start position:0% +we still have a lot of future work to do + + + align:start position:0% +we still have a lot of future work to do +because this was only a two month or + + align:start position:0% +because this was only a two month or + + + align:start position:0% +because this was only a two month or +three Monon um project um we're happy to + + align:start position:0% +three Monon um project um we're happy to + + + align:start position:0% +three Monon um project um we're happy to +say that we were able to accomplish all + + align:start position:0% +say that we were able to accomplish all + + + align:start position:0% +say that we were able to accomplish all +of our goals and we'll end with + + align:start position:0% +of our goals and we'll end with + + + align:start position:0% +of our goals and we'll end with +acknowledgements yeah um so we really + + align:start position:0% +acknowledgements yeah um so we really + + + align:start position:0% +acknowledgements yeah um so we really +want to give some shout outs uh to Dr + + align:start position:0% +want to give some shout outs uh to Dr + + + align:start position:0% +want to give some shout outs uh to Dr +Short and Tyrell first of fall for + + align:start position:0% +Short and Tyrell first of fall for + + + align:start position:0% +Short and Tyrell first of fall for +structuring the course in a great way + + align:start position:0% +structuring the course in a great way + + + align:start position:0% +structuring the course in a great way +and answering all of our designers pesy + + align:start position:0% +and answering all of our designers pesy + + + align:start position:0% +and answering all of our designers pesy +questions um the process heat group + + align:start position:0% +questions um the process heat group + + + align:start position:0% +questions um the process heat group +would like to thank kou and professor + + align:start position:0% +would like to thank kou and professor + + + align:start position:0% +would like to thank kou and professor +gole and actually Brian Herman as well + + align:start position:0% +gole and actually Brian Herman as well + + + align:start position:0% +gole and actually Brian Herman as well +for help um biofuels would like to uh + + align:start position:0% +for help um biofuels would like to uh + + + align:start position:0% +for help um biofuels would like to uh +thank professor forsberg and core would + + align:start position:0% +thank professor forsberg and core would + + + align:start position:0% +thank professor forsberg and core would +like to thank Professor joll and + + align:start position:0% +like to thank Professor joll and + + + align:start position:0% +like to thank Professor joll and +professor tdus so with that we want to + + align:start position:0% +professor tdus so with that we want to + + + align:start position:0% +professor tdus so with that we want to +thank you for your kind attention for + + align:start position:0% +thank you for your kind attention for + + + align:start position:0% +thank you for your kind attention for +the past hour and a half and um we would + + align:start position:0% +the past hour and a half and um we would + + + align:start position:0% +the past hour and a half and um we would +like to open the floor to any questions + + align:start position:0% +like to open the floor to any questions + + + align:start position:0% +like to open the floor to any questions +that any of you might + + align:start position:0% +that any of you might + + + align:start position:0% +that any of you might +have yes if I scale it correctly you + + align:start position:0% +have yes if I scale it correctly you + + + align:start position:0% +have yes if I scale it correctly you +need I don't know 10,000 of these plants + + align:start position:0% +need I don't know 10,000 of these plants + + + align:start position:0% +need I don't know 10,000 of these plants +to supply all us gasoline you have the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +number yeah it would be many thousands + + align:start position:0% +number yeah it would be many thousands + + + align:start position:0% +number yeah it would be many thousands +so we're hoping it's a big market for + + align:start position:0% +so we're hoping it's a big market for + + + align:start position:0% +so we're hoping it's a big market for +power you're saying + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and if they scale up the plant to + + align:start position:0% +okay and if they scale up the plant to + + + align:start position:0% +okay and if they scale up the plant to +produce more then we would need less + + align:start position:0% +produce more then we would need less + + + align:start position:0% +produce more then we would need less +facilities + + align:start position:0% +facilities + + + align:start position:0% +facilities +well to what extent do you consider + + align:start position:0% +well to what extent do you consider + + + align:start position:0% +well to what extent do you consider +economics and choosing optimizing your + + align:start position:0% +economics and choosing optimizing your + + + align:start position:0% +economics and choosing optimizing your +process + + align:start position:0% +process + + + align:start position:0% +process +design electricity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +prod um so I can answer that overall for + + align:start position:0% +prod um so I can answer that overall for + + + align:start position:0% +prod um so I can answer that overall for +the project um it was a factor in in + + align:start position:0% +the project um it was a factor in in + + + align:start position:0% +the project um it was a factor in in +definitely some process is just as far + + align:start position:0% +definitely some process is just as far + + + align:start position:0% +definitely some process is just as far +as feasibility is concerned but it + + align:start position:0% +as feasibility is concerned but it + + + align:start position:0% +as feasibility is concerned but it +wasn't the main factor it was so it was + + align:start position:0% +wasn't the main factor it was so it was + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't the main factor it was so it was +it was a design choice but it was + + align:start position:0% +it was a design choice but it was + + + align:start position:0% +it was a design choice but it was +probably the last design choice that was + + align:start position:0% +probably the last design choice that was + + + align:start position:0% +probably the last design choice that was +considered as we wanted to make an + + align:start position:0% +considered as we wanted to make an + + + align:start position:0% +considered as we wanted to make an +optimal plan instead of a cheap + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plan I I got a few questions on the + + align:start position:0% +plan I I got a few questions on the + + + align:start position:0% +plan I I got a few questions on the +reactor at the top level did you guys uh + + align:start position:0% +reactor at the top level did you guys uh + + + align:start position:0% +reactor at the top level did you guys uh +set the temperature requirements the + + align:start position:0% +set the temperature requirements the + + + align:start position:0% +set the temperature requirements the +outlet temperature requirements you + + align:start position:0% +outlet temperature requirements you + + + align:start position:0% +outlet temperature requirements you +needed for the processes first and then + + align:start position:0% +needed for the processes first and then + + + align:start position:0% +needed for the processes first and then +select the reactor type or did you go + + align:start position:0% +select the reactor type or did you go + + + align:start position:0% +select the reactor type or did you go +the inverse uh so basically what + + align:start position:0% +the inverse uh so basically what + + + align:start position:0% +the inverse uh so basically what +happened is early on in the process we + + align:start position:0% +happened is early on in the process we + + + align:start position:0% +happened is early on in the process we +had a temperature we were told that we + + align:start position:0% +had a temperature we were told that we + + + align:start position:0% +had a temperature we were told that we +kind of need a temperature requirement + + align:start position:0% +kind of need a temperature requirement + + + align:start position:0% +kind of need a temperature requirement +roughly about 650° C over 600 so we then + + align:start position:0% +roughly about 650° C over 600 so we then + + + align:start position:0% +roughly about 650° C over 600 so we then +chose our reactor given that temperature + + align:start position:0% +chose our reactor given that temperature + + + align:start position:0% +chose our reactor given that temperature +and then as More Design changes happened + + align:start position:0% +and then as More Design changes happened + + + align:start position:0% +and then as More Design changes happened +after we had already set our design the + + align:start position:0% +after we had already set our design the + + + align:start position:0% +after we had already set our design the +processing temperature requirement went + + align:start position:0% +processing temperature requirement went + + + align:start position:0% +processing temperature requirement went +up um so uh we actually think that given + + align:start position:0% +up um so uh we actually think that given + + + align:start position:0% +up um so uh we actually think that given +the right materials clad materials you + + align:start position:0% +the right materials clad materials you + + + align:start position:0% +the right materials clad materials you +can actually push a lead reactor to up + + align:start position:0% +can actually push a lead reactor to up + + + align:start position:0% +can actually push a lead reactor to up +to 800° C which is a lot closer to the + + align:start position:0% +to 800° C which is a lot closer to the + + + align:start position:0% +to 800° C which is a lot closer to the +process heat requirements that they need + + align:start position:0% +process heat requirements that they need + + + align:start position:0% +process heat requirements that they need +but that's more of a materials issue at + + align:start position:0% +but that's more of a materials issue at + + + align:start position:0% +but that's more of a materials issue at +this point then the difference between + + align:start position:0% +this point then the difference between + + + align:start position:0% +this point then the difference between +lead and Lead business choice is you + + align:start position:0% +lead and Lead business choice is you + + + align:start position:0% +lead and Lead business choice is you +were concerned a lot about not letting + + align:start position:0% +were concerned a lot about not letting + + + align:start position:0% +were concerned a lot about not letting +it freeze lead B did you Reject lead + + align:start position:0% +it freeze lead B did you Reject lead + + + align:start position:0% +it freeze lead B did you Reject lead +itself yeah so yeah so we had a um a + + align:start position:0% +itself yeah so yeah so we had a um a + + + align:start position:0% +itself yeah so yeah so we had a um a +choice between lead bismuth and Lead um + + align:start position:0% +choice between lead bismuth and Lead um + + + align:start position:0% +choice between lead bismuth and Lead um +we we liked uh lead had like slightly + + align:start position:0% +we we liked uh lead had like slightly + + + align:start position:0% +we we liked uh lead had like slightly +better like uh thermal properties it + + align:start position:0% +better like uh thermal properties it + + + align:start position:0% +better like uh thermal properties it +also had a lower melting temperature so + + align:start position:0% +also had a lower melting temperature so + + + align:start position:0% +also had a lower melting temperature so +like during like we didn't mention but + + align:start position:0% +like during like we didn't mention but + + + align:start position:0% +like during like we didn't mention but +during startup you like original startup + + align:start position:0% +during startup you like original startup + + + align:start position:0% +during startup you like original startup +you have to get all your lead melted and + + align:start position:0% +you have to get all your lead melted and + + + align:start position:0% +you have to get all your lead melted and +all that kind of stuff so like it did + + align:start position:0% +all that kind of stuff so like it did + + + align:start position:0% +all that kind of stuff so like it did +definitely help a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lot okay then finally what I didn't + + align:start position:0% +lot okay then finally what I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +lot okay then finally what I didn't +catch was the clad uh selection limit + + align:start position:0% +catch was the clad uh selection limit + + + align:start position:0% +catch was the clad uh selection limit +did you use the balancer short clad that + + align:start position:0% +did you use the balancer short clad that + + + align:start position:0% +did you use the balancer short clad that +they developed or did you go back uh to + + align:start position:0% +they developed or did you go back uh to + + + align:start position:0% +they developed or did you go back uh to +what we had originally because you + + align:start position:0% +what we had originally because you + + + align:start position:0% +what we had originally because you +mentioned this + + align:start position:0% +mentioned this + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned this +2.5 m/s limit which uh they have + + align:start position:0% +2.5 m/s limit which uh they have + + + align:start position:0% +2.5 m/s limit which uh they have +obviated and that really restricts Core + + align:start position:0% +obviated and that really restricts Core + + + align:start position:0% +obviated and that really restricts Core +Design so I I didn't know what clad you + + align:start position:0% +Design so I I didn't know what clad you + + + align:start position:0% +Design so I I didn't know what clad you +really selected and why right now clad + + align:start position:0% +really selected and why right now clad + + + align:start position:0% +really selected and why right now clad +we're using is the uh short Bounder t91 + + align:start position:0% +we're using is the uh short Bounder t91 + + + align:start position:0% +we're using is the uh short Bounder t91 +with a protective layer on the outside + + align:start position:0% +with a protective layer on the outside + + + align:start position:0% +with a protective layer on the outside +uh we we are definitely looking to + + align:start position:0% +uh we we are definitely looking to + + + align:start position:0% +uh we we are definitely looking to +switch that to something else because + + align:start position:0% +switch that to something else because + + + align:start position:0% +switch that to something else because +right now our core our core lifetime is + + align:start position:0% +right now our core our core lifetime is + + + align:start position:0% +right now our core our core lifetime is +or not I should say our fuel lifetime + + align:start position:0% +or not I should say our fuel lifetime + + + align:start position:0% +or not I should say our fuel lifetime +our reloading frequency is less than a + + align:start position:0% +our reloading frequency is less than a + + + align:start position:0% +our reloading frequency is less than a +light Water Reactor we got to take all + + align:start position:0% +light Water Reactor we got to take all + + + align:start position:0% +light Water Reactor we got to take all +our fuel out of there so we're looking + + align:start position:0% +our fuel out of there so we're looking + + + align:start position:0% +our fuel out of there so we're looking +for something that can last like you + + align:start position:0% +for something that can last like you + + + align:start position:0% +for something that can last like you +know 5 seven years something like that + + align:start position:0% +know 5 seven years something like that + + + align:start position:0% +know 5 seven years something like that +okay but if you did that then you don't + + align:start position:0% +okay but if you did that then you don't + + + align:start position:0% +okay but if you did that then you don't +have the 2 and2 meter per second + + align:start position:0% +have the 2 and2 meter per second + + + align:start position:0% +have the 2 and2 meter per second +limit on velocity that you said at the + + align:start position:0% +limit on velocity that you said at the + + + align:start position:0% +limit on velocity that you said at the +beginning uh well really kind of + + align:start position:0% +beginning uh well really kind of + + + align:start position:0% +beginning uh well really kind of +independent of whatever uh material you + + align:start position:0% +independent of whatever uh material you + + + align:start position:0% +independent of whatever uh material you +use Beyond 2 and 1 12 m/ second uh the + + align:start position:0% +use Beyond 2 and 1 12 m/ second uh the + + + align:start position:0% +use Beyond 2 and 1 12 m/ second uh the +what we had found was that like the lbe + + align:start position:0% +what we had found was that like the lbe + + + align:start position:0% +what we had found was that like the lbe +just starts like ripping apart just + + align:start position:0% +just starts like ripping apart just + + + align:start position:0% +just starts like ripping apart just +about anything it just like starts + + align:start position:0% +about anything it just like starts + + + align:start position:0% +about anything it just like starts +tearing away your any any of your other + + align:start position:0% +tearing away your any any of your other + + + align:start position:0% +tearing away your any any of your other +like your heat exchangers any of that + + align:start position:0% +like your heat exchangers any of that + + + align:start position:0% +like your heat exchangers any of that +kind of stuff it's just going to start + + align:start position:0% +kind of stuff it's just going to start + + + align:start position:0% +kind of stuff it's just going to start +degrading it really quickly so that was + + align:start position:0% +degrading it really quickly so that was + + + align:start position:0% +degrading it really quickly so that was +more of like an independent of clad we + + align:start position:0% +more of like an independent of clad we + + + align:start position:0% +more of like an independent of clad we +needed to set this like flow limit there + + align:start position:0% +needed to set this like flow limit there + + + align:start position:0% +needed to set this like flow limit there +okay independent yeah because if you + + align:start position:0% +okay independent yeah because if you + + + align:start position:0% +okay independent yeah because if you +talk with him you know not two and a + + align:start position:0% +talk with him you know not two and a + + + align:start position:0% +talk with him you know not two and a +half it's five or + + align:start position:0% +half it's five or + + + align:start position:0% +half it's five or +six + + align:start position:0% +six + + + align:start position:0% +six +right okay thank you very much + + align:start position:0% +right okay thank you very much + + + align:start position:0% +right okay thank you very much +and you guys are all very + + align:start position:0% +and you guys are all very + + + align:start position:0% +and you guys are all very +Artic very good thank + + align:start position:0% +Artic very good thank + + + align:start position:0% +Artic very good thank +you there other + + align:start position:0% +you there other + + + align:start position:0% +you there other +questions start all the way on the right + + align:start position:0% +questions start all the way on the right + + + align:start position:0% +questions start all the way on the right +so just ious so this Pro this reactor is + + align:start position:0% +so just ious so this Pro this reactor is + + + align:start position:0% +so just ious so this Pro this reactor is +promot green um how would y's family or + + align:start position:0% +promot green um how would y's family or + + + align:start position:0% +promot green um how would y's family or +friends think if they're living next to + + align:start position:0% +friends think if they're living next to + + + align:start position:0% +friends think if they're living next to +a lead cool nuclear Rea how's that sound + + align:start position:0% +a lead cool nuclear Rea how's that sound + + + align:start position:0% +a lead cool nuclear Rea how's that sound +uh I mean I would convince my family it + + align:start position:0% +uh I mean I would convince my family it + + + align:start position:0% +uh I mean I would convince my family it +was better I + + align:start position:0% +was better I + + + align:start position:0% +was better I +mean I mean I would say Hey listen you + + align:start position:0% +mean I mean I would say Hey listen you + + + align:start position:0% +mean I mean I would say Hey listen you +know how hard it is to boil + + align:start position:0% +know how hard it is to boil + + + align:start position:0% +know how hard it is to boil +lead I that was you know that's one of + + align:start position:0% +lead I that was you know that's one of + + + align:start position:0% +lead I that was you know that's one of +the major concerns in a light water + + align:start position:0% +the major concerns in a light water + + + align:start position:0% +the major concerns in a light water +reactors boiling all your coolant off + + align:start position:0% +reactors boiling all your coolant off + + + align:start position:0% +reactors boiling all your coolant off +and exposing your fuel I'm like you're + + align:start position:0% +and exposing your fuel I'm like you're + + + align:start position:0% +and exposing your fuel I'm like you're +going to have a really difficult time + + align:start position:0% +going to have a really difficult time + + + align:start position:0% +going to have a really difficult time +doing do that in our court also the um + + align:start position:0% +doing do that in our court also the um + + + align:start position:0% +doing do that in our court also the um +the other reason we chose to site in + + align:start position:0% +the other reason we chose to site in + + + align:start position:0% +the other reason we chose to site in +Texas was because they are more Pro + + align:start position:0% +Texas was because they are more Pro + + + align:start position:0% +Texas was because they are more Pro +nuclear they just you know bought a + + align:start position:0% +nuclear they just you know bought a + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear they just you know bought a +whole bunch of plants and they're trying + + align:start position:0% +whole bunch of plants and they're trying + + + align:start position:0% +whole bunch of plants and they're trying +to develop that so that that was a you + + align:start position:0% +to develop that so that that was a you + + + align:start position:0% +to develop that so that that was a you +know in addition to the switch grass the + + align:start position:0% +know in addition to the switch grass the + + + align:start position:0% +know in addition to the switch grass the +temperature the body of water that was a + + align:start position:0% +temperature the body of water that was a + + + align:start position:0% +temperature the body of water that was a +thought that went into + + align:start position:0% +thought that went into + + + align:start position:0% +thought that went into +sighting + + align:start position:0% +sighting + + + align:start position:0% +sighting +question I think you guys did a really + + align:start position:0% +question I think you guys did a really + + + align:start position:0% +question I think you guys did a really +great job teaching me something about GS + + align:start position:0% +great job teaching me something about GS + + + align:start position:0% +great job teaching me something about GS +in general which is really helpful um + + align:start position:0% +in general which is really helpful um + + + align:start position:0% +in general which is really helpful um +regarding the though um my understanding + + align:start position:0% +regarding the though um my understanding + + + align:start position:0% +regarding the though um my understanding +was that you chose lithium carbide + + align:start position:0% +was that you chose lithium carbide + + + align:start position:0% +was that you chose lithium carbide +because um it was sort of like you able + + align:start position:0% +because um it was sort of like you able + + + align:start position:0% +because um it was sort of like you able +to optimize the amount of energy that + + align:start position:0% +to optimize the amount of energy that + + + align:start position:0% +to optimize the amount of energy that +you extract by um having it having the + + align:start position:0% +you extract by um having it having the + + + align:start position:0% +you extract by um having it having the +uh temperature at which phase change + + align:start position:0% +uh temperature at which phase change + + + align:start position:0% +uh temperature at which phase change +occurs you're roughly the same as the + + align:start position:0% +occurs you're roughly the same as the + + + align:start position:0% +occurs you're roughly the same as the +temperature inside your reactor right um + + align:start position:0% +temperature inside your reactor right um + + + align:start position:0% +temperature inside your reactor right um +so are you able to also control the the + + align:start position:0% +so are you able to also control the the + + + align:start position:0% +so are you able to also control the the +pressure and um the other factors that + + align:start position:0% +pressure and um the other factors that + + + align:start position:0% +pressure and um the other factors that +might uh you know uate the the + + align:start position:0% +might uh you know uate the the + + + align:start position:0% +might uh you know uate the the +temperature transition the pH change the + + align:start position:0% +temperature transition the pH change the + + + align:start position:0% +temperature transition the pH change the +pressure of the lithium chloride yeah + + align:start position:0% +pressure of the lithium chloride yeah + + + align:start position:0% +pressure of the lithium chloride yeah +like um like if you're trying to + + align:start position:0% +like um like if you're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +like um like if you're trying to +optimize how much energy you get out um + + align:start position:0% +optimize how much energy you get out um + + + align:start position:0% +optimize how much energy you get out um +were you looking at those other factors + + align:start position:0% +were you looking at those other factors + + + align:start position:0% +were you looking at those other factors +in in the the phase change so when we're + + align:start position:0% +in in the the phase change so when we're + + + align:start position:0% +in in the the phase change so when we're +looking at the phase change uh we just + + align:start position:0% +looking at the phase change uh we just + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the phase change uh we just +took the temperature into account um but + + align:start position:0% +took the temperature into account um but + + + align:start position:0% +took the temperature into account um but +in terms of tweaking that actual melting + + align:start position:0% +in terms of tweaking that actual melting + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of tweaking that actual melting +point temperature uh in terms of + + align:start position:0% +point temperature uh in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +point temperature uh in terms of +calculating like the physical properties + + align:start position:0% +calculating like the physical properties + + + align:start position:0% +calculating like the physical properties +and doing the thermal analysis of this I + + align:start position:0% +and doing the thermal analysis of this I + + + align:start position:0% +and doing the thermal analysis of this I +just kind of Ed lithium FL just the the + + align:start position:0% +just kind of Ed lithium FL just the the + + + align:start position:0% +just kind of Ed lithium FL just the the +general properties um but future work + + align:start position:0% +general properties um but future work + + + align:start position:0% +general properties um but future work +would probably include probably making + + align:start position:0% +would probably include probably making + + + align:start position:0% +would probably include probably making +uh tic or at least uh adding a little + + align:start position:0% +uh tic or at least uh adding a little + + + align:start position:0% +uh tic or at least uh adding a little +bit of the salt to sort + + align:start position:0% +bit of the salt to sort + + + align:start position:0% +bit of the salt to sort +of I guess tweak that temperature to + + align:start position:0% +of I guess tweak that temperature to + + + align:start position:0% +of I guess tweak that temperature to +exactly where we need it to be um 605 is + + align:start position:0% +exactly where we need it to be um 605 is + + + align:start position:0% +exactly where we need it to be um 605 is +just kind of used as the general number + + align:start position:0% +just kind of used as the general number + + + align:start position:0% +just kind of used as the general number +but the margin off our melting our + + align:start position:0% +but the margin off our melting our + + + align:start position:0% +but the margin off our melting our +operating temperature is pretty + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +small if you look at Capital costs + + align:start position:0% +small if you look at Capital costs + + + align:start position:0% +small if you look at Capital costs +obviously you don't have a good estimate + + align:start position:0% +obviously you don't have a good estimate + + + align:start position:0% +obviously you don't have a good estimate +for your reactor design but for the + + align:start position:0% +for your reactor design but for the + + + align:start position:0% +for your reactor design but for the +other components of your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plant for for uh which group do you like + + align:start position:0% +plant for for uh which group do you like + + + align:start position:0% +plant for for uh which group do you like +uh for Core group for all of them or uh + + align:start position:0% +uh for Core group for all of them or uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh for Core group for all of them or uh +for Core group like uh I can say that um + + align:start position:0% +for Core group like uh I can say that um + + + align:start position:0% +for Core group like uh I can say that um +we did look at like Capital cost of some + + align:start position:0% +we did look at like Capital cost of some + + + align:start position:0% +we did look at like Capital cost of some +of our components um and we think our + + align:start position:0% +of our components um and we think our + + + align:start position:0% +of our components um and we think our +like for instance our secondary cycle uh + + align:start position:0% +like for instance our secondary cycle uh + + + align:start position:0% +like for instance our secondary cycle uh +we think is going to be as I showed you + + align:start position:0% +we think is going to be as I showed you + + + align:start position:0% +we think is going to be as I showed you +those turbines are like a lot smaller so + + align:start position:0% +those turbines are like a lot smaller so + + + align:start position:0% +those turbines are like a lot smaller so +there's there is a lot of benefit there + + align:start position:0% +there's there is a lot of benefit there + + + align:start position:0% +there's there is a lot of benefit there +we think our our secondary cycle is + + align:start position:0% +we think our our secondary cycle is + + + align:start position:0% +we think our our secondary cycle is +cheaper also we get that much higher + + align:start position:0% +cheaper also we get that much higher + + + align:start position:0% +cheaper also we get that much higher +efficiency out so like given a light + + align:start position:0% +efficiency out so like given a light + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency out so like given a light +waterer reactor that you know produces + + align:start position:0% +waterer reactor that you know produces + + + align:start position:0% +waterer reactor that you know produces +you know say 12200 megawatt electric and + + align:start position:0% +you know say 12200 megawatt electric and + + + align:start position:0% +you know say 12200 megawatt electric and +they're producing about 3600 megawatt + + align:start position:0% +they're producing about 3600 megawatt + + + align:start position:0% +they're producing about 3600 megawatt +thermal because of their efficiency + + align:start position:0% +thermal because of their efficiency + + + align:start position:0% +thermal because of their efficiency +we're actually producing more + + align:start position:0% +we're actually producing more + + + align:start position:0% +we're actually producing more +electricity given the fact that because + + align:start position:0% +electricity given the fact that because + + + align:start position:0% +electricity given the fact that because +of our higher secondary uh because we're + + align:start position:0% +of our higher secondary uh because we're + + + align:start position:0% +of our higher secondary uh because we're +using a braen cycle at a higher + + align:start position:0% +using a braen cycle at a higher + + + align:start position:0% +using a braen cycle at a higher +operating temperature um although I just + + align:start position:0% +operating temperature um although I just + + + align:start position:0% +operating temperature um although I just +you know very grandiose view I think our + + align:start position:0% +you know very grandiose view I think our + + + align:start position:0% +you know very grandiose view I think our +reactor we're going to have expenses + + align:start position:0% +reactor we're going to have expenses + + + align:start position:0% +reactor we're going to have expenses +because the lead business tic is + + align:start position:0% +because the lead business tic is + + + align:start position:0% +because the lead business tic is +expensive and right now the uranium mon + + align:start position:0% +expensive and right now the uranium mon + + + align:start position:0% +expensive and right now the uranium mon +nitrit is expensive but in general our + + align:start position:0% +nitrit is expensive but in general our + + + align:start position:0% +nitrit is expensive but in general our +reactor is smaller because of the very + + align:start position:0% +reactor is smaller because of the very + + + align:start position:0% +reactor is smaller because of the very +high power density we have so there's + + align:start position:0% +high power density we have so there's + + + align:start position:0% +high power density we have so there's +you know it's hard to say put a number + + align:start position:0% +you know it's hard to say put a number + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's hard to say put a number +on it but we did look at it kind of in a + + align:start position:0% +on it but we did look at it kind of in a + + + align:start position:0% +on it but we did look at it kind of in a +grandio view okay so loosely speaking + + align:start position:0% +grandio view okay so loosely speaking + + + align:start position:0% +grandio view okay so loosely speaking +for the reactor you're saying maybe less + + align:start position:0% +for the reactor you're saying maybe less + + + align:start position:0% +for the reactor you're saying maybe less +per thermal megawatt than light Water + + align:start position:0% +per thermal megawatt than light Water + + + align:start position:0% +per thermal megawatt than light Water +Reactor but not really sure what about + + align:start position:0% +Reactor but not really sure what about + + + align:start position:0% +Reactor but not really sure what about +the other parts cuz your proposal really + + align:start position:0% +the other parts cuz your proposal really + + + align:start position:0% +the other parts cuz your proposal really +is an overall plant M many different + + align:start position:0% +is an overall plant M many different + + + align:start position:0% +is an overall plant M many different +components the reactor is just one so + + align:start position:0% +components the reactor is just one so + + + align:start position:0% +components the reactor is just one so +did you estimate the capital cost for + + align:start position:0% +did you estimate the capital cost for + + + align:start position:0% +did you estimate the capital cost for +the other parts point we did estimate + + align:start position:0% +the other parts point we did estimate + + + align:start position:0% +the other parts point we did estimate +the capital cost for the heat exchangers + + align:start position:0% +the capital cost for the heat exchangers + + + align:start position:0% +the capital cost for the heat exchangers +we contacted a company that manufactures + + align:start position:0% +we contacted a company that manufactures + + + align:start position:0% +we contacted a company that manufactures +allo 6 17 but he back from them in time + + align:start position:0% +allo 6 17 but he back from them in time + + + align:start position:0% +allo 6 17 but he back from them in time +so we use the heatrix estimate for the + + align:start position:0% +so we use the heatrix estimate for the + + + align:start position:0% +so we use the heatrix estimate for the +steel uh the dollar per kilogram cost + + align:start position:0% +steel uh the dollar per kilogram cost + + + align:start position:0% +steel uh the dollar per kilogram cost +that they've quoted to estimate the cost + + align:start position:0% +that they've quoted to estimate the cost + + + align:start position:0% +that they've quoted to estimate the cost +of the heat exchangers the printed + + align:start position:0% +of the heat exchangers the printed + + + align:start position:0% +of the heat exchangers the printed +circuit heat exchangers which are fairly + + align:start position:0% +circuit heat exchangers which are fairly + + + align:start position:0% +circuit heat exchangers which are fairly +expensive that of the audit of millions + + align:start position:0% +expensive that of the audit of millions + + + align:start position:0% +expensive that of the audit of millions +of dollars per heat exchanger I don't + + align:start position:0% +of dollars per heat exchanger I don't + + + align:start position:0% +of dollars per heat exchanger I don't +remember the number of the top of my + + align:start position:0% +remember the number of the top of my + + + align:start position:0% +remember the number of the top of my +head but I can get back to you on that + + align:start position:0% +head but I can get back to you on that + + + align:start position:0% +head but I can get back to you on that +so about the Fisher trops + + align:start position:0% +so about the Fisher trops + + + align:start position:0% +so about the Fisher trops +reactor um we didn't look at specific + + align:start position:0% +reactor um we didn't look at specific + + + align:start position:0% +reactor um we didn't look at specific +Capital cost because there were so many + + align:start position:0% +Capital cost because there were so many + + + align:start position:0% +Capital cost because there were so many +individual components that were sort of + + align:start position:0% +individual components that were sort of + + + align:start position:0% +individual components that were sort of +pulling from different current reports + + align:start position:0% +pulling from different current reports + + + align:start position:0% +pulling from different current reports +and putting together but I do know that + + align:start position:0% +and putting together but I do know that + + + align:start position:0% +and putting together but I do know that +when we were choosing our design process + + align:start position:0% +when we were choosing our design process + + + align:start position:0% +when we were choosing our design process +in the beginning we had a number of + + align:start position:0% +in the beginning we had a number of + + + align:start position:0% +in the beginning we had a number of +other processes besides Fisher tropes + + align:start position:0% +other processes besides Fisher tropes + + + align:start position:0% +other processes besides Fisher tropes +such as with algae or with electrolysis + + align:start position:0% +such as with algae or with electrolysis + + + align:start position:0% +such as with algae or with electrolysis +kind of electrolytic cells kind of + + align:start position:0% +kind of electrolytic cells kind of + + + align:start position:0% +kind of electrolytic cells kind of +things that we were looking at and of + + align:start position:0% +things that we were looking at and of + + + align:start position:0% +things that we were looking at and of +those different kind of facilities the + + align:start position:0% +those different kind of facilities the + + + align:start position:0% +those different kind of facilities the +Fisher trops seem to be the most uh + + align:start position:0% +Fisher trops seem to be the most uh + + + align:start position:0% +Fisher trops seem to be the most uh +economic just because it's very + + align:start position:0% +economic just because it's very + + + align:start position:0% +economic just because it's very +straightforward like + + align:start position:0% +straightforward like + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward like +th it's the one commercial part of + + align:start position:0% +th it's the one commercial part of + + + align:start position:0% +th it's the one commercial part of +process you can buy a commercial you can + + align:start position:0% +process you can buy a commercial you can + + + align:start position:0% +process you can buy a commercial you can +buy a f drop land just send a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +check quite + + align:start position:0% +check quite + + + align:start position:0% +check quite +literally and the hydrogen group our Des + + align:start position:0% +literally and the hydrogen group our Des + + + align:start position:0% +literally and the hydrogen group our Des +estimates right now is somewhere between + + align:start position:0% +estimates right now is somewhere between + + + align:start position:0% +estimates right now is somewhere between +500 million and a billion dollar + + align:start position:0% +500 million and a billion dollar + + + align:start position:0% +500 million and a billion dollar +for yeah overall it's going to be this + + align:start position:0% +for yeah overall it's going to be this + + + align:start position:0% +for yeah overall it's going to be this +design is probably more expensive than + + align:start position:0% +design is probably more expensive than + + + align:start position:0% +design is probably more expensive than +it would end up being given future work + + align:start position:0% +it would end up being given future work + + + align:start position:0% +it would end up being given future work +just because as I said earlier cost was + + align:start position:0% +just because as I said earlier cost was + + + align:start position:0% +just because as I said earlier cost was +very low on our design specification um + + align:start position:0% +very low on our design specification um + + + align:start position:0% +very low on our design specification um +because this is an ideal facility um so + + align:start position:0% +because this is an ideal facility um so + + + align:start position:0% +because this is an ideal facility um so +in future work things will be optimized + + align:start position:0% +in future work things will be optimized + + + align:start position:0% +in future work things will be optimized +to decrease + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cost any other questions + + align:start position:0% +cost any other questions + + + align:start position:0% +cost any other questions +you're going to store the CO2 in the + + align:start position:0% +you're going to store the CO2 in the + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to store the CO2 in the +ocean I don't know how good of an idea + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that it's Texas though + + align:start position:0% +that it's Texas though + + + align:start position:0% +that it's Texas though +so it was an idea we're throwing out + + align:start position:0% +so it was an idea we're throwing out + + + align:start position:0% +so it was an idea we're throwing out +there because we had explained what + + align:start position:0% +there because we had explained what + + + align:start position:0% +there because we had explained what +we're going to do with the CO2 right now + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do with the CO2 right now + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do with the CO2 right now +um and we haven't really looked into how + + align:start position:0% +um and we haven't really looked into how + + + align:start position:0% +um and we haven't really looked into how +to recycle it into our process yet so we + + align:start position:0% +to recycle it into our process yet so we + + + align:start position:0% +to recycle it into our process yet so we +couldn't include it in the recycling but + + align:start position:0% +couldn't include it in the recycling but + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't include it in the recycling but +I think we are definitely IDE is to + + align:start position:0% +I think we are definitely IDE is to + + + align:start position:0% +I think we are definitely IDE is to +reuse it because there's still carbon in + + align:start position:0% +reuse it because there's still carbon in + + + align:start position:0% +reuse it because there's still carbon in +there that can + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be okay well that's it thank you so much + + align:start position:0% +be okay well that's it thank you so much + + + align:start position:0% +be okay well that's it thank you so much +for coming thank you all for coming \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/JbafQJx1CIA.txt b/JbafQJx1CIA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5821115ad6a0c17255525187a8485c6a602ec60b --- /dev/null +++ b/JbafQJx1CIA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12322 @@ +align:start position:0% + +today we're going to + + align:start position:0% +today we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +today we're going to +in one lecture cover an entire field + + align:start position:0% +in one lecture cover an entire field + + + align:start position:0% +in one lecture cover an entire field +which is computational complexity + + align:start position:0% +which is computational complexity + + + align:start position:0% +which is computational complexity +um it's sort of uh + + align:start position:0% +um it's sort of uh + + + align:start position:0% +um it's sort of uh +it meets algorithms in an interesting + + align:start position:0% +it meets algorithms in an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +it meets algorithms in an interesting +way which is algorithms is mostly about + + align:start position:0% +way which is algorithms is mostly about + + + align:start position:0% +way which is algorithms is mostly about +showing how to solve problems well and + + align:start position:0% +showing how to solve problems well and + + + align:start position:0% +showing how to solve problems well and +showing that you can solve a problem + + align:start position:0% +showing that you can solve a problem + + + align:start position:0% +showing that you can solve a problem +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +and computational complexity is more + + align:start position:0% +and computational complexity is more + + + align:start position:0% +and computational complexity is more +about the lower bound side proving that + + align:start position:0% +about the lower bound side proving that + + + align:start position:0% +about the lower bound side proving that +you can't prove + + align:start position:0% +you can't prove + + + align:start position:0% +you can't prove +you can't solve a problem very well you + + align:start position:0% +you can't solve a problem very well you + + + align:start position:0% +you can't solve a problem very well you +can't find a good algorithm to solve it + + align:start position:0% +can't find a good algorithm to solve it + + + align:start position:0% +can't find a good algorithm to solve it +we've seen a little bit about lower + + align:start position:0% +we've seen a little bit about lower + + + align:start position:0% +we've seen a little bit about lower +bounds several lectures ago + + align:start position:0% +bounds several lectures ago + + + align:start position:0% +bounds several lectures ago +proving search and sorting lower bounds + + align:start position:0% +proving search and sorting lower bounds + + + align:start position:0% +proving search and sorting lower bounds +in the in + + align:start position:0% +in the in + + + align:start position:0% +in the in +bounded branching decision tree model + + align:start position:0% +bounded branching decision tree model + + + align:start position:0% +bounded branching decision tree model +but these are much stronger notions of + + align:start position:0% +but these are much stronger notions of + + + align:start position:0% +but these are much stronger notions of +badness + + align:start position:0% +badness + + + align:start position:0% +badness +this is not about n versus n log n or + + align:start position:0% +this is not about n versus n log n or + + + align:start position:0% +this is not about n versus n log n or +constant versus log n this is about + + align:start position:0% +constant versus log n this is about + + + align:start position:0% +constant versus log n this is about +polynomial + + align:start position:0% +polynomial + + + align:start position:0% +polynomial +versus exponential which has been the + + align:start position:0% +versus exponential which has been the + + + align:start position:0% +versus exponential which has been the +sort of bread and butter model of in + + align:start position:0% +sort of bread and butter model of in + + + align:start position:0% +sort of bread and butter model of in +this class polynomial is a good running + + align:start position:0% +this class polynomial is a good running + + + align:start position:0% +this class polynomial is a good running +time and we're always striving for that + + align:start position:0% +time and we're always striving for that + + + align:start position:0% +time and we're always striving for that +exponential is usually pretty trivial to + + align:start position:0% +exponential is usually pretty trivial to + + + align:start position:0% +exponential is usually pretty trivial to +get + + align:start position:0% +get + + + align:start position:0% +get +and so we're going to talk about some + + align:start position:0% +and so we're going to talk about some + + + align:start position:0% +and so we're going to talk about some +different they're called complexity + + align:start position:0% +different they're called complexity + + + align:start position:0% +different they're called complexity +classes + + align:start position:0% +classes + + + align:start position:0% +classes +that talk about this issue and different + + align:start position:0% +that talk about this issue and different + + + align:start position:0% +that talk about this issue and different +ways to prove hardness + + align:start position:0% +ways to prove hardness + + + align:start position:0% +ways to prove hardness +this is a pretty high level lecture so + + align:start position:0% +this is a pretty high level lecture so + + + align:start position:0% +this is a pretty high level lecture so +you're not going to be expected to be + + align:start position:0% +you're not going to be expected to be + + + align:start position:0% +you're not going to be expected to be +able to prove hardness but you'll get a + + align:start position:0% +able to prove hardness but you'll get a + + + align:start position:0% +able to prove hardness but you'll get a +flavor of what it's like + + align:start position:0% +flavor of what it's like + + + align:start position:0% +flavor of what it's like +and this will segue nicely into other + + align:start position:0% +and this will segue nicely into other + + + align:start position:0% +and this will segue nicely into other +follow-on classes which is + + align:start position:0% +follow-on classes which is + + + align:start position:0% +follow-on classes which is +we're at pretty much the end of 006 so + + align:start position:0% +we're at pretty much the end of 006 so + + + align:start position:0% +we're at pretty much the end of 006 so +natural to + + align:start position:0% +natural to + + + align:start position:0% +natural to +talk about what other things you might + + align:start position:0% +talk about what other things you might + + + align:start position:0% +talk about what other things you might +study + + align:start position:0% +study + + + align:start position:0% +study +one result we'll prove today is that + + align:start position:0% +one result we'll prove today is that + + + align:start position:0% +one result we'll prove today is that +most problems + + align:start position:0% +most problems + + + align:start position:0% +most problems +are actually have no algorithm which is + + align:start position:0% +are actually have no algorithm which is + + + align:start position:0% +are actually have no algorithm which is +kind of shocking + + align:start position:0% +kind of shocking + + + align:start position:0% +kind of shocking +and lots of other fun things so let's + + align:start position:0% +and lots of other fun things so let's + + + align:start position:0% +and lots of other fun things so let's +get started with + + align:start position:0% +get started with + + + align:start position:0% +get started with +the notion of p this is a set of all + + align:start position:0% +the notion of p this is a set of all + + + align:start position:0% +the notion of p this is a set of all +problems solvable in polynomial time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we talked about what polynomial time + + align:start position:0% +we talked about what polynomial time + + + align:start position:0% +we talked about what polynomial time +means a bunch last lecture + + align:start position:0% +means a bunch last lecture + + + align:start position:0% +means a bunch last lecture +so just recall that polynomial time + + align:start position:0% +so just recall that polynomial time + + + align:start position:0% +so just recall that polynomial time +means polynomial + + align:start position:0% +means polynomial + + + align:start position:0% +means polynomial +in the problem size which i'll denote as + + align:start position:0% +in the problem size which i'll denote as + + + align:start position:0% +in the problem size which i'll denote as +end + + align:start position:0% +end + + + align:start position:0% +end +here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the number of words in your input + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so these are the problems that are + + align:start position:0% +okay so these are the problems that are + + + align:start position:0% +okay so these are the problems that are +efficiently solvable + + align:start position:0% +efficiently solvable + + + align:start position:0% +efficiently solvable +p is set of all of them and for contrast + + align:start position:0% +p is set of all of them and for contrast + + + align:start position:0% +p is set of all of them and for contrast +x is the set of all problems solvable in + + align:start position:0% +x is the set of all problems solvable in + + + align:start position:0% +x is the set of all problems solvable in +exponential time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so problems solvable + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in exponential time + + align:start position:0% +in exponential time + + + align:start position:0% +in exponential time +exponential here means something like 2 + + align:start position:0% +exponential here means something like 2 + + + align:start position:0% +exponential here means something like 2 +to the n to the constant + + align:start position:0% +to the n to the constant + + + align:start position:0% +to the n to the constant +this is one reasonable definition of + + align:start position:0% +this is one reasonable definition of + + + align:start position:0% +this is one reasonable definition of +exponential so just the exponentiation + + align:start position:0% +exponential so just the exponentiation + + + align:start position:0% +exponential so just the exponentiation +of this + + align:start position:0% +of this + + + align:start position:0% +of this +of polynomial so as you might + + align:start position:0% +of polynomial so as you might + + + align:start position:0% +of polynomial so as you might +expect most problem every problem that + + align:start position:0% +expect most problem every problem that + + + align:start position:0% +expect most problem every problem that +we've talked about in this class + + align:start position:0% +we've talked about in this class + + + align:start position:0% +we've talked about in this class +so far can be solved in exponential time + + align:start position:0% +so far can be solved in exponential time + + + align:start position:0% +so far can be solved in exponential time +rather easily + + align:start position:0% +rather easily + + + align:start position:0% +rather easily +and algorithms in some sense is about + + align:start position:0% +and algorithms in some sense is about + + + align:start position:0% +and algorithms in some sense is about +distinguishing these two which problems + + align:start position:0% +distinguishing these two which problems + + + align:start position:0% +distinguishing these two which problems +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +in p versus are in say x minus p + + align:start position:0% +in p versus are in say x minus p + + + align:start position:0% +in p versus are in say x minus p +so to formalize this a little bit i'm + + align:start position:0% +so to formalize this a little bit i'm + + + align:start position:0% +so to formalize this a little bit i'm +going to draw a picture + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which is a bit of a simplification of + + align:start position:0% +which is a bit of a simplification of + + + align:start position:0% +which is a bit of a simplification of +reality but + + align:start position:0% +reality but + + + align:start position:0% +reality but +for the purposes of this class will + + align:start position:0% +for the purposes of this class will + + + align:start position:0% +for the purposes of this class will +suffice and i think is a really helpful + + align:start position:0% +suffice and i think is a really helpful + + + align:start position:0% +suffice and i think is a really helpful +way to think about + + align:start position:0% +way to think about + + + align:start position:0% +way to think about +things which is to have a big axis for + + align:start position:0% +things which is to have a big axis for + + + align:start position:0% +things which is to have a big axis for +a single axis for how hard is your + + align:start position:0% +a single axis for how hard is your + + + align:start position:0% +a single axis for how hard is your +problem what is the difficulty of + + align:start position:0% +problem what is the difficulty of + + + align:start position:0% +problem what is the difficulty of +solving your problem + + align:start position:0% +solving your problem + + + align:start position:0% +solving your problem +and i want to be sure to leave so the + + align:start position:0% +and i want to be sure to leave so the + + + align:start position:0% +and i want to be sure to leave so the +easiest problems are over here + + align:start position:0% +easiest problems are over here + + + align:start position:0% +easiest problems are over here +and each problem is a dot on this axis + + align:start position:0% +and each problem is a dot on this axis + + + align:start position:0% +and each problem is a dot on this axis +hardest problems are way down + + align:start position:0% +hardest problems are way down + + + align:start position:0% +hardest problems are way down +the line and i want to make sure to + + align:start position:0% +the line and i want to make sure to + + + align:start position:0% +the line and i want to make sure to +leave enough space for all the things i + + align:start position:0% +leave enough space for all the things i + + + align:start position:0% +leave enough space for all the things i +care about + + align:start position:0% +care about + + + align:start position:0% +care about +so p i'm just going to call this segment + + align:start position:0% +so p i'm just going to call this segment + + + align:start position:0% +so p i'm just going to call this segment +up front and then i'm going to have + + align:start position:0% +up front and then i'm going to have + + + align:start position:0% +up front and then i'm going to have +a bigger thing for + + align:start position:0% +a bigger thing for + + + align:start position:0% +a bigger thing for +exponential time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is just to say that p is nested + + align:start position:0% +so this is just to say that p is nested + + + align:start position:0% +so this is just to say that p is nested +inside + + align:start position:0% +inside + + + align:start position:0% +inside +x every problem that can be solved in + + align:start position:0% +x every problem that can be solved in + + + align:start position:0% +x every problem that can be solved in +polynomial time can also be solved in + + align:start position:0% +polynomial time can also be solved in + + + align:start position:0% +polynomial time can also be solved in +exponential time because polynomial is + + align:start position:0% +exponential time because polynomial is + + + align:start position:0% +exponential time because polynomial is +less than or equal to exponential + + align:start position:0% +less than or equal to exponential + + + align:start position:0% +less than or equal to exponential +these are just upper bounds x + + align:start position:0% +these are just upper bounds x + + + align:start position:0% +these are just upper bounds x +being an x means you're somewhere from + + align:start position:0% +being an x means you're somewhere from + + + align:start position:0% +being an x means you're somewhere from +this line to the left being in p + + align:start position:0% +this line to the left being in p + + + align:start position:0% +this line to the left being in p +means you're somewhere from this line to + + align:start position:0% +means you're somewhere from this line to + + + align:start position:0% +means you're somewhere from this line to +the left in terms of difficulty + + align:start position:0% +the left in terms of difficulty + + + align:start position:0% +the left in terms of difficulty +but formally we would write p is + + align:start position:0% +but formally we would write p is + + + align:start position:0% +but formally we would write p is +contained in + + align:start position:0% +contained in + + + align:start position:0% +contained in +x as sets in fact they're + + align:start position:0% +x as sets in fact they're + + + align:start position:0% +x as sets in fact they're +also known to be different from each + + align:start position:0% +also known to be different from each + + + align:start position:0% +also known to be different from each +other + + align:start position:0% +other + + + align:start position:0% +other +they're problems that can be solved in + + align:start position:0% +they're problems that can be solved in + + + align:start position:0% +they're problems that can be solved in +exponential time that cannot be solved + + align:start position:0% +exponential time that cannot be solved + + + align:start position:0% +exponential time that cannot be solved +in polynomial time + + align:start position:0% +in polynomial time + + + align:start position:0% +in polynomial time +for example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +put that here sure + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for example n by n chess + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is in exponential time + + align:start position:0% +is in exponential time + + + align:start position:0% +is in exponential time +but not polynomial time so what is the n + + align:start position:0% +but not polynomial time so what is the n + + + align:start position:0% +but not polynomial time so what is the n +by n chess problem + + align:start position:0% +by n chess problem + + + align:start position:0% +by n chess problem +this is i give you an end by end chess + + align:start position:0% +this is i give you an end by end chess + + + align:start position:0% +this is i give you an end by end chess +board and i + + align:start position:0% +board and i + + + align:start position:0% +board and i +describe to you uh a position here's + + align:start position:0% +describe to you uh a position here's + + + align:start position:0% +describe to you uh a position here's +where all the white pieces are here's + + align:start position:0% +where all the white pieces are here's + + + align:start position:0% +where all the white pieces are here's +where all the black pieces are + + align:start position:0% +where all the black pieces are + + + align:start position:0% +where all the black pieces are +you can have an arbitrary number of + + align:start position:0% +you can have an arbitrary number of + + + align:start position:0% +you can have an arbitrary number of +queens and bishops and pawns of each + + align:start position:0% +queens and bishops and pawns of each + + + align:start position:0% +queens and bishops and pawns of each +color + + align:start position:0% +color + + + align:start position:0% +color +of course up to n squared of them they + + align:start position:0% +of course up to n squared of them they + + + align:start position:0% +of course up to n squared of them they +don't overlap each other + + align:start position:0% +don't overlap each other + + + align:start position:0% +don't overlap each other +and i want to know uh does white win + + align:start position:0% +and i want to know uh does white win + + + align:start position:0% +and i want to know uh does white win +from this position let's say it's white + + align:start position:0% +from this position let's say it's white + + + align:start position:0% +from this position let's say it's white +to move can white win + + align:start position:0% +to move can white win + + + align:start position:0% +to move can white win +and that problem can be solved in + + align:start position:0% +and that problem can be solved in + + + align:start position:0% +and that problem can be solved in +exponential time by exploring the entire + + align:start position:0% +exponential time by exploring the entire + + + align:start position:0% +exponential time by exploring the entire +tree + + align:start position:0% +tree + + + align:start position:0% +tree +of all possible games but it cannot you + + align:start position:0% +of all possible games but it cannot you + + + align:start position:0% +of all possible games but it cannot you +can prove that it cannot be solved in + + align:start position:0% +can prove that it cannot be solved in + + + align:start position:0% +can prove that it cannot be solved in +polynomial time + + align:start position:0% +polynomial time + + + align:start position:0% +polynomial time +so that's a nice example a more positive + + align:start position:0% +so that's a nice example a more positive + + + align:start position:0% +so that's a nice example a more positive +example + + align:start position:0% +example + + + align:start position:0% +example +so to speak is negative weight cycle + + align:start position:0% +so to speak is negative weight cycle + + + align:start position:0% +so to speak is negative weight cycle +detection + + align:start position:0% +detection + + + align:start position:0% +detection +it's literally negative but it's morally + + align:start position:0% +it's literally negative but it's morally + + + align:start position:0% +it's literally negative but it's morally +positive + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +negative weight cycle detection is the + + align:start position:0% +negative weight cycle detection is the + + + align:start position:0% +negative weight cycle detection is the +following problem i give you a graph a + + align:start position:0% +following problem i give you a graph a + + + align:start position:0% +following problem i give you a graph a +directed graph + + align:start position:0% +directed graph + + + align:start position:0% +directed graph +with weights and i want to know does it + + align:start position:0% +with weights and i want to know does it + + + align:start position:0% +with weights and i want to know does it +have a negative weight cycle yes or no + + align:start position:0% +have a negative weight cycle yes or no + + + align:start position:0% +have a negative weight cycle yes or no +and this problem is in p + + align:start position:0% +and this problem is in p + + + align:start position:0% +and this problem is in p +because we saw a polynomial time + + align:start position:0% +because we saw a polynomial time + + + align:start position:0% +because we saw a polynomial time +algorithm for this + + align:start position:0% +algorithm for this + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm for this +you run bellman ford on an augmented + + align:start position:0% +you run bellman ford on an augmented + + + align:start position:0% +you run bellman ford on an augmented +graph so this is + + align:start position:0% +graph so this is + + + align:start position:0% +graph so this is +an example of a problem we know how to + + align:start position:0% +an example of a problem we know how to + + + align:start position:0% +an example of a problem we know how to +solve this whole class is full of + + align:start position:0% +solve this whole class is full of + + + align:start position:0% +solve this whole class is full of +examples that are + + align:start position:0% +examples that are + + + align:start position:0% +examples that are +that we know how to solve in polynomial + + align:start position:0% +that we know how to solve in polynomial + + + align:start position:0% +that we know how to solve in polynomial +time but this is a nice + + align:start position:0% +time but this is a nice + + + align:start position:0% +time but this is a nice +non-trivial and succinct one to phrase + + align:start position:0% +non-trivial and succinct one to phrase + + + align:start position:0% +non-trivial and succinct one to phrase +it's also an example of a decision + + align:start position:0% +it's also an example of a decision + + + align:start position:0% +it's also an example of a decision +problem a lot of basically all the + + align:start position:0% +problem a lot of basically all the + + + align:start position:0% +problem a lot of basically all the +problems i'll talk about today + + align:start position:0% +problems i'll talk about today + + + align:start position:0% +problems i'll talk about today +are decision problems like we talked + + align:start position:0% +are decision problems like we talked + + + align:start position:0% +are decision problems like we talked +about last class meaning the answer is + + align:start position:0% +about last class meaning the answer is + + + align:start position:0% +about last class meaning the answer is +just yes or no + + align:start position:0% +just yes or no + + + align:start position:0% +just yes or no +can white win from this position yes or + + align:start position:0% +can white win from this position yes or + + + align:start position:0% +can white win from this position yes or +no is there a negative white cycle yes + + align:start position:0% +no is there a negative white cycle yes + + + align:start position:0% +no is there a negative white cycle yes +or no + + align:start position:0% +or no + + + align:start position:0% +or no +tetris we can also formulate as a + + align:start position:0% +tetris we can also formulate as a + + + align:start position:0% +tetris we can also formulate as a +problem + + align:start position:0% +problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem +this is a version of tetris that we + + align:start position:0% +this is a version of tetris that we + + + align:start position:0% +this is a version of tetris that we +might call perfect information + + align:start position:0% +might call perfect information + + + align:start position:0% +might call perfect information +perfect information tetris suppose i + + align:start position:0% +perfect information tetris suppose i + + + align:start position:0% +perfect information tetris suppose i +give you a tetris board + + align:start position:0% +give you a tetris board + + + align:start position:0% +give you a tetris board +it has you know some garbage left over + + align:start position:0% +it has you know some garbage left over + + + align:start position:0% +it has you know some garbage left over +from your past playing or maybe it + + align:start position:0% +from your past playing or maybe it + + + align:start position:0% +from your past playing or maybe it +started that way and i give you the + + align:start position:0% +started that way and i give you the + + + align:start position:0% +started that way and i give you the +sequence of + + align:start position:0% +sequence of + + + align:start position:0% +sequence of +end pieces that are going to come and i + + align:start position:0% +end pieces that are going to come and i + + + align:start position:0% +end pieces that are going to come and i +want to know can i survive this sequence + + align:start position:0% +want to know can i survive this sequence + + + align:start position:0% +want to know can i survive this sequence +of end pieces + + align:start position:0% +of end pieces + + + align:start position:0% +of end pieces +can you place each of these pieces as + + align:start position:0% +can you place each of these pieces as + + + align:start position:0% +can you place each of these pieces as +they fall + + align:start position:0% +they fall + + + align:start position:0% +they fall +such that you never overflow the top of + + align:start position:0% +such that you never overflow the top of + + + align:start position:0% +such that you never overflow the top of +the board + + align:start position:0% +the board + + + align:start position:0% +the board +on an n by n board this problem can be + + align:start position:0% +on an n by n board this problem can be + + + align:start position:0% +on an n by n board this problem can be +solved + + align:start position:0% +solved + + + align:start position:0% +solved +in exponential time but we don't know + + align:start position:0% +in exponential time but we don't know + + + align:start position:0% +in exponential time but we don't know +whether it can be solved + + align:start position:0% +whether it can be solved + + + align:start position:0% +whether it can be solved +in polynomial time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh we will talk about that more in a + + align:start position:0% +uh we will talk about that more in a + + + align:start position:0% +uh we will talk about that more in a +moment it's a problem that + + align:start position:0% +moment it's a problem that + + + align:start position:0% +moment it's a problem that +very likely is not in p but we can't + + align:start position:0% +very likely is not in p but we can't + + + align:start position:0% +very likely is not in p but we can't +actually prove it yet + + align:start position:0% +actually prove it yet + + + align:start position:0% +actually prove it yet +all right uh so there's one other class + + align:start position:0% +all right uh so there's one other class + + + align:start position:0% +all right uh so there's one other class +i want to define at this point and we'll + + align:start position:0% +i want to define at this point and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +i want to define at this point and we'll +get to a + + align:start position:0% +get to a + + + align:start position:0% +get to a +fourth one also but r + + align:start position:0% +fourth one also but r + + + align:start position:0% +fourth one also but r +is the class of all problems that can be + + align:start position:0% +is the class of all problems that can be + + + align:start position:0% +is the class of all problems that can be +solved in + + align:start position:0% +solved in + + + align:start position:0% +solved in +finite time r stands for finite + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +r stands for recursive actually this is + + align:start position:0% +r stands for recursive actually this is + + + align:start position:0% +r stands for recursive actually this is +a notion by church + + align:start position:0% +a notion by church + + + align:start position:0% +a notion by church +way back in the foundations of computing + + align:start position:0% +way back in the foundations of computing + + + align:start position:0% +way back in the foundations of computing +as we know we need + + align:start position:0% +as we know we need + + + align:start position:0% +as we know we need +we write recursive algorithms to solve + + align:start position:0% +we write recursive algorithms to solve + + + align:start position:0% +we write recursive algorithms to solve +problems in the beginning that was the + + align:start position:0% +problems in the beginning that was the + + + align:start position:0% +problems in the beginning that was the +only way to do it now we have other ways + + align:start position:0% +only way to do it now we have other ways + + + align:start position:0% +only way to do it now we have other ways +with loops but they're all effectively + + align:start position:0% +with loops but they're all effectively + + + align:start position:0% +with loops but they're all effectively +recursion in the end so r is all the + + align:start position:0% +recursion in the end so r is all the + + + align:start position:0% +recursion in the end so r is all the +problems that can be + + align:start position:0% +problems that can be + + + align:start position:0% +problems that can be +solved in finite time on any computer uh + + align:start position:0% +solved in finite time on any computer uh + + + align:start position:0% +solved in finite time on any computer uh +so very general this should include + + align:start position:0% +so very general this should include + + + align:start position:0% +so very general this should include +include everything we care about right + + align:start position:0% +include everything we care about right + + + align:start position:0% +include everything we care about right +and it's bigger than x it includes + + align:start position:0% +and it's bigger than x it includes + + + align:start position:0% +and it's bigger than x it includes +problems that take doubly exponential + + align:start position:0% +problems that take doubly exponential + + + align:start position:0% +problems that take doubly exponential +time or whatever uh + + align:start position:0% +time or whatever uh + + + align:start position:0% +time or whatever uh +so i will draw a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +region for r so everything includes p it + + align:start position:0% +region for r so everything includes p it + + + align:start position:0% +region for r so everything includes p it +includes x + + align:start position:0% +includes x + + + align:start position:0% +includes x +and so we also have containment but not + + align:start position:0% +and so we also have containment but not + + + align:start position:0% +and so we also have containment but not +equal + + align:start position:0% +equal + + + align:start position:0% +equal +r there's of course many classes in + + align:start position:0% +r there's of course many classes in + + + align:start position:0% +r there's of course many classes in +between + + align:start position:0% +between + + + align:start position:0% +between +you could talk about problems that take + + align:start position:0% +you could talk about problems that take + + + align:start position:0% +you could talk about problems that take +double a exponential time and that would + + align:start position:0% +double a exponential time and that would + + + align:start position:0% +double a exponential time and that would +have a thing in between here + + align:start position:0% +have a thing in between here + + + align:start position:0% +have a thing in between here +or there's also between p and x there's + + align:start position:0% +or there's also between p and x there's + + + align:start position:0% +or there's also between p and x there's +a lot of different things + + align:start position:0% +a lot of different things + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of different things +we will talk about one of them but + + align:start position:0% +we will talk about one of them but + + + align:start position:0% +we will talk about one of them but +before we get to + + align:start position:0% +before we get to + + + align:start position:0% +before we get to +the finer side of things let me talk in + + align:start position:0% +the finer side of things let me talk in + + + align:start position:0% +the finer side of things let me talk in +particular about + + align:start position:0% +particular about + + + align:start position:0% +particular about +r so we have a nice example + + align:start position:0% +r so we have a nice example + + + align:start position:0% +r so we have a nice example +we being computational uh complexity + + align:start position:0% +we being computational uh complexity + + + align:start position:0% +we being computational uh complexity +theory or i guess it's usually + + align:start position:0% +theory or i guess it's usually + + + align:start position:0% +theory or i guess it's usually +just called theoretical computer science + + align:start position:0% +just called theoretical computer science + + + align:start position:0% +just called theoretical computer science +has a problem + + align:start position:0% +has a problem + + + align:start position:0% +has a problem +and if you're interested in this you can + + align:start position:0% +and if you're interested in this you can + + + align:start position:0% +and if you're interested in this you can +take + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one i think no that doesn't sound right + + align:start position:0% +one i think no that doesn't sound right + + + align:start position:0% +one i think no that doesn't sound right +that's probability it'll come to me + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we have an explicit problem that is not + + align:start position:0% +we have an explicit problem that is not + + + align:start position:0% +we have an explicit problem that is not +in r + + align:start position:0% +in r + + + align:start position:0% +in r +so this class has been all about + + align:start position:0% +so this class has been all about + + + align:start position:0% +so this class has been all about +problems that are in p do you have the + + align:start position:0% +problems that are in p do you have the + + + align:start position:0% +problems that are in p do you have the +number + + align:start position:0% +number + + + align:start position:0% +number +604 604 5. thank you so close to this + + align:start position:0% +604 604 5. thank you so close to this + + + align:start position:0% +604 604 5. thank you so close to this +this class or it's so close to 6046 + + align:start position:0% +this class or it's so close to 6046 + + + align:start position:0% +this class or it's so close to 6046 +which is this + + align:start position:0% +which is this + + + align:start position:0% +which is this +natural successor to this class so 6045 + + align:start position:0% +natural successor to this class so 6045 + + + align:start position:0% +natural successor to this class so 6045 +would talk about this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this class is all about problems that + + align:start position:0% +so this class is all about problems that + + + align:start position:0% +so this class is all about problems that +are in p which is very easy + + align:start position:0% +are in p which is very easy + + + align:start position:0% +are in p which is very easy +but in fact there are problems way out + + align:start position:0% +but in fact there are problems way out + + + align:start position:0% +but in fact there are problems way out +here beyond r + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and here is one such problem + + align:start position:0% +and here is one such problem + + + align:start position:0% +and here is one such problem +which we won't prove here today it takes + + align:start position:0% +which we won't prove here today it takes + + + align:start position:0% +which we won't prove here today it takes +a whole lecture to prove this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +given a computer program + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +does it ever halt + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +does it ever terminate this would be a + + align:start position:0% +does it ever terminate this would be a + + + align:start position:0% +does it ever terminate this would be a +great thing if we knew how to solve it's + + align:start position:0% +great thing if we knew how to solve it's + + + align:start position:0% +great thing if we knew how to solve it's +basically an infinite loop detector + + align:start position:0% +basically an infinite loop detector + + + align:start position:0% +basically an infinite loop detector +if your problem doesn't halt then it has + + align:start position:0% +if your problem doesn't halt then it has + + + align:start position:0% +if your problem doesn't halt then it has +an infinite loop of some sort + + align:start position:0% +an infinite loop of some sort + + + align:start position:0% +an infinite loop of some sort +and you'd like to tell your user hey you + + align:start position:0% +and you'd like to tell your user hey you + + + align:start position:0% +and you'd like to tell your user hey you +have a bug in your program + + align:start position:0% +have a bug in your program + + + align:start position:0% +have a bug in your program +so this is one part of bug detection and + + align:start position:0% +so this is one part of bug detection and + + + align:start position:0% +so this is one part of bug detection and +it's impossible there is + + align:start position:0% +it's impossible there is + + + align:start position:0% +it's impossible there is +no algorithm that always saw that solves + + align:start position:0% +no algorithm that always saw that solves + + + align:start position:0% +no algorithm that always saw that solves +all inputs to this problem + + align:start position:0% +all inputs to this problem + + + align:start position:0% +all inputs to this problem +maybe given one program let's say has + + align:start position:0% +maybe given one program let's say has + + + align:start position:0% +maybe given one program let's say has +zero lines of code + + align:start position:0% +zero lines of code + + + align:start position:0% +zero lines of code +it could solve that it says yeah that + + align:start position:0% +it could solve that it says yeah that + + + align:start position:0% +it could solve that it says yeah that +one terminates and maybe you can detect + + align:start position:0% +one terminates and maybe you can detect + + + align:start position:0% +one terminates and maybe you can detect +simple kinds of infinite loops + + align:start position:0% +simple kinds of infinite loops + + + align:start position:0% +simple kinds of infinite loops +so there's some inputs some computer + + align:start position:0% +so there's some inputs some computer + + + align:start position:0% +so there's some inputs some computer +programs that you could detect + + align:start position:0% +programs that you could detect + + + align:start position:0% +programs that you could detect +but there's no one algorithm that solves + + align:start position:0% +but there's no one algorithm that solves + + + align:start position:0% +but there's no one algorithm that solves +all + + align:start position:0% +all + + + align:start position:0% +all +inputs so this is kind of sad news + + align:start position:0% +inputs so this is kind of sad news + + + align:start position:0% +inputs so this is kind of sad news +we call such problems uncomputable this + + align:start position:0% +we call such problems uncomputable this + + + align:start position:0% +we call such problems uncomputable this +is just another word for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +being not in r + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and next thing i'd like to do is + + align:start position:0% +okay and next thing i'd like to do is + + + align:start position:0% +okay and next thing i'd like to do is +prove to you that most decision problems + + align:start position:0% +prove to you that most decision problems + + + align:start position:0% +prove to you that most decision problems +are uncomputable + + align:start position:0% +are uncomputable + + + align:start position:0% +are uncomputable +or sketcher proof + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so remember decision problems are + + align:start position:0% +so remember decision problems are + + + align:start position:0% +so remember decision problems are +problems where the answer is just yes or + + align:start position:0% +problems where the answer is just yes or + + + align:start position:0% +problems where the answer is just yes or +no + + align:start position:0% +no + + + align:start position:0% +no +this is a very special kind of problem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and even those almost all of them + + align:start position:0% +and even those almost all of them + + + align:start position:0% +and even those almost all of them +cannot be solved so halting is an + + align:start position:0% +cannot be solved so halting is an + + + align:start position:0% +cannot be solved so halting is an +example of a problem we want + + align:start position:0% +example of a problem we want + + + align:start position:0% +example of a problem we want +uh we can't solve this whole class 006 + + align:start position:0% +uh we can't solve this whole class 006 + + + align:start position:0% +uh we can't solve this whole class 006 +is about problems we can solve but today + + align:start position:0% +is about problems we can solve but today + + + align:start position:0% +is about problems we can solve but today +i'm going to show you that actually + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to show you that actually + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to show you that actually +those are in the minority most problems + + align:start position:0% +those are in the minority most problems + + + align:start position:0% +those are in the minority most problems +cannot be computed this is very strange + + align:start position:0% +cannot be computed this is very strange + + + align:start position:0% +cannot be computed this is very strange +and also a little depressing + + align:start position:0% +and also a little depressing + + + align:start position:0% +and also a little depressing +so we'll talk more about that in a + + align:start position:0% +so we'll talk more about that in a + + + align:start position:0% +so we'll talk more about that in a +moment first let me argue why this is + + align:start position:0% +moment first let me argue why this is + + + align:start position:0% +moment first let me argue why this is +the case + + align:start position:0% +the case + + + align:start position:0% +the case +so we i'm going to be a little informal + + align:start position:0% +so we i'm going to be a little informal + + + align:start position:0% +so we i'm going to be a little informal +about what is + + align:start position:0% +about what is + + + align:start position:0% +about what is +what exactly is a computer program and + + align:start position:0% +what exactly is a computer program and + + + align:start position:0% +what exactly is a computer program and +what exactly is a decision problem + + align:start position:0% +what exactly is a decision problem + + + align:start position:0% +what exactly is a decision problem +but roughly all i need to do + + align:start position:0% +but roughly all i need to do + + + align:start position:0% +but roughly all i need to do +the only level of precision i need is + + align:start position:0% +the only level of precision i need is + + + align:start position:0% +the only level of precision i need is +just to count how many are there + + align:start position:0% +just to count how many are there + + + align:start position:0% +just to count how many are there +what is a computer program well it's + + align:start position:0% +what is a computer program well it's + + + align:start position:0% +what is a computer program well it's +usually a file + + align:start position:0% +usually a file + + + align:start position:0% +usually a file +well it's a file it's like a string of + + align:start position:0% +well it's a file it's like a string of + + + align:start position:0% +well it's a file it's like a string of +characters what's a character + + align:start position:0% +characters what's a character + + + align:start position:0% +characters what's a character +it's a string of bits so a program is + + align:start position:0% +it's a string of bits so a program is + + + align:start position:0% +it's a string of bits so a program is +just in the end a string of bits + + align:start position:0% +just in the end a string of bits + + + align:start position:0% +just in the end a string of bits +finite string of bits + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we all understand that whatever language + + align:start position:0% +we all understand that whatever language + + + align:start position:0% +we all understand that whatever language +you define + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in the end your every program is just a + + align:start position:0% +in the end your every program is just a + + + align:start position:0% +in the end your every program is just a +string of bits + + align:start position:0% +string of bits + + + align:start position:0% +string of bits +and a string of bits we can translate + + align:start position:0% +and a string of bits we can translate + + + align:start position:0% +and a string of bits we can translate +into a number + + align:start position:0% +into a number + + + align:start position:0% +into a number +so we can convert between strings of + + align:start position:0% +so we can convert between strings of + + + align:start position:0% +so we can convert between strings of +bits + + align:start position:0% +bits + + + align:start position:0% +bits +and numbers when i say number i mean + + align:start position:0% +and numbers when i say number i mean + + + align:start position:0% +and numbers when i say number i mean +what's usually called a natural number + + align:start position:0% +what's usually called a natural number + + + align:start position:0% +what's usually called a natural number +or a non-negative integer um + + align:start position:0% +or a non-negative integer um + + + align:start position:0% +or a non-negative integer um +this is usually represented by uh bold + + align:start position:0% +this is usually represented by uh bold + + + align:start position:0% +this is usually represented by uh bold +board + + align:start position:0% +board + + + align:start position:0% +board +bold board bold + + align:start position:0% +bold board bold + + + align:start position:0% +bold board bold +blackboard bold ant capital n so this is + + align:start position:0% +blackboard bold ant capital n so this is + + + align:start position:0% +blackboard bold ant capital n so this is +just + + align:start position:0% +just + + + align:start position:0% +just +you know zero one two and so on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay now what about decision problems + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +decision problem is a specification of + + align:start position:0% +decision problem is a specification of + + + align:start position:0% +decision problem is a specification of +what we want to solve so we can think of + + align:start position:0% +what we want to solve so we can think of + + + align:start position:0% +what we want to solve so we can think of +it as saying + + align:start position:0% +it as saying + + + align:start position:0% +it as saying +for every input is the answer yes or no + + align:start position:0% +for every input is the answer yes or no + + + align:start position:0% +for every input is the answer yes or no +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +literally what a decision problem is the + + align:start position:0% +literally what a decision problem is the + + + align:start position:0% +literally what a decision problem is the +only question is what is an input + + align:start position:0% +only question is what is an input + + + align:start position:0% +only question is what is an input +and we've talked about inputs and the + + align:start position:0% +and we've talked about inputs and the + + + align:start position:0% +and we've talked about inputs and the +size of inputs and + + align:start position:0% +size of inputs and + + + align:start position:0% +size of inputs and +and there's lots of different ways to + + align:start position:0% +and there's lots of different ways to + + + align:start position:0% +and there's lots of different ways to +measure them but in the end we can think + + align:start position:0% +measure them but in the end we can think + + + align:start position:0% +measure them but in the end we can think +of an input as a string of bits also + + align:start position:0% +of an input as a string of bits also + + + align:start position:0% +of an input as a string of bits also +it's just a file so a decision problem + + align:start position:0% +it's just a file so a decision problem + + + align:start position:0% +it's just a file so a decision problem +is a function + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +from inputs + + align:start position:0% +from inputs + + + align:start position:0% +from inputs +to yes or no + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and inputs we're going to say well + + align:start position:0% +and inputs we're going to say well + + + align:start position:0% +and inputs we're going to say well +that's uh you know string of bits + + align:start position:0% +that's uh you know string of bits + + + align:start position:0% +that's uh you know string of bits +which we can associate + + align:start position:0% +which we can associate + + + align:start position:0% +which we can associate +with a number + + align:start position:0% +with a number + + + align:start position:0% +with a number +in n so here we can start to tie things + + align:start position:0% +in n so here we can start to tie things + + + align:start position:0% +in n so here we can start to tie things +together + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so in other words a program is a finite + + align:start position:0% +so in other words a program is a finite + + + align:start position:0% +so in other words a program is a finite +string of bits + + align:start position:0% +string of bits + + + align:start position:0% +string of bits +and a problem is in some sense an + + align:start position:0% +and a problem is in some sense an + + + align:start position:0% +and a problem is in some sense an +infinite string of bits because there + + align:start position:0% +infinite string of bits because there + + + align:start position:0% +infinite string of bits because there +are infinitely many possible inputs + + align:start position:0% +are infinitely many possible inputs + + + align:start position:0% +are infinitely many possible inputs +and for each of them we specify yes or + + align:start position:0% +and for each of them we specify yes or + + + align:start position:0% +and for each of them we specify yes or +no + + align:start position:0% +no + + + align:start position:0% +no +so this is basically + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +an infinite + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +string of bits + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we can imagine you know zero one one + + align:start position:0% +so we can imagine you know zero one one + + + align:start position:0% +so we can imagine you know zero one one +zero one + + align:start position:0% +zero one + + + align:start position:0% +zero one +zero zero zero one one one zero + + align:start position:0% +zero zero zero one one one zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero zero zero one one one zero +infinitely + + align:start position:0% +infinitely + + + align:start position:0% +infinitely +um just some for every string of bits we + + align:start position:0% +um just some for every string of bits we + + + align:start position:0% +um just some for every string of bits we +can say okay + + align:start position:0% +can say okay + + + align:start position:0% +can say okay +if your input is the number zero here's + + align:start position:0% +if your input is the number zero here's + + + align:start position:0% +if your input is the number zero here's +the answer + + align:start position:0% +the answer + + + align:start position:0% +the answer +no if your input is uh the number one + + align:start position:0% +no if your input is uh the number one + + + align:start position:0% +no if your input is uh the number one +then the answer is yes if your input is + + align:start position:0% +then the answer is yes if your input is + + + align:start position:0% +then the answer is yes if your input is +the number two your answer is yes and so + + align:start position:0% +the number two your answer is yes and so + + + align:start position:0% +the number two your answer is yes and so +on + + align:start position:0% +on + + + align:start position:0% +on +down this line every infinite string of + + align:start position:0% +down this line every infinite string of + + + align:start position:0% +down this line every infinite string of +bits corresponds to exactly one decision + + align:start position:0% +bits corresponds to exactly one decision + + + align:start position:0% +bits corresponds to exactly one decision +problem + + align:start position:0% +problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem +which specifies for every possible input + + align:start position:0% +which specifies for every possible input + + + align:start position:0% +which specifies for every possible input +integer which corresponds to a string of + + align:start position:0% +integer which corresponds to a string of + + + align:start position:0% +integer which corresponds to a string of +bits + + align:start position:0% +bits + + + align:start position:0% +bits +what is the answer yes or no so this may + + align:start position:0% +what is the answer yes or no so this may + + + align:start position:0% +what is the answer yes or no so this may +seem subtle + + align:start position:0% +seem subtle + + + align:start position:0% +seem subtle +or it may seem like not a big deal this + + align:start position:0% +or it may seem like not a big deal this + + + align:start position:0% +or it may seem like not a big deal this +is a finite string of bits + + align:start position:0% +is a finite string of bits + + + align:start position:0% +is a finite string of bits +this is an infinite string of bits but + + align:start position:0% +this is an infinite string of bits but + + + align:start position:0% +this is an infinite string of bits but +mathematics has well studied this + + align:start position:0% +mathematics has well studied this + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics has well studied this +problem + + align:start position:0% +problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem +and infinite strings of bits there are + + align:start position:0% +and infinite strings of bits there are + + + align:start position:0% +and infinite strings of bits there are +very many of them + + align:start position:0% +very many of them + + + align:start position:0% +very many of them +uh infinitely many it's not surprising + + align:start position:0% +uh infinitely many it's not surprising + + + align:start position:0% +uh infinitely many it's not surprising +they're also infinitely many + + align:start position:0% +they're also infinitely many + + + align:start position:0% +they're also infinitely many +integers so that's maybe doesn't seem + + align:start position:0% +integers so that's maybe doesn't seem + + + align:start position:0% +integers so that's maybe doesn't seem +that deep + + align:start position:0% +that deep + + + align:start position:0% +that deep +but there's a difference + + align:start position:0% +but there's a difference + + + align:start position:0% +but there's a difference +in infinitude programs + + align:start position:0% +in infinitude programs + + + align:start position:0% +in infinitude programs +and integers are countably infinite + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and infinite strings of bits are what's + + align:start position:0% +and infinite strings of bits are what's + + + align:start position:0% +and infinite strings of bits are what's +called uncountable + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i think the most intuitive way to see + + align:start position:0% +i think the most intuitive way to see + + + align:start position:0% +i think the most intuitive way to see +this is + + align:start position:0% +this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is +an infinite string of bits if i put a a + + align:start position:0% +an infinite string of bits if i put a a + + + align:start position:0% +an infinite string of bits if i put a a +decimal or a binary point in front + + align:start position:0% +decimal or a binary point in front + + + align:start position:0% +decimal or a binary point in front +this encodes a real number between 0 and + + align:start position:0% +this encodes a real number between 0 and + + + align:start position:0% +this encodes a real number between 0 and +1. + + align:start position:0% +1. + + + align:start position:0% +1. +so this is roughly a real number + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in 0 1 and when i'm writing + + align:start position:0% +in 0 1 and when i'm writing + + + align:start position:0% +in 0 1 and when i'm writing +approximately equal here this really + + align:start position:0% +approximately equal here this really + + + align:start position:0% +approximately equal here this really +goes in both directions right given the + + align:start position:0% +goes in both directions right given the + + + align:start position:0% +goes in both directions right given the +decision problem i can define a string + + align:start position:0% +decision problem i can define a string + + + align:start position:0% +decision problem i can define a string +of bits + + align:start position:0% +of bits + + + align:start position:0% +of bits +of course giving me the answer for all + + align:start position:0% +of course giving me the answer for all + + + align:start position:0% +of course giving me the answer for all +inputs and i can convert that into a + + align:start position:0% +inputs and i can convert that into a + + + align:start position:0% +inputs and i can convert that into a +real number between zero and one but + + align:start position:0% +real number between zero and one but + + + align:start position:0% +real number between zero and one but +also the other direction if i take any + + align:start position:0% +also the other direction if i take any + + + align:start position:0% +also the other direction if i take any +real number + + align:start position:0% +real number + + + align:start position:0% +real number +that is a corresponding decision problem + + align:start position:0% +that is a corresponding decision problem + + + align:start position:0% +that is a corresponding decision problem +these are one to one + + align:start position:0% +these are one to one + + + align:start position:0% +these are one to one +bijection between them and the bad news + + align:start position:0% +bijection between them and the bad news + + + align:start position:0% +bijection between them and the bad news +is real numbers are uncountable + + align:start position:0% +is real numbers are uncountable + + + align:start position:0% +is real numbers are uncountable +and natural numbers are countable which + + align:start position:0% +and natural numbers are countable which + + + align:start position:0% +and natural numbers are countable which +means + + align:start position:0% +means + + + align:start position:0% +means +there's a lot more of these than there + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot more of these than there + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot more of these than there +are these + + align:start position:0% +are these + + + align:start position:0% +are these +so one may way you might phrase this + + align:start position:0% +so one may way you might phrase this + + + align:start position:0% +so one may way you might phrase this +is informally + + align:start position:0% +is informally + + + align:start position:0% +is informally +is the number of natural numbers is way + + align:start position:0% +is the number of natural numbers is way + + + align:start position:0% +is the number of natural numbers is way +smaller than the number of real numbers + + align:start position:0% +smaller than the number of real numbers + + + align:start position:0% +smaller than the number of real numbers +and so from that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we derive that most problems are + + align:start position:0% +we derive that most problems are + + + align:start position:0% +we derive that most problems are +unsolvable because + + align:start position:0% +unsolvable because + + + align:start position:0% +unsolvable because +every program solves exactly one + + align:start position:0% +every program solves exactly one + + + align:start position:0% +every program solves exactly one +decision problem we can also + + align:start position:0% +decision problem we can also + + + align:start position:0% +decision problem we can also +run a program conceptually on all + + align:start position:0% +run a program conceptually on all + + + align:start position:0% +run a program conceptually on all +possible inputs and we will figure out + + align:start position:0% +possible inputs and we will figure out + + + align:start position:0% +possible inputs and we will figure out +what function it's solving + + align:start position:0% +what function it's solving + + + align:start position:0% +what function it's solving +and if we don't allow random numbers in + + align:start position:0% +and if we don't allow random numbers in + + + align:start position:0% +and if we don't allow random numbers in +our program which i'm not here + + align:start position:0% +our program which i'm not here + + + align:start position:0% +our program which i'm not here +then every program solves exactly one + + align:start position:0% +then every program solves exactly one + + + align:start position:0% +then every program solves exactly one +decision problem + + align:start position:0% +decision problem + + + align:start position:0% +decision problem +possibly it's even worse for us because + + align:start position:0% +possibly it's even worse for us because + + + align:start position:0% +possibly it's even worse for us because +multiple programs probably solve the + + align:start position:0% +multiple programs probably solve the + + + align:start position:0% +multiple programs probably solve the +same decision problem + + align:start position:0% +same decision problem + + + align:start position:0% +same decision problem +they're just they add irrelevant lines + + align:start position:0% +they're just they add irrelevant lines + + + align:start position:0% +they're just they add irrelevant lines +of code or they don't do anything + + align:start position:0% +of code or they don't do anything + + + align:start position:0% +of code or they don't do anything +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +or you know you run bellman ford versus + + align:start position:0% +or you know you run bellman ford versus + + + align:start position:0% +or you know you run bellman ford versus +running bellman ford five times + + align:start position:0% +running bellman ford five times + + + align:start position:0% +running bellman ford five times +you'll get the same result and that's + + align:start position:0% +you'll get the same result and that's + + + align:start position:0% +you'll get the same result and that's +actually the bad direction for us we'd + + align:start position:0% +actually the bad direction for us we'd + + + align:start position:0% +actually the bad direction for us we'd +like to know whether there is a + + align:start position:0% +like to know whether there is a + + + align:start position:0% +like to know whether there is a +program that solves every decision + + align:start position:0% +program that solves every decision + + + align:start position:0% +program that solves every decision +problem + + align:start position:0% +problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem +and because there are only this many + + align:start position:0% +and because there are only this many + + + align:start position:0% +and because there are only this many +programs and this many decision problems + + align:start position:0% +programs and this many decision problems + + + align:start position:0% +programs and this many decision problems +it just there aren't enough to go around + + align:start position:0% +it just there aren't enough to go around + + + align:start position:0% +it just there aren't enough to go around +so most + + align:start position:0% +so most + + + align:start position:0% +so most +what's the phrasing not nearly enough + + align:start position:0% +what's the phrasing not nearly enough + + + align:start position:0% +what's the phrasing not nearly enough +programs for all problems + + align:start position:0% +programs for all problems + + + align:start position:0% +programs for all problems +and so there's no assignment + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of programs + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problems because there's just too many + + align:start position:0% +problems because there's just too many + + + align:start position:0% +problems because there's just too many +problems + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +more money more problems i guess um + + align:start position:0% +more money more problems i guess um + + + align:start position:0% +more money more problems i guess um +so when i first saw this result i was + + align:start position:0% +so when i first saw this result i was + + + align:start position:0% +so when i first saw this result i was +shocked and dismayed that + + align:start position:0% +shocked and dismayed that + + + align:start position:0% +shocked and dismayed that +why are we even doing computer science + + align:start position:0% +why are we even doing computer science + + + align:start position:0% +why are we even doing computer science +if most problems can't be solved + + align:start position:0% +if most problems can't be solved + + + align:start position:0% +if most problems can't be solved +luckily it seems like most of the + + align:start position:0% +luckily it seems like most of the + + + align:start position:0% +luckily it seems like most of the +problems we care about can be solved + + align:start position:0% +problems we care about can be solved + + + align:start position:0% +problems we care about can be solved +that's what this class is all about and + + align:start position:0% +that's what this class is all about and + + + align:start position:0% +that's what this class is all about and +in fact even the problems that seem + + align:start position:0% +in fact even the problems that seem + + + align:start position:0% +in fact even the problems that seem +really really hard for us to solve + + align:start position:0% +really really hard for us to solve + + + align:start position:0% +really really hard for us to solve +like n by n chess where we can prove it + + align:start position:0% +like n by n chess where we can prove it + + + align:start position:0% +like n by n chess where we can prove it +takes exponential time + + align:start position:0% +takes exponential time + + + align:start position:0% +takes exponential time +there is an algorithm to solve chess + + align:start position:0% +there is an algorithm to solve chess + + + align:start position:0% +there is an algorithm to solve chess +it's just really slow + + align:start position:0% +it's just really slow + + + align:start position:0% +it's just really slow +this is a statement about most problems + + align:start position:0% +this is a statement about most problems + + + align:start position:0% +this is a statement about most problems +can't even be solved in finite time no + + align:start position:0% +can't even be solved in finite time no + + + align:start position:0% +can't even be solved in finite time no +matter how much time you give them + + align:start position:0% +matter how much time you give them + + + align:start position:0% +matter how much time you give them +so it's not all bad + + align:start position:0% +so it's not all bad + + + align:start position:0% +so it's not all bad +sort of luckily + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +most most problems + + align:start position:0% +most most problems + + + align:start position:0% +most most problems +we care about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are in our i don't know why + + align:start position:0% +are in our i don't know why + + + align:start position:0% +are in our i don't know why +this is sort of a mystery of life but + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of a mystery of life but + + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of a mystery of life but +it's good news or it's why + + align:start position:0% +it's good news or it's why + + + align:start position:0% +it's good news or it's why +we keep persevering trying to solve + + align:start position:0% +we keep persevering trying to solve + + + align:start position:0% +we keep persevering trying to solve +problems with algorithms + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the statement tends to be small + + align:start position:0% +the statement tends to be small + + + align:start position:0% +the statement tends to be small +well i mean this so the question was + + align:start position:0% +well i mean this so the question was + + + align:start position:0% +well i mean this so the question was +well maybe it's just because the short + + align:start position:0% +well maybe it's just because the short + + + align:start position:0% +well maybe it's just because the short +statement + + align:start position:0% +statement + + + align:start position:0% +statement +problems are easy but this is a pretty + + align:start position:0% +problems are easy but this is a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +problems are easy but this is a pretty +short statement + + align:start position:0% +short statement + + + align:start position:0% +short statement +and it's hard uh i think + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i don't have a great reason why i wish i + + align:start position:0% +i don't have a great reason why i wish i + + + align:start position:0% +i don't have a great reason why i wish i +understood uh is there's a general + + align:start position:0% +understood uh is there's a general + + + align:start position:0% +understood uh is there's a general +result that if you have any question + + align:start position:0% +result that if you have any question + + + align:start position:0% +result that if you have any question +about a program itself + + align:start position:0% +about a program itself + + + align:start position:0% +about a program itself +then there's no algorithm to solve it + + align:start position:0% +then there's no algorithm to solve it + + + align:start position:0% +then there's no algorithm to solve it +basically any non-trivial question about + + align:start position:0% +basically any non-trivial question about + + + align:start position:0% +basically any non-trivial question about +programs is heart + + align:start position:0% +programs is heart + + + align:start position:0% +programs is heart +uh it's not in our and i guess if you + + align:start position:0% +uh it's not in our and i guess if you + + + align:start position:0% +uh it's not in our and i guess if you +took + + align:start position:0% +took + + + align:start position:0% +took +i mean if you imagine taking a random + + align:start position:0% +i mean if you imagine taking a random + + + align:start position:0% +i mean if you imagine taking a random +statement of a problem then maybe this + + align:start position:0% +statement of a problem then maybe this + + + align:start position:0% +statement of a problem then maybe this +will be in the middle of it with some + + align:start position:0% +will be in the middle of it with some + + + align:start position:0% +will be in the middle of it with some +probability + + align:start position:0% +probability + + + align:start position:0% +probability +uh maybe that's why most but this is a + + align:start position:0% +uh maybe that's why most but this is a + + + align:start position:0% +uh maybe that's why most but this is a +very strong notion of most there are so + + align:start position:0% +very strong notion of most there are so + + + align:start position:0% +very strong notion of most there are so +many more real numbers than natural + + align:start position:0% +many more real numbers than natural + + + align:start position:0% +many more real numbers than natural +numbers that i don't know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right i want to add one more class + + align:start position:0% +all right i want to add one more class + + + align:start position:0% +all right i want to add one more class +to this picture + + align:start position:0% +to this picture + + + align:start position:0% +to this picture +which is np + + align:start position:0% +which is np + + + align:start position:0% +which is np +it nestles in between p and x + + align:start position:0% +it nestles in between p and x + + + align:start position:0% +it nestles in between p and x +so we know that p + + align:start position:0% +so we know that p + + + align:start position:0% +so we know that p +is contained in or equal to + + align:start position:0% +is contained in or equal to + + + align:start position:0% +is contained in or equal to +np and np is contained in or equal to + + align:start position:0% +np and np is contained in or equal to + + + align:start position:0% +np and np is contained in or equal to +x we don't know whether there's a + + align:start position:0% +x we don't know whether there's a + + + align:start position:0% +x we don't know whether there's a +quality here or here + + align:start position:0% +quality here or here + + + align:start position:0% +quality here or here +probably not but we can't prove it but + + align:start position:0% +probably not but we can't prove it but + + + align:start position:0% +probably not but we can't prove it but +what is this class + + align:start position:0% +what is this class + + + align:start position:0% +what is this class +a couple of different ways to define it + + align:start position:0% +a couple of different ways to define it + + + align:start position:0% +a couple of different ways to define it +you might find one way + + align:start position:0% +you might find one way + + + align:start position:0% +you might find one way +or the other more intuitive they are + + align:start position:0% +or the other more intuitive they are + + + align:start position:0% +or the other more intuitive they are +equivalent so + + align:start position:0% +equivalent so + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent so +as long as you understand at least one + + align:start position:0% +as long as you understand at least one + + + align:start position:0% +as long as you understand at least one +of them it's good + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +np is just a class of decision problems + + align:start position:0% +np is just a class of decision problems + + + align:start position:0% +np is just a class of decision problems +so i define p + + align:start position:0% +so i define p + + + align:start position:0% +so i define p +and x and are arbitrary they could be + + align:start position:0% +and x and are arbitrary they could be + + + align:start position:0% +and x and are arbitrary they could be +problems with any kind of output but np + + align:start position:0% +problems with any kind of output but np + + + align:start position:0% +problems with any kind of output but np +only makes sense for decision problems + + align:start position:0% +only makes sense for decision problems + + + align:start position:0% +only makes sense for decision problems +and it's going to look almost like the + + align:start position:0% +and it's going to look almost like the + + + align:start position:0% +and it's going to look almost like the +definition of + + align:start position:0% +definition of + + + align:start position:0% +definition of +p + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problem solvable in polynomial time + + align:start position:0% +problem solvable in polynomial time + + + align:start position:0% +problem solvable in polynomial time +we've just restricted to decision + + align:start position:0% +we've just restricted to decision + + + align:start position:0% +we've just restricted to decision +problems + + align:start position:0% +problems + + + align:start position:0% +problems +but we're going to allow a strange kind + + align:start position:0% +but we're going to allow a strange kind + + + align:start position:0% +but we're going to allow a strange kind +of computer + + align:start position:0% +of computer + + + align:start position:0% +of computer +or algorithm which i like to call + + align:start position:0% +or algorithm which i like to call + + + align:start position:0% +or algorithm which i like to call +a lucky algorithm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and this is going to relate to the + + align:start position:0% +and this is going to relate to the + + + align:start position:0% +and this is going to relate to the +notion of guessing that we talked about + + align:start position:0% +notion of guessing that we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +notion of guessing that we talked about +for the last four lectures in dynamic + + align:start position:0% +for the last four lectures in dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +for the last four lectures in dynamic +programming + + align:start position:0% +programming + + + align:start position:0% +programming +with dynamic programming we said oh + + align:start position:0% +with dynamic programming we said oh + + + align:start position:0% +with dynamic programming we said oh +there are all these different choices i + + align:start position:0% +there are all these different choices i + + + align:start position:0% +there are all these different choices i +could make + + align:start position:0% +could make + + + align:start position:0% +could make +what's the right choice i don't know so + + align:start position:0% +what's the right choice i don't know so + + + align:start position:0% +what's the right choice i don't know so +i'd like to + + align:start position:0% +i'd like to + + + align:start position:0% +i'd like to +make a guess and what that meant in + + align:start position:0% +make a guess and what that meant in + + + align:start position:0% +make a guess and what that meant in +terms of a real algorithm is we tried + + align:start position:0% +terms of a real algorithm is we tried + + + align:start position:0% +terms of a real algorithm is we tried +all the possibilities and then took the + + align:start position:0% +all the possibilities and then took the + + + align:start position:0% +all the possibilities and then took the +max or the or or whatever + + align:start position:0% +max or the or or whatever + + + align:start position:0% +max or the or or whatever +over all those possibilities and so we + + align:start position:0% +over all those possibilities and so we + + + align:start position:0% +over all those possibilities and so we +were + + align:start position:0% +were + + + align:start position:0% +were +but what we were simulating is something + + align:start position:0% +but what we were simulating is something + + + align:start position:0% +but what we were simulating is something +that i call a lucky algorithm which can + + align:start position:0% +that i call a lucky algorithm which can + + + align:start position:0% +that i call a lucky algorithm which can +make guesses + + align:start position:0% +make guesses + + + align:start position:0% +make guesses +and always makes the right guess this is + + align:start position:0% +and always makes the right guess this is + + + align:start position:0% +and always makes the right guess this is +a computer that is + + align:start position:0% +a computer that is + + + align:start position:0% +a computer that is +impossible to buy it'd be great if you + + align:start position:0% +impossible to buy it'd be great if you + + + align:start position:0% +impossible to buy it'd be great if you +could buy a computer that's lucky + + align:start position:0% +could buy a computer that's lucky + + + align:start position:0% +could buy a computer that's lucky +but we don't know how to build such a + + align:start position:0% +but we don't know how to build such a + + + align:start position:0% +but we don't know how to build such a +computer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what does this mean + + align:start position:0% +so what does this mean + + + align:start position:0% +so what does this mean +so informally it means your algorithm + + align:start position:0% +so informally it means your algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +so informally it means your algorithm +can make lucky guesses and it + + align:start position:0% +can make lucky guesses and it + + + align:start position:0% +can make lucky guesses and it +always makes the right guess and whereas + + align:start position:0% +always makes the right guess and whereas + + + align:start position:0% +always makes the right guess and whereas +in dp we had to try all the options and + + align:start position:0% +in dp we had to try all the options and + + + align:start position:0% +in dp we had to try all the options and +spend time for all of them + + align:start position:0% +spend time for all of them + + + align:start position:0% +spend time for all of them +the lucky algorithm only has to spend + + align:start position:0% +the lucky algorithm only has to spend + + + align:start position:0% +the lucky algorithm only has to spend +time on the lucky guess + + align:start position:0% +time on the lucky guess + + + align:start position:0% +time on the lucky guess +on the correct guess more formally what + + align:start position:0% +on the correct guess more formally what + + + align:start position:0% +on the correct guess more formally what +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +is is called a non-deterministic model + + align:start position:0% +is is called a non-deterministic model + + + align:start position:0% +is is called a non-deterministic model +of computation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and this n is the the n in + + align:start position:0% +and this n is the the n in + + + align:start position:0% +and this n is the the n in +non-determinism is the n for np so this + + align:start position:0% +non-determinism is the n for np so this + + + align:start position:0% +non-determinism is the n for np so this +is non-deterministic polynomial time + + align:start position:0% +is non-deterministic polynomial time + + + align:start position:0% +is non-deterministic polynomial time +uh so algorithm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +can make guesses + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then in the end it should output + + align:start position:0% +and then in the end it should output + + + align:start position:0% +and then in the end it should output +yes or no + + align:start position:0% +yes or no + + + align:start position:0% +yes or no +so like say if you're exploring a maze + + align:start position:0% +so like say if you're exploring a maze + + + align:start position:0% +so like say if you're exploring a maze +this algorithm could say + + align:start position:0% +this algorithm could say + + + align:start position:0% +this algorithm could say +uh should i go left or go right i'm + + align:start position:0% +uh should i go left or go right i'm + + + align:start position:0% +uh should i go left or go right i'm +going to guess whether to go left or go + + align:start position:0% +going to guess whether to go left or go + + + align:start position:0% +going to guess whether to go left or go +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +and let's say it guesses left and so + + align:start position:0% +and let's say it guesses left and so + + + align:start position:0% +and let's say it guesses left and so +then it just goes left and then it + + align:start position:0% +then it just goes left and then it + + + align:start position:0% +then it just goes left and then it +reaches another junction and says should + + align:start position:0% +reaches another junction and says should + + + align:start position:0% +reaches another junction and says should +i go left + + align:start position:0% +i go left + + + align:start position:0% +i go left +or right and i'll say i'll guess and + + align:start position:0% +or right and i'll say i'll guess and + + + align:start position:0% +or right and i'll say i'll guess and +let's say i guess right this time + + align:start position:0% +let's say i guess right this time + + + align:start position:0% +let's say i guess right this time +and in the end if i get to some dead end + + align:start position:0% +and in the end if i get to some dead end + + + align:start position:0% +and in the end if i get to some dead end +maybe and i say no + + align:start position:0% +maybe and i say no + + + align:start position:0% +maybe and i say no +or if i get to the destination i'm + + align:start position:0% +or if i get to the destination i'm + + + align:start position:0% +or if i get to the destination i'm +trying to get to i say yes so that's a + + align:start position:0% +trying to get to i say yes so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +trying to get to i say yes so that's a +non-deterministic algorithm + + align:start position:0% +non-deterministic algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +non-deterministic algorithm +and what happened what does it mean to + + align:start position:0% +and what happened what does it mean to + + + align:start position:0% +and what happened what does it mean to +run that algorithm + + align:start position:0% +run that algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +run that algorithm +what does it mean for the guesses to be + + align:start position:0% +what does it mean for the guesses to be + + + align:start position:0% +what does it mean for the guesses to be +lucky + + align:start position:0% +lucky + + + align:start position:0% +lucky +here's what it means these guesses + + align:start position:0% +here's what it means these guesses + + + align:start position:0% +here's what it means these guesses +are guaranteed which way you end up + + align:start position:0% +are guaranteed which way you end up + + + align:start position:0% +are guaranteed which way you end up +going + + align:start position:0% +going + + + align:start position:0% +going +is guaranteed to lead you to a yes if + + align:start position:0% +is guaranteed to lead you to a yes if + + + align:start position:0% +is guaranteed to lead you to a yes if +there is one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if possible so in my maze analogy + + align:start position:0% +if possible so in my maze analogy + + + align:start position:0% +if possible so in my maze analogy +if it is if my destination is reachable + + align:start position:0% +if it is if my destination is reachable + + + align:start position:0% +if it is if my destination is reachable +from my source + + align:start position:0% +from my source + + + align:start position:0% +from my source +then i'm guaranteed whenever i guess + + align:start position:0% +then i'm guaranteed whenever i guess + + + align:start position:0% +then i'm guaranteed whenever i guess +left or right uh + + align:start position:0% +left or right uh + + + align:start position:0% +left or right uh +i will choose a path that leads me to my + + align:start position:0% +i will choose a path that leads me to my + + + align:start position:0% +i will choose a path that leads me to my +destination + + align:start position:0% +destination + + + align:start position:0% +destination +whereas if the destination is in some + + align:start position:0% +whereas if the destination is in some + + + align:start position:0% +whereas if the destination is in some +disconnected part of the maze + + align:start position:0% +disconnected part of the maze + + + align:start position:0% +disconnected part of the maze +and i can't get there then i don't know + + align:start position:0% +and i can't get there then i don't know + + + align:start position:0% +and i can't get there then i don't know +what the guesses do it doesn't really + + align:start position:0% +what the guesses do it doesn't really + + + align:start position:0% +what the guesses do it doesn't really +matter because no matter what i do i'll + + align:start position:0% +matter because no matter what i do i'll + + + align:start position:0% +matter because no matter what i do i'll +end up in a dead end and say no + + align:start position:0% +end up in a dead end and say no + + + align:start position:0% +end up in a dead end and say no +okay that's the that's the model as long + + align:start position:0% +okay that's the that's the model as long + + + align:start position:0% +okay that's the that's the model as long +as you have an algorithm that always + + align:start position:0% +as you have an algorithm that always + + + align:start position:0% +as you have an algorithm that always +outputs yes or no + + align:start position:0% +outputs yes or no + + + align:start position:0% +outputs yes or no +uh in polynomial time because we're only + + align:start position:0% +uh in polynomial time because we're only + + + align:start position:0% +uh in polynomial time because we're only +talking about polynomial time lucky + + align:start position:0% +talking about polynomial time lucky + + + align:start position:0% +talking about polynomial time lucky +algorithms + + align:start position:0% +algorithms + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms +uh if there's any way to get to a yes + + align:start position:0% +uh if there's any way to get to a yes + + + align:start position:0% +uh if there's any way to get to a yes +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +your machine will magically find it + + align:start position:0% +your machine will magically find it + + + align:start position:0% +your machine will magically find it +without having to spend any time to make + + align:start position:0% +without having to spend any time to make + + + align:start position:0% +without having to spend any time to make +these decisions + + align:start position:0% +these decisions + + + align:start position:0% +these decisions +so it's pretty magical computer and it's + + align:start position:0% +so it's pretty magical computer and it's + + + align:start position:0% +so it's pretty magical computer and it's +not a computer that exists in real life + + align:start position:0% +not a computer that exists in real life + + + align:start position:0% +not a computer that exists in real life +but it's a computer that's great to + + align:start position:0% +but it's a computer that's great to + + + align:start position:0% +but it's a computer that's great to +program on it's very powerful + + align:start position:0% +program on it's very powerful + + + align:start position:0% +program on it's very powerful +you could solve lots of things with it + + align:start position:0% +you could solve lots of things with it + + + align:start position:0% +you could solve lots of things with it +yeah if you have this magical + + align:start position:0% +yeah if you have this magical + + + align:start position:0% +yeah if you have this magical +computer you can guess whether it's yes + + align:start position:0% +computer you can guess whether it's yes + + + align:start position:0% +computer you can guess whether it's yes +or no why doesn't it just + + align:start position:0% +or no why doesn't it just + + + align:start position:0% +or no why doesn't it just +answer the question right so + + align:start position:0% +answer the question right so + + + align:start position:0% +answer the question right so +what if we so a nice check is does this + + align:start position:0% +what if we so a nice check is does this + + + align:start position:0% +what if we so a nice check is does this +make all problems trivial all decision + + align:start position:0% +make all problems trivial all decision + + + align:start position:0% +make all problems trivial all decision +problems + + align:start position:0% +problems + + + align:start position:0% +problems +maybe i should say well i don't know + + align:start position:0% +maybe i should say well i don't know + + + align:start position:0% +maybe i should say well i don't know +whether the answer to the problem is yes + + align:start position:0% +whether the answer to the problem is yes + + + align:start position:0% +whether the answer to the problem is yes +or no so i'll just guess yes or no + + align:start position:0% +or no so i'll just guess yes or no + + + align:start position:0% +or no so i'll just guess yes or no +this is problematic because + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so i might say it will guess a or b and + + align:start position:0% +so i might say it will guess a or b and + + + align:start position:0% +so i might say it will guess a or b and +if i choose + + align:start position:0% +if i choose + + + align:start position:0% +if i choose +the a option i will output yes and if i + + align:start position:0% +the a option i will output yes and if i + + + align:start position:0% +the a option i will output yes and if i +choose the b option i'll output no + + align:start position:0% +choose the b option i'll output no + + + align:start position:0% +choose the b option i'll output no +in this model that algorithm will always + + align:start position:0% +in this model that algorithm will always + + + align:start position:0% +in this model that algorithm will always +output yes + + align:start position:0% +output yes + + + align:start position:0% +output yes +because what it's saying is if there's + + align:start position:0% +because what it's saying is if there's + + + align:start position:0% +because what it's saying is if there's +any way to get to a yes answer + + align:start position:0% +any way to get to a yes answer + + + align:start position:0% +any way to get to a yes answer +i will do that way and so such an + + align:start position:0% +i will do that way and so such an + + + align:start position:0% +i will do that way and so such an +algorithm that tries to cheat and just + + align:start position:0% +algorithm that tries to cheat and just + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm that tries to cheat and just +guess the whole answer of the problem + + align:start position:0% +guess the whole answer of the problem + + + align:start position:0% +guess the whole answer of the problem +will actually end up always saying yes + + align:start position:0% +will actually end up always saying yes + + + align:start position:0% +will actually end up always saying yes +which means it doesn't solve a very + + align:start position:0% +which means it doesn't solve a very + + + align:start position:0% +which means it doesn't solve a very +interesting problem it only solves the + + align:start position:0% +interesting problem it only solves the + + + align:start position:0% +interesting problem it only solves the +the problem which is represented by the + + align:start position:0% +the problem which is represented by the + + + align:start position:0% +the problem which is represented by the +bib vector 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. + + align:start position:0% +bib vector 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. + + + align:start position:0% +bib vector 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. +where all answers are yes but good good + + align:start position:0% +where all answers are yes but good good + + + align:start position:0% +where all answers are yes but good good +check + + align:start position:0% +check + + + align:start position:0% +check +yeah does there have to be a bound on + + align:start position:0% +yeah does there have to be a bound on + + + align:start position:0% +yeah does there have to be a bound on +the number + + align:start position:0% +the number + + + align:start position:0% +the number +of things it has to choose between + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes + + align:start position:0% +yes + + + align:start position:0% +yes +uh exponential number of choices is okay + + align:start position:0% +uh exponential number of choices is okay + + + align:start position:0% +uh exponential number of choices is okay +um i i you i usually like to think of it + + align:start position:0% +um i i you i usually like to think of it + + + align:start position:0% +um i i you i usually like to think of it +as you can only guess one bit at a time + + align:start position:0% +as you can only guess one bit at a time + + + align:start position:0% +as you can only guess one bit at a time +um but that but we're allowed polynomial + + align:start position:0% +um but that but we're allowed polynomial + + + align:start position:0% +um but that but we're allowed polynomial +time so if you're actually allowed to + + align:start position:0% +time so if you're actually allowed to + + + align:start position:0% +time so if you're actually allowed to +guess polynomial number of bits + + align:start position:0% +guess polynomial number of bits + + + align:start position:0% +guess polynomial number of bits +at that point you can guess over an + + align:start position:0% +at that point you can guess over an + + + align:start position:0% +at that point you can guess over an +exponential size space but not more than + + align:start position:0% +exponential size space but not more than + + + align:start position:0% +exponential size space but not more than +exponential + + align:start position:0% +exponential + + + align:start position:0% +exponential +cool so it's it's yeah polynomial time + + align:start position:0% +cool so it's it's yeah polynomial time + + + align:start position:0% +cool so it's it's yeah polynomial time +let's say in the one bit guessing model + + align:start position:0% +let's say in the one bit guessing model + + + align:start position:0% +let's say in the one bit guessing model +did i say makes guesses let's let's add + + align:start position:0% +did i say makes guesses let's let's add + + + align:start position:0% +did i say makes guesses let's let's add +binary here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +otherwise we get some other class which + + align:start position:0% +otherwise we get some other class which + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise we get some other class which +i don't want + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay let's let's do an example of a real + + align:start position:0% +okay let's let's do an example of a real + + + align:start position:0% +okay let's let's do an example of a real +example of such an algorithm that's + + align:start position:0% +example of such an algorithm that's + + + align:start position:0% +example of such an algorithm that's +useful which is tetris + + align:start position:0% +useful which is tetris + + + align:start position:0% +useful which is tetris +so i claim tetris is in np + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because there is a lucky algorithm an + + align:start position:0% +because there is a lucky algorithm an + + + align:start position:0% +because there is a lucky algorithm an +undeterministic + + align:start position:0% +undeterministic + + + align:start position:0% +undeterministic +polynomial time algorithm that can solve + + align:start position:0% +polynomial time algorithm that can solve + + + align:start position:0% +polynomial time algorithm that can solve +the tetris game + + align:start position:0% +the tetris game + + + align:start position:0% +the tetris game +so again you're given a board you're + + align:start position:0% +so again you're given a board you're + + + align:start position:0% +so again you're given a board you're +given some sequence of pieces + + align:start position:0% +given some sequence of pieces + + + align:start position:0% +given some sequence of pieces +and you want to know whether you there's + + align:start position:0% +and you want to know whether you there's + + + align:start position:0% +and you want to know whether you there's +some way to place the pieces that lets + + align:start position:0% +some way to place the pieces that lets + + + align:start position:0% +some way to place the pieces that lets +you survive + + align:start position:0% +you survive + + + align:start position:0% +you survive +and so what i'm going to do is for each + + align:start position:0% +and so what i'm going to do is for each + + + align:start position:0% +and so what i'm going to do is for each +piece + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i'm going to guess how to place it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so for the first piece i'm going to + + align:start position:0% +so for the first piece i'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +so for the first piece i'm going to +guess you know how how far left or right + + align:start position:0% +guess you know how how far left or right + + + align:start position:0% +guess you know how how far left or right +do i move it then i let it fall one step + + align:start position:0% +do i move it then i let it fall one step + + + align:start position:0% +do i move it then i let it fall one step +maybe i rotate it i choose a sequence of + + align:start position:0% +maybe i rotate it i choose a sequence of + + + align:start position:0% +maybe i rotate it i choose a sequence of +moves + + align:start position:0% +moves + + + align:start position:0% +moves +among left right down rotate right + + align:start position:0% +among left right down rotate right + + + align:start position:0% +among left right down rotate right +rotate left + + align:start position:0% +rotate left + + + align:start position:0% +rotate left +and all along the way i make sure i + + align:start position:0% +and all along the way i make sure i + + + align:start position:0% +and all along the way i make sure i +check is that move valid + + align:start position:0% +check is that move valid + + + align:start position:0% +check is that move valid +if the move is invalid at any point i + + align:start position:0% +if the move is invalid at any point i + + + align:start position:0% +if the move is invalid at any point i +just say return no + + align:start position:0% +just say return no + + + align:start position:0% +just say return no +and then if the piece gets nestled into + + align:start position:0% +and then if the piece gets nestled into + + + align:start position:0% +and then if the piece gets nestled into +a good spot i continue to the next piece + + align:start position:0% +a good spot i continue to the next piece + + + align:start position:0% +a good spot i continue to the next piece +i do the same thing guess all the + + align:start position:0% +i do the same thing guess all the + + + align:start position:0% +i do the same thing guess all the +possible things i could do to that + + align:start position:0% +possible things i could do to that + + + align:start position:0% +possible things i could do to that +again i only need to guess sort of one + + align:start position:0% +again i only need to guess sort of one + + + align:start position:0% +again i only need to guess sort of one +bit at a time + + align:start position:0% +bit at a time + + + align:start position:0% +bit at a time +and i'll only need to do a polynomial + + align:start position:0% +and i'll only need to do a polynomial + + + align:start position:0% +and i'll only need to do a polynomial +number of guesses like a linear number + + align:start position:0% +number of guesses like a linear number + + + align:start position:0% +number of guesses like a linear number +of guesses for each piece + + align:start position:0% +of guesses for each piece + + + align:start position:0% +of guesses for each piece +about where it falls in so maybe a + + align:start position:0% +about where it falls in so maybe a + + + align:start position:0% +about where it falls in so maybe a +quadratic number of guesses overall + + align:start position:0% +quadratic number of guesses overall + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic number of guesses overall +and then at the end if i survived oh i + + align:start position:0% +and then at the end if i survived oh i + + + align:start position:0% +and then at the end if i survived oh i +also have to check if a line clears + + align:start position:0% +also have to check if a line clears + + + align:start position:0% +also have to check if a line clears +then i clear the line and if in the end + + align:start position:0% +then i clear the line and if in the end + + + align:start position:0% +then i clear the line and if in the end +i survive + + align:start position:0% +i survive + + + align:start position:0% +i survive +i return yes so this is a + + align:start position:0% +i return yes so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +i return yes so this is a +non-deterministic algorithm + + align:start position:0% +non-deterministic algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +non-deterministic algorithm +so i would say check the rules of the + + align:start position:0% +so i would say check the rules of the + + + align:start position:0% +so i would say check the rules of the +game + + align:start position:0% +game + + + align:start position:0% +game +and if we survive + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +return yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and if at any point we violate the rules + + align:start position:0% +and if at any point we violate the rules + + + align:start position:0% +and if at any point we violate the rules +for example we go off the top of the + + align:start position:0% +for example we go off the top of the + + + align:start position:0% +for example we go off the top of the +board + + align:start position:0% +board + + + align:start position:0% +board +we return no so this is an algorithm + + align:start position:0% +we return no so this is an algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +we return no so this is an algorithm +that sometimes returns known sometimes + + align:start position:0% +that sometimes returns known sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +that sometimes returns known sometimes +return yes + + align:start position:0% +return yes + + + align:start position:0% +return yes +depending on what choices you make and + + align:start position:0% +depending on what choices you make and + + + align:start position:0% +depending on what choices you make and +this model guarantees if there's any way + + align:start position:0% +this model guarantees if there's any way + + + align:start position:0% +this model guarantees if there's any way +to get to a yes + + align:start position:0% +to get to a yes + + + align:start position:0% +to get to a yes +it will find it if i swapped these + + align:start position:0% +it will find it if i swapped these + + + align:start position:0% +it will find it if i swapped these +answers + + align:start position:0% +answers + + + align:start position:0% +answers +if i returned yes when i violated the + + align:start position:0% +if i returned yes when i violated the + + + align:start position:0% +if i returned yes when i violated the +rules and returned no if i survived + + align:start position:0% +rules and returned no if i survived + + + align:start position:0% +rules and returned no if i survived +this would be an uninteresting algorithm + + align:start position:0% +this would be an uninteresting algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +this would be an uninteresting algorithm +because it's very easy to lose in tetris + + align:start position:0% +because it's very easy to lose in tetris + + + align:start position:0% +because it's very easy to lose in tetris +the hard part is to survive if i say is + + align:start position:0% +the hard part is to survive if i say is + + + align:start position:0% +the hard part is to survive if i say is +there any way to play the game in such a + + align:start position:0% +there any way to play the game in such a + + + align:start position:0% +there any way to play the game in such a +way that i violate the rules then of + + align:start position:0% +way that i violate the rules then of + + + align:start position:0% +way that i violate the rules then of +course the answer is yes + + align:start position:0% +course the answer is yes + + + align:start position:0% +course the answer is yes +you can just stack pieces and go off the + + align:start position:0% +you can just stack pieces and go off the + + + align:start position:0% +you can just stack pieces and go off the +top there's an asymmetry + + align:start position:0% +top there's an asymmetry + + + align:start position:0% +top there's an asymmetry +in this definition of yes versus no + + align:start position:0% +in this definition of yes versus no + + + align:start position:0% +in this definition of yes versus no +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +it always finds yes answers if possible + + align:start position:0% +it always finds yes answers if possible + + + align:start position:0% +it always finds yes answers if possible +it doesn't always find no answers if + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't always find no answers if + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't always find no answers if +possible so it's very important the + + align:start position:0% +possible so it's very important the + + + align:start position:0% +possible so it's very important the +the way that i wrote these questions + + align:start position:0% +the way that i wrote these questions + + + align:start position:0% +the way that i wrote these questions +it's important that i define tetris as + + align:start position:0% +it's important that i define tetris as + + + align:start position:0% +it's important that i define tetris as +the problem of can i survive + + align:start position:0% +the problem of can i survive + + + align:start position:0% +the problem of can i survive +the problem of can i not survive is it + + align:start position:0% +the problem of can i not survive is it + + + align:start position:0% +the problem of can i not survive is it +impossible to survive + + align:start position:0% +impossible to survive + + + align:start position:0% +impossible to survive +that's a different question that problem + + align:start position:0% +that's a different question that problem + + + align:start position:0% +that's a different question that problem +is not an np probably + + align:start position:0% +is not an np probably + + + align:start position:0% +is not an np probably +okay so slight subtlety there yes versus + + align:start position:0% +okay so slight subtlety there yes versus + + + align:start position:0% +okay so slight subtlety there yes versus +no + + align:start position:0% +no + + + align:start position:0% +no +let me give you the other definition of + + align:start position:0% +let me give you the other definition of + + + align:start position:0% +let me give you the other definition of +np so if this one's confusing which + + align:start position:0% +np so if this one's confusing which + + + align:start position:0% +np so if this one's confusing which +although i prefer this definition most + + align:start position:0% +although i prefer this definition most + + + align:start position:0% +although i prefer this definition most +people do not + + align:start position:0% +people do not + + + align:start position:0% +people do not +so this is confusing let's do the other + + align:start position:0% +so this is confusing let's do the other + + + align:start position:0% +so this is confusing let's do the other +definition + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so another definition + + align:start position:0% +so another definition + + + align:start position:0% +so another definition +is that np is a set of decision problems + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that can be checked in polynomial time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this actually came up in the last + + align:start position:0% +this actually came up in the last + + + align:start position:0% +this actually came up in the last +lecture where we talked about subset sum + + align:start position:0% +lecture where we talked about subset sum + + + align:start position:0% +lecture where we talked about subset sum +i said here's a bunch of integers here's + + align:start position:0% +i said here's a bunch of integers here's + + + align:start position:0% +i said here's a bunch of integers here's +a target integer + + align:start position:0% +a target integer + + + align:start position:0% +a target integer +and i can prove to you that this integer + + align:start position:0% +and i can prove to you that this integer + + + align:start position:0% +and i can prove to you that this integer +can be represented as a sum of + + align:start position:0% +can be represented as a sum of + + + align:start position:0% +can be represented as a sum of +numbers from my subset of numbers from + + align:start position:0% +numbers from my subset of numbers from + + + align:start position:0% +numbers from my subset of numbers from +my set + + align:start position:0% +my set + + + align:start position:0% +my set +because here they are i gave you this + + align:start position:0% +because here they are i gave you this + + + align:start position:0% +because here they are i gave you this +plus this plus this + + align:start position:0% +plus this plus this + + + align:start position:0% +plus this plus this +equals a target sum and so that + + align:start position:0% +equals a target sum and so that + + + align:start position:0% +equals a target sum and so that +is a solution in some sense that can be + + align:start position:0% +is a solution in some sense that can be + + + align:start position:0% +is a solution in some sense that can be +checked + + align:start position:0% +checked + + + align:start position:0% +checked +for a yes example if i can represent my + + align:start position:0% +for a yes example if i can represent my + + + align:start position:0% +for a yes example if i can represent my +number as a subset sum of a given set + + align:start position:0% +number as a subset sum of a given set + + + align:start position:0% +number as a subset sum of a given set +it's easy for me to prove that to you + + align:start position:0% +it's easy for me to prove that to you + + + align:start position:0% +it's easy for me to prove that to you +and you can check it just by adding up + + align:start position:0% +and you can check it just by adding up + + + align:start position:0% +and you can check it just by adding up +the numbers + + align:start position:0% +the numbers + + + align:start position:0% +the numbers +and checking that each number was in the + + align:start position:0% +and checking that each number was in the + + + align:start position:0% +and checking that each number was in the +set + + align:start position:0% +set + + + align:start position:0% +set +whereas no instances we had an example + + align:start position:0% +whereas no instances we had an example + + + align:start position:0% +whereas no instances we had an example +of a target sum that could not be + + align:start position:0% +of a target sum that could not be + + + align:start position:0% +of a target sum that could not be +reached and the only reason i knew that + + align:start position:0% +reached and the only reason i knew that + + + align:start position:0% +reached and the only reason i knew that +is because i had brute force the thing + + align:start position:0% +is because i had brute force the thing + + + align:start position:0% +is because i had brute force the thing +and there's no succinct way to prove to + + align:start position:0% +and there's no succinct way to prove to + + + align:start position:0% +and there's no succinct way to prove to +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +that that number can't be represented a + + align:start position:0% +that that number can't be represented a + + + align:start position:0% +that that number can't be represented a +similar thing with tetris + + align:start position:0% +similar thing with tetris + + + align:start position:0% +similar thing with tetris +what i would say is so this is version + + align:start position:0% +what i would say is so this is version + + + align:start position:0% +what i would say is so this is version +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +version two for tetris is that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a certificate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for a yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +input of tetris is + + align:start position:0% +input of tetris is + + + align:start position:0% +input of tetris is +a sequence of moves for the pieces + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay if it's possible to survive in + + align:start position:0% +okay if it's possible to survive in + + + align:start position:0% +okay if it's possible to survive in +tetris i can prove it to you + + align:start position:0% +tetris i can prove it to you + + + align:start position:0% +tetris i can prove it to you +i can just play the game and show you + + align:start position:0% +i can just play the game and show you + + + align:start position:0% +i can just play the game and show you +that i survived + + align:start position:0% +that i survived + + + align:start position:0% +that i survived +no answers i don't know it's hard to + + align:start position:0% +no answers i don't know it's hard to + + + align:start position:0% +no answers i don't know it's hard to +prove to you that i can't survive a + + align:start position:0% +prove to you that i can't survive a + + + align:start position:0% +prove to you that i can't survive a +given sequence of pieces + + align:start position:0% +given sequence of pieces + + + align:start position:0% +given sequence of pieces +but yes answers are easy i just show you + + align:start position:0% +but yes answers are easy i just show you + + + align:start position:0% +but yes answers are easy i just show you +here's here's the sequence of + + align:start position:0% +here's here's the sequence of + + + align:start position:0% +here's here's the sequence of +button presses i'll do for this piece + + align:start position:0% +button presses i'll do for this piece + + + align:start position:0% +button presses i'll do for this piece +then for this piece then for this piece + + align:start position:0% +then for this piece then for this piece + + + align:start position:0% +then for this piece then for this piece +notice + + align:start position:0% +notice + + + align:start position:0% +notice +it's exactly the same thing that i + + align:start position:0% +it's exactly the same thing that i + + + align:start position:0% +it's exactly the same thing that i +guessed in the beginning of this + + align:start position:0% +guessed in the beginning of this + + + align:start position:0% +guessed in the beginning of this +algorithm + + align:start position:0% +algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm +and then i did some other work to + + align:start position:0% +and then i did some other work to + + + align:start position:0% +and then i did some other work to +implement the rules and similarly if i + + align:start position:0% +implement the rules and similarly if i + + + align:start position:0% +implement the rules and similarly if i +gave you a certificate which is the + + align:start position:0% +gave you a certificate which is the + + + align:start position:0% +gave you a certificate which is the +things that i wanted to guess + + align:start position:0% +things that i wanted to guess + + + align:start position:0% +things that i wanted to guess +of how to play the game i can check this + + align:start position:0% +of how to play the game i can check this + + + align:start position:0% +of how to play the game i can check this +certificate + + align:start position:0% +certificate + + + align:start position:0% +certificate +by just implementing the rules of tetris + + align:start position:0% +by just implementing the rules of tetris + + + align:start position:0% +by just implementing the rules of tetris +and seeing whether i survived and if + + align:start position:0% +and seeing whether i survived and if + + + align:start position:0% +and seeing whether i survived and if +you violate the rules at any point you + + align:start position:0% +you violate the rules at any point you + + + align:start position:0% +you violate the rules at any point you +say no and if you + + align:start position:0% +say no and if you + + + align:start position:0% +say no and if you +survive you return yes that's what's + + align:start position:0% +survive you return yes that's what's + + + align:start position:0% +survive you return yes that's what's +called a verification + + align:start position:0% +called a verification + + + align:start position:0% +called a verification +algorithm so let me formalize this + + align:start position:0% +algorithm so let me formalize this + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm so let me formalize this +notion + + align:start position:0% +notion + + + align:start position:0% +notion +given a problem input + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plus a certificate + + align:start position:0% +plus a certificate + + + align:start position:0% +plus a certificate +like that one over there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there is a polynomial time so this isn't + + align:start position:0% +there is a polynomial time so this isn't + + + align:start position:0% +there is a polynomial time so this isn't +yet another definition this is what i + + align:start position:0% +yet another definition this is what i + + + align:start position:0% +yet another definition this is what i +mean by this definition of np + + align:start position:0% +mean by this definition of np + + + align:start position:0% +mean by this definition of np +a verification algorithm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that satisfies two properties one is + + align:start position:0% +that satisfies two properties one is + + + align:start position:0% +that satisfies two properties one is +for every yes input so every input where + + align:start position:0% +for every yes input so every input where + + + align:start position:0% +for every yes input so every input where +the answer is yes + + align:start position:0% +the answer is yes + + + align:start position:0% +the answer is yes +to the problem there exists a + + align:start position:0% +to the problem there exists a + + + align:start position:0% +to the problem there exists a +certificate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +such that the verifier says yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is saying it's possible to prove + + align:start position:0% +so this is saying it's possible to prove + + + align:start position:0% +so this is saying it's possible to prove +to me that an answer is yes because if + + align:start position:0% +to me that an answer is yes because if + + + align:start position:0% +to me that an answer is yes because if +there's + + align:start position:0% +there's + + + align:start position:0% +there's +if you ever have an input that the + + align:start position:0% +if you ever have an input that the + + + align:start position:0% +if you ever have an input that the +answer happens to be yes + + align:start position:0% +answer happens to be yes + + + align:start position:0% +answer happens to be yes +you can prove it to me by giving me a + + align:start position:0% +you can prove it to me by giving me a + + + align:start position:0% +you can prove it to me by giving me a +certificate there's always some + + align:start position:0% +certificate there's always some + + + align:start position:0% +certificate there's always some +certificate that proves + + align:start position:0% +certificate that proves + + + align:start position:0% +certificate that proves +the answer is yes because the verifier + + align:start position:0% +the answer is yes because the verifier + + + align:start position:0% +the answer is yes because the verifier +which runs in regular polynomial time + + align:start position:0% +which runs in regular polynomial time + + + align:start position:0% +which runs in regular polynomial time +this is a regular + + align:start position:0% +this is a regular + + + align:start position:0% +this is a regular +old-fashioned down-to-earth verification + + align:start position:0% +old-fashioned down-to-earth verification + + + align:start position:0% +old-fashioned down-to-earth verification +algorithm + + align:start position:0% +algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm +polynomial time in our usual sense it + + align:start position:0% +polynomial time in our usual sense it + + + align:start position:0% +polynomial time in our usual sense it +will say yes + + align:start position:0% +will say yes + + + align:start position:0% +will say yes +and furthermore the yes answers from the + + align:start position:0% +and furthermore the yes answers from the + + + align:start position:0% +and furthermore the yes answers from the +verifier are actually meaningful + + align:start position:0% +verifier are actually meaningful + + + align:start position:0% +verifier are actually meaningful +because if i ever give it a no input + + align:start position:0% +because if i ever give it a no input + + + align:start position:0% +because if i ever give it a no input +it always says no no matter what + + align:start position:0% +it always says no no matter what + + + align:start position:0% +it always says no no matter what +certificate i give it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this should really formalize what all + + align:start position:0% +so this should really formalize what all + + + align:start position:0% +so this should really formalize what all +this means is equivalent to the previous + + align:start position:0% +this means is equivalent to the previous + + + align:start position:0% +this means is equivalent to the previous +definition + + align:start position:0% +definition + + + align:start position:0% +definition +this is saying that proofs exist for yes + + align:start position:0% +this is saying that proofs exist for yes + + + align:start position:0% +this is saying that proofs exist for yes +instances + + align:start position:0% +instances + + + align:start position:0% +instances +and this is saying that proofs don't + + align:start position:0% +and this is saying that proofs don't + + + align:start position:0% +and this is saying that proofs don't +exist for no instances meaning there are + + align:start position:0% +exist for no instances meaning there are + + + align:start position:0% +exist for no instances meaning there are +no false proofs + + align:start position:0% +no false proofs + + + align:start position:0% +no false proofs +so if the verifier ever outputs yes you + + align:start position:0% +so if the verifier ever outputs yes you + + + align:start position:0% +so if the verifier ever outputs yes you +know that the answer to your problem is + + align:start position:0% +know that the answer to your problem is + + + align:start position:0% +know that the answer to your problem is +yes + + align:start position:0% +yes + + + align:start position:0% +yes +but if it outputs no you're not sure + + align:start position:0% +but if it outputs no you're not sure + + + align:start position:0% +but if it outputs no you're not sure +maybe you got the certificate wrong + + align:start position:0% +maybe you got the certificate wrong + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you got the certificate wrong +because we only know there's some + + align:start position:0% +because we only know there's some + + + align:start position:0% +because we only know there's some +certificate where the verifier will say + + align:start position:0% +certificate where the verifier will say + + + align:start position:0% +certificate where the verifier will say +yes or maybe it was a no input and then + + align:start position:0% +yes or maybe it was a no input and then + + + align:start position:0% +yes or maybe it was a no input and then +it didn't matter what certificate you + + align:start position:0% +it didn't matter what certificate you + + + align:start position:0% +it didn't matter what certificate you +used + + align:start position:0% +used + + + align:start position:0% +used +but it's nice because it says on say + + align:start position:0% +but it's nice because it says on say + + + align:start position:0% +but it's nice because it says on say +tetris if i give you the sequence of + + align:start position:0% +tetris if i give you the sequence of + + + align:start position:0% +tetris if i give you the sequence of +pieces + + align:start position:0% +pieces + + + align:start position:0% +pieces +it's very easy to write down a verifier + + align:start position:0% +it's very easy to write down a verifier + + + align:start position:0% +it's very easy to write down a verifier +which just implements the rules of + + align:start position:0% +which just implements the rules of + + + align:start position:0% +which just implements the rules of +tetris + + align:start position:0% +tetris + + + align:start position:0% +tetris +and so then you can at least check + + align:start position:0% +and so then you can at least check + + + align:start position:0% +and so then you can at least check +whether a solution is valid + + align:start position:0% +whether a solution is valid + + + align:start position:0% +whether a solution is valid +in the yes case in the no case we don't + + align:start position:0% +in the yes case in the no case we don't + + + align:start position:0% +in the yes case in the no case we don't +have anything useful + + align:start position:0% +have anything useful + + + align:start position:0% +have anything useful +so np is a structure some additional + + align:start position:0% +so np is a structure some additional + + + align:start position:0% +so np is a structure some additional +structure about + + align:start position:0% +structure about + + + align:start position:0% +structure about +the yes inputs in your problem and a lot + + align:start position:0% +the yes inputs in your problem and a lot + + + align:start position:0% +the yes inputs in your problem and a lot +of decision problems are in nnp + + align:start position:0% +of decision problems are in nnp + + + align:start position:0% +of decision problems are in nnp +a lot of the problems that we care about + + align:start position:0% +a lot of the problems that we care about + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of the problems that we care about +can be phrased as an np + + align:start position:0% +can be phrased as an np + + + align:start position:0% +can be phrased as an np +problem as long as it's a decision + + align:start position:0% +problem as long as it's a decision + + + align:start position:0% +problem as long as it's a decision +problem usually answering yes or no + + align:start position:0% +problem usually answering yes or no + + + align:start position:0% +problem usually answering yes or no +is provable like subset sum + + align:start position:0% +is provable like subset sum + + + align:start position:0% +is provable like subset sum +like tetris these are all problems where + + align:start position:0% +like tetris these are all problems where + + + align:start position:0% +like tetris these are all problems where +if the answer is yes + + align:start position:0% +if the answer is yes + + + align:start position:0% +if the answer is yes +i can give you a convincing proof why + + align:start position:0% +i can give you a convincing proof why + + + align:start position:0% +i can give you a convincing proof why +and it turns out a lot so a lot of + + align:start position:0% +and it turns out a lot so a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +and it turns out a lot so a lot of +problems fall into this np setting + + align:start position:0% +problems fall into this np setting + + + align:start position:0% +problems fall into this np setting +and so we have some tools for talking + + align:start position:0% +and so we have some tools for talking + + + align:start position:0% +and so we have some tools for talking +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +problems being + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hard with respect to np let me first + + align:start position:0% +hard with respect to np let me first + + + align:start position:0% +hard with respect to np let me first +talk a little bit about + + align:start position:0% +talk a little bit about + + + align:start position:0% +talk a little bit about +p does not equal np + + align:start position:0% +p does not equal np + + + align:start position:0% +p does not equal np +uh question mark um a lot of people + + align:start position:0% +uh question mark um a lot of people + + + align:start position:0% +uh question mark um a lot of people +conjecture that p does not equal np + + align:start position:0% +conjecture that p does not equal np + + + align:start position:0% +conjecture that p does not equal np +it's sort of a standard conjecture in + + align:start position:0% +it's sort of a standard conjecture in + + + align:start position:0% +it's sort of a standard conjecture in +theoretical computer science but we + + align:start position:0% +theoretical computer science but we + + + align:start position:0% +theoretical computer science but we +don't know how to prove + + align:start position:0% +don't know how to prove + + + align:start position:0% +don't know how to prove +whether p equals np or or does not equal + + align:start position:0% +whether p equals np or or does not equal + + + align:start position:0% +whether p equals np or or does not equal +np + + align:start position:0% +np + + + align:start position:0% +np +and so in this picture i've drawn the + + align:start position:0% +and so in this picture i've drawn the + + + align:start position:0% +and so in this picture i've drawn the +hypothesis which is that np + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis which is that np + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis which is that np +is a strictly bigger region than p is + + align:start position:0% +is a strictly bigger region than p is + + + align:start position:0% +is a strictly bigger region than p is +but we don't actually know whether there + + align:start position:0% +but we don't actually know whether there + + + align:start position:0% +but we don't actually know whether there +are problems in this + + align:start position:0% +are problems in this + + + align:start position:0% +are problems in this +region we don't know whether there are + + align:start position:0% +region we don't know whether there are + + + align:start position:0% +region we don't know whether there are +problems in this region between + + align:start position:0% +problems in this region between + + + align:start position:0% +problems in this region between +np and x we conjecture there are + + align:start position:0% +np and x we conjecture there are + + + align:start position:0% +np and x we conjecture there are +problems here and there are problems + + align:start position:0% +problems here and there are problems + + + align:start position:0% +problems here and there are problems +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +there's definitely problems here or + + align:start position:0% +there's definitely problems here or + + + align:start position:0% +there's definitely problems here or +problems here but we don't know which + + align:start position:0% +problems here but we don't know which + + + align:start position:0% +problems here but we don't know which +one because we know p does not equal x + + align:start position:0% +one because we know p does not equal x + + + align:start position:0% +one because we know p does not equal x +but we don't know whether p equals np + + align:start position:0% +but we don't know whether p equals np + + + align:start position:0% +but we don't know whether p equals np +and we don't know whether np equals x if + + align:start position:0% +and we don't know whether np equals x if + + + align:start position:0% +and we don't know whether np equals x if +you could prove + + align:start position:0% +you could prove + + + align:start position:0% +you could prove +that p does not equal mp or disprove it + + align:start position:0% +that p does not equal mp or disprove it + + + align:start position:0% +that p does not equal mp or disprove it +you would win a million dollars which + + align:start position:0% +you would win a million dollars which + + + align:start position:0% +you would win a million dollars which +not that much money these days but you + + align:start position:0% +not that much money these days but you + + + align:start position:0% +not that much money these days but you +would be famous + + align:start position:0% +would be famous + + + align:start position:0% +would be famous +to for the rest of time if you could + + align:start position:0% +to for the rest of time if you could + + + align:start position:0% +to for the rest of time if you could +ever prove this + + align:start position:0% +ever prove this + + + align:start position:0% +ever prove this +every year there's usually a crackpot + + align:start position:0% +every year there's usually a crackpot + + + align:start position:0% +every year there's usually a crackpot +proof that + + align:start position:0% +proof that + + + align:start position:0% +proof that +doesn't work out some of them go to me + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work out some of them go to me + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work out some of them go to me +please don't send them and anyway the + + align:start position:0% +please don't send them and anyway the + + + align:start position:0% +please don't send them and anyway the +it's it's a very hard problem it is sort + + align:start position:0% +it's it's a very hard problem it is sort + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's a very hard problem it is sort +of the core problem with theoretical + + align:start position:0% +of the core problem with theoretical + + + align:start position:0% +of the core problem with theoretical +computer science + + align:start position:0% +computer science + + + align:start position:0% +computer science +how to prove peter's nautical mp but for + + align:start position:0% +how to prove peter's nautical mp but for + + + align:start position:0% +how to prove peter's nautical mp but for +the most part we just assume it + + align:start position:0% +the most part we just assume it + + + align:start position:0% +the most part we just assume it +uh now what does this conjecture mean it + + align:start position:0% +uh now what does this conjecture mean it + + + align:start position:0% +uh now what does this conjecture mean it +essentially means + + align:start position:0% +essentially means + + + align:start position:0% +essentially means +the way i like to say it is you cannot + + align:start position:0% +the way i like to say it is you cannot + + + align:start position:0% +the way i like to say it is you cannot +engineer luck + + align:start position:0% +engineer luck + + + align:start position:0% +engineer luck +because np problems are problems you can + + align:start position:0% +because np problems are problems you can + + + align:start position:0% +because np problems are problems you can +solve by lucky algorithms + + align:start position:0% +solve by lucky algorithms + + + align:start position:0% +solve by lucky algorithms +p are problems you can solve by regular + + align:start position:0% +p are problems you can solve by regular + + + align:start position:0% +p are problems you can solve by regular +old algorithms + + align:start position:0% +old algorithms + + + align:start position:0% +old algorithms +and so if p equal to np it means luck + + align:start position:0% +and so if p equal to np it means luck + + + align:start position:0% +and so if p equal to np it means luck +doesn't buy you anything which seems + + align:start position:0% +doesn't buy you anything which seems + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't buy you anything which seems +weird like if i can magically make these + + align:start position:0% +weird like if i can magically make these + + + align:start position:0% +weird like if i can magically make these +super powerful guesses + + align:start position:0% +super powerful guesses + + + align:start position:0% +super powerful guesses +uh then i can solve the problem that + + align:start position:0% +uh then i can solve the problem that + + + align:start position:0% +uh then i can solve the problem that +that's np + + align:start position:0% +that's np + + + align:start position:0% +that's np +that seems super powerful way more + + align:start position:0% +that seems super powerful way more + + + align:start position:0% +that seems super powerful way more +powerful than regular algorithms + + align:start position:0% +powerful than regular algorithms + + + align:start position:0% +powerful than regular algorithms +where we have to actually brute force + + align:start position:0% +where we have to actually brute force + + + align:start position:0% +where we have to actually brute force +and try all the choices + + align:start position:0% +and try all the choices + + + align:start position:0% +and try all the choices +um and so it seems seems pretty solid + + align:start position:0% +um and so it seems seems pretty solid + + + align:start position:0% +um and so it seems seems pretty solid +that p d is not equal to p + + align:start position:0% +that p d is not equal to p + + + align:start position:0% +that p d is not equal to p +that's my my of course we don't know how + + align:start position:0% +that's my my of course we don't know how + + + align:start position:0% +that's my my of course we don't know how +to prove it another phrasing is that + + align:start position:0% +to prove it another phrasing is that + + + align:start position:0% +to prove it another phrasing is that +it's harder to + + align:start position:0% +it's harder to + + + align:start position:0% +it's harder to +come up with proofs than it is to check + + align:start position:0% +come up with proofs than it is to check + + + align:start position:0% +come up with proofs than it is to check +them from a mathematical perspective + + align:start position:0% +them from a mathematical perspective + + + align:start position:0% +them from a mathematical perspective +this is equivalent to p does not equal + + align:start position:0% +this is equivalent to p does not equal + + + align:start position:0% +this is equivalent to p does not equal +np + + align:start position:0% +np + + + align:start position:0% +np +so that's why you should believe it now + + align:start position:0% +so that's why you should believe it now + + + align:start position:0% +so that's why you should believe it now +let's go over here + + align:start position:0% +let's go over here + + + align:start position:0% +let's go over here +the next notion is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +np hardness + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so in particular i want to claim this is + + align:start position:0% +so in particular i want to claim this is + + + align:start position:0% +so in particular i want to claim this is +a theorem that exists in the literature + + align:start position:0% +a theorem that exists in the literature + + + align:start position:0% +a theorem that exists in the literature +that if p does not equal np + + align:start position:0% +that if p does not equal np + + + align:start position:0% +that if p does not equal np +then tetris is not in p + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so i said right here tetris is in x but + + align:start position:0% +so i said right here tetris is in x but + + + align:start position:0% +so i said right here tetris is in x but +we don't know whether it's in p + + align:start position:0% +we don't know whether it's in p + + + align:start position:0% +we don't know whether it's in p +but in fact we conjecture is not in p + + align:start position:0% +but in fact we conjecture is not in p + + + align:start position:0% +but in fact we conjecture is not in p +because we conjecture that p does not + + align:start position:0% +because we conjecture that p does not + + + align:start position:0% +because we conjecture that p does not +equal + + align:start position:0% +equal + + + align:start position:0% +equal +p if you could prove this conjecture and + + align:start position:0% +p if you could prove this conjecture and + + + align:start position:0% +p if you could prove this conjecture and +there's a lot of theorems that are + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of theorems that are + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of theorems that are +conditioned assuming p does not equal np + + align:start position:0% +conditioned assuming p does not equal np + + + align:start position:0% +conditioned assuming p does not equal np +then we get some nice results like + + align:start position:0% +then we get some nice results like + + + align:start position:0% +then we get some nice results like +tetris cannot be solved in polynomial + + align:start position:0% +tetris cannot be solved in polynomial + + + align:start position:0% +tetris cannot be solved in polynomial +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +i cannot figure out whether to win + + align:start position:0% +i cannot figure out whether to win + + + align:start position:0% +i cannot figure out whether to win +whether i can win a tetris game + + align:start position:0% +whether i can win a tetris game + + + align:start position:0% +whether i can win a tetris game +in polynomial time in the input size + + align:start position:0% +in polynomial time in the input size + + + align:start position:0% +in polynomial time in the input size +why this is a + + align:start position:0% +why this is a + + + align:start position:0% +why this is a +consequence of another theorem + + align:start position:0% +consequence of another theorem + + + align:start position:0% +consequence of another theorem +which is that tetris + + align:start position:0% +which is that tetris + + + align:start position:0% +which is that tetris +is np hard i'm going to define + + align:start position:0% +is np hard i'm going to define + + + align:start position:0% +is np hard i'm going to define +mp hard informally first and then i'll + + align:start position:0% +mp hard informally first and then i'll + + + align:start position:0% +mp hard informally first and then i'll +define it slightly more formally in a + + align:start position:0% +define it slightly more formally in a + + + align:start position:0% +define it slightly more formally in a +second + + align:start position:0% +second + + + align:start position:0% +second +but this means roughly + + align:start position:0% +but this means roughly + + + align:start position:0% +but this means roughly +that tetris is as hard as + + align:start position:0% +that tetris is as hard as + + + align:start position:0% +that tetris is as hard as +all problems in np + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let me draw this in the picture + + align:start position:0% +so let me draw this in the picture + + + align:start position:0% +so let me draw this in the picture +so np hard is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this part oh + + align:start position:0% +this part oh + + + align:start position:0% +this part oh +did i leave myself enough room maybe not + + align:start position:0% +did i leave myself enough room maybe not + + + align:start position:0% +did i leave myself enough room maybe not +well we'll squeeze it in there's another + + align:start position:0% +well we'll squeeze it in there's another + + + align:start position:0% +well we'll squeeze it in there's another +region here + + align:start position:0% +region here + + + align:start position:0% +region here +for x-part + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so your problem being an np was a + + align:start position:0% +so your problem being an np was a + + + align:start position:0% +so your problem being an np was a +positive result it says you're no more + + align:start position:0% +positive result it says you're no more + + + align:start position:0% +positive result it says you're no more +difficult than this + + align:start position:0% +difficult than this + + + align:start position:0% +difficult than this +line you're either at this position or + + align:start position:0% +line you're either at this position or + + + align:start position:0% +line you're either at this position or +to the left + + align:start position:0% +to the left + + + align:start position:0% +to the left +being in p is also a positive statement + + align:start position:0% +being in p is also a positive statement + + + align:start position:0% +being in p is also a positive statement +says you're here or to the left + + align:start position:0% +says you're here or to the left + + + align:start position:0% +says you're here or to the left +being in p is better than being in np + + align:start position:0% +being in p is better than being in np + + + align:start position:0% +being in p is better than being in np +because this is a subset of that + + align:start position:0% +because this is a subset of that + + + align:start position:0% +because this is a subset of that +np hard is a lower bound it says + + align:start position:0% +np hard is a lower bound it says + + + align:start position:0% +np hard is a lower bound it says +you are at this point this level of + + align:start position:0% +you are at this point this level of + + + align:start position:0% +you are at this point this level of +difficulty or to the right + + align:start position:0% +difficulty or to the right + + + align:start position:0% +difficulty or to the right +and so it goes from here off to infinity + + align:start position:0% +and so it goes from here off to infinity + + + align:start position:0% +and so it goes from here off to infinity +in difficulty + + align:start position:0% +in difficulty + + + align:start position:0% +in difficulty +and x part says you're at least as hard + + align:start position:0% +and x part says you're at least as hard + + + align:start position:0% +and x part says you're at least as hard +as the right extent of the x + + align:start position:0% +as the right extent of the x + + + align:start position:0% +as the right extent of the x +uh set uh or you're harder than that + + align:start position:0% +uh set uh or you're harder than that + + + align:start position:0% +uh set uh or you're harder than that +in a sense that we'll formalize in a + + align:start position:0% +in a sense that we'll formalize in a + + + align:start position:0% +in a sense that we'll formalize in a +moment + + align:start position:0% +moment + + + align:start position:0% +moment +and this place right here as you might + + align:start position:0% +and this place right here as you might + + + align:start position:0% +and this place right here as you might +imagine is + + align:start position:0% +imagine is + + + align:start position:0% +imagine is +kind of interesting it's exactly where + + align:start position:0% +kind of interesting it's exactly where + + + align:start position:0% +kind of interesting it's exactly where +np meets np hard + + align:start position:0% +np meets np hard + + + align:start position:0% +np meets np hard +this thing is called np-complete + + align:start position:0% +this thing is called np-complete + + + align:start position:0% +this thing is called np-complete +you probably have heard about mp + + align:start position:0% +you probably have heard about mp + + + align:start position:0% +you probably have heard about mp +completeness the famous notion + + align:start position:0% +completeness the famous notion + + + align:start position:0% +completeness the famous notion +and this is what it means it is + + align:start position:0% +and this is what it means it is + + + align:start position:0% +and this is what it means it is +the problems that are in np so they have + + align:start position:0% +the problems that are in np so they have + + + align:start position:0% +the problems that are in np so they have +a lucky algorithm that solves them they + + align:start position:0% +a lucky algorithm that solves them they + + + align:start position:0% +a lucky algorithm that solves them they +can be verified their certificates they + + align:start position:0% +can be verified their certificates they + + + align:start position:0% +can be verified their certificates they +can be verified + + align:start position:0% +can be verified + + + align:start position:0% +can be verified +and they are np hard so they're in np + + align:start position:0% +and they are np hard so they're in np + + + align:start position:0% +and they are np hard so they're in np +and they are the hardest among problems + + align:start position:0% +and they are the hardest among problems + + + align:start position:0% +and they are the hardest among problems +in np + + align:start position:0% +in np + + + align:start position:0% +in np +now they're not the hardest problem + + align:start position:0% +now they're not the hardest problem + + + align:start position:0% +now they're not the hardest problem +they're actually many problems + + align:start position:0% +they're actually many problems + + + align:start position:0% +they're actually many problems +right here at this single level of + + align:start position:0% +right here at this single level of + + + align:start position:0% +right here at this single level of +difficulty called mp complete + + align:start position:0% +difficulty called mp complete + + + align:start position:0% +difficulty called mp complete +among them is tetris there are many + + align:start position:0% +among them is tetris there are many + + + align:start position:0% +among them is tetris there are many +others which i will list in a moment + + align:start position:0% +others which i will list in a moment + + + align:start position:0% +others which i will list in a moment +so that is mp completeness so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because these problems are the hardest + + align:start position:0% +because these problems are the hardest + + + align:start position:0% +because these problems are the hardest +problems in np + + align:start position:0% +problems in np + + + align:start position:0% +problems in np +if there's any problems here in between + + align:start position:0% +if there's any problems here in between + + + align:start position:0% +if there's any problems here in between +in np minus p + + align:start position:0% +in np minus p + + + align:start position:0% +in np minus p +then these must be among them and so if + + align:start position:0% +then these must be among them and so if + + + align:start position:0% +then these must be among them and so if +you assume + + align:start position:0% +you assume + + + align:start position:0% +you assume +that p is not equal np as most people do + + align:start position:0% +that p is not equal np as most people do + + + align:start position:0% +that p is not equal np as most people do +then you know that all problems at this + + align:start position:0% +then you know that all problems at this + + + align:start position:0% +then you know that all problems at this +rightmost extreme of np the hardest of + + align:start position:0% +rightmost extreme of np the hardest of + + + align:start position:0% +rightmost extreme of np the hardest of +the problems in np + + align:start position:0% +the problems in np + + + align:start position:0% +the problems in np +they must not be in p and that's why i + + align:start position:0% +they must not be in p and that's why i + + + align:start position:0% +they must not be in p and that's why i +can say if p does not equal np + + align:start position:0% +can say if p does not equal np + + + align:start position:0% +can say if p does not equal np +tetris is not in p and also any mp + + align:start position:0% +tetris is not in p and also any mp + + + align:start position:0% +tetris is not in p and also any mp +complete problem is not np + + align:start position:0% +complete problem is not np + + + align:start position:0% +complete problem is not np +okay what does as hard as + + align:start position:0% +okay what does as hard as + + + align:start position:0% +okay what does as hard as +mean + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is our good friend + + align:start position:0% +this is our good friend + + + align:start position:0% +this is our good friend +reductions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we talked about reductions a lot in this + + align:start position:0% +we talked about reductions a lot in this + + + align:start position:0% +we talked about reductions a lot in this +class + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reductions are the easy way to use + + align:start position:0% +reductions are the easy way to use + + + align:start position:0% +reductions are the easy way to use +algorithms you just take your problem + + align:start position:0% +algorithms you just take your problem + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms you just take your problem +and we reduce it to a problem you + + align:start position:0% +and we reduce it to a problem you + + + align:start position:0% +and we reduce it to a problem you +already know how to solve + + align:start position:0% +already know how to solve + + + align:start position:0% +already know how to solve +you take the input + + align:start position:0% +you take the input + + + align:start position:0% +you take the input +to some problem that you want to solve + + align:start position:0% +to some problem that you want to solve + + + align:start position:0% +to some problem that you want to solve +and you convert it + + align:start position:0% +and you convert it + + + align:start position:0% +and you convert it +into an input to some other problem + + align:start position:0% +into an input to some other problem + + + align:start position:0% +into an input to some other problem +like single source shortest paths or + + align:start position:0% +like single source shortest paths or + + + align:start position:0% +like single source shortest paths or +something like that that you already + + align:start position:0% +something like that that you already + + + align:start position:0% +something like that that you already +have an algorithm for solving + + align:start position:0% +have an algorithm for solving + + + align:start position:0% +have an algorithm for solving +so if you have an algorithm that solves + + align:start position:0% +so if you have an algorithm that solves + + + align:start position:0% +so if you have an algorithm that solves +problem b + + align:start position:0% +problem b + + + align:start position:0% +problem b +you can convert that into a solution for + + align:start position:0% +you can convert that into a solution for + + + align:start position:0% +you can convert that into a solution for +b + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and a reduction should also tell me how + + align:start position:0% +and a reduction should also tell me how + + + align:start position:0% +and a reduction should also tell me how +to given a solution to b + + align:start position:0% +to given a solution to b + + + align:start position:0% +to given a solution to b +how to convert it back into a solution + + align:start position:0% +how to convert it back into a solution + + + align:start position:0% +how to convert it back into a solution +for a + + align:start position:0% +for a + + + align:start position:0% +for a +and when i say solution here i actually + + align:start position:0% +and when i say solution here i actually + + + align:start position:0% +and when i say solution here i actually +mean certificate from over there + + align:start position:0% +mean certificate from over there + + + align:start position:0% +mean certificate from over there +uh so how + + align:start position:0% +uh so how + + + align:start position:0% +uh so how +like so if i um yeah + + align:start position:0% +like so if i um yeah + + + align:start position:0% +like so if i um yeah +okay so if i have so reduction consists + + align:start position:0% +okay so if i have so reduction consists + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if i have so reduction consists +of these two pieces + + align:start position:0% +of these two pieces + + + align:start position:0% +of these two pieces +how to convert an input at a to an input + + align:start position:0% +how to convert an input at a to an input + + + align:start position:0% +how to convert an input at a to an input +for b given a solution to b + + align:start position:0% +for b given a solution to b + + + align:start position:0% +for b given a solution to b +how to convert it to a solution to a let + + align:start position:0% +how to convert it to a solution to a let + + + align:start position:0% +how to convert it to a solution to a let +me give you some examples of reductions + + align:start position:0% +me give you some examples of reductions + + + align:start position:0% +me give you some examples of reductions +you've already seen you've seen a lot of + + align:start position:0% +you've already seen you've seen a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +you've already seen you've seen a lot of +them + + align:start position:0% +them + + + align:start position:0% +them +if i have unweighted shortest paths on + + align:start position:0% +if i have unweighted shortest paths on + + + align:start position:0% +if i have unweighted shortest paths on +the left + + align:start position:0% +the left + + + align:start position:0% +the left +unweighted + + align:start position:0% +unweighted + + + align:start position:0% +unweighted +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +single source shortest paths i can + + align:start position:0% +single source shortest paths i can + + + align:start position:0% +single source shortest paths i can +reduce that + + align:start position:0% +reduce that + + + align:start position:0% +reduce that +to weighted shortest paths how + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +set all the weights to one so here i'm + + align:start position:0% +set all the weights to one so here i'm + + + align:start position:0% +set all the weights to one so here i'm +given a graph without weights if i set + + align:start position:0% +given a graph without weights if i set + + + align:start position:0% +given a graph without weights if i set +all the weights to one + + align:start position:0% +all the weights to one + + + align:start position:0% +all the weights to one +that turns it into an input for weighted + + align:start position:0% +that turns it into an input for weighted + + + align:start position:0% +that turns it into an input for weighted +string of source source pads so if you + + align:start position:0% +string of source source pads so if you + + + align:start position:0% +string of source source pads so if you +didn't know how to solve this you could + + align:start position:0% +didn't know how to solve this you could + + + align:start position:0% +didn't know how to solve this you could +solve it by converting it if you've + + align:start position:0% +solve it by converting it if you've + + + align:start position:0% +solve it by converting it if you've +already written say a dijkstra algorithm + + align:start position:0% +already written say a dijkstra algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +already written say a dijkstra algorithm +you could + + align:start position:0% +you could + + + align:start position:0% +you could +apply it to solve unweighted single + + align:start position:0% +apply it to solve unweighted single + + + align:start position:0% +apply it to solve unweighted single +source shortest paths now we know a + + align:start position:0% +source shortest paths now we know a + + + align:start position:0% +source shortest paths now we know a +faster way to solve this + + align:start position:0% +faster way to solve this + + + align:start position:0% +faster way to solve this +but you know it's only a log factor + + align:start position:0% +but you know it's only a log factor + + + align:start position:0% +but you know it's only a log factor +faster and here we're talking about + + align:start position:0% +faster and here we're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +faster and here we're talking about +polynomial versus exponential + + align:start position:0% +polynomial versus exponential + + + align:start position:0% +polynomial versus exponential +okay so this is a valid reduction it's + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is a valid reduction it's + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is a valid reduction it's +not the most interesting one from an + + align:start position:0% +not the most interesting one from an + + + align:start position:0% +not the most interesting one from an +algorithmic standpoint but it is an + + align:start position:0% +algorithmic standpoint but it is an + + + align:start position:0% +algorithmic standpoint but it is an +algorithm + + align:start position:0% +algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm +another one we have uh we've seen is if + + align:start position:0% +another one we have uh we've seen is if + + + align:start position:0% +another one we have uh we've seen is if +you have integer weights on the left + + align:start position:0% +you have integer weights on the left + + + align:start position:0% +you have integer weights on the left +you can convert that to unweighted on + + align:start position:0% +you can convert that to unweighted on + + + align:start position:0% +you can convert that to unweighted on +the right + + align:start position:0% +the right + + + align:start position:0% +the right +by positive integer weights by + + align:start position:0% +by positive integer weights by + + + align:start position:0% +by positive integer weights by +subdividing each + + align:start position:0% +subdividing each + + + align:start position:0% +subdividing each +edge of weight w into w edges + + align:start position:0% +edge of weight w into w edges + + + align:start position:0% +edge of weight w into w edges +of no weight so that that's + + align:start position:0% +of no weight so that that's + + + align:start position:0% +of no weight so that that's +maybe a little bit less efficient it + + align:start position:0% +maybe a little bit less efficient it + + + align:start position:0% +maybe a little bit less efficient it +depends how what the sum of the weights + + align:start position:0% +depends how what the sum of the weights + + + align:start position:0% +depends how what the sum of the weights +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +another version that we've seen is + + align:start position:0% +another version that we've seen is + + + align:start position:0% +another version that we've seen is +longest path in a graph + + align:start position:0% +longest path in a graph + + + align:start position:0% +longest path in a graph +we can weighted path uh we can reduce to + + align:start position:0% +we can weighted path uh we can reduce to + + + align:start position:0% +we can weighted path uh we can reduce to +shortest path in a graph + + align:start position:0% +shortest path in a graph + + + align:start position:0% +shortest path in a graph +weighted by + + align:start position:0% +weighted by + + + align:start position:0% +weighted by +negating all the weights we did this in + + align:start position:0% +negating all the weights we did this in + + + align:start position:0% +negating all the weights we did this in +some of the dynamic programming things + + align:start position:0% +some of the dynamic programming things + + + align:start position:0% +some of the dynamic programming things +like oh + + align:start position:0% +like oh + + + align:start position:0% +like oh +longest path in a dag we can convert + + align:start position:0% +longest path in a dag we can convert + + + align:start position:0% +longest path in a dag we can convert +that into shortest path and tag just by + + align:start position:0% +that into shortest path and tag just by + + + align:start position:0% +that into shortest path and tag just by +negating all the weights so these are + + align:start position:0% +negating all the weights so these are + + + align:start position:0% +negating all the weights so these are +all examples of converting + + align:start position:0% +all examples of converting + + + align:start position:0% +all examples of converting +one problem to another usually you + + align:start position:0% +one problem to another usually you + + + align:start position:0% +one problem to another usually you +convert from + + align:start position:0% +convert from + + + align:start position:0% +convert from +for algorithms you convert from a + + align:start position:0% +for algorithms you convert from a + + + align:start position:0% +for algorithms you convert from a +problem you want to solve into a problem + + align:start position:0% +problem you want to solve into a problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem you want to solve into a problem +that you already know how to solve but + + align:start position:0% +that you already know how to solve but + + + align:start position:0% +that you already know how to solve but +it turns out the same tool of reductions + + align:start position:0% +it turns out the same tool of reductions + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out the same tool of reductions +can be used to prove + + align:start position:0% +can be used to prove + + + align:start position:0% +can be used to prove +negative results too and in this case + + align:start position:0% +negative results too and in this case + + + align:start position:0% +negative results too and in this case +we're going to + + align:start position:0% +we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to +reduce from a problem that we think + + align:start position:0% +reduce from a problem that we think + + + align:start position:0% +reduce from a problem that we think +cannot be solved + + align:start position:0% +cannot be solved + + + align:start position:0% +cannot be solved +and reduce it to the problem that we're + + align:start position:0% +and reduce it to the problem that we're + + + align:start position:0% +and reduce it to the problem that we're +interested in solving + + align:start position:0% +interested in solving + + + align:start position:0% +interested in solving +okay so let me write more precisely what + + align:start position:0% +okay so let me write more precisely what + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let me write more precisely what +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +means if you can find a reduction like + + align:start position:0% +means if you can find a reduction like + + + align:start position:0% +means if you can find a reduction like +this it means that solving a + + align:start position:0% +this it means that solving a + + + align:start position:0% +this it means that solving a +is at least as easy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +as solving b right because + + align:start position:0% +as solving b right because + + + align:start position:0% +as solving b right because +i could solve a in particular by + + align:start position:0% +i could solve a in particular by + + + align:start position:0% +i could solve a in particular by +converting it into b + + align:start position:0% +converting it into b + + + align:start position:0% +converting it into b +solving b and then converting it back to + + align:start position:0% +solving b and then converting it back to + + + align:start position:0% +solving b and then converting it back to +the solution to a + + align:start position:0% +the solution to a + + + align:start position:0% +the solution to a +so in other words if i can solve b i can + + align:start position:0% +so in other words if i can solve b i can + + + align:start position:0% +so in other words if i can solve b i can +solve a which is + + align:start position:0% +solve a which is + + + align:start position:0% +solve a which is +i can phrase informally as a is at least + + align:start position:0% +i can phrase informally as a is at least + + + align:start position:0% +i can phrase informally as a is at least +as easy as b + + align:start position:0% +as easy as b + + + align:start position:0% +as easy as b +and now using uh grammar or + + align:start position:0% +and now using uh grammar or + + + align:start position:0% +and now using uh grammar or +contrapositive whatever + + align:start position:0% +contrapositive whatever + + + align:start position:0% +contrapositive whatever +this is the same thing as saying that b + + align:start position:0% +this is the same thing as saying that b + + + align:start position:0% +this is the same thing as saying that b +is at least + + align:start position:0% +is at least + + + align:start position:0% +is at least +as hard as a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and this is what i mean by at least as + + align:start position:0% +and this is what i mean by at least as + + + align:start position:0% +and this is what i mean by at least as +hard as so this is my definition of at + + align:start position:0% +hard as so this is my definition of at + + + align:start position:0% +hard as so this is my definition of at +least as hard + + align:start position:0% +least as hard + + + align:start position:0% +least as hard +in this notion of np hardness + + align:start position:0% +in this notion of np hardness + + + align:start position:0% +in this notion of np hardness +okay so what np hard means is that i'm + + align:start position:0% +okay so what np hard means is that i'm + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what np hard means is that i'm +at least as hard as all problems in np + + align:start position:0% +at least as hard as all problems in np + + + align:start position:0% +at least as hard as all problems in np +and so what that means is every problem + + align:start position:0% +and so what that means is every problem + + + align:start position:0% +and so what that means is every problem +in np + + align:start position:0% +in np + + + align:start position:0% +in np +can be reduced to tetris which is kind + + align:start position:0% +can be reduced to tetris which is kind + + + align:start position:0% +can be reduced to tetris which is kind +of funny + + align:start position:0% +of funny + + + align:start position:0% +of funny +but in particular that means that if + + align:start position:0% +but in particular that means that if + + + align:start position:0% +but in particular that means that if +there's an algorithm for tetris there's + + align:start position:0% +there's an algorithm for tetris there's + + + align:start position:0% +there's an algorithm for tetris there's +an algorithm for all problems + + align:start position:0% +an algorithm for all problems + + + align:start position:0% +an algorithm for all problems +in np and so that's actually the + + align:start position:0% +in np and so that's actually the + + + align:start position:0% +in np and so that's actually the +contrapositive of this statement + + align:start position:0% +contrapositive of this statement + + + align:start position:0% +contrapositive of this statement +so saying if there's a polynomial if i + + align:start position:0% +so saying if there's a polynomial if i + + + align:start position:0% +so saying if there's a polynomial if i +take the contrapositive this this is + + align:start position:0% +take the contrapositive this this is + + + align:start position:0% +take the contrapositive this this is +saying if there's a polynomial time + + align:start position:0% +saying if there's a polynomial time + + + align:start position:0% +saying if there's a polynomial time +algorithm for tetris + + align:start position:0% +algorithm for tetris + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm for tetris +then p equals np there's a polynomial + + align:start position:0% +then p equals np there's a polynomial + + + align:start position:0% +then p equals np there's a polynomial +time algorithm for every problem in np + + align:start position:0% +time algorithm for every problem in np + + + align:start position:0% +time algorithm for every problem in np +and the way we prove that is by + + align:start position:0% +and the way we prove that is by + + + align:start position:0% +and the way we prove that is by +reductions we take an arbitrary problem + + align:start position:0% +reductions we take an arbitrary problem + + + align:start position:0% +reductions we take an arbitrary problem +in np + + align:start position:0% +in np + + + align:start position:0% +in np +and we reduce it to tetris luckily + + align:start position:0% +and we reduce it to tetris luckily + + + align:start position:0% +and we reduce it to tetris luckily +that's not as hard as it sounds because + + align:start position:0% +that's not as hard as it sounds because + + + align:start position:0% +that's not as hard as it sounds because +it's already been done once there is + + align:start position:0% +it's already been done once there is + + + align:start position:0% +it's already been done once there is +already a reduction from + + align:start position:0% +already a reduction from + + + align:start position:0% +already a reduction from +np to from all problems in np + + align:start position:0% +np to from all problems in np + + + align:start position:0% +np to from all problems in np +to singular problems out there the mp + + align:start position:0% +to singular problems out there the mp + + + align:start position:0% +to singular problems out there the mp +complete problems there was some first + + align:start position:0% +complete problems there was some first + + + align:start position:0% +complete problems there was some first +mp complete problem which + + align:start position:0% +mp complete problem which + + + align:start position:0% +mp complete problem which +i guess is turing machine + + align:start position:0% +i guess is turing machine + + + align:start position:0% +i guess is turing machine +non-determinant it's basically + + align:start position:0% +non-determinant it's basically + + + align:start position:0% +non-determinant it's basically +simulating lucky algorithm so it's kind + + align:start position:0% +simulating lucky algorithm so it's kind + + + align:start position:0% +simulating lucky algorithm so it's kind +of a not very interesting problem + + align:start position:0% +of a not very interesting problem + + + align:start position:0% +of a not very interesting problem +but from that problem if you can reduce + + align:start position:0% +but from that problem if you can reduce + + + align:start position:0% +but from that problem if you can reduce +it to any other problem you know that + + align:start position:0% +it to any other problem you know that + + + align:start position:0% +it to any other problem you know that +problem is np-hard as well + + align:start position:0% +problem is np-hard as well + + + align:start position:0% +problem is np-hard as well +and so briefly i want to show you some + + align:start position:0% +and so briefly i want to show you some + + + align:start position:0% +and so briefly i want to show you some +examples of that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here so + + align:start position:0% +here so + + + align:start position:0% +here so +i want to start out with a problem that + + align:start position:0% +i want to start out with a problem that + + + align:start position:0% +i want to start out with a problem that +i'm just going to assume + + align:start position:0% +i'm just going to assume + + + align:start position:0% +i'm just going to assume +is mp complete and it's called three + + align:start position:0% +is mp complete and it's called three + + + align:start position:0% +is mp complete and it's called three +partition + + align:start position:0% +partition + + + align:start position:0% +partition +um it's one way to phrase it is i give + + align:start position:0% +um it's one way to phrase it is i give + + + align:start position:0% +um it's one way to phrase it is i give +you a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +you a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +you a bunch of +integers i think i have it written down + + align:start position:0% +integers i think i have it written down + + + align:start position:0% +integers i think i have it written down +over here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +also the board i give you n + + align:start position:0% +also the board i give you n + + + align:start position:0% +also the board i give you n +integers and i'd like to divide them up + + align:start position:0% +integers and i'd like to divide them up + + + align:start position:0% +integers and i'd like to divide them up +into n over three groups of size three + + align:start position:0% +into n over three groups of size three + + + align:start position:0% +into n over three groups of size three +such that each group of size three has + + align:start position:0% +such that each group of size three has + + + align:start position:0% +such that each group of size three has +the same sum + + align:start position:0% +the same sum + + + align:start position:0% +the same sum +uh as it's written up there on the board + + align:start position:0% +uh as it's written up there on the board + + + align:start position:0% +uh as it's written up there on the board +uh so you can also think of this as the + + align:start position:0% +uh so you can also think of this as the + + + align:start position:0% +uh so you can also think of this as the +following problem i give you a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +following problem i give you a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +following problem i give you a bunch of +rectangles that are + + align:start position:0% +rectangles that are + + + align:start position:0% +rectangles that are +a side length or a bunch of sticks let's + + align:start position:0% +a side length or a bunch of sticks let's + + + align:start position:0% +a side length or a bunch of sticks let's +say of varying lengths + + align:start position:0% +say of varying lengths + + + align:start position:0% +say of varying lengths +and i want to group them up like on the + + align:start position:0% +and i want to group them up like on the + + + align:start position:0% +and i want to group them up like on the +right diagram + + align:start position:0% +right diagram + + + align:start position:0% +right diagram +so that in groups of three such that the + + align:start position:0% +so that in groups of three such that the + + + align:start position:0% +so that in groups of three such that the +total length of each group + + align:start position:0% +total length of each group + + + align:start position:0% +total length of each group +is exactly the same okay this is just a + + align:start position:0% +is exactly the same okay this is just a + + + align:start position:0% +is exactly the same okay this is just a +problem + + align:start position:0% +problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem +and just believe for now that is mp + + align:start position:0% +and just believe for now that is mp + + + align:start position:0% +and just believe for now that is mp +complete i won't prove that + + align:start position:0% +complete i won't prove that + + + align:start position:0% +complete i won't prove that +but i'd like to do what i'd like to show + + align:start position:0% +but i'd like to do what i'd like to show + + + align:start position:0% +but i'd like to do what i'd like to show +you is a reduction from this problem + + align:start position:0% +you is a reduction from this problem + + + align:start position:0% +you is a reduction from this problem +to another problem solving jigsaw + + align:start position:0% +to another problem solving jigsaw + + + align:start position:0% +to another problem solving jigsaw +puzzles + + align:start position:0% +puzzles + + + align:start position:0% +puzzles +uh so you might think jigsaw puzzles are + + align:start position:0% +uh so you might think jigsaw puzzles are + + + align:start position:0% +uh so you might think jigsaw puzzles are +really easy + + align:start position:0% +really easy + + + align:start position:0% +really easy +and especially easy if i lose the + + align:start position:0% +and especially easy if i lose the + + + align:start position:0% +and especially easy if i lose the +projector + + align:start position:0% +projector + + + align:start position:0% +projector +but in fact if you have a jigsaw puzzle + + align:start position:0% +but in fact if you have a jigsaw puzzle + + + align:start position:0% +but in fact if you have a jigsaw puzzle +where some of the + + align:start position:0% +where some of the + + + align:start position:0% +where some of the +matches are ambiguous if there's + + align:start position:0% +matches are ambiguous if there's + + + align:start position:0% +matches are ambiguous if there's +multiple pieces that could fit against a + + align:start position:0% +multiple pieces that could fit against a + + + align:start position:0% +multiple pieces that could fit against a +given tab + + align:start position:0% +given tab + + + align:start position:0% +given tab +or pocket then i claim i can represent + + align:start position:0% +or pocket then i claim i can represent + + + align:start position:0% +or pocket then i claim i can represent +this three partition problem by building + + align:start position:0% +this three partition problem by building + + + align:start position:0% +this three partition problem by building +little sticks + + align:start position:0% +little sticks + + + align:start position:0% +little sticks +like here so if i want to represent a + + align:start position:0% +like here so if i want to represent a + + + align:start position:0% +like here so if i want to represent a +stick + + align:start position:0% +stick + + + align:start position:0% +stick +of length a i i'm just going to build + + align:start position:0% +of length a i i'm just going to build + + + align:start position:0% +of length a i i'm just going to build +and ai i didn't mention they're all + + align:start position:0% +and ai i didn't mention they're all + + + align:start position:0% +and ai i didn't mention they're all +integers and they're + + align:start position:0% +integers and they're + + + align:start position:0% +integers and they're +polynomial sized integers + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i'm going to represent that by about by + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to represent that by about by + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to represent that by about by +ai + + align:start position:0% +ai + + + align:start position:0% +ai +different pieces here and the red + + align:start position:0% +different pieces here and the red + + + align:start position:0% +different pieces here and the red +tabs and pockets are designed to be + + align:start position:0% +tabs and pockets are designed to be + + + align:start position:0% +tabs and pockets are designed to be +unique global to the puzzle like a + + align:start position:0% +unique global to the puzzle like a + + + align:start position:0% +unique global to the puzzle like a +regular jigsaw puzzle + + align:start position:0% +regular jigsaw puzzle + + + align:start position:0% +regular jigsaw puzzle +given this piece on the left and this + + align:start position:0% +given this piece on the left and this + + + align:start position:0% +given this piece on the left and this +tab on the right there's a unique pocket + + align:start position:0% +tab on the right there's a unique pocket + + + align:start position:0% +tab on the right there's a unique pocket +there's a piece with a unique pocket + + align:start position:0% +there's a piece with a unique pocket + + + align:start position:0% +there's a piece with a unique pocket +that fits perfectly into that piece so + + align:start position:0% +that fits perfectly into that piece so + + + align:start position:0% +that fits perfectly into that piece so +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +this joining is forced and also this + + align:start position:0% +this joining is forced and also this + + + align:start position:0% +this joining is forced and also this +joining is forced + + align:start position:0% +joining is forced + + + align:start position:0% +joining is forced +but the blue tabs and pockets are + + align:start position:0% +but the blue tabs and pockets are + + + align:start position:0% +but the blue tabs and pockets are +different they're all the same + + align:start position:0% +different they're all the same + + + align:start position:0% +different they're all the same +they're all identical and so if i build + + align:start position:0% +they're all identical and so if i build + + + align:start position:0% +they're all identical and so if i build +this frame + + align:start position:0% +this frame + + + align:start position:0% +this frame +using the you know red unique + + align:start position:0% +using the you know red unique + + + align:start position:0% +using the you know red unique +assignments and i build these rectangles + + align:start position:0% +assignments and i build these rectangles + + + align:start position:0% +assignments and i build these rectangles +if i want to pack these rectangles into + + align:start position:0% +if i want to pack these rectangles into + + + align:start position:0% +if i want to pack these rectangles into +this rectangle that's exactly the three + + align:start position:0% +this rectangle that's exactly the three + + + align:start position:0% +this rectangle that's exactly the three +partition problem + + align:start position:0% +partition problem + + + align:start position:0% +partition problem +with some details that i didn't fill in + + align:start position:0% +with some details that i didn't fill in + + + align:start position:0% +with some details that i didn't fill in +but it turns out + + align:start position:0% +but it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +but it turns out +you'd be forced to group these into + + align:start position:0% +you'd be forced to group these into + + + align:start position:0% +you'd be forced to group these into +groups of size + + align:start position:0% +groups of size + + + align:start position:0% +groups of size +three something like this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +varying lengths but + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so that's an example of reduction + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's an example of reduction + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's an example of reduction +if you believe the three partition is np + + align:start position:0% +if you believe the three partition is np + + + align:start position:0% +if you believe the three partition is np +hard this proves to you + + align:start position:0% +hard this proves to you + + + align:start position:0% +hard this proves to you +that jigsaw puzzles are np hard + + align:start position:0% +that jigsaw puzzles are np hard + + + align:start position:0% +that jigsaw puzzles are np hard +something you may not have none + + align:start position:0% +something you may not have none + + + align:start position:0% +something you may not have none +every time you solve a jigsaw puzzle you + + align:start position:0% +every time you solve a jigsaw puzzle you + + + align:start position:0% +every time you solve a jigsaw puzzle you +can feel good about yourself now + + align:start position:0% +can feel good about yourself now + + + align:start position:0% +can feel good about yourself now +especially if it has ambiguous mates + + align:start position:0% +especially if it has ambiguous mates + + + align:start position:0% +especially if it has ambiguous mates +next is tetris so here is a reduction + + align:start position:0% +next is tetris so here is a reduction + + + align:start position:0% +next is tetris so here is a reduction +from the same three partition problem + + align:start position:0% +from the same three partition problem + + + align:start position:0% +from the same three partition problem +which is one of my favorite problems to + + align:start position:0% +which is one of my favorite problems to + + + align:start position:0% +which is one of my favorite problems to +tetris it starts out with this strange + + align:start position:0% +tetris it starts out with this strange + + + align:start position:0% +tetris it starts out with this strange +board it has a bunch of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +columns here where i could put pieces so + + align:start position:0% +columns here where i could put pieces so + + + align:start position:0% +columns here where i could put pieces so +i'm not allowed to put pieces in these + + align:start position:0% +i'm not allowed to put pieces in these + + + align:start position:0% +i'm not allowed to put pieces in these +dark regions + + align:start position:0% +dark regions + + + align:start position:0% +dark regions +they all have height t t is the target + + align:start position:0% +they all have height t t is the target + + + align:start position:0% +they all have height t t is the target +sum + + align:start position:0% +sum + + + align:start position:0% +sum +that we want all of the numbers to all + + align:start position:0% +that we want all of the numbers to all + + + align:start position:0% +that we want all of the numbers to all +the triples of numbers to add up to + + align:start position:0% +the triples of numbers to add up to + + + align:start position:0% +the triples of numbers to add up to +and there's n over three of these uh + + align:start position:0% +and there's n over three of these uh + + + align:start position:0% +and there's n over three of these uh +slots where i can try to put pieces + + align:start position:0% +slots where i can try to put pieces + + + align:start position:0% +slots where i can try to put pieces +and it's because of this thing over on + + align:start position:0% +and it's because of this thing over on + + + align:start position:0% +and it's because of this thing over on +the right there's no way to clear lines + + align:start position:0% +the right there's no way to clear lines + + + align:start position:0% +the right there's no way to clear lines +in this game and now to represent a + + align:start position:0% +in this game and now to represent a + + + align:start position:0% +in this game and now to represent a +single number ai i'm going to give you + + align:start position:0% +single number ai i'm going to give you + + + align:start position:0% +single number ai i'm going to give you +this sequence of pieces which starts + + align:start position:0% +this sequence of pieces which starts + + + align:start position:0% +this sequence of pieces which starts +with an l piece + + align:start position:0% +with an l piece + + + align:start position:0% +with an l piece +and then it has a i repetitions of this + + align:start position:0% +and then it has a i repetitions of this + + + align:start position:0% +and then it has a i repetitions of this +pattern + + align:start position:0% +pattern + + + align:start position:0% +pattern +and then it ends with these two pieces + + align:start position:0% +and then it ends with these two pieces + + + align:start position:0% +and then it ends with these two pieces +and so what ends up happening + + align:start position:0% +and so what ends up happening + + + align:start position:0% +and so what ends up happening +is that this is in the intended solution + + align:start position:0% +is that this is in the intended solution + + + align:start position:0% +is that this is in the intended solution +you first place an l at the bottom of + + align:start position:0% +you first place an l at the bottom of + + + align:start position:0% +you first place an l at the bottom of +one of these + + align:start position:0% +one of these + + + align:start position:0% +one of these +buckets and then you repeat this pattern + + align:start position:0% +buckets and then you repeat this pattern + + + align:start position:0% +buckets and then you repeat this pattern +in this nice way + + align:start position:0% +in this nice way + + + align:start position:0% +in this nice way +and it fills up the ai roughly height + + align:start position:0% +and it fills up the ai roughly height + + + align:start position:0% +and it fills up the ai roughly height +of this bucket and then at the end you + + align:start position:0% +of this bucket and then at the end you + + + align:start position:0% +of this bucket and then at the end you +have to put the eye here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and what this guarantee what this ends + + align:start position:0% +and what this guarantee what this ends + + + align:start position:0% +and what this guarantee what this ends +up guaranteeing is that all of these + + align:start position:0% +up guaranteeing is that all of these + + + align:start position:0% +up guaranteeing is that all of these +pieces + + align:start position:0% +pieces + + + align:start position:0% +pieces +go into a single bucket it's um you can + + align:start position:0% +go into a single bucket it's um you can + + + align:start position:0% +go into a single bucket it's um you can +check it's tedious but + + align:start position:0% +check it's tedious but + + + align:start position:0% +check it's tedious but +uh if you tried to put some of these + + align:start position:0% +uh if you tried to put some of these + + + align:start position:0% +uh if you tried to put some of these +pieces in one bucket and other pieces in + + align:start position:0% +pieces in one bucket and other pieces in + + + align:start position:0% +pieces in one bucket and other pieces in +a different bucket + + align:start position:0% +a different bucket + + + align:start position:0% +a different bucket +you would lose some space and then you + + align:start position:0% +you would lose some space and then you + + + align:start position:0% +you would lose some space and then you +would die + + align:start position:0% +would die + + + align:start position:0% +would die +so if you want to survive you have to + + align:start position:0% +so if you want to survive you have to + + + align:start position:0% +so if you want to survive you have to +put all these pieces into one bucket and + + align:start position:0% +put all these pieces into one bucket and + + + align:start position:0% +put all these pieces into one bucket and +so again we're just stacking rectangles + + align:start position:0% +so again we're just stacking rectangles + + + align:start position:0% +so again we're just stacking rectangles +we're putting a whole bunch of + + align:start position:0% +we're putting a whole bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +we're putting a whole bunch of +rectangles in one + + align:start position:0% +rectangles in one + + + align:start position:0% +rectangles in one +pocket and then a bunch of rectangles in + + align:start position:0% +pocket and then a bunch of rectangles in + + + align:start position:0% +pocket and then a bunch of rectangles in +another pocket we can switch back and + + align:start position:0% +another pocket we can switch back and + + + align:start position:0% +another pocket we can switch back and +forth however we want + + align:start position:0% +forth however we want + + + align:start position:0% +forth however we want +but the only way to win it turns out is + + align:start position:0% +but the only way to win it turns out is + + + align:start position:0% +but the only way to win it turns out is +if you get all + + align:start position:0% +if you get all + + + align:start position:0% +if you get all +of those rectangles to add up to exactly + + align:start position:0% +of those rectangles to add up to exactly + + + align:start position:0% +of those rectangles to add up to exactly +the right height + + align:start position:0% +the right height + + + align:start position:0% +the right height +then you get a picture like this if you + + align:start position:0% +then you get a picture like this if you + + + align:start position:0% +then you get a picture like this if you +don't get a picture like this you can + + align:start position:0% +don't get a picture like this you can + + + align:start position:0% +don't get a picture like this you can +prove you end up dying + + align:start position:0% +prove you end up dying + + + align:start position:0% +prove you end up dying +then i'll give you a bunch of l's then + + align:start position:0% +then i'll give you a bunch of l's then + + + align:start position:0% +then i'll give you a bunch of l's then +i'll finally give you this t which + + align:start position:0% +i'll finally give you this t which + + + align:start position:0% +i'll finally give you this t which +clears some lines + + align:start position:0% +clears some lines + + + align:start position:0% +clears some lines +and then i'll give you it's the most + + align:start position:0% +and then i'll give you it's the most + + + align:start position:0% +and then i'll give you it's the most +satisfying tetris game ever i'll give + + align:start position:0% +satisfying tetris game ever i'll give + + + align:start position:0% +satisfying tetris game ever i'll give +you a ton of eyes + + align:start position:0% +you a ton of eyes + + + align:start position:0% +you a ton of eyes +and you get tetris tetris tetris and you + + align:start position:0% +and you get tetris tetris tetris and you + + + align:start position:0% +and you get tetris tetris tetris and you +clear the entire board + + align:start position:0% +clear the entire board + + + align:start position:0% +clear the entire board +and so if you can solve the three + + align:start position:0% +and so if you can solve the three + + + align:start position:0% +and so if you can solve the three +partition problem you can clear the + + align:start position:0% +partition problem you can clear the + + + align:start position:0% +partition problem you can clear the +board and win the game and + + align:start position:0% +board and win the game and + + + align:start position:0% +board and win the game and +be the best tetris player ever and if + + align:start position:0% +be the best tetris player ever and if + + + align:start position:0% +be the best tetris player ever and if +there is no solution to three partition + + align:start position:0% +there is no solution to three partition + + + align:start position:0% +there is no solution to three partition +you're guaranteed to lose + + align:start position:0% +you're guaranteed to lose + + + align:start position:0% +you're guaranteed to lose +um and so this proves tetris is np hard + + align:start position:0% +um and so this proves tetris is np hard + + + align:start position:0% +um and so this proves tetris is np hard +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +cool so what else do i want to say + + align:start position:0% +cool so what else do i want to say + + + align:start position:0% +cool so what else do i want to say +briefly i think that's the main + + align:start position:0% +briefly i think that's the main + + + align:start position:0% +briefly i think that's the main +main idea so another example + + align:start position:0% +main idea so another example + + + align:start position:0% +main idea so another example +so this spot is called x completeness + + align:start position:0% +so this spot is called x completeness + + + align:start position:0% +so this spot is called x completeness +and this includes problems such as end + + align:start position:0% +and this includes problems such as end + + + align:start position:0% +and this includes problems such as end +by end chess + + align:start position:0% +by end chess + + + align:start position:0% +by end chess +so we know that uh chess requires + + align:start position:0% +so we know that uh chess requires + + + align:start position:0% +so we know that uh chess requires +exponential time because in fact it's + + align:start position:0% +exponential time because in fact it's + + + align:start position:0% +exponential time because in fact it's +among the hardest problems in + + align:start position:0% +among the hardest problems in + + + align:start position:0% +among the hardest problems in +exponential time + + align:start position:0% +exponential time + + + align:start position:0% +exponential time +but most common are the somehow because + + align:start position:0% +but most common are the somehow because + + + align:start position:0% +but most common are the somehow because +of the two-player nature of the game + + align:start position:0% +of the two-player nature of the game + + + align:start position:0% +of the two-player nature of the game +most common are mp complete problems and + + align:start position:0% +most common are mp complete problems and + + + align:start position:0% +most common are mp complete problems and +we have a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +we have a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +we have a bunch of +example mp complete problems i'll just + + align:start position:0% +example mp complete problems i'll just + + + align:start position:0% +example mp complete problems i'll just +briefly mention here + + align:start position:0% +briefly mention here + + + align:start position:0% +briefly mention here +so we saw the subset sum problem which + + align:start position:0% +so we saw the subset sum problem which + + + align:start position:0% +so we saw the subset sum problem which +we had a polynomial time algorithm for + + align:start position:0% +we had a polynomial time algorithm for + + + align:start position:0% +we had a polynomial time algorithm for +sorry a pseudo-polynomial time algorithm + + align:start position:0% +sorry a pseudo-polynomial time algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +sorry a pseudo-polynomial time algorithm +for last class in fact has no polynomial + + align:start position:0% +for last class in fact has no polynomial + + + align:start position:0% +for last class in fact has no polynomial +time algorithm assuming p + + align:start position:0% +time algorithm assuming p + + + align:start position:0% +time algorithm assuming p +equals np so pseudopoly is the best you + + align:start position:0% +equals np so pseudopoly is the best you + + + align:start position:0% +equals np so pseudopoly is the best you +can hope for + + align:start position:0% +can hope for + + + align:start position:0% +can hope for +for subset sum there's a related notion + + align:start position:0% +for subset sum there's a related notion + + + align:start position:0% +for subset sum there's a related notion +called weekly np hardness which i won't + + align:start position:0% +called weekly np hardness which i won't + + + align:start position:0% +called weekly np hardness which i won't +get into here + + align:start position:0% +get into here + + + align:start position:0% +get into here +three partition is one we saw we saw + + align:start position:0% +three partition is one we saw we saw + + + align:start position:0% +three partition is one we saw we saw +some reductions to other problems + + align:start position:0% +some reductions to other problems + + + align:start position:0% +some reductions to other problems +so these are all mp complete longest + + align:start position:0% +so these are all mp complete longest + + + align:start position:0% +so these are all mp complete longest +common subsequence is another dynamic + + align:start position:0% +common subsequence is another dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +common subsequence is another dynamic +programming problem we saw + + align:start position:0% +programming problem we saw + + + align:start position:0% +programming problem we saw +with two sequences i mentioned you could + + align:start position:0% +with two sequences i mentioned you could + + + align:start position:0% +with two sequences i mentioned you could +solve it for three or four or any + + align:start position:0% +solve it for three or four or any + + + align:start position:0% +solve it for three or four or any +constant number + + align:start position:0% +constant number + + + align:start position:0% +constant number +but if i give you n sequences each of + + align:start position:0% +but if i give you n sequences each of + + + align:start position:0% +but if i give you n sequences each of +length n that problem is + + align:start position:0% +length n that problem is + + + align:start position:0% +length n that problem is +np hard np complete longest + + align:start position:0% +np hard np complete longest + + + align:start position:0% +np hard np complete longest +simple path in a graph we know how to + + align:start position:0% +simple path in a graph we know how to + + + align:start position:0% +simple path in a graph we know how to +solve longest path you just solve + + align:start position:0% +solve longest path you just solve + + + align:start position:0% +solve longest path you just solve +shortest path and + + align:start position:0% +shortest path and + + + align:start position:0% +shortest path and +negative weights but longest simple path + + align:start position:0% +negative weights but longest simple path + + + align:start position:0% +negative weights but longest simple path +where you don't repeat vertices that's + + align:start position:0% +where you don't repeat vertices that's + + + align:start position:0% +where you don't repeat vertices that's +np-complete + + align:start position:0% +np-complete + + + align:start position:0% +np-complete +relatedly one of the most famous + + align:start position:0% +relatedly one of the most famous + + + align:start position:0% +relatedly one of the most famous +np-complete problems is traveling + + align:start position:0% +np-complete problems is traveling + + + align:start position:0% +np-complete problems is traveling +salesman problem + + align:start position:0% +salesman problem + + + align:start position:0% +salesman problem +the short finding the shortest path that + + align:start position:0% +the short finding the shortest path that + + + align:start position:0% +the short finding the shortest path that +visits all vertices + + align:start position:0% +visits all vertices + + + align:start position:0% +visits all vertices +uh in a given graph so instead of just + + align:start position:0% +uh in a given graph so instead of just + + + align:start position:0% +uh in a given graph so instead of just +going from a to b + + align:start position:0% +going from a to b + + + align:start position:0% +going from a to b +i want to visit all the vertices in the + + align:start position:0% +i want to visit all the vertices in the + + + align:start position:0% +i want to visit all the vertices in the +graph + + align:start position:0% +graph + + + align:start position:0% +graph +a lot of these problems i'm phrasing as + + align:start position:0% +a lot of these problems i'm phrasing as + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of these problems i'm phrasing as +mac as optimization problems but when i + + align:start position:0% +mac as optimization problems but when i + + + align:start position:0% +mac as optimization problems but when i +say mp complete i actually mean a + + align:start position:0% +say mp complete i actually mean a + + + align:start position:0% +say mp complete i actually mean a +decision version of the problem for + + align:start position:0% +decision version of the problem for + + + align:start position:0% +decision version of the problem for +example with this one + + align:start position:0% +example with this one + + + align:start position:0% +example with this one +the decision question is is the shortest + + align:start position:0% +the decision question is is the shortest + + + align:start position:0% +the decision question is is the shortest +path that visits all vertices in a graph + + align:start position:0% +path that visits all vertices in a graph + + + align:start position:0% +path that visits all vertices in a graph +less than or equal to a given value + + align:start position:0% +less than or equal to a given value + + + align:start position:0% +less than or equal to a given value +x if you can solve this then by binary + + align:start position:0% +x if you can solve this then by binary + + + align:start position:0% +x if you can solve this then by binary +search you can solve + + align:start position:0% +search you can solve + + + align:start position:0% +search you can solve +the overall weight three coloring a + + align:start position:0% +the overall weight three coloring a + + + align:start position:0% +the overall weight three coloring a +graph is hard even though two coloring + + align:start position:0% +graph is hard even though two coloring + + + align:start position:0% +graph is hard even though two coloring +or graph is polynomial + + align:start position:0% +or graph is polynomial + + + align:start position:0% +or graph is polynomial +three coloring is np-complete assigning + + align:start position:0% +three coloring is np-complete assigning + + + align:start position:0% +three coloring is np-complete assigning +three colors to the vertices + + align:start position:0% +three colors to the vertices + + + align:start position:0% +three colors to the vertices +so that no adjacent vertices have the + + align:start position:0% +so that no adjacent vertices have the + + + align:start position:0% +so that no adjacent vertices have the +same color finding the largest clique in + + align:start position:0% +same color finding the largest clique in + + + align:start position:0% +same color finding the largest clique in +a given graph + + align:start position:0% +a given graph + + + align:start position:0% +a given graph +which would be useful for analyzing + + align:start position:0% +which would be useful for analyzing + + + align:start position:0% +which would be useful for analyzing +social networks whatever + + align:start position:0% +social networks whatever + + + align:start position:0% +social networks whatever +this is a fun one for me as a geometer + + align:start position:0% +this is a fun one for me as a geometer + + + align:start position:0% +this is a fun one for me as a geometer +if you're in a three-dimensional world + + align:start position:0% +if you're in a three-dimensional world + + + align:start position:0% +if you're in a three-dimensional world +which i am and i want to find the + + align:start position:0% +which i am and i want to find the + + + align:start position:0% +which i am and i want to find the +shortest path + + align:start position:0% +shortest path + + + align:start position:0% +shortest path +from here to there that doesn't collide + + align:start position:0% +from here to there that doesn't collide + + + align:start position:0% +from here to there that doesn't collide +with any obstacles like this desk and + + align:start position:0% +with any obstacles like this desk and + + + align:start position:0% +with any obstacles like this desk and +all the chairs and so on + + align:start position:0% +all the chairs and so on + + + align:start position:0% +all the chairs and so on +in 3d this problem if you can fly so if + + align:start position:0% +in 3d this problem if you can fly so if + + + align:start position:0% +in 3d this problem if you can fly so if +you're a drone flying + + align:start position:0% +you're a drone flying + + + align:start position:0% +you're a drone flying +among all these obstacles and you want + + align:start position:0% +among all these obstacles and you want + + + align:start position:0% +among all these obstacles and you want +to find the shortest path from a to b + + align:start position:0% +to find the shortest path from a to b + + + align:start position:0% +to find the shortest path from a to b +uh this is mp complete quite surprising + + align:start position:0% +uh this is mp complete quite surprising + + + align:start position:0% +uh this is mp complete quite surprising +in two dimensions it's polynomial + + align:start position:0% +in two dimensions it's polynomial + + + align:start position:0% +in two dimensions it's polynomial +you can reduce it to graph shortest + + align:start position:0% +you can reduce it to graph shortest + + + align:start position:0% +you can reduce it to graph shortest +paths but in 3d it's np hard this is a + + align:start position:0% +paths but in 3d it's np hard this is a + + + align:start position:0% +paths but in 3d it's np hard this is a +formula problem that comes up a lot + + align:start position:0% +formula problem that comes up a lot + + + align:start position:0% +formula problem that comes up a lot +given a boolean formula and or not can + + align:start position:0% +given a boolean formula and or not can + + + align:start position:0% +given a boolean formula and or not can +you ever make it true + + align:start position:0% +you ever make it true + + + align:start position:0% +you ever make it true +if it has some variables that are not + + align:start position:0% +if it has some variables that are not + + + align:start position:0% +if it has some variables that are not +assigned and some more fun examples are + + align:start position:0% +assigned and some more fun examples are + + + align:start position:0% +assigned and some more fun examples are +minesweeper or sudoku basically any + + align:start position:0% +minesweeper or sudoku basically any + + + align:start position:0% +minesweeper or sudoku basically any +paper and pencil puzzle you've ever + + align:start position:0% +paper and pencil puzzle you've ever + + + align:start position:0% +paper and pencil puzzle you've ever +played + + align:start position:0% +played + + + align:start position:0% +played +there's probably a paper out there + + align:start position:0% +there's probably a paper out there + + + align:start position:0% +there's probably a paper out there +proving that it's empty complete + + align:start position:0% +proving that it's empty complete + + + align:start position:0% +proving that it's empty complete +and on the video game side uh super + + align:start position:0% +and on the video game side uh super + + + align:start position:0% +and on the video game side uh super +mario brothers is np hard + + align:start position:0% +mario brothers is np hard + + + align:start position:0% +mario brothers is np hard +legend of zelda's mp hard pokemon is np + + align:start position:0% +legend of zelda's mp hard pokemon is np + + + align:start position:0% +legend of zelda's mp hard pokemon is np +hard these problems are actually all + + align:start position:0% +hard these problems are actually all + + + align:start position:0% +hard these problems are actually all +pro a little bit harder than np in a + + align:start position:0% +pro a little bit harder than np in a + + + align:start position:0% +pro a little bit harder than np in a +different class called pspace + + align:start position:0% +different class called pspace + + + align:start position:0% +different class called pspace +which i won't go into but if you're + + align:start position:0% +which i won't go into but if you're + + + align:start position:0% +which i won't go into but if you're +interested in this stuff + + align:start position:0% +interested in this stuff + + + align:start position:0% +interested in this stuff +there is a whole class devoted to it + + align:start position:0% +there is a whole class devoted to it + + + align:start position:0% +there is a whole class devoted to it +which has online video lectures so you + + align:start position:0% +which has online video lectures so you + + + align:start position:0% +which has online video lectures so you +can + + align:start position:0% +can + + + align:start position:0% +can +watch them whenever you want called 6892 + + align:start position:0% +watch them whenever you want called 6892 + + + align:start position:0% +watch them whenever you want called 6892 +that gives a bunch of especially fun + + align:start position:0% +that gives a bunch of especially fun + + + align:start position:0% +that gives a bunch of especially fun +examples of + + align:start position:0% +examples of + + + align:start position:0% +examples of +np hardness and other types of hardness + + align:start position:0% +np hardness and other types of hardness + + + align:start position:0% +np hardness and other types of hardness +proofs from a sort of algorithm's + + align:start position:0% +proofs from a sort of algorithm's + + + align:start position:0% +proofs from a sort of algorithm's +perspective + + align:start position:0% +perspective + + + align:start position:0% +perspective +for lots of games and puzzles you you + + align:start position:0% +for lots of games and puzzles you you + + + align:start position:0% +for lots of games and puzzles you you +might care about + + align:start position:0% +might care about + + + align:start position:0% +might care about +and that's it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/JcbX4ayBeoA.txt b/JcbX4ayBeoA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a8541f01443b3d8cc247cfcd854711da8447b8c --- /dev/null +++ b/JcbX4ayBeoA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7883 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu all right uh let's get + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu all right uh let's get + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu all right uh let's get +started uh I want to I want to finish uh + + align:start position:0% +started uh I want to I want to finish uh + + + align:start position:0% +started uh I want to I want to finish uh +talking + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +about Conrad Lawrence's Jack do today + + align:start position:0% +about Conrad Lawrence's Jack do today + + + align:start position:0% +about Conrad Lawrence's Jack do today +and maybe I will I hope to be able to + + align:start position:0% +and maybe I will I hope to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +and maybe I will I hope to be able to +start with the next topic because uh at + + align:start position:0% +start with the next topic because uh at + + + align:start position:0% +start with the next topic because uh at +the beginning of the next hour we're + + align:start position:0% +the beginning of the next hour we're + + + align:start position:0% +the beginning of the next hour we're +going to watch a video so we'll have + + align:start position:0% +going to watch a video so we'll have + + + align:start position:0% +going to watch a video so we'll have +less time to go over + + align:start position:0% +less time to go over + + + align:start position:0% +less time to go over +uh some of the questions + + align:start position:0% +uh some of the questions + + + align:start position:0% +uh some of the questions +so we just got started with this last + + align:start position:0% +so we just got started with this last + + + align:start position:0% +so we just got started with this last +time the reading was from conr + + align:start position:0% +time the reading was from conr + + + align:start position:0% +time the reading was from conr +Lawrence's little book called King + + align:start position:0% +Lawrence's little book called King + + + align:start position:0% +Lawrence's little book called King +Solomon's Ring published a long time ago + + align:start position:0% +Solomon's Ring published a long time ago + + + align:start position:0% +Solomon's Ring published a long time ago +but a very interesting descriptions of + + align:start position:0% +but a very interesting descriptions of + + + align:start position:0% +but a very interesting descriptions of +his early studies of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +animals remember Jack dos are a croake + + align:start position:0% +animals remember Jack dos are a croake + + + align:start position:0% +animals remember Jack dos are a croake +corvid living in + + align:start position:0% +corvid living in + + + align:start position:0% +corvid living in +Europe they nest in high places uh not + + align:start position:0% +Europe they nest in high places uh not + + + align:start position:0% +Europe they nest in high places uh not +always on a cliff face like the kitty + + align:start position:0% +always on a cliff face like the kitty + + + align:start position:0% +always on a cliff face like the kitty +way Gull but uh often high in trees and + + align:start position:0% +way Gull but uh often high in trees and + + + align:start position:0% +way Gull but uh often high in trees and +often + + align:start position:0% +often + + + align:start position:0% +often +in the area where he studied them they + + align:start position:0% +in the area where he studied them they + + + align:start position:0% +in the area where he studied them they +nest in + + align:start position:0% +nest in + + + align:start position:0% +nest in +rooftops they often live near + + align:start position:0% +rooftops they often live near + + + align:start position:0% +rooftops they often live near +humans + + align:start position:0% +humans + + + align:start position:0% +humans +uh he starts Remember by talking about + + align:start position:0% +uh he starts Remember by talking about + + + align:start position:0% +uh he starts Remember by talking about +play I talked I introduced this last + + align:start position:0% +play I talked I introduced this last + + + align:start position:0% +play I talked I introduced this last +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +uh if anybody gets interested in play + + align:start position:0% +uh if anybody gets interested in play + + + align:start position:0% +uh if anybody gets interested in play +Behavior it would be interesting to look + + align:start position:0% +Behavior it would be interesting to look + + + align:start position:0% +Behavior it would be interesting to look +in in the recent literature and see if + + align:start position:0% +in in the recent literature and see if + + + align:start position:0% +in in the recent literature and see if +there are any new studies of play that + + align:start position:0% +there are any new studies of play that + + + align:start position:0% +there are any new studies of play that +uh I have something interesting to to + + align:start position:0% +uh I have something interesting to to + + + align:start position:0% +uh I have something interesting to to +say if you are interested in that and + + align:start position:0% +say if you are interested in that and + + + align:start position:0% +say if you are interested in that and +do some searches online please uh go + + align:start position:0% +do some searches online please uh go + + + align:start position:0% +do some searches online please uh go +over it with me and I can let you know + + align:start position:0% +over it with me and I can let you know + + + align:start position:0% +over it with me and I can let you know +whether + + align:start position:0% +whether + + + align:start position:0% +whether +it's part of that would be an + + align:start position:0% +it's part of that would be an + + + align:start position:0% +it's part of that would be an +interesting project + + align:start position:0% +interesting project + + + align:start position:0% +interesting project +report so what made Jack dos such + + align:start position:0% +report so what made Jack dos such + + + align:start position:0% +report so what made Jack dos such +interesting pets + + align:start position:0% +interesting pets + + + align:start position:0% +interesting pets +for this young man in Germany Conrad + + align:start position:0% +for this young man in Germany Conrad + + + align:start position:0% +for this young man in Germany Conrad +Lawrence who had liked animals since he + + align:start position:0% +Lawrence who had liked animals since he + + + align:start position:0% +Lawrence who had liked animals since he +was very young and he was he was just 22 + + align:start position:0% +was very young and he was he was just 22 + + + align:start position:0% +was very young and he was he was just 22 +when he uh in 1925 when he began + + align:start position:0% +when he uh in 1925 when he began + + + align:start position:0% +when he uh in 1925 when he began +studying these animals + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the so what were the properties that + + align:start position:0% +the so what were the properties that + + + align:start position:0% +the so what were the properties that +makes Jack do + + align:start position:0% +makes Jack do + + + align:start position:0% +makes Jack do +interesting well for one thing like + + align:start position:0% +interesting well for one thing like + + + align:start position:0% +interesting well for one thing like +other corvids they're very intelligent + + align:start position:0% +other corvids they're very intelligent + + + align:start position:0% +other corvids they're very intelligent +animals + + align:start position:0% +animals + + + align:start position:0% +animals +what what makes dogs so interesting well + + align:start position:0% +what what makes dogs so interesting well + + + align:start position:0% +what what makes dogs so interesting well +part of it is their intelligence dogs + + align:start position:0% +part of it is their intelligence dogs + + + align:start position:0% +part of it is their intelligence dogs +are very smart that probably is smart as + + align:start position:0% +are very smart that probably is smart as + + + align:start position:0% +are very smart that probably is smart as +chimpanzees uh somewhat different types + + align:start position:0% +chimpanzees uh somewhat different types + + + align:start position:0% +chimpanzees uh somewhat different types +of intelligence they're specialized in + + align:start position:0% +of intelligence they're specialized in + + + align:start position:0% +of intelligence they're specialized in +different ways + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes + + align:start position:0% +yes + + + align:start position:0% +yes +uh dogs are probably more faithful than + + align:start position:0% +uh dogs are probably more faithful than + + + align:start position:0% +uh dogs are probably more faithful than +Jack do but believe me if a Jacko is + + align:start position:0% +Jack do but believe me if a Jacko is + + + align:start position:0% +Jack do but believe me if a Jacko is +attached you're quite right they're they + + align:start position:0% +attached you're quite right they're they + + + align:start position:0% +attached you're quite right they're they +will definitely + + align:start position:0% +will definitely + + + align:start position:0% +will definitely +stick close to one human being and even + + align:start position:0% +stick close to one human being and even + + + align:start position:0% +stick close to one human being and even +U their attack behavior is a little more + + align:start position:0% +U their attack behavior is a little more + + + align:start position:0% +U their attack behavior is a little more +specialized they can even attack their + + align:start position:0% +specialized they can even attack their + + + align:start position:0% +specialized they can even attack their +own owner as you will see um but + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes I there whenever there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +yes I there whenever there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +yes I there whenever there's a lot of +other noise I can't understand + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anything okay that that's part of their + + align:start position:0% +anything okay that that's part of their + + + align:start position:0% +anything okay that that's part of their +social nature they're very social like + + align:start position:0% +social nature they're very social like + + + align:start position:0% +social nature they're very social like +dogs and like dogs they can imprint on + + align:start position:0% +dogs and like dogs they can imprint on + + + align:start position:0% +dogs and like dogs they can imprint on +humans a young dog a puppy uh as I + + align:start position:0% +humans a young dog a puppy uh as I + + + align:start position:0% +humans a young dog a puppy uh as I +mentioned last time if they're + + align:start position:0% +mentioned last time if they're + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned last time if they're +socialized to humans very + + align:start position:0% +socialized to humans very + + + align:start position:0% +socialized to humans very +early they treat humans as part of their + + align:start position:0% +early they treat humans as part of their + + + align:start position:0% +early they treat humans as part of their +pack uh in fact humans will be the + + align:start position:0% +pack uh in fact humans will be the + + + align:start position:0% +pack uh in fact humans will be the +alphas the AL male might be a female + + align:start position:0% +alphas the AL male might be a female + + + align:start position:0% +alphas the AL male might be a female +human but the alpha male to a dog is the + + align:start position:0% +human but the alpha male to a dog is the + + + align:start position:0% +human but the alpha male to a dog is the +dominant animal in the pack and that's + + align:start position:0% +dominant animal in the pack and that's + + + align:start position:0% +dominant animal in the pack and that's +the way some dogs some species become + + align:start position:0% +the way some dogs some species become + + + align:start position:0% +the way some dogs some species become +much more centered on one + + align:start position:0% +much more centered on one + + + align:start position:0% +much more centered on one +owner uh the master than than other dogs + + align:start position:0% +owner uh the master than than other dogs + + + align:start position:0% +owner uh the master than than other dogs +some dogs just simply become attached to + + align:start position:0% +some dogs just simply become attached to + + + align:start position:0% +some dogs just simply become attached to +the whole + + align:start position:0% +the whole + + + align:start position:0% +the whole +family but even even a dog that's very + + align:start position:0% +family but even even a dog that's very + + + align:start position:0% +family but even even a dog that's very +very attached like say a doberman to one + + align:start position:0% +very attached like say a doberman to one + + + align:start position:0% +very attached like say a doberman to one +master + + align:start position:0% +master + + + align:start position:0% +master +U they're still social animals and they + + align:start position:0% +U they're still social animals and they + + + align:start position:0% +U they're still social animals and they +live in a larger pack and they will + + align:start position:0% +live in a larger pack and they will + + + align:start position:0% +live in a larger pack and they will +defend the pack so there's so they're a + + align:start position:0% +defend the pack so there's so they're a + + + align:start position:0% +defend the pack so there's so they're a +pretty good guard dog in that recent + + align:start position:0% +pretty good guard dog in that recent + + + align:start position:0% +pretty good guard dog in that recent +that respect so they're very social + + align:start position:0% +that respect so they're very social + + + align:start position:0% +that respect so they're very social +they're very + + align:start position:0% +they're very + + + align:start position:0% +they're very +intelligent and they're adapted to + + align:start position:0% +intelligent and they're adapted to + + + align:start position:0% +intelligent and they're adapted to +living their humans they have been for a + + align:start position:0% +living their humans they have been for a + + + align:start position:0% +living their humans they have been for a +long time in aldenberg Germany where + + align:start position:0% +long time in aldenberg Germany where + + + align:start position:0% +long time in aldenberg Germany where +Lawrence lived at that time there were + + align:start position:0% +Lawrence lived at that time there were + + + align:start position:0% +Lawrence lived at that time there were +many Jack Doos living in different + + align:start position:0% +many Jack Doos living in different + + + align:start position:0% +many Jack Doos living in different +rooftops in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +town + + align:start position:0% +town + + + align:start position:0% +town +this is a quote from Lawrence like the + + align:start position:0% +this is a quote from Lawrence like the + + + align:start position:0% +this is a quote from Lawrence like the +stones of a mosaic the + + align:start position:0% +stones of a mosaic the + + + align:start position:0% +stones of a mosaic the +inherited and acquired elements of a + + align:start position:0% +inherited and acquired elements of a + + + align:start position:0% +inherited and acquired elements of a +young Bird's Behavior are pieced + + align:start position:0% +young Bird's Behavior are pieced + + + align:start position:0% +young Bird's Behavior are pieced +together to produce a perfect pattern + + align:start position:0% +together to produce a perfect pattern + + + align:start position:0% +together to produce a perfect pattern +but in a bird that's been reared by + + align:start position:0% +but in a bird that's been reared by + + + align:start position:0% +but in a bird that's been reared by +hand the natural Harmony of this design + + align:start position:0% +hand the natural Harmony of this design + + + align:start position:0% +hand the natural Harmony of this design +is necessarily somewhat + + align:start position:0% +is necessarily somewhat + + + align:start position:0% +is necessarily somewhat +Disturbed I suppose if you're interested + + align:start position:0% +Disturbed I suppose if you're interested + + + align:start position:0% +Disturbed I suppose if you're interested +in natural behavior of dogs you could + + align:start position:0% +in natural behavior of dogs you could + + + align:start position:0% +in natural behavior of dogs you could +say a dog's behavior is pretty disturbed + + align:start position:0% +say a dog's behavior is pretty disturbed + + + align:start position:0% +say a dog's behavior is pretty disturbed +by being raised by humans too so you + + align:start position:0% +by being raised by humans too so you + + + align:start position:0% +by being raised by humans too so you +don't see all the natural behaviors of a + + align:start position:0% +don't see all the natural behaviors of a + + + align:start position:0% +don't see all the natural behaviors of a +dog that's become a human + + align:start position:0% +dog that's become a human + + + align:start position:0% +dog that's become a human +pet but it's more dramatic in the case + + align:start position:0% +pet but it's more dramatic in the case + + + align:start position:0% +pet but it's more dramatic in the case +of the birds and Lawrence goes through + + align:start position:0% +of the birds and Lawrence goes through + + + align:start position:0% +of the birds and Lawrence goes through +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh the disturbances he talks about are + + align:start position:0% +uh the disturbances he talks about are + + + align:start position:0% +uh the disturbances he talks about are +all results of early + + align:start position:0% +all results of early + + + align:start position:0% +all results of early +learning causing fixation on the wrong + + align:start position:0% +learning causing fixation on the wrong + + + align:start position:0% +learning causing fixation on the wrong +species they it's very interesting they + + align:start position:0% +species they it's very interesting they + + + align:start position:0% +species they it's very interesting they +don't we think of imprinting as a single + + align:start position:0% +don't we think of imprinting as a single + + + align:start position:0% +don't we think of imprinting as a single +thing and when it study it was + + align:start position:0% +thing and when it study it was + + + align:start position:0% +thing and when it study it was +discovered with birds as we'll see in + + align:start position:0% +discovered with birds as we'll see in + + + align:start position:0% +discovered with birds as we'll see in +the video next class where Lawrence + + align:start position:0% +the video next class where Lawrence + + + align:start position:0% +the video next class where Lawrence +discovered this in the in + + align:start position:0% +discovered this in the in + + + align:start position:0% +discovered this in the in +Ducks uh in the case of the jack do he + + align:start position:0% +Ducks uh in the case of the jack do he + + + align:start position:0% +Ducks uh in the case of the jack do he +observed that it's not just related to + + align:start position:0% +observed that it's not just related to + + + align:start position:0% +observed that it's not just related to +fixating on a parent they can be fixa + + align:start position:0% +fixating on a parent they can be fixa + + + align:start position:0% +fixating on a parent they can be fixa +ated for different functions of + + align:start position:0% +ated for different functions of + + + align:start position:0% +ated for different functions of +different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +animals and he wrote a pretty well-known + + align:start position:0% +animals and he wrote a pretty well-known + + + align:start position:0% +animals and he wrote a pretty well-known +paper at least it's well known in German + + align:start position:0% +paper at least it's well known in German + + + align:start position:0% +paper at least it's well known in German +The Kuman andelt de but it's in it's + + align:start position:0% +The Kuman andelt de but it's in it's + + + align:start position:0% +The Kuman andelt de but it's in it's +roughly translated companionship in bird + + align:start position:0% +roughly translated companionship in bird + + + align:start position:0% +roughly translated companionship in bird +life and uh he describes many of these + + align:start position:0% +life and uh he describes many of these + + + align:start position:0% +life and uh he describes many of these +things in that scientific + + align:start position:0% +things in that scientific + + + align:start position:0% +things in that scientific +paper so for example a bird that's + + align:start position:0% +paper so for example a bird that's + + + align:start position:0% +paper so for example a bird that's +imprinted on humans when it reaches + + align:start position:0% +imprinted on humans when it reaches + + + align:start position:0% +imprinted on humans when it reaches +sexual maturity May Court only humans as + + align:start position:0% +sexual maturity May Court only humans as + + + align:start position:0% +sexual maturity May Court only humans as +potential + + align:start position:0% +potential + + + align:start position:0% +potential +mates and he describes Jacka and and the + + align:start position:0% +mates and he describes Jacka and and the + + + align:start position:0% +mates and he describes Jacka and and the +dramatic way these fixations are + + align:start position:0% +dramatic way these fixations are + + + align:start position:0% +dramatic way these fixations are +manifested in fact they can be imprinted + + align:start position:0% +manifested in fact they can be imprinted + + + align:start position:0% +manifested in fact they can be imprinted +on a particular human one became fixated + + align:start position:0% +on a particular human one became fixated + + + align:start position:0% +on a particular human one became fixated +on his uh uh a maid that worked for him + + align:start position:0% +on his uh uh a maid that worked for him + + + align:start position:0% +on his uh uh a maid that worked for him +but then moved to another location left + + align:start position:0% +but then moved to another location left + + + align:start position:0% +but then moved to another location left +his household at work and the the bird + + align:start position:0% +his household at work and the the bird + + + align:start position:0% +his household at work and the the bird +eventually found her and tried to mate + + align:start position:0% +eventually found her and tried to mate + + + align:start position:0% +eventually found her and tried to mate +with her over there but only only for + + align:start position:0% +with her over there but only only for + + + align:start position:0% +with her over there but only only for +mating then it would fly back because it + + align:start position:0% +mating then it would fly back because it + + + align:start position:0% +mating then it would fly back because it +lived with LA at + + align:start position:0% +lived with LA at + + + align:start position:0% +lived with LA at +Lawrence's an Avary attached to his + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +house and then he describes this jack to + + align:start position:0% +house and then he describes this jack to + + + align:start position:0% +house and then he describes this jack to +a pet that he called jock turned out to + + align:start position:0% +a pet that he called jock turned out to + + + align:start position:0% +a pet that he called jock turned out to +be a female actually uh courted only + + align:start position:0% +be a female actually uh courted only + + + align:start position:0% +be a female actually uh courted only +humans for mating + + align:start position:0% +humans for mating + + + align:start position:0% +humans for mating +but when he was wanted to fly he was + + align:start position:0% +but when he was wanted to fly he was + + + align:start position:0% +but when he was wanted to fly he was +fixated on Crows because apparently when + + align:start position:0% +fixated on Crows because apparently when + + + align:start position:0% +fixated on Crows because apparently when +he first learned to fly it was crows + + align:start position:0% +he first learned to fly it was crows + + + align:start position:0% +he first learned to fly it was crows +flying over that that initiated his + + align:start position:0% +flying over that that initiated his + + + align:start position:0% +flying over that that initiated his +interest and he was just learning to fly + + align:start position:0% +interest and he was just learning to fly + + + align:start position:0% +interest and he was just learning to fly +he flew with the crows and he had a lot + + align:start position:0% +he flew with the crows and he had a lot + + + align:start position:0% +he flew with the crows and he had a lot +of trouble getting jock to uh give up + + align:start position:0% +of trouble getting jock to uh give up + + + align:start position:0% +of trouble getting jock to uh give up +that habit so he often would fly with + + align:start position:0% +that habit so he often would fly with + + + align:start position:0% +that habit so he often would fly with +the crows until he became + + align:start position:0% +the crows until he became + + + align:start position:0% +the crows until he became +lost and sometimes Lawrence would go out + + align:start position:0% +lost and sometimes Lawrence would go out + + + align:start position:0% +lost and sometimes Lawrence would go out +and make Jack do calls trying to find + + align:start position:0% +and make Jack do calls trying to find + + + align:start position:0% +and make Jack do calls trying to find +Jock get him to come + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +back so why would we expect care of + + align:start position:0% +back so why would we expect care of + + + align:start position:0% +back so why would we expect care of +young which we call brood tending in + + align:start position:0% +young which we call brood tending in + + + align:start position:0% +young which we call brood tending in +ethology to be largely innate in many + + align:start position:0% +ethology to be largely innate in many + + + align:start position:0% +ethology to be largely innate in many +animal + + align:start position:0% +animal + + + align:start position:0% +animal +species + + align:start position:0% +species + + + align:start position:0% +species +and like + + align:start position:0% +and like + + + align:start position:0% +and like +a the species we study in the + + align:start position:0% +a the species we study in the + + + align:start position:0% +a the species we study in the +lab now you can take a hamster and uh + + align:start position:0% +lab now you can take a hamster and uh + + + align:start position:0% +lab now you can take a hamster and uh +breed them and they can raise young + + align:start position:0% +breed them and they can raise young + + + align:start position:0% +breed them and they can raise young +though they've + + align:start position:0% +though they've + + + align:start position:0% +though they've +never been around they're not they don't + + align:start position:0% +never been around they're not they don't + + + align:start position:0% +never been around they're not they don't +grow up in families where they they + + align:start position:0% +grow up in families where they they + + + align:start position:0% +grow up in families where they they +leave the mother after weaning and + + align:start position:0% +leave the mother after weaning and + + + align:start position:0% +leave the mother after weaning and +separate so they don't live socially + + align:start position:0% +separate so they don't live socially + + + align:start position:0% +separate so they don't live socially +they're solitary they live in a solitary + + align:start position:0% +they're solitary they live in a solitary + + + align:start position:0% +they're solitary they live in a solitary +way although they do live in proximity + + align:start position:0% +way although they do live in proximity + + + align:start position:0% +way although they do live in proximity +to other hamst + + align:start position:0% +to other hamst + + + align:start position:0% +to other hamst +from what we know about them and the + + align:start position:0% +from what we know about them and the + + + align:start position:0% +from what we know about them and the +it's been difficult to study wild + + align:start position:0% +it's been difficult to study wild + + + align:start position:0% +it's been difficult to study wild +hamsters because they live in Syria and + + align:start position:0% +hamsters because they live in Syria and + + + align:start position:0% +hamsters because they live in Syria and +as you know Syria's been a difficult + + align:start position:0% +as you know Syria's been a difficult + + + align:start position:0% +as you know Syria's been a difficult +place + + align:start position:0% +place + + + align:start position:0% +place +for people from Europe or America to go + + align:start position:0% +for people from Europe or America to go + + + align:start position:0% +for people from Europe or America to go +to study + + align:start position:0% +to study + + + align:start position:0% +to study +animals I had one student that went + + align:start position:0% +animals I had one student that went + + + align:start position:0% +animals I had one student that went +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +uh when it was a little less dangerous + + align:start position:0% +uh when it was a little less dangerous + + + align:start position:0% +uh when it was a little less dangerous +but he still wasn't was difficult to get + + align:start position:0% +but he still wasn't was difficult to get + + + align:start position:0% +but he still wasn't was difficult to get +a Visa so he just went in from Lebanon + + align:start position:0% +a Visa so he just went in from Lebanon + + + align:start position:0% +a Visa so he just went in from Lebanon +and managed to interact with people + + align:start position:0% +and managed to interact with people + + + align:start position:0% +and managed to interact with people +there and he brought back a group of + + align:start position:0% +there and he brought back a group of + + + align:start position:0% +there and he brought back a group of +hamsters for the first time since the + + align:start position:0% +hamsters for the first time since the + + + align:start position:0% +hamsters for the first time since the +initial capture of hamsters in the + + align:start position:0% +initial capture of hamsters in the + + + align:start position:0% +initial capture of hamsters in the +1930s but + + align:start position:0% +1930s but + + + align:start position:0% +1930s but +uh why would it be expected to be an aid + + align:start position:0% +uh why would it be expected to be an aid + + + align:start position:0% +uh why would it be expected to be an aid +um and how would you look for learn + + align:start position:0% +um and how would you look for learn + + + align:start position:0% +um and how would you look for learn +components of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +behavior why would it almost have to be + + align:start position:0% +behavior why would it almost have to be + + + align:start position:0% +behavior why would it almost have to be +aate in many + + align:start position:0% +aate in many + + + align:start position:0% +aate in many +species well because once they made + + align:start position:0% +species well because once they made + + + align:start position:0% +species well because once they made +you know they're going to have the + + align:start position:0% +you know they're going to have the + + + align:start position:0% +you know they're going to have the +babies if they don't know how to take + + align:start position:0% +babies if they don't know how to take + + + align:start position:0% +babies if they don't know how to take +care of them you know if they don't have + + align:start position:0% +care of them you know if they don't have + + + align:start position:0% +care of them you know if they don't have +instinctive ability to take care of them + + align:start position:0% +instinctive ability to take care of them + + + align:start position:0% +instinctive ability to take care of them +the babies are not going to + + align:start position:0% +the babies are not going to + + + align:start position:0% +the babies are not going to +survive so they're not their + + align:start position:0% +survive so they're not their + + + align:start position:0% +survive so they're not their +reproduction will be unsuccessful so + + align:start position:0% +reproduction will be unsuccessful so + + + align:start position:0% +reproduction will be unsuccessful so +they have evolved to be able to take + + align:start position:0% +they have evolved to be able to take + + + align:start position:0% +they have evolved to be able to take +care of them the first try but it + + align:start position:0% +care of them the first try but it + + + align:start position:0% +care of them the first try but it +doesn't mean they don't learn + + align:start position:0% +doesn't mean they don't learn + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't mean they don't learn +anything + + align:start position:0% +anything + + + align:start position:0% +anything +okay so how what do you look for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you some of you are in Labs where you're + + align:start position:0% +you some of you are in Labs where you're + + + align:start position:0% +you some of you are in Labs where you're +studying mice or + + align:start position:0% +studying mice or + + + align:start position:0% +studying mice or +rats I don't think there's any hamsters + + align:start position:0% +rats I don't think there's any hamsters + + + align:start position:0% +rats I don't think there's any hamsters +now uh because I don't keep the hamsters + + align:start position:0% +now uh because I don't keep the hamsters + + + align:start position:0% +now uh because I don't keep the hamsters +anymore but for years I had them and it + + align:start position:0% +anymore but for years I had them and it + + + align:start position:0% +anymore but for years I had them and it +was very evident to + + align:start position:0% +was very evident to + + + align:start position:0% +was very evident to +me uh that things were being + + align:start position:0% +me uh that things were being + + + align:start position:0% +me uh that things were being +learned I can tell you several + + align:start position:0% +learned I can tell you several + + + align:start position:0% +learned I can tell you several +things for one is I would notice that + + align:start position:0% +things for one is I would notice that + + + align:start position:0% +things for one is I would notice that +first lits I would + + align:start position:0% +first lits I would + + + align:start position:0% +first lits I would +discover injured pups much more + + align:start position:0% +discover injured pups much more + + + align:start position:0% +discover injured pups much more +frequently they were handled more + + align:start position:0% +frequently they were handled more + + + align:start position:0% +frequently they were handled more +roughly by the + + align:start position:0% +roughly by the + + + align:start position:0% +roughly by the +mother and if I would separate the + + align:start position:0% +mother and if I would separate the + + + align:start position:0% +mother and if I would separate the +mother from The + + align:start position:0% +mother from The + + + align:start position:0% +mother from The +Nest + + align:start position:0% +Nest + + + align:start position:0% +Nest +uh and sometimes I did that because of + + align:start position:0% +uh and sometimes I did that because of + + + align:start position:0% +uh and sometimes I did that because of +experiments I was conducting and then + + align:start position:0% +experiments I was conducting and then + + + align:start position:0% +experiments I was conducting and then +put the mother + + align:start position:0% +put the mother + + + align:start position:0% +put the mother +back an inexperienced mother if it was + + align:start position:0% +back an inexperienced mother if it was + + + align:start position:0% +back an inexperienced mother if it was +her first lady would be much more likely + + align:start position:0% +her first lady would be much more likely + + + align:start position:0% +her first lady would be much more likely +to lose her maternal mood + + align:start position:0% +to lose her maternal mood + + + align:start position:0% +to lose her maternal mood +altogether and she would treat her pups + + align:start position:0% +altogether and she would treat her pups + + + align:start position:0% +altogether and she would treat her pups +like they were insects and she would + + align:start position:0% +like they were insects and she would + + + align:start position:0% +like they were insects and she would +attack + + align:start position:0% +attack + + + align:start position:0% +attack +them sometimes that would be brief and + + align:start position:0% +them sometimes that would be brief and + + + align:start position:0% +them sometimes that would be brief and +then she would recover her maternal mood + + align:start position:0% +then she would recover her maternal mood + + + align:start position:0% +then she would recover her maternal mood +and go + + align:start position:0% +and go + + + align:start position:0% +and go +back but that almost never happened in + + align:start position:0% +back but that almost never happened in + + + align:start position:0% +back but that almost never happened in +second and third litters and hamsters + + align:start position:0% +second and third litters and hamsters + + + align:start position:0% +second and third litters and hamsters +are capable of having multiple litters + + align:start position:0% +are capable of having multiple litters + + + align:start position:0% +are capable of having multiple litters +they're very prolific in their + + align:start position:0% +they're very prolific in their + + + align:start position:0% +they're very prolific in their +reproduction let's see what else I wrote + + align:start position:0% +reproduction let's see what else I wrote + + + align:start position:0% +reproduction let's see what else I wrote +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +they of course have to be able to do it + + align:start position:0% +they of course have to be able to do it + + + align:start position:0% +they of course have to be able to do it +because the first time they're exposed + + align:start position:0% +because the first time they're exposed + + + align:start position:0% +because the first time they're exposed +to Young is when they start having + + align:start position:0% +to Young is when they start having + + + align:start position:0% +to Young is when they start having +them + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh it's not completely innate in many + + align:start position:0% +uh it's not completely innate in many + + + align:start position:0% +uh it's not completely innate in many +animals especially primates where more + + align:start position:0% +animals especially primates where more + + + align:start position:0% +animals especially primates where more +is learned it's not that humans don't + + align:start position:0% +is learned it's not that humans don't + + + align:start position:0% +is learned it's not that humans don't +have rud tending + + align:start position:0% +have rud tending + + + align:start position:0% +have rud tending +instincts but uh abnormalities are much + + align:start position:0% +instincts but uh abnormalities are much + + + align:start position:0% +instincts but uh abnormalities are much +more likely in the higher animals + + align:start position:0% +more likely in the higher animals + + + align:start position:0% +more likely in the higher animals +because so much more is + + align:start position:0% +because so much more is + + + align:start position:0% +because so much more is +learned uh and some of that learning can + + align:start position:0% +learned uh and some of that learning can + + + align:start position:0% +learned uh and some of that learning can +not be beneficial for mood + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tending any individual variations you + + align:start position:0% +tending any individual variations you + + + align:start position:0% +tending any individual variations you +can + + align:start position:0% +can + + + align:start position:0% +can +see among let's say you + + align:start position:0% +see among let's say you + + + align:start position:0% +see among let's say you +have a litter of animals and you study + + align:start position:0% +have a litter of animals and you study + + + align:start position:0% +have a litter of animals and you study +all the females all the females you you + + align:start position:0% +all the females all the females you you + + + align:start position:0% +all the females all the females you you +get them to mate they all have litters + + align:start position:0% +get them to mate they all have litters + + + align:start position:0% +get them to mate they all have litters +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +will pretty soon see individual + + align:start position:0% +will pretty soon see individual + + + align:start position:0% +will pretty soon see individual +differences appearing you have to be sh + + align:start position:0% +differences appearing you have to be sh + + + align:start position:0% +differences appearing you have to be sh +to notice them but there will be + + align:start position:0% +to notice them but there will be + + + align:start position:0% +to notice them but there will be +individual differences because there + + align:start position:0% +individual differences because there + + + align:start position:0% +individual differences because there +are even though the genetically they're + + align:start position:0% +are even though the genetically they're + + + align:start position:0% +are even though the genetically they're +very uniform hamsters is more than just + + align:start position:0% +very uniform hamsters is more than just + + + align:start position:0% +very uniform hamsters is more than just +about any other laboratory + + align:start position:0% +about any other laboratory + + + align:start position:0% +about any other laboratory +animal um one reason they're a good + + align:start position:0% +animal um one reason they're a good + + + align:start position:0% +animal um one reason they're a good +experimental animal is because of that + + align:start position:0% +experimental animal is because of that + + + align:start position:0% +experimental animal is because of that +genetic uniformity + + align:start position:0% +genetic uniformity + + + align:start position:0% +genetic uniformity +they all arose from uh I believe a + + align:start position:0% +they all arose from uh I believe a + + + align:start position:0% +they all arose from uh I believe a +single male and uh two females that were + + align:start position:0% +single male and uh two females that were + + + align:start position:0% +single male and uh two females that were +captured um near Aleppo Syria by uh an + + align:start position:0% +captured um near Aleppo Syria by uh an + + + align:start position:0% +captured um near Aleppo Syria by uh an +Israeli scientist named aoni and U he + + align:start position:0% +Israeli scientist named aoni and U he + + + align:start position:0% +Israeli scientist named aoni and U he +introduced them to + + align:start position:0% +introduced them to + + + align:start position:0% +introduced them to +uh for laboratory work and they spread + + align:start position:0% +uh for laboratory work and they spread + + + align:start position:0% +uh for laboratory work and they spread +to other countries including + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +America + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay let's talk about a different kind + + align:start position:0% +okay let's talk about a different kind + + + align:start position:0% +okay let's talk about a different kind +of learning how do young Jack do come to + + align:start position:0% +of learning how do young Jack do come to + + + align:start position:0% +of learning how do young Jack do come to +recognize + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Predators a very interesting interaction + + align:start position:0% +Predators a very interesting interaction + + + align:start position:0% +Predators a very interesting interaction +between innate components and learn + + align:start position:0% +between innate components and learn + + + align:start position:0% +between innate components and learn +components and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Lawrence described his + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +experience with an innate re action of + + align:start position:0% +experience with an innate re action of + + + align:start position:0% +experience with an innate re action of +Jack + + align:start position:0% +Jack + + + align:start position:0% +Jack +do and you should know that story I give + + align:start position:0% +do and you should know that story I give + + + align:start position:0% +do and you should know that story I give +the pages + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there certain stimuli that could + + align:start position:0% +there certain stimuli that could + + + align:start position:0% +there certain stimuli that could +cause the Jack Doos in the vicinity to + + align:start position:0% +cause the Jack Doos in the vicinity to + + + align:start position:0% +cause the Jack Doos in the vicinity to +attack him what was he doing that caused + + align:start position:0% +attack him what was he doing that caused + + + align:start position:0% +attack him what was he doing that caused +the Jack Doos he was rearing so they + + align:start position:0% +the Jack Doos he was rearing so they + + + align:start position:0% +the Jack Doos he was rearing so they +were very familiar with him to start + + align:start position:0% +were very familiar with him to start + + + align:start position:0% +were very familiar with him to start +treating him like an + + align:start position:0% +treating him like an + + + align:start position:0% +treating him like an +enemy + + align:start position:0% +enemy + + + align:start position:0% +enemy +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah not didn't even have to be a jack + + align:start position:0% +yeah not didn't even have to be a jack + + + align:start position:0% +yeah not didn't even have to be a jack +dolik object he could be holding + + align:start position:0% +dolik object he could be holding + + + align:start position:0% +dolik object he could be holding +anything black especially if it was + + align:start position:0% +anything black especially if it was + + + align:start position:0% +anything black especially if it was +dangling you know like a hunter carrying + + align:start position:0% +dangling you know like a hunter carrying + + + align:start position:0% +dangling you know like a hunter carrying +a dead + + align:start position:0% +a dead + + + align:start position:0% +a dead +bird remember he said one time he just + + align:start position:0% +bird remember he said one time he just + + + align:start position:0% +bird remember he said one time he just +was removing a roll of film of course + + align:start position:0% +was removing a roll of film of course + + + align:start position:0% +was removing a roll of film of course +film in a black reel and it looked dark + + align:start position:0% +film in a black reel and it looked dark + + + align:start position:0% +film in a black reel and it looked dark +when it comes out of the camera + + align:start position:0% +when it comes out of the camera + + + align:start position:0% +when it comes out of the camera +and he was removing film from a + + align:start position:0% +and he was removing film from a + + + align:start position:0% +and he was removing film from a +camera apparently it had been exposed he + + align:start position:0% +camera apparently it had been exposed he + + + align:start position:0% +camera apparently it had been exposed he +was going to get rid of it put new film + + align:start position:0% +was going to get rid of it put new film + + + align:start position:0% +was going to get rid of it put new film +in and of course he unraveled it and + + align:start position:0% +in and of course he unraveled it and + + + align:start position:0% +in and of course he unraveled it and +there's that dangling thing and + + align:start position:0% +there's that dangling thing and + + + align:start position:0% +there's that dangling thing and +immediately he was attacked by Jack + + align:start position:0% +immediately he was attacked by Jack + + + align:start position:0% +immediately he was attacked by Jack +dog you know because they have an innate + + align:start position:0% +dog you know because they have an innate + + + align:start position:0% +dog you know because they have an innate +reaction that's in response to what we + + align:start position:0% +reaction that's in response to what we + + + align:start position:0% +reaction that's in response to what we +call Key stimuli very simple stimuli + + align:start position:0% +call Key stimuli very simple stimuli + + + align:start position:0% +call Key stimuli very simple stimuli +usually all that's necessary to elic + + align:start position:0% +usually all that's necessary to elic + + + align:start position:0% +usually all that's necessary to elic +fixed action patterns it's not that + + align:start position:0% +fixed action patterns it's not that + + + align:start position:0% +fixed action patterns it's not that +these key stimuli can't change over time + + align:start position:0% +these key stimuli can't change over time + + + align:start position:0% +these key stimuli can't change over time +but initially the stimuli are very very + + align:start position:0% +but initially the stimuli are very very + + + align:start position:0% +but initially the stimuli are very very +simple over time and some animals do + + align:start position:0% +simple over time and some animals do + + + align:start position:0% +simple over time and some animals do +learn and more complex stimuli come to + + align:start position:0% +learn and more complex stimuli come to + + + align:start position:0% +learn and more complex stimuli come to +elicit the + + align:start position:0% +elicit the + + + align:start position:0% +elicit the +behavior okay but with Jack do any any + + align:start position:0% +behavior okay but with Jack do any any + + + align:start position:0% +behavior okay but with Jack do any any +dark dangling object will elicit the + + align:start position:0% +dark dangling object will elicit the + + + align:start position:0% +dark dangling object will elicit the +stimulus + + align:start position:0% +stimulus + + + align:start position:0% +stimulus +okay now how does learning enter + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this what do they learn somebody + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +else yes they also um have sort of a a + + align:start position:0% +else yes they also um have sort of a a + + + align:start position:0% +else yes they also um have sort of a a +call that designates when one of the + + align:start position:0% +call that designates when one of the + + + align:start position:0% +call that designates when one of the +members of the group sees something that + + align:start position:0% +members of the group sees something that + + + align:start position:0% +members of the group sees something that +it has previously identified and being + + align:start position:0% +it has previously identified and being + + + align:start position:0% +it has previously identified and being +um vicious or a threat to the population + + align:start position:0% +um vicious or a threat to the population + + + align:start position:0% +um vicious or a threat to the population +and so other Pros they hear the sound um + + align:start position:0% +and so other Pros they hear the sound um + + + align:start position:0% +and so other Pros they hear the sound um +they realize that that sound is a sound + + align:start position:0% +they realize that that sound is a sound + + + align:start position:0% +they realize that that sound is a sound +that designates the presence of a + + align:start position:0% +that designates the presence of a + + + align:start position:0% +that designates the presence of a +predator even if they haven't witnessed + + align:start position:0% +predator even if they haven't witnessed + + + align:start position:0% +predator even if they haven't witnessed +the Predator ex that's right they start + + align:start position:0% +the Predator ex that's right they start + + + align:start position:0% +the Predator ex that's right they start +calling you know this + + align:start position:0% +calling you know this + + + align:start position:0% +calling you know this +zck very raspy kind of sound that Jack + + align:start position:0% +zck very raspy kind of sound that Jack + + + align:start position:0% +zck very raspy kind of sound that Jack +dos make that indicates there's + + align:start position:0% +dos make that indicates there's + + + align:start position:0% +dos make that indicates there's +danger + + align:start position:0% +danger + + + align:start position:0% +danger +but why would they do + + align:start position:0% +but why would they do + + + align:start position:0% +but why would they do +that humans aren't dangerous to + + align:start position:0% +that humans aren't dangerous to + + + align:start position:0% +that humans aren't dangerous to +them it's + + align:start position:0% +them it's + + + align:start position:0% +them it's +because once you do something like that + + align:start position:0% +because once you do something like that + + + align:start position:0% +because once you do something like that +and you elicit that innate + + align:start position:0% +and you elicit that innate + + + align:start position:0% +and you elicit that innate +reaction it causes the animal to emit + + align:start position:0% +reaction it causes the animal to emit + + + align:start position:0% +reaction it causes the animal to emit +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +cry and he learns he actually learns the + + align:start position:0% +cry and he learns he actually learns the + + + align:start position:0% +cry and he learns he actually learns the +face of the + + align:start position:0% +face of the + + + align:start position:0% +face of the +human he doesn't react to All Humans + + align:start position:0% +human he doesn't react to All Humans + + + align:start position:0% +human he doesn't react to All Humans +that way he reacts to the specific + + align:start position:0% +that way he reacts to the specific + + + align:start position:0% +that way he reacts to the specific +human that did that they become quote + + align:start position:0% +human that did that they become quote + + + align:start position:0% +human that did that they become quote +enemies of + + align:start position:0% +enemies of + + + align:start position:0% +enemies of +Jack and there are studies done more + + align:start position:0% +Jack and there are studies done more + + + align:start position:0% +Jack and there are studies done more +recently all based on the early Lawrence + + align:start position:0% +recently all based on the early Lawrence + + + align:start position:0% +recently all based on the early Lawrence +studies of + + align:start position:0% +studies of + + + align:start position:0% +studies of +crows for example it it started in Japan + + align:start position:0% +crows for example it it started in Japan + + + align:start position:0% +crows for example it it started in Japan +some very interesting studies of crow + + align:start position:0% +some very interesting studies of crow + + + align:start position:0% +some very interesting studies of crow +Behavior not just cognitive behavior but + + align:start position:0% +Behavior not just cognitive behavior but + + + align:start position:0% +Behavior not just cognitive behavior but +inate reactions as well but the studies + + align:start position:0% +inate reactions as well but the studies + + + align:start position:0% +inate reactions as well but the studies +did done in the US and I believe there + + align:start position:0% +did done in the US and I believe there + + + align:start position:0% +did done in the US and I believe there +were it's been done in other countries + + align:start position:0% +were it's been done in other countries + + + align:start position:0% +were it's been done in other countries +too investigated this they would elicit + + align:start position:0% +too investigated this they would elicit + + + align:start position:0% +too investigated this they would elicit +that reaction okay but they were wearing + + align:start position:0% +that reaction okay but they were wearing + + + align:start position:0% +that reaction okay but they were wearing +masks and the animal learned to + + align:start position:0% +masks and the animal learned to + + + align:start position:0% +masks and the animal learned to +recognize that mask and would + + align:start position:0% +recognize that mask and would + + + align:start position:0% +recognize that mask and would +treat the uh that person like an eneme + + align:start position:0% +treat the uh that person like an eneme + + + align:start position:0% +treat the uh that person like an eneme +if he was wearing that mask so they were + + align:start position:0% +if he was wearing that mask so they were + + + align:start position:0% +if he was wearing that mask so they were +able to show that it was very dependent + + align:start position:0% +able to show that it was very dependent + + + align:start position:0% +able to show that it was very dependent +on the specific stimulant could even be + + align:start position:0% +on the specific stimulant could even be + + + align:start position:0% +on the specific stimulant could even be +a different person but wearing that mask + + align:start position:0% +a different person but wearing that mask + + + align:start position:0% +a different person but wearing that mask +they were an enemy of + + align:start position:0% +they were an enemy of + + + align:start position:0% +they were an enemy of +crows the reason they did that + + align:start position:0% +crows the reason they did that + + + align:start position:0% +crows the reason they did that +experiment was a very interesting one + + align:start position:0% +experiment was a very interesting one + + + align:start position:0% +experiment was a very interesting one +they wanted to + + align:start position:0% +they wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +they wanted to +see could that Crow and I don't know if + + align:start position:0% +see could that Crow and I don't know if + + + align:start position:0% +see could that Crow and I don't know if +this has been done with Jack does but + + align:start position:0% +this has been done with Jack does but + + + align:start position:0% +this has been done with Jack does but +they're very similar Birds both corvids + + align:start position:0% +they're very similar Birds both corvids + + + align:start position:0% +they're very similar Birds both corvids +both very + + align:start position:0% +both very + + + align:start position:0% +both very +intelligent both have very good memories + + align:start position:0% +intelligent both have very good memories + + + align:start position:0% +intelligent both have very good memories +they wanted to see could that knowledge + + align:start position:0% +they wanted to see could that knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +they wanted to see could that knowledge +of an enemy of crows be passed on to + + align:start position:0% +of an enemy of crows be passed on to + + + align:start position:0% +of an enemy of crows be passed on to +their + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +offspring so they carefully + + align:start position:0% +offspring so they carefully + + + align:start position:0% +offspring so they carefully +followed these + + align:start position:0% +followed these + + + align:start position:0% +followed these +animals with no more + + align:start position:0% +animals with no more + + + align:start position:0% +animals with no more +exposure to that + + align:start position:0% +exposure to that + + + align:start position:0% +exposure to that +mask until the young were + + align:start position:0% +mask until the young were + + + align:start position:0% +mask until the young were +Holden okay to fly and to make these + + align:start position:0% +Holden okay to fly and to make these + + + align:start position:0% +Holden okay to fly and to make these +sounds that would indicate the + + align:start position:0% +sounds that would indicate the + + + align:start position:0% +sounds that would indicate the +recognizing an + + align:start position:0% +recognizing an + + + align:start position:0% +recognizing an +enemy and then they started using the + + align:start position:0% +enemy and then they started using the + + + align:start position:0% +enemy and then they started using the +mask again and when no adults were + + align:start position:0% +mask again and when no adults were + + + align:start position:0% +mask again and when no adults were +around they already knew that if a young + + align:start position:0% +around they already knew that if a young + + + align:start position:0% +around they already knew that if a young +the young heard an adult making that + + align:start position:0% +the young heard an adult making that + + + align:start position:0% +the young heard an adult making that +sound responding and of course they they + + align:start position:0% +sound responding and of course they they + + + align:start position:0% +sound responding and of course they they +actually are sensitive to eye Direction + + align:start position:0% +actually are sensitive to eye Direction + + + align:start position:0% +actually are sensitive to eye Direction +and will they will see who the jack do + + align:start position:0% +and will they will see who the jack do + + + align:start position:0% +and will they will see who the jack do +looking at and they will the young will + + align:start position:0% +looking at and they will the young will + + + align:start position:0% +looking at and they will the young will +learn from the adults but in this case + + align:start position:0% +learn from the adults but in this case + + + align:start position:0% +learn from the adults but in this case +they waited until Only the Young were + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +around + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and they found that if that young + + align:start position:0% +okay and they found that if that young + + + align:start position:0% +okay and they found that if that young +had lived with the adult sufficient + + align:start position:0% +had lived with the adult sufficient + + + align:start position:0% +had lived with the adult sufficient +amount of time + + align:start position:0% +amount of time + + + align:start position:0% +amount of time +obviously they didn't even know when the + + align:start position:0% +obviously they didn't even know when the + + + align:start position:0% +obviously they didn't even know when the +adult had responded to the mass but if + + align:start position:0% +adult had responded to the mass but if + + + align:start position:0% +adult had responded to the mass but if +the young was around could learn from + + align:start position:0% +the young was around could learn from + + + align:start position:0% +the young was around could learn from +the adult that just the visual + + align:start position:0% +the adult that just the visual + + + align:start position:0% +the adult that just the visual +shape indicated an enemy obviously they + + align:start position:0% +shape indicated an enemy obviously they + + + align:start position:0% +shape indicated an enemy obviously they +had to be exposed in order to learn but + + align:start position:0% +had to be exposed in order to learn but + + + align:start position:0% +had to be exposed in order to learn but +they didn't have to experience the + + align:start position:0% +they didn't have to experience the + + + align:start position:0% +they didn't have to experience the +stimulus that fell they never had to see + + align:start position:0% +stimulus that fell they never had to see + + + align:start position:0% +stimulus that fell they never had to see +the black d dangling object they only + + align:start position:0% +the black d dangling object they only + + + align:start position:0% +the black d dangling object they only +had to hear their + + align:start position:0% +had to hear their + + + align:start position:0% +had to hear their +parent and they could + + align:start position:0% +parent and they could + + + align:start position:0% +parent and they could +learn so Traditions could develop then + + align:start position:0% +learn so Traditions could develop then + + + align:start position:0% +learn so Traditions could develop then +in a group it's dangerous to do that + + align:start position:0% +in a group it's dangerous to do that + + + align:start position:0% +in a group it's dangerous to do that +around jaos you can become an enemy of + + align:start position:0% +around jaos you can become an enemy of + + + align:start position:0% +around jaos you can become an enemy of +jaos for a long time all right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh this is an an animal the golden eagle + + align:start position:0% +uh this is an an animal the golden eagle + + + align:start position:0% +uh this is an an animal the golden eagle +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +are enemies of Jack do real enemies of + + align:start position:0% +are enemies of Jack do real enemies of + + + align:start position:0% +are enemies of Jack do real enemies of +Jack do + + align:start position:0% +Jack do + + + align:start position:0% +Jack do +uh and Jack dos many birds do have inate + + align:start position:0% +uh and Jack dos many birds do have inate + + + align:start position:0% +uh and Jack dos many birds do have inate +responses to certain kinds of flight + + align:start position:0% +responses to certain kinds of flight + + + align:start position:0% +responses to certain kinds of flight +patterns okay and this the Golden Eagle + + align:start position:0% +patterns okay and this the Golden Eagle + + + align:start position:0% +patterns okay and this the Golden Eagle +flight pattern is one of those with a + + align:start position:0% +flight pattern is one of those with a + + + align:start position:0% +flight pattern is one of those with a +certain characteristic of their flight + + align:start position:0% +certain characteristic of their flight + + + align:start position:0% +certain characteristic of their flight +that will elicit to escape reactions of + + align:start position:0% +that will elicit to escape reactions of + + + align:start position:0% +that will elicit to escape reactions of +various sorts and these Cries From + + align:start position:0% +various sorts and these Cries From + + + align:start position:0% +various sorts and these Cries From +various + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Birds okay now what about can they learn + + align:start position:0% +Birds okay now what about can they learn + + + align:start position:0% +Birds okay now what about can they learn +to recognize + + align:start position:0% +to recognize + + + align:start position:0% +to recognize +individuals we already mentioned that + + align:start position:0% +individuals we already mentioned that + + + align:start position:0% +individuals we already mentioned that +they could recognize individual humans + + align:start position:0% +they could recognize individual humans + + + align:start position:0% +they could recognize individual humans +because if they they can recognize an + + align:start position:0% +because if they they can recognize an + + + align:start position:0% +because if they they can recognize an +individual human one particular type of + + align:start position:0% +individual human one particular type of + + + align:start position:0% +individual human one particular type of +human or particular + + align:start position:0% +human or particular + + + align:start position:0% +human or particular +mask as an enemy of + + align:start position:0% +mask as an enemy of + + + align:start position:0% +mask as an enemy of +jaos but what about other + + align:start position:0% +jaos but what about other + + + align:start position:0% +jaos but what about other +Jacko what is the evidence and there of + + align:start position:0% +Jacko what is the evidence and there of + + + align:start position:0% +Jacko what is the evidence and there of +several sorts if you study Jack social + + align:start position:0% +several sorts if you study Jack social + + + align:start position:0% +several sorts if you study Jack social +behavior what was the evidence that + + align:start position:0% +behavior what was the evidence that + + + align:start position:0% +behavior what was the evidence that +Lawrence presents that shows that they + + align:start position:0% +Lawrence presents that shows that they + + + align:start position:0% +Lawrence presents that shows that they +can recognize each other Jack dos that + + align:start position:0% +can recognize each other Jack dos that + + + align:start position:0% +can recognize each other Jack dos that +unless you really keep Jack dos and + + align:start position:0% +unless you really keep Jack dos and + + + align:start position:0% +unless you really keep Jack dos and +you're observing them all the time they + + align:start position:0% +you're observing them all the time they + + + align:start position:0% +you're observing them all the time they +all look pretty similar to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you okay but they start looking + + align:start position:0% +you okay but they start looking + + + align:start position:0% +you okay but they start looking +different when you're very very familiar + + align:start position:0% +different when you're very very familiar + + + align:start position:0% +different when you're very very familiar +with them remember in the kitty weight + + align:start position:0% +with them remember in the kitty weight + + + align:start position:0% +with them remember in the kitty weight +GS they had to pay attention to the + + align:start position:0% +GS they had to pay attention to the + + + align:start position:0% +GS they had to pay attention to the +details of their wing patterns in order + + align:start position:0% +details of their wing patterns in order + + + align:start position:0% +details of their wing patterns in order +to be able to P them apart jatil don't + + align:start position:0% +to be able to P them apart jatil don't + + + align:start position:0% +to be able to P them apart jatil don't +have patterns like that okay but they're + + align:start position:0% +have patterns like that okay but they're + + + align:start position:0% +have patterns like that okay but they're +a little bit different in how heavy they + + align:start position:0% +a little bit different in how heavy they + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit different in how heavy they +are the way they fluff their feathers + + align:start position:0% +are the way they fluff their feathers + + + align:start position:0% +are the way they fluff their feathers +and their weight the sheen of their + + align:start position:0% +and their weight the sheen of their + + + align:start position:0% +and their weight the sheen of their +feathers uh and they're a little + + align:start position:0% +feathers uh and they're a little + + + align:start position:0% +feathers uh and they're a little +different in their behavior and all + + align:start position:0% +different in their behavior and all + + + align:start position:0% +different in their behavior and all +those things can lead to cues that + + align:start position:0% +those things can lead to cues that + + + align:start position:0% +those things can lead to cues that +someone watching them all the time can + + align:start position:0% +someone watching them all the time can + + + align:start position:0% +someone watching them all the time can +learn to recognize hamsters are similar + + align:start position:0% +learn to recognize hamsters are similar + + + align:start position:0% +learn to recognize hamsters are similar +very very difficult to tell them apart + + align:start position:0% +very very difficult to tell them apart + + + align:start position:0% +very very difficult to tell them apart +but you it's mainly in fact unless + + align:start position:0% +but you it's mainly in fact unless + + + align:start position:0% +but you it's mainly in fact unless +they're very different in weight and you + + align:start position:0% +they're very different in weight and you + + + align:start position:0% +they're very different in weight and you +can recognize uh the Sexes fairly easily + + align:start position:0% +can recognize uh the Sexes fairly easily + + + align:start position:0% +can recognize uh the Sexes fairly easily +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +otherwise it's just the behavioral + + align:start position:0% +otherwise it's just the behavioral + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise it's just the behavioral +pattern you learn to tell the + + align:start position:0% +pattern you learn to tell the + + + align:start position:0% +pattern you learn to tell the +difference + + align:start position:0% +difference + + + align:start position:0% +difference +okay so how do we know + + align:start position:0% +okay so how do we know + + + align:start position:0% +okay so how do we know +jaos can recognize much more quickly + + align:start position:0% +jaos can recognize much more quickly + + + align:start position:0% +jaos can recognize much more quickly +than humans in fact individual Jack + + align:start position:0% +than humans in fact individual Jack + + + align:start position:0% +than humans in fact individual Jack +do what would you look + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for yes in the back + + align:start position:0% +for yes in the back + + + align:start position:0% +for yes in the back +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +okay yeah social dominance rank exactly + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah social dominance rank exactly + + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah social dominance rank exactly +we call it the pecking order as you said + + align:start position:0% +we call it the pecking order as you said + + + align:start position:0% +we call it the pecking order as you said +uh well they can consistently + + align:start position:0% +uh well they can consistently + + + align:start position:0% +uh well they can consistently +recognize who's at the bottom who's in + + align:start position:0% +recognize who's at the bottom who's in + + + align:start position:0% +recognize who's at the bottom who's in +the middle they recognize their rank + + align:start position:0% +the middle they recognize their rank + + + align:start position:0% +the middle they recognize their rank +with respect to other animals they know + + align:start position:0% +with respect to other animals they know + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to other animals they know +where they are in that pecking order + + align:start position:0% +where they are in that pecking order + + + align:start position:0% +where they are in that pecking order +they know who the dominant Jacka is + + align:start position:0% +they know who the dominant Jacka is + + + align:start position:0% +they know who the dominant Jacka is +they know the relative right they know + + align:start position:0% +they know the relative right they know + + + align:start position:0% +they know the relative right they know +who his mate is and generally the female + + align:start position:0% +who his mate is and generally the female + + + align:start position:0% +who his mate is and generally the female +it's almost always a male but not always + + align:start position:0% +it's almost always a male but not always + + + align:start position:0% +it's almost always a male but not always +but let's say it's a male then that + + align:start position:0% +but let's say it's a male then that + + + align:start position:0% +but let's say it's a male then that +female once she becomes the M that male + + align:start position:0% +female once she becomes the M that male + + + align:start position:0% +female once she becomes the M that male +she's going to be have the high rank too + + align:start position:0% +she's going to be have the high rank too + + + align:start position:0% +she's going to be have the high rank too +and they all learn that very quickly + + align:start position:0% +and they all learn that very quickly + + + align:start position:0% +and they all learn that very quickly +they know where they fit + + align:start position:0% +they know where they fit + + + align:start position:0% +they know where they fit +okay another way of course is they when + + align:start position:0% +okay another way of course is they when + + + align:start position:0% +okay another way of course is they when +they + + align:start position:0% +they + + + align:start position:0% +they +made they recognize they made + + align:start position:0% +made they recognize they made + + + align:start position:0% +made they recognize they made +okay and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they and of course they do recognize + + align:start position:0% +they and of course they do recognize + + + align:start position:0% +they and of course they do recognize +friends and enemies I put enemies in + + align:start position:0% +friends and enemies I put enemies in + + + align:start position:0% +friends and enemies I put enemies in +quotes here because if there's any real + + align:start position:0% +quotes here because if there's any real + + + align:start position:0% +quotes here because if there's any real +enemy then all the Jack dogs are friends + + align:start position:0% +enemy then all the Jack dogs are friends + + + align:start position:0% +enemy then all the Jack dogs are friends +and they support each other but + + align:start position:0% +and they support each other but + + + align:start position:0% +and they support each other but +otherwise in normal social behavior + + align:start position:0% +otherwise in normal social behavior + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise in normal social behavior +they're more friendly with some birds + + align:start position:0% +they're more friendly with some birds + + + align:start position:0% +they're more friendly with some birds +than others and this is + + align:start position:0% +than others and this is + + + align:start position:0% +than others and this is +consistent there it's obvious that they + + align:start position:0% +consistent there it's obvious that they + + + align:start position:0% +consistent there it's obvious that they +can recognize each + + align:start position:0% +can recognize each + + + align:start position:0% +can recognize each +other how do mammals do + + align:start position:0% +other how do mammals do + + + align:start position:0% +other how do mammals do +it well certainly for the very visual + + align:start position:0% +it well certainly for the very visual + + + align:start position:0% +it well certainly for the very visual +animals the primates uh it's and other + + align:start position:0% +animals the primates uh it's and other + + + align:start position:0% +animals the primates uh it's and other +very visual animals like + + align:start position:0% +very visual animals like + + + align:start position:0% +very visual animals like +giraffes uh as an example they recognize + + align:start position:0% +giraffes uh as an example they recognize + + + align:start position:0% +giraffes uh as an example they recognize +also use visal cues to + + align:start position:0% +also use visal cues to + + + align:start position:0% +also use visal cues to +recognize individuals but most mammals + + align:start position:0% +recognize individuals but most mammals + + + align:start position:0% +recognize individuals but most mammals +especially nocturnal mammals baction is + + align:start position:0% +especially nocturnal mammals baction is + + + align:start position:0% +especially nocturnal mammals baction is +much more important in they recognize + + align:start position:0% +much more important in they recognize + + + align:start position:0% +much more important in they recognize +individual odor + + align:start position:0% +individual odor + + + align:start position:0% +individual odor +patterns even animals like dogs I mean + + align:start position:0% +patterns even animals like dogs I mean + + + align:start position:0% +patterns even animals like dogs I mean +dogs different spe different uh breeds + + align:start position:0% +dogs different spe different uh breeds + + + align:start position:0% +dogs different spe different uh breeds +of dog look very different to us but to + + align:start position:0% +of dog look very different to us but to + + + align:start position:0% +of dog look very different to us but to +dogs the smell is even more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +important + + align:start position:0% +important + + + align:start position:0% +important +okay and there's been more formal + + align:start position:0% +okay and there's been more formal + + + align:start position:0% +okay and there's been more formal +studies of the some of that even crows + + align:start position:0% +studies of the some of that even crows + + + align:start position:0% +studies of the some of that even crows +um a lot of things that Lawrence + + align:start position:0% +um a lot of things that Lawrence + + + align:start position:0% +um a lot of things that Lawrence +observed and gave detailed observations + + align:start position:0% +observed and gave detailed observations + + + align:start position:0% +observed and gave detailed observations +about he did do simple experiments with + + align:start position:0% +about he did do simple experiments with + + + align:start position:0% +about he did do simple experiments with +his Jack do but a lot of those have been + + align:start position:0% +his Jack do but a lot of those have been + + + align:start position:0% +his Jack do but a lot of those have been +followed up not so much with Jack do but + + align:start position:0% +followed up not so much with Jack do but + + + align:start position:0% +followed up not so much with Jack do but +with other corvids in experimental work + + align:start position:0% +with other corvids in experimental work + + + align:start position:0% +with other corvids in experimental work +and most of Lawrence's observations have + + align:start position:0% +and most of Lawrence's observations have + + + align:start position:0% +and most of Lawrence's observations have +been + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +supported okay in this question I'm just + + align:start position:0% +supported okay in this question I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +supported okay in this question I'm just +pointing out that the male Jacka lacks + + align:start position:0% +pointing out that the male Jacka lacks + + + align:start position:0% +pointing out that the male Jacka lacks +the plumage of a peacock for displaying + + align:start position:0% +the plumage of a peacock for displaying + + + align:start position:0% +the plumage of a peacock for displaying +towards a + + align:start position:0% +towards a + + + align:start position:0% +towards a +female uh so then how does the Young + + align:start position:0% +female uh so then how does the Young + + + align:start position:0% +female uh so then how does the Young +Jack dog who gets attracted he falls in + + align:start position:0% +Jack dog who gets attracted he falls in + + + align:start position:0% +Jack dog who gets attracted he falls in +love with a female Jack dog how does he + + align:start position:0% +love with a female Jack dog how does he + + + align:start position:0% +love with a female Jack dog how does he +get her + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +attention and try to get a positive + + align:start position:0% +attention and try to get a positive + + + align:start position:0% +attention and try to get a positive +response must be through his behavior + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +so he has a specific ceremony for + + align:start position:0% +so he has a specific ceremony for + + + align:start position:0% +so he has a specific ceremony for +calling a female to his nest it it has + + align:start position:0% +calling a female to his nest it it has + + + align:start position:0% +calling a female to his nest it it has +auditory + + align:start position:0% +auditory + + + align:start position:0% +auditory +components or the way he + + align:start position:0% +components or the way he + + + align:start position:0% +components or the way he +calls and it also has visual + + align:start position:0% +calls and it also has visual + + + align:start position:0% +calls and it also has visual +components and these do elicit response + + align:start position:0% +components and these do elicit response + + + align:start position:0% +components and these do elicit response +in other animals if they decide to + + align:start position:0% +in other animals if they decide to + + + align:start position:0% +in other animals if they decide to +attend to + + align:start position:0% +attend to + + + align:start position:0% +attend to +him okay and if a female begins to if + + align:start position:0% +him okay and if a female begins to if + + + align:start position:0% +him okay and if a female begins to if +she's interested in finding a mate too + + align:start position:0% +she's interested in finding a mate too + + + align:start position:0% +she's interested in finding a mate too +she will attend more to some males than + + align:start position:0% +she will attend more to some males than + + + align:start position:0% +she will attend more to some males than +others and when she attends then she + + align:start position:0% +others and when she attends then she + + + align:start position:0% +others and when she attends then she +will begin to respond to these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stimuli he points out that he noticed + + align:start position:0% +stimuli he points out that he noticed + + + align:start position:0% +stimuli he points out that he noticed +sex differences in eye Direction very + + align:start position:0% +sex differences in eye Direction very + + + align:start position:0% +sex differences in eye Direction very +com very reminiscent of human behavior + + align:start position:0% +com very reminiscent of human behavior + + + align:start position:0% +com very reminiscent of human behavior +for example what we call coinet and + + align:start position:0% +for example what we call coinet and + + + align:start position:0% +for example what we call coinet and +humans + + align:start position:0% +humans + + + align:start position:0% +humans +uh they attend to but they don't stare + + align:start position:0% +uh they attend to but they don't stare + + + align:start position:0% +uh they attend to but they don't stare +directly at a potential mate this is the + + align:start position:0% +directly at a potential mate this is the + + + align:start position:0% +directly at a potential mate this is the +female responding to the male she + + align:start position:0% +female responding to the male she + + + align:start position:0% +female responding to the male she +doesn't look directly at him he might be + + align:start position:0% +doesn't look directly at him he might be + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't look directly at him he might be +staring at her but she doesn't look + + align:start position:0% +staring at her but she doesn't look + + + align:start position:0% +staring at her but she doesn't look +directly but she's also really attending + + align:start position:0% +directly but she's also really attending + + + align:start position:0% +directly but she's also really attending +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +him uh and this can go on for quite a + + align:start position:0% +him uh and this can go on for quite a + + + align:start position:0% +him uh and this can go on for quite a +long time + + align:start position:0% +long time + + + align:start position:0% +long time +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +uh how do you tell when a bird's not is + + align:start position:0% +uh how do you tell when a bird's not is + + + align:start position:0% +uh how do you tell when a bird's not is +looking or not looking they've got eyes + + align:start position:0% +looking or not looking they've got eyes + + + align:start position:0% +looking or not looking they've got eyes +pretty unless they're ows they got + + align:start position:0% +pretty unless they're ows they got + + + align:start position:0% +pretty unless they're ows they got +laterally placed eyes so they could be + + align:start position:0% +laterally placed eyes so they could be + + + align:start position:0% +laterally placed eyes so they could be +seem to be facing over here but they + + align:start position:0% +seem to be facing over here but they + + + align:start position:0% +seem to be facing over here but they +could still be looking over here and + + align:start position:0% +could still be looking over here and + + + align:start position:0% +could still be looking over here and +because their eyes are dark you can't + + align:start position:0% +because their eyes are dark you can't + + + align:start position:0% +because their eyes are dark you can't +actually see the + + align:start position:0% +actually see the + + + align:start position:0% +actually see the +people the jaos are amazing in their + + align:start position:0% +people the jaos are amazing in their + + + align:start position:0% +people the jaos are amazing in their +ability to tell what the bird is + + align:start position:0% +ability to tell what the bird is + + + align:start position:0% +ability to tell what the bird is +actually attending + + align:start position:0% +actually attending + + + align:start position:0% +actually attending +to because the male won't struggle + + align:start position:0% +to because the male won't struggle + + + align:start position:0% +to because the male won't struggle +forever to gain the attention of a + + align:start position:0% +forever to gain the attention of a + + + align:start position:0% +forever to gain the attention of a +female if she is totally ignoring him in + + align:start position:0% +female if she is totally ignoring him in + + + align:start position:0% +female if she is totally ignoring him in +fact she'll eventually just fly away but + + align:start position:0% +fact she'll eventually just fly away but + + + align:start position:0% +fact she'll eventually just fly away but +if she is interested she won't fly away + + align:start position:0% +if she is interested she won't fly away + + + align:start position:0% +if she is interested she won't fly away +but she won't directly respond for a + + align:start position:0% +but she won't directly respond for a + + + align:start position:0% +but she won't directly respond for a +long + + align:start position:0% +long + + + align:start position:0% +long +time so how does she respond if she is + + align:start position:0% +time so how does she respond if she is + + + align:start position:0% +time so how does she respond if she is +really interested how does she get + + align:start position:0% +really interested how does she get + + + align:start position:0% +really interested how does she get +engaged to that + + align:start position:0% +engaged to that + + + align:start position:0% +engaged to that +male and Lawrence points out that it + + align:start position:0% +male and Lawrence points out that it + + + align:start position:0% +male and Lawrence points out that it +happens a full year before they actually + + align:start position:0% +happens a full year before they actually + + + align:start position:0% +happens a full year before they actually +start mating + + align:start position:0% +start mating + + + align:start position:0% +start mating +so unlike many species these + + align:start position:0% +so unlike many species these + + + align:start position:0% +so unlike many species these +animals have this betrothal ceremony a + + align:start position:0% +animals have this betrothal ceremony a + + + align:start position:0% +animals have this betrothal ceremony a +year before they actually start + + align:start position:0% +year before they actually start + + + align:start position:0% +year before they actually start +mating + + align:start position:0% +mating + + + align:start position:0% +mating +okay and what she does is engage in + + align:start position:0% +okay and what she does is engage in + + + align:start position:0% +okay and what she does is engage in +this ritual mating invitation it's a + + align:start position:0% +this ritual mating invitation it's a + + + align:start position:0% +this ritual mating invitation it's a +particular + + align:start position:0% +particular + + + align:start position:0% +particular +posture they Crouch down they fluff + + align:start position:0% +posture they Crouch down they fluff + + + align:start position:0% +posture they Crouch down they fluff +their feathers in a certain way widen + + align:start position:0% +their feathers in a certain way widen + + + align:start position:0% +their feathers in a certain way widen +their wings a little bit it's used + + align:start position:0% +their wings a little bit it's used + + + align:start position:0% +their wings a little bit it's used +throughout life later as a greeting + + align:start position:0% +throughout life later as a greeting + + + align:start position:0% +throughout life later as a greeting +ceremony in a pair of + + align:start position:0% +ceremony in a pair of + + + align:start position:0% +ceremony in a pair of +jaos and Lawrence has some nice drawings + + align:start position:0% +jaos and Lawrence has some nice drawings + + + align:start position:0% +jaos and Lawrence has some nice drawings +of that in the book okay so this is a + + align:start position:0% +of that in the book okay so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +of that in the book okay so this is a +typical posturing that animals do that + + align:start position:0% +typical posturing that animals do that + + + align:start position:0% +typical posturing that animals do that +has a specific communication + + align:start position:0% +has a specific communication + + + align:start position:0% +has a specific communication +function + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh and then once they + + align:start position:0% +uh and then once they + + + align:start position:0% +uh and then once they +are betroth even before they've started + + align:start position:0% +are betroth even before they've started + + + align:start position:0% +are betroth even before they've started +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +mate Lawrence describes two behaviors + + align:start position:0% +mate Lawrence describes two behaviors + + + align:start position:0% +mate Lawrence describes two behaviors +that occur + + align:start position:0% +that occur + + + align:start position:0% +that occur +frequently between a pair of Jack in the + + align:start position:0% +frequently between a pair of Jack in the + + + align:start position:0% +frequently between a pair of Jack in the +pair of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Jacko and when they + + align:start position:0% +Jacko and when they + + + align:start position:0% +Jacko and when they +pair how long does it + + align:start position:0% +pair how long does it + + + align:start position:0% +pair how long does it +last you know many animals are will mate + + align:start position:0% +last you know many animals are will mate + + + align:start position:0% +last you know many animals are will mate +with only one animal in a season but the + + align:start position:0% +with only one animal in a season but the + + + align:start position:0% +with only one animal in a season but the +next + + align:start position:0% +next + + + align:start position:0% +next +season there's no preference for the + + align:start position:0% +season there's no preference for the + + + align:start position:0% +season there's no preference for the +original + + align:start position:0% +original + + + align:start position:0% +original +made but other animals it's very + + align:start position:0% +made but other animals it's very + + + align:start position:0% +made but other animals it's very +different some animals are promiscuous + + align:start position:0% +different some animals are promiscuous + + + align:start position:0% +different some animals are promiscuous +even within the Mating Season they'll + + align:start position:0% +even within the Mating Season they'll + + + align:start position:0% +even within the Mating Season they'll +mate with many different + + align:start position:0% +mate with many different + + + align:start position:0% +mate with many different +animals but what is it for Jack do + + align:start position:0% +animals but what is it for Jack do + + + align:start position:0% +animals but what is it for Jack do +they're monogamous generally they mate + + align:start position:0% +they're monogamous generally they mate + + + align:start position:0% +they're monogamous generally they mate +for life once they made that's it so + + align:start position:0% +for life once they made that's it so + + + align:start position:0% +for life once they made that's it so +those + + align:start position:0% +those + + + align:start position:0% +those +early that early posturing and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the displays they show can result in a + + align:start position:0% +the displays they show can result in a + + + align:start position:0% +the displays they show can result in a +lifetime of uh companionship + + align:start position:0% +lifetime of uh companionship + + + align:start position:0% +lifetime of uh companionship +that in Jack dos which are very long + + align:start position:0% +that in Jack dos which are very long + + + align:start position:0% +that in Jack dos which are very long +with birds can can last you know for 20 + + align:start position:0% +with birds can can last you know for 20 + + + align:start position:0% +with birds can can last you know for 20 +years okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so because of this and because once + + align:start position:0% +so so because of this and because once + + + align:start position:0% +so so because of this and because once +you could say they're married when they + + align:start position:0% +you could say they're married when they + + + align:start position:0% +you could say they're married when they +start mating but their engagement is a + + align:start position:0% +start mating but their engagement is a + + + align:start position:0% +start mating but their engagement is a +full year beforehand if we use the human + + align:start position:0% +full year beforehand if we use the human + + + align:start position:0% +full year beforehand if we use the human +terms and Lawrence uses the human terms + + align:start position:0% +terms and Lawrence uses the human terms + + + align:start position:0% +terms and Lawrence uses the human terms +pretty freely because it's pretty + + align:start position:0% +pretty freely because it's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +pretty freely because it's pretty +obvious he's talking about the birds + + align:start position:0% +obvious he's talking about the birds + + + align:start position:0% +obvious he's talking about the birds +when he's talking about them so these + + align:start position:0% +when he's talking about them so these + + + align:start position:0% +when he's talking about them so these +are the two behaviors then that's when + + align:start position:0% +are the two behaviors then that's when + + + align:start position:0% +are the two behaviors then that's when +these occur then you know that that pair + + align:start position:0% +these occur then you know that that pair + + + align:start position:0% +these occur then you know that that pair +has + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +formed the male will feed the + + align:start position:0% +formed the male will feed the + + + align:start position:0% +formed the male will feed the +female okay and the female will PR the + + align:start position:0% +female okay and the female will PR the + + + align:start position:0% +female okay and the female will PR the +feathers of the male particularly in the + + align:start position:0% +feathers of the male particularly in the + + + align:start position:0% +feathers of the male particularly in the +areas uh of his neck and head that he + + align:start position:0% +areas uh of his neck and head that he + + + align:start position:0% +areas uh of his neck and head that he +cannot reach + + align:start position:0% +cannot reach + + + align:start position:0% +cannot reach +himself okay and they also make these + + align:start position:0% +himself okay and they also make these + + + align:start position:0% +himself okay and they also make these +sounds that you don't hear except in + + align:start position:0% +sounds that you don't hear except in + + + align:start position:0% +sounds that you don't hear except in +this situation and in infant jaos okay + + align:start position:0% +this situation and in infant jaos okay + + + align:start position:0% +this situation and in infant jaos okay +and it's very common in many different + + align:start position:0% +and it's very common in many different + + + align:start position:0% +and it's very common in many different +species or courtship to involve these + + align:start position:0% +species or courtship to involve these + + + align:start position:0% +species or courtship to involve these +more infantile + + align:start position:0% +more infantile + + + align:start position:0% +more infantile +behaviors it occurs in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +humans oh okay so he describes some of + + align:start position:0% +humans oh okay so he describes some of + + + align:start position:0% +humans oh okay so he describes some of +that behavior in more + + align:start position:0% +that behavior in more + + + align:start position:0% +that behavior in more +detail and + + align:start position:0% +detail and + + + align:start position:0% +detail and +uh here's + + align:start position:0% +uh here's + + + align:start position:0% +uh here's +the female getting fed by the + + align:start position:0% +the female getting fed by the + + + align:start position:0% +the female getting fed by the +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +male + + align:start position:0% +male + + + align:start position:0% +male +literally spoke some or has already + + align:start position:0% +literally spoke some or has already + + + align:start position:0% +literally spoke some or has already +finished perhaps putting an insect in + + align:start position:0% +finished perhaps putting an insect in + + + align:start position:0% +finished perhaps putting an insect in +her + + align:start position:0% +her + + + align:start position:0% +her +mouth and this is very common behavior + + align:start position:0% +mouth and this is very common behavior + + + align:start position:0% +mouth and this is very common behavior +during that courtship period but it can + + align:start position:0% +during that courtship period but it can + + + align:start position:0% +during that courtship period but it can +occur later too uh throughout their + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lives now what the Jack dos are very + + align:start position:0% +lives now what the Jack dos are very + + + align:start position:0% +lives now what the Jack dos are very +social and they form close-knit groups + + align:start position:0% +social and they form close-knit groups + + + align:start position:0% +social and they form close-knit groups +but it doesn't mean they don't squabble + + align:start position:0% +but it doesn't mean they don't squabble + + + align:start position:0% +but it doesn't mean they don't squabble +you get conflicts uh over Nest sites for + + align:start position:0% +you get conflicts uh over Nest sites for + + + align:start position:0% +you get conflicts uh over Nest sites for +example just like the kitty + + align:start position:0% +example just like the kitty + + + align:start position:0% +example just like the kitty +wakes uh some Nest sites are a lot more + + align:start position:0% +wakes uh some Nest sites are a lot more + + + align:start position:0% +wakes uh some Nest sites are a lot more +conveniently placed than others so they + + align:start position:0% +conveniently placed than others so they + + + align:start position:0% +conveniently placed than others so they +will fight to get + + align:start position:0% +will fight to get + + + align:start position:0% +will fight to get +them uh each male has to establish the + + align:start position:0% +them uh each male has to establish the + + + align:start position:0% +them uh each male has to establish the +nest a nest + + align:start position:0% +nest a nest + + + align:start position:0% +nest a nest +site uh and uh attract his female to + + align:start position:0% +site uh and uh attract his female to + + + align:start position:0% +site uh and uh attract his female to +it and the conflicts are often settled + + align:start position:0% +it and the conflicts are often settled + + + align:start position:0% +it and the conflicts are often settled +by the kinds of postures or displays + + align:start position:0% +by the kinds of postures or displays + + + align:start position:0% +by the kinds of postures or displays +aggressive displays they make or they + + align:start position:0% +aggressive displays they make or they + + + align:start position:0% +aggressive displays they make or they +can similar similarly there are + + align:start position:0% +can similar similarly there are + + + align:start position:0% +can similar similarly there are +defensive displays that will stop the + + align:start position:0% +defensive displays that will stop the + + + align:start position:0% +defensive displays that will stop the +aggressiveness of + + align:start position:0% +aggressiveness of + + + align:start position:0% +aggressiveness of +the of the attacker + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so they will do this at a nest site and + + align:start position:0% +so they will do this at a nest site and + + + align:start position:0% +so they will do this at a nest site and +when they engage in this very loud + + align:start position:0% +when they engage in this very loud + + + align:start position:0% +when they engage in this very loud +calling it's apparently in the in one + + align:start position:0% +calling it's apparently in the in one + + + align:start position:0% +calling it's apparently in the in one +season of the year which in altenberg + + align:start position:0% +season of the year which in altenberg + + + align:start position:0% +season of the year which in altenberg +Germany is February and March the the + + align:start position:0% +Germany is February and March the the + + + align:start position:0% +Germany is February and March the the +whole town uh you know is filled with + + align:start position:0% +whole town uh you know is filled with + + + align:start position:0% +whole town uh you know is filled with +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +loud Zing of the Jack + + align:start position:0% +loud Zing of the Jack + + + align:start position:0% +loud Zing of the Jack +Doos so what + + align:start position:0% +Doos so what + + + align:start position:0% +Doos so what +happens if the defending Jack do is + + align:start position:0% +happens if the defending Jack do is + + + align:start position:0% +happens if the defending Jack do is +actually attacked and that does + + align:start position:0% +actually attacked and that does + + + align:start position:0% +actually attacked and that does +happen or a jack off stops just his + + align:start position:0% +happen or a jack off stops just his + + + align:start position:0% +happen or a jack off stops just his +aggressive posturing and decides hey + + align:start position:0% +aggressive posturing and decides hey + + + align:start position:0% +aggressive posturing and decides hey +I've got a real chance to get this n + + align:start position:0% +I've got a real chance to get this n + + + align:start position:0% +I've got a real chance to get this n +site and he attacks the bird he + + align:start position:0% +site and he attacks the bird he + + + align:start position:0% +site and he attacks the bird he +perceives him as + + align:start position:0% +perceives him as + + + align:start position:0% +perceives him as +weaker what happens + + align:start position:0% +weaker what happens + + + align:start position:0% +weaker what happens +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +louder + + align:start position:0% +louder + + + align:start position:0% +louder +yeah it it actually results in + + align:start position:0% +yeah it it actually results in + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it it actually results in +a in a melee you know it gets all the + + align:start position:0% +a in a melee you know it gets all the + + + align:start position:0% +a in a melee you know it gets all the +birds involved they all start this uh uh + + align:start position:0% +birds involved they all start this uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +birds involved they all start this uh uh +they + + align:start position:0% +they + + + align:start position:0% +they +start the the the Z zck Sounds becomes + + align:start position:0% +start the the the Z zck Sounds becomes + + + align:start position:0% +start the the the Z zck Sounds becomes +louder and pretty soon there's a whole + + align:start position:0% +louder and pretty soon there's a whole + + + align:start position:0% +louder and pretty soon there's a whole +Congregation of animals making this + + align:start position:0% +Congregation of animals making this + + + align:start position:0% +Congregation of animals making this +noise and pretty soon it gets so + + align:start position:0% +noise and pretty soon it gets so + + + align:start position:0% +noise and pretty soon it gets so +confusing that even the animal that was + + align:start position:0% +confusing that even the animal that was + + + align:start position:0% +confusing that even the animal that was +an + + align:start position:0% +an + + + align:start position:0% +an +attacking or defending they'll all start + + align:start position:0% +attacking or defending they'll all start + + + align:start position:0% +attacking or defending they'll all start +doing it and it's totally + + align:start position:0% +doing it and it's totally + + + align:start position:0% +doing it and it's totally +confusing uh even the guy who started it + + align:start position:0% +confusing uh even the guy who started it + + + align:start position:0% +confusing uh even the guy who started it +he's joining that crowd and pretty soon + + align:start position:0% +he's joining that crowd and pretty soon + + + align:start position:0% +he's joining that crowd and pretty soon +it all just gradually goes back to + + align:start position:0% +it all just gradually goes back to + + + align:start position:0% +it all just gradually goes back to +normal and they all become unaggressive + + align:start position:0% +normal and they all become unaggressive + + + align:start position:0% +normal and they all become unaggressive +again see they've got this built-in + + align:start position:0% +again see they've got this built-in + + + align:start position:0% +again see they've got this built-in +social behavior that protects them from + + align:start position:0% +social behavior that protects them from + + + align:start position:0% +social behavior that protects them from +too much damage by actual social attacks + + align:start position:0% +too much damage by actual social attacks + + + align:start position:0% +too much damage by actual social attacks +and many species have this + + align:start position:0% +and many species have this + + + align:start position:0% +and many species have this +and humans have it too we ruined it by + + align:start position:0% +and humans have it too we ruined it by + + + align:start position:0% +and humans have it too we ruined it by +developing + + align:start position:0% +developing + + + align:start position:0% +developing +weapons cuz then we don't have to face + + align:start position:0% +weapons cuz then we don't have to face + + + align:start position:0% +weapons cuz then we don't have to face +somebody we can kill them at a + + align:start position:0% +somebody we can kill them at a + + + align:start position:0% +somebody we can kill them at a +distance terrible + + align:start position:0% +distance terrible + + + align:start position:0% +distance terrible +thing just think of animals had + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +guns so + + align:start position:0% +guns so + + + align:start position:0% +guns so +uh though most animals have these means + + align:start position:0% +uh though most animals have these means + + + align:start position:0% +uh though most animals have these means +it's not that animals never kill each + + align:start position:0% +it's not that animals never kill each + + + align:start position:0% +it's not that animals never kill each +other but it's very rare + + align:start position:0% +other but it's very rare + + + align:start position:0% +other but it's very rare +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there are also innate responses to get u + + align:start position:0% +there are also innate responses to get u + + + align:start position:0% +there are also innate responses to get u +a young one who when he's flying becomes + + align:start position:0% +a young one who when he's flying becomes + + + align:start position:0% +a young one who when he's flying becomes +very adventurous and very energetic and + + align:start position:0% +very adventurous and very energetic and + + + align:start position:0% +very adventurous and very energetic and +might fly so far from home that he gets + + align:start position:0% +might fly so far from home that he gets + + + align:start position:0% +might fly so far from home that he gets +lost and it will be difficult for him + + align:start position:0% +lost and it will be difficult for him + + + align:start position:0% +lost and it will be difficult for him +even to find his way back so the older + + align:start position:0% +even to find his way back so the older + + + align:start position:0% +even to find his way back so the older +Jack do will try to entice a young one + + align:start position:0% +Jack do will try to entice a young one + + + align:start position:0% +Jack do will try to entice a young one +that's missing they will find him and + + align:start position:0% +that's missing they will find him and + + + align:start position:0% +that's missing they will find him and +they of course have very good Vision + + align:start position:0% +they of course have very good Vision + + + align:start position:0% +they of course have very good Vision +they can fly up and often find the young + + align:start position:0% +they can fly up and often find the young + + + align:start position:0% +they can fly up and often find the young +that are straying so far how do they get + + align:start position:0% +that are straying so far how do they get + + + align:start position:0% +that are straying so far how do they get +them to come back and it's done by again + + align:start position:0% +them to come back and it's done by again + + + align:start position:0% +them to come back and it's done by again +the combination of the auditory and the + + align:start position:0% +the combination of the auditory and the + + + align:start position:0% +the combination of the auditory and the +visual + + align:start position:0% +visual + + + align:start position:0% +visual +stimuli they have this fly with me call + + align:start position:0% +stimuli they have this fly with me call + + + align:start position:0% +stimuli they have this fly with me call +the k sound and it changes a little bit + + align:start position:0% +the k sound and it changes a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +the k sound and it changes a little bit +to what Lawrence calls it a CW sound + + align:start position:0% +to what Lawrence calls it a CW sound + + + align:start position:0% +to what Lawrence calls it a CW sound +slightly different in the way it + + align:start position:0% +slightly different in the way it + + + align:start position:0% +slightly different in the way it +sounds and then so they will make this + + align:start position:0% +sounds and then so they will make this + + + align:start position:0% +sounds and then so they will make this +sound flying at the Young bird and then + + align:start position:0% +sound flying at the Young bird and then + + + align:start position:0% +sound flying at the Young bird and then +they will turn and fly away and as they + + align:start position:0% +they will turn and fly away and as they + + + align:start position:0% +they will turn and fly away and as they +fly away that produces a visual stimulus + + align:start position:0% +fly away that produces a visual stimulus + + + align:start position:0% +fly away that produces a visual stimulus +that the young Jacko BRS very hard not + + align:start position:0% +that the young Jacko BRS very hard not + + + align:start position:0% +that the young Jacko BRS very hard not +not to + + align:start position:0% +not to + + + align:start position:0% +not to +follow and so the combination of that + + align:start position:0% +follow and so the combination of that + + + align:start position:0% +follow and so the combination of that +loud sound they're making plus the way + + align:start position:0% +loud sound they're making plus the way + + + align:start position:0% +loud sound they're making plus the way +they're + + align:start position:0% +they're + + + align:start position:0% +they're +flying uh serves as innate releasing + + align:start position:0% +flying uh serves as innate releasing + + + align:start position:0% +flying uh serves as innate releasing +stimuli we would call them provide the + + align:start position:0% +stimuli we would call them provide the + + + align:start position:0% +stimuli we would call them provide the +key stimulus to get the following + + align:start position:0% +key stimulus to get the following + + + align:start position:0% +key stimulus to get the following +response and they fly after the older + + align:start position:0% +response and they fly after the older + + + align:start position:0% +response and they fly after the older +Animal all right so what time are we at + + align:start position:0% +Animal all right so what time are we at + + + align:start position:0% +Animal all right so what time are we at +here let's + + align:start position:0% +here let's + + + align:start position:0% +here let's +uh I'm going to go I didn't put this in + + align:start position:0% +uh I'm going to go I didn't put this in + + + align:start position:0% +uh I'm going to go I didn't put this in +the journal file I will go to the + + align:start position:0% +the journal file I will go to the + + + align:start position:0% +the journal file I will go to the +PowerPoint because I want to get started + + align:start position:0% +PowerPoint because I want to get started + + + align:start position:0% +PowerPoint because I want to get started +here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +with more specific discussion of innate + + align:start position:0% +with more specific discussion of innate + + + align:start position:0% +with more specific discussion of innate +behavior the technical term in ethology + + align:start position:0% +behavior the technical term in ethology + + + align:start position:0% +behavior the technical term in ethology +is the fixed action + + align:start position:0% +is the fixed action + + + align:start position:0% +is the fixed action +pattern and that will lead to a little + + align:start position:0% +pattern and that will lead to a little + + + align:start position:0% +pattern and that will lead to a little +bit of discussion of the central nervous + + align:start position:0% +bit of discussion of the central nervous + + + align:start position:0% +bit of discussion of the central nervous +system we won't be talking a lot about + + align:start position:0% +system we won't be talking a lot about + + + align:start position:0% +system we won't be talking a lot about +the CNS but we will talk about + + align:start position:0% +the CNS but we will talk about + + + align:start position:0% +the CNS but we will talk about +it and next time I will show you the + + align:start position:0% +it and next time I will show you the + + + align:start position:0% +it and next time I will show you the +film uh it's from a TV program the wild + + align:start position:0% +film uh it's from a TV program the wild + + + align:start position:0% +film uh it's from a TV program the wild +wild world world of animals but it's a + + align:start position:0% +wild world world of animals but it's a + + + align:start position:0% +wild world world of animals but it's a +historic film that shows Lawrence in his + + align:start position:0% +historic film that shows Lawrence in his + + + align:start position:0% +historic film that shows Lawrence in his +Ducks um that that were imprinted on him + + align:start position:0% +Ducks um that that were imprinted on him + + + align:start position:0% +Ducks um that that were imprinted on him +uh and then the film goes on to talk uh + + align:start position:0% +uh and then the film goes on to talk uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh and then the film goes on to talk uh +it films some of the work of Lawrence + + align:start position:0% +it films some of the work of Lawrence + + + align:start position:0% +it films some of the work of Lawrence +and his uh students and co-workers + + align:start position:0% +and his uh students and co-workers + + + align:start position:0% +and his uh students and co-workers +showing natural response to Predators by + + align:start position:0% +showing natural response to Predators by + + + align:start position:0% +showing natural response to Predators by +geese + + align:start position:0% +geese + + + align:start position:0% +geese +and uh some of the work they've done on + + align:start position:0% +and uh some of the work they've done on + + + align:start position:0% +and uh some of the work they've done on +imprinting and the effects on social + + align:start position:0% +imprinting and the effects on social + + + align:start position:0% +imprinting and the effects on social +life uh by + + align:start position:0% +life uh by + + + align:start position:0% +life uh by +geese and this we'll talk about innate + + align:start position:0% +geese and this we'll talk about innate + + + align:start position:0% +geese and this we'll talk about innate +responses I'll go through this next time + + align:start position:0% +responses I'll go through this next time + + + align:start position:0% +responses I'll go through this next time +some of the stimul they + + align:start position:0% +some of the stimul they + + + align:start position:0% +some of the stimul they +use but let's talk about fixed action + + align:start position:0% +use but let's talk about fixed action + + + align:start position:0% +use but let's talk about fixed action +patterns and we have at least time to + + align:start position:0% +patterns and we have at least time to + + + align:start position:0% +patterns and we have at least time to +Define + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it what and this will come up again in + + align:start position:0% +it what and this will come up again in + + + align:start position:0% +it what and this will come up again in +the class and I can tell you many + + align:start position:0% +the class and I can tell you many + + + align:start position:0% +the class and I can tell you many +students get confused about some of this + + align:start position:0% +students get confused about some of this + + + align:start position:0% +students get confused about some of this +so I like to go through it more than + + align:start position:0% +so I like to go through it more than + + + align:start position:0% +so I like to go through it more than +once what is a fixed action pattern when + + align:start position:0% +once what is a fixed action pattern when + + + align:start position:0% +once what is a fixed action pattern when +we think of a fixed action pattern it + + align:start position:0% +we think of a fixed action pattern it + + + align:start position:0% +we think of a fixed action pattern it +sounds like we're just talking about + + align:start position:0% +sounds like we're just talking about + + + align:start position:0% +sounds like we're just talking about +what to to the ethologist is only one + + align:start position:0% +what to to the ethologist is only one + + + align:start position:0% +what to to the ethologist is only one +component of the fixed action pattern + + align:start position:0% +component of the fixed action pattern + + + align:start position:0% +component of the fixed action pattern +the the motor pattern the fixed motor + + align:start position:0% +the the motor pattern the fixed motor + + + align:start position:0% +the the motor pattern the fixed motor +pattern in innate sequence of + + align:start position:0% +pattern in innate sequence of + + + align:start position:0% +pattern in innate sequence of +behavior + + align:start position:0% +behavior + + + align:start position:0% +behavior +okay these are examples in the human + + align:start position:0% +okay these are examples in the human + + + align:start position:0% +okay these are examples in the human +smiling + + align:start position:0% +smiling + + + align:start position:0% +smiling +frowning many other expressions of + + align:start position:0% +frowning many other expressions of + + + align:start position:0% +frowning many other expressions of +emotion they're the same or very similar + + align:start position:0% +emotion they're the same or very similar + + + align:start position:0% +emotion they're the same or very similar +in all + + align:start position:0% +in all + + + align:start position:0% +in all +humans in different cultures in + + align:start position:0% +humans in different cultures in + + + align:start position:0% +humans in different cultures in +fact they're similar as I was felt shed + + align:start position:0% +fact they're similar as I was felt shed + + + align:start position:0% +fact they're similar as I was felt shed +in humans that have never seen another + + align:start position:0% +in humans that have never seen another + + + align:start position:0% +in humans that have never seen another +human doing it because they were born + + align:start position:0% +human doing it because they were born + + + align:start position:0% +human doing it because they were born +blind or even born blind and death and + + align:start position:0% +blind or even born blind and death and + + + align:start position:0% +blind or even born blind and death and +yet they do it walking is another fix + + align:start position:0% +yet they do it walking is another fix + + + align:start position:0% +yet they do it walking is another fix +action pattern it's a particularly + + align:start position:0% +action pattern it's a particularly + + + align:start position:0% +action pattern it's a particularly +important multi-purpose pattern of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +action I blink and + + align:start position:0% +action I blink and + + + align:start position:0% +action I blink and +swallowing our fixed action + + align:start position:0% +swallowing our fixed action + + + align:start position:0% +swallowing our fixed action +patterns but how why are we calling them + + align:start position:0% +patterns but how why are we calling them + + + align:start position:0% +patterns but how why are we calling them +fixed action patterns those last two I + + align:start position:0% +fixed action patterns those last two I + + + align:start position:0% +fixed action patterns those last two I +blink and swallowing are if you read in + + align:start position:0% +blink and swallowing are if you read in + + + align:start position:0% +blink and swallowing are if you read in +a medical text they're called reflexes + + align:start position:0% +a medical text they're called reflexes + + + align:start position:0% +a medical text they're called reflexes +swallowing + + align:start position:0% +swallowing + + + align:start position:0% +swallowing +reflex uh swallowing reflex and I blink + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reflex so is really is a fixed action + + align:start position:0% +reflex so is really is a fixed action + + + align:start position:0% +reflex so is really is a fixed action +pattern any different from a + + align:start position:0% +pattern any different from a + + + align:start position:0% +pattern any different from a +reflex isn't it just a more complex + + align:start position:0% +reflex isn't it just a more complex + + + align:start position:0% +reflex isn't it just a more complex +reflex so we'll call it a reflex of + + align:start position:0% +reflex so we'll call it a reflex of + + + align:start position:0% +reflex so we'll call it a reflex of +something very simple like withdrawal of + + align:start position:0% +something very simple like withdrawal of + + + align:start position:0% +something very simple like withdrawal of +the limb from a painful stimulus okay + + align:start position:0% +the limb from a painful stimulus okay + + + align:start position:0% +the limb from a painful stimulus okay +but we'll call it a fixed action pattern + + align:start position:0% +but we'll call it a fixed action pattern + + + align:start position:0% +but we'll call it a fixed action pattern +it's a more complex + + align:start position:0% +it's a more complex + + + align:start position:0% +it's a more complex +sequence + + align:start position:0% +sequence + + + align:start position:0% +sequence +and the author of that little book and + + align:start position:0% +and the author of that little book and + + + align:start position:0% +and the author of that little book and +having you read Graham Scott actually + + align:start position:0% +having you read Graham Scott actually + + + align:start position:0% +having you read Graham Scott actually +that's the way he uses the term all he + + align:start position:0% +that's the way he uses the term all he + + + align:start position:0% +that's the way he uses the term all he +means + + align:start position:0% +means + + + align:start position:0% +means +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh a + + align:start position:0% +uh a + + + align:start position:0% +uh a +complex he he really just means + + align:start position:0% +complex he he really just means + + + align:start position:0% +complex he he really just means +automatic that's what he means by reflex + + align:start position:0% +automatic that's what he means by reflex + + + align:start position:0% +automatic that's what he means by reflex +it's something that happens + + align:start position:0% +it's something that happens + + + align:start position:0% +it's something that happens +automatically with a certain stimulus + + align:start position:0% +automatically with a certain stimulus + + + align:start position:0% +automatically with a certain stimulus +but is that not what a fixed action + + align:start position:0% +but is that not what a fixed action + + + align:start position:0% +but is that not what a fixed action +pattern in is and the answer is no we + + align:start position:0% +pattern in is and the answer is no we + + + align:start position:0% +pattern in is and the answer is no we +will follow Conrad Lawrence and talking + + align:start position:0% +will follow Conrad Lawrence and talking + + + align:start position:0% +will follow Conrad Lawrence and talking +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +it okay uh I want you to learn the + + align:start position:0% +it okay uh I want you to learn the + + + align:start position:0% +it okay uh I want you to learn the +Lawrence + + align:start position:0% +Lawrence + + + align:start position:0% +Lawrence +view which distinguishes pretty clearly + + align:start position:0% +view which distinguishes pretty clearly + + + align:start position:0% +view which distinguishes pretty clearly +between fixed action pattern and reflex + + align:start position:0% +between fixed action pattern and reflex + + + align:start position:0% +between fixed action pattern and reflex +a reflex is something that's always + + align:start position:0% +a reflex is something that's always + + + align:start position:0% +a reflex is something that's always +there no matter what my motivational + + align:start position:0% +there no matter what my motivational + + + align:start position:0% +there no matter what my motivational +State when I'm walking I'm responding in + + align:start position:0% +State when I'm walking I'm responding in + + + align:start position:0% +State when I'm walking I'm responding in +a reflex way to stimuli from my feet if + + align:start position:0% +a reflex way to stimuli from my feet if + + + align:start position:0% +a reflex way to stimuli from my feet if +I'm on uneven terrain uh I adjust my + + align:start position:0% +I'm on uneven terrain uh I adjust my + + + align:start position:0% +I'm on uneven terrain uh I adjust my +gate to the terrain some species do that + + align:start position:0% +gate to the terrain some species do that + + + align:start position:0% +gate to the terrain some species do that +much better than others like a + + align:start position:0% +much better than others like a + + + align:start position:0% +much better than others like a +goat uh does it much better or a donkey + + align:start position:0% +goat uh does it much better or a donkey + + + align:start position:0% +goat uh does it much better or a donkey +in fact does it much better or a mule + + align:start position:0% +in fact does it much better or a mule + + + align:start position:0% +in fact does it much better or a mule +does it much better than a horse cuz + + align:start position:0% +does it much better than a horse cuz + + + align:start position:0% +does it much better than a horse cuz +horse were horses evolved to run on the + + align:start position:0% +horse were horses evolved to run on the + + + align:start position:0% +horse were horses evolved to run on the +planes these other animals evolve to + + align:start position:0% +planes these other animals evolve to + + + align:start position:0% +planes these other animals evolve to +live them hiler terrain so we talk about + + align:start position:0% +live them hiler terrain so we talk about + + + align:start position:0% +live them hiler terrain so we talk about +some animals being more surefooted than + + align:start position:0% +some animals being more surefooted than + + + align:start position:0% +some animals being more surefooted than +others that's just a difference in the + + align:start position:0% +others that's just a difference in the + + + align:start position:0% +others that's just a difference in the +reflex patterns that they've + + align:start position:0% +reflex patterns that they've + + + align:start position:0% +reflex patterns that they've +inherited okay but why am I saying those + + align:start position:0% +inherited okay but why am I saying those + + + align:start position:0% +inherited okay but why am I saying those +are reflexes because a reflex is + + align:start position:0% +are reflexes because a reflex is + + + align:start position:0% +are reflexes because a reflex is +something it's like a mantle you're + + align:start position:0% +something it's like a mantle you're + + + align:start position:0% +something it's like a mantle you're +always wearing doesn't matter whether + + align:start position:0% +always wearing doesn't matter whether + + + align:start position:0% +always wearing doesn't matter whether +you're hungry or not hungry whether + + align:start position:0% +you're hungry or not hungry whether + + + align:start position:0% +you're hungry or not hungry whether +you're horny or not horny no matter what + + align:start position:0% +you're horny or not horny no matter what + + + align:start position:0% +you're horny or not horny no matter what +your motivational State you still have + + align:start position:0% +your motivational State you still have + + + align:start position:0% +your motivational State you still have +those same reflexes okay it's a + + align:start position:0% +those same reflexes okay it's a + + + align:start position:0% +those same reflexes okay it's a +background + + align:start position:0% +background + + + align:start position:0% +background +that's why we call it just a mantle you + + align:start position:0% +that's why we call it just a mantle you + + + align:start position:0% +that's why we call it just a mantle you +always have + + align:start position:0% +always have + + + align:start position:0% +always have +that but what about a fixed action + + align:start position:0% +that but what about a fixed action + + + align:start position:0% +that but what about a fixed action +pattern it has a motivational component + + align:start position:0% +pattern it has a motivational component + + + align:start position:0% +pattern it has a motivational component +okay so I go through that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here a component of the fixed action + + align:start position:0% +here a component of the fixed action + + + align:start position:0% +here a component of the fixed action +pattern is what Lawrence called in + + align:start position:0% +pattern is what Lawrence called in + + + align:start position:0% +pattern is what Lawrence called in +different psychologists have used + + align:start position:0% +different psychologists have used + + + align:start position:0% +different psychologists have used +different names for this in the west we + + align:start position:0% +different names for this in the west we + + + align:start position:0% +different names for this in the west we +often just talk about a drive + + align:start position:0% +often just talk about a drive + + + align:start position:0% +often just talk about a drive +or level of + + align:start position:0% +or level of + + + align:start position:0% +or level of +motivation but the ethologists following + + align:start position:0% +motivation but the ethologists following + + + align:start position:0% +motivation but the ethologists following +Lawrence have been much more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +specific he calls it uh an action + + align:start position:0% +specific he calls it uh an action + + + align:start position:0% +specific he calls it uh an action +specific potential something in the + + align:start position:0% +specific potential something in the + + + align:start position:0% +specific potential something in the +brain that can change in its + + align:start position:0% +brain that can change in its + + + align:start position:0% +brain that can change in its +level it's specific to a specific action + + align:start position:0% +level it's specific to a specific action + + + align:start position:0% +level it's specific to a specific action +a specific motor pattern + + align:start position:0% +a specific motor pattern + + + align:start position:0% +a specific motor pattern +okay it's an in interal level of + + align:start position:0% +okay it's an in interal level of + + + align:start position:0% +okay it's an in interal level of +activation of a of a mo a drive or a + + align:start position:0% +activation of a of a mo a drive or a + + + align:start position:0% +activation of a of a mo a drive or a +central motivational State it's been + + align:start position:0% +central motivational State it's been + + + align:start position:0% +central motivational State it's been +called the central motive state by the + + align:start position:0% +called the central motive state by the + + + align:start position:0% +called the central motive state by the +psychologist Peter Milner he was a + + align:start position:0% +psychologist Peter Milner he was a + + + align:start position:0% +psychologist Peter Milner he was a +physiological psychologist or is in + + align:start position:0% +physiological psychologist or is in + + + align:start position:0% +physiological psychologist or is in +Canada many people here just call it a + + align:start position:0% +Canada many people here just call it a + + + align:start position:0% +Canada many people here just call it a +drive now the action specific potential + + align:start position:0% +drive now the action specific potential + + + align:start position:0% +drive now the action specific potential +for most fixed action patterns builds up + + align:start position:0% +for most fixed action patterns builds up + + + align:start position:0% +for most fixed action patterns builds up +pretty steadily over time okay and what + + align:start position:0% +pretty steadily over time okay and what + + + align:start position:0% +pretty steadily over time okay and what +that does it's increases the probability + + align:start position:0% +that does it's increases the probability + + + align:start position:0% +that does it's increases the probability +of discharge of the motor + + align:start position:0% +of discharge of the motor + + + align:start position:0% +of discharge of the motor +pattern how it does that is the + + align:start position:0% +pattern how it does that is the + + + align:start position:0% +pattern how it does that is the +thresholds for eliciting the fixed motor + + align:start position:0% +thresholds for eliciting the fixed motor + + + align:start position:0% +thresholds for eliciting the fixed motor +pattern become + + align:start position:0% +pattern become + + + align:start position:0% +pattern become +lower and in fact they can get so low if + + align:start position:0% +lower and in fact they can get so low if + + + align:start position:0% +lower and in fact they can get so low if +the level of Drive is very very high + + align:start position:0% +the level of Drive is very very high + + + align:start position:0% +the level of Drive is very very high +that almost any stimulus can elicit them + + align:start position:0% +that almost any stimulus can elicit them + + + align:start position:0% +that almost any stimulus can elicit them +and when that happens we can say well + + align:start position:0% +and when that happens we can say well + + + align:start position:0% +and when that happens we can say well +it's like they're discharged in a vacuum + + align:start position:0% +it's like they're discharged in a vacuum + + + align:start position:0% +it's like they're discharged in a vacuum +almost no stimulus but all it is is this + + align:start position:0% +almost no stimulus but all it is is this + + + align:start position:0% +almost no stimulus but all it is is this +extreme lowering of thresholds for + + align:start position:0% +extreme lowering of thresholds for + + + align:start position:0% +extreme lowering of thresholds for +eliciting the fixed action pattern that + + align:start position:0% +eliciting the fixed action pattern that + + + align:start position:0% +eliciting the fixed action pattern that +doesn't happen with reflexes the + + align:start position:0% +doesn't happen with reflexes the + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't happen with reflexes the +threshold for eliciting reflex does + + align:start position:0% +threshold for eliciting reflex does + + + align:start position:0% +threshold for eliciting reflex does +change with current + + align:start position:0% +change with current + + + align:start position:0% +change with current +conditions like you know the tendency to + + align:start position:0% +conditions like you know the tendency to + + + align:start position:0% +conditions like you know the tendency to +withdraw my limb will the tendency will + + align:start position:0% +withdraw my limb will the tendency will + + + align:start position:0% +withdraw my limb will the tendency will +increase if I'm frightened say I go into + + align:start position:0% +increase if I'm frightened say I go into + + + align:start position:0% +increase if I'm frightened say I go into +a dark + + align:start position:0% +a dark + + + align:start position:0% +a dark +basement and somebody tells me the their + + align:start position:0% +basement and somebody tells me the their + + + align:start position:0% +basement and somebody tells me the their +wraths down there I'm going to be much + + align:start position:0% +wraths down there I'm going to be much + + + align:start position:0% +wraths down there I'm going to be much +more likely to withdraw if I touch + + align:start position:0% +more likely to withdraw if I touch + + + align:start position:0% +more likely to withdraw if I touch +something I wasn't expecting but that's + + align:start position:0% +something I wasn't expecting but that's + + + align:start position:0% +something I wasn't expecting but that's +a it's not a fixed action pattern it's a + + align:start position:0% +a it's not a fixed action pattern it's a + + + align:start position:0% +a it's not a fixed action pattern it's a +simple reflex that's threshold has been + + align:start position:0% +simple reflex that's threshold has been + + + align:start position:0% +simple reflex that's threshold has been +adjusted by the current situation okay + + align:start position:0% +adjusted by the current situation okay + + + align:start position:0% +adjusted by the current situation okay +but in a motiv the motivational level + + align:start position:0% +but in a motiv the motivational level + + + align:start position:0% +but in a motiv the motivational level +the fixed action pattern will change + + align:start position:0% +the fixed action pattern will change + + + align:start position:0% +the fixed action pattern will change +steadily over time regardless of the + + align:start position:0% +steadily over time regardless of the + + + align:start position:0% +steadily over time regardless of the +situation the stimula you're exposed to + + align:start position:0% +situation the stimula you're exposed to + + + align:start position:0% +situation the stimula you're exposed to +though can be the major way that it spal + + align:start position:0% +though can be the major way that it spal + + + align:start position:0% +though can be the major way that it spal +will change its level of activation will + + align:start position:0% +will change its level of activation will + + + align:start position:0% +will change its level of activation will +change so in that way it is a similar to + + align:start position:0% +change so in that way it is a similar to + + + align:start position:0% +change so in that way it is a similar to +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +reflex okay so that's the end of the + + align:start position:0% +reflex okay so that's the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +reflex okay so that's the end of the +hour we're going to come back to this + + align:start position:0% +hour we're going to come back to this + + + align:start position:0% +hour we're going to come back to this +slide next time okay and start there + + align:start position:0% +slide next time okay and start there + + + align:start position:0% +slide next time okay and start there +after we see the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +phont \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/K10Q4EUFE6k.txt b/K10Q4EUFE6k.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a8842c93444cd45b34a6849e76ee61b7aee61c45 --- /dev/null +++ b/K10Q4EUFE6k.txt @@ -0,0 +1,139 @@ +align:start position:0% + +in chapter one + + align:start position:0% +in chapter one + + + align:start position:0% +in chapter one +we'll study the transfer of respiratory + + align:start position:0% +we'll study the transfer of respiratory + + + align:start position:0% +we'll study the transfer of respiratory +pathogens specifically we'll consider + + align:start position:0% +pathogens specifically we'll consider + + + align:start position:0% +pathogens specifically we'll consider +bacteria and virus which originate + + align:start position:0% +bacteria and virus which originate + + + align:start position:0% +bacteria and virus which originate +in the lungs or in the pharynx in the + + align:start position:0% +in the lungs or in the pharynx in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the lungs or in the pharynx in the +body and are transmitted by + + align:start position:0% +body and are transmitted by + + + align:start position:0% +body and are transmitted by +forming droplets during the act of + + align:start position:0% +forming droplets during the act of + + + align:start position:0% +forming droplets during the act of +exhaling + + align:start position:0% +exhaling + + + align:start position:0% +exhaling +by breathing or speaking or other + + align:start position:0% +by breathing or speaking or other + + + align:start position:0% +by breathing or speaking or other +respiratory activities + + align:start position:0% +respiratory activities + + + align:start position:0% +respiratory activities +and we'll study the fate of those + + align:start position:0% +and we'll study the fate of those + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll study the fate of those +droplets will they + + align:start position:0% +droplets will they + + + align:start position:0% +droplets will they +shrink by evaporation will they fall and + + align:start position:0% +shrink by evaporation will they fall and + + + align:start position:0% +shrink by evaporation will they fall and +sediment to + + align:start position:0% +sediment to + + + align:start position:0% +sediment to +different particle or different surfaces + + align:start position:0% +different particle or different surfaces + + + align:start position:0% +different particle or different surfaces +or will they be inhaled by an infected + + align:start position:0% +or will they be inhaled by an infected + + + align:start position:0% +or will they be inhaled by an infected +a susceptible person and thereby + + align:start position:0% +a susceptible person and thereby + + + align:start position:0% +a susceptible person and thereby +transmit the infection \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/KLrPm-BEEOI.txt b/KLrPm-BEEOI.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ec23dd1203dd72e852ba0ba80315d15a5222d380 --- /dev/null +++ b/KLrPm-BEEOI.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14251 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencare at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu all right why don't why + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu all right why don't why + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu all right why don't why +don't we go ahead and get + + align:start position:0% +don't we go ahead and get + + + align:start position:0% +don't we go ahead and get +started right uh so today what we want + + align:start position:0% +started right uh so today what we want + + + align:start position:0% +started right uh so today what we want +to do is uh is start thinking a bit + + align:start position:0% +to do is uh is start thinking a bit + + + align:start position:0% +to do is uh is start thinking a bit +about evolution in finite population and + + align:start position:0% +about evolution in finite population and + + + align:start position:0% +about evolution in finite population and +of course what we mean by that is + + align:start position:0% +of course what we mean by that is + + + align:start position:0% +of course what we mean by that is +evolution in populations where where we + + align:start position:0% +evolution in populations where where we + + + align:start position:0% +evolution in populations where where we +have to really think about stochastic + + align:start position:0% +have to really think about stochastic + + + align:start position:0% +have to really think about stochastic +Dynamics and now in general uh just like + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics and now in general uh just like + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics and now in general uh just like +in the context of Gene networks within + + align:start position:0% +in the context of Gene networks within + + + align:start position:0% +in the context of Gene networks within +cells the situation where we have to + + align:start position:0% +cells the situation where we have to + + + align:start position:0% +cells the situation where we have to +worry about stochastic Dynamics is uh is + + align:start position:0% +worry about stochastic Dynamics is uh is + + + align:start position:0% +worry about stochastic Dynamics is uh is +in the small number kind of limit okay + + align:start position:0% +in the small number kind of limit okay + + + align:start position:0% +in the small number kind of limit okay +what's uh what's perhaps surprising + + align:start position:0% +what's uh what's perhaps surprising + + + align:start position:0% +what's uh what's perhaps surprising +about evolution is that um that they're + + align:start position:0% +about evolution is that um that they're + + + align:start position:0% +about evolution is that um that they're +always the small numbers are always + + align:start position:0% +always the small numbers are always + + + align:start position:0% +always the small numbers are always +important okay even if you're in a large + + align:start position:0% +important okay even if you're in a large + + + align:start position:0% +important okay even if you're in a large +population + + align:start position:0% +population + + + align:start position:0% +population +right say 10 to the individuals if you + + align:start position:0% +right say 10 to the individuals if you + + + align:start position:0% +right say 10 to the individuals if you +want to study Evolution then you're + + align:start position:0% +want to study Evolution then you're + + + align:start position:0% +want to study Evolution then you're +interested in cases where New Mutants + + align:start position:0% +interested in cases where New Mutants + + + align:start position:0% +interested in cases where New Mutants +will arise in the population and kind of + + align:start position:0% +will arise in the population and kind of + + + align:start position:0% +will arise in the population and kind of +uh by definition those New Mutants start + + align:start position:0% +uh by definition those New Mutants start + + + align:start position:0% +uh by definition those New Mutants start +out as kind of a single member of the + + align:start position:0% +out as kind of a single member of the + + + align:start position:0% +out as kind of a single member of the +population which means that then in the + + align:start position:0% +population which means that then in the + + + align:start position:0% +population which means that then in the +context of evolution we always have to + + align:start position:0% +context of evolution we always have to + + + align:start position:0% +context of evolution we always have to +think about um about stochastic type + + align:start position:0% +think about um about stochastic type + + + align:start position:0% +think about um about stochastic type +Dynamics now the basic model that we're + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics now the basic model that we're + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics now the basic model that we're +going to use in this class is the Moran + + align:start position:0% +going to use in this class is the Moran + + + align:start position:0% +going to use in this class is the Moran +process which is a a model that fixes + + align:start position:0% +process which is a a model that fixes + + + align:start position:0% +process which is a a model that fixes +population size and then uh and then + + align:start position:0% +population size and then uh and then + + + align:start position:0% +population size and then uh and then +instead of having discreete Generations + + align:start position:0% +instead of having discreete Generations + + + align:start position:0% +instead of having discreete Generations +where all the individuals are are + + align:start position:0% +where all the individuals are are + + + align:start position:0% +where all the individuals are are +reproducing at the same time which is + + align:start position:0% +reproducing at the same time which is + + + align:start position:0% +reproducing at the same time which is +what you might have seen in this right + + align:start position:0% +what you might have seen in this right + + + align:start position:0% +what you might have seen in this right +Fisher process instead we're going to + + align:start position:0% +Fisher process instead we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +Fisher process instead we're going to +think about the situation where uh it + + align:start position:0% +think about the situation where uh it + + + align:start position:0% +think about the situation where uh it +occurs more uh stepwise in the sense + + align:start position:0% +occurs more uh stepwise in the sense + + + align:start position:0% +occurs more uh stepwise in the sense +that individuals uh reproduce one at a + + align:start position:0% +that individuals uh reproduce one at a + + + align:start position:0% +that individuals uh reproduce one at a +time and then we we contract the + + align:start position:0% +time and then we we contract the + + + align:start position:0% +time and then we we contract the +Dynamics of the population okay right so + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics of the population okay right so + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics of the population okay right so +we're going to think about both the + + align:start position:0% +we're going to think about both the + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to think about both the +situation where we're trying to + + align:start position:0% +situation where we're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +situation where we're trying to +understand neutral Dynamics when we're + + align:start position:0% +understand neutral Dynamics when we're + + + align:start position:0% +understand neutral Dynamics when we're +tracking the composition of a population + + align:start position:0% +tracking the composition of a population + + + align:start position:0% +tracking the composition of a population +when uh the uh the fitness of the + + align:start position:0% +when uh the uh the fitness of the + + + align:start position:0% +when uh the uh the fitness of the +individuals is equal or nearly equal + + align:start position:0% +individuals is equal or nearly equal + + + align:start position:0% +individuals is equal or nearly equal +right but because of the stochastic + + align:start position:0% +right but because of the stochastic + + + align:start position:0% +right but because of the stochastic +Dynamics there are interesting things + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics there are interesting things + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics there are interesting things +that happen uh but then we'll get into + + align:start position:0% +that happen uh but then we'll get into + + + align:start position:0% +that happen uh but then we'll get into +this the question of non-neutral + + align:start position:0% +this the question of non-neutral + + + align:start position:0% +this the question of non-neutral +evolution and and really we want to + + align:start position:0% +evolution and and really we want to + + + align:start position:0% +evolution and and really we want to +consider both halves of that right so uh + + align:start position:0% +consider both halves of that right so uh + + + align:start position:0% +consider both halves of that right so uh +in many cases in the context of + + align:start position:0% +in many cases in the context of + + + align:start position:0% +in many cases in the context of +evolution we're interested or focused on + + align:start position:0% +evolution we're interested or focused on + + + align:start position:0% +evolution we're interested or focused on +uh on beneficial mutants okay now uh for + + align:start position:0% +uh on beneficial mutants okay now uh for + + + align:start position:0% +uh on beneficial mutants okay now uh for +those beneficial mutants one of the + + align:start position:0% +those beneficial mutants one of the + + + align:start position:0% +those beneficial mutants one of the +basic things we're going to find is that + + align:start position:0% +basic things we're going to find is that + + + align:start position:0% +basic things we're going to find is that +uh even uh even beneficial mutants will + + align:start position:0% +uh even uh even beneficial mutants will + + + align:start position:0% +uh even uh even beneficial mutants will +typically go extinct okay that doesn't + + align:start position:0% +typically go extinct okay that doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +typically go extinct okay that doesn't +mean that they're not important uh over + + align:start position:0% +mean that they're not important uh over + + + align:start position:0% +mean that they're not important uh over +the long run but it does mean that there + + align:start position:0% +the long run but it does mean that there + + + align:start position:0% +the long run but it does mean that there +is a very real sense that that uh that + + align:start position:0% +is a very real sense that that uh that + + + align:start position:0% +is a very real sense that that uh that +Randomness is dominating the life of + + align:start position:0% +Randomness is dominating the life of + + + align:start position:0% +Randomness is dominating the life of +even beneficial mutants okay and then + + align:start position:0% +even beneficial mutants okay and then + + + align:start position:0% +even beneficial mutants okay and then +finally if there's time uh we will + + align:start position:0% +finally if there's time uh we will + + + align:start position:0% +finally if there's time uh we will +discuss this idea of Muller's ratchet + + align:start position:0% +discuss this idea of Muller's ratchet + + + align:start position:0% +discuss this idea of Muller's ratchet +which is uh basically pointing out that + + align:start position:0% +which is uh basically pointing out that + + + align:start position:0% +which is uh basically pointing out that +if there are delerious mutants or + + align:start position:0% +if there are delerious mutants or + + + align:start position:0% +if there are delerious mutants or +mutations in the population uh those + + align:start position:0% +mutations in the population uh those + + + align:start position:0% +mutations in the population uh those +delerious mutations can in some cases uh + + align:start position:0% +delerious mutations can in some cases uh + + + align:start position:0% +delerious mutations can in some cases uh +spread and fix in the population and + + align:start position:0% +spread and fix in the population and + + + align:start position:0% +spread and fix in the population and +when when that happens uh you can have a + + align:start position:0% +when when that happens uh you can have a + + + align:start position:0% +when when that happens uh you can have a +decrease in the fitness of a population + + align:start position:0% +decrease in the fitness of a population + + + align:start position:0% +decrease in the fitness of a population +over time right and this uh this is + + align:start position:0% +over time right and this uh this is + + + align:start position:0% +over time right and this uh this is +particularly a strong effect for small + + align:start position:0% +particularly a strong effect for small + + + align:start position:0% +particularly a strong effect for small +populations because small populations + + align:start position:0% +populations because small populations + + + align:start position:0% +populations because small populations +they're not as effective uh what you + + align:start position:0% +they're not as effective uh what you + + + align:start position:0% +they're not as effective uh what you +might call filters for uh for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +selection so what we want to do is start + + align:start position:0% +selection so what we want to do is start + + + align:start position:0% +selection so what we want to do is start +by thinking about this Moran + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +process okay key feature here is that + + align:start position:0% +process okay key feature here is that + + + align:start position:0% +process okay key feature here is that +we're going to have constant population + + align:start position:0% +we're going to have constant population + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to have constant population +size right constant n all right and + + align:start position:0% +size right constant n all right and + + + align:start position:0% +size right constant n all right and +that's not because we believe that real + + align:start position:0% +that's not because we believe that real + + + align:start position:0% +that's not because we believe that real +populations always have a fixed + + align:start position:0% +populations always have a fixed + + + align:start position:0% +populations always have a fixed +population size but rather uh we want to + + align:start position:0% +population size but rather uh we want to + + + align:start position:0% +population size but rather uh we want to +try to get some intuition in this uh in + + align:start position:0% +try to get some intuition in this uh in + + + align:start position:0% +try to get some intuition in this uh in +this simple model then of course it's + + align:start position:0% +this simple model then of course it's + + + align:start position:0% +this simple model then of course it's +reasonable ask well you know which which + + align:start position:0% +reasonable ask well you know which which + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable ask well you know which which +uh aspects of of the mathematics or + + align:start position:0% +uh aspects of of the mathematics or + + + align:start position:0% +uh aspects of of the mathematics or +intuition we develop are going to are + + align:start position:0% +intuition we develop are going to are + + + align:start position:0% +intuition we develop are going to are +going to change as a result of allowing + + align:start position:0% +going to change as a result of allowing + + + align:start position:0% +going to change as a result of allowing +fluctuations in the total population + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations in the total population + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations in the total population +size but um but I think it's there's a + + align:start position:0% +size but um but I think it's there's a + + + align:start position:0% +size but um but I think it's there's a +lot of value in in starting out by by + + align:start position:0% +lot of value in in starting out by by + + + align:start position:0% +lot of value in in starting out by by +analyzing the simplest model that you + + align:start position:0% +analyzing the simplest model that you + + + align:start position:0% +analyzing the simplest model that you +can right so what we're going to think + + align:start position:0% +can right so what we're going to think + + + align:start position:0% +can right so what we're going to think +about is a situation where we have uh + + align:start position:0% +about is a situation where we have uh + + + align:start position:0% +about is a situation where we have uh +population composed of n individuals and + + align:start position:0% +population composed of n individuals and + + + align:start position:0% +population composed of n individuals and +for now we'll just consider two types A + + align:start position:0% +for now we'll just consider two types A + + + align:start position:0% +for now we'll just consider two types A +and B and this is uh this is going to be + + align:start position:0% +and B and this is uh this is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +and B and this is uh this is going to be +a model for uh for uh asexually + + align:start position:0% +a model for uh for uh asexually + + + align:start position:0% +a model for uh for uh asexually +reproducing populations constant and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +asexual right what that means is in + + align:start position:0% +asexual right what that means is in + + + align:start position:0% +asexual right what that means is in +particular that we're going to assume + + align:start position:0% +particular that we're going to assume + + + align:start position:0% +particular that we're going to assume +that an a individual can + + align:start position:0% +that an a individual can + + + align:start position:0% +that an a individual can +uh lead to two a individuals similarly a + + align:start position:0% +uh lead to two a individuals similarly a + + + align:start position:0% +uh lead to two a individuals similarly a +b individual can lead to two B + + align:start position:0% +b individual can lead to two B + + + align:start position:0% +b individual can lead to two B +individuals okay right so you can think + + align:start position:0% +individuals okay right so you can think + + + align:start position:0% +individuals okay right so you can think +about this as for example uh a model for + + align:start position:0% +about this as for example uh a model for + + + align:start position:0% +about this as for example uh a model for +how microbial populations uh May evolve + + align:start position:0% +how microbial populations uh May evolve + + + align:start position:0% +how microbial populations uh May evolve +okay uh and for now uh we will not + + align:start position:0% +okay uh and for now uh we will not + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh and for now uh we will not +consider any uh any mutations right so + + align:start position:0% +consider any uh any mutations right so + + + align:start position:0% +consider any uh any mutations right so +we're going to think about the process + + align:start position:0% +we're going to think about the process + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to think about the process +of assume that those mutations are + + align:start position:0% +of assume that those mutations are + + + align:start position:0% +of assume that those mutations are +already there so A and B could be uh + + align:start position:0% +already there so A and B could be uh + + + align:start position:0% +already there so A and B could be uh +different they could have for example + + align:start position:0% +different they could have for example + + + align:start position:0% +different they could have for example +different uh they could be different at + + align:start position:0% +different uh they could be different at + + + align:start position:0% +different uh they could be different at +some uh point mutation site some Gene + + align:start position:0% +some uh point mutation site some Gene + + + align:start position:0% +some uh point mutation site some Gene +that is relevant + + align:start position:0% +that is relevant + + + align:start position:0% +that is relevant +for growing on low glucose + + align:start position:0% +for growing on low glucose + + + align:start position:0% +for growing on low glucose +concentrations for example okay all + + align:start position:0% +concentrations for example okay all + + + align:start position:0% +concentrations for example okay all +right so here what we're going to okay + + align:start position:0% +right so here what we're going to okay + + + align:start position:0% +right so here what we're going to okay +so this is um birth Division and and in + + align:start position:0% +so this is um birth Division and and in + + + align:start position:0% +so this is um birth Division and and in +particular here we're going to for now + + align:start position:0% +particular here we're going to for now + + + align:start position:0% +particular here we're going to for now +assume no + + align:start position:0% +assume no + + + align:start position:0% +assume no +mutation right so we'll assume that A's + + align:start position:0% +mutation right so we'll assume that A's + + + align:start position:0% +mutation right so we'll assume that A's +always give birth to A's and B's always + + align:start position:0% +always give birth to A's and B's always + + + align:start position:0% +always give birth to A's and B's always +give birth to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +B's all right what we'll um we'll we'll + + align:start position:0% +B's all right what we'll um we'll we'll + + + align:start position:0% +B's all right what we'll um we'll we'll +follow the nomenclature from uh from the + + align:start position:0% +follow the nomenclature from uh from the + + + align:start position:0% +follow the nomenclature from uh from the +reading that you guys did uh last night + + align:start position:0% +reading that you guys did uh last night + + + align:start position:0% +reading that you guys did uh last night +of Martin nox's book chapter 6 right + + align:start position:0% +of Martin nox's book chapter 6 right + + + align:start position:0% +of Martin nox's book chapter 6 right +where we're going to um think about + + align:start position:0% +where we're going to um think about + + + align:start position:0% +where we're going to um think about +we're going to assume that uh there are + + align:start position:0% +we're going to assume that uh there are + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to assume that uh there are +initially I a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +individuals and therefore n minus i b + + align:start position:0% +individuals and therefore n minus i b + + + align:start position:0% +individuals and therefore n minus i b +individuals + + align:start position:0% +individuals + + + align:start position:0% +individuals +okay right now we'll assume + + align:start position:0% +okay right now we'll assume + + + align:start position:0% +okay right now we'll assume +that uh + + align:start position:0% +that uh + + + align:start position:0% +that uh +the the basic the basic process for the + + align:start position:0% +the the basic the basic process for the + + + align:start position:0% +the the basic the basic process for the +in this manand process is that you you + + align:start position:0% +in this manand process is that you you + + + align:start position:0% +in this manand process is that you you +have reproduction or birth that's + + align:start position:0% +have reproduction or birth that's + + + align:start position:0% +have reproduction or birth that's +proportional to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Fitness and then the resulting kind of + + align:start position:0% +Fitness and then the resulting kind of + + + align:start position:0% +Fitness and then the resulting kind of +what you might call a daughter cell uh + + align:start position:0% +what you might call a daughter cell uh + + + align:start position:0% +what you might call a daughter cell uh +replaces one member of the population at + + align:start position:0% +replaces one member of the population at + + + align:start position:0% +replaces one member of the population at +random right so there's birth and then + + align:start position:0% +random right so there's birth and then + + + align:start position:0% +random right so there's birth and then +replacement and indeed we'll assume that + + align:start position:0% +replacement and indeed we'll assume that + + + align:start position:0% +replacement and indeed we'll assume that +replacement that the daughter cell for + + align:start position:0% +replacement that the daughter cell for + + + align:start position:0% +replacement that the daughter cell for +example could even replace the mother + + align:start position:0% +example could even replace the mother + + + align:start position:0% +example could even replace the mother +the Mother cell if we + + align:start position:0% +the Mother cell if we + + + align:start position:0% +the Mother cell if we +want so this is just the birth so a is + + align:start position:0% +want so this is just the birth so a is + + + align:start position:0% +want so this is just the birth so a is +going to lead there's going to be two + + align:start position:0% +going to lead there's going to be two + + + align:start position:0% +going to lead there's going to be two +A's and this new a will have to replace + + align:start position:0% +A's and this new a will have to replace + + + align:start position:0% +A's and this new a will have to replace +one of the other individuals in the + + align:start position:0% +one of the other individuals in the + + + align:start position:0% +one of the other individuals in the +population to keep constant population + + align:start position:0% +population to keep constant population + + + align:start position:0% +population to keep constant population +size + + align:start position:0% +size + + + align:start position:0% +size +okay all right are there any questions + + align:start position:0% +okay all right are there any questions + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right are there any questions +about the the the basic model + + align:start position:0% +about the the the basic model + + + align:start position:0% +about the the the basic model +here okay um so all right so that that + + align:start position:0% +here okay um so all right so that that + + + align:start position:0% +here okay um so all right so that that +in principle here we can use this model + + align:start position:0% +in principle here we can use this model + + + align:start position:0% +in principle here we can use this model +to try + + align:start position:0% +to try + + + align:start position:0% +to try +both neutral and non-neutral evolution + + align:start position:0% +both neutral and non-neutral evolution + + + align:start position:0% +both neutral and non-neutral evolution +but let's start out by thinking about + + align:start position:0% +but let's start out by thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +but let's start out by thinking about +the neutral + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +case okay so in particular uh the + + align:start position:0% +case okay so in particular uh the + + + align:start position:0% +case okay so in particular uh the +fitness you know r a is equal to RB + + align:start position:0% +fitness you know r a is equal to RB + + + align:start position:0% +fitness you know r a is equal to RB +okay all right now uh what I want to do + + align:start position:0% +okay all right now uh what I want to do + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right now uh what I want to do +is uh given this given the rules that + + align:start position:0% +is uh given this given the rules that + + + align:start position:0% +is uh given this given the rules that +we've just kind of laid out for you + + align:start position:0% +we've just kind of laid out for you + + + align:start position:0% +we've just kind of laid out for you +let's assume that I over n is equal to + + align:start position:0% +let's assume that I over n is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +let's assume that I over n is equal to +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +1/3 okay so let's say for now we'll say + + align:start position:0% +1/3 okay so let's say for now we'll say + + + align:start position:0% +1/3 okay so let's say for now we'll say +Okay a third of the population is a uh + + align:start position:0% +Okay a third of the population is a uh + + + align:start position:0% +Okay a third of the population is a uh +2/3 is then + + align:start position:0% +2/3 is then + + + align:start position:0% +2/3 is then +B all right and we uh we can think about + + align:start position:0% +B all right and we uh we can think about + + + align:start position:0% +B all right and we uh we can think about +these these probabilities of going from + + align:start position:0% +these these probabilities of going from + + + align:start position:0% +these these probabilities of going from +I to I + one as compared to going from I + + align:start position:0% +I to I + one as compared to going from I + + + align:start position:0% +I to I + one as compared to going from I +to I minus one right so these are the + + align:start position:0% +to I minus one right so these are the + + + align:start position:0% +to I minus one right so these are the +probabilities that in one cycle of birth + + align:start position:0% +probabilities that in one cycle of birth + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities that in one cycle of birth +replacement uh the number of A's goes up + + align:start position:0% +replacement uh the number of A's goes up + + + align:start position:0% +replacement uh the number of A's goes up +one or goes down one right can you ever + + align:start position:0% +one or goes down one right can you ever + + + align:start position:0% +one or goes down one right can you ever +go up two or three or four in the Moran + + align:start position:0% +go up two or three or four in the Moran + + + align:start position:0% +go up two or three or four in the Moran +process in one step no I guess each step + + align:start position:0% +process in one step no I guess each step + + + align:start position:0% +process in one step no I guess each step +is always is one birth and one + + align:start position:0% +is always is one birth and one + + + align:start position:0% +is always is one birth and one +replacement right so you can move at + + align:start position:0% +replacement right so you can move at + + + align:start position:0% +replacement right so you can move at +most one do you always move does I + + align:start position:0% +most one do you always move does I + + + align:start position:0% +most one do you always move does I +change Always no okay what we want to + + align:start position:0% +change Always no okay what we want to + + + align:start position:0% +change Always no okay what we want to +know is the probability of going from I + + align:start position:0% +know is the probability of going from I + + + align:start position:0% +know is the probability of going from I +uh to I + one as compared to the + + align:start position:0% +uh to I + one as compared to the + + + align:start position:0% +uh to I + one as compared to the +probability of going from I to I minus + + align:start position:0% +probability of going from I to I minus + + + align:start position:0% +probability of going from I to I minus +one so the ratio of these probabilities + + align:start position:0% +one so the ratio of these probabilities + + + align:start position:0% +one so the ratio of these probabilities +is equal to + + align:start position:0% +is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to +what right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so we're considering a case + + align:start position:0% +all right so we're considering a case + + + align:start position:0% +all right so we're considering a case +where the A's and B's have the same + + align:start position:0% +where the A's and B's have the same + + + align:start position:0% +where the A's and B's have the same +Fitness so they're um somehow equal per + + align:start position:0% +Fitness so they're um somehow equal per + + + align:start position:0% +Fitness so they're um somehow equal per +capita probability of being chosen to + + align:start position:0% +capita probability of being chosen to + + + align:start position:0% +capita probability of being chosen to +reproduce but there's uh but we're not + + align:start position:0% +reproduce but there's uh but we're not + + + align:start position:0% +reproduce but there's uh but we're not +in a symmetric population distribution + + align:start position:0% +in a symmetric population distribution + + + align:start position:0% +in a symmetric population distribution +right so one3 of the population is a 2/3 + + align:start position:0% +right so one3 of the population is a 2/3 + + + align:start position:0% +right so one3 of the population is a 2/3 +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +B all right so I'll give + + align:start position:0% +B all right so I'll give + + + align:start position:0% +B all right so I'll give +you 20 seconds to think about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this all right do you need more time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +everybody nod or Shake do you need more + + align:start position:0% +everybody nod or Shake do you need more + + + align:start position:0% +everybody nod or Shake do you need more +time okay all right I'll give you + + align:start position:0% +time okay all right I'll give you + + + align:start position:0% +time okay all right I'll give you +another 10 seconds because + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's all right let's go ahead and see + + align:start position:0% +it's all right let's go ahead and see + + + align:start position:0% +it's all right let's go ahead and see +where we are all right ready three 2 + + align:start position:0% +where we are all right ready three 2 + + + align:start position:0% +where we are all right ready three 2 +one all right we have um actually a wide + + align:start position:0% +one all right we have um actually a wide + + + align:start position:0% +one all right we have um actually a wide +range of different answers here okay uh + + align:start position:0% +range of different answers here okay uh + + + align:start position:0% +range of different answers here okay uh +perfect this is this is exactly the + + align:start position:0% +perfect this is this is exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +perfect this is this is exactly the +situation that we hope for all right so + + align:start position:0% +situation that we hope for all right so + + + align:start position:0% +situation that we hope for all right so +turn to a neighbor you should certainly + + align:start position:0% +turn to a neighbor you should certainly + + + align:start position:0% +turn to a neighbor you should certainly +be able to find somebody that disagrees + + align:start position:0% +be able to find somebody that disagrees + + + align:start position:0% +be able to find somebody that disagrees +with you all right so if the first + + align:start position:0% +with you all right so if the first + + + align:start position:0% +with you all right so if the first +person you turn to agrees with you uh + + align:start position:0% +person you turn to agrees with you uh + + + align:start position:0% +person you turn to agrees with you uh +try to find somebody else to talk to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +number no just choose + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right why don't why don't we uh go + + align:start position:0% +all right why don't why don't we uh go + + + align:start position:0% +all right why don't why don't we uh go +ahead and reconvene I I know that that + + align:start position:0% +ahead and reconvene I I know that that + + + align:start position:0% +ahead and reconvene I I know that that +there's quite a lot of disagreement so + + align:start position:0% +there's quite a lot of disagreement so + + + align:start position:0% +there's quite a lot of disagreement so +that means that you guys will probably + + align:start position:0% +that means that you guys will probably + + + align:start position:0% +that means that you guys will probably +not be able to converge in this uh kind + + align:start position:0% +not be able to converge in this uh kind + + + align:start position:0% +not be able to converge in this uh kind +of one minute time frame but um let me + + align:start position:0% +of one minute time frame but um let me + + + align:start position:0% +of one minute time frame but um let me +just see let me see if anybody uh + + align:start position:0% +just see let me see if anybody uh + + + align:start position:0% +just see let me see if anybody uh +anybody's mind was changed by their + + align:start position:0% +anybody's mind was changed by their + + + align:start position:0% +anybody's mind was changed by their +neighbors all right uh let's revote + + align:start position:0% +neighbors all right uh let's revote + + + align:start position:0% +neighbors all right uh let's revote +ready three two + + align:start position:0% +ready three two + + + align:start position:0% +ready three two +one okay um all right so it it's pretty + + align:start position:0% +one okay um all right so it it's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +one okay um all right so it it's pretty +much the same as where we started maybe + + align:start position:0% +much the same as where we started maybe + + + align:start position:0% +much the same as where we started maybe +all right um okay uh I I would say + + align:start position:0% +all right um okay uh I I would say + + + align:start position:0% +all right um okay uh I I would say +anybody want to volunteer what their + + align:start position:0% +anybody want to volunteer what their + + + align:start position:0% +anybody want to volunteer what their +neighbor said + + align:start position:0% +neighbor said + + + align:start position:0% +neighbor said +I know what your neighbor said all right + + align:start position:0% +I know what your neighbor said all right + + + align:start position:0% +I know what your neighbor said all right +so tell us um okay so so if you um so I + + align:start position:0% +so tell us um okay so so if you um so I + + + align:start position:0% +so tell us um okay so so if you um so I +would say it's D and the reason is that + + align:start position:0% +would say it's D and the reason is that + + + align:start position:0% +would say it's D and the reason is that +so there are two cases in the first case + + align:start position:0% +so there are two cases in the first case + + + align:start position:0% +so there are two cases in the first case +the the number A and B stays the same + + align:start position:0% +the the number A and B stays the same + + + align:start position:0% +the the number A and B stays the same +right like for example a gets born and a + + align:start position:0% +right like for example a gets born and a + + + align:start position:0% +right like for example a gets born and a +dies so you first decide is the is the + + align:start position:0% +dies so you first decide is the is the + + + align:start position:0% +dies so you first decide is the is the +number of A and B going to change or is + + align:start position:0% +number of A and B going to change or is + + + align:start position:0% +number of A and B going to change or is +it not going to change okay once you've + + align:start position:0% +it not going to change okay once you've + + + align:start position:0% +it not going to change okay once you've +decided that it's not going to change + + align:start position:0% +decided that it's not going to change + + + align:start position:0% +decided that it's not going to change +I'm sorry once you decide that it is + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry once you decide that it is + + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry once you decide that it is +going to change um then you just want to + + align:start position:0% +going to change um then you just want to + + + align:start position:0% +going to change um then you just want to +know okay then what's the probability + + align:start position:0% +know okay then what's the probability + + + align:start position:0% +know okay then what's the probability +that you you choose a to change what's + + align:start position:0% +that you you choose a to change what's + + + align:start position:0% +that you you choose a to change what's +the probity you choose B to change + + align:start position:0% +the probity you choose B to change + + + align:start position:0% +the probity you choose B to change +okay and then the probability that a + + align:start position:0% +okay and then the probability that a + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then the probability that a +choose but but you haven't said anything + + align:start position:0% +choose but but you haven't said anything + + + align:start position:0% +choose but but you haven't said anything +about replacement yet so I'm and + + align:start position:0% +about replacement yet so I'm and + + + align:start position:0% +about replacement yet so I'm and +replacement should be um right because + + align:start position:0% +replacement should be um right because + + + align:start position:0% +replacement should be um right because +certainly we're we're talking about the + + align:start position:0% +certainly we're we're talking about the + + + align:start position:0% +certainly we're we're talking about the +ratio the probability you that that the + + align:start position:0% +ratio the probability you that that the + + + align:start position:0% +ratio the probability you that that the +number of a goes up as compared to the + + align:start position:0% +number of a goes up as compared to the + + + align:start position:0% +number of a goes up as compared to the +probability that the number of a goes + + align:start position:0% +probability that the number of a goes + + + align:start position:0% +probability that the number of a goes +down right so in some right so we've + + align:start position:0% +down right so in some right so we've + + + align:start position:0% +down right so in some right so we've +already in some ways excluded the cases + + align:start position:0% +already in some ways excluded the cases + + + align:start position:0% +already in some ways excluded the cases +where uh the number of a individuals + + align:start position:0% +where uh the number of a individuals + + + align:start position:0% +where uh the number of a individuals +doesn't change right right and and in + + align:start position:0% +doesn't change right right and and in + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't change right right and and in +your what you just told us that you you + + align:start position:0% +your what you just told us that you you + + + align:start position:0% +your what you just told us that you you +were asking about the probability that + + align:start position:0% +were asking about the probability that + + + align:start position:0% +were asking about the probability that +that individual are going to be chosen + + align:start position:0% +that individual are going to be chosen + + + align:start position:0% +that individual are going to be chosen +uh to + + align:start position:0% +uh to + + + align:start position:0% +uh to +reproduce uh yeah or just that one of + + align:start position:0% +reproduce uh yeah or just that one of + + + align:start position:0% +reproduce uh yeah or just that one of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +populations okay yeah but I guess all + + align:start position:0% +populations okay yeah but I guess all + + + align:start position:0% +populations okay yeah but I guess all +I'm I'm saying is that there are going + + align:start position:0% +I'm I'm saying is that there are going + + + align:start position:0% +I'm I'm saying is that there are going +to be two halves to this right so you + + align:start position:0% +to be two halves to this right so you + + + align:start position:0% +to be two halves to this right so you +have to think about the probability that + + align:start position:0% +have to think about the probability that + + + align:start position:0% +have to think about the probability that +an individual is being chosen to + + align:start position:0% +an individual is being chosen to + + + align:start position:0% +an individual is being chosen to +reproduce and also the probability that + + align:start position:0% +reproduce and also the probability that + + + align:start position:0% +reproduce and also the probability that +uh a particular type of individual will + + align:start position:0% +uh a particular type of individual will + + + align:start position:0% +uh a particular type of individual will +be chosen to get replaced right so it's + + align:start position:0% +be chosen to get replaced right so it's + + + align:start position:0% +be chosen to get replaced right so it's +the it's some there's somehow balance of + + align:start position:0% +the it's some there's somehow balance of + + + align:start position:0% +the it's some there's somehow balance of +those + + align:start position:0% +those + + + align:start position:0% +those +two right because you know because in + + align:start position:0% +two right because you know because in + + + align:start position:0% +two right because you know because in +this case replace this is right death + + align:start position:0% +this case replace this is right death + + + align:start position:0% +this case replace this is right death +yeah right um yeah so and I I should + + align:start position:0% +yeah right um yeah so and I I should + + + align:start position:0% +yeah right um yeah so and I I should +maybe just highlight if you want you + + align:start position:0% +maybe just highlight if you want you + + + align:start position:0% +maybe just highlight if you want you +could call it you know replacement I + + align:start position:0% +could call it you know replacement I + + + align:start position:0% +could call it you know replacement I +mean this is just a nice way of saying + + align:start position:0% +mean this is just a nice way of saying + + + align:start position:0% +mean this is just a nice way of saying +death right um death + + align:start position:0% +death right um death + + + align:start position:0% +death right um death +um um can I the point is that once you + + align:start position:0% +um um can I the point is that once you + + + align:start position:0% +um um can I the point is that once you +once you've ruled out once you say okay + + align:start position:0% +once you've ruled out once you say okay + + + align:start position:0% +once you've ruled out once you say okay +the populations are going to change then + + align:start position:0% +the populations are going to change then + + + align:start position:0% +the populations are going to change then +if you choose an a to reproduce a B has + + align:start position:0% +if you choose an a to reproduce a B has + + + align:start position:0% +if you choose an a to reproduce a B has +to die oh okay once you've already um if + + align:start position:0% +to die oh okay once you've already um if + + + align:start position:0% +to die oh okay once you've already um if +an a is chosen to reproduce and an a is + + align:start position:0% +an a is chosen to reproduce and an a is + + + align:start position:0% +an a is chosen to reproduce and an a is +chosen to okay yeah um right but okay I + + align:start position:0% +chosen to okay yeah um right but okay I + + + align:start position:0% +chosen to okay yeah um right but okay I +think that I understand what you're + + align:start position:0% +think that I understand what you're + + + align:start position:0% +think that I understand what you're +saying but we then but you still have to + + align:start position:0% +saying but we then but you still have to + + + align:start position:0% +saying but we then but you still have to +keep track of of there are the two sides + + align:start position:0% +keep track of of there are the two sides + + + align:start position:0% +keep track of of there are the two sides +there's the replace there's the the + + align:start position:0% +there's the replace there's the the + + + align:start position:0% +there's the replace there's the the +birth and the replacement so we have to + + align:start position:0% +birth and the replacement so we have to + + + align:start position:0% +birth and the replacement so we have to +figure out kind of how you know the the + + align:start position:0% +figure out kind of how you know the the + + + align:start position:0% +figure out kind of how you know the the +relative probabilities or rates that + + align:start position:0% +relative probabilities or rates that + + + align:start position:0% +relative probabilities or rates that +those two things happen right does + + align:start position:0% +those two things happen right does + + + align:start position:0% +those two things happen right does +somebody want to make an argument for + + align:start position:0% +somebody want to make an argument for + + + align:start position:0% +somebody want to make an argument for +something else I mean we'll we'll see + + align:start position:0% +something else I mean we'll we'll see + + + align:start position:0% +something else I mean we'll we'll see +how this plays out in a moment yeah okay + + align:start position:0% +how this plays out in a moment yeah okay + + + align:start position:0% +how this plays out in a moment yeah okay +I want to argue for C okay um so so take + + align:start position:0% +I want to argue for C okay um so so take + + + align:start position:0% +I want to argue for C okay um so so take +the numerator Y in order to go from I to + + align:start position:0% +the numerator Y in order to go from I to + + + align:start position:0% +the numerator Y in order to go from I to +I so we're going to pick two individuals + + align:start position:0% +I so we're going to pick two individuals + + + align:start position:0% +I so we're going to pick two individuals +from the population one of them to be + + align:start position:0% +from the population one of them to be + + + align:start position:0% +from the population one of them to be +type A that's the one that's going to + + align:start position:0% +type A that's the one that's going to + + + align:start position:0% +type A that's the one that's going to +reproduce Y and the other to be type B + + align:start position:0% +reproduce Y and the other to be type B + + + align:start position:0% +reproduce Y and the other to be type B +the one that's going to die yep so we + + align:start position:0% +the one that's going to die yep so we + + + align:start position:0% +the one that's going to die yep so we +get the product perfect okay and and we + + align:start position:0% +get the product perfect okay and and we + + + align:start position:0% +get the product perfect okay and and we +can actually just be more be explicit + + align:start position:0% +can actually just be more be explicit + + + align:start position:0% +can actually just be more be explicit +about this okay so the the probab in one + + align:start position:0% +about this okay so the the probab in one + + + align:start position:0% +about this okay so the the probab in one +cycle right the probability that you go + + align:start position:0% +cycle right the probability that you go + + + align:start position:0% +cycle right the probability that you go +from I to I plus one okay that requires + + align:start position:0% +from I to I plus one okay that requires + + + align:start position:0% +from I to I plus one okay that requires +that two things happen one is that you + + align:start position:0% +that two things happen one is that you + + + align:start position:0% +that two things happen one is that you +choose an a individual to reproduce and + + align:start position:0% +choose an a individual to reproduce and + + + align:start position:0% +choose an a individual to reproduce and +what's the probability that you choose + + align:start position:0% +what's the probability that you choose + + + align:start position:0% +what's the probability that you choose +an a individual to reproduce it's going + + align:start position:0% +an a individual to reproduce it's going + + + align:start position:0% +an a individual to reproduce it's going +be i n i Over N okay so we have I over n + + align:start position:0% +be i n i Over N okay so we have I over n + + + align:start position:0% +be i n i Over N okay so we have I over n +right okay so this is um this is the + + align:start position:0% +right okay so this is um this is the + + + align:start position:0% +right okay so this is um this is the +this is the you know this is the + + align:start position:0% +this is the you know this is the + + + align:start position:0% +this is the you know this is the +probability that a + + align:start position:0% +probability that a + + + align:start position:0% +probability that a +reproduces okay and then uh for I to go + + align:start position:0% +reproduces okay and then uh for I to go + + + align:start position:0% +reproduces okay and then uh for I to go +from you know to increase by one + + align:start position:0% +from you know to increase by one + + + align:start position:0% +from you know to increase by one +requires not only that an a individual + + align:start position:0% +requires not only that an a individual + + + align:start position:0% +requires not only that an a individual +is chosen to reproduce but that a b + + align:start position:0% +is chosen to reproduce but that a b + + + align:start position:0% +is chosen to reproduce but that a b +individual is chosen uh for replacement + + align:start position:0% +individual is chosen uh for replacement + + + align:start position:0% +individual is chosen uh for replacement +or death okay what's the what's the + + align:start position:0% +or death okay what's the what's the + + + align:start position:0% +or death okay what's the what's the +probability that that's going to happen + + align:start position:0% +probability that that's going to happen + + + align:start position:0% +probability that that's going to happen +nus + + align:start position:0% +nus + + + align:start position:0% +nus +I nus I all over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay right so this is the probability + + align:start position:0% +okay right so this is the probability + + + align:start position:0% +okay right so this is the probability +that in uh one cycle you're going to go + + align:start position:0% +that in uh one cycle you're going to go + + + align:start position:0% +that in uh one cycle you're going to go +from I to I + one okay now um of course + + align:start position:0% +from I to I + one okay now um of course + + + align:start position:0% +from I to I + one okay now um of course +it's not we haven't you know said what + + align:start position:0% +it's not we haven't you know said what + + + align:start position:0% +it's not we haven't you know said what +the probability of staying at I is but + + align:start position:0% +the probability of staying at I is but + + + align:start position:0% +the probability of staying at I is but +this is the probability that I will + + align:start position:0% +this is the probability that I will + + + align:start position:0% +this is the probability that I will +increase by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one do we + + align:start position:0% +one do we + + + align:start position:0% +one do we +agree right and indeed where is it that + + align:start position:0% +agree right and indeed where is it that + + + align:start position:0% +agree right and indeed where is it that +we've assum where is it that we've + + align:start position:0% +we've assum where is it that we've + + + align:start position:0% +we've assum where is it that we've +assumed neutrality in this + + align:start position:0% +assumed neutrality in this + + + align:start position:0% +assumed neutrality in this +calculation that a and + + align:start position:0% +calculation that a and + + + align:start position:0% +calculation that a and +are have equal + + align:start position:0% +are have equal + + + align:start position:0% +are have equal +Fitness + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah that's right that's right so um + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's right that's right so um + + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's right that's right so um +indeed um we we've this probability that + + align:start position:0% +indeed um we we've this probability that + + + align:start position:0% +indeed um we we've this probability that +a reproduces we've assumed that it's + + align:start position:0% +a reproduces we've assumed that it's + + + align:start position:0% +a reproduces we've assumed that it's +just simply I over n whereas if it were + + align:start position:0% +just simply I over n whereas if it were + + + align:start position:0% +just simply I over n whereas if it were +non-neutral we'd have to write something + + align:start position:0% +non-neutral we'd have to write something + + + align:start position:0% +non-neutral we'd have to write something +else and maybe we'll figure out what + + align:start position:0% +else and maybe we'll figure out what + + + align:start position:0% +else and maybe we'll figure out what +that's going to be in a moment but um + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be in a moment but um + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be in a moment but um +it's it's in here we've assumed that + + align:start position:0% +it's it's in here we've assumed that + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's in here we've assumed that +incidentally you could write down a + + align:start position:0% +incidentally you could write down a + + + align:start position:0% +incidentally you could write down a +reasonable model similar to the Moran + + align:start position:0% +reasonable model similar to the Moran + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable model similar to the Moran +process where uh differences in Fitness + + align:start position:0% +process where uh differences in Fitness + + + align:start position:0% +process where uh differences in Fitness +show up instead of here in the + + align:start position:0% +show up instead of here in the + + + align:start position:0% +show up instead of here in the +probability of reproduction you could + + align:start position:0% +probability of reproduction you could + + + align:start position:0% +probability of reproduction you could +have it as a difference in probability + + align:start position:0% +have it as a difference in probability + + + align:start position:0% +have it as a difference in probability +of of death or or being replaced but + + align:start position:0% +of of death or or being replaced but + + + align:start position:0% +of of death or or being replaced but +this is the most maybe intuitive way of + + align:start position:0% +this is the most maybe intuitive way of + + + align:start position:0% +this is the most maybe intuitive way of +thinking about it okay right and this is + + align:start position:0% +thinking about it okay right and this is + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about it okay right and this is +very similar to for example what happens + + align:start position:0% +very similar to for example what happens + + + align:start position:0% +very similar to for example what happens +uh in a uh in a uh what you might call A + + align:start position:0% +uh in a uh in a uh what you might call A + + + align:start position:0% +uh in a uh in a uh what you might call A +A + + align:start position:0% +A + + + align:start position:0% +A +turbidostat where you keep constant + + align:start position:0% +turbidostat where you keep constant + + + align:start position:0% +turbidostat where you keep constant +population size and as as the cells + + align:start position:0% +population size and as as the cells + + + align:start position:0% +population size and as as the cells +divide other cells are randomly sucked + + align:start position:0% +divide other cells are randomly sucked + + + align:start position:0% +divide other cells are randomly sucked +out okay so I'd say that this Moran + + align:start position:0% +out okay so I'd say that this Moran + + + align:start position:0% +out okay so I'd say that this Moran +process is really uh + + align:start position:0% +process is really uh + + + align:start position:0% +process is really uh +uh theoretical uh kind of implementation + + align:start position:0% +uh theoretical uh kind of implementation + + + align:start position:0% +uh theoretical uh kind of implementation +of what what you could do experimentally + + align:start position:0% +of what what you could do experimentally + + + align:start position:0% +of what what you could do experimentally +is is this turbidostat which is like a + + align:start position:0% +is is this turbidostat which is like a + + + align:start position:0% +is is this turbidostat which is like a +choat it's instead of keeping constant + + align:start position:0% +choat it's instead of keeping constant + + + align:start position:0% +choat it's instead of keeping constant +dilution rate you fix population size + + align:start position:0% +dilution rate you fix population size + + + align:start position:0% +dilution rate you fix population size +okay yes so do we care about like the + + align:start position:0% +okay yes so do we care about like the + + + align:start position:0% +okay yes so do we care about like the +step okay first a reproduces then from + + align:start position:0% +step okay first a reproduces then from + + + align:start position:0% +step okay first a reproduces then from +the pool of new individuals like because + + align:start position:0% +the pool of new individuals like because + + + align:start position:0% +the pool of new individuals like because +you're you're going to have like an N + + align:start position:0% +you're you're going to have like an N + + + align:start position:0% +you're you're going to have like an N +plus one some okay okay so I I maybe I I + + align:start position:0% +plus one some okay okay so I I maybe I I + + + align:start position:0% +plus one some okay okay so I I maybe I I +wasn't totally clear on this okay so + + align:start position:0% +wasn't totally clear on this okay so + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't totally clear on this okay so +right so you have n individuals here + + align:start position:0% +right so you have n individuals here + + + align:start position:0% +right so you have n individuals here +right what you're going to do is going + + align:start position:0% +right what you're going to do is going + + + align:start position:0% +right what you're going to do is going +to choose one of them randomly you know + + align:start position:0% +to choose one of them randomly you know + + + align:start position:0% +to choose one of them randomly you know +maybe proportional to Fitness for + + align:start position:0% +maybe proportional to Fitness for + + + align:start position:0% +maybe proportional to Fitness for +reproduction and then but then from this + + align:start position:0% +reproduction and then but then from this + + + align:start position:0% +reproduction and then but then from this +original n you choose one of them for + + align:start position:0% +original n you choose one of them for + + + align:start position:0% +original n you choose one of them for +death okay so you're not yeah so it's + + align:start position:0% +death okay so you're not yeah so it's + + + align:start position:0% +death okay so you're not yeah so it's +not so the the daughter cell is not + + align:start position:0% +not so the the daughter cell is not + + + align:start position:0% +not so the the daughter cell is not +allowed + + align:start position:0% +allowed + + + align:start position:0% +allowed +to right the daughter cell always + + align:start position:0% +to right the daughter cell always + + + align:start position:0% +to right the daughter cell always +replaces somebody but it could have been + + align:start position:0% +replaces somebody but it could have been + + + align:start position:0% +replaces somebody but it could have been +the Mother cell if we're if we're + + align:start position:0% +the Mother cell if we're if we're + + + align:start position:0% +the Mother cell if we're if we're +thinking about this in the context of + + align:start position:0% +thinking about this in the context of + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about this in the context of +cells + + align:start position:0% +cells + + + align:start position:0% +cells +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +okay all right so we haven't yet figured + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so we haven't yet figured + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so we haven't yet figured +out which answer is which right but um + + align:start position:0% +out which answer is which right but um + + + align:start position:0% +out which answer is which right but um +but we can go ahead had okay this is a + + align:start position:0% +but we can go ahead had okay this is a + + + align:start position:0% +but we can go ahead had okay this is a +probability that a reproduces and over + + align:start position:0% +probability that a reproduces and over + + + align:start position:0% +probability that a reproduces and over +here this is the probability uh that a b + + align:start position:0% +here this is the probability uh that a b + + + align:start position:0% +here this is the probability uh that a b +individual is replaced + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right okay but what we can do is we can + + align:start position:0% +right okay but what we can do is we can + + + align:start position:0% +right okay but what we can do is we can +ask well what's the probability that we + + align:start position:0% +ask well what's the probability that we + + + align:start position:0% +ask well what's the probability that we +go from I to I minus one okay well it's + + align:start position:0% +go from I to I minus one okay well it's + + + align:start position:0% +go from I to I minus one okay well it's +the exact kind of same calculation + + align:start position:0% +the exact kind of same calculation + + + align:start position:0% +the exact kind of same calculation +except now what we want to know is the + + align:start position:0% +except now what we want to know is the + + + align:start position:0% +except now what we want to know is the +we want know the probability that a b is + + align:start position:0% +we want know the probability that a b is + + + align:start position:0% +we want know the probability that a b is +chosen for + + align:start position:0% +chosen for + + + align:start position:0% +chosen for +reproduction and what is that going to + + align:start position:0% +reproduction and what is that going to + + + align:start position:0% +reproduction and what is that going to +be somebody + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n minus I right the number of B + + align:start position:0% +n minus I right the number of B + + + align:start position:0% +n minus I right the number of B +individuals divided by the total number + + align:start position:0% +individuals divided by the total number + + + align:start position:0% +individuals divided by the total number +of individuals right so this is + + align:start position:0% +of individuals right so this is + + + align:start position:0% +of individuals right so this is +probability that a that a b + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reproduces okay and then what's the + + align:start position:0% +reproduces okay and then what's the + + + align:start position:0% +reproduces okay and then what's the +probability that a that an A type + + align:start position:0% +probability that a that an A type + + + align:start position:0% +probability that a that an A type +individual will be chosen for + + align:start position:0% +individual will be chosen for + + + align:start position:0% +individual will be chosen for +replacement or + + align:start position:0% +replacement or + + + align:start position:0% +replacement or +death that's just I over n right the + + align:start position:0% +death that's just I over n right the + + + align:start position:0% +death that's just I over n right the +number of individuals divided by the + + align:start position:0% +number of individuals divided by the + + + align:start position:0% +number of individuals divided by the +total population size okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right does everybody agree with the + + align:start position:0% +all right does everybody agree with the + + + align:start position:0% +all right does everybody agree with the +the two calculations that we just + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +did all right let's let's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +revote all right ready three two one all + + align:start position:0% +revote all right ready three two one all + + + align:start position:0% +revote all right ready three two one all +right see you know if we do the + + align:start position:0% +right see you know if we do the + + + align:start position:0% +right see you know if we do the +calculation we can convince you all + + align:start position:0% +calculation we can convince you all + + + align:start position:0% +calculation we can convince you all +right okay right so indeed this is this + + align:start position:0% +right okay right so indeed this is this + + + align:start position:0% +right okay right so indeed this is this +is uh these are these are equal these + + align:start position:0% +is uh these are these are equal these + + + align:start position:0% +is uh these are these are equal these +two probabilities + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay okay all right and this is funny + + align:start position:0% +okay okay all right and this is funny + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay all right and this is funny +because on the one hand it's like + + align:start position:0% +because on the one hand it's like + + + align:start position:0% +because on the one hand it's like +blindingly obvious but then the other + + align:start position:0% +blindingly obvious but then the other + + + align:start position:0% +blindingly obvious but then the other +hand you get yourself all tied up in kns + + align:start position:0% +hand you get yourself all tied up in kns + + + align:start position:0% +hand you get yourself all tied up in kns +thinking about it so I don't I don't + + align:start position:0% +thinking about it so I don't I don't + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about it so I don't I don't +understand why how those two statements + + align:start position:0% +understand why how those two statements + + + align:start position:0% +understand why how those two statements +can be true at the same time but they + + align:start position:0% +can be true at the same time but they + + + align:start position:0% +can be true at the same time but they +are right so it's it's it um right so + + align:start position:0% +are right so it's it's it um right so + + + align:start position:0% +are right so it's it's it um right so +this is indeed uh a random walk in uh in + + align:start position:0% +this is indeed uh a random walk in uh in + + + align:start position:0% +this is indeed uh a random walk in uh in +i space number of a + + align:start position:0% +i space number of a + + + align:start position:0% +i space number of a +individuals okay um + + align:start position:0% +individuals okay um + + + align:start position:0% +individuals okay um +and all of the and and and it sort of + + align:start position:0% +and all of the and and and it sort of + + + align:start position:0% +and all of the and and and it sort of +has to be because these things are + + align:start position:0% +has to be because these things are + + + align:start position:0% +has to be because these things are +neutral the fact that I over n is not + + align:start position:0% +neutral the fact that I over n is not + + + align:start position:0% +neutral the fact that I over n is not +equal to a half doesn't matter because + + align:start position:0% +equal to a half doesn't matter because + + + align:start position:0% +equal to a half doesn't matter because +these two terms kind of cancel but + + align:start position:0% +these two terms kind of cancel but + + + align:start position:0% +these two terms kind of cancel but +indeed all of the things that you know + + align:start position:0% +indeed all of the things that you know + + + align:start position:0% +indeed all of the things that you know +have to be true based on the fact that A + + align:start position:0% +have to be true based on the fact that A + + + align:start position:0% +have to be true based on the fact that A +and B have equal Fitness um they're that + + align:start position:0% +and B have equal Fitness um they're that + + + align:start position:0% +and B have equal Fitness um they're that +they're going to um not work if this + + align:start position:0% +they're going to um not work if this + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to um not work if this +thing were not equal to one right if if + + align:start position:0% +thing were not equal to one right if if + + + align:start position:0% +thing were not equal to one right if if +these two probabilities were not equal + + align:start position:0% +these two probabilities were not equal + + + align:start position:0% +these two probabilities were not equal +right so if you know any of these other + + align:start position:0% +right so if you know any of these other + + + align:start position:0% +right so if you know any of these other +answers would lead to things that you + + align:start position:0% +answers would lead to things that you + + + align:start position:0% +answers would lead to things that you +would clearly agree are going to be + + align:start position:0% +would clearly agree are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +would clearly agree are going to be +nonsensical if you kind of think through + + align:start position:0% +nonsensical if you kind of think through + + + align:start position:0% +nonsensical if you kind of think through +the um the consequences of this and we + + align:start position:0% +the um the consequences of this and we + + + align:start position:0% +the um the consequences of this and we +we're going to do one right now okay + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do one right now okay + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do one right now okay +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +right all right so let's imagine that we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +start okay so here's + + align:start position:0% +start okay so here's + + + align:start position:0% +start okay so here's +um the number of a individuals + + align:start position:0% +um the number of a individuals + + + align:start position:0% +um the number of a individuals +I okay I apologize that's the + + align:start position:0% +I okay I apologize that's the + + + align:start position:0% +I okay I apologize that's the +nomenclature we have for number of a + + align:start position:0% +nomenclature we have for number of a + + + align:start position:0% +nomenclature we have for number of a +individuals but you know we want to be + + align:start position:0% +individuals but you know we want to be + + + align:start position:0% +individuals but you know we want to be +consistent with Martin's book okay now + + align:start position:0% +consistent with Martin's book okay now + + + align:start position:0% +consistent with Martin's book okay now +um okay let's say this is + + align:start position:0% +um okay let's say this is + + + align:start position:0% +um okay let's say this is +n and um and let's say we start out at + + align:start position:0% +n and um and let's say we start out at + + + align:start position:0% +n and um and let's say we start out at +you know this some I here right the + + align:start position:0% +you know this some I here right the + + + align:start position:0% +you know this some I here right the +question is what's the probability that + + align:start position:0% +question is what's the probability that + + + align:start position:0% +question is what's the probability that +b + + align:start position:0% +b + + + align:start position:0% +b +fixes okay I want to make sure I write + + align:start position:0% +fixes okay I want to make sure I write + + + align:start position:0% +fixes okay I want to make sure I write +down some reasonable + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +options um so what we want know is the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +probability that um that b fixes and + + align:start position:0% +probability that um that b fixes and + + + align:start position:0% +probability that um that b fixes and +that means that it takes + + align:start position:0% +that means that it takes + + + align:start position:0% +that means that it takes +over eventually okay that b we'll say + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +eventually + + align:start position:0% +eventually + + + align:start position:0% +eventually +okay in the Moran process with + + align:start position:0% +okay in the Moran process with + + + align:start position:0% +okay in the Moran process with +neutral Dynamics + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um the + + align:start position:0% +um the + + + align:start position:0% +um the +number that's right + + align:start position:0% +number that's right + + + align:start position:0% +number that's right +I is the number of a individuals + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right I'm going to give you seven + + align:start position:0% +all right I'm going to give you seven + + + align:start position:0% +all right I'm going to give you seven +more seconds + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right ready three two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one all right so we have it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +one all right so we have it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +one all right so we have it's kind of +mostly split between C's and D's + + align:start position:0% +mostly split between C's and D's + + + align:start position:0% +mostly split between C's and D's +although I'd say a majority of the group + + align:start position:0% +although I'd say a majority of the group + + + align:start position:0% +although I'd say a majority of the group +is going to say is saying that it's it's + + align:start position:0% +is going to say is saying that it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +is going to say is saying that it's it's +going to be D right can all right can uh + + align:start position:0% +going to be D right can all right can uh + + + align:start position:0% +going to be D right can all right can uh +um right and this + + align:start position:0% +um right and this + + + align:start position:0% +um right and this +is right the distinction between the + + align:start position:0% +is right the distinction between the + + + align:start position:0% +is right the distinction between the +probability that b fixes and that a + + align:start position:0% +probability that b fixes and that a + + + align:start position:0% +probability that b fixes and that a +fixes um I'm not trying to be super + + align:start position:0% +fixes um I'm not trying to be super + + + align:start position:0% +fixes um I'm not trying to be super +tricky but I just want to make sure that + + align:start position:0% +tricky but I just want to make sure that + + + align:start position:0% +tricky but I just want to make sure that +you got you keep track of A's and B's + + align:start position:0% +you got you keep track of A's and B's + + + align:start position:0% +you got you keep track of A's and B's +okay um and in particular as I + + align:start position:0% +okay um and in particular as I + + + align:start position:0% +okay um and in particular as I +increases the probability that a fixes + + align:start position:0% +increases the probability that a fixes + + + align:start position:0% +increases the probability that a fixes +should go up or down verbally three 2 + + align:start position:0% +should go up or down verbally three 2 + + + align:start position:0% +should go up or down verbally three 2 +one up right okay this this over here + + align:start position:0% +one up right okay this this over here + + + align:start position:0% +one up right okay this this over here +over here is you know a bunch of A's + + align:start position:0% +over here is you know a bunch of A's + + + align:start position:0% +over here is you know a bunch of A's +here's a bunch of B's right so if you + + align:start position:0% +here's a bunch of B's right so if you + + + align:start position:0% +here's a bunch of B's right so if you +have a larger here then you should be + + align:start position:0% +have a larger here then you should be + + + align:start position:0% +have a larger here then you should be +more likely to fix the a individuals + + align:start position:0% +more likely to fix the a individuals + + + align:start position:0% +more likely to fix the a individuals +vice versa + + align:start position:0% +vice versa + + + align:start position:0% +vice versa +okay all right so in particular this um + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so in particular this um + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so in particular this um +the probability that b eventually fixes + + align:start position:0% +the probability that b eventually fixes + + + align:start position:0% +the probability that b eventually fixes +is going to be this whereas the + + align:start position:0% +is going to be this whereas the + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be this whereas the +probability uh that a will + + align:start position:0% +probability uh that a will + + + align:start position:0% +probability uh that a will +fix eventually is just going to be one + + align:start position:0% +fix eventually is just going to be one + + + align:start position:0% +fix eventually is just going to be one +minus that is I over n so this is this + + align:start position:0% +minus that is I over n so this is this + + + align:start position:0% +minus that is I over n so this is this +is indeed what um what was pointed out + + align:start position:0% +is indeed what um what was pointed out + + + align:start position:0% +is indeed what um what was pointed out +in the book okay right and can somebody + + align:start position:0% +in the book okay right and can somebody + + + align:start position:0% +in the book okay right and can somebody +uh give an argument uh verbally for why + + align:start position:0% +uh give an argument uh verbally for why + + + align:start position:0% +uh give an argument uh verbally for why +the I think this is a result that if you + + align:start position:0% +the I think this is a result that if you + + + align:start position:0% +the I think this is a result that if you +think about the right way it you know + + align:start position:0% +think about the right way it you know + + + align:start position:0% +think about the right way it you know +you can just verbally say why it has to + + align:start position:0% +you can just verbally say why it has to + + + align:start position:0% +you can just verbally say why it has to +be this um rather than writing down all + + align:start position:0% +be this um rather than writing down all + + + align:start position:0% +be this um rather than writing down all +the equations that you know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that so why is it that the probability + + align:start position:0% +that so why is it that the probability + + + align:start position:0% +that so why is it that the probability +that a will eventually fix has to be + + align:start position:0% +that a will eventually fix has to be + + + align:start position:0% +that a will eventually fix has to be +equal to I over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n + + align:start position:0% +n + + + align:start position:0% +n +yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah +perfect so it's uh so at this given time + + align:start position:0% +perfect so it's uh so at this given time + + + align:start position:0% +perfect so it's uh so at this given time +there are n individuals and um + + align:start position:0% +there are n individuals and um + + + align:start position:0% +there are n individuals and um +and there will always be an individuals + + align:start position:0% +and there will always be an individuals + + + align:start position:0% +and there will always be an individuals +because we're keeping it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah um their descendants at some point + + align:start position:0% +yeah um their descendants at some point + + + align:start position:0% +yeah um their descendants at some point +the descendants of of one of them is + + align:start position:0% +the descendants of of one of them is + + + align:start position:0% +the descendants of of one of them is +going to take over the whole population + + align:start position:0% +going to take over the whole population + + + align:start position:0% +going to take over the whole population +that's a given that's right right you + + align:start position:0% +that's a given that's right right you + + + align:start position:0% +that's a given that's right right you +know you know and that's a it's at first + + align:start position:0% +know you know and that's a it's at first + + + align:start position:0% +know you know and that's a it's at first +glance kind of surprising but you know + + align:start position:0% +glance kind of surprising but you know + + + align:start position:0% +glance kind of surprising but you know +it's just the nature of uh you know if + + align:start position:0% +it's just the nature of uh you know if + + + align:start position:0% +it's just the nature of uh you know if +you know if you imagine that they all + + align:start position:0% +you know if you imagine that they all + + + align:start position:0% +you know if you imagine that they all +were individually tagged right so it + + align:start position:0% +were individually tagged right so it + + + align:start position:0% +were individually tagged right so it +wasn't just that we had two types A and + + align:start position:0% +wasn't just that we had two types A and + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't just that we had two types A and +B but if they were all colorcoded using + + align:start position:0% +B but if they were all colorcoded using + + + align:start position:0% +B but if they were all colorcoded using +the rainbow colors then you can keep + + align:start position:0% +the rainbow colors then you can keep + + + align:start position:0% +the rainbow colors then you can keep +track of them and um and one of the + + align:start position:0% +track of them and um and one of the + + + align:start position:0% +track of them and um and one of the +individuals will eventually + + align:start position:0% +individuals will eventually + + + align:start position:0% +individuals will eventually +fix right now um okay and then what what + + align:start position:0% +fix right now um okay and then what what + + + align:start position:0% +fix right now um okay and then what what +next so um there are I individuals that + + align:start position:0% +next so um there are I individuals that + + + align:start position:0% +next so um there are I individuals that +are that are type A so the probability + + align:start position:0% +are that are type A so the probability + + + align:start position:0% +are that are type A so the probability +that that this one individual + + align:start position:0% +that that this one individual + + + align:start position:0% +that that this one individual +descendants will fix okay and there + + align:start position:0% +descendants will fix okay and there + + + align:start position:0% +descendants will fix okay and there +there was one ingredient in that + + align:start position:0% +there was one ingredient in that + + + align:start position:0% +there was one ingredient in that +argument that you didn't say but I'm + + align:start position:0% +argument that you didn't say but I'm + + + align:start position:0% +argument that you didn't say but I'm +sure is in your mind which is how is it + + align:start position:0% +sure is in your mind which is how is it + + + align:start position:0% +sure is in your mind which is how is it +that the probability so among these n + + align:start position:0% +that the probability so among these n + + + align:start position:0% +that the probability so among these n +individuals right um you know one of + + align:start position:0% +individuals right um you know one of + + + align:start position:0% +individuals right um you know one of +them will eventually fix and um and and + + align:start position:0% +them will eventually fix and um and and + + + align:start position:0% +them will eventually fix and um and and +and what's the probability that each one + + align:start position:0% +and what's the probability that each one + + + align:start position:0% +and what's the probability that each one +will be the lucky dis you know ancestor + + align:start position:0% +will be the lucky dis you know ancestor + + + align:start position:0% +will be the lucky dis you know ancestor +for all of the population just equally + + align:start position:0% +for all of the population just equally + + + align:start position:0% +for all of the population just equally +dist yeah it's just one over n right so + + align:start position:0% +dist yeah it's just one over n right so + + + align:start position:0% +dist yeah it's just one over n right so +the idea is there are n individuals in + + align:start position:0% +the idea is there are n individuals in + + + align:start position:0% +the idea is there are n individuals in +the population they're all + + align:start position:0% +the population they're all + + + align:start position:0% +the population they're all +identical right we know that eventually + + align:start position:0% +identical right we know that eventually + + + align:start position:0% +identical right we know that eventually +one of them is going to take over the + + align:start position:0% +one of them is going to take over the + + + align:start position:0% +one of them is going to take over the +population just due to random stochastic + + align:start position:0% +population just due to random stochastic + + + align:start position:0% +population just due to random stochastic +Dynamics what that means is that each + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics what that means is that each + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics what that means is that each +individual has a probability of one n of + + align:start position:0% +individual has a probability of one n of + + + align:start position:0% +individual has a probability of one n of +taking over the + + align:start position:0% +taking over the + + + align:start position:0% +taking over the +population okay this is very important + + align:start position:0% +population okay this is very important + + + align:start position:0% +population okay this is very important +okay so um each + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +individual has uh has a one over n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +probability of um of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fixing right and that's that's assuming + + align:start position:0% +fixing right and that's that's assuming + + + align:start position:0% +fixing right and that's that's assuming +that that every Everybody in the + + align:start position:0% +that that every Everybody in the + + + align:start position:0% +that that every Everybody in the +population has the same Fitness right + + align:start position:0% +population has the same Fitness right + + + align:start position:0% +population has the same Fitness right +and that's just by by symmetry right + + align:start position:0% +and that's just by by symmetry right + + + align:start position:0% +and that's just by by symmetry right +okay but then of course you can also say + + align:start position:0% +okay but then of course you can also say + + + align:start position:0% +okay but then of course you can also say +well you know if the probability of each + + align:start position:0% +well you know if the probability of each + + + align:start position:0% +well you know if the probability of each +individual is 1/ n then the probability + + align:start position:0% +individual is 1/ n then the probability + + + align:start position:0% +individual is 1/ n then the probability +that one of these I individuals takes + + align:start position:0% +that one of these I individuals takes + + + align:start position:0% +that one of these I individuals takes +over is going to be I over + + align:start position:0% +over is going to be I over + + + align:start position:0% +over is going to be I over +in okay the generalization like sexually + + align:start position:0% +in okay the generalization like sexually + + + align:start position:0% +in okay the generalization like sexually +reprod reproducing organisms is that for + + align:start position:0% +reprod reproducing organisms is that for + + + align:start position:0% +reprod reproducing organisms is that for +sexually reproducing organisms every + + align:start position:0% +sexually reproducing organisms every + + + align:start position:0% +sexually reproducing organisms every +individual is probably the ancestor of + + align:start position:0% +individual is probably the ancestor of + + + align:start position:0% +individual is probably the ancestor of +all like every + + align:start position:0% +all like every + + + align:start position:0% +all like every +individual okay all right okay but now + + align:start position:0% +individual okay all right okay but now + + + align:start position:0% +individual okay all right okay but now +okay now you want to you want to allow + + align:start position:0% +okay now you want to you want to allow + + + align:start position:0% +okay now you want to you want to allow +for or Rec combination is that I me yeah + + align:start position:0% +for or Rec combination is that I me yeah + + + align:start position:0% +for or Rec combination is that I me yeah +okay um right okay so yeah so I mean + + align:start position:0% +okay um right okay so yeah so I mean + + + align:start position:0% +okay um right okay so yeah so I mean +there are several important aspects of + + align:start position:0% +there are several important aspects of + + + align:start position:0% +there are several important aspects of +sex right um and and but you know one of + + align:start position:0% +sex right um and and but you know one of + + + align:start position:0% +sex right um and and but you know one of +the major ones is is the recombination + + align:start position:0% +the major ones is is the recombination + + + align:start position:0% +the major ones is is the recombination +and and so if you have enough + + align:start position:0% +and and so if you have enough + + + align:start position:0% +and and so if you have enough +recombination then everybody will contri + + align:start position:0% +recombination then everybody will contri + + + align:start position:0% +recombination then everybody will contri +you know well everybody um you know then + + align:start position:0% +you know well everybody um you know then + + + align:start position:0% +you know well everybody um you know then +then there will be then there will be + + align:start position:0% +then there will be then there will be + + + align:start position:0% +then there will be then there will be +many uh many individuals will contribute + + align:start position:0% +many uh many individuals will contribute + + + align:start position:0% +many uh many individuals will contribute +to the um to the L what you often will + + align:start position:0% +to the um to the L what you often will + + + align:start position:0% +to the um to the L what you often will +hear people talk about is the ancestral + + align:start position:0% +hear people talk about is the ancestral + + + align:start position:0% +hear people talk about is the ancestral +atom and the ancestral Eve right and + + align:start position:0% +atom and the ancestral Eve right and + + + align:start position:0% +atom and the ancestral Eve right and +that and and and what are people + + align:start position:0% +that and and and what are people + + + align:start position:0% +that and and and what are people +referring to about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that yes in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +back yes right okay right so there + + align:start position:0% +back yes right okay right so there + + + align:start position:0% +back yes right okay right so there +there's this idea okay so I don't want + + align:start position:0% +there's this idea okay so I don't want + + + align:start position:0% +there's this idea okay so I don't want +to get too much into the sexual sexually + + align:start position:0% +to get too much into the sexual sexually + + + align:start position:0% +to get too much into the sexual sexually +reproducing populations because that's + + align:start position:0% +reproducing populations because that's + + + align:start position:0% +reproducing populations because that's +covered more in other classes and it + + align:start position:0% +covered more in other classes and it + + + align:start position:0% +covered more in other classes and it +it's a different totally different + + align:start position:0% +it's a different totally different + + + align:start position:0% +it's a different totally different +models you would typically use but um I + + align:start position:0% +models you would typically use but um I + + + align:start position:0% +models you would typically use but um I +think that the simplest way to think + + align:start position:0% +think that the simplest way to think + + + align:start position:0% +think that the simplest way to think +about some of this is just that um that + + align:start position:0% +about some of this is just that um that + + + align:start position:0% +about some of this is just that um that +there there's some part of the genome + + align:start position:0% +there there's some part of the genome + + + align:start position:0% +there there's some part of the genome +that does not have recombination in the + + align:start position:0% +that does not have recombination in the + + + align:start position:0% +that does not have recombination in the +same way so it's simpler what part of + + align:start position:0% +same way so it's simpler what part of + + + align:start position:0% +same way so it's simpler what part of +the genome is that in US Y chromosome + + align:start position:0% +the genome is that in US Y chromosome + + + align:start position:0% +the genome is that in US Y chromosome +right so the Y chromosome right and that + + align:start position:0% +right so the Y chromosome right and that + + + align:start position:0% +right so the Y chromosome right and that +that means that in principle you can + + align:start position:0% +that means that in principle you can + + + align:start position:0% +that means that in principle you can +track the dynamic + + align:start position:0% +track the dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +track the dynamic +along along the male + + align:start position:0% +along along the male + + + align:start position:0% +along along the male +lineages right you know so there are all + + align:start position:0% +lineages right you know so there are all + + + align:start position:0% +lineages right you know so there are all +these studies you know whatever genas + + align:start position:0% +these studies you know whatever genas + + + align:start position:0% +these studies you know whatever genas +Khan maybe lots of us are descendants of + + align:start position:0% +Khan maybe lots of us are descendants of + + + align:start position:0% +Khan maybe lots of us are descendants of +right because he had lots of wives or + + align:start position:0% +right because he had lots of wives or + + + align:start position:0% +right because he had lots of wives or +something like that right so you know so + + align:start position:0% +something like that right so you know so + + + align:start position:0% +something like that right so you know so +his Y chromosome is supposedly occupies + + align:start position:0% +his Y chromosome is supposedly occupies + + + align:start position:0% +his Y chromosome is supposedly occupies +like a non- negligible fraction of the + + align:start position:0% +like a non- negligible fraction of the + + + align:start position:0% +like a non- negligible fraction of the +population right um okay so but then + + align:start position:0% +population right um okay so but then + + + align:start position:0% +population right um okay so but then +what about what's the other um yeah so + + align:start position:0% +what about what's the other um yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +what about what's the other um yeah so +and on on the female side what would be + + align:start position:0% +and on on the female side what would be + + + align:start position:0% +and on on the female side what would be +the equivalent the mitochondria right so + + align:start position:0% +the equivalent the mitochondria right so + + + align:start position:0% +the equivalent the mitochondria right so +in principle you can um so I I think for + + align:start position:0% +in principle you can um so I I think for + + + align:start position:0% +in principle you can um so I I think for +awful lot of these studies you can um + + align:start position:0% +awful lot of these studies you can um + + + align:start position:0% +awful lot of these studies you can um +the the the genetics are much simpler + + align:start position:0% +the the the genetics are much simpler + + + align:start position:0% +the the the genetics are much simpler +for the for um for the for those two + + align:start position:0% +for the for um for the for those two + + + align:start position:0% +for the for um for the for those two +lineages because you don't have the + + align:start position:0% +lineages because you don't have the + + + align:start position:0% +lineages because you don't have the +recombination so why + + align:start position:0% +recombination so why + + + align:start position:0% +recombination so why +is like I mean you say it as the most + + align:start position:0% +is like I mean you say it as the most + + + align:start position:0% +is like I mean you say it as the most +obvious thing okay yeah never heard that + + align:start position:0% +obvious thing okay yeah never heard that + + + align:start position:0% +obvious thing okay yeah never heard that +yeah okay okay right so we don't have to + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay okay right so we don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay okay right so we don't have to +okay well right okay so so okay + + align:start position:0% +okay well right okay so so okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay well right okay so so okay +basically the situation is that um right + + align:start position:0% +basically the situation is that um right + + + align:start position:0% +basically the situation is that um right +you know we have cells and and most of + + align:start position:0% +you know we have cells and and most of + + + align:start position:0% +you know we have cells and and most of +the most of the Gen is in the nucleus + + align:start position:0% +the most of the Gen is in the nucleus + + + align:start position:0% +the most of the Gen is in the nucleus +right but then uh but the mitochondria + + align:start position:0% +right but then uh but the mitochondria + + + align:start position:0% +right but then uh but the mitochondria +actually have their own mitochondrial + + align:start position:0% +actually have their own mitochondrial + + + align:start position:0% +actually have their own mitochondrial +DNA okay um right and then and then the + + align:start position:0% +DNA okay um right and then and then the + + + align:start position:0% +DNA okay um right and then and then the +the um right the issue is okay well what + + align:start position:0% +the um right the issue is okay well what + + + align:start position:0% +the um right the issue is okay well what +happens you know okay here's the birds + + align:start position:0% +happens you know okay here's the birds + + + align:start position:0% +happens you know okay here's the birds +and the bees talk for you guys all right + + align:start position:0% +and the bees talk for you guys all right + + + align:start position:0% +and the bees talk for you guys all right +so all right so right um right so the + + align:start position:0% +so all right so right um right so the + + + align:start position:0% +so all right so right um right so the +sperm comes fertilizes the egg and the + + align:start position:0% +sperm comes fertilizes the egg and the + + + align:start position:0% +sperm comes fertilizes the egg and the +so the vast majority of the + + align:start position:0% +so the vast majority of the + + + align:start position:0% +so the vast majority of the +mitochondria um come from or were in the + + align:start position:0% +mitochondria um come from or were in the + + + align:start position:0% +mitochondria um come from or were in the +egg uh compared to mitochondria from the + + align:start position:0% +egg uh compared to mitochondria from the + + + align:start position:0% +egg uh compared to mitochondria from the +sperm and I don't does anybody know if + + align:start position:0% +sperm and I don't does anybody know if + + + align:start position:0% +sperm and I don't does anybody know if +there if any of the sperm mitochondria + + align:start position:0% +there if any of the sperm mitochondria + + + align:start position:0% +there if any of the sperm mitochondria +actually contribute is are they + + align:start position:0% +actually contribute is are they + + + align:start position:0% +actually contribute is are they +selectively does something happen to + + align:start position:0% +selectively does something happen to + + + align:start position:0% +selectively does something happen to +them they don't have any oh they just + + align:start position:0% +them they don't have any oh they just + + + align:start position:0% +them they don't have any oh they just +don't have any all right all right well + + align:start position:0% +don't have any all right all right well + + + align:start position:0% +don't have any all right all right well +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +okay that um how you know okay well that + + align:start position:0% +okay that um how you know okay well that + + + align:start position:0% +okay that um how you know okay well that +that solves that problem + + align:start position:0% +that solves that problem + + + align:start position:0% +that solves that problem +okay is that not okay all right well I + + align:start position:0% +okay is that not okay all right well I + + + align:start position:0% +okay is that not okay all right well I +um all right this is the kind of thing + + align:start position:0% +um all right this is the kind of thing + + + align:start position:0% +um all right this is the kind of thing +that you know some somebody can Maybe + + align:start position:0% +that you know some somebody can Maybe + + + align:start position:0% +that you know some somebody can Maybe +Wikipedia this while we're um while + + align:start position:0% +Wikipedia this while we're um while + + + align:start position:0% +Wikipedia this while we're um while +we're going all + + align:start position:0% +we're going all + + + align:start position:0% +we're going all +right um right but that's that's the + + align:start position:0% +right um right but that's that's the + + + align:start position:0% +right um right but that's that's the +basic idea though + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay all right does anybody have any + + align:start position:0% +okay all right does anybody have any + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right does anybody have any +questions about these two statements + + align:start position:0% +questions about these two statements + + + align:start position:0% +questions about these two statements +probably that a fixes probability that b + + align:start position:0% +probably that a fixes probability that b + + + align:start position:0% +probably that a fixes probability that b +fixes okay incidentally you should be + + align:start position:0% +fixes okay incidentally you should be + + + align:start position:0% +fixes okay incidentally you should be +able to draw okay these are these are + + align:start position:0% +able to draw okay these are these are + + + align:start position:0% +able to draw okay these are these are +random right from this point moving + + align:start position:0% +random right from this point moving + + + align:start position:0% +random right from this point moving +forward am I more likely okay so I'm + + align:start position:0% +forward am I more likely okay so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +forward am I more likely okay so I'm +given where I is here am I more likely + + align:start position:0% +given where I is here am I more likely + + + align:start position:0% +given where I is here am I more likely +to fix b or a ready three two one B does + + align:start position:0% +to fix b or a ready three two one B does + + + align:start position:0% +to fix b or a ready three two one B does +that mean that my first step is more + + align:start position:0% +that mean that my first step is more + + + align:start position:0% +that mean that my first step is more +likely to be in the direction of B than + + align:start position:0% +likely to be in the direction of B than + + + align:start position:0% +likely to be in the direction of B than +an a yes or no ready 3 two 1 no okay so + + align:start position:0% +an a yes or no ready 3 two 1 no okay so + + + align:start position:0% +an a yes or no ready 3 two 1 no okay so +this is a random walk all right it + + align:start position:0% +this is a random walk all right it + + + align:start position:0% +this is a random walk all right it +doesn't always take steps but sometimes + + align:start position:0% +doesn't always take steps but sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't always take steps but sometimes +it goes up and then down all right so + + align:start position:0% +it goes up and then down all right so + + + align:start position:0% +it goes up and then down all right so +it's gonna okay now I'm I'm you know you + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna okay now I'm I'm you know you + + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna okay now I'm I'm you know you +know I understand it's not to you know + + align:start position:0% +know I understand it's not to you know + + + align:start position:0% +know I understand it's not to you know +whatever okay so okay um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right but the idea is that once it + + align:start position:0% +all right but the idea is that once it + + + align:start position:0% +all right but the idea is that once it +once it hits zero or one here in terms + + align:start position:0% +once it hits zero or one here in terms + + + align:start position:0% +once it hits zero or one here in terms +of the fraction then you stay where you + + align:start position:0% +of the fraction then you stay where you + + + align:start position:0% +of the fraction then you stay where you +are these are absorbing boundaries + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay but every now and then it's going + + align:start position:0% +okay but every now and then it's going + + + align:start position:0% +okay but every now and then it's going +to hit there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay U all right before we get going too + + align:start position:0% +okay U all right before we get going too + + + align:start position:0% +okay U all right before we get going too +much more on this I want to mention + + align:start position:0% +much more on this I want to mention + + + align:start position:0% +much more on this I want to mention +something about time in this model + + align:start position:0% +something about time in this model + + + align:start position:0% +something about time in this model +because time is a little bit of a funny + + align:start position:0% +because time is a little bit of a funny + + + align:start position:0% +because time is a little bit of a funny +um of a funny entity here okay um all + + align:start position:0% +um of a funny entity here okay um all + + + align:start position:0% +um of a funny entity here okay um all +right so here's a question how + + align:start position:0% +right so here's a question how + + + align:start position:0% +right so here's a question how +long Okay and long is funny but how long + + align:start position:0% +long Okay and long is funny but how long + + + align:start position:0% +long Okay and long is funny but how long +does uh one I don't know do we want to + + align:start position:0% +does uh one I don't know do we want to + + + align:start position:0% +does uh one I don't know do we want to +call this an iteration or a cycle + + align:start position:0% +call this an iteration or a cycle + + + align:start position:0% +call this an iteration or a cycle +iteration of the model um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right and what I mean by that is that in + + align:start position:0% +right and what I mean by that is that in + + + align:start position:0% +right and what I mean by that is that in +in in units of something there would be + + align:start position:0% +in in units of something there would be + + + align:start position:0% +in in units of something there would be +like real + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time you know what I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mean + + align:start position:0% +mean + + + align:start position:0% +mean +okay is it a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +second generation + + align:start position:0% +second generation + + + align:start position:0% +second generation +time so this would be like a cell + + align:start position:0% +time so this would be like a cell + + + align:start position:0% +time so this would be like a cell +generation time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right or don't know something okay + + align:start position:0% +all right or don't know something okay + + + align:start position:0% +all right or don't know something okay +let's I'll give you 15 SEC can you can + + align:start position:0% +let's I'll give you 15 SEC can you can + + + align:start position:0% +let's I'll give you 15 SEC can you can +you guys all read this seconds + + align:start position:0% +you guys all read this seconds + + + align:start position:0% +you guys all read this seconds +generation Time end times generation + + align:start position:0% +generation Time end times generation + + + align:start position:0% +generation Time end times generation +time or one over n times generation + + align:start position:0% +time or one over n times generation + + + align:start position:0% +time or one over n times generation +time what do you mean one + + align:start position:0% +time what do you mean one + + + align:start position:0% +time what do you mean one +yeah well let's say that I I mean let's + + align:start position:0% +yeah well let's say that I I mean let's + + + align:start position:0% +yeah well let's say that I I mean let's +just imagine that I was using this to + + align:start position:0% +just imagine that I was using this to + + + align:start position:0% +just imagine that I was using this to +model the Dynamics + + align:start position:0% +model the Dynamics + + + align:start position:0% +model the Dynamics +of I don't know the neutral drift + + align:start position:0% +of I don't know the neutral drift + + + align:start position:0% +of I don't know the neutral drift +dynamics of + + align:start position:0% +dynamics of + + + align:start position:0% +dynamics of +some bacteria in my test tube in the lab + + align:start position:0% +some bacteria in my test tube in the lab + + + align:start position:0% +some bacteria in my test tube in the lab +right so let's say I have one of these + + align:start position:0% +right so let's say I have one of these + + + align:start position:0% +right so let's say I have one of these +turbidostats right so I question is how + + align:start position:0% +turbidostats right so I question is how + + + align:start position:0% +turbidostats right so I question is how +long does this last in you know in units + + align:start position:0% +long does this last in you know in units + + + align:start position:0% +long does this last in you know in units +of right so how or equivalent how many + + align:start position:0% +of right so how or equivalent how many + + + align:start position:0% +of right so how or equivalent how many +iterations do I have to go to get + + align:start position:0% +iterations do I have to go to get + + + align:start position:0% +iterations do I have to go to get +through some period of time in the lab + + align:start position:0% +through some period of time in the lab + + + align:start position:0% +through some period of time in the lab +right okay so I grow my bacteria in my + + align:start position:0% +right okay so I grow my bacteria in my + + + align:start position:0% +right okay so I grow my bacteria in my +turbidostat say uh and I do it for 100 + + align:start position:0% +turbidostat say uh and I do it for 100 + + + align:start position:0% +turbidostat say uh and I do it for 100 +hours okay now you're gra you're your + + align:start position:0% +hours okay now you're gra you're your + + + align:start position:0% +hours okay now you're gra you're your +adviser says okay go go do a simul you + + align:start position:0% +adviser says okay go go do a simul you + + + align:start position:0% +adviser says okay go go do a simul you +know so you get something right you know + + align:start position:0% +know so you get something right you know + + + align:start position:0% +know so you get something right you know +your adviser goes and says all right do + + align:start position:0% +your adviser goes and says all right do + + + align:start position:0% +your adviser goes and says all right do +a simulation use the Moran + + align:start position:0% +a simulation use the Moran + + + align:start position:0% +a simulation use the Moran +process you you guys are going to be + + align:start position:0% +process you you guys are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +process you you guys are going to be +doing this so this is not entirely + + align:start position:0% +doing this so this is not entirely + + + align:start position:0% +doing this so this is not entirely +hypothetical okay but um right so so you + + align:start position:0% +hypothetical okay but um right so so you + + + align:start position:0% +hypothetical okay but um right so so you +know but whatever your advisor + + align:start position:0% +know but whatever your advisor + + + align:start position:0% +know but whatever your advisor +says your um you know go go simulate + + align:start position:0% +says your um you know go go simulate + + + align:start position:0% +says your um you know go go simulate +this process right so the question is + + align:start position:0% +this process right so the question is + + + align:start position:0% +this process right so the question is +how many iterations would you do you + + align:start position:0% +how many iterations would you do you + + + align:start position:0% +how many iterations would you do you +have to do to make it equivalent into + + align:start position:0% +have to do to make it equivalent into + + + align:start position:0% +have to do to make it equivalent into +that 100 hours that you did in the lab + + align:start position:0% +that 100 hours that you did in the lab + + + align:start position:0% +that 100 hours that you did in the lab +right how how how do you how do you make + + align:start position:0% +right how how how do you how do you make + + + align:start position:0% +right how how how do you how do you make +a connection between a model this well + + align:start position:0% +a connection between a model this well + + + align:start position:0% +a connection between a model this well +this model and and something that's + + align:start position:0% +this model and and something that's + + + align:start position:0% +this model and and something that's +actually happens in your in your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +laboratory okay all right + + align:start position:0% +laboratory okay all right + + + align:start position:0% +laboratory okay all right +ready three two + + align:start position:0% +ready three two + + + align:start position:0% +ready three two +one okay all right so we got a majority + + align:start position:0% +one okay all right so we got a majority + + + align:start position:0% +one okay all right so we got a majority +of the group agreeing that it's going to + + align:start position:0% +of the group agreeing that it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +of the group agreeing that it's going to +be D all right can somebody just say why + + align:start position:0% +be D all right can somebody just say why + + + align:start position:0% +be D all right can somebody just say why +this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so each iteration there's only one + + align:start position:0% +right so each iteration there's only one + + + align:start position:0% +right so each iteration there's only one +cell out of the N that actually divide + + align:start position:0% +cell out of the N that actually divide + + + align:start position:0% +cell out of the N that actually divide +right um and that means that if you want + + align:start position:0% +right um and that means that if you want + + + align:start position:0% +right um and that means that if you want +like for example everybody to have had a + + align:start position:0% +like for example everybody to have had a + + + align:start position:0% +like for example everybody to have had a +chance roughly to divide you need to go + + align:start position:0% +chance roughly to divide you need to go + + + align:start position:0% +chance roughly to divide you need to go +n iterations uh and you know and it's + + align:start position:0% +n iterations uh and you know and it's + + + align:start position:0% +n iterations uh and you know and it's +also makes sense you know if you ask + + align:start position:0% +also makes sense you know if you ask + + + align:start position:0% +also makes sense you know if you ask +let's imagine you have a um a test tube + + align:start position:0% +let's imagine you have a um a test tube + + + align:start position:0% +let's imagine you have a um a test tube +with you know a million bacteria okay + + align:start position:0% +with you know a million bacteria okay + + + align:start position:0% +with you know a million bacteria okay +now it's going to take takes some time + + align:start position:0% +now it's going to take takes some time + + + align:start position:0% +now it's going to take takes some time +before one of them divides right now the + + align:start position:0% +before one of them divides right now the + + + align:start position:0% +before one of them divides right now the +question is if you had 10 million + + align:start position:0% +question is if you had 10 million + + + align:start position:0% +question is if you had 10 million +bacteria in your test tube you have to + + align:start position:0% +bacteria in your test tube you have to + + + align:start position:0% +bacteria in your test tube you have to +wait one tenth is long before the first + + align:start position:0% +wait one tenth is long before the first + + + align:start position:0% +wait one tenth is long before the first +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +divides right so the the amount of kind + + align:start position:0% +divides right so the the amount of kind + + + align:start position:0% +divides right so the the amount of kind +of real time that elapses in each one of + + align:start position:0% +of real time that elapses in each one of + + + align:start position:0% +of real time that elapses in each one of +these iterations goes as one over n + + align:start position:0% +these iterations goes as one over n + + + align:start position:0% +these iterations goes as one over n +where n is the population + + align:start position:0% +where n is the population + + + align:start position:0% +where n is the population +size right so I I got some um unhappy + + align:start position:0% +size right so I I got some um unhappy + + + align:start position:0% +size right so I I got some um unhappy +looks so that means that I expect an + + align:start position:0% +looks so that means that I expect an + + + align:start position:0% +looks so that means that I expect an +unhappy + + align:start position:0% +unhappy + + + align:start position:0% +unhappy +question Maybe + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay well if you don't ask a question + + align:start position:0% +okay well if you don't ask a question + + + align:start position:0% +okay well if you don't ask a question +then you know in the teaching + + align:start position:0% +then you know in the teaching + + + align:start position:0% +then you know in the teaching +evaluations you're not allowed to write + + align:start position:0% +evaluations you're not allowed to write + + + align:start position:0% +evaluations you're not allowed to write +that you did not like the explanation of + + align:start position:0% +that you did not like the explanation of + + + align:start position:0% +that you did not like the explanation of +time in the Moran + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +process well that worked a little bit + + align:start position:0% +process well that worked a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +process well that worked a little bit +too + + align:start position:0% +too + + + align:start position:0% +too +[Laughter] + + align:start position:0% +[Laughter] + + + align:start position:0% +[Laughter] +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +yeah itation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +iSell yeah right okay an iteration in + + align:start position:0% +iSell yeah right okay an iteration in + + + align:start position:0% +iSell yeah right okay an iteration in +this model is is is both of these things + + align:start position:0% +this model is is is both of these things + + + align:start position:0% +this model is is is both of these things +right so it's a birth and a death or + + align:start position:0% +right so it's a birth and a death or + + + align:start position:0% +right so it's a birth and a death or +replacement right so that's so it's one + + align:start position:0% +replacement right so that's so it's one + + + align:start position:0% +replacement right so that's so it's one +duration here another you know so each + + align:start position:0% +duration here another you know so each + + + align:start position:0% +duration here another you know so each +duration involves one birth and one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +replacement + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah right so the generation time + + align:start position:0% +yeah right so the generation time + + + align:start position:0% +yeah right so the generation time +is the typical time that it takes for + + align:start position:0% +is the typical time that it takes for + + + align:start position:0% +is the typical time that it takes for +one of these individuals to give birth + + align:start position:0% +one of these individuals to give birth + + + align:start position:0% +one of these individuals to give birth +to another individual right so in the + + align:start position:0% +to another individual right so in the + + + align:start position:0% +to another individual right so in the +case of the cells it might be half an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hour okay all right I'm going to try to + + align:start position:0% +hour okay all right I'm going to try to + + + align:start position:0% +hour okay all right I'm going to try to +leave this up just so that you guys can + + align:start position:0% +leave this up just so that you guys can + + + align:start position:0% +leave this up just so that you guys can +continue to look at it + + align:start position:0% +continue to look at it + + + align:start position:0% +continue to look at it +um all right maybe + + align:start position:0% +um all right maybe + + + align:start position:0% +um all right maybe +I'll + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay right so I want to say just + + align:start position:0% +okay right so I want to say just + + + align:start position:0% +okay right so I want to say just +something about this idea of a molecular + + align:start position:0% +something about this idea of a molecular + + + align:start position:0% +something about this idea of a molecular +clock while we're um while we're here um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um all right so now that we've said + + align:start position:0% +um all right so now that we've said + + + align:start position:0% +um all right so now that we've said +something about how much time is + + align:start position:0% +something about how much time is + + + align:start position:0% +something about how much time is +actually elapsing here um we can we can + + align:start position:0% +actually elapsing here um we can we can + + + align:start position:0% +actually elapsing here um we can we can +think a little bit about the the rate + + align:start position:0% +think a little bit about the the rate + + + align:start position:0% +think a little bit about the the rate +now we want to we want to allow + + align:start position:0% +now we want to we want to allow + + + align:start position:0% +now we want to we want to allow +mutations okay so let's assume that + + align:start position:0% +mutations okay so let's assume that + + + align:start position:0% +mutations okay so let's assume that +there's a mutation + + align:start position:0% +there's a mutation + + + align:start position:0% +there's a mutation +rate or probab probability it's a mu is + + align:start position:0% +rate or probab probability it's a mu is + + + align:start position:0% +rate or probab probability it's a mu is +the is the + + align:start position:0% +the is the + + + align:start position:0% +the is the +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +probability of um of a + + align:start position:0% +probability of um of a + + + align:start position:0% +probability of um of a +mutation and we're going to say this is + + align:start position:0% +mutation and we're going to say this is + + + align:start position:0% +mutation and we're going to say this is +a neutral + + align:start position:0% +a neutral + + + align:start position:0% +a neutral +mutation + + align:start position:0% +mutation + + + align:start position:0% +mutation +um and this is per uh per division or + + align:start position:0% +um and this is per uh per division or + + + align:start position:0% +um and this is per uh per division or +per + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +birth okay right so the idea is that + + align:start position:0% +birth okay right so the idea is that + + + align:start position:0% +birth okay right so the idea is that +when all right so we we we might start + + align:start position:0% +when all right so we we we might start + + + align:start position:0% +when all right so we we we might start +out with just all a individuals in the + + align:start position:0% +out with just all a individuals in the + + + align:start position:0% +out with just all a individuals in the +population okay but then an a individual + + align:start position:0% +population okay but then an a individual + + + align:start position:0% +population okay but then an a individual +will give here's the Mother cell like + + align:start position:0% +will give here's the Mother cell like + + + align:start position:0% +will give here's the Mother cell like +the original a that and the Mother cell + + align:start position:0% +the original a that and the Mother cell + + + align:start position:0% +the original a that and the Mother cell +for now we'll just assume just doesn't + + align:start position:0% +for now we'll just assume just doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +for now we'll just assume just doesn't +um ever mutate but that the daughter + + align:start position:0% +um ever mutate but that the daughter + + + align:start position:0% +um ever mutate but that the daughter +cell has a probability mu of being a new + + align:start position:0% +cell has a probability mu of being a new + + + align:start position:0% +cell has a probability mu of being a new +type say + + align:start position:0% +type say + + + align:start position:0% +type say +B + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay um and we often talk call this a + + align:start position:0% +okay um and we often talk call this a + + + align:start position:0% +okay um and we often talk call this a +mutation rate okay but it's a + + align:start position:0% +mutation rate okay but it's a + + + align:start position:0% +mutation rate okay but it's a +probability per uh per birth + + align:start position:0% +probability per uh per birth + + + align:start position:0% +probability per uh per birth +okay right um all right so what we want + + align:start position:0% +okay right um all right so what we want + + + align:start position:0% +okay right um all right so what we want +to know is what is the + + align:start position:0% +to know is what is the + + + align:start position:0% +to know is what is the +what we want to calculate is what's the + + align:start position:0% +what we want to calculate is what's the + + + align:start position:0% +what we want to calculate is what's the +uh the rate at which new uh neutral + + align:start position:0% +uh the rate at which new uh neutral + + + align:start position:0% +uh the rate at which new uh neutral +mutants both appear and then fix in the + + align:start position:0% +mutants both appear and then fix in the + + + align:start position:0% +mutants both appear and then fix in the +population okay so what we're asking + + align:start position:0% +population okay so what we're asking + + + align:start position:0% +population okay so what we're asking +about is from the standpoint of um you + + align:start position:0% +about is from the standpoint of um you + + + align:start position:0% +about is from the standpoint of um you +know us as as scientists we do + + align:start position:0% +know us as as scientists we do + + + align:start position:0% +know us as as scientists we do +sequencing of different lineages say + + align:start position:0% +sequencing of different lineages say + + + align:start position:0% +sequencing of different lineages say +humans and chimpanzees and we're looking + + align:start position:0% +humans and chimpanzees and we're looking + + + align:start position:0% +humans and chimpanzees and we're looking +at the accumulation of these what we + + align:start position:0% +at the accumulation of these what we + + + align:start position:0% +at the accumulation of these what we +think are neutral mutations the question + + align:start position:0% +think are neutral mutations the question + + + align:start position:0% +think are neutral mutations the question +is how many neutral mutations do we + + align:start position:0% +is how many neutral mutations do we + + + align:start position:0% +is how many neutral mutations do we +expect to see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so we need to know the rate that + + align:start position:0% +okay so we need to know the rate that + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we need to know the rate that +these things happen Okay so all right so + + align:start position:0% +these things happen Okay so all right so + + + align:start position:0% +these things happen Okay so all right so +and and there there um so this is the + + align:start position:0% +and and there there um so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +and and there there um so this is the +rate of of kind of fixation of neutral + + align:start position:0% +rate of of kind of fixation of neutral + + + align:start position:0% +rate of of kind of fixation of neutral +mutations uh and so this is somehow the + + align:start position:0% +mutations uh and so this is somehow the + + + align:start position:0% +mutations uh and so this is somehow the +rate of neutral + + align:start position:0% +rate of neutral + + + align:start position:0% +rate of neutral +Evolution right there are two two steps + + align:start position:0% +Evolution right there are two two steps + + + align:start position:0% +Evolution right there are two two steps +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +here what what what are the two things + + align:start position:0% +here what what what are the two things + + + align:start position:0% +here what what what are the two things +that have to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +happen needs to appear right needs to + + align:start position:0% +happen needs to appear right needs to + + + align:start position:0% +happen needs to appear right needs to +appear so we'll we'll call this the rate + + align:start position:0% +appear so we'll we'll call this the rate + + + align:start position:0% +appear so we'll we'll call this the rate +of appearance and then what what else do + + align:start position:0% +of appearance and then what what else do + + + align:start position:0% +of appearance and then what what else do +we need to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +know I'm sorry what's that size right so + + align:start position:0% +know I'm sorry what's that size right so + + + align:start position:0% +know I'm sorry what's that size right so +the population size and and why why are + + align:start position:0% +the population size and and why why are + + + align:start position:0% +the population size and and why why are +you saying that or What's um I mean the + + align:start position:0% +you saying that or What's um I mean the + + + align:start position:0% +you saying that or What's um I mean the +population size is certainly going to be + + align:start position:0% +population size is certainly going to be + + + align:start position:0% +population size is certainly going to be +relevant but I I um I guess the question + + align:start position:0% +relevant but I I um I guess the question + + + align:start position:0% +relevant but I I um I guess the question +is will the will the rate of neutal + + align:start position:0% +is will the will the rate of neutal + + + align:start position:0% +is will the will the rate of neutal +Evolution you know the the the rate + + align:start position:0% +Evolution you know the the the rate + + + align:start position:0% +Evolution you know the the the rate +which you see new neutral mutants you + + align:start position:0% +which you see new neutral mutants you + + + align:start position:0% +which you see new neutral mutants you +know in in a lineage will that be just + + align:start position:0% +know in in a lineage will that be just + + + align:start position:0% +know in in a lineage will that be just +equal to this or do we need to multiply + + align:start position:0% +equal to this or do we need to multiply + + + align:start position:0% +equal to this or do we need to multiply +by something else yeah right and and and + + align:start position:0% +by something else yeah right and and and + + + align:start position:0% +by something else yeah right and and and +it's a rate of fixation we'll say it's + + align:start position:0% +it's a rate of fixation we'll say it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's a rate of fixation we'll say it's +really kind of maybe a probability of + + align:start position:0% +really kind of maybe a probability of + + + align:start position:0% +really kind of maybe a probability of +fixation right because there's some rate + + align:start position:0% +fixation right because there's some rate + + + align:start position:0% +fixation right because there's some rate +per unit time maybe even like real time + + align:start position:0% +per unit time maybe even like real time + + + align:start position:0% +per unit time maybe even like real time +in terms of number of generations and + + align:start position:0% +in terms of number of generations and + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of number of generations and +real time and but we need to know the + + align:start position:0% +real time and but we need to know the + + + align:start position:0% +real time and but we need to know the +probability that it fixes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +great all right so uh yeah so let's uh + + align:start position:0% +great all right so uh yeah so let's uh + + + align:start position:0% +great all right so uh yeah so let's uh +right we're going to do a we're going to + + align:start position:0% +right we're going to do a we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +right we're going to do a we're going to +do a very detailed calculation here uh + + align:start position:0% +do a very detailed calculation here uh + + + align:start position:0% +do a very detailed calculation here uh +yes so I'm just curious like this + + align:start position:0% +yes so I'm just curious like this + + + align:start position:0% +yes so I'm just curious like this +probability fix time is completely out + + align:start position:0% +probability fix time is completely out + + + align:start position:0% +probability fix time is completely out +the picture principle that's right could + + align:start position:0% +the picture principle that's right could + + + align:start position:0% +the picture principle that's right could +take a very long time that's right but + + align:start position:0% +take a very long time that's right but + + + align:start position:0% +take a very long time that's right but +we don't take this into that's right so + + align:start position:0% +we don't take this into that's right so + + + align:start position:0% +we don't take this into that's right so +so for now let's let's just assume that + + align:start position:0% +so for now let's let's just assume that + + + align:start position:0% +so for now let's let's just assume that +um that the the rate of appearance of + + align:start position:0% +um that the the rate of appearance of + + + align:start position:0% +um that the the rate of appearance of +these is um is small so that you don't + + align:start position:0% +these is um is small so that you don't + + + align:start position:0% +these is um is small so that you don't +have to worry about different mutants uh + + align:start position:0% +have to worry about different mutants uh + + + align:start position:0% +have to worry about different mutants uh +competing against each other what not + + align:start position:0% +competing against each other what not + + + align:start position:0% +competing against each other what not +we're going to spend a lot a lot of time + + align:start position:0% +we're going to spend a lot a lot of time + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to spend a lot a lot of time +on Thursday talking about this + + align:start position:0% +on Thursday talking about this + + + align:start position:0% +on Thursday talking about this +phenomenon of clonal interference when + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon of clonal interference when + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon of clonal interference when +multiple mutant lineages are coexisting + + align:start position:0% +multiple mutant lineages are coexisting + + + align:start position:0% +multiple mutant lineages are coexisting +and perhaps competing in a population + + align:start position:0% +and perhaps competing in a population + + + align:start position:0% +and perhaps competing in a population +but for Simplicity for now what we're + + align:start position:0% +but for Simplicity for now what we're + + + align:start position:0% +but for Simplicity for now what we're +just going to assume is that um that uh + + align:start position:0% +just going to assume is that um that uh + + + align:start position:0% +just going to assume is that um that uh +there's a separation of time scales + + align:start position:0% +there's a separation of time scales + + + align:start position:0% +there's a separation of time scales +right which means that um the rate at + + align:start position:0% +right which means that um the rate at + + + align:start position:0% +right which means that um the rate at +which these neutral mutants appear in + + align:start position:0% +which these neutral mutants appear in + + + align:start position:0% +which these neutral mutants appear in +the population is um very small compared + + align:start position:0% +the population is um very small compared + + + align:start position:0% +the population is um very small compared +to the um the one over the time that it + + align:start position:0% +to the um the one over the time that it + + + align:start position:0% +to the um the one over the time that it +takes for the the uh fix you know the + + align:start position:0% +takes for the the uh fix you know the + + + align:start position:0% +takes for the the uh fix you know the +fixation to + + align:start position:0% +fixation to + + + align:start position:0% +fixation to +occur okay so what we want is what's the + + align:start position:0% +occur okay so what we want is what's the + + + align:start position:0% +occur okay so what we want is what's the +rate of appearance here in units of like + + align:start position:0% +rate of appearance here in units of like + + + align:start position:0% +rate of appearance here in units of like +a real + + align:start position:0% +a real + + + align:start position:0% +a real +time okay what are the fact what are the + + align:start position:0% +time okay what are the fact what are the + + + align:start position:0% +time okay what are the fact what are the +things that are going to appear + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here M all right the rate of mutation mu + + align:start position:0% +here M all right the rate of mutation mu + + + align:start position:0% +here M all right the rate of mutation mu +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +times population + + align:start position:0% +times population + + + align:start position:0% +times population +size right and that's just because a + + align:start position:0% +size right and that's just because a + + + align:start position:0% +size right and that's just because a +larger population uh will experience a + + align:start position:0% +larger population uh will experience a + + + align:start position:0% +larger population uh will experience a +larger rate of these mutants appearing + + align:start position:0% +larger rate of these mutants appearing + + + align:start position:0% +larger rate of these mutants appearing +in the population and it's a + + align:start position:0% +in the population and it's a + + + align:start position:0% +in the population and it's a +linear okay and that's actually just + + align:start position:0% +linear okay and that's actually just + + + align:start position:0% +linear okay and that's actually just +that that is indeed the rate of + + align:start position:0% +that that is indeed the rate of + + + align:start position:0% +that that is indeed the rate of +appearance and the probability of + + align:start position:0% +appearance and the probability of + + + align:start position:0% +appearance and the probability of +fixation of each + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one EXC + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh um yes okay so so this is um okay so + + align:start position:0% +oh um yes okay so so this is um okay so + + + align:start position:0% +oh um yes okay so so this is um okay so +we have to + + align:start position:0% +we have to + + + align:start position:0% +we have to +actually yeah so this is per this is per + + align:start position:0% +actually yeah so this is per this is per + + + align:start position:0% +actually yeah so this is per this is per +so this is a rate kind of per + + align:start position:0% +so this is a rate kind of per + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a rate kind of per +generation okay so I guess I defined mu + + align:start position:0% +generation okay so I guess I defined mu + + + align:start position:0% +generation okay so I guess I defined mu +is the + + align:start position:0% +is the + + + align:start position:0% +is the +probability + + align:start position:0% +probability + + + align:start position:0% +probability +um yeah so this is all in units of per + + align:start position:0% +um yeah so this is all in units of per + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah so this is all in units of per +generation basic right because because + + align:start position:0% +generation basic right because because + + + align:start position:0% +generation basic right because because +mu is a per right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or + + align:start position:0% +or + + + align:start position:0% +or +itation okay let's make sure that I + + align:start position:0% +itation okay let's make sure that I + + + align:start position:0% +itation okay let's make sure that I +um me this is a this is a Generation Um + + align:start position:0% +um me this is a this is a Generation Um + + + align:start position:0% +um me this is a this is a Generation Um +right because if + + align:start position:0% +right because if + + + align:start position:0% +right because if +um if we + + align:start position:0% +um if we + + + align:start position:0% +um if we +have 10 right so let's say that for + + align:start position:0% +have 10 right so let's say that for + + + align:start position:0% +have 10 right so let's say that for +example there's 10 to the six + + align:start position:0% +example there's 10 to the six + + + align:start position:0% +example there's 10 to the six +individuals here and the mutation rate + + align:start position:0% +individuals here and the mutation rate + + + align:start position:0% +individuals here and the mutation rate +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah all right probability fixation was + + align:start position:0% +yeah all right probability fixation was + + + align:start position:0% +yeah all right probability fixation was +what one over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n + + align:start position:0% +n + + + align:start position:0% +n +okay right so this is great because this + + align:start position:0% +okay right so this is great because this + + + align:start position:0% +okay right so this is great because this +is saying that the + + align:start position:0% +is saying that the + + + align:start position:0% +is saying that the +um the rate in which you expect neutral + + align:start position:0% +um the rate in which you expect neutral + + + align:start position:0% +um the rate in which you expect neutral +mut mutants to actually kind of appear + + align:start position:0% +mut mutants to actually kind of appear + + + align:start position:0% +mut mutants to actually kind of appear +in the population in terms of like in + + align:start position:0% +in the population in terms of like in + + + align:start position:0% +in the population in terms of like in +terms of fixing if you sequence along a + + align:start position:0% +terms of fixing if you sequence along a + + + align:start position:0% +terms of fixing if you sequence along a +lineage um that it is independent of the + + align:start position:0% +lineage um that it is independent of the + + + align:start position:0% +lineage um that it is independent of the +population size and is given given by + + align:start position:0% +population size and is given given by + + + align:start position:0% +population size and is given given by +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +um by the the the the rate of of + + align:start position:0% +um by the the the the rate of of + + + align:start position:0% +um by the the the the rate of of +mutation + + align:start position:0% +mutation + + + align:start position:0% +mutation +okay but what you expect it's on it + + align:start position:0% +okay but what you expect it's on it + + + align:start position:0% +okay but what you expect it's on it +should be on a per generation + + align:start position:0% +should be on a per generation + + + align:start position:0% +should be on a per generation +basis + + align:start position:0% +basis + + + align:start position:0% +basis +okay um right so this thing is is + + align:start position:0% +okay um right so this thing is is + + + align:start position:0% +okay um right so this thing is is +perhaps useful in in several different + + align:start position:0% +perhaps useful in in several different + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps useful in in several different +ways um and and you know there there are + + align:start position:0% +ways um and and you know there there are + + + align:start position:0% +ways um and and you know there there are +some subtleties like always to this um + + align:start position:0% +some subtleties like always to this um + + + align:start position:0% +some subtleties like always to this um +if you go out and you measure the rates + + align:start position:0% +if you go out and you measure the rates + + + align:start position:0% +if you go out and you measure the rates +of of fixation of neutral mutants what + + align:start position:0% +of of fixation of neutral mutants what + + + align:start position:0% +of of fixation of neutral mutants what +you find is that it's not really + + align:start position:0% +you find is that it's not really + + + align:start position:0% +you find is that it's not really +constant on a per generation basis but + + align:start position:0% +constant on a per generation basis but + + + align:start position:0% +constant on a per generation basis but +more of on a even maybe even closer on a + + align:start position:0% +more of on a even maybe even closer on a + + + align:start position:0% +more of on a even maybe even closer on a +per actual like year basis say you know + + align:start position:0% +per actual like year basis say you know + + + align:start position:0% +per actual like year basis say you know +um in particular if this would predict + + align:start position:0% +um in particular if this would predict + + + align:start position:0% +um in particular if this would predict +that if if organisms have the same um + + align:start position:0% +that if if organisms have the same um + + + align:start position:0% +that if if organisms have the same um +mutation rate all right you know say + + align:start position:0% +mutation rate all right you know say + + + align:start position:0% +mutation rate all right you know say +roughly maybe humans and mice okay but + + align:start position:0% +roughly maybe humans and mice okay but + + + align:start position:0% +roughly maybe humans and mice okay but +yet humans and mice have very different + + align:start position:0% +yet humans and mice have very different + + + align:start position:0% +yet humans and mice have very different +generation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +times right by two orders of Mag I don't + + align:start position:0% +times right by two orders of Mag I don't + + + align:start position:0% +times right by two orders of Mag I don't +know what right then you would expect + + align:start position:0% +know what right then you would expect + + + align:start position:0% +know what right then you would expect +the the rate of accumulation of neutral + + align:start position:0% +the the rate of accumulation of neutral + + + align:start position:0% +the the rate of accumulation of neutral +mutants in the human population on a per + + align:start position:0% +mutants in the human population on a per + + + align:start position:0% +mutants in the human population on a per +year basis to be much lower than mice + + align:start position:0% +year basis to be much lower than mice + + + align:start position:0% +year basis to be much lower than mice +but that's not true okay we'll get into + + align:start position:0% +but that's not true okay we'll get into + + + align:start position:0% +but that's not true okay we'll get into +a bit later of why that might be but I + + align:start position:0% +a bit later of why that might be but I + + + align:start position:0% +a bit later of why that might be but I +just want to um highlight that that's + + align:start position:0% +just want to um highlight that that's + + + align:start position:0% +just want to um highlight that that's +that's that this model is very simple + + align:start position:0% +that's that this model is very simple + + + align:start position:0% +that's that this model is very simple +and it predicts something that is you + + align:start position:0% +and it predicts something that is you + + + align:start position:0% +and it predicts something that is you +know you know too simple maybe but but + + align:start position:0% +know you know too simple maybe but but + + + align:start position:0% +know you know too simple maybe but but +at least it's saying that there there's + + align:start position:0% +at least it's saying that there there's + + + align:start position:0% +at least it's saying that there there's +some sense which the population size is + + align:start position:0% +some sense which the population size is + + + align:start position:0% +some sense which the population size is +not as relevant as you might have + + align:start position:0% +not as relevant as you might have + + + align:start position:0% +not as relevant as you might have +thought it was going to be okay and at + + align:start position:0% +thought it was going to be okay and at + + + align:start position:0% +thought it was going to be okay and at +least within a particular lineage if + + align:start position:0% +least within a particular lineage if + + + align:start position:0% +least within a particular lineage if +you're talking about the accumulation of + + align:start position:0% +you're talking about the accumulation of + + + align:start position:0% +you're talking about the accumulation of +neutral mutations along humans for + + align:start position:0% +neutral mutations along humans for + + + align:start position:0% +neutral mutations along humans for +example then you can say maybe that's + + align:start position:0% +example then you can say maybe that's + + + align:start position:0% +example then you can say maybe that's +roughly constant all right gets very it + + align:start position:0% +roughly constant all right gets very it + + + align:start position:0% +roughly constant all right gets very it +gets very tricky I me if you look at the + + align:start position:0% +gets very tricky I me if you look at the + + + align:start position:0% +gets very tricky I me if you look at the +rate of accumulation of neutral mutants + + align:start position:0% +rate of accumulation of neutral mutants + + + align:start position:0% +rate of accumulation of neutral mutants +in one protein in humans it's at a + + align:start position:0% +in one protein in humans it's at a + + + align:start position:0% +in one protein in humans it's at a +different rate than another protein in + + align:start position:0% +different rate than another protein in + + + align:start position:0% +different rate than another protein in +humans right so you know everything's + + align:start position:0% +humans right so you know everything's + + + align:start position:0% +humans right so you know everything's +complicated but at least each one along + + align:start position:0% +complicated but at least each one along + + + align:start position:0% +complicated but at least each one along +each of these proteins maybe it's still + + align:start position:0% +each of these proteins maybe it's still + + + align:start position:0% +each of these proteins maybe it's still +is roughly some sort of clock because it + + align:start position:0% +is roughly some sort of clock because it + + + align:start position:0% +is roughly some sort of clock because it +it accumulates um mutations at some rate + + align:start position:0% +it accumulates um mutations at some rate + + + align:start position:0% +it accumulates um mutations at some rate +that's rough you know that's roughly + + align:start position:0% +that's rough you know that's roughly + + + align:start position:0% +that's rough you know that's roughly +linear with time okay of course it's + + align:start position:0% +linear with time okay of course it's + + + align:start position:0% +linear with time okay of course it's +hard to imagine how any process like + + align:start position:0% +hard to imagine how any process like + + + align:start position:0% +hard to imagine how any process like +this can not go with time like that but + + align:start position:0% +this can not go with time like that but + + + align:start position:0% +this can not go with time like that but +um but at least this is this is + + align:start position:0% +um but at least this is this is + + + align:start position:0% +um but at least this is this is +potentially a useful thing and indeed + + align:start position:0% +potentially a useful thing and indeed + + + align:start position:0% +potentially a useful thing and indeed +when when you read about studies of from + + align:start position:0% +when when you read about studies of from + + + align:start position:0% +when when you read about studies of from +from sequences trying to estimate uh the + + align:start position:0% +from sequences trying to estimate uh the + + + align:start position:0% +from sequences trying to estimate uh the +time since the last common ancestor this + + align:start position:0% +time since the last common ancestor this + + + align:start position:0% +time since the last common ancestor this +is this is uh the category of technique + + align:start position:0% +is this is uh the category of technique + + + align:start position:0% +is this is uh the category of technique +that is is and this is the basis for + + align:start position:0% +that is is and this is the basis for + + + align:start position:0% +that is is and this is the basis for +that is that you're just counting up um + + align:start position:0% +that is that you're just counting up um + + + align:start position:0% +that is that you're just counting up um +how many neutral mutations appeared + + align:start position:0% +how many neutral mutations appeared + + + align:start position:0% +how many neutral mutations appeared +along these along these different + + align:start position:0% +along these along these different + + + align:start position:0% +along these along these different +lineages + + align:start position:0% +lineages + + + align:start position:0% +lineages +okay um and and I think that there there + + align:start position:0% +okay um and and I think that there there + + + align:start position:0% +okay um and and I think that there there +are a number of really fascinating + + align:start position:0% +are a number of really fascinating + + + align:start position:0% +are a number of really fascinating +things that you can try to address with + + align:start position:0% +things that you can try to address with + + + align:start position:0% +things that you can try to address with +this kind + + align:start position:0% +this kind + + + align:start position:0% +this kind +of uh this kind of molecular clock and I + + align:start position:0% +of uh this kind of molecular clock and I + + + align:start position:0% +of uh this kind of molecular clock and I +I'll maybe bring up one of them just + + align:start position:0% +I'll maybe bring up one of them just + + + align:start position:0% +I'll maybe bring up one of them just +incidentally you know I I'm not a huge + + align:start position:0% +incidentally you know I I'm not a huge + + + align:start position:0% +incidentally you know I I'm not a huge +fan of memorizing things um but for both + + align:start position:0% +fan of memorizing things um but for both + + + align:start position:0% +fan of memorizing things um but for both +size scales and time scales and so forth + + align:start position:0% +size scales and time scales and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +size scales and time scales and so forth +I really very much do like the idea of + + align:start position:0% +I really very much do like the idea of + + + align:start position:0% +I really very much do like the idea of +everybody having memorized a few kind of + + align:start position:0% +everybody having memorized a few kind of + + + align:start position:0% +everybody having memorized a few kind of +sign posts okay because that way when + + align:start position:0% +sign posts okay because that way when + + + align:start position:0% +sign posts okay because that way when +you hear something new you have some way + + align:start position:0% +you hear something new you have some way + + + align:start position:0% +you hear something new you have some way +of interpreting whether it's big or + + align:start position:0% +of interpreting whether it's big or + + + align:start position:0% +of interpreting whether it's big or +small or something else right so for + + align:start position:0% +small or something else right so for + + + align:start position:0% +small or something else right so for +example I the the the time since uh the + + align:start position:0% +example I the the the time since uh the + + + align:start position:0% +example I the the the time since uh the +last common ancestor between humans and + + align:start position:0% +last common ancestor between humans and + + + align:start position:0% +last common ancestor between humans and +chimpanzees does anybody have any sense + + align:start position:0% +chimpanzees does anybody have any sense + + + align:start position:0% +chimpanzees does anybody have any sense +of well maybe I'll actually have us vote + + align:start position:0% +of well maybe I'll actually have us vote + + + align:start position:0% +of well maybe I'll actually have us vote +because I think it's useful in case + + align:start position:0% +because I think it's useful in case + + + align:start position:0% +because I think it's useful in case +you're off by you know many orders of + + align:start position:0% +you're off by you know many orders of + + + align:start position:0% +you're off by you know many orders of +magnitude that you you know you know you + + align:start position:0% +magnitude that you you know you know you + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude that you you know you know you +you make okay so so last common ancestor + + align:start position:0% +you make okay so so last common ancestor + + + align:start position:0% +you make okay so so last common ancestor +human + + align:start position:0% +human + + + align:start position:0% +human +chimpanzee um and incidentally this is + + align:start position:0% +chimpanzee um and incidentally this is + + + align:start position:0% +chimpanzee um and incidentally this is +this is something that people do argue a + + align:start position:0% +this is something that people do argue a + + + align:start position:0% +this is something that people do argue a +lot about but you know it's it's within + + align:start position:0% +lot about but you know it's it's within + + + align:start position:0% +lot about but you know it's it's within +a factor of two okay of something right + + align:start position:0% +a factor of two okay of something right + + + align:start position:0% +a factor of two okay of something right +so I'm I'm going to go ahead and and + + align:start position:0% +so I'm I'm going to go ahead and and + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm I'm going to go ahead and and +make some um all right so hold on I just + + align:start position:0% +make some um all right so hold on I just + + + align:start position:0% +make some um all right so hold on I just +want to make sure I get my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um okay well 7 down six + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all + + align:start position:0% +all + + + align:start position:0% +all +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um all right I'll give you uh 10 seconds + + align:start position:0% +um all right I'll give you uh 10 seconds + + + align:start position:0% +um all right I'll give you uh 10 seconds +to orient yourself relative to other + + align:start position:0% +to orient yourself relative to other + + + align:start position:0% +to orient yourself relative to other +things you might know about the world + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um okay ready three two + + align:start position:0% +um okay ready three two + + + align:start position:0% +um okay ready three two +one all right we got + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's interesting um okay yeah so I + + align:start position:0% +that's interesting um okay yeah so I + + + align:start position:0% +that's interesting um okay yeah so I +would say it's it's kind of uniformly + + align:start position:0% +would say it's it's kind of uniformly + + + align:start position:0% +would say it's it's kind of uniformly +distr + + align:start position:0% +distr + + + align:start position:0% +distr +oh it's pretty uni okay there there + + align:start position:0% +oh it's pretty uni okay there there + + + align:start position:0% +oh it's pretty uni okay there there +there are a minority of not very many e + + align:start position:0% +there are a minority of not very many e + + + align:start position:0% +there are a minority of not very many e +but I would say that uh the other things + + align:start position:0% +but I would say that uh the other things + + + align:start position:0% +but I would say that uh the other things +are are are you know I mean you know + + align:start position:0% +are are are you know I mean you know + + + align:start position:0% +are are are you know I mean you know +it's maybe peaked around here okay so + + align:start position:0% +it's maybe peaked around here okay so + + + align:start position:0% +it's maybe peaked around here okay so +um all right you know I I don't want to + + align:start position:0% +um all right you know I I don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +um all right you know I I don't want to +get into any biblical debates here all + + align:start position:0% +get into any biblical debates here all + + + align:start position:0% +get into any biblical debates here all +right but + + align:start position:0% +right but + + + align:start position:0% +right but +um yeah okay um + + align:start position:0% +um yeah okay um + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah okay um +but uh right okay so yeah so what are + + align:start position:0% +but uh right okay so yeah so what are + + + align:start position:0% +but uh right okay so yeah so what are +some things that you you know if we have + + align:start position:0% +some things that you you know if we have + + + align:start position:0% +some things that you you know if we have +a timeline of the world okay this is + + align:start position:0% +a timeline of the world okay this is + + + align:start position:0% +a timeline of the world okay this is +going to be a flash course in all right + + align:start position:0% +going to be a flash course in all right + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a flash course in all right +okay here's all right here I + + align:start position:0% +okay here's all right here I + + + align:start position:0% +okay here's all right here I +am okay and I'm I'm unhappy because we + + align:start position:0% +am okay and I'm I'm unhappy because we + + + align:start position:0% +am okay and I'm I'm unhappy because we +don't know when humans and chimps um all + + align:start position:0% +don't know when humans and chimps um all + + + align:start position:0% +don't know when humans and chimps um all +right okay so this is us all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right right okay right okay so let's say + + align:start position:0% +right right okay right okay so let's say + + + align:start position:0% +right right okay right okay so let's say +Okay so this we can start with we want + + align:start position:0% +Okay so this we can start with we want + + + align:start position:0% +Okay so this we can start with we want +to start with Earth okay all right okay + + align:start position:0% +to start with Earth okay all right okay + + + align:start position:0% +to start with Earth okay all right okay +four and a half + + align:start position:0% +four and a half + + + align:start position:0% +four and a half +billion okay this might be on a + + align:start position:0% +billion okay this might be on a + + + align:start position:0% +billion okay this might be on a +logarithmic scale somehow okay so we you + + align:start position:0% +logarithmic scale somehow okay so we you + + + align:start position:0% +logarithmic scale somehow okay so we you +know we're going to just to space things + + align:start position:0% +know we're going to just to space things + + + align:start position:0% +know we're going to just to space things +out a little bit okay butes right you + + align:start position:0% +out a little bit okay butes right you + + + align:start position:0% +out a little bit okay butes right you +know I don't know universe is what 13ish + + align:start position:0% +know I don't know universe is what 13ish + + + align:start position:0% +know I don't know universe is what 13ish +billion years I you know I don't know + + align:start position:0% +billion years I you know I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +billion years I you know I don't know +okay people are calculating what these + + align:start position:0% +okay people are calculating what these + + + align:start position:0% +okay people are calculating what these +you know right 13 billion 4 and a half + + align:start position:0% +you know right 13 billion 4 and a half + + + align:start position:0% +you know right 13 billion 4 and a half +billion you know Earth congeals you know + + align:start position:0% +billion you know Earth congeals you know + + + align:start position:0% +billion you know Earth congeals you know +it's hot you know whatever um all right + + align:start position:0% +it's hot you know whatever um all right + + + align:start position:0% +it's hot you know whatever um all right +so life gets started maybe you know a + + align:start position:0% +so life gets started maybe you know a + + + align:start position:0% +so life gets started maybe you know a +billion years + + align:start position:0% +billion years + + + align:start position:0% +billion years +later right okay 39 + + align:start position:0% +later right okay 39 + + + align:start position:0% +later right okay 39 +3.9 sounds like a fine number wait what + + align:start position:0% +3.9 sounds like a fine number wait what + + + align:start position:0% +3.9 sounds like a fine number wait what +did you vote for human chimpanzee you + + align:start position:0% +did you vote for human chimpanzee you + + + align:start position:0% +did you vote for human chimpanzee you +know you're very specific on this + + align:start position:0% +know you're very specific on this + + + align:start position:0% +know you're very specific on this +one I actually go to 3.5 + + align:start position:0% +one I actually go to 3.5 + + + align:start position:0% +one I actually go to 3.5 +times okay all right so you're okay yeah + + align:start position:0% +times okay all right so you're okay yeah + + + align:start position:0% +times okay all right so you're okay yeah +no okay you want to get involved in this + + align:start position:0% +no okay you want to get involved in this + + + align:start position:0% +no okay you want to get involved in this +actual debate okay that's um all right + + align:start position:0% +actual debate okay that's um all right + + + align:start position:0% +actual debate okay that's um all right +no okay I just want to um I all right so + + align:start position:0% +no okay I just want to um I all right so + + + align:start position:0% +no okay I just want to um I all right so +yeah now I'm I'm going to be stuck + + align:start position:0% +yeah now I'm I'm going to be stuck + + + align:start position:0% +yeah now I'm I'm going to be stuck +between the linear and the logarithmic + + align:start position:0% +between the linear and the logarithmic + + + align:start position:0% +between the linear and the logarithmic +scaling of how I want + + align:start position:0% +scaling of how I want + + + align:start position:0% +scaling of how I want +to all right I this is going to be some + + align:start position:0% +to all right I this is going to be some + + + align:start position:0% +to all right I this is going to be some +sort of funny logarithmic scaling from + + align:start position:0% +sort of funny logarithmic scaling from + + + align:start position:0% +sort of funny logarithmic scaling from +here to here right okay + + align:start position:0% +here to here right okay + + + align:start position:0% +here to here right okay +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dinosaurs right 60 some million years + + align:start position:0% +dinosaurs right 60 some million years + + + align:start position:0% +dinosaurs right 60 some million years +ago right so say byy to the + + align:start position:0% +ago right so say byy to the + + + align:start position:0% +ago right so say byy to the +dinosaurs okay + + align:start position:0% +dinosaurs okay + + + align:start position:0% +dinosaurs okay +dinosaurs + + align:start position:0% +dinosaurs + + + align:start position:0% +dinosaurs +um 6 right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay C explosion was before that yeah + + align:start position:0% +okay C explosion was before that yeah + + + align:start position:0% +okay C explosion was before that yeah +yeah okay oh yeah I don't is that okay + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay oh yeah I don't is that okay + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay oh yeah I don't is that okay +it's uh okay all right okay so yeah so + + align:start position:0% +it's uh okay all right okay so yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +it's uh okay all right okay so yeah so +um right so this is around human + + align:start position:0% +um right so this is around human + + + align:start position:0% +um right so this is around human +chimp and indeed people argue about + + align:start position:0% +chimp and indeed people argue about + + + align:start position:0% +chimp and indeed people argue about +whether it's five or 10 but you know + + align:start position:0% +whether it's five or 10 but you know + + + align:start position:0% +whether it's five or 10 but you know +given that we were uniformly distributed + + align:start position:0% +given that we were uniformly distributed + + + align:start position:0% +given that we were uniformly distributed +across this number we shouldn't pick you + + align:start position:0% +across this number we shouldn't pick you + + + align:start position:0% +across this number we shouldn't pick you +know be nitpicky about the left one + + align:start position:0% +know be nitpicky about the left one + + + align:start position:0% +know be nitpicky about the left one +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +um right okay and you know agriculture + + align:start position:0% +um right okay and you know agriculture + + + align:start position:0% +um right okay and you know agriculture +you know was maybe 12,000 years ago just + + align:start position:0% +you know was maybe 12,000 years ago just + + + align:start position:0% +you know was maybe 12,000 years ago just +okay some sense of things s right um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +isander yeah human neanderthals right + + align:start position:0% +isander yeah human neanderthals right + + + align:start position:0% +isander yeah human neanderthals right +that's you + + align:start position:0% +that's you + + + align:start position:0% +that's you +know um 70 oh yeah that's eight yeah + + align:start position:0% +know um 70 oh yeah that's eight yeah + + + align:start position:0% +know um 70 oh yeah that's eight yeah +this is when this is common ancestor was + + align:start position:0% +this is when this is common ancestor was + + + align:start position:0% +this is when this is common ancestor was +oh common ancestor was before but in + + align:start position:0% +oh common ancestor was before but in + + + align:start position:0% +oh common ancestor was before but in +terms of interbreeding was you know all + + align:start position:0% +terms of interbreeding was you know all + + + align:start position:0% +terms of interbreeding was you know all +right so this was the you know + + align:start position:0% +right so this was the you know + + + align:start position:0% +right so this was the you know +interbreeding if you want to read that + + align:start position:0% +interbreeding if you want to read that + + + align:start position:0% +interbreeding if you want to read that +paper okay all right I um all right but + + align:start position:0% +paper okay all right I um all right but + + + align:start position:0% +paper okay all right I um all right but +human chimp is is here + + align:start position:0% +human chimp is is here + + + align:start position:0% +human chimp is is here +yeah around 7even million years okay and + + align:start position:0% +yeah around 7even million years okay and + + + align:start position:0% +yeah around 7even million years okay and +and it's not that this is the number + + align:start position:0% +and it's not that this is the number + + + align:start position:0% +and it's not that this is the number +that's magical that you have to memorize + + align:start position:0% +that's magical that you have to memorize + + + align:start position:0% +that's magical that you have to memorize +but I think that you you should have + + align:start position:0% +but I think that you you should have + + + align:start position:0% +but I think that you you should have +some event in the history of the world + + align:start position:0% +some event in the history of the world + + + align:start position:0% +some event in the history of the world +kind of at each logarithmic Spa spacing + + align:start position:0% +kind of at each logarithmic Spa spacing + + + align:start position:0% +kind of at each logarithmic Spa spacing +just so that you that way when you when + + align:start position:0% +just so that you that way when you when + + + align:start position:0% +just so that you that way when you when +you hear about when something happened + + align:start position:0% +you hear about when something happened + + + align:start position:0% +you hear about when something happened +you know kind of vaguely where to put + + align:start position:0% +you know kind of vaguely where to put + + + align:start position:0% +you know kind of vaguely where to put +you know where to put something right um + + align:start position:0% +you know where to put something right um + + + align:start position:0% +you know where to put something right um +otherwise it just doesn't mean anything + + align:start position:0% +otherwise it just doesn't mean anything + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise it just doesn't mean anything +right okay all right um one of my + + align:start position:0% +right okay all right um one of my + + + align:start position:0% +right okay all right um one of my +favorite examples of how how the + + align:start position:0% +favorite examples of how how the + + + align:start position:0% +favorite examples of how how the +molecular clock was used to come up with + + align:start position:0% +molecular clock was used to come up with + + + align:start position:0% +molecular clock was used to come up with +something um that I think is is pretty + + align:start position:0% +something um that I think is is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +something um that I think is is pretty +neat and non-trivial is to try to answer + + align:start position:0% +neat and non-trivial is to try to answer + + + align:start position:0% +neat and non-trivial is to try to answer +this question of when humans started + + align:start position:0% +this question of when humans started + + + align:start position:0% +this question of when humans started +wearing clothing so this is + + align:start position:0% +wearing clothing so this is + + + align:start position:0% +wearing clothing so this is +um a priority not very obvious right + + align:start position:0% +um a priority not very obvious right + + + align:start position:0% +um a priority not very obvious right +because we know we know that we have we + + align:start position:0% +because we know we know that we have we + + + align:start position:0% +because we know we know that we have we +have evidence for + + align:start position:0% +have evidence for + + + align:start position:0% +have evidence for +clothing as you know maybe 30,000 years + + align:start position:0% +clothing as you know maybe 30,000 years + + + align:start position:0% +clothing as you know maybe 30,000 years +ago right that there are there are + + align:start position:0% +ago right that there are there are + + + align:start position:0% +ago right that there are there are +needles that were used for clothing uh + + align:start position:0% +needles that were used for clothing uh + + + align:start position:0% +needles that were used for clothing uh +there were uh you know and some of these + + align:start position:0% +there were uh you know and some of these + + + align:start position:0% +there were uh you know and some of these +little figurines you know at least some + + align:start position:0% +little figurines you know at least some + + + align:start position:0% +little figurines you know at least some +fraction of the you know the figurines + + align:start position:0% +fraction of the you know the figurines + + + align:start position:0% +fraction of the you know the figurines +like fertility goddess kind of thing + + align:start position:0% +like fertility goddess kind of thing + + + align:start position:0% +like fertility goddess kind of thing +some fraction of them have some clothing + + align:start position:0% +some fraction of them have some clothing + + + align:start position:0% +some fraction of them have some clothing +right so then you okay mean suggest + + align:start position:0% +right so then you okay mean suggest + + + align:start position:0% +right so then you okay mean suggest +there was there were clothes there right + + align:start position:0% +there was there were clothes there right + + + align:start position:0% +there was there were clothes there right +but the question is be before that it's + + align:start position:0% +but the question is be before that it's + + + align:start position:0% +but the question is be before that it's +actually rather difficult to know um + + align:start position:0% +actually rather difficult to know um + + + align:start position:0% +actually rather difficult to know um +when when we started wearing clothes + + align:start position:0% +when when we started wearing clothes + + + align:start position:0% +when when we started wearing clothes +right um apparently uh we lost uh our + + align:start position:0% +right um apparently uh we lost uh our + + + align:start position:0% +right um apparently uh we lost uh our +our body hair something like a million + + align:start position:0% +our body hair something like a million + + + align:start position:0% +our body hair something like a million +years ago so you might say oh maybe + + align:start position:0% +years ago so you might say oh maybe + + + align:start position:0% +years ago so you might say oh maybe +that's around when we started uh wearing + + align:start position:0% +that's around when we started uh wearing + + + align:start position:0% +that's around when we started uh wearing +clothes of course a lot of you know + + align:start position:0% +clothes of course a lot of you know + + + align:start position:0% +clothes of course a lot of you know +animal hide and so forth wouldn't uh + + align:start position:0% +animal hide and so forth wouldn't uh + + + align:start position:0% +animal hide and so forth wouldn't uh +wouldn't last so would there's not any + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't last so would there's not any + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't last so would there's not any +archaeological evidence of this okay and + + align:start position:0% +archaeological evidence of this okay and + + + align:start position:0% +archaeological evidence of this okay and +so is anybody aware of of uh how uh + + align:start position:0% +so is anybody aware of of uh how uh + + + align:start position:0% +so is anybody aware of of uh how uh +researchers have used the molecular + + align:start position:0% +researchers have used the molecular + + + align:start position:0% +researchers have used the molecular +clock ideas in order to try to answer + + align:start position:0% +clock ideas in order to try to answer + + + align:start position:0% +clock ideas in order to try to answer +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yeah this this is amazing okay all + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah this this is amazing okay all + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah this this is amazing okay all +right so um all right so it's it's you + + align:start position:0% +right so um all right so it's it's you + + + align:start position:0% +right so um all right so it's it's you +use you use lice um there have been a + + align:start position:0% +use you use lice um there have been a + + + align:start position:0% +use you use lice um there have been a +number of studies doing this um and and + + align:start position:0% +number of studies doing this um and and + + + align:start position:0% +number of studies doing this um and and +apparently there was a there was a + + align:start position:0% +apparently there was a there was a + + + align:start position:0% +apparently there was a there was a +researcher in Germany who who was at you + + align:start position:0% +researcher in Germany who who was at you + + + align:start position:0% +researcher in Germany who who was at you +know the MOX PL Institute for genome you + + align:start position:0% +know the MOX PL Institute for genome you + + + align:start position:0% +know the MOX PL Institute for genome you +know genomics or something and he uh his + + align:start position:0% +know genomics or something and he uh his + + + align:start position:0% +know genomics or something and he uh his +son came home with a note uh saying and + + align:start position:0% +son came home with a note uh saying and + + + align:start position:0% +son came home with a note uh saying and +actually this happened to me recently + + align:start position:0% +actually this happened to me recently + + + align:start position:0% +actually this happened to me recently +they got an email that you know there's + + align:start position:0% +they got an email that you know there's + + + align:start position:0% +they got an email that you know there's +a lice outbreak and you know the stat of + + align:start position:0% +a lice outbreak and you know the stat of + + + align:start position:0% +a lice outbreak and you know the stat of +preschool so watch out when you're going + + align:start position:0% +preschool so watch out when you're going + + + align:start position:0% +preschool so watch out when you're going +by the play area all right so um right + + align:start position:0% +by the play area all right so um right + + + align:start position:0% +by the play area all right so um right +so so yeah so he got he got this note + + align:start position:0% +so so yeah so he got he got this note + + + align:start position:0% +so so yeah so he got he got this note +back from his his you know his son's + + align:start position:0% +back from his his you know his son's + + + align:start position:0% +back from his his you know his son's +preschool that said oh yeah you know + + align:start position:0% +preschool that said oh yeah you know + + + align:start position:0% +preschool that said oh yeah you know +there's a lice outbreak so this is way + + align:start position:0% +there's a lice outbreak so this is way + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lice outbreak so this is way +we have to watch out for but it said oh + + align:start position:0% +we have to watch out for but it said oh + + + align:start position:0% +we have to watch out for but it said oh +there's a there's a different species of + + align:start position:0% +there's a there's a different species of + + + align:start position:0% +there's a there's a different species of +lice that um inhabits our clothing as + + align:start position:0% +lice that um inhabits our clothing as + + + align:start position:0% +lice that um inhabits our clothing as +our + + align:start position:0% +our + + + align:start position:0% +our +hair okay all right so you know you know + + align:start position:0% +hair okay all right so you know you know + + + align:start position:0% +hair okay all right so you know you know +I'd say this is one of those things that + + align:start position:0% +I'd say this is one of those things that + + + align:start position:0% +I'd say this is one of those things that +you could just read that say well + + align:start position:0% +you could just read that say well + + + align:start position:0% +you could just read that say well +whatever right or if you're a geneticist + + align:start position:0% +whatever right or if you're a geneticist + + + align:start position:0% +whatever right or if you're a geneticist +you read that you say oh I can use this + + align:start position:0% +you read that you say oh I can use this + + + align:start position:0% +you read that you say oh I can use this +to figure out you know when humans + + align:start position:0% +to figure out you know when humans + + + align:start position:0% +to figure out you know when humans +started wearing clothes right because + + align:start position:0% +started wearing clothes right because + + + align:start position:0% +started wearing clothes right because +presumably the uh the the species that + + align:start position:0% +presumably the uh the the species that + + + align:start position:0% +presumably the uh the the species that +uh that specializes in living um in our + + align:start position:0% +uh that specializes in living um in our + + + align:start position:0% +uh that specializes in living um in our +clothing was probably not there or had + + align:start position:0% +clothing was probably not there or had + + + align:start position:0% +clothing was probably not there or had +not yet speciated uh at before we had + + align:start position:0% +not yet speciated uh at before we had + + + align:start position:0% +not yet speciated uh at before we had +cloes of course you know you can imagine + + align:start position:0% +cloes of course you know you can imagine + + + align:start position:0% +cloes of course you know you can imagine +ways that this could fail but it's a + + align:start position:0% +ways that this could fail but it's a + + + align:start position:0% +ways that this could fail but it's a +neat uh it's a neat hypothesis right so + + align:start position:0% +neat uh it's a neat hypothesis right so + + + align:start position:0% +neat uh it's a neat hypothesis right so +then you can go and you can uh basically + + align:start position:0% +then you can go and you can uh basically + + + align:start position:0% +then you can go and you can uh basically +sequence the species of lice that uh + + align:start position:0% +sequence the species of lice that uh + + + align:start position:0% +sequence the species of lice that uh +that lives in our clothing as compared + + align:start position:0% +that lives in our clothing as compared + + + align:start position:0% +that lives in our clothing as compared +to the kind that lives in our hair and + + align:start position:0% +to the kind that lives in our hair and + + + align:start position:0% +to the kind that lives in our hair and +you can ask how many neutral mutations + + align:start position:0% +you can ask how many neutral mutations + + + align:start position:0% +you can ask how many neutral mutations +accumulated um along these different + + align:start position:0% +accumulated um along these different + + + align:start position:0% +accumulated um along these different +lineages okay now you can imagine that + + align:start position:0% +lineages okay now you can imagine that + + + align:start position:0% +lineages okay now you can imagine that +you know based on since we just did this + + align:start position:0% +you know based on since we just did this + + + align:start position:0% +you know based on since we just did this +very nice study um we know that it + + align:start position:0% +very nice study um we know that it + + + align:start position:0% +very nice study um we know that it +should you know it should be more than + + align:start position:0% +should you know it should be more than + + + align:start position:0% +should you know it should be more than +30,000 years and it should be less than + + align:start position:0% +30,000 years and it should be less than + + + align:start position:0% +30,000 years and it should be less than +7 million probably + + align:start position:0% +7 million probably + + + align:start position:0% +7 million probably +hopefully although you know it's always + + align:start position:0% +hopefully although you know it's always + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully although you know it's always +possible that our ancestral state was + + align:start position:0% +possible that our ancestral state was + + + align:start position:0% +possible that our ancestral state was +wearing wearing clothes and that the + + align:start position:0% +wearing wearing clothes and that the + + + align:start position:0% +wearing wearing clothes and that the +chimpanzees stopped wearing clothes um + + align:start position:0% +chimpanzees stopped wearing clothes um + + + align:start position:0% +chimpanzees stopped wearing clothes um +but you know but we'd be surprised if + + align:start position:0% +but you know but we'd be surprised if + + + align:start position:0% +but you know but we'd be surprised if +that were the case right um all right so + + align:start position:0% +that were the case right um all right so + + + align:start position:0% +that were the case right um all right so +and indeed um all right so this is this + + align:start position:0% +and indeed um all right so this is this + + + align:start position:0% +and indeed um all right so this is this +is basically just asking about um you + + align:start position:0% +is basically just asking about um you + + + align:start position:0% +is basically just asking about um you +know head + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lice versus uh clothing Li clothes + + align:start position:0% +lice versus uh clothing Li clothes + + + align:start position:0% +lice versus uh clothing Li clothes +SL and and the the original study by + + align:start position:0% +SL and and the the original study by + + + align:start position:0% +SL and and the the original study by +this researcher MOX plock estimated + + align:start position:0% +this researcher MOX plock estimated + + + align:start position:0% +this researcher MOX plock estimated +70,000 years but then there just a + + align:start position:0% +70,000 years but then there just a + + + align:start position:0% +70,000 years but then there just a +couple years ago there was another uh + + align:start position:0% +couple years ago there was another uh + + + align:start position:0% +couple years ago there was another uh +publication from Professor at the + + align:start position:0% +publication from Professor at the + + + align:start position:0% +publication from Professor at the +University of Florida that estimated + + align:start position:0% +University of Florida that estimated + + + align:start position:0% +University of Florida that estimated +170,000 right so you know it's not there + + align:start position:0% +170,000 right so you know it's not there + + + align:start position:0% +170,000 right so you know it's not there +still is a fair range but I guess the + + align:start position:0% +still is a fair range but I guess the + + + align:start position:0% +still is a fair range but I guess the +most recent estimate we we'd have to say + + align:start position:0% +most recent estimate we we'd have to say + + + align:start position:0% +most recent estimate we we'd have to say +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +170,000 + + align:start position:0% +170,000 + + + align:start position:0% +170,000 +okay which + + align:start position:0% +okay which + + + align:start position:0% +okay which +um which is neat right I mean I don't + + align:start position:0% +um which is neat right I mean I don't + + + align:start position:0% +um which is neat right I mean I don't +know it's not that it changes + + align:start position:0% +know it's not that it changes + + + align:start position:0% +know it's not that it changes +necessarily how I go about my daily + + align:start position:0% +necessarily how I go about my daily + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily how I go about my daily +life but um but I really love this idea + + align:start position:0% +life but um but I really love this idea + + + align:start position:0% +life but um but I really love this idea +that um you know it's a very basic + + align:start position:0% +that um you know it's a very basic + + + align:start position:0% +that um you know it's a very basic +question that you know your toddler son + + align:start position:0% +question that you know your toddler son + + + align:start position:0% +question that you know your toddler son +might ask you something that you'd think + + align:start position:0% +might ask you something that you'd think + + + align:start position:0% +might ask you something that you'd think +that would be just might be totally + + align:start position:0% +that would be just might be totally + + + align:start position:0% +that would be just might be totally +unknowable right in the sense that we + + align:start position:0% +unknowable right in the sense that we + + + align:start position:0% +unknowable right in the sense that we +would never have any way of getting at + + align:start position:0% +would never have any way of getting at + + + align:start position:0% +would never have any way of getting at +any estimate at all right but you know + + align:start position:0% +any estimate at all right but you know + + + align:start position:0% +any estimate at all right but you know +using kind of some + + align:start position:0% +using kind of some + + + align:start position:0% +using kind of some +clever you know you know theoretical + + align:start position:0% +clever you know you know theoretical + + + align:start position:0% +clever you know you know theoretical +ideas together with experimental or you + + align:start position:0% +ideas together with experimental or you + + + align:start position:0% +ideas together with experimental or you +know data on uh this you know this + + align:start position:0% +know data on uh this you know this + + + align:start position:0% +know data on uh this you know this +accumulation of neutral mutations allows + + align:start position:0% +accumulation of neutral mutations allows + + + align:start position:0% +accumulation of neutral mutations allows +one to at least make a ballpark estimate + + align:start position:0% +one to at least make a ballpark estimate + + + align:start position:0% +one to at least make a ballpark estimate +of um of something that there's no + + align:start position:0% +of um of something that there's no + + + align:start position:0% +of um of something that there's no +physical record of except except in the + + align:start position:0% +physical record of except except in the + + + align:start position:0% +physical record of except except in the +DNA of our + + align:start position:0% +DNA of our + + + align:start position:0% +DNA of our +louses is that a word is it just lights + + align:start position:0% +louses is that a word is it just lights + + + align:start position:0% +louses is that a word is it just lights +right all right well um any any + + align:start position:0% +right all right well um any any + + + align:start position:0% +right all right well um any any +questions about about this one this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +point all right right so this is this is + + align:start position:0% +point all right right so this is this is + + + align:start position:0% +point all right right so this is this is +all uh neutral mutation but of course uh + + align:start position:0% +all uh neutral mutation but of course uh + + + align:start position:0% +all uh neutral mutation but of course uh +we'd like to you know move Beyond these + + align:start position:0% +we'd like to you know move Beyond these + + + align:start position:0% +we'd like to you know move Beyond these +neutral mutations to try to understand + + align:start position:0% +neutral mutations to try to understand + + + align:start position:0% +neutral mutations to try to understand +how um how non neutral mutations spread + + align:start position:0% +how um how non neutral mutations spread + + + align:start position:0% +how um how non neutral mutations spread +okay I'm not going to do the derivation + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm not going to do the derivation + + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm not going to do the derivation +because uh the derivation is in your + + align:start position:0% +because uh the derivation is in your + + + align:start position:0% +because uh the derivation is in your +book and you just read about it but um I + + align:start position:0% +book and you just read about it but um I + + + align:start position:0% +book and you just read about it but um I +do want to just make sure that we + + align:start position:0% +do want to just make sure that we + + + align:start position:0% +do want to just make sure that we +understand what this equation is telling + + align:start position:0% +understand what this equation is telling + + + align:start position:0% +understand what this equation is telling +us okay all right so first of all what + + align:start position:0% +us okay all right so first of all what + + + align:start position:0% +us okay all right so first of all what +we're going to assume is that um that a + + align:start position:0% +we're going to assume is that um that a + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to assume is that um that a +has some relative Fitness uh R so R is + + align:start position:0% +has some relative Fitness uh R so R is + + + align:start position:0% +has some relative Fitness uh R so R is +defined as basically the relative + + align:start position:0% +defined as basically the relative + + + align:start position:0% +defined as basically the relative +Fitness of a or you know the fitness of + + align:start position:0% +Fitness of a or you know the fitness of + + + align:start position:0% +Fitness of a or you know the fitness of +a divid by the the fitness of B okay so + + align:start position:0% +a divid by the the fitness of B okay so + + + align:start position:0% +a divid by the the fitness of B okay so +R is greater than one means that is + + align:start position:0% +R is greater than one means that is + + + align:start position:0% +R is greater than one means that is +advantageous less than one mean means + + align:start position:0% +advantageous less than one mean means + + + align:start position:0% +advantageous less than one mean means +that it's U delerious + + align:start position:0% +that it's U delerious + + + align:start position:0% +that it's U delerious +okay and what we're told is + + align:start position:0% +okay and what we're told is + + + align:start position:0% +okay and what we're told is +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +xabi which is the uh + + align:start position:0% +xabi which is the uh + + + align:start position:0% +xabi which is the uh +probability that a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fixes is equal to this expression + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +right a okay AIX is given uh given I a + + align:start position:0% +right a okay AIX is given uh given I a + + + align:start position:0% +right a okay AIX is given uh given I a +individuals and N minus i b + + align:start position:0% +individuals and N minus i b + + + align:start position:0% +individuals and N minus i b +individuals I guess assum at the that's + + align:start position:0% +individuals I guess assum at the that's + + + align:start position:0% +individuals I guess assum at the that's +right that's right the the assumption is + + align:start position:0% +right that's right the the assumption is + + + align:start position:0% +right that's right the the assumption is +that replacement is is unbiased purely + + align:start position:0% +that replacement is is unbiased purely + + + align:start position:0% +that replacement is is unbiased purely +random and it's only it's only birth + + align:start position:0% +random and it's only it's only birth + + + align:start position:0% +random and it's only it's only birth +that is different by a factor of + + align:start position:0% +that is different by a factor of + + + align:start position:0% +that is different by a factor of +R okay right so I think that this is on + + align:start position:0% +R okay right so I think that this is on + + + align:start position:0% +R okay right so I think that this is on +one level wonderful right it's kind of a + + align:start position:0% +one level wonderful right it's kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +one level wonderful right it's kind of a +simple + + align:start position:0% +simple + + + align:start position:0% +simple +expression describing a lot of + + align:start position:0% +expression describing a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +expression describing a lot of +information of the Dynamics of this + + align:start position:0% +information of the Dynamics of this + + + align:start position:0% +information of the Dynamics of this +stochastic + + align:start position:0% +stochastic + + + align:start position:0% +stochastic +process um on another level the problem + + align:start position:0% +process um on another level the problem + + + align:start position:0% +process um on another level the problem +is that you look at it and I think it's + + align:start position:0% +is that you look at it and I think it's + + + align:start position:0% +is that you look at it and I think it's +easy to have like absolutely zero + + align:start position:0% +easy to have like absolutely zero + + + align:start position:0% +easy to have like absolutely zero +intuition for what this thing does right + + align:start position:0% +intuition for what this thing does right + + + align:start position:0% +intuition for what this thing does right +so what I always like to do when I first + + align:start position:0% +so what I always like to do when I first + + + align:start position:0% +so what I always like to do when I first +you know when when a student comes to my + + align:start position:0% +you know when when a student comes to my + + + align:start position:0% +you know when when a student comes to my +office and says oh I derived something + + align:start position:0% +office and says oh I derived something + + + align:start position:0% +office and says oh I derived something +great for our project you know you take + + align:start position:0% +great for our project you know you take + + + align:start position:0% +great for our project you know you take +a few limits to see just get get a sense + + align:start position:0% +a few limits to see just get get a sense + + + align:start position:0% +a few limits to see just get get a sense +of what's going on with it um you know + + align:start position:0% +of what's going on with it um you know + + + align:start position:0% +of what's going on with it um you know +half time you find that it's not true + + align:start position:0% +half time you find that it's not true + + + align:start position:0% +half time you find that it's not true +okay but um but at least it's a way of + + align:start position:0% +okay but um but at least it's a way of + + + align:start position:0% +okay but um but at least it's a way of +of developing intuition for uh for + + align:start position:0% +of developing intuition for uh for + + + align:start position:0% +of developing intuition for uh for +what's happening right so what are what + + align:start position:0% +what's happening right so what are what + + + align:start position:0% +what's happening right so what are what +are limits that this thing should behave + + align:start position:0% +are limits that this thing should behave + + + align:start position:0% +are limits that this thing should behave +you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +know should be zero there's no a okay + + align:start position:0% +know should be zero there's no a okay + + + align:start position:0% +know should be zero there's no a okay +right so x x of zero should be equal to + + align:start position:0% +right so x x of zero should be equal to + + + align:start position:0% +right so x x of zero should be equal to +uh to zero is what you're saying + + align:start position:0% +uh to zero is what you're saying + + + align:start position:0% +uh to zero is what you're saying +right if you have zero a individuals you + + align:start position:0% +right if you have zero a individuals you + + + align:start position:0% +right if you have zero a individuals you +should have zero probability of fixing + + align:start position:0% +should have zero probability of fixing + + + align:start position:0% +should have zero probability of fixing +independent of your Fitness right + + align:start position:0% +independent of your Fitness right + + + align:start position:0% +independent of your Fitness right +um all right that sounds like a + + align:start position:0% +um all right that sounds like a + + + align:start position:0% +um all right that sounds like a +reasonable thing to check right and does + + align:start position:0% +reasonable thing to check right and does + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable thing to check right and does +it does it work right so R to the 0 is + + align:start position:0% +it does it work right so R to the 0 is + + + align:start position:0% +it does it work right so R to the 0 is +equal to 1 so it's one so it's 1 - one + + align:start position:0% +equal to 1 so it's one so it's 1 - one + + + align:start position:0% +equal to 1 so it's one so it's 1 - one +zero + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yep yes R goes to Infinity independently + + align:start position:0% +yep yes R goes to Infinity independently + + + align:start position:0% +yep yes R goes to Infinity independently +of what you start with step + + align:start position:0% +of what you start with step + + + align:start position:0% +of what you start with step +expect to fix that's right so the + + align:start position:0% +expect to fix that's right so the + + + align:start position:0% +expect to fix that's right so the +limit of x i for any I other than zero + + align:start position:0% +limit of x i for any I other than zero + + + align:start position:0% +limit of x i for any I other than zero +as R goes to + + align:start position:0% +as R goes to + + + align:start position:0% +as R goes to +Infinity right this should be equal to + + align:start position:0% +Infinity right this should be equal to + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity right this should be equal to +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um all right so let's see if R goes to + + align:start position:0% +um all right so let's see if R goes to + + + align:start position:0% +um all right so let's see if R goes to +Infinity we get + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero z Oh wa this is R oh yeah this is + + align:start position:0% +zero z Oh wa this is R oh yeah this is + + + align:start position:0% +zero z Oh wa this is R oh yeah this is +also zero oneid one is equal to one all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right does everybody agree with + + align:start position:0% +right does everybody agree with + + + align:start position:0% +right does everybody agree with +that okay other things that you right so + + align:start position:0% +that okay other things that you right so + + + align:start position:0% +that okay other things that you right so +and that makes sense just that you know + + align:start position:0% +and that makes sense just that you know + + + align:start position:0% +and that makes sense just that you know +if um if a is just super super fit then + + align:start position:0% +if um if a is just super super fit then + + + align:start position:0% +if um if a is just super super fit then +it should fix right that okay um and of + + align:start position:0% +it should fix right that okay um and of + + + align:start position:0% +it should fix right that okay um and of +course what's tricky here is that R has + + align:start position:0% +course what's tricky here is that R has + + + align:start position:0% +course what's tricky here is that R has +to be surprisingly large before this + + align:start position:0% +to be surprisingly large before this + + + align:start position:0% +to be surprisingly large before this +thing ends up being true so you know so + + align:start position:0% +thing ends up being true so you know so + + + align:start position:0% +thing ends up being true so you know so +we have to be um this this this limit is + + align:start position:0% +we have to be um this this this limit is + + + align:start position:0% +we have to be um this this this limit is +great and it's correct and true but it's + + align:start position:0% +great and it's correct and true but it's + + + align:start position:0% +great and it's correct and true but it's +also a little bit dangerous because + + align:start position:0% +also a little bit dangerous because + + + align:start position:0% +also a little bit dangerous because +um well we'll we'll see that you know + + align:start position:0% +um well we'll we'll see that you know + + + align:start position:0% +um well we'll we'll see that you know +even things that you think of as being + + align:start position:0% +even things that you think of as being + + + align:start position:0% +even things that you think of as being +very beneficial mutations typically uh + + align:start position:0% +very beneficial mutations typically uh + + + align:start position:0% +very beneficial mutations typically uh +do not fix right so this is this is the + + align:start position:0% +do not fix right so this is this is the + + + align:start position:0% +do not fix right so this is this is the +danger but at least um but the limit is + + align:start position:0% +danger but at least um but the limit is + + + align:start position:0% +danger but at least um but the limit is +still true okay okay any any other + + align:start position:0% +still true okay okay any any other + + + align:start position:0% +still true okay okay any any other +limits that we think ought to ought to + + align:start position:0% +limits that we think ought to ought to + + + align:start position:0% +limits that we think ought to ought to +happen I goes + + align:start position:0% +happen I goes + + + align:start position:0% +happen I goes +to when I goes to n okay right so and + + align:start position:0% +to when I goes to n okay right so and + + + align:start position:0% +to when I goes to n okay right so and +indeed if if if and this is the opposite + + align:start position:0% +indeed if if if and this is the opposite + + + align:start position:0% +indeed if if if and this is the opposite +of this one this is just saying that if + + align:start position:0% +of this one this is just saying that if + + + align:start position:0% +of this one this is just saying that if +if you already have fixed then you + + align:start position:0% +if you already have fixed then you + + + align:start position:0% +if you already have fixed then you +fixed right and indeed if I is equal to + + align:start position:0% +fixed right and indeed if I is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +fixed right and indeed if I is equal to +n then okay that works + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right uh any + + align:start position:0% +right uh any + + + align:start position:0% +right uh any +other limits that you believe should be + + align:start position:0% +other limits that you believe should be + + + align:start position:0% +other limits that you believe should be +true think should be true the one we + + align:start position:0% +true think should be true the one we + + + align:start position:0% +true think should be true the one we +already checked + + align:start position:0% +already checked + + + align:start position:0% +already checked +for yes all right so indeed so if if if + + align:start position:0% +for yes all right so indeed so if if if + + + align:start position:0% +for yes all right so indeed so if if if +it's neutral so the limit as R goes to + + align:start position:0% +it's neutral so the limit as R goes to + + + align:start position:0% +it's neutral so the limit as R goes to +one of X I should be equal to + + align:start position:0% +one of X I should be equal to + + + align:start position:0% +one of X I should be equal to +what should be equal to I over n okay um + + align:start position:0% +what should be equal to I over n okay um + + + align:start position:0% +what should be equal to I over n okay um +right so this one is a little bit less + + align:start position:0% +right so this one is a little bit less + + + align:start position:0% +right so this one is a little bit less +obvious right because if you if you set + + align:start position:0% +obvious right because if you if you set + + + align:start position:0% +obvious right because if you if you set +r equal to uh + + align:start position:0% +r equal to uh + + + align:start position:0% +r equal to uh +one right does that mean we does this + + align:start position:0% +one right does that mean we does this + + + align:start position:0% +one right does that mean we does this +mean that it's equal to + + align:start position:0% +mean that it's equal to + + + align:start position:0% +mean that it's equal to +zero right what's the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problem close to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well okay but I think you have to be + + align:start position:0% +well okay but I think you have to be + + + align:start position:0% +well okay but I think you have to be +care even that statement is not true + + align:start position:0% +care even that statement is not true + + + align:start position:0% +care even that statement is not true +it's not even necessarily close to + + align:start position:0% +it's not even necessarily close to + + + align:start position:0% +it's not even necessarily close to +zero right this is the lal's rule didn't + + align:start position:0% +zero right this is the lal's rule didn't + + + align:start position:0% +zero right this is the lal's rule didn't +there was another context already where + + align:start position:0% +there was another context already where + + + align:start position:0% +there was another context already where +Lal came up right + + align:start position:0% +Lal came up right + + + align:start position:0% +Lal came up right +maybe okay right so the problem is that + + align:start position:0% +maybe okay right so the problem is that + + + align:start position:0% +maybe okay right so the problem is that +if you set r equal to one here then you + + align:start position:0% +if you set r equal to one here then you + + + align:start position:0% +if you set r equal to one here then you +get zero so then you think oh the answer + + align:start position:0% +get zero so then you think oh the answer + + + align:start position:0% +get zero so then you think oh the answer +is zero but you have to be more careful + + align:start position:0% +is zero but you have to be more careful + + + align:start position:0% +is zero but you have to be more careful +than that because this also is equal to + + align:start position:0% +than that because this also is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +than that because this also is equal to +zero right so uh you know and so ly + + align:start position:0% +zero right so uh you know and so ly + + + align:start position:0% +zero right so uh you know and so ly +talls I you know uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +LH or is the is it up of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +HS is it good all right okay all right + + align:start position:0% +HS is it good all right okay all right + + + align:start position:0% +HS is it good all right okay all right +you're you're French right or I mean you + + align:start position:0% +you're you're French right or I mean you + + + align:start position:0% +you're you're French right or I mean you +know sort of + + align:start position:0% +know sort of + + + align:start position:0% +know sort of +okay all right he's from Quebec so I I + + align:start position:0% +okay all right he's from Quebec so I I + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right he's from Quebec so I I +don't know what uh what that question + + align:start position:0% +don't know what uh what that question + + + align:start position:0% +don't know what uh what that question +will how it's interpreted all right um + + align:start position:0% +will how it's interpreted all right um + + + align:start position:0% +will how it's interpreted all right um +okay s right so for L right so what you + + align:start position:0% +okay s right so for L right so what you + + + align:start position:0% +okay s right so for L right so what you +just have to do is then um you take the + + align:start position:0% +just have to do is then um you take the + + + align:start position:0% +just have to do is then um you take the +derivative with respect to R for both + + align:start position:0% +derivative with respect to R for both + + + align:start position:0% +derivative with respect to R for both +the numerator and the denominator and + + align:start position:0% +the numerator and the denominator and + + + align:start position:0% +the numerator and the denominator and +then you see what Happ and then you but + + align:start position:0% +then you see what Happ and then you but + + + align:start position:0% +then you see what Happ and then you but +you take the limit again and sometimes + + align:start position:0% +you take the limit again and sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +you take the limit again and sometimes +you have to take you have to apply lal's + + align:start position:0% +you have to take you have to apply lal's + + + align:start position:0% +you have to take you have to apply lal's +rule multiple times right so what we + + align:start position:0% +rule multiple times right so what we + + + align:start position:0% +rule multiple times right so what we +have what we write here is this is the + + align:start position:0% +have what we write here is this is the + + + align:start position:0% +have what we write here is this is the +limit as R goes to one and we take the + + align:start position:0% +limit as R goes to one and we take the + + + align:start position:0% +limit as R goes to one and we take the +derivative of the numerator respect to + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the numerator respect to + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the numerator respect to +R so we get out an i + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1 over R to the i+ oops I + one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +maybe all + + align:start position:0% +maybe all + + + align:start position:0% +maybe all +right uh and here we get out an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +N right right so we took the derivative + + align:start position:0% +N right right so we took the derivative + + + align:start position:0% +N right right so we took the derivative +respect to R here d r you know but we + + align:start position:0% +respect to R here d r you know but we + + + align:start position:0% +respect to R here d r you know but we +left it as a limit because we might need + + align:start position:0% +left it as a limit because we might need + + + align:start position:0% +left it as a limit because we might need +to apply it again right just because + + align:start position:0% +to apply it again right just because + + + align:start position:0% +to apply it again right just because +after you take the derivative you're not + + align:start position:0% +after you take the derivative you're not + + + align:start position:0% +after you take the derivative you're not +guaranteed that it's going to work out + + align:start position:0% +guaranteed that it's going to work out + + + align:start position:0% +guaranteed that it's going to work out +fine but in this case does right because + + align:start position:0% +fine but in this case does right because + + + align:start position:0% +fine but in this case does right because +already this limit we can we're allowed + + align:start position:0% +already this limit we can we're allowed + + + align:start position:0% +already this limit we can we're allowed +to just set it equal to one because + + align:start position:0% +to just set it equal to one because + + + align:start position:0% +to just set it equal to one because +nothing blows up right so this is indeed + + align:start position:0% +nothing blows up right so this is indeed + + + align:start position:0% +nothing blows up right so this is indeed +equal to I I over + + align:start position:0% +equal to I I over + + + align:start position:0% +equal to I I over +n + + align:start position:0% +n + + + align:start position:0% +n +okay right and and the important Point + + align:start position:0% +okay right and and the important Point + + + align:start position:0% +okay right and and the important Point +here is that it's not necessarily + + align:start position:0% +here is that it's not necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +here is that it's not necessarily +approximately equal to to zero right it + + align:start position:0% +approximately equal to to zero right it + + + align:start position:0% +approximately equal to to zero right it +could be anywhere between zero and one + + align:start position:0% +could be anywhere between zero and one + + + align:start position:0% +could be anywhere between zero and one +depending on what I and N are okay right + + align:start position:0% +depending on what I and N are okay right + + + align:start position:0% +depending on what I and N are okay right +so right so that means that this + + align:start position:0% +so right so that means that this + + + align:start position:0% +so right so that means that this +expression here uh captures the Dynamics + + align:start position:0% +expression here uh captures the Dynamics + + + align:start position:0% +expression here uh captures the Dynamics +uh actually for + + align:start position:0% +uh actually for + + + align:start position:0% +uh actually for +all i n within the Moran process right + + align:start position:0% +all i n within the Moran process right + + + align:start position:0% +all i n within the Moran process right +so this thing is uh is simply uh just + + align:start position:0% +so this thing is uh is simply uh just + + + align:start position:0% +so this thing is uh is simply uh just +true in this model there no no + + align:start position:0% +true in this model there no no + + + align:start position:0% +true in this model there no no +approximations yet okay there is however + + align:start position:0% +approximations yet okay there is however + + + align:start position:0% +approximations yet okay there is however +one uh approximation that is very uh + + align:start position:0% +one uh approximation that is very uh + + + align:start position:0% +one uh approximation that is very uh +very useful to make which is uh the + + align:start position:0% +very useful to make which is uh the + + + align:start position:0% +very useful to make which is uh the +approximation of what um what happens + + align:start position:0% +approximation of what um what happens + + + align:start position:0% +approximation of what um what happens +when R is um is approximately one okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in particular what we're going to ask is + + align:start position:0% +in particular what we're going to ask is + + + align:start position:0% +in particular what we're going to ask is +um if we Define something called a + + align:start position:0% +um if we Define something called a + + + align:start position:0% +um if we Define something called a +selection coefficient that is 1 + S + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay the idea here is that in many cases + + align:start position:0% +okay the idea here is that in many cases + + + align:start position:0% +okay the idea here is that in many cases +I we're going to we're going to well for + + align:start position:0% +I we're going to we're going to well for + + + align:start position:0% +I we're going to we're going to well for +Thursday we're going to read a paper + + align:start position:0% +Thursday we're going to read a paper + + + align:start position:0% +Thursday we're going to read a paper +that uh that I think is is quite + + align:start position:0% +that uh that I think is is quite + + + align:start position:0% +that uh that I think is is quite +interesting and where they're they were + + align:start position:0% +interesting and where they're they were + + + align:start position:0% +interesting and where they're they were +analyzing + + align:start position:0% +analyzing + + + align:start position:0% +analyzing +the um the the the appearance of these + + align:start position:0% +the um the the the appearance of these + + + align:start position:0% +the um the the the appearance of these +mutations that would allow bacteria to + + align:start position:0% +mutations that would allow bacteria to + + + align:start position:0% +mutations that would allow bacteria to +survive in some environment and do + + align:start position:0% +survive in some environment and do + + + align:start position:0% +survive in some environment and do +better right and and typical selection + + align:start position:0% +better right and and typical selection + + + align:start position:0% +better right and and typical selection +coefficients here are kind of 1 2 + + align:start position:0% +coefficients here are kind of 1 2 + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients here are kind of 1 2 +3% right so the mutations that appear + + align:start position:0% +3% right so the mutations that appear + + + align:start position:0% +3% right so the mutations that appear +and that allow one of these cells to do + + align:start position:0% +and that allow one of these cells to do + + + align:start position:0% +and that allow one of these cells to do +better in this new environment convert + + align:start position:0% +better in this new environment convert + + + align:start position:0% +better in this new environment convert +an advantage that were that was on the + + align:start position:0% +an advantage that were that was on the + + + align:start position:0% +an advantage that were that was on the +order of a percent or two or so right + + align:start position:0% +order of a percent or two or so right + + + align:start position:0% +order of a percent or two or so right +which means that s here would be like + + align:start position:0% +which means that s here would be like + + + align:start position:0% +which means that s here would be like +0.01 + + align:start position:0% +0.01 + + + align:start position:0% +0.01 +0.02 right which means that for + + align:start position:0% +0.02 right which means that for + + + align:start position:0% +0.02 right which means that for +basically this all the situations that + + align:start position:0% +basically this all the situations that + + + align:start position:0% +basically this all the situations that +you see in the laboratory and so forth + + align:start position:0% +you see in the laboratory and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +you see in the laboratory and so forth +what you really want to know is what + + align:start position:0% +what you really want to know is what + + + align:start position:0% +what you really want to know is what +happens for small s right so for S much + + align:start position:0% +happens for small s right so for S much + + + align:start position:0% +happens for small s right so for S much +less than one so where R is + + align:start position:0% +less than one so where R is + + + align:start position:0% +less than one so where R is +approximately equal to one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay right um you know and in this case + + align:start position:0% +okay right um you know and in this case + + + align:start position:0% +okay right um you know and in this case +we can say all right x i + + align:start position:0% +we can say all right x i + + + align:start position:0% +we can say all right x i +well and ah and we actually are going to + + align:start position:0% +well and ah and we actually are going to + + + align:start position:0% +well and ah and we actually are going to +want to ask about x sub one + + align:start position:0% +want to ask about x sub one + + + align:start position:0% +want to ask about x sub one +all right so all right that's a one now + + align:start position:0% +all right so all right that's a one now + + + align:start position:0% +all right so all right that's a one now +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +uh okay and and the reason for that is + + align:start position:0% +uh okay and and the reason for that is + + + align:start position:0% +uh okay and and the reason for that is +that we want to know right there's some + + align:start position:0% +that we want to know right there's some + + + align:start position:0% +that we want to know right there's some +rate that uh new mutations will appear + + align:start position:0% +rate that uh new mutations will appear + + + align:start position:0% +rate that uh new mutations will appear +in the population when they appear + + align:start position:0% +in the population when they appear + + + align:start position:0% +in the population when they appear +they'll be present in a single + + align:start position:0% +they'll be present in a single + + + align:start position:0% +they'll be present in a single +individual and we want to know what is + + align:start position:0% +individual and we want to know what is + + + align:start position:0% +individual and we want to know what is +the probability that one + + align:start position:0% +the probability that one + + + align:start position:0% +the probability that one +individual that say has a that's a + + align:start position:0% +individual that say has a that's a + + + align:start position:0% +individual that say has a that's a +beneficial mutation will the probability + + align:start position:0% +beneficial mutation will the probability + + + align:start position:0% +beneficial mutation will the probability +that it'll + + align:start position:0% +that it'll + + + align:start position:0% +that it'll +fix okay so what we want to know is for + + align:start position:0% +fix okay so what we want to know is for + + + align:start position:0% +fix okay so what we want to know is for +S um much less than one but larger than + + align:start position:0% +S um much less than one but larger than + + + align:start position:0% +S um much less than one but larger than +zero right so for it's a beneficial + + align:start position:0% +zero right so for it's a beneficial + + + align:start position:0% +zero right so for it's a beneficial +mutation of modest effect what's the + + align:start position:0% +mutation of modest effect what's the + + + align:start position:0% +mutation of modest effect what's the +probability that will fix right well the + + align:start position:0% +probability that will fix right well the + + + align:start position:0% +probability that will fix right well the +idea here is + + align:start position:0% +idea here is + + + align:start position:0% +idea here is +that R to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +N is going to be uh is going to be much + + align:start position:0% +N is going to be uh is going to be much + + + align:start position:0% +N is going to be uh is going to be much +larger than uh one because n is often a + + align:start position:0% +larger than uh one because n is often a + + + align:start position:0% +larger than uh one because n is often a +big + + align:start position:0% +big + + + align:start position:0% +big +population okay now in that situation we + + align:start position:0% +population okay now in that situation we + + + align:start position:0% +population okay now in that situation we +this is just approximately equal to one + + align:start position:0% +this is just approximately equal to one + + + align:start position:0% +this is just approximately equal to one +over one over r + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and uh R we've already decided can be + + align:start position:0% +and uh R we've already decided can be + + + align:start position:0% +and uh R we've already decided can be +expressed as one plus the selection + + align:start position:0% +expressed as one plus the selection + + + align:start position:0% +expressed as one plus the selection +coefficient okay now um this is + + align:start position:0% +coefficient okay now um this is + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient okay now um this is +something that you want to be able to + + align:start position:0% +something that you want to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +something that you want to be able to +simplify uh in your sleep okay 1 1 plus + + align:start position:0% +simplify uh in your sleep okay 1 1 plus + + + align:start position:0% +simplify uh in your sleep okay 1 1 plus +s is approximately equal to 1 minus 1 - + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +s + + align:start position:0% +s + + + align:start position:0% +s +okay and uh this is is indeed + + align:start position:0% +okay and uh this is is indeed + + + align:start position:0% +okay and uh this is is indeed +approximately equal to + + align:start position:0% +approximately equal to + + + align:start position:0% +approximately equal to +S okay so this is saying that in the + + align:start position:0% +S okay so this is saying that in the + + + align:start position:0% +S okay so this is saying that in the +Moran process if a beneficial mutation + + align:start position:0% +Moran process if a beneficial mutation + + + align:start position:0% +Moran process if a beneficial mutation +appears in the population with selection + + align:start position:0% +appears in the population with selection + + + align:start position:0% +appears in the population with selection +coefficient s that might be 1 2 3% then + + align:start position:0% +coefficient s that might be 1 2 3% then + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient s that might be 1 2 3% then +it has a 1 2 3% probability of surviving + + align:start position:0% +it has a 1 2 3% probability of surviving + + + align:start position:0% +it has a 1 2 3% probability of surviving +okay because here this is you know this + + align:start position:0% +okay because here this is you know this + + + align:start position:0% +okay because here this is you know this +is the probability of fixing but in this + + align:start position:0% +is the probability of fixing but in this + + + align:start position:0% +is the probability of fixing but in this +situation fixation and survival are the + + align:start position:0% +situation fixation and survival are the + + + align:start position:0% +situation fixation and survival are the +same thing because we're just + + align:start position:0% +same thing because we're just + + + align:start position:0% +same thing because we're just +considering this one mutation right so + + align:start position:0% +considering this one mutation right so + + + align:start position:0% +considering this one mutation right so +if the only thing that we're considering + + align:start position:0% +if the only thing that we're considering + + + align:start position:0% +if the only thing that we're considering +is this the fate of this one mutation in + + align:start position:0% +is this the fate of this one mutation in + + + align:start position:0% +is this the fate of this one mutation in +the population we're going to assume for + + align:start position:0% +the population we're going to assume for + + + align:start position:0% +the population we're going to assume for +now that you can't get new mutations in + + align:start position:0% +now that you can't get new mutations in + + + align:start position:0% +now that you can't get new mutations in +the population to compete with right + + align:start position:0% +the population to compete with right + + + align:start position:0% +the population to compete with right +then either you go extinct or you take + + align:start position:0% +then either you go extinct or you take + + + align:start position:0% +then either you go extinct or you take +over the population okay and what's + + align:start position:0% +over the population okay and what's + + + align:start position:0% +over the population okay and what's +surprising here is that + + align:start position:0% +surprising here is that + + + align:start position:0% +surprising here is that +even Fitness effect that's you know you + + align:start position:0% +even Fitness effect that's you know you + + + align:start position:0% +even Fitness effect that's you know you +think of as big like 3 4% right that's I + + align:start position:0% +think of as big like 3 4% right that's I + + + align:start position:0% +think of as big like 3 4% right that's I +would love to get such a mutation all + + align:start position:0% +would love to get such a mutation all + + + align:start position:0% +would love to get such a mutation all +right but still in a population in the + + align:start position:0% +right but still in a population in the + + + align:start position:0% +right but still in a population in the +Moran process or really in any other uh + + align:start position:0% +Moran process or really in any other uh + + + align:start position:0% +Moran process or really in any other uh +model like this uh it will typically go + + align:start position:0% +model like this uh it will typically go + + + align:start position:0% +model like this uh it will typically go +extinct okay now it's it's worth saying + + align:start position:0% +extinct okay now it's it's worth saying + + + align:start position:0% +extinct okay now it's it's worth saying +that um depending upon the model that + + align:start position:0% +that um depending upon the model that + + + align:start position:0% +that um depending upon the model that +you're + + align:start position:0% +you're + + + align:start position:0% +you're +using uh you'll get different numbers in + + align:start position:0% +using uh you'll get different numbers in + + + align:start position:0% +using uh you'll get different numbers in +here okay right in this case the + + align:start position:0% +here okay right in this case the + + + align:start position:0% +here okay right in this case the +probability of uh fixation or survival + + align:start position:0% +probability of uh fixation or survival + + + align:start position:0% +probability of uh fixation or survival +is is you know one time s but in some + + align:start position:0% +is is you know one time s but in some + + + align:start position:0% +is is you know one time s but in some +other models it depends on the branching + + align:start position:0% +other models it depends on the branching + + + align:start position:0% +other models it depends on the branching +process it could be 2 * s or you know + + align:start position:0% +process it could be 2 * s or you know + + + align:start position:0% +process it could be 2 * s or you know +but it's something of order Unity times + + align:start position:0% +but it's something of order Unity times + + + align:start position:0% +but it's something of order Unity times +s + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so we said that + + align:start position:0% +and so we said that + + + align:start position:0% +and so we said that +if R is if s is equal to zero then x + + align:start position:0% +if R is if s is equal to zero then x + + + align:start position:0% +if R is if s is equal to zero then x +sub right okay so this + + align:start position:0% +sub right okay so this + + + align:start position:0% +sub right okay so this +right okay exactly must assume that s is + + align:start position:0% +right okay exactly must assume that s is + + + align:start position:0% +right okay exactly must assume that s is +much + + align:start position:0% +much + + + align:start position:0% +much +mucher exactly all right so what we what + + align:start position:0% +mucher exactly all right so what we what + + + align:start position:0% +mucher exactly all right so what we what +we've assumed is that um that this is + + align:start position:0% +we've assumed is that um that this is + + + align:start position:0% +we've assumed is that um that this is +true and and that I think already + + align:start position:0% +true and and that I think already + + + align:start position:0% +true and and that I think already +actually I think that's actually already + + align:start position:0% +actually I think that's actually already + + + align:start position:0% +actually I think that's actually already +sufficient right um and indeed you know + + align:start position:0% +sufficient right um and indeed you know + + + align:start position:0% +sufficient right um and indeed you know +you can go and you can do the um you can + + align:start position:0% +you can go and you can do the um you can + + + align:start position:0% +you can go and you can do the um you can +do the + + align:start position:0% +do the + + + align:start position:0% +do the +expansion that uh and find what x sub + + align:start position:0% +expansion that uh and find what x sub + + + align:start position:0% +expansion that uh and find what x sub +one should be equal to in in general + + align:start position:0% +one should be equal to in in general + + + align:start position:0% +one should be equal to in in general +here and um for for small for small s + + align:start position:0% +here and um for for small for small s + + + align:start position:0% +here and um for for small for small s +but um incl including you know the + + align:start position:0% +but um incl including you know the + + + align:start position:0% +but um incl including you know the +possibility that it's very you know I'm + + align:start position:0% +possibility that it's very you know I'm + + + align:start position:0% +possibility that it's very you know I'm +sorry for for small s but not super + + align:start position:0% +sorry for for small s but not super + + + align:start position:0% +sorry for for small s but not super +small s right you know as a matter of + + align:start position:0% +small s right you know as a matter of + + + align:start position:0% +small s right you know as a matter of +what you're comparing to + + align:start position:0% +what you're comparing to + + + align:start position:0% +what you're comparing to +um and and you end up getting uh 1 / + + align:start position:0% +um and and you end up getting uh 1 / + + + align:start position:0% +um and and you end up getting uh 1 / +n+ s over + + align:start position:0% +n+ s over + + + align:start position:0% +n+ s over +two okay around and this is this is for + + align:start position:0% +two okay around and this is this is for + + + align:start position:0% +two okay around and this is this is for +this is for uh s * n um much less than + + align:start position:0% +this is for uh s * n um much less than + + + align:start position:0% +this is for uh s * n um much less than +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +okay all right and indeed this is the + + align:start position:0% +okay all right and indeed this is the + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right and indeed this is the +definition of what we mean by nearly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +neutral okay because you know up to now + + align:start position:0% +neutral okay because you know up to now + + + align:start position:0% +neutral okay because you know up to now +we've been talking about neutral + + align:start position:0% +we've been talking about neutral + + + align:start position:0% +we've been talking about neutral +mutations as if they just had to be + + align:start position:0% +mutations as if they just had to be + + + align:start position:0% +mutations as if they just had to be +exactly exactly neutral but then really + + align:start position:0% +exactly exactly neutral but then really + + + align:start position:0% +exactly exactly neutral but then really +really uh that probably doesn't actually + + align:start position:0% +really uh that probably doesn't actually + + + align:start position:0% +really uh that probably doesn't actually +literally exist right I mean if but if + + align:start position:0% +literally exist right I mean if but if + + + align:start position:0% +literally exist right I mean if but if +if a mutation appears and it only + + align:start position:0% +if a mutation appears and it only + + + align:start position:0% +if a mutation appears and it only +changes your Fitness by one part and 10 + + align:start position:0% +changes your Fitness by one part and 10 + + + align:start position:0% +changes your Fitness by one part and 10 +Theus 30 then it is equivalent to being + + align:start position:0% +Theus 30 then it is equivalent to being + + + align:start position:0% +Theus 30 then it is equivalent to being +a truly neutral mutation right but the + + align:start position:0% +a truly neutral mutation right but the + + + align:start position:0% +a truly neutral mutation right but the +way that you quantify that is this thing + + align:start position:0% +way that you quantify that is this thing + + + align:start position:0% +way that you quantify that is this thing +s * n you want to know whether it's + + align:start position:0% +s * n you want to know whether it's + + + align:start position:0% +s * n you want to know whether it's +larger or smaller than + + align:start position:0% +larger or smaller than + + + align:start position:0% +larger or smaller than +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +okay so for example if you + + align:start position:0% +okay so for example if you + + + align:start position:0% +okay so for example if you +plot uh x sub one as a function of + + align:start position:0% +plot uh x sub one as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +plot uh x sub one as a function of +S zero right uh it crosses 1 over n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here okay + + align:start position:0% +here okay + + + align:start position:0% +here okay +now it's going to have a slope here s + + align:start position:0% +now it's going to have a slope here s + + + align:start position:0% +now it's going to have a slope here s +over two but then it kind of goes up uh + + align:start position:0% +over two but then it kind of goes up uh + + + align:start position:0% +over two but then it kind of goes up uh +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +eventually hits this this is just the S + + align:start position:0% +eventually hits this this is just the S + + + align:start position:0% +eventually hits this this is just the S +line right because if s is much less + + align:start position:0% +line right because if s is much less + + + align:start position:0% +line right because if s is much less +than one yet s * n is much larger than + + align:start position:0% +than one yet s * n is much larger than + + + align:start position:0% +than one yet s * n is much larger than +one right then X1 is approximately equal + + align:start position:0% +one right then X1 is approximately equal + + + align:start position:0% +one right then X1 is approximately equal +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +S right and then over here this goes + + align:start position:0% +S right and then over here this goes + + + align:start position:0% +S right and then over here this goes +down uh kind of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exponentially right but the statement is + + align:start position:0% +exponentially right but the statement is + + + align:start position:0% +exponentially right but the statement is +that if s * n is much less than one then + + align:start position:0% +that if s * n is much less than one then + + + align:start position:0% +that if s * n is much less than one then +uh the mutation acts essentially as if + + align:start position:0% +uh the mutation acts essentially as if + + + align:start position:0% +uh the mutation acts essentially as if +it's neutral okay so then you can just + + align:start position:0% +it's neutral okay so then you can just + + + align:start position:0% +it's neutral okay so then you can just +work with that um whereas if s time n is + + align:start position:0% +work with that um whereas if s time n is + + + align:start position:0% +work with that um whereas if s time n is +much larger than one then you end up it + + align:start position:0% +much larger than one then you end up it + + + align:start position:0% +much larger than one then you end up it +it's not guaranteed that it's going to + + align:start position:0% +it's not guaranteed that it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +it's not guaranteed that it's going to +fix right but it's it's much larger than + + align:start position:0% +fix right but it's it's much larger than + + + align:start position:0% +fix right but it's it's much larger than +a probability of one over n whereas down + + align:start position:0% +a probability of one over n whereas down + + + align:start position:0% +a probability of one over n whereas down +here it becomes uh very unlikely to fix + + align:start position:0% +here it becomes uh very unlikely to fix + + + align:start position:0% +here it becomes uh very unlikely to fix +once s * n is is larger than one on the + + align:start position:0% +once s * n is is larger than one on the + + + align:start position:0% +once s * n is is larger than one on the +dearia + + align:start position:0% +dearia + + + align:start position:0% +dearia +side + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay are there any questions about what + + align:start position:0% +okay are there any questions about what + + + align:start position:0% +okay are there any questions about what +what's going on here yes I'm wondering + + align:start position:0% +what's going on here yes I'm wondering + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on here yes I'm wondering +about thator of + + align:start position:0% +about thator of + + + align:start position:0% +about thator of +seems like we didn't get it here when + + align:start position:0% +seems like we didn't get it here when + + + align:start position:0% +seems like we didn't get it here when +we that's right um yeah so uh and and + + align:start position:0% +we that's right um yeah so uh and and + + + align:start position:0% +we that's right um yeah so uh and and +indeed when I did this calculation + + align:start position:0% +indeed when I did this calculation + + + align:start position:0% +indeed when I did this calculation +originally I I was very confused because + + align:start position:0% +originally I I was very confused because + + + align:start position:0% +originally I I was very confused because +I thought it should be that but what you + + align:start position:0% +I thought it should be that but what you + + + align:start position:0% +I thought it should be that but what you +see is that if you plot this the slope + + align:start position:0% +see is that if you plot this the slope + + + align:start position:0% +see is that if you plot this the slope +here which is the half is less than + + align:start position:0% +here which is the half is less than + + + align:start position:0% +here which is the half is less than +slope over here which is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what's funny is I actually spent like + + align:start position:0% +what's funny is I actually spent like + + + align:start position:0% +what's funny is I actually spent like +hours trying to figure out where where I + + align:start position:0% +hours trying to figure out where where I + + + align:start position:0% +hours trying to figure out where where I +had made my + + align:start position:0% +had made my + + + align:start position:0% +had made my +mistake no but I think that if you just + + align:start position:0% +mistake no but I think that if you just + + + align:start position:0% +mistake no but I think that if you just +draw it then it it has to be I think + + align:start position:0% +draw it then it it has to be I think + + + align:start position:0% +draw it then it it has to be I think +it's all consistent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um I mean I'm I'm plotting the entire + + align:start position:0% +um I mean I'm I'm plotting the entire + + + align:start position:0% +um I mean I'm I'm plotting the entire +curve analytically + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +perfectly no but you know it's just that + + align:start position:0% +perfectly no but you know it's just that + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly no but you know it's just that +the limit I mean right I mean just what + + align:start position:0% +the limit I mean right I mean just what + + + align:start position:0% +the limit I mean right I mean just what +we know is that it behaves like this + + align:start position:0% +we know is that it behaves like this + + + align:start position:0% +we know is that it behaves like this +around around here and like s up here + + align:start position:0% +around around here and like s up here + + + align:start position:0% +around around here and like s up here +and then I've just connected + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +them does that it probably doesn't + + align:start position:0% +them does that it probably doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +them does that it probably doesn't +answer your question but um okay + + align:start position:0% +answer your question but um okay + + + align:start position:0% +answer your question but um okay +um right perfect so I think we have just + + align:start position:0% +um right perfect so I think we have just + + + align:start position:0% +um right perfect so I think we have just +enough time to say something about this + + align:start position:0% +enough time to say something about this + + + align:start position:0% +enough time to say something about this +Muller's ratchet idea okay um all right + + align:start position:0% +Muller's ratchet idea okay um all right + + + align:start position:0% +Muller's ratchet idea okay um all right +verbally can a delerious mutation s less + + align:start position:0% +verbally can a delerious mutation s less + + + align:start position:0% +verbally can a delerious mutation s less +than zero can it fix in a population yes + + align:start position:0% +than zero can it fix in a population yes + + + align:start position:0% +than zero can it fix in a population yes +or no ready 3 2 1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah all right this is greater than zero + + align:start position:0% +yeah all right this is greater than zero + + + align:start position:0% +yeah all right this is greater than zero +right now it's very unlikely to fix if + + align:start position:0% +right now it's very unlikely to fix if + + + align:start position:0% +right now it's very unlikely to fix if +the magnitude of s * n is much larger + + align:start position:0% +the magnitude of s * n is much larger + + + align:start position:0% +the magnitude of s * n is much larger +than one right but for small size + + align:start position:0% +than one right but for small size + + + align:start position:0% +than one right but for small size +populations you know you can actually + + align:start position:0% +populations you know you can actually + + + align:start position:0% +populations you know you can actually +fix relatively dilar + + align:start position:0% +fix relatively dilar + + + align:start position:0% +fix relatively dilar +mutations right so the idea is that uh + + align:start position:0% +mutations right so the idea is that uh + + + align:start position:0% +mutations right so the idea is that uh +for small populations there's going to + + align:start position:0% +for small populations there's going to + + + align:start position:0% +for small populations there's going to +be some uh it's easy to accumulate dilar + + align:start position:0% +be some uh it's easy to accumulate dilar + + + align:start position:0% +be some uh it's easy to accumulate dilar +mutations and indeed this is related to + + align:start position:0% +mutations and indeed this is related to + + + align:start position:0% +mutations and indeed this is related to +um something called a mutation + + align:start position:0% +um something called a mutation + + + align:start position:0% +um something called a mutation +accumulation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +assay right so if you take a population + + align:start position:0% +assay right so if you take a population + + + align:start position:0% +assay right so if you take a population +of bacteria or other + + align:start position:0% +of bacteria or other + + + align:start position:0% +of bacteria or other +microorganism uh AC no acum I don't know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +accumulation all right right so you grow + + align:start position:0% +accumulation all right right so you grow + + + align:start position:0% +accumulation all right right so you grow +up your bacteria in a test tube and so + + align:start position:0% +up your bacteria in a test tube and so + + + align:start position:0% +up your bacteria in a test tube and so +you have a bunch of bacteria right so + + align:start position:0% +you have a bunch of bacteria right so + + + align:start position:0% +you have a bunch of bacteria right so +now there there's selection acting in + + align:start position:0% +now there there's selection acting in + + + align:start position:0% +now there there's selection acting in +here because the the faster dividing + + align:start position:0% +here because the the faster dividing + + + align:start position:0% +here because the the faster dividing +cell cells are spreading however what + + align:start position:0% +cell cells are spreading however what + + + align:start position:0% +cell cells are spreading however what +you do is that you then plate plate them + + align:start position:0% +you do is that you then plate plate them + + + align:start position:0% +you do is that you then plate plate them +in as colonies and these colonies each + + align:start position:0% +in as colonies and these colonies each + + + align:start position:0% +in as colonies and these colonies each +started as single cells okay but then + + align:start position:0% +started as single cells okay but then + + + align:start position:0% +started as single cells okay but then +what you do is you just take a random + + align:start position:0% +what you do is you just take a random + + + align:start position:0% +what you do is you just take a random +cell take a random Colony right that + + align:start position:0% +cell take a random Colony right that + + + align:start position:0% +cell take a random Colony right that +that came from a single cell and you + + align:start position:0% +that came from a single cell and you + + + align:start position:0% +that came from a single cell and you +grow it + + align:start position:0% +grow it + + + align:start position:0% +grow it +up here or you could just replay + + align:start position:0% +up here or you could just replay + + + align:start position:0% +up here or you could just replay +directly if you like but um and then you + + align:start position:0% +directly if you like but um and then you + + + align:start position:0% +directly if you like but um and then you +just repeat this + + align:start position:0% +just repeat this + + + align:start position:0% +just repeat this +process right the idea is that here + + align:start position:0% +process right the idea is that here + + + align:start position:0% +process right the idea is that here +this is you you've you've picked a + + align:start position:0% +this is you you've you've picked a + + + align:start position:0% +this is you you've you've picked a +random cell from this population and you + + align:start position:0% +random cell from this population and you + + + align:start position:0% +random cell from this population and you +allowed it to grow up and so you've kind + + align:start position:0% +allowed it to grow up and so you've kind + + + align:start position:0% +allowed it to grow up and so you've kind +of removed the effects of selection in + + align:start position:0% +of removed the effects of selection in + + + align:start position:0% +of removed the effects of selection in +here okay and so when you pick a random + + align:start position:0% +here okay and so when you pick a random + + + align:start position:0% +here okay and so when you pick a random +Colony here maybe that Colony got some + + align:start position:0% +Colony here maybe that Colony got some + + + align:start position:0% +Colony here maybe that Colony got some +weird mutation that decreased its + + align:start position:0% +weird mutation that decreased its + + + align:start position:0% +weird mutation that decreased its +Fitness but it wasn't really selected + + align:start position:0% +Fitness but it wasn't really selected + + + align:start position:0% +Fitness but it wasn't really selected +against because you just kind of picked + + align:start position:0% +against because you just kind of picked + + + align:start position:0% +against because you just kind of picked +one of these colonies randomly right so + + align:start position:0% +one of these colonies randomly right so + + + align:start position:0% +one of these colonies randomly right so +this kind of process is a way of + + align:start position:0% +this kind of process is a way of + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of process is a way of +reducing what's known as the effective + + align:start position:0% +reducing what's known as the effective + + + align:start position:0% +reducing what's known as the effective +population size and + + align:start position:0% +population size and + + + align:start position:0% +population size and +effective okay right so when uh when + + align:start position:0% +effective okay right so when uh when + + + align:start position:0% +effective okay right so when uh when +populations are not constant in time but + + align:start position:0% +populations are not constant in time but + + + align:start position:0% +populations are not constant in time but +instead oscillate or fluctuate then um + + align:start position:0% +instead oscillate or fluctuate then um + + + align:start position:0% +instead oscillate or fluctuate then um +in many cases the Dynamics or the + + align:start position:0% +in many cases the Dynamics or the + + + align:start position:0% +in many cases the Dynamics or the +strength of of this drift or the + + align:start position:0% +strength of of this drift or the + + + align:start position:0% +strength of of this drift or the +stochastic stuff that that can be + + align:start position:0% +stochastic stuff that that can be + + + align:start position:0% +stochastic stuff that that can be +characterized by some and effective and + + align:start position:0% +characterized by some and effective and + + + align:start position:0% +characterized by some and effective and +of course depending on which variable or + + align:start position:0% +of course depending on which variable or + + + align:start position:0% +of course depending on which variable or +which quantity you're trying to study + + align:start position:0% +which quantity you're trying to study + + + align:start position:0% +which quantity you're trying to study +you might have a slightly different and + + align:start position:0% +you might have a slightly different and + + + align:start position:0% +you might have a slightly different and +effective but the point is that uh if + + align:start position:0% +effective but the point is that uh if + + + align:start position:0% +effective but the point is that uh if +you have fluctuating population sizes + + align:start position:0% +you have fluctuating population sizes + + + align:start position:0% +you have fluctuating population sizes +then um the the PO the relevant + + align:start position:0% +then um the the PO the relevant + + + align:start position:0% +then um the the PO the relevant +population size for thinking about these + + align:start position:0% +population size for thinking about these + + + align:start position:0% +population size for thinking about these +sorts of ideas is often what is towards + + align:start position:0% +sorts of ideas is often what is towards + + + align:start position:0% +sorts of ideas is often what is towards +the smaller side of the of the range of + + align:start position:0% +the smaller side of the of the range of + + + align:start position:0% +the smaller side of the of the range of +the fluctuating population so you're + + align:start position:0% +the fluctuating population so you're + + + align:start position:0% +the fluctuating population so you're +kind of dominated by how how small the + + align:start position:0% +kind of dominated by how how small the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of dominated by how how small the +bottleneck gets okay and here you're + + align:start position:0% +bottleneck gets okay and here you're + + + align:start position:0% +bottleneck gets okay and here you're +kind of going through a single cell + + align:start position:0% +kind of going through a single cell + + + align:start position:0% +kind of going through a single cell +bottleneck so that leads to a very small + + align:start position:0% +bottleneck so that leads to a very small + + + align:start position:0% +bottleneck so that leads to a very small +and effective and it allows for the + + align:start position:0% +and effective and it allows for the + + + align:start position:0% +and effective and it allows for the +accumulation of delerious + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mutations now we'll say something more + + align:start position:0% +mutations now we'll say something more + + + align:start position:0% +mutations now we'll say something more +about this Muller's ratchet idea because + + align:start position:0% +about this Muller's ratchet idea because + + + align:start position:0% +about this Muller's ratchet idea because +in this in the field of evolution I'd + + align:start position:0% +in this in the field of evolution I'd + + + align:start position:0% +in this in the field of evolution I'd +say one of the uh one of the big + + align:start position:0% +say one of the uh one of the big + + + align:start position:0% +say one of the uh one of the big +overriding questions is trying to + + align:start position:0% +overriding questions is trying to + + + align:start position:0% +overriding questions is trying to +understand The evolutionary advantages + + align:start position:0% +understand The evolutionary advantages + + + align:start position:0% +understand The evolutionary advantages +of sexual + + align:start position:0% +of sexual + + + align:start position:0% +of sexual +reproduction right because of this + + align:start position:0% +reproduction right because of this + + + align:start position:0% +reproduction right because of this +famous two-fold cost of sex that you it + + align:start position:0% +famous two-fold cost of sex that you it + + + align:start position:0% +famous two-fold cost of sex that you it +it seems that an asexual population + + align:start position:0% +it seems that an asexual population + + + align:start position:0% +it seems that an asexual population +should be able to uh to grow uh twice as + + align:start position:0% +should be able to uh to grow uh twice as + + + align:start position:0% +should be able to uh to grow uh twice as +fast as a sexually reproducing + + align:start position:0% +fast as a sexually reproducing + + + align:start position:0% +fast as a sexually reproducing +population right because the males are + + align:start position:0% +population right because the males are + + + align:start position:0% +population right because the males are +not giving birth right so it's a huge + + align:start position:0% +not giving birth right so it's a huge + + + align:start position:0% +not giving birth right so it's a huge +cost associated with sexual reproduction + + align:start position:0% +cost associated with sexual reproduction + + + align:start position:0% +cost associated with sexual reproduction +the question is why is it that so many + + align:start position:0% +the question is why is it that so many + + + align:start position:0% +the question is why is it that so many +organisms engage in it and one of the uh + + align:start position:0% +organisms engage in it and one of the uh + + + align:start position:0% +organisms engage in it and one of the uh +explanations that's been proposed is + + align:start position:0% +explanations that's been proposed is + + + align:start position:0% +explanations that's been proposed is +this Muller's r idea that it may + + align:start position:0% +this Muller's r idea that it may + + + align:start position:0% +this Muller's r idea that it may +alleviate this accumulation of delerious + + align:start position:0% +alleviate this accumulation of delerious + + + align:start position:0% +alleviate this accumulation of delerious +mutations right we'll talk more about + + align:start position:0% +mutations right we'll talk more about + + + align:start position:0% +mutations right we'll talk more about +how this works out maybe quantitatively + + align:start position:0% +how this works out maybe quantitatively + + + align:start position:0% +how this works out maybe quantitatively +and the other proposals and so forth + + align:start position:0% +and the other proposals and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +and the other proposals and so forth +later but um but you may uh over the + + align:start position:0% +later but um but you may uh over the + + + align:start position:0% +later but um but you may uh over the +course of your studies come across this + + align:start position:0% +course of your studies come across this + + + align:start position:0% +course of your studies come across this +müller's r that uh vvv the question of + + align:start position:0% +müller's r that uh vvv the question of + + + align:start position:0% +müller's r that uh vvv the question of +sexual reproduction so I just wanted you + + align:start position:0% +sexual reproduction so I just wanted you + + + align:start position:0% +sexual reproduction so I just wanted you +to know that there is this discussion + + align:start position:0% +to know that there is this discussion + + + align:start position:0% +to know that there is this discussion +out there about um how sexual + + align:start position:0% +out there about um how sexual + + + align:start position:0% +out there about um how sexual +reproduction May uh allow for the + + align:start position:0% +reproduction May uh allow for the + + + align:start position:0% +reproduction May uh allow for the +separation of these beneficial and dear + + align:start position:0% +separation of these beneficial and dear + + + align:start position:0% +separation of these beneficial and dear +mutations that would otherwise + + align:start position:0% +mutations that would otherwise + + + align:start position:0% +mutations that would otherwise +accumulate the the population \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/KUqGpkR21aM.txt b/KUqGpkR21aM.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..009c61e10d195c89bb7f9df45e82b1fdc4fa0911 --- /dev/null +++ b/KUqGpkR21aM.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15163 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided by MIT + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided by MIT + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided by MIT +opencourseware under a Creative Commons + + align:start position:0% +opencourseware under a Creative Commons + + + align:start position:0% +opencourseware under a Creative Commons +license additional information about our + + align:start position:0% +license additional information about our + + + align:start position:0% +license additional information about our +license and MIT open courseware in + + align:start position:0% +license and MIT open courseware in + + + align:start position:0% +license and MIT open courseware in +general is available at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good afternoon + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for the um + + align:start position:0% +for the um + + + align:start position:0% +for the um +for the past couple of lectures + + align:start position:0% +for the past couple of lectures + + + align:start position:0% +for the past couple of lectures +what I've been doing is using + + align:start position:0% +what I've been doing is using + + + align:start position:0% +what I've been doing is using +love and romance as a way to talk about + + align:start position:0% +love and romance as a way to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +love and romance as a way to talk about +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +broad issues like evolutionary + + align:start position:0% +broad issues like evolutionary + + + align:start position:0% +broad issues like evolutionary +psychology that can be taught could be + + align:start position:0% +psychology that can be taught could be + + + align:start position:0% +psychology that can be taught could be +talked about in a wide range of other + + align:start position:0% +talked about in a wide range of other + + + align:start position:0% +talked about in a wide range of other +you know with you with a wide range of + + align:start position:0% +you know with you with a wide range of + + + align:start position:0% +you know with you with a wide range of +other examples love and romance just + + align:start position:0% +other examples love and romance just + + + align:start position:0% +other examples love and romance just +happened to provide a particularly good + + align:start position:0% +happened to provide a particularly good + + + align:start position:0% +happened to provide a particularly good +set of examples for that particular + + align:start position:0% +set of examples for that particular + + + align:start position:0% +set of examples for that particular +topic I'm going to do the same thing now + + align:start position:0% +topic I'm going to do the same thing now + + + align:start position:0% +topic I'm going to do the same thing now +with um + + align:start position:0% +with um + + + align:start position:0% +with um +attitude formation and the links between + + align:start position:0% +attitude formation and the links between + + + align:start position:0% +attitude formation and the links between +attitudes and behavior + + align:start position:0% +attitudes and behavior + + + align:start position:0% +attitudes and behavior +um but I'm going to switch from the uh + + align:start position:0% +um but I'm going to switch from the uh + + + align:start position:0% +um but I'm going to switch from the uh +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +loving relationships topic to the topic + + align:start position:0% +loving relationships topic to the topic + + + align:start position:0% +loving relationships topic to the topic +of um racist or prejudicial behavior and + + align:start position:0% +of um racist or prejudicial behavior and + + + align:start position:0% +of um racist or prejudicial behavior and +and attitudes again not because that's + + align:start position:0% +and attitudes again not because that's + + + align:start position:0% +and attitudes again not because that's +the only set of attitudes that are + + align:start position:0% +the only set of attitudes that are + + + align:start position:0% +the only set of attitudes that are +interesting or important but because + + align:start position:0% +interesting or important but because + + + align:start position:0% +interesting or important but because +it's a particular it makes for a an + + align:start position:0% +it's a particular it makes for a an + + + align:start position:0% +it's a particular it makes for a an +interesting path through this um through + + align:start position:0% +interesting path through this um through + + + align:start position:0% +interesting path through this um through +this material + + align:start position:0% +this material + + + align:start position:0% +this material +and so when you read the book you'll get + + align:start position:0% +and so when you read the book you'll get + + + align:start position:0% +and so when you read the book you'll get +the topics discussed in rather more + + align:start position:0% +the topics discussed in rather more + + + align:start position:0% +the topics discussed in rather more +general terms and here I'll discuss them + + align:start position:0% +general terms and here I'll discuss them + + + align:start position:0% +general terms and here I'll discuss them +in the specific terms of of uh of this + + align:start position:0% +in the specific terms of of uh of this + + + align:start position:0% +in the specific terms of of uh of this +particular + + align:start position:0% +particular + + + align:start position:0% +particular +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +of this particular problem + + align:start position:0% +of this particular problem + + + align:start position:0% +of this particular problem +um I should note at the outset what it + + align:start position:0% +um I should note at the outset what it + + + align:start position:0% +um I should note at the outset what it +says about halfway down I see the first + + align:start position:0% +says about halfway down I see the first + + + align:start position:0% +says about halfway down I see the first +page of of the uh handout which is I'm + + align:start position:0% +page of of the uh handout which is I'm + + + align:start position:0% +page of of the uh handout which is I'm +going to do uh my my best to give an + + align:start position:0% +going to do uh my my best to give an + + + align:start position:0% +going to do uh my my best to give an +explanation about uh why um prejudiced + + align:start position:0% +explanation about uh why um prejudiced + + + align:start position:0% +explanation about uh why um prejudiced +attitudes are + + align:start position:0% +attitudes are + + + align:start position:0% +attitudes are +um easy to come by and and and easy not + + align:start position:0% +um easy to come by and and and easy not + + + align:start position:0% +um easy to come by and and and easy not +easy are are sort of readily + + align:start position:0% +easy are are sort of readily + + + align:start position:0% +easy are are sort of readily +comprehensible in terms of psychological + + align:start position:0% +comprehensible in terms of psychological + + + align:start position:0% +comprehensible in terms of psychological +processes that we actually know + + align:start position:0% +processes that we actually know + + + align:start position:0% +processes that we actually know +something about but explaining these + + align:start position:0% +something about but explaining these + + + align:start position:0% +something about but explaining these +things is not the same thing as excusing + + align:start position:0% +things is not the same thing as excusing + + + align:start position:0% +things is not the same thing as excusing +them you can have + + align:start position:0% +them you can have + + + align:start position:0% +them you can have +um a a society that says look all else + + align:start position:0% +um a a society that says look all else + + + align:start position:0% +um a a society that says look all else +being equal racial Prejudice and + + align:start position:0% +being equal racial Prejudice and + + + align:start position:0% +being equal racial Prejudice and +particularly behaviors based on on + + align:start position:0% +particularly behaviors based on on + + + align:start position:0% +particularly behaviors based on on +prejudices based on on gender uh race + + align:start position:0% +prejudices based on on gender uh race + + + align:start position:0% +prejudices based on on gender uh race +national origin religion that these that + + align:start position:0% +national origin religion that these that + + + align:start position:0% +national origin religion that these that +that those sort of biases are are are + + align:start position:0% +that those sort of biases are are are + + + align:start position:0% +that those sort of biases are are are +bad and when they lead to behavior we + + align:start position:0% +bad and when they lead to behavior we + + + align:start position:0% +bad and when they lead to behavior we +want to we want to change that behavior + + align:start position:0% +want to we want to change that behavior + + + align:start position:0% +want to we want to change that behavior +um with that that's quite separate not + + align:start position:0% +um with that that's quite separate not + + + align:start position:0% +um with that that's quite separate not +unrelated to but it's separate from the + + align:start position:0% +unrelated to but it's separate from the + + + align:start position:0% +unrelated to but it's separate from the +question of how you would explain it + + align:start position:0% +question of how you would explain it + + + align:start position:0% +question of how you would explain it +psychologically it's important to + + align:start position:0% +psychologically it's important to + + + align:start position:0% +psychologically it's important to +remember that that explanation is not + + align:start position:0% +remember that that explanation is not + + + align:start position:0% +remember that that explanation is not +the same thing as excuse + + align:start position:0% +the same thing as excuse + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing as excuse +because I don't want people going out of + + align:start position:0% +because I don't want people going out of + + + align:start position:0% +because I don't want people going out of +the lecture saying uh my psych Professor + + align:start position:0% +the lecture saying uh my psych Professor + + + align:start position:0% +the lecture saying uh my psych Professor +explained that it's really really easy + + align:start position:0% +explained that it's really really easy + + + align:start position:0% +explained that it's really really easy +to develop prejudicial attitudes and + + align:start position:0% +to develop prejudicial attitudes and + + + align:start position:0% +to develop prejudicial attitudes and +that's okay + + align:start position:0% +that's okay + + + align:start position:0% +that's okay +it's that that's okay part that that + + align:start position:0% +it's that that's okay part that that + + + align:start position:0% +it's that that's okay part that that +that's uh that that Well they + + align:start position:0% +that's uh that that Well they + + + align:start position:0% +that's uh that that Well they +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +I also put on the handout a pair of of + + align:start position:0% +I also put on the handout a pair of of + + + align:start position:0% +I also put on the handout a pair of of +quotes from the early days of the Civil + + align:start position:0% +quotes from the early days of the Civil + + + align:start position:0% +quotes from the early days of the Civil +Rights Movement one from uh + + align:start position:0% +Rights Movement one from uh + + + align:start position:0% +Rights Movement one from uh +um that Eisenhower saying that you can't + + align:start position:0% +um that Eisenhower saying that you can't + + + align:start position:0% +um that Eisenhower saying that you can't +legislate morality and a response from + + align:start position:0% +legislate morality and a response from + + + align:start position:0% +legislate morality and a response from +Martin Luther King saying uh well maybe + + align:start position:0% +Martin Luther King saying uh well maybe + + + align:start position:0% +Martin Luther King saying uh well maybe +not but you can legislate moral Behavior + + align:start position:0% +not but you can legislate moral Behavior + + + align:start position:0% +not but you can legislate moral Behavior +that's that's really the uh the the the + + align:start position:0% +that's that's really the uh the the the + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's really the uh the the the +social policy point if you decide you + + align:start position:0% +social policy point if you decide you + + + align:start position:0% +social policy point if you decide you +don't like something that uh um that + + align:start position:0% +don't like something that uh um that + + + align:start position:0% +don't like something that uh um that +biology psychology or whatever is + + align:start position:0% +biology psychology or whatever is + + + align:start position:0% +biology psychology or whatever is +pushing people towards you simply have + + align:start position:0% +pushing people towards you simply have + + + align:start position:0% +pushing people towards you simply have +to do something to make it harder for + + align:start position:0% +to do something to make it harder for + + + align:start position:0% +to do something to make it harder for +them to go where that tendency might + + align:start position:0% +them to go where that tendency might + + + align:start position:0% +them to go where that tendency might +push them + + align:start position:0% +push them + + + align:start position:0% +push them +um well in any case what I'm going to do + + align:start position:0% +um well in any case what I'm going to do + + + align:start position:0% +um well in any case what I'm going to do +is work a uh a story about the + + align:start position:0% +is work a uh a story about the + + + align:start position:0% +is work a uh a story about the +development of prejudicial attitudes + + align:start position:0% +development of prejudicial attitudes + + + align:start position:0% +development of prejudicial attitudes +that's got 4.44 well I guess they're + + align:start position:0% +that's got 4.44 well I guess they're + + + align:start position:0% +that's got 4.44 well I guess they're +called factors here four factors listed + + align:start position:0% +called factors here four factors listed + + + align:start position:0% +called factors here four factors listed +at the top + + align:start position:0% +at the top + + + align:start position:0% +at the top +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and I'll work through each of them I + + align:start position:0% +and I'll work through each of them I + + + align:start position:0% +and I'll work through each of them I +hope you can see how they're tied + + align:start position:0% +hope you can see how they're tied + + + align:start position:0% +hope you can see how they're tied +together to make + + align:start position:0% +together to make + + + align:start position:0% +together to make +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +prejudice + + align:start position:0% +prejudice + + + align:start position:0% +prejudice +a very available + + align:start position:0% +a very available + + + align:start position:0% +a very available +um option to us why this sort of thing + + align:start position:0% +um option to us why this sort of thing + + + align:start position:0% +um option to us why this sort of thing +happens to us with uh with with some + + align:start position:0% +happens to us with uh with with some + + + align:start position:0% +happens to us with uh with with some +regularity well this first the first + + align:start position:0% +regularity well this first the first + + + align:start position:0% +regularity well this first the first +factor that I I list there is + + align:start position:0% +factor that I I list there is + + + align:start position:0% +factor that I I list there is +ethnocentrism that's the tendency to + + align:start position:0% +ethnocentrism that's the tendency to + + + align:start position:0% +ethnocentrism that's the tendency to +think that your group is the best group + + align:start position:0% +think that your group is the best group + + + align:start position:0% +think that your group is the best group +you know we're number one kind of thing + + align:start position:0% +you know we're number one kind of thing + + + align:start position:0% +you know we're number one kind of thing +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +if you want to come up with oh I say an + + align:start position:0% +if you want to come up with oh I say an + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to come up with oh I say an +evolutionary psych argument for why this + + align:start position:0% +evolutionary psych argument for why this + + + align:start position:0% +evolutionary psych argument for why this +might happen it's not I mean it's it's + + align:start position:0% +might happen it's not I mean it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +might happen it's not I mean it's it's +it's kind of trivial if you've got some + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of trivial if you've got some + + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of trivial if you've got some +notion that you want to get though I + + align:start position:0% +notion that you want to get though I + + + align:start position:0% +notion that you want to get though I +don't know your genes into the Next + + align:start position:0% +don't know your genes into the Next + + + align:start position:0% +don't know your genes into the Next +Generation + + align:start position:0% +Generation + + + align:start position:0% +Generation +Um then you might as well favor the + + align:start position:0% +Um then you might as well favor the + + + align:start position:0% +Um then you might as well favor the +people + + align:start position:0% +people + + + align:start position:0% +people +um uh who are more closely related to + + align:start position:0% +um uh who are more closely related to + + + align:start position:0% +um uh who are more closely related to +you so you should be more favorable to + + align:start position:0% +you so you should be more favorable to + + + align:start position:0% +you so you should be more favorable to +you to to humans than uh than than to + + align:start position:0% +you to to humans than uh than than to + + + align:start position:0% +you to to humans than uh than than to +mice you should be likely to be more + + align:start position:0% +mice you should be likely to be more + + + align:start position:0% +mice you should be likely to be more +favorable to + + align:start position:0% +favorable to + + + align:start position:0% +favorable to +um people within your group and and even + + align:start position:0% +um people within your group and and even + + + align:start position:0% +um people within your group and and even +more so to people within your family + + align:start position:0% +more so to people within your family + + + align:start position:0% +more so to people within your family +um out of this sort of uh + + align:start position:0% +um out of this sort of uh + + + align:start position:0% +um out of this sort of uh +fairly straightforward application of + + align:start position:0% +fairly straightforward application of + + + align:start position:0% +fairly straightforward application of +evolutionary theory for example + + align:start position:0% +evolutionary theory for example + + + align:start position:0% +evolutionary theory for example +um the more interesting aspect + + align:start position:0% +um the more interesting aspect + + + align:start position:0% +um the more interesting aspect +psychologically is how + + align:start position:0% +psychologically is how + + + align:start position:0% +psychologically is how +how is to get ethnocentric uh effects or + + align:start position:0% +how is to get ethnocentric uh effects or + + + align:start position:0% +how is to get ethnocentric uh effects or +to get the we're number one uh kind of + + align:start position:0% +to get the we're number one uh kind of + + + align:start position:0% +to get the we're number one uh kind of +effect + + align:start position:0% +effect + + + align:start position:0% +effect +um interesting evidence for this comes + + align:start position:0% +um interesting evidence for this comes + + + align:start position:0% +um interesting evidence for this comes +from these minimal attachment + + align:start position:0% +from these minimal attachment + + + align:start position:0% +from these minimal attachment +experiments that uh I I put the um oh I + + align:start position:0% +experiments that uh I I put the um oh I + + + align:start position:0% +experiments that uh I I put the um oh I +called it minimal group affiliation + + align:start position:0% +called it minimal group affiliation + + + align:start position:0% +called it minimal group affiliation +experiments + + align:start position:0% +experiments + + + align:start position:0% +experiments +um there's a lot of them let me describe + + align:start position:0% +um there's a lot of them let me describe + + + align:start position:0% +um there's a lot of them let me describe +uh a couple to you so here's an + + align:start position:0% +uh a couple to you so here's an + + + align:start position:0% +uh a couple to you so here's an +experiment you come into the lab + + align:start position:0% +experiment you come into the lab + + + align:start position:0% +experiment you come into the lab +and um we're gonna do an assessment of + + align:start position:0% +and um we're gonna do an assessment of + + + align:start position:0% +and um we're gonna do an assessment of +your uh taste in uh in in abstract art + + align:start position:0% +your uh taste in uh in in abstract art + + + align:start position:0% +your uh taste in uh in in abstract art +and we're going to show you a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to show you a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to show you a bunch of +abstract pictures + + align:start position:0% +abstract pictures + + + align:start position:0% +abstract pictures +and you're gonna say how much you like + + align:start position:0% +and you're gonna say how much you like + + + align:start position:0% +and you're gonna say how much you like +it on a scale of I don't know one to + + align:start position:0% +it on a scale of I don't know one to + + + align:start position:0% +it on a scale of I don't know one to +seven or something like that and then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this at the end is that you + + align:start position:0% +this at the end is that you + + + align:start position:0% +this at the end is that you +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +um you like the work of Paul clay one + + align:start position:0% +um you like the work of Paul clay one + + + align:start position:0% +um you like the work of Paul clay one +abstract artist better than you like the + + align:start position:0% +abstract artist better than you like the + + + align:start position:0% +abstract artist better than you like the +work of Vasily Kandinsky another + + align:start position:0% +work of Vasily Kandinsky another + + + align:start position:0% +work of Vasily Kandinsky another +abstract artist or it might be the other + + align:start position:0% +abstract artist or it might be the other + + + align:start position:0% +abstract artist or it might be the other +way around I don't even remember by the + + align:start position:0% +way around I don't even remember by the + + + align:start position:0% +way around I don't even remember by the +way whether they were actually using + + align:start position:0% +way whether they were actually using + + + align:start position:0% +way whether they were actually using +um real clay and Kandinsky pictures but + + align:start position:0% +um real clay and Kandinsky pictures but + + + align:start position:0% +um real clay and Kandinsky pictures but +you're gonna get told that you're in the + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna get told that you're in the + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna get told that you're in the +clay group or the Kandinsky group this + + align:start position:0% +clay group or the Kandinsky group this + + + align:start position:0% +clay group or the Kandinsky group this +is not a group uh assignment where there + + align:start position:0% +is not a group uh assignment where there + + + align:start position:0% +is not a group uh assignment where there +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +um a lot at stake right + + align:start position:0% +um a lot at stake right + + + align:start position:0% +um a lot at stake right +so let us suppose that you're in the + + align:start position:0% +so let us suppose that you're in the + + + align:start position:0% +so let us suppose that you're in the +clay group + + align:start position:0% +clay group + + + align:start position:0% +clay group +you you've been assigned to the clay + + align:start position:0% +you you've been assigned to the clay + + + align:start position:0% +you you've been assigned to the clay +group in the second part of the + + align:start position:0% +group in the second part of the + + + align:start position:0% +group in the second part of the +experiment you're playing some sort of a + + align:start position:0% +experiment you're playing some sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +experiment you're playing some sort of a +game I don't quite remember what the + + align:start position:0% +game I don't quite remember what the + + + align:start position:0% +game I don't quite remember what the +story was + + align:start position:0% +story was + + + align:start position:0% +story was +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and uh the it ends up with you being + + align:start position:0% +and uh the it ends up with you being + + + align:start position:0% +and uh the it ends up with you being +able to + + align:start position:0% +able to + + + align:start position:0% +able to +um operate under one of two payoff rules + + align:start position:0% +um operate under one of two payoff rules + + + align:start position:0% +um operate under one of two payoff rules +in one rule you're going to give the + + align:start position:0% +in one rule you're going to give the + + + align:start position:0% +in one rule you're going to give the +other group one buck and you're gonna + + align:start position:0% +other group one buck and you're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +other group one buck and you're gonna +get + + align:start position:0% +get + + + align:start position:0% +get +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +two bucks + + align:start position:0% +two bucks + + + align:start position:0% +two bucks +that's one possibility the other + + align:start position:0% +that's one possibility the other + + + align:start position:0% +that's one possibility the other +possibility is a rule that gets you + + align:start position:0% +possibility is a rule that gets you + + + align:start position:0% +possibility is a rule that gets you +three bucks and gives them + + align:start position:0% +three bucks and gives them + + + align:start position:0% +three bucks and gives them +four bucks so this is you + + align:start position:0% +four bucks so this is you + + + align:start position:0% +four bucks so this is you +this is + + align:start position:0% +this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is +them you got a choice between you know + + align:start position:0% +them you got a choice between you know + + + align:start position:0% +them you got a choice between you know +option A and option b clearly the + + align:start position:0% +option A and option b clearly the + + + align:start position:0% +option A and option b clearly the +rational Choice from your Vantage Point + + align:start position:0% +rational Choice from your Vantage Point + + + align:start position:0% +rational Choice from your Vantage Point +is option b because you get three bucks + + align:start position:0% +is option b because you get three bucks + + + align:start position:0% +is option b because you get three bucks +and not two bucks but in fact there's a + + align:start position:0% +and not two bucks but in fact there's a + + + align:start position:0% +and not two bucks but in fact there's a +bias towards picking this option + + align:start position:0% +bias towards picking this option + + + align:start position:0% +bias towards picking this option +why is that well if you get two bucks + + align:start position:0% +why is that well if you get two bucks + + + align:start position:0% +why is that well if you get two bucks +you're getting more than them right yeah + + align:start position:0% +you're getting more than them right yeah + + + align:start position:0% +you're getting more than them right yeah +here I'm going to get more than I would + + align:start position:0% +here I'm going to get more than I would + + + align:start position:0% +here I'm going to get more than I would +have gotten there but these guys are + + align:start position:0% +have gotten there but these guys are + + + align:start position:0% +have gotten there but these guys are +gonna get a whole bunch more why should + + align:start position:0% +gonna get a whole bunch more why should + + + align:start position:0% +gonna get a whole bunch more why should +I give those Kandinsky lovers a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +I give those Kandinsky lovers a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +I give those Kandinsky lovers a bunch of +stuff + + align:start position:0% +stuff + + + align:start position:0% +stuff +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +well that's + + align:start position:0% +well that's + + + align:start position:0% +well that's +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +perhaps a little bit surprised but maybe + + align:start position:0% +perhaps a little bit surprised but maybe + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps a little bit surprised but maybe +it turns out that after you look at you + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that after you look at you + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that after you look at you +you figure that these Kandinsky sorts + + align:start position:0% +you figure that these Kandinsky sorts + + + align:start position:0% +you figure that these Kandinsky sorts +really are a different sort of + + align:start position:0% +really are a different sort of + + + align:start position:0% +really are a different sort of +scummy kind of person who you really + + align:start position:0% +scummy kind of person who you really + + + align:start position:0% +scummy kind of person who you really +ought to stick it to well in fact + + align:start position:0% +ought to stick it to well in fact + + + align:start position:0% +ought to stick it to well in fact +there's no difference between these + + align:start position:0% +there's no difference between these + + + align:start position:0% +there's no difference between these +groups the group assignment is + + align:start position:0% +groups the group assignment is + + + align:start position:0% +groups the group assignment is +completely random so any such + + align:start position:0% +completely random so any such + + + align:start position:0% +completely random so any such +distinction that you had made in your + + align:start position:0% +distinction that you had made in your + + + align:start position:0% +distinction that you had made in your +own mind is is is meaningless + + align:start position:0% +own mind is is is meaningless + + + align:start position:0% +own mind is is is meaningless +um but maybe you didn't know that so we + + align:start position:0% +um but maybe you didn't know that so we + + + align:start position:0% +um but maybe you didn't know that so we +can re-run this whole experiment by + + align:start position:0% +can re-run this whole experiment by + + + align:start position:0% +can re-run this whole experiment by +saying what would get rid of the silly + + align:start position:0% +saying what would get rid of the silly + + + align:start position:0% +saying what would get rid of the silly +cover story we're gonna flip a coin + + align:start position:0% +cover story we're gonna flip a coin + + + align:start position:0% +cover story we're gonna flip a coin +you're in group a + + align:start position:0% +you're in group a + + + align:start position:0% +you're in group a +you're in group b b a a b b b b n + + align:start position:0% +you're in group b b a a b b b b n + + + align:start position:0% +you're in group b b a a b b b b n +look guys it's random there is nothing + + align:start position:0% +look guys it's random there is nothing + + + align:start position:0% +look guys it's random there is nothing +differentiating your group from the + + align:start position:0% +differentiating your group from the + + + align:start position:0% +differentiating your group from the +other group guess what you get the same + + align:start position:0% +other group guess what you get the same + + + align:start position:0% +other group guess what you get the same +result I think it does get a little bit + + align:start position:0% +result I think it does get a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +result I think it does get a little bit +weaker but not much + + align:start position:0% +weaker but not much + + + align:start position:0% +weaker but not much +so just the act of being in a group + + align:start position:0% +so just the act of being in a group + + + align:start position:0% +so just the act of being in a group +causes you to um to be inclined to uh to + + align:start position:0% +causes you to um to be inclined to uh to + + + align:start position:0% +causes you to um to be inclined to uh to +to favor that group + + align:start position:0% +to favor that group + + + align:start position:0% +to favor that group +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +you are also inclined to think that + + align:start position:0% +you are also inclined to think that + + + align:start position:0% +you are also inclined to think that +group membership is diagnostic + + align:start position:0% +group membership is diagnostic + + + align:start position:0% +group membership is diagnostic +um let me tell you what that that means + + align:start position:0% +um let me tell you what that that means + + + align:start position:0% +um let me tell you what that that means +um let me describe a different + + align:start position:0% +um let me describe a different + + + align:start position:0% +um let me describe a different +experiment actually is the easiest way + + align:start position:0% +experiment actually is the easiest way + + + align:start position:0% +experiment actually is the easiest way +to describe this + + align:start position:0% +to describe this + + + align:start position:0% +to describe this +um suppose I put up a bunch of dots and + + align:start position:0% +um suppose I put up a bunch of dots and + + + align:start position:0% +um suppose I put up a bunch of dots and +we're above the subitizing range here + + align:start position:0% +we're above the subitizing range here + + + align:start position:0% +we're above the subitizing range here +obviously uh okay quickly how many dots + + align:start position:0% +obviously uh okay quickly how many dots + + + align:start position:0% +obviously uh okay quickly how many dots +are there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well I don't know you could guess I mean + + align:start position:0% +well I don't know you could guess I mean + + + align:start position:0% +well I don't know you could guess I mean +and you'd either be you might get lucky + + align:start position:0% +and you'd either be you might get lucky + + + align:start position:0% +and you'd either be you might get lucky +and be right on but you'd either be + + align:start position:0% +and be right on but you'd either be + + + align:start position:0% +and be right on but you'd either be +above or below so you're gonna do this + + align:start position:0% +above or below so you're gonna do this + + + align:start position:0% +above or below so you're gonna do this +for a while guess at a bunch of how many + + align:start position:0% +for a while guess at a bunch of how many + + + align:start position:0% +for a while guess at a bunch of how many +dots there are and we are going to + + align:start position:0% +dots there are and we are going to + + + align:start position:0% +dots there are and we are going to +declare + + align:start position:0% +declare + + + align:start position:0% +declare +that you are + + align:start position:0% +that you are + + + align:start position:0% +that you are +um how do I want to write this out + + align:start position:0% +um how do I want to write this out + + + align:start position:0% +um how do I want to write this out +you're you're an overestimator + + align:start position:0% +you're you're an overestimator + + + align:start position:0% +you're you're an overestimator +or an underestimator so that's the group + + align:start position:0% +or an underestimator so that's the group + + + align:start position:0% +or an underestimator so that's the group +assignment + + align:start position:0% +assignment + + + align:start position:0% +assignment +in this case + + align:start position:0% +in this case + + + align:start position:0% +in this case +right now the interesting thing in this + + align:start position:0% +right now the interesting thing in this + + + align:start position:0% +right now the interesting thing in this +experiment is that you've done it + + align:start position:0% +experiment is that you've done it + + + align:start position:0% +experiment is that you've done it +um with uh another person + + align:start position:0% +um with uh another person + + + align:start position:0% +um with uh another person +and the possibilities + + align:start position:0% +and the possibilities + + + align:start position:0% +and the possibilities +are that let's see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here how we always is a good way to + + align:start position:0% +here how we always is a good way to + + + align:start position:0% +here how we always is a good way to +write it um it could be two guides both + + align:start position:0% +write it um it could be two guides both + + + align:start position:0% +write it um it could be two guides both +of whom are over estimators it could be + + align:start position:0% +of whom are over estimators it could be + + + align:start position:0% +of whom are over estimators it could be +two guys one of them and overestimator + + align:start position:0% +two guys one of them and overestimator + + + align:start position:0% +two guys one of them and overestimator +one of them an underestimator similarly + + align:start position:0% +one of them an underestimator similarly + + + align:start position:0% +one of them an underestimator similarly +for females right + + align:start position:0% +for females right + + + align:start position:0% +for females right +um and and similar you know they could + + align:start position:0% +um and and similar you know they could + + + align:start position:0% +um and and similar you know they could +both be underestimators + + align:start position:0% +both be underestimators + + + align:start position:0% +both be underestimators +um and then the critical conditions are + + align:start position:0% +um and then the critical conditions are + + + align:start position:0% +um and then the critical conditions are +it could be a male and a female + + align:start position:0% +it could be a male and a female + + + align:start position:0% +it could be a male and a female +who are both overestimators both labeled + + align:start position:0% +who are both overestimators both labeled + + + align:start position:0% +who are both overestimators both labeled +as overestimators or both labeled as + + align:start position:0% +as overestimators or both labeled as + + + align:start position:0% +as overestimators or both labeled as +underestimators and the critical + + align:start position:0% +underestimators and the critical + + + align:start position:0% +underestimators and the critical +condition is + + align:start position:0% +condition is + + + align:start position:0% +condition is +um male overestimator female + + align:start position:0% +um male overestimator female + + + align:start position:0% +um male overestimator female +underestimator or the other way around + + align:start position:0% +underestimator or the other way around + + + align:start position:0% +underestimator or the other way around +but the important Point here is that a + + align:start position:0% +but the important Point here is that a + + + align:start position:0% +but the important Point here is that a +male + + align:start position:0% +male + + + align:start position:0% +male +the male is identified as one the female + + align:start position:0% +the male is identified as one the female + + + align:start position:0% +the male is identified as one the female +is identified as the other + + align:start position:0% +is identified as the other + + + align:start position:0% +is identified as the other +so after you so you've got people in all + + align:start position:0% +so after you so you've got people in all + + + align:start position:0% +so after you so you've got people in all +these various groups I don't know + + align:start position:0% +these various groups I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +these various groups I don't know +somebody can figure out how many groups + + align:start position:0% +somebody can figure out how many groups + + + align:start position:0% +somebody can figure out how many groups +there must be for the full design here + + align:start position:0% +there must be for the full design here + + + align:start position:0% +there must be for the full design here +but you got people in all those groups + + align:start position:0% +but you got people in all those groups + + + align:start position:0% +but you got people in all those groups +and now you ask a question at the end of + + align:start position:0% +and now you ask a question at the end of + + + align:start position:0% +and now you ask a question at the end of +the whole experiment do you think + + align:start position:0% +the whole experiment do you think + + + align:start position:0% +the whole experiment do you think +there's a sex difference a systematic + + align:start position:0% +there's a sex difference a systematic + + + align:start position:0% +there's a sex difference a systematic +sex difference + + align:start position:0% +sex difference + + + align:start position:0% +sex difference +um between men and women on this task + + align:start position:0% +um between men and women on this task + + + align:start position:0% +um between men and women on this task +well what do you think what do you think + + align:start position:0% +well what do you think what do you think + + + align:start position:0% +well what do you think what do you think +the sex difference is if there's if + + align:start position:0% +the sex difference is if there's if + + + align:start position:0% +the sex difference is if there's if +there's a sex difference + + align:start position:0% +there's a sex difference + + + align:start position:0% +there's a sex difference +um the all these groups the male male + + align:start position:0% +um the all these groups the male male + + + align:start position:0% +um the all these groups the male male +May malef and and or same all the same + + align:start position:0% +May malef and and or same all the same + + + align:start position:0% +May malef and and or same all the same +sex groups they did on average I don't + + align:start position:0% +sex groups they did on average I don't + + + align:start position:0% +sex groups they did on average I don't +think there's a difference you know some + + align:start position:0% +think there's a difference you know some + + + align:start position:0% +think there's a difference you know some +people say I think women are better some + + align:start position:0% +people say I think women are better some + + + align:start position:0% +people say I think women are better some +people think men are you know + + align:start position:0% +people think men are you know + + + align:start position:0% +people think men are you know +overestimators or whatever + + align:start position:0% +overestimators or whatever + + + align:start position:0% +overestimators or whatever +um but but there's there's no systematic + + align:start position:0% +um but but there's there's no systematic + + + align:start position:0% +um but but there's there's no systematic +bias here uh no nothing systematic + + align:start position:0% +bias here uh no nothing systematic + + + align:start position:0% +bias here uh no nothing systematic +happens here here something systematic + + align:start position:0% +happens here here something systematic + + + align:start position:0% +happens here here something systematic +happens in this particular version of it + + align:start position:0% +happens in this particular version of it + + + align:start position:0% +happens in this particular version of it +if uh if you're the male subject + + align:start position:0% +if uh if you're the male subject + + + align:start position:0% +if uh if you're the male subject +uh well and it doesn't matter which + + align:start position:0% +uh well and it doesn't matter which + + + align:start position:0% +uh well and it doesn't matter which +subject you um the the the the uh you + + align:start position:0% +subject you um the the the the uh you + + + align:start position:0% +subject you um the the the the uh you +would declare that males as a group are + + align:start position:0% +would declare that males as a group are + + + align:start position:0% +would declare that males as a group are +overestimators and females as a group + + align:start position:0% +overestimators and females as a group + + + align:start position:0% +overestimators and females as a group +are underestimators what's the evidence + + align:start position:0% +are underestimators what's the evidence + + + align:start position:0% +are underestimators what's the evidence +for that you know one of each + + align:start position:0% +for that you know one of each + + + align:start position:0% +for that you know one of each +clearly not meaningful right there's no + + align:start position:0% +clearly not meaningful right there's no + + + align:start position:0% +clearly not meaningful right there's no +statistical reliability that that you + + align:start position:0% +statistical reliability that that you + + + align:start position:0% +statistical reliability that that you +could glean from this it could be that + + align:start position:0% +could glean from this it could be that + + + align:start position:0% +could glean from this it could be that +uh you know that that that oh I don't + + align:start position:0% +uh you know that that that oh I don't + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know that that that oh I don't +know whatever other difference + + align:start position:0% +know whatever other difference + + + align:start position:0% +know whatever other difference +brown-haired people and blonde-haired + + align:start position:0% +brown-haired people and blonde-haired + + + align:start position:0% +brown-haired people and blonde-haired +people or something + + align:start position:0% +people or something + + + align:start position:0% +people or something +um are different but as soon as you've + + align:start position:0% +um are different but as soon as you've + + + align:start position:0% +um are different but as soon as you've +got you know that there's a group + + align:start position:0% +got you know that there's a group + + + align:start position:0% +got you know that there's a group +difference here because males and + + align:start position:0% +difference here because males and + + + align:start position:0% +difference here because males and +females are definitely different groups + + align:start position:0% +females are definitely different groups + + + align:start position:0% +females are definitely different groups +as soon as you've got evidence that + + align:start position:0% +as soon as you've got evidence that + + + align:start position:0% +as soon as you've got evidence that +there's a difference across this group + + align:start position:0% +there's a difference across this group + + + align:start position:0% +there's a difference across this group +you are willing to start making + + align:start position:0% +you are willing to start making + + + align:start position:0% +you are willing to start making +assumptions that that difference applies + + align:start position:0% +assumptions that that difference applies + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions that that difference applies +to the group as a whole + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you see how that well you see how that + + align:start position:0% +you see how that well you see how that + + + align:start position:0% +you see how that well you see how that +works + + align:start position:0% +works + + + align:start position:0% +works +more or less you know somebody's nodding + + align:start position:0% +more or less you know somebody's nodding + + + align:start position:0% +more or less you know somebody's nodding +their head that's encouraging okay + + align:start position:0% +their head that's encouraging okay + + + align:start position:0% +their head that's encouraging okay +um so that's this notion that um that + + align:start position:0% +um so that's this notion that um that + + + align:start position:0% +um so that's this notion that um that +that that that's Factor one the uh idea + + align:start position:0% +that that that's Factor one the uh idea + + + align:start position:0% +that that that's Factor one the uh idea +that you've got + + align:start position:0% +that you've got + + + align:start position:0% +that you've got +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +that you're inclined to see your group + + align:start position:0% +that you're inclined to see your group + + + align:start position:0% +that you're inclined to see your group +as number one and this is a sort of a a + + align:start position:0% +as number one and this is a sort of a a + + + align:start position:0% +as number one and this is a sort of a a +point we'll come back to which is that + + align:start position:0% +point we'll come back to which is that + + + align:start position:0% +point we'll come back to which is that +you're inclined to see groups as having + + align:start position:0% +you're inclined to see groups as having + + + align:start position:0% +you're inclined to see groups as having +properties that pertain to the group + + align:start position:0% +properties that pertain to the group + + + align:start position:0% +properties that pertain to the group +then you you'll jump to that quickly + + align:start position:0% +then you you'll jump to that quickly + + + align:start position:0% +then you you'll jump to that quickly +um now uh + + align:start position:0% +um now uh + + + align:start position:0% +um now uh +the tendency to think that all members + + align:start position:0% +the tendency to think that all members + + + align:start position:0% +the tendency to think that all members +uh that that group identification tells + + align:start position:0% +uh that that group identification tells + + + align:start position:0% +uh that that group identification tells +you something about + + align:start position:0% +you something about + + + align:start position:0% +you something about +properties of the group that's known as + + align:start position:0% +properties of the group that's known as + + + align:start position:0% +properties of the group that's known as +stereotyping if I know that you are part + + align:start position:0% +stereotyping if I know that you are part + + + align:start position:0% +stereotyping if I know that you are part +of this group I believe I know something + + align:start position:0% +of this group I believe I know something + + + align:start position:0% +of this group I believe I know something +about you uh period + + align:start position:0% +about you uh period + + + align:start position:0% +about you uh period +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +it also so when we talk about + + align:start position:0% +it also so when we talk about + + + align:start position:0% +it also so when we talk about +stereotyping we tend to think of it in + + align:start position:0% +stereotyping we tend to think of it in + + + align:start position:0% +stereotyping we tend to think of it in +sort of negative terms + + align:start position:0% +sort of negative terms + + + align:start position:0% +sort of negative terms +um that is a a fairly self-evident + + align:start position:0% +um that is a a fairly self-evident + + + align:start position:0% +um that is a a fairly self-evident +consequence of factor one mixed with + + align:start position:0% +consequence of factor one mixed with + + + align:start position:0% +consequence of factor one mixed with +Factor two if you are inclined to think + + align:start position:0% +Factor two if you are inclined to think + + + align:start position:0% +Factor two if you are inclined to think +that your group is number one + + align:start position:0% +that your group is number one + + + align:start position:0% +that your group is number one +and you're inclined to think that group + + align:start position:0% +and you're inclined to think that group + + + align:start position:0% +and you're inclined to think that group +identity + + align:start position:0% +identity + + + align:start position:0% +identity +tells you something it follows that + + align:start position:0% +tells you something it follows that + + + align:start position:0% +tells you something it follows that +being a member of another group means + + align:start position:0% +being a member of another group means + + + align:start position:0% +being a member of another group means +you're a member of a group that is at + + align:start position:0% +you're a member of a group that is at + + + align:start position:0% +you're a member of a group that is at +best number two + + align:start position:0% +best number two + + + align:start position:0% +best number two +ain't number one that's my group so you + + align:start position:0% +ain't number one that's my group so you + + + align:start position:0% +ain't number one that's my group so you +in this idea this group that I've + + align:start position:0% +in this idea this group that I've + + + align:start position:0% +in this idea this group that I've +identified are in some other lesser + + align:start position:0% +identified are in some other lesser + + + align:start position:0% +identified are in some other lesser +group on on on this scale + + align:start position:0% +group on on on this scale + + + align:start position:0% +group on on on this scale +um that that's fairly obvious what's a + + align:start position:0% +um that that's fairly obvious what's a + + + align:start position:0% +um that that's fairly obvious what's a +little less obvious and is at least + + align:start position:0% +little less obvious and is at least + + + align:start position:0% +little less obvious and is at least +worth mentioning is that uh stereotypes + + align:start position:0% +worth mentioning is that uh stereotypes + + + align:start position:0% +worth mentioning is that uh stereotypes +are not just descriptions of things that + + align:start position:0% +are not just descriptions of things that + + + align:start position:0% +are not just descriptions of things that +are common to that population here's the + + align:start position:0% +are common to that population here's the + + + align:start position:0% +are common to that population here's the +silly example let us consider these + + align:start position:0% +silly example let us consider these + + + align:start position:0% +silly example let us consider these +stereo the the the Asian woman + + align:start position:0% +stereo the the the Asian woman + + + align:start position:0% +stereo the the the Asian woman +stereotype + + align:start position:0% +stereotype + + + align:start position:0% +stereotype +um is it part of the Asian woman it is + + align:start position:0% +um is it part of the Asian woman it is + + + align:start position:0% +um is it part of the Asian woman it is +bipedality part of the Asian woman + + align:start position:0% +bipedality part of the Asian woman + + + align:start position:0% +bipedality part of the Asian woman +stereotype + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no nobody sits around and says all those + + align:start position:0% +no nobody sits around and says all those + + + align:start position:0% +no nobody sits around and says all those +Asian women have two feet + + align:start position:0% +Asian women have two feet + + + align:start position:0% +Asian women have two feet +right this is stupid nobody's gonna say + + align:start position:0% +right this is stupid nobody's gonna say + + + align:start position:0% +right this is stupid nobody's gonna say +anything like that because everybody's + + align:start position:0% +anything like that because everybody's + + + align:start position:0% +anything like that because everybody's +got two feet + + align:start position:0% +got two feet + + + align:start position:0% +got two feet +um what's important in a stereotype + + align:start position:0% +um what's important in a stereotype + + + align:start position:0% +um what's important in a stereotype +um stereotypes are are are different + + align:start position:0% +um stereotypes are are are different + + + align:start position:0% +um stereotypes are are are different +scores in a sense it's not necessarily + + align:start position:0% +scores in a sense it's not necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +scores in a sense it's not necessarily +accurate once you understand they can be + + align:start position:0% +accurate once you understand they can be + + + align:start position:0% +accurate once you understand they can be +completely bogus but the I what defines + + align:start position:0% +completely bogus but the I what defines + + + align:start position:0% +completely bogus but the I what defines +a stereotype is what somebody thinks + + align:start position:0% +a stereotype is what somebody thinks + + + align:start position:0% +a stereotype is what somebody thinks +differentiates a population + + align:start position:0% +differentiates a population + + + align:start position:0% +differentiates a population +um from one one group from the + + align:start position:0% +um from one one group from the + + + align:start position:0% +um from one one group from the +population as a whole so I I put some + + align:start position:0% +population as a whole so I I put some + + + align:start position:0% +population as a whole so I I put some +data down here + + align:start position:0% +data down here + + + align:start position:0% +data down here +from one big study of of uh uh of + + align:start position:0% +from one big study of of uh uh of + + + align:start position:0% +from one big study of of uh uh of +stereotypes + + align:start position:0% +stereotypes + + + align:start position:0% +stereotypes +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +please note that these are not facts I + + align:start position:0% +please note that these are not facts I + + + align:start position:0% +please note that these are not facts I +mean they're facts in the sense of their + + align:start position:0% +mean they're facts in the sense of their + + + align:start position:0% +mean they're facts in the sense of their +data they're not true facts about in + + align:start position:0% +data they're not true facts about in + + + align:start position:0% +data they're not true facts about in +this case the German population what + + align:start position:0% +this case the German population what + + + align:start position:0% +this case the German population what +they are is + + align:start position:0% +they are is + + + align:start position:0% +they are is +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +what this particular group of subjects + + align:start position:0% +what this particular group of subjects + + + align:start position:0% +what this particular group of subjects +reported believing about different + + align:start position:0% +reported believing about different + + + align:start position:0% +reported believing about different +groups in this case the Germans so we + + align:start position:0% +groups in this case the Germans so we + + + align:start position:0% +groups in this case the Germans so we +have I I I excerpted from a huge uh + + align:start position:0% +have I I I excerpted from a huge uh + + + align:start position:0% +have I I I excerpted from a huge uh +study + + align:start position:0% +study + + + align:start position:0% +study +um the the factors efficient extremely + + align:start position:0% +um the the factors efficient extremely + + + align:start position:0% +um the the factors efficient extremely +nationalistic scientific minded and + + align:start position:0% +nationalistic scientific minded and + + + align:start position:0% +nationalistic scientific minded and +pleasure loving you will note that the + + align:start position:0% +pleasure loving you will note that the + + + align:start position:0% +pleasure loving you will note that the +largest single category you know the the + + align:start position:0% +largest single category you know the the + + + align:start position:0% +largest single category you know the the +the highest value for for the German + + align:start position:0% +the highest value for for the German + + + align:start position:0% +the highest value for for the German +population + + align:start position:0% +population + + + align:start position:0% +population +in this collection of uh data points is + + align:start position:0% +in this collection of uh data points is + + + align:start position:0% +in this collection of uh data points is +pleasure loving but that's not part of + + align:start position:0% +pleasure loving but that's not part of + + + align:start position:0% +pleasure loving but that's not part of +what would be considered The Stereotype + + align:start position:0% +what would be considered The Stereotype + + + align:start position:0% +what would be considered The Stereotype +here because it's not higher than the + + align:start position:0% +here because it's not higher than the + + + align:start position:0% +here because it's not higher than the +population as a whole right this + + align:start position:0% +population as a whole right this + + + align:start position:0% +population as a whole right this +particular group of subjects asserted + + align:start position:0% +particular group of subjects asserted + + + align:start position:0% +particular group of subjects asserted +that 82 percent of people in the world + + align:start position:0% +that 82 percent of people in the world + + + align:start position:0% +that 82 percent of people in the world +would be pleasure loving and a mere 72 + + align:start position:0% +would be pleasure loving and a mere 72 + + + align:start position:0% +would be pleasure loving and a mere 72 +percent of the Germans would be + + align:start position:0% +percent of the Germans would be + + + align:start position:0% +percent of the Germans would be +therefore pleasure lovingness would not + + align:start position:0% +therefore pleasure lovingness would not + + + align:start position:0% +therefore pleasure lovingness would not +be considered part of that stereotype + + align:start position:0% +be considered part of that stereotype + + + align:start position:0% +be considered part of that stereotype +because it it it's it's not something + + align:start position:0% +because it it it's it's not something + + + align:start position:0% +because it it it's it's not something +that distinguishes + + align:start position:0% +that distinguishes + + + align:start position:0% +that distinguishes +um the + + align:start position:0% +um the + + + align:start position:0% +um the +uh that this determine the the this view + + align:start position:0% +uh that this determine the the this view + + + align:start position:0% +uh that this determine the the this view +of Germans from the view of people as a + + align:start position:0% +of Germans from the view of people as a + + + align:start position:0% +of Germans from the view of people as a +whole and + + align:start position:0% +whole and + + + align:start position:0% +whole and +um in in console efficient yes uh + + align:start position:0% +um in in console efficient yes uh + + + align:start position:0% +um in in console efficient yes uh +extremely nationalistic yes and and + + align:start position:0% +extremely nationalistic yes and and + + + align:start position:0% +extremely nationalistic yes and and +interesting is something like + + align:start position:0% +interesting is something like + + + align:start position:0% +interesting is something like +scientifically minded would be + + align:start position:0% +scientifically minded would be + + + align:start position:0% +scientifically minded would be +considered part of The Stereotype even + + align:start position:0% +considered part of The Stereotype even + + + align:start position:0% +considered part of The Stereotype even +though it's not even held to be a + + align:start position:0% +though it's not even held to be a + + + align:start position:0% +though it's not even held to be a +majority + + align:start position:0% +majority + + + align:start position:0% +majority +um you know the the this perception + + align:start position:0% +um you know the the this perception + + + align:start position:0% +um you know the the this perception +doesn't say that a majority of Germans + + align:start position:0% +doesn't say that a majority of Germans + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't say that a majority of Germans +are scientifically minded but more + + align:start position:0% +are scientifically minded but more + + + align:start position:0% +are scientifically minded but more +Germans are scientifically minded + + align:start position:0% +Germans are scientifically minded + + + align:start position:0% +Germans are scientifically minded +according to this uh view then then uh + + align:start position:0% +according to this uh view then then uh + + + align:start position:0% +according to this uh view then then uh +then the population as a whole again I + + align:start position:0% +then the population as a whole again I + + + align:start position:0% +then the population as a whole again I +have no idea what the true data would be + + align:start position:0% +have no idea what the true data would be + + + align:start position:0% +have no idea what the true data would be +for the German population I don't know + + align:start position:0% +for the German population I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +for the German population I don't know +if they think about science at all + + align:start position:0% +if they think about science at all + + + align:start position:0% +if they think about science at all +um but + + align:start position:0% +um but + + + align:start position:0% +um but +um the perception is that the The + + align:start position:0% +um the perception is that the The + + + align:start position:0% +um the perception is that the The +Stereotype would include efficient + + align:start position:0% +Stereotype would include efficient + + + align:start position:0% +Stereotype would include efficient +nationalistic and scientific and not + + align:start position:0% +nationalistic and scientific and not + + + align:start position:0% +nationalistic and scientific and not +pleasure-minded because of this this + + align:start position:0% +pleasure-minded because of this this + + + align:start position:0% +pleasure-minded because of this this +issue of being uh of a differential + + align:start position:0% +issue of being uh of a differential + + + align:start position:0% +issue of being uh of a differential +relationship to the to the perceived + + align:start position:0% +relationship to the to the perceived + + + align:start position:0% +relationship to the to the perceived +Baseline into the population to the + + align:start position:0% +Baseline into the population to the + + + align:start position:0% +Baseline into the population to the +population as a whole + + align:start position:0% +population as a whole + + + align:start position:0% +population as a whole +um one of the factors contributing + + align:start position:0% +um one of the factors contributing + + + align:start position:0% +um one of the factors contributing +to the power of stereotyping + + align:start position:0% +to the power of stereotyping + + + align:start position:0% +to the power of stereotyping +is what's known as the out-group + + align:start position:0% +is what's known as the out-group + + + align:start position:0% +is what's known as the out-group +homogeneity effect so the in-group is + + align:start position:0% +homogeneity effect so the in-group is + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneity effect so the in-group is +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +you're in some group The out group are + + align:start position:0% +you're in some group The out group are + + + align:start position:0% +you're in some group The out group are +other people the outgroup homogeneity + + align:start position:0% +other people the outgroup homogeneity + + + align:start position:0% +other people the outgroup homogeneity +effect is the tendency to uh think that + + align:start position:0% +effect is the tendency to uh think that + + + align:start position:0% +effect is the tendency to uh think that +all of them are kinda alike + + align:start position:0% +all of them are kinda alike + + + align:start position:0% +all of them are kinda alike +right you don't think that about you in + + align:start position:0% +right you don't think that about you in + + + align:start position:0% +right you don't think that about you in +the same way so I mean uh + + align:start position:0% +the same way so I mean uh + + + align:start position:0% +the same way so I mean uh +let's smoke from from the last lecture + + align:start position:0% +let's smoke from from the last lecture + + + align:start position:0% +let's smoke from from the last lecture +you know I I the the nerdy High School + + align:start position:0% +you know I I the the nerdy High School + + + align:start position:0% +you know I I the the nerdy High School +freshman group you know I would know if + + align:start position:0% +freshman group you know I would know if + + + align:start position:0% +freshman group you know I would know if +if that was my in-group I would know + + align:start position:0% +if that was my in-group I would know + + + align:start position:0% +if that was my in-group I would know +that they aren't all alike because I'm + + align:start position:0% +that they aren't all alike because I'm + + + align:start position:0% +that they aren't all alike because I'm +one of them and I know that I'm + + align:start position:0% +one of them and I know that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +one of them and I know that I'm +different from all those other nerdy + + align:start position:0% +different from all those other nerdy + + + align:start position:0% +different from all those other nerdy +High School freshmen + + align:start position:0% +High School freshmen + + + align:start position:0% +High School freshmen +um and stuff like that but + + align:start position:0% +um and stuff like that but + + + align:start position:0% +um and stuff like that but +the jocks man they're all alike I don't + + align:start position:0% +the jocks man they're all alike I don't + + + align:start position:0% +the jocks man they're all alike I don't +know it's in effect and ignorance effect + + align:start position:0% +know it's in effect and ignorance effect + + + align:start position:0% +know it's in effect and ignorance effect +um now how does this play into uh bias + + align:start position:0% +um now how does this play into uh bias + + + align:start position:0% +um now how does this play into uh bias +how does this ignorance Factor play in + + align:start position:0% +how does this ignorance Factor play in + + + align:start position:0% +how does this ignorance Factor play in +in into not just + + align:start position:0% +in into not just + + + align:start position:0% +in into not just +um thinking that all those people are + + align:start position:0% +um thinking that all those people are + + + align:start position:0% +um thinking that all those people are +alike but to thinking less of those + + align:start position:0% +alike but to thinking less of those + + + align:start position:0% +alike but to thinking less of those +people if you ask about what you know + + align:start position:0% +people if you ask about what you know + + + align:start position:0% +people if you ask about what you know +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +uh groups that you don't interact with + + align:start position:0% +uh groups that you don't interact with + + + align:start position:0% +uh groups that you don't interact with +much + + align:start position:0% +much + + + align:start position:0% +much +you will typically where do you get your + + align:start position:0% +you will typically where do you get your + + + align:start position:0% +you will typically where do you get your +information about them + + align:start position:0% +information about them + + + align:start position:0% +information about them +you get your information from the news + + align:start position:0% +you get your information from the news + + + align:start position:0% +you get your information from the news +what gets you onto the news + + align:start position:0% +what gets you onto the news + + + align:start position:0% +what gets you onto the news +the fact that you're you know a good + + align:start position:0% +the fact that you're you know a good + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that you're you know a good +student and you love your mother + + align:start position:0% +student and you love your mother + + + align:start position:0% +student and you love your mother +no but you know if you decide to go off + + align:start position:0% +no but you know if you decide to go off + + + align:start position:0% +no but you know if you decide to go off +and commit an armed robbery or something + + align:start position:0% +and commit an armed robbery or something + + + align:start position:0% +and commit an armed robbery or something +like that that might get you on the news + + align:start position:0% +like that that might get you on the news + + + align:start position:0% +like that that might get you on the news +and if you are a member of a a + + align:start position:0% +and if you are a member of a a + + + align:start position:0% +and if you are a member of a a +distinctive group of some sort that's + + align:start position:0% +distinctive group of some sort that's + + + align:start position:0% +distinctive group of some sort that's +not my group I'm gonna say hey look I've + + align:start position:0% +not my group I'm gonna say hey look I've + + + align:start position:0% +not my group I'm gonna say hey look I've +got a data point about oh we can keep + + align:start position:0% +got a data point about oh we can keep + + + align:start position:0% +got a data point about oh we can keep +picking on the Asian women you know I've + + align:start position:0% +picking on the Asian women you know I've + + + align:start position:0% +picking on the Asian women you know I've +got a data point about Asian women + + align:start position:0% +got a data point about Asian women + + + align:start position:0% +got a data point about Asian women +that one committed an armed robbery I + + align:start position:0% +that one committed an armed robbery I + + + align:start position:0% +that one committed an armed robbery I +know about Asian women now they all + + align:start position:0% +know about Asian women now they all + + + align:start position:0% +know about Asian women now they all +commit armed robberies well look you + + align:start position:0% +commit armed robberies well look you + + + align:start position:0% +commit armed robberies well look you +know you don't do anything quite that + + align:start position:0% +know you don't do anything quite that + + + align:start position:0% +know you don't do anything quite that +bold and stupid but that's the the sense + + align:start position:0% +bold and stupid but that's the the sense + + + align:start position:0% +bold and stupid but that's the the sense +in which you are willing to color the + + align:start position:0% +in which you are willing to color the + + + align:start position:0% +in which you are willing to color the +entire group on the basis of whatever + + align:start position:0% +entire group on the basis of whatever + + + align:start position:0% +entire group on the basis of whatever +information you have about one member of + + align:start position:0% +information you have about one member of + + + align:start position:0% +information you have about one member of +it that's another version of this effect + + align:start position:0% +it that's another version of this effect + + + align:start position:0% +it that's another version of this effect +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +is likely to lead to negative + + align:start position:0% +is likely to lead to negative + + + align:start position:0% +is likely to lead to negative +assessments of the out group because the + + align:start position:0% +assessments of the out group because the + + + align:start position:0% +assessments of the out group because the +information you get about groups that + + align:start position:0% +information you get about groups that + + + align:start position:0% +information you get about groups that +you don't interact with is skewed + + align:start position:0% +you don't interact with is skewed + + + align:start position:0% +you don't interact with is skewed +towards the negative the stuff that's + + align:start position:0% +towards the negative the stuff that's + + + align:start position:0% +towards the negative the stuff that's +going to make the news about about a + + align:start position:0% +going to make the news about about a + + + align:start position:0% +going to make the news about about a +group is going to be typically + + align:start position:0% +group is going to be typically + + + align:start position:0% +group is going to be typically +um the the negative effect now that + + align:start position:0% +um the the negative effect now that + + + align:start position:0% +um the the negative effect now that +wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +make oh so where the strongest + + align:start position:0% +make oh so where the strongest + + + align:start position:0% +make oh so where the strongest +stereotypes in in the American + + align:start position:0% +stereotypes in in the American + + + align:start position:0% +stereotypes in in the American +population at at the uh at the well + + align:start position:0% +population at at the uh at the well + + + align:start position:0% +population at at the uh at the well +actually this is a somewhat old study at + + align:start position:0% +actually this is a somewhat old study at + + + align:start position:0% +actually this is a somewhat old study at +this point + + align:start position:0% +this point + + + align:start position:0% +this point +um but uh but when you assess the you + + align:start position:0% +um but uh but when you assess the you + + + align:start position:0% +um but uh but when you assess the you +can use various sort of questionnaire + + align:start position:0% +can use various sort of questionnaire + + + align:start position:0% +can use various sort of questionnaire +assessments to assess how strongly + + align:start position:0% +assessments to assess how strongly + + + align:start position:0% +assessments to assess how strongly +um a population holds stereotypic views + + align:start position:0% +um a population holds stereotypic views + + + align:start position:0% +um a population holds stereotypic views +of another population + + align:start position:0% +of another population + + + align:start position:0% +of another population +um the heavily stereotyped views held by + + align:start position:0% +um the heavily stereotyped views held by + + + align:start position:0% +um the heavily stereotyped views held by +an American population this is now about + + align:start position:0% +an American population this is now about + + + align:start position:0% +an American population this is now about +15 years ago were held of + + align:start position:0% +15 years ago were held of + + + align:start position:0% +15 years ago were held of +um Turks Arabs to a lesser degree of uh + + align:start position:0% +um Turks Arabs to a lesser degree of uh + + + align:start position:0% +um Turks Arabs to a lesser degree of uh +the Japanese groups that the + + align:start position:0% +the Japanese groups that the + + + align:start position:0% +the Japanese groups that the +um were not heavily represented in the + + align:start position:0% +um were not heavily represented in the + + + align:start position:0% +um were not heavily represented in the +American the general American mix + + align:start position:0% +American the general American mix + + + align:start position:0% +American the general American mix +less heavy stereotypes for groups with + + align:start position:0% +less heavy stereotypes for groups with + + + align:start position:0% +less heavy stereotypes for groups with +large immigrant populations in this + + align:start position:0% +large immigrant populations in this + + + align:start position:0% +large immigrant populations in this +country because there you were more + + align:start position:0% +country because there you were more + + + align:start position:0% +country because there you were more +likely to know some people in that group + + align:start position:0% +likely to know some people in that group + + + align:start position:0% +likely to know some people in that group +and that's in that that makes the + + align:start position:0% +and that's in that that makes the + + + align:start position:0% +and that's in that that makes the +stereotypes + + align:start position:0% +stereotypes + + + align:start position:0% +stereotypes +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +less + + align:start position:0% +less + + + align:start position:0% +less +um less firm let less strong now one of + + align:start position:0% +um less firm let less strong now one of + + + align:start position:0% +um less firm let less strong now one of +the reasons that these + + align:start position:0% +the reasons that these + + + align:start position:0% +the reasons that these +stereotypes matter + + align:start position:0% +stereotypes matter + + + align:start position:0% +stereotypes matter +is because along with being willing to + + align:start position:0% +is because along with being willing to + + + align:start position:0% +is because along with being willing to +build them + + align:start position:0% +build them + + + align:start position:0% +build them +quickly and easily we are also inclined + + align:start position:0% +quickly and easily we are also inclined + + + align:start position:0% +quickly and easily we are also inclined +to think that they are that the the + + align:start position:0% +to think that they are that the the + + + align:start position:0% +to think that they are that the the +attributes that we put on other groups + + align:start position:0% +attributes that we put on other groups + + + align:start position:0% +attributes that we put on other groups +um are are causal at least in others + + align:start position:0% +um are are causal at least in others + + + align:start position:0% +um are are causal at least in others +this is what's known as the fundamental + + align:start position:0% +this is what's known as the fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +this is what's known as the fundamental +attribution error let me explain + + align:start position:0% +attribution error let me explain + + + align:start position:0% +attribution error let me explain +um a little bit I I sent a note to my + + align:start position:0% +um a little bit I I sent a note to my + + + align:start position:0% +um a little bit I I sent a note to my +social psych a couple of my social psych + + align:start position:0% +social psych a couple of my social psych + + + align:start position:0% +social psych a couple of my social psych +colleagues + + align:start position:0% +colleagues + + + align:start position:0% +colleagues +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um 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align:start position:0% +fundamental it's a it's a it's a good +and it turns out to be uh Nisbet and i s + + align:start position:0% +and it turns out to be uh Nisbet and i s + + + align:start position:0% +and it turns out to be uh Nisbet and i s +b e t t from the University of Michigan + + align:start position:0% +b e t t from the University of Michigan + + + align:start position:0% +b e t t from the University of Michigan +um if you want to track that down but in + + align:start position:0% +um if you want to track that down but in + + + align:start position:0% +um if you want to track that down but in +any case + + align:start position:0% +any case + + + align:start position:0% +any case +um here let me explain what this is + + align:start position:0% +um here let me explain what this is + + + align:start position:0% +um here let me explain what this is +there are two broad ways of thinking + + align:start position:0% +there are two broad ways of thinking + + + align:start position:0% +there are two broad ways of thinking +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +um personality about what it is we all + + align:start position:0% +um personality about what it is we all + + + align:start position:0% +um personality about what it is we all +have some notion about that that we've + + align:start position:0% +have some notion about that that we've + + + align:start position:0% +have some notion about that that we've +got a personality + + align:start position:0% +got a personality + + + align:start position:0% +got a personality +um and and thinking about the attributes + + align:start position:0% +um and and thinking about the attributes + + + align:start position:0% +um and and thinking about the attributes +that make up that personality can be + + align:start position:0% +that make up that personality can be + + + align:start position:0% +that make up that personality can be +divided into two broad categories that + + align:start position:0% +divided into two broad categories that + + + align:start position:0% +divided into two broad categories that +map onto the usual nature nurture kind + + align:start position:0% +map onto the usual nature nurture kind + + + align:start position:0% +map onto the usual nature nurture kind +of arguments in the field there are + + align:start position:0% +of arguments in the field there are + + + align:start position:0% +of arguments in the field there are +trait theories + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um that are on typically on the more + + align:start position:0% +um that are on typically on the more + + + align:start position:0% +um that are on typically on the more +nature side of it that they're that that + + align:start position:0% +nature side of it that they're that that + + + align:start position:0% +nature side of it that they're that that +there are fundamental attributes of + + align:start position:0% +there are fundamental attributes of + + + align:start position:0% +there are fundamental attributes of +personality + + align:start position:0% +personality + + + align:start position:0% +personality +maybe coming from a a genetic origin + + align:start position:0% +maybe coming from a a genetic origin + + + align:start position:0% +maybe coming from a a genetic origin +that that are just sort of + + align:start position:0% +that that are just sort of + + + align:start position:0% +that that are just sort of +um they are who you you are who you are + + align:start position:0% +um they are who you you are who you are + + + align:start position:0% +um they are who you you are who you are +because you have these traits the + + align:start position:0% +because you have these traits the + + + align:start position:0% +because you have these traits the +alternative + + align:start position:0% +alternative + + + align:start position:0% +alternative +um from the more nurture side of things + + align:start position:0% +um from the more nurture side of things + + + align:start position:0% +um from the more nurture side of things +the environmental side of it is a situ a + + align:start position:0% +the environmental side of it is a situ a + + + align:start position:0% +the environmental side of it is a situ a +situ a situation + + align:start position:0% +situ a situation + + + align:start position:0% +situ a situation +too many letters + + align:start position:0% +too many letters + + + align:start position:0% +too many letters +a situationalist account + + align:start position:0% +a situationalist account + + + align:start position:0% +a situationalist account +um that says you are who you are because + + align:start position:0% +um that says you are who you are because + + + align:start position:0% +um that says you are who you are because +of where you are so + + align:start position:0% +of where you are so + + + align:start position:0% +of where you are so +um trait Theory you are + + align:start position:0% +um trait Theory you are + + + align:start position:0% +um trait Theory you are +um you know here now because you were uh + + align:start position:0% +um you know here now because you were uh + + + align:start position:0% +um you know here now because you were uh +born smart and hard-working and and and + + align:start position:0% +born smart and hard-working and and and + + + align:start position:0% +born smart and hard-working and and and +and and and studious or you be or or you + + align:start position:0% +and and and studious or you be or or you + + + align:start position:0% +and and and studious or you be or or you +you basically have + + align:start position:0% +you basically have + + + align:start position:0% +you basically have +um consistent over time hard-working + + align:start position:0% +um consistent over time hard-working + + + align:start position:0% +um consistent over time hard-working +studious attributes to you + + align:start position:0% +studious attributes to you + + + align:start position:0% +studious attributes to you +um the situationalist account says + + align:start position:0% +um the situationalist account says + + + align:start position:0% +um the situationalist account says +you're sitting here right now emitting + + align:start position:0% +you're sitting here right now emitting + + + align:start position:0% +you're sitting here right now emitting +student Behavior because you're in a you + + align:start position:0% +student Behavior because you're in a you + + + align:start position:0% +student Behavior because you're in a you +know a a student kind of environment if + + align:start position:0% +know a a student kind of environment if + + + align:start position:0% +know a a student kind of environment if +we put you + + align:start position:0% +we put you + + + align:start position:0% +we put you +um into it we put you out in the farm + + align:start position:0% +um into it we put you out in the farm + + + align:start position:0% +um into it we put you out in the farm +you would not be sitting there in the + + align:start position:0% +you would not be sitting there in the + + + align:start position:0% +you would not be sitting there in the +middle of the field with a notebook + + align:start position:0% +middle of the field with a notebook + + + align:start position:0% +middle of the field with a notebook +taking notes about the cow you know + + align:start position:0% +taking notes about the cow you know + + + align:start position:0% +taking notes about the cow you know +that's not what you would be doing in + + align:start position:0% +that's not what you would be doing in + + + align:start position:0% +that's not what you would be doing in +that situation you'd be doing + + align:start position:0% +that situation you'd be doing + + + align:start position:0% +that situation you'd be doing +um Farm kind of stuff like all such + + align:start position:0% +um Farm kind of stuff like all such + + + align:start position:0% +um Farm kind of stuff like all such +debates in the field + + align:start position:0% +debates in the field + + + align:start position:0% +debates in the field +um you know the truth is going to lie + + align:start position:0% +um you know the truth is going to lie + + + align:start position:0% +um you know the truth is going to lie +somewhere uh in between there's going to + + align:start position:0% +somewhere uh in between there's going to + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere uh in between there's going to +be bits bits of both you're not going to + + align:start position:0% +be bits bits of both you're not going to + + + align:start position:0% +be bits bits of both you're not going to +get any mileage out of arguing strictly + + align:start position:0% +get any mileage out of arguing strictly + + + align:start position:0% +get any mileage out of arguing strictly +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +or strictly the other what you think + + align:start position:0% +or strictly the other what you think + + + align:start position:0% +or strictly the other what you think +about this what you think about the + + align:start position:0% +about this what you think about the + + + align:start position:0% +about this what you think about the +balance here + + align:start position:0% +balance here + + + align:start position:0% +balance here +um is important for the policy purposes + + align:start position:0% +um is important for the policy purposes + + + align:start position:0% +um is important for the policy purposes +for instance + + align:start position:0% +for instance + + + align:start position:0% +for instance +why did this guy commit a crime we've + + align:start position:0% +why did this guy commit a crime we've + + + align:start position:0% +why did this guy commit a crime we've +now we know he committed a crime because + + align:start position:0% +now we know he committed a crime because + + + align:start position:0% +now we know he committed a crime because +we just convicted it of committing this + + align:start position:0% +we just convicted it of committing this + + + align:start position:0% +we just convicted it of committing this +crime + + align:start position:0% +crime + + + align:start position:0% +crime +um why did he commit a crime is it + + align:start position:0% +um why did he commit a crime is it + + + align:start position:0% +um why did he commit a crime is it +because he's a criminal you know he's a + + align:start position:0% +because he's a criminal you know he's a + + + align:start position:0% +because he's a criminal you know he's a +criminal sort of person + + align:start position:0% +criminal sort of person + + + align:start position:0% +criminal sort of person +fundamentally dishonest nasty kind of + + align:start position:0% +fundamentally dishonest nasty kind of + + + align:start position:0% +fundamentally dishonest nasty kind of +person + + align:start position:0% +person + + + align:start position:0% +person +um or is it because he was in a + + align:start position:0% +um or is it because he was in a + + + align:start position:0% +um or is it because he was in a +situation that uh promoted criminal + + align:start position:0% +situation that uh promoted criminal + + + align:start position:0% +situation that uh promoted criminal +Behavior + + align:start position:0% +Behavior + + + align:start position:0% +Behavior +why does that matter well if you're in + + align:start position:0% +why does that matter well if you're in + + + align:start position:0% +why does that matter well if you're in +this mode you're gonna yeah you may + + align:start position:0% +this mode you're gonna yeah you may + + + align:start position:0% +this mode you're gonna yeah you may +assign him to you may send him off to + + align:start position:0% +assign him to you may send him off to + + + align:start position:0% +assign him to you may send him off to +prison in both cases in this case you're + + align:start position:0% +prison in both cases in this case you're + + + align:start position:0% +prison in both cases in this case you're +likely to think of prison as a place + + align:start position:0% +likely to think of prison as a place + + + align:start position:0% +likely to think of prison as a place +where you put bad people to keep them + + align:start position:0% +where you put bad people to keep them + + + align:start position:0% +where you put bad people to keep them +out of the way + + align:start position:0% +out of the way + + + align:start position:0% +out of the way +um for a length of time that's + + align:start position:0% +um for a length of time that's + + + align:start position:0% +um for a length of time that's +appropriate to whatever bad thing they + + align:start position:0% +appropriate to whatever bad thing they + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate to whatever bad thing they +they did but it's basically as a + + align:start position:0% +they did but it's basically as a + + + align:start position:0% +they did but it's basically as a +punishment this is the the personality + + align:start position:0% +punishment this is the the personality + + + align:start position:0% +punishment this is the the personality +theory that would lead you to call your + + align:start position:0% +theory that would lead you to call your + + + align:start position:0% +theory that would lead you to call your +prison a correctional institution + + align:start position:0% +prison a correctional institution + + + align:start position:0% +prison a correctional institution +because you think that you could correct + + align:start position:0% +because you think that you could correct + + + align:start position:0% +because you think that you could correct +this person if you think he's + + align:start position:0% +this person if you think he's + + + align:start position:0% +this person if you think he's +fundamentally a prison a a a a a bad + + align:start position:0% +fundamentally a prison a a a a a bad + + + align:start position:0% +fundamentally a prison a a a a a bad +person the trick is to to make sure he + + align:start position:0% +person the trick is to to make sure he + + + align:start position:0% +person the trick is to to make sure he +can't do that anymore if you think it's + + align:start position:0% +can't do that anymore if you think it's + + + align:start position:0% +can't do that anymore if you think it's +because of the situation that somehow + + align:start position:0% +because of the situation that somehow + + + align:start position:0% +because of the situation that somehow +forced him into or or pushed him into + + align:start position:0% +forced him into or or pushed him into + + + align:start position:0% +forced him into or or pushed him into +criminal Behavior you want to fix that + + align:start position:0% +criminal Behavior you want to fix that + + + align:start position:0% +criminal Behavior you want to fix that +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and and and you know it's a modern + + align:start position:0% +and and and you know it's a modern + + + align:start position:0% +and and and you know it's a modern +prison uh philosophy is neither all the + + align:start position:0% +prison uh philosophy is neither all the + + + align:start position:0% +prison uh philosophy is neither all the +way here or all the way there but the + + align:start position:0% +way here or all the way there but the + + + align:start position:0% +way here or all the way there but the +balance is it's really a personality + + align:start position:0% +balance is it's really a personality + + + align:start position:0% +balance is it's really a personality +theory question now the fundamental + + align:start position:0% +theory question now the fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +theory question now the fundamental +attribution error is a tendency to hold + + align:start position:0% +attribution error is a tendency to hold + + + align:start position:0% +attribution error is a tendency to hold +to a more trait theoretic position when + + align:start position:0% +to a more trait theoretic position when + + + align:start position:0% +to a more trait theoretic position when +you're talking about other people than + + align:start position:0% +you're talking about other people than + + + align:start position:0% +you're talking about other people than +when you're talking about yourself + + align:start position:0% +when you're talking about yourself + + + align:start position:0% +when you're talking about yourself +why is it an error well it can it + + align:start position:0% +why is it an error well it can it + + + align:start position:0% +why is it an error well it can it +logically can't be the case that you are + + align:start position:0% +logically can't be the case that you are + + + align:start position:0% +logically can't be the case that you are +the product largely of the situation and + + align:start position:0% +the product largely of the situation and + + + align:start position:0% +the product largely of the situation and +that they are a product of their + + align:start position:0% +that they are a product of their + + + align:start position:0% +that they are a product of their +invariant uh parts I mean that that over + + align:start position:0% +invariant uh parts I mean that that over + + + align:start position:0% +invariant uh parts I mean that that over +the population as a whole isn't gonna + + align:start position:0% +the population as a whole isn't gonna + + + align:start position:0% +the population as a whole isn't gonna +isn't gonna hold up + + align:start position:0% +isn't gonna hold up + + + align:start position:0% +isn't gonna hold up +um so that would be you know why did + + align:start position:0% +um so that would be you know why did + + + align:start position:0% +um so that would be you know why did +this person you know why why did this + + align:start position:0% +this person you know why why did this + + + align:start position:0% +this person you know why why did this +guy uh rob the bank well he robbed the + + align:start position:0% +guy uh rob the bank well he robbed the + + + align:start position:0% +guy uh rob the bank well he robbed the +bank because he's a criminal + + align:start position:0% +bank because he's a criminal + + + align:start position:0% +bank because he's a criminal +why did I rob the bank why rob the bank + + align:start position:0% +why did I rob the bank why rob the bank + + + align:start position:0% +why did I rob the bank why rob the bank +because I was uh hungry and the door was + + align:start position:0% +because I was uh hungry and the door was + + + align:start position:0% +because I was uh hungry and the door was +unlocked and I didn't really rob the + + align:start position:0% +unlocked and I didn't really rob the + + + align:start position:0% +unlocked and I didn't really rob the +bank I just kind of picked up the money + + align:start position:0% +bank I just kind of picked up the money + + + align:start position:0% +bank I just kind of picked up the money +that was lying on the floor and anyway + + align:start position:0% +that was lying on the floor and anyway + + + align:start position:0% +that was lying on the floor and anyway +it was the other guy + + align:start position:0% +it was the other guy + + + align:start position:0% +it was the other guy +um right much more likely to give a + + align:start position:0% +um right much more likely to give a + + + align:start position:0% +um right much more likely to give a +situational account why did you get a + + align:start position:0% +situational account why did you get a + + + align:start position:0% +situational account why did you get a +bad grade + + align:start position:0% +bad grade + + + align:start position:0% +bad grade +um on the last test let's say the + + align:start position:0% +um on the last test let's say the + + + align:start position:0% +um on the last test let's say the +midterm suppose you got a bad grade on + + align:start position:0% +midterm suppose you got a bad grade on + + + align:start position:0% +midterm suppose you got a bad grade on +the mid tip why did you get a bad grade + + align:start position:0% +the mid tip why did you get a bad grade + + + align:start position:0% +the mid tip why did you get a bad grade +on the midterm well the story was really + + align:start position:0% +on the midterm well the story was really + + + align:start position:0% +on the midterm well the story was really +lame and it distracted me and I didn't + + align:start position:0% +lame and it distracted me and I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +lame and it distracted me and I didn't +get enough sleep and and and uh you know + + align:start position:0% +get enough sleep and and and uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +get enough sleep and and and uh you know +the course wasn't a big priority for me + + align:start position:0% +the course wasn't a big priority for me + + + align:start position:0% +the course wasn't a big priority for me +and and uh anyway that's that's why I + + align:start position:0% +and and uh anyway that's that's why I + + + align:start position:0% +and and uh anyway that's that's why I +got a bad grade + + align:start position:0% +got a bad grade + + + align:start position:0% +got a bad grade +um your ta says well your ta is a good + + align:start position:0% +um your ta says well your ta is a good + + + align:start position:0% +um your ta says well your ta is a good +person and doesn't say this but your ta + + align:start position:0% +person and doesn't say this but your ta + + + align:start position:0% +person and doesn't say this but your ta +looks at the exam and says why did they + + align:start position:0% +looks at the exam and says why did they + + + align:start position:0% +looks at the exam and says why did they +get a bad grade on the exam they're + + align:start position:0% +get a bad grade on the exam they're + + + align:start position:0% +get a bad grade on the exam they're +stupid right that that would be the + + align:start position:0% +stupid right that that would be the + + + align:start position:0% +stupid right that that would be the +fundamental attribution error + + align:start position:0% +fundamental attribution error + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental attribution error +why did your ta get a bad grade on the + + align:start position:0% +why did your ta get a bad grade on the + + + align:start position:0% +why did your ta get a bad grade on the +last day well I you know I didn't get + + align:start position:0% +last day well I you know I didn't get + + + align:start position:0% +last day well I you know I didn't get +enough sleep and stuff like that so + + align:start position:0% +enough sleep and stuff like that so + + + align:start position:0% +enough sleep and stuff like that so +right so we're more inclined to get + + align:start position:0% +right so we're more inclined to get + + + align:start position:0% +right so we're more inclined to get +situationalist accounts of our own + + align:start position:0% +situationalist accounts of our own + + + align:start position:0% +situationalist accounts of our own +behavior and more inclined to give trait + + align:start position:0% +behavior and more inclined to give trait + + + align:start position:0% +behavior and more inclined to give trait +accounts of other people's behavior all + + align:start position:0% +accounts of other people's behavior all + + + align:start position:0% +accounts of other people's behavior all +right so let's see where this has gotten + + align:start position:0% +right so let's see where this has gotten + + + align:start position:0% +right so let's see where this has gotten +to us gotten us to we're inclined to put + + align:start position:0% +to us gotten us to we're inclined to put + + + align:start position:0% +to us gotten us to we're inclined to put +people into groups we're inclined to + + align:start position:0% +people into groups we're inclined to + + + align:start position:0% +people into groups we're inclined to +assign attributes to those + + align:start position:0% +assign attributes to those + + + align:start position:0% +assign attributes to those +um groups we're likely to assign more + + align:start position:0% +um groups we're likely to assign more + + + align:start position:0% +um groups we're likely to assign more +negative attributes to groups than we + + align:start position:0% +negative attributes to groups than we + + + align:start position:0% +negative attributes to groups than we +ought to because our information about + + align:start position:0% +ought to because our information about + + + align:start position:0% +ought to because our information about +groups that we don't know is being + + align:start position:0% +groups that we don't know is being + + + align:start position:0% +groups that we don't know is being +skewed in that uh is being skewed in + + align:start position:0% +skewed in that uh is being skewed in + + + align:start position:0% +skewed in that uh is being skewed in +that direction and we're likely to + + align:start position:0% +that direction and we're likely to + + + align:start position:0% +that direction and we're likely to +attribute Behavior + + align:start position:0% +attribute Behavior + + + align:start position:0% +attribute Behavior +to what we now perceive correctly or + + align:start position:0% +to what we now perceive correctly or + + + align:start position:0% +to what we now perceive correctly or +incorrectly as the traits of the group + + align:start position:0% +incorrectly as the traits of the group + + + align:start position:0% +incorrectly as the traits of the group +um and so you can see how you're going + + align:start position:0% +um and so you can see how you're going + + + align:start position:0% +um and so you can see how you're going +to end up with a story that that that is + + align:start position:0% +to end up with a story that that that is + + + align:start position:0% +to end up with a story that that that is +a pretty negative account of some out + + align:start position:0% +a pretty negative account of some out + + + align:start position:0% +a pretty negative account of some out +group + + align:start position:0% +group + + + align:start position:0% +group +um or other oh by the way there's a very + + align:start position:0% +um or other oh by the way there's a very + + + align:start position:0% +um or other oh by the way there's a very +interesting wrinkle + + align:start position:0% +interesting wrinkle + + + align:start position:0% +interesting wrinkle +on the fundamental attribution error or + + align:start position:0% +on the fundamental attribution error or + + + align:start position:0% +on the fundamental attribution error or +at least there certainly used to be I do + + align:start position:0% +at least there certainly used to be I do + + + align:start position:0% +at least there certainly used to be I do +not know whether this is still the case + + align:start position:0% +not know whether this is still the case + + + align:start position:0% +not know whether this is still the case +in the population as a whole and I + + align:start position:0% +in the population as a whole and I + + + align:start position:0% +in the population as a whole and I +certainly don't know though I would be + + align:start position:0% +certainly don't know though I would be + + + align:start position:0% +certainly don't know though I would be +very interested to know whether it's um + + align:start position:0% +very interested to know whether it's um + + + align:start position:0% +very interested to know whether it's um +whether it's true at MIT + + align:start position:0% +whether it's true at MIT + + + align:start position:0% +whether it's true at MIT +um here is well let's let's let's try + + align:start position:0% +um here is well let's let's let's try + + + align:start position:0% +um here is well let's let's let's try +this as an experiment and see how your + + align:start position:0% +this as an experiment and see how your + + + align:start position:0% +this as an experiment and see how your +intuition goes for this oh okay we can + + align:start position:0% +intuition goes for this oh okay we can + + + align:start position:0% +intuition goes for this oh okay we can +do the trait versus situational thing + + align:start position:0% +do the trait versus situational thing + + + align:start position:0% +do the trait versus situational thing +um and we're gonna have oh how do I want + + align:start position:0% +um and we're gonna have oh how do I want + + + align:start position:0% +um and we're gonna have oh how do I want +to do this uh oh okay okay so so + + align:start position:0% +to do this uh oh okay okay so so + + + align:start position:0% +to do this uh oh okay okay so so +um math test this is particularly strong + + align:start position:0% +um math test this is particularly strong + + + align:start position:0% +um math test this is particularly strong +in mathematics so you take a math test + + align:start position:0% +in mathematics so you take a math test + + + align:start position:0% +in mathematics so you take a math test +um and you now we're talking about you + + align:start position:0% +um and you now we're talking about you + + + align:start position:0% +um and you now we're talking about you +know you're interpreting your own score + + align:start position:0% +know you're interpreting your own score + + + align:start position:0% +know you're interpreting your own score +on a math test that score can be + + align:start position:0% +on a math test that score can be + + + align:start position:0% +on a math test that score can be +good or bad + + align:start position:0% +good or bad + + + align:start position:0% +good or bad +as you may know + + align:start position:0% +as you may know + + + align:start position:0% +as you may know +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +there are + + align:start position:0% +there are + + + align:start position:0% +there are +explanations of + + align:start position:0% +explanations of + + + align:start position:0% +explanations of +um of why the test score was good a + + align:start position:0% +um of why the test score was good a + + + align:start position:0% +um of why the test score was good a +trait Theory would be I'm a genius + + align:start position:0% +trait Theory would be I'm a genius + + + align:start position:0% +trait Theory would be I'm a genius +as situationalist Theory would be I'm + + align:start position:0% +as situationalist Theory would be I'm + + + align:start position:0% +as situationalist Theory would be I'm +lucky all right so we can actually vote + + align:start position:0% +lucky all right so we can actually vote + + + align:start position:0% +lucky all right so we can actually vote +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and if the test is bad you can have a um + + align:start position:0% +and if the test is bad you can have a um + + + align:start position:0% +and if the test is bad you can have a um +an assessment that says + + align:start position:0% +an assessment that says + + + align:start position:0% +an assessment that says +um uh you know I I I'm dumb + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or you can have a an assessment that + + align:start position:0% +or you can have a an assessment that + + + align:start position:0% +or you can have a an assessment that +said oh I don't know that the test is + + align:start position:0% +said oh I don't know that the test is + + + align:start position:0% +said oh I don't know that the test is +unfair + + align:start position:0% +unfair + + + align:start position:0% +unfair +the interesting bit is that one gender + + align:start position:0% +the interesting bit is that one gender + + + align:start position:0% +the interesting bit is that one gender +is more likely to say this and the other + + align:start position:0% +is more likely to say this and the other + + + align:start position:0% +is more likely to say this and the other +gender is more likely to say this one + + align:start position:0% +gender is more likely to say this one + + + align:start position:0% +gender is more likely to say this one +gender is more likely to say this and + + align:start position:0% +gender is more likely to say this and + + + align:start position:0% +gender is more likely to say this and +the other gender is more likely to say + + align:start position:0% +the other gender is more likely to say + + + align:start position:0% +the other gender is more likely to say +this so each of these cells can be + + align:start position:0% +this so each of these cells can be + + + align:start position:0% +this so each of these cells can be +associated with a gender so + + align:start position:0% +associated with a gender so + + + align:start position:0% +associated with a gender so +I got a good grade on the test I'm + + align:start position:0% +I got a good grade on the test I'm + + + align:start position:0% +I got a good grade on the test I'm +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +all right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and it follows that that this must be + + align:start position:0% +and it follows that that this must be + + + align:start position:0% +and it follows that that this must be +the the the the the the female cell + + align:start position:0% +the the the the the the female cell + + + align:start position:0% +the the the the the the female cell +um I got uh I got a bad kid grade on the + + align:start position:0% +um I got uh I got a bad kid grade on the + + + align:start position:0% +um I got uh I got a bad kid grade on the +test I'm dumb + + align:start position:0% +test I'm dumb + + + align:start position:0% +test I'm dumb +and and that that's that is the the + + align:start position:0% +and and that that's that is the the + + + align:start position:0% +and and that that's that is the the +historical finding this is study these + + align:start position:0% +historical finding this is study these + + + align:start position:0% +historical finding this is study these +are studies that came out in the early + + align:start position:0% +are studies that came out in the early + + + align:start position:0% +are studies that came out in the early +days of the women's movement + + align:start position:0% +days of the women's movement + + + align:start position:0% +days of the women's movement +um and that that's and I don't know + + align:start position:0% +um and that that's and I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +um and that that's and I don't know +about whether or not uh the it's it + + align:start position:0% +about whether or not uh the it's it + + + align:start position:0% +about whether or not uh the it's it +still pertains but so + + align:start position:0% +still pertains but so + + + align:start position:0% +still pertains but so +the disturbing finding at the time was + + align:start position:0% +the disturbing finding at the time was + + + align:start position:0% +the disturbing finding at the time was +that uh males were inclined to give + + align:start position:0% +that uh males were inclined to give + + + align:start position:0% +that uh males were inclined to give +trait theoretic answers for the good + + align:start position:0% +trait theoretic answers for the good + + + align:start position:0% +trait theoretic answers for the good +stuff + + align:start position:0% +stuff + + + align:start position:0% +stuff +I'm good I'm bright I'm gorgeous + + align:start position:0% +I'm good I'm bright I'm gorgeous + + + align:start position:0% +I'm good I'm bright I'm gorgeous +um and and females were likely to uh say + + align:start position:0% +um and and females were likely to uh say + + + align:start position:0% +um and and females were likely to uh say +I'm lucky and it's all makeup or + + align:start position:0% +I'm lucky and it's all makeup or + + + align:start position:0% +I'm lucky and it's all makeup or +something like that and on the other + + align:start position:0% +something like that and on the other + + + align:start position:0% +something like that and on the other +side + + align:start position:0% +side + + + align:start position:0% +side +um on the bad side the females were + + align:start position:0% +um on the bad side the females were + + + align:start position:0% +um on the bad side the females were +likely to give trait theoretic answers + + align:start position:0% +likely to give trait theoretic answers + + + align:start position:0% +likely to give trait theoretic answers +you know I'm dumb and ugly and depressed + + align:start position:0% +you know I'm dumb and ugly and depressed + + + align:start position:0% +you know I'm dumb and ugly and depressed +and I you know it's just terrible and + + align:start position:0% +and I you know it's just terrible and + + + align:start position:0% +and I you know it's just terrible and +the guys were likely to say yeah + + align:start position:0% +the guys were likely to say yeah + + + align:start position:0% +the guys were likely to say yeah +I'm brilliant I'm gorgeous Etc and the + + align:start position:0% +I'm brilliant I'm gorgeous Etc and the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm brilliant I'm gorgeous Etc and the +test was really kind of unfair in my my + + align:start position:0% +test was really kind of unfair in my my + + + align:start position:0% +test was really kind of unfair in my my +teacher hated me and then you know this + + align:start position:0% +teacher hated me and then you know this + + + align:start position:0% +teacher hated me and then you know this +stuff + + align:start position:0% +stuff + + + align:start position:0% +stuff +um so it would be interesting to know + + align:start position:0% +um so it would be interesting to know + + + align:start position:0% +um so it would be interesting to know +whether that was still true + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we might as well take a poll how many + + align:start position:0% +we might as well take a poll how many + + + align:start position:0% +we might as well take a poll how many +people uh think that if we actually + + align:start position:0% +people uh think that if we actually + + + align:start position:0% +people uh think that if we actually +collected data we'd find that that + + align:start position:0% +collected data we'd find that that + + + align:start position:0% +collected data we'd find that that +something like that was still true + + align:start position:0% +something like that was still true + + + align:start position:0% +something like that was still true +how many think that that we would find + + align:start position:0% +how many think that that we would find + + + align:start position:0% +how many think that that we would find +that it had gone away + + align:start position:0% +that it had gone away + + + align:start position:0% +that it had gone away +so all right well so intuition suggested + + align:start position:0% +so all right well so intuition suggested + + + align:start position:0% +so all right well so intuition suggested +it's still true I have no as I say I + + align:start position:0% +it's still true I have no as I say I + + + align:start position:0% +it's still true I have no as I say I +have no idea whether + + align:start position:0% +have no idea whether + + + align:start position:0% +have no idea whether +um if if there's uh + + align:start position:0% +um if if there's uh + + + align:start position:0% +um if if there's uh +if there's new data on that anyway the + + align:start position:0% +if there's new data on that anyway the + + + align:start position:0% +if there's new data on that anyway the +basic point is that we uh that that with + + align:start position:0% +basic point is that we uh that that with + + + align:start position:0% +basic point is that we uh that that with +that modulation possibly we tend to see + + align:start position:0% +that modulation possibly we tend to see + + + align:start position:0% +that modulation possibly we tend to see +situational explanations of our own + + align:start position:0% +situational explanations of our own + + + align:start position:0% +situational explanations of our own +behavior and trait the explanations of + + align:start position:0% +behavior and trait the explanations of + + + align:start position:0% +behavior and trait the explanations of +other people's behavior now let's take a + + align:start position:0% +other people's behavior now let's take a + + + align:start position:0% +other people's behavior now let's take a +look at um this last factor which I'm + + align:start position:0% +look at um this last factor which I'm + + + align:start position:0% +look at um this last factor which I'm +calling the role of ignorance + + align:start position:0% +calling the role of ignorance + + + align:start position:0% +calling the role of ignorance +in um + + align:start position:0% +in um + + + align:start position:0% +in um +uh in in person perception + + align:start position:0% +uh in in person perception + + + align:start position:0% +uh in in person perception +and um and see how that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lets us + + align:start position:0% +lets us + + + align:start position:0% +lets us +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +how that can lead to what looks like a a + + align:start position:0% +how that can lead to what looks like a a + + + align:start position:0% +how that can lead to what looks like a a +a biased outcome + + align:start position:0% +a biased outcome + + + align:start position:0% +a biased outcome +perhaps even if you didn't have these + + align:start position:0% +perhaps even if you didn't have these + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps even if you didn't have these +other factors these other facts that + + align:start position:0% +other factors these other facts that + + + align:start position:0% +other factors these other facts that +this ignorance factor is now going to + + align:start position:0% +this ignorance factor is now going to + + + align:start position:0% +this ignorance factor is now going to +interact with these other factors the + + align:start position:0% +interact with these other factors the + + + align:start position:0% +interact with these other factors the +um to to make biased outcomes + + align:start position:0% +um to to make biased outcomes + + + align:start position:0% +um to to make biased outcomes +um quite quite easy to come by so uh + + align:start position:0% +um quite quite easy to come by so uh + + + align:start position:0% +um quite quite easy to come by so uh +let's let's do a version of the the sort + + align:start position:0% +let's let's do a version of the the sort + + + align:start position:0% +let's let's do a version of the the sort +of classic physics joke about assume the + + align:start position:0% +of classic physics joke about assume the + + + align:start position:0% +of classic physics joke about assume the +horse is a spear stuff like that right + + align:start position:0% +horse is a spear stuff like that right + + + align:start position:0% +horse is a spear stuff like that right +you go we're going to oversimplify the + + align:start position:0% +you go we're going to oversimplify the + + + align:start position:0% +you go we're going to oversimplify the +situation this the the issue here is + + align:start position:0% +situation this the the issue here is + + + align:start position:0% +situation this the the issue here is +um who I gotta gotta get my picture the + + align:start position:0% +um who I gotta gotta get my picture the + + + align:start position:0% +um who I gotta gotta get my picture the +same as on the handout here but um + + align:start position:0% +same as on the handout here but um + + + align:start position:0% +same as on the handout here but um +who you're going to be friends with + + align:start position:0% +who you're going to be friends with + + + align:start position:0% +who you're going to be friends with +well all right first of all we have to + + align:start position:0% +well all right first of all we have to + + + align:start position:0% +well all right first of all we have to +go back to the the good Earnest High + + align:start position:0% +go back to the the good Earnest High + + + align:start position:0% +go back to the the good Earnest High +School discussion about making friends + + align:start position:0% +School discussion about making friends + + + align:start position:0% +School discussion about making friends +with people + + align:start position:0% +with people + + + align:start position:0% +with people +um and and and stuff like that and does + + align:start position:0% +um and and and stuff like that and does + + + align:start position:0% +um and and and stuff like that and does +it matter if they're wearing the latest + + align:start position:0% +it matter if they're wearing the latest + + + align:start position:0% +it matter if they're wearing the latest +designer whatever and the answer of + + align:start position:0% +designer whatever and the answer of + + + align:start position:0% +designer whatever and the answer of +course is no because you shouldn't judge + + align:start position:0% +course is no because you shouldn't judge + + + align:start position:0% +course is no because you shouldn't judge +uh book by its cover good nice cliche + + align:start position:0% +uh book by its cover good nice cliche + + + align:start position:0% +uh book by its cover good nice cliche +um and it is of course true now let us + + align:start position:0% +um and it is of course true now let us + + + align:start position:0% +um and it is of course true now let us +take uh a little in in the first assume + + align:start position:0% +take uh a little in in the first assume + + + align:start position:0% +take uh a little in in the first assume +the horse is a sphere oversimplification + + align:start position:0% +the horse is a sphere oversimplification + + + align:start position:0% +the horse is a sphere oversimplification +of the problem let us assume that + + align:start position:0% +of the problem let us assume that + + + align:start position:0% +of the problem let us assume that +um the set of people with whom you might + + align:start position:0% +um the set of people with whom you might + + + align:start position:0% +um the set of people with whom you might +be friends in the world is the set of of + + align:start position:0% +be friends in the world is the set of of + + + align:start position:0% +be friends in the world is the set of of +of of let's just make it all MIT + + align:start position:0% +of of let's just make it all MIT + + + align:start position:0% +of of let's just make it all MIT +undergraduates + + align:start position:0% +undergraduates + + + align:start position:0% +undergraduates +um and we know we don't want to judge + + align:start position:0% +um and we know we don't want to judge + + + align:start position:0% +um and we know we don't want to judge +books by by covers so therefore what + + align:start position:0% +books by by covers so therefore what + + + align:start position:0% +books by by covers so therefore what +you're going to do is + + align:start position:0% +you're going to do is + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to do is +um uh set up in-depth interviews with + + align:start position:0% +um uh set up in-depth interviews with + + + align:start position:0% +um uh set up in-depth interviews with +everybody + + align:start position:0% +everybody + + + align:start position:0% +everybody +and decide who's going to be your friend + + align:start position:0% +and decide who's going to be your friend + + + align:start position:0% +and decide who's going to be your friend +on the basis of that right + + align:start position:0% +on the basis of that right + + + align:start position:0% +on the basis of that right +no that's not gonna work + + align:start position:0% +no that's not gonna work + + + align:start position:0% +no that's not gonna work +um well all right the other alternative + + align:start position:0% +um well all right the other alternative + + + align:start position:0% +um well all right the other alternative +is don't want to judge book by by their + + align:start position:0% +is don't want to judge book by by their + + + align:start position:0% +is don't want to judge book by by their +cover therefore I won't talk to anybody + + align:start position:0% +cover therefore I won't talk to anybody + + + align:start position:0% +cover therefore I won't talk to anybody +ever again that's not going to work + + align:start position:0% +ever again that's not going to work + + + align:start position:0% +ever again that's not going to work +either so it is self-evident again + + align:start position:0% +either so it is self-evident again + + + align:start position:0% +either so it is self-evident again +various bits of this are self-evident + + align:start position:0% +various bits of this are self-evident + + + align:start position:0% +various bits of this are self-evident +you've got to make snap decisions on the + + align:start position:0% +you've got to make snap decisions on the + + + align:start position:0% +you've got to make snap decisions on the +basis of of imperfect information it + + align:start position:0% +basis of of imperfect information it + + + align:start position:0% +basis of of imperfect information it +doesn't mean that you have to make your + + align:start position:0% +doesn't mean that you have to make your + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't mean that you have to make your +decisions on the basis of um whether or + + align:start position:0% +decisions on the basis of um whether or + + + align:start position:0% +decisions on the basis of um whether or +not uh they're wearing designer + + align:start position:0% +not uh they're wearing designer + + + align:start position:0% +not uh they're wearing designer +whatevers of course but you're + + align:start position:0% +whatevers of course but you're + + + align:start position:0% +whatevers of course but you're +necessarily going to have to make a + + align:start position:0% +necessarily going to have to make a + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily going to have to make a +first cut through the population + + align:start position:0% +first cut through the population + + + align:start position:0% +first cut through the population +on the basis of essentially superficial + + align:start position:0% +on the basis of essentially superficial + + + align:start position:0% +on the basis of essentially superficial +information well what's that going to do + + align:start position:0% +information well what's that going to do + + + align:start position:0% +information well what's that going to do +let us assume where's my little picture + + align:start position:0% +let us assume where's my little picture + + + align:start position:0% +let us assume where's my little picture +here let us assume that + + align:start position:0% +here let us assume that + + + align:start position:0% +here let us assume that +um in the world + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in an act of massive over further + + align:start position:0% +in an act of massive over further + + + align:start position:0% +in an act of massive over further +oversimplification there are bad people + + align:start position:0% +oversimplification there are bad people + + + align:start position:0% +oversimplification there are bad people +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good people + + align:start position:0% +good people + + + align:start position:0% +good people +um and that your job is to divide the + + align:start position:0% +um and that your job is to divide the + + + align:start position:0% +um and that your job is to divide the +world into those two categories so + + align:start position:0% +world into those two categories so + + + align:start position:0% +world into those two categories so +you're going to make an assessment + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you're going to perform an act of person + + align:start position:0% +you're going to perform an act of person + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to perform an act of person +perception + + align:start position:0% +perception + + + align:start position:0% +perception +and divide the world into bad people + + align:start position:0% +and divide the world into bad people + + + align:start position:0% +and divide the world into bad people +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +good people + + align:start position:0% +good people + + + align:start position:0% +good people +right so we got a nice simple two by two + + align:start position:0% +right so we got a nice simple two by two + + + align:start position:0% +right so we got a nice simple two by two +design here + + align:start position:0% +design here + + + align:start position:0% +design here +ideally you want everybody to be in + + align:start position:0% +ideally you want everybody to be in + + + align:start position:0% +ideally you want everybody to be in +those two populations and in those two + + align:start position:0% +those two populations and in those two + + + align:start position:0% +those two populations and in those two +cells but the the issue about not being + + align:start position:0% +cells but the the issue about not being + + + align:start position:0% +cells but the the issue about not being +able I mean even if you could do + + align:start position:0% +able I mean even if you could do + + + align:start position:0% +able I mean even if you could do +in-depth interviews with everybody it's + + align:start position:0% +in-depth interviews with everybody it's + + + align:start position:0% +in-depth interviews with everybody it's +not clear you'd never make a mistake but + + align:start position:0% +not clear you'd never make a mistake but + + + align:start position:0% +not clear you'd never make a mistake but +clearly if you're just going to be + + align:start position:0% +clearly if you're just going to be + + + align:start position:0% +clearly if you're just going to be +basing your decisions on relatively + + align:start position:0% +basing your decisions on relatively + + + align:start position:0% +basing your decisions on relatively +superficial information there are going + + align:start position:0% +superficial information there are going + + + align:start position:0% +superficial information there are going +to be errors + + align:start position:0% +to be errors + + + align:start position:0% +to be errors +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +I labeled these type 1 and type 2 which + + align:start position:0% +I labeled these type 1 and type 2 which + + + align:start position:0% +I labeled these type 1 and type 2 which +is actually jargon from signal detection + + align:start position:0% +is actually jargon from signal detection + + + align:start position:0% +is actually jargon from signal detection +land but don't worry about that it just + + align:start position:0% +land but don't worry about that it just + + + align:start position:0% +land but don't worry about that it just +in this case gives us + + align:start position:0% +in this case gives us + + + align:start position:0% +in this case gives us +a chance to ask the question + + align:start position:0% +a chance to ask the question + + + align:start position:0% +a chance to ask the question +um all right + + align:start position:0% +um all right + + + align:start position:0% +um all right +which of these type of Errors is worse + + align:start position:0% +which of these type of Errors is worse + + + align:start position:0% +which of these type of Errors is worse +which error if you had a choice about + + align:start position:0% +which error if you had a choice about + + + align:start position:0% +which error if you had a choice about +which error to make + + align:start position:0% +which error to make + + + align:start position:0% +which error to make +which which is the type of how many + + align:start position:0% +which which is the type of how many + + + align:start position:0% +which which is the type of how many +people given the choice between making a + + align:start position:0% +people given the choice between making a + + + align:start position:0% +people given the choice between making a +let's make clear be clear about this uh + + align:start position:0% +let's make clear be clear about this uh + + + align:start position:0% +let's make clear be clear about this uh +you got a good person and you declare + + align:start position:0% +you got a good person and you declare + + + align:start position:0% +you got a good person and you declare +that good person to be bad or you've got + + align:start position:0% +that good person to be bad or you've got + + + align:start position:0% +that good person to be bad or you've got +a bad person you declare him to be good + + align:start position:0% +a bad person you declare him to be good + + + align:start position:0% +a bad person you declare him to be good +you got a choice between which of those + + align:start position:0% +you got a choice between which of those + + + align:start position:0% +you got a choice between which of those +errors you're going to make how many + + align:start position:0% +errors you're going to make how many + + + align:start position:0% +errors you're going to make how many +people vote for type one + + align:start position:0% +people vote for type one + + + align:start position:0% +people vote for type one +how many people vote for type two okay + + align:start position:0% +how many people vote for type two okay + + + align:start position:0% +how many people vote for type two okay +so a type two person why why do you want + + align:start position:0% +so a type two person why why do you want + + + align:start position:0% +so a type two person why why do you want +to make it just a type two error or why + + align:start position:0% +to make it just a type two error or why + + + align:start position:0% +to make it just a type two error or why +why why why do you prefer the type 2 + + align:start position:0% +why why why do you prefer the type 2 + + + align:start position:0% +why why why do you prefer the type 2 +error + + align:start position:0% +error + + + align:start position:0% +error +he doesn't wanna + + align:start position:0% +he doesn't wanna + + + align:start position:0% +he doesn't wanna +good well any any type two person + + align:start position:0% +good well any any type two person + + + align:start position:0% +good well any any type two person +there's a type two person + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you're missing out on good people that + + align:start position:0% +you're missing out on good people that + + + align:start position:0% +you're missing out on good people that +that that's the nice the nice person + + align:start position:0% +that that's the nice the nice person + + + align:start position:0% +that that's the nice the nice person +answer you know you don't want to + + align:start position:0% +answer you know you don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +answer you know you don't want to +inadvertently tar some nice good person + + align:start position:0% +inadvertently tar some nice good person + + + align:start position:0% +inadvertently tar some nice good person +with with the uh + + align:start position:0% +with with the uh + + + align:start position:0% +with with the uh +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +the the label of being bad + + align:start position:0% +the the label of being bad + + + align:start position:0% +the the label of being bad +um how about how about a a type one + + align:start position:0% +um how about how about a a type one + + + align:start position:0% +um how about how about a a type one +person somebody who voted yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's a lot of people who can who + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of people who can who + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of people who can who +could be your friends you don't need all + + align:start position:0% +could be your friends you don't need all + + + align:start position:0% +could be your friends you don't need all +of them and you want to get rid of those + + align:start position:0% +of them and you want to get rid of those + + + align:start position:0% +of them and you want to get rid of those +bad people how come anybody else wanted + + align:start position:0% +bad people how come anybody else wanted + + + align:start position:0% +bad people how come anybody else wanted +to that person behind you had a + + align:start position:0% +to that person behind you had a + + + align:start position:0% +to that person behind you had a +yeah I mean it could be dangerous right + + align:start position:0% +yeah I mean it could be dangerous right + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I mean it could be dangerous right +if you let uh um you know if we if we + + align:start position:0% +if you let uh um you know if we if we + + + align:start position:0% +if you let uh um you know if we if we +dichotomize this into good and really + + align:start position:0% +dichotomize this into good and really + + + align:start position:0% +dichotomize this into good and really +bad nasty dangerous people + + align:start position:0% +bad nasty dangerous people + + + align:start position:0% +bad nasty dangerous people +um then then then that intuition becomes + + align:start position:0% +um then then then that intuition becomes + + + align:start position:0% +um then then then that intuition becomes +a little clearer that you whatever else + + align:start position:0% +a little clearer that you whatever else + + + align:start position:0% +a little clearer that you whatever else +you do you want to uh keep these people + + align:start position:0% +you do you want to uh keep these people + + + align:start position:0% +you do you want to uh keep these people +away from me now the problem this is a + + align:start position:0% +away from me now the problem this is a + + + align:start position:0% +away from me now the problem this is a +problem this is derived this is applied + + align:start position:0% +problem this is derived this is applied + + + align:start position:0% +problem this is derived this is applied +signal detection Theory usually you do + + align:start position:0% +signal detection Theory usually you do + + + align:start position:0% +signal detection Theory usually you do +signal detection theory in + + align:start position:0% +signal detection theory in + + + align:start position:0% +signal detection theory in +visual perception land or something but + + align:start position:0% +visual perception land or something but + + + align:start position:0% +visual perception land or something but +let's let's draw this picture this this + + align:start position:0% +let's let's draw this picture this this + + + align:start position:0% +let's let's draw this picture this this +is what the next page of the handout has + + align:start position:0% +is what the next page of the handout has + + + align:start position:0% +is what the next page of the handout has +on it + + align:start position:0% +on it + + + align:start position:0% +on it +um but but here's where this is coming + + align:start position:0% +um but but here's where this is coming + + + align:start position:0% +um but but here's where this is coming +from + + align:start position:0% +from + + + align:start position:0% +from +um let us suppose again for the sake of + + align:start position:0% +um let us suppose again for the sake of + + + align:start position:0% +um let us suppose again for the sake of +vast oversimplification + + align:start position:0% +vast oversimplification + + + align:start position:0% +vast oversimplification +that there are on a scale of on you know + + align:start position:0% +that there are on a scale of on you know + + + align:start position:0% +that there are on a scale of on you know +on a scale of goodness + + align:start position:0% +on a scale of goodness + + + align:start position:0% +on a scale of goodness +so this is going to be + + align:start position:0% +so this is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +so this is going to be +bad to good that there are only two + + align:start position:0% +bad to good that there are only two + + + align:start position:0% +bad to good that there are only two +types of people in the world there are + + align:start position:0% +types of people in the world there are + + + align:start position:0% +types of people in the world there are +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +good people and + + align:start position:0% +good people and + + + align:start position:0% +good people and +bad people + + align:start position:0% +bad people + + + align:start position:0% +bad people +that all and and and that you know you + + align:start position:0% +that all and and and that you know you + + + align:start position:0% +that all and and and that you know you +want to pick the good people and and uh + + align:start position:0% +want to pick the good people and and uh + + + align:start position:0% +want to pick the good people and and uh +um reject the bad people but the + + align:start position:0% +um reject the bad people but the + + + align:start position:0% +um reject the bad people but the +difficulty is that you can't + + align:start position:0% +difficulty is that you can't + + + align:start position:0% +difficulty is that you can't +successfully you you can't see this + + align:start position:0% +successfully you you can't see this + + + align:start position:0% +successfully you you can't see this +because your information is lousy the + + align:start position:0% +because your information is lousy the + + + align:start position:0% +because your information is lousy the +effect of your information being lousy + + align:start position:0% +effect of your information being lousy + + + align:start position:0% +effect of your information being lousy +is that what you see is a distribution + + align:start position:0% +is that what you see is a distribution + + + align:start position:0% +is that what you see is a distribution +of goodness and Badness + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +something like that oh I don't have any + + align:start position:0% +something like that oh I don't have any + + + align:start position:0% +something like that oh I don't have any +colored chalk oh well now it by the way + + align:start position:0% +colored chalk oh well now it by the way + + + align:start position:0% +colored chalk oh well now it by the way +if you were doing this in Vision land + + align:start position:0% +if you were doing this in Vision land + + + align:start position:0% +if you were doing this in Vision land +this would be + + align:start position:0% +this would be + + + align:start position:0% +this would be +you know say one light and another light + + align:start position:0% +you know say one light and another light + + + align:start position:0% +you know say one light and another light +can you tell the difference between a + + align:start position:0% +can you tell the difference between a + + + align:start position:0% +can you tell the difference between a +dim light and a bright light or + + align:start position:0% +dim light and a bright light or + + + align:start position:0% +dim light and a bright light or +something like that by the time it goes + + align:start position:0% +something like that by the time it goes + + + align:start position:0% +something like that by the time it goes +through your nervous system rather than + + align:start position:0% +through your nervous system rather than + + + align:start position:0% +through your nervous system rather than +being always looking exactly like this + + align:start position:0% +being always looking exactly like this + + + align:start position:0% +being always looking exactly like this +or always looking exactly like this + + align:start position:0% +or always looking exactly like this + + + align:start position:0% +or always looking exactly like this +sometimes the bright light looks a + + align:start position:0% +sometimes the bright light looks a + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes the bright light looks a +little dim sometimes the dim light looks + + align:start position:0% +little dim sometimes the dim light looks + + + align:start position:0% +little dim sometimes the dim light looks +a little bright and how do you decide + + align:start position:0% +a little bright and how do you decide + + + align:start position:0% +a little bright and how do you decide +which one you've seen so you've got a + + align:start position:0% +which one you've seen so you've got a + + + align:start position:0% +which one you've seen so you've got a +good person you've got a person in front + + align:start position:0% +good person you've got a person in front + + + align:start position:0% +good person you've got a person in front +of you how can you decide whether + + align:start position:0% +of you how can you decide whether + + + align:start position:0% +of you how can you decide whether +they're good or bad well the best you + + align:start position:0% +they're good or bad well the best you + + + align:start position:0% +they're good or bad well the best you +can do is put a Criterion in there + + align:start position:0% +can do is put a Criterion in there + + + align:start position:0% +can do is put a Criterion in there +somewhere so let's just divide it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if I do that + + align:start position:0% +if I do that + + + align:start position:0% +if I do that +that's okay that means I'm now saying + + align:start position:0% +that's okay that means I'm now saying + + + align:start position:0% +that's okay that means I'm now saying +that so I'm gonna I'm gonna declare + + align:start position:0% +that so I'm gonna I'm gonna declare + + + align:start position:0% +that so I'm gonna I'm gonna declare +everybody on this side to be good + + align:start position:0% +everybody on this side to be good + + + align:start position:0% +everybody on this side to be good +and everybody on this side + + align:start position:0% +and everybody on this side + + + align:start position:0% +and everybody on this side +to be bad + + align:start position:0% +to be bad + + + align:start position:0% +to be bad +and okay so I'm declaring all of these + + align:start position:0% +and okay so I'm declaring all of these + + + align:start position:0% +and okay so I'm declaring all of these +people who are in fact good + + align:start position:0% +people who are in fact good + + + align:start position:0% +people who are in fact good +to be good the difficulty you know the + + align:start position:0% +to be good the difficulty you know the + + + align:start position:0% +to be good the difficulty you know the +sad uh thing and so which which errors + + align:start position:0% +sad uh thing and so which which errors + + + align:start position:0% +sad uh thing and so which which errors +are that are these this is the good + + align:start position:0% +are that are these this is the good + + + align:start position:0% +are that are these this is the good +people who I'm declaring to be bad so + + align:start position:0% +people who I'm declaring to be bad so + + + align:start position:0% +people who I'm declaring to be bad so +the type one errors + + align:start position:0% +the type one errors + + + align:start position:0% +the type one errors +are here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +these are good people who I declared to + + align:start position:0% +these are good people who I declared to + + + align:start position:0% +these are good people who I declared to +be bad that's too bad + + align:start position:0% +be bad that's too bad + + + align:start position:0% +be bad that's too bad +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +here on this side are all the bad people + + align:start position:0% +here on this side are all the bad people + + + align:start position:0% +here on this side are all the bad people +who I declared to be bad that's exactly + + align:start position:0% +who I declared to be bad that's exactly + + + align:start position:0% +who I declared to be bad that's exactly +what I wanted to do but these guys how + + align:start position:0% +what I wanted to do but these guys how + + + align:start position:0% +what I wanted to do but these guys how +am I going to indicate this vertical + + align:start position:0% +am I going to indicate this vertical + + + align:start position:0% +am I going to indicate this vertical +lines or something + + align:start position:0% +lines or something + + + align:start position:0% +lines or something +these are the type 2 errors + + align:start position:0% +these are the type 2 errors + + + align:start position:0% +these are the type 2 errors +bad people who beat my Criterion level + + align:start position:0% +bad people who beat my Criterion level + + + align:start position:0% +bad people who beat my Criterion level +and I said they're good + + align:start position:0% +and I said they're good + + + align:start position:0% +and I said they're good +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +you should be able to figure out looking + + align:start position:0% +you should be able to figure out looking + + + align:start position:0% +you should be able to figure out looking +at a picture like this that there's no + + align:start position:0% +at a picture like this that there's no + + + align:start position:0% +at a picture like this that there's no +way to eliminate error there's nothing + + align:start position:0% +way to eliminate error there's nothing + + + align:start position:0% +way to eliminate error there's nothing +that I if this is the situation + + align:start position:0% +that I if this is the situation + + + align:start position:0% +that I if this is the situation +of of the stimuli that I have to deal + + align:start position:0% +of of the stimuli that I have to deal + + + align:start position:0% +of of the stimuli that I have to deal +with there's no way to eliminate error + + align:start position:0% +with there's no way to eliminate error + + + align:start position:0% +with there's no way to eliminate error +all I can do is a portion error + + align:start position:0% +all I can do is a portion error + + + align:start position:0% +all I can do is a portion error +so if I decide that the type 2 errors + + align:start position:0% +so if I decide that the type 2 errors + + + align:start position:0% +so if I decide that the type 2 errors +are the dangerous errors that I need to + + align:start position:0% +are the dangerous errors that I need to + + + align:start position:0% +are the dangerous errors that I need to +avoid then I'm going to move my + + align:start position:0% +avoid then I'm going to move my + + + align:start position:0% +avoid then I'm going to move my +Criterion over this I think is the + + align:start position:0% +Criterion over this I think is the + + + align:start position:0% +Criterion over this I think is the +second yeah okay so the second picture + + align:start position:0% +second yeah okay so the second picture + + + align:start position:0% +second yeah okay so the second picture +on the handout if I move my Criterion + + align:start position:0% +on the handout if I move my Criterion + + + align:start position:0% +on the handout if I move my Criterion +over + + align:start position:0% +over + + + align:start position:0% +over +so that I reduce my + + align:start position:0% +so that I reduce my + + + align:start position:0% +so that I reduce my +uh type two errors to just these few + + align:start position:0% +uh type two errors to just these few + + + align:start position:0% +uh type two errors to just these few +let's say well now the result is that + + align:start position:0% +let's say well now the result is that + + + align:start position:0% +let's say well now the result is that +I've massively increased my type 1 + + align:start position:0% +I've massively increased my type 1 + + + align:start position:0% +I've massively increased my type 1 +errors + + align:start position:0% +errors + + + align:start position:0% +errors +I'm now declaring all these lovely + + align:start position:0% +I'm now declaring all these lovely + + + align:start position:0% +I'm now declaring all these lovely +people to be people I don't want to make + + align:start position:0% +people to be people I don't want to make + + + align:start position:0% +people to be people I don't want to make +friends with + + align:start position:0% +friends with + + + align:start position:0% +friends with +it's sad but that's the way it goes + + align:start position:0% +it's sad but that's the way it goes + + + align:start position:0% +it's sad but that's the way it goes +because as the gentleman back there said + + align:start position:0% +because as the gentleman back there said + + + align:start position:0% +because as the gentleman back there said +yeah look there's a lot of people here + + align:start position:0% +yeah look there's a lot of people here + + + align:start position:0% +yeah look there's a lot of people here +so I got plenty of people to be friends + + align:start position:0% +so I got plenty of people to be friends + + + align:start position:0% +so I got plenty of people to be friends +and then these guys will just have to + + align:start position:0% +and then these guys will just have to + + + align:start position:0% +and then these guys will just have to +deal with the fact that they're not my + + align:start position:0% +deal with the fact that they're not my + + + align:start position:0% +deal with the fact that they're not my +friend that's that's just the way it is + + align:start position:0% +friend that's that's just the way it is + + + align:start position:0% +friend that's that's just the way it is +but I'm not letting any of these mean + + align:start position:0% +but I'm not letting any of these mean + + + align:start position:0% +but I'm not letting any of these mean +nasty rotten people in except for these + + align:start position:0% +nasty rotten people in except for these + + + align:start position:0% +nasty rotten people in except for these +guys + + align:start position:0% +guys + + + align:start position:0% +guys +um you know most of these guys I'm going + + align:start position:0% +um you know most of these guys I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +um you know most of these guys I'm going +to avoid okay now look what happens + + align:start position:0% +to avoid okay now look what happens + + + align:start position:0% +to avoid okay now look what happens +when you deal with an out group when you + + align:start position:0% +when you deal with an out group when you + + + align:start position:0% +when you deal with an out group when you +deal with a group other than your own if + + align:start position:0% +deal with a group other than your own if + + + align:start position:0% +deal with a group other than your own if +the argument is that + + align:start position:0% +the argument is that + + + align:start position:0% +the argument is that +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +part of the death part of what makes an + + align:start position:0% +part of the death part of what makes an + + + align:start position:0% +part of the death part of what makes an +out group The out group is the fact that + + align:start position:0% +out group The out group is the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +out group The out group is the fact that +you don't know enough about you you know + + align:start position:0% +you don't know enough about you you know + + + align:start position:0% +you don't know enough about you you know +less about them + + align:start position:0% +less about them + + + align:start position:0% +less about them +the result is that um the the way to + + align:start position:0% +the result is that um the the way to + + + align:start position:0% +the result is that um the the way to +express that in these sort of signal + + align:start position:0% +express that in these sort of signal + + + align:start position:0% +express that in these sort of signal +detection terms is as an increase in the + + align:start position:0% +detection terms is as an increase in the + + + align:start position:0% +detection terms is as an increase in the +noise an increase in the spread of these + + align:start position:0% +noise an increase in the spread of these + + + align:start position:0% +noise an increase in the spread of these +distributions so what that's going to + + align:start position:0% +distributions so what that's going to + + + align:start position:0% +distributions so what that's going to +end up looking like is you still have + + align:start position:0% +end up looking like is you still have + + + align:start position:0% +end up looking like is you still have +that you know the good people and the + + align:start position:0% +that you know the good people and the + + + align:start position:0% +that you know the good people and the +bad people but now these your perception + + align:start position:0% +bad people but now these your perception + + + align:start position:0% +bad people but now these your perception +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +less accurate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's a very ugly blob oh well + + align:start position:0% +that's a very ugly blob oh well + + + align:start position:0% +that's a very ugly blob oh well +um is it gonna matter no it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +um is it gonna matter no it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +um is it gonna matter no it doesn't +really matter well it does sort of + + align:start position:0% +really matter well it does sort of + + + align:start position:0% +really matter well it does sort of +matter let me fix that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm gonna get it symmetrical here + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna get it symmetrical here + + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna get it symmetrical here +something like that okay that'll do + + align:start position:0% +something like that okay that'll do + + + align:start position:0% +something like that okay that'll do +um so they they now just overlap more + + align:start position:0% +um so they they now just overlap more + + + align:start position:0% +um so they they now just overlap more +because you just don't know as much + + align:start position:0% +because you just don't know as much + + + align:start position:0% +because you just don't know as much +about these people you're not as good at + + align:start position:0% +about these people you're not as good at + + + align:start position:0% +about these people you're not as good at +um you you want a trivial example of of + + align:start position:0% +um you you want a trivial example of of + + + align:start position:0% +um you you want a trivial example of of +this you know look out there let's let's + + align:start position:0% +this you know look out there let's let's + + + align:start position:0% +this you know look out there let's let's +take wolves + + align:start position:0% +take wolves + + + align:start position:0% +take wolves +right there's an out group for you not + + align:start position:0% +right there's an out group for you not + + + align:start position:0% +right there's an out group for you not +wolves but wolves you know the ones with + + align:start position:0% +wolves but wolves you know the ones with + + + align:start position:0% +wolves but wolves you know the ones with +the big sharp you know Grandma what big + + align:start position:0% +the big sharp you know Grandma what big + + + align:start position:0% +the big sharp you know Grandma what big +teeth you've got kind of wolves + + align:start position:0% +teeth you've got kind of wolves + + + align:start position:0% +teeth you've got kind of wolves +maybe there's a good wolf out there + + align:start position:0% +maybe there's a good wolf out there + + + align:start position:0% +maybe there's a good wolf out there +somewhere a nice wolf you know the kind + + align:start position:0% +somewhere a nice wolf you know the kind + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere a nice wolf you know the kind +of wolf that we're supposed to have + + align:start position:0% +of wolf that we're supposed to have + + + align:start position:0% +of wolf that we're supposed to have +adopted back in the in in you know in in + + align:start position:0% +adopted back in the in in you know in in + + + align:start position:0% +adopted back in the in in you know in in +Antiquity uh to make into dogs + + align:start position:0% +Antiquity uh to make into dogs + + + align:start position:0% +Antiquity uh to make into dogs +eventually yeah nice wolf out there but + + align:start position:0% +eventually yeah nice wolf out there but + + + align:start position:0% +eventually yeah nice wolf out there but +you meet a wolf on the street + + align:start position:0% +you meet a wolf on the street + + + align:start position:0% +you meet a wolf on the street +and and and you don't know much about + + align:start position:0% +and and and you don't know much about + + + align:start position:0% +and and and you don't know much about +him + + align:start position:0% +him + + + align:start position:0% +him +where should you draw your threshold + + align:start position:0% +where should you draw your threshold + + + align:start position:0% +where should you draw your threshold +before bringing him home to play with + + align:start position:0% +before bringing him home to play with + + + align:start position:0% +before bringing him home to play with +your six-year-old + + align:start position:0% +your six-year-old + + + align:start position:0% +your six-year-old +I mean you're gonna draw your threshold + + align:start position:0% +I mean you're gonna draw your threshold + + + align:start position:0% +I mean you're gonna draw your threshold +out here somewhere right you know I + + align:start position:0% +out here somewhere right you know I + + + align:start position:0% +out here somewhere right you know I +don't care if I reject the one nice wolf + + align:start position:0% +don't care if I reject the one nice wolf + + + align:start position:0% +don't care if I reject the one nice wolf +it's just really risky to bring wolves + + align:start position:0% +it's just really risky to bring wolves + + + align:start position:0% +it's just really risky to bring wolves +home + + align:start position:0% +home + + + align:start position:0% +home +um so + + align:start position:0% +um so + + + align:start position:0% +um so +and that's because you're just really + + align:start position:0% +and that's because you're just really + + + align:start position:0% +and that's because you're just really +really ignorant about wolves you just + + align:start position:0% +really ignorant about wolves you just + + + align:start position:0% +really ignorant about wolves you just +don't know much about him maybe you can + + align:start position:0% +don't know much about him maybe you can + + + align:start position:0% +don't know much about him maybe you can +new wolves better you'd know who the + + align:start position:0% +new wolves better you'd know who the + + + align:start position:0% +new wolves better you'd know who the +nice ones were all right with human + + align:start position:0% +nice ones were all right with human + + + align:start position:0% +nice ones were all right with human +populations it's obviously much less + + align:start position:0% +populations it's obviously much less + + + align:start position:0% +populations it's obviously much less +dramatic than that but you don't know + + align:start position:0% +dramatic than that but you don't know + + + align:start position:0% +dramatic than that but you don't know +much about + + align:start position:0% +much about + + + align:start position:0% +much about +um these other people so the + + align:start position:0% +um these other people so the + + + align:start position:0% +um these other people so the +distributions uh theoretically overlap + + align:start position:0% +distributions uh theoretically overlap + + + align:start position:0% +distributions uh theoretically overlap +more you still only want to make a very + + align:start position:0% +more you still only want to make a very + + + align:start position:0% +more you still only want to make a very +few errors where you let bad people in + + align:start position:0% +few errors where you let bad people in + + + align:start position:0% +few errors where you let bad people in +next juice so that's going to cause you + + align:start position:0% +next juice so that's going to cause you + + + align:start position:0% +next juice so that's going to cause you +to move that threshold still further + + align:start position:0% +to move that threshold still further + + + align:start position:0% +to move that threshold still further +over in this direction right not because + + align:start position:0% +over in this direction right not because + + + align:start position:0% +over in this direction right not because +you don't like these people understand + + align:start position:0% +you don't like these people understand + + + align:start position:0% +you don't like these people understand +that there's no explicit bias going on + + align:start position:0% +that there's no explicit bias going on + + + align:start position:0% +that there's no explicit bias going on +here you're just being cautious in this + + align:start position:0% +here you're just being cautious in this + + + align:start position:0% +here you're just being cautious in this +in this story so you can get explicit + + align:start position:0% +in this story so you can get explicit + + + align:start position:0% +in this story so you can get explicit +bias out of those first three factors + + align:start position:0% +bias out of those first three factors + + + align:start position:0% +bias out of those first three factors +but here this Factor has no explicit + + align:start position:0% +but here this Factor has no explicit + + + align:start position:0% +but here this Factor has no explicit +bias in it at all just ignorance so now + + align:start position:0% +bias in it at all just ignorance so now + + + align:start position:0% +bias in it at all just ignorance so now +you say oh good I'm only letting you + + align:start position:0% +you say oh good I'm only letting you + + + align:start position:0% +you say oh good I'm only letting you +know this percentage of really bad + + align:start position:0% +know this percentage of really bad + + + align:start position:0% +know this percentage of really bad +people in + + align:start position:0% +people in + + + align:start position:0% +people in +um now obviously there's a little + + align:start position:0% +um now obviously there's a little + + + align:start position:0% +um now obviously there's a little +problem here your type uh we're calling + + align:start position:0% +problem here your type uh we're calling + + + align:start position:0% +problem here your type uh we're calling +type one errors these errors were you + + align:start position:0% +type one errors these errors were you + + + align:start position:0% +type one errors these errors were you +reject good people + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +great now you have rejected almost the + + align:start position:0% +great now you have rejected almost the + + + align:start position:0% +great now you have rejected almost the +entire population of this other group + + align:start position:0% +entire population of this other group + + + align:start position:0% +entire population of this other group +you know that you're not biased + + align:start position:0% +you know that you're not biased + + + align:start position:0% +you know that you're not biased +um in your heart of hearts because you + + align:start position:0% +um in your heart of hearts because you + + + align:start position:0% +um in your heart of hearts because you +can still say as it oh yes as it says on + + align:start position:0% +can still say as it oh yes as it says on + + + align:start position:0% +can still say as it oh yes as it says on +the handout this little tale of the + + align:start position:0% +the handout this little tale of the + + + align:start position:0% +the handout this little tale of the +distribution is is is the some of my + + align:start position:0% +distribution is is is the some of my + + + align:start position:0% +distribution is is is the some of my +best friends are EX + + align:start position:0% +best friends are EX + + + align:start position:0% +best friends are EX +right you know whatever whatever that + + align:start position:0% +right you know whatever whatever that + + + align:start position:0% +right you know whatever whatever that +out group is uh so you know some of my + + align:start position:0% +out group is uh so you know some of my + + + align:start position:0% +out group is uh so you know some of my +best friends are white black Christian + + align:start position:0% +best friends are white black Christian + + + align:start position:0% +best friends are white black Christian +Jewish whatever the other out group is + + align:start position:0% +Jewish whatever the other out group is + + + align:start position:0% +Jewish whatever the other out group is +that you're you're dealing with this + + align:start position:0% +that you're you're dealing with this + + + align:start position:0% +that you're you're dealing with this +sort of signal detection story will get + + align:start position:0% +sort of signal detection story will get + + + align:start position:0% +sort of signal detection story will get +you there with some people in the group + + align:start position:0% +you there with some people in the group + + + align:start position:0% +you there with some people in the group +who who are who are fine because they + + align:start position:0% +who who are who are fine because they + + + align:start position:0% +who who are who are fine because they +beat your threshold then the and the + + align:start position:0% +beat your threshold then the and the + + + align:start position:0% +beat your threshold then the and the +vast bulk of the rest of it who + + align:start position:0% +vast bulk of the rest of it who + + + align:start position:0% +vast bulk of the rest of it who +disappear because + + align:start position:0% +disappear because + + + align:start position:0% +disappear because +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +uh be because you're you're applying the + + align:start position:0% +uh be because you're you're applying the + + + align:start position:0% +uh be because you're you're applying the +same caution to an out group that you + + align:start position:0% +same caution to an out group that you + + + align:start position:0% +same caution to an out group that you +were applying to the group that you knew + + align:start position:0% +were applying to the group that you knew + + + align:start position:0% +were applying to the group that you knew +something about so that that's how um + + align:start position:0% +something about so that that's how um + + + align:start position:0% +something about so that that's how um +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +that ignorance can end up being a a + + align:start position:0% +that ignorance can end up being a a + + + align:start position:0% +that ignorance can end up being a a +factor in producing what looks like + + align:start position:0% +factor in producing what looks like + + + align:start position:0% +factor in producing what looks like +biased Behavior right if you compare + + align:start position:0% +biased Behavior right if you compare + + + align:start position:0% +biased Behavior right if you compare +these two you'd have to say I'm I'm + + align:start position:0% +these two you'd have to say I'm I'm + + + align:start position:0% +these two you'd have to say I'm I'm +biased against this group because these + + align:start position:0% +biased against this group because these + + + align:start position:0% +biased against this group because these +people you know a hundred of these + + align:start position:0% +people you know a hundred of these + + + align:start position:0% +people you know a hundred of these +people I'm only letting five of them be + + align:start position:0% +people I'm only letting five of them be + + + align:start position:0% +people I'm only letting five of them be +my friend a hundred of these people I'm + + align:start position:0% +my friend a hundred of these people I'm + + + align:start position:0% +my friend a hundred of these people I'm +letting 60 of them be my friend you know + + align:start position:0% +letting 60 of them be my friend you know + + + align:start position:0% +letting 60 of them be my friend you know +that that's a biased outcome from no + + align:start position:0% +that that's a biased outcome from no + + + align:start position:0% +that that's a biased outcome from no +explicit um explicit bias now this + + align:start position:0% +explicit um explicit bias now this + + + align:start position:0% +explicit um explicit bias now this +question of explicit versus + + align:start position:0% +question of explicit versus + + + align:start position:0% +question of explicit versus +um explicit versus either no bias or + + align:start position:0% +um explicit versus either no bias or + + + align:start position:0% +um explicit versus either no bias or +implicit bias is an interesting one + + align:start position:0% +implicit bias is an interesting one + + + align:start position:0% +implicit bias is an interesting one +um you don't necessarily + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have a clear idea of + + align:start position:0% +have a clear idea of + + + align:start position:0% +have a clear idea of +the biases that you may have one of the + + align:start position:0% +the biases that you may have one of the + + + align:start position:0% +the biases that you may have one of the +more interesting and more disturbing + + align:start position:0% +more interesting and more disturbing + + + align:start position:0% +more interesting and more disturbing +um bits of oh I didn't bring my computer + + align:start position:0% +um bits of oh I didn't bring my computer + + + align:start position:0% +um bits of oh I didn't bring my computer +to do a demo what a Pity + + align:start position:0% +to do a demo what a Pity + + + align:start position:0% +to do a demo what a Pity +um but there's a thing called an + + align:start position:0% +um but there's a thing called an + + + align:start position:0% +um but there's a thing called an +implicit uh attitude is it implicit + + align:start position:0% +implicit uh attitude is it implicit + + + align:start position:0% +implicit uh attitude is it implicit +attitude test yeah it is implicit + + align:start position:0% +attitude test yeah it is implicit + + + align:start position:0% +attitude test yeah it is implicit +attitude that the IAT if you want to try + + align:start position:0% +attitude that the IAT if you want to try + + + align:start position:0% +attitude that the IAT if you want to try +this out on yourself + + align:start position:0% +this out on yourself + + + align:start position:0% +this out on yourself +uh go to + + align:start position:0% +uh go to + + + align:start position:0% +uh go to +www.prejudice.com I think is the right + + align:start position:0% +www.prejudice.com I think is the right + + + align:start position:0% +www.prejudice.com I think is the right +site that is one site + + align:start position:0% +site that is one site + + + align:start position:0% +site that is one site +um but if if that fails go and find your + + align:start position:0% +um but if if that fails go and find your + + + align:start position:0% +um but if if that fails go and find your +way to the um website of mazaran banagi + + align:start position:0% +way to the um website of mazaran banagi + + + align:start position:0% +way to the um website of mazaran banagi +at Harvard + + align:start position:0% +at Harvard + + + align:start position:0% +at Harvard +um and she's one of the leading + + align:start position:0% +um and she's one of the leading + + + align:start position:0% +um and she's one of the leading +practitioners of this and her website + + align:start position:0% +practitioners of this and her website + + + align:start position:0% +practitioners of this and her website +will link you to a place where you can + + align:start position:0% +will link you to a place where you can + + + align:start position:0% +will link you to a place where you can +try this out on yourself + + align:start position:0% +try this out on yourself + + + align:start position:0% +try this out on yourself +um as the website will tell you be + + align:start position:0% +um as the website will tell you be + + + align:start position:0% +um as the website will tell you be +forewarned + + align:start position:0% +forewarned + + + align:start position:0% +forewarned +um the results you may find the results + + align:start position:0% +um the results you may find the results + + + align:start position:0% +um the results you may find the results +of this experiment to be uh disturbing + + align:start position:0% +of this experiment to be uh disturbing + + + align:start position:0% +of this experiment to be uh disturbing +to you + + align:start position:0% +to you + + + align:start position:0% +to you +um but it's it's well worth trying out + + align:start position:0% +um but it's it's well worth trying out + + + align:start position:0% +um but it's it's well worth trying out +yourself now what what what is this + + align:start position:0% +yourself now what what what is this + + + align:start position:0% +yourself now what what what is this +experiment about this experiment is an + + align:start position:0% +experiment about this experiment is an + + + align:start position:0% +experiment about this experiment is an +effect a version + + align:start position:0% +effect a version + + + align:start position:0% +effect a version +of a Stroop interference test the + + align:start position:0% +of a Stroop interference test the + + + align:start position:0% +of a Stroop interference test the +classic Stroop interference experiment + + align:start position:0% +classic Stroop interference experiment + + + align:start position:0% +classic Stroop interference experiment +is an experiment where what you do is + + align:start position:0% +is an experiment where what you do is + + + align:start position:0% +is an experiment where what you do is +you see a collection of words + + align:start position:0% +you see a collection of words + + + align:start position:0% +you see a collection of words +and your job is whatever the word says + + align:start position:0% +and your job is whatever the word says + + + align:start position:0% +and your job is whatever the word says +is just to tell me what color the ink is + + align:start position:0% +is just to tell me what color the ink is + + + align:start position:0% +is just to tell me what color the ink is +that the word is written in so if I + + align:start position:0% +that the word is written in so if I + + + align:start position:0% +that the word is written in so if I +write + + align:start position:0% +write + + + align:start position:0% +write +cat + + align:start position:0% +cat + + + align:start position:0% +cat +in red ink you say red + + align:start position:0% +in red ink you say red + + + align:start position:0% +in red ink you say red +um and if I write dog in blue ink you + + align:start position:0% +um and if I write dog in blue ink you + + + align:start position:0% +um and if I write dog in blue ink you +say dog no you say blue well that's a + + align:start position:0% +say dog no you say blue well that's a + + + align:start position:0% +say dog no you say blue well that's a +different interference + + align:start position:0% +different interference + + + align:start position:0% +different interference +um the problem is that if I write + + align:start position:0% +um the problem is that if I write + + + align:start position:0% +um the problem is that if I write +red in blue ink + + align:start position:0% +red in blue ink + + + align:start position:0% +red in blue ink +you will some people will simply make + + align:start position:0% +you will some people will simply make + + + align:start position:0% +you will some people will simply make +the mistake of saying red and everybody + + align:start position:0% +the mistake of saying red and everybody + + + align:start position:0% +the mistake of saying red and everybody +on average will be substantially slowed + + align:start position:0% +on average will be substantially slowed + + + align:start position:0% +on average will be substantially slowed +down because of an inability to + + align:start position:0% +down because of an inability to + + + align:start position:0% +down because of an inability to +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +uh to suppress that response and they'll + + align:start position:0% +uh to suppress that response and they'll + + + align:start position:0% +uh to suppress that response and they'll +be Speedy if I do red and red ink + + align:start position:0% +be Speedy if I do red and red ink + + + align:start position:0% +be Speedy if I do red and red ink +they'll be they'll be speeded up right + + align:start position:0% +they'll be they'll be speeded up right + + + align:start position:0% +they'll be they'll be speeded up right +so if if the two sources conflict with + + align:start position:0% +so if if the two sources conflict with + + + align:start position:0% +so if if the two sources conflict with +each other you're slowed if the two + + align:start position:0% +each other you're slowed if the two + + + align:start position:0% +each other you're slowed if the two +sources + + align:start position:0% +sources + + + align:start position:0% +sources +um agree with each other you're speeded + + align:start position:0% +um agree with each other you're speeded + + + align:start position:0% +um agree with each other you're speeded +okay so here's what you do and + + align:start position:0% +okay so here's what you do and + + + align:start position:0% +okay so here's what you do and +in in an i + + align:start position:0% +in in an i + + + align:start position:0% +in in an i +8 experience + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is you um + + align:start position:0% +is you um + + + align:start position:0% +is you um +you you tell people I'm going to show + + align:start position:0% +you you tell people I'm going to show + + + align:start position:0% +you you tell people I'm going to show +you some words + + align:start position:0% +you some words + + + align:start position:0% +you some words +and if they're good words they're nice + + align:start position:0% +and if they're good words they're nice + + + align:start position:0% +and if they're good words they're nice +words you push this button + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and if they're nasty words + + align:start position:0% +and if they're nasty words + + + align:start position:0% +and if they're nasty words +you push + + align:start position:0% +you push + + + align:start position:0% +you push +this button okay no problem so you know + + align:start position:0% +this button okay no problem so you know + + + align:start position:0% +this button okay no problem so you know +nice boink uh evil blink yeah pain boink + + align:start position:0% +nice boink uh evil blink yeah pain boink + + + align:start position:0% +nice boink uh evil blink yeah pain boink +and so on not very tough okay second + + align:start position:0% +and so on not very tough okay second + + + align:start position:0% +and so on not very tough okay second +task I'm gonna show you some + + align:start position:0% +task I'm gonna show you some + + + align:start position:0% +task I'm gonna show you some +uh pictures of people + + align:start position:0% +uh pictures of people + + + align:start position:0% +uh pictures of people +if it's an old person + + align:start position:0% +if it's an old person + + + align:start position:0% +if it's an old person +I want you to push one button + + align:start position:0% +I want you to push one button + + + align:start position:0% +I want you to push one button +if it's a young person + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I want you to push another button so we + + align:start position:0% +I want you to push another button so we + + + align:start position:0% +I want you to push another button so we +put me up there and point put you up + + align:start position:0% +put me up there and point put you up + + + align:start position:0% +put me up there and point put you up +there Point all right that works now + + align:start position:0% +there Point all right that works now + + + align:start position:0% +there Point all right that works now +what we do is we um do mixed blocks + + align:start position:0% +what we do is we um do mixed blocks + + + align:start position:0% +what we do is we um do mixed blocks +where you're gonna see words and + + align:start position:0% +where you're gonna see words and + + + align:start position:0% +where you're gonna see words and +pictures together + + align:start position:0% +pictures together + + + align:start position:0% +pictures together +and I'm going to tell you okay now + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to tell you okay now + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to tell you okay now +if you see a + + align:start position:0% +if you see a + + + align:start position:0% +if you see a +a nice word or an old face push this + + align:start position:0% +a nice word or an old face push this + + + align:start position:0% +a nice word or an old face push this +button if you see a nasty word or a + + align:start position:0% +button if you see a nasty word or a + + + align:start position:0% +button if you see a nasty word or a +young face push this button it's just + + align:start position:0% +young face push this button it's just + + + align:start position:0% +young face push this button it's just +the two tasks on top of each other + + align:start position:0% +the two tasks on top of each other + + + align:start position:0% +the two tasks on top of each other +um you'll be slower whatever we do in + + align:start position:0% +um you'll be slower whatever we do in + + + align:start position:0% +um you'll be slower whatever we do in +this regard you'll be slower because now + + align:start position:0% +this regard you'll be slower because now + + + align:start position:0% +this regard you'll be slower because now +you have to keep two rules in mind at + + align:start position:0% +you have to keep two rules in mind at + + + align:start position:0% +you have to keep two rules in mind at +once but what's striking is that if you + + align:start position:0% +once but what's striking is that if you + + + align:start position:0% +once but what's striking is that if you +do nice and old + + align:start position:0% +do nice and old + + + align:start position:0% +do nice and old +you're significantly slower than if you + + align:start position:0% +you're significantly slower than if you + + + align:start position:0% +you're significantly slower than if you +do nice and Young + + align:start position:0% +do nice and Young + + + align:start position:0% +do nice and Young +it is as if nice and old maps to the + + align:start position:0% +it is as if nice and old maps to the + + + align:start position:0% +it is as if nice and old maps to the +same response it causes a conflict that + + align:start position:0% +same response it causes a conflict that + + + align:start position:0% +same response it causes a conflict that +doesn't work for you and nice and young + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work for you and nice and young + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work for you and nice and young +does + + align:start position:0% +does + + + align:start position:0% +does +as if you've got a bias in favor of of + + align:start position:0% +as if you've got a bias in favor of of + + + align:start position:0% +as if you've got a bias in favor of of +young over old + + align:start position:0% +young over old + + + align:start position:0% +young over old +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and this does and and if we ask you why + + align:start position:0% +and this does and and if we ask you why + + + align:start position:0% +and this does and and if we ask you why +is this an implicit attitude test if we + + align:start position:0% +is this an implicit attitude test if we + + + align:start position:0% +is this an implicit attitude test if we +give you an explicit attitude test that + + align:start position:0% +give you an explicit attitude test that + + + align:start position:0% +give you an explicit attitude test that +says what's your attitude towards young + + align:start position:0% +says what's your attitude towards young + + + align:start position:0% +says what's your attitude towards young +and old people you may perfectly well + + align:start position:0% +and old people you may perfectly well + + + align:start position:0% +and old people you may perfectly well +report I love old people I love young + + align:start position:0% +report I love old people I love young + + + align:start position:0% +report I love old people I love young +people I love everybody + + align:start position:0% +people I love everybody + + + align:start position:0% +people I love everybody +but you'll still come up with this + + align:start position:0% +but you'll still come up with this + + + align:start position:0% +but you'll still come up with this +you'll still come up with this result uh + + align:start position:0% +you'll still come up with this result uh + + + align:start position:0% +you'll still come up with this result uh +I deliberately did this one because it + + align:start position:0% +I deliberately did this one because it + + + align:start position:0% +I deliberately did this one because it +it doesn't tend to carry an awful lot of + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't tend to carry an awful lot of + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't tend to carry an awful lot of +of uh sort of emotional loading for + + align:start position:0% +of uh sort of emotional loading for + + + align:start position:0% +of uh sort of emotional loading for +people but the reason this is a somewhat + + align:start position:0% +people but the reason this is a somewhat + + + align:start position:0% +people but the reason this is a somewhat +deep that that's a little harsh for us + + align:start position:0% +deep that that's a little harsh for us + + + align:start position:0% +deep that that's a little harsh for us +old people but um the the reason that + + align:start position:0% +old people but um the the reason that + + + align:start position:0% +old people but um the the reason that +this may be a disturbing test for people + + align:start position:0% +this may be a disturbing test for people + + + align:start position:0% +this may be a disturbing test for people +to take you should still go off and do + + align:start position:0% +to take you should still go off and do + + + align:start position:0% +to take you should still go off and do +it is that if I do + + align:start position:0% +it is that if I do + + + align:start position:0% +it is that if I do +um nice and black African-American + + align:start position:0% +um nice and black African-American + + + align:start position:0% +um nice and black African-American +pictures and nasty and uh + + align:start position:0% +pictures and nasty and uh + + + align:start position:0% +pictures and nasty and uh +white regardless of your report on an + + align:start position:0% +white regardless of your report on an + + + align:start position:0% +white regardless of your report on an +explicit report of you know what you + + align:start position:0% +explicit report of you know what you + + + align:start position:0% +explicit report of you know what you +consider your bias to be the white + + align:start position:0% +consider your bias to be the white + + + align:start position:0% +consider your bias to be the white +population in this country will on + + align:start position:0% +population in this country will on + + + align:start position:0% +population in this country will on +average have a slower reaction time to + + align:start position:0% +average have a slower reaction time to + + + align:start position:0% +average have a slower reaction time to +nice black pairings than to nice a + + align:start position:0% +nice black pairings than to nice a + + + align:start position:0% +nice black pairings than to nice a +pairing of nice and white actually one + + align:start position:0% +pairing of nice and white actually one + + + align:start position:0% +pairing of nice and white actually one +of the more interesting and depressing + + align:start position:0% +of the more interesting and depressing + + + align:start position:0% +of the more interesting and depressing +findings is that that doesn't even + + align:start position:0% +findings is that that doesn't even + + + align:start position:0% +findings is that that doesn't even +completely reverse with uh with an + + align:start position:0% +completely reverse with uh with an + + + align:start position:0% +completely reverse with uh with an +African-American population of subjects + + align:start position:0% +African-American population of subjects + + + align:start position:0% +African-American population of subjects +in the African-American population the + + align:start position:0% +in the African-American population the + + + align:start position:0% +in the African-American population the +last time I checked on the data uh the + + align:start position:0% +last time I checked on the data uh the + + + align:start position:0% +last time I checked on the data uh the +the pairings were roughly equal so the + + align:start position:0% +the pairings were roughly equal so the + + + align:start position:0% +the pairings were roughly equal so the +African-American population + + align:start position:0% +African-American population + + + align:start position:0% +African-American population +has presumably some uh ethnocentric bias + + align:start position:0% +has presumably some uh ethnocentric bias + + + align:start position:0% +has presumably some uh ethnocentric bias +in in its own favor and implicit bias in + + align:start position:0% +in in its own favor and implicit bias in + + + align:start position:0% +in in its own favor and implicit bias in +its own favor but that's counterbalanced + + align:start position:0% +its own favor but that's counterbalanced + + + align:start position:0% +its own favor but that's counterbalanced +by some incorporation of the overall + + align:start position:0% +by some incorporation of the overall + + + align:start position:0% +by some incorporation of the overall +bias against and so they come out as + + align:start position:0% +bias against and so they come out as + + + align:start position:0% +bias against and so they come out as +roughly equal so + + align:start position:0% +roughly equal so + + + align:start position:0% +roughly equal so +the debates in the literature about this + + align:start position:0% +the debates in the literature about this + + + align:start position:0% +the debates in the literature about this +uh this line of work is is this talking + + align:start position:0% +uh this line of work is is this talking + + + align:start position:0% +uh this line of work is is this talking +about implicit attitudes which is a sort + + align:start position:0% +about implicit attitudes which is a sort + + + align:start position:0% +about implicit attitudes which is a sort +of a notion that regardless of what we + + align:start position:0% +of a notion that regardless of what we + + + align:start position:0% +of a notion that regardless of what we +think we're all racists or something + + align:start position:0% +think we're all racists or something + + + align:start position:0% +think we're all racists or something +like that or is this just saying that we + + align:start position:0% +like that or is this just saying that we + + + align:start position:0% +like that or is this just saying that we +have somehow Incorporated the + + align:start position:0% +have somehow Incorporated the + + + align:start position:0% +have somehow Incorporated the +um that we know at some level the biases + + align:start position:0% +um that we know at some level the biases + + + align:start position:0% +um that we know at some level the biases +of the culture as a whole even though we + + align:start position:0% +of the culture as a whole even though we + + + align:start position:0% +of the culture as a whole even though we +ourselves may not be biased it is an + + align:start position:0% +ourselves may not be biased it is an + + + align:start position:0% +ourselves may not be biased it is an +interesting question beyond the scope of + + align:start position:0% +interesting question beyond the scope of + + + align:start position:0% +interesting question beyond the scope of +what I can talk about today of whether + + align:start position:0% +what I can talk about today of whether + + + align:start position:0% +what I can talk about today of whether +there's a serious difference between + + align:start position:0% +there's a serious difference between + + + align:start position:0% +there's a serious difference between +those two + + align:start position:0% +those two + + + align:start position:0% +those two +but the but the the disturbing finding + + align:start position:0% +but the but the the disturbing finding + + + align:start position:0% +but the but the the disturbing finding +is and you can do this with oh yeah it's + + align:start position:0% +is and you can do this with oh yeah it's + + + align:start position:0% +is and you can do this with oh yeah it's +not black you know black white old young + + align:start position:0% +not black you know black white old young + + + align:start position:0% +not black you know black white old young +is by no means the limit on this game + + align:start position:0% +is by no means the limit on this game + + + align:start position:0% +is by no means the limit on this game +once he got the methodology you can do + + align:start position:0% +once he got the methodology you can do + + + align:start position:0% +once he got the methodology you can do +it on anything so + + align:start position:0% +it on anything so + + + align:start position:0% +it on anything so +um shortly after uh September 11th + + align:start position:0% +um shortly after uh September 11th + + + align:start position:0% +um shortly after uh September 11th +um they started doing uh these tests on + + align:start position:0% +um they started doing uh these tests on + + + align:start position:0% +um they started doing uh these tests on +uh opinions about you know nice + + align:start position:0% +uh opinions about you know nice + + + align:start position:0% +uh opinions about you know nice +um and they don't need to do with faces + + align:start position:0% +um and they don't need to do with faces + + + align:start position:0% +um and they don't need to do with faces +either so if you want to do + + align:start position:0% +either so if you want to do + + + align:start position:0% +either so if you want to do +um Arab versus non-arab you can just do + + align:start position:0% +um Arab versus non-arab you can just do + + + align:start position:0% +um Arab versus non-arab you can just do +it with um names so you do + + align:start position:0% +it with um names so you do + + + align:start position:0% +it with um names so you do +um you know Abdul and Muhammad and so on + + align:start position:0% +um you know Abdul and Muhammad and so on + + + align:start position:0% +um you know Abdul and Muhammad and so on +and and then you do uh you know Chris + + align:start position:0% +and and then you do uh you know Chris + + + align:start position:0% +and and then you do uh you know Chris +and Jane and stuff and you find that in + + align:start position:0% +and Jane and stuff and you find that in + + + align:start position:0% +and Jane and stuff and you find that in +in in the American population at the + + align:start position:0% +in in the American population at the + + + align:start position:0% +in in the American population at the +moment nice and and Muhammad is slower + + align:start position:0% +moment nice and and Muhammad is slower + + + align:start position:0% +moment nice and and Muhammad is slower +than nice and Robert + + align:start position:0% +than nice and Robert + + + align:start position:0% +than nice and Robert +um it it's it's not surprising but it is + + align:start position:0% +um it it's it's not surprising but it is + + + align:start position:0% +um it it's it's not surprising but it is +nevertheless + + align:start position:0% +nevertheless + + + align:start position:0% +nevertheless +um it's disturbing how easy it is to + + align:start position:0% +um it's disturbing how easy it is to + + + align:start position:0% +um it's disturbing how easy it is to +show these uh these effects there and + + align:start position:0% +show these uh these effects there and + + + align:start position:0% +show these uh these effects there and +and they're they're robust they show up + + align:start position:0% +and they're they're robust they show up + + + align:start position:0% +and they're they're robust they show up +um across populations and they show up + + align:start position:0% +um across populations and they show up + + + align:start position:0% +um across populations and they show up +um as I say + + align:start position:0% +um as I say + + + align:start position:0% +um as I say +fairly independent of what people report + + align:start position:0% +fairly independent of what people report + + + align:start position:0% +fairly independent of what people report +it doesn't matter + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't matter + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't matter +um if you explicitly uh and you know + + align:start position:0% +um if you explicitly uh and you know + + + align:start position:0% +um if you explicitly uh and you know +let's assume that people are reporting + + align:start position:0% +let's assume that people are reporting + + + align:start position:0% +let's assume that people are reporting +honestly it doesn't matter if you + + align:start position:0% +honestly it doesn't matter if you + + + align:start position:0% +honestly it doesn't matter if you +explicitly + + align:start position:0% +explicitly + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly +have the bias you can show something + + align:start position:0% +have the bias you can show something + + + align:start position:0% +have the bias you can show something +that looks like a bias with with the + + align:start position:0% +that looks like a bias with with the + + + align:start position:0% +that looks like a bias with with the +test of this sort anyway give it a try + + align:start position:0% +test of this sort anyway give it a try + + + align:start position:0% +test of this sort anyway give it a try +it's it's interesting + + align:start position:0% +it's it's interesting + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's interesting +um and disturbing and the interesting + + align:start position:0% +um and disturbing and the interesting + + + align:start position:0% +um and disturbing and the interesting +and disturbing + + align:start position:0% +and disturbing + + + align:start position:0% +and disturbing +um Department I will continue in a + + align:start position:0% +um Department I will continue in a + + + align:start position:0% +um Department I will continue in a +minute or two talking about the link + + align:start position:0% +minute or two talking about the link + + + align:start position:0% +minute or two talking about the link +between attitudes and and actual + + align:start position:0% +between attitudes and and actual + + + align:start position:0% +between attitudes and and actual +behavior + + align:start position:0% +behavior + + + align:start position:0% +behavior +um so let's there's a good place for a + + align:start position:0% +um so let's there's a good place for a + + + align:start position:0% +um so let's there's a good place for a +short break + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +maybe I'm not sure I don't know that + + align:start position:0% +maybe I'm not sure I don't know that + + + align:start position:0% +maybe I'm not sure I don't know that +it's been done my my intuition disagrees + + align:start position:0% +it's been done my my intuition disagrees + + + align:start position:0% +it's been done my my intuition disagrees +but but + + align:start position:0% +but but + + + align:start position:0% +but but +um I think and and and I mean I don't I + + align:start position:0% +um I think and and and I mean I don't I + + + align:start position:0% +um I think and and and I mean I don't I +can't cite you with an obvious chapter + + align:start position:0% +can't cite you with an obvious chapter + + + align:start position:0% +can't cite you with an obvious chapter +and verse but I'm thinking that if if I + + align:start position:0% +and verse but I'm thinking that if if I + + + align:start position:0% +and verse but I'm thinking that if if I +sat down with you and I don't you know + + align:start position:0% +sat down with you and I don't you know + + + align:start position:0% +sat down with you and I don't you know +take an immediate dislike to you for + + align:start position:0% +take an immediate dislike to you for + + + align:start position:0% +take an immediate dislike to you for +some reason all right I get three bucks + + align:start position:0% +some reason all right I get three bucks + + + align:start position:0% +some reason all right I get three bucks +you get four bucks I can feel good for + + align:start position:0% +you get four bucks I can feel good for + + + align:start position:0% +you get four bucks I can feel good for +both of us in some fashion in a way that + + align:start position:0% +both of us in some fashion in a way that + + + align:start position:0% +both of us in some fashion in a way that +the logic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the the the + + align:start position:0% +the the the + + + align:start position:0% +the the the +my counter intuition comes from all + + align:start position:0% +my counter intuition comes from all + + + align:start position:0% +my counter intuition comes from all +these various efforts to say let's get + + align:start position:0% +these various efforts to say let's get + + + align:start position:0% +these various efforts to say let's get +you know black and white kids so let's + + align:start position:0% +you know black and white kids so let's + + + align:start position:0% +you know black and white kids so let's +get uh Arab and Israeli kids together at + + align:start position:0% +get uh Arab and Israeli kids together at + + + align:start position:0% +get uh Arab and Israeli kids together at +summer camp because there's nothing like + + align:start position:0% +summer camp because there's nothing like + + + align:start position:0% +summer camp because there's nothing like +the theory tells us nothing like getting + + align:start position:0% +the theory tells us nothing like getting + + + align:start position:0% +the theory tells us nothing like getting +people together to make these you know + + align:start position:0% +people together to make these you know + + + align:start position:0% +people together to make these you know +group identity things look a little lame + + align:start position:0% +group identity things look a little lame + + + align:start position:0% +group identity things look a little lame +because you know I can like you but of + + align:start position:0% +because you know I can like you but of + + + align:start position:0% +because you know I can like you but of +course a lot of that is some of my best + + align:start position:0% +course a lot of that is some of my best + + + align:start position:0% +course a lot of that is some of my best +friends are but for some of your best + + align:start position:0% +friends are but for some of your best + + + align:start position:0% +friends are but for some of your best +friends to be whatever you actually have + + align:start position:0% +friends to be whatever you actually have + + + align:start position:0% +friends to be whatever you actually have +to hang out with them yeah in some + + align:start position:0% +to hang out with them yeah in some + + + align:start position:0% +to hang out with them yeah in some +fashions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so +um I'm unusually covered in chalk dust + + align:start position:0% +um I'm unusually covered in chalk dust + + + align:start position:0% +um I'm unusually covered in chalk dust +today I don't know what I've oh that's + + align:start position:0% +today I don't know what I've oh that's + + + align:start position:0% +today I don't know what I've oh that's +because I've been drawing all shading + + align:start position:0% +because I've been drawing all shading + + + align:start position:0% +because I've been drawing all shading +things in that's my problem so look bias + + align:start position:0% +things in that's my problem so look bias + + + align:start position:0% +things in that's my problem so look bias +we we can we can we can presumably agree + + align:start position:0% +we we can we can we can presumably agree + + + align:start position:0% +we we can we can we can presumably agree +that bias + + align:start position:0% +that bias + + + align:start position:0% +that bias +um isn't a a good thing but if it stays + + align:start position:0% +um isn't a a good thing but if it stays + + + align:start position:0% +um isn't a a good thing but if it stays +in the realm of private opinion or if it + + align:start position:0% +in the realm of private opinion or if it + + + align:start position:0% +in the realm of private opinion or if it +stays in the realm of implicit opinion + + align:start position:0% +stays in the realm of implicit opinion + + + align:start position:0% +stays in the realm of implicit opinion +that you don't even know you have + + align:start position:0% +that you don't even know you have + + + align:start position:0% +that you don't even know you have +yourself you know it's it's not it's not + + align:start position:0% +yourself you know it's it's not it's not + + + align:start position:0% +yourself you know it's it's not it's not +exactly + + align:start position:0% +exactly + + + align:start position:0% +exactly +um front page news but we also all know + + align:start position:0% +um front page news but we also all know + + + align:start position:0% +um front page news but we also all know +from reading the front page that there + + align:start position:0% +from reading the front page that there + + + align:start position:0% +from reading the front page that there +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +um regrettably frequent occasions where + + align:start position:0% +um regrettably frequent occasions where + + + align:start position:0% +um regrettably frequent occasions where +one group is willing to slaughter + + align:start position:0% +one group is willing to slaughter + + + align:start position:0% +one group is willing to slaughter +another group based on uh very little + + align:start position:0% +another group based on uh very little + + + align:start position:0% +another group based on uh very little +more if anything more than um than group + + align:start position:0% +more if anything more than um than group + + + align:start position:0% +more if anything more than um than group +identity + + align:start position:0% +identity + + + align:start position:0% +identity +um so an absolutely critical question + + align:start position:0% +um so an absolutely critical question + + + align:start position:0% +um so an absolutely critical question +is how do you go from + + align:start position:0% +is how do you go from + + + align:start position:0% +is how do you go from +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +how can people be moved from attitude to + + align:start position:0% +how can people be moved from attitude to + + + align:start position:0% +how can people be moved from attitude to +uh to action and the the disturbing + + align:start position:0% +uh to action and the the disturbing + + + align:start position:0% +uh to action and the the disturbing +aspect of uh what we know from + + align:start position:0% +aspect of uh what we know from + + + align:start position:0% +aspect of uh what we know from +experimental psych about this is that it + + align:start position:0% +experimental psych about this is that it + + + align:start position:0% +experimental psych about this is that it +is surprisingly easy to have your + + align:start position:0% +is surprisingly easy to have your + + + align:start position:0% +is surprisingly easy to have your +behavior controlled by outside forces + + align:start position:0% +behavior controlled by outside forces + + + align:start position:0% +behavior controlled by outside forces +um the the experimental work uh of + + align:start position:0% +um the the experimental work uh of + + + align:start position:0% +um the the experimental work uh of +course cannot get people to go out and + + align:start position:0% +course cannot get people to go out and + + + align:start position:0% +course cannot get people to go out and +Slaughter each other + + align:start position:0% +Slaughter each other + + + align:start position:0% +Slaughter each other +um nothing like that would be even + + align:start position:0% +um nothing like that would be even + + + align:start position:0% +um nothing like that would be even +faintly moral but rather like the clay + + align:start position:0% +faintly moral but rather like the clay + + + align:start position:0% +faintly moral but rather like the clay +and Kandinsky Kandinsky experiments you + + align:start position:0% +and Kandinsky Kandinsky experiments you + + + align:start position:0% +and Kandinsky Kandinsky experiments you +can do experiments that show that it's + + align:start position:0% +can do experiments that show that it's + + + align:start position:0% +can do experiments that show that it's +surprisingly easy + + align:start position:0% +surprisingly easy + + + align:start position:0% +surprisingly easy +to manipulate the the situation in ways + + align:start position:0% +to manipulate the the situation in ways + + + align:start position:0% +to manipulate the the situation in ways +that that changes behavior in ways that + + align:start position:0% +that that changes behavior in ways that + + + align:start position:0% +that that changes behavior in ways that +uh look at least a little bit disturbing + + align:start position:0% +uh look at least a little bit disturbing + + + align:start position:0% +uh look at least a little bit disturbing +one of the classics back in the 50s that + + align:start position:0% +one of the classics back in the 50s that + + + align:start position:0% +one of the classics back in the 50s that +gets this literature going was done by + + align:start position:0% +gets this literature going was done by + + + align:start position:0% +gets this literature going was done by +Ash at Columbia at the time I think that + + align:start position:0% +Ash at Columbia at the time I think that + + + align:start position:0% +Ash at Columbia at the time I think that +uh if uh I think the picture is still in + + align:start position:0% +uh if uh I think the picture is still in + + + align:start position:0% +uh if uh I think the picture is still in +the book + + align:start position:0% +the book + + + align:start position:0% +the book +um The Marvelous collection of male + + align:start position:0% +um The Marvelous collection of male + + + align:start position:0% +um The Marvelous collection of male +Colombian nerds from the 50s + + align:start position:0% +Colombian nerds from the 50s + + + align:start position:0% +Colombian nerds from the 50s +um so anybody read the chapter yet and + + align:start position:0% +um so anybody read the chapter yet and + + + align:start position:0% +um so anybody read the chapter yet and +happened to know if there's a + + align:start position:0% +happened to know if there's a + + + align:start position:0% +happened to know if there's a +oh wow it's there somebody know anyway + + align:start position:0% +oh wow it's there somebody know anyway + + + align:start position:0% +oh wow it's there somebody know anyway +look here's the basic experiment here + + align:start position:0% +look here's the basic experiment here + + + align:start position:0% +look here's the basic experiment here +you come into this experiment and you + + align:start position:0% +you come into this experiment and you + + + align:start position:0% +you come into this experiment and you +think you're doing + + align:start position:0% +think you're doing + + + align:start position:0% +think you're doing +um a uh an experiment on visual + + align:start position:0% +um a uh an experiment on visual + + + align:start position:0% +um a uh an experiment on visual +perception + + align:start position:0% +perception + + + align:start position:0% +perception +um and Ash shows you + + align:start position:0% +um and Ash shows you + + + align:start position:0% +um and Ash shows you +a a card with with with three lines on + + align:start position:0% +a a card with with with three lines on + + + align:start position:0% +a a card with with with three lines on +it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and uh + + align:start position:0% +and uh + + + align:start position:0% +and uh +your job is to say + + align:start position:0% +your job is to say + + + align:start position:0% +your job is to say +which line is longer + + align:start position:0% +which line is longer + + + align:start position:0% +which line is longer +you know and so now the odd thing about + + align:start position:0% +you know and so now the odd thing about + + + align:start position:0% +you know and so now the odd thing about +this well you're not an experimentalist + + align:start position:0% +this well you're not an experimentalist + + + align:start position:0% +this well you're not an experimentalist +so who I why should you care but it's a + + align:start position:0% +so who I why should you care but it's a + + + align:start position:0% +so who I why should you care but it's a +little odd as an experiment to be doing + + align:start position:0% +little odd as an experiment to be doing + + + align:start position:0% +little odd as an experiment to be doing +this in a group but it turns out you're + + align:start position:0% +this in a group but it turns out you're + + + align:start position:0% +this in a group but it turns out you're +doing this in a group + + align:start position:0% +doing this in a group + + + align:start position:0% +doing this in a group +um and and and so Ash holds up the card + + align:start position:0% +um and and and so Ash holds up the card + + + align:start position:0% +um and and and so Ash holds up the card +and you say uh B and you say B and you + + align:start position:0% +and you say uh B and you say B and you + + + align:start position:0% +and you say uh B and you say B and you +say B and you say B and you say B + + align:start position:0% +say B and you say B and you say B + + + align:start position:0% +say B and you say B and you say B +anything everybody says b fine next card + + align:start position:0% +anything everybody says b fine next card + + + align:start position:0% +anything everybody says b fine next card +I'm not gonna bother changing my cards + + align:start position:0% +I'm not gonna bother changing my cards + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not gonna bother changing my cards +but you get that you get the basic idea + + align:start position:0% +but you get that you get the basic idea + + + align:start position:0% +but you get that you get the basic idea +on the critical trial + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um up comes this card + + align:start position:0% +um up comes this card + + + align:start position:0% +um up comes this card +he says C + + align:start position:0% +he says C + + + align:start position:0% +he says C +he says C + + align:start position:0% +he says C + + + align:start position:0% +he says C +he says see she says c c c + + align:start position:0% +he says see she says c c c + + + align:start position:0% +he says see she says c c c +now we're up to + + align:start position:0% +now we're up to + + + align:start position:0% +now we're up to +uh I stuck with her because she's got + + align:start position:0% +uh I stuck with her because she's got + + + align:start position:0% +uh I stuck with her because she's got +glasses because the the nerdy Columbia + + align:start position:0% +glasses because the the nerdy Columbia + + + align:start position:0% +glasses because the the nerdy Columbia +guy has glasses on too + + align:start position:0% +guy has glasses on too + + + align:start position:0% +guy has glasses on too +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +what does she do well why did all these + + align:start position:0% +what does she do well why did all these + + + align:start position:0% +what does she do well why did all these +guys say see some kind of morons + + align:start position:0% +guys say see some kind of morons + + + align:start position:0% +guys say see some kind of morons +um they're all Confederates of the + + align:start position:0% +um they're all Confederates of the + + + align:start position:0% +um they're all Confederates of the +experimenter the only real subject is + + align:start position:0% +experimenter the only real subject is + + + align:start position:0% +experimenter the only real subject is +this person + + align:start position:0% +this person + + + align:start position:0% +this person +um and and the question is + + align:start position:0% +um and and the question is + + + align:start position:0% +um and and the question is +does she say c + + align:start position:0% +does she say c + + + align:start position:0% +does she say c +the answer is + + align:start position:0% +the answer is + + + align:start position:0% +the answer is +um about a third of the time + + align:start position:0% +um about a third of the time + + + align:start position:0% +um about a third of the time +uh that that in in the original Ash + + align:start position:0% +uh that that in in the original Ash + + + align:start position:0% +uh that that in in the original Ash +experiment the answer is yeah she says C + + align:start position:0% +experiment the answer is yeah she says C + + + align:start position:0% +experiment the answer is yeah she says C +um it is completely clear that even when + + align:start position:0% +um it is completely clear that even when + + + align:start position:0% +um it is completely clear that even when +she doesn't say c + + align:start position:0% +she doesn't say c + + + align:start position:0% +she doesn't say c +um she's uncomfortable + + align:start position:0% +um she's uncomfortable + + + align:start position:0% +um she's uncomfortable +right this is an experiment on peer + + align:start position:0% +right this is an experiment on peer + + + align:start position:0% +right this is an experiment on peer +pressure + + align:start position:0% +pressure + + + align:start position:0% +pressure +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and it's perfectly clear that when + + align:start position:0% +and it's perfectly clear that when + + + align:start position:0% +and it's perfectly clear that when +everybody else is saying see she's busy + + align:start position:0% +everybody else is saying see she's busy + + + align:start position:0% +everybody else is saying see she's busy +taking off her glasses and checking them + + align:start position:0% +taking off her glasses and checking them + + + align:start position:0% +taking off her glasses and checking them +and stuff like that to see what what's + + align:start position:0% +and stuff like that to see what what's + + + align:start position:0% +and stuff like that to see what what's +what's going on here this this there's + + align:start position:0% +what's going on here this this there's + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on here this this there's +something wrong + + align:start position:0% +something wrong + + + align:start position:0% +something wrong +um what do you think manipulates uh the + + align:start position:0% +um what do you think manipulates uh the + + + align:start position:0% +um what do you think manipulates uh the +so the standard result is you get about + + align:start position:0% +so the standard result is you get about + + + align:start position:0% +so the standard result is you get about +a third of the people complying with the + + align:start position:0% +a third of the people complying with the + + + align:start position:0% +a third of the people complying with the +pressure what reduces that uh that + + align:start position:0% +pressure what reduces that uh that + + + align:start position:0% +pressure what reduces that uh that +compliance + + align:start position:0% +compliance + + + align:start position:0% +compliance +do you think + + align:start position:0% +do you think + + + align:start position:0% +do you think +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sure if we make if you know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and presumably it's hard to get the + + align:start position:0% +and presumably it's hard to get the + + + align:start position:0% +and presumably it's hard to get the +result and and that + + align:start position:0% +result and and that + + + align:start position:0% +result and and that +um but okay so but if we keep the + + align:start position:0% +um but okay so but if we keep the + + + align:start position:0% +um but okay so but if we keep the +physical stimuli the same yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if somebody picks + + align:start position:0% +if somebody picks + + + align:start position:0% +if somebody picks +oh somebody picks a oh I mean it just + + align:start position:0% +oh somebody picks a oh I mean it just + + + align:start position:0% +oh somebody picks a oh I mean it just +looks noisy + + align:start position:0% +looks noisy + + + align:start position:0% +looks noisy +um yeah I actually I don't know if they + + align:start position:0% +um yeah I actually I don't know if they + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah I actually I don't know if they +ever did that particular manipulation + + align:start position:0% +ever did that particular manipulation + + + align:start position:0% +ever did that particular manipulation +that's an interesting question it might + + align:start position:0% +that's an interesting question it might + + + align:start position:0% +that's an interesting question it might +that that that might that might change + + align:start position:0% +that that that might that might change + + + align:start position:0% +that that that might that might change +things yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah it doesn't to any support you know + + align:start position:0% +yeah it doesn't to any support you know + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it doesn't to any support you know +this you probably know this from from + + align:start position:0% +this you probably know this from from + + + align:start position:0% +this you probably know this from from +you know arguments with groups of people + + align:start position:0% +you know arguments with groups of people + + + align:start position:0% +you know arguments with groups of people +or something if there's it's it's hard + + align:start position:0% +or something if there's it's it's hard + + + align:start position:0% +or something if there's it's it's hard +to be the first person to voice the + + align:start position:0% +to be the first person to voice the + + + align:start position:0% +to be the first person to voice the +minority view it's much easier to be the + + align:start position:0% +minority view it's much easier to be the + + + align:start position:0% +minority view it's much easier to be the +second person I think I actually have + + align:start position:0% +second person I think I actually have + + + align:start position:0% +second person I think I actually have +the data from that yeah one supporter + + align:start position:0% +the data from that yeah one supporter + + + align:start position:0% +the data from that yeah one supporter +one supporter in the group drops + + align:start position:0% +one supporter in the group drops + + + align:start position:0% +one supporter in the group drops +compliance from one third to 112. + + align:start position:0% +compliance from one third to 112. + + + align:start position:0% +compliance from one third to 112. +so big drop in in in in the + + align:start position:0% +so big drop in in in in the + + + align:start position:0% +so big drop in in in in the +amount of uh of compliance + + align:start position:0% +amount of uh of compliance + + + align:start position:0% +amount of uh of compliance +um the more people who say uh see the + + align:start position:0% +um the more people who say uh see the + + + align:start position:0% +um the more people who say uh see the +more likely you are to comply the + + align:start position:0% +more likely you are to comply the + + + align:start position:0% +more likely you are to comply the +smaller the group the less likely you + + align:start position:0% +smaller the group the less likely you + + + align:start position:0% +smaller the group the less likely you +are to comply + + align:start position:0% +are to comply + + + align:start position:0% +are to comply +um but + + align:start position:0% +um but + + + align:start position:0% +um but +the point is + + align:start position:0% +the point is + + + align:start position:0% +the point is +that even in a matter is a seemingly + + align:start position:0% +that even in a matter is a seemingly + + + align:start position:0% +that even in a matter is a seemingly +straightforward as which line is longer + + align:start position:0% +straightforward as which line is longer + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward as which line is longer +you can feel that pressure from uh from + + align:start position:0% +you can feel that pressure from uh from + + + align:start position:0% +you can feel that pressure from uh from +others the most famous experiment in + + align:start position:0% +others the most famous experiment in + + + align:start position:0% +others the most famous experiment in +this Canon is an experiment done by + + align:start position:0% +this Canon is an experiment done by + + + align:start position:0% +this Canon is an experiment done by +Stanley Milgram + + align:start position:0% +Stanley Milgram + + + align:start position:0% +Stanley Milgram +um and in that experiment + + align:start position:0% +um and in that experiment + + + align:start position:0% +um and in that experiment +um here's here's the setup you come into + + align:start position:0% +um here's here's the setup you come into + + + align:start position:0% +um here's here's the setup you come into +an in into the uh experiment + + align:start position:0% +an in into the uh experiment + + + align:start position:0% +an in into the uh experiment +um for a a into the lab for a study on + + align:start position:0% +um for a a into the lab for a study on + + + align:start position:0% +um for a a into the lab for a study on +learning you're told the effects of + + align:start position:0% +learning you're told the effects of + + + align:start position:0% +learning you're told the effects of +punishment on learning and there are two + + align:start position:0% +punishment on learning and there are two + + + align:start position:0% +punishment on learning and there are two +of you and one of you is going to be the + + align:start position:0% +of you and one of you is going to be the + + + align:start position:0% +of you and one of you is going to be the +uh the learner and one of you is going + + align:start position:0% +uh the learner and one of you is going + + + align:start position:0% +uh the learner and one of you is going +to be the the the the teacher okay and + + align:start position:0% +to be the the the the teacher okay and + + + align:start position:0% +to be the the the the teacher okay and +we're going to decide this randomly flip + + align:start position:0% +we're going to decide this randomly flip + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to decide this randomly flip +a coin okay uh you're gonna be the the + + align:start position:0% +a coin okay uh you're gonna be the the + + + align:start position:0% +a coin okay uh you're gonna be the the +teacher today + + align:start position:0% +teacher today + + + align:start position:0% +teacher today +um now in fact this is not random the + + align:start position:0% +um now in fact this is not random the + + + align:start position:0% +um now in fact this is not random the +subject is always the teacher the + + align:start position:0% +subject is always the teacher the + + + align:start position:0% +subject is always the teacher the +learner is always a stooge of the + + align:start position:0% +learner is always a stooge of the + + + align:start position:0% +learner is always a stooge of the +experimenter + + align:start position:0% +experimenter + + + align:start position:0% +experimenter +um and here's what happens you're told + + align:start position:0% +um and here's what happens you're told + + + align:start position:0% +um and here's what happens you're told +you're going to do some sort of a task + + align:start position:0% +you're going to do some sort of a task + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to do some sort of a task +and your job as the teacher is to give + + align:start position:0% +and your job as the teacher is to give + + + align:start position:0% +and your job as the teacher is to give +the um learner a shock every time they + + align:start position:0% +the um learner a shock every time they + + + align:start position:0% +the um learner a shock every time they +make a mistake + + align:start position:0% +make a mistake + + + align:start position:0% +make a mistake +um this is done back in the 60s with + + align:start position:0% +um this is done back in the 60s with + + + align:start position:0% +um this is done back in the 60s with +this great big hunk of electrical + + align:start position:0% +this great big hunk of electrical + + + align:start position:0% +this great big hunk of electrical +equipment + + align:start position:0% +equipment + + + align:start position:0% +equipment +with a gazillion switches on there + + align:start position:0% +with a gazillion switches on there + + + align:start position:0% +with a gazillion switches on there +running from 15 volts to I think 450 + + align:start position:0% +running from 15 volts to I think 450 + + + align:start position:0% +running from 15 volts to I think 450 +volts in 15 volt increments with + + align:start position:0% +volts in 15 volt increments with + + + align:start position:0% +volts in 15 volt increments with +instructive little labels like mild and + + align:start position:0% +instructive little labels like mild and + + + align:start position:0% +instructive little labels like mild and +then up here somewhere is severe + + align:start position:0% +then up here somewhere is severe + + + align:start position:0% +then up here somewhere is severe +and by the time you get up here it's + + align:start position:0% +and by the time you get up here it's + + + align:start position:0% +and by the time you get up here it's +labeled something like XXX + + align:start position:0% +labeled something like XXX + + + align:start position:0% +labeled something like XXX +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and um the instruction is that the rule + + align:start position:0% +and um the instruction is that the rule + + + align:start position:0% +and um the instruction is that the rule +is every time you make a mistake you you + + align:start position:0% +is every time you make a mistake you you + + + align:start position:0% +is every time you make a mistake you you +increase the voltage one now and and we + + align:start position:0% +increase the voltage one now and and we + + + align:start position:0% +increase the voltage one now and and we +will give you uh like a 45 volt shock + + align:start position:0% +will give you uh like a 45 volt shock + + + align:start position:0% +will give you uh like a 45 volt shock +you the teacher gets a 45 volt shock + + align:start position:0% +you the teacher gets a 45 volt shock + + + align:start position:0% +you the teacher gets a 45 volt shock +just to see what it's like so you yeah + + align:start position:0% +just to see what it's like so you yeah + + + align:start position:0% +just to see what it's like so you yeah +and a 45 volt shock from this apparatus + + align:start position:0% +and a 45 volt shock from this apparatus + + + align:start position:0% +and a 45 volt shock from this apparatus +is is uh mildly unpleasant it's it's + + align:start position:0% +is is uh mildly unpleasant it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +is is uh mildly unpleasant it's it's +nothing you'd want to sign up for it's + + align:start position:0% +nothing you'd want to sign up for it's + + + align:start position:0% +nothing you'd want to sign up for it's +not going to kill you + + align:start position:0% +not going to kill you + + + align:start position:0% +not going to kill you +um though the suggestion is that this + + align:start position:0% +um though the suggestion is that this + + + align:start position:0% +um though the suggestion is that this +might + + align:start position:0% +might + + + align:start position:0% +might +um and + + align:start position:0% +um and + + + align:start position:0% +um and +um that that's that's the uh that's + + align:start position:0% +um that that's that's the uh that's + + + align:start position:0% +um that that's that's the uh that's +that's the rule of the game now before + + align:start position:0% +that's the rule of the game now before + + + align:start position:0% +that's the rule of the game now before +doing the experiment Milgram went and + + align:start position:0% +doing the experiment Milgram went and + + + align:start position:0% +doing the experiment Milgram went and +asked everybody Under the Sun what the + + align:start position:0% +asked everybody Under the Sun what the + + + align:start position:0% +asked everybody Under the Sun what the +result would be + + align:start position:0% +result would be + + + align:start position:0% +result would be +um and where's the answer to what people + + align:start position:0% +um and where's the answer to what people + + + align:start position:0% +um and where's the answer to what people +said well the answer is that everybody + + align:start position:0% +said well the answer is that everybody + + + align:start position:0% +said well the answer is that everybody +Under the Sun said they'll bail out + + align:start position:0% +Under the Sun said they'll bail out + + + align:start position:0% +Under the Sun said they'll bail out +pretty early here that that nobody's + + align:start position:0% +pretty early here that that nobody's + + + align:start position:0% +pretty early here that that nobody's +going to give them very massive shock + + align:start position:0% +going to give them very massive shock + + + align:start position:0% +going to give them very massive shock +s didn't I write down a number for + + align:start position:0% +s didn't I write down a number for + + + align:start position:0% +s didn't I write down a number for +nope I didn't + + align:start position:0% +nope I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +nope I didn't +um but you know he asked theologians he + + align:start position:0% +um but you know he asked theologians he + + + align:start position:0% +um but you know he asked theologians he +asked psychologists he asked people uh + + align:start position:0% +asked psychologists he asked people uh + + + align:start position:0% +asked psychologists he asked people uh +off the street and everybody agreed that + + align:start position:0% +off the street and everybody agreed that + + + align:start position:0% +off the street and everybody agreed that +that this is not going to + + align:start position:0% +that this is not going to + + + align:start position:0% +that this is not going to +um lead to much in the way of shocks + + align:start position:0% +um lead to much in the way of shocks + + + align:start position:0% +um lead to much in the way of shocks +um and uh this this made the and the the + + align:start position:0% +um and uh this this made the and the the + + + align:start position:0% +um and uh this this made the and the the +result of the first experiment a little + + align:start position:0% +result of the first experiment a little + + + align:start position:0% +result of the first experiment a little +surprising + + align:start position:0% +surprising + + + align:start position:0% +surprising +everybody went all the way through to + + align:start position:0% +everybody went all the way through to + + + align:start position:0% +everybody went all the way through to +450 volts the entire population of + + align:start position:0% +450 volts the entire population of + + + align:start position:0% +450 volts the entire population of +subjects in the first uh study went + + align:start position:0% +subjects in the first uh study went + + + align:start position:0% +subjects in the first uh study went +through to to uh 450 votes now were they + + align:start position:0% +through to to uh 450 votes now were they + + + align:start position:0% +through to to uh 450 votes now were they +were they thrilled about this you know + + align:start position:0% +were they thrilled about this you know + + + align:start position:0% +were they thrilled about this you know +boy no it was also absolutely clear that + + align:start position:0% +boy no it was also absolutely clear that + + + align:start position:0% +boy no it was also absolutely clear that +the subjects were very uncomfortable + + align:start position:0% +the subjects were very uncomfortable + + + align:start position:0% +the subjects were very uncomfortable +about this and that they questioned + + align:start position:0% +about this and that they questioned + + + align:start position:0% +about this and that they questioned +um whether they should do this and uh + + align:start position:0% +um whether they should do this and uh + + + align:start position:0% +um whether they should do this and uh +Milgram had an absolutely stereotypical + + align:start position:0% +Milgram had an absolutely stereotypical + + + align:start position:0% +Milgram had an absolutely stereotypical +I mean he had prepared in advance the + + align:start position:0% +I mean he had prepared in advance the + + + align:start position:0% +I mean he had prepared in advance the +response please continue the experiment + + align:start position:0% +response please continue the experiment + + + align:start position:0% +response please continue the experiment +must go on and that was it you were free + + align:start position:0% +must go on and that was it you were free + + + align:start position:0% +must go on and that was it you were free +to leave + + align:start position:0% +to leave + + + align:start position:0% +to leave +um though he didn't explain this to you + + align:start position:0% +um though he didn't explain this to you + + + align:start position:0% +um though he didn't explain this to you +in great detail but you know if you said + + align:start position:0% +in great detail but you know if you said + + + align:start position:0% +in great detail but you know if you said +should I do this he said please continue + + align:start position:0% +should I do this he said please continue + + + align:start position:0% +should I do this he said please continue +the experiment must go on and people did + + align:start position:0% +the experiment must go on and people did + + + align:start position:0% +the experiment must go on and people did +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +he was a little surprised + + align:start position:0% +he was a little surprised + + + align:start position:0% +he was a little surprised +in the original version the subject the + + align:start position:0% +in the original version the subject the + + + align:start position:0% +in the original version the subject the +the the the alleged learner had been + + align:start position:0% +the the the alleged learner had been + + + align:start position:0% +the the the alleged learner had been +taken out and put in a different room + + align:start position:0% +taken out and put in a different room + + + align:start position:0% +taken out and put in a different room +and Milgram figured well look maybe + + align:start position:0% +and Milgram figured well look maybe + + + align:start position:0% +and Milgram figured well look maybe +these people just didn't believe the + + align:start position:0% +these people just didn't believe the + + + align:start position:0% +these people just didn't believe the +setup story here + + align:start position:0% +setup story here + + + align:start position:0% +setup story here +so they moved the learner + + align:start position:0% +so they moved the learner + + + align:start position:0% +so they moved the learner +to the alleged learner to a position + + align:start position:0% +to the alleged learner to a position + + + align:start position:0% +to the alleged learner to a position +where he was uh + + align:start position:0% +where he was uh + + + align:start position:0% +where he was uh +visible and and making noises about this + + align:start position:0% +visible and and making noises about this + + + align:start position:0% +visible and and making noises about this +and so + + align:start position:0% +and so + + + align:start position:0% +and so +um so he's vigorously protesting as the + + align:start position:0% +um so he's vigorously protesting as the + + + align:start position:0% +um so he's vigorously protesting as the +voltage gets larger at some point up + + align:start position:0% +voltage gets larger at some point up + + + align:start position:0% +voltage gets larger at some point up +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +um he's he he says he's not going to + + align:start position:0% +um he's he he says he's not going to + + + align:start position:0% +um he's he he says he's not going to +respond anymore + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um and and and at uh + + align:start position:0% +um and and and at uh + + + align:start position:0% +um and and and at uh +you know you're not gonna respond + + align:start position:0% +you know you're not gonna respond + + + align:start position:0% +you know you're not gonna respond +anymore so the experiments rigged so + + align:start position:0% +anymore so the experiments rigged so + + + align:start position:0% +anymore so the experiments rigged so +that he keeps making mistakes as a + + align:start position:0% +that he keeps making mistakes as a + + + align:start position:0% +that he keeps making mistakes as a +result no response is considered an + + align:start position:0% +result no response is considered an + + + align:start position:0% +result no response is considered an +error and Milgram is there saying please + + align:start position:0% +error and Milgram is there saying please + + + align:start position:0% +error and Milgram is there saying please +continue the experiment must go on oh he + + align:start position:0% +continue the experiment must go on oh he + + + align:start position:0% +continue the experiment must go on oh he +also makes you know useful comments like + + align:start position:0% +also makes you know useful comments like + + + align:start position:0% +also makes you know useful comments like +I have a heart condition + + align:start position:0% +I have a heart condition + + + align:start position:0% +I have a heart condition +um and stuff like that it's pretty vivid + + align:start position:0% +um and stuff like that it's pretty vivid + + + align:start position:0% +um and stuff like that it's pretty vivid +stuff + + align:start position:0% +stuff + + + align:start position:0% +stuff +so what happens in that case well great + + align:start position:0% +so what happens in that case well great + + + align:start position:0% +so what happens in that case well great +no longer do a hundred percent of the + + align:start position:0% +no longer do a hundred percent of the + + + align:start position:0% +no longer do a hundred percent of the +subjects go all the way through to the + + align:start position:0% +subjects go all the way through to the + + + align:start position:0% +subjects go all the way through to the +end only two-thirds of them go all the + + align:start position:0% +end only two-thirds of them go all the + + + align:start position:0% +end only two-thirds of them go all the +way through with a subject who has + + align:start position:0% +way through with a subject who has + + + align:start position:0% +way through with a subject who has +stopped responding + + align:start position:0% +stopped responding + + + align:start position:0% +stopped responding +um and has announced that you know that + + align:start position:0% +um and has announced that you know that + + + align:start position:0% +um and has announced that you know that +for all you know you're killing this guy + + align:start position:0% +for all you know you're killing this guy + + + align:start position:0% +for all you know you're killing this guy +perhaps + + align:start position:0% +perhaps + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps +um this this is this is pretty + + align:start position:0% +um this this is this is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +um this this is this is pretty +disturbing kind of stuff + + align:start position:0% +disturbing kind of stuff + + + align:start position:0% +disturbing kind of stuff +um it was it was very disturbing to the + + align:start position:0% +um it was it was very disturbing to the + + + align:start position:0% +um it was it was very disturbing to the +the subjects this is actually this is + + align:start position:0% +the subjects this is actually this is + + + align:start position:0% +the subjects this is actually this is +one of the experiments that produces the + + align:start position:0% +one of the experiments that produces the + + + align:start position:0% +one of the experiments that produces the +need for informed consent in in + + align:start position:0% +need for informed consent in in + + + align:start position:0% +need for informed consent in in +experimental psychology + + align:start position:0% +experimental psychology + + + align:start position:0% +experimental psychology +um I mean you didn't just go and hijack + + align:start position:0% +um I mean you didn't just go and hijack + + + align:start position:0% +um I mean you didn't just go and hijack +people off the street and say you want + + align:start position:0% +people off the street and say you want + + + align:start position:0% +people off the street and say you want +to be in my you know you have to be in + + align:start position:0% +to be in my you know you have to be in + + + align:start position:0% +to be in my you know you have to be in +my experiment these people were + + align:start position:0% +my experiment these people were + + + align:start position:0% +my experiment these people were +volunteers but they weren't that there + + align:start position:0% +volunteers but they weren't that there + + + align:start position:0% +volunteers but they weren't that there +was no sort of consent process the way + + align:start position:0% +was no sort of consent process the way + + + align:start position:0% +was no sort of consent process the way +we would have today and the level of + + align:start position:0% +we would have today and the level of + + + align:start position:0% +we would have today and the level of +distress produced in these subjects was + + align:start position:0% +distress produced in these subjects was + + + align:start position:0% +distress produced in these subjects was +part of what drove the field to + + align:start position:0% +part of what drove the field to + + + align:start position:0% +part of what drove the field to +um require the um + + align:start position:0% +um require the um + + + align:start position:0% +um require the um +all right require informed consent why + + align:start position:0% +all right require informed consent why + + + align:start position:0% +all right require informed consent why +was the experiment done at all this is + + align:start position:0% +was the experiment done at all this is + + + align:start position:0% +was the experiment done at all this is +an experiment done in in the 60s uh less + + align:start position:0% +an experiment done in in the 60s uh less + + + align:start position:0% +an experiment done in in the 60s uh less +than a generation after World War II + + align:start position:0% +than a generation after World War II + + + align:start position:0% +than a generation after World War II +um and a question that had obsessed + + align:start position:0% +um and a question that had obsessed + + + align:start position:0% +um and a question that had obsessed +social psychology since World War II was + + align:start position:0% +social psychology since World War II was + + + align:start position:0% +social psychology since World War II was +how could the Nazi atrocities have + + align:start position:0% +how could the Nazi atrocities have + + + align:start position:0% +how could the Nazi atrocities have +happened + + align:start position:0% +happened + + + align:start position:0% +happened +who were the people who went and killed + + align:start position:0% +who were the people who went and killed + + + align:start position:0% +who were the people who went and killed +millions of other people not the + + align:start position:0% +millions of other people not the + + + align:start position:0% +millions of other people not the +soldiers but the people who uh who + + align:start position:0% +soldiers but the people who uh who + + + align:start position:0% +soldiers but the people who uh who +killed six million Jews and and I don't + + align:start position:0% +killed six million Jews and and I don't + + + align:start position:0% +killed six million Jews and and I don't +remember a million and a half + + align:start position:0% +remember a million and a half + + + align:start position:0% +remember a million and a half +um Gypsies and and some large number of + + align:start position:0% +um Gypsies and and some large number of + + + align:start position:0% +um Gypsies and and some large number of +of gays and so on you know who were + + align:start position:0% +of gays and so on you know who were + + + align:start position:0% +of gays and so on you know who were +these people there was a theory out + + align:start position:0% +these people there was a theory out + + + align:start position:0% +these people there was a theory out +there that uh encapsulated in a book + + align:start position:0% +there that uh encapsulated in a book + + + align:start position:0% +there that uh encapsulated in a book +called The authoritarian personality + + align:start position:0% +called The authoritarian personality + + + align:start position:0% +called The authoritarian personality +which among other things is a + + align:start position:0% +which among other things is a + + + align:start position:0% +which among other things is a +um fed into stereotypes about the + + align:start position:0% +um fed into stereotypes about the + + + align:start position:0% +um fed into stereotypes about the +Germans um which was that there was a + + align:start position:0% +Germans um which was that there was a + + + align:start position:0% +Germans um which was that there was a +certain type of person who was willing + + align:start position:0% +certain type of person who was willing + + + align:start position:0% +certain type of person who was willing +the Nuremberg trials the war crime + + align:start position:0% +the Nuremberg trials the war crime + + + align:start position:0% +the Nuremberg trials the war crime +trials after the war had produced over + + align:start position:0% +trials after the war had produced over + + + align:start position:0% +trials after the war had produced over +and over again the line I was just + + align:start position:0% +and over again the line I was just + + + align:start position:0% +and over again the line I was just +following orders + + align:start position:0% +following orders + + + align:start position:0% +following orders +um and uh the notion was well there are + + align:start position:0% +um and uh the notion was well there are + + + align:start position:0% +um and uh the notion was well there are +some people who are just good at that + + align:start position:0% +some people who are just good at that + + + align:start position:0% +some people who are just good at that +they just follow orders that's the you + + align:start position:0% +they just follow orders that's the you + + + align:start position:0% +they just follow orders that's the you +know and and you know the rest of us + + align:start position:0% +know and and you know the rest of us + + + align:start position:0% +know and and you know the rest of us +were not like that + + align:start position:0% +were not like that + + + align:start position:0% +were not like that +um Milgram + + align:start position:0% +um Milgram + + + align:start position:0% +um Milgram +suspected that that was not the case + + align:start position:0% +suspected that that was not the case + + + align:start position:0% +suspected that that was not the case +Milgram suspected that the answer was + + align:start position:0% +Milgram suspected that the answer was + + + align:start position:0% +Milgram suspected that the answer was +that under the right situation that many + + align:start position:0% +that under the right situation that many + + + align:start position:0% +that under the right situation that many +people could be pushed into Acts + + align:start position:0% +people could be pushed into Acts + + + align:start position:0% +people could be pushed into Acts +act that they would objectively think + + align:start position:0% +act that they would objectively think + + + align:start position:0% +act that they would objectively think +were impermissible + + align:start position:0% +were impermissible + + + align:start position:0% +were impermissible +um this is uh + + align:start position:0% +um this is uh + + + align:start position:0% +um this is uh +uh this is his effort to to get at that + + align:start position:0% +uh this is his effort to to get at that + + + align:start position:0% +uh this is his effort to to get at that +um to get at that question + + align:start position:0% +um to get at that question + + + align:start position:0% +um to get at that question +um and well you know did this if if this + + align:start position:0% +um and well you know did this if if this + + + align:start position:0% +um and well you know did this if if this +sounds like current events to you + + align:start position:0% +sounds like current events to you + + + align:start position:0% +sounds like current events to you +um you know every social psychologist + + align:start position:0% +um you know every social psychologist + + + align:start position:0% +um you know every social psychologist +with with half a credential was on the + + align:start position:0% +with with half a credential was on the + + + align:start position:0% +with with half a credential was on the +news after the Abu ghraib uh prison + + align:start position:0% +news after the Abu ghraib uh prison + + + align:start position:0% +news after the Abu ghraib uh prison +Scandal uh you know earlier in the year + + align:start position:0% +Scandal uh you know earlier in the year + + + align:start position:0% +Scandal uh you know earlier in the year +uh because it just sounded so much like + + align:start position:0% +uh because it just sounded so much like + + + align:start position:0% +uh because it just sounded so much like +this sort of problem again the people + + align:start position:0% +this sort of problem again the people + + + align:start position:0% +this sort of problem again the people +who were + + align:start position:0% +who were + + + align:start position:0% +who were +um charged uh many of them responded + + align:start position:0% +um charged uh many of them responded + + + align:start position:0% +um charged uh many of them responded +with with the response that they were + + align:start position:0% +with with the response that they were + + + align:start position:0% +with with the response that they were +simply uh if if not following orders + + align:start position:0% +simply uh if if not following orders + + + align:start position:0% +simply uh if if not following orders +following the implicit instructions that + + align:start position:0% +following the implicit instructions that + + + align:start position:0% +following the implicit instructions that +they felt + + align:start position:0% +they felt + + + align:start position:0% +they felt +um around them + + align:start position:0% +um around them + + + align:start position:0% +um around them +um you got endless articles in the + + align:start position:0% +um you got endless articles in the + + + align:start position:0% +um you got endless articles in the +papers saying oh you know so and so was + + align:start position:0% +papers saying oh you know so and so was + + + align:start position:0% +papers saying oh you know so and so was +just like everybody else back home I + + align:start position:0% +just like everybody else back home I + + + align:start position:0% +just like everybody else back home I +don't understand how he I don't + + align:start position:0% +don't understand how he I don't + + + align:start position:0% +don't understand how he I don't +understand how she could end up in these + + align:start position:0% +understand how she could end up in these + + + align:start position:0% +understand how she could end up in these +pictures doing + + align:start position:0% +pictures doing + + + align:start position:0% +pictures doing +um you know things that any reasonable + + align:start position:0% +um you know things that any reasonable + + + align:start position:0% +um you know things that any reasonable +person would say are unacceptable in a a + + align:start position:0% +person would say are unacceptable in a a + + + align:start position:0% +person would say are unacceptable in a a +um in a military prison situation it's + + align:start position:0% +um in a military prison situation it's + + + align:start position:0% +um in a military prison situation it's +the same kind of question different + + align:start position:0% +the same kind of question different + + + align:start position:0% +the same kind of question different +scale of magnitude of course to the to + + align:start position:0% +scale of magnitude of course to the to + + + align:start position:0% +scale of magnitude of course to the to +the Nazi atrocities but it's the same + + align:start position:0% +the Nazi atrocities but it's the same + + + align:start position:0% +the Nazi atrocities but it's the same +question how do people end up uh doing + + align:start position:0% +question how do people end up uh doing + + + align:start position:0% +question how do people end up uh doing +things like + + align:start position:0% +things like + + + align:start position:0% +things like +um doing things like this + + align:start position:0% +um doing things like this + + + align:start position:0% +um doing things like this +um before attempting to answer which I + + align:start position:0% +um before attempting to answer which I + + + align:start position:0% +um before attempting to answer which I +can see is going to run into my next + + align:start position:0% +can see is going to run into my next + + + align:start position:0% +can see is going to run into my next +lecture let me tell you about a + + align:start position:0% +lecture let me tell you about a + + + align:start position:0% +lecture let me tell you about a +different uh experiment designed to get + + align:start position:0% +different uh experiment designed to get + + + align:start position:0% +different uh experiment designed to get +at the same question this is an + + align:start position:0% +at the same question this is an + + + align:start position:0% +at the same question this is an +experiment where you um + + align:start position:0% +experiment where you um + + + align:start position:0% +experiment where you um +you're in one of these you you think + + align:start position:0% +you're in one of these you you think + + + align:start position:0% +you're in one of these you you think +you're in a study a sort of a consumer + + align:start position:0% +you're in a study a sort of a consumer + + + align:start position:0% +you're in a study a sort of a consumer +relations kind of study that you might + + align:start position:0% +relations kind of study that you might + + + align:start position:0% +relations kind of study that you might +run into at the shopping mall I mean + + align:start position:0% +run into at the shopping mall I mean + + + align:start position:0% +run into at the shopping mall I mean +they're set up they set up the + + align:start position:0% +they're set up they set up the + + + align:start position:0% +they're set up they set up the +experiment at a shopping mall + + align:start position:0% +experiment at a shopping mall + + + align:start position:0% +experiment at a shopping mall +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and um the cover story is this we're + + align:start position:0% +and um the cover story is this we're + + + align:start position:0% +and um the cover story is this we're +doing some research on Community Values + + align:start position:0% +doing some research on Community Values + + + align:start position:0% +doing some research on Community Values +um because where we're basically doing + + align:start position:0% +um because where we're basically doing + + + align:start position:0% +um because where we're basically doing +investigations for a legal case + + align:start position:0% +investigations for a legal case + + + align:start position:0% +investigations for a legal case +um here's the situation + + align:start position:0% +um here's the situation + + + align:start position:0% +um here's the situation +um this guy was living with a woman to + + align:start position:0% +um this guy was living with a woman to + + + align:start position:0% +um this guy was living with a woman to +whom he's not married + + align:start position:0% +whom he's not married + + + align:start position:0% +whom he's not married +um his employer found out about it and + + align:start position:0% +um his employer found out about it and + + + align:start position:0% +um his employer found out about it and +and fired him + + align:start position:0% +and fired him + + + align:start position:0% +and fired him +um this has gone to court and the issue + + align:start position:0% +um this has gone to court and the issue + + + align:start position:0% +um this has gone to court and the issue +is whether or not + + align:start position:0% +is whether or not + + + align:start position:0% +is whether or not +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +whether or not the the the the court + + align:start position:0% +whether or not the the the the court + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not the the the the court +case hinges on community standards if + + align:start position:0% +case hinges on community standards if + + + align:start position:0% +case hinges on community standards if +Community standards are that living in + + align:start position:0% +Community standards are that living in + + + align:start position:0% +Community standards are that living in +in sin out of wedlock is a you know bad + + align:start position:0% +in sin out of wedlock is a you know bad + + + align:start position:0% +in sin out of wedlock is a you know bad +bad thing then it's okay to fire him + + align:start position:0% +bad thing then it's okay to fire him + + + align:start position:0% +bad thing then it's okay to fire him +otherwise not so we got to find out what + + align:start position:0% +otherwise not so we got to find out what + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise not so we got to find out what +the community standards are let's all + + align:start position:0% +the community standards are let's all + + + align:start position:0% +the community standards are let's all +have a discussion so okay I've told you + + align:start position:0% +have a discussion so okay I've told you + + + align:start position:0% +have a discussion so okay I've told you +the story I've got the cameras rolling + + align:start position:0% +the story I've got the cameras rolling + + + align:start position:0% +the story I've got the cameras rolling +here I'm gonna I the the experimenter + + align:start position:0% +here I'm gonna I the the experimenter + + + align:start position:0% +here I'm gonna I the the experimenter +I'm gonna step out and you guys discuss + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna step out and you guys discuss + + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna step out and you guys discuss +okay you guys discussed that's great now + + align:start position:0% +okay you guys discussed that's great now + + + align:start position:0% +okay you guys discussed that's great now +I come back in there's a group of say + + align:start position:0% +I come back in there's a group of say + + + align:start position:0% +I come back in there's a group of say +you know 10 of you or something + + align:start position:0% +you know 10 of you or something + + + align:start position:0% +you know 10 of you or something +discussing this I come back in and I say + + align:start position:0% +discussing this I come back in and I say + + + align:start position:0% +discussing this I come back in and I say +that was great thank you very much + + align:start position:0% +that was great thank you very much + + + align:start position:0% +that was great thank you very much +um now I I I know I I know you what what + + align:start position:0% +um now I I I know I I know you what what + + + align:start position:0% +um now I I I know I I know you what what +you believe because I've been watching + + align:start position:0% +you believe because I've been watching + + + align:start position:0% +you believe because I've been watching +this but I want uh you you and uh you + + align:start position:0% +this but I want uh you you and uh you + + + align:start position:0% +this but I want uh you you and uh you +pleased to argue from the point of view + + align:start position:0% +pleased to argue from the point of view + + + align:start position:0% +pleased to argue from the point of view +that the guy should be fired I know it's + + align:start position:0% +that the guy should be fired I know it's + + + align:start position:0% +that the guy should be fired I know it's +not what you really believe but just + + align:start position:0% +not what you really believe but just + + + align:start position:0% +not what you really believe but just +just argue for that okay all right my + + align:start position:0% +just argue for that okay all right my + + + align:start position:0% +just argue for that okay all right my +mom comes back in okay now I want you + + align:start position:0% +mom comes back in okay now I want you + + + align:start position:0% +mom comes back in okay now I want you +you and you to to to join that argument + + align:start position:0% +you and you to to to join that argument + + + align:start position:0% +you and you to to to join that argument +arguing that the guy should be fired + + align:start position:0% +arguing that the guy should be fired + + + align:start position:0% +arguing that the guy should be fired +fine and then in the + + align:start position:0% +fine and then in the + + + align:start position:0% +fine and then in the +the penultimate step is I want everybody + + align:start position:0% +the penultimate step is I want everybody + + + align:start position:0% +the penultimate step is I want everybody +to have a chance to look into the camera + + align:start position:0% +to have a chance to look into the camera + + + align:start position:0% +to have a chance to look into the camera +and say + + align:start position:0% +and say + + + align:start position:0% +and say +um why the guy should be fired I know + + align:start position:0% +um why the guy should be fired I know + + + align:start position:0% +um why the guy should be fired I know +you don't believe that it's yeah + + align:start position:0% +you don't believe that it's yeah + + + align:start position:0% +you don't believe that it's yeah +whatever you know but but just just give + + align:start position:0% +whatever you know but but just just give + + + align:start position:0% +whatever you know but but just just give +me a little speech as if you believed it + + align:start position:0% +me a little speech as if you believed it + + + align:start position:0% +me a little speech as if you believed it +okay cool okay last step here's this + + align:start position:0% +okay cool okay last step here's this + + + align:start position:0% +okay cool okay last step here's this +statement that says that um I can use my + + align:start position:0% +statement that says that um I can use my + + + align:start position:0% +statement that says that um I can use my +videotape + + align:start position:0% +videotape + + + align:start position:0% +videotape +um in any fashion I wish including + + align:start position:0% +um in any fashion I wish including + + + align:start position:0% +um in any fashion I wish including +um submitting it as evidence in court + + align:start position:0% +um submitting it as evidence in court + + + align:start position:0% +um submitting it as evidence in court +will you please sign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'll be back in a minute I gotta go + + align:start position:0% +I'll be back in a minute I gotta go + + + align:start position:0% +I'll be back in a minute I gotta go +rinse a few things out but you guys + + align:start position:0% +rinse a few things out but you guys + + + align:start position:0% +rinse a few things out but you guys +decide + + align:start position:0% +decide + + + align:start position:0% +decide +um is the way the thing was + + align:start position:0% +um is the way the thing was + + + align:start position:0% +um is the way the thing was +what is + + align:start position:0% +what is + + + align:start position:0% +what is +do people sign I mean this is obviously + + align:start position:0% +do people sign I mean this is obviously + + + align:start position:0% +do people sign I mean this is obviously +uh basically asking you to perjure + + align:start position:0% +uh basically asking you to perjure + + + align:start position:0% +uh basically asking you to perjure +yourself if that if that wasn't what you + + align:start position:0% +yourself if that if that wasn't what you + + + align:start position:0% +yourself if that if that wasn't what you +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +what you believed + + align:start position:0% +what you believed + + + align:start position:0% +what you believed +um now this was a huge experimental + + align:start position:0% +um now this was a huge experimental + + + align:start position:0% +um now this was a huge experimental +design originally they were crossing + + align:start position:0% +design originally they were crossing + + + align:start position:0% +design originally they were crossing +number of people with with you know that + + align:start position:0% +number of people with with you know that + + + align:start position:0% +number of people with with you know that +gender and and a lot lots of that they + + align:start position:0% +gender and and a lot lots of that they + + + align:start position:0% +gender and and a lot lots of that they +originally had a plan for oh I can't + + align:start position:0% +originally had a plan for oh I can't + + + align:start position:0% +originally had a plan for oh I can't +remember a gazillion groups they called + + align:start position:0% +remember a gazillion groups they called + + + align:start position:0% +remember a gazillion groups they called +off the experiment early because like + + align:start position:0% +off the experiment early because like + + + align:start position:0% +off the experiment early because like +the like the ash experiment and like the + + align:start position:0% +the like the ash experiment and like the + + + align:start position:0% +the like the ash experiment and like the +Milgram experiment this experiment + + align:start position:0% +Milgram experiment this experiment + + + align:start position:0% +Milgram experiment this experiment +produced extremely strong feelings in + + align:start position:0% +produced extremely strong feelings in + + + align:start position:0% +produced extremely strong feelings in +their subjects and enough that they they + + align:start position:0% +their subjects and enough that they they + + + align:start position:0% +their subjects and enough that they they +had gotten a form of informed consent + + align:start position:0% +had gotten a form of informed consent + + + align:start position:0% +had gotten a form of informed consent +which I can't go into now + + align:start position:0% +which I can't go into now + + + align:start position:0% +which I can't go into now +um but but um but even with that they + + align:start position:0% +um but but um but even with that they + + + align:start position:0% +um but but um but even with that they +they realized that it that it felt + + align:start position:0% +they realized that it that it felt + + + align:start position:0% +they realized that it that it felt +unethical to them to keep going so they + + align:start position:0% +unethical to them to keep going so they + + + align:start position:0% +unethical to them to keep going so they +had 33 groups it was a busted design but + + align:start position:0% +had 33 groups it was a busted design but + + + align:start position:0% +had 33 groups it was a busted design but +they had 33 groups of those 33 groups + + align:start position:0% +they had 33 groups of those 33 groups + + + align:start position:0% +they had 33 groups of those 33 groups +how many + + align:start position:0% +how many + + + align:start position:0% +how many +um did the Milgram thing went all the + + align:start position:0% +um did the Milgram thing went all the + + + align:start position:0% +um did the Milgram thing went all the +way and everybody signed do you think + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the answer is one only one I think one + + align:start position:0% +the answer is one only one I think one + + + align:start position:0% +the answer is one only one I think one +group got total obedience 16 of the + + align:start position:0% +group got total obedience 16 of the + + + align:start position:0% +group got total obedience 16 of the +groups got uh um unanimous refusal to + + align:start position:0% +groups got uh um unanimous refusal to + + + align:start position:0% +groups got uh um unanimous refusal to +sign nine groups got majority refusal + + align:start position:0% +sign nine groups got majority refusal + + + align:start position:0% +sign nine groups got majority refusal +um to sign + + align:start position:0% +um to sign + + + align:start position:0% +um to sign +so in this experiment compliance was + + align:start position:0% +so in this experiment compliance was + + + align:start position:0% +so in this experiment compliance was +much much lower + + align:start position:0% +much much lower + + + align:start position:0% +much much lower +and the question that I'll take up next + + align:start position:0% +and the question that I'll take up next + + + align:start position:0% +and the question that I'll take up next +time for the start of the next lecture + + align:start position:0% +time for the start of the next lecture + + + align:start position:0% +time for the start of the next lecture +is what's the difference between the + + align:start position:0% +is what's the difference between the + + + align:start position:0% +is what's the difference between the +Milgram experiment the pilgrimage let me + + align:start position:0% +Milgram experiment the pilgrimage let me + + + align:start position:0% +Milgram experiment the pilgrimage let me +say one last thing about the Milgram + + align:start position:0% +say one last thing about the Milgram + + + align:start position:0% +say one last thing about the Milgram +experiment this is not an isolated + + align:start position:0% +experiment this is not an isolated + + + align:start position:0% +experiment this is not an isolated +result that happened the milgram's at + + align:start position:0% +result that happened the milgram's at + + + align:start position:0% +result that happened the milgram's at +Yale it's not just an isolated + + align:start position:0% +Yale it's not just an isolated + + + align:start position:0% +Yale it's not just an isolated +experiment that happens in New Haven in + + align:start position:0% +experiment that happens in New Haven in + + + align:start position:0% +experiment that happens in New Haven in +1960 replicated all over the place + + align:start position:0% +1960 replicated all over the place + + + align:start position:0% +1960 replicated all over the place +doesn't matter in America it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter in America it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter in America it doesn't +matter age sex of the subjects it + + align:start position:0% +matter age sex of the subjects it + + + align:start position:0% +matter age sex of the subjects it +replicates beautifully why does this + + align:start position:0% +replicates beautifully why does this + + + align:start position:0% +replicates beautifully why does this +work and the other experiment didn't \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/L0b9wq0js4I.txt b/L0b9wq0js4I.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c6a4dea0477d4f5627dec8f0e53fb9ca5fe42b18 --- /dev/null +++ b/L0b9wq0js4I.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8384 @@ +align:start position:0% + +and speaking of + + align:start position:0% +and speaking of + + + align:start position:0% +and speaking of +Vesper that's what we did last lecture + + align:start position:0% +Vesper that's what we did last lecture + + + align:start position:0% +Vesper that's what we did last lecture +we're we're going to move on today but I + + align:start position:0% +we're we're going to move on today but I + + + align:start position:0% +we're we're going to move on today but I +want to just clarify something about + + align:start position:0% +want to just clarify something about + + + align:start position:0% +want to just clarify something about +Vesper um when I was talking about this + + align:start position:0% +Vesper um when I was talking about this + + + align:start position:0% +Vesper um when I was talking about this +I I tried to put two different concepts + + align:start position:0% +I I tried to put two different concepts + + + align:start position:0% +I I tried to put two different concepts +in the same place and I put something in + + align:start position:0% +in the same place and I put something in + + + align:start position:0% +in the same place and I put something in +the table that shouldn't have been there + + align:start position:0% +the table that shouldn't have been there + + + align:start position:0% +the table that shouldn't have been there +and and people corrected me I want to be + + align:start position:0% +and and people corrected me I want to be + + + align:start position:0% +and and people corrected me I want to be +sure that there's no confusion around + + align:start position:0% +sure that there's no confusion around + + + align:start position:0% +sure that there's no confusion around +this so what we had was a case of for + + align:start position:0% +this so what we had was a case of for + + + align:start position:0% +this so what we had was a case of for +Malahide right + + align:start position:0% +Malahide right + + + align:start position:0% +Malahide right +and we had the case of s SO2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and I want to be really clear about + + align:start position:0% +and I want to be really clear about + + + align:start position:0% +and I want to be really clear about +this both of these + + align:start position:0% +this both of these + + + align:start position:0% +this both of these +molecules when you're thinking about + + align:start position:0% +molecules when you're thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +molecules when you're thinking about +Vesper the number the number of electron + + align:start position:0% +Vesper the number the number of electron + + + align:start position:0% +Vesper the number the number of electron +domain count right remember that's how + + align:start position:0% +domain count right remember that's how + + + align:start position:0% +domain count right remember that's how +we start the number of of electron + + align:start position:0% +we start the number of of electron + + + align:start position:0% +we start the number of of electron +domains is the + + align:start position:0% +domains is the + + + align:start position:0% +domains is the +same for both of them right and we we + + align:start position:0% +same for both of them right and we we + + + align:start position:0% +same for both of them right and we we +did this on on + + align:start position:0% +did this on on + + + align:start position:0% +did this on on +Wednesday right and and if the number + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday right and and if the number + + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday right and and if the number +number of electron domains is the same + + align:start position:0% +number of electron domains is the same + + + align:start position:0% +number of electron domains is the same +then the electron domain geometry is + + align:start position:0% +then the electron domain geometry is + + + align:start position:0% +then the electron domain geometry is +trigonal + + align:start position:0% +trigonal + + + align:start position:0% +trigonal +planer right okay + + align:start position:0% +planer right okay + + + align:start position:0% +planer right okay +but I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +was also telling you about repulsion + + align:start position:0% +was also telling you about repulsion + + + align:start position:0% +was also telling you about repulsion +order at the same + + align:start position:0% +order at the same + + + align:start position:0% +order at the same +time and and so I put I I put the wrong + + align:start position:0% +time and and so I put I I put the wrong + + + align:start position:0% +time and and so I put I I put the wrong +thing in the table and then I erase it I + + align:start position:0% +thing in the table and then I erase it I + + + align:start position:0% +thing in the table and then I erase it I +just want to be sure we're clear and we + + align:start position:0% +just want to be sure we're clear and we + + + align:start position:0% +just want to be sure we're clear and we +don't get bent out of shape about it + + align:start position:0% +don't get bent out of shape about it + + + align:start position:0% +don't get bent out of shape about it +stop get out of here + + align:start position:0% +stop get out of here + + + align:start position:0% +stop get out of here +stop stop it all right all right I'm + + align:start position:0% +stop stop it all right all right I'm + + + align:start position:0% +stop stop it all right all right I'm +going to still be here I'm going to be + + align:start position:0% +going to still be here I'm going to be + + + align:start position:0% +going to still be here I'm going to be +here all right so like here right the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +shape remember what the + + align:start position:0% +shape remember what the + + + align:start position:0% +shape remember what the +table what the + + align:start position:0% +table what the + + + align:start position:0% +table what the +table was about was the number of loone + + align:start position:0% +table was about was the number of loone + + + align:start position:0% +table was about was the number of loone +pairs okay the number of loone pairs and + + align:start position:0% +pairs okay the number of loone pairs and + + + align:start position:0% +pairs okay the number of loone pairs and +so if I've got the three bonding Pairs + + align:start position:0% +so if I've got the three bonding Pairs + + + align:start position:0% +so if I've got the three bonding Pairs +and no lone pairs then it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +and no lone pairs then it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +and no lone pairs then it's going to be +a trigonal planer shape so that is + + align:start position:0% +a trigonal planer shape so that is + + + align:start position:0% +a trigonal planer shape so that is +trigonal + + align:start position:0% +trigonal + + + align:start position:0% +trigonal +planer and over here I've got two + + align:start position:0% +planer and over here I've got two + + + align:start position:0% +planer and over here I've got two +bonding Pairs and one lone pair and so + + align:start position:0% +bonding Pairs and one lone pair and so + + + align:start position:0% +bonding Pairs and one lone pair and so +this shape is called bent now what I did + + align:start position:0% +this shape is called bent now what I did + + + align:start position:0% +this shape is called bent now what I did +is I used that word oh why I don't know + + align:start position:0% +is I used that word oh why I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +is I used that word oh why I don't know +but you know you make mistake when + + align:start position:0% +but you know you make mistake when + + + align:start position:0% +but you know you make mistake when +you're in the arena you keep going and + + align:start position:0% +you're in the arena you keep going and + + + align:start position:0% +you're in the arena you keep going and +if you make a mistake you admit it you + + align:start position:0% +if you make a mistake you admit it you + + + align:start position:0% +if you make a mistake you admit it you +leave it all there you do your best + + align:start position:0% +leave it all there you do your best + + + align:start position:0% +leave it all there you do your best +forget the rest that's all you can ever + + align:start position:0% +forget the rest that's all you can ever + + + align:start position:0% +forget the rest that's all you can ever +do now here's the thing I said bent I + + align:start position:0% +do now here's the thing I said bent I + + + align:start position:0% +do now here's the thing I said bent I +said the word bent what I was talking + + align:start position:0% +said the word bent what I was talking + + + align:start position:0% +said the word bent what I was talking +about was how that bends a little bit + + align:start position:0% +about was how that bends a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +about was how that bends a little bit +because of the repulsion order yeah but + + align:start position:0% +because of the repulsion order yeah but + + + align:start position:0% +because of the repulsion order yeah but +that that shape is Not Bent I want to be + + align:start position:0% +that that shape is Not Bent I want to be + + + align:start position:0% +that that shape is Not Bent I want to be +real clear about that that shape is + + align:start position:0% +real clear about that that shape is + + + align:start position:0% +real clear about that that shape is +trigonal planer and it's a little bit + + align:start position:0% +trigonal planer and it's a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +trigonal planer and it's a little bit +distorted + + align:start position:0% +distorted + + + align:start position:0% +distorted +okay this shape is bent that shape is + + align:start position:0% +okay this shape is bent that shape is + + + align:start position:0% +okay this shape is bent that shape is +bent and because it's a it's got a lone + + align:start position:0% +bent and because it's a it's got a lone + + + align:start position:0% +bent and because it's a it's got a lone +pair remember the shape is about where + + align:start position:0% +pair remember the shape is about where + + + align:start position:0% +pair remember the shape is about where +the atoms are right but it's also a + + align:start position:0% +the atoms are right but it's also a + + + align:start position:0% +the atoms are right but it's also a +little bit + + align:start position:0% +little bit + + + align:start position:0% +little bit +distorted right because the lone pair + + align:start position:0% +distorted right because the lone pair + + + align:start position:0% +distorted right because the lone pair +pushes on those guys a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +pushes on those guys a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +pushes on those guys a little bit more +right okay so that those are the two + + align:start position:0% +right okay so that those are the two + + + align:start position:0% +right okay so that those are the two +concepts that I was saying all at once + + align:start position:0% +concepts that I was saying all at once + + + align:start position:0% +concepts that I was saying all at once +and I want to make sure we understand + + align:start position:0% +and I want to make sure we understand + + + align:start position:0% +and I want to make sure we understand +them there's trigonal planer there's + + align:start position:0% +them there's trigonal planer there's + + + align:start position:0% +them there's trigonal planer there's +bent and then there's repulsion order + + align:start position:0% +bent and then there's repulsion order + + + align:start position:0% +bent and then there's repulsion order +which talks about a little changes in + + align:start position:0% +which talks about a little changes in + + + align:start position:0% +which talks about a little changes in +the angle from those parent shapes okay + + align:start position:0% +the angle from those parent shapes okay + + + align:start position:0% +the angle from those parent shapes okay +good all right now on to today now + + align:start position:0% +good all right now on to today now + + + align:start position:0% +good all right now on to today now +here's the thing now in in all this + + align:start position:0% +here's the thing now in in all this + + + align:start position:0% +here's the thing now in in all this +stuff with + + align:start position:0% +stuff with + + + align:start position:0% +stuff with +Lewis it's a really good way to think + + align:start position:0% +Lewis it's a really good way to think + + + align:start position:0% +Lewis it's a really good way to think +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +molecules but this tells me that there's + + align:start position:0% +molecules but this tells me that there's + + + align:start position:0% +molecules but this tells me that there's +electrons on the bond it tells me that + + align:start position:0% +electrons on the bond it tells me that + + + align:start position:0% +electrons on the bond it tells me that +there's electrons really localized in + + align:start position:0% +there's electrons really localized in + + + align:start position:0% +there's electrons really localized in +the region between the atoms but see the + + align:start position:0% +the region between the atoms but see the + + + align:start position:0% +the region between the atoms but see the +thing is how much is it + + align:start position:0% +thing is how much is it + + + align:start position:0% +thing is how much is it +localized how much is it really is it + + align:start position:0% +localized how much is it really is it + + + align:start position:0% +localized how much is it really is it +are these electrons like you know when + + align:start position:0% +are these electrons like you know when + + + align:start position:0% +are these electrons like you know when +if I were to draw the two electrons are + + align:start position:0% +if I were to draw the two electrons are + + + align:start position:0% +if I were to draw the two electrons are +those dots like right + + align:start position:0% +those dots like right + + + align:start position:0% +those dots like right +there it doesn't really tell me the more + + align:start position:0% +there it doesn't really tell me the more + + + align:start position:0% +there it doesn't really tell me the more +information than that but if we remember + + align:start position:0% +information than that but if we remember + + + align:start position:0% +information than that but if we remember +the the the picture let's see if I can + + align:start position:0% +the the the picture let's see if I can + + + align:start position:0% +the the the picture let's see if I can +pull y there it is there's a picture I + + align:start position:0% +pull y there it is there's a picture I + + + align:start position:0% +pull y there it is there's a picture I +showed you when we first talked about + + align:start position:0% +showed you when we first talked about + + + align:start position:0% +showed you when we first talked about +coent bonds sharing is carrying remember + + align:start position:0% +coent bonds sharing is carrying remember + + + align:start position:0% +coent bonds sharing is carrying remember +what happens I've got the two protons + + align:start position:0% +what happens I've got the two protons + + + align:start position:0% +what happens I've got the two protons +and we talked about these a repulsion + + align:start position:0% +and we talked about these a repulsion + + + align:start position:0% +and we talked about these a repulsion +and then the two electrons repulsion and + + align:start position:0% +and then the two electrons repulsion and + + + align:start position:0% +and then the two electrons repulsion and +then I drew for you the fact that but + + align:start position:0% +then I drew for you the fact that but + + + align:start position:0% +then I drew for you the fact that but +they can come together and can be like + + align:start position:0% +they can come together and can be like + + + align:start position:0% +they can come together and can be like +you know what you can use my proton for + + align:start position:0% +you know what you can use my proton for + + + align:start position:0% +you know what you can use my proton for +a little of your attraction and hey can + + align:start position:0% +a little of your attraction and hey can + + + align:start position:0% +a little of your attraction and hey can +I use your you know and they share it + + align:start position:0% +I use your you know and they share it + + + align:start position:0% +I use your you know and they share it +and each electron sees both of them and + + align:start position:0% +and each electron sees both of them and + + + align:start position:0% +and each electron sees both of them and +this is where those electrons are but + + align:start position:0% +this is where those electrons are but + + + align:start position:0% +this is where those electrons are but +look at that the proton is there and + + align:start position:0% +look at that the proton is there and + + + align:start position:0% +look at that the proton is there and +there and the electron is in this + + align:start position:0% +there and the electron is in this + + + align:start position:0% +there and the electron is in this +probability Cloud around both of them + + align:start position:0% +probability Cloud around both of them + + + align:start position:0% +probability Cloud around both of them +that's the + + align:start position:0% +that's the + + + align:start position:0% +that's the +molecular + + align:start position:0% +molecular + + + align:start position:0% +molecular +orbital and Lewis can't tell us about + + align:start position:0% +orbital and Lewis can't tell us about + + + align:start position:0% +orbital and Lewis can't tell us about +that so we need something else and + + align:start position:0% +that so we need something else and + + + align:start position:0% +that so we need something else and +that's what today's topic is about today + + align:start position:0% +that's what today's topic is about today + + + align:start position:0% +that's what today's topic is about today +today we're going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +today we're going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +today we're going to talk about +something called molecular orbital + + align:start position:0% +something called molecular orbital + + + align:start position:0% +something called molecular orbital +theory that gives us a sense of how + + align:start position:0% +theory that gives us a sense of how + + + align:start position:0% +theory that gives us a sense of how +these Atomic orbitals overlap it gives + + align:start position:0% +these Atomic orbitals overlap it gives + + + align:start position:0% +these Atomic orbitals overlap it gives +us a much it gives us a much better and + + align:start position:0% +us a much it gives us a much better and + + + align:start position:0% +us a much it gives us a much better and +more deep a deeper description with more + + align:start position:0% +more deep a deeper description with more + + + align:start position:0% +more deep a deeper description with more +details about these coent bonds okay all + + align:start position:0% +details about these coent bonds okay all + + + align:start position:0% +details about these coent bonds okay all +right now so let's write a few things + + align:start position:0% +right now so let's write a few things + + + align:start position:0% +right now so let's write a few things +about molecular orbital Theory oh + + align:start position:0% +about molecular orbital Theory oh + + + align:start position:0% +about molecular orbital Theory oh +molecular orbital and what we're going + + align:start position:0% +molecular orbital and what we're going + + + align:start position:0% +molecular orbital and what we're going +to do is say m + + align:start position:0% +to do is say m + + + align:start position:0% +to do is say m +o molecular orbital Theory so we'll keep + + align:start position:0% +o molecular orbital Theory so we'll keep + + + align:start position:0% +o molecular orbital Theory so we'll keep +a list of some important things all + + align:start position:0% +a list of some important things all + + + align:start position:0% +a list of some important things all +right well the first of all the first + + align:start position:0% +right well the first of all the first + + + align:start position:0% +right well the first of all the first +thing is that Atomic + + align:start position:0% +thing is that Atomic + + + align:start position:0% +thing is that Atomic +orbitals Atomic + + align:start position:0% +orbitals Atomic + + + align:start position:0% +orbitals Atomic +orbitals + + align:start position:0% +orbitals + + + align:start position:0% +orbitals +or as we may call them + + align:start position:0% +or as we may call them + + + align:start position:0% +or as we may call them +AOS are the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +basis for watch this efficiency the MOs + + align:start position:0% +basis for watch this efficiency the MOs + + + align:start position:0% +basis for watch this efficiency the MOs +I didn't have to write it again right + + align:start position:0% +I didn't have to write it again right + + + align:start position:0% +I didn't have to write it again right +okay so what does that mean well it + + align:start position:0% +okay so what does that mean well it + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what does that mean well it +means that I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +means that I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +means that I'm going to +construct the MOs from the AOS now the + + align:start position:0% +construct the MOs from the AOS now the + + + align:start position:0% +construct the MOs from the AOS now the +AOS are the things we've been playing + + align:start position:0% +AOS are the things we've been playing + + + align:start position:0% +AOS are the things we've been playing +with and making right we solved the + + align:start position:0% +with and making right we solved the + + + align:start position:0% +with and making right we solved the +shorting equation so the + + align:start position:0% +shorting equation so the + + + align:start position:0% +shorting equation so the +OS okay are going to be + + align:start position:0% +OS okay are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +OS okay are going to be +linear + + align:start position:0% +linear + + + align:start position:0% +linear +combinations all right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +combinations of the AOS and that's why + + align:start position:0% +combinations of the AOS and that's why + + + align:start position:0% +combinations of the AOS and that's why +you might see this in fact + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +called lcao Theory lcao linear + + align:start position:0% +called lcao Theory lcao linear + + + align:start position:0% +called lcao Theory lcao linear +combination of atomic + + align:start position:0% +combination of atomic + + + align:start position:0% +combination of atomic +orbitals + + align:start position:0% +orbitals + + + align:start position:0% +orbitals +okay and in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +particular some and + + align:start position:0% +particular some and + + + align:start position:0% +particular some and +difference of orbitals is what we're + + align:start position:0% +difference of orbitals is what we're + + + align:start position:0% +difference of orbitals is what we're +about because you know this is like what + + align:start position:0% +about because you know this is like what + + + align:start position:0% +about because you know this is like what +we talked about before uh these are + + align:start position:0% +we talked about before uh these are + + + align:start position:0% +we talked about before uh these are +waves right these are waves waves can + + align:start position:0% +waves right these are waves waves can + + + align:start position:0% +waves right these are waves waves can +can either constructively or + + align:start position:0% +can either constructively or + + + align:start position:0% +can either constructively or +destructively interfere and that's what + + align:start position:0% +destructively interfere and that's what + + + align:start position:0% +destructively interfere and that's what +we're going to explore in MO Theory by + + align:start position:0% +we're going to explore in MO Theory by + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to explore in MO Theory by +adding or subtracting these wave + + align:start position:0% +adding or subtracting these wave + + + align:start position:0% +adding or subtracting these wave +functions these orbitals these Atomic + + align:start position:0% +functions these orbitals these Atomic + + + align:start position:0% +functions these orbitals these Atomic +orbitals so that's enough to start let's + + align:start position:0% +orbitals so that's enough to start let's + + + align:start position:0% +orbitals so that's enough to start let's +see so look basis a basis is nothing + + align:start position:0% +see so look basis a basis is nothing + + + align:start position:0% +see so look basis a basis is nothing +more than the things that I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +more than the things that I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +more than the things that I'm going to +use to represent the things that I want + + align:start position:0% +use to represent the things that I want + + + align:start position:0% +use to represent the things that I want +right and and the things that I want are + + align:start position:0% +right and and the things that I want are + + + align:start position:0% +right and and the things that I want are +these molecular orbitals the things that + + align:start position:0% +these molecular orbitals the things that + + + align:start position:0% +these molecular orbitals the things that +I'm going to use to represent those are + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to use to represent those are + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to use to represent those are +these these beautiful Atomic + + align:start position:0% +these these beautiful Atomic + + + align:start position:0% +these these beautiful Atomic +orbitals that we spend a lot of time + + align:start position:0% +orbitals that we spend a lot of time + + + align:start position:0% +orbitals that we spend a lot of time +understanding and + + align:start position:0% +understanding and + + + align:start position:0% +understanding and +developing we'll start with the simplest + + align:start position:0% +developing we'll start with the simplest + + + align:start position:0% +developing we'll start with the simplest +case which + + align:start position:0% +case which + + + align:start position:0% +case which +is what I think I have oh I even + + align:start position:0% +is what I think I have oh I even + + + align:start position:0% +is what I think I have oh I even +highlighted it and I said let's first + + align:start position:0% +highlighted it and I said let's first + + + align:start position:0% +highlighted it and I said let's first +make molecular orbitals using + + align:start position:0% +make molecular orbitals using + + + align:start position:0% +make molecular orbitals using +combinations of the S orbital that's the + + align:start position:0% +combinations of the S orbital that's the + + + align:start position:0% +combinations of the S orbital that's the +S orbital that's the one s orbital up + + align:start position:0% +S orbital that's the one s orbital up + + + align:start position:0% +S orbital that's the one s orbital up +there remember by the way blue and + + align:start position:0% +there remember by the way blue and + + + align:start position:0% +there remember by the way blue and +orange is just the sign of the wave + + align:start position:0% +orange is just the sign of the wave + + + align:start position:0% +orange is just the sign of the wave +right this is not a charge please don't + + align:start position:0% +right this is not a charge please don't + + + align:start position:0% +right this is not a charge please don't +make that uh that confusion these are + + align:start position:0% +make that uh that confusion these are + + + align:start position:0% +make that uh that confusion these are +just waves right waves okay and the p + + align:start position:0% +just waves right waves okay and the p + + + align:start position:0% +just waves right waves okay and the p +orbital has let's go back and see it p + + align:start position:0% +orbital has let's go back and see it p + + + align:start position:0% +orbital has let's go back and see it p +orbital has a plus and a minus it's a + + align:start position:0% +orbital has a plus and a minus it's a + + + align:start position:0% +orbital has a plus and a minus it's a +wave right and the S the 2s orbital has + + align:start position:0% +wave right and the S the 2s orbital has + + + align:start position:0% +wave right and the S the 2s orbital has +that too and you square it and you get + + align:start position:0% +that too and you square it and you get + + + align:start position:0% +that too and you square it and you get +the probabilities right okay so we'll + + align:start position:0% +the probabilities right okay so we'll + + + align:start position:0% +the probabilities right okay so we'll +start with 1s where it's all just just + + align:start position:0% +start with 1s where it's all just just + + + align:start position:0% +start with 1s where it's all just just +one sign and I can add it I can add an S + + align:start position:0% +one sign and I can add it I can add an S + + + align:start position:0% +one sign and I can add it I can add an S +and another s or I can subtract it so + + align:start position:0% +and another s or I can subtract it so + + + align:start position:0% +and another s or I can subtract it so +let's do that right so we'll do that + + align:start position:0% +let's do that right so we'll do that + + + align:start position:0% +let's do that right so we'll do that +over here right oh see so we'll do that + + align:start position:0% +over here right oh see so we'll do that + + + align:start position:0% +over here right oh see so we'll do that +over here so if I take a + + align:start position:0% +over here so if I take a + + + align:start position:0% +over here so if I take a +1s + + align:start position:0% +1s + + + align:start position:0% +1s +orbital and I add it to another 1s + + align:start position:0% +orbital and I add it to another 1s + + + align:start position:0% +orbital and I add it to another 1s +orbital well you can see as I bring + + align:start position:0% +orbital well you can see as I bring + + + align:start position:0% +orbital well you can see as I bring +these close together if they have the + + align:start position:0% +these close together if they have the + + + align:start position:0% +these close together if they have the +same sign these are waves so if I if I + + align:start position:0% +same sign these are waves so if I if I + + + align:start position:0% +same sign these are waves so if I if I +if the waves are both posit and I bring + + align:start position:0% +if the waves are both posit and I bring + + + align:start position:0% +if the waves are both posit and I bring +them together they can constructively + + align:start position:0% +them together they can constructively + + + align:start position:0% +them together they can constructively +interfere so as I bring them closer and + + align:start position:0% +interfere so as I bring them closer and + + + align:start position:0% +interfere so as I bring them closer and +closer well I might actually get the + + align:start position:0% +closer well I might actually get the + + + align:start position:0% +closer well I might actually get the +picture that I showed you right I might + + align:start position:0% +picture that I showed you right I might + + + align:start position:0% +picture that I showed you right I might +actually get something that looks like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this okay I might actually get something + + align:start position:0% +this okay I might actually get something + + + align:start position:0% +this okay I might actually get something +like this now if I if I subtracted them + + align:start position:0% +like this now if I if I subtracted them + + + align:start position:0% +like this now if I if I subtracted them +then as I bring these as I bring these + + align:start position:0% +then as I bring these as I bring these + + + align:start position:0% +then as I bring these as I bring these +orbitals closer + + align:start position:0% +orbitals closer + + + align:start position:0% +orbitals closer +together uh they're going to can each + + align:start position:0% +together uh they're going to can each + + + align:start position:0% +together uh they're going to can each +other and you can see right here if I + + align:start position:0% +other and you can see right here if I + + + align:start position:0% +other and you can see right here if I +bring these orbitals by the way which + + align:start position:0% +bring these orbitals by the way which + + + align:start position:0% +bring these orbitals by the way which +are coming from two different atoms + + align:start position:0% +are coming from two different atoms + + + align:start position:0% +are coming from two different atoms +right the whole point is we're talking + + align:start position:0% +right the whole point is we're talking + + + align:start position:0% +right the whole point is we're talking +about molecules + + align:start position:0% +about molecules + + + align:start position:0% +about molecules +molecular so if I bring them together + + align:start position:0% +molecular so if I bring them together + + + align:start position:0% +molecular so if I bring them together +now like this but I'm subtracting these + + align:start position:0% +now like this but I'm subtracting these + + + align:start position:0% +now like this but I'm subtracting these +orbitals then you can see that right at + + align:start position:0% +orbitals then you can see that right at + + + align:start position:0% +orbitals then you can see that right at +the interface right between them it's + + align:start position:0% +the interface right between them it's + + + align:start position:0% +the interface right between them it's +always zero because I've just subtracted + + align:start position:0% +always zero because I've just subtracted + + + align:start position:0% +always zero because I've just subtracted +the same amount no matter how close they + + align:start position:0% +the same amount no matter how close they + + + align:start position:0% +the same amount no matter how close they +get it's zero that's a node right and in + + align:start position:0% +get it's zero that's a node right and in + + + align:start position:0% +get it's zero that's a node right and in +fact what you're going to get is + + align:start position:0% +fact what you're going to get is + + + align:start position:0% +fact what you're going to get is +something that looks like this + + align:start position:0% +something that looks like this + + + align:start position:0% +something that looks like this +right now so what I've done is I have I + + align:start position:0% +right now so what I've done is I have I + + + align:start position:0% +right now so what I've done is I have I +have added and subtracted the same + + align:start position:0% +have added and subtracted the same + + + align:start position:0% +have added and subtracted the same +AO and I've created twoos so these are + + align:start position:0% +AO and I've created twoos so these are + + + align:start position:0% +AO and I've created twoos so these are +myos and these are my starting AOS + + align:start position:0% +myos and these are my starting AOS + + + align:start position:0% +myos and these are my starting AOS +that's about the simplest thing you can + + align:start position:0% +that's about the simplest thing you can + + + align:start position:0% +that's about the simplest thing you can +do in MO Theory I'm using these as a + + align:start position:0% +do in MO Theory I'm using these as a + + + align:start position:0% +do in MO Theory I'm using these as a +basis now there's something very + + align:start position:0% +basis now there's something very + + + align:start position:0% +basis now there's something very +important which is that this is I kind + + align:start position:0% +important which is that this is I kind + + + align:start position:0% +important which is that this is I kind +of already alluded to this these are two + + align:start position:0% +of already alluded to this these are two + + + align:start position:0% +of already alluded to this these are two +atoms coming together to make a bond + + align:start position:0% +atoms coming together to make a bond + + + align:start position:0% +atoms coming together to make a bond +this is the bonding axis this is the + + align:start position:0% +this is the bonding axis this is the + + + align:start position:0% +this is the bonding axis this is the +bonding axis okay now if an orbital if + + align:start position:0% +bonding axis okay now if an orbital if + + + align:start position:0% +bonding axis okay now if an orbital if +an MO is + + align:start position:0% +an MO is + + + align:start position:0% +an MO is +symmetric okay so if it has + + align:start position:0% +symmetric okay so if it has + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric okay so if it has +cylindrical + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cylindrical + + align:start position:0% +cylindrical + + + align:start position:0% +cylindrical +symmetry about that bonding + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +axis then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's called a sigma + + align:start position:0% +it's called a sigma + + + align:start position:0% +it's called a sigma +orbital it's called a sigma orbital + + align:start position:0% +orbital it's called a sigma orbital + + + align:start position:0% +orbital it's called a sigma orbital +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +Theo Sigma is a notation a sigma orbital + + align:start position:0% +Theo Sigma is a notation a sigma orbital + + + align:start position:0% +Theo Sigma is a notation a sigma orbital +is one that has symmetry around the + + align:start position:0% +is one that has symmetry around the + + + align:start position:0% +is one that has symmetry around the +internuclear axis the two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we're coming to + + align:start position:0% +and we're coming to + + + align:start position:0% +and we're coming to +that very soon because these are just + + align:start position:0% +that very soon because these are just + + + align:start position:0% +that very soon because these are just +the orbitals I got to do something with + + align:start position:0% +the orbitals I got to do something with + + + align:start position:0% +the orbitals I got to do something with +them it's just like over here I made all + + align:start position:0% +them it's just like over here I made all + + + align:start position:0% +them it's just like over here I made all +these orbitals but then I had to fill + + align:start position:0% +these orbitals but then I had to fill + + + align:start position:0% +these orbitals but then I had to fill +them that got me + + align:start position:0% +them that got me + + + align:start position:0% +them that got me +excited but see you can see right here + + align:start position:0% +excited but see you can see right here + + + align:start position:0% +excited but see you can see right here +when I add them up when I add them up + + align:start position:0% +when I add them up when I add them up + + + align:start position:0% +when I add them up when I add them up +get there's charge in between so this + + align:start position:0% +get there's charge in between so this + + + align:start position:0% +get there's charge in between so this +looks like it's going to have a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bond that's a bonding Mo what but if I + + align:start position:0% +bond that's a bonding Mo what but if I + + + align:start position:0% +bond that's a bonding Mo what but if I +subtracted them this doesn't look very + + align:start position:0% +subtracted them this doesn't look very + + + align:start position:0% +subtracted them this doesn't look very +happy in terms of like electrons being + + align:start position:0% +happy in terms of like electrons being + + + align:start position:0% +happy in terms of like electrons being +in between and the carrying and sharing + + align:start position:0% +in between and the carrying and sharing + + + align:start position:0% +in between and the carrying and sharing +principle of a calent bond right so if I + + align:start position:0% +principle of a calent bond right so if I + + + align:start position:0% +principle of a calent bond right so if I +were to put an electron in this Mo it + + align:start position:0% +were to put an electron in this Mo it + + + align:start position:0% +were to put an electron in this Mo it +doesn't look bonding in fact it + + align:start position:0% +doesn't look bonding in fact it + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't look bonding in fact it +looks or antibonding it's actually not + + align:start position:0% +looks or antibonding it's actually not + + + align:start position:0% +looks or antibonding it's actually not +quite non-bonding we'll get to that + + align:start position:0% +quite non-bonding we'll get to that + + + align:start position:0% +quite non-bonding we'll get to that +later this would be anti- bonding why + + align:start position:0% +later this would be anti- bonding why + + + align:start position:0% +later this would be anti- bonding why +because there's not even a chance of + + align:start position:0% +because there's not even a chance of + + + align:start position:0% +because there's not even a chance of +electron density in between yeah that's + + align:start position:0% +electron density in between yeah that's + + + align:start position:0% +electron density in between yeah that's +your starting principle of the + + align:start position:0% +your starting principle of the + + + align:start position:0% +your starting principle of the +relationship let's try to share oh by + + align:start position:0% +relationship let's try to share oh by + + + align:start position:0% +relationship let's try to share oh by +the way right halfway no + + align:start position:0% +the way right halfway no + + + align:start position:0% +the way right halfway no +chance that's not a very good way to + + align:start position:0% +chance that's not a very good way to + + + align:start position:0% +chance that's not a very good way to +start and you can see why this is an + + align:start position:0% +start and you can see why this is an + + + align:start position:0% +start and you can see why this is an +anti-bonding it's the opposite you're + + align:start position:0% +anti-bonding it's the opposite you're + + + align:start position:0% +anti-bonding it's the opposite you're +actually pushing charge away from the + + align:start position:0% +actually pushing charge away from the + + + align:start position:0% +actually pushing charge away from the +bond if you're in this orbital if you're + + align:start position:0% +bond if you're in this orbital if you're + + + align:start position:0% +bond if you're in this orbital if you're +an electron in that orbital so that's an + + align:start position:0% +an electron in that orbital so that's an + + + align:start position:0% +an electron in that orbital so that's an +antibonding orbital now we get to the + + align:start position:0% +antibonding orbital now we get to the + + + align:start position:0% +antibonding orbital now we get to the +the question what do you do with these + + align:start position:0% +the question what do you do with these + + + align:start position:0% +the question what do you do with these +orbitals well you make + + align:start position:0% +orbitals well you make + + + align:start position:0% +orbitals well you make +them I made these with 1 + + align:start position:0% +them I made these with 1 + + + align:start position:0% +them I made these with 1 +s and and the way that we typically draw + + align:start position:0% +s and and the way that we typically draw + + + align:start position:0% +s and and the way that we typically draw +this is we go back to the same picture + + align:start position:0% +this is we go back to the same picture + + + align:start position:0% +this is we go back to the same picture +that we've been working with 1 s here + + align:start position:0% +that we've been working with 1 s here + + + align:start position:0% +that we've been working with 1 s here +and One S here and I brought those + + align:start position:0% +and One S here and I brought those + + + align:start position:0% +and One S here and I brought those +orbitals together and I formed one that + + align:start position:0% +orbitals together and I formed one that + + + align:start position:0% +orbitals together and I formed one that +lowered the energy of the system and + + align:start position:0% +lowered the energy of the system and + + + align:start position:0% +lowered the energy of the system and +another that actually raised the energy + + align:start position:0% +another that actually raised the energy + + + align:start position:0% +another that actually raised the energy +of the system because the electrons are + + align:start position:0% +of the system because the electrons are + + + align:start position:0% +of the system because the electrons are +repelling they're actually less bonding + + align:start position:0% +repelling they're actually less bonding + + + align:start position:0% +repelling they're actually less bonding +they're anti-bonding + + align:start position:0% +they're anti-bonding + + + align:start position:0% +they're anti-bonding +right um + + align:start position:0% +right um + + + align:start position:0% +right um +so these are my + + align:start position:0% +so these are my + + + align:start position:0% +so these are my +MOS those are my AOS right AO AO and and + + align:start position:0% +MOS those are my AOS right AO AO and and + + + align:start position:0% +MOS those are my AOS right AO AO and and +now this is called a sigma + + align:start position:0% +now this is called a sigma + + + align:start position:0% +now this is called a sigma +orbital and the way we refer to the + + align:start position:0% +orbital and the way we refer to the + + + align:start position:0% +orbital and the way we refer to the +anti-bonding orbital is with a little + + align:start position:0% +anti-bonding orbital is with a little + + + align:start position:0% +anti-bonding orbital is with a little +star they're both Sigma because they + + align:start position:0% +star they're both Sigma because they + + + align:start position:0% +star they're both Sigma because they +both satisfy that right they're both + + align:start position:0% +both satisfy that right they're both + + + align:start position:0% +both satisfy that right they're both +Sigma because they both have symmetry + + align:start position:0% +Sigma because they both have symmetry + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma because they both have symmetry +around the internuclear bonding axis but + + align:start position:0% +around the internuclear bonding axis but + + + align:start position:0% +around the internuclear bonding axis but +now see okay so that's good + + align:start position:0% +now see okay so that's good + + + align:start position:0% +now see okay so that's good +um and but now let's fill them let's + + align:start position:0% +um and but now let's fill them let's + + + align:start position:0% +um and but now let's fill them let's +fill them right because + + align:start position:0% +fill them right because + + + align:start position:0% +fill them right because +now um let's write let's write down the + + align:start position:0% +now um let's write let's write down the + + + align:start position:0% +now um let's write let's write down the +rules and then we'll fill them for some + + align:start position:0% +rules and then we'll fill them for some + + + align:start position:0% +rules and then we'll fill them for some +examples okay so I'm going to keep going + + align:start position:0% +examples okay so I'm going to keep going + + + align:start position:0% +examples okay so I'm going to keep going +on my Mo Theory list right as you can + + align:start position:0% +on my Mo Theory list right as you can + + + align:start position:0% +on my Mo Theory list right as you can +see when I do it this way the number of + + align:start position:0% +see when I do it this way the number of + + + align:start position:0% +see when I do it this way the number of +mos equals the number of + + align:start position:0% +mos equals the number of + + + align:start position:0% +mos equals the number of +AOS + + align:start position:0% +AOS + + + align:start position:0% +AOS +used to create them so that's one thing + + align:start position:0% +used to create them so that's one thing + + + align:start position:0% +used to create them so that's one thing +that we can see right away + + align:start position:0% +that we can see right away + + + align:start position:0% +that we can see right away +right I used two AOS I added and + + align:start position:0% +right I used two AOS I added and + + + align:start position:0% +right I used two AOS I added and +subtracted them I got twoos good another + + align:start position:0% +subtracted them I got twoos good another + + + align:start position:0% +subtracted them I got twoos good another +thing + + align:start position:0% +thing + + + align:start position:0% +thing +is each M + + align:start position:0% +is each M + + + align:start position:0% +is each M +Mo + + align:start position:0% +Mo + + + align:start position:0% +Mo +will be just like an + + align:start position:0% +will be just like an + + + align:start position:0% +will be just like an +AO right it makes a lot of sense I had + + align:start position:0% +AO right it makes a lot of sense I had + + + align:start position:0% +AO right it makes a lot of sense I had +room for two electrons here I had room + + align:start position:0% +room for two electrons here I had room + + + align:start position:0% +room for two electrons here I had room +for two electrons here I got to have + + align:start position:0% +for two electrons here I got to have + + + align:start position:0% +for two electrons here I got to have +room for four two here two here right so + + align:start position:0% +room for four two here two here right so + + + align:start position:0% +room for four two here two here right so +each M Mo has + + align:start position:0% +each M Mo has + + + align:start position:0% +each M Mo has +a Max of two + + align:start position:0% +a Max of two + + + align:start position:0% +a Max of two +electrons and they must obey + + align:start position:0% +electrons and they must obey + + + align:start position:0% +electrons and they must obey +P just like in AOS they must obey po you + + align:start position:0% +P just like in AOS they must obey po you + + + align:start position:0% +P just like in AOS they must obey po you +can't mess with quantum mechanics + + align:start position:0% +can't mess with quantum mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +can't mess with quantum mechanics +uh-uh still electrons they're still + + align:start position:0% +uh-uh still electrons they're still + + + align:start position:0% +uh-uh still electrons they're still +quantum + + align:start position:0% +quantum + + + align:start position:0% +quantum +mechanical right you're just making + + align:start position:0% +mechanical right you're just making + + + align:start position:0% +mechanical right you're just making +their wave function more sophisticated + + align:start position:0% +their wave function more sophisticated + + + align:start position:0% +their wave function more sophisticated +but they still have to follow the Shar + + align:start position:0% +but they still have to follow the Shar + + + align:start position:0% +but they still have to follow the Shar +equation and the principles of quantum + + align:start position:0% +equation and the principles of quantum + + + align:start position:0% +equation and the principles of quantum +mechanics and so finally what we're + + align:start position:0% +mechanics and so finally what we're + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics and so finally what we're +going to do + + align:start position:0% +going to do + + + align:start position:0% +going to do +is we're going to fill them so we're + + align:start position:0% +is we're going to fill them so we're + + + align:start position:0% +is we're going to fill them so we're +going to fill the + + align:start position:0% +going to fill the + + + align:start position:0% +going to fill the +MOs with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +electrons starting with the lowest + + align:start position:0% +electrons starting with the lowest + + + align:start position:0% +electrons starting with the lowest +energy just like we did for atoms lowest + + align:start position:0% +energy just like we did for atoms lowest + + + align:start position:0% +energy just like we did for atoms lowest +energy + + align:start position:0% +energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy +first okay and one more thing just like + + align:start position:0% +first okay and one more thing just like + + + align:start position:0% +first okay and one more thing just like +we did with atom atoms is we're going to + + align:start position:0% +we did with atom atoms is we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +we did with atom atoms is we're going to +obey + + align:start position:0% +obey + + + align:start position:0% +obey +hun ah hunt Hun's rule which tells you + + align:start position:0% +hun ah hunt Hun's rule which tells you + + + align:start position:0% +hun ah hunt Hun's rule which tells you +about how to fill degenerate orbitals + + align:start position:0% +about how to fill degenerate orbitals + + + align:start position:0% +about how to fill degenerate orbitals +well we're going to have degenerate + + align:start position:0% +well we're going to have degenerate + + + align:start position:0% +well we're going to have degenerate +orbitals here too we don't yet but we + + align:start position:0% +orbitals here too we don't yet but we + + + align:start position:0% +orbitals here too we don't yet but we +will so we're going to fill them so + + align:start position:0% +will so we're going to fill them so + + + align:start position:0% +will so we're going to fill them so +let's let's fill them for the very + + align:start position:0% +let's let's fill them for the very + + + align:start position:0% +let's let's fill them for the very +simplest cases okay so we'll do some + + align:start position:0% +simplest cases okay so we'll do some + + + align:start position:0% +simplest cases okay so we'll do some +cases together and we'll see how that + + align:start position:0% +cases together and we'll see how that + + + align:start position:0% +cases together and we'll see how that +goes right so what I'm going to do is + + align:start position:0% +goes right so what I'm going to do is + + + align:start position:0% +goes right so what I'm going to do is +four cases just so we can compare so + + align:start position:0% +four cases just so we can compare so + + + align:start position:0% +four cases just so we can compare so +first we're going to do h2+ okay that's + + align:start position:0% +first we're going to do h2+ okay that's + + + align:start position:0% +first we're going to do h2+ okay that's +that's the first one and here what we + + align:start position:0% +that's the first one and here what we + + + align:start position:0% +that's the first one and here what we +have is + + align:start position:0% +have is + + + align:start position:0% +have is +the same graph but now over here I + + align:start position:0% +the same graph but now over here I + + + align:start position:0% +the same graph but now over here I +actually can label it now this was just + + align:start position:0% +actually can label it now this was just + + + align:start position:0% +actually can label it now this was just +an orbital but now gazuntite now say + + align:start position:0% +an orbital but now gazuntite now say + + + align:start position:0% +an orbital but now gazuntite now say +okay well this is the H this would be + + align:start position:0% +okay well this is the H this would be + + + align:start position:0% +okay well this is the H this would be +like H and + + align:start position:0% +like H and + + + align:start position:0% +like H and +H+ okay these are myos Sigma Sigma star + + align:start position:0% +H+ okay these are myos Sigma Sigma star + + + align:start position:0% +H+ okay these are myos Sigma Sigma star +1 s 1 s oh + + align:start position:0% +1 s 1 s oh + + + align:start position:0% +1 s 1 s oh +boy but if I so if that's H and that's + + align:start position:0% +boy but if I so if that's H and that's + + + align:start position:0% +boy but if I so if that's H and that's +H+ right and they're coming together to + + align:start position:0% +H+ right and they're coming together to + + + align:start position:0% +H+ right and they're coming together to +make h2+ that's what's in the middle + + align:start position:0% +make h2+ that's what's in the middle + + + align:start position:0% +make h2+ that's what's in the middle +there that's the molecule right well + + align:start position:0% +there that's the molecule right well + + + align:start position:0% +there that's the molecule right well +then I also can now fill in the starting + + align:start position:0% +then I also can now fill in the starting + + + align:start position:0% +then I also can now fill in the starting +AOS so let's do + + align:start position:0% +AOS so let's do + + + align:start position:0% +AOS so let's do +that that's it because this one lost + + align:start position:0% +that that's it because this one lost + + + align:start position:0% +that that's it because this one lost +somebody had to lose an electron to + + align:start position:0% +somebody had to lose an electron to + + + align:start position:0% +somebody had to lose an electron to +start with we'll just represent so now + + align:start position:0% +start with we'll just represent so now + + + align:start position:0% +start with we'll just represent so now +when these come together you fill you + + align:start position:0% +when these come together you fill you + + + align:start position:0% +when these come together you fill you +you obey the P exclusion you fill from + + align:start position:0% +you obey the P exclusion you fill from + + + align:start position:0% +you obey the P exclusion you fill from +the lowest energy first that well I only + + align:start position:0% +the lowest energy first that well I only + + + align:start position:0% +the lowest energy first that well I only +got one electron there it is that's my + + align:start position:0% +got one electron there it is that's my + + + align:start position:0% +got one electron there it is that's my +Mo diagram populated by + + align:start position:0% +Mo diagram populated by + + + align:start position:0% +Mo diagram populated by +electrons + + align:start position:0% +electrons + + + align:start position:0% +electrons +okay now there's a a principle that + + align:start position:0% +okay now there's a a principle that + + + align:start position:0% +okay now there's a a principle that +comes out of this there's a way of + + align:start position:0% +comes out of this there's a way of + + + align:start position:0% +comes out of this there's a way of +understanding bond strength now there's + + align:start position:0% +understanding bond strength now there's + + + align:start position:0% +understanding bond strength now there's +a way of understanding bond strength and + + align:start position:0% +a way of understanding bond strength and + + + align:start position:0% +a way of understanding bond strength and +and that is a a very important concept + + align:start position:0% +and that is a a very important concept + + + align:start position:0% +and that is a a very important concept +let's put it here in our list let's put + + align:start position:0% +let's put it here in our list let's put + + + align:start position:0% +let's put it here in our list let's put +it here in our list okay and it's a + + align:start position:0% +it here in our list okay and it's a + + + align:start position:0% +it here in our list okay and it's a +concept called bond order bond order now + + align:start position:0% +concept called bond order bond order now + + + align:start position:0% +concept called bond order bond order now +this one I really want to write Bo but I + + align:start position:0% +this one I really want to write Bo but I + + + align:start position:0% +this one I really want to write Bo but I +don't know if that's good a good idea so + + align:start position:0% +don't know if that's good a good idea so + + + align:start position:0% +don't know if that's good a good idea so +I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to +keep I got lore in that one okay okay + + align:start position:0% +keep I got lore in that one okay okay + + + align:start position:0% +keep I got lore in that one okay okay +and that's going to equal there's a + + align:start position:0% +and that's going to equal there's a + + + align:start position:0% +and that's going to equal there's a +definition for this it's going to equal + + align:start position:0% +definition for this it's going to equal + + + align:start position:0% +definition for this it's going to equal +1/2 of the number of electrons in a + + align:start position:0% +1/2 of the number of electrons in a + + + align:start position:0% +1/2 of the number of electrons in a +bonding orbital in a + + align:start position:0% +bonding orbital in a + + + align:start position:0% +bonding orbital in a +bonding + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +orbital minus the number of electrons in + + align:start position:0% +orbital minus the number of electrons in + + + align:start position:0% +orbital minus the number of electrons in +an + + align:start position:0% +an + + + align:start position:0% +an +antibonding + + align:start position:0% +antibonding + + + align:start position:0% +antibonding +antibonding orbital sorry this is a + + align:start position:0% +antibonding orbital sorry this is a + + + align:start position:0% +antibonding orbital sorry this is a +little bit small + + align:start position:0% +little bit small + + + align:start position:0% +little bit small +here but we'll do a bunch of them so you + + align:start position:0% +here but we'll do a bunch of them so you + + + align:start position:0% +here but we'll do a bunch of them so you +can see what this means right so now the + + align:start position:0% +can see what this means right so now the + + + align:start position:0% +can see what this means right so now the +bond order is important because the bond + + align:start position:0% +bond order is important because the bond + + + align:start position:0% +bond order is important because the bond +order of a + + align:start position:0% +order of a + + + align:start position:0% +order of a +molecule right so the bond order + + align:start position:0% +molecule right so the bond order + + + align:start position:0% +molecule right so the bond order +bond + + align:start position:0% +bond + + + align:start position:0% +bond +order if it's higher if it's higher + + align:start position:0% +order if it's higher if it's higher + + + align:start position:0% +order if it's higher if it's higher +than stronger + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Bond and it has to be greater and it has + + align:start position:0% +Bond and it has to be greater and it has + + + align:start position:0% +Bond and it has to be greater and it has +to be greater than zero for stability + + align:start position:0% +to be greater than zero for stability + + + align:start position:0% +to be greater than zero for stability +let's see let's see how that works and I + + align:start position:0% +let's see let's see how that works and I + + + align:start position:0% +let's see let's see how that works and I +mean we'll we'll see this intuitively as + + align:start position:0% +mean we'll we'll see this intuitively as + + + align:start position:0% +mean we'll we'll see this intuitively as +well as we fill these up right so if I + + align:start position:0% +well as we fill these up right so if I + + + align:start position:0% +well as we fill these up right so if I +count the bond order here oh I'm going + + align:start position:0% +count the bond order here oh I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +count the bond order here oh I'm going +to do it I don't feel like writing it + + align:start position:0% +to do it I don't feel like writing it + + + align:start position:0% +to do it I don't feel like writing it +out the Bo on this one is a half * 1 - Z + + align:start position:0% +out the Bo on this one is a half * 1 - Z + + + align:start position:0% +out the Bo on this one is a half * 1 - Z +which equals a half okay good it's a + + align:start position:0% +which equals a half okay good it's a + + + align:start position:0% +which equals a half okay good it's a +half well it's greater than zero so + + align:start position:0% +half well it's greater than zero so + + + align:start position:0% +half well it's greater than zero so +right away I know that the H2 plus + + align:start position:0% +right away I know that the H2 plus + + + align:start position:0% +right away I know that the H2 plus +molecues probably stable that's good but + + align:start position:0% +molecues probably stable that's good but + + + align:start position:0% +molecues probably stable that's good but +let's go to some more examples now let's + + align:start position:0% +let's go to some more examples now let's + + + align:start position:0% +let's go to some more examples now let's +do a few more + + align:start position:0% +do a few more + + + align:start position:0% +do a few more +all right now we're going to work our + + align:start position:0% +all right now we're going to work our + + + align:start position:0% +all right now we're going to work our +way to H2 and in this case energy is + + align:start position:0% +way to H2 and in this case energy is + + + align:start position:0% +way to H2 and in this case energy is +always going up in these + + align:start position:0% +always going up in these + + + align:start position:0% +always going up in these +diagrams now each of these H atoms is + + align:start position:0% +diagrams now each of these H atoms is + + + align:start position:0% +diagrams now each of these H atoms is +bringing an electron there's no charge + + align:start position:0% +bringing an electron there's no charge + + + align:start position:0% +bringing an electron there's no charge +to the system and so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now different quantum numbers + + align:start position:0% +now different quantum numbers + + + align:start position:0% +now different quantum numbers +po different Quantum but same Sigma + + align:start position:0% +po different Quantum but same Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +po different Quantum but same Sigma +right and so now that's the H2 now the B + + align:start position:0% +right and so now that's the H2 now the B + + + align:start position:0% +right and so now that's the H2 now the B +the bond order + + align:start position:0% +the bond order + + + align:start position:0% +the bond order +here is equal to + + align:start position:0% +here is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +here is equal to +one right I didn't have any electrons in + + align:start position:0% +one right I didn't have any electrons in + + + align:start position:0% +one right I didn't have any electrons in +an anti-bonding orbital all but you know + + align:start position:0% +an anti-bonding orbital all but you know + + + align:start position:0% +an anti-bonding orbital all but you know +what's coming I'm going to do h2+ next + + align:start position:0% +what's coming I'm going to do h2+ next + + + align:start position:0% +what's coming I'm going to do h2+ next +and here what you're going to see is + + align:start position:0% +and here what you're going to see is + + + align:start position:0% +and here what you're going to see is +okay if I were Let's do let's just put + + align:start position:0% +okay if I were Let's do let's just put + + + align:start position:0% +okay if I were Let's do let's just put +it here for comparison in real time if I + + align:start position:0% +it here for comparison in real time if I + + + align:start position:0% +it here for comparison in real time if I +were + + align:start position:0% +were + + + align:start position:0% +were +H2 each of these would be the AO + + align:start position:0% +H2 each of these would be the AO + + + align:start position:0% +H2 each of these would be the AO +occupation of an H atom + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right and but since I'm H E2 plus one of + + align:start position:0% +right and but since I'm H E2 plus one of + + + align:start position:0% +right and but since I'm H E2 plus one of +them is missing an electron so this is + + align:start position:0% +them is missing an electron so this is + + + align:start position:0% +them is missing an electron so this is +what you're going to see these are both + + align:start position:0% +what you're going to see these are both + + + align:start position:0% +what you're going to see these are both +H atoms still but one of them is is Plus + + align:start position:0% +H atoms still but one of them is is Plus + + + align:start position:0% +H atoms still but one of them is is Plus +in this picture and but see now okay + + align:start position:0% +in this picture and but see now okay + + + align:start position:0% +in this picture and but see now okay +I've got three electrons they're going + + align:start position:0% +I've got three electrons they're going + + + align:start position:0% +I've got three electrons they're going +to go here I've got to put it one up + + align:start position:0% +to go here I've got to put it one up + + + align:start position:0% +to go here I've got to put it one up +here I have to cuz I had three I got to + + align:start position:0% +here I have to cuz I had three I got to + + + align:start position:0% +here I have to cuz I had three I got to +keep on filling + + align:start position:0% +keep on filling + + + align:start position:0% +keep on filling +just like in an atom but now I'm filling + + align:start position:0% +just like in an atom but now I'm filling + + + align:start position:0% +just like in an atom but now I'm filling +bonding and anti-bonding orbitals right + + align:start position:0% +bonding and anti-bonding orbitals right + + + align:start position:0% +bonding and anti-bonding orbitals right +and here I've got this and two up + + align:start position:0% +and here I've got this and two up + + + align:start position:0% +and here I've got this and two up +there so if you look at the bond order + + align:start position:0% +there so if you look at the bond order + + + align:start position:0% +there so if you look at the bond order +here the bond order is still + + align:start position:0% +here the bond order is still + + + align:start position:0% +here the bond order is still +positive here the bond order is zero and + + align:start position:0% +positive here the bond order is zero and + + + align:start position:0% +positive here the bond order is zero and +in fact that's why H2 is not a stable + + align:start position:0% +in fact that's why H2 is not a stable + + + align:start position:0% +in fact that's why H2 is not a stable +molecule because you're putting just as + + align:start position:0% +molecule because you're putting just as + + + align:start position:0% +molecule because you're putting just as +much charge on this thing that wants to + + align:start position:0% +much charge on this thing that wants to + + + align:start position:0% +much charge on this thing that wants to +bond it as you are on this thing that + + align:start position:0% +bond it as you are on this thing that + + + align:start position:0% +bond it as you are on this thing that +doesn't want to bond + + align:start position:0% +doesn't want to bond + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't want to bond +it and at the end of the day it leads to + + align:start position:0% +it and at the end of the day it leads to + + + align:start position:0% +it and at the end of the day it leads to +a molecule that is not stable so that + + align:start position:0% +a molecule that is not stable so that + + + align:start position:0% +a molecule that is not stable so that +would be H2 but H2 plus has a bond order + + align:start position:0% +would be H2 but H2 plus has a bond order + + + align:start position:0% +would be H2 but H2 plus has a bond order +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +similar right that's similar did I get + + align:start position:0% +similar right that's similar did I get + + + align:start position:0% +similar right that's similar did I get +something wrong + + align:start position:0% +something wrong + + + align:start position:0% +something wrong +h2+ + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +12 okay + + align:start position:0% +12 okay + + + align:start position:0% +12 okay +now because the this weakened it right + + align:start position:0% +now because the this weakened it right + + + align:start position:0% +now because the this weakened it right +this weakened the the molecule compared + + align:start position:0% +this weakened the the molecule compared + + + align:start position:0% +this weakened the the molecule compared +to this because now I added charge to an + + align:start position:0% +to this because now I added charge to an + + + align:start position:0% +to this because now I added charge to an +anti-bonding orbital so you would expect + + align:start position:0% +anti-bonding orbital so you would expect + + + align:start position:0% +anti-bonding orbital so you would expect +from the bond order that this one is + + align:start position:0% +from the bond order that this one is + + + align:start position:0% +from the bond order that this one is +more stable than this and in fact this + + align:start position:0% +more stable than this and in fact this + + + align:start position:0% +more stable than this and in fact this +what you find right the H2 molecule has + + align:start position:0% +what you find right the H2 molecule has + + + align:start position:0% +what you find right the H2 molecule has +a stronger bonding energy now we can + + align:start position:0% +a stronger bonding energy now we can + + + align:start position:0% +a stronger bonding energy now we can +write the molecular orbital + + align:start position:0% +write the molecular orbital + + + align:start position:0% +write the molecular orbital +configurations just like we did with the + + align:start position:0% +configurations just like we did with the + + + align:start position:0% +configurations just like we did with the +atomic orbital + + align:start position:0% +atomic orbital + + + align:start position:0% +atomic orbital +configurations okay and so like for here + + align:start position:0% +configurations okay and so like for here + + + align:start position:0% +configurations okay and so like for here +ah right so for this case + + align:start position:0% +ah right so for this case + + + align:start position:0% +ah right so for this case +I'm going to write it up top if I can so + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to write it up top if I can so + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to write it up top if I can so +here we would have Sigma 1 s and we're + + align:start position:0% +here we would have Sigma 1 s and we're + + + align:start position:0% +here we would have Sigma 1 s and we're +populating it with Ah that's not my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example this is my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example Sigma 1s is the orbital and + + align:start position:0% +example Sigma 1s is the orbital and + + + align:start position:0% +example Sigma 1s is the orbital and +we're populating it with one electron + + align:start position:0% +we're populating it with one electron + + + align:start position:0% +we're populating it with one electron +right so that's how we would write that + + align:start position:0% +right so that's how we would write that + + + align:start position:0% +right so that's how we would write that +now if we go to the next examples we + + align:start position:0% +now if we go to the next examples we + + + align:start position:0% +now if we go to the next examples we +would have this one is this molecule you + + align:start position:0% +would have this one is this molecule you + + + align:start position:0% +would have this one is this molecule you +would write as Sigma 1 S2 so this would + + align:start position:0% +would write as Sigma 1 S2 so this would + + + align:start position:0% +would write as Sigma 1 S2 so this would +be Sigma 1 S 2 and oh now I've got Sigma + + align:start position:0% +be Sigma 1 S 2 and oh now I've got Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +be Sigma 1 S 2 and oh now I've got Sigma +1s 2 oh this is getting interesting + + align:start position:0% +1s 2 oh this is getting interesting + + + align:start position:0% +1s 2 oh this is getting interesting +because now it's Sigma star 1 s one + + align:start position:0% +because now it's Sigma star 1 s one + + + align:start position:0% +because now it's Sigma star 1 s one +everybody see that right I populate this + + align:start position:0% +everybody see that right I populate this + + + align:start position:0% +everybody see that right I populate this +just like spb + + align:start position:0% +just like spb + + + align:start position:0% +just like spb +but now I'm just filling those MOS up + + align:start position:0% +but now I'm just filling those MOS up + + + align:start position:0% +but now I'm just filling those MOS up +and I'm I'm showing you what the + + align:start position:0% +and I'm I'm showing you what the + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm I'm showing you what the +molecular configuration + + align:start position:0% +molecular configuration + + + align:start position:0% +molecular configuration +is with those molecular orbital names + + align:start position:0% +is with those molecular orbital names + + + align:start position:0% +is with those molecular orbital names +Sigma 1 s Sigma 1 s star okay good now + + align:start position:0% +Sigma 1 s Sigma 1 s star okay good now + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma 1 s Sigma 1 s star okay good now +we can keep + + align:start position:0% +we can keep + + + align:start position:0% +we can keep +going we could do this all + + align:start position:0% +going we could do this all + + + align:start position:0% +going we could do this all +day um actually we kind of will but + + align:start position:0% +day um actually we kind of will but + + + align:start position:0% +day um actually we kind of will but +we're going to move on don't worry from + + align:start position:0% +we're going to move on don't worry from + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to move on don't worry from +Sigma um let's see let me go over + + align:start position:0% +Sigma um let's see let me go over + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma um let's see let me go over +here there's another concept that I want + + align:start position:0% +here there's another concept that I want + + + align:start position:0% +here there's another concept that I want +you to know about Mo Theory + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so if you know so if I kept + + align:start position:0% +so if you know so if I kept + + + align:start position:0% +so if you know so if I kept +going I could have for example uh let's + + align:start position:0% +going I could have for example uh let's + + + align:start position:0% +going I could have for example uh let's +do lithium okay so now lithium 1 s oh + + align:start position:0% +do lithium okay so now lithium 1 s oh + + + align:start position:0% +do lithium okay so now lithium 1 s oh +2s lithium brings this what does it + + align:start position:0% +2s lithium brings this what does it + + + align:start position:0% +2s lithium brings this what does it +bring it brings three electrons and over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here 1 s and + + align:start position:0% +here 1 s and + + + align:start position:0% +here 1 s and +2 S three electrons so this would be the + + align:start position:0% +2 S three electrons so this would be the + + + align:start position:0% +2 S three electrons so this would be the +lithium dier and but I want to make an + + align:start position:0% +lithium dier and but I want to make an + + + align:start position:0% +lithium dier and but I want to make an +important when + + align:start position:0% +important when + + + align:start position:0% +important when +you would draw this one here's how I + + align:start position:0% +you would draw this one here's how I + + + align:start position:0% +you would draw this one here's how I +would draw it whereas when I would draw + + align:start position:0% +would draw it whereas when I would draw + + + align:start position:0% +would draw it whereas when I would draw +this one I would draw it like + + align:start position:0% +this one I would draw it like + + + align:start position:0% +this one I would draw it like +this okay now those are supposed to be + + align:start position:0% +this okay now those are supposed to be + + + align:start position:0% +this okay now those are supposed to be +the same spacing I'll tell you in a + + align:start position:0% +the same spacing I'll tell you in a + + + align:start position:0% +the same spacing I'll tell you in a +second um the this notice that the + + align:start position:0% +second um the this notice that the + + + align:start position:0% +second um the this notice that the +distance here between the bonding and + + align:start position:0% +distance here between the bonding and + + + align:start position:0% +distance here between the bonding and +antibonding orbital is larger than than + + align:start position:0% +antibonding orbital is larger than than + + + align:start position:0% +antibonding orbital is larger than than +it is + + align:start position:0% +it is + + + align:start position:0% +it is +here the reason is because it's related + + align:start position:0% +here the reason is because it's related + + + align:start position:0% +here the reason is because it's related +to the overlap so there's another point + + align:start position:0% +to the overlap so there's another point + + + align:start position:0% +to the overlap so there's another point +which is that the + + align:start position:0% +which is that the + + + align:start position:0% +which is that the +overlap of + + align:start position:0% +overlap of + + + align:start position:0% +overlap of +AOS + + align:start position:0% +AOS + + + align:start position:0% +AOS +is related so the let's TR the greater + + align:start position:0% +is related so the let's TR the greater + + + align:start position:0% +is related so the let's TR the greater +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +greater the overlap of AOS the + + align:start position:0% +greater the overlap of AOS the + + + align:start position:0% +greater the overlap of AOS the +greater + + align:start position:0% +greater + + + align:start position:0% +greater +the change in energy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +between bonding and anti-bonding + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +orbitals + + align:start position:0% +orbitals + + + align:start position:0% +orbitals +ah between bonding and anti-bonding + + align:start position:0% +ah between bonding and anti-bonding + + + align:start position:0% +ah between bonding and anti-bonding +orbitals and let's be clear those are + + align:start position:0% +orbitals and let's be clear those are + + + align:start position:0% +orbitals and let's be clear those are +molecular well you can see like if I'm + + align:start position:0% +molecular well you can see like if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +molecular well you can see like if I'm +lithium those 1 s's aren't going to + + align:start position:0% +lithium those 1 s's aren't going to + + + align:start position:0% +lithium those 1 s's aren't going to +overlap too much right they're kind of + + align:start position:0% +overlap too much right they're kind of + + + align:start position:0% +overlap too much right they're kind of +close to the core so you do getos there + + align:start position:0% +close to the core so you do getos there + + + align:start position:0% +close to the core so you do getos there +but the the difference that you get + + align:start position:0% +but the the difference that you get + + + align:start position:0% +but the the difference that you get +depends on how much these electrons are + + align:start position:0% +depends on how much these electrons are + + + align:start position:0% +depends on how much these electrons are +near in energy and + + align:start position:0% +near in energy and + + + align:start position:0% +near in energy and +overlapping right so so the 2s can + + align:start position:0% +overlapping right so so the 2s can + + + align:start position:0% +overlapping right so so the 2s can +overlap a lot + + align:start position:0% +overlap a lot + + + align:start position:0% +overlap a lot +more okay now if I were to fill this up + + align:start position:0% +more okay now if I were to fill this up + + + align:start position:0% +more okay now if I were to fill this up +we would get something like + + align:start position:0% +we would get something like + + + align:start position:0% +we would get something like +this it's all these Sigma 1 s's oh Sigma + + align:start position:0% +this it's all these Sigma 1 s's oh Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +this it's all these Sigma 1 s's oh Sigma +1s what do you think these are + + align:start position:0% +1s what do you think these are + + + align:start position:0% +1s what do you think these are +called Sigma 2s + + align:start position:0% +called Sigma 2s + + + align:start position:0% +called Sigma 2s +Sigma 2s Sigma 2s and this okay this is + + align:start position:0% +Sigma 2s Sigma 2s and this okay this is + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma 2s Sigma 2s and this okay this is +getting a little bit I'm going to draw + + align:start position:0% +getting a little bit I'm going to draw + + + align:start position:0% +getting a little bit I'm going to draw +this out here that's the sigma 1 s + + align:start position:0% +this out here that's the sigma 1 s + + + align:start position:0% +this out here that's the sigma 1 s +Star right and this would be the sigma 2 + + align:start position:0% +Star right and this would be the sigma 2 + + + align:start position:0% +Star right and this would be the sigma 2 +s star well what am I going to occupy + + align:start position:0% +s star well what am I going to occupy + + + align:start position:0% +s star well what am I going to occupy +well how many electrons do I have to + + align:start position:0% +well how many electrons do I have to + + + align:start position:0% +well how many electrons do I have to +pour into the molecular + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +orbitals lithium lithium 2 is stable + + align:start position:0% +orbitals lithium lithium 2 is stable + + + align:start position:0% +orbitals lithium lithium 2 is stable +because its bond order is you see bond + + align:start position:0% +because its bond order is you see bond + + + align:start position:0% +because its bond order is you see bond +order number of electrons in bonding + + align:start position:0% +order number of electrons in bonding + + + align:start position:0% +order number of electrons in bonding +orbitals 1 2 3 4 minus number of + + align:start position:0% +orbitals 1 2 3 4 minus number of + + + align:start position:0% +orbitals 1 2 3 4 minus number of +electrons in antibonding or minus one + + align:start position:0% +electrons in antibonding or minus one + + + align:start position:0% +electrons in antibonding or minus one +2ide by two so the lithium dimer bonding + + align:start position:0% +2ide by two so the lithium dimer bonding + + + align:start position:0% +2ide by two so the lithium dimer bonding +order is + + align:start position:0% +order is + + + align:start position:0% +order is +one right and then you can go on and you + + align:start position:0% +one right and then you can go on and you + + + align:start position:0% +one right and then you can go on and you +can say well if I had burum I'd have + + align:start position:0% +can say well if I had burum I'd have + + + align:start position:0% +can say well if I had burum I'd have +another electron here and here and I'd + + align:start position:0% +another electron here and here and I'd + + + align:start position:0% +another electron here and here and I'd +fill those anti-bonding orbitals up + + align:start position:0% +fill those anti-bonding orbitals up + + + align:start position:0% +fill those anti-bonding orbitals up +again like in the H2 dier and I would + + align:start position:0% +again like in the H2 dier and I would + + + align:start position:0% +again like in the H2 dier and I would +have again an unstable molecule which is + + align:start position:0% +have again an unstable molecule which is + + + align:start position:0% +have again an unstable molecule which is +in fact true okay this is sort of the + + align:start position:0% +in fact true okay this is sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +in fact true okay this is sort of the +simplest way you can think about + + align:start position:0% +simplest way you can think about + + + align:start position:0% +simplest way you can think about +molecular orbital Theory because it's + + align:start position:0% +molecular orbital Theory because it's + + + align:start position:0% +molecular orbital Theory because it's +the simplest orbital but you can go you + + align:start position:0% +the simplest orbital but you can go you + + + align:start position:0% +the simplest orbital but you can go you +can you can spend the whole night and it + + align:start position:0% +can you can spend the whole night and it + + + align:start position:0% +can you can spend the whole night and it +is a + + align:start position:0% +is a + + + align:start position:0% +is a +Friday what else do you have this is + + align:start position:0% +Friday what else do you have this is + + + align:start position:0% +Friday what else do you have this is +what you do on a + + align:start position:0% +what you do on a + + + align:start position:0% +what you do on a +f after I watch Dr Quantum I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +f after I watch Dr Quantum I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +f after I watch Dr Quantum I'm going to +just add every single one of these with + + align:start position:0% +just add every single one of these with + + + align:start position:0% +just add every single one of these with +every single one it's finite it's not + + align:start position:0% +every single one it's finite it's not + + + align:start position:0% +every single one it's finite it's not +going to take + + align:start position:0% +going to take + + + align:start position:0% +going to take +forever let's just do p so okay now with + + align:start position:0% +forever let's just do p so okay now with + + + align:start position:0% +forever let's just do p so okay now with +P orbitals there's something interesting + + align:start position:0% +P orbitals there's something interesting + + + align:start position:0% +P orbitals there's something interesting +that happens because now that that sign + + align:start position:0% +that happens because now that that sign + + + align:start position:0% +that happens because now that that sign +you see how the P has a plus and a minus + + align:start position:0% +you see how the P has a plus and a minus + + + align:start position:0% +you see how the P has a plus and a minus +right and so you got to kind of think + + align:start position:0% +right and so you got to kind of think + + + align:start position:0% +right and so you got to kind of think +about that a little + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bit okay if I take a p + + align:start position:0% +bit okay if I take a p + + + align:start position:0% +bit okay if I take a p +orbital and I'm going to take + + align:start position:0% +orbital and I'm going to take + + + align:start position:0% +orbital and I'm going to take +a I'm going to do it like this minus + + align:start position:0% +a I'm going to do it like this minus + + + align:start position:0% +a I'm going to do it like this minus +plus and I'm going to add it to a p + + align:start position:0% +plus and I'm going to add it to a p + + + align:start position:0% +plus and I'm going to add it to a p +orbital that looks like this and notice + + align:start position:0% +orbital that looks like this and notice + + + align:start position:0% +orbital that looks like this and notice +I'm taking these and I'm adding them + + align:start position:0% +I'm taking these and I'm adding them + + + align:start position:0% +I'm taking these and I'm adding them +along + + align:start position:0% +along + + + align:start position:0% +along +an axis where they're kind of both along + + align:start position:0% +an axis where they're kind of both along + + + align:start position:0% +an axis where they're kind of both along +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +axis right they're both along the axis + + align:start position:0% +axis right they're both along the axis + + + align:start position:0% +axis right they're both along the axis +and by convention by convention you know + + align:start position:0% +and by convention by convention you know + + + align:start position:0% +and by convention by convention you know +we'll do the pz as the one along the + + align:start position:0% +we'll do the pz as the one along the + + + align:start position:0% +we'll do the pz as the one along the +axis remember there's PX py and pz when + + align:start position:0% +axis remember there's PX py and pz when + + + align:start position:0% +axis remember there's PX py and pz when +we solve for the P orbitals right those + + align:start position:0% +we solve for the P orbitals right those + + + align:start position:0% +we solve for the P orbitals right those +are the M's those are the M's right 1 Z + + align:start position:0% +are the M's those are the M's right 1 Z + + + align:start position:0% +are the M's those are the M's right 1 Z +minus one now by convention we put the + + align:start position:0% +minus one now by convention we put the + + + align:start position:0% +minus one now by convention we put the +pz along the bonding axis and and you + + align:start position:0% +pz along the bonding axis and and you + + + align:start position:0% +pz along the bonding axis and and you +can see right away you know so if I do + + align:start position:0% +can see right away you know so if I do + + + align:start position:0% +can see right away you know so if I do +this well I'm going to start adding + + align:start position:0% +this well I'm going to start adding + + + align:start position:0% +this well I'm going to start adding +these wave functions constructively and + + align:start position:0% +these wave functions constructively and + + + align:start position:0% +these wave functions constructively and +what you're going to get is let's see if + + align:start position:0% +what you're going to get is let's see if + + + align:start position:0% +what you're going to get is let's see if +I can draw this is something that looks + + align:start position:0% +I can draw this is something that looks + + + align:start position:0% +I can draw this is something that looks +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +that and where this is actually going to + + align:start position:0% +that and where this is actually going to + + + align:start position:0% +that and where this is actually going to +be plus and this is minus and notice + + align:start position:0% +be plus and this is minus and notice + + + align:start position:0% +be plus and this is minus and notice +that going to have nodes in there right + + align:start position:0% +that going to have nodes in there right + + + align:start position:0% +that going to have nodes in there right +I had nodes in the original orbitals but + + align:start position:0% +I had nodes in the original orbitals but + + + align:start position:0% +I had nodes in the original orbitals but +I got a lot of bonding in between I got + + align:start position:0% +I got a lot of bonding in between I got + + + align:start position:0% +I got a lot of bonding in between I got +a lot of bonding density in between that + + align:start position:0% +a lot of bonding density in between that + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of bonding density in between that +is a bonding + + align:start position:0% +is a bonding + + + align:start position:0% +is a bonding +orbital that is a bonding orbital and + + align:start position:0% +orbital that is a bonding orbital and + + + align:start position:0% +orbital that is a bonding orbital and +and the other thing we see about this is + + align:start position:0% +and the other thing we see about this is + + + align:start position:0% +and the other thing we see about this is +that it is symmetric around that bonding + + align:start position:0% +that it is symmetric around that bonding + + + align:start position:0% +that it is symmetric around that bonding +axis so it's actually a sigma pz orbital + + align:start position:0% +axis so it's actually a sigma pz orbital + + + align:start position:0% +axis so it's actually a sigma pz orbital +it's a sigma we call it a sigma because + + align:start position:0% +it's a sigma we call it a sigma because + + + align:start position:0% +it's a sigma we call it a sigma because +it's symmetric around the bonding axis + + align:start position:0% +it's symmetric around the bonding axis + + + align:start position:0% +it's symmetric around the bonding axis +now if I were to take a px oh well let's + + align:start position:0% +now if I were to take a px oh well let's + + + align:start position:0% +now if I were to take a px oh well let's +actually let's subtract these okay so + + align:start position:0% +actually let's subtract these okay so + + + align:start position:0% +actually let's subtract these okay so +minus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plusus now what you is something very + + align:start position:0% +plusus now what you is something very + + + align:start position:0% +plusus now what you is something very +different right so now oh boy can I draw + + align:start position:0% +different right so now oh boy can I draw + + + align:start position:0% +different right so now oh boy can I draw +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +maybe I don't know okay I'll take that + + align:start position:0% +maybe I don't know okay I'll take that + + + align:start position:0% +maybe I don't know okay I'll take that +right and so now you see so I I'm + + align:start position:0% +right and so now you see so I I'm + + + align:start position:0% +right and so now you see so I I'm +subtracting these and so the density + + align:start position:0% +subtracting these and so the density + + + align:start position:0% +subtracting these and so the density +goes down and now you're going to get + + align:start position:0% +goes down and now you're going to get + + + align:start position:0% +goes down and now you're going to get +minus minus right plus plus but but i' + + align:start position:0% +minus minus right plus plus but but i' + + + align:start position:0% +minus minus right plus plus but but i' +I've reduced the electron density and + + align:start position:0% +I've reduced the electron density and + + + align:start position:0% +I've reduced the electron density and +even worse I'm back to that situation + + align:start position:0% +even worse I'm back to that situation + + + align:start position:0% +even worse I'm back to that situation +where right in between where I want to + + align:start position:0% +where right in between where I want to + + + align:start position:0% +where right in between where I want to +share the most I'm saying no no + + align:start position:0% +share the most I'm saying no no + + + align:start position:0% +share the most I'm saying no no +probability density there and that's an + + align:start position:0% +probability density there and that's an + + + align:start position:0% +probability density there and that's an +anti-bonding Sigma p orbital so this + + align:start position:0% +anti-bonding Sigma p orbital so this + + + align:start position:0% +anti-bonding Sigma p orbital so this +would be Sigma star pz okay Sigma star + + align:start position:0% +would be Sigma star pz okay Sigma star + + + align:start position:0% +would be Sigma star pz okay Sigma star +pz now the other thing that you can do + + align:start position:0% +pz now the other thing that you can do + + + align:start position:0% +pz now the other thing that you can do +is look at the the other directions + + align:start position:0% +is look at the the other directions + + + align:start position:0% +is look at the the other directions +right and so I'll just take one of those + + align:start position:0% +right and so I'll just take one of those + + + align:start position:0% +right and so I'll just take one of those +really quick and if you do that you see + + align:start position:0% +really quick and if you do that you see + + + align:start position:0% +really quick and if you do that you see +something different right so now let's + + align:start position:0% +something different right so now let's + + + align:start position:0% +something different right so now let's +combine these like this by the way some + + align:start position:0% +combine these like this by the way some + + + align:start position:0% +combine these like this by the way some +textbooks yeah we're adding and + + align:start position:0% +textbooks yeah we're adding and + + + align:start position:0% +textbooks yeah we're adding and +subtracting we constructively + + align:start position:0% +subtracting we constructively + + + align:start position:0% +subtracting we constructively +interfering and destructively + + align:start position:0% +interfering and destructively + + + align:start position:0% +interfering and destructively +interfering yeah so sometimes you'll see + + align:start position:0% +interfering yeah so sometimes you'll see + + + align:start position:0% +interfering yeah so sometimes you'll see +a text add like this or add the other + + align:start position:0% +a text add like this or add the other + + + align:start position:0% +a text add like this or add the other +way which is subtracting like this do + + align:start position:0% +way which is subtracting like this do + + + align:start position:0% +way which is subtracting like this do +the same thing right you can decide how + + align:start position:0% +the same thing right you can decide how + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing right you can decide how +you want to orient it but we're adding + + align:start position:0% +you want to orient it but we're adding + + + align:start position:0% +you want to orient it but we're adding +and subtracting constructively and + + align:start position:0% +and subtracting constructively and + + + align:start position:0% +and subtracting constructively and +destructively that's what we're doing so + + align:start position:0% +destructively that's what we're doing so + + + align:start position:0% +destructively that's what we're doing so +I'm going to choose to add it like this + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to choose to add it like this + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to choose to add it like this +because then you can see if I do this + + align:start position:0% +because then you can see if I do this + + + align:start position:0% +because then you can see if I do this +then those are going to have some kind + + align:start position:0% +then those are going to have some kind + + + align:start position:0% +then those are going to have some kind +of overlap right + + align:start position:0% +of overlap right + + + align:start position:0% +of overlap right +those are going to have some overlap of + + align:start position:0% +those are going to have some overlap of + + + align:start position:0% +those are going to have some overlap of +plus up here and some overlap of minus + + align:start position:0% +plus up here and some overlap of minus + + + align:start position:0% +plus up here and some overlap of minus +up down there and that is called a pi + + align:start position:0% +up down there and that is called a pi + + + align:start position:0% +up down there and that is called a pi +orbital yeah yeah but if I subtracted + + align:start position:0% +orbital yeah yeah but if I subtracted + + + align:start position:0% +orbital yeah yeah but if I subtracted +them then what you would see is + + align:start position:0% +them then what you would see is + + + align:start position:0% +them then what you would see is +something that looks more like this + + align:start position:0% +something that looks more like this + + + align:start position:0% +something that looks more like this +where you got that node in between again + + align:start position:0% +where you got that node in between again + + + align:start position:0% +where you got that node in between again +right and this would be a pi + + align:start position:0% +right and this would be a pi + + + align:start position:0% +right and this would be a pi +star orbital this would be for like PX + + align:start position:0% +star orbital this would be for like PX + + + align:start position:0% +star orbital this would be for like PX +orbitals now notice these cannot be + + align:start position:0% +orbitals now notice these cannot be + + + align:start position:0% +orbitals now notice these cannot be +sigmas + + align:start position:0% +sigmas + + + align:start position:0% +sigmas +because the pi orbital is not symmetric + + align:start position:0% +because the pi orbital is not symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +because the pi orbital is not symmetric +around the bonding axis okay these + + align:start position:0% +around the bonding axis okay these + + + align:start position:0% +around the bonding axis okay these +cannot be + + align:start position:0% +cannot be + + + align:start position:0% +cannot be +sigmas but that's why we have another + + align:start position:0% +sigmas but that's why we have another + + + align:start position:0% +sigmas but that's why we have another +symbol for them luckily we've got a lot + + align:start position:0% +symbol for them luckily we've got a lot + + + align:start position:0% +symbol for them luckily we've got a lot +of symbols and the chemists are geniuses + + align:start position:0% +of symbols and the chemists are geniuses + + + align:start position:0% +of symbols and the chemists are geniuses +at naming things and so these are called + + align:start position:0% +at naming things and so these are called + + + align:start position:0% +at naming things and so these are called +Pi orbitals and as you can see that you + + align:start position:0% +Pi orbitals and as you can see that you + + + align:start position:0% +Pi orbitals and as you can see that you +know okay I use I have three p orbitals + + align:start position:0% +know okay I use I have three p orbitals + + + align:start position:0% +know okay I use I have three p orbitals +one was I put it along the axis and then + + align:start position:0% +one was I put it along the axis and then + + + align:start position:0% +one was I put it along the axis and then +I've got two going you know + + align:start position:0% +I've got two going you know + + + align:start position:0% +I've got two going you know +perpendicular in the other plane and + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular in the other plane and + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular in the other plane and +this is one of them and then the other + + align:start position:0% +this is one of them and then the other + + + align:start position:0% +this is one of them and then the other +one would be you know the other one one + + align:start position:0% +one would be you know the other one one + + + align:start position:0% +one would be you know the other one one +p py so as you can see I'm going to have + + align:start position:0% +p py so as you can see I'm going to have + + + align:start position:0% +p py so as you can see I'm going to have +a sigma a sigma + + align:start position:0% +a sigma a sigma + + + align:start position:0% +a sigma a sigma +star two Pi orbitals and two Pi star + + align:start position:0% +star two Pi orbitals and two Pi star + + + align:start position:0% +star two Pi orbitals and two Pi star +orbitals right and then what we got to + + align:start position:0% +orbitals right and then what we got to + + + align:start position:0% +orbitals right and then what we got to +do is we got to put them on our energy + + align:start position:0% +do is we got to put them on our energy + + + align:start position:0% +do is we got to put them on our energy +scale and instead of going through + + align:start position:0% +scale and instead of going through + + + align:start position:0% +scale and instead of going through +drawing it all saving myself a few + + align:start position:0% +drawing it all saving myself a few + + + align:start position:0% +drawing it all saving myself a few +minutes here I'll show it to you right + + align:start position:0% +minutes here I'll show it to you right + + + align:start position:0% +minutes here I'll show it to you right +so there's the energy scale and oh + + align:start position:0% +so there's the energy scale and oh + + + align:start position:0% +so there's the energy scale and oh +they're pointing out the nodes isn't + + align:start position:0% +they're pointing out the nodes isn't + + + align:start position:0% +they're pointing out the nodes isn't +that beautiful you can see right here I + + align:start position:0% +that beautiful you can see right here I + + + align:start position:0% +that beautiful you can see right here I +had they're not saying what molecule + + align:start position:0% +had they're not saying what molecule + + + align:start position:0% +had they're not saying what molecule +this is yet this is a 2p + + align:start position:0% +this is yet this is a 2p + + + align:start position:0% +this is yet this is a 2p +orbital and and it's pointing along the + + align:start position:0% +orbital and and it's pointing along the + + + align:start position:0% +orbital and and it's pointing along the +same Bond axis right as the other one so + + align:start position:0% +same Bond axis right as the other one so + + + align:start position:0% +same Bond axis right as the other one so +this is going to be a sigma p orbital + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be a sigma p orbital + + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be a sigma p orbital +this is a sigma p orbital you can see + + align:start position:0% +this is a sigma p orbital you can see + + + align:start position:0% +this is a sigma p orbital you can see +that and there's a sigma Star right good + + align:start position:0% +that and there's a sigma Star right good + + + align:start position:0% +that and there's a sigma Star right good +now if I go to that there's the next one + + align:start position:0% +now if I go to that there's the next one + + + align:start position:0% +now if I go to that there's the next one +there's a pi orbital and you get the + + align:start position:0% +there's a pi orbital and you get the + + + align:start position:0% +there's a pi orbital and you get the +same exact effect you got a lowering of + + align:start position:0% +same exact effect you got a lowering of + + + align:start position:0% +same exact effect you got a lowering of +the energy because you're putting + + align:start position:0% +the energy because you're putting + + + align:start position:0% +the energy because you're putting +electrons on the bond and a raising of + + align:start position:0% +electrons on the bond and a raising of + + + align:start position:0% +electrons on the bond and a raising of +the energy because you're taking them + + align:start position:0% +the energy because you're taking them + + + align:start position:0% +the energy because you're taking them +away + + align:start position:0% +away + + + align:start position:0% +away +right and that's what it looks like for + + align:start position:0% +right and that's what it looks like for + + + align:start position:0% +right and that's what it looks like for +the pi orbital and we can put it all + + align:start position:0% +the pi orbital and we can put it all + + + align:start position:0% +the pi orbital and we can put it all +together and if you put it all together + + align:start position:0% +together and if you put it all together + + + align:start position:0% +together and if you put it all together +what I want to do is put it together for + + align:start position:0% +what I want to do is put it together for + + + align:start position:0% +what I want to do is put it together for +O2 and then show you a video and then do + + align:start position:0% +O2 and then show you a video and then do + + + align:start position:0% +O2 and then show you a video and then do +my why this + + align:start position:0% +my why this + + + align:start position:0% +my why this +matters now if you um put this together + + align:start position:0% +matters now if you um put this together + + + align:start position:0% +matters now if you um put this together +I'm going to show + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to show + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to show +you the system for oxygen and nitrogen + + align:start position:0% +you the system for oxygen and nitrogen + + + align:start position:0% +you the system for oxygen and nitrogen +okay and then we'll do one a couple + + align:start position:0% +okay and then we'll do one a couple + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then we'll do one a couple +other cases too but we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +other cases too but we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +other cases too but we're going to do +oxygen first so if I take + + align:start position:0% +oxygen first so if I take + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen first so if I take +oxygen then I've got my two I'm I'm not + + align:start position:0% +oxygen then I've got my two I'm I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen then I've got my two I'm I'm not +even going to write one s anymore that's + + align:start position:0% +even going to write one s anymore that's + + + align:start position:0% +even going to write one s anymore that's +way down in energy is not really + + align:start position:0% +way down in energy is not really + + + align:start position:0% +way down in energy is not really +involved in the bonding I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +involved in the bonding I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +involved in the bonding I'm going to +leave it out but I've got my + + align:start position:0% +leave it out but I've got my + + + align:start position:0% +leave it out but I've got my +oxygen 1s oxygen 1s okay good so those + + align:start position:0% +oxygen 1s oxygen 1s okay good so those + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen 1s oxygen 1s okay good so those +are going to come in and form molecular + + align:start position:0% +are going to come in and form molecular + + + align:start position:0% +are going to come in and form molecular +orbitals like that and we know that they + + align:start position:0% +orbitals like that and we know that they + + + align:start position:0% +orbitals like that and we know that they +are all filled okay now but on now up + + align:start position:0% +are all filled okay now but on now up + + + align:start position:0% +are all filled okay now but on now up +here I've got my oxygen sorry I just + + align:start position:0% +here I've got my oxygen sorry I just + + + align:start position:0% +here I've got my oxygen sorry I just +said I wasn't going to do one s and I'm + + align:start position:0% +said I wasn't going to do one s and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +said I wasn't going to do one s and I'm +not those are two s those are 2s Sigma + + align:start position:0% +not those are two s those are 2s Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +not those are two s those are 2s Sigma +2s Sigma star + + align:start position:0% +2s Sigma star + + + align:start position:0% +2s Sigma star +2s okay good all + + align:start position:0% +2s okay good all + + + align:start position:0% +2s okay good all +right let's see now over here I start + + align:start position:0% +right let's see now over here I start + + + align:start position:0% +right let's see now over here I start +with my P's and I start with PX right PX + + align:start position:0% +with my P's and I start with PX right PX + + + align:start position:0% +with my P's and I start with PX right PX +py pz and in oxygen how many electrons + + align:start position:0% +py pz and in oxygen how many electrons + + + align:start position:0% +py pz and in oxygen how many electrons +do I have in here so it's like this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +everybody should be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +shouting was so much better that was + + align:start position:0% +shouting was so much better that was + + + align:start position:0% +shouting was so much better that was +close and then I've got him I'm not + + align:start position:0% +close and then I've got him I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +close and then I've got him I'm not +going to have enough room I've got these + + align:start position:0% +going to have enough room I've got these + + + align:start position:0% +going to have enough room I've got these +over + + align:start position:0% +over + + + align:start position:0% +over +here PX py + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pz and there is + + align:start position:0% +pz and there is + + + align:start position:0% +pz and there is +oxygen but you see now they come + + align:start position:0% +oxygen but you see now they come + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen but you see now they come +together and they form these OS and we + + align:start position:0% +together and they form these OS and we + + + align:start position:0% +together and they form these OS and we +just went over what types they are right + + align:start position:0% +just went over what types they are right + + + align:start position:0% +just went over what types they are right +there's a sigma pz orbital and there's a + + align:start position:0% +there's a sigma pz orbital and there's a + + + align:start position:0% +there's a sigma pz orbital and there's a +sigma and but the ordering is about the + + align:start position:0% +sigma and but the ordering is about the + + + align:start position:0% +sigma and but the ordering is about the +same thing that we learned which is that + + align:start position:0% +same thing that we learned which is that + + + align:start position:0% +same thing that we learned which is that +it has to do this Delta is up there this + + align:start position:0% +it has to do this Delta is up there this + + + align:start position:0% +it has to do this Delta is up there this +Delta is up there right and so in that + + align:start position:0% +Delta is up there right and so in that + + + align:start position:0% +Delta is up there right and so in that +pz for oxygen you can overlap more it it + + align:start position:0% +pz for oxygen you can overlap more it it + + + align:start position:0% +pz for oxygen you can overlap more it it +it pushes those apart more and so what + + align:start position:0% +it pushes those apart more and so what + + + align:start position:0% +it pushes those apart more and so what +you get is that the pies are inside like + + align:start position:0% +you get is that the pies are inside like + + + align:start position:0% +you get is that the pies are inside like +that the pies are + + align:start position:0% +that the pies are + + + align:start position:0% +that the pies are +inside right so this would be I'm going + + align:start position:0% +inside right so this would be I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +inside right so this would be I'm going +to I'm if I write in here it's going to + + align:start position:0% +to I'm if I write in here it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +to I'm if I write in here it's going to +get too small so I'm going to do this + + align:start position:0% +get too small so I'm going to do this + + + align:start position:0% +get too small so I'm going to do this +this would be a sigma + + align:start position:0% +this would be a sigma + + + align:start position:0% +this would be a sigma +2p Z this would be a sigma 2pz star and + + align:start position:0% +2p Z this would be a sigma 2pz star and + + + align:start position:0% +2p Z this would be a sigma 2pz star and +over here these would + + align:start position:0% +over here these would + + + align:start position:0% +over here these would +be Pi orbitals Pi uh + + align:start position:0% +be Pi orbitals Pi uh + + + align:start position:0% +be Pi orbitals Pi uh +PX pi py and these would be I almost can + + align:start position:0% +PX pi py and these would be I almost can + + + align:start position:0% +PX pi py and these would be I almost can +fit Pi star PX and Pi star + + align:start position:0% +fit Pi star PX and Pi star + + + align:start position:0% +fit Pi star PX and Pi star +py all looking like the shapes that + + align:start position:0% +py all looking like the shapes that + + + align:start position:0% +py all looking like the shapes that +we've been drawing right and then the + + align:start position:0% +we've been drawing right and then the + + + align:start position:0% +we've been drawing right and then the +filling part comes from the filling of + + align:start position:0% +filling part comes from the filling of + + + align:start position:0% +filling part comes from the filling of +the AOS right I've got my filling of the + + align:start position:0% +the AOS right I've got my filling of the + + + align:start position:0% +the AOS right I've got my filling of the +AOS here I've got the veence filling for + + align:start position:0% +AOS here I've got the veence filling for + + + align:start position:0% +AOS here I've got the veence filling for +oxygen there's a 1s down there right and + + align:start position:0% +oxygen there's a 1s down there right and + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen there's a 1s down there right and +so I've got to put four electrons from + + align:start position:0% +so I've got to put four electrons from + + + align:start position:0% +so I've got to put four electrons from +there and four electrons from here into + + align:start position:0% +there and four electrons from here into + + + align:start position:0% +there and four electrons from here into +the middle so let's do that 1 + + align:start position:0% +the middle so let's do that 1 + + + align:start position:0% +the middle so let's do that 1 +2 3 4 5 6 + + align:start position:0% +2 3 4 5 6 + + + align:start position:0% +2 3 4 5 6 + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +po + + align:start position:0% +po + + + align:start position:0% +po +po + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so for + + align:start position:0% +right so for + + + align:start position:0% +right so for +oxygen the bond order if you add it up + + align:start position:0% +oxygen the bond order if you add it up + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen the bond order if you add it up +the bo is two it's a double bond we know + + align:start position:0% +the bo is two it's a double bond we know + + + align:start position:0% +the bo is two it's a double bond we know +that oh but now we know so much more and + + align:start position:0% +that oh but now we know so much more and + + + align:start position:0% +that oh but now we know so much more and +this is what I want to make point + + align:start position:0% +this is what I want to make point + + + align:start position:0% +this is what I want to make point +that Lewis could have gotten us + + align:start position:0% +that Lewis could have gotten us + + + align:start position:0% +that Lewis could have gotten us +this but Lewis can't get us + + align:start position:0% +this but Lewis can't get us + + + align:start position:0% +this but Lewis can't get us +magnetism Lewis can't get us magnetism + + align:start position:0% +magnetism Lewis can't get us magnetism + + + align:start position:0% +magnetism Lewis can't get us magnetism +molecular orbital Theory can okay and + + align:start position:0% +molecular orbital Theory can okay and + + + align:start position:0% +molecular orbital Theory can okay and +let me show you magnetism right up close + + align:start position:0% +let me show you magnetism right up close + + + align:start position:0% +let me show you magnetism right up close +because if I take liquid nitrogen that's + + align:start position:0% +because if I take liquid nitrogen that's + + + align:start position:0% +because if I take liquid nitrogen that's +not me though and I pour it through a + + align:start position:0% +not me though and I pour it through a + + + align:start position:0% +not me though and I pour it through a +huge magnet I want that magnet so badly + + align:start position:0% +huge magnet I want that magnet so badly + + + align:start position:0% +huge magnet I want that magnet so badly +but if I did that look at that liquid + + align:start position:0% +but if I did that look at that liquid + + + align:start position:0% +but if I did that look at that liquid +nitrogen just goes right on through and + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen just goes right on through and + + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen just goes right on through and +it's really fun to do actually um and so + + align:start position:0% +it's really fun to do actually um and so + + + align:start position:0% +it's really fun to do actually um and so +but there you go there that's liquid + + align:start position:0% +but there you go there that's liquid + + + align:start position:0% +but there you go there that's liquid +nitrogen but what happens look at liquid + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen but what happens look at liquid + + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen but what happens look at liquid +oxygen liquid oxygen now you pour it + + align:start position:0% +oxygen liquid oxygen now you pour it + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen liquid oxygen now you pour it +through and the magnet holds it in place + + align:start position:0% +through and the magnet holds it in place + + + align:start position:0% +through and the magnet holds it in place +right whoo is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right there's four more things we got to + + align:start position:0% +right there's four more things we got to + + + align:start position:0% +right there's four more things we got to +cover one is paramagnetism + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +another is something called + + align:start position:0% +another is something called + + + align:start position:0% +another is something called +mixing another is what happens when you + + align:start position:0% +mixing another is what happens when you + + + align:start position:0% +mixing another is what happens when you +go heteronuclear oh yeah see what that + + align:start position:0% +go heteronuclear oh yeah see what that + + + align:start position:0% +go heteronuclear oh yeah see what that +means in a second and + + align:start position:0% +means in a second and + + + align:start position:0% +means in a second and +finally what I said I would get to which + + align:start position:0% +finally what I said I would get to which + + + align:start position:0% +finally what I said I would get to which +is non bonding which are not the same as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anti-bonding what I'm covering right now + + align:start position:0% +anti-bonding what I'm covering right now + + + align:start position:0% +anti-bonding what I'm covering right now +there is + + align:start position:0% +there is + + + align:start position:0% +there is +paramagnetism because as you saw on the + + align:start position:0% +paramagnetism because as you saw on the + + + align:start position:0% +paramagnetism because as you saw on the +exam in one of the questions we + + align:start position:0% +exam in one of the questions we + + + align:start position:0% +exam in one of the questions we +explained it we said if you got unpaired + + align:start position:0% +explained it we said if you got unpaired + + + align:start position:0% +explained it we said if you got unpaired +electrons if you got unpaired electrons + + align:start position:0% +electrons if you got unpaired electrons + + + align:start position:0% +electrons if you got unpaired electrons +then you par what does paramagnetism + + align:start position:0% +then you par what does paramagnetism + + + align:start position:0% +then you par what does paramagnetism +mean it means that if you put a huge + + align:start position:0% +mean it means that if you put a huge + + + align:start position:0% +mean it means that if you put a huge +magnet on it you respond you will feel a + + align:start position:0% +magnet on it you respond you will feel a + + + align:start position:0% +magnet on it you respond you will feel a +force from that magnetic + + align:start position:0% +force from that magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +force from that magnetic +field and so we did that in the exam we + + align:start position:0% +field and so we did that in the exam we + + + align:start position:0% +field and so we did that in the exam we +had a silicon atom because we hadn't + + align:start position:0% +had a silicon atom because we hadn't + + + align:start position:0% +had a silicon atom because we hadn't +done molecules but now we got molecules + + align:start position:0% +done molecules but now we got molecules + + + align:start position:0% +done molecules but now we got molecules +so I can tell you why that experiment + + align:start position:0% +so I can tell you why that experiment + + + align:start position:0% +so I can tell you why that experiment +happened what's happening I can tell you + + align:start position:0% +happened what's happening I can tell you + + + align:start position:0% +happened what's happening I can tell you +why the experiment + + align:start position:0% +why the experiment + + + align:start position:0% +why the experiment +happens really I didn't even know there + + align:start position:0% +happens really I didn't even know there + + + align:start position:0% +happens really I didn't even know there +was more + + align:start position:0% +was more + + + align:start position:0% +was more +um it happens because of Hun's rule + + align:start position:0% +um it happens because of Hun's rule + + + align:start position:0% +um it happens because of Hun's rule +molecular orbitals and the fact that + + align:start position:0% +molecular orbitals and the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +molecular orbitals and the fact that +I've got these two unpaired electrons in + + align:start position:0% +I've got these two unpaired electrons in + + + align:start position:0% +I've got these two unpaired electrons in +the O2 + + align:start position:0% +the O2 + + + align:start position:0% +the O2 +molecule and you know that in nitrogen + + align:start position:0% +molecule and you know that in nitrogen + + + align:start position:0% +molecule and you know that in nitrogen +those two electrons are gone because + + align:start position:0% +those two electrons are gone because + + + align:start position:0% +those two electrons are gone because +nitrogen is missing one more here and + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen is missing one more here and + + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen is missing one more here and +here so you've got two less everything's + + align:start position:0% +here so you've got two less everything's + + + align:start position:0% +here so you've got two less everything's +filled everything's filled paramagnetism + + align:start position:0% +filled everything's filled paramagnetism + + + align:start position:0% +filled everything's filled paramagnetism +now now okay speaking of magnetism I + + align:start position:0% +now now okay speaking of magnetism I + + + align:start position:0% +now now okay speaking of magnetism I +couldn't help but show you this + + align:start position:0% +couldn't help but show you this + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't help but show you this +this is diamagnetism now diamagnetism + + align:start position:0% +this is diamagnetism now diamagnetism + + + align:start position:0% +this is diamagnetism now diamagnetism +everything is filled but you still feel + + align:start position:0% +everything is filled but you still feel + + + align:start position:0% +everything is filled but you still feel +a little repulsion to a magnetic field + + align:start position:0% +a little repulsion to a magnetic field + + + align:start position:0% +a little repulsion to a magnetic field +and some of you may know there's this + + align:start position:0% +and some of you may know there's this + + + align:start position:0% +and some of you may know there's this +thing called the IGN Noble Prize only + + align:start position:0% +thing called the IGN Noble Prize only + + + align:start position:0% +thing called the IGN Noble Prize only +one person in history has won both the + + align:start position:0% +one person in history has won both the + + + align:start position:0% +one person in history has won both the +ignoble and the Nobel Prize Andre G who + + align:start position:0% +ignoble and the Nobel Prize Andre G who + + + align:start position:0% +ignoble and the Nobel Prize Andre G who +discovered graphing with Scotch tape um + + align:start position:0% +discovered graphing with Scotch tape um + + + align:start position:0% +discovered graphing with Scotch tape um +but before that he won the IGN Noble + + align:start position:0% +but before that he won the IGN Noble + + + align:start position:0% +but before that he won the IGN Noble +Prize because he did this to + + align:start position:0% +Prize because he did this to + + + align:start position:0% +Prize because he did this to +frogs + + align:start position:0% +frogs + + + align:start position:0% +frogs +because water is diamagnetic and so it + + align:start position:0% +because water is diamagnetic and so it + + + align:start position:0% +because water is diamagnetic and so it +repels a magnetic field it's just got to + + align:start position:0% +repels a magnetic field it's just got to + + + align:start position:0% +repels a magnetic field it's just got to +be really really really high + + align:start position:0% +be really really really high + + + align:start position:0% +be really really really high +um I hope that frog was okay it looked + + align:start position:0% +um I hope that frog was okay it looked + + + align:start position:0% +um I hope that frog was okay it looked +sort of okay so if the frog is floating + + align:start position:0% +sort of okay so if the frog is floating + + + align:start position:0% +sort of okay so if the frog is floating +and it's like a study about levitation + + align:start position:0% +and it's like a study about levitation + + + align:start position:0% +and it's like a study about levitation +using magnetism why am i showing that to + + align:start position:0% +using magnetism why am i showing that to + + + align:start position:0% +using magnetism why am i showing that to +you no particular + + align:start position:0% +you no particular + + + align:start position:0% +you no particular +reason but this does get me to the why + + align:start position:0% +reason but this does get me to the why + + + align:start position:0% +reason but this does get me to the why +this matters which has to do with how + + align:start position:0% +this matters which has to do with how + + + align:start position:0% +this matters which has to do with how +you cook pasta + + align:start position:0% +you cook pasta + + + align:start position:0% +you cook pasta +and of course of course since we're + + align:start position:0% +and of course of course since we're + + + align:start position:0% +and of course of course since we're +talking about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +O2 when when I have finished cooking + + align:start position:0% +O2 when when I have finished cooking + + + align:start position:0% +O2 when when I have finished cooking +pasta what do I do I pour it there it is + + align:start position:0% +pasta what do I do I pour it there it is + + + align:start position:0% +pasta what do I do I pour it there it is +through look it's sophisticated I pour + + align:start position:0% +through look it's sophisticated I pour + + + align:start position:0% +through look it's sophisticated I pour +it through a colander that's a + + align:start position:0% +it through a colander that's a + + + align:start position:0% +it through a colander that's a +membrane that's a membrane you did use a + + align:start position:0% +membrane that's a membrane you did use a + + + align:start position:0% +membrane that's a membrane you did use a +membrane you did a filter now but I + + align:start position:0% +membrane you did a filter now but I + + + align:start position:0% +membrane you did a filter now but I +could also have done that separation + + align:start position:0% +could also have done that separation + + + align:start position:0% +could also have done that separation +that same separation I could have left + + align:start position:0% +that same separation I could have left + + + align:start position:0% +that same separation I could have left +it on the stove I could have and it + + align:start position:0% +it on the stove I could have and it + + + align:start position:0% +it on the stove I could have and it +would have boiled out all the water and + + align:start position:0% +would have boiled out all the water and + + + align:start position:0% +would have boiled out all the water and +left me still with the pasta separated + + align:start position:0% +left me still with the pasta separated + + + align:start position:0% +left me still with the pasta separated +from the water I've accomplished the + + align:start position:0% +from the water I've accomplished the + + + align:start position:0% +from the water I've accomplished the +same exact thing I have separated the + + align:start position:0% +same exact thing I have separated the + + + align:start position:0% +same exact thing I have separated the +pasta from the water Tas done + + align:start position:0% +pasta from the water Tas done + + + align:start position:0% +pasta from the water Tas done +pasta may not taste as + + align:start position:0% +pasta may not taste as + + + align:start position:0% +pasta may not taste as +good but you've done it but see the + + align:start position:0% +good but you've done it but see the + + + align:start position:0% +good but you've done it but see the +thing is that if you separate things + + align:start position:0% +thing is that if you separate things + + + align:start position:0% +thing is that if you separate things +this way versus that way you can just + + align:start position:0% +this way versus that way you can just + + + align:start position:0% +this way versus that way you can just +feel how much less energy it's going to + + align:start position:0% +feel how much less energy it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +feel how much less energy it's going to +take in fact you can save over 80% of + + align:start position:0% +take in fact you can save over 80% of + + + align:start position:0% +take in fact you can save over 80% of +the energy if you do a membrane based + + align:start position:0% +the energy if you do a membrane based + + + align:start position:0% +the energy if you do a membrane based +separation as opposed to a thermal one G + + align:start position:0% +separation as opposed to a thermal one G + + + align:start position:0% +separation as opposed to a thermal one G +entite so those are two ways to separate + + align:start position:0% +entite so those are two ways to separate + + + align:start position:0% +entite so those are two ways to separate +POS but see there's two ways to separate + + align:start position:0% +POS but see there's two ways to separate + + + align:start position:0% +POS but see there's two ways to separate +lots of things like how about 1 to 10 + + align:start position:0% +lots of things like how about 1 to 10 + + + align:start position:0% +lots of things like how about 1 to 10 +nanometer particles how about chemistry + + align:start position:0% +nanometer particles how about chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +nanometer particles how about chemistry +how about molecules how do you separate + + align:start position:0% +how about molecules how do you separate + + + align:start position:0% +how about molecules how do you separate +those well you got the same two ways and + + align:start position:0% +those well you got the same two ways and + + + align:start position:0% +those well you got the same two ways and +if you count up all the things we + + align:start position:0% +if you count up all the things we + + + align:start position:0% +if you count up all the things we +separate this way it's a lot it goes on + + align:start position:0% +separate this way it's a lot it goes on + + + align:start position:0% +separate this way it's a lot it goes on +and on and it will go all the way down + + align:start position:0% +and on and it will go all the way down + + + align:start position:0% +and on and it will go all the way down +the infinite + + align:start position:0% +the infinite + + + align:start position:0% +the infinite +Corridor this is how we do chemistry in + + align:start position:0% +Corridor this is how we do chemistry in + + + align:start position:0% +Corridor this is how we do chemistry in +fact if you has anyone seen this on the + + align:start position:0% +fact if you has anyone seen this on the + + + align:start position:0% +fact if you has anyone seen this on the +side of the + + align:start position:0% +side of the + + + align:start position:0% +side of the +road that's a distillation column it's a + + align:start position:0% +road that's a distillation column it's a + + + align:start position:0% +road that's a distillation column it's a +big pasta + + align:start position:0% +big pasta + + + align:start position:0% +big pasta +cooker that's all you're doing is + + align:start position:0% +cooker that's all you're doing is + + + align:start position:0% +cooker that's all you're doing is +boiling one molecule off of another over + + align:start position:0% +boiling one molecule off of another over + + + align:start position:0% +boiling one molecule off of another over +a long time with a whole lot of fossil + + align:start position:0% +a long time with a whole lot of fossil + + + align:start position:0% +a long time with a whole lot of fossil +fuel + + align:start position:0% +fuel + + + align:start position:0% +fuel +right in fact if you look at the US + + align:start position:0% +right in fact if you look at the US + + + align:start position:0% +right in fact if you look at the US +energy consumption 30 roughly a third it + + align:start position:0% +energy consumption 30 roughly a third it + + + align:start position:0% +energy consumption 30 roughly a third it +goes into industry 40% of that is for + + align:start position:0% +goes into industry 40% of that is for + + + align:start position:0% +goes into industry 40% of that is for +this one thing it's boiling pasta but + + align:start position:0% +this one thing it's boiling pasta but + + + align:start position:0% +this one thing it's boiling pasta but +the pasta is 1 nmet to 10 nmet + + align:start position:0% +the pasta is 1 nmet to 10 nmet + + + align:start position:0% +the pasta is 1 nmet to 10 nmet +particles 40% goes into boiling one + + align:start position:0% +particles 40% goes into boiling one + + + align:start position:0% +particles 40% goes into boiling one +chemical species off of another + + align:start position:0% +chemical species off of another + + + align:start position:0% +chemical species off of another +separation + + align:start position:0% +separation + + + align:start position:0% +separation +separation that's that's 12% of all the + + align:start position:0% +separation that's that's 12% of all the + + + align:start position:0% +separation that's that's 12% of all the +energy that's the same as every single + + align:start position:0% +energy that's the same as every single + + + align:start position:0% +energy that's the same as every single +drop of gasoline in every single single + + align:start position:0% +drop of gasoline in every single single + + + align:start position:0% +drop of gasoline in every single single +car truck and bus that's just to give + + align:start position:0% +car truck and bus that's just to give + + + align:start position:0% +car truck and bus that's just to give +you a sense of how much energy that is + + align:start position:0% +you a sense of how much energy that is + + + align:start position:0% +you a sense of how much energy that is +say well why aren't we using a colander + + align:start position:0% +say well why aren't we using a colander + + + align:start position:0% +say well why aren't we using a colander +why don't we just pour it through a CER + + align:start position:0% +why don't we just pour it through a CER + + + align:start position:0% +why don't we just pour it through a CER +like we do our boiling pasta well we do + + align:start position:0% +like we do our boiling pasta well we do + + + align:start position:0% +like we do our boiling pasta well we do +that for one field desalination I got to + + align:start position:0% +that for one field desalination I got to + + + align:start position:0% +that for one field desalination I got to +why this matters on that another time + + align:start position:0% +why this matters on that another time + + + align:start position:0% +why this matters on that another time +but we don't do it for all those other + + align:start position:0% +but we don't do it for all those other + + + align:start position:0% +but we don't do it for all those other +things and there's a really simple + + align:start position:0% +things and there's a really simple + + + align:start position:0% +things and there's a really simple +reason we don't have the right pasta + + align:start position:0% +reason we don't have the right pasta + + + align:start position:0% +reason we don't have the right pasta +colander we don't there's no option for + + align:start position:0% +colander we don't there's no option for + + + align:start position:0% +colander we don't there's no option for +that size scale that can withstand the + + align:start position:0% +that size scale that can withstand the + + + align:start position:0% +that size scale that can withstand the +condition + + align:start position:0% +condition + + + align:start position:0% +condition +that are in all of those chemical + + align:start position:0% +that are in all of those chemical + + + align:start position:0% +that are in all of those chemical +separations but if we did this we could + + align:start position:0% +separations but if we did this we could + + + align:start position:0% +separations but if we did this we could +we take so much O2 out of the air we + + align:start position:0% +we take so much O2 out of the air we + + + align:start position:0% +we take so much O2 out of the air we +need O2 but we don't want the N2 so we + + align:start position:0% +need O2 but we don't want the N2 so we + + + align:start position:0% +need O2 but we don't want the N2 so we +have to separate how do we do it we go + + align:start position:0% +have to separate how do we do it we go + + + align:start position:0% +have to separate how do we do it we go +cryogenic we go to very very cold + + align:start position:0% +cryogenic we go to very very cold + + + align:start position:0% +cryogenic we go to very very cold +temperatures which is the same as + + align:start position:0% +temperatures which is the same as + + + align:start position:0% +temperatures which is the same as +boiling right you're lowering but you're + + align:start position:0% +boiling right you're lowering but you're + + + align:start position:0% +boiling right you're lowering but you're +still spending all this fossil fuel to + + align:start position:0% +still spending all this fossil fuel to + + + align:start position:0% +still spending all this fossil fuel to +lower the temperature that's how much O2 + + align:start position:0% +lower the temperature that's how much O2 + + + align:start position:0% +lower the temperature that's how much O2 +we generate each year right and this is + + align:start position:0% +we generate each year right and this is + + + align:start position:0% +we generate each year right and this is +how much energy it takes it's like half + + align:start position:0% +how much energy it takes it's like half + + + align:start position:0% +how much energy it takes it's like half +a percent of all US Energy just to get + + align:start position:0% +a percent of all US Energy just to get + + + align:start position:0% +a percent of all US Energy just to get +but what + + align:start position:0% +but what + + + align:start position:0% +but what +if you could use something like o2's + + align:start position:0% +if you could use something like o2's + + + align:start position:0% +if you could use something like o2's +paramagnetism what if you could use + + align:start position:0% +paramagnetism what if you could use + + + align:start position:0% +paramagnetism what if you could use +something about the chemistry of o2 to + + align:start position:0% +something about the chemistry of o2 to + + + align:start position:0% +something about the chemistry of o2 to +do this + + align:start position:0% +do this + + + align:start position:0% +do this +separation more efficiently lower energy + + align:start position:0% +separation more efficiently lower energy + + + align:start position:0% +separation more efficiently lower energy +or maybe make a new colander that does + + align:start position:0% +or maybe make a new colander that does + + + align:start position:0% +or maybe make a new colander that does +that and if any of you have ideas come + + align:start position:0% +that and if any of you have ideas come + + + align:start position:0% +that and if any of you have ideas come +talk to + + align:start position:0% +talk to + + + align:start position:0% +talk to +me because this is a problem I care a + + align:start position:0% +me because this is a problem I care a + + + align:start position:0% +me because this is a problem I care a +lot + + align:start position:0% +lot + + + align:start position:0% +lot +about okay by but I had some other + + align:start position:0% +about okay by but I had some other + + + align:start position:0% +about okay by but I had some other +paramagnet is unpaired electrons we got + + align:start position:0% +paramagnet is unpaired electrons we got + + + align:start position:0% +paramagnet is unpaired electrons we got +that one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ha why is chemistry not why can't they + + align:start position:0% +ha why is chemistry not why can't they + + + align:start position:0% +ha why is chemistry not why can't they +follow the + + align:start position:0% +follow the + + + align:start position:0% +follow the +rules why but they they always got to + + align:start position:0% +rules why but they they always got to + + + align:start position:0% +rules why but they they always got to +break + + align:start position:0% +break + + + align:start position:0% +break +them and what we see well this was + + align:start position:0% +them and what we see well this was + + + align:start position:0% +them and what we see well this was +oxygen Sigma Sigma s Sigma Sigma Stars + + align:start position:0% +oxygen Sigma Sigma s Sigma Sigma Stars + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen Sigma Sigma s Sigma Sigma Stars +Pi Pi star but look at what happens for + + align:start position:0% +Pi Pi star but look at what happens for + + + align:start position:0% +Pi Pi star but look at what happens for +nitrogen H why because of something some + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen H why because of something some + + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen H why because of something some +people like to call mixing all it says + + align:start position:0% +people like to call mixing all it says + + + align:start position:0% +people like to call mixing all it says +remember I said that that if we where + + align:start position:0% +remember I said that that if we where + + + align:start position:0% +remember I said that that if we where +did somewhere I + + align:start position:0% +did somewhere I + + + align:start position:0% +did somewhere I +said that the closer in energy or the + + align:start position:0% +said that the closer in energy or the + + + align:start position:0% +said that the closer in energy or the +closer in symmetry orbitals are the more + + align:start position:0% +closer in symmetry orbitals are the more + + + align:start position:0% +closer in symmetry orbitals are the more +overlap they can have and the more they + + align:start position:0% +overlap they can have and the more they + + + align:start position:0% +overlap they can have and the more they +interact and can mix together in the + + align:start position:0% +interact and can mix together in the + + + align:start position:0% +interact and can mix together in the +ways that I've been talking about yeah + + align:start position:0% +ways that I've been talking about yeah + + + align:start position:0% +ways that I've been talking about yeah +well it turns out that if you go below + + align:start position:0% +well it turns out that if you go below + + + align:start position:0% +well it turns out that if you go below +oxygen in what are called homonuclear + + align:start position:0% +oxygen in what are called homonuclear + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen in what are called homonuclear +diers which is where the atoms are the + + align:start position:0% +diers which is where the atoms are the + + + align:start position:0% +diers which is where the atoms are the +same then you can get mixing even + + align:start position:0% +same then you can get mixing even + + + align:start position:0% +same then you can get mixing even +between this Sigma and that + + align:start position:0% +between this Sigma and that + + + align:start position:0% +between this Sigma and that +Sigma and so what happens is instead of + + align:start position:0% +Sigma and so what happens is instead of + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma and so what happens is instead of +them being kind of separate like this + + align:start position:0% +them being kind of separate like this + + + align:start position:0% +them being kind of separate like this +for N2 there's an interaction you see + + align:start position:0% +for N2 there's an interaction you see + + + align:start position:0% +for N2 there's an interaction you see +you can think about it the same way I'm + + align:start position:0% +you can think about it the same way I'm + + + align:start position:0% +you can think about it the same way I'm +throwing more orbitals into the mix and + + align:start position:0% +throwing more orbitals into the mix and + + + align:start position:0% +throwing more orbitals into the mix and +and so because they can contribute to + + align:start position:0% +and so because they can contribute to + + + align:start position:0% +and so because they can contribute to +overlapping you're changing that Delta e + + align:start position:0% +overlapping you're changing that Delta e + + + align:start position:0% +overlapping you're changing that Delta e +even more that's effectively what's + + align:start position:0% +even more that's effectively what's + + + align:start position:0% +even more that's effectively what's +happening and so you can see this one + + align:start position:0% +happening and so you can see this one + + + align:start position:0% +happening and so you can see this one +for nitrogen goes down but that one goes + + align:start position:0% +for nitrogen goes down but that one goes + + + align:start position:0% +for nitrogen goes down but that one goes +up because that's the Delta e because + + align:start position:0% +up because that's the Delta e because + + + align:start position:0% +up because that's the Delta e because +it's able to mix in it's able to mix in + + align:start position:0% +it's able to mix in it's able to mix in + + + align:start position:0% +it's able to mix in it's able to mix in +in because they have the same Symmetry + + align:start position:0% +in because they have the same Symmetry + + + align:start position:0% +in because they have the same Symmetry +and they're closer for those smaller + + align:start position:0% +and they're closer for those smaller + + + align:start position:0% +and they're closer for those smaller +atoms they're a lot closer in energy and + + align:start position:0% +atoms they're a lot closer in energy and + + + align:start position:0% +atoms they're a lot closer in energy and +so if you look at this what happens is + + align:start position:0% +so if you look at this what happens is + + + align:start position:0% +so if you look at this what happens is +those switch they switch it's real they + + align:start position:0% +those switch they switch it's real they + + + align:start position:0% +those switch they switch it's real they +switch now it doesn't change the thing I + + align:start position:0% +switch now it doesn't change the thing I + + + align:start position:0% +switch now it doesn't change the thing I +just talked about which is the magnetic + + align:start position:0% +just talked about which is the magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +just talked about which is the magnetic +properties of N2 because they're still + + align:start position:0% +properties of N2 because they're still + + + align:start position:0% +properties of N2 because they're still +all filled but it is important because + + align:start position:0% +all filled but it is important because + + + align:start position:0% +all filled but it is important because +if I were to pull an electron out of o2 + + align:start position:0% +if I were to pull an electron out of o2 + + + align:start position:0% +if I were to pull an electron out of o2 +I mean out of N2 it would come from a + + align:start position:0% +I mean out of N2 it would come from a + + + align:start position:0% +I mean out of N2 it would come from a +sigma orbital not a pi + + align:start position:0% +sigma orbital not a pi + + + align:start position:0% +sigma orbital not a pi +orbital because of those interactions + + align:start position:0% +orbital because of those interactions + + + align:start position:0% +orbital because of those interactions +and those happen below O2 so this is + + align:start position:0% +and those happen below O2 so this is + + + align:start position:0% +and those happen below O2 so this is +from your textbook and you see it says 2 + + align:start position:0% +from your textbook and you see it says 2 + + + align:start position:0% +from your textbook and you see it says 2 +s 2pz interaction remember 2pz is Sigma + + align:start position:0% +s 2pz interaction remember 2pz is Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +s 2pz interaction remember 2pz is Sigma +Sigma same symmetry able to mix don't + + align:start position:0% +Sigma same symmetry able to mix don't + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma same symmetry able to mix don't +mix very well here but here they're + + align:start position:0% +mix very well here but here they're + + + align:start position:0% +mix very well here but here they're +strong enough to to change the ordering + + align:start position:0% +strong enough to to change the ordering + + + align:start position:0% +strong enough to to change the ordering +of that orbital and that orbital right + + align:start position:0% +of that orbital and that orbital right + + + align:start position:0% +of that orbital and that orbital right +see that that's an important + + align:start position:0% +see that that's an important + + + align:start position:0% +see that that's an important +effect okay all right now um so but it + + align:start position:0% +effect okay all right now um so but it + + + align:start position:0% +effect okay all right now um so but it +only happens below O2 it happens below + + align:start position:0% +only happens below O2 it happens below + + + align:start position:0% +only happens below O2 it happens below +O2 because that's where those energies + + align:start position:0% +O2 because that's where those energies + + + align:start position:0% +O2 because that's where those energies +uh and orbitals can line up in that + + align:start position:0% +uh and orbitals can line up in that + + + align:start position:0% +uh and orbitals can line up in that +way now there's two okay so we just + + align:start position:0% +way now there's two okay so we just + + + align:start position:0% +way now there's two okay so we just +covered that now there's two more things + + align:start position:0% +covered that now there's two more things + + + align:start position:0% +covered that now there's two more things +two more + + align:start position:0% +two more + + + align:start position:0% +two more +things and then that's all ofo + + align:start position:0% +things and then that's all ofo + + + align:start position:0% +things and then that's all ofo +Theory one is I've been giving you the + + align:start position:0% +Theory one is I've been giving you the + + + align:start position:0% +Theory one is I've been giving you the +same atoms but what if we go from a homo + + align:start position:0% +same atoms but what if we go from a homo + + + align:start position:0% +same atoms but what if we go from a homo +nuclear dier to a heteronuclear dier + + align:start position:0% +nuclear dier to a heteronuclear dier + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear dier to a heteronuclear dier +which just means one is one and one is + + align:start position:0% +which just means one is one and one is + + + align:start position:0% +which just means one is one and one is +another type of atom how do we draw ano + + align:start position:0% +another type of atom how do we draw ano + + + align:start position:0% +another type of atom how do we draw ano +diagram for that + + align:start position:0% +diagram for that + + + align:start position:0% +diagram for that +and the second thing is what happens the + + align:start position:0% +and the second thing is what happens the + + + align:start position:0% +and the second thing is what happens the +second thing is what happens in this + + align:start position:0% +second thing is what happens in this + + + align:start position:0% +second thing is what happens in this +case in HCL H is bringing Only One S + + align:start position:0% +case in HCL H is bringing Only One S + + + align:start position:0% +case in HCL H is bringing Only One S +electron to the party but CL is bringing + + align:start position:0% +electron to the party but CL is bringing + + + align:start position:0% +electron to the party but CL is bringing +all the it's bringing s it's bringing P + + align:start position:0% +all the it's bringing s it's bringing P + + + align:start position:0% +all the it's bringing s it's bringing P +what does it do right how does Theo + + align:start position:0% +what does it do right how does Theo + + + align:start position:0% +what does it do right how does Theo +diagram look in that case where I've got + + align:start position:0% +diagram look in that case where I've got + + + align:start position:0% +diagram look in that case where I've got +all these extra electrons coming in from + + align:start position:0% +all these extra electrons coming in from + + + align:start position:0% +all these extra electrons coming in from +one of the atoms right now I will not do + + align:start position:0% +one of the atoms right now I will not do + + + align:start position:0% +one of the atoms right now I will not do +this in 30 seconds but I will next week + + align:start position:0% +this in 30 seconds but I will next week + + + align:start position:0% +this in 30 seconds but I will next week +give you a a nice sort of thorough + + align:start position:0% +give you a a nice sort of thorough + + + align:start position:0% +give you a a nice sort of thorough +explanation for each of these two lasto + + align:start position:0% +explanation for each of these two lasto + + + align:start position:0% +explanation for each of these two lasto +cases in the meantime have a very good + + align:start position:0% +cases in the meantime have a very good + + + align:start position:0% +cases in the meantime have a very good +weekend \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/LCoPLFaeq0U.txt b/LCoPLFaeq0U.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c015dc36a6da1f69bf8fcb03aed139b3b4a85e3d --- /dev/null +++ b/LCoPLFaeq0U.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13645 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open +courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu okay so welcome back + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu okay so welcome back + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu okay so welcome back +everyone um this is going to be the + + align:start position:0% +everyone um this is going to be the + + + align:start position:0% +everyone um this is going to be the +first class we're actually talking about + + align:start position:0% +first class we're actually talking about + + + align:start position:0% +first class we're actually talking about +poker strategy uh so this should be + + align:start position:0% +poker strategy uh so this should be + + + align:start position:0% +poker strategy uh so this should be +pretty exciting so the first thing we're + + align:start position:0% +pretty exciting so the first thing we're + + + align:start position:0% +pretty exciting so the first thing we're +going to learn about is position and + + align:start position:0% +going to learn about is position and + + + align:start position:0% +going to learn about is position and +this is only three sides long so + + align:start position:0% +this is only three sides long so + + + align:start position:0% +this is only three sides long so +positions have different names they're + + align:start position:0% +positions have different names they're + + + align:start position:0% +positions have different names they're +put into different groups and a lot of + + align:start position:0% +put into different groups and a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +put into different groups and a lot of +how we describe what's going on in a + + align:start position:0% +how we describe what's going on in a + + + align:start position:0% +how we describe what's going on in a +particular hand is going to be relevant + + align:start position:0% +particular hand is going to be relevant + + + align:start position:0% +particular hand is going to be relevant +to where people are sitting why because + + align:start position:0% +to where people are sitting why because + + + align:start position:0% +to where people are sitting why because +people in late position get to act after + + align:start position:0% +people in late position get to act after + + + align:start position:0% +people in late position get to act after +people in early position and in general + + align:start position:0% +people in early position and in general + + + align:start position:0% +people in early position and in general +the positions are broken into uh four + + align:start position:0% +the positions are broken into uh four + + + align:start position:0% +the positions are broken into uh four +different groups there are the blinds + + align:start position:0% +different groups there are the blinds + + + align:start position:0% +different groups there are the blinds +who pay the lines and are First Act and + + align:start position:0% +who pay the lines and are First Act and + + + align:start position:0% +who pay the lines and are First Act and +on every street after pre flop there's + + align:start position:0% +on every street after pre flop there's + + + align:start position:0% +on every street after pre flop there's +early position middle position and late + + align:start position:0% +early position middle position and late + + + align:start position:0% +early position middle position and late +position where all these position have + + align:start position:0% +position where all these position have + + + align:start position:0% +position where all these position have +have uh have names except middle + + align:start position:0% +have uh have names except middle + + + align:start position:0% +have uh have names except middle +position where um starting in the big + + align:start position:0% +position where um starting in the big + + + align:start position:0% +position where um starting in the big +blind we call it under the gun under the + + align:start position:0% +blind we call it under the gun under the + + + align:start position:0% +blind we call it under the gun under the +gun plus one under the gun plus two you + + align:start position:0% +gun plus one under the gun plus two you + + + align:start position:0% +gun plus one under the gun plus two you +could also describe these as um seat 1 2 + + align:start position:0% +could also describe these as um seat 1 2 + + + align:start position:0% +could also describe these as um seat 1 2 +3 4 all the way to 9 or 10 um although I + + align:start position:0% +3 4 all the way to 9 or 10 um although I + + + align:start position:0% +3 4 all the way to 9 or 10 um although I +don't really like that because I think + + align:start position:0% +don't really like that because I think + + + align:start position:0% +don't really like that because I think +it's they all have pretty unique names + + align:start position:0% +it's they all have pretty unique names + + + align:start position:0% +it's they all have pretty unique names +and they're descriptive enough to just + + align:start position:0% +and they're descriptive enough to just + + + align:start position:0% +and they're descriptive enough to just +use those + + align:start position:0% +use those + + + align:start position:0% +use those +um so middle position is labeled 1 2 and + + align:start position:0% +um so middle position is labeled 1 2 and + + + align:start position:0% +um so middle position is labeled 1 2 and +three and then around the button you + + align:start position:0% +three and then around the button you + + + align:start position:0% +three and then around the button you +describe their relation to the button + + align:start position:0% +describe their relation to the button + + + align:start position:0% +describe their relation to the button +where either you are the button or you + + align:start position:0% +where either you are the button or you + + + align:start position:0% +where either you are the button or you +are cutting off the button and then some + + align:start position:0% +are cutting off the button and then some + + + align:start position:0% +are cutting off the button and then some +people get a little crazy by calling + + align:start position:0% +people get a little crazy by calling + + + align:start position:0% +people get a little crazy by calling +this like the hijack and uh but I I tend + + align:start position:0% +this like the hijack and uh but I I tend + + + align:start position:0% +this like the hijack and uh but I I tend +to not do that and then as we eliminate + + align:start position:0% +to not do that and then as we eliminate + + + align:start position:0% +to not do that and then as we eliminate +people we get rid of the least + + align:start position:0% +people we get rid of the least + + + align:start position:0% +people we get rid of the least +interesting positions um to only keep + + align:start position:0% +interesting positions um to only keep + + + align:start position:0% +interesting positions um to only keep +the ones with real + + align:start position:0% +the ones with real + + + align:start position:0% +the ones with real +names okay so the reason that I'm + + align:start position:0% +names okay so the reason that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +names okay so the reason that I'm +telling you this now is we're going to + + align:start position:0% +telling you this now is we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +telling you this now is we're going to +be going through hands where I talk + + align:start position:0% +be going through hands where I talk + + + align:start position:0% +be going through hands where I talk +about players by their position like the + + align:start position:0% +about players by their position like the + + + align:start position:0% +about players by their position like the +per the individual person doesn't matter + + align:start position:0% +per the individual person doesn't matter + + + align:start position:0% +per the individual person doesn't matter +but it's much easier to understand + + align:start position:0% +but it's much easier to understand + + + align:start position:0% +but it's much easier to understand +what's going on when I refer to them as + + align:start position:0% +what's going on when I refer to them as + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on when I refer to them as +a cut off or the button or whatever but + + align:start position:0% +a cut off or the button or whatever but + + + align:start position:0% +a cut off or the button or whatever but +in general the later position is better + + align:start position:0% +in general the later position is better + + + align:start position:0% +in general the later position is better +because you get more information like + + align:start position:0% +because you get more information like + + + align:start position:0% +because you get more information like +you get to see people acting before you + + align:start position:0% +you get to see people acting before you + + + align:start position:0% +you get to see people acting before you +and as a result you like the the money + + align:start position:0% +and as a result you like the the money + + + align:start position:0% +and as a result you like the the money +Flows In in general to the late + + align:start position:0% +Flows In in general to the late + + + align:start position:0% +Flows In in general to the late +positions like the the round that you're + + align:start position:0% +positions like the the round that you're + + + align:start position:0% +positions like the the round that you're +the hand that you're the button you're + + align:start position:0% +the hand that you're the button you're + + + align:start position:0% +the hand that you're the button you're +going to make the most amount of money + + align:start position:0% +going to make the most amount of money + + + align:start position:0% +going to make the most amount of money +and you can see that in poker tracker + + align:start position:0% +and you can see that in poker tracker + + + align:start position:0% +and you can see that in poker tracker +and if you're losing money on the button + + align:start position:0% +and if you're losing money on the button + + + align:start position:0% +and if you're losing money on the button +you should seriously re-evaluate how + + align:start position:0% +you should seriously re-evaluate how + + + align:start position:0% +you should seriously re-evaluate how +you're playing that because that's when + + align:start position:0% +you're playing that because that's when + + + align:start position:0% +you're playing that because that's when +you make the most amount of money the + + align:start position:0% +you make the most amount of money the + + + align:start position:0% +you make the most amount of money the +blinds are an interesting situation + + align:start position:0% +blinds are an interesting situation + + + align:start position:0% +blinds are an interesting situation +because they get to see the flop for a + + align:start position:0% +because they get to see the flop for a + + + align:start position:0% +because they get to see the flop for a +discount because they're compelled to to + + align:start position:0% +discount because they're compelled to to + + + align:start position:0% +discount because they're compelled to to +pay um some sort of bet so you might + + align:start position:0% +pay um some sort of bet so you might + + + align:start position:0% +pay um some sort of bet so you might +think the blinds are in a good position + + align:start position:0% +think the blinds are in a good position + + + align:start position:0% +think the blinds are in a good position +because they get a free flop but they're + + align:start position:0% +because they get a free flop but they're + + + align:start position:0% +because they get a free flop but they're +actually in a terrible position because + + align:start position:0% +actually in a terrible position because + + + align:start position:0% +actually in a terrible position because +when position position matters post flop + + align:start position:0% +when position position matters post flop + + + align:start position:0% +when position position matters post flop +they are the first to act in every + + align:start position:0% +they are the first to act in every + + + align:start position:0% +they are the first to act in every +single situation so even though you + + align:start position:0% +single situation so even though you + + + align:start position:0% +single situation so even though you +might think that you're getting a + + align:start position:0% +might think that you're getting a + + + align:start position:0% +might think that you're getting a +discount for being in the blinds you're + + align:start position:0% +discount for being in the blinds you're + + + align:start position:0% +discount for being in the blinds you're +getting a discount an entry into a hand + + align:start position:0% +getting a discount an entry into a hand + + + align:start position:0% +getting a discount an entry into a hand +where you're almost certainly going to + + align:start position:0% +where you're almost certainly going to + + + align:start position:0% +where you're almost certainly going to +be at a major informational disadvantage + + align:start position:0% +be at a major informational disadvantage + + + align:start position:0% +be at a major informational disadvantage +um however interestingly in short stack + + align:start position:0% +um however interestingly in short stack + + + align:start position:0% +um however interestingly in short stack +situations early position is actually + + align:start position:0% +situations early position is actually + + + align:start position:0% +situations early position is actually +better because you have the opportunity + + align:start position:0% +better because you have the opportunity + + + align:start position:0% +better because you have the opportunity +to um to go all in before the other + + align:start position:0% +to um to go all in before the other + + + align:start position:0% +to um to go all in before the other +person does and you maintain um you + + align:start position:0% +person does and you maintain um you + + + align:start position:0% +person does and you maintain um you +maintain the the equity from aggression + + align:start position:0% +maintain the the equity from aggression + + + align:start position:0% +maintain the the equity from aggression +the fold equity which we'll talk about + + align:start position:0% +the fold equity which we'll talk about + + + align:start position:0% +the fold equity which we'll talk about +later it's sort of like a game of + + align:start position:0% +later it's sort of like a game of + + + align:start position:0% +later it's sort of like a game of +chicken where the so chicken is a game + + align:start position:0% +chicken where the so chicken is a game + + + align:start position:0% +chicken where the so chicken is a game +where two people drive at each other + + align:start position:0% +where two people drive at each other + + + align:start position:0% +where two people drive at each other +until one person turns where it's like a + + align:start position:0% +until one person turns where it's like a + + + align:start position:0% +until one person turns where it's like a +a an infinitely bad return if they both + + align:start position:0% +a an infinitely bad return if they both + + + align:start position:0% +a an infinitely bad return if they both +don't turn and then like one wins if one + + align:start position:0% +don't turn and then like one wins if one + + + align:start position:0% +don't turn and then like one wins if one +turns and one doesn't so the proper + + align:start position:0% +turns and one doesn't so the proper + + + align:start position:0% +turns and one doesn't so the proper +strategy in chicken is to throw your uh + + align:start position:0% +strategy in chicken is to throw your uh + + + align:start position:0% +strategy in chicken is to throw your uh +steering wheel out the window so the + + align:start position:0% +steering wheel out the window so the + + + align:start position:0% +steering wheel out the window so the +other person knows he only has one + + align:start position:0% +other person knows he only has one + + + align:start position:0% +other person knows he only has one +option if he doesn't want an infinitely + + align:start position:0% +option if he doesn't want an infinitely + + + align:start position:0% +option if he doesn't want an infinitely +big loss so with position it works very + + align:start position:0% +big loss so with position it works very + + + align:start position:0% +big loss so with position it works very +similar to that where if you're in a + + align:start position:0% +similar to that where if you're in a + + + align:start position:0% +similar to that where if you're in a +tournament where neither person wants to + + align:start position:0% +tournament where neither person wants to + + + align:start position:0% +tournament where neither person wants to +see a showdown like neither person wants + + align:start position:0% +see a showdown like neither person wants + + + align:start position:0% +see a showdown like neither person wants +to um deal with a coin flip for their + + align:start position:0% +to um deal with a coin flip for their + + + align:start position:0% +to um deal with a coin flip for their +tournament life if you're an early + + align:start position:0% +tournament life if you're an early + + + align:start position:0% +tournament life if you're an early +position you have the opportunity to be + + align:start position:0% +position you have the opportunity to be + + + align:start position:0% +position you have the opportunity to be +the aggressor and go all in so you get + + align:start position:0% +the aggressor and go all in so you get + + + align:start position:0% +the aggressor and go all in so you get +to discourage the other person from + + align:start position:0% +to discourage the other person from + + + align:start position:0% +to discourage the other person from +entering into it so let's move on to + + align:start position:0% +entering into it so let's move on to + + + align:start position:0% +entering into it so let's move on to +some basic concepts + + align:start position:0% +some basic concepts + + + align:start position:0% +some basic concepts +so a lot of of these things are are + + align:start position:0% +so a lot of of these things are are + + + align:start position:0% +so a lot of of these things are are +based on odds so poker is a statistical + + align:start position:0% +based on odds so poker is a statistical + + + align:start position:0% +based on odds so poker is a statistical +game and we're going to be talking about + + align:start position:0% +game and we're going to be talking about + + + align:start position:0% +game and we're going to be talking about +um applications of math to Poker so why + + align:start position:0% +um applications of math to Poker so why + + + align:start position:0% +um applications of math to Poker so why +does so why does drawing matter so + + align:start position:0% +does so why does drawing matter so + + + align:start position:0% +does so why does drawing matter so +drawing drawing means you're trying to + + align:start position:0% +drawing drawing means you're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +drawing drawing means you're trying to +make a hand like uh more cards that will + + align:start position:0% +make a hand like uh more cards that will + + + align:start position:0% +make a hand like uh more cards that will +come out will give you a really good + + align:start position:0% +come out will give you a really good + + + align:start position:0% +come out will give you a really good +hand whereas you don't necessarily have + + align:start position:0% +hand whereas you don't necessarily have + + + align:start position:0% +hand whereas you don't necessarily have +a good hand right now and a really + + align:start position:0% +a good hand right now and a really + + + align:start position:0% +a good hand right now and a really +common situation there's one guy that + + align:start position:0% +common situation there's one guy that + + + align:start position:0% +common situation there's one guy that +has an okay hand and there's one guy + + align:start position:0% +has an okay hand and there's one guy + + + align:start position:0% +has an okay hand and there's one guy +that has nothing but the potential to + + align:start position:0% +that has nothing but the potential to + + + align:start position:0% +that has nothing but the potential to +have a really good hand and a lot of + + align:start position:0% +have a really good hand and a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +have a really good hand and a lot of +like most of the decision points come + + align:start position:0% +like most of the decision points come + + + align:start position:0% +like most of the decision points come +down to whether the the guy with nothing + + align:start position:0% +down to whether the the guy with nothing + + + align:start position:0% +down to whether the the guy with nothing +has Equity like has an interest in + + align:start position:0% +has Equity like has an interest in + + + align:start position:0% +has Equity like has an interest in +making his real hand um so exam really + + align:start position:0% +making his real hand um so exam really + + + align:start position:0% +making his real hand um so exam really +common examples of these are one person + + align:start position:0% +common examples of these are one person + + + align:start position:0% +common examples of these are one person +has a pair or two pair and one guy has a + + align:start position:0% +has a pair or two pair and one guy has a + + + align:start position:0% +has a pair or two pair and one guy has a +straight or flush draw someone if we're + + align:start position:0% +straight or flush draw someone if we're + + + align:start position:0% +straight or flush draw someone if we're +talking pre- flops someone has a pocket + + align:start position:0% +talking pre- flops someone has a pocket + + + align:start position:0% +talking pre- flops someone has a pocket +pair and someone else has literally + + align:start position:0% +pair and someone else has literally + + + align:start position:0% +pair and someone else has literally +anything else and they're trying to make + + align:start position:0% +anything else and they're trying to make + + + align:start position:0% +anything else and they're trying to make +anything more than whatever that guy's + + align:start position:0% +anything more than whatever that guy's + + + align:start position:0% +anything more than whatever that guy's +pair is + + align:start position:0% +pair is + + + align:start position:0% +pair is +um so what the drawer has to do the guy + + align:start position:0% +um so what the drawer has to do the guy + + + align:start position:0% +um so what the drawer has to do the guy +without a real hand is to decide whether + + align:start position:0% +without a real hand is to decide whether + + + align:start position:0% +without a real hand is to decide whether +the bet he is facing or whatever has to + + align:start position:0% +the bet he is facing or whatever has to + + + align:start position:0% +the bet he is facing or whatever has to +pay to see more cards to find out if he + + align:start position:0% +pay to see more cards to find out if he + + + align:start position:0% +pay to see more cards to find out if he +makes his hand is worth the the cost is + + align:start position:0% +makes his hand is worth the the cost is + + + align:start position:0% +makes his hand is worth the the cost is +worth is worth what the the aggressor is + + align:start position:0% +worth is worth what the the aggressor is + + + align:start position:0% +worth is worth what the the aggressor is +making him pay to see that additional + + align:start position:0% +making him pay to see that additional + + + align:start position:0% +making him pay to see that additional +card and the person who has a hand + + align:start position:0% +card and the person who has a hand + + + align:start position:0% +card and the person who has a hand +already wants to make it so that the + + align:start position:0% +already wants to make it so that the + + + align:start position:0% +already wants to make it so that the +drawer cannot see his card for positive + + align:start position:0% +drawer cannot see his card for positive + + + align:start position:0% +drawer cannot see his card for positive +equity he wants to bet so much that a + + align:start position:0% +equity he wants to bet so much that a + + + align:start position:0% +equity he wants to bet so much that a +call is bad because that's where his + + align:start position:0% +call is bad because that's where his + + + align:start position:0% +call is bad because that's where his +Equity comes from so he can either bet + + align:start position:0% +Equity comes from so he can either bet + + + align:start position:0% +Equity comes from so he can either bet +enough so that he folds the other guy + + align:start position:0% +enough so that he folds the other guy + + + align:start position:0% +enough so that he folds the other guy +folds or bet enough that he'll call and + + align:start position:0% +folds or bet enough that he'll call and + + + align:start position:0% +folds or bet enough that he'll call and +make a huge mistake like both are + + align:start position:0% +make a huge mistake like both are + + + align:start position:0% +make a huge mistake like both are +equally good yet actually the second one + + align:start position:0% +equally good yet actually the second one + + + align:start position:0% +equally good yet actually the second one +is probably + + align:start position:0% +is probably + + + align:start position:0% +is probably +better dra so I'm saying a drawer is + + align:start position:0% +better dra so I'm saying a drawer is + + + align:start position:0% +better dra so I'm saying a drawer is +someone who has a flush draw or a + + align:start position:0% +someone who has a flush draw or a + + + align:start position:0% +someone who has a flush draw or a +straight draw or basically has no real + + align:start position:0% +straight draw or basically has no real + + + align:start position:0% +straight draw or basically has no real +hand at Showdown but has a reasonable + + align:start position:0% +hand at Showdown but has a reasonable + + + align:start position:0% +hand at Showdown but has a reasonable +chance of as more cards come out making + + align:start position:0% +chance of as more cards come out making + + + align:start position:0% +chance of as more cards come out making +a a monster hand like making a hand + + align:start position:0% +a a monster hand like making a hand + + + align:start position:0% +a a monster hand like making a hand +which will almost certainly win that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Showdown okay so so let's go through a a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +scenario okay so this seem + + align:start position:0% +scenario okay so this seem + + + align:start position:0% +scenario okay so this seem +straightforward there's some sort of bet + + align:start position:0% +straightforward there's some sort of bet + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward there's some sort of bet +pre- flop I called and it was heads up + + align:start position:0% +pre- flop I called and it was heads up + + + align:start position:0% +pre- flop I called and it was heads up +it came with four to a flush four hearts + + align:start position:0% +it came with four to a flush four hearts + + + align:start position:0% +it came with four to a flush four hearts +and this guy B into me and the question + + align:start position:0% +and this guy B into me and the question + + + align:start position:0% +and this guy B into me and the question +is what do we do that's a big question + + align:start position:0% +is what do we do that's a big question + + + align:start position:0% +is what do we do that's a big question +and I'm going to be using this format a + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to be using this format a + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to be using this format a +lot because it's easier to at least for + + align:start position:0% +lot because it's easier to at least for + + + align:start position:0% +lot because it's easier to at least for +me it's easier to see and then hopefully + + align:start position:0% +me it's easier to see and then hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +me it's easier to see and then hopefully +it's um something you guys will pick up + + align:start position:0% +it's um something you guys will pick up + + + align:start position:0% +it's um something you guys will pick up +on I'm only going to include relevant + + align:start position:0% +on I'm only going to include relevant + + + align:start position:0% +on I'm only going to include relevant +information and the cases are going to + + align:start position:0% +information and the cases are going to + + + align:start position:0% +information and the cases are going to +be written in this format where we have + + align:start position:0% +be written in this format where we have + + + align:start position:0% +be written in this format where we have +the relevant Stacks up here here are the + + align:start position:0% +the relevant Stacks up here here are the + + + align:start position:0% +the relevant Stacks up here here are the +blinds this means that small blind is 20 + + align:start position:0% +blinds this means that small blind is 20 + + + align:start position:0% +blinds this means that small blind is 20 +big blind is 40 and there's a 10 ante + + align:start position:0% +big blind is 40 and there's a 10 ante + + + align:start position:0% +big blind is 40 and there's a 10 ante +this is a pot before anyone does + + align:start position:0% +this is a pot before anyone does + + + align:start position:0% +this is a pot before anyone does +anything this is a pot as of the Flop + + align:start position:0% +anything this is a pot as of the Flop + + + align:start position:0% +anything this is a pot as of the Flop +these are my cards the hero is whoever + + align:start position:0% +these are my cards the hero is whoever + + + align:start position:0% +these are my cards the hero is whoever +we care about the villain is the other + + align:start position:0% +we care about the villain is the other + + + align:start position:0% +we care about the villain is the other +guy um and this just shows the order of + + align:start position:0% +guy um and this just shows the order of + + + align:start position:0% +guy um and this just shows the order of +what happens so + + align:start position:0% +what happens so + + + align:start position:0% +what happens so +here he raises to 120 pre flop three big + + align:start position:0% +here he raises to 120 pre flop three big + + + align:start position:0% +here he raises to 120 pre flop three big +blinds I call the Flop comes eight of + + align:start position:0% +blinds I call the Flop comes eight of + + + align:start position:0% +blinds I call the Flop comes eight of +Hearts three of Hearts something that + + align:start position:0% +Hearts three of Hearts something that + + + align:start position:0% +Hearts three of Hearts something that +doesn't matter he bets 370 All In okay + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter he bets 370 All In okay + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter he bets 370 All In okay +so my decision is what do I need like + + align:start position:0% +so my decision is what do I need like + + + align:start position:0% +so my decision is what do I need like +what can I do here and this is a really + + align:start position:0% +what can I do here and this is a really + + + align:start position:0% +what can I do here and this is a really +common scenario and what we can do is + + align:start position:0% +common scenario and what we can do is + + + align:start position:0% +common scenario and what we can do is +develop the tools that we need to make + + align:start position:0% +develop the tools that we need to make + + + align:start position:0% +develop the tools that we need to make +this um to figure out what we want to do + + align:start position:0% +this um to figure out what we want to do + + + align:start position:0% +this um to figure out what we want to do +here and rather than should we call we + + align:start position:0% +here and rather than should we call we + + + align:start position:0% +here and rather than should we call we +can come up with a much more resilient + + align:start position:0% +can come up with a much more resilient + + + align:start position:0% +can come up with a much more resilient +answer like what's the biggest bet that + + align:start position:0% +answer like what's the biggest bet that + + + align:start position:0% +answer like what's the biggest bet that +we can + + align:start position:0% +we can + + + align:start position:0% +we can +call and we're going to end up with a + + align:start position:0% +call and we're going to end up with a + + + align:start position:0% +call and we're going to end up with a +solution set of this of this area here + + align:start position:0% +solution set of this of this area here + + + align:start position:0% +solution set of this of this area here +that's what we want to figure + + align:start position:0% +that's what we want to figure + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we want to figure +out but first we need to develop + + align:start position:0% +out but first we need to develop + + + align:start position:0% +out but first we need to develop +something called expected value + + align:start position:0% +something called expected value + + + align:start position:0% +something called expected value +um so expected value is the same in + + align:start position:0% +um so expected value is the same in + + + align:start position:0% +um so expected value is the same in +poker as it is in math it's just a + + align:start position:0% +poker as it is in math it's just a + + + align:start position:0% +poker as it is in math it's just a +probability weighted average of all + + align:start position:0% +probability weighted average of all + + + align:start position:0% +probability weighted average of all +possible results so it's win percentage + + align:start position:0% +possible results so it's win percentage + + + align:start position:0% +possible results so it's win percentage +times win amount minus lose percentage + + align:start position:0% +times win amount minus lose percentage + + + align:start position:0% +times win amount minus lose percentage +times lose + + align:start position:0% +times lose + + + align:start position:0% +times lose +amount um so in our scenario we're going + + align:start position:0% +amount um so in our scenario we're going + + + align:start position:0% +amount um so in our scenario we're going +to add some variables into it we're + + align:start position:0% +to add some variables into it we're + + + align:start position:0% +to add some variables into it we're +facing about into a PO of 380 our wind + + align:start position:0% +facing about into a PO of 380 our wind + + + align:start position:0% +facing about into a PO of 380 our wind +our EV is going to be the whatever + + align:start position:0% +our EV is going to be the whatever + + + align:start position:0% +our EV is going to be the whatever +chance we have to + + align:start position:0% +chance we have to + + + align:start position:0% +chance we have to +win uh times the pot of 380 plus + + align:start position:0% +win uh times the pot of 380 plus + + + align:start position:0% +win uh times the pot of 380 plus +whatever the bet is x minus our lose + + align:start position:0% +whatever the bet is x minus our lose + + + align:start position:0% +whatever the bet is x minus our lose +percentage which is 1 minus win + + align:start position:0% +percentage which is 1 minus win + + + align:start position:0% +percentage which is 1 minus win +percentage times that same variable X + + align:start position:0% +percentage times that same variable X + + + align:start position:0% +percentage times that same variable X +and our like threshold for call is when + + align:start position:0% +and our like threshold for call is when + + + align:start position:0% +and our like threshold for call is when +EV equals zero so um pod ODS is + + align:start position:0% +EV equals zero so um pod ODS is + + + align:start position:0% +EV equals zero so um pod ODS is +generally what we call the relationship + + align:start position:0% +generally what we call the relationship + + + align:start position:0% +generally what we call the relationship +between the size of the bet you're + + align:start position:0% +between the size of the bet you're + + + align:start position:0% +between the size of the bet you're +facing and the pot that you would win if + + align:start position:0% +facing and the pot that you would win if + + + align:start position:0% +facing and the pot that you would win if +you call that bet and then win the hand + + align:start position:0% +you call that bet and then win the hand + + + align:start position:0% +you call that bet and then win the hand +so a this is going to be the equation so + + align:start position:0% +so a this is going to be the equation so + + + align:start position:0% +so a this is going to be the equation so +it's plus CV it's positive expectation + + align:start position:0% +it's plus CV it's positive expectation + + + align:start position:0% +it's plus CV it's positive expectation +if your the chance you have of winning + + align:start position:0% +if your the chance you have of winning + + + align:start position:0% +if your the chance you have of winning +is greater than the call amount divided + + align:start position:0% +is greater than the call amount divided + + + align:start position:0% +is greater than the call amount divided +by the size of the pot after the call + + align:start position:0% +by the size of the pot after the call + + + align:start position:0% +by the size of the pot after the call +okay so say that we're we were seeing a + + align:start position:0% +okay so say that we're we were seeing a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so say that we're we were seeing a +bet of 100 we were seeing a bet a little + + align:start position:0% +bet of 100 we were seeing a bet a little + + + align:start position:0% +bet of 100 we were seeing a bet a little +bit bigger than that but just for + + align:start position:0% +bit bigger than that but just for + + + align:start position:0% +bit bigger than that but just for +example purposes we'll use 100 so your + + align:start position:0% +example purposes we'll use 100 so your + + + align:start position:0% +example purposes we'll use 100 so your +pot ODS would be 100 divided by 580 + + align:start position:0% +pot ODS would be 100 divided by 580 + + + align:start position:0% +pot ODS would be 100 divided by 580 +where 580 is whatever was in the pot + + align:start position:0% +where 580 is whatever was in the pot + + + align:start position:0% +where 580 is whatever was in the pot +before plus his bet plus your call like + + align:start position:0% +before plus his bet plus your call like + + + align:start position:0% +before plus his bet plus your call like +you will win 58 if you win this + + align:start position:0% +you will win 58 if you win this + + + align:start position:0% +you will win 58 if you win this +hand so your call is contributing uh 17% + + align:start position:0% +hand so your call is contributing uh 17% + + + align:start position:0% +hand so your call is contributing uh 17% +of the pot um and just so you guys know + + align:start position:0% +of the pot um and just so you guys know + + + align:start position:0% +of the pot um and just so you guys know +people use podt odds in a different way + + align:start position:0% +people use podt odds in a different way + + + align:start position:0% +people use podt odds in a different way +they talk about like um like one to four + + align:start position:0% +they talk about like um like one to four + + + align:start position:0% +they talk about like um like one to four +and use a different notation for + + align:start position:0% +and use a different notation for + + + align:start position:0% +and use a different notation for +referring to your chance of winning I + + align:start position:0% +referring to your chance of winning I + + + align:start position:0% +referring to your chance of winning I +always thought this was very intuitive + + align:start position:0% +always thought this was very intuitive + + + align:start position:0% +always thought this was very intuitive +so that's what I'm going to be teaching + + align:start position:0% +so that's what I'm going to be teaching + + + align:start position:0% +so that's what I'm going to be teaching +you guys it's a percentage of the pot + + align:start position:0% +you guys it's a percentage of the pot + + + align:start position:0% +you guys it's a percentage of the pot +that you can + + align:start position:0% +that you can + + + align:start position:0% +that you can +contribute um so if your win percentage + + align:start position:0% +contribute um so if your win percentage + + + align:start position:0% +contribute um so if your win percentage +is more than 1% this is a plus CV call + + align:start position:0% +is more than 1% this is a plus CV call + + + align:start position:0% +is more than 1% this is a plus CV call +and this should be fairly easy to um to + + align:start position:0% +and this should be fairly easy to um to + + + align:start position:0% +and this should be fairly easy to um to +wrap your head around and your win + + align:start position:0% +wrap your head around and your win + + + align:start position:0% +wrap your head around and your win +percentage can just be calculated based + + align:start position:0% +percentage can just be calculated based + + + align:start position:0% +percentage can just be calculated based +on what cards will make you win divided + + align:start position:0% +on what cards will make you win divided + + + align:start position:0% +on what cards will make you win divided +by what cards are left in the + + align:start position:0% +by what cards are left in the + + + align:start position:0% +by what cards are left in the +deck and those are called outs like + + align:start position:0% +deck and those are called outs like + + + align:start position:0% +deck and those are called outs like +cards that result in a win a win for you + + align:start position:0% +cards that result in a win a win for you + + + align:start position:0% +cards that result in a win a win for you +based on your best estimate are called + + align:start position:0% +based on your best estimate are called + + + align:start position:0% +based on your best estimate are called +an out so when you're going for a flush + + align:start position:0% +an out so when you're going for a flush + + + align:start position:0% +an out so when you're going for a flush +so there are 13 Hearts you already know + + align:start position:0% +so there are 13 Hearts you already know + + + align:start position:0% +so there are 13 Hearts you already know +about four of them they're either in + + align:start position:0% +about four of them they're either in + + + align:start position:0% +about four of them they're either in +your hand or on the board there are nine + + align:start position:0% +your hand or on the board there are nine + + + align:start position:0% +your hand or on the board there are nine +Hearts left that you could hit to to + + align:start position:0% +Hearts left that you could hit to to + + + align:start position:0% +Hearts left that you could hit to to +make your FL and presumably win so your + + align:start position:0% +make your FL and presumably win so your + + + align:start position:0% +make your FL and presumably win so your +win percentage this is calculating out + + align:start position:0% +win percentage this is calculating out + + + align:start position:0% +win percentage this is calculating out +exactly is just one minus your chance of + + align:start position:0% +exactly is just one minus your chance of + + + align:start position:0% +exactly is just one minus your chance of +hitting the flush on neither one of + + align:start position:0% +hitting the flush on neither one of + + + align:start position:0% +hitting the flush on neither one of +those cards so it's 40 out of 49 * 39 + + align:start position:0% +those cards so it's 40 out of 49 * 39 + + + align:start position:0% +those cards so it's 40 out of 49 * 39 +out of 48 which is about equal to 34% so + + align:start position:0% +out of 48 which is about equal to 34% so + + + align:start position:0% +out of 48 which is about equal to 34% so +since this 34% our chance of winning is + + align:start position:0% +since this 34% our chance of winning is + + + align:start position:0% +since this 34% our chance of winning is +more than 70% the proportion of the call + + align:start position:0% +more than 70% the proportion of the call + + + align:start position:0% +more than 70% the proportion of the call +that we're contributing this makes it a + + align:start position:0% +that we're contributing this makes it a + + + align:start position:0% +that we're contributing this makes it a +good call and the fact that this is + + align:start position:0% +good call and the fact that this is + + + align:start position:0% +good call and the fact that this is +really big compared to this makes it a + + align:start position:0% +really big compared to this makes it a + + + align:start position:0% +really big compared to this makes it a +really good call so this is how I think + + align:start position:0% +really good call so this is how I think + + + align:start position:0% +really good call so this is how I think +of it in terms of visualizing it so this + + align:start position:0% +of it in terms of visualizing it so this + + + align:start position:0% +of it in terms of visualizing it so this +whole this whole pie is the $580 pot um + + align:start position:0% +whole this whole pie is the $580 pot um + + + align:start position:0% +whole this whole pie is the $580 pot um +that it will be if you called this chunk + + align:start position:0% +that it will be if you called this chunk + + + align:start position:0% +that it will be if you called this chunk +is your 34% pot odds now this this chunk + + align:start position:0% +is your 34% pot odds now this this chunk + + + align:start position:0% +is your 34% pot odds now this this chunk +can be comprised of the size of the bet + + align:start position:0% +can be comprised of the size of the bet + + + align:start position:0% +can be comprised of the size of the bet +you're calling and your expected value + + align:start position:0% +you're calling and your expected value + + + align:start position:0% +you're calling and your expected value +from calling so here the size of the + + align:start position:0% +from calling so here the size of the + + + align:start position:0% +from calling so here the size of the +chunk is + + align:start position:0% +chunk is + + + align:start position:0% +chunk is +$197 which is 34% of 580 we can + + align:start position:0% +$197 which is 34% of 580 we can + + + align:start position:0% +$197 which is 34% of 580 we can +contribute up to that amount if we we + + align:start position:0% +contribute up to that amount if we we + + + align:start position:0% +contribute up to that amount if we we +get to contribute less of it that means + + align:start position:0% +get to contribute less of it that means + + + align:start position:0% +get to contribute less of it that means +that any additional chunk is EV like we + + align:start position:0% +that any additional chunk is EV like we + + + align:start position:0% +that any additional chunk is EV like we +are making $97 for making this call um + + align:start position:0% +are making $97 for making this call um + + + align:start position:0% +are making $97 for making this call um +similarly if we make a call that's too + + align:start position:0% +similarly if we make a call that's too + + + align:start position:0% +similarly if we make a call that's too +big we end up with a negative chunk of + + align:start position:0% +big we end up with a negative chunk of + + + align:start position:0% +big we end up with a negative chunk of +that pie so I'm teaching you a quick + + align:start position:0% +that pie so I'm teaching you a quick + + + align:start position:0% +that pie so I'm teaching you a quick +rule for calculating your chance of + + align:start position:0% +rule for calculating your chance of + + + align:start position:0% +rule for calculating your chance of +winning any hand um and the quick rule + + align:start position:0% +winning any hand um and the quick rule + + + align:start position:0% +winning any hand um and the quick rule +I'm going to use is by uh Phil Gordon so + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to use is by uh Phil Gordon so + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to use is by uh Phil Gordon so +let's talk about Phil Gordon so Phil + + align:start position:0% +let's talk about Phil Gordon so Phil + + + align:start position:0% +let's talk about Phil Gordon so Phil +Gordon got he seems like an okay guy he + + align:start position:0% +Gordon got he seems like an okay guy he + + + align:start position:0% +Gordon got he seems like an okay guy he +got fourth place in the main event he + + align:start position:0% +got fourth place in the main event he + + + align:start position:0% +got fourth place in the main event he +won a World tour he won two Bridge + + align:start position:0% +won a World tour he won two Bridge + + + align:start position:0% +won a World tour he won two Bridge +championships he's the head referee of + + align:start position:0% +championships he's the head referee of + + + align:start position:0% +championships he's the head referee of +the World Series of Rock Paper Scissors + + align:start position:0% +the World Series of Rock Paper Scissors + + + align:start position:0% +the World Series of Rock Paper Scissors +these guys get into really interesting + + align:start position:0% +these guys get into really interesting + + + align:start position:0% +these guys get into really interesting +things when they're not playing poker + + align:start position:0% +things when they're not playing poker + + + align:start position:0% +things when they're not playing poker +and he's the author of Phil Gordon's + + align:start position:0% +and he's the author of Phil Gordon's + + + align:start position:0% +and he's the author of Phil Gordon's +little green book so Phil Gordon uh + + align:start position:0% +little green book so Phil Gordon uh + + + align:start position:0% +little green book so Phil Gordon uh +invented this thing which caught on + + align:start position:0% +invented this thing which caught on + + + align:start position:0% +invented this thing which caught on +called Gordon's rule of two and four + + align:start position:0% +called Gordon's rule of two and four + + + align:start position:0% +called Gordon's rule of two and four +which basically just says each of your + + align:start position:0% +which basically just says each of your + + + align:start position:0% +which basically just says each of your +outs is worth 2% for each additional + + align:start position:0% +outs is worth 2% for each additional + + + align:start position:0% +outs is worth 2% for each additional +card you get to see for that size of the + + align:start position:0% +card you get to see for that size of the + + + align:start position:0% +card you get to see for that size of the +BET and it should be fairly obvious + + align:start position:0% +BET and it should be fairly obvious + + + align:start position:0% +BET and it should be fairly obvious +where 2% comes from it's just one + + align:start position:0% +where 2% comes from it's just one + + + align:start position:0% +where 2% comes from it's just one +divided by 50 and it's a rough estimate + + align:start position:0% +divided by 50 and it's a rough estimate + + + align:start position:0% +divided by 50 and it's a rough estimate +of what one uh what each out is worth + + align:start position:0% +of what one uh what each out is worth + + + align:start position:0% +of what one uh what each out is worth +over 49 or 48 or however many cards are + + align:start position:0% +over 49 or 48 or however many cards are + + + align:start position:0% +over 49 or 48 or however many cards are +left if you get to see both the turn and + + align:start position:0% +left if you get to see both the turn and + + + align:start position:0% +left if you get to see both the turn and +the river you use 4% and that's the + + align:start position:0% +the river you use 4% and that's the + + + align:start position:0% +the river you use 4% and that's the +whole rule uh it was I'm sure someone + + align:start position:0% +whole rule uh it was I'm sure someone + + + align:start position:0% +whole rule uh it was I'm sure someone +figured it out before but he was nice + + align:start position:0% +figured it out before but he was nice + + + align:start position:0% +figured it out before but he was nice +enough to coin it and write it in his + + align:start position:0% +enough to coin it and write it in his + + + align:start position:0% +enough to coin it and write it in his +book which is why I'm giving him credit + + align:start position:0% +book which is why I'm giving him credit + + + align:start position:0% +book which is why I'm giving him credit +for it um so some examples of these are + + align:start position:0% +for it um so some examples of these are + + + align:start position:0% +for it um so some examples of these are +if you have a low pair and you're trying + + align:start position:0% +if you have a low pair and you're trying + + + align:start position:0% +if you have a low pair and you're trying +to get three of a kind by the turn or + + align:start position:0% +to get three of a kind by the turn or + + + align:start position:0% +to get three of a kind by the turn or +the river you have two outs and if if + + align:start position:0% +the river you have two outs and if if + + + align:start position:0% +the river you have two outs and if if +you're trying to figure out your chance + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to figure out your chance + + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to figure out your chance +of making that three of a kind on the + + align:start position:0% +of making that three of a kind on the + + + align:start position:0% +of making that three of a kind on the +turn you do two out times 2% for a total + + align:start position:0% +turn you do two out times 2% for a total + + + align:start position:0% +turn you do two out times 2% for a total +of 4% to make your hand simple + + align:start position:0% +of 4% to make your hand simple + + + align:start position:0% +of 4% to make your hand simple +enough other common examples are flush + + align:start position:0% +enough other common examples are flush + + + align:start position:0% +enough other common examples are flush +jaw which should be nine outs to give + + align:start position:0% +jaw which should be nine outs to give + + + align:start position:0% +jaw which should be nine outs to give +you odds of 9 divid 47 or about 18% an + + align:start position:0% +you odds of 9 divid 47 or about 18% an + + + align:start position:0% +you odds of 9 divid 47 or about 18% an +inside straight draw is four out to give + + align:start position:0% +inside straight draw is four out to give + + + align:start position:0% +inside straight draw is four out to give +you odds of 4 out of 47 or 8% and you + + align:start position:0% +you odds of 4 out of 47 or 8% and you + + + align:start position:0% +you odds of 4 out of 47 or 8% and you +can see this is the exact calculation + + align:start position:0% +can see this is the exact calculation + + + align:start position:0% +can see this is the exact calculation +but it's really very close to just + + align:start position:0% +but it's really very close to just + + + align:start position:0% +but it's really very close to just +multiplying by + + align:start position:0% +multiplying by + + + align:start position:0% +multiplying by +two so back to poads um your break even + + align:start position:0% +two so back to poads um your break even + + + align:start position:0% +two so back to poads um your break even +is when EV is zero that's a common theme + + align:start position:0% +is when EV is zero that's a common theme + + + align:start position:0% +is when EV is zero that's a common theme +that we're going to be go uh talking + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to be go uh talking + + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to be go uh talking +about so the bet is X into a pot of 380 + + align:start position:0% +about so the bet is X into a pot of 380 + + + align:start position:0% +about so the bet is X into a pot of 380 +your chance of hitting the flush is 9 * + + align:start position:0% +your chance of hitting the flush is 9 * + + + align:start position:0% +your chance of hitting the flush is 9 * +4% or 36% + + align:start position:0% +4% or 36% + + + align:start position:0% +4% or 36% +is we're assuming that we get to see + + align:start position:0% +is we're assuming that we get to see + + + align:start position:0% +is we're assuming that we get to see +both cards why do I think we're going to + + align:start position:0% +both cards why do I think we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +both cards why do I think we're going to +get to see both + + align:start position:0% +get to see both + + + align:start position:0% +get to see both +cards because he's all in and he can't + + align:start position:0% +cards because he's all in and he can't + + + align:start position:0% +cards because he's all in and he can't +bet anymore so our win percentage is + + align:start position:0% +bet anymore so our win percentage is + + + align:start position:0% +bet anymore so our win percentage is +36% our exact win rate is 34% showing + + align:start position:0% +36% our exact win rate is 34% showing + + + align:start position:0% +36% our exact win rate is 34% showing +that this is pretty close like we didn't + + align:start position:0% +that this is pretty close like we didn't + + + align:start position:0% +that this is pretty close like we didn't +actually need to do any any heavy math + + align:start position:0% +actually need to do any any heavy math + + + align:start position:0% +actually need to do any any heavy math +to get a good ballpark number so the + + align:start position:0% +to get a good ballpark number so the + + + align:start position:0% +to get a good ballpark number so the +question here is we're facing about a + + align:start position:0% +question here is we're facing about a + + + align:start position:0% +question here is we're facing about a +370 the um pot before we face up bet is + + align:start position:0% +370 the um pot before we face up bet is + + + align:start position:0% +370 the um pot before we face up bet is +380 and the question is should we call + + align:start position:0% +380 and the question is should we call + + + align:start position:0% +380 and the question is should we call +um because you're not going to you can + + align:start position:0% +um because you're not going to you can + + + align:start position:0% +um because you're not going to you can +solve the threshold conceptually um just + + align:start position:0% +solve the threshold conceptually um just + + + align:start position:0% +solve the threshold conceptually um just +to get a resilient solution set + + align:start position:0% +to get a resilient solution set + + + align:start position:0% +to get a resilient solution set +especially when you're doing things um + + align:start position:0% +especially when you're doing things um + + + align:start position:0% +especially when you're doing things um +before after the fact but in real time + + align:start position:0% +before after the fact but in real time + + + align:start position:0% +before after the fact but in real time +um we're going to want to rule for how + + align:start position:0% +um we're going to want to rule for how + + + align:start position:0% +um we're going to want to rule for how +to figure this out so let's talk through + + align:start position:0% +to figure this out so let's talk through + + + align:start position:0% +to figure this out so let's talk through +this one and then we'll go through a + + align:start position:0% +this one and then we'll go through a + + + align:start position:0% +this one and then we'll go through a +solution on the next side um so we have + + align:start position:0% +solution on the next side um so we have + + + align:start position:0% +solution on the next side um so we have +to figure out whether to call this so + + align:start position:0% +to figure out whether to call this so + + + align:start position:0% +to figure out whether to call this so +how many so what are we drawing + + align:start position:0% +how many so what are we drawing + + + align:start position:0% +how many so what are we drawing +to yeah so we're drawing to a flush so + + align:start position:0% +to yeah so we're drawing to a flush so + + + align:start position:0% +to yeah so we're drawing to a flush so +how many cards will result in a flush + + align:start position:0% +how many cards will result in a flush + + + align:start position:0% +how many cards will result in a flush +here nine right so there are nine + + align:start position:0% +here nine right so there are nine + + + align:start position:0% +here nine right so there are nine +remaining hearts in the deck and then we + + align:start position:0% +remaining hearts in the deck and then we + + + align:start position:0% +remaining hearts in the deck and then we +get to see one or two + + align:start position:0% +get to see one or two + + + align:start position:0% +get to see one or two +cards yep I agree so we get to see two + + align:start position:0% +cards yep I agree so we get to see two + + + align:start position:0% +cards yep I agree so we get to see two +cards cuz he's all in so our chance of + + align:start position:0% +cards cuz he's all in so our chance of + + + align:start position:0% +cards cuz he's all in so our chance of +winning is 4% * 99 so 9 18 + + align:start position:0% +winning is 4% * 99 so 9 18 + + + align:start position:0% +winning is 4% * 99 so 9 18 +36% so we can call up to + + align:start position:0% +36% so we can call up to + + + align:start position:0% +36% so we can call up to +36% we can contribute up to 36% of the + + align:start position:0% +36% we can contribute up to 36% of the + + + align:start position:0% +36% we can contribute up to 36% of the +final po so we we would contribute 370 + + align:start position:0% +final po so we we would contribute 370 + + + align:start position:0% +final po so we we would contribute 370 +into the final po of two * this plus one + + align:start position:0% +into the final po of two * this plus one + + + align:start position:0% +into the final po of two * this plus one +time this and just offand you can + + align:start position:0% +time this and just offand you can + + + align:start position:0% +time this and just offand you can +calculate you can figure out that's + + align:start position:0% +calculate you can figure out that's + + + align:start position:0% +calculate you can figure out that's +around 1/3 because the pot is about + + align:start position:0% +around 1/3 because the pot is about + + + align:start position:0% +around 1/3 because the pot is about +equal to the size of his bet so we're + + align:start position:0% +equal to the size of his bet so we're + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the size of his bet so we're +contributing a little bit less than 33% + + align:start position:0% +contributing a little bit less than 33% + + + align:start position:0% +contributing a little bit less than 33% +so we know that this is going to be a + + align:start position:0% +so we know that this is going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +so we know that this is going to be a +good call and that's how you would do + + align:start position:0% +good call and that's how you would do + + + align:start position:0% +good call and that's how you would do +this in real time you would say you're + + align:start position:0% +this in real time you would say you're + + + align:start position:0% +this in real time you would say you're +36% to + + align:start position:0% +36% to + + + align:start position:0% +36% to +win you're contributing 33% of the pot + + align:start position:0% +win you're contributing 33% of the pot + + + align:start position:0% +win you're contributing 33% of the pot +so you decide to call and that's how you + + align:start position:0% +so you decide to call and that's how you + + + align:start position:0% +so you decide to call and that's how you +would that's how you would make this + + align:start position:0% +would that's how you would make this + + + align:start position:0% +would that's how you would make this +decision um so let's do a couple more + + align:start position:0% +decision um so let's do a couple more + + + align:start position:0% +decision um so let's do a couple more +examples well these are all different + + align:start position:0% +examples well these are all different + + + align:start position:0% +examples well these are all different +situations where this type of thing + + align:start position:0% +situations where this type of thing + + + align:start position:0% +situations where this type of thing +might come up so here's a situation + + align:start position:0% +might come up so here's a situation + + + align:start position:0% +might come up so here's a situation +where we have um asymmetrical Stacks + + align:start position:0% +where we have um asymmetrical Stacks + + + align:start position:0% +where we have um asymmetrical Stacks +although the blinds are the same um so + + align:start position:0% +although the blinds are the same um so + + + align:start position:0% +although the blinds are the same um so +we have six seven of diamonds I'm using + + align:start position:0% +we have six seven of diamonds I'm using + + + align:start position:0% +we have six seven of diamonds I'm using +the four color deck just to make it + + align:start position:0% +the four color deck just to make it + + + align:start position:0% +the four color deck just to make it +easier to see + + align:start position:0% +easier to see + + + align:start position:0% +easier to see +um something happens pre- flop that + + align:start position:0% +um something happens pre- flop that + + + align:start position:0% +um something happens pre- flop that +doesn't really matter on the Flop um + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really matter on the Flop um + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really matter on the Flop um +there's $320 in the pot he bets 150 so + + align:start position:0% +there's $320 in the pot he bets 150 so + + + align:start position:0% +there's $320 in the pot he bets 150 so +what do we do here so what are we + + align:start position:0% +what do we do here so what are we + + + align:start position:0% +what do we do here so what are we +drawing to we're drawing to a straight + + align:start position:0% +drawing to we're drawing to a straight + + + align:start position:0% +drawing to we're drawing to a straight +so how many how many how many outs do we + + align:start position:0% +so how many how many how many outs do we + + + align:start position:0% +so how many how many how many outs do we +have how many cards will hit that + + align:start position:0% +have how many cards will hit that + + + align:start position:0% +have how many cards will hit that +straight eight yeah so we got um four + + align:start position:0% +straight eight yeah so we got um four + + + align:start position:0% +straight eight yeah so we got um four +nines and then four fours we'll make us + + align:start position:0% +nines and then four fours we'll make us + + + align:start position:0% +nines and then four fours we'll make us +hit that straight um so eight out total + + align:start position:0% +hit that straight um so eight out total + + + align:start position:0% +hit that straight um so eight out total +so what's our chance of winning this + + align:start position:0% +so what's our chance of winning this + + + align:start position:0% +so what's our chance of winning this +hand based on what we're calling here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah 8632 yep I agree with that um So + + align:start position:0% +yeah 8632 yep I agree with that um So + + + align:start position:0% +yeah 8632 yep I agree with that um So +based on + + align:start position:0% +based on + + + align:start position:0% +based on +that um what do we have to contribute to + + align:start position:0% +that um what do we have to contribute to + + + align:start position:0% +that um what do we have to contribute to +um stay in this hand like what percent + + align:start position:0% +um stay in this hand like what percent + + + align:start position:0% +um stay in this hand like what percent +percentage of the future + + align:start position:0% +percentage of the future + + + align:start position:0% +percentage of the future +pot yeah something less than a third + + align:start position:0% +pot yeah something less than a third + + + align:start position:0% +pot yeah something less than a third +because if he bet exactly 320 that would + + align:start position:0% +because if he bet exactly 320 that would + + + align:start position:0% +because if he bet exactly 320 that would +be a third so we know this is way less + + align:start position:0% +be a third so we know this is way less + + + align:start position:0% +be a third so we know this is way less +than a third and since we're 32% to win + + align:start position:0% +than a third and since we're 32% to win + + + align:start position:0% +than a third and since we're 32% to win +this is probably going to be a good + + align:start position:0% +this is probably going to be a good + + + align:start position:0% +this is probably going to be a good +call so going through the question + + align:start position:0% +call so going through the question + + + align:start position:0% +call so going through the question +question s so we have an open-ended + + align:start position:0% +question s so we have an open-ended + + + align:start position:0% +question s so we have an open-ended +straight draw meaning we have eight outs + + align:start position:0% +straight draw meaning we have eight outs + + + align:start position:0% +straight draw meaning we have eight outs +because two different cards would result + + align:start position:0% +because two different cards would result + + + align:start position:0% +because two different cards would result +in the straight um our outs are ne9 and + + align:start position:0% +in the straight um our outs are ne9 and + + + align:start position:0% +in the straight um our outs are ne9 and +ne4 we have a 32% chance of hitting it + + align:start position:0% +ne4 we have a 32% chance of hitting it + + + align:start position:0% +ne4 we have a 32% chance of hitting it +and what's the correct play call because + + align:start position:0% +and what's the correct play call because + + + align:start position:0% +and what's the correct play call because +150 out of 620 where 620 is the pot plus + + align:start position:0% +150 out of 620 where 620 is the pot plus + + + align:start position:0% +150 out of 620 where 620 is the pot plus +300 is + + align:start position:0% +300 is + + + align:start position:0% +300 is +24% okay so that wasn't bad so that's + + align:start position:0% +24% okay so that wasn't bad so that's + + + align:start position:0% +24% okay so that wasn't bad so that's +our those are two common draws one was a + + align:start position:0% +our those are two common draws one was a + + + align:start position:0% +our those are two common draws one was a +flush draw and one was a straight draw + + align:start position:0% +flush draw and one was a straight draw + + + align:start position:0% +flush draw and one was a straight draw +so let's go to something uh a little bit + + align:start position:0% +so let's go to something uh a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +so let's go to something uh a little bit +different so we have five5 on the button + + align:start position:0% +different so we have five5 on the button + + + align:start position:0% +different so we have five5 on the button +he raises into us I call and the Flop + + align:start position:0% +he raises into us I call and the Flop + + + align:start position:0% +he raises into us I call and the Flop +comes three clubs 5 a six he bets 200 + + align:start position:0% +comes three clubs 5 a six he bets 200 + + + align:start position:0% +comes three clubs 5 a six he bets 200 +Okay cool so this is um this is a + + align:start position:0% +Okay cool so this is um this is a + + + align:start position:0% +Okay cool so this is um this is a +situation which uh I'm sure a lot of you + + align:start position:0% +situation which uh I'm sure a lot of you + + + align:start position:0% +situation which uh I'm sure a lot of you +may have run into recently uh so what so + + align:start position:0% +may have run into recently uh so what so + + + align:start position:0% +may have run into recently uh so what so +what hand are we drawing to here so what + + align:start position:0% +what hand are we drawing to here so what + + + align:start position:0% +what hand are we drawing to here so what +like what why do we think we're behind + + align:start position:0% +like what why do we think we're behind + + + align:start position:0% +like what why do we think we're behind +if we have three fives here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah like he might have a flush um + + align:start position:0% +yeah like he might have a flush um + + + align:start position:0% +yeah like he might have a flush um +certainly to the point where I'm not + + align:start position:0% +certainly to the point where I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +certainly to the point where I'm not +super comfortable with the set here + + align:start position:0% +super comfortable with the set here + + + align:start position:0% +super comfortable with the set here +knowing that like it's reasonably likely + + align:start position:0% +knowing that like it's reasonably likely + + + align:start position:0% +knowing that like it's reasonably likely +for someone to have a flush here or like + + align:start position:0% +for someone to have a flush here or like + + + align:start position:0% +for someone to have a flush here or like +even if he doesn't have a flush and we + + align:start position:0% +even if he doesn't have a flush and we + + + align:start position:0% +even if he doesn't have a flush and we +bet he's only going to call us really if + + align:start position:0% +bet he's only going to call us really if + + + align:start position:0% +bet he's only going to call us really if +he has a flush or a better hand um so he + + align:start position:0% +he has a flush or a better hand um so he + + + align:start position:0% +he has a flush or a better hand um so he +has a flush and then what are we drawing + + align:start position:0% +has a flush and then what are we drawing + + + align:start position:0% +has a flush and then what are we drawing +to like what beats a flush here Full + + align:start position:0% +to like what beats a flush here Full + + + align:start position:0% +to like what beats a flush here Full +House good what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +else um yep four of a kind okay so what + + align:start position:0% +else um yep four of a kind okay so what + + + align:start position:0% +else um yep four of a kind okay so what +are outs here + + align:start position:0% +are outs here + + + align:start position:0% +are outs here +yep I agree seven out what are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they yep so Three + + align:start position:0% +they yep so Three + + + align:start position:0% +they yep so Three +Aces three sixes one five so we have + + align:start position:0% +Aces three sixes one five so we have + + + align:start position:0% +Aces three sixes one five so we have +seven outs total all right so what + + align:start position:0% +seven outs total all right so what + + + align:start position:0% +seven outs total all right so what +what's our chance of hitting do we count + + align:start position:0% +what's our chance of hitting do we count + + + align:start position:0% +what's our chance of hitting do we count +one or two cards + + align:start position:0% +one or two cards + + + align:start position:0% +one or two cards +here one + + align:start position:0% +here one + + + align:start position:0% +here one +why because he has a lot of chips behind + + align:start position:0% +why because he has a lot of chips behind + + + align:start position:0% +why because he has a lot of chips behind +and there's no way if he's betting this + + align:start position:0% +and there's no way if he's betting this + + + align:start position:0% +and there's no way if he's betting this +on the Flop he's giving us a free card + + align:start position:0% +on the Flop he's giving us a free card + + + align:start position:0% +on the Flop he's giving us a free card +on the turn unless for some reason he + + align:start position:0% +on the turn unless for some reason he + + + align:start position:0% +on the turn unless for some reason he +thinks we have a flush but we certainly + + align:start position:0% +thinks we have a flush but we certainly + + + align:start position:0% +thinks we have a flush but we certainly +can't count on that okay so we can what + + align:start position:0% +can't count on that okay so we can what + + + align:start position:0% +can't count on that okay so we can what +do we say seven outs so we use 2% for + + align:start position:0% +do we say seven outs so we use 2% for + + + align:start position:0% +do we say seven outs so we use 2% for +the next card or 14% so we can call up + + align:start position:0% +the next card or 14% so we can call up + + + align:start position:0% +the next card or 14% so we can call up +to 14% of the future pot the future + + align:start position:0% +to 14% of the future pot the future + + + align:start position:0% +to 14% of the future pot the future +pot's going to be 21 2300 so we can call + + align:start position:0% +pot's going to be 21 2300 so we can call + + + align:start position:0% +pot's going to be 21 2300 so we can call +14% of + + align:start position:0% +14% of + + + align:start position:0% +14% of +that so what's a good estimate of that + + align:start position:0% +that so what's a good estimate of that + + + align:start position:0% +that so what's a good estimate of that +like it's going to be more than like 280 + + align:start position:0% +like it's going to be more than like 280 + + + align:start position:0% +like it's going to be more than like 280 +cuz 14% of 2000 is is uh is 280 right so + + align:start position:0% +cuz 14% of 2000 is is uh is 280 right so + + + align:start position:0% +cuz 14% of 2000 is is uh is 280 right so +he's betting materially less than that + + align:start position:0% +he's betting materially less than that + + + align:start position:0% +he's betting materially less than that +like he's way under betting whatever he + + align:start position:0% +like he's way under betting whatever he + + + align:start position:0% +like he's way under betting whatever he +has here if he has if he has a flush + + align:start position:0% +has here if he has if he has a flush + + + align:start position:0% +has here if he has if he has a flush +he's not protecting it if he doesn't + + align:start position:0% +he's not protecting it if he doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +he's not protecting it if he doesn't +have a flush like he's losing um so this + + align:start position:0% +have a flush like he's losing um so this + + + align:start position:0% +have a flush like he's losing um so this +is a very common example of a villain + + align:start position:0% +is a very common example of a villain + + + align:start position:0% +is a very common example of a villain +not protecting his hand like he's + + align:start position:0% +not protecting his hand like he's + + + align:start position:0% +not protecting his hand like he's +probably this is a situation where I see + + align:start position:0% +probably this is a situation where I see + + + align:start position:0% +probably this is a situation where I see +a lot of newer players um screw up + + align:start position:0% +a lot of newer players um screw up + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of newer players um screw up +they're not they're betting so little + + align:start position:0% +they're not they're betting so little + + + align:start position:0% +they're not they're betting so little +like they're betting little CU they + + align:start position:0% +like they're betting little CU they + + + align:start position:0% +like they're betting little CU they +don't want the other guy to fold but + + align:start position:0% +don't want the other guy to fold but + + + align:start position:0% +don't want the other guy to fold but +they're actually losing value because + + align:start position:0% +they're actually losing value because + + + align:start position:0% +they're actually losing value because +the other guy fold here would be + + align:start position:0% +the other guy fold here would be + + + align:start position:0% +the other guy fold here would be +preferable they should bet enough that + + align:start position:0% +preferable they should bet enough that + + + align:start position:0% +preferable they should bet enough that +he either folds or he makes the wrong + + align:start position:0% +he either folds or he makes the wrong + + + align:start position:0% +he either folds or he makes the wrong +decision if he + + align:start position:0% +decision if he + + + align:start position:0% +decision if he +calls so we're drawing to a Full House + + align:start position:0% +calls so we're drawing to a Full House + + + align:start position:0% +calls so we're drawing to a Full House +or four of a kind which you guys got + + align:start position:0% +or four of a kind which you guys got + + + align:start position:0% +or four of a kind which you guys got +right our outs are three Aces three + + align:start position:0% +right our outs are three Aces three + + + align:start position:0% +right our outs are three Aces three +sixes and one five for seven cards total + + align:start position:0% +sixes and one five for seven cards total + + + align:start position:0% +sixes and one five for seven cards total +our chance of hitting the draw is + + align:start position:0% +our chance of hitting the draw is + + + align:start position:0% +our chance of hitting the draw is +14% so the correct play + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is yep correct play is call because he's + + align:start position:0% +is yep correct play is call because he's + + + align:start position:0% +is yep correct play is call because he's +only asking us for 9% to contribute 9% + + align:start position:0% +only asking us for 9% to contribute 9% + + + align:start position:0% +only asking us for 9% to contribute 9% +of that pot since we're 14% to win + + align:start position:0% +of that pot since we're 14% to win + + + align:start position:0% +of that pot since we're 14% to win +like the Chunk in that pie is bigger + + align:start position:0% +like the Chunk in that pie is bigger + + + align:start position:0% +like the Chunk in that pie is bigger +than the 9% chunk that we have to + + align:start position:0% +than the 9% chunk that we have to + + + align:start position:0% +than the 9% chunk that we have to +contribute and the result is this $122 + + align:start position:0% +contribute and the result is this $122 + + + align:start position:0% +contribute and the result is this $122 +free that he's giving us okay so I think + + align:start position:0% +free that he's giving us okay so I think + + + align:start position:0% +free that he's giving us okay so I think +this is my last example this one should + + align:start position:0% +this is my last example this one should + + + align:start position:0% +this is my last example this one should +be a little bit more fun so this is it + + align:start position:0% +be a little bit more fun so this is it + + + align:start position:0% +be a little bit more fun so this is it +so why is this a draw that we're looking + + align:start position:0% +so why is this a draw that we're looking + + + align:start position:0% +so why is this a draw that we're looking +at like we're the first one to act why + + align:start position:0% +at like we're the first one to act why + + + align:start position:0% +at like we're the first one to act why +does this + + align:start position:0% +does this + + + align:start position:0% +does this +matter can anyone tell what's going on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here yeah so the villain here is all in + + align:start position:0% +here yeah so the villain here is all in + + + align:start position:0% +here yeah so the villain here is all in +blind with that 200 because that's the + + align:start position:0% +blind with that 200 because that's the + + + align:start position:0% +blind with that 200 because that's the +big blind so by calling here or by doing + + align:start position:0% +big blind so by calling here or by doing + + + align:start position:0% +big blind so by calling here or by doing +anything we're going like he is going + + align:start position:0% +anything we're going like he is going + + + align:start position:0% +anything we're going like he is going +all in so really it's like he acted + + align:start position:0% +all in so really it's like he acted + + + align:start position:0% +all in so really it's like he acted +before us and now we're deciding whether + + align:start position:0% +before us and now we're deciding whether + + + align:start position:0% +before us and now we're deciding whether +we want to act so what are we drawing to + + align:start position:0% +we want to act so what are we drawing to + + + align:start position:0% +we want to act so what are we drawing to +here well okay so what are what are we + + align:start position:0% +here well okay so what are what are we + + + align:start position:0% +here well okay so what are what are we +facing what does he have in terms of a + + align:start position:0% +facing what does he have in terms of a + + + align:start position:0% +facing what does he have in terms of a +range any two cards and then so what are + + align:start position:0% +range any two cards and then so what are + + + align:start position:0% +range any two cards and then so what are +we drawing to in general we're drawing + + align:start position:0% +we drawing to in general we're drawing + + + align:start position:0% +we drawing to in general we're drawing +to to basically anything like we're + + align:start position:0% +to to basically anything like we're + + + align:start position:0% +to to basically anything like we're +hoping that we win some amount of the + + align:start position:0% +hoping that we win some amount of the + + + align:start position:0% +hoping that we win some amount of the +time and what percentage do we have to + + align:start position:0% +time and what percentage do we have to + + + align:start position:0% +time and what percentage do we have to +win okay what first let's start with + + align:start position:0% +win okay what first let's start with + + + align:start position:0% +win okay what first let's start with +like what's a reasonable estimate for + + align:start position:0% +like what's a reasonable estimate for + + + align:start position:0% +like what's a reasonable estimate for +the amount we could win the percentage + + align:start position:0% +the amount we could win the percentage + + + align:start position:0% +the amount we could win the percentage +of the + + align:start position:0% +of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the +time so like what what are some um hand + + align:start position:0% +time so like what what are some um hand + + + align:start position:0% +time so like what what are some um hand +versand percentages that you know like + + align:start position:0% +versand percentages that you know like + + + align:start position:0% +versand percentages that you know like +okay so what's like what's Aces vers + + align:start position:0% +okay so what's like what's Aces vers + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what's like what's Aces vers +anything 80 yeah it's like 80 or 85% and + + align:start position:0% +anything 80 yeah it's like 80 or 85% and + + + align:start position:0% +anything 80 yeah it's like 80 or 85% and +then if he doesn't have a pocket pair + + align:start position:0% +then if he doesn't have a pocket pair + + + align:start position:0% +then if he doesn't have a pocket pair +higher than both of our cards like + + align:start position:0% +higher than both of our cards like + + + align:start position:0% +higher than both of our cards like +you're generally like even if you're + + align:start position:0% +you're generally like even if you're + + + align:start position:0% +you're generally like even if you're +dominated you're like + + align:start position:0% +dominated you're like + + + align:start position:0% +dominated you're like +7030 and then the majority of random + + align:start position:0% +7030 and then the majority of random + + + align:start position:0% +7030 and then the majority of random +versus random is like between 60 40 in + + align:start position:0% +versus random is like between 60 40 in + + + align:start position:0% +versus random is like between 60 40 in +either direction um so say that what + + align:start position:0% +either direction um so say that what + + + align:start position:0% +either direction um so say that what +percentage of the time do we have to win + + align:start position:0% +percentage of the time do we have to win + + + align:start position:0% +percentage of the time do we have to win +here for this to be a good + + align:start position:0% +here for this to be a good + + + align:start position:0% +here for this to be a good +call so what what's the size of the bet + + align:start position:0% +call so what what's the size of the bet + + + align:start position:0% +call so what what's the size of the bet +that we're facing here if we're the + + align:start position:0% +that we're facing here if we're the + + + align:start position:0% +that we're facing here if we're the +small + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +blind 100 right + + align:start position:0% +blind 100 right + + + align:start position:0% +blind 100 right +right so we're contributing 100 here to + + align:start position:0% +right so we're contributing 100 here to + + + align:start position:0% +right so we're contributing 100 here to +win a pot of 400 which is going to be + + align:start position:0% +win a pot of 400 which is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +win a pot of 400 which is going to be +the one like one big blind from each of + + align:start position:0% +the one like one big blind from each of + + + align:start position:0% +the one like one big blind from each of +us so if we're more than 25% to win here + + align:start position:0% +us so if we're more than 25% to win here + + + align:start position:0% +us so if we're more than 25% to win here +like this is a plus EV call and I see a + + align:start position:0% +like this is a plus EV call and I see a + + + align:start position:0% +like this is a plus EV call and I see a +lot of people screw this up for some + + align:start position:0% +lot of people screw this up for some + + + align:start position:0% +lot of people screw this up for some +reason but you're virtually always ahead + + align:start position:0% +reason but you're virtually always ahead + + + align:start position:0% +reason but you're virtually always ahead +of 25% here so we're drawing to here is + + align:start position:0% +of 25% here so we're drawing to here is + + + align:start position:0% +of 25% here so we're drawing to here is +anything and our chance of hitting the + + align:start position:0% +anything and our chance of hitting the + + + align:start position:0% +anything and our chance of hitting the +draw is we're actually about 40% versus + + align:start position:0% +draw is we're actually about 40% versus + + + align:start position:0% +draw is we're actually about 40% versus +his range and even 32 like the worst + + align:start position:0% +his range and even 32 like the worst + + + align:start position:0% +his range and even 32 like the worst +heads up hand versus any two cards is + + align:start position:0% +heads up hand versus any two cards is + + + align:start position:0% +heads up hand versus any two cards is +32% so we're really calling blind there + + align:start position:0% +32% so we're really calling blind there + + + align:start position:0% +32% so we're really calling blind there +like we are we are always ahead of his + + align:start position:0% +like we are we are always ahead of his + + + align:start position:0% +like we are we are always ahead of his +range so the correct play is certainly + + align:start position:0% +range so the correct play is certainly + + + align:start position:0% +range so the correct play is certainly +going to be a call and the EV is like 60 + + align:start position:0% +going to be a call and the EV is like 60 + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a call and the EV is like 60 +so if we fold this it's worth about 60 + + align:start position:0% +so if we fold this it's worth about 60 + + + align:start position:0% +so if we fold this it's worth about 60 +chips um so let's talk about impli odds + + align:start position:0% +chips um so let's talk about impli odds + + + align:start position:0% +chips um so let's talk about impli odds +so the um the solution to an implied + + align:start position:0% +so the um the solution to an implied + + + align:start position:0% +so the um the solution to an implied +odds question is the number of chips + + align:start position:0% +odds question is the number of chips + + + align:start position:0% +odds question is the number of chips +that we have to win after hitting our + + align:start position:0% +that we have to win after hitting our + + + align:start position:0% +that we have to win after hitting our +jaw so um + + align:start position:0% +jaw so um + + + align:start position:0% +jaw so um +I'm using that specific language because + + align:start position:0% +I'm using that specific language because + + + align:start position:0% +I'm using that specific language because +like for pot odds the solution is like + + align:start position:0% +like for pot odds the solution is like + + + align:start position:0% +like for pot odds the solution is like +whether or not you can call or what's + + align:start position:0% +whether or not you can call or what's + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not you can call or what's +the maximum bet you can call for implied + + align:start position:0% +the maximum bet you can call for implied + + + align:start position:0% +the maximum bet you can call for implied +odds it's different it's the number of + + align:start position:0% +odds it's different it's the number of + + + align:start position:0% +odds it's different it's the number of +chips you have to win later to make the + + align:start position:0% +chips you have to win later to make the + + + align:start position:0% +chips you have to win later to make the +call good it's the amount it's the + + align:start position:0% +call good it's the amount it's the + + + align:start position:0% +call good it's the amount it's the +amount of basically dead money you need + + align:start position:0% +amount of basically dead money you need + + + align:start position:0% +amount of basically dead money you need +to add to the pot after the + + align:start position:0% +to add to the pot after the + + + align:start position:0% +to add to the pot after the +fact um so the way that we do that is we + + align:start position:0% +fact um so the way that we do that is we + + + align:start position:0% +fact um so the way that we do that is we +take a look at our percentage chance of + + align:start position:0% +take a look at our percentage chance of + + + align:start position:0% +take a look at our percentage chance of +winning say it's 20% and then we figure + + align:start position:0% +winning say it's 20% and then we figure + + + align:start position:0% +winning say it's 20% and then we figure +out what size would the pot have to be + + align:start position:0% +out what size would the pot have to be + + + align:start position:0% +out what size would the pot have to be +to make the bet we are currently facing + + align:start position:0% +to make the bet we are currently facing + + + align:start position:0% +to make the bet we are currently facing +be 20% of that pot so here's an example + + align:start position:0% +be 20% of that pot so here's an example + + + align:start position:0% +be 20% of that pot so here's an example +and we're using easier numbers here + + align:start position:0% +and we're using easier numbers here + + + align:start position:0% +and we're using easier numbers here +because we're dividing by percentages um + + align:start position:0% +because we're dividing by percentages um + + + align:start position:0% +because we're dividing by percentages um +so say we have a flush draw at we're 18% + + align:start position:0% +so say we have a flush draw at we're 18% + + + align:start position:0% +so say we have a flush draw at we're 18% +to hit um if the pot is 300 and we have + + align:start position:0% +to hit um if the pot is 300 and we have + + + align:start position:0% +to hit um if the pot is 300 and we have +a bed of 180 into + + align:start position:0% +a bed of 180 into + + + align:start position:0% +a bed of 180 into +us um our call is going to be 27% of the + + align:start position:0% +us um our call is going to be 27% of the + + + align:start position:0% +us um our call is going to be 27% of the +pot so if we had a 27% chance of winning + + align:start position:0% +pot so if we had a 27% chance of winning + + + align:start position:0% +pot so if we had a 27% chance of winning +that would be a break even but we don't + + align:start position:0% +that would be a break even but we don't + + + align:start position:0% +that would be a break even but we don't +we have an 18% chance of winning so by + + align:start position:0% +we have an 18% chance of winning so by + + + align:start position:0% +we have an 18% chance of winning so by +po odds it says don't call but to figure + + align:start position:0% +po odds it says don't call but to figure + + + align:start position:0% +po odds it says don't call but to figure +out what the amount is that we um we + + align:start position:0% +out what the amount is that we um we + + + align:start position:0% +out what the amount is that we um we +could we want the pot to be we just + + align:start position:0% +could we want the pot to be we just + + + align:start position:0% +could we want the pot to be we just +divide that 180 by the 18% of our odds + + align:start position:0% +divide that 180 by the 18% of our odds + + + align:start position:0% +divide that 180 by the 18% of our odds +to get this 1,00 number so if the pot + + align:start position:0% +to get this 1,00 number so if the pot + + + align:start position:0% +to get this 1,00 number so if the pot +were 1,000 we could make that call so + + align:start position:0% +were 1,000 we could make that call so + + + align:start position:0% +were 1,000 we could make that call so +the um the solution here is this 340 + + align:start position:0% +the um the solution here is this 340 + + + align:start position:0% +the um the solution here is this 340 +difference which is the real the actual + + align:start position:0% +difference which is the real the actual + + + align:start position:0% +difference which is the real the actual +pot after we call um the difference + + align:start position:0% +pot after we call um the difference + + + align:start position:0% +pot after we call um the difference +between that and the pot that we need to + + align:start position:0% +between that and the pot that we need to + + + align:start position:0% +between that and the pot that we need to +make this call neutral that's where this + + align:start position:0% +make this call neutral that's where this + + + align:start position:0% +make this call neutral that's where this +this 340 comes from and it's going to it + + align:start position:0% +this 340 comes from and it's going to it + + + align:start position:0% +this 340 comes from and it's going to it +has to be in dead money it has to be + + align:start position:0% +has to be in dead money it has to be + + + align:start position:0% +has to be in dead money it has to be +money that's added to the pot after we + + align:start position:0% +money that's added to the pot after we + + + align:start position:0% +money that's added to the pot after we +already hit our um flush so to visualize + + align:start position:0% +already hit our um flush so to visualize + + + align:start position:0% +already hit our um flush so to visualize +it um so we need that bet of 180 from + + align:start position:0% +it um so we need that bet of 180 from + + + align:start position:0% +it um so we need that bet of 180 from +the example I just gave to be 18% of the + + align:start position:0% +the example I just gave to be 18% of the + + + align:start position:0% +the example I just gave to be 18% of the +pot that's what makes it a good bet um + + align:start position:0% +pot that's what makes it a good bet um + + + align:start position:0% +pot that's what makes it a good bet um +as of the time that we make the decision + + align:start position:0% +as of the time that we make the decision + + + align:start position:0% +as of the time that we make the decision +our bet here represents 27% of that pot + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +however if we can increase a pot by + + align:start position:0% +however if we can increase a pot by + + + align:start position:0% +however if we can increase a pot by +340 that bet would be 18% of that new + + align:start position:0% +340 that bet would be 18% of that new + + + align:start position:0% +340 that bet would be 18% of that new +pot so that gives us the the right + + align:start position:0% +pot so that gives us the the right + + + align:start position:0% +pot so that gives us the the right +implied odds to make this call and what + + align:start position:0% +implied odds to make this call and what + + + align:start position:0% +implied odds to make this call and what +we need to figure out is whether this + + align:start position:0% +we need to figure out is whether this + + + align:start position:0% +we need to figure out is whether this +340 number is realistic the difference + + align:start position:0% +340 number is realistic the difference + + + align:start position:0% +340 number is realistic the difference +between this 1,000 and that + + align:start position:0% +between this 1,000 and that + + + align:start position:0% +between this 1,000 and that +660 so are we following that is that + + align:start position:0% +660 so are we following that is that + + + align:start position:0% +660 so are we following that is that +making it easier to understand um what + + align:start position:0% +making it easier to understand um what + + + align:start position:0% +making it easier to understand um what +we're trying to figure out when we do an + + align:start position:0% +we're trying to figure out when we do an + + + align:start position:0% +we're trying to figure out when we do an +applied odds + + align:start position:0% +applied odds + + + align:start position:0% +applied odds +question Okay cool so I think I have two + + align:start position:0% +question Okay cool so I think I have two + + + align:start position:0% +question Okay cool so I think I have two +or three examples here um just to to + + align:start position:0% +or three examples here um just to to + + + align:start position:0% +or three examples here um just to to +walk through that idea um so so here's a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hand okay so so here's a decision we're + + align:start position:0% +hand okay so so here's a decision we're + + + align:start position:0% +hand okay so so here's a decision we're +facing um and we need to figure out + + align:start position:0% +facing um and we need to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +facing um and we need to figure out +whether this is a a good call so we have + + align:start position:0% +whether this is a a good call so we have + + + align:start position:0% +whether this is a a good call so we have +plenty of trips behind we we have we all + + align:start position:0% +plenty of trips behind we we have we all + + + align:start position:0% +plenty of trips behind we we have we all +started with the thousand and then like + + align:start position:0% +started with the thousand and then like + + + align:start position:0% +started with the thousand and then like +we're probably not winning this hand + + align:start position:0% +we're probably not winning this hand + + + align:start position:0% +we're probably not winning this hand +because we have middle pair okay so + + align:start position:0% +because we have middle pair okay so + + + align:start position:0% +because we have middle pair okay so +we're drawn to two pair or three of a + + align:start position:0% +we're drawn to two pair or three of a + + + align:start position:0% +we're drawn to two pair or three of a +kind our outs are these which are five + + align:start position:0% +kind our outs are these which are five + + + align:start position:0% +kind our outs are these which are five +out + + align:start position:0% +out + + + align:start position:0% +out +total which gives us a chance of hitting + + align:start position:0% +total which gives us a chance of hitting + + + align:start position:0% +total which gives us a chance of hitting +our draw of what so do we get to see one + + align:start position:0% +our draw of what so do we get to see one + + + align:start position:0% +our draw of what so do we get to see one +or two + + align:start position:0% +or two + + + align:start position:0% +or two +cards uh right we get to do one card + + align:start position:0% +cards uh right we get to do one card + + + align:start position:0% +cards uh right we get to do one card +because presumably he's G to bet again + + align:start position:0% +because presumably he's G to bet again + + + align:start position:0% +because presumably he's G to bet again +so we multiply by 2% to get a 10% chance + + align:start position:0% +so we multiply by 2% to get a 10% chance + + + align:start position:0% +so we multiply by 2% to get a 10% chance +of hitting the draw and then let's go + + align:start position:0% +of hitting the draw and then let's go + + + align:start position:0% +of hitting the draw and then let's go +back to the um to this so what does pot + + align:start position:0% +back to the um to this so what does pot + + + align:start position:0% +back to the um to this so what does pot +have to be to make this bet 10% of the + + align:start position:0% +have to be to make this bet 10% of the + + + align:start position:0% +have to be to make this bet 10% of the +future + + align:start position:0% +future + + + align:start position:0% +future +pot it needs to be well it needs to be a + + align:start position:0% +pot it needs to be well it needs to be a + + + align:start position:0% +pot it needs to be well it needs to be a +th000 because we we're contributing a + + align:start position:0% +th000 because we we're contributing a + + + align:start position:0% +th000 because we we're contributing a +100 of some pot that we have 10% equity + + align:start position:0% +100 of some pot that we have 10% equity + + + align:start position:0% +100 of some pot that we have 10% equity +in so it needs to be a th000 which means + + align:start position:0% +in so it needs to be a th000 which means + + + align:start position:0% +in so it needs to be a th000 which means +how much additional money do we need to + + align:start position:0% +how much additional money do we need to + + + align:start position:0% +how much additional money do we need to +add after we call + + align:start position:0% +add after we call + + + align:start position:0% +add after we call +that so it's going to be so after this + + align:start position:0% +that so it's going to be so after this + + + align:start position:0% +that so it's going to be so after this +call it's going to be 1475 + + align:start position:0% +call it's going to be 1475 + + + align:start position:0% +call it's going to be 1475 +575 because we're like we're calling 100 + + align:start position:0% +575 because we're like we're calling 100 + + + align:start position:0% +575 because we're like we're calling 100 +so that's going to be in the pot two and + + align:start position:0% +so that's going to be in the pot two and + + + align:start position:0% +so that's going to be in the pot two and +then we it's the Delta between that and + + align:start position:0% +then we it's the Delta between that and + + + align:start position:0% +then we it's the Delta between that and +a th000 that we care about so it's going + + align:start position:0% +a th000 that we care about so it's going + + + align:start position:0% +a th000 that we care about so it's going +to be uh 1,00 minus + + align:start position:0% +to be uh 1,00 minus + + + align:start position:0% +to be uh 1,00 minus +575 we need to we need to draw 425 in + + align:start position:0% +575 we need to we need to draw 425 in + + + align:start position:0% +575 we need to we need to draw 425 in +addition at the end so we have a 10% + + align:start position:0% +addition at the end so we have a 10% + + + align:start position:0% +addition at the end so we have a 10% +chance of hitting our odds are 16% + + align:start position:0% +chance of hitting our odds are 16% + + + align:start position:0% +chance of hitting our odds are 16% +meaning we can't call it there however + + align:start position:0% +meaning we can't call it there however + + + align:start position:0% +meaning we can't call it there however +if we go pull out um that 100 bet + + align:start position:0% +if we go pull out um that 100 bet + + + align:start position:0% +if we go pull out um that 100 bet +divided by the 10% odds that we need it + + align:start position:0% +divided by the 10% odds that we need it + + + align:start position:0% +divided by the 10% odds that we need it +creates a $1,000 pot with a difference + + align:start position:0% +creates a $1,000 pot with a difference + + + align:start position:0% +creates a $1,000 pot with a difference +of 575 so we need $425 + + align:start position:0% +of 575 so we need $425 + + + align:start position:0% +of 575 so we need $425 +more on that uh after we hit our draw to + + align:start position:0% +more on that uh after we hit our draw to + + + align:start position:0% +more on that uh after we hit our draw to +make that a good call which in that + + align:start position:0% +make that a good call which in that + + + align:start position:0% +make that a good call which in that +situation seems + + align:start position:0% +situation seems + + + align:start position:0% +situation seems +reasonable like he so he bet 100 into a + + align:start position:0% +reasonable like he so he bet 100 into a + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable like he so he bet 100 into a +pot of of 400 presumably he'll bet like + + align:start position:0% +pot of of 400 presumably he'll bet like + + + align:start position:0% +pot of of 400 presumably he'll bet like +200 or 300 next hand and then we can + + align:start position:0% +200 or 300 next hand and then we can + + + align:start position:0% +200 or 300 next hand and then we can +repop him for anything and if he even if + + align:start position:0% +repop him for anything and if he even if + + + align:start position:0% +repop him for anything and if he even if +it's a minbat which he'll presumably be + + align:start position:0% +it's a minbat which he'll presumably be + + + align:start position:0% +it's a minbat which he'll presumably be +obligated to call especially because + + align:start position:0% +obligated to call especially because + + + align:start position:0% +obligated to call especially because +this is a very um like a very hidden + + align:start position:0% +this is a very um like a very hidden + + + align:start position:0% +this is a very um like a very hidden +draw um will be able to to make this a + + align:start position:0% +draw um will be able to to make this a + + + align:start position:0% +draw um will be able to to make this a +good call + + align:start position:0% +good call + + + align:start position:0% +good call +so I I think this is reasonably a good + + align:start position:0% +so I I think this is reasonably a good + + + align:start position:0% +so I I think this is reasonably a good +call based on I think we could get4 or + + align:start position:0% +call based on I think we could get4 or + + + align:start position:0% +call based on I think we could get4 or +$500 more at + + align:start position:0% +$500 more at + + + align:start position:0% +$500 more at +least so so let's do another one of + + align:start position:0% +least so so let's do another one of + + + align:start position:0% +least so so let's do another one of +these so I'm going to make these all + + align:start position:0% +these so I'm going to make these all + + + align:start position:0% +these so I'm going to make these all +from the same position and all the pre- + + align:start position:0% +from the same position and all the pre- + + + align:start position:0% +from the same position and all the pre- +Flop actions the same just to make it um + + align:start position:0% +Flop actions the same just to make it um + + + align:start position:0% +Flop actions the same just to make it um +simple to see what's going + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +on okay so here um let's go through the + + align:start position:0% +on okay so here um let's go through the + + + align:start position:0% +on okay so here um let's go through the +same steps so what are we drawing to + + align:start position:0% +same steps so what are we drawing to + + + align:start position:0% +same steps so what are we drawing to +here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so several things so we're we're + + align:start position:0% +yeah so several things so we're we're + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so several things so we're we're +drawing to a straight we're drawing to a + + align:start position:0% +drawing to a straight we're drawing to a + + + align:start position:0% +drawing to a straight we're drawing to a +flush are we drawing to anything + + align:start position:0% +flush are we drawing to anything + + + align:start position:0% +flush are we drawing to anything +else so okay I would agree we're drawing + + align:start position:0% +else so okay I would agree we're drawing + + + align:start position:0% +else so okay I would agree we're drawing +to a royal flush also and I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +to a royal flush also and I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +to a royal flush also and I'm going to +say the over pair might not be good like + + align:start position:0% +say the over pair might not be good like + + + align:start position:0% +say the over pair might not be good like +one pair I I wouldn't consider a great + + align:start position:0% +one pair I I wouldn't consider a great + + + align:start position:0% +one pair I I wouldn't consider a great +hand especially when where what what we + + align:start position:0% +hand especially when where what what we + + + align:start position:0% +hand especially when where what what we +blinds here like + + align:start position:0% +blinds here like + + + align:start position:0% +blinds here like +um 00 so we have an M of + + align:start position:0% +um 00 so we have an M of + + + align:start position:0% +um 00 so we have an M of +like what like 50 something like that so + + align:start position:0% +like what like 50 something like that so + + + align:start position:0% +like what like 50 something like that so +I think it's I think our m is or our our + + align:start position:0% +I think it's I think our m is or our our + + + align:start position:0% +I think it's I think our m is or our our +top pair is not that great + + align:start position:0% +top pair is not that great + + + align:start position:0% +top pair is not that great +here um but I do think the flush is good + + align:start position:0% +here um but I do think the flush is good + + + align:start position:0% +here um but I do think the flush is good +probably like a king High flush is good + + align:start position:0% +probably like a king High flush is good + + + align:start position:0% +probably like a king High flush is good +and then the straight is good too so how + + align:start position:0% +and then the straight is good too so how + + + align:start position:0% +and then the straight is good too so how +many outs do we have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here so how many like how many outs to + + align:start position:0% +here so how many like how many outs to + + + align:start position:0% +here so how many like how many outs to +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +flush right so we have yeah nine other + + align:start position:0% +flush right so we have yeah nine other + + + align:start position:0% +flush right so we have yeah nine other +clubs in the deck and then how many outs + + align:start position:0% +clubs in the deck and then how many outs + + + align:start position:0% +clubs in the deck and then how many outs +to the + + align:start position:0% +to the + + + align:start position:0% +to the +straight eight right so we have 17 outs + + align:start position:0% +straight eight right so we have 17 outs + + + align:start position:0% +straight eight right so we have 17 outs +and then how many are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +overlaps two right so let me make sure I + + align:start position:0% +overlaps two right so let me make sure I + + + align:start position:0% +overlaps two right so let me make sure I +got that right so n + 8 17 minus 2 yep + + align:start position:0% +got that right so n + 8 17 minus 2 yep + + + align:start position:0% +got that right so n + 8 17 minus 2 yep +15 so we have 15 outs here and then how + + align:start position:0% +15 so we have 15 outs here and then how + + + align:start position:0% +15 so we have 15 outs here and then how +many cards are we going to + + align:start position:0% +many cards are we going to + + + align:start position:0% +many cards are we going to +see we're going to see one the only I I + + align:start position:0% +see we're going to see one the only I I + + + align:start position:0% +see we're going to see one the only I I +really wouldn't estimate that we're + + align:start position:0% +really wouldn't estimate that we're + + + align:start position:0% +really wouldn't estimate that we're +going to see two cards unless someone is + + align:start position:0% +going to see two cards unless someone is + + + align:start position:0% +going to see two cards unless someone is +specifically all in so use one um one + + align:start position:0% +specifically all in so use one um one + + + align:start position:0% +specifically all in so use one um one +card here so we have um so 15 outs over + + align:start position:0% +card here so we have um so 15 outs over + + + align:start position:0% +card here so we have um so 15 outs over +one card so what's a percent chance of + + align:start position:0% +one card so what's a percent chance of + + + align:start position:0% +one card so what's a percent chance of +winning on that next + + align:start position:0% +winning on that next + + + align:start position:0% +winning on that next +card 30% good so what how + + align:start position:0% +card 30% good so what how + + + align:start position:0% +card 30% good so what how +much so what would the pot have to be + + align:start position:0% +much so what would the pot have to be + + + align:start position:0% +much so what would the pot have to be +eventually to make this a good call with + + align:start position:0% +eventually to make this a good call with + + + align:start position:0% +eventually to make this a good call with +our 30% chance of winning this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +end + + align:start position:0% +end + + + align:start position:0% +end +i' so it would + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be so I think it would be 600 divided + + align:start position:0% +be so I think it would be 600 divided + + + align:start position:0% +be so I think it would be 600 divided +30% right so what's that so 600 divided + + align:start position:0% +30% right so what's that so 600 divided + + + align:start position:0% +30% right so what's that so 600 divided +by 3 10 no I think it's going to be more + + align:start position:0% +by 3 10 no I think it's going to be more + + + align:start position:0% +by 3 10 no I think it's going to be more +than that because we're going to + + align:start position:0% +than that because we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +than that because we're going to +multiply by + + align:start position:0% +multiply by + + + align:start position:0% +multiply by +10/3 so it's going to be 6,000 / three + + align:start position:0% +10/3 so it's going to be 6,000 / three + + + align:start position:0% +10/3 so it's going to be 6,000 / three +or 2,000 would you agree with that so + + align:start position:0% +or 2,000 would you agree with that so + + + align:start position:0% +or 2,000 would you agree with that so +this pot has to be 2,000 by the end and + + align:start position:0% +this pot has to be 2,000 by the end and + + + align:start position:0% +this pot has to be 2,000 by the end and +then what is what's it going to be when + + align:start position:0% +then what is what's it going to be when + + + align:start position:0% +then what is what's it going to be when +we call + + align:start position:0% +we call + + + align:start position:0% +we call +here 147 yeah let's see so it's going to + + align:start position:0% +here 147 yeah let's see so it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +here 147 yeah let's see so it's going to +be 600 his 600 plus our 600 1 1200 plus + + align:start position:0% +be 600 his 600 plus our 600 1 1200 plus + + + align:start position:0% +be 600 his 600 plus our 600 1 1200 plus +275 yeah 47 uh 1475 so how how many + + align:start position:0% +275 yeah 47 uh 1475 so how how many + + + align:start position:0% +275 yeah 47 uh 1475 so how how many +additional dollars do we need in the pot + + align:start position:0% +additional dollars do we need in the pot + + + align:start position:0% +additional dollars do we need in the pot +after hitting one of our + + align:start position:0% +after hitting one of our + + + align:start position:0% +after hitting one of our +draws good right so I think that's right + + align:start position:0% +draws good right so I think that's right + + + align:start position:0% +draws good right so I think that's right +um so drawing to straight or flush n N9 + + align:start position:0% +um so drawing to straight or flush n N9 + + + align:start position:0% +um so drawing to straight or flush n N9 +seven other clubs that aren't Acer 9 for + + align:start position:0% +seven other clubs that aren't Acer 9 for + + + align:start position:0% +seven other clubs that aren't Acer 9 for + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +outs we are 30% to hit this um so right + + align:start position:0% +outs we are 30% to hit this um so right + + + align:start position:0% +outs we are 30% to hit this um so right +now the Pod ODS are 40% because he's + + align:start position:0% +now the Pod ODS are 40% because he's + + + align:start position:0% +now the Pod ODS are 40% because he's +betting 600 or we' be contributing 600 + + align:start position:0% +betting 600 or we' be contributing 600 + + + align:start position:0% +betting 600 or we' be contributing 600 +into a total pot of + + align:start position:0% +into a total pot of + + + align:start position:0% +into a total pot of +1475 we need to win an additional 525 + + align:start position:0% +1475 we need to win an additional 525 + + + align:start position:0% +1475 we need to win an additional 525 +after to make this a good call so that's + + align:start position:0% +after to make this a good call so that's + + + align:start position:0% +after to make this a good call so that's +it so that that's how you do imply do + + align:start position:0% +it so that that's how you do imply do + + + align:start position:0% +it so that that's how you do imply do +just make sure you understand um what + + align:start position:0% +just make sure you understand um what + + + align:start position:0% +just make sure you understand um what +the future po has to be and then you can + + align:start position:0% +the future po has to be and then you can + + + align:start position:0% +the future po has to be and then you can +use your own judgment for whether um + + align:start position:0% +use your own judgment for whether um + + + align:start position:0% +use your own judgment for whether um +that's a realistic amount to win here I + + align:start position:0% +that's a realistic amount to win here I + + + align:start position:0% +that's a realistic amount to win here I +think like here 500 is totally + + align:start position:0% +think like here 500 is totally + + + align:start position:0% +think like here 500 is totally +reasonable because he already bets 600 + + align:start position:0% +reasonable because he already bets 600 + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable because he already bets 600 +even if even if a if a flush comes he's + + align:start position:0% +even if even if a if a flush comes he's + + + align:start position:0% +even if even if a if a flush comes he's +probably um pretty obligated to make at + + align:start position:0% +probably um pretty obligated to make at + + + align:start position:0% +probably um pretty obligated to make at +least another $500 bet or at least a 500 + + align:start position:0% +least another $500 bet or at least a 500 + + + align:start position:0% +least another $500 bet or at least a 500 +call if he + + align:start position:0% +call if he + + + align:start position:0% +call if he +checks so I think that's good so I think + + align:start position:0% +checks so I think that's good so I think + + + align:start position:0% +checks so I think that's good so I think +we have a okay to to make it a little + + align:start position:0% +we have a okay to to make it a little + + + align:start position:0% +we have a okay to to make it a little +simpler for you guys I made explicit all + + align:start position:0% +simpler for you guys I made explicit all + + + align:start position:0% +simpler for you guys I made explicit all +of the formulas that we went over for + + align:start position:0% +of the formulas that we went over for + + + align:start position:0% +of the formulas that we went over for +drawing + + align:start position:0% +drawing + + + align:start position:0% +drawing +um just to help with the case so our + + align:start position:0% +um just to help with the case so our + + + align:start position:0% +um just to help with the case so our +normal EV formula is just so X is always + + align:start position:0% +normal EV formula is just so X is always + + + align:start position:0% +normal EV formula is just so X is always +going to be what we're solving for our + + align:start position:0% +going to be what we're solving for our + + + align:start position:0% +going to be what we're solving for our +EV is just the like the either benefit + + align:start position:0% +EV is just the like the either benefit + + + align:start position:0% +EV is just the like the either benefit +or cost of the decision that we're + + align:start position:0% +or cost of the decision that we're + + + align:start position:0% +or cost of the decision that we're +facing it's just going to be the the + + align:start position:0% +facing it's just going to be the the + + + align:start position:0% +facing it's just going to be the the +combination of our win percent and loss + + align:start position:0% +combination of our win percent and loss + + + align:start position:0% +combination of our win percent and loss +percent and the win amount and loss + + align:start position:0% +percent and the win amount and loss + + + align:start position:0% +percent and the win amount and loss +amount how you determine pod odds is + + align:start position:0% +amount how you determine pod odds is + + + align:start position:0% +amount how you determine pod odds is +just a decision rule yes or no do you + + align:start position:0% +just a decision rule yes or no do you + + + align:start position:0% +just a decision rule yes or no do you +make this call it's just your your win + + align:start position:0% +make this call it's just your your win + + + align:start position:0% +make this call it's just your your win +percentage uh of the hand the chance of + + align:start position:0% +percentage uh of the hand the chance of + + + align:start position:0% +percentage uh of the hand the chance of +you hitting your jaw whether that's + + align:start position:0% +you hitting your jaw whether that's + + + align:start position:0% +you hitting your jaw whether that's +greater than the call amount divided by + + align:start position:0% +greater than the call amount divided by + + + align:start position:0% +greater than the call amount divided by +the pot plus two times the call amount + + align:start position:0% +the pot plus two times the call amount + + + align:start position:0% +the pot plus two times the call amount +because the B amount and call amount are + + align:start position:0% +because the B amount and call amount are + + + align:start position:0% +because the B amount and call amount are +the same thing if that if it is greater + + align:start position:0% +the same thing if that if it is greater + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing if that if it is greater +then you make the call if it's less than + + align:start position:0% +then you make the call if it's less than + + + align:start position:0% +then you make the call if it's less than +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +fold um implied odds which you just went + + align:start position:0% +fold um implied odds which you just went + + + align:start position:0% +fold um implied odds which you just went +over it's going to be the beted amount + + align:start position:0% +over it's going to be the beted amount + + + align:start position:0% +over it's going to be the beted amount +you're facing divided by your chance of + + align:start position:0% +you're facing divided by your chance of + + + align:start position:0% +you're facing divided by your chance of +winning the hand minus + + align:start position:0% +winning the hand minus + + + align:start position:0% +winning the hand minus +whatever the pot's going to be after you + + align:start position:0% +whatever the pot's going to be after you + + + align:start position:0% +whatever the pot's going to be after you +make that + + align:start position:0% +make that + + + align:start position:0% +make that +call I think that's it okay so these are + + align:start position:0% +call I think that's it okay so these are + + + align:start position:0% +call I think that's it okay so these are +all the formulas you need to make these + + align:start position:0% +all the formulas you need to make these + + + align:start position:0% +all the formulas you need to make these +decisions um you can generally remember + + align:start position:0% +decisions um you can generally remember + + + align:start position:0% +decisions um you can generally remember +them when you're at the table I think + + align:start position:0% +them when you're at the table I think + + + align:start position:0% +them when you're at the table I think +they're like I think they're fairly + + align:start position:0% +they're like I think they're fairly + + + align:start position:0% +they're like I think they're fairly +intuitive and if not they they seem + + align:start position:0% +intuitive and if not they they seem + + + align:start position:0% +intuitive and if not they they seem +pretty easy to memorize anyway so let's + + align:start position:0% +pretty easy to memorize anyway so let's + + + align:start position:0% +pretty easy to memorize anyway so let's +do a live example of this this uh so + + align:start position:0% +do a live example of this this uh so + + + align:start position:0% +do a live example of this this uh so +this hand happened at the World Series + + align:start position:0% +this hand happened at the World Series + + + align:start position:0% +this hand happened at the World Series +of Poker last year when it was 10-h + + align:start position:0% +of Poker last year when it was 10-h + + + align:start position:0% +of Poker last year when it was 10-h +handed which means it was one hand + + align:start position:0% +handed which means it was one hand + + + align:start position:0% +handed which means it was one hand +before the the bubble where you uh the + + align:start position:0% +before the the bubble where you uh the + + + align:start position:0% +before the the bubble where you uh the +final table bubble where they get to how + + align:start position:0% +final table bubble where they get to how + + + align:start position:0% +final table bubble where they get to how +it works in the world series is they + + align:start position:0% +it works in the world series is they + + + align:start position:0% +it works in the world series is they +play down to nine and then like they + + align:start position:0% +play down to nine and then like they + + + align:start position:0% +play down to nine and then like they +have a break for 3 months where they + + align:start position:0% +have a break for 3 months where they + + + align:start position:0% +have a break for 3 months where they +build up the final table and they + + align:start position:0% +build up the final table and they + + + align:start position:0% +build up the final table and they +advertise it and they play it live so + + align:start position:0% +advertise it and they play it live so + + + align:start position:0% +advertise it and they play it live so +this is a situation that was very tense + + align:start position:0% +this is a situation that was very tense + + + align:start position:0% +this is a situation that was very tense +for these guys and an interesting hand + + align:start position:0% +for these guys and an interesting hand + + + align:start position:0% +for these guys and an interesting hand +happened which I think is a great + + align:start position:0% +happened which I think is a great + + + align:start position:0% +happened which I think is a great +example of what we're trying to do + + align:start position:0% +example of what we're trying to do + + + align:start position:0% +example of what we're trying to do +anyway so let's watch very first year of + + align:start position:0% +anyway so let's watch very first year of + + + align:start position:0% +anyway so let's watch very first year of +the World Series in 1970 no Final Table + + align:start position:0% +the World Series in 1970 no Final Table + + + align:start position:0% +the World Series in 1970 no Final Table +Champion determined by a vote of all the + + align:start position:0% +Champion determined by a vote of all the + + + align:start position:0% +Champion determined by a vote of all the +players Johnny Moss was the winner under + + align:start position:0% +players Johnny Moss was the winner under + + + align:start position:0% +players Johnny Moss was the winner under +the gun Martin Jacobson Ace Jack of + + align:start position:0% +the gun Martin Jacobson Ace Jack of + + + align:start position:0% +the gun Martin Jacobson Ace Jack of +clubs very accomplished tournament + + align:start position:0% +clubs very accomplished tournament + + + align:start position:0% +clubs very accomplished tournament +player four World Series final tables + + align:start position:0% +player four World Series final tables + + + align:start position:0% +player four World Series final tables +Ray announces rays but I don't think + + align:start position:0% +Ray announces rays but I don't think + + + align:start position:0% +Ray announces rays but I don't think +Martin has the right denominations out + + align:start position:0% +Martin has the right denominations out + + + align:start position:0% +Martin has the right denominations out +there hold on hold on hold on hold the + + align:start position:0% +there hold on hold on hold on hold the + + + align:start position:0% +there hold on hold on hold on hold the +action hold the action just a call just + + align:start position:0% +action hold the action just a call just + + + align:start position:0% +action hold the action just a call just +a call so they're making it just a call + + align:start position:0% +a call so they're making it just a call + + + align:start position:0% +a call so they're making it just a call +for 300,000 by the way that was World + + align:start position:0% +for 300,000 by the way that was World + + + align:start position:0% +for 300,000 by the way that was World +Series dealer of the Year Andy tman + + align:start position:0% +Series dealer of the Year Andy tman + + + align:start position:0% +Series dealer of the Year Andy tman +frankly I think the dealer of the Year + + align:start position:0% +frankly I think the dealer of the Year + + + align:start position:0% +frankly I think the dealer of the Year +thing has gone to his head he's dealing + + align:start position:0% +thing has gone to his head he's dealing + + + align:start position:0% +thing has gone to his head he's dealing +with a lot more attitude now one of + + align:start position:0% +with a lot more attitude now one of + + + align:start position:0% +with a lot more attitude now one of +these players will join the likes of + + align:start position:0% +these players will join the likes of + + + align:start position:0% +these players will join the likes of +John hwit Jordan Smith and da Barton as + + align:start position:0% +John hwit Jordan Smith and da Barton as + + + align:start position:0% +John hwit Jordan Smith and da Barton as +Main Event 10th Place finishers + + align:start position:0% +Main Event 10th Place finishers + + + align:start position:0% +Main Event 10th Place finishers +action on William talking Jack nine in + + align:start position:0% +action on William talking Jack nine in + + + align:start position:0% +action on William talking Jack nine in +the small blind he wants to play he + + align:start position:0% +the small blind he wants to play he + + + align:start position:0% +the small blind he wants to play he +limps in in the big blind Dan sendar + + align:start position:0% +limps in in the big blind Dan sendar + + + align:start position:0% +limps in in the big blind Dan sendar +checks his option three for a + + align:start position:0% +checks his option three for a + + + align:start position:0% +checks his option three for a +bargain and here is our + + align:start position:0% +bargain and here is our + + + align:start position:0% +bargain and here is our +fly 78 10 two clubs talking with a jack + + align:start position:0% +fly 78 10 two clubs talking with a jack + + + align:start position:0% +fly 78 10 two clubs talking with a jack +High straight he checks it to sindelar + + align:start position:0% +High straight he checks it to sindelar + + + align:start position:0% +High straight he checks it to sindelar +Middle pair with a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +gutshot and he's reaching for chips bets + + align:start position:0% +gutshot and he's reaching for chips bets + + + align:start position:0% +gutshot and he's reaching for chips bets +a half million Jacobson with flush and + + align:start position:0% +a half million Jacobson with flush and + + + align:start position:0% +a half million Jacobson with flush and +straight draws if Jacobson raises under + + align:start position:0% +straight draws if Jacobson raises under + + + align:start position:0% +straight draws if Jacobson raises under +the gun as he intended to toning likely + + align:start position:0% +the gun as he intended to toning likely + + + align:start position:0% +the gun as he intended to toning likely +would have folded instead they're now on + + align:start position:0% +would have folded instead they're now on + + + align:start position:0% +would have folded instead they're now on +a massive Collision Course that could + + align:start position:0% +a massive Collision Course that could + + + align:start position:0% +a massive Collision Course that could +Define the November + + align:start position:0% +Define the November + + + align:start position:0% +Define the November +9 Jacobson obviously loves his hand with + + align:start position:0% +9 Jacobson obviously loves his hand with + + + align:start position:0% +9 Jacobson obviously loves his hand with +straight and flush draws unfortunately + + align:start position:0% +straight and flush draws unfortunately + + + align:start position:0% +straight and flush draws unfortunately +he's run into talking who flopped a + + align:start position:0% +he's run into talking who flopped a + + + align:start position:0% +he's run into talking who flopped a +straight but there is a raise to a mil + + align:start position:0% +straight but there is a raise to a mil + + + align:start position:0% +straight but there is a raise to a mil +750 so the 2% hand bets and the second + + align:start position:0% +750 so the 2% hand bets and the second + + + align:start position:0% +750 so the 2% hand bets and the second +worst hand raises Lon this is a game I + + align:start position:0% +worst hand raises Lon this is a game I + + + align:start position:0% +worst hand raises Lon this is a game I +need to be + + align:start position:0% +need to be + + + align:start position:0% +need to be +in a dream scenario for the short stack + + align:start position:0% +in a dream scenario for the short stack + + + align:start position:0% +in a dream scenario for the short stack +that still could turn into a nightmare + + align:start position:0% +that still could turn into a nightmare + + + align:start position:0% +that still could turn into a nightmare +for William + + align:start position:0% +for William + + + align:start position:0% +for William +toning all and toning announces all + + align:start position:0% +toning all and toning announces all + + + align:start position:0% +toning all and toning announces all +in cindel folds so let's figure out + + align:start position:0% +in cindel folds so let's figure out + + + align:start position:0% +in cindel folds so let's figure out +what's going through his head right now + + align:start position:0% +what's going through his head right now + + + align:start position:0% +what's going through his head right now +so here are all of our players that's + + align:start position:0% +so here are all of our players that's + + + align:start position:0% +so here are all of our players that's +our hero with aack + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +clubs it's a little hard to see uh when + + align:start position:0% +clubs it's a little hard to see uh when + + + align:start position:0% +clubs it's a little hard to see uh when +they broadcast it on TV but he was under + + align:start position:0% +they broadcast it on TV but he was under + + + align:start position:0% +they broadcast it on TV but he was under +the gun he + + align:start position:0% +the gun he + + + align:start position:0% +the gun he +called uh around he bet he raises he + + align:start position:0% +called uh around he bet he raises he + + + align:start position:0% +called uh around he bet he raises he +check raises all in and now Jacobson's + + align:start position:0% +check raises all in and now Jacobson's + + + align:start position:0% +check raises all in and now Jacobson's +facing um a decision here so like + + align:start position:0% +facing um a decision here so like + + + align:start position:0% +facing um a decision here so like +clearly what is he drawing + + align:start position:0% +clearly what is he drawing + + + align:start position:0% +clearly what is he drawing +to flush and then like if he hits that + + align:start position:0% +to flush and then like if he hits that + + + align:start position:0% +to flush and then like if he hits that +flush is he going to win probably and + + align:start position:0% +flush is he going to win probably and + + + align:start position:0% +flush is he going to win probably and +then what else is he drawing to stra + + align:start position:0% +then what else is he drawing to stra + + + align:start position:0% +then what else is he drawing to stra +straight right and then if he hits that + + align:start position:0% +straight right and then if he hits that + + + align:start position:0% +straight right and then if he hits that +nine he's probably going to win with the + + align:start position:0% +nine he's probably going to win with the + + + align:start position:0% +nine he's probably going to win with the +straight although not all the time + + align:start position:0% +straight although not all the time + + + align:start position:0% +straight although not all the time +because he doesn't have the best + + align:start position:0% +because he doesn't have the best + + + align:start position:0% +because he doesn't have the best +Straight if a nine comes and then this + + align:start position:0% +Straight if a nine comes and then this + + + align:start position:0% +Straight if a nine comes and then this +guy has like uh + + align:start position:0% +guy has like uh + + + align:start position:0% +guy has like uh +queen king or sorry Jack Queen he's + + align:start position:0% +queen king or sorry Jack Queen he's + + + align:start position:0% +queen king or sorry Jack Queen he's +gonna actually lose so I'm calling um so + + align:start position:0% +gonna actually lose so I'm calling um so + + + align:start position:0% +gonna actually lose so I'm calling um so +the question is what does he do here + + align:start position:0% +the question is what does he do here + + + align:start position:0% +the question is what does he do here +this is what it looks like + + align:start position:0% +this is what it looks like + + + align:start position:0% +this is what it looks like +um so our hero her raises uh 1750 he re + + align:start position:0% +um so our hero her raises uh 1750 he re + + + align:start position:0% +um so our hero her raises uh 1750 he re +raises 4525 more um to being all in for + + align:start position:0% +raises 4525 more um to being all in for + + + align:start position:0% +raises 4525 more um to being all in for +62 uh + + align:start position:0% +62 uh + + + align:start position:0% +62 uh +75 okay so he's drawn to a flush and + + align:start position:0% +75 okay so he's drawn to a flush and + + + align:start position:0% +75 okay so he's drawn to a flush and +possibly a straight so how many outs do + + align:start position:0% +possibly a straight so how many outs do + + + align:start position:0% +possibly a straight so how many outs do +we have so you can count like partial + + align:start position:0% +we have so you can count like partial + + + align:start position:0% +we have so you can count like partial +outs you can say I'm going to win half + + align:start position:0% +outs you can say I'm going to win half + + + align:start position:0% +outs you can say I'm going to win half +the time if I get this just to be + + align:start position:0% +the time if I get this just to be + + + align:start position:0% +the time if I get this just to be +conservative so you can say all these + + align:start position:0% +conservative so you can say all these + + + align:start position:0% +conservative so you can say all these +clubs are good cuz you you have the best + + align:start position:0% +clubs are good cuz you you have the best + + + align:start position:0% +clubs are good cuz you you have the best +possible flush and maybe like this nine + + align:start position:0% +possible flush and maybe like this nine + + + align:start position:0% +possible flush and maybe like this nine +will work so let's count it as half a + + align:start position:0% +will work so let's count it as half a + + + align:start position:0% +will work so let's count it as half a +card like half an out we'll win half the + + align:start position:0% +card like half an out we'll win half the + + + align:start position:0% +card like half an out we'll win half the +time if we do that so we have 10 and a + + align:start position:0% +time if we do that so we have 10 and a + + + align:start position:0% +time if we do that so we have 10 and a +half outs so our chance of hitting the + + align:start position:0% +half outs so our chance of hitting the + + + align:start position:0% +half outs so our chance of hitting the +draw how many cards do we get to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +see because you can you can just say if + + align:start position:0% +see because you can you can just say if + + + align:start position:0% +see because you can you can just say if +we hit this nine we're we're going to + + align:start position:0% +we hit this nine we're we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +we hit this nine we're we're going to +win half the time we're probably going + + align:start position:0% +win half the time we're probably going + + + align:start position:0% +win half the time we're probably going +to win more than that but it's a + + align:start position:0% +to win more than that but it's a + + + align:start position:0% +to win more than that but it's a +situation where like if he has a jack we + + align:start position:0% +situation where like if he has a jack we + + + align:start position:0% +situation where like if he has a jack we +we split if he has Jack Queen we lose so + + align:start position:0% +we split if he has Jack Queen we lose so + + + align:start position:0% +we split if he has Jack Queen we lose so +I'm not really comfortable calling those + + align:start position:0% +I'm not really comfortable calling those + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not really comfortable calling those +complete outs and in the end you can see + + align:start position:0% +complete outs and in the end you can see + + + align:start position:0% +complete outs and in the end you can see +it doesn't really matter but the more + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't really matter but the more + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't really matter but the more +conservative move is just saying half + + align:start position:0% +conservative move is just saying half + + + align:start position:0% +conservative move is just saying half +the time we'll win with those and with + + align:start position:0% +the time we'll win with those and with + + + align:start position:0% +the time we'll win with those and with +these nine outs we're going to win all + + align:start position:0% +these nine outs we're going to win all + + + align:start position:0% +these nine outs we're going to win all +the time like you could just count them + + align:start position:0% +the time like you could just count them + + + align:start position:0% +the time like you could just count them +as half outs or you you can count them + + align:start position:0% +as half outs or you you can count them + + + align:start position:0% +as half outs or you you can count them +as two-thirds out or something like that + + align:start position:0% +as two-thirds out or something like that + + + align:start position:0% +as two-thirds out or something like that +anyway so we get to see both cards + + align:start position:0% +anyway so we get to see both cards + + + align:start position:0% +anyway so we get to see both cards +because he's all in have a question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh like when it's half assing that the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +other no uh we lose if he has Jac + + align:start position:0% +other no uh we lose if he has Jac + + + align:start position:0% +other no uh we lose if he has Jac +Queen uh right so I mean like if he has + + align:start position:0% +Queen uh right so I mean like if he has + + + align:start position:0% +Queen uh right so I mean like if he has +a jack like he can have a Jack if he a + + align:start position:0% +a jack like he can have a Jack if he a + + + align:start position:0% +a jack like he can have a Jack if he a +Jack then it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but yeah that's right this is a + + align:start position:0% +but yeah that's right this is a + + + align:start position:0% +but yeah that's right this is a +conservative play is like a + + align:start position:0% +conservative play is like a + + + align:start position:0% +conservative play is like a +really yeah yeah I would agree like if + + align:start position:0% +really yeah yeah I would agree like if + + + align:start position:0% +really yeah yeah I would agree like if +we if if this says call then we're + + align:start position:0% +we if if this says call then we're + + + align:start position:0% +we if if this says call then we're +definitely calling it it just it's a + + align:start position:0% +definitely calling it it just it's a + + + align:start position:0% +definitely calling it it just it's a +real pain to like have aggressive + + align:start position:0% +real pain to like have aggressive + + + align:start position:0% +real pain to like have aggressive +estimates and then it says call and you + + align:start position:0% +estimates and then it says call and you + + + align:start position:0% +estimates and then it says call and you +need to wonder whether estimates are + + align:start position:0% +need to wonder whether estimates are + + + align:start position:0% +need to wonder whether estimates are +wrong so this gives us um a more clear + + align:start position:0% +wrong so this gives us um a more clear + + + align:start position:0% +wrong so this gives us um a more clear +example anyway so the correct play is + + align:start position:0% +example anyway so the correct play is + + + align:start position:0% +example anyway so the correct play is +going to be to call here um it's a + + align:start position:0% +going to be to call here um it's a + + + align:start position:0% +going to be to call here um it's a +little bit difficult to see but we're + + align:start position:0% +little bit difficult to see but we're + + + align:start position:0% +little bit difficult to see but we're +going to say that what's in the pot are + + align:start position:0% +going to say that what's in the pot are + + + align:start position:0% +going to say that what's in the pot are +all the bets that happened before he was + + align:start position:0% +all the bets that happened before he was + + + align:start position:0% +all the bets that happened before he was +reraised so that's um the original pot + + align:start position:0% +reraised so that's um the original pot + + + align:start position:0% +reraised so that's um the original pot +of 1400 that one guy that bet 500 for + + align:start position:0% +of 1400 that one guy that bet 500 for + + + align:start position:0% +of 1400 that one guy that bet 500 for +some reason and then this which would be + + align:start position:0% +some reason and then this which would be + + + align:start position:0% +some reason and then this which would be +our all-in call which is + + align:start position:0% +our all-in call which is + + + align:start position:0% +our all-in call which is +um uh the 6275 time 2 cuz he bet that + + align:start position:0% +um uh the 6275 time 2 cuz he bet that + + + align:start position:0% +um uh the 6275 time 2 cuz he bet that +and we called that this was a small + + align:start position:0% +and we called that this was a small + + + align:start position:0% +and we called that this was a small +blind I don't know if you saw the the um + + align:start position:0% +blind I don't know if you saw the the um + + + align:start position:0% +blind I don't know if you saw the the um +the small blind here just called 500 and + + align:start position:0% +the small blind here just called 500 and + + + align:start position:0% +the small blind here just called 500 and +then folded when um when he B into him + + align:start position:0% +then folded when um when he B into him + + + align:start position:0% +then folded when um when he B into him +so that's dead money in the + + align:start position:0% +so that's dead money in the + + + align:start position:0% +so that's dead money in the +pot um so the total amount is 14450 and + + align:start position:0% +pot um so the total amount is 14450 and + + + align:start position:0% +pot um so the total amount is 14450 and +we're facing about of 4525 + + align:start position:0% +we're facing about of 4525 + + + align:start position:0% +we're facing about of 4525 +so 31% of the pot we're + + align:start position:0% +so 31% of the pot we're + + + align:start position:0% +so 31% of the pot we're +contributing we're 42% to hit our draws + + align:start position:0% +contributing we're 42% to hit our draws + + + align:start position:0% +contributing we're 42% to hit our draws +meaning that this is a pretty clear call + + align:start position:0% +meaning that this is a pretty clear call + + + align:start position:0% +meaning that this is a pretty clear call +and when we do the ev even with this + + align:start position:0% +and when we do the ev even with this + + + align:start position:0% +and when we do the ev even with this +conserv conservative um + + align:start position:0% +conserv conservative um + + + align:start position:0% +conserv conservative um +estimate um it says we're making about + + align:start position:0% +estimate um it says we're making about + + + align:start position:0% +estimate um it says we're making about +like one and a half million chips from + + align:start position:0% +like one and a half million chips from + + + align:start position:0% +like one and a half million chips from +making this call so this should be + + align:start position:0% +making this call so this should be + + + align:start position:0% +making this call so this should be +pretty easy um let's see what happens + + align:start position:0% +pretty easy um let's see what happens + + + align:start position:0% +pretty easy um let's see what happens +and let's see if this + + align:start position:0% +and let's see if this + + + align:start position:0% +and let's see if this +works all and talking announces all + + align:start position:0% +works all and talking announces all + + + align:start position:0% +works all and talking announces all +in cindel folds Jacobson's got 20 this + + align:start position:0% +in cindel folds Jacobson's got 20 this + + + align:start position:0% +in cindel folds Jacobson's got 20 this +is for 15% of his stack he's not going + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anywhere I call Martin calls with his + + align:start position:0% +anywhere I call Martin calls with his + + + align:start position:0% +anywhere I call Martin calls with his +draws to winner chop talking is the one + + align:start position:0% +draws to winner chop talking is the one + + + align:start position:0% +draws to winner chop talking is the one +on the + + align:start position:0% +on the + + + align:start position:0% +on the +hook so sick that you didn't raise wow + + align:start position:0% +hook so sick that you didn't raise wow + + + align:start position:0% +hook so sick that you didn't raise wow +so sick that you didn't raise and then + + align:start position:0% +so sick that you didn't raise and then + + + align:start position:0% +so sick that you didn't raise and then +this flop yeah how's that happen pretty + + align:start position:0% +this flop yeah how's that happen pretty + + + align:start position:0% +this flop yeah how's that happen pretty +brutal to flop the nuts and only be 56% + + align:start position:0% +brutal to flop the nuts and only be 56% + + + align:start position:0% +brutal to flop the nuts and only be 56% +talking's got to fade Jacobson's hand + + align:start position:0% +talking's got to fade Jacobson's hand + + + align:start position:0% +talking's got to fade Jacobson's hand +and an entire group of players and rail + + align:start position:0% +and an entire group of players and rail + + + align:start position:0% +and an entire group of players and rail +Birds here who want to see him knocked + + align:start position:0% +Birds here who want to see him knocked + + + align:start position:0% +Birds here who want to see him knocked +out so we have our November 9 + + align:start position:0% +out so we have our November 9 + + + align:start position:0% +out so we have our November 9 +what a moment this is probably the right + + align:start position:0% +what a moment this is probably the right + + + align:start position:0% +what a moment this is probably the right +flush draw to fade talking has to sweat + + align:start position:0% +flush draw to fade talking has to sweat + + + align:start position:0% +flush draw to fade talking has to sweat +it five of diamonds Jacobson still + + align:start position:0% +it five of diamonds Jacobson still + + + align:start position:0% +it five of diamonds Jacobson still +looking for that knockout card Jacobson + + align:start position:0% +looking for that knockout card Jacobson + + + align:start position:0% +looking for that knockout card Jacobson +a lot more relaxed than tonking + + align:start position:0% +a lot more relaxed than tonking + + + align:start position:0% +a lot more relaxed than tonking +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +understandably if Jacobson hits a club + + align:start position:0% +understandably if Jacobson hits a club + + + align:start position:0% +understandably if Jacobson hits a club +tonking is gone and we have our November + + align:start position:0% +tonking is gone and we have our November + + + align:start position:0% +tonking is gone and we have our November +9th the River card is a diamond and so + + align:start position:0% +9th the River card is a diamond and so + + + align:start position:0% +9th the River card is a diamond and so +talking secures the pot we continue 10 + + align:start position:0% +talking secures the pot we continue 10 + + + align:start position:0% +talking secures the pot we continue 10 +handed nice time + + align:start position:0% +handed nice time + + + align:start position:0% +handed nice time +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +nice um anyway okay so so he won that + + align:start position:0% +nice um anyway okay so so he won that + + + align:start position:0% +nice um anyway okay so so he won that +the guy uh Jacobson I'm pretty sure + + align:start position:0% +the guy uh Jacobson I'm pretty sure + + + align:start position:0% +the guy uh Jacobson I'm pretty sure +ended up winning the World Series that + + align:start position:0% +ended up winning the World Series that + + + align:start position:0% +ended up winning the World Series that +year um okay so we have a bunch of be + + align:start position:0% +year um okay so we have a bunch of be + + + align:start position:0% +year um okay so we have a bunch of be +careful do not draw to a hand that may + + align:start position:0% +careful do not draw to a hand that may + + + align:start position:0% +careful do not draw to a hand that may +not actually win when you hit it which + + align:start position:0% +not actually win when you hit it which + + + align:start position:0% +not actually win when you hit it which +means if you're drawing to a flush + + align:start position:0% +means if you're drawing to a flush + + + align:start position:0% +means if you're drawing to a flush +that's not even that good and may be + + align:start position:0% +that's not even that good and may be + + + align:start position:0% +that's not even that good and may be +dominated by another flush you probably + + align:start position:0% +dominated by another flush you probably + + + align:start position:0% +dominated by another flush you probably +shouldn't count that at all those as + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't count that at all those as + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't count that at all those as +full outs or like the lower end of a + + align:start position:0% +full outs or like the lower end of a + + + align:start position:0% +full outs or like the lower end of a +straight is really really bad it's + + align:start position:0% +straight is really really bad it's + + + align:start position:0% +straight is really really bad it's +really common for people to draw to that + + align:start position:0% +really common for people to draw to that + + + align:start position:0% +really common for people to draw to that +and then just go broke because they + + align:start position:0% +and then just go broke because they + + + align:start position:0% +and then just go broke because they +think they made their hand but as it + + align:start position:0% +think they made their hand but as it + + + align:start position:0% +think they made their hand but as it +turns out they made the second best hand + + align:start position:0% +turns out they made the second best hand + + + align:start position:0% +turns out they made the second best hand +um in addition don't draw to a worse + + align:start position:0% +um in addition don't draw to a worse + + + align:start position:0% +um in addition don't draw to a worse +made hand than is already possible so + + align:start position:0% +made hand than is already possible so + + + align:start position:0% +made hand than is already possible so +people refer to something called a + + align:start position:0% +people refer to something called a + + + align:start position:0% +people refer to something called a +paired board which means uh two cards on + + align:start position:0% +paired board which means uh two cards on + + + align:start position:0% +paired board which means uh two cards on +the board have the same number um where + + align:start position:0% +the board have the same number um where + + + align:start position:0% +the board have the same number um where +that means that four of aind or Full + + align:start position:0% +that means that four of aind or Full + + + align:start position:0% +that means that four of aind or Full +House are possible so if you're drawn to + + align:start position:0% +House are possible so if you're drawn to + + + align:start position:0% +House are possible so if you're drawn to +a a straight or a flush you might not + + align:start position:0% +a a straight or a flush you might not + + + align:start position:0% +a a straight or a flush you might not +even win you might be like drawing dead + + align:start position:0% +even win you might be like drawing dead + + + align:start position:0% +even win you might be like drawing dead +is what it's called you like you might + + align:start position:0% +is what it's called you like you might + + + align:start position:0% +is what it's called you like you might +be zero% to win that hand so be careful + + align:start position:0% +be zero% to win that hand so be careful + + + align:start position:0% +be zero% to win that hand so be careful +on drawing on a paired board in addition + + align:start position:0% +on drawing on a paired board in addition + + + align:start position:0% +on drawing on a paired board in addition +do not assume you get to see both cards + + align:start position:0% +do not assume you get to see both cards + + + align:start position:0% +do not assume you get to see both cards +it's really common for players to think + + align:start position:0% +it's really common for players to think + + + align:start position:0% +it's really common for players to think +that okay there are two cards left he + + align:start position:0% +that okay there are two cards left he + + + align:start position:0% +that okay there are two cards left he +doesn't seem too aggressive I'll + + align:start position:0% +doesn't seem too aggressive I'll + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't seem too aggressive I'll +probably get to see both cards for cheap + + align:start position:0% +probably get to see both cards for cheap + + + align:start position:0% +probably get to see both cards for cheap +and then find out that like their their + + align:start position:0% +and then find out that like their their + + + align:start position:0% +and then find out that like their their +assumptions when calling the the Flop + + align:start position:0% +assumptions when calling the the Flop + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions when calling the the Flop +ended up being really bad and costing + + align:start position:0% +ended up being really bad and costing + + + align:start position:0% +ended up being really bad and costing +them EV so very rarely does someone + + align:start position:0% +them EV so very rarely does someone + + + align:start position:0% +them EV so very rarely does someone +check the turn like if they bet the + + align:start position:0% +check the turn like if they bet the + + + align:start position:0% +check the turn like if they bet the +unless the turn is really scary like you + + align:start position:0% +unless the turn is really scary like you + + + align:start position:0% +unless the turn is really scary like you +hit your draw obviously or it looks like + + align:start position:0% +hit your draw obviously or it looks like + + + align:start position:0% +hit your draw obviously or it looks like +you did no one's going to give you that + + align:start position:0% +you did no one's going to give you that + + + align:start position:0% +you did no one's going to give you that +for free um another thing to be careful + + align:start position:0% +for free um another thing to be careful + + + align:start position:0% +for free um another thing to be careful +about is don't overestimate how easy it + + align:start position:0% +about is don't overestimate how easy it + + + align:start position:0% +about is don't overestimate how easy it +is to extract additional chips like it's + + align:start position:0% +is to extract additional chips like it's + + + align:start position:0% +is to extract additional chips like it's +really really obvious when someone hits + + align:start position:0% +really really obvious when someone hits + + + align:start position:0% +really really obvious when someone hits +a Fluss draw because like there aren't + + align:start position:0% +a Fluss draw because like there aren't + + + align:start position:0% +a Fluss draw because like there aren't +that many reasons people are going to + + align:start position:0% +that many reasons people are going to + + + align:start position:0% +that many reasons people are going to +call a bet on the Flop when there are + + align:start position:0% +call a bet on the Flop when there are + + + align:start position:0% +call a bet on the Flop when there are +two clubs on it and then um bet when + + align:start position:0% +two clubs on it and then um bet when + + + align:start position:0% +two clubs on it and then um bet when +another club hits on the turn like + + align:start position:0% +another club hits on the turn like + + + align:start position:0% +another club hits on the turn like +flushes are really obvious and everyone + + align:start position:0% +flushes are really obvious and everyone + + + align:start position:0% +flushes are really obvious and everyone +is keeping an eye on that straights are + + align:start position:0% +is keeping an eye on that straights are + + + align:start position:0% +is keeping an eye on that straights are +less obvious because like a lot of + + align:start position:0% +less obvious because like a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +less obvious because like a lot of +different boards can have a straight on + + align:start position:0% +different boards can have a straight on + + + align:start position:0% +different boards can have a straight on +it um so they can't really just assume + + align:start position:0% +it um so they can't really just assume + + + align:start position:0% +it um so they can't really just assume +that you're going to have a straight if + + align:start position:0% +that you're going to have a straight if + + + align:start position:0% +that you're going to have a straight if +there're any like four cards that are + + align:start position:0% +there're any like four cards that are + + + align:start position:0% +there're any like four cards that are +near each other by the turn um and sets + + align:start position:0% +near each other by the turn um and sets + + + align:start position:0% +near each other by the turn um and sets +like when you have a pocket pair and you + + align:start position:0% +like when you have a pocket pair and you + + + align:start position:0% +like when you have a pocket pair and you +hit a third of that pair on the turn are + + align:start position:0% +hit a third of that pair on the turn are + + + align:start position:0% +hit a third of that pair on the turn are +basically invisible there's no way they + + align:start position:0% +basically invisible there's no way they + + + align:start position:0% +basically invisible there's no way they +can put you on that so your imply dots + + align:start position:0% +can put you on that so your imply dots + + + align:start position:0% +can put you on that so your imply dots +for sets are huge whereas your implied + + align:start position:0% +for sets are huge whereas your implied + + + align:start position:0% +for sets are huge whereas your implied +odds on flush Jaws are very very + + align:start position:0% +odds on flush Jaws are very very + + + align:start position:0% +odds on flush Jaws are very very +small um in addition on the other end if + + align:start position:0% +small um in addition on the other end if + + + align:start position:0% +small um in addition on the other end if +you have a ma hand don't bet so little + + align:start position:0% +you have a ma hand don't bet so little + + + align:start position:0% +you have a ma hand don't bet so little +to give them the odds to to reach their + + align:start position:0% +to give them the odds to to reach their + + + align:start position:0% +to give them the odds to to reach their +draw basically most of your flopping + + align:start position:0% +draw basically most of your flopping + + + align:start position:0% +draw basically most of your flopping +turn bet should be like 2/3 of the pot + + align:start position:0% +turn bet should be like 2/3 of the pot + + + align:start position:0% +turn bet should be like 2/3 of the pot +just to punish them to um if they want + + align:start position:0% +just to punish them to um if they want + + + align:start position:0% +just to punish them to um if they want +to chase their + + align:start position:0% +to chase their + + + align:start position:0% +to chase their +jaw okay so that's it for implied odds + + align:start position:0% +jaw okay so that's it for implied odds + + + align:start position:0% +jaw okay so that's it for implied odds +so let's move on to fold Equity um so + + align:start position:0% +so let's move on to fold Equity um so + + + align:start position:0% +so let's move on to fold Equity um so +here's an example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so were you guys following what's + + align:start position:0% +okay so were you guys following what's + + + align:start position:0% +okay so were you guys following what's +going on in that hand basically um I had + + align:start position:0% +going on in that hand basically um I had + + + align:start position:0% +going on in that hand basically um I had +position uh pre- flop to make this call + + align:start position:0% +position uh pre- flop to make this call + + + align:start position:0% +position uh pre- flop to make this call +then on the Flop I had open I had an + + align:start position:0% +then on the Flop I had open I had an + + + align:start position:0% +then on the Flop I had open I had an +open straight draw he bet small enough + + align:start position:0% +open straight draw he bet small enough + + + align:start position:0% +open straight draw he bet small enough +that I should call um same thing on the + + align:start position:0% +that I should call um same thing on the + + + align:start position:0% +that I should call um same thing on the +turn I think he checked behind me on the + + align:start position:0% +turn I think he checked behind me on the + + + align:start position:0% +turn I think he checked behind me on the +turn and the river he checks why why is + + align:start position:0% +turn and the river he checks why why is + + + align:start position:0% +turn and the river he checks why why is +he checking the river here so so he's + + align:start position:0% +he checking the river here so so he's + + + align:start position:0% +he checking the river here so so he's +checking because he's worried like he + + align:start position:0% +checking because he's worried like he + + + align:start position:0% +checking because he's worried like he +knows I'm drawing to something cuz I + + align:start position:0% +knows I'm drawing to something cuz I + + + align:start position:0% +knows I'm drawing to something cuz I +flat called and look I could have been + + align:start position:0% +flat called and look I could have been + + + align:start position:0% +flat called and look I could have been +drawn to a flush and he thinks I just + + align:start position:0% +drawn to a flush and he thinks I just + + + align:start position:0% +drawn to a flush and he thinks I just +hit it so this is a perfect bluffing + + align:start position:0% +hit it so this is a perfect bluffing + + + align:start position:0% +hit it so this is a perfect bluffing +opportunity because we are representing + + align:start position:0% +opportunity because we are representing + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity because we are representing +like we are basically representing a + + align:start position:0% +like we are basically representing a + + + align:start position:0% +like we are basically representing a +flush so the question is how often does + + align:start position:0% +flush so the question is how often does + + + align:start position:0% +flush so the question is how often does +this have to work to be a good bet + + align:start position:0% +this have to work to be a good bet + + + align:start position:0% +this have to work to be a good bet +versus just kind of checking behind and + + align:start position:0% +versus just kind of checking behind and + + + align:start position:0% +versus just kind of checking behind and +losing nothing um with bluffing like we + + align:start position:0% +losing nothing um with bluffing like we + + + align:start position:0% +losing nothing um with bluffing like we +can if it's a Bad Bet we're just going + + align:start position:0% +can if it's a Bad Bet we're just going + + + align:start position:0% +can if it's a Bad Bet we're just going +to lose money most of the time so we + + align:start position:0% +to lose money most of the time so we + + + align:start position:0% +to lose money most of the time so we +have to figure out what proportion of + + align:start position:0% +have to figure out what proportion of + + + align:start position:0% +have to figure out what proportion of +the time does this have to win to make + + align:start position:0% +the time does this have to win to make + + + align:start position:0% +the time does this have to win to make +it worth it and that's what we're going + + align:start position:0% +it worth it and that's what we're going + + + align:start position:0% +it worth it and that's what we're going +to be looking at here and the the the + + align:start position:0% +to be looking at here and the the the + + + align:start position:0% +to be looking at here and the the the +the concept that will give us the value + + align:start position:0% +the concept that will give us the value + + + align:start position:0% +the concept that will give us the value +of making this bet is called fold + + align:start position:0% +of making this bet is called fold + + + align:start position:0% +of making this bet is called fold +Equity so fold Equity is the value that + + align:start position:0% +Equity so fold Equity is the value that + + + align:start position:0% +Equity so fold Equity is the value that +you're getting in a hand from the + + align:start position:0% +you're getting in a hand from the + + + align:start position:0% +you're getting in a hand from the +likelihood that the other player is + + align:start position:0% +likelihood that the other player is + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood that the other player is +going to fold so with regard to fold + + align:start position:0% +going to fold so with regard to fold + + + align:start position:0% +going to fold so with regard to fold +Equity I'm saying your Showdown value + + align:start position:0% +Equity I'm saying your Showdown value + + + align:start position:0% +Equity I'm saying your Showdown value +which is this uh acronym here is zero + + align:start position:0% +which is this uh acronym here is zero + + + align:start position:0% +which is this uh acronym here is zero +like you you can't win at Showdown which + + align:start position:0% +like you you can't win at Showdown which + + + align:start position:0% +like you you can't win at Showdown which +is our situation there like if he calls + + align:start position:0% +is our situation there like if he calls + + + align:start position:0% +is our situation there like if he calls +us we definitely definitely definitely + + align:start position:0% +us we definitely definitely definitely + + + align:start position:0% +us we definitely definitely definitely +lost so the formula for this is at least + + align:start position:0% +lost so the formula for this is at least + + + align:start position:0% +lost so the formula for this is at least +the EV formula is just so it's the + + align:start position:0% +the EV formula is just so it's the + + + align:start position:0% +the EV formula is just so it's the +derivation of the normal EV formula that + + align:start position:0% +derivation of the normal EV formula that + + + align:start position:0% +derivation of the normal EV formula that +we always see it's just the pot times + + align:start position:0% +we always see it's just the pot times + + + align:start position:0% +we always see it's just the pot times +your chance of winning I.E his fold + + align:start position:0% +your chance of winning I.E his fold + + + align:start position:0% +your chance of winning I.E his fold +percentage minus the the chance of + + align:start position:0% +percentage minus the the chance of + + + align:start position:0% +percentage minus the the chance of +losing and you lose that bet if you lose + + align:start position:0% +losing and you lose that bet if you lose + + + align:start position:0% +losing and you lose that bet if you lose +like you're risking the BET to win the + + align:start position:0% +like you're risking the BET to win the + + + align:start position:0% +like you're risking the BET to win the +pot if we have the chance to win after + + align:start position:0% +pot if we have the chance to win after + + + align:start position:0% +pot if we have the chance to win after +he calls we could add another variable + + align:start position:0% +he calls we could add another variable + + + align:start position:0% +he calls we could add another variable +where just instead of us just losing + + align:start position:0% +where just instead of us just losing + + + align:start position:0% +where just instead of us just losing +this bet um for the amount he calls of + + align:start position:0% +this bet um for the amount he calls of + + + align:start position:0% +this bet um for the amount he calls of +the time when he calls we're going to + + align:start position:0% +the time when he calls we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +the time when he calls we're going to +get some amount of EV which is still + + align:start position:0% +get some amount of EV which is still + + + align:start position:0% +get some amount of EV which is still +presumably going to be negative but it's + + align:start position:0% +presumably going to be negative but it's + + + align:start position:0% +presumably going to be negative but it's +going to be less negative than just + + align:start position:0% +going to be less negative than just + + + align:start position:0% +going to be less negative than just +losing the entire bet so that that's the + + align:start position:0% +losing the entire bet so that that's the + + + align:start position:0% +losing the entire bet so that that's the +basic formula for for semi bluffing here + + align:start position:0% +basic formula for for semi bluffing here + + + align:start position:0% +basic formula for for semi bluffing here +so I'm defining bluffing is um a bet + + align:start position:0% +so I'm defining bluffing is um a bet + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm defining bluffing is um a bet +where it has positive expectation + + align:start position:0% +where it has positive expectation + + + align:start position:0% +where it has positive expectation +because the fold Equity is more than + + align:start position:0% +because the fold Equity is more than + + + align:start position:0% +because the fold Equity is more than +zero like just this term like just the + + align:start position:0% +zero like just this term like just the + + + align:start position:0% +zero like just this term like just the +the proportion of the pot that you + + align:start position:0% +the proportion of the pot that you + + + align:start position:0% +the proportion of the pot that you +expect to win from H folding is greater + + align:start position:0% +expect to win from H folding is greater + + + align:start position:0% +expect to win from H folding is greater +than the chance of you lose the the + + align:start position:0% +than the chance of you lose the the + + + align:start position:0% +than the chance of you lose the the +weighted chance of you losing that bet + + align:start position:0% +weighted chance of you losing that bet + + + align:start position:0% +weighted chance of you losing that bet +that's just going to be called a bluff + + align:start position:0% +that's just going to be called a bluff + + + align:start position:0% +that's just going to be called a bluff +an outright Bluff and I differentiate + + align:start position:0% +an outright Bluff and I differentiate + + + align:start position:0% +an outright Bluff and I differentiate +that from semi bluffing where this is + + align:start position:0% +that from semi bluffing where this is + + + align:start position:0% +that from semi bluffing where this is +actually negative where if you have a 0% + + align:start position:0% +actually negative where if you have a 0% + + + align:start position:0% +actually negative where if you have a 0% +chance of winning it's actually a Bad + + align:start position:0% +chance of winning it's actually a Bad + + + align:start position:0% +chance of winning it's actually a Bad +Bet because he calls you more times than + + align:start position:0% +Bet because he calls you more times than + + + align:start position:0% +Bet because he calls you more times than +makes that valuable but a semi Bluff + + align:start position:0% +makes that valuable but a semi Bluff + + + align:start position:0% +makes that valuable but a semi Bluff +actually becomes positive expectation + + align:start position:0% +actually becomes positive expectation + + + align:start position:0% +actually becomes positive expectation +because of your Showdown win percentage + + align:start position:0% +because of your Showdown win percentage + + + align:start position:0% +because of your Showdown win percentage +your Showdown win percent percentage is + + align:start position:0% +your Showdown win percent percentage is + + + align:start position:0% +your Showdown win percent percentage is +um is sufficiently high to offset it and + + align:start position:0% +um is sufficiently high to offset it and + + + align:start position:0% +um is sufficiently high to offset it and +this is where the value comes from + + align:start position:0% +this is where the value comes from + + + align:start position:0% +this is where the value comes from +because you have the opportunity to + + align:start position:0% +because you have the opportunity to + + + align:start position:0% +because you have the opportunity to +steal pots but you also have the + + align:start position:0% +steal pots but you also have the + + + align:start position:0% +steal pots but you also have the +opportunity to redraw to a winning hand + + align:start position:0% +opportunity to redraw to a winning hand + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity to redraw to a winning hand +um and that's why in tournaments this + + align:start position:0% +um and that's why in tournaments this + + + align:start position:0% +um and that's why in tournaments this +becomes some that you're going to be + + align:start position:0% +becomes some that you're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +becomes some that you're going to be +doing very often because you're not + + align:start position:0% +doing very often because you're not + + + align:start position:0% +doing very often because you're not +going to always have made hands but + + align:start position:0% +going to always have made hands but + + + align:start position:0% +going to always have made hands but +you're always going to have something + + align:start position:0% +you're always going to have something + + + align:start position:0% +you're always going to have something +that could become a made hand and that + + align:start position:0% +that could become a made hand and that + + + align:start position:0% +that could become a made hand and that +becomes good + + align:start position:0% +becomes good + + + align:start position:0% +becomes good +enough so how often does this have to + + align:start position:0% +enough so how often does this have to + + + align:start position:0% +enough so how often does this have to +work to be profitable so um I'm just + + align:start position:0% +work to be profitable so um I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +work to be profitable so um I'm just +going to give you a formula here so + + align:start position:0% +going to give you a formula here so + + + align:start position:0% +going to give you a formula here so +we're betting 150 into a pot of 350 + + align:start position:0% +we're betting 150 into a pot of 350 + + + align:start position:0% +we're betting 150 into a pot of 350 +where we have no chance of winning if he + + align:start position:0% +where we have no chance of winning if he + + + align:start position:0% +where we have no chance of winning if he +calls our EV which is just taken from + + align:start position:0% +calls our EV which is just taken from + + + align:start position:0% +calls our EV which is just taken from +that formula is 350 time the chance we + + align:start position:0% +that formula is 350 time the chance we + + + align:start position:0% +that formula is 350 time the chance we +fold minus 150 our bet times the chance + + align:start position:0% +fold minus 150 our bet times the chance + + + align:start position:0% +fold minus 150 our bet times the chance +he calls so we can solve this for um EV + + align:start position:0% +he calls so we can solve this for um EV + + + align:start position:0% +he calls so we can solve this for um EV +equals z and solve for fold to get this + + align:start position:0% +equals z and solve for fold to get this + + + align:start position:0% +equals z and solve for fold to get this +formula we get 150 + + align:start position:0% +formula we get 150 + + + align:start position:0% +formula we get 150 +divided the pot plus RB so this is RB + + align:start position:0% +divided the pot plus RB so this is RB + + + align:start position:0% +divided the pot plus RB so this is RB +bet because the idea is that we are + + align:start position:0% +bet because the idea is that we are + + + align:start position:0% +bet because the idea is that we are +putting 15 into that pot for a chance of + + align:start position:0% +putting 15 into that pot for a chance of + + + align:start position:0% +putting 15 into that pot for a chance of +winning the whole pot back like we he + + align:start position:0% +winning the whole pot back like we he + + + align:start position:0% +winning the whole pot back like we he +won't add that 150 to the pot if we win + + align:start position:0% +won't add that 150 to the pot if we win + + + align:start position:0% +won't add that 150 to the pot if we win +it so that's the idea there so it's our + + align:start position:0% +it so that's the idea there so it's our + + + align:start position:0% +it so that's the idea there so it's our +bet divided by the pot after we bet to + + align:start position:0% +bet divided by the pot after we bet to + + + align:start position:0% +bet divided by the pot after we bet to +give us our our neutral EV fold + + align:start position:0% +give us our our neutral EV fold + + + align:start position:0% +give us our our neutral EV fold +percentage so that's a chance he that's + + align:start position:0% +percentage so that's a chance he that's + + + align:start position:0% +percentage so that's a chance he that's +the chance of him folding that makes us + + align:start position:0% +the chance of him folding that makes us + + + align:start position:0% +the chance of him folding that makes us +a good betat so I think this is pretty + + align:start position:0% +a good betat so I think this is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +a good betat so I think this is pretty +like this is pretty cool like you can + + align:start position:0% +like this is pretty cool like you can + + + align:start position:0% +like this is pretty cool like you can +use this to determine what's a good + + align:start position:0% +use this to determine what's a good + + + align:start position:0% +use this to determine what's a good +bluff and what's a bad Bluff by just + + align:start position:0% +bluff and what's a bad Bluff by just + + + align:start position:0% +bluff and what's a bad Bluff by just +saying is he going to call this more + + align:start position:0% +saying is he going to call this more + + + align:start position:0% +saying is he going to call this more +than onethird of the time + + align:start position:0% +than onethird of the time + + + align:start position:0% +than onethird of the time +and just the EV calculation looking at + + align:start position:0% +and just the EV calculation looking at + + + align:start position:0% +and just the EV calculation looking at +um using this formula to prove that um + + align:start position:0% +um using this formula to prove that um + + + align:start position:0% +um using this formula to prove that um +we reach a a neutral EV is just 30% time + + align:start position:0% +we reach a a neutral EV is just 30% time + + + align:start position:0% +we reach a a neutral EV is just 30% time +this 350 the pot minus 70% him calling + + align:start position:0% +this 350 the pot minus 70% him calling + + + align:start position:0% +this 350 the pot minus 70% him calling +times our bet that equals zero and + + align:start position:0% +times our bet that equals zero and + + + align:start position:0% +times our bet that equals zero and +that's our quick I like plugging this + + align:start position:0% +that's our quick I like plugging this + + + align:start position:0% +that's our quick I like plugging this +back into the EV formula just to make + + align:start position:0% +back into the EV formula just to make + + + align:start position:0% +back into the EV formula just to make +sure we did like we we messed around + + align:start position:0% +sure we did like we we messed around + + + align:start position:0% +sure we did like we we messed around +with the variables + + align:start position:0% +with the variables + + + align:start position:0% +with the variables +properly so are we are we okay with this + + align:start position:0% +properly so are we are we okay with this + + + align:start position:0% +properly so are we are we okay with this +so far because we're going to move on to + + align:start position:0% +so far because we're going to move on to + + + align:start position:0% +so far because we're going to move on to +something a little bit more complicated + + align:start position:0% +something a little bit more complicated + + + align:start position:0% +something a little bit more complicated +in this one he bets 75 like he did + + align:start position:0% +in this one he bets 75 like he did + + + align:start position:0% +in this one he bets 75 like he did +before but we are raising 150 + + align:start position:0% +before but we are raising 150 + + + align:start position:0% +before but we are raising 150 +why why are we raising 150 here rather + + align:start position:0% +why why are we raising 150 here rather + + + align:start position:0% +why why are we raising 150 here rather +than just + + align:start position:0% +than just + + + align:start position:0% +than just +calling yeah because we have an + + align:start position:0% +calling yeah because we have an + + + align:start position:0% +calling yeah because we have an +open-ended straight draw where even if + + align:start position:0% +open-ended straight draw where even if + + + align:start position:0% +open-ended straight draw where even if +he calls we still could win and that + + align:start position:0% +he calls we still could win and that + + + align:start position:0% +he calls we still could win and that +fundamentally changes um what we need to + + align:start position:0% +fundamentally changes um what we need to + + + align:start position:0% +fundamentally changes um what we need to +make this + + align:start position:0% +make this + + + align:start position:0% +make this +profitable so here our chance of winning + + align:start position:0% +profitable so here our chance of winning + + + align:start position:0% +profitable so here our chance of winning +is 16% 8 time 2 we get to see just the + + align:start position:0% +is 16% 8 time 2 we get to see just the + + + align:start position:0% +is 16% 8 time 2 we get to see just the +river so it's 150 into a of 350 where + + align:start position:0% +river so it's 150 into a of 350 where + + + align:start position:0% +river so it's 150 into a of 350 where +our win percent is + + align:start position:0% +our win percent is + + + align:start position:0% +our win percent is +this is still our chance of taking out + + align:start position:0% +this is still our chance of taking out + + + align:start position:0% +this is still our chance of taking out +of the pot uncontested and then the 1 + + align:start position:0% +of the pot uncontested and then the 1 + + + align:start position:0% +of the pot uncontested and then the 1 +minus f% the chance that he calls is + + align:start position:0% +minus f% the chance that he calls is + + + align:start position:0% +minus f% the chance that he calls is +multiplied by our our marginal EV this + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by our our marginal EV this + + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by our our marginal EV this +16% times winning the pot 500 is 150 + + align:start position:0% +16% times winning the pot 500 is 150 + + + align:start position:0% +16% times winning the pot 500 is 150 +plus 350 150 our bet 350 uh the pot + + align:start position:0% +plus 350 150 our bet 350 uh the pot + + + align:start position:0% +plus 350 150 our bet 350 uh the pot +minus 150 our bet I guess the 150 here + + align:start position:0% +minus 150 our bet I guess the 150 here + + + align:start position:0% +minus 150 our bet I guess the 150 here +would be his bet but still we have we + + align:start position:0% +would be his bet but still we have we + + + align:start position:0% +would be his bet but still we have we +have a chance to win 500 or lose 150 one + + align:start position:0% +have a chance to win 500 or lose 150 one + + + align:start position:0% +have a chance to win 500 or lose 150 one +of the reasons fold Equity is really + + align:start position:0% +of the reasons fold Equity is really + + + align:start position:0% +of the reasons fold Equity is really +hard to teach is because there's no real + + align:start position:0% +hard to teach is because there's no real + + + align:start position:0% +hard to teach is because there's no real +intuitive way to memorize this formula + + align:start position:0% +intuitive way to memorize this formula + + + align:start position:0% +intuitive way to memorize this formula +like so what I did here is I just solved + + align:start position:0% +like so what I did here is I just solved + + + align:start position:0% +like so what I did here is I just solved +for um EV equals zero um for our fold + + align:start position:0% +for um EV equals zero um for our fold + + + align:start position:0% +for um EV equals zero um for our fold +percentage so we can solve this I I just + + align:start position:0% +percentage so we can solve this I I just + + + align:start position:0% +percentage so we can solve this I I just +plugged this into a w from Alpha and I + + align:start position:0% +plugged this into a w from Alpha and I + + + align:start position:0% +plugged this into a w from Alpha and I +got like the neutral fold percent is 12 + + align:start position:0% +got like the neutral fold percent is 12 + + + align:start position:0% +got like the neutral fold percent is 12 +um compared + + align:start position:0% +um compared + + + align:start position:0% +um compared +to like here we need to win this Bluff + + align:start position:0% +to like here we need to win this Bluff + + + align:start position:0% +to like here we need to win this Bluff +30% of the time and here we need to win + + align:start position:0% +30% of the time and here we need to win + + + align:start position:0% +30% of the time and here we need to win +12% of the time that shows the value of + + align:start position:0% +12% of the time that shows the value of + + + align:start position:0% +12% of the time that shows the value of +the semi Bluff here so to check with EV + + align:start position:0% +the semi Bluff here so to check with EV + + + align:start position:0% +the semi Bluff here so to check with EV +you win 350 12% of the time and 88% of + + align:start position:0% +you win 350 12% of the time and 88% of + + + align:start position:0% +you win 350 12% of the time and 88% of +the time you have to deal with this so + + align:start position:0% +the time you have to deal with this so + + + align:start position:0% +the time you have to deal with this so +that that shows at least intuitively + + align:start position:0% +that that shows at least intuitively + + + align:start position:0% +that that shows at least intuitively +what the value is but let's say we can + + align:start position:0% +what the value is but let's say we can + + + align:start position:0% +what the value is but let's say we can +figure out exactly um what like how + + align:start position:0% +figure out exactly um what like how + + + align:start position:0% +figure out exactly um what like how +important this win percentage is + + align:start position:0% +important this win percentage is + + + align:start position:0% +important this win percentage is +so let's use okay so we're going to have + + align:start position:0% +so let's use okay so we're going to have + + + align:start position:0% +so let's use okay so we're going to have +to use calculus for this so when we um + + align:start position:0% +to use calculus for this so when we um + + + align:start position:0% +to use calculus for this so when we um +when we graph this formula we see a + + align:start position:0% +when we graph this formula we see a + + + align:start position:0% +when we graph this formula we see a +clear Trend and like it would be + + align:start position:0% +clear Trend and like it would be + + + align:start position:0% +clear Trend and like it would be +intuitive when your when your Showdown + + align:start position:0% +intuitive when your when your Showdown + + + align:start position:0% +intuitive when your when your Showdown +win percentage goes up the amount you + + align:start position:0% +win percentage goes up the amount you + + + align:start position:0% +win percentage goes up the amount you +need him to fold goes down like if you + + align:start position:0% +need him to fold goes down like if you + + + align:start position:0% +need him to fold goes down like if you +win 0% of the time he needs to fold a + + align:start position:0% +win 0% of the time he needs to fold a + + + align:start position:0% +win 0% of the time he needs to fold a +lot but then if you win some amount of + + align:start position:0% +lot but then if you win some amount of + + + align:start position:0% +lot but then if you win some amount of +the time he only needs to fold a smaller + + align:start position:0% +the time he only needs to fold a smaller + + + align:start position:0% +the time he only needs to fold a smaller +amount of the time so that's what this + + align:start position:0% +amount of the time so that's what this + + + align:start position:0% +amount of the time so that's what this +thing is saying and there are a couple + + align:start position:0% +thing is saying and there are a couple + + + align:start position:0% +thing is saying and there are a couple +interesting points on this graph which I + + align:start position:0% +interesting points on this graph which I + + + align:start position:0% +interesting points on this graph which I +want to point out so what's this point + + align:start position:0% +want to point out so what's this point + + + align:start position:0% +want to point out so what's this point +here it's it's our it's our break even + + align:start position:0% +here it's it's our it's our break even + + + align:start position:0% +here it's it's our it's our break even +uh fold percentage for having a zero EV + + align:start position:0% +uh fold percentage for having a zero EV + + + align:start position:0% +uh fold percentage for having a zero EV +so the idea is if he folds how you read + + align:start position:0% +so the idea is if he folds how you read + + + align:start position:0% +so the idea is if he folds how you read +this is um if we have a 16% chance of + + align:start position:0% +this is um if we have a 16% chance of + + + align:start position:0% +this is um if we have a 16% chance of +winning if we're drawing to an + + align:start position:0% +winning if we're drawing to an + + + align:start position:0% +winning if we're drawing to an +open-ended straight for one card if he + + align:start position:0% +open-ended straight for one card if he + + + align:start position:0% +open-ended straight for one card if he +folds more than 12% of the time if we're + + align:start position:0% +folds more than 12% of the time if we're + + + align:start position:0% +folds more than 12% of the time if we're +in anywhere in this area it's it's + + align:start position:0% +in anywhere in this area it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +in anywhere in this area it's it's +positive EV if we're anywhere down here + + align:start position:0% +positive EV if we're anywhere down here + + + align:start position:0% +positive EV if we're anywhere down here +it's not so so that's how we're reading + + align:start position:0% +it's not so so that's how we're reading + + + align:start position:0% +it's not so so that's how we're reading +this graph here so what about this point + + align:start position:0% +this graph here so what about this point + + + align:start position:0% +this graph here so what about this point +here it's a complete Bluff because we + + align:start position:0% +here it's a complete Bluff because we + + + align:start position:0% +here it's a complete Bluff because we +have 0% chance of winning and you + + align:start position:0% +have 0% chance of winning and you + + + align:start position:0% +have 0% chance of winning and you +recognize this 30 it's from + + align:start position:0% +recognize this 30 it's from + + + align:start position:0% +recognize this 30 it's from +all the way back here it's when we had a + + align:start position:0% +all the way back here it's when we had a + + + align:start position:0% +all the way back here it's when we had a +0% chance of + + align:start position:0% +0% chance of + + + align:start position:0% +0% chance of +winning so that's that point up there + + align:start position:0% +winning so that's that point up there + + + align:start position:0% +winning so that's that point up there +which I think is pretty interesting but + + align:start position:0% +which I think is pretty interesting but + + + align:start position:0% +which I think is pretty interesting but +it gets even + + align:start position:0% +it gets even + + + align:start position:0% +it gets even +cooler okay so that's what that is it's + + align:start position:0% +cooler okay so that's what that is it's + + + align:start position:0% +cooler okay so that's what that is it's +our 150 ID 150 plus uh 350 which is our + + align:start position:0% +our 150 ID 150 plus uh 350 which is our + + + align:start position:0% +our 150 ID 150 plus uh 350 which is our +formula for determining what our break + + align:start position:0% +formula for determining what our break + + + align:start position:0% +formula for determining what our break +even fold percentage is for a complete + + align:start position:0% +even fold percentage is for a complete + + + align:start position:0% +even fold percentage is for a complete +Bluff that's our 30% here but check this + + align:start position:0% +Bluff that's our 30% here but check this + + + align:start position:0% +Bluff that's our 30% here but check this +out so what is this + + align:start position:0% +out so what is this + + + align:start position:0% +out so what is this +number it's our pod odds break even it's + + align:start position:0% +number it's our pod odds break even it's + + + align:start position:0% +number it's our pod odds break even it's +the size of the bet that we could call + + align:start position:0% +the size of the bet that we could call + + + align:start position:0% +the size of the bet that we could call +if he was betting to make us neutral EV + + align:start position:0% +if he was betting to make us neutral EV + + + align:start position:0% +if he was betting to make us neutral EV +that's what this 23 is it's our 150 + + align:start position:0% +that's what this 23 is it's our 150 + + + align:start position:0% +that's what this 23 is it's our 150 +divided by the pot after our call what + + align:start position:0% +divided by the pot after our call what + + + align:start position:0% +divided by the pot after our call what +that means is if he folds 0% of the time + + align:start position:0% +that means is if he folds 0% of the time + + + align:start position:0% +that means is if he folds 0% of the time +I IE like similarly to if he just bet + + align:start position:0% +I IE like similarly to if he just bet + + + align:start position:0% +I IE like similarly to if he just bet +and then we have the option to call that + + align:start position:0% +and then we have the option to call that + + + align:start position:0% +and then we have the option to call that +makes a zero EV so this like this graph + + align:start position:0% +makes a zero EV so this like this graph + + + align:start position:0% +makes a zero EV so this like this graph +connects all of those variables for us + + align:start position:0% +connects all of those variables for us + + + align:start position:0% +connects all of those variables for us +and that lets us drive something very + + align:start position:0% +and that lets us drive something very + + + align:start position:0% +and that lets us drive something very +interesting with regard to implied odds + + align:start position:0% +interesting with regard to implied odds + + + align:start position:0% +interesting with regard to implied odds +we can just just figure out how implied + + align:start position:0% +we can just just figure out how implied + + + align:start position:0% +we can just just figure out how implied +odds impacts our fold percentage by + + align:start position:0% +odds impacts our fold percentage by + + + align:start position:0% +odds impacts our fold percentage by +looking at this secant line and coming + + align:start position:0% +looking at this secant line and coming + + + align:start position:0% +looking at this secant line and coming +up with a good estimate so let me work + + align:start position:0% +up with a good estimate so let me work + + + align:start position:0% +up with a good estimate so let me work +through this graph uh talk through what + + align:start position:0% +through this graph uh talk through what + + + align:start position:0% +through this graph uh talk through what +we're seeing here because I think this + + align:start position:0% +we're seeing here because I think this + + + align:start position:0% +we're seeing here because I think this +is really cool so um to be clear this + + align:start position:0% +is really cool so um to be clear this + + + align:start position:0% +is really cool so um to be clear this +blue line is um our neutral fold + + align:start position:0% +blue line is um our neutral fold + + + align:start position:0% +blue line is um our neutral fold +percentage right and then this slope is + + align:start position:0% +percentage right and then this slope is + + + align:start position:0% +percentage right and then this slope is +it's the derivative of how much um of + + align:start position:0% +it's the derivative of how much um of + + + align:start position:0% +it's the derivative of how much um of +like a bonus we get to fold percentage + + align:start position:0% +like a bonus we get to fold percentage + + + align:start position:0% +like a bonus we get to fold percentage +for every 1% win rate so for each + + align:start position:0% +for every 1% win rate so for each + + + align:start position:0% +for every 1% win rate so for each +additional one out each additional 2% he + + align:start position:0% +additional one out each additional 2% he + + + align:start position:0% +additional one out each additional 2% he +needs to fold 3% less for us to break + + align:start position:0% +needs to fold 3% less for us to break + + + align:start position:0% +needs to fold 3% less for us to break +even there that's what this is telling + + align:start position:0% +even there that's what this is telling + + + align:start position:0% +even there that's what this is telling +you when you have a 10% chance of + + align:start position:0% +you when you have a 10% chance of + + + align:start position:0% +you when you have a 10% chance of +winning you have uh you have uh you just + + align:start position:0% +winning you have uh you have uh you just + + + align:start position:0% +winning you have uh you have uh you just +reduce um this amount by 15% you + + align:start position:0% +reduce um this amount by 15% you + + + align:start position:0% +reduce um this amount by 15% you +multiply by the one and a half slope + + align:start position:0% +multiply by the one and a half slope + + + align:start position:0% +multiply by the one and a half slope +although it unders shoots it by a little + + align:start position:0% +although it unders shoots it by a little + + + align:start position:0% +although it unders shoots it by a little +bit like it gives you a very very close + + align:start position:0% +bit like it gives you a very very close + + + align:start position:0% +bit like it gives you a very very close +estimate to to using these implied odds + + align:start position:0% +estimate to to using these implied odds + + + align:start position:0% +estimate to to using these implied odds +in uh in real time and so I went ahead + + align:start position:0% +in uh in real time and so I went ahead + + + align:start position:0% +in uh in real time and so I went ahead +and figured out okay so that's for a + + align:start position:0% +and figured out okay so that's for a + + + align:start position:0% +and figured out okay so that's for a +specific like bet size how's it work if + + align:start position:0% +specific like bet size how's it work if + + + align:start position:0% +specific like bet size how's it work if +we look at um for a much bigger bet or a + + align:start position:0% +we look at um for a much bigger bet or a + + + align:start position:0% +we look at um for a much bigger bet or a +much smaller bet I found something + + align:start position:0% +much smaller bet I found something + + + align:start position:0% +much smaller bet I found something +really interesting when the BET becomes + + align:start position:0% +really interesting when the BET becomes + + + align:start position:0% +really interesting when the BET becomes +when we go towards Infinity the partial + + align:start position:0% +when we go towards Infinity the partial + + + align:start position:0% +when we go towards Infinity the partial +derivative is two like you only get as + + align:start position:0% +derivative is two like you only get as + + + align:start position:0% +derivative is two like you only get as +much of a bonus as two times your win + + align:start position:0% +much of a bonus as two times your win + + + align:start position:0% +much of a bonus as two times your win +percentage so each additional out gives + + align:start position:0% +percentage so each additional out gives + + + align:start position:0% +percentage so each additional out gives +you like an 8% reduced um break even for + + align:start position:0% +you like an 8% reduced um break even for + + + align:start position:0% +you like an 8% reduced um break even for +fold percentage and then when your bet + + align:start position:0% +fold percentage and then when your bet + + + align:start position:0% +fold percentage and then when your bet +approaches zero you only get a 1% + + align:start position:0% +approaches zero you only get a 1% + + + align:start position:0% +approaches zero you only get a 1% +decrease so these are our bounds like um + + align:start position:0% +decrease so these are our bounds like um + + + align:start position:0% +decrease so these are our bounds like um +for a pot siiz bet it's 1.2% your bonus + + align:start position:0% +for a pot siiz bet it's 1.2% your bonus + + + align:start position:0% +for a pot siiz bet it's 1.2% your bonus +and um regardless you know your bonus is + + align:start position:0% +and um regardless you know your bonus is + + + align:start position:0% +and um regardless you know your bonus is +going to be between one and two at least + + align:start position:0% +going to be between one and two at least + + + align:start position:0% +going to be between one and two at least +in terms of the average across um win + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the average across um win + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the average across um win +percentages that's what we discovered + + align:start position:0% +percentages that's what we discovered + + + align:start position:0% +percentages that's what we discovered +here and what this is letting us do is + + align:start position:0% +here and what this is letting us do is + + + align:start position:0% +here and what this is letting us do is +it's letting us create a quick rule that + + align:start position:0% +it's letting us create a quick rule that + + + align:start position:0% +it's letting us create a quick rule that +implements implied odds um so to go over + + align:start position:0% +implements implied odds um so to go over + + + align:start position:0% +implements implied odds um so to go over +what these roles exactly are um let's + + align:start position:0% +what these roles exactly are um let's + + + align:start position:0% +what these roles exactly are um let's +back up to to a complete Bluff so our + + align:start position:0% +back up to to a complete Bluff so our + + + align:start position:0% +back up to to a complete Bluff so our +full percent needed is just the BET + + align:start position:0% +full percent needed is just the BET + + + align:start position:0% +full percent needed is just the BET +divided by the pot and the BET + + align:start position:0% +divided by the pot and the BET + + + align:start position:0% +divided by the pot and the BET +combined if you think like if you want + + align:start position:0% +combined if you think like if you want + + + align:start position:0% +combined if you think like if you want +to bet the exact size of the pot which + + align:start position:0% +to bet the exact size of the pot which + + + align:start position:0% +to bet the exact size of the pot which +isn't that bad for a bluff you only need + + align:start position:0% +isn't that bad for a bluff you only need + + + align:start position:0% +isn't that bad for a bluff you only need +to win half the time and then you can if + + align:start position:0% +to win half the time and then you can if + + + align:start position:0% +to win half the time and then you can if +you want to scale linearly down to zero + + align:start position:0% +you want to scale linearly down to zero + + + align:start position:0% +you want to scale linearly down to zero +you could just say all right if I bet + + align:start position:0% +you could just say all right if I bet + + + align:start position:0% +you could just say all right if I bet +half the pot I have to win 25% of the + + align:start position:0% +half the pot I have to win 25% of the + + + align:start position:0% +half the pot I have to win 25% of the +time it's a little bit off it's like 33% + + align:start position:0% +time it's a little bit off it's like 33% + + + align:start position:0% +time it's a little bit off it's like 33% +of the time but it's not that bad so + + align:start position:0% +of the time but it's not that bad so + + + align:start position:0% +of the time but it's not that bad so +this gives you a very easy way to + + align:start position:0% +this gives you a very easy way to + + + align:start position:0% +this gives you a very easy way to +determine like when you should Bluff or + + align:start position:0% +determine like when you should Bluff or + + + align:start position:0% +determine like when you should Bluff or +not and like obviously there's a bit of + + align:start position:0% +not and like obviously there's a bit of + + + align:start position:0% +not and like obviously there's a bit of +judgment because you got to figure out + + align:start position:0% +judgment because you got to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +judgment because you got to figure out +whether this is a reasonable number but + + align:start position:0% +whether this is a reasonable number but + + + align:start position:0% +whether this is a reasonable number but +it gives you an idea like you don't need + + align:start position:0% +it gives you an idea like you don't need + + + align:start position:0% +it gives you an idea like you don't need +to win that bluff 80% of the time um and + + align:start position:0% +to win that bluff 80% of the time um and + + + align:start position:0% +to win that bluff 80% of the time um and +then when like when you actually have a + + align:start position:0% +then when like when you actually have a + + + align:start position:0% +then when like when you actually have a +chance to redraw to win it becomes even + + align:start position:0% +chance to redraw to win it becomes even + + + align:start position:0% +chance to redraw to win it becomes even +more + + align:start position:0% +more + + + align:start position:0% +more +interesting um so in general when you + + align:start position:0% +interesting um so in general when you + + + align:start position:0% +interesting um so in general when you +have a draw um you have a higher like + + align:start position:0% +have a draw um you have a higher like + + + align:start position:0% +have a draw um you have a higher like +you your value is higher because you + + align:start position:0% +you your value is higher because you + + + align:start position:0% +you your value is higher because you +still have a chance to win the hand and + + align:start position:0% +still have a chance to win the hand and + + + align:start position:0% +still have a chance to win the hand and +in general you're going to see like very + + align:start position:0% +in general you're going to see like very + + + align:start position:0% +in general you're going to see like very +rarely will people actually make + + align:start position:0% +rarely will people actually make + + + align:start position:0% +rarely will people actually make +complete Bluffs cuz they would like + + align:start position:0% +complete Bluffs cuz they would like + + + align:start position:0% +complete Bluffs cuz they would like +prefer like the the the chance of you + + align:start position:0% +prefer like the the the chance of you + + + align:start position:0% +prefer like the the the chance of you +winning the hand at the end materially + + align:start position:0% +winning the hand at the end materially + + + align:start position:0% +winning the hand at the end materially +makes your your your value better um so + + align:start position:0% +makes your your your value better um so + + + align:start position:0% +makes your your your value better um so +a simple assumption is just each 1% your + + align:start position:0% +a simple assumption is just each 1% your + + + align:start position:0% +a simple assumption is just each 1% your +Showdown increases you mult you in you + + align:start position:0% +Showdown increases you mult you in you + + + align:start position:0% +Showdown increases you mult you in you +decrease your fold percentage by 1 and a + + align:start position:0% +decrease your fold percentage by 1 and a + + + align:start position:0% +decrease your fold percentage by 1 and a +half per. and your fold percentag are + + align:start position:0% +half per. and your fold percentag are + + + align:start position:0% +half per. and your fold percentag are +going to be much much smaller they're + + align:start position:0% +going to be much much smaller they're + + + align:start position:0% +going to be much much smaller they're +going to be like 15 to 20-ish per like + + align:start position:0% +going to be like 15 to 20-ish per like + + + align:start position:0% +going to be like 15 to 20-ish per like +somewhere in that range so decreasing + + align:start position:0% +somewhere in that range so decreasing + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere in that range so decreasing +that by 5% actually makes you uh quite a + + align:start position:0% +that by 5% actually makes you uh quite a + + + align:start position:0% +that by 5% actually makes you uh quite a +bit more likely to win or at least have + + align:start position:0% +bit more likely to win or at least have + + + align:start position:0% +bit more likely to win or at least have +a um a positive expectation decision and + + align:start position:0% +a um a positive expectation decision and + + + align:start position:0% +a um a positive expectation decision and +when we talk about pre flop which is + + align:start position:0% +when we talk about pre flop which is + + + align:start position:0% +when we talk about pre flop which is +going to be nothing but figuring out + + align:start position:0% +going to be nothing but figuring out + + + align:start position:0% +going to be nothing but figuring out +semi bluffing + + align:start position:0% +semi bluffing + + + align:start position:0% +semi bluffing +opportunities um we're going to be + + align:start position:0% +opportunities um we're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +opportunities um we're going to be +heavily using this type of + + align:start position:0% +heavily using this type of + + + align:start position:0% +heavily using this type of +thing um so let's do some uh examples + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so what is going on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here so just to watch that again so um + + align:start position:0% +here so just to watch that again so um + + + align:start position:0% +here so just to watch that again so um +it looks like the villain raised + + align:start position:0% +it looks like the villain raised + + + align:start position:0% +it looks like the villain raised +something pre flop I had position so I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +called and then he showed weakness for + + align:start position:0% +called and then he showed weakness for + + + align:start position:0% +called and then he showed weakness for +three streets in a + + align:start position:0% +three streets in a + + + align:start position:0% +three streets in a +row like I don't know what he has but it + + align:start position:0% +row like I don't know what he has but it + + + align:start position:0% +row like I don't know what he has but it +it seems to be worth taking a stab at it + + align:start position:0% +it seems to be worth taking a stab at it + + + align:start position:0% +it seems to be worth taking a stab at it +so like What proportion of the time does + + align:start position:0% +so like What proportion of the time does + + + align:start position:0% +so like What proportion of the time does +this stab have to work to make it a good + + align:start position:0% +this stab have to work to make it a good + + + align:start position:0% +this stab have to work to make it a good +bluff so is this going to be a bluff or + + align:start position:0% +bluff so is this going to be a bluff or + + + align:start position:0% +bluff so is this going to be a bluff or +a semi + + align:start position:0% +a semi + + + align:start position:0% +a semi +Bluff Bluff + + align:start position:0% +Bluff Bluff + + + align:start position:0% +Bluff Bluff +why yeah there like I barely beat the + + align:start position:0% +why yeah there like I barely beat the + + + align:start position:0% +why yeah there like I barely beat the +board I I think my 10 high plays but + + align:start position:0% +board I I think my 10 high plays but + + + align:start position:0% +board I I think my 10 high plays but +like only very close so if he like + + align:start position:0% +like only very close so if he like + + + align:start position:0% +like only very close so if he like +there's no way he can call this with the + + align:start position:0% +there's no way he can call this with the + + + align:start position:0% +there's no way he can call this with the +worst hand um so the question is what + + align:start position:0% +worst hand um so the question is what + + + align:start position:0% +worst hand um so the question is what +like how often does this have to work to + + align:start position:0% +like how often does this have to work to + + + align:start position:0% +like how often does this have to work to +be valuable which is a very common + + align:start position:0% +be valuable which is a very common + + + align:start position:0% +be valuable which is a very common +question you might ask + + align:start position:0% +question you might ask + + + align:start position:0% +question you might ask +yourself um so do you remember how to + + align:start position:0% +yourself um so do you remember how to + + + align:start position:0% +yourself um so do you remember how to +figure this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +out so the formula is going to + + align:start position:0% +out so the formula is going to + + + align:start position:0% +out so the formula is going to +be this it's just the BET divided by the + + align:start position:0% +be this it's just the BET divided by the + + + align:start position:0% +be this it's just the BET divided by the +pot plus the bet so the difference + + align:start position:0% +pot plus the bet so the difference + + + align:start position:0% +pot plus the bet so the difference +between this and the Pod Do's formula is + + align:start position:0% +between this and the Pod Do's formula is + + + align:start position:0% +between this and the Pod Do's formula is +one bet pod Do's formula is pot plus two + + align:start position:0% +one bet pod Do's formula is pot plus two + + + align:start position:0% +one bet pod Do's formula is pot plus two +bets ours and his this formula is just a + + align:start position:0% +bets ours and his this formula is just a + + + align:start position:0% +bets ours and his this formula is just a +pot plus our bet only because he never + + align:start position:0% +pot plus our bet only because he never + + + align:start position:0% +pot plus our bet only because he never +adds his bet + + align:start position:0% +adds his bet + + + align:start position:0% +adds his bet +in so to figure out our chance of + + align:start position:0% +in so to figure out our chance of + + + align:start position:0% +in so to figure out our chance of +winning here let's just go to this + + align:start position:0% +winning here let's just go to this + + + align:start position:0% +winning here let's just go to this +one we just do what we take the size of + + align:start position:0% +one we just do what we take the size of + + + align:start position:0% +one we just do what we take the size of +our bet and divide it by this plus this + + align:start position:0% +our bet and divide it by this plus this + + + align:start position:0% +our bet and divide it by this plus this +number so we add those together it's + + align:start position:0% +number so we add those together it's + + + align:start position:0% +number so we add those together it's +what five uh 625 so it just take 250 + + align:start position:0% +what five uh 625 so it just take 250 + + + align:start position:0% +what five uh 625 so it just take 250 +divid by 625 which is what it's 40% so + + align:start position:0% +divid by 625 which is what it's 40% so + + + align:start position:0% +divid by 625 which is what it's 40% so +this needs to work 40% of the time to be + + align:start position:0% +this needs to work 40% of the time to be + + + align:start position:0% +this needs to work 40% of the time to be +valuable so it's actually not as like + + align:start position:0% +valuable so it's actually not as like + + + align:start position:0% +valuable so it's actually not as like +not as interesting as I would have + + align:start position:0% +not as interesting as I would have + + + align:start position:0% +not as interesting as I would have +guessed like this needs to work a pretty + + align:start position:0% +guessed like this needs to work a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +guessed like this needs to work a pretty +big amount of time and given that he's + + align:start position:0% +big amount of time and given that he's + + + align:start position:0% +big amount of time and given that he's +shown so much weakness he's probably + + align:start position:0% +shown so much weakness he's probably + + + align:start position:0% +shown so much weakness he's probably +he's probably guessing that we're + + align:start position:0% +he's probably guessing that we're + + + align:start position:0% +he's probably guessing that we're +probably bluffing but anyway if he calls + + align:start position:0% +probably bluffing but anyway if he calls + + + align:start position:0% +probably bluffing but anyway if he calls +25% of the + + align:start position:0% +25% of the + + + align:start position:0% +25% of the +time um does that make that a good uh + + align:start position:0% +time um does that make that a good uh + + + align:start position:0% +time um does that make that a good uh +bet or + + align:start position:0% +bet or + + + align:start position:0% +bet or +not yes because that means he folds 75% + + align:start position:0% +not yes because that means he folds 75% + + + align:start position:0% +not yes because that means he folds 75% +of the time which is more than R40 so + + align:start position:0% +of the time which is more than R40 so + + + align:start position:0% +of the time which is more than R40 so +that makes that a good bet and just to + + align:start position:0% +that makes that a good bet and just to + + + align:start position:0% +that makes that a good bet and just to +plug it into the EV formula so what like + + align:start position:0% +plug it into the EV formula so what like + + + align:start position:0% +plug it into the EV formula so what like +what is our value from this bluff if if + + align:start position:0% +what is our value from this bluff if if + + + align:start position:0% +what is our value from this bluff if if +our estimates right here that he calls + + align:start position:0% +our estimates right here that he calls + + + align:start position:0% +our estimates right here that he calls +25 % of the time it's $200 so the pot's + + align:start position:0% +25 % of the time it's $200 so the pot's + + + align:start position:0% +25 % of the time it's $200 so the pot's +what I think the pot's like 400 + + align:start position:0% +what I think the pot's like 400 + + + align:start position:0% +what I think the pot's like 400 +here so that makes sense to me that like + + align:start position:0% +here so that makes sense to me that like + + + align:start position:0% +here so that makes sense to me that like +75% of the time we're going to take down + + align:start position:0% +75% of the time we're going to take down + + + align:start position:0% +75% of the time we're going to take down +that pot so it's worth about 200 to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +us so that's it um let's do another + + align:start position:0% +us so that's it um let's do another + + + align:start position:0% +us so that's it um let's do another +example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so what's going on like something + + align:start position:0% +okay so what's going on like something + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what's going on like something +happened on the Flop and then what are + + align:start position:0% +happened on the Flop and then what are + + + align:start position:0% +happened on the Flop and then what are +we doing + + align:start position:0% +we doing + + + align:start position:0% +we doing +here exactly so we're betting 450 into a + + align:start position:0% +here exactly so we're betting 450 into a + + + align:start position:0% +here exactly so we're betting 450 into a +pot of + + align:start position:0% +pot of + + + align:start position:0% +pot of +775 like so the question is um like is + + align:start position:0% +775 like so the question is um like is + + + align:start position:0% +775 like so the question is um like is +this a good bet like should we have done + + align:start position:0% +this a good bet like should we have done + + + align:start position:0% +this a good bet like should we have done +this and we're going to have like we're + + align:start position:0% +this and we're going to have like we're + + + align:start position:0% +this and we're going to have like we're +going to be facing these decisions all + + align:start position:0% +going to be facing these decisions all + + + align:start position:0% +going to be facing these decisions all +throughout the + + align:start position:0% +throughout the + + + align:start position:0% +throughout the +tournament um so this one is going to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be kind of complicated but not really + + align:start position:0% +be kind of complicated but not really + + + align:start position:0% +be kind of complicated but not really +let's see what we can piece together for + + align:start position:0% +let's see what we can piece together for + + + align:start position:0% +let's see what we can piece together for +now so what like what's our chance of + + align:start position:0% +now so what like what's our chance of + + + align:start position:0% +now so what like what's our chance of +winning this one at + + align:start position:0% +winning this one at + + + align:start position:0% +winning this one at +Showdown so we have a 16% chance of + + align:start position:0% +Showdown so we have a 16% chance of + + + align:start position:0% +Showdown so we have a 16% chance of +winning + + align:start position:0% +winning + + + align:start position:0% +winning +get yeah it's hard to like I I prefer + + align:start position:0% +get yeah it's hard to like I I prefer + + + align:start position:0% +get yeah it's hard to like I I prefer +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +counting you like you can proportion + + align:start position:0% +counting you like you can proportion + + + align:start position:0% +counting you like you can proportion +partial out to like uh whatever you + + align:start position:0% +partial out to like uh whatever you + + + align:start position:0% +partial out to like uh whatever you +think your real chance of winning if you + + align:start position:0% +think your real chance of winning if you + + + align:start position:0% +think your real chance of winning if you +hit that and just say that's worth like + + align:start position:0% +hit that and just say that's worth like + + + align:start position:0% +hit that and just say that's worth like +one third of an out but in terms of + + align:start position:0% +one third of an out but in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +one third of an out but in terms of +being conservative and making this + + align:start position:0% +being conservative and making this + + + align:start position:0% +being conservative and making this +simple we can just say let's say we have + + align:start position:0% +simple we can just say let's say we have + + + align:start position:0% +simple we can just say let's say we have +to hit the straight to win although you + + align:start position:0% +to hit the straight to win although you + + + align:start position:0% +to hit the straight to win although you +can consider yourself having a little + + align:start position:0% +can consider yourself having a little + + + align:start position:0% +can consider yourself having a little +bit more Equity if you just say maybe + + align:start position:0% +bit more Equity if you just say maybe + + + align:start position:0% +bit more Equity if you just say maybe +I'll win if I hit like a 10 or + + align:start position:0% +I'll win if I hit like a 10 or + + + align:start position:0% +I'll win if I hit like a 10 or +something okay so we're betting 450 to + + align:start position:0% +something okay so we're betting 450 to + + + align:start position:0% +something okay so we're betting 450 to +this pot of 775 so what um so we know we + + align:start position:0% +this pot of 775 so what um so we know we + + + align:start position:0% +this pot of 775 so what um so we know we +have 16% chance of winning this hand uh + + align:start position:0% +have 16% chance of winning this hand uh + + + align:start position:0% +have 16% chance of winning this hand uh +if we are called if we have no perent + + align:start position:0% +if we are called if we have no perent + + + align:start position:0% +if we are called if we have no perent +chance of winning the + + align:start position:0% +chance of winning the + + + align:start position:0% +chance of winning the +hand + + align:start position:0% +hand + + + align:start position:0% +hand +um if we are call + + align:start position:0% +um if we are call + + + align:start position:0% +um if we are call +What proportion of the time do we need + + align:start position:0% +What proportion of the time do we need + + + align:start position:0% +What proportion of the time do we need +him to fold to make this good 450 / 1225 + + align:start position:0% +him to fold to make this good 450 / 1225 + + + align:start position:0% +him to fold to make this good 450 / 1225 +that 1225 is going to be um 450 plus 775 + + align:start position:0% +that 1225 is going to be um 450 plus 775 + + + align:start position:0% +that 1225 is going to be um 450 plus 775 +is that right what was it about yeah 450 + + align:start position:0% +is that right what was it about yeah 450 + + + align:start position:0% +is that right what was it about yeah 450 +plus 775 is + + align:start position:0% +plus 775 is + + + align:start position:0% +plus 775 is + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +1325 um I think this is um 11 1225 I + + align:start position:0% +1325 um I think this is um 11 1225 I + + + align:start position:0% +1325 um I think this is um 11 1225 I +think that's + + align:start position:0% +think that's + + + align:start position:0% +think that's +right 1225 okay so we have a 37 % chance + + align:start position:0% +right 1225 okay so we have a 37 % chance + + + align:start position:0% +right 1225 okay so we have a 37 % chance +of of um that's our break even if we + + align:start position:0% +of of um that's our break even if we + + + align:start position:0% +of of um that's our break even if we +have no chance of winning but then we + + align:start position:0% +have no chance of winning but then we + + + align:start position:0% +have no chance of winning but then we +get a bonus for the 16% chance of of us + + align:start position:0% +get a bonus for the 16% chance of of us + + + align:start position:0% +get a bonus for the 16% chance of of us +winning and then a general estimate is + + align:start position:0% +winning and then a general estimate is + + + align:start position:0% +winning and then a general estimate is +going to be one and a half times because + + align:start position:0% +going to be one and a half times because + + + align:start position:0% +going to be one and a half times because +we're making approximately a pot siiz + + align:start position:0% +we're making approximately a pot siiz + + + align:start position:0% +we're making approximately a pot siiz +bet we're Mak it a little bit smaller so + + align:start position:0% +bet we're Mak it a little bit smaller so + + + align:start position:0% +bet we're Mak it a little bit smaller so +maybe this is overdoing it by a little + + align:start position:0% +maybe this is overdoing it by a little + + + align:start position:0% +maybe this is overdoing it by a little +bit but this is at least giving us an + + align:start position:0% +bit but this is at least giving us an + + + align:start position:0% +bit but this is at least giving us an +okay estimate like this might be a + + align:start position:0% +okay estimate like this might be a + + + align:start position:0% +okay estimate like this might be a +little low it might be like 18% but like + + align:start position:0% +little low it might be like 18% but like + + + align:start position:0% +little low it might be like 18% but like +we can't differentiate between the like + + align:start position:0% +we can't differentiate between the like + + + align:start position:0% +we can't differentiate between the like +a margin that small um so the 16% chance + + align:start position:0% +a margin that small um so the 16% chance + + + align:start position:0% +a margin that small um so the 16% chance +is related to chance of winning we get a + + align:start position:0% +is related to chance of winning we get a + + + align:start position:0% +is related to chance of winning we get a +bonus as proportional to that I'm saying + + align:start position:0% +bonus as proportional to that I'm saying + + + align:start position:0% +bonus as proportional to that I'm saying +one and a half which is like seem to be + + align:start position:0% +one and a half which is like seem to be + + + align:start position:0% +one and a half which is like seem to be +like about in the ballpark to give me a + + align:start position:0% +like about in the ballpark to give me a + + + align:start position:0% +like about in the ballpark to give me a +133% chance break even for that fold + + align:start position:0% +133% chance break even for that fold + + + align:start position:0% +133% chance break even for that fold +rate so even if he calls 80% of the time + + align:start position:0% +rate so even if he calls 80% of the time + + + align:start position:0% +rate so even if he calls 80% of the time +it makes it a good bet and 80% is a huge + + align:start position:0% +it makes it a good bet and 80% is a huge + + + align:start position:0% +it makes it a good bet and 80% is a huge +amount considering um I I don't remember + + align:start position:0% +amount considering um I I don't remember + + + align:start position:0% +amount considering um I I don't remember +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +situation + + align:start position:0% +situation + + + align:start position:0% +situation +like he could potentially have nothing + + align:start position:0% +like he could potentially have nothing + + + align:start position:0% +like he could potentially have nothing +here like he definitely showed some sort + + align:start position:0% +here like he definitely showed some sort + + + align:start position:0% +here like he definitely showed some sort +of weakness so it's totally reasonable + + align:start position:0% +of weakness so it's totally reasonable + + + align:start position:0% +of weakness so it's totally reasonable +that he won't call more than 80% of the + + align:start position:0% +that he won't call more than 80% of the + + + align:start position:0% +that he won't call more than 80% of the +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +there um so we can calculate our Equity + + align:start position:0% +there um so we can calculate our Equity + + + align:start position:0% +there um so we can calculate our Equity +just based on the formula earlier which + + align:start position:0% +just based on the formula earlier which + + + align:start position:0% +just based on the formula earlier which +is our chance of taking the pot down + + align:start position:0% +is our chance of taking the pot down + + + align:start position:0% +is our chance of taking the pot down +uncontested 20% and then our 80% chance + + align:start position:0% +uncontested 20% and then our 80% chance + + + align:start position:0% +uncontested 20% and then our 80% chance +of winning 16% of the time and losing + + align:start position:0% +of winning 16% of the time and losing + + + align:start position:0% +of winning 16% of the time and losing +84% of the time where we're winning the + + align:start position:0% +84% of the time where we're winning the + + + align:start position:0% +84% of the time where we're winning the +pot plus his bet and we're losing our + + align:start position:0% +pot plus his bet and we're losing our + + + align:start position:0% +pot plus his bet and we're losing our +bet okay so let's jump to uh another + + align:start position:0% +bet okay so let's jump to uh another + + + align:start position:0% +bet okay so let's jump to uh another +live example Junior world champion in + + align:start position:0% +live example Junior world champion in + + + align:start position:0% +live example Junior world champion in +bowling and horseshoes for rais foosball + + align:start position:0% +bowling and horseshoes for rais foosball + + + align:start position:0% +bowling and horseshoes for rais foosball +and maybe poker sorry what's your name + + align:start position:0% +and maybe poker sorry what's your name + + + align:start position:0% +and maybe poker sorry what's your name +Mark Billy meet you mark already played + + align:start position:0% +Mark Billy meet you mark already played + + + align:start position:0% +Mark Billy meet you mark already played +the final table of the I've heard + + align:start position:0% +the final table of the I've heard + + + align:start position:0% +the final table of the I've heard +sorry I have no idea listen Billy is + + align:start position:0% +sorry I have no idea listen Billy is + + + align:start position:0% +sorry I have no idea listen Billy is +world champion in another sport that + + align:start position:0% +world champion in another sport that + + + align:start position:0% +world champion in another sport that +pretty cool what sport game food yeah + + align:start position:0% +pretty cool what sport game food yeah + + + align:start position:0% +pretty cool what sport game food yeah +yeah that's pretty awesome as well yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's pretty awesome as well yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's pretty awesome as well yeah +that is awesome I'm a World Champ this + + align:start position:0% +that is awesome I'm a World Champ this + + + align:start position:0% +that is awesome I'm a World Champ this +is considered very high quality by + + align:start position:0% +is considered very high quality by + + + align:start position:0% +is considered very high quality by +stand I we got to play sometime the + + align:start position:0% +stand I we got to play sometime the + + + align:start position:0% +stand I we got to play sometime the +secret absolutely + + align:start position:0% +secret absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +secret absolutely +Jacobson the pocket Sev a + + align:start position:0% +Jacobson the pocket Sev a + + + align:start position:0% +Jacobson the pocket Sev a +650 confirming with sindelar yeah that's + + align:start position:0% +650 confirming with sindelar yeah that's + + + align:start position:0% +650 confirming with sindelar yeah that's +650 and that's a + + align:start position:0% +650 and that's a + + + align:start position:0% +650 and that's a +raise buano 10 Trey suited into the muck + + align:start position:0% +raise buano 10 Trey suited into the muck + + + align:start position:0% +raise buano 10 Trey suited into the muck +two papis now with Ace Queen I wonder if + + align:start position:0% +two papis now with Ace Queen I wonder if + + + align:start position:0% +two papis now with Ace Queen I wonder if +there are different surfaces in foosball + + align:start position:0% +there are different surfaces in foosball + + + align:start position:0% +there are different surfaces in foosball +like the French Open of Foosball The + + align:start position:0% +like the French Open of Foosball The + + + align:start position:0% +like the French Open of Foosball The +Wimbledon of Foosball and is there an + + align:start position:0% +Wimbledon of Foosball and is there an + + + align:start position:0% +Wimbledon of Foosball and is there an +ace Queen in foosball right the worst + + align:start position:0% +ace Queen in foosball right the worst + + + align:start position:0% +ace Queen in foosball right the worst +joke ever there are several brands of + + align:start position:0% +joke ever there are several brands of + + + align:start position:0% +joke ever there are several brands of +Championship tables Billy's a tornado + + align:start position:0% +Championship tables Billy's a tornado + + + align:start position:0% +Championship tables Billy's a tornado +guy by the way tornado + + align:start position:0% +guy by the way tornado + + + align:start position:0% +guy by the way tornado +and Billy with Ace Queen re raises to a + + align:start position:0% +and Billy with Ace Queen re raises to a + + + align:start position:0% +and Billy with Ace Queen re raises to a +million 425 the main event a grind but + + align:start position:0% +million 425 the main event a grind but + + + align:start position:0% +million 425 the main event a grind but +Billy papis says he doesn't get tired + + align:start position:0% +Billy papis says he doesn't get tired + + + align:start position:0% +Billy papis says he doesn't get tired +here because he's used to foosball + + align:start position:0% +here because he's used to foosball + + + align:start position:0% +here because he's used to foosball +tournaments which are 14 hours a day on + + align:start position:0% +tournaments which are 14 hours a day on + + + align:start position:0% +tournaments which are 14 hours a day on +your feet for several + + align:start position:0% +your feet for several + + + align:start position:0% +your feet for several +days new house messily folds the Ace of + + align:start position:0% +days new house messily folds the Ace of + + + align:start position:0% +days new house messily folds the Ace of +Hearts is + + align:start position:0% +Hearts is + + + align:start position:0% +Hearts is +exposed Ace of Hearts exposed so action + + align:start position:0% +exposed Ace of Hearts exposed so action + + + align:start position:0% +exposed Ace of Hearts exposed so action +now back to Jacobson Jacobson trying to + + align:start position:0% +now back to Jacobson Jacobson trying to + + + align:start position:0% +now back to Jacobson Jacobson trying to +become the first Swede to make the main + + align:start position:0% +become the first Swede to make the main + + + align:start position:0% +become the first Swede to make the main +event final table since Chris beorn in + + align:start position:0% +event final table since Chris beorn in + + + align:start position:0% +event final table since Chris beorn in +1997 bejor tied for sixth all time in + + align:start position:0% +1997 bejor tied for sixth all time in + + + align:start position:0% +1997 bejor tied for sixth all time in +World Series cashes bejor and Jacobson + + align:start position:0% +World Series cashes bejor and Jacobson + + + align:start position:0% +World Series cashes bejor and Jacobson +both born in Sweden both moved to London + + align:start position:0% +both born in Sweden both moved to London + + + align:start position:0% +both born in Sweden both moved to London +Jacobson made the call Where Heads Up + + align:start position:0% +Jacobson made the call Where Heads Up + + + align:start position:0% +Jacobson made the call Where Heads Up +King Jack Trey Jacobson ahead still with + + align:start position:0% +King Jack Trey Jacobson ahead still with + + + align:start position:0% +King Jack Trey Jacobson ahead still with +the sevens papis picks up a Broadway + + align:start position:0% +the sevens papis picks up a Broadway + + + align:start position:0% +the sevens papis picks up a Broadway +draw Jacobson checks so let's take a + + align:start position:0% +draw Jacobson checks so let's take a + + + align:start position:0% +draw Jacobson checks so let's take a +look at what actually + + align:start position:0% +look at what actually + + + align:start position:0% +look at what actually +happened before we got to where we + + align:start position:0% +happened before we got to where we + + + align:start position:0% +happened before we got to where we +paused okay so this guy's in position + + align:start position:0% +paused okay so this guy's in position + + + align:start position:0% +paused okay so this guy's in position +he's on the he he's in the cutof off + + align:start position:0% +he's on the he he's in the cutof off + + + align:start position:0% +he's on the he he's in the cutof off +position um Jacobson raises he repops + + align:start position:0% +position um Jacobson raises he repops + + + align:start position:0% +position um Jacobson raises he repops +with Ace Queen in position + + align:start position:0% +with Ace Queen in position + + + align:start position:0% +with Ace Queen in position +um new house throws out an ace for some + + align:start position:0% +um new house throws out an ace for some + + + align:start position:0% +um new house throws out an ace for some +reason um so Jacobson checks and then + + align:start position:0% +reason um so Jacobson checks and then + + + align:start position:0% +reason um so Jacobson checks and then +he's going to make this standard bet so + + align:start position:0% +he's going to make this standard bet so + + + align:start position:0% +he's going to make this standard bet so +the question is like is this a good bet + + align:start position:0% +the question is like is this a good bet + + + align:start position:0% +the question is like is this a good bet +and then um something we can definitely + + align:start position:0% +and then um something we can definitely + + + align:start position:0% +and then um something we can definitely +figure out is what percentage of the + + align:start position:0% +figure out is what percentage of the + + + align:start position:0% +figure out is what percentage of the +time does this have to be a fold to make + + align:start position:0% +time does this have to be a fold to make + + + align:start position:0% +time does this have to be a fold to make +this a good + + align:start position:0% +this a good + + + align:start position:0% +this a good +bet if Showdown win percentage is zero + + align:start position:0% +bet if Showdown win percentage is zero + + + align:start position:0% +bet if Showdown win percentage is zero +it's going to be 1,800 divided by the + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be 1,800 divided by the + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be 1,800 divided by the +pot plus 1800 his bet + + align:start position:0% +pot plus 1800 his bet + + + align:start position:0% +pot plus 1800 his bet +33% but if he actually has a chance of + + align:start position:0% +33% but if he actually has a chance of + + + align:start position:0% +33% but if he actually has a chance of +winning like he has an inside straight + + align:start position:0% +winning like he has an inside straight + + + align:start position:0% +winning like he has an inside straight +draw he has a a 10 and then he has the + + align:start position:0% +draw he has a a 10 and then he has the + + + align:start position:0% +draw he has a a 10 and then he has the +best possible straight um he gets at + + align:start position:0% +best possible straight um he gets at + + + align:start position:0% +best possible straight um he gets at +eight% of the time reducing his win rate + + align:start position:0% +eight% of the time reducing his win rate + + + align:start position:0% +eight% of the time reducing his win rate +by approximate or his break even fold + + align:start position:0% +by approximate or his break even fold + + + align:start position:0% +by approximate or his break even fold +percentage by approximately 8% so it's 8 + + align:start position:0% +percentage by approximately 8% so it's 8 + + + align:start position:0% +percentage by approximately 8% so it's 8 +* 1 and a half 12 um so this minus 12 is + + align:start position:0% +* 1 and a half 12 um so this minus 12 is + + + align:start position:0% +* 1 and a half 12 um so this minus 12 is +at 21% and then this is solving it out + + align:start position:0% +at 21% and then this is solving it out + + + align:start position:0% +at 21% and then this is solving it out +exactly I give them half outs for an ace + + align:start position:0% +exactly I give them half outs for an ace + + + align:start position:0% +exactly I give them half outs for an ace +like maybe Ace wins half the time it + + align:start position:0% +like maybe Ace wins half the time it + + + align:start position:0% +like maybe Ace wins half the time it +turns out that 21% is basically dead on + + align:start position:0% +turns out that 21% is basically dead on + + + align:start position:0% +turns out that 21% is basically dead on +so let's see what + + align:start position:0% +so let's see what + + + align:start position:0% +so let's see what +happened King Jack Trey Jacobson ahead + + align:start position:0% +happened King Jack Trey Jacobson ahead + + + align:start position:0% +happened King Jack Trey Jacobson ahead +still with the sevens papis picks up a + + align:start position:0% +still with the sevens papis picks up a + + + align:start position:0% +still with the sevens papis picks up a +Broadway draw Jacobs and checks of + + align:start position:0% +Broadway draw Jacobs and checks of + + + align:start position:0% +Broadway draw Jacobs and checks of +course Bruno poano trying to become the + + align:start position:0% +course Bruno poano trying to become the + + + align:start position:0% +course Bruno poano trying to become the +first Brazilian to make the main event + + align:start position:0% +first Brazilian to make the main event + + + align:start position:0% +first Brazilian to make the main event +final table. L what happened to the + + align:start position:0% +final table. L what happened to the + + + align:start position:0% +final table. L what happened to the +Canadians a record 10 bracelets in 2013 + + align:start position:0% +Canadians a record 10 bracelets in 2013 + + + align:start position:0% +Canadians a record 10 bracelets in 2013 +none this year Persona nonr Canadian I + + align:start position:0% +none this year Persona nonr Canadian I + + + align:start position:0% +none this year Persona nonr Canadian I +think they got too + + align:start position:0% +think they got too + + + align:start position:0% +think they got too +cocky and now papis comes out with his + + align:start position:0% +cocky and now papis comes out with his + + + align:start position:0% +cocky and now papis comes out with his +draw for a million eight papis was + + align:start position:0% +draw for a million eight papis was + + + align:start position:0% +draw for a million eight papis was +rather aggressive earlier in the main + + align:start position:0% +rather aggressive earlier in the main + + + align:start position:0% +rather aggressive earlier in the main +event again showing his aggressive side + + align:start position:0% +event again showing his aggressive side + + + align:start position:0% +event again showing his aggressive side +right now Martin folds papis will drag + + align:start position:0% +right now Martin folds papis will drag + + + align:start position:0% +right now Martin folds papis will drag +the pot now he sits just shy of 20 + + align:start position:0% +the pot now he sits just shy of 20 + + + align:start position:0% +the pot now he sits just shy of 20 +million a World Champ in two different + + align:start position:0% +million a World Champ in two different + + + align:start position:0% +million a World Champ in two different +games it just could very well + + align:start position:0% +games it just could very well + + + align:start position:0% +games it just could very well +be Billy papis makes good use of that + + align:start position:0% +be Billy papis makes good use of that + + + align:start position:0% +be Billy papis makes good use of that +scary board to take down the pot okay so + + align:start position:0% +scary board to take down the pot okay so + + + align:start position:0% +scary board to take down the pot okay so +so that's a very common type of bet + + align:start position:0% +so that's a very common type of bet + + + align:start position:0% +so that's a very common type of bet +which we'll talk about later that's + + align:start position:0% +which we'll talk about later that's + + + align:start position:0% +which we'll talk about later that's +called a continuation bet so we showed + + align:start position:0% +called a continuation bet so we showed + + + align:start position:0% +called a continuation bet so we showed +aggression pre flop it's checked him on + + align:start position:0% +aggression pre flop it's checked him on + + + align:start position:0% +aggression pre flop it's checked him on +the Flop like it's almost always going + + align:start position:0% +the Flop like it's almost always going + + + align:start position:0% +the Flop like it's almost always going +to be the right move to bet again on the + + align:start position:0% +to be the right move to bet again on the + + + align:start position:0% +to be the right move to bet again on the +flop because you already like you're + + align:start position:0% +flop because you already like you're + + + align:start position:0% +flop because you already like you're +already indicating that you have a good + + align:start position:0% +already indicating that you have a good + + + align:start position:0% +already indicating that you have a good +hand and then two face cards show up + + align:start position:0% +hand and then two face cards show up + + + align:start position:0% +hand and then two face cards show up +like it's reasonably likely that you're + + align:start position:0% +like it's reasonably likely that you're + + + align:start position:0% +like it's reasonably likely that you're +going to have at least top pair there so + + align:start position:0% +going to have at least top pair there so + + + align:start position:0% +going to have at least top pair there so +it's uncommon for the other guy um to + + align:start position:0% +it's uncommon for the other guy um to + + + align:start position:0% +it's uncommon for the other guy um to +try to push up against you since like + + align:start position:0% +try to push up against you since like + + + align:start position:0% +try to push up against you since like +presumably you have at least a pair of + + align:start position:0% +presumably you have at least a pair of + + + align:start position:0% +presumably you have at least a pair of +kings or Jacks most of the + + align:start position:0% +kings or Jacks most of the + + + align:start position:0% +kings or Jacks most of the +time oh let's do some be careful abouts + + align:start position:0% +time oh let's do some be careful abouts + + + align:start position:0% +time oh let's do some be careful abouts +um okay so um don't like this is a lot + + align:start position:0% +um okay so um don't like this is a lot + + + align:start position:0% +um okay so um don't like this is a lot +of stuff I noticed from the the more + + align:start position:0% +of stuff I noticed from the the more + + + align:start position:0% +of stuff I noticed from the the more +recent tournaments so don't bet too + + align:start position:0% +recent tournaments so don't bet too + + + align:start position:0% +recent tournaments so don't bet too +little on a bluff that makes it very + + align:start position:0% +little on a bluff that makes it very + + + align:start position:0% +little on a bluff that makes it very +obvious and then it's usually pretty + + align:start position:0% +obvious and then it's usually pretty + + + align:start position:0% +obvious and then it's usually pretty +clear um like if if you bet onethird of + + align:start position:0% +clear um like if if you bet onethird of + + + align:start position:0% +clear um like if if you bet onethird of +the pot which is something that's + + align:start position:0% +the pot which is something that's + + + align:start position:0% +the pot which is something that's +generally not common uh for for normal + + align:start position:0% +generally not common uh for for normal + + + align:start position:0% +generally not common uh for for normal +players it it kind of Screams that + + align:start position:0% +players it it kind of Screams that + + + align:start position:0% +players it it kind of Screams that +you're not too attached to the hand like + + align:start position:0% +you're not too attached to the hand like + + + align:start position:0% +you're not too attached to the hand like +for and like a two-thirds of the pot bat + + align:start position:0% +for and like a two-thirds of the pot bat + + + align:start position:0% +for and like a two-thirds of the pot bat +only really needs to win a small + + align:start position:0% +only really needs to win a small + + + align:start position:0% +only really needs to win a small +percentage of time to be profitable I + + align:start position:0% +percentage of time to be profitable I + + + align:start position:0% +percentage of time to be profitable I +get that no one likes to lose money on a + + align:start position:0% +get that no one likes to lose money on a + + + align:start position:0% +get that no one likes to lose money on a +bluff but one3 bet um works much less of + + align:start position:0% +bluff but one3 bet um works much less of + + + align:start position:0% +bluff but one3 bet um works much less of +the time um than a 2/3 and you actually + + align:start position:0% +the time um than a 2/3 and you actually + + + align:start position:0% +the time um than a 2/3 and you actually +get much less value out of it um okay so + + align:start position:0% +get much less value out of it um okay so + + + align:start position:0% +get much less value out of it um okay so +bet enough bet like you had a normal + + align:start position:0% +bet enough bet like you had a normal + + + align:start position:0% +bet enough bet like you had a normal +hand like bet enough that if someone is + + align:start position:0% +hand like bet enough that if someone is + + + align:start position:0% +hand like bet enough that if someone is +drawing to something they don't have the + + align:start position:0% +drawing to something they don't have the + + + align:start position:0% +drawing to something they don't have the +the odds to make that call um + + align:start position:0% +the odds to make that call um + + + align:start position:0% +the odds to make that call um +alternatively don't bet too much on the + + align:start position:0% +alternatively don't bet too much on the + + + align:start position:0% +alternatively don't bet too much on the +bluff and like I'm making pretty wide + + align:start position:0% +bluff and like I'm making pretty wide + + + align:start position:0% +bluff and like I'm making pretty wide +ranges here so don't think that uh I'm + + align:start position:0% +ranges here so don't think that uh I'm + + + align:start position:0% +ranges here so don't think that uh I'm +contradicting myself here the the one of + + align:start position:0% +contradicting myself here the the one of + + + align:start position:0% +contradicting myself here the the one of +the biggest tells for a bluff is someone + + align:start position:0% +the biggest tells for a bluff is someone + + + align:start position:0% +the biggest tells for a bluff is someone +betting more than the pot just because + + align:start position:0% +betting more than the pot just because + + + align:start position:0% +betting more than the pot just because +it it means they didn't actually think + + align:start position:0% +it it means they didn't actually think + + + align:start position:0% +it it means they didn't actually think +through the numbers and they're just + + align:start position:0% +through the numbers and they're just + + + align:start position:0% +through the numbers and they're just +like I want to bet a lot so that makes + + align:start position:0% +like I want to bet a lot so that makes + + + align:start position:0% +like I want to bet a lot so that makes +the other guy fold um but in general + + align:start position:0% +the other guy fold um but in general + + + align:start position:0% +the other guy fold um but in general +don't bet too much and by too much I + + align:start position:0% +don't bet too much and by too much I + + + align:start position:0% +don't bet too much and by too much I +mean more than the more than the pot um + + align:start position:0% +mean more than the more than the pot um + + + align:start position:0% +mean more than the more than the pot um +in addition if you're a short stack + + align:start position:0% +in addition if you're a short stack + + + align:start position:0% +in addition if you're a short stack +don't Bluff an him out that if he rais + + align:start position:0% +don't Bluff an him out that if he rais + + + align:start position:0% +don't Bluff an him out that if he rais +you have to call anyway um in which case + + align:start position:0% +you have to call anyway um in which case + + + align:start position:0% +you have to call anyway um in which case +you should just um you should just uh + + align:start position:0% +you should just um you should just uh + + + align:start position:0% +you should just um you should just uh +bet all in there um so don't be afraid + + align:start position:0% +bet all in there um so don't be afraid + + + align:start position:0% +bet all in there um so don't be afraid +of getting caught bluffing so this is + + align:start position:0% +of getting caught bluffing so this is + + + align:start position:0% +of getting caught bluffing so this is +the reason like people don't Bluff live + + align:start position:0% +the reason like people don't Bluff live + + + align:start position:0% +the reason like people don't Bluff live +is because they're afraid of showing + + align:start position:0% +is because they're afraid of showing + + + align:start position:0% +is because they're afraid of showing +down nothing like don't don't like don't + + align:start position:0% +down nothing like don't don't like don't + + + align:start position:0% +down nothing like don't don't like don't +worry about that one of the best + + align:start position:0% +worry about that one of the best + + + align:start position:0% +worry about that one of the best +indications to me of someone being a + + align:start position:0% +indications to me of someone being a + + + align:start position:0% +indications to me of someone being a +good player is they'll Bluff and show + + align:start position:0% +good player is they'll Bluff and show + + + align:start position:0% +good player is they'll Bluff and show +down a bad hand and just be like yep + + align:start position:0% +down a bad hand and just be like yep + + + align:start position:0% +down a bad hand and just be like yep +like that's how you play poker and + + align:start position:0% +like that's how you play poker and + + + align:start position:0% +like that's how you play poker and +that'll be the end of it so like don't + + align:start position:0% +that'll be the end of it so like don't + + + align:start position:0% +that'll be the end of it so like don't +worry about like what you have when you + + align:start position:0% +worry about like what you have when you + + + align:start position:0% +worry about like what you have when you +Bluff is completely immaterial so just + + align:start position:0% +Bluff is completely immaterial so just + + + align:start position:0% +Bluff is completely immaterial so just +having a losing hand that's really bad + + align:start position:0% +having a losing hand that's really bad + + + align:start position:0% +having a losing hand that's really bad +is no different than having a marginal + + align:start position:0% +is no different than having a marginal + + + align:start position:0% +is no different than having a marginal +losing hand so don't be afraid of being + + align:start position:0% +losing hand so don't be afraid of being + + + align:start position:0% +losing hand so don't be afraid of being +caught bluffing um especially live like + + align:start position:0% +caught bluffing um especially live like + + + align:start position:0% +caught bluffing um especially live like +people get embarrassed when they get + + align:start position:0% +people get embarrassed when they get + + + align:start position:0% +people get embarrassed when they get +caught bluffing don't worry about it + + align:start position:0% +caught bluffing don't worry about it + + + align:start position:0% +caught bluffing don't worry about it +don't so semi bluffing is great compared + + align:start position:0% +don't so semi bluffing is great compared + + + align:start position:0% +don't so semi bluffing is great compared +to bluffing because you have a chance of + + align:start position:0% +to bluffing because you have a chance of + + + align:start position:0% +to bluffing because you have a chance of +winning uh the hand um but if you're in + + align:start position:0% +winning uh the hand um but if you're in + + + align:start position:0% +winning uh the hand um but if you're in +position sometimes it's better just to + + align:start position:0% +position sometimes it's better just to + + + align:start position:0% +position sometimes it's better just to +take a free card like if he shows + + align:start position:0% +take a free card like if he shows + + + align:start position:0% +take a free card like if he shows +weakness and checks into you and you + + align:start position:0% +weakness and checks into you and you + + + align:start position:0% +weakness and checks into you and you +have an open-ended straight jaw like in + + align:start position:0% +have an open-ended straight jaw like in + + + align:start position:0% +have an open-ended straight jaw like in +some cases it's just going to be right + + align:start position:0% +some cases it's just going to be right + + + align:start position:0% +some cases it's just going to be right +to check and get your free card you have + + align:start position:0% +to check and get your free card you have + + + align:start position:0% +to check and get your free card you have +to compare your EV of checking to your + + align:start position:0% +to compare your EV of checking to your + + + align:start position:0% +to compare your EV of checking to your +EV your EV of bluffing and don't Bluff + + align:start position:0% +EV your EV of bluffing and don't Bluff + + + align:start position:0% +EV your EV of bluffing and don't Bluff +calling stations because like a lot of + + align:start position:0% +calling stations because like a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +calling stations because like a lot of +your value from these guys will come + + align:start position:0% +your value from these guys will come + + + align:start position:0% +your value from these guys will come +from value betting and a lot of like the + + align:start position:0% +from value betting and a lot of like the + + + align:start position:0% +from value betting and a lot of like the +only way you'll possibly lose to them if + + align:start position:0% +only way you'll possibly lose to them if + + + align:start position:0% +only way you'll possibly lose to them if +you try to Bluff them and like you might + + align:start position:0% +you try to Bluff them and like you might + + + align:start position:0% +you try to Bluff them and like you might +uh be in a situ ation where you want to + + align:start position:0% +uh be in a situ ation where you want to + + + align:start position:0% +uh be in a situ ation where you want to +like you you're ready to run over + + align:start position:0% +like you you're ready to run over + + + align:start position:0% +like you you're ready to run over +calling stations but you don't have good + + align:start position:0% +calling stations but you don't have good + + + align:start position:0% +calling stations but you don't have good +cards and bluffing is not the way to go + + align:start position:0% +cards and bluffing is not the way to go + + + align:start position:0% +cards and bluffing is not the way to go +so don't do that um let's wrap it up + + align:start position:0% +so don't do that um let's wrap it up + + + align:start position:0% +so don't do that um let's wrap it up +there thanks everyone + + align:start position:0% +there thanks everyone + + + align:start position:0% +there thanks everyone +[Applause] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/LRFbAo-RIIU.txt b/LRFbAo-RIIU.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a3d533c7e819e5aea902ad1f127d9c6c79ee58b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/LRFbAo-RIIU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1757 @@ +The following content is +provided by MIT OpenCourseWare + +under a Creative Commons +license. + +Additional information about +our license and MIT + +OpenCourseWare in general is +available at ocw.mit.edu. + +Today I will begin by talking +about a subject that we were + +just getting to at the end of +class last time, + +and that will be electrolysis. +And this is an interesting + +topic. +One of the examples of + +electrolysis that is commonly +used is that which forms the + +basis for the so-called Dow +process. + +Here, what I am representing is +a container. + +And a container that would be +used to house molten magnesium + +chloride. +If you take magnesium chloride, + +which is a typical salt, +and get it hot enough, + +then it will become liquid. +And when it becomes liquid in + +the melt, what you can do is +carry out a non-spontaneous + +reaction by applying an external +voltage. + +So, the idea is that this is +some source of a potential + +difference. +And you can take a positive + +electrode and a negative +electrode and immerse it into + +the melt. +And if the potential is + +sufficiently great, +you can force a non-spontaneous + +reaction to run, +because overall, + +the reaction will be +spontaneous when you factor in + +the potential difference of the +external source. + +And, in this particular case, +the reaction that would be + +taking place is as follows. +At one side we would have + +magnesium two plus +ions being reduced to, + +at this temperature, +liquid elemental magnesium. + +So, metallic magnesium at one +electrode. + +And, at the same time, +at the other electrode, + +what would be taking place is +the oxidation of chloride ions, + +two of which counterbalance the +magnesium two plus + +in the salt magnesium +dichloride. + +And we put in a couple of +electrons. + +Sorry, we are oxidizing +chloride to Cl two, + +which would be bubbling out as +a gas at the temperatures of + +this melt. +You initially would have this + +molten salt. +You would immerse your two + +electrodes. +You would apply an external + +potential. +And if that potential is great + +enough, then these two reactions +start taking place at the two + +electrodes. +And you can see that in order + +for this to happen, +chloride is being oxidized. + +And so we can see then that +this must be the source of the + +positive electrode and electrons +will be going this way and going + +down here. +And when they collect in this + +electrode on the left, +they are used to reduce + +magnesium two plus +to liquid magnesium. + +So, that is an electrolysis +reaction in which something that + +does not want to happen, +namely the reduction of + +magnesium two plus +to magnesium zero by chloride + +ions, that is non-spontaneous. +And we are forcing it to happen + +by applying this external +potential. + +And just how great must that +external potential be? + +Well, Christine, +could you locate for me on the + +table, there, +the potential for magnesium two + +plus plus two electrons going to +magnesium + +and the potential for +Cl two plus two electrons going + +to two Cl minus? + +Note that our standard +potentials that we defined last + +time, relative to the standard +hydrogen electrode, + +are always written as reduction +potentials by convention. + +What is it here? +Can we zoom in on it? + +Zoom in our finger. + +Okay. +By the way, I had her do this + +in part because I wanted to draw +your attention to this table + +that is in one of the appendices +of the textbook. + +So, it is in the back. +There is an abbreviated form of + +this table right in Chapter 12, +which you should be reading. + +But when you want to find a +standard potential that is not + +in that abbreviated table, +you will now know that you can + +go to your appendix to find that +reduction potential. + +Christine, please read out to +me the value for the chloride. + +Is that the one that you have +there? + ++1.36. +Okay. + +And this is positive of the +standard hydrogen electrode, + +showing you that Cl two +is an oxidizing substance. + +And then what about the +magnesium plus two + +electrons? +-2.36. + +Remember I mentioned last time +that elemental sodium was around + +-2.7 volts, so it was a very +strong reducing agent, + +magnesium. +It is also a very strong + +reducing agent. +Chlorine is an oxidant, + +so clearly the direction of +spontaneity in this system is + +for a magnesium metal to be +reducing Cl two to make + +chloride ions. +And that is why the form of the + +salt that Henry Dow as a young +man was extracting from the + +briny marshes near his home in +Michigan, and later founded the + +Dow company on the basis of +chemistries like this. + +That is how you found it, +as magnesium two plus, + +2 Cl minus. +And so, overall, + +if you reverse the sign of the +anode reaction and add it to the + +cathode reaction, +you are going to see that this + +one is downhill, +sorry, is non-spontaneous by an + +absolute magnitude of 3.72 +volts, which is the difference + +between these two values, +this absolute difference in + +potential. +That means that we are going to + +have to apply an external +voltage of greater than 3.72 + +volts, positive, +in order to get this thing to + +run and to be able to get +gaseous Cl two bubbling + +out and in order to get liquid +molten magnesium to be formed + +and separating from the molten +magnesium chloride. + +That is a large external +potential. + +That is the price that you have +to pay to make this + +non-spontaneous reaction go. +And that is the minimum price. + +If we could just briefly switch +to the Athena from the document + +camera. +I want to mention this one + +word, overpotential. + +You will see an explicit +definition of the word + +overpotential given in my notes +and in your book, + +but what overpotential is, +in fact, a number. + +And it is the amount of voltage +that is greater than this + +non-spontaneous cell potential +that you have to apply in order + +for the reaction really to start +kicking in and working. + +In practice, +you choose maybe a couple + +platinum electrodes, +and you dip them into the thing + +that you want to electrolyze, +and you apply an external + +potential. +And, in practice, + +that external potential is +something much greater than the + +cell voltage of interest. +And sometimes it is even a + +large amount in excess. +And the reason has to do with + +the barrier to the reaction, +that is introduced by the way + +that it takes place at the +interface on the surface of + +these electrodes, +so you have to apply some + +overpotential. +That is energy that you have to + +put into the system over and +above the inherent energy of the + +electrolysis to make it actually +work in practice. + +And so, the substance that we +would most like to be able to + +electrolyze is water. +Because, if you think about it, + +electrolysis of water would +produce hydrogen and oxygen. + +And then we could have those in +our fuel tank, + +and we can go ahead and let +combustion take place, + +which produces what? +It would produce water. + +You would get a beautiful +complete cycle, + +if you could do a good job of +electrolyzing water into its + +components, H two and O +two. + +And the reason that that is +difficult is because you have to + +put in energy, +somehow, in order to make that + +non-spontaneous reaction go +uphill. + +We would like to make that the +basis for the hydrogen economy. + +I really love Iceland. +This is my favorite country, + +I think. +Although, I have never been + +there. +And it is, because they do this + +reaction. +They do this electrolysis of + +water every night, +so that they will have hydrogen + +and oxygen for combustion +purposes the next day in their + +buses in the city. +And they are actually doing + +this. +And why are they able to do + +that? +Well, their special location on + +the planet gives them a lot of +free electricity that they can + +use to run the electrolysis of +water to make hydrogen and + +oxygen every night. +And then they can combust that + +in their buses. +And you essentially have free + +hydrogen, and it is not a +problem. + +And in places like Iceland or +other places in the world, + +where you have freely available +energy from geothermal sources + +or from hydroelectric power, +then you can do that. + +You can use that energy, +that electricity that is free, + +that the earth is just giving +you, to go ahead and carry out + +the electrolysis of water and +make hydrogen that way. + +And we would like to be able to +do that using photochemistry. + +One possible way to get the +positive holes in the electrons + +apart is to use h nu. +A photon can impinge on a + +material and lead to the +separation of charge in what is + +called a photovoltaic device. +And, if you can interface a + +photovoltaic device to a couple +of electrodes that have surfaces + +that are appropriate, +chemically, for minimizing the + +overpotential, +then you can use light coming + +in from the sun to make +electrolysis of water happen to + +get hydrogen and oxygen from +light that is coming in incident + +on the earth. +And so, one thing that is + +currently ongoing research in a +partnership at Caltech and MIT, + +and I am involved with this, +this is Professor Nocera, + +here. +And you will see this furry + +face walking around the hallways +at MIT. + +And he is an amazing guy. +And if he does what he is + +trying to do right, +he is probably going to be the + +next one in our department to +win the Nobel Prize. + +So, Professor Nocera is +currently the professor of + +chemistry and professor of +energy here at MIT. + +He is the energy professor. +And he is a lot more voluble + +and vigorous, +I think, than I am. + +He is really bouncing off the +walls with energy. + +And that is good because the +technical challenges that we + +have to surmount in order to be +able to use sunlight to carry + +out water oxidation, +water electrolysis are very + +great, but they come down to +chemistry and to molecules. + +And starting on Wednesday, +we are going to enter a part of + +the semester in which we treat +the subject of bonding in + +chemistry in quite a bit of +detail. + +We are going to be talking +about molecular orbitals and + +things like that. +And if you get a good + +understanding of molecular +orbital theory and electronic + +structure and the shapes of +molecules, you may be able to + +contribute to this problem by +helping to design molecules that + +can go on the surface of the +electrodes. + +And the purpose of those +molecules is to reduce the + +overpotential for water +electrolysis with sunlight as + +the source of the electrons and +the holes. + +And this man's entire life is +defined by one number, + +and that is the overpotential. +We are making electrode + +molecules that will bring down +the overpotential and give us a + +free source of clean energy from +water. + +One week from today, +you are going to have a little + +introduction to undergraduate +research here at MIT. + +We are going to have some +visitors who will come in and + +talk to you about the 5.301 +subject that is given during + +IAP. +And the people who successfully + +complete the 5.301 subject are +then guaranteed a position in a + +research laboratory in chemistry +as an undergraduate research + +opportunities program student. +If you want to get involved in + +the molecular chemistry of +renewable energy, + +then you might want to make +sure you are here on time for + +class on Monday, +and you will get that + +introduction. +And you can think about what to + +do in terms of 5.301. +Now, I want to bring you up to + +speed on some more important +concepts that pertain to + +electrochemistry. +Let's talk about electrical + +work. + +Here, I want to make an analogy +to the way that electrons can do + +work when they fall through a +potential difference and + +experience a potential +difference. + +I want to make an analogy +between that and the way that + +things go downhill by virtue of +the force of gravity. + +And so, you can think of a +waterfall of electrons flowing + +from a place of high potential +to a place of low potential if + +you want to get an idea for our +expression for the way that the + +free energy of reaction is +related to electrical work. + +And it is the total charge that +is passed multiplied by the + +potential difference through +which the charge is passing. + +We have been talking about this +potential difference and calling + +it E. +And if it is standard + +potential, then we will use the +superscript zero, + +or the little degree symbol for +a standard. + +And now, we want to know what +is the total charge? + +It is going to be negative n +times the charge on the electron + +times N sub A, +which is Avogadro's number. + +And we are going to be +interested in getting the total + +charge expressed in terms of a +quantity per mole. + +Actually, we are going to +express it in Coulombs per mole. + +And so, we combine e and (N)A +together. + +And this is one of our +fundamental constants. + +This is Faraday's constant. +And you will remember that that + +is approximately 96,485.3 +Coulombs per mole. + +That is Faraday's constant. +And we will use that as our way + +of expressing charge here. +And so, we get the important + +expression, delta Gr is equal to +negative nFE. + +And we will use that a couple + +of times today in getting access +to other quantities. + +And what is n? +That is going to be the + +stoichiometric number of +electrons passed in the + +half-reaction of interest. +I will show you a couple of + +examples of how you figure out +what n is in this expression. + +So, it is the total charge +times the potential difference. + +One of the things that this is +useful for is for finding a + +relationship between an +equilibrium constant and a + +standard cell potential. +And we can do that by recalling + +from chemical equilibrium the +expression that delta G is equal + +to minus RT ln K. + +And now we have a new +expression, down here, + +for delta G. +And let's go ahead and insert + +that, and we will see that nFE +is going to be equal to RT ln K. + +And so, we can just rearrange +that and solve for quantity of + +interest here. +We are going to see that the + +equilibrium constant, +K, is equal to an exponential + +of nFE divided by RT. And + +this should be for a standard +potential. + +And then this is the +equilibrium constant, + +that special value of Q that +applies when the system is at + +equilibrium. +So, let me put the little + +superscript up here to make it +clear that we are talking here + +about a standard potential. +The idea is then if you have a + +reaction and you can express it +in terms of half-reactions, + +then you can go to our table in +the appendix, + +if those half-reactions happen +to be in the table. + +And then you can calculate the +value of the standard potential + +for the cell that would be +comprised of those two + +half-reactions, +as we described last time. + +And then, given these other +quantities, we can calculate the + +equilibrium constant for the +reaction. + +So, it is a useful thing to be +able to do. + +You take a standard cell +potential and then take a + +temperature like the standard +temperature, 298.15K. + +And you have your value of F +that I gave you. + +And you can look up, +of course, the value for the + +gas constant. +And you have n, + +from the stoichiometry of the +number of electrons passing + +through this potential +difference. + +And then you can get K. +And you see that this + +equilibrium constant K goes up +exponentially as the standard + +cell potential increases. +That is quite an interesting + +relationship, +too. + +And I would like to give you an +example of how we can use this. + +Let's consider a possible +reaction of this sort. + +This reaction, +of course, as you would see in + +the table of standard reduction +potentials, is assumed to be + +taking place in dilute aqueous +solution. + +Actually, if it is in a +standard state, + +the concentrations of the ions +will be taken to be 1.0 molar, + +which is the standard +concentration. + +One thing that I regret about +my lecture on Friday and about + +my lecture today is that I am +not really talking too much + +about molecules and molecular +shapes and what these things + +actually look like in solution. +But normally, + +when you have metal or +metalloid ions dissolved in + +aqueous solution, +there is some number of water + +molecules that are interacting +directly with the metal ions. + +It is just not a so-called +naked metal ion, + +but it is bonded to water +molecules in solution. + +And this is through the type of +Lewis acid, Lewis base chemistry + +that we talked about earlier. +There would really be some + +number of water molecules bonded +here. + +And we will look at so-called +coordination complexes in quite + +a bit more detail in the +upcoming section on chemical + +bonding, but this is how you +will find it typically written + +in a book. +And that is not representative + +of the structure in solution, +which you do need to know in + +order to have a little bit of an +understanding of the system. + +And we are going to consider +the possibility that indium may + +react with uranium to provide +indium two plus. + +We are going from trivalent to +divalent indium. + +And the source of that electron +is the uranium three plus + +ion going to the +uranium four plus ion. + +There is a hypothetical + +reaction that we want to +consider. + +And we are going to need to be +able to express that in terms of + +half-reactions. + +And one of these half-reactions +is simply indium two plus + +plus the electron. +Sorry, indium three plus plus + +an electron going to indium two +plus. + +And, similarly, + +over here, we have uranium +three plus. + +I am writing both of these as +reductions, as you will find + +them in the table. +Four plus, plus an electron, + +going to uranium three plus. + +Those are our two +half-reactions. + +Christine, can you zero in on +them? + +Yes, you are doing that +already. + +Thank you. +-0.49 for indium. + +And then, when we look at +uranium, these are arranged + +alphabetically. + +Here they are in alphabetical +order. + +In the tables they can be +arranged by potential or they + +can be arranged alphabetically. +Sometimes it is easier to find + +a potential by taking advantage +of alphabetization. + +And so, if we can focus in on +that -- + +We focus in on that, +and you will see that the 4+ + +going to the 3+ is -0.61. + +And then you will remember that +to find the standard cell + +potential, E zero of the +cell is going to be equal to E + +zero of the cathode minus E zero +of the anode. + +And what we can see here is +that this reaction is going to + +proceed spontaneously as written +because in going from left to + +right, as written, +uranium plus three is going to + +plus four. +So, uranium is the reducing + +agent. +And it is a stronger reducing + +agent than the other possible +reducing agent, + +indium two plus, +because it is more negative + +than the indium two plus. +And how much more negative is + +it? +It is more negative by +0.12 + +volts. + +And we, therefore, +because this cell potential is + +positive, we know that this +reaction is spontaneous as + +written. +And it is positive by 0.12 + +volts. +That is a spontaneous reaction. + +And now we have all the +information that we would need + +in order to get the equilibrium +constant for this reaction. + +We know that, +in terms of standard potential, + +it is 0.12. +Let's see, here, + +if we can just calculate this. + +All right. +I am going to take this and + +zoom it a little bit. + +We are going to put in +Faraday's constant of 96,485.3, + +and also we are going to need +the gas constant. + +Everyone remember the value of +the gas constant, + +8.31447? +And now, if we look over at our + +relationship between the +equilibrium constant and the + +free energy over there. +We took a free energy and we + +converted it into a standard +cell potential. + +Now we have it, +so we want to solve for an + +exponential of nFE. +n is one here because, + +in both cases, +we have one electron being + +transferred in the +half-reaction. + +We have the exponential of F +times 0.12. + +And then, that is divided by +RT. + +And so we have R times 298.15 +K. + +And let me just make sure I get +back over here and get another + +parenthesis in there and see +what it is. + +Our equilibrium constant, +for that reaction, + +with a separation for the +standard cell potential of only + +0.12 volts, is about 106. +The equilibrium constant says + +that the concentration of these +ions multiplied together divided + +by the concentration of these +ions multiplied together is 106 + +based on the information +contained in the half-cell + +potentials. +So, that was pretty cool. + +And we will now go ahead and +talk about another relationship + +that we can get. + +Over there, I was able to give +you that relationship between + +the equilibrium constant and +standard cell potential by + +remembering something from +chemical equilibrium. + +And now, we are going to do +that again. + +And we are going to remember +that delta G for a reaction is + +equal to delta G nought plus RT +ln Q. + +That is something that + +you should remember from your +studies of chemical equilibrium. + +And the neat thing now is we +know we have another + +relationship for the free energy +of a reaction that is related to + +electrical work. +We got that up there. + +Now we can go, +minus nFE. + +Notice that what we are going +here is we are considering what + +happens when we perturb a system +from equilibrium conditions. + +And when might that happen? +Well, I showed you how to set + +up a Galvanic cell last time, +and I showed you how to + +calculate its standard cell +potential. + +You could measure the standard +cell potential by using, + +externally, a volt meter. +And, as long as you did not let + +the reaction proceed to any +significant extent, + +then you would know the +standard potential for that + +cell. +And what we are going to do now + +is we are going to say, +let's let the reaction proceed. + +Let's let a battery become +discharged, for example. + +And, as the reaction is +proceeding, we might want, + +for example, +to be able to make a plot of + +the potential at any particular +extent of a reaction. + +And, in order to do that, +we will develop this equation, + +here, that shows how the +potential at any particular + +point along the reaction going +to completion is related to the + +standard potential. + +And all I have done now is +substitute minus nFE + +and minus nFE zero +in, respectively, + +for delta G and delta G zero +for the + +reaction. +And now I want to go through + +and divide by minus nF. +And when I do that, + +I am going to get E is equal to +E zero minus (RT over nF) ln Q. + +And this equation is very + +central to electrochemistry. +It is the Nernst equation. + +And you will be able to use the +Nernst equation to predict how + +systems will behave when they +are perturbed from equilibrium. + +And one example would be that +of a battery discharge, + +like I was mentioning a moment +ago. + +And so, let's kind of pick some +arbitrary material, + +out of which to make a battery. + +And we will use the Nernst +equation to get information + +about how it will discharge. +And let's consider the + +following cell. +It will be one in which the two + +half-reactions are as follows. +Iron two plus plus two + +electrons going to Fe metal. + +And the other material will be +cadmium two plus plus two + +electrons going to cadmium +metal. + +Now we need the two standard + +reduction potentials for iron +two plus, + +-- + +-- which is coordinated in +aqueous solution to six water + +molecules in an octahedral +array, but we will get to that + +later. +And I can see the equation but + +not the value. +And there it is at -0.44. + +And now we need cadmium two +plus going to + +cadmium, elemental form. +And we see that it is up there + +at -0.40. + +Both cadmium metal and iron +metal are negative of the + +standard hydrogen electrode. +They are both reducing systems, + +as it were. +However, we see that iron is + +more negative. +And, since iron is more + +negative, if we set the cell up, +if we have a piece of cadmium + +on one side and a piece of iron +on the other side in this cell, + +then this piece of iron metal +is going to be providing the + +electrons in this system, +when we go in the spontaneous + +direction. +The electron flow in the + +external circuit will be from +the iron metal electrode to the + +cadmium metal electrode. +And things happen in solution, + +as we've discussed, +but that makes iron the anode. + +And for the reaction going that +way, as we would have set it up, + +then we have a standard cell +potential E zero of +0.04 volts. + +And now, in order to apply the + +Nernst equation to answer a +question about this battery -- + +and this battery is not a +high-voltage battery, + +it is only 0.04 volts, +not high-voltage at all, + +so you probably would not use +it for a battery, + +unless you really only needed a +small potential difference in + +the first place -- but, +nonetheless, + +we want to know how we can use +the Nernst equation. + +We can say, what is E at 80% +completion? + +That is the type of question we +can answer using the Nernst + +equation. +What is the potential drop to + +from an initial positive 0.04 +volts when the reaction is 80% + +complete? +Under standard conditions, + +we have one molar solution on +both sides of the ions. + +So, in this solution, +we would have 1.0 molar candium + +two plus, +and over here, + +in this solution, we have +1.0 molar Fe two plus. + +Because those are the standard + +conditions, as you will see +written in the header to that + +long table in your appendix, +because you have to define + +standard conditions in order to +have a standard potential. + +And the standard conditions are +1.0 molar of the ions, + +respectively, +in solution. + +At 80% completion, +what will happen is we will + +have gone in terms of producing +iron two ions in + +solution. +We are producing them in + +solution as the electrons flow +through the external circuit + +because the piece of iron metal +is the anode. + +And so, what we are interested +in here is Q. + +I am writing backwards. +Pretty soon I will be writing + +straight down or sideways. +In the reaction, + +as written in the forward +direction, we are producing Fe + +two plus ions such +that we can define our Q at this + +80% completion value as 1.8 +molar divided by 0.2 molar. + +And that is equal to, + +of course, just nine. +Q is equal to nine. + +We have RT, that will be 298.15 +Kelvin. + +RF is our number of Coulombs +per mole. + +That is the Faraday constant. +And, in this case, + +because in the half-reactions, +you have two electrons rather + +than one being transferred, +n is equal to two. + +If you plug in now, +you have E zero is 0.04 and you + +have RT over nF ln of 9, +that will give you the + +potential at 80% completion, +which is somewhere in between + +0.04 and zero, +as this battery is discharged. + +If you want to model the way in +which a battery is discharged, + +you can use the Nernst equation +for that purpose. + +But, there is another type of +cell that is interesting, + +that you can also describe very +well using the Nernst equation. + +This will be what is called a +concentration cell. + +Concentration cells are pretty +neat. + +In a concentration cell you set +up a potential difference with + +the same electrode materials on +both sides, just different + +concentrations. +If I were writing this in terms + +of the type of diagram I used +last time, I could show you that + +we could connect two beakers +with a salt bridge like that and + +we could have electrode +materials here dipping into + +solution on both sides. +And, in solution on one side, + +we are going to have Sn two +plus, + +divalent tin ions, +at a concentration of 0.01 + +molar. +And, on the other side, + +we will have Sn two plus +at a concentration + +of 0.10 molar. +This one on the left is dilute + +by a factor of ten. +That one is the more dilute one + +by a factor of ten. +And we can ask what kind of a + +voltage is set up as a +consequence of just simply + +having different concentrations +of tin ions in the two beakers. + +And we can ask in which +direction the electrons would + +flow in a system like this. +Well, in this reaction, + +the system wants to go from a +state where tin two plus ions at + +0.10 molar +go to the beaker where we have + +Sn two plus ions at 0.01 molar. + +We have a potential setup here +that is similar to the way + +osmosis takes place. +The ions want to move from a + +region of high concentration to +a region of low concentration. + +And the system would come to +equilibrium at that time when + +the concentration is the same on +both sides. + +And then there would no longer +be any potential. + +The value of E nought for this +cell is equal to zero, + +because we have the same +half-reactions that would take + +place on both sides. +So, E nought is equal to zero + +volts in the concentration cell. +And which way do electrons go? + +Well, here is how you can think +of it. + +The electrode material can be +made out of tin on both sides. + +And, since tin ions are going +to appear in solution on the + +dilute side, they are going to +jump into solution from the + +electrode itself. +A tin atom that is a piece of + +the metal on the surface of the +electrode will jump into + +solution, increasing the +concentration of tin two plus + +on the dilute side. +And, every time it does that, + +we get two electrons racing +through the external circuit, + +going over here, +where those two electrons can + +be used to reduce tin two +ions in solution + +that become a new tin atom on +the surface of the electrode on + +the right-hand side. +That is physically what happens + +to equilibrate the concentration +of tin ions on both sides as a + +function of time. +And so, what we can find is + +that these two values of the +concentrations go into + +determining our Q in the +following way. + +We have Q of 0.1. +Because the tin ions are going + +from a place of high +concentration to a place of low + +concentration, +and electrons are traveling + +through the external circuit +defining the cathode and the + +anode in the direction that I +mentioned, the electrons are + +coming out over here. +So, the dilute side is going to + +be your anode. +And we have n equal to two, + +in this particular case, +because it is a two electron + +process that converts tin two +plus into metallic + +tin. +You can take these numbers and + +plug them into the Nernst +equation. + +And where you have E nought is +equal to zero, + +n is equal to two, +T would be 298.15. + +We know the Faraday constant +and the gas constant. + +We have Q is equal to 0.1, +which is our concentration + +ratio between the two sides. +And, when we solve that, + +we are going to find that some +small voltage is produced + +initially at this set of +concentrations. + +I hope that in the last couple +of lectures, today and last + +Friday, I have hammered home the +relationship between + +electrochemistry and energy. +And next time we will go + +forward in talking about +molecular structure and see how + +that is going to play a role. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/L_aENIg6tJk.txt b/L_aENIg6tJk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e99c4e19d25ff9297e2c3986cb2d5a144e42042c --- /dev/null +++ b/L_aENIg6tJk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2115 @@ +align:start position:0% + +uh what is simulation + + align:start position:0% +uh what is simulation + + + align:start position:0% +uh what is simulation +simulation is a way of replicating the + + align:start position:0% +simulation is a way of replicating the + + + align:start position:0% +simulation is a way of replicating the +uh the outcomes of an uncertain process + + align:start position:0% +uh the outcomes of an uncertain process + + + align:start position:0% +uh the outcomes of an uncertain process +that is we know the forecast may be + + align:start position:0% +that is we know the forecast may be + + + align:start position:0% +that is we know the forecast may be +wrong we're looking at different + + align:start position:0% +wrong we're looking at different + + + align:start position:0% +wrong we're looking at different +possibilities and if this were happening + + align:start position:0% +possibilities and if this were happening + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities and if this were happening +uh in terms of the forecast and say the + + align:start position:0% +uh in terms of the forecast and say the + + + align:start position:0% +uh in terms of the forecast and say the +demand for cars or the amount of liquid + + align:start position:0% +demand for cars or the amount of liquid + + + align:start position:0% +demand for cars or the amount of liquid +fuels consumed + + align:start position:0% +fuels consumed + + + align:start position:0% +fuels consumed +here's the way we would deal with here's + + align:start position:0% +here's the way we would deal with here's + + + align:start position:0% +here's the way we would deal with here's +the way the system would deal with it + + align:start position:0% +the way the system would deal with it + + + align:start position:0% +the way the system would deal with it +here's the value of the system or the + + align:start position:0% +here's the value of the system or the + + + align:start position:0% +here's the value of the system or the +sales or the losses or whatever + + align:start position:0% +sales or the losses or whatever + + + align:start position:0% +sales or the losses or whatever +it's often called monte carlo simulation + + align:start position:0% +it's often called monte carlo simulation + + + align:start position:0% +it's often called monte carlo simulation +uh why is this + + align:start position:0% +uh why is this + + + align:start position:0% +uh why is this +uh because monte carlo + + align:start position:0% +uh because monte carlo + + + align:start position:0% +uh because monte carlo +is a + + align:start position:0% +is a + + + align:start position:0% +is a +european gambling hub it's the macau or + + align:start position:0% +european gambling hub it's the macau or + + + align:start position:0% +european gambling hub it's the macau or +the las vegas uh of the actually of the + + align:start position:0% +the las vegas uh of the actually of the + + + align:start position:0% +the las vegas uh of the actually of the +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +1900s or 1920s that was uh it was the + + align:start position:0% +1900s or 1920s that was uh it was the + + + align:start position:0% +1900s or 1920s that was uh it was the +place at that time and therefore it is + + align:start position:0% +place at that time and therefore it is + + + align:start position:0% +place at that time and therefore it is +designed to show about the it's + + align:start position:0% +designed to show about the it's + + + align:start position:0% +designed to show about the it's +associated with luck and chance and + + align:start position:0% +associated with luck and chance and + + + align:start position:0% +associated with luck and chance and +uncertainty that's why it's called monte + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty that's why it's called monte + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty that's why it's called monte +carlo simulation as opposed to a + + align:start position:0% +carlo simulation as opposed to a + + + align:start position:0% +carlo simulation as opposed to a +as opposed to a deterministic uh + + align:start position:0% +as opposed to a deterministic uh + + + align:start position:0% +as opposed to a deterministic uh +simulation + + align:start position:0% +simulation + + + align:start position:0% +simulation +so we don't use the monte carlo very + + align:start position:0% +so we don't use the monte carlo very + + + align:start position:0% +so we don't use the monte carlo very +often because it just + + align:start position:0% +often because it just + + + align:start position:0% +often because it just +adds to the language uh + + align:start position:0% +adds to the language uh + + + align:start position:0% +adds to the language uh +makes the words longer but uh it's the + + align:start position:0% +makes the words longer but uh it's the + + + align:start position:0% +makes the words longer but uh it's the +uncertain aspect that we're talking + + align:start position:0% +uncertain aspect that we're talking + + + align:start position:0% +uncertain aspect that we're talking +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +so what it does it provides us + + align:start position:0% +so what it does it provides us + + + align:start position:0% +so what it does it provides us +with a sample + + align:start position:0% +with a sample + + + align:start position:0% +with a sample +that is a distribution of what might + + align:start position:0% +that is a distribution of what might + + + align:start position:0% +that is a distribution of what might +happen + + align:start position:0% +happen + + + align:start position:0% +happen +if under under some uncertainty so think + + align:start position:0% +if under under some uncertainty so think + + + align:start position:0% +if under under some uncertainty so think +of it like you're flipping a coin and it + + align:start position:0% +of it like you're flipping a coin and it + + + align:start position:0% +of it like you're flipping a coin and it +comes up heads heads tails tails heads + + align:start position:0% +comes up heads heads tails tails heads + + + align:start position:0% +comes up heads heads tails tails heads +heads tails heads tail whatever that it + + align:start position:0% +heads tails heads tail whatever that it + + + align:start position:0% +heads tails heads tail whatever that it +will give you a distribution of the + + align:start position:0% +will give you a distribution of the + + + align:start position:0% +will give you a distribution of the +frequency of the possible outcomes uh + + align:start position:0% +frequency of the possible outcomes uh + + + align:start position:0% +frequency of the possible outcomes uh +that will occur + + align:start position:0% +that will occur + + + align:start position:0% +that will occur +and um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the way it operates depends upon the + + align:start position:0% +the way it operates depends upon the + + + align:start position:0% +the way it operates depends upon the +underlying uncertainty with the process + + align:start position:0% +underlying uncertainty with the process + + + align:start position:0% +underlying uncertainty with the process +in the coin toss it is the probability + + align:start position:0% +in the coin toss it is the probability + + + align:start position:0% +in the coin toss it is the probability +that the coin comes up heads or tails + + align:start position:0% +that the coin comes up heads or tails + + + align:start position:0% +that the coin comes up heads or tails +which we normally call 50 but maybe + + align:start position:0% +which we normally call 50 but maybe + + + align:start position:0% +which we normally call 50 but maybe +there is a + + align:start position:0% +there is a + + + align:start position:0% +there is a +particular bias in the coin that you're + + align:start position:0% +particular bias in the coin that you're + + + align:start position:0% +particular bias in the coin that you're +flipping because of a nick or whatever + + align:start position:0% +flipping because of a nick or whatever + + + align:start position:0% +flipping because of a nick or whatever +it might not be that + + align:start position:0% +it might not be that + + + align:start position:0% +it might not be that +now monte carlo simulation + + align:start position:0% +now monte carlo simulation + + + align:start position:0% +now monte carlo simulation +as its practice + + align:start position:0% +as its practice + + + align:start position:0% +as its practice +can work with any + + align:start position:0% +can work with any + + + align:start position:0% +can work with any +um distribution any distribution it's no + + align:start position:0% +um distribution any distribution it's no + + + align:start position:0% +um distribution any distribution it's no +need to go for some analytically + + align:start position:0% +need to go for some analytically + + + align:start position:0% +need to go for some analytically +attractable + + align:start position:0% +attractable + + + align:start position:0% +attractable +uh distribution such as the so-called + + align:start position:0% +uh distribution such as the so-called + + + align:start position:0% +uh distribution such as the so-called +normal distribution or + + align:start position:0% +normal distribution or + + + align:start position:0% +normal distribution or +j distribution or uniform distribution + + align:start position:0% +j distribution or uniform distribution + + + align:start position:0% +j distribution or uniform distribution +or binomial distribution + + align:start position:0% +or binomial distribution + + + align:start position:0% +or binomial distribution +says it can be regular + + align:start position:0% +says it can be regular + + + align:start position:0% +says it can be regular +so that is one of these normal + + align:start position:0% +so that is one of these normal + + + align:start position:0% +so that is one of these normal +distributions or irregular what you + + align:start position:0% +distributions or irregular what you + + + align:start position:0% +distributions or irregular what you +observe which might be the distribution + + align:start position:0% +observe which might be the distribution + + + align:start position:0% +observe which might be the distribution +of rain or monsoons in india which + + align:start position:0% +of rain or monsoons in india which + + + align:start position:0% +of rain or monsoons in india which +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +have a different intensity and timing + + align:start position:0% +have a different intensity and timing + + + align:start position:0% +have a different intensity and timing +and so on and are there reasons why they + + align:start position:0% +and so on and are there reasons why they + + + align:start position:0% +and so on and are there reasons why they +might not be + + align:start position:0% +might not be + + + align:start position:0% +might not be +nice and + + align:start position:0% +nice and + + + align:start position:0% +nice and +nice simple distributions + + align:start position:0% +nice simple distributions + + + align:start position:0% +nice simple distributions +and it can be continuous or not it could + + align:start position:0% +and it can be continuous or not it could + + + align:start position:0% +and it can be continuous or not it could +be bimodal it could be so + + align:start position:0% +be bimodal it could be so + + + align:start position:0% +be bimodal it could be so +mostly about one outcome or mostly about + + align:start position:0% +mostly about one outcome or mostly about + + + align:start position:0% +mostly about one outcome or mostly about +the um + + align:start position:0% +the um + + + align:start position:0% +the um +another outcome sort of a two-state + + align:start position:0% +another outcome sort of a two-state + + + align:start position:0% +another outcome sort of a two-state +device with uncertainties so + + align:start position:0% +device with uncertainties so + + + align:start position:0% +device with uncertainties so +the simulation works + + align:start position:0% +the simulation works + + + align:start position:0% +the simulation works +for any distribution that's available + + align:start position:0% +for any distribution that's available + + + align:start position:0% +for any distribution that's available +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +it can be worked for lots of things + + align:start position:0% +it can be worked for lots of things + + + align:start position:0% +it can be worked for lots of things +being uncertainty so if you're thinking + + align:start position:0% +being uncertainty so if you're thinking + + + align:start position:0% +being uncertainty so if you're thinking +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +uh running a company and you are + + align:start position:0% +uh running a company and you are + + + align:start position:0% +uh running a company and you are +thinking about your income there might + + align:start position:0% +thinking about your income there might + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about your income there might +be distributions of the demand for it in + + align:start position:0% +be distributions of the demand for it in + + + align:start position:0% +be distributions of the demand for it in +terms of how many there might be a + + align:start position:0% +terms of how many there might be a + + + align:start position:0% +terms of how many there might be a +distribution in terms of the prices for + + align:start position:0% +distribution in terms of the prices for + + + align:start position:0% +distribution in terms of the prices for +it there might be distributions in terms + + align:start position:0% +it there might be distributions in terms + + + align:start position:0% +it there might be distributions in terms +of the productivity your production + + align:start position:0% +of the productivity your production + + + align:start position:0% +of the productivity your production +process + + align:start position:0% +process + + + align:start position:0% +process +so they can calculate it for two three + + align:start position:0% +so they can calculate it for two three + + + align:start position:0% +so they can calculate it for two three +four more uh possible distributions + + align:start position:0% +four more uh possible distributions + + + align:start position:0% +four more uh possible distributions +now we tend to keep those numbers + + align:start position:0% +now we tend to keep those numbers + + + align:start position:0% +now we tend to keep those numbers +simple to focus on the main aspects of + + align:start position:0% +simple to focus on the main aspects of + + + align:start position:0% +simple to focus on the main aspects of +it but it's perfectly possible to have a + + align:start position:0% +it but it's perfectly possible to have a + + + align:start position:0% +it but it's perfectly possible to have a +large number i have a former student now + + align:start position:0% +large number i have a former student now + + + align:start position:0% +large number i have a former student now +who's working on a spreadsheet + + align:start position:0% +who's working on a spreadsheet + + + align:start position:0% +who's working on a spreadsheet +that i as i understand it has 20 000 + + align:start position:0% +that i as i understand it has 20 000 + + + align:start position:0% +that i as i understand it has 20 000 +entries on it + + align:start position:0% +entries on it + + + align:start position:0% +entries on it +lines to it to me that seems absurd but + + align:start position:0% +lines to it to me that seems absurd but + + + align:start position:0% +lines to it to me that seems absurd but +um i'm + + align:start position:0% +um i'm + + + align:start position:0% +um i'm +but the company is building by the hour + + align:start position:0% +but the company is building by the hour + + + align:start position:0% +but the company is building by the hour +so maybe it's a good thing to have a lot + + align:start position:0% +so maybe it's a good thing to have a lot + + + align:start position:0% +so maybe it's a good thing to have a lot +of work to do + + align:start position:0% +of work to do + + + align:start position:0% +of work to do +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +but in any case uh the point is it could + + align:start position:0% +but in any case uh the point is it could + + + align:start position:0% +but in any case uh the point is it could +work with almost any distribution it's + + align:start position:0% +work with almost any distribution it's + + + align:start position:0% +work with almost any distribution it's +not limited by + + align:start position:0% +not limited by + + + align:start position:0% +not limited by +some mathematical formula or limited to + + align:start position:0% +some mathematical formula or limited to + + + align:start position:0% +some mathematical formula or limited to +a particular approach + + align:start position:0% +a particular approach + + + align:start position:0% +a particular approach +i say that because + + align:start position:0% +i say that because + + + align:start position:0% +i say that because +there are other forms of dealing with + + align:start position:0% +there are other forms of dealing with + + + align:start position:0% +there are other forms of dealing with +uncertainties uh where + + align:start position:0% +uncertainties uh where + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainties uh where +really it assumed that you have a + + align:start position:0% +really it assumed that you have a + + + align:start position:0% +really it assumed that you have a +particular distribution of particular + + align:start position:0% +particular distribution of particular + + + align:start position:0% +particular distribution of particular +aspects of the distribution + + align:start position:0% +aspects of the distribution + + + align:start position:0% +aspects of the distribution +so for example those of you who might be + + align:start position:0% +so for example those of you who might be + + + align:start position:0% +so for example those of you who might be +in supply chain or have otherwise dealt + + align:start position:0% +in supply chain or have otherwise dealt + + + align:start position:0% +in supply chain or have otherwise dealt +with it there might be using um + + align:start position:0% +with it there might be using um + + + align:start position:0% +with it there might be using um +dynamic programming dynamic program is a + + align:start position:0% +dynamic programming dynamic program is a + + + align:start position:0% +dynamic programming dynamic program is a +very powerful way of thinking about what + + align:start position:0% +very powerful way of thinking about what + + + align:start position:0% +very powerful way of thinking about what +might happen in the future but it has + + align:start position:0% +might happen in the future but it has + + + align:start position:0% +might happen in the future but it has +very strict + + align:start position:0% +very strict + + + align:start position:0% +very strict +assumptions about it which in fact don't + + align:start position:0% +assumptions about it which in fact don't + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions about it which in fact don't +apply to the kind of problems that we're + + align:start position:0% +apply to the kind of problems that we're + + + align:start position:0% +apply to the kind of problems that we're +dealing with here uh to give it a name + + align:start position:0% +dealing with here uh to give it a name + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with here uh to give it a name +it assumes path of independence but it + + align:start position:0% +it assumes path of independence but it + + + align:start position:0% +it assumes path of independence but it +is nothing management can do to change + + align:start position:0% +is nothing management can do to change + + + align:start position:0% +is nothing management can do to change +the situation which is of course + + align:start position:0% +the situation which is of course + + + align:start position:0% +the situation which is of course +exactly where we differ + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +simulation has not been part of standard + + align:start position:0% +simulation has not been part of standard + + + align:start position:0% +simulation has not been part of standard +engineering education + + align:start position:0% +engineering education + + + align:start position:0% +engineering education +why is that is because it implies you + + align:start position:0% +why is that is because it implies you + + + align:start position:0% +why is that is because it implies you +can go and do it + + align:start position:0% +can go and do it + + + align:start position:0% +can go and do it +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +in a way that really makes a lot of + + align:start position:0% +in a way that really makes a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +in a way that really makes a lot of +sense you want to have lots of different + + align:start position:0% +sense you want to have lots of different + + + align:start position:0% +sense you want to have lots of different +samples if you're looking at different + + align:start position:0% +samples if you're looking at different + + + align:start position:0% +samples if you're looking at different +things happening + + align:start position:0% +things happening + + + align:start position:0% +things happening +uh you want to have lots of flips of the + + align:start position:0% +uh you want to have lots of flips of the + + + align:start position:0% +uh you want to have lots of flips of the +coins so to speak you might want to have + + align:start position:0% +coins so to speak you might want to have + + + align:start position:0% +coins so to speak you might want to have +a thousands + + align:start position:0% +a thousands + + + align:start position:0% +a thousands +of repetitions + + align:start position:0% +of repetitions + + + align:start position:0% +of repetitions +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +modern computers can do it + + align:start position:0% +modern computers can do it + + + align:start position:0% +modern computers can do it +20 years ago they couldn't + + align:start position:0% +20 years ago they couldn't + + + align:start position:0% +20 years ago they couldn't +so simulation has not been monte carlo + + align:start position:0% +so simulation has not been monte carlo + + + align:start position:0% +so simulation has not been monte carlo +simulation has not been part of + + align:start position:0% +simulation has not been part of + + + align:start position:0% +simulation has not been part of +engineering practice + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so it's not possible secondly the model + + align:start position:0% +so it's not possible secondly the model + + + align:start position:0% +so it's not possible secondly the model +basically can be very simple a + + align:start position:0% +basically can be very simple a + + + align:start position:0% +basically can be very simple a +spreadsheet is very powerful + + align:start position:0% +spreadsheet is very powerful + + + align:start position:0% +spreadsheet is very powerful +and you can get it with an excel add-ins + + align:start position:0% +and you can get it with an excel add-ins + + + align:start position:0% +and you can get it with an excel add-ins +you can do it the garage case template + + align:start position:0% +you can do it the garage case template + + + align:start position:0% +you can do it the garage case template +which i've provided is an example of + + align:start position:0% +which i've provided is an example of + + + align:start position:0% +which i've provided is an example of +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +there are very slick versions available + + align:start position:0% +there are very slick versions available + + + align:start position:0% +there are very slick versions available +at risk is one of them + + align:start position:0% +at risk is one of them + + + align:start position:0% +at risk is one of them +uh the case i'll be talking about later + + align:start position:0% +uh the case i'll be talking about later + + + align:start position:0% +uh the case i'll be talking about later +on is a has another one called crystal + + align:start position:0% +on is a has another one called crystal + + + align:start position:0% +on is a has another one called crystal +ball + + align:start position:0% +ball + + + align:start position:0% +ball +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so there are various forms of it uh the + + align:start position:0% +so there are various forms of it uh the + + + align:start position:0% +so there are various forms of it uh the +slick versions often don't allow you to + + align:start position:0% +slick versions often don't allow you to + + + align:start position:0% +slick versions often don't allow you to +do the kind of flexibility analysis that + + align:start position:0% +do the kind of flexibility analysis that + + + align:start position:0% +do the kind of flexibility analysis that +i + + align:start position:0% +i + + + align:start position:0% +i +that we'll be talking about in the in + + align:start position:0% +that we'll be talking about in the in + + + align:start position:0% +that we'll be talking about in the in +the course but just to give you there's + + align:start position:0% +the course but just to give you there's + + + align:start position:0% +the course but just to give you there's +a range of it + + align:start position:0% +a range of it + + + align:start position:0% +a range of it +and there are of course other + + align:start position:0% +and there are of course other + + + align:start position:0% +and there are of course other +simulations there possible systems + + align:start position:0% +simulations there possible systems + + + align:start position:0% +simulations there possible systems +dynamics models queuing models + + align:start position:0% +dynamics models queuing models + + + align:start position:0% +dynamics models queuing models +neither which really apply to the kind + + align:start position:0% +neither which really apply to the kind + + + align:start position:0% +neither which really apply to the kind +of issues that we're dealing with in + + align:start position:0% +of issues that we're dealing with in + + + align:start position:0% +of issues that we're dealing with in +terms of system design and management + + align:start position:0% +terms of system design and management + + + align:start position:0% +terms of system design and management +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +i don't want to exclude them from the of + + align:start position:0% +i don't want to exclude them from the of + + + align:start position:0% +i don't want to exclude them from the of +the listing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what do you need for to do a + + align:start position:0% +so what do you need for to do a + + + align:start position:0% +so what do you need for to do a +simulation + + align:start position:0% +simulation + + + align:start position:0% +simulation +you need distributions for the key + + align:start position:0% +you need distributions for the key + + + align:start position:0% +you need distributions for the key +parameters + + align:start position:0% +parameters + + + align:start position:0% +parameters +which in general may be observed + + align:start position:0% +which in general may be observed + + + align:start position:0% +which in general may be observed +estimated assumed or guessed + + align:start position:0% +estimated assumed or guessed + + + align:start position:0% +estimated assumed or guessed +let's let's think about some examples + + align:start position:0% +let's let's think about some examples + + + align:start position:0% +let's let's think about some examples +observed + + align:start position:0% +observed + + + align:start position:0% +observed +for example the river flow you if you're + + align:start position:0% +for example the river flow you if you're + + + align:start position:0% +for example the river flow you if you're +trying to build an electric power a + + align:start position:0% +trying to build an electric power a + + + align:start position:0% +trying to build an electric power a +hydro dam a hydropower dam or for the + + align:start position:0% +hydro dam a hydropower dam or for the + + + align:start position:0% +hydro dam a hydropower dam or for the +nile as they have done now in ethiopia + + align:start position:0% +nile as they have done now in ethiopia + + + align:start position:0% +nile as they have done now in ethiopia +you'd like to know something about the + + align:start position:0% +you'd like to know something about the + + + align:start position:0% +you'd like to know something about the +uncertainties about how much water is + + align:start position:0% +uncertainties about how much water is + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainties about how much water is +going to come down and + + align:start position:0% +going to come down and + + + align:start position:0% +going to come down and +how fast you can fill up the + + align:start position:0% +how fast you can fill up the + + + align:start position:0% +how fast you can fill up the +dam and how how does that all work so + + align:start position:0% +dam and how how does that all work so + + + align:start position:0% +dam and how how does that all work so +you can have observations of that + + align:start position:0% +you can have observations of that + + + align:start position:0% +you can have observations of that +for the past 50 100 years depending on + + align:start position:0% +for the past 50 100 years depending on + + + align:start position:0% +for the past 50 100 years depending on +where you are + + align:start position:0% +where you are + + + align:start position:0% +where you are +so river there's an observable + + align:start position:0% +so river there's an observable + + + align:start position:0% +so river there's an observable +distribution and it may have some + + align:start position:0% +distribution and it may have some + + + align:start position:0% +distribution and it may have some +peculiarities it doesn't have to follow + + align:start position:0% +peculiarities it doesn't have to follow + + + align:start position:0% +peculiarities it doesn't have to follow +any kind of + + align:start position:0% +any kind of + + + align:start position:0% +any kind of +uh normal or gum perch or other curve it + + align:start position:0% +uh normal or gum perch or other curve it + + + align:start position:0% +uh normal or gum perch or other curve it +is what it is + + align:start position:0% +is what it is + + + align:start position:0% +is what it is +it can be estimated that is + + align:start position:0% +it can be estimated that is + + + align:start position:0% +it can be estimated that is +if you're trying as in the mining case + + align:start position:0% +if you're trying as in the mining case + + + align:start position:0% +if you're trying as in the mining case +which i'll show later on today + + align:start position:0% +which i'll show later on today + + + align:start position:0% +which i'll show later on today +you can + + align:start position:0% +you can + + + align:start position:0% +you can +consult the experts who have designed + + align:start position:0% +consult the experts who have designed + + + align:start position:0% +consult the experts who have designed +processing plants and who can have their + + align:start position:0% +processing plants and who can have their + + + align:start position:0% +processing plants and who can have their +best estimates of how this particular + + align:start position:0% +best estimates of how this particular + + + align:start position:0% +best estimates of how this particular +one is going to work out + + align:start position:0% +one is going to work out + + + align:start position:0% +one is going to work out +and so you can have a technical model of + + align:start position:0% +and so you can have a technical model of + + + align:start position:0% +and so you can have a technical model of +it and that estimates the performance of + + align:start position:0% +it and that estimates the performance of + + + align:start position:0% +it and that estimates the performance of +the of the situation + + align:start position:0% +the of the situation + + + align:start position:0% +the of the situation +it can be assumed + + align:start position:0% +it can be assumed + + + align:start position:0% +it can be assumed +that is you may have forecast of prices + + align:start position:0% +that is you may have forecast of prices + + + align:start position:0% +that is you may have forecast of prices +uh of your product because you know + + align:start position:0% +uh of your product because you know + + + align:start position:0% +uh of your product because you know +something about the competition you know + + align:start position:0% +something about the competition you know + + + align:start position:0% +something about the competition you know +somewhat about how they behave and so + + align:start position:0% +somewhat about how they behave and so + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat about how they behave and so +forth so that you may forecast ahead + + align:start position:0% +forth so that you may forecast ahead + + + align:start position:0% +forth so that you may forecast ahead +assuming various aspects of the market + + align:start position:0% +assuming various aspects of the market + + + align:start position:0% +assuming various aspects of the market +the actions of your competitors uh the + + align:start position:0% +the actions of your competitors uh the + + + align:start position:0% +the actions of your competitors uh the +uh demand for your product and so forth + + align:start position:0% +uh demand for your product and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +uh demand for your product and so forth +or simply maybe guess + + align:start position:0% +or simply maybe guess + + + align:start position:0% +or simply maybe guess +your + + align:start position:0% +your + + + align:start position:0% +your +pro pro production may depend upon the + + align:start position:0% +pro pro production may depend upon the + + + align:start position:0% +pro pro production may depend upon the +possible environmental rules if you're + + align:start position:0% +possible environmental rules if you're + + + align:start position:0% +possible environmental rules if you're +into renewable energy the rules on + + align:start position:0% +into renewable energy the rules on + + + align:start position:0% +into renewable energy the rules on +taxation and environment and so forth + + align:start position:0% +taxation and environment and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +taxation and environment and so forth +may be affected by national legislative + + align:start position:0% +may be affected by national legislative + + + align:start position:0% +may be affected by national legislative +local legislation + + align:start position:0% +local legislation + + + align:start position:0% +local legislation +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +we don't have observations of how they + + align:start position:0% +we don't have observations of how they + + + align:start position:0% +we don't have observations of how they +behave in those situations in the past + + align:start position:0% +behave in those situations in the past + + + align:start position:0% +behave in those situations in the past +but we could go to people who understand + + align:start position:0% +but we could go to people who understand + + + align:start position:0% +but we could go to people who understand +the legislature or the process and they + + align:start position:0% +the legislature or the process and they + + + align:start position:0% +the legislature or the process and they +might tell you whether it's a 50 chance + + align:start position:0% +might tell you whether it's a 50 chance + + + align:start position:0% +might tell you whether it's a 50 chance +or a 10 chance and it's it may be useful + + align:start position:0% +or a 10 chance and it's it may be useful + + + align:start position:0% +or a 10 chance and it's it may be useful +to you but it's clearly guest + + align:start position:0% +to you but it's clearly guest + + + align:start position:0% +to you but it's clearly guest +so we do the best we can + + align:start position:0% +so we do the best we can + + + align:start position:0% +so we do the best we can +and in defense of + + align:start position:0% +and in defense of + + + align:start position:0% +and in defense of +taking of dealing with things which are + + align:start position:0% +taking of dealing with things which are + + + align:start position:0% +taking of dealing with things which are +guesses i would say that guessing + + align:start position:0% +guesses i would say that guessing + + + align:start position:0% +guesses i would say that guessing +there's a chance is better than ignoring + + align:start position:0% +there's a chance is better than ignoring + + + align:start position:0% +there's a chance is better than ignoring +a chance which is a form of + + align:start position:0% +a chance which is a form of + + + align:start position:0% +a chance which is a form of +guess also but with a lot less um + + align:start position:0% +guess also but with a lot less um + + + align:start position:0% +guess also but with a lot less um +information about it so there's no claim + + align:start position:0% +information about it so there's no claim + + + align:start position:0% +information about it so there's no claim +that these distributions can be are + + align:start position:0% +that these distributions can be are + + + align:start position:0% +that these distributions can be are +perfect or scientific in that way but we + + align:start position:0% +perfect or scientific in that way but we + + + align:start position:0% +perfect or scientific in that way but we +have to deal with the world as it is + + align:start position:0% +have to deal with the world as it is + + + align:start position:0% +have to deal with the world as it is +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +recognizing their chances and + + align:start position:0% +recognizing their chances and + + + align:start position:0% +recognizing their chances and +uncertainties + + align:start position:0% +uncertainties + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainties +is in the right direction \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/LhbtCTwtdDU.txt b/LhbtCTwtdDU.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..534ac1bbcc713b6acbf59bfecdca04f14cf9fca9 --- /dev/null +++ b/LhbtCTwtdDU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6171 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay so I'm gonna start out today's + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'm gonna start out today's + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'm gonna start out today's +lecture on the wrong foot by quoting + + align:start position:0% +lecture on the wrong foot by quoting + + + align:start position:0% +lecture on the wrong foot by quoting +somebody that you guys probably don't + + align:start position:0% +somebody that you guys probably don't + + + align:start position:0% +somebody that you guys probably don't +know and who was a New York Yankee so + + align:start position:0% +know and who was a New York Yankee so + + + align:start position:0% +know and who was a New York Yankee so +Yogi Berra the famous I Yankee catcher + + align:start position:0% +Yogi Berra the famous I Yankee catcher + + + align:start position:0% +Yogi Berra the famous I Yankee catcher +once said you can observe a lot by + + align:start position:0% +once said you can observe a lot by + + + align:start position:0% +once said you can observe a lot by +watching okay and that is very + + align:start position:0% +watching okay and that is very + + + align:start position:0% +watching okay and that is very +appropriate for biology because there's + + align:start position:0% +appropriate for biology because there's + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate for biology because there's +a lot of a lot of things in biology have + + align:start position:0% +a lot of a lot of things in biology have + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of a lot of things in biology have +been discovered simply by watching for + + align:start position:0% +been discovered simply by watching for + + + align:start position:0% +been discovered simply by watching for +them in cells or watching for them to + + align:start position:0% +them in cells or watching for them to + + + align:start position:0% +them in cells or watching for them to +happen at the molecular level and so our + + align:start position:0% +happen at the molecular level and so our + + + align:start position:0% +happen at the molecular level and so our +ability to visualize and see what's + + align:start position:0% +ability to visualize and see what's + + + align:start position:0% +ability to visualize and see what's +going on inside cells and at the + + align:start position:0% +going on inside cells and at the + + + align:start position:0% +going on inside cells and at the +molecular level is really critical for + + align:start position:0% +molecular level is really critical for + + + align:start position:0% +molecular level is really critical for +the process of biological discovery so + + align:start position:0% +the process of biological discovery so + + + align:start position:0% +the process of biological discovery so +today I'm gonna tell you about tools + + align:start position:0% +today I'm gonna tell you about tools + + + align:start position:0% +today I'm gonna tell you about tools +both sort of older tools but also kind + + align:start position:0% +both sort of older tools but also kind + + + align:start position:0% +both sort of older tools but also kind +of the cutting edge for how biologists + + align:start position:0% +of the cutting edge for how biologists + + + align:start position:0% +of the cutting edge for how biologists +are really observing what's going on in + + align:start position:0% +are really observing what's going on in + + + align:start position:0% +are really observing what's going on in +living cells and in life in general + + align:start position:0% +living cells and in life in general + + + align:start position:0% +living cells and in life in general +okay so let's let me start budgets + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's let me start budgets + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's let me start budgets +having you guys think a little bit what + + align:start position:0% +having you guys think a little bit what + + + align:start position:0% +having you guys think a little bit what +what do you require of me to see what I + + align:start position:0% +what do you require of me to see what I + + + align:start position:0% +what do you require of me to see what I +write on the board yeah Rachel what's + + align:start position:0% +write on the board yeah Rachel what's + + + align:start position:0% +write on the board yeah Rachel what's +that you need light mm-hmm and what does + + align:start position:0% +that you need light mm-hmm and what does + + + align:start position:0% +that you need light mm-hmm and what does +the light help you to do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what's that you need it to see the board + + align:start position:0% +what's that you need it to see the board + + + align:start position:0% +what's that you need it to see the board +and so let's say the lights on okay is + + align:start position:0% +and so let's say the lights on okay is + + + align:start position:0% +and so let's say the lights on okay is +that can you read this no what's the + + align:start position:0% +that can you read this no what's the + + + align:start position:0% +that can you read this no what's the +problem what's that sighs right so + + align:start position:0% +problem what's that sighs right so + + + align:start position:0% +problem what's that sighs right so +Natalie suggested sighs right so one + + align:start position:0% +Natalie suggested sighs right so one + + + align:start position:0% +Natalie suggested sighs right so one +thing that you need is some amount of + + align:start position:0% +thing that you need is some amount of + + + align:start position:0% +thing that you need is some amount of +magnification right but let's let's take + + align:start position:0% +magnification right but let's let's take + + + align:start position:0% +magnification right but let's let's take +another let's say I do magnify this what + + align:start position:0% +another let's say I do magnify this what + + + align:start position:0% +another let's say I do magnify this what +if I magnify it and I'm gonna start + + align:start position:0% +if I magnify it and I'm gonna start + + + align:start position:0% +if I magnify it and I'm gonna start +writing my notes on the board right + + align:start position:0% +writing my notes on the board right + + + align:start position:0% +writing my notes on the board right +how's this helpful what Jeremy what's + + align:start position:0% +how's this helpful what Jeremy what's + + + align:start position:0% +how's this helpful what Jeremy what's +wrong yeah you have to be able to + + align:start position:0% +wrong yeah you have to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +wrong yeah you have to be able to +distinguish different objects in this + + align:start position:0% +distinguish different objects in this + + + align:start position:0% +distinguish different objects in this +case these letters right so in addition + + align:start position:0% +case these letters right so in addition + + + align:start position:0% +case these letters right so in addition +to just magnifying it you also need the + + align:start position:0% +to just magnifying it you also need the + + + align:start position:0% +to just magnifying it you also need the +structures to be far enough apart such + + align:start position:0% +structures to be far enough apart such + + + align:start position:0% +structures to be far enough apart such +that you can distinguish them so you + + align:start position:0% +that you can distinguish them so you + + + align:start position:0% +that you can distinguish them so you +need what is known as resolution okay + + align:start position:0% +need what is known as resolution okay + + + align:start position:0% +need what is known as resolution okay +this was resolution but this is + + align:start position:0% +this was resolution but this is + + + align:start position:0% +this was resolution but this is +resolution where the letters are + + align:start position:0% +resolution where the letters are + + + align:start position:0% +resolution where the letters are +actually resolved okay so structures + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +need to be far enough apart so that you + + align:start position:0% +need to be far enough apart so that you + + + align:start position:0% +need to be far enough apart so that you +can resolve them now let's come back to + + align:start position:0% +can resolve them now let's come back to + + + align:start position:0% +can resolve them now let's come back to +Rachel's point right why is it that we + + align:start position:0% +Rachel's point right why is it that we + + + align:start position:0% +Rachel's point right why is it that we +need light to see what's on the board + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right if I + + align:start position:0% +right if I + + + align:start position:0% +right if I +another what if I just what if I draw + + align:start position:0% +another what if I just what if I draw + + + align:start position:0% +another what if I just what if I draw +without pressing right is that yeah + + align:start position:0% +without pressing right is that yeah + + + align:start position:0% +without pressing right is that yeah +or II unique contrast exactly right the + + align:start position:0% +or II unique contrast exactly right the + + + align:start position:0% +or II unique contrast exactly right the +light sort of gives you contrast between + + align:start position:0% +light sort of gives you contrast between + + + align:start position:0% +light sort of gives you contrast between +the chalk and the black part of the + + align:start position:0% +the chalk and the black part of the + + + align:start position:0% +the chalk and the black part of the +board so you also need contrast and + + align:start position:0% +board so you also need contrast and + + + align:start position:0% +board so you also need contrast and +contrast is the ability to the + + align:start position:0% +contrast is the ability to the + + + align:start position:0% +contrast is the ability to the +structures need to have they need to be + + align:start position:0% +structures need to have they need to be + + + align:start position:0% +structures need to have they need to be +differentiated from the background + + align:start position:0% +differentiated from the background + + + align:start position:0% +differentiated from the background +okay so structures need to be different + + align:start position:0% +okay so structures need to be different + + + align:start position:0% +okay so structures need to be different +from background what else do you need to + + align:start position:0% +from background what else do you need to + + + align:start position:0% +from background what else do you need to +read my writing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right what if what if I were just to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +everyone you can read that what's wrong + + align:start position:0% +everyone you can read that what's wrong + + + align:start position:0% +everyone you can read that what's wrong +Carlos what's that yeah I need to have + + align:start position:0% +Carlos what's that yeah I need to have + + + align:start position:0% +Carlos what's that yeah I need to have +like good handwriting right so I like to + + align:start position:0% +like good handwriting right so I like to + + + align:start position:0% +like good handwriting right so I like to +think of this as this is an aspect of + + align:start position:0% +think of this as this is an aspect of + + + align:start position:0% +think of this as this is an aspect of +like sample preservation okay so there's + + align:start position:0% +like sample preservation okay so there's + + + align:start position:0% +like sample preservation okay so there's +a sample preservation issue + + align:start position:0% +a sample preservation issue + + + align:start position:0% +a sample preservation issue +I can't butcher the letters and the + + align:start position:0% +I can't butcher the letters and the + + + align:start position:0% +I can't butcher the letters and the +words okay so in the process of doing + + align:start position:0% +words okay so in the process of doing + + + align:start position:0% +words okay so in the process of doing +all these other things right magnifying + + align:start position:0% +all these other things right magnifying + + + align:start position:0% +all these other things right magnifying +your image resolving things in your + + align:start position:0% +your image resolving things in your + + + align:start position:0% +your image resolving things in your +image and generating contrast you can't + + align:start position:0% +image and generating contrast you can't + + + align:start position:0% +image and generating contrast you can't +destroy your sample such that it's + + align:start position:0% +destroy your sample such that it's + + + align:start position:0% +destroy your sample such that it's +illegible basically okay so in this case + + align:start position:0% +illegible basically okay so in this case + + + align:start position:0% +illegible basically okay so in this case +structure must be preserved while doing + + align:start position:0% +structure must be preserved while doing + + + align:start position:0% +structure must be preserved while doing +one through three on this list + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so I'm gonna start with resolution + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'm gonna start with resolution + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'm gonna start with resolution +we'll talk about what are the limits to + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about what are the limits to + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about what are the limits to +resolving things and biological + + align:start position:0% +resolving things and biological + + + align:start position:0% +resolving things and biological +specimens and in biology the one + + align:start position:0% +specimens and in biology the one + + + align:start position:0% +specimens and in biology the one +instrument we use a lot is a microscope + + align:start position:0% +instrument we use a lot is a microscope + + + align:start position:0% +instrument we use a lot is a microscope +okay and a microscope is basically a + + align:start position:0% +okay and a microscope is basically a + + + align:start position:0% +okay and a microscope is basically a +collection of lenses that allow you to + + align:start position:0% +collection of lenses that allow you to + + + align:start position:0% +collection of lenses that allow you to +do many of the things I just drew on the + + align:start position:0% +do many of the things I just drew on the + + + align:start position:0% +do many of the things I just drew on the +board I'll point out a couple sort of + + align:start position:0% +board I'll point out a couple sort of + + + align:start position:0% +board I'll point out a couple sort of +broad sort of types of microscopy so the + + align:start position:0% +broad sort of types of microscopy so the + + + align:start position:0% +broad sort of types of microscopy so the +human eye appear can resolve up to about + + align:start position:0% +human eye appear can resolve up to about + + + align:start position:0% +human eye appear can resolve up to about +100 to 200 microns if you're looking at + + align:start position:0% +100 to 200 microns if you're looking at + + + align:start position:0% +100 to 200 microns if you're looking at +something at reading distance distance + + align:start position:0% +something at reading distance distance + + + align:start position:0% +something at reading distance distance +right but cells are like way smaller + + align:start position:0% +right but cells are like way smaller + + + align:start position:0% +right but cells are like way smaller +than that right so we need some sort of + + align:start position:0% +than that right so we need some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +than that right so we need some sort of +instrument that allows us to see things + + align:start position:0% +instrument that allows us to see things + + + align:start position:0% +instrument that allows us to see things +that is lower than the resolution limit + + align:start position:0% +that is lower than the resolution limit + + + align:start position:0% +that is lower than the resolution limit +of a human eye and so one way is to use + + align:start position:0% +of a human eye and so one way is to use + + + align:start position:0% +of a human eye and so one way is to use +a light microscope where you're using + + align:start position:0% +a light microscope where you're using + + + align:start position:0% +a light microscope where you're using +visible light to observe your sample and + + align:start position:0% +visible light to observe your sample and + + + align:start position:0% +visible light to observe your sample and +many of the images that you're seeing + + align:start position:0% +many of the images that you're seeing + + + align:start position:0% +many of the images that you're seeing +that we're showing you are from visible + + align:start position:0% +that we're showing you are from visible + + + align:start position:0% +that we're showing you are from visible +light microscopes to see smaller things + + align:start position:0% +light microscopes to see smaller things + + + align:start position:0% +light microscopes to see smaller things +type of microscope that's often used is + + align:start position:0% +type of microscope that's often used is + + + align:start position:0% +type of microscope that's often used is +an electron microscope an electron + + align:start position:0% +an electron microscope an electron + + + align:start position:0% +an electron microscope an electron +microscopy allows us to observe + + align:start position:0% +microscopy allows us to observe + + + align:start position:0% +microscopy allows us to observe +structures all the way down to the sub + + align:start position:0% +structures all the way down to the sub + + + align:start position:0% +structures all the way down to the sub +nanometer level of resolution okay now + + align:start position:0% +nanometer level of resolution okay now + + + align:start position:0% +nanometer level of resolution okay now +one limitation to the electron + + align:start position:0% +one limitation to the electron + + + align:start position:0% +one limitation to the electron +microscope is you have to kill the + + align:start position:0% +microscope is you have to kill the + + + align:start position:0% +microscope is you have to kill the +sample okay so that that can lead to + + align:start position:0% +sample okay so that that can lead to + + + align:start position:0% +sample okay so that that can lead to +artifacts and problems and we'll discuss + + align:start position:0% +artifacts and problems and we'll discuss + + + align:start position:0% +artifacts and problems and we'll discuss +a way at the end that where light + + align:start position:0% +a way at the end that where light + + + align:start position:0% +a way at the end that where light +microscopy is being extended down to the + + align:start position:0% +microscopy is being extended down to the + + + align:start position:0% +microscopy is being extended down to the +limits that approximate that of an + + align:start position:0% +limits that approximate that of an + + + align:start position:0% +limits that approximate that of an +electron microscope okay so what + + align:start position:0% +electron microscope okay so what + + + align:start position:0% +electron microscope okay so what +determines then the resolution of a + + align:start position:0% +determines then the resolution of a + + + align:start position:0% +determines then the resolution of a +microscope and so I'm going to sort of + + align:start position:0% +microscope and so I'm going to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +microscope and so I'm going to sort of +define a measurement of resolution which + + align:start position:0% +define a measurement of resolution which + + + align:start position:0% +define a measurement of resolution which +I'll call the demon + + align:start position:0% +I'll call the demon + + + align:start position:0% +I'll call the demon +or minimum distance and this will be the + + align:start position:0% +or minimum distance and this will be the + + + align:start position:0% +or minimum distance and this will be the +minimum distance between two points that + + align:start position:0% +minimum distance between two points that + + + align:start position:0% +minimum distance between two points that +can be resolved okay and what I showed + + align:start position:0% +can be resolved okay and what I showed + + + align:start position:0% +can be resolved okay and what I showed +you on that past slide is basically the + + align:start position:0% +you on that past slide is basically the + + + align:start position:0% +you on that past slide is basically the +the limit on the right here is the D min + + align:start position:0% +the limit on the right here is the D min + + + align:start position:0% +the limit on the right here is the D min +for these different types of microscopy + + align:start position:0% +for these different types of microscopy + + + align:start position:0% +for these different types of microscopy +techniques okay and what that means is + + align:start position:0% +techniques okay and what that means is + + + align:start position:0% +techniques okay and what that means is +so the minimum distance would be if your + + align:start position:0% +so the minimum distance would be if your + + + align:start position:0% +so the minimum distance would be if your +minimum distance is 200 nanometers if + + align:start position:0% +minimum distance is 200 nanometers if + + + align:start position:0% +minimum distance is 200 nanometers if +two points are greater than 200 + + align:start position:0% +two points are greater than 200 + + + align:start position:0% +two points are greater than 200 +nanometers apart from each other then + + align:start position:0% +nanometers apart from each other then + + + align:start position:0% +nanometers apart from each other then +you can distinguish them as two + + align:start position:0% +you can distinguish them as two + + + align:start position:0% +you can distinguish them as two +different objects however if they are + + align:start position:0% +different objects however if they are + + + align:start position:0% +different objects however if they are +closer than 200 nanometers together you + + align:start position:0% +closer than 200 nanometers together you + + + align:start position:0% +closer than 200 nanometers together you +wouldn't be able to see that these are + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be able to see that these are + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be able to see that these are +two different objects they would be + + align:start position:0% +two different objects they would be + + + align:start position:0% +two different objects they would be +overlapping each other okay + + align:start position:0% +overlapping each other okay + + + align:start position:0% +overlapping each other okay +and typically the D min for a light + + align:start position:0% +and typically the D min for a light + + + align:start position:0% +and typically the D min for a light +microscope is around 200 nanometers okay + + align:start position:0% +microscope is around 200 nanometers okay + + + align:start position:0% +microscope is around 200 nanometers okay +and the D min results if we were to + + align:start position:0% +and the D min results if we were to + + + align:start position:0% +and the D min results if we were to +determine what if I'm to tell you what + + align:start position:0% +determine what if I'm to tell you what + + + align:start position:0% +determine what if I'm to tell you what +what determines this minimum distance we + + align:start position:0% +what determines this minimum distance we + + + align:start position:0% +what determines this minimum distance we +have to think about a microscope so here + + align:start position:0% +have to think about a microscope so here + + + align:start position:0% +have to think about a microscope so here +I'm drawing a specimen here I've just + + align:start position:0% +I'm drawing a specimen here I've just + + + align:start position:0% +I'm drawing a specimen here I've just +drawn my specimen it's on a slide or a + + align:start position:0% +drawn my specimen it's on a slide or a + + + align:start position:0% +drawn my specimen it's on a slide or a +coverslip here's your specimen here and + + align:start position:0% +coverslip here's your specimen here and + + + align:start position:0% +coverslip here's your specimen here and +you might have a light source to + + align:start position:0% +you might have a light source to + + + align:start position:0% +you might have a light source to +generate the contrast + + align:start position:0% +generate the contrast + + + align:start position:0% +generate the contrast +and then there'd be some sort of + + align:start position:0% +and then there'd be some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +and then there'd be some sort of +objective lens underneath the slide and + + align:start position:0% +objective lens underneath the slide and + + + align:start position:0% +objective lens underneath the slide and +the specimen so this would be an + + align:start position:0% +the specimen so this would be an + + + align:start position:0% +the specimen so this would be an +objective lens sorry about my sample + + align:start position:0% +objective lens sorry about my sample + + + align:start position:0% +objective lens sorry about my sample +preservation here and so the light is + + align:start position:0% +preservation here and so the light is + + + align:start position:0% +preservation here and so the light is +going to be hitting the sample and the + + align:start position:0% +going to be hitting the sample and the + + + align:start position:0% +going to be hitting the sample and the +objective lens will be collecting a cone + + align:start position:0% +objective lens will be collecting a cone + + + align:start position:0% +objective lens will be collecting a cone +of light that's going into the lens here + + align:start position:0% +of light that's going into the lens here + + + align:start position:0% +of light that's going into the lens here +okay and I'll maybe I'll I'll magnify + + align:start position:0% +okay and I'll maybe I'll I'll magnify + + + align:start position:0% +okay and I'll maybe I'll I'll magnify +this a bit so you can see it better so + + align:start position:0% +this a bit so you can see it better so + + + align:start position:0% +this a bit so you can see it better so +I'm just gonna magnify this region over + + align:start position:0% +I'm just gonna magnify this region over + + + align:start position:0% +I'm just gonna magnify this region over +here so if this is my specimen I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +here so if this is my specimen I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +here so if this is my specimen I'm gonna +draw the objective a little farther away + + align:start position:0% +draw the objective a little farther away + + + align:start position:0% +draw the objective a little farther away +this time this is the objective and the + + align:start position:0% +this time this is the objective and the + + + align:start position:0% +this time this is the objective and the +objective is able to capture a range of + + align:start position:0% +objective is able to capture a range of + + + align:start position:0% +objective is able to capture a range of +different angles of light that come from + + align:start position:0% +different angles of light that come from + + + align:start position:0% +different angles of light that come from +the specimen okay so it's collecting + + align:start position:0% +the specimen okay so it's collecting + + + align:start position:0% +the specimen okay so it's collecting +angles and I'll just define here an + + align:start position:0% +angles and I'll just define here an + + + align:start position:0% +angles and I'll just define here an +angle theta which is like the half angle + + align:start position:0% +angle theta which is like the half angle + + + align:start position:0% +angle theta which is like the half angle +of this whole cone of let of light okay + + align:start position:0% +of this whole cone of let of light okay + + + align:start position:0% +of this whole cone of let of light okay +so what determines the resolution limit + + align:start position:0% +so what determines the resolution limit + + + align:start position:0% +so what determines the resolution limit +in this type of system is first of all + + align:start position:0% +in this type of system is first of all + + + align:start position:0% +in this type of system is first of all +the wavelength of the light that's used + + align:start position:0% +the wavelength of the light that's used + + + align:start position:0% +the wavelength of the light that's used +so your your if you're using white light + + align:start position:0% +so your your if you're using white light + + + align:start position:0% +so your your if you're using white light +that might be from 400 to 800 if you're + + align:start position:0% +that might be from 400 to 800 if you're + + + align:start position:0% +that might be from 400 to 800 if you're +exciting GFP you're going to excite with + + align:start position:0% +exciting GFP you're going to excite with + + + align:start position:0% +exciting GFP you're going to excite with +a wavelength that's 488 nanometers so + + align:start position:0% +a wavelength that's 488 nanometers so + + + align:start position:0% +a wavelength that's 488 nanometers so +it's usually around maybe between 450 + + align:start position:0% +it's usually around maybe between 450 + + + align:start position:0% +it's usually around maybe between 450 +and 550 nanometers for many different + + align:start position:0% +and 550 nanometers for many different + + + align:start position:0% +and 550 nanometers for many different +fluorescent proteins + + align:start position:0% +fluorescent proteins + + + align:start position:0% +fluorescent proteins +okay so lambda here is the wavelength of + + align:start position:0% +okay so lambda here is the wavelength of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so lambda here is the wavelength of +the excitation or though of the light + + align:start position:0% +the excitation or though of the light + + + align:start position:0% +the excitation or though of the light +you're using + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and this is all then divided by two + + align:start position:0% +and this is all then divided by two + + + align:start position:0% +and this is all then divided by two +times the NA which is a property of this + + align:start position:0% +times the NA which is a property of this + + + align:start position:0% +times the NA which is a property of this +objective and what na is an a stands for + + align:start position:0% +objective and what na is an a stands for + + + align:start position:0% +objective and what na is an a stands for +numerical aperture and what what that is + + align:start position:0% +numerical aperture and what what that is + + + align:start position:0% +numerical aperture and what what that is +is it's basically the range of angles + + align:start position:0% +is it's basically the range of angles + + + align:start position:0% +is it's basically the range of angles +that this objective can collect okay so + + align:start position:0% +that this objective can collect okay so + + + align:start position:0% +that this objective can collect okay so +it's n sine theta where theta l-- theta + + align:start position:0% +it's n sine theta where theta l-- theta + + + align:start position:0% +it's n sine theta where theta l-- theta +is this angle here so you get the best + + align:start position:0% +is this angle here so you get the best + + + align:start position:0% +is this angle here so you get the best +performance if the objective can collect + + align:start position:0% +performance if the objective can collect + + + align:start position:0% +performance if the objective can collect +all of the light that comes from this + + align:start position:0% +all of the light that comes from this + + + align:start position:0% +all of the light that comes from this +side of the sample okay and then n + + align:start position:0% +side of the sample okay and then n + + + align:start position:0% +side of the sample okay and then n +refers to the refractive index of the + + align:start position:0% +refers to the refractive index of the + + + align:start position:0% +refers to the refractive index of the +media that this light is going through + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and so if you have an objective and + + align:start position:0% +okay and so if you have an objective and + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so if you have an objective and +you have your sent your sample and here + + align:start position:0% +you have your sent your sample and here + + + align:start position:0% +you have your sent your sample and here +and it's honest there's a slide in a + + align:start position:0% +and it's honest there's a slide in a + + + align:start position:0% +and it's honest there's a slide in a +coverslip I'll extend this out you often + + align:start position:0% +coverslip I'll extend this out you often + + + align:start position:0% +coverslip I'll extend this out you often +have emergen + + align:start position:0% +have emergen + + + align:start position:0% +have emergen +there'd be some sort of immersion media + + align:start position:0% +there'd be some sort of immersion media + + + align:start position:0% +there'd be some sort of immersion media +here and I don't know if you've ever + + align:start position:0% +here and I don't know if you've ever + + + align:start position:0% +here and I don't know if you've ever +used a mic microscope this meant to be + + align:start position:0% +used a mic microscope this meant to be + + + align:start position:0% +used a mic microscope this meant to be +used with immersion media and you don't + + align:start position:0% +used with immersion media and you don't + + + align:start position:0% +used with immersion media and you don't +add that immersion media but your image + + align:start position:0% +add that immersion media but your image + + + align:start position:0% +add that immersion media but your image +quality if you don't add that media is + + align:start position:0% +quality if you don't add that media is + + + align:start position:0% +quality if you don't add that media is +like really bad right and that's because + + align:start position:0% +like really bad right and that's because + + + align:start position:0% +like really bad right and that's because +that's because you're affecting the + + align:start position:0% +that's because you're affecting the + + + align:start position:0% +that's because you're affecting the +numerical aperture of sort of what this + + align:start position:0% +numerical aperture of sort of what this + + + align:start position:0% +numerical aperture of sort of what this +lens can correct collect and therefore + + align:start position:0% +lens can correct collect and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +lens can correct collect and therefore +you degrade your image quality okay but + + align:start position:0% +you degrade your image quality okay but + + + align:start position:0% +you degrade your image quality okay but +basically the more light the more angles + + align:start position:0% +basically the more light the more angles + + + align:start position:0% +basically the more light the more angles +of light that you collect the higher the + + align:start position:0% +of light that you collect the higher the + + + align:start position:0% +of light that you collect the higher the +numerical aperture and therefore the + + align:start position:0% +numerical aperture and therefore the + + + align:start position:0% +numerical aperture and therefore the +lower this demon is going to be and + + align:start position:0% +lower this demon is going to be and + + + align:start position:0% +lower this demon is going to be and +the greater you'll be able to resolve + + align:start position:0% +the greater you'll be able to resolve + + + align:start position:0% +the greater you'll be able to resolve +objects that are that are near each + + align:start position:0% +objects that are that are near each + + + align:start position:0% +objects that are that are near each +other in space okay so the take-home + + align:start position:0% +other in space okay so the take-home + + + align:start position:0% +other in space okay so the take-home +message from all of this is that you + + align:start position:0% +message from all of this is that you + + + align:start position:0% +message from all of this is that you +notice that magnification is not a part + + align:start position:0% +notice that magnification is not a part + + + align:start position:0% +notice that magnification is not a part +of this but the wavelength of the light + + align:start position:0% +of this but the wavelength of the light + + + align:start position:0% +of this but the wavelength of the light +is really critical okay so usually this + + align:start position:0% +is really critical okay so usually this + + + align:start position:0% +is really critical okay so usually this +minimum distance ends up being the + + align:start position:0% +minimum distance ends up being the + + + align:start position:0% +minimum distance ends up being the +wavelength of light that you're using + + align:start position:0% +wavelength of light that you're using + + + align:start position:0% +wavelength of light that you're using +divided by two and this usually ends up + + align:start position:0% +divided by two and this usually ends up + + + align:start position:0% +divided by two and this usually ends up +being about 200 nanometers so that's the + + align:start position:0% +being about 200 nanometers so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +being about 200 nanometers so that's the +diffraction limit of a light microscope + + align:start position:0% +diffraction limit of a light microscope + + + align:start position:0% +diffraction limit of a light microscope +as you see up there and this resolution + + align:start position:0% +as you see up there and this resolution + + + align:start position:0% +as you see up there and this resolution +limited is this this resolution is + + align:start position:0% +limited is this this resolution is + + + align:start position:0% +limited is this this resolution is +basically limited by the diffraction or + + align:start position:0% +basically limited by the diffraction or + + + align:start position:0% +basically limited by the diffraction or +behavior of light okay so light + + align:start position:0% +behavior of light okay so light + + + align:start position:0% +behavior of light okay so light +microscopy is limited by the diffraction + + align:start position:0% +microscopy is limited by the diffraction + + + align:start position:0% +microscopy is limited by the diffraction +of light + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and it was thought for a long time that + + align:start position:0% +and it was thought for a long time that + + + align:start position:0% +and it was thought for a long time that +no matter what you do you'd never be + + align:start position:0% +no matter what you do you'd never be + + + align:start position:0% +no matter what you do you'd never be +able to break this limit of about 200 + + align:start position:0% +able to break this limit of about 200 + + + align:start position:0% +able to break this limit of about 200 +nanometers but at the end of the lecture + + align:start position:0% +nanometers but at the end of the lecture + + + align:start position:0% +nanometers but at the end of the lecture +I'll tell you about some very smart + + align:start position:0% +I'll tell you about some very smart + + + align:start position:0% +I'll tell you about some very smart +people who figured out a way to actually + + align:start position:0% +people who figured out a way to actually + + + align:start position:0% +people who figured out a way to actually +break this limit and we'll talk about + + align:start position:0% +break this limit and we'll talk about + + + align:start position:0% +break this limit and we'll talk about +how they were able to do that now I want + + align:start position:0% +how they were able to do that now I want + + + align:start position:0% +how they were able to do that now I want +to talk about a few other limitations of + + align:start position:0% +to talk about a few other limitations of + + + align:start position:0% +to talk about a few other limitations of +of microscopy and I'm starting by + + align:start position:0% +of microscopy and I'm starting by + + + align:start position:0% +of microscopy and I'm starting by +showing you this electron micrograph of + + align:start position:0% +showing you this electron micrograph of + + + align:start position:0% +showing you this electron micrograph of +the endoplasmic reticulum and one + + align:start position:0% +the endoplasmic reticulum and one + + + align:start position:0% +the endoplasmic reticulum and one +important consideration you have to make + + align:start position:0% +important consideration you have to make + + + align:start position:0% +important consideration you have to make +is two dimensional versus three + + align:start position:0% +is two dimensional versus three + + + align:start position:0% +is two dimensional versus three +dimensional structure so for an electron + + align:start position:0% +dimensional structure so for an electron + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional structure so for an electron +microscopy you basically cut the sample + + align:start position:0% +microscopy you basically cut the sample + + + align:start position:0% +microscopy you basically cut the sample +so you have a very thin slice of it just + + align:start position:0% +so you have a very thin slice of it just + + + align:start position:0% +so you have a very thin slice of it just +like slicing bread okay except these + + align:start position:0% +like slicing bread okay except these + + + align:start position:0% +like slicing bread okay except these +slices are on the order of 30 to 60 + + align:start position:0% +slices are on the order of 30 to 60 + + + align:start position:0% +slices are on the order of 30 to 60 +nanometers in height and then you pass + + align:start position:0% +nanometers in height and then you pass + + + align:start position:0% +nanometers in height and then you pass +an electron beam through the sample + + align:start position:0% +an electron beam through the sample + + + align:start position:0% +an electron beam through the sample +after it stained in order to visualize + + align:start position:0% +after it stained in order to visualize + + + align:start position:0% +after it stained in order to visualize +your specimen and one thing you have to + + align:start position:0% +your specimen and one thing you have to + + + align:start position:0% +your specimen and one thing you have to +keep in mind is that you're just you're + + align:start position:0% +keep in mind is that you're just you're + + + align:start position:0% +keep in mind is that you're just you're +looking at a slice through this and it + + align:start position:0% +looking at a slice through this and it + + + align:start position:0% +looking at a slice through this and it +doesn't give you three-dimensional + + align:start position:0% +doesn't give you three-dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't give you three-dimensional +information okay so if we were to think + + align:start position:0% +information okay so if we were to think + + + align:start position:0% +information okay so if we were to think +about the endoplasmic reticulum right + + align:start position:0% +about the endoplasmic reticulum right + + + align:start position:0% +about the endoplasmic reticulum right +you might have a endoplasmic reticulum + + align:start position:0% +you might have a endoplasmic reticulum + + + align:start position:0% +you might have a endoplasmic reticulum +and if you take an optical slice through + + align:start position:0% +and if you take an optical slice through + + + align:start position:0% +and if you take an optical slice through +this then you would see something like + + align:start position:0% +this then you would see something like + + + align:start position:0% +this then you would see something like +this where you see each of the stacks + + align:start position:0% +this where you see each of the stacks + + + align:start position:0% +this where you see each of the stacks +individually + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so this might make you to conclude + + align:start position:0% +and so this might make you to conclude + + + align:start position:0% +and so this might make you to conclude +that the way the endoplasmic reticulum + + align:start position:0% +that the way the endoplasmic reticulum + + + align:start position:0% +that the way the endoplasmic reticulum +is structured is it's kind of like a + + align:start position:0% +is structured is it's kind of like a + + + align:start position:0% +is structured is it's kind of like a +stack of pancakes where each of these is + + align:start position:0% +stack of pancakes where each of these is + + + align:start position:0% +stack of pancakes where each of these is +you have a lipid bilayer surrounding a + + align:start position:0% +you have a lipid bilayer surrounding a + + + align:start position:0% +you have a lipid bilayer surrounding a +lumen of the ER so right the lumen would + + align:start position:0% +lumen of the ER so right the lumen would + + + align:start position:0% +lumen of the ER so right the lumen would +be inside like this for each of these + + align:start position:0% +be inside like this for each of these + + + align:start position:0% +be inside like this for each of these +and they're just stacked on top of each + + align:start position:0% +and they're just stacked on top of each + + + align:start position:0% +and they're just stacked on top of each +other and this is the textbook model for + + align:start position:0% +other and this is the textbook model for + + + align:start position:0% +other and this is the textbook model for +endoplasmic reticulum structure but it + + align:start position:0% +endoplasmic reticulum structure but it + + + align:start position:0% +endoplasmic reticulum structure but it +was actually I think the if if you don't + + align:start position:0% +was actually I think the if if you don't + + + align:start position:0% +was actually I think the if if you don't +consider this in 3d you might miss + + align:start position:0% +consider this in 3d you might miss + + + align:start position:0% +consider this in 3d you might miss +something and what was missed was + + align:start position:0% +something and what was missed was + + + align:start position:0% +something and what was missed was +reported in 2013 in this paper where + + align:start position:0% +reported in 2013 in this paper where + + + align:start position:0% +reported in 2013 in this paper where +rather than just taking a single slice + + align:start position:0% +rather than just taking a single slice + + + align:start position:0% +rather than just taking a single slice +what they did is they they made lots of + + align:start position:0% +what they did is they they made lots of + + + align:start position:0% +what they did is they they made lots of +slices and they kept track of where they + + align:start position:0% +slices and they kept track of where they + + + align:start position:0% +slices and they kept track of where they +are so they basically did a + + align:start position:0% +are so they basically did a + + + align:start position:0% +are so they basically did a +three-dimensional reconstruction of the + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional reconstruction of the + + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional reconstruction of the +endoplasmic reticulum and by imaging + + align:start position:0% +endoplasmic reticulum and by imaging + + + align:start position:0% +endoplasmic reticulum and by imaging +this other dimension they came to a very + + align:start position:0% +this other dimension they came to a very + + + align:start position:0% +this other dimension they came to a very +different conclusion about how the + + align:start position:0% +different conclusion about how the + + + align:start position:0% +different conclusion about how the +endoplasmic reticulum is organized and + + align:start position:0% +endoplasmic reticulum is organized and + + + align:start position:0% +endoplasmic reticulum is organized and +instead of being it stacks of membres + + align:start position:0% +instead of being it stacks of membres + + + align:start position:0% +instead of being it stacks of membres +membranes on top of each other like + + align:start position:0% +membranes on top of each other like + + + align:start position:0% +membranes on top of each other like +pancakes instead it's a helicoid so this + + align:start position:0% +pancakes instead it's a helicoid so this + + + align:start position:0% +pancakes instead it's a helicoid so this +is a proffesional ER from a professional + + align:start position:0% +is a proffesional ER from a professional + + + align:start position:0% +is a proffesional ER from a professional +secretory cell like a salivary gland + + align:start position:0% +secretory cell like a salivary gland + + + align:start position:0% +secretory cell like a salivary gland +cell and you can see in 3d you get a + + align:start position:0% +cell and you can see in 3d you get a + + + align:start position:0% +cell and you can see in 3d you get a +very different picture of the + + align:start position:0% +very different picture of the + + + align:start position:0% +very different picture of the +organization of this organelle it's + + align:start position:0% +organization of this organelle it's + + + align:start position:0% +organization of this organelle it's +actually wrapped around and spiraling + + align:start position:0% +actually wrapped around and spiraling + + + align:start position:0% +actually wrapped around and spiraling +membranes stacks okay so their model is + + align:start position:0% +membranes stacks okay so their model is + + + align:start position:0% +membranes stacks okay so their model is +that basically the endoplasmic reticulum + + align:start position:0% +that basically the endoplasmic reticulum + + + align:start position:0% +that basically the endoplasmic reticulum +and some cell types is basically has a + + align:start position:0% +and some cell types is basically has a + + + align:start position:0% +and some cell types is basically has a +parking garage like structure okay so in + + align:start position:0% +parking garage like structure okay so in + + + align:start position:0% +parking garage like structure okay so in +this case in these cells it seems like + + align:start position:0% +this case in these cells it seems like + + + align:start position:0% +this case in these cells it seems like +the the ER is basically a parking garage + + align:start position:0% +the the ER is basically a parking garage + + + align:start position:0% +the the ER is basically a parking garage +for ribosomes okay and you don't get + + align:start position:0% +for ribosomes okay and you don't get + + + align:start position:0% +for ribosomes okay and you don't get +that information unless you consider the + + align:start position:0% +that information unless you consider the + + + align:start position:0% +that information unless you consider the +three-dimensional structure of the the + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional structure of the the + + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional structure of the the +thing that you're looking at so in + + align:start position:0% +thing that you're looking at so in + + + align:start position:0% +thing that you're looking at so in +addition to electron microscopy there + + align:start position:0% +addition to electron microscopy there + + + align:start position:0% +addition to electron microscopy there +are techniques that involve light + + align:start position:0% +are techniques that involve light + + + align:start position:0% +are techniques that involve light +microscopy that involve optical + + align:start position:0% +microscopy that involve optical + + + align:start position:0% +microscopy that involve optical +sectioning + + align:start position:0% +sectioning + + + align:start position:0% +sectioning +and so normally if you're looking at a + + align:start position:0% +and so normally if you're looking at a + + + align:start position:0% +and so normally if you're looking at a +fluorescence if you're doing + + align:start position:0% +fluorescence if you're doing + + + align:start position:0% +fluorescence if you're doing +fluorescence microscopy you'd be + + align:start position:0% +fluorescence microscopy you'd be + + + align:start position:0% +fluorescence microscopy you'd be +exciting the whole volume of your sample + + align:start position:0% +exciting the whole volume of your sample + + + align:start position:0% +exciting the whole volume of your sample +and exciting all the fluorophores such + + align:start position:0% +and exciting all the fluorophores such + + + align:start position:0% +and exciting all the fluorophores such +that fluorescence from out of the focal + + align:start position:0% +that fluorescence from out of the focal + + + align:start position:0% +that fluorescence from out of the focal +plane would be getting into your image + + align:start position:0% +plane would be getting into your image + + + align:start position:0% +plane would be getting into your image +and that would give you a much more hazy + + align:start position:0% +and that would give you a much more hazy + + + align:start position:0% +and that would give you a much more hazy +unclear image but there are techniques + + align:start position:0% +unclear image but there are techniques + + + align:start position:0% +unclear image but there are techniques +such as confocal fluorescence microscopy + + align:start position:0% +such as confocal fluorescence microscopy + + + align:start position:0% +such as confocal fluorescence microscopy +that allow you to exclude the + + align:start position:0% +that allow you to exclude the + + + align:start position:0% +that allow you to exclude the +out-of-focus light such that you're + + align:start position:0% +out-of-focus light such that you're + + + align:start position:0% +out-of-focus light such that you're +basically getting an optical section + + align:start position:0% +basically getting an optical section + + + align:start position:0% +basically getting an optical section +through your sample and that can give + + align:start position:0% +through your sample and that can give + + + align:start position:0% +through your sample and that can give +you a much cleaner and better resolved + + align:start position:0% +you a much cleaner and better resolved + + + align:start position:0% +you a much cleaner and better resolved +image okay now I want to talk a little + + align:start position:0% +image okay now I want to talk a little + + + align:start position:0% +image okay now I want to talk a little +bit about another dimension which is + + align:start position:0% +bit about another dimension which is + + + align:start position:0% +bit about another dimension which is +time and again you're you're you're + + align:start position:0% +time and again you're you're you're + + + align:start position:0% +time and again you're you're you're +seeing images and textbooks and usually + + align:start position:0% +seeing images and textbooks and usually + + + align:start position:0% +seeing images and textbooks and usually +you're just seeing a single image and + + align:start position:0% +you're just seeing a single image and + + + align:start position:0% +you're just seeing a single image and +you whenever you see a single image you + + align:start position:0% +you whenever you see a single image you + + + align:start position:0% +you whenever you see a single image you +have to think about how things might be + + align:start position:0% +have to think about how things might be + + + align:start position:0% +have to think about how things might be +changing in time in order to understand + + align:start position:0% +changing in time in order to understand + + + align:start position:0% +changing in time in order to understand +the system so one example that I like + + align:start position:0% +the system so one example that I like + + + align:start position:0% +the system so one example that I like +here is shown here where these are + + align:start position:0% +here is shown here where these are + + + align:start position:0% +here is shown here where these are +different proteins that are labeled in a + + align:start position:0% +different proteins that are labeled in a + + + align:start position:0% +different proteins that are labeled in a +yeast cell and you see that these + + align:start position:0% +yeast cell and you see that these + + + align:start position:0% +yeast cell and you see that these +proteins form patches at the edge of the + + align:start position:0% +proteins form patches at the edge of the + + + align:start position:0% +proteins form patches at the edge of the +yeast cell and some of these patches + + align:start position:0% +yeast cell and some of these patches + + + align:start position:0% +yeast cell and some of these patches +just contain the green protein which is + + align:start position:0% +just contain the green protein which is + + + align:start position:0% +just contain the green protein which is +SL a1 and other patches contain just the + + align:start position:0% +SL a1 and other patches contain just the + + + align:start position:0% +SL a1 and other patches contain just the +red protein which is a B p1 and there's + + align:start position:0% +red protein which is a B p1 and there's + + + align:start position:0% +red protein which is a B p1 and there's +another class a patch which contains + + align:start position:0% +another class a patch which contains + + + align:start position:0% +another class a patch which contains +both okay so how might you interpret + + align:start position:0% +both okay so how might you interpret + + + align:start position:0% +both okay so how might you interpret +this this fixed image over here what + + align:start position:0% +this this fixed image over here what + + + align:start position:0% +this this fixed image over here what +might be one model you would conclude + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well what was what was initially + + align:start position:0% +well what was what was initially + + + align:start position:0% +well what was what was initially +concluded from this type of experiment + + align:start position:0% +concluded from this type of experiment + + + align:start position:0% +concluded from this type of experiment +is you have three different types of + + align:start position:0% +is you have three different types of + + + align:start position:0% +is you have three different types of +patches that are that are distinct from + + align:start position:0% +patches that are that are distinct from + + + align:start position:0% +patches that are that are distinct from +each other in the cell because they have + + align:start position:0% +each other in the cell because they have + + + align:start position:0% +each other in the cell because they have +different molecular compositions okay + + align:start position:0% +different molecular compositions okay + + + align:start position:0% +different molecular compositions okay +and that was what was initially thought + + align:start position:0% +and that was what was initially thought + + + align:start position:0% +and that was what was initially thought +but it was wrong because researchers had + + align:start position:0% +but it was wrong because researchers had + + + align:start position:0% +but it was wrong because researchers had +to really consider the aspect of time in + + align:start position:0% +to really consider the aspect of time in + + + align:start position:0% +to really consider the aspect of time in +this problem and I'm gonna show you a + + align:start position:0% +this problem and I'm gonna show you a + + + align:start position:0% +this problem and I'm gonna show you a +movie now over here where you see this + + align:start position:0% +movie now over here where you see this + + + align:start position:0% +movie now over here where you see this +yeast cell and now you have these + + align:start position:0% +yeast cell and now you have these + + + align:start position:0% +yeast cell and now you have these +different proteins tagged with different + + align:start position:0% +different proteins tagged with different + + + align:start position:0% +different proteins tagged with different +fluorescent proteins and we can watch + + align:start position:0% +fluorescent proteins and we can watch + + + align:start position:0% +fluorescent proteins and we can watch +them in in time as they progress through + + align:start position:0% +them in in time as they progress through + + + align:start position:0% +them in in time as they progress through +a stereotypic cycle so what you're going + + align:start position:0% +a stereotypic cycle so what you're going + + + align:start position:0% +a stereotypic cycle so what you're going +to notice in this movie is that you see + + align:start position:0% +to notice in this movie is that you see + + + align:start position:0% +to notice in this movie is that you see +these green patches appear and every + + align:start position:0% +these green patches appear and every + + + align:start position:0% +these green patches appear and every +single green patch at some point is + + align:start position:0% +single green patch at some point is + + + align:start position:0% +single green patch at some point is +joined by red and then the green + + align:start position:0% +joined by red and then the green + + + align:start position:0% +joined by red and then the green +disappears and the red stays around and + + align:start position:0% +disappears and the red stays around and + + + align:start position:0% +disappears and the red stays around and +then the thing disassembles okay so what + + align:start position:0% +then the thing disassembles okay so what + + + align:start position:0% +then the thing disassembles okay so what +was initially thought to be three + + align:start position:0% +was initially thought to be three + + + align:start position:0% +was initially thought to be three +different structures in the cell + + align:start position:0% +different structures in the cell + + + align:start position:0% +different structures in the cell +eventually it was found out that there + + align:start position:0% +eventually it was found out that there + + + align:start position:0% +eventually it was found out that there +was a dynamic process where this patch + + align:start position:0% +was a dynamic process where this patch + + + align:start position:0% +was a dynamic process where this patch +sort of matured over time and eventually + + align:start position:0% +sort of matured over time and eventually + + + align:start position:0% +sort of matured over time and eventually +disappeared into the cell and what this + + align:start position:0% +disappeared into the cell and what this + + + align:start position:0% +disappeared into the cell and what this +process is is actually endocytosis in + + align:start position:0% +process is is actually endocytosis in + + + align:start position:0% +process is is actually endocytosis in +yeast and you're seeing different + + align:start position:0% +yeast and you're seeing different + + + align:start position:0% +yeast and you're seeing different +proteins getting recruited to end acidic + + align:start position:0% +proteins getting recruited to end acidic + + + align:start position:0% +proteins getting recruited to end acidic +vesicles as they bud from the plasma + + align:start position:0% +vesicles as they bud from the plasma + + + align:start position:0% +vesicles as they bud from the plasma +membrane of this yeast okay so that's + + align:start position:0% +membrane of this yeast okay so that's + + + align:start position:0% +membrane of this yeast okay so that's +just my caution and interpreting + + align:start position:0% +just my caution and interpreting + + + align:start position:0% +just my caution and interpreting +interpreting fixed images because you + + align:start position:0% +interpreting fixed images because you + + + align:start position:0% +interpreting fixed images because you +have to think about how they might be + + align:start position:0% +have to think about how they might be + + + align:start position:0% +have to think about how they might be +changing in time all right so now we + + align:start position:0% +changing in time all right so now we + + + align:start position:0% +changing in time all right so now we +have to consider a contrast + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and in bright field microscopy and + + align:start position:0% +and in bright field microscopy and + + + align:start position:0% +and in bright field microscopy and +bright field microscopy basically + + align:start position:0% +bright field microscopy basically + + + align:start position:0% +bright field microscopy basically +involves a white light as your light + + align:start position:0% +involves a white light as your light + + + align:start position:0% +involves a white light as your light +source and so you'd have a microscope + + align:start position:0% +source and so you'd have a microscope + + + align:start position:0% +source and so you'd have a microscope +that has a white light source you might + + align:start position:0% +that has a white light source you might + + + align:start position:0% +that has a white light source you might +have your specimen here + + align:start position:0% +have your specimen here + + + align:start position:0% +have your specimen here +here's your specimen and then you'd have + + align:start position:0% +here's your specimen and then you'd have + + + align:start position:0% +here's your specimen and then you'd have +some sort of detector at the end of your + + align:start position:0% +some sort of detector at the end of your + + + align:start position:0% +some sort of detector at the end of your +system and there would be some objective + + align:start position:0% +system and there would be some objective + + + align:start position:0% +system and there would be some objective +lens in between which I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +lens in between which I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +lens in between which I'm going to +ignore for now and so for a bright field + + align:start position:0% +ignore for now and so for a bright field + + + align:start position:0% +ignore for now and so for a bright field +microscopy you're taking a sample and + + align:start position:0% +microscopy you're taking a sample and + + + align:start position:0% +microscopy you're taking a sample and +shining it with light the light that + + align:start position:0% +shining it with light the light that + + + align:start position:0% +shining it with light the light that +doesn't go through your sample will go + + align:start position:0% +doesn't go through your sample will go + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't go through your sample will go +right through to the detector and that's + + align:start position:0% +right through to the detector and that's + + + align:start position:0% +right through to the detector and that's +your background but some of this light + + align:start position:0% +your background but some of this light + + + align:start position:0% +your background but some of this light +the light that's going and hitting your + + align:start position:0% +the light that's going and hitting your + + + align:start position:0% +the light that's going and hitting your +sample could be absorbed or it could be + + align:start position:0% +sample could be absorbed or it could be + + + align:start position:0% +sample could be absorbed or it could be +refracted and that it's the refraction + + align:start position:0% +refracted and that it's the refraction + + + align:start position:0% +refracted and that it's the refraction +or absorbed absorption of this light + + align:start position:0% +or absorbed absorption of this light + + + align:start position:0% +or absorbed absorption of this light +which generates the contrast for bright + + align:start position:0% +which generates the contrast for bright + + + align:start position:0% +which generates the contrast for bright +field microscopy so in bright field + + align:start position:0% +field microscopy so in bright field + + + align:start position:0% +field microscopy so in bright field +native structures in the cell native + + align:start position:0% +native structures in the cell native + + + align:start position:0% +native structures in the cell native +structures absorb or refract light + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and this is what generates the contrast + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so the images shown up here are + + align:start position:0% +okay so the images shown up here are + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the images shown up here are +bright field images of cells and in each + + align:start position:0% +bright field images of cells and in each + + + align:start position:0% +bright field images of cells and in each +of these cases there's no dye there's no + + align:start position:0% +of these cases there's no dye there's no + + + align:start position:0% +of these cases there's no dye there's no +fluorescent protein but you're able to + + align:start position:0% +fluorescent protein but you're able to + + + align:start position:0% +fluorescent protein but you're able to +see the outline of the cell and you're + + align:start position:0% +see the outline of the cell and you're + + + align:start position:0% +see the outline of the cell and you're +able to see even individual organelles + + align:start position:0% +able to see even individual organelles + + + align:start position:0% +able to see even individual organelles +or structures within the cell that are + + align:start position:0% +or structures within the cell that are + + + align:start position:0% +or structures within the cell that are +interacting with the white light and + + align:start position:0% +interacting with the white light and + + + align:start position:0% +interacting with the white light and +generating contrast okay so that's one + + align:start position:0% +generating contrast okay so that's one + + + align:start position:0% +generating contrast okay so that's one +way to generate contrast is just hope + + align:start position:0% +way to generate contrast is just hope + + + align:start position:0% +way to generate contrast is just hope +that whatever is native in your cell + + align:start position:0% +that whatever is native in your cell + + + align:start position:0% +that whatever is native in your cell +generates the contrast but there also + + align:start position:0% +generates the contrast but there also + + + align:start position:0% +generates the contrast but there also +you can increase contrast in specimens + + align:start position:0% +you can increase contrast in specimens + + + align:start position:0% +you can increase contrast in specimens +by adding dyes and if these dyes bind to + + align:start position:0% +by adding dyes and if these dyes bind to + + + align:start position:0% +by adding dyes and if these dyes bind to +specific structures like a membrane then + + align:start position:0% +specific structures like a membrane then + + + align:start position:0% +specific structures like a membrane then +that will increase your contrast so the + + align:start position:0% +that will increase your contrast so the + + + align:start position:0% +that will increase your contrast so the +electron microscopy images that I showed + + align:start position:0% +electron microscopy images that I showed + + + align:start position:0% +electron microscopy images that I showed +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +so for electron microscopy you generate + + align:start position:0% +so for electron microscopy you generate + + + align:start position:0% +so for electron microscopy you generate +contrast by adding a dye that is an + + align:start position:0% +contrast by adding a dye that is an + + + align:start position:0% +contrast by adding a dye that is an +electron dense dye which will bend the + + align:start position:0% +electron dense dye which will bend the + + + align:start position:0% +electron dense dye which will bend the +electron beam and that's what allows you + + align:start position:0% +electron beam and that's what allows you + + + align:start position:0% +electron beam and that's what allows you +to get an image from eeehm so an e/m + + align:start position:0% +to get an image from eeehm so an e/m + + + align:start position:0% +to get an image from eeehm so an e/m +contrast is from an electron dense dye + + align:start position:0% +contrast is from an electron dense dye + + + align:start position:0% +contrast is from an electron dense dye +such as urinal acetate or some other + + align:start position:0% +such as urinal acetate or some other + + + align:start position:0% +such as urinal acetate or some other +type of dye now fluorescent microscopy + + align:start position:0% +type of dye now fluorescent microscopy + + + align:start position:0% +type of dye now fluorescent microscopy +fluorescence microscopy as Professor + + align:start position:0% +fluorescence microscopy as Professor + + + align:start position:0% +fluorescence microscopy as Professor +Imperiali showed you involves taking a + + align:start position:0% +Imperiali showed you involves taking a + + + align:start position:0% +Imperiali showed you involves taking a +fluorescent molecule and attach it + + align:start position:0% +fluorescent molecule and attach it + + + align:start position:0% +fluorescent molecule and attach it +attaching it to your protein of interest + + align:start position:0% +attaching it to your protein of interest + + + align:start position:0% +attaching it to your protein of interest +so you're actually getting protein + + align:start position:0% +so you're actually getting protein + + + align:start position:0% +so you're actually getting protein +specific contrast which is very useful + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and the way a fluorescence + + align:start position:0% +okay and the way a fluorescence + + + align:start position:0% +okay and the way a fluorescence +microscope works is just shown up here + + align:start position:0% +microscope works is just shown up here + + + align:start position:0% +microscope works is just shown up here +where you might have a light source that + + align:start position:0% +where you might have a light source that + + + align:start position:0% +where you might have a light source that +has a range of wavelengths and you can + + align:start position:0% +has a range of wavelengths and you can + + + align:start position:0% +has a range of wavelengths and you can +use a filter to select one in the case + + align:start position:0% +use a filter to select one in the case + + + align:start position:0% +use a filter to select one in the case +of GFP it would be blue light or 488 + + align:start position:0% +of GFP it would be blue light or 488 + + + align:start position:0% +of GFP it would be blue light or 488 +nanometer light and that would then be + + align:start position:0% +nanometer light and that would then be + + + align:start position:0% +nanometer light and that would then be +shined onto your specimen and then the + + align:start position:0% +shined onto your specimen and then the + + + align:start position:0% +shined onto your specimen and then the +light is absorbed by fluorophores in + + align:start position:0% +light is absorbed by fluorophores in + + + align:start position:0% +light is absorbed by fluorophores in +your specimen some energy is lost such + + align:start position:0% +your specimen some energy is lost such + + + align:start position:0% +your specimen some energy is lost such +that the light that's emitted from GFP + + align:start position:0% +that the light that's emitted from GFP + + + align:start position:0% +that the light that's emitted from GFP +is a longer wavelength in this case + + align:start position:0% +is a longer wavelength in this case + + + align:start position:0% +is a longer wavelength in this case +green and then you can filter again to + + align:start position:0% +green and then you can filter again to + + + align:start position:0% +green and then you can filter again to +make sure only the green light is what + + align:start position:0% +make sure only the green light is what + + + align:start position:0% +make sure only the green light is what +goes to the detector so this is a very + + align:start position:0% +goes to the detector so this is a very + + + align:start position:0% +goes to the detector so this is a very +efficient way of generating contrast + + align:start position:0% +efficient way of generating contrast + + + align:start position:0% +efficient way of generating contrast +because you can use filters to select + + align:start position:0% +because you can use filters to select + + + align:start position:0% +because you can use filters to select +only the wavelength of light that is + + align:start position:0% +only the wavelength of light that is + + + align:start position:0% +only the wavelength of light that is +emitted from your fluorescent molecule + + align:start position:0% +emitted from your fluorescent molecule + + + align:start position:0% +emitted from your fluorescent molecule +okay any questions about that and about + + align:start position:0% +okay any questions about that and about + + + align:start position:0% +okay any questions about that and about +my very short version of how + + align:start position:0% +my very short version of how + + + align:start position:0% +my very short version of how +fluorescence microscopy works yeah + + align:start position:0% +fluorescence microscopy works yeah + + + align:start position:0% +fluorescence microscopy works yeah +Rachel + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the dichroic mirror reflects certain + + align:start position:0% +the dichroic mirror reflects certain + + + align:start position:0% +the dichroic mirror reflects certain +wavelengths that are below a certain + + align:start position:0% +wavelengths that are below a certain + + + align:start position:0% +wavelengths that are below a certain +wavelength and will pass wavelengths + + align:start position:0% +wavelength and will pass wavelengths + + + align:start position:0% +wavelength and will pass wavelengths +that are above the wavelength so it'll + + align:start position:0% +that are above the wavelength so it'll + + + align:start position:0% +that are above the wavelength so it'll +basically reflect the excitation light + + align:start position:0% +basically reflect the excitation light + + + align:start position:0% +basically reflect the excitation light +but it will pass the the emitted light + + align:start position:0% +but it will pass the the emitted light + + + align:start position:0% +but it will pass the the emitted light +okay and so you you there like there are + + align:start position:0% +okay and so you you there like there are + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so you you there like there are +tons of these mirrors some are not + + align:start position:0% +tons of these mirrors some are not + + + align:start position:0% +tons of these mirrors some are not +dichroic but are like what they can like + + align:start position:0% +dichroic but are like what they can like + + + align:start position:0% +dichroic but are like what they can like +reflect for different wavelengths and + + align:start position:0% +reflect for different wavelengths and + + + align:start position:0% +reflect for different wavelengths and +pass like all other wavelengths and so + + align:start position:0% +pass like all other wavelengths and so + + + align:start position:0% +pass like all other wavelengths and so +this allows you to like image multiple + + align:start position:0% +this allows you to like image multiple + + + align:start position:0% +this allows you to like image multiple +fluorophores at the same time okay the + + align:start position:0% +fluorophores at the same time okay the + + + align:start position:0% +fluorophores at the same time okay the +specifics aren't as important as the + + align:start position:0% +specifics aren't as important as the + + + align:start position:0% +specifics aren't as important as the +general concept of how this works okay + + align:start position:0% +general concept of how this works okay + + + align:start position:0% +general concept of how this works okay +now I want to come back to the + + align:start position:0% +now I want to come back to the + + + align:start position:0% +now I want to come back to the +resolution limit and I want to tell you + + align:start position:0% +resolution limit and I want to tell you + + + align:start position:0% +resolution limit and I want to tell you +about how we can beat it + + align:start position:0% +about how we can beat it + + + align:start position:0% +about how we can beat it +so beating we all like winning so + + align:start position:0% +so beating we all like winning so + + + align:start position:0% +so beating we all like winning so +beating the diffraction limit and this + + align:start position:0% +beating the diffraction limit and this + + + align:start position:0% +beating the diffraction limit and this +is going to involve a type of microscopy + + align:start position:0% +is going to involve a type of microscopy + + + align:start position:0% +is going to involve a type of microscopy +that's really sort of been developed in + + align:start position:0% +that's really sort of been developed in + + + align:start position:0% +that's really sort of been developed in +the past decade which is known as super + + align:start position:0% +the past decade which is known as super + + + align:start position:0% +the past decade which is known as super +resolution microscopy so super + + align:start position:0% +resolution microscopy so super + + + align:start position:0% +resolution microscopy so super +resolution microscopy and remember I + + align:start position:0% +resolution microscopy and remember I + + + align:start position:0% +resolution microscopy and remember I +mentioned for you before that yes + + align:start position:0% +mentioned for you before that yes + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned for you before that yes +electron microscopy can get you + + align:start position:0% +electron microscopy can get you + + + align:start position:0% +electron microscopy can get you +nanometer resolution but you have to + + align:start position:0% +nanometer resolution but you have to + + + align:start position:0% +nanometer resolution but you have to +kill the cell and also it's hard to get + + align:start position:0% +kill the cell and also it's hard to get + + + align:start position:0% +kill the cell and also it's hard to get +protein specific contrast right so that + + align:start position:0% +protein specific contrast right so that + + + align:start position:0% +protein specific contrast right so that +kind of sucks because as biologists + + align:start position:0% +kind of sucks because as biologists + + + align:start position:0% +kind of sucks because as biologists +usually we're interested in how things + + align:start position:0% +usually we're interested in how things + + + align:start position:0% +usually we're interested in how things +are like functioning to stay it to live + + align:start position:0% +are like functioning to stay it to live + + + align:start position:0% +are like functioning to stay it to live +so wouldn't it be great if we could + + align:start position:0% +so wouldn't it be great if we could + + + align:start position:0% +so wouldn't it be great if we could +somehow use light microscopy to get down + + align:start position:0% +somehow use light microscopy to get down + + + align:start position:0% +somehow use light microscopy to get down +into this nanometer range so that we can + + align:start position:0% +into this nanometer range so that we can + + + align:start position:0% +into this nanometer range so that we can +see how individual proteins are + + align:start position:0% +see how individual proteins are + + + align:start position:0% +see how individual proteins are +interacting with each other and + + align:start position:0% +interacting with each other and + + + align:start position:0% +interacting with each other and +organized at the nanometer level okay + + align:start position:0% +organized at the nanometer level okay + + + align:start position:0% +organized at the nanometer level okay +and so in the past decade there's really + + align:start position:0% +and so in the past decade there's really + + + align:start position:0% +and so in the past decade there's really +revolution that's enabled us to do light + + align:start position:0% +revolution that's enabled us to do light + + + align:start position:0% +revolution that's enabled us to do light +microscopy with the resolution that gets + + align:start position:0% +microscopy with the resolution that gets + + + align:start position:0% +microscopy with the resolution that gets +down to the 10 or even single nanometer + + align:start position:0% +down to the 10 or even single nanometer + + + align:start position:0% +down to the 10 or even single nanometer +resolution and either there's a number + + align:start position:0% +resolution and either there's a number + + + align:start position:0% +resolution and either there's a number +of different sub super resolution + + align:start position:0% +of different sub super resolution + + + align:start position:0% +of different sub super resolution +techniques I'm gonna talk about just one + + align:start position:0% +techniques I'm gonna talk about just one + + + align:start position:0% +techniques I'm gonna talk about just one +of them but both these techniques + + align:start position:0% +of them but both these techniques + + + align:start position:0% +of them but both these techniques +basically use the same concept which is + + align:start position:0% +basically use the same concept which is + + + align:start position:0% +basically use the same concept which is +that they enable the whoever is doing it + + align:start position:0% +that they enable the whoever is doing it + + + align:start position:0% +that they enable the whoever is doing it +to identify single molecules and define + + align:start position:0% +to identify single molecules and define + + + align:start position:0% +to identify single molecules and define +where those molecules are very precisely + + align:start position:0% +where those molecules are very precisely + + + align:start position:0% +where those molecules are very precisely +and to turn fluorescent molecules on and + + align:start position:0% +and to turn fluorescent molecules on and + + + align:start position:0% +and to turn fluorescent molecules on and +off so that you can select individual + + align:start position:0% +off so that you can select individual + + + align:start position:0% +off so that you can select individual +molecules such that you can see them so + + align:start position:0% +molecules such that you can see them so + + + align:start position:0% +molecules such that you can see them so +these are two different techniques + + align:start position:0% +these are two different techniques + + + align:start position:0% +these are two different techniques +they're conceptually very similar I'm + + align:start position:0% +they're conceptually very similar I'm + + + align:start position:0% +they're conceptually very similar I'm +gonna focus on this one here but it's + + align:start position:0% +gonna focus on this one here but it's + + + align:start position:0% +gonna focus on this one here but it's +it's pretty much similar to this one up + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty much similar to this one up + + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty much similar to this one up +here and I just want to point out that + + align:start position:0% +here and I just want to point out that + + + align:start position:0% +here and I just want to point out that +one of our colleagues here at Ibrahim or + + align:start position:0% +one of our colleagues here at Ibrahim or + + + align:start position:0% +one of our colleagues here at Ibrahim or +one of our colleagues here at MIT + + align:start position:0% +one of our colleagues here at MIT + + + align:start position:0% +one of our colleagues here at MIT +Ibrahim sesay who's in the physics + + align:start position:0% +Ibrahim sesay who's in the physics + + + align:start position:0% +Ibrahim sesay who's in the physics +department his lab builds these super + + align:start position:0% +department his lab builds these super + + + align:start position:0% +department his lab builds these super +resolution microscope and they're using + + align:start position:0% +resolution microscope and they're using + + + align:start position:0% +resolution microscope and they're using +super resolution microscopy to study the + + align:start position:0% +super resolution microscopy to study the + + + align:start position:0% +super resolution microscopy to study the +collective behaviors of proteins in his + + align:start position:0% +collective behaviors of proteins in his + + + align:start position:0% +collective behaviors of proteins in his +case during the function of gene + + align:start position:0% +case during the function of gene + + + align:start position:0% +case during the function of gene +expression okay so this is research + + align:start position:0% +expression okay so this is research + + + align:start position:0% +expression okay so this is research +that's actively being pursued at MIT so + + align:start position:0% +that's actively being pursued at MIT so + + + align:start position:0% +that's actively being pursued at MIT so +let's just do a thought experiment again + + align:start position:0% +let's just do a thought experiment again + + + align:start position:0% +let's just do a thought experiment again +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay I'm drawing a single molecule or + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm drawing a single molecule or + + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm drawing a single molecule or +what you would see in an image if you + + align:start position:0% +what you would see in an image if you + + + align:start position:0% +what you would see in an image if you +are looking at a single molecule of GFP + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +great where is GFP here Carmen it's + + align:start position:0% +great where is GFP here Carmen it's + + + align:start position:0% +great where is GFP here Carmen it's +right there on the board right + + align:start position:0% +right there on the board right + + + align:start position:0% +right there on the board right +is it here what's that who who thinks + + align:start position:0% +is it here what's that who who thinks + + + align:start position:0% +is it here what's that who who thinks +GFP is right here who does not think GFP + + align:start position:0% +GFP is right here who does not think GFP + + + align:start position:0% +GFP is right here who does not think GFP +is right there you have to be thinking + + align:start position:0% +is right there you have to be thinking + + + align:start position:0% +is right there you have to be thinking +one or the other + + align:start position:0% +one or the other + + + align:start position:0% +one or the other +yeah Rachel okay so what rachel says is + + align:start position:0% +yeah Rachel okay so what rachel says is + + + align:start position:0% +yeah Rachel okay so what rachel says is +that is probably not right here it's + + align:start position:0% +that is probably not right here it's + + + align:start position:0% +that is probably not right here it's +probably in the middle of this thing + + align:start position:0% +probably in the middle of this thing + + + align:start position:0% +probably in the middle of this thing +right and so if you're seeing a + + align:start position:0% +right and so if you're seeing a + + + align:start position:0% +right and so if you're seeing a +diffraction-limited spot right you're + + align:start position:0% +diffraction-limited spot right you're + + + align:start position:0% +diffraction-limited spot right you're +gonna get some sort of Gaussian of + + align:start position:0% +gonna get some sort of Gaussian of + + + align:start position:0% +gonna get some sort of Gaussian of +intensity which I didn't draw well here + + align:start position:0% +intensity which I didn't draw well here + + + align:start position:0% +intensity which I didn't draw well here +but it might be a little bit brighter in + + align:start position:0% +but it might be a little bit brighter in + + + align:start position:0% +but it might be a little bit brighter in +the center and drop off as you go + + align:start position:0% +the center and drop off as you go + + + align:start position:0% +the center and drop off as you go +towards the edge right so if I were to + + align:start position:0% +towards the edge right so if I were to + + + align:start position:0% +towards the edge right so if I were to +take an image intensity profile along + + align:start position:0% +take an image intensity profile along + + + align:start position:0% +take an image intensity profile along +the line here you'd see something that + + align:start position:0% +the line here you'd see something that + + + align:start position:0% +the line here you'd see something that +kind of looked like a Gaussian okay and + + align:start position:0% +kind of looked like a Gaussian okay and + + + align:start position:0% +kind of looked like a Gaussian okay and +GFP if there's a single molecule that + + align:start position:0% +GFP if there's a single molecule that + + + align:start position:0% +GFP if there's a single molecule that +your image imaging should be right in + + align:start position:0% +your image imaging should be right in + + + align:start position:0% +your image imaging should be right in +the center of this Gaussian okay and so + + align:start position:0% +the center of this Gaussian okay and so + + + align:start position:0% +the center of this Gaussian okay and so +even though we're not seeing a spot + + align:start position:0% +even though we're not seeing a spot + + + align:start position:0% +even though we're not seeing a spot +that's we're seeing a spot that its + + align:start position:0% +that's we're seeing a spot that its + + + align:start position:0% +that's we're seeing a spot that its +width here is diffraction limited so + + align:start position:0% +width here is diffraction limited so + + + align:start position:0% +width here is diffraction limited so +this width is 200 nanometers but if we + + align:start position:0% +this width is 200 nanometers but if we + + + align:start position:0% +this width is 200 nanometers but if we +can estimate where the molecule is in + + align:start position:0% +can estimate where the molecule is in + + + align:start position:0% +can estimate where the molecule is in +this region with nanometre precision we + + align:start position:0% +this region with nanometre precision we + + + align:start position:0% +this region with nanometre precision we +could get a very accurate view of where + + align:start position:0% +could get a very accurate view of where + + + align:start position:0% +could get a very accurate view of where +this fluorescent molecule is okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so it relies on certain assumptions the + + align:start position:0% +so it relies on certain assumptions the + + + align:start position:0% +so it relies on certain assumptions the +first assumption is that you're assuming + + align:start position:0% +first assumption is that you're assuming + + + align:start position:0% +first assumption is that you're assuming +we can see single molecules of or single + + align:start position:0% +we can see single molecules of or single + + + align:start position:0% +we can see single molecules of or single +fluorescent molecules so that we + + align:start position:0% +fluorescent molecules so that we + + + align:start position:0% +fluorescent molecules so that we +visualize single fluorescent molecules + + align:start position:0% +visualize single fluorescent molecules + + + align:start position:0% +visualize single fluorescent molecules +and that we can then estimate with some + + align:start position:0% +and that we can then estimate with some + + + align:start position:0% +and that we can then estimate with some +amount of precision the location of the + + align:start position:0% +amount of precision the location of the + + + align:start position:0% +amount of precision the location of the +molecule based on this diffraction + + align:start position:0% +molecule based on this diffraction + + + align:start position:0% +molecule based on this diffraction +limited sort of image that we get so + + align:start position:0% +limited sort of image that we get so + + + align:start position:0% +limited sort of image that we get so +then we have to estimate the location + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +based on the image okay and then our + + align:start position:0% +based on the image okay and then our + + + align:start position:0% +based on the image okay and then our +resolution is basically the error in + + align:start position:0% +resolution is basically the error in + + + align:start position:0% +resolution is basically the error in +fitting this curve okay so the error in + + align:start position:0% +fitting this curve okay so the error in + + + align:start position:0% +fitting this curve okay so the error in +the fitted position is equal to the + + align:start position:0% +the fitted position is equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +the fitted position is equal to the +standard deviation of this Gaussian the + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation of this Gaussian the + + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation of this Gaussian the +standard deviation divided by the square + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation divided by the square + + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation divided by the square +root of the number of photons that you + + align:start position:0% +root of the number of photons that you + + + align:start position:0% +root of the number of photons that you +collected to get that image so the + + align:start position:0% +collected to get that image so the + + + align:start position:0% +collected to get that image so the +square root of the number of photons + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and I just told you in the + + align:start position:0% +okay and I just told you in the + + + align:start position:0% +okay and I just told you in the +beginning of the lecture that this + + align:start position:0% +beginning of the lecture that this + + + align:start position:0% +beginning of the lecture that this +standard deviation is limited by the + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation is limited by the + + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation is limited by the +diffraction of lights so the standard + + align:start position:0% +diffraction of lights so the standard + + + align:start position:0% +diffraction of lights so the standard +deviation is going to be around 200 + + align:start position:0% +deviation is going to be around 200 + + + align:start position:0% +deviation is going to be around 200 +nanometers right but if you collect a + + align:start position:0% +nanometers right but if you collect a + + + align:start position:0% +nanometers right but if you collect a +lot of photons you can accurate + + align:start position:0% +lot of photons you can accurate + + + align:start position:0% +lot of photons you can accurate +accurately figure out where the + + align:start position:0% +accurately figure out where the + + + align:start position:0% +accurately figure out where the +fluorescent molecule is here if you know + + align:start position:0% +fluorescent molecule is here if you know + + + align:start position:0% +fluorescent molecule is here if you know +that it's a single molecule okay so the + + align:start position:0% +that it's a single molecule okay so the + + + align:start position:0% +that it's a single molecule okay so the +number of photons in a typical + + align:start position:0% +number of photons in a typical + + + align:start position:0% +number of photons in a typical +experiment is going to be around 10 to + + align:start position:0% +experiment is going to be around 10 to + + + align:start position:0% +experiment is going to be around 10 to +the fourth okay and so if you 200 not + + align:start position:0% +the fourth okay and so if you 200 not + + + align:start position:0% +the fourth okay and so if you 200 not +nanometers by 10 to the fourth + + align:start position:0% +nanometers by 10 to the fourth + + + align:start position:0% +nanometers by 10 to the fourth +you're going to have sub nanometer + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have sub nanometer + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have sub nanometer +resolution if you do the experiment + + align:start position:0% +resolution if you do the experiment + + + align:start position:0% +resolution if you do the experiment +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +okay so you really need to see + + align:start position:0% +okay so you really need to see + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you really need to see +fluorescent molecules however in order + + align:start position:0% +fluorescent molecules however in order + + + align:start position:0% +fluorescent molecules however in order +to do this okay and the real + + align:start position:0% +to do this okay and the real + + + align:start position:0% +to do this okay and the real +breakthrough came with the realization + + align:start position:0% +breakthrough came with the realization + + + align:start position:0% +breakthrough came with the realization +that you could combine this type of + + align:start position:0% +that you could combine this type of + + + align:start position:0% +that you could combine this type of +fitting to estimate the position of + + align:start position:0% +fitting to estimate the position of + + + align:start position:0% +fitting to estimate the position of +single molecules with a certain type of + + align:start position:0% +single molecules with a certain type of + + + align:start position:0% +single molecules with a certain type of +fluorescent protein where you can turn + + align:start position:0% +fluorescent protein where you can turn + + + align:start position:0% +fluorescent protein where you can turn +the protein on and off stochastically + + align:start position:0% +the protein on and off stochastically + + + align:start position:0% +the protein on and off stochastically +okay okay so we need one more component + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so we need one more component + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so we need one more component +which is a photoactivatable fluorescent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +protein in this case the first one was + + align:start position:0% +protein in this case the first one was + + + align:start position:0% +protein in this case the first one was +flora photoactivatable gfp or PA gfp and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +PA gfp is a fluorescent protein like gfp + + align:start position:0% +PA gfp is a fluorescent protein like gfp + + + align:start position:0% +PA gfp is a fluorescent protein like gfp +it's genetically encoded but when it + + align:start position:0% +it's genetically encoded but when it + + + align:start position:0% +it's genetically encoded but when it +matures it's not fluorescent it's in a + + align:start position:0% +matures it's not fluorescent it's in a + + + align:start position:0% +matures it's not fluorescent it's in a +dark State okay so when it matures it's + + align:start position:0% +dark State okay so when it matures it's + + + align:start position:0% +dark State okay so when it matures it's +dark it has a dark state and it starts + + align:start position:0% +dark it has a dark state and it starts + + + align:start position:0% +dark it has a dark state and it starts +out in this dark state but you can turn + + align:start position:0% +out in this dark state but you can turn + + + align:start position:0% +out in this dark state but you can turn +it on and you can turn it on with light + + align:start position:0% +it on and you can turn it on with light + + + align:start position:0% +it on and you can turn it on with light +so you that's where the photo activation + + align:start position:0% +so you that's where the photo activation + + + align:start position:0% +so you that's where the photo activation +is because you're able to photo activate + + align:start position:0% +is because you're able to photo activate + + + align:start position:0% +is because you're able to photo activate +this fluorescent molecule and it's you + + align:start position:0% +this fluorescent molecule and it's you + + + align:start position:0% +this fluorescent molecule and it's you +can photo activate with sort of UV light + + align:start position:0% +can photo activate with sort of UV light + + + align:start position:0% +can photo activate with sort of UV light +or 405 nanometers light and so that's + + align:start position:0% +or 405 nanometers light and so that's + + + align:start position:0% +or 405 nanometers light and so that's +not normally the excitation wavelength + + align:start position:0% +not normally the excitation wavelength + + + align:start position:0% +not normally the excitation wavelength +but if you if you shine your sample with + + align:start position:0% +but if you if you shine your sample with + + + align:start position:0% +but if you if you shine your sample with +four or five nanometer light it will + + align:start position:0% +four or five nanometer light it will + + + align:start position:0% +four or five nanometer light it will +convert some set of your molecules into + + align:start position:0% +convert some set of your molecules into + + + align:start position:0% +convert some set of your molecules into +the now fluorescent state okay so this + + align:start position:0% +the now fluorescent state okay so this + + + align:start position:0% +the now fluorescent state okay so this +then causes it to be fluorescent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and now it's going to be lighting up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and I want to thank professor cissé + + align:start position:0% +okay and I want to thank professor cissé + + + align:start position:0% +okay and I want to thank professor cissé +because he gave me the next slide which + + align:start position:0% +because he gave me the next slide which + + + align:start position:0% +because he gave me the next slide which +I think nicely shows how this technique + + align:start position:0% +I think nicely shows how this technique + + + align:start position:0% +I think nicely shows how this technique +works so the way you can get super + + align:start position:0% +works so the way you can get super + + + align:start position:0% +works so the way you can get super +resolution is you can't be looking at + + align:start position:0% +resolution is you can't be looking at + + + align:start position:0% +resolution is you can't be looking at +all your fluorophores at once because + + align:start position:0% +all your fluorophores at once because + + + align:start position:0% +all your fluorophores at once because +they're not far enough apart and they'll + + align:start position:0% +they're not far enough apart and they'll + + + align:start position:0% +they're not far enough apart and they'll +all bleed together so that you get a bad + + align:start position:0% +all bleed together so that you get a bad + + + align:start position:0% +all bleed together so that you get a bad +image right so this would be your + + align:start position:0% +image right so this would be your + + + align:start position:0% +image right so this would be your +conventional diffraction-limited image + + align:start position:0% +conventional diffraction-limited image + + + align:start position:0% +conventional diffraction-limited image +where all the four fours it's about 20 + + align:start position:0% +where all the four fours it's about 20 + + + align:start position:0% +where all the four fours it's about 20 +fluorophores here and you can see you + + align:start position:0% +fluorophores here and you can see you + + + align:start position:0% +fluorophores here and you can see you +can't see individual floor fours and you + + align:start position:0% +can't see individual floor fours and you + + + align:start position:0% +can't see individual floor fours and you +can't see what that says okay but if you + + align:start position:0% +can't see what that says okay but if you + + + align:start position:0% +can't see what that says okay but if you +take a divide-and-conquer approach with + + align:start position:0% +take a divide-and-conquer approach with + + + align:start position:0% +take a divide-and-conquer approach with +this if you have a photo activatable GFP + + align:start position:0% +this if you have a photo activatable GFP + + + align:start position:0% +this if you have a photo activatable GFP +you don't need to look at them all at + + align:start position:0% +you don't need to look at them all at + + + align:start position:0% +you don't need to look at them all at +once you can just look at three to start + + align:start position:0% +once you can just look at three to start + + + align:start position:0% +once you can just look at three to start +okay so now if you only activate a small + + align:start position:0% +okay so now if you only activate a small + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now if you only activate a small +subset and you ensure that there you're + + align:start position:0% +subset and you ensure that there you're + + + align:start position:0% +subset and you ensure that there you're +activating it at a frequency such that + + align:start position:0% +activating it at a frequency such that + + + align:start position:0% +activating it at a frequency such that +they're well resolved from each other + + align:start position:0% +they're well resolved from each other + + + align:start position:0% +they're well resolved from each other +then you can distinguish that there are + + align:start position:0% +then you can distinguish that there are + + + align:start position:0% +then you can distinguish that there are +three single molecules here you can fit + + align:start position:0% +three single molecules here you can fit + + + align:start position:0% +three single molecules here you can fit +where they are and now you know where + + align:start position:0% +where they are and now you know where + + + align:start position:0% +where they are and now you know where +they are with nanometre precision so you + + align:start position:0% +they are with nanometre precision so you + + + align:start position:0% +they are with nanometre precision so you +know where those are and then you want + + align:start position:0% +know where those are and then you want + + + align:start position:0% +know where those are and then you want +to look at other molecules and so you + + align:start position:0% +to look at other molecules and so you + + + align:start position:0% +to look at other molecules and so you +have to get rid of these and so what you + + align:start position:0% +have to get rid of these and so what you + + + align:start position:0% +have to get rid of these and so what you +would do is to bleach them and bleaching + + align:start position:0% +would do is to bleach them and bleaching + + + align:start position:0% +would do is to bleach them and bleaching +is to use lights to basically damage the + + align:start position:0% +is to use lights to basically damage the + + + align:start position:0% +is to use lights to basically damage the +floor floor and get it to no longer + + align:start position:0% +floor floor and get it to no longer + + + align:start position:0% +floor floor and get it to no longer +fluoresce okay so this process is going + + align:start position:0% +fluoresce okay so this process is going + + + align:start position:0% +fluoresce okay so this process is going +to involve an iterative photoactivation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +followed by sort of measuring and + + align:start position:0% +followed by sort of measuring and + + + align:start position:0% +followed by sort of measuring and +fitting + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the image so that you can I'd basically + + align:start position:0% +the image so that you can I'd basically + + + align:start position:0% +the image so that you can I'd basically +determine where each single molecule is + + align:start position:0% +determine where each single molecule is + + + align:start position:0% +determine where each single molecule is +in your image and then ending with + + align:start position:0% +in your image and then ending with + + + align:start position:0% +in your image and then ending with +bleaching to get rid of the fluorophores + + align:start position:0% +bleaching to get rid of the fluorophores + + + align:start position:0% +bleaching to get rid of the fluorophores +you just turned on so that everything is + + align:start position:0% +you just turned on so that everything is + + + align:start position:0% +you just turned on so that everything is +now dark again and then you repeat this + + align:start position:0% +now dark again and then you repeat this + + + align:start position:0% +now dark again and then you repeat this +process iteratively to collect all of + + align:start position:0% +process iteratively to collect all of + + + align:start position:0% +process iteratively to collect all of +the the single molecules that you can + + align:start position:0% +the the single molecules that you can + + + align:start position:0% +the the single molecules that you can +okay so in this case right we just got + + align:start position:0% +okay so in this case right we just got + + + align:start position:0% +okay so in this case right we just got +these three molecules we would then want + + align:start position:0% +these three molecules we would then want + + + align:start position:0% +these three molecules we would then want +to bleach them so that we're now going + + align:start position:0% +to bleach them so that we're now going + + + align:start position:0% +to bleach them so that we're now going +to look at different fluorescent + + align:start position:0% +to look at different fluorescent + + + align:start position:0% +to look at different fluorescent +molecules and we'll turn on a certain + + align:start position:0% +molecules and we'll turn on a certain + + + align:start position:0% +molecules and we'll turn on a certain +number of other fluorescent molecules + + align:start position:0% +number of other fluorescent molecules + + + align:start position:0% +number of other fluorescent molecules +here that you see for here are two + + align:start position:0% +here that you see for here are two + + + align:start position:0% +here that you see for here are two +they're a little close together but you + + align:start position:0% +they're a little close together but you + + + align:start position:0% +they're a little close together but you +can see that there are two here are + + align:start position:0% +can see that there are two here are + + + align:start position:0% +can see that there are two here are +another two they're close together but + + align:start position:0% +another two they're close together but + + + align:start position:0% +another two they're close together but +you see to clear intensity Peaks and so + + align:start position:0% +you see to clear intensity Peaks and so + + + align:start position:0% +you see to clear intensity Peaks and so +you can fit those four and now you have + + align:start position:0% +you can fit those four and now you have + + + align:start position:0% +you can fit those four and now you have +four more molecules to make up your + + align:start position:0% +four more molecules to make up your + + + align:start position:0% +four more molecules to make up your +image you bleach them excite or activate + + align:start position:0% +image you bleach them excite or activate + + + align:start position:0% +image you bleach them excite or activate +five more here are five fluorescent + + align:start position:0% +five more here are five fluorescent + + + align:start position:0% +five more here are five fluorescent +molecules you can fit those determine + + align:start position:0% +molecules you can fit those determine + + + align:start position:0% +molecules you can fit those determine +their positions and you just do this + + align:start position:0% +their positions and you just do this + + + align:start position:0% +their positions and you just do this +iteratively over and over again till you + + align:start position:0% +iteratively over and over again till you + + + align:start position:0% +iteratively over and over again till you +get as many molecules as you can and at + + align:start position:0% +get as many molecules as you can and at + + + align:start position:0% +get as many molecules as you can and at +the end you basically like add all these + + align:start position:0% +the end you basically like add all these + + + align:start position:0% +the end you basically like add all these +images together to get the final super + + align:start position:0% +images together to get the final super + + + align:start position:0% +images together to get the final super +resolution image okay so this is an + + align:start position:0% +resolution image okay so this is an + + + align:start position:0% +resolution image okay so this is an +iterative process where the photo + + align:start position:0% +iterative process where the photo + + + align:start position:0% +iterative process where the photo +activation allows you to ended to image + + align:start position:0% +activation allows you to ended to image + + + align:start position:0% +activation allows you to ended to image +single molecules such that you can see + + align:start position:0% +single molecules such that you can see + + + align:start position:0% +single molecules such that you can see +where they are with nanometre precision + + align:start position:0% +where they are with nanometre precision + + + align:start position:0% +where they are with nanometre precision +and then you add them all together to + + align:start position:0% +and then you add them all together to + + + align:start position:0% +and then you add them all together to +get a super resolution image here is an + + align:start position:0% +get a super resolution image here is an + + + align:start position:0% +get a super resolution image here is an +example of this in practice and this is + + align:start position:0% +example of this in practice and this is + + + align:start position:0% +example of this in practice and this is +the storm technique which doesn't + + align:start position:0% +the storm technique which doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +the storm technique which doesn't +involve a photoactivatable fluorescent + + align:start position:0% +involve a photoactivatable fluorescent + + + align:start position:0% +involve a photoactivatable fluorescent +protein but involves organic dyes + + align:start position:0% +protein but involves organic dyes + + + align:start position:0% +protein but involves organic dyes +blinking and the concept is basically + + align:start position:0% +blinking and the concept is basically + + + align:start position:0% +blinking and the concept is basically +the same and here you see a conventional + + align:start position:0% +the same and here you see a conventional + + + align:start position:0% +the same and here you see a conventional +image of an axon and it's labeled with + + align:start position:0% +image of an axon and it's labeled with + + + align:start position:0% +image of an axon and it's labeled with +this beta two spectra and you see beta + + align:start position:0% +this beta two spectra and you see beta + + + align:start position:0% +this beta two spectra and you see beta +two spectrum is continuous and it's + + align:start position:0% +two spectrum is continuous and it's + + + align:start position:0% +two spectrum is continuous and it's +staining in this axon but if you look at + + align:start position:0% +staining in this axon but if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +staining in this axon but if you look at +the super resolution image what you see + + align:start position:0% +the super resolution image what you see + + + align:start position:0% +the super resolution image what you see +is the beta spectrum actually has this + + align:start position:0% +is the beta spectrum actually has this + + + align:start position:0% +is the beta spectrum actually has this +repeated periodic pattern along the axon + + align:start position:0% +repeated periodic pattern along the axon + + + align:start position:0% +repeated periodic pattern along the axon +and this is a cytoskeletal element + + align:start position:0% +and this is a cytoskeletal element + + + align:start position:0% +and this is a cytoskeletal element +that's basically present in rings up and + + align:start position:0% +that's basically present in rings up and + + + align:start position:0% +that's basically present in rings up and +down the axons of neurons and you can + + align:start position:0% +down the axons of neurons and you can + + + align:start position:0% +down the axons of neurons and you can +kind of think of this as like the axon + + align:start position:0% +kind of think of this as like the axon + + + align:start position:0% +kind of think of this as like the axon +is a vacuum hose where you have these + + align:start position:0% +is a vacuum hose where you have these + + + align:start position:0% +is a vacuum hose where you have these +like rigid sort of rings that are + + align:start position:0% +like rigid sort of rings that are + + + align:start position:0% +like rigid sort of rings that are +aligned all along the axon but because + + align:start position:0% +aligned all along the axon but because + + + align:start position:0% +aligned all along the axon but because +it's repeated and you have intervening + + align:start position:0% +it's repeated and you have intervening + + + align:start position:0% +it's repeated and you have intervening +areas without much cytoskeleton you can + + align:start position:0% +areas without much cytoskeleton you can + + + align:start position:0% +areas without much cytoskeleton you can +kind of think of it as a way for the + + align:start position:0% +kind of think of it as a way for the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of think of it as a way for the +axon to be both rigid but also flexible + + align:start position:0% +axon to be both rigid but also flexible + + + align:start position:0% +axon to be both rigid but also flexible +and maneuverable I just wanted to point + + align:start position:0% +and maneuverable I just wanted to point + + + align:start position:0% +and maneuverable I just wanted to point +out that this several super resolution + + align:start position:0% +out that this several super resolution + + + align:start position:0% +out that this several super resolution +techniques were sort of recognized in + + align:start position:0% +techniques were sort of recognized in + + + align:start position:0% +techniques were sort of recognized in +the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Eric + + align:start position:0% +the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Eric + + + align:start position:0% +the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Eric +bet sig on the left here developed the + + align:start position:0% +bet sig on the left here developed the + + + align:start position:0% +bet sig on the left here developed the +approach using the photoactivatable GFP + + align:start position:0% +approach using the photoactivatable GFP + + + align:start position:0% +approach using the photoactivatable GFP +that I described to you and to others + + align:start position:0% +that I described to you and to others + + + align:start position:0% +that I described to you and to others +stuff on hell and w/e mourner were + + align:start position:0% +stuff on hell and w/e mourner were + + + align:start position:0% +stuff on hell and w/e mourner were +awarded it for other types of super + + align:start position:0% +awarded it for other types of super + + + align:start position:0% +awarded it for other types of super +resolution technique if you get a chance + + align:start position:0% +resolution technique if you get a chance + + + align:start position:0% +resolution technique if you get a chance +you should go to the Nobel Prize website + + align:start position:0% +you should go to the Nobel Prize website + + + align:start position:0% +you should go to the Nobel Prize website +and listen to Eric bet SIG's Nobel + + align:start position:0% +and listen to Eric bet SIG's Nobel + + + align:start position:0% +and listen to Eric bet SIG's Nobel +lecture he is you know he has a very + + align:start position:0% +lecture he is you know he has a very + + + align:start position:0% +lecture he is you know he has a very +interesting story and part of it + + align:start position:0% +interesting story and part of it + + + align:start position:0% +interesting story and part of it +involved how he managed to develop this + + align:start position:0% +involved how he managed to develop this + + + align:start position:0% +involved how he managed to develop this +technique and he actually developed it + + align:start position:0% +technique and he actually developed it + + + align:start position:0% +technique and he actually developed it +in the living room of his friend um so + + align:start position:0% +in the living room of his friend um so + + + align:start position:0% +in the living room of his friend um so +this is actually one of the first super + + align:start position:0% +this is actually one of the first super + + + align:start position:0% +this is actually one of the first super +resolution microscope right you here's + + align:start position:0% +resolution microscope right you here's + + + align:start position:0% +resolution microscope right you here's +the microscope and you here you see I + + align:start position:0% +the microscope and you here you see I + + + align:start position:0% +the microscope and you here you see I +love this chair but you see like you + + align:start position:0% +love this chair but you see like you + + + align:start position:0% +love this chair but you see like you +basically have this like microscope in + + align:start position:0% +basically have this like microscope in + + + align:start position:0% +basically have this like microscope in +like this guy's living room so if you + + align:start position:0% +like this guy's living room so if you + + + align:start position:0% +like this guy's living room so if you +want to hear more about this story + + align:start position:0% +want to hear more about this story + + + align:start position:0% +want to hear more about this story +listen to his Nobel lecture he's a + + align:start position:0% +listen to his Nobel lecture he's a + + + align:start position:0% +listen to his Nobel lecture he's a +really funny guy and you get a sense of + + align:start position:0% +really funny guy and you get a sense of + + + align:start position:0% +really funny guy and you get a sense of +how science really works where that you + + align:start position:0% +how science really works where that you + + + align:start position:0% +how science really works where that you +get this unemployed guy like building a + + align:start position:0% +get this unemployed guy like building a + + + align:start position:0% +get this unemployed guy like building a +microscope in his friends living room + + align:start position:0% +microscope in his friends living room + + + align:start position:0% +microscope in his friends living room +and then wins the Nobel Prize and just + + align:start position:0% +and then wins the Nobel Prize and just + + + align:start position:0% +and then wins the Nobel Prize and just +one reminder to end today remember your + + align:start position:0% +one reminder to end today remember your + + + align:start position:0% +one reminder to end today remember your +news brief is due this Friday November + + align:start position:0% +news brief is due this Friday November + + + align:start position:0% +news brief is due this Friday November +30th if you need help on selecting a + + align:start position:0% +30th if you need help on selecting a + + + align:start position:0% +30th if you need help on selecting a +topic please see a member of our staff + + align:start position:0% +topic please see a member of our staff + + + align:start position:0% +topic please see a member of our staff +including professor Imperiali or myself + + align:start position:0% +including professor Imperiali or myself + + + align:start position:0% +including professor Imperiali or myself +and so good luck with that + + align:start position:0% +and so good luck with that + + + align:start position:0% +and so good luck with that +thank you I'm all set + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Lpd_TddOSZY.txt b/Lpd_TddOSZY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5d972d50d9bf041d705b9fb5aeb0ecead5f4441f --- /dev/null +++ b/Lpd_TddOSZY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,819 @@ +align:start position:0% + +let's look at these two blocks here + + align:start position:0% +let's look at these two blocks here + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at these two blocks here +block one has a mass of 3m and block two + + align:start position:0% +block one has a mass of 3m and block two + + + align:start position:0% +block one has a mass of 3m and block two +has the mass of one M and they are + + align:start position:0% +has the mass of one M and they are + + + align:start position:0% +has the mass of one M and they are +colliding and sticking together and then + + align:start position:0% +colliding and sticking together and then + + + align:start position:0% +colliding and sticking together and then +they're going to move in this direction + + align:start position:0% +they're going to move in this direction + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to move in this direction +and eventually slide onto this rough + + align:start position:0% +and eventually slide onto this rough + + + align:start position:0% +and eventually slide onto this rough +surface here what we want to figure out + + align:start position:0% +surface here what we want to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +surface here what we want to figure out +is what was that initial velocity V + + align:start position:0% +is what was that initial velocity V + + + align:start position:0% +is what was that initial velocity V +naught with which the two blocks + + align:start position:0% +naught with which the two blocks + + + align:start position:0% +naught with which the two blocks +collided so up to this part here in + + align:start position:0% +collided so up to this part here in + + + align:start position:0% +collided so up to this part here in +before this x equals zero there is no + + align:start position:0% +before this x equals zero there is no + + + align:start position:0% +before this x equals zero there is no +external force acting on the system so + + align:start position:0% +external force acting on the system so + + + align:start position:0% +external force acting on the system so +conservation of momentum holds which + + align:start position:0% +conservation of momentum holds which + + + align:start position:0% +conservation of momentum holds which +means that P final equals P initial okay + + align:start position:0% +means that P final equals P initial okay + + + align:start position:0% +means that P final equals P initial okay +so let's put this together we're going + + align:start position:0% +so let's put this together we're going + + + align:start position:0% +so let's put this together we're going +to have three m v-not that block goes in + + align:start position:0% +to have three m v-not that block goes in + + + align:start position:0% +to have three m v-not that block goes in +the positive I hat direction block two + + align:start position:0% +the positive I hat direction block two + + + align:start position:0% +the positive I hat direction block two +goes the opposite way so we have M V + + align:start position:0% +goes the opposite way so we have M V + + + align:start position:0% +goes the opposite way so we have M V +naught and then at the end when they're + + align:start position:0% +naught and then at the end when they're + + + align:start position:0% +naught and then at the end when they're +stuck together before here we have to + + align:start position:0% +stuck together before here we have to + + + align:start position:0% +stuck together before here we have to +consider only this portion here with + + align:start position:0% +consider only this portion here with + + + align:start position:0% +consider only this portion here with +that pertains to a frictionless surface + + align:start position:0% +that pertains to a frictionless surface + + + align:start position:0% +that pertains to a frictionless surface +we have four M V final and so the ends + + align:start position:0% +we have four M V final and so the ends + + + align:start position:0% +we have four M V final and so the ends +fall out this is 2 this is 4 so we'll + + align:start position:0% +fall out this is 2 this is 4 so we'll + + + align:start position:0% +fall out this is 2 this is 4 so we'll +see that what the final velocity is V + + align:start position:0% +see that what the final velocity is V + + + align:start position:0% +see that what the final velocity is V +naught 1/2 now in order to get to this V + + align:start position:0% +naught 1/2 now in order to get to this V + + + align:start position:0% +naught 1/2 now in order to get to this V +naught we also have to consider energy + + align:start position:0% +naught we also have to consider energy + + + align:start position:0% +naught we also have to consider energy +and in particular we have to use the + + align:start position:0% +and in particular we have to use the + + + align:start position:0% +and in particular we have to use the +work-energy principle here because this + + align:start position:0% +work-energy principle here because this + + + align:start position:0% +work-energy principle here because this +this joint block is going to slide onto + + align:start position:0% +this joint block is going to slide onto + + + align:start position:0% +this joint block is going to slide onto +this rough surface here so we can make + + align:start position:0% +this rough surface here so we can make + + + align:start position:0% +this rough surface here so we can make +use of the work-energy principle is we + + align:start position:0% +use of the work-energy principle is we + + + align:start position:0% +use of the work-energy principle is we +know what the initial conditions are up + + align:start position:0% +know what the initial conditions are up + + + align:start position:0% +know what the initial conditions are up +to this or at this point here using the + + align:start position:0% +to this or at this point here using the + + + align:start position:0% +to this or at this point here using the +conservation of momentum from here in + + align:start position:0% +conservation of momentum from here in + + + align:start position:0% +conservation of momentum from here in +the first place so we want to use work + + align:start position:0% +the first place so we want to use work + + + align:start position:0% +the first place so we want to use work +equals Delta K the work energy principle + + align:start position:0% +equals Delta K the work energy principle + + + align:start position:0% +equals Delta K the work energy principle +let's look at the work first work is the + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the work first work is the + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the work first work is the +integral of F dot d s + + align:start position:0% +integral of F dot d s + + + align:start position:0% +integral of F dot d s +and while dealing with a one-dimensional + + align:start position:0% +and while dealing with a one-dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +and while dealing with a one-dimensional +problem here so we can just write FX DX + + align:start position:0% +problem here so we can just write FX DX + + + align:start position:0% +problem here so we can just write FX DX +and we want to have this run from zero + + align:start position:0% +and we want to have this run from zero + + + align:start position:0% +and we want to have this run from zero +to D I should say here that this block + + align:start position:0% +to D I should say here that this block + + + align:start position:0% +to D I should say here that this block +eventually comes to rest at x equals D + + align:start position:0% +eventually comes to rest at x equals D + + + align:start position:0% +eventually comes to rest at x equals D +we're going to use that in a second so + + align:start position:0% +we're going to use that in a second so + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to use that in a second so +let's look at what this F is that's the + + align:start position:0% +let's look at what this F is that's the + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at what this F is that's the +frictional force here at work and + + align:start position:0% +frictional force here at work and + + + align:start position:0% +frictional force here at work and +actually which direction does it go it + + align:start position:0% +actually which direction does it go it + + + align:start position:0% +actually which direction does it go it +opposes the motion FK so we're going to + + align:start position:0% +opposes the motion FK so we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +opposes the motion FK so we're going to +get a minus sign here integral FK DX + + align:start position:0% +get a minus sign here integral FK DX + + + align:start position:0% +get a minus sign here integral FK DX +again going from X prime equals zero to + + align:start position:0% +again going from X prime equals zero to + + + align:start position:0% +again going from X prime equals zero to +X prime equals D now what is this f K we + + align:start position:0% +X prime equals D now what is this f K we + + + align:start position:0% +X prime equals D now what is this f K we +know that FK equals mu K N and from + + align:start position:0% +know that FK equals mu K N and from + + + align:start position:0% +know that FK equals mu K N and from +doing a quick free body diagram we'll + + align:start position:0% +doing a quick free body diagram we'll + + + align:start position:0% +doing a quick free body diagram we'll +see that we have four mg going down and + + align:start position:0% +see that we have four mg going down and + + + align:start position:0% +see that we have four mg going down and +we have a normal force going up and so + + align:start position:0% +we have a normal force going up and so + + + align:start position:0% +we have a normal force going up and so +we'll see that N equals four mg which we + + align:start position:0% +we'll see that N equals four mg which we + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see that N equals four mg which we +can then plug in here and then that goes + + align:start position:0% +can then plug in here and then that goes + + + align:start position:0% +can then plug in here and then that goes +in over there and the coefficient of + + align:start position:0% +in over there and the coefficient of + + + align:start position:0% +in over there and the coefficient of +kinetic friction is actually given to us + + align:start position:0% +kinetic friction is actually given to us + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic friction is actually given to us +so that nicely works out so we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +so that nicely works out so we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +so that nicely works out so we're gonna +have minus integral x prime 0 X prime + + align:start position:0% +have minus integral x prime 0 X prime + + + align:start position:0% +have minus integral x prime 0 X prime +equals D the coefficient first be x + + align:start position:0% +equals D the coefficient first be x + + + align:start position:0% +equals D the coefficient first be x +squared and then the N for mg D X if we + + align:start position:0% +squared and then the N for mg D X if we + + + align:start position:0% +squared and then the N for mg D X if we +integrate that we're going to get minus + + align:start position:0% +integrate that we're going to get minus + + + align:start position:0% +integrate that we're going to get minus +4 B mg and we'll integrate this one so + + align:start position:0% +4 B mg and we'll integrate this one so + + + align:start position:0% +4 B mg and we'll integrate this one so +that's an X cubed over 3 and we're going + + align:start position:0% +that's an X cubed over 3 and we're going + + + align:start position:0% +that's an X cubed over 3 and we're going +to plug in this value here so we're + + align:start position:0% +to plug in this value here so we're + + + align:start position:0% +to plug in this value here so we're +going to get a D and that second term + + align:start position:0% +going to get a D and that second term + + + align:start position:0% +going to get a D and that second term +falls away + + align:start position:0% +falls away + + + align:start position:0% +falls away +so we left with a D cubed here so this + + align:start position:0% +so we left with a D cubed here so this + + + align:start position:0% +so we left with a D cubed here so this +is our work and now we need to look at + + align:start position:0% +is our work and now we need to look at + + + align:start position:0% +is our work and now we need to look at +the change in kinetic energy between + + align:start position:0% +the change in kinetic energy between + + + align:start position:0% +the change in kinetic energy between +here and there we already know that it + + align:start position:0% +here and there we already know that it + + + align:start position:0% +here and there we already know that it +this block is at rest at x equals D so + + align:start position:0% +this block is at rest at x equals D so + + + align:start position:0% +this block is at rest at x equals D so +if the velocity is zero our kinetic + + align:start position:0% +if the velocity is zero our kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +if the velocity is zero our kinetic +energy will be zero and so our K final + + align:start position:0% +energy will be zero and so our K final + + + align:start position:0% +energy will be zero and so our K final +minus K initial is going to be just a + + align:start position:0% +minus K initial is going to be just a + + + align:start position:0% +minus K initial is going to be just a +minus initial + + align:start position:0% +minus initial + + + align:start position:0% +minus initial +and that's initial here which is the + + align:start position:0% +and that's initial here which is the + + + align:start position:0% +and that's initial here which is the +final situation of our collision so + + align:start position:0% +final situation of our collision so + + + align:start position:0% +final situation of our collision so +we're going to look at the combined + + align:start position:0% +we're going to look at the combined + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to look at the combined +block so we'll have minus one-half and + + align:start position:0% +block so we'll have minus one-half and + + + align:start position:0% +block so we'll have minus one-half and +we have four M V final squared we + + align:start position:0% +we have four M V final squared we + + + align:start position:0% +we have four M V final squared we +determined here already that the final + + align:start position:0% +determined here already that the final + + + align:start position:0% +determined here already that the final +velocity is the initial one-half so + + align:start position:0% +velocity is the initial one-half so + + + align:start position:0% +velocity is the initial one-half so +we'll have minus here we're going to + + align:start position:0% +we'll have minus here we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +we'll have minus here we're going to +have two and V naught squared over four + + align:start position:0% +have two and V naught squared over four + + + align:start position:0% +have two and V naught squared over four +and that actually gives us minus + + align:start position:0% +and that actually gives us minus + + + align:start position:0% +and that actually gives us minus +one-half V naught squared + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so now we can put this all together + + align:start position:0% +okay so now we can put this all together + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now we can put this all together +we apply this work-energy principle so + + align:start position:0% +we apply this work-energy principle so + + + align:start position:0% +we apply this work-energy principle so +we're going to get minus four-third the + + align:start position:0% +we're going to get minus four-third the + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to get minus four-third the +mg the cubed equals minus 1/2 MV naught + + align:start position:0% +mg the cubed equals minus 1/2 MV naught + + + align:start position:0% +mg the cubed equals minus 1/2 MV naught +squared we'll see that this and this and + + align:start position:0% +squared we'll see that this and this and + + + align:start position:0% +squared we'll see that this and this and +this and this goes and so we're going to + + align:start position:0% +this and this goes and so we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +this and this goes and so we're going to +get V naught equals 8/3 and then we have + + align:start position:0% +get V naught equals 8/3 and then we have + + + align:start position:0% +get V naught equals 8/3 and then we have +B G d cubed and the square root of that + + align:start position:0% +B G d cubed and the square root of that + + + align:start position:0% +B G d cubed and the square root of that +so this is our initial velocity with + + align:start position:0% +so this is our initial velocity with + + + align:start position:0% +so this is our initial velocity with +which the two blocks collided initially + + align:start position:0% +which the two blocks collided initially + + + align:start position:0% +which the two blocks collided initially +then eventually went onto this rough + + align:start position:0% +then eventually went onto this rough + + + align:start position:0% +then eventually went onto this rough +surface and came to rest here at x + + align:start position:0% +surface and came to rest here at x + + + align:start position:0% +surface and came to rest here at x +equals D \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/M278hILkZlE.txt b/M278hILkZlE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1d63e2030e661bdec33e2558d5814e7f83c94ada --- /dev/null +++ b/M278hILkZlE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,194 @@ +As presented in lecture, in this course, we +use a simple 32-bit processor called the Beta. + +The Beta works on 32-bit instruction and data +words. + +However, the addresses in memory are specified +in bytes. + +A byte is made up of 8 bits, so each 32-bit +instruction consists of 4 bytes. + +That means that if you have two instructions +A and B in consecutive memory locations, if + +A is at address 0x100, then B is at address +0x104. + +Now, suppose that you are given the following +piece of code. + +The . = 0 notation tells you that your program +begins at address 0. + +You can assume that execution begins at this +location 0 and halts when the HALT() instruction + +is about to be executed. + +We want to determine what value ends up in +R0 after this instruction sequence has been + +executed. + +Note that we are working with hexadecimal +numbers in this code and we want our answer + +to also be in hexadecimal. + +This code begins with a LD operation into +register R0. + +The load, uses the value of R31 + c as the +source address for the load. + +Since R31 = 0, this means that the value stored +at address c is being loaded into R0. + +So after the LD, R0 = 0x300. + +Next an ADDC of R0 with the constant b is +performed and that result is stored back into + +R0. + +The .=0x200 notation immediately preceding +the "a" label, tells us that address a = 0x200. + +This means that address b = 0x204, and c = 0x208. + +So if we are adding the constant b to R0, +R0 now becomes 0x300 + 0x204 = 0x504. + +Now lets take a look at this short piece of +code. + +Our goal is to determine the value left in +R0 in hexadecimal. + +The . = 0 notation once again tells us that +our first instruction (the branch) is at address + +0. + +The branch instruction then branches to location +. + 4 = 0 + 4 = 4. + +This is the address of the HALT() instruction. + +In addition to branching to the HALT() instruction, +a branch instruction also stores the address + +of the instruction immediately following it +into the destination register, R0 in this + +case. + +The address of the next instruction is 4, +so R0 = 0x4. + +Let's take a look at what this code is doing. + +It first loads the contents of address x into +R0, so R0 = 0x0FACE0FF or 0xFACEOFF for short. + +It then moves the constant 0 into R1, so R1 += 0. + +It now enters the loop where the ANDC puts +into R3 the least significant bit of R0. + +The ADD increments R1 if R3 equals 1. + +This means that if the least significant bit +of R0 was a 1, then R1 is incremented by 1, + +otherwise R1 stays the same. + +The shift right constant then shifts R0 to +the right by 1. + +This makes R0 have a 0 in the most significant +bit, and the top 31 bits, of what R0 used + +to be, are shifted over by one position to +the right. + +Note that this means that the least significant +bit of the old R0 is now completely gone. + +That's okay though because we already incremented +R1 based on that original least significant + +bit of R0. + +The BNE, or branch on not equal, then branches +back to loop as long as R0 is not equal to + +0. + +This means that what this loop is doing is +looking at the current least significant bit + +of R0, +incrementing R1 if that bit is 1, + +and then shifting that bit out until all bits +have been shifted out. + +In other words, it's counting the total number +of ones in the original value loaded from + +address x. + +The loop ends when all the 1's have been counted +at which point R0 is left with a 0 in it because + +all the 1's have been shifted out. + +R1 is left with the number of 1's in the data +0x0FACE0FF equals in binary 0000 1111 1010 + +1100 1110 0000 1111 1111. + +There are 19 ones in 0x0FACE0FF, so R1 = 19 += 16 + 3 which in hexadecimal = 0x13. + +In this piece of code, the CMOVE first sets +the stack pointer to 0x1000. + +Then a PUSH(SP) operation is performed. + +Lets first understand what a PUSH instruction +does. + +A PUSH instruction is actually a macro made +up of two beta instructions. + +To push a value onto the stack, the stack +pointer is first incremented by 4 in order + +to point to the next empty location on the +stack. + +This sets SP = 0x1004. + +Then, the contents of register Ra, which is +being pushed onto the stack, are stored at + +the memory location whose address is SP-4 +which is address 0x1000. + +Now looking at the actual PUSH operation performed +here, we are performing a PUSH of stack pointer + +so the Ra register is also the stack pointer. + +This means that the value stored at location +0x1000 is actually the value of SP which is + +0x1004. + +So the value that got pushed onto the stack +is 0x1004. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/MFmxByf9x88.txt b/MFmxByf9x88.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d5a92025cee9568e0396378e9dd4b7c1072f7352 --- /dev/null +++ b/MFmxByf9x88.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3962 @@ +The following content is +provided under a Creative + +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to + +offer high quality educational +resources for free. + +To make a donation or view +additional materials from + +hundreds of MIT courses, visit +MIT OpenCourseWare at + +ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: Let's get started. + +So today, I'm going to talk +a little bit more about + +performance issues in +parallelization. + +A little bit more out +of the [INAUDIBLE] + +to what people are +doing otherwise. + +So normally what we have done so +far, is we looked at Cilk. + +It provides a very robust +and environment for + +parallelization. + +It hides many issues and +eliminates many of the + +problems out there if you find +other areas of parallelization + +that you deal with. + +And in last lectures, we looked +at things like cache + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +algorithims, algorithmic +issues, like + +looking at work and spend. + +And in fact, in your projects, +you're going to use all these + +nice concepts to get you a nice +parallel learning CorD. + +But if you look at a lot of +these CorD [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +the very people normally for +parallelized CorD outside + +probably Cilk. + +And there are a lot of other +issues that arise, things like + +synchronization issues +and memory issues. + +Today, I think we are going to +focus mostly on memory issues. + +And we are going to use open +OpenMP instead of [INAUDIBLE]. + +And most of these issues +will be affected on + +Cilk sometimes, too. + +But Cilk tries to hide +them from you. + +There's a layer of abstract. + +And it's hard to kind of get +to those issues in there. + +So we are going to look at +this thing called OpenMP. + +So today, we are going to +address things like + +granularity of parallelism. + +There are so many things +that just went out + +on the page, I guess. + +True sharing, false sharing, +load balancing issues, the + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +So from the license and keep +talking about that we want to + +be out of all this not dealing +with Voodoo parameter. + +Today, we actually are dealing +mainly with Voodoo. + +So I guess this should +be basically + +the Halloween lecture. + +So we are all about Voodoo today +and see how we can deal + +with Voodoo issues. + +So if you look at a Cilk +program, here is a nice simple + +matrix multiply, seem +to be [INAUDIBLE] + +example these days. + +What you can do is you can put +a Cilk formula in these two + +loops and get a nice parallel +performance. + +However, [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +from where how the memory +is arranged is + +up to the Cilk scheduler. + +Cilk scheduler is doing +some work stealing. + +Depending on how the work gets +distributed, the process will + +get worked, it will happen. + +Hopefully, everything +will go nicely. + +And so what that means is it +ties the distribution and load + +balancing issues. + +So it's nice if you have access +to Cilk, but many other + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] you +might not be. + +And even within Cilk, some of +these issues might show up. + +So what we are going +to do is step one + +below the Cilk scheduler. + +So there's this system +called OpenMP. + +It's a more simplified +model of parallelism. + +So what it tries to do is +instead of giving this very + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +system, it lets you basically +direct access to the + +processors. + +So what that means is there's +normally what we call a + +fork-join model. + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +we have with Cilk, basically. + +We can do fork into different +workers and join. + +And more or less, you can +actually bind these workers to + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +sometimes or make sure +that the number-- + +I'll give you some techniques +how to do that as I go on. + +So for parallel loops, you can +do data parallelism, different + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +parallelism you can do something +like fork-join. + +And you can see a bunch +of static or + +dynamic scheduling policies. + +So for example in OpenMP, you +can see for this loop that add + +a pragma to [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +in front of this loop and +say this is OpenMP. + +Parallel loop in here. + +Parallel full loop +in this one. + +And schedule it using +static chunk. + +I will tell you what +exactly that means. + +And that gives you direct access +to how each of these + +parts will be run. + +So let me get a little +bit in detail. + +So assume you have +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] courses in + +there, [UNINTELLIGIBLE] +processors. + +So now in OpenMP, you are +basically opening the entire + +world underneath. + +And you have to kind of +see what's going on. + +And if you say, schedule a +static chunk of four, assume + +you have 16 iterations. + +Here are my 16 iterations. + +So each of these dots represent +a value for i. + +So what it says is you take +chunks of four and basically + +send it across it. + +So what happens is the first +four iterations will go to + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] or core zero. + +Next four will go to core one, +core two and core three. + +So you know exactly which +iterations run where. + +It's a very static thing. + +You have full control +of what's going on. + +Whereas in Cilk, it's +up to the scheduler. + +So the nice thing here is you +can have full control. + +But you get enough room +to harm yourself if + +you do things wrong. + +So this is a double-edged +sword in that sense. + +So instead of doing static +five you do static two. + +You're assigning chunks +of size two. + +What it will do is it will +assign chunks of size two to + +the four cores. + +And then you're not done yet. + +And then you start with again +core zero and assign + +chunks of size two. + +This is called block +cyclic schedule. + +And if you do a chunk +of size one, it's + +called a cyclic schedule. + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] cycles just +assigning iterations to cores. + +OK. + +So far so good? + +OK. + +So I want to do something. + +So I have this program. + +This is again your + +run-of-the-mill matrix multiply. + +And I ran a sequential single +machine, and I got this + +performance. + +Then, I said look, I want to +parallelize the outer loop. + +So I parallelize this loop. + +What should I get? + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] fast or slow. + +I want to just check whether +you are awake or sleep. + +How do [UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE] + +to run slower. + +It's not a trick question. + +This is just to make sure that +actually participate. + +How do people think +it's run faster? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +Good. + +What do others think? + +OK. + +They're probably checking their +email or something. + +OK. + +So actually it ran faster. + +The source not run on the +common cloud machines. + +This was a previous generation +that I ran. + +So [UNINTELLIGIBLE] was +seven times faster. + +So this was great. + +I parallized outer loop. + +What happens if I parallize +inner loop? + +So this test, this i loop, +runs parallel. + +Here, I launch the +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] parallel. + +How much people thinks +this runs faster? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: Compared +to this one. + +How many people thinks +this runs slower? + +OK. + +There's some consistent +answers here. + +Why do you think it +would run slower? + +So OK. + +It ran slower, so it +can improve that. + +And that's a little bit slow. + +Why is it slow? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: Exactly. + +So what it's doing here, it's +basically spawning many, many + +times in here. + +Because every time you have +parallelism, you chunkify into + +the processor. + +Here you are getting a lot more +smaller chunks inside. + +So let's look at how this +is basically run. + +So normally, you can think about +an OpenMP program as you + +have one sequential thread. + +You run the main program. + +And then assume you have, in +cores, you might have n minus + +1 other thread just +waiting for work. + +And then, when you finally +come to the parallel + +loop, it says, OK. + +Set up. + +What do you want to run +on other basic cores. + +And release it. + +Release these waiting people. + +And let them start working +on the parallel work. + +And also, I will start doing +on my own chunk. + +So suddenly, when you say +parallel four, it releases all + +other cores to go run that +part of the core. + +And once it's done, it's +will say, OK, I'm done. + +I have to wait until +everybody is done. + +So even if the main guy is done, +it has to wait until + +everybody is finished. + +And then, start executing the +sequence [UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +So this is the gist of how +OpenMP program is run. + +And if you realize that it all +heads here because you have + +basically make sure all these +cases are broken up. + +So there's some things that +has to be issued. + +And there's a delay between +these guys can start if + +everybody has equal work. + +Despite not finishing on time +because it may take some time + +for this to start. + +And then, it has to also tell +this back OK, I am done. + +So there's a lot of +synchronization going on. + +Locks and unlocks. + +Here it's called various +synchronization here. + +And so if this work is small, +this synchronization starts + +dominating. + +So what happens is +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +fine grain parallelism. + +Do a little work in the +parallel region, and + +synchronization will basically +start dominating your time. + +So how do you take this? + +And sometimes when you run +something parallel, it might + +even run slow because the +amount of stuff in the + +parallel region is so small, +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] will start + +dominating. + +And that's not a good way. + +And also, sometimes +you assume. + +And you keep increasing +the number of cores. + +Hopefully, you want to see a +nice parallelism increase, but + +it doesn't, even though you +have enough information. + +But that means you're running +a lot of small chunks, even + +though you seem to have a lot +of parallelism available. + +And also, you can make sure +the synchronization in the + +time in the parallel region. + +If the parallel regions +are on a very + +short time, this happens. + +We saw this effect when +we were doing Cilk. + +Remember? + +When did we see this granularity +affecting Cilk? + +And what did he do? + +When you write Cilk programs. + +You write [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +programs. + +Where did the granularity +start showing up on us? + +It may not be exactly this +because the scheduling is + +complicated. + +OK. + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: The two by two +matrix [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: Yeah. + +Something like two by-- + +for example, that's the reason +we wanted to have + +a large base case. + +Because if you didn't put a +large base case, it keeps + +dividing into smaller and +smaller problems. + +And if the schedule is +smart, it won't be + +doing exactly this. + +But it's always good to have +these large granulated chunks + +at the bottom. + +So how to get [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +granulated parallelism. + +What we need to do is reduce the +number of [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +equations. + +So you want to always try to +look for the outer most loop + +you can get at all the really +large independent regions. + +So you go look, and not +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +thing you want to parallelize. + +You go up, up, up, up until the +point you can parallelize. + +And that's the best way to +get good performance. + +OK? + +So if you really compare these +three programs here, again, + +what you see-- + +of course, this has no +synchronization. + +This has n amount of +synchronizations. + +Here in [UNINTELLIGIBLE] +synchronization, that's + +obviously a lot more +synchronization going on. + +And that is where this +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] comes from. + +OK. + +So now, I am switching +a little bit in here. + +I want you guys to look at this +program a little bit. + +So what am I doing here? + +I have two [UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +And I am just basically adding +matrix B to matrix A. OK? + +And then I have another loop +test here, adding matrix C to + +matrix A. And what am +I doing in here? + +I am basically going through +matrix A in another + +direction in here. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: It's not really +a transpose. + +I'm not transposing. + +What I'm doing is I'm actually +doing a mirror because the C + +gets mirrored on ix. + +It's because [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +ix [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +the other direction. + +OK? + +So it's not really +a transpose. + +So I do a mirror addition. + +And then I'm asking +for the two outer + +most loops to be parallel. + +So if you run this +sequential-- + +OK, you get about 30 +milliseconds, I + +guess, to run in here. + +So that is in [UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +But if you're running parallel, +what do you get? + +Should you get faster +or slower? + +OK. + +Anyone want to take a guess +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +Sometimes some of these +questions, you might not have + +enough information to answer. + +But it's still good to just take +a stand on one direction + +or another. + +How many people think +it runs faster? + +How many people think +it runs slower? + +OK. + +Some. + +Oops. + +What happened? + +What happened in here? + +Can anybody point out why it +might be running slower + +parallely than running +sequentially? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: Yeah. + +There's a cache issue. + +Watch the possible cache +issue in here. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: Yeah. + +If you think about, the first +equations of, I guess, the + +first core-- + +I have some diagram. + +I'll show it to you in there. + +And here, only the last data +elements we'll get for the + +first iterations because +we are going + +in the other direction. + +So if you look at it a little +more deeply into + +what's going on. + +Number of instructions seem +to be a little higher. + +This one I couldn't actually +explain why this might be the + +case in here. + +If anybody has an idea, +you can say that. + +But this was kind of +[UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +This might be [UNINTELLIGIBLE] +the cycles. + +Huh. + +OK. + +I can explain this. + +Because this is a sequential +run, this is a sum total of a + +parallel run. + +So because of all the overhead +that happens because this was + +running on, I think, an +eight core machine. + +So you're running eight times +of small companies. + +There's a lot of overhead that +goes around, synchronization, + +and stuff like that. + +So a number of instructions +just blows up. + +But for each core, you don't +have this blow up. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +Cilk? + +Because does Cilk have different +processor affinity, + +things that open +[UNINTELLIGIBLE]? + +Because it seems like if the +program, the language-- + +PROFESSOR: [INAUDIBLE]. + +Let's see if we can process +the affinity + +information or if not. + +It's just pure [UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: Yeah. + +I mean if you like executed +locally if you have good cache + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +with them. + +But if there's no cache +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +you might steal something +where data might + +be somewhere else. + +AUDIENCE: But you'll still +mimic the cache behavior, + +considerably, except +for when you steal. + +[INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: Yeah. + +So OK. + +We don't have a mic in here. + +OK. + +There's a mic. + +There we go. + +But if you have two different of +these regions, the way the + +parallelization happens +can be different. + +AUDIENCE: In Cilk, what +happens is the code is + +mimicking, for the most part, +exactly what the C or C++ code + +would be doing. + +And so you get exactly the same +cache hits and misses. + +Except when you steal, it's +like starting over with an + +empty cache. + +OK? + +But as long as you have +sufficient parallelism, the + +steals don't occur very often. + +And so therefore, you end up +getting the same kind of + +behavior that you would get +out of the serial code. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah. + +But Charles, in this one, +because you had to steal + +everything here, the between +here and here, the parallelism + +would be different. + +AUDIENCE: There would be no +affinity between those two. + +PROFESSOR: No [? affinity ?] +will be there. + +Yeah, exactly. + +So in the sequential one, +everything that fits in the + +cache, so that would be affinity +because we are not + +doing parallelism. + +And that's what I think +happened here. + +Because you had no +[? affinity-- ?] + +AUDIENCE: No in a serial code, +there's no [? affinity. ?] + +PROFESSOR: No. + +Serial code-- if this fits in +the cache, it's then running + +on one core. + +So if it fits in the one core's +cache, you're happy. + +AUDIENCE: So the issue is-- +right-- is if you only access + +it once, by the time you +fill up the cache-- + +It takes some time to fill +up the cache to get them + +synchronized. + +PROFESSOR: So it fits in the +one core's cache, it's OK. + +Otherwise, it has no +affinity in here. + +So the key difference in here +is, of course, CPI is slow. + +We don't know exactly why. + +But in [UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +So what you find is that there's +a huge amount of cache + +in [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +going on. + +So that should give you a +feeling of what's going on. + +So let's look at what +might happen. + +So I'm showing this matches +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +last year on-- what we had were +Cagnode machines that + +were basically code +to quad processor. + +So we had eight codes in here. + +And I put them-- you +don't have to now + +look at this table. + +I put them in the slides so +you can look at it later. + +And so this is the last +year's machine. + +And of course, this year's +machine is different. + +We have two six core +processors in here. + +So this is what we +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +this year. + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +OK. + +And so right now, I'm showing +numbers for this one. + +And later, I will show +what happened in the + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +So if you look at a cache-- + +so what happened is each of the +data items in the cache + +can be in multiple states. + +This is called MSI +protocol here. + +What that means is the item +might be modified. + +If it is modified, it can +be only in one cache. + +If anybody else wants to touch +it, it has to get it out of + +the modified state. + +Or it can be sharing. + +Sharing means it's reading. + +So that means that item is +read by multiple people. + +And that can have +multiple covers. + +So sharing items can be +in multiple places. + +However if you're modifying, +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +items in everybody else. + +So that means if I modify +something, it + +can only be in mine. + +If other people had that +data, I had to go in + +and validate this. + +So if you modify this, I had +to go in and validate it. + +So that's a sharing state. + +That means I'm [UNINTELLIGIBLE] +everybody + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +read this. + +But if I ever want to change +that, I have to go in and + +validate this one. + +So what that means is when I +start writing, I am validating + +it from everybody. + +So even if everybody kept a copy +and they start modifying, + +I had to get my own copy. + +And everybody else +will invalidate. + +And then, if somebody else +wanted to read-- + +for example, if this +guy wants to read-- + +basically, this has +to make this a + +sharing and back to sharing. + +That means I have to get the +value 13, propogate it, and + +this becomes sharing again. + +OK. + +Did you get that? + +What's going on in here? + +In the cache? + +So reads, everybody can keep +a copy if they want. + +Write-- only one guy +can keep a copy. + +So what happens then +is true sharing. + +So you have these two +different cores. + +So I want to read something. + +So I get it from outside +probably on main memory, and I + +put it in my cache in here. + +And then, the next guy wants +to write the same thing. + +Assume I'm writing that. + +And once I want to write that, +I can keep this copy I had + +invalidated from here +and get a copy here. + +And then, if this way, I want +to write it again, I have to + +basically invalidate it from +here and get a copy. + +If I'm reading, both of us can +keep a copy and just kind of + +keep bouncing back and forth, +back and forth. + +And so if you bounce too many +times, you get all of these + +invalidations. + +So the fact I looked at that I +have invalidations basically + +tells me something like +this is going on. + +So what's happening +in this program? + +When I parallelize this four +loop, my four cores-- + +basically since I am doing +here [UNINTELLIGIBLE]-- + +are going to get this +nice distribution of + +data into the caches. + +Assume it fits in cache. + +OK. + +So all this data nicely fits +into cache, and now I'm pretty + +happy when I run this one +because I got this + +data into the cache. + +And I write it. + +But the minute I go in here, +basically this data has to + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +OK, because I am going this is n +minus i in here so this data + +has a flip route. + +And by doing this, basically, +I incur this huge amount of + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE], and +it slows down. + +OK? + +So that's why it didn't +work well. + +So what can you do? + +When you have these read, +write and write, write + +conflicts in here. + +And you have to actually move +the data across in here. + +And what you can do is look +for this true sharing. + +You can look at the +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +and see if we have excessive + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE], we have a problem. + +And how do we eliminate that? + +You want to make the +sharing minimal. + +If you want to get some data +into a cache, you want to try + +to keep it there as +much as possible. + +And if you're using, you'd +want to try to align + +everything across. + +So even across different +regions, it'll use the same + +kind of things. + +And/or enforce some kind of +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] technique to + +keep the data alive. + +So there are a lot of techniques +in there, but true + +sharing can be an interesting +problem. + +So in here, simple +change, yes. + +You're, basically, instead of +changing A, you change C. So + +you write A the same way. + +But now what I have done is +I am doing the mirror by + +changing the axis to C, is to +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] is the same + +as this axis. + +So these two are +the same thing. + +And the minute I +do that, voila! + +I get good speed up. + +Because if you look at that, my +inundations has gone down. + +My L1 cache [UNINTELLIGIBLE] +has now + +really, really gone down. + +I'm not doing anything. + +And of course, I am doing more +instructions here than this + +one because-- + +I think, the difference between +instruction here and + +here is because a lot of times +synchronization operations are + +dynamic because in the +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +miscounted as the instructions, +you are busy + +waiting in there. + +So this number is not really +a constant number. + +OK, question. + +AUDIENCE: Not a question. + +So another thing one could do +here is do loop fusion. + +PROFESSOR: Yes. + +Yes. + +Here is a nice way of putting +both of the loops into one and + +do loop fusion. + +And that works. + +In this case, you can do that. + +AUDIENCE: So loop fusion is +where you take two loops, and + +you convert it into one loop. + +So in this case, you could have +just written one nest, + +which has two things +going on inside. + +And then you would save all +the loop overhead and the + +scheduling overhead. + +So rather than doing it twice, +you actually have reduced the + +overhead to just the parallelism +of the one loop. + +So if you look at that, you'll +realize that you could somehow + +make it just be a single nest +with two statements in there, + +rather than one. + +PROFESSOR: So basically, instead +of [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +entire thing and move plus +C into here, basically. + +And I could have just done +it in one loop nest. + +That's what loop fusion +would do here. + +So we can actually +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +much nicer in here. + +But just for example purposes, +so now I really reduced this + +one and got that. + +So this is great. + +Cagnodes really showed +this classic + +problem in the computer. + +And so I'm like, OK. + +Now we have new machines. + +Let's try it and see +what happens. + +What does this show? + +This is your nice cloud machines +we've got now. + +I have no slow down. + +I was really disappointed +because beforehand, I had this + +for sharing going on +in here and had a + +really big slow down. + +But this one, in fact, the +difference is very small. + +And when you look at any kind of +performance counters, they + +are pretty comparable. + +There's nothing much +going on here. + +So what do you think is +going on in this new + +architecture now? + +Why this might be? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: That's an interesting +observation, but + +also we have-- + +yes, core seven basically is +two by two in the die. + +But we also have two different +processors. + +So that's there, too. + +So in some sense, when you +get our two-way process + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +So that's there. + +That might help. + +That's an interesting +observation. + +What else might be +going on here? + +Why do you think they manage +to get this one? + +What might be another answer? + +What can hide these kind of +delays that can happen? + +Load delays, and cache misses, +and stuff like that. + +What techniques and hardware +can hide those? + +Just [UNINTELLIGIBLE] +a speculation. + +Prefetching. + +So most hardware has an +internal mechanism. + +When you start fetching +data, you say, aha! + +I see a pattern. + +I know you want to +get this thing. + +Let me go forward and bring more +data, thinking you are + +going to follow that pattern. + +OK. + +All or most of the +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +for, I think, have +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] even a + +Pentium had something for +prefetching going on. + +But most of the time, what +happens is the prefetching + +engine can't keep up. + +If you are getting there, +it's [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +a little bit further. + +You are going to catch up, and +you're going to start because + +you have more [UNINTELLIGIBLE] +here. + +I think [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +has a really, really +good prefetcher. + +And then, we saw it in our +architecture slides, too. + +That a lot of things that used +to happen before is gone. + +So this is really good. + +What that means is a lot of +weird stuff that's going on + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +making them disappear. + +So these kind of problems +don't show up. + +So that's the nice story. + +The other part is, OK. + +Now if you start really tweaking +your programs to one + +architecture, you wait +a generation. + +And then now, we have done +either the tweaking-- + +the best case, tweaking has +no impact, and it's + +not affecting anything. + +In most of the time, worst case, +tweaking actually slows + +down the program because you +are trying to do something + +complicated. + +That's just not needed +anymore. + +So even though these kind +of things showed up in + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +architecture, it's +not an issue. + +But if you go to many of the +smaller architectures that + +have that don't have that +much of the very popular + +prefetchers, this kind of +issue you would see. + +So for example, if you go to a +cell phone [UNINTELLIGIBLE], + +you would probably see these +kind of issues happening. + +Any questions here so far? + +So that's the good news. + +You guys don't have to worry +about it too much. + +But at least it's good to know +the technique because you'll + +see it in other architectures. + +So now, I want to switch a +little bit into looking at + +programs that don't have what +we call data parallelism. + +That means you can start and +say, [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +parallels. + +Everybody get the different +chunk and run. + +And we are going a little bit +more deeply into looking at + +programs that are a little +bit different. + +So I wanted to come up with this +little representation to + +represent the program. + +And so if you think about +iteration space-- + +actually before you, I'll +go down to dependence. + +I'll also do a little +bit of load balance. + +So here's a loop that +in my iterations-- + +the first one I transformed +zero to eight. + +But J only runs from +one to eight. + +So each I, I have less +and less amount of + +J iterations, basically. + +OK? + +It's a triangular loop. + +OK? + +OK. + +So this is the way to represent +iteration space, so + +I will represent data and +get back to this again. + +So if you look at a data space, +you can assume data + +iteration space could be this +funky, triangular, hyperplane + +type of thing. + +Whereas data is mostly +[? rectangulineum ?], + +multi-dimensional rectangle. + +So for example, if I have +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +and it's a one-dimensional +one, this is basically a + +two-dimensional data. + +And you can have +three-dimensional cubes and + +stuff like that. + +You can represent +data like that. + +So this is a way to +nicely represent. + +And when you start thinking +about it, we can look at + +what's going on. + +OK? + +So now you have this +loop again. + +So here's the basic +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] iterations. + +And here's the data. + +Assume this is both A and B. +There will be another one for + +matrix [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +B. One data into each iteration +is going to touch. + +So these are the data that +need to get touched, and + +here's the iterations you +are going to run. + +So we can say OpenMP +parallel four. + +So what happens when you +do parallel four? + +So I am going to get parallel. + +And so core one gets this one, +another core, another core, + +another core get these +iterations running. + +So what happens if +you do this one? + +Do you get really good +performance? + +Why? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: It's not balanced. + +The load is not balanced +in here. + +So basically if you run +sequential and if you run + +block distribution, I get about +3x performance in here. + +So if I look at closely, here +is the number of iterations + +given to each core. + +The first core gets almost +nothing, and the last guy gets + +a lot of work. + +Here's where something like the +Cilk runtime can come into + +play because with Cilk runtime, +basically, this guy + +will finish the [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +start stealing from +somebody else. + +And so it would be +done nicely. + +But whereas if you do a +static schedule, you + +are in this big bind. + +You don't have too many +things going on. + +And basically, this is what +we call load imbalance. + +So what you can do is figure out +a complicated partitioning + +so you can statically +partition this out. + +Or you can do something like the +dynamic scheduler like the + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +scheduler for a solution. + +So how to detect +load imbalance? + +Basically, what you might want +to do is for each of the + +different sections you are +running, you want to look at + +the time mistakes. + +And in the [UNINTELLIGIBLE] axis +varying, huge varying, + +that means there's a load +imbalance going on. + +So you might want to check and +make sure each of the parallel + +regions time is taking. + +And that gives you this view. + +How to eliminate load imbalance +or the use of + +dynamic scheduler that +will deal with that. + +Or you can do a different +distribution statically. + +That will not partition +in this large block. + +So let me show you a static part +because we have already + +learned the dynamic +part before. + +So now instead of doing that, +we do a cyclic distribution. + +We use a static one. + +That means if you have a lot +more than and a little bit + +better distribution so what +happens to the processor? + +Zero gets this one +and this one. + +One gets this one +and this one. + +So on and so forth. + +So that would be a little bit +between balancing there. + +But if you have enough of +cyclic, the imbalance would be + +much lower. + +So should we run faster? + +So here's the iterations +each guy gets in here. + +This looks very balanced because +I had a lot more + +iterations than this +eight one. + +This is not that balanced here +because this guy gets a lot + +more than the first one. + +The first one gets six. + +And the second and last +one gets a lot more. + +Uh oh. + +What do you think is +happening here now? + +I ran again slower. + +See I guess the people in class +last year had things + +worse because they had this +old processor that did all + +these crazy things on them. + +and you guys get the fast one +that doesn't do that. + +So why do you think cyclic +distribution is + +running a lot slower? + +What might be going? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: Spoiling +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] it's not that + +much because if you don't run +this and synchronize, what you + +do is you run the same amount of +tread and say, now, instead + +of running continuously, you +run jumping all iterations. + +You should run zero and nine +or whatever jump over + +iterations. + +Why do you think? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, there's +a cache issue. + +All this time and the question +is not sure, it's probably a + +cache issue. + +What type of cache issue do +you think is going on? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: Yeah. + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +But let me show you +what happens. + +So you get off then. + +OK, so if you look at-- + +the data is here so let's +look at what happens. + +So this is running a +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] lower. + +It's showing a lot more +instructions, but instruction + +doesn't tell you too much +because a lot of them might be + +missing synchronization +costs in here. + +So instruction is not that +illuminating here. + +The big illumination here +is this one again. + +Invalidations. + +I have a huge amount of +invalidations going on. + +So here is a case of +false sharing. + +So what happens is now things +next to each other, you want + +to multiply different +processors. + +We're not touching +the same data. + +Everybody's looking at +somebody else's data. + +So what happens is assume I want +to write this data item. + +I like that data item. + +But I get the entire cache line +because when I ask for + +that, I get my synchronization +by the cache line. + +I get this entire cache line +coming in here into this one. + +And the next guys +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] at me. + +This core won't write this +data because instead of + +blocks, I basically +give each strips. + +There's a lot of overlap +between strips. + +So this guy says not to write +this one, I had to get the + +entire cache line +going back here. + +And so if you want to write that +again, I had to get the + +entire cache line going back +even though we are writing + +different data. + +Because we are sharing +cache lines in here. + +This thinking was in back +and forth, back and + +forth, back and forth. + +I have a lot of cache +[UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +Things are really shot. + +OK? + +And so what happens here is if +you look at the cache lines-- + +there's my animation. + +So cache lines basically +mess this all up. + +You can see that really +carefully. + +What happens is between these +lines, there would be some + +overlap of cache lines. + +And this overlap in cache lines +keeps bouncing back and + +forth, back and forth in here. + +And so what happens is basically +cache lines are + +bigger than the data size, or +there's overlap in here, and + +the cache line is shared when +the data is not shared. + +And so how to detect false +sharing in too many conflicts. + +You assume this is a nice +parallelism, but suddenly, you + +don't have a speed up, and you +have a lot of conflicts here, + +even though there isn't +something to be sharing. + +And how to eliminate +false sharing. + +Make data used by each +contiguous in memory. + +That's a good way +of doing that. + +Or pad at the end. + +So these kind of at the corners, +there's not going to + +be any overlapping. + +So in here, one thing you can +do is, you can measure each + +thing that each of +the cores get. + +We can make [UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +But before what happens was +a core used to get this + +line and this line. + +There are different +places in memory. + +But you can make these two +contiguous in memory by + +basically now, instead of +having a two-dimensional + +array, you made that a + +three-dimensional or disarrays. + +AUDIENCE: Can you +say that again? + +PROFESSOR: So before you what +just happened was each of them + +were going to get this line +and this line, each core. + +All these lines that were in +different parts of the memory. + +In here, each would get +only two lines. + +But they're in a different +place. + +So if you have more cyclic, +you'll get a lot more lines or + +lower memory. + +So what we can do is we +can arrange the cache. + +So if you think about this, you +can think the cache, now + +the data, is instead of +two-dimensions is + +three-dimensional data. + +One dimension is this +cyclic part in here. + +So we can do that. + +And then, you can change any way +that the cyclic part, the + +one that I got this line and +this line, now become + +contiguous. + +So you think about data +as a two-dimension. + +You think about it as a cube. + +And you kind of change the cube +for the inner dimension + +to be the one that's +contiguous. + +So you can do data +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +transformation and get there. + +So now what happens is the role +of core zero just gets + +contiguous in memory. + +And core one gets contiguous +in memory. + +So if you're trying to make it +contiguous, that's great. + +So between padding and making +things contiguous, you can get + +good performance. + +And if you do data +transformation, voila! + +My invalidations just went +down drastically. + +I again have a nice load +balancing here. + +Invalidations went +down drastically. + +That means my [UNINTELLIGIBLE] +increased a little bit and I + +get really nice speed up. + +So here are the kind of crazy +things you are to do if you + +are doing things like +algorithms that + +are not cache obvious. + +And if you are doing directly +parallizing yourself without + +letting a nice [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +time to help you. + +Something like a +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] assistant. + +So I'm just going to +summarize this + +because this is important. + +We looked at a bunch +of cache issues. + +We looked at cold missiles, +capacity missiles, and + +conflict missiles before. + +And today, here are +some examples of + +true sharing missiles. + +What happened was I am actually +really using data, + +but I set up my parallelism +in such a way that between + +different executions, my data +has to move across. + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +So I am truly sharing data, +but the data has to go to + +somebody else's cache. + +So I've got a lot of +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +violations here. + +More into this one is more like +false sharing, where you + +assume there's no sharing, nice +parallelism, everything, + +except the program +runs very slow. + +And that can be because +of false sharing. + +So we just kind of touch +on these two topics. + +OK? + +So let me switch gears a little +bit about dependences. + +We touched on the dependences +a little bit. + +And these are two fine +programs that are not + +completely parallel. + +So normally, what happens is a +true dependence means that I'm + +writing and reading +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +other way out. + +And if two guys are both +fighting, then the order has + +to maintiain us out would +be dependence. + +And did our dependence +even loop, because + +these are single items. + +So if you have an error here, +this is becoming a lot more + +complicated. + +Because there's no simple +thing in here. + +Because it's not just using +the same iteration. + +You might be using data from +different iterations. + +So what happens is there's +a dynamic instance of + +iterations. + +So one iteration writes the +data, and somebody else might + +be reading the data. + +And that is basically +the order we have to + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +Let me give you an example. + +This kind of demonstrates +what's going on. + +OK? + +And when you edit, you say +look, this is where you + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +complicated. + +So in order to give you +and example, let me + +look at this program. + +I have a simple program here. + +Ai equals Ai plus one. + +My iterations-- + +I'm running five iterations +in here. + +So this is my iteration space. + +I have a large array, so +this is my data space. + +And now, I keep running +this program. + +So what happens is this is +time going down in here. + +So the first situation +basically, I first read and + +then write. + +Same in the second iteration, +I read and write. + +Third iteration read +and write. + +Fourth iteration, +read and write. + +Do you see how this is going +on these four situations? + +Second iteration, third +iteration, fourth iteration, + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +OK. + +So what happens is first +iteration read + +this value is zero. + +And write the value as zero +in the menu writing. + +Second iteration A1, +A1, A2, A2, A3, A3. + +So now, when this is writing, +that's a dependence + +between these two. + +You see the true and entire +output dependence + +between these two. + +What type of dependence +do we have? + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] dependence. + +True dependence is what? + +What to what? + +What's the first thing +that occurs? + +What's the next thing +that occurs? + +Anybody want to answer? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: Write to read. + +So you have the first thing +has to be write to read. + +Watch this. + +This is a read to write. + +So what type of dependence +is this? + +This is anti-dependent. + +So here is ante-dependence +in here. + +But the nice thing about that is +this dependent didn't cross + +the iteration boundary. + +So these black lines are my +iteration boundaries. + +So these are for situations +that [UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +So there's no iteration +crossing in here. + +You can kind of [UNINTELLIGIBLE] +it using each + +of these iterations and my +dependencies within the very + +same iteration. + +So the same iteration I have +dependency [UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +OK? + +This is a simpler case. + +So let's look at something a +little bit more complicated. + +So I have Ai plus 1 +equals Ai plus 1. + +So what happens is first +I am reading Ai. + +And then, I am writing Ai plus +1 in the same iteration. + +The next iteration, I +am reading now Ai + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +this is A0 and 1. + +This is A is 1. + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +I am writing Ai plus 1. + +I am writing 2. + +So I have a dependence +like this now. + +What type of dependence +is this? + +This is a true dependence +because I am writing. + +And this is actually reading +what what it is writing. + +So does this look parallel? + +No. + +Because what happens is if you +look at each iteration depends + +on the previous iteration. + +So you have to actually have +this dependence going back and + +forth, back and forth in here. + +So let's look at a couple +more other things. + +So here is Ai equals +Ai plus 2. + +So I am basically reading +Ai plus 2. + +So I am reading this one. + +I am writing this one. + +Reading this one. + +Writing this one. + +Here is my dependence +that's in here. + +You see the two are +anti in here. + +This is anti-dependence because +I am going from a + +reading to a write in here. + +Can this loop be parallel? + +Can this loop run parallel? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: So can every +iteration run parallel? + +There could be basically. + +No because what happens is if +you look at that, there's a + +dependence that goes +like this. + +And of course, there +are two chains. + +So if you are interested, you +can run at least two-way + +parallelism. + +You can run one chain parallel +to another chain when you do + +get that much parallelism. + +How about this one? + +2i and 2i plus 1. + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +Is there independence in here? + +Nope because one is-- + +you are reading all the elements +and even writing + +elements [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +dependence. + +So you can have a missing +parallel. + +OK? + +So this is the kind of +interesting thing + +that is going on. + +So next, I want to look at +something a little bit more + +complicated. + +So let's look at this. + +So here's a classic algorithm +called successive over + +relaxation. + +So it kind of simulates a lot of +times things like heat flow + +through a plane. + +So the idea there is-- + +let me illustrate +what he does. + +So assume you have a +big metal sheet. + +And you put some kind of heat +source in one place. + +And after sometime, it all +reaches a steady state. + +The other side might be cold. + +And you want to know part of +the sheet's temperature. + +Because temperature +can leak out. + +And there are more things like +you have a heat source and + +others that [UNINTELLIGIBLE] +to work a glass of water or + +some kind of a sink. + +So what is the heat +distribution? + +So one way to compare that this +is basically the same + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +The heat value here is basically +the average around + +all these other values +right now. + +Because if something is too +hot, the heat is going to + +propagate something +that is too cold. + +The heat is going to propagate +because it kind of has to be + +average around that. + +Then, you take the +average in here. + +So what it's doing +is calculating + +the average in here. + +And then, you have to do +it many, many times. + +So if you have a heat source, +at that point, it + +would be very hard. + +And then, it will start +propagating slowly and kind of + +propagate down. + +And the cold side in this way +or after running many times, + +it basically stabilizes. + +And at that point, you have the +kind of heat distribution + +that we [UNINTELLIGIBLE] have. + +This is the kind of calculation +you do. + +So this is the calculation. + +So what you're doing is +calculating this. + +You are creating this, +this, this, and this + +and updating that. + +And then, you do it +for t time stamps. + +So you just go around doing each +of these things first and + +doing it for t time stamps. + +OK? + +So we would like to +run this parallel. + +So here's my basically +data space. + +There's my data items. + +So here's my array, +two-dimensional array. + +So this is how I'm +trying to update. + +I'm reading all this file. + +So here's my iteration space. + +So what I have looked at this. + +I don't want to-- + +it's hard to give you +a 3D diagram. + +I don't have a 3D projector. + +So what I'm showing here is +three-dimension here. + +So this is the previous +iteration, first iteration. + +So if I still go tij. + +So you go through t, and then +you go through i in here, and + +then, when you're done, you +go to the [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +iteration and you go this way. + +So here's how you +would iterate. + +So you run this one, this one, +this one, this one, this one, + +this one, this one, this +one, this one. + +And then increase t by +1, and go like this. + +And right now, we are here. + +We are trying to update +this one. + +That's what we are +trying to do. + +And that means we are already +finished up to this point. + +All these points are +finished up. + +Now, what we have to do is +figure out when I'm reading, + +who actually wrote this value. + +OK? + +First of all, let's figure out +which iterations might be able + +to write this value. + +So if you look at +this value, this + +relationship in between here. + +This one, basically, is ij. + +And this is ij, ij, ij. + +These three iterations +can write this one. + +So and these iterations +can write this one. + +Let me go to this one. + +This is a pretty darn +complicated [UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +So what that means is in +this one, this one + +already wrote something. + +This is what I'm reading +in here. + +This one already wrote +something. + +This is what I'm reading here. + +This iteration wrote +something. + +I read it here. + +OK. + +Everybody following so far? + +How about this, guys? + +Who wrote the value I am reading +in these iterations? + +In this one, I haven't +reached there yet. + +So who has written that? + +So I assume this +is t equals 1. + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +somebody has to write +those things. + +So what that means is this also +wrote all of those values + +because I have done +those iterations. + +But the interesting thing is +some of these values got + +overwritten. + +This value got overwritten , +this value got overwritten. + +So these two values disappear. + +This value got overwritten +by this guy. + +This value got overwritten +by this guy. + +OK. + +But we haven't overwritten this +value, this value, and + +this value yet. + +This one, basically, +I've just updated. + +But I [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +this one. + +Do you see this? + +Is everybody following me? + +AUDIENCE: Once again, sir. + +I got lost. + +So what are [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: So what happens is I +am trying to update in this + +iteration because this array +get rid of multiple times. + +But in each iteration, you are +only doing one update. + +So I am trying to read +and write in here. + +So I need to read all +of these five + +elements in this iteration. + +So I want to figure out +who wrote that. + +OK? + +This one can be written by this +guy and this iteration. + +Could this iteration write +its value in here? + +OK? + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +This iteration write because +we see it's writing ij. + +I mean my diagram is not that +great because I have three in + +here and five in here. + +So just bear with me on that. + +So assume I am writing +ij in here. + +So my iterations go from 1 to n, +but my data goes from 0 to + +n plus 1, basically. + +1 to n minus 1 iterations. + +0 to n plus 1 data. + +So data is bigger than iteration +space because of + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +So what happens is when I'm in +this iteration, we'll say this + +is 1 2 iteration. + +I will write this value. + +This iteration will also +write this value. + +OK? + +You see that? + +All of these iterations +are the same. + +This iteration we will also +write this value. + +But right now, who is the +last guy who wrote it? + +The last guy that wrote +it is this guy. + +Because this iteration wrote +it, and after that, it got + +ordered in this one. + +But this one hadn't occurred +yet, so it hadn't been ordered + +by this guy. + +So the last guy who wrote +it was this one. + +So that's why I had +to eliminate this. + +But this data value-- + +I haven't executed this +iteration yet. + +So nobody had written this +one in this time stamp. + +So it has to be from the +previous time stamp. + +So I read two values from the +current time stamp, three + +values from the previous +time stamp. + +These three values have +to come from the + +previous time stamp. + +These two values that come from +the current time stamp. + +You see that? + +OK. + +Good. + +So what that means is because +dependence means-- + +OK. + +This line, this dark, red line. + +See. + +I am reading a value in a +current iteration that was + +written by this iteration. + +So that means I have no +dependence between these two + +iterations. + +OK. + +This line, this dark, +red line. + +I am reading a value written +by this iteration. + +So I have a dependency +in here. + +This line means I have a +dependence between this + +iteration to the current one. + +This line means I have +dependence between this + +iteration and the current one. + +This line means I have +dependence between this + +iteration and the current one. + +You see that? + +OK. + +So now, I want to see how we +can parallelize this group. + +So what can I do? + +So I look at all this +dependence. + +At this point, I don't have to +think about all this where who + +wrote what. + +I can say this is dependence. + +In order to do this equation, +all these iterations have to + +be done because I am losing the +values produced by them. + +So these have to be finished +before I can patch that. + +So the parallelism +means I tried to + +do things in parallel. + +So can we parallelize +this loop? + +Can we run each time +stamp separately? + +No because I am using these +three values from the previous + +time stamp. + +So I can't run this time stamp, +B equals 1, until B + +equals 0 is done. + +Or B plus 2 [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +B plus 1 is done. + +OK? + +So I can't parallelize +this loop. + +OK. + +Can I parallelize this loop? + +Why? + +Will dependence stop me from +parallelizing this one? + +So I'm looking at i. + +This is my i dimension. + +How many lines, at +least, tell me. + +How many dependencies +are going to stop + +me from doing that? + +OK. + +Good. + +I have [UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +Somebody says three. + +Somebody says one. + +OK. + +Let's get a vote. + +How many people think +it's three? + +OK. + +There's one vote for three. + +How many people think +it's three? + +How many people think +it's one? + +Wait a minute. + +One vote for three and +two votes for one? + +OK. + +Where's the rest? + +For two? + +For 0? + +Can't be 0 if the +0 is parallel. + +OK. + +So we'll start parallelizing. + +OK. + +So what happens in here? + +Right now, this is +actually one. + +This one. + +Because these things don't +participate because this has + +already happened. + +When you go to ij iterations, +these are already done. + +So you're going from t. + +So you're looking at the current +iterations because + +you're ending in two loops. + +So the t is done. + +So these all are already +done when you go try + +to parallelize sides. + +So I don't have to worry +about these three. + +In here because actually I'm +losing t of something here, I + +am in trouble. + +So when you go look at this +one, I have this one. + +So every dimension has +a dependence in here. + +So I can't run it in parallel. + +So does this mean that there's +no parallelism? + +Who think there's +no parallelism? + +Who thinks there is? + +Oh, somebody thinks there's +no parallelism. + +Who thinks there's +parallelism? + +OK. + +More people think there's +parallelism. + +Let's see what we can do. + +Question? + +AUDIENCE: Do you really +think [INAUDIBLE] + +I'm trying to figure out +how to word this. + +Do you really want to have + +dependence on the same concept? + +[INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: Yeah. + +I mean you can do-- + +this is the way this SOR +is sitting so there's a + +dependence between time stamp. + +There's another SOR. + +What they do is kind +of a red, black. + +So when you calculate the next +time stamp, you calculate it + +right and complete +the new array. + +So there's no dependence. + +So that's a different +algorithm. + +This algorithm, basically, +uses sum value from + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] because the +value-- the algorithm you're + +talking-- you already created +the other copies. + +You had two copies. + +You're bouncing back +and forth. + +Nice. + +No real problem in here. + +But then you had to have twice +the amount of storage. + +Here, you are updating in. + +And since this is kind of +running enough iterations + +until it converges, it doesn't +seem to matter that the + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE]. + +OK. + +So we cannot find a loop, +what we call doall loop. + +The doall loop means there's no +loop carried dependences. + +It's fully parallel. + +This is the best case. + +So what happens is when +you get there, + +everybody can run parallel. + +And when you're done, you can +stop and then do that. + +So this is the doall loop. + +Of course, there's +no doall loop. + +We can look at every +dimension. + +We had some kind +of dependence. + +So there's another choice, what +we call doacross loop. + +What that means is we have some +loop carried dependence. + +There's something I +have to use for + +the previous iteration. + +But it's only one thing. + +I have a lot of other things I +can run around that only I + +just have to wait one thing. + +One is done. + +I can just keep running. + +And if I calculate and send this +one early, then I can do + +my other calculations later. + +This is not that great. + +If you look at the +difference here. + +This definitely has very little +overhead in here. + +This can run slow. + +And of course, this thing +gets produced very late. + +It's [? almost ?] sequential. + +So I hope you can just-- it the +other guy wants something, + +I can immediately send +it very early. + +And then I can run there. + +So you can get some kind of +doacross patterns in here. + +So if you want to +do this one-- + +this is a little bit +crazy in here. + +But they'll do it in here. + +And so what first we are to +do is you are to say, OK. + +Look. + +I'm running this loop, the +i loop in parallel. + +But I have to exchange +some data. + +Before I want to run this one, +I have to basically get the + +previous i value produced. + +And when it's done, I can say +the next guy can use it. + +So this is a very +complicated one. + +I don't want you to understand +it too well. + +So the reason I put it is to +show that OK, if you want to + +spend a week trying to really +call this up and understand + +and make sure that +it works OK. + +So you can do things +like that. + +OK? + +Aha. + +So this is the true +voodooness. + +OK. + +AUDIENCE: So in Cilk, if you +do this with divide and + +conquer, you can make it be what +I called in the Tableau + +construction. + +Each layer here is basically +constructing a Tableau. + +And so if you do it with divide +and conquer, you can do + +it with a very simple +recursive code. + +But you can also do it with a +loop that goes diagonally. + +AUDIENCE: [INTERPOSING VOICES] + +PROFESSOR: Yes. + +I'm going to get that. + +That's next. + +AUDIENCE: Sorry. + +PROFESSOR: That's OK. + +So the reason that I'm showing +that is because this class is + +not just about how to make the +cores exactly run faster. + +Think about algorithmic issues +and stuff like that. + +So sometimes, when you look at +a problem, it looks crazy. + +And there might be some changes +you can do that you + +can get to run things +in parallel. + +So I'm actually doing +not diagonal. + +I'm actually doing something +very simple. + +So what I have done here +is I have all these + +dependences in here. + +OK? + +So the problem here is I can't +find a single [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +that basically has +no crossing. + +But if you look at this +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +diagonal here. + +What you see is, in fact, +there's nothing that crosses + +the diagonal. + +OK? + +So this one basically +doesn't depend on + +this one or this one. + +It only depends on +the previous one. + +So I can run everything in +the diagonal parallel in + +here in this one. + +So of course, I can't write +anything [UNINTELLIGIBLE] in + +here, but there's a cute +trick you can do. + +What you can do is you +can take iteration + +space and skew it. + +So what I have done is now +instead off the same thing, + +instead of this being a square, +now I skewed it a + +little bit. + +OK? + +So what that means is when I'm +running first i, I basically + +don't run any here. + +Then, I run this one and +this iteration here. + +So what I have done is I have +kind of moved my iteration + +space around. + +Do you see how this might be? + +So now, the interesting thing +is when I skew, if I look at + +this line, I can parallelize +in this one because all the + +dependences come from the +previous iteration. + +Am I right? + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +Yeah. + +I skewed it. + +Yes, everything in here, these +ones are parallel. + +OK? + +And any dependence comes from +the previous iteration. + +There's no current iteration +in here. + +Everything in this +one is parallel. + +So I can parallelize this. + +So this one doesn't depend +on this one or this one. + +So this is all parallel. + +This is a little bit +more complicated. + +So if you're interested +to go deep, just go + +stare at the slides. + +I have the slides out there to +understand how that happens. + +So if you think about what I'm +running here in parallel is + +the one basically this +diagonal in here. + +So what happens is if you run +this, this, and this parallel, + +there's no dependence. + +I don't need this one or this +one to run this one. + +So I can run this, this, +this, this, all + +this diagonal in parallel. + +But the trouble with just the +diagonal is I don't have a + +place in here to say +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +for a diagonal. + +So I basically skewed +it and then made a + +diagonal into one loop. + +So then, now what happens +is basically j + +loop I can run parallel. + +This one. + +So I can do it four +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] four. + +OK? + +So here's something you found +a problem that has no nice + +parallelism. + +But you realize there's kind of +a what you call a wavefront + +going on here. + +Wave going on here. + +So not the given dimension, but +there's another dimension + +that you can parallel. + +So you kind of skewed your +space to get that nice + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] line. + +And you run parallel. + +So that's all I have for today. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/MqJW8ABqDpA.txt b/MqJW8ABqDpA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..92281de31512f359d37a6549cb68bff04ee47c0b --- /dev/null +++ b/MqJW8ABqDpA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,21227 @@ 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first day of the +second week no so I will begin to to + + align:start position:0% +second week no so I will begin to to + + + align:start position:0% +second week no so I will begin to to +give you a brief presentation of what we + + align:start position:0% +give you a brief presentation of what we + + + align:start position:0% +give you a brief presentation of what we +have been doing the past week and what + + align:start position:0% +have been doing the past week and what + + + align:start position:0% +have been doing the past week and what +we we will do this week + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay but for understanding that I like + + align:start position:0% +okay but for understanding that I like + + + align:start position:0% +okay but for understanding that I like +to present some some + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ideas the idea of + + align:start position:0% +ideas the idea of + + + align:start position:0% +ideas the idea of +Sean is that the way professionals think + + align:start position:0% +Sean is that the way professionals think + + + align:start position:0% +Sean is that the way professionals think +as they are + + align:start position:0% +as they are + + + align:start position:0% +as they are +working is very important for their + + align:start position:0% +working is very important for their + + + align:start position:0% +working is very important for their +capacity of tackling problems + + align:start position:0% +capacity of tackling problems + + + align:start position:0% +capacity of tackling problems +and the awareness about this the way we + + align:start position:0% +and the awareness about this the way we + + + align:start position:0% +and the awareness about this the way we +are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thinking it's very important to for + + align:start position:0% +thinking it's very important to for + + + align:start position:0% +thinking it's very important to for +increasing this capacity and for + + align:start position:0% +increasing this capacity and for + + + align:start position:0% +increasing this capacity and for +expanding the way we can learn from the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +situations once he presented his idea he + + align:start position:0% +situations once he presented his idea he + + + align:start position:0% +situations once he presented his idea he +tried to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to criticize Technical rationality and + + align:start position:0% +to criticize Technical rationality and + + + align:start position:0% +to criticize Technical rationality and +all the development of his idea is in + + align:start position:0% +all the development of his idea is in + + + align:start position:0% +all the development of his idea is in +this framework criticizing technical + + align:start position:0% +this framework criticizing technical + + + align:start position:0% +this framework criticizing technical +operationality + + align:start position:0% +operationality + + + align:start position:0% +operationality +so what we tried to + + align:start position:0% +so what we tried to + + + align:start position:0% +so what we tried to +do next last + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +week one was an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +overview of of reflective + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +practice and we did an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exercise of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +learning the purpose of this exercise + + align:start position:0% +learning the purpose of this exercise + + + align:start position:0% +learning the purpose of this exercise +was + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to to prepare we for the + + align:start position:0% +to to prepare we for the + + + align:start position:0% +to to prepare we for the +week because all the process of the + + align:start position:0% +week because all the process of the + + + align:start position:0% +week because all the process of the +course is a process of learning + + align:start position:0% +course is a process of learning + + + align:start position:0% +course is a process of learning +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we the idea was to help you to have an + + align:start position:0% +we the idea was to help you to have an + + + align:start position:0% +we the idea was to help you to have an +experience that should help you to to + + align:start position:0% +experience that should help you to to + + + align:start position:0% +experience that should help you to to +understand what should + + align:start position:0% +understand what should + + + align:start position:0% +understand what should +happen + + 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Concepts he treat this + + align:start position:0% +displacement of Concepts he treat this + + + align:start position:0% +displacement of Concepts he treat this +some elements of that we we will use a + + align:start position:0% +some elements of that we we will use a + + + align:start position:0% +some elements of that we we will use a +method a bit different he using his + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +book the final + + align:start position:0% +book the final + + + align:start position:0% +book the final +day will be about two + + align:start position:0% +day will be about two + + + align:start position:0% +day will be about two +things one + + align:start position:0% +things one + + + align:start position:0% +things one +is about the future + + align:start position:0% +is about the future + + + align:start position:0% +is about the future +of reflective + + align:start position:0% +of reflective + + + align:start position:0% +of reflective +practice how are these connecting + + align:start position:0% +practice how are these connecting + + + align:start position:0% +practice how are these connecting +connected + + align:start position:0% +connected + + + align:start position:0% +connected +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +Wikipedia with collective intelligence + + align:start position:0% +Wikipedia with collective intelligence + + + align:start position:0% +Wikipedia with collective intelligence +with social + + align:start position:0% +with social + + + align:start position:0% +with social +Innovation + + align:start position:0% +Innovation + + + align:start position:0% +Innovation +with this word that is emerging where + + align:start position:0% +with this word that is emerging where + + + align:start position:0% +with this word that is emerging where +knowledge flows through + + align:start position:0% +knowledge flows through + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge flows through +networks and we will do with you an + + align:start position:0% +networks and we will do with you an + + + align:start position:0% +networks and we will do with you an +exercise a second exercise of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reflection about the + + align:start position:0% +reflection about the + + + align:start position:0% +reflection about the +course we will reconstruct the C with + + align:start position:0% +course we will reconstruct the C with + + + align:start position:0% +course we will reconstruct the C with +you and we we will do another exercise + + align:start position:0% +you and we we will do another exercise + + + align:start position:0% +you and we we will do another exercise +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +reflection + + align:start position:0% +reflection + + + align:start position:0% +reflection +okay ER so this is the idea of of of + + align:start position:0% +okay ER so this is the idea of of of + + + align:start position:0% +okay ER so this is the idea of of of +what we have been doing and what we will + + align:start position:0% +what we have been doing and what we will + + + align:start position:0% +what we have been doing and what we will +do okay it's a it's a brief code is just + + align:start position:0% +do okay it's a it's a brief code is just + + + align:start position:0% +do okay it's a it's a brief code is just +an introduction no it's just for you to + + align:start position:0% +an introduction no it's just for you to + + + align:start position:0% +an introduction no it's just for you to +to understand briefly what are the main + + align:start position:0% +to understand briefly what are the main + + + align:start position:0% +to understand briefly what are the main +components of reflective + + align:start position:0% +components of reflective + + + align:start position:0% +components of reflective +practice okay + + align:start position:0% +practice okay + + + align:start position:0% +practice okay +yes yeah I just think loud + + align:start position:0% +yes yeah I just think loud + + + align:start position:0% +yes yeah I just think loud +sorry okay have you do you want to talk + + align:start position:0% +sorry okay have you do you want to talk + + + align:start position:0% +sorry okay have you do you want to talk +about something of this it's + + align:start position:0% +about something of this it's + + + align:start position:0% +about something of this it's +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +okay yeah okay so let's begin with the + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah okay so let's begin with the + + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah okay so let's begin with the +day + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and today we we consider one exercise + + align:start position:0% +and today we we consider one exercise + + + align:start position:0% +and today we we consider one exercise +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +frame my idea is to do a brief + + align:start position:0% +frame my idea is to do a brief + + + align:start position:0% +frame my idea is to do a brief +introduction about frame or perhaps we + + align:start position:0% +introduction about frame or perhaps we + + + align:start position:0% +introduction about frame or perhaps we +can begin with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the brief introduction main I maintain + + align:start position:0% +the brief introduction main I maintain + + + align:start position:0% +the brief introduction main I maintain +the okay the program okay let's begin do + + align:start position:0% +the okay the program okay let's begin do + + + align:start position:0% +the okay the program okay let's begin do +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +frame + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if for being + + align:start position:0% +if for being + + + align:start position:0% +if for being +able okay + + align:start position:0% +able okay + + + align:start position:0% +able okay +let's come back to the beginning yeah + + align:start position:0% +let's come back to the beginning yeah + + + align:start position:0% +let's come back to the beginning yeah +it's very brief what our frame first of + + align:start position:0% +it's very brief what our frame first of + + + align:start position:0% +it's very brief what our frame first of +all these our frame how we + + align:start position:0% +all these our frame how we + + + align:start position:0% +all these our frame how we +perceive understand and describe + + align:start position:0% +perceive understand and describe + + + align:start position:0% +perceive understand and describe +situations it's not only how we describe + + align:start position:0% +situations it's not only how we describe + + + align:start position:0% +situations it's not only how we describe +situations and how we understand but + + align:start position:0% +situations and how we understand but + + + align:start position:0% +situations and how we understand but +it's very important how we perceive the + + align:start position:0% +it's very important how we perceive the + + + align:start position:0% +it's very important how we perceive the +situation okay + + align:start position:0% +situation okay + + + align:start position:0% +situation okay +we different people may go through the + + align:start position:0% +we different people may go through the + + + align:start position:0% +we different people may go through the +same situation and we perceive very + + align:start position:0% +same situation and we perceive very + + + align:start position:0% +same situation and we perceive very +different components of this + + align:start position:0% +different components of this + + + align:start position:0% +different components of this +situation we in some sense are + + align:start position:0% +situation we in some sense are + + + align:start position:0% +situation we in some sense are +picking different elements and trying to + + align:start position:0% +picking different elements and trying to + + + align:start position:0% +picking different elements and trying to +make sense of them can + + align:start position:0% +make sense of them can + + + align:start position:0% +make sense of them can +please + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay we + + align:start position:0% +okay we + + + align:start position:0% +okay we +see we we think that we are saying the + + align:start position:0% +see we we think that we are saying the + + + align:start position:0% +see we we think that we are saying the +same situation if we are a group of + + align:start position:0% +same situation if we are a group of + + + align:start position:0% +same situation if we are a group of +people but each one + + align:start position:0% +people but each one + + + align:start position:0% +people but each one +have are seeing different + + align:start position:0% +have are seeing different + + + align:start position:0% +have are seeing different +Landscapes these components that of the + + align:start position:0% +Landscapes these components that of the + + + align:start position:0% +Landscapes these components that of the +situation that are visible for us we + + align:start position:0% +situation that are visible for us we + + + align:start position:0% +situation that are visible for us we +pick them and we try to organize them in + + align:start position:0% +pick them and we try to organize them in + + + align:start position:0% +pick them and we try to organize them in +some + + align:start position:0% +some + + + align:start position:0% +some +way and we begin to construct the + + align:start position:0% +way and we begin to construct the + + + align:start position:0% +way and we begin to construct the +frame behind this we have beliefs we + + align:start position:0% +frame behind this we have beliefs we + + + align:start position:0% +frame behind this we have beliefs we +have particular ways of + + align:start position:0% +have particular ways of + + + align:start position:0% +have particular ways of +perceiving we have values we will talk + + align:start position:0% +perceiving we have values we will talk + + + align:start position:0% +perceiving we have values we will talk +about this later and we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have some opinion about if something is + + align:start position:0% +have some opinion about if something is + + + align:start position:0% +have some opinion about if something is +good or is that we appreciate in + + align:start position:0% +good or is that we appreciate in + + + align:start position:0% +good or is that we appreciate in +different ways the components + + align:start position:0% +different ways the components + + + align:start position:0% +different ways the components +okay the idea is that in most of cases + + align:start position:0% +okay the idea is that in most of cases + + + align:start position:0% +okay the idea is that in most of cases +we are not working with problems in most + + align:start position:0% +we are not working with problems in most + + + align:start position:0% +we are not working with problems in most +of cases we are working with Messy + + align:start position:0% +of cases we are working with Messy + + + align:start position:0% +of cases we are working with Messy +situations from the messy situations we + + align:start position:0% +situations from the messy situations we + + + align:start position:0% +situations from the messy situations we +create a problem the process of going + + align:start position:0% +create a problem the process of going + + + align:start position:0% +create a problem the process of going +from the a messy to a problem is the + + align:start position:0% +from the a messy to a problem is the + + + align:start position:0% +from the a messy to a problem is the +process of + + align:start position:0% +process of + + + align:start position:0% +process of +framing okay let's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +go John do do explain this he says we + + align:start position:0% +go John do do explain this he says we + + + align:start position:0% +go John do do explain this he says we +begin with a vague idea he names + + align:start position:0% +begin with a vague idea he names + + + align:start position:0% +begin with a vague idea he names +problematic situations and we begin to + + align:start position:0% +problematic situations and we begin to + + + align:start position:0% +problematic situations and we begin to +to to make this vague idea more precise + + align:start position:0% +to to make this vague idea more precise + + + align:start position:0% +to to make this vague idea more precise +as if we was focusing focusing focusing + + align:start position:0% +as if we was focusing focusing focusing + + + align:start position:0% +as if we was focusing focusing focusing +our + + align:start position:0% +our + + + align:start position:0% +our +lenses + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay in the process we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are making clear the diverse elements of + + align:start position:0% +are making clear the diverse elements of + + + align:start position:0% +are making clear the diverse elements of +the situation we name them the process + + align:start position:0% +the situation we name them the process + + + align:start position:0% +the situation we name them the process +of name naming is very important because + + align:start position:0% +of name naming is very important because + + + align:start position:0% +of name naming is very important because +the name we give things will be + + align:start position:0% +the name we give things will be + + + align:start position:0% +the name we give things will be +determinant for the way we work with + + align:start position:0% +determinant for the way we work with + + + align:start position:0% +determinant for the way we work with +them in our + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mind after that we describe this we + + align:start position:0% +mind after that we describe this we + + + align:start position:0% +mind after that we describe this we +organize + + align:start position:0% +organize + + + align:start position:0% +organize +them and once we have organized it we + + align:start position:0% +them and once we have organized it we + + + align:start position:0% +them and once we have organized it we +decide what the problem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is I think that this process is very + + align:start position:0% +is I think that this process is very + + + align:start position:0% +is I think that this process is very +clear + + align:start position:0% +clear + + + align:start position:0% +clear +for understand how we are going from the + + align:start position:0% +for understand how we are going from the + + + align:start position:0% +for understand how we are going from the +method to the + + align:start position:0% +method to the + + + align:start position:0% +method to the +problem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah in the same way that Sean talks + + align:start position:0% +yeah in the same way that Sean talks + + + align:start position:0% +yeah in the same way that Sean talks +about spouse Theory and theor is in use + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +he talks + + align:start position:0% +he talks + + + align:start position:0% +he talks +about rhetorical frame spouse that + + align:start position:0% +about rhetorical frame spouse that + + + align:start position:0% +about rhetorical frame spouse that +Theory and action + + align:start position:0% +Theory and action + + + align:start position:0% +Theory and action +frame okay or spoused policies and + + align:start position:0% +frame okay or spoused policies and + + + align:start position:0% +frame okay or spoused policies and +policies in + + align:start position:0% +policies in + + + align:start position:0% +policies in +use + + align:start position:0% +use + + + align:start position:0% +use +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +it's an application of the first book on + + align:start position:0% +it's an application of the first book on + + + align:start position:0% +it's an application of the first book on +reflective + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +practice this rhetoric policy the + + align:start position:0% +practice this rhetoric policy the + + + align:start position:0% +practice this rhetoric policy the +rhetoric frame + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +try to convince people that this Frame + + align:start position:0% +try to convince people that this Frame + + + align:start position:0% +try to convince people that this Frame +is superior to any others so he hide his + + align:start position:0% +is superior to any others so he hide his + + + align:start position:0% +is superior to any others so he hide his +weaknesses and he's explicit highly + + align:start position:0% +weaknesses and he's explicit highly + + + align:start position:0% +weaknesses and he's explicit highly +explicit about the weaknesses of the + + align:start position:0% +explicit about the weaknesses of the + + + align:start position:0% +explicit about the weaknesses of the +other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +frames rhetoric frames are + + align:start position:0% +frames rhetoric frames are + + + align:start position:0% +frames rhetoric frames are +weapons + + align:start position:0% +weapons + + + align:start position:0% +weapons +okay it's a two us for fighting + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for destroy the other frames for making + + align:start position:0% +for destroy the other frames for making + + + align:start position:0% +for destroy the other frames for making +it not much believable + + align:start position:0% +it not much believable + + + align:start position:0% +it not much believable +trustable and to get people convinced + + align:start position:0% +trustable and to get people convinced + + + align:start position:0% +trustable and to get people convinced +that our frame is a very good + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one analyzing this kind of problem + + align:start position:0% +one analyzing this kind of problem + + + align:start position:0% +one analyzing this kind of problem +Edward de Bono we talk about him last + + align:start position:0% +Edward de Bono we talk about him last + + + align:start position:0% +Edward de Bono we talk about him last +week his his work is on creativity he + + align:start position:0% +week his his work is on creativity he + + + align:start position:0% +week his his work is on creativity he +explained that in a poic + + align:start position:0% +explained that in a poic + + + align:start position:0% +explained that in a poic +the frame that win the other frame is + + align:start position:0% +the frame that win the other frame is + + + align:start position:0% +the frame that win the other frame is +not the frame that is superior it's the + + align:start position:0% +not the frame that is superior it's the + + + align:start position:0% +not the frame that is superior it's the +frame that is able to discover the + + align:start position:0% +frame that is able to discover the + + + align:start position:0% +frame that is able to discover the +weaknesses of the other frame and is + + align:start position:0% +weaknesses of the other frame and is + + + align:start position:0% +weaknesses of the other frame and is +able to hide his own + + align:start position:0% +able to hide his own + + + align:start position:0% +able to hide his own +weaknesses okay so we can we should not + + align:start position:0% +weaknesses okay so we can we should not + + + align:start position:0% +weaknesses okay so we can we should not +give so much importance in a debate + + align:start position:0% +give so much importance in a debate + + + align:start position:0% +give so much importance in a debate +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +who have won the debate because the the + + align:start position:0% +who have won the debate because the the + + + align:start position:0% +who have won the debate because the the +person who won the debate may have + + align:start position:0% +person who won the debate may have + + + align:start position:0% +person who won the debate may have +uh an idea that's worse than the other + + align:start position:0% +uh an idea that's worse than the other + + + align:start position:0% +uh an idea that's worse than the other +but just he's more able to destruct the + + align:start position:0% +but just he's more able to destruct the + + + align:start position:0% +but just he's more able to destruct the +other ideas the rhetoric framing frame + + align:start position:0% +other ideas the rhetoric framing frame + + + align:start position:0% +other ideas the rhetoric framing frame +is in this sense a two form + + align:start position:0% +is in this sense a two form + + + align:start position:0% +is in this sense a two form +fighting the combat between ideas + + align:start position:0% +fighting the combat between ideas + + + align:start position:0% +fighting the combat between ideas +okay okay one + + align:start position:0% +okay okay one + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay one +more yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +frames work with + + align:start position:0% +frames work with + + + align:start position:0% +frames work with +metaphors + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +always when we create a frame for a + + align:start position:0% +always when we create a frame for a + + + align:start position:0% +always when we create a frame for a +situation we always call to a + + align:start position:0% +situation we always call to a + + + align:start position:0% +situation we always call to a +metaphor for helping people to make + + align:start position:0% +metaphor for helping people to make + + + align:start position:0% +metaphor for helping people to make +analogy in the case that Sean and Martin + + align:start position:0% +analogy in the case that Sean and Martin + + + align:start position:0% +analogy in the case that Sean and Martin +rain treat in their + + align:start position:0% +rain treat in their + + + align:start position:0% +rain treat in their +books they used the idea + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of er disease for treating the problems + + align:start position:0% +of er disease for treating the problems + + + align:start position:0% +of er disease for treating the problems +in Urban Development and it requires + + align:start position:0% +in Urban Development and it requires + + + align:start position:0% +in Urban Development and it requires +sanitary + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +treatments but it's important to be + + align:start position:0% +treatments but it's important to be + + + align:start position:0% +treatments but it's important to be +aware that every way we create a frame + + align:start position:0% +aware that every way we create a frame + + + align:start position:0% +aware that every way we create a frame +at the same time in our mind we are + + align:start position:0% +at the same time in our mind we are + + + align:start position:0% +at the same time in our mind we are +creating an + + align:start position:0% +creating an + + + align:start position:0% +creating an +analogy a metaphor that we we will use + + align:start position:0% +analogy a metaphor that we we will use + + + align:start position:0% +analogy a metaphor that we we will use +for thinking about this + + align:start position:0% +for thinking about this + + + align:start position:0% +for thinking about this +Frame frames are not things + + align:start position:0% +Frame frames are not things + + + align:start position:0% +Frame frames are not things +that emerge from scratch it always + + align:start position:0% +that emerge from scratch it always + + + align:start position:0% +that emerge from scratch it always +emerge connected to a + + align:start position:0% +emerge connected to a + + + align:start position:0% +emerge connected to a +metaphor to change the metaphor is a + + align:start position:0% +metaphor to change the metaphor is a + + + align:start position:0% +metaphor to change the metaphor is a +very potent way to change + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +frames ah it's a very important idea the + + align:start position:0% +frames ah it's a very important idea the + + + align:start position:0% +frames ah it's a very important idea the +first phrase we are very aware about + + align:start position:0% +first phrase we are very aware about + + + align:start position:0% +first phrase we are very aware about +that frames represents + + align:start position:0% +that frames represents + + + align:start position:0% +that frames represents +interests okay some people say they you + + align:start position:0% +interests okay some people say they you + + + align:start position:0% +interests okay some 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of the +problem of the element the other part + + align:start position:0% +problem of the element the other part + + + align:start position:0% +problem of the element the other part +that I think is very important that is + + align:start position:0% +that I think is very important that is + + + align:start position:0% +that I think is very important that is +that the understanding of one's interest + + align:start position:0% +that the understanding of one's interest + + + align:start position:0% +that the understanding of one's interest +is highly influenced by the way we frame + + align:start position:0% +is highly influenced by the way we frame + + + align:start position:0% +is highly influenced by the way we frame +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +situation it's very important for + + align:start position:0% +situation it's very important for + + + align:start position:0% +situation it's very important for +solving + + align:start position:0% 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+new understanding of the same situation + + align:start position:0% +new understanding of the same situation + + + align:start position:0% +new understanding of the same situation +that they discover that their interest + + align:start position:0% +that they discover that their interest + + + align:start position:0% +that they discover that their interest +are not so + + align:start position:0% +are not so + + + align:start position:0% +are not so +ER conflicting with the other people and + + align:start position:0% +ER conflicting with the other people and + + + align:start position:0% +ER conflicting with the other people and +we can H solve this this situation all + + align:start position:0% +we can H solve this this situation all + + + align:start position:0% +we can H solve this this situation all +technique of solving conflicts use this + + align:start position:0% +technique of solving conflicts use this + + + align:start position:0% +technique of solving conflicts use this +second components that the way of that + + align:start position:0% +second components that the way of that + + + align:start position:0% +second components that the way of that +we are framing a problem will influence + + align:start position:0% +we are framing a problem will influence + + + align:start position:0% +we are framing a problem will influence +the way we perceive our interest in the + + align:start position:0% +the way we perceive our interest in the + + + align:start position:0% +the way we perceive our interest in the +problem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +can two more elements + + align:start position:0% +can two more elements + + + align:start position:0% +can two more elements +the idea we are try trying now to do now + + align:start position:0% +the idea we are try trying now to do now + + + align:start position:0% +the idea we are try trying now to do now +is just for you to remember these + + align:start position:0% +is just for you to remember these + + + align:start position:0% +is just for you to remember these +Concepts in the exercise we we'll do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +next mind always is + + align:start position:0% +next mind always is + + + align:start position:0% +next mind always is +circular we always we create a theory + + align:start position:0% +circular we always we create a theory + + + align:start position:0% +circular we always we create a theory +about something our Theory answer all + + align:start position:0% +about something our Theory answer all + + + align:start position:0% +about something our Theory answer all +the questions we have about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it it's very difficult to discover the + + align:start position:0% +it it's very difficult to discover the + + + align:start position:0% +it it's very difficult to discover the +Frontiers the limit of our + + align:start position:0% +Frontiers the limit of our + + + align:start position:0% +Frontiers the limit of our +thinking so we always understand that + + align:start position:0% +thinking so we always understand that + + + align:start position:0% +thinking so we always understand that +our framing is consistent is logic and + + align:start position:0% +our framing is consistent is logic and + + + align:start position:0% +our framing is consistent is logic and +in some way we try to construct a logic + + align:start position:0% +in some way we try to construct a logic + + + align:start position:0% +in some way we try to construct a logic +sometimes very difficult to do that but + + align:start position:0% +sometimes very difficult to do that but + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes very difficult to do that but +we always + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and in most cases it's not POS able to + + align:start position:0% +and in most cases it's not POS able to + + + align:start position:0% +and in most cases it's not POS able to +convince one person that his frame is + + align:start position:0% +convince one person that his frame is + + + align:start position:0% +convince one person that his frame is +not adequate by giving them more + + align:start position:0% +not adequate by giving them more + + + align:start position:0% +not adequate by giving them more +information because all information we + + align:start position:0% +information because all information we + + + align:start position:0% +information because all information we +give them they process this information + + align:start position:0% +give them they process this information + + + align:start position:0% +give them they process this information +in a way that will be consistent with + + align:start position:0% +in a way that will be consistent with + + + align:start position:0% +in a way that will be consistent with +his + + align:start position:0% +his + + + align:start position:0% +his +frame so the most effective way for + + align:start position:0% +frame so the most effective way for + + + align:start position:0% +frame so the most effective way for +changing the frame of one person is + + align:start position:0% +changing the frame of one person is + + + align:start position:0% +changing the frame of one person is +going to the structor of the of the + + align:start position:0% +going to the structor of the of the + + + align:start position:0% +going to the structor of the of the +frame we in the exercise of free framing + + align:start position:0% +frame we in the exercise of free framing + + + align:start position:0% +frame we in the exercise of free framing +we will be able to do some examples of + + align:start position:0% +we will be able to do some examples of + + + align:start position:0% +we will be able to do some examples of +that the so information is not enough + + align:start position:0% +that the so information is not enough + + + align:start position:0% +that the so information is not enough +people digest the information by the + + align:start position:0% +people digest the information by the + + + align:start position:0% +people digest the information by the +frame is able to digest + + align:start position:0% +frame is able to digest + + + align:start position:0% +frame is able to digest +information + + align:start position:0% +information + + + align:start position:0% +information +okay so basically basically more data + + align:start position:0% +okay so basically basically more data + + + align:start position:0% +okay so basically basically more data +won't ever really change frames you just + + align:start position:0% +won't ever really change frames you just + + + align:start position:0% +won't ever really change frames you just +have to actually get some get engage + + align:start position:0% +have to actually get some get engage + + + align:start position:0% +have to actually get some get engage +someone at the level of their + + align:start position:0% +someone at the level of their + + + align:start position:0% +someone at the level of their +assumptions and the way they perceive + + align:start position:0% +assumptions and the way they perceive + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions and the way they perceive +reality exactly we need to go to the + + align:start position:0% +reality exactly we need to go to the + + + align:start position:0% +reality exactly we need to go to the +assumptions and use information against + + align:start position:0% +assumptions and use information against + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions and use information against +the assumptions not in + + align:start position:0% +the assumptions not in + + + align:start position:0% +the assumptions not in +general throwing information against the + + align:start position:0% +general throwing information against the + + + align:start position:0% +general throwing information against the +frame because the frame process the + + align:start position:0% +frame because the frame process the + + + align:start position:0% +frame because the frame process the +information interpret give meaning to + + align:start position:0% +information interpret give meaning to + + + align:start position:0% +information interpret give meaning to +the information by its own logic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah and this idea that most frames are + + align:start position:0% +yeah and this idea that most frames are + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and this idea that most frames are +tcid we are not aware the way we frame + + align:start position:0% +tcid we are not aware the way we frame + + + align:start position:0% +tcid we are not aware the way we frame +situations we are not + + align:start position:0% +situations we are not + + + align:start position:0% +situations we are not +aware of how the other person is + + align:start position:0% +aware of how the other person is + + + align:start position:0% +aware of how the other person is +framing his situation the same situation + + align:start position:0% +framing his situation the same situation + + + align:start position:0% +framing his situation the same situation +so it this unawareness of the way we are + + align:start position:0% +so it this unawareness of the way we are + + + align:start position:0% +so it this unawareness of the way we are +framing in the other person are framing + + align:start position:0% +framing in the other person are framing + + + align:start position:0% +framing in the other person are framing +to makes much more difficult the + + align:start position:0% +to makes much more difficult the + + + align:start position:0% +to makes much more difficult the +understanding when we have different + + align:start position:0% +understanding when we have different + + + align:start position:0% +understanding when we have different +frames about the + + align:start position:0% +frames about the + + + align:start position:0% +frames about the +situation the way to to + + align:start position:0% +situation the way to to + + + align:start position:0% +situation the way to to +solve this difficulty is try to make the + + align:start position:0% +solve this difficulty is try to make the + + + align:start position:0% +solve this difficulty is try to make the +frames + + align:start position:0% +frames + + + align:start position:0% +frames +explicit + + align:start position:0% +explicit + + + align:start position:0% +explicit +yes and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +finally what Sean and Martin rain tried + + align:start position:0% +finally what Sean and Martin rain tried + + + align:start position:0% +finally what Sean and Martin rain tried +to explain is + + align:start position:0% +to explain is + + + align:start position:0% +to explain is +that when we are discussing about + + align:start position:0% +that when we are discussing about + + + align:start position:0% +that when we are discussing about +different frame frames we need to be + + align:start position:0% +different frame frames we need to be + + + align:start position:0% +different frame frames we need to be +able to go to the other frame and to + + align:start position:0% +able to go to the other frame and to + + + align:start position:0% +able to go to the other frame and to +come back to one's frame this movement + + align:start position:0% +come back to one's frame this movement + + + align:start position:0% +come back to one's frame this movement +of going to the other frame looking for + + align:start position:0% +of going to the other frame looking for + + + align:start position:0% +of going to the other frame looking for +the meanings that have in this Frame and + + align:start position:0% +the meanings that have in this Frame and + + + align:start position:0% +the meanings that have in this Frame and +to bring to our + + align:start position:0% +to bring to our + + + align:start position:0% +to bring to our +frame is very important for making a a + + align:start position:0% +frame is very important for making a a + + + align:start position:0% +frame is very important for making a a +dialogue + + align:start position:0% +dialogue + + + align:start position:0% +dialogue +effective okay we need to be able + + align:start position:0% +effective okay we need to be able + + + align:start position:0% +effective okay we need to be able +to not some people is very f defending + + align:start position:0% +to not some people is very f defending + + + align:start position:0% +to not some people is very f defending +his + + align:start position:0% +his + + + align:start position:0% +his +frame but for achieving agreements we + + align:start position:0% +frame but for achieving agreements we + + + align:start position:0% +frame but for achieving agreements we +not it's not necessary to be able to + + align:start position:0% +not it's not necessary to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +not it's not necessary to be able to +defend our frame we need to be able to + + align:start position:0% +defend our frame we need to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +defend our frame we need to be able to +go to the other frame and to bring their + + align:start position:0% +go to the other frame and to bring their + + + align:start position:0% +go to the other frame and to bring their +meanings to our own + + align:start position:0% +meanings to our own + + + align:start position:0% +meanings to our own +frame okay this is the introduction + + align:start position:0% +frame okay this is the introduction + + + align:start position:0% +frame okay this is the introduction +okay perhaps you can you want to talk a + + align:start position:0% +okay perhaps you can you want to talk a + + + align:start position:0% +okay perhaps you can you want to talk a +bit about this before sesa present the + + align:start position:0% +bit about this before sesa present the + + + align:start position:0% +bit about this before sesa present the +situation of from + + align:start position:0% +situation of from + + + align:start position:0% +situation of from +how does it mean you translate + + align:start position:0% +how does it mean you translate + + + align:start position:0% +how does it mean you translate +information you have in your frame to + + align:start position:0% +information you have in your frame to + + + align:start position:0% +information you have in your frame to +someone else's frame if they're going to + + align:start position:0% +someone else's frame if they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +someone else's frame if they're going to +chop it up in terms of their frame like + + align:start position:0% +chop it up in terms of their frame like + + + align:start position:0% +chop it up in terms of their frame like +it just seems like a Things We Get Lost + + align:start position:0% +it just seems like a Things We Get Lost + + + align:start position:0% +it just seems like a Things We Get Lost +in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Translation I'm not saying it's + + align:start position:0% +Translation I'm not saying it's + + + align:start position:0% +Translation I'm not saying it's +impossible but it's hard hard to do it's + + align:start position:0% +impossible but it's hard hard to do it's + + + align:start position:0% +impossible but it's hard hard to do it's +hard to do + + align:start position:0% +hard to do + + + align:start position:0% +hard to do +because one is that the way the other + + align:start position:0% +because one is that the way the other + + + align:start position:0% +because one is that the way the other +person construct the meanings in in + + align:start position:0% +person construct the meanings in in + + + align:start position:0% +person construct the meanings in in +their frames is always disturbing to our + + align:start position:0% +their frames is always disturbing to our + + + align:start position:0% +their frames is always disturbing to our +own + + align:start position:0% +own + + + align:start position:0% +own +frame we have not pieces that fit + + align:start position:0% +frame we have not pieces that fit + + + align:start position:0% +frame we have not pieces that fit +exactly we need to take how they are + + align:start position:0% +exactly we need to take how they are + + + align:start position:0% +exactly we need to take how they are +presenting the + + align:start position:0% +presenting the + + + align:start position:0% +presenting the +problem an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example it's I I don't want to go to the + + align:start position:0% +example it's I I don't want to go to the + + + align:start position:0% +example it's I I don't want to go to the +example this moment okay but you need to + + align:start position:0% +example this moment okay but you need to + + + align:start position:0% +example this moment okay but you need to +discover + + align:start position:0% +discover + + + align:start position:0% +discover +the the underlining components of the + + align:start position:0% +the the underlining components of the + + + align:start position:0% +the the underlining components of the +framing of the other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +person okay it's always an effort of + + align:start position:0% +person okay it's always an effort of + + + align:start position:0% +person okay it's always an effort of +analysis of the other frame so you pick + + align:start position:0% +analysis of the other frame so you pick + + + align:start position:0% +analysis of the other frame so you pick +a specific part of the the idea the + + align:start position:0% +a specific part of the the idea the + + + align:start position:0% +a specific part of the the idea the +other person has in his + + align:start position:0% +other person has in his + + + align:start position:0% +other person has in his +mind + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay there is an organization here in + + align:start position:0% +okay there is an organization here in + + + align:start position:0% +okay there is an organization here in +the United States that is very effective + + align:start position:0% +the United States that is very effective + + + align:start position:0% +the United States that is very effective +looking for + + align:start position:0% +looking for + + + align:start position:0% +looking for +values one way they use is they don't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +discuss they discuss this also but not + + align:start position:0% +discuss they discuss this also but not + + + align:start position:0% +discuss they discuss this also but not +they don't initiate the discussion from + + align:start position:0% +they don't initiate the discussion from + + + align:start position:0% +they don't initiate the discussion from +the components of the other frame they + + align:start position:0% +the components of the other frame they + + + align:start position:0% +the components of the other frame they +begin the discussion from the values + + align:start position:0% +begin the discussion from the values + + + align:start position:0% +begin the discussion from the values +that are being defended by this + + align:start position:0% +that are being defended by this + + + align:start position:0% +that are being defended by this +Frame what people are are trying to to + + align:start position:0% +Frame what people are are trying to to + + + align:start position:0% +Frame what people are are trying to to +achieve in this + + align:start position:0% +achieve in this + + + align:start position:0% +achieve in this +Frame it's very poent because it + + align:start position:0% +Frame it's very poent because it + + + align:start position:0% +Frame it's very poent because it +disorganize the frames we will make + + align:start position:0% +disorganize the frames we will make + + + align:start position:0% +disorganize the frames we will make +exercise about this the third day so + + align:start position:0% +exercise about this the third day so + + + align:start position:0% +exercise about this the third day so +you're going to break frames down unless + + align:start position:0% +you're going to break frames down unless + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to break frames down unless +people reconstitute them in more + + align:start position:0% +people reconstitute them in more + + + align:start position:0% +people reconstitute them in more +effective ways yes and we at the same + + align:start position:0% +effective ways yes and we at the same + + + align:start position:0% +effective ways yes and we at the same +time needs to create uh common ground + + align:start position:0% +time needs to create uh common ground + + + align:start position:0% +time needs to create uh common ground +for people feel feeling that they are + + align:start position:0% +for people feel feeling that they are + + + align:start position:0% +for people feel feeling that they are +defending their + + align:start position:0% +defending their + + + align:start position:0% +defending their +values okay + + align:start position:0% +values okay + + + align:start position:0% +values okay +their main objectives are not threatened + + align:start position:0% +their main objectives are not threatened + + + align:start position:0% +their main objectives are not threatened +by the other idea okay they need to find + + align:start position:0% +by the other idea okay they need to find + + + align:start position:0% +by the other idea okay they need to find +a way to to defend their ideas in this + + align:start position:0% +a way to to defend their ideas in this + + + align:start position:0% +a way to to defend their ideas in this +new frame that we are trying to work + + align:start position:0% +new frame that we are trying to work + + + align:start position:0% +new frame that we are trying to work +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +okay how do you set the context for that + + align:start position:0% +okay how do you set the context for that + + + align:start position:0% +okay how do you set the context for that +to occur I mean it seems like the frames + + align:start position:0% +to occur I mean it seems like the frames + + + align:start position:0% +to occur I mean it seems like the frames +are so important to our own perception + + align:start position:0% +are so important to our own perception + + + align:start position:0% +are so important to our own perception +of our self identity and other just + + align:start position:0% +of our self identity and other just + + + align:start position:0% +of our self identity and other just +veryable elements of our personas how do + + align:start position:0% +veryable elements of our personas how do + + + align:start position:0% +veryable elements of our personas how do +you you say here is that you need not + + align:start position:0% +you you say here is that you need not + + + align:start position:0% +you you say here is that you need not +just to be open on your side but for the + + align:start position:0% +just to be open on your side but for the + + + align:start position:0% +just to be open on your side but for the +other party to also be open on their + + align:start position:0% +other party to also be open on their + + + align:start position:0% +other party to also be open on their +side to basically deconstructing their + + align:start position:0% +side to basically deconstructing their + + + align:start position:0% +side to basically deconstructing their +own mental conception of yourselves how + + align:start position:0% +own mental conception of yourselves how + + + align:start position:0% +own mental conception of yourselves how +they perceive reality how do you + + align:start position:0% +they perceive reality how do you + + + align:start position:0% +they perceive reality how do you +especially when you have very + + align:start position:0% +especially when you have very + + + align:start position:0% +especially when you have very +intractable problems that are + + align:start position:0% +intractable problems that are + + + align:start position:0% +intractable problems that are +uh okay big you know big conflict points + + align:start position:0% +uh okay big you know big conflict points + + + align:start position:0% +uh okay big you know big conflict points +how do you how do you + + align:start position:0% +how do you how do you + + + align:start position:0% +how do you how do you +do there is no there is no recite for + + align:start position:0% +do there is no there is no recite for + + + align:start position:0% +do there is no there is no recite for +for this kind of situations but one + + align:start position:0% +for this kind of situations but one + + + align:start position:0% +for this kind of situations but one +thing that uses is that the method used + + align:start position:0% +thing that uses is that the method used + + + align:start position:0% +thing that uses is that the method used +by this organization + + align:start position:0% +by this organization + + + align:start position:0% +by this organization +National issues Forum they go to the + + align:start position:0% +National issues Forum they go to the + + + align:start position:0% +National issues Forum they go to the +values and they try National issues + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Forum they go to the values each one has + + align:start position:0% +Forum they go to the values each one has + + + align:start position:0% +Forum they go to the values each one has +about the situation and they begin the + + align:start position:0% +about the situation and they begin the + + + align:start position:0% +about the situation and they begin the +discussion not from the understand how + + align:start position:0% +discussion not from the understand how + + + align:start position:0% +discussion not from the understand how +they are understanding the situation but + + align:start position:0% +they are understanding the situation but + + + align:start position:0% +they are understanding the situation but +how they what kind of think + + align:start position:0% +how they what kind of think + + + align:start position:0% +how they what kind of think +they what kind of think they think that + + align:start position:0% +they what kind of think they think that + + + align:start position:0% +they what kind of think they think that +are important for + + align:start position:0% +are important for + + + align:start position:0% +are important for +them so they reframe around + + align:start position:0% +them so they reframe around + + + align:start position:0% +them so they reframe around +values okay not around the theory that + + align:start position:0% +values okay not around the theory that + + + align:start position:0% +values okay not around the theory that +people has in their mind about the + + align:start position:0% +people has in their mind about the + + + align:start position:0% +people has in their mind about the +situation it's + + align:start position:0% +situation it's + + + align:start position:0% +situation it's +interesting receptive parties come to + + align:start position:0% +interesting receptive parties come to + + + align:start position:0% +interesting receptive parties come to +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +table + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +will Palestinian Israel discuss things + + align:start position:0% +will Palestinian Israel discuss things + + + align:start position:0% +will Palestinian Israel discuss things +like that no it's very difficult to to + + align:start position:0% +like that no it's very difficult to to + + + align:start position:0% +like that no it's very difficult to to +get to go through a process where they + + align:start position:0% +get to go through a process where they + + + align:start position:0% +get to go through a process where they +are increasing + + align:start position:0% +are increasing + + + align:start position:0% +are increasing +their shared objectives no and reframe + + align:start position:0% +their shared objectives no and reframe + + + align:start position:0% +their shared objectives no and reframe +all the situations around this it also + + align:start position:0% +all the situations around this it also + + + align:start position:0% +all the situations around this it also +seems like power relations in power + + align:start position:0% +seems like power relations in power + + + align:start position:0% +seems like power relations in power +dyamics would be huge in that if one of + + align:start position:0% +dyamics would be huge in that if one of + + + align:start position:0% +dyamics would be huge in that if one of +the parties had more power than the + + align:start position:0% +the parties had more power than the + + + align:start position:0% +the parties had more power than the +other yes okay we we okay we'll go + + align:start position:0% +other yes okay we we okay we'll go + + + align:start position:0% +other yes okay we we okay we'll go +through this kind of issues in the next + + align:start position:0% +through this kind of issues in the next + + + align:start position:0% +through this kind of issues in the next +three days let's go to the presentation + + align:start position:0% +three days let's go to the presentation + + + align:start position:0% +three days let's go to the presentation +of the exercise we will do today by + + align:start position:0% +of the exercise we will do today by + + + align:start position:0% +of the exercise we will do today by +Cesar okay thank you very + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +much should be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good morning everyone + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh unfortunately I won't be here for all + + align:start position:0% +uh unfortunately I won't be here for all + + + align:start position:0% +uh unfortunately I won't be here for all +the class today my uh little one is very + + align:start position:0% +the class today my uh little one is very + + + align:start position:0% +the class today my uh little one is very +sick of all night and I got a little + + align:start position:0% +sick of all night and I got a little + + + align:start position:0% +sick of all night and I got a little +break and I got to go take her to the + + align:start position:0% +break and I got to go take her to the + + + align:start position:0% +break and I got to go take her to the +doctor in a little bit but I want to + + align:start position:0% +doctor in a little bit but I want to + + + align:start position:0% +doctor in a little bit but I want to +wanted to come in here and do this part + + align:start position:0% +wanted to come in here and do this part + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to come in here and do this part +of the class uh at + + align:start position:0% +of the class uh at + + + align:start position:0% +of the class uh at +least um and I want to just tell you a + + align:start position:0% +least um and I want to just tell you a + + + align:start position:0% +least um and I want to just tell you a +little bit about what we're doing here + + align:start position:0% +little bit about what we're doing here + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about what we're doing here +uh we're going to provide everyone with + + align:start position:0% +uh we're going to provide everyone with + + + align:start position:0% +uh we're going to provide everyone with +a very kind of short scenario little + + align:start position:0% +a very kind of short scenario little + + + align:start position:0% +a very kind of short scenario little +issue and we're going to ask each of you + + align:start position:0% +issue and we're going to ask each of you + + + align:start position:0% +issue and we're going to ask each of you +to kind of frame the issue from your own + + align:start position:0% +to kind of frame the issue from your own + + + align:start position:0% +to kind of frame the issue from your own +perspective and we're going to have you + + align:start position:0% +perspective and we're going to have you + + + align:start position:0% +perspective and we're going to have you +do that individually then we're going to + + align:start position:0% +do that individually then we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +do that individually then we're going to +have you each report out your own + + align:start position:0% +have you each report out your own + + + align:start position:0% +have you each report out your own +framing we assume there will be some + + align:start position:0% +framing we assume there will be some + + + align:start position:0% +framing we assume there will be some +similarities and those people who have + + align:start position:0% +similarities and those people who have + + + align:start position:0% +similarities and those people who have +similarities we're going to group + + align:start position:0% +similarities we're going to group + + + align:start position:0% +similarities we're going to group +together to have you then go through + + align:start position:0% +together to have you then go through + + + align:start position:0% +together to have you then go through +another exercise of looking at some of + + align:start position:0% +another exercise of looking at some of + + + align:start position:0% +another exercise of looking at some of +the assumptions behind those so uh we uh + + align:start position:0% +the assumptions behind those so uh we uh + + + align:start position:0% +the assumptions behind those so uh we uh +so you're going to go from Individual to + + align:start position:0% +so you're going to go from Individual to + + + align:start position:0% +so you're going to go from Individual to +group and then kind of report back out + + align:start position:0% +group and then kind of report back out + + + align:start position:0% +group and then kind of report back out +again uh to everyone so it'll take it'll + + align:start position:0% +again uh to everyone so it'll take it'll + + + align:start position:0% +again uh to everyone so it'll take it'll +take the rest of the day for us to get + + align:start position:0% +take the rest of the day for us to get + + + align:start position:0% +take the rest of the day for us to get +through that because of the different + + align:start position:0% +through that because of the different + + + align:start position:0% +through that because of the different +stages we have but I want to give you + + align:start position:0% +stages we have but I want to give you + + + align:start position:0% +stages we have but I want to give you +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +situation uh but actually before giving + + align:start position:0% +situation uh but actually before giving + + + align:start position:0% +situation uh but actually before giving +the situation I wanted to say uh just a + + align:start position:0% +the situation I wanted to say uh just a + + + align:start position:0% +the situation I wanted to say uh just a +couple things about what + + align:start position:0% +couple things about what + + + align:start position:0% +couple things about what +uh what what Sebastian was saying + + align:start position:0% +uh what what Sebastian was saying + + + align:start position:0% +uh what what Sebastian was saying +um and this this whole issue about what + + align:start position:0% +um and this this whole issue about what + + + align:start position:0% +um and this this whole issue about what +does it take to actually kind of you + + align:start position:0% +does it take to actually kind of you + + + align:start position:0% +does it take to actually kind of you +know if frames are really tacit and + + align:start position:0% +know if frames are really tacit and + + + align:start position:0% +know if frames are really tacit and +they're really inside of us kind of part + + align:start position:0% +they're really inside of us kind of part + + + align:start position:0% +they're really inside of us kind of part +of Valu is how hard it is to both one + + align:start position:0% +of Valu is how hard it is to both one + + + align:start position:0% +of Valu is how hard it is to both one +first identify the frame you're + + align:start position:0% +first identify the frame you're + + + align:start position:0% +first identify the frame you're +operating out of right because that's + + align:start position:0% +operating out of right because that's + + + align:start position:0% +operating out of right because that's +you can't even begin + + align:start position:0% +you can't even begin + + + align:start position:0% +you can't even begin +to uh change it or modify it if you + + align:start position:0% +to uh change it or modify it if you + + + align:start position:0% +to uh change it or modify it if you +don't have any way of understanding it + + align:start position:0% +don't have any way of understanding it + + + align:start position:0% +don't have any way of understanding it +yourself and then the next piece is how + + align:start position:0% +yourself and then the next piece is how + + + align:start position:0% +yourself and then the next piece is how +hard it is to actually then engage in + + align:start position:0% +hard it is to actually then engage in + + + align:start position:0% +hard it is to actually then engage in +the change of that frame even what kind + + align:start position:0% +the change of that frame even what kind + + + align:start position:0% +the change of that frame even what kind +of once you've identified it and it is + + align:start position:0% +of once you've identified it and it is + + + align:start position:0% +of once you've identified it and it is +interesting in our society and in the + + align:start position:0% +interesting in our society and in the + + + align:start position:0% +interesting in our society and in the +world we have some really + + align:start position:0% +world we have some really + + + align:start position:0% +world we have some really +powerful examples of that where even + + align:start position:0% +powerful examples of that where even + + + align:start position:0% +powerful examples of that where even +though there are tensions between + + align:start position:0% +though there are tensions between + + + align:start position:0% +though there are tensions between +different frames one side can offer a + + align:start position:0% +different frames one side can offer a + + + align:start position:0% +different frames one side can offer a +reframing that actually gets the other + + align:start position:0% +reframing that actually gets the other + + + align:start position:0% +reframing that actually gets the other +side to rethink about what it's doing + + align:start position:0% +side to rethink about what it's doing + + + align:start position:0% +side to rethink about what it's doing +right and one of the examples I really + + align:start position:0% +right and one of the examples I really + + + align:start position:0% +right and one of the examples I really +like to use in a lot is is the shift of + + align:start position:0% +like to use in a lot is is the shift of + + + align:start position:0% +like to use in a lot is is the shift of +power in South Africa and the + + align:start position:0% +power in South Africa and the + + + align:start position:0% +power in South Africa and the +establishment of Truth and + + align:start position:0% +establishment of Truth and + + + align:start position:0% +establishment of Truth and +Reconciliation commissions which put a + + align:start position:0% +Reconciliation commissions which put a + + + align:start position:0% +Reconciliation commissions which put a +totally different frame + + align:start position:0% +totally different frame + + + align:start position:0% +totally different frame +on the history of what was going to + + align:start position:0% +on the history of what was going to + + + align:start position:0% +on the history of what was going to +happen when you know blacks became in + + align:start position:0% +happen when you know blacks became in + + + align:start position:0% +happen when you know blacks became in +control of Economic and political + + align:start position:0% +control of Economic and political + + + align:start position:0% +control of Economic and political +resources there was a lot of fear about + + align:start position:0% +resources there was a lot of fear about + + + align:start position:0% +resources there was a lot of fear about +retribution a lot of fear and it was + + align:start position:0% +retribution a lot of fear and it was + + + align:start position:0% +retribution a lot of fear and it was +driving a lot of what the responses were + + align:start position:0% +driving a lot of what the responses were + + + align:start position:0% +driving a lot of what the responses were +about with the reframing that no we're + + align:start position:0% +about with the reframing that no we're + + + align:start position:0% +about with the reframing that no we're +in a different kind of process we're in + + align:start position:0% +in a different kind of process we're in + + + align:start position:0% +in a different kind of process we're in +a healing process not a retribution + + align:start position:0% +a healing process not a retribution + + + align:start position:0% +a healing process not a retribution +process created opened up + + align:start position:0% +process created opened up + + + align:start position:0% +process created opened up +opportunities uh for other people to + + align:start position:0% +opportunities uh for other people to + + + align:start position:0% +opportunities uh for other people to +reframe the way they were going to be + + align:start position:0% +reframe the way they were going to be + + + align:start position:0% +reframe the way they were going to be +engaged with what was going to happen in + + align:start position:0% +engaged with what was going to happen in + + + align:start position:0% +engaged with what was going to happen in +that country + + align:start position:0% +that country + + + align:start position:0% +that country +and I think we can find lots of those + + align:start position:0% +and I think we can find lots of those + + + align:start position:0% +and I think we can find lots of those +instances where people one side takes + + align:start position:0% +instances where people one side takes + + + align:start position:0% +instances where people one side takes +on what I say takes the risk to reframe + + align:start position:0% +on what I say takes the risk to reframe + + + align:start position:0% +on what I say takes the risk to reframe +from their own + + align:start position:0% +from their own + + + align:start position:0% +from their own +perspective uh which is always for me a + + align:start position:0% +perspective uh which is always for me a + + + align:start position:0% +perspective uh which is always for me a +really vulnerable act you know it it + + align:start position:0% +really vulnerable act you know it it + + + align:start position:0% +really vulnerable act you know it it +used to require someone to be very + + align:start position:0% +used to require someone to be very + + + align:start position:0% +used to require someone to be very +vulnerable to do that and most times it + + align:start position:0% +vulnerable to do that and most times it + + + align:start position:0% +vulnerable to do that and most times it +happens when the person who has the + + align:start position:0% +happens when the person who has the + + + align:start position:0% +happens when the person who has the +least power uh as opposed to the people + + align:start position:0% +least power uh as opposed to the people + + + align:start position:0% +least power uh as opposed to the people +who have the most power which I always + + align:start position:0% +who have the most power which I always + + + align:start position:0% +who have the most power which I always +think is very interesting uh but today + + align:start position:0% +think is very interesting uh but today + + + align:start position:0% +think is very interesting uh but today +to get us started + + align:start position:0% +to get us started + + + align:start position:0% +to get us started +uh in the class over the last last week + + align:start position:0% +uh in the class over the last last week + + + align:start position:0% +uh in the class over the last last week +there were a couple of + + align:start position:0% +there were a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +there were a couple of +times uh we heard reference made to uh + + align:start position:0% +times uh we heard reference made to uh + + + align:start position:0% +times uh we heard reference made to uh +what was going on in Framingham + + align:start position:0% +what was going on in Framingham + + + align:start position:0% +what was going on in Framingham +Massachusetts uh and Uma did uh some of + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts uh and Uma did uh some of + + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts uh and Uma did uh some of +that and we thought that there was + + align:start position:0% +that and we thought that there was + + + align:start position:0% +that and we thought that there was +something very particular about that + + align:start position:0% +something very particular about that + + + align:start position:0% +something very particular about that +case that if we looked at it for a + + align:start position:0% +case that if we looked at it for a + + + align:start position:0% +case that if we looked at it for a +little bit and kind of put it out here + + align:start position:0% +little bit and kind of put it out here + + + align:start position:0% +little bit and kind of put it out here +as an issue it would be a good exercise + + align:start position:0% +as an issue it would be a good exercise + + + align:start position:0% +as an issue it would be a good exercise +for people to kind of start thinking + + align:start position:0% +for people to kind of start thinking + + + align:start position:0% +for people to kind of start thinking +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +Framing and so I'm going to tell you a + + align:start position:0% +Framing and so I'm going to tell you a + + + align:start position:0% +Framing and so I'm going to tell you a +little bit about the situation and what + + align:start position:0% +little bit about the situation and what + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about the situation and what +I want you to do is pay particularly + + align:start position:0% +I want you to do is pay particularly + + + align:start position:0% +I want you to do is pay particularly +attention to how you're thinking about + + align:start position:0% +attention to how you're thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +attention to how you're thinking about +it and how you're framing the issue that + + align:start position:0% +it and how you're framing the issue that + + + align:start position:0% +it and how you're framing the issue that +I'm presenting to + + align:start position:0% +I'm presenting to + + + align:start position:0% +I'm presenting to +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +and what we want you to + + align:start position:0% +and what we want you to + + + align:start position:0% +and what we want you to +do all + + align:start position:0% +do all + + + align:start position:0% +do all +right is write one sentence that's + + align:start position:0% +right is write one sentence that's + + + align:start position:0% +right is write one sentence that's +defining what the problem is after I do + + align:start position:0% +defining what the problem is after I do + + + align:start position:0% +defining what the problem is after I do +my presentation one sentence okay so + + align:start position:0% +my presentation one sentence okay so + + + align:start position:0% +my presentation one sentence okay so +we're going to get we're going to build + + align:start position:0% +we're going to get we're going to build + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to get we're going to build +your framing concept and we want to + + align:start position:0% +your framing concept and we want to + + + align:start position:0% +your framing concept and we want to +start with you basically listening to + + align:start position:0% +start with you basically listening to + + + align:start position:0% +start with you basically listening to +me and paying attention to it and then + + align:start position:0% +me and paying attention to it and then + + + align:start position:0% +me and paying attention to it and then +after I present we're going to give you + + align:start position:0% +after I present we're going to give you + + + align:start position:0% +after I present we're going to give you +a few minutes to just kind of think + + align:start position:0% +a few minutes to just kind of think + + + align:start position:0% +a few minutes to just kind of think +through your notes and thoughts and then + + align:start position:0% +through your notes and thoughts and then + + + align:start position:0% +through your notes and thoughts and then +come up with one sentence that from your + + align:start position:0% +come up with one sentence that from your + + + align:start position:0% +come up with one sentence that from your +perspective defines what the problem is + + align:start position:0% +perspective defines what the problem is + + + align:start position:0% +perspective defines what the problem is +okay so I'm going to give you a really + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'm going to give you a really + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'm going to give you a really +brief quick history of some of the + + align:start position:0% +brief quick history of some of the + + + align:start position:0% +brief quick history of some of the +Framingham stuff and it's not going to + + align:start position:0% +Framingham stuff and it's not going to + + + align:start position:0% +Framingham stuff and it's not going to +be overly accurate yes sir is that the + + align:start position:0% +be overly accurate yes sir is that the + + + align:start position:0% +be overly accurate yes sir is that the +frame we're going to use for the next is + + align:start position:0% +frame we're going to use for the next is + + + align:start position:0% +frame we're going to use for the next is +that the the ex we're going to use the + + align:start position:0% +that the the ex we're going to use the + + + align:start position:0% +that the the ex we're going to use the +next next days Y and we'll elaborate on + + align:start position:0% +next next days Y and we'll elaborate on + + + align:start position:0% +next next days Y and we'll elaborate on +it can I use some of + + align:start position:0% +it can I use some of + + + align:start position:0% +it can I use some of +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +this oh thank + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you I could actually use this board that + + align:start position:0% +you I could actually use this board that + + + align:start position:0% +you I could actually use this board that +everyone could see it huh that's an + + align:start position:0% +everyone could see it huh that's an + + + align:start position:0% +everyone could see it huh that's an +idea you can put the + + align:start position:0% +idea you can put the + + + align:start position:0% +idea you can put the +screen uh that's a good + + align:start position:0% +screen uh that's a good + + + align:start position:0% +screen uh that's a good +idea where is it it's okay got + + align:start position:0% +idea where is it it's okay got + + + align:start position:0% +idea where is it it's okay got +it can we help him with the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +screen thank you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is a black + + align:start position:0% +this is a black + + + align:start position:0% +this is a black +screen in case you didn't know + + align:start position:0% +screen in case you didn't know + + + align:start position:0% +screen in case you didn't know +that maybe we'll turn it off maybe we'll + + align:start position:0% +that maybe we'll turn it off maybe we'll + + + align:start position:0% +that maybe we'll turn it off maybe we'll +leave it + + align:start position:0% +leave it + + + align:start position:0% +leave it +there so I'm actually not going to draw + + align:start position:0% +there so I'm actually not going to draw + + + align:start position:0% +there so I'm actually not going to draw +much but let me just tell you a little + + align:start position:0% +much but let me just tell you a little + + + align:start position:0% +much but let me just tell you a little +bit about the situation here + + align:start position:0% +bit about the situation here + + + align:start position:0% +bit about the situation here +so Framingham is a community located + + align:start position:0% +so Framingham is a community located + + + align:start position:0% +so Framingham is a community located +little west of + + align:start position:0% +little west of + + + align:start position:0% +little west of +Boston and have any any of you ever been + + align:start position:0% +Boston and have any any of you ever been + + + align:start position:0% +Boston and have any any of you ever been +there I grew up right outside of there + + align:start position:0% +there I grew up right outside of there + + + align:start position:0% +there I grew up right outside of there +oh good you can correct everything I say + + align:start position:0% +oh good you can correct everything I say + + + align:start position:0% +oh good you can correct everything I say +okay you PA you can correct everything I + + align:start position:0% +okay you PA you can correct everything I + + + align:start position:0% +okay you PA you can correct everything I +say + + align:start position:0% +say + + + align:start position:0% +say +too oh + + align:start position:0% +too oh + + + align:start position:0% +too oh +okay how many have you been on route + + align:start position:0% +okay how many have you been on route + + + align:start position:0% +okay how many have you been on route +nine oh my goodness okay so I need to + + align:start position:0% +nine oh my goodness okay so I need to + + + align:start position:0% +nine oh my goodness okay so I need to +give you a little I need to give you a + + align:start position:0% +give you a little I need to give you a + + + align:start position:0% +give you a little I need to give you a +little context okay so going out of + + align:start position:0% +little context okay so going out of + + + align:start position:0% +little context okay so going out of +Boston there's uh there's a there's a + + align:start position:0% +Boston there's uh there's a there's a + + + align:start position:0% +Boston there's uh there's a there's a +there's a road I'm not going to draw + + align:start position:0% +there's a road I'm not going to draw + + + align:start position:0% +there's a road I'm not going to draw +north south I'm going to draw up down + + align:start position:0% +north south I'm going to draw up down + + + align:start position:0% +north south I'm going to draw up down +just because it makes it easier for me + + align:start position:0% +just because it makes it easier for me + + + align:start position:0% +just because it makes it easier for me +to hold the context there's a road that + + align:start position:0% +to hold the context there's a road that + + + align:start position:0% +to hold the context there's a road that +goes out of Boston called rout + + align:start position:0% +goes out of Boston called rout + + + align:start position:0% +goes out of Boston called rout +n and rout is a very interesting Road + + align:start position:0% +n and rout is a very interesting Road + + + align:start position:0% +n and rout is a very interesting Road +right because it's one of those roads + + align:start position:0% +right because it's one of those roads + + + align:start position:0% +right because it's one of those roads +they built I'm not even sure what + + align:start position:0% +they built I'm not even sure what + + + align:start position:0% +they built I'm not even sure what +they're thinking about when they + + align:start position:0% +they're thinking about when they + + + align:start position:0% +they're thinking about when they +designed it because it's one of the + + align:start position:0% +designed it because it's one of the + + + align:start position:0% +designed it because it's one of the +places where you can only turn around + + align:start position:0% +places where you can only turn around + + + align:start position:0% +places where you can only turn around +every 3 miles or something you know + + align:start position:0% +every 3 miles or something you know + + + align:start position:0% +every 3 miles or something you know +doesn't quite make any sense right you + + align:start position:0% +doesn't quite make any sense right you + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't quite make any sense right you +drive down this road and you if you were + + align:start position:0% +drive down this road and you if you were + + + align:start position:0% +drive down this road and you if you were +to go and go around you have to make a + + align:start position:0% +to go and go around you have to make a + + + align:start position:0% +to go and go around you have to make a +right turn and figure out some way to + + align:start position:0% +right turn and figure out some way to + + + align:start position:0% +right turn and figure out some way to +get back to the other side of the road + + align:start position:0% +get back to the other side of the road + + + align:start position:0% +get back to the other side of the road +and come back down but it + + align:start position:0% +and come back down but it + + + align:start position:0% +and come back down but it +goes out of Boston which we call + + align:start position:0% +goes out of Boston which we call + + + align:start position:0% +goes out of Boston which we call +actually it's it's Boston street is that + + align:start position:0% +actually it's it's Boston street is that + + + align:start position:0% +actually it's it's Boston street is that +right in in in Boston and it changes + + align:start position:0% +right in in in Boston and it changes + + + align:start position:0% +right in in in Boston and it changes +into route nine as you go out and it's a + + align:start position:0% +into route nine as you go out and it's a + + + align:start position:0% +into route nine as you go out and it's a +major kind of um a major uh road that + + align:start position:0% +major kind of um a major uh road that + + + align:start position:0% +major kind of um a major uh road that +goes out + + align:start position:0% +goes out + + + align:start position:0% +goes out +and as you go out side there's a little + + align:start position:0% +and as you go out side there's a little + + + align:start position:0% +and as you go out side there's a little +town called + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Framingham little industrial Town that's + + align:start position:0% +Framingham little industrial Town that's + + + align:start position:0% +Framingham little industrial Town that's +been there for a long time I don't know + + align:start position:0% +been there for a long time I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +been there for a long time I don't know +how actually long it's been there uh + + align:start position:0% +how actually long it's been there uh + + + align:start position:0% +how actually long it's been there uh +with a vibrant little downtown core you + + align:start position:0% +with a vibrant little downtown core you + + + align:start position:0% +with a vibrant little downtown core you +know kind of like a lot of these little + + align:start position:0% +know kind of like a lot of these little + + + align:start position:0% +know kind of like a lot of these little +communities had around Boston you'd have + + align:start position:0% +communities had around Boston you'd have + + + align:start position:0% +communities had around Boston you'd have +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +um industrial towns that were all around + + align:start position:0% +um industrial towns that were all around + + + align:start position:0% +um industrial towns that were all around +that were had these kind of you know + + align:start position:0% +that were had these kind of you know + + + align:start position:0% +that were had these kind of you know +vibrant industrial uh communities that + + align:start position:0% +vibrant industrial uh communities that + + + align:start position:0% +vibrant industrial uh communities that +had these kind of vibrant downtowns uh + + align:start position:0% +had these kind of vibrant downtowns uh + + + align:start position:0% +had these kind of vibrant downtowns uh +part of them all self- + + align:start position:0% +part of them all self- + + + align:start position:0% +part of them all self- +sustained and in the late 50s I think it + + align:start position:0% +sustained and in the late 50s I think it + + + align:start position:0% +sustained and in the late 50s I think it +was early 60s they built this thing on + + align:start position:0% +was early 60s they built this thing on + + + align:start position:0% +was early 60s they built this thing on +Route 9 called sharpers world yeah late + + align:start position:0% +Route 9 called sharpers world yeah late + + + align:start position:0% +Route 9 called sharpers world yeah late +50s right it's called shoers + + align:start position:0% +50s right it's called shoers + + + align:start position:0% +50s right it's called shoers +world one of the first major indoor + + align:start position:0% +world one of the first major indoor + + + align:start position:0% +world one of the first major indoor +malls WS in this country right on Route + + align:start position:0% +malls WS in this country right on Route + + + align:start position:0% +malls WS in this country right on Route +n it was looked like a flying + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +saucer big huge round kind of thing it + + align:start position:0% +saucer big huge round kind of thing it + + + align:start position:0% +saucer big huge round kind of thing it +was very interesting and it set out here + + align:start position:0% +was very interesting and it set out here + + + align:start position:0% +was very interesting and it set out here +and it and on Route 9 and it drew lots + + align:start position:0% +and it and on Route 9 and it drew lots + + + align:start position:0% +and it and on Route 9 and it drew lots +of uh businesses you know it had lots of + + align:start position:0% +of uh businesses you know it had lots of + + + align:start position:0% +of uh businesses you know it had lots of +businesses in the idea that you have a + + align:start position:0% +businesses in the idea that you have a + + + align:start position:0% +businesses in the idea that you have a +central place where you could kind of go + + align:start position:0% +central place where you could kind of go + + + align:start position:0% +central place where you could kind of go +great in New England you know all + + align:start position:0% +great in New England you know all + + + align:start position:0% +great in New England you know all +covered and Shop you wouldn't have to + + align:start position:0% +covered and Shop you wouldn't have to + + + align:start position:0% +covered and Shop you wouldn't have to +move from one store to the other you + + align:start position:0% +move from one store to the other you + + + align:start position:0% +move from one store to the other you +know it get cold and uh sharers world + + align:start position:0% +know it get cold and uh sharers world + + + align:start position:0% +know it get cold and uh sharers world +was out here and it started to pull you + + align:start position:0% +was out here and it started to pull you + + + align:start position:0% +was out here and it started to pull you +know economic activity off into rout n + + align:start position:0% +know economic activity off into rout n + + + align:start position:0% +know economic activity off into rout n +to this area and lots of other things + + align:start position:0% +to this area and lots of other things + + + align:start position:0% +to this area and lots of other things +started to pull up here car + + align:start position:0% +started to pull up here car + + + align:start position:0% +started to pull up here car +dealerships few little restaurants + + align:start position:0% +dealerships few little restaurants + + + align:start position:0% +dealerships few little restaurants +things like that and this little place + + align:start position:0% +things like that and this little place + + + align:start position:0% +things like that and this little place +outside between NAC and + + align:start position:0% +outside between NAC and + + + align:start position:0% +outside between NAC and +Framingham in Route 9 started to become + + align:start position:0% +Framingham in Route 9 started to become + + + align:start position:0% +Framingham in Route 9 started to become +a really nice cor of economic activity + + align:start position:0% +a really nice cor of economic activity + + + align:start position:0% +a really nice cor of economic activity +all + + align:start position:0% +all + + + align:start position:0% +all +right uh both sides of the highway once + + align:start position:0% +right uh both sides of the highway once + + + align:start position:0% +right uh both sides of the highway once +you get to certain points starts to + + align:start position:0% +you get to certain points starts to + + + align:start position:0% +you get to certain points starts to +build up with nothing but you know + + align:start position:0% +build up with nothing but you know + + + align:start position:0% +build up with nothing but you know +businesses of different + + align:start position:0% +businesses of different + + + align:start position:0% +businesses of different +types uh Massachusetts like everybody + + align:start position:0% +types uh Massachusetts like everybody + + + align:start position:0% +types uh Massachusetts like everybody +else hit a slump in the late 70s early + + align:start position:0% +else hit a slump in the late 70s early + + + align:start position:0% +else hit a slump in the late 70s early +80s of Financial downturn and Shoppers + + align:start position:0% +80s of Financial downturn and Shoppers + + + align:start position:0% +80s of Financial downturn and Shoppers +World actually went into some kind of + + align:start position:0% +World actually went into some kind of + + + align:start position:0% +World actually went into some kind of +disrepair and it started to kind of slow + + align:start position:0% +disrepair and it started to kind of slow + + + align:start position:0% +disrepair and it started to kind of slow +down some but it was also a time as + + align:start position:0% +down some but it was also a time as + + + align:start position:0% +down some but it was also a time as +people were starting to think about some + + align:start position:0% +people were starting to think about some + + + align:start position:0% +people were starting to think about some +of the Brad of viability here and they + + align:start position:0% +of the Brad of viability here and they + + + align:start position:0% +of the Brad of viability here and they +started to build another Mall actually + + align:start position:0% +started to build another Mall actually + + + align:start position:0% +started to build another Mall actually +in the late '70s called natic Mall which + + align:start position:0% +in the late '70s called natic Mall which + + + align:start position:0% +in the late '70s called natic Mall which +was twice as big as five times as big as + + align:start position:0% +was twice as big as five times as big as + + + align:start position:0% +was twice as big as five times as big as +sharper Ro and they started this + + align:start position:0% +sharper Ro and they started this + + + align:start position:0% +sharper Ro and they started this +construction on this very huge mall and + + align:start position:0% +construction on this very huge mall and + + + align:start position:0% +construction on this very huge mall and +by this time there's lots of activity + + align:start position:0% +by this time there's lots of activity + + + align:start position:0% +by this time there's lots of activity +going on here so now if you drive out to + + align:start position:0% +going on here so now if you drive out to + + + align:start position:0% +going on here so now if you drive out to +this place out here there's it's I + + align:start position:0% +this place out here there's it's I + + + align:start position:0% +this place out here there's it's I +always find it confusing because people + + align:start position:0% +always find it confusing because people + + + align:start position:0% +always find it confusing because people +you know I say I'm going to the NAIC + + align:start position:0% +you know I say I'm going to the NAIC + + + align:start position:0% +you know I say I'm going to the NAIC +mall but I actually don't really know + + align:start position:0% +mall but I actually don't really know + + + align:start position:0% +mall but I actually don't really know +where I'm going you know because there's + + align:start position:0% +where I'm going you know because there's + + + align:start position:0% +where I'm going you know because there's +like one big huge mall that's indoors + + align:start position:0% +like one big huge mall that's indoors + + + align:start position:0% +like one big huge mall that's indoors +there's a whole bunch of them that are + + align:start position:0% +there's a whole bunch of them that are + + + align:start position:0% +there's a whole bunch of them that are +connected to it across the street and + + align:start position:0% +connected to it across the street and + + + align:start position:0% +connected to it across the street and +everything else and for me the whole + + align:start position:0% +everything else and for me the whole + + + align:start position:0% +everything else and for me the whole +three mile is like natic mall right it's + + align:start position:0% +three mile is like natic mall right it's + + + align:start position:0% +three mile is like natic mall right it's +just everything all kinds of activity in + + align:start position:0% +just everything all kinds of activity in + + + align:start position:0% +just everything all kinds of activity in +the meantime downtown + + align:start position:0% +the meantime downtown + + + align:start position:0% +the meantime downtown +Framingham basically starts to die + + align:start position:0% +Framingham basically starts to die + + + align:start position:0% +Framingham basically starts to die +off business activity in this area + + align:start position:0% +off business activity in this area + + + align:start position:0% +off business activity in this area +starts to decrease and decrease and + + align:start position:0% +starts to decrease and decrease and + + + align:start position:0% +starts to decrease and decrease and +decrease and for all kinds of reasons + + align:start position:0% +decrease and for all kinds of reasons + + + align:start position:0% +decrease and for all kinds of reasons +and but I think not the least of which + + align:start position:0% +and but I think not the least of which + + + align:start position:0% +and but I think not the least of which +is that you know economic activity + + align:start position:0% +is that you know economic activity + + + align:start position:0% +is that you know economic activity +shifts here to this Corridor it's very + + align:start position:0% +shifts here to this Corridor it's very + + + align:start position:0% +shifts here to this Corridor it's very +very short drive because downtown + + align:start position:0% +very short drive because downtown + + + align:start position:0% +very short drive because downtown +Framingham is just right off a r guide + + align:start position:0% +Framingham is just right off a r guide + + + align:start position:0% +Framingham is just right off a r guide +actually maybe a mile and a half or so + + align:start position:0% +actually maybe a mile and a half or so + + + align:start position:0% +actually maybe a mile and a half or so +you at the + + align:start position:0% +you at the + + + align:start position:0% +you at the +most and as downtown Framingham starts + + align:start position:0% +most and as downtown Framingham starts + + + align:start position:0% +most and as downtown Framingham starts +to drop at the same time there's an + + align:start position:0% +to drop at the same time there's an + + + align:start position:0% +to drop at the same time there's an +increased immigration of Brazilians into + + align:start position:0% +increased immigration of Brazilians into + + + align:start position:0% +increased immigration of Brazilians into +the to this community and I'm not even + + align:start position:0% +the to this community and I'm not even + + + align:start position:0% +the to this community and I'm not even +sure what initiated why framing have you + + align:start position:0% +sure what initiated why framing have you + + + align:start position:0% +sure what initiated why framing have you +know uh it's always a very interesting + + align:start position:0% +know uh it's always a very interesting + + + align:start position:0% +know uh it's always a very interesting +story to figure out why certain + + align:start position:0% +story to figure out why certain + + + align:start position:0% +story to figure out why certain +immigrant groups end up in certain + + align:start position:0% +immigrant groups end up in certain + + + align:start position:0% +immigrant groups end up in certain +places but clearly there was places of + + align:start position:0% +places but clearly there was places of + + + align:start position:0% +places but clearly there was places of +opportunities here it was uh a community + + align:start position:0% +opportunities here it was uh a community + + + align:start position:0% +opportunities here it was uh a community +where real estate values were very low + + align:start position:0% +where real estate values were very low + + + align:start position:0% +where real estate values were very low +rental cost was very low it's a place + + align:start position:0% +rental cost was very low it's a place + + + align:start position:0% +rental cost was very low it's a place +you can kind of go live if you wanted to + + align:start position:0% +you can kind of go live if you wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +you can kind of go live if you wanted to +be in the Boston area and still survive + + align:start position:0% +be in the Boston area and still survive + + + align:start position:0% +be in the Boston area and still survive +right because it wasn't that far + + align:start position:0% +right because it wasn't that far + + + align:start position:0% +right because it wasn't that far +away + + align:start position:0% +away + + + align:start position:0% +away +and in the uh about 15 years ago uh + + align:start position:0% +and in the uh about 15 years ago uh + + + align:start position:0% +and in the uh about 15 years ago uh +the community started the Immigrant + + align:start position:0% +the community started the Immigrant + + + align:start position:0% +the community started the Immigrant +Community Brazilian Community started to + + align:start position:0% +Community Brazilian Community started to + + + align:start position:0% +Community Brazilian Community started to +build up businesses in downtown little + + align:start position:0% +build up businesses in downtown little + + + align:start position:0% +build up businesses in downtown little +stop shops right um some of them were + + align:start position:0% +stop shops right um some of them were + + + align:start position:0% +stop shops right um some of them were +really legitimate viable businesses and + + align:start position:0% +really legitimate viable businesses and + + + align:start position:0% +really legitimate viable businesses and +some them worked and I don't mean + + align:start position:0% +some them worked and I don't mean + + + align:start position:0% +some them worked and I don't mean +illegal in the sense that they were + + align:start position:0% +illegal in the sense that they were + + + align:start position:0% +illegal in the sense that they were +doing illegal activities but you know + + align:start position:0% +doing illegal activities but you know + + + align:start position:0% +doing illegal activities but you know +sometimes it just people setting up + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it just people setting up + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it just people setting up +something because they could get a spot + + align:start position:0% +something because they could get a spot + + + align:start position:0% +something because they could get a spot +from a friend and actually set a little + + align:start position:0% +from a friend and actually set a little + + + align:start position:0% +from a friend and actually set a little +thing start selling uh clothes or things + + align:start position:0% +thing start selling uh clothes or things + + + align:start position:0% +thing start selling uh clothes or things +like that and the downtown Framingham + + align:start position:0% +like that and the downtown Framingham + + + align:start position:0% +like that and the downtown Framingham +started to become + + align:start position:0% +started to become + + + align:start position:0% +started to become +revitalized as basically a center place + + align:start position:0% +revitalized as basically a center place + + + align:start position:0% +revitalized as basically a center place +for the Brazilian communities in New + + align:start position:0% +for the Brazilian communities in New + + + align:start position:0% +for the Brazilian communities in New +England to do shopping right and to do + + align:start position:0% +England to do shopping right and to do + + + align:start position:0% +England to do shopping right and to do +Commerce and this started to happen in + + align:start position:0% +Commerce and this started to happen in + + + align:start position:0% +Commerce and this started to happen in +this area though they weren't very + + align:start position:0% +this area though they weren't very + + + align:start position:0% +this area though they weren't very +organized you know it wasn't organized + + align:start position:0% +organized you know it wasn't organized + + + align:start position:0% +organized you know it wasn't organized +in the structure way where you had + + align:start position:0% +in the structure way where you had + + + align:start position:0% +in the structure way where you had +something like you know a chamber of + + align:start position:0% +something like you know a chamber of + + + align:start position:0% +something like you know a chamber of +commerce organizing it and really + + align:start position:0% +commerce organizing it and really + + + align:start position:0% +commerce organizing it and really +structuring the business opportunity it + + align:start position:0% +structuring the business opportunity it + + + align:start position:0% +structuring the business opportunity it +was that a space had been basically + + align:start position:0% +was that a space had been basically + + + align:start position:0% +was that a space had been basically +found and taken over and people were + + align:start position:0% +found and taken over and people were + + + align:start position:0% +found and taken over and people were +starting to build that economic + + align:start position:0% +starting to build that economic + + + align:start position:0% +starting to build that economic +activity um things started to change + + align:start position:0% +activity um things started to change + + + align:start position:0% +activity um things started to change +around lots of activity in downtown + + align:start position:0% +around lots of activity in downtown + + + align:start position:0% +around lots of activity in downtown +framing half uh restaurants opening up + + align:start position:0% +framing half uh restaurants opening up + + + align:start position:0% +framing half uh restaurants opening up +to kind of serve + + align:start position:0% +to kind of serve + + + align:start position:0% +to kind of serve +folks and things start to look up in + + align:start position:0% +folks and things start to look up in + + + align:start position:0% +folks and things start to look up in +Massachusetts also and there a lot of + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts also and there a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts also and there a lot of +efforts to start to reclaim you know + + align:start position:0% +efforts to start to reclaim you know + + + align:start position:0% +efforts to start to reclaim you know +through all kinds of things that were + + align:start position:0% +through all kinds of things that were + + + align:start position:0% +through all kinds of things that were +happening both in urban planning and as + + align:start position:0% +happening both in urban planning and as + + + align:start position:0% +happening both in urban planning and as +we start to think about the viabilities + + align:start position:0% +we start to think about the viabilities + + + align:start position:0% +we start to think about the viabilities +of cities and people started to think + + align:start position:0% +of cities and people started to think + + + align:start position:0% +of cities and people started to think +about the importance of like centers of + + align:start position:0% +about the importance of like centers of + + + align:start position:0% +about the importance of like centers of +cities in downtown areas and uh they + + align:start position:0% +cities in downtown areas and uh they + + + align:start position:0% +cities in downtown areas and uh they +became interest in revitalizing downtown + + align:start position:0% +became interest in revitalizing downtown + + + align:start position:0% +became interest in revitalizing downtown +Framingham you know they started to do + + align:start position:0% +Framingham you know they started to do + + + align:start position:0% +Framingham you know they started to do +some stuff like uh think about the main + + align:start position:0% +some stuff like uh think about the main + + + align:start position:0% +some stuff like uh think about the main +streets and doing some storees escapes + + align:start position:0% +streets and doing some storees escapes + + + align:start position:0% +streets and doing some storees escapes +and starting to make it look better uh + + align:start position:0% +and starting to make it look better uh + + + align:start position:0% +and starting to make it look better uh +so the city was interested in how to + + align:start position:0% +so the city was interested in how to + + + align:start position:0% +so the city was interested in how to +invest in the city in so that they could + + align:start position:0% +invest in the city in so that they could + + + align:start position:0% +invest in the city in so that they could +actually you know property values were + + align:start position:0% +actually you know property values were + + + align:start position:0% +actually you know property values were +starting to rise different clientele was + + align:start position:0% +starting to rise different clientele was + + + align:start position:0% +starting to rise different clientele was +starting to come in or this once was a + + align:start position:0% +starting to come in or this once was a + + + align:start position:0% +starting to come in or this once was a +poor Community or a community that it + + align:start position:0% +poor Community or a community that it + + + align:start position:0% +poor Community or a community that it +didn't cost you as much to live in here + + align:start position:0% +didn't cost you as much to live in here + + + align:start position:0% +didn't cost you as much to live in here +now a lot of people are actually using + + align:start position:0% +now a lot of people are actually using + + + align:start position:0% +now a lot of people are actually using +this as a bedroom community to come into + + align:start position:0% +this as a bedroom community to come into + + + align:start position:0% +this as a bedroom community to come into +Boston property values are starting to + + align:start position:0% +Boston property values are starting to + + + align:start position:0% +Boston property values are starting to +go up you know who lives here starts to + + align:start position:0% +go up you know who lives here starts to + + + align:start position:0% +go up you know who lives here starts to +change so there's still a strong + + align:start position:0% +change so there's still a strong + + + align:start position:0% +change so there's still a strong +immigrant Community doesn't move out + + align:start position:0% +immigrant Community doesn't move out + + + align:start position:0% +immigrant Community doesn't move out +other parts of the city change and so + + align:start position:0% +other parts of the city change and so + + + align:start position:0% +other parts of the city change and so +then the demands for things + + align:start position:0% +then the demands for things + + + align:start position:0% +then the demands for things +you know sure you can meet all your + + align:start position:0% +you know sure you can meet all your + + + align:start position:0% +you know sure you can meet all your +economic demand out here but people also + + align:start position:0% +economic demand out here but people also + + + align:start position:0% +economic demand out here but people also +like to have things inside their little + + align:start position:0% +like to have things inside their little + + + align:start position:0% +like to have things inside their little +town they start to want that to happen + + align:start position:0% +town they start to want that to happen + + + align:start position:0% +town they start to want that to happen +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +so while that's going on some of the big + + align:start position:0% +so while that's going on some of the big + + + align:start position:0% +so while that's going on some of the big +people who owned property in downtown + + align:start position:0% +people who owned property in downtown + + + align:start position:0% +people who owned property in downtown +started thinking about doing major + + align:start position:0% +started thinking about doing major + + + align:start position:0% +started thinking about doing major +development work and actually tearing + + align:start position:0% +development work and actually tearing + + + align:start position:0% +development work and actually tearing +down a lot of the buildings and actually + + align:start position:0% +down a lot of the buildings and actually + + + align:start position:0% +down a lot of the buildings and actually +building new commercial property in the + + align:start position:0% +building new commercial property in the + + + align:start position:0% +building new commercial property in the +central downtown area which isn't that + + align:start position:0% +central downtown area which isn't that + + + align:start position:0% +central downtown area which isn't that +big + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and at the same time the + + align:start position:0% +and at the same time the + + + align:start position:0% +and at the same time the +Brazilian Community these Merchants were + + align:start position:0% +Brazilian Community these Merchants were + + + align:start position:0% +Brazilian Community these Merchants were +starting to organize into a + + align:start position:0% +starting to organize into a + + + align:start position:0% +starting to organize into a +group uh and particularly around one + + align:start position:0% +group uh and particularly around one + + + align:start position:0% +group uh and particularly around one +building where most of them were located + + align:start position:0% +building where most of them were located + + + align:start position:0% +building where most of them were located +in um and found themselves facing one + + align:start position:0% +in um and found themselves facing one + + + align:start position:0% +in um and found themselves facing one +day a + + align:start position:0% +day a + + + align:start position:0% +day a +plan to basically take this whole area + + align:start position:0% +plan to basically take this whole area + + + align:start position:0% +plan to basically take this whole area +and redevelop it and didn't see + + align:start position:0% +and redevelop it and didn't see + + + align:start position:0% +and redevelop it and didn't see +themselves anywhere in the Redevelopment + + align:start position:0% +themselves anywhere in the Redevelopment + + + align:start position:0% +themselves anywhere in the Redevelopment +plan + + align:start position:0% +plan + + + align:start position:0% +plan +right they started to worry we're going + + align:start position:0% +right they started to worry we're going + + + align:start position:0% +right they started to worry we're going +to be displaced what's going to happen + + align:start position:0% +to be displaced what's going to happen + + + align:start position:0% +to be displaced what's going to happen +to our economic activity how we're going + + align:start position:0% +to our economic activity how we're going + + + align:start position:0% +to our economic activity how we're going +to serve our + + align:start position:0% +to serve our + + + align:start position:0% +to serve our +community and the developers in the city + + align:start position:0% +community and the developers in the city + + + align:start position:0% +community and the developers in the city +are thinking we actually have a prime + + align:start position:0% +are thinking we actually have a prime + + + align:start position:0% +are thinking we actually have a prime +place now for + + align:start position:0% +place now for + + + align:start position:0% +place now for +redevelopment good opportunity right off + + align:start position:0% +redevelopment good opportunity right off + + + align:start position:0% +redevelopment good opportunity right off +a corridor uh there's real interest our + + align:start position:0% +a corridor uh there's real interest our + + + align:start position:0% +a corridor uh there's real interest our +property values going up we have a + + align:start position:0% +property values going up we have a + + + align:start position:0% +property values going up we have a +population we need to serve and there's + + align:start position:0% +population we need to serve and there's + + + align:start position:0% +population we need to serve and there's +really great opportunity here for us to + + align:start position:0% +really great opportunity here for us to + + + align:start position:0% +really great opportunity here for us to +really develop the downtown of + + align:start position:0% +really develop the downtown of + + + align:start position:0% +really develop the downtown of +Framingham and bring it back to life + + align:start position:0% +Framingham and bring it back to life + + + align:start position:0% +Framingham and bring it back to life +again and these two situations are now + + align:start position:0% +again and these two situations are now + + + align:start position:0% +again and these two situations are now +sitting there in these two communities + + align:start position:0% +sitting there in these two communities + + + align:start position:0% +sitting there in these two communities +even today trying to figure out what's + + align:start position:0% +even today trying to figure out what's + + + align:start position:0% +even today trying to figure out what's +going to happen next right there are + + align:start position:0% +going to happen next right there are + + + align:start position:0% +going to happen next right there are +some efforts to think about how the + + align:start position:0% +some efforts to think about how the + + + align:start position:0% +some efforts to think about how the +community is organized to respond to + + align:start position:0% +community is organized to respond to + + + align:start position:0% +community is organized to respond to +this there are other efforts around in + + align:start position:0% +this there are other efforts around in + + + align:start position:0% +this there are other efforts around in +the business sies how to make sure that + + align:start position:0% +the business sies how to make sure that + + + align:start position:0% +the business sies how to make sure that +they are actually upgrading the kinds of + + align:start position:0% +they are actually upgrading the kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +they are actually upgrading the kinds of +businesses that are there right you know + + align:start position:0% +businesses that are there right you know + + + align:start position:0% +businesses that are there right you know +we want Starbucks on the + + align:start position:0% +we want Starbucks on the + + + align:start position:0% +we want Starbucks on the +corner and different kinds of + + align:start position:0% +corner and different kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +corner and different kinds of +merchants uh as opposed to the kinds + + align:start position:0% +merchants uh as opposed to the kinds + + + align:start position:0% +merchants uh as opposed to the kinds +that are there um which may not track a + + align:start position:0% +that are there um which may not track a + + + align:start position:0% +that are there um which may not track a +diverse as diverse of a group of people + + align:start position:0% +diverse as diverse of a group of people + + + align:start position:0% +diverse as diverse of a group of people +so that's the situation and right now uh + + align:start position:0% +so that's the situation and right now uh + + + align:start position:0% +so that's the situation and right now uh +it's not that there's a standstill + + align:start position:0% +it's not that there's a standstill + + + align:start position:0% +it's not that there's a standstill +there's efforts moving on both sides uh + + align:start position:0% +there's efforts moving on both sides uh + + + align:start position:0% +there's efforts moving on both sides uh +to try to figure out how to move + + align:start position:0% +to try to figure out how to move + + + align:start position:0% +to try to figure out how to move +forward um and some of you heard from + + align:start position:0% +forward um and some of you heard from + + + align:start position:0% +forward um and some of you heard from +Uma when she was here about you know + + align:start position:0% +Uma when she was here about you know + + + align:start position:0% +Uma when she was here about you know +activities that were going on to help + + align:start position:0% +activities that were going on to help + + + align:start position:0% +activities that were going on to help +the businessman activities going on to + + align:start position:0% +the businessman activities going on to + + + align:start position:0% +the businessman activities going on to +developers opportunities to try to have + + align:start position:0% +developers opportunities to try to have + + + align:start position:0% +developers opportunities to try to have +some meetings together + + align:start position:0% +some meetings together + + + align:start position:0% +some meetings together +but what's really clear is that there's + + align:start position:0% +but what's really clear is that there's + + + align:start position:0% +but what's really clear is that there's +not a common framing dialogue to move + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +forward so my question for you and the + + align:start position:0% +forward so my question for you and the + + + align:start position:0% +forward so my question for you and the +question for each of you to think about + + align:start position:0% +question for each of you to think about + + + align:start position:0% +question for each of you to think about +is what's the real underlying problem + + align:start position:0% +is what's the real underlying problem + + + align:start position:0% +is what's the real underlying problem +that you see + + align:start position:0% +that you see + + + align:start position:0% +that you see +here this community + + align:start position:0% +here this community + + + align:start position:0% +here this community +is going to have to be taken on in order + + align:start position:0% +is going to have to be taken on in order + + + align:start position:0% +is going to have to be taken on in order +for the community to kind of move + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +forward would you do me a favor would + + align:start position:0% +forward would you do me a favor would + + + align:start position:0% +forward would you do me a favor would +you write the question on + + align:start position:0% +you write the question on + + + align:start position:0% +you write the question on +theard sure it's a good + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question we actually have a particular + + align:start position:0% +question we actually have a particular + + + align:start position:0% +question we actually have a particular +way we have it written down on our paper + + align:start position:0% +way we have it written down on our paper + + + align:start position:0% +way we have it written down on our paper +so I want to make sure + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +actually I don't want to say that I + + align:start position:0% +actually I don't want to say that I + + + align:start position:0% +actually I don't want to say that I +don't want to say that part + + align:start position:0% +don't want to say that part + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to say that part +yeah we have the same thought at the + + align:start position:0% +yeah we have the same thought at the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah we have the same thought at the +same time this is one part of the + + align:start position:0% +same time this is one part of the + + + align:start position:0% +same time this is one part of the +question the other part is for you to uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you only have to write this one + + align:start position:0% +you only have to write this one + + + align:start position:0% +you only have to write this one +down the you should think about the + + align:start position:0% +down the you should think about the + + + align:start position:0% +down the you should think about the +second one why is it a problem first one + + align:start position:0% +second one why is it a problem first one + + + align:start position:0% +second one why is it a problem first one +what is the problem and the second one + + align:start position:0% +what is the problem and the second one + + + align:start position:0% +what is the problem and the second one +is why is it a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problem do you have index cards index + + align:start position:0% +problem do you have index cards index + + + align:start position:0% +problem do you have index cards index +card okay and what we're going to do is + + align:start position:0% +card okay and what we're going to do is + + + align:start position:0% +card okay and what we're going to do is +think about this for a while just give + + align:start position:0% +think about this for a while just give + + + align:start position:0% +think about this for a while just give +yourself five minutes come with a + + align:start position:0% +yourself five minutes come with a + + + align:start position:0% +yourself five minutes come with a +question then we're going to come back + + align:start position:0% +question then we're going to come back + + + align:start position:0% +question then we're going to come back +we're going to give you index card so we + + align:start position:0% +we're going to give you index card so we + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to give you index card so we +want you to just write your question on + + align:start position:0% +want you to just write your question on + + + align:start position:0% +want you to just write your question on +the index card so don't make it you + + align:start position:0% +the index card so don't make it you + + + align:start position:0% +the index card so don't make it you +know I don't know what but don't make it + + align:start position:0% +know I don't know what but don't make it + + + align:start position:0% +know I don't know what but don't make it +that don't make it too long just make it + + align:start position:0% +that don't make it too long just make it + + + align:start position:0% +that don't make it too long just make it +kind of a succinct question for the + + align:start position:0% +kind of a succinct question for the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a succinct question for the +beginning you think the problem is and + + align:start position:0% +beginning you think the problem is and + + + align:start position:0% +beginning you think the problem is and +then keep your notes around why it's a + + align:start position:0% +then keep your notes around why it's a + + + align:start position:0% +then keep your notes around why it's a +problem because those will come up when + + align:start position:0% +problem because those will come up when + + + align:start position:0% +problem because those will come up when +we're in the discussion we want you to + + align:start position:0% +we're in the discussion we want you to + + + align:start position:0% +we're in the discussion we want you to +just hold on to those question yeah I + + align:start position:0% +just hold on to those question yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +just hold on to those question yeah I +just going to add something about + + align:start position:0% +just going to add something about + + + align:start position:0% +just going to add something about +premium having grown up they added in + + align:start position:0% +premium having grown up they added in + + + align:start position:0% +premium having grown up they added in +the last few years the MBTA has added a + + align:start position:0% +the last few years the MBTA has added a + + + align:start position:0% +the last few years the MBTA has added a +commut train right and so more and more + + align:start position:0% +commut train right and so more and more + + + align:start position:0% +commut train right and so more and more +people are migrating out there because + + align:start position:0% +people are migrating out there because + + + align:start position:0% +people are migrating out there because +it's you know it's pretty inexpensive to + + align:start position:0% +it's you know it's pretty inexpensive to + + + align:start position:0% +it's you know it's pretty inexpensive to +take the train it's you know it's + + align:start position:0% +take the train it's you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +take the train it's you know it's +comfortable has tables and you bring + + align:start position:0% +comfortable has tables and you bring + + + align:start position:0% +comfortable has tables and you bring +your laptop right and the other thing is + + align:start position:0% +your laptop right and the other thing is + + + align:start position:0% +your laptop right and the other thing is +that when I was growing up in the 50s + + align:start position:0% +that when I was growing up in the 50s + + + align:start position:0% +that when I was growing up in the 50s +there it wasn't it wasn't diverse ethnic + + align:start position:0% +there it wasn't it wasn't diverse ethnic + + + align:start position:0% +there it wasn't it wasn't diverse ethnic +and racial diversity or class difference + + align:start position:0% +and racial diversity or class difference + + + align:start position:0% +and racial diversity or class difference +it wasn't very there wasn't very much + + align:start position:0% +it wasn't very there wasn't very much + + + align:start position:0% +it wasn't very there wasn't very much +class integration right you know what + + align:start position:0% +class integration right you know what + + + align:start position:0% +class integration right you know what +I'm saying but now as you say there I + + align:start position:0% +I'm saying but now as you say there I + + + align:start position:0% +I'm saying but now as you say there I +think there are other there's more other + + align:start position:0% +think there are other there's more other + + + align:start position:0% +think there are other there's more other +ethnic racial other than Brazil now if I + + align:start position:0% +ethnic racial other than Brazil now if I + + + align:start position:0% +ethnic racial other than Brazil now if I +remember correctly that is true I think + + align:start position:0% +remember correctly that is true I think + + + align:start position:0% +remember correctly that is true I think +there's one other interesting piece of + + align:start position:0% +there's one other interesting piece of + + + align:start position:0% +there's one other interesting piece of +history that contributed to how friendy + + align:start position:0% +history that contributed to how friendy + + + align:start position:0% +history that contributed to how friendy +him got where it is economically and + + align:start position:0% +him got where it is economically and + + + align:start position:0% +him got where it is economically and +that is that there used to be a General + + align:start position:0% +that is that there used to be a General + + + align:start position:0% +that is that there used to be a General +Motors plant there there were a lot of + + align:start position:0% +Motors plant there there were a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +Motors plant there there were a lot of +jobs and a lot of the tax base was very + + align:start position:0% +jobs and a lot of the tax base was very + + + align:start position:0% +jobs and a lot of the tax base was very +much based on the General Motors plant + + align:start position:0% +much based on the General Motors plant + + + align:start position:0% +much based on the General Motors plant +and when the town the other thing I + + align:start position:0% +and when the town the other thing I + + + align:start position:0% +and when the town the other thing I +think is actually quite interesting is + + align:start position:0% +think is actually quite interesting is + + + align:start position:0% +think is actually quite interesting is +Framingham is actually the largest town + + align:start position:0% +Framingham is actually the largest town + + + align:start position:0% +Framingham is actually the largest town +in Massachusetts and it is actually + + align:start position:0% +in Massachusetts and it is actually + + + align:start position:0% +in Massachusetts and it is actually +larger than many cities and so + + align:start position:0% +larger than many cities and so + + + align:start position:0% +larger than many cities and so +politically that's always been there + + align:start position:0% +politically that's always been there + + + align:start position:0% +politically that's always been there +have been several referenda I lived + + align:start position:0% +have been several referenda I lived + + + align:start position:0% +have been several referenda I lived +there from 90 to 93 there were several + + align:start position:0% +there from 90 to 93 there were several + + + align:start position:0% +there from 90 to 93 there were several +referend and my husband was one of the + + align:start position:0% +referend and my husband was one of the + + + align:start position:0% +referend and my husband was one of the +there's representative town meeting and + + align:start position:0% +there's representative town meeting and + + + align:start position:0% +there's representative town meeting and +so we were kind of involved while we + + align:start position:0% +so we were kind of involved while we + + + align:start position:0% +so we were kind of involved while we +were there very short period of time um + + align:start position:0% +were there very short period of time um + + + align:start position:0% +were there very short period of time um +so there's been the the way the town is + + align:start position:0% +so there's been the the way the town is + + + align:start position:0% +so there's been the the way the town is +governed is very interesting a lot of + + align:start position:0% +governed is very interesting a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +governed is very interesting a lot of +people think it should be a city because + + align:start position:0% +people think it should be a city because + + + align:start position:0% +people think it should be a city because +it's so large but a lot of people try to + + align:start position:0% +it's so large but a lot of people try to + + + align:start position:0% +it's so large but a lot of people try to +maintain that small town character so + + align:start position:0% +maintain that small town character so + + + align:start position:0% +maintain that small town character so +politically there's an interesting + + align:start position:0% +politically there's an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +politically there's an interesting +history and then economically there's a + + align:start position:0% +history and then economically there's a + + + align:start position:0% +history and then economically there's a +big history interesting history because + + align:start position:0% +big history interesting history because + + + align:start position:0% +big history interesting history because +when the GM plant closed then the town + + align:start position:0% +when the GM plant closed then the town + + + align:start position:0% +when the GM plant closed then the town +just went into an economic SP CU there + + align:start position:0% +just went into an economic SP CU there + + + align:start position:0% +just went into an economic SP CU there +actually really two good two good points + + align:start position:0% +actually really two good two good points + + + align:start position:0% +actually really two good two good points +one about what led to the economic kind + + align:start position:0% +one about what led to the economic kind + + + align:start position:0% +one about what led to the economic kind +of Decline and the other is that the + + align:start position:0% +of Decline and the other is that the + + + align:start position:0% +of Decline and the other is that the +commuter rail going out there changes + + align:start position:0% +commuter rail going out there changes + + + align:start position:0% +commuter rail going out there changes +who comes in and who lives there and how + + align:start position:0% +who comes in and who lives there and how + + + align:start position:0% +who comes in and who lives there and how +how they see themselves in the community + + align:start position:0% +how they see themselves in the community + + + align:start position:0% +how they see themselves in the community +well I think the rail always been there + + align:start position:0% +well I think the rail always been there + + + align:start position:0% +well I think the rail always been there +no but last few years they upgraded it + + align:start position:0% +no but last few years they upgraded it + + + align:start position:0% +no but last few years they upgraded it +though right when I there was no + + align:start position:0% +though right when I there was no + + + align:start position:0% +though right when I there was no +parking Park if you didn't live near so + + align:start position:0% +parking Park if you didn't live near so + + + align:start position:0% +parking Park if you didn't live near so +they put parking if you didn't live on + + align:start position:0% +they put parking if you didn't live on + + + align:start position:0% +they put parking if you didn't live on +the South Side that's a big issue South + + align:start position:0% +the South Side that's a big issue South + + + align:start position:0% +the South Side that's a big issue South +versus + + align:start position:0% +versus + + + align:start position:0% +versus +North those of us who it there's a lot + + align:start position:0% +North those of us who it there's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +North those of us who it there's a lot +of there's a lot of detail in this one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right which + + align:start position:0% +right which + + + align:start position:0% +right which +ones which do you want to use these + + align:start position:0% +ones which do you want to use these + + + align:start position:0% +ones which do you want to use these +with these + + align:start position:0% +with these + + + align:start position:0% +with these +yeah you markers or + + align:start position:0% +yeah you markers or + + + align:start position:0% +yeah you markers or +something huh yeah + + align:start position:0% +something huh yeah + + + align:start position:0% +something huh yeah +no go ahead get your get your write your + + align:start position:0% +no go ahead get your get your write your + + + align:start position:0% +no go ahead get your get your write your +problem + + align:start position:0% +problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem +down + + align:start position:0% +down + + + align:start position:0% +down +are no just write down your question + + align:start position:0% +are no just write down your question + + + align:start position:0% +are no just write down your question +yeah and hold and make notes to yourself + + align:start position:0% +yeah and hold and make notes to yourself + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and hold and make notes to yourself +about the why + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay can the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problem + + align:start position:0% +problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem +yeah now please write down in the index + + align:start position:0% +yeah now please write down in the index + + + align:start position:0% +yeah now please write down in the index +card and what we will do is to group + + align:start position:0% +card and what we will do is to group + + + align:start position:0% +card and what we will do is to group +here the index card and try to + + align:start position:0% +here the index card and try to + + + align:start position:0% +here the index card and try to +find two three or + + align:start position:0% +find two three or + + + align:start position:0% +find two three or +four ways of understanding the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problem we we will begin to to identify + + align:start position:0% +problem we we will begin to to identify + + + align:start position:0% +problem we we will begin to to identify +the frames by the question of what the + + align:start position:0% +the frames by the question of what the + + + align:start position:0% +the frames by the question of what the +problem + + align:start position:0% +problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem +is the identification of the problem + + align:start position:0% +is the identification of the problem + + + align:start position:0% +is the identification of the problem +is reorganize organize everything s + + align:start position:0% +is reorganize organize everything s + + + align:start position:0% +is reorganize organize everything s +around + + align:start position:0% +around + + + align:start position:0% +around +it so please write there your write down + + align:start position:0% +it so please write there your write down + + + align:start position:0% +it so please write there your write down +your idea of problem you can come + + align:start position:0% +your idea of problem you can come + + + align:start position:0% +your idea of problem you can come +here and you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +can put in any place the first person + + align:start position:0% +can put in any place the first person + + + align:start position:0% +can put in any place the first person +can put in any place and the other + + align:start position:0% +can put in any place and the other + + + align:start position:0% +can put in any place and the other +will decide if is the of the same kind + + align:start position:0% +will decide if is the of the same kind + + + align:start position:0% +will decide if is the of the same kind +of if it's + + align:start position:0% +of if it's + + + align:start position:0% +of if it's +different okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +people who have finished May begin to + + align:start position:0% +people who have finished May begin to + + + align:start position:0% +people who have finished May begin to +put here in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Blackboard and we have masking tape here + + align:start position:0% +Blackboard and we have masking tape here + + + align:start position:0% +Blackboard and we have masking tape here +for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is that me yeah I think it's too + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +simple yeah okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah EXC + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay I think that it's a bit different + + align:start position:0% +okay I think that it's a bit different + + + align:start position:0% +okay I think that it's a bit different +from the first yes + + align:start position:0% +from the first yes + + + align:start position:0% +from the first yes +okay do have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are we supposed to put the the why as + + align:start position:0% +are we supposed to put the the why as + + + align:start position:0% +are we supposed to put the the why as +well no you don't need in this moment to + + align:start position:0% +well no you don't need in this moment to + + + align:start position:0% +well no you don't need in this moment to +just what the problem is okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +different okay yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +k okay + + align:start position:0% +k okay + + + align:start position:0% +k okay +you can + + align:start position:0% +you can + + + align:start position:0% +you can +decide we have to put it under one of + + align:start position:0% +decide we have to put it under one of + + + align:start position:0% +decide we have to put it under one of +those three no you can create any one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay can we take a break after the cards + + align:start position:0% +okay can we take a break after the cards + + + align:start position:0% +okay can we take a break after the cards +are up + + align:start position:0% +are up + + + align:start position:0% +are up +yes no have to get some coffee + + align:start position:0% +yes no have to get some coffee + + + align:start position:0% +yes no have to get some coffee +but we we we just finishing this we we + + align:start position:0% +but we we we just finishing this we we + + + align:start position:0% +but we we we just finishing this we we +make up to break you're my hero thank + + align:start position:0% +make up to break you're my hero thank + + + align:start position:0% +make up to break you're my hero thank +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thank yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you'll stay for the whole discussion + + align:start position:0% +you'll stay for the whole discussion + + + align:start position:0% +you'll stay for the whole discussion +okay no problem no problem + + align:start position:0% +okay no problem no problem + + + align:start position:0% +okay no problem no problem +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +please excuse me what do you drink I am + + align:start position:0% +please excuse me what do you drink I am + + + align:start position:0% +please excuse me what do you drink I am +curious about it's coffee te + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I I was + + align:start position:0% +I I was + + + align:start position:0% +I I was +respected in in ugay people goes always + + align:start position:0% +respected in in ugay people goes always + + + align:start position:0% +respected in in ugay people goes always +with their + + align:start position:0% +with their + + + align:start position:0% +with their +their + + align:start position:0% +their + + + align:start position:0% +their +yes or every place in the in the in the + + align:start position:0% +yes or every place in the in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +yes or every place in the in the in the +movies in the + + align:start position:0% +movies in the + + + align:start position:0% +movies in the +buses okay the trains you find always + + align:start position:0% +buses okay the trains you find always + + + align:start position:0% +buses okay the trains you find always +the you know why because you know you + + align:start position:0% +the you know why because you know you + + + align:start position:0% +the you know why because you know you +pay two and3 a day to drink coffee or + + align:start position:0% +pay two and3 a day to drink coffee or + + + align:start position:0% +pay two and3 a day to drink coffee or +tea it's cheaper to just you know make + + align:start position:0% +tea it's cheaper to just you know make + + + align:start position:0% +tea it's cheaper to just you know make +your own it's like $15 a week + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay after to put the index card in the + + align:start position:0% +okay after to put the index card in the + + + align:start position:0% +okay after to put the index card in the +table in the Blackboard we can take uh a + + align:start position:0% +table in the Blackboard we can take uh a + + + align:start position:0% +table in the Blackboard we can take uh a +break okay a 10 minutes + + align:start position:0% +break okay a 10 minutes + + + align:start position:0% +break okay a 10 minutes +break once you finish to put + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay I feel like there's more + + align:start position:0% +okay I feel like there's more + + + align:start position:0% +okay I feel like there's more +similarities between some of these + + align:start position:0% +similarities between some of these + + + align:start position:0% +similarities between some of these +things that are feel + + align:start position:0% +things that are feel + + + align:start position:0% +things that are feel +likeing themselves + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no we can use + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay okay okay thank you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay we can take the break + + align:start position:0% +okay we can take the break + + + align:start position:0% +okay we can take the break +okay and we can be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +back now we need to group we need to + + align:start position:0% +back now we need to group we need to + + + align:start position:0% +back now we need to group we need to +find if we have + + align:start position:0% +find if we have + + + align:start position:0% +find if we have +1 2 3 4 different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problems behind the problems are + + align:start position:0% +problems behind the problems are + + + align:start position:0% +problems behind the problems are +frames + + align:start position:0% +frames + + + align:start position:0% +frames +okay so we will Begin by grouping + + align:start position:0% +okay so we will Begin by grouping + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we will Begin by grouping +problems as a way to discover the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +frames + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh perhaps one way is each person who + + align:start position:0% +uh perhaps one way is each person who + + + align:start position:0% +uh perhaps one way is each person who +wrote One card + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +can read his + + align:start position:0% +can read his + + + align:start position:0% +can read his +car and or say to + + align:start position:0% +car and or say to + + + align:start position:0% +car and or say to +us about his car and explain where he + + align:start position:0% +us about his car and explain where he + + + align:start position:0% +us about his car and explain where he +prefer to put it or with with which + + align:start position:0% +prefer to put it or with with which + + + align:start position:0% +prefer to put it or with with which +other + + align:start position:0% +other + + + align:start position:0% +other +cards the person thinks that his card is + + align:start position:0% +cards the person thinks that his card is + + + align:start position:0% +cards the person thinks that his card is +is related + + align:start position:0% +is related + + + align:start position:0% +is related +to okay and we will begin the effort for + + align:start position:0% +to okay and we will begin the effort for + + + align:start position:0% +to okay and we will begin the effort for +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +grouping who wants to + + align:start position:0% +grouping who wants to + + + align:start position:0% +grouping who wants to +already way there is a initial process + + align:start position:0% +already way there is a initial process + + + align:start position:0% +already way there is a initial process +of grouping okay but we need to go + + align:start position:0% +of grouping okay but we need to go + + + align:start position:0% +of grouping okay but we need to go +forward in + + align:start position:0% +forward in + + + align:start position:0% +forward in +this until to be to have two three of + + align:start position:0% +this until to be to have two three of + + + align:start position:0% +this until to be to have two three of +four groups + + align:start position:0% +four groups + + + align:start position:0% +four groups +okay who can go there + + align:start position:0% +okay who can go there + + + align:start position:0% +okay who can go there +start okay um I termed it in terms of + + align:start position:0% +start okay um I termed it in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +start okay um I termed it in terms of +the Immigrant Community Black's decision + + align:start position:0% +the Immigrant Community Black's decision + + + align:start position:0% +the Immigrant Community Black's decision +making power to effectively participate + + align:start position:0% +making power to effectively participate + + + align:start position:0% +making power to effectively participate +in the physical and economic development + + align:start position:0% +in the physical and economic development + + + align:start position:0% +in the physical and economic development +of their changing Community um I mean I + + align:start position:0% +of their changing Community um I mean I + + + align:start position:0% +of their changing Community um I mean I +think that can be grouped probably also + + align:start position:0% +think that can be grouped probably also + + + align:start position:0% +think that can be grouped probably also +with maybe like Community organizing the + + align:start position:0% +with maybe like Community organizing the + + + align:start position:0% +with maybe like Community organizing the +way that they organize themselves or or + + align:start position:0% +way that they organize themselves or or + + + align:start position:0% +way that they organize themselves or or +the lack of organizing organizing + + align:start position:0% +the lack of organizing organizing + + + align:start position:0% +the lack of organizing organizing +Community leadership in immigrant okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay you see it it most of all connected + + align:start position:0% +okay you see it it most of all connected + + + align:start position:0% +okay you see it it most of all connected +with this one yeah I think + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay who you I I was thinking about the + + align:start position:0% +okay who you I I was thinking about the + + + align:start position:0% +okay who you I I was thinking about the +same thing that she thought about um I I + + align:start position:0% +same thing that she thought about um I I + + + align:start position:0% +same thing that she thought about um I I +had thought about um how in my notes I + + align:start position:0% +had thought about um how in my notes I + + + align:start position:0% +had thought about um how in my notes I +in my question I wrote the problem is + + align:start position:0% +in my question I wrote the problem is + + + align:start position:0% +in my question I wrote the problem is +who has the power + + align:start position:0% +who has the power + + + align:start position:0% +who has the power +the problem is who has the power in a + + align:start position:0% +the problem is who has the power in a + + + align:start position:0% +the problem is who has the power in a +community revitalization process and + + align:start position:0% +community revitalization process and + + + align:start position:0% +community revitalization process and +what is the contributions to Economic + + align:start position:0% +what is the contributions to Economic + + + align:start position:0% +what is the contributions to Economic +Development + + align:start position:0% +Development + + + align:start position:0% +Development +groups which is your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +card the top there right play marker + + align:start position:0% +card the top there right play marker + + + align:start position:0% +card the top there right play marker +next to the green see the green + + align:start position:0% +next to the green see the green + + + align:start position:0% +next to the green see the green +one to the right to the right the second + + align:start position:0% +one to the right to the right the second + + + align:start position:0% +one to the right to the right the second +one the right how do you tell the + + align:start position:0% +one the right how do you tell the + + + align:start position:0% +one the right how do you tell the +struggle no no + + align:start position:0% +struggle no no + + + align:start position:0% +struggle no no +the best way + + align:start position:0% +the best way + + + align:start position:0% +the best way +is it's right + + align:start position:0% +is it's right + + + align:start position:0% +is it's right +here I see okay so you see you'll see + + align:start position:0% +here I see okay so you see you'll see + + + align:start position:0% +here I see okay so you see you'll see +that these two are connected are similar + + align:start position:0% +that these two are connected are similar + + + align:start position:0% +that these two are connected are similar +yes I think so okay so we have a group + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +who + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +please I that I felt the underlying + + align:start position:0% +please I that I felt the underlying + + + align:start position:0% +please I that I felt the underlying +problem in Fr inham is a failure on the + + align:start position:0% +problem in Fr inham is a failure on the + + + align:start position:0% +problem in Fr inham is a failure on the +part of multiple stakeholders to engage + + align:start position:0% +part of multiple stakeholders to engage + + + align:start position:0% +part of multiple stakeholders to engage +in productive and constructive dialogue + + align:start position:0% +in productive and constructive dialogue + + + align:start position:0% +in productive and constructive dialogue +and negotiation regarding the + + align:start position:0% +and negotiation regarding the + + + align:start position:0% +and negotiation regarding the +differences and similarities in their + + align:start position:0% +differences and similarities in their + + + align:start position:0% +differences and similarities in their +viewpoints on framingham's current and + + align:start position:0% +viewpoints on framingham's current and + + + align:start position:0% +viewpoints on framingham's current and +future cultural and economic + + align:start position:0% +future cultural and economic + + + align:start position:0% +future cultural and economic +identities + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah and you see it connected with these + + align:start position:0% +yeah and you see it connected with these + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and you see it connected with these +others two here I what where where do + + align:start position:0% +others two here I what where where do + + + align:start position:0% +others two here I what where where do +you prefer to put M was first so people + + align:start position:0% +you prefer to put M was first so people + + + align:start position:0% +you prefer to put M was first so people +felt that they agreed with words and + + align:start position:0% +felt that they agreed with words and + + + align:start position:0% +felt that they agreed with words and +that I was first + + align:start position:0% +that I was first + + + align:start position:0% +that I was first +okay all this child um so weak + + align:start position:0% +okay all this child um so weak + + + align:start position:0% +okay all this child um so weak +relationship between stakeholders and a + + align:start position:0% +relationship between stakeholders and a + + + align:start position:0% +relationship between stakeholders and a +different view about reality yes I guess + + align:start position:0% +different view about reality yes I guess + + + align:start position:0% +different view about reality yes I guess +I think that's not a good question for + + align:start position:0% +I think that's not a good question for + + + align:start position:0% +I think that's not a good question for +me I think it's a question for the + + align:start position:0% +me I think it's a question for the + + + align:start position:0% +me I think it's a question for the +people who wrote the cards whether or + + align:start position:0% +people who wrote the cards whether or + + + align:start position:0% +people who wrote the cards whether or +not okay I'm going to sit down okay + + align:start position:0% +not okay I'm going to sit down okay + + + align:start position:0% +not okay I'm going to sit down okay +thank + + align:start position:0% +thank + + + align:start position:0% +thank +you okay well mine was the one behind + + align:start position:0% +you okay well mine was the one behind + + + align:start position:0% +you okay well mine was the one behind +and I think this we relationship + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay it's connected with her + + align:start position:0% +okay it's connected with her + + + align:start position:0% +okay it's connected with her +card the second one no + + align:start position:0% +card the second one no + + + align:start position:0% +card the second one no +okay who is who made this one I'm the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +third + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +um I was thinking that problem is the + + align:start position:0% +um I was thinking that problem is the + + + align:start position:0% +um I was thinking that problem is the +way in which value is perceived by the + + align:start position:0% +way in which value is perceived by the + + + align:start position:0% +way in which value is perceived by the +different stakeholders involved so + + align:start position:0% +different stakeholders involved so + + + align:start position:0% +different stakeholders involved so +certain people might be uh valuing the + + align:start position:0% +certain people might be uh valuing the + + + align:start position:0% +certain people might be uh valuing the +the existing Community the uh Social + + align:start position:0% +the existing Community the uh Social + + + align:start position:0% +the existing Community the uh Social +Capital that exists there other people + + align:start position:0% +Capital that exists there other people + + + align:start position:0% +Capital that exists there other people +might be valuing more tangible market + + align:start position:0% +might be valuing more tangible market + + + align:start position:0% +might be valuing more tangible market +value of the real estate property um and + + align:start position:0% +value of the real estate property um and + + + align:start position:0% +value of the real estate property um and +that those different conceptions of + + align:start position:0% +that those different conceptions of + + + align:start position:0% +that those different conceptions of +value are leading to different + + align:start position:0% +value are leading to different + + + align:start position:0% +value are leading to different +definitions of the problem which then + + align:start position:0% +definitions of the problem which then + + + align:start position:0% +definitions of the problem which then +lead to different solutions for the + + align:start position:0% +lead to different solutions for the + + + align:start position:0% +lead to different solutions for the +problem so that the people who are + + align:start position:0% +problem so that the people who are + + + align:start position:0% +problem so that the people who are +coming in as real estate developers + + align:start position:0% +coming in as real estate developers + + + align:start position:0% +coming in as real estate developers +don't value + + align:start position:0% +don't value + + + align:start position:0% +don't value +the uh existing community that that's + + align:start position:0% +the uh existing community that that's + + + align:start position:0% +the uh existing community that that's +there they view it as something that's + + align:start position:0% +there they view it as something that's + + + align:start position:0% +there they view it as something that's +uh Market opportunity something that + + align:start position:0% +uh Market opportunity something that + + + align:start position:0% +uh Market opportunity something that +doesn't have any existing value it's + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have any existing value it's + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have any existing value it's +it's undervalued real estate that could + + align:start position:0% +it's undervalued real estate that could + + + align:start position:0% +it's undervalued real estate that could +be used for Starbucks instead of some + + align:start position:0% +be used for Starbucks instead of some + + + align:start position:0% +be used for Starbucks instead of some +Brazilian cafe or whatever it happens to + + align:start position:0% +Brazilian cafe or whatever it happens to + + + align:start position:0% +Brazilian cafe or whatever it happens to +be so there's a different valuation + + align:start position:0% +be so there's a different valuation + + + align:start position:0% +be so there's a different valuation +of okay the resources and you'll see + + align:start position:0% +of okay the resources and you'll see + + + align:start position:0% +of okay the resources and you'll see +connected with + + align:start position:0% +connected with + + + align:start position:0% +connected with +these two or you perceive it + + align:start position:0% +these two or you perceive it + + + align:start position:0% +these two or you perceive it +different well I could I was really + + align:start position:0% +different well I could I was really + + + align:start position:0% +different well I could I was really +struggling trying to find a category to + + align:start position:0% +struggling trying to find a category to + + + align:start position:0% +struggling trying to find a category to +fit it into I mean I like the statement + + align:start position:0% +fit it into I mean I like the statement + + + align:start position:0% +fit it into I mean I like the statement +there about a different view about + + align:start position:0% +there about a different view about + + + align:start position:0% +there about a different view about +reality in there um but then I also like + + align:start position:0% +reality in there um but then I also like + + + align:start position:0% +reality in there um but then I also like +the state that purple statement about + + align:start position:0% +the state that purple statement about + + + align:start position:0% +the state that purple statement about +the conflicting perspectives on + + align:start position:0% +the conflicting perspectives on + + + align:start position:0% +the conflicting perspectives on +Redevelopment by different ethnic + + align:start position:0% +Redevelopment by different ethnic + + + align:start position:0% +Redevelopment by different ethnic +communities I thought was was good as + + align:start position:0% +communities I thought was was good as + + + align:start position:0% +communities I thought was was good as +well and negotiation is obviously was + + align:start position:0% +well and negotiation is obviously was + + + align:start position:0% +well and negotiation is obviously was +needed in order to come up with a new + + align:start position:0% +needed in order to come up with a new + + + align:start position:0% +needed in order to come up with a new +reframing of value but I don't know I + + align:start position:0% +reframing of value but I don't know I + + + align:start position:0% +reframing of value but I don't know I +was kind of struggling putting it in one + + align:start position:0% +was kind of struggling putting it in one + + + align:start position:0% +was kind of struggling putting it in one +or another + + align:start position:0% +or another + + + align:start position:0% +or another +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's put it a bit aside for a while + + align:start position:0% +let's put it a bit aside for a while + + + align:start position:0% +let's put it a bit aside for a while +okay the next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one we have we have two groups this + + align:start position:0% +one we have we have two groups this + + + align:start position:0% +one we have we have two groups this +group and this group and we have this + + align:start position:0% +group and this group and we have this + + + align:start position:0% +group and this group and we have this +piece that may be connected with + + align:start position:0% +piece that may be connected with + + + align:start position:0% +piece that may be connected with +or maybe with this second + + align:start position:0% +or maybe with this second + + + align:start position:0% +or maybe with this second +group who is the owner of this one it's + + align:start position:0% +group who is the owner of this one it's + + + align:start position:0% +group who is the owner of this one it's +me + + align:start position:0% +me + + + align:start position:0% +me +um I think those two are well together + + align:start position:0% +um I think those two are well together + + + align:start position:0% +um I think those two are well together +so I'll connect mine with the + + align:start position:0% +so I'll connect mine with the + + + align:start position:0% +so I'll connect mine with the +two these two but it's about the ethnic + + align:start position:0% +two these two but it's about the ethnic + + + align:start position:0% +two these two but it's about the ethnic +issue and how a new culture and new + + align:start position:0% +issue and how a new culture and new + + + align:start position:0% +issue and how a new culture and new +different cultur values can be uh are + + align:start position:0% +different cultur values can be uh are + + + align:start position:0% +different cultur values can be uh are +identified and they can be conflicting + + align:start position:0% +identified and they can be conflicting + + + align:start position:0% +identified and they can be conflicting +and how that affects through development + + align:start position:0% +and how that affects through development + + + align:start position:0% +and how that affects through development +okay so so you see a third group here + + align:start position:0% +okay so so you see a third group here + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so you see a third group here +for okay who is the owner of this one + + align:start position:0% +for okay who is the owner of this one + + + align:start position:0% +for okay who is the owner of this one +please can you explain yeah um + + align:start position:0% +please can you explain yeah um + + + align:start position:0% +please can you explain yeah um +Framingham and its business allies are + + align:start position:0% +Framingham and its business allies are + + + align:start position:0% +Framingham and its business allies are +developing or imposing a plan that + + align:start position:0% +developing or imposing a plan that + + + align:start position:0% +developing or imposing a plan that +ignores and harms the Brazilian + + align:start position:0% +ignores and harms the Brazilian + + + align:start position:0% +ignores and harms the Brazilian +Community um I don't know I see you + + align:start position:0% +Community um I don't know I see you + + + align:start position:0% +Community um I don't know I see you +connected to all of them I guess it's + + align:start position:0% +connected to all of them I guess it's + + + align:start position:0% +connected to all of them I guess it's +hard for me to sort of excluded uh you + + align:start position:0% +hard for me to sort of excluded uh you + + + align:start position:0% +hard for me to sort of excluded uh you +know there's a different + + align:start position:0% +know there's a different + + + align:start position:0% +know there's a different +valuation there's uh sort of a power + + align:start position:0% +valuation there's uh sort of a power + + + align:start position:0% +valuation there's uh sort of a power +power issue in terms of community + + align:start position:0% +power issue in terms of community + + + align:start position:0% +power issue in terms of community +planning You could argue that the reason + + align:start position:0% +planning You could argue that the reason + + + align:start position:0% +planning You could argue that the reason +that this is happening is that there's + + align:start position:0% +that this is happening is that there's + + + align:start position:0% +that this is happening is that there's +an ethnic there's an ethnic Schism or + + align:start position:0% +an ethnic there's an ethnic Schism or + + + align:start position:0% +an ethnic there's an ethnic Schism or +you know the main the established sort + + align:start position:0% +you know the main the established sort + + + align:start position:0% +you know the main the established sort +of population is sort of threatened or + + align:start position:0% +of population is sort of threatened or + + + align:start position:0% +of population is sort of threatened or +doesn't care about the income of the + + align:start position:0% +doesn't care about the income of the + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't care about the income of the +newer Brazilian population I + + align:start position:0% +newer Brazilian population I + + + align:start position:0% +newer Brazilian population I +don't I don't know it's hard for me to + + align:start position:0% +don't I don't know it's hard for me to + + + align:start position:0% +don't I don't know it's hard for me to +really + + align:start position:0% +really + + + align:start position:0% +really +Pi but we need a + + align:start position:0% +Pi but we need a + + + align:start position:0% +Pi but we need a +choice what does it say I don't know you + + align:start position:0% +choice what does it say I don't know you + + + align:start position:0% +choice what does it say I don't know you +repeat it again Framingham business + + align:start position:0% +repeat it again Framingham business + + + align:start position:0% +repeat it again Framingham business +allies are imposing a plan that ignores + + align:start position:0% +allies are imposing a plan that ignores + + + align:start position:0% +allies are imposing a plan that ignores +and harms the Brazilian + + align:start position:0% +and harms the Brazilian + + + align:start position:0% +and harms the Brazilian +Community does anyone else have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +feedb well it seems that you um what do + + align:start position:0% +feedb well it seems that you um what do + + + align:start position:0% +feedb well it seems that you um what do +you think about the play for him is + + align:start position:0% +you think about the play for him is + + + align:start position:0% +you think about the play for him is +difficult to locate his card where you + + align:start position:0% +difficult to locate his card where you + + + align:start position:0% +difficult to locate his card where you +prefer + + align:start position:0% +prefer + + + align:start position:0% +prefer +to you think that they are connected is + + align:start position:0% +to you think that they are connected is + + + align:start position:0% +to you think that they are connected is +one of the key components for you Chris + + align:start position:0% +one of the key components for you Chris + + + align:start position:0% +one of the key components for you Chris +the ethnic the ethnic Schism and + + align:start position:0% +the ethnic the ethnic Schism and + + + align:start position:0% +the ethnic the ethnic Schism and +division is the ethnicity of groups + + align:start position:0% +division is the ethnicity of groups + + + align:start position:0% +division is the ethnicity of groups +involved Central to your + + align:start position:0% +involved Central to your + + + align:start position:0% +involved Central to your +thinking it's more it's more that + + align:start position:0% +thinking it's more it's more that + + + align:start position:0% +thinking it's more it's more that +there's one Community that's closed to + + align:start position:0% +there's one Community that's closed to + + + align:start position:0% +there's one Community that's closed to +the interest of the other community I + + align:start position:0% +the interest of the other community I + + + align:start position:0% +the interest of the other community I +guess I'm not I don't know enough about + + align:start position:0% +guess I'm not I don't know enough about + + + align:start position:0% +guess I'm not I don't know enough about +the situation to say that it's an ethnic + + align:start position:0% +the situation to say that it's an ethnic + + + align:start position:0% +the situation to say that it's an ethnic +reason so much as just one side doesn't + + align:start position:0% +reason so much as just one side doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +reason so much as just one side doesn't +care about the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +other I guess maybe the most important + + align:start position:0% +other I guess maybe the most important + + + align:start position:0% +other I guess maybe the most important +part of + + align:start position:0% +part of + + + align:start position:0% +part of +re I don't + + align:start position:0% +re I don't + + + align:start position:0% +re I don't +know we have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +iner Claudia said I mean for Claudia one + + align:start position:0% +iner Claudia said I mean for Claudia one + + + align:start position:0% +iner Claudia said I mean for Claudia one +of the key elements is that it's you + + align:start position:0% +of the key elements is that it's you + + + align:start position:0% +of the key elements is that it's you +have an ethn have an eth I also + + align:start position:0% +have an ethn have an eth I also + + + align:start position:0% +have an ethn have an eth I also +valure way of life way of being way of + + align:start position:0% +valure way of life way of being way of + + + align:start position:0% +valure way of life way of being way of +doing businesses it's also about all + + align:start position:0% +doing businesses it's also about all + + + align:start position:0% +doing businesses it's also about all +that not just I mean I don't mean + + align:start position:0% +that not just I mean I don't mean + + + align:start position:0% +that not just I mean I don't mean +just in a more broad sense sense like + + align:start position:0% +just in a more broad sense sense like + + + align:start position:0% +just in a more broad sense sense like +different value different value systems + + align:start position:0% +different value different value systems + + + align:start position:0% +different value different value systems +more than like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +racial the decision now + + align:start position:0% +racial the decision now + + + align:start position:0% +racial the decision now +is probably I want that my problem + + align:start position:0% +is probably I want that my problem + + + align:start position:0% +is probably I want that my problem +should be analyzed connected to these + + align:start position:0% +should be analyzed connected to these + + + align:start position:0% +should be analyzed connected to these +other problems or + + align:start position:0% +other problems or + + + align:start position:0% +other problems or +no okay with problem I think that are + + align:start position:0% +no okay with problem I think that are + + + align:start position:0% +no okay with problem I think that are +more powerful for helping me my problem + + align:start position:0% +more powerful for helping me my problem + + + align:start position:0% +more powerful for helping me my problem +be and + + align:start position:0% +be and + + + align:start position:0% +be and +can I ask you a + + align:start position:0% +can I ask you a + + + align:start position:0% +can I ask you a +question yes when you say + + align:start position:0% +question yes when you say + + + align:start position:0% +question yes when you say +Framingham what do you mean well it + + align:start position:0% +Framingham what do you mean well it + + + align:start position:0% +Framingham what do you mean well it +seems like it's the city I don't know + + align:start position:0% +seems like it's the city I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +seems like it's the city I don't know +about the situation but it seems like + + align:start position:0% +about the situation but it seems like + + + align:start position:0% +about the situation but it seems like +it's the city government in coordination + + align:start position:0% +it's the city government in coordination + + + align:start position:0% +it's the city government in coordination +with maybe some business powerful + + align:start position:0% +with maybe some business powerful + + + align:start position:0% +with maybe some business powerful +powerful developers or you know the + + align:start position:0% +powerful developers or you know the + + + align:start position:0% +powerful developers or you know the +Chamber of Commerce or something is + + align:start position:0% +Chamber of Commerce or something is + + + align:start position:0% +Chamber of Commerce or something is +imposing this plan is that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that I think I had a similar sense with + + align:start position:0% +that I think I had a similar sense with + + + align:start position:0% +that I think I had a similar sense with +you about government City + + align:start position:0% +you about government City + + + align:start position:0% +you about government City +yeah it's like powerful + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +established I'll include it in + + align:start position:0% +established I'll include it in + + + align:start position:0% +established I'll include it in +the I'll include it in the + + align:start position:0% +the I'll include it in the + + + align:start position:0% +the I'll include it in the +cultural sort of two different cultures + + align:start position:0% +cultural sort of two different cultures + + + align:start position:0% +cultural sort of two different cultures +I'll Jo you if you want talk connected + + align:start position:0% +I'll Jo you if you want talk connected + + + align:start position:0% +I'll Jo you if you want talk connected +to this one okay yes okay so we have + + align:start position:0% +to this one okay yes okay so we have + + + align:start position:0% +to this one okay yes okay so we have +now until now we have three and we have + + align:start position:0% +now until now we have three and we have + + + align:start position:0% +now until now we have three and we have +this are group + + align:start position:0% +this are group + + + align:start position:0% +this are group +this is about + + align:start position:0% +this is about + + + align:start position:0% +this is about +participation yeah can + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you yes and where where do you prefer to + + align:start position:0% +you yes and where where do you prefer to + + + align:start position:0% +you yes and where where do you prefer to +put it um what I said was to rewrite it + + align:start position:0% +put it um what I said was to rewrite it + + + align:start position:0% +put it um what I said was to rewrite it +read it if you keep limitations of a + + align:start position:0% +read it if you keep limitations of a + + + align:start position:0% +read it if you keep limitations of a +system for organizing political decision + + align:start position:0% +system for organizing political decision + + + align:start position:0% +system for organizing political decision +making yeah can you decide where you + + align:start position:0% +making yeah can you decide where you + + + align:start position:0% +making yeah can you decide where you +prefer to put + + align:start position:0% +prefer to put + + + align:start position:0% +prefer to put +it I think it's something related to + + align:start position:0% +it I think it's something related to + + + align:start position:0% +it I think it's something related to +what you're talking about but I'm not + + align:start position:0% +what you're talking about but I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +what you're talking about but I'm not +sure it's related to what they're + + align:start position:0% +sure it's related to what they're + + + align:start position:0% +sure it's related to what they're +talking about + + align:start position:0% +talking about + + + align:start position:0% +talking about +okay right and so if you look at this + + align:start position:0% +okay right and so if you look at this + + + align:start position:0% +okay right and so if you look at this +column you have immigrant Community + + align:start position:0% +column you have immigrant Community + + + align:start position:0% +column you have immigrant Community +lacks decision making power to + + align:start position:0% +lacks decision making power to + + + align:start position:0% +lacks decision making power to +effectively participate in the physical + + align:start position:0% +effectively participate in the physical + + + align:start position:0% +effectively participate in the physical +and economic development of their + + align:start position:0% +and economic development of their + + + align:start position:0% +and economic development of their +changing Community this is related to + + align:start position:0% +changing Community this is related to + + + align:start position:0% +changing Community this is related to +yours Rene and to this one so maybe + + align:start position:0% +yours Rene and to this one so maybe + + + align:start position:0% +yours Rene and to this one so maybe +these two should be + + align:start position:0% +these two should be + + + align:start position:0% +these two should be +here I don't + + align:start position:0% +here I don't + + + align:start position:0% +here I don't +know my my understanding is that this is + + align:start position:0% +know my my understanding is that this is + + + align:start position:0% +know my my understanding is that this is +more related with the the kind of issues + + align:start position:0% +more related with the the kind of issues + + + align:start position:0% +more related with the the kind of issues +that are emerging here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay the question is this one know that + + align:start position:0% +okay the question is this one know that + + + align:start position:0% +okay the question is this one know that +we we is are not true who is the owner + + align:start position:0% +we we is are not true who is the owner + + + align:start position:0% +we we is are not true who is the owner +of this + + align:start position:0% +of this + + + align:start position:0% +of this +one okay can you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +explain both groups in the Planning + + align:start position:0% +explain both groups in the Planning + + + align:start position:0% +explain both groups in the Planning +Development is the reason why you had + + align:start position:0% +Development is the reason why you had + + + align:start position:0% +Development is the reason why you had +resistance on one side + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's just it's not + + align:start position:0% +it's just it's not + + + align:start position:0% +it's just it's not +um communication of + + align:start position:0% +um communication of + + + align:start position:0% +um communication of +values + + align:start position:0% +values + + + align:start position:0% +values +Communications of of value or or in + + align:start position:0% +Communications of of value or or in + + + align:start position:0% +Communications of of value or or in +values and Val leadership it's about + + align:start position:0% +values and Val leadership it's about + + + align:start position:0% +values and Val leadership it's about +leadership that go with the competency + + align:start position:0% +leadership that go with the competency + + + align:start position:0% +leadership that go with the competency +issue like a capacity and organizing + + align:start position:0% +issue like a capacity and organizing + + + align:start position:0% +issue like a capacity and organizing +capacity strategic capacity organization + + align:start position:0% +capacity strategic capacity organization + + + align:start position:0% +capacity strategic capacity organization +more + + align:start position:0% +more + + + align:start position:0% +more +yeah it's here yeah okay yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +yeah I have one that say the underlying + + align:start position:0% +yeah I have one that say the underlying + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I have one that say the underlying +problem is change + + align:start position:0% +problem is change + + + align:start position:0% +problem is change +well okay where do you would you like to + + align:start position:0% +well okay where do you would you like to + + + align:start position:0% +well okay where do you would you like to +to connect behind that is + + align:start position:0% +to connect behind that is + + + align:start position:0% +to connect behind that is +that the the + + align:start position:0% +that the the + + + align:start position:0% +that the the +change um in the makeup of the + + align:start position:0% +change um in the makeup of the + + + align:start position:0% +change um in the makeup of the +population + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in that there's a lack of a coherent + + align:start position:0% +in that there's a lack of a coherent + + + align:start position:0% +in that there's a lack of a coherent +vision for the Community + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Development + + align:start position:0% +Development + + + align:start position:0% +Development +for a common Vision about Community the + + align:start position:0% +for a common Vision about Community the + + + align:start position:0% +for a common Vision about Community the +community a common + + align:start position:0% +community a common + + + align:start position:0% +community a common +Vision it's more connected with this no + + align:start position:0% +Vision it's more connected with this no + + + align:start position:0% +Vision it's more connected with this no +it's more + + align:start position:0% +it's more + + + align:start position:0% +it's more +communicating what you saying the + + align:start position:0% +communicating what you saying the + + + align:start position:0% +communicating what you saying the +communication and the yeah you would you + + align:start position:0% +communication and the yeah you would you + + + align:start position:0% +communication and the yeah you would you +would prefer to connect with this groups + + align:start position:0% +would prefer to connect with this groups + + + align:start position:0% +would prefer to connect with this groups +yes or with this one we relationship + + align:start position:0% +yes or with this one we relationship + + + align:start position:0% +yes or with this one we relationship +between + + align:start position:0% +between + + + align:start position:0% +between +stakeholders difference of value concept + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders difference of value concept + + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders difference of value concept +of value no I think that it's more in + + align:start position:0% +of value no I think that it's more in + + + align:start position:0% +of value no I think that it's more in +this plan + + align:start position:0% +this plan + + + align:start position:0% +this plan +okay okay so we + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so we + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so we +have three + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +groups can we can we Define one problem + + align:start position:0% +groups can we can we Define one problem + + + align:start position:0% +groups can we can we Define one problem +statement for each group we yes yes but + + align:start position:0% +statement for each group we yes yes but + + + align:start position:0% +statement for each group we yes yes but +this will be the work of groups okay the + + align:start position:0% +this will be the work of groups okay the + + + align:start position:0% +this will be the work of groups okay the +next step is that we we form three + + align:start position:0% +next step is that we we form three + + + align:start position:0% +next step is that we we form three +groups + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay we have group + + align:start position:0% +okay we have group + + + align:start position:0% +okay we have group +a b and + + align:start position:0% +a b and + + + align:start position:0% +a b and +c + + align:start position:0% +c + + + align:start position:0% +c +okay remember that at this phase of the + + align:start position:0% +okay remember that at this phase of the + + + align:start position:0% +okay remember that at this phase of the +process we have yet a vague image of the + + align:start position:0% +process we have yet a vague image of the + + + align:start position:0% +process we have yet a vague image of the +situation do you remember the + + align:start position:0% +situation do you remember the + + + align:start position:0% +situation do you remember the +explanation of John Dy so we it it may + + align:start position:0% +explanation of John Dy so we it it may + + + align:start position:0% +explanation of John Dy so we it it may +happen that in the group you may + + align:start position:0% +happen that in the group you may + + + align:start position:0% +happen that in the group you may +identify that my idea is not so similar + + align:start position:0% +identify that my idea is not so similar + + + align:start position:0% +identify that my idea is not so similar +to the other people I was assuming that + + align:start position:0% +to the other people I was assuming that + + + align:start position:0% +to the other people I was assuming that +were very similar but you may find that + + align:start position:0% +were very similar but you may find that + + + align:start position:0% +were very similar but you may find that +it's not so you + + align:start position:0% +it's not so you + + + align:start position:0% +it's not so you +may ER want to change from one group to + + align:start position:0% +may ER want to change from one group to + + + align:start position:0% +may ER want to change from one group to +the other okay it's not impossible to do + + align:start position:0% +the other okay it's not impossible to do + + + align:start position:0% +the other okay it's not impossible to do +that but we have three groups + + align:start position:0% +that but we have three groups + + + align:start position:0% +that but we have three groups +groups one group is very very small + + align:start position:0% +groups one group is very very small + + + align:start position:0% +groups one group is very very small +because it will have only two person + + align:start position:0% +because it will have only two person + + + align:start position:0% +because it will have only two person +here because the other + + align:start position:0% +here because the other + + + align:start position:0% +here because the other +is paa answer and she need to to go no + + align:start position:0% +is paa answer and she need to to go no + + + align:start position:0% +is paa answer and she need to to go no +and we + + align:start position:0% +and we + + + align:start position:0% +and we +have the idea is that we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we form the groups + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and you will + + align:start position:0% +and you will + + + align:start position:0% +and you will +begin what first task one is to + + align:start position:0% +begin what first task one is to + + + align:start position:0% +begin what first task one is to +write write down the + + align:start position:0% +write write down the + + + align:start position:0% +write write down the +problem okay two two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tasks one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Right + + align:start position:0% +Right + + + align:start position:0% +Right +define the problem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in a phrase + + align:start position:0% +in a phrase + + + align:start position:0% +in a phrase +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +okay the second + + align:start position:0% +okay the second + + + align:start position:0% +okay the second +is why why is it a + + align:start position:0% +is why why is it a + + + align:start position:0% +is why why is it a +problem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +why is + + align:start position:0% +why is + + + align:start position:0% +why is +it the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problem is that one phrase too or longer + + align:start position:0% +problem is that one phrase too or longer + + + align:start position:0% +problem is that one phrase too or longer +h + + align:start position:0% +h + + + align:start position:0% +h +one phrase + + align:start position:0% +one phrase + + + align:start position:0% +one phrase +too why it is the problem the why it is + + align:start position:0% +too why it is the problem the why it is + + + align:start position:0% +too why it is the problem the why it is +the problem is about the reasoning that + + align:start position:0% +the problem is about the reasoning that + + + align:start position:0% +the problem is about the reasoning that +you have + + align:start position:0% +you have + + + align:start position:0% +you have +for stating that the problem is + + align:start position:0% +for stating that the problem is + + + align:start position:0% +for stating that the problem is +that it's about your reasoning + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay the third are the third task + + align:start position:0% +Okay the third are the third task + + + align:start position:0% +Okay the third are the third task +is factors factors + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what are the factors that contribute to + + align:start position:0% +what are the factors that contribute to + + + align:start position:0% +what are the factors that contribute to +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problem we can talk here about + + align:start position:0% +problem we can talk here about + + + align:start position:0% +problem we can talk here about +causes context conditions that make the + + align:start position:0% +causes context conditions that make the + + + align:start position:0% +causes context conditions that make the +problem + + align:start position:0% +problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem +exist okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the fourth task + + align:start position:0% +the fourth task + + + align:start position:0% +the fourth task +is the impact of the + + align:start position:0% +is the impact of the + + + align:start position:0% +is the impact of the +problem you + + align:start position:0% +problem you + + + align:start position:0% +problem you +for yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay okay okay I think that you can + + align:start position:0% +okay okay okay I think that you can + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay okay I think that you can +distribute to + + align:start position:0% +distribute to + + + align:start position:0% +distribute to +them + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +from most people are concerned about + + align:start position:0% +from most people are concerned about + + + align:start position:0% +from most people are concerned about +this situation because they foresee some + + align:start position:0% +this situation because they foresee some + + + align:start position:0% +this situation because they foresee some +consequences these are the consequences + + align:start position:0% +consequences these are the consequences + + + align:start position:0% +consequences these are the consequences +that we are foreing for the situation we + + align:start position:0% +that we are foreing for the situation we + + + align:start position:0% +that we are foreing for the situation we +identify now + + align:start position:0% +identify now + + + align:start position:0% +identify now +okay and the last task will be an + + align:start position:0% +okay and the last task will be an + + + align:start position:0% +okay and the last task will be an +analysis of these four first + + align:start position:0% +analysis of these four first + + + align:start position:0% +analysis of these four first +components + + align:start position:0% +components + + + align:start position:0% +components +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +about is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +consistence consistency consistency + + align:start position:0% +consistence consistency consistency + + + align:start position:0% +consistence consistency consistency +excuse me + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +consistency and + + align:start position:0% +consistency and + + + align:start position:0% +consistency and +completeness complet + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +completness these questions are under + + align:start position:0% +completness these questions are under + + + align:start position:0% +completness these questions are under +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +section the first one is a phrase the + + align:start position:0% +section the first one is a phrase the + + + align:start position:0% +section the first one is a phrase the +second one is a phrase + + align:start position:0% +second one is a phrase + + + align:start position:0% +second one is a phrase +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +third I think that will be a list of + + align:start position:0% +third I think that will be a list of + + + align:start position:0% +third I think that will be a list of +elements + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay or a description of many components + + align:start position:0% +okay or a description of many components + + + align:start position:0% +okay or a description of many components +operating + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +together the fourth is a phrase about + + align:start position:0% +together the fourth is a phrase about + + + align:start position:0% +together the fourth is a phrase about +the future of ringham what will happen + + align:start position:0% +the future of ringham what will happen + + + align:start position:0% +the future of ringham what will happen +there in the future + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the fifth task is to come back to + + align:start position:0% +and the fifth task is to come back to + + + align:start position:0% +and the fifth task is to come back to +the frame that you have constructed and + + align:start position:0% +the frame that you have constructed and + + + align:start position:0% +the frame that you have constructed and +to analyze it making these two two + + align:start position:0% +to analyze it making these two two + + + align:start position:0% +to analyze it making these two two +questions if they are consistent and if + + align:start position:0% +questions if they are consistent and if + + + align:start position:0% +questions if they are consistent and if +they are + + align:start position:0% +they are + + + align:start position:0% +they are +complete so if you find that they are + + align:start position:0% +complete so if you find that they are + + + align:start position:0% +complete so if you find that they are +consistent it's okay the task is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +done but if you you find + + align:start position:0% +done but if you you find + + + align:start position:0% +done but if you you find +that ER you have contradictions in your + + align:start position:0% +that ER you have contradictions in your + + + align:start position:0% +that ER you have contradictions in your +framing you need to improve it for + + align:start position:0% +framing you need to improve it for + + + align:start position:0% +framing you need to improve it for +making it more consistent + + align:start position:0% +making it more consistent + + + align:start position:0% +making it more consistent +okay we will + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have for + + align:start position:0% +have for + + + align:start position:0% +have for +this 30 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +minutes there's a lot of work for 30 + + align:start position:0% +minutes there's a lot of work for 30 + + + align:start position:0% +minutes there's a lot of work for 30 +minutes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay I think that the last day it worked + + align:start position:0% +okay I think that the last day it worked + + + align:start position:0% +okay I think that the last day it worked +to have one person controlling time no I + + align:start position:0% +to have one person controlling time no I + + + align:start position:0% +to have one person controlling time no I +think that was useful so this time each + + align:start position:0% +think that was useful so this time each + + + align:start position:0% +think that was useful so this time each +group need to have one who will control + + align:start position:0% +group need to have one who will control + + + align:start position:0% +group need to have one who will control +this time minutes + + align:start position:0% +this time minutes + + + align:start position:0% +this time minutes +for H + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +minutes almost almost five questions + + align:start position:0% +minutes almost almost five questions + + + align:start position:0% +minutes almost almost five questions +minutes yeah yes yes five minutes for + + align:start position:0% +minutes yeah yes yes five minutes for + + + align:start position:0% +minutes yeah yes yes five minutes for +each one okay + + align:start position:0% +each one okay + + + align:start position:0% +each one okay +so the groups are already + + align:start position:0% +so the groups are already + + + align:start position:0% +so the groups are already +defined okay so let's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +go who is the owner of this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +card yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +power in a Community + + align:start position:0% +power in a Community + + + align:start position:0% +power in a Community +vitalization Values struggles power + + align:start position:0% +vitalization Values struggles power + + + align:start position:0% +vitalization Values struggles power +struggle do you see it more more a + + align:start position:0% +struggle do you see it more more a + + + align:start position:0% +struggle do you see it more more a +question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of unless you object I think it would be + + align:start position:0% +of unless you object I think it would be + + + align:start position:0% +of unless you object I think it would be +it fits under here and then you could + + align:start position:0% +it fits under here and then you could + + + align:start position:0% +it fits under here and then you could +have a group that's better balanc the + + align:start position:0% +have a group that's better balanc the + + + align:start position:0% +have a group that's better balanc the +groups are better balance okay that's + + align:start position:0% +groups are better balance okay that's + + + align:start position:0% +groups are better balance okay that's +fine okay okay no + + align:start position:0% +fine okay okay no + + + align:start position:0% +fine okay okay no +problem so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay please + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there was a + + align:start position:0% +there was a + + + align:start position:0% +there was a +special Affinity among you of Group C + + align:start position:0% +special Affinity among you of Group C + + + align:start position:0% +special Affinity among you of Group C +Group + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +C okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +only up or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +down oh I see I thought you were going + + align:start position:0% +down oh I see I thought you were going + + + align:start position:0% +down oh I see I thought you were going +toward + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +saory not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Center core for me here a lack of + + align:start position:0% +Center core for me here a lack of + + + align:start position:0% +Center core for me here a lack of +facilitated it's just a lack of people + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +talk neutral + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +parties part of my assumtion in that is + + align:start position:0% +parties part of my assumtion in that is + + + align:start position:0% +parties part of my assumtion in that is +the basic ability of people with common + + align:start position:0% +the basic ability of people with common + + + align:start position:0% +the basic ability of people with common +interest and the capacity in the human + + align:start position:0% +interest and the capacity in the human + + + align:start position:0% +interest and the capacity in the human +neurology + + align:start position:0% +neurology + + + align:start position:0% +neurology +foric very CL be able to come to some + + align:start position:0% +foric very CL be able to come to some + + + align:start position:0% +foric very CL be able to come to some +sort of + + align:start position:0% +sort of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of +organized understanding not necessarily + + align:start position:0% +organized understanding not necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +organized understanding not necessarily +compromised but interesting that you + + align:start position:0% +compromised but interesting that you + + + align:start position:0% +compromised but interesting that you +said Democratic because when I first put + + align:start position:0% +said Democratic because when I first put + + + align:start position:0% +said Democratic because when I first put +up my word up there I put democracy was + + align:start position:0% +up my word up there I put democracy was + + + align:start position:0% +up my word up there I put democracy was +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +problem and and then they asked me to be + + align:start position:0% +problem and and then they asked me to be + + + align:start position:0% +problem and and then they asked me to be +a little bit more about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I think that my definition of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problem you know that there's ack + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of there's a la of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I wanted to say was I think in that I'm + + align:start position:0% +I wanted to say was I think in that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +I wanted to say was I think in that I'm +also + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +presuming that's why that's why I was + + align:start position:0% +presuming that's why that's why I was + + + align:start position:0% +presuming that's why that's why I was +thinking a problem of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +democracy and it was + + align:start position:0% +democracy and it was + + + align:start position:0% +democracy and it was +interesting + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +system power were they or weren't they + + align:start position:0% +system power were they or weren't they + + + align:start position:0% +system power were they or weren't they +I don't + + align:start position:0% +I don't + + + align:start position:0% +I don't +know did they + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +vote right no but I mean I don't know + + align:start position:0% +vote right no but I mean I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +vote right no but I mean I don't know +you mean voting on a plan or not voting + + align:start position:0% +you mean voting on a plan or not voting + + + align:start position:0% +you mean voting on a plan or not voting +on a plan I mean did they vote in + + align:start position:0% +on a plan I mean did they vote in + + + align:start position:0% +on a plan I mean did they vote in +electing the Town Council did they vote + + align:start position:0% +electing the Town Council did they vote + + + align:start position:0% +electing the Town Council did they vote +in that's what I mean by vote because I + + align:start position:0% +in that's what I mean by vote because I + + + align:start position:0% +in that's what I mean by vote because I +mean for me it's it's more of a we're + + align:start position:0% +mean for me it's it's more of a we're + + + align:start position:0% +mean for me it's it's more of a we're +here because there's a system that + + align:start position:0% +here because there's a system that + + + align:start position:0% +here because there's a system that +exists and in order to make decisions + + align:start position:0% +exists and in order to make decisions + + + align:start position:0% +exists and in order to make decisions +particip way that does that you can + + align:start position:0% +particip way that does that you can + + + align:start position:0% +particip way that does that you can +participate in other words like there's + + align:start position:0% +participate in other words like there's + + + align:start position:0% +participate in other words like there's +if there's a majority vote for x and + + align:start position:0% +if there's a majority vote for x and + + + align:start position:0% +if there's a majority vote for x and +you're in the minority be about it but + + align:start position:0% +you're in the minority be about it but + + + align:start position:0% +you're in the minority be about it but +that's how it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +works right so they're + + align:start position:0% +works right so they're + + + align:start position:0% +works right so they're +not so they're not part exactly so it's + + align:start position:0% +not so they're not part exactly so it's + + + align:start position:0% +not so they're not part exactly so it's +that's why it's the system + + align:start position:0% +that's why it's the system + + + align:start position:0% +that's why it's the system +it's goes back to you know that they + + align:start position:0% +it's goes back to you know that they + + + align:start position:0% +it's goes back to you know that they +constructive dialogue are talking about + + align:start position:0% +constructive dialogue are talking about + + + align:start position:0% +constructive dialogue are talking about +not talking + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +democracy in this particular country + + align:start position:0% +democracy in this particular country + + + align:start position:0% +democracy in this particular country +state city are + + align:start position:0% +state city are + + + align:start position:0% +state city are +not thats + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in you know points out out and similar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the US you're a Cen vot + + align:start position:0% +the US you're a Cen vot + + + align:start position:0% +the US you're a Cen vot +not and that's not assuming that some + + align:start position:0% +not and that's not assuming that some + + + align:start position:0% +not and that's not assuming that some +immigrants are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +citizens there are some + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no attempt + + align:start position:0% +no attempt + + + align:start position:0% +no attempt +togate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Cal and that's see communities often is + + align:start position:0% +Cal and that's see communities often is + + + align:start position:0% +Cal and that's see communities often is +let's say first generation second + + align:start position:0% +let's say first generation second + + + align:start position:0% +let's say first generation second +generation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that's why I mean for me it was hard + + align:start position:0% +so that's why I mean for me it was hard + + + align:start position:0% +so that's why I mean for me it was hard +to figure out + + align:start position:0% +to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +to figure out +the I mean the underlying that's the + + align:start position:0% +the I mean the underlying that's the + + + align:start position:0% +the I mean the underlying that's the +question I mean the problem on the table + + align:start position:0% +question I mean the problem on the table + + + align:start position:0% +question I mean the problem on the table +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +development that's the problem on the + + align:start position:0% +development that's the problem on the + + + align:start position:0% +development that's the problem on the +table what underlying that problem + + align:start position:0% +table what underlying that problem + + + align:start position:0% +table what underlying that problem +was interesting some of the words + + align:start position:0% +was interesting some of the words + + + align:start position:0% +was interesting some of the words +wereing that Cesar was using to describe + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +situation well that's what we would do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +say and if + + align:start position:0% +say and if + + + align:start position:0% +say and if +you're something else then you + + align:start position:0% +you're something else then you + + + align:start position:0% +you're something else then you +absolutely I'm not sure that we know + + align:start position:0% +absolutely I'm not sure that we know + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely I'm not sure that we know +enough about it to know exactly what + + align:start position:0% +enough about it to know exactly what + + + align:start position:0% +enough about it to know exactly what +that is but I think we can start to at + + align:start position:0% +that is but I think we can start to at + + + align:start position:0% +that is but I think we can start to at +put together + + align:start position:0% +put together + + + align:start position:0% +put together +some set of thoughts about what we think + + align:start position:0% +some set of thoughts about what we think + + + align:start position:0% +some set of thoughts about what we think +that problem departing from the + + align:start position:0% +that problem departing from the + + + align:start position:0% +that problem departing from the +negotiation it's really I feel that it's + + align:start position:0% +negotiation it's really I feel that it's + + + align:start position:0% +negotiation it's really I feel that it's +a lack of productive dialogue I mean + + align:start position:0% +a lack of productive dialogue I mean + + + align:start position:0% +a lack of productive dialogue I mean +negotiation is sort of secondary they + + align:start position:0% +negotiation is sort of secondary they + + + align:start position:0% +negotiation is sort of secondary they +just have no ability to talk to but + + align:start position:0% +just have no ability to talk to but + + + align:start position:0% +just have no ability to talk to but +dialog about what I mean the the + + align:start position:0% +dialog about what I mean the the + + + align:start position:0% +dialog about what I mean the the +question in my mind is like say you have + + align:start position:0% +question in my mind is like say you have + + + align:start position:0% +question in my mind is like say you have +person a and person b or group a group b + + align:start position:0% +person a and person b or group a group b + + + align:start position:0% +person a and person b or group a group b +they both share the + + align:start position:0% +they both share the + + + align:start position:0% +they both share the +same sense of what should happen in the + + align:start position:0% +same sense of what should happen in the + + + align:start position:0% +same sense of what should happen in the +future in this time right there's some + + align:start position:0% +future in this time right there's some + + + align:start position:0% +future in this time right there's some +sort of change is going to happen if + + align:start position:0% +sort of change is going to happen if + + + align:start position:0% +sort of change is going to happen if +there's two parties or five parties we + + align:start position:0% +there's two parties or five parties we + + + align:start position:0% +there's two parties or five parties we +don't even know how many parties there + + align:start position:0% +don't even know how many parties there + + + align:start position:0% +don't even know how many parties there +there multiple parties multiple + + align:start position:0% +there multiple parties multiple + + + align:start position:0% +there multiple parties multiple +stakeholders they'll share a common + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders they'll share a common + + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders they'll share a common +Vision then the purpose of the + + align:start position:0% +Vision then the purpose of the + + + align:start position:0% +Vision then the purpose of the +negotiation is to just realize that what + + align:start position:0% +negotiation is to just realize that what + + + align:start position:0% +negotiation is to just realize that what +you're talking about is that there's + + align:start position:0% +you're talking about is that there's + + + align:start position:0% +you're talking about is that there's +conflict right we know that there's some + + align:start position:0% +conflict right we know that there's some + + + align:start position:0% +conflict right we know that there's some +sort of conflict between + + align:start position:0% +sort of conflict between + + + align:start position:0% +sort of conflict between +all the purpose of the negotiation is + + align:start position:0% +all the purpose of the negotiation is + + + align:start position:0% +all the purpose of the negotiation is +then to resolve that conflict so our + + align:start position:0% +then to resolve that conflict so our + + + align:start position:0% +then to resolve that conflict so our +purpose here is figuring out what what's + + align:start position:0% +purpose here is figuring out what what's + + + align:start position:0% +purpose here is figuring out what what's +the conflict not + + align:start position:0% +the conflict not + + + align:start position:0% +the conflict not +the conflict isn't people not + + align:start position:0% +the conflict isn't people not + + + align:start position:0% +the conflict isn't people not +talking the conflict is that there's + + align:start position:0% +talking the conflict is that there's + + + align:start position:0% +talking the conflict is that there's +some sort of underlying differences + + align:start position:0% +some sort of underlying differences + + + align:start position:0% +some sort of underlying differences +between those two parties about the way + + align:start position:0% +between those two parties about the way + + + align:start position:0% +between those two parties about the way +that they want to move forward with + + align:start position:0% +that they want to move forward with + + + align:start position:0% +that they want to move forward with +change in their community so what is the + + align:start position:0% +change in their community so what is the + + + align:start position:0% +change in their community so what is the +underlying conflict that those people + + align:start position:0% +underlying conflict that those people + + + align:start position:0% +underlying conflict that those people +are having + + align:start position:0% +are having + + + align:start position:0% +are having +that means that we have to have some + + align:start position:0% +that means that we have to have some + + + align:start position:0% +that means that we have to have some +sort of negotiation process to come to a + + align:start position:0% +sort of negotiation process to come to a + + + align:start position:0% +sort of negotiation process to come to a +resolution so the + + align:start position:0% +resolution so the + + + align:start position:0% +resolution so the +problem might be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pushing understanding between the two + + align:start position:0% +pushing understanding between the two + + + align:start position:0% +pushing understanding between the two +groups + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right all right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what was it the first thing you said + + align:start position:0% +so what was it the first thing you said + + + align:start position:0% +so what was it the first thing you said +a lack of Cent yeah lack of coherent + + align:start position:0% +a lack of Cent yeah lack of coherent + + + align:start position:0% +a lack of Cent yeah lack of coherent +Vision I mean that's what I wrote when I + + align:start position:0% +Vision I mean that's what I wrote when I + + + align:start position:0% +Vision I mean that's what I wrote when I +was trying to figure out what to put on + + align:start position:0% +was trying to figure out what to put on + + + align:start position:0% +was trying to figure out what to put on +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +card + + align:start position:0% +card + + + align:start position:0% +card +clearly each group has some idea what + + align:start position:0% +clearly each group has some idea what + + + align:start position:0% +clearly each group has some idea what +they + + align:start position:0% +they + + + align:start position:0% +they +want but it's not clearly + + align:start position:0% +want but it's not clearly + + + align:start position:0% +want but it's not clearly +expressed talking about and once it's + + align:start position:0% +expressed talking about and once it's + + + align:start position:0% +expressed talking about and once it's +you know what I was thinking was the + + align:start position:0% +you know what I was thinking was the + + + align:start position:0% +you know what I was thinking was the +mental mod + + align:start position:0% +mental mod + + + align:start position:0% +mental mod +know each group hasal model if they did + + align:start position:0% +know each group hasal model if they did + + + align:start position:0% +know each group hasal model if they did +which would involve the + + align:start position:0% +which would involve the + + + align:start position:0% +which would involve the +discussion + + align:start position:0% +discussion + + + align:start position:0% +discussion +clearly development then perhaps have a + + align:start position:0% +clearly development then perhaps have a + + + align:start position:0% +clearly development then perhaps have a +starting point from which to identify + + align:start position:0% +starting point from which to identify + + + align:start position:0% +starting point from which to identify +similarities and the areas that are + + align:start position:0% +similarities and the areas that are + + + align:start position:0% +similarities and the areas that are +biggest + + align:start position:0% +biggest + + + align:start position:0% +biggest +disp but even there we're still not at + + align:start position:0% +disp but even there we're still not at + + + align:start position:0% +disp but even there we're still not at +at the root of the problem we're still + + align:start position:0% +at the root of the problem we're still + + + align:start position:0% +at the root of the problem we're still +at the solution for the RO finding what + + align:start position:0% +at the solution for the RO finding what + + + align:start position:0% +at the solution for the RO finding what +the RO that's that's like process that's + + align:start position:0% +the RO that's that's like process that's + + + align:start position:0% +the RO that's that's like process that's +a that's a process for achieving a + + align:start position:0% +a that's a process for achieving a + + + align:start position:0% +a that's a process for achieving a +solution to the problem that's not a + + align:start position:0% +solution to the problem that's not a + + + align:start position:0% +solution to the problem that's not a +problem creating a mental model because + + align:start position:0% +problem creating a mental model because + + + align:start position:0% +problem creating a mental model because +of new ter this is a + + align:start position:0% +of new ter this is a + + + align:start position:0% +of new ter this is a +ter me um if they could each group could + + align:start position:0% +ter me um if they could each group could + + + align:start position:0% +ter me um if they could each group could +clearly identify enunciate whatever um + + align:start position:0% +clearly identify enunciate whatever um + + + align:start position:0% +clearly identify enunciate whatever um +their Vision mental model whatever call + + align:start position:0% +their Vision mental model whatever call + + + align:start position:0% +their Vision mental model whatever call +it the development of their Community I + + align:start position:0% +it the development of their Community I + + + align:start position:0% +it the development of their Community I +think that's a good problem a failure on + + align:start position:0% +think that's a good problem a failure on + + + align:start position:0% +think that's a good problem a failure on +the part of on the part of the + + align:start position:0% +the part of on the part of the + + + align:start position:0% +the part of on the part of the +stakeholders to + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders to + + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders to +clearly enunciate and present + + align:start position:0% +clearly enunciate and present + + + align:start position:0% +clearly enunciate and present +there I think I think + + align:start position:0% +there I think I think + + + align:start position:0% +there I think I think +that I I I just want to kind of rephrase + + align:start position:0% +that I I I just want to kind of rephrase + + + align:start position:0% +that I I I just want to kind of rephrase +that slightly to say that it's not the + + align:start position:0% +that slightly to say that it's not the + + + align:start position:0% +that slightly to say that it's not the +inability to frame it but different I + + align:start position:0% +inability to frame it but different I + + + align:start position:0% +inability to frame it but different I +mean different Visions it's not the + + align:start position:0% +mean different Visions it's not the + + + align:start position:0% +mean different Visions it's not the +ability the inability to articulate the + + align:start position:0% +ability the inability to articulate the + + + align:start position:0% +ability the inability to articulate the +vision the Visions are conflicting with + + align:start position:0% +vision the Visions are conflicting with + + + align:start position:0% +vision the Visions are conflicting with +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +another know we're not sure yeah so it's + + align:start position:0% +another know we're not sure yeah so it's + + + align:start position:0% +another know we're not sure yeah so it's +really the perception perceived as + + align:start position:0% +really the perception perceived as + + + align:start position:0% +really the perception perceived as +conflict right it's really the + + align:start position:0% +conflict right it's really the + + + align:start position:0% +conflict right it's really the +perception of + + align:start position:0% +perception of + + + align:start position:0% +perception of +conflict but they're not talking + + align:start position:0% +conflict but they're not talking + + + align:start position:0% +conflict but they're not talking +sometimes that's what happens you know + + align:start position:0% +sometimes that's what happens you know + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes that's what happens you know +like two groups are think about the same + + align:start position:0% +like two groups are think about the same + + + align:start position:0% +like two groups are think about the same +but they think they well I think it's a + + align:start position:0% +but they think they well I think it's a + + + align:start position:0% +but they think they well I think it's a +combination of of this so we need a + + align:start position:0% +combination of of this so we need a + + + align:start position:0% +combination of of this so we need a +problem statement so is it the + + align:start position:0% +problem statement so is it the + + + align:start position:0% +problem statement so is it the +perception the perception that + + align:start position:0% +perception the perception that + + + align:start position:0% +perception the perception that +the that the visions do not yeah that + + align:start position:0% +the that the visions do not yeah that + + + align:start position:0% +the that the visions do not yeah that +the conflict that the Visions + + align:start position:0% +the conflict that the Visions + + + align:start position:0% +the conflict that the Visions +articulated by all the stakeholders are + + align:start position:0% +articulated by all the stakeholders are + + + align:start position:0% +articulated by all the stakeholders are +perceived as conflicting + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so why is it the problem that + + align:start position:0% +right so why is it the problem that + + + align:start position:0% +right so why is it the problem that +makes sense because that then sets us up + + align:start position:0% +makes sense because that then sets us up + + + align:start position:0% +makes sense because that then sets us up +for a problem ution statement that + + align:start position:0% +for a problem ution statement that + + + align:start position:0% +for a problem ution statement that +dialogue because + + align:start position:0% +dialogue because + + + align:start position:0% +dialogue because +it well and it cripples it cripples any + + align:start position:0% +it well and it cripples it cripples any + + + align:start position:0% +it well and it cripples it cripples any +process you know it's crippling to the + + align:start position:0% +process you know it's crippling to the + + + align:start position:0% +process you know it's crippling to the +process + + align:start position:0% +process + + + align:start position:0% +process +of moving any portion of anyone's plans + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +forward + + align:start position:0% +forward + + + align:start position:0% +forward +yeah to me to me you're sort of + + align:start position:0% +yeah to me to me you're sort of + + + align:start position:0% +yeah to me to me you're sort of +destroying an asset put in another asset + + align:start position:0% +destroying an asset put in another asset + + + align:start position:0% +destroying an asset put in another asset +but if you could integrate the assets + + align:start position:0% +but if you could integrate the assets + + + align:start position:0% +but if you could integrate the assets +that's lack of facilitated + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dialogue of facilitated dialogue + + align:start position:0% +dialogue of facilitated dialogue + + + align:start position:0% +dialogue of facilitated dialogue +um and I could we please put in there + + align:start position:0% +um and I could we please put in there + + + align:start position:0% +um and I could we please put in there +that lack of facilitated dialogue by a + + align:start position:0% +that lack of facilitated dialogue by a + + + align:start position:0% +that lack of facilitated dialogue by a +neutral party you know somebody who + + align:start position:0% +neutral party you know somebody who + + + align:start position:0% +neutral party you know somebody who +comes and facilitates dialogue but who + + align:start position:0% +comes and facilitates dialogue but who + + + align:start position:0% +comes and facilitates dialogue but who +has a stake in the outcome is not a good + + align:start position:0% +has a stake in the outcome is not a good + + + align:start position:0% +has a stake in the outcome is not a good +person to do + + align:start position:0% +person to do + + + align:start position:0% +person to do +that it's also PRI + + align:start position:0% +that it's also PRI + + + align:start position:0% +that it's also PRI +skilled + + align:start position:0% +skilled + + + align:start position:0% +skilled +trained + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +facilitator right somebody who's trained + + align:start position:0% +facilitator right somebody who's trained + + + align:start position:0% +facilitator right somebody who's trained +or + + align:start position:0% +or + + + align:start position:0% +or +skilled we're not + + align:start position:0% +skilled we're not + + + align:start position:0% +skilled we're not +really we're still getting back to + + align:start position:0% +really we're still getting back to + + + align:start position:0% +really we're still getting back to +Solutions here we're not dealing with + + align:start position:0% +Solutions here we're not dealing with + + + align:start position:0% +Solutions here we're not dealing with +why this is a problem I think we have to + + align:start position:0% +why this is a problem I think we have to + + + align:start position:0% +why this is a problem I think we have to +really try and stay away + + align:start position:0% +really try and stay away + + + align:start position:0% +really try and stay away +from defining the the solutions and + + align:start position:0% +from defining the the solutions and + + + align:start position:0% +from defining the the solutions and +really working on the + + align:start position:0% +really working on the + + + align:start position:0% +really working on the +problem problem La + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of but why but why is a lack of + + align:start position:0% +of but why but why is a lack of + + + align:start position:0% +of but why but why is a lack of +facilitated dialogic problems that's + + align:start position:0% +facilitated dialogic problems that's + + + align:start position:0% +facilitated dialogic problems that's +sort of the what we're want to get down + + align:start position:0% +sort of the what we're want to get down + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the what we're want to get down +into something that's a little bit + + align:start position:0% +into something that's a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +into something that's a little bit +deeper than these + + align:start position:0% +deeper than these + + + align:start position:0% +deeper than these +issues if the problem is the perception + + align:start position:0% +issues if the problem is the perception + + + align:start position:0% +issues if the problem is the perception +that Visions held by diverse groups are + + align:start position:0% +that Visions held by diverse groups are + + + align:start position:0% +that Visions held by diverse groups are +conflicting what's the what's the + + align:start position:0% +conflicting what's the what's the + + + align:start position:0% +conflicting what's the what's the +problem with the + + align:start position:0% +problem with the + + + align:start position:0% +problem with the +perception that Visions our conf + + align:start position:0% +perception that Visions our conf + + + align:start position:0% +perception that Visions our conf +so it also impedes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +communicationin + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +toate these are still getting back to + + align:start position:0% +toate these are still getting back to + + + align:start position:0% +toate these are still getting back to +how do we how do we solve the the + + align:start position:0% +how do we how do we solve the the + + + align:start position:0% +how do we how do we solve the the +perceptions how do we get the + + align:start position:0% +perceptions how do we get the + + + align:start position:0% +perceptions how do we get the +perceptions to + + align:start position:0% +perceptions to + + + align:start position:0% +perceptions to +change + + align:start position:0% +change + + + align:start position:0% +change +that no we're not we're looking at why + + align:start position:0% +that no we're not we're looking at why + + + align:start position:0% +that no we're not we're looking at why +is it the problem that make why yeah why + + align:start position:0% +is it the problem that make why yeah why + + + align:start position:0% +is it the problem that make why yeah why +is it the problem we said that + + align:start position:0% +is it the problem we said that + + + align:start position:0% +is it the problem we said that +cripples okay so that's cripp yeah + + align:start position:0% +cripples okay so that's cripp yeah + + + align:start position:0% +cripples okay so that's cripp yeah +because it's just supposed to be a + + align:start position:0% +because it's just supposed to be a + + + align:start position:0% +because it's just supposed to be a +phrase fine so three what are the + + align:start position:0% +phrase fine so three what are the + + + align:start position:0% +phrase fine so three what are the +factors that contribute to the problem + + align:start position:0% +factors that contribute to the problem + + + align:start position:0% +factors that contribute to the problem +but why does it Pro I think we + + align:start position:0% +but why does it Pro I think we + + + align:start position:0% +but why does it Pro I think we +could be more specific than what you + + align:start position:0% +could be more specific than what you + + + align:start position:0% +could be more specific than what you +know anything + + align:start position:0% +know anything + + + align:start position:0% +know anything +power + + align:start position:0% +power + + + align:start position:0% +power +dynamics probably say that for any of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +these it cripples the progress toward + + align:start position:0% +these it cripples the progress toward + + + align:start position:0% +these it cripples the progress toward +know it cripples the progress toward + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +um what's the best way to put + + align:start position:0% +um what's the best way to put + + + align:start position:0% +um what's the best way to put +that I think that it makes it difficult + + align:start position:0% +that I think that it makes it difficult + + + align:start position:0% +that I think that it makes it difficult +for both groups to come together to + + align:start position:0% +for both groups to come together to + + + align:start position:0% +for both groups to come together to +common goal because they perceive that + + align:start position:0% +common goal because they perceive that + + + align:start position:0% +common goal because they perceive that +they do not share common interest + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fine we're just yeah we're just + + align:start position:0% +fine we're just yeah we're just + + + align:start position:0% +fine we're just yeah we're just +clarifying how + + align:start position:0% +clarifying how + + + align:start position:0% +clarifying how +given + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes difficulty of people to come to a + + align:start position:0% +yes difficulty of people to come to a + + + align:start position:0% +yes difficulty of people to come to a +common resolution because they feel like + + align:start position:0% +common resolution because they feel like + + + align:start position:0% +common resolution because they feel like +they're coming from Polar + + align:start position:0% +they're coming from Polar + + + align:start position:0% +they're coming from Polar +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +streams because people perceive that the + + align:start position:0% +streams because people perceive that the + + + align:start position:0% +streams because people perceive that the +other group has a completely different + + align:start position:0% +other group has a completely different + + + align:start position:0% +other group has a completely different +set of values completely different + + align:start position:0% +set of values completely different + + + align:start position:0% +set of values completely different +vision for their + + align:start position:0% +vision for their + + + align:start position:0% +vision for their +Community they perceive that they're + + align:start position:0% +Community they perceive that they're + + + align:start position:0% +Community they perceive that they're +mutually antagonistic to one another so + + align:start position:0% +mutually antagonistic to one another so + + + align:start position:0% +mutually antagonistic to one another so +they're un to proceed + + align:start position:0% +they're un to proceed + + + align:start position:0% +they're un to proceed +some I still want to see how that's from + + align:start position:0% +some I still want to see how that's from + + + align:start position:0% +some I still want to see how that's from +the two we start out with the problem + + align:start position:0% +the two we start out with the problem + + + align:start position:0% +the two we start out with the problem +statement there's a perception the + + align:start position:0% +statement there's a perception the + + + align:start position:0% +statement there's a perception the +Visions held by the stakeholders are + + align:start position:0% +Visions held by the stakeholders are + + + align:start position:0% +Visions held by the stakeholders are +conflicting that's the + + align:start position:0% +conflicting that's the + + + align:start position:0% +conflicting that's the +problem what contributes to that no why + + align:start position:0% +problem what contributes to that no why + + + align:start position:0% +problem what contributes to that no why +is why is it the why is it a + + align:start position:0% +is why is it the why is it a + + + align:start position:0% +is why is it the why is it a +problem why is the fact that I think + + align:start position:0% +problem why is the fact that I think + + + align:start position:0% +problem why is the fact that I think +that my my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +vision + + align:start position:0% +vision + + + align:start position:0% +vision +because if I think + + align:start position:0% +because if I think + + + align:start position:0% +because if I think +that have any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +way that's I think that's we're saying + + align:start position:0% +way that's I think that's we're saying + + + align:start position:0% +way that's I think that's we're saying +yeah that's why I'm trying to + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's why I'm trying to + + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's why I'm trying to +any + + align:start position:0% +any + + + align:start position:0% +any +process that might make that might + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +allow I think I think it just trying to + + align:start position:0% +allow I think I think it just trying to + + + align:start position:0% +allow I think I think it just trying to +clarify how it was crippling the process + + align:start position:0% +clarify how it was crippling the process + + + align:start position:0% +clarify how it was crippling the process +because people don't share it people + + align:start position:0% +because people don't share it people + + + align:start position:0% +because people don't share it people +don't think there's any way that they + + align:start position:0% +don't think there's any way that they + + + align:start position:0% +don't think there's any way that they +can move forward together as that's what + + align:start position:0% +can move forward together as that's what + + + align:start position:0% +can move forward together as that's what +we're saying inning that our Visions are + + align:start position:0% +we're saying inning that our Visions are + + + align:start position:0% +we're saying inning that our Visions are +conflicting right but we'll + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +proceed I think we're saying the same + + align:start position:0% +proceed I think we're saying the same + + + align:start position:0% +proceed I think we're saying the same +I mean if I need + + align:start position:0% +I mean if I need + + + align:start position:0% +I mean if I need +to re + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it no I think I think we're there I we + + align:start position:0% +it no I think I think we're there I we + + + align:start position:0% +it no I think I think we're there I we +can move + + align:start position:0% +can move + + + align:start position:0% +can move +on 11 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +minutes um okay number three is factors + + align:start position:0% +minutes um okay number three is factors + + + align:start position:0% +minutes um okay number three is factors +that contribute to the problem we've + + align:start position:0% +that contribute to the problem we've + + + align:start position:0% +that contribute to the problem we've +gotten to hear + + align:start position:0% +gotten to hear + + + align:start position:0% +gotten to hear +before + + align:start position:0% +before + + + align:start position:0% +before +perceived overpowerment and + + align:start position:0% +perceived overpowerment and + + + align:start position:0% +perceived overpowerment and +disempowerment by + + align:start position:0% +disempowerment by + + + align:start position:0% +disempowerment by +groups within the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +community I'm sorry say that again we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +organiz and with Chris over there fear + + align:start position:0% +organiz and with Chris over there fear + + + align:start position:0% +organiz and with Chris over there fear +and arrogance does that + + align:start position:0% +and arrogance does that + + + align:start position:0% +and arrogance does that +go problem + + align:start position:0% +go problem + + + align:start position:0% +go problem +St question number four is different on + + align:start position:0% +St question number four is different on + + + align:start position:0% +St question number four is different on +paper than there should be answer not + + align:start position:0% +paper than there should be answer not + + + align:start position:0% +paper than there should be answer not +really unnown what what what yeah what + + align:start position:0% +really unnown what what what yeah what + + + align:start position:0% +really unnown what what what yeah what +makes people perceive that their Visions + + align:start position:0% +makes people perceive that their Visions + + + align:start position:0% +makes people perceive that their Visions +are conflicting part of that is that + + align:start position:0% +are conflicting part of that is that + + + align:start position:0% +are conflicting part of that is that +certain people feel more entitled + + align:start position:0% +certain people feel more entitled + + + align:start position:0% +certain people feel more entitled +certain people feel less entitled + + align:start position:0% +certain people feel less entitled + + + align:start position:0% +certain people feel less entitled +certain people feel more empowered + + align:start position:0% +certain people feel more empowered + + + align:start position:0% +certain people feel more empowered +certain + + align:start position:0% +certain + + + align:start position:0% +certain +people entitlement and non-entitlement + + align:start position:0% +people entitlement and non-entitlement + + + align:start position:0% +people entitlement and non-entitlement +so power and power yeah inherent + + align:start position:0% +so power and power yeah inherent + + + align:start position:0% +so power and power yeah inherent +and power and Balance power and + + align:start position:0% +and power and Balance power and + + + align:start position:0% +and power and Balance power and +balance okay um + + align:start position:0% +balance okay um + + + align:start position:0% +balance okay um +do we want to take out the LA dialogue + + align:start position:0% +do we want to take out the LA dialogue + + + align:start position:0% +do we want to take out the LA dialogue +facilitated or otherwise I still feel + + align:start position:0% +facilitated or otherwise I still feel + + + align:start position:0% +facilitated or otherwise I still feel +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +that's oh because I think that that + + align:start position:0% +that's oh because I think that that + + + align:start position:0% +that's oh because I think that that +contributes to the if there were a + + align:start position:0% +contributes to the if there were a + + + align:start position:0% +contributes to the if there were a +facility + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dialog Ian it + + align:start position:0% +dialog Ian it + + + align:start position:0% +dialog Ian it +might sure I could say that + + align:start position:0% +might sure I could say that + + + align:start position:0% +might sure I could say that +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +okay what else + + align:start position:0% +okay what else + + + align:start position:0% +okay what else +contributes um language barrier yeah I + + align:start position:0% +contributes um language barrier yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +contributes um language barrier yeah I +was just thinking that language barriers + + align:start position:0% +was just thinking that language barriers + + + align:start position:0% +was just thinking that language barriers +contribute + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um you know part of it also is that + + align:start position:0% +um you know part of it also is that + + + align:start position:0% +um you know part of it also is that +there's there's fragmentation I mean we + + align:start position:0% +there's there's fragmentation I mean we + + + align:start position:0% +there's there's fragmentation I mean we +can put it in or not but part of the + + align:start position:0% +can put it in or not but part of the + + + align:start position:0% +can put it in or not but part of the +problem is that there's fragmentation + + align:start position:0% +problem is that there's fragmentation + + + align:start position:0% +problem is that there's fragmentation +within the Brazilian community in + + align:start position:0% +within the Brazilian community in + + + align:start position:0% +within the Brazilian community in +Framingham based on the + + align:start position:0% +Framingham based on the + + + align:start position:0% +Framingham based on the +um cultural cast system that's imported + + align:start position:0% +um cultural cast system that's imported + + + align:start position:0% +um cultural cast system that's imported +from + + align:start position:0% +from + + + align:start position:0% +from +Brazil I don't know that that's the most + + align:start position:0% +Brazil I don't know that that's the most + + + align:start position:0% +Brazil I don't know that that's the most +constructive way to put it but you know + + align:start position:0% +constructive way to put it but you know + + + align:start position:0% +constructive way to put it but you know +Brazil is still very much + + align:start position:0% +Brazil is still very much + + + align:start position:0% +Brazil is still very much +a a + + align:start position:0% +a a + + + align:start position:0% +a a +stratified cast system and that moves + + align:start position:0% +stratified cast system and that moves + + + align:start position:0% +stratified cast system and that moves +forward we don't you know it isn't it + + align:start position:0% +forward we don't you know it isn't it + + + align:start position:0% +forward we don't you know it isn't it +isn't necessarily different in the + + align:start position:0% +isn't necessarily different in the + + + align:start position:0% +isn't necessarily different in the +perception within the Brazilian + + align:start position:0% +perception within the Brazilian + + + align:start position:0% +perception within the Brazilian +community in Framingham they're still + + align:start position:0% +community in Framingham they're still + + + align:start position:0% +community in Framingham they're still +very subdivided Gap in cultural + + align:start position:0% +very subdivided Gap in cultural + + + align:start position:0% +very subdivided Gap in cultural +values I know I don't think that it's a + + align:start position:0% +values I know I don't think that it's a + + + align:start position:0% +values I know I don't think that it's a +gap in cultural values it's about people + + align:start position:0% +gap in cultural values it's about people + + + align:start position:0% +gap in cultural values it's about people +who were white and Brazilian thinking + + align:start position:0% +who were white and Brazilian thinking + + + align:start position:0% +who were white and Brazilian thinking +they're better than people who are black + + align:start position:0% +they're better than people who are black + + + align:start position:0% +they're better than people who are black +and Brazilian and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that they presented the Brazilian + + align:start position:0% +that they presented the Brazilian + + + align:start position:0% +that they presented the Brazilian +Community as a coherent + + align:start position:0% +Community as a coherent + + + align:start position:0% +Community as a coherent +cohesive sing they presented it as two + + align:start position:0% +cohesive sing they presented it as two + + + align:start position:0% +cohesive sing they presented it as two +factions within framing G + + align:start position:0% +factions within framing G + + + align:start position:0% +factions within framing G +Brazilians and real estate + + align:start position:0% +Brazilians and real estate + + + align:start position:0% +Brazilians and real estate +developers we don't know anything about + + align:start position:0% +developers we don't know anything about + + + align:start position:0% +developers we don't know anything about +any anything else we don't know what's + + align:start position:0% +any anything else we don't know what's + + + align:start position:0% +any anything else we don't know what's +going on within thatan Community we + + align:start position:0% +going on within thatan Community we + + + align:start position:0% +going on within thatan Community we +don't know what's going on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but I think it's it's possible that + + align:start position:0% +but I think it's it's possible that + + + align:start position:0% +but I think it's it's possible that +there's something like that going on I + + align:start position:0% +there's something like that going on I + + + align:start position:0% +there's something like that going on I +mean I think that no there is the + + align:start position:0% +mean I think that no there is the + + + align:start position:0% +mean I think that no there is the +problem has been the problem has been + + align:start position:0% +problem has been the problem has been + + + align:start position:0% +problem has been the problem has been +very Loosely defined + + align:start position:0% +very Loosely defined + + + align:start position:0% +very Loosely defined +so we don't have a lot of background + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +knowledge but I'd certainly be willing + + align:start position:0% +knowledge but I'd certainly be willing + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge but I'd certainly be willing +to purs + + align:start position:0% +to purs + + + align:start position:0% +to purs +that that what no I know personally from + + align:start position:0% +that that what no I know personally from + + + align:start position:0% +that that what no I know personally from +having conversations with people who are + + align:start position:0% +having conversations with people who are + + + align:start position:0% +having conversations with people who are +studying this and have a lot of expence + + align:start position:0% +studying this and have a lot of expence + + + align:start position:0% +studying this and have a lot of expence +with it with the Brazilian community in + + align:start position:0% +with it with the Brazilian community in + + + align:start position:0% +with it with the Brazilian community in +framing highly racially stratified the + + align:start position:0% +framing highly racially stratified the + + + align:start position:0% +framing highly racially stratified the +same way it would be in + + align:start position:0% +same way it would be in + + + align:start position:0% +same way it would be in +Brazil I'm not no by I'm just going what + + align:start position:0% +Brazil I'm not no by I'm just going what + + + align:start position:0% +Brazil I'm not no by I'm just going what +was presented no I know but I'm just + + align:start position:0% +was presented no I know but I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +was presented no I know but I'm just +saying that that is that is + + align:start position:0% +saying that that is that is + + + align:start position:0% +saying that that is that is +true so diverse groups then may not be + + align:start position:0% +true so diverse groups then may not be + + + align:start position:0% +true so diverse groups then may not be +the two diverse groups that we've been + + align:start position:0% +the two diverse groups that we've been + + + align:start position:0% +the two diverse groups that we've been +presenting with there are multiple + + align:start position:0% +presenting with there are multiple + + + align:start position:0% +presenting with there are multiple +stakeholders stakeholders going on here + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders stakeholders going on here + + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders stakeholders going on here +you know so we don't know what those + + align:start position:0% +you know so we don't know what those + + + align:start position:0% +you know so we don't know what those +groups are know those Visions are + + align:start position:0% +groups are know those Visions are + + + align:start position:0% +groups are know those Visions are +conflicts of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +interest well that wasn't presented so + + align:start position:0% +interest well that wasn't presented so + + + align:start position:0% +interest well that wasn't presented so +let's move on from + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that I'm + + align:start position:0% +that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm +not C incate it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's fragmented Brazilian Community well + + align:start position:0% +it's fragmented Brazilian Community well + + + align:start position:0% +it's fragmented Brazilian Community well +what we could say is I mean if you yeah + + align:start position:0% +what we could say is I mean if you yeah + + + align:start position:0% +what we could say is I mean if you yeah +if you want to if you want to present it + + align:start position:0% +if you want to if you want to present it + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to if you want to present it +this way I mean there are there are not + + align:start position:0% +this way I mean there are there are not + + + align:start position:0% +this way I mean there are there are not +in any negoti unless you're getting + + align:start position:0% +in any negoti unless you're getting + + + align:start position:0% +in any negoti unless you're getting +divorced two + + align:start position:0% +divorced two + + + align:start position:0% +divorced two +stakeholders there are not two + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders there are not two + + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders there are not two +stakeholders there are not just the + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders there are not just the + + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders there are not just the +Brazilian community and they are not + + align:start position:0% +Brazilian community and they are not + + + align:start position:0% +Brazilian community and they are not +just the developers that's why we have + + align:start position:0% +just the developers that's why we have + + + align:start position:0% +just the developers that's why we have +diverse groups because I don't know what + + align:start position:0% +diverse groups because I don't know what + + + align:start position:0% +diverse groups because I don't know what +the heck all those groups are I don't + + align:start position:0% +the heck all those groups are I don't + + + align:start position:0% +the heck all those groups are I don't +have a CL so where did you put the + + align:start position:0% +have a CL so where did you put the + + + align:start position:0% +have a CL so where did you put the +diverse grps I just in our statement I + + align:start position:0% +diverse grps I just in our statement I + + + align:start position:0% +diverse grps I just in our statement I +said perception that Visions held by + + align:start position:0% +said perception that Visions held by + + + align:start position:0% +said perception that Visions held by +diverse groups are conflicting because + + align:start position:0% +diverse groups are conflicting because + + + align:start position:0% +diverse groups are conflicting because +we don't really have a clear + + align:start position:0% +we don't really have a clear + + + align:start position:0% +we don't really have a clear +understanding ofe stakeholders yeah I + + align:start position:0% +understanding ofe stakeholders yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +understanding ofe stakeholders yeah I +would say stakeholders would be better I + + align:start position:0% +would say stakeholders would be better I + + + align:start position:0% +would say stakeholders would be better I +was just because I had + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +soors + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that stratified + + align:start position:0% +that stratified + + + align:start position:0% +that stratified +Brazilian I'm part of it yeah well let's + + align:start position:0% +Brazilian I'm part of it yeah well let's + + + align:start position:0% +Brazilian I'm part of it yeah well let's +let's put something like that down and + + align:start position:0% +let's put something like that down and + + + align:start position:0% +let's put something like that down and +move on to something we need um you know + + align:start position:0% +move on to something we need um you know + + + align:start position:0% +move on to something we need um you know +and likewise + + align:start position:0% +and likewise + + + align:start position:0% +and likewise +um one of the other factors that + + align:start position:0% +um one of the other factors that + + + align:start position:0% +um one of the other factors that +contributes to the problem is that + + align:start position:0% +contributes to the problem is that + + + align:start position:0% +contributes to the problem is that +um the existing residents regardless of + + align:start position:0% +um the existing residents regardless of + + + align:start position:0% +um the existing residents regardless of +how you really want to Define them the + + align:start position:0% +how you really want to Define them the + + + align:start position:0% +how you really want to Define them the +existing residents were not organized + + align:start position:0% +existing residents were not organized + + + align:start position:0% +existing residents were not organized +within themselves prior to the time that + + align:start position:0% +within themselves prior to the time that + + + align:start position:0% +within themselves prior to the time that +Framingham was considered for + + align:start position:0% +Framingham was considered for + + + align:start position:0% +Framingham was considered for +development so + + align:start position:0% +development so + + + align:start position:0% +development so +um you know and of course your hindsight + + align:start position:0% +um you know and of course your hindsight + + + align:start position:0% +um you know and of course your hindsight +is always 2020 and I don't mean in a + + align:start position:0% +is always 2020 and I don't mean in a + + + align:start position:0% +is always 2020 and I don't mean in a +derogatory way but um no cerent right a + + align:start position:0% +derogatory way but um no cerent right a + + + align:start position:0% +derogatory way but um no cerent right a +lack of proactive Co cohesion or lack of + + align:start position:0% +lack of proactive Co cohesion or lack of + + + align:start position:0% +lack of proactive Co cohesion or lack of +proactive activity on the part of the + + align:start position:0% +proactive activity on the part of the + + + align:start position:0% +proactive activity on the part of the +community to organize + + align:start position:0% +community to organize + + + align:start position:0% +community to organize +like if they had been organized before + + align:start position:0% +like if they had been organized before + + + align:start position:0% +like if they had been organized before +you had + + align:start position:0% +you had + + + align:start position:0% +you had +crisis you'd be having a very + + align:start position:0% +crisis you'd be having a very + + + align:start position:0% +crisis you'd be having a very +different sometimes you don't get it + + align:start position:0% +different sometimes you don't get it + + + align:start position:0% +different sometimes you don't get it +until there is a crisis yes because + + align:start position:0% +until there is a crisis yes because + + + align:start position:0% +until there is a crisis yes because +people don't necessarily perceive that + + align:start position:0% +people don't necessarily perceive that + + + align:start position:0% +people don't necessarily perceive that +there's a need minus that whole civic + + align:start position:0% +there's a need minus that whole civic + + + align:start position:0% +there's a need minus that whole civic +responsibility to be a constructive + + align:start position:0% +responsibility to be a constructive + + + align:start position:0% +responsibility to be a constructive +participatory member of a + + align:start position:0% +participatory member of a + + + align:start position:0% +participatory member of a +republic yeah yeah you know most people + + align:start position:0% +republic yeah yeah you know most people + + + align:start position:0% +republic yeah yeah you know most people +don't have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that people like to have that in theory + + align:start position:0% +that people like to have that in theory + + + align:start position:0% +that people like to have that in theory +more practice they like they like to + + align:start position:0% +more practice they like they like to + + + align:start position:0% +more practice they like they like to +have the the possibility and potential + + align:start position:0% +have the the possibility and potential + + + align:start position:0% +have the the possibility and potential +of that more than they like to actually + + align:start position:0% +of that more than they like to actually + + + align:start position:0% +of that more than they like to actually +deal with the + + align:start position:0% +deal with the + + + align:start position:0% +deal with the +responsibilities yes I know which stems + + align:start position:0% +responsibilities yes I know which stems + + + align:start position:0% +responsibilities yes I know which stems +directly to the people have the + + align:start position:0% +directly to the people have the + + + align:start position:0% +directly to the people have the +government they + + align:start position:0% +government they + + + align:start position:0% +government they +deserve well put okay + + align:start position:0% +deserve well put okay + + + align:start position:0% +deserve well put okay +so problem in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +beestro you're not you're not going to + + align:start position:0% +beestro you're not you're not going to + + + align:start position:0% +beestro you're not you're not going to +have either you're not going to have + + align:start position:0% +have either you're not going to have + + + align:start position:0% +have either you're not going to have +development of any kind or you're not + + align:start position:0% +development of any kind or you're not + + + align:start position:0% +development of any kind or you're not +going to have no it says if there is + + align:start position:0% +going to have no it says if there is + + + align:start position:0% +going to have no it says if there is +commercial development this year + + align:start position:0% +commercial development this year + + + align:start position:0% +commercial development this year +assuming that there is Comm commercial + + align:start position:0% +assuming that there is Comm commercial + + + align:start position:0% +assuming that there is Comm commercial +development now I am assuming they mean + + align:start position:0% +development now I am assuming they mean + + + align:start position:0% +development now I am assuming they mean +as the real estate developers want it to + + align:start position:0% +as the real estate developers want it to + + + align:start position:0% +as the real estate developers want it to +happen or what see are we supposed it + + align:start position:0% +happen or what see are we supposed it + + + align:start position:0% +happen or what see are we supposed it +says here it says impact right because + + align:start position:0% +says here it says impact right because + + + align:start position:0% +says here it says impact right because +these are two different questions hey + + align:start position:0% +these are two different questions hey + + + align:start position:0% +these are two different questions hey +Rene what did did you get out + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of assume development goes forward + + align:start position:0% +of assume development goes forward + + + align:start position:0% +of assume development goes forward +goes forward how does it + + align:start position:0% +goes forward how does it + + + align:start position:0% +goes forward how does it +okay how does it affect your problem + + align:start position:0% +okay how does it affect your problem + + + align:start position:0% +okay how does it affect your problem +assuming development goes Dev go for how + + align:start position:0% +assuming development goes Dev go for how + + + align:start position:0% +assuming development goes Dev go for how +does that oh well it's going to just + + align:start position:0% +does that oh well it's going to just + + + align:start position:0% +does that oh well it's going to just +it's going to just deepen the Rifts + + align:start position:0% +it's going to just deepen the Rifts + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to just deepen the Rifts +within the community right you're going + + align:start position:0% +within the community right you're going + + + align:start position:0% +within the community right you're going +to find much more + + align:start position:0% +to find much more + + + align:start position:0% +to find much more +faction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um right but that's again some will be + + align:start position:0% +um right but that's again some will be + + + align:start position:0% +um right but that's again some will be +forced out and some won't be you know I + + align:start position:0% +forced out and some won't be you know I + + + align:start position:0% +forced out and some won't be you know I +mean right might get the some of those + + align:start position:0% +mean right might get the some of those + + + align:start position:0% +mean right might get the some of those +wealthier white + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Brazilians they might they might have + + align:start position:0% +Brazilians they might they might have + + + align:start position:0% +Brazilians they might they might have +Financial GES for those devel they might + + align:start position:0% +Financial GES for those devel they might + + + align:start position:0% +Financial GES for those devel they might +want to become more assimilated into + + align:start position:0% +want to become more assimilated into + + + align:start position:0% +want to become more assimilated into +society and do that as means of economic + + align:start position:0% +society and do that as means of economic + + + align:start position:0% +society and do that as means of economic +Advantage so economically + + align:start position:0% +Advantage so economically + + + align:start position:0% +Advantage so economically +powerful we don't know that I think that + + align:start position:0% +powerful we don't know that I think that + + + align:start position:0% +powerful we don't know that I think that +faction is yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +faction some kind of deeper + + align:start position:0% +faction some kind of deeper + + + align:start position:0% +faction some kind of deeper +um you're going to have deeper faction + + align:start position:0% +um you're going to have deeper faction + + + align:start position:0% +um you're going to have deeper faction +Visions diversion + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +groups possibly resolving itself + + align:start position:0% +groups possibly resolving itself + + + align:start position:0% +groups possibly resolving itself +into and new people coming in right let + + align:start position:0% +into and new people coming in right let + + + align:start position:0% +into and new people coming in right let +the market work it out + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um what impacts will it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have any immigrant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what they're really asking is what + + align:start position:0% +what they're really asking is what + + + align:start position:0% +what they're really asking is what +impact it's going to have on our problem + + align:start position:0% +impact it's going to have on our problem + + + align:start position:0% +impact it's going to have on our problem +statement displacement is not an impact + + align:start position:0% +statement displacement is not an impact + + + align:start position:0% +statement displacement is not an impact +on our problem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +statement Schism and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +faction right it's not our it's not our + + align:start position:0% +faction right it's not our it's not our + + + align:start position:0% +faction right it's not our it's not our +problem our problem is the perception + + align:start position:0% +problem our problem is the perception + + + align:start position:0% +problem our problem is the perception +that the vision is Divergent so is what + + align:start position:0% +that the vision is Divergent so is what + + + align:start position:0% +that the vision is Divergent so is what +will the impact of + + align:start position:0% +will the impact of + + + align:start position:0% +will the impact of +problem now if the development moves + + align:start position:0% +problem now if the development moves + + + align:start position:0% +problem now if the development moves +forward how will it impact our + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problem right but in the framework of + + align:start position:0% +problem right but in the framework of + + + align:start position:0% +problem right but in the framework of +our problem Rene said that it was how + + align:start position:0% +our problem Rene said that it was how + + + align:start position:0% +our problem Rene said that it was how +does it affect + + align:start position:0% +does it affect + + + align:start position:0% +does it affect +problem we should get we should + + align:start position:0% +problem we should get we should + + + align:start position:0% +problem we should get we should +Geto can we have some clarification + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so now we have to analyze if we can + + align:start position:0% +so now we have to analyze if we can + + + align:start position:0% +so now we have to analyze if we can +think ahead just + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for ask + + align:start position:0% +for ask + + + align:start position:0% +for ask +question I don't know that it I don't + + align:start position:0% +question I don't know that it I don't + + + align:start position:0% +question I don't know that it I don't +know that it's wholly complete but I + + align:start position:0% +know that it's wholly complete but I + + + align:start position:0% +know that it's wholly complete but I +think because that's because of + + align:start position:0% +think because that's because of + + + align:start position:0% +think because that's because of +limitation of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time is the impact of the problem + + align:start position:0% +time is the impact of the problem + + + align:start position:0% +time is the impact of the problem +in and the + + align:start position:0% +in and the + + + align:start position:0% +in and the +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +commercial development is a hypothesis + + align:start position:0% +commercial development is a hypothesis + + + align:start position:0% +commercial development is a hypothesis +we will assume that the commercial + + align:start position:0% +we will assume that the commercial + + + align:start position:0% +we will assume that the commercial +development will + + align:start position:0% +development will + + + align:start position:0% +development will +happen okay if commercial development + + align:start position:0% +happen okay if commercial development + + + align:start position:0% +happen okay if commercial development +happens which will be the consequences + + align:start position:0% +happens which will be the consequences + + + align:start position:0% +happens which will be the consequences +of the problem you have + + align:start position:0% +of the problem you have + + + align:start position:0% +of the problem you have +identified consequence of the problem of + + align:start position:0% +identified consequence of the problem of + + + align:start position:0% +identified consequence of the problem of +the problem oh + + align:start position:0% +the problem oh + + + align:start position:0% +the problem oh +okay if the commercial development goes + + align:start position:0% +okay if the commercial development goes + + + align:start position:0% +okay if the commercial development goes +forward yes and IM miraculously in + + align:start position:0% +forward yes and IM miraculously in + + + align:start position:0% +forward yes and IM miraculously in +between now and then our problem is not + + align:start position:0% +between now and then our problem is not + + + align:start position:0% +between now and then our problem is not +solved how will the problem be + + align:start position:0% +solved how will the problem be + + + align:start position:0% +solved how will the problem be +exacerbated or + + align:start position:0% +exacerbated or + + + align:start position:0% +exacerbated or +alleviated by the development going + + align:start position:0% +alleviated by the development going + + + align:start position:0% +alleviated by the development going +forward what impacts will it have on our + + align:start position:0% +forward what impacts will it have on our + + + align:start position:0% +forward what impacts will it have on our +problem on our problem now what impacts + + align:start position:0% +problem on our problem now what impacts + + + align:start position:0% +problem on our problem now what impacts +will the problem will have have on + + align:start position:0% +will the problem will have have on + + + align:start position:0% +will the problem will have have on +framing on Fring okay given assumption a + + align:start position:0% +framing on Fring okay given assumption a + + + align:start position:0% +framing on Fring okay given assumption a +development what consequences will + + align:start position:0% +development what consequences will + + + align:start position:0% +development what consequences will +problem have on + + align:start position:0% +problem have on + + + align:start position:0% +problem have on +right the unresolved + + align:start position:0% +right the unresolved + + + align:start position:0% +right the unresolved +problem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay is that what happens is both are + + align:start position:0% +okay is that what happens is both are + + + align:start position:0% +okay is that what happens is both are +think there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is some sort of logical statement like + + align:start position:0% +is some sort of logical statement like + + + align:start position:0% +is some sort of logical statement like +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if there's development if there's + + align:start position:0% +if there's development if there's + + + align:start position:0% +if there's development if there's +development our our unresolved problem + + align:start position:0% +development our our unresolved problem + + + align:start position:0% +development our our unresolved problem +of the perception of Divergent view + + align:start position:0% +of the perception of Divergent view + + + align:start position:0% +of the perception of Divergent view +still intensifies and continues to + + align:start position:0% +still intensifies and continues to + + + align:start position:0% +still intensifies and continues to +fragment and probably + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +deepens oppos + + align:start position:0% +deepens oppos + + + align:start position:0% +deepens oppos +gr right which makes it + + align:start position:0% +gr right which makes it + + + align:start position:0% +gr right which makes it +dis which makes it much harder to have + + align:start position:0% +dis which makes it much harder to have + + + align:start position:0% +dis which makes it much harder to have +any kind of facilitated dialogue because + + align:start position:0% +any kind of facilitated dialogue because + + + align:start position:0% +any kind of facilitated dialogue because +the deeper the factions the harder it's + + align:start position:0% +the deeper the factions the harder it's + + + align:start position:0% +the deeper the factions the harder it's +going to be to get them to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +table + + align:start position:0% +table + + + align:start position:0% +table +but which is finally the development + + align:start position:0% +but which is finally the development + + + align:start position:0% +but which is finally the development +because this what everybody was + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thinking well they're saying commercial + + align:start position:0% +thinking well they're saying commercial + + + align:start position:0% +thinking well they're saying commercial +development and he said that they're + + align:start position:0% +development and he said that they're + + + align:start position:0% +development and he said that they're +tearing down the old buildings they're + + align:start position:0% +tearing down the old buildings they're + + + align:start position:0% +tearing down the old buildings they're +looking at the Redevelopment Brazilians + + align:start position:0% +looking at the Redevelopment Brazilians + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the Redevelopment Brazilians +and not seeing a place for themselves so + + align:start position:0% +and not seeing a place for themselves so + + + align:start position:0% +and not seeing a place for themselves so +ultimately a devil's advocate argument + + align:start position:0% +ultimately a devil's advocate argument + + + align:start position:0% +ultimately a devil's advocate argument +could be that the the resolution here + + align:start position:0% +could be that the the resolution here + + + align:start position:0% +could be that the the resolution here +would be that commercial development + + align:start position:0% +would be that commercial development + + + align:start position:0% +would be that commercial development +happens everybody who doesn't like + + align:start position:0% +happens everybody who doesn't like + + + align:start position:0% +happens everybody who doesn't like +commercial + + align:start position:0% +commercial + + + align:start position:0% +commercial +development problem solved right all the + + align:start position:0% +development problem solved right all the + + + align:start position:0% +development problem solved right all the +diverse stakeholders that were + + align:start position:0% +diverse stakeholders that were + + + align:start position:0% +diverse stakeholders that were +conflicting with you gone so from the + + align:start position:0% +conflicting with you gone so from the + + + align:start position:0% +conflicting with you gone so from the +commercial developers point of view + + align:start position:0% +commercial developers point of view + + + align:start position:0% +commercial developers point of view +perhaps that is a resolution because + + align:start position:0% +perhaps that is a resolution because + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps that is a resolution because +just kicks out all the people CH + + align:start position:0% +just kicks out all the people CH + + + align:start position:0% +just kicks out all the people CH +Community changes + + align:start position:0% +Community changes + + + align:start position:0% +Community changes +gentrifies happy with devel that the + + align:start position:0% +gentrifies happy with devel that the + + + align:start position:0% +gentrifies happy with devel that the +community is so big that that won't + + align:start position:0% +community is so big that that won't + + + align:start position:0% +community is so big that that won't +happen they will + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they from to somewhere else just because + + align:start position:0% +they from to somewhere else just because + + + align:start position:0% +they from to somewhere else just because +they changing and even within + + align:start position:0% +they changing and even within + + + align:start position:0% +they changing and even within +development even within development + + align:start position:0% +development even within development + + + align:start position:0% +development even within development +groups they're going to be much broader + + align:start position:0% +groups they're going to be much broader + + + align:start position:0% +groups they're going to be much broader +differences of opinion than we're + + align:start position:0% +differences of opinion than we're + + + align:start position:0% +differences of opinion than we're +allowing for and those are going to + + align:start position:0% +allowing for and those are going to + + + align:start position:0% +allowing for and those are going to +faction off and Schism as well I mean + + align:start position:0% +faction off and Schism as well I mean + + + align:start position:0% +faction off and Schism as well I mean +even right so okay so what's the Rob + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +robustness well I think it's basically + + align:start position:0% +robustness well I think it's basically + + + align:start position:0% +robustness well I think it's basically +logically + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +consistent + + align:start position:0% +consistent + + + align:start position:0% +consistent +and I don't know that I think that it's + + align:start position:0% +and I don't know that I think that it's + + + align:start position:0% +and I don't know that I think that it's +complete but I think part of that is you + + align:start position:0% +complete but I think part of that is you + + + align:start position:0% +complete but I think part of that is you +know due to time + + align:start position:0% +know due to time + + + align:start position:0% +know due to time +constraints and a lack of of a lack of + + align:start position:0% +constraints and a lack of of a lack of + + + align:start position:0% +constraints and a lack of of a lack of +information but um I think that it's + + align:start position:0% +information but um I think that it's + + + align:start position:0% +information but um I think that it's +relatively complete given what we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +were + + align:start position:0% +were + + + align:start position:0% +were +right robustness of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +frame is is uh is it problematic to + + align:start position:0% +frame is is uh is it problematic to + + + align:start position:0% +frame is is uh is it problematic to +assume that there's only + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +again that's just our 30 minutes + + align:start position:0% +again that's just our 30 minutes + + + align:start position:0% +again that's just our 30 minutes +exercise job was to come up with a with + + align:start position:0% +exercise job was to come up with a with + + + align:start position:0% +exercise job was to come up with a with +a core with a definition of a core + + align:start position:0% +a core with a definition of a core + + + align:start position:0% +a core with a definition of a core +problem as perceived by the group within + + align:start position:0% +problem as perceived by the group within + + + align:start position:0% +problem as perceived by the group within +this framework clearly the other groups + + align:start position:0% +this framework clearly the other groups + + + align:start position:0% +this framework clearly the other groups +are going to come up with their core + + align:start position:0% +are going to come up with their core + + + align:start position:0% +are going to come up with their core +problem so no there isn't just one core + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problem so what about the robustness of + + align:start position:0% +problem so what about the robustness of + + + align:start position:0% +problem so what about the robustness of +frame are we good with our robustness of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +frame yeah I'm not sure I'd say that I'm + + align:start position:0% +frame yeah I'm not sure I'd say that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +frame yeah I'm not sure I'd say that I'm +I'm excited to see how it gets torn + + align:start position:0% +I'm excited to see how it gets torn + + + align:start position:0% +I'm excited to see how it gets torn +apart + + align:start position:0% +apart + + + align:start position:0% +apart +no I I don't think that it's robust + + align:start position:0% +no I I don't think that it's robust + + + align:start position:0% +no I I don't think that it's robust +necessarily but I also don't think that + + align:start position:0% +necessarily but I also don't think that + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily but I also don't think that +it's inherently terribly weak and I + + align:start position:0% +it's inherently terribly weak and I + + + align:start position:0% +it's inherently terribly weak and I +think that it's a good like if we were + + align:start position:0% +think that it's a good like if we were + + + align:start position:0% +think that it's a good like if we were +going to work this problem for a pro + + align:start position:0% +going to work this problem for a pro + + + align:start position:0% +going to work this problem for a pro +long period it would be a good starting + + align:start position:0% +long period it would be a good starting + + + align:start position:0% +long period it would be a good starting +point so average Rob right a good start + + align:start position:0% +point so average Rob right a good start + + + align:start position:0% +point so average Rob right a good start +a good place to start + + align:start position:0% +a good place to start + + + align:start position:0% +a good place to start +yeah especially since he said some place + + align:start position:0% +yeah especially since he said some place + + + align:start position:0% +yeah especially since he said some place +that the beginning is is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you know and another right another + + align:start position:0% +you know and another right another + + + align:start position:0% +you know and another right another +strength of it is going to be the fact + + align:start position:0% +strength of it is going to be the fact + + + align:start position:0% +strength of it is going to be the fact +that um this is a small enough you know + + align:start position:0% +that um this is a small enough you know + + + align:start position:0% +that um this is a small enough you know +it's not a broad problem statement this + + align:start position:0% +it's not a broad problem statement this + + + align:start position:0% +it's not a broad problem statement this +is very specific you know the responses + + align:start position:0% +is very specific you know the responses + + + align:start position:0% +is very specific you know the responses +might be very broad but this is a very + + align:start position:0% +might be very broad but this is a very + + + align:start position:0% +might be very broad but this is a very +specific concrete thing this is not + + align:start position:0% +specific concrete thing this is not + + + align:start position:0% +specific concrete thing this is not +nebulous you know the solutions and how + + align:start position:0% +nebulous you know the solutions and how + + + align:start position:0% +nebulous you know the solutions and how +you're going to get there could be less + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get there could be less + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get there could be less +concrete more abstract and more nebulous + + align:start position:0% +concrete more abstract and more nebulous + + + align:start position:0% +concrete more abstract and more nebulous +but this is this is good it's a + + align:start position:0% +but this is this is good it's a + + + align:start position:0% +but this is this is good it's a +narrow specific to start + + align:start position:0% +narrow specific to start + + + align:start position:0% +narrow specific to start +with which helps strengthen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it bulldozed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +beion increased + + align:start position:0% +beion increased + + + align:start position:0% +beion increased +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +in and again you know it's a disparity + + align:start position:0% +in and again you know it's a disparity + + + align:start position:0% +in and again you know it's a disparity +in power you know and part of that you + + align:start position:0% +in power you know and part of that you + + + align:start position:0% +in power you know and part of that you +know not + + align:start position:0% +know not + + + align:start position:0% +know not +always but the more we concede in + + align:start position:0% +always but the more we concede in + + + align:start position:0% +always but the more we concede in +negotiating processes and culturally + + align:start position:0% +negotiating processes and culturally + + + align:start position:0% +negotiating processes and culturally +that power is money the less people will + + align:start position:0% +that power is money the less people will + + + align:start position:0% +that power is money the less people will +engage you know and this is this is + + align:start position:0% +engage you know and this is this is + + + align:start position:0% +engage you know and this is this is +going to be part of the problem is going + + align:start position:0% +going to be part of the problem is going + + + align:start position:0% +going to be part of the problem is going +to be you know people who perceive + + align:start position:0% +to be you know people who perceive + + + align:start position:0% +to be you know people who perceive +themselves as disempowered and then + + align:start position:0% +themselves as disempowered and then + + + align:start position:0% +themselves as disempowered and then +likewise don't organize themselves as + + align:start position:0% +likewise don't organize themselves as + + + align:start position:0% +likewise don't organize themselves as +small groups and form coalitions it it's + + align:start position:0% +small groups and form coalitions it it's + + + align:start position:0% +small groups and form coalitions it it's +not always a situation of money + + align:start position:0% +not always a situation of money + + + align:start position:0% +not always a situation of money +but that's always sort of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +framework see right ble how am I going + + align:start position:0% +framework see right ble how am I going + + + align:start position:0% +framework see right ble how am I going +to slam my head against Standard Oil + + align:start position:0% +to slam my head against Standard Oil + + + align:start position:0% +to slam my head against Standard Oil +right but I mean this hits with me + + align:start position:0% +right but I mean this hits with me + + + align:start position:0% +right but I mean this hits with me +because of where I live right + + align:start position:0% +because of where I live right + + + align:start position:0% +because of where I live right +now very very well I me I think this is + + align:start position:0% +now very very well I me I think this is + + + align:start position:0% +now very very well I me I think this is +this is specific but still fairly vague + + align:start position:0% +this is specific but still fairly vague + + + align:start position:0% +this is specific but still fairly vague +because I that this gives us a starting + + align:start position:0% +because I that this gives us a starting + + + align:start position:0% +because I that this gives us a starting +point you know we were really working on + + align:start position:0% +point you know we were really working on + + + align:start position:0% +point you know we were really working on +this the next question would be what's + + align:start position:0% +this the next question would be what's + + + align:start position:0% +this the next question would be what's +the vision what's the vision what are + + align:start position:0% +the vision what's the vision what are + + + align:start position:0% +the vision what's the vision what are +the stakeholders and how do they + + align:start position:0% +the stakeholders and how do they + + + align:start position:0% +the stakeholders and how do they +conflict how they not conflict and + + align:start position:0% +conflict how they not conflict and + + + align:start position:0% +conflict how they not conflict and +that's where you get to your + + align:start position:0% +that's where you get to your + + + align:start position:0% +that's where you get to your +dialogue but if they + + align:start position:0% +dialogue but if they + + + align:start position:0% +dialogue but if they +ask if they ask we should tell the group + + align:start position:0% +ask if they ask we should tell the group + + + align:start position:0% +ask if they ask we should tell the group +it's our assum my under certainly my + + align:start position:0% +it's our assum my under certainly my + + + align:start position:0% +it's our assum my under certainly my +underlying assumption that human beings + + align:start position:0% +underlying assumption that human beings + + + align:start position:0% +underlying assumption that human beings +can sit down at a table and talk to one + + align:start position:0% +can sit down at a table and talk to one + + + align:start position:0% +can sit down at a table and talk to one +another they don't have to like one + + align:start position:0% +another they don't have to like one + + + align:start position:0% +another they don't have to like one +another they don't all have to like the + + align:start position:0% +another they don't all have to like the + + + align:start position:0% +another they don't all have to like the +outcome and you're never going to get + + align:start position:0% +outcome and you're never going to get + + + align:start position:0% +outcome and you're never going to get +two people trying to negotiate a problem + + align:start position:0% +two people trying to negotiate a problem + + + align:start position:0% +two people trying to negotiate a problem +both of whom Come Away thinking wow that + + align:start position:0% +both of whom Come Away thinking wow that + + + align:start position:0% +both of whom Come Away thinking wow that +was just fabulous I got everything I + + align:start position:0% +was just fabulous I got everything I + + + align:start position:0% +was just fabulous I got everything I +wanted one one of the oh and also + + align:start position:0% +wanted one one of the oh and also + + + align:start position:0% +wanted one one of the oh and also +likewise that it doesn't have to be a + + align:start position:0% +likewise that it doesn't have to be a + + + align:start position:0% +likewise that it doesn't have to be a +zero sum game one of one of the problems + + align:start position:0% +zero sum game one of one of the problems + + + align:start position:0% +zero sum game one of one of the problems +with the robustness of this argument I + + align:start position:0% +with the robustness of this argument I + + + align:start position:0% +with the robustness of this argument I +think they could come up + + align:start position:0% +think they could come up + + + align:start position:0% +think they could come up +is say problem isn't really there's a + + align:start position:0% +is say problem isn't really there's a + + + align:start position:0% +is say problem isn't really there's a +different one of is an intered the other + + align:start position:0% +different one of is an intered the other + + + align:start position:0% +different one of is an intered the other +one but see I think that that's the + + align:start position:0% +one but see I think that that's the + + + align:start position:0% +one but see I think that that's the +thing if people had a vision of + + align:start position:0% +thing if people had a vision of + + + align:start position:0% +thing if people had a vision of +themselves regardless of money if people + + align:start position:0% +themselves regardless of money if people + + + align:start position:0% +themselves regardless of money if people +as a group have a vision of themselves + + align:start position:0% +as a group have a vision of themselves + + + align:start position:0% +as a group have a vision of themselves +as a cohesive organized group whose + + align:start position:0% +as a cohesive organized group whose + + + align:start position:0% +as a cohesive organized group whose +voice is + + align:start position:0% +voice is + + + align:start position:0% +voice is +valid you know then then you're not in + + align:start position:0% +valid you know then then you're not in + + + align:start position:0% +valid you know then then you're not in +the same position part of it is the + + align:start position:0% +the same position part of it is the + + + align:start position:0% +the same position part of it is the +vision of a bunch of groups who don't + + align:start position:0% +vision of a bunch of groups who don't + + + align:start position:0% +vision of a bunch of groups who don't +think they have any opportunity any + + align:start position:0% +think they have any opportunity any + + + align:start position:0% +think they have any opportunity any +power any chance right and the vision of + + align:start position:0% +power any chance right and the vision of + + + align:start position:0% +power any chance right and the vision of +the other group that thinks that it is + + align:start position:0% +the other group that thinks that it is + + + align:start position:0% +the other group that thinks that it is +the most important group that needs + + align:start position:0% +the most important group that needs + + + align:start position:0% +the most important group that needs +right Manifest + + align:start position:0% +right Manifest + + + align:start position:0% +right Manifest +Destiny all right I'm going to take the + + align:start position:0% +Destiny all right I'm going to take the + + + align:start position:0% +Destiny all right I'm going to take the +microphone + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +back frame was basically + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay it's your turn + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but I'm thinking that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +think I think + + align:start position:0% +think I think + + + align:start position:0% +think I think +Weist seem like pretty + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +consistent the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +first it's not too + + align:start position:0% +first it's not too + + + align:start position:0% +first it's not too +abstract no I think it's it's a good mix + + align:start position:0% +abstract no I think it's it's a good mix + + + align:start position:0% +abstract no I think it's it's a good mix +of abstract and concrete it's the right + + align:start position:0% +of abstract and concrete it's the right + + + align:start position:0% +of abstract and concrete it's the right +level + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah okay we did a lot in a half an hour + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay we did a lot in a half an hour + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay we did a lot in a half an hour +we call fast thinking yes fast + + align:start position:0% +we call fast thinking yes fast + + + align:start position:0% +we call fast thinking yes fast +thinking an exercise of fast thinking + + align:start position:0% +thinking an exercise of fast thinking + + + align:start position:0% +thinking an exercise of fast thinking +that's good though it's important if you + + align:start position:0% +that's good though it's important if you + + + align:start position:0% +that's good though it's important if you +want to be a facilitator in the + + align:start position:0% +want to be a facilitator in the + + + align:start position:0% +want to be a facilitator in the +community you have to be able to think + + align:start position:0% +community you have to be able to think + + + align:start position:0% +community you have to be able to think +very quickly and and Target the very the + + align:start position:0% +very quickly and and Target the very the + + + align:start position:0% +very quickly and and Target the very the +very precise points you need I mean it's + + align:start position:0% +very precise points you need I mean it's + + + align:start position:0% +very precise points you need I mean it's +good facilitators at least when I see + + align:start position:0% +good facilitators at least when I see + + + align:start position:0% +good facilitators at least when I see +them it's like they instantly pick up on + + align:start position:0% +them it's like they instantly pick up on + + + align:start position:0% +them it's like they instantly pick up on +the important points and then try to + + align:start position:0% +the important points and then try to + + + align:start position:0% +the important points and then try to +structure them together mhm yes you you + + align:start position:0% +structure them together mhm yes you you + + + align:start position:0% +structure them together mhm yes you you +need to capture very fast the way people + + align:start position:0% +need to capture very fast the way people + + + align:start position:0% +need to capture very fast the way people +are organizing their ideas no for + + align:start position:0% +are organizing their ideas no for + + + align:start position:0% +are organizing their ideas no for +picking what are most meaningful but + + align:start position:0% +picking what are most meaningful but + + + align:start position:0% +picking what are most meaningful but +they are working yet I cannot EXP + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +don't know that + + align:start position:0% +don't know that + + + align:start position:0% +don't know that +question depends on the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +level we we need to approve this + + align:start position:0% +level we we need to approve this + + + align:start position:0% +level we we need to approve this +presentation for tomorrow we will need + + align:start position:0% +presentation for tomorrow we will need + + + align:start position:0% +presentation for tomorrow we will need +to improve this part of your + + align:start position:0% +to improve this part of your + + + align:start position:0% +to improve this part of your +chart okay + + align:start position:0% +chart okay + + + align:start position:0% +chart okay +it's a bit difficult for other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +people a notebook or something yeah + + align:start position:0% +people a notebook or something yeah + + + align:start position:0% +people a notebook or something yeah +they'll be on the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +web in those those pagas two double + + align:start position:0% +web in those those pagas two double + + + align:start position:0% +web in those those pagas two double +spaced pages + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dou + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pages for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay we are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +almost start + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes you can take + + align:start position:0% +yes you can take + + + align:start position:0% +yes you can take +note + + align:start position:0% +note + + + align:start position:0% +note +because some people is yet finished + + align:start position:0% +because some people is yet finished + + + align:start position:0% +because some people is yet finished +their work now we can use the time for + + align:start position:0% +their work now we can use the time for + + + align:start position:0% +their work now we can use the time for +taking note for the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +homework the productivity in top + + align:start position:0% +homework the productivity in top + + + align:start position:0% +homework the productivity in top +production depends a lot of the way the + + align:start position:0% +production depends a lot of the way the + + + align:start position:0% +production depends a lot of the way the +facilitator organize we can produce the + + align:start position:0% +facilitator organize we can produce the + + + align:start position:0% +facilitator organize we can produce the +double of other + + align:start position:0% +double of other + + + align:start position:0% +double of other +people it's very sens sens sensible to + + align:start position:0% +people it's very sens sens sensible to + + + align:start position:0% +people it's very sens sens sensible to +the method One is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +using + + align:start position:0% +using + + + align:start position:0% +using +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay please take note of the homework + + align:start position:0% +okay please take note of the homework + + + align:start position:0% +okay please take note of the homework +and after that that we will have a brief + + align:start position:0% +and after that that we will have a brief + + + align:start position:0% +and after that that we will have a brief +talk about the experience of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +today when one state that something is a + + align:start position:0% +today when one state that something is a + + + align:start position:0% +today when one state that something is a +problem we have values behind this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the idea is that is to make explicit + + align:start position:0% +the idea is that is to make explicit + + + align:start position:0% +the idea is that is to make explicit +these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +values + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and the second the second is to + + align:start position:0% +okay and the second the second is to + + + align:start position:0% +okay and the second the second is to +identify eight + + align:start position:0% +identify eight + + + align:start position:0% +identify eight +assumptions to identify one two or three + + align:start position:0% +assumptions to identify one two or three + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions to identify one two or three +is easy + + align:start position:0% +is easy + + + align:start position:0% +is easy +the good question is when we go beyond + + align:start position:0% +the good question is when we go beyond + + + align:start position:0% +the good question is when we go beyond +fourth fifth + + align:start position:0% +fourth fifth + + + align:start position:0% +fourth fifth +sixth okay seven eight if you want you + + align:start position:0% +sixth okay seven eight if you want you + + + align:start position:0% +sixth okay seven eight if you want you +can identify a dozen of assumptions + + align:start position:0% +can identify a dozen of assumptions + + + align:start position:0% +can identify a dozen of assumptions +there is + + align:start position:0% +there is + + + align:start position:0% +there is +no limit but not less than + + align:start position:0% +no limit but not less than + + + align:start position:0% +no limit but not less than +eight + + align:start position:0% +eight + + + align:start position:0% +eight +okay okay so question one is just us + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so question one is just us + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so question one is just us +individually not us as a group yes the + + align:start position:0% +individually not us as a group yes the + + + align:start position:0% +individually not us as a group yes the +values and the assumptions is + + align:start position:0% +values and the assumptions is + + + align:start position:0% +values and the assumptions is +individually tomorrow you will have the + + align:start position:0% +individually tomorrow you will have the + + + align:start position:0% +individually tomorrow you will have the +opportunity for sharing with the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +group but your + + align:start position:0% +group but your + + + align:start position:0% +group but your +it's analy your reasons for stating the + + align:start position:0% +it's analy your reasons for stating the + + + align:start position:0% +it's analy your reasons for stating the +problem in the way your group ended up + + align:start position:0% +problem in the way your group ended up + + + align:start position:0% +problem in the way your group ended up +stting you know + + align:start position:0% +stting you know + + + align:start position:0% +stting you know +I yes but if I am part of the group I + + align:start position:0% +I yes but if I am part of the group I + + + align:start position:0% +I yes but if I am part of the group I +share this the problem statement No it's + + align:start position:0% +share this the problem statement No it's + + + align:start position:0% +share this the problem statement No it's +the shared problem statement but you're + + align:start position:0% +the shared problem statement but you're + + + align:start position:0% +the shared problem statement but you're +analyzing the reasons but the reasons + + align:start position:0% +analyzing the reasons but the reasons + + + align:start position:0% +analyzing the reasons but the reasons +are my + + align:start position:0% +are my + + + align:start position:0% +are my +reasons and the assumptions are my + + align:start position:0% +reasons and the assumptions are my + + + align:start position:0% +reasons and the assumptions are my +assumptions because it's very difficult + + align:start position:0% +assumptions because it's very difficult + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions because it's very difficult +to go into the mind of the other person + + align:start position:0% +to go into the mind of the other person + + + align:start position:0% +to go into the mind of the other person +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +identify his + + align:start position:0% +identify his + + + align:start position:0% +identify his +assumptions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay it's very good exercise because + + align:start position:0% +okay it's very good exercise because + + + align:start position:0% +okay it's very good exercise because +tomorrow we will begin talking about + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow we will begin talking about + + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow we will begin talking about +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +indeed the + + align:start position:0% +indeed the + + + align:start position:0% +indeed the +first activity of tomorrow will be the + + align:start position:0% +first activity of tomorrow will be the + + + align:start position:0% +first activity of tomorrow will be the +presentation of your work so you have an + + align:start position:0% +presentation of your work so you have an + + + align:start position:0% +presentation of your work so you have an +additional + + align:start position:0% +additional + + + align:start position:0% +additional +homework to put + + align:start position:0% +homework to put + + + align:start position:0% +homework to put +this in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh in a in in word to type it in word + + align:start position:0% +uh in a in in word to type it in word + + + align:start position:0% +uh in a in in word to type it in word +some to process it to type it just to + + align:start position:0% +some to process it to type it just to + + + align:start position:0% +some to process it to type it just to +type it because in some cases a bit + + align:start position:0% +type it because in some cases a bit + + + align:start position:0% +type it because in some cases a bit +difficult to understand + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how it's organiz how the ideas are + + align:start position:0% +how it's organiz how the ideas are + + + align:start position:0% +how it's organiz how the ideas are +organized in in + + align:start position:0% +organized in in + + + align:start position:0% +organized in in +the the sheet of paper in this case it's + + align:start position:0% +the the sheet of paper in this case it's + + + align:start position:0% +the the sheet of paper in this case it's +very clear and this case is also clear + + align:start position:0% +very clear and this case is also clear + + + align:start position:0% +very clear and this case is also clear +too okay but homor question one type + + align:start position:0% +too okay but homor question one type + + + align:start position:0% +too okay but homor question one type +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +upar or is it to analyze the underly + + align:start position:0% +upar or is it to analyze the underly + + + align:start position:0% +upar or is it to analyze the underly +assumption exactly the second one to + + align:start position:0% +assumption exactly the second one to + + + align:start position:0% +assumption exactly the second one to +analyze the underlying assumptions that + + align:start position:0% +analyze the underlying assumptions that + + + align:start position:0% +analyze the underlying assumptions that +are embedded in this + + align:start position:0% +are embedded in this + + + align:start position:0% +are embedded in this +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay okay now we have five minutes + + align:start position:0% +okay okay now we have five minutes + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay now we have five minutes +for receive feedbacks from you about the + + align:start position:0% +for receive feedbacks from you about the + + + align:start position:0% +for receive feedbacks from you about the +exercise the idea is + + align:start position:0% +exercise the idea is + + + align:start position:0% +exercise the idea is +which were the main difficulties you + + align:start position:0% +which were the main difficulties you + + + align:start position:0% +which were the main difficulties you +have faced in this exercise mostly for + + align:start position:0% +have faced in this exercise mostly for + + + align:start position:0% +have faced in this exercise mostly for +the step one and the step three + + align:start position:0% +the step one and the step three + + + align:start position:0% +the step one and the step three +oh + + align:start position:0% +oh + + + align:start position:0% +oh +questions where the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions no no + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this where are the questions there at + + align:start position:0% +this where are the questions there at + + + align:start position:0% +this where are the questions there at +the bottom under your hand + + align:start position:0% +the bottom under your hand + + + align:start position:0% +the bottom under your hand +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +one yeah one and three + + align:start position:0% +one yeah one and three + + + align:start position:0% +one yeah one and three +okay what which were the main + + align:start position:0% +okay what which were the main + + + align:start position:0% +okay what which were the main +difficulties you have as group or as + + align:start position:0% +difficulties you have as group or as + + + align:start position:0% +difficulties you have as group or as +person + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay the whole problem in one + + align:start position:0% +okay the whole problem in one + + + align:start position:0% +okay the whole problem in one +sentence what CH problems problems a + + align:start position:0% +sentence what CH problems problems a + + + align:start position:0% +sentence what CH problems problems a +group yeah yes I mean it's challenging + + align:start position:0% +group yeah yes I mean it's challenging + + + align:start position:0% +group yeah yes I mean it's challenging +to synthesize even when we're on the + + align:start position:0% +to synthesize even when we're on the + + + align:start position:0% +to synthesize even when we're on the +same page the whole problem into one + + align:start position:0% +same page the whole problem into one + + + align:start position:0% +same page the whole problem into one +sentence it's it's a big problem there's + + align:start position:0% +sentence it's it's a big problem there's + + + align:start position:0% +sentence it's it's a big problem there's +a lot of comp + + align:start position:0% +a lot of comp + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of comp +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +okay to synthesize different ways + + align:start position:0% +okay to synthesize different ways + + + align:start position:0% +okay to synthesize different ways +for understanding the same problem + + align:start position:0% +for understanding the same problem + + + align:start position:0% +for understanding the same problem +because you share the same problem yeah + + align:start position:0% +because you share the same problem yeah + + + align:start position:0% +because you share the same problem yeah +but at the time to synthesize these + + align:start position:0% +but at the time to synthesize these + + + align:start position:0% +but at the time to synthesize these +different ways of expressing the problem + + align:start position:0% +different ways of expressing the problem + + + align:start position:0% +different ways of expressing the problem +it's not easy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay the other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +groups also you don't have much time to + + align:start position:0% +groups also you don't have much time to + + + align:start position:0% +groups also you don't have much time to +answer all these questions yes you could + + align:start position:0% +answer all these questions yes you could + + + align:start position:0% +answer all these questions yes you could +do it more could do more deeper + + align:start position:0% +do it more could do more deeper + + + align:start position:0% +do it more could do more deeper +understanding if you had more time so + + align:start position:0% +understanding if you had more time so + + + align:start position:0% +understanding if you had more time so +it's like it's what you can do within + + align:start position:0% +it's like it's what you can do within + + + align:start position:0% +it's like it's what you can do within +half an hour okay so it doesn't get you + + align:start position:0% +half an hour okay so it doesn't get you + + + align:start position:0% +half an hour okay so it doesn't get you +to deeper issues I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +think + + align:start position:0% +think + + + align:start position:0% +think +okay just an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +overviewer you had to to construct the + + align:start position:0% +overviewer you had to to construct the + + + align:start position:0% +overviewer you had to to construct the +the common + + align:start position:0% +the common + + + align:start position:0% +the common +idea combining the the elements that you + + align:start position:0% +idea combining the the elements that you + + + align:start position:0% +idea combining the the elements that you +had in your mind that moment not with + + align:start position:0% +had in your mind that moment not with + + + align:start position:0% +had in your mind that moment not with +without much time to to analyze them + + align:start position:0% +without much time to to analyze them + + + align:start position:0% +without much time to to analyze them +deeper okay I was I was thinking that + + align:start position:0% +deeper okay I was I was thinking that + + + align:start position:0% +deeper okay I was I was thinking that +related to Claudia's comment was if we + + align:start position:0% +related to Claudia's comment was if we + + + align:start position:0% +related to Claudia's comment was if we +had less + + align:start position:0% +had less + + + align:start position:0% +had less +questions if if we were only going to + + align:start position:0% +questions if if we were only going to + + + align:start position:0% +questions if if we were only going to +have 30 minutes if we had three + + align:start position:0% +have 30 minutes if we had three + + + align:start position:0% +have 30 minutes if we had three +questions to focus on we would have been + + align:start position:0% +questions to focus on we would have been + + + align:start position:0% +questions to focus on we would have been +able to go more in depth okay what we're + + align:start position:0% +able to go more in depth okay what we're + + + align:start position:0% +able to go more in depth okay what we're +looking for is not feedback regarding + + align:start position:0% +looking for is not feedback regarding + + + align:start position:0% +looking for is not feedback regarding +the exercise but think about your the + + align:start position:0% +the exercise but think about your the + + + align:start position:0% +the exercise but think about your the +the thinking the process that you went + + align:start position:0% +the thinking the process that you went + + + align:start position:0% +the thinking the process that you went +through and your as you were thinking + + align:start position:0% +through and your as you were thinking + + + align:start position:0% +through and your as you were thinking +through the steps one and three oh like + + align:start position:0% +through the steps one and three oh like + + + align:start position:0% +through the steps one and three oh like +the cognitive processes you went through + + align:start position:0% +the cognitive processes you went through + + + align:start position:0% +the cognitive processes you went through +what was difficult about + + align:start position:0% +what was difficult about + + + align:start position:0% +what was difficult about +that okay yeah thank + + align:start position:0% +that okay yeah thank + + + align:start position:0% +that okay yeah thank +you um I was struggling to + + align:start position:0% +you um I was struggling to + + + align:start position:0% +you um I was struggling to +find a way uh for the way for the + + align:start position:0% +find a way uh for the way for the + + + align:start position:0% +find a way uh for the way for the +problem to answer my + + align:start position:0% +problem to answer my + + + align:start position:0% +problem to answer my +questions I was looking to make sure the + + align:start position:0% +questions I was looking to make sure the + + + align:start position:0% +questions I was looking to make sure the +way we defined our problem was answering + + align:start position:0% +way we defined our problem was answering + + + align:start position:0% +way we defined our problem was answering +my questions I I I knew other people had + + align:start position:0% +my questions I I I knew other people had + + + align:start position:0% +my questions I I I knew other people had +had other sets of questions but as long + + align:start position:0% +had other sets of questions but as long + + + align:start position:0% +had other sets of questions but as long +as it was good enough what kind of + + align:start position:0% +as it was good enough what kind of + + + align:start position:0% +as it was good enough what kind of +questions do you um you know we have + + align:start position:0% +questions do you um you know we have + + + align:start position:0% +questions do you um you know we have +slightly different you know maybe uh in + + align:start position:0% +slightly different you know maybe uh in + + + align:start position:0% +slightly different you know maybe uh in +our situation we're looking at different + + align:start position:0% +our situation we're looking at different + + + align:start position:0% +our situation we're looking at different +ways of of participating in + + align:start position:0% +ways of of participating in + + + align:start position:0% +ways of of participating in +society you know maybe I was looking at + + align:start position:0% +society you know maybe I was looking at + + + align:start position:0% +society you know maybe I was looking at +it from the more political versus other + + align:start position:0% +it from the more political versus other + + + align:start position:0% +it from the more political versus other +ways of participating in society and so + + align:start position:0% +ways of participating in society and so + + + align:start position:0% +ways of participating in society and so +in the way we discussed it I was I was + + align:start position:0% +in the way we discussed it I was I was + + + align:start position:0% +in the way we discussed it I was I was +looking for you know the way we defined + + align:start position:0% +looking for you know the way we defined + + + align:start position:0% +looking for you know the way we defined +our problem as long as it + + align:start position:0% +our problem as long as it + + + align:start position:0% +our problem as long as it +I could see political stuff in there I + + align:start position:0% +I could see political stuff in there I + + + align:start position:0% +I could see political stuff in there I +wish that was that that was the the the + + align:start position:0% +wish that was that that was the the the + + + align:start position:0% +wish that was that that was the the the +what I was trying to do like does that + + align:start position:0% +what I was trying to do like does that + + + align:start position:0% +what I was trying to do like does that +can I fit my issue into + + align:start position:0% +can I fit my issue into + + + align:start position:0% +can I fit my issue into +that can I fit my issue into that can I + + align:start position:0% +that can I fit my issue into that can I + + + align:start position:0% +that can I fit my issue into that can I +my take issue out of that or your + + align:start position:0% +my take issue out of that or your + + + align:start position:0% +my take issue out of that or your +assumptions your assumptions exactly + + align:start position:0% +assumptions your assumptions exactly + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions your assumptions exactly +will it represent the way I'm seeing the + + align:start position:0% +will it represent the way I'm seeing the + + + align:start position:0% +will it represent the way I'm seeing the +problem or his values he's bringing to + + align:start position:0% +problem or his values he's bringing to + + + align:start position:0% +problem or his values he's bringing to +the discussion no or his concerns no my + + align:start position:0% +the discussion no or his concerns no my + + + align:start position:0% +the discussion no or his concerns no my +concern okay okay thank you very much J + + align:start position:0% +concern okay okay thank you very much J + + + align:start position:0% +concern okay okay thank you very much J +after the no it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay I just wanted to make a brief + + align:start position:0% +okay I just wanted to make a brief + + + align:start position:0% +okay I just wanted to make a brief +comment looking around I haven't heard + + align:start position:0% +comment looking around I haven't heard + + + align:start position:0% +comment looking around I haven't heard +any presentations but just looking at + + align:start position:0% +any presentations but just looking at + + + align:start position:0% +any presentations but just looking at +these sheets of paper how you know + + align:start position:0% +these sheets of paper how you know + + + align:start position:0% +these sheets of paper how you know +there's what 10 12 people in here and we + + align:start position:0% +there's what 10 12 people in here and we + + + align:start position:0% +there's what 10 12 people in here and we +all think that we have very very + + align:start position:0% +all think that we have very very + + + align:start position:0% +all think that we have very very +different ideas of problem but there's + + align:start position:0% +different ideas of problem but there's + + + align:start position:0% +different ideas of problem but there's +actually a lot of similarity I think in + + align:start position:0% +actually a lot of similarity I think in + + + align:start position:0% +actually a lot of similarity I think in +underlying all the assumptions I think + + align:start position:0% +underlying all the assumptions I think + + + align:start position:0% +underlying all the assumptions I think +that's a really interesting thing for us + + align:start position:0% +that's a really interesting thing for us + + + align:start position:0% +that's a really interesting thing for us +to start talking about in the next day + + align:start position:0% +to start talking about in the next day + + + align:start position:0% +to start talking about in the next day +just how similar our conception of the + + align:start position:0% +just how similar our conception of the + + + align:start position:0% +just how similar our conception of the +problem is and how similar our + + align:start position:0% +problem is and how similar our + + + align:start position:0% +problem is and how similar our +assumptions are because we have very + + align:start position:0% +assumptions are because we have very + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions are because we have very +similar shared backgrounds in terms of + + align:start position:0% +similar shared backgrounds in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +similar shared backgrounds in terms of +Education um and how different this + + align:start position:0% +Education um and how different this + + + align:start position:0% +Education um and how different this +exercise would have been if we had gone + + align:start position:0% +exercise would have been if we had gone + + + align:start position:0% +exercise would have been if we had gone +to a negotiating table with the + + align:start position:0% +to a negotiating table with the + + + align:start position:0% +to a negotiating table with the +different parties involved and ask them + + align:start position:0% +different parties involved and ask them + + + align:start position:0% +different parties involved and ask them +to do this process I think we would have + + align:start position:0% +to do this process I think we would have + + + align:start position:0% +to do this process I think we would have +come up with entirely different uh + + align:start position:0% +come up with entirely different uh + + + align:start position:0% +come up with entirely different uh +problem statements and assumptions I + + align:start position:0% +problem statements and assumptions I + + + align:start position:0% +problem statements and assumptions I +think it's really interesting + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes + + align:start position:0% +yes + + + align:start position:0% +yes +it's it's cor government Le I think I + + align:start position:0% +it's it's cor government Le I think I + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's cor government Le I think I +was um you know in my thinking process I + + align:start position:0% +was um you know in my thinking process I + + + align:start position:0% +was um you know in my thinking process I +was struggling with what I think about + + align:start position:0% +was struggling with what I think about + + + align:start position:0% +was struggling with what I think about +power and the whole issue + + align:start position:0% +power and the whole issue + + + align:start position:0% +power and the whole issue +around who has power who doesn't have + + align:start position:0% +around who has power who doesn't have + + + align:start position:0% +around who has power who doesn't have +power and then what is power and + + align:start position:0% +power and then what is power and + + + align:start position:0% +power and then what is power and +um and then I was put in the context of + + align:start position:0% +um and then I was put in the context of + + + align:start position:0% +um and then I was put in the context of +thinking about what organizing mean as + + align:start position:0% +thinking about what organizing mean as + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about what organizing mean as +relates to how it impacts power um and + + align:start position:0% +relates to how it impacts power um and + + + align:start position:0% +relates to how it impacts power um and +so what helped me to sort of get through + + align:start position:0% +so what helped me to sort of get through + + + align:start position:0% +so what helped me to sort of get through +that process + + align:start position:0% +that process + + + align:start position:0% +that process +um Renee Renee began to sort of probe + + align:start position:0% +um Renee Renee began to sort of probe + + + align:start position:0% +um Renee Renee began to sort of probe +questions around um you know politics + + align:start position:0% +questions around um you know politics + + + align:start position:0% +questions around um you know politics +and you know the value of politics and + + align:start position:0% +and you know the value of politics and + + + align:start position:0% +and you know the value of politics and +how people participate in in the + + align:start position:0% +how people participate in in the + + + align:start position:0% +how people participate in in the +political process and and then I I think + + align:start position:0% +political process and and then I I think + + + align:start position:0% +political process and and then I I think +I went completely away from the group + + align:start position:0% +I went completely away from the group + + + align:start position:0% +I went completely away from the group +and jumped back some 15 years ago um and + + align:start position:0% +and jumped back some 15 years ago um and + + + align:start position:0% +and jumped back some 15 years ago um and +pulled on an experience I had in Harlem + + align:start position:0% +pulled on an experience I had in Harlem + + + align:start position:0% +pulled on an experience I had in Harlem +when the empowerment Zone was being + + align:start position:0% +when the empowerment Zone was being + + + align:start position:0% +when the empowerment Zone was being +constructed and all of the the community + + align:start position:0% +constructed and all of the the community + + + align:start position:0% +constructed and all of the the community +um discontent that erupted as related to + + align:start position:0% +um discontent that erupted as related to + + + align:start position:0% +um discontent that erupted as related to +that um and that helped me to really + + align:start position:0% +that um and that helped me to really + + + align:start position:0% +that um and that helped me to really +think through again come back to present + + align:start position:0% +think through again come back to present + + + align:start position:0% +think through again come back to present +day time and think + + align:start position:0% +day time and think + + + align:start position:0% +day time and think +about what it means to have a community + + align:start position:0% +about what it means to have a community + + + align:start position:0% +about what it means to have a community +absent from the table when a huge + + align:start position:0% +absent from the table when a huge + + + align:start position:0% +absent from the table when a huge +development plan is putting being put + + align:start position:0% +development plan is putting being put + + + align:start position:0% +development plan is putting being put +forth is going to impact that community + + align:start position:0% +forth is going to impact that community + + + align:start position:0% +forth is going to impact that community +so anyway it was like a I was thinking + + align:start position:0% +so anyway it was like a I was thinking + + + align:start position:0% +so anyway it was like a I was thinking +in the presid and past and then getting + + align:start position:0% +in the presid and past and then getting + + + align:start position:0% +in the presid and past and then getting +stuck on Words and um so I guess some of + + align:start position:0% +stuck on Words and um so I guess some of + + + align:start position:0% +stuck on Words and um so I guess some of +it was my tastic knowledge and just + + align:start position:0% +it was my tastic knowledge and just + + + align:start position:0% +it was my tastic knowledge and just +being able to explicitly State what it + + align:start position:0% +being able to explicitly State what it + + + align:start position:0% +being able to explicitly State what it +was I knew from my experience in the + + align:start position:0% +was I knew from my experience in the + + + align:start position:0% +was I knew from my experience in the +past and trying to draw on that yes we + + align:start position:0% +past and trying to draw on that yes we + + + align:start position:0% +past and trying to draw on that yes we +always make analogies no when we are + + align:start position:0% +always make analogies no when we are + + + align:start position:0% +always make analogies no when we are +framing we always use some other figure + + align:start position:0% +framing we always use some other figure + + + align:start position:0% +framing we always use some other figure +to to compare no okay okay our time is + + align:start position:0% +to to compare no okay okay our time is + + + align:start position:0% +to to compare no okay okay our time is +over we will begin tomorrow presenting + + align:start position:0% +over we will begin tomorrow presenting + + + align:start position:0% +over we will begin tomorrow presenting +this and we will enter to the process of + + align:start position:0% +this and we will enter to the process of + + + align:start position:0% +this and we will enter to the process of +discovering + + align:start position:0% +discovering + + + align:start position:0% +discovering +assumptions okay do you remember the + + align:start position:0% +assumptions okay do you remember the + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions okay do you remember the +exercise we made about reframing when we + + align:start position:0% +exercise we made about reframing when we + + + align:start position:0% +exercise we made about reframing when we +try to discover assumptions tomorrow we + + align:start position:0% +try to discover assumptions tomorrow we + + + align:start position:0% +try to discover assumptions tomorrow we +we work on that and the third day + + align:start position:0% +we work on that and the third day + + + align:start position:0% +we work on that and the third day +reframing okay thank you very much thank + + align:start position:0% +reframing okay thank you very much thank + + + align:start position:0% +reframing okay thank you very much thank +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/N61p2aoPPVs.txt b/N61p2aoPPVs.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b0ec24a0fcc0d025a9e77f49ab6fac2f944df0a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/N61p2aoPPVs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5612 @@ +align:start position:0% + +all right um so we had um quite a bit of + + align:start position:0% +all right um so we had um quite a bit of + + + align:start position:0% +all right um so we had um quite a bit of +reading today um chapter one of and + + align:start position:0% +reading today um chapter one of and + + + align:start position:0% +reading today um chapter one of and +we're going to start with uh Baker + + align:start position:0% +we're going to start with uh Baker + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to start with uh Baker +introduction to Old English and move on + + align:start position:0% +introduction to Old English and move on + + + align:start position:0% +introduction to Old English and move on +to um the little the little bit of + + align:start position:0% +to um the little the little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +to um the little the little bit of +reading that you had um in Mitchell and + + align:start position:0% +reading that you had um in Mitchell and + + + align:start position:0% +reading that you had um in Mitchell and +Robinson um so chapter one on + + align:start position:0% +Robinson um so chapter one on + + + align:start position:0% +Robinson um so chapter one on +um the Anglo-Saxons and their language + + align:start position:0% +um the Anglo-Saxons and their language + + + align:start position:0% +um the Anglo-Saxons and their language +this mostly goes into uh mostly just + + align:start position:0% +this mostly goes into uh mostly just + + + align:start position:0% +this mostly goes into uh mostly just +went into quite a bit more depth um of + + align:start position:0% +went into quite a bit more depth um of + + + align:start position:0% +went into quite a bit more depth um of +my uh a deeper version of my very quick + + align:start position:0% +my uh a deeper version of my very quick + + + align:start position:0% +my uh a deeper version of my very quick +snapshot um uh micro history lesson from + + align:start position:0% +snapshot um uh micro history lesson from + + + align:start position:0% +snapshot um uh micro history lesson from +um from the first day of class um any + + align:start position:0% +um from the first day of class um any + + + align:start position:0% +um from the first day of class um any +questions about chapter one about + + align:start position:0% +questions about chapter one about + + + align:start position:0% +questions about chapter one about +introduction to Old English uh Baker + + align:start position:0% +introduction to Old English uh Baker + + + align:start position:0% +introduction to Old English uh Baker +chapter + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah go ahead so I was kind of confused + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +between I think in general some of + + align:start position:0% +between I think in general some of + + + align:start position:0% +between I think in general some of +the the cases they mentioned + + align:start position:0% +the the cases they mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +the the cases they mentioned +like for the instrumental case oh that's + + align:start position:0% +like for the instrumental case oh that's + + + align:start position:0% +like for the instrumental case oh that's +not in chapter one oh chapter one it was + + align:start position:0% +not in chapter one oh chapter one it was + + + align:start position:0% +not in chapter one oh chapter one it was +just the history we're we're going + + align:start position:0% +just the history we're we're going + + + align:start position:0% +just the history we're we're going +through in order so everybody please + + align:start position:0% +through in order so everybody please + + + align:start position:0% +through in order so everybody please +take out their Baker textbook because + + align:start position:0% +take out their Baker textbook because + + + align:start position:0% +take out their Baker textbook because +this is uh we need this um whether you + + align:start position:0% +this is uh we need this um whether you + + + align:start position:0% +this is uh we need this um whether you +have an the the the opening files from + + align:start position:0% +have an the the the opening files from + + + align:start position:0% +have an the the the opening files from +on canvas or um soon the soon the book + + align:start position:0% +on canvas or um soon the soon the book + + + align:start position:0% +on canvas or um soon the soon the book +itself um all right so uh chapter one + + align:start position:0% +itself um all right so uh chapter one + + + align:start position:0% +itself um all right so uh chapter one +was just the the history um chapter two + + align:start position:0% +was just the the history um chapter two + + + align:start position:0% +was just the the history um chapter two +pronunciation + + align:start position:0% +pronunciation + + + align:start position:0% +pronunciation +um so I'm going to go through the kind + + align:start position:0% +um so I'm going to go through the kind + + + align:start position:0% +um so I'm going to go through the kind +of greatest hits of this um of this + + align:start position:0% +of greatest hits of this um of this + + + align:start position:0% +of greatest hits of this um of this +chapter um and we'll end chapters three + + align:start position:0% +chapter um and we'll end chapters three + + + align:start position:0% +chapter um and we'll end chapters three +and four and then we will um we will uh + + align:start position:0% +and four and then we will um we will uh + + + align:start position:0% +and four and then we will um we will uh +I'll take questions as they um as they + + align:start position:0% +I'll take questions as they um as they + + + align:start position:0% +I'll take questions as they um as they +arise um so one of the things uh one of + + align:start position:0% +arise um so one of the things uh one of + + + align:start position:0% +arise um so one of the things uh one of +the most important things on page 12 um + + align:start position:0% +the most important things on page 12 um + + + align:start position:0% +the most important things on page 12 um +is that length vowel length is important + + align:start position:0% +is that length vowel length is important + + + align:start position:0% +is that length vowel length is important +in pronunciation um so when you + + align:start position:0% +in pronunciation um so when you + + + align:start position:0% +in pronunciation um so when you +see this this long Mark over the E of + + align:start position:0% +see this this long Mark over the E of + + + align:start position:0% +see this this long Mark over the E of +hey you really actually hold it hey as + + align:start position:0% +hey you really actually hold it hey as + + + align:start position:0% +hey you really actually hold it hey as +in um as uh longer than if it did not + + align:start position:0% +in um as uh longer than if it did not + + + align:start position:0% +in um as uh longer than if it did not +have that long Mark um so listen to + + align:start position:0% +have that long Mark um so listen to + + + align:start position:0% +have that long Mark um so listen to +yourself they they they give a good + + align:start position:0% +yourself they they they give a good + + + align:start position:0% +yourself they they they give a good +example um um in the parenthetical on + + align:start position:0% +example um um in the parenthetical on + + + align:start position:0% +example um um in the parenthetical on +page 12 listen to yourself as you + + align:start position:0% +page 12 listen to yourself as you + + + align:start position:0% +page 12 listen to yourself as you +pronounce beat and bead um we naturally + + align:start position:0% +pronounce beat and bead um we naturally + + + align:start position:0% +pronounce beat and bead um we naturally +hold the E longer when we say bead + + align:start position:0% +hold the E longer when we say bead + + + align:start position:0% +hold the E longer when we say bead +versus beat and that's a that's the kind + + align:start position:0% +versus beat and that's a that's the kind + + + align:start position:0% +versus beat and that's a that's the kind +of difference um in length that you're + + align:start position:0% +of difference um in length that you're + + + align:start position:0% +of difference um in length that you're +going to want to observe um when you um + + align:start position:0% +going to want to observe um when you um + + + align:start position:0% +going to want to observe um when you um +say uh a long vow versus a short vowel + + align:start position:0% +say uh a long vow versus a short vowel + + + align:start position:0% +say uh a long vow versus a short vowel +um in Old + + align:start position:0% +um in Old + + + align:start position:0% +um in Old +English vowels in Old English Old + + align:start position:0% +English vowels in Old English Old + + + align:start position:0% +English vowels in Old English Old +English has seven vowels functionally it + + align:start position:0% +English has seven vowels functionally it + + + align:start position:0% +English has seven vowels functionally it +has the five that we're aware of plus + + align:start position:0% +has the five that we're aware of plus + + + align:start position:0% +has the five that we're aware of plus +Ash and Y um and they are pronounced I'm + + align:start position:0% +Ash and Y um and they are pronounced I'm + + + align:start position:0% +Ash and Y um and they are pronounced I'm +going down the list here on page 13 a a + + align:start position:0% +going down the list here on page 13 a a + + + align:start position:0% +going down the list here on page 13 a a +a e o o e so the only the only hard um + + align:start position:0% +a e o o e so the only the only hard um + + + align:start position:0% +a e o o e so the only the only hard um +or the only nonmodern English sound of + + align:start position:0% +or the only nonmodern English sound of + + + align:start position:0% +or the only nonmodern English sound of +those is the last one the Y which is + + align:start position:0% +those is the last one the Y which is + + + align:start position:0% +those is the last one the Y which is +pronounced U as if you're um as if + + align:start position:0% +pronounced U as if you're um as if + + + align:start position:0% +pronounced U as if you're um as if +you're uh saying to or um or dur um so + + align:start position:0% +you're uh saying to or um or dur um so + + + align:start position:0% +you're uh saying to or um or dur um so +Kink not Kink Kink King brood bride um + + align:start position:0% +Kink not Kink Kink King brood bride um + + + align:start position:0% +Kink not Kink Kink King brood bride um +the other most important thing about + + align:start position:0% +the other most important thing about + + + align:start position:0% +the other most important thing about +these vowels is the ash that AE ligature + + align:start position:0% +these vowels is the ash that AE ligature + + + align:start position:0% +these vowels is the ash that AE ligature +which when I write it on the board + + align:start position:0% +which when I write it on the board + + + align:start position:0% +which when I write it on the board +um I'll write like that um this this + + align:start position:0% +um I'll write like that um this this + + + align:start position:0% +um I'll write like that um this this +vowel is always pronounced a as in cat + + align:start position:0% +vowel is always pronounced a as in cat + + + align:start position:0% +vowel is always pronounced a as in cat +um make sure to to to to pronounce it + + align:start position:0% +um make sure to to to to pronounce it + + + align:start position:0% +um make sure to to to to pronounce it +that way even when it's hard to do so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +soat that first word of that first email + + align:start position:0% +soat that first word of that first email + + + align:start position:0% +soat that first word of that first email +I sent you at the beginning of of uh of + + align:start position:0% +I sent you at the beginning of of uh of + + + align:start position:0% +I sent you at the beginning of of uh of +the semester that becomes Modern + + align:start position:0% +the semester that becomes Modern + + + align:start position:0% +the semester that becomes Modern +English what um what is not that hard to + + align:start position:0% +English what um what is not that hard to + + + align:start position:0% +English what um what is not that hard to +say where however the the Old English + + align:start position:0% +say where however the the Old English + + + align:start position:0% +say where however the the Old English +word for where is hard to + + align:start position:0% +word for where is hard to + + + align:start position:0% +word for where is hard to +say um but still stay with me in + + align:start position:0% +say um but still stay with me in + + + align:start position:0% +say um but still stay with me in +duckland ah a a quack quack quack even + + align:start position:0% +duckland ah a a quack quack quack even + + + align:start position:0% +duckland ah a a quack quack quack even +when it's hard um all + + align:start position:0% +when it's hard um all + + + align:start position:0% +when it's hard um all +right um you don't need to worry about + + align:start position:0% +right um you don't need to worry about + + + align:start position:0% +right um you don't need to worry about +ie that last um that last of those + + align:start position:0% +ie that last um that last of those + + + align:start position:0% +ie that last um that last of those +vowels um on page + + align:start position:0% +vowels um on page + + + align:start position:0% +vowels um on page +13 um one last thing at the bottom of + + align:start position:0% +13 um one last thing at the bottom of + + + align:start position:0% +13 um one last thing at the bottom of +page 13 and it's hard to it's hard to do + + align:start position:0% +page 13 and it's hard to it's hard to do + + + align:start position:0% +page 13 and it's hard to it's hard to do +because our Modern English um + + align:start position:0% +because our Modern English um + + + align:start position:0% +because our Modern English um +inclination to uh not pronounce final + + align:start position:0% +inclination to uh not pronounce final + + + align:start position:0% +inclination to uh not pronounce final +vowels precisely final unex counted + + align:start position:0% +vowels precisely final unex counted + + + align:start position:0% +vowels precisely final unex counted +vowels precisely is so strong um we tend + + align:start position:0% +vowels precisely is so strong um we tend + + + align:start position:0% +vowels precisely is so strong um we tend +to reduce everything to awah that sort + + align:start position:0% +to reduce everything to awah that sort + + + align:start position:0% +to reduce everything to awah that sort +of neutral uh sound um but it is + + align:start position:0% +of neutral uh sound um but it is + + + align:start position:0% +of neutral uh sound um but it is +important because in Old English that + + align:start position:0% +important because in Old English that + + + align:start position:0% +important because in Old English that +dative singular kuning ends in an E + + align:start position:0% +dative singular kuning ends in an E + + + align:start position:0% +dative singular kuning ends in an E +versus genitive plural kuning GA right + + align:start position:0% +versus genitive plural kuning GA right + + + align:start position:0% +versus genitive plural kuning GA right +that last vowel that is the only way to + + align:start position:0% +that last vowel that is the only way to + + + align:start position:0% +that last vowel that is the only way to +distinguish the those two different + + align:start position:0% +distinguish the those two different + + + align:start position:0% +distinguish the those two different +versions of that word so just when + + align:start position:0% +versions of that word so just when + + + align:start position:0% +versions of that word so just when +you're when you're reading out loud try + + align:start position:0% +you're when you're reading out loud try + + + align:start position:0% +you're when you're reading out loud try +to try to distinguish those um those + + align:start position:0% +to try to distinguish those um those + + + align:start position:0% +to try to distinguish those um those +vowels at the ends of words um D thongs + + align:start position:0% +vowels at the ends of words um D thongs + + + align:start position:0% +vowels at the ends of words um D thongs +on page + + align:start position:0% +on page + + + align:start position:0% +on page + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +um the most important thing to remember + + align:start position:0% +um the most important thing to remember + + + align:start position:0% +um the most important thing to remember +here is to really say these as one + + align:start position:0% +here is to really say these as one + + + align:start position:0% +here is to really say these as one +syllable not two syllables so be wolf + + align:start position:0% +syllable not two syllables so be wolf + + + align:start position:0% +syllable not two syllables so be wolf +that EO of be wolf um that should be a + + align:start position:0% +that EO of be wolf um that should be a + + + align:start position:0% +that EO of be wolf um that should be a +it's the the name is two syllables be + + align:start position:0% +it's the the name is two syllables be + + + align:start position:0% +it's the the name is two syllables be +wolf right um the EA um + + align:start position:0% +wolf right um the EA um + + + align:start position:0% +wolf right um the EA um +represents a d thong that started with a + + align:start position:0% +represents a d thong that started with a + + + align:start position:0% +represents a d thong that started with a +and glided to a um this is hard to do in + + align:start position:0% +and glided to a um this is hard to do in + + + align:start position:0% +and glided to a um this is hard to do in +Modern English there's a reason that we + + align:start position:0% +Modern English there's a reason that we + + + align:start position:0% +Modern English there's a reason that we +don't pronounce words like this anymore + + align:start position:0% +don't pronounce words like this anymore + + + align:start position:0% +don't pronounce words like this anymore +um but that word Fon rad um I was taught + + align:start position:0% +um but that word Fon rad um I was taught + + + align:start position:0% +um but that word Fon rad um I was taught +to pronounce it sort of EA rather than + + align:start position:0% +to pronounce it sort of EA rather than + + + align:start position:0% +to pronounce it sort of EA rather than +Ash a ea is a lot easier to say frankly + + align:start position:0% +Ash a ea is a lot easier to say frankly + + + align:start position:0% +Ash a ea is a lot easier to say frankly +um but try the ash a and see if you can + + align:start position:0% +um but try the ash a and see if you can + + + align:start position:0% +um but try the ash a and see if you can +get it into your um get it into your + + align:start position:0% +get it into your um get it into your + + + align:start position:0% +get it into your um get it into your +into your voice um so Fon R um + + align:start position:0% +into your voice um so Fon R um + + + align:start position:0% +into your voice um so Fon R um +rad yeah Tara top of + + align:start position:0% +rad yeah Tara top of + + + align:start position:0% +rad yeah Tara top of + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +um all + + align:start position:0% +um all + + + align:start position:0% +um all +right any questions about + + align:start position:0% +right any questions about + + + align:start position:0% +right any questions about +vowels or diff + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thongs all right consonants I'm not + + align:start position:0% +thongs all right consonants I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +thongs all right consonants I'm not +going to go over all of these + + align:start position:0% +going to go over all of these + + + align:start position:0% +going to go over all of these +um uh in detail the most important thing + + align:start position:0% +um uh in detail the most important thing + + + align:start position:0% +um uh in detail the most important thing +to remember is just that there are no + + align:start position:0% +to remember is just that there are no + + + align:start position:0% +to remember is just that there are no +silent consonants so if it's there on + + align:start position:0% +silent consonants so if it's there on + + + align:start position:0% +silent consonants so if it's there on +the page uh say the say the letter um + + align:start position:0% +the page uh say the say the letter um + + + align:start position:0% +the page uh say the say the letter um +let's see uh I think the most + + align:start position:0% +let's see uh I think the most + + + align:start position:0% +let's see uh I think the most +challenging ones and we'll get to these + + align:start position:0% +challenging ones and we'll get to these + + + align:start position:0% +challenging ones and we'll get to these +um in a little bit the most challenging + + align:start position:0% +um in a little bit the most challenging + + + align:start position:0% +um in a little bit the most challenging +ones are the C and the g just because + + align:start position:0% +ones are the C and the g just because + + + align:start position:0% +ones are the C and the g just because +they have a they have such a range of + + align:start position:0% +they have a they have such a range of + + + align:start position:0% +they have a they have such a range of +pronunciation um C this is number six on + + align:start position:0% +pronunciation um C this is number six on + + + align:start position:0% +pronunciation um C this is number six on +page 15 um C uh is pronounced C when it + + align:start position:0% +page 15 um C uh is pronounced C when it + + + align:start position:0% +page 15 um C uh is pronounced C when it +has no Little Dot over it and CH if it + + align:start position:0% +has no Little Dot over it and CH if it + + + align:start position:0% +has no Little Dot over it and CH if it +does um but it's never pronounced s all + + align:start position:0% +does um but it's never pronounced s all + + + align:start position:0% +does um but it's never pronounced s all +right um G is trickier um so G has has + + align:start position:0% +right um G is trickier um so G has has + + + align:start position:0% +right um G is trickier um so G has has +several options dotless G is pronounced + + align:start position:0% +several options dotless G is pronounced + + + align:start position:0% +several options dotless G is pronounced +G as you would expect when it comes at + + align:start position:0% +G as you would expect when it comes at + + + align:start position:0% +G as you would expect when it comes at +the beginning of a word or a syllable um + + align:start position:0% +the beginning of a word or a syllable um + + + align:start position:0% +the beginning of a word or a syllable um +between voiceless sounds dotless G is + + align:start position:0% +between voiceless sounds dotless G is + + + align:start position:0% +between voiceless sounds dotless G is +pronounced G um so like + + align:start position:0% +pronounced G um so like + + + align:start position:0% +pronounced G um so like +dogos + + align:start position:0% +dogos + + + align:start position:0% +dogos +you just kind of um this G you just sort + + align:start position:0% +you just kind of um this G you just sort + + + align:start position:0% +you just kind of um this G you just sort +of s sort of swallow it so instead of + + align:start position:0% +of s sort of swallow it so instead of + + + align:start position:0% +of s sort of swallow it so instead of +Doos it's like dogos um everyone try + + align:start position:0% +Doos it's like dogos um everyone try + + + align:start position:0% +Doos it's like dogos um everyone try +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +dogos dogos yeah okay we'll get practice + + align:start position:0% +dogos dogos yeah okay we'll get practice + + + align:start position:0% +dogos dogos yeah okay we'll get practice +um later on CG is pronounced J um soge + + align:start position:0% +um later on CG is pronounced J um soge + + + align:start position:0% +um later on CG is pronounced J um soge +Bridge Edge number eight there um and H + + align:start position:0% +Bridge Edge number eight there um and H + + + align:start position:0% +Bridge Edge number eight there um and H +is always H at the beginning but it it + + align:start position:0% +is always H at the beginning but it it + + + align:start position:0% +is always H at the beginning but it it +all at the end it has has that H sound + + align:start position:0% +all at the end it has has that H sound + + + align:start position:0% +all at the end it has has that H sound +so ni + + align:start position:0% +so ni + + + align:start position:0% +so ni +um DW for d for + + align:start position:0% +um DW for d for + + + align:start position:0% +um DW for d for +dwarf + + align:start position:0% +dwarf + + + align:start position:0% +dwarf +um and SC is usually pronounced sh so + + align:start position:0% +um and SC is usually pronounced sh so + + + align:start position:0% +um and SC is usually pronounced sh so +what looks like skip is actually ship um + + align:start position:0% +what looks like skip is actually ship um + + + align:start position:0% +what looks like skip is actually ship um +what looks like ask is actually Ash um + + align:start position:0% +what looks like ask is actually Ash um + + + align:start position:0% +what looks like ask is actually Ash um +ran um there are a few um there are a + + align:start position:0% +ran um there are a few um there are a + + + align:start position:0% +ran um there are a few um there are a +few exceptions to this but that's that's + + align:start position:0% +few exceptions to this but that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +few exceptions to this but that's that's +pretty + + align:start position:0% +pretty + + + align:start position:0% +pretty +that's pretty um pretty safe um any + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty um pretty safe um any + + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty um pretty safe um any +questions on these we'll get practi as + + align:start position:0% +questions on these we'll get practi as + + + align:start position:0% +questions on these we'll get practi as +we all read aloud together oh by the way + + align:start position:0% +we all read aloud together oh by the way + + + align:start position:0% +we all read aloud together oh by the way +I did put up a a a video of me reading + + align:start position:0% +I did put up a a a video of me reading + + + align:start position:0% +I did put up a a a video of me reading +the old English Rune poem on canvas so + + align:start position:0% +the old English Rune poem on canvas so + + + align:start position:0% +the old English Rune poem on canvas so +if you haven't checked that out um it's + + align:start position:0% +if you haven't checked that out um it's + + + align:start position:0% +if you haven't checked that out um it's +a good way to to just get the the sound + + align:start position:0% +a good way to to just get the the sound + + + align:start position:0% +a good way to to just get the the sound +of Old English in your ears um as you're + + align:start position:0% +of Old English in your ears um as you're + + + align:start position:0% +of Old English in your ears um as you're +as you're working at + + align:start position:0% +as you're working at + + + align:start position:0% +as you're working at +home um all right so more about vowels + + align:start position:0% +home um all right so more about vowels + + + align:start position:0% +home um all right so more about vowels +now uh 2.2 at the bottom of page 16 + + align:start position:0% +now uh 2.2 at the bottom of page 16 + + + align:start position:0% +now uh 2.2 at the bottom of page 16 +leading into 177 um IM mutation on page + + align:start position:0% +leading into 177 um IM mutation on page + + + align:start position:0% +leading into 177 um IM mutation on page +17 IM mutation is a shift in the quality + + align:start position:0% +17 IM mutation is a shift in the quality + + + align:start position:0% +17 IM mutation is a shift in the quality +of a vowel so it's pronounced with the + + align:start position:0% +of a vowel so it's pronounced with the + + + align:start position:0% +of a vowel so it's pronounced with the +tongue higher and farther forward than + + align:start position:0% +tongue higher and farther forward than + + + align:start position:0% +tongue higher and farther forward than +usual um and there's actually a an + + align:start position:0% +usual um and there's actually a an + + + align:start position:0% +usual um and there's actually a an +useful diagram on pages uh in in + + align:start position:0% +useful diagram on pages uh in in + + + align:start position:0% +useful diagram on pages uh in in +Mitchell and Robinson um on page 22 of + + align:start position:0% +Mitchell and Robinson um on page 22 of + + + align:start position:0% +Mitchell and Robinson um on page 22 of +Mitchell and Robinson um it has a kind + + align:start position:0% +Mitchell and Robinson um it has a kind + + + align:start position:0% +Mitchell and Robinson um it has a kind +of a diagram of the of the + + align:start position:0% +of a diagram of the of the + + + align:start position:0% +of a diagram of the of the +um of of where in the mouth the tongue + + align:start position:0% +um of of where in the mouth the tongue + + + align:start position:0% +um of of where in the mouth the tongue +is located when these vowels are + + align:start position:0% +is located when these vowels are + + + align:start position:0% +is located when these vowels are +pronounced it's you know you might find + + align:start position:0% +pronounced it's you know you might find + + + align:start position:0% +pronounced it's you know you might find +it useful what's what's what's nice + + align:start position:0% +it useful what's what's what's nice + + + align:start position:0% +it useful what's what's what's nice +about table 2.1 is that it gives you the + + align:start position:0% +about table 2.1 is that it gives you the + + + align:start position:0% +about table 2.1 is that it gives you the +kind of key for how unmutated vowels + + align:start position:0% +kind of key for how unmutated vowels + + + align:start position:0% +kind of key for how unmutated vowels +become mutated vowels um you do not need + + align:start position:0% +become mutated vowels um you do not need + + + align:start position:0% +become mutated vowels um you do not need +to memorize this table it will never + + align:start position:0% +to memorize this table it will never + + + align:start position:0% +to memorize this table it will never +show up on a quiz but I do encourage you + + align:start position:0% +show up on a quiz but I do encourage you + + + align:start position:0% +show up on a quiz but I do encourage you +to sort of practice making those sounds + + align:start position:0% +to sort of practice making those sounds + + + align:start position:0% +to sort of practice making those sounds +those those uh shifts from a to a a to a + + align:start position:0% +those those uh shifts from a to a a to a + + + align:start position:0% +those those uh shifts from a to a a to a +a to e o to a u to e the reason for + + align:start position:0% +a to e o to a u to e the reason for + + + align:start position:0% +a to e o to a u to e the reason for +doing that is because it will help you + + align:start position:0% +doing that is because it will help you + + + align:start position:0% +doing that is because it will help you +recognize a lot of + + align:start position:0% +recognize a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +recognize a lot of +irregular Old English nouns take IM + + align:start position:0% +irregular Old English nouns take IM + + + align:start position:0% +irregular Old English nouns take IM +mutation in the plural this is how we go + + align:start position:0% +mutation in the plural this is how we go + + + align:start position:0% +mutation in the plural this is how we go +from Mouse to mice Goose to geese that's + + align:start position:0% +from Mouse to mice Goose to geese that's + + + align:start position:0% +from Mouse to mice Goose to geese that's +the that's the that's the um that's the + + align:start position:0% +the that's the that's the um that's the + + + align:start position:0% +the that's the that's the um that's the +process and you can see Goose that o + + align:start position:0% +process and you can see Goose that o + + + align:start position:0% +process and you can see Goose that o +becomes e anyway um don't need to worry + + align:start position:0% +becomes e anyway um don't need to worry + + + align:start position:0% +becomes e anyway um don't need to worry +about it too much right now though um + + align:start position:0% +about it too much right now though um + + + align:start position:0% +about it too much right now though um +one little point I will note on page 18 + + align:start position:0% +one little point I will note on page 18 + + + align:start position:0% +one little point I will note on page 18 +though is that some Modern English words + + align:start position:0% +though is that some Modern English words + + + align:start position:0% +though is that some Modern English words +um uh have the the the way that IM + + align:start position:0% +um uh have the the the way that IM + + + align:start position:0% +um uh have the the the way that IM +mutation Works um often leads to um Ash + + align:start position:0% +mutation Works um often leads to um Ash + + + align:start position:0% +mutation Works um often leads to um Ash +going turning into EA so for example you + + align:start position:0% +going turning into EA so for example you + + + align:start position:0% +going turning into EA so for example you +see how on um howon becomes + + align:start position:0% +see how on um howon becomes + + + align:start position:0% +see how on um howon becomes +there that will become that will become + + align:start position:0% +there that will become that will become + + + align:start position:0% +there that will become that will become +heel in Modern English um + + align:start position:0% +heel in Modern English um + + + align:start position:0% +heel in Modern English um +similarly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rad will become read in Modern English + + align:start position:0% +rad will become read in Modern English + + + align:start position:0% +rad will become read in Modern English +again not something you need to memorize + + align:start position:0% +again not something you need to memorize + + + align:start position:0% +again not something you need to memorize +but just something to know like if + + align:start position:0% +but just something to know like if + + + align:start position:0% +but just something to know like if +you're guessing um about the meaning of + + align:start position:0% +you're guessing um about the meaning of + + + align:start position:0% +you're guessing um about the meaning of +a word and you see an + + align:start position:0% +a word and you see an + + + align:start position:0% +a word and you see an +ash um try turning it into an e a and + + align:start position:0% +ash um try turning it into an e a and + + + align:start position:0% +ash um try turning it into an e a and +see if it makes and see if it makes + + align:start position:0% +see if it makes and see if it makes + + + align:start position:0% +see if it makes and see if it makes +sense um this this process by the way + + align:start position:0% +sense um this this process by the way + + + align:start position:0% +sense um this this process by the way +whereby the vowel changes but the + + align:start position:0% +whereby the vowel changes but the + + + align:start position:0% +whereby the vowel changes but the +consonants don't that's very typical um + + align:start position:0% +consonants don't that's very typical um + + + align:start position:0% +consonants don't that's very typical um +of of the linguistic evolution of + + align:start position:0% +of of the linguistic evolution of + + + align:start position:0% +of of the linguistic evolution of +English vowels are much much more + + align:start position:0% +English vowels are much much more + + + align:start position:0% +English vowels are much much more +inclined to change than consonants um + + align:start position:0% +inclined to change than consonants um + + + align:start position:0% +inclined to change than consonants um +which is not to say that consonants + + align:start position:0% +which is not to say that consonants + + + align:start position:0% +which is not to say that consonants +don't change they do um but it's just + + align:start position:0% +don't change they do um but it's just + + + align:start position:0% +don't change they do um but it's just +something to + + align:start position:0% +something to + + + align:start position:0% +something to +remember um any questions so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +far all right page 19 um take a look at + + align:start position:0% +far all right page 19 um take a look at + + + align:start position:0% +far all right page 19 um take a look at +the the um the Fuller Middle of the page + + align:start position:0% +the the um the Fuller Middle of the page + + + align:start position:0% +the the um the Fuller Middle of the page +the Fuller uh explanation well topish + + align:start position:0% +the Fuller uh explanation well topish + + + align:start position:0% +the Fuller uh explanation well topish +and middle of the page um uh these + + align:start position:0% +and middle of the page um uh these + + + align:start position:0% +and middle of the page um uh these +Fuller explanations of c and especially + + align:start position:0% +Fuller explanations of c and especially + + + align:start position:0% +Fuller explanations of c and especially +G um I've already gone over the + + align:start position:0% +G um I've already gone over the + + + align:start position:0% +G um I've already gone over the +difference in G word initial as go glad + + align:start position:0% +difference in G word initial as go glad + + + align:start position:0% +difference in G word initial as go glad +um versus the kind of swallowed G um of + + align:start position:0% +um versus the kind of swallowed G um of + + + align:start position:0% +um versus the kind of swallowed G um of +of doas sorga seon seon um very + + align:start position:0% +of doas sorga seon seon um very + + + align:start position:0% +of doas sorga seon seon um very +importantly that dotted G is almost + + align:start position:0% +importantly that dotted G is almost + + + align:start position:0% +importantly that dotted G is almost +always uh pronounced y um so + + align:start position:0% +always uh pronounced y um so + + + align:start position:0% +always uh pronounced y um so +yr for yesterday + + align:start position:0% +yr for yesterday + + + align:start position:0% +yr for yesterday +slan slain may may sail meaning saale + + align:start position:0% +slan slain may may sail meaning saale + + + align:start position:0% +slan slain may may sail meaning saale +s um the only difference really is um + + align:start position:0% +s um the only difference really is um + + + align:start position:0% +s um the only difference really is um +certain when you have n and then dotted + + align:start position:0% +certain when you have n and then dotted + + + align:start position:0% +certain when you have n and then dotted +G right after it it's pronounced just + + align:start position:0% +G right after it it's pronounced just + + + align:start position:0% +G right after it it's pronounced just +like in Modern English Angel um + + align:start position:0% +like in Modern English Angel um + + + align:start position:0% +like in Modern English Angel um +sja + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um and then + + align:start position:0% +um and then + + + align:start position:0% +um and then +um I think that's about it that oh + + align:start position:0% +um I think that's about it that oh + + + align:start position:0% +um I think that's about it that oh +accentuation this is also important + + align:start position:0% +accentuation this is also important + + + align:start position:0% +accentuation this is also important +bottom of page 20 this makes life so + + align:start position:0% +bottom of page 20 this makes life so + + + align:start position:0% +bottom of page 20 this makes life so +much easier all Old English words are + + align:start position:0% +much easier all Old English words are + + + align:start position:0% +much easier all Old English words are +accented on the first syllable + + align:start position:0% +accented on the first syllable + + + align:start position:0% +accented on the first syllable +except it's a pretty limited exception + + align:start position:0% +except it's a pretty limited exception + + + align:start position:0% +except it's a pretty limited exception +um words with that prefix GE or the the + + align:start position:0% +um words with that prefix GE or the the + + + align:start position:0% +um words with that prefix GE or the the +Y the this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +prefix here we pronounce the we accent + + align:start position:0% +prefix here we pronounce the we accent + + + align:start position:0% +prefix here we pronounce the we accent +the second syllable but other than that + + align:start position:0% +the second syllable but other than that + + + align:start position:0% +the second syllable but other than that +everything is um is pronounced um on the + + align:start position:0% +everything is um is pronounced um on the + + + align:start position:0% +everything is um is pronounced um on the +first syllable um only only other pronun + + align:start position:0% +first syllable um only only other pronun + + + align:start position:0% +first syllable um only only other pronun +only other uh exception to that is um is + + align:start position:0% +only other uh exception to that is um is + + + align:start position:0% +only other uh exception to that is um is +that verbs um with prefixes are accented + + align:start position:0% +that verbs um with prefixes are accented + + + align:start position:0% +that verbs um with prefixes are accented +after the prefix um so the examples that + + align:start position:0% +after the prefix um so the examples that + + + align:start position:0% +after the prefix um so the examples that +they give down there for + + align:start position:0% +they give down there for + + + align:start position:0% +they give down there for +we accented on the second syllable but + + align:start position:0% +we accented on the second syllable but + + + align:start position:0% +we accented on the second syllable but +the noun derived from it + + align:start position:0% +the noun derived from it + + + align:start position:0% +the noun derived from it +for um is still accented on the prefix + + align:start position:0% +for um is still accented on the prefix + + + align:start position:0% +for um is still accented on the prefix +um so when in doubt accent the first + + align:start position:0% +um so when in doubt accent the first + + + align:start position:0% +um so when in doubt accent the first +syllable + + align:start position:0% +syllable + + + align:start position:0% +syllable +and then you have a little summary of of + + align:start position:0% +and then you have a little summary of of + + + align:start position:0% +and then you have a little summary of of +the pronunciation rules on the bottom of + + align:start position:0% +the pronunciation rules on the bottom of + + + align:start position:0% +the pronunciation rules on the bottom of +in 2.7 on the bottom of page 21 all + + align:start position:0% +in 2.7 on the bottom of page 21 all + + + align:start position:0% +in 2.7 on the bottom of page 21 all +right any questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there okay basic grammar a review um I'm + + align:start position:0% +there okay basic grammar a review um I'm + + + align:start position:0% +there okay basic grammar a review um I'm +not going to go into I'm not going to go + + align:start position:0% +not going to go into I'm not going to go + + + align:start position:0% +not going to go into I'm not going to go +through all of this um but I am going to + + align:start position:0% +through all of this um but I am going to + + + align:start position:0% +through all of this um but I am going to +emphasize the importance of + + align:start position:0% +emphasize the importance of + + + align:start position:0% +emphasize the importance of +understanding the difference between a + + align:start position:0% +understanding the difference between a + + + align:start position:0% +understanding the difference between a +clause and a phrase okay um + + align:start position:0% +clause and a phrase okay um + + + align:start position:0% +clause and a phrase okay um +so a phrase is a cohesive group of words + + align:start position:0% +so a phrase is a cohesive group of words + + + align:start position:0% +so a phrase is a cohesive group of words +that lack a subject and a verb whereas + + align:start position:0% +that lack a subject and a verb whereas + + + align:start position:0% +that lack a subject and a verb whereas +uh or or rather a a subject and a finite + + align:start position:0% +uh or or rather a a subject and a finite + + + align:start position:0% +uh or or rather a a subject and a finite +verb um a clause is a group of words + + align:start position:0% +verb um a clause is a group of words + + + align:start position:0% +verb um a clause is a group of words +that has a subject and a finite verb + + align:start position:0% +that has a subject and a finite verb + + + align:start position:0% +that has a subject and a finite verb +okay um and a finite verb just means + + align:start position:0% +okay um and a finite verb just means + + + align:start position:0% +okay um and a finite verb just means +like a conjugated verb um that's + + align:start position:0% +like a conjugated verb um that's + + + align:start position:0% +like a conjugated verb um that's +inflected um as distinct from an + + align:start position:0% +inflected um as distinct from an + + + align:start position:0% +inflected um as distinct from an +imperative um or an infinitive or + + align:start position:0% +imperative um or an infinitive or + + + align:start position:0% +imperative um or an infinitive or +something like that okay um so in the + + align:start position:0% +something like that okay um so in the + + + align:start position:0% +something like that okay um so in the +example that I put up on the board here + + align:start position:0% +example that I put up on the board here + + + align:start position:0% +example that I put up on the board here +I put it on the table that I bought in + + align:start position:0% +I put it on the table that I bought in + + + align:start position:0% +I put it on the table that I bought in +Greece + + align:start position:0% +Greece + + + align:start position:0% +Greece +um let's let's find some um let's find + + align:start position:0% +um let's let's find some um let's find + + + align:start position:0% +um let's let's find some um let's find +some some phrases and clauses + + align:start position:0% +some some phrases and clauses + + + align:start position:0% +some some phrases and clauses +the reason it's important to be able to + + align:start position:0% +the reason it's important to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +the reason it's important to be able to +find phrases and clauses in any sentence + + align:start position:0% +find phrases and clauses in any sentence + + + align:start position:0% +find phrases and clauses in any sentence +is that every time you translate an Old + + align:start position:0% +is that every time you translate an Old + + + align:start position:0% +is that every time you translate an Old +English sentence you are looking for the + + align:start position:0% +English sentence you are looking for the + + + align:start position:0% +English sentence you are looking for the +main for the main for the subject and + + align:start position:0% +main for the main for the subject and + + + align:start position:0% +main for the main for the subject and +the main + + align:start position:0% +the main + + + align:start position:0% +the main +verb so what is the uh what is the main + + align:start position:0% +verb so what is the uh what is the main + + + align:start position:0% +verb so what is the uh what is the main +what is the m what is the subject and + + align:start position:0% +what is the m what is the subject and + + + align:start position:0% +what is the m what is the subject and +what is the what is the main verb of + + align:start position:0% +what is the what is the main verb of + + + align:start position:0% +what is the what is the main verb of +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sentence yeah uh the subject is I and + + align:start position:0% +sentence yeah uh the subject is I and + + + align:start position:0% +sentence yeah uh the subject is I and +the main verb is yep exactly um so + + align:start position:0% +the main verb is yep exactly um so + + + align:start position:0% +the main verb is yep exactly um so +here's the subject and here's the verb + + align:start position:0% +here's the subject and here's the verb + + + align:start position:0% +here's the subject and here's the verb +and yet we have other verbs right what + + align:start position:0% +and yet we have other verbs right what + + + align:start position:0% +and yet we have other verbs right what +is the other what is what is the other + + align:start position:0% +is the other what is what is the other + + + align:start position:0% +is the other what is what is the other +verb bot exactly so we know that there + + align:start position:0% +verb bot exactly so we know that there + + + align:start position:0% +verb bot exactly so we know that there +are how many Clauses in this sentence + + align:start position:0% +are how many Clauses in this sentence + + + align:start position:0% +are how many Clauses in this sentence +two exactly there will always be as many + + align:start position:0% +two exactly there will always be as many + + + align:start position:0% +two exactly there will always be as many +Clauses as there are subjects and verbs + + align:start position:0% +Clauses as there are subjects and verbs + + + align:start position:0% +Clauses as there are subjects and verbs +but this one + + align:start position:0% +but this one + + + align:start position:0% +but this one +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +governing this one how is it doing so + + align:start position:0% +governing this one how is it doing so + + + align:start position:0% +governing this one how is it doing so +what are the what are the phrases um + + align:start position:0% +what are the what are the phrases um + + + align:start position:0% +what are the what are the phrases um +what are the phrases that we can see and + + align:start position:0% +what are the phrases that we can see and + + + align:start position:0% +what are the phrases that we can see and +what kinds of phrases are + + align:start position:0% +what kinds of phrases are + + + align:start position:0% +what kinds of phrases are +they yeah go ahead so we could + + align:start position:0% +they yeah go ahead so we could + + + align:start position:0% +they yeah go ahead so we could +distinguish um a prepositional phrase on + + align:start position:0% +distinguish um a prepositional phrase on + + + align:start position:0% +distinguish um a prepositional phrase on +the table that I bought in GRE okay then + + align:start position:0% +the table that I bought in GRE okay then + + + align:start position:0% +the table that I bought in GRE okay then +we could distinguish a noun phrase the + + align:start position:0% +we could distinguish a noun phrase the + + + align:start position:0% +we could distinguish a noun phrase the +table that I bought in GRE okay uh then + + align:start position:0% +table that I bought in GRE okay uh then + + + align:start position:0% +table that I bought in GRE okay uh then +you could inside that have the claw that + + align:start position:0% +you could inside that have the claw that + + + align:start position:0% +you could inside that have the claw that +I bought in Greece all right good and uh + + align:start position:0% +I bought in Greece all right good and uh + + + align:start position:0% +I bought in Greece all right good and uh +and then you can have a final + + align:start position:0% +and then you can have a final + + + align:start position:0% +and then you can have a final +prepositional phrase in + + align:start position:0% +prepositional phrase in + + + align:start position:0% +prepositional phrase in +Greece very good so here we have a noun + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +clause here we have a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +long prepositional phrase with an + + align:start position:0% +long prepositional phrase with an + + + align:start position:0% +long prepositional phrase with an +embedded clause and then a further + + align:start position:0% +embedded clause and then a further + + + align:start position:0% +embedded clause and then a further +embedded phrase right there good you + + align:start position:0% +embedded phrase right there good you + + + align:start position:0% +embedded phrase right there good you +don't need to worry too much about the + + align:start position:0% +don't need to worry too much about the + + + align:start position:0% +don't need to worry too much about the +about the different kinds I'm never + + align:start position:0% +about the different kinds I'm never + + + align:start position:0% +about the different kinds I'm never +going to test you on like is this a noun + + align:start position:0% +going to test you on like is this a noun + + + align:start position:0% +going to test you on like is this a noun +clause is it an adverb clause whatever + + align:start position:0% +clause is it an adverb clause whatever + + + align:start position:0% +clause is it an adverb clause whatever +that I do not care about what I do care + + align:start position:0% +that I do not care about what I do care + + + align:start position:0% +that I do not care about what I do care +about is your abil and you don't have to + + align:start position:0% +about is your abil and you don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +about is your abil and you don't have to +diagram sentences like these on + + align:start position:0% +diagram sentences like these on + + + align:start position:0% +diagram sentences like these on +exams but you will need effectively to + + align:start position:0% +exams but you will need effectively to + + + align:start position:0% +exams but you will need effectively to +be able to diagram the sentences in + + align:start position:0% +be able to diagram the sentences in + + + align:start position:0% +be able to diagram the sentences in +order to be able to translate correctly + + align:start position:0% +order to be able to translate correctly + + + align:start position:0% +order to be able to translate correctly +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um so I'll highlight the bottom of page + + align:start position:0% +um so I'll highlight the bottom of page + + + align:start position:0% +um so I'll highlight the bottom of page +25 the finite this is in + + align:start position:0% +25 the finite this is in + + + align:start position:0% +25 the finite this is in +3.13 um the finite Clause must contain + + align:start position:0% +3.13 um the finite Clause must contain + + + align:start position:0% +3.13 um the finite Clause must contain +um a finite verb in general finding and + + align:start position:0% +um a finite verb in general finding and + + + align:start position:0% +um a finite verb in general finding and +understanding the finite verb is is the + + align:start position:0% +understanding the finite verb is is the + + + align:start position:0% +understanding the finite verb is is the +key to decoding complex Clauses and + + align:start position:0% +key to decoding complex Clauses and + + + align:start position:0% +key to decoding complex Clauses and +sentences in Old English and so it is + + align:start position:0% +sentences in Old English and so it is + + + align:start position:0% +sentences in Old English and so it is +essential that you get familiar with the + + align:start position:0% +essential that you get familiar with the + + + align:start position:0% +essential that you get familiar with the +finite verb paradigms you will memorize + + align:start position:0% +finite verb paradigms you will memorize + + + align:start position:0% +finite verb paradigms you will memorize +the finite verb paradigms in due course + + align:start position:0% +the finite verb paradigms in due course + + + align:start position:0% +the finite verb paradigms in due course +I say this as a preview of Coming + + align:start position:0% +I say this as a preview of Coming + + + align:start position:0% +I say this as a preview of Coming +Attractions the reason that the verb is + + align:start position:0% +Attractions the reason that the verb is + + + align:start position:0% +Attractions the reason that the verb is +more important than the subject in Old + + align:start position:0% +more important than the subject in Old + + + align:start position:0% +more important than the subject in Old +English is that the verb is always there + + align:start position:0% +English is that the verb is always there + + + align:start position:0% +English is that the verb is always there +whereas the subject can be implied as it + + align:start position:0% +whereas the subject can be implied as it + + + align:start position:0% +whereas the subject can be implied as it +is in some um as it is in some Modern + + align:start position:0% +is in some um as it is in some Modern + + + align:start position:0% +is in some um as it is in some Modern +languages as well all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions I'll just say very quickly on + + align:start position:0% +questions I'll just say very quickly on + + + align:start position:0% +questions I'll just say very quickly on +page 26 um when the when it says the + + align:start position:0% +page 26 um when the when it says the + + + align:start position:0% +page 26 um when the when it says the +past participle is also used to form a + + align:start position:0% +past participle is also used to form a + + + align:start position:0% +past participle is also used to form a +paraphrastic passive paraphrastic just + + align:start position:0% +paraphrastic passive paraphrastic just + + + align:start position:0% +paraphrastic passive paraphrastic just +means using um multiple words to carry + + align:start position:0% +means using um multiple words to carry + + + align:start position:0% +means using um multiple words to carry +the meaning um so saying some so using + + align:start position:0% +the meaning um so saying some so using + + + align:start position:0% +the meaning um so saying some so using +the words the words most lovely as + + align:start position:0% +the words the words most lovely as + + + align:start position:0% +the words the words most lovely as +opposed to loveliest that's an + + align:start position:0% +opposed to loveliest that's an + + + align:start position:0% +opposed to loveliest that's an +inherently paraphrastic way of speaking + + align:start position:0% +inherently paraphrastic way of speaking + + + align:start position:0% +inherently paraphrastic way of speaking +okay um so the King was + + align:start position:0% +okay um so the King was + + + align:start position:0% +okay um so the King was +slain um as opposed to just the king + + align:start position:0% +slain um as opposed to just the king + + + align:start position:0% +slain um as opposed to just the king +died + + align:start position:0% +died + + + align:start position:0% +died +Etc um let's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +see any questions leading up to uh + + align:start position:0% +see any questions leading up to uh + + + align:start position:0% +see any questions leading up to uh +3.4 on page + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +30 all right um subjects the elements of + + align:start position:0% +30 all right um subjects the elements of + + + align:start position:0% +30 all right um subjects the elements of +of the sentence or the Clause so the + + align:start position:0% +of the sentence or the Clause so the + + + align:start position:0% +of the sentence or the Clause so the +subject names what the sentence or + + align:start position:0% +subject names what the sentence or + + + align:start position:0% +subject names what the sentence or +Clause is about um it may be a noun a + + align:start position:0% +Clause is about um it may be a noun a + + + align:start position:0% +Clause is about um it may be a noun a +pronoun a noun phrase or a list mean + + align:start position:0% +pronoun a noun phrase or a list mean + + + align:start position:0% +pronoun a noun phrase or a list mean +namely a compound subject um top of page + + align:start position:0% +namely a compound subject um top of page + + + align:start position:0% +namely a compound subject um top of page +31 pay close attention here in Old + + align:start position:0% +31 pay close attention here in Old + + + align:start position:0% +31 pay close attention here in Old +English as in Modern English subjects + + align:start position:0% +English as in Modern English subjects + + + align:start position:0% +English as in Modern English subjects +can be simple or complex + + align:start position:0% +can be simple or complex + + + align:start position:0% +can be simple or complex +so what's different though is that in in + + align:start position:0% +so what's different though is that in in + + + align:start position:0% +so what's different though is that in in +Old English a compound subject can be + + align:start position:0% +Old English a compound subject can be + + + align:start position:0% +Old English a compound subject can be +split um right if I say in Modern + + align:start position:0% +split um right if I say in Modern + + + align:start position:0% +split um right if I say in Modern +English my friends and I are going to + + align:start position:0% +English my friends and I are going to + + + align:start position:0% +English my friends and I are going to +the store I would never split up my + + align:start position:0% +the store I would never split up my + + + align:start position:0% +the store I would never split up my +friends and I in the sentence that would + + align:start position:0% +friends and I in the sentence that would + + + align:start position:0% +friends and I in the sentence that would +be very very strange I would not say my + + align:start position:0% +be very very strange I would not say my + + + align:start position:0% +be very very strange I would not say my +friends are going to the store and I in + + align:start position:0% +friends are going to the store and I in + + + align:start position:0% +friends are going to the store and I in +Old English they do that all the time so + + align:start position:0% +Old English they do that all the time so + + + align:start position:0% +Old English they do that all the time so +for example my shield protects me and my + + align:start position:0% +for example my shield protects me and my + + + align:start position:0% +for example my shield protects me and my +sword um in Modern English that sentence + + align:start position:0% +sword um in Modern English that sentence + + + align:start position:0% +sword um in Modern English that sentence +is unambiguous if a little weird um the + + align:start position:0% +is unambiguous if a little weird um the + + + align:start position:0% +is unambiguous if a little weird um the +me and my sword are the compound direct + + align:start position:0% +me and my sword are the compound direct + + + align:start position:0% +me and my sword are the compound direct +object of + + align:start position:0% +object of + + + align:start position:0% +object of +protects in Old English however my + + align:start position:0% +protects in Old English however my + + + align:start position:0% +protects in Old English however my +shield protects Me and My Sword the only + + align:start position:0% +shield protects Me and My Sword the only + + + align:start position:0% +shield protects Me and My Sword the only +way you're going to be able to determine + + align:start position:0% +way you're going to be able to determine + + + align:start position:0% +way you're going to be able to determine +whether my sword is as it is in Modern + + align:start position:0% +whether my sword is as it is in Modern + + + align:start position:0% +whether my sword is as it is in Modern +English an object of the verb protect or + + align:start position:0% +English an object of the verb protect or + + + align:start position:0% +English an object of the verb protect or +part of the compound subject I.E my + + align:start position:0% +part of the compound subject I.E my + + + align:start position:0% +part of the compound subject I.E my +shield and my sword protect me the only + + align:start position:0% +shield and my sword protect me the only + + + align:start position:0% +shield and my sword protect me the only +way you're going to be able to + + align:start position:0% +way you're going to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +way you're going to be able to +distinguish is based on the case the + + align:start position:0% +distinguish is based on the case the + + + align:start position:0% +distinguish is based on the case the +grammatical case of the word sword all + + align:start position:0% +grammatical case of the word sword all + + + align:start position:0% +grammatical case of the word sword all +right which is one of the reasons that + + align:start position:0% +right which is one of the reasons that + + + align:start position:0% +right which is one of the reasons that +knowing the paradigms is so + + align:start position:0% +knowing the paradigms is so + + + align:start position:0% +knowing the paradigms is so +absolutely um crucial to being able to + + align:start position:0% +absolutely um crucial to being able to + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely um crucial to being able to +decode these + + align:start position:0% +decode these + + + align:start position:0% +decode these +sentences um Old English differs from + + align:start position:0% +sentences um Old English differs from + + + align:start position:0% +sentences um Old English differs from +Modern English in that it often omits + + align:start position:0% +Modern English in that it often omits + + + align:start position:0% +Modern English in that it often omits +the subject when the context makes it + + align:start position:0% +the subject when the context makes it + + + align:start position:0% +the subject when the context makes it +obvious what it is um it says there um I + + align:start position:0% +obvious what it is um it says there um I + + + align:start position:0% +obvious what it is um it says there um I +would actually say um that's still at + + align:start position:0% +would actually say um that's still at + + + align:start position:0% +would actually say um that's still at +the top of page 31 I would actually say + + align:start position:0% +the top of page 31 I would actually say + + + align:start position:0% +the top of page 31 I would actually say +that old English often omits the subject + + align:start position:0% +that old English often omits the subject + + + align:start position:0% +that old English often omits the subject +even when context does not make it + + align:start position:0% +even when context does not make it + + + align:start position:0% +even when context does not make it +particularly clear um what it is um + + align:start position:0% +particularly clear um what it is um + + + align:start position:0% +particularly clear um what it is um +which especially in poetry um which is + + align:start position:0% +which especially in poetry um which is + + + align:start position:0% +which especially in poetry um which is +one way that poets Old English poets + + align:start position:0% +one way that poets Old English poets + + + align:start position:0% +one way that poets Old English poets +could get kind of nice literary mileage + + align:start position:0% +could get kind of nice literary mileage + + + align:start position:0% +could get kind of nice literary mileage +out of the inherent ambiguity of the + + align:start position:0% +out of the inherent ambiguity of the + + + align:start position:0% +out of the inherent ambiguity of the +language but it also makes things harder + + align:start position:0% +language but it also makes things harder + + + align:start position:0% +language but it also makes things harder +for us as non-native speakers and + + align:start position:0% +for us as non-native speakers and + + + align:start position:0% +for us as non-native speakers and +readers of the language so bear these + + align:start position:0% +readers of the language so bear these + + + align:start position:0% +readers of the language so bear these +things in mind um as you're moving + + align:start position:0% +things in mind um as you're moving + + + align:start position:0% +things in mind um as you're moving +forward yeah yeah in the case in only + + align:start position:0% +forward yeah yeah in the case in only + + + align:start position:0% +forward yeah yeah in the case in only +set of curiosity when you have like me + + align:start position:0% +set of curiosity when you have like me + + + align:start position:0% +set of curiosity when you have like me +my shield protects me my sword + + align:start position:0% +my shield protects me my sword + + + align:start position:0% +my shield protects me my sword +presumably this would also be reflected + + align:start position:0% +presumably this would also be reflected + + + align:start position:0% +presumably this would also be reflected +in the verb in like you would expect the + + align:start position:0% +in the verb in like you would expect the + + + align:start position:0% +in the verb in like you would expect the +verb to inflict for plural if it was a + + align:start position:0% +verb to inflict for plural if it was a + + + align:start position:0% +verb to inflict for plural if it was a +compound subject excellent yes ask if + + align:start position:0% +compound subject excellent yes ask if + + + align:start position:0% +compound subject excellent yes ask if +Arabic does weird things with this where + + align:start position:0% +Arabic does weird things with this where + + + align:start position:0% +Arabic does weird things with this where +like it might not inflect plurally just + + align:start position:0% +like it might not inflect plurally just + + + align:start position:0% +like it might not inflect plurally just +for kicks no you're absolutely right + + align:start position:0% +for kicks no you're absolutely right + + + align:start position:0% +for kicks no you're absolutely right +it's it's it's a it's a it's a totally + + align:start position:0% +it's it's it's a it's a it's a totally + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's it's a it's a it's a totally +great Point you're right um we would be + + align:start position:0% +great Point you're right um we would be + + + align:start position:0% +great Point you're right um we would be +able to distinguish based on on the in + + align:start position:0% +able to distinguish based on on the in + + + align:start position:0% +able to distinguish based on on the in +this case but yeah but not necessarily + + align:start position:0% +this case but yeah but not necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +this case but yeah but not necessarily +in others excellent excellent point um + + align:start position:0% +in others excellent excellent point um + + + align:start position:0% +in others excellent excellent point um +so if because if it were say + + align:start position:0% +so if because if it were say + + + align:start position:0% +so if because if it were say +my companions protect me and my right + + align:start position:0% +my companions protect me and my right + + + align:start position:0% +my companions protect me and my right +then it would be it would still be + + align:start position:0% +then it would be it would still be + + + align:start position:0% +then it would be it would still be +ambiguous but very good um very good + + align:start position:0% +ambiguous but very good um very good + + + align:start position:0% +ambiguous but very good um very good +note + + align:start position:0% +note + + + align:start position:0% +note +um all + + align:start position:0% +um all + + + align:start position:0% +um all +right next thing I want to highlight is + + align:start position:0% +right next thing I want to highlight is + + + align:start position:0% +right next thing I want to highlight is +the top of page um of page 33 um because + + align:start position:0% +the top of page um of page 33 um because + + + align:start position:0% +the top of page um of page 33 um because +the direct object um so the direct + + align:start position:0% +the direct object um so the direct + + + align:start position:0% +the direct object um so the direct +object is usually defined as the noun + + align:start position:0% +object is usually defined as the noun + + + align:start position:0% +object is usually defined as the noun +this is from the previous page usually + + align:start position:0% +this is from the previous page usually + + + align:start position:0% +this is from the previous page usually +defined as the noun pronoun or noun + + align:start position:0% +defined as the noun pronoun or noun + + + align:start position:0% +defined as the noun pronoun or noun +phrase um + + align:start position:0% +phrase um + + + align:start position:0% +phrase um +that receives the action of the verb um + + align:start position:0% +that receives the action of the verb um + + + align:start position:0% +that receives the action of the verb um +they explain some sort of subtleties of + + align:start position:0% +they explain some sort of subtleties of + + + align:start position:0% +they explain some sort of subtleties of +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +um top of page 33 in Modern English the + + align:start position:0% +um top of page 33 in Modern English the + + + align:start position:0% +um top of page 33 in Modern English the +direct object usually follows the verb + + align:start position:0% +direct object usually follows the verb + + + align:start position:0% +direct object usually follows the verb +and never has a propos preposition in + + align:start position:0% +and never has a propos preposition in + + + align:start position:0% +and never has a propos preposition in +front of it um in Old English the direct + + align:start position:0% +front of it um in Old English the direct + + + align:start position:0% +front of it um in Old English the direct +object may follow the verb but it may + + align:start position:0% +object may follow the verb but it may + + + align:start position:0% +object may follow the verb but it may +also precede the verb um especially when + + align:start position:0% +also precede the verb um especially when + + + align:start position:0% +also precede the verb um especially when +the object is a pronoun um generally + + align:start position:0% +the object is a pronoun um generally + + + align:start position:0% +the object is a pronoun um generally +it's in the accusative case but not + + align:start position:0% +it's in the accusative case but not + + + align:start position:0% +it's in the accusative case but not +always + + align:start position:0% +always + + + align:start position:0% +always +um and then an indirect object is a + + align:start position:0% +um and then an indirect object is a + + + align:start position:0% +um and then an indirect object is a +thing that has some indirect + + align:start position:0% +thing that has some indirect + + + align:start position:0% +thing that has some indirect +relationship to the action of the verb + + align:start position:0% +relationship to the action of the verb + + + align:start position:0% +relationship to the action of the verb +basically the indirect object is + + align:start position:0% +basically the indirect object is + + + align:start position:0% +basically the indirect object is +anything that is not a direct object so + + align:start position:0% +anything that is not a direct object so + + + align:start position:0% +anything that is not a direct object so +if you and you really don't need to + + align:start position:0% +if you and you really don't need to + + + align:start position:0% +if you and you really don't need to +worry about um again I'm not going to + + align:start position:0% +worry about um again I'm not going to + + + align:start position:0% +worry about um again I'm not going to +say what is the direct object um I'll + + align:start position:0% +say what is the direct object um I'll + + + align:start position:0% +say what is the direct object um I'll +just expect you to be able to translate + + align:start position:0% +just expect you to be able to translate + + + align:start position:0% +just expect you to be able to translate +okay um but the the variable word order + + align:start position:0% +okay um but the the variable word order + + + align:start position:0% +okay um but the the variable word order +um that is alluded to at the top of page + + align:start position:0% +um that is alluded to at the top of page + + + align:start position:0% +um that is alluded to at the top of page +33 the direct object may follow the verb + + align:start position:0% +33 the direct object may follow the verb + + + align:start position:0% +33 the direct object may follow the verb +it may also precede it this is something + + align:start position:0% +it may also precede it this is something + + + align:start position:0% +it may also precede it this is something +that is we're going to hear a lot um + + align:start position:0% +that is we're going to hear a lot um + + + align:start position:0% +that is we're going to hear a lot um +word order is extremely flexible in Old + + align:start position:0% +word order is extremely flexible in Old + + + align:start position:0% +word order is extremely flexible in Old +English compared to Modern English um + + align:start position:0% +English compared to Modern English um + + + align:start position:0% +English compared to Modern English um +and the reason for that is that it's a + + align:start position:0% +and the reason for that is that it's a + + + align:start position:0% +and the reason for that is that it's a +case-based language right we learn a lot + + align:start position:0% +case-based language right we learn a lot + + + align:start position:0% +case-based language right we learn a lot +of the features um the functions of the + + align:start position:0% +of the features um the functions of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the features um the functions of the +word in a given sentence based on the + + align:start position:0% +word in a given sentence based on the + + + align:start position:0% +word in a given sentence based on the +case endings Modern English has lost + + align:start position:0% +case endings Modern English has lost + + + align:start position:0% +case endings Modern English has lost +almost all its case endings um who and + + align:start position:0% +almost all its case endings um who and + + + align:start position:0% +almost all its case endings um who and +whom is one sort of increasingly archaic + + align:start position:0% +whom is one sort of increasingly archaic + + + align:start position:0% +whom is one sort of increasingly archaic +exception to that where who is the + + align:start position:0% +exception to that where who is the + + + align:start position:0% +exception to that where who is the +subject whom is the object um but apart + + align:start position:0% +subject whom is the object um but apart + + + align:start position:0% +subject whom is the object um but apart +from and he him right there are she her + + align:start position:0% +from and he him right there are she her + + + align:start position:0% +from and he him right there are she her +there are we do have cases but + + align:start position:0% +there are we do have cases but + + + align:start position:0% +there are we do have cases but +increasingly they are um Obsolete and + + align:start position:0% +increasingly they are um Obsolete and + + + align:start position:0% +increasingly they are um Obsolete and +not um they're only in pronouns not in + + align:start position:0% +not um they're only in pronouns not in + + + align:start position:0% +not um they're only in pronouns not in +nouns um but because Old English + + align:start position:0% +nouns um but because Old English + + + align:start position:0% +nouns um but because Old English +communicates so much more information + + align:start position:0% +communicates so much more information + + + align:start position:0% +communicates so much more information +through the endings of the words + + align:start position:0% +through the endings of the words + + + align:start position:0% +through the endings of the words +themselves you can have word order that + + align:start position:0% +themselves you can have word order that + + + align:start position:0% +themselves you can have word order that +is um what we would think of as + + align:start position:0% +is um what we would think of as + + + align:start position:0% +is um what we would think of as +unnatural and you have to kind of + + align:start position:0% +unnatural and you have to kind of + + + align:start position:0% +unnatural and you have to kind of +rearrange the pieces of the sentence the + + align:start position:0% +rearrange the pieces of the sentence the + + + align:start position:0% +rearrange the pieces of the sentence the +pieces of the puzzle as it were in order + + align:start position:0% +pieces of the puzzle as it were in order + + + align:start position:0% +pieces of the puzzle as it were in order +to decode it okay um we'll come back to + + align:start position:0% +to decode it okay um we'll come back to + + + align:start position:0% +to decode it okay um we'll come back to +this again and again but it's worth + + align:start position:0% +this again and again but it's worth + + + align:start position:0% +this again and again but it's worth +telling yourself from the beginning that + + align:start position:0% +telling yourself from the beginning that + + + align:start position:0% +telling yourself from the beginning that +this is true all + + align:start position:0% +this is true all + + + align:start position:0% +this is true all +right any questions about + + align:start position:0% +right any questions about + + + align:start position:0% +right any questions about +um chapter 3 and this very basic very + + align:start position:0% +um chapter 3 and this very basic very + + + align:start position:0% +um chapter 3 and this very basic very +quick um grammar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +review + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right let's move on to chapter 4 and + + align:start position:0% +all right let's move on to chapter 4 and + + + align:start position:0% +all right let's move on to chapter 4 and +cases so page + + align:start position:0% +cases so page + + + align:start position:0% +cases so page +34 case is the inflection of nouns + + align:start position:0% +34 case is the inflection of nouns + + + align:start position:0% +34 case is the inflection of nouns +pronouns and adjectives to Signal their + + align:start position:0% +pronouns and adjectives to Signal their + + + align:start position:0% +pronouns and adjectives to Signal their +function in sentences and clauses this + + align:start position:0% +function in sentences and clauses this + + + align:start position:0% +function in sentences and clauses this +is exactly what we were talking about + + align:start position:0% +is exactly what we were talking about + + + align:start position:0% +is exactly what we were talking about +just before um Modern English case has + + align:start position:0% +just before um Modern English case has + + + align:start position:0% +just before um Modern English case has +almost disappeared again except in um uh + + align:start position:0% +almost disappeared again except in um uh + + + align:start position:0% +almost disappeared again except in um uh +except in + + align:start position:0% +except in + + + align:start position:0% +except in +pronouns + + align:start position:0% +pronouns + + + align:start position:0% +pronouns +um the cases in Old English are + + align:start position:0% +um the cases in Old English are + + + align:start position:0% +um the cases in Old English are +nominative accusative genitive dative + + align:start position:0% +nominative accusative genitive dative + + + align:start position:0% +nominative accusative genitive dative +and the increasingly archaic um as we + + align:start position:0% +and the increasingly archaic um as we + + + align:start position:0% +and the increasingly archaic um as we +get as we move it's actually archaic + + align:start position:0% +get as we move it's actually archaic + + + align:start position:0% +get as we move it's actually archaic +even a little archaic even from the + + align:start position:0% +even a little archaic even from the + + + align:start position:0% +even a little archaic even from the +beginning um of our written record um + + align:start position:0% +beginning um of our written record um + + + align:start position:0% +beginning um of our written record um +the instrumental um so the nominative + + align:start position:0% +the instrumental um so the nominative + + + align:start position:0% +the instrumental um so the nominative +case is quite easy um because it has as + + align:start position:0% +case is quite easy um because it has as + + + align:start position:0% +case is quite easy um because it has as +as Baker says it has few functions and + + align:start position:0% +as Baker says it has few functions and + + + align:start position:0% +as Baker says it has few functions and +there are few + + align:start position:0% +there are few + + + align:start position:0% +there are few +complications um basically it's the + + align:start position:0% +complications um basically it's the + + + align:start position:0% +complications um basically it's the +subject um it's also the compliment so + + align:start position:0% +subject um it's also the compliment so + + + align:start position:0% +subject um it's also the compliment so +the compliment is on is the word on the + + align:start position:0% +the compliment is on is the word on the + + + align:start position:0% +the compliment is on is the word on the +other side of a linking verb um such as + + align:start position:0% +other side of a linking verb um such as + + + align:start position:0% +other side of a linking verb um such as +to be um so SE is Broad the sun is very + + align:start position:0% +to be um so SE is Broad the sun is very + + + align:start position:0% +to be um so SE is Broad the sun is very +broad um broad there is in the + + align:start position:0% +broad um broad there is in the + + + align:start position:0% +broad um broad there is in the +nominative because it is um the + + align:start position:0% +nominative because it is um the + + + align:start position:0% +nominative because it is um the +complement of uh of sunna um and then + + align:start position:0% +complement of uh of sunna um and then + + + align:start position:0% +complement of uh of sunna um and then +since Old English does not have a + + align:start position:0% +since Old English does not have a + + + align:start position:0% +since Old English does not have a +vocative case um like some languages the + + align:start position:0% +vocative case um like some languages the + + + align:start position:0% +vocative case um like some languages the +nomin is the nominative is used for + + align:start position:0% +nomin is the nominative is used for + + + align:start position:0% +nomin is the nominative is used for +Direct address as well um but those are + + align:start position:0% +Direct address as well um but those are + + + align:start position:0% +Direct address as well um but those are +those are really the only things that it + + align:start position:0% +those are really the only things that it + + + align:start position:0% +those are really the only things that it +gets used for um the accusative case is + + align:start position:0% +gets used for um the accusative case is + + + align:start position:0% +gets used for um the accusative case is +also pretty straightforward um because + + align:start position:0% +also pretty straightforward um because + + + align:start position:0% +also pretty straightforward um because +direct objects of transitive verbs are + + align:start position:0% +direct objects of transitive verbs are + + + align:start position:0% +direct objects of transitive verbs are +typically in the accusative case so thus + + align:start position:0% +typically in the accusative case so thus + + + align:start position:0% +typically in the accusative case so thus +in the in the uh in the uh sentence at + + align:start position:0% +in the in the uh in the uh sentence at + + + align:start position:0% +in the in the uh in the uh sentence at +the top of page 37 his + + align:start position:0% +the top of page 37 his + + + align:start position:0% +the top of page 37 his +aor his leech his own sister buried his + + align:start position:0% +aor his leech his own sister buried his + + + align:start position:0% +aor his leech his own sister buried his +corpse leech is in the accusative um + + align:start position:0% +corpse leech is in the accusative um + + + align:start position:0% +corpse leech is in the accusative um +some prepositions always take the + + align:start position:0% +some prepositions always take the + + + align:start position:0% +some prepositions always take the +accusative no matter what um and + + align:start position:0% +accusative no matter what um and + + + align:start position:0% +accusative no matter what um and +sometimes you have an uh an an + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you have an uh an an + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you have an uh an an +accusative in uh used adverbially in + + align:start position:0% +accusative in uh used adverbially in + + + align:start position:0% +accusative in uh used adverbially in +expressions of time um but but you don't + + align:start position:0% +expressions of time um but but you don't + + + align:start position:0% +expressions of time um but but you don't +need to worry too much about + + align:start position:0% +need to worry too much about + + + align:start position:0% +need to worry too much about +that all right genitive the genitive + + align:start position:0% +that all right genitive the genitive + + + align:start position:0% +that all right genitive the genitive +case + + align:start position:0% +case + + + align:start position:0% +case +um modifies or limits a word this is + + align:start position:0% +um modifies or limits a word this is + + + align:start position:0% +um modifies or limits a word this is +page 37 by associating it with something + + align:start position:0% +page 37 by associating it with something + + + align:start position:0% +page 37 by associating it with something +so for example in the phrase th King + + align:start position:0% +so for example in the phrase th King + + + align:start position:0% +so for example in the phrase th King +sared the king's sword the sense of + + align:start position:0% +sared the king's sword the sense of + + + align:start position:0% +sared the king's sword the sense of +Sword is modified by our saying that it + + align:start position:0% +Sword is modified by our saying that it + + + align:start position:0% +Sword is modified by our saying that it +belongs to the king we're not speaking + + align:start position:0% +belongs to the king we're not speaking + + + align:start position:0% +belongs to the king we're not speaking +of any just sword or of of just any + + align:start position:0% +of any just sword or of of just any + + + align:start position:0% +of any just sword or of of just any +sword um most genitives will fall into + + align:start position:0% +sword um most genitives will fall into + + + align:start position:0% +sword um most genitives will fall into +one of three categories the possessive + + align:start position:0% +one of three categories the possessive + + + align:start position:0% +one of three categories the possessive +genitive is the one that we're most + + align:start position:0% +genitive is the one that we're most + + + align:start position:0% +genitive is the one that we're most +familiar with um the king's sword um St + + align:start position:0% +familiar with um the king's sword um St + + + align:start position:0% +familiar with um the king's sword um St +Edmund's feast day um + + align:start position:0% +Edmund's feast day um + + + align:start position:0% +Edmund's feast day um +but the partitive genitive is an + + align:start position:0% +but the partitive genitive is an + + + align:start position:0% +but the partitive genitive is an +extremely important because extremely + + align:start position:0% +extremely important because extremely + + + align:start position:0% +extremely important because extremely +common use of the genitive in in in Old + + align:start position:0% +common use of the genitive in in in Old + + + align:start position:0% +common use of the genitive in in in Old +English um so for example alch th Mana + + align:start position:0% +English um so for example alch th Mana + + + align:start position:0% +English um so for example alch th Mana +each of the + + align:start position:0% +each of the + + + align:start position:0% +each of the +meninga best best of all Kings um as the + + align:start position:0% +meninga best best of all Kings um as the + + + align:start position:0% +meninga best best of all Kings um as the +translations with of suggest we have a + + align:start position:0% +translations with of suggest we have a + + + align:start position:0% +translations with of suggest we have a +roughly similar construction made with + + align:start position:0% +roughly similar construction made with + + + align:start position:0% +roughly similar construction made with +the preposition of but Old English + + align:start position:0% +the preposition of but Old English + + + align:start position:0% +the preposition of but Old English +doesn't need the preposition because it + + align:start position:0% +doesn't need the preposition because it + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't need the preposition because it +has the genitive case to to sort of + + align:start position:0% +has the genitive case to to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +has the genitive case to to sort of +embed that of in directly into the word + + align:start position:0% +embed that of in directly into the word + + + align:start position:0% +embed that of in directly into the word +itself um so make sure that you're um + + align:start position:0% +itself um so make sure that you're um + + + align:start position:0% +itself um so make sure that you're um +that you're on the on the lookout for + + align:start position:0% +that you're on the on the lookout for + + + align:start position:0% +that you're on the on the lookout for +that and notice already just in those + + align:start position:0% +that and notice already just in those + + + align:start position:0% +that and notice already just in those +two examples how in one case the + + align:start position:0% +two examples how in one case the + + + align:start position:0% +two examples how in one case the +partitive genitive comes after the + + align:start position:0% +partitive genitive comes after the + + + align:start position:0% +partitive genitive comes after the +adjective alch El mana and in the other + + align:start position:0% +adjective alch El mana and in the other + + + align:start position:0% +adjective alch El mana and in the other +one Ela bet + + align:start position:0% +one Ela bet + + + align:start position:0% +one Ela bet +um the partitive generative comes before + + align:start position:0% +um the partitive generative comes before + + + align:start position:0% +um the partitive generative comes before +again typical you've just got so one way + + align:start position:0% +again typical you've just got so one way + + + align:start position:0% +again typical you've just got so one way +one one pie piece of advice I like to + + align:start position:0% +one one pie piece of advice I like to + + + align:start position:0% +one one pie piece of advice I like to +give is to kind of like we have very + + align:start position:0% +give is to kind of like we have very + + + align:start position:0% +give is to kind of like we have very +rigid word order in Modern English um in + + align:start position:0% +rigid word order in Modern English um in + + + align:start position:0% +rigid word order in Modern English um in +order to read Old English well you kind + + align:start position:0% +order to read Old English well you kind + + + align:start position:0% +order to read Old English well you kind +of have to almost + + align:start position:0% +of have to almost + + + align:start position:0% +of have to almost +like I think of it as like relaxing our + + align:start position:0% +like I think of it as like relaxing our + + + align:start position:0% +like I think of it as like relaxing our +sense of what word order can do um and + + align:start position:0% +sense of what word order can do um and + + + align:start position:0% +sense of what word order can do um and +you have to develop a kind of almost + + align:start position:0% +you have to develop a kind of almost + + + align:start position:0% +you have to develop a kind of almost +like flexibility of Mind in saying okay + + align:start position:0% +like flexibility of Mind in saying okay + + + align:start position:0% +like flexibility of Mind in saying okay +well what if this word goes with that + + align:start position:0% +well what if this word goes with that + + + align:start position:0% +well what if this word goes with that +word even though they're separated by + + align:start position:0% +word even though they're separated by + + + align:start position:0% +word even though they're separated by +like an entire line of poetry um and so + + align:start position:0% +like an entire line of poetry um and so + + + align:start position:0% +like an entire line of poetry um and so +on and so + + align:start position:0% +on and so + + + align:start position:0% +on and so +forth finally the third um element of + + align:start position:0% +forth finally the third um element of + + + align:start position:0% +forth finally the third um element of +the um of the uh or third aspect of the + + align:start position:0% +the um of the uh or third aspect of the + + + align:start position:0% +the um of the uh or third aspect of the +genitive um is the descriptive um so + + align:start position:0% +genitive um is the descriptive um so + + + align:start position:0% +genitive um is the descriptive um so +that L sh bonus hu the lamb must be of a + + align:start position:0% +that L sh bonus hu the lamb must be of a + + + align:start position:0% +that L sh bonus hu the lamb must be of a +white color um and I I mean they + + align:start position:0% +white color um and I I mean they + + + align:start position:0% +white color um and I I mean they +say they say it's more idiomatic to to + + align:start position:0% +say they say it's more idiomatic to to + + + align:start position:0% +say they say it's more idiomatic to to +say is white in color sure I guess but + + align:start position:0% +say is white in color sure I guess but + + + align:start position:0% +say is white in color sure I guess but +like that's still that's still I don't + + align:start position:0% +like that's still that's still I don't + + + align:start position:0% +like that's still that's still I don't +know that still sounds basically right + + align:start position:0% +know that still sounds basically right + + + align:start position:0% +know that still sounds basically right +to me the lamb is of a white color maybe + + align:start position:0% +to me the lamb is of a white color maybe + + + align:start position:0% +to me the lamb is of a white color maybe +that is a little weird in any event + + align:start position:0% +that is a little weird in any event + + + align:start position:0% +that is a little weird in any event +people in Old English did it all the + + align:start position:0% +people in Old English did it all the + + + align:start position:0% +people in Old English did it all the +time so those are the three and then the + + align:start position:0% +time so those are the three and then the + + + align:start position:0% +time so those are the three and then the +last little bit um the last little point + + align:start position:0% +last little bit um the last little point + + + align:start position:0% +last little bit um the last little point +at the top of page 38 a few prepositions + + align:start position:0% +at the top of page 38 a few prepositions + + + align:start position:0% +at the top of page 38 a few prepositions +take the genitive case it's rare but it + + align:start position:0% +take the genitive case it's rare but it + + + align:start position:0% +take the genitive case it's rare but it +can happen and a few verbs have genitive + + align:start position:0% +can happen and a few verbs have genitive + + + align:start position:0% +can happen and a few verbs have genitive +direct objects and that's just something + + align:start position:0% +direct objects and that's just something + + + align:start position:0% +direct objects and that's just something +you'll have to learn as you learn the + + align:start position:0% +you'll have to learn as you learn the + + + align:start position:0% +you'll have to learn as you learn the +verbs um some verbs take the most verbs + + align:start position:0% +verbs um some verbs take the most verbs + + + align:start position:0% +verbs um some verbs take the most verbs +take the accusative a very few take the + + align:start position:0% +take the accusative a very few take the + + + align:start position:0% +take the accusative a very few take the +genitive quite a few actually as we'll + + align:start position:0% +genitive quite a few actually as we'll + + + align:start position:0% +genitive quite a few actually as we'll +see take the dative um so any questions + + align:start position:0% +see take the dative um so any questions + + + align:start position:0% +see take the dative um so any questions +on nominative + + align:start position:0% +on nominative + + + align:start position:0% +on nominative +genitive uh nominative accusative or + + align:start position:0% +genitive uh nominative accusative or + + + align:start position:0% +genitive uh nominative accusative or +genitive before we go on to dative which + + align:start position:0% +genitive before we go on to dative which + + + align:start position:0% +genitive before we go on to dative which +is the sort of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +catchall all right um so in so + + align:start position:0% +catchall all right um so in so + + + align:start position:0% +catchall all right um so in so +4.2.4 page 38 um in all of the Germanic + + align:start position:0% +4.2.4 page 38 um in all of the Germanic + + + align:start position:0% +4.2.4 page 38 um in all of the Germanic +languages the dative case is an amalgam + + align:start position:0% +languages the dative case is an amalgam + + + align:start position:0% +languages the dative case is an amalgam +of several o older cases that have + + align:start position:0% +of several o older cases that have + + + align:start position:0% +of several o older cases that have +fallen together so dative locative + + align:start position:0% +fallen together so dative locative + + + align:start position:0% +fallen together so dative locative +ablative and instrumental um pre-written + + align:start position:0% +ablative and instrumental um pre-written + + + align:start position:0% +ablative and instrumental um pre-written +versions of Germanic languages um we + + align:start position:0% +versions of Germanic languages um we + + + align:start position:0% +versions of Germanic languages um we +think had all of these cases but for the + + align:start position:0% +think had all of these cases but for the + + + align:start position:0% +think had all of these cases but for the +most part they've all sort of like + + align:start position:0% +most part they've all sort of like + + + align:start position:0% +most part they've all sort of like +collapsed into the dative um by the time + + align:start position:0% +collapsed into the dative um by the time + + + align:start position:0% +collapsed into the dative um by the time +that we're um by the that we're working + + align:start position:0% +that we're um by the that we're working + + + align:start position:0% +that we're um by the that we're working +um this is good in as much as it means + + align:start position:0% +um this is good in as much as it means + + + align:start position:0% +um this is good in as much as it means +you have fewer paradigms to memorize + + align:start position:0% +you have fewer paradigms to memorize + + + align:start position:0% +you have fewer paradigms to memorize +it's bad in the sense that the dative + + align:start position:0% +it's bad in the sense that the dative + + + align:start position:0% +it's bad in the sense that the dative +can do almost anything we will discover + + align:start position:0% +can do almost anything we will discover + + + align:start position:0% +can do almost anything we will discover +all right or it's not bad it's confusing + + align:start position:0% +all right or it's not bad it's confusing + + + align:start position:0% +all right or it's not bad it's confusing +potentially um so I'm going to go + + align:start position:0% +potentially um so I'm going to go + + + align:start position:0% +potentially um so I'm going to go +through some of the um most important uh + + align:start position:0% +through some of the um most important uh + + + align:start position:0% +through some of the um most important uh +uses of the dative case and then um + + align:start position:0% +uses of the dative case and then um + + + align:start position:0% +uses of the dative case and then um +we'll take + + align:start position:0% +we'll take + + + align:start position:0% +we'll take +questions so the data of + + align:start position:0% +questions so the data of + + + align:start position:0% +questions so the data of +interest + + align:start position:0% +interest + + + align:start position:0% +interest +um indic signifies that in some way uh + + align:start position:0% +um indic signifies that in some way uh + + + align:start position:0% +um indic signifies that in some way uh +that one is in some way interested in + + align:start position:0% +that one is in some way interested in + + + align:start position:0% +that one is in some way interested in +the outcome of an action this category + + align:start position:0% +the outcome of an action this category + + + align:start position:0% +the outcome of an action this category +includes the indirect object so y him + + align:start position:0% +includes the indirect object so y him + + + align:start position:0% +includes the indirect object so y him +his SW give him his sword um but the + + align:start position:0% +his SW give him his sword um but the + + + align:start position:0% +his SW give him his sword um but the +data of Interest also covers situations + + align:start position:0% +data of Interest also covers situations + + + align:start position:0% +data of Interest also covers situations +in which something has been taken away + + align:start position:0% +in which something has been taken away + + + align:start position:0% +in which something has been taken away +and is therefore sometimes called the + + align:start position:0% +and is therefore sometimes called the + + + align:start position:0% +and is therefore sometimes called the +data of disinterest um benam Heim his + + align:start position:0% +data of disinterest um benam Heim his + + + align:start position:0% +data of disinterest um benam Heim his +Bish Bishop Shir he took his Bishop + + align:start position:0% +Bish Bishop Shir he took his Bishop + + + align:start position:0% +Bish Bishop Shir he took his Bishop +Bishop Rick away from him um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one other aspect one other function of + + align:start position:0% +one other aspect one other function of + + + align:start position:0% +one other aspect one other function of +the dative case that actually oh yeah + + align:start position:0% +the dative case that actually oh yeah + + + align:start position:0% +the dative case that actually oh yeah +there it is at the bottom of the page um + + align:start position:0% +there it is at the bottom of the page um + + + align:start position:0% +there it is at the bottom of the page um +I'll get back to that in one sec um the + + align:start position:0% +I'll get back to that in one sec um the + + + align:start position:0% +I'll get back to that in one sec um the +direct object so some verbs have their + + align:start position:0% +direct object so some verbs have their + + + align:start position:0% +direct object so some verbs have their +direct objects in the data of case I + + align:start position:0% +direct objects in the data of case I + + + align:start position:0% +direct objects in the data of case I +already um I mentioned that briefly uh + + align:start position:0% +already um I mentioned that briefly uh + + + align:start position:0% +already um I mentioned that briefly uh +before it's it's not that uncommon + + align:start position:0% +before it's it's not that uncommon + + + align:start position:0% +before it's it's not that uncommon +actually so just + + align:start position:0% +actually so just + + + align:start position:0% +actually so just +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +um yeah and you'll just have to look up + + align:start position:0% +um yeah and you'll just have to look up + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah and you'll just have to look up +the word in order to know um um + + align:start position:0% +the word in order to know um um + + + align:start position:0% +the word in order to know um um +fortunately our glossies um indicate um + + align:start position:0% +fortunately our glossies um indicate um + + + align:start position:0% +fortunately our glossies um indicate um +which case uh the verb will take as a um + + align:start position:0% +which case uh the verb will take as a um + + + align:start position:0% +which case uh the verb will take as a um +as a direct object um so for example + + align:start position:0% +as a direct object um so for example + + + align:start position:0% +as a direct object um so for example +here on which is the example that they + + align:start position:0% +here on which is the example that they + + + align:start position:0% +here on which is the example that they +give um right there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um oh I guess they they they gloss it + + align:start position:0% +um oh I guess they they they gloss it + + + align:start position:0% +um oh I guess they they they gloss it +under it takes a little while to to + + align:start position:0% +under it takes a little while to to + + + align:start position:0% +under it takes a little while to to +learn to get the get the hang of using + + align:start position:0% +learn to get the get the hang of using + + + align:start position:0% +learn to get the get the hang of using +Old English glossies because there's a + + align:start position:0% +Old English glossies because there's a + + + align:start position:0% +Old English glossies because there's a +lot of um uh words can be spelled a lot + + align:start position:0% +lot of um uh words can be spelled a lot + + + align:start position:0% +lot of um uh words can be spelled a lot +of different ways there's no such thing + + align:start position:0% +of different ways there's no such thing + + + align:start position:0% +of different ways there's no such thing +as um standardized spelling quite yet um + + align:start position:0% +as um standardized spelling quite yet um + + + align:start position:0% +as um standardized spelling quite yet um +but if you look up Huron um on page 333 + + align:start position:0% +but if you look up Huron um on page 333 + + + align:start position:0% +but if you look up Huron um on page 333 +of the glossery um to hear to listen to + + align:start position:0% +of the glossery um to hear to listen to + + + align:start position:0% +of the glossery um to hear to listen to +um and then to obey and then it gives it + + align:start position:0% +um and then to obey and then it gives it + + + align:start position:0% +um and then to obey and then it gives it +includes in parenthesis with the dative + + align:start position:0% +includes in parenthesis with the dative + + + align:start position:0% +includes in parenthesis with the dative +um so the the glossery will guide + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/NHGOc_nC_eU.txt b/NHGOc_nC_eU.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f6e99c33dd3f6a6288903a9b26f6345c8697c070 --- /dev/null +++ b/NHGOc_nC_eU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3955 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu hi everyone we're going to + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu hi everyone we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu hi everyone we're going to +get started + + align:start position:0% +get started + + + align:start position:0% +get started +uh so today we're is another lab day so + + align:start position:0% +uh so today we're is another lab day so + + + align:start position:0% +uh so today we're is another lab day so +we're going to split up and half is + + align:start position:0% +we're going to split up and half is + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to split up and half is +going to be outside again so hopefully + + align:start position:0% +going to be outside again so hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +going to be outside again so hopefully +brought your coats if you haven't you + + align:start position:0% +brought your coats if you haven't you + + + align:start position:0% +brought your coats if you haven't you +should start learning that's a good + + align:start position:0% +should start learning that's a good + + + align:start position:0% +should start learning that's a good +thing to do and then the other half in + + align:start position:0% +thing to do and then the other half in + + + align:start position:0% +thing to do and then the other half in +the shop uh finishing up the wood work + + align:start position:0% +the shop uh finishing up the wood work + + + align:start position:0% +the shop uh finishing up the wood work +you did and then we're also just going + + align:start position:0% +you did and then we're also just going + + + align:start position:0% +you did and then we're also just going +to do some metal work and PVC work just + + align:start position:0% +to do some metal work and PVC work just + + + align:start position:0% +to do some metal work and PVC work just +so you get familiar with all the tools + + align:start position:0% +so you get familiar with all the tools + + + align:start position:0% +so you get familiar with all the tools +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +shop for the P pumps I think am's going + + align:start position:0% +shop for the P pumps I think am's going + + + align:start position:0% +shop for the P pumps I think am's going +to talk a little bit I just wanted to + + align:start position:0% +to talk a little bit I just wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +to talk a little bit I just wanted to +mention someone asked + + align:start position:0% +mention someone asked + + + align:start position:0% +mention someone asked +like is a foot pump always better than a + + align:start position:0% +like is a foot pump always better than a + + + align:start position:0% +like is a foot pump always better than a +hand pump and the answer is no there's a + + align:start position:0% +hand pump and the answer is no there's a + + + align:start position:0% +hand pump and the answer is no there's a +variety of reasons why you might want a + + align:start position:0% +variety of reasons why you might want a + + + align:start position:0% +variety of reasons why you might want a +hand pump over a foot pump um one of + + align:start position:0% +hand pump over a foot pump um one of + + + align:start position:0% +hand pump over a foot pump um one of +them that's a little subtle is that in + + align:start position:0% +them that's a little subtle is that in + + + align:start position:0% +them that's a little subtle is that in +some cultures uh it's not acceptable for + + align:start position:0% +some cultures uh it's not acceptable for + + + align:start position:0% +some cultures uh it's not acceptable for +women to stand over water sources and so + + align:start position:0% +women to stand over water sources and so + + + align:start position:0% +women to stand over water sources and so +you can't use a foot pump as a woman and + + align:start position:0% +you can't use a foot pump as a woman and + + + align:start position:0% +you can't use a foot pump as a woman and +so if the woman needs to be able to do + + align:start position:0% +so if the woman needs to be able to do + + + align:start position:0% +so if the woman needs to be able to do +the work she has to use a hand pump so + + align:start position:0% +the work she has to use a hand pump so + + + align:start position:0% +the work she has to use a hand pump so +there's many places where foot pumps + + align:start position:0% +there's many places where foot pumps + + + align:start position:0% +there's many places where foot pumps +have not worked because of that reason + + align:start position:0% +have not worked because of that reason + + + align:start position:0% +have not worked because of that reason +and hand pumps have worked out great so + + align:start position:0% +and hand pumps have worked out great so + + + align:start position:0% +and hand pumps have worked out great so +there's and I mean I think we'll talk + + align:start position:0% +there's and I mean I think we'll talk + + + align:start position:0% +there's and I mean I think we'll talk +about some other reasons but there's a + + align:start position:0% +about some other reasons but there's a + + + align:start position:0% +about some other reasons but there's a +lot of variety in what's going to work + + align:start position:0% +lot of variety in what's going to work + + + align:start position:0% +lot of variety in what's going to work +better where and why so yeah it's not + + align:start position:0% +better where and why so yeah it's not + + + align:start position:0% +better where and why so yeah it's not +while you guys were calculating power + + align:start position:0% +while you guys were calculating power + + + align:start position:0% +while you guys were calculating power +and that's what we're a little obsessed + + align:start position:0% +and that's what we're a little obsessed + + + align:start position:0% +and that's what we're a little obsessed +about in this class that's not the only + + align:start position:0% +about in this class that's not the only + + + align:start position:0% +about in this class that's not the only +thing you have to worry about is maximum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +power okay so um addressing the rest of + + align:start position:0% +power okay so um addressing the rest of + + + align:start position:0% +power okay so um addressing the rest of +the pump + + align:start position:0% +the pump + + + align:start position:0% +the pump +questions uh when you when you're + + align:start position:0% +questions uh when you when you're + + + align:start position:0% +questions uh when you when you're +actually trying to decide what kind of + + align:start position:0% +actually trying to decide what kind of + + + align:start position:0% +actually trying to decide what kind of +pump to implement in a specific site + + align:start position:0% +pump to implement in a specific site + + + align:start position:0% +pump to implement in a specific site +there are a few things you need to take + + align:start position:0% +there are a few things you need to take + + + align:start position:0% +there are a few things you need to take +into consideration first you need to + + align:start position:0% +into consideration first you need to + + + align:start position:0% +into consideration first you need to +figure out how much water is going to be + + align:start position:0% +figure out how much water is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +figure out how much water is going to be +used if you're going to pump a bucket of + + align:start position:0% +used if you're going to pump a bucket of + + + align:start position:0% +used if you're going to pump a bucket of +water a day building a expensive rocker + + align:start position:0% +water a day building a expensive rocker + + + align:start position:0% +water a day building a expensive rocker +pump doesn't really make sense and a + + align:start position:0% +pump doesn't really make sense and a + + + align:start position:0% +pump doesn't really make sense and a +hand pump will do the trick whereas if + + align:start position:0% +hand pump will do the trick whereas if + + + align:start position:0% +hand pump will do the trick whereas if +you're trying to get um trying to + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to get um trying to + + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to get um trying to +irrigate your entire field then maybe a + + align:start position:0% +irrigate your entire field then maybe a + + + align:start position:0% +irrigate your entire field then maybe a +cement pump is a better alternative to + + align:start position:0% +cement pump is a better alternative to + + + align:start position:0% +cement pump is a better alternative to +the hand pump because you don't want to + + align:start position:0% +the hand pump because you don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +the hand pump because you don't want to +sit there pumping with your hand for + + align:start position:0% +sit there pumping with your hand for + + + align:start position:0% +sit there pumping with your hand for +hours and hours and hours um that being + + align:start position:0% +hours and hours and hours um that being + + + align:start position:0% +hours and hours and hours um that being +said the other thing is that different + + align:start position:0% +said the other thing is that different + + + align:start position:0% +said the other thing is that different +pumps have different can pump different + + align:start position:0% +pumps have different can pump different + + + align:start position:0% +pumps have different can pump different +amounts of water and can pump over + + align:start position:0% +amounts of water and can pump over + + + align:start position:0% +amounts of water and can pump over +different pressure heads um so the + + align:start position:0% +different pressure heads um so the + + + align:start position:0% +different pressure heads um so the +cement pump is a diaphragm pump um and I + + align:start position:0% +cement pump is a diaphragm pump um and I + + + align:start position:0% +cement pump is a diaphragm pump um and I +think it can pump about 5 to 7even met + + align:start position:0% +think it can pump about 5 to 7even met + + + align:start position:0% +think it can pump about 5 to 7even met +deep only uh so it's not really used to + + align:start position:0% +deep only uh so it's not really used to + + + align:start position:0% +deep only uh so it's not really used to +pump water from a low water source like + + align:start position:0% +pump water from a low water source like + + + align:start position:0% +pump water from a low water source like +a bore hole or something like that + + align:start position:0% +a bore hole or something like that + + + align:start position:0% +a bore hole or something like that +because it just won't be able to do that + + align:start position:0% +because it just won't be able to do that + + + align:start position:0% +because it just won't be able to do that +um a little bit about how it works is + + align:start position:0% +um a little bit about how it works is + + + align:start position:0% +um a little bit about how it works is +you have uh two + + align:start position:0% +you have uh two + + + align:start position:0% +you have uh two +valves and then you have this sort + + align:start position:0% +valves and then you have this sort + + + align:start position:0% +valves and then you have this sort +of it's called a + + align:start position:0% +of it's called a + + + align:start position:0% +of it's called a +diaphragm and then you have another + + align:start position:0% +diaphragm and then you have another + + + align:start position:0% +diaphragm and then you have another +valve here and so what happens is this + + align:start position:0% +valve here and so what happens is this + + + align:start position:0% +valve here and so what happens is this +thing can change anywhere between this + + align:start position:0% +thing can change anywhere between this + + + align:start position:0% +thing can change anywhere between this +height and this height when you step on + + align:start position:0% +height and this height when you step on + + + align:start position:0% +height and this height when you step on +it and so when you uh when you step down + + align:start position:0% +it and so when you uh when you step down + + + align:start position:0% +it and so when you uh when you step down +you're constricting the volume here + + align:start position:0% +you're constricting the volume here + + + align:start position:0% +you're constricting the volume here +um and water's going to flow get pushed + + align:start position:0% +um and water's going to flow get pushed + + + align:start position:0% +um and water's going to flow get pushed +out of here into this um from your + + align:start position:0% +out of here into this um from your + + + align:start position:0% +out of here into this um from your +outlet and then when you release it and + + align:start position:0% +outlet and then when you release it and + + + align:start position:0% +outlet and then when you release it and +you push up this valve closes and then + + align:start position:0% +you push up this valve closes and then + + + align:start position:0% +you push up this valve closes and then +there's a pressure difference in here or + + align:start position:0% +there's a pressure difference in here or + + + align:start position:0% +there's a pressure difference in here or +negative pressure in here which will + + align:start position:0% +negative pressure in here which will + + + align:start position:0% +negative pressure in here which will +open this valve and pull water in so it + + align:start position:0% +open this valve and pull water in so it + + + align:start position:0% +open this valve and pull water in so it +works pretty much the same way with two + + align:start position:0% +works pretty much the same way with two + + + align:start position:0% +works pretty much the same way with two +oneway valves but the thing is that you + + align:start position:0% +oneway valves but the thing is that you + + + align:start position:0% +oneway valves but the thing is that you +can't generate that big uh a pressure + + align:start position:0% +can't generate that big uh a pressure + + + align:start position:0% +can't generate that big uh a pressure +difference and that's why you can't have + + align:start position:0% +difference and that's why you can't have + + + align:start position:0% +difference and that's why you can't have +you can't pump over that or you can't + + align:start position:0% +you can't pump over that or you can't + + + align:start position:0% +you can't pump over that or you can't +pump that deep and so that's another one + + align:start position:0% +pump that deep and so that's another one + + + align:start position:0% +pump that deep and so that's another one +of the considerations you have to take + + align:start position:0% +of the considerations you have to take + + + align:start position:0% +of the considerations you have to take +into account I think when you want to + + align:start position:0% +into account I think when you want to + + + align:start position:0% +into account I think when you want to +Pump from bore holes or something you + + align:start position:0% +Pump from bore holes or something you + + + align:start position:0% +Pump from bore holes or something you +want to get + + align:start position:0% +want to get + + + align:start position:0% +want to get +somewhere around 50ish meters deep uh I + + align:start position:0% +somewhere around 50ish meters deep uh I + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere around 50ish meters deep uh I +know the hand pump that we went over the + + align:start position:0% +know the hand pump that we went over the + + + align:start position:0% +know the hand pump that we went over the +other day pumps somewhere between 20 and + + align:start position:0% +other day pumps somewhere between 20 and + + + align:start position:0% +other day pumps somewhere between 20 and +40 m deep and the trle pump which you + + align:start position:0% +40 m deep and the trle pump which you + + + align:start position:0% +40 m deep and the trle pump which you +may have seen in other places it's + + align:start position:0% +may have seen in other places it's + + + align:start position:0% +may have seen in other places it's +similar but instead of rocking back and + + align:start position:0% +similar but instead of rocking back and + + + align:start position:0% +similar but instead of rocking back and +forth you lift up your legs up and down + + align:start position:0% +forth you lift up your legs up and down + + + align:start position:0% +forth you lift up your legs up and down +kind of like this and it's the one that + + align:start position:0% +kind of like this and it's the one that + + + align:start position:0% +kind of like this and it's the one that +IDE uses and it's mostly used for + + align:start position:0% +IDE uses and it's mostly used for + + + align:start position:0% +IDE uses and it's mostly used for +irrigation of fields and that one um + + align:start position:0% +irrigation of fields and that one um + + + align:start position:0% +irrigation of fields and that one um +that one I know pump's only 7 m + + align:start position:0% +that one I know pump's only 7 m + + + align:start position:0% +that one I know pump's only 7 m +deep uh uh and I lost + + align:start position:0% +deep uh uh and I lost + + + align:start position:0% +deep uh uh and I lost +my + + align:start position:0% +my + + + align:start position:0% +my +cool yes have any of these pumps been + + align:start position:0% +cool yes have any of these pumps been + + + align:start position:0% +cool yes have any of these pumps been +used for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like can you put a filter seems really + + align:start position:0% +like can you put a filter seems really + + + align:start position:0% +like can you put a filter seems really +rudimentary but can you put a filter at + + align:start position:0% +rudimentary but can you put a filter at + + + align:start position:0% +rudimentary but can you put a filter at +the end of one of them kind of like a + + align:start position:0% +the end of one of them kind of like a + + + align:start position:0% +the end of one of them kind of like a +valve and then just + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +collect I've seen people use pumps with + + align:start position:0% +collect I've seen people use pumps with + + + align:start position:0% +collect I've seen people use pumps with +filters on them generally larger p + + align:start position:0% +filters on them generally larger p + + + align:start position:0% +filters on them generally larger p +filters uh but the problem with that is + + align:start position:0% +filters uh but the problem with that is + + + align:start position:0% +filters uh but the problem with that is +you normally have to replace the filter + + align:start position:0% +you normally have to replace the filter + + + align:start position:0% +you normally have to replace the filter +every so often and you don't you you + + align:start position:0% +every so often and you don't you you + + + align:start position:0% +every so often and you don't you you +don't want it in an internal part of the + + align:start position:0% +don't want it in an internal part of the + + + align:start position:0% +don't want it in an internal part of the +pump because it gets tedious to replace + + align:start position:0% +pump because it gets tedious to replace + + + align:start position:0% +pump because it gets tedious to replace +it all the time but I've seen people put + + align:start position:0% +it all the time but I've seen people put + + + align:start position:0% +it all the time but I've seen people put +like just cloth filters over the end to + + align:start position:0% +like just cloth filters over the end to + + + align:start position:0% +like just cloth filters over the end to +get rid of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +turbidity great so it's because a pump + + align:start position:0% +turbidity great so it's because a pump + + + align:start position:0% +turbidity great so it's because a pump +is pushing out a relatively high + + align:start position:0% +is pushing out a relatively high + + + align:start position:0% +is pushing out a relatively high +pressure and filters tend to work slowly + + align:start position:0% +pressure and filters tend to work slowly + + + align:start position:0% +pressure and filters tend to work slowly +it's rare that you can just put a filter + + align:start position:0% +it's rare that you can just put a filter + + + align:start position:0% +it's rare that you can just put a filter +at the end um so typically while would + + align:start position:0% +at the end um so typically while would + + + align:start position:0% +at the end um so typically while would +be great to just have point of use water + + align:start position:0% +be great to just have point of use water + + + align:start position:0% +be great to just have point of use water +P purification and cleaning um apart + + align:start position:0% +P purification and cleaning um apart + + + align:start position:0% +P purification and cleaning um apart +from like turbidity factors it's hard to + + align:start position:0% +from like turbidity factors it's hard to + + + align:start position:0% +from like turbidity factors it's hard to +do that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +effectively all right um so yeah so + + align:start position:0% +effectively all right um so yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +effectively all right um so yeah so +those are I think the two biggest + + align:start position:0% +those are I think the two biggest + + + align:start position:0% +those are I think the two biggest +questions from last week's lab do you + + align:start position:0% +questions from last week's lab do you + + + align:start position:0% +questions from last week's lab do you +any if you have more questions about + + align:start position:0% +any if you have more questions about + + + align:start position:0% +any if you have more questions about +last week's + + align:start position:0% +last week's + + + align:start position:0% +last week's +lab cool uh so some a little bit about + + align:start position:0% +lab cool uh so some a little bit about + + + align:start position:0% +lab cool uh so some a little bit about +what we're going to do today + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to do today + + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to do today +uh the objectives are we're going to try + + align:start position:0% +uh the objectives are we're going to try + + + align:start position:0% +uh the objectives are we're going to try +to learn about how to get energy from + + align:start position:0% +to learn about how to get energy from + + + align:start position:0% +to learn about how to get energy from +solar panels PV panels um so you're + + align:start position:0% +solar panels PV panels um so you're + + + align:start position:0% +solar panels PV panels um so you're +going to be working with them we have + + align:start position:0% +going to be working with them we have + + + align:start position:0% +going to be working with them we have +one that's this size and one that's + + align:start position:0% +one that's this size and one that's + + + align:start position:0% +one that's this size and one that's +maybe three times the size of this um so + + align:start position:0% +maybe three times the size of this um so + + + align:start position:0% +maybe three times the size of this um so +we're going to take these + + align:start position:0% +we're going to take these + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to take these +outside um and hook them up and then + + align:start position:0% +outside um and hook them up and then + + + align:start position:0% +outside um and hook them up and then +we're going to learn about some of a + + align:start position:0% +we're going to learn about some of a + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to learn about some of a +little bit about the theory behind not + + align:start position:0% +little bit about the theory behind not + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about the theory behind not +actually how the PV panel works we'll go + + align:start position:0% +actually how the PV panel works we'll go + + + align:start position:0% +actually how the PV panel works we'll go +into that later but this is more about + + align:start position:0% +into that later but this is more about + + + align:start position:0% +into that later but this is more about +how to use the PV panel um and some + + align:start position:0% +how to use the PV panel um and some + + + align:start position:0% +how to use the PV panel um and some +applications that come from that we're + + align:start position:0% +applications that come from that we're + + + align:start position:0% +applications that come from that we're +going to learn how to hook it up to a + + align:start position:0% +going to learn how to hook it up to a + + + align:start position:0% +going to learn how to hook it up to a +battery because that's one of the most + + align:start position:0% +battery because that's one of the most + + + align:start position:0% +battery because that's one of the most +common uses I think uh and we're going + + align:start position:0% +common uses I think uh and we're going + + + align:start position:0% +common uses I think uh and we're going +to look at some of the design + + align:start position:0% +to look at some of the design + + + align:start position:0% +to look at some of the design +considerations you going to have to take + + align:start position:0% +considerations you going to have to take + + + align:start position:0% +considerations you going to have to take +into account when you look at designing + + align:start position:0% +into account when you look at designing + + + align:start position:0% +into account when you look at designing +a solar + + align:start position:0% +a solar + + + align:start position:0% +a solar +system um and so that's sort of one half + + align:start position:0% +system um and so that's sort of one half + + + align:start position:0% +system um and so that's sort of one half +of the lab and the other half is going + + align:start position:0% +of the lab and the other half is going + + + align:start position:0% +of the lab and the other half is going +to be working in the shop again and + + align:start position:0% +to be working in the shop again and + + + align:start position:0% +to be working in the shop again and +you're going to learn more about + + align:start position:0% +you're going to learn more about + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to learn more about +fabrication techniques but this time + + align:start position:0% +fabrication techniques but this time + + + align:start position:0% +fabrication techniques but this time +instead of working with wood we're going + + align:start position:0% +instead of working with wood we're going + + + align:start position:0% +instead of working with wood we're going +to look at other materials like metal + + align:start position:0% +to look at other materials like metal + + + align:start position:0% +to look at other materials like metal +and PVC and Sheet + + align:start position:0% +and PVC and Sheet + + + align:start position:0% +and PVC and Sheet +Metal uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cool + + align:start position:0% +cool + + + align:start position:0% +cool +so where's my sheet okay + + align:start position:0% +so where's my sheet okay + + + align:start position:0% +so where's my sheet okay +so when you're trying to get energy when + + align:start position:0% +so when you're trying to get energy when + + + align:start position:0% +so when you're trying to get energy when +you're trying to get power + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to get power + + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to get power +from the Sun you basically have your sun + + align:start position:0% +from the Sun you basically have your sun + + + align:start position:0% +from the Sun you basically have your sun +and then you have the surface of your + + align:start position:0% +and then you have the surface of your + + + align:start position:0% +and then you have the surface of your +Earth and Rays coming in do any of you + + align:start position:0% +Earth and Rays coming in do any of you + + + align:start position:0% +Earth and Rays coming in do any of you +know how much best case uh when the sun + + align:start position:0% +know how much best case uh when the sun + + + align:start position:0% +know how much best case uh when the sun +is shining there's no clouds blocking + + align:start position:0% +is shining there's no clouds blocking + + + align:start position:0% +is shining there's no clouds blocking +the way what the best case power you can + + align:start position:0% +the way what the best case power you can + + + align:start position:0% +the way what the best case power you can +get from the sun is in watts per met + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +squ yeah it's about a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thousand + + align:start position:0% +thousand + + + align:start position:0% +thousand +um now at the beginning at the first + + align:start position:0% +um now at the beginning at the first + + + align:start position:0% +um now at the beginning at the first +class we sat in we tried calculating the + + align:start position:0% +class we sat in we tried calculating the + + + align:start position:0% +class we sat in we tried calculating the +average daily electrical consumption or + + align:start position:0% +average daily electrical consumption or + + + align:start position:0% +average daily electrical consumption or +average electrical consumption per year + + align:start position:0% +average electrical consumption per year + + + align:start position:0% +average electrical consumption per year +for people living in the developing + + align:start position:0% +for people living in the developing + + + align:start position:0% +for people living in the developing +world and and based on of those numbers + + align:start position:0% +world and and based on of those numbers + + + align:start position:0% +world and and based on of those numbers +we have uh you can approximate that + + align:start position:0% +we have uh you can approximate that + + + align:start position:0% +we have uh you can approximate that +people in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Nicaragua use about 1 kilowatt + + align:start position:0% +Nicaragua use about 1 kilowatt + + + align:start position:0% +Nicaragua use about 1 kilowatt +hours a day and then people living in + + align:start position:0% +hours a day and then people living in + + + align:start position:0% +hours a day and then people living in +Haiti use + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +about .1 kilowatt hours of electricity a + + align:start position:0% +about .1 kilowatt hours of electricity a + + + align:start position:0% +about .1 kilowatt hours of electricity a +day uh so if we're at solar we're + + align:start position:0% +day uh so if we're at solar we're + + + align:start position:0% +day uh so if we're at solar we're +looking to + + align:start position:0% +looking to + + + align:start position:0% +looking to +power we're looking to power all of + + align:start position:0% +power we're looking to power all of + + + align:start position:0% +power we're looking to power all of +these uh the 1 kilow hour that or 01 Kil + + align:start position:0% +these uh the 1 kilow hour that or 01 Kil + + + align:start position:0% +these uh the 1 kilow hour that or 01 Kil +hours that people are using in the + + align:start position:0% +hours that people are using in the + + + align:start position:0% +hours that people are using in the +developing World using this energy how + + align:start position:0% +developing World using this energy how + + + align:start position:0% +developing World using this energy how +much uh surface area would we need to + + align:start position:0% +much uh surface area would we need to + + + align:start position:0% +much uh surface area would we need to +harness the power so we can we can walk + + align:start position:0% +harness the power so we can we can walk + + + align:start position:0% +harness the power so we can we can walk +through it right + + align:start position:0% +through it right + + + align:start position:0% +through it right +and we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +get and then you know that a day has 24 + + align:start position:0% +get and then you know that a day has 24 + + + align:start position:0% +get and then you know that a day has 24 +hours so you can multiply that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +out + + align:start position:0% +out + + + align:start position:0% +out +yeah it's true um I'll get to that in a + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's true um I'll get to that in a + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's true um I'll get to that in a +second so you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +got + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +about about that much surface area where + + align:start position:0% +about about that much surface area where + + + align:start position:0% +about about that much surface area where +you need so if you could ideally harness + + align:start position:0% +you need so if you could ideally harness + + + align:start position:0% +you need so if you could ideally harness +the power of the Sun at this efficiency + + align:start position:0% +the power of the Sun at this efficiency + + + align:start position:0% +the power of the Sun at this efficiency +or at this much power for 24 hours a day + + align:start position:0% +or at this much power for 24 hours a day + + + align:start position:0% +or at this much power for 24 hours a day +for one day you would only need solar or + + align:start position:0% +for one day you would only need solar or + + + align:start position:0% +for one day you would only need solar or +you would only need a collector that's + + align:start position:0% +you would only need a collector that's + + + align:start position:0% +you would only need a collector that's +04 M squar which is pretty tiny which + + align:start position:0% +04 M squar which is pretty tiny which + + + align:start position:0% +04 M squar which is pretty tiny which +like which seems like a really good idea + + align:start position:0% +like which seems like a really good idea + + + align:start position:0% +like which seems like a really good idea +but there are a lot of consider like + + align:start position:0% +but there are a lot of consider like + + + align:start position:0% +but there are a lot of consider like +there are a lot of reasons why this is + + align:start position:0% +there are a lot of reasons why this is + + + align:start position:0% +there are a lot of reasons why this is +not the right way of figuring out how + + align:start position:0% +not the right way of figuring out how + + + align:start position:0% +not the right way of figuring out how +much power you need um so like you said + + align:start position:0% +much power you need um so like you said + + + align:start position:0% +much power you need um so like you said +for example the sun does how far down + + align:start position:0% +for example the sun does how far down + + + align:start position:0% +for example the sun does how far down +can you guys read it again is it about + + align:start position:0% +can you guys read it again is it about + + + align:start position:0% +can you guys read it again is it about +here there there okay um so + + align:start position:0% +here there there okay um so + + + align:start position:0% +here there there okay um so +yeah so let's brainstorm some of these + + align:start position:0% +yeah so let's brainstorm some of these + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so let's brainstorm some of these +ideas or some of these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reasons Maxum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so supply and demand is never it's + + align:start position:0% +yeah so supply and demand is never it's + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so supply and demand is never it's +not always exactly matched so there no + + align:start position:0% +not always exactly matched so there no + + + align:start position:0% +not always exactly matched so there no +storage + + align:start position:0% +storage + + + align:start position:0% +storage +it was right now storage yet so might + + align:start position:0% +it was right now storage yet so might + + + align:start position:0% +it was right now storage yet so might +need from to one to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay Max + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +30% that efficiency goes down even more + + align:start position:0% +30% that efficiency goes down even more + + + align:start position:0% +30% that efficiency goes down even more +as the panels Ag and also if it gets + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so let's start looking at some of + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's start looking at some of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's start looking at some of +these and quantifying some of these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh these constraints we have + + align:start position:0% +uh these constraints we have + + + align:start position:0% +uh these constraints we have +now so we can't do this anymore let's + + align:start position:0% +now so we can't do this anymore let's + + + align:start position:0% +now so we can't do this anymore let's +still work with these numbers as + + align:start position:0% +still work with these numbers as + + + align:start position:0% +still work with these numbers as +ballparks because I mean we're only + + align:start position:0% +ballparks because I mean we're only + + + align:start position:0% +ballparks because I mean we're only +really concerned with order of magnitude + + align:start position:0% +really concerned with order of magnitude + + + align:start position:0% +really concerned with order of magnitude +estimations really for this um so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so efficiency of PV uh in Max you get + + align:start position:0% +so efficiency of PV uh in Max you get + + + align:start position:0% +so efficiency of PV uh in Max you get +about 30% but I think that's sort of the + + align:start position:0% +about 30% but I think that's sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +about 30% but I think that's sort of the +laboratory like cutting gray technology + + align:start position:0% +laboratory like cutting gray technology + + + align:start position:0% +laboratory like cutting gray technology +that is really expensive with + + align:start position:0% +that is really expensive with + + + align:start position:0% +that is really expensive with +commercially available PV it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +more it's somewhere between 8 and + + align:start position:0% +more it's somewhere between 8 and + + + align:start position:0% +more it's somewhere between 8 and +18% is what you're going to get right + + align:start position:0% +18% is what you're going to get right + + + align:start position:0% +18% is what you're going to get right +now um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah we're not going to look at that one + + align:start position:0% +yeah we're not going to look at that one + + + align:start position:0% +yeah we're not going to look at that one +yet um so this one about how many hours + + align:start position:0% +yet um so this one about how many hours + + + align:start position:0% +yet um so this one about how many hours +do you think should we approximate the + + align:start position:0% +do you think should we approximate the + + + align:start position:0% +do you think should we approximate the +sun to be up a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +day okay so let's go + + align:start position:0% +day okay so let's go + + + align:start position:0% +day okay so let's go +10 hours I think that's still a bit High + + align:start position:0% +10 hours I think that's still a bit High + + + align:start position:0% +10 hours I think that's still a bit High +I think somewhere around eight is better + + align:start position:0% +I think somewhere around eight is better + + + align:start position:0% +I think somewhere around eight is better +yeah assuming + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equatorial uh let's go eight + + align:start position:0% +equatorial uh let's go eight + + + align:start position:0% +equatorial uh let's go eight +hours and then storage is also a big + + align:start position:0% +hours and then storage is also a big + + + align:start position:0% +hours and then storage is also a big +factor that that you have a huge amount + + align:start position:0% +factor that that you have a huge amount + + + align:start position:0% +factor that that you have a huge amount +of energy lost in storage as well + + align:start position:0% +of energy lost in storage as well + + + align:start position:0% +of energy lost in storage as well +there's like this is why one this is one + + align:start position:0% +there's like this is why one this is one + + + align:start position:0% +there's like this is why one this is one +of the reasons why um Just Energy is a + + align:start position:0% +of the reasons why um Just Energy is a + + + align:start position:0% +of the reasons why um Just Energy is a +problem because we have no really good + + align:start position:0% +problem because we have no really good + + + align:start position:0% +problem because we have no really good +way of storing it yet um so generally + + align:start position:0% +way of storing it yet um so generally + + + align:start position:0% +way of storing it yet um so generally +when you are trying to get power from + + align:start position:0% +when you are trying to get power from + + + align:start position:0% +when you are trying to get power from +your solar panel you're going to try to + + align:start position:0% +your solar panel you're going to try to + + + align:start position:0% +your solar panel you're going to try to +charge something with it like like a + + align:start position:0% +charge something with it like like a + + + align:start position:0% +charge something with it like like a +battery and when you charge a battery + + align:start position:0% +battery and when you charge a battery + + + align:start position:0% +battery and when you charge a battery +with it you have built-in losses um and + + align:start position:0% +with it you have built-in losses um and + + + align:start position:0% +with it you have built-in losses um and +the efficiency of transferring power + + align:start position:0% +the efficiency of transferring power + + + align:start position:0% +the efficiency of transferring power +from a solar panel to a battery without + + align:start position:0% +from a solar panel to a battery without + + + align:start position:0% +from a solar panel to a battery without +using any sort of Volt or like voltage + + align:start position:0% +using any sort of Volt or like voltage + + + align:start position:0% +using any sort of Volt or like voltage +regulation or anything because that has + + align:start position:0% +regulation or anything because that has + + + align:start position:0% +regulation or anything because that has +voltage that has energy loss too is + + align:start position:0% +voltage that has energy loss too is + + + align:start position:0% +voltage that has energy loss too is +about uh 75% + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so now that you've stored your + + align:start position:0% +and so now that you've stored your + + + align:start position:0% +and so now that you've stored your +energy what sort of applications are you + + align:start position:0% +energy what sort of applications are you + + + align:start position:0% +energy what sort of applications are you +going to try to power off of this + + align:start position:0% +going to try to power off of this + + + align:start position:0% +going to try to power off of this +battery + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +defitely appan yeah and what kind of + + align:start position:0% +defitely appan yeah and what kind of + + + align:start position:0% +defitely appan yeah and what kind of +power do small appliances take are you + + align:start position:0% +power do small appliances take are you + + + align:start position:0% +power do small appliances take are you +going to AC so you're going to have to + + align:start position:0% +going to AC so you're going to have to + + + align:start position:0% +going to AC so you're going to have to +convert this because when you have power + + align:start position:0% +convert this because when you have power + + + align:start position:0% +convert this because when you have power +stored into battery it's stored as DC so + + align:start position:0% +stored into battery it's stored as DC so + + + align:start position:0% +stored into battery it's stored as DC so +you have to convert it to AC again so + + align:start position:0% +you have to convert it to AC again so + + + align:start position:0% +you have to convert it to AC again so +you have this DC to AC + + align:start position:0% +you have this DC to AC + + + align:start position:0% +you have this DC to AC +conversion which also has a loss in + + align:start position:0% +conversion which also has a loss in + + + align:start position:0% +conversion which also has a loss in +efficiency and then we can say that's + + align:start position:0% +efficiency and then we can say that's + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency and then we can say that's +about 75% too it varies a lot depending + + align:start position:0% +about 75% too it varies a lot depending + + + align:start position:0% +about 75% too it varies a lot depending +on how expensive + + align:start position:0% +on how expensive + + + align:start position:0% +on how expensive +your um your inverter is and like how + + align:start position:0% +your um your inverter is and like how + + + align:start position:0% +your um your inverter is and like how +you're matching your loads with that + + align:start position:0% +you're matching your loads with that + + + align:start position:0% +you're matching your loads with that +inverter so it goes anywhere between + + align:start position:0% +inverter so it goes anywhere between + + + align:start position:0% +inverter so it goes anywhere between +like 50 and 90% I'd say but 7 sticking + + align:start position:0% +like 50 and 90% I'd say but 7 sticking + + + align:start position:0% +like 50 and 90% I'd say but 7 sticking +to 75% is reasonable so now that we have + + align:start position:0% +to 75% is reasonable so now that we have + + + align:start position:0% +to 75% is reasonable so now that we have +all of these numbers uh we can look at + + align:start position:0% +all of these numbers uh we can look at + + + align:start position:0% +all of these numbers uh we can look at +we can re-evaluate our uh our + + align:start position:0% +we can re-evaluate our uh our + + + align:start position:0% +we can re-evaluate our uh our +calculations so we have 1 kilowatt hour + + align:start position:0% +calculations so we have 1 kilowatt hour + + + align:start position:0% +calculations so we have 1 kilowatt hour +still for Nicaragua and now we're + + align:start position:0% +still for Nicaragua and now we're + + + align:start position:0% +still for Nicaragua and now we're +dividing it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um time + + align:start position:0% +um time + + + align:start position:0% +um time +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +75 do I think we want them in the + + align:start position:0% +75 do I think we want them in the + + + align:start position:0% +75 do I think we want them in the +denominator yeah let's do this cuz I'm + + align:start position:0% +denominator yeah let's do this cuz I'm + + + align:start position:0% +denominator yeah let's do this cuz I'm +running out of space and let's just say + + align:start position:0% +running out of space and let's just say + + + align:start position:0% +running out of space and let's just say +that that's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +10% sure + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and + + align:start position:0% +okay and + + + align:start position:0% +okay and +uh does someone have a calculator and + + align:start position:0% +uh does someone have a calculator and + + + align:start position:0% +uh does someone have a calculator and +want to do this I can do it on my + + align:start position:0% +want to do this I can do it on my + + + align:start position:0% +want to do this I can do it on my +computer + + align:start position:0% +computer + + + align:start position:0% +computer +too let's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +race2 7 s s 7 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +S8 actually + + align:start position:0% +S8 actually + + + align:start position:0% +S8 actually +I think + + align:start position:0% +I think + + + align:start position:0% +I think +uh I think that's in the well it's + + align:start position:0% +uh I think that's in the well it's + + + align:start position:0% +uh I think that's in the well it's +kilowatts divided by that so it's + + align:start position:0% +kilowatts divided by that so it's + + + align:start position:0% +kilowatts divided by that so it's +actually going to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +2.7 or whatever it's going to be about 3 + + align:start position:0% +2.7 or whatever it's going to be about 3 + + + align:start position:0% +2.7 or whatever it's going to be about 3 +m + + align:start position:0% +m + + + align:start position:0% +m +squared yeah 2 + + align:start position:0% +squared yeah 2 + + + align:start position:0% +squared yeah 2 +yeah um which is suddenly a lot larger + + align:start position:0% +yeah um which is suddenly a lot larger + + + align:start position:0% +yeah um which is suddenly a lot larger +than what we had before and this is + + align:start position:0% +than what we had before and this is + + + align:start position:0% +than what we had before and this is +still assuming that this is going to be + + align:start position:0% +still assuming that this is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +still assuming that this is going to be +best case scenario and + + align:start position:0% +best case scenario and + + + align:start position:0% +best case scenario and +and so if we assume that the sun is + + align:start position:0% +and so if we assume that the sun is + + + align:start position:0% +and so if we assume that the sun is +going to be shining bright every day + + align:start position:0% +going to be shining bright every day + + + align:start position:0% +going to be shining bright every day +we're going to have to have a solar + + align:start position:0% +we're going to have to have a solar + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to have to have a solar +panel at least 3 m square or 3 Square + + align:start position:0% +panel at least 3 m square or 3 Square + + + align:start position:0% +panel at least 3 m square or 3 Square +met + + align:start position:0% +met + + + align:start position:0% +met +um and then we have to think about other + + align:start position:0% +um and then we have to think about other + + + align:start position:0% +um and then we have to think about other +things too when we're dealing with PV + + align:start position:0% +things too when we're dealing with PV + + + align:start position:0% +things too when we're dealing with PV +usage like what is the power being used + + align:start position:0% +usage like what is the power being used + + + align:start position:0% +usage like what is the power being used +for and how reliable does it need to be + + align:start position:0% +for and how reliable does it need to be + + + align:start position:0% +for and how reliable does it need to be +so um what are what are some places + + align:start position:0% +so um what are what are some places + + + align:start position:0% +so um what are what are some places +where we could think about installing + + align:start position:0% +where we could think about installing + + + align:start position:0% +where we could think about installing +solar panels where it would need to be + + align:start position:0% +solar panels where it would need to be + + + align:start position:0% +solar panels where it would need to be +reliable and it would need to be very + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reliable + + align:start position:0% +reliable + + + align:start position:0% +reliable +okay I guess in the + + align:start position:0% +okay I guess in the + + + align:start position:0% +okay I guess in the +non-reliable maybe a + + align:start position:0% +non-reliable maybe a + + + align:start position:0% +non-reliable maybe a +home where you don't if you have a house + + align:start position:0% +home where you don't if you have a house + + + align:start position:0% +home where you don't if you have a house +that's not using refrigeration and there + + align:start position:0% +that's not using refrigeration and there + + + align:start position:0% +that's not using refrigeration and there +using lighting if they don't have + + align:start position:0% +using lighting if they don't have + + + align:start position:0% +using lighting if they don't have +electricity for one day or something + + align:start position:0% +electricity for one day or something + + + align:start position:0% +electricity for one day or something +like that it's not the end of the world + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um uh but but when you're when you're + + align:start position:0% +um uh but but when you're when you're + + + align:start position:0% +um uh but but when you're when you're +looking at designing a + + align:start position:0% +looking at designing a + + + align:start position:0% +looking at designing a +solar uh photov voltaic system for a + + align:start position:0% +solar uh photov voltaic system for a + + + align:start position:0% +solar uh photov voltaic system for a +community partner you need to like you + + align:start position:0% +community partner you need to like you + + + align:start position:0% +community partner you need to like you +need to be asking these sorts of + + align:start position:0% +need to be asking these sorts of + + + align:start position:0% +need to be asking these sorts of +questions like how long can you go + + align:start position:0% +questions like how long can you go + + + align:start position:0% +questions like how long can you go +without power for a hospital if you + + align:start position:0% +without power for a hospital if you + + + align:start position:0% +without power for a hospital if you +can't go a day without power what do you + + align:start position:0% +can't go a day without power what do you + + + align:start position:0% +can't go a day without power what do you +do if there's no sun for a week if it's + + align:start position:0% +do if there's no sun for a week if it's + + + align:start position:0% +do if there's no sun for a week if it's +cloudy you can't you can't have people + + align:start position:0% +cloudy you can't you can't have people + + + align:start position:0% +cloudy you can't you can't have people +who are on um techn or you can't have + + align:start position:0% +who are on um techn or you can't have + + + align:start position:0% +who are on um techn or you can't have +like you just can't have that for the + + align:start position:0% +like you just can't have that for the + + + align:start position:0% +like you just can't have that for the +hospital so you need to build a more + + align:start position:0% +hospital so you need to build a more + + + align:start position:0% +hospital so you need to build a more +robust system that can draw more power + + align:start position:0% +robust system that can draw more power + + + align:start position:0% +robust system that can draw more power +and store it better whereas for housing + + align:start position:0% +and store it better whereas for housing + + + align:start position:0% +and store it better whereas for housing +maybe a couple days if not or you maybe + + align:start position:0% +maybe a couple days if not or you maybe + + + align:start position:0% +maybe a couple days if not or you maybe +can afford to go without electricity for + + align:start position:0% +can afford to go without electricity for + + + align:start position:0% +can afford to go without electricity for +a couple of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +days + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um so yeah and + + align:start position:0% +um so yeah and + + + align:start position:0% +um so yeah and +then does anyone know what the cost of + + align:start position:0% +then does anyone know what the cost of + + + align:start position:0% +then does anyone know what the cost of +photo voltage mies as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well yeah when we were looking this up + + align:start position:0% +well yeah when we were looking this up + + + align:start position:0% +well yeah when we were looking this up +we found a pretty big range for how + + align:start position:0% +we found a pretty big range for how + + + align:start position:0% +we found a pretty big range for how +expensive they were I think some most of + + align:start position:0% +expensive they were I think some most of + + + align:start position:0% +expensive they were I think some most of +the sources were saying it was around $3 + + align:start position:0% +the sources were saying it was around $3 + + + align:start position:0% +the sources were saying it was around $3 +to5 for the cheapest PV we could find + + align:start position:0% +to5 for the cheapest PV we could find + + + align:start position:0% +to5 for the cheapest PV we could find +but it's still on that that order um For + + align:start position:0% +but it's still on that that order um For + + + align:start position:0% +but it's still on that that order um For +What and so I guess the thing you should + + align:start position:0% +What and so I guess the thing you should + + + align:start position:0% +What and so I guess the thing you should +take away from this is a lot of times + + align:start position:0% +take away from this is a lot of times + + + align:start position:0% +take away from this is a lot of times +people look at lighting and just say or + + align:start position:0% +people look at lighting and just say or + + + align:start position:0% +people look at lighting and just say or +electricity and just assume that solar + + align:start position:0% +electricity and just assume that solar + + + align:start position:0% +electricity and just assume that solar +is the like a miraculous Solution that's + + align:start position:0% +is the like a miraculous Solution that's + + + align:start position:0% +is the like a miraculous Solution that's +going to solve everything and you really + + align:start position:0% +going to solve everything and you really + + + align:start position:0% +going to solve everything and you really +don't want to think about it as that you + + align:start position:0% +don't want to think about it as that you + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to think about it as that you +want to actually think about all of the + + align:start position:0% +want to actually think about all of the + + + align:start position:0% +want to actually think about all of the +considerations that go into creating a + + align:start position:0% +considerations that go into creating a + + + align:start position:0% +considerations that go into creating a +system + + align:start position:0% +system + + + align:start position:0% +system +um so + + align:start position:0% +um so + + + align:start position:0% +um so +now I'll show you this is this is like + + align:start position:0% +now I'll show you this is this is like + + + align:start position:0% +now I'll show you this is this is like +this is a solar panel that we got uh for + + align:start position:0% +this is a solar panel that we got uh for + + + align:start position:0% +this is a solar panel that we got uh for +daab we have two of these um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +basically you have a positive and ground + + align:start position:0% +basically you have a positive and ground + + + align:start position:0% +basically you have a positive and ground +coming out of it so you can hook it up + + align:start position:0% +coming out of it so you can hook it up + + + align:start position:0% +coming out of it so you can hook it up +to a load but if you want to hook it up + + align:start position:0% +to a load but if you want to hook it up + + + align:start position:0% +to a load but if you want to hook it up +to a battery you have to somehow + + align:start position:0% +to a battery you have to somehow + + + align:start position:0% +to a battery you have to somehow +regulate the voltage before you're doing + + align:start position:0% +regulate the voltage before you're doing + + + align:start position:0% +regulate the voltage before you're doing +that because if you plug this in + + align:start position:0% +that because if you plug this in + + + align:start position:0% +that because if you plug this in +directly to well what'll happen if + + align:start position:0% +directly to well what'll happen if + + + align:start position:0% +directly to well what'll happen if +you're trying to charge a 12vt battery + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to charge a 12vt battery + + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to charge a 12vt battery +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and the solar panel is outputting about + + align:start position:0% +and the solar panel is outputting about + + + align:start position:0% +and the solar panel is outputting about +20 volts and it's a lead acid battery + + align:start position:0% +20 volts and it's a lead acid battery + + + align:start position:0% +20 volts and it's a lead acid battery +like a car battery that you're trying to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +charge um you'll probably yeah it'll + + align:start position:0% +charge um you'll probably yeah it'll + + + align:start position:0% +charge um you'll probably yeah it'll +probably explode um I think if you drive + + align:start position:0% +probably explode um I think if you drive + + + align:start position:0% +probably explode um I think if you drive +too much voltage or through a car + + align:start position:0% +too much voltage or through a car + + + align:start position:0% +too much voltage or through a car +battery you're going to end up producing + + align:start position:0% +battery you're going to end up producing + + + align:start position:0% +battery you're going to end up producing +hydrogen oxygen as byproducts and it's + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen oxygen as byproducts and it's + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen oxygen as byproducts and it's +very flammable and if there's a spark + + align:start position:0% +very flammable and if there's a spark + + + align:start position:0% +very flammable and if there's a spark +then it explodes what about the opposite + + align:start position:0% +then it explodes what about the opposite + + + align:start position:0% +then it explodes what about the opposite +case where your solar panel is + + align:start position:0% +case where your solar panel is + + + align:start position:0% +case where your solar panel is +outputting 8 volts or something like + + align:start position:0% +outputting 8 volts or something like + + + align:start position:0% +outputting 8 volts or something like +that or 6 volts and your batter is + + align:start position:0% +that or 6 volts and your batter is + + + align:start position:0% +that or 6 volts and your batter is +trying to take 12 volts never + + align:start position:0% +trying to take 12 volts never + + + align:start position:0% +trying to take 12 volts never +charge yeah more so than that though not + + align:start position:0% +charge yeah more so than that though not + + + align:start position:0% +charge yeah more so than that though not +that it's not only going to charge but + + align:start position:0% +that it's not only going to charge but + + + align:start position:0% +that it's not only going to charge but +your solar panel is going to discharge + + align:start position:0% +your solar panel is going to discharge + + + align:start position:0% +your solar panel is going to discharge +your battery so you're going to do the + + align:start position:0% +your battery so you're going to do the + + + align:start position:0% +your battery so you're going to do the +opposite so you need to build in some + + align:start position:0% +opposite so you need to build in some + + + align:start position:0% +opposite so you need to build in some +sort of regulation for it you're going + + align:start position:0% +sort of regulation for it you're going + + + align:start position:0% +sort of regulation for it you're going +to have to have a voltage regul + + align:start position:0% +to have to have a voltage regul + + + align:start position:0% +to have to have a voltage regul +that makes sure that you're outputting + + align:start position:0% +that makes sure that you're outputting + + + align:start position:0% +that makes sure that you're outputting +the right am amount of voltage or and + + align:start position:0% +the right am amount of voltage or and + + + align:start position:0% +the right am amount of voltage or and +then you also need to make sure that you + + align:start position:0% +then you also need to make sure that you + + + align:start position:0% +then you also need to make sure that you +have a diode in there somewhere so that + + align:start position:0% +have a diode in there somewhere so that + + + align:start position:0% +have a diode in there somewhere so that +electricity doesn't backflow and drain + + align:start position:0% +electricity doesn't backflow and drain + + + align:start position:0% +electricity doesn't backflow and drain +the battery uh luckily for us instead of + + align:start position:0% +the battery uh luckily for us instead of + + + align:start position:0% +the battery uh luckily for us instead of +having + + align:start position:0% +having + + + align:start position:0% +having +to design and build all of these things + + align:start position:0% +to design and build all of these things + + + align:start position:0% +to design and build all of these things +there are companies that do it for us so + + align:start position:0% +there are companies that do it for us so + + + align:start position:0% +there are companies that do it for us so +we have a couple of these solar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +controllers and so they have this stuff + + align:start position:0% +controllers and so they have this stuff + + + align:start position:0% +controllers and so they have this stuff +built in so you can hook a solar panel + + align:start position:0% +built in so you can hook a solar panel + + + align:start position:0% +built in so you can hook a solar panel +up to two ends of this and your battery + + align:start position:0% +up to two ends of this and your battery + + + align:start position:0% +up to two ends of this and your battery +up to the other two and then you can + + align:start position:0% +up to the other two and then you can + + + align:start position:0% +up to the other two and then you can +charge a battery from that and this is + + align:start position:0% +charge a battery from that and this is + + + align:start position:0% +charge a battery from that and this is +just they're two different ones this one + + align:start position:0% +just they're two different ones this one + + + align:start position:0% +just they're two different ones this one +takes um this one you can put a load + + align:start position:0% +takes um this one you can put a load + + + align:start position:0% +takes um this one you can put a load +directly onto as + + align:start position:0% +directly onto as + + + align:start position:0% +directly onto as +well and the last thing I was going to + + align:start position:0% +well and the last thing I was going to + + + align:start position:0% +well and the last thing I was going to +talk about are resistors and + + align:start position:0% +talk about are resistors and + + + align:start position:0% +talk about are resistors and +potentiometers do you guys know how have + + align:start position:0% +potentiometers do you guys know how have + + + align:start position:0% +potentiometers do you guys know how have +you guys seen potentiometers + + align:start position:0% +you guys seen potentiometers + + + align:start position:0% +you guys seen potentiometers +before uh + + align:start position:0% +before uh + + + align:start position:0% +before uh +okay yeah so what a potentiometer is is + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah so what a potentiometer is is + + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah so what a potentiometer is is +it's a variable resistor and so this + + align:start position:0% +it's a variable resistor and so this + + + align:start position:0% +it's a variable resistor and so this +thing is a resistance this thing has + + align:start position:0% +thing is a resistance this thing has + + + align:start position:0% +thing is a resistance this thing has +uniform resistance that changes linearly + + align:start position:0% +uniform resistance that changes linearly + + + align:start position:0% +uniform resistance that changes linearly +with how you turn this so if you're over + + align:start position:0% +with how you turn this so if you're over + + + align:start position:0% +with how you turn this so if you're over +here um you you effectively have a + + align:start position:0% +here um you you effectively have a + + + align:start position:0% +here um you you effectively have a +resistor that's this long and then when + + align:start position:0% +resistor that's this long and then when + + + align:start position:0% +resistor that's this long and then when +you open it to this far you get a + + align:start position:0% +you open it to this far you get a + + + align:start position:0% +you open it to this far you get a +resistor that's twice as long and so you + + align:start position:0% +resistor that's twice as long and so you + + + align:start position:0% +resistor that's twice as long and so you +can change the resistance anywhere from + + align:start position:0% +can change the resistance anywhere from + + + align:start position:0% +can change the resistance anywhere from +0 to this one's rated at 500 ohms + + align:start position:0% +0 to this one's rated at 500 ohms + + + align:start position:0% +0 to this one's rated at 500 ohms +um and it's kind of like what we did the + + align:start position:0% +um and it's kind of like what we did the + + + align:start position:0% +um and it's kind of like what we did the +other day with uh the + + align:start position:0% +other day with uh the + + + align:start position:0% +other day with uh the +resist the resistance is equal to row L + + align:start position:0% +resist the resistance is equal to row L + + + align:start position:0% +resist the resistance is equal to row L +over a so you're just changing L and + + align:start position:0% +over a so you're just changing L and + + + align:start position:0% +over a so you're just changing L and +getting more + + align:start position:0% +getting more + + + align:start position:0% +getting more +resistance uh so the way you use these + + align:start position:0% +resistance uh so the way you use these + + + align:start position:0% +resistance uh so the way you use these +you're going to use them later on in the + + align:start position:0% +you're going to use them later on in the + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to use them later on in the +lab so I just thought I'd explain it + + align:start position:0% +lab so I just thought I'd explain it + + + align:start position:0% +lab so I just thought I'd explain it +right now is you hook up to these two + + align:start position:0% +right now is you hook up to these two + + + align:start position:0% +right now is you hook up to these two +terminals if you hook up across here + + align:start position:0% +terminals if you hook up across here + + + align:start position:0% +terminals if you hook up across here +you're just going to get the full 500 + + align:start position:0% +you're just going to get the full 500 + + + align:start position:0% +you're just going to get the full 500 +ohms and if so if you hook up to here as + + align:start position:0% +ohms and if so if you hook up to here as + + + align:start position:0% +ohms and if so if you hook up to here as +you sweep this across it'll your + + align:start position:0% +you sweep this across it'll your + + + align:start position:0% +you sweep this across it'll your +resistance will go + + align:start position:0% +resistance will go + + + align:start position:0% +resistance will go +up + + align:start position:0% +up + + + align:start position:0% +up +um and when you guys are doing the lab + + align:start position:0% +um and when you guys are doing the lab + + + align:start position:0% +um and when you guys are doing the lab +remember I wrote it as a note and I'll + + align:start position:0% +remember I wrote it as a note and I'll + + + align:start position:0% +remember I wrote it as a note and I'll +explain it again there but remember that + + align:start position:0% +explain it again there but remember that + + + align:start position:0% +explain it again there but remember that +when you're measuring the resistance of + + align:start position:0% +when you're measuring the resistance of + + + align:start position:0% +when you're measuring the resistance of +this you want to disconnect it from the + + align:start position:0% +this you want to disconnect it from the + + + align:start position:0% +this you want to disconnect it from the +solar panel because if you don't you're + + align:start position:0% +solar panel because if you don't you're + + + align:start position:0% +solar panel because if you don't you're +going to fry the voltmeter and it's not + + align:start position:0% +going to fry the voltmeter and it's not + + + align:start position:0% +going to fry the voltmeter and it's not +yeah we don't want you to fry voltmeters + + align:start position:0% +yeah we don't want you to fry voltmeters + + + align:start position:0% +yeah we don't want you to fry voltmeters +because they're expensive and we only + + align:start position:0% +because they're expensive and we only + + + align:start position:0% +because they're expensive and we only +have two right now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so do you have any + + align:start position:0% +so do you have any + + + align:start position:0% +so do you have any +questions about what we talked about + + align:start position:0% +questions about what we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +questions about what we talked about +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now okay so we could split into two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +groups yeah okay so everyone can sit + + align:start position:0% +groups yeah okay so everyone can sit + + + align:start position:0% +groups yeah okay so everyone can sit +down \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/NmVdm5kqDvM.txt b/NmVdm5kqDvM.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1d7b3df039bdfc5508920ba9a8b6d8b0622f7057 --- /dev/null +++ b/NmVdm5kqDvM.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12603 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu So today we're going to talk + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu So today we're going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu So today we're going to talk +about non-renewable + + align:start position:0% +about non-renewable + + + align:start position:0% +about non-renewable +sources boring dull fossil stuff the + + align:start position:0% +sources boring dull fossil stuff the + + + align:start position:0% +sources boring dull fossil stuff the +main reason for talking about this stuff + + align:start position:0% +main reason for talking about this stuff + + + align:start position:0% +main reason for talking about this stuff +is it's really + + align:start position:0% +is it's really + + + align:start position:0% +is it's really +important it's about 92% of of us + + align:start position:0% +important it's about 92% of of us + + + align:start position:0% +important it's about 92% of of us +primary energy and if you look Global + + align:start position:0% +primary energy and if you look Global + + + align:start position:0% +primary energy and if you look Global +and you look just at marketed energy + + align:start position:0% +and you look just at marketed energy + + + align:start position:0% +and you look just at marketed energy +forgetting sort of gathered wood and + + align:start position:0% +forgetting sort of gathered wood and + + + align:start position:0% +forgetting sort of gathered wood and +related stuff it's also about + + align:start position:0% +related stuff it's also about + + + align:start position:0% +related stuff it's also about +92% and this this is a an eia graph that + + align:start position:0% +92% and this this is a an eia graph that + + + align:start position:0% +92% and this this is a an eia graph that +basically shows the evolution of primary + + align:start position:0% +basically shows the evolution of primary + + + align:start position:0% +basically shows the evolution of primary +energy Supply + + align:start position:0% +energy Supply + + + align:start position:0% +energy Supply +from 1850 to 2000 or 2010 and the point + + align:start position:0% +from 1850 to 2000 or 2010 and the point + + + align:start position:0% +from 1850 to 2000 or 2010 and the point +of this graph is it changes + + align:start position:0% +of this graph is it changes + + + align:start position:0% +of this graph is it changes +slowly right 1850 is all wood and a + + align:start position:0% +slowly right 1850 is all wood and a + + + align:start position:0% +slowly right 1850 is all wood and a +little coal Coal gets big coal shrinks + + align:start position:0% +little coal Coal gets big coal shrinks + + + align:start position:0% +little coal Coal gets big coal shrinks +Coal's still important oil's nothing oil + + align:start position:0% +Coal's still important oil's nothing oil + + + align:start position:0% +Coal's still important oil's nothing oil +gets very big hasn't shrunk much uh and + + align:start position:0% +gets very big hasn't shrunk much uh and + + + align:start position:0% +gets very big hasn't shrunk much uh and +Renewables with a good glass you can + + align:start position:0% +Renewables with a good glass you can + + + align:start position:0% +Renewables with a good glass you can +kind of see them up here um so these + + align:start position:0% +kind of see them up here um so these + + + align:start position:0% +kind of see them up here um so these +things change slowly fossil markets are + + align:start position:0% +things change slowly fossil markets are + + + align:start position:0% +things change slowly fossil markets are +important they will will continue to be + + align:start position:0% +important they will will continue to be + + + align:start position:0% +important they will will continue to be +important um what I'm going to do is a + + align:start position:0% +important um what I'm going to do is a + + + align:start position:0% +important um what I'm going to do is a +little bit of theory because you have to + + align:start position:0% +little bit of theory because you have to + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of theory because you have to +hear about hoteling uh when we talk + + align:start position:0% +hear about hoteling uh when we talk + + + align:start position:0% +hear about hoteling uh when we talk +about non-renewable natural + + align:start position:0% +about non-renewable natural + + + align:start position:0% +about non-renewable natural +resources uh and then talk about + + align:start position:0% +resources uh and then talk about + + + align:start position:0% +resources uh and then talk about +different why hoteling doesn't quite + + align:start position:0% +different why hoteling doesn't quite + + + align:start position:0% +different why hoteling doesn't quite +work but why the key Insight holds and + + align:start position:0% +work but why the key Insight holds and + + + align:start position:0% +work but why the key Insight holds and +then just go through some + + align:start position:0% +then just go through some + + + align:start position:0% +then just go through some +markets so I'm going to do I'll start + + align:start position:0% +markets so I'm going to do I'll start + + + align:start position:0% +markets so I'm going to do I'll start +natural gas today I'm going to finish it + + align:start position:0% +natural gas today I'm going to finish it + + + align:start position:0% +natural gas today I'm going to finish it +up on + + align:start position:0% +up on + + + align:start position:0% +up on +Wednesday when ednesday I want to have a + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday when ednesday I want to have a + + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday when ednesday I want to have a +discussion basically on fracking and + + align:start position:0% +discussion basically on fracking and + + + align:start position:0% +discussion basically on fracking and +it's related Technologies and + + align:start position:0% +it's related Technologies and + + + align:start position:0% +it's related Technologies and +implications if you look at the readings + + align:start position:0% +implications if you look at the readings + + + align:start position:0% +implications if you look at the readings +there's some pros some cons some + + align:start position:0% +there's some pros some cons some + + + align:start position:0% +there's some pros some cons some +neutral uh it is probably the biggest + + align:start position:0% +neutral uh it is probably the biggest + + + align:start position:0% +neutral uh it is probably the biggest +energy development in my + + align:start position:0% +energy development in my + + + align:start position:0% +energy development in my +lifetime uh and it has lots of pluses + + align:start position:0% +lifetime uh and it has lots of pluses + + + align:start position:0% +lifetime uh and it has lots of pluses +and minuses which I hope we can explore + + align:start position:0% +and minuses which I hope we can explore + + + align:start position:0% +and minuses which I hope we can explore +a bit which we won't resolve they'll be + + align:start position:0% +a bit which we won't resolve they'll be + + + align:start position:0% +a bit which we won't resolve they'll be +resolved in your lifetimes but this is a + + align:start position:0% +resolved in your lifetimes but this is a + + + align:start position:0% +resolved in your lifetimes but this is a +big deal not just in the US where I'll + + align:start position:0% +big deal not just in the US where I'll + + + align:start position:0% +big deal not just in the US where I'll +Focus but + + align:start position:0% +Focus but + + + align:start position:0% +Focus but +globally okay uh + + align:start position:0% +globally okay uh + + + align:start position:0% +globally okay uh +so the hotelling decision the hotelling + + align:start position:0% +so the hotelling decision the hotelling + + + align:start position:0% +so the hotelling decision the hotelling +theory is pretty + + align:start position:0% +theory is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +theory is pretty +straightforward you + + align:start position:0% +straightforward you + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward you +imagine you have a th000 barrels of oil + + align:start position:0% +imagine you have a th000 barrels of oil + + + align:start position:0% +imagine you have a th000 barrels of oil +in the ground you have a valve you can + + align:start position:0% +in the ground you have a valve you can + + + align:start position:0% +in the ground you have a valve you can +pump it out whatever you choose to pump + + align:start position:0% +pump it out whatever you choose to pump + + + align:start position:0% +pump it out whatever you choose to pump +it out it cost you $30 a barrel to pump + + align:start position:0% +it out it cost you $30 a barrel to pump + + + align:start position:0% +it out it cost you $30 a barrel to pump +it out uh and you can produce it + + align:start position:0% +it out uh and you can produce it + + + align:start position:0% +it out uh and you can produce it +whenever you want the price of oil today + + align:start position:0% +whenever you want the price of oil today + + + align:start position:0% +whenever you want the price of oil today +is $80 a barrel if you know the + + align:start position:0% +is $80 a barrel if you know the + + + align:start position:0% +is $80 a barrel if you know the +future this Theory says how do you + + align:start position:0% +future this Theory says how do you + + + align:start position:0% +future this Theory says how do you +decide when to produce + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Brandon you want a discount maybe yeah + + align:start position:0% +Brandon you want a discount maybe yeah + + + align:start position:0% +Brandon you want a discount maybe yeah +so you might want to do you might want + + align:start position:0% +so you might want to do you might want + + + align:start position:0% +so you might want to do you might want +to maximize sort of discounted net + + align:start position:0% +to maximize sort of discounted net + + + align:start position:0% +to maximize sort of discounted net +revenue marginal cost is the Same by + + align:start position:0% +revenue marginal cost is the Same by + + + align:start position:0% +revenue marginal cost is the Same by +assumption so yeah you'd want to + + align:start position:0% +assumption so yeah you'd want to + + + align:start position:0% +assumption so yeah you'd want to +maximize that so you choose a Time te or + + align:start position:0% +maximize that so you choose a Time te or + + + align:start position:0% +maximize that so you choose a Time te or +a set of T's if they're all equivalent + + align:start position:0% +a set of T's if they're all equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +a set of T's if they're all equivalent +and pump it out is that clear that's + + align:start position:0% +and pump it out is that clear that's + + + align:start position:0% +and pump it out is that clear that's +sort of how you how you decides you got + + align:start position:0% +sort of how you how you decides you got + + + align:start position:0% +sort of how you how you decides you got +a choice of time now so you look period + + align:start position:0% +a choice of time now so you look period + + + align:start position:0% +a choice of time now so you look period +by period you say when is the good time + + align:start position:0% +by period you say when is the good time + + + align:start position:0% +by period you say when is the good time +you'd pump it out + + align:start position:0% +you'd pump it out + + + align:start position:0% +you'd pump it out +then okay now the interesting question + + align:start position:0% +then okay now the interesting question + + + align:start position:0% +then okay now the interesting question +is suppose the whole world looks like + + align:start position:0% +is suppose the whole world looks like + + + align:start position:0% +is suppose the whole world looks like +this suppose everybody's got an oil well + + align:start position:0% +this suppose everybody's got an oil well + + + align:start position:0% +this suppose everybody's got an oil well +exactly like + + align:start position:0% +exactly like + + + align:start position:0% +exactly like +yours what has to happen to the price of + + align:start position:0% +yours what has to happen to the price of + + + align:start position:0% +yours what has to happen to the price of +oil + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +kisten want to take a shot what's the + + align:start position:0% +kisten want to take a shot what's the + + + align:start position:0% +kisten want to take a shot what's the +price of oil have to + + align:start position:0% +price of oil have to + + + align:start position:0% +price of oil have to +do um it has to I guess respond to + + align:start position:0% +do um it has to I guess respond to + + + align:start position:0% +do um it has to I guess respond to +demands I mean if if all the oil wells + + align:start position:0% +demands I mean if if all the oil wells + + + align:start position:0% +demands I mean if if all the oil wells +are exactly the same then you're + + align:start position:0% +are exactly the same then you're + + + align:start position:0% +are exactly the same then you're +assuming an efficient market well I'm + + align:start position:0% +assuming an efficient market well I'm + + + align:start position:0% +assuming an efficient market well I'm +sitting here I have a th000 + + align:start position:0% +sitting here I have a th000 + + + align:start position:0% +sitting here I have a th000 +barrels um in the ground everybody's got + + align:start position:0% +barrels um in the ground everybody's got + + + align:start position:0% +barrels um in the ground everybody's got +1,000 barrels in the ground there're a + + align:start position:0% +1,000 barrels in the ground there're a + + + align:start position:0% +1,000 barrels in the ground there're a +lot of us so it's competitive and we + + align:start position:0% +lot of us so it's competitive and we + + + align:start position:0% +lot of us so it's competitive and we +know and I I have perfect foresight I + + align:start position:0% +know and I I have perfect foresight I + + + align:start position:0% +know and I I have perfect foresight I +can see where the price of oil + + align:start position:0% +can see where the price of oil + + + align:start position:0% +can see where the price of oil +going + + align:start position:0% +going + + + align:start position:0% +going +so if that market with all of us with + + align:start position:0% +so if that market with all of us with + + + align:start position:0% +so if that market with all of us with +Wells like that and a known demand curve + + align:start position:0% +Wells like that and a known demand curve + + + align:start position:0% +Wells like that and a known demand curve +let's say is going to be in equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +let's say is going to be in equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +let's say is going to be in equilibrium +what has to happen to + + align:start position:0% +what has to happen to + + + align:start position:0% +what has to happen to +price okay let me let me push you a + + align:start position:0% +price okay let me let me push you a + + + align:start position:0% +price okay let me let me push you a +little bit suppose the price today + + align:start position:0% +little bit suppose the price today + + + align:start position:0% +little bit suppose the price today +suppose it's two + + align:start position:0% +suppose it's two + + + align:start position:0% +suppose it's two +periods and + + align:start position:0% +periods and + + + align:start position:0% +periods and +the call that thing up + + align:start position:0% +the call that thing up + + + align:start position:0% +the call that thing up +there discounted net price + + align:start position:0% +there discounted net price + + + align:start position:0% +there discounted net price +suppose discounted net price today is + + align:start position:0% +suppose discounted net price today is + + + align:start position:0% +suppose discounted net price today is +higher than discounted net price + + align:start position:0% +higher than discounted net price + + + align:start position:0% +higher than discounted net price +tomorrow when do I produce today today + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow when do I produce today today + + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow when do I produce today today +and if we're identical and we all + + align:start position:0% +and if we're identical and we all + + + align:start position:0% +and if we're identical and we all +produce today what happens to today's + + align:start position:0% +produce today what happens to today's + + + align:start position:0% +produce today what happens to today's +price goes down so it probably isn't + + align:start position:0% +price goes down so it probably isn't + + + align:start position:0% +price goes down so it probably isn't +going to be higher than tomorrow's + + align:start position:0% +going to be higher than tomorrow's + + + align:start position:0% +going to be higher than tomorrow's +suppose it's suppose it's lower than + + align:start position:0% +suppose it's suppose it's lower than + + + align:start position:0% +suppose it's suppose it's lower than +tomorrow's what do we all do wait and + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow's what do we all do wait and + + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow's what do we all do wait and +tomorrow and if we all wait then it goes + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow and if we all wait then it goes + + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow and if we all wait then it goes +down if we all wait then today's price + + align:start position:0% +down if we all wait then today's price + + + align:start position:0% +down if we all wait then today's price +goes up right because nobody's producing + + align:start position:0% +goes up right because nobody's producing + + + align:start position:0% +goes up right because nobody's producing +if it's equal to + + align:start position:0% +if it's equal to + + + align:start position:0% +if it's equal to +tomorrow's then we sort of don't care + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow's then we sort of don't care + + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow's then we sort of don't care +when we + + align:start position:0% +when we + + + align:start position:0% +when we +produce and it kind of can be in + + align:start position:0% +produce and it kind of can be in + + + align:start position:0% +produce and it kind of can be in +equilibrium then if it's equal but if + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium then if it's equal but if + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium then if it's equal but if +it's not equal it can't be in + + align:start position:0% +it's not equal it can't be in + + + align:start position:0% +it's not equal it can't be in +equilibrium between the two + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium between the two + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium between the two +days okay does everybody see that if the + + align:start position:0% +days okay does everybody see that if the + + + align:start position:0% +days okay does everybody see that if the +discounted that discounted net price is + + align:start position:0% +discounted that discounted net price is + + + align:start position:0% +discounted that discounted net price is +different in two periods it can't be in + + align:start position:0% +different in two periods it can't be in + + + align:start position:0% +different in two periods it can't be in +equilibrium because either you'll switch + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium because either you'll switch + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium because either you'll switch +out of you'll switch out of one or + + align:start position:0% +out of you'll switch out of one or + + + align:start position:0% +out of you'll switch out of one or +you'll switch into the other and that'll + + align:start position:0% +you'll switch into the other and that'll + + + align:start position:0% +you'll switch into the other and that'll +upset the price so if today's price is + + align:start position:0% +upset the price so if today's price is + + + align:start position:0% +upset the price so if today's price is +low if I expect the price to rise + + align:start position:0% +low if I expect the price to rise + + + align:start position:0% +low if I expect the price to rise +rapidly I won't produce neither will + + align:start position:0% +rapidly I won't produce neither will + + + align:start position:0% +rapidly I won't produce neither will +anybody else today's price won't be low + + align:start position:0% +anybody else today's price won't be low + + + align:start position:0% +anybody else today's price won't be low +if nobody's producing that's not an + + align:start position:0% +if nobody's producing that's not an + + + align:start position:0% +if nobody's producing that's not an +equilibrium if today's price is high + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium if today's price is high + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium if today's price is high +relative to my expectations + + align:start position:0% +relative to my expectations + + + align:start position:0% +relative to my expectations +tomorrow I'm going to produce and if we + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow I'm going to produce and if we + + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow I'm going to produce and if we +all produce it can't stay high the only + + align:start position:0% +all produce it can't stay high the only + + + align:start position:0% +all produce it can't stay high the only +way you can have an + + align:start position:0% +way you can have an + + + align:start position:0% +way you can have an +equilibrium is if this + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium is if this + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium is if this +quantity price minus marginal cost Rises + + align:start position:0% +quantity price minus marginal cost Rises + + + align:start position:0% +quantity price minus marginal cost Rises +at the rate of + + align:start position:0% +at the rate of + + + align:start position:0% +at the rate of +interest if that rises at the rate of + + align:start position:0% +interest if that rises at the rate of + + + align:start position:0% +interest if that rises at the rate of +interest then I don't care when I I + + align:start position:0% +interest then I don't care when I I + + + align:start position:0% +interest then I don't care when I I +produce that's a basically the other way + + align:start position:0% +produce that's a basically the other way + + + align:start position:0% +produce that's a basically the other way +to think about it that I think May is + + align:start position:0% +to think about it that I think May is + + + align:start position:0% +to think about it that I think May is +the most useful is I've got a + + align:start position:0% +the most useful is I've got a + + + align:start position:0% +the most useful is I've got a +choice between leaving the oil in the + + align:start position:0% +choice between leaving the oil in the + + + align:start position:0% +choice between leaving the oil in the +ground and leaving my money in the + + align:start position:0% +ground and leaving my money in the + + + align:start position:0% +ground and leaving my money in the +bank hypothetic getting interest rate + + align:start position:0% +bank hypothetic getting interest rate + + + align:start position:0% +bank hypothetic getting interest rate +r or uh sorry I have a choice between + + align:start position:0% +r or uh sorry I have a choice between + + + align:start position:0% +r or uh sorry I have a choice between +leaving the oil in the ground and + + align:start position:0% +leaving the oil in the ground and + + + align:start position:0% +leaving the oil in the ground and +getting whatever I + + align:start position:0% +getting whatever I + + + align:start position:0% +getting whatever I +get uh based on the future price of oil + + align:start position:0% +get uh based on the future price of oil + + + align:start position:0% +get uh based on the future price of oil +or pumping the oil out and putting the + + align:start position:0% +or pumping the oil out and putting the + + + align:start position:0% +or pumping the oil out and putting the +money in the bank so I can either invest + + align:start position:0% +money in the bank so I can either invest + + + align:start position:0% +money in the bank so I can either invest +in oil or in in the bank and unless + + align:start position:0% +in oil or in in the bank and unless + + + align:start position:0% +in oil or in in the bank and unless +those two are + + align:start position:0% +those two are + + + align:start position:0% +those two are +equal uh I won't be in + + align:start position:0% +equal uh I won't be in + + + align:start position:0% +equal uh I won't be in +equilibrium and the mechanism I went + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium and the mechanism I went + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium and the mechanism I went +through with gearen is + + align:start position:0% +through with gearen is + + + align:start position:0% +through with gearen is +if you're out of + + align:start position:0% +if you're out of + + + align:start position:0% +if you're out of +equilibrium if th if this equality + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium if th if this equality + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium if th if this equality +doesn't hold for all + + align:start position:0% +doesn't hold for all + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't hold for all +T then I'm going to we will all of us in + + align:start position:0% +T then I'm going to we will all of us in + + + align:start position:0% +T then I'm going to we will all of us in +a competitive market make changes in + + align:start position:0% +a competitive market make changes in + + + align:start position:0% +a competitive market make changes in +production decisions that that move you + + align:start position:0% +production decisions that that move you + + + align:start position:0% +production decisions that that move you +in the direction of + + align:start position:0% +in the direction of + + + align:start position:0% +in the direction of +equilibrium right so if today's pric + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium right so if today's pric + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium right so if today's pric +is if tomorrow's price is low relative + + align:start position:0% +is if tomorrow's price is low relative + + + align:start position:0% +is if tomorrow's price is low relative +to today's we produce today which lowers + + align:start position:0% +to today's we produce today which lowers + + + align:start position:0% +to today's we produce today which lowers +today's price so that can't be an + + align:start position:0% +today's price so that can't be an + + + align:start position:0% +today's price so that can't be an +equilibrium uh if today's price is high + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium uh if today's price is high + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium uh if today's price is high +is uh low relative to tomorrow we all + + align:start position:0% +is uh low relative to tomorrow we all + + + align:start position:0% +is uh low relative to tomorrow we all +wait which raises today's price only if + + align:start position:0% +wait which raises today's price only if + + + align:start position:0% +wait which raises today's price only if +that in if that equality + + align:start position:0% +that in if that equality + + + align:start position:0% +that in if that equality +holds do we not have an incentive all of + + align:start position:0% +holds do we not have an incentive all of + + + align:start position:0% +holds do we not have an incentive all of +us to shift production + + align:start position:0% +us to shift production + + + align:start position:0% +us to shift production +dramatically okay so it's investing it's + + align:start position:0% +dramatically okay so it's investing it's + + + align:start position:0% +dramatically okay so it's investing it's +leaving it in the oil versus leaving it + + align:start position:0% +leaving it in the oil versus leaving it + + + align:start position:0% +leaving it in the oil versus leaving it +in the ground versus putting it in the + + align:start position:0% +in the ground versus putting it in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the ground versus putting it in the +bank if those two aren't equal you you + + align:start position:0% +bank if those two aren't equal you you + + + align:start position:0% +bank if those two aren't equal you you +readjust um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is that pretty straightforward at this + + align:start position:0% +is that pretty straightforward at this + + + align:start position:0% +is that pretty straightforward at this +stage okay one thing that's interesting + + align:start position:0% +stage okay one thing that's interesting + + + align:start position:0% +stage okay one thing that's interesting +about this story is you'll notice that + + align:start position:0% +about this story is you'll notice that + + + align:start position:0% +about this story is you'll notice that +prices above marginal cost + + align:start position:0% +prices above marginal cost + + + align:start position:0% +prices above marginal cost +everywhere even though by assumption + + align:start position:0% +everywhere even though by assumption + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere even though by assumption +it's a competitive + + align:start position:0% +it's a competitive + + + align:start position:0% +it's a competitive +market and how can that be well that's + + align:start position:0% +market and how can that be well that's + + + align:start position:0% +market and how can that be well that's +because when you produce today you incur + + align:start position:0% +because when you produce today you incur + + + align:start position:0% +because when you produce today you incur +not only the marginal production cost + + align:start position:0% +not only the marginal production cost + + + align:start position:0% +not only the marginal production cost +but you incur an opportunity + + align:start position:0% +but you incur an opportunity + + + align:start position:0% +but you incur an opportunity +cost with only a th000 barrels if I + + align:start position:0% +cost with only a th000 barrels if I + + + align:start position:0% +cost with only a th000 barrels if I +produce today I lose the chance of + + align:start position:0% +produce today I lose the chance of + + + align:start position:0% +produce today I lose the chance of +producing that Barrel in the + + align:start position:0% +producing that Barrel in the + + + align:start position:0% +producing that Barrel in the +future so part of the of the cost of + + align:start position:0% +future so part of the of the cost of + + + align:start position:0% +future so part of the of the cost of +producing + + align:start position:0% +producing + + + align:start position:0% +producing +today is that opportunity cost which is + + align:start position:0% +today is that opportunity cost which is + + + align:start position:0% +today is that opportunity cost which is +why the equilibrium has price above + + align:start position:0% +why the equilibrium has price above + + + align:start position:0% +why the equilibrium has price above +marginal cost if price is equal to + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost if price is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost if price is equal to +marginal cost at all + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost at all + + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost at all +times nobody's going to + + align:start position:0% +times nobody's going to + + + align:start position:0% +times nobody's going to +produce why would I produce today given + + align:start position:0% +produce why would I produce today given + + + align:start position:0% +produce why would I produce today given +that prices might be better tomorrow + + align:start position:0% +that prices might be better tomorrow + + + align:start position:0% +that prices might be better tomorrow +blah blah blah + + align:start position:0% +blah blah blah + + + align:start position:0% +blah blah blah +so that's the basic hoteling + + align:start position:0% +so that's the basic hoteling + + + align:start position:0% +so that's the basic hoteling +story that under competitive conditions + + align:start position:0% +story that under competitive conditions + + + align:start position:0% +story that under competitive conditions +price Rises at the rate of interest this + + align:start position:0% +price Rises at the rate of interest this + + + align:start position:0% +price Rises at the rate of interest this +is the usual picture with + + align:start position:0% +is the usual picture with + + + align:start position:0% +is the usual picture with +time price minus marginal cost Rises at + + align:start position:0% +time price minus marginal cost Rises at + + + align:start position:0% +time price minus marginal cost Rises at +the rate of interest or simply enough + + align:start position:0% +the rate of interest or simply enough + + + align:start position:0% +the rate of interest or simply enough +with with a given demand curve you're + + align:start position:0% +with with a given demand curve you're + + + align:start position:0% +with with a given demand curve you're +basically running up the demand curve + + align:start position:0% +basically running up the demand curve + + + align:start position:0% +basically running up the demand curve +until you run out of whatever it is + + align:start position:0% +until you run out of whatever it is + + + align:start position:0% +until you run out of whatever it is +is and you know this has quantity on the + + align:start position:0% +is and you know this has quantity on the + + + align:start position:0% +is and you know this has quantity on the +axis and this has time on the axis so + + align:start position:0% +axis and this has time on the axis so + + + align:start position:0% +axis and this has time on the axis so +that you can't go immediately from one + + align:start position:0% +that you can't go immediately from one + + + align:start position:0% +that you can't go immediately from one +to the other but you see the you see the + + align:start position:0% +to the other but you see the you see the + + + align:start position:0% +to the other but you see the you see the +point and you can for simple cases you + + align:start position:0% +point and you can for simple cases you + + + align:start position:0% +point and you can for simple cases you +can just write it out you can solve the + + align:start position:0% +can just write it out you can solve the + + + align:start position:0% +can just write it out you can solve the +equations um so under these assumptions + + align:start position:0% +equations um so under these assumptions + + + align:start position:0% +equations um so under these assumptions +it doesn't matter when you produce the + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't matter when you produce the + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't matter when you produce the +oil if you're a competitor because all + + align:start position:0% +oil if you're a competitor because all + + + align:start position:0% +oil if you're a competitor because all +these have the same discounted net + + align:start position:0% +these have the same discounted net + + + align:start position:0% +these have the same discounted net +revenue and if a monopoly has all the + + align:start position:0% +revenue and if a monopoly has all the + + + align:start position:0% +revenue and if a monopoly has all the +oil and you're a competitor + + align:start position:0% +oil and you're a competitor + + + align:start position:0% +oil and you're a competitor +you might want to produce now because + + align:start position:0% +you might want to produce now because + + + align:start position:0% +you might want to produce now because +what the monopolist will do will have + + align:start position:0% +what the monopolist will do will have + + + align:start position:0% +what the monopolist will do will have +marginal revenue minus marginal cost + + align:start position:0% +marginal revenue minus marginal cost + + + align:start position:0% +marginal revenue minus marginal cost +rise at the interest rate and if that + + align:start position:0% +rise at the interest rate and if that + + + align:start position:0% +rise at the interest rate and if that +doesn't make sense to you don't worry + + align:start position:0% +doesn't make sense to you don't worry + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't make sense to you don't worry +about it we're not coming back to it but + + align:start position:0% +about it we're not coming back to it but + + + align:start position:0% +about it we're not coming back to it but +um so you may want to produce today now + + align:start position:0% +um so you may want to produce today now + + + align:start position:0% +um so you may want to produce today now +this is a really nice Theory this is + + align:start position:0% +this is a really nice Theory this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is a really nice Theory this is +very elegant it's very simple I didn't + + align:start position:0% +very elegant it's very simple I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +very elegant it's very simple I didn't +have to wave my hands too rapidly I + + align:start position:0% +have to wave my hands too rapidly I + + + align:start position:0% +have to wave my hands too rapidly I +think to to explain it there's only one + + align:start position:0% +think to to explain it there's only one + + + align:start position:0% +think to to explain it there's only one +tiny problem with it prices don't rise + + align:start position:0% +tiny problem with it prices don't rise + + + align:start position:0% +tiny problem with it prices don't rise +at rate of interest right these are oil + + align:start position:0% +at rate of interest right these are oil + + + align:start position:0% +at rate of interest right these are oil +prices um these are $210 so the the the + + align:start position:0% +prices um these are $210 so the the the + + + align:start position:0% +prices um these are $210 so the the the +lighter line is the real price of oil + + align:start position:0% +lighter line is the real price of oil + + + align:start position:0% +lighter line is the real price of oil +and that is not a smooth curve rising at + + align:start position:0% +and that is not a smooth curve rising at + + + align:start position:0% +and that is not a smooth curve rising at +the rate of interest at any time and any + + align:start position:0% +the rate of interest at any time and any + + + align:start position:0% +the rate of interest at any time and any +place so the first thing you have to ask + + align:start position:0% +place so the first thing you have to ask + + + align:start position:0% +place so the first thing you have to ask +is is that theory fundamentally + + align:start position:0% +is is that theory fundamentally + + + align:start position:0% +is is that theory fundamentally +crazy or is it too simplified by a + + align:start position:0% +crazy or is it too simplified by a + + + align:start position:0% +crazy or is it too simplified by a +bit and the answer is I think it's too + + align:start position:0% +bit and the answer is I think it's too + + + align:start position:0% +bit and the answer is I think it's too +simplified and I'm going to talk talk a + + align:start position:0% +simplified and I'm going to talk talk a + + + align:start position:0% +simplified and I'm going to talk talk a +little bit about what it leaves + + align:start position:0% +little bit about what it leaves + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about what it leaves +out uh without trying to do anything + + align:start position:0% +out uh without trying to do anything + + + align:start position:0% +out uh without trying to do anything +more complex than + + align:start position:0% +more complex than + + + align:start position:0% +more complex than +that it's + + align:start position:0% +that it's + + + align:start position:0% +that it's +important so there are a bunch of things + + align:start position:0% +important so there are a bunch of things + + + align:start position:0% +important so there are a bunch of things +that leaves out I think the most + + align:start position:0% +that leaves out I think the most + + + align:start position:0% +that leaves out I think the most +important one is + + align:start position:0% +important one is + + + align:start position:0% +important one is +exploration cuz you don't have $1,000 + + align:start position:0% +exploration cuz you don't have $1,000 + + + align:start position:0% +exploration cuz you don't have $1,000 +you don't have a th000 Barrels in your + + align:start position:0% +you don't have a th000 Barrels in your + + + align:start position:0% +you don't have a th000 Barrels in your +well ever you don't know what you've + + align:start position:0% +well ever you don't know what you've + + + align:start position:0% +well ever you don't know what you've +got um if you think about just focus on + + align:start position:0% +got um if you think about just focus on + + + align:start position:0% +got um if you think about just focus on +oil I me you look for promising + + align:start position:0% +oil I me you look for promising + + + align:start position:0% +oil I me you look for promising +geology you explore it you drill to + + align:start position:0% +geology you explore it you drill to + + + align:start position:0% +geology you explore it you drill to +prove the reserves you refine your + + align:start position:0% +prove the reserves you refine your + + + align:start position:0% +prove the reserves you refine your +estimates um a former teacher of mine + + align:start position:0% +estimates um a former teacher of mine + + + align:start position:0% +estimates um a former teacher of mine +just said you know hotelling is wrong + + align:start position:0% +just said you know hotelling is wrong + + + align:start position:0% +just said you know hotelling is wrong +it's not a tank of oil it's an + + align:start position:0% +it's not a tank of oil it's an + + + align:start position:0% +it's not a tank of oil it's an +inventory if as an oil company you build + + align:start position:0% +inventory if as an oil company you build + + + align:start position:0% +inventory if as an oil company you build +inventory and then you run down + + align:start position:0% +inventory and then you run down + + + align:start position:0% +inventory and then you run down +inventory so Reserves at any time or the + + align:start position:0% +inventory so Reserves at any time or the + + + align:start position:0% +inventory so Reserves at any time or the +result of a set of + + align:start position:0% +result of a set of + + + align:start position:0% +result of a set of +decisions but the decisions have this + + align:start position:0% +decisions but the decisions have this + + + align:start position:0% +decisions but the decisions have this +same Dimension right when do you + + align:start position:0% +same Dimension right when do you + + + align:start position:0% +same Dimension right when do you +explore when do you invest when do you + + align:start position:0% +explore when do you invest when do you + + + align:start position:0% +explore when do you invest when do you +lease Leisa Leisa tract when do you + + align:start position:0% +lease Leisa Leisa tract when do you + + + align:start position:0% +lease Leisa Leisa tract when do you +drill how many Wells do you drill those + + align:start position:0% +drill how many Wells do you drill those + + + align:start position:0% +drill how many Wells do you drill those +are all when + + align:start position:0% +are all when + + + align:start position:0% +are all when +decisions those are all intertemporal + + align:start position:0% +decisions those are all intertemporal + + + align:start position:0% +decisions those are all intertemporal +decisions and you have to think about + + align:start position:0% +decisions and you have to think about + + + align:start position:0% +decisions and you have to think about +today's price and tomorrow's price and + + align:start position:0% +today's price and tomorrow's price and + + + align:start position:0% +today's price and tomorrow's price and +if you think today's price is really low + + align:start position:0% +if you think today's price is really low + + + align:start position:0% +if you think today's price is really low +and tomorrow's price is going to be + + align:start position:0% +and tomorrow's price is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +and tomorrow's price is going to be +better you + + align:start position:0% +better you + + + align:start position:0% +better you +wait if you think today's price is high + + align:start position:0% +wait if you think today's price is high + + + align:start position:0% +wait if you think today's price is high +and and you can get the oil out in a + + align:start position:0% +and and you can get the oil out in a + + + align:start position:0% +and and you can get the oil out in a +hurry you move + + align:start position:0% +hurry you move + + + align:start position:0% +hurry you move +ahead so this same + + align:start position:0% +ahead so this same + + + align:start position:0% +ahead so this same +notion that's in the simple model that + + align:start position:0% +notion that's in the simple model that + + + align:start position:0% +notion that's in the simple model that +says I got to think about the path of + + align:start position:0% +says I got to think about the path of + + + align:start position:0% +says I got to think about the path of +price to make decisions holds true but + + align:start position:0% +price to make decisions holds true but + + + align:start position:0% +price to make decisions holds true but +these are much more complicated + + align:start position:0% +these are much more complicated + + + align:start position:0% +these are much more complicated +decisions and they're in the face of + + align:start position:0% +decisions and they're in the face of + + + align:start position:0% +decisions and they're in the face of +uncertainty because you don't really + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty because you don't really + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty because you don't really +know um uh reserves or demand or + + align:start position:0% +know um uh reserves or demand or + + + align:start position:0% +know um uh reserves or demand or +anything else an + + align:start position:0% +anything else an + + + align:start position:0% +anything else an +interesting interesting little + + align:start position:0% +interesting interesting little + + + align:start position:0% +interesting interesting little +number from the approved reserves you + + align:start position:0% +number from the approved reserves you + + + align:start position:0% +number from the approved reserves you +can look up a definition but it means a + + align:start position:0% +can look up a definition but it means a + + + align:start position:0% +can look up a definition but it means a +re reasonably likely you can get that + + align:start position:0% +re reasonably likely you can get that + + + align:start position:0% +re reasonably likely you can get that +oil out at commercial at commercial + + align:start position:0% +oil out at commercial at commercial + + + align:start position:0% +oil out at commercial at commercial +costs so from the end of 1976 to the end + + align:start position:0% +costs so from the end of 1976 to the end + + + align:start position:0% +costs so from the end of 1976 to the end +of 2009 proved reserves oil reserves in + + align:start position:0% +of 2009 proved reserves oil reserves in + + + align:start position:0% +of 2009 proved reserves oil reserves in +the US fell by 10.26 billion + + align:start position:0% +the US fell by 10.26 billion + + + align:start position:0% +the US fell by 10.26 billion +barrels how much do you think was + + align:start position:0% +barrels how much do you think was + + + align:start position:0% +barrels how much do you think was +produced over that + + align:start position:0% +produced over that + + + align:start position:0% +produced over that +period how many of you think more than + + align:start position:0% +period how many of you think more than + + + align:start position:0% +period how many of you think more than +20 billion barrels + + align:start position:0% +20 billion barrels + + + align:start position:0% +20 billion barrels +was produced over that period reserves + + align:start position:0% +was produced over that period reserves + + + align:start position:0% +was produced over that period reserves +fell by + + align:start position:0% +fell by + + + align:start position:0% +fell by +10.26 how many think that over that + + align:start position:0% +10.26 how many think that over that + + + align:start position:0% +10.26 how many think that over that +period more than 20 were + + align:start position:0% +period more than 20 were + + + align:start position:0% +period more than 20 were +produced okay how many over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +30 anybody think over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +40 78 and a + + align:start position:0% +40 78 and a + + + align:start position:0% +40 78 and a +half continuing process of exploration + + align:start position:0% +half continuing process of exploration + + + align:start position:0% +half continuing process of exploration +Discovery proving the reserve expanding + + align:start position:0% +Discovery proving the reserve expanding + + + align:start position:0% +Discovery proving the reserve expanding +the field investing in + + align:start position:0% +the field investing in + + + align:start position:0% +the field investing in +recovery reserves are an inventory you + + align:start position:0% +recovery reserves are an inventory you + + + align:start position:0% +recovery reserves are an inventory you +still have to decide when some cases if + + align:start position:0% +still have to decide when some cases if + + + align:start position:0% +still have to decide when some cases if +you can lease a track that you can drill + + align:start position:0% +you can lease a track that you can drill + + + align:start position:0% +you can lease a track that you can drill +in you may decide not to drill you have + + align:start position:0% +in you may decide not to drill you have + + + align:start position:0% +in you may decide not to drill you have +a certain amount of time you decide not + + align:start position:0% +a certain amount of time you decide not + + + align:start position:0% +a certain amount of time you decide not +to pick up the option but all these + + align:start position:0% +to pick up the option but all these + + + align:start position:0% +to pick up the option but all these +decisions are when decisions + + align:start position:0% +decisions are when decisions + + + align:start position:0% +decisions are when decisions +but that's why you know we're going to + + align:start position:0% +but that's why you know we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +but that's why you know we're going to +run out of oil because reserves are low + + align:start position:0% +run out of oil because reserves are low + + + align:start position:0% +run out of oil because reserves are low +reserves are always low misses the point + + align:start position:0% +reserves are always low misses the point + + + align:start position:0% +reserves are always low misses the point +there's no point in building up huge + + align:start position:0% +there's no point in building up huge + + + align:start position:0% +there's no point in building up huge +reserves which is an activity of + + align:start position:0% +reserves which is an activity of + + + align:start position:0% +reserves which is an activity of +exploration and investment and Discovery + + align:start position:0% +exploration and investment and Discovery + + + align:start position:0% +exploration and investment and Discovery +and so forth uh there's no point in + + align:start position:0% +and so forth uh there's no point in + + + align:start position:0% +and so forth uh there's no point in +building up reserves you're not going to + + align:start position:0% +building up reserves you're not going to + + + align:start position:0% +building up reserves you're not going to +need for 50 years why make that + + align:start position:0% +need for 50 years why make that + + + align:start position:0% +need for 50 years why make that +investment + + align:start position:0% +investment + + + align:start position:0% +investment +now um so that's one story exploration + + align:start position:0% +now um so that's one story exploration + + + align:start position:0% +now um so that's one story exploration +is a big story uh it involves a lot of + + align:start position:0% +is a big story uh it involves a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +is a big story uh it involves a lot of +when decisions just like the simple + + align:start position:0% +when decisions just like the simple + + + align:start position:0% +when decisions just like the simple +model the other part of the story is + + align:start position:0% +model the other part of the story is + + + align:start position:0% +model the other part of the story is +depletion um and the depletion operates + + align:start position:0% +depletion um and the depletion operates + + + align:start position:0% +depletion um and the depletion operates +at two levels + + align:start position:0% +at two levels + + + align:start position:0% +at two levels +you know a given oil + + align:start position:0% +you know a given oil + + + align:start position:0% +you know a given oil +field will eventually stop producing you + + align:start position:0% +field will eventually stop producing you + + + align:start position:0% +field will eventually stop producing you +will have all the oil out but a given + + align:start position:0% +will have all the oil out but a given + + + align:start position:0% +will have all the oil out but a given +geographic region like the US it gets + + align:start position:0% +geographic region like the US it gets + + + align:start position:0% +geographic region like the US it gets +harder and harder right there's a reason + + align:start position:0% +harder and harder right there's a reason + + + align:start position:0% +harder and harder right there's a reason +we're drilling miles off the coast in + + align:start position:0% +we're drilling miles off the coast in + + + align:start position:0% +we're drilling miles off the coast in +the Gulf of Mexico and miles down the + + align:start position:0% +the Gulf of Mexico and miles down the + + + align:start position:0% +the Gulf of Mexico and miles down the +first wells in Pennsylvania the oil was + + align:start position:0% +first wells in Pennsylvania the oil was + + + align:start position:0% +first wells in Pennsylvania the oil was +coming out of the ground they basically + + align:start position:0% +coming out of the ground they basically + + + align:start position:0% +coming out of the ground they basically +used buckets it's a little harder now + + align:start position:0% +used buckets it's a little harder now + + + align:start position:0% +used buckets it's a little harder now +cost Rises the other side of the coin of + + align:start position:0% +cost Rises the other side of the coin of + + + align:start position:0% +cost Rises the other side of the coin of +course is that we're getting better at + + align:start position:0% +course is that we're getting better at + + + align:start position:0% +course is that we're getting better at +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +and people in the oil business talk + + align:start position:0% +and people in the oil business talk + + + align:start position:0% +and people in the oil business talk +about the price of oil as a race between + + align:start position:0% +about the price of oil as a race between + + + align:start position:0% +about the price of oil as a race between +depletion and + + align:start position:0% +depletion and + + + align:start position:0% +depletion and +Innovation it's harder to find it it's + + align:start position:0% +Innovation it's harder to find it it's + + + align:start position:0% +Innovation it's harder to find it it's +harder to get it out of the ground we're + + align:start position:0% +harder to get it out of the ground we're + + + align:start position:0% +harder to get it out of the ground we're +getting better at finding it and better + + align:start position:0% +getting better at finding it and better + + + align:start position:0% +getting better at finding it and better +at getting it out of the ground uh + + align:start position:0% +at getting it out of the ground uh + + + align:start position:0% +at getting it out of the ground uh +there's no guarantee that technology + + align:start position:0% +there's no guarantee that technology + + + align:start position:0% +there's no guarantee that technology +wins that + + align:start position:0% +wins that + + + align:start position:0% +wins that +race uh so far it's done quite well but + + align:start position:0% +race uh so far it's done quite well but + + + align:start position:0% +race uh so far it's done quite well but +you know we're these massive things + + align:start position:0% +you know we're these massive things + + + align:start position:0% +you know we're these massive things +offshore + + align:start position:0% +offshore + + + align:start position:0% +offshore +um we'll see we'll see how far that goes + + align:start position:0% +um we'll see we'll see how far that goes + + + align:start position:0% +um we'll see we'll see how far that goes +and of course you don't know now one of + + align:start position:0% +and of course you don't know now one of + + + align:start position:0% +and of course you don't know now one of +the things + + align:start position:0% +the things + + + align:start position:0% +the things +you don't know the supply demand what + + align:start position:0% +you don't know the supply demand what + + + align:start position:0% +you don't know the supply demand what +the competitors are doing so a lot of + + align:start position:0% +the competitors are doing so a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +the competitors are doing so a lot of +the fluctuations in price you see are + + align:start position:0% +the fluctuations in price you see are + + + align:start position:0% +the fluctuations in price you see are +due to just uncertainty people misg + + align:start position:0% +due to just uncertainty people misg + + + align:start position:0% +due to just uncertainty people misg +guess there's a recession the demand + + align:start position:0% +guess there's a recession the demand + + + align:start position:0% +guess there's a recession the demand +Falls there's a sudden boom that people + + align:start position:0% +Falls there's a sudden boom that people + + + align:start position:0% +Falls there's a sudden boom that people +hadn't anticipated demand Rises and + + align:start position:0% +hadn't anticipated demand Rises and + + + align:start position:0% +hadn't anticipated demand Rises and +particularly in oil where we spend a + + align:start position:0% +particularly in oil where we spend a + + + align:start position:0% +particularly in oil where we spend a +fair amount of time there isn't much + + align:start position:0% +fair amount of time there isn't much + + + align:start position:0% +fair amount of time there isn't much +flexibility it's not like quite like + + align:start position:0% +flexibility it's not like quite like + + + align:start position:0% +flexibility it's not like quite like +that hotelling model where you basically + + align:start position:0% +that hotelling model where you basically + + + align:start position:0% +that hotelling model where you basically +have a + + align:start position:0% +have a + + + align:start position:0% +have a +valve when you've drilled and there's + + align:start position:0% +valve when you've drilled and there's + + + align:start position:0% +valve when you've drilled and there's +pressure in the field you tend not to + + align:start position:0% +pressure in the field you tend not to + + + align:start position:0% +pressure in the field you tend not to +shut + + align:start position:0% +shut + + + align:start position:0% +shut +shut a well in that has a variety of + + align:start position:0% +shut a well in that has a variety of + + + align:start position:0% +shut a well in that has a variety of +consequences so in the short run and + + align:start position:0% +consequences so in the short run and + + + align:start position:0% +consequences so in the short run and +it's expensive to store oil I mean you + + align:start position:0% +it's expensive to store oil I mean you + + + align:start position:0% +it's expensive to store oil I mean you +store it it is stored but it's not + + align:start position:0% +store it it is stored but it's not + + + align:start position:0% +store it it is stored but it's not +stored in Gig gigantic quantity so + + align:start position:0% +stored in Gig gigantic quantity so + + + align:start position:0% +stored in Gig gigantic quantity so +there's relatively inelastic + + align:start position:0% +there's relatively inelastic + + + align:start position:0% +there's relatively inelastic +supply when we talked about demand + + align:start position:0% +supply when we talked about demand + + + align:start position:0% +supply when we talked about demand +curves we talked about relatively + + align:start position:0% +curves we talked about relatively + + + align:start position:0% +curves we talked about relatively +inelastic demand and that means you got + + align:start position:0% +inelastic demand and that means you got + + + align:start position:0% +inelastic demand and that means you got +a steep supply curve let's see a steep + + align:start position:0% +a steep supply curve let's see a steep + + + align:start position:0% +a steep supply curve let's see a steep +supply curve and a steep demand curve + + align:start position:0% +supply curve and a steep demand curve + + + align:start position:0% +supply curve and a steep demand curve +and when they move price is very + + align:start position:0% +and when they move price is very + + + align:start position:0% +and when they move price is very +volatile + + align:start position:0% +volatile + + + align:start position:0% +volatile +right you got to at the risk of well + + align:start position:0% +right you got to at the risk of well + + + align:start position:0% +right you got to at the risk of well +there's no eraser so I'm saved having to + + align:start position:0% +there's no eraser so I'm saved having to + + + align:start position:0% +there's no eraser so I'm saved having to +use the Blackboard but + + align:start position:0% +use the Blackboard but + + + align:start position:0% +use the Blackboard but +imagine a steep demand curve and a steep + + align:start position:0% +imagine a steep demand curve and a steep + + + align:start position:0% +imagine a steep demand curve and a steep +supply curve little fluctuations move + + align:start position:0% +supply curve little fluctuations move + + + align:start position:0% +supply curve little fluctuations move +price thank + + align:start position:0% +price thank + + + align:start position:0% +price thank +you and of course it's not a competitive + + align:start position:0% +you and of course it's not a competitive + + + align:start position:0% +you and of course it's not a competitive +market there's OPEC OPEC has a variety + + align:start position:0% +market there's OPEC OPEC has a variety + + + align:start position:0% +market there's OPEC OPEC has a variety +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +motivations um that are + + align:start position:0% +motivations um that are + + + align:start position:0% +motivations um that are +complicated and modeling and trying to + + align:start position:0% +complicated and modeling and trying to + + + align:start position:0% +complicated and modeling and trying to +understand OPEC is uh people make a nice + + align:start position:0% +understand OPEC is uh people make a nice + + + align:start position:0% +understand OPEC is uh people make a nice +livings trying to nice livings trying to + + align:start position:0% +livings trying to nice livings trying to + + + align:start position:0% +livings trying to nice livings trying to +do that + + align:start position:0% +do that + + + align:start position:0% +do that +so that's sort of what's missing Owen of + + align:start position:0% +so that's sort of what's missing Owen of + + + align:start position:0% +so that's sort of what's missing Owen of +course politics why in Heaven's name + + align:start position:0% +course politics why in Heaven's name + + + align:start position:0% +course politics why in Heaven's name +would you drill miles deep miles + + align:start position:0% +would you drill miles deep miles + + + align:start position:0% +would you drill miles deep miles +offshore when you can produce oil in + + align:start position:0% +offshore when you can produce oil in + + + align:start position:0% +offshore when you can produce oil in +Saudi Arabia for three4 four dollar a + + align:start position:0% +Saudi Arabia for three4 four dollar a + + + align:start position:0% +Saudi Arabia for three4 four dollar a +barrel uh why are we why are we spending + + align:start position:0% +barrel uh why are we why are we spending + + + align:start position:0% +barrel uh why are we why are we spending +these doing these incredible Feats of + + align:start position:0% +these doing these incredible Feats of + + + align:start position:0% +these doing these incredible Feats of +Technology risky technology uh and the + + align:start position:0% +Technology risky technology uh and the + + + align:start position:0% +Technology risky technology uh and the +answer is it's not a unified World + + align:start position:0% +answer is it's not a unified World + + + align:start position:0% +answer is it's not a unified World +Market + + align:start position:0% +Market + + + align:start position:0% +Market +politically okay comments about any of + + align:start position:0% +politically okay comments about any of + + + align:start position:0% +politically okay comments about any of +that questions about any of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that okay I'm now going to to the extent + + align:start position:0% +that okay I'm now going to to the extent + + + align:start position:0% +that okay I'm now going to to the extent +that time permits sort of walk through + + align:start position:0% +that time permits sort of walk through + + + align:start position:0% +that time permits sort of walk through +Prosper did you have your hand up or + + align:start position:0% +Prosper did you have your hand up or + + + align:start position:0% +Prosper did you have your hand up or +were you just uh okay thought it was up + + align:start position:0% +were you just uh okay thought it was up + + + align:start position:0% +were you just uh okay thought it was up +here I didn't know + + align:start position:0% +here I didn't know + + + align:start position:0% +here I didn't know +uh okay uh I'm now going to just walk + + align:start position:0% +uh okay uh I'm now going to just walk + + + align:start position:0% +uh okay uh I'm now going to just walk +through these markets first oil then + + align:start position:0% +through these markets first oil then + + + align:start position:0% +through these markets first oil then +coal then uranium and then I'll start + + align:start position:0% +coal then uranium and then I'll start + + + align:start position:0% +coal then uranium and then I'll start +Natural Gas + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um oil again some basic facts some + + align:start position:0% +um oil again some basic facts some + + + align:start position:0% +um oil again some basic facts some +numbers blah blah blah oh the key thing + + align:start position:0% +numbers blah blah blah oh the key thing + + + align:start position:0% +numbers blah blah blah oh the key thing +I was told this years ago that the key + + align:start position:0% +I was told this years ago that the key + + + align:start position:0% +I was told this years ago that the key +thing to pass pass yourself off as an + + align:start position:0% +thing to pass pass yourself off as an + + + align:start position:0% +thing to pass pass yourself off as an +energy Economist the key number you need + + align:start position:0% +energy Economist the key number you need + + + align:start position:0% +energy Economist the key number you need +to know without + + align:start position:0% +to know without + + + align:start position:0% +to know without +fail you write this down 42 gallons in a + + align:start position:0% +fail you write this down 42 gallons in a + + + align:start position:0% +fail you write this down 42 gallons in a +barrel that's the number 42 gallons in a + + align:start position:0% +barrel that's the number 42 gallons in a + + + align:start position:0% +barrel that's the number 42 gallons in a +barrel very esoteric that's the number + + align:start position:0% +barrel very esoteric that's the number + + + align:start position:0% +barrel very esoteric that's the number +42 gallons okay oil is a global + + align:start position:0% +42 gallons okay oil is a global + + + align:start position:0% +42 gallons okay oil is a global +market is best model as a pool supply + + align:start position:0% +market is best model as a pool supply + + + align:start position:0% +market is best model as a pool supply +goes in the pool demand comes out of the + + align:start position:0% +goes in the pool demand comes out of the + + + align:start position:0% +goes in the pool demand comes out of the +pool it's moved by pipelines and tankers + + align:start position:0% +pool it's moved by pipelines and tankers + + + align:start position:0% +pool it's moved by pipelines and tankers +tankers can change direction in mid + + align:start position:0% +tankers can change direction in mid + + + align:start position:0% +tankers can change direction in mid +ocean they often do um active markets + + align:start position:0% +ocean they often do um active markets + + + align:start position:0% +ocean they often do um active markets +spot market futures + + align:start position:0% +spot market futures + + + align:start position:0% +spot market futures +markets + + align:start position:0% +markets + + + align:start position:0% +markets +um it's they're good data on on all of + + align:start position:0% +um it's they're good data on on all of + + + align:start position:0% +um it's they're good data on on all of +these markets um during the first Gulf + + align:start position:0% +these markets um during the first Gulf + + + align:start position:0% +these markets um during the first Gulf +War it was a source of some there were a + + align:start position:0% +War it was a source of some there were a + + + align:start position:0% +War it was a source of some there were a +lot of people saying we should shut down + + align:start position:0% +lot of people saying we should shut down + + + align:start position:0% +lot of people saying we should shut down +the Futures markets because the Futures + + align:start position:0% +the Futures markets because the Futures + + + align:start position:0% +the Futures markets because the Futures +markets were showing high prices because + + align:start position:0% +markets were showing high prices because + + + align:start position:0% +markets were showing high prices because +oil was you know uh oil was tough + + align:start position:0% +oil was you know uh oil was tough + + + align:start position:0% +oil was you know uh oil was tough +because Iraq was had suddenly got come + + align:start position:0% +because Iraq was had suddenly got come + + + align:start position:0% +because Iraq was had suddenly got come +off the market um the argument that won + + align:start position:0% +off the market um the argument that won + + + align:start position:0% +off the market um the argument that won +the day against shutting down the + + align:start position:0% +the day against shutting down the + + + align:start position:0% +the day against shutting down the +Futures Market was that the Futures + + align:start position:0% +Futures Market was that the Futures + + + align:start position:0% +Futures Market was that the Futures +Market was predicting a rapid decline in + + align:start position:0% +Market was predicting a rapid decline in + + + align:start position:0% +Market was predicting a rapid decline in +the price of + + align:start position:0% +the price of + + + align:start position:0% +the price of +oil you could do a term structure you + + align:start position:0% +oil you could do a term structure you + + + align:start position:0% +oil you could do a term structure you +could say what the market predict + + align:start position:0% +could say what the market predict + + + align:start position:0% +could say what the market predict +January February March April and so + + align:start position:0% +January February March April and so + + + align:start position:0% +January February March April and so +forth and the Futures Market was saying + + align:start position:0% +forth and the Futures Market was saying + + + align:start position:0% +forth and the Futures Market was saying +we expect this to be a short war and it + + align:start position:0% +we expect this to be a short war and it + + + align:start position:0% +we expect this to be a short war and it +was possible to make I was one of those + + align:start position:0% +was possible to make I was one of those + + + align:start position:0% +was possible to make I was one of those +who made it the argument that why would + + align:start position:0% +who made it the argument that why would + + + align:start position:0% +who made it the argument that why would +you shut off something that is in fact a + + align:start position:0% +you shut off something that is in fact a + + + align:start position:0% +you shut off something that is in fact a +useful and be providing exactly the + + align:start position:0% +useful and be providing exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +useful and be providing exactly the +signal that you want to send that it'll + + align:start position:0% +signal that you want to send that it'll + + + align:start position:0% +signal that you want to send that it'll +be a short war so very very active + + align:start position:0% +be a short war so very very active + + + align:start position:0% +be a short war so very very active +markets Global the production's + + align:start position:0% +markets Global the production's + + + align:start position:0% +markets Global the production's +concentrated as we know a lot of it in + + align:start position:0% +concentrated as we know a lot of it in + + + align:start position:0% +concentrated as we know a lot of it in +unstable place + + align:start position:0% +unstable place + + + align:start position:0% +unstable place +places OPEC is + + align:start position:0% +places OPEC is + + + align:start position:0% +places OPEC is +a complicated cartel Saudi Arabia has + + align:start position:0% +a complicated cartel Saudi Arabia has + + + align:start position:0% +a complicated cartel Saudi Arabia has +been the big player and the about the + + align:start position:0% +been the big player and the about the + + + align:start position:0% +been the big player and the about the +only holder of excess + + align:start position:0% +only holder of excess + + + align:start position:0% +only holder of excess +capacity for most of the + + align:start position:0% +capacity for most of the + + + align:start position:0% +capacity for most of the +period um and price has been + + align:start position:0% +period um and price has been + + + align:start position:0% +period um and price has been +volatile so let me elaborate a little + + align:start position:0% +volatile so let me elaborate a little + + + align:start position:0% +volatile so let me elaborate a little +bit International oil trade in 2010 was + + align:start position:0% +bit International oil trade in 2010 was + + + align:start position:0% +bit International oil trade in 2010 was +about 65% of production so about 65% of + + align:start position:0% +about 65% of production so about 65% of + + + align:start position:0% +about 65% of production so about 65% of +world production crossed an + + align:start position:0% +world production crossed an + + + align:start position:0% +world production crossed an +international + + align:start position:0% +international + + + align:start position:0% +international +border and if you look at the The Big + + align:start position:0% +border and if you look at the The Big + + + align:start position:0% +border and if you look at the The Big +Numbers here that's a big number that's + + align:start position:0% +Numbers here that's a big number that's + + + align:start position:0% +Numbers here that's a big number that's +a big number that's a big number the the + + align:start position:0% +a big number that's a big number the the + + + align:start position:0% +a big number that's a big number the the +big sources are Russian + + align:start position:0% +big sources are Russian + + + align:start position:0% +big sources are Russian +oil going mainly to Europe but also some + + align:start position:0% +oil going mainly to Europe but also some + + + align:start position:0% +oil going mainly to Europe but also some +to China Russian oil Middle Eastern Oil + + align:start position:0% +to China Russian oil Middle Eastern Oil + + + align:start position:0% +to China Russian oil Middle Eastern Oil +going everywhere including to the US + + align:start position:0% +going everywhere including to the US + + + align:start position:0% +going everywhere including to the US +Canadian Oil coming to the US in fact + + align:start position:0% +Canadian Oil coming to the US in fact + + + align:start position:0% +Canadian Oil coming to the US in fact +Venezuelan oil coming to the US + + align:start position:0% +Venezuelan oil coming to the US + + + align:start position:0% +Venezuelan oil coming to the US +but importantly the mid East if you add + + align:start position:0% +but importantly the mid East if you add + + + align:start position:0% +but importantly the mid East if you add +up those numbers that's a lot of numbers + + align:start position:0% +up those numbers that's a lot of numbers + + + align:start position:0% +up those numbers that's a lot of numbers +and you add up the r look at the Russian + + align:start position:0% +and you add up the r look at the Russian + + + align:start position:0% +and you add up the r look at the Russian +numbers they're pretty + + align:start position:0% +numbers they're pretty + + + align:start position:0% +numbers they're pretty +significant + + align:start position:0% +significant + + + align:start position:0% +significant +globally the Middle East is about 30% + + align:start position:0% +globally the Middle East is about 30% + + + align:start position:0% +globally the Middle East is about 30% +this is not a great chart but the Middle + + align:start position:0% +this is not a great chart but the Middle + + + align:start position:0% +this is not a great chart but the Middle +East is this bar it's about 30% of world + + align:start position:0% +East is this bar it's about 30% of world + + + align:start position:0% +East is this bar it's about 30% of world +production it's over half of proved + + align:start position:0% +production it's over half of proved + + + align:start position:0% +production it's over half of proved +reserves so this is this is reserves + + align:start position:0% +reserves so this is this is reserves + + + align:start position:0% +reserves so this is this is reserves +over time and this is a nice graph this + + align:start position:0% +over time and this is a nice graph this + + + align:start position:0% +over time and this is a nice graph this +is all these things are from the BP + + align:start position:0% +is all these things are from the BP + + + align:start position:0% +is all these things are from the BP +statistical uh report which is again you + + align:start position:0% +statistical uh report which is again you + + + align:start position:0% +statistical uh report which is again you +can't read it but it's a good + + align:start position:0% +can't read it but it's a good + + + align:start position:0% +can't read it but it's a good +reference um look first at how Global + + align:start position:0% +reference um look first at how Global + + + align:start position:0% +reference um look first at how Global +reserves have expanded and they've + + align:start position:0% +reserves have expanded and they've + + + align:start position:0% +reserves have expanded and they've +continued to expand for a long time + + align:start position:0% +continued to expand for a long time + + + align:start position:0% +continued to expand for a long time +Global reserves have gone up by almost + + align:start position:0% +Global reserves have gone up by almost + + + align:start position:0% +Global reserves have gone up by almost +40% between 1990 and 2010 the Middle + + align:start position:0% +40% between 1990 and 2010 the Middle + + + align:start position:0% +40% between 1990 and 2010 the Middle +East still has over half + + align:start position:0% +East still has over half + + + align:start position:0% +East still has over half +54.4% it share has declined from 66 + + align:start position:0% +54.4% it share has declined from 66 + + + align:start position:0% +54.4% it share has declined from 66 +to 54 so I mean people are exploring and + + align:start position:0% +to 54 so I mean people are exploring and + + + align:start position:0% +to 54 so I mean people are exploring and +they're exploring outside the Middle + + align:start position:0% +they're exploring outside the Middle + + + align:start position:0% +they're exploring outside the Middle +East as well as inside the Middle East + + align:start position:0% +East as well as inside the Middle East + + + align:start position:0% +East as well as inside the Middle East +which is why the Middle Eastern share + + align:start position:0% +which is why the Middle Eastern share + + + align:start position:0% +which is why the Middle Eastern share +has + + align:start position:0% +has + + + align:start position:0% +has +declined + + align:start position:0% +declined + + + align:start position:0% +declined +um this is opec's share of the World + + align:start position:0% +um this is opec's share of the World + + + align:start position:0% +um this is opec's share of the World +Market over time world output and it has + + align:start position:0% +Market over time world output and it has + + + align:start position:0% +Market over time world output and it has +varied + + align:start position:0% +varied + + + align:start position:0% +varied +in these are the countries in the in the + + align:start position:0% +in these are the countries in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +in these are the countries in the in the +Persian Gulf including Saudi Arabia that + + align:start position:0% +Persian Gulf including Saudi Arabia that + + + align:start position:0% +Persian Gulf including Saudi Arabia that +offloads into the into the Gulf in + + align:start position:0% +offloads into the into the Gulf in + + + align:start position:0% +offloads into the into the Gulf in +reaction to the First Energy shock you + + align:start position:0% +reaction to the First Energy shock you + + + align:start position:0% +reaction to the First Energy shock you +got lots of investment outside OPEC to + + align:start position:0% +got lots of investment outside OPEC to + + + align:start position:0% +got lots of investment outside OPEC to +expand capacity and opec's share of + + align:start position:0% +expand capacity and opec's share of + + + align:start position:0% +expand capacity and opec's share of +output + + align:start position:0% +output + + + align:start position:0% +output +fell it rose again uh this runs this + + align:start position:0% +fell it rose again uh this runs this + + + align:start position:0% +fell it rose again uh this runs this +Runs Out in 1997 and I haven't seen a + + align:start position:0% +Runs Out in 1997 and I haven't seen a + + + align:start position:0% +Runs Out in 1997 and I haven't seen a +graph that continues but it will have + + align:start position:0% +graph that continues but it will have + + + align:start position:0% +graph that continues but it will have +declined since 1997 but it's varied it's + + align:start position:0% +declined since 1997 but it's varied it's + + + align:start position:0% +declined since 1997 but it's varied it's +varied over time even at + + align:start position:0% +varied over time even at + + + align:start position:0% +varied over time even at +30% OPEC had the ability to make a + + align:start position:0% +30% OPEC had the ability to make a + + + align:start position:0% +30% OPEC had the ability to make a +significant difference to World prices + + align:start position:0% +significant difference to World prices + + + align:start position:0% +significant difference to World prices +again short run Supply in elastic short + + align:start position:0% +again short run Supply in elastic short + + + align:start position:0% +again short run Supply in elastic short +run demand in elastic very steep demand + + align:start position:0% +run demand in elastic very steep demand + + + align:start position:0% +run demand in elastic very steep demand +curve change Supply a little bit you can + + align:start position:0% +curve change Supply a little bit you can + + + align:start position:0% +curve change Supply a little bit you can +move + + align:start position:0% +move + + + align:start position:0% +move +price so OPAC has had that ability um + + align:start position:0% +price so OPAC has had that ability um + + + align:start position:0% +price so OPAC has had that ability um +this is the final oil slide this makes a + + align:start position:0% +this is the final oil slide this makes a + + + align:start position:0% +this is the final oil slide this makes a +point it's really important to keep in + + align:start position:0% +point it's really important to keep in + + + align:start position:0% +point it's really important to keep in +mind when you listen to the + + align:start position:0% +mind when you listen to the + + + align:start position:0% +mind when you listen to the +media this is a ranking of um it's 2007 + + align:start position:0% +media this is a ranking of um it's 2007 + + + align:start position:0% +media this is a ranking of um it's 2007 +is the latest I could find um but it's + + align:start position:0% +is the latest I could find um but it's + + + align:start position:0% +is the latest I could find um but it's +it's a company is ranked by worldwide + + align:start position:0% +it's a company is ranked by worldwide + + + align:start position:0% +it's a company is ranked by worldwide +reserves and the key thing is there's + + align:start position:0% +reserves and the key thing is there's + + + align:start position:0% +reserves and the key thing is there's +Exxon + + align:start position:0% +Exxon + + + align:start position:0% +Exxon +Mobile Exxon Mobile that we think of as + + align:start position:0% +Mobile Exxon Mobile that we think of as + + + align:start position:0% +Mobile Exxon Mobile that we think of as +this giant company on the World Market + + align:start position:0% +this giant company on the World Market + + + align:start position:0% +this giant company on the World Market +is on the World Market not a giant + + align:start position:0% +is on the World Market not a giant + + + align:start position:0% +is on the World Market not a giant +company there's Saudi there's Iran + + align:start position:0% +company there's Saudi there's Iran + + + align:start position:0% +company there's Saudi there's Iran +there's Qatar which is mostly gas but + + align:start position:0% +there's Qatar which is mostly gas but + + + align:start position:0% +there's Qatar which is mostly gas but +there's there's Iraq there's Venezuela + + align:start position:0% +there's there's Iraq there's Venezuela + + + align:start position:0% +there's there's Iraq there's Venezuela +there's Abu Dhabi there's Kuwait and you + + align:start position:0% +there's Abu Dhabi there's Kuwait and you + + + align:start position:0% +there's Abu Dhabi there's Kuwait and you +have to come pretty far down and those + + align:start position:0% +have to come pretty far down and those + + + align:start position:0% +have to come pretty far down and those +are all government + + align:start position:0% +are all government + + + align:start position:0% +are all government +companies those are all state-owned + + align:start position:0% +companies those are all state-owned + + + align:start position:0% +companies those are all state-owned +Enterprises creatures of the government + + align:start position:0% +Enterprises creatures of the government + + + align:start position:0% +Enterprises creatures of the government +you've got to come pretty far down + + align:start position:0% +you've got to come pretty far down + + + align:start position:0% +you've got to come pretty far down +before you get and there's gas + + align:start position:0% +before you get and there's gas + + + align:start position:0% +before you get and there's gas +prom um Nigeria Kuwait you got to + + align:start position:0% +prom um Nigeria Kuwait you got to + + + align:start position:0% +prom um Nigeria Kuwait you got to +Petrina even you've got to come pretty + + align:start position:0% +Petrina even you've got to come pretty + + + align:start position:0% +Petrina even you've got to come pretty +far down before you get to Exxon Mobile + + align:start position:0% +far down before you get to Exxon Mobile + + + align:start position:0% +far down before you get to Exxon Mobile +um the Brazilian firm has just found a + + align:start position:0% +um the Brazilian firm has just found a + + + align:start position:0% +um the Brazilian firm has just found a +huge oil field off Brazil so that that + + align:start position:0% +huge oil field off Brazil so that that + + + align:start position:0% +huge oil field off Brazil so that that +will come up + + align:start position:0% +will come up + + + align:start position:0% +will come up +the big companies are government + + align:start position:0% +the big companies are government + + + align:start position:0% +the big companies are government +companies the big players are + + align:start position:0% +companies the big players are + + + align:start position:0% +companies the big players are +governments it's a single World Market + + align:start position:0% +governments it's a single World Market + + + align:start position:0% +governments it's a single World Market +questions about oil yes so like the + + align:start position:0% +questions about oil yes so like the + + + align:start position:0% +questions about oil yes so like the +Middle East reserves have declined as + + align:start position:0% +Middle East reserves have declined as + + + align:start position:0% +Middle East reserves have declined as +proportion do you think it's because + + align:start position:0% +proportion do you think it's because + + + align:start position:0% +proportion do you think it's because +they just don't have an incentive to + + align:start position:0% +they just don't have an incentive to + + + align:start position:0% +they just don't have an incentive to +explore now they already have so much + + align:start position:0% +explore now they already have so much + + + align:start position:0% +explore now they already have so much +well they have explored I think they're + + align:start position:0% +well they have explored I think they're + + + align:start position:0% +well they have explored I think they're +just not as + + align:start position:0% +just not as + + + align:start position:0% +just not as +aggressive uh you + + align:start position:0% +aggressive uh you + + + align:start position:0% +aggressive uh you +know model them as a monopoly facing + + align:start position:0% +know model them as a monopoly facing + + + align:start position:0% +know model them as a monopoly facing +competitors they might they might not be + + align:start position:0% +competitors they might they might not be + + + align:start position:0% +competitors they might they might not be +aggressive they they still have you know + + align:start position:0% +aggressive they they still have you know + + + align:start position:0% +aggressive they they still have you know +a pretty commanding position + + align:start position:0% +a pretty commanding position + + + align:start position:0% +a pretty commanding position +over half of reserves running now about + + align:start position:0% +over half of reserves running now about + + + align:start position:0% +over half of reserves running now about +30% of + + align:start position:0% +30% of + + + align:start position:0% +30% of +production + + align:start position:0% +production + + + align:start position:0% +production +um I think they're just not being as + + align:start position:0% +um I think they're just not being as + + + align:start position:0% +um I think they're just not being as +aggressive I mean you're not drilling + + align:start position:0% +aggressive I mean you're not drilling + + + align:start position:0% +aggressive I mean you're not drilling +miles offshore in the Persian Gulf + + align:start position:0% +miles offshore in the Persian Gulf + + + align:start position:0% +miles offshore in the Persian Gulf +you're drilling miles offshore in + + align:start position:0% +you're drilling miles offshore in + + + align:start position:0% +you're drilling miles offshore in +Louisiana so you're Drilling in the + + align:start position:0% +Louisiana so you're Drilling in the + + + align:start position:0% +Louisiana so you're Drilling in the +North Sea in very difficult conditions + + align:start position:0% +North Sea in very difficult conditions + + + align:start position:0% +North Sea in very difficult conditions +the Saudis don't have to do that and + + align:start position:0% +the Saudis don't have to do that and + + + align:start position:0% +the Saudis don't have to do that and +they don't they could be more aggressive + + align:start position:0% +they don't they could be more aggressive + + + align:start position:0% +they don't they could be more aggressive +I don't know if there's anything in the + + align:start position:0% +I don't know if there's anything in the + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know if there's anything in the +Persian Gulf but but there are there are + + align:start position:0% +Persian Gulf but but there are there are + + + align:start position:0% +Persian Gulf but but there are there are +big fields that aren't being pushed + + align:start position:0% +big fields that aren't being pushed + + + align:start position:0% +big fields that aren't being pushed +but you know this isn't trivial they + + align:start position:0% +but you know this isn't trivial they + + + align:start position:0% +but you know this isn't trivial they +they have expanded their reserves and + + align:start position:0% +they have expanded their reserves and + + + align:start position:0% +they have expanded their reserves and +they've obviously produced a lot in this + + align:start position:0% +they've obviously produced a lot in this + + + align:start position:0% +they've obviously produced a lot in this +period as well as expanding reserves so + + align:start position:0% +period as well as expanding reserves so + + + align:start position:0% +period as well as expanding reserves so +they're not just sitting there but + + align:start position:0% +they're not just sitting there but + + + align:start position:0% +they're not just sitting there but +they're less aggressive Yeah question in + + align:start position:0% +they're less aggressive Yeah question in + + + align:start position:0% +they're less aggressive Yeah question in +the back yeah I don't know + + align:start position:0% +the back yeah I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +the back yeah I don't know +if of the oil price would you happen to + + align:start position:0% +if of the oil price would you happen to + + + align:start position:0% +if of the oil price would you happen to +know uh say like the volatility of oil + + align:start position:0% +know uh say like the volatility of oil + + + align:start position:0% +know uh say like the volatility of oil +price compared to I don't know like the + + align:start position:0% +price compared to I don't know like the + + + align:start position:0% +price compared to I don't know like the +stock market vola like is it is it like + + align:start position:0% +stock market vola like is it is it like + + + align:start position:0% +stock market vola like is it is it like +uh much well it's really fascinating + + align:start position:0% +uh much well it's really fascinating + + + align:start position:0% +uh much well it's really fascinating +isn't it I mean + + align:start position:0% +isn't it I mean + + + align:start position:0% +isn't it I mean +oops when you go back here so this is in + + align:start position:0% +oops when you go back here so this is in + + + align:start position:0% +oops when you go back here so this is in +dollars not not inflation corrected + + align:start position:0% +dollars not not inflation corrected + + + align:start position:0% +dollars not not inflation corrected +dollars so there's this long period yeah + + align:start position:0% +dollars so there's this long period yeah + + + align:start position:0% +dollars so there's this long period yeah +it's volatile when you take it up to + + align:start position:0% +it's volatile when you take it up to + + + align:start position:0% +it's volatile when you take it up to +2010 but this is uh we've lost the axis + + align:start position:0% +2010 but this is uh we've lost the axis + + + align:start position:0% +2010 but this is uh we've lost the axis +this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +between1 two and $3 down here so this + + align:start position:0% +between1 two and $3 down here so this + + + align:start position:0% +between1 two and $3 down here so this +whole this is between one and $3 I guess + + align:start position:0% +whole this is between one and $3 I guess + + + align:start position:0% +whole this is between one and $3 I guess +it's fairly volatile but + + align:start position:0% +it's fairly volatile but + + + align:start position:0% +it's fairly volatile but +frankly $3 a gallon gas uh $3 a barrel + + align:start position:0% +frankly $3 a gallon gas uh $3 a barrel + + + align:start position:0% +frankly $3 a gallon gas uh $3 a barrel +for oil 42 gallons $3 + + align:start position:0% +for oil 42 gallons $3 + + + align:start position:0% +for oil 42 gallons $3 +for half that in gasoline and then dist + + align:start position:0% +for half that in gasoline and then dist + + + align:start position:0% +for half that in gasoline and then dist +distribution charges not a big deal this + + align:start position:0% +distribution charges not a big deal this + + + align:start position:0% +distribution charges not a big deal this +this is hard to + + align:start position:0% +this is hard to + + + align:start position:0% +this is hard to +match the the the spike at the spike at + + align:start position:0% +match the the the spike at the spike at + + + align:start position:0% +match the the the spike at the spike at +80 and the spike that we're still + + align:start position:0% +80 and the spike that we're still + + + align:start position:0% +80 and the spike that we're still +debating in uh 2 I guess 8 or seven + + align:start position:0% +debating in uh 2 I guess 8 or seven + + + align:start position:0% +debating in uh 2 I guess 8 or seven +whichever one that hit in I forget um + + align:start position:0% +whichever one that hit in I forget um + + + align:start position:0% +whichever one that hit in I forget um +that's just remarkably volatile + + align:start position:0% +that's just remarkably volatile + + + align:start position:0% +that's just remarkably volatile +this one we understand that was politics + + align:start position:0% +this one we understand that was politics + + + align:start position:0% +this one we understand that was politics +that was a huge supply cut this appears + + align:start position:0% +that was a huge supply cut this appears + + + align:start position:0% +that was a huge supply cut this appears +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +be uh significant unanticipated increase + + align:start position:0% +be uh significant unanticipated increase + + + align:start position:0% +be uh significant unanticipated increase +Demand with very inelastic short-run + + align:start position:0% +Demand with very inelastic short-run + + + align:start position:0% +Demand with very inelastic short-run +supply but it is still being + + align:start position:0% +supply but it is still being + + + align:start position:0% +supply but it is still being +debated there people who say well that + + align:start position:0% +debated there people who say well that + + + align:start position:0% +debated there people who say well that +must be speculation and you say well + + align:start position:0% +must be speculation and you say well + + + align:start position:0% +must be speculation and you say well +yeah but if you bought oil at those high + + align:start position:0% +yeah but if you bought oil at those high + + + align:start position:0% +yeah but if you bought oil at those high +prices you took delivery people actually + + align:start position:0% +prices you took delivery people actually + + + align:start position:0% +prices you took delivery people actually +got the stuff people were taking + + align:start position:0% +got the stuff people were taking + + + align:start position:0% +got the stuff people were taking +delivery at these prices it's not that + + align:start position:0% +delivery at these prices it's not that + + + align:start position:0% +delivery at these prices it's not that +is paper that's that's barrels of oil + + align:start position:0% +is paper that's that's barrels of oil + + + align:start position:0% +is paper that's that's barrels of oil +coming off tanker so it's hard to tell a + + align:start position:0% +coming off tanker so it's hard to tell a + + + align:start position:0% +coming off tanker so it's hard to tell a +speculative story I think I think it's + + align:start position:0% +speculative story I think I think it's + + + align:start position:0% +speculative story I think I think it's +supply and demand but you're right + + align:start position:0% +supply and demand but you're right + + + align:start position:0% +supply and demand but you're right +that's just that's as volatile as + + align:start position:0% +that's just that's as volatile as + + + align:start position:0% +that's just that's as volatile as +anything you're ever going to see and + + align:start position:0% +anything you're ever going to see and + + + align:start position:0% +anything you're ever going to see and +nobody expects volatility to go back to + + align:start position:0% +nobody expects volatility to go back to + + + align:start position:0% +nobody expects volatility to go back to +these old these good old days because + + align:start position:0% +these old these good old days because + + + align:start position:0% +these old these good old days because +the politics haven't gotten any + + align:start position:0% +the politics haven't gotten any + + + align:start position:0% +the politics haven't gotten any +simpler you know if if there is a war in + + align:start position:0% +simpler you know if if there is a war in + + + align:start position:0% +simpler you know if if there is a war in +Iran you will see a you will see a heck + + align:start position:0% +Iran you will see a you will see a heck + + + align:start position:0% +Iran you will see a you will see a heck +of a spike and in fact we're in the + + align:start position:0% +of a spike and in fact we're in the + + + align:start position:0% +of a spike and in fact we're in the +process we and the Europeans and others + + align:start position:0% +process we and the Europeans and others + + + align:start position:0% +process we and the Europeans and others +are in the process of putting sanctions + + align:start position:0% +are in the process of putting sanctions + + + align:start position:0% +are in the process of putting sanctions +on Iran designed to limit their + + align:start position:0% +on Iran designed to limit their + + + align:start position:0% +on Iran designed to limit their +exports well if the Saudis don't pick up + + align:start position:0% +exports well if the Saudis don't pick up + + + align:start position:0% +exports well if the Saudis don't pick up +the slack we'll see another Spike we'll + + align:start position:0% +the slack we'll see another Spike we'll + + + align:start position:0% +the slack we'll see another Spike we'll +see anything else so the cost of + + align:start position:0% +see anything else so the cost of + + + align:start position:0% +see anything else so the cost of +production was $34 that right uh I'm + + align:start position:0% +production was $34 that right uh I'm + + + align:start position:0% +production was $34 that right uh I'm +making up a number but the cost of + + align:start position:0% +making up a number but the cost of + + + align:start position:0% +making up a number but the cost of +production in the Middle East is well + + align:start position:0% +production in the Middle East is well + + + align:start position:0% +production in the Middle East is well +below the market price I'm just + + align:start position:0% +below the market price I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +below the market price I'm just +wondering if it's five bucks and the + + align:start position:0% +wondering if it's five bucks and the + + + align:start position:0% +wondering if it's five bucks and the +cost of a barrel of oil is $100 just 95 + + align:start position:0% +cost of a barrel of oil is $100 just 95 + + + align:start position:0% +cost of a barrel of oil is $100 just 95 +well remember it's always going to be + + align:start position:0% +well remember it's always going to be + + + align:start position:0% +well remember it's always going to be +the price is always going to be above + + align:start position:0% +the price is always going to be above + + + align:start position:0% +the price is always going to be above +marginal production cost because of the + + align:start position:0% +marginal production cost because of the + + + align:start position:0% +marginal production cost because of the +opportunity cost argument so that's not + + align:start position:0% +opportunity cost argument so that's not + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity cost argument so that's not +a big surprise uh and the lowcost + + align:start position:0% +a big surprise uh and the lowcost + + + align:start position:0% +a big surprise uh and the lowcost +producers in the Middle + + align:start position:0% +producers in the Middle + + + align:start position:0% +producers in the Middle +East are not behaving like pure pure + + align:start position:0% +East are not behaving like pure pure + + + align:start position:0% +East are not behaving like pure pure +competitors right they're they're + + align:start position:0% +competitors right they're they're + + + align:start position:0% +competitors right they're they're +restricting output so yeah there was a + + align:start position:0% +restricting output so yeah there was a + + + align:start position:0% +restricting output so yeah there was a +time when the price of oil was I don't + + align:start position:0% +time when the price of oil was I don't + + + align:start position:0% +time when the price of oil was I don't +know well look here uh when the price of + + align:start position:0% +know well look here uh when the price of + + + align:start position:0% +know well look here uh when the price of +oil in the 73 shock went up to and I + + align:start position:0% +oil in the 73 shock went up to and I + + + align:start position:0% +oil in the 73 shock went up to and I +think it + + align:start position:0% +think it + + + align:start position:0% +think it +I can't quite read this it's oh this is + + align:start position:0% +I can't quite read this it's oh this is + + + align:start position:0% +I can't quite read this it's oh this is +this is some sort of Blended price which + + align:start position:0% +this is some sort of Blended price which + + + align:start position:0% +this is some sort of Blended price which +I don't quite get uh but the price of + + align:start position:0% +I don't quite get uh but the price of + + + align:start position:0% +I don't quite get uh but the price of +oil + + align:start position:0% +oil + + + align:start position:0% +oil +quadrupled the cost of oil didn't + + align:start position:0% +quadrupled the cost of oil didn't + + + align:start position:0% +quadrupled the cost of oil didn't +quadruple and it stayed high right we + + align:start position:0% +quadruple and it stayed high right we + + + align:start position:0% +quadruple and it stayed high right we +look at the money of the day which is + + align:start position:0% +look at the money of the day which is + + + align:start position:0% +look at the money of the day which is +where we all live uh it it it went up + + align:start position:0% +where we all live uh it it it went up + + + align:start position:0% +where we all live uh it it it went up +dramatically oh you know what the + + align:start position:0% +dramatically oh you know what the + + + align:start position:0% +dramatically oh you know what the +problem is I think this is + + align:start position:0% +problem is I think this is + + + align:start position:0% +problem is I think this is +in what is it dollars per yes I never + + align:start position:0% +in what is it dollars per yes I never + + + align:start position:0% +in what is it dollars per yes I never +UND no it's per barrel okay I thought it + + align:start position:0% +UND no it's per barrel okay I thought it + + + align:start position:0% +UND no it's per barrel okay I thought it +was per per ton of oil equivalent but uh + + align:start position:0% +was per per ton of oil equivalent but uh + + + align:start position:0% +was per per ton of oil equivalent but uh +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +price quadrupled in a few months and the + + align:start position:0% +price quadrupled in a few months and the + + + align:start position:0% +price quadrupled in a few months and the +cost didn't that was that was pure + + align:start position:0% +cost didn't that was that was pure + + + align:start position:0% +cost didn't that was that was pure +Market + + align:start position:0% +Market + + + align:start position:0% +Market +power and you know if they were make + + align:start position:0% +power and you know if they were make + + + align:start position:0% +power and you know if they were make +they were making money at these prices + + align:start position:0% +they were making money at these prices + + + align:start position:0% +they were making money at these prices +they were making a lot of money at those + + align:start position:0% +they were making a lot of money at those + + + align:start position:0% +they were making a lot of money at those +prices the journals were full of + + align:start position:0% +prices the journals were full of + + + align:start position:0% +prices the journals were full of +articles about recycling Petro dollars + + align:start position:0% +articles about recycling Petro dollars + + + align:start position:0% +articles about recycling Petro dollars +and where were they going to invest them + + align:start position:0% +and where were they going to invest them + + + align:start position:0% +and where were they going to invest them +and so forth they managed to managed to + + align:start position:0% +and so forth they managed to managed to + + + align:start position:0% +and so forth they managed to managed to +figure out ways to waste them so that + + align:start position:0% +figure out ways to waste them so that + + + align:start position:0% +figure out ways to waste them so that +was all solved but um + + align:start position:0% +was all solved but um + + + align:start position:0% +was all solved but um +uh yeah that's a + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah that's a + + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah that's a +u and and the cost now who knows what + + align:start position:0% +u and and the cost now who knows what + + + align:start position:0% +u and and the cost now who knows what +the cost of production is now there's + + align:start position:0% +the cost of production is now there's + + + align:start position:0% +the cost of production is now there's +also there's also a number that you see + + align:start position:0% +also there's also a number that you see + + + align:start position:0% +also there's also a number that you see +floating around it's called the finding + + align:start position:0% +floating around it's called the finding + + + align:start position:0% +floating around it's called the finding +cost uh there's there's one thing is the + + align:start position:0% +cost uh there's there's one thing is the + + + align:start position:0% +cost uh there's there's one thing is the +cost of drilling and getting it out of + + align:start position:0% +cost of drilling and getting it out of + + + align:start position:0% +cost of drilling and getting it out of +the ground the other is the cost of + + align:start position:0% +the ground the other is the cost of + + + align:start position:0% +the ground the other is the cost of +finding it which is the exploration and + + align:start position:0% +finding it which is the exploration and + + + align:start position:0% +finding it which is the exploration and +proving and so forth and those costs + + align:start position:0% +proving and so forth and those costs + + + align:start position:0% +proving and so forth and those costs +have gone up a bit uh the cost of + + align:start position:0% +have gone up a bit uh the cost of + + + align:start position:0% +have gone up a bit uh the cost of +producing it out of a big known Saudi + + align:start position:0% +producing it out of a big known Saudi + + + align:start position:0% +producing it out of a big known Saudi +Reserve is turning a valve almost short + + align:start position:0% +Reserve is turning a valve almost short + + + align:start position:0% +Reserve is turning a valve almost short +run long run you got to medium run you + + align:start position:0% +run long run you got to medium run you + + + align:start position:0% +run long run you got to medium run you +got to put the piping and stuff in long + + align:start position:0% +got to put the piping and stuff in long + + + align:start position:0% +got to put the piping and stuff in long +run you got to find it medium run costs + + align:start position:0% +run you got to find it medium run costs + + + align:start position:0% +run you got to find it medium run costs +pretty low well below price not not Off + + align:start position:0% +pretty low well below price not not Off + + + align:start position:0% +pretty low well below price not not Off +Louisiana that's not far below the price + + align:start position:0% +Louisiana that's not far below the price + + + align:start position:0% +Louisiana that's not far below the price +that's expensive stuff so you have a + + align:start position:0% +that's expensive stuff so you have a + + + align:start position:0% +that's expensive stuff so you have a +range of costs you have a range of + + align:start position:0% +range of costs you have a range of + + + align:start position:0% +range of costs you have a range of +behaviors in this + + align:start position:0% +behaviors in this + + + align:start position:0% +behaviors in this +market anything else on oil questions on + + align:start position:0% +market anything else on oil questions on + + + align:start position:0% +market anything else on oil questions on +oil yeah sanctions on Iran really have + + align:start position:0% +oil yeah sanctions on Iran really have + + + align:start position:0% +oil yeah sanctions on Iran really have +an effect on the supply and demand do + + align:start position:0% +an effect on the supply and demand do + + + align:start position:0% +an effect on the supply and demand do +what have an effect the sanctions on IR + + align:start position:0% +what have an effect the sanctions on IR + + + align:start position:0% +what have an effect the sanctions on IR +because when Iran sells it it can pretty + + align:start position:0% +because when Iran sells it it can pretty + + + align:start position:0% +because when Iran sells it it can pretty +much the phone call go anywhere else is + + align:start position:0% +much the phone call go anywhere else is + + + align:start position:0% +much the phone call go anywhere else is +it I don't know the answer I know + + align:start position:0% +it I don't know the answer I know + + + align:start position:0% +it I don't know the answer I know +there's a there's + + align:start position:0% +there's a there's + + + align:start position:0% +there's a there's +a the problem + + align:start position:0% +a the problem + + + align:start position:0% +a the problem +is I if we don't buy oil from Iran who + + align:start position:0% +is I if we don't buy oil from Iran who + + + align:start position:0% +is I if we don't buy oil from Iran who +cares because they can sell to other + + align:start position:0% +cares because they can sell to other + + + align:start position:0% +cares because they can sell to other +people and they'll just displace other + + align:start position:0% +people and they'll just displace other + + + align:start position:0% +people and they'll just displace other +suppliers so this was like when when the + + align:start position:0% +suppliers so this was like when when the + + + align:start position:0% +suppliers so this was like when when the +Arabs refused to sell oil to the US in + + align:start position:0% +Arabs refused to sell oil to the US in + + + align:start position:0% +Arabs refused to sell oil to the US in +the 70s we had been buying from them we + + align:start position:0% +the 70s we had been buying from them we + + + align:start position:0% +the 70s we had been buying from them we +bought from others and their oil went to + + align:start position:0% +bought from others and their oil went to + + + align:start position:0% +bought from others and their oil went to +others and so forth uh if the US and the + + align:start position:0% +others and so forth uh if the US and the + + + align:start position:0% +others and so forth uh if the US and the +EU and Japan let's say have + + align:start position:0% +EU and Japan let's say have + + + align:start position:0% +EU and Japan let's say have +effective effective refusals to buy + + align:start position:0% +effective effective refusals to buy + + + align:start position:0% +effective effective refusals to buy +Iranian oil that's enough that it might + + align:start position:0% +Iranian oil that's enough that it might + + + align:start position:0% +Iranian oil that's enough that it might +be hard for them to find demand + + align:start position:0% +be hard for them to find demand + + + align:start position:0% +be hard for them to find demand +elsewhere um uh it's it's qu it's it + + align:start position:0% +elsewhere um uh it's it's qu it's it + + + align:start position:0% +elsewhere um uh it's it's qu it's it +gets to be a quantitative question if we + + align:start position:0% +gets to be a quantitative question if we + + + align:start position:0% +gets to be a quantitative question if we +can block + + align:start position:0% +can block + + + align:start position:0% +can block +enough uh uh exits for them they may + + align:start position:0% +enough uh uh exits for them they may + + + align:start position:0% +enough uh uh exits for them they may +have a hard time selling it uh the + + align:start position:0% +have a hard time selling it uh the + + + align:start position:0% +have a hard time selling it uh the +question is who buys then so I I just + + align:start position:0% +question is who buys then so I I just + + + align:start position:0% +question is who buys then so I I just +don't know whether it's had an effect or + + align:start position:0% +don't know whether it's had an effect or + + + align:start position:0% +don't know whether it's had an effect or +whether people really think it's going + + align:start position:0% +whether people really think it's going + + + align:start position:0% +whether people really think it's going +to have an effect there are a lot of a + + align:start position:0% +to have an effect there are a lot of a + + + align:start position:0% +to have an effect there are a lot of a +lot of people I mean a lot of the other + + align:start position:0% +lot of people I mean a lot of the other + + + align:start position:0% +lot of people I mean a lot of the other +sanctions have had an effect on Iran + + align:start position:0% +sanctions have had an effect on Iran + + + align:start position:0% +sanctions have had an effect on Iran +right you read discussions about living + + align:start position:0% +right you read discussions about living + + + align:start position:0% +right you read discussions about living +in Iran these days it's not very not + + align:start position:0% +in Iran these days it's not very not + + + align:start position:0% +in Iran these days it's not very not +very good the economy is pretty much in + + align:start position:0% +very good the economy is pretty much in + + + align:start position:0% +very good the economy is pretty much in +the toilet but how much of that's the + + align:start position:0% +the toilet but how much of that's the + + + align:start position:0% +the toilet but how much of that's the +oil sanction and how much is everything + + align:start position:0% +oil sanction and how much is everything + + + align:start position:0% +oil sanction and how much is everything +else we've done I just don't + + align:start position:0% +else we've done I just don't + + + align:start position:0% +else we've done I just don't +know okay anything else yeah Scott could + + align:start position:0% +know okay anything else yeah Scott could + + + align:start position:0% +know okay anything else yeah Scott could +you go back to the slide with the + + align:start position:0% +you go back to the slide with the + + + align:start position:0% +you go back to the slide with the +picture of where the oil from different + + align:start position:0% +picture of where the oil from different + + + align:start position:0% +picture of where the oil from different +countries is gone I had a + + align:start position:0% +countries is gone I had a + + + align:start position:0% +countries is gone I had a +question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah not quickly there all right so it + + align:start position:0% +yeah not quickly there all right so it + + + align:start position:0% +yeah not quickly there all right so it +looks like the oil from the us is going + + align:start position:0% +looks like the oil from the us is going + + + align:start position:0% +looks like the oil from the us is going +into Mexico and then the oil from Mexico + + align:start position:0% +into Mexico and then the oil from Mexico + + + align:start position:0% +into Mexico and then the oil from Mexico +going into the US yeah there's a little + + align:start position:0% +going into the US yeah there's a little + + + align:start position:0% +going into the US yeah there's a little +border trade it's not a big number yeah + + align:start position:0% +border trade it's not a big number yeah + + + align:start position:0% +border trade it's not a big number yeah +so is that just is that like because + + align:start position:0% +so is that just is that like because + + + align:start position:0% +so is that just is that like because +it's cheaper to buy oil for Mexico than + + align:start position:0% +it's cheaper to buy oil for Mexico than + + + align:start position:0% +it's cheaper to buy oil for Mexico than +produce it ourselves or well some with + + align:start position:0% +produce it ourselves or well some with + + + align:start position:0% +produce it ourselves or well some with +just geography I mean I'm a must a + + align:start position:0% +just geography I mean I'm a must a + + + align:start position:0% +just geography I mean I'm a must a +little surprised by that you always see + + align:start position:0% +little surprised by that you always see + + + align:start position:0% +little surprised by that you always see +it in the numbers that we're exporting + + align:start position:0% +it in the numbers that we're exporting + + + align:start position:0% +it in the numbers that we're exporting +something to somebody it must be and and + + align:start position:0% +something to somebody it must be and and + + + align:start position:0% +something to somebody it must be and and +some of this is refined product rather + + align:start position:0% +some of this is refined product rather + + + align:start position:0% +some of this is refined product rather +than crude so you know maybe we have a + + align:start position:0% +than crude so you know maybe we have a + + + align:start position:0% +than crude so you know maybe we have a +Refinery here that it makes sense to to + + align:start position:0% +Refinery here that it makes sense to to + + + align:start position:0% +Refinery here that it makes sense to to +export refined product in Monteray and + + align:start position:0% +export refined product in Monteray and + + + align:start position:0% +export refined product in Monteray and +they happen to have I don't know where + + align:start position:0% +they happen to have I don't know where + + + align:start position:0% +they happen to have I don't know where +they're I don't think they have any + + align:start position:0% +they're I don't think they have any + + + align:start position:0% +they're I don't think they have any +Fields up here I'm not sure what they're + + align:start position:0% +Fields up here I'm not sure what they're + + + align:start position:0% +Fields up here I'm not sure what they're +exporting to us but um I'm I'm assuming + + align:start position:0% +exporting to us but um I'm I'm assuming + + + align:start position:0% +exporting to us but um I'm I'm assuming +that some of this is refined product I + + align:start position:0% +that some of this is refined product I + + + align:start position:0% +that some of this is refined product I +don't know why we'd be shipping crude + + align:start position:0% +don't know why we'd be shipping crude + + + align:start position:0% +don't know why we'd be shipping crude +and you know I talk about this as if + + align:start position:0% +and you know I talk about this as if + + + align:start position:0% +and you know I talk about this as if +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +easy but this is pipeline right the US + + align:start position:0% +easy but this is pipeline right the US + + + align:start position:0% +easy but this is pipeline right the US +Mexico's pipeline it's almost certainly + + align:start position:0% +Mexico's pipeline it's almost certainly + + + align:start position:0% +Mexico's pipeline it's almost certainly +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +tanker uh and question is where are the + + align:start position:0% +tanker uh and question is where are the + + + align:start position:0% +tanker uh and question is where are the +pipelines where are the demands you + + align:start position:0% +pipelines where are the demands you + + + align:start position:0% +pipelines where are the demands you +could imagine you know as Monteray grows + + align:start position:0% +could imagine you know as Monteray grows + + + align:start position:0% +could imagine you know as Monteray grows +in Mexico it might be cheaper since it's + + align:start position:0% +in Mexico it might be cheaper since it's + + + align:start position:0% +in Mexico it might be cheaper since it's +in the north it might be cheaper to + + align:start position:0% +in the north it might be cheaper to + + + align:start position:0% +in the north it might be cheaper to +supply it from the southern us than from + + align:start position:0% +supply it from the southern us than from + + + align:start position:0% +supply it from the southern us than from +farther south in Mexico and maybe this + + align:start position:0% +farther south in Mexico and maybe this + + + align:start position:0% +farther south in Mexico and maybe this +is tanker maybe they put stuff and take + + align:start position:0% +is tanker maybe they put stuff and take + + + align:start position:0% +is tanker maybe they put stuff and take +it to the West Coast I don't know but + + align:start position:0% +it to the West Coast I don't know but + + + align:start position:0% +it to the West Coast I don't know but +but you got to figure F this has as much + + align:start position:0% +but you got to figure F this has as much + + + align:start position:0% +but you got to figure F this has as much +to do with with transport cost pipeline + + align:start position:0% +to do with with transport cost pipeline + + + align:start position:0% +to do with with transport cost pipeline +location shipping cost + + align:start position:0% +location shipping cost + + + align:start position:0% +location shipping cost +refineries as getting it out of the + + align:start position:0% +refineries as getting it out of the + + + align:start position:0% +refineries as getting it out of the +ground Mexico has a little bit of a + + align:start position:0% +ground Mexico has a little bit of a + + + align:start position:0% +ground Mexico has a little bit of a +problem Mexico has a constitutional bar + + align:start position:0% +problem Mexico has a constitutional bar + + + align:start position:0% +problem Mexico has a constitutional bar +against foreigners owning natural + + align:start position:0% +against foreigners owning natural + + + align:start position:0% +against foreigners owning natural +resources and that means they've + + align:start position:0% +resources and that means they've + + + align:start position:0% +resources and that means they've +operated with the state-owned oil + + align:start position:0% +operated with the state-owned oil + + + align:start position:0% +operated with the state-owned oil +company um + + align:start position:0% +company um + + + align:start position:0% +company um +since the 1911 re no since 19 since the + + align:start position:0% +since the 1911 re no since 19 since the + + + align:start position:0% +since the 1911 re no since 19 since the +1930s when they kicked out the + + align:start position:0% +1930s when they kicked out the + + + align:start position:0% +1930s when they kicked out the +foreigners complet + + align:start position:0% +foreigners complet + + + align:start position:0% +foreigners complet +and the state-owned oil company has been + + align:start position:0% +and the state-owned oil company has been + + + align:start position:0% +and the state-owned oil company has been +inefficient and has had a hard time + + align:start position:0% +inefficient and has had a hard time + + + align:start position:0% +inefficient and has had a hard time +getting technology so they're they're + + align:start position:0% +getting technology so they're they're + + + align:start position:0% +getting technology so they're they're +facing production + + align:start position:0% +facing production + + + align:start position:0% +facing production +declines uh and facing constitutional + + align:start position:0% +declines uh and facing constitutional + + + align:start position:0% +declines uh and facing constitutional +problems of how do you bring in foreign + + align:start position:0% +problems of how do you bring in foreign + + + align:start position:0% +problems of how do you bring in foreign +technology so it's sort of an + + align:start position:0% +technology so it's sort of an + + + align:start position:0% +technology so it's sort of an +interesting interesting qu question yeah + + align:start position:0% +interesting interesting qu question yeah + + + align:start position:0% +interesting interesting qu question yeah +uh sorry just to like throw some light + + align:start position:0% +uh sorry just to like throw some light + + + align:start position:0% +uh sorry just to like throw some light +on that uh when I worked at JPM on the + + align:start position:0% +on that uh when I worked at JPM on the + + + align:start position:0% +on that uh when I worked at JPM on the +crud Des one of the things that used to + + align:start position:0% +crud Des one of the things that used to + + + align:start position:0% +crud Des one of the things that used to +always talk about was the geographic + + align:start position:0% +always talk about was the geographic + + + align:start position:0% +always talk about was the geographic +difference between this uh a defense + + align:start position:0% +difference between this uh a defense + + + align:start position:0% +difference between this uh a defense +District called pad five over there + + align:start position:0% +District called pad five over there + + + align:start position:0% +District called pad five over there +which um includes all of the West Coast + + align:start position:0% +which um includes all of the West Coast + + + align:start position:0% +which um includes all of the West Coast +and there's severe geographical + + align:start position:0% +and there's severe geographical + + + align:start position:0% +and there's severe geographical +limitations that don't allow oil to + + align:start position:0% +limitations that don't allow oil to + + + align:start position:0% +limitations that don't allow oil to +actually be transported so they actually + + align:start position:0% +actually be transported so they actually + + + align:start position:0% +actually be transported so they actually +trade completely differently in terms of + + align:start position:0% +trade completely differently in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +trade completely differently in terms of +oil pricing and because a lot of our oil + + align:start position:0% +oil pricing and because a lot of our oil + + + align:start position:0% +oil pricing and because a lot of our oil +comes from Cushing Oklahoma which is + + align:start position:0% +comes from Cushing Oklahoma which is + + + align:start position:0% +comes from Cushing Oklahoma which is +like that Center Point over there right + + align:start position:0% +like that Center Point over there right + + + align:start position:0% +like that Center Point over there right +um they might have to like exchange it + + align:start position:0% +um they might have to like exchange it + + + align:start position:0% +um they might have to like exchange it +like across like International lines + + align:start position:0% +like across like International lines + + + align:start position:0% +like across like International lines +even if it's crude oil you think it + + align:start position:0% +even if it's crude oil you think it + + + align:start position:0% +even if it's crude oil you think it +might be refined in Mexico and brought + + align:start position:0% +might be refined in Mexico and brought + + + align:start position:0% +might be refined in Mexico and brought +yeah brought back as + + align:start position:0% +yeah brought back as + + + align:start position:0% +yeah brought back as +product + + align:start position:0% +product + + + align:start position:0% +product +yeah yeah that's that's that's a nice + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah that's that's that's a nice + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah that's that's that's a nice +point + + align:start position:0% +point + + + align:start position:0% +point +the they're called pads or petroleum + + align:start position:0% +the they're called pads or petroleum + + + align:start position:0% +the they're called pads or petroleum +allocation districts or something like + + align:start position:0% +allocation districts or something like + + + align:start position:0% +allocation districts or something like +that it's a cold war term I think also + + align:start position:0% +that it's a cold war term I think also + + + align:start position:0% +that it's a cold war term I think also +included somewhere that it was created + + align:start position:0% +included somewhere that it was created + + + align:start position:0% +included somewhere that it was created +during Gore times yeah yeah I think it's + + align:start position:0% +during Gore times yeah yeah I think it's + + + align:start position:0% +during Gore times yeah yeah I think it's +a World War II thing uh it's not real + + align:start position:0% +a World War II thing uh it's not real + + + align:start position:0% +a World War II thing uh it's not real +easy to pump anything across the Rocky + + align:start position:0% +easy to pump anything across the Rocky + + + align:start position:0% +easy to pump anything across the Rocky +Mountains and so the West Coast tends to + + align:start position:0% +Mountains and so the West Coast tends to + + + align:start position:0% +Mountains and so the West Coast tends to +operate + + align:start position:0% +operate + + + align:start position:0% +operate +separately uh Alaskan oil tends to come + + align:start position:0% +separately uh Alaskan oil tends to come + + + align:start position:0% +separately uh Alaskan oil tends to come +down here uh even though it'd be better + + align:start position:0% +down here uh even though it'd be better + + + align:start position:0% +down here uh even though it'd be better +to sell it to Japan but um and of course + + align:start position:0% +to sell it to Japan but um and of course + + + align:start position:0% +to sell it to Japan but um and of course +can Canadian Oil will well you know the + + align:start position:0% +can Canadian Oil will well you know the + + + align:start position:0% +can Canadian Oil will well you know the +Keystone Pipeline debate if you've been + + align:start position:0% +Keystone Pipeline debate if you've been + + + align:start position:0% +Keystone Pipeline debate if you've been +following it where Canadian Oil goes is + + align:start position:0% +following it where Canadian Oil goes is + + + align:start position:0% +following it where Canadian Oil goes is +another interesting question but yeah + + align:start position:0% +another interesting question but yeah + + + align:start position:0% +another interesting question but yeah +that's interesting they may be it may be + + align:start position:0% +that's interesting they may be it may be + + + align:start position:0% +that's interesting they may be it may be +that it's cheaper to get Mexican oil + + align:start position:0% +that it's cheaper to get Mexican oil + + + align:start position:0% +that it's cheaper to get Mexican oil +into + + align:start position:0% +into + + + align:start position:0% +into +California than to get oil from + + align:start position:0% +California than to get oil from + + + align:start position:0% +California than to get oil from +elsewhere in the US and that some us oil + + align:start position:0% +elsewhere in the US and that some us oil + + + align:start position:0% +elsewhere in the US and that some us oil +this is The Puzzler that that we're + + align:start position:0% +this is The Puzzler that that we're + + + align:start position:0% +this is The Puzzler that that we're +shipping it may be to be refined in + + align:start position:0% +shipping it may be to be refined in + + + align:start position:0% +shipping it may be to be refined in +Mexico it may be refined product into + + align:start position:0% +Mexico it may be refined product into + + + align:start position:0% +Mexico it may be refined product into +the north of Mexico if they're short of + + align:start position:0% +the north of Mexico if they're short of + + + align:start position:0% +the north of Mexico if they're short of +Refinery capacity pipelines go straight + + align:start position:0% +Refinery capacity pipelines go straight + + + align:start position:0% +Refinery capacity pipelines go straight +into Cushing + + align:start position:0% +into Cushing + + + align:start position:0% +into Cushing +they might um not be able to even like + + align:start position:0% +they might um not be able to even like + + + align:start position:0% +they might um not be able to even like +reverse the FL which theyve actually + + align:start position:0% +reverse the FL which theyve actually + + + align:start position:0% +reverse the FL which theyve actually +been doing recently but back then maybe + + align:start position:0% +been doing recently but back then maybe + + + align:start position:0% +been doing recently but back then maybe +when this was made like they weren't + + align:start position:0% +when this was made like they weren't + + + align:start position:0% +when this was made like they weren't +able to move versus so they had to move + + align:start position:0% +able to move versus so they had to move + + + align:start position:0% +able to move versus so they had to move +it and then like actually physically + + align:start position:0% +it and then like actually physically + + + align:start position:0% +it and then like actually physically +Bring It Around well these are 2010 this + + align:start position:0% +Bring It Around well these are 2010 this + + + align:start position:0% +Bring It Around well these are 2010 this +is a 2010 these are 2010 data so I think + + align:start position:0% +is a 2010 these are 2010 data so I think + + + align:start position:0% +is a 2010 these are 2010 data so I think +the reversal only happened just this + + align:start position:0% +the reversal only happened just this + + + align:start position:0% +the reversal only happened just this +year this + + align:start position:0% +year this + + + align:start position:0% +year this +year okay happy to learn anything + + align:start position:0% +year okay happy to learn anything + + + align:start position:0% +year okay happy to learn anything +else okay let me go to Cole + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coal is concentrated as as that earlier + + align:start position:0% +coal is concentrated as as that earlier + + + align:start position:0% +coal is concentrated as as that earlier +case indicated we're probably the OPEC + + align:start position:0% +case indicated we're probably the OPEC + + + align:start position:0% +case indicated we're probably the OPEC +of coal and or the Saudi Arabia of coal + + align:start position:0% +of coal and or the Saudi Arabia of coal + + + align:start position:0% +of coal and or the Saudi Arabia of coal +it is traded coal trades internationally + + align:start position:0% +it is traded coal trades internationally + + + align:start position:0% +it is traded coal trades internationally +and I'll show you some numbers on that + + align:start position:0% +and I'll show you some numbers on that + + + align:start position:0% +and I'll show you some numbers on that +but it it has a high weight to Value + + align:start position:0% +but it it has a high weight to Value + + + align:start position:0% +but it it has a high weight to Value +ratio so it's not quite as easy to + + align:start position:0% +ratio so it's not quite as easy to + + + align:start position:0% +ratio so it's not quite as easy to +handle as oil and it's not quite as + + align:start position:0% +handle as oil and it's not quite as + + + align:start position:0% +handle as oil and it's not quite as +valuable as oil so it's like + + align:start position:0% +valuable as oil so it's like + + + align:start position:0% +valuable as oil so it's like +international trade in rocks there is + + align:start position:0% +international trade in rocks there is + + + align:start position:0% +international trade in rocks there is +some but there isn't that much because + + align:start position:0% +some but there isn't that much because + + + align:start position:0% +some but there isn't that much because +it's it's expensive markets are mainly + + align:start position:0% +it's it's expensive markets are mainly + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's expensive markets are mainly +National there are some differences we + + align:start position:0% +National there are some differences we + + + align:start position:0% +National there are some differences we +tend to have lower prices than + + align:start position:0% +tend to have lower prices than + + + align:start position:0% +tend to have lower prices than +elsewhere um this isn't uh a business + + align:start position:0% +elsewhere um this isn't uh a business + + + align:start position:0% +elsewhere um this isn't uh a business +where there are a lot of spot markets + + align:start position:0% +where there are a lot of spot markets + + + align:start position:0% +where there are a lot of spot markets +and Futures markets there are some but + + align:start position:0% +and Futures markets there are some but + + + align:start position:0% +and Futures markets there are some but +it's mostly long-term + + align:start position:0% +it's mostly long-term + + + align:start position:0% +it's mostly long-term +contracts and the world fact is this + + align:start position:0% +contracts and the world fact is this + + + align:start position:0% +contracts and the world fact is this +unbelievable recent increase in the + + align:start position:0% +unbelievable recent increase in the + + + align:start position:0% +unbelievable recent increase in the +Chinese use of coal that we talked about + + align:start position:0% +Chinese use of coal that we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +Chinese use of coal that we talked about +earlier unbelievable is the wrong term + + align:start position:0% +earlier unbelievable is the wrong term + + + align:start position:0% +earlier unbelievable is the wrong term +but it's huge I have to say I revised + + align:start position:0% +but it's huge I have to say I revised + + + align:start position:0% +but it's huge I have to say I revised +this from last year's lecture + + align:start position:0% +this from last year's lecture + + + align:start position:0% +this from last year's lecture +and the Chinese numbers are dramatically + + align:start position:0% +and the Chinese numbers are dramatically + + + align:start position:0% +and the Chinese numbers are dramatically +different it's kind of kind of shocking + + align:start position:0% +different it's kind of kind of shocking + + + align:start position:0% +different it's kind of kind of shocking +this is production and + + align:start position:0% +this is production and + + + align:start position:0% +this is production and +reserves so you will see we have over a + + align:start position:0% +reserves so you will see we have over a + + + align:start position:0% +reserves so you will see we have over a +quarter of the world's coal reserves + + align:start position:0% +quarter of the world's coal reserves + + + align:start position:0% +quarter of the world's coal reserves +China sort of comes in well Russia comes + + align:start position:0% +China sort of comes in well Russia comes + + + align:start position:0% +China sort of comes in well Russia comes +in second at 18% China comes in third + + align:start position:0% +in second at 18% China comes in third + + + align:start position:0% +in second at 18% China comes in third +but look at that the Chinese + + align:start position:0% +but look at that the Chinese + + + align:start position:0% +but look at that the Chinese +produce almost half the coal in the + + align:start position:0% +produce almost half the coal in the + + + align:start position:0% +produce almost half the coal in the +world 48% as of + + align:start position:0% +world 48% as of + + + align:start position:0% +world 48% as of +2010 uh that's a number that Des to be + + align:start position:0% +2010 uh that's a number that Des to be + + + align:start position:0% +2010 uh that's a number that Des to be +in red it was somewhere in the 20s the + + align:start position:0% +in red it was somewhere in the 20s the + + + align:start position:0% +in red it was somewhere in the 20s the +last time I did this well I did it two + + align:start position:0% +last time I did this well I did it two + + + align:start position:0% +last time I did this well I did it two +years ago so somewhere in the 20s or 30s + + align:start position:0% +years ago so somewhere in the 20s or 30s + + + align:start position:0% +years ago so somewhere in the 20s or 30s +but you know the It's relatively + + align:start position:0% +but you know the It's relatively + + + align:start position:0% +but you know the It's relatively +concentrated these five countries + + align:start position:0% +concentrated these five countries + + + align:start position:0% +concentrated these five countries +account for 80% of output and three4 of + + align:start position:0% +account for 80% of output and three4 of + + + align:start position:0% +account for 80% of output and three4 of +reserves again these are reserves of + + align:start position:0% +reserves again these are reserves of + + + align:start position:0% +reserves again these are reserves of +course does that mean we've looked for + + align:start position:0% +course does that mean we've looked for + + + align:start position:0% +course does that mean we've looked for +coal everywhere in the world no does + + align:start position:0% +coal everywhere in the world no does + + + align:start position:0% +coal everywhere in the world no does +that mean there isn't a lot of coal in + + align:start position:0% +that mean there isn't a lot of coal in + + + align:start position:0% +that mean there isn't a lot of coal in +places we haven't looked no but we've + + align:start position:0% +places we haven't looked no but we've + + + align:start position:0% +places we haven't looked no but we've +looked in these places and we found a + + align:start position:0% +looked in these places and we found a + + + align:start position:0% +looked in these places and we found a +lot of it in the US and a lot of it in + + align:start position:0% +lot of it in the US and a lot of it in + + + align:start position:0% +lot of it in the US and a lot of it in +China Russia there may be some there + + align:start position:0% +China Russia there may be some there + + + align:start position:0% +China Russia there may be some there +people talk about coal in Africa but + + align:start position:0% +people talk about coal in Africa but + + + align:start position:0% +people talk about coal in Africa but +there hasn't been that much + + align:start position:0% +there hasn't been that much + + + align:start position:0% +there hasn't been that much +exploration + + align:start position:0% +exploration + + + align:start position:0% +exploration +um only about 15% of production of coal + + align:start position:0% +um only about 15% of production of coal + + + align:start position:0% +um only about 15% of production of coal +crosses International lines so it really + + align:start position:0% +crosses International lines so it really + + + align:start position:0% +crosses International lines so it really +isn't like oil these are the big + + align:start position:0% +isn't like oil these are the big + + + align:start position:0% +isn't like oil these are the big +exporters uh and I didn't add up the + + align:start position:0% +exporters uh and I didn't add up the + + + align:start position:0% +exporters uh and I didn't add up the +shares but you can you can do that we do + + align:start position:0% +shares but you can you can do that we do + + + align:start position:0% +shares but you can you can do that we do +export uh out off both coasts but I + + align:start position:0% +export uh out off both coasts but I + + + align:start position:0% +export uh out off both coasts but I +think mostly the east coast to Europe + + align:start position:0% +think mostly the east coast to Europe + + + align:start position:0% +think mostly the east coast to Europe +the big exporters though are a Australia + + align:start position:0% +the big exporters though are a Australia + + + align:start position:0% +the big exporters though are a Australia +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +Indonesia and if you look at who the big + + align:start position:0% +Indonesia and if you look at who the big + + + align:start position:0% +Indonesia and if you look at who the big +importers are you can see immediately + + align:start position:0% +importers are you can see immediately + + + align:start position:0% +importers are you can see immediately +where it goes It goes not only China + + align:start position:0% +where it goes It goes not only China + + + align:start position:0% +where it goes It goes not only China +produce a lot of coal but they're the + + align:start position:0% +produce a lot of coal but they're the + + + align:start position:0% +produce a lot of coal but they're the +second leading importer of coal so you + + align:start position:0% +second leading importer of coal so you + + + align:start position:0% +second leading importer of coal so you +have Australian and Indonesian coal + + align:start position:0% +have Australian and Indonesian coal + + + align:start position:0% +have Australian and Indonesian coal +going to a decent approximation China + + align:start position:0% +going to a decent approximation China + + + align:start position:0% +going to a decent approximation China +Japan and South + + align:start position:0% +Japan and South + + + align:start position:0% +Japan and South +Korea again fairly + + align:start position:0% +Korea again fairly + + + align:start position:0% +Korea again fairly +concentrated um expensive not not cheap + + align:start position:0% +concentrated um expensive not not cheap + + + align:start position:0% +concentrated um expensive not not cheap +to ship this stuff but huge demands + + align:start position:0% +to ship this stuff but huge demands + + + align:start position:0% +to ship this stuff but huge demands +Japan has no energy China has coal but + + align:start position:0% +Japan has no energy China has coal but + + + align:start position:0% +Japan has no energy China has coal but +China needs more coal than it can + + align:start position:0% +China needs more coal than it can + + + align:start position:0% +China needs more coal than it can +produce in the short run so that's + + align:start position:0% +produce in the short run so that's + + + align:start position:0% +produce in the short run so that's +that's the flow I don't have a good + + align:start position:0% +that's the flow I don't have a good + + + align:start position:0% +that's the flow I don't have a good +picture not a World Market you can't + + align:start position:0% +picture not a World Market you can't + + + align:start position:0% +picture not a World Market you can't +read this well but these are Japanese + + align:start position:0% +read this well but these are Japanese + + + align:start position:0% +read this well but these are Japanese +prices in this column those are the ones + + align:start position:0% +prices in this column those are the ones + + + align:start position:0% +prices in this column those are the ones +that matter + + align:start position:0% +that matter + + + align:start position:0% +that matter +um uh let's yeah either either column + + align:start position:0% +um uh let's yeah either either column + + + align:start position:0% +um uh let's yeah either either column +you will see they're higher than the US + + align:start position:0% +you will see they're higher than the US + + + align:start position:0% +you will see they're higher than the US +prices typically and the European prices + + align:start position:0% +prices typically and the European prices + + + align:start position:0% +prices typically and the European prices +are a bit higher than the US prices + + align:start position:0% +are a bit higher than the US prices + + + align:start position:0% +are a bit higher than the US prices +typically you can't do that for + + align:start position:0% +typically you can't do that for + + + align:start position:0% +typically you can't do that for +oil the the the price of oil is is + + align:start position:0% +oil the the the price of oil is is + + + align:start position:0% +oil the the the price of oil is is +pretty uniform but you can for coal um + + align:start position:0% +pretty uniform but you can for coal um + + + align:start position:0% +pretty uniform but you can for coal um +and this is the graph that's that's + + align:start position:0% +and this is the graph that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +and this is the graph that's that's +that's shocking this is World coal use + + align:start position:0% +that's shocking this is World coal use + + + align:start position:0% +that's shocking this is World coal use +you see it Rising gently and then + + align:start position:0% +you see it Rising gently and then + + + align:start position:0% +you see it Rising gently and then +exploding and if you look behind that + + align:start position:0% +exploding and if you look behind that + + + align:start position:0% +exploding and if you look behind that +picture the explosion is mostly + + align:start position:0% +picture the explosion is mostly + + + align:start position:0% +picture the explosion is mostly +China is mostly China um + + align:start position:0% +China is mostly China um + + + align:start position:0% +China is mostly China um +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +US it's worth looking at States + + align:start position:0% +US it's worth looking at States + + + align:start position:0% +US it's worth looking at States +production is fairly + + align:start position:0% +production is fairly + + + align:start position:0% +production is fairly +concentrated uh Wyoming coal is is mined + + align:start position:0% +concentrated uh Wyoming coal is is mined + + + align:start position:0% +concentrated uh Wyoming coal is is mined +mostly um big strip mining operations + + align:start position:0% +mostly um big strip mining operations + + + align:start position:0% +mostly um big strip mining operations +massive strip mining operations close to + + align:start position:0% +massive strip mining operations close to + + + align:start position:0% +massive strip mining operations close to +the close to the surface surface is + + align:start position:0% +the close to the surface surface is + + + align:start position:0% +the close to the surface surface is +taken off you go down you strip away a + + align:start position:0% +taken off you go down you strip away a + + + align:start position:0% +taken off you go down you strip away a +layer of coal this coal tends to have a + + align:start position:0% +layer of coal this coal tends to have a + + + align:start position:0% +layer of coal this coal tends to have a +low sulfur content the Western coal the + + align:start position:0% +low sulfur content the Western coal the + + + align:start position:0% +low sulfur content the Western coal the +Wyoming coal so it it's Le less + + align:start position:0% +Wyoming coal so it it's Le less + + + align:start position:0% +Wyoming coal so it it's Le less +polluting on that + + align:start position:0% +polluting on that + + + align:start position:0% +polluting on that +Dimension there's a mix of low and high + + align:start position:0% +Dimension there's a mix of low and high + + + align:start position:0% +Dimension there's a mix of low and high +sulfur coal in these main uh mining + + align:start position:0% +sulfur coal in these main uh mining + + + align:start position:0% +sulfur coal in these main uh mining +regions in the East West Virginia + + align:start position:0% +regions in the East West Virginia + + + align:start position:0% +regions in the East West Virginia +Kentucky and + + align:start position:0% +Kentucky and + + + align:start position:0% +Kentucky and +Pennsylvania and you'll see so so those + + align:start position:0% +Pennsylvania and you'll see so so those + + + align:start position:0% +Pennsylvania and you'll see so so those +five states account for almost three4 of + + align:start position:0% +five states account for almost three4 of + + + align:start position:0% +five states account for almost three4 of +of production uh consumption is much + + align:start position:0% +of production uh consumption is much + + + align:start position:0% +of production uh consumption is much +less concentrated this is for power + + align:start position:0% +less concentrated this is for power + + + align:start position:0% +less concentrated this is for power +plants but that's almost all coal + + align:start position:0% +plants but that's almost all coal + + + align:start position:0% +plants but that's almost all coal +consumption uh Texas Ohio these are the + + align:start position:0% +consumption uh Texas Ohio these are the + + + align:start position:0% +consumption uh Texas Ohio these are the +these are the states with cheap electric + + align:start position:0% +these are the states with cheap electric + + + align:start position:0% +these are the states with cheap electric +rates + + align:start position:0% +rates + + + align:start position:0% +rates +because they burn a lot of they burn a + + align:start position:0% +because they burn a lot of they burn a + + + align:start position:0% +because they burn a lot of they burn a +lot of + + align:start position:0% +lot of + + + align:start position:0% +lot of +coal + + align:start position:0% +coal + + + align:start position:0% +coal +um I got anything else on + + align:start position:0% +um I got anything else on + + + align:start position:0% +um I got anything else on +coal yeah that's about it on coal + + align:start position:0% +coal yeah that's about it on coal + + + align:start position:0% +coal yeah that's about it on coal +questions comments reactions about coal + + align:start position:0% +questions comments reactions about coal + + + align:start position:0% +questions comments reactions about coal +not the most exciting of products but + + align:start position:0% +not the most exciting of products but + + + align:start position:0% +not the most exciting of products but +very + + align:start position:0% +very + + + align:start position:0% +very +important and + + align:start position:0% +important and + + + align:start position:0% +important and +dirty not to be + + align:start position:0% +dirty not to be + + + align:start position:0% +dirty not to be +prejudicial anything okay I'll say a + + align:start position:0% +prejudicial anything okay I'll say a + + + align:start position:0% +prejudicial anything okay I'll say a +little bit about uranium there isn't + + align:start position:0% +little bit about uranium there isn't + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about uranium there isn't +much that you can find about uranium + + align:start position:0% +much that you can find about uranium + + + align:start position:0% +much that you can find about uranium +it's essentially nothing in the BP book + + align:start position:0% +it's essentially nothing in the BP book + + + align:start position:0% +it's essentially nothing in the BP book +um and I'm focusing on uranium read the + + align:start position:0% +um and I'm focusing on uranium read the + + + align:start position:0% +um and I'm focusing on uranium read the +nuclear power because that's the that's + + align:start position:0% +nuclear power because that's the that's + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear power because that's the that's +the non-renewable part is uranium but + + align:start position:0% +the non-renewable part is uranium but + + + align:start position:0% +the non-renewable part is uranium but +it's also relatively + + align:start position:0% +it's also relatively + + + align:start position:0% +it's also relatively +unimportant right I mean it's not an + + align:start position:0% +unimportant right I mean it's not an + + + align:start position:0% +unimportant right I mean it's not an +important component of the cost of nucle + + align:start position:0% +important component of the cost of nucle + + + align:start position:0% +important component of the cost of nucle +nuclear electricity um it does seem to + + align:start position:0% +nuclear electricity um it does seem to + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear electricity um it does seem to +be a global market I'll explain that in + + align:start position:0% +be a global market I'll explain that in + + + align:start position:0% +be a global market I'll explain that in +a little bit uh reserves are fairly + + align:start position:0% +a little bit uh reserves are fairly + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit uh reserves are fairly +dispersed I mean there again not clear + + align:start position:0% +dispersed I mean there again not clear + + + align:start position:0% +dispersed I mean there again not clear +there's been extensive exploration in + + align:start position:0% +there's been extensive exploration in + + + align:start position:0% +there's been extensive exploration in +lots of these places you remember the + + align:start position:0% +lots of these places you remember the + + + align:start position:0% +lots of these places you remember the +yellow cake from Niger uh uh very + + align:start position:0% +yellow cake from Niger uh uh very + + + align:start position:0% +yellow cake from Niger uh uh very +exciting in the runup to the second Gulf + + align:start position:0% +exciting in the runup to the second Gulf + + + align:start position:0% +exciting in the runup to the second Gulf +War + + align:start position:0% +War + + + align:start position:0% +War +um the price I I have a price graph it's + + align:start position:0% +um the price I I have a price graph it's + + + align:start position:0% +um the price I I have a price graph it's +not very interesting it's mostly + + align:start position:0% +not very interesting it's mostly + + + align:start position:0% +not very interesting it's mostly +long-term prices they're just flat from + + align:start position:0% +long-term prices they're just flat from + + + align:start position:0% +long-term prices they're just flat from +the mid 80s through the mid 90s or the + + align:start position:0% +the mid 80s through the mid 90s or the + + + align:start position:0% +the mid 80s through the mid 90s or the +early ' 80s through the mid 90s and then + + align:start position:0% +early ' 80s through the mid 90s and then + + + align:start position:0% +early ' 80s through the mid 90s and then +they begin to escalate and basically in + + align:start position:0% +they begin to escalate and basically in + + + align:start position:0% +they begin to escalate and basically in +that early period people just stopped + + align:start position:0% +that early period people just stopped + + + align:start position:0% +that early period people just stopped +producing uranium and now they've + + align:start position:0% +producing uranium and now they've + + + align:start position:0% +producing uranium and now they've +tripled there's new mining activity + + align:start position:0% +tripled there's new mining activity + + + align:start position:0% +tripled there's new mining activity +there's really no organized Market as + + align:start position:0% +there's really no organized Market as + + + align:start position:0% +there's really no organized Market as +there is for oil or even to some extent + + align:start position:0% +there is for oil or even to some extent + + + align:start position:0% +there is for oil or even to some extent +for coal these are long-term contracts + + align:start position:0% +for coal these are long-term contracts + + + align:start position:0% +for coal these are long-term contracts +there's a spot Market it's not very + + align:start position:0% +there's a spot Market it's not very + + + align:start position:0% +there's a spot Market it's not very +interesting it's very + + align:start position:0% +interesting it's very + + + align:start position:0% +interesting it's very +thin we import almost all of the uranium + + align:start position:0% +thin we import almost all of the uranium + + + align:start position:0% +thin we import almost all of the uranium +we use in US + + align:start position:0% +we use in US + + + align:start position:0% +we use in US +reactors 92% a lot of it from Australia + + align:start position:0% +reactors 92% a lot of it from Australia + + + align:start position:0% +reactors 92% a lot of it from Australia +Australia and Canada and then from + + align:start position:0% +Australia and Canada and then from + + + align:start position:0% +Australia and Canada and then from +Russia and a couple of the + + align:start position:0% +Russia and a couple of the + + + align:start position:0% +Russia and a couple of the +stands and production is more + + align:start position:0% +stands and production is more + + + align:start position:0% +stands and production is more +concentrated than reserves so those + + align:start position:0% +concentrated than reserves so those + + + align:start position:0% +concentrated than reserves so those +countries have 93% of + + align:start position:0% +countries have 93% of + + + align:start position:0% +countries have 93% of +production kazakistan is a big producer + + align:start position:0% +production kazakistan is a big producer + + + align:start position:0% +production kazakistan is a big producer +Canada Australia and then it falls off + + align:start position:0% +Canada Australia and then it falls off + + + align:start position:0% +Canada Australia and then it falls off +relatively rapidly we account for about + + align:start position:0% +relatively rapidly we account for about + + + align:start position:0% +relatively rapidly we account for about +3% of Global + + align:start position:0% +3% of Global + + + align:start position:0% +3% of Global +Production so + + align:start position:0% +Production so + + + align:start position:0% +Production so +um not a terribly exciting not a + + align:start position:0% +um not a terribly exciting not a + + + align:start position:0% +um not a terribly exciting not a +terribly big + + align:start position:0% +terribly big + + + align:start position:0% +terribly big +Market anything about + + align:start position:0% +Market anything about + + + align:start position:0% +Market anything about +uranium uh this is fairly boring stuff + + align:start position:0% +uranium uh this is fairly boring stuff + + + align:start position:0% +uranium uh this is fairly boring stuff +but you sort of do need to have some + + align:start position:0% +but you sort of do need to have some + + + align:start position:0% +but you sort of do need to have some +basic factual understanding of what + + align:start position:0% +basic factual understanding of what + + + align:start position:0% +basic factual understanding of what +these markets look like um if you're + + align:start position:0% +these markets look like um if you're + + + align:start position:0% +these markets look like um if you're +going to be in the energy business let + + align:start position:0% +going to be in the energy business let + + + align:start position:0% +going to be in the energy business let +me do gas gas is more + + align:start position:0% +me do gas gas is more + + + align:start position:0% +me do gas gas is more +interesting um you may at some point + + align:start position:0% +interesting um you may at some point + + + align:start position:0% +interesting um you may at some point +have wondered why we call it natural gas + + align:start position:0% +have wondered why we call it natural gas + + + align:start position:0% +have wondered why we call it natural gas +it's not all that obvious but it's + + align:start position:0% +it's not all that obvious but it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's not all that obvious but it's +because beginning in 1816 we produced + + align:start position:0% +because beginning in 1816 we produced + + + align:start position:0% +because beginning in 1816 we produced +gas from coal I don't know how early in + + align:start position:0% +gas from coal I don't know how early in + + + align:start position:0% +gas from coal I don't know how early in +Europe but in this country + + align:start position:0% +Europe but in this country + + + align:start position:0% +Europe but in this country +1816 uh you heat coal it gives off gas + + align:start position:0% +1816 uh you heat coal it gives off gas + + + align:start position:0% +1816 uh you heat coal it gives off gas +you put the gas in a pipe you ship it + + align:start position:0% +you put the gas in a pipe you ship it + + + align:start position:0% +you put the gas in a pipe you ship it +around the city and you use it for + + align:start position:0% +around the city and you use it for + + + align:start position:0% +around the city and you use it for +lighting uh that was gas natural gas was + + align:start position:0% +lighting uh that was gas natural gas was + + + align:start position:0% +lighting uh that was gas natural gas was +The Innovation that you didn't produce + + align:start position:0% +The Innovation that you didn't produce + + + align:start position:0% +The Innovation that you didn't produce +it from coal you got it naturally hence + + align:start position:0% +it from coal you got it naturally hence + + + align:start position:0% +it from coal you got it naturally hence +natural gas um it can be moved by + + align:start position:0% +natural gas um it can be moved by + + + align:start position:0% +natural gas um it can be moved by +pipeline to move it by ship you have to + + align:start position:0% +pipeline to move it by ship you have to + + + align:start position:0% +pipeline to move it by ship you have to +liquefy it cool it and compress it it is + + align:start position:0% +liquefy it cool it and compress it it is + + + align:start position:0% +liquefy it cool it and compress it it is +not a global market + + align:start position:0% +not a global market + + + align:start position:0% +not a global market +as we'll talk about next time that might + + align:start position:0% +as we'll talk about next time that might + + + align:start position:0% +as we'll talk about next time that might +change lots of interesting discussions + + align:start position:0% +change lots of interesting discussions + + + align:start position:0% +change lots of interesting discussions +there that might change um we're fairly + + align:start position:0% +there that might change um we're fairly + + + align:start position:0% +there that might change um we're fairly +this the these + + align:start position:0% +this the these + + + align:start position:0% +this the these +are this is circuit 2010 this will + + align:start position:0% +are this is circuit 2010 this will + + + align:start position:0% +are this is circuit 2010 this will +change + + align:start position:0% +change + + + align:start position:0% +change +um we produce about 85% of the gas we + + align:start position:0% +um we produce about 85% of the gas we + + + align:start position:0% +um we produce about 85% of the gas we +consume most of the rest is from Canada + + align:start position:0% +consume most of the rest is from Canada + + + align:start position:0% +consume most of the rest is from Canada +so North America is pretty much + + align:start position:0% +so North America is pretty much + + + align:start position:0% +so North America is pretty much +self-sufficient in gas + + align:start position:0% +self-sufficient in gas + + + align:start position:0% +self-sufficient in gas +most of + + align:start position:0% +most of + + + align:start position:0% +most of +our Imports no it's not on this Slide + + align:start position:0% +our Imports no it's not on this Slide + + + align:start position:0% +our Imports no it's not on this Slide +the the way the prices + + align:start position:0% +the the way the prices + + + align:start position:0% +the the way the prices +work us prices tend to be below European + + align:start position:0% +work us prices tend to be below European + + + align:start position:0% +work us prices tend to be below European +prices European prices are determined by + + align:start position:0% +prices European prices are determined by + + + align:start position:0% +prices European prices are determined by +Russian gas + + align:start position:0% +Russian gas + + + align:start position:0% +Russian gas +prices uh and they're much lower than + + align:start position:0% +prices uh and they're much lower than + + + align:start position:0% +prices uh and they're much lower than +Asian prices because Asia's gas tends to + + align:start position:0% +Asian prices because Asia's gas tends to + + + align:start position:0% +Asian prices because Asia's gas tends to +come via liquefied natural gas which is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +expensive historically + + align:start position:0% +expensive historically + + + align:start position:0% +expensive historically +if I were doing this well when I did + + align:start position:0% +if I were doing this well when I did + + + align:start position:0% +if I were doing this well when I did +this class two years ago this sort of + + align:start position:0% +this class two years ago this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +this class two years ago this sort of +stopped here gas reserves are associated + + align:start position:0% +stopped here gas reserves are associated + + + align:start position:0% +stopped here gas reserves are associated +with oil they tend to be in politically + + align:start position:0% +with oil they tend to be in politically + + + align:start position:0% +with oil they tend to be in politically +unstable places the gas we know most + + align:start position:0% +unstable places the gas we know most + + + align:start position:0% +unstable places the gas we know most +about is in unstable regions in the + + align:start position:0% +about is in unstable regions in the + + + align:start position:0% +about is in unstable regions in the +Middle East and if you think it's + + align:start position:0% +Middle East and if you think it's + + + align:start position:0% +Middle East and if you think it's +unstable Russia but that has changed + + align:start position:0% +unstable Russia but that has changed + + + align:start position:0% +unstable Russia but that has changed +dramatically in literally the last 3 + + align:start position:0% +dramatically in literally the last 3 + + + align:start position:0% +dramatically in literally the last 3 +four + + align:start position:0% +four + + + align:start position:0% +four +years um Shale gas can be produced + + align:start position:0% +years um Shale gas can be produced + + + align:start position:0% +years um Shale gas can be produced +cheaply not necessarily without + + align:start position:0% +cheaply not necessarily without + + + align:start position:0% +cheaply not necessarily without +environmental costs but + + align:start position:0% +environmental costs but + + + align:start position:0% +environmental costs but +cheaply and once again the US is lucky + + align:start position:0% +cheaply and once again the US is lucky + + + align:start position:0% +cheaply and once again the US is lucky +we have a lot of + + align:start position:0% +we have a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +we have a lot of +it we now have the ability to produce a + + align:start position:0% +it we now have the ability to produce a + + + align:start position:0% +it we now have the ability to produce a +lot of gas + + align:start position:0% +lot of gas + + + align:start position:0% +lot of gas +cheaply with environmental costs + + align:start position:0% +cheaply with environmental costs + + + align:start position:0% +cheaply with environmental costs +potentially we think China has that same + + align:start position:0% +potentially we think China has that same + + + align:start position:0% +potentially we think China has that same +ability some European countries do we're + + align:start position:0% +ability some European countries do we're + + + align:start position:0% +ability some European countries do we're +told it's under Paris Paris is resisting + + align:start position:0% +told it's under Paris Paris is resisting + + + align:start position:0% +told it's under Paris Paris is resisting +drilling um makes a good story even if + + align:start position:0% +drilling um makes a good story even if + + + align:start position:0% +drilling um makes a good story even if +it's not true might be true um I want to + + align:start position:0% +it's not true might be true um I want to + + + align:start position:0% +it's not true might be true um I want to +focus on this change on Wednesday + + align:start position:0% +focus on this change on Wednesday + + + align:start position:0% +focus on this change on Wednesday +because I say this is the biggest energy + + align:start position:0% +because I say this is the biggest energy + + + align:start position:0% +because I say this is the biggest energy +change certainly in my lifetime well + + align:start position:0% +change certainly in my lifetime well + + + align:start position:0% +change certainly in my lifetime well +maybe OPEC was bigger but it's close to + + align:start position:0% +maybe OPEC was bigger but it's close to + + + align:start position:0% +maybe OPEC was bigger but it's close to +OPEC in terms of a change in the energy + + align:start position:0% +OPEC in terms of a change in the energy + + + align:start position:0% +OPEC in terms of a change in the energy +landscape um but what we do about + + align:start position:0% +landscape um but what we do about + + + align:start position:0% +landscape um but what we do about +it what we do about it is subject to + + align:start position:0% +it what we do about it is subject to + + + align:start position:0% +it what we do about it is subject to +Serious debate and I want to try to + + align:start position:0% +Serious debate and I want to try to + + + align:start position:0% +Serious debate and I want to try to +outline that and get you to engage a + + align:start position:0% +outline that and get you to engage a + + + align:start position:0% +outline that and get you to engage a +little bit there are those who say we + + align:start position:0% +little bit there are those who say we + + + align:start position:0% +little bit there are those who say we +should not be using this + + align:start position:0% +should not be using this + + + align:start position:0% +should not be using this +technology New York state does not allow + + align:start position:0% +technology New York state does not allow + + + align:start position:0% +technology New York state does not allow +it North Dakota eagerly Embraces it is + + align:start position:0% +it North Dakota eagerly Embraces it is + + + align:start position:0% +it North Dakota eagerly Embraces it is +thrilled to have jobs actually in North + + align:start position:0% +thrilled to have jobs actually in North + + + align:start position:0% +thrilled to have jobs actually in North +Dakota and Boomtown and you know cheap + + align:start position:0% +Dakota and Boomtown and you know cheap + + + align:start position:0% +Dakota and Boomtown and you know cheap +liquor and everything El all the other + + align:start position:0% +liquor and everything El all the other + + + align:start position:0% +liquor and everything El all the other +good things that come with a Boom Town + + align:start position:0% +good things that come with a Boom Town + + + align:start position:0% +good things that come with a Boom Town +um uh so uh but as a country you know we + + align:start position:0% +um uh so uh but as a country you know we + + + align:start position:0% +um uh so uh but as a country you know we +have some + + align:start position:0% +have some + + + align:start position:0% +have some +issues there's a question of its impact + + align:start position:0% +issues there's a question of its impact + + + align:start position:0% +issues there's a question of its impact +on climate change you sort of think + + align:start position:0% +on climate change you sort of think + + + align:start position:0% +on climate change you sort of think +cheap net cheap gas would be good what + + align:start position:0% +cheap net cheap gas would be good what + + + align:start position:0% +cheap net cheap gas would be good what +if it leaks so I I I want to spend next + + align:start position:0% +if it leaks so I I I want to spend next + + + align:start position:0% +if it leaks so I I I want to spend next +time on that today I want to just go + + align:start position:0% +time on that today I want to just go + + + align:start position:0% +time on that today I want to just go +through some sort of pref fracking facts + + align:start position:0% +through some sort of pref fracking facts + + + align:start position:0% +through some sort of pref fracking facts +if I can say that um and and um lay the + + align:start position:0% +if I can say that um and and um lay the + + + align:start position:0% +if I can say that um and and um lay the +groundwork so this is this is gas trade + + align:start position:0% +groundwork so this is this is gas trade + + + align:start position:0% +groundwork so this is this is gas trade +most of it well 70% of it moves via + + align:start position:0% +most of it well 70% of it moves via + + + align:start position:0% +most of it well 70% of it moves via +Pipelines + + align:start position:0% +Pipelines + + + align:start position:0% +Pipelines +and again if you focus on the big + + align:start position:0% +and again if you focus on the big + + + align:start position:0% +and again if you focus on the big +numbers you see Russian gas moving into + + align:start position:0% +numbers you see Russian gas moving into + + + align:start position:0% +numbers you see Russian gas moving into +Europe and you see gas from the Middle + + align:start position:0% +Europe and you see gas from the Middle + + + align:start position:0% +Europe and you see gas from the Middle +East importantly moving to Asia but it's + + align:start position:0% +East importantly moving to Asia but it's + + + align:start position:0% +East importantly moving to Asia but it's +not moving by pipeline across China it's + + align:start position:0% +not moving by pipeline across China it's + + + align:start position:0% +not moving by pipeline across China it's +moving liquified by tanker there's some + + align:start position:0% +moving liquified by tanker there's some + + + align:start position:0% +moving liquified by tanker there's some +exports from Indonesia some exports from + + align:start position:0% +exports from Indonesia some exports from + + + align:start position:0% +exports from Indonesia some exports from +Australia and a little gas into the US + + align:start position:0% +Australia and a little gas into the US + + + align:start position:0% +Australia and a little gas into the US +big big imports from Canada relatively + + align:start position:0% +big big imports from Canada relatively + + + align:start position:0% +big big imports from Canada relatively +speaking uh and I guess we port to + + align:start position:0% +speaking uh and I guess we port to + + + align:start position:0% +speaking uh and I guess we port to +Mexico again just uh because we can now + + align:start position:0% +Mexico again just uh because we can now + + + align:start position:0% +Mexico again just uh because we can now +that's got to be just + + align:start position:0% +that's got to be just + + + align:start position:0% +that's got to be just +geography uh as I say most of it's by + + align:start position:0% +geography uh as I say most of it's by + + + align:start position:0% +geography uh as I say most of it's by +pipeline um if you look at out the + + align:start position:0% +pipeline um if you look at out the + + + align:start position:0% +pipeline um if you look at out the +output Russia is the big + + align:start position:0% +output Russia is the big + + + align:start position:0% +output Russia is the big +producer Russia produces 15% of the + + align:start position:0% +producer Russia produces 15% of the + + + align:start position:0% +producer Russia produces 15% of the +natural gas in the world the Middle East + + align:start position:0% +natural gas in the world the Middle East + + + align:start position:0% +natural gas in the world the Middle East +together and it's really hard to see it + + align:start position:0% +together and it's really hard to see it + + + align:start position:0% +together and it's really hard to see it +on this lousy lousy picture produces + + align:start position:0% +on this lousy lousy picture produces + + + align:start position:0% +on this lousy lousy picture produces +14% reserves once again um Russia is + + align:start position:0% +14% reserves once again um Russia is + + + align:start position:0% +14% reserves once again um Russia is +producing a lot out of its 24% of the + + align:start position:0% +producing a lot out of its 24% of the + + + align:start position:0% +producing a lot out of its 24% of the +world reserves the Middle East has 40% + + align:start position:0% +world reserves the Middle East has 40% + + + align:start position:0% +world reserves the Middle East has 40% +approved reserves as of 2010 the US had + + align:start position:0% +approved reserves as of 2010 the US had + + + align:start position:0% +approved reserves as of 2010 the US had +5% this picture will + + align:start position:0% +5% this picture will + + + align:start position:0% +5% this picture will +change because you see now with Shale + + align:start position:0% +change because you see now with Shale + + + align:start position:0% +change because you see now with Shale +gas estimates of recoverable gas not yet + + align:start position:0% +gas estimates of recoverable gas not yet + + + align:start position:0% +gas estimates of recoverable gas not yet +appr proven + + align:start position:0% +appr proven + + + align:start position:0% +appr proven +Reserve are + + align:start position:0% +Reserve are + + + align:start position:0% +Reserve are +enormous so as exploration adds to this + + align:start position:0% +enormous so as exploration adds to this + + + align:start position:0% +enormous so as exploration adds to this +inventory um the US number will rise I + + align:start position:0% +inventory um the US number will rise I + + + align:start position:0% +inventory um the US number will rise I +don't know if the Middle East has has + + align:start position:0% +don't know if the Middle East has has + + + align:start position:0% +don't know if the Middle East has has +Shale or Russia has Shale China will + + align:start position:0% +Shale or Russia has Shale China will + + + align:start position:0% +Shale or Russia has Shale China will +show up on the + + align:start position:0% +show up on the + + + align:start position:0% +show up on the +picture and if they allow Drilling in + + align:start position:0% +picture and if they allow Drilling in + + + align:start position:0% +picture and if they allow Drilling in +Poland Poland I'm told has a fair amount + + align:start position:0% +Poland Poland I'm told has a fair amount + + + align:start position:0% +Poland Poland I'm told has a fair amount +so that picture will change this is just + + align:start position:0% +so that picture will change this is just + + + align:start position:0% +so that picture will change this is just +what's approved Reserve but against the + + align:start position:0% +what's approved Reserve but against the + + + align:start position:0% +what's approved Reserve but against the +same picture as oil you've + + align:start position:0% +same picture as oil you've + + + align:start position:0% +same picture as oil you've +got um the one exception and I guess + + align:start position:0% +got um the one exception and I guess + + + align:start position:0% +got um the one exception and I guess +this is a little bit interesting um that + + align:start position:0% +this is a little bit interesting um that + + + align:start position:0% +this is a little bit interesting um that +you'll see the share of the Middle East + + align:start position:0% +you'll see the share of the Middle East + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see the share of the Middle East +actually Rises not only does it rise in + + align:start position:0% +actually Rises not only does it rise in + + + align:start position:0% +actually Rises not only does it rise in +absolute value of course it rises in + + align:start position:0% +absolute value of course it rises in + + + align:start position:0% +absolute value of course it rises in +share and you will recall when we did + + align:start position:0% +share and you will recall when we did + + + align:start position:0% +share and you will recall when we did +the climate change negotiations you were + + align:start position:0% +the climate change negotiations you were + + + align:start position:0% +the climate change negotiations you were +in Qatar or Cutter uh as it's sometimes + + align:start position:0% +in Qatar or Cutter uh as it's sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +in Qatar or Cutter uh as it's sometimes +called that's their discovery of their + + align:start position:0% +called that's their discovery of their + + + align:start position:0% +called that's their discovery of their +enormous natural gas + + align:start position:0% +enormous natural gas + + + align:start position:0% +enormous natural gas +reserves that's one formerly poor little + + align:start position:0% +reserves that's one formerly poor little + + + align:start position:0% +reserves that's one formerly poor little +country finding it is sitting on an + + align:start position:0% +country finding it is sitting on an + + + align:start position:0% +country finding it is sitting on an +enormous amount of natural + + align:start position:0% +enormous amount of natural + + + align:start position:0% +enormous amount of natural +gas um and that's that's the Middle + + align:start position:0% +gas um and that's that's the Middle + + + align:start position:0% +gas um and that's that's the Middle +Eastern change primarily other people + + align:start position:0% +Eastern change primarily other people + + + align:start position:0% +Eastern change primarily other people +are developing of course but but that's + + align:start position:0% +are developing of course but but that's + + + align:start position:0% +are developing of course but but that's +what's going on there and as I say that + + align:start position:0% +what's going on there and as I say that + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on there and as I say that +that uh North America which I guess is + + align:start position:0% +that uh North America which I guess is + + + align:start position:0% +that uh North America which I guess is +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +one um that will + + align:start position:0% +one um that will + + + align:start position:0% +one um that will +change over time because we have a lot + + align:start position:0% +change over time because we have a lot + + + align:start position:0% +change over time because we have a lot +of gas but it's not yet proven not yet + + align:start position:0% +of gas but it's not yet proven not yet + + + align:start position:0% +of gas but it's not yet proven not yet +proved + + align:start position:0% +proved + + + align:start position:0% +proved +reserves it's oh my God look at what's + + align:start position:0% +reserves it's oh my God look at what's + + + align:start position:0% +reserves it's oh my God look at what's +almost certainly down there but it's not + + align:start position:0% +almost certainly down there but it's not + + + align:start position:0% +almost certainly down there but it's not +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +is we have a lot of + + align:start position:0% +is we have a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +is we have a lot of +pipelines this is how you move natural + + align:start position:0% +pipelines this is how you move natural + + + align:start position:0% +pipelines this is how you move natural +gas this is just a map of the US + + align:start position:0% +gas this is just a map of the US + + + align:start position:0% +gas this is just a map of the US +pipeline Network + + align:start position:0% +pipeline Network + + + align:start position:0% +pipeline Network +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and here we are at the at the end of the + + align:start position:0% +and here we are at the at the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +and here we are at the at the end of the +straw as they + + align:start position:0% +straw as they + + + align:start position:0% +straw as they +say uh so every every so often there + + align:start position:0% +say uh so every every so often there + + + align:start position:0% +say uh so every every so often there +isn't enough gas coming up to + + align:start position:0% +isn't enough gas coming up to + + + align:start position:0% +isn't enough gas coming up to +Massachusetts most of the time not a + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts most of the time not a + + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts most of the time not a +problem uh you hear about the Henry + + align:start position:0% +problem uh you hear about the Henry + + + align:start position:0% +problem uh you hear about the Henry +Hub well if you if you follow this + + align:start position:0% +Hub well if you if you follow this + + + align:start position:0% +Hub well if you if you follow this +business you hear about Henry Hub um + + align:start position:0% +business you hear about Henry Hub um + + + align:start position:0% +business you hear about Henry Hub um +Henry Hub is like about there there's a + + align:start position:0% +Henry Hub is like about there there's a + + + align:start position:0% +Henry Hub is like about there there's a +lot of offshore pipelines but Henry Hub + + align:start position:0% +lot of offshore pipelines but Henry Hub + + + align:start position:0% +lot of offshore pipelines but Henry Hub +is in Southern Louisiana a little bit + + align:start position:0% +is in Southern Louisiana a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +is in Southern Louisiana a little bit +east of the center um and it's where + + align:start position:0% +east of the center um and it's where + + + align:start position:0% +east of the center um and it's where +something like 13 pipelines come in nine + + align:start position:0% +something like 13 pipelines come in nine + + + align:start position:0% +something like 13 pipelines come in nine +interstate and four + + align:start position:0% +interstate and four + + + align:start position:0% +interstate and four +intrate and when you hear the Henry Hub + + align:start position:0% +intrate and when you hear the Henry Hub + + + align:start position:0% +intrate and when you hear the Henry Hub +price pricing is of natural gas in + + align:start position:0% +price pricing is of natural gas in + + + align:start position:0% +price pricing is of natural gas in +wholesale markets is mostly the price at + + align:start position:0% +wholesale markets is mostly the price at + + + align:start position:0% +wholesale markets is mostly the price at +the Henry Hub Plus transport cost so + + align:start position:0% +the Henry Hub Plus transport cost so + + + align:start position:0% +the Henry Hub Plus transport cost so +people do Futures markets based on Henry + + align:start position:0% +people do Futures markets based on Henry + + + align:start position:0% +people do Futures markets based on Henry +Hub and then you add in transport cost + + align:start position:0% +Hub and then you add in transport cost + + + align:start position:0% +Hub and then you add in transport cost +you do a contract on a Henry hub H price + + align:start position:0% +you do a contract on a Henry hub H price + + + align:start position:0% +you do a contract on a Henry hub H price +and a transport so when I say gas moves + + align:start position:0% +and a transport so when I say gas moves + + + align:start position:0% +and a transport so when I say gas moves +mainly by pipelines it moves in the US a + + align:start position:0% +mainly by pipelines it moves in the US a + + + align:start position:0% +mainly by pipelines it moves in the US a +lot by pipelines you can also tell by + + align:start position:0% +lot by pipelines you can also tell by + + + align:start position:0% +lot by pipelines you can also tell by +the pipelines where it comes + + align:start position:0% +the pipelines where it comes + + + align:start position:0% +the pipelines where it comes +from right at the moment it comes from + + align:start position:0% +from right at the moment it comes from + + + align:start position:0% +from right at the moment it comes from +Louisiana Texas it comes from offshore + + align:start position:0% +Louisiana Texas it comes from offshore + + + align:start position:0% +Louisiana Texas it comes from offshore +that's Northern Louisiana that's + + align:start position:0% +that's Northern Louisiana that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's Northern Louisiana that's +Oklahoma and that's mainly + + align:start position:0% +Oklahoma and that's mainly + + + align:start position:0% +Oklahoma and that's mainly +it that will + + align:start position:0% +it that will + + + align:start position:0% +it that will +change it's coming from North + + align:start position:0% +change it's coming from North + + + align:start position:0% +change it's coming from North +Dakota where you don't see a lot of + + align:start position:0% +Dakota where you don't see a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +Dakota where you don't see a lot of +Pipelines + + align:start position:0% +Pipelines + + + align:start position:0% +Pipelines +It's relatively easy to build gas + + align:start position:0% +It's relatively easy to build gas + + + align:start position:0% +It's relatively easy to build gas +pipelines in this country so they will + + align:start position:0% +pipelines in this country so they will + + + align:start position:0% +pipelines in this country so they will +be + + align:start position:0% +be + + + align:start position:0% +be +built + + align:start position:0% +built + + + align:start position:0% +built +um okay natural + + align:start position:0% +um okay natural + + + align:start position:0% +um okay natural +gas these are prices uh so this is the + + align:start position:0% +gas these are prices uh so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +gas these are prices uh so this is the +US Henry Hub price in red uh the UK + + align:start position:0% +US Henry Hub price in red uh the UK + + + align:start position:0% +US Henry Hub price in red uh the UK +price the Japanese price and the German + + align:start position:0% +price the Japanese price and the German + + + align:start position:0% +price the Japanese price and the German +price you will see their's in in recent + + align:start position:0% +price you will see their's in in recent + + + align:start position:0% +price you will see their's in in recent +years at least there's the US + + align:start position:0% +years at least there's the US + + + align:start position:0% +years at least there's the US +price there's the uh UK price there's + + align:start position:0% +price there's the uh UK price there's + + + align:start position:0% +price there's the uh UK price there's +the yeah the German price which is a + + align:start position:0% +the yeah the German price which is a + + + align:start position:0% +the yeah the German price which is a +Russian a Russian price and there's the + + align:start position:0% +Russian a Russian price and there's the + + + align:start position:0% +Russian a Russian price and there's the +Japanese + + align:start position:0% +Japanese + + + align:start position:0% +Japanese +price so you can sort of + + align:start position:0% +price so you can sort of + + + align:start position:0% +price so you can sort of +see why there's some + + align:start position:0% +see why there's some + + + align:start position:0% +see why there's some +interest in this country in exporting + + align:start position:0% +interest in this country in exporting + + + align:start position:0% +interest in this country in exporting +natural + + align:start position:0% +natural + + + align:start position:0% +natural +gas uh if you can actually produce it + + align:start position:0% +gas uh if you can actually produce it + + + align:start position:0% +gas uh if you can actually produce it +for that price and sell it to + + align:start position:0% +for that price and sell it to + + + align:start position:0% +for that price and sell it to +Japan yeah you might eat half the + + align:start position:0% +Japan yeah you might eat half the + + + align:start position:0% +Japan yeah you might eat half the +difference in transport but that's a + + align:start position:0% +difference in transport but that's a + + + align:start position:0% +difference in transport but that's a +huge + + align:start position:0% +huge + + + align:start position:0% +huge +margin so we have built terminals to + + align:start position:0% +margin so we have built terminals to + + + align:start position:0% +margin so we have built terminals to +import natural gas that are now being + + align:start position:0% +import natural gas that are now being + + + align:start position:0% +import natural gas that are now being +converted uh to + + align:start position:0% +converted uh to + + + align:start position:0% +converted uh to +export um well they're trying to convert + + align:start position:0% +export um well they're trying to convert + + + align:start position:0% +export um well they're trying to convert +them to export and here's a historical + + align:start position:0% +them to export and here's a historical + + + align:start position:0% +them to export and here's a historical +price series that cuts + + align:start position:0% +price series that cuts + + + align:start position:0% +price series that cuts +off I thought this was a defect of the + + align:start position:0% +off I thought this was a defect of the + + + align:start position:0% +off I thought this was a defect of the +way I got the picture but I now see in + + align:start position:0% +way I got the picture but I now see in + + + align:start position:0% +way I got the picture but I now see in +terms of the flow here it's a it's a + + align:start position:0% +terms of the flow here it's a it's a + + + align:start position:0% +terms of the flow here it's a it's a +it's a feature this cuts off about about + + align:start position:0% +it's a feature this cuts off about about + + + align:start position:0% +it's a feature this cuts off about about +2009 we will explore the rest um uh on + + align:start position:0% +2009 we will explore the rest um uh on + + + align:start position:0% +2009 we will explore the rest um uh on +Wednesday you see the price the price is + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday you see the price the price is + + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday you see the price the price is +vol + + align:start position:0% +vol + + + align:start position:0% +vol +uh that's a doubling in less than a year + + align:start position:0% +uh that's a doubling in less than a year + + + align:start position:0% +uh that's a doubling in less than a year +that's a + + align:start position:0% +that's a + + + align:start position:0% +that's a +doubling uh that's almost a tripling + + align:start position:0% +doubling uh that's almost a tripling + + + align:start position:0% +doubling uh that's almost a tripling +that's another + + align:start position:0% +that's another + + + align:start position:0% +that's another +doubling if so historically gas price + + align:start position:0% +doubling if so historically gas price + + + align:start position:0% +doubling if so historically gas price +volatility not quite as bad as oil + + align:start position:0% +volatility not quite as bad as oil + + + align:start position:0% +volatility not quite as bad as oil +volatility but it's been + + align:start position:0% +volatility but it's been + + + align:start position:0% +volatility but it's been +there we'll see going forward the + + align:start position:0% +there we'll see going forward the + + + align:start position:0% +there we'll see going forward the +picture looks a little different and + + align:start position:0% +picture looks a little different and + + + align:start position:0% +picture looks a little different and +we'll see whether that's likely to + + align:start position:0% +we'll see whether that's likely to + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see whether that's likely to +continue okay you've been very quiet + + align:start position:0% +continue okay you've been very quiet + + + align:start position:0% +continue okay you've been very quiet +after + + align:start position:0% +after + + + align:start position:0% +after +oil so I'll need to see if you have + + align:start position:0% +oil so I'll need to see if you have + + + align:start position:0% +oil so I'll need to see if you have +questions or + + align:start position:0% +questions or + + + align:start position:0% +questions or +comments cuz I don't want to go into + + align:start position:0% +comments cuz I don't want to go into + + + align:start position:0% +comments cuz I don't want to go into +fracking today I'll wait a Wednesday + + align:start position:0% +fracking today I'll wait a Wednesday + + + align:start position:0% +fracking today I'll wait a Wednesday +comments on gas yeah you said gas tends + + align:start position:0% +comments on gas yeah you said gas tends + + + align:start position:0% +comments on gas yeah you said gas tends +to occur with oil as in wherever there's + + align:start position:0% +to occur with oil as in wherever there's + + + align:start position:0% +to occur with oil as in wherever there's +an oil Reserve they're surrounded by gas + + align:start position:0% +an oil Reserve they're surrounded by gas + + + align:start position:0% +an oil Reserve they're surrounded by gas +or something uh often yeah not always + + align:start position:0% +or something uh often yeah not always + + + align:start position:0% +or something uh often yeah not always +but often CU you know it's it's uh these + + align:start position:0% +but often CU you know it's it's uh these + + + align:start position:0% +but often CU you know it's it's uh these +These are fossils these are dead + + align:start position:0% +These are fossils these are dead + + + align:start position:0% +These are fossils these are dead +dinosaurs and trees that way lot of + + align:start position:0% +dinosaurs and trees that way lot of + + + align:start position:0% +dinosaurs and trees that way lot of +companies are oil and gas companies + + align:start position:0% +companies are oil and gas companies + + + align:start position:0% +companies are oil and gas companies +often not coal and gas yeah yeah because + + align:start position:0% +often not coal and gas yeah yeah because + + + align:start position:0% +often not coal and gas yeah yeah because +they tend to be collocated there there's + + align:start position:0% +they tend to be collocated there there's + + + align:start position:0% +they tend to be collocated there there's +gas there's CED CED methane there is + + align:start position:0% +gas there's CED CED methane there is + + + align:start position:0% +gas there's CED CED methane there is +some joint occurrence of gas and + + align:start position:0% +some joint occurrence of gas and + + + align:start position:0% +some joint occurrence of gas and +coal um historically coal companies + + align:start position:0% +coal um historically coal companies + + + align:start position:0% +coal um historically coal companies +ignored it there's because it a little + + align:start position:0% +ignored it there's because it a little + + + align:start position:0% +ignored it there's because it a little +tricky to recover there's more recovery + + align:start position:0% +tricky to recover there's more recovery + + + align:start position:0% +tricky to recover there's more recovery +now of Co bed + + align:start position:0% +now of Co bed + + + align:start position:0% +now of Co bed +methane um and it the the percentages + + align:start position:0% +methane um and it the the percentages + + + align:start position:0% +methane um and it the the percentages +differ uh a lot uh from place to place + + align:start position:0% +differ uh a lot uh from place to place + + + align:start position:0% +differ uh a lot uh from place to place +oil versus gas in Cutter for instance + + align:start position:0% +oil versus gas in Cutter for instance + + + align:start position:0% +oil versus gas in Cutter for instance +it's almost almost all gas in some + + align:start position:0% +it's almost almost all gas in some + + + align:start position:0% +it's almost almost all gas in some +places it's almost all oil but there + + align:start position:0% +places it's almost all oil but there + + + align:start position:0% +places it's almost all oil but there +tends to be well the Middle East has + + align:start position:0% +tends to be well the Middle East has + + + align:start position:0% +tends to be well the Middle East has +lots of both so in that broad sense they + + align:start position:0% +lots of both so in that broad sense they + + + align:start position:0% +lots of both so in that broad sense they +they + + align:start position:0% +they + + + align:start position:0% +they +collocate yeah Andrew uh two questions + + align:start position:0% +collocate yeah Andrew uh two questions + + + align:start position:0% +collocate yeah Andrew uh two questions +one thing that you mentioned was about + + align:start position:0% +one thing that you mentioned was about + + + align:start position:0% +one thing that you mentioned was about +price does it uh track uh or did he use + + align:start position:0% +price does it uh track uh or did he use + + + align:start position:0% +price does it uh track uh or did he use +to track uh oil P at all natural gas I + + align:start position:0% +to track uh oil P at all natural gas I + + + align:start position:0% +to track uh oil P at all natural gas I +mean yeah that's a that's a good point + + align:start position:0% +mean yeah that's a that's a good point + + + align:start position:0% +mean yeah that's a that's a good point +it doesn't he uh back in the + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't he uh back in the + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't he uh back in the +day um when oil was used to generate + + align:start position:0% +day um when oil was used to generate + + + align:start position:0% +day um when oil was used to generate +electricity + + align:start position:0% +electricity + + + align:start position:0% +electricity +um you + + align:start position:0% +um you + + + align:start position:0% +um you +had so-called substitution at the burner + + align:start position:0% +had so-called substitution at the burner + + + align:start position:0% +had so-called substitution at the burner +tip that the ability of power plants to + + align:start position:0% +tip that the ability of power plants to + + + align:start position:0% +tip that the ability of power plants to +switch between natural gas and oil + + align:start position:0% +switch between natural gas and oil + + + align:start position:0% +switch between natural gas and oil +tended to link their prices pretty + + align:start position:0% +tended to link their prices pretty + + + align:start position:0% +tended to link their prices pretty +tightly the Russian price to + + align:start position:0% +tightly the Russian price to + + + align:start position:0% +tightly the Russian price to +Europe for historical re prices since + + align:start position:0% +Europe for historical re prices since + + + align:start position:0% +Europe for historical re prices since +it's not just one price but the Russian + + align:start position:0% +it's not just one price but the Russian + + + align:start position:0% +it's not just one price but the Russian +prices to Europe tend to be linked by + + align:start position:0% +prices to Europe tend to be linked by + + + align:start position:0% +prices to Europe tend to be linked by +contract to the oil price in the US + + align:start position:0% +contract to the oil price in the US + + + align:start position:0% +contract to the oil price in the US +since we don't generate much we don't + + align:start position:0% +since we don't generate much we don't + + + align:start position:0% +since we don't generate much we don't +effectively know electricity from oil + + align:start position:0% +effectively know electricity from oil + + + align:start position:0% +effectively know electricity from oil +there's some but it's not much uh old + + align:start position:0% +there's some but it's not much uh old + + + align:start position:0% +there's some but it's not much uh old +diesels uh that burner tip substitution + + align:start position:0% +diesels uh that burner tip substitution + + + align:start position:0% +diesels uh that burner tip substitution +doesn't link and there's no contractual + + align:start position:0% +doesn't link and there's no contractual + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't link and there's no contractual +link now + + align:start position:0% +link now + + + align:start position:0% +link now +per unit of energy gas is enormously + + align:start position:0% +per unit of energy gas is enormously + + + align:start position:0% +per unit of energy gas is enormously +cheaper than oil in the US enormously + + align:start position:0% +cheaper than oil in the US enormously + + + align:start position:0% +cheaper than oil in the US enormously +cheaper I'm trying to remember the + + align:start position:0% +cheaper I'm trying to remember the + + + align:start position:0% +cheaper I'm trying to remember the +ratio is it 10:1 it can't be that but + + align:start position:0% +ratio is it 10:1 it can't be that but + + + align:start position:0% +ratio is it 10:1 it can't be that but +it's pretty high it's a big difference + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty high it's a big difference + + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty high it's a big difference +so even if you could burn oil in a power + + align:start position:0% +so even if you could burn oil in a power + + + align:start position:0% +so even if you could burn oil in a power +plant you wouldn't today um and you + + align:start position:0% +plant you wouldn't today um and you + + + align:start position:0% +plant you wouldn't today um and you +haven't for a long time because of the + + align:start position:0% +haven't for a long time because of the + + + align:start position:0% +haven't for a long time because of the +price difference so question tou upon + + align:start position:0% +price difference so question tou upon + + + align:start position:0% +price difference so question tou upon +was you mentioned there was there is no + + align:start position:0% +was you mentioned there was there is no + + + align:start position:0% +was you mentioned there was there is no +World Market for for natural gas I was + + align:start position:0% +World Market for for natural gas I was + + + align:start position:0% +World Market for for natural gas I was +wondering given that uh and I was going + + align:start position:0% +wondering given that uh and I was going + + + align:start position:0% +wondering given that uh and I was going +to mention that people link it to oil + + align:start position:0% +to mention that people link it to oil + + + align:start position:0% +to mention that people link it to oil +which doesn't make a lot of sense to me + + align:start position:0% +which doesn't make a lot of sense to me + + + align:start position:0% +which doesn't make a lot of sense to me +uh I was just wondering and you were you + + align:start position:0% +uh I was just wondering and you were you + + + align:start position:0% +uh I was just wondering and you were you +mentioned something it's it's about uh + + align:start position:0% +mentioned something it's it's about uh + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned something it's it's about uh +we might see a world market for natural + + align:start position:0% +we might see a world market for natural + + + align:start position:0% +we might see a world market for natural +gas what are the reasons that uh have + + align:start position:0% +gas what are the reasons that uh have + + + align:start position:0% +gas what are the reasons that uh have +not LED cost transport cost because I + + align:start position:0% +not LED cost transport cost because I + + + align:start position:0% +not LED cost transport cost because I +would assume this because you have like + + align:start position:0% +would assume this because you have like + + + align:start position:0% +would assume this because you have like +like the technology is there and you see + + align:start position:0% +like the technology is there and you see + + + align:start position:0% +like the technology is there and you see +like differences like oh the technology + + align:start position:0% +like differences like oh the technology + + + align:start position:0% +like differences like oh the technology +is there but but to liquefy the gas to + + align:start position:0% +is there but but to liquefy the gas to + + + align:start position:0% +is there but but to liquefy the gas to +compress it and liquefy it costs money + + align:start position:0% +compress it and liquefy it costs money + + + align:start position:0% +compress it and liquefy it costs money +the tankers are expensive the terminal + + align:start position:0% +the tankers are expensive the terminal + + + align:start position:0% +the tankers are expensive the terminal +facilities are expensive so you know + + align:start position:0% +facilities are expensive so you know + + + align:start position:0% +facilities are expensive so you know +that's the reason why you me know Japan + + align:start position:0% +that's the reason why you me know Japan + + + align:start position:0% +that's the reason why you me know Japan +can import lots of gas but it's not a + + align:start position:0% +can import lots of gas but it's not a + + + align:start position:0% +can import lots of gas but it's not a +World Market in the sense of a world + + align:start position:0% +World Market in the sense of a world + + + align:start position:0% +World Market in the sense of a world +price cuz the Asian market has been + + align:start position:0% +price cuz the Asian market has been + + + align:start position:0% +price cuz the Asian market has been +traditionally very different from the + + align:start position:0% +traditionally very different from the + + + align:start position:0% +traditionally very different from the +north North America is pipelines boom + + align:start position:0% +north North America is pipelines boom + + + align:start position:0% +north North America is pipelines boom +boom boom and and and that's pretty + + align:start position:0% +boom boom and and and that's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +boom boom and and and that's pretty +unified pipelines are pretty cheap uh + + align:start position:0% +unified pipelines are pretty cheap uh + + + align:start position:0% +unified pipelines are pretty cheap uh +all things equal pipelines are pretty + + align:start position:0% +all things equal pipelines are pretty + + + align:start position:0% +all things equal pipelines are pretty +cheap but liquefying this stuff and + + align:start position:0% +cheap but liquefying this stuff and + + + align:start position:0% +cheap but liquefying this stuff and +putting it on board ship and moving it + + align:start position:0% +putting it on board ship and moving it + + + align:start position:0% +putting it on board ship and moving it +across the ocean uh is a uh is an + + align:start position:0% +across the ocean uh is a uh is an + + + align:start position:0% +across the ocean uh is a uh is an +expensive proposition which is why the + + align:start position:0% +expensive proposition which is why the + + + align:start position:0% +expensive proposition which is why the +Asian price has been so much higher than + + align:start position:0% +Asian price has been so much higher than + + + align:start position:0% +Asian price has been so much higher than +the European + + align:start position:0% +the European + + + align:start position:0% +the European +price now + + align:start position:0% +price now + + + align:start position:0% +price now +suppose as people say suppose the US + + align:start position:0% +suppose as people say suppose the US + + + align:start position:0% +suppose as people say suppose the US +really produces this stuff at + + align:start position:0% +really produces this stuff at + + + align:start position:0% +really produces this stuff at +scale uh and begins to export in + + align:start position:0% +scale uh and begins to export in + + + align:start position:0% +scale uh and begins to export in +quantity to Asia to take into account of + + align:start position:0% +quantity to Asia to take into account of + + + align:start position:0% +quantity to Asia to take into account of +that price + + align:start position:0% +that price + + + align:start position:0% +that price +difference just geographically we're in + + align:start position:0% +difference just geographically we're in + + + align:start position:0% +difference just geographically we're in +a position to undermine Russian pricing + + align:start position:0% +a position to undermine Russian pricing + + + align:start position:0% +a position to undermine Russian pricing +to Europe and in a position to to + + align:start position:0% +to Europe and in a position to to + + + align:start position:0% +to Europe and in a position to to +undercut Middle Eastern pric to Asia we + + align:start position:0% +undercut Middle Eastern pric to Asia we + + + align:start position:0% +undercut Middle Eastern pric to Asia we +don't have that much gas but we have + + align:start position:0% +don't have that much gas but we have + + + align:start position:0% +don't have that much gas but we have +enough some people argue to unify the + + align:start position:0% +enough some people argue to unify the + + + align:start position:0% +enough some people argue to unify the +world in price terms some people say + + align:start position:0% +world in price terms some people say + + + align:start position:0% +world in price terms some people say +that's nuts so so it comes down to the + + align:start position:0% +that's nuts so so it comes down to the + + + align:start position:0% +that's nuts so so it comes down to the +numbers and how much we produce and is + + align:start position:0% +numbers and how much we produce and is + + + align:start position:0% +numbers and how much we produce and is +there gas in China if there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +there gas in China if there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +there gas in China if there's a lot of +gas in + + align:start position:0% +gas in + + + align:start position:0% +gas in +China + + align:start position:0% +China + + + align:start position:0% +China +um at Cost comparable to ours then you + + align:start position:0% +um at Cost comparable to ours then you + + + align:start position:0% +um at Cost comparable to ours then you +begin to see World gas prices of around5 + + align:start position:0% +begin to see World gas prices of around5 + + + align:start position:0% +begin to see World gas prices of around5 +to $6 dollars instead of these 12 1314 + + align:start position:0% +to $6 dollars instead of these 12 1314 + + + align:start position:0% +to $6 dollars instead of these 12 1314 +prices in + + align:start position:0% +prices in + + + align:start position:0% +prices in +Asia + + align:start position:0% +Asia + + + align:start position:0% +Asia +um there's a possibility but it's not + + align:start position:0% +um there's a possibility but it's not + + + align:start position:0% +um there's a possibility but it's not +going to happen through Ln well it can + + align:start position:0% +going to happen through Ln well it can + + + align:start position:0% +going to happen through Ln well it can +happen through LNG but um it is + + align:start position:0% +happen through LNG but um it is + + + align:start position:0% +happen through LNG but um it is +expensive it is + + align:start position:0% +expensive it is + + + align:start position:0% +expensive it is +expensive yeah say up carbon + + align:start position:0% +expensive yeah say up carbon + + + align:start position:0% +expensive yeah say up carbon +inity excuse me what what's the carbon + + align:start position:0% +inity excuse me what what's the carbon + + + align:start position:0% +inity excuse me what what's the carbon +intensity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's less carbon intensive than oil um + + align:start position:0% +it's less carbon intensive than oil um + + + align:start position:0% +it's less carbon intensive than oil um +it's methane right it's CH4 uh oil tends + + align:start position:0% +it's methane right it's CH4 uh oil tends + + + align:start position:0% +it's methane right it's CH4 uh oil tends +to have a good deal more oil varies I + + align:start position:0% +to have a good deal more oil varies I + + + align:start position:0% +to have a good deal more oil varies I +can't give you a ratio I should be able + + align:start position:0% +can't give you a ratio I should be able + + + align:start position:0% +can't give you a ratio I should be able +to but I can't uh you can look it up uh + + align:start position:0% +to but I can't uh you can look it up uh + + + align:start position:0% +to but I can't uh you can look it up uh +but but you know + + align:start position:0% +but but you know + + + align:start position:0% +but but you know +it's it's it's about in terms of the one + + align:start position:0% +it's it's it's about in terms of the one + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's it's about in terms of the one +number that does stick in my head and + + align:start position:0% +number that does stick in my head and + + + align:start position:0% +number that does stick in my head and +this is because it's it's a power plant + + align:start position:0% +this is because it's it's a power plant + + + align:start position:0% +this is because it's it's a power plant +number using natural gas in a power + + align:start position:0% +number using natural gas in a power + + + align:start position:0% +number using natural gas in a power +plant as a as compared to Coal gives you + + align:start position:0% +plant as a as compared to Coal gives you + + + align:start position:0% +plant as a as compared to Coal gives you +about half CO2 + + align:start position:0% +about half CO2 + + + align:start position:0% +about half CO2 +emissions um oil will be somewhere in + + align:start position:0% +emissions um oil will be somewhere in + + + align:start position:0% +emissions um oil will be somewhere in +between and different grades you know + + align:start position:0% +between and different grades you know + + + align:start position:0% +between and different grades you know +Canadian heavy oil may be more carbon + + align:start position:0% +Canadian heavy oil may be more carbon + + + align:start position:0% +Canadian heavy oil may be more carbon +intensive than light crude from Saudi + + align:start position:0% +intensive than light crude from Saudi + + + align:start position:0% +intensive than light crude from Saudi +Arabia I just don't know the answer but + + align:start position:0% +Arabia I just don't know the answer but + + + align:start position:0% +Arabia I just don't know the answer but +somewhere in + + align:start position:0% +somewhere in + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere in +between anything else Prosper is um C + + align:start position:0% +between anything else Prosper is um C + + + align:start position:0% +between anything else Prosper is um C +gas still being produced internationally + + align:start position:0% +gas still being produced internationally + + + align:start position:0% +gas still being produced internationally +um like also like are there countries + + align:start position:0% +um like also like are there countries + + + align:start position:0% +um like also like are there countries +where again using C gas is more cheaper + + align:start position:0% +where again using C gas is more cheaper + + + align:start position:0% +where again using C gas is more cheaper +than Natural Gas + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um I hate to admit that there's + + align:start position:0% +um I hate to admit that there's + + + align:start position:0% +um I hate to admit that there's +something I completely don't know but I + + align:start position:0% +something I completely don't know but I + + + align:start position:0% +something I completely don't know but I +don't know it wouldn't surprise + + align:start position:0% +don't know it wouldn't surprise + + + align:start position:0% +don't know it wouldn't surprise +me right if a country has coal + + align:start position:0% +me right if a country has coal + + + align:start position:0% +me right if a country has coal +supplies doesn't have gas and doesn't + + align:start position:0% +supplies doesn't have gas and doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +supplies doesn't have gas and doesn't +have good Port facilities then it would + + align:start position:0% +have good Port facilities then it would + + + align:start position:0% +have good Port facilities then it would +make sense to do coal + + align:start position:0% +make sense to do coal + + + align:start position:0% +make sense to do coal +gasification um there are places + + align:start position:0% +gasification um there are places + + + align:start position:0% +gasification um there are places +where again how much of it's done there + + align:start position:0% +where again how much of it's done there + + + align:start position:0% +where again how much of it's done there +talk of and some use of uh gas from coal + + align:start position:0% +talk of and some use of uh gas from coal + + + align:start position:0% +talk of and some use of uh gas from coal +to burn in power plants because you're + + align:start position:0% +to burn in power plants because you're + + + align:start position:0% +to burn in power plants because you're +basically uh leaving some of the carbon + + align:start position:0% +basically uh leaving some of the carbon + + + align:start position:0% +basically uh leaving some of the carbon +behind so you're + + align:start position:0% +behind so you're + + + align:start position:0% +behind so you're +getting uh uh combined cycle efficiency + + align:start position:0% +getting uh uh combined cycle efficiency + + + align:start position:0% +getting uh uh combined cycle efficiency +less carbon + + align:start position:0% +less carbon + + + align:start position:0% +less carbon +emissions + + align:start position:0% +emissions + + + align:start position:0% +emissions +um but + + align:start position:0% +um but + + + align:start position:0% +um but +whether it's in use at + + align:start position:0% +whether it's in use at + + + align:start position:0% +whether it's in use at +scale I don't know the South Africans + + align:start position:0% +scale I don't know the South Africans + + + align:start position:0% +scale I don't know the South Africans +were doing + + align:start position:0% +were doing + + + align:start position:0% +were doing +they were mostly doing liquid fuel I + + align:start position:0% +they were mostly doing liquid fuel I + + + align:start position:0% +they were mostly doing liquid fuel I +don't know that they plant in the stat + + align:start position:0% +don't know that they plant in the stat + + + align:start position:0% +don't know that they plant in the stat +fuel car yeah they built one it may + + align:start position:0% +fuel car yeah they built one it may + + + align:start position:0% +fuel car yeah they built one it may +still be working actually but I thought + + align:start position:0% +still be working actually but I thought + + + align:start position:0% +still be working actually but I thought +that was mostly for liquids the company + + align:start position:0% +that was mostly for liquids the company + + + align:start position:0% +that was mostly for liquids the company +here great point that actually have to + + align:start position:0% +here great point that actually have to + + + align:start position:0% +here great point that actually have to +go to + + align:start position:0% +go to + + + align:start position:0% +go to +China pretty much it's the only place + + align:start position:0% +China pretty much it's the only place + + + align:start position:0% +China pretty much it's the only place +that start it's doing cold gasification + + align:start position:0% +that start it's doing cold gasification + + + align:start position:0% +that start it's doing cold gasification +but that's not for use as gas it's + + align:start position:0% +but that's not for use as gas it's + + + align:start position:0% +but that's not for use as gas it's +probably for use in electricity + + align:start position:0% +probably for use in electricity + + + align:start position:0% +probably for use in electricity +generation or is it for use in gas both + + align:start position:0% +generation or is it for use in gas both + + + align:start position:0% +generation or is it for use in gas both +of them right now both of them yeah + + align:start position:0% +of them right now both of them yeah + + + align:start position:0% +of them right now both of them yeah +electricity so yeah I I can't rule out + + align:start position:0% +electricity so yeah I I can't rule out + + + align:start position:0% +electricity so yeah I I can't rule out +it being put in pipes for heating and + + align:start position:0% +it being put in pipes for heating and + + + align:start position:0% +it being put in pipes for heating and +lighting someplace but I don't know of + + align:start position:0% +lighting someplace but I don't know of + + + align:start position:0% +lighting someplace but I don't know of +any + + align:start position:0% +any + + + align:start position:0% +any +place interesting question yeah anything + + align:start position:0% +place interesting question yeah anything + + + align:start position:0% +place interesting question yeah anything +else yeah Ryan so is uh so natur natural + + align:start position:0% +else yeah Ryan so is uh so natur natural + + + align:start position:0% +else yeah Ryan so is uh so natur natural +gas like might replace Some Coal because + + align:start position:0% +gas like might replace Some Coal because + + + align:start position:0% +gas like might replace Some Coal because +it's cheaper in some instances will it + + align:start position:0% +it's cheaper in some instances will it + + + align:start position:0% +it's cheaper in some instances will it +replace like oil per say like in a + + align:start position:0% +replace like oil per say like in a + + + align:start position:0% +replace like oil per say like in a +transportation sector or is that just + + align:start position:0% +transportation sector or is that just + + + align:start position:0% +transportation sector or is that just +out of the question prot law well that's + + align:start position:0% +out of the question prot law well that's + + + align:start position:0% +out of the question prot law well that's +a good question + + align:start position:0% +a good question + + + align:start position:0% +a good question +um one of the optional readings for + + align:start position:0% +um one of the optional readings for + + + align:start position:0% +um one of the optional readings for +Wednesday is this MIT future of natural + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday is this MIT future of natural + + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday is this MIT future of natural +gas study and one of the things they + + align:start position:0% +gas study and one of the things they + + + align:start position:0% +gas study and one of the things they +investigate is exactly + + align:start position:0% +investigate is exactly + + + align:start position:0% +investigate is exactly +that um if you think + + align:start position:0% +that um if you think + + + align:start position:0% +that um if you think +about one of the issues that arises is + + align:start position:0% +about one of the issues that arises is + + + align:start position:0% +about one of the issues that arises is +energy density right gasoline is just + + align:start position:0% +energy density right gasoline is just + + + align:start position:0% +energy density right gasoline is just +this marvelous stuff because in a + + align:start position:0% +this marvelous stuff because in a + + + align:start position:0% +this marvelous stuff because in a +relatively small space you could store + + align:start position:0% +relatively small space you could store + + + align:start position:0% +relatively small space you could store +enough energy to + + align:start position:0% +enough energy to + + + align:start position:0% +enough energy to +move uh a ton of and a half vehicle 200 + + align:start position:0% +move uh a ton of and a half vehicle 200 + + + align:start position:0% +move uh a ton of and a half vehicle 200 +miles gas um it's hard to get that kind + + align:start position:0% +miles gas um it's hard to get that kind + + + align:start position:0% +miles gas um it's hard to get that kind +of density unless you liquefy it if you + + align:start position:0% +of density unless you liquefy it if you + + + align:start position:0% +of density unless you liquefy it if you +liquefy it of course you've got all this + + align:start position:0% +liquefy it of course you've got all this + + + align:start position:0% +liquefy it of course you've got all this +problem of of keeping it cold and + + align:start position:0% +problem of of keeping it cold and + + + align:start position:0% +problem of of keeping it cold and +keeping the + + align:start position:0% +keeping the + + + align:start position:0% +keeping the +pressure so on the other hand per BTU + + align:start position:0% +pressure so on the other hand per BTU + + + align:start position:0% +pressure so on the other hand per BTU +it's so much cheaper than oil so there's + + align:start position:0% +it's so much cheaper than oil so there's + + + align:start position:0% +it's so much cheaper than oil so there's +a than than uh gasoline or diesel so + + align:start position:0% +a than than uh gasoline or diesel so + + + align:start position:0% +a than than uh gasoline or diesel so +there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of +discussion it we will probably see + + align:start position:0% +discussion it we will probably see + + + align:start position:0% +discussion it we will probably see +assuming prices whole we'll probably see + + align:start position:0% +assuming prices whole we'll probably see + + + align:start position:0% +assuming prices whole we'll probably see +a lot of use of gas in urban fleets you + + align:start position:0% +a lot of use of gas in urban fleets you + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of use of gas in urban fleets you +already see some because a bus fleet or + + align:start position:0% +already see some because a bus fleet or + + + align:start position:0% +already see some because a bus fleet or +a taxi Fleet where you don't have to + + align:start position:0% +a taxi Fleet where you don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +a taxi Fleet where you don't have to +travel far from a place you can refuel + + align:start position:0% +travel far from a place you can refuel + + + align:start position:0% +travel far from a place you can refuel +you refuel often and it's worth it if + + align:start position:0% +you refuel often and it's worth it if + + + align:start position:0% +you refuel often and it's worth it if +it's just a whole lot cheaper to refuel + + align:start position:0% +it's just a whole lot cheaper to refuel + + + align:start position:0% +it's just a whole lot cheaper to refuel +a couple of times a day uh to save money + + align:start position:0% +a couple of times a day uh to save money + + + align:start position:0% +a couple of times a day uh to save money +uh you have + + align:start position:0% +uh you have + + + align:start position:0% +uh you have +to there there's no there no technical + + align:start position:0% +to there there's no there no technical + + + align:start position:0% +to there there's no there no technical +problem Building engines to run on the + + align:start position:0% +problem Building engines to run on the + + + align:start position:0% +problem Building engines to run on the +stuff that happens now you could buy + + align:start position:0% +stuff that happens now you could buy + + + align:start position:0% +stuff that happens now you could buy +cars that can can run on natural gas + + align:start position:0% +cars that can can run on natural gas + + + align:start position:0% +cars that can can run on natural gas +it's just the refueling infrastructure + + align:start position:0% +it's just the refueling infrastructure + + + align:start position:0% +it's just the refueling infrastructure +and the cruising range is a problem for + + align:start position:0% +and the cruising range is a problem for + + + align:start position:0% +and the cruising range is a problem for +for cars people are talking so Urban + + align:start position:0% +for cars people are talking so Urban + + + align:start position:0% +for cars people are talking so Urban +fleets yeah delivery vehicles yeah taxi + + align:start position:0% +fleets yeah delivery vehicles yeah taxi + + + align:start position:0% +fleets yeah delivery vehicles yeah taxi +cabs yeah there's talk about using + + align:start position:0% +cabs yeah there's talk about using + + + align:start position:0% +cabs yeah there's talk about using +liquefied natural gas for Long Haul + + align:start position:0% +liquefied natural gas for Long Haul + + + align:start position:0% +liquefied natural gas for Long Haul +trucks where you don't need that many + + align:start position:0% +trucks where you don't need that many + + + align:start position:0% +trucks where you don't need that many +fueling stations right you need them on + + align:start position:0% +fueling stations right you need them on + + + align:start position:0% +fueling stations right you need them on +the main + + align:start position:0% +the main + + + align:start position:0% +the main +routs so instead of having to have them + + align:start position:0% +routs so instead of having to have them + + + align:start position:0% +routs so instead of having to have them +all over the country you can you can + + align:start position:0% +all over the country you can you can + + + align:start position:0% +all over the country you can you can +have a few at certain + + align:start position:0% +have a few at certain + + + align:start position:0% +have a few at certain +intervals and because you're hauling a + + align:start position:0% +intervals and because you're hauling a + + + align:start position:0% +intervals and because you're hauling a +lot it makes it may be worthwhile to put + + align:start position:0% +lot it makes it may be worthwhile to put + + + align:start position:0% +lot it makes it may be worthwhile to put +all that stuff on a + + align:start position:0% +all that stuff on a + + + align:start position:0% +all that stuff on a +truck + + align:start position:0% +truck + + + align:start position:0% +truck +uh again the world divides into those + + align:start position:0% +uh again the world divides into those + + + align:start position:0% +uh again the world divides into those +people who think it's the natural next + + align:start position:0% +people who think it's the natural next + + + align:start position:0% +people who think it's the natural next +step and those people who think that's + + align:start position:0% +step and those people who think that's + + + align:start position:0% +step and those people who think that's +crazy and I you know I don't know the + + align:start position:0% +crazy and I you know I don't know the + + + align:start position:0% +crazy and I you know I don't know the +answer we'll find out we'll find out + + align:start position:0% +answer we'll find out we'll find out + + + align:start position:0% +answer we'll find out we'll find out +it's it's interesting and again what + + align:start position:0% +it's it's interesting and again what + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's interesting and again what +drives it is the enormous and I'll get + + align:start position:0% +drives it is the enormous and I'll get + + + align:start position:0% +drives it is the enormous and I'll get +the number for next time the enormous + + align:start position:0% +the number for next time the enormous + + + align:start position:0% +the number for next time the enormous +per BTU difference between gas and oil + + align:start position:0% +per BTU difference between gas and oil + + + align:start position:0% +per BTU difference between gas and oil +right now and we'll see gas prices are + + align:start position:0% +right now and we'll see gas prices are + + + align:start position:0% +right now and we'll see gas prices are +probably unsustainably low at the moment + + align:start position:0% +probably unsustainably low at the moment + + + align:start position:0% +probably unsustainably low at the moment +but they're going to stay low for a + + align:start position:0% +but they're going to stay low for a + + + align:start position:0% +but they're going to stay low for a +while I + + align:start position:0% +while I + + + align:start position:0% +while I +think okay anything + + align:start position:0% +think okay anything + + + align:start position:0% +think okay anything +else questions comments + + align:start position:0% +else questions comments + + + align:start position:0% +else questions comments +speeches all right we'll do hydraulic + + align:start position:0% +speeches all right we'll do hydraulic + + + align:start position:0% +speeches all right we'll do hydraulic +fracking the new world of natural gas + + align:start position:0% +fracking the new world of natural gas + + + align:start position:0% +fracking the new world of natural gas +the Boom toown in North Dakota + + align:start position:0% +the Boom toown in North Dakota + + + align:start position:0% +the Boom toown in North Dakota +earthquakes in Ohio flammable drinking + + align:start position:0% +earthquakes in Ohio flammable drinking + + + align:start position:0% +earthquakes in Ohio flammable drinking +water in New York state and all of those + + align:start position:0% +water in New York state and all of those + + + align:start position:0% +water in New York state and all of those +good stories next time and we'll figure + + align:start position:0% +good stories next time and we'll figure + + + align:start position:0% +good stories next time and we'll figure +out how to solve it \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/OFF5umxSV2U.txt b/OFF5umxSV2U.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2f3a0815cf9d4e8a8c8fb1cb6535151197b0908e --- /dev/null +++ b/OFF5umxSV2U.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14740 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the curvature of the surface and they + + align:start position:0% +the curvature of the surface and they + + + align:start position:0% +the curvature of the surface and they +want to look at the oxidation rate as a + + align:start position:0% +want to look at the oxidation rate as a + + + align:start position:0% +want to look at the oxidation rate as a +function of how curved the surface + + align:start position:0% +function of how curved the surface + + + align:start position:0% +function of how curved the surface +was so this is a top view or sort of a + + align:start position:0% +was so this is a top view or sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +was so this is a top view or sort of a +bird's eye view here of his structure in + + align:start position:0% +bird's eye view here of his structure in + + + align:start position:0% +bird's eye view here of his structure in +in uh uh part A we look on slide three + + align:start position:0% +in uh uh part A we look on slide three + + + align:start position:0% +in uh uh part A we look on slide three +of Part B you're looking at sort of um a + + align:start position:0% +of Part B you're looking at sort of um a + + + align:start position:0% +of Part B you're looking at sort of um a +side view here so you can see he had + + align:start position:0% +side view here so you can see he had + + + align:start position:0% +side view here so you can see he had +etched um this cylindrical structure in + + align:start position:0% +etched um this cylindrical structure in + + + align:start position:0% +etched um this cylindrical structure in +the top it's it's it's got a circular + + align:start position:0% +the top it's it's it's got a circular + + + align:start position:0% +the top it's it's it's got a circular +pattern um after preparing this surface + + align:start position:0% +pattern um after preparing this surface + + + align:start position:0% +pattern um after preparing this surface +he then put it in the furnace and grew + + align:start position:0% +he then put it in the furnace and grew + + + align:start position:0% +he then put it in the furnace and grew +this thermal oxide along the uh on all + + align:start position:0% +this thermal oxide along the uh on all + + + align:start position:0% +this thermal oxide along the uh on all +those three surfaces which is shown here + + align:start position:0% +those three surfaces which is shown here + + + align:start position:0% +those three surfaces which is shown here +in blue that's the uh silicon + + align:start position:0% +in blue that's the uh silicon + + + align:start position:0% +in blue that's the uh silicon +dioxide so that was a real experiment uh + + align:start position:0% +dioxide so that was a real experiment uh + + + align:start position:0% +dioxide so that was a real experiment uh +and then as just like we did we saw in + + align:start position:0% +and then as just like we did we saw in + + + align:start position:0% +and then as just like we did we saw in +the previous photo from Marcus and Shang + + align:start position:0% +the previous photo from Marcus and Shang + + + align:start position:0% +the previous photo from Marcus and Shang +he put down he deposited polycrystal and + + align:start position:0% +he put down he deposited polycrystal and + + + align:start position:0% +he put down he deposited polycrystal and +silicon and that's simply used uh for + + align:start position:0% +silicon and that's simply used uh for + + + align:start position:0% +silicon and that's simply used uh for +contrast during the sem analysis and to + + align:start position:0% +contrast during the sem analysis and to + + + align:start position:0% +contrast during the sem analysis and to +protect the oxide so he has got this + + align:start position:0% +protect the oxide so he has got this + + + align:start position:0% +protect the oxide so he has got this +polysilicon over everything so from a + + align:start position:0% +polysilicon over everything so from a + + + align:start position:0% +polysilicon over everything so from a +top of view all you would see is the + + align:start position:0% +top of view all you would see is the + + + align:start position:0% +top of view all you would see is the +poly and then to reveal this oxide and + + align:start position:0% +poly and then to reveal this oxide and + + + align:start position:0% +poly and then to reveal this oxide and +and what it looks like um looking down + + align:start position:0% +and what it looks like um looking down + + + align:start position:0% +and what it looks like um looking down +he then lapped or polished off the top + + align:start position:0% +he then lapped or polished off the top + + + align:start position:0% +he then lapped or polished off the top +the poly so you get down so he's about + + align:start position:0% +the poly so you get down so he's about + + + align:start position:0% +the poly so you get down so he's about +halfway down the pillar partway down the + + align:start position:0% +halfway down the pillar partway down the + + + align:start position:0% +halfway down the pillar partway down the +pillar and then a top view is shown here + + align:start position:0% +pillar and then a top view is shown here + + + align:start position:0% +pillar and then a top view is shown here +in the lower right and you could see + + align:start position:0% +in the lower right and you could see + + + align:start position:0% +in the lower right and you could see +what he would see um you'd see this + + align:start position:0% +what he would see um you'd see this + + + align:start position:0% +what he would see um you'd see this +polysilicon which is again just a + + align:start position:0% +polysilicon which is again just a + + + align:start position:0% +polysilicon which is again just a +contrast medium but you would see this + + align:start position:0% +contrast medium but you would see this + + + align:start position:0% +contrast medium but you would see this +um this white ring here is the Silicon + + align:start position:0% +um this white ring here is the Silicon + + + align:start position:0% +um this white ring here is the Silicon +that was initially oxidized and the blue + + align:start position:0% +that was initially oxidized and the blue + + + align:start position:0% +that was initially oxidized and the blue +ring all around it is the oxide That + + align:start position:0% +ring all around it is the oxide That + + + align:start position:0% +ring all around it is the oxide That +Grew on the inner part of the cylinder + + align:start position:0% +Grew on the inner part of the cylinder + + + align:start position:0% +Grew on the inner part of the cylinder +and the outer part of the cylinder and + + align:start position:0% +and the outer part of the cylinder and + + + align:start position:0% +and the outer part of the cylinder and +then you can vary the cylinder size he + + align:start position:0% +then you can vary the cylinder size he + + + align:start position:0% +then you can vary the cylinder size he +can create a whole lot of these + + align:start position:0% +can create a whole lot of these + + + align:start position:0% +can create a whole lot of these +cylinders on the same wafer and look at + + align:start position:0% +cylinders on the same wafer and look at + + + align:start position:0% +cylinders on the same wafer and look at +how the oxide grows what its oxidation + + align:start position:0% +how the oxide grows what its oxidation + + + align:start position:0% +how the oxide grows what its oxidation +rate is as a function of the of the + + align:start position:0% +rate is as a function of the of the + + + align:start position:0% +rate is as a function of the of the +radius of curvature so it's a very uh + + align:start position:0% +radius of curvature so it's a very uh + + + align:start position:0% +radius of curvature so it's a very uh +nice sort of scientific uh experiment to + + align:start position:0% +nice sort of scientific uh experiment to + + + align:start position:0% +nice sort of scientific uh experiment to +look at this these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dependencies if you go on to slide uh + + align:start position:0% +dependencies if you go on to slide uh + + + align:start position:0% +dependencies if you go on to slide uh +number four um these are some actual the + + align:start position:0% +number four um these are some actual the + + + align:start position:0% +number four um these are some actual the +upper left is a scanning electron micros + + align:start position:0% +upper left is a scanning electron micros + + + align:start position:0% +upper left is a scanning electron micros +micrograph not transmission but it's an + + align:start position:0% +micrograph not transmission but it's an + + + align:start position:0% +micrograph not transmission but it's an +sem so we're looking at back scan + + align:start position:0% +sem so we're looking at back scan + + + align:start position:0% +sem so we're looking at back scan +scattered + + align:start position:0% +scattered + + + align:start position:0% +scattered +electrons um and there are is some + + align:start position:0% +electrons um and there are is some + + + align:start position:0% +electrons um and there are is some +contrast associated with the different + + align:start position:0% +contrast associated with the different + + + align:start position:0% +contrast associated with the different +uh materials and this is sort of a + + align:start position:0% +uh materials and this is sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +uh materials and this is sort of a +typical result of a plan view sem uh and + + align:start position:0% +typical result of a plan view sem uh and + + + align:start position:0% +typical result of a plan view sem uh and +uh the an artist sort of drawing of what + + align:start position:0% +uh the an artist sort of drawing of what + + + align:start position:0% +uh the an artist sort of drawing of what +you what is seen in the sem is shown + + align:start position:0% +you what is seen in the sem is shown + + + align:start position:0% +you what is seen in the sem is shown +down here uh so just looking first at + + align:start position:0% +down here uh so just looking first at + + + align:start position:0% +down here uh so just looking first at +the semm this this wall right here so + + align:start position:0% +the semm this this wall right here so + + + align:start position:0% +the semm this this wall right here so +now we're looking down on the chip or on + + align:start position:0% +now we're looking down on the chip or on + + + align:start position:0% +now we're looking down on the chip or on +the surface of the wafer and he's edged + + align:start position:0% +the surface of the wafer and he's edged + + + align:start position:0% +the surface of the wafer and he's edged +a wall right looking down uh along + + align:start position:0% +a wall right looking down uh along + + + align:start position:0% +a wall right looking down uh along +certain directions this is probably + + align:start position:0% +certain directions this is probably + + + align:start position:0% +certain directions this is probably +along the + + align:start position:0% +along the + + + align:start position:0% +along the +11 uh you know the 11 uh equivalent 11 + + align:start position:0% +11 uh you know the 11 uh equivalent 11 + + + align:start position:0% +11 uh you know the 11 uh equivalent 11 +Plains um he's also etched these regions + + align:start position:0% +Plains um he's also etched these regions + + + align:start position:0% +Plains um he's also etched these regions +here look at on the upper right this is + + align:start position:0% +here look at on the upper right this is + + + align:start position:0% +here look at on the upper right this is +a cylinder of silicon and the this + + align:start position:0% +a cylinder of silicon and the this + + + align:start position:0% +a cylinder of silicon and the this +darker region is the sio2 and surrounded + + align:start position:0% +darker region is the sio2 and surrounded + + + align:start position:0% +darker region is the sio2 and surrounded +by that is polysilicon and if you want + + align:start position:0% +by that is polysilicon and if you want + + + align:start position:0% +by that is polysilicon and if you want +to look down here it's a little bit + + align:start position:0% +to look down here it's a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +to look down here it's a little bit +easier everything's labeled um and uh + + align:start position:0% +easier everything's labeled um and uh + + + align:start position:0% +easier everything's labeled um and uh +the thing you see uh right away is that + + align:start position:0% +the thing you see uh right away is that + + + align:start position:0% +the thing you see uh right away is that +the oxide grown is thinner for both a + + align:start position:0% +the oxide grown is thinner for both a + + + align:start position:0% +the oxide grown is thinner for both a +concave and a convex uh corner so here's + + align:start position:0% +concave and a convex uh corner so here's + + + align:start position:0% +concave and a convex uh corner so here's +an example right here where the Silicon + + align:start position:0% +an example right here where the Silicon + + + align:start position:0% +an example right here where the Silicon +was was rounded but it's in a concave + + align:start position:0% +was was rounded but it's in a concave + + + align:start position:0% +was was rounded but it's in a concave +corner and the the thickness of the + + align:start position:0% +corner and the the thickness of the + + + align:start position:0% +corner and the the thickness of the +oxide which is this dark region is much + + align:start position:0% +oxide which is this dark region is much + + + align:start position:0% +oxide which is this dark region is much +thinner here than it is on the um on a + + align:start position:0% +thinner here than it is on the um on a + + + align:start position:0% +thinner here than it is on the um on a +flat surface here or here so it's + + align:start position:0% +flat surface here or here so it's + + + align:start position:0% +flat surface here or here so it's +thinning up when you're work you're + + align:start position:0% +thinning up when you're work you're + + + align:start position:0% +thinning up when you're work you're +you're oxidizing a corner and even a + + align:start position:0% +you're oxidizing a corner and even a + + + align:start position:0% +you're oxidizing a corner and even a +convex Corner as well the oxide growing + + align:start position:0% +convex Corner as well the oxide growing + + + align:start position:0% +convex Corner as well the oxide growing +is is a little uh + + align:start position:0% +is is a little uh + + + align:start position:0% +is is a little uh +thinner um so um in fact the the effect + + align:start position:0% +thinner um so um in fact the the effect + + + align:start position:0% +thinner um so um in fact the the effect +seems to be uh a little more pronounced + + align:start position:0% +seems to be uh a little more pronounced + + + align:start position:0% +seems to be uh a little more pronounced +for this concave corner where it really + + align:start position:0% +for this concave corner where it really + + + align:start position:0% +for this concave corner where it really +looks like there's not much oxide grown + + align:start position:0% +looks like there's not much oxide grown + + + align:start position:0% +looks like there's not much oxide grown +here at + + align:start position:0% +here at + + + align:start position:0% +here at +all so uh let's say we're just talking + + align:start position:0% +all so uh let's say we're just talking + + + align:start position:0% +all so uh let's say we're just talking +about the oxidation of of the cylinder + + align:start position:0% +about the oxidation of of the cylinder + + + align:start position:0% +about the oxidation of of the cylinder +let's say just this silicon cylinder + + align:start position:0% +let's say just this silicon cylinder + + + align:start position:0% +let's say just this silicon cylinder +this pillar right here and there are + + align:start position:0% +this pillar right here and there are + + + align:start position:0% +this pillar right here and there are +differences in the oxidation rate along + + align:start position:0% +differences in the oxidation rate along + + + align:start position:0% +differences in the oxidation rate along +the different + + align:start position:0% +the different + + + align:start position:0% +the different +directions um what would you think + + align:start position:0% +directions um what would you think + + + align:start position:0% +directions um what would you think +people have any suggestions anybody have + + align:start position:0% +people have any suggestions anybody have + + + align:start position:0% +people have any suggestions anybody have +any ideas uh if I take a cylinder of + + align:start position:0% +any ideas uh if I take a cylinder of + + + align:start position:0% +any ideas uh if I take a cylinder of +silicon that was etched the wafer was + + align:start position:0% +silicon that was etched the wafer was + + + align:start position:0% +silicon that was etched the wafer was +originally 10 and I have a cylindrical + + align:start position:0% +originally 10 and I have a cylindrical + + + align:start position:0% +originally 10 and I have a cylindrical +surface + + align:start position:0% +surface + + + align:start position:0% +surface +um let's say I'm growing in the thin + + align:start position:0% +um let's say I'm growing in the thin + + + align:start position:0% +um let's say I'm growing in the thin +oxide regime why why do you think you + + align:start position:0% +oxide regime why why do you think you + + + align:start position:0% +oxide regime why why do you think you +might get different thicknesses going + + align:start position:0% +might get different thicknesses going + + + align:start position:0% +might get different thicknesses going +around the perimeter of the cylinder + + align:start position:0% +around the perimeter of the cylinder + + + align:start position:0% +around the perimeter of the cylinder +what's one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reason any + + align:start position:0% +reason any + + + align:start position:0% +reason any +ideas how about thinking about what's + + align:start position:0% +ideas how about thinking about what's + + + align:start position:0% +ideas how about thinking about what's +the orientation of those planes as I go + + align:start position:0% +the orientation of those planes as I go + + + align:start position:0% +the orientation of those planes as I go +as I make a cylinder I'm if I if I etch + + align:start position:0% +as I make a cylinder I'm if I if I etch + + + align:start position:0% +as I make a cylinder I'm if I if I etch +a cylinder I'm I'm I'm exposing all + + align:start position:0% +a cylinder I'm I'm I'm exposing all + + + align:start position:0% +a cylinder I'm I'm I'm exposing all +different planes planer orientations so + + align:start position:0% +different planes planer orientations so + + + align:start position:0% +different planes planer orientations so +locally at each point in the cylinder + + align:start position:0% +locally at each point in the cylinder + + + align:start position:0% +locally at each point in the cylinder +there's sort of a different Crystal + + align:start position:0% +there's sort of a different Crystal + + + align:start position:0% +there's sort of a different Crystal +plane uh uh that's exposed so you might + + align:start position:0% +plane uh uh that's exposed so you might + + + align:start position:0% +plane uh uh that's exposed so you might +expect if you're in the thin oxide + + align:start position:0% +expect if you're in the thin oxide + + + align:start position:0% +expect if you're in the thin oxide +regime at least there might be some + + align:start position:0% +regime at least there might be some + + + align:start position:0% +regime at least there might be some +differences due to the fact that I'm I'm + + align:start position:0% +differences due to the fact that I'm I'm + + + align:start position:0% +differences due to the fact that I'm I'm +looking at different orientations so + + align:start position:0% +looking at different orientations so + + + align:start position:0% +looking at different orientations so +that's one one effect um any other ideas + + align:start position:0% +that's one one effect um any other ideas + + + align:start position:0% +that's one one effect um any other ideas +on any other potential uh effects you + + align:start position:0% +on any other potential uh effects you + + + align:start position:0% +on any other potential uh effects you +might think about etching a small + + align:start position:0% +might think about etching a small + + + align:start position:0% +might think about etching a small +cylinder compared to etching a flat + + align:start position:0% +cylinder compared to etching a flat + + + align:start position:0% +cylinder compared to etching a flat +wafer orientation is + + align:start position:0% +wafer orientation is + + + align:start position:0% +wafer orientation is +waron all right well let's go ahead and + + align:start position:0% +waron all right well let's go ahead and + + + align:start position:0% +waron all right well let's go ahead and +see see them we'll we'll give the answer + + align:start position:0% +see see them we'll we'll give the answer + + + align:start position:0% +see see them we'll we'll give the answer +away in the next couple slides uh in + + align:start position:0% +away in the next couple slides uh in + + + align:start position:0% +away in the next couple slides uh in +fact you go on to slide five and it + + align:start position:0% +fact you go on to slide five and it + + + align:start position:0% +fact you go on to slide five and it +doesn't completely give you the answer + + align:start position:0% +doesn't completely give you the answer + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't completely give you the answer +but it shows you at least the results + + align:start position:0% +but it shows you at least the results + + + align:start position:0% +but it shows you at least the results +that the the gal got um this is a plot + + align:start position:0% +that the the gal got um this is a plot + + + align:start position:0% +that the the gal got um this is a plot +from um from his work and the y- axis is + + align:start position:0% +from um from his work and the y- axis is + + + align:start position:0% +from um from his work and the y- axis is +the normalized oxide thickness so this + + align:start position:0% +the normalized oxide thickness so this + + + align:start position:0% +the normalized oxide thickness so this +is normalized thickness to the thickness + + align:start position:0% +is normalized thickness to the thickness + + + align:start position:0% +is normalized thickness to the thickness +he grew on the flat surface of the wafer + + align:start position:0% +he grew on the flat surface of the wafer + + + align:start position:0% +he grew on the flat surface of the wafer +so he measured the thickness on the flat + + align:start position:0% +so he measured the thickness on the flat + + + align:start position:0% +so he measured the thickness on the flat +part and then he then he measured the + + align:start position:0% +part and then he then he measured the + + + align:start position:0% +part and then he then he measured the +thickness on these cylinder sides um and + + align:start position:0% +thickness on these cylinder sides um and + + + align:start position:0% +thickness on these cylinder sides um and +he just + + align:start position:0% +he just + + + align:start position:0% +he just +divided on the flat part uh he grew + + align:start position:0% +divided on the flat part uh he grew + + + align:start position:0% +divided on the flat part uh he grew +about um 500 nanometers or half a micron + + align:start position:0% +about um 500 nanometers or half a micron + + + align:start position:0% +about um 500 nanometers or half a micron +of oxide on all + + align:start position:0% +of oxide on all + + + align:start position:0% +of oxide on all +surfaces uh and by the way a flat + + align:start position:0% +surfaces uh and by the way a flat + + + align:start position:0% +surfaces uh and by the way a flat +surface here he's plotting this uh + + align:start position:0% +surface here he's plotting this uh + + + align:start position:0% +surface here he's plotting this uh +normalized thickness as a function of 1/ + + align:start position:0% +normalized thickness as a function of 1/ + + + align:start position:0% +normalized thickness as a function of 1/ +r where R is the radius of the + + align:start position:0% +r where R is the radius of the + + + align:start position:0% +r where R is the radius of the +cylinder um so if you're on a flat + + align:start position:0% +cylinder um so if you're on a flat + + + align:start position:0% +cylinder um so if you're on a flat +surface the radius of curvature the + + align:start position:0% +surface the radius of curvature the + + + align:start position:0% +surface the radius of curvature the +radius is infinity so 1/ R is zero so + + align:start position:0% +radius is infinity so 1/ R is zero so + + + align:start position:0% +radius is infinity so 1/ R is zero so +right at this point zero this + + align:start position:0% +right at this point zero this + + + align:start position:0% +right at this point zero this +corresponds to and all the curves + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to and all the curves + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to and all the curves +converge that means you're oxidizing a + + align:start position:0% +converge that means you're oxidizing a + + + align:start position:0% +converge that means you're oxidizing a +flat surface as you go out to higher and + + align:start position:0% +flat surface as you go out to higher and + + + align:start position:0% +flat surface as you go out to higher and +higher 1 over r that means that R itself + + align:start position:0% +higher 1 over r that means that R itself + + + align:start position:0% +higher 1 over r that means that R itself +is is getting smaller so you're getting + + align:start position:0% +is is getting smaller so you're getting + + + align:start position:0% +is is getting smaller so you're getting +a Tighter and Tighter a smaller smaller + + align:start position:0% +a Tighter and Tighter a smaller smaller + + + align:start position:0% +a Tighter and Tighter a smaller smaller +diameter um cylinder just so you get + + align:start position:0% +diameter um cylinder just so you get + + + align:start position:0% +diameter um cylinder just so you get +yourself + + align:start position:0% +yourself + + + align:start position:0% +yourself +calibrated uh and he's got two different + + align:start position:0% +calibrated uh and he's got two different + + + align:start position:0% +calibrated uh and he's got two different +types of Curves here + + align:start position:0% +types of Curves here + + + align:start position:0% +types of Curves here +convex uh radi so and concave if we just + + align:start position:0% +convex uh radi so and concave if we just + + + align:start position:0% +convex uh radi so and concave if we just +go back one uh + + align:start position:0% +go back one uh + + + align:start position:0% +go back one uh +whoops one way uh one one slide to slide + + align:start position:0% +whoops one way uh one one slide to slide + + + align:start position:0% +whoops one way uh one one slide to slide +number four here's a concave uh cylinder + + align:start position:0% +number four here's a concave uh cylinder + + + align:start position:0% +number four here's a concave uh cylinder +so you're oxidizing on the inside of a + + align:start position:0% +so you're oxidizing on the inside of a + + + align:start position:0% +so you're oxidizing on the inside of a +surface like you're in the cave here so + + align:start position:0% +surface like you're in the cave here so + + + align:start position:0% +surface like you're in the cave here so +you're oxidizing and here's a convex um + + align:start position:0% +you're oxidizing and here's a convex um + + + align:start position:0% +you're oxidizing and here's a convex um +surface you have silicon you're + + align:start position:0% +surface you have silicon you're + + + align:start position:0% +surface you have silicon you're +oxidizing on the outside of the cylinder + + align:start position:0% +oxidizing on the outside of the cylinder + + + align:start position:0% +oxidizing on the outside of the cylinder +so you can you can do it either + + align:start position:0% +so you can you can do it either + + + align:start position:0% +so you can you can do it either +way and you can imagine just + + align:start position:0% +way and you can imagine just + + + align:start position:0% +way and you can imagine just +geometrically knowing that oxide has to + + align:start position:0% +geometrically knowing that oxide has to + + + align:start position:0% +geometrically knowing that oxide has to +expand it would be different if you're + + align:start position:0% +expand it would be different if you're + + + align:start position:0% +expand it would be different if you're +oxidizing inside a cave in a concave + + align:start position:0% +oxidizing inside a cave in a concave + + + align:start position:0% +oxidizing inside a cave in a concave +area versus outside on the uh the outer + + align:start position:0% +area versus outside on the uh the outer + + + align:start position:0% +area versus outside on the uh the outer +surface and in fact you see this um look + + align:start position:0% +surface and in fact you see this um look + + + align:start position:0% +surface and in fact you see this um look +at the concave uh radi all these Dash + + align:start position:0% +at the concave uh radi all these Dash + + + align:start position:0% +at the concave uh radi all these Dash +lines compared to the solid lines the + + align:start position:0% +lines compared to the solid lines the + + + align:start position:0% +lines compared to the solid lines the +oxid normalized ox thickness at a given + + align:start position:0% +oxid normalized ox thickness at a given + + + align:start position:0% +oxid normalized ox thickness at a given +temperature say here at 900° is a lot + + align:start position:0% +temperature say here at 900° is a lot + + + align:start position:0% +temperature say here at 900° is a lot +thinner for the dash compared to the + + align:start position:0% +thinner for the dash compared to the + + + align:start position:0% +thinner for the dash compared to the +solid so a concave cylinder um he found + + align:start position:0% +solid so a concave cylinder um he found + + + align:start position:0% +solid so a concave cylinder um he found +a lot less lower oxidation rate + + align:start position:0% +a lot less lower oxidation rate + + + align:start position:0% +a lot less lower oxidation rate +oxidizing the inside of the cylinder as + + align:start position:0% +oxidizing the inside of the cylinder as + + + align:start position:0% +oxidizing the inside of the cylinder as +opposed to the outer + + align:start position:0% +opposed to the outer + + + align:start position:0% +opposed to the outer +surface + + align:start position:0% +surface + + + align:start position:0% +surface +um and and in addition so you see that + + align:start position:0% +um and and in addition so you see that + + + align:start position:0% +um and and in addition so you see that +difference right off the solid versus + + align:start position:0% +difference right off the solid versus + + + align:start position:0% +difference right off the solid versus +the dash the other thing is look at as a + + align:start position:0% +the dash the other thing is look at as a + + + align:start position:0% +the dash the other thing is look at as a +function of temperature ,200 de it's + + align:start position:0% +function of temperature ,200 de it's + + + align:start position:0% +function of temperature ,200 de it's +it's pretty darn flat 1100 almost flat + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty darn flat 1100 almost flat + + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty darn flat 1100 almost flat +so at those temperatures the oxidation + + align:start position:0% +so at those temperatures the oxidation + + + align:start position:0% +so at those temperatures the oxidation +rate doesn't seem to depend very much on + + align:start position:0% +rate doesn't seem to depend very much on + + + align:start position:0% +rate doesn't seem to depend very much on +the curvature of the cylinder at all uh + + align:start position:0% +the curvature of the cylinder at all uh + + + align:start position:0% +the curvature of the cylinder at all uh +it's oxidizing equally rapidly but at + + align:start position:0% +it's oxidizing equally rapidly but at + + + align:start position:0% +it's oxidizing equally rapidly but at +low temperatures so I go down 1100 uh th + + align:start position:0% +low temperatures so I go down 1100 uh th + + + align:start position:0% +low temperatures so I go down 1100 uh th +right between 1,00 and 900 you get a big + + align:start position:0% +right between 1,00 and 900 you get a big + + + align:start position:0% +right between 1,00 and 900 you get a big +uh retardation in the oxidation rate so + + align:start position:0% +uh retardation in the oxidation rate so + + + align:start position:0% +uh retardation in the oxidation rate so +uh there's uh much more pronounced uh + + align:start position:0% +uh there's uh much more pronounced uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh there's uh much more pronounced uh +effect when you're at low + + align:start position:0% +effect when you're at low + + + align:start position:0% +effect when you're at low +temperatures that's kind of consistent + + align:start position:0% +temperatures that's kind of consistent + + + align:start position:0% +temperatures that's kind of consistent +what we saw in Marcus and Shang the 950° + + align:start position:0% +what we saw in Marcus and Shang the 950° + + + align:start position:0% +what we saw in Marcus and Shang the 950° +C pillar oxide had a much more of a + + align:start position:0% +C pillar oxide had a much more of a + + + align:start position:0% +C pillar oxide had a much more of a +corner effect so that this is + + align:start position:0% +corner effect so that this is + + + align:start position:0% +corner effect so that this is +scientifically sort of uh in agreement + + align:start position:0% +scientifically sort of uh in agreement + + + align:start position:0% +scientifically sort of uh in agreement +with that qualitative + + align:start position:0% +with that qualitative + + + align:start position:0% +with that qualitative +result okay so this was the actual data + + align:start position:0% +result okay so this was the actual data + + + align:start position:0% +result okay so this was the actual data +that he got and given this data then he + + align:start position:0% +that he got and given this data then he + + + align:start position:0% +that he got and given this data then he +had to come up with some kind of uh + + align:start position:0% +had to come up with some kind of uh + + + align:start position:0% +had to come up with some kind of uh +explanation and that's what we're uh + + align:start position:0% +explanation and that's what we're uh + + + align:start position:0% +explanation and that's what we're uh +we're going to talk about what are the + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about what are the + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about what are the +physical mechanisms to explain his + + align:start position:0% +physical mechanisms to explain his + + + align:start position:0% +physical mechanisms to explain his +results the first one we already said + + align:start position:0% +results the first one we already said + + + align:start position:0% +results the first one we already said +because we know it we know it from last + + align:start position:0% +because we know it we know it from last + + + align:start position:0% +because we know it we know it from last +time relatively simple is the fact that + + align:start position:0% +time relatively simple is the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +time relatively simple is the fact that +the crystal + + align:start position:0% +the crystal + + + align:start position:0% +the crystal +orientation um of the Silicon is + + align:start position:0% +orientation um of the Silicon is + + + align:start position:0% +orientation um of the Silicon is +changing along the surface of um of a + + align:start position:0% +changing along the surface of um of a + + + align:start position:0% +changing along the surface of um of a +cylinder or any surface that's not flat + + align:start position:0% +cylinder or any surface that's not flat + + + align:start position:0% +cylinder or any surface that's not flat +and we know in the thin oxide regime + + align:start position:0% +and we know in the thin oxide regime + + + align:start position:0% +and we know in the thin oxide regime +that impacts the oxidation rate so at + + align:start position:0% +that impacts the oxidation rate so at + + + align:start position:0% +that impacts the oxidation rate so at +sufficiently low temperatures or when he + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently low temperatures or when he + + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently low temperatures or when he +was growing the thinner oxides uh that's + + align:start position:0% +was growing the thinner oxides uh that's + + + align:start position:0% +was growing the thinner oxides uh that's +going to have an effect now of course it + + align:start position:0% +going to have an effect now of course it + + + align:start position:0% +going to have an effect now of course it +said that on the flat regions he was + + align:start position:0% +said that on the flat regions he was + + + align:start position:0% +said that on the flat regions he was +growing 5,000 angstroms so that's not + + align:start position:0% +growing 5,000 angstroms so that's not + + + align:start position:0% +growing 5,000 angstroms so that's not +particularly thin so depending on the + + align:start position:0% +particularly thin so depending on the + + + align:start position:0% +particularly thin so depending on the +temperature which she was growing that + + align:start position:0% +temperature which she was growing that + + + align:start position:0% +temperature which she was growing that +out you pro at probably don't expect a + + align:start position:0% +out you pro at probably don't expect a + + + align:start position:0% +out you pro at probably don't expect a +huge effect um in his results from + + align:start position:0% +huge effect um in his results from + + + align:start position:0% +huge effect um in his results from +Crystal orientation but nevertheless you + + align:start position:0% +Crystal orientation but nevertheless you + + + align:start position:0% +Crystal orientation but nevertheless you +have to take into account um if you're + + align:start position:0% +have to take into account um if you're + + + align:start position:0% +have to take into account um if you're +oxidizing a trench and you're growing a + + align:start position:0% +oxidizing a trench and you're growing a + + + align:start position:0% +oxidizing a trench and you're growing a +very thin oxide the orientation will + + align:start position:0% +very thin oxide the orientation will + + + align:start position:0% +very thin oxide the orientation will +impact the rate we saw that last + + align:start position:0% +impact the rate we saw that last + + + align:start position:0% +impact the rate we saw that last +time these other things though are are + + align:start position:0% +time these other things though are are + + + align:start position:0% +time these other things though are are +are more um more telling and more having + + align:start position:0% +are more um more telling and more having + + + align:start position:0% +are more um more telling and more having +to do with what what he actually saw the + + align:start position:0% +to do with what what he actually saw the + + + align:start position:0% +to do with what what he actually saw the +two-dimensional diffusion uh diffusion + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional diffusion uh diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional diffusion uh diffusion +of the oxident um the uh you need some + + align:start position:0% +of the oxident um the uh you need some + + + align:start position:0% +of the oxident um the uh you need some +kind of numerical technique to solve the + + align:start position:0% +kind of numerical technique to solve the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of numerical technique to solve the +diffusion equation multiple Dimensions + + align:start position:0% +diffusion equation multiple Dimensions + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion equation multiple Dimensions +so uh if I just go back a couple of + + align:start position:0% +so uh if I just go back a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +so uh if I just go back a couple of +slides let's go back to slide now um say + + align:start position:0% +slides let's go back to slide now um say + + + align:start position:0% +slides let's go back to slide now um say +number + + align:start position:0% +number + + + align:start position:0% +number +four and uh look at oxidizing uh this + + align:start position:0% +four and uh look at oxidizing uh this + + + align:start position:0% +four and uh look at oxidizing uh this +this concave uh Corner as the um as the + + align:start position:0% +this concave uh Corner as the um as the + + + align:start position:0% +this concave uh Corner as the um as the +oxide grows the oxygen or the water + + align:start position:0% +oxide grows the oxygen or the water + + + align:start position:0% +oxide grows the oxygen or the water +whichever is he's using as the oxidant + + align:start position:0% +whichever is he's using as the oxidant + + + align:start position:0% +whichever is he's using as the oxidant +has to diffuse uh in two Dimensions + + align:start position:0% +has to diffuse uh in two Dimensions + + + align:start position:0% +has to diffuse uh in two Dimensions +through the structure so any changes due + + align:start position:0% +through the structure so any changes due + + + align:start position:0% +through the structure so any changes due +to orientation or whatever in that + + align:start position:0% +to orientation or whatever in that + + + align:start position:0% +to orientation or whatever in that +thickness in which it has to diffuse + + align:start position:0% +thickness in which it has to diffuse + + + align:start position:0% +thickness in which it has to diffuse +through are then going to affect you + + align:start position:0% +through are then going to affect you + + + align:start position:0% +through are then going to affect you +know eventually will affect the + + align:start position:0% +know eventually will affect the + + + align:start position:0% +know eventually will affect the +diffusion through that so we have a + + align:start position:0% +diffusion through that so we have a + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion through that so we have a +two-dimensional problem now before we + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional problem now before we + + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional problem now before we +had a simple onedimensional deal Grove + + align:start position:0% +had a simple onedimensional deal Grove + + + align:start position:0% +had a simple onedimensional deal Grove +we just had to diffuse from the top + + align:start position:0% +we just had to diffuse from the top + + + align:start position:0% +we just had to diffuse from the top +surface to the interface well we have to + + align:start position:0% +surface to the interface well we have to + + + align:start position:0% +surface to the interface well we have to +do the same thing but now in a + + align:start position:0% +do the same thing but now in a + + + align:start position:0% +do the same thing but now in a +two-dimensional sort of um problem so as + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional sort of um problem so as + + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional sort of um problem so as +the shapes change um we'll see diffusion + + align:start position:0% +the shapes change um we'll see diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +the shapes change um we'll see diffusion +of the oxidant uh will will take uh take + + align:start position:0% +of the oxidant uh will will take uh take + + + align:start position:0% +of the oxidant uh will will take uh take +effect let's go back then to to slide + + align:start position:0% +effect let's go back then to to slide + + + align:start position:0% +effect let's go back then to to slide +number six um the third one and probably + + align:start position:0% +number six um the third one and probably + + + align:start position:0% +number six um the third one and probably +one of the most important in explaining + + align:start position:0% +one of the most important in explaining + + + align:start position:0% +one of the most important in explaining +cow's results is the stress due to the + + align:start position:0% +cow's results is the stress due to the + + + align:start position:0% +cow's results is the stress due to the +volume + + align:start position:0% +volume + + + align:start position:0% +volume +expansion um we know that oxide layers + + align:start position:0% +expansion um we know that oxide layers + + + align:start position:0% +expansion um we know that oxide layers +that are formed on Silicon are under + + align:start position:0% +that are formed on Silicon are under + + + align:start position:0% +that are formed on Silicon are under +compressive stretch stress okay so + + align:start position:0% +compressive stretch stress okay so + + + align:start position:0% +compressive stretch stress okay so +they're they're kind of being compressed + + align:start position:0% +they're they're kind of being compressed + + + align:start position:0% +they're they're kind of being compressed +to get onto the wafer um even when + + align:start position:0% +to get onto the wafer um even when + + + align:start position:0% +to get onto the wafer um even when +they're in a planer case right just just + + align:start position:0% +they're in a planer case right just just + + + align:start position:0% +they're in a planer case right just just +on a planer silicon wafer surface + + align:start position:0% +on a planer silicon wafer surface + + + align:start position:0% +on a planer silicon wafer surface +without any uh + + align:start position:0% +without any uh + + + align:start position:0% +without any uh +curvature uh but these stresses can be + + align:start position:0% +curvature uh but these stresses can be + + + align:start position:0% +curvature uh but these stresses can be +increased quite a bit on a curve + + align:start position:0% +increased quite a bit on a curve + + + align:start position:0% +increased quite a bit on a curve +surface um because the volume expansion + + align:start position:0% +surface um because the volume expansion + + + align:start position:0% +surface um because the volume expansion +is going to be confined dimensionally so + + align:start position:0% +is going to be confined dimensionally so + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be confined dimensionally so +uh here's a way of sort of picturing + + align:start position:0% +uh here's a way of sort of picturing + + + align:start position:0% +uh here's a way of sort of picturing +this on a curved surface this central + + align:start position:0% +this on a curved surface this central + + + align:start position:0% +this on a curved surface this central +region and that's colored in Gray let's + + align:start position:0% +region and that's colored in Gray let's + + + align:start position:0% +region and that's colored in Gray let's +say that's my silicon + + align:start position:0% +say that's my silicon + + + align:start position:0% +say that's my silicon +pillar and let's say I've grown a + + align:start position:0% +pillar and let's say I've grown a + + + align:start position:0% +pillar and let's say I've grown a +certain amount of oxide already that's + + align:start position:0% +certain amount of oxide already that's + + + align:start position:0% +certain amount of oxide already that's +on this outer region that's the oxide + + align:start position:0% +on this outer region that's the oxide + + + align:start position:0% +on this outer region that's the oxide +that I've grown and now I'm just growing + + align:start position:0% +that I've grown and now I'm just growing + + + align:start position:0% +that I've grown and now I'm just growing +a little bit of new oxide remember in + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of new oxide remember in + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of new oxide remember in +oxidation the interfa the reaction takes + + align:start position:0% +oxidation the interfa the reaction takes + + + align:start position:0% +oxidation the interfa the reaction takes +place at the interface not at the + + align:start position:0% +place at the interface not at the + + + align:start position:0% +place at the interface not at the +surface so to grow this little uh Band + + align:start position:0% +surface so to grow this little uh Band + + + align:start position:0% +surface so to grow this little uh Band +Here of new oxide let's say you know a + + align:start position:0% +Here of new oxide let's say you know a + + + align:start position:0% +Here of new oxide let's say you know a +few angstroms of 10 angstroms that I'm + + align:start position:0% +few angstroms of 10 angstroms that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +few angstroms of 10 angstroms that I'm +growing the oxidant has to diffuse into + + align:start position:0% +growing the oxidant has to diffuse into + + + align:start position:0% +growing the oxidant has to diffuse into +the Silicon surface has to react at this + + align:start position:0% +the Silicon surface has to react at this + + + align:start position:0% +the Silicon surface has to react at this +surface and then the new oxide has to + + align:start position:0% +surface and then the new oxide has to + + + align:start position:0% +surface and then the new oxide has to +push out on the old oxide to make room + + align:start position:0% +push out on the old oxide to make room + + + align:start position:0% +push out on the old oxide to make room +for itself it's got to push up and and + + align:start position:0% +for itself it's got to push up and and + + + align:start position:0% +for itself it's got to push up and and +push down and consume some of the + + align:start position:0% +push down and consume some of the + + + align:start position:0% +push down and consume some of the +Silicon um when I was on a flat silicon + + align:start position:0% +Silicon um when I was on a flat silicon + + + align:start position:0% +Silicon um when I was on a flat silicon +wafer the oxide could just push up and + + align:start position:0% +wafer the oxide could just push up and + + + align:start position:0% +wafer the oxide could just push up and +push out a little bit at the edge of the + + align:start position:0% +push out a little bit at the edge of the + + + align:start position:0% +push out a little bit at the edge of the +wafer if it had to but I'm not I'm on + + align:start position:0% +wafer if it had to but I'm not I'm on + + + align:start position:0% +wafer if it had to but I'm not I'm on +I'm on a curved surface here that there + + align:start position:0% +I'm on a curved surface here that there + + + align:start position:0% +I'm on a curved surface here that there +where the oxide is completely um uh + + align:start position:0% +where the oxide is completely um uh + + + align:start position:0% +where the oxide is completely um uh +attached to itself so to speak so it has + + align:start position:0% +attached to itself so to speak so it has + + + align:start position:0% +attached to itself so to speak so it has +to actually um + + align:start position:0% +to actually um + + + align:start position:0% +to actually um +expand um sort of along the direction of + + align:start position:0% +expand um sort of along the direction of + + + align:start position:0% +expand um sort of along the direction of +the circumference in this direction so + + align:start position:0% +the circumference in this direction so + + + align:start position:0% +the circumference in this direction so +it has to do work um more work on the + + align:start position:0% +it has to do work um more work on the + + + align:start position:0% +it has to do work um more work on the +oxide above it then it would do have to + + align:start position:0% +oxide above it then it would do have to + + + align:start position:0% +oxide above it then it would do have to +do on a planer surface because it's + + align:start position:0% +do on a planer surface because it's + + + align:start position:0% +do on a planer surface because it's +really confined um all the way around + + align:start position:0% +really confined um all the way around + + + align:start position:0% +really confined um all the way around +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +surface so um the oxide really the + + align:start position:0% +surface so um the oxide really the + + + align:start position:0% +surface so um the oxide really the +curved surface has got to flow in order + + align:start position:0% +curved surface has got to flow in order + + + align:start position:0% +curved surface has got to flow in order +to get this to happen so you have this + + align:start position:0% +to get this to happen so you have this + + + align:start position:0% +to get this to happen so you have this +solid material this glass that has to + + align:start position:0% +solid material this glass that has to + + + align:start position:0% +solid material this glass that has to +essentially flow um so there's a certain + + align:start position:0% +essentially flow um so there's a certain + + + align:start position:0% +essentially flow um so there's a certain +amount of stress built up as a result of + + align:start position:0% +amount of stress built up as a result of + + + align:start position:0% +amount of stress built up as a result of +that um the deformation of the surface + + align:start position:0% +that um the deformation of the surface + + + align:start position:0% +that um the deformation of the surface +can be kind of can be quite large forget + + align:start position:0% +can be kind of can be quite large forget + + + align:start position:0% +can be kind of can be quite large forget +about the cylinder for now that that was + + align:start position:0% +about the cylinder for now that that was + + + align:start position:0% +about the cylinder for now that that was +gal's experiment let's do something a + + align:start position:0% +gal's experiment let's do something a + + + align:start position:0% +gal's experiment let's do something a +little more realistic uh like + + align:start position:0% +little more realistic uh like + + + align:start position:0% +little more realistic uh like +locost what is locost remember Locos is + + align:start position:0% +locost what is locost remember Locos is + + + align:start position:0% +locost what is locost remember Locos is +you start with a silicon wafer you + + align:start position:0% +you start with a silicon wafer you + + + align:start position:0% +you start with a silicon wafer you +pattern part of it with silicon nitride + + align:start position:0% +pattern part of it with silicon nitride + + + align:start position:0% +pattern part of it with silicon nitride +um under which the oxidant uh through + + align:start position:0% +um under which the oxidant uh through + + + align:start position:0% +um under which the oxidant uh through +which the oxidant cannot diffuse so + + align:start position:0% +which the oxidant cannot diffuse so + + + align:start position:0% +which the oxidant cannot diffuse so +you're locally oxidizing you're not + + align:start position:0% +you're locally oxidizing you're not + + + align:start position:0% +you're locally oxidizing you're not +oxidizing over here on the right in this + + align:start position:0% +oxidizing over here on the right in this + + + align:start position:0% +oxidizing over here on the right in this +lower right picture you're oxidizing + + align:start position:0% +lower right picture you're oxidizing + + + align:start position:0% +lower right picture you're oxidizing +over here only over here on the left so + + align:start position:0% +over here only over here on the left so + + + align:start position:0% +over here only over here on the left so +you're locally growing a thick oxide um + + align:start position:0% +you're locally growing a thick oxide um + + + align:start position:0% +you're locally growing a thick oxide um +but look at this surface the top surface + + align:start position:0% +but look at this surface the top surface + + + align:start position:0% +but look at this surface the top surface +of this oxide here remember at one point + + align:start position:0% +of this oxide here remember at one point + + + align:start position:0% +of this oxide here remember at one point +when it first starts out you know it's + + align:start position:0% +when it first starts out you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +when it first starts out you know it's +it's relatively flat uh this top surface + + align:start position:0% +it's relatively flat uh this top surface + + + align:start position:0% +it's relatively flat uh this top surface +has to stretch in order to you know + + align:start position:0% +has to stretch in order to you know + + + align:start position:0% +has to stretch in order to you know +maintain this shape by as much as 15 20% + + align:start position:0% +maintain this shape by as much as 15 20% + + + align:start position:0% +maintain this shape by as much as 15 20% +so the oxide is itself um you know + + align:start position:0% +so the oxide is itself um you know + + + align:start position:0% +so the oxide is itself um you know +having to having to stretch and deform + + align:start position:0% +having to having to stretch and deform + + + align:start position:0% +having to having to stretch and deform +and all that involves doing work and + + align:start position:0% +and all that involves doing work and + + + align:start position:0% +and all that involves doing work and +stress + + align:start position:0% +stress + + + align:start position:0% +stress +buildup even for example also the + + align:start position:0% +buildup even for example also the + + + align:start position:0% +buildup even for example also the +nitride itself is pushing down uh on the + + align:start position:0% +nitride itself is pushing down uh on the + + + align:start position:0% +nitride itself is pushing down uh on the +oxide try and and in order to lift this + + align:start position:0% +oxide try and and in order to lift this + + + align:start position:0% +oxide try and and in order to lift this +nitride layer that the oxide has to do + + align:start position:0% +nitride layer that the oxide has to do + + + align:start position:0% +nitride layer that the oxide has to do +work um so there's definitely stress + + align:start position:0% +work um so there's definitely stress + + + align:start position:0% +work um so there's definitely stress +buildup um in these regions uh near + + align:start position:0% +buildup um in these regions uh near + + + align:start position:0% +buildup um in these regions uh near +corners or on on curved surfaces and + + align:start position:0% +corners or on on curved surfaces and + + + align:start position:0% +corners or on on curved surfaces and +that slows down the oxidation + + align:start position:0% +that slows down the oxidation + + + align:start position:0% +that slows down the oxidation +rate so how how does it slow down the + + align:start position:0% +rate so how how does it slow down the + + + align:start position:0% +rate so how how does it slow down the +oxidation rate well let's look at um for + + align:start position:0% +oxidation rate well let's look at um for + + + align:start position:0% +oxidation rate well let's look at um for +a moment at uh slide number seven these + + align:start position:0% +a moment at uh slide number seven these + + + align:start position:0% +a moment at uh slide number seven these +stresses can impact two a couple of + + align:start position:0% +stresses can impact two a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +stresses can impact two a couple of +things both transport of the oxygen + + align:start position:0% +things both transport of the oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +things both transport of the oxygen +through the oxide like a diffusion + + align:start position:0% +through the oxide like a diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +through the oxide like a diffusion +process and the interface reaction rate + + align:start position:0% +process and the interface reaction rate + + + align:start position:0% +process and the interface reaction rate +uh and here's an example again this is + + align:start position:0% +uh and here's an example again this is + + + align:start position:0% +uh and here's an example again this is +uh showing a small portion a quarter or + + align:start position:0% +uh showing a small portion a quarter or + + + align:start position:0% +uh showing a small portion a quarter or +a section uh of a silicon surface that's + + align:start position:0% +a section uh of a silicon surface that's + + + align:start position:0% +a section uh of a silicon surface that's +curved because it's been eded or + + align:start position:0% +curved because it's been eded or + + + align:start position:0% +curved because it's been eded or +whatever and the oxide that's already + + align:start position:0% +whatever and the oxide that's already + + + align:start position:0% +whatever and the oxide that's already +been grown here is on the outside this + + align:start position:0% +been grown here is on the outside this + + + align:start position:0% +been grown here is on the outside this +annulus shown in the in the medium gray + + align:start position:0% +annulus shown in the in the medium gray + + + align:start position:0% +annulus shown in the in the medium gray +this little white uh annulus this little + + align:start position:0% +this little white uh annulus this little + + + align:start position:0% +this little white uh annulus this little +white region the nasin oxide nent mean + + align:start position:0% +white region the nasin oxide nent mean + + + align:start position:0% +white region the nasin oxide nent mean +new is the new little piece of oxide + + align:start position:0% +new is the new little piece of oxide + + + align:start position:0% +new is the new little piece of oxide +that's grown this little growing oxide + + align:start position:0% +that's grown this little growing oxide + + + align:start position:0% +that's grown this little growing oxide +has to do mechanical work uh against the + + align:start position:0% +has to do mechanical work uh against the + + + align:start position:0% +has to do mechanical work uh against the +oxide above + + align:start position:0% +oxide above + + + align:start position:0% +oxide above +it uh because it has to push it out and + + align:start position:0% +it uh because it has to push it out and + + + align:start position:0% +it uh because it has to push it out and +it's constrained um so this mechanical + + align:start position:0% +it's constrained um so this mechanical + + + align:start position:0% +it's constrained um so this mechanical +work actually can uh modify the the + + align:start position:0% +work actually can uh modify the the + + + align:start position:0% +work actually can uh modify the the +energy the activation energy of the + + align:start position:0% +energy the activation energy of the + + + align:start position:0% +energy the activation energy of the +process uh the amount of energy that it + + align:start position:0% +process uh the amount of energy that it + + + align:start position:0% +process uh the amount of energy that it +takes to to uh to do that process at a + + align:start position:0% +takes to to uh to do that process at a + + + align:start position:0% +takes to to uh to do that process at a +given temperature so what we write is + + align:start position:0% +given temperature so what we write is + + + align:start position:0% +given temperature so what we write is +the EA the activation energy uh for the + + align:start position:0% +the EA the activation energy uh for the + + + align:start position:0% +the EA the activation energy uh for the +surface reaction rate under the stress + + align:start position:0% +surface reaction rate under the stress + + + align:start position:0% +surface reaction rate under the stress +case uh or when we're oxidizing uh in a + + align:start position:0% +case uh or when we're oxidizing uh in a + + + align:start position:0% +case uh or when we're oxidizing uh in a +curved surface it's going to be equal to + + align:start position:0% +curved surface it's going to be equal to + + + align:start position:0% +curved surface it's going to be equal to +EA on a flat surface whatever that might + + align:start position:0% +EA on a flat surface whatever that might + + + align:start position:0% +EA on a flat surface whatever that might +be say two electron volts plus some + + align:start position:0% +be say two electron volts plus some + + + align:start position:0% +be say two electron volts plus some +extra + + align:start position:0% +extra + + + align:start position:0% +extra +terms and there's um a term that depends + + align:start position:0% +terms and there's um a term that depends + + + align:start position:0% +terms and there's um a term that depends +on the normal stress Sigma n is the + + align:start position:0% +on the normal stress Sigma n is the + + + align:start position:0% +on the normal stress Sigma n is the +normal stress normal so it's in this + + align:start position:0% +normal stress normal so it's in this + + + align:start position:0% +normal stress normal so it's in this +direction in the radial Direction uh the + + align:start position:0% +direction in the radial Direction uh the + + + align:start position:0% +direction in the radial Direction uh the +sigma n times some fitting parameter VR + + align:start position:0% +sigma n times some fitting parameter VR + + + align:start position:0% +sigma n times some fitting parameter VR +plus uh Sigma T is a stress in the + + align:start position:0% +plus uh Sigma T is a stress in the + + + align:start position:0% +plus uh Sigma T is a stress in the +tangental to the growing surface so + + align:start position:0% +tangental to the growing surface so + + + align:start position:0% +tangental to the growing surface so +along the + + align:start position:0% +along the + + + align:start position:0% +along the +circumference uh times some other + + align:start position:0% +circumference uh times some other + + + align:start position:0% +circumference uh times some other +fitting parameter uh volume + + align:start position:0% +fitting parameter uh volume + + + align:start position:0% +fitting parameter uh volume +VT so then the case of s in in this in + + align:start position:0% +VT so then the case of s in in this in + + + align:start position:0% +VT so then the case of s in in this in +the curved or stress case is just the + + align:start position:0% +the curved or stress case is just the + + + align:start position:0% +the curved or stress case is just the +ordinary case of s times these two + + align:start position:0% +ordinary case of s times these two + + + align:start position:0% +ordinary case of s times these two +exponentials again this is an activation + + align:start position:0% +exponentials again this is an activation + + + align:start position:0% +exponentials again this is an activation +energy e the Sigma minus Sigma n VR over + + align:start position:0% +energy e the Sigma minus Sigma n VR over + + + align:start position:0% +energy e the Sigma minus Sigma n VR over +KT and a sigma T ter term so basically + + align:start position:0% +KT and a sigma T ter term so basically + + + align:start position:0% +KT and a sigma T ter term so basically +the surface reaction rate is going to go + + align:start position:0% +the surface reaction rate is going to go + + + align:start position:0% +the surface reaction rate is going to go +down and the amount it goes down will + + align:start position:0% +down and the amount it goes down will + + + align:start position:0% +down and the amount it goes down will +depend exponentially on these two stress + + align:start position:0% +depend exponentially on these two stress + + + align:start position:0% +depend exponentially on these two stress +terms uh and these are fitting + + align:start position:0% +terms uh and these are fitting + + + align:start position:0% +terms uh and these are fitting +parameters that we put in essentially + + align:start position:0% +parameters that we put in essentially + + + align:start position:0% +parameters that we put in essentially +you put put in the + + align:start position:0% +you put put in the + + + align:start position:0% +you put put in the +model and so you can see then how you + + align:start position:0% +model and so you can see then how you + + + align:start position:0% +model and so you can see then how you +can introduce a temperature dependence + + align:start position:0% +can introduce a temperature dependence + + + align:start position:0% +can introduce a temperature dependence +to this effect depending on um what you + + align:start position:0% +to this effect depending on um what you + + + align:start position:0% +to this effect depending on um what you +know how strongly temperature dependent + + align:start position:0% +know how strongly temperature dependent + + + align:start position:0% +know how strongly temperature dependent +is will depend on the numbers you put in + + align:start position:0% +is will depend on the numbers you put in + + + align:start position:0% +is will depend on the numbers you put in +for VR and + + align:start position:0% +for VR and + + + align:start position:0% +for VR and +VT + + align:start position:0% +VT + + + align:start position:0% +VT +okay so let's go on to slide number uh + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's go on to slide number uh + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's go on to slide number uh +eight and that was the surface reaction + + align:start position:0% +eight and that was the surface reaction + + + align:start position:0% +eight and that was the surface reaction +rate and and you can sort of intuitively + + align:start position:0% +rate and and you can sort of intuitively + + + align:start position:0% +rate and and you can sort of intuitively +understand how that surface reaction + + align:start position:0% +understand how that surface reaction + + + align:start position:0% +understand how that surface reaction +might be affected by the fact that um it + + align:start position:0% +might be affected by the fact that um it + + + align:start position:0% +might be affected by the fact that um it +takes more energy you have to do work in + + align:start position:0% +takes more energy you have to do work in + + + align:start position:0% +takes more energy you have to do work in +order for that reaction to take place + + align:start position:0% +order for that reaction to take place + + + align:start position:0% +order for that reaction to take place +that you didn't have to do on a flat + + align:start position:0% +that you didn't have to do on a flat + + + align:start position:0% +that you didn't have to do on a flat +surface uh how about the diffusivity and + + align:start position:0% +surface uh how about the diffusivity and + + + align:start position:0% +surface uh how about the diffusivity and +the solubility um uh well how could that + + align:start position:0% +the solubility um uh well how could that + + + align:start position:0% +the solubility um uh well how could that +be affected by stress um well this is + + align:start position:0% +be affected by stress um well this is + + + align:start position:0% +be affected by stress um well this is +meant to be a um sort of a schematic + + align:start position:0% +meant to be a um sort of a schematic + + + align:start position:0% +meant to be a um sort of a schematic +highly schematic uh picture of a ring + + align:start position:0% +highly schematic uh picture of a ring + + + align:start position:0% +highly schematic uh picture of a ring +structure that would exist in silicon + + align:start position:0% +structure that would exist in silicon + + + align:start position:0% +structure that would exist in silicon +dioxide where these black uh black + + align:start position:0% +dioxide where these black uh black + + + align:start position:0% +dioxide where these black uh black +regions of black um circles are the + + align:start position:0% +regions of black um circles are the + + + align:start position:0% +regions of black um circles are the +Silicon um and this uh we have oxygen + + align:start position:0% +Silicon um and this uh we have oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +Silicon um and this uh we have oxygen +here as well and there is um taking up a + + align:start position:0% +here as well and there is um taking up a + + + align:start position:0% +here as well and there is um taking up a +certain amount of space say in the bonds + + align:start position:0% +certain amount of space say in the bonds + + + align:start position:0% +certain amount of space say in the bonds +uh there is some sort of region in here + + align:start position:0% +uh there is some sort of region in here + + + align:start position:0% +uh there is some sort of region in here +uh where there is a sort of free space + + align:start position:0% +uh where there is a sort of free space + + + align:start position:0% +uh where there is a sort of free space +or inter interstitial space uh where the + + align:start position:0% +or inter interstitial space uh where the + + + align:start position:0% +or inter interstitial space uh where the +oxident can diffuse + + align:start position:0% +oxident can diffuse + + + align:start position:0% +oxident can diffuse +through and let's say p is a hydrostatic + + align:start position:0% +through and let's say p is a hydrostatic + + + align:start position:0% +through and let's say p is a hydrostatic +pressure in the growing oxide so there's + + align:start position:0% +pressure in the growing oxide so there's + + + align:start position:0% +pressure in the growing oxide so there's +a certain amount of pressure in the + + align:start position:0% +a certain amount of pressure in the + + + align:start position:0% +a certain amount of pressure in the +solid well as you put the solid Under + + align:start position:0% +solid well as you put the solid Under + + + align:start position:0% +solid well as you put the solid Under +Pressure it reduces that you can imagine + + align:start position:0% +Pressure it reduces that you can imagine + + + align:start position:0% +Pressure it reduces that you can imagine +it reducing the intertial space in the + + align:start position:0% +it reducing the intertial space in the + + + align:start position:0% +it reducing the intertial space in the +network so you have this network + + align:start position:0% +network so you have this network + + + align:start position:0% +network so you have this network +although it's somewhat random it has + + align:start position:0% +although it's somewhat random it has + + + align:start position:0% +although it's somewhat random it has +this structure and inside the network + + align:start position:0% +this structure and inside the network + + + align:start position:0% +this structure and inside the network +there's this open space as you put the + + align:start position:0% +there's this open space as you put the + + + align:start position:0% +there's this open space as you put the +whole solid Under Pressure that Bond + + align:start position:0% +whole solid Under Pressure that Bond + + + align:start position:0% +whole solid Under Pressure that Bond +sort of compress the amount of + + align:start position:0% +sort of compress the amount of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of compress the amount of +interstitial space in the network is + + align:start position:0% +interstitial space in the network is + + + align:start position:0% +interstitial space in the network is +going to be reduced to a certain extent + + align:start position:0% +going to be reduced to a certain extent + + + align:start position:0% +going to be reduced to a certain extent +and if you're oxident to your water + + align:start position:0% +and if you're oxident to your water + + + align:start position:0% +and if you're oxident to your water +molecule your oxygen molecule has to + + align:start position:0% +molecule your oxygen molecule has to + + + align:start position:0% +molecule your oxygen molecule has to +diffuse through that intertial space you + + align:start position:0% +diffuse through that intertial space you + + + align:start position:0% +diffuse through that intertial space you +can imagine the diffusivity or the + + align:start position:0% +can imagine the diffusivity or the + + + align:start position:0% +can imagine the diffusivity or the +diffusion rate is going to go down as I + + align:start position:0% +diffusion rate is going to go down as I + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion rate is going to go down as I +compress on the oxide makes it harder + + align:start position:0% +compress on the oxide makes it harder + + + align:start position:0% +compress on the oxide makes it harder +for the molecules to diffuse through it + + align:start position:0% +for the molecules to diffuse through it + + + align:start position:0% +for the molecules to diffuse through it +might even affect the solubility as you + + align:start position:0% +might even affect the solubility as you + + + align:start position:0% +might even affect the solubility as you +might imagine hypothetically that the + + align:start position:0% +might imagine hypothetically that the + + + align:start position:0% +might imagine hypothetically that the +amount of water vapor uh molecules or + + align:start position:0% +amount of water vapor uh molecules or + + + align:start position:0% +amount of water vapor uh molecules or +oxygen you can stuff in there maybe + + align:start position:0% +oxygen you can stuff in there maybe + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen you can stuff in there maybe +would be affected by how much pressure + + align:start position:0% +would be affected by how much pressure + + + align:start position:0% +would be affected by how much pressure +this solid is under so again + + align:start position:0% +this solid is under so again + + + align:start position:0% +this solid is under so again +mathematically we can do what we did + + align:start position:0% +mathematically we can do what we did + + + align:start position:0% +mathematically we can do what we did +before we write the stressed diffusivity + + align:start position:0% +before we write the stressed diffusivity + + + align:start position:0% +before we write the stressed diffusivity +as the unstressed or not unstressed but + + align:start position:0% +as the unstressed or not unstressed but + + + align:start position:0% +as the unstressed or not unstressed but +the normal planer diffusivity through + + align:start position:0% +the normal planer diffusivity through + + + align:start position:0% +the normal planer diffusivity through +the oxide times something that goes + + align:start position:0% +the oxide times something that goes + + + align:start position:0% +the oxide times something that goes +exponentially depends on the pressure in + + align:start position:0% +exponentially depends on the pressure in + + + align:start position:0% +exponentially depends on the pressure in +uh which is which is the hydrostatic + + align:start position:0% +uh which is which is the hydrostatic + + + align:start position:0% +uh which is which is the hydrostatic +pressure is due to the oxide stress + + align:start position:0% +pressure is due to the oxide stress + + + align:start position:0% +pressure is due to the oxide stress +times a constant which is a fitting + + align:start position:0% +times a constant which is a fitting + + + align:start position:0% +times a constant which is a fitting +parameter VD over + + align:start position:0% +parameter VD over + + + align:start position:0% +parameter VD over +KT so again D will go down as you go + + align:start position:0% +KT so again D will go down as you go + + + align:start position:0% +KT so again D will go down as you go +under stress diffusivity and you might + + align:start position:0% +under stress diffusivity and you might + + + align:start position:0% +under stress diffusivity and you might +hypothesize the same thing for the + + align:start position:0% +hypothesize the same thing for the + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesize the same thing for the +solubility a similar + + align:start position:0% +solubility a similar + + + align:start position:0% +solubility a similar +dependence okay let's go on to slide + + align:start position:0% +dependence okay let's go on to slide + + + align:start position:0% +dependence okay let's go on to slide +number um nine so just uh as shown in + + align:start position:0% +number um nine so just uh as shown in + + + align:start position:0% +number um nine so just uh as shown in +your text I'm just summarizing then the + + align:start position:0% +your text I'm just summarizing then the + + + align:start position:0% +your text I'm just summarizing then the +impact of stress on our basic oxidation + + align:start position:0% +impact of stress on our basic oxidation + + + align:start position:0% +impact of stress on our basic oxidation +parameters that we know from our deal + + align:start position:0% +parameters that we know from our deal + + + align:start position:0% +parameters that we know from our deal +grov like model the parameters from deal + + align:start position:0% +grov like model the parameters from deal + + + align:start position:0% +grov like model the parameters from deal +Grove K Subs the reaction rate D and C + + align:start position:0% +Grove K Subs the reaction rate D and C + + + align:start position:0% +Grove K Subs the reaction rate D and C +star all get modified in a way that + + align:start position:0% +star all get modified in a way that + + + align:start position:0% +star all get modified in a way that +depends on the stress um in an + + align:start position:0% +depends on the stress um in an + + + align:start position:0% +depends on the stress um in an +exponential fashion so it's very + + align:start position:0% +exponential fashion so it's very + + + align:start position:0% +exponential fashion so it's very +sensitive uh over KT so the stress + + align:start position:0% +sensitive uh over KT so the stress + + + align:start position:0% +sensitive uh over KT so the stress +effect will be different uh at at + + align:start position:0% +effect will be different uh at at + + + align:start position:0% +effect will be different uh at at +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +temperatures + + align:start position:0% +temperatures + + + align:start position:0% +temperatures +so these parameters these VR VT VD and + + align:start position:0% +so these parameters these VR VT VD and + + + align:start position:0% +so these parameters these VR VT VD and +vs they're reaction volumes they're + + align:start position:0% +vs they're reaction volumes they're + + + align:start position:0% +vs they're reaction volumes they're +they're designed in Supreme 4 they're + + align:start position:0% +they're designed in Supreme 4 they're + + + align:start position:0% +they're designed in Supreme 4 they're +put in uh as fitting parameters so they + + align:start position:0% +put in uh as fitting parameters so they + + + align:start position:0% +put in uh as fitting parameters so they +have some default values but people + + align:start position:0% +have some default values but people + + + align:start position:0% +have some default values but people +typically modify them as needed to fit + + align:start position:0% +typically modify them as needed to fit + + + align:start position:0% +typically modify them as needed to fit +the shape that's observed experimentally + + align:start position:0% +the shape that's observed experimentally + + + align:start position:0% +the shape that's observed experimentally +from Locos or from a pillar or or from + + align:start position:0% +from Locos or from a pillar or or from + + + align:start position:0% +from Locos or from a pillar or or from +your structure um in practice this this + + align:start position:0% +your structure um in practice this this + + + align:start position:0% +your structure um in practice this this +number of V Subs ends up being zero + + align:start position:0% +number of V Subs ends up being zero + + + align:start position:0% +number of V Subs ends up being zero +which essentially people uh believe that + + align:start position:0% +which essentially people uh believe that + + + align:start position:0% +which essentially people uh believe that +that the solubility is not dramatically + + align:start position:0% +that the solubility is not dramatically + + + align:start position:0% +that the solubility is not dramatically +itself impacted by the stress and so + + align:start position:0% +itself impacted by the stress and so + + + align:start position:0% +itself impacted by the stress and so +This this term uh this extra term here e + + align:start position:0% +This this term uh this extra term here e + + + align:start position:0% +This this term uh this extra term here e +to the P vs over KT goes to one and so + + align:start position:0% +to the P vs over KT goes to one and so + + + align:start position:0% +to the P vs over KT goes to one and so +people generally believe it's the cas + + align:start position:0% +people generally believe it's the cas + + + align:start position:0% +people generally believe it's the cas +sub s and the D um that are that are + + align:start position:0% +sub s and the D um that are that are + + + align:start position:0% +sub s and the D um that are that are +being + + align:start position:0% +being + + + align:start position:0% +being +modified uh by the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stress okay so let's go on to page uh or + + align:start position:0% +stress okay so let's go on to page uh or + + + align:start position:0% +stress okay so let's go on to page uh or +slide 10 there's one more parameter that + + align:start position:0% +slide 10 there's one more parameter that + + + align:start position:0% +slide 10 there's one more parameter that +we need because we said the oxide is a + + align:start position:0% +we need because we said the oxide is a + + + align:start position:0% +we need because we said the oxide is a +glass and it's + + align:start position:0% +glass and it's + + + align:start position:0% +glass and it's +flowing uh and um the glass flows + + align:start position:0% +flowing uh and um the glass flows + + + align:start position:0% +flowing uh and um the glass flows +differently or its ability to flow + + align:start position:0% +differently or its ability to flow + + + align:start position:0% +differently or its ability to flow +depends on + + align:start position:0% +depends on + + + align:start position:0% +depends on +temperature uh and that is expressed + + align:start position:0% +temperature uh and that is expressed + + + align:start position:0% +temperature uh and that is expressed +through a + + align:start position:0% +through a + + + align:start position:0% +through a +viscosity um parameter + + align:start position:0% +viscosity um parameter + + + align:start position:0% +viscosity um parameter +Ada and in fact the stresses that are in + + align:start position:0% +Ada and in fact the stresses that are in + + + align:start position:0% +Ada and in fact the stresses that are in +the glass or in the oxide are high + + align:start position:0% +the glass or in the oxide are high + + + align:start position:0% +the glass or in the oxide are high +enough that the the viscosity itself its + + align:start position:0% +enough that the the viscosity itself its + + + align:start position:0% +enough that the the viscosity itself its +rate of flow actually is is is a + + align:start position:0% +rate of flow actually is is is a + + + align:start position:0% +rate of flow actually is is is a +function of the stress in order to model + + align:start position:0% +function of the stress in order to model + + + align:start position:0% +function of the stress in order to model +it accurately so this is a um an + + align:start position:0% +it accurately so this is a um an + + + align:start position:0% +it accurately so this is a um an +equation that's been derived and that is + + align:start position:0% +equation that's been derived and that is + + + align:start position:0% +equation that's been derived and that is +used in Supreme uh that gives reasonably + + align:start position:0% +used in Supreme uh that gives reasonably + + + align:start position:0% +used in Supreme uh that gives reasonably +good agreement with with the + + align:start position:0% +good agreement with with the + + + align:start position:0% +good agreement with with the +experimental uh experimental + + align:start position:0% +experimental uh experimental + + + align:start position:0% +experimental uh experimental +observations so the viscosity as a + + align:start position:0% +observations so the viscosity as a + + + align:start position:0% +observations so the viscosity as a +function of + + align:start position:0% +function of + + + align:start position:0% +function of +stress uh is equal to the stress + + align:start position:0% +stress uh is equal to the stress + + + align:start position:0% +stress uh is equal to the stress +independent viscosity Ada uh but it's a + + align:start position:0% +independent viscosity Ada uh but it's a + + + align:start position:0% +independent viscosity Ada uh but it's a +function of T temperature uh times this + + align:start position:0% +function of T temperature uh times this + + + align:start position:0% +function of T temperature uh times this +this sort of uh parameters a sheer + + align:start position:0% +this sort of uh parameters a sheer + + + align:start position:0% +this sort of uh parameters a sheer +stress in the oxide so it's it's + + align:start position:0% +stress in the oxide so it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +stress in the oxide so it's it's +actually linearly dependent on the uh + + align:start position:0% +actually linearly dependent on the uh + + + align:start position:0% +actually linearly dependent on the uh +the stress in the oxide so if this goes + + align:start position:0% +the stress in the oxide so if this goes + + + align:start position:0% +the stress in the oxide so if this goes +up the viscosity uh goes up and + + align:start position:0% +up the viscosity uh goes up and + + + align:start position:0% +up the viscosity uh goes up and +something that depends on the uh + + align:start position:0% +something that depends on the uh + + + align:start position:0% +something that depends on the uh +hyperbolic sign + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic sign + + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic sign +so that's just sort of an equation that + + align:start position:0% +so that's just sort of an equation that + + + align:start position:0% +so that's just sort of an equation that +people have derived uh more or less + + align:start position:0% +people have derived uh more or less + + + align:start position:0% +people have derived uh more or less +empirically so we have these parameters + + align:start position:0% +empirically so we have these parameters + + + align:start position:0% +empirically so we have these parameters +that are changing with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stress so let's uh go on to slide 11 + + align:start position:0% +stress so let's uh go on to slide 11 + + + align:start position:0% +stress so let's uh go on to slide 11 +what you can you can probably get the + + align:start position:0% +what you can you can probably get the + + + align:start position:0% +what you can you can probably get the +impression by now there's no way you can + + align:start position:0% +impression by now there's no way you can + + + align:start position:0% +impression by now there's no way you can +easily do these calculations by hand + + align:start position:0% +easily do these calculations by hand + + + align:start position:0% +easily do these calculations by hand +deal grobes piece of cake you sit down + + align:start position:0% +deal grobes piece of cake you sit down + + + align:start position:0% +deal grobes piece of cake you sit down +you know you you you just simply solve + + align:start position:0% +you know you you you just simply solve + + + align:start position:0% +you know you you you just simply solve +or integrate the equations they're all + + align:start position:0% +or integrate the equations they're all + + + align:start position:0% +or integrate the equations they're all +analytic these are non-analytic the + + align:start position:0% +analytic these are non-analytic the + + + align:start position:0% +analytic these are non-analytic the +shape of the growing oxide changes with + + align:start position:0% +shape of the growing oxide changes with + + + align:start position:0% +shape of the growing oxide changes with +time K Subs D and A Ada all change with + + align:start position:0% +time K Subs D and A Ada all change with + + + align:start position:0% +time K Subs D and A Ada all change with +stress and the amount of stress is + + align:start position:0% +stress and the amount of stress is + + + align:start position:0% +stress and the amount of stress is +changing with time as the oxide has to + + align:start position:0% +changing with time as the oxide has to + + + align:start position:0% +changing with time as the oxide has to +push on a thicker and thicker thing + + align:start position:0% +push on a thicker and thicker thing + + + align:start position:0% +push on a thicker and thicker thing +above it uh so with all this time + + align:start position:0% +above it uh so with all this time + + + align:start position:0% +above it uh so with all this time +dependence you really need a numerical + + align:start position:0% +dependence you really need a numerical + + + align:start position:0% +dependence you really need a numerical +simulator you need a computer to do + + align:start position:0% +simulator you need a computer to do + + + align:start position:0% +simulator you need a computer to do +these calculations for you uh and to + + align:start position:0% +these calculations for you uh and to + + + align:start position:0% +these calculations for you uh and to +integrate them in time and this is + + align:start position:0% +integrate them in time and this is + + + align:start position:0% +integrate them in time and this is +exactly what has been done in Supreme + + align:start position:0% +exactly what has been done in Supreme + + + align:start position:0% +exactly what has been done in Supreme +4 uh which can model the shapes of oxide + + align:start position:0% +4 uh which can model the shapes of oxide + + + align:start position:0% +4 uh which can model the shapes of oxide +on curved surfaces and you'll have a + + align:start position:0% +on curved surfaces and you'll have a + + + align:start position:0% +on curved surfaces and you'll have a +chance to do this in one of your + + align:start position:0% +chance to do this in one of your + + + align:start position:0% +chance to do this in one of your +homework problems + + align:start position:0% +homework problems + + + align:start position:0% +homework problems +hopefully uh and this is is a reasonably + + align:start position:0% +hopefully uh and this is is a reasonably + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully uh and this is is a reasonably +common thing in ic technology that you + + align:start position:0% +common thing in ic technology that you + + + align:start position:0% +common thing in ic technology that you +you don't typically always grow an oxide + + align:start position:0% +you don't typically always grow an oxide + + + align:start position:0% +you don't typically always grow an oxide +over the entire surface very often there + + align:start position:0% +over the entire surface very often there + + + align:start position:0% +over the entire surface very often there +are patterns on the surface in fact the + + align:start position:0% +are patterns on the surface in fact the + + + align:start position:0% +are patterns on the surface in fact the +very first step uh is to isolate the + + align:start position:0% +very first step uh is to isolate the + + + align:start position:0% +very first step uh is to isolate the +active area from uh the non-active + + align:start position:0% +active area from uh the non-active + + + align:start position:0% +active area from uh the non-active +region and it's often done by the + + align:start position:0% +region and it's often done by the + + + align:start position:0% +region and it's often done by the +process called Locos we talk about the + + align:start position:0% +process called Locos we talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +process called Locos we talk about the +first lecture polybuffer locost slightly + + align:start position:0% +first lecture polybuffer locost slightly + + + align:start position:0% +first lecture polybuffer locost slightly +uh fancier version and shallow trench + + align:start position:0% +uh fancier version and shallow trench + + + align:start position:0% +uh fancier version and shallow trench +isolation so here's an example of locost + + align:start position:0% +isolation so here's an example of locost + + + align:start position:0% +isolation so here's an example of locost +remember you start with a silicon + + align:start position:0% +remember you start with a silicon + + + align:start position:0% +remember you start with a silicon +substrate you put down a thin oxide + + align:start position:0% +substrate you put down a thin oxide + + + align:start position:0% +substrate you put down a thin oxide +which is a pad oxide which reduces the + + align:start position:0% +which is a pad oxide which reduces the + + + align:start position:0% +which is a pad oxide which reduces the +stress on the Silicon due to the Silicon + + align:start position:0% +stress on the Silicon due to the Silicon + + + align:start position:0% +stress on the Silicon due to the Silicon +nitride and you put down silicon nitride + + align:start position:0% +nitride and you put down silicon nitride + + + align:start position:0% +nitride and you put down silicon nitride +and pattern it silicon nitride is a + + align:start position:0% +and pattern it silicon nitride is a + + + align:start position:0% +and pattern it silicon nitride is a +perfect or reasonably good mask as uh + + align:start position:0% +perfect or reasonably good mask as uh + + + align:start position:0% +perfect or reasonably good mask as uh +oxygen cannot diffuse through it so the + + align:start position:0% +oxygen cannot diffuse through it so the + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen cannot diffuse through it so the +oxidant diffuses in here and only + + align:start position:0% +oxidant diffuses in here and only + + + align:start position:0% +oxidant diffuses in here and only +oxidizes on the left side so this is + + align:start position:0% +oxidizes on the left side so this is + + + align:start position:0% +oxidizes on the left side so this is +what the Locos structure just in your + + align:start position:0% +what the Locos structure just in your + + + align:start position:0% +what the Locos structure just in your +mind keep as the starting structure + + align:start position:0% +mind keep as the starting structure + + + align:start position:0% +mind keep as the starting structure +before you do oxidation that's what it + + align:start position:0% +before you do oxidation that's what it + + + align:start position:0% +before you do oxidation that's what it +looks + + align:start position:0% +looks + + + align:start position:0% +looks +like let's go on to slide 12 and see + + align:start position:0% +like let's go on to slide 12 and see + + + align:start position:0% +like let's go on to slide 12 and see +what that Loos structure now looks like + + align:start position:0% +what that Loos structure now looks like + + + align:start position:0% +what that Loos structure now looks like +in a simulation + + align:start position:0% +in a simulation + + + align:start position:0% +in a simulation +the Supreme simulation um illustrating + + align:start position:0% +the Supreme simulation um illustrating + + + align:start position:0% +the Supreme simulation um illustrating +the stress effects so there are um two + + align:start position:0% +the stress effects so there are um two + + + align:start position:0% +the stress effects so there are um two +uh two simulations that are shown here + + align:start position:0% +uh two simulations that are shown here + + + align:start position:0% +uh two simulations that are shown here +and let's start on the + + align:start position:0% +and let's start on the + + + align:start position:0% +and let's start on the +left and what this is um the Y AIS is in + + align:start position:0% +left and what this is um the Y AIS is in + + + align:start position:0% +left and what this is um the Y AIS is in +Micron so that's vertical in depth um + + align:start position:0% +Micron so that's vertical in depth um + + + align:start position:0% +Micron so that's vertical in depth um +from the Silicon surface and the x-axis + + align:start position:0% +from the Silicon surface and the x-axis + + + align:start position:0% +from the Silicon surface and the x-axis +is in microns as well and the um this + + align:start position:0% +is in microns as well and the um this + + + align:start position:0% +is in microns as well and the um this +point right here corresponds to where + + align:start position:0% +point right here corresponds to where + + + align:start position:0% +point right here corresponds to where +the mask Edge uh is so we're doing a + + align:start position:0% +the mask Edge uh is so we're doing a + + + align:start position:0% +the mask Edge uh is so we're doing a +two-dimensional uh simulation + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional uh simulation + + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional uh simulation +and what you see is this this upper + + align:start position:0% +and what you see is this this upper + + + align:start position:0% +and what you see is this this upper +region is is the Silicon nitride as you + + align:start position:0% +region is is the Silicon nitride as you + + + align:start position:0% +region is is the Silicon nitride as you +can see and the uh yellow region + + align:start position:0% +can see and the uh yellow region + + + align:start position:0% +can see and the uh yellow region +underneath is the Silicon surface and + + align:start position:0% +underneath is the Silicon surface and + + + align:start position:0% +underneath is the Silicon surface and +look how the Silicon surface is shaped + + align:start position:0% +look how the Silicon surface is shaped + + + align:start position:0% +look how the Silicon surface is shaped +in this + + align:start position:0% +in this + + + align:start position:0% +in this +case um and uh the Fiel oxide is out + + align:start position:0% +case um and uh the Fiel oxide is out + + + align:start position:0% +case um and uh the Fiel oxide is out +here now an important parameter that + + align:start position:0% +here now an important parameter that + + + align:start position:0% +here now an important parameter that +people care about if you're scaling + + align:start position:0% +people care about if you're scaling + + + align:start position:0% +people care about if you're scaling +silicon circuits is you want to be able + + align:start position:0% +silicon circuits is you want to be able + + + align:start position:0% +silicon circuits is you want to be able +to put the devices closer and closer + + align:start position:0% +to put the devices closer and closer + + + align:start position:0% +to put the devices closer and closer +together as close as you can get them um + + align:start position:0% +together as close as you can get them um + + + align:start position:0% +together as close as you can get them um +so in order to be able to do that uh you + + align:start position:0% +so in order to be able to do that uh you + + + align:start position:0% +so in order to be able to do that uh you +need to grow the field oxide where you + + align:start position:0% +need to grow the field oxide where you + + + align:start position:0% +need to grow the field oxide where you +want it and you don't want field oxide + + align:start position:0% +want it and you don't want field oxide + + + align:start position:0% +want it and you don't want field oxide +in the active region any part of the + + align:start position:0% +in the active region any part of the + + + align:start position:0% +in the active region any part of the +field oxide that encroaches or pushes + + align:start position:0% +field oxide that encroaches or pushes + + + align:start position:0% +field oxide that encroaches or pushes +its way into the active region means + + align:start position:0% +its way into the active region means + + + align:start position:0% +its way into the active region means +that it's you know it's scaling the + + align:start position:0% +that it's you know it's scaling the + + + align:start position:0% +that it's you know it's scaling the +active region in which you can make your + + align:start position:0% +active region in which you can make your + + + align:start position:0% +active region in which you can make your +device so you have don't have as much + + align:start position:0% +device so you have don't have as much + + + align:start position:0% +device so you have don't have as much +control you don't get a nice well- + + align:start position:0% +control you don't get a nice well- + + + align:start position:0% +control you don't get a nice well- +defined active region so um in this + + align:start position:0% +defined active region so um in this + + + align:start position:0% +defined active region so um in this +model you can see what's happened is the + + align:start position:0% +model you can see what's happened is the + + + align:start position:0% +model you can see what's happened is the +field oxide has encroached in um the the + + align:start position:0% +field oxide has encroached in um the the + + + align:start position:0% +field oxide has encroached in um the the +mass Edge start here at x equals 0 it's + + align:start position:0% +mass Edge start here at x equals 0 it's + + + align:start position:0% +mass Edge start here at x equals 0 it's +encroached in from x equals 0 uh by + + align:start position:0% +encroached in from x equals 0 uh by + + + align:start position:0% +encroached in from x equals 0 uh by +about uh about say half Micron so it's + + align:start position:0% +about uh about say half Micron so it's + + + align:start position:0% +about uh about say half Micron so it's +you know it's it's the oxidant has + + align:start position:0% +you know it's it's the oxidant has + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's it's the oxidant has +diffused in here um and it has oxidized + + align:start position:0% +diffused in here um and it has oxidized + + + align:start position:0% +diffused in here um and it has oxidized +underneath the + + align:start position:0% +underneath the + + + align:start position:0% +underneath the +nitrite so you have this region where + + align:start position:0% +nitrite so you have this region where + + + align:start position:0% +nitrite so you have this region where +the Silicon is sloped uh and the + + align:start position:0% +the Silicon is sloped uh and the + + + align:start position:0% +the Silicon is sloped uh and the +encroachment distance I would quote here + + align:start position:0% +encroachment distance I would quote here + + + align:start position:0% +encroachment distance I would quote here +is being half Micron so your active + + align:start position:0% +is being half Micron so your active + + + align:start position:0% +is being half Micron so your active +device really starts here um uh you know + + align:start position:0% +device really starts here um uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +device really starts here um uh you know +in this + + align:start position:0% +in this + + + align:start position:0% +in this +region so this is the model run though + + align:start position:0% +region so this is the model run though + + + align:start position:0% +region so this is the model run though +without stress and people did these + + align:start position:0% +without stress and people did these + + + align:start position:0% +without stress and people did these +models and they found oh it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +models and they found oh it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +models and they found oh it doesn't +really agree with we get experimentally + + align:start position:0% +really agree with we get experimentally + + + align:start position:0% +really agree with we get experimentally +when we grow Locos we do a cross-section + + align:start position:0% +when we grow Locos we do a cross-section + + + align:start position:0% +when we grow Locos we do a cross-section +and we look at it that's not what it + + align:start position:0% +and we look at it that's not what it + + + align:start position:0% +and we look at it that's not what it +looks like in fact what they found it + + align:start position:0% +looks like in fact what they found it + + + align:start position:0% +looks like in fact what they found it +looks more like what's on the + + align:start position:0% +looks more like what's on the + + + align:start position:0% +looks more like what's on the +right and what's on the right is the + + align:start position:0% +right and what's on the right is the + + + align:start position:0% +right and what's on the right is the +Supreme FL model but this time turning + + align:start position:0% +Supreme FL model but this time turning + + + align:start position:0% +Supreme FL model but this time turning +on the stress + + align:start position:0% +on the stress + + + align:start position:0% +on the stress +dependence okay so um you have the + + align:start position:0% +dependence okay so um you have the + + + align:start position:0% +dependence okay so um you have the +diffusivity diffusion rate through the + + align:start position:0% +diffusivity diffusion rate through the + + + align:start position:0% +diffusivity diffusion rate through the +oxide the surface reaction rate are now + + align:start position:0% +oxide the surface reaction rate are now + + + align:start position:0% +oxide the surface reaction rate are now +go all going down as a function of + + align:start position:0% +go all going down as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +go all going down as a function of +stress and where is there stress well + + align:start position:0% +stress and where is there stress well + + + align:start position:0% +stress and where is there stress well +there's a lot of stress in this region + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of stress in this region + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of stress in this region +here in this Corner region because the + + align:start position:0% +here in this Corner region because the + + + align:start position:0% +here in this Corner region because the +oxide has to push up against this + + align:start position:0% +oxide has to push up against this + + + align:start position:0% +oxide has to push up against this +nitride film so what you see here is + + align:start position:0% +nitride film so what you see here is + + + align:start position:0% +nitride film so what you see here is +look at the amount of oxide that was + + align:start position:0% +look at the amount of oxide that was + + + align:start position:0% +look at the amount of oxide that was +grown here in this bird's beak area is + + align:start position:0% +grown here in this bird's beak area is + + + align:start position:0% +grown here in this bird's beak area is +quite a bit of it has grown the + + align:start position:0% +quite a bit of it has grown the + + + align:start position:0% +quite a bit of it has grown the +thickness here compared to the bird's + + align:start position:0% +thickness here compared to the bird's + + + align:start position:0% +thickness here compared to the bird's +beak area when you turn the stress model + + align:start position:0% +beak area when you turn the stress model + + + align:start position:0% +beak area when you turn the stress model +on not so much oxide has grown okay and + + align:start position:0% +on not so much oxide has grown okay and + + + align:start position:0% +on not so much oxide has grown okay and +as a result with stress the the amount + + align:start position:0% +as a result with stress the the amount + + + align:start position:0% +as a result with stress the the amount +of encroachment which I'm marking + + align:start position:0% +of encroachment which I'm marking + + + align:start position:0% +of encroachment which I'm marking +between these two lines now here is is + + align:start position:0% +between these two lines now here is is + + + align:start position:0% +between these two lines now here is is +quite a bit less it's about a factor of + + align:start position:0% +quite a bit less it's about a factor of + + + align:start position:0% +quite a bit less it's about a factor of +two maybe here it encroached I'm sorry I + + align:start position:0% +two maybe here it encroached I'm sorry I + + + align:start position:0% +two maybe here it encroached I'm sorry I +said five it actually encroached by 6 + + align:start position:0% +said five it actually encroached by 6 + + + align:start position:0% +said five it actually encroached by 6 +microns the encroachment here according + + align:start position:0% +microns the encroachment here according + + + align:start position:0% +microns the encroachment here according +to my eye is about3 so it's about half + + align:start position:0% +to my eye is about3 so it's about half + + + align:start position:0% +to my eye is about3 so it's about half +and that's because stress was included + + align:start position:0% +and that's because stress was included + + + align:start position:0% +and that's because stress was included +in the model and this turns out to be a + + align:start position:0% +in the model and this turns out to be a + + + align:start position:0% +in the model and this turns out to be a +lot closer to what people U actually + + align:start position:0% +lot closer to what people U actually + + + align:start position:0% +lot closer to what people U actually +measured uh when they do Locos local + + align:start position:0% +measured uh when they do Locos local + + + align:start position:0% +measured uh when they do Locos local +oxidation um that's for Locos you say + + align:start position:0% +oxidation um that's for Locos you say + + + align:start position:0% +oxidation um that's for Locos you say +well not too many people do Locos and + + align:start position:0% +well not too many people do Locos and + + + align:start position:0% +well not too many people do Locos and +Manufacturing oh there is some still + + align:start position:0% +Manufacturing oh there is some still + + + align:start position:0% +Manufacturing oh there is some still +some Locos or Locos like structures + + align:start position:0% +some Locos or Locos like structures + + + align:start position:0% +some Locos or Locos like structures +being done people nowadays do uh shallow + + align:start position:0% +being done people nowadays do uh shallow + + + align:start position:0% +being done people nowadays do uh shallow +trench isolation or STI well we we still + + align:start position:0% +trench isolation or STI well we we still + + + align:start position:0% +trench isolation or STI well we we still +get Corner effects and stress effects at + + align:start position:0% +get Corner effects and stress effects at + + + align:start position:0% +get Corner effects and stress effects at +stti and I've taken this from an article + + align:start position:0% +stti and I've taken this from an article + + + align:start position:0% +stti and I've taken this from an article +or a um a short course given at iedm + + align:start position:0% +or a um a short course given at iedm + + + align:start position:0% +or a um a short course given at iedm +back in + + align:start position:0% +back in + + + align:start position:0% +back in +1998 and what is shallow TR remember + + align:start position:0% +1998 and what is shallow TR remember + + + align:start position:0% +1998 and what is shallow TR remember +what we have we have an active region + + align:start position:0% +what we have we have an active region + + + align:start position:0% +what we have we have an active region +here shown in the center under the gate + + align:start position:0% +here shown in the center under the gate + + + align:start position:0% +here shown in the center under the gate +and isolating the devices we have Fel + + align:start position:0% +and isolating the devices we have Fel + + + align:start position:0% +and isolating the devices we have Fel +oxide which is this thick oxide on + + align:start position:0% +oxide which is this thick oxide on + + + align:start position:0% +oxide which is this thick oxide on +either side all the way around it in + + align:start position:0% +either side all the way around it in + + + align:start position:0% +either side all the way around it in +fact goes all the way around we've cut a + + align:start position:0% +fact goes all the way around we've cut a + + + align:start position:0% +fact goes all the way around we've cut a +cross-section here and we we we do this + + align:start position:0% +cross-section here and we we we do this + + + align:start position:0% +cross-section here and we we we do this +by etching a first etching a trench in + + align:start position:0% +by etching a first etching a trench in + + + align:start position:0% +by etching a first etching a trench in +the Silicon uh and then doing some uh + + align:start position:0% +the Silicon uh and then doing some uh + + + align:start position:0% +the Silicon uh and then doing some uh +oxidation we do a little thermal + + align:start position:0% +oxidation we do a little thermal + + + align:start position:0% +oxidation we do a little thermal +oxidation of that sidewall uh and the qu + + align:start position:0% +oxidation of that sidewall uh and the qu + + + align:start position:0% +oxidation of that sidewall uh and the qu +Engineers the electrical folks are very + + align:start position:0% +Engineers the electrical folks are very + + + align:start position:0% +Engineers the electrical folks are very +interested in the exact shape of this + + align:start position:0% +interested in the exact shape of this + + + align:start position:0% +interested in the exact shape of this +corner because it turns out when you + + align:start position:0% +corner because it turns out when you + + + align:start position:0% +corner because it turns out when you +have depending on the exact shape of + + align:start position:0% +have depending on the exact shape of + + + align:start position:0% +have depending on the exact shape of +that corner and how thick the thermal + + align:start position:0% +that corner and how thick the thermal + + + align:start position:0% +that corner and how thick the thermal +oxide is you'll get electric field + + align:start position:0% +oxide is you'll get electric field + + + align:start position:0% +oxide is you'll get electric field +spikes or buildups right there or you'll + + align:start position:0% +spikes or buildups right there or you'll + + + align:start position:0% +spikes or buildups right there or you'll +get a region where the oxide is weak uh + + align:start position:0% +get a region where the oxide is weak uh + + + align:start position:0% +get a region where the oxide is weak uh +and tends to break down and when the + + align:start position:0% +and tends to break down and when the + + + align:start position:0% +and tends to break down and when the +gate goes over that the device can have + + align:start position:0% +gate goes over that the device can have + + + align:start position:0% +gate goes over that the device can have +breakdown effects or you can actually um + + align:start position:0% +breakdown effects or you can actually um + + + align:start position:0% +breakdown effects or you can actually um +uh cause uh unusual transistor effects + + align:start position:0% +uh cause uh unusual transistor effects + + + align:start position:0% +uh cause uh unusual transistor effects +just based on the shape of this corner + + align:start position:0% +just based on the shape of this corner + + + align:start position:0% +just based on the shape of this corner +and this + + align:start position:0% +and this + + + align:start position:0% +and this +oxidation uh so there are two different + + align:start position:0% +oxidation uh so there are two different + + + align:start position:0% +oxidation uh so there are two different +simulation shown here up on the upper + + align:start position:0% +simulation shown here up on the upper + + + align:start position:0% +simulation shown here up on the upper +right is without any stress and you see + + align:start position:0% +right is without any stress and you see + + + align:start position:0% +right is without any stress and you see +the thickness of the oxide as you go + + align:start position:0% +the thickness of the oxide as you go + + + align:start position:0% +the thickness of the oxide as you go +around the corner is reasonably + + align:start position:0% +around the corner is reasonably + + + align:start position:0% +around the corner is reasonably +uniform uh doesn't change too much with + + align:start position:0% +uniform uh doesn't change too much with + + + align:start position:0% +uniform uh doesn't change too much with +stress effects look at the corner the + + align:start position:0% +stress effects look at the corner the + + + align:start position:0% +stress effects look at the corner the +oxide thickness is quite a bit thinner + + align:start position:0% +oxide thickness is quite a bit thinner + + + align:start position:0% +oxide thickness is quite a bit thinner +here it's thinned up in the corner + + align:start position:0% +here it's thinned up in the corner + + + align:start position:0% +here it's thinned up in the corner +region compared to on the flat surface + + align:start position:0% +region compared to on the flat surface + + + align:start position:0% +region compared to on the flat surface +or on the uh vertical surface so in this + + align:start position:0% +or on the uh vertical surface so in this + + + align:start position:0% +or on the uh vertical surface so in this +the problem because that oxide gets too + + align:start position:0% +the problem because that oxide gets too + + + align:start position:0% +the problem because that oxide gets too +thin you're going to tend to have + + align:start position:0% +thin you're going to tend to have + + + align:start position:0% +thin you're going to tend to have +breakdown effects or it's going to + + align:start position:0% +breakdown effects or it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +breakdown effects or it's going to +affect uh the electrical properties of + + align:start position:0% +affect uh the electrical properties of + + + align:start position:0% +affect uh the electrical properties of +this device so it seems maybe to your + + align:start position:0% +this device so it seems maybe to your + + + align:start position:0% +this device so it seems maybe to your +eye initially oh what's the big deal of + + align:start position:0% +eye initially oh what's the big deal of + + + align:start position:0% +eye initially oh what's the big deal of +that but when you go to uh simulate how + + align:start position:0% +that but when you go to uh simulate how + + + align:start position:0% +that but when you go to uh simulate how +these devices electrically behave it + + align:start position:0% +these devices electrically behave it + + + align:start position:0% +these devices electrically behave it +makes a big difference so the stress + + align:start position:0% +makes a big difference so the stress + + + align:start position:0% +makes a big difference so the stress +effect here comes in uh because again + + align:start position:0% +effect here comes in uh because again + + + align:start position:0% +effect here comes in uh because again +you have this curved surface that needs + + align:start position:0% +you have this curved surface that needs + + + align:start position:0% +you have this curved surface that needs +to to stretch and there stress build up + + align:start position:0% +to to stretch and there stress build up + + + align:start position:0% +to to stretch and there stress build up +whenever you have a corner and that + + align:start position:0% +whenever you have a corner and that + + + align:start position:0% +whenever you have a corner and that +tends to lower the oxidation rate and + + align:start position:0% +tends to lower the oxidation rate and + + + align:start position:0% +tends to lower the oxidation rate and +that's also been observed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +experimentally so let's go on to slide + + align:start position:0% +experimentally so let's go on to slide + + + align:start position:0% +experimentally so let's go on to slide +number uh + + align:start position:0% +number uh + + + align:start position:0% +number uh +14 um stress also has another + + align:start position:0% +14 um stress also has another + + + align:start position:0% +14 um stress also has another +interesting effect even if you're not + + align:start position:0% +interesting effect even if you're not + + + align:start position:0% +interesting effect even if you're not +let's say you're not doing shapes so you + + align:start position:0% +let's say you're not doing shapes so you + + + align:start position:0% +let's say you're not doing shapes so you +don't do Locos you don't do shallow + + align:start position:0% +don't do Locos you don't do shallow + + + align:start position:0% +don't do Locos you don't do shallow +trench you're a very simple process + + align:start position:0% +trench you're a very simple process + + + align:start position:0% +trench you're a very simple process +person you only oxidize flat Wafers okay + + align:start position:0% +person you only oxidize flat Wafers okay + + + align:start position:0% +person you only oxidize flat Wafers okay +fine um you can still see stress effects + + align:start position:0% +fine um you can still see stress effects + + + align:start position:0% +fine um you can still see stress effects +in the form of the history of what + + align:start position:0% +in the form of the history of what + + + align:start position:0% +in the form of the history of what +history the oxide itself has gone + + align:start position:0% +history the oxide itself has gone + + + align:start position:0% +history the oxide itself has gone +through what thermal history uh because + + align:start position:0% +through what thermal history uh because + + + align:start position:0% +through what thermal history uh because +we know even planer growth has some + + align:start position:0% +we know even planer growth has some + + + align:start position:0% +we know even planer growth has some +intrinsic stress uh during the oxide + + align:start position:0% +intrinsic stress uh during the oxide + + + align:start position:0% +intrinsic stress uh during the oxide +growth the oxide is under a certain + + align:start position:0% +growth the oxide is under a certain + + + align:start position:0% +growth the oxide is under a certain +amount of stress even when it's pler + + align:start position:0% +amount of stress even when it's pler + + + align:start position:0% +amount of stress even when it's pler +it's just under more stress when it's + + align:start position:0% +it's just under more stress when it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's just under more stress when it's +curved uh but this stress can relax Upon + + align:start position:0% +curved uh but this stress can relax Upon + + + align:start position:0% +curved uh but this stress can relax Upon +A kneeling at a high enough temperature + + align:start position:0% +A kneeling at a high enough temperature + + + align:start position:0% +A kneeling at a high enough temperature +above 900 950 the glass can flow a + + align:start position:0% +above 900 950 the glass can flow a + + + align:start position:0% +above 900 950 the glass can flow a +little bit and the stress will + + align:start position:0% +little bit and the stress will + + + align:start position:0% +little bit and the stress will +relax um so when people measure the deal + + align:start position:0% +relax um so when people measure the deal + + + align:start position:0% +relax um so when people measure the deal +grow of linear parabolic rate constants + + align:start position:0% +grow of linear parabolic rate constants + + + align:start position:0% +grow of linear parabolic rate constants +that describe oxidation in the in this + + align:start position:0% +that describe oxidation in the in this + + + align:start position:0% +that describe oxidation in the in this +intrinsic stress State the ond stresses + + align:start position:0% +intrinsic stress State the ond stresses + + + align:start position:0% +intrinsic stress State the ond stresses +are already accounted for okay uh but + + align:start position:0% +are already accounted for okay uh but + + + align:start position:0% +are already accounted for okay uh but +let's look at the follow let's look at + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the follow let's look at + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the follow let's look at +the experiment that's shown up on the on + + align:start position:0% +the experiment that's shown up on the on + + + align:start position:0% +the experiment that's shown up on the on +the uh on this slide let's say we do a + + align:start position:0% +the uh on this slide let's say we do a + + + align:start position:0% +the uh on this slide let's say we do a +two-step + + align:start position:0% +two-step + + + align:start position:0% +two-step +oxidation and you decide okay I take two + + align:start position:0% +oxidation and you decide okay I take two + + + align:start position:0% +oxidation and you decide okay I take two +Wafers I put one in the furnace at 1100° + + align:start position:0% +Wafers I put one in the furnace at 1100° + + + align:start position:0% +Wafers I put one in the furnace at 1100° +and I grow a certain thickness of oxide + + align:start position:0% +and I grow a certain thickness of oxide + + + align:start position:0% +and I grow a certain thickness of oxide +say you know a, anrs or whatever and I + + align:start position:0% +say you know a, anrs or whatever and I + + + align:start position:0% +say you know a, anrs or whatever and I +put another way for identical in in the + + align:start position:0% +put another way for identical in in the + + + align:start position:0% +put another way for identical in in the +in a furnace at 800 I grow the same + + align:start position:0% +in a furnace at 800 I grow the same + + + align:start position:0% +in a furnace at 800 I grow the same +thickness a th000 anrs so have two + + align:start position:0% +thickness a th000 anrs so have two + + + align:start position:0% +thickness a th000 anrs so have two +oxides both the same thickness grown at + + align:start position:0% +oxides both the same thickness grown at + + + align:start position:0% +oxides both the same thickness grown at +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +temperatures however they look the same + + align:start position:0% +temperatures however they look the same + + + align:start position:0% +temperatures however they look the same +but they're not exactly the same the the + + align:start position:0% +but they're not exactly the same the the + + + align:start position:0% +but they're not exactly the same the the +intrinsic stress in this 1100 degrees C + + align:start position:0% +intrinsic stress in this 1100 degrees C + + + align:start position:0% +intrinsic stress in this 1100 degrees C +oxide is going to be less than the in + + align:start position:0% +oxide is going to be less than the in + + + align:start position:0% +oxide is going to be less than the in +intrinsic stress in this 800° oxide + + align:start position:0% +intrinsic stress in this 800° oxide + + + align:start position:0% +intrinsic stress in this 800° oxide +because the higher temperature the oxide + + align:start position:0% +because the higher temperature the oxide + + + align:start position:0% +because the higher temperature the oxide +can flow more there isn't as much + + align:start position:0% +can flow more there isn't as much + + + align:start position:0% +can flow more there isn't as much +built-in stress + + align:start position:0% +built-in stress + + + align:start position:0% +built-in stress +okay so you say well this is under more + + align:start position:0% +okay so you say well this is under more + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you say well this is under more +stress than that what's the difference + + align:start position:0% +stress than that what's the difference + + + align:start position:0% +stress than that what's the difference +okay maybe you'd see a little uh less + + align:start position:0% +okay maybe you'd see a little uh less + + + align:start position:0% +okay maybe you'd see a little uh less +little difference in wave for curvature + + align:start position:0% +little difference in wave for curvature + + + align:start position:0% +little difference in wave for curvature +that's a way you could measure it all + + align:start position:0% +that's a way you could measure it all + + + align:start position:0% +that's a way you could measure it all +right that's fine now you go to the next + + align:start position:0% +right that's fine now you go to the next + + + align:start position:0% +right that's fine now you go to the next +step in your process says I want to grow + + align:start position:0% +step in your process says I want to grow + + + align:start position:0% +step in your process says I want to grow +another oxide underneath these these two + + align:start position:0% +another oxide underneath these these two + + + align:start position:0% +another oxide underneath these these two +uh at 800 + + align:start position:0% +uh at 800 + + + align:start position:0% +uh at 800 +degrees now if I hadn't said anything + + align:start position:0% +degrees now if I hadn't said anything + + + align:start position:0% +degrees now if I hadn't said anything +about stress you'd say well deal Grove + + align:start position:0% +about stress you'd say well deal Grove + + + align:start position:0% +about stress you'd say well deal Grove +would say I have th angstrum oxides here + + align:start position:0% +would say I have th angstrum oxides here + + + align:start position:0% +would say I have th angstrum oxides here +a th here I put them both in the furnace + + align:start position:0% +a th here I put them both in the furnace + + + align:start position:0% +a th here I put them both in the furnace +you just use deal Grove you would get + + align:start position:0% +you just use deal Grove you would get + + + align:start position:0% +you just use deal Grove you would get +the exact same thickness on both Wafers + + align:start position:0% +the exact same thickness on both Wafers + + + align:start position:0% +the exact same thickness on both Wafers +deal grow doesn't tell you anything + + align:start position:0% +deal grow doesn't tell you anything + + + align:start position:0% +deal grow doesn't tell you anything +having to do with a history of how you + + align:start position:0% +having to do with a history of how you + + + align:start position:0% +having to do with a history of how you +grew the prior oxide layer it just + + align:start position:0% +grew the prior oxide layer it just + + + align:start position:0% +grew the prior oxide layer it just +depends on remember just the tabi the + + align:start position:0% +depends on remember just the tabi the + + + align:start position:0% +depends on remember just the tabi the +thickness the initial thickness it it + + align:start position:0% +thickness the initial thickness it it + + + align:start position:0% +thickness the initial thickness it it +cares nothing about what temperature + + align:start position:0% +cares nothing about what temperature + + + align:start position:0% +cares nothing about what temperature +that oxide was grown at in reality + + align:start position:0% +that oxide was grown at in reality + + + align:start position:0% +that oxide was grown at in reality +though if you go to look at the wafer + + align:start position:0% +though if you go to look at the wafer + + + align:start position:0% +though if you go to look at the wafer +that comes out of the furnace after this + + align:start position:0% +that comes out of the furnace after this + + + align:start position:0% +that comes out of the furnace after this +800° SE these two Wafers will have + + align:start position:0% +800° SE these two Wafers will have + + + align:start position:0% +800° SE these two Wafers will have +different thicknesses you say well how + + align:start position:0% +different thicknesses you say well how + + + align:start position:0% +different thicknesses you say well how +can that be they're both in the same + + align:start position:0% +can that be they're both in the same + + + align:start position:0% +can that be they're both in the same +furnace they're sitting right next to + + align:start position:0% +furnace they're sitting right next to + + + align:start position:0% +furnace they're sitting right next to +each other they had the exact same + + align:start position:0% +each other they had the exact same + + + align:start position:0% +each other they had the exact same +thickness to start with why would it + + align:start position:0% +thickness to start with why would it + + + align:start position:0% +thickness to start with why would it +matter well actually the way for + + align:start position:0% +matter well actually the way for + + + align:start position:0% +matter well actually the way for +oxidized at high temperature is going to + + align:start position:0% +oxidized at high temperature is going to + + + align:start position:0% +oxidized at high temperature is going to +grow faster compared to the 800° because + + align:start position:0% +grow faster compared to the 800° because + + + align:start position:0% +grow faster compared to the 800° because +it has lower stress levels so it has a + + align:start position:0% +it has lower stress levels so it has a + + + align:start position:0% +it has lower stress levels so it has a +little bit more open network so you can + + align:start position:0% +little bit more open network so you can + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more open network so you can +diffuse through that oxide more rapidly + + align:start position:0% +diffuse through that oxide more rapidly + + + align:start position:0% +diffuse through that oxide more rapidly +and it's case of best his surface + + align:start position:0% +and it's case of best his surface + + + align:start position:0% +and it's case of best his surface +reaction rate is going to be a little + + align:start position:0% +reaction rate is going to be a little + + + align:start position:0% +reaction rate is going to be a little +bit faster because it doesn't have the + + align:start position:0% +bit faster because it doesn't have the + + + align:start position:0% +bit faster because it doesn't have the +stress in it um so you can see these + + align:start position:0% +stress in it um so you can see these + + + align:start position:0% +stress in it um so you can see these +differences even if you're not doing uh + + align:start position:0% +differences even if you're not doing uh + + + align:start position:0% +differences even if you're not doing uh +shaped surfaces just in planer surfaces + + align:start position:0% +shaped surfaces just in planer surfaces + + + align:start position:0% +shaped surfaces just in planer surfaces +now we we chose a very extreme example + + align:start position:0% +now we we chose a very extreme example + + + align:start position:0% +now we we chose a very extreme example +1100° which is quite hot uh above the + + align:start position:0% +1100° which is quite hot uh above the + + + align:start position:0% +1100° which is quite hot uh above the +sort of the flow point of the glass um + + align:start position:0% +sort of the flow point of the glass um + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the flow point of the glass um +and 800 which you know it's qu quite a + + align:start position:0% +and 800 which you know it's qu quite a + + + align:start position:0% +and 800 which you know it's qu quite a +bit different uh maybe you typically + + align:start position:0% +bit different uh maybe you typically + + + align:start position:0% +bit different uh maybe you typically +wouldn't do such a wide range but it + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't do such a wide range but it + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't do such a wide range but it +really does tell you that history + + align:start position:0% +really does tell you that history + + + align:start position:0% +really does tell you that history +effects can be important when you're + + align:start position:0% +effects can be important when you're + + + align:start position:0% +effects can be important when you're +trying to do accurate uh modeling and in + + align:start position:0% +trying to do accurate uh modeling and in + + + align:start position:0% +trying to do accurate uh modeling and in +fact most simulators don't kind of take + + align:start position:0% +fact most simulators don't kind of take + + + align:start position:0% +fact most simulators don't kind of take +this into into account so it's something + + align:start position:0% +this into into account so it's something + + + align:start position:0% +this into into account so it's something +you'd have to account for uh either + + align:start position:0% +you'd have to account for uh either + + + align:start position:0% +you'd have to account for uh either +empirically in your process or or + + align:start position:0% +empirically in your process or or + + + align:start position:0% +empirically in your process or or +calculate it uh yourself + + align:start position:0% +calculate it uh yourself + + + align:start position:0% +calculate it uh yourself +that's sort of an interesting uh effect + + align:start position:0% +that's sort of an interesting uh effect + + + align:start position:0% +that's sort of an interesting uh effect +that there goes beyond shape + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +effects so let's go on to slide 15 and + + align:start position:0% +effects so let's go on to slide 15 and + + + align:start position:0% +effects so let's go on to slide 15 and +we're going to talk a little bit about + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk a little bit about + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk a little bit about +the evolution of what's called recess + + align:start position:0% +the evolution of what's called recess + + + align:start position:0% +the evolution of what's called recess +Locos and before earlier today I talked + + align:start position:0% +Locos and before earlier today I talked + + + align:start position:0% +Locos and before earlier today I talked +about Locos and we just said we put down + + align:start position:0% +about Locos and we just said we put down + + + align:start position:0% +about Locos and we just said we put down +a mask we have a flat surface to begin + + align:start position:0% +a mask we have a flat surface to begin + + + align:start position:0% +a mask we have a flat surface to begin +with and it becomes all strangely shaped + + align:start position:0% +with and it becomes all strangely shaped + + + align:start position:0% +with and it becomes all strangely shaped +as we oxidize it uh remember we had + + align:start position:0% +as we oxidize it uh remember we had + + + align:start position:0% +as we oxidize it uh remember we had +quite a bit of encroachment uh people + + align:start position:0% +quite a bit of encroachment uh people + + + align:start position:0% +quite a bit of encroachment uh people +don't even even a 0 2 or3 microns of + + align:start position:0% +don't even even a 0 2 or3 microns of + + + align:start position:0% +don't even even a 0 2 or3 microns of +encroachment it too much + + align:start position:0% +encroachment it too much + + + align:start position:0% +encroachment it too much +uh and not only that if you look back + + align:start position:0% +uh and not only that if you look back + + + align:start position:0% +uh and not only that if you look back +let's see I'm going go back a couple + + align:start position:0% +let's see I'm going go back a couple + + + align:start position:0% +let's see I'm going go back a couple +slides to I say slide 12 um when I take + + align:start position:0% +slides to I say slide 12 um when I take + + + align:start position:0% +slides to I say slide 12 um when I take +the nitrite off and I go to use this as + + align:start position:0% +the nitrite off and I go to use this as + + + align:start position:0% +the nitrite off and I go to use this as +a you know processing my chip the + + align:start position:0% +a you know processing my chip the + + + align:start position:0% +a you know processing my chip the +surface is no is not very planer um so I + + align:start position:0% +surface is no is not very planer um so I + + + align:start position:0% +surface is no is not very planer um so I +have to do photo lithography now on this + + align:start position:0% +have to do photo lithography now on this + + + align:start position:0% +have to do photo lithography now on this +surface it's not very plain I have this + + align:start position:0% +surface it's not very plain I have this + + + align:start position:0% +surface it's not very plain I have this +big oxide hump sticking up here in the + + align:start position:0% +big oxide hump sticking up here in the + + + align:start position:0% +big oxide hump sticking up here in the +field and the field is much higher here + + align:start position:0% +field and the field is much higher here + + + align:start position:0% +field and the field is much higher here +look at the field it's up here at uh3 + + align:start position:0% +look at the field it's up here at uh3 + + + align:start position:0% +look at the field it's up here at uh3 +microns above the original surface so I + + align:start position:0% +microns above the original surface so I + + + align:start position:0% +microns above the original surface so I +got this big mountain sticking up over + + align:start position:0% +got this big mountain sticking up over + + + align:start position:0% +got this big mountain sticking up over +in the field um photo lithography + + align:start position:0% +in the field um photo lithography + + + align:start position:0% +in the field um photo lithography +doesn't like to be done on surfaces that + + align:start position:0% +doesn't like to be done on surfaces that + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't like to be done on surfaces that +are rough or surfaces that have big + + align:start position:0% +are rough or surfaces that have big + + + align:start position:0% +are rough or surfaces that have big +steps the depth of focus you know from + + align:start position:0% +steps the depth of focus you know from + + + align:start position:0% +steps the depth of focus you know from +your camera or whatever you know um when + + align:start position:0% +your camera or whatever you know um when + + + align:start position:0% +your camera or whatever you know um when +you're trying to focus uh down uh the + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to focus uh down uh the + + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to focus uh down uh the +smaller the feature size you're trying + + align:start position:0% +smaller the feature size you're trying + + + align:start position:0% +smaller the feature size you're trying +to focus on um it becomes the depth of + + align:start position:0% +to focus on um it becomes the depth of + + + align:start position:0% +to focus on um it becomes the depth of +focus becomes more and more difficult uh + + align:start position:0% +focus becomes more and more difficult uh + + + align:start position:0% +focus becomes more and more difficult uh +and so you can you could the lithography + + align:start position:0% +and so you can you could the lithography + + + align:start position:0% +and so you can you could the lithography +tool might not be able to focus on this + + align:start position:0% +tool might not be able to focus on this + + + align:start position:0% +tool might not be able to focus on this +Valley when it's well focused on on the + + align:start position:0% +Valley when it's well focused on on the + + + align:start position:0% +Valley when it's well focused on on the +highest part of the + + align:start position:0% +highest part of the + + + align:start position:0% +highest part of the +so there's a big requirement in litho + + align:start position:0% +so there's a big requirement in litho + + + align:start position:0% +so there's a big requirement in litho +today forcing us to make all our chips + + align:start position:0% +today forcing us to make all our chips + + + align:start position:0% +today forcing us to make all our chips +so we can keep the surfaces as flat as + + align:start position:0% +so we can keep the surfaces as flat as + + + align:start position:0% +so we can keep the surfaces as flat as +possible in every litho step so a step + + align:start position:0% +possible in every litho step so a step + + + align:start position:0% +possible in every litho step so a step +like this that might have been + + align:start position:0% +like this that might have been + + + align:start position:0% +like this that might have been +acceptable 3 Micron step years ago when + + align:start position:0% +acceptable 3 Micron step years ago when + + + align:start position:0% +acceptable 3 Micron step years ago when +people were making large devices and and + + align:start position:0% +people were making large devices and and + + + align:start position:0% +people were making large devices and and +the lithography tools didn't use really + + align:start position:0% +the lithography tools didn't use really + + + align:start position:0% +the lithography tools didn't use really +high power lenses now we're using a high + + align:start position:0% +high power lenses now we're using a high + + + align:start position:0% +high power lenses now we're using a high +power lens we cannot tolerate such a big + + align:start position:0% +power lens we cannot tolerate such a big + + + align:start position:0% +power lens we cannot tolerate such a big +step so there's always a move in Silicon + + align:start position:0% +step so there's always a move in Silicon + + + align:start position:0% +step so there's always a move in Silicon +IC industry to keep the surfaces flat + + align:start position:0% +IC industry to keep the surfaces flat + + + align:start position:0% +IC industry to keep the surfaces flat +flat as you can Locos doesn't do + + align:start position:0% +flat as you can Locos doesn't do + + + align:start position:0% +flat as you can Locos doesn't do +that so before people invented shallow + + align:start position:0% +that so before people invented shallow + + + align:start position:0% +that so before people invented shallow +trench STI which is again a very planer + + align:start position:0% +trench STI which is again a very planer + + + align:start position:0% +trench STI which is again a very planer +process because you use um a polishing + + align:start position:0% +process because you use um a polishing + + + align:start position:0% +process because you use um a polishing +process to polish things down at the end + + align:start position:0% +process to polish things down at the end + + + align:start position:0% +process to polish things down at the end +they did something called recess Locos + + align:start position:0% +they did something called recess Locos + + + align:start position:0% +they did something called recess Locos +so this was an attempt well you say well + + align:start position:0% +so this was an attempt well you say well + + + align:start position:0% +so this was an attempt well you say well +you have this big mountain growing up on + + align:start position:0% +you have this big mountain growing up on + + + align:start position:0% +you have this big mountain growing up on +the side uh let's give it a handicap + + align:start position:0% +the side uh let's give it a handicap + + + align:start position:0% +the side uh let's give it a handicap +let's etch the Silicon uh in The Recess + + align:start position:0% +let's etch the Silicon uh in The Recess + + + align:start position:0% +let's etch the Silicon uh in The Recess +to begin with so that as the oxide grows + + align:start position:0% +to begin with so that as the oxide grows + + + align:start position:0% +to begin with so that as the oxide grows +when it's finished it'll end up being + + align:start position:0% +when it's finished it'll end up being + + + align:start position:0% +when it's finished it'll end up being +pretty flat + + align:start position:0% +pretty flat + + + align:start position:0% +pretty flat +uh and so you you you try to compensate + + align:start position:0% +uh and so you you you try to compensate + + + align:start position:0% +uh and so you you you try to compensate +for that and this is an example of how + + align:start position:0% +for that and this is an example of how + + + align:start position:0% +for that and this is an example of how +that works and I'll show you it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +that works and I'll show you it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +that works and I'll show you it doesn't +come out exactly as flat as you want but + + align:start position:0% +come out exactly as flat as you want but + + + align:start position:0% +come out exactly as flat as you want but +let's say this is a starting + + align:start position:0% +let's say this is a starting + + + align:start position:0% +let's say this is a starting +structure so I have nitride over here uh + + align:start position:0% +structure so I have nitride over here uh + + + align:start position:0% +structure so I have nitride over here uh +little pad oxide underneath and I've + + align:start position:0% +little pad oxide underneath and I've + + + align:start position:0% +little pad oxide underneath and I've +etched this recess over on the left the + + align:start position:0% +etched this recess over on the left the + + + align:start position:0% +etched this recess over on the left the +recess is maybe3 microns deep and I'm + + align:start position:0% +recess is maybe3 microns deep and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +recess is maybe3 microns deep and I'm +doing that so that the field oxide will + + align:start position:0% +doing that so that the field oxide will + + + align:start position:0% +doing that so that the field oxide will +be recessed and I'll get a flatter + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +surface um and then I go after certain + + align:start position:0% +surface um and then I go after certain + + + align:start position:0% +surface um and then I go after certain +time steps so this is after I've grown a + + align:start position:0% +time steps so this is after I've grown a + + + align:start position:0% +time steps so this is after I've grown a +little bit of oxide in the center here + + align:start position:0% +little bit of oxide in the center here + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of oxide in the center here +and you can already see even for a thin + + align:start position:0% +and you can already see even for a thin + + + align:start position:0% +and you can already see even for a thin +oxide right immediately some Corner + + align:start position:0% +oxide right immediately some Corner + + + align:start position:0% +oxide right immediately some Corner +effects the oxidation rates a little + + align:start position:0% +effects the oxidation rates a little + + + align:start position:0% +effects the oxidation rates a little +slower here uh and here compared to on + + align:start position:0% +slower here uh and here compared to on + + + align:start position:0% +slower here uh and here compared to on +the flat and on the the far right you + + align:start position:0% +the flat and on the the far right you + + + align:start position:0% +the flat and on the the far right you +can see uh I'm starting to uh the corner + + align:start position:0% +can see uh I'm starting to uh the corner + + + align:start position:0% +can see uh I'm starting to uh the corner +effects are still evident and I'm + + align:start position:0% +effects are still evident and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +effects are still evident and I'm +starting to develop this bird's beak + + align:start position:0% +starting to develop this bird's beak + + + align:start position:0% +starting to develop this bird's beak +thing the stress of a nitride is causing + + align:start position:0% +thing the stress of a nitride is causing + + + align:start position:0% +thing the stress of a nitride is causing +the oxidation rate here to be also a + + align:start position:0% +the oxidation rate here to be also a + + + align:start position:0% +the oxidation rate here to be also a +little slower and the fact that it has + + align:start position:0% +little slower and the fact that it has + + + align:start position:0% +little slower and the fact that it has +to diffuse um through so let's go to the + + align:start position:0% +to diffuse um through so let's go to the + + + align:start position:0% +to diffuse um through so let's go to the +next time step this is sort of a Time + + align:start position:0% +next time step this is sort of a Time + + + align:start position:0% +next time step this is sort of a Time +Evolution which is easy to do in the + + align:start position:0% +Evolution which is easy to do in the + + + align:start position:0% +Evolution which is easy to do in the +computer here's the oxide again after a + + align:start position:0% +computer here's the oxide again after a + + + align:start position:0% +computer here's the oxide again after a +certain period once more and finally + + align:start position:0% +certain period once more and finally + + + align:start position:0% +certain period once more and finally +after 90 minutes the structure is almost + + align:start position:0% +after 90 minutes the structure is almost + + + align:start position:0% +after 90 minutes the structure is almost +flat so I achieved what I wanted in that + + align:start position:0% +flat so I achieved what I wanted in that + + + align:start position:0% +flat so I achieved what I wanted in that +in the flat regions out far away in the + + align:start position:0% +in the flat regions out far away in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the flat regions out far away in the +field region here the surface of the + + align:start position:0% +field region here the surface of the + + + align:start position:0% +field region here the surface of the +oxide is at zero or close to it's it's + + align:start position:0% +oxide is at zero or close to it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +oxide is at zero or close to it's it's +very not zero but it's at a height + + align:start position:0% +very not zero but it's at a height + + + align:start position:0% +very not zero but it's at a height +that's just about equal to um the + + align:start position:0% +that's just about equal to um the + + + align:start position:0% +that's just about equal to um the +surface of the Silicon so that's flat + + align:start position:0% +surface of the Silicon so that's flat + + + align:start position:0% +surface of the Silicon so that's flat +but I I once I strip the knife try it + + align:start position:0% +but I I once I strip the knife try it + + + align:start position:0% +but I I once I strip the knife try it +off and etch it I still have this little + + align:start position:0% +off and etch it I still have this little + + + align:start position:0% +off and etch it I still have this little +bump except for the bird's head and if + + align:start position:0% +bump except for the bird's head and if + + + align:start position:0% +bump except for the bird's head and if +you look at this you see it looks like a + + align:start position:0% +you look at this you see it looks like a + + + align:start position:0% +you look at this you see it looks like a +bird's head and a bird's beak and the + + align:start position:0% +bird's head and a bird's beak and the + + + align:start position:0% +bird's head and a bird's beak and the +bird's eye would be right about there so + + align:start position:0% +bird's eye would be right about there so + + + align:start position:0% +bird's eye would be right about there so +that we really can't get away from and + + align:start position:0% +that we really can't get away from and + + + align:start position:0% +that we really can't get away from and +that's because the oxidant diffuses + + align:start position:0% +that's because the oxidant diffuses + + + align:start position:0% +that's because the oxidant diffuses +underneath that nitride causes some + + align:start position:0% +underneath that nitride causes some + + + align:start position:0% +underneath that nitride causes some +oxidation and the exact shape of the + + align:start position:0% +oxidation and the exact shape of the + + + align:start position:0% +oxidation and the exact shape of the +bird's head depends on of course uh what + + align:start position:0% +bird's head depends on of course uh what + + + align:start position:0% +bird's head depends on of course uh what +what kind of stress model you use but + + align:start position:0% +what kind of stress model you use but + + + align:start position:0% +what kind of stress model you use but +it's better than it was before the + + align:start position:0% +it's better than it was before the + + + align:start position:0% +it's better than it was before the +lithography has a flat surface here a + + align:start position:0% +lithography has a flat surface here a + + + align:start position:0% +lithography has a flat surface here a +flat here but it's got this little bump + + align:start position:0% +flat here but it's got this little bump + + + align:start position:0% +flat here but it's got this little bump +here which is hard not so easy to get + + align:start position:0% +here which is hard not so easy to get + + + align:start position:0% +here which is hard not so easy to get +rid + + align:start position:0% +rid + + + align:start position:0% +rid +of so the next sort of Technology people + + align:start position:0% +of so the next sort of Technology people + + + align:start position:0% +of so the next sort of Technology people +developed is shown on slide 8 uh 17 + + align:start position:0% +developed is shown on slide 8 uh 17 + + + align:start position:0% +developed is shown on slide 8 uh 17 +people thought of this other uh effect + + align:start position:0% +people thought of this other uh effect + + + align:start position:0% +people thought of this other uh effect +other idea called the swamy process this + + align:start position:0% +other idea called the swamy process this + + + align:start position:0% +other idea called the swamy process this +was done at hilid Packard and this was + + align:start position:0% +was done at hilid Packard and this was + + + align:start position:0% +was done at hilid Packard and this was +even a little more sophisticated uh they + + align:start position:0% +even a little more sophisticated uh they + + + align:start position:0% +even a little more sophisticated uh they +were trying to keep the oxidant uh from + + align:start position:0% +were trying to keep the oxidant uh from + + + align:start position:0% +were trying to keep the oxidant uh from +getting around remember if we go back + + align:start position:0% +getting around remember if we go back + + + align:start position:0% +getting around remember if we go back +here let me go back for a second the + + align:start position:0% +here let me go back for a second the + + + align:start position:0% +here let me go back for a second the +starting structure here the problem is + + align:start position:0% +starting structure here the problem is + + + align:start position:0% +starting structure here the problem is +is that at this corner the oxygen can + + align:start position:0% +is that at this corner the oxygen can + + + align:start position:0% +is that at this corner the oxygen can +can diffuse straight in and right off + + align:start position:0% +can diffuse straight in and right off + + + align:start position:0% +can diffuse straight in and right off +the bat start oxidizing and that's going + + align:start position:0% +the bat start oxidizing and that's going + + + align:start position:0% +the bat start oxidizing and that's going +to form where the bird's eye or the + + align:start position:0% +to form where the bird's eye or the + + + align:start position:0% +to form where the bird's eye or the +bird's head ends up so they thought all + + align:start position:0% +bird's head ends up so they thought all + + + align:start position:0% +bird's head ends up so they thought all +right let me put this nitride mask all + + align:start position:0% +right let me put this nitride mask all + + + align:start position:0% +right let me put this nitride mask all +the way down this The Edge and that'll + + align:start position:0% +the way down this The Edge and that'll + + + align:start position:0% +the way down this The Edge and that'll +keep the oxidant from going up there uh + + align:start position:0% +keep the oxidant from going up there uh + + + align:start position:0% +keep the oxidant from going up there uh +and reduce that amount of of oxidation + + align:start position:0% +and reduce that amount of of oxidation + + + align:start position:0% +and reduce that amount of of oxidation +so this was the Swami structures they're + + align:start position:0% +so this was the Swami structures they're + + + align:start position:0% +so this was the Swami structures they're +very similar to recess Locos you create + + align:start position:0% +very similar to recess Locos you create + + + align:start position:0% +very similar to recess Locos you create +the recess uh but they create an oxide + + align:start position:0% +the recess uh but they create an oxide + + + align:start position:0% +the recess uh but they create an oxide +mask here and they also put a padx uh + + align:start position:0% +mask here and they also put a padx uh + + + align:start position:0% +mask here and they also put a padx uh +I'm sorry in a nitride mask along the + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry in a nitride mask along the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry in a nitride mask along the +edge of the recess and even at the very + + align:start position:0% +edge of the recess and even at the very + + + align:start position:0% +edge of the recess and even at the very +bottom at the + + align:start position:0% +bottom at the + + + align:start position:0% +bottom at the +foot so Trying to minimize the oxidation + + align:start position:0% +foot so Trying to minimize the oxidation + + + align:start position:0% +foot so Trying to minimize the oxidation +in the active device region by masking + + align:start position:0% +in the active device region by masking + + + align:start position:0% +in the active device region by masking +the edged + + align:start position:0% +the edged + + + align:start position:0% +the edged +sidewall uh but they were they want to + + align:start position:0% +sidewall uh but they were they want to + + + align:start position:0% +sidewall uh but they were they want to +do this in a way that you don't build up + + align:start position:0% +do this in a way that you don't build up + + + align:start position:0% +do this in a way that you don't build up +too much stress because after all the + + align:start position:0% +too much stress because after all the + + + align:start position:0% +too much stress because after all the +oxident will find its way over here + + align:start position:0% +oxident will find its way over here + + + align:start position:0% +oxident will find its way over here +it'll start growing an oxide and the and + + align:start position:0% +it'll start growing an oxide and the and + + + align:start position:0% +it'll start growing an oxide and the and +if the nitrite is too thick here it can + + align:start position:0% +if the nitrite is too thick here it can + + + align:start position:0% +if the nitrite is too thick here it can +build up uh too much stress if you build + + align:start position:0% +build up uh too much stress if you build + + + align:start position:0% +build up uh too much stress if you build +up enough stress in the oxide you can + + align:start position:0% +up enough stress in the oxide you can + + + align:start position:0% +up enough stress in the oxide you can +actually crack the Silicon or or + + align:start position:0% +actually crack the Silicon or or + + + align:start position:0% +actually crack the Silicon or or +introduce dislocations they really not + + align:start position:0% +introduce dislocations they really not + + + align:start position:0% +introduce dislocations they really not +cracks they dislocations but that can be + + align:start position:0% +cracks they dislocations but that can be + + + align:start position:0% +cracks they dislocations but that can be +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +problem so you not notice they did this + + align:start position:0% +problem so you not notice they did this + + + align:start position:0% +problem so you not notice they did this +in a way that the nitrite is a little + + align:start position:0% +in a way that the nitrite is a little + + + align:start position:0% +in a way that the nitrite is a little +thinner along the sidewall and down here + + align:start position:0% +thinner along the sidewall and down here + + + align:start position:0% +thinner along the sidewall and down here +so that the flap can be lifted without + + align:start position:0% +so that the flap can be lifted without + + + align:start position:0% +so that the flap can be lifted without +too much stress being + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +induced so we're going to take this + + align:start position:0% +induced so we're going to take this + + + align:start position:0% +induced so we're going to take this +structure now put it in the furnest at + + align:start position:0% +structure now put it in the furnest at + + + align:start position:0% +structure now put it in the furnest at +11 a th000 degrees uh in moisture or + + align:start position:0% +11 a th000 degrees uh in moisture or + + + align:start position:0% +11 a th000 degrees uh in moisture or +water vapor for uh quite a few minutes + + align:start position:0% +water vapor for uh quite a few minutes + + + align:start position:0% +water vapor for uh quite a few minutes +and see what happens uh as we oxidize + + align:start position:0% +and see what happens uh as we oxidize + + + align:start position:0% +and see what happens uh as we oxidize +it so here on the left is uh on slide 18 + + align:start position:0% +it so here on the left is uh on slide 18 + + + align:start position:0% +it so here on the left is uh on slide 18 +uh is the starting structure and now + + align:start position:0% +uh is the starting structure and now + + + align:start position:0% +uh is the starting structure and now +look after 450 minutes of oxidation this + + align:start position:0% +look after 450 minutes of oxidation this + + + align:start position:0% +look after 450 minutes of oxidation this +is the simulation and unfortunately I'm + + align:start position:0% +is the simulation and unfortunately I'm + + + align:start position:0% +is the simulation and unfortunately I'm +sorry about the colors but you I think + + align:start position:0% +sorry about the colors but you I think + + + align:start position:0% +sorry about the colors but you I think +you can see this is this top layer is + + align:start position:0% +you can see this is this top layer is + + + align:start position:0% +you can see this is this top layer is +the original nitride silicon nitride + + align:start position:0% +the original nitride silicon nitride + + + align:start position:0% +the original nitride silicon nitride +look at the flap the flap that was along + + align:start position:0% +look at the flap the flap that was along + + + align:start position:0% +look at the flap the flap that was along +this uh along this sidewall has been + + align:start position:0% +this uh along this sidewall has been + + + align:start position:0% +this uh along this sidewall has been +lifted up because the oxident has moved + + align:start position:0% +lifted up because the oxident has moved + + + align:start position:0% +lifted up because the oxident has moved +its way under there and pushed it up um + + align:start position:0% +its way under there and pushed it up um + + + align:start position:0% +its way under there and pushed it up um +and then it's been it's sort of Quasi + + align:start position:0% +and then it's been it's sort of Quasi + + + align:start position:0% +and then it's been it's sort of Quasi +vertical over here the flap has been + + align:start position:0% +vertical over here the flap has been + + + align:start position:0% +vertical over here the flap has been +pushed out uh by the oxidant that was + + align:start position:0% +pushed out uh by the oxidant that was + + + align:start position:0% +pushed out uh by the oxidant that was +coming under here from the left and + + align:start position:0% +coming under here from the left and + + + align:start position:0% +coming under here from the left and +pushing on + + align:start position:0% +pushing on + + + align:start position:0% +pushing on +it so the thin flap lips up during + + align:start position:0% +it so the thin flap lips up during + + + align:start position:0% +it so the thin flap lips up during +oxidation but it's still reasonably flat + + align:start position:0% +oxidation but it's still reasonably flat + + + align:start position:0% +oxidation but it's still reasonably flat +surface not perfect but uh they're + + align:start position:0% +surface not perfect but uh they're + + + align:start position:0% +surface not perfect but uh they're +trying to reduce the amount of birds + + align:start position:0% +trying to reduce the amount of birds + + + align:start position:0% +trying to reduce the amount of birds +beaking in bird's head uh that formed + + align:start position:0% +beaking in bird's head uh that formed + + + align:start position:0% +beaking in bird's head uh that formed +that's the + + align:start position:0% +that's the + + + align:start position:0% +that's the +simulation um and if in fact on the + + align:start position:0% +simulation um and if in fact on the + + + align:start position:0% +simulation um and if in fact on the +lower left on on uh slide + + align:start position:0% +lower left on on uh slide + + + align:start position:0% +lower left on on uh slide +19 the upper uh diagrams are the same as + + align:start position:0% +19 the upper uh diagrams are the same as + + + align:start position:0% +19 the upper uh diagrams are the same as +what we just saw but if we turn to slide + + align:start position:0% +what we just saw but if we turn to slide + + + align:start position:0% +what we just saw but if we turn to slide +19 in the lower left they've actually a + + align:start position:0% +19 in the lower left they've actually a + + + align:start position:0% +19 in the lower left they've actually a +supreme Fork can actually be used to + + align:start position:0% +supreme Fork can actually be used to + + + align:start position:0% +supreme Fork can actually be used to +calculate stress cons so it's actually + + align:start position:0% +calculate stress cons so it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +calculate stress cons so it's actually +it's actually calculating the stress in + + align:start position:0% +it's actually calculating the stress in + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually calculating the stress in +the oxide of course at each point and at + + align:start position:0% +the oxide of course at each point and at + + + align:start position:0% +the oxide of course at each point and at +each point assigning an oxidation rate + + align:start position:0% +each point assigning an oxidation rate + + + align:start position:0% +each point assigning an oxidation rate +uh and that's how it knows uh how to how + + align:start position:0% +uh and that's how it knows uh how to how + + + align:start position:0% +uh and that's how it knows uh how to how +to calculate this shape and um the uh + + align:start position:0% +to calculate this shape and um the uh + + + align:start position:0% +to calculate this shape and um the uh +there is some stress buildup or + + align:start position:0% +there is some stress buildup or + + + align:start position:0% +there is some stress buildup or +concentration here uh here in this + + align:start position:0% +concentration here uh here in this + + + align:start position:0% +concentration here uh here in this +yellow region so these different uh I + + align:start position:0% +yellow region so these different uh I + + + align:start position:0% +yellow region so these different uh I +don't have stress numbers associated + + align:start position:0% +don't have stress numbers associated + + + align:start position:0% +don't have stress numbers associated +with this to be honest but if you run + + align:start position:0% +with this to be honest but if you run + + + align:start position:0% +with this to be honest but if you run +Supreme 4 it'll tell you for in each + + align:start position:0% +Supreme 4 it'll tell you for in each + + + align:start position:0% +Supreme 4 it'll tell you for in each +color what that corresponds to what + + align:start position:0% +color what that corresponds to what + + + align:start position:0% +color what that corresponds to what +stress level in the oxide + + align:start position:0% +stress level in the oxide + + + align:start position:0% +stress level in the oxide +on the lower right which is kind of + + align:start position:0% +on the lower right which is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +on the lower right which is kind of +interesting this is an actual um from + + align:start position:0% +interesting this is an actual um from + + + align:start position:0% +interesting this is an actual um from +the HP process this is the actual + + align:start position:0% +the HP process this is the actual + + + align:start position:0% +the HP process this is the actual +experimental data so they grew this they + + align:start position:0% +experimental data so they grew this they + + + align:start position:0% +experimental data so they grew this they +made this Swami process and then they + + align:start position:0% +made this Swami process and then they + + + align:start position:0% +made this Swami process and then they +did um a polished a cross-section of + + align:start position:0% +did um a polished a cross-section of + + + align:start position:0% +did um a polished a cross-section of +scanning electron micrograph and this is + + align:start position:0% +scanning electron micrograph and this is + + + align:start position:0% +scanning electron micrograph and this is +the active silicon region afterwards uh + + align:start position:0% +the active silicon region afterwards uh + + + align:start position:0% +the active silicon region afterwards uh +this region right here is the um is the + + align:start position:0% +this region right here is the um is the + + + align:start position:0% +this region right here is the um is the +oxide and the nitride and you can see + + align:start position:0% +oxide and the nitride and you can see + + + align:start position:0% +oxide and the nitride and you can see +this the if you compare uh the + + align:start position:0% +this the if you compare uh the + + + align:start position:0% +this the if you compare uh the +simulation upper right to the lower + + align:start position:0% +simulation upper right to the lower + + + align:start position:0% +simulation upper right to the lower +right the actual data it's not that far + + align:start position:0% +right the actual data it's not that far + + + align:start position:0% +right the actual data it's not that far +off it reproduces some of the key + + align:start position:0% +off it reproduces some of the key + + + align:start position:0% +off it reproduces some of the key +features you can see this little divot + + align:start position:0% +features you can see this little divot + + + align:start position:0% +features you can see this little divot +here this little v-shaped uh uh well + + align:start position:0% +here this little v-shaped uh uh well + + + align:start position:0% +here this little v-shaped uh uh well +well that's also you seen in the + + align:start position:0% +well that's also you seen in the + + + align:start position:0% +well that's also you seen in the +simulation um so the stress effects did + + align:start position:0% +simulation um so the stress effects did + + + align:start position:0% +simulation um so the stress effects did +a reasonably good job of getting the + + align:start position:0% +a reasonably good job of getting the + + + align:start position:0% +a reasonably good job of getting the +shape right here at the corner is not + + align:start position:0% +shape right here at the corner is not + + + align:start position:0% +shape right here at the corner is not +perfect but it's close uh the actual + + align:start position:0% +perfect but it's close uh the actual + + + align:start position:0% +perfect but it's close uh the actual +device uh shown here the actual data + + align:start position:0% +device uh shown here the actual data + + + align:start position:0% +device uh shown here the actual data +seems to have a little bit more of a + + align:start position:0% +seems to have a little bit more of a + + + align:start position:0% +seems to have a little bit more of a +bird's head then maybe the stress + + align:start position:0% +bird's head then maybe the stress + + + align:start position:0% +bird's head then maybe the stress +effects weren't perfectly modeled but + + align:start position:0% +effects weren't perfectly modeled but + + + align:start position:0% +effects weren't perfectly modeled but +it's uh it's pretty darn close so so to + + align:start position:0% +it's uh it's pretty darn close so so to + + + align:start position:0% +it's uh it's pretty darn close so so to +in order to really people spend a lot of + + align:start position:0% +in order to really people spend a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +in order to really people spend a lot of +time sort of calibrating their stress + + align:start position:0% +time sort of calibrating their stress + + + align:start position:0% +time sort of calibrating their stress +models and their stress coefficients to + + align:start position:0% +models and their stress coefficients to + + + align:start position:0% +models and their stress coefficients to +try to get close to what's measured + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +experimentally okay let's go on to uh + + align:start position:0% +experimentally okay let's go on to uh + + + align:start position:0% +experimentally okay let's go on to uh +slide 20 so + + align:start position:0% +slide 20 so + + + align:start position:0% +slide 20 so +that's um what I just talked about is + + align:start position:0% +that's um what I just talked about is + + + align:start position:0% +that's um what I just talked about is +specifically related to seamoss + + align:start position:0% +specifically related to seamoss + + + align:start position:0% +specifically related to seamoss +processing uh devices trying to make the + + align:start position:0% +processing uh devices trying to make the + + + align:start position:0% +processing uh devices trying to make the +active area by by definition when you're + + align:start position:0% +active area by by definition when you're + + + align:start position:0% +active area by by definition when you're +doing that you're doing a patterned + + align:start position:0% +doing that you're doing a patterned + + + align:start position:0% +doing that you're doing a patterned +oxidation and you have stress effects um + + align:start position:0% +oxidation and you have stress effects um + + + align:start position:0% +oxidation and you have stress effects um +here here's a neat application of stress + + align:start position:0% +here here's a neat application of stress + + + align:start position:0% +here here's a neat application of stress +effects that has nothing to do with + + align:start position:0% +effects that has nothing to do with + + + align:start position:0% +effects that has nothing to do with +seamoss uh for those of you who are + + align:start position:0% +seamoss uh for those of you who are + + + align:start position:0% +seamoss uh for those of you who are +interested in nanotech or Nano + + align:start position:0% +interested in nanotech or Nano + + + align:start position:0% +interested in nanotech or Nano +structures uh on page 20 um this is an + + align:start position:0% +structures uh on page 20 um this is an + + + align:start position:0% +structures uh on page 20 um this is an +application of stress oxidation effects + + align:start position:0% +application of stress oxidation effects + + + align:start position:0% +application of stress oxidation effects +to form nanowires um I took this from + + align:start position:0% +to form nanowires um I took this from + + + align:start position:0% +to form nanowires um I took this from +PhD thesis of Harvey Lou at Stanford he + + align:start position:0% +PhD thesis of Harvey Lou at Stanford he + + + align:start position:0% +PhD thesis of Harvey Lou at Stanford he +graduated in + + align:start position:0% +graduated in + + + align:start position:0% +graduated in +1995 um and what he was doing and a lot + + align:start position:0% +1995 um and what he was doing and a lot + + + align:start position:0% +1995 um and what he was doing and a lot +of people since then have done the same + + align:start position:0% +of people since then have done the same + + + align:start position:0% +of people since then have done the same +thing he was first etching a very small + + align:start position:0% +thing he was first etching a very small + + + align:start position:0% +thing he was first etching a very small +tiny pillar in Silicon so a tall pillar + + align:start position:0% +tiny pillar in Silicon so a tall pillar + + + align:start position:0% +tiny pillar in Silicon so a tall pillar +uh say a couple microns tall uh but the + + align:start position:0% +uh say a couple microns tall uh but the + + + align:start position:0% +uh say a couple microns tall uh but the +where the starting diameter of the + + align:start position:0% +where the starting diameter of the + + + align:start position:0% +where the starting diameter of the +pillar would maybe only be couple + + align:start position:0% +pillar would maybe only be couple + + + align:start position:0% +pillar would maybe only be couple +hundred anstrom say 200 angstroms so it + + align:start position:0% +hundred anstrom say 200 angstroms so it + + + align:start position:0% +hundred anstrom say 200 angstroms so it +starts with this little needle of + + align:start position:0% +starts with this little needle of + + + align:start position:0% +starts with this little needle of +silicon and you can do a 200 anstrom + + align:start position:0% +silicon and you can do a 200 anstrom + + + align:start position:0% +silicon and you can do a 200 anstrom +pillar or a 300 anstrom diameter pillar + + align:start position:0% +pillar or a 300 anstrom diameter pillar + + + align:start position:0% +pillar or a 300 anstrom diameter pillar +with um a very good Electron Beam + + align:start position:0% +with um a very good Electron Beam + + + align:start position:0% +with um a very good Electron Beam +lithography machine at least in those + + align:start position:0% +lithography machine at least in those + + + align:start position:0% +lithography machine at least in those +days that's about as small as people + + align:start position:0% +days that's about as small as people + + + align:start position:0% +days that's about as small as people +could get a couple hundred uh angstroms + + align:start position:0% +could get a couple hundred uh angstroms + + + align:start position:0% +could get a couple hundred uh angstroms +um you patterned the dot and then you + + align:start position:0% +um you patterned the dot and then you + + + align:start position:0% +um you patterned the dot and then you +etge the Silicon into a nice + + align:start position:0% +etge the Silicon into a nice + + + align:start position:0% +etge the Silicon into a nice +pillar and then he took that pillar + + align:start position:0% +pillar and then he took that pillar + + + align:start position:0% +pillar and then he took that pillar +those pillars and he put it in the + + align:start position:0% +those pillars and he put it in the + + + align:start position:0% +those pillars and he put it in the +furnace and oxidized it and the idea was + + align:start position:0% +furnace and oxidized it and the idea was + + + align:start position:0% +furnace and oxidized it and the idea was +he wanted to get the pillar diameter + + align:start position:0% +he wanted to get the pillar diameter + + + align:start position:0% +he wanted to get the pillar diameter +down he could not LIF the graphically + + align:start position:0% +down he could not LIF the graphically + + + align:start position:0% +down he could not LIF the graphically +make the pillar any smaller but he + + align:start position:0% +make the pillar any smaller but he + + + align:start position:0% +make the pillar any smaller but he +wanted to look at Quantum effects Uh + + align:start position:0% +wanted to look at Quantum effects Uh + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to look at Quantum effects Uh +current conduction in in this very thin + + align:start position:0% +current conduction in in this very thin + + + align:start position:0% +current conduction in in this very thin +wire he wanted to get it thinner somehow + + align:start position:0% +wire he wanted to get it thinner somehow + + + align:start position:0% +wire he wanted to get it thinner somehow +and an obvious way to make it thinner is + + align:start position:0% +and an obvious way to make it thinner is + + + align:start position:0% +and an obvious way to make it thinner is +oxidize it right as you oxidize you will + + align:start position:0% +oxidize it right as you oxidize you will + + + align:start position:0% +oxidize it right as you oxidize you will +consume from the top and from all the + + align:start position:0% +consume from the top and from all the + + + align:start position:0% +consume from the top and from all the +way around the sides of the little + + align:start position:0% +way around the sides of the little + + + align:start position:0% +way around the sides of the little +cylinder you'll consume the Silicon by + + align:start position:0% +cylinder you'll consume the Silicon by + + + align:start position:0% +cylinder you'll consume the Silicon by +the sio2 production and then you can + + align:start position:0% +the sio2 production and then you can + + + align:start position:0% +the sio2 production and then you can +strip the oxide at the end if you want + + align:start position:0% +strip the oxide at the end if you want + + + align:start position:0% +strip the oxide at the end if you want +and make a make electrical measurement + + align:start position:0% +and make a make electrical measurement + + + align:start position:0% +and make a make electrical measurement +which turns out not to be so easy to + + align:start position:0% +which turns out not to be so easy to + + + align:start position:0% +which turns out not to be so easy to +contact a pillar that's only 20 ACS a + + align:start position:0% +contact a pillar that's only 20 ACS a + + + align:start position:0% +contact a pillar that's only 20 ACS a +little minor technical problem but but + + align:start position:0% +little minor technical problem but but + + + align:start position:0% +little minor technical problem but but +he was able to do it and in fact this is + + align:start position:0% +he was able to do it and in fact this is + + + align:start position:0% +he was able to do it and in fact this is +a a cross-section tem transmission + + align:start position:0% +a a cross-section tem transmission + + + align:start position:0% +a a cross-section tem transmission +electron micrograph of one of Harvey's + + align:start position:0% +electron micrograph of one of Harvey's + + + align:start position:0% +electron micrograph of one of Harvey's +pillars uh and what you can see here is + + align:start position:0% +pillars uh and what you can see here is + + + align:start position:0% +pillars uh and what you can see here is +2 nanm in diameter so it's 20 angstrum + + align:start position:0% +2 nanm in diameter so it's 20 angstrum + + + align:start position:0% +2 nanm in diameter so it's 20 angstrum +it's a really tiny wire of + + align:start position:0% +it's a really tiny wire of + + + align:start position:0% +it's a really tiny wire of +silicon and this amorphous looking + + align:start position:0% +silicon and this amorphous looking + + + align:start position:0% +silicon and this amorphous looking +material all the way on around it on on + + align:start position:0% +material all the way on around it on on + + + align:start position:0% +material all the way on around it on on +the size is the silicon dioxide that he + + align:start position:0% +the size is the silicon dioxide that he + + + align:start position:0% +the size is the silicon dioxide that he +grew uh uh this particular one was + + align:start position:0% +grew uh uh this particular one was + + + align:start position:0% +grew uh uh this particular one was +oxidized in dryo at 7 875 for for about + + align:start position:0% +oxidized in dryo at 7 875 for for about + + + align:start position:0% +oxidized in dryo at 7 875 for for about + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +hours um what was really uh and you can + + align:start position:0% +hours um what was really uh and you can + + + align:start position:0% +hours um what was really uh and you can +actually see the latest fringes in the + + align:start position:0% +actually see the latest fringes in the + + + align:start position:0% +actually see the latest fringes in the +single Crystal silicon that remained + + align:start position:0% +single Crystal silicon that remained + + + align:start position:0% +single Crystal silicon that remained +what was really neat is what Harvey + + align:start position:0% +what was really neat is what Harvey + + + align:start position:0% +what was really neat is what Harvey +found is depending on the temperature + + align:start position:0% +found is depending on the temperature + + + align:start position:0% +found is depending on the temperature +that he did this he could oxidize that + + align:start position:0% +that he did this he could oxidize that + + + align:start position:0% +that he did this he could oxidize that +pillar and it would + + align:start position:0% +pillar and it would + + + align:start position:0% +pillar and it would +stop it the oxidation rate would go way + + align:start position:0% +stop it the oxidation rate would go way + + + align:start position:0% +stop it the oxidation rate would go way +down when he got down to a certain + + align:start position:0% +down when he got down to a certain + + + align:start position:0% +down when he got down to a certain +diameter pillar got uh and so that + + align:start position:0% +diameter pillar got uh and so that + + + align:start position:0% +diameter pillar got uh and so that +that's quite convenient because then he + + align:start position:0% +that's quite convenient because then he + + + align:start position:0% +that's quite convenient because then he +could use this to to form reasonably you + + align:start position:0% +could use this to to form reasonably you + + + align:start position:0% +could use this to to form reasonably you +know let's say lithography is not + + align:start position:0% +know let's say lithography is not + + + align:start position:0% +know let's say lithography is not +perfect right some of the dots came out + + align:start position:0% +perfect right some of the dots came out + + + align:start position:0% +perfect right some of the dots came out +when he pattered it 200 angstroms 250 + + align:start position:0% +when he pattered it 200 angstroms 250 + + + align:start position:0% +when he pattered it 200 angstroms 250 +maybe you know 210 something like that + + align:start position:0% +maybe you know 210 something like that + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you know 210 something like that +litho is not perfect but he could get a + + align:start position:0% +litho is not perfect but he could get a + + + align:start position:0% +litho is not perfect but he could get a +w a reasonably wide range in the + + align:start position:0% +w a reasonably wide range in the + + + align:start position:0% +w a reasonably wide range in the +starting pillar diameter and the the + + align:start position:0% +starting pillar diameter and the the + + + align:start position:0% +starting pillar diameter and the the +final pillar diameter if you oxidize it + + align:start position:0% +final pillar diameter if you oxidize it + + + align:start position:0% +final pillar diameter if you oxidize it +long enough was pretty darn uniform + + align:start position:0% +long enough was pretty darn uniform + + + align:start position:0% +long enough was pretty darn uniform +which was kind of nice because you have + + align:start position:0% +which was kind of nice because you have + + + align:start position:0% +which was kind of nice because you have +a process now that's physically slowing + + align:start position:0% +a process now that's physically slowing + + + align:start position:0% +a process now that's physically slowing +down as it get as it gets + + align:start position:0% +down as it get as it gets + + + align:start position:0% +down as it get as it gets +smaller um and so they all end up even + + align:start position:0% +smaller um and so they all end up even + + + align:start position:0% +smaller um and so they all end up even +though you have a large distribution of + + align:start position:0% +though you have a large distribution of + + + align:start position:0% +though you have a large distribution of +Bea they all end up very close to a + + align:start position:0% +Bea they all end up very close to a + + + align:start position:0% +Bea they all end up very close to a +single diameter if you're trying to make + + align:start position:0% +single diameter if you're trying to make + + + align:start position:0% +single diameter if you're trying to make +some device or some interesting Quantum + + align:start position:0% +some device or some interesting Quantum + + + align:start position:0% +some device or some interesting Quantum +thing that was a very nice uh side + + align:start position:0% +thing that was a very nice uh side + + + align:start position:0% +thing that was a very nice uh side +effect and it's a side effect of he + + align:start position:0% +effect and it's a side effect of he + + + align:start position:0% +effect and it's a side effect of he +believed the stress uh effect that there + + align:start position:0% +believed the stress uh effect that there + + + align:start position:0% +believed the stress uh effect that there +was stress build up uh in the silicon + + align:start position:0% +was stress build up uh in the silicon + + + align:start position:0% +was stress build up uh in the silicon +and in the oxide in such a way that the + + align:start position:0% +and in the oxide in such a way that the + + + align:start position:0% +and in the oxide in such a way that the +oxidation rate as the pillar got thinner + + align:start position:0% +oxidation rate as the pillar got thinner + + + align:start position:0% +oxidation rate as the pillar got thinner +and thinner the oxidation rate would go + + align:start position:0% +and thinner the oxidation rate would go + + + align:start position:0% +and thinner the oxidation rate would go +down uh and it end up being somewhat + + align:start position:0% +down uh and it end up being somewhat + + + align:start position:0% +down uh and it end up being somewhat +self-limiting at a certain diameter + + align:start position:0% +self-limiting at a certain diameter + + + align:start position:0% +self-limiting at a certain diameter +pillar it's not exactly the same kind of + + align:start position:0% +pillar it's not exactly the same kind of + + + align:start position:0% +pillar it's not exactly the same kind of +effect that going on perfectly as is + + align:start position:0% +effect that going on perfectly as is + + + align:start position:0% +effect that going on perfectly as is +locost but it's it's related and it + + align:start position:0% +locost but it's it's related and it + + + align:start position:0% +locost but it's it's related and it +gives you an idea that you can use these + + align:start position:0% +gives you an idea that you can use these + + + align:start position:0% +gives you an idea that you can use these +stress effects in processes to create + + align:start position:0% +stress effects in processes to create + + + align:start position:0% +stress effects in processes to create +structures that he wouldn't be able to + + align:start position:0% +structures that he wouldn't be able to + + + align:start position:0% +structures that he wouldn't be able to +otherwise create um if it if he didn't + + align:start position:0% +otherwise create um if it if he didn't + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise create um if it if he didn't +have this effect he'd have a very good + + align:start position:0% +have this effect he'd have a very good + + + align:start position:0% +have this effect he'd have a very good +chance of of really ending up with a you + + align:start position:0% +chance of of really ending up with a you + + + align:start position:0% +chance of of really ending up with a you +know very few pillars that were uh of + + align:start position:0% +know very few pillars that were uh of + + + align:start position:0% +know very few pillars that were uh of +similar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +diameter okay so that's just a point to + + align:start position:0% +diameter okay so that's just a point to + + + align:start position:0% +diameter okay so that's just a point to +make and you if you're working on + + align:start position:0% +make and you if you're working on + + + align:start position:0% +make and you if you're working on +Quantum devices you'll see a lot of work + + align:start position:0% +Quantum devices you'll see a lot of work + + + align:start position:0% +Quantum devices you'll see a lot of work +where people do shaped oxidation they + + align:start position:0% +where people do shaped oxidation they + + + align:start position:0% +where people do shaped oxidation they +don't just make pillars they make uh + + align:start position:0% +don't just make pillars they make uh + + + align:start position:0% +don't just make pillars they make uh +small structures with Electron Beam they + + align:start position:0% +small structures with Electron Beam they + + + align:start position:0% +small structures with Electron Beam they +pattern an si2 um uh a silicon on + + align:start position:0% +pattern an si2 um uh a silicon on + + + align:start position:0% +pattern an si2 um uh a silicon on +insulator layer and they take advantage + + align:start position:0% +insulator layer and they take advantage + + + align:start position:0% +insulator layer and they take advantage +of corner effects uh to create funnyl + + align:start position:0% +of corner effects uh to create funnyl + + + align:start position:0% +of corner effects uh to create funnyl +looking shaped structures that are used + + align:start position:0% +looking shaped structures that are used + + + align:start position:0% +looking shaped structures that are used +for Quantum devices so shaped Ox + + align:start position:0% +for Quantum devices so shaped Ox + + + align:start position:0% +for Quantum devices so shaped Ox +oxidation stress effects are used all + + align:start position:0% +oxidation stress effects are used all + + + align:start position:0% +oxidation stress effects are used all +the time today in research other than + + align:start position:0% +the time today in research other than + + + align:start position:0% +the time today in research other than +just people doing seamoss + + align:start position:0% +just people doing seamoss + + + align:start position:0% +just people doing seamoss +devices so what I want to go on to + + align:start position:0% +devices so what I want to go on to + + + align:start position:0% +devices so what I want to go on to +beyond the stress is to talk about now a + + align:start position:0% +beyond the stress is to talk about now a + + + align:start position:0% +beyond the stress is to talk about now a +more uh atomistic or microscopic or + + align:start position:0% +more uh atomistic or microscopic or + + + align:start position:0% +more uh atomistic or microscopic or +Point uh the point defect based model so + + align:start position:0% +Point uh the point defect based model so + + + align:start position:0% +Point uh the point defect based model so +far we've been using ma uh macroscopic + + align:start position:0% +far we've been using ma uh macroscopic + + + align:start position:0% +far we've been using ma uh macroscopic +uh models we write chemical equations we + + align:start position:0% +uh models we write chemical equations we + + + align:start position:0% +uh models we write chemical equations we +we talk about the fusion coefficients + + align:start position:0% +we talk about the fusion coefficients + + + align:start position:0% +we talk about the fusion coefficients +we're not really looking at an atomic + + align:start position:0% +we're not really looking at an atomic + + + align:start position:0% +we're not really looking at an atomic +scale of what's going on at the + + align:start position:0% +scale of what's going on at the + + + align:start position:0% +scale of what's going on at the +interface or in the oxide there's also a + + align:start position:0% +interface or in the oxide there's also a + + + align:start position:0% +interface or in the oxide there's also a +very atomistic picture of the process um + + align:start position:0% +very atomistic picture of the process um + + + align:start position:0% +very atomistic picture of the process um +that turns out to be very important it's + + align:start position:0% +that turns out to be very important it's + + + align:start position:0% +that turns out to be very important it's +important because it explains certain + + align:start position:0% +important because it explains certain + + + align:start position:0% +important because it explains certain +physical phenomena that are critical to + + align:start position:0% +physical phenomena that are critical to + + + align:start position:0% +physical phenomena that are critical to +Fabrications such as oxidation enhanced + + align:start position:0% +Fabrications such as oxidation enhanced + + + align:start position:0% +Fabrications such as oxidation enhanced +diffusion uh oxidation + + align:start position:0% +diffusion uh oxidation + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion uh oxidation +diffusion + + align:start position:0% +diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion +um and these things that tell us that + + align:start position:0% +um and these things that tell us that + + + align:start position:0% +um and these things that tell us that +that the oxidation process itself + + align:start position:0% +that the oxidation process itself + + + align:start position:0% +that the oxidation process itself +dramatically changes the point defect + + align:start position:0% +dramatically changes the point defect + + + align:start position:0% +dramatically changes the point defect +distribution in the near surface + + align:start position:0% +distribution in the near surface + + + align:start position:0% +distribution in the near surface +region and most of the ideas are related + + align:start position:0% +region and most of the ideas are related + + + align:start position:0% +region and most of the ideas are related +to the fact that there is volume + + align:start position:0% +to the fact that there is volume + + + align:start position:0% +to the fact that there is volume +expansion going on uh and the need for + + align:start position:0% +expansion going on uh and the need for + + + align:start position:0% +expansion going on uh and the need for +free volume at that interface and so um + + align:start position:0% +free volume at that interface and so um + + + align:start position:0% +free volume at that interface and so um +Point defects play a role in that volume + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +expansion so let's go on to slide number + + align:start position:0% +expansion so let's go on to slide number + + + align:start position:0% +expansion so let's go on to slide number +22 um and this is a kind of ugly looking + + align:start position:0% +22 um and this is a kind of ugly looking + + + align:start position:0% +22 um and this is a kind of ugly looking +equation I don't really like to use it + + align:start position:0% +equation I don't really like to use it + + + align:start position:0% +equation I don't really like to use it +so you don't have to look at every + + align:start position:0% +so you don't have to look at every + + + align:start position:0% +so you don't have to look at every +single term and understand it perfectly + + align:start position:0% +single term and understand it perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +single term and understand it perfectly +but it it show sort of shows + + align:start position:0% +but it it show sort of shows + + + align:start position:0% +but it it show sort of shows +qualitatively uh what we're talking + + align:start position:0% +qualitatively uh what we're talking + + + align:start position:0% +qualitatively uh what we're talking +about this is an equation we talked + + align:start position:0% +about this is an equation we talked + + + align:start position:0% +about this is an equation we talked +about in chapter 3 when we were + + align:start position:0% +about in chapter 3 when we were + + + align:start position:0% +about in chapter 3 when we were +discussing sio2 precipitation and use in + + align:start position:0% +discussing sio2 precipitation and use in + + + align:start position:0% +discussing sio2 precipitation and use in +gettering but the same uh equation uh + + align:start position:0% +gettering but the same uh equation uh + + + align:start position:0% +gettering but the same uh equation uh +essentially applies here when we're + + align:start position:0% +essentially applies here when we're + + + align:start position:0% +essentially applies here when we're +oxidizing a silicon + + align:start position:0% +oxidizing a silicon + + + align:start position:0% +oxidizing a silicon +surface and what it tells us us is that + + align:start position:0% +surface and what it tells us us is that + + + align:start position:0% +surface and what it tells us us is that +we have a certain number of silicon L + + align:start position:0% +we have a certain number of silicon L + + + align:start position:0% +we have a certain number of silicon L +sites the Silicon sub uh Subs I uh + + align:start position:0% +sites the Silicon sub uh Subs I uh + + + align:start position:0% +sites the Silicon sub uh Subs I uh +combining with a certain number of + + align:start position:0% +combining with a certain number of + + + align:start position:0% +combining with a certain number of +oxygen + + align:start position:0% +oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen +species um and combining with a certain + + align:start position:0% +species um and combining with a certain + + + align:start position:0% +species um and combining with a certain +number of vacancies notice the vacancies + + align:start position:0% +number of vacancies notice the vacancies + + + align:start position:0% +number of vacancies notice the vacancies +are being consumed in this process uh + + align:start position:0% +are being consumed in this process uh + + + align:start position:0% +are being consumed in this process uh +forming sio2 vacancies at the surface + + align:start position:0% +forming sio2 vacancies at the surface + + + align:start position:0% +forming sio2 vacancies at the surface +are being consumed presumably because we + + align:start position:0% +are being consumed presumably because we + + + align:start position:0% +are being consumed presumably because we +need space for that oxide to move to to + + align:start position:0% +need space for that oxide to move to to + + + align:start position:0% +need space for that oxide to move to to +push around a little bit so consuming a + + align:start position:0% +push around a little bit so consuming a + + + align:start position:0% +push around a little bit so consuming a +vacancy will help you find extra space + + align:start position:0% +vacancy will help you find extra space + + + align:start position:0% +vacancy will help you find extra space +essentially at the interface so I + + align:start position:0% +essentially at the interface so I + + + align:start position:0% +essentially at the interface so I +consume a vacancy on the left I form si2 + + align:start position:0% +consume a vacancy on the left I form si2 + + + align:start position:0% +consume a vacancy on the left I form si2 +and and I actually form uh on the right + + align:start position:0% +and and I actually form uh on the right + + + align:start position:0% +and and I actually form uh on the right +side I also create these interstitials a + + align:start position:0% +side I also create these interstitials a + + + align:start position:0% +side I also create these interstitials a +certain number of interstitials plus + + align:start position:0% +certain number of interstitials plus + + + align:start position:0% +certain number of interstitials plus +stress of course we talked about + + align:start position:0% +stress of course we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +stress of course we talked about +stress so there oxidation reaction + + align:start position:0% +stress so there oxidation reaction + + + align:start position:0% +stress so there oxidation reaction +happening right here at the borderline + + align:start position:0% +happening right here at the borderline + + + align:start position:0% +happening right here at the borderline +between the pink and and the white + + align:start position:0% +between the pink and and the white + + + align:start position:0% +between the pink and and the white +region here at Star they can consume + + align:start position:0% +region here at Star they can consume + + + align:start position:0% +region here at Star they can consume +vacancies or they can generate + + align:start position:0% +vacancies or they can generate + + + align:start position:0% +vacancies or they can generate +interstitials so I've got a vacancy + + align:start position:0% +interstitials so I've got a vacancy + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials so I've got a vacancy +going in interstitial going out either + + align:start position:0% +going in interstitial going out either + + + align:start position:0% +going in interstitial going out either +way uh in order to provide the volume + + align:start position:0% +way uh in order to provide the volume + + + align:start position:0% +way uh in order to provide the volume +needed for the reaction so we need room + + align:start position:0% +needed for the reaction so we need room + + + align:start position:0% +needed for the reaction so we need room +to to put these oxygen atoms uh at that + + align:start position:0% +to to put these oxygen atoms uh at that + + + align:start position:0% +to to put these oxygen atoms uh at that +interface uh and that room comes from + + align:start position:0% +interface uh and that room comes from + + + align:start position:0% +interface uh and that room comes from +vacancies and uh also kicking out + + align:start position:0% +vacancies and uh also kicking out + + + align:start position:0% +vacancies and uh also kicking out +silicon atoms from a lattice creating + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +interstitials so let's go on to slide 23 + + align:start position:0% +interstitials so let's go on to slide 23 + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials so let's go on to slide 23 +um this generation of interstitials is + + align:start position:0% +um this generation of interstitials is + + + align:start position:0% +um this generation of interstitials is +extremely important because it is used + + align:start position:0% +extremely important because it is used + + + align:start position:0% +extremely important because it is used +to explain the non-local effects of + + align:start position:0% +to explain the non-local effects of + + + align:start position:0% +to explain the non-local effects of +oxidation such as oxidation enhan + + align:start position:0% +oxidation such as oxidation enhan + + + align:start position:0% +oxidation such as oxidation enhan +diffusion which will show or oxidation + + align:start position:0% +diffusion which will show or oxidation + + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +diffusion um and it's because the + + align:start position:0% +diffusion um and it's because the + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion um and it's because the +interficio can diffuse very far from the + + align:start position:0% +interficio can diffuse very far from the + + + align:start position:0% +interficio can diffuse very far from the +interface and change the diffusivity of + + align:start position:0% +interface and change the diffusivity of + + + align:start position:0% +interface and change the diffusivity of +doens um so this shows how these these + + align:start position:0% +doens um so this shows how these these + + + align:start position:0% +doens um so this shows how these these +models can actually be used at this + + align:start position:0% +models can actually be used at this + + + align:start position:0% +models can actually be used at this +interface about one in a thousand of the + + align:start position:0% +interface about one in a thousand of the + + + align:start position:0% +interface about one in a thousand of the +oxidized silicon atoms is injected into + + align:start position:0% +oxidized silicon atoms is injected into + + + align:start position:0% +oxidized silicon atoms is injected into +the bulk so for every a thousand atoms + + align:start position:0% +the bulk so for every a thousand atoms + + + align:start position:0% +the bulk so for every a thousand atoms +that I oxidize one atom goes into the + + align:start position:0% +that I oxidize one atom goes into the + + + align:start position:0% +that I oxidize one atom goes into the +bulk that would wouldn't be there + + align:start position:0% +bulk that would wouldn't be there + + + align:start position:0% +bulk that would wouldn't be there +ordinarily if I were not + + align:start position:0% +ordinarily if I were not + + + align:start position:0% +ordinarily if I were not +oxidizing um so it doesn't sound like a + + align:start position:0% +oxidizing um so it doesn't sound like a + + + align:start position:0% +oxidizing um so it doesn't sound like a +lot well one atom out of a thousand goes + + align:start position:0% +lot well one atom out of a thousand goes + + + align:start position:0% +lot well one atom out of a thousand goes +into the bulk of the ones of the Sur + + align:start position:0% +into the bulk of the ones of the Sur + + + align:start position:0% +into the bulk of the ones of the Sur +it's okay that doesn't sound like a lot + + align:start position:0% +it's okay that doesn't sound like a lot + + + align:start position:0% +it's okay that doesn't sound like a lot +but their impact is huge in oxidation + + align:start position:0% +but their impact is huge in oxidation + + + align:start position:0% +but their impact is huge in oxidation +enhanced diffusion oxidation + + align:start position:0% +enhanced diffusion oxidation + + + align:start position:0% +enhanced diffusion oxidation +diffusion and the growth of stacking FS + + align:start position:0% +diffusion and the growth of stacking FS + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion and the growth of stacking FS +so it's a very important + + align:start position:0% +so it's a very important + + + align:start position:0% +so it's a very important +effect and on slide 24 I picture we have + + align:start position:0% +effect and on slide 24 I picture we have + + + align:start position:0% +effect and on slide 24 I picture we have +a picture from your text of a very + + align:start position:0% +a picture from your text of a very + + + align:start position:0% +a picture from your text of a very +schematic picture of uh of what's going + + align:start position:0% +schematic picture of uh of what's going + + + align:start position:0% +schematic picture of uh of what's going +on when we do oxidation so this is a + + align:start position:0% +on when we do oxidation so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +on when we do oxidation so this is a +locco structure you recognize by now + + align:start position:0% +locco structure you recognize by now + + + align:start position:0% +locco structure you recognize by now +here's my nitride on the left there's no + + align:start position:0% +here's my nitride on the left there's no + + + align:start position:0% +here's my nitride on the left there's no +oxidation taking place on the left I am + + align:start position:0% +oxidation taking place on the left I am + + + align:start position:0% +oxidation taking place on the left I am +actively oxidizing on the right right + + align:start position:0% +actively oxidizing on the right right + + + align:start position:0% +actively oxidizing on the right right +you can see this thick layer of oxide + + align:start position:0% +you can see this thick layer of oxide + + + align:start position:0% +you can see this thick layer of oxide +that I've grown and uh at the surface + + align:start position:0% +that I've grown and uh at the surface + + + align:start position:0% +that I've grown and uh at the surface +here there are a number of processes + + align:start position:0% +here there are a number of processes + + + align:start position:0% +here there are a number of processes +taking place this + + align:start position:0% +taking place this + + + align:start position:0% +taking place this +G is meant to represent the generation + + align:start position:0% +G is meant to represent the generation + + + align:start position:0% +G is meant to represent the generation +of interstitials or the injection it's a + + align:start position:0% +of interstitials or the injection it's a + + + align:start position:0% +of interstitials or the injection it's a +certain rate of generation of + + align:start position:0% +certain rate of generation of + + + align:start position:0% +certain rate of generation of +interstitials that get injected and go + + align:start position:0% +interstitials that get injected and go + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials that get injected and go +into the bulk here they are here's an + + align:start position:0% +into the bulk here they are here's an + + + align:start position:0% +into the bulk here they are here's an +interstitial um there's also a flux of + + align:start position:0% +interstitial um there's also a flux of + + + align:start position:0% +interstitial um there's also a flux of +interstitials from the bulk to the + + align:start position:0% +interstitials from the bulk to the + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials from the bulk to the +surface and they can recombine so inters + + align:start position:0% +surface and they can recombine so inters + + + align:start position:0% +surface and they can recombine so inters +can be generated during oxidation they + + align:start position:0% +can be generated during oxidation they + + + align:start position:0% +can be generated during oxidation they +can also find their way to the surface + + align:start position:0% +can also find their way to the surface + + + align:start position:0% +can also find their way to the surface +and they can recombine there um + + align:start position:0% +and they can recombine there um + + + align:start position:0% +and they can recombine there um +interstitials can recombine the bulk + + align:start position:0% +interstitials can recombine the bulk + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials can recombine the bulk +with vacancy they can find a vacancy and + + align:start position:0% +with vacancy they can find a vacancy and + + + align:start position:0% +with vacancy they can find a vacancy and +go away uh they can diffuse over to this + + align:start position:0% +go away uh they can diffuse over to this + + + align:start position:0% +go away uh they can diffuse over to this +surface which is a non oxidizing or ined + + align:start position:0% +surface which is a non oxidizing or ined + + + align:start position:0% +surface which is a non oxidizing or ined +place and recombine or they can go into + + align:start position:0% +place and recombine or they can go into + + + align:start position:0% +place and recombine or they can go into +the bulk and here uh here's a buried + + align:start position:0% +the bulk and here uh here's a buried + + + align:start position:0% +the bulk and here uh here's a buried +dopent marker layer which started out + + align:start position:0% +dopent marker layer which started out + + + align:start position:0% +dopent marker layer which started out +looking like this dark green it was very + + align:start position:0% +looking like this dark green it was very + + + align:start position:0% +looking like this dark green it was very +narrow and lo and behold um underneath + + align:start position:0% +narrow and lo and behold um underneath + + + align:start position:0% +narrow and lo and behold um underneath +where you're doing the oxidation the + + align:start position:0% +where you're doing the oxidation the + + + align:start position:0% +where you're doing the oxidation the +Boron diffuses a lot so it becomes very + + align:start position:0% +Boron diffuses a lot so it becomes very + + + align:start position:0% +Boron diffuses a lot so it becomes very +wide so they come in here and they + + align:start position:0% +wide so they come in here and they + + + align:start position:0% +wide so they come in here and they +disturb the Boron diffusion they enhance + + align:start position:0% +disturb the Boron diffusion they enhance + + + align:start position:0% +disturb the Boron diffusion they enhance +it and so the junction here the width of + + align:start position:0% +it and so the junction here the width of + + + align:start position:0% +it and so the junction here the width of +this Boron profile is now quite wide in + + align:start position:0% +this Boron profile is now quite wide in + + + align:start position:0% +this Boron profile is now quite wide in +underneath the oxide where it was + + align:start position:0% +underneath the oxide where it was + + + align:start position:0% +underneath the oxide where it was +growing under the NIT tribe where there + + align:start position:0% +growing under the NIT tribe where there + + + align:start position:0% +growing under the NIT tribe where there +was no um no uh oxidation taking place I + + align:start position:0% +was no um no uh oxidation taking place I + + + align:start position:0% +was no um no uh oxidation taking place I +have inner diffusion there's very little + + align:start position:0% +have inner diffusion there's very little + + + align:start position:0% +have inner diffusion there's very little +Brawn motion and these stacking faults + + align:start position:0% +Brawn motion and these stacking faults + + + align:start position:0% +Brawn motion and these stacking faults +which are in the substrate let's say we + + align:start position:0% +which are in the substrate let's say we + + + align:start position:0% +which are in the substrate let's say we +have a way of introducing stacking + + align:start position:0% +have a way of introducing stacking + + + align:start position:0% +have a way of introducing stacking +faults they are found to grow they + + align:start position:0% +faults they are found to grow they + + + align:start position:0% +faults they are found to grow they +actually get longer under the region + + align:start position:0% +actually get longer under the region + + + align:start position:0% +actually get longer under the region +where the oxidation is so these are all + + align:start position:0% +where the oxidation is so these are all + + + align:start position:0% +where the oxidation is so these are all +indirect uh means that people use to + + align:start position:0% +indirect uh means that people use to + + + align:start position:0% +indirect uh means that people use to +understand what's going on in the point + + align:start position:0% +understand what's going on in the point + + + align:start position:0% +understand what's going on in the point +defects in in this + + align:start position:0% +defects in in this + + + align:start position:0% +defects in in this +model so let's go on to page 25 I + + align:start position:0% +model so let's go on to page 25 I + + + align:start position:0% +model so let's go on to page 25 I +mentioned about this stacking fault I + + align:start position:0% +mentioned about this stacking fault I + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned about this stacking fault I +don't want to go through detailed + + align:start position:0% +don't want to go through detailed + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to go through detailed +crystallography but stacking fults occur + + align:start position:0% +crystallography but stacking fults occur + + + align:start position:0% +crystallography but stacking fults occur +when you have an extra layer of atoms so + + align:start position:0% +when you have an extra layer of atoms so + + + align:start position:0% +when you have an extra layer of atoms so +if I look here on the um lower + + align:start position:0% +if I look here on the um lower + + + align:start position:0% +if I look here on the um lower +left has a certain stacking sequence and + + align:start position:0% +left has a certain stacking sequence and + + + align:start position:0% +left has a certain stacking sequence and +I insert this extra layer of atoms of + + align:start position:0% +I insert this extra layer of atoms of + + + align:start position:0% +I insert this extra layer of atoms of +certain it has a certain layer has a + + align:start position:0% +certain it has a certain layer has a + + + align:start position:0% +certain it has a certain layer has a +certain length in the crystal uh right + + align:start position:0% +certain length in the crystal uh right + + + align:start position:0% +certain length in the crystal uh right +at this point um so it's not a complete + + align:start position:0% +at this point um so it's not a complete + + + align:start position:0% +at this point um so it's not a complete +layer that goes all the way throughout + + align:start position:0% +layer that goes all the way throughout + + + align:start position:0% +layer that goes all the way throughout +the crystal but it doesn't so it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +the crystal but it doesn't so it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +the crystal but it doesn't so it doesn't +belong there but I can grow this fault I + + align:start position:0% +belong there but I can grow this fault I + + + align:start position:0% +belong there but I can grow this fault I +can make it longer within the crystal by + + align:start position:0% +can make it longer within the crystal by + + + align:start position:0% +can make it longer within the crystal by +adding extra silic and intertial atoms + + align:start position:0% +adding extra silic and intertial atoms + + + align:start position:0% +adding extra silic and intertial atoms +people believe on either side edge of it + + align:start position:0% +people believe on either side edge of it + + + align:start position:0% +people believe on either side edge of it +so uh stacking faults people use their + + align:start position:0% +so uh stacking faults people use their + + + align:start position:0% +so uh stacking faults people use their +growth rate as a measure of the + + align:start position:0% +growth rate as a measure of the + + + align:start position:0% +growth rate as a measure of the +injection rate or the injection of + + align:start position:0% +injection rate or the injection of + + + align:start position:0% +injection rate or the injection of +silicon + + align:start position:0% +silicon + + + align:start position:0% +silicon +interstitials if they grow or + + align:start position:0% +interstitials if they grow or + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials if they grow or +Shrink on slide 26 here's some actual + + align:start position:0% +Shrink on slide 26 here's some actual + + + align:start position:0% +Shrink on slide 26 here's some actual +photographs or Optical micrographs the + + align:start position:0% +photographs or Optical micrographs the + + + align:start position:0% +photographs or Optical micrographs the +surfaces were etched remember we talked + + align:start position:0% +surfaces were etched remember we talked + + + align:start position:0% +surfaces were etched remember we talked +about defect etching you can put it in a + + align:start position:0% +about defect etching you can put it in a + + + align:start position:0% +about defect etching you can put it in a +solution of acid that will + + align:start position:0% +solution of acid that will + + + align:start position:0% +solution of acid that will +preferentially etch where the crystal is + + align:start position:0% +preferentially etch where the crystal is + + + align:start position:0% +preferentially etch where the crystal is +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +imperfect um and in fact these are + + align:start position:0% +imperfect um and in fact these are + + + align:start position:0% +imperfect um and in fact these are +stacking faults they're pictures of them + + align:start position:0% +stacking faults they're pictures of them + + + align:start position:0% +stacking faults they're pictures of them +uh they have a certain size here these + + align:start position:0% +uh they have a certain size here these + + + align:start position:0% +uh they have a certain size here these +are all scale bar up here is uh 10 + + align:start position:0% +are all scale bar up here is uh 10 + + + align:start position:0% +are all scale bar up here is uh 10 +microns is shown up here after 10 20 30 + + align:start position:0% +microns is shown up here after 10 20 30 + + + align:start position:0% +microns is shown up here after 10 20 30 +40 50 all the way down to 60 Minutes um + + align:start position:0% +40 50 all the way down to 60 Minutes um + + + align:start position:0% +40 50 all the way down to 60 Minutes um +these are all the same magnification + + align:start position:0% +these are all the same magnification + + + align:start position:0% +these are all the same magnification +these stacking faults these Crystal + + align:start position:0% +these stacking faults these Crystal + + + align:start position:0% +these stacking faults these Crystal +defects have actually grown quite a bit + + align:start position:0% +defects have actually grown quite a bit + + + align:start position:0% +defects have actually grown quite a bit +at + + align:start position:0% +at + + + align:start position:0% +at +1200° this is during + + align:start position:0% +1200° this is during + + + align:start position:0% +1200° this is during +oxidation during high temperature + + align:start position:0% +oxidation during high temperature + + + align:start position:0% +oxidation during high temperature +oxidation at the surface these were down + + align:start position:0% +oxidation at the surface these were down + + + align:start position:0% +oxidation at the surface these were down +under in the bulk so people believe that + + align:start position:0% +under in the bulk so people believe that + + + align:start position:0% +under in the bulk so people believe that +that oxidation was injecting + + align:start position:0% +that oxidation was injecting + + + align:start position:0% +that oxidation was injecting +interstitials and causing these defects + + align:start position:0% +interstitials and causing these defects + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials and causing these defects +to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +grow in fact we go on slide 27 um this + + align:start position:0% +grow in fact we go on slide 27 um this + + + align:start position:0% +grow in fact we go on slide 27 um this +is some data uh that from the literature + + align:start position:0% +is some data uh that from the literature + + + align:start position:0% +is some data uh that from the literature +on the stacking fol length here on the + + align:start position:0% +on the stacking fol length here on the + + + align:start position:0% +on the stacking fol length here on the +y- axis as a function of oxidation time + + align:start position:0% +y- axis as a function of oxidation time + + + align:start position:0% +y- axis as a function of oxidation time +uh at different uh temperatures here 1 + + align:start position:0% +uh at different uh temperatures here 1 + + + align:start position:0% +uh at different uh temperatures here 1 +12200 is up at the top uh this is 1050 + + align:start position:0% +12200 is up at the top uh this is 1050 + + + align:start position:0% +12200 is up at the top uh this is 1050 +um and so you can see the stacking fault + + align:start position:0% +um and so you can see the stacking fault + + + align:start position:0% +um and so you can see the stacking fault +uh increases this length increases with + + align:start position:0% +uh increases this length increases with + + + align:start position:0% +uh increases this length increases with +time of oxidation and the growth rate is + + align:start position:0% +time of oxidation and the growth rate is + + + align:start position:0% +time of oxidation and the growth rate is +faster for higher temperatures so if we + + align:start position:0% +faster for higher temperatures so if we + + + align:start position:0% +faster for higher temperatures so if we +go here 1050 1100 1150 the growth rate + + align:start position:0% +go here 1050 1100 1150 the growth rate + + + align:start position:0% +go here 1050 1100 1150 the growth rate +is faster of course the oxidation rate + + align:start position:0% +is faster of course the oxidation rate + + + align:start position:0% +is faster of course the oxidation rate +is going up as well so this gave people + + align:start position:0% +is going up as well so this gave people + + + align:start position:0% +is going up as well so this gave people +maybe a hint that the faster you oxidize + + align:start position:0% +maybe a hint that the faster you oxidize + + + align:start position:0% +maybe a hint that the faster you oxidize +the more intials that you're + + align:start position:0% +the more intials that you're + + + align:start position:0% +the more intials that you're +injecting uh the oxidation uh induced + + align:start position:0% +injecting uh the oxidation uh induced + + + align:start position:0% +injecting uh the oxidation uh induced +stacking fault growth rate is smaller + + align:start position:0% +stacking fault growth rate is smaller + + + align:start position:0% +stacking fault growth rate is smaller +for lower partial pressures of oxygen so + + align:start position:0% +for lower partial pressures of oxygen so + + + align:start position:0% +for lower partial pressures of oxygen so +again slower oxidation rate so this is + + align:start position:0% +again slower oxidation rate so this is + + + align:start position:0% +again slower oxidation rate so this is +an idea that the the rate of oxidation + + align:start position:0% +an idea that the the rate of oxidation + + + align:start position:0% +an idea that the the rate of oxidation +determines the rate of injection of + + align:start position:0% +determines the rate of injection of + + + align:start position:0% +determines the rate of injection of +interstitials into the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bulk so let's go back let's go on to + + align:start position:0% +bulk so let's go back let's go on to + + + align:start position:0% +bulk so let's go back let's go on to +slide + + align:start position:0% +slide + + + align:start position:0% +slide +28 um and this is the diagram I just uh + + align:start position:0% +28 um and this is the diagram I just uh + + + align:start position:0% +28 um and this is the diagram I just uh +went through these are the different + + align:start position:0% +went through these are the different + + + align:start position:0% +went through these are the different +processes we talked about uh that are + + align:start position:0% +processes we talked about uh that are + + + align:start position:0% +processes we talked about uh that are +contribute to this oxidation enhanced + + align:start position:0% +contribute to this oxidation enhanced + + + align:start position:0% +contribute to this oxidation enhanced +diffusion uh so this it's this + + align:start position:0% +diffusion uh so this it's this + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion uh so this it's this +generation at the interface where I'm + + align:start position:0% +generation at the interface where I'm + + + align:start position:0% +generation at the interface where I'm +oxidizing and the recombination the + + align:start position:0% +oxidizing and the recombination the + + + align:start position:0% +oxidizing and the recombination the +balance of G&R generation and + + align:start position:0% +balance of G&R generation and + + + align:start position:0% +balance of G&R generation and +recombination determine what what your + + align:start position:0% +recombination determine what what your + + + align:start position:0% +recombination determine what what your +net Flux Of interstitials is into the + + align:start position:0% +net Flux Of interstitials is into the + + + align:start position:0% +net Flux Of interstitials is into the +bulk away from the surface and it's this + + align:start position:0% +bulk away from the surface and it's this + + + align:start position:0% +bulk away from the surface and it's this +generation rate G that's direct directly + + align:start position:0% +generation rate G that's direct directly + + + align:start position:0% +generation rate G that's direct directly +proportional to the oxidation rate so if + + align:start position:0% +proportional to the oxidation rate so if + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to the oxidation rate so if +I oxidize faster at a given temperature + + align:start position:0% +I oxidize faster at a given temperature + + + align:start position:0% +I oxidize faster at a given temperature +by upping the partial pressure I will + + align:start position:0% +by upping the partial pressure I will + + + align:start position:0% +by upping the partial pressure I will +generate a larger uh rate of gener of + + align:start position:0% +generate a larger uh rate of gener of + + + align:start position:0% +generate a larger uh rate of gener of +injection of interstitials and I'll get + + align:start position:0% +injection of interstitials and I'll get + + + align:start position:0% +injection of interstitials and I'll get +more Boron diffusion uh in the burry + + align:start position:0% +more Boron diffusion uh in the burry + + + align:start position:0% +more Boron diffusion uh in the burry +layer and by the way this burry layer + + align:start position:0% +layer and by the way this burry layer + + + align:start position:0% +layer and by the way this burry layer +can be two three four microns away it + + align:start position:0% +can be two three four microns away it + + + align:start position:0% +can be two three four microns away it +doesn't have to be close the + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have to be close the + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have to be close the +interstitials diffuse very quickly and + + align:start position:0% +interstitials diffuse very quickly and + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials diffuse very quickly and +very rapidly so this is the problem + + align:start position:0% +very rapidly so this is the problem + + + align:start position:0% +very rapidly so this is the problem +oxidation can have effects at a distance + + align:start position:0% +oxidation can have effects at a distance + + + align:start position:0% +oxidation can have effects at a distance +you know a micron or so away can greatly + + align:start position:0% +you know a micron or so away can greatly + + + align:start position:0% +you know a micron or so away can greatly +impact what's going on uh in in the chip + + align:start position:0% +impact what's going on uh in in the chip + + + align:start position:0% +impact what's going on uh in in the chip +so they diffuse away from the interface + + align:start position:0% +so they diffuse away from the interface + + + align:start position:0% +so they diffuse away from the interface +and they enhance the Boron uh diffusion + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rate here's an ex actual simulation of + + align:start position:0% +rate here's an ex actual simulation of + + + align:start position:0% +rate here's an ex actual simulation of +oxidation enhanced diffusion um what + + align:start position:0% +oxidation enhanced diffusion um what + + + align:start position:0% +oxidation enhanced diffusion um what +what happened was the uh the surface + + align:start position:0% +what happened was the uh the surface + + + align:start position:0% +what happened was the uh the surface +started out by being uh implanted + + align:start position:0% +started out by being uh implanted + + + align:start position:0% +started out by being uh implanted +uniformly with a certain dose of boron + + align:start position:0% +uniformly with a certain dose of boron + + + align:start position:0% +uniformly with a certain dose of boron +so I had a very thin layer of boron uh + + align:start position:0% +so I had a very thin layer of boron uh + + + align:start position:0% +so I had a very thin layer of boron uh +up near the + + align:start position:0% +up near the + + + align:start position:0% +up near the +surface and then we grow a padox and we + + align:start position:0% +surface and then we grow a padox and we + + + align:start position:0% +surface and then we grow a padox and we +grow a nitri layer on the left so on the + + align:start position:0% +grow a nitri layer on the left so on the + + + align:start position:0% +grow a nitri layer on the left so on the +left there is no going to be no + + align:start position:0% +left there is no going to be no + + + align:start position:0% +left there is no going to be no +oxidation taking place we put it in the + + align:start position:0% +oxidation taking place we put it in the + + + align:start position:0% +oxidation taking place we put it in the +furnace at 850 for an hour uh and you + + align:start position:0% +furnace at 850 for an hour uh and you + + + align:start position:0% +furnace at 850 for an hour uh and you +see an oxide has grown on the right none + + align:start position:0% +see an oxide has grown on the right none + + + align:start position:0% +see an oxide has grown on the right none +on the left which makes sense but look + + align:start position:0% +on the left which makes sense but look + + + align:start position:0% +on the left which makes sense but look +at the Boron The Junction depth for the + + align:start position:0% +at the Boron The Junction depth for the + + + align:start position:0% +at the Boron The Junction depth for the +born is much deeper here you can you can + + align:start position:0% +born is much deeper here you can you can + + + align:start position:0% +born is much deeper here you can you can +get the junction depth say from let's + + align:start position:0% +get the junction depth say from let's + + + align:start position:0% +get the junction depth say from let's +say the region between the Green uh + + align:start position:0% +say the region between the Green uh + + + align:start position:0% +say the region between the Green uh +contour and and the and the uh uh in the + + align:start position:0% +contour and and the and the uh uh in the + + + align:start position:0% +contour and and the and the uh uh in the +blue The Junction depth is a lot deeper + + align:start position:0% +blue The Junction depth is a lot deeper + + + align:start position:0% +blue The Junction depth is a lot deeper +underneath the place where the oxide + + align:start position:0% +underneath the place where the oxide + + + align:start position:0% +underneath the place where the oxide +grew so this tells us right away that we + + align:start position:0% +grew so this tells us right away that we + + + align:start position:0% +grew so this tells us right away that we +are getting oxidation enhanced diffusion + + align:start position:0% +are getting oxidation enhanced diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +are getting oxidation enhanced diffusion +of that + + align:start position:0% +of that + + + align:start position:0% +of that +Boron and we can this is something + + align:start position:0% +Boron and we can this is something + + + align:start position:0% +Boron and we can this is something +that's been + + align:start position:0% +that's been + + + align:start position:0% +that's been +simulated um doping effects on oxidation + + align:start position:0% +simulated um doping effects on oxidation + + + align:start position:0% +simulated um doping effects on oxidation +there's so besides the oxidation uh + + align:start position:0% +there's so besides the oxidation uh + + + align:start position:0% +there's so besides the oxidation uh +injecting interstitials people also + + align:start position:0% +injecting interstitials people also + + + align:start position:0% +injecting interstitials people also +noticed that at low temperatures + + align:start position:0% +noticed that at low temperatures + + + align:start position:0% +noticed that at low temperatures +depending on the wafer doping they would + + align:start position:0% +depending on the wafer doping they would + + + align:start position:0% +depending on the wafer doping they would +get a different oxidation rate so this + + align:start position:0% +get a different oxidation rate so this + + + align:start position:0% +get a different oxidation rate so this +is kind of uh kind of interesting if you + + align:start position:0% +is kind of uh kind of interesting if you + + + align:start position:0% +is kind of uh kind of interesting if you +look at a a is a very light light so I'm + + align:start position:0% +look at a a is a very light light so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +look at a a is a very light light so I'm +plotting oxide thickness versus time um + + align:start position:0% +plotting oxide thickness versus time um + + + align:start position:0% +plotting oxide thickness versus time um +a is leadly dope silicon 10 the 15th + + align:start position:0% +a is leadly dope silicon 10 the 15th + + + align:start position:0% +a is leadly dope silicon 10 the 15th +f um is uh 10 the 20 or 3 10 the 20 much + + align:start position:0% +f um is uh 10 the 20 or 3 10 the 20 much + + + align:start position:0% +f um is uh 10 the 20 or 3 10 the 20 much +more heavily dope with n type with + + align:start position:0% +more heavily dope with n type with + + + align:start position:0% +more heavily dope with n type with +phosphorus um so especially at low + + align:start position:0% +phosphorus um so especially at low + + + align:start position:0% +phosphorus um so especially at low +temperature at high temperature not so + + align:start position:0% +temperature at high temperature not so + + + align:start position:0% +temperature at high temperature not so +much much of a dispersion but at low + + align:start position:0% +much much of a dispersion but at low + + + align:start position:0% +much much of a dispersion but at low +temperature a large dispersion um so + + align:start position:0% +temperature a large dispersion um so + + + align:start position:0% +temperature a large dispersion um so +this needs to be accounted for in our + + align:start position:0% +this needs to be accounted for in our + + + align:start position:0% +this needs to be accounted for in our +models because depending on you know you + + align:start position:0% +models because depending on you know you + + + align:start position:0% +models because depending on you know you +have lots of different doping + + align:start position:0% +have lots of different doping + + + align:start position:0% +have lots of different doping +concentrations on the surface of a wafer + + align:start position:0% +concentrations on the surface of a wafer + + + align:start position:0% +concentrations on the surface of a wafer +when you're making a chip you'll get + + align:start position:0% +when you're making a chip you'll get + + + align:start position:0% +when you're making a chip you'll get +different oxide thicknesses you need to + + align:start position:0% +different oxide thicknesses you need to + + + align:start position:0% +different oxide thicknesses you need to +take this into into + + align:start position:0% +take this into into + + + align:start position:0% +take this into into +account um people found uh people in + + align:start position:0% +account um people found uh people in + + + align:start position:0% +account um people found uh people in +fact not only found the thickness to be + + align:start position:0% +fact not only found the thickness to be + + + align:start position:0% +fact not only found the thickness to be +different they extracted the B and the B + + align:start position:0% +different they extracted the B and the B + + + align:start position:0% +different they extracted the B and the B +over a uh parameters so as a function of + + align:start position:0% +over a uh parameters so as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +over a uh parameters so as a function of +boron doping so this is the oxidation + + align:start position:0% +boron doping so this is the oxidation + + + align:start position:0% +boron doping so this is the oxidation +rate + + align:start position:0% +rate + + + align:start position:0% +rate +uh or these these rate constants B A and + + align:start position:0% +uh or these these rate constants B A and + + + align:start position:0% +uh or these these rate constants B A and +B as a function of of boron + + align:start position:0% +B as a function of of boron + + + align:start position:0% +B as a function of of boron +concentration um oh I'm sorry it's + + align:start position:0% +concentration um oh I'm sorry it's + + + align:start position:0% +concentration um oh I'm sorry it's +actually phosphorus doping uh in this + + align:start position:0% +actually phosphorus doping uh in this + + + align:start position:0% +actually phosphorus doping uh in this +reference the B over a parameter is the + + align:start position:0% +reference the B over a parameter is the + + + align:start position:0% +reference the B over a parameter is the +one impacted so uh above a certain o uh + + align:start position:0% +one impacted so uh above a certain o uh + + + align:start position:0% +one impacted so uh above a certain o uh +concentration of dopent here above about + + align:start position:0% +concentration of dopent here above about + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of dopent here above about +10 of the 19th the overate takes off so + + align:start position:0% +10 of the 19th the overate takes off so + + + align:start position:0% +10 of the 19th the overate takes off so +it's going up uh quite rapidly the + + align:start position:0% +it's going up uh quite rapidly the + + + align:start position:0% +it's going up uh quite rapidly the +diffusion through the oxide doesn't seem + + align:start position:0% +diffusion through the oxide doesn't seem + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion through the oxide doesn't seem +to be affected what and you can kind of + + align:start position:0% +to be affected what and you can kind of + + + align:start position:0% +to be affected what and you can kind of +imagine that I've got doping at the + + align:start position:0% +imagine that I've got doping at the + + + align:start position:0% +imagine that I've got doping at the +interface you expect to be some there's + + align:start position:0% +interface you expect to be some there's + + + align:start position:0% +interface you expect to be some there's +some effect of that doping on the + + align:start position:0% +some effect of that doping on the + + + align:start position:0% +some effect of that doping on the +oxidation uh on on the reaction + + align:start position:0% +oxidation uh on on the reaction + + + align:start position:0% +oxidation uh on on the reaction +rate and in fact if we go to slide 32 + + align:start position:0% +rate and in fact if we go to slide 32 + + + align:start position:0% +rate and in fact if we go to slide 32 +people had an idea what it might be + + align:start position:0% +people had an idea what it might be + + + align:start position:0% +people had an idea what it might be +maybe it's a chemical effect of the dop + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's a chemical effect of the dop + + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's a chemical effect of the dop +it perhaps but people liked this model + + align:start position:0% +it perhaps but people liked this model + + + align:start position:0% +it perhaps but people liked this model +better people lik the idea that the + + align:start position:0% +better people lik the idea that the + + + align:start position:0% +better people lik the idea that the +vacancies available in the near surface + + align:start position:0% +vacancies available in the near surface + + + align:start position:0% +vacancies available in the near surface +region are important to the oxidation + + align:start position:0% +region are important to the oxidation + + + align:start position:0% +region are important to the oxidation +process so anything that caused vacancy + + align:start position:0% +process so anything that caused vacancy + + + align:start position:0% +process so anything that caused vacancy +concentration to go up might cause the + + align:start position:0% +concentration to go up might cause the + + + align:start position:0% +concentration to go up might cause the +oxidation rate to also go up but what do + + align:start position:0% +oxidation rate to also go up but what do + + + align:start position:0% +oxidation rate to also go up but what do +we know about highly doped regions from + + align:start position:0% +we know about highly doped regions from + + + align:start position:0% +we know about highly doped regions from +your homework that you did when you + + align:start position:0% +your homework that you did when you + + + align:start position:0% +your homework that you did when you +increase the doping in a certain region + + align:start position:0% +increase the doping in a certain region + + + align:start position:0% +increase the doping in a certain region +the total number of vacancies go up + + align:start position:0% +the total number of vacancies go up + + + align:start position:0% +the total number of vacancies go up +right because you move the fmy level and + + align:start position:0% +right because you move the fmy level and + + + align:start position:0% +right because you move the fmy level and +you create charge vacancies and you + + align:start position:0% +you create charge vacancies and you + + + align:start position:0% +you create charge vacancies and you +count up all the vacancies and they go + + align:start position:0% +count up all the vacancies and they go + + + align:start position:0% +count up all the vacancies and they go +up so remember these equations you used + + align:start position:0% +up so remember these equations you used + + + align:start position:0% +up so remember these equations you used +on your homework that you're handing in + + align:start position:0% +on your homework that you're handing in + + + align:start position:0% +on your homework that you're handing in +today if I'm intrinsic I'm here my + + align:start position:0% +today if I'm intrinsic I'm here my + + + align:start position:0% +today if I'm intrinsic I'm here my +family level is a midgap I'm dominated + + align:start position:0% +family level is a midgap I'm dominated + + + align:start position:0% +family level is a midgap I'm dominated +by neutral vacancies they have a certain + + align:start position:0% +by neutral vacancies they have a certain + + + align:start position:0% +by neutral vacancies they have a certain +concentration 10 13th or whatever as I + + align:start position:0% +concentration 10 13th or whatever as I + + + align:start position:0% +concentration 10 13th or whatever as I +move the family level up so I make it + + align:start position:0% +move the family level up so I make it + + + align:start position:0% +move the family level up so I make it +more and more heavily doped I create a + + align:start position:0% +more and more heavily doped I create a + + + align:start position:0% +more and more heavily doped I create a +lot of V minus and vble minus so I could + + align:start position:0% +lot of V minus and vble minus so I could + + + align:start position:0% +lot of V minus and vble minus so I could +have 100 times the number of vacancies + + align:start position:0% +have 100 times the number of vacancies + + + align:start position:0% +have 100 times the number of vacancies +at the surface oxidation needs vacancies + + align:start position:0% +at the surface oxidation needs vacancies + + + align:start position:0% +at the surface oxidation needs vacancies +to take place that's the hypothesis um + + align:start position:0% +to take place that's the hypothesis um + + + align:start position:0% +to take place that's the hypothesis um +so people explain the enhancement of the + + align:start position:0% +so people explain the enhancement of the + + + align:start position:0% +so people explain the enhancement of the +high doped oxidation case due to e extra + + align:start position:0% +high doped oxidation case due to e extra + + + align:start position:0% +high doped oxidation case due to e extra +vacancies that are around at the + + align:start position:0% +vacancies that are around at the + + + align:start position:0% +vacancies that are around at the +surface that's one potential + + align:start position:0% +surface that's one potential + + + align:start position:0% +surface that's one potential +explanation and in fact um I just + + align:start position:0% +explanation and in fact um I just + + + align:start position:0% +explanation and in fact um I just +reminding you did this in your homework + + align:start position:0% +reminding you did this in your homework + + + align:start position:0% +reminding you did this in your homework +you did some calculations on on slide 33 + + align:start position:0% +you did some calculations on on slide 33 + + + align:start position:0% +you did some calculations on on slide 33 +the vacancy concentration has been + + align:start position:0% +the vacancy concentration has been + + + align:start position:0% +the vacancy concentration has been +calculated for you here as a function of + + align:start position:0% +calculated for you here as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +calculated for you here as a function of +doping concentration look where it takes + + align:start position:0% +doping concentration look where it takes + + + align:start position:0% +doping concentration look where it takes +off of course uh somewhere right around + + align:start position:0% +off of course uh somewhere right around + + + align:start position:0% +off of course uh somewhere right around +10 of 19th it really starts to take off + + align:start position:0% +10 of 19th it really starts to take off + + + align:start position:0% +10 of 19th it really starts to take off +that's exactly where ho found that the B + + align:start position:0% +that's exactly where ho found that the B + + + align:start position:0% +that's exactly where ho found that the B +overa coefficient took off is right + + align:start position:0% +overa coefficient took off is right + + + align:start position:0% +overa coefficient took off is right +where the vacancy concentration uh is + + align:start position:0% +where the vacancy concentration uh is + + + align:start position:0% +where the vacancy concentration uh is +going uh up uh as a function of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +doping so let's just say on 34 that + + align:start position:0% +doping so let's just say on 34 that + + + align:start position:0% +doping so let's just say on 34 that +these uh vacancies are available to + + align:start position:0% +these uh vacancies are available to + + + align:start position:0% +these uh vacancies are available to +provide sites these extra vacancies um + + align:start position:0% +provide sites these extra vacancies um + + + align:start position:0% +provide sites these extra vacancies um +for the oxidation reaction then we can + + align:start position:0% +for the oxidation reaction then we can + + + align:start position:0% +for the oxidation reaction then we can +imagine writing B over a equal to + + align:start position:0% +imagine writing B over a equal to + + + align:start position:0% +imagine writing B over a equal to +something some number R1 where R1 has to + + align:start position:0% +something some number R1 where R1 has to + + + align:start position:0% +something some number R1 where R1 has to +do with all the mechanisms other than + + align:start position:0% +do with all the mechanisms other than + + + align:start position:0% +do with all the mechanisms other than +vacancy driven processes obviously + + align:start position:0% +vacancy driven processes obviously + + + align:start position:0% +vacancy driven processes obviously +oxidation is not only just controlled by + + align:start position:0% +oxidation is not only just controlled by + + + align:start position:0% +oxidation is not only just controlled by +V by vacancies it's controlled by a lot + + align:start position:0% +V by vacancies it's controlled by a lot + + + align:start position:0% +V by vacancies it's controlled by a lot +of things but there must be some term + + align:start position:0% +of things but there must be some term + + + align:start position:0% +of things but there must be some term +added in this K time V total CV total so + + align:start position:0% +added in this K time V total CV total so + + + align:start position:0% +added in this K time V total CV total so +the term on the right represents the + + align:start position:0% +the term on the right represents the + + + align:start position:0% +the term on the right represents the +vacancy uh um driven process and it's + + align:start position:0% +vacancy uh um driven process and it's + + + align:start position:0% +vacancy uh um driven process and it's +believed to be directly proportional to + + align:start position:0% +believed to be directly proportional to + + + align:start position:0% +believed to be directly proportional to +concentration of the total number of + + align:start position:0% +concentration of the total number of + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of the total number of +vacancies in all charge States so doing + + align:start position:0% +vacancies in all charge States so doing + + + align:start position:0% +vacancies in all charge States so doing +that you can then rewrite the B over a + + align:start position:0% +that you can then rewrite the B over a + + + align:start position:0% +that you can then rewrite the B over a +parameter to be B over a in intrinsic + + align:start position:0% +parameter to be B over a in intrinsic + + + align:start position:0% +parameter to be B over a in intrinsic +material lightly doped when you're not + + align:start position:0% +material lightly doped when you're not + + + align:start position:0% +material lightly doped when you're not +extrinsic uh times this 1 plus some + + align:start position:0% +extrinsic uh times this 1 plus some + + + align:start position:0% +extrinsic uh times this 1 plus some +exponential type of factor so this is + + align:start position:0% +exponential type of factor so this is + + + align:start position:0% +exponential type of factor so this is +empirically determined here function on + + align:start position:0% +empirically determined here function on + + + align:start position:0% +empirically determined here function on +temperature times something that goes + + align:start position:0% +temperature times something that goes + + + align:start position:0% +temperature times something that goes +like CV over CVI so the concentration of + + align:start position:0% +like CV over CVI so the concentration of + + + align:start position:0% +like CV over CVI so the concentration of +vacancies in this heavily DT material + + align:start position:0% +vacancies in this heavily DT material + + + align:start position:0% +vacancies in this heavily DT material +divided by that in intrinsic material + + align:start position:0% +divided by that in intrinsic material + + + align:start position:0% +divided by that in intrinsic material +minus one so if I intrinsic this goes to + + align:start position:0% +minus one so if I intrinsic this goes to + + + align:start position:0% +minus one so if I intrinsic this goes to +zero and this term goes away as this + + align:start position:0% +zero and this term goes away as this + + + align:start position:0% +zero and this term goes away as this +increases this ratio goes up above one + + align:start position:0% +increases this ratio goes up above one + + + align:start position:0% +increases this ratio goes up above one +this term starts to kick + + align:start position:0% +this term starts to kick + + + align:start position:0% +this term starts to kick +in interestingly though when we think + + align:start position:0% +in interestingly though when we think + + + align:start position:0% +in interestingly though when we think +about this now this model for the + + align:start position:0% +about this now this model for the + + + align:start position:0% +about this now this model for the +vacancy dependence is only going to + + align:start position:0% +vacancy dependence is only going to + + + align:start position:0% +vacancy dependence is only going to +depend on the electrically active + + align:start position:0% +depend on the electrically active + + + align:start position:0% +depend on the electrically active +concentration because remember we said + + align:start position:0% +concentration because remember we said + + + align:start position:0% +concentration because remember we said +we move the firmy level up so if if we + + align:start position:0% +we move the firmy level up so if if we + + + align:start position:0% +we move the firmy level up so if if we +add phosphorus to the wafer it's only + + align:start position:0% +add phosphorus to the wafer it's only + + + align:start position:0% +add phosphorus to the wafer it's only +the the amount of phosphorus um that + + align:start position:0% +the the amount of phosphorus um that + + + align:start position:0% +the the amount of phosphorus um that +contributes electrons that's going to + + align:start position:0% +contributes electrons that's going to + + + align:start position:0% +contributes electrons that's going to +move the family level + + align:start position:0% +move the family level + + + align:start position:0% +move the family level +around um so people had an idea on how + + align:start position:0% +around um so people had an idea on how + + + align:start position:0% +around um so people had an idea on how +to test this what if I compensate the + + align:start position:0% +to test this what if I compensate the + + + align:start position:0% +to test this what if I compensate the +wafer okay so let's let's uh well + + align:start position:0% +wafer okay so let's let's uh well + + + align:start position:0% +wafer okay so let's let's uh well +actually I I'll uh let me go on I'll + + align:start position:0% +actually I I'll uh let me go on I'll + + + align:start position:0% +actually I I'll uh let me go on I'll +talk about that next let me just show + + align:start position:0% +talk about that next let me just show + + + align:start position:0% +talk about that next let me just show +Slide 35 um just to show uh compare uh + + align:start position:0% +Slide 35 um just to show uh compare uh + + + align:start position:0% +Slide 35 um just to show uh compare uh +Boron and phosphorus we we know from our + + align:start position:0% +Boron and phosphorus we we know from our + + + align:start position:0% +Boron and phosphorus we we know from our +calculations actually that n type + + align:start position:0% +calculations actually that n type + + + align:start position:0% +calculations actually that n type +regions just because of the the point + + align:start position:0% +regions just because of the the point + + + align:start position:0% +regions just because of the the point +defect statistics n type regions tend to + + align:start position:0% +defect statistics n type regions tend to + + + align:start position:0% +defect statistics n type regions tend to +have higher uh charged vacancy + + align:start position:0% +have higher uh charged vacancy + + + align:start position:0% +have higher uh charged vacancy +concentrations at a given dopen than P + + align:start position:0% +concentrations at a given dopen than P + + + align:start position:0% +concentrations at a given dopen than P +type than Boron and in fact what we see + + align:start position:0% +type than Boron and in fact what we see + + + align:start position:0% +type than Boron and in fact what we see +is that the B over a parameter is more + + align:start position:0% +is that the B over a parameter is more + + + align:start position:0% +is that the B over a parameter is more +impacted uh in N type silicon very + + align:start position:0% +impacted uh in N type silicon very + + + align:start position:0% +impacted uh in N type silicon very +heavily doped than it is in ptype that's + + align:start position:0% +heavily doped than it is in ptype that's + + + align:start position:0% +heavily doped than it is in ptype that's +the the difference between the right and + + align:start position:0% +the the difference between the right and + + + align:start position:0% +the the difference between the right and +the left hand side on page + + align:start position:0% +the left hand side on page + + + align:start position:0% +the left hand side on page +35 that's some hint um when I started to + + align:start position:0% +35 that's some hint um when I started to + + + align:start position:0% +35 that's some hint um when I started to +talk about which I think to me is a + + align:start position:0% +talk about which I think to me is a + + + align:start position:0% +talk about which I think to me is a +little more convincing that this is + + align:start position:0% +little more convincing that this is + + + align:start position:0% +little more convincing that this is +really maybe it's to doe to vacancies um + + align:start position:0% +really maybe it's to doe to vacancies um + + + align:start position:0% +really maybe it's to doe to vacancies um +if you look at the oxide thickness as a + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the oxide thickness as a + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the oxide thickness as a +function of the electrically active + + align:start position:0% +function of the electrically active + + + align:start position:0% +function of the electrically active +phosphorus and and this solid line is + + align:start position:0% +phosphorus and and this solid line is + + + align:start position:0% +phosphorus and and this solid line is +for uncompensated what is uncompensated + + align:start position:0% +for uncompensated what is uncompensated + + + align:start position:0% +for uncompensated what is uncompensated +I just add phosphorus at certain level + + align:start position:0% +I just add phosphorus at certain level + + + align:start position:0% +I just add phosphorus at certain level +here I add it to 10 of a 19th 5 10 of 19 + + align:start position:0% +here I add it to 10 of a 19th 5 10 of 19 + + + align:start position:0% +here I add it to 10 of a 19th 5 10 of 19 +10 of 20 and 5 10 of 20 and I don't add + + align:start position:0% +10 of 20 and 5 10 of 20 and I don't add + + + align:start position:0% +10 of 20 and 5 10 of 20 and I don't add +any other dopin no + + align:start position:0% +any other dopin no + + + align:start position:0% +any other dopin no +Boron um as the phosphorus goes up uh + + align:start position:0% +Boron um as the phosphorus goes up uh + + + align:start position:0% +Boron um as the phosphorus goes up uh +the the vacancy concentration goes up + + align:start position:0% +the the vacancy concentration goes up + + + align:start position:0% +the the vacancy concentration goes up +and so does the + + align:start position:0% +and so does the + + + align:start position:0% +and so does the +thickness now the dash line is material + + align:start position:0% +thickness now the dash line is material + + + align:start position:0% +thickness now the dash line is material +that's been compensated what does that + + align:start position:0% +that's been compensated what does that + + + align:start position:0% +that's been compensated what does that +mean well what that means is when I add + + align:start position:0% +mean well what that means is when I add + + + align:start position:0% +mean well what that means is when I add +10 of a 20 phosphorus I'm also adding I + + align:start position:0% +10 of a 20 phosphorus I'm also adding I + + + align:start position:0% +10 of a 20 phosphorus I'm also adding I +add 10 of a 20 + + align:start position:0% +add 10 of a 20 + + + align:start position:0% +add 10 of a 20 +Boron there's still 10 of 20 phosphorus + + align:start position:0% +Boron there's still 10 of 20 phosphorus + + + align:start position:0% +Boron there's still 10 of 20 phosphorus +there and 10 of a 20 Boron but + + align:start position:0% +there and 10 of a 20 Boron but + + + align:start position:0% +there and 10 of a 20 Boron but +electrically I haven't added any extra + + align:start position:0% +electrically I haven't added any extra + + + align:start position:0% +electrically I haven't added any extra +electrons or holes right because they + + align:start position:0% +electrons or holes right because they + + + align:start position:0% +electrons or holes right because they +compensate each other in terms of + + align:start position:0% +compensate each other in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +compensate each other in terms of +dopus so the electrically active + + align:start position:0% +dopus so the electrically active + + + align:start position:0% +dopus so the electrically active +concentration has not gone up when I add + + align:start position:0% +concentration has not gone up when I add + + + align:start position:0% +concentration has not gone up when I add +as much borne as I had phosphorus so you + + align:start position:0% +as much borne as I had phosphorus so you + + + align:start position:0% +as much borne as I had phosphorus so you +add equal amount of p&n type dopen I + + align:start position:0% +add equal amount of p&n type dopen I + + + align:start position:0% +add equal amount of p&n type dopen I +still end up with fairly uh um I end up + + align:start position:0% +still end up with fairly uh um I end up + + + align:start position:0% +still end up with fairly uh um I end up +with material that's that's compensated + + align:start position:0% +with material that's that's compensated + + + align:start position:0% +with material that's that's compensated +so I haven't created I haven't moved the + + align:start position:0% +so I haven't created I haven't moved the + + + align:start position:0% +so I haven't created I haven't moved the +fairy level I haven't created a lot of + + align:start position:0% +fairy level I haven't created a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +fairy level I haven't created a lot of +excess charge defects and in fact he + + align:start position:0% +excess charge defects and in fact he + + + align:start position:0% +excess charge defects and in fact he +found that there wasn't that much uh + + align:start position:0% +found that there wasn't that much uh + + + align:start position:0% +found that there wasn't that much uh +increase in the oxidation rate when he + + align:start position:0% +increase in the oxidation rate when he + + + align:start position:0% +increase in the oxidation rate when he +added a lot of phosphorus but + + align:start position:0% +added a lot of phosphorus but + + + align:start position:0% +added a lot of phosphorus but +compensated with + + align:start position:0% +compensated with + + + align:start position:0% +compensated with +Boron equal amount of boron so if it + + align:start position:0% +Boron equal amount of boron so if it + + + align:start position:0% +Boron equal amount of boron so if it +were a chemical effect just the amount + + align:start position:0% +were a chemical effect just the amount + + + align:start position:0% +were a chemical effect just the amount +of phosphorous atoms let's say a + + align:start position:0% +of phosphorous atoms let's say a + + + align:start position:0% +of phosphorous atoms let's say a +phosphorous atom chemically causes oxide + + align:start position:0% +phosphorous atom chemically causes oxide + + + align:start position:0% +phosphorous atom chemically causes oxide +to grow faster it wouldn't matter + + align:start position:0% +to grow faster it wouldn't matter + + + align:start position:0% +to grow faster it wouldn't matter +whether you added an equal amount of + + align:start position:0% +whether you added an equal amount of + + + align:start position:0% +whether you added an equal amount of +boron but if you add an equal amount of + + align:start position:0% +boron but if you add an equal amount of + + + align:start position:0% +boron but if you add an equal amount of +boron you don't change the fmy level so + + align:start position:0% +boron you don't change the fmy level so + + + align:start position:0% +boron you don't change the fmy level so +this is an argument that that says to me + + align:start position:0% +this is an argument that that says to me + + + align:start position:0% +this is an argument that that says to me +that it really is the electrical + + align:start position:0% +that it really is the electrical + + + align:start position:0% +that it really is the electrical +concentration that's changing it's the + + align:start position:0% +concentration that's changing it's the + + + align:start position:0% +concentration that's changing it's the +movement of the fmy level doesn't prove + + align:start position:0% +movement of the fmy level doesn't prove + + + align:start position:0% +movement of the fmy level doesn't prove +it's a vacancy effect but it gives a + + align:start position:0% +it's a vacancy effect but it gives a + + + align:start position:0% +it's a vacancy effect but it gives a +little bit more + + align:start position:0% +little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more +weight here on on slide 37 um it's just + + align:start position:0% +weight here on on slide 37 um it's just + + + align:start position:0% +weight here on on slide 37 um it's just +a simulation of this type of effect uh + + align:start position:0% +a simulation of this type of effect uh + + + align:start position:0% +a simulation of this type of effect uh +what we have um on the left hand side is + + align:start position:0% +what we have um on the left hand side is + + + align:start position:0% +what we have um on the left hand side is +a local oxidation uh where where um I'm + + align:start position:0% +a local oxidation uh where where um I'm + + + align:start position:0% +a local oxidation uh where where um I'm +it's taking place here uh at 800° uh for + + align:start position:0% +it's taking place here uh at 800° uh for + + + align:start position:0% +it's taking place here uh at 800° uh for +30 minutes uh and you're you're seeing + + align:start position:0% +30 minutes uh and you're you're seeing + + + align:start position:0% +30 minutes uh and you're you're seeing +you get uh a little thicker oxide you or + + align:start position:0% +you get uh a little thicker oxide you or + + + align:start position:0% +you get uh a little thicker oxide you or +you get a five side five times thicker + + align:start position:0% +you get a five side five times thicker + + + align:start position:0% +you get a five side five times thicker +oxide growing in this uh heavily dope + + align:start position:0% +oxide growing in this uh heavily dope + + + align:start position:0% +oxide growing in this uh heavily dope +region so this region over here on the + + align:start position:0% +region so this region over here on the + + + align:start position:0% +region so this region over here on the +right is heavily phosphorous uh + + align:start position:0% +right is heavily phosphorous uh + + + align:start position:0% +right is heavily phosphorous uh +phosphorous doped so it was ion + + align:start position:0% +phosphorous doped so it was ion + + + align:start position:0% +phosphorous doped so it was ion +implanted uh prior to oxidation so you + + align:start position:0% +implanted uh prior to oxidation so you + + + align:start position:0% +implanted uh prior to oxidation so you +need to take this into account if you're + + align:start position:0% +need to take this into account if you're + + + align:start position:0% +need to take this into account if you're +making a device and you implant a region + + align:start position:0% +making a device and you implant a region + + + align:start position:0% +making a device and you implant a region +for a source drain and then you go to + + align:start position:0% +for a source drain and then you go to + + + align:start position:0% +for a source drain and then you go to +oxid it it's going to have a different + + align:start position:0% +oxid it it's going to have a different + + + align:start position:0% +oxid it it's going to have a different +oxidation rate compared to those parts + + align:start position:0% +oxidation rate compared to those parts + + + align:start position:0% +oxidation rate compared to those parts +of the chip that are being oxidized that + + align:start position:0% +of the chip that are being oxidized that + + + align:start position:0% +of the chip that are being oxidized that +don't have high doping in them so in + + align:start position:0% +don't have high doping in them so in + + + align:start position:0% +don't have high doping in them so in +Supreme you can easily take that into + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +account and the last thing I want to + + align:start position:0% +account and the last thing I want to + + + align:start position:0% +account and the last thing I want to +cover is uh here on slide 38 we talked + + align:start position:0% +cover is uh here on slide 38 we talked + + + align:start position:0% +cover is uh here on slide 38 we talked +about oxidation it has all these Point + + align:start position:0% +about oxidation it has all these Point + + + align:start position:0% +about oxidation it has all these Point +defect effects um uh we also talked a + + align:start position:0% +defect effects um uh we also talked a + + + align:start position:0% +defect effects um uh we also talked a +couple last time about or the time + + align:start position:0% +couple last time about or the time + + + align:start position:0% +couple last time about or the time +before about interface charges that come + + align:start position:0% +before about interface charges that come + + + align:start position:0% +before about interface charges that come +along with oxidation + + align:start position:0% +along with oxidation + + + align:start position:0% +along with oxidation +and this model on slide 38 is is while + + align:start position:0% +and this model on slide 38 is is while + + + align:start position:0% +and this model on slide 38 is is while +we're talking about Atomic level things + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about Atomic level things + + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about Atomic level things +this is sort of an atomic level cartoon + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of an atomic level cartoon + + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of an atomic level cartoon +or picture of what is actually causing + + align:start position:0% +or picture of what is actually causing + + + align:start position:0% +or picture of what is actually causing +the fixed charge and the density of + + align:start position:0% +the fixed charge and the density of + + + align:start position:0% +the fixed charge and the density of +interface States uh and what what it's + + align:start position:0% +interface States uh and what what it's + + + align:start position:0% +interface States uh and what what it's +supposedly is here in the near here's a + + align:start position:0% +supposedly is here in the near here's a + + + align:start position:0% +supposedly is here in the near here's a +my Amorphis sio2 up here and my crystal + + align:start position:0% +my Amorphis sio2 up here and my crystal + + + align:start position:0% +my Amorphis sio2 up here and my crystal +silicon in the near interfacial region + + align:start position:0% +silicon in the near interfacial region + + + align:start position:0% +silicon in the near interfacial region +there are I believe to be a few + + align:start position:0% +there are I believe to be a few + + + align:start position:0% +there are I believe to be a few +interstitial silicon atoms remember some + + align:start position:0% +interstitial silicon atoms remember some + + + align:start position:0% +interstitial silicon atoms remember some +interstitials get injected into the bulk + + align:start position:0% +interstitials get injected into the bulk + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials get injected into the bulk +some go up out there's a few that gets + + align:start position:0% +some go up out there's a few that gets + + + align:start position:0% +some go up out there's a few that gets +stuck near the interface this little + + align:start position:0% +stuck near the interface this little + + + align:start position:0% +stuck near the interface this little +extra silicon interstitial with a + + align:start position:0% +extra silicon interstitial with a + + + align:start position:0% +extra silicon interstitial with a +positive charge on it it's not bonded to + + align:start position:0% +positive charge on it it's not bonded to + + + align:start position:0% +positive charge on it it's not bonded to +oxygen atoms so has an excess positive + + align:start position:0% +oxygen atoms so has an excess positive + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen atoms so has an excess positive +charge that unbonded uh sort of silicon + + align:start position:0% +charge that unbonded uh sort of silicon + + + align:start position:0% +charge that unbonded uh sort of silicon +interstitial the extra dangling silicon + + align:start position:0% +interstitial the extra dangling silicon + + + align:start position:0% +interstitial the extra dangling silicon +interstitials uh that are there are that + + align:start position:0% +interstitials uh that are there are that + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials uh that are there are that +are positively charged are believed to + + align:start position:0% +are positively charged are believed to + + + align:start position:0% +are positively charged are believed to +be responsible for + + align:start position:0% +be responsible for + + + align:start position:0% +be responsible for +qf uh qit uh remember fixed charge + + align:start position:0% +qf uh qit uh remember fixed charge + + + align:start position:0% +qf uh qit uh remember fixed charge +doesn't change with bias the density of + + align:start position:0% +doesn't change with bias the density of + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't change with bias the density of +interface stat that changes is believed + + align:start position:0% +interface stat that changes is believed + + + align:start position:0% +interface stat that changes is believed +to be associated with dangling silicon + + align:start position:0% +to be associated with dangling silicon + + + align:start position:0% +to be associated with dangling silicon +uh uh bonds right at the interface um + + align:start position:0% +uh uh bonds right at the interface um + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh bonds right at the interface um +and we can passivate these uh because + + align:start position:0% +and we can passivate these uh because + + + align:start position:0% +and we can passivate these uh because +they're not in the oxide they're right + + align:start position:0% +they're not in the oxide they're right + + + align:start position:0% +they're not in the oxide they're right +at the Silicon silicon dioxide uh + + align:start position:0% +at the Silicon silicon dioxide uh + + + align:start position:0% +at the Silicon silicon dioxide uh +surface we can passivate these by adding + + align:start position:0% +surface we can passivate these by adding + + + align:start position:0% +surface we can passivate these by adding +hydrogen so you know when you build a + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen so you know when you build a + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen so you know when you build a +sea moss or you build a moss fet the + + align:start position:0% +sea moss or you build a moss fet the + + + align:start position:0% +sea moss or you build a moss fet the +last step is 450 de in hydrogen ambient + + align:start position:0% +last step is 450 de in hydrogen ambient + + + align:start position:0% +last step is 450 de in hydrogen ambient +the hydrogen diffuses in it satisfies + + align:start position:0% +the hydrogen diffuses in it satisfies + + + align:start position:0% +the hydrogen diffuses in it satisfies +these dangling bonds it bonds here and + + align:start position:0% +these dangling bonds it bonds here and + + + align:start position:0% +these dangling bonds it bonds here and +it covers up that charge + + align:start position:0% +it covers up that charge + + + align:start position:0% +it covers up that charge +um the hydrogen can't do anything about + + align:start position:0% +um the hydrogen can't do anything about + + + align:start position:0% +um the hydrogen can't do anything about +this this um silicon there's no there's + + align:start position:0% +this this um silicon there's no there's + + + align:start position:0% +this this um silicon there's no there's +it's unoxidized it needs oxygen atoms um + + align:start position:0% +it's unoxidized it needs oxygen atoms um + + + align:start position:0% +it's unoxidized it needs oxygen atoms um +so that's why when you do a forming gas + + align:start position:0% +so that's why when you do a forming gas + + + align:start position:0% +so that's why when you do a forming gas +anal here the last step you can R reduce + + align:start position:0% +anal here the last step you can R reduce + + + align:start position:0% +anal here the last step you can R reduce +the density of interface + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +States the fixed charge is a little + + align:start position:0% +States the fixed charge is a little + + + align:start position:0% +States the fixed charge is a little +different to reduce it you don't an Neal + + align:start position:0% +different to reduce it you don't an Neal + + + align:start position:0% +different to reduce it you don't an Neal +and hydrogen what you do this is + + align:start position:0% +and hydrogen what you do this is + + + align:start position:0% +and hydrogen what you do this is +so-called deal triangle what you do is + + align:start position:0% +so-called deal triangle what you do is + + + align:start position:0% +so-called deal triangle what you do is +you enal the oxide after oxidizing it in + + align:start position:0% +you enal the oxide after oxidizing it in + + + align:start position:0% +you enal the oxide after oxidizing it in +an innert ambient at high temperature + + align:start position:0% +an innert ambient at high temperature + + + align:start position:0% +an innert ambient at high temperature +so the idea would be that you try to get + + align:start position:0% +so the idea would be that you try to get + + + align:start position:0% +so the idea would be that you try to get +some of those silicon interstitials that + + align:start position:0% +some of those silicon interstitials that + + + align:start position:0% +some of those silicon interstitials that +were stuck there they they're unoxidized + + align:start position:0% +were stuck there they they're unoxidized + + + align:start position:0% +were stuck there they they're unoxidized +you give them time to diffuse away from + + align:start position:0% +you give them time to diffuse away from + + + align:start position:0% +you give them time to diffuse away from +that interface so you can get rid of + + align:start position:0% +that interface so you can get rid of + + + align:start position:0% +that interface so you can get rid of +that uh uh fixed charge and that's + + align:start position:0% +that uh uh fixed charge and that's + + + align:start position:0% +that uh uh fixed charge and that's +exactly what you will find if you uh run + + align:start position:0% +exactly what you will find if you uh run + + + align:start position:0% +exactly what you will find if you uh run +an oxidation program in the in the + + align:start position:0% +an oxidation program in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +an oxidation program in the in the +furnace what people typically do they + + align:start position:0% +furnace what people typically do they + + + align:start position:0% +furnace what people typically do they +grow an oxide 8 or 900 for an hour the + + align:start position:0% +grow an oxide 8 or 900 for an hour the + + + align:start position:0% +grow an oxide 8 or 900 for an hour the +last step of the program is to let the + + align:start position:0% +last step of the program is to let the + + + align:start position:0% +last step of the program is to let the +wafer sit at 8 or 900 in the tube with + + align:start position:0% +wafer sit at 8 or 900 in the tube with + + + align:start position:0% +wafer sit at 8 or 900 in the tube with +no oxygen flowing just argon or nitrogen + + align:start position:0% +no oxygen flowing just argon or nitrogen + + + align:start position:0% +no oxygen flowing just argon or nitrogen +and that last half hour anal is the qf + + align:start position:0% +and that last half hour anal is the qf + + + align:start position:0% +and that last half hour anal is the qf +anal so if you grew in dry oxygen at 800 + + align:start position:0% +anal so if you grew in dry oxygen at 800 + + + align:start position:0% +anal so if you grew in dry oxygen at 800 +an oxide and you didn't inal it you + + align:start position:0% +an oxide and you didn't inal it you + + + align:start position:0% +an oxide and you didn't inal it you +might have on one one1 silicon about 6 + + align:start position:0% +might have on one one1 silicon about 6 + + + align:start position:0% +might have on one one1 silicon about 6 +time 10 of 11th for your qf per square + + align:start position:0% +time 10 of 11th for your qf per square + + + align:start position:0% +time 10 of 11th for your qf per square +cm if you enal it um you can get it down + + align:start position:0% +cm if you enal it um you can get it down + + + align:start position:0% +cm if you enal it um you can get it down +at 800 if youal it nitrogen or argon you + + align:start position:0% +at 800 if youal it nitrogen or argon you + + + align:start position:0% +at 800 if youal it nitrogen or argon you +can get it down to about 1 * 10 11th on + + align:start position:0% +can get it down to about 1 * 10 11th on + + + align:start position:0% +can get it down to about 1 * 10 11th on +111 silicon 10 that all the numbers will + + align:start position:0% +111 silicon 10 that all the numbers will + + + align:start position:0% +111 silicon 10 that all the numbers will +be about three times lower if you unal + + align:start position:0% +be about three times lower if you unal + + + align:start position:0% +be about three times lower if you unal +it at a higher temperature + + align:start position:0% +it at a higher temperature + + + align:start position:0% +it at a higher temperature +um it you'll you'll also come down so + + align:start position:0% +um it you'll you'll also come down so + + + align:start position:0% +um it you'll you'll also come down so +the the whole idea is to enal that in + + align:start position:0% +the the whole idea is to enal that in + + + align:start position:0% +the the whole idea is to enal that in +inner ambient at a relatively high + + align:start position:0% +inner ambient at a relatively high + + + align:start position:0% +inner ambient at a relatively high +temperature after right after your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oxidation okay this is the last slide + + align:start position:0% +oxidation okay this is the last slide + + + align:start position:0% +oxidation okay this is the last slide +just to summarize the chapter six um and + + align:start position:0% +just to summarize the chapter six um and + + + align:start position:0% +just to summarize the chapter six um and +what we've talked about today the uh the + + align:start position:0% +what we've talked about today the uh the + + + align:start position:0% +what we've talked about today the uh the +we know we have to control the oxide + + align:start position:0% +we know we have to control the oxide + + + align:start position:0% +we know we have to control the oxide +thickness to Atomic level for thin gate + + align:start position:0% +thickness to Atomic level for thin gate + + + align:start position:0% +thickness to Atomic level for thin gate +dialectric um there's a basic deal Grove + + align:start position:0% +dialectric um there's a basic deal Grove + + + align:start position:0% +dialectric um there's a basic deal Grove +mechanism which involves diffusion + + align:start position:0% +mechanism which involves diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism which involves diffusion +through the oxide reaction at the + + align:start position:0% +through the oxide reaction at the + + + align:start position:0% +through the oxide reaction at the +interface um this doesn't work perfectly + + align:start position:0% +interface um this doesn't work perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +interface um this doesn't work perfectly +but there's been a lot of situations + + align:start position:0% +but there's been a lot of situations + + + align:start position:0% +but there's been a lot of situations +that people can correct the ve Grove + + align:start position:0% +that people can correct the ve Grove + + + align:start position:0% +that people can correct the ve Grove +model uh this non- planer oxidation is + + align:start position:0% +model uh this non- planer oxidation is + + + align:start position:0% +model uh this non- planer oxidation is +impacted by the orientation of the + + align:start position:0% +impacted by the orientation of the + + + align:start position:0% +impacted by the orientation of the +surface two-dimensional diffusion + + align:start position:0% +surface two-dimensional diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +surface two-dimensional diffusion +through a shaped oxide and the stress + + align:start position:0% +through a shaped oxide and the stress + + + align:start position:0% +through a shaped oxide and the stress +effects stress retards or slows down the + + align:start position:0% +effects stress retards or slows down the + + + align:start position:0% +effects stress retards or slows down the +oxidation by slowing down the interface + + align:start position:0% +oxidation by slowing down the interface + + + align:start position:0% +oxidation by slowing down the interface +reaction case sub s and slowing down + + align:start position:0% +reaction case sub s and slowing down + + + align:start position:0% +reaction case sub s and slowing down +with diffusion through the + + align:start position:0% +with diffusion through the + + + align:start position:0% +with diffusion through the +oxide and these silicon interstitials + + align:start position:0% +oxide and these silicon interstitials + + + align:start position:0% +oxide and these silicon interstitials +are injected into the during oxidation + + align:start position:0% +are injected into the during oxidation + + + align:start position:0% +are injected into the during oxidation +and we're going to come back and revisit + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to come back and revisit + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to come back and revisit +them in the next few lectures or over + + align:start position:0% +them in the next few lectures or over + + + align:start position:0% +them in the next few lectures or over +the next uh several weeks because + + align:start position:0% +the next uh several weeks because + + + align:start position:0% +the next uh several weeks because +they're going to dramatically uh impact + + align:start position:0% +they're going to dramatically uh impact + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to dramatically uh impact +the fusion of boron and and other + + align:start position:0% +the fusion of boron and and other + + + align:start position:0% +the fusion of boron and and other +dopin so that's about what I have I + + align:start position:0% +dopin so that's about what I have I + + + align:start position:0% +dopin so that's about what I have I +believe um for today uh your homework is + + align:start position:0% +believe um for today uh your homework is + + + align:start position:0% +believe um for today uh your homework is +due you can bring that up after uh right + + align:start position:0% +due you can bring that up after uh right + + + align:start position:0% +due you can bring that up after uh right +now and put it in this orange folder if + + align:start position:0% +now and put it in this orange folder if + + + align:start position:0% +now and put it in this orange folder if +you didn't pick up your homework last + + align:start position:0% +you didn't pick up your homework last + + + align:start position:0% +you didn't pick up your homework last +time it's in the back with the handouts + + align:start position:0% +time it's in the back with the handouts + + + align:start position:0% +time it's in the back with the handouts +I'm going to be out next week your ta + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to be out next week your ta + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to be out next week your ta +Maggie Maggie you want to raise your + + align:start position:0% +Maggie Maggie you want to raise your + + + align:start position:0% +Maggie Maggie you want to raise your +hand in the back is going to give a + + align:start position:0% +hand in the back is going to give a + + + align:start position:0% +hand in the back is going to give a +lectures um as usual so we'll start + + align:start position:0% +lectures um as usual so we'll start + + + align:start position:0% +lectures um as usual so we'll start +diffusion on Tuesday and on Tuesday your + + align:start position:0% +diffusion on Tuesday and on Tuesday your + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion on Tuesday and on Tuesday your +new homework goes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +out me \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/ONO1anWuNOk.txt b/ONO1anWuNOk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9d339594415faf035e146376389e77264c8eb007 --- /dev/null +++ b/ONO1anWuNOk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13187 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu so this is about + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu so this is about + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu so this is about +uh evaluating micr credit uh and how to + + align:start position:0% +uh evaluating micr credit uh and how to + + + align:start position:0% +uh evaluating micr credit uh and how to +do it it's + + align:start position:0% +do it it's + + + align:start position:0% +do it it's +also uh a methods lecture in some sense + + align:start position:0% +also uh a methods lecture in some sense + + + align:start position:0% +also uh a methods lecture in some sense +because it's going to + + align:start position:0% +because it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +because it's going to +be an application where it was done both + + align:start position:0% +be an application where it was done both + + + align:start position:0% +be an application where it was done both +as reduced form IV as well as structural + + align:start position:0% +as reduced form IV as well as structural + + + align:start position:0% +as reduced form IV as well as structural +so that'll gives us this great + + align:start position:0% +so that'll gives us this great + + + align:start position:0% +so that'll gives us this great +opportunity to think + + align:start position:0% +opportunity to think + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity to think +about pros and cons pluses and minuses + + align:start position:0% +about pros and cons pluses and minuses + + + align:start position:0% +about pros and cons pluses and minuses +kind of what what you can get from one + + align:start position:0% +kind of what what you can get from one + + + align:start position:0% +kind of what what you can get from one +and not from the other + + align:start position:0% +and not from the other + + + align:start position:0% +and not from the other +um and this is about a financial + + align:start position:0% +um and this is about a financial + + + align:start position:0% +um and this is about a financial +intervention so we have been consistent + + align:start position:0% +intervention so we have been consistent + + + align:start position:0% +intervention so we have been consistent +in every single lecture in talking about + + align:start position:0% +in every single lecture in talking about + + + align:start position:0% +in every single lecture in talking about +financial constraints and financial + + align:start position:0% +financial constraints and financial + + + align:start position:0% +financial constraints and financial +modeling and talking about uh policy + + align:start position:0% +modeling and talking about uh policy + + + align:start position:0% +modeling and talking about uh policy +policy implications of changing the + + align:start position:0% +policy implications of changing the + + + align:start position:0% +policy implications of changing the +financial system so this is an + + align:start position:0% +financial system so this is an + + + align:start position:0% +financial system so this is an +illustrative application of that General + + align:start position:0% +illustrative application of that General + + + align:start position:0% +illustrative application of that General +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +theme + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +uh very little review of the literature + + align:start position:0% +uh very little review of the literature + + + align:start position:0% +uh very little review of the literature +but there are two + + align:start position:0% +but there are two + + + align:start position:0% +but there are two +three applications actually the truth is + + align:start position:0% +three applications actually the truth is + + + align:start position:0% +three applications actually the truth is +there's very few RCT evaluations of micr + + align:start position:0% +there's very few RCT evaluations of micr + + + align:start position:0% +there's very few RCT evaluations of micr +credit uh abaj + + align:start position:0% +credit uh abaj + + + align:start position:0% +credit uh abaj +Esther Cynthia and Rachel did one in + + align:start position:0% +Esther Cynthia and Rachel did one in + + + align:start position:0% +Esther Cynthia and Rachel did one in +hydrabad uh + + align:start position:0% +hydrabad uh + + + align:start position:0% +hydrabad uh +spandana uh and in many ways the results + + align:start position:0% +spandana uh and in many ways the results + + + align:start position:0% +spandana uh and in many ways the results +are strikingly similar to what we're + + align:start position:0% +are strikingly similar to what we're + + + align:start position:0% +are strikingly similar to what we're +going to find in the Thai Villages and + + align:start position:0% +going to find in the Thai Villages and + + + align:start position:0% +going to find in the Thai Villages and +even some similarity to + + align:start position:0% +even some similarity to + + + align:start position:0% +even some similarity to +Morocco um what I want to emphasize and + + align:start position:0% +Morocco um what I want to emphasize and + + + align:start position:0% +Morocco um what I want to emphasize and +they do too is the + + align:start position:0% +they do too is the + + + align:start position:0% +they do too is the +heterogeneity so for example in + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneity so for example in + + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneity so for example in +hydrabad scoof based lending joint + + align:start position:0% +hydrabad scoof based lending joint + + + align:start position:0% +hydrabad scoof based lending joint +liability they small loans female + + align:start position:0% +liability they small loans female + + + align:start position:0% +liability they small loans female +borrowers subsidized low rates uh on + + align:start position:0% +borrowers subsidized low rates uh on + + + align:start position:0% +borrowers subsidized low rates uh on +average to be put in italics there's no + + align:start position:0% +average to be put in italics there's no + + + align:start position:0% +average to be put in italics there's no +impact on total + + align:start position:0% +impact on total + + + align:start position:0% +impact on total +expenditures uh but on average an + + align:start position:0% +expenditures uh but on average an + + + align:start position:0% +expenditures uh but on average an +increase in durables in the short run + + align:start position:0% +increase in durables in the short run + + + align:start position:0% +increase in durables in the short run +and you might stop there and that would + + align:start position:0% +and you might stop there and that would + + + align:start position:0% +and you might stop there and that would +be a mistake because the really + + align:start position:0% +be a mistake because the really + + + align:start position:0% +be a mistake because the really +interesting stuff gets going when you + + align:start position:0% +interesting stuff gets going when you + + + align:start position:0% +interesting stuff gets going when you +start looking at the people who are + + align:start position:0% +start looking at the people who are + + + align:start position:0% +start looking at the people who are +running or might run businesses + + align:start position:0% +running or might run businesses + + + align:start position:0% +running or might run businesses +uh business creation business + + align:start position:0% +uh business creation business + + + align:start position:0% +uh business creation business +assets self-employed hours and profits + + align:start position:0% +assets self-employed hours and profits + + + align:start position:0% +assets self-employed hours and profits +increase for all for those who already + + align:start position:0% +increase for all for those who already + + + align:start position:0% +increase for all for those who already +had existing + + align:start position:0% +had existing + + + align:start position:0% +had existing +businesses uh their durable consumption + + align:start position:0% +businesses uh their durable consumption + + + align:start position:0% +businesses uh their durable consumption +goes + + align:start position:0% +goes + + + align:start position:0% +goes +up non-durable does not now the + + align:start position:0% +up non-durable does not now the + + + align:start position:0% +up non-durable does not now the +consumption part is similar to the + + align:start position:0% +consumption part is similar to the + + + align:start position:0% +consumption part is similar to the +aggregate uh but if you + + align:start position:0% +aggregate uh but if you + + + align:start position:0% +aggregate uh but if you +look at say U + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the uh those who have as in a prob + + align:start position:0% +the uh those who have as in a prob + + + align:start position:0% +the uh those who have as in a prob +probate a high propensity to start new + + align:start position:0% +probate a high propensity to start new + + + align:start position:0% +probate a high propensity to start new +businesses in the + + align:start position:0% +businesses in the + + + align:start position:0% +businesses in the +sample uh they increase their durable + + align:start position:0% +sample uh they increase their durable + + + align:start position:0% +sample uh they increase their durable +goods spending but they decrease their + + align:start position:0% +goods spending but they decrease their + + + align:start position:0% +goods spending but they decrease their +non-durable good spending so we're + + align:start position:0% +non-durable good spending so we're + + + align:start position:0% +non-durable good spending so we're +seeing something constant on the average + + align:start position:0% +seeing something constant on the average + + + align:start position:0% +seeing something constant on the average +and going down for one group and in fact + + align:start position:0% +and going down for one group and in fact + + + align:start position:0% +and going down for one group and in fact +if you look at the flip side which is + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the flip side which is + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the flip side which is +not surprising given the average is what + + align:start position:0% +not surprising given the average is what + + + align:start position:0% +not surprising given the average is what +it is the low propensity business + + align:start position:0% +it is the low propensity business + + + align:start position:0% +it is the low propensity business +business owners actually increase their + + align:start position:0% +business owners actually increase their + + + align:start position:0% +business owners actually increase their +consumption of non-durables + + align:start position:0% +consumption of non-durables + + + align:start position:0% +consumption of non-durables +so so you know various het heterogeneous + + align:start position:0% +so so you know various het heterogeneous + + + align:start position:0% +so so you know various het heterogeneous +impact based by the way on + + align:start position:0% +impact based by the way on + + + align:start position:0% +impact based by the way on +observables namely current business + + align:start position:0% +observables namely current business + + + align:start position:0% +observables namely current business +owners and unobservables that are backed + + align:start position:0% +owners and unobservables that are backed + + + align:start position:0% +owners and unobservables that are backed +out through these propensity scores as + + align:start position:0% +out through these propensity scores as + + + align:start position:0% +out through these propensity scores as +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +probits so so it's unobservable as well + + align:start position:0% +probits so so it's unobservable as well + + + align:start position:0% +probits so so it's unobservable as well +as observable heterogeneity that seems + + align:start position:0% +as observable heterogeneity that seems + + + align:start position:0% +as observable heterogeneity that seems +to matter + + align:start position:0% +to matter + + + align:start position:0% +to matter +uh Morocco + + align:start position:0% +uh Morocco + + + align:start position:0% +uh Morocco +similar uh larger loans lending to + + align:start position:0% +similar uh larger loans lending to + + + align:start position:0% +similar uh larger loans lending to +men + + align:start position:0% +men + + + align:start position:0% +men +uh no effects on + + align:start position:0% +uh no effects on + + + align:start position:0% +uh no effects on +consumption uh maybe some small + + align:start position:0% +consumption uh maybe some small + + + align:start position:0% +consumption uh maybe some small +reduction in consumption for those uh + + align:start position:0% +reduction in consumption for those uh + + + align:start position:0% +reduction in consumption for those uh +doing Agriculture and livestock no + + align:start position:0% +doing Agriculture and livestock no + + + align:start position:0% +doing Agriculture and livestock no +effect on business creation but within + + align:start position:0% +effect on business creation but within + + + align:start position:0% +effect on business creation but within +existing businesses certain activities + + align:start position:0% +existing businesses certain activities + + + align:start position:0% +existing businesses certain activities +were discontinued less often and the + + align:start position:0% +were discontinued less often and the + + + align:start position:0% +were discontinued less often and the +scale of other activities as in + + align:start position:0% +scale of other activities as in + + + align:start position:0% +scale of other activities as in +agriculture and + + align:start position:0% +agriculture and + + + align:start position:0% +agriculture and +livestock uh increase so again another + + align:start position:0% +livestock uh increase so again another + + + align:start position:0% +livestock uh increase so again another +aspect one the consumption aspect is + + align:start position:0% +aspect one the consumption aspect is + + + align:start position:0% +aspect one the consumption aspect is +kind of similar in the sense that you + + align:start position:0% +kind of similar in the sense that you + + + align:start position:0% +kind of similar in the sense that you +know maybe for these guys that seem to + + align:start position:0% +know maybe for these guys that seem to + + + align:start position:0% +know maybe for these guys that seem to +have some business impact consumption + + align:start position:0% +have some business impact consumption + + + align:start position:0% +have some business impact consumption +might be + + align:start position:0% +might be + + + align:start position:0% +might be +going down and instead of on average + + align:start position:0% +going down and instead of on average + + + align:start position:0% +going down and instead of on average +staying constant and then you have this + + align:start position:0% +staying constant and then you have this + + + align:start position:0% +staying constant and then you have this +kind of nebulous effect on business is a + + align:start position:0% +kind of nebulous effect on business is a + + + align:start position:0% +kind of nebulous effect on business is a +lot of people think of micro credit + + align:start position:0% +lot of people think of micro credit + + + align:start position:0% +lot of people think of micro credit +traditionally as an impetus to business + + align:start position:0% +traditionally as an impetus to business + + + align:start position:0% +traditionally as an impetus to business +creation it's to allow talented if poor + + align:start position:0% +creation it's to allow talented if poor + + + align:start position:0% +creation it's to allow talented if poor +people to enter and expand but and also + + align:start position:0% +people to enter and expand but and also + + + align:start position:0% +people to enter and expand but and also +enter into business and in fact some of + + align:start position:0% +enter into business and in fact some of + + + align:start position:0% +enter into business and in fact some of +the early uh micro founded macro models + + align:start position:0% +the early uh micro founded macro models + + + align:start position:0% +the early uh micro founded macro models +that we went through in class very much + + align:start position:0% +that we went through in class very much + + + align:start position:0% +that we went through in class very much +feature that that vehicle uh people + + align:start position:0% +feature that that vehicle uh people + + + align:start position:0% +feature that that vehicle uh people +going into business who couldn't + + align:start position:0% +going into business who couldn't + + + align:start position:0% +going into business who couldn't +previously as their wealth expanded you + + align:start position:0% +previously as their wealth expanded you + + + align:start position:0% +previously as their wealth expanded you +know driving aggregate + + align:start position:0% +know driving aggregate + + + align:start position:0% +know driving aggregate +tfp now that's not to say those those + + align:start position:0% +tfp now that's not to say those those + + + align:start position:0% +tfp now that's not to say those those +studies were + + align:start position:0% +studies were + + + align:start position:0% +studies were +wrong uh these things can vary across + + align:start position:0% +wrong uh these things can vary across + + + align:start position:0% +wrong uh these things can vary across +countries and they can vary within a + + align:start position:0% +countries and they can vary within a + + + align:start position:0% +countries and they can vary within a +given country according to kind of the + + align:start position:0% +given country according to kind of the + + + align:start position:0% +given country according to kind of the +state of the financial system and the + + align:start position:0% +state of the financial system and the + + + align:start position:0% +state of the financial system and the +overall development path um but we'll + + align:start position:0% +overall development path um but we'll + + + align:start position:0% +overall development path um but we'll +see again in the tie study this a bit of + + align:start position:0% +see again in the tie study this a bit of + + + align:start position:0% +see again in the tie study this a bit of +a struggle to figure out what's going on + + align:start position:0% +a struggle to figure out what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +a struggle to figure out what's going on +within existing businesses that allowing + + align:start position:0% +within existing businesses that allowing + + + align:start position:0% +within existing businesses that allowing +them to be more profitable and that + + align:start position:0% +them to be more profitable and that + + + align:start position:0% +them to be more profitable and that +durable goods + + align:start position:0% +durable goods + + + align:start position:0% +durable goods +thing you know again as we've studied in + + align:start position:0% +thing you know again as we've studied in + + + align:start position:0% +thing you know again as we've studied in +the financial accounts we make decisions + + align:start position:0% +the financial accounts we make decisions + + + align:start position:0% +the financial accounts we make decisions +about classification but you know some + + align:start position:0% +about classification but you know some + + + align:start position:0% +about classification but you know some +durable goods are used not just as a + + align:start position:0% +durable goods are used not just as a + + + align:start position:0% +durable goods are used not just as a +service flow for household consumption + + align:start position:0% +service flow for household consumption + + + align:start position:0% +service flow for household consumption +but also potentially used in the + + align:start position:0% +but also potentially used in the + + + align:start position:0% +but also potentially used in the +business and if they you know sort of + + align:start position:0% +business and if they you know sort of + + + align:start position:0% +business and if they you know sort of +increase end durables might suggest + + align:start position:0% +increase end durables might suggest + + + align:start position:0% +increase end durables might suggest +they're actually expanding the business + + align:start position:0% +they're actually expanding the business + + + align:start position:0% +they're actually expanding the business +in some way not just you know + + align:start position:0% +in some way not just you know + + + align:start position:0% +in some way not just you know +taking it out in terms of increased + + align:start position:0% +taking it out in terms of increased + + + align:start position:0% +taking it out in terms of increased +consumption okay um so in Thailand it's + + align:start position:0% +consumption okay um so in Thailand it's + + + align:start position:0% +consumption okay um so in Thailand it's +the million bot fund uh it uh it was a + + align:start position:0% +the million bot fund uh it uh it was a + + + align:start position:0% +the million bot fund uh it uh it was a +government + + align:start position:0% +government + + + align:start position:0% +government +intervention it was + + align:start position:0% +intervention it was + + + align:start position:0% +intervention it was +not a randomized control + + align:start position:0% +not a randomized control + + + align:start position:0% +not a randomized control +trial + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um and uh I justess I guess I'll deal + + align:start position:0% +um and uh I justess I guess I'll deal + + + align:start position:0% +um and uh I justess I guess I'll deal +with that right + + align:start position:0% +with that right + + + align:start position:0% +with that right +away uh how are we doing an evaluation + + align:start position:0% +away uh how are we doing an evaluation + + + align:start position:0% +away uh how are we doing an evaluation +as if it were a randomized control trial + + align:start position:0% +as if it were a randomized control trial + + + align:start position:0% +as if it were a randomized control trial +well it was basically a million bot per + + align:start position:0% +well it was basically a million bot per + + + align:start position:0% +well it was basically a million bot per +Village Villages are well- defined + + align:start position:0% +Village Villages are well- defined + + + align:start position:0% +Village Villages are well- defined +geopolitical + + align:start position:0% +geopolitical + + + align:start position:0% +geopolitical +entities but they vary in terms of total + + align:start position:0% +entities but they vary in terms of total + + + align:start position:0% +entities but they vary in terms of total +population size so all Villages got the + + align:start position:0% +population size so all Villages got the + + + align:start position:0% +population size so all Villages got the +same amount of credit but villages with + + align:start position:0% +same amount of credit but villages with + + + align:start position:0% +same amount of credit but villages with +fewer households got a higher per capita + + align:start position:0% +fewer households got a higher per capita + + + align:start position:0% +fewer households got a higher per capita +treatment and + + align:start position:0% +treatment and + + + align:start position:0% +treatment and +uh there are 72,000 villages is by the + + align:start position:0% +uh there are 72,000 villages is by the + + + align:start position:0% +uh there are 72,000 villages is by the +way in + + align:start position:0% +way in + + + align:start position:0% +way in +Thailand and uh they all got something + + align:start position:0% +Thailand and uh they all got something + + + align:start position:0% +Thailand and uh they all got something +in the order of $4 $225,000 so this was + + align:start position:0% +in the order of $4 $225,000 so this was + + + align:start position:0% +in the order of $4 $225,000 so this was +approximately 1 and a half% of GDP so + + align:start position:0% +approximately 1 and a half% of GDP so + + + align:start position:0% +approximately 1 and a half% of GDP so +you could easily claim it's the world's + + align:start position:0% +you could easily claim it's the world's + + + align:start position:0% +you could easily claim it's the world's +largest microcredit sort of expansion + + align:start position:0% +largest microcredit sort of expansion + + + align:start position:0% +largest microcredit sort of expansion +and evaluation now it's a quazi + + align:start position:0% +and evaluation now it's a quazi + + + align:start position:0% +and evaluation now it's a quazi +experimental design you'll see in the + + align:start position:0% +experimental design you'll see in the + + + align:start position:0% +experimental design you'll see in the +slides but I'll say it + + align:start position:0% +slides but I'll say it + + + align:start position:0% +slides but I'll say it +now you know we carefully look at + + align:start position:0% +now you know we carefully look at + + + align:start position:0% +now you know we carefully look at +pre-intervention trends + + align:start position:0% +pre-intervention trends + + + align:start position:0% +pre-intervention trends +to see whether there's anything else + + align:start position:0% +to see whether there's anything else + + + align:start position:0% +to see whether there's anything else +going on systematically + + align:start position:0% +going on systematically + + + align:start position:0% +going on systematically +between in a comparison between small + + align:start position:0% +between in a comparison between small + + + align:start position:0% +between in a comparison between small +and large villages and we can't find + + align:start position:0% +and large villages and we can't find + + + align:start position:0% +and large villages and we can't find +much we've even gotten the maps out and + + align:start position:0% +much we've even gotten the maps out and + + + align:start position:0% +much we've even gotten the maps out and +used this Community Development + + align:start position:0% +used this Community Development + + + align:start position:0% +used this Community Development +Department data for all the villages in + + align:start position:0% +Department data for all the villages in + + + align:start position:0% +Department data for all the villages in +Thailand and and looked at Village size + + align:start position:0% +Thailand and and looked at Village size + + + align:start position:0% +Thailand and and looked at Village size +to see you know if for example larger + + align:start position:0% +to see you know if for example larger + + + align:start position:0% +to see you know if for example larger +Villages are near urban areas or certain + + align:start position:0% +Villages are near urban areas or certain + + + align:start position:0% +Villages are near urban areas or certain +uh near to main roads and so on they're + + align:start position:0% +uh near to main roads and so on they're + + + align:start position:0% +uh near to main roads and so on they're +not we only find you know one or two + + align:start position:0% +not we only find you know one or two + + + align:start position:0% +not we only find you know one or two +variables that are + + align:start position:0% +variables that are + + + align:start position:0% +variables that are +correlated and you kind of expect if + + align:start position:0% +correlated and you kind of expect if + + + align:start position:0% +correlated and you kind of expect if +you're searching over hundreds of + + align:start position:0% +you're searching over hundreds of + + + align:start position:0% +you're searching over hundreds of +variables to find a few things now and + + align:start position:0% +variables to find a few things now and + + + align:start position:0% +variables to find a few things now and +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +um so we're going to look at the effect + + align:start position:0% +um so we're going to look at the effect + + + align:start position:0% +um so we're going to look at the effect +of credit on consumption investment + + align:start position:0% +of credit on consumption investment + + + align:start position:0% +of credit on consumption investment +income and we're also going to look at + + align:start position:0% +income and we're also going to look at + + + align:start position:0% +income and we're also going to look at +some general equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +some general equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +some general equilibrium +effects + + align:start position:0% +effects + + + align:start position:0% +effects +um and again just for + + align:start position:0% +um and again just for + + + align:start position:0% +um and again just for +worry that I'll forget to say it + + align:start position:0% +worry that I'll forget to say it + + + align:start position:0% +worry that I'll forget to say it +later + + align:start position:0% +later + + + align:start position:0% +later +uh you know if you view Villages as + + align:start position:0% +uh you know if you view Villages as + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know if you view Villages as +small open economies and we have seen + + align:start position:0% +small open economies and we have seen + + + align:start position:0% +small open economies and we have seen +papers on that then by intervening you + + align:start position:0% +papers on that then by intervening you + + + align:start position:0% +papers on that then by intervening you +know Village by Village there's some + + align:start position:0% +know Village by Village there's some + + + align:start position:0% +know Village by Village there's some +sense in which you're intervening + + align:start position:0% +sense in which you're intervening + + + align:start position:0% +sense in which you're intervening +country by country that's pretty rare + + align:start position:0% +country by country that's pretty rare + + + align:start position:0% +country by country that's pretty rare +opportunity these models we've been + + align:start position:0% +opportunity these models we've been + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity these models we've been +dealing with take a stand on what might + + align:start position:0% +dealing with take a stand on what might + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with take a stand on what might +happen with wages for example in general + + align:start position:0% +happen with wages for example in general + + + align:start position:0% +happen with wages for example in general +equilibrium so we can actually see if + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium so we can actually see if + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium so we can actually see if +there's a wage effect going + + align:start position:0% +there's a wage effect going + + + align:start position:0% +there's a wage effect going +on over and above the potential benefits + + align:start position:0% +on over and above the potential benefits + + + align:start position:0% +on over and above the potential benefits +or other impacts on households who got + + align:start position:0% +or other impacts on households who got + + + align:start position:0% +or other impacts on households who got +credit households who don't even get + + align:start position:0% +credit households who don't even get + + + align:start position:0% +credit households who don't even get +credit but live in a village where + + align:start position:0% +credit but live in a village where + + + align:start position:0% +credit but live in a village where +business might be expanding would be + + align:start position:0% +business might be expanding would be + + + align:start position:0% +business might be expanding would be +Villages given certain obstacles to + + align:start position:0% +Villages given certain obstacles to + + + align:start position:0% +Villages given certain obstacles to +Total + + align:start position:0% +Total + + + align:start position:0% +Total +migration would be Villages where the + + align:start position:0% +migration would be Villages where the + + + align:start position:0% +migration would be Villages where the +wages are going up and and again that's + + align:start position:0% +wages are going up and and again that's + + + align:start position:0% +wages are going up and and again that's +what we saw in those first few lectures + + align:start position:0% +what we saw in those first few lectures + + + align:start position:0% +what we saw in those first few lectures +uh to be the impact of the expansion of + + align:start position:0% +uh to be the impact of the expansion of + + + align:start position:0% +uh to be the impact of the expansion of +the financial system question so um I + + align:start position:0% +the financial system question so um I + + + align:start position:0% +the financial system question so um I +guess exan did did it surprise you that + + align:start position:0% +guess exan did did it surprise you that + + + align:start position:0% +guess exan did did it surprise you that +there was no correlation between things + + align:start position:0% +there was no correlation between things + + + align:start position:0% +there was no correlation between things +like Village size and like proximity to + + align:start position:0% +like Village size and like proximity to + + + align:start position:0% +like Village size and like proximity to +resources or you know sort of + + align:start position:0% +resources or you know sort of + + + align:start position:0% +resources or you know sort of +productivity of the average business in + + align:start position:0% +productivity of the average business in + + + align:start position:0% +productivity of the average business in +the village well one thing it's a it's a + + align:start position:0% +the village well one thing it's a it's a + + + align:start position:0% +the village well one thing it's a it's a +political decision and they they divide + + align:start position:0% +political decision and they they divide + + + align:start position:0% +political decision and they they divide +and subdivide Villages but they don't do + + align:start position:0% +and subdivide Villages but they don't do + + + align:start position:0% +and subdivide Villages but they don't do +it on a regular you know persistent + + align:start position:0% +it on a regular you know persistent + + + align:start position:0% +it on a regular you know persistent +basis so if a village were getting + + align:start position:0% +basis so if a village were getting + + + align:start position:0% +basis so if a village were getting +bigger and bigger for economic reasons + + align:start position:0% +bigger and bigger for economic reasons + + + align:start position:0% +bigger and bigger for economic reasons +then it could get divided by the + + align:start position:0% +then it could get divided by the + + + align:start position:0% +then it could get divided by the +government into two separate + + align:start position:0% +government into two separate + + + align:start position:0% +government into two separate +Villages uh so what what is the measure + + align:start position:0% +Villages uh so what what is the measure + + + align:start position:0% +Villages uh so what what is the measure +of village that you looked at the one + + align:start position:0% +of village that you looked at the one + + + align:start position:0% +of village that you looked at the one +decided by the + + align:start position:0% +decided by the + + + align:start position:0% +decided by the +government yeah at a moment in time we + + align:start position:0% +government yeah at a moment in time we + + + align:start position:0% +government yeah at a moment in time we +have the identity of each of the + + align:start position:0% +have the identity of each of the + + + align:start position:0% +have the identity of each of the +villages and we count the number of + + align:start position:0% +villages and we count the number of + + + align:start position:0% +villages and we count the number of +households in The Village so potentially + + align:start position:0% +households in The Village so potentially + + + align:start position:0% +households in The Village so potentially +something that we count as two Villages + + align:start position:0% +something that we count as two Villages + + + align:start position:0% +something that we count as two Villages +is actually one big Village + + align:start position:0% +is actually one big Village + + + align:start position:0% +is actually one big Village +well the the real question is whether + + align:start position:0% +well the the real question is whether + + + align:start position:0% +well the the real question is whether +the funds could have leaked over to + + align:start position:0% +the funds could have leaked over to + + + align:start position:0% +the funds could have leaked over to +neighboring Villages the the + + align:start position:0% +neighboring Villages the the + + + align:start position:0% +neighboring Villages the the +grant that established this Village + + align:start position:0% +grant that established this Village + + + align:start position:0% +grant that established this Village +level institution was for a village you + + align:start position:0% +level institution was for a village you + + + align:start position:0% +level institution was for a village you +know like downtown crossing gets a + + align:start position:0% +know like downtown crossing gets a + + + align:start position:0% +know like downtown crossing gets a +village fund you know Beacon Hill + + align:start position:0% +village fund you know Beacon Hill + + + align:start position:0% +village fund you know Beacon Hill +doesn't get one sorry close to home uh + + align:start position:0% +doesn't get one sorry close to home uh + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't get one sorry close to home uh +there's hug incentive to not share right + + align:start position:0% +there's hug incentive to not share right + + + align:start position:0% +there's hug incentive to not share right +I mean if belongs to your village why + + align:start position:0% +I mean if belongs to your village why + + + align:start position:0% +I mean if belongs to your village why +would you want someone know no no no + + align:start position:0% +would you want someone know no no no + + + align:start position:0% +would you want someone know no no no +what what I'm arguing is I think uh sort + + align:start position:0% +what what I'm arguing is I think uh sort + + + align:start position:0% +what what I'm arguing is I think uh sort +of agricultural or resource economics + + align:start position:0% +of agricultural or resource economics + + + align:start position:0% +of agricultural or resource economics +would suggest that Village side should + + align:start position:0% +would suggest that Village side should + + + align:start position:0% +would suggest that Village side should +be endogenous to to resources in an area + + align:start position:0% +be endogenous to to resources in an area + + + align:start position:0% +be endogenous to to resources in an area +or you know like there should be more + + align:start position:0% +or you know like there should be more + + + align:start position:0% +or you know like there should be more +Villages near fresh water sources like + + align:start position:0% +Villages near fresh water sources like + + + align:start position:0% +Villages near fresh water sources like +in you know maybe a thousand years ago + + align:start position:0% +in you know maybe a thousand years ago + + + align:start position:0% +in you know maybe a thousand years ago +or something so well but but then just + + align:start position:0% +or something so well but but then just + + + align:start position:0% +or something so well but but then just +for population actually I think your + + align:start position:0% +for population actually I think your + + + align:start position:0% +for population actually I think your +argument goes the other way you know + + align:start position:0% +argument goes the other way you know + + + align:start position:0% +argument goes the other way you know +that if Villages are an arbitrary C of + + align:start position:0% +that if Villages are an arbitrary C of + + + align:start position:0% +that if Villages are an arbitrary C of +people then you might want to have the + + align:start position:0% +people then you might want to have the + + + align:start position:0% +people then you might want to have the +same number in each one of them there + + align:start position:0% +same number in each one of them there + + + align:start position:0% +same number in each one of them there +could be more + + align:start position:0% +could be more + + + align:start position:0% +could be more +Villages but potentially the same number + + align:start position:0% +Villages but potentially the same number + + + align:start position:0% +Villages but potentially the same number +of people per Village if the government + + align:start position:0% +of people per Village if the government + + + align:start position:0% +of people per Village if the government +has some systematic rule yeah now the + + align:start position:0% +has some systematic rule yeah now the + + + align:start position:0% +has some systematic rule yeah now the +government is messing around but not as + + align:start position:0% +government is messing around but not as + + + align:start position:0% +government is messing around but not as +systematically okay that's one comment + + align:start position:0% +systematically okay that's one comment + + + align:start position:0% +systematically okay that's one comment +but the other thing is this leaking + + align:start position:0% +but the other thing is this leaking + + + align:start position:0% +but the other thing is this leaking +because you know if if I could get + + align:start position:0% +because you know if if I could get + + + align:start position:0% +because you know if if I could get +credit from some other Village Andor as + + align:start position:0% +credit from some other Village Andor as + + + align:start position:0% +credit from some other Village Andor as +we've seen with the informal kinship + + align:start position:0% +we've seen with the informal kinship + + + align:start position:0% +we've seen with the informal kinship +networks get more money from someone + + align:start position:0% +networks get more money from someone + + + align:start position:0% +networks get more money from someone +else who is corre connected to another + + align:start position:0% +else who is corre connected to another + + + align:start position:0% +else who is corre connected to another +Village then we wouldn't have any power + + align:start position:0% +Village then we wouldn't have any power + + + align:start position:0% +Village then we wouldn't have any power +now we have looked at that too and again + + align:start position:0% +now we have looked at that too and again + + + align:start position:0% +now we have looked at that too and again +you know we've done the gis gotten all + + align:start position:0% +you know we've done the gis gotten all + + + align:start position:0% +you know we've done the gis gotten all +the maps out and looked at the impact on + + align:start position:0% +the maps out and looked at the impact on + + + align:start position:0% +the maps out and looked at the impact on +on Villages nearby sort of creating + + align:start position:0% +on Villages nearby sort of creating + + + align:start position:0% +on Villages nearby sort of creating +these sort of smooth neighborhood + + align:start position:0% +these sort of smooth neighborhood + + + align:start position:0% +these sort of smooth neighborhood +averages and at least early on you know + + align:start position:0% +averages and at least early on you know + + + align:start position:0% +averages and at least early on you know +it it the impact doesn't spill + + align:start position:0% +it it the impact doesn't spill + + + align:start position:0% +it it the impact doesn't spill +over but that doesn't say in the long + + align:start position:0% +over but that doesn't say in the long + + + align:start position:0% +over but that doesn't say in the long +run it might spill over which is another + + align:start position:0% +run it might spill over which is another + + + align:start position:0% +run it might spill over which is another +interesting potential thing to do yeah + + align:start position:0% +interesting potential thing to do yeah + + + align:start position:0% +interesting potential thing to do yeah +question simar just how essentially + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +vesties yeah have I answered it I think + + align:start position:0% +vesties yeah have I answered it I think + + + align:start position:0% +vesties yeah have I answered it I think +okay well I still don't get why you can + + align:start position:0% +okay well I still don't get why you can + + + align:start position:0% +okay well I still don't get why you can +but if empirically it looks + + align:start position:0% +but if empirically it looks + + + align:start position:0% +but if empirically it looks +like that's + + align:start position:0% +like that's + + + align:start position:0% +like that's +ofation I yeah I feel the same I accept + + align:start position:0% +ofation I yeah I feel the same I accept + + + align:start position:0% +ofation I yeah I feel the same I accept +what what you're saying is true but it + + align:start position:0% +what what you're saying is true but it + + + align:start position:0% +what what you're saying is true but it +confuses me from point of why why is + + align:start position:0% +confuses me from point of why why is + + + align:start position:0% +confuses me from point of why why is +that just seems yeah oh well we we + + align:start position:0% +that just seems yeah oh well we we + + + align:start position:0% +that just seems yeah oh well we we +didn't take it for granted and get + + align:start position:0% +didn't take it for granted and get + + + align:start position:0% +didn't take it for granted and get +three4 of the way through the study and + + align:start position:0% +three4 of the way through the study and + + + align:start position:0% +three4 of the way through the study and +then think about it no no I know you + + align:start position:0% +then think about it no no I know you + + + align:start position:0% +then think about it no no I know you +know we we look right away and I would + + align:start position:0% +know we we look right away and I would + + + align:start position:0% +know we we look right away and I would +have thought my hunch was larger + + align:start position:0% +have thought my hunch was larger + + + align:start position:0% +have thought my hunch was larger +Villages would be near the cities and + + align:start position:0% +Villages would be near the cities and + + + align:start position:0% +Villages would be near the cities and +and and the the main roads and so on a + + align:start position:0% +and and the the main roads and so on a + + + align:start position:0% +and and the the main roads and so on a +higher average tfp or something there's + + align:start position:0% +higher average tfp or something there's + + + align:start position:0% +higher average tfp or something there's +a map in the paper and you know I + + align:start position:0% +a map in the paper and you know I + + + align:start position:0% +a map in the paper and you know I +created these slides kind of too late to + + align:start position:0% +created these slides kind of too late to + + + align:start position:0% +created these slides kind of too late to +include it but you'll be reassured by + + align:start position:0% +include it but you'll be reassured by + + + align:start position:0% +include it but you'll be reassured by +the map no I believe + + align:start position:0% +the map no I believe + + + align:start position:0% +the map no I believe +it's like you can rub your hands on + + align:start position:0% +it's like you can rub your hands on + + + align:start position:0% +it's like you can rub your hands on +it some sort of that's true but it's not + + align:start position:0% +it some sort of that's true but it's not + + + align:start position:0% +it some sort of that's true but it's not +true like like you have some sort + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ofs the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +size so so one thing is that if it's + + align:start position:0% +size so so one thing is that if it's + + + align:start position:0% +size so so one thing is that if it's +really urbanized like so there's a limit + + align:start position:0% +really urbanized like so there's a limit + + + align:start position:0% +really urbanized like so there's a limit +right once you reach a certain + + align:start position:0% +right once you reach a certain + + + align:start position:0% +right once you reach a certain +population like so this take care of + + align:start position:0% +population like so this take care of + + + align:start position:0% +population like so this take care of +some of the endogen once the population + + align:start position:0% +some of the endogen once the population + + + align:start position:0% +some of the endogen once the population +reach a certain size like the government + + align:start position:0% +reach a certain size like the government + + + align:start position:0% +reach a certain size like the government +just desate a inste and you won't be + + align:start position:0% +just desate a inste and you won't be + + + align:start position:0% +just desate a inste and you won't be +with it sure that would take care of + + align:start position:0% +with it sure that would take care of + + + align:start position:0% +with it sure that would take care of +some of it but it shouldn't take care of + + align:start position:0% +some of it but it shouldn't take care of + + + align:start position:0% +some of it but it shouldn't take care of +all of it there should still be some + + align:start position:0% +all of it there should still be some + + + align:start position:0% +all of it there should still be some +variation in the below boundary what one + + align:start position:0% +variation in the below boundary what one + + + align:start position:0% +variation in the below boundary what one +would imagine would be variation depends + + align:start position:0% +would imagine would be variation depends + + + align:start position:0% +would imagine would be variation depends +on how quickly they subdivide them and + + align:start position:0% +on how quickly they subdivide them and + + + align:start position:0% +on how quickly they subdivide them and +so on and so that's true so we just + + align:start position:0% +so on and so that's true so we just + + + align:start position:0% +so on and so that's true so we just +looked empirically and got + + align:start position:0% +looked empirically and got + + + align:start position:0% +looked empirically and got +reassured yes a related question isort + + align:start position:0% +reassured yes a related question isort + + + align:start position:0% +reassured yes a related question isort +of who has the incentives to subdivide + + align:start position:0% +of who has the incentives to subdivide + + + align:start position:0% +of who has the incentives to subdivide +up a village like have there been other + + align:start position:0% +up a village like have there been other + + + align:start position:0% +up a village like have there been other +sort of Village level programs in the + + align:start position:0% +sort of Village level programs in the + + + align:start position:0% +sort of Village level programs in the +past which might sure who' had the inted + + align:start position:0% +past which might sure who' had the inted + + + align:start position:0% +past which might sure who' had the inted +but if you predicted something like the + + align:start position:0% +but if you predicted something like the + + + align:start position:0% +but if you predicted something like the +million B Village was coming you'd want + + align:start position:0% +million B Village was coming you'd want + + + align:start position:0% +million B Village was coming you'd want +to subdivide up your village yeah so so + + align:start position:0% +to subdivide up your village yeah so so + + + align:start position:0% +to subdivide up your village yeah so so +on that uh the program was announced + + align:start position:0% +on that uh the program was announced + + + align:start position:0% +on that uh the program was announced +pretty uh suddenly and implemented toxin + + align:start position:0% +pretty uh suddenly and implemented toxin + + + align:start position:0% +pretty uh suddenly and implemented toxin +ran on this and implemented it very + + align:start position:0% +ran on this and implemented it very + + + align:start position:0% +ran on this and implemented it very +quickly after being election so argu + + align:start position:0% +quickly after being election so argu + + + align:start position:0% +quickly after being election so argu +elected arguably it couldn't have been + + align:start position:0% +elected arguably it couldn't have been + + + align:start position:0% +elected arguably it couldn't have been +anticipated now the you know the larger + + align:start position:0% +anticipated now the you know the larger + + + align:start position:0% +anticipated now the you know the larger +question is why was he if he was trying + + align:start position:0% +question is why was he if he was trying + + + align:start position:0% +question is why was he if he was trying +to maximize votes you'd want it per + + align:start position:0% +to maximize votes you'd want it per + + + align:start position:0% +to maximize votes you'd want it per +capita you know why give a lot of money + + align:start position:0% +capita you know why give a lot of money + + + align:start position:0% +capita you know why give a lot of money +to a village where there aren't very + + align:start position:0% +to a village where there aren't very + + + align:start position:0% +to a village where there aren't very +many people but again in the Thai system + + align:start position:0% +many people but again in the Thai system + + + align:start position:0% +many people but again in the Thai system +Villages are thought of as part of the + + align:start position:0% +Villages are thought of as part of the + + + align:start position:0% +Villages are thought of as part of the +political system it's Village K tomone + + align:start position:0% +political system it's Village K tomone + + + align:start position:0% +political system it's Village K tomone +umper and so on so you give it to a + + align:start position:0% +umper and so on so you give it to a + + + align:start position:0% +umper and so on so you give it to a +committee within a village to run a fund + + align:start position:0% +committee within a village to run a fund + + + align:start position:0% +committee within a village to run a fund +and uh and somehow it seemed quote + + align:start position:0% +and uh and somehow it seemed quote + + + align:start position:0% +and uh and somehow it seemed quote +Fair the the it's great for us right I + + align:start position:0% +Fair the the it's great for us right I + + + align:start position:0% +Fair the the it's great for us right I +mean there's a wonderful mistakes in + + align:start position:0% +mean there's a wonderful mistakes in + + + align:start position:0% +mean there's a wonderful mistakes in +some respect it's a kind of a unique + + align:start position:0% +some respect it's a kind of a unique + + + align:start position:0% +some respect it's a kind of a unique +opportunity + + align:start position:0% +opportunity + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh so we did that oops I see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so as I said it's uh part of + + align:start position:0% +okay so as I said it's uh part of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so as I said it's uh part of +GDP + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Lots what 77 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah I think that's supposed to be + + align:start position:0% +yeah I think that's supposed to be + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I think that's supposed to be +Villages not households that's too + + align:start position:0% +Villages not households that's too + + + align:start position:0% +Villages not households that's too +low um this I've all said so if you + + align:start position:0% +low um this I've all said so if you + + + align:start position:0% +low um this I've all said so if you +don't mind I'll just skip it loans are + + align:start position:0% +don't mind I'll just skip it loans are + + + align:start position:0% +don't mind I'll just skip it loans are +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +$500 + + align:start position:0% +$500 + + + align:start position:0% +$500 +um short term as in one year typically + + align:start position:0% +um short term as in one year typically + + + align:start position:0% +um short term as in one year typically +two + + align:start position:0% +two + + + align:start position:0% +two +guarantors the interest rate was higher + + align:start position:0% +guarantors the interest rate was higher + + + align:start position:0% +guarantors the interest rate was higher +initially at about + + align:start position:0% +initially at about + + + align:start position:0% +initially at about +7% although the village committees vote + + align:start position:0% +7% although the village committees vote + + + align:start position:0% +7% although the village committees vote +on those things + + align:start position:0% +on those things + + + align:start position:0% +on those things +um and they allowed loans for both + + align:start position:0% +um and they allowed loans for both + + + align:start position:0% +um and they allowed loans for both +consumption and investment under likee + + align:start position:0% +consumption and investment under likee + + + align:start position:0% +consumption and investment under likee +unlike the stereotypical program where + + align:start position:0% +unlike the stereotypical program where + + + align:start position:0% +unlike the stereotypical program where +somehow consumption smoothing is + + align:start position:0% +somehow consumption smoothing is + + + align:start position:0% +somehow consumption smoothing is +supposed to be a bad + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be a bad + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be a bad +thing all + + align:start position:0% +thing all + + + align:start position:0% +thing all +right so it's my data but in this + + align:start position:0% +right so it's my data but in this + + + align:start position:0% +right so it's my data but in this +context probably bear is repeating + + align:start position:0% +context probably bear is repeating + + + align:start position:0% +context probably bear is repeating +because it's unusual that uh we didn't + + align:start position:0% +because it's unusual that uh we didn't + + + align:start position:0% +because it's unusual that uh we didn't +see this program coming either we're out + + align:start position:0% +see this program coming either we're out + + + align:start position:0% +see this program coming either we're out +there Gathering data year after year and + + align:start position:0% +there Gathering data year after year and + + + align:start position:0% +there Gathering data year after year and +we have uh uh five years of the + + align:start position:0% +we have uh uh five years of the + + + align:start position:0% +we have uh uh five years of the +pre-intervention data we're going to + + align:start position:0% +pre-intervention data we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +pre-intervention data we're going to +exploit that like crazy because we're + + align:start position:0% +exploit that like crazy because we're + + + align:start position:0% +exploit that like crazy because we're +going to write down a model which I'll + + align:start position:0% +going to write down a model which I'll + + + align:start position:0% +going to write down a model which I'll +tell you about and estimate it all based + + align:start position:0% +tell you about and estimate it all based + + + align:start position:0% +tell you about and estimate it all based +on the pre-intervention data and then uh + + align:start position:0% +on the pre-intervention data and then uh + + + align:start position:0% +on the pre-intervention data and then uh +simulate the model and compare to what + + align:start position:0% +simulate the model and compare to what + + + align:start position:0% +simulate the model and compare to what +actually happened we actually have uh + + align:start position:0% +actually happened we actually have uh + + + align:start position:0% +actually happened we actually have uh +six years of postprogram data too which + + align:start position:0% +six years of postprogram data too which + + + align:start position:0% +six years of postprogram data too which +is again rare and here quite + + align:start position:0% +is again rare and here quite + + + align:start position:0% +is again rare and here quite +interesting uh you know again if you're + + align:start position:0% +interesting uh you know again if you're + + + align:start position:0% +interesting uh you know again if you're +thinking about which you may not but + + align:start position:0% +thinking about which you may not but + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about which you may not but +might be thinking about budget + + align:start position:0% +might be thinking about budget + + + align:start position:0% +might be thinking about budget +constraints to do rcts and so on it's + + align:start position:0% +constraints to do rcts and so on it's + + + align:start position:0% +constraints to do rcts and so on it's +quite + + align:start position:0% +quite + + + align:start position:0% +quite +expensive uh and Gathering the data is a + + align:start position:0% +expensive uh and Gathering the data is a + + + align:start position:0% +expensive uh and Gathering the data is a +bigger a big part of the expense so you + + align:start position:0% +bigger a big part of the expense so you + + + align:start position:0% +bigger a big part of the expense so you +know running a survey for a long time + + align:start position:0% +know running a survey for a long time + + + align:start position:0% +know running a survey for a long time +before the intervention and running it + + align:start position:0% +before the intervention and running it + + + align:start position:0% +before the intervention and running it +for a long time afterwards is almost + + align:start position:0% +for a long time afterwards is almost + + + align:start position:0% +for a long time afterwards is almost +prohibitively expensive or at least you + + align:start position:0% +prohibitively expensive or at least you + + + align:start position:0% +prohibitively expensive or at least you +wouldn't be able to evaluate you know + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be able to evaluate you know + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be able to evaluate you know +very many things uh but but we didn't + + align:start position:0% +very many things uh but but we didn't + + + align:start position:0% +very many things uh but but we didn't +design the data gathering with this + + align:start position:0% +design the data gathering with this + + + align:start position:0% +design the data gathering with this +thing in mind it just happened + + align:start position:0% +thing in mind it just happened + + + align:start position:0% +thing in mind it just happened +um I guess in that sense again we just + + align:start position:0% +um I guess in that sense again we just + + + align:start position:0% +um I guess in that sense again we just +got + + align:start position:0% +got + + + align:start position:0% +got +lucky we're going to look at Four kinds + + align:start position:0% +lucky we're going to look at Four kinds + + + align:start position:0% +lucky we're going to look at Four kinds +of outcome short-term + + align:start position:0% +of outcome short-term + + + align:start position:0% +of outcome short-term +credit uh overall I might add not just + + align:start position:0% +credit uh overall I might add not just + + + align:start position:0% +credit uh overall I might add not just +from the village funds including there + + align:start position:0% +from the village funds including there + + + align:start position:0% +from the village funds including there +for borrowing from BAC the a bank + + align:start position:0% +for borrowing from BAC the a bank + + + align:start position:0% +for borrowing from BAC the a bank +commercial Banks uh the reasons for + + align:start position:0% +commercial Banks uh the reasons for + + + align:start position:0% +commercial Banks uh the reasons for +borrowing although we didn't I don't + + align:start position:0% +borrowing although we didn't I don't + + + align:start position:0% +borrowing although we didn't I don't +have those slides for you here because + + align:start position:0% +have those slides for you here because + + + align:start position:0% +have those slides for you here because +money's potentially fungible um + + align:start position:0% +money's potentially fungible um + + + align:start position:0% +money's potentially fungible um +we do look at interest rates default and + + align:start position:0% +we do look at interest rates default and + + + align:start position:0% +we do look at interest rates default and +so on uh we have consumption broken down + + align:start position:0% +so on uh we have consumption broken down + + + align:start position:0% +so on uh we have consumption broken down +in these annual data by the way into + + align:start position:0% +in these annual data by the way into + + + align:start position:0% +in these annual data by the way into +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +categories you know why these categories + + align:start position:0% +categories you know why these categories + + + align:start position:0% +categories you know why these categories +well we had the socioeconomic + + align:start position:0% +well we had the socioeconomic + + + align:start position:0% +well we had the socioeconomic +survey and we did analysis when we + + align:start position:0% +survey and we did analysis when we + + + align:start position:0% +survey and we did analysis when we +designed my survey to see what subset of + + align:start position:0% +designed my survey to see what subset of + + + align:start position:0% +designed my survey to see what subset of +consumption items would best prit uh + + align:start position:0% +consumption items would best prit uh + + + align:start position:0% +consumption items would best prit uh +predict the total in the socioeconomic + + align:start position:0% +predict the total in the socioeconomic + + + align:start position:0% +predict the total in the socioeconomic +IC uh survey so that's kind of in the + + align:start position:0% +IC uh survey so that's kind of in the + + + align:start position:0% +IC uh survey so that's kind of in the +spirit of uh Blundell and pistar and so + + align:start position:0% +spirit of uh Blundell and pistar and so + + + align:start position:0% +spirit of uh Blundell and pistar and so +on in terms of taking advantage + + align:start position:0% +on in terms of taking advantage + + + align:start position:0% +on in terms of taking advantage +projecting to + + align:start position:0% +projecting to + + + align:start position:0% +projecting to +get something bigger than food but + + align:start position:0% +get something bigger than food but + + + align:start position:0% +get something bigger than food but +actually there's some interesting stuff + + align:start position:0% +actually there's some interesting stuff + + + align:start position:0% +actually there's some interesting stuff +with alcohol I'll show you if I remember + + align:start position:0% +with alcohol I'll show you if I remember + + + align:start position:0% +with alcohol I'll show you if I remember +when we get through these things income + + align:start position:0% +when we get through these things income + + + align:start position:0% +when we get through these things income +and production decisions is another + + align:start position:0% +and production decisions is another + + + align:start position:0% +and production decisions is another +class of categories we have assets and + + align:start position:0% +class of categories we have assets and + + + align:start position:0% +class of categories we have assets and +income growth even in the annual data + + align:start position:0% +income growth even in the annual data + + + align:start position:0% +income growth even in the annual data +divided into business + + align:start position:0% +divided into business + + + align:start position:0% +divided into business +wage and salary in + + align:start position:0% +wage and salary in + + + align:start position:0% +wage and salary in +uh Agriculture and so on uh and we see + + align:start position:0% +uh Agriculture and so on uh and we see + + + align:start position:0% +uh Agriculture and so on uh and we see +revenues and + + align:start position:0% +revenues and + + + align:start position:0% +revenues and +expenses and again we have some ability + + align:start position:0% +expenses and again we have some ability + + + align:start position:0% +expenses and again we have some ability +to look at female head headed as opposed + + align:start position:0% +to look at female head headed as opposed + + + align:start position:0% +to look at female head headed as opposed +to male headed + + align:start position:0% +to male headed + + + align:start position:0% +to male headed +households + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um okay what's an + + align:start position:0% +um okay what's an + + + align:start position:0% +um okay what's an +outcome + + align:start position:0% +outcome + + + align:start position:0% +outcome +why uh for household n at day T this is + + align:start position:0% +why uh for household n at day T this is + + + align:start position:0% +why uh for household n at day T this is +like imagine running oh my God a + + align:start position:0% +like imagine running oh my God a + + + align:start position:0% +like imagine running oh my God a +simple-minded OS + + align:start position:0% +simple-minded OS + + + align:start position:0% +simple-minded OS +regression + + align:start position:0% +regression + + + align:start position:0% +regression +uh the way people sometimes used to do + + align:start position:0% +uh the way people sometimes used to do + + + align:start position:0% +uh the way people sometimes used to do +uh so Village fund credit would include + + align:start position:0% +uh so Village fund credit would include + + + align:start position:0% +uh so Village fund credit would include +the the million bot fund you want to see + + align:start position:0% +the the million bot fund you want to see + + + align:start position:0% +the the million bot fund you want to see +the impact you know causally on an + + align:start position:0% +the impact you know causally on an + + + align:start position:0% +the impact you know causally on an +outcome of course we're going to + + align:start position:0% +outcome of course we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +outcome of course we're going to +instrument this but the the other things + + align:start position:0% +instrument this but the the other things + + + align:start position:0% +instrument this but the the other things +are these household car + + align:start position:0% +are these household car + + + align:start position:0% +are these household car +characteristics + + align:start position:0% +characteristics + + + align:start position:0% +characteristics +um uh of various kinds mainly + + align:start position:0% +um uh of various kinds mainly + + + align:start position:0% +um uh of various kinds mainly +demographics age education number of + + align:start position:0% +demographics age education number of + + + align:start position:0% +demographics age education number of +kids blah blah blah gender and then we + + align:start position:0% +kids blah blah blah gender and then we + + + align:start position:0% +kids blah blah blah gender and then we +have a a Time fixed effects and the + + align:start position:0% +have a a Time fixed effects and the + + + align:start position:0% +have a a Time fixed effects and the +household fixed effects which are + + align:start position:0% +household fixed effects which are + + + align:start position:0% +household fixed effects which are +estimated in the data + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um but and here's + + align:start position:0% +um but and here's + + + align:start position:0% +um but and here's +the the endogenous variable being + + align:start position:0% +the the endogenous variable being + + + align:start position:0% +the the endogenous variable being +instrumented and uh and this is pretty + + align:start position:0% +instrumented and uh and this is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +instrumented and uh and this is pretty +simple we we also have + + align:start position:0% +simple we we also have + + + align:start position:0% +simple we we also have +those X covariates here and time and + + align:start position:0% +those X covariates here and time and + + + align:start position:0% +those X covariates here and time and +household fixed effects but but we for + + align:start position:0% +household fixed effects but but we for + + + align:start position:0% +household fixed effects but but we for +household short-term credit household + + align:start position:0% +household short-term credit household + + + align:start position:0% +household short-term credit household +and at dayt but we've also got some + + align:start position:0% +and at dayt but we've also got some + + + align:start position:0% +and at dayt but we've also got some +dummies that kick + + align:start position:0% +dummies that kick + + + align:start position:0% +dummies that kick +in uh in the first year and second year + + align:start position:0% +in uh in the first year and second year + + + align:start position:0% +in uh in the first year and second year +of the intervention those are kis not + + align:start position:0% +of the intervention those are kis not + + + align:start position:0% +of the intervention those are kis not +X's those are 01 variables and that + + align:start position:0% +X's those are 01 variables and that + + + align:start position:0% +X's those are 01 variables and that +interacted with the inverse number of + + align:start position:0% +interacted with the inverse number of + + + align:start position:0% +interacted with the inverse number of +households okay so inverse that's just + + align:start position:0% +households okay so inverse that's just + + + align:start position:0% +households okay so inverse that's just +to get the sign right although it's a + + align:start position:0% +to get the sign right although it's a + + + align:start position:0% +to get the sign right although it's a +parabola so it's not + + align:start position:0% +parabola so it's not + + + align:start position:0% +parabola so it's not +exactly uh it's not exactly uh not + + align:start position:0% +exactly uh it's not exactly uh not + + + align:start position:0% +exactly uh it's not exactly uh not +mattering but if you wanted this thing + + align:start position:0% +mattering but if you wanted this thing + + + align:start position:0% +mattering but if you wanted this thing +to be positive you know + + align:start position:0% +to be positive you know + + + align:start position:0% +to be positive you know +the the larger the number of households + + align:start position:0% +the the larger the number of households + + + align:start position:0% +the the larger the number of households +the smaller this number and kind of the + + align:start position:0% +the smaller this number and kind of the + + + align:start position:0% +the smaller this number and kind of the +less you would expect the uh the impact + + align:start position:0% +less you would expect the uh the impact + + + align:start position:0% +less you would expect the uh the impact +to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then we have the + + align:start position:0% +and then we have the + + + align:start position:0% +and then we have the +usual all the errors are uncorrelated + + align:start position:0% +usual all the errors are uncorrelated + + + align:start position:0% +usual all the errors are uncorrelated +with each other etc + + align:start position:0% +with each other etc + + + align:start position:0% +with each other etc +etc + + align:start position:0% +etc + + + align:start position:0% +etc +Yep this is + + align:start position:0% +Yep this is + + + align:start position:0% +Yep this is +64 because it's my annual data did you + + align:start position:0% +64 because it's my annual data did you + + + align:start position:0% +64 because it's my annual data did you +also do can you also look out + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cd000 + + align:start position:0% +cd000 + + + align:start position:0% +cd000 +uh we have we have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not amazingly done that the C at the + + align:start position:0% +not amazingly done that the C at the + + + align:start position:0% +not amazingly done that the C at the +Village level this is a regression + + align:start position:0% +Village level this is a regression + + + align:start position:0% +Village level this is a regression +theel I but we could do you could + + align:start position:0% +theel I but we could do you could + + + align:start position:0% +theel I but we could do you could +potentially do things across villages to + + align:start position:0% +potentially do things across villages to + + + align:start position:0% +potentially do things across villages to +see where villages that got more or less + + align:start position:0% +see where villages that got more or less + + + align:start position:0% +see where villages that got more or less +credit so the spirit of it is uh + + align:start position:0% +credit so the spirit of it is uh + + + align:start position:0% +credit so the spirit of it is uh +possible someone actually looked at the + + align:start position:0% +possible someone actually looked at the + + + align:start position:0% +possible someone actually looked at the +socioeconomic survey and had enough + + align:start position:0% +socioeconomic survey and had enough + + + align:start position:0% +socioeconomic survey and had enough +connections to the ntion NSO to get to + + align:start position:0% +connections to the ntion NSO to get to + + + align:start position:0% +connections to the ntion NSO to get to +get it by + + align:start position:0% +get it by + + + align:start position:0% +get it by +Village and uh but their timing was off + + align:start position:0% +Village and uh but their timing was off + + + align:start position:0% +Village and uh but their timing was off +because their first year is the year of + + align:start position:0% +because their first year is the year of + + + align:start position:0% +because their first year is the year of +the intervention and we have the + + align:start position:0% +the intervention and we have the + + + align:start position:0% +the intervention and we have the +pre-intervention data but anyway it's + + align:start position:0% +pre-intervention data but anyway it's + + + align:start position:0% +pre-intervention data but anyway it's +possible no one has looked at that was + + align:start position:0% +possible no one has looked at that was + + + align:start position:0% +possible no one has looked at that was +the the the first year yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +2002 why don't they have the SS data + + align:start position:0% +2002 why don't they have the SS data + + + align:start position:0% +2002 why don't they have the SS data +they just don't have the years they let + + align:start position:0% +they just don't have the years they let + + + align:start position:0% +they just don't have the years they let +the SS go back 30 years they don't have + + align:start position:0% +the SS go back 30 years they don't have + + + align:start position:0% +the SS go back 30 years they don't have +panel + + align:start position:0% +panel + + + align:start position:0% +panel +oh but they don't have panel they do + + align:start position:0% +oh but they don't have panel they do + + + align:start position:0% +oh but they don't have panel they do +they they did yeah we don't have we + + align:start position:0% +they they did yeah we don't have we + + + align:start position:0% +they they did yeah we don't have we +discovered it after they has it oh we + + align:start position:0% +discovered it after they has it oh we + + + align:start position:0% +discovered it after they has it oh we +have it + + align:start position:0% +have it + + + align:start position:0% +have it +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +uh so we're going to look at a new + + align:start position:0% +uh so we're going to look at a new + + + align:start position:0% +uh so we're going to look at a new +short-term credit consumption asset + + align:start position:0% +short-term credit consumption asset + + + align:start position:0% +short-term credit consumption asset +growth and + + align:start position:0% +growth and + + + align:start position:0% +growth and +income uh tried to do it pretty + + align:start position:0% +income uh tried to do it pretty + + + align:start position:0% +income uh tried to do it pretty +carefully we actually did it about four + + align:start position:0% +carefully we actually did it about four + + + align:start position:0% +carefully we actually did it about four +more ways than this but reduce the + + align:start position:0% +more ways than this but reduce the + + + align:start position:0% +more ways than this but reduce the +number of that we show OS with all the + + align:start position:0% +number of that we show OS with all the + + + align:start position:0% +number of that we show OS with all the +problems that you know about here's an + + align:start position:0% +problems that you know about here's an + + + align:start position:0% +problems that you know about here's an +IV + + align:start position:0% +IV + + + align:start position:0% +IV +regression uh with all Villages as + + align:start position:0% +regression uh with all Villages as + + + align:start position:0% +regression uh with all Villages as +opposed to 50 this is kind of outliers + + align:start position:0% +opposed to 50 this is kind of outliers + + + align:start position:0% +opposed to 50 this is kind of outliers +in Village if you think about that + + align:start position:0% +in Village if you think about that + + + align:start position:0% +in Village if you think about that +Parabola you know it's kind of getting + + align:start position:0% +Parabola you know it's kind of getting + + + align:start position:0% +Parabola you know it's kind of getting +really steep when household size is + + align:start position:0% +really steep when household size is + + + align:start position:0% +really steep when household size is +really small number of households is + + align:start position:0% +really small number of households is + + + align:start position:0% +really small number of households is +small and not moving much so we we + + align:start position:0% +small and not moving much so we we + + + align:start position:0% +small and not moving much so we we +clipped off took the + + align:start position:0% +clipped off took the + + + align:start position:0% +clipped off took the +uh big chunk but we clipped off the tals + + align:start position:0% +uh big chunk but we clipped off the tals + + + align:start position:0% +uh big chunk but we clipped off the tals +of small and large villages and um + + align:start position:0% +of small and large villages and um + + + align:start position:0% +of small and large villages and um +dropped some outliers from the household + + align:start position:0% +dropped some outliers from the household + + + align:start position:0% +dropped some outliers from the household +data too + + align:start position:0% +data too + + + align:start position:0% +data too +but the + + align:start position:0% +but the + + + align:start position:0% +but the +um you know every single way we do it + + align:start position:0% +um you know every single way we do it + + + align:start position:0% +um you know every single way we do it +short-term Village fund credit goes new + + align:start position:0% +short-term Village fund credit goes new + + + align:start position:0% +short-term Village fund credit goes new +new short-term Village credit goes up + + align:start position:0% +new short-term Village credit goes up + + + align:start position:0% +new short-term Village credit goes up +these are roughly the order of + + align:start position:0% +these are roughly the order of + + + align:start position:0% +these are roughly the order of +magnitude uh of you know $25,000 divided + + align:start position:0% +magnitude uh of you know $25,000 divided + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude uh of you know $25,000 divided +by the number of + + align:start position:0% +by the number of + + + align:start position:0% +by the number of +households so you know credit goes up + + align:start position:0% +households so you know credit goes up + + + align:start position:0% +households so you know credit goes up +you might be worried and like Esther and + + align:start position:0% +you might be worried and like Esther and + + + align:start position:0% +you might be worried and like Esther and +abig have papers where there's this + + align:start position:0% +abig have papers where there's this + + + align:start position:0% +abig have papers where there's this +substitution going on you get cheap + + align:start position:0% +substitution going on you get cheap + + + align:start position:0% +substitution going on you get cheap +credit from One Source you borrow less + + align:start position:0% +credit from One Source you borrow less + + + align:start position:0% +credit from One Source you borrow less +from other sources that doesn't + + align:start position:0% +from other sources that doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +from other sources that doesn't +happen the the in fact arguably there + + align:start position:0% +happen the the in fact arguably there + + + align:start position:0% +happen the the in fact arguably there +seems to be almost an amplifier + + align:start position:0% +seems to be almost an amplifier + + + align:start position:0% +seems to be almost an amplifier +effect but you know more weekly + + align:start position:0% +effect but you know more weekly + + + align:start position:0% +effect but you know more weekly +short-term credit goes up for sure one + + align:start position:0% +short-term credit goes up for sure one + + + align:start position:0% +short-term credit goes up for sure one +to one and you can see it in the data I + + align:start position:0% +to one and you can see it in the data I + + + align:start position:0% +to one and you can see it in the data I +mean this is just like a huge spike in + + align:start position:0% +mean this is just like a huge spike in + + + align:start position:0% +mean this is just like a huge spike in +the financial system it and it it didn't + + align:start position:0% +the financial system it and it it didn't + + + align:start position:0% +the financial system it and it it didn't +go down that part doesn't go down + + align:start position:0% +go down that part doesn't go down + + + align:start position:0% +go down that part doesn't go down +subsequently yep if we thought going up + + align:start position:0% +subsequently yep if we thought going up + + + align:start position:0% +subsequently yep if we thought going up +waso seriously could that be something + + align:start position:0% +waso seriously could that be something + + + align:start position:0% +waso seriously could that be something +like people getting funds and then + + align:start position:0% +like people getting funds and then + + + align:start position:0% +like people getting funds and then +relending and so you + + align:start position:0% +relending and so you + + + align:start position:0% +relending and so you +multip uh it's true one would have + + align:start position:0% +multip uh it's true one would have + + + align:start position:0% +multip uh it's true one would have +to that's a good point one could be just + + align:start position:0% +to that's a good point one could be just + + + align:start position:0% +to that's a good point one could be just +uh not to say that it's a bad + + align:start position:0% +uh not to say that it's a bad + + + align:start position:0% +uh not to say that it's a bad +thing um + + align:start position:0% +thing um + + + align:start position:0% +thing um +but it you know the uh you know you have + + align:start position:0% +but it you know the uh you know you have + + + align:start position:0% +but it you know the uh you know you have +these sort of combinations of + + align:start position:0% +these sort of combinations of + + + align:start position:0% +these sort of combinations of +characteristics of loans and if the + + align:start position:0% +characteristics of loans and if the + + + align:start position:0% +characteristics of loans and if the +village fund committee has a cap which + + align:start position:0% +village fund committee has a cap which + + + align:start position:0% +village fund committee has a cap which +they're supposed to have on the loan + + align:start position:0% +they're supposed to have on the loan + + + align:start position:0% +they're supposed to have on the loan +size then you know you get one leg up + + align:start position:0% +size then you know you get one leg up + + + align:start position:0% +size then you know you get one leg up +and think about doing something maybe + + align:start position:0% +and think about doing something maybe + + + align:start position:0% +and think about doing something maybe +you want to go the money lender or other + + align:start position:0% +you want to go the money lender or other + + + align:start position:0% +you want to go the money lender or other +sources and lever up even more when you + + align:start position:0% +sources and lever up even more when you + + + align:start position:0% +sources and lever up even more when you +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +chunkiness um this is because it's going + + align:start position:0% +chunkiness um this is because it's going + + + align:start position:0% +chunkiness um this is because it's going +one yeah + + align:start position:0% +one yeah + + + align:start position:0% +one yeah +but the the more conservative way to + + align:start position:0% +but the the more conservative way to + + + align:start position:0% +but the the more conservative way to +read it is just one for one anyway so + + align:start position:0% +read it is just one for one anyway so + + + align:start position:0% +read it is just one for one anyway so +it's not like a substitute for other + + align:start position:0% +it's not like a substitute for other + + + align:start position:0% +it's not like a substitute for other +sources of money so so when I initially + + align:start position:0% +sources of money so so when I initially + + + align:start position:0% +sources of money so so when I initially +looked I thought this support for asy + + align:start position:0% +looked I thought this support for asy + + + align:start position:0% +looked I thought this support for asy +kind of idea that you know you have if + + align:start position:0% +kind of idea that you know you have if + + + align:start position:0% +kind of idea that you know you have if +you can get over a hump then you'll + + align:start position:0% +you can get over a hump then you'll + + + align:start position:0% +you can get over a hump then you'll +really want to expand or something but I + + align:start position:0% +really want to expand or something but I + + + align:start position:0% +really want to expand or something but I +thought what you were saying is that + + align:start position:0% +thought what you were saying is that + + + align:start position:0% +thought what you were saying is that +could they be relending to each other so + + align:start position:0% +could they be relending to each other so + + + align:start position:0% +could they be relending to each other so +like could I be taking he did say that + + align:start position:0% +like could I be taking he did say that + + + align:start position:0% +like could I be taking he did say that +and yeah that could be going on okay so + + align:start position:0% +and yeah that could be going on okay so + + + align:start position:0% +and yeah that could be going on okay so +that's that's a comp explanation and I + + align:start position:0% +that's that's a comp explanation and I + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's a comp explanation and I +don't think we tried to take that out + + align:start position:0% +don't think we tried to take that out + + + align:start position:0% +don't think we tried to take that out +we're just looking at the you know + + align:start position:0% +we're just looking at the you know + + + align:start position:0% +we're just looking at the you know +household n at day T and some Village J + + align:start position:0% +household n at day T and some Village J + + + align:start position:0% +household n at day T and some Village J +and and adding up all the short-term + + align:start position:0% +and and adding up all the short-term + + + align:start position:0% +and and adding up all the short-term +loans that they have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so if you only counted the loan and not + + align:start position:0% +so if you only counted the loan and not + + + align:start position:0% +so if you only counted the loan and not +the lending if it wasn't net and I think + + align:start position:0% +the lending if it wasn't net and I think + + + align:start position:0% +the lending if it wasn't net and I think +it wasn't I think it's just + + align:start position:0% +it wasn't I think it's just + + + align:start position:0% +it wasn't I think it's just +gross Lo are one year + + align:start position:0% +gross Lo are one year + + + align:start position:0% +gross Lo are one year +loans sure see that almost have like + + align:start position:0% +loans sure see that almost have like + + + align:start position:0% +loans sure see that almost have like +almost half theing really + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +really so yeah that's why we did + + align:start position:0% +really so yeah that's why we did + + + align:start position:0% +really so yeah that's why we did +shortterm instead of longterm + + align:start position:0% +shortterm instead of longterm + + + align:start position:0% +shortterm instead of longterm +consumption + + align:start position:0% +consumption + + + align:start position:0% +consumption +levels other than the OS I'll come back + + align:start position:0% +levels other than the OS I'll come back + + + align:start position:0% +levels other than the OS I'll come back +to that go + + align:start position:0% +to that go + + + align:start position:0% +to that go +up uh significantly asset growth in one + + align:start position:0% +up uh significantly asset growth in one + + + align:start position:0% +up uh significantly asset growth in one +specification goes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +down now you know I can't help but but + + align:start position:0% +down now you know I can't help but but + + + align:start position:0% +down now you know I can't help but but +say uh that uh + + align:start position:0% +say uh that uh + + + align:start position:0% +say uh that uh +you know we're going to have to choose a + + align:start position:0% +you know we're going to have to choose a + + + align:start position:0% +you know we're going to have to choose a +model what I'm going to do now I'm + + align:start position:0% +model what I'm going to do now I'm + + + align:start position:0% +model what I'm going to do now I'm +giving you these stylized facts but what + + align:start position:0% +giving you these stylized facts but what + + + align:start position:0% +giving you these stylized facts but what +model comes to your + + align:start position:0% +model comes to your + + + align:start position:0% +model comes to your +head on why you know things like savings + + align:start position:0% +head on why you know things like savings + + + align:start position:0% +head on why you know things like savings +might go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +down yeah like a buffer stock model if + + align:start position:0% +down yeah like a buffer stock model if + + + align:start position:0% +down yeah like a buffer stock model if +you're on your own you're saving for + + align:start position:0% +you're on your own you're saving for + + + align:start position:0% +you're on your own you're saving for +these future + + align:start position:0% +these future + + + align:start position:0% +these future +disasters now you in the future you + + align:start position:0% +disasters now you in the future you + + + align:start position:0% +disasters now you in the future you +could borrow if you believe the village + + align:start position:0% +could borrow if you believe the village + + + align:start position:0% +could borrow if you believe the village +fund is persistent so you don't need to + + align:start position:0% +fund is persistent so you don't need to + + + align:start position:0% +fund is persistent so you don't need to +have so many buffer stocks so net + + align:start position:0% +have so many buffer stocks so net + + + align:start position:0% +have so many buffer stocks so net +Financial savings goes down + + align:start position:0% +Financial savings goes down + + + align:start position:0% +Financial savings goes down +actually + + align:start position:0% +actually + + + align:start position:0% +actually +uh and we have trouble finding stuff + + align:start position:0% +uh and we have trouble finding stuff + + + align:start position:0% +uh and we have trouble finding stuff +with the Capital stock I'll mention that + + align:start position:0% +with the Capital stock I'll mention that + + + align:start position:0% +with the Capital stock I'll mention that +by the way cons these consumption + + align:start position:0% +by the way cons these consumption + + + align:start position:0% +by the way cons these consumption +magnitudes are very similar to the + + align:start position:0% +magnitudes are very similar to the + + + align:start position:0% +magnitudes are very similar to the +credit magnitudes so a bit naively you + + align:start position:0% +credit magnitudes so a bit naively you + + + align:start position:0% +credit magnitudes so a bit naively you +might say they used it all for + + align:start position:0% +might say they used it all for + + + align:start position:0% +might say they used it all for +consumption now again what model do we + + align:start position:0% +consumption now again what model do we + + + align:start position:0% +consumption now again what model do we +have that would predict that consumption + + align:start position:0% +have that would predict that consumption + + + align:start position:0% +have that would predict that consumption +ought to go up one for one with an + + align:start position:0% +ought to go up one for one with an + + + align:start position:0% +ought to go up one for one with an +increase in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +credit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +H what would the permanent income model + + align:start position:0% +H what would the permanent income model + + + align:start position:0% +H what would the permanent income model +give + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you how + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +much temporary persist you would think + + align:start position:0% +much temporary persist you would think + + + align:start position:0% +much temporary persist you would think +this is persistent right so should jump + + align:start position:0% +this is persistent right so should jump + + + align:start position:0% +this is persistent right so should jump +to I don't know much you take you put it + + align:start position:0% +to I don't know much you take you put it + + + align:start position:0% +to I don't know much you take you put it +in the bank basically and draw the + + align:start position:0% +in the bank basically and draw the + + + align:start position:0% +in the bank basically and draw the +interest off of it this is a temporary + + align:start position:0% +interest off of it this is a temporary + + + align:start position:0% +interest off of it this is a temporary +Chate it's just once um then you get the + + align:start position:0% +Chate it's just once um then you get the + + + align:start position:0% +Chate it's just once um then you get the +and you it again yeah either + + align:start position:0% +and you it again yeah either + + + align:start position:0% +and you it again yeah either +way this okay we missing it what's the + + align:start position:0% +way this okay we missing it what's the + + + align:start position:0% +way this okay we missing it what's the +huh no no no I'm just saying no no you + + align:start position:0% +huh no no no I'm just saying no no you + + + align:start position:0% +huh no no no I'm just saying no no you +got close I mean the point is the + + align:start position:0% +got close I mean the point is the + + + align:start position:0% +got close I mean the point is the +permanent income model isn't going to + + align:start position:0% +permanent income model isn't going to + + + align:start position:0% +permanent income model isn't going to +get you + + align:start position:0% +get you + + + align:start position:0% +get you +this and you've got to have these credit + + align:start position:0% +this and you've got to have these credit + + + align:start position:0% +this and you've got to have these credit +con you you got to be something that's + + align:start position:0% +con you you got to be something that's + + + align:start position:0% +con you you got to be something that's +generating hand to mouth like Behavior + + align:start position:0% +generating hand to mouth like Behavior + + + align:start position:0% +generating hand to mouth like Behavior +so this is a shock to theit constraint + + align:start position:0% +so this is a shock to theit constraint + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a shock to theit constraint +not the shock to income so you should be + + align:start position:0% +not the shock to income so you should be + + + align:start position:0% +not the shock to income so you should be +like facing this credit constraint you + + align:start position:0% +like facing this credit constraint you + + + align:start position:0% +like facing this credit constraint you +should be constraint and you yeah that's + + align:start position:0% +should be constraint and you yeah that's + + + align:start position:0% +should be constraint and you yeah that's +right and it and and therefore you're + + align:start position:0% +right and it and and therefore you're + + + align:start position:0% +right and it and and therefore you're +going to see that this overall average + + align:start position:0% +going to see that this overall average + + + align:start position:0% +going to see that this overall average +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +masking a very big differential impact + + align:start position:0% +masking a very big differential impact + + + align:start position:0% +masking a very big differential impact +in the population depending on whether + + align:start position:0% +in the population depending on whether + + + align:start position:0% +in the population depending on whether +someone's at that constraint or not but + + align:start position:0% +someone's at that constraint or not but + + + align:start position:0% +someone's at that constraint or not but +even if you are not con if you + + align:start position:0% +even if you are not con if you + + + align:start position:0% +even if you are not con if you +anticipate the future and con + + align:start position:0% +anticipate the future and con + + + align:start position:0% +anticipate the future and con +indous it depends on the interpretation + + align:start position:0% +indous it depends on the interpretation + + + align:start position:0% +indous it depends on the interpretation +suppose you thought you know the + + align:start position:0% +suppose you thought you know the + + + align:start position:0% +suppose you thought you know the +government gave the money lump sum to + + align:start position:0% +government gave the money lump sum to + + + align:start position:0% +government gave the money lump sum to +the households indirectly through the + + align:start position:0% +the households indirectly through the + + + align:start position:0% +the households indirectly through the +village fund and they just put that in + + align:start position:0% +village fund and they just put that in + + + align:start position:0% +village fund and they just put that in +the bank you know then their their net + + align:start position:0% +the bank you know then their their net + + + align:start position:0% +the bank you know then their their net +worth has gone up they don't have an + + align:start position:0% +worth has gone up they don't have an + + + align:start position:0% +worth has gone up they don't have an +obligation within the village there they + + align:start position:0% +obligation within the village there they + + + align:start position:0% +obligation within the village there they +are borrowing and lending against this + + align:start position:0% +are borrowing and lending against this + + + align:start position:0% +are borrowing and lending against this +this fund but the village as a whole + + align:start position:0% +this fund but the village as a whole + + + align:start position:0% +this fund but the village as a whole +just got a whole lot + + align:start position:0% +just got a whole lot + + + align:start position:0% +just got a whole lot +richer and they would potentially if you + + align:start position:0% +richer and they would potentially if you + + + align:start position:0% +richer and they would potentially if you +believed in the permanent income raise + + align:start position:0% +believed in the permanent income raise + + + align:start position:0% +believed in the permanent income raise +their asset level right and then get the + + align:start position:0% +their asset level right and then get the + + + align:start position:0% +their asset level right and then get the +flow off of + + align:start position:0% +flow off of + + + align:start position:0% +flow off of +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +yes this is how is it all being financed + + align:start position:0% +yes this is how is it all being financed + + + align:start position:0% +yes this is how is it all being financed +is it that's something like + + align:start position:0% +is it that's something like + + + align:start position:0% +is it that's something like +taxes like the taxes mainly hitting + + align:start position:0% +taxes like the taxes mainly hitting + + + align:start position:0% +taxes like the taxes mainly hitting +cities + + align:start position:0% +cities + + + align:start position:0% +cities +Andes yeah I + + align:start position:0% +Andes yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +Andes yeah I +see m um so I was bit confused + + align:start position:0% +see m um so I was bit confused + + + align:start position:0% +see m um so I was bit confused +between the and IV because what is the + + align:start position:0% +between the and IV because what is the + + + align:start position:0% +between the and IV because what is the +uh the expans variable in I was thinking + + align:start position:0% +uh the expans variable in I was thinking + + + align:start position:0% +uh the expans variable in I was thinking +must + + align:start position:0% +must + + + align:start position:0% +must +be credit per person but then I don't + + align:start position:0% +be credit per person but then I don't + + + align:start position:0% +be credit per person but then I don't +understand really what the what the + + align:start position:0% +understand really what the what the + + + align:start position:0% +understand really what the what the +instrument is right because if it'sit + + align:start position:0% +instrument is right because if it'sit + + + align:start position:0% +instrument is right because if it'sit +person just a million Dives number of + + align:start position:0% +person just a million Dives number of + + + align:start position:0% +person just a million Dives number of +hous and + + align:start position:0% +hous and + + + align:start position:0% +hous and +then it so there's a lot of variation in + + align:start position:0% +then it so there's a lot of variation in + + + align:start position:0% +then it so there's a lot of variation in +short-term Village credit + + align:start position:0% +short-term Village credit + + + align:start position:0% +short-term Village credit +uh both among households within a + + align:start position:0% +uh both among households within a + + + align:start position:0% +uh both among households within a +village and across Villages so we're + + align:start position:0% +village and across Villages so we're + + + align:start position:0% +village and across Villages so we're +identifying this through the + + align:start position:0% +identifying this through the + + + align:start position:0% +identifying this through the +cross-sectional variation we're saying + + align:start position:0% +cross-sectional variation we're saying + + + align:start position:0% +cross-sectional variation we're saying +what part of the increase in observed + + align:start position:0% +what part of the increase in observed + + + align:start position:0% +what part of the increase in observed +increase in short-term Village credit + + align:start position:0% +increase in short-term Village credit + + + align:start position:0% +increase in short-term Village credit +can be explained simply by inversed + + align:start position:0% +can be explained simply by inversed + + + align:start position:0% +can be explained simply by inversed +population + + align:start position:0% +population + + + align:start position:0% +population +size guess and the OS doesn't do that + + align:start position:0% +size guess and the OS doesn't do that + + + align:start position:0% +size guess and the OS doesn't do that +okay so what is the it's just a Flatout + + align:start position:0% +okay so what is the it's just a Flatout + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what is the it's just a Flatout +regression credit on the right hand side + + align:start position:0% +regression credit on the right hand side + + + align:start position:0% +regression credit on the right hand side +and impacts on the left + + align:start position:0% +and impacts on the left + + + align:start position:0% +and impacts on the left +all all all + + align:start position:0% +all all all + + + align:start position:0% +all all all +credit um and you know net income growth + + align:start position:0% +credit um and you know net income growth + + + align:start position:0% +credit um and you know net income growth +is positive in uh you know three of the + + align:start position:0% +is positive in uh you know three of the + + + align:start position:0% +is positive in uh you know three of the +four including the OS or two of the + + align:start position:0% +four including the OS or two of the + + + align:start position:0% +four including the OS or two of the +three if you + + align:start position:0% +three if you + + + align:start position:0% +three if you +don't uh and so there is some impact on + + align:start position:0% +don't uh and so there is some impact on + + + align:start position:0% +don't uh and so there is some impact on +on overall growth not levels + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +growth + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh and this is by source of + + align:start position:0% +uh and this is by source of + + + align:start position:0% +uh and this is by source of +income uh you know we see a hint of + + align:start position:0% +income uh you know we see a hint of + + + align:start position:0% +income uh you know we see a hint of +profits I propose the first two three + + align:start position:0% +profits I propose the first two three + + + align:start position:0% +profits I propose the first two three +slides of the lecture today profits may + + align:start position:0% +slides of the lecture today profits may + + + align:start position:0% +slides of the lecture today profits may +be going up and uh wages and salary + + align:start position:0% +be going up and uh wages and salary + + + align:start position:0% +be going up and uh wages and salary +payments are going up pretty + + align:start position:0% +payments are going up pretty + + + align:start position:0% +payments are going up pretty +consistently so again you know what + + align:start position:0% +consistently so again you know what + + + align:start position:0% +consistently so again you know what +that's all about but I've already given + + align:start position:0% +that's all about but I've already given + + + align:start position:0% +that's all about but I've already given +some of it away the wage rate is going + + align:start position:0% +some of it away the wage rate is going + + + align:start position:0% +some of it away the wage rate is going +up for villages that got a higher per + + align:start position:0% +up for villages that got a higher per + + + align:start position:0% +up for villages that got a higher per +capita + + align:start position:0% +capita + + + align:start position:0% +capita +treatment um and potentially employment + + align:start position:0% +treatment um and potentially employment + + + align:start position:0% +treatment um and potentially employment +goes up yep so in this slide and the + + align:start position:0% +goes up yep so in this slide and the + + + align:start position:0% +goes up yep so in this slide and the +previous slide as well uh I mean I + + align:start position:0% +previous slide as well uh I mean I + + + align:start position:0% +previous slide as well uh I mean I +understand we're talking about bs so the + + align:start position:0% +understand we're talking about bs so the + + + align:start position:0% +understand we're talking about bs so the +quantities are big but like + + align:start position:0% +quantities are big but like + + + align:start position:0% +quantities are big but like +are well the you can see the stars yeah + + align:start position:0% +are well the you can see the stars yeah + + + align:start position:0% +are well the you can see the stars yeah +I understand that even I mean even in + + align:start position:0% +I understand that even I mean even in + + + align:start position:0% +I understand that even I mean even in +the previous slides on stuff that's like + + align:start position:0% +the previous slides on stuff that's like + + + align:start position:0% +the previous slides on stuff that's like +the growth rates + + align:start position:0% +the growth rates + + + align:start position:0% +the growth rates +are big like yeah yeah the you don't get + + align:start position:0% +are big like yeah yeah the you don't get + + + align:start position:0% +are big like yeah yeah the you don't get +clear zeros and stuff like that so wait + + align:start position:0% +clear zeros and stuff like that so wait + + + align:start position:0% +clear zeros and stuff like that so wait +I'm not sure what you're saying yes the + + align:start position:0% +I'm not sure what you're saying yes the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not sure what you're saying yes the +standard errors can be big that would + + align:start position:0% +standard errors can be big that would + + + align:start position:0% +standard errors can be big that would +make it tough to identify significant + + align:start position:0% +make it tough to identify significant + + + align:start position:0% +make it tough to identify significant +effects but we on occasion do find sign + + align:start position:0% +effects but we on occasion do find sign + + + align:start position:0% +effects but we on occasion do find sign +no I understand that I'm just qu like + + align:start position:0% +no I understand that I'm just qu like + + + align:start position:0% +no I understand that I'm just qu like +wondering like my question was more of + + align:start position:0% +wondering like my question was more of + + + align:start position:0% +wondering like my question was more of +the technical one like how + + align:start position:0% +the technical one like how + + + align:start position:0% +the technical one like how +um is there a way to sort of make them + + align:start position:0% +um is there a way to sort of make them + + + align:start position:0% +um is there a way to sort of make them +smaller like I mean I guess it's it's an + + align:start position:0% +smaller like I mean I guess it's it's an + + + align:start position:0% +smaller like I mean I guess it's it's an +issue + + align:start position:0% +issue + + + align:start position:0% +issue +and and and stuff like that but well you + + align:start position:0% +and and and stuff like that but well you + + + align:start position:0% +and and and stuff like that but well you +know this is with clustered standard + + align:start position:0% +know this is with clustered standard + + + align:start position:0% +know this is with clustered standard +errors and the whole thing so we uh and + + align:start position:0% +errors and the whole thing so we uh and + + + align:start position:0% +errors and the whole thing so we uh and +we try to you know eliminate the + + align:start position:0% +we try to you know eliminate the + + + align:start position:0% +we try to you know eliminate the +outliers to see if that's kind of + + align:start position:0% +outliers to see if that's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +outliers to see if that's kind of +causing a lot of the of the noise + + align:start position:0% +causing a lot of the of the noise + + + align:start position:0% +causing a lot of the of the noise +sometimes it does not it doesn't do that + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it does not it doesn't do that + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it does not it doesn't do that +consistently um okay we don't find much + + align:start position:0% +consistently um okay we don't find much + + + align:start position:0% +consistently um okay we don't find much +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +a uh or other other sources of income or + + align:start position:0% +a uh or other other sources of income or + + + align:start position:0% +a uh or other other sources of income or +livestock now as I said we uh we also + + align:start position:0% +livestock now as I said we uh we also + + + align:start position:0% +livestock now as I said we uh we also +have the a lot of post data post + + align:start position:0% +have the a lot of post data post + + + align:start position:0% +have the a lot of post data post +intervention uh even when we wrote this + + align:start position:0% +intervention uh even when we wrote this + + + align:start position:0% +intervention uh even when we wrote this +thing we're up to six years of data and + + align:start position:0% +thing we're up to six years of data and + + + align:start position:0% +thing we're up to six years of data and +uh but this is this is OS so you have to + + align:start position:0% +uh but this is this is OS so you have to + + + align:start position:0% +uh but this is this is OS so you have to +take it with a bit more of the grain of + + align:start position:0% +take it with a bit more of the grain of + + + align:start position:0% +take it with a bit more of the grain of +salt + + align:start position:0% +salt + + + align:start position:0% +salt +um for example consumption isn't showing + + align:start position:0% +um for example consumption isn't showing + + + align:start position:0% +um for example consumption isn't showing +up be even initially because we're not + + align:start position:0% +up be even initially because we're not + + + align:start position:0% +up be even initially because we're not +instrumental + + align:start position:0% +instrumental + + + align:start position:0% +instrumental +anymore uh the probability of defaults + + align:start position:0% +anymore uh the probability of defaults + + + align:start position:0% +anymore uh the probability of defaults +kind of moving around and it doesn't go + + align:start position:0% +kind of moving around and it doesn't go + + + align:start position:0% +kind of moving around and it doesn't go +away and that's a real issue and I'm + + align:start position:0% +away and that's a real issue and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +away and that's a real issue and I'm +going to show you the default rates and + + align:start position:0% +going to show you the default rates and + + + align:start position:0% +going to show you the default rates and +uh you know potentially by the way there + + align:start position:0% +uh you know potentially by the way there + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know potentially by the way there +should be a lag you know depending on + + align:start position:0% +should be a lag you know depending on + + + align:start position:0% +should be a lag you know depending on +exactly where the 12th month Falls you + + align:start position:0% +exactly where the 12th month Falls you + + + align:start position:0% +exactly where the 12th month Falls you +borrow one year and you can't repay the + + align:start position:0% +borrow one year and you can't repay the + + + align:start position:0% +borrow one year and you can't repay the +next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +uh net income goes up but it + + align:start position:0% +uh net income goes up but it + + + align:start position:0% +uh net income goes up but it +uh it's not significant after that and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh short-term Village credit remains + + align:start position:0% +uh short-term Village credit remains + + + align:start position:0% +uh short-term Village credit remains +remains High + + align:start position:0% +remains High + + + align:start position:0% +remains High +well what do I want to say back to + + align:start position:0% +well what do I want to say back to + + + align:start position:0% +well what do I want to say back to +models you you'll get one don't worry + + align:start position:0% +models you you'll get one don't worry + + + align:start position:0% +models you you'll get one don't worry +uh you know the world isn't static and + + align:start position:0% +uh you know the world isn't static and + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know the world isn't static and +we just shook things a little bit + + align:start position:0% +we just shook things a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +we just shook things a little bit +because these Villages + + align:start position:0% +because these Villages + + + align:start position:0% +because these Villages +arguably are wealthier than they were + + align:start position:0% +arguably are wealthier than they were + + + align:start position:0% +arguably are wealthier than they were +and they've also somehow used this to + + align:start position:0% +and they've also somehow used this to + + + align:start position:0% +and they've also somehow used this to +capitalize a you know basically a + + align:start position:0% +capitalize a you know basically a + + + align:start position:0% +capitalize a you know basically a +savings and loan + + align:start position:0% +savings and loan + + + align:start position:0% +savings and loan +Association within each of the village + + align:start position:0% +Association within each of the village + + + align:start position:0% +Association within each of the village +so if you were in a steady state and + + align:start position:0% +so if you were in a steady state and + + + align:start position:0% +so if you were in a steady state and +someone smacked you in the head with + + align:start position:0% +someone smacked you in the head with + + + align:start position:0% +someone smacked you in the head with +something good you might expect the + + align:start position:0% +something good you might expect the + + + align:start position:0% +something good you might expect the +adjustment isn't necessarily insation + + align:start position:0% +adjustment isn't necessarily insation + + + align:start position:0% +adjustment isn't necessarily insation +all the dynamic models we have with + + align:start position:0% +all the dynamic models we have with + + + align:start position:0% +all the dynamic models we have with +frictions Pacos for example suggest + + align:start position:0% +frictions Pacos for example suggest + + + align:start position:0% +frictions Pacos for example suggest +there are slow transitions even to to + + align:start position:0% +there are slow transitions even to to + + + align:start position:0% +there are slow transitions even to to +some ultimate new steady stat so this + + align:start position:0% +some ultimate new steady stat so this + + + align:start position:0% +some ultimate new steady stat so this +this is rare this look at you know at + + align:start position:0% +this is rare this look at you know at + + + align:start position:0% +this is rare this look at you know at +these now granted the model is going to + + align:start position:0% +these now granted the model is going to + + + align:start position:0% +these now granted the model is going to +be partial + + align:start position:0% +be partial + + + align:start position:0% +be partial +equilibrium uh even + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium uh even + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium uh even +though we have some data on local + + align:start position:0% +though we have some data on local + + + align:start position:0% +though we have some data on local +wages + + align:start position:0% +wages + + + align:start position:0% +wages +um and there's a guy named is it Whit + + align:start position:0% +um and there's a guy named is it Whit + + + align:start position:0% +um and there's a guy named is it Whit +furfine who who has a + + align:start position:0% +furfine who who has a + + + align:start position:0% +furfine who who has a +study Pandy and Burgess had this study + + align:start position:0% +study Pandy and Burgess had this study + + + align:start position:0% +study Pandy and Burgess had this study +in India where the government changed + + align:start position:0% +in India where the government changed + + + align:start position:0% +in India where the government changed +the branch + + align:start position:0% +the branch + + + align:start position:0% +the branch +the branching + + align:start position:0% +the branching + + + align:start position:0% +the branching +rules and showed impacts on poverty and + + align:start position:0% +rules and showed impacts on poverty and + + + align:start position:0% +rules and showed impacts on poverty and +all of that stuff but he went back after + + align:start position:0% +all of that stuff but he went back after + + + align:start position:0% +all of that stuff but he went back after +they published their + + align:start position:0% +they published their + + + align:start position:0% +they published their +paper and uh and looked at the long-term + + align:start position:0% +paper and uh and looked at the long-term + + + align:start position:0% +paper and uh and looked at the long-term +impact and he thinks something like this + + align:start position:0% +impact and he thinks something like this + + + align:start position:0% +impact and he thinks something like this +was going on in India too that the Im so + + align:start position:0% +was going on in India too that the Im so + + + align:start position:0% +was going on in India too that the Im so +again opopo you know + + align:start position:0% +again opopo you know + + + align:start position:0% +again opopo you know +rcts well no one claim the contrary but + + align:start position:0% +rcts well no one claim the contrary but + + + align:start position:0% +rcts well no one claim the contrary but +if you don't know what happens + + align:start position:0% +if you don't know what happens + + + align:start position:0% +if you don't know what happens +afterwards it's you're kind of left with + + align:start position:0% +afterwards it's you're kind of left with + + + align:start position:0% +afterwards it's you're kind of left with +the impression and hope that the program + + align:start position:0% +the impression and hope that the program + + + align:start position:0% +the impression and hope that the program +effects if there were positive persisted + + align:start position:0% +effects if there were positive persisted + + + align:start position:0% +effects if there were positive persisted +uh here they're definitely mitigating + + align:start position:0% +uh here they're definitely mitigating + + + align:start position:0% +uh here they're definitely mitigating +over time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes uh I think we looked at + + align:start position:0% +yes uh I think we looked at + + + align:start position:0% +yes uh I think we looked at +that that would be good to do we + + align:start position:0% +that that would be good to do we + + + align:start position:0% +that that would be good to do we +struggle with the wage um because the + + align:start position:0% +struggle with the wage um because the + + + align:start position:0% +struggle with the wage um because the +annual data doesn't metion it me measure + + align:start position:0% +annual data doesn't metion it me measure + + + align:start position:0% +annual data doesn't metion it me measure +it very well so this the one thing that + + align:start position:0% +it very well so this the one thing that + + + align:start position:0% +it very well so this the one thing that +we use the monthly data for uh and we + + align:start position:0% +we use the monthly data for uh and we + + + align:start position:0% +we use the monthly data for uh and we +only have 16 Villages so it's quite + + align:start position:0% +only have 16 Villages so it's quite + + + align:start position:0% +only have 16 Villages so it's quite +problematic most things we try don't + + align:start position:0% +problematic most things we try don't + + + align:start position:0% +problematic most things we try don't +show up because of the sample the sample + + align:start position:0% +show up because of the sample the sample + + + align:start position:0% +show up because of the sample the sample +size is too low and the standard errors + + align:start position:0% +size is too low and the standard errors + + + align:start position:0% +size is too low and the standard errors +just kill us but I don't think we + + align:start position:0% +just kill us but I don't think we + + + align:start position:0% +just kill us but I don't think we +actually looked at long-term wages so + + align:start position:0% +actually looked at long-term wages so + + + align:start position:0% +actually looked at long-term wages so +that would be good to do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes + + align:start position:0% +yes + + + align:start position:0% +yes +um I think when you sort of look at + + align:start position:0% +um I think when you sort of look at + + + align:start position:0% +um I think when you sort of look at +Geographic averages of things yeah that + + align:start position:0% +Geographic averages of things yeah that + + + align:start position:0% +Geographic averages of things yeah that +it has there beautiful map showing how + + align:start position:0% +it has there beautiful map showing how + + + align:start position:0% +it has there beautiful map showing how +wages not size but wages move as you get + + align:start position:0% +wages not size but wages move as you get + + + align:start position:0% +wages not size but wages move as you get +near urban areas and get near + + align:start position:0% +near urban areas and get near + + + align:start position:0% +near urban areas and get near +Bangkok and uh so arguably something + + align:start position:0% +Bangkok and uh so arguably something + + + align:start position:0% +Bangkok and uh so arguably something +could + + align:start position:0% +could + + + align:start position:0% +could +potentially I wouldn't trust any one + + align:start position:0% +potentially I wouldn't trust any one + + + align:start position:0% +potentially I wouldn't trust any one +headman's + + align:start position:0% +headman's + + + align:start position:0% +headman's +response + + align:start position:0% +response + + + align:start position:0% +response +but with 72,000 data points you can can + + align:start position:0% +but with 72,000 data points you can can + + + align:start position:0% +but with 72,000 data points you can can +do a + + align:start position:0% +do a + + + align:start position:0% +do a +lot that + + align:start position:0% +lot that + + + align:start position:0% +lot that +that f for + + align:start position:0% +that f for + + + align:start position:0% +that f for +okay uh okay + + align:start position:0% +okay uh okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh okay +so uh this is a cautionary tale I'm + + align:start position:0% +so uh this is a cautionary tale I'm + + + align:start position:0% +so uh this is a cautionary tale I'm +going to skip it if we have time I'll do + + align:start position:0% +going to skip it if we have time I'll do + + + align:start position:0% +going to skip it if we have time I'll do +it next + + align:start position:0% +it next + + + align:start position:0% +it next +time uh that would be a better context + + align:start position:0% +time uh that would be a better context + + + align:start position:0% +time uh that would be a better context +for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +so I've been trying to clue you into the + + align:start position:0% +so I've been trying to clue you into the + + + align:start position:0% +so I've been trying to clue you into the +puzzles all + + align:start position:0% +puzzles all + + + align:start position:0% +puzzles all +along uh in terms of you know the one + + align:start position:0% +along uh in terms of you know the one + + + align:start position:0% +along uh in terms of you know the one +thing I didn't say was about + + align:start position:0% +thing I didn't say was about + + + align:start position:0% +thing I didn't say was about +investment + + align:start position:0% +investment + + + align:start position:0% +investment +um and I didn't uh + + align:start position:0% +um and I didn't uh + + + align:start position:0% +um and I didn't uh +I have mentioned in other lectures that + + align:start position:0% +I have mentioned in other lectures that + + + align:start position:0% +I have mentioned in other lectures that +investment doesn't happen very often and + + align:start position:0% +investment doesn't happen very often and + + + align:start position:0% +investment doesn't happen very often and +when it happens it's big so it's quite + + align:start position:0% +when it happens it's big so it's quite + + + align:start position:0% +when it happens it's big so it's quite +lumpy and and we're going to want to + + align:start position:0% +lumpy and and we're going to want to + + + align:start position:0% +lumpy and and we're going to want to +incorporate that but the flip side of + + align:start position:0% +incorporate that but the flip side of + + + align:start position:0% +incorporate that but the flip side of +that is we're going to have trouble + + align:start position:0% +that is we're going to have trouble + + + align:start position:0% +that is we're going to have trouble +finding effects of investment both in + + align:start position:0% +finding effects of investment both in + + + align:start position:0% +finding effects of investment both in +the IV and in the structural + + align:start position:0% +the IV and in the structural + + + align:start position:0% +the IV and in the structural +model and the data generated from the + + align:start position:0% +model and the data generated from the + + + align:start position:0% +model and the data generated from the +structural model if we limit that data + + align:start position:0% +structural model if we limit that data + + + align:start position:0% +structural model if we limit that data +to the same sample size that we have in + + align:start position:0% +to the same sample size that we have in + + + align:start position:0% +to the same sample size that we have in +reality + + align:start position:0% +reality + + + align:start position:0% +reality +but when you see the structural model + + align:start position:0% +but when you see the structural model + + + align:start position:0% +but when you see the structural model +momentarily you can imagine you know a + + align:start position:0% +momentarily you can imagine you know a + + + align:start position:0% +momentarily you can imagine you know a +10-fold increase in the sample size + + align:start position:0% +10-fold increase in the sample size + + + align:start position:0% +10-fold increase in the sample size +because we can generate as much data as + + align:start position:0% +because we can generate as much data as + + + align:start position:0% +because we can generate as much data as +we want and then we definitely get these + + align:start position:0% +we want and then we definitely get these + + + align:start position:0% +we want and then we definitely get these +investment effects so you know arguably + + align:start position:0% +investment effects so you know arguably + + + align:start position:0% +investment effects so you know arguably +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +reason uh still on the table that we + + align:start position:0% +reason uh still on the table that we + + + align:start position:0% +reason uh still on the table that we +don't see + + align:start position:0% +don't see + + + align:start position:0% +don't see +microcredit directly in terms of + + align:start position:0% +microcredit directly in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +microcredit directly in terms of +investment activities is is simply a + + align:start position:0% +investment activities is is simply a + + + align:start position:0% +investment activities is is simply a +sample size issue I mention that because + + align:start position:0% +sample size issue I mention that because + + + align:start position:0% +sample size issue I mention that because +you know people write reviews of what do + + align:start position:0% +you know people write reviews of what do + + + align:start position:0% +you know people write reviews of what do +we know about + + align:start position:0% +we know about + + + align:start position:0% +we know about +microcredit and whether or not it having + + align:start position:0% +microcredit and whether or not it having + + + align:start position:0% +microcredit and whether or not it having +an impact and there seems to be a bit of + + align:start position:0% +an impact and there seems to be a bit of + + + align:start position:0% +an impact and there seems to be a bit of +a consensus that at best impact is quite + + align:start position:0% +a consensus that at best impact is quite + + + align:start position:0% +a consensus that at best impact is quite +mixed and maybe you know non-existent in + + align:start position:0% +mixed and maybe you know non-existent in + + + align:start position:0% +mixed and maybe you know non-existent in +many studies and people come away with + + align:start position:0% +many studies and people come away with + + + align:start position:0% +many studies and people come away with +this impression that it's at most it's + + align:start position:0% +this impression that it's at most it's + + + align:start position:0% +this impression that it's at most it's +all about consumption but I think that's + + align:start position:0% +all about consumption but I think that's + + + align:start position:0% +all about consumption but I think that's +a little uh bit of a rush to + + align:start position:0% +a little uh bit of a rush to + + + align:start position:0% +a little uh bit of a rush to +judgment I'm not saying it has to be + + align:start position:0% +judgment I'm not saying it has to be + + + align:start position:0% +judgment I'm not saying it has to be +this too I don't have more data in + + align:start position:0% +this too I don't have more data in + + + align:start position:0% +this too I don't have more data in +reality than we have but okay okay so we + + align:start position:0% +reality than we have but okay okay so we + + + align:start position:0% +reality than we have but okay okay so we +going to have this precautionary + + align:start position:0% +going to have this precautionary + + + align:start position:0% +going to have this precautionary +savings we're going to have some + + align:start position:0% +savings we're going to have some + + + align:start position:0% +savings we're going to have some +limits because of those consumption + + align:start position:0% +limits because of those consumption + + + align:start position:0% +limits because of those consumption +numbers I showed you we're going to + + align:start position:0% +numbers I showed you we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +numbers I showed you we're going to +allow default it does happen in + + align:start position:0% +allow default it does happen in + + + align:start position:0% +allow default it does happen in +reality uh and we're going to try to + + align:start position:0% +reality uh and we're going to try to + + + align:start position:0% +reality uh and we're going to try to +match the default + + align:start position:0% +match the default + + + align:start position:0% +match the default +rate and we have income + + align:start position:0% +rate and we have income + + + align:start position:0% +rate and we have income +growth uh that's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +actually arguably the hardest thing that + + align:start position:0% +actually arguably the hardest thing that + + + align:start position:0% +actually arguably the hardest thing that +we did + + align:start position:0% +we did + + + align:start position:0% +we did +and I'll try to say something about why + + align:start position:0% +and I'll try to say something about why + + + align:start position:0% +and I'll try to say something about why +it was + + align:start position:0% +it was + + + align:start position:0% +it was +hard + + align:start position:0% +hard + + + align:start position:0% +hard +um but we actually + + align:start position:0% +um but we actually + + + align:start position:0% +um but we actually +allow you + + align:start position:0% +allow you + + + align:start position:0% +allow you +know persistent growth in the + + align:start position:0% +know persistent growth in the + + + align:start position:0% +know persistent growth in the +model okay so what is the model liquid + + align:start position:0% +model okay so what is the model liquid + + + align:start position:0% +model okay so what is the model liquid +stuff + + align:start position:0% +stuff + + + align:start position:0% +stuff +uh is just your current income plus your + + align:start position:0% +uh is just your current income plus your + + + align:start position:0% +uh is just your current income plus your +return on previous year savings now this + + align:start position:0% +return on previous year savings now this + + + align:start position:0% +return on previous year savings now this +reminds me to say + + align:start position:0% +reminds me to say + + + align:start position:0% +reminds me to say +you know so why aren't you doing moral + + align:start position:0% +you know so why aren't you doing moral + + + align:start position:0% +you know so why aren't you doing moral +hazard or costly State verification or + + align:start position:0% +hazard or costly State verification or + + + align:start position:0% +hazard or costly State verification or +full + + align:start position:0% +full + + + align:start position:0% +full +information hey we just had a lecture + + align:start position:0% +information hey we just had a lecture + + + align:start position:0% +information hey we just had a lecture +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +that same kind of data Alex and I show + + align:start position:0% +that same kind of data Alex and I show + + + align:start position:0% +that same kind of data Alex and I show +that in the rural data the best + + align:start position:0% +that in the rural data the best + + + align:start position:0% +that in the rural data the best +approximation is something simple like + + align:start position:0% +approximation is something simple like + + + align:start position:0% +approximation is something simple like +savings only or limited + + align:start position:0% +savings only or limited + + + align:start position:0% +savings only or limited +borrowing now we got lucky because Alex + + align:start position:0% +borrowing now we got lucky because Alex + + + align:start position:0% +borrowing now we got lucky because Alex +and I did that after Joe and I wrote + + align:start position:0% +and I did that after Joe and I wrote + + + align:start position:0% +and I did that after Joe and I wrote +this paper but it it is at least very + + align:start position:0% +this paper but it it is at least very + + + align:start position:0% +this paper but it it is at least very +comforting that the best micro + + align:start position:0% +comforting that the best micro + + + align:start position:0% +comforting that the best micro +underpinning that we + + align:start position:0% +underpinning that we + + + align:start position:0% +underpinning that we +now think exist out there was the micro + + align:start position:0% +now think exist out there was the micro + + + align:start position:0% +now think exist out there was the micro +underpinning that was being used in this + + align:start position:0% +underpinning that was being used in this + + + align:start position:0% +underpinning that was being used in this +in this paper likewise I would not + + align:start position:0% +in this paper likewise I would not + + + align:start position:0% +in this paper likewise I would not +expect to get the same thing in the + + align:start position:0% +expect to get the same thing in the + + + align:start position:0% +expect to get the same thing in the +urban areas because there Alex and I + + align:start position:0% +urban areas because there Alex and I + + + align:start position:0% +urban areas because there Alex and I +found moral + + align:start position:0% +found moral + + + align:start position:0% +found moral +hazard uh was a better approximation so + + align:start position:0% +hazard uh was a better approximation so + + + align:start position:0% +hazard uh was a better approximation so +here it's sort of this incomplete + + align:start position:0% +here it's sort of this incomplete + + + align:start position:0% +here it's sort of this incomplete +markets macro type literature + + align:start position:0% +markets macro type literature + + + align:start position:0% +markets macro type literature +uh or development literature for that + + align:start position:0% +uh or development literature for that + + + align:start position:0% +uh or development literature for that +matter uh rozio swears by this stuff um + + align:start position:0% +matter uh rozio swears by this stuff um + + + align:start position:0% +matter uh rozio swears by this stuff um +and it's in logs + + align:start position:0% +and it's in logs + + + align:start position:0% +and it's in logs +so income looks like it's just a + + align:start position:0% +so income looks like it's just a + + + align:start position:0% +so income looks like it's just a +multiplicative uh transitory and + + align:start position:0% +multiplicative uh transitory and + + + align:start position:0% +multiplicative uh transitory and +permanent shock that makes the log of + + align:start position:0% +permanent shock that makes the log of + + + align:start position:0% +permanent shock that makes the log of +income equal to the log of some + + align:start position:0% +income equal to the log of some + + + align:start position:0% +income equal to the log of some +permanent thing and the log of some + + align:start position:0% +permanent thing and the log of some + + + align:start position:0% +permanent thing and the log of some +transitory thing the log of the + + align:start position:0% +transitory thing the log of the + + + align:start position:0% +transitory thing the log of the +permanent thing almost looks like a + + align:start position:0% +permanent thing almost looks like a + + + align:start position:0% +permanent thing almost looks like a +random + + align:start position:0% +random + + + align:start position:0% +random +walk uh where log PT + 1 equals log PT + + align:start position:0% +walk uh where log PT + 1 equals log PT + + + align:start position:0% +walk uh where log PT + 1 equals log PT +Plus log n so this is the shock to to + + align:start position:0% +Plus log n so this is the shock to to + + + align:start position:0% +Plus log n so this is the shock to to +permanent income this thing is the shock + + align:start position:0% +permanent income this thing is the shock + + + align:start position:0% +permanent income this thing is the shock +to transitory income where income is + + align:start position:0% +to transitory income where income is + + + align:start position:0% +to transitory income where income is +measured in logs now it's not quite that + + align:start position:0% +measured in logs now it's not quite that + + + align:start position:0% +measured in logs now it's not quite that +because G is this drift this damn + + align:start position:0% +because G is this drift this damn + + + align:start position:0% +because G is this drift this damn +drift it's 4% by the way so there you + + align:start position:0% +drift it's 4% by the way so there you + + + align:start position:0% +drift it's 4% by the way so there you +know there's kind of sustained growth + + align:start position:0% +know there's kind of sustained growth + + + align:start position:0% +know there's kind of sustained growth +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +modeled um + + align:start position:0% +modeled um + + + align:start position:0% +modeled um +you get this boost to your permanent + + align:start position:0% +you get this boost to your permanent + + + align:start position:0% +you get this boost to your permanent +income it's like tfp type + + align:start position:0% +income it's like tfp type + + + align:start position:0% +income it's like tfp type +stuff uh and then what's this so + + align:start position:0% +stuff uh and then what's this so + + + align:start position:0% +stuff uh and then what's this so +investment you know why invest if it + + align:start position:0% +investment you know why invest if it + + + align:start position:0% +investment you know why invest if it +doesn't do anything well on the contrary + + align:start position:0% +doesn't do anything well on the contrary + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't do anything well on the contrary +investment gives you a a boost of your + + align:start position:0% +investment gives you a a boost of your + + + align:start position:0% +investment gives you a a boost of your +permanent income + + align:start position:0% +permanent income + + + align:start position:0% +permanent income +right uh so this is this decision + + align:start position:0% +right uh so this is this decision + + + align:start position:0% +right uh so this is this decision +whether or not to invest a dummy and + + align:start position:0% +whether or not to invest a dummy and + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not to invest a dummy and +this is the amount of the + + align:start position:0% +this is the amount of the + + + align:start position:0% +this is the amount of the +investment as I said investment + + align:start position:0% +investment as I said investment + + + align:start position:0% +investment as I said investment +opportunities arrive stochastically from + + align:start position:0% +opportunities arrive stochastically from + + + align:start position:0% +opportunities arrive stochastically from +a distribution with a non-trivial mean + + align:start position:0% +a distribution with a non-trivial mean + + + align:start position:0% +a distribution with a non-trivial mean +so on average it's chunky which means + + align:start position:0% +so on average it's chunky which means + + + align:start position:0% +so on average it's chunky which means +you may choose not to do it because it's + + align:start position:0% +you may choose not to do it because it's + + + align:start position:0% +you may choose not to do it because it's +too big to + + align:start position:0% +too big to + + + align:start position:0% +too big to +swallow you don't get a choice about the + + align:start position:0% +swallow you don't get a choice about the + + + align:start position:0% +swallow you don't get a choice about the +size though if you do it you've got to + + align:start position:0% +size though if you do it you've got to + + + align:start position:0% +size though if you do it you've got to +do the + + align:start position:0% +do the + + + align:start position:0% +do the +size that arrived to you as an + + align:start position:0% +size that arrived to you as an + + + align:start position:0% +size that arrived to you as an +approximation although again I've said + + align:start position:0% +approximation although again I've said + + + align:start position:0% +approximation although again I've said +this we see this in the data people + + align:start position:0% +this we see this in the data people + + + align:start position:0% +this we see this in the data people +don't do sort + + align:start position:0% +don't do sort + + + align:start position:0% +don't do sort +of have half half chicken CS chicken CP + + align:start position:0% +of have half half chicken CS chicken CP + + + align:start position:0% +of have half half chicken CS chicken CP +without a roof is not a CPE + + align:start position:0% +without a roof is not a CPE + + + align:start position:0% +without a roof is not a CPE +okay question about the the drift term + + align:start position:0% +okay question about the the drift term + + + align:start position:0% +okay question about the the drift term +so I think in several papers we have you + + align:start position:0% +so I think in several papers we have you + + + align:start position:0% +so I think in several papers we have you +know we basically assume some exous + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +techical are there like where the focus + + align:start position:0% +techical are there like where the focus + + + align:start position:0% +techical are there like where the focus +stru model is to model to model that you + + align:start position:0% +stru model is to model to model that you + + + align:start position:0% +stru model is to model to model that you +know obviously that's really + + align:start position:0% +know obviously that's really + + + align:start position:0% +know obviously that's really +important Thailand over this period was + + align:start position:0% +important Thailand over this period was + + + align:start position:0% +important Thailand over this period was +4% D everyone maybe there was varation + + align:start position:0% +4% D everyone maybe there was varation + + + align:start position:0% +4% D everyone maybe there was varation +it is important and we're not a lot of + + align:start position:0% +it is important and we're not a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +it is important and we're not a lot of +the literature we've covered doesn't + + align:start position:0% +the literature we've covered doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +the literature we've covered doesn't +drone features that a lot what is it is + + align:start position:0% +drone features that a lot what is it is + + + align:start position:0% +drone features that a lot what is it is +it Innovation you know what what is this + + align:start position:0% +it Innovation you know what what is this + + + align:start position:0% +it Innovation you know what what is this +technological progress is it would it be + + align:start position:0% +technological progress is it would it be + + + align:start position:0% +technological progress is it would it be +are there any I guess like inherent + + align:start position:0% +are there any I guess like inherent + + + align:start position:0% +are there any I guess like inherent +reasons why it would be difficult to + + align:start position:0% +reasons why it would be difficult to + + + align:start position:0% +reasons why it would be difficult to +translate their own sort of models to + + align:start position:0% +translate their own sort of models to + + + align:start position:0% +translate their own sort of models to +the say + + align:start position:0% +the say + + + align:start position:0% +the say +TI it it should be + + align:start position:0% +TI it it should be + + + align:start position:0% +TI it it should be +done uh it should be done it hasn't been + + align:start position:0% +done uh it should be done it hasn't been + + + align:start position:0% +done uh it should be done it hasn't been +done yet there's no I don't see any + + align:start position:0% +done yet there's no I don't see any + + + align:start position:0% +done yet there's no I don't see any +intrinsic difficulty actually it's more + + align:start position:0% +intrinsic difficulty actually it's more + + + align:start position:0% +intrinsic difficulty actually it's more +like a real opportunity because when + + align:start position:0% +like a real opportunity because when + + + align:start position:0% +like a real opportunity because when +you're on the ground like this you + + align:start position:0% +you're on the ground like this you + + + align:start position:0% +you're on the ground like this you +should be able to + + align:start position:0% +should be able to + + + align:start position:0% +should be able to +see and in my data you measure the + + align:start position:0% +see and in my data you measure the + + + align:start position:0% +see and in my data you measure the +Capital stock and labor input and all of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it you know if it's real technological + + align:start position:0% +it you know if it's real technological + + + align:start position:0% +it you know if it's real technological +Improvement it's + + align:start position:0% +Improvement it's + + + align:start position:0% +Improvement it's +like getting rid of the water buffalo + + align:start position:0% +like getting rid of the water buffalo + + + align:start position:0% +like getting rid of the water buffalo +and bringing in the The Walking tractor + + align:start position:0% +and bringing in the The Walking tractor + + + align:start position:0% +and bringing in the The Walking tractor +I showed you a picture of the walking + + align:start position:0% +I showed you a picture of the walking + + + align:start position:0% +I showed you a picture of the walking +tractor I said it was land laboring + + align:start position:0% +tractor I said it was land laboring + + + align:start position:0% +tractor I said it was land laboring +Capital remember that one well it used + + align:start position:0% +Capital remember that one well it used + + + align:start position:0% +Capital remember that one well it used +to be water buffalo and the people in + + align:start position:0% +to be water buffalo and the people in + + + align:start position:0% +to be water buffalo and the people in +Bangkok sorry Wht still think that you + + align:start position:0% +Bangkok sorry Wht still think that you + + + align:start position:0% +Bangkok sorry Wht still think that you +know the farmers are out there with + + align:start position:0% +know the farmers are out there with + + + align:start position:0% +know the farmers are out there with +their water buffalo well I mean it's + + align:start position:0% +their water buffalo well I mean it's + + + align:start position:0% +their water buffalo well I mean it's +just not true you know they have pickup + + align:start position:0% +just not true you know they have pickup + + + align:start position:0% +just not true you know they have pickup +trucks and and all of that so that's + + align:start position:0% +trucks and and all of that so that's + + + align:start position:0% +trucks and and all of that so that's +phes my my point is that that's real + + align:start position:0% +phes my my point is that that's real + + + align:start position:0% +phes my my point is that that's real +technological progress and and and so + + align:start position:0% +technological progress and and and so + + + align:start position:0% +technological progress and and and so +data like this potentially could tell + + align:start position:0% +data like this potentially could tell + + + align:start position:0% +data like this potentially could tell +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +you know whether it's really that or + + align:start position:0% +you know whether it's really that or + + + align:start position:0% +you know whether it's really that or +just something potentially something + + align:start position:0% +just something potentially something + + + align:start position:0% +just something potentially something +else uh it could be it could be better + + align:start position:0% +else uh it could be it could be better + + + align:start position:0% +else uh it could be it could be better +roads you know + + align:start position:0% +roads you know + + + align:start position:0% +roads you know +higher easier access to + + align:start position:0% +higher easier access to + + + align:start position:0% +higher easier access to +markets that's somehow showing up + + align:start position:0% +markets that's somehow showing up + + + align:start position:0% +markets that's somehow showing up +everything else + + align:start position:0% +everything else + + + align:start position:0% +everything else +equal um but not + + align:start position:0% +equal um but not + + + align:start position:0% +equal um but not +modeled not at a deep level + + align:start position:0% +modeled not at a deep level + + + align:start position:0% +modeled not at a deep level +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +uh so here's the Max problem maximize + + align:start position:0% +uh so here's the Max problem maximize + + + align:start position:0% +uh so here's the Max problem maximize +discounted expected utility of this + + align:start position:0% +discounted expected utility of this + + + align:start position:0% +discounted expected utility of this +household + + align:start position:0% +household + + + align:start position:0% +household +um row is sort of + + align:start position:0% +um row is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +um row is sort of +the related to the coefficient of + + align:start position:0% +the related to the coefficient of + + + align:start position:0% +the related to the coefficient of +relative risk aversion beta is the + + align:start position:0% +relative risk aversion beta is the + + + align:start position:0% +relative risk aversion beta is the +discount rate this is as of quote + + align:start position:0% +discount rate this is as of quote + + + align:start position:0% +discount rate this is as of quote +initial + + align:start position:0% +initial + + + align:start position:0% +initial +period uh here's the + + align:start position:0% +period uh here's the + + + align:start position:0% +period uh here's the +liquidity that by the way was the same + + align:start position:0% +liquidity that by the way was the same + + + align:start position:0% +liquidity that by the way was the same +as interest on savings short-term liquid + + align:start position:0% +as interest on savings short-term liquid + + + align:start position:0% +as interest on savings short-term liquid +saving savings plus current + + align:start position:0% +saving savings plus current + + + align:start position:0% +saving savings plus current +income and it can be spent on + + align:start position:0% +income and it can be spent on + + + align:start position:0% +income and it can be spent on +consumption or saving or + + align:start position:0% +consumption or saving or + + + align:start position:0% +consumption or saving or +investment if you decide D to do the + + align:start position:0% +investment if you decide D to do the + + + align:start position:0% +investment if you decide D to do the +size investment that has arrived what + + align:start position:0% +size investment that has arrived what + + + align:start position:0% +size investment that has arrived what +are the state variables in any in any + + align:start position:0% +are the state variables in any in any + + + align:start position:0% +are the state variables in any in any +given day this is true for every day T + + align:start position:0% +given day this is true for every day T + + + align:start position:0% +given day this is true for every day T +it would have been better and I don't + + align:start position:0% +it would have been better and I don't + + + align:start position:0% +it would have been better and I don't +have it on the slides to show you a + + align:start position:0% +have it on the slides to show you a + + + align:start position:0% +have it on the slides to show you a +traditional value function where you'd + + align:start position:0% +traditional value function where you'd + + + align:start position:0% +traditional value function where you'd +have you know the utility today plus the + + align:start position:0% +have you know the utility today plus the + + + align:start position:0% +have you know the utility today plus the +value tomorrow but + + align:start position:0% +value tomorrow but + + + align:start position:0% +value tomorrow but +this does tell you what the state + + align:start position:0% +this does tell you what the state + + + align:start position:0% +this does tell you what the state +variables are namely permanent income + + align:start position:0% +variables are namely permanent income + + + align:start position:0% +variables are namely permanent income +today liquidity today and the size of + + align:start position:0% +today liquidity today and the size of + + + align:start position:0% +today liquidity today and the size of +the investment + + align:start position:0% +the investment + + + align:start position:0% +the investment +draw so those are the key economic + + align:start position:0% +draw so those are the key economic + + + align:start position:0% +draw so those are the key economic +States that's households are going to + + align:start position:0% +States that's households are going to + + + align:start position:0% +States that's households are going to +face this is just a parameter what is + + align:start position:0% +face this is just a parameter what is + + + align:start position:0% +face this is just a parameter what is +SAR here it is now it looks like you + + align:start position:0% +SAR here it is now it looks like you + + + align:start position:0% +SAR here it is now it looks like you +know savings is bounded From Below weird + + align:start position:0% +know savings is bounded From Below weird + + + align:start position:0% +know savings is bounded From Below weird +weird uh well actually you know savings + + align:start position:0% +weird uh well actually you know savings + + + align:start position:0% +weird uh well actually you know savings +can go + + align:start position:0% +can go + + + align:start position:0% +can go +negative that's fine that's just + + align:start position:0% +negative that's fine that's just + + + align:start position:0% +negative that's fine that's just +borrowing so this is a credit limit it + + align:start position:0% +borrowing so this is a credit limit it + + + align:start position:0% +borrowing so this is a credit limit it +says you know savings can't go too + + align:start position:0% +says you know savings can't go too + + + align:start position:0% +says you know savings can't go too +negative credit can't be too big and + + align:start position:0% +negative credit can't be too big and + + + align:start position:0% +negative credit can't be too big and +it's scaled by permanent income now in + + align:start position:0% +it's scaled by permanent income now in + + + align:start position:0% +it's scaled by permanent income now in +fact almost everything in the model is + + align:start position:0% +fact almost everything in the model is + + + align:start position:0% +fact almost everything in the model is +going to get Scaled by permanent + + align:start position:0% +going to get Scaled by permanent + + + align:start position:0% +going to get Scaled by permanent +income + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh part of that is the permanent income + + align:start position:0% +uh part of that is the permanent income + + + align:start position:0% +uh part of that is the permanent income +we wanted growth and the way to get the + + align:start position:0% +we wanted growth and the way to get the + + + align:start position:0% +we wanted growth and the way to get the +growth is to have this expansion + + align:start position:0% +growth is to have this expansion + + + align:start position:0% +growth is to have this expansion +exogenously in permanent income but the + + align:start position:0% +exogenously in permanent income but the + + + align:start position:0% +exogenously in permanent income but the +other thing is you look at the data and + + align:start position:0% +other thing is you look at the data and + + + align:start position:0% +other thing is you look at the data and +you see you know like Investments are + + align:start position:0% +you see you know like Investments are + + + align:start position:0% +you see you know like Investments are +large for small households relative to + + align:start position:0% +large for small households relative to + + + align:start position:0% +large for small households relative to +their assets and you go to larger + + align:start position:0% +their assets and you go to larger + + + align:start position:0% +their assets and you go to larger +households and their projects scale up + + align:start position:0% +households and their projects scale up + + + align:start position:0% +households and their projects scale up +so it's not like you can sort of you + + align:start position:0% +so it's not like you can sort of you + + + align:start position:0% +so it's not like you can sort of you +know sort of accumulate + + align:start position:0% +know sort of accumulate + + + align:start position:0% +know sort of accumulate +wealth and and save your way out of + + align:start position:0% +wealth and and save your way out of + + + align:start position:0% +wealth and and save your way out of +these non-convexities so we SC SC + + align:start position:0% +these non-convexities so we SC SC + + + align:start position:0% +these non-convexities so we SC SC +everything go to The Other Extreme we + + align:start position:0% +everything go to The Other Extreme we + + + align:start position:0% +everything go to The Other Extreme we +scale everything by permanent income the + + align:start position:0% +scale everything by permanent income the + + + align:start position:0% +scale everything by permanent income the +arrival of project sizes and so on and + + align:start position:0% +arrival of project sizes and so on and + + + align:start position:0% +arrival of project sizes and so on and +so forth are all and the shocks are all + + align:start position:0% +so forth are all and the shocks are all + + + align:start position:0% +so forth are all and the shocks are all +scaled when I and what I'm not writing + + align:start position:0% +scaled when I and what I'm not writing + + + align:start position:0% +scaled when I and what I'm not writing +down but we do in the + + align:start position:0% +down but we do in the + + + align:start position:0% +down but we do in the +paper is to actually turn this + + align:start position:0% +paper is to actually turn this + + + align:start position:0% +paper is to actually turn this +into a balanced growth + + align:start position:0% +into a balanced growth + + + align:start position:0% +into a balanced growth +path and the intuition is pretty much + + align:start position:0% +path and the intuition is pretty much + + + align:start position:0% +path and the intuition is pretty much +what I said the math + + align:start position:0% +what I said the math + + + align:start position:0% +what I said the math +is trickier where you just divide + + align:start position:0% +is trickier where you just divide + + + align:start position:0% +is trickier where you just divide +through by P + + align:start position:0% +through by P + + + align:start position:0% +through by P +everywhere so you know the the control + + align:start position:0% +everywhere so you know the the control + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere so you know the the control +variables are things + + align:start position:0% +variables are things + + + align:start position:0% +variables are things +like investment uh sorry like + + align:start position:0% +like investment uh sorry like + + + align:start position:0% +like investment uh sorry like +consumption per permanent + + align:start position:0% +consumption per permanent + + + align:start position:0% +consumption per permanent +income per unit permanent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +income and then we have to solve you + + align:start position:0% +income and then we have to solve you + + + align:start position:0% +income and then we have to solve you +know the value + + align:start position:0% +know the value + + + align:start position:0% +know the value +functions + + align:start position:0% +functions + + + align:start position:0% +functions +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +now these are the stochastic processes + + align:start position:0% +now these are the stochastic processes + + + align:start position:0% +now these are the stochastic processes +for the Rand the transitory shock + + align:start position:0% +for the Rand the transitory shock + + + align:start position:0% +for the Rand the transitory shock +again everything's in logs uh the + + align:start position:0% +again everything's in logs uh the + + + align:start position:0% +again everything's in logs uh the +permanent + + align:start position:0% +permanent + + + align:start position:0% +permanent +shock uh so these are log normal + + align:start position:0% +shock uh so these are log normal + + + align:start position:0% +shock uh so these are log normal +centered around zero with these standard + + align:start position:0% +centered around zero with these standard + + + align:start position:0% +centered around zero with these standard +deviations project side is not centered + + align:start position:0% +deviations project side is not centered + + + align:start position:0% +deviations project side is not centered +around zero it has a non-trivial + + align:start position:0% +around zero it has a non-trivial + + + align:start position:0% +around zero it has a non-trivial +mean uh with the standard + + align:start position:0% +mean uh with the standard + + + align:start position:0% +mean uh with the standard +deviation + + align:start position:0% +deviation + + + align:start position:0% +deviation +and you're going to see a table with + + align:start position:0% +and you're going to see a table with + + + align:start position:0% +and you're going to see a table with +parameters not to say You're really + + align:start position:0% +parameters not to say You're really + + + align:start position:0% +parameters not to say You're really +memorizing these I am because I want to + + align:start position:0% +memorizing these I am because I want to + + + align:start position:0% +memorizing these I am because I want to +go through the list when we get there mu + + align:start position:0% +go through the list when we get there mu + + + align:start position:0% +go through the list when we get there mu +Sigma u + + align:start position:0% +Sigma u + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma u +n here's a + + align:start position:0% +n here's a + + + align:start position:0% +n here's a +problem um we don't we do have a + + align:start position:0% +problem um we don't we do have a + + + align:start position:0% +problem um we don't we do have a +borrowing limit but and we do not put in + + align:start position:0% +borrowing limit but and we do not put in + + + align:start position:0% +borrowing limit but and we do not put in +sort of a natural borrowing we let + + align:start position:0% +sort of a natural borrowing we let + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a natural borrowing we let +households default they default in the + + align:start position:0% +households default they default in the + + + align:start position:0% +households default they default in the +data about + + align:start position:0% +data about + + + align:start position:0% +data about +18% it's not trivial it's also hard to + + align:start position:0% +18% it's not trivial it's also hard to + + + align:start position:0% +18% it's not trivial it's also hard to +nail down exactly when a loan is not + + align:start position:0% +nail down exactly when a loan is not + + + align:start position:0% +nail down exactly when a loan is not +performed form in because they can + + align:start position:0% +performed form in because they can + + + align:start position:0% +performed form in because they can +stretch out the payments so it's not + + align:start position:0% +stretch out the payments so it's not + + + align:start position:0% +stretch out the payments so it's not +nailed exactly 18% + + align:start position:0% +nailed exactly 18% + + + align:start position:0% +nailed exactly 18% +and oh yeah so here's another + + align:start position:0% +and oh yeah so here's another + + + align:start position:0% +and oh yeah so here's another +story with a + + align:start position:0% +story with a + + + align:start position:0% +story with a +bonus uh econometrica requires the + + align:start position:0% +bonus uh econometrica requires the + + + align:start position:0% +bonus uh econometrica requires the +codes for any published + + align:start position:0% +codes for any published + + + align:start position:0% +codes for any published +paper so you got to give them the codes + + align:start position:0% +paper so you got to give them the codes + + + align:start position:0% +paper so you got to give them the codes +and the data which is good it's a good + + align:start position:0% +and the data which is good it's a good + + + align:start position:0% +and the data which is good it's a good +thing of course when you're doing the + + align:start position:0% +thing of course when you're doing the + + + align:start position:0% +thing of course when you're doing the +work you don't really annotate as + + align:start position:0% +work you don't really annotate as + + + align:start position:0% +work you don't really annotate as +thoroughly as you might + + align:start position:0% +thoroughly as you might + + + align:start position:0% +thoroughly as you might +do and then when you're ready to publish + + align:start position:0% +do and then when you're ready to publish + + + align:start position:0% +do and then when you're ready to publish +this stuff you're kind of like go back + + align:start position:0% +this stuff you're kind of like go back + + + align:start position:0% +this stuff you're kind of like go back +over it and we found a + + align:start position:0% +over it and we found a + + + align:start position:0% +over it and we found a +mistake and the mistake was around this + + align:start position:0% +mistake and the mistake was around this + + + align:start position:0% +mistake and the mistake was around this +default rate so so we actually know for + + align:start position:0% +default rate so so we actually know for + + + align:start position:0% +default rate so so we actually know for +bad reasons that the default rate + + align:start position:0% +bad reasons that the default rate + + + align:start position:0% +bad reasons that the default rate +matters um yes so I actually noticed in + + align:start position:0% +matters um yes so I actually noticed in + + + align:start position:0% +matters um yes so I actually noticed in +I saw two versions of the paper and they + + align:start position:0% +I saw two versions of the paper and they + + + align:start position:0% +I saw two versions of the paper and they +had quite + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +different that's probably part of it yep + + align:start position:0% +different that's probably part of it yep + + + align:start position:0% +different that's probably part of it yep +um um well look everyone makes mistakes + + align:start position:0% +um um well look everyone makes mistakes + + + align:start position:0% +um um well look everyone makes mistakes +in research and it's in some respect + + align:start position:0% +in research and it's in some respect + + + align:start position:0% +in research and it's in some respect +doing it over and over is actually a + + align:start position:0% +doing it over and over is actually a + + + align:start position:0% +doing it over and over is actually a +good thing because you know you get this + + align:start position:0% +good thing because you know you get this + + + align:start position:0% +good thing because you know you get this +robustness check but but yeah so in the + + align:start position:0% +robustness check but but yeah so in the + + + align:start position:0% +robustness check but but yeah so in the +data when we say a household default + + align:start position:0% +data when we say a household default + + + align:start position:0% +data when we say a household default +what do we mean exactly by + + align:start position:0% +what do we mean exactly by + + + align:start position:0% +what do we mean exactly by +that never paid off the loan okay + + align:start position:0% +that never paid off the loan okay + + + align:start position:0% +that never paid off the loan okay +because in most microc credit literature + + align:start position:0% +because in most microc credit literature + + + align:start position:0% +because in most microc credit literature +a default is what we would call a + + align:start position:0% +a default is what we would call a + + + align:start position:0% +a default is what we would call a +delinquency in the in the sort of + + align:start position:0% +delinquency in the in the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +delinquency in the in the sort of +developed country Finance literature + + align:start position:0% +developed country Finance literature + + + align:start position:0% +developed country Finance literature +yeah so you're not counting + + align:start position:0% +yeah so you're not counting + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so you're not counting +delinquencies as defaults you're + + align:start position:0% +delinquencies as defaults you're + + + align:start position:0% +delinquencies as defaults you're +counting actual defaults like we just + + align:start position:0% +counting actual defaults like we just + + + align:start position:0% +counting actual defaults like we just +never pay the money + + align:start position:0% +never pay the money + + + align:start position:0% +never pay the money +back you know I have to go back and make + + align:start position:0% +back you know I have to go back and make + + + align:start position:0% +back you know I have to go back and make +sure we we could have put something like + + align:start position:0% +sure we we could have put something like + + + align:start position:0% +sure we we could have put something like +a two-year threshold on this + + align:start position:0% +a two-year threshold on this + + + align:start position:0% +a two-year threshold on this +uh but yeah I mean I always actually go + + align:start position:0% +uh but yeah I mean I always actually go + + + align:start position:0% +uh but yeah I mean I always actually go +the other way I tend to think of + + align:start position:0% +the other way I tend to think of + + + align:start position:0% +the other way I tend to think of +defaults as a contingency in the loan + + align:start position:0% +defaults as a contingency in the loan + + + align:start position:0% +defaults as a contingency in the loan +contract the bank for agriculture for + + align:start position:0% +contract the bank for agriculture for + + + align:start position:0% +contract the bank for agriculture for +sure runs an insurance company this way + + align:start position:0% +sure runs an insurance company this way + + + align:start position:0% +sure runs an insurance company this way +where they extend loans and actually + + align:start position:0% +where they extend loans and actually + + + align:start position:0% +where they extend loans and actually +even more than that don't charge you + + align:start position:0% +even more than that don't charge you + + + align:start position:0% +even more than that don't charge you +interest on on the renewed principle and + + align:start position:0% +interest on on the renewed principle and + + + align:start position:0% +interest on on the renewed principle and +so on so + + align:start position:0% +so on so + + + align:start position:0% +so on so +uh you + + align:start position:0% +uh you + + + align:start position:0% +uh you +know people are risk averse having these + + align:start position:0% +know people are risk averse having these + + + align:start position:0% +know people are risk averse having these +contingencies are a good thing there's + + align:start position:0% +contingencies are a good thing there's + + + align:start position:0% +contingencies are a good thing there's +there's a literature on this uh other + + align:start position:0% +there's a literature on this uh other + + + align:start position:0% +there's a literature on this uh other +other + + align:start position:0% +other + + + align:start position:0% +other +literatures but + + align:start position:0% +literatures but + + + align:start position:0% +literatures but +still uh we so we anyway there may be + + align:start position:0% +still uh we so we anyway there may be + + + align:start position:0% +still uh we so we anyway there may be +other ways to do it measurement is + + align:start position:0% +other ways to do it measurement is + + + align:start position:0% +other ways to do it measurement is +tricky but we decided to put theault in + + align:start position:0% +tricky but we decided to put theault in + + + align:start position:0% +tricky but we decided to put theault in +and what is this thing saying well it's + + align:start position:0% +and what is this thing saying well it's + + + align:start position:0% +and what is this thing saying well it's +a bit tricky to read but we don't drive + + align:start position:0% +a bit tricky to read but we don't drive + + + align:start position:0% +a bit tricky to read but we don't drive +people down to zero consumption we put + + align:start position:0% +people down to zero consumption we put + + + align:start position:0% +people down to zero consumption we put +in some minimum consumption no matter + + align:start position:0% +in some minimum consumption no matter + + + align:start position:0% +in some minimum consumption no matter +what you're not going to go below c + + align:start position:0% +what you're not going to go below c + + + align:start position:0% +what you're not going to go below c +lower bar and + + align:start position:0% +lower bar and + + + align:start position:0% +lower bar and +uh well scal by your permanent income as + + align:start position:0% +uh well scal by your permanent income as + + + align:start position:0% +uh well scal by your permanent income as +I as everything else is now what is this + + align:start position:0% +I as everything else is now what is this + + + align:start position:0% +I as everything else is now what is this +other thing savings well put savings + + align:start position:0% +other thing savings well put savings + + + align:start position:0% +other thing savings well put savings +times p on the right hand side it'll + + align:start position:0% +times p on the right hand side it'll + + + align:start position:0% +times p on the right hand side it'll +pick up a negative sign that's credit + + align:start position:0% +pick up a negative sign that's credit + + + align:start position:0% +pick up a negative sign that's credit +minus savings is credit so it's + + align:start position:0% +minus savings is credit so it's + + + align:start position:0% +minus savings is credit so it's +liquidity plus the maximum loan you + + align:start position:0% +liquidity plus the maximum loan you + + + align:start position:0% +liquidity plus the maximum loan you +could take + + align:start position:0% +could take + + + align:start position:0% +could take +out you know and + + align:start position:0% +out you know and + + + align:start position:0% +out you know and +still you you + + align:start position:0% +still you you + + + align:start position:0% +still you you +uh you can't cover that minimum uh + + align:start position:0% +uh you can't cover that minimum uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh you can't cover that minimum uh +consumption so so you're not respecting + + align:start position:0% +consumption so so you're not respecting + + + align:start position:0% +consumption so so you're not respecting +the budget constraint anymore you get + + align:start position:0% +the budget constraint anymore you get + + + align:start position:0% +the budget constraint anymore you get +this quote + + align:start position:0% +this quote + + + align:start position:0% +this quote +gift + + align:start position:0% +gift + + + align:start position:0% +gift +uh and here's then here are the rules + + align:start position:0% +uh and here's then here are the rules + + + align:start position:0% +uh and here's then here are the rules +that happen when you default you know + + align:start position:0% +that happen when you default you know + + + align:start position:0% +that happen when you default you know +you don't you're not investing you're + + align:start position:0% +you don't you're not investing you're + + + align:start position:0% +you don't you're not investing you're +you're borrowing up to the Limit and + + align:start position:0% +you're borrowing up to the Limit and + + + align:start position:0% +you're borrowing up to the Limit and +your consumption is a scale version + + align:start position:0% +your consumption is a scale version + + + align:start position:0% +your consumption is a scale version +permanent + + align:start position:0% +permanent + + + align:start position:0% +permanent +income uh so let's see if I've done my + + align:start position:0% +income uh so let's see if I've done my + + + align:start position:0% +income uh so let's see if I've done my +homework or you have R is the interest + + align:start position:0% +homework or you have R is the interest + + + align:start position:0% +homework or you have R is the interest +rate this is the standard deviation of + + align:start position:0% +rate this is the standard deviation of + + + align:start position:0% +rate this is the standard deviation of +the transit of the permanent shock + + align:start position:0% +the transit of the permanent shock + + + align:start position:0% +the transit of the permanent shock +standard deviation of the transitory + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation of the transitory + + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation of the transitory +shock this is new it's a measurement + + align:start position:0% +shock this is new it's a measurement + + + align:start position:0% +shock this is new it's a measurement +error we imagine that we see the data + + align:start position:0% +error we imagine that we see the data + + + align:start position:0% +error we imagine that we see the data +contaminated it's a bit + + align:start position:0% +contaminated it's a bit + + + align:start position:0% +contaminated it's a bit +dirty centered around the mean + + align:start position:0% +dirty centered around the mean + + + align:start position:0% +dirty centered around the mean +but this is the drift term this is the + + align:start position:0% +but this is the drift term this is the + + + align:start position:0% +but this is the drift term this is the +lower bound on consumption under default + + align:start position:0% +lower bound on consumption under default + + + align:start position:0% +lower bound on consumption under default +beta is the discount weight row is + + align:start position:0% +beta is the discount weight row is + + + align:start position:0% +beta is the discount weight row is +related to constant relative R + + align:start position:0% +related to constant relative R + + + align:start position:0% +related to constant relative R +conversion mu is the project size on + + align:start position:0% +conversion mu is the project size on + + + align:start position:0% +conversion mu is the project size on +average Sigma I is a standard deviation + + align:start position:0% +average Sigma I is a standard deviation + + + align:start position:0% +average Sigma I is a standard deviation +of project size and this is the uh + + align:start position:0% +of project size and this is the uh + + + align:start position:0% +of project size and this is the uh +credit + + align:start position:0% +credit + + + align:start position:0% +credit +limit and R Big R is the return on + + align:start position:0% +limit and R Big R is the return on + + + align:start position:0% +limit and R Big R is the return on +investment that augments permanent + + align:start position:0% +investment that augments permanent + + + align:start position:0% +investment that augments permanent +income that's + + align:start position:0% +income that's + + + align:start position:0% +income that's +also quite problematic what we did was + + align:start position:0% +also quite problematic what we did was + + + align:start position:0% +also quite problematic what we did was +use these return on asset + + align:start position:0% +use these return on asset + + + align:start position:0% +use these return on asset +numbers but Emily and obig and I have + + align:start position:0% +numbers but Emily and obig and I have + + + align:start position:0% +numbers but Emily and obig and I have +been working subsequently and we + + align:start position:0% +been working subsequently and we + + + align:start position:0% +been working subsequently and we +think it it not only does r vary in the + + align:start position:0% +think it it not only does r vary in the + + + align:start position:0% +think it it not only does r vary in the +population with some heterogeneity that + + align:start position:0% +population with some heterogeneity that + + + align:start position:0% +population with some heterogeneity that +we don't have here but it actually is + + align:start position:0% +we don't have here but it actually is + + + align:start position:0% +we don't have here but it actually is +predictive of who's getting the money + + align:start position:0% +predictive of who's getting the money + + + align:start position:0% +predictive of who's getting the money +and what they're doing with it so uh + + align:start position:0% +and what they're doing with it so uh + + + align:start position:0% +and what they're doing with it so uh +which may be another reason that we + + align:start position:0% +which may be another reason that we + + + align:start position:0% +which may be another reason that we +didn't get as far as we thought we might + + align:start position:0% +didn't get as far as we thought we might + + + align:start position:0% +didn't get as far as we thought we might +with the investment thing but anyway + + align:start position:0% +with the investment thing but anyway + + + align:start position:0% +with the investment thing but anyway +hopefully we'll write that up real soon + + align:start position:0% +hopefully we'll write that up real soon + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully we'll write that up real soon +here it's just a number calibrated you + + align:start position:0% +here it's just a number calibrated you + + + align:start position:0% +here it's just a number calibrated you +might say uh and we're going to use + + align:start position:0% +might say uh and we're going to use + + + align:start position:0% +might say uh and we're going to use +method of moments oh now a couple of + + align:start position:0% +method of moments oh now a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +method of moments oh now a couple of +questions for you guys or one comment + + align:start position:0% +questions for you guys or one comment + + + align:start position:0% +questions for you guys or one comment +back to the codes you know Emily was + + align:start position:0% +back to the codes you know Emily was + + + align:start position:0% +back to the codes you know Emily was +about your cohort uh in a class like + + align:start position:0% +about your cohort uh in a class like + + + align:start position:0% +about your cohort uh in a class like +this and very shortly thereafter she got + + align:start position:0% +this and very shortly thereafter she got + + + align:start position:0% +this and very shortly thereafter she got +interested in the structural stuff the + + align:start position:0% +interested in the structural stuff the + + + align:start position:0% +interested in the structural stuff the +codes are all there and I you know I'll + + align:start position:0% +codes are all there and I you know I'll + + + align:start position:0% +codes are all there and I you know I'll +uh not only the published version but + + align:start position:0% +uh not only the published version but + + + align:start position:0% +uh not only the published version but +all the other things you're welcome to + + align:start position:0% +all the other things you're welcome to + + + align:start position:0% +all the other things you're welcome to +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +them + + align:start position:0% +them + + + align:start position:0% +them +um probably a little late to do it for + + align:start position:0% +um probably a little late to do it for + + + align:start position:0% +um probably a little late to do it for +the class but uh it's a resource that's + + align:start position:0% +the class but uh it's a resource that's + + + align:start position:0% +the class but uh it's a resource that's +available to you um and of course in the + + align:start position:0% +available to you um and of course in the + + + align:start position:0% +available to you um and of course in the +end it wasn't the paper with abaj that's + + align:start position:0% +end it wasn't the paper with abaj that's + + + align:start position:0% +end it wasn't the paper with abaj that's +still not quite done but she used + + align:start position:0% +still not quite done but she used + + + align:start position:0% +still not quite done but she used +structural modeling in her job market + + align:start position:0% +structural modeling in her job market + + + align:start position:0% +structural modeling in her job market +paper and she was learning it by looking + + align:start position:0% +paper and she was learning it by looking + + + align:start position:0% +paper and she was learning it by looking +at those codes + + align:start position:0% +at those codes + + + align:start position:0% +at those codes +so uh the other thing I want to ask you + + align:start position:0% +so uh the other thing I want to ask you + + + align:start position:0% +so uh the other thing I want to ask you +I hope you've seen at some point you + + align:start position:0% +I hope you've seen at some point you + + + align:start position:0% +I hope you've seen at some point you +know methods of simulated + + align:start position:0% +know methods of simulated + + + align:start position:0% +know methods of simulated +Moments One yes three four yes okay uh + + align:start position:0% +Moments One yes three four yes okay uh + + + align:start position:0% +Moments One yes three four yes okay uh +so we're g to those + + align:start position:0% +so we're g to those + + + align:start position:0% +so we're g to those +US1 in the had on your + + align:start position:0% +US1 in the had on your + + + align:start position:0% +US1 in the had on your +we + + align:start position:0% +we + + + align:start position:0% +we +know have you learned have you learned + + align:start position:0% +know have you learned have you learned + + + align:start position:0% +know have you learned have you learned +something new + + align:start position:0% +something new + + + align:start position:0% +something new +today + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +did all right that's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +excellent that's excellent I guess I + + align:start position:0% +excellent that's excellent I guess I + + + align:start position:0% +excellent that's excellent I guess I +knew that I'd + + align:start position:0% +knew that I'd + + + align:start position:0% +knew that I'd +forgotten uh but anyway I'm glad you + + align:start position:0% +forgotten uh but anyway I'm glad you + + + align:start position:0% +forgotten uh but anyway I'm glad you +know it so I won't try to retach that + + align:start position:0% +know it so I won't try to retach that + + + align:start position:0% +know it so I won't try to retach that +there's not time to to + + align:start position:0% +there's not time to to + + + align:start position:0% +there's not time to to +today uh okay another + + align:start position:0% +today uh okay another + + + align:start position:0% +today uh okay another +controversy what to do with all the + + align:start position:0% +controversy what to do with all the + + + align:start position:0% +controversy what to do with all the +heterogeneity and the data that we don't + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneity and the data that we don't + + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneity and the data that we don't +have in the + + align:start position:0% +have in the + + + align:start position:0% +have in the +model I'm emphasizing certain aspects of + + align:start position:0% +model I'm emphasizing certain aspects of + + + align:start position:0% +model I'm emphasizing certain aspects of +observed and unobserved heterogenity in + + align:start position:0% +observed and unobserved heterogenity in + + + align:start position:0% +observed and unobserved heterogenity in +the data that is in the + + align:start position:0% +the data that is in the + + + align:start position:0% +the data that is in the +model + + align:start position:0% +model + + + align:start position:0% +model +but we've also got all these demographic + + align:start position:0% +but we've also got all these demographic + + + align:start position:0% +but we've also got all these demographic +stuff now granted not + + align:start position:0% +stuff now granted not + + + align:start position:0% +stuff now granted not +everyone would do it this + + align:start position:0% +everyone would do it this + + + align:start position:0% +everyone would do it this +way uh we take it out so we filter the + + align:start position:0% +way uh we take it out so we filter the + + + align:start position:0% +way uh we take it out so we filter the +data basically we regress the household + + align:start position:0% +data basically we regress the household + + + align:start position:0% +data basically we regress the household +data on these + + align:start position:0% +data on these + + + align:start position:0% +data on these +observables and uh as well as you know + + align:start position:0% +observables and uh as well as you know + + + align:start position:0% +observables and uh as well as you know +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +Trends potential initial business cycle + + align:start position:0% +Trends potential initial business cycle + + + align:start position:0% +Trends potential initial business cycle +I.E this is one year after the initial + + align:start position:0% +I.E this is one year after the initial + + + align:start position:0% +I.E this is one year after the initial +data is one year after the financial + + align:start position:0% +data is one year after the financial + + + align:start position:0% +data is one year after the financial +crisis the whole country is kind of so + + align:start position:0% +crisis the whole country is kind of so + + + align:start position:0% +crisis the whole country is kind of so +you know the controversy is well why + + align:start position:0% +you know the controversy is well why + + + align:start position:0% +you know the controversy is well why +don't you just put it + + align:start position:0% +don't you just put it + + + align:start position:0% +don't you just put it +in and I'm not not going to have time + + align:start position:0% +in and I'm not not going to have time + + + align:start position:0% +in and I'm not not going to have time +this year but you know I've lectured in + + align:start position:0% +this year but you know I've lectured in + + + align:start position:0% +this year but you know I've lectured in +previous years on Keane and walpin and + + align:start position:0% +previous years on Keane and walpin and + + + align:start position:0% +previous years on Keane and walpin and +stuff you know so if you want to see a + + align:start position:0% +stuff you know so if you want to see a + + + align:start position:0% +stuff you know so if you want to see a +really really long specification of what + + align:start position:0% +really really long specification of what + + + align:start position:0% +really really long specification of what +you can put into the utility + + align:start position:0% +you can put into the utility + + + align:start position:0% +you can put into the utility +function I'm not debunking it it's a + + align:start position:0% +function I'm not debunking it it's a + + + align:start position:0% +function I'm not debunking it it's a +perfect + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we kind of estimated but this is almost + + align:start position:0% +we kind of estimated but this is almost + + + align:start position:0% +we kind of estimated but this is almost +like calibration because we have earned + + align:start position:0% +like calibration because we have earned + + + align:start position:0% +like calibration because we have earned +interest uh which is interest times + + align:start position:0% +interest uh which is interest times + + + align:start position:0% +interest uh which is interest times +savings and we have savings and interest + + align:start position:0% +savings and we have savings and interest + + + align:start position:0% +savings and we have savings and interest +in the data so we're trying to minimize + + align:start position:0% +in the data so we're trying to minimize + + + align:start position:0% +in the data so we're trying to minimize +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +know to get the mean + + align:start position:0% +know to get the mean + + + align:start position:0% +know to get the mean +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +uh the other things that are more fun + + align:start position:0% +uh the other things that are more fun + + + align:start position:0% +uh the other things that are more fun +consumption uh decision to invest and so + + align:start position:0% +consumption uh decision to invest and so + + + align:start position:0% +consumption uh decision to invest and so +on is just + + align:start position:0% +on is just + + + align:start position:0% +on is just +basically uh you know looking at + + align:start position:0% +basically uh you know looking at + + + align:start position:0% +basically uh you know looking at +consumption uh in the data and this is + + align:start position:0% +consumption uh in the data and this is + + + align:start position:0% +consumption uh in the data and this is +expected consumption through the lens of + + align:start position:0% +expected consumption through the lens of + + + align:start position:0% +expected consumption through the lens of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +model it's conditioned on observables + + align:start position:0% +model it's conditioned on observables + + + align:start position:0% +model it's conditioned on observables +liquidity is observed and income is + + align:start position:0% +liquidity is observed and income is + + + align:start position:0% +liquidity is observed and income is +observed now one caution these are not + + align:start position:0% +observed now one caution these are not + + + align:start position:0% +observed now one caution these are not +oneto one with the key State variables + + align:start position:0% +oneto one with the key State variables + + + align:start position:0% +oneto one with the key State variables +of the model itself there are something + + align:start position:0% +of the model itself there are something + + + align:start position:0% +of the model itself there are something +like permanent + + align:start position:0% +like permanent + + + align:start position:0% +like permanent +income and project + + align:start position:0% +income and project + + + align:start position:0% +income and project +size you know it relative to permanent + + align:start position:0% +size you know it relative to permanent + + + align:start position:0% +size you know it relative to permanent +income are the key State variables and + + align:start position:0% +income are the key State variables and + + + align:start position:0% +income are the key State variables and +permanent income is unobserved so + + align:start position:0% +permanent income is unobserved so + + + align:start position:0% +permanent income is unobserved so +there's some work you know to to back + + align:start position:0% +there's some work you know to to back + + + align:start position:0% +there's some work you know to to back +out these + + align:start position:0% +out these + + + align:start position:0% +out these +these uh expectations but anyway you get + + align:start position:0% +these uh expectations but anyway you get + + + align:start position:0% +these uh expectations but anyway you get +an error which is the difference between + + align:start position:0% +an error which is the difference between + + + align:start position:0% +an error which is the difference between +the observed and the predicted values + + align:start position:0% +the observed and the predicted values + + + align:start position:0% +the observed and the predicted values +and you kind of like want to minimize + + align:start position:0% +and you kind of like want to minimize + + + align:start position:0% +and you kind of like want to minimize +the error term by + + align:start position:0% +the error term by + + + align:start position:0% +the error term by +choosing that the parameter values here + + align:start position:0% +choosing that the parameter values here + + + align:start position:0% +choosing that the parameter values here +you know here's uh + + align:start position:0% +you know here's uh + + + align:start position:0% +you know here's uh +Allah + + align:start position:0% +Allah + + + align:start position:0% +Allah +Blundell pistar and uh + + align:start position:0% +Blundell pistar and uh + + + align:start position:0% +Blundell pistar and uh +Preston you know we we put + + align:start position:0% +Preston you know we we put + + + align:start position:0% +Preston you know we we put +in a log moving average process C for + + align:start position:0% +in a log moving average process C for + + + align:start position:0% +in a log moving average process C for +income so if you're judicious about + + align:start position:0% +income so if you're judicious about + + + align:start position:0% +income so if you're judicious about +choosing log differences far enough + + align:start position:0% +choosing log differences far enough + + + align:start position:0% +choosing log differences far enough +apart you can pick up the drift it's + + align:start position:0% +apart you can pick up the drift it's + + + align:start position:0% +apart you can pick up the drift it's +really very similar to to what BPP we're + + align:start position:0% +really very similar to to what BPP we're + + + align:start position:0% +really very similar to to what BPP we're +doing + + align:start position:0% +doing + + + align:start position:0% +doing +um and uh and that's how we get that g + + align:start position:0% +um and uh and that's how we get that g + + + align:start position:0% +um and uh and that's how we get that g +basically so these are time differences + + align:start position:0% +basically so these are time differences + + + align:start position:0% +basically so these are time differences +in growth + + align:start position:0% +in growth + + + align:start position:0% +in growth +rates + + align:start position:0% +rates + + + align:start position:0% +rates +um maybe I don't need to and and of + + align:start position:0% +um maybe I don't need to and and of + + + align:start position:0% +um maybe I don't need to and and of +course you can pick up other Moments by + + align:start position:0% +course you can pick up other Moments by + + + align:start position:0% +course you can pick up other Moments by +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +orthogonality conditions on the error + + align:start position:0% +orthogonality conditions on the error + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonality conditions on the error +terms assuming that they don't see + + align:start position:0% +terms assuming that they don't see + + + align:start position:0% +terms assuming that they don't see +something else that they if they were to + + align:start position:0% +something else that they if they were to + + + align:start position:0% +something else that they if they were to +see something else we're not seeing in + + align:start position:0% +see something else we're not seeing in + + + align:start position:0% +see something else we're not seeing in +the model then we're going to make a + + align:start position:0% +the model then we're going to make a + + + align:start position:0% +the model then we're going to make a +mistake with these guys because there's + + align:start position:0% +mistake with these guys because there's + + + align:start position:0% +mistake with these guys because there's +going to be + + align:start position:0% +going to be + + + align:start position:0% +going to be +information contained in the + + align:start position:0% +information contained in the + + + align:start position:0% +information contained in the +error but we assume not simulating what + + align:start position:0% +error but we assume not simulating what + + + align:start position:0% +error but we assume not simulating what +are we going to + + align:start position:0% +are we going to + + + align:start position:0% +are we going to +do well first of all how do we relax + + align:start position:0% +do well first of all how do we relax + + + align:start position:0% +do well first of all how do we relax +the the borrowing limit we allow that + + align:start position:0% +the the borrowing limit we allow that + + + align:start position:0% +the the borrowing limit we allow that +borrowing limit that + + align:start position:0% +borrowing limit that + + + align:start position:0% +borrowing limit that +SAR to move from one Village to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +next in such a way as to predict the + + align:start position:0% +next in such a way as to predict the + + + align:start position:0% +next in such a way as to predict the +increase in short-term Village credit + + align:start position:0% +increase in short-term Village credit + + + align:start position:0% +increase in short-term Village credit +that we see in the data so that's how we + + align:start position:0% +that we see in the data so that's how we + + + align:start position:0% +that we see in the data so that's how we +sort of + + align:start position:0% +sort of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of +calibrate the magnitude of the + + align:start position:0% +calibrate the magnitude of the + + + align:start position:0% +calibrate the magnitude of the +intervention + + align:start position:0% +intervention + + + align:start position:0% +intervention +uh and + + align:start position:0% +uh and + + + align:start position:0% +uh and +the rest is simulation we're going to + + align:start position:0% +the rest is simulation we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +the rest is simulation we're going to +draw these shocks over and over again + + align:start position:0% +draw these shocks over and over again + + + align:start position:0% +draw these shocks over and over again +and get repeated samples we're going to + + align:start position:0% +and get repeated samples we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +and get repeated samples we're going to +have basically 500 artificial data sets + + align:start position:0% +have basically 500 artificial data sets + + + align:start position:0% +have basically 500 artificial data sets +any one data set is the series of draws + + align:start position:0% +any one data set is the series of draws + + + align:start position:0% +any one data set is the series of draws +of the permanent + + align:start position:0% +of the permanent + + + align:start position:0% +of the permanent +transitory project size and so + + align:start position:0% +transitory project size and so + + + align:start position:0% +transitory project size and so +on and you know we have the + + align:start position:0% +on and you know we have the + + + align:start position:0% +on and you know we have the +pre-intervention years you can stop + + align:start position:0% +pre-intervention years you can stop + + + align:start position:0% +pre-intervention years you can stop +there and use the data and estimate the + + align:start position:0% +there and use the data and estimate the + + + align:start position:0% +there and use the data and estimate the +parameters you can keep going + + align:start position:0% +parameters you can keep going + + + align:start position:0% +parameters you can keep going +and see what the model + + align:start position:0% +and see what the model + + + align:start position:0% +and see what the model +predicts over and over again not just + + align:start position:0% +predicts over and over again not just + + + align:start position:0% +predicts over and over again not just +one path but averaging over you know + + align:start position:0% +one path but averaging over you know + + + align:start position:0% +one path but averaging over you know +these 500 different + + align:start position:0% +these 500 different + + + align:start position:0% +these 500 different +paths + + align:start position:0% +paths + + + align:start position:0% +paths +um uh you know why do that well + + align:start position:0% +um uh you know why do that well + + + align:start position:0% +um uh you know why do that well +basically you want to get average + + align:start position:0% +basically you want to get average + + + align:start position:0% +basically you want to get average +Tendencies You don't want to be so + + align:start position:0% +Tendencies You don't want to be so + + + align:start position:0% +Tendencies You don't want to be so +sensitive to the you know the luck of + + align:start position:0% +sensitive to the you know the luck of + + + align:start position:0% +sensitive to the you know the luck of +the draw in the first year after the + + align:start position:0% +the draw in the first year after the + + + align:start position:0% +the draw in the first year after the +intervention and the second year after + + align:start position:0% +intervention and the second year after + + + align:start position:0% +intervention and the second year after +the intervention + + align:start position:0% +the intervention + + + align:start position:0% +the intervention +because you know we don't know + + align:start position:0% +because you know we don't know + + + align:start position:0% +because you know we don't know +what the model says the Aver we know + + align:start position:0% +what the model says the Aver we know + + + align:start position:0% +what the model says the Aver we know +something about averages in fact then we + + align:start position:0% +something about averages in fact then we + + + align:start position:0% +something about averages in fact then we +run + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh well this slide really deteriorated + + align:start position:0% +uh well this slide really deteriorated + + + align:start position:0% +uh well this slide really deteriorated +through the projector but + + align:start position:0% +through the projector but + + + align:start position:0% +through the projector but +um these are the economic variables in + + align:start position:0% +um these are the economic variables in + + + align:start position:0% +um these are the economic variables in +the the model itself liquidity divided + + align:start position:0% +the the model itself liquidity divided + + + align:start position:0% +the the model itself liquidity divided +by permanent income project size divided + + align:start position:0% +by permanent income project size divided + + + align:start position:0% +by permanent income project size divided +by permanent + + align:start position:0% +by permanent + + + align:start position:0% +by permanent +income and uh and what's going on here + + align:start position:0% +income and uh and what's going on here + + + align:start position:0% +income and uh and what's going on here +as you move in this direction there's + + align:start position:0% +as you move in this direction there's + + + align:start position:0% +as you move in this direction there's +three black + + align:start position:0% +three black + + + align:start position:0% +three black +dots know here and they're kind of all + + align:start position:0% +dots know here and they're kind of all + + + align:start position:0% +dots know here and they're kind of all +fixing project size and varying + + align:start position:0% +fixing project size and varying + + + align:start position:0% +fixing project size and varying +liquidity so these guys down here are + + align:start position:0% +liquidity so these guys down here are + + + align:start position:0% +liquidity so these guys down here are +bankrupt they're + + align:start position:0% +bankrupt they're + + + align:start position:0% +bankrupt they're +defaulting they they have almost no + + align:start position:0% +defaulting they they have almost no + + + align:start position:0% +defaulting they they have almost no +liquidity they can't even really pay + + align:start position:0% +liquidity they can't even really pay + + + align:start position:0% +liquidity they can't even really pay +back their previous you know + + align:start position:0% +back their previous you know + + + align:start position:0% +back their previous you know +loans These Guys these are these hand to + + align:start position:0% +loans These Guys these are these hand to + + + align:start position:0% +loans These Guys these are these hand to +mouth guys this thing's really curvy + + align:start position:0% +mouth guys this thing's really curvy + + + align:start position:0% +mouth guys this thing's really curvy +okay so these you know they're they're + + align:start position:0% +okay so these you know they're they're + + + align:start position:0% +okay so these you know they're they're +constraint they their liquidity + + align:start position:0% +constraint they their liquidity + + + align:start position:0% +constraint they their liquidity +constraint that borrowing constraint is + + align:start position:0% +constraint that borrowing constraint is + + + align:start position:0% +constraint that borrowing constraint is +binding these guys have drifted into + + align:start position:0% +binding these guys have drifted into + + + align:start position:0% +binding these guys have drifted into +higher territory they're not actually + + align:start position:0% +higher territory they're not actually + + + align:start position:0% +higher territory they're not actually +constrained anymore but in the future + + align:start position:0% +constrained anymore but in the future + + + align:start position:0% +constrained anymore but in the future +they know there are credit limits and so + + align:start position:0% +they know there are credit limits and so + + + align:start position:0% +they know there are credit limits and so +on uh if you go this way you're + + align:start position:0% +on uh if you go this way you're + + + align:start position:0% +on uh if you go this way you're +basically fixing liquidity and varying + + align:start position:0% +basically fixing liquidity and varying + + + align:start position:0% +basically fixing liquidity and varying +project + + align:start position:0% +project + + + align:start position:0% +project +size now the most interesting part of + + align:start position:0% +size now the most interesting part of + + + align:start position:0% +size now the most interesting part of +the diagram is the the Grand Canyon + + align:start position:0% +the diagram is the the Grand Canyon + + + align:start position:0% +the diagram is the the Grand Canyon +here uh and what you know this this sort + + align:start position:0% +here uh and what you know this this sort + + + align:start position:0% +here uh and what you know this this sort +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +pre uh intervention this guy's sitting + + align:start position:0% +pre uh intervention this guy's sitting + + + align:start position:0% +pre uh intervention this guy's sitting +close to the cliff he's uh he tempting + + align:start position:0% +close to the cliff he's uh he tempting + + + align:start position:0% +close to the cliff he's uh he tempting +tempted to invest but given limited + + align:start position:0% +tempted to invest but given limited + + + align:start position:0% +tempted to invest but given limited +resources investment would drive his + + align:start position:0% +resources investment would drive his + + + align:start position:0% +resources investment would drive his +consumption you know really low and he's + + align:start position:0% +consumption you know really low and he's + + + align:start position:0% +consumption you know really low and he's +not willing to do it but then you have + + align:start position:0% +not willing to do it but then you have + + + align:start position:0% +not willing to do it but then you have +this sort of increment in the borrowing + + align:start position:0% +this sort of increment in the borrowing + + + align:start position:0% +this sort of increment in the borrowing +resources it's like another + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that effect on consumption we've got + + align:start position:0% +that effect on consumption we've got + + + align:start position:0% +that effect on consumption we've got +these four these guys don't move + + align:start position:0% +these four these guys don't move + + + align:start position:0% +these four these guys don't move +consumption + + align:start position:0% +consumption + + + align:start position:0% +consumption +basically oh well let me get at the + + align:start position:0% +basically oh well let me get at the + + + align:start position:0% +basically oh well let me get at the +welfare stuff right now + + align:start position:0% +welfare stuff right now + + + align:start position:0% +welfare stuff right now +so for them this credit program is + + align:start position:0% +so for them this credit program is + + + align:start position:0% +so for them this credit program is +terrible why because we're not going to + + align:start position:0% +terrible why because we're not going to + + + align:start position:0% +terrible why because we're not going to +force them in Fault anymore we're going + + align:start position:0% +force them in Fault anymore we're going + + + align:start position:0% +force them in Fault anymore we're going +to make them take out a + + align:start position:0% +to make them take out a + + + align:start position:0% +to make them take out a +loan at interest whereas before they got + + align:start position:0% +loan at interest whereas before they got + + + align:start position:0% +loan at interest whereas before they got +exempt from + + align:start position:0% +exempt from + + + align:start position:0% +exempt from +repayment so welfare goes down for these + + align:start position:0% +repayment so welfare goes down for these + + + align:start position:0% +repayment so welfare goes down for these +these guys down here as a result of the + + align:start position:0% +these guys down here as a result of the + + + align:start position:0% +these guys down here as a result of the +village fund program welfare goes up for + + align:start position:0% +village fund program welfare goes up for + + + align:start position:0% +village fund program welfare goes up for +these credit constrained guys because + + align:start position:0% +these credit constrained guys because + + + align:start position:0% +these credit constrained guys because +they're at the borrowing limit and + + align:start position:0% +they're at the borrowing limit and + + + align:start position:0% +they're at the borrowing limit and +that's precisely what this new program + + align:start position:0% +that's precisely what this new program + + + align:start position:0% +that's precisely what this new program +is doing at least through the lens of + + align:start position:0% +is doing at least through the lens of + + + align:start position:0% +is doing at least through the lens of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +model these guys you'd say Well they're + + align:start position:0% +model these guys you'd say Well they're + + + align:start position:0% +model these guys you'd say Well they're +not constrained no but they're these + + align:start position:0% +not constrained no but they're these + + + align:start position:0% +not constrained no but they're these +buffer stock guys and they now have + + align:start position:0% +buffer stock guys and they now have + + + align:start position:0% +buffer stock guys and they now have +excess liquidity + + align:start position:0% +excess liquidity + + + align:start position:0% +excess liquidity +you know well might as well spend some + + align:start position:0% +you know well might as well spend some + + + align:start position:0% +you know well might as well spend some +of it so their consumption also goes + + align:start position:0% +of it so their consumption also goes + + + align:start position:0% +of it so their consumption also goes +up and as I just said these guys who + + align:start position:0% +up and as I just said these guys who + + + align:start position:0% +up and as I just said these guys who +drop off the cliff so to speak they + + align:start position:0% +drop off the cliff so to speak they + + + align:start position:0% +drop off the cliff so to speak they +actually + + align:start position:0% +actually + + + align:start position:0% +actually +uh have consumption drops so this this + + align:start position:0% +uh have consumption drops so this this + + + align:start position:0% +uh have consumption drops so this this +consumption average that we see you know + + align:start position:0% +consumption average that we see you know + + + align:start position:0% +consumption average that we see you know +one to one is this Mongrel weighted + + align:start position:0% +one to one is this Mongrel weighted + + + align:start position:0% +one to one is this Mongrel weighted +average over all this + + align:start position:0% +average over all this + + + align:start position:0% +average over all this +heterogeneity of course that we only + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneity of course that we only + + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneity of course that we only +create cre sort of through the the eye + + align:start position:0% +create cre sort of through the the eye + + + align:start position:0% +create cre sort of through the the eye +of the model yes I don't understand why + + align:start position:0% +of the model yes I don't understand why + + + align:start position:0% +of the model yes I don't understand why +the guy like constantly + + align:start position:0% +the guy like constantly + + + align:start position:0% +the guy like constantly +bankrupt because before we would have + + align:start position:0% +bankrupt because before we would have + + + align:start position:0% +bankrupt because before we would have +sent him we would have forgiven the + + align:start position:0% +sent him we would have forgiven the + + + align:start position:0% +sent him we would have forgiven the +loans sent him to minimum consumption c + + align:start position:0% +loans sent him to minimum consumption c + + + align:start position:0% +loans sent him to minimum consumption c +bar and let him start over and now he's + + align:start position:0% +bar and let him start over and now he's + + + align:start position:0% +bar and let him start over and now he's +saddled with all that previous debt and + + align:start position:0% +saddled with all that previous debt and + + + align:start position:0% +saddled with all that previous debt and +he can basically borrow more against it + + align:start position:0% +he can basically borrow more against it + + + align:start position:0% +he can basically borrow more against it +at interest pay off and then I'll have + + align:start position:0% +at interest pay off and then I'll have + + + align:start position:0% +at interest pay off and then I'll have +to pay off in the future oh I see okay + + align:start position:0% +to pay off in the future oh I see okay + + + align:start position:0% +to pay off in the future oh I see okay +so because we expanded his ability to + + align:start position:0% +so because we expanded his ability to + + + align:start position:0% +so because we expanded his ability to +refinance now he's West would + + align:start position:0% +refinance now he's West would + + + align:start position:0% +refinance now he's West would +prefer exactly that's different if he + + align:start position:0% +prefer exactly that's different if he + + + align:start position:0% +prefer exactly that's different if he +was the government exempts your loan and + + align:start position:0% +was the government exempts your loan and + + + align:start position:0% +was the government exempts your loan and +you stay in the house but you know it + + align:start position:0% +you stay in the house but you know it + + + align:start position:0% +you stay in the house but you know it +would be different if you were borrowing + + align:start position:0% +would be different if you were borrowing + + + align:start position:0% +would be different if you were borrowing +from a money lender who was like going + + align:start position:0% +from a money lender who was like going + + + align:start position:0% +from a money lender who was like going +to break his KNE or something yeah so + + align:start position:0% +to break his KNE or something yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +to break his KNE or something yeah so +you know that you could imagine default + + align:start position:0% +you know that you could imagine default + + + align:start position:0% +you know that you could imagine default +doesn't work like this but it that's the + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work like this but it that's the + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work like this but it that's the +way it works in the model + + align:start position:0% +way it works in the model + + + align:start position:0% +way it works in the model +um anyway and then you know after they + + align:start position:0% +um anyway and then you know after they + + + align:start position:0% +um anyway and then you know after they +climb out of the cliff you get you get + + align:start position:0% +climb out of the cliff you get you get + + + align:start position:0% +climb out of the cliff you get you get +the a repeat you know terms of so you + + align:start position:0% +the a repeat you know terms of so you + + + align:start position:0% +the a repeat you know terms of so you +know if you looked at that those welfare + + align:start position:0% +know if you looked at that those welfare + + + align:start position:0% +know if you looked at that those welfare +numbers uh it's almost + + align:start position:0% +numbers uh it's almost + + + align:start position:0% +numbers uh it's almost +misleading in fact I thought it was + + align:start position:0% +misleading in fact I thought it was + + + align:start position:0% +misleading in fact I thought it was +wrong for a minute um this looks like it + + align:start position:0% +wrong for a minute um this looks like it + + + align:start position:0% +wrong for a minute um this looks like it +just the bankruptcy reason there region + + align:start position:0% +just the bankruptcy reason there region + + + align:start position:0% +just the bankruptcy reason there region +there are these huge gains no the + + align:start position:0% +there are these huge gains no the + + + align:start position:0% +there are these huge gains no the +bankruptcy these guys are losing they're + + align:start position:0% +bankruptcy these guys are losing they're + + + align:start position:0% +bankruptcy these guys are losing they're +negative numbers down here what happens + + align:start position:0% +negative numbers down here what happens + + + align:start position:0% +negative numbers down here what happens +is very close but + + align:start position:0% +is very close but + + + align:start position:0% +is very close but +not very adjacent to that bankruptcy + + align:start position:0% +not very adjacent to that bankruptcy + + + align:start position:0% +not very adjacent to that bankruptcy +region the welfare gains just you know + + align:start position:0% +region the welfare gains just you know + + + align:start position:0% +region the welfare gains just you know +rise like a tent it's actually not + + align:start position:0% +rise like a tent it's actually not + + + align:start position:0% +rise like a tent it's actually not +vertical it's just coming up real fast + + align:start position:0% +vertical it's just coming up real fast + + + align:start position:0% +vertical it's just coming up real fast +and then coming down you know it's a + + align:start position:0% +and then coming down you know it's a + + + align:start position:0% +and then coming down you know it's a +very steep tent and that that kind of so + + align:start position:0% +very steep tent and that that kind of so + + + align:start position:0% +very steep tent and that that kind of so +these guys are really like in the + + align:start position:0% +these guys are really like in the + + + align:start position:0% +these guys are really like in the +program and then these other constrained + + align:start position:0% +program and then these other constrained + + + align:start position:0% +program and then these other constrained +people they're kind of liking the + + align:start position:0% +people they're kind of liking the + + + align:start position:0% +people they're kind of liking the +program all these people are + + align:start position:0% +program all these people are + + + align:start position:0% +program all these people are +actually + + align:start position:0% +actually + + + align:start position:0% +actually +um relative to what well basically we + + align:start position:0% +um relative to what well basically we + + + align:start position:0% +um relative to what well basically we +use the model to look at an alternative + + align:start position:0% +use the model to look at an alternative + + + align:start position:0% +use the model to look at an alternative +program where they just get a lumpsum + + align:start position:0% +program where they just get a lumpsum + + + align:start position:0% +program where they just get a lumpsum +transfer and and we we actually do this + + align:start position:0% +transfer and and we we actually do this + + + align:start position:0% +transfer and and we we actually do this +consumption equivalent calculation which + + align:start position:0% +consumption equivalent calculation which + + + align:start position:0% +consumption equivalent calculation which +is how much of a transfer would you have + + align:start position:0% +is how much of a transfer would you have + + + align:start position:0% +is how much of a transfer would you have +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +get to have a welfare gain equivalent to + + align:start position:0% +get to have a welfare gain equivalent to + + + align:start position:0% +get to have a welfare gain equivalent to +the one you get under the million bot + + align:start position:0% +the one you get under the million bot + + + align:start position:0% +the one you get under the million bot +program and + + align:start position:0% +program and + + + align:start position:0% +program and +uh another way to say it in this region + + align:start position:0% +uh another way to say it in this region + + + align:start position:0% +uh another way to say it in this region +the government could have saved money it + + align:start position:0% +the government could have saved money it + + + align:start position:0% +the government could have saved money it +could have gotten households the + + align:start position:0% +could have gotten households the + + + align:start position:0% +could have gotten households the +equivalent welfare gain without actually + + align:start position:0% +equivalent welfare gain without actually + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent welfare gain without actually +putting so much money in the village but + + align:start position:0% +putting so much money in the village but + + + align:start position:0% +putting so much money in the village but +it's it's very heterogeneous some people + + align:start position:0% +it's it's very heterogeneous some people + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's very heterogeneous some people +are tempted and the abstract on the + + align:start position:0% +are tempted and the abstract on the + + + align:start position:0% +are tempted and the abstract on the +paper actually talks about it not being + + align:start position:0% +paper actually talks about it not being + + + align:start position:0% +paper actually talks about it not being +a great program but I don't know + + align:start position:0% +a great program but I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +a great program but I don't know +strictly speaking Paro Criterion we + + align:start position:0% +strictly speaking Paro Criterion we + + + align:start position:0% +strictly speaking Paro Criterion we +can't say that 24% of the population + + align:start position:0% +can't say that 24% of the population + + + align:start position:0% +can't say that 24% of the population +really love this program for them it's + + align:start position:0% +really love this program for them it's + + + align:start position:0% +really love this program for them it's +wonderful but the more than the majority + + align:start position:0% +wonderful but the more than the majority + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful but the more than the majority +would have preferred a different + + align:start position:0% +would have preferred a different + + + align:start position:0% +would have preferred a different +program yep so that of comparon just at + + align:start position:0% +program yep so that of comparon just at + + + align:start position:0% +program yep so that of comparon just at +people model not think about + + align:start position:0% +people model not think about + + + align:start position:0% +people model not think about +administered for + + align:start position:0% +administered for + + + align:start position:0% +administered for +instance oh yeah we're extracting away + + align:start position:0% +instance oh yeah we're extracting away + + + align:start position:0% +instance oh yeah we're extracting away +from the people who are financing the + + align:start position:0% +from the people who are financing the + + + align:start position:0% +from the people who are financing the +program so there's all those tax + + align:start position:0% +program so there's all those tax + + + align:start position:0% +program so there's all those tax +distortions being created to generate + + align:start position:0% +distortions being created to generate + + + align:start position:0% +distortions being created to generate +the revenue to fund this program that + + align:start position:0% +the revenue to fund this program that + + + align:start position:0% +the revenue to fund this program that +aren't involved in this calculation oh I + + align:start position:0% +aren't involved in this calculation oh I + + + align:start position:0% +aren't involved in this calculation oh I +was just thinking like organizational + + align:start position:0% +was just thinking like organizational + + + align:start position:0% +was just thinking like organizational +capacity so like maybe one reason for + + align:start position:0% +capacity so like maybe one reason for + + + align:start position:0% +capacity so like maybe one reason for +loaning to each Village is if you did it + + align:start position:0% +loaning to each Village is if you did it + + + align:start position:0% +loaning to each Village is if you did it +you know by head + + align:start position:0% +you know by head + + + align:start position:0% +you know by head +there would be a lot more manipulation + + align:start position:0% +there would be a lot more manipulation + + + align:start position:0% +there would be a lot more manipulation +than maybe simple + + align:start position:0% +than maybe simple + + + align:start position:0% +than maybe simple +yeah uh and then I just want to say that + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh and then I just want to say that + + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh and then I just want to say that +we come back to those IV + + align:start position:0% +we come back to those IV + + + align:start position:0% +we come back to those IV +regressions two comments first of all + + align:start position:0% +regressions two comments first of all + + + align:start position:0% +regressions two comments first of all +you know what do these coefficients + + align:start position:0% +you know what do these coefficients + + + align:start position:0% +you know what do these coefficients +mean well they're you can you can think + + align:start position:0% +mean well they're you can you can think + + + align:start position:0% +mean well they're you can you can think +about them as uh impact of the + + align:start position:0% +about them as uh impact of the + + + align:start position:0% +about them as uh impact of the +program but but you know that's kind of + + align:start position:0% +program but but you know that's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +program but but you know that's kind of +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +a a funny number because it's it's an + + align:start position:0% +a a funny number because it's it's an + + + align:start position:0% +a a funny number because it's it's an +average over all these different people + + align:start position:0% +average over all these different people + + + align:start position:0% +average over all these different people +who got treated differently and had + + align:start position:0% +who got treated differently and had + + + align:start position:0% +who got treated differently and had +different views about about the program + + align:start position:0% +different views about about the program + + + align:start position:0% +different views about about the program +so you know we're lucky in a way that we + + align:start position:0% +so you know we're lucky in a way that we + + + align:start position:0% +so you know we're lucky in a way that we +saw this big Salient number and helped + + align:start position:0% +saw this big Salient number and helped + + + align:start position:0% +saw this big Salient number and helped +us you know figure out a model where + + align:start position:0% +us you know figure out a model where + + + align:start position:0% +us you know figure out a model where +something like that could happen but + + align:start position:0% +something like that could happen but + + + align:start position:0% +something like that could happen but +then with that model we realize this + + align:start position:0% +then with that model we realize this + + + align:start position:0% +then with that model we realize this +number is not a uniform benefit for all + + align:start position:0% +number is not a uniform benefit for all + + + align:start position:0% +number is not a uniform benefit for all +the households + + align:start position:0% +the households + + + align:start position:0% +the households +uh so the the in other words a big + + align:start position:0% +uh so the the in other words a big + + + align:start position:0% +uh so the the in other words a big +advantage of a structural model + + align:start position:0% +advantage of a structural model + + + align:start position:0% +advantage of a structural model +condition on believing that you're + + align:start position:0% +condition on believing that you're + + + align:start position:0% +condition on believing that you're +getting the structure somewhat right is + + align:start position:0% +getting the structure somewhat right is + + + align:start position:0% +getting the structure somewhat right is +that it allows you to really look at the + + align:start position:0% +that it allows you to really look at the + + + align:start position:0% +that it allows you to really look at the +distribution of welfare gains and + + align:start position:0% +distribution of welfare gains and + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of welfare gains and +losses uh the other comment is more + + align:start position:0% +losses uh the other comment is more + + + align:start position:0% +losses uh the other comment is more +favorable since we did those IV + + align:start position:0% +favorable since we did those IV + + + align:start position:0% +favorable since we did those IV +regressions uh and I reported them we + + align:start position:0% +regressions uh and I reported them we + + + align:start position:0% +regressions uh and I reported them we +can run we can generate we did generate + + align:start position:0% +can run we can generate we did generate + + + align:start position:0% +can run we can generate we did generate +the data from the model over and over + + align:start position:0% +the data from the model over and over + + + align:start position:0% +the data from the model over and over +again as I said and then do exactly the + + align:start position:0% +again as I said and then do exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +again as I said and then do exactly the +same IV type regressions on the data + + align:start position:0% +same IV type regressions on the data + + + align:start position:0% +same IV type regressions on the data +from the model and take the and take you + + align:start position:0% +from the model and take the and take you + + + align:start position:0% +from the model and take the and take you +know so we're comparing Apples to + + align:start position:0% +know so we're comparing Apples to + + + align:start position:0% +know so we're comparing Apples to +Apples uh It's Kind of a Funny + + align:start position:0% +Apples uh It's Kind of a Funny + + + align:start position:0% +Apples uh It's Kind of a Funny +intermediate + + align:start position:0% +intermediate + + + align:start position:0% +intermediate +Criterion but it is at least a + + align:start position:0% +Criterion but it is at least a + + + align:start position:0% +Criterion but it is at least a +consistent Criterion that's used on the + + align:start position:0% +consistent Criterion that's used on the + + + align:start position:0% +consistent Criterion that's used on the +model generated data as well as the + + align:start position:0% +model generated data as well as the + + + align:start position:0% +model generated data as well as the +actual data and and uh and the fit is + + align:start position:0% +actual data and and uh and the fit is + + + align:start position:0% +actual data and and uh and the fit is +actually pretty good + + align:start position:0% +actually pretty good + + + align:start position:0% +actually pretty good +so I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +think that's + + align:start position:0% +think that's + + + align:start position:0% +think that's +it thank you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/OrCYxJz2Hlc.txt b/OrCYxJz2Hlc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..89639bd714dfd2c108b00240277adb4ff19b33e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/OrCYxJz2Hlc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6595 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so where we left off last time we are + + align:start position:0% +so where we left off last time we are + + + align:start position:0% +so where we left off last time we are +talking about using antibiotics as tools + + align:start position:0% +talking about using antibiotics as tools + + + align:start position:0% +talking about using antibiotics as tools +to study the ribosome and recall that + + align:start position:0% +to study the ribosome and recall that + + + align:start position:0% +to study the ribosome and recall that +antibiotics have many different + + align:start position:0% +antibiotics have many different + + + align:start position:0% +antibiotics have many different +structures can bind to the ribosome at + + align:start position:0% +structures can bind to the ribosome at + + + align:start position:0% +structures can bind to the ribosome at +different places and we closed with + + align:start position:0% +different places and we closed with + + + align:start position:0% +different places and we closed with +talking about this antibiotic Purim Ison + + align:start position:0% +talking about this antibiotic Purim Ison + + + align:start position:0% +talking about this antibiotic Purim Ison +that can bind to the a site and cause + + align:start position:0% +that can bind to the a site and cause + + + align:start position:0% +that can bind to the a site and cause +chain termination and also molecules + + align:start position:0% +chain termination and also molecules + + + align:start position:0% +chain termination and also molecules +that are derivatives of param Ison such + + align:start position:0% +that are derivatives of param Ison such + + + align:start position:0% +that are derivatives of param Ison such +as that more elaborate one with a c75 + + align:start position:0% +as that more elaborate one with a c75 + + + align:start position:0% +as that more elaborate one with a c75 +there and so the example of a system + + align:start position:0% +there and so the example of a system + + + align:start position:0% +there and so the example of a system +where param Ison has been employed and + + align:start position:0% +where param Ison has been employed and + + + align:start position:0% +where param Ison has been employed and +this is just one of many many examples + + align:start position:0% +this is just one of many many examples + + + align:start position:0% +this is just one of many many examples +but also gives us a little new + + align:start position:0% +but also gives us a little new + + + align:start position:0% +but also gives us a little new +information about players in translation + + align:start position:0% +information about players in translation + + + align:start position:0% +information about players in translation +involve studies of elongation factor P + + align:start position:0% +involve studies of elongation factor P + + + align:start position:0% +involve studies of elongation factor P +so EF P and if you recall where I closed + + align:start position:0% +so EF P and if you recall where I closed + + + align:start position:0% +so EF P and if you recall where I closed +last time was you know with the comment + + align:start position:0% +last time was you know with the comment + + + align:start position:0% +last time was you know with the comment +that this EF p over the years was + + align:start position:0% +that this EF p over the years was + + + align:start position:0% +that this EF p over the years was +implicated in a variety of cellular + + align:start position:0% +implicated in a variety of cellular + + + align:start position:0% +implicated in a variety of cellular +processes but its precise function + + align:start position:0% +processes but its precise function + + + align:start position:0% +processes but its precise function +remained unclear and so Rodina Rodina + + align:start position:0% +remained unclear and so Rodina Rodina + + + align:start position:0% +remained unclear and so Rodina Rodina +and co-workers conducted a series of + + align:start position:0% +and co-workers conducted a series of + + + align:start position:0% +and co-workers conducted a series of +experiments to ask what is the effect of + + align:start position:0% +experiments to ask what is the effect of + + + align:start position:0% +experiments to ask what is the effect of +EF p on peptide bond formation when + + align:start position:0% +EF p on peptide bond formation when + + + align:start position:0% +EF p on peptide bond formation when +different die peptides are in the p site + + align:start position:0% +different die peptides are in the p site + + + align:start position:0% +different die peptides are in the p site +okay and their experiments were + + align:start position:0% +okay and their experiments were + + + align:start position:0% +okay and their experiments were +motivated by the fact that there was + + align:start position:0% +motivated by the fact that there was + + + align:start position:0% +motivated by the fact that there was +some preliminary work out there + + align:start position:0% +some preliminary work out there + + + align:start position:0% +some preliminary work out there +suggesting that EF p accelerates peptide + + align:start position:0% +suggesting that EF p accelerates peptide + + + align:start position:0% +suggesting that EF p accelerates peptide +bond formation but really the details + + align:start position:0% +bond formation but really the details + + + align:start position:0% +bond formation but really the details +were unclear so we're going to look at + + align:start position:0% +were unclear so we're going to look at + + + align:start position:0% +were unclear so we're going to look at +the experiment their initial experiment + + align:start position:0% +the experiment their initial experiment + + + align:start position:0% +the experiment their initial experiment +they did which led to some new + + align:start position:0% +they did which led to some new + + + align:start position:0% +they did which led to some new +understanding about how EF p effects the + + align:start position:0% +understanding about how EF p effects the + + + align:start position:0% +understanding about how EF p effects the +translation process so what is it that + + align:start position:0% +translation process so what is it that + + + align:start position:0% +translation process so what is it that +they want to do in this experiment + + align:start position:0% +they want to do in this experiment + + + align:start position:0% +they want to do in this experiment +effectively imagine we have our ribosome + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we have our three sites okay and so + + align:start position:0% +and we have our three sites okay and so + + + align:start position:0% +and we have our three sites okay and so +what they do in this experiment is they + + align:start position:0% +what they do in this experiment is they + + + align:start position:0% +what they do in this experiment is they +have a dipeptide + + align:start position:0% +have a dipeptide + + + align:start position:0% +have a dipeptide +loaded in the p site + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay where X is some amino acid okay and + + align:start position:0% +okay where X is some amino acid okay and + + + align:start position:0% +okay where X is some amino acid okay and +then what they want to do is have Purim + + align:start position:0% +then what they want to do is have Purim + + + align:start position:0% +then what they want to do is have Purim +Ison in the a site and then effectively + + align:start position:0% +Ison in the a site and then effectively + + + align:start position:0% +Ison in the a site and then effectively +monitor for peptide bond formation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +wither without ESP added okay such that + + align:start position:0% +wither without ESP added okay such that + + + align:start position:0% +wither without ESP added okay such that +the product it's effectively a + + align:start position:0% +the product it's effectively a + + + align:start position:0% +the product it's effectively a +tripeptide where we have Essen net the + + align:start position:0% +tripeptide where we have Essen net the + + + align:start position:0% +tripeptide where we have Essen net the +amino acid and Purim Ison okay and keep + + align:start position:0% +amino acid and Purim Ison okay and keep + + + align:start position:0% +amino acid and Purim Ison okay and keep +in mind if this is what's being + + align:start position:0% +in mind if this is what's being + + + align:start position:0% +in mind if this is what's being +monitored there needs to be a step to + + align:start position:0% +monitored there needs to be a step to + + + align:start position:0% +monitored there needs to be a step to +hydrolyze this tripeptide off the tRNA + + align:start position:0% +hydrolyze this tripeptide off the tRNA + + + align:start position:0% +hydrolyze this tripeptide off the tRNA +that's in the P site okay and throughout + + align:start position:0% +that's in the P site okay and throughout + + + align:start position:0% +that's in the P site okay and throughout +this work how they monitor do this is + + align:start position:0% +this work how they monitor do this is + + + align:start position:0% +this work how they monitor do this is +that they have a radio label on the + + align:start position:0% +that they have a radio label on the + + + align:start position:0% +that they have a radio label on the +formyl methionine so you can imagine + + align:start position:0% +formyl methionine so you can imagine + + + align:start position:0% +formyl methionine so you can imagine +that you can see somehow separate and + + align:start position:0% +that you can see somehow separate and + + + align:start position:0% +that you can see somehow separate and +see the dipeptide as well as this this + + align:start position:0% +see the dipeptide as well as this this + + + align:start position:0% +see the dipeptide as well as this this +tripeptide like molecule with the puro + + align:start position:0% +tripeptide like molecule with the puro + + + align:start position:0% +tripeptide like molecule with the puro +mice and attached so how to set up an + + align:start position:0% +mice and attached so how to set up an + + + align:start position:0% +mice and attached so how to set up an +experiment to test this and so they do a + + align:start position:0% +experiment to test this and so they do a + + + align:start position:0% +experiment to test this and so they do a +stop flow experiment so you heard some + + align:start position:0% +stop flow experiment so you heard some + + + align:start position:0% +stop flow experiment so you heard some +more about that method in recitation + + align:start position:0% +more about that method in recitation + + + align:start position:0% +more about that method in recitation +last week and so in thinking about this + + align:start position:0% +last week and so in thinking about this + + + align:start position:0% +last week and so in thinking about this +we need to think about what will be + + align:start position:0% +we need to think about what will be + + + align:start position:0% +we need to think about what will be +mixed so what are the components that + + align:start position:0% +mixed so what are the components that + + + align:start position:0% +mixed so what are the components that +each syringe how will this be reaction + + align:start position:0% +each syringe how will this be reaction + + + align:start position:0% +each syringe how will this be reaction +be quenched i'm so beginning to think + + align:start position:0% +be quenched i'm so beginning to think + + + align:start position:0% +be quenched i'm so beginning to think +about that the question is how do we + + align:start position:0% +about that the question is how do we + + + align:start position:0% +about that the question is how do we +even get the ribosome we need to start + + align:start position:0% +even get the ribosome we need to start + + + align:start position:0% +even get the ribosome we need to start +with in order to see the reaction right + + align:start position:0% +with in order to see the reaction right + + + align:start position:0% +with in order to see the reaction right +so imagine that the goal is to have a + + align:start position:0% +so imagine that the goal is to have a + + + align:start position:0% +so imagine that the goal is to have a +pre translocation ribosome so + + align:start position:0% +pre translocation ribosome so + + + align:start position:0% +pre translocation ribosome so +effectively that dipeptide is in the p + + align:start position:0% +effectively that dipeptide is in the p + + + align:start position:0% +effectively that dipeptide is in the p +site and the a sites empty and then that + + align:start position:0% +site and the a sites empty and then that + + + align:start position:0% +site and the a sites empty and then that +assembled post translocation ribosome + + align:start position:0% +assembled post translocation ribosome + + + align:start position:0% +assembled post translocation ribosome +needs to be mixed with pyrrha mice + + align:start position:0% +needs to be mixed with pyrrha mice + + + align:start position:0% +needs to be mixed with pyrrha mice +such that Pierrot Meissen can enter the + + align:start position:0% +such that Pierrot Meissen can enter the + + + align:start position:0% +such that Pierrot Meissen can enter the +a site and peptide bond formation can + + align:start position:0% +a site and peptide bond formation can + + + align:start position:0% +a site and peptide bond formation can +occur + + align:start position:0% +occur + + + align:start position:0% +occur +okay so there's quite a bit of work that + + align:start position:0% +okay so there's quite a bit of work that + + + align:start position:0% +okay so there's quite a bit of work that +needs to happen to even get this + + align:start position:0% +needs to happen to even get this + + + align:start position:0% +needs to happen to even get this +experiment set up because somehow that + + align:start position:0% +experiment set up because somehow that + + + align:start position:0% +experiment set up because somehow that +post translocation alrea Somme needs to + + align:start position:0% +post translocation alrea Somme needs to + + + align:start position:0% +post translocation alrea Somme needs to +be made okay so if we think about this + + align:start position:0% +be made okay so if we think about this + + + align:start position:0% +be made okay so if we think about this +from the standpoint of the experiment + + align:start position:0% +from the standpoint of the experiment + + + align:start position:0% +from the standpoint of the experiment +and using the stock flow to rapidly mix + + align:start position:0% +and using the stock flow to rapidly mix + + + align:start position:0% +and using the stock flow to rapidly mix +we have syringe one and we have syringe + + align:start position:0% +we have syringe one and we have syringe + + + align:start position:0% +we have syringe one and we have syringe +two and we have our mixer okay so what + + align:start position:0% +two and we have our mixer okay so what + + + align:start position:0% +two and we have our mixer okay so what +are we going to put into syringe one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so here we're gonna have the post + + align:start position:0% +okay so here we're gonna have the post + + + align:start position:0% +okay so here we're gonna have the post +translocation ribosome okay the a site + + align:start position:0% +translocation ribosome okay the a site + + + align:start position:0% +translocation ribosome okay the a site +is empty and the P site holds the + + align:start position:0% +is empty and the P site holds the + + + align:start position:0% +is empty and the P site holds the +dipeptide attached to the tRNA + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and then in syringe - we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +okay and then in syringe - we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then in syringe - we're gonna +have Purim Ison here okay so before we + + align:start position:0% +have Purim Ison here okay so before we + + + align:start position:0% +have Purim Ison here okay so before we +get to EFP I'm thinking about how we're + + align:start position:0% +get to EFP I'm thinking about how we're + + + align:start position:0% +get to EFP I'm thinking about how we're +going to look at that in this reaction + + align:start position:0% +going to look at that in this reaction + + + align:start position:0% +going to look at that in this reaction +and what it does how are we gonna get + + align:start position:0% +and what it does how are we gonna get + + + align:start position:0% +and what it does how are we gonna get +here so what needs to be done to get + + align:start position:0% +here so what needs to be done to get + + + align:start position:0% +here so what needs to be done to get +this post translocation alrea Somme is + + align:start position:0% +this post translocation alrea Somme is + + + align:start position:0% +this post translocation alrea Somme is +it in the Sigma catalog bio-rad no way + + align:start position:0% +it in the Sigma catalog bio-rad no way + + + align:start position:0% +it in the Sigma catalog bio-rad no way +and even if it were you would be broke + + align:start position:0% +and even if it were you would be broke + + + align:start position:0% +and even if it were you would be broke +needing to purchase enough to do this + + align:start position:0% +needing to purchase enough to do this + + + align:start position:0% +needing to purchase enough to do this +experiment right you talked about + + align:start position:0% +experiment right you talked about + + + align:start position:0% +experiment right you talked about +needing high concentrations and + + align:start position:0% +needing high concentrations and + + + align:start position:0% +needing high concentrations and +recitation last week for these types of + + align:start position:0% +recitation last week for these types of + + + align:start position:0% +recitation last week for these types of +experiments so where does this come from + + align:start position:0% +experiments so where does this come from + + + align:start position:0% +experiments so where does this come from +what you need to do before even getting + + align:start position:0% +what you need to do before even getting + + + align:start position:0% +what you need to do before even getting +this into your syringe here to do a + + align:start position:0% +this into your syringe here to do a + + + align:start position:0% +this into your syringe here to do a +rapid mixing experiment + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so what is the likelihood of + + align:start position:0% +okay so what is the likelihood of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what is the likelihood of +isolating well what's it what you need + + align:start position:0% +isolating well what's it what you need + + + align:start position:0% +isolating well what's it what you need +to isolate from selves right but what's + + align:start position:0% +to isolate from selves right but what's + + + align:start position:0% +to isolate from selves right but what's +it okay so we need a ribosome right what + + align:start position:0% +it okay so we need a ribosome right what + + + align:start position:0% +it okay so we need a ribosome right what +else do we need so we need the ribosome + + align:start position:0% +else do we need so we need the ribosome + + + align:start position:0% +else do we need so we need the ribosome +and we need to get this into the p-site + + align:start position:0% +and we need to get this into the p-site + + + align:start position:0% +and we need to get this into the p-site +so how are we going to get that + + align:start position:0% +so how are we going to get that + + + align:start position:0% +so how are we going to get that +dipeptidyl trna into the p-site we need + + align:start position:0% +dipeptidyl trna into the p-site we need + + + align:start position:0% +dipeptidyl trna into the p-site we need +an mrna right and we're going to design + + align:start position:0% +an mrna right and we're going to design + + + align:start position:0% +an mrna right and we're going to design +that mrna based on what amino acids were + + align:start position:0% +that mrna based on what amino acids were + + + align:start position:0% +that mrna based on what amino acids were +interested in so we need to come up with + + align:start position:0% +interested in so we need to come up with + + + align:start position:0% +interested in so we need to come up with +the mRNA what else do we need so think + + align:start position:0% +the mRNA what else do we need so think + + + align:start position:0% +the mRNA what else do we need so think +back to the whole cycle yeah so what + + align:start position:0% +back to the whole cycle yeah so what + + + align:start position:0% +back to the whole cycle yeah so what +does that mean first and when does that + + align:start position:0% +does that mean first and when does that + + + align:start position:0% +does that mean first and when does that +bun form that's the next thing right so + + align:start position:0% +bun form that's the next thing right so + + + align:start position:0% +bun form that's the next thing right so +can we deliver this species to the P + + align:start position:0% +can we deliver this species to the P + + + align:start position:0% +can we deliver this species to the P +site based on what we understand about + + align:start position:0% +site based on what we understand about + + + align:start position:0% +site based on what we understand about +translation in the past four or five + + align:start position:0% +translation in the past four or five + + + align:start position:0% +translation in the past four or five +lectures no right so first the + + align:start position:0% +lectures no right so first the + + + align:start position:0% +lectures no right so first the +initiation complex needs to be prepared + + align:start position:0% +initiation complex needs to be prepared + + + align:start position:0% +initiation complex needs to be prepared +in lab which means you need initiation + + align:start position:0% +in lab which means you need initiation + + + align:start position:0% +in lab which means you need initiation +factors a ribosome mRNA the initiator + + align:start position:0% +factors a ribosome mRNA the initiator + + + align:start position:0% +factors a ribosome mRNA the initiator +tRNA and then that initiation complex + + align:start position:0% +tRNA and then that initiation complex + + + align:start position:0% +tRNA and then that initiation complex +needs to be purified which is done by a + + align:start position:0% +needs to be purified which is done by a + + + align:start position:0% +needs to be purified which is done by a +type of sucrose gradient centrifugation + + align:start position:0% +type of sucrose gradient centrifugation + + + align:start position:0% +type of sucrose gradient centrifugation +okay and then what once that initiation + + align:start position:0% +okay and then what once that initiation + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then what once that initiation +complex is formed there needs to be a + + align:start position:0% +complex is formed there needs to be a + + + align:start position:0% +complex is formed there needs to be a +round of elongation where the ternary + + align:start position:0% +round of elongation where the ternary + + + align:start position:0% +round of elongation where the ternary +complex of ef-tu + + align:start position:0% +complex of ef-tu + + + align:start position:0% +complex of ef-tu +the amino acid and gtp comes in to + + align:start position:0% +the amino acid and gtp comes in to + + + align:start position:0% +the amino acid and gtp comes in to +deliver that X trna X to this a site and + + align:start position:0% +deliver that X trna X to this a site and + + + align:start position:0% +deliver that X trna X to this a site and +then have peptide bond formation occur + + align:start position:0% +then have peptide bond formation occur + + + align:start position:0% +then have peptide bond formation occur +okay and then we also need the help of + + align:start position:0% +okay and then we also need the help of + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then we also need the help of +efg to move that to the P site right so + + align:start position:0% +efg to move that to the P site right so + + + align:start position:0% +efg to move that to the P site right so +that whole cycle we've talked about from + + align:start position:0% +that whole cycle we've talked about from + + + align:start position:0% +that whole cycle we've talked about from +a fundamental perspective needs to be + + align:start position:0% +a fundamental perspective needs to be + + + align:start position:0% +a fundamental perspective needs to be +done at the bench in order to get here + + align:start position:0% +done at the bench in order to get here + + + align:start position:0% +done at the bench in order to get here +so there's a lot of factors that need to + + align:start position:0% +so there's a lot of factors that need to + + + align:start position:0% +so there's a lot of factors that need to +be purified and obtained + + align:start position:0% +be purified and obtained + + + align:start position:0% +be purified and obtained +quite a bit of effort to just even set + + align:start position:0% +quite a bit of effort to just even set + + + align:start position:0% +quite a bit of effort to just even set +this experiment up okay so always think + + align:start position:0% +this experiment up okay so always think + + + align:start position:0% +this experiment up okay so always think +about where are these things these + + align:start position:0% +about where are these things these + + + align:start position:0% +about where are these things these +things come from so we have this we have + + align:start position:0% +things come from so we have this we have + + + align:start position:0% +things come from so we have this we have +Purim Ison right and then we want to + + align:start position:0% +Purim Ison right and then we want to + + + align:start position:0% +Purim Ison right and then we want to +look at the effect of EFP so the idea is + + align:start position:0% +look at the effect of EFP so the idea is + + + align:start position:0% +look at the effect of EFP so the idea is +are there differences in peptide bond + + align:start position:0% +are there differences in peptide bond + + + align:start position:0% +are there differences in peptide bond +formation is it accelerated in the + + align:start position:0% +formation is it accelerated in the + + + align:start position:0% +formation is it accelerated in the +presence of EFP as how some of this + + align:start position:0% +presence of EFP as how some of this + + + align:start position:0% +presence of EFP as how some of this +preliminary data indicated and if so is + + align:start position:0% +preliminary data indicated and if so is + + + align:start position:0% +preliminary data indicated and if so is +that for all amino acids or is it + + align:start position:0% +that for all amino acids or is it + + + align:start position:0% +that for all amino acids or is it +specific for certain certain amino acids + + align:start position:0% +specific for certain certain amino acids + + + align:start position:0% +specific for certain certain amino acids +right so we need to include EFP and in + + align:start position:0% +right so we need to include EFP and in + + + align:start position:0% +right so we need to include EFP and in +these experiments it was either omitted + + align:start position:0% +these experiments it was either omitted + + + align:start position:0% +these experiments it was either omitted +or included in each syringe and + + align:start position:0% +or included in each syringe and + + + align:start position:0% +or included in each syringe and +something just to think about when + + align:start position:0% +something just to think about when + + + align:start position:0% +something just to think about when +thinking about these rapid mixing + + align:start position:0% +thinking about these rapid mixing + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about these rapid mixing +experiments is what happens in the mixer + + align:start position:0% +experiments is what happens in the mixer + + + align:start position:0% +experiments is what happens in the mixer +right if you're having the same volume + + align:start position:0% +right if you're having the same volume + + + align:start position:0% +right if you're having the same volume +which is the case coming from syringe 1 + + align:start position:0% +which is the case coming from syringe 1 + + + align:start position:0% +which is the case coming from syringe 1 +and 2 you're gonna have a dilution in + + align:start position:0% +and 2 you're gonna have a dilution in + + + align:start position:0% +and 2 you're gonna have a dilution in +here of all the components right so + + align:start position:0% +here of all the components right so + + + align:start position:0% +here of all the components right so +these are going to be rapidly mixed in + + align:start position:0% +these are going to be rapidly mixed in + + + align:start position:0% +these are going to be rapidly mixed in +the absence or presence of EFP there'll + + align:start position:0% +the absence or presence of EFP there'll + + + align:start position:0% +the absence or presence of EFP there'll +be some time to allow for reaction to + + align:start position:0% +be some time to allow for reaction to + + + align:start position:0% +be some time to allow for reaction to +occur and then in this case the reaction + + align:start position:0% +occur and then in this case the reaction + + + align:start position:0% +occur and then in this case the reaction +is going to be quenched so it's the + + align:start position:0% +is going to be quenched so it's the + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be quenched so it's the +quench flow type setup that came up in + + align:start position:0% +quench flow type setup that came up in + + + align:start position:0% +quench flow type setup that came up in +the recitation notes from last week so + + align:start position:0% +the recitation notes from last week so + + + align:start position:0% +the recitation notes from last week so +in this case we're going to have a + + align:start position:0% +in this case we're going to have a + + + align:start position:0% +in this case we're going to have a +syringe 3 with a quencher and in this + + align:start position:0% +syringe 3 with a quencher and in this + + + align:start position:0% +syringe 3 with a quencher and in this +particular work they used base + + align:start position:0% +particular work they used base + + + align:start position:0% +particular work they used base +so sometimes it's acid sometimes it's + + align:start position:0% +so sometimes it's acid sometimes it's + + + align:start position:0% +so sometimes it's acid sometimes it's +base and this was a solution of Koh ok + + align:start position:0% +base and this was a solution of Koh ok + + + align:start position:0% +base and this was a solution of Koh ok +so then after some time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay we can have the reaction clenched + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and then there'll be some sort of + + align:start position:0% +okay and then there'll be some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then there'll be some sort of +workup and product analysis okay so in + + align:start position:0% +workup and product analysis okay so in + + + align:start position:0% +workup and product analysis okay so in +this case they chose to hydrolyze the + + align:start position:0% +this case they chose to hydrolyze the + + + align:start position:0% +this case they chose to hydrolyze the +peptidyl trna s and look at the peptide + + align:start position:0% +peptidyl trna s and look at the peptide + + + align:start position:0% +peptidyl trna s and look at the peptide +fragment so you can imagine you need a + + align:start position:0% +fragment so you can imagine you need a + + + align:start position:0% +fragment so you can imagine you need a +method that's going to separate F met X + + align:start position:0% +method that's going to separate F met X + + + align:start position:0% +method that's going to separate F met X +whatever amino acid X is from from that + + align:start position:0% +whatever amino acid X is from from that + + + align:start position:0% +whatever amino acid X is from from that +product there and then the radio label + + align:start position:0% +product there and then the radio label + + + align:start position:0% +product there and then the radio label +on the F mat is used for quantification + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what happens here and I'll just give + + align:start position:0% +so what happens here and I'll just give + + + align:start position:0% +so what happens here and I'll just give +a a summary and then we'll look at it in + + align:start position:0% +a a summary and then we'll look at it in + + + align:start position:0% +a a summary and then we'll look at it in +more detail so what they did in these + + align:start position:0% +more detail so what they did in these + + + align:start position:0% +more detail so what they did in these +experiments and recall that Joanne + + align:start position:0% +experiments and recall that Joanne + + + align:start position:0% +experiments and recall that Joanne +talked about in recitation last week + + align:start position:0% +talked about in recitation last week + + + align:start position:0% +talked about in recitation last week +when doing these kinetic experiments you + + align:start position:0% +when doing these kinetic experiments you + + + align:start position:0% +when doing these kinetic experiments you +have to tweak them quite a bit to get + + align:start position:0% +have to tweak them quite a bit to get + + + align:start position:0% +have to tweak them quite a bit to get +the exact good conditions to observe + + align:start position:0% +the exact good conditions to observe + + + align:start position:0% +the exact good conditions to observe +what you want to see so imagine that + + align:start position:0% +what you want to see so imagine that + + + align:start position:0% +what you want to see so imagine that +happen we have our K observed and I'm + + align:start position:0% +happen we have our K observed and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +happen we have our K observed and I'm +going to show these on a log scale so + + align:start position:0% +going to show these on a log scale so + + + align:start position:0% +going to show these on a log scale so +you know always keep in mind paying + + align:start position:0% +you know always keep in mind paying + + + align:start position:0% +you know always keep in mind paying +attention to what type of scale the axes + + align:start position:0% +attention to what type of scale the axes + + + align:start position:0% +attention to what type of scale the axes +are in okay and so what we're going to + + align:start position:0% +are in okay and so what we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +are in okay and so what we're going to +look at is the K observed for formation + + align:start position:0% +look at is the K observed for formation + + + align:start position:0% +look at is the K observed for formation +of this tripeptide depending on amino + + align:start position:0% +of this tripeptide depending on amino + + + align:start position:0% +of this tripeptide depending on amino +acid and I'm going to generalize a bunch + + align:start position:0% +acid and I'm going to generalize a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +acid and I'm going to generalize a bunch +of the data here and then we'll look at + + align:start position:0% +of the data here and then we'll look at + + + align:start position:0% +of the data here and then we'll look at +all the individual cases okay so here we + + align:start position:0% +all the individual cases okay so here we + + + align:start position:0% +all the individual cases okay so here we +have X does not equal prolene okay and + + align:start position:0% +have X does not equal prolene okay and + + + align:start position:0% +have X does not equal prolene okay and +here not colored in is no AFP + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and shaded is K observed for the + + align:start position:0% +and shaded is K observed for the + + + align:start position:0% +and shaded is K observed for the +reactions conducted in the presence of + + align:start position:0% +reactions conducted in the presence of + + + align:start position:0% +reactions conducted in the presence of +ESP so what was observed in these + + align:start position:0% +ESP so what was observed in these + + + align:start position:0% +ESP so what was observed in these +studies looking at having many different + + align:start position:0% +studies looking at having many different + + + align:start position:0% +studies looking at having many different +amino acids here with that many of these + + align:start position:0% +amino acids here with that many of these + + + align:start position:0% +amino acids here with that many of these +amino acids showed negligible difference + + align:start position:0% +amino acids showed negligible difference + + + align:start position:0% +amino acids showed negligible difference +whether or not ESP was included in the + + align:start position:0% +whether or not ESP was included in the + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not ESP was included in the +reaction okay and we can look at that + + align:start position:0% +reaction okay and we can look at that + + + align:start position:0% +reaction okay and we can look at that +data in more detail from the paper on + + align:start position:0% +data in more detail from the paper on + + + align:start position:0% +data in more detail from the paper on +the slide what was very striking about + + align:start position:0% +the slide what was very striking about + + + align:start position:0% +the slide what was very striking about +these initial experiments was what + + align:start position:0% +these initial experiments was what + + + align:start position:0% +these initial experiments was what +happened in this case when x equals + + align:start position:0% +happened in this case when x equals + + + align:start position:0% +happened in this case when x equals +prolene here so effectively what they + + align:start position:0% +prolene here so effectively what they + + + align:start position:0% +prolene here so effectively what they +observed in this case was about 90 fold + + align:start position:0% +observed in this case was about 90 fold + + + align:start position:0% +observed in this case was about 90 fold +rate acceleration okay effectively if we + + align:start position:0% +rate acceleration okay effectively if we + + + align:start position:0% +rate acceleration okay effectively if we +compare the observed for peptide bond + + align:start position:0% +compare the observed for peptide bond + + + align:start position:0% +compare the observed for peptide bond +formation for probe in the absence of + + align:start position:0% +formation for probe in the absence of + + + align:start position:0% +formation for probe in the absence of +vfp we see it's significantly diminished + + align:start position:0% +vfp we see it's significantly diminished + + + align:start position:0% +vfp we see it's significantly diminished +for prolene if ESP isn't there and along + + align:start position:0% +for prolene if ESP isn't there and along + + + align:start position:0% +for prolene if ESP isn't there and along +those lines it was known before that + + align:start position:0% +those lines it was known before that + + + align:start position:0% +those lines it was known before that +prolene attached to its tRNA is a poorly + + align:start position:0% +prolene attached to its tRNA is a poorly + + + align:start position:0% +prolene attached to its tRNA is a poorly +reactive tRNA so different amino acyl + + align:start position:0% +reactive tRNA so different amino acyl + + + align:start position:0% +reactive tRNA so different amino acyl +tRNA is react differently in the + + align:start position:0% +tRNA is react differently in the + + + align:start position:0% +tRNA is react differently in the +ribosome so there's there's that layer + + align:start position:0% +ribosome so there's there's that layer + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome so there's there's that layer +of complexity we haven't really talked + + align:start position:0% +of complexity we haven't really talked + + + align:start position:0% +of complexity we haven't really talked +about in this class yet here so if we + + align:start position:0% +about in this class yet here so if we + + + align:start position:0% +about in this class yet here so if we +take a look right at all these different + + align:start position:0% +take a look right at all these different + + + align:start position:0% +take a look right at all these different +examples this one's the outlier okay so + + align:start position:0% +examples this one's the outlier okay so + + + align:start position:0% +examples this one's the outlier okay so +what these data indicated is that EFP + + align:start position:0% +what these data indicated is that EFP + + + align:start position:0% +what these data indicated is that EFP +has some special role in accelerating + + align:start position:0% +has some special role in accelerating + + + align:start position:0% +has some special role in accelerating +peptide bond formation for peptide bonds + + align:start position:0% +peptide bond formation for peptide bonds + + + align:start position:0% +peptide bond formation for peptide bonds +that contain a c terminal + + align:start position:0% +that contain a c terminal + + + align:start position:0% +that contain a c terminal +aleem residue here for that and so these + + align:start position:0% +aleem residue here for that and so these + + + align:start position:0% +aleem residue here for that and so these +experiments were just a starting point + + align:start position:0% +experiments were just a starting point + + + align:start position:0% +experiments were just a starting point +for many additional experiments that + + align:start position:0% +for many additional experiments that + + + align:start position:0% +for many additional experiments that +ended up showing EFP is really critical + + align:start position:0% +ended up showing EFP is really critical + + + align:start position:0% +ended up showing EFP is really critical +for helping the ribosome translate + + align:start position:0% +for helping the ribosome translate + + + align:start position:0% +for helping the ribosome translate +sequences that have consecutive Pro + + align:start position:0% +sequences that have consecutive Pro + + + align:start position:0% +sequences that have consecutive Pro +liens in a row so either three Pro liens + + align:start position:0% +liens in a row so either three Pro liens + + + align:start position:0% +liens in a row so either three Pro liens +or maybe a PPG sequence here and in the + + align:start position:0% +or maybe a PPG sequence here and in the + + + align:start position:0% +or maybe a PPG sequence here and in the +absence of EFP what can happen is the + + align:start position:0% +absence of EFP what can happen is the + + + align:start position:0% +absence of EFP what can happen is the +ribosome stalls so these amino acyl tRNA + + align:start position:0% +ribosome stalls so these amino acyl tRNA + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome stalls so these amino acyl tRNA +s are not very reactive and the ribosome + + align:start position:0% +s are not very reactive and the ribosome + + + align:start position:0% +s are not very reactive and the ribosome +just gets kind of stuck and you can + + align:start position:0% +just gets kind of stuck and you can + + + align:start position:0% +just gets kind of stuck and you can +imagine that's not good for the cell + + align:start position:0% +imagine that's not good for the cell + + + align:start position:0% +imagine that's not good for the cell +okay and then if we bring these + + align:start position:0% +okay and then if we bring these + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then if we bring these +observations back around to some of + + align:start position:0% +observations back around to some of + + + align:start position:0% +observations back around to some of +these early works that was suggesting + + align:start position:0% +these early works that was suggesting + + + align:start position:0% +these early works that was suggesting +EFP has a role in a diversity of + + align:start position:0% +EFP has a role in a diversity of + + + align:start position:0% +EFP has a role in a diversity of +different cellular processes right what + + align:start position:0% +different cellular processes right what + + + align:start position:0% +different cellular processes right what +might we ask we might ask well where do + + align:start position:0% +might we ask we might ask well where do + + + align:start position:0% +might we ask we might ask well where do +these sequences of multiple Pro liens + + align:start position:0% +these sequences of multiple Pro liens + + + align:start position:0% +these sequences of multiple Pro liens +come up so what types of proteins have + + align:start position:0% +come up so what types of proteins have + + + align:start position:0% +come up so what types of proteins have +three Pro liens in a row someplace in + + align:start position:0% +three Pro liens in a row someplace in + + + align:start position:0% +three Pro liens in a row someplace in +their sequence or something like PPG and + + align:start position:0% +their sequence or something like PPG and + + + align:start position:0% +their sequence or something like PPG and +so they took a look at that and if we + + align:start position:0% +so they took a look at that and if we + + + align:start position:0% +so they took a look at that and if we +think about ecoli there's about 4,000 + + align:start position:0% +think about ecoli there's about 4,000 + + + align:start position:0% +think about ecoli there's about 4,000 +different proteins and there's a subset + + align:start position:0% +different proteins and there's a subset + + + align:start position:0% +different proteins and there's a subset +of around 270 that have these types of + + align:start position:0% +of around 270 that have these types of + + + align:start position:0% +of around 270 that have these types of +sequences in them so not hugely common + + align:start position:0% +sequences in them so not hugely common + + + align:start position:0% +sequences in them so not hugely common +but they they exist and so then ask what + + align:start position:0% +but they they exist and so then ask what + + + align:start position:0% +but they they exist and so then ask what +do these proteins do right provided a + + align:start position:0% +do these proteins do right provided a + + + align:start position:0% +do these proteins do right provided a +function is known and so what we see is + + align:start position:0% +function is known and so what we see is + + + align:start position:0% +function is known and so what we see is +within that subset of about 270 proteins + + align:start position:0% +within that subset of about 270 proteins + + + align:start position:0% +within that subset of about 270 proteins +there's examples of proteins that are + + align:start position:0% +there's examples of proteins that are + + + align:start position:0% +there's examples of proteins that are +involved in regulation and metabolism + + align:start position:0% +involved in regulation and metabolism + + + align:start position:0% +involved in regulation and metabolism +you know important cellular processes so + + align:start position:0% +you know important cellular processes so + + + align:start position:0% +you know important cellular processes so +you can begin to understand why it might + + align:start position:0% +you can begin to understand why it might + + + align:start position:0% +you can begin to understand why it might +be that this protein got implicated and + + align:start position:0% +be that this protein got implicated and + + + align:start position:0% +be that this protein got implicated and +all these different types of phenomena + + align:start position:0% +all these different types of phenomena + + + align:start position:0% +all these different types of phenomena +right but in terms of the details that's + + align:start position:0% +right but in terms of the details that's + + + align:start position:0% +right but in terms of the details that's +really back here in terms of how this + + align:start position:0% +really back here in terms of how this + + + align:start position:0% +really back here in terms of how this +translation factor is helping the + + align:start position:0% +translation factor is helping the + + + align:start position:0% +translation factor is helping the +ribosome make a certain subset of + + align:start position:0% +ribosome make a certain subset of + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome make a certain subset of +peptide bonds there so if you're curious + + align:start position:0% +peptide bonds there so if you're curious + + + align:start position:0% +peptide bonds there so if you're curious +about this the papers really wonderful + + align:start position:0% +about this the papers really wonderful + + + align:start position:0% +about this the papers really wonderful +there's a number of additional + + align:start position:0% +there's a number of additional + + + align:start position:0% +there's a number of additional +interesting experiments that are done + + align:start position:0% +interesting experiments that are done + + + align:start position:0% +interesting experiments that are done +and additional methods to these kinetics + + align:start position:0% +and additional methods to these kinetics + + + align:start position:0% +and additional methods to these kinetics +there I'm happy to point you in that + + align:start position:0% +there I'm happy to point you in that + + + align:start position:0% +there I'm happy to point you in that +direction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so yes it could + + align:start position:0% +so yes it could + + + align:start position:0% +so yes it could +I mean basically you're talking about + + align:start position:0% +I mean basically you're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +I mean basically you're talking about +what happens as the polypeptide extrudes + + align:start position:0% +what happens as the polypeptide extrudes + + + align:start position:0% +what happens as the polypeptide extrudes +from the ribosome right and if you're + + align:start position:0% +from the ribosome right and if you're + + + align:start position:0% +from the ribosome right and if you're +stalled and have some piece of this + + align:start position:0% +stalled and have some piece of this + + + align:start position:0% +stalled and have some piece of this +nascent polypeptide on the outside + + align:start position:0% +nascent polypeptide on the outside + + + align:start position:0% +nascent polypeptide on the outside +ribosomes stalling yeah what does that + + align:start position:0% +ribosomes stalling yeah what does that + + + align:start position:0% +ribosomes stalling yeah what does that +do in terms of how trigger factor for + + align:start position:0% +do in terms of how trigger factor for + + + align:start position:0% +do in terms of how trigger factor for +instance interacts that's something + + align:start position:0% +instance interacts that's something + + + align:start position:0% +instance interacts that's something +we'll talk about in the next module and + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about in the next module and + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about in the next module and +we'll be getting there on Wednesday I + + align:start position:0% +we'll be getting there on Wednesday I + + + align:start position:0% +we'll be getting there on Wednesday I +hope I'm if not Friday so with that + + align:start position:0% +hope I'm if not Friday so with that + + + align:start position:0% +hope I'm if not Friday so with that +we're gonna close discussions of module + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna close discussions of module + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna close discussions of module +1 in the ribosome with looking at some + + align:start position:0% +1 in the ribosome with looking at some + + + align:start position:0% +1 in the ribosome with looking at some +biotechnology and thinking about how we + + align:start position:0% +biotechnology and thinking about how we + + + align:start position:0% +biotechnology and thinking about how we +can use this fundamental understanding + + align:start position:0% +can use this fundamental understanding + + + align:start position:0% +can use this fundamental understanding +of the ribosome to do some new things + + align:start position:0% +of the ribosome to do some new things + + + align:start position:0% +of the ribosome to do some new things +and so we're going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +and so we're going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +and so we're going to talk about +re-engineering translation and ways to + + align:start position:0% +re-engineering translation and ways to + + + align:start position:0% +re-engineering translation and ways to +use this machinery to incorporate + + align:start position:0% +use this machinery to incorporate + + + align:start position:0% +use this machinery to incorporate +unnatural amino acids and so to begin + + align:start position:0% +unnatural amino acids and so to begin + + + align:start position:0% +unnatural amino acids and so to begin +thinking about this we can just consider + + align:start position:0% +thinking about this we can just consider + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about this we can just consider +some questions and so many of us in this + + align:start position:0% +some questions and so many of us in this + + + align:start position:0% +some questions and so many of us in this +room are chemists or chemistry majors we + + align:start position:0% +room are chemists or chemistry majors we + + + align:start position:0% +room are chemists or chemistry majors we +can think about organic chemistry so 5 + + align:start position:0% +can think about organic chemistry so 5 + + + align:start position:0% +can think about organic chemistry so 5 +12 9 13 and all of the different organic + + align:start position:0% +12 9 13 and all of the different organic + + + align:start position:0% +12 9 13 and all of the different organic +transformations that are presented so if + + align:start position:0% +transformations that are presented so if + + + align:start position:0% +transformations that are presented so if +we think about all these organic + + align:start position:0% +we think about all these organic + + + align:start position:0% +we think about all these organic +transformations and how they're + + align:start position:0% +transformations and how they're + + + align:start position:0% +transformations and how they're +available to synthetic chemists we see a + + align:start position:0% +available to synthetic chemists we see a + + + align:start position:0% +available to synthetic chemists we see a +lot of versatility and we can simply ask + + align:start position:0% +lot of versatility and we can simply ask + + + align:start position:0% +lot of versatility and we can simply ask +ourselves can such versatility be + + align:start position:0% +ourselves can such versatility be + + + align:start position:0% +ourselves can such versatility be +achieved for protein modification + + align:start position:0% +achieved for protein modification + + + align:start position:0% +achieved for protein modification +what is the toolkit how can that toolkit + + align:start position:0% +what is the toolkit how can that toolkit + + + align:start position:0% +what is the toolkit how can that toolkit +be expanded and then thinking about this + + align:start position:0% +be expanded and then thinking about this + + + align:start position:0% +be expanded and then thinking about this +further can we use the translation + + align:start position:0% +further can we use the translation + + + align:start position:0% +further can we use the translation +machinery so is it possible to modify + + align:start position:0% +machinery so is it possible to modify + + + align:start position:0% +machinery so is it possible to modify +the translation machinery to allow us to + + align:start position:0% +the translation machinery to allow us to + + + align:start position:0% +the translation machinery to allow us to +make peptides or proteins that have + + align:start position:0% +make peptides or proteins that have + + + align:start position:0% +make peptides or proteins that have +unnatural amino acids so amino acids are + + align:start position:0% +unnatural amino acids so amino acids are + + + align:start position:0% +unnatural amino acids so amino acids are +moieties that are not the canonical ones + + align:start position:0% +moieties that are not the canonical ones + + + align:start position:0% +moieties that are not the canonical ones +and can we do this in cell + + align:start position:0% +and can we do this in cell + + + align:start position:0% +and can we do this in cell +can we do this in a test tube and if we + + align:start position:0% +can we do this in a test tube and if we + + + align:start position:0% +can we do this in a test tube and if we +can what does that provide us with in + + align:start position:0% +can what does that provide us with in + + + align:start position:0% +can what does that provide us with in +terms of impossibilities so the answer + + align:start position:0% +terms of impossibilities so the answer + + + align:start position:0% +terms of impossibilities so the answer +is yes and we're gonna focus on the how + + align:start position:0% +is yes and we're gonna focus on the how + + + align:start position:0% +is yes and we're gonna focus on the how +and strengths and limitations in terms + + align:start position:0% +and strengths and limitations in terms + + + align:start position:0% +and strengths and limitations in terms +of our discussions of this machinery + + align:start position:0% +of our discussions of this machinery + + + align:start position:0% +of our discussions of this machinery +here I also note I believe Joanne this + + align:start position:0% +here I also note I believe Joanne this + + + align:start position:0% +here I also note I believe Joanne this +will come up will you be talking about + + align:start position:0% +will come up will you be talking about + + + align:start position:0% +will come up will you be talking about +this in the nucleotide parts too if we + + align:start position:0% +this in the nucleotide parts too if we + + + align:start position:0% +this in the nucleotide parts too if we +get that Bart so in addition right here + + align:start position:0% +get that Bart so in addition right here + + + align:start position:0% +get that Bart so in addition right here +this may come up again towards the end + + align:start position:0% +this may come up again towards the end + + + align:start position:0% +this may come up again towards the end +of the course as as a tool so hopefully + + align:start position:0% +of the course as as a tool so hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +of the course as as a tool so hopefully +we'll get that far because it's exciting + + align:start position:0% +we'll get that far because it's exciting + + + align:start position:0% +we'll get that far because it's exciting +so let us think about re-engineering + + align:start position:0% +so let us think about re-engineering + + + align:start position:0% +so let us think about re-engineering +translation and we're gonna think about + + align:start position:0% +translation and we're gonna think about + + + align:start position:0% +translation and we're gonna think about +two things we can think about the + + align:start position:0% +two things we can think about the + + + align:start position:0% +two things we can think about the +genetic code here and we can think about + + align:start position:0% +genetic code here and we can think about + + + align:start position:0% +genetic code here and we can think about +the ribosome and so I'll just present + + align:start position:0% +the ribosome and so I'll just present + + + align:start position:0% +the ribosome and so I'll just present +you with the questions if we consider + + align:start position:0% +you with the questions if we consider + + + align:start position:0% +you with the questions if we consider +the genetic code what can be done to + + align:start position:0% +the genetic code what can be done to + + + align:start position:0% +the genetic code what can be done to +this genetic code to change an amino + + align:start position:0% +this genetic code to change an amino + + + align:start position:0% +this genetic code to change an amino +acid in a protein and if we think about + + align:start position:0% +acid in a protein and if we think about + + + align:start position:0% +acid in a protein and if we think about +the ribosome what can be done to the + + align:start position:0% +the ribosome what can be done to the + + + align:start position:0% +the ribosome what can be done to the +ribosome to change an amino acid in a + + align:start position:0% +ribosome to change an amino acid in a + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome to change an amino acid in a +protein and effectively can we expand + + align:start position:0% +protein and effectively can we expand + + + align:start position:0% +protein and effectively can we expand +the genetic code to encode something + + align:start position:0% +the genetic code to encode something + + + align:start position:0% +the genetic code to encode something +other than what it's supposed to encode + + align:start position:0% +other than what it's supposed to encode + + + align:start position:0% +other than what it's supposed to encode +so can this code allow us to encode an + + align:start position:0% +so can this code allow us to encode an + + + align:start position:0% +so can this code allow us to encode an +unnatural amino acid and from the stand + + align:start position:0% +unnatural amino acid and from the stand + + + align:start position:0% +unnatural amino acid and from the stand +point of the ribosome is it possible to + + align:start position:0% +point of the ribosome is it possible to + + + align:start position:0% +point of the ribosome is it possible to +design new ribosomes so can we make a + + align:start position:0% +design new ribosomes so can we make a + + + align:start position:0% +design new ribosomes so can we make a +new ribosome that can incorporate + + align:start position:0% +new ribosome that can incorporate + + + align:start position:0% +new ribosome that can incorporate +unnatural amino acids into proteins so + + align:start position:0% +unnatural amino acids into proteins so + + + align:start position:0% +unnatural amino acids into proteins so +these are separate but related and we're + + align:start position:0% +these are separate but related and we're + + + align:start position:0% +these are separate but related and we're +going to first discuss basically + + align:start position:0% +going to first discuss basically + + + align:start position:0% +going to first discuss basically +reassigning is it possible to reassign a + + align:start position:0% +reassigning is it possible to reassign a + + + align:start position:0% +reassigning is it possible to reassign a +codon so why would we want to do this + + align:start position:0% +codon so why would we want to do this + + + align:start position:0% +codon so why would we want to do this +and let's think about that for a minute + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so and what do I mean by expanding the + + align:start position:0% +so and what do I mean by expanding the + + + align:start position:0% +so and what do I mean by expanding the +genetic code so if we think about the + + align:start position:0% +genetic code so if we think about the + + + align:start position:0% +genetic code so if we think about the +genetic code right we all know that and + + align:start position:0% +genetic code right we all know that and + + + align:start position:0% +genetic code right we all know that and +encodes these 20 amino acid building + + align:start position:0% +encodes these 20 amino acid building + + + align:start position:0% +encodes these 20 amino acid building +blocks + + align:start position:0% +blocks + + + align:start position:0% +blocks +the start codons and the stop codon and + + align:start position:0% +the start codons and the stop codon and + + + align:start position:0% +the start codons and the stop codon and +effectively the codons are all used up + + align:start position:0% +effectively the codons are all used up + + + align:start position:0% +effectively the codons are all used up +right there aren't extra codons floating + + align:start position:0% +right there aren't extra codons floating + + + align:start position:0% +right there aren't extra codons floating +around that we could poach and assign to + + align:start position:0% +around that we could poach and assign to + + + align:start position:0% +around that we could poach and assign to +something else here so can we overcome + + align:start position:0% +something else here so can we overcome + + + align:start position:0% +something else here so can we overcome +this and why would we want to do that + + align:start position:0% +this and why would we want to do that + + + align:start position:0% +this and why would we want to do that +just broadly if we think about being + + align:start position:0% +just broadly if we think about being + + + align:start position:0% +just broadly if we think about being +able to put something other than a + + align:start position:0% +able to put something other than a + + + align:start position:0% +able to put something other than a +natural amino acid in a protein at a + + align:start position:0% +natural amino acid in a protein at a + + + align:start position:0% +natural amino acid in a protein at a +specific location so exactly where we + + align:start position:0% +specific location so exactly where we + + + align:start position:0% +specific location so exactly where we +want it + + align:start position:0% +want it + + + align:start position:0% +want it +that opens up many possibilities for + + align:start position:0% +that opens up many possibilities for + + + align:start position:0% +that opens up many possibilities for +experiments and we can think about those + + align:start position:0% +experiments and we can think about those + + + align:start position:0% +experiments and we can think about those +experiments both happening within a cell + + align:start position:0% +experiments both happening within a cell + + + align:start position:0% +experiments both happening within a cell +or outside of the cell and these are + + align:start position:0% +or outside of the cell and these are + + + align:start position:0% +or outside of the cell and these are +experiments that just wouldn't be so + + align:start position:0% +experiments that just wouldn't be so + + + align:start position:0% +experiments that just wouldn't be so +easy or feasible otherwise so maybe we'd + + align:start position:0% +easy or feasible otherwise so maybe we'd + + + align:start position:0% +easy or feasible otherwise so maybe we'd +like to study protein structure what + + align:start position:0% +like to study protein structure what + + + align:start position:0% +like to study protein structure what +could we do so fluorine is used in NMR + + align:start position:0% +could we do so fluorine is used in NMR + + + align:start position:0% +could we do so fluorine is used in NMR +quite a good imagine if you could site + + align:start position:0% +quite a good imagine if you could site + + + align:start position:0% +quite a good imagine if you could site +specifically label an unnatural amino + + align:start position:0% +specifically label an unnatural amino + + + align:start position:0% +specifically label an unnatural amino +acid that has a CF 3 group for example + + align:start position:0% +acid that has a CF 3 group for example + + + align:start position:0% +acid that has a CF 3 group for example +and use that in your NMR studies so + + align:start position:0% +and use that in your NMR studies so + + + align:start position:0% +and use that in your NMR studies so +that's something you'll get to think + + align:start position:0% +that's something you'll get to think + + + align:start position:0% +that's something you'll get to think +about in the context of problem set 2 + + align:start position:0% +about in the context of problem set 2 + + + align:start position:0% +about in the context of problem set 2 +ways to study protein function protein + + align:start position:0% +ways to study protein function protein + + + align:start position:0% +ways to study protein function protein +localization so for instance instead of + + align:start position:0% +localization so for instance instead of + + + align:start position:0% +localization so for instance instead of +attaching GFP which is big to a protein + + align:start position:0% +attaching GFP which is big to a protein + + + align:start position:0% +attaching GFP which is big to a protein +of interest maybe it's possible to + + align:start position:0% +of interest maybe it's possible to + + + align:start position:0% +of interest maybe it's possible to +incorporate a fluorescent amino acid + + align:start position:0% +incorporate a fluorescent amino acid + + + align:start position:0% +incorporate a fluorescent amino acid +that lets you see that protein in the + + align:start position:0% +that lets you see that protein in the + + + align:start position:0% +that lets you see that protein in the +cell protein protein interactions and + + align:start position:0% +cell protein protein interactions and + + + align:start position:0% +cell protein protein interactions and +maybe we'd like to make a new protein + + align:start position:0% +maybe we'd like to make a new protein + + + align:start position:0% +maybe we'd like to make a new protein +that has some desired characteristic so + + align:start position:0% +that has some desired characteristic so + + + align:start position:0% +that has some desired characteristic so +there's a lot of possibilities to such + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of possibilities to such + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of possibilities to such +technology just to keep in mind what too + + align:start position:0% +technology just to keep in mind what too + + + align:start position:0% +technology just to keep in mind what too +many of us do many of us are familiar + + align:start position:0% +many of us do many of us are familiar + + + align:start position:0% +many of us do many of us are familiar +with site-directed mutagenesis right + + align:start position:0% +with site-directed mutagenesis right + + + align:start position:0% +with site-directed mutagenesis right +where we can change an amino acid in a + + align:start position:0% +where we can change an amino acid in a + + + align:start position:0% +where we can change an amino acid in a +protein and we learn many many things + + align:start position:0% +protein and we learn many many things + + + align:start position:0% +protein and we learn many many things +from this but it is limited to naturally + + align:start position:0% +from this but it is limited to naturally + + + align:start position:0% +from this but it is limited to naturally +occurring amino acids right so we'd want + + align:start position:0% +occurring amino acids right so we'd want + + + align:start position:0% +occurring amino acids right so we'd want +some we'd like something more versatile + + align:start position:0% +some we'd like something more versatile + + + align:start position:0% +some we'd like something more versatile +if we think about strategies also just a + + align:start position:0% +if we think about strategies also just a + + + align:start position:0% +if we think about strategies also just a +little bit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +backing up here okay the first thing + + align:start position:0% +backing up here okay the first thing + + + align:start position:0% +backing up here okay the first thing +I'll just point out is that how I'm + + align:start position:0% +I'll just point out is that how I'm + + + align:start position:0% +I'll just point out is that how I'm +going to divide this just in case this + + align:start position:0% +going to divide this just in case this + + + align:start position:0% +going to divide this just in case this +wasn't clear is considering the night + + align:start position:0% +wasn't clear is considering the night + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't clear is considering the night +native ribosome and then considering + + align:start position:0% +native ribosome and then considering + + + align:start position:0% +native ribosome and then considering +engineer considering engineered + + align:start position:0% +engineer considering engineered + + + align:start position:0% +engineer considering engineered +ribosomes okay and this is where we're + + align:start position:0% +ribosomes okay and this is where we're + + + align:start position:0% +ribosomes okay and this is where we're +gonna focus today and if we consider + + align:start position:0% +gonna focus today and if we consider + + + align:start position:0% +gonna focus today and if we consider +strategies other strategies okay to + + align:start position:0% +strategies other strategies okay to + + + align:start position:0% +strategies other strategies okay to +incorporate unnatural amino acids and I + + align:start position:0% +incorporate unnatural amino acids and I + + + align:start position:0% +incorporate unnatural amino acids and I +guess I'll call these standard okay we + + align:start position:0% +guess I'll call these standard okay we + + + align:start position:0% +guess I'll call these standard okay we +can imagine chemical and bio synthetic + + align:start position:0% +can imagine chemical and bio synthetic + + + align:start position:0% +can imagine chemical and bio synthetic +okay and I'm not going to go over a + + align:start position:0% +okay and I'm not going to go over a + + + align:start position:0% +okay and I'm not going to go over a +plethora of examples for either route + + align:start position:0% +plethora of examples for either route + + + align:start position:0% +plethora of examples for either route +there'll be some slides included in the + + align:start position:0% +there'll be some slides included in the + + + align:start position:0% +there'll be some slides included in the +posted lecture notes that gives examples + + align:start position:0% +posted lecture notes that gives examples + + + align:start position:0% +posted lecture notes that gives examples +and pros and cons but one example I will + + align:start position:0% +and pros and cons but one example I will + + + align:start position:0% +and pros and cons but one example I will +give here is just thinking from the + + align:start position:0% +give here is just thinking from the + + + align:start position:0% +give here is just thinking from the +standpoint of a chemical modification + + align:start position:0% +standpoint of a chemical modification + + + align:start position:0% +standpoint of a chemical modification +what's an example and why we might want + + align:start position:0% +what's an example and why we might want + + + align:start position:0% +what's an example and why we might want +to do better okay so this is independent + + align:start position:0% +to do better okay so this is independent + + + align:start position:0% +to do better okay so this is independent +of something like site-directed + + align:start position:0% +of something like site-directed + + + align:start position:0% +of something like site-directed +mutagenesis where you're having an + + align:start position:0% +mutagenesis where you're having an + + + align:start position:0% +mutagenesis where you're having an +organism do the work so if we just + + align:start position:0% +organism do the work so if we just + + + align:start position:0% +organism do the work so if we just +consider an example of a chemical + + align:start position:0% +consider an example of a chemical + + + align:start position:0% +consider an example of a chemical +modification + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay there's certain amino acid side + + align:start position:0% +okay there's certain amino acid side + + + align:start position:0% +okay there's certain amino acid side +chains that are amenable to modification + + align:start position:0% +chains that are amenable to modification + + + align:start position:0% +chains that are amenable to modification +so imagine you purify a protein and you + + align:start position:0% +so imagine you purify a protein and you + + + align:start position:0% +so imagine you purify a protein and you +want to somehow tag that or label it + + align:start position:0% +want to somehow tag that or label it + + + align:start position:0% +want to somehow tag that or label it +right one option is to modify cysteine + + align:start position:0% +right one option is to modify cysteine + + + align:start position:0% +right one option is to modify cysteine +residues okay and so I go ascent amid + + align:start position:0% +residues okay and so I go ascent amid + + + align:start position:0% +residues okay and so I go ascent amid +and related reagents are commonly + + align:start position:0% +and related reagents are commonly + + + align:start position:0% +and related reagents are commonly +employed so imagine that you have some + + align:start position:0% +employed so imagine that you have some + + + align:start position:0% +employed so imagine that you have some +cysteine you can react this with IO to a + + align:start position:0% +cysteine you can react this with IO to a + + + align:start position:0% +cysteine you can react this with IO to a +set amid that has some R group + + align:start position:0% +set amid that has some R group + + + align:start position:0% +set amid that has some R group +right what happens + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here okay you hit a covalent + + align:start position:0% +here okay you hit a covalent + + + align:start position:0% +here okay you hit a covalent +modification and maybe this is a + + align:start position:0% +modification and maybe this is a + + + align:start position:0% +modification and maybe this is a +fluorophore or something else right so + + align:start position:0% +fluorophore or something else right so + + + align:start position:0% +fluorophore or something else right so +this is terrific but what are some + + align:start position:0% +this is terrific but what are some + + + align:start position:0% +this is terrific but what are some +potential problems yeah this would be + + align:start position:0% +potential problems yeah this would be + + + align:start position:0% +potential problems yeah this would be +after the fact so imagine you have some + + align:start position:0% +after the fact so imagine you have some + + + align:start position:0% +after the fact so imagine you have some +protein right you've isolated your + + align:start position:0% +protein right you've isolated your + + + align:start position:0% +protein right you've isolated your +protein and you have some system right + + align:start position:0% +protein and you have some system right + + + align:start position:0% +protein and you have some system right +and you'd like for some reason you'd + + align:start position:0% +and you'd like for some reason you'd + + + align:start position:0% +and you'd like for some reason you'd +like to modify this protein so maybe a + + align:start position:0% +like to modify this protein so maybe a + + + align:start position:0% +like to modify this protein so maybe a +fluorophore to see it maybe you know I + + align:start position:0% +fluorophore to see it maybe you know I + + + align:start position:0% +fluorophore to see it maybe you know I +see a 3 group 4 NMR here you so that so + + align:start position:0% +see a 3 group 4 NMR here you so that so + + + align:start position:0% +see a 3 group 4 NMR here you so that so +which none gets to the point what what + + align:start position:0% +which none gets to the point what what + + + align:start position:0% +which none gets to the point what what +are possible problems with this yeah so + + align:start position:0% +are possible problems with this yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +are possible problems with this yeah so +that gets to an initial issue which + + align:start position:0% +that gets to an initial issue which + + + align:start position:0% +that gets to an initial issue which +what's required to have the chemistry to + + align:start position:0% +what's required to have the chemistry to + + + align:start position:0% +what's required to have the chemistry to +happen right the cysteine needs to be + + align:start position:0% +happen right the cysteine needs to be + + + align:start position:0% +happen right the cysteine needs to be +deprotonated + + align:start position:0% +deprotonated + + + align:start position:0% +deprotonated +so probably the pH of your buffer is + + align:start position:0% +so probably the pH of your buffer is + + + align:start position:0% +so probably the pH of your buffer is +going to be elevated some does your + + align:start position:0% +going to be elevated some does your + + + align:start position:0% +going to be elevated some does your +protein or enzyme like that or not maybe + + align:start position:0% +protein or enzyme like that or not maybe + + + align:start position:0% +protein or enzyme like that or not maybe +maybe not + + align:start position:0% +maybe not + + + align:start position:0% +maybe not +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so you need well it will depend on + + align:start position:0% +yeah so you need well it will depend on + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so you need well it will depend on +the protein right as the cysteine free + + align:start position:0% +the protein right as the cysteine free + + + align:start position:0% +the protein right as the cysteine free +or a disulfide is it a native cysteine + + align:start position:0% +or a disulfide is it a native cysteine + + + align:start position:0% +or a disulfide is it a native cysteine +or have you done site-directed + + align:start position:0% +or have you done site-directed + + + align:start position:0% +or have you done site-directed +mutagenesis first to put this cysteine + + align:start position:0% +mutagenesis first to put this cysteine + + + align:start position:0% +mutagenesis first to put this cysteine +in the position you want right and then + + align:start position:0% +in the position you want right and then + + + align:start position:0% +in the position you want right and then +what happens if your protein has + + align:start position:0% +what happens if your protein has + + + align:start position:0% +what happens if your protein has +multiple cystines building on what + + align:start position:0% +multiple cystines building on what + + + align:start position:0% +multiple cystines building on what +Rebecca said and you want to have this + + align:start position:0% +Rebecca said and you want to have this + + + align:start position:0% +Rebecca said and you want to have this +label at a site specific location right + + align:start position:0% +label at a site specific location right + + + align:start position:0% +label at a site specific location right +are you what are you going to do about + + align:start position:0% +are you what are you going to do about + + + align:start position:0% +are you what are you going to do about +that are you going to have nonspecific + + align:start position:0% +that are you going to have nonspecific + + + align:start position:0% +that are you going to have nonspecific +labeling or are you going to mutate out + + align:start position:0% +labeling or are you going to mutate out + + + align:start position:0% +labeling or are you going to mutate out +the other cysteine + + align:start position:0% +the other cysteine + + + align:start position:0% +the other cysteine +if you do that what could that mean for + + align:start position:0% +if you do that what could that mean for + + + align:start position:0% +if you do that what could that mean for +your protein folder function there's a + + align:start position:0% +your protein folder function there's a + + + align:start position:0% +your protein folder function there's a +number of caveats that need to be + + align:start position:0% +number of caveats that need to be + + + align:start position:0% +number of caveats that need to be +considered nonetheless it's a + + align:start position:0% +considered nonetheless it's a + + + align:start position:0% +considered nonetheless it's a +possibility to do in terms of time this + + align:start position:0% +possibility to do in terms of time this + + + align:start position:0% +possibility to do in terms of time this +is a pretty extreme example but I'll + + align:start position:0% +is a pretty extreme example but I'll + + + align:start position:0% +is a pretty extreme example but I'll +just show one example here in thinking + + align:start position:0% +just show one example here in thinking + + + align:start position:0% +just show one example here in thinking +about this whole process and what you do + + align:start position:0% +about this whole process and what you do + + + align:start position:0% +about this whole process and what you do +which also builds upon Rebecca's + + align:start position:0% +which also builds upon Rebecca's + + + align:start position:0% +which also builds upon Rebecca's +question so imagine a protein with two + + align:start position:0% +question so imagine a protein with two + + + align:start position:0% +question so imagine a protein with two +subunits and subunit one has a cysteine + + align:start position:0% +subunits and subunit one has a cysteine + + + align:start position:0% +subunits and subunit one has a cysteine +and subunit two doesn't so for some + + align:start position:0% +and subunit two doesn't so for some + + + align:start position:0% +and subunit two doesn't so for some +reason you won't want to do this + + align:start position:0% +reason you won't want to do this + + + align:start position:0% +reason you won't want to do this +labeling this is actually a protein from + + align:start position:0% +labeling this is actually a protein from + + + align:start position:0% +labeling this is actually a protein from +my group and we wanted to stick a + + align:start position:0% +my group and we wanted to stick a + + + align:start position:0% +my group and we wanted to stick a +fluorophore on it so we have a cysteine + + align:start position:0% +fluorophore on it so we have a cysteine + + + align:start position:0% +fluorophore on it so we have a cysteine +on one of the two subunits you can run + + align:start position:0% +on one of the two subunits you can run + + + align:start position:0% +on one of the two subunits you can run +this reaction and get this flora for + + align:start position:0% +this reaction and get this flora for + + + align:start position:0% +this reaction and get this flora for +modified form here and then you can see + + align:start position:0% +modified form here and then you can see + + + align:start position:0% +modified form here and then you can see +that's the case looking at SDS page so + + align:start position:0% +that's the case looking at SDS page so + + + align:start position:0% +that's the case looking at SDS page so +here we're looking at Kumasi stain that + + align:start position:0% +here we're looking at Kumasi stain that + + + align:start position:0% +here we're looking at Kumasi stain that +shows us total protein and we see + + align:start position:0% +shows us total protein and we see + + + align:start position:0% +shows us total protein and we see +there's two subunits one and two so the + + align:start position:0% +there's two subunits one and two so the + + + align:start position:0% +there's two subunits one and two so the +molecular weights are a little different + + align:start position:0% +molecular weights are a little different + + + align:start position:0% +molecular weights are a little different +and we can separate them on this gel and + + align:start position:0% +and we can separate them on this gel and + + + align:start position:0% +and we can separate them on this gel and +then if we look in the fluorescence + + align:start position:0% +then if we look in the fluorescence + + + align:start position:0% +then if we look in the fluorescence +channel what do we see we only see + + align:start position:0% +channel what do we see we only see + + + align:start position:0% +channel what do we see we only see +fluorescence associated with subunit one + + align:start position:0% +fluorescence associated with subunit one + + + align:start position:0% +fluorescence associated with subunit one +and not subunit two which tells us our + + align:start position:0% +and not subunit two which tells us our + + + align:start position:0% +and not subunit two which tells us our +labeling strategy has worked well you + + align:start position:0% +labeling strategy has worked well you + + + align:start position:0% +labeling strategy has worked well you +know like what we're showing in this + + align:start position:0% +know like what we're showing in this + + + align:start position:0% +know like what we're showing in this +this equation on top but what's + + align:start position:0% +this equation on top but what's + + + align:start position:0% +this equation on top but what's +everything that needs to be done well we + + align:start position:0% +everything that needs to be done well we + + + align:start position:0% +everything that needs to be done well we +need to over express the protein in some + + align:start position:0% +need to over express the protein in some + + + align:start position:0% +need to over express the protein in some +organism in this case E coli we need to + + align:start position:0% +organism in this case E coli we need to + + + align:start position:0% +organism in this case E coli we need to +purify the protein and once we have this + + align:start position:0% +purify the protein and once we have this + + + align:start position:0% +purify the protein and once we have this +purified protein in hand we need to do + + align:start position:0% +purified protein in hand we need to do + + + align:start position:0% +purified protein in hand we need to do +the chemical reaction for the labeling + + align:start position:0% +the chemical reaction for the labeling + + + align:start position:0% +the chemical reaction for the labeling +and then + + align:start position:0% +and then + + + align:start position:0% +and then +we need to purify that product somehow + + align:start position:0% +we need to purify that product somehow + + + align:start position:0% +we need to purify that product somehow +and that's going to depend on the system + + align:start position:0% +and that's going to depend on the system + + + align:start position:0% +and that's going to depend on the system +you're working at and then it needs to + + align:start position:0% +you're working at and then it needs to + + + align:start position:0% +you're working at and then it needs to +be analyzed right you always want to + + align:start position:0% +be analyzed right you always want to + + + align:start position:0% +be analyzed right you always want to +know what you're working with right so + + align:start position:0% +know what you're working with right so + + + align:start position:0% +know what you're working with right so +what's this reaction to a hundred + + align:start position:0% +what's this reaction to a hundred + + + align:start position:0% +what's this reaction to a hundred +percent did we end up with a mixture if + + align:start position:0% +percent did we end up with a mixture if + + + align:start position:0% +percent did we end up with a mixture if +it's a mixture what what to do about + + align:start position:0% +it's a mixture what what to do about + + + align:start position:0% +it's a mixture what what to do about +that so what does this mean in terms of + + align:start position:0% +that so what does this mean in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +that so what does this mean in terms of +time and and this is not for all cases + + align:start position:0% +time and and this is not for all cases + + + align:start position:0% +time and and this is not for all cases +okay this is for this exact case + + align:start position:0% +okay this is for this exact case + + + align:start position:0% +okay this is for this exact case +involving this protein shown as a + + align:start position:0% +involving this protein shown as a + + + align:start position:0% +involving this protein shown as a +cartoon here so it takes about six days + + align:start position:0% +cartoon here so it takes about six days + + + align:start position:0% +cartoon here so it takes about six days +from start to finish to over express and + + align:start position:0% +from start to finish to over express and + + + align:start position:0% +from start to finish to over express and +purify it steps two to four based on the + + align:start position:0% +purify it steps two to four based on the + + + align:start position:0% +purify it steps two to four based on the +purification we do another four days + + align:start position:0% +purification we do another four days + + + align:start position:0% +purification we do another four days +right so that's ten days from start to + + align:start position:0% +right so that's ten days from start to + + + align:start position:0% +right so that's ten days from start to +finish just to get this protein you'd + + align:start position:0% +finish just to get this protein you'd + + + align:start position:0% +finish just to get this protein you'd +like to use in your experiment right and + + align:start position:0% +like to use in your experiment right and + + + align:start position:0% +like to use in your experiment right and +you can imagine if somehow a label could + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine if somehow a label could + + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine if somehow a label could +be put on in vivo during this initial + + align:start position:0% +be put on in vivo during this initial + + + align:start position:0% +be put on in vivo during this initial +step here right that that would save + + align:start position:0% +step here right that that would save + + + align:start position:0% +step here right that that would save +some time at the end of the day so + + align:start position:0% +some time at the end of the day so + + + align:start position:0% +some time at the end of the day so +before moving on to what's done for + + align:start position:0% +before moving on to what's done for + + + align:start position:0% +before moving on to what's done for +unnatural amino acid incorporation by + + align:start position:0% +unnatural amino acid incorporation by + + + align:start position:0% +unnatural amino acid incorporation by +what we'll call the Shultz method out of + + align:start position:0% +what we'll call the Shultz method out of + + + align:start position:0% +what we'll call the Shultz method out of +Professor Peter Schultz this group just + + align:start position:0% +Professor Peter Schultz this group just + + + align:start position:0% +Professor Peter Schultz this group just +to think about bio synthetic methods for + + align:start position:0% +to think about bio synthetic methods for + + + align:start position:0% +to think about bio synthetic methods for +a minute so some common ones are done + + align:start position:0% +a minute so some common ones are done + + + align:start position:0% +a minute so some common ones are done +for structural studies so for instance + + align:start position:0% +for structural studies so for instance + + + align:start position:0% +for structural studies so for instance +you can imagine feeding an organism + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine feeding an organism + + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine feeding an organism +something like Celino cysteine or Celino + + align:start position:0% +something like Celino cysteine or Celino + + + align:start position:0% +something like Celino cysteine or Celino +methionine another example is labeling + + align:start position:0% +methionine another example is labeling + + + align:start position:0% +methionine another example is labeling +nitrogen's or carbons for NMR where the + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen's or carbons for NMR where the + + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen's or carbons for NMR where the +organism is fed say a labeled amino acid + + align:start position:0% +organism is fed say a labeled amino acid + + + align:start position:0% +organism is fed say a labeled amino acid +maybe with n 15 or c-13 there right so + + align:start position:0% +maybe with n 15 or c-13 there right so + + + align:start position:0% +maybe with n 15 or c-13 there right so +that's just a biosynthetic method where + + align:start position:0% +that's just a biosynthetic method where + + + align:start position:0% +that's just a biosynthetic method where +you're changing the growth conditions + + align:start position:0% +you're changing the growth conditions + + + align:start position:0% +you're changing the growth conditions +rather than doing something to + + align:start position:0% +rather than doing something to + + + align:start position:0% +rather than doing something to +manipulate the genetic code or the + + align:start position:0% +manipulate the genetic code or the + + + align:start position:0% +manipulate the genetic code or the +ribosome so what's the conclusion here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what we want is we want a method a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +site-specific incorporation of unnatural + + align:start position:0% +site-specific incorporation of unnatural + + + align:start position:0% +site-specific incorporation of unnatural +amino acids in vivo okay so in a cell + + align:start position:0% +amino acids in vivo okay so in a cell + + + align:start position:0% +amino acids in vivo okay so in a cell +and in a desired organism depending on + + align:start position:0% +and in a desired organism depending on + + + align:start position:0% +and in a desired organism depending on +what you want to do with high efficiency + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and also fidelity so getting back to + + align:start position:0% +and also fidelity so getting back to + + + align:start position:0% +and also fidelity so getting back to +that idea and before okay so why do we + + align:start position:0% +that idea and before okay so why do we + + + align:start position:0% +that idea and before okay so why do we +want to do this in vivo it allows for + + align:start position:0% +want to do this in vivo it allows for + + + align:start position:0% +want to do this in vivo it allows for +studies within cells and you also can + + align:start position:0% +studies within cells and you also can + + + align:start position:0% +studies within cells and you also can +purify protein from cells so you can do + + align:start position:0% +purify protein from cells so you can do + + + align:start position:0% +purify protein from cells so you can do +in vitro experiments as well okay and + + align:start position:0% +in vitro experiments as well okay and + + + align:start position:0% +in vitro experiments as well okay and +you can imagine if you could have all of + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine if you could have all of + + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine if you could have all of +the pieces of this machinery in a so + + align:start position:0% +the pieces of this machinery in a so + + + align:start position:0% +the pieces of this machinery in a so +maybe there's some technical advantage + + align:start position:0% +maybe there's some technical advantage + + + align:start position:0% +maybe there's some technical advantage +to that so this is what we're going to + + align:start position:0% +to that so this is what we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +to that so this is what we're going to +consider here so to this question can + + align:start position:0% +consider here so to this question can + + + align:start position:0% +consider here so to this question can +the ribosome incorporate unnatural amino + + align:start position:0% +the ribosome incorporate unnatural amino + + + align:start position:0% +the ribosome incorporate unnatural amino +acids into proteins effectively what do + + align:start position:0% +acids into proteins effectively what do + + + align:start position:0% +acids into proteins effectively what do +we need to think about one we need to + + align:start position:0% +we need to think about one we need to + + + align:start position:0% +we need to think about one we need to +think about relaxing the substrate + + align:start position:0% +think about relaxing the substrate + + + align:start position:0% +think about relaxing the substrate +specificity of the amino acyl tRNA + + align:start position:0% +specificity of the amino acyl tRNA + + + align:start position:0% +specificity of the amino acyl tRNA +synthetase to accommodate some unnatural + + align:start position:0% +synthetase to accommodate some unnatural + + + align:start position:0% +synthetase to accommodate some unnatural +amino acid right somehow that unnatural + + align:start position:0% +amino acid right somehow that unnatural + + + align:start position:0% +amino acid right somehow that unnatural +amino acid needs to get to the ribosome + + align:start position:0% +amino acid needs to get to the ribosome + + + align:start position:0% +amino acid needs to get to the ribosome +so if this can be done and we can make a + + align:start position:0% +so if this can be done and we can make a + + + align:start position:0% +so if this can be done and we can make a +tRNA that has an unnatural amino acid + + align:start position:0% +tRNA that has an unnatural amino acid + + + align:start position:0% +tRNA that has an unnatural amino acid +attached to it can this amino acyl tRNA + + align:start position:0% +attached to it can this amino acyl tRNA + + + align:start position:0% +attached to it can this amino acyl tRNA +get to the a site and do the work so + + align:start position:0% +get to the a site and do the work so + + + align:start position:0% +get to the a site and do the work so +this is the method we're going to talk + + align:start position:0% +this is the method we're going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +this is the method we're going to talk +about in some detail for the rest of + + align:start position:0% +about in some detail for the rest of + + + align:start position:0% +about in some detail for the rest of +today and into Wednesday + + align:start position:0% +today and into Wednesday + + + align:start position:0% +today and into Wednesday +this schulz method so the idea is that + + align:start position:0% +this schulz method so the idea is that + + + align:start position:0% +this schulz method so the idea is that +there's a tRNA that's dedicated for this + + align:start position:0% +there's a tRNA that's dedicated for this + + + align:start position:0% +there's a tRNA that's dedicated for this +unnatural amino acid we see this + + align:start position:0% +unnatural amino acid we see this + + + align:start position:0% +unnatural amino acid we see this +unnatural amino acid shown here where + + align:start position:0% +unnatural amino acid shown here where + + + align:start position:0% +unnatural amino acid shown here where +the UAA is indicated by probe we need an + + align:start position:0% +the UAA is indicated by probe we need an + + + align:start position:0% +the UAA is indicated by probe we need an +amino acyl tRNA synthetase that will + + align:start position:0% +amino acyl tRNA synthetase that will + + + align:start position:0% +amino acyl tRNA synthetase that will +take this unnatural amino acid and + + align:start position:0% +take this unnatural amino acid and + + + align:start position:0% +take this unnatural amino acid and +attach it to the three prime end of the + + align:start position:0% +attach it to the three prime end of the + + + align:start position:0% +attach it to the three prime end of the +tRNA to give us this amino acyl aided + + align:start position:0% +tRNA to give us this amino acyl aided + + + align:start position:0% +tRNA to give us this amino acyl aided +tRNA and then what imagine this tRNA can + + align:start position:0% +tRNA and then what imagine this tRNA can + + + align:start position:0% +tRNA and then what imagine this tRNA can +make its way to the ribosome what + + align:start position:0% +make its way to the ribosome what + + + align:start position:0% +make its way to the ribosome what +happens we need a codon for this amino + + align:start position:0% +happens we need a codon for this amino + + + align:start position:0% +happens we need a codon for this amino +acyl tRNA it needs to carry the + + align:start position:0% +acyl tRNA it needs to carry the + + + align:start position:0% +acyl tRNA it needs to carry the +anticodon and we're going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +anticodon and we're going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +anticodon and we're going to talk about +this in some more detail in a minute so + + align:start position:0% +this in some more detail in a minute so + + + align:start position:0% +this in some more detail in a minute so +we can have a plasmid that has the DNA + + align:start position:0% +we can have a plasmid that has the DNA + + + align:start position:0% +we can have a plasmid that has the DNA +with the gene of interest in it right + + align:start position:0% +with the gene of interest in it right + + + align:start position:0% +with the gene of interest in it right +this plasmid DNA can be transformed and + + align:start position:0% +this plasmid DNA can be transformed and + + + align:start position:0% +this plasmid DNA can be transformed and +just say e.coli that has this machinery + + align:start position:0% +just say e.coli that has this machinery + + + align:start position:0% +just say e.coli that has this machinery +here we can have transcription to give + + align:start position:0% +here we can have transcription to give + + + align:start position:0% +here we can have transcription to give +the mRNA that is from this plasmid DRN a + + align:start position:0% +the mRNA that is from this plasmid DRN a + + + align:start position:0% +the mRNA that is from this plasmid DRN a +plasmid DNA and then imagine translation + + align:start position:0% +plasmid DNA and then imagine translation + + + align:start position:0% +plasmid DNA and then imagine translation +such that this unnatural amino acid is + + align:start position:0% +such that this unnatural amino acid is + + + align:start position:0% +such that this unnatural amino acid is +incorporated so effectively where we're + + align:start position:0% +incorporated so effectively where we're + + + align:start position:0% +incorporated so effectively where we're +going is that we need a general method + + align:start position:0% +going is that we need a general method + + + align:start position:0% +going is that we need a general method +okay we want this method to be broadly + + align:start position:0% +okay we want this method to be broadly + + + align:start position:0% +okay we want this method to be broadly +useful where we can genetically encode + + align:start position:0% +useful where we can genetically encode + + + align:start position:0% +useful where we can genetically encode +this unnatural amino acid and have it + + align:start position:0% +this unnatural amino acid and have it + + + align:start position:0% +this unnatural amino acid and have it +incorporated in response to a unique + + align:start position:0% +incorporated in response to a unique + + + align:start position:0% +incorporated in response to a unique +triplet codon here so in thinking about + + align:start position:0% +triplet codon here so in thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +triplet codon here so in thinking about +that what are the pieces + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that we need okay and we'll think about + + align:start position:0% +that we need okay and we'll think about + + + align:start position:0% +that we need okay and we'll think about +ecoli for the moment but this could be + + align:start position:0% +ecoli for the moment but this could be + + + align:start position:0% +ecoli for the moment but this could be +other so yeast mammalian cells right let + + align:start position:0% +other so yeast mammalian cells right let + + + align:start position:0% +other so yeast mammalian cells right let +your imagination run wild with this here + + align:start position:0% +your imagination run wild with this here + + + align:start position:0% +your imagination run wild with this here +I mean the incorporation of the UAA and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +responds to a unique triplet codon okay + + align:start position:0% +responds to a unique triplet codon okay + + + align:start position:0% +responds to a unique triplet codon okay +so if we're gonna do this what do we + + align:start position:0% +so if we're gonna do this what do we + + + align:start position:0% +so if we're gonna do this what do we +need okay effectively we need some new + + align:start position:0% +need okay effectively we need some new + + + align:start position:0% +need okay effectively we need some new +components of the trance like protein + + align:start position:0% +components of the trance like protein + + + align:start position:0% +components of the trance like protein +biosynthetic translation machinery right + + align:start position:0% +biosynthetic translation machinery right + + + align:start position:0% +biosynthetic translation machinery right +so we need to rewind and think about the + + align:start position:0% +so we need to rewind and think about the + + + align:start position:0% +so we need to rewind and think about the +whole translation process + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so the first order of business is + + align:start position:0% +okay so the first order of business is + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the first order of business is +that we need a unique codon right so + + align:start position:0% +that we need a unique codon right so + + + align:start position:0% +that we need a unique codon right so +this only designates or uniquely + + align:start position:0% +this only designates or uniquely + + + align:start position:0% +this only designates or uniquely +designates the UAA and so we need to ask + + align:start position:0% +designates the UAA and so we need to ask + + + align:start position:0% +designates the UAA and so we need to ask +where does this come from + + align:start position:0% +where does this come from + + + align:start position:0% +where does this come from +because we just went over the fact that + + align:start position:0% +because we just went over the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +because we just went over the fact that +the codons are used up for amino acids + + align:start position:0% +the codons are used up for amino acids + + + align:start position:0% +the codons are used up for amino acids +start and stop we need a new tRNA okay + + align:start position:0% +start and stop we need a new tRNA okay + + + align:start position:0% +start and stop we need a new tRNA okay +so this tRNA needs to be specific for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the unique codon and we need the + + align:start position:0% +the unique codon and we need the + + + align:start position:0% +the unique codon and we need the +corresponding amino acyl tRNA synthetase + + align:start position:0% +corresponding amino acyl tRNA synthetase + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding amino acyl tRNA synthetase +right and we need this to load the + + align:start position:0% +right and we need this to load the + + + align:start position:0% +right and we need this to load the +unnatural amino acid on to the unique + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tRNA + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here so what is the key feature of all + + align:start position:0% +here so what is the key feature of all + + + align:start position:0% +here so what is the key feature of all +of this a key feature is that if we want + + align:start position:0% +of this a key feature is that if we want + + + align:start position:0% +of this a key feature is that if we want +to do this in some organism we need this + + align:start position:0% +to do this in some organism we need this + + + align:start position:0% +to do this in some organism we need this +machinery to be orthogonal to the + + align:start position:0% +machinery to be orthogonal to the + + + align:start position:0% +machinery to be orthogonal to the +machinery in that organism we cannot + + align:start position:0% +machinery in that organism we cannot + + + align:start position:0% +machinery in that organism we cannot +have cross reactivity because then + + align:start position:0% +have cross reactivity because then + + + align:start position:0% +have cross reactivity because then +there's not going to be any selectivity + + align:start position:0% +there's not going to be any selectivity + + + align:start position:0% +there's not going to be any selectivity +of this incorporation okay so no cross + + align:start position:0% +of this incorporation okay so no cross + + + align:start position:0% +of this incorporation okay so no cross +reaction so what do we need to consider + + align:start position:0% +reaction so what do we need to consider + + + align:start position:0% +reaction so what do we need to consider +in terms of these we need to think about + + align:start position:0% +in terms of these we need to think about + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of these we need to think about +all of the machinery right and I just + + align:start position:0% +all of the machinery right and I just + + + align:start position:0% +all of the machinery right and I just +list some considerations here so this + + align:start position:0% +list some considerations here so this + + + align:start position:0% +list some considerations here so this +new tRNA can only allow for translation + + align:start position:0% +new tRNA can only allow for translation + + + align:start position:0% +new tRNA can only allow for translation +of the codon for the UAA it can't be a + + align:start position:0% +of the codon for the UAA it can't be a + + + align:start position:0% +of the codon for the UAA it can't be a +substrate for any of the endogenous aar + + align:start position:0% +substrate for any of the endogenous aar + + + align:start position:0% +substrate for any of the endogenous aar +s because then it will become loaded + + align:start position:0% +s because then it will become loaded + + + align:start position:0% +s because then it will become loaded +potentially with the wrong amino acid so + + align:start position:0% +potentially with the wrong amino acid so + + + align:start position:0% +potentially with the wrong amino acid so +think back to lectures 2 & 3 + + align:start position:0% +think back to lectures 2 & 3 + + + align:start position:0% +think back to lectures 2 & 3 +this new amino acyl tRNA synthetase can + + align:start position:0% +this new amino acyl tRNA synthetase can + + + align:start position:0% +this new amino acyl tRNA synthetase can +only recognize the new tRNA and not + + align:start position:0% +only recognize the new tRNA and not + + + align:start position:0% +only recognize the new tRNA and not +endogenous tRNA so cross-reactivity + + align:start position:0% +endogenous tRNA so cross-reactivity + + + align:start position:0% +endogenous tRNA so cross-reactivity +again this unnatural amino acid also + + align:start position:0% +again this unnatural amino acid also + + + align:start position:0% +again this unnatural amino acid also +can't be a substrate for endogenous + + align:start position:0% +can't be a substrate for endogenous + + + align:start position:0% +can't be a substrate for endogenous +enzymes and also keep in mind there + + align:start position:0% +enzymes and also keep in mind there + + + align:start position:0% +enzymes and also keep in mind there +needs to be some way to get this + + align:start position:0% +needs to be some way to get this + + + align:start position:0% +needs to be some way to get this +unnatural amino acid into a cell if we + + align:start position:0% +unnatural amino acid into a cell if we + + + align:start position:0% +unnatural amino acid into a cell if we +want to do this in a cellular context so + + align:start position:0% +want to do this in a cellular context so + + + align:start position:0% +want to do this in a cellular context so +there's a just transport issue that + + align:start position:0% +there's a just transport issue that + + + align:start position:0% +there's a just transport issue that +needs to be kept in + + align:start position:0% +needs to be kept in + + + align:start position:0% +needs to be kept in +will this natural amino acid get into + + align:start position:0% +will this natural amino acid get into + + + align:start position:0% +will this natural amino acid get into +the cell okay so what we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +the cell okay so what we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +the cell okay so what we're going to do +is consider these requirements and what + + align:start position:0% +is consider these requirements and what + + + align:start position:0% +is consider these requirements and what +was done to build build up this + + align:start position:0% +was done to build build up this + + + align:start position:0% +was done to build build up this +methodology during initial work so the + + align:start position:0% +methodology during initial work so the + + + align:start position:0% +methodology during initial work so the +first issue is this unique codon and + + align:start position:0% +first issue is this unique codon and + + + align:start position:0% +first issue is this unique codon and +what is its identity here okay and so if + + align:start position:0% +what is its identity here okay and so if + + + align:start position:0% +what is its identity here okay and so if +we consider the 64 codons they're used + + align:start position:0% +we consider the 64 codons they're used + + + align:start position:0% +we consider the 64 codons they're used +up with the 20 common amino acids we + + align:start position:0% +up with the 20 common amino acids we + + + align:start position:0% +up with the 20 common amino acids we +have the three stop codons and the one + + align:start position:0% +have the three stop codons and the one + + + align:start position:0% +have the three stop codons and the one +start codon and so in thinking about + + align:start position:0% +start codon and so in thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +start codon and so in thinking about +this can ask do we really need three + + align:start position:0% +this can ask do we really need three + + + align:start position:0% +this can ask do we really need three +stop codons + + align:start position:0% +stop codons + + + align:start position:0% +stop codons +we certainly need our start and we need + + align:start position:0% +we certainly need our start and we need + + + align:start position:0% +we certainly need our start and we need +codons for the amino acids but is there + + align:start position:0% +codons for the amino acids but is there + + + align:start position:0% +codons for the amino acids but is there +some wiggle room here and so in terms of + + align:start position:0% +some wiggle room here and so in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +some wiggle room here and so in terms of +these stop codons we have taa ta G and + + align:start position:0% +these stop codons we have taa ta G and + + + align:start position:0% +these stop codons we have taa ta G and +TGA and these all have names + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okra amber and opal okay and so the idea + + align:start position:0% +okra amber and opal okay and so the idea + + + align:start position:0% +okra amber and opal okay and so the idea +we're gonna see is just a question can + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna see is just a question can + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna see is just a question can +we reassign a stop codon and can we + + align:start position:0% +we reassign a stop codon and can we + + + align:start position:0% +we reassign a stop codon and can we +reassess opcode on such that it's the + + align:start position:0% +reassess opcode on such that it's the + + + align:start position:0% +reassess opcode on such that it's the +codon for the unnatural amino acid and + + align:start position:0% +codon for the unnatural amino acid and + + + align:start position:0% +codon for the unnatural amino acid and +so basically if we want to reassign a + + align:start position:0% +so basically if we want to reassign a + + + align:start position:0% +so basically if we want to reassign a +stop codon how do we choose right so two + + align:start position:0% +stop codon how do we choose right so two + + + align:start position:0% +stop codon how do we choose right so two +things to consider one + + align:start position:0% +things to consider one + + + align:start position:0% +things to consider one +how frequently is each stop codon used + + align:start position:0% +how frequently is each stop codon used + + + align:start position:0% +how frequently is each stop codon used +so what do we know about that and then + + align:start position:0% +so what do we know about that and then + + + align:start position:0% +so what do we know about that and then +does this stop codon terminate essential + + align:start position:0% +does this stop codon terminate essential + + + align:start position:0% +does this stop codon terminate essential +genes so we can imagine that if we were + + align:start position:0% +genes so we can imagine that if we were + + + align:start position:0% +genes so we can imagine that if we were +to reassign a stop stop codon that's + + align:start position:0% +to reassign a stop stop codon that's + + + align:start position:0% +to reassign a stop stop codon that's +used frequently by e.coli or or another + + align:start position:0% +used frequently by e.coli or or another + + + align:start position:0% +used frequently by e.coli or or another +host or if we were to reassign a stop + + align:start position:0% +host or if we were to reassign a stop + + + align:start position:0% +host or if we were to reassign a stop +codon that's important for terminating + + align:start position:0% +codon that's important for terminating + + + align:start position:0% +codon that's important for terminating +the synthesis of essential genes in + + align:start position:0% +the synthesis of essential genes in + + + align:start position:0% +the synthesis of essential genes in +either case the outcome could be pretty + + align:start position:0% +either case the outcome could be pretty + + + align:start position:0% +either case the outcome could be pretty +bad right so what we've found and + + align:start position:0% +bad right so what we've found and + + + align:start position:0% +bad right so what we've found and +thinking about those issues is this + + align:start position:0% +thinking about those issues is this + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about those issues is this +Amber stop codon the1 it's the least + + align:start position:0% +Amber stop codon the1 it's the least + + + align:start position:0% +Amber stop codon the1 it's the least +frequently used okay and just for an + + align:start position:0% +frequently used okay and just for an + + + align:start position:0% +frequently used okay and just for an +example about 9% in e.coli and about 23% + + align:start position:0% +example about 9% in e.coli and about 23% + + + align:start position:0% +example about 9% in e.coli and about 23% +in yeast for terminating genes and + + align:start position:0% +in yeast for terminating genes and + + + align:start position:0% +in yeast for terminating genes and +additionally it rarely terminates + + align:start position:0% +additionally it rarely terminates + + + align:start position:0% +additionally it rarely terminates +essential genes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so based on this it was decided to + + align:start position:0% +so based on this it was decided to + + + align:start position:0% +so based on this it was decided to +reassign TIG okay that's the codon for + + align:start position:0% +reassign TIG okay that's the codon for + + + align:start position:0% +reassign TIG okay that's the codon for +the unnatural amino acid okay so we've + + align:start position:0% +the unnatural amino acid okay so we've + + + align:start position:0% +the unnatural amino acid okay so we've +gotten through to here so the question + + align:start position:0% +gotten through to here so the question + + + align:start position:0% +gotten through to here so the question +is now what about requirements 2 & 3 so + + align:start position:0% +is now what about requirements 2 & 3 so + + + align:start position:0% +is now what about requirements 2 & 3 so +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like why you yeah so there's a risk + + align:start position:0% +like why you yeah so there's a risk + + + align:start position:0% +like why you yeah so there's a risk +there's certainly a risk right but these + + align:start position:0% +there's certainly a risk right but these + + + align:start position:0% +there's certainly a risk right but these +considerations were made to try to + + align:start position:0% +considerations were made to try to + + + align:start position:0% +considerations were made to try to +diminish that risk right so you and make + + align:start position:0% +diminish that risk right so you and make + + + align:start position:0% +diminish that risk right so you and make +the argument that maybe all of these + + align:start position:0% +the argument that maybe all of these + + + align:start position:0% +the argument that maybe all of these +stop codons aren't essential right and + + align:start position:0% +stop codons aren't essential right and + + + align:start position:0% +stop codons aren't essential right and +what is more deleterious will it be to + + align:start position:0% +what is more deleterious will it be to + + + align:start position:0% +what is more deleterious will it be to +try to use a stop codon that's + + align:start position:0% +try to use a stop codon that's + + + align:start position:0% +try to use a stop codon that's +infrequently used or to reassign a codon + + align:start position:0% +infrequently used or to reassign a codon + + + align:start position:0% +infrequently used or to reassign a codon +that's for an amino acid that comes up + + align:start position:0% +that's for an amino acid that comes up + + + align:start position:0% +that's for an amino acid that comes up +in many many different proteins in the + + align:start position:0% +in many many different proteins in the + + + align:start position:0% +in many many different proteins in the +cellular pool right so there's a + + align:start position:0% +cellular pool right so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +cellular pool right so there's a +judgment call there but if we consider + + align:start position:0% +judgment call there but if we consider + + + align:start position:0% +judgment call there but if we consider +an e coli this t AG stop is for about 9% + + align:start position:0% +an e coli this t AG stop is for about 9% + + + align:start position:0% +an e coli this t AG stop is for about 9% +of proteins how does that compare to say + + align:start position:0% +of proteins how does that compare to say + + + align:start position:0% +of proteins how does that compare to say +reassigning one of the codons to + + align:start position:0% +reassigning one of the codons to + + + align:start position:0% +reassigning one of the codons to +incorporate a lysine or or a valine I + + align:start position:0% +incorporate a lysine or or a valine I + + + align:start position:0% +incorporate a lysine or or a valine I +don't know but that was just what what + + align:start position:0% +don't know but that was just what what + + + align:start position:0% +don't know but that was just what what +to think about how frequently is that + + align:start position:0% +to think about how frequently is that + + + align:start position:0% +to think about how frequently is that +codon used because certainly there's + + align:start position:0% +codon used because certainly there's + + + align:start position:0% +codon used because certainly there's +different codon usage in different + + align:start position:0% +different codon usage in different + + + align:start position:0% +different codon usage in different +organisms may not be so it's Joanne's + + align:start position:0% +organisms may not be so it's Joanne's + + + align:start position:0% +organisms may not be so it's Joanne's +point clear to everyone so you could + + align:start position:0% +point clear to everyone so you could + + + align:start position:0% +point clear to everyone so you could +imagine expressing at an endogenous + + align:start position:0% +imagine expressing at an endogenous + + + align:start position:0% +imagine expressing at an endogenous +level right or + + align:start position:0% +level right or + + + align:start position:0% +level right or +you can imagine causing the cell to over + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine causing the cell to over + + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine causing the cell to over +express the protein so like off a + + align:start position:0% +express the protein so like off a + + + align:start position:0% +express the protein so like off a +plasmid like what many of you have done + + align:start position:0% +plasmid like what many of you have done + + + align:start position:0% +plasmid like what many of you have done +in lab class or maybe in research there + + align:start position:0% +in lab class or maybe in research there + + + align:start position:0% +in lab class or maybe in research there +for that are there many examples of + + align:start position:0% +for that are there many examples of + + + align:start position:0% +for that are there many examples of +reassigning a different one + + align:start position:0% +reassigning a different one + + + align:start position:0% +reassigning a different one +so you really do have yeah yeah we're + + align:start position:0% +so you really do have yeah yeah we're + + + align:start position:0% +so you really do have yeah yeah we're +going to talk about that right so there + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about that right so there + + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about that right so there +is a big problem about the stop that + + align:start position:0% +is a big problem about the stop that + + + align:start position:0% +is a big problem about the stop that +we're going to talk about once we get to + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about once we get to + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about once we get to +how we have this done right which is + + align:start position:0% +how we have this done right which is + + + align:start position:0% +how we have this done right which is +premature termination right so so we + + align:start position:0% +premature termination right so so we + + + align:start position:0% +premature termination right so so we +need a codon for the unnatural amino + + align:start position:0% +need a codon for the unnatural amino + + + align:start position:0% +need a codon for the unnatural amino +acid it and right now we're limiting our + + align:start position:0% +acid it and right now we're limiting our + + + align:start position:0% +acid it and right now we're limiting our +space to triplet codons right which is + + align:start position:0% +space to triplet codons right which is + + + align:start position:0% +space to triplet codons right which is +what was initially done when this type + + align:start position:0% +what was initially done when this type + + + align:start position:0% +what was initially done when this type +of methodology was developed so the + + align:start position:0% +of methodology was developed so the + + + align:start position:0% +of methodology was developed so the +question is we have four you know + + align:start position:0% +question is we have four you know + + + align:start position:0% +question is we have four you know +options in terms of bases and all no no + + align:start position:0% +options in terms of bases and all no no + + + align:start position:0% +options in terms of bases and all no no +in terms of our codons right so three + + align:start position:0% +in terms of our codons right so three + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of our codons right so three +right four three so there's 64 codons + + align:start position:0% +right four three so there's 64 codons + + + align:start position:0% +right four three so there's 64 codons +and they're all used up yeah right so + + align:start position:0% +and they're all used up yeah right so + + + align:start position:0% +and they're all used up yeah right so +there's not some extra yeah so then what + + align:start position:0% +there's not some extra yeah so then what + + + align:start position:0% +there's not some extra yeah so then what +can be reassigned yeah well we can't + + align:start position:0% +can be reassigned yeah well we can't + + + align:start position:0% +can be reassigned yeah well we can't +reassign the start then there's some no + + align:start position:0% +reassign the start then there's some no + + + align:start position:0% +reassign the start then there's some no +proteins right there's only one start + + align:start position:0% +proteins right there's only one start + + + align:start position:0% +proteins right there's only one start +closing so the thinking was is a stop + + align:start position:0% +closing so the thinking was is a stop + + + align:start position:0% +closing so the thinking was is a stop +codon dispensable right and then a + + align:start position:0% +codon dispensable right and then a + + + align:start position:0% +codon dispensable right and then a +decision was made based on basically the + + align:start position:0% +decision was made based on basically the + + + align:start position:0% +decision was made based on basically the +frequency of use of the stop codon and + + align:start position:0% +frequency of use of the stop codon and + + + align:start position:0% +frequency of use of the stop codon and +whether or not the stop codon terminates + + align:start position:0% +whether or not the stop codon terminates + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not the stop codon terminates +essential genes is this something + + align:start position:0% +essential genes is this something + + + align:start position:0% +essential genes is this something +foolproof + + align:start position:0% +foolproof + + + align:start position:0% +foolproof +no there's major problems in terms of + + align:start position:0% +no there's major problems in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +no there's major problems in terms of +yields that come up as a result and + + align:start position:0% +yields that come up as a result and + + + align:start position:0% +yields that come up as a result and +we'll see that on Wednesday right but + + align:start position:0% +we'll see that on Wednesday right but + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see that on Wednesday right but +you need a starting point to get a + + align:start position:0% +you need a starting point to get a + + + align:start position:0% +you need a starting point to get a +method underway so where will we begin + + align:start position:0% +method underway so where will we begin + + + align:start position:0% +method underway so where will we begin +tomorrow is talking about where this + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow is talking about where this + + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow is talking about where this +tRNA and the AAA RS come from to do this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/P-UBuAFxJiA.txt b/P-UBuAFxJiA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..26125d07df603b5287990df2fce94884551d0b9a --- /dev/null +++ b/P-UBuAFxJiA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2539 @@ +align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +patience is a virtue we all learned that + + align:start position:0% +patience is a virtue we all learned that + + + align:start position:0% +patience is a virtue we all learned that +when we were young it'll come into play + + align:start position:0% +when we were young it'll come into play + + + align:start position:0% +when we were young it'll come into play +during our filtrations in this video the + + align:start position:0% +during our filtrations in this video the + + + align:start position:0% +during our filtrations in this video the +process of filtration is used to + + align:start position:0% +process of filtration is used to + + + align:start position:0% +process of filtration is used to +separate your solid product from solvent + + align:start position:0% +separate your solid product from solvent + + + align:start position:0% +separate your solid product from solvent +or to remove impurities from your + + align:start position:0% +or to remove impurities from your + + + align:start position:0% +or to remove impurities from your +solution this video will'll discuss + + align:start position:0% +solution this video will'll discuss + + + align:start position:0% +solution this video will'll discuss +three types of filtration microscale + + align:start position:0% +three types of filtration microscale + + + align:start position:0% +three types of filtration microscale +filtration via pastur pet gravity + + align:start position:0% +filtration via pastur pet gravity + + + align:start position:0% +filtration via pastur pet gravity +filtration and finally vacuum filtration + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +first let's address microscale + + align:start position:0% +first let's address microscale + + + align:start position:0% +first let's address microscale +filtration we'll be using the pastur + + align:start position:0% +filtration we'll be using the pastur + + + align:start position:0% +filtration we'll be using the pastur +pipet to carry out this type of + + align:start position:0% +pipet to carry out this type of + + + align:start position:0% +pipet to carry out this type of +filtration I bet you never thought you + + align:start position:0% +filtration I bet you never thought you + + + align:start position:0% +filtration I bet you never thought you +could have this much fun on such a small + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +scale here's how to prepare your filter + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pad here's the piece of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cotton break off a small bit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +roll this into a small + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ball the B should be about the size of + + align:start position:0% +ball the B should be about the size of + + + align:start position:0% +ball the B should be about the size of +the top opening of the + + align:start position:0% +the top opening of the + + + align:start position:0% +the top opening of the +pipet place the cotton ball there you + + align:start position:0% +pipet place the cotton ball there you + + + align:start position:0% +pipet place the cotton ball there you +can use either copper wire or another + + align:start position:0% +can use either copper wire or another + + + align:start position:0% +can use either copper wire or another +pipet to stuff down the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cotton with a few Jabs it should be + + align:start position:0% +cotton with a few Jabs it should be + + + align:start position:0% +cotton with a few Jabs it should be +nicely wedged in there + + align:start position:0% +nicely wedged in there + + + align:start position:0% +nicely wedged in there +you want to firmly pack it down so it + + align:start position:0% +you want to firmly pack it down so it + + + align:start position:0% +you want to firmly pack it down so it +enjoys a snug fit between the wide + + align:start position:0% +enjoys a snug fit between the wide + + + align:start position:0% +enjoys a snug fit between the wide +portion and the narrow portion of the + + align:start position:0% +portion and the narrow portion of the + + + align:start position:0% +portion and the narrow portion of the +pipet but let's add something + + align:start position:0% +pipet but let's add something + + + align:start position:0% +pipet but let's add something +extra as you can see here is the Cotton + + align:start position:0% +extra as you can see here is the Cotton + + + align:start position:0% +extra as you can see here is the Cotton +but sitting on top of it we've placed + + align:start position:0% +but sitting on top of it we've placed + + + align:start position:0% +but sitting on top of it we've placed +sealite what is it you may ask sealite + + align:start position:0% +sealite what is it you may ask sealite + + + align:start position:0% +sealite what is it you may ask sealite +is a very fine powder used to filter + + align:start position:0% +is a very fine powder used to filter + + + align:start position:0% +is a very fine powder used to filter +very small particles we'll be using it + + align:start position:0% +very small particles we'll be using it + + + align:start position:0% +very small particles we'll be using it +in this + + align:start position:0% +in this + + + align:start position:0% +in this +filtration now for the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +setup here we have the mixture to be + + align:start position:0% +setup here we have the mixture to be + + + align:start position:0% +setup here we have the mixture to be +filtered and here we have our filter + + align:start position:0% +filtered and here we have our filter + + + align:start position:0% +filtered and here we have our filter +pipet which is securely clamped to a + + align:start position:0% +pipet which is securely clamped to a + + + align:start position:0% +pipet which is securely clamped to a +stand and we've placed a collection vial + + align:start position:0% +stand and we've placed a collection vial + + + align:start position:0% +stand and we've placed a collection vial +underneath + + align:start position:0% +underneath + + + align:start position:0% +underneath +it now it's time for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +filtration draw up some of the mixture + + align:start position:0% +filtration draw up some of the mixture + + + align:start position:0% +filtration draw up some of the mixture +with another + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pipet transfer the mixture to your + + align:start position:0% +pipet transfer the mixture to your + + + align:start position:0% +pipet transfer the mixture to your +filter pipet + + align:start position:0% +filter pipet + + + align:start position:0% +filter pipet +allow it to do its filtering + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +job look down at the tip of the filter + + align:start position:0% +job look down at the tip of the filter + + + align:start position:0% +job look down at the tip of the filter +pipet can you see squint if you must the + + align:start position:0% +pipet can you see squint if you must the + + + align:start position:0% +pipet can you see squint if you must the +filtered liquid should be draining out + + align:start position:0% +filtered liquid should be draining out + + + align:start position:0% +filtered liquid should be draining out +into your collection + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +vial all right all right I'll spare you + + align:start position:0% +vial all right all right I'll spare you + + + align:start position:0% +vial all right all right I'll spare you +this squinting look our once black + + align:start position:0% +this squinting look our once black + + + align:start position:0% +this squinting look our once black +mixture is now clear when + + align:start position:0% +mixture is now clear when + + + align:start position:0% +mixture is now clear when +filtered but what's that I hear you're a + + align:start position:0% +filtered but what's that I hear you're a + + + align:start position:0% +filtered but what's that I hear you're a +bulb fiend or what's worse you just have + + align:start position:0% +bulb fiend or what's worse you just have + + + align:start position:0% +bulb fiend or what's worse you just have +no patience if you insist on using the + + align:start position:0% +no patience if you insist on using the + + + align:start position:0% +no patience if you insist on using the +bulb to expedite your filtration then + + align:start position:0% +bulb to expedite your filtration then + + + align:start position:0% +bulb to expedite your filtration then +there are some rules for its + + align:start position:0% +there are some rules for its + + + align:start position:0% +there are some rules for its +usage when using the + + align:start position:0% +usage when using the + + + align:start position:0% +usage when using the +bulb don't push so eagerly that + + align:start position:0% +bulb don't push so eagerly that + + + align:start position:0% +bulb don't push so eagerly that +impurities get pushed through the cotton + + align:start position:0% +impurities get pushed through the cotton + + + align:start position:0% +impurities get pushed through the cotton +or that the cotton is pushed out itself + + align:start position:0% +or that the cotton is pushed out itself + + + align:start position:0% +or that the cotton is pushed out itself +and once you begin never release the + + align:start position:0% +and once you begin never release the + + + align:start position:0% +and once you begin never release the +bulb since air impurities or even the + + align:start position:0% +bulb since air impurities or even the + + + align:start position:0% +bulb since air impurities or even the +cotton could be sucked back + + align:start position:0% +cotton could be sucked back + + + align:start position:0% +cotton could be sucked back +up let's get back on track and take care + + align:start position:0% +up let's get back on track and take care + + + align:start position:0% +up let's get back on track and take care +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +rinsing as you can see here there's + + align:start position:0% +rinsing as you can see here there's + + + align:start position:0% +rinsing as you can see here there's +residual mixture left in the + + align:start position:0% +residual mixture left in the + + + align:start position:0% +residual mixture left in the +flask rinse the flask with solvent + + align:start position:0% +flask rinse the flask with solvent + + + align:start position:0% +flask rinse the flask with solvent +allowing it to run down the sides and + + align:start position:0% +allowing it to run down the sides and + + + align:start position:0% +allowing it to run down the sides and +collect any residual mixture draw up + + align:start position:0% +collect any residual mixture draw up + + + align:start position:0% +collect any residual mixture draw up +these Washings into the pipet and + + align:start position:0% +these Washings into the pipet and + + + align:start position:0% +these Washings into the pipet and +transfer them adding the Washings to the + + align:start position:0% +transfer them adding the Washings to the + + + align:start position:0% +transfer them adding the Washings to the +filter pipet allowing them to be + + align:start position:0% +filter pipet allowing them to be + + + align:start position:0% +filter pipet allowing them to be +filtered + + align:start position:0% +filtered + + + align:start position:0% +filtered +themselves you need to rinse the flask + + align:start position:0% +themselves you need to rinse the flask + + + align:start position:0% +themselves you need to rinse the flask +and add its Washings a total of three + + align:start position:0% +and add its Washings a total of three + + + align:start position:0% +and add its Washings a total of three +times when the filtration is all done + + align:start position:0% +times when the filtration is all done + + + align:start position:0% +times when the filtration is all done +we'll have the filtered product here it + + align:start position:0% +we'll have the filtered product here it + + + align:start position:0% +we'll have the filtered product here it +is the beauty free of + + align:start position:0% +is the beauty free of + + + align:start position:0% +is the beauty free of +impurities but let's take one last look + + align:start position:0% +impurities but let's take one last look + + + align:start position:0% +impurities but let's take one last look +at our filter + + align:start position:0% +at our filter + + + align:start position:0% +at our filter +pipet here it is after the filtration as + + align:start position:0% +pipet here it is after the filtration as + + + align:start position:0% +pipet here it is after the filtration as +you can see impurities have collected on + + align:start position:0% +you can see impurities have collected on + + + align:start position:0% +you can see impurities have collected on +top of the sea + + align:start position:0% +top of the sea + + + align:start position:0% +top of the sea +light so that was micro scale let's go + + align:start position:0% +light so that was micro scale let's go + + + align:start position:0% +light so that was micro scale let's go +macro scale with gravity + + align:start position:0% +macro scale with gravity + + + align:start position:0% +macro scale with gravity +filtration first let's explore chemistry + + align:start position:0% +filtration first let's explore chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +filtration first let's explore chemistry +origami while fluting our filter + + align:start position:0% +origami while fluting our filter + + + align:start position:0% +origami while fluting our filter +paper here's our + + align:start position:0% +paper here's our + + + align:start position:0% +paper here's our +goal you should always fold when fluting + + align:start position:0% +goal you should always fold when fluting + + + align:start position:0% +goal you should always fold when fluting +making a harsh crease might cause filter + + align:start position:0% +making a harsh crease might cause filter + + + align:start position:0% +making a harsh crease might cause filter +paper to tear eventually let's get + + align:start position:0% +paper to tear eventually let's get + + + align:start position:0% +paper to tear eventually let's get +started first you want to fold it in + + align:start position:0% +started first you want to fold it in + + + align:start position:0% +started first you want to fold it in +half + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +open it up and fold it in half once + + align:start position:0% +open it up and fold it in half once + + + align:start position:0% +open it up and fold it in half once +again this time in the opposite + + align:start position:0% +again this time in the opposite + + + align:start position:0% +again this time in the opposite +direction you want to pinch the bottom + + align:start position:0% +direction you want to pinch the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +direction you want to pinch the bottom +and push in like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so notice how it now forms a sort of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X open it slightly and do the pinch and + + align:start position:0% +X open it slightly and do the pinch and + + + align:start position:0% +X open it slightly and do the pinch and +push move once again this time in the + + align:start position:0% +push move once again this time in the + + + align:start position:0% +push move once again this time in the +opposite direction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +as you can see you're already halfway + + align:start position:0% +as you can see you're already halfway + + + align:start position:0% +as you can see you're already halfway +there you should have four main sections + + align:start position:0% +there you should have four main sections + + + align:start position:0% +there you should have four main sections +take one section and separate it from + + align:start position:0% +take one section and separate it from + + + align:start position:0% +take one section and separate it from +the rest push in the crease and fold + + align:start position:0% +the rest push in the crease and fold + + + align:start position:0% +the rest push in the crease and fold +back the little triangles that form you + + align:start position:0% +back the little triangles that form you + + + align:start position:0% +back the little triangles that form you +want to do the same thing for the next + + align:start position:0% +want to do the same thing for the next + + + align:start position:0% +want to do the same thing for the next +three + + align:start position:0% +three + + + align:start position:0% +three +sections essentially you're forming two + + align:start position:0% +sections essentially you're forming two + + + align:start position:0% +sections essentially you're forming two +little triangles from one big one + + align:start position:0% +little triangles from one big one + + + align:start position:0% +little triangles from one big one +like a mother giving birth to twins + + align:start position:0% +like a mother giving birth to twins + + + align:start position:0% +like a mother giving birth to twins +isn't that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +great you're halfway to a fully fluted + + align:start position:0% +great you're halfway to a fully fluted + + + align:start position:0% +great you're halfway to a fully fluted +filter paper try saying that three times + + align:start position:0% +filter paper try saying that three times + + + align:start position:0% +filter paper try saying that three times +fast + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +by the end of this all the folds should + + align:start position:0% +by the end of this all the folds should + + + align:start position:0% +by the end of this all the folds should +be alternating this creates the fluted + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Majesty don't worry you'll get the hang + + align:start position:0% +Majesty don't worry you'll get the hang + + + align:start position:0% +Majesty don't worry you'll get the hang +of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it you may be asking why should we even + + align:start position:0% +it you may be asking why should we even + + + align:start position:0% +it you may be asking why should we even +bother to flute well it increases the + + align:start position:0% +bother to flute well it increases the + + + align:start position:0% +bother to flute well it increases the +surface area of contact between the + + align:start position:0% +surface area of contact between the + + + align:start position:0% +surface area of contact between the +mixture and the filter paper therefore a + + align:start position:0% +mixture and the filter paper therefore a + + + align:start position:0% +mixture and the filter paper therefore a +more effici icient + + align:start position:0% +more effici icient + + + align:start position:0% +more effici icient +filtration now for the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +setup here we have our mixture to be + + align:start position:0% +setup here we have our mixture to be + + + align:start position:0% +setup here we have our mixture to be +filtered and here we have our collection + + align:start position:0% +filtered and here we have our collection + + + align:start position:0% +filtered and here we have our collection +flask into the flask place your funnel + + align:start position:0% +flask into the flask place your funnel + + + align:start position:0% +flask into the flask place your funnel +it should be appropriately + + align:start position:0% +it should be appropriately + + + align:start position:0% +it should be appropriately +sized and into the funnel place the + + align:start position:0% +sized and into the funnel place the + + + align:start position:0% +sized and into the funnel place the +fluted filter paper don't you feel + + align:start position:0% +fluted filter paper don't you feel + + + align:start position:0% +fluted filter paper don't you feel +proud now that we're all set up it's + + align:start position:0% +proud now that we're all set up it's + + + align:start position:0% +proud now that we're all set up it's +time for filtration + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pour the mixture onto the filter paper + + align:start position:0% +pour the mixture onto the filter paper + + + align:start position:0% +pour the mixture onto the filter paper +be sure not to pour too much that it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +overflows as the filtration progresses + + align:start position:0% +overflows as the filtration progresses + + + align:start position:0% +overflows as the filtration progresses +add more of the mixture + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +but remember there's always + + align:start position:0% +but remember there's always + + + align:start position:0% +but remember there's always +rinsing here we can see the residual + + align:start position:0% +rinsing here we can see the residual + + + align:start position:0% +rinsing here we can see the residual +mixture in the + + align:start position:0% +mixture in the + + + align:start position:0% +mixture in the +flask using a pipet make sure to rinse + + align:start position:0% +flask using a pipet make sure to rinse + + + align:start position:0% +flask using a pipet make sure to rinse +your flask with solvent allowing it to + + align:start position:0% +your flask with solvent allowing it to + + + align:start position:0% +your flask with solvent allowing it to +run down the sides and pick up the + + align:start position:0% +run down the sides and pick up the + + + align:start position:0% +run down the sides and pick up the +residual + + align:start position:0% +residual + + + align:start position:0% +residual +mixture then add these washing to the + + align:start position:0% +mixture then add these washing to the + + + align:start position:0% +mixture then add these washing to the +filter + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +paper ah but don't forget you want to + + align:start position:0% +paper ah but don't forget you want to + + + align:start position:0% +paper ah but don't forget you want to +rinse the filter paper with solvent as + + align:start position:0% +rinse the filter paper with solvent as + + + align:start position:0% +rinse the filter paper with solvent as +well use a + + align:start position:0% +well use a + + + align:start position:0% +well use a +pipet like always you want to rinse your + + align:start position:0% +pipet like always you want to rinse your + + + align:start position:0% +pipet like always you want to rinse your +flask and the filter paper three times + + align:start position:0% +flask and the filter paper three times + + + align:start position:0% +flask and the filter paper three times +each when you think gravity's done all + + align:start position:0% +each when you think gravity's done all + + + align:start position:0% +each when you think gravity's done all +that it can it's time for collecting the + + align:start position:0% +that it can it's time for collecting the + + + align:start position:0% +that it can it's time for collecting the +product if you were aiming for the solid + + align:start position:0% +product if you were aiming for the solid + + + align:start position:0% +product if you were aiming for the solid +product take the filter paper out of the + + align:start position:0% +product take the filter paper out of the + + + align:start position:0% +product take the filter paper out of the +funnel and place it on another piece of + + align:start position:0% +funnel and place it on another piece of + + + align:start position:0% +funnel and place it on another piece of +filter paper or a watch glass and allow + + align:start position:0% +filter paper or a watch glass and allow + + + align:start position:0% +filter paper or a watch glass and allow +the product to dry over + + align:start position:0% +the product to dry over + + + align:start position:0% +the product to dry over +night but what if you have three p sets + + align:start position:0% +night but what if you have three p sets + + + align:start position:0% +night but what if you have three p sets +a test tomorrow a paper DW the next day + + align:start position:0% +a test tomorrow a paper DW the next day + + + align:start position:0% +a test tomorrow a paper DW the next day +and your mixture just doesn't seem to + + align:start position:0% +and your mixture just doesn't seem to + + + align:start position:0% +and your mixture just doesn't seem to +understand you're pressed for + + align:start position:0% +understand you're pressed for + + + align:start position:0% +understand you're pressed for +time well then you have the option of + + align:start position:0% +time well then you have the option of + + + align:start position:0% +time well then you have the option of +vacuum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +filtration for vacuum filtration you can + + align:start position:0% +filtration for vacuum filtration you can + + + align:start position:0% +filtration for vacuum filtration you can +use either the buner or the Hersh funnel + + align:start position:0% +use either the buner or the Hersh funnel + + + align:start position:0% +use either the buner or the Hersh funnel +depending on what you're filtering and + + align:start position:0% +depending on what you're filtering and + + + align:start position:0% +depending on what you're filtering and +how much there is to filter really + + align:start position:0% +how much there is to filter really + + + align:start position:0% +how much there is to filter really +there's not much a difference between + + align:start position:0% +there's not much a difference between + + + align:start position:0% +there's not much a difference between +the two besides shape and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +size now for the + + align:start position:0% +size now for the + + + align:start position:0% +size now for the +setup here we have our filter flask + + align:start position:0% +setup here we have our filter flask + + + align:start position:0% +setup here we have our filter flask +notice its characteristic sidearm make + + align:start position:0% +notice its characteristic sidearm make + + + align:start position:0% +notice its characteristic sidearm make +sure the flask is clamped firmly to a + + align:start position:0% +sure the flask is clamped firmly to a + + + align:start position:0% +sure the flask is clamped firmly to a +stand when it's all put together the + + align:start position:0% +stand when it's all put together the + + + align:start position:0% +stand when it's all put together the +filter and funnel will make a topheavy + + align:start position:0% +filter and funnel will make a topheavy + + + align:start position:0% +filter and funnel will make a topheavy +structure making it prone to fall so a + + align:start position:0% +structure making it prone to fall so a + + + align:start position:0% +structure making it prone to fall so a +clamp is your best + + align:start position:0% +clamp is your best + + + align:start position:0% +clamp is your best +bet and here is our buner funnel if it + + align:start position:0% +bet and here is our buner funnel if it + + + align:start position:0% +bet and here is our buner funnel if it +doesn't already have a rubber adapter + + align:start position:0% +doesn't already have a rubber adapter + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't already have a rubber adapter +add + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one securely fit the funnel and adapter + + align:start position:0% +one securely fit the funnel and adapter + + + align:start position:0% +one securely fit the funnel and adapter +into the top part of the + + align:start position:0% +into the top part of the + + + align:start position:0% +into the top part of the +flask but what's that you say the fit + + align:start position:0% +flask but what's that you say the fit + + + align:start position:0% +flask but what's that you say the fit +between the funnel and the flask isn't + + align:start position:0% +between the funnel and the flask isn't + + + align:start position:0% +between the funnel and the flask isn't +snug enough well there's an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +alternative another type of rubber + + align:start position:0% +alternative another type of rubber + + + align:start position:0% +alternative another type of rubber +adapter notice its shape and size + + align:start position:0% +adapter notice its shape and size + + + align:start position:0% +adapter notice its shape and size +and look in the middle there there's a + + align:start position:0% +and look in the middle there there's a + + + align:start position:0% +and look in the middle there there's a +raised + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +area this raised area fits into the + + align:start position:0% +area this raised area fits into the + + + align:start position:0% +area this raised area fits into the +mouth of the flask as seen here push + + align:start position:0% +mouth of the flask as seen here push + + + align:start position:0% +mouth of the flask as seen here push +down so that the flat side is on the top + + align:start position:0% +down so that the flat side is on the top + + + align:start position:0% +down so that the flat side is on the top +and there's a nice snug fit at the top + + align:start position:0% +and there's a nice snug fit at the top + + + align:start position:0% +and there's a nice snug fit at the top +of the + + align:start position:0% +of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the +mouth then take your buner funnel and + + align:start position:0% +mouth then take your buner funnel and + + + align:start position:0% +mouth then take your buner funnel and +securely fit it into the + + align:start position:0% +securely fit it into the + + + align:start position:0% +securely fit it into the +adapter regardless of the type of + + align:start position:0% +adapter regardless of the type of + + + align:start position:0% +adapter regardless of the type of +adapter you use be sure to have a snug + + align:start position:0% +adapter you use be sure to have a snug + + + align:start position:0% +adapter you use be sure to have a snug +fit before before you proceed with your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +filtration the piece of filter paper + + align:start position:0% +filtration the piece of filter paper + + + align:start position:0% +filtration the piece of filter paper +should be large enough to cover the + + align:start position:0% +should be large enough to cover the + + + align:start position:0% +should be large enough to cover the +funnels base but not fold up onto the + + align:start position:0% +funnels base but not fold up onto the + + + align:start position:0% +funnels base but not fold up onto the +sides now add the water trap to the + + align:start position:0% +sides now add the water trap to the + + + align:start position:0% +sides now add the water trap to the +setup make sure it's firmly clamped to + + align:start position:0% +setup make sure it's firmly clamped to + + + align:start position:0% +setup make sure it's firmly clamped to +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +stand it consists of a filter flask also + + align:start position:0% +stand it consists of a filter flask also + + + align:start position:0% +stand it consists of a filter flask also +notice its + + align:start position:0% +notice its + + + align:start position:0% +notice its +sidearm a rubber + + align:start position:0% +sidearm a rubber + + + align:start position:0% +sidearm a rubber +stopper this can also be a some sort of + + align:start position:0% +stopper this can also be a some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +stopper this can also be a some sort of +glass stopper + + align:start position:0% +glass stopper + + + align:start position:0% +glass stopper +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tubing attach one end of vacuum tubing + + align:start position:0% +tubing attach one end of vacuum tubing + + + align:start position:0% +tubing attach one end of vacuum tubing +to the tube on the water trap and the + + align:start position:0% +to the tube on the water trap and the + + + align:start position:0% +to the tube on the water trap and the +other end to the side arm of the filter + + align:start position:0% +other end to the side arm of the filter + + + align:start position:0% +other end to the side arm of the filter +flask then attach the sidearm of the + + align:start position:0% +flask then attach the sidearm of the + + + align:start position:0% +flask then attach the sidearm of the +water trap to the water aspirator via + + align:start position:0% +water trap to the water aspirator via + + + align:start position:0% +water trap to the water aspirator via +more vacuum + + align:start position:0% +more vacuum + + + align:start position:0% +more vacuum +tubing so at this point you might be + + align:start position:0% +tubing so at this point you might be + + + align:start position:0% +tubing so at this point you might be +wondering what do the water aspirator + + align:start position:0% +wondering what do the water aspirator + + + align:start position:0% +wondering what do the water aspirator +and water trap do anyway way when the + + align:start position:0% +and water trap do anyway way when the + + + align:start position:0% +and water trap do anyway way when the +water aspirator is turned on out Comes A + + align:start position:0% +water aspirator is turned on out Comes A + + + align:start position:0% +water aspirator is turned on out Comes A +Rush of + + align:start position:0% +Rush of + + + align:start position:0% +Rush of +water this Rush of water causes suction + + align:start position:0% +water this Rush of water causes suction + + + align:start position:0% +water this Rush of water causes suction +in the tubing this then suctions out the + + align:start position:0% +in the tubing this then suctions out the + + + align:start position:0% +in the tubing this then suctions out the +air from the + + align:start position:0% +air from the + + + align:start position:0% +air from the +system consequently a vacuum is created + + align:start position:0% +system consequently a vacuum is created + + + align:start position:0% +system consequently a vacuum is created +in both the filter flask and the water + + align:start position:0% +in both the filter flask and the water + + + align:start position:0% +in both the filter flask and the water +trap now we can + + align:start position:0% +trap now we can + + + align:start position:0% +trap now we can +filter when we finally finish we'll have + + align:start position:0% +filter when we finally finish we'll have + + + align:start position:0% +filter when we finally finish we'll have +to turn off the + + align:start position:0% +to turn off the + + + align:start position:0% +to turn off the +aspirator this may cause water to rush + + align:start position:0% +aspirator this may cause water to rush + + + align:start position:0% +aspirator this may cause water to rush +back into our our system and this could + + align:start position:0% +back into our our system and this could + + + align:start position:0% +back into our our system and this could +be potentially bad but look our water + + align:start position:0% +be potentially bad but look our water + + + align:start position:0% +be potentially bad but look our water +trap prevents the water from entering + + align:start position:0% +trap prevents the water from entering + + + align:start position:0% +trap prevents the water from entering +our filter + + align:start position:0% +our filter + + + align:start position:0% +our filter +flask and so luckily our filtrate is + + align:start position:0% +flask and so luckily our filtrate is + + + align:start position:0% +flask and so luckily our filtrate is +saved from any water contamination + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +yay this is why we love and more + + align:start position:0% +yay this is why we love and more + + + align:start position:0% +yay this is why we love and more +importantly use the water + + align:start position:0% +importantly use the water + + + align:start position:0% +importantly use the water +trap but what if you're using the house + + align:start position:0% +trap but what if you're using the house + + + align:start position:0% +trap but what if you're using the house +vacuum line instead of the water + + align:start position:0% +vacuum line instead of the water + + + align:start position:0% +vacuum line instead of the water +aspirator well the filter flask sidearm + + align:start position:0% +aspirator well the filter flask sidearm + + + align:start position:0% +aspirator well the filter flask sidearm +should then be directly attached to the + + align:start position:0% +should then be directly attached to the + + + align:start position:0% +should then be directly attached to the +house vacuum nozzle via tubing don't + + align:start position:0% +house vacuum nozzle via tubing don't + + + align:start position:0% +house vacuum nozzle via tubing don't +worry about any intermediaries like the + + align:start position:0% +worry about any intermediaries like the + + + align:start position:0% +worry about any intermediaries like the +water + + align:start position:0% +water + + + align:start position:0% +water +trap so now it's time for + + align:start position:0% +trap so now it's time for + + + align:start position:0% +trap so now it's time for +filtration turn on the water aspirator + + align:start position:0% +filtration turn on the water aspirator + + + align:start position:0% +filtration turn on the water aspirator +at full + + align:start position:0% +at full + + + align:start position:0% +at full +force the vacuum should suck down the + + align:start position:0% +force the vacuum should suck down the + + + align:start position:0% +force the vacuum should suck down the +filter paper wet the filter paper with + + align:start position:0% +filter paper wet the filter paper with + + + align:start position:0% +filter paper wet the filter paper with +solvent so that it sticks to the base of + + align:start position:0% +solvent so that it sticks to the base of + + + align:start position:0% +solvent so that it sticks to the base of +the funnel you don't don't want it + + align:start position:0% +the funnel you don't don't want it + + + align:start position:0% +the funnel you don't don't want it +floating up + + align:start position:0% +floating up + + + align:start position:0% +floating up +later here's our mixture to be + + align:start position:0% +later here's our mixture to be + + + align:start position:0% +later here's our mixture to be +filtered take the mixture and pour it + + align:start position:0% +filtered take the mixture and pour it + + + align:start position:0% +filtered take the mixture and pour it +into the funnel but make sure that you + + align:start position:0% +into the funnel but make sure that you + + + align:start position:0% +into the funnel but make sure that you +pour the mixture into the middle of the + + align:start position:0% +pour the mixture into the middle of the + + + align:start position:0% +pour the mixture into the middle of the +funnel don't pour it in all at + + align:start position:0% +funnel don't pour it in all at + + + align:start position:0% +funnel don't pour it in all at +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +once pour in more of the mixture as the + + align:start position:0% +once pour in more of the mixture as the + + + align:start position:0% +once pour in more of the mixture as the +filtration progresses + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we can't forget that rinsing + + align:start position:0% +we can't forget that rinsing + + + align:start position:0% +we can't forget that rinsing +though as usual there's residual mixture + + align:start position:0% +though as usual there's residual mixture + + + align:start position:0% +though as usual there's residual mixture +left rinse the flask with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +solvent allowing it to run down the + + align:start position:0% +solvent allowing it to run down the + + + align:start position:0% +solvent allowing it to run down the +sides and pick up any residual mixture + + align:start position:0% +sides and pick up any residual mixture + + + align:start position:0% +sides and pick up any residual mixture +and add these Washings to the filter + + align:start position:0% +and add these Washings to the filter + + + align:start position:0% +and add these Washings to the filter +flask + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and remember to rinse the filter paper + + align:start position:0% +and remember to rinse the filter paper + + + align:start position:0% +and remember to rinse the filter paper +with solvent as + + align:start position:0% +with solvent as + + + align:start position:0% +with solvent as +well round and round goes the + + align:start position:0% +well round and round goes the + + + align:start position:0% +well round and round goes the +pipet you should rinse your flask and + + align:start position:0% +pipet you should rinse your flask and + + + align:start position:0% +pipet you should rinse your flask and +the filter paper in the funnel three + + align:start position:0% +the filter paper in the funnel three + + + align:start position:0% +the filter paper in the funnel three +times + + align:start position:0% +times + + + align:start position:0% +times +each allow the filtration to come to an + + align:start position:0% +each allow the filtration to come to an + + + align:start position:0% +each allow the filtration to come to an +end once you think it has then it's time + + align:start position:0% +end once you think it has then it's time + + + align:start position:0% +end once you think it has then it's time +for turning off the + + align:start position:0% +for turning off the + + + align:start position:0% +for turning off the +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +aspirator if you did not attach a water + + align:start position:0% +aspirator if you did not attach a water + + + align:start position:0% +aspirator if you did not attach a water +trap take tubing off before turning off + + align:start position:0% +trap take tubing off before turning off + + + align:start position:0% +trap take tubing off before turning off +the aspirator otherwise water might rush + + align:start position:0% +the aspirator otherwise water might rush + + + align:start position:0% +the aspirator otherwise water might rush +into your + + align:start position:0% +into your + + + align:start position:0% +into your +flask so how about collecting the + + align:start position:0% +flask so how about collecting the + + + align:start position:0% +flask so how about collecting the +product if you were aiming for the solid + + align:start position:0% +product if you were aiming for the solid + + + align:start position:0% +product if you were aiming for the solid +product use a spatula or some sort of + + align:start position:0% +product use a spatula or some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +product use a spatula or some sort of +tool to release the filter paper from + + align:start position:0% +tool to release the filter paper from + + + align:start position:0% +tool to release the filter paper from +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +funnel set it down on another piece of + + align:start position:0% +funnel set it down on another piece of + + + align:start position:0% +funnel set it down on another piece of +filter paper or a watch glass and allow + + align:start position:0% +filter paper or a watch glass and allow + + + align:start position:0% +filter paper or a watch glass and allow +the product to dry + + align:start position:0% +the product to dry + + + align:start position:0% +the product to dry +overnight so now you're finally all + + align:start position:0% +overnight so now you're finally all + + + align:start position:0% +overnight so now you're finally all +filtered + + align:start position:0% +filtered + + + align:start position:0% +filtered +now that you've got the skills go out + + align:start position:0% +now that you've got the skills go out + + + align:start position:0% +now that you've got the skills go out +and purify the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +world remember this video is intended to + + align:start position:0% +world remember this video is intended to + + + align:start position:0% +world remember this video is intended to +help you prepare for lab by providing a + + align:start position:0% +help you prepare for lab by providing a + + + align:start position:0% +help you prepare for lab by providing a +demonstration of the proper experimental + + align:start position:0% +demonstration of the proper experimental + + + align:start position:0% +demonstration of the proper experimental +technique it is not intended as a + + align:start position:0% +technique it is not intended as a + + + align:start position:0% +technique it is not intended as a +replacement for reading your lab manual + + align:start position:0% +replacement for reading your lab manual + + + align:start position:0% +replacement for reading your lab manual +or the supplementary material in order + + align:start position:0% +or the supplementary material in order + + + align:start position:0% +or the supplementary material in order +to become a great experimentalist it is + + align:start position:0% +to become a great experimentalist it is + + + align:start position:0% +to become a great experimentalist it is +important that you understand both + + align:start position:0% +important that you understand both + + + align:start position:0% +important that you understand both +Theory and technique now it's your turn + + align:start position:0% +Theory and technique now it's your turn + + + align:start position:0% +Theory and technique now it's your turn +good luck + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/P34zaLtmsn0.txt b/P34zaLtmsn0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..75fd6b840e39c9f404bd02d0e0eed9a38f098f26 --- /dev/null +++ b/P34zaLtmsn0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11395 @@ +align:start position:0% + +all right how are you guys doing + + align:start position:0% +all right how are you guys doing + + + align:start position:0% +all right how are you guys doing +thank you you know why this is such an + + align:start position:0% +thank you you know why this is such an + + + align:start position:0% +thank you you know why this is such an +amazing day + + align:start position:0% +amazing day + + + align:start position:0% +amazing day +all right first of all we're going to + + align:start position:0% +all right first of all we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +all right first of all we're going to +talk about phases + + align:start position:0% +talk about phases + + + align:start position:0% +talk about phases +and um there are + + align:start position:0% +and um there are + + + align:start position:0% +and um there are +two lectures that i have uh introduced + + align:start position:0% +two lectures that i have uh introduced + + + align:start position:0% +two lectures that i have uh introduced +this semester that are new + + align:start position:0% +this semester that are new + + + align:start position:0% +this semester that are new +that have never been seen before until + + align:start position:0% +that have never been seen before until + + + align:start position:0% +that have never been seen before until +right now + + align:start position:0% +right now + + + align:start position:0% +right now +one of them is this one right dang + + align:start position:0% +one of them is this one right dang + + + align:start position:0% +one of them is this one right dang +thank you and then check this out in + + align:start position:0% +thank you and then check this out in + + + align:start position:0% +thank you and then check this out in +this morning + + align:start position:0% +this morning + + + align:start position:0% +this morning +over the wires comes this news + + align:start position:0% +over the wires comes this news + + + align:start position:0% +over the wires comes this news +and and it's the nobel prize in + + align:start position:0% +and and it's the nobel prize in + + + align:start position:0% +and and it's the nobel prize in +chemistry this year was given + + align:start position:0% +chemistry this year was given + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry this year was given +to three of sort of the founders of + + align:start position:0% +to three of sort of the founders of + + + align:start position:0% +to three of sort of the founders of +lithium-ion batteries + + align:start position:0% +lithium-ion batteries + + + align:start position:0% +lithium-ion batteries +and the other new lecture that i'm + + align:start position:0% +and the other new lecture that i'm + + + align:start position:0% +and the other new lecture that i'm +giving this semester later on + + align:start position:0% +giving this semester later on + + + align:start position:0% +giving this semester later on +is on the chemistry of batteries it's + + align:start position:0% +is on the chemistry of batteries it's + + + align:start position:0% +is on the chemistry of batteries it's +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +coincidence i don't think so + + align:start position:0% +coincidence i don't think so + + + align:start position:0% +coincidence i don't think so +did someone in stockholm no + + align:start position:0% +did someone in stockholm no + + + align:start position:0% +did someone in stockholm no +i don't know but it's really really cool + + align:start position:0% +i don't know but it's really really cool + + + align:start position:0% +i don't know but it's really really cool +and this is awesome and there's so much + + align:start position:0% +and this is awesome and there's so much + + + align:start position:0% +and this is awesome and there's so much +great stuff online now about lithium-ion + + align:start position:0% +great stuff online now about lithium-ion + + + align:start position:0% +great stuff online now about lithium-ion +batteries + + align:start position:0% +batteries + + + align:start position:0% +batteries +because of this i mean there was before + + align:start position:0% +because of this i mean there was before + + + align:start position:0% +because of this i mean there was before +but there's a lot of press on this now + + align:start position:0% +but there's a lot of press on this now + + + align:start position:0% +but there's a lot of press on this now +it's very interesting to read about + + align:start position:0% +it's very interesting to read about + + + align:start position:0% +it's very interesting to read about +okay so now um what + + align:start position:0% +okay so now um what + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now um what +what is happening i say the word boiling + + align:start position:0% +what is happening i say the word boiling + + + align:start position:0% +what is happening i say the word boiling +all the time + + align:start position:0% +all the time + + + align:start position:0% +all the time +right i've been saying it all the time + + align:start position:0% +right i've been saying it all the time + + + align:start position:0% +right i've been saying it all the time +especially the last like week + + align:start position:0% +especially the last like week + + + align:start position:0% +especially the last like week +um and and i mean at home too i'm saying + + align:start position:0% +um and and i mean at home too i'm saying + + + align:start position:0% +um and and i mean at home too i'm saying +boiling a lot and + + align:start position:0% +boiling a lot and + + + align:start position:0% +boiling a lot and +and it's because it's a proxy for bond + + align:start position:0% +and it's because it's a proxy for bond + + + align:start position:0% +and it's because it's a proxy for bond +strength intermolecular bond strength + + align:start position:0% +strength intermolecular bond strength + + + align:start position:0% +strength intermolecular bond strength +and boiling i've been kind of going back + + align:start position:0% +and boiling i've been kind of going back + + + align:start position:0% +and boiling i've been kind of going back +and forth right + + align:start position:0% +and forth right + + + align:start position:0% +and forth right +but so today we're going to go what is + + align:start position:0% +but so today we're going to go what is + + + align:start position:0% +but so today we're going to go what is +happening when you boil + + align:start position:0% +happening when you boil + + + align:start position:0% +happening when you boil +all right well you know that you're + + align:start position:0% +all right well you know that you're + + + align:start position:0% +all right well you know that you're +you're changing a phase as you can see + + align:start position:0% +you're changing a phase as you can see + + + align:start position:0% +you're changing a phase as you can see +from this highly accurate + + align:start position:0% +from this highly accurate + + + align:start position:0% +from this highly accurate +drawing of water molecules in the gas + + align:start position:0% +drawing of water molecules in the gas + + + align:start position:0% +drawing of water molecules in the gas +phase water molecules in the liquid + + align:start position:0% +phase water molecules in the liquid + + + align:start position:0% +phase water molecules in the liquid +phase + + align:start position:0% +phase + + + align:start position:0% +phase +but what's really under the hood and and + + align:start position:0% +but what's really under the hood and and + + + align:start position:0% +but what's really under the hood and and +of course the story starts + + align:start position:0% +of course the story starts + + + align:start position:0% +of course the story starts +with otto now who was + + align:start position:0% +with otto now who was + + + align:start position:0% +with otto now who was +otto otto von gurik + + align:start position:0% +otto otto von gurik + + + align:start position:0% +otto otto von gurik +otto von gurk in the 1600s + + align:start position:0% +otto von gurk in the 1600s + + + align:start position:0% +otto von gurk in the 1600s +he was like you know what aristotle + + align:start position:0% +he was like you know what aristotle + + + align:start position:0% +he was like you know what aristotle +aristotle + + align:start position:0% +aristotle + + + align:start position:0% +aristotle +he was all about like nature abhors a + + align:start position:0% +he was all about like nature abhors a + + + align:start position:0% +he was all about like nature abhors a +vacuum + + align:start position:0% +vacuum + + + align:start position:0% +vacuum +does it really i don't know i don't you + + align:start position:0% +does it really i don't know i don't you + + + align:start position:0% +does it really i don't know i don't you +know + + align:start position:0% +know + + + align:start position:0% +know +does nature really hate like let's try + + align:start position:0% +does nature really hate like let's try + + + align:start position:0% +does nature really hate like let's try +some stuff out let's try to make a + + align:start position:0% +some stuff out let's try to make a + + + align:start position:0% +some stuff out let's try to make a +vacuum and see what happens + + align:start position:0% +vacuum and see what happens + + + align:start position:0% +vacuum and see what happens +so he figured out a way to take these + + align:start position:0% +so he figured out a way to take these + + + align:start position:0% +so he figured out a way to take these +two hemispheres + + align:start position:0% +two hemispheres + + + align:start position:0% +two hemispheres +these two big bowls and kind of pull all + + align:start position:0% +these two big bowls and kind of pull all + + + align:start position:0% +these two big bowls and kind of pull all +the air out there he is he looks very + + align:start position:0% +the air out there he is he looks very + + + align:start position:0% +the air out there he is he looks very +happy there + + align:start position:0% +happy there + + + align:start position:0% +happy there +right um and he's pulling because he's + + align:start position:0% +right um and he's pulling because he's + + + align:start position:0% +right um and he's pulling because he's +pumping the air out + + align:start position:0% +pumping the air out + + + align:start position:0% +pumping the air out +inside of here and look what he did he + + align:start position:0% +inside of here and look what he did he + + + align:start position:0% +inside of here and look what he did he +went around the countryside in germany + + align:start position:0% +went around the countryside in germany + + + align:start position:0% +went around the countryside in germany +and he + + align:start position:0% +and he + + + align:start position:0% +and he +he would attach because i'm tight you + + align:start position:0% +he would attach because i'm tight you + + + align:start position:0% +he would attach because i'm tight you +just attached eight horses to one side + + align:start position:0% +just attached eight horses to one side + + + align:start position:0% +just attached eight horses to one side +and eight + + align:start position:0% +and eight + + + align:start position:0% +and eight +horses to another 16 horses pulling + + align:start position:0% +horses to another 16 horses pulling + + + align:start position:0% +horses to another 16 horses pulling +eight that way eight that way and they + + align:start position:0% +eight that way eight that way and they + + + align:start position:0% +eight that way eight that way and they +couldn't pull it apart + + align:start position:0% +couldn't pull it apart + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't pull it apart +this is what he did it doesn't look like + + align:start position:0% +this is what he did it doesn't look like + + + align:start position:0% +this is what he did it doesn't look like +he's got a lot of + + align:start position:0% +he's got a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +he's got a lot of +crowd but maybe he did better i don't + + align:start position:0% +crowd but maybe he did better i don't + + + align:start position:0% +crowd but maybe he did better i don't +see any houses either + + align:start position:0% +see any houses either + + + align:start position:0% +see any houses either +i don't know where he is but that that's + + align:start position:0% +i don't know where he is but that that's + + + align:start position:0% +i don't know where he is but that that's +the experiment that he did + + align:start position:0% +the experiment that he did + + + align:start position:0% +the experiment that he did +all throughout the countryside and he + + align:start position:0% +all throughout the countryside and he + + + align:start position:0% +all throughout the countryside and he +called it + + align:start position:0% +called it + + + align:start position:0% +called it +the power of the vacuum nature reports + + align:start position:0% +the power of the vacuum nature reports + + + align:start position:0% +the power of the vacuum nature reports +the fact + + align:start position:0% +the fact + + + align:start position:0% +the fact +the power of the vacuum the power of the + + align:start position:0% +the power of the vacuum the power of the + + + align:start position:0% +the power of the vacuum the power of the +vacuum it's not the power of the vacuum + + align:start position:0% +vacuum it's not the power of the vacuum + + + align:start position:0% +vacuum it's not the power of the vacuum +oh otto it's not the power of the vacuum + + align:start position:0% +oh otto it's not the power of the vacuum + + + align:start position:0% +oh otto it's not the power of the vacuum +because vacuum has no power and nature + + align:start position:0% +because vacuum has no power and nature + + + align:start position:0% +because vacuum has no power and nature +doesn't hate it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but pressure so atmosphere has + + align:start position:0% +but pressure so atmosphere has + + + align:start position:0% +but pressure so atmosphere has +power technically it has force + + align:start position:0% +power technically it has force + + + align:start position:0% +power technically it has force +atmosphere has pressure what he showed + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere has pressure what he showed + + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere has pressure what he showed +in that experiment + + align:start position:0% +in that experiment + + + align:start position:0% +in that experiment +and if there's one experiment i want you + + align:start position:0% +and if there's one experiment i want you + + + align:start position:0% +and if there's one experiment i want you +to remember from this class + + align:start position:0% +to remember from this class + + + align:start position:0% +to remember from this class +it's not this one but this is a cool one + + align:start position:0% +it's not this one but this is a cool one + + + align:start position:0% +it's not this one but this is a cool one +but what he showed wasn't the power of + + align:start position:0% +but what he showed wasn't the power of + + + align:start position:0% +but what he showed wasn't the power of +the vacuum he showed the power of one + + align:start position:0% +the vacuum he showed the power of one + + + align:start position:0% +the vacuum he showed the power of one +atmosphere of pressure he showed the + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere of pressure he showed the + + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere of pressure he showed the +power of pressure + + align:start position:0% +power of pressure + + + align:start position:0% +power of pressure +and so we start pressure is force + + align:start position:0% +and so we start pressure is force + + + align:start position:0% +and so we start pressure is force +over area typical units would be like + + align:start position:0% +over area typical units would be like + + + align:start position:0% +over area typical units would be like +newtons + + align:start position:0% +newtons + + + align:start position:0% +newtons +per meter squared right + + align:start position:0% +per meter squared right + + + align:start position:0% +per meter squared right +and if you're going newtons per meter + + align:start position:0% +and if you're going newtons per meter + + + align:start position:0% +and if you're going newtons per meter +squared then this is called a pascal + + align:start position:0% +squared then this is called a pascal + + + align:start position:0% +squared then this is called a pascal +and for reference if you have + + align:start position:0% +and for reference if you have + + + align:start position:0% +and for reference if you have +one pascal one pascal + + align:start position:0% +one pascal one pascal + + + align:start position:0% +one pascal one pascal +it's about the pressure of a dollar bill + + align:start position:0% +it's about the pressure of a dollar bill + + + align:start position:0% +it's about the pressure of a dollar bill +one dollar resting on a table + + align:start position:0% +one dollar resting on a table + + + align:start position:0% +one dollar resting on a table +i don't know why do i use that one + + align:start position:0% +i don't know why do i use that one + + + align:start position:0% +i don't know why do i use that one +because i remember it + + align:start position:0% +because i remember it + + + align:start position:0% +because i remember it +one dollar resting on a table and so so + + align:start position:0% +one dollar resting on a table and so so + + + align:start position:0% +one dollar resting on a table and so so +that's the force per + + align:start position:0% +that's the force per + + + align:start position:0% +that's the force per +area of the bill resting on a table so + + align:start position:0% +area of the bill resting on a table so + + + align:start position:0% +area of the bill resting on a table so +if you had a hundred thousand of them + + align:start position:0% +if you had a hundred thousand of them + + + align:start position:0% +if you had a hundred thousand of them +right if you had a hundred thousand of + + align:start position:0% +right if you had a hundred thousand of + + + align:start position:0% +right if you had a hundred thousand of +them and you stacked them up then that's + + align:start position:0% +them and you stacked them up then that's + + + align:start position:0% +them and you stacked them up then that's +one atmosphere + + align:start position:0% +one atmosphere + + + align:start position:0% +one atmosphere +it's just a different unit it's about a + + align:start position:0% +it's just a different unit it's about a + + + align:start position:0% +it's just a different unit it's about a +hundred thousand pascals + + align:start position:0% +hundred thousand pascals + + + align:start position:0% +hundred thousand pascals +so the power that he was + + align:start position:0% +so the power that he was + + + align:start position:0% +so the power that he was +exhibiting in this experiment is the + + align:start position:0% +exhibiting in this experiment is the + + + align:start position:0% +exhibiting in this experiment is the +power of the atmosphere + + align:start position:0% +power of the atmosphere + + + align:start position:0% +power of the atmosphere +we've got we've got atmosphere + + align:start position:0% +we've got we've got atmosphere + + + align:start position:0% +we've got we've got atmosphere +all around us pushing on us + + align:start position:0% +all around us pushing on us + + + align:start position:0% +all around us pushing on us +it's pushing on us and and so what we + + align:start position:0% +it's pushing on us and and so what we + + + align:start position:0% +it's pushing on us and and so what we +got like a car + + align:start position:0% +got like a car + + + align:start position:0% +got like a car +worth of atmosphere literally on us but + + align:start position:0% +worth of atmosphere literally on us but + + + align:start position:0% +worth of atmosphere literally on us but +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +pushing on us in all different + + align:start position:0% +pushing on us in all different + + + align:start position:0% +pushing on us in all different +directions and we're pushing back + + align:start position:0% +directions and we're pushing back + + + align:start position:0% +directions and we're pushing back +luckily we've got stuff inside of us + + align:start position:0% +luckily we've got stuff inside of us + + + align:start position:0% +luckily we've got stuff inside of us +so we don't like implode right + + align:start position:0% +so we don't like implode right + + + align:start position:0% +so we don't like implode right +but that that force is strong and that's + + align:start position:0% +but that that force is strong and that's + + + align:start position:0% +but that that force is strong and that's +a demonstration of how strong + + align:start position:0% +a demonstration of how strong + + + align:start position:0% +a demonstration of how strong +how much one atmosphere is + + align:start position:0% +how much one atmosphere is + + + align:start position:0% +how much one atmosphere is +right it's force per area the power of + + align:start position:0% +right it's force per area the power of + + + align:start position:0% +right it's force per area the power of +one atmosphere + + align:start position:0% +one atmosphere + + + align:start position:0% +one atmosphere +well that's also directly related to + + align:start position:0% +well that's also directly related to + + + align:start position:0% +well that's also directly related to +boiling and how do we get from here to + + align:start position:0% +boiling and how do we get from here to + + + align:start position:0% +boiling and how do we get from here to +boiling + + align:start position:0% +boiling + + + align:start position:0% +boiling +well yeah so we need a couple of + + align:start position:0% +well yeah so we need a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +well yeah so we need a couple of +concepts right so first + + align:start position:0% +concepts right so first + + + align:start position:0% +concepts right so first +we need the concept of + + align:start position:0% +we need the concept of + + + align:start position:0% +we need the concept of +evaporation and i'm going to use this um + + align:start position:0% +evaporation and i'm going to use this um + + + align:start position:0% +evaporation and i'm going to use this um +i'm going to use this example of like + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to use this example of like + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to use this example of like +water molecules + + align:start position:0% +water molecules + + + align:start position:0% +water molecules +right so this is a buck this is a glass + + align:start position:0% +right so this is a buck this is a glass + + + align:start position:0% +right so this is a buck this is a glass +of water + + align:start position:0% +of water + + + align:start position:0% +of water +right and so if i have a glass of water + + align:start position:0% +right and so if i have a glass of water + + + align:start position:0% +right and so if i have a glass of water +i'm going to draw them like these little + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to draw them like these little + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to draw them like these little +things you know and now molecules kind + + align:start position:0% +things you know and now molecules kind + + + align:start position:0% +things you know and now molecules kind +of near the surface + + align:start position:0% +of near the surface + + + align:start position:0% +of near the surface +well it could leave and that is that's a + + align:start position:0% +well it could leave and that is that's a + + + align:start position:0% +well it could leave and that is that's a +molecule + + align:start position:0% +molecule + + + align:start position:0% +molecule +not a v right and that's evaporation + + align:start position:0% +not a v right and that's evaporation + + + align:start position:0% +not a v right and that's evaporation +evaporation + + align:start position:0% +evaporation + + + align:start position:0% +evaporation +evaporation but you know + + align:start position:0% +evaporation but you know + + + align:start position:0% +evaporation but you know +the other way you could go is you could + + align:start position:0% +the other way you could go is you could + + + align:start position:0% +the other way you could go is you could +say well what if there was this liquid + + align:start position:0% +say well what if there was this liquid + + + align:start position:0% +say well what if there was this liquid +here and you got these molecules + + align:start position:0% +here and you got these molecules + + + align:start position:0% +here and you got these molecules +kind of like that and you had one here + + align:start position:0% +kind of like that and you had one here + + + align:start position:0% +kind of like that and you had one here +and it kind of comes back well that's + + align:start position:0% +and it kind of comes back well that's + + + align:start position:0% +and it kind of comes back well that's +condensation + + align:start position:0% +condensation + + + align:start position:0% +condensation +you guys kind of know this right + + align:start position:0% +you guys kind of know this right + + + align:start position:0% +you guys kind of know this right +condensation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +evaporation and condensation oh but this + + align:start position:0% +evaporation and condensation oh but this + + + align:start position:0% +evaporation and condensation oh but this +is not what's interesting + + align:start position:0% +is not what's interesting + + + align:start position:0% +is not what's interesting +i mean it's interesting yeah but it's + + align:start position:0% +i mean it's interesting yeah but it's + + + align:start position:0% +i mean it's interesting yeah but it's +but it's more interesting now if you + + align:start position:0% +but it's more interesting now if you + + + align:start position:0% +but it's more interesting now if you +close it off + + align:start position:0% +close it off + + + align:start position:0% +close it off +and so let's do that with these super + + align:start position:0% +and so let's do that with these super + + + align:start position:0% +and so let's do that with these super +amazing um + + align:start position:0% +amazing um + + + align:start position:0% +amazing um +animations here there there look at that + + align:start position:0% +animations here there there look at that + + + align:start position:0% +animations here there there look at that +okay so now what i've done i got a + + align:start position:0% +okay so now what i've done i got a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now what i've done i got a +liquid and a solid and in both cases + + align:start position:0% +liquid and a solid and in both cases + + + align:start position:0% +liquid and a solid and in both cases +there's a liquid you could have a solid + + align:start position:0% +there's a liquid you could have a solid + + + align:start position:0% +there's a liquid you could have a solid +molecules can come off we'll get to that + + align:start position:0% +molecules can come off we'll get to that + + + align:start position:0% +molecules can come off we'll get to that +how why + + align:start position:0% +how why + + + align:start position:0% +how why +but they can come off but now i've + + align:start position:0% +but they can come off but now i've + + + align:start position:0% +but they can come off but now i've +closed it + + align:start position:0% +closed it + + + align:start position:0% +closed it +now if i close the container what would + + align:start position:0% +now if i close the container what would + + + align:start position:0% +now if i close the container what would +happen if i + + align:start position:0% +happen if i + + + align:start position:0% +happen if i +start with nothing so now i start with + + align:start position:0% +start with nothing so now i start with + + + align:start position:0% +start with nothing so now i start with +the liquid and i close it in a container + + align:start position:0% +the liquid and i close it in a container + + + align:start position:0% +the liquid and i close it in a container +you see + + align:start position:0% +you see + + + align:start position:0% +you see +look at the molecules they're kind of + + align:start position:0% +look at the molecules they're kind of + + + align:start position:0% +look at the molecules they're kind of +coming off and maybe they'll hit the + + align:start position:0% +coming off and maybe they'll hit the + + + align:start position:0% +coming off and maybe they'll hit the +walls they'll bounce around maybe + + align:start position:0% +walls they'll bounce around maybe + + + align:start position:0% +walls they'll bounce around maybe +at some point they'll come back into the + + align:start position:0% +at some point they'll come back into the + + + align:start position:0% +at some point they'll come back into the +liquid + + align:start position:0% +liquid + + + align:start position:0% +liquid +right okay so evaporation + + align:start position:0% +right okay so evaporation + + + align:start position:0% +right okay so evaporation +went that way condensation went that way + + align:start position:0% +went that way condensation went that way + + + align:start position:0% +went that way condensation went that way +now ah + + align:start position:0% +now ah + + + align:start position:0% +now ah +now if i were to plot + + align:start position:0% +now if i were to plot + + + align:start position:0% +now if i were to plot +if i were to close this and plot + + align:start position:0% +if i were to close this and plot + + + align:start position:0% +if i were to close this and plot +for example a rate and i say well i want + + align:start position:0% +for example a rate and i say well i want + + + align:start position:0% +for example a rate and i say well i want +to know how quickly + + align:start position:0% +to know how quickly + + + align:start position:0% +to know how quickly +evaporation is happening yeah it's just + + align:start position:0% +evaporation is happening yeah it's just + + + align:start position:0% +evaporation is happening yeah it's just +going to keep happening + + align:start position:0% +going to keep happening + + + align:start position:0% +going to keep happening +i mean i'm starting with with you see in + + align:start position:0% +i mean i'm starting with with you see in + + + align:start position:0% +i mean i'm starting with with you see in +the videos + + align:start position:0% +the videos + + + align:start position:0% +the videos +these videos are real + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you see it doesn't stop happening right + + align:start position:0% +you see it doesn't stop happening right + + + align:start position:0% +you see it doesn't stop happening right +it keeps happening so if i have no vapor + + align:start position:0% +it keeps happening so if i have no vapor + + + align:start position:0% +it keeps happening so if i have no vapor +in there to begin with well then okay + + align:start position:0% +in there to begin with well then okay + + + align:start position:0% +in there to begin with well then okay +evaporation is going to go like this + + align:start position:0% +evaporation is going to go like this + + + align:start position:0% +evaporation is going to go like this +right maybe this is time it is time + + align:start position:0% +right maybe this is time it is time + + + align:start position:0% +right maybe this is time it is time +and then so that's evaporation + + align:start position:0% +and then so that's evaporation + + + align:start position:0% +and then so that's evaporation +but then you know at a certain time + + align:start position:0% +but then you know at a certain time + + + align:start position:0% +but then you know at a certain time +point i'm going to have enough + + align:start position:0% +point i'm going to have enough + + + align:start position:0% +point i'm going to have enough +gas molecules gas water molecules in + + align:start position:0% +gas molecules gas water molecules in + + + align:start position:0% +gas molecules gas water molecules in +there you know so + + align:start position:0% +there you know so + + + align:start position:0% +there you know so +it starts out at zero and they're gonna + + align:start position:0% +it starts out at zero and they're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +it starts out at zero and they're gonna +build up in there + + align:start position:0% +build up in there + + + align:start position:0% +build up in there +and a certain point you got that right + + align:start position:0% +and a certain point you got that right + + + align:start position:0% +and a certain point you got that right +and so this would be condensation + + align:start position:0% +and so this would be condensation + + + align:start position:0% +and so this would be condensation +okay we're starting with the basics + + align:start position:0% +okay we're starting with the basics + + + align:start position:0% +okay we're starting with the basics +condensation + + align:start position:0% +condensation + + + align:start position:0% +condensation +right what and then at a certain point + + align:start position:0% +right what and then at a certain point + + + align:start position:0% +right what and then at a certain point +they reach what's called dynamic + + align:start position:0% +they reach what's called dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +they reach what's called dynamic +equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium +dynamic equum equim is equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +dynamic equum equim is equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +dynamic equum equim is equilibrium +so so the dynamic equilibrium is really + + align:start position:0% +so so the dynamic equilibrium is really + + + align:start position:0% +so so the dynamic equilibrium is really +important because what happens there + + align:start position:0% +important because what happens there + + + align:start position:0% +important because what happens there +is nothing is stopping it's not that + + align:start position:0% +is nothing is stopping it's not that + + + align:start position:0% +is nothing is stopping it's not that +things stopped you can see it in the + + align:start position:0% +things stopped you can see it in the + + + align:start position:0% +things stopped you can see it in the +videos + + align:start position:0% +videos + + + align:start position:0% +videos +i found it online so it must be right + + align:start position:0% +i found it online so it must be right + + + align:start position:0% +i found it online so it must be right +so so like you know it's continually + + align:start position:0% +so so like you know it's continually + + + align:start position:0% +so so like you know it's continually +going it's a dynamic process it's a + + align:start position:0% +going it's a dynamic process it's a + + + align:start position:0% +going it's a dynamic process it's a +dynamic equilibrium but they are equal + + align:start position:0% +dynamic equilibrium but they are equal + + + align:start position:0% +dynamic equilibrium but they are equal +that point that happens in these + + align:start position:0% +that point that happens in these + + + align:start position:0% +that point that happens in these +containers + + align:start position:0% +containers + + + align:start position:0% +containers +you can measure the pressure that is + + align:start position:0% +you can measure the pressure that is + + + align:start position:0% +you can measure the pressure that is +very important + + align:start position:0% +very important + + + align:start position:0% +very important +right and because it's exerting a + + align:start position:0% +right and because it's exerting a + + + align:start position:0% +right and because it's exerting a +pressure on the container + + align:start position:0% +pressure on the container + + + align:start position:0% +pressure on the container +it's exerting a pressure on the liquid + + align:start position:0% +it's exerting a pressure on the liquid + + + align:start position:0% +it's exerting a pressure on the liquid +pressure + + align:start position:0% +pressure + + + align:start position:0% +pressure +atmosphere pressure inside of a closed + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere pressure inside of a closed + + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere pressure inside of a closed +container + + align:start position:0% +container + + + align:start position:0% +container +vapor pressure p vapor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that happens when you hit that dynamic + + align:start position:0% +that happens when you hit that dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +that happens when you hit that dynamic +equilibrium now why am i telling you all + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium now why am i telling you all + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium now why am i telling you all +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +well the vapor pressure is going to be + + align:start position:0% +well the vapor pressure is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +well the vapor pressure is going to be +how we understand phase change + + align:start position:0% +how we understand phase change + + + align:start position:0% +how we understand phase change +um and so and so + + align:start position:0% +um and so and so + + + align:start position:0% +um and so and so +you know you got to get a sense already + + align:start position:0% +you know you got to get a sense already + + + align:start position:0% +you know you got to get a sense already +kind of get a sense already that this is + + align:start position:0% +kind of get a sense already that this is + + + align:start position:0% +kind of get a sense already that this is +going to be + + align:start position:0% +going to be + + + align:start position:0% +going to be +related this is related + + align:start position:0% +related this is related + + + align:start position:0% +related this is related +you know this depends + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +on the bonding all right so i just told + + align:start position:0% +on the bonding all right so i just told + + + align:start position:0% +on the bonding all right so i just told +you that water was really special + + align:start position:0% +you that water was really special + + + align:start position:0% +you that water was really special +so so that means that how it it's the + + align:start position:0% +so so that means that how it it's the + + + align:start position:0% +so so that means that how it it's the +bonding between the water molecules and + + align:start position:0% +bonding between the water molecules and + + + align:start position:0% +bonding between the water molecules and +how + + align:start position:0% +how + + + align:start position:0% +how +how often can it get out of the liquid + + align:start position:0% +how often can it get out of the liquid + + + align:start position:0% +how often can it get out of the liquid +it's related to the bonding + + align:start position:0% +it's related to the bonding + + + align:start position:0% +it's related to the bonding +right so if you if you take + + align:start position:0% +right so if you if you take + + + align:start position:0% +right so if you if you take +molecules that we talked about on monday + + align:start position:0% +molecules that we talked about on monday + + + align:start position:0% +molecules that we talked about on monday +these are just for monday propane + + align:start position:0% +these are just for monday propane + + + align:start position:0% +these are just for monday propane +and butane now you understand + + align:start position:0% +and butane now you understand + + + align:start position:0% +and butane now you understand +right why is there this difference in + + align:start position:0% +right why is there this difference in + + + align:start position:0% +right why is there this difference in +the vapor pressure of protein + + align:start position:0% +the vapor pressure of protein + + + align:start position:0% +the vapor pressure of protein +propane and the vapor pressure of butane + + align:start position:0% +propane and the vapor pressure of butane + + + align:start position:0% +propane and the vapor pressure of butane +well it's how they bond together and you + + align:start position:0% +well it's how they bond together and you + + + align:start position:0% +well it's how they bond together and you +know exactly why + + align:start position:0% +know exactly why + + + align:start position:0% +know exactly why +because these are only able to do london + + align:start position:0% +because these are only able to do london + + + align:start position:0% +because these are only able to do london +and so this has a lot as a higher + + align:start position:0% +and so this has a lot as a higher + + + align:start position:0% +and so this has a lot as a higher +surface area we talked about this in + + align:start position:0% +surface area we talked about this in + + + align:start position:0% +surface area we talked about this in +terms of the boiling point remember + + align:start position:0% +terms of the boiling point remember + + + align:start position:0% +terms of the boiling point remember +as a proxy for the intermolecular + + align:start position:0% +as a proxy for the intermolecular + + + align:start position:0% +as a proxy for the intermolecular +bonding strength but now i'm giving you + + align:start position:0% +bonding strength but now i'm giving you + + + align:start position:0% +bonding strength but now i'm giving you +the vapor pressure + + align:start position:0% +the vapor pressure + + + align:start position:0% +the vapor pressure +so this is the vapor pressure of these + + align:start position:0% +so this is the vapor pressure of these + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the vapor pressure of these +things is different those are measure + + align:start position:0% +things is different those are measure + + + align:start position:0% +things is different those are measure +those are given in kilopascal let's put + + align:start position:0% +those are given in kilopascal let's put + + + align:start position:0% +those are given in kilopascal let's put +so if it's water + + align:start position:0% +so if it's water + + + align:start position:0% +so if it's water +so so the water vapor pressure + + align:start position:0% +so so the water vapor pressure + + + align:start position:0% +so so the water vapor pressure +right let's see make sure i get this + + align:start position:0% +right let's see make sure i get this + + + align:start position:0% +right let's see make sure i get this +value ah yes + + align:start position:0% +value ah yes + + + align:start position:0% +value ah yes +p that i'll just put a pv + + align:start position:0% +p that i'll just put a pv + + + align:start position:0% +p that i'll just put a pv +for water is about 2.3 + + align:start position:0% +for water is about 2.3 + + + align:start position:0% +for water is about 2.3 +kilopascal so it's a lot lower + + align:start position:0% +kilopascal so it's a lot lower + + + align:start position:0% +kilopascal so it's a lot lower +than those right those are now that in + + align:start position:0% +than those right those are now that in + + + align:start position:0% +than those right those are now that in +atmospheres and this is going to be + + align:start position:0% +atmospheres and this is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +atmospheres and this is going to be +important + + align:start position:0% +important + + + align:start position:0% +important +0.02 atmospheres + + align:start position:0% +0.02 atmospheres + + + align:start position:0% +0.02 atmospheres +just switching around units that's all + + align:start position:0% +just switching around units that's all + + + align:start position:0% +just switching around units that's all +it's the same thing + + align:start position:0% +it's the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +it's the same thing +as in tight right so so now if if a + + align:start position:0% +as in tight right so so now if if a + + + align:start position:0% +as in tight right so so now if if a +liquid + + align:start position:0% +liquid + + + align:start position:0% +liquid +is you can you can think about this as + + align:start position:0% +is you can you can think about this as + + + align:start position:0% +is you can you can think about this as +well this is a proxy + + align:start position:0% +well this is a proxy + + + align:start position:0% +well this is a proxy +already i can understand this + + align:start position:0% +already i can understand this + + + align:start position:0% +already i can understand this +conceptually right it's a proxy for the + + align:start position:0% +conceptually right it's a proxy for the + + + align:start position:0% +conceptually right it's a proxy for the +intermolecular bonding + + align:start position:0% +intermolecular bonding + + + align:start position:0% +intermolecular bonding +um if you take something like glycerol + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well glycerol is uh let's draw glycerol + + align:start position:0% +well glycerol is uh let's draw glycerol + + + align:start position:0% +well glycerol is uh let's draw glycerol +just for fun + + align:start position:0% +just for fun + + + align:start position:0% +just for fun +carbon carbon o-h + + align:start position:0% +carbon carbon o-h + + + align:start position:0% +carbon carbon o-h +uh let's see it's got another carbon o-h + + align:start position:0% +uh let's see it's got another carbon o-h + + + align:start position:0% +uh let's see it's got another carbon o-h +it's got another o-h look at all that + + align:start position:0% +it's got another o-h look at all that + + + align:start position:0% +it's got another o-h look at all that +ohs it's got some hydrogens down here + + align:start position:0% +ohs it's got some hydrogens down here + + + align:start position:0% +ohs it's got some hydrogens down here +it's got another hydrogen in there and + + align:start position:0% +it's got another hydrogen in there and + + + align:start position:0% +it's got another hydrogen in there and +it's got two more hydrogens out here no + + align:start position:0% +it's got two more hydrogens out here no + + + align:start position:0% +it's got two more hydrogens out here no +i am not paying attention to vesper + + align:start position:0% +i am not paying attention to vesper + + + align:start position:0% +i am not paying attention to vesper +right now + + align:start position:0% +right now + + + align:start position:0% +right now +i'm just getting it on the board but + + align:start position:0% +i'm just getting it on the board but + + + align:start position:0% +i'm just getting it on the board but +look ah but look at that + + align:start position:0% +look ah but look at that + + + align:start position:0% +look ah but look at that +right away you're like oh look at those + + align:start position:0% +right away you're like oh look at those + + + align:start position:0% +right away you're like oh look at those +hydrogen bond + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen bond + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen bond +opportunities yeah this could bond more + + align:start position:0% +opportunities yeah this could bond more + + + align:start position:0% +opportunities yeah this could bond more +strongly than water to itself right + + align:start position:0% +strongly than water to itself right + + + align:start position:0% +strongly than water to itself right +it's got all that hydrogen bonding it's + + align:start position:0% +it's got all that hydrogen bonding it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's got all that hydrogen bonding it's +got even more than water + + align:start position:0% +got even more than water + + + align:start position:0% +got even more than water +and so the vapor pressure of this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +0.01 + + align:start position:0% +0.01 + + + align:start position:0% +0.01 +pascal so much lower + + align:start position:0% +pascal so much lower + + + align:start position:0% +pascal so much lower +and as a general rule we like to compare + + align:start position:0% +and as a general rule we like to compare + + + align:start position:0% +and as a general rule we like to compare +everything to water + + align:start position:0% +everything to water + + + align:start position:0% +everything to water +so you know if something has a vapor + + align:start position:0% +so you know if something has a vapor + + + align:start position:0% +so you know if something has a vapor +pressure + + align:start position:0% +pressure + + + align:start position:0% +pressure +that is uh higher than water + + align:start position:0% +that is uh higher than water + + + align:start position:0% +that is uh higher than water +so it's called volatile p + + align:start position:0% +so it's called volatile p + + + align:start position:0% +so it's called volatile p +v greater than p v water + + align:start position:0% +v greater than p v water + + + align:start position:0% +v greater than p v water +it is volatile it's a volatile liquid + + align:start position:0% +it is volatile it's a volatile liquid + + + align:start position:0% +it is volatile it's a volatile liquid +like butane and propane if it's less + + align:start position:0% +like butane and propane if it's less + + + align:start position:0% +like butane and propane if it's less +than + + align:start position:0% +than + + + align:start position:0% +than +pv water then + + align:start position:0% +pv water then + + + align:start position:0% +pv water then +it's called here comes all those + + align:start position:0% +it's called here comes all those + + + align:start position:0% +it's called here comes all those +chemists + + align:start position:0% +chemists + + + align:start position:0% +chemists +non-volatile look at that + + align:start position:0% +non-volatile look at that + + + align:start position:0% +non-volatile look at that +look at that beautiful naming + + align:start position:0% +look at that beautiful naming + + + align:start position:0% +look at that beautiful naming +originality + + align:start position:0% +originality + + + align:start position:0% +originality +okay but this is the thing right i've + + align:start position:0% +okay but this is the thing right i've + + + align:start position:0% +okay but this is the thing right i've +given you this concept of vapor pressure + + align:start position:0% +given you this concept of vapor pressure + + + align:start position:0% +given you this concept of vapor pressure +i've talked about it a little bit you + + align:start position:0% +i've talked about it a little bit you + + + align:start position:0% +i've talked about it a little bit you +can relate it to something you just + + align:start position:0% +can relate it to something you just + + + align:start position:0% +can relate it to something you just +learned on monday + + align:start position:0% +learned on monday + + + align:start position:0% +learned on monday +but i still have not come back to + + align:start position:0% +but i still have not come back to + + + align:start position:0% +but i still have not come back to +boiling + + align:start position:0% +boiling + + + align:start position:0% +boiling +and and that really is it it's that + + align:start position:0% +and and that really is it it's that + + + align:start position:0% +and and that really is it it's that +boiling is actually + + align:start position:0% +boiling is actually + + + align:start position:0% +boiling is actually +understood by vapor pressure + + align:start position:0% +understood by vapor pressure + + + align:start position:0% +understood by vapor pressure +that is how we understand boiling and + + align:start position:0% +that is how we understand boiling and + + + align:start position:0% +that is how we understand boiling and +and so + + align:start position:0% +and so + + + align:start position:0% +and so +you can think about let's just give you + + align:start position:0% +you can think about let's just give you + + + align:start position:0% +you can think about let's just give you +conceptually right so if the + + align:start position:0% +conceptually right so if the + + + align:start position:0% +conceptually right so if the +if if you had let's go back to those + + align:start position:0% +if if you had let's go back to those + + + align:start position:0% +if if you had let's go back to those +buckets there + + align:start position:0% +buckets there + + + align:start position:0% +buckets there +let's go back to like evaporation + + align:start position:0% +let's go back to like evaporation + + + align:start position:0% +let's go back to like evaporation +condensation but now instead of being in + + align:start position:0% +condensation but now instead of being in + + + align:start position:0% +condensation but now instead of being in +a closed container + + align:start position:0% +a closed container + + + align:start position:0% +a closed container +right now i'm outside so if i had + + align:start position:0% +right now i'm outside so if i had + + + align:start position:0% +right now i'm outside so if i had +let's say i had this container here and + + align:start position:0% +let's say i had this container here and + + + align:start position:0% +let's say i had this container here and +i've got all these waters in it + + align:start position:0% +i've got all these waters in it + + + align:start position:0% +i've got all these waters in it +right um but now i'm outside so i've got + + align:start position:0% +right um but now i'm outside so i've got + + + align:start position:0% +right um but now i'm outside so i've got +the power + + align:start position:0% +the power + + + align:start position:0% +the power +of one atmosphere right one + + align:start position:0% +of one atmosphere right one + + + align:start position:0% +of one atmosphere right one +atmosphere well it you know now you see + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere well it you know now you see + + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere well it you know now you see +like okay if a molecule is able to + + align:start position:0% +like okay if a molecule is able to + + + align:start position:0% +like okay if a molecule is able to +evaporate from the liquid + + align:start position:0% +evaporate from the liquid + + + align:start position:0% +evaporate from the liquid +if a molecule is able to leave the + + align:start position:0% +if a molecule is able to leave the + + + align:start position:0% +if a molecule is able to leave the +liquid bonding environment + + align:start position:0% +liquid bonding environment + + + align:start position:0% +liquid bonding environment +breaking the bond that's why we can + + align:start position:0% +breaking the bond that's why we can + + + align:start position:0% +breaking the bond that's why we can +relate it to intermolecular forces right + + align:start position:0% +relate it to intermolecular forces right + + + align:start position:0% +relate it to intermolecular forces right +it's breaking those bonds in the liquid + + align:start position:0% +it's breaking those bonds in the liquid + + + align:start position:0% +it's breaking those bonds in the liquid +and becoming a gas phase molecule it's + + align:start position:0% +and becoming a gas phase molecule it's + + + align:start position:0% +and becoming a gas phase molecule it's +changing its phase + + align:start position:0% +changing its phase + + + align:start position:0% +changing its phase +well you know then the question is is it + + align:start position:0% +well you know then the question is is it + + + align:start position:0% +well you know then the question is is it +like gonna what's it gonna do + + align:start position:0% +like gonna what's it gonna do + + + align:start position:0% +like gonna what's it gonna do +you know is it gonna kind of hang out + + align:start position:0% +you know is it gonna kind of hang out + + + align:start position:0% +you know is it gonna kind of hang out +here and and are the forces of the + + align:start position:0% +here and and are the forces of the + + + align:start position:0% +here and and are the forces of the +atmosphere + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere + + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere +is is the atmospheric pressure going to + + align:start position:0% +is is the atmospheric pressure going to + + + align:start position:0% +is is the atmospheric pressure going to +kind of hold it around there + + align:start position:0% +kind of hold it around there + + + align:start position:0% +kind of hold it around there +or is it going to be able to lean + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well this is a very simple conceptual + + align:start position:0% +well this is a very simple conceptual + + + align:start position:0% +well this is a very simple conceptual +picture right + + align:start position:0% +picture right + + + align:start position:0% +picture right +is it if you thought that the forces of + + align:start position:0% +is it if you thought that the forces of + + + align:start position:0% +is it if you thought that the forces of +the atmosphere were going to always hold + + align:start position:0% +the atmosphere were going to always hold + + + align:start position:0% +the atmosphere were going to always hold +it there then you'd say the atmosphere + + align:start position:0% +it there then you'd say the atmosphere + + + align:start position:0% +it there then you'd say the atmosphere +is a container and it's not but actually + + align:start position:0% +is a container and it's not but actually + + + align:start position:0% +is a container and it's not but actually +evaporation only happens because a + + align:start position:0% +evaporation only happens because a + + + align:start position:0% +evaporation only happens because a +breeze can come along and blow this away + + align:start position:0% +breeze can come along and blow this away + + + align:start position:0% +breeze can come along and blow this away +right out in the air so those forces + + align:start position:0% +right out in the air so those forces + + + align:start position:0% +right out in the air so those forces +are super important because as soon as + + align:start position:0% +are super important because as soon as + + + align:start position:0% +are super important because as soon as +the vapor pressure + + align:start position:0% +the vapor pressure + + + align:start position:0% +the vapor pressure +is greater than the atmospheric pressure + + align:start position:0% +is greater than the atmospheric pressure + + + align:start position:0% +is greater than the atmospheric pressure +well now + + align:start position:0% +well now + + + align:start position:0% +well now +you can get a sense that if the vapor + + align:start position:0% +you can get a sense that if the vapor + + + align:start position:0% +you can get a sense that if the vapor +pressure is greater than the pressure + + align:start position:0% +pressure is greater than the pressure + + + align:start position:0% +pressure is greater than the pressure +outside over that surface of the air + + align:start position:0% +outside over that surface of the air + + + align:start position:0% +outside over that surface of the air +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +then the molecule is just going to fly + + align:start position:0% +then the molecule is just going to fly + + + align:start position:0% +then the molecule is just going to fly +right out and power through it + + align:start position:0% +right out and power through it + + + align:start position:0% +right out and power through it +that is the definition of boiling + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +boiling is a pressure effect it's that + + align:start position:0% +boiling is a pressure effect it's that + + + align:start position:0% +boiling is a pressure effect it's that +the vapor pressure + + align:start position:0% +the vapor pressure + + + align:start position:0% +the vapor pressure +of this material which is related to how + + align:start position:0% +of this material which is related to how + + + align:start position:0% +of this material which is related to how +strongly it's bonded in the liquid + + align:start position:0% +strongly it's bonded in the liquid + + + align:start position:0% +strongly it's bonded in the liquid +compared to the gas phase + + align:start position:0% +compared to the gas phase + + + align:start position:0% +compared to the gas phase +that that goes higher than the + + align:start position:0% +that that goes higher than the + + + align:start position:0% +that that goes higher than the +surrounding pressure + + align:start position:0% +surrounding pressure + + + align:start position:0% +surrounding pressure +that's the definition of boiling + + align:start position:0% +that's the definition of boiling + + + align:start position:0% +that's the definition of boiling +but i still and so you can see why water + + align:start position:0% +but i still and so you can see why water + + + align:start position:0% +but i still and so you can see why water +doesn't boil if i + + align:start position:0% +doesn't boil if i + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't boil if i +have a bucket of water and i watch it + + align:start position:0% +have a bucket of water and i watch it + + + align:start position:0% +have a bucket of water and i watch it +it's not going to boil .02 atmospheres + + align:start position:0% +it's not going to boil .02 atmospheres + + + align:start position:0% +it's not going to boil .02 atmospheres +is not greater than one + + align:start position:0% +is not greater than one + + + align:start position:0% +is not greater than one +right but so i haven't gotten there yet + + align:start position:0% +right but so i haven't gotten there yet + + + align:start position:0% +right but so i haven't gotten there yet +i haven't made it boil but i want to + + align:start position:0% +i haven't made it boil but i want to + + + align:start position:0% +i haven't made it boil but i want to +make it boil + + align:start position:0% +make it boil + + + align:start position:0% +make it boil +and that is where we go next because + + align:start position:0% +and that is where we go next because + + + align:start position:0% +and that is where we go next because +that is really what temperature is + + align:start position:0% +that is really what temperature is + + + align:start position:0% +that is really what temperature is +see the the vapor pressure is really a + + align:start position:0% +see the the vapor pressure is really a + + + align:start position:0% +see the the vapor pressure is really a +link + + align:start position:0% +link + + + align:start position:0% +link +between temperature and boiling it's the + + align:start position:0% +between temperature and boiling it's the + + + align:start position:0% +between temperature and boiling it's the +length that you need to understand + + align:start position:0% +length that you need to understand + + + align:start position:0% +length that you need to understand +between temperature + + align:start position:0% +between temperature + + + align:start position:0% +between temperature +and boiling the reason why + + align:start position:0% +and boiling the reason why + + + align:start position:0% +and boiling the reason why +when you increase the temperature of the + + align:start position:0% +when you increase the temperature of the + + + align:start position:0% +when you increase the temperature of the +water the reason why it boils + + align:start position:0% +water the reason why it boils + + + align:start position:0% +water the reason why it boils +is because you change its vapor pressure + + align:start position:0% +is because you change its vapor pressure + + + align:start position:0% +is because you change its vapor pressure +that's why it boils that's what boiling + + align:start position:0% +that's why it boils that's what boiling + + + align:start position:0% +that's why it boils that's what boiling +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +okay it's when you get it above the + + align:start position:0% +okay it's when you get it above the + + + align:start position:0% +okay it's when you get it above the +atmospheric pressure + + align:start position:0% +atmospheric pressure + + + align:start position:0% +atmospheric pressure +ah no + + align:start position:0% +ah no + + + align:start position:0% +ah no +okay so so the the + + align:start position:0% +okay so so the the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so the the +so we got okay so we where there we go + + align:start position:0% +so we got okay so we where there we go + + + align:start position:0% +so we got okay so we where there we go +oh we'll come to that in a minute + + align:start position:0% +oh we'll come to that in a minute + + + align:start position:0% +oh we'll come to that in a minute +so if i were to plot now the vapor + + align:start position:0% +so if i were to plot now the vapor + + + align:start position:0% +so if i were to plot now the vapor +pressure let's do this carefully here + + align:start position:0% +pressure let's do this carefully here + + + align:start position:0% +pressure let's do this carefully here +okay i'm going to make a plot of the + + align:start position:0% +okay i'm going to make a plot of the + + + align:start position:0% +okay i'm going to make a plot of the +vapor pressure + + align:start position:0% +vapor pressure + + + align:start position:0% +vapor pressure +pv right versus + + align:start position:0% +pv right versus + + + align:start position:0% +pv right versus +temperature so i just told you there's a + + align:start position:0% +temperature so i just told you there's a + + + align:start position:0% +temperature so i just told you there's a +dependence on the temperature + + align:start position:0% +dependence on the temperature + + + align:start position:0% +dependence on the temperature +right so versus temperature let's go to + + align:start position:0% +right so versus temperature let's go to + + + align:start position:0% +right so versus temperature let's go to +well i don't know let's go to room + + align:start position:0% +well i don't know let's go to room + + + align:start position:0% +well i don't know let's go to room +temperature right so around here + + align:start position:0% +temperature right so around here + + + align:start position:0% +temperature right so around here +and i just told you that it's 0.02 + + align:start position:0% +and i just told you that it's 0.02 + + + align:start position:0% +and i just told you that it's 0.02 +for 25c + + align:start position:0% +for 25c + + + align:start position:0% +for 25c +okay good so it's 0.02 for 25 + + align:start position:0% +okay good so it's 0.02 for 25 + + + align:start position:0% +okay good so it's 0.02 for 25 +0.02 for 25 c so that's the vapor + + align:start position:0% +0.02 for 25 c so that's the vapor + + + align:start position:0% +0.02 for 25 c so that's the vapor +pressure + + align:start position:0% +pressure + + + align:start position:0% +pressure +that's the temperature but i also told + + align:start position:0% +that's the temperature but i also told + + + align:start position:0% +that's the temperature but i also told +you that boiling + + align:start position:0% +you that boiling + + + align:start position:0% +you that boiling +if i'm at so this is this is zero but i + + align:start position:0% +if i'm at so this is this is zero but i + + + align:start position:0% +if i'm at so this is this is zero but i +also + + align:start position:0% +also + + + align:start position:0% +also +told you that boiling so this would be + + align:start position:0% +told you that boiling so this would be + + + align:start position:0% +told you that boiling so this would be +like one atmosphere + + align:start position:0% +like one atmosphere + + + align:start position:0% +like one atmosphere +let's suppose the units are atmospheres + + align:start position:0% +let's suppose the units are atmospheres + + + align:start position:0% +let's suppose the units are atmospheres +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +okay so i i told you that boiling + + align:start position:0% +okay so i i told you that boiling + + + align:start position:0% +okay so i i told you that boiling +happens now we know that water we know + + align:start position:0% +happens now we know that water we know + + + align:start position:0% +happens now we know that water we know +what the answer is right + + align:start position:0% +what the answer is right + + + align:start position:0% +what the answer is right +up here that's got to be boiling for + + align:start position:0% +up here that's got to be boiling for + + + align:start position:0% +up here that's got to be boiling for +100 c right that's where + + align:start position:0% +100 c right that's where + + + align:start position:0% +100 c right that's where +the water goes above or meets the + + align:start position:0% +the water goes above or meets the + + + align:start position:0% +the water goes above or meets the +atmospheric pressure and then goes above + + align:start position:0% +atmospheric pressure and then goes above + + + align:start position:0% +atmospheric pressure and then goes above +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +so once the vapor pressure so this is + + align:start position:0% +so once the vapor pressure so this is + + + align:start position:0% +so once the vapor pressure so this is +the vapor pressure of water + + align:start position:0% +the vapor pressure of water + + + align:start position:0% +the vapor pressure of water +this is what we have so far yeah but we + + align:start position:0% +this is what we have so far yeah but we + + + align:start position:0% +this is what we have so far yeah but we +need more than that + + align:start position:0% +need more than that + + + align:start position:0% +need more than that +now so he said well why is it + + align:start position:0% +now so he said well why is it + + + align:start position:0% +now so he said well why is it +so we know this why is it that if i go + + align:start position:0% +so we know this why is it that if i go + + + align:start position:0% +so we know this why is it that if i go +to denver + + align:start position:0% +to denver + + + align:start position:0% +to denver +the so so like this is in boston this is + + align:start position:0% +the so so like this is in boston this is + + + align:start position:0% +the so so like this is in boston this is +in boston + + align:start position:0% +in boston + + + align:start position:0% +in boston +this is boston but if i live in denver + + align:start position:0% +this is boston but if i live in denver + + + align:start position:0% +this is boston but if i live in denver +how many people live in denver + + align:start position:0% +how many people live in denver + + + align:start position:0% +how many people live in denver +well i mean you're not living there now + + align:start position:0% +well i mean you're not living there now + + + align:start position:0% +well i mean you're not living there now +but but welcome to boston + + align:start position:0% +but but welcome to boston + + + align:start position:0% +but but welcome to boston +oh and if i go like this + + align:start position:0% +oh and if i go like this + + + align:start position:0% +oh and if i go like this +um now see the thing is now + + align:start position:0% +um now see the thing is now + + + align:start position:0% +um now see the thing is now +um you boil at this is this is the this + + align:start position:0% +um you boil at this is this is the this + + + align:start position:0% +um you boil at this is this is the this +is in denver + + align:start position:0% +is in denver + + + align:start position:0% +is in denver +well so you guys don't have as much air + + align:start position:0% +well so you guys don't have as much air + + + align:start position:0% +well so you guys don't have as much air +in denver + + align:start position:0% +in denver + + + align:start position:0% +in denver +the the the pressure in denver + + align:start position:0% +the the the pressure in denver + + + align:start position:0% +the the the pressure in denver +is 0.83 0.83 + + align:start position:0% +is 0.83 0.83 + + + align:start position:0% +is 0.83 0.83 +atmospheres but i just said that + + align:start position:0% +atmospheres but i just said that + + + align:start position:0% +atmospheres but i just said that +you know you boil when you have the + + align:start position:0% +you know you boil when you have the + + + align:start position:0% +you know you boil when you have the +vapor pressure is higher than + + align:start position:0% +vapor pressure is higher than + + + align:start position:0% +vapor pressure is higher than +the atmospheric pressure so that means + + align:start position:0% +the atmospheric pressure so that means + + + align:start position:0% +the atmospheric pressure so that means +whatever this curve is it means that i'm + + align:start position:0% +whatever this curve is it means that i'm + + + align:start position:0% +whatever this curve is it means that i'm +going to boil at a different temperature + + align:start position:0% +going to boil at a different temperature + + + align:start position:0% +going to boil at a different temperature +and it turns out that's a hundred and if + + align:start position:0% +and it turns out that's a hundred and if + + + align:start position:0% +and it turns out that's a hundred and if +you're in denver + + align:start position:0% +you're in denver + + + align:start position:0% +you're in denver +it takes longer to boil potatoes + + align:start position:0% +it takes longer to boil potatoes + + + align:start position:0% +it takes longer to boil potatoes +because the boiling temperature is 95. + + align:start position:0% +because the boiling temperature is 95. + + + align:start position:0% +because the boiling temperature is 95. +that's why + + align:start position:0% +that's why + + + align:start position:0% +that's why +but it's all because of this it's all + + align:start position:0% +but it's all because of this it's all + + + align:start position:0% +but it's all because of this it's all +because of how evaporation + + align:start position:0% +because of how evaporation + + + align:start position:0% +because of how evaporation +happens as it relates to the atmospheric + + align:start position:0% +happens as it relates to the atmospheric + + + align:start position:0% +happens as it relates to the atmospheric +pressure + + align:start position:0% +pressure + + + align:start position:0% +pressure +yeah but so the thing is though what we + + align:start position:0% +yeah but so the thing is though what we + + + align:start position:0% +yeah but so the thing is though what we +need and by the way + + align:start position:0% +need and by the way + + + align:start position:0% +need and by the way +it you know it you go the other way too + + align:start position:0% +it you know it you go the other way too + + + align:start position:0% +it you know it you go the other way too +right you can go up + + align:start position:0% +right you can go up + + + align:start position:0% +right you can go up +if you go below sea level then the + + align:start position:0% +if you go below sea level then the + + + align:start position:0% +if you go below sea level then the +atmospheric pressure is higher so if you + + align:start position:0% +atmospheric pressure is higher so if you + + + align:start position:0% +atmospheric pressure is higher so if you +go to the dead sea + + align:start position:0% +go to the dead sea + + + align:start position:0% +go to the dead sea +your water boils at 101.4 if you go to + + align:start position:0% +your water boils at 101.4 if you go to + + + align:start position:0% +your water boils at 101.4 if you go to +the top of mount everest it's + + align:start position:0% +the top of mount everest it's + + + align:start position:0% +the top of mount everest it's +70. you never boil potatoes there well + + align:start position:0% +70. you never boil potatoes there well + + + align:start position:0% +70. you never boil potatoes there well +you can but you'll never cook + + align:start position:0% +you can but you'll never cook + + + align:start position:0% +you can but you'll never cook +so so how do you how does this get + + align:start position:0% +so so how do you how does this get + + + align:start position:0% +so so how do you how does this get +connected + + align:start position:0% +connected + + + align:start position:0% +connected +that's really the question what is so + + align:start position:0% +that's really the question what is so + + + align:start position:0% +that's really the question what is so +what is this + + align:start position:0% +what is this + + + align:start position:0% +what is this +right where does that where does that + + align:start position:0% +right where does that where does that + + + align:start position:0% +right where does that where does that +dependence come from and that's + + align:start position:0% +dependence come from and that's + + + align:start position:0% +dependence come from and that's +where we need something called kinetic + + align:start position:0% +where we need something called kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +where we need something called kinetic +theory now i'm not going to + + align:start position:0% +theory now i'm not going to + + + align:start position:0% +theory now i'm not going to +teach you kinetic theory and i'm not + + align:start position:0% +teach you kinetic theory and i'm not + + + align:start position:0% +teach you kinetic theory and i'm not +going to say that you're responsible for + + align:start position:0% +going to say that you're responsible for + + + align:start position:0% +going to say that you're responsible for +knowing it but i'm showing you + + align:start position:0% +knowing it but i'm showing you + + + align:start position:0% +knowing it but i'm showing you +what it means what kinetic theory does + + align:start position:0% +what it means what kinetic theory does + + + align:start position:0% +what it means what kinetic theory does +which you would learn in say like a + + align:start position:0% +which you would learn in say like a + + + align:start position:0% +which you would learn in say like a +thermal class + + align:start position:0% +thermal class + + + align:start position:0% +thermal class +right well what kind of kinetic theory + + align:start position:0% +right well what kind of kinetic theory + + + align:start position:0% +right well what kind of kinetic theory +does is it gives us this relationship + + align:start position:0% +does is it gives us this relationship + + + align:start position:0% +does is it gives us this relationship +between how many molecules have a given + + align:start position:0% +between how many molecules have a given + + + align:start position:0% +between how many molecules have a given +energy in this case it's a kinetic + + align:start position:0% +energy in this case it's a kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +energy in this case it's a kinetic +energy + + align:start position:0% +energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy +right and the temperature that's what + + align:start position:0% +right and the temperature that's what + + + align:start position:0% +right and the temperature that's what +kinetic theory does for us so + + align:start position:0% +kinetic theory does for us so + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic theory does for us so +so let's see if i had um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +if i had uh to write this + + align:start position:0% +if i had uh to write this + + + align:start position:0% +if i had uh to write this +in us in a kind of just simple + + align:start position:0% +in us in a kind of just simple + + + align:start position:0% +in us in a kind of just simple +dependence way what it's telling us + + align:start position:0% +dependence way what it's telling us + + + align:start position:0% +dependence way what it's telling us +as in in general is so this would be + + align:start position:0% +as in in general is so this would be + + + align:start position:0% +as in in general is so this would be +kinetic theory + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +kinetic theory of gases if you want + + align:start position:0% +kinetic theory of gases if you want + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic theory of gases if you want +that's what we're talking about + + align:start position:0% +that's what we're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we're talking about +there okay this would give us + + align:start position:0% +there okay this would give us + + + align:start position:0% +there okay this would give us +the following this is what what you get + + align:start position:0% +the following this is what what you get + + + align:start position:0% +the following this is what what you get +is that the log + + align:start position:0% +is that the log + + + align:start position:0% +is that the log +of the fractions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fraction of molecules + + align:start position:0% +fraction of molecules + + + align:start position:0% +fraction of molecules +with some energy e okay + + align:start position:0% +with some energy e okay + + + align:start position:0% +with some energy e okay +with energy i'll write it out just so + + align:start position:0% +with energy i'll write it out just so + + + align:start position:0% +with energy i'll write it out just so +there's not confusion energy + + align:start position:0% +there's not confusion energy + + + align:start position:0% +there's not confusion energy +e the log of that the natural log of + + align:start position:0% +e the log of that the natural log of + + + align:start position:0% +e the log of that the natural log of +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +is going to go as that energy divided by + + align:start position:0% +is going to go as that energy divided by + + + align:start position:0% +is going to go as that energy divided by +temperature + + align:start position:0% +temperature + + + align:start position:0% +temperature +it gives you a connection between what + + align:start position:0% +it gives you a connection between what + + + align:start position:0% +it gives you a connection between what +i'm plotting here really that's where + + align:start position:0% +i'm plotting here really that's where + + + align:start position:0% +i'm plotting here really that's where +that plot comes from + + align:start position:0% +that plot comes from + + + align:start position:0% +that plot comes from +okay the fraction of molecules with + + align:start position:0% +okay the fraction of molecules with + + + align:start position:0% +okay the fraction of molecules with +kinetic energy e + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy e + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy e +goes as that energy divided by + + align:start position:0% +goes as that energy divided by + + + align:start position:0% +goes as that energy divided by +temperature + + align:start position:0% +temperature + + + align:start position:0% +temperature +the log of that that's what kinetic + + align:start position:0% +the log of that that's what kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +the log of that that's what kinetic +theory gives me now and that that fills + + align:start position:0% +theory gives me now and that that fills + + + align:start position:0% +theory gives me now and that that fills +it in + + align:start position:0% +it in + + + align:start position:0% +it in +except that i still is in vapor pressure + + align:start position:0% +except that i still is in vapor pressure + + + align:start position:0% +except that i still is in vapor pressure +right this still isn't vapor pressure + + align:start position:0% +right this still isn't vapor pressure + + + align:start position:0% +right this still isn't vapor pressure +and so for that + + align:start position:0% +and so for that + + + align:start position:0% +and so for that +you need one more piece and ah + + align:start position:0% +you need one more piece and ah + + + align:start position:0% +you need one more piece and ah +and that is given to us by clausius + + align:start position:0% +and that is given to us by clausius + + + align:start position:0% +and that is given to us by clausius +cleperone so the clausius clapeyron + + align:start position:0% +cleperone so the clausius clapeyron + + + align:start position:0% +cleperone so the clausius clapeyron +equation ah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +does not i'm not going to derive it you + + align:start position:0% +does not i'm not going to derive it you + + + align:start position:0% +does not i'm not going to derive it you +don't need to know how to derive it + + align:start position:0% +don't need to know how to derive it + + + align:start position:0% +don't need to know how to derive it +um but it goes from the kinetic theory + + align:start position:0% +um but it goes from the kinetic theory + + + align:start position:0% +um but it goes from the kinetic theory +to vapor pressures + + align:start position:0% +to vapor pressures + + + align:start position:0% +to vapor pressures +so this one tells us that the log of + + align:start position:0% +so this one tells us that the log of + + + align:start position:0% +so this one tells us that the log of +the vapor pressure equals minus + + align:start position:0% +the vapor pressure equals minus + + + align:start position:0% +the vapor pressure equals minus +and here we go this is the next really + + align:start position:0% +and here we go this is the next really + + + align:start position:0% +and here we go this is the next really +important concept + + align:start position:0% +important concept + + + align:start position:0% +important concept +the heat of vaporization we'll get to + + align:start position:0% +the heat of vaporization we'll get to + + + align:start position:0% +the heat of vaporization we'll get to +this in a second + + align:start position:0% +this in a second + + + align:start position:0% +this in a second +divided by r t plus a constant + + align:start position:0% +divided by r t plus a constant + + + align:start position:0% +divided by r t plus a constant +so that's the ideal gas constant that's + + align:start position:0% +so that's the ideal gas constant that's + + + align:start position:0% +so that's the ideal gas constant that's +the temperature + + align:start position:0% +the temperature + + + align:start position:0% +the temperature +and this is the enthalpy or the heat + + align:start position:0% +and this is the enthalpy or the heat + + + align:start position:0% +and this is the enthalpy or the heat +of vaporization so it's the energy + + align:start position:0% +of vaporization so it's the energy + + + align:start position:0% +of vaporization so it's the energy +to vaporize a liquid + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good now you know often this is given in + + align:start position:0% +good now you know often this is given in + + + align:start position:0% +good now you know often this is given in +per mole + + align:start position:0% +per mole + + + align:start position:0% +per mole +so it'd be like the energy of vaporizing + + align:start position:0% +so it'd be like the energy of vaporizing + + + align:start position:0% +so it'd be like the energy of vaporizing +a mole of a liquid but it's an energy + + align:start position:0% +a mole of a liquid but it's an energy + + + align:start position:0% +a mole of a liquid but it's an energy +it's an amount of energy needed to turn + + align:start position:0% +it's an amount of energy needed to turn + + + align:start position:0% +it's an amount of energy needed to turn +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +whatever you got to put into it to turn + + align:start position:0% +whatever you got to put into it to turn + + + align:start position:0% +whatever you got to put into it to turn +it into a gas from a liquid + + align:start position:0% +it into a gas from a liquid + + + align:start position:0% +it into a gas from a liquid +that's that enthalpy of vaporization and + + align:start position:0% +that's that enthalpy of vaporization and + + + align:start position:0% +that's that enthalpy of vaporization and +r is the ideal gas constant in this case + + align:start position:0% +r is the ideal gas constant in this case + + + align:start position:0% +r is the ideal gas constant in this case +you know so if if it's r if + + align:start position:0% +you know so if if it's r if + + + align:start position:0% +you know so if if it's r if +r is in the equation it's got to be per + + align:start position:0% +r is in the equation it's got to be per + + + align:start position:0% +r is in the equation it's got to be per +mole right + + align:start position:0% +mole right + + + align:start position:0% +mole right +because it's r remember we've already + + align:start position:0% +because it's r remember we've already + + + align:start position:0% +because it's r remember we've already +talked about that + + align:start position:0% +talked about that + + + align:start position:0% +talked about that +since it's r it's the ideal gas constant + + align:start position:0% +since it's r it's the ideal gas constant + + + align:start position:0% +since it's r it's the ideal gas constant +so that's now okay + + align:start position:0% +so that's now okay + + + align:start position:0% +so that's now okay +so that is the that is how you get + + align:start position:0% +so that is the that is how you get + + + align:start position:0% +so that is the that is how you get +between + + align:start position:0% +between + + + align:start position:0% +between +that is how you get this relationship + + align:start position:0% +that is how you get this relationship + + + align:start position:0% +that is how you get this relationship +you get it and again you + + align:start position:0% +you get it and again you + + + align:start position:0% +you get it and again you +you know this is an important equation + + align:start position:0% +you know this is an important equation + + + align:start position:0% +you know this is an important equation +you get it from + + align:start position:0% +you get it from + + + align:start position:0% +you get it from +the kinetic theory of gases but this is + + align:start position:0% +the kinetic theory of gases but this is + + + align:start position:0% +the kinetic theory of gases but this is +what the outcome is for us + + align:start position:0% +what the outcome is for us + + + align:start position:0% +what the outcome is for us +this is what matters is the cautious + + align:start position:0% +this is what matters is the cautious + + + align:start position:0% +this is what matters is the cautious +clapper on equation + + align:start position:0% +clapper on equation + + + align:start position:0% +clapper on equation +and so and so now what so you can + + align:start position:0% +and so and so now what so you can + + + align:start position:0% +and so and so now what so you can +actually now + + align:start position:0% +actually now + + + align:start position:0% +actually now +if if somehow you knew how much energy + + align:start position:0% +if if somehow you knew how much energy + + + align:start position:0% +if if somehow you knew how much energy +it took to vaporize a mole of this stuff + + align:start position:0% +it took to vaporize a mole of this stuff + + + align:start position:0% +it took to vaporize a mole of this stuff +well now you've got a curve that's all i + + align:start position:0% +well now you've got a curve that's all i + + + align:start position:0% +well now you've got a curve that's all i +need to know + + align:start position:0% +need to know + + + align:start position:0% +need to know +right is how much energy so so now i can + + align:start position:0% +right is how much energy so so now i can + + + align:start position:0% +right is how much energy so so now i can +say well let's see + + align:start position:0% +say well let's see + + + align:start position:0% +say well let's see +um that's okay i got uh i got you know + + align:start position:0% +um that's okay i got uh i got you know + + + align:start position:0% +um that's okay i got uh i got you know +maybe uh butane is gonna go like this + + align:start position:0% +maybe uh butane is gonna go like this + + + align:start position:0% +maybe uh butane is gonna go like this +and then glycerol might go you know like + + align:start position:0% +and then glycerol might go you know like + + + align:start position:0% +and then glycerol might go you know like +that maybe this is propane + + align:start position:0% +that maybe this is propane + + + align:start position:0% +that maybe this is propane +right propane uh glycerol + + align:start position:0% +right propane uh glycerol + + + align:start position:0% +right propane uh glycerol +and so on yeah but i'm still missing + + align:start position:0% +and so on yeah but i'm still missing + + + align:start position:0% +and so on yeah but i'm still missing +this concept + + align:start position:0% +this concept + + + align:start position:0% +this concept +so i can i can now get dependence but + + align:start position:0% +so i can i can now get dependence but + + + align:start position:0% +so i can i can now get dependence but +how do i get delta h + + align:start position:0% +how do i get delta h + + + align:start position:0% +how do i get delta h +that's the next piece of the puzzle + + align:start position:0% +that's the next piece of the puzzle + + + align:start position:0% +that's the next piece of the puzzle +right how do i get delta h + + align:start position:0% +right how do i get delta h + + + align:start position:0% +right how do i get delta h +okay so you know so so far i've got this + + align:start position:0% +okay so you know so so far i've got this + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you know so so far i've got this +really cool result right i've got that + + align:start position:0% +really cool result right i've got that + + + align:start position:0% +really cool result right i've got that +p so so far i've got that um + + align:start position:0% +p so so far i've got that um + + + align:start position:0% +p so so far i've got that um +i'm i'm going back to bowling but i'm + + align:start position:0% +i'm i'm going back to bowling but i'm + + + align:start position:0% +i'm i'm going back to bowling but i'm +going back to boiling + + align:start position:0% +going back to boiling + + + align:start position:0% +going back to boiling +right for boiling i know + + align:start position:0% +right for boiling i know + + + align:start position:0% +right for boiling i know +that um yeah so so the i am and so p + + align:start position:0% +that um yeah so so the i am and so p + + + align:start position:0% +that um yeah so so the i am and so p +vapor is related to the imf's + + align:start position:0% +vapor is related to the imf's + + + align:start position:0% +vapor is related to the imf's +right i know that p + + align:start position:0% +right i know that p + + + align:start position:0% +right i know that p +vapor is related to the temperature + + align:start position:0% +vapor is related to the temperature + + + align:start position:0% +vapor is related to the temperature +and i know that the atmospheric pressure + + align:start position:0% +and i know that the atmospheric pressure + + + align:start position:0% +and i know that the atmospheric pressure +is important right atmospheric pressure + + align:start position:0% +is important right atmospheric pressure + + + align:start position:0% +is important right atmospheric pressure +is uh is related to boiling yeah + + align:start position:0% +is uh is related to boiling yeah + + + align:start position:0% +is uh is related to boiling yeah +okay that's redundant because you got to + + align:start position:0% +okay that's redundant because you got to + + + align:start position:0% +okay that's redundant because you got to +get higher than the atmospheric pressure + + align:start position:0% +get higher than the atmospheric pressure + + + align:start position:0% +get higher than the atmospheric pressure +to boil + + align:start position:0% +to boil + + + align:start position:0% +to boil +that's how we defined it so but again + + align:start position:0% +that's how we defined it so but again + + + align:start position:0% +that's how we defined it so but again +the specific dependence is what i wanted + + align:start position:0% +the specific dependence is what i wanted + + + align:start position:0% +the specific dependence is what i wanted +on temperature and i have it except that + + align:start position:0% +on temperature and i have it except that + + + align:start position:0% +on temperature and i have it except that +i now need to know what this delta h + + align:start position:0% +i now need to know what this delta h + + + align:start position:0% +i now need to know what this delta h +is okay so so here's here we go + + align:start position:0% +is okay so so here's here we go + + + align:start position:0% +is okay so so here's here we go +why is this related to pizza + + align:start position:0% +why is this related to pizza + + + align:start position:0% +why is this related to pizza +everything's related to pizza + + align:start position:0% +everything's related to pizza + + + align:start position:0% +everything's related to pizza +at the end of the day but see now we + + align:start position:0% +at the end of the day but see now we + + + align:start position:0% +at the end of the day but see now we +need to talk about delta h + + align:start position:0% +need to talk about delta h + + + align:start position:0% +need to talk about delta h +and what it means and + + align:start position:0% +and what it means and + + + align:start position:0% +and what it means and +you know the the way the the easiest way + + align:start position:0% +you know the the way the the easiest way + + + align:start position:0% +you know the the way the the easiest way +to show what it means is to plot + + align:start position:0% +to show what it means is to plot + + + align:start position:0% +to show what it means is to plot +how this relates to phase change how + + align:start position:0% +how this relates to phase change how + + + align:start position:0% +how this relates to phase change how +heat + + align:start position:0% +heat + + + align:start position:0% +heat +right that's how we're changing phase + + align:start position:0% +right that's how we're changing phase + + + align:start position:0% +right that's how we're changing phase +here with temperatures + + align:start position:0% +here with temperatures + + + align:start position:0% +here with temperatures +we're changing the temperature we're + + align:start position:0% +we're changing the temperature we're + + + align:start position:0% +we're changing the temperature we're +adding uh + + align:start position:0% +adding uh + + + align:start position:0% +adding uh +heat into the system what does it do + + align:start position:0% +heat into the system what does it do + + + align:start position:0% +heat into the system what does it do +what does it do + + align:start position:0% +what does it do + + + align:start position:0% +what does it do +well you know so one type of plot that + + align:start position:0% +well you know so one type of plot that + + + align:start position:0% +well you know so one type of plot that +you can make for that + + align:start position:0% +you can make for that + + + align:start position:0% +you can make for that +would be temperature versus + + align:start position:0% +would be temperature versus + + + align:start position:0% +would be temperature versus +thermal thermal energy + + align:start position:0% +thermal thermal energy + + + align:start position:0% +thermal thermal energy +input now a lot of times what you'll see + + align:start position:0% +input now a lot of times what you'll see + + + align:start position:0% +input now a lot of times what you'll see +in textbooks is they call that q + + align:start position:0% +in textbooks is they call that q + + + align:start position:0% +in textbooks is they call that q +it's an energy term so it's like in + + align:start position:0% +it's an energy term so it's like in + + + align:start position:0% +it's an energy term so it's like in +joules right let's say + + align:start position:0% +joules right let's say + + + align:start position:0% +joules right let's say +but it's how much thermal energy you put + + align:start position:0% +but it's how much thermal energy you put + + + align:start position:0% +but it's how much thermal energy you put +in then you can draw it out like this + + align:start position:0% +in then you can draw it out like this + + + align:start position:0% +in then you can draw it out like this +right so + + align:start position:0% +right so + + + align:start position:0% +right so +you if you draw it out then you would + + align:start position:0% +you if you draw it out then you would + + + align:start position:0% +you if you draw it out then you would +have your phases so this would be like a + + align:start position:0% +have your phases so this would be like a + + + align:start position:0% +have your phases so this would be like a +gas + + align:start position:0% +gas + + + align:start position:0% +gas +a liquid a solid and these + + align:start position:0% +a liquid a solid and these + + + align:start position:0% +a liquid a solid and these +would be phase changes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this and that so i'm adding thermal + + align:start position:0% +this and that so i'm adding thermal + + + align:start position:0% +this and that so i'm adding thermal +energy into the system + + align:start position:0% +energy into the system + + + align:start position:0% +energy into the system +it's raising the temperature of the + + align:start position:0% +it's raising the temperature of the + + + align:start position:0% +it's raising the temperature of the +system that's why these are going up + + align:start position:0% +system that's why these are going up + + + align:start position:0% +system that's why these are going up +and the solid is getting hotter and then + + align:start position:0% +and the solid is getting hotter and then + + + align:start position:0% +and the solid is getting hotter and then +all of a sudden it melts okay good so it + + align:start position:0% +all of a sudden it melts okay good so it + + + align:start position:0% +all of a sudden it melts okay good so it +melted + + align:start position:0% +melted + + + align:start position:0% +melted +melts oh and then it's a liquid and all + + align:start position:0% +melts oh and then it's a liquid and all + + + align:start position:0% +melts oh and then it's a liquid and all +of a sudden it vaporizes + + align:start position:0% +of a sudden it vaporizes + + + align:start position:0% +of a sudden it vaporizes +right vaporize you could go the other + + align:start position:0% +right vaporize you could go the other + + + align:start position:0% +right vaporize you could go the other +way + + align:start position:0% +way + + + align:start position:0% +way +if you go the other way it's + + align:start position:0% +if you go the other way it's + + + align:start position:0% +if you go the other way it's +condensation out here right or freezing + + align:start position:0% +condensation out here right or freezing + + + align:start position:0% +condensation out here right or freezing +in here + + align:start position:0% +in here + + + align:start position:0% +in here +melting freezing vaporization + + align:start position:0% +melting freezing vaporization + + + align:start position:0% +melting freezing vaporization +condensation but i like to draw it this + + align:start position:0% +condensation but i like to draw it this + + + align:start position:0% +condensation but i like to draw it this +way + + align:start position:0% +way + + + align:start position:0% +way +because this way we're going to see very + + align:start position:0% +because this way we're going to see very + + + align:start position:0% +because this way we're going to see very +nicely what delta h + + align:start position:0% +nicely what delta h + + + align:start position:0% +nicely what delta h +is so here's now i'm going to draw it + + align:start position:0% +is so here's now i'm going to draw it + + + align:start position:0% +is so here's now i'm going to draw it +with temperature on the x-axis + + align:start position:0% +with temperature on the x-axis + + + align:start position:0% +with temperature on the x-axis +so temperature and this is going to be + + align:start position:0% +so temperature and this is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +so temperature and this is going to be +h and i'm drawing this as the thermal + + align:start position:0% +h and i'm drawing this as the thermal + + + align:start position:0% +h and i'm drawing this as the thermal +energy + + align:start position:0% +energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy +let's see write it in the same terms + + align:start position:0% +let's see write it in the same terms + + + align:start position:0% +let's see write it in the same terms +right so this is thermal energy + + align:start position:0% +right so this is thermal energy + + + align:start position:0% +right so this is thermal energy +now in this case thermal energy + + align:start position:0% +now in this case thermal energy + + + align:start position:0% +now in this case thermal energy +um we use this this this + + align:start position:0% +um we use this this this + + + align:start position:0% +um we use this this this +thing called enthalpy enthalpy but + + align:start position:0% +thing called enthalpy enthalpy but + + + align:start position:0% +thing called enthalpy enthalpy but +so you don't need to worry too much + + align:start position:0% +so you don't need to worry too much + + + align:start position:0% +so you don't need to worry too much +about it just see for this class + + align:start position:0% +about it just see for this class + + + align:start position:0% +about it just see for this class +you can think about it as the thermal + + align:start position:0% +you can think about it as the thermal + + + align:start position:0% +you can think about it as the thermal +energy content of the material + + align:start position:0% +energy content of the material + + + align:start position:0% +energy content of the material +so if i have a change in that well it's + + align:start position:0% +so if i have a change in that well it's + + + align:start position:0% +so if i have a change in that well it's +because i've lost or gained thermal + + align:start position:0% +because i've lost or gained thermal + + + align:start position:0% +because i've lost or gained thermal +energy + + align:start position:0% +energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy +right right if you take a thermal class + + align:start position:0% +right right if you take a thermal class + + + align:start position:0% +right right if you take a thermal class +you'll learn a lot more about enthalpy + + align:start position:0% +you'll learn a lot more about enthalpy + + + align:start position:0% +you'll learn a lot more about enthalpy +you know and that this is true only if + + align:start position:0% +you know and that this is true only if + + + align:start position:0% +you know and that this is true only if +you have constant pressure conditions + + align:start position:0% +you have constant pressure conditions + + + align:start position:0% +you have constant pressure conditions +but that's not relevant here + + align:start position:0% +but that's not relevant here + + + align:start position:0% +but that's not relevant here +i just want you to know this is like + + align:start position:0% +i just want you to know this is like + + + align:start position:0% +i just want you to know this is like +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +okay but this is the total thermal + + align:start position:0% +okay but this is the total thermal + + + align:start position:0% +okay but this is the total thermal +energy + + align:start position:0% +energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy +in your material and and and + + align:start position:0% +in your material and and and + + + align:start position:0% +in your material and and and +by the way you know uh q + + align:start position:0% +by the way you know uh q + + + align:start position:0% +by the way you know uh q +heat the word heat is q + + align:start position:0% +heat the word heat is q + + + align:start position:0% +heat the word heat is q +that is the definite heat means thermal + + align:start position:0% +that is the definite heat means thermal + + + align:start position:0% +that is the definite heat means thermal +energy + + align:start position:0% +energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy +transfer thermal energy transfer a flow + + align:start position:0% +transfer thermal energy transfer a flow + + + align:start position:0% +transfer thermal energy transfer a flow +of heat that makes sense but you cannot + + align:start position:0% +of heat that makes sense but you cannot + + + align:start position:0% +of heat that makes sense but you cannot +say that this has + + align:start position:0% +say that this has + + + align:start position:0% +say that this has +10 joules of heat no don't say that you + + align:start position:0% +10 joules of heat no don't say that you + + + align:start position:0% +10 joules of heat no don't say that you +will sound like you're from another + + align:start position:0% +will sound like you're from another + + + align:start position:0% +will sound like you're from another +school + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you don't have you have that much + + align:start position:0% +you don't have you have that much + + + align:start position:0% +you don't have you have that much +enthalpy + + align:start position:0% +enthalpy + + + align:start position:0% +enthalpy +yeah but not that much heat is a + + align:start position:0% +yeah but not that much heat is a + + + align:start position:0% +yeah but not that much heat is a +transfer of thermal energy please + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay now here we go all right so let's + + align:start position:0% +okay now here we go all right so let's + + + align:start position:0% +okay now here we go all right so let's +suppose + + align:start position:0% +suppose + + + align:start position:0% +suppose +i were to draw this well now i'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +i were to draw this well now i'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +i were to draw this well now i'm gonna +have the same i'm gonna have phases + + align:start position:0% +have the same i'm gonna have phases + + + align:start position:0% +have the same i'm gonna have phases +right and so here we go here we go + + align:start position:0% +right and so here we go here we go + + + align:start position:0% +right and so here we go here we go +here we go and this is my gas and this + + align:start position:0% +here we go and this is my gas and this + + + align:start position:0% +here we go and this is my gas and this +is my liquid + + align:start position:0% +is my liquid + + + align:start position:0% +is my liquid +and this is my solid and there's a + + align:start position:0% +and this is my solid and there's a + + + align:start position:0% +and this is my solid and there's a +couple of cool things right so now + + align:start position:0% +couple of cool things right so now + + + align:start position:0% +couple of cool things right so now +so that's the thermal energy h but so + + align:start position:0% +so that's the thermal energy h but so + + + align:start position:0% +so that's the thermal energy h but so +now if i were to take + + align:start position:0% +now if i were to take + + + align:start position:0% +now if i were to take +part of the solid like that and just + + align:start position:0% +part of the solid like that and just + + + align:start position:0% +part of the solid like that and just +look at it while it's a solid + + align:start position:0% +look at it while it's a solid + + + align:start position:0% +look at it while it's a solid +i'm adding thermal energy to it + + align:start position:0% +i'm adding thermal energy to it + + + align:start position:0% +i'm adding thermal energy to it +i'm increasing its temperature we got a + + align:start position:0% +i'm increasing its temperature we got a + + + align:start position:0% +i'm increasing its temperature we got a +way to relate those things it's called + + align:start position:0% +way to relate those things it's called + + + align:start position:0% +way to relate those things it's called +the heat capacity + + align:start position:0% +the heat capacity + + + align:start position:0% +the heat capacity +right it's called the heat capacity + + align:start position:0% +right it's called the heat capacity + + + align:start position:0% +right it's called the heat capacity +so if i look at that + + align:start position:0% +so if i look at that + + + align:start position:0% +so if i look at that +i can do that let's go here right + + align:start position:0% +i can do that let's go here right + + + align:start position:0% +i can do that let's go here right +if i look at that then i can relate + + align:start position:0% +if i look at that then i can relate + + + align:start position:0% +if i look at that then i can relate +those by + + align:start position:0% +those by + + + align:start position:0% +those by +well i'm using q because it's a change + + align:start position:0% +well i'm using q because it's a change + + + align:start position:0% +well i'm using q because it's a change +right that's the change + + align:start position:0% +right that's the change + + + align:start position:0% +right that's the change +in the enthalpy right that's the energy + + align:start position:0% +in the enthalpy right that's the energy + + + align:start position:0% +in the enthalpy right that's the energy +transfer it goes as the heat capacity + + align:start position:0% +transfer it goes as the heat capacity + + + align:start position:0% +transfer it goes as the heat capacity +times + + align:start position:0% +times + + + align:start position:0% +times +the change in the temperature that s + + align:start position:0% +the change in the temperature that s + + + align:start position:0% +the change in the temperature that s +just means it's the heat capacity of the + + align:start position:0% +just means it's the heat capacity of the + + + align:start position:0% +just means it's the heat capacity of the +solid + + align:start position:0% +solid + + + align:start position:0% +solid +that literally that's the definition of + + align:start position:0% +that literally that's the definition of + + + align:start position:0% +that literally that's the definition of +heat capacity + + align:start position:0% +heat capacity + + + align:start position:0% +heat capacity +right this would be like units of joules + + align:start position:0% +right this would be like units of joules + + + align:start position:0% +right this would be like units of joules +per kelvin + + align:start position:0% +per kelvin + + + align:start position:0% +per kelvin +okay and so you know an example of heat + + align:start position:0% +okay and so you know an example of heat + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so you know an example of heat +capacity i love pizza + + align:start position:0% +capacity i love pizza + + + align:start position:0% +capacity i love pizza +and and so an example of heat capacity + + align:start position:0% +and and so an example of heat capacity + + + align:start position:0% +and and so an example of heat capacity +is the following + + align:start position:0% +is the following + + + align:start position:0% +is the following +you burn hopefully you don't but if you + + align:start position:0% +you burn hopefully you don't but if you + + + align:start position:0% +you burn hopefully you don't but if you +take it out of the oven + + align:start position:0% +take it out of the oven + + + align:start position:0% +take it out of the oven +and you take a bite right away you will + + align:start position:0% +and you take a bite right away you will + + + align:start position:0% +and you take a bite right away you will +burn the roof of your mouth on the + + align:start position:0% +burn the roof of your mouth on the + + + align:start position:0% +burn the roof of your mouth on the +cheese + + align:start position:0% +cheese + + + align:start position:0% +cheese +on the cheese because cheese has a lot + + align:start position:0% +on the cheese because cheese has a lot + + + align:start position:0% +on the cheese because cheese has a lot +of water in it compared to the crust + + align:start position:0% +of water in it compared to the crust + + + align:start position:0% +of water in it compared to the crust +and water has a really high heat + + align:start position:0% +and water has a really high heat + + + align:start position:0% +and water has a really high heat +capacity + + align:start position:0% +capacity + + + align:start position:0% +capacity +what is heat capacity it's the capacity + + align:start position:0% +what is heat capacity it's the capacity + + + align:start position:0% +what is heat capacity it's the capacity +of it to have + + align:start position:0% +of it to have + + + align:start position:0% +of it to have +thermal energy and the water has a + + align:start position:0% +thermal energy and the water has a + + + align:start position:0% +thermal energy and the water has a +really high one + + align:start position:0% +really high one + + + align:start position:0% +really high one +anomaly and so when you take this out + + align:start position:0% +anomaly and so when you take this out + + + align:start position:0% +anomaly and so when you take this out +everything's at the same temperature for + + align:start position:0% +everything's at the same temperature for + + + align:start position:0% +everything's at the same temperature for +just an instant they're all at the same + + align:start position:0% +just an instant they're all at the same + + + align:start position:0% +just an instant they're all at the same +temperature you should + + align:start position:0% +temperature you should + + + align:start position:0% +temperature you should +if you ate it right here please don't + + align:start position:0% +if you ate it right here please don't + + + align:start position:0% +if you ate it right here please don't +you burn your mouth on the crust the + + align:start position:0% +you burn your mouth on the crust the + + + align:start position:0% +you burn your mouth on the crust the +same way as on the cheese but since + + align:start position:0% +same way as on the cheese but since + + + align:start position:0% +same way as on the cheese but since +you're waiting now the crust gives out + + align:start position:0% +you're waiting now the crust gives out + + + align:start position:0% +you're waiting now the crust gives out +it doesn't have much heat capacity so it + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't have much heat capacity so it + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't have much heat capacity so it +all goes away all that thermal energy + + align:start position:0% +all goes away all that thermal energy + + + align:start position:0% +all goes away all that thermal energy +leaves + + align:start position:0% +leaves + + + align:start position:0% +leaves +very quickly from the crust but not the + + align:start position:0% +very quickly from the crust but not the + + + align:start position:0% +very quickly from the crust but not the +cheese because it's got so much more and + + align:start position:0% +cheese because it's got so much more and + + + align:start position:0% +cheese because it's got so much more and +if we want to get a little more serious + + align:start position:0% +if we want to get a little more serious + + + align:start position:0% +if we want to get a little more serious +about it we can talk about the oceans + + align:start position:0% +about it we can talk about the oceans + + + align:start position:0% +about it we can talk about the oceans +and so i put this in here because you + + align:start position:0% +and so i put this in here because you + + + align:start position:0% +and so i put this in here because you +know we talk a lot about climate change + + align:start position:0% +know we talk a lot about climate change + + + align:start position:0% +know we talk a lot about climate change +what you're talking about are + + align:start position:0% +what you're talking about are + + + align:start position:0% +what you're talking about are +the the temperatures of the atmosphere + + align:start position:0% +the the temperatures of the atmosphere + + + align:start position:0% +the the temperatures of the atmosphere +we talk about that a lot + + align:start position:0% +we talk about that a lot + + + align:start position:0% +we talk about that a lot +but what gets sort of shoved aside is + + align:start position:0% +but what gets sort of shoved aside is + + + align:start position:0% +but what gets sort of shoved aside is +the temperature of the ocean + + align:start position:0% +the temperature of the ocean + + + align:start position:0% +the temperature of the ocean +and and that is rising and it's not + + align:start position:0% +and and that is rising and it's not + + + align:start position:0% +and and that is rising and it's not +rising that quickly luckily but that's + + align:start position:0% +rising that quickly luckily but that's + + + align:start position:0% +rising that quickly luckily but that's +because the ocean has such a high heat + + align:start position:0% +because the ocean has such a high heat + + + align:start position:0% +because the ocean has such a high heat +capacity that's + + align:start position:0% +capacity that's + + + align:start position:0% +capacity that's +where most of this thermal energy is + + align:start position:0% +where most of this thermal energy is + + + align:start position:0% +where most of this thermal energy is +going + + align:start position:0% +going + + + align:start position:0% +going +it's going into the ocean right and we + + align:start position:0% +it's going into the ocean right and we + + + align:start position:0% +it's going into the ocean right and we +need to start talking about that a whole + + align:start position:0% +need to start talking about that a whole + + + align:start position:0% +need to start talking about that a whole +lot more + + align:start position:0% +lot more + + + align:start position:0% +lot more +because it's it's a lot higher than it + + align:start position:0% +because it's it's a lot higher than it + + + align:start position:0% +because it's it's a lot higher than it +used to be + + align:start position:0% +used to be + + + align:start position:0% +used to be +this is the historical reference pretty + + align:start position:0% +this is the historical reference pretty + + + align:start position:0% +this is the historical reference pretty +flat + + align:start position:0% +flat + + + align:start position:0% +flat +you know when a volcano erupts you know + + align:start position:0% +you know when a volcano erupts you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know when a volcano erupts you know +500 years ago you get a blip this big + + align:start position:0% +500 years ago you get a blip this big + + + align:start position:0% +500 years ago you get a blip this big +now we're here right so the amount of + + align:start position:0% +now we're here right so the amount of + + + align:start position:0% +now we're here right so the amount of +thermal energy this ocean is holding for + + align:start position:0% +thermal energy this ocean is holding for + + + align:start position:0% +thermal energy this ocean is holding for +us is + + align:start position:0% +us is + + + align:start position:0% +us is +very high okay now so that's heat + + align:start position:0% +very high okay now so that's heat + + + align:start position:0% +very high okay now so that's heat +capacity that's that's kind of + + align:start position:0% +capacity that's that's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +capacity that's that's kind of +you know an important part but look the + + align:start position:0% +you know an important part but look the + + + align:start position:0% +you know an important part but look the +other thing we have here + + align:start position:0% +other thing we have here + + + align:start position:0% +other thing we have here +ah is this and that's what i wanted to + + align:start position:0% +ah is this and that's what i wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +ah is this and that's what i wanted to +talk about + + align:start position:0% +talk about + + + align:start position:0% +talk about +this is that delta h now in this case + + align:start position:0% +this is that delta h now in this case + + + align:start position:0% +this is that delta h now in this case +it's it's the change in energy of of + + align:start position:0% +it's it's the change in energy of of + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's the change in energy of of +fusion + + align:start position:0% +fusion + + + align:start position:0% +fusion +and because you're fusing to make a + + align:start position:0% +and because you're fusing to make a + + + align:start position:0% +and because you're fusing to make a +solid in this case + + align:start position:0% +solid in this case + + + align:start position:0% +solid in this case +it's called delta h of vaporization you + + align:start position:0% +it's called delta h of vaporization you + + + align:start position:0% +it's called delta h of vaporization you +could call it + + align:start position:0% +could call it + + + align:start position:0% +could call it +um condensation vaporization + + align:start position:0% +um condensation vaporization + + + align:start position:0% +um condensation vaporization +station + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's the thing we needed and now you + + align:start position:0% +that's the thing we needed and now you + + + align:start position:0% +that's the thing we needed and now you +see it so beautifully + + align:start position:0% +see it so beautifully + + + align:start position:0% +see it so beautifully +right you see it so beautifully right + + align:start position:0% +right you see it so beautifully right + + + align:start position:0% +right you see it so beautifully right +there because + + align:start position:0% +there because + + + align:start position:0% +there because +now you see it you know so + + align:start position:0% +now you see it you know so + + + align:start position:0% +now you see it you know so +what is it that causes me to need to put + + align:start position:0% +what is it that causes me to need to put + + + align:start position:0% +what is it that causes me to need to put +a lot of energy + + align:start position:0% +a lot of energy + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of energy +into a material to change its bonds so + + align:start position:0% +into a material to change its bonds so + + + align:start position:0% +into a material to change its bonds so +that it can vaporize + + align:start position:0% +that it can vaporize + + + align:start position:0% +that it can vaporize +it's all about the bonding strength + + align:start position:0% +it's all about the bonding strength + + + align:start position:0% +it's all about the bonding strength +right it's all about the bi + + align:start position:0% +right it's all about the bi + + + align:start position:0% +right it's all about the bi +everything comes to the bonding strength + + align:start position:0% +everything comes to the bonding strength + + + align:start position:0% +everything comes to the bonding strength +right and so i have these kind of two + + align:start position:0% +right and so i have these kind of two + + + align:start position:0% +right and so i have these kind of two +things right within + + align:start position:0% +things right within + + + align:start position:0% +things right within +one phase within one phase + + align:start position:0% +one phase within one phase + + + align:start position:0% +one phase within one phase +i can relate delta h to delta t + + align:start position:0% +i can relate delta h to delta t + + + align:start position:0% +i can relate delta h to delta t +and and that relationship is here i'm in + + align:start position:0% +and and that relationship is here i'm in + + + align:start position:0% +and and that relationship is here i'm in +the solid phase + + align:start position:0% +the solid phase + + + align:start position:0% +the solid phase +i can relate them that's actually called + + align:start position:0% +i can relate them that's actually called + + + align:start position:0% +i can relate them that's actually called +sensible heat + + align:start position:0% +sensible heat + + + align:start position:0% +sensible heat +sensible heat it's the energy that you + + align:start position:0% +sensible heat it's the energy that you + + + align:start position:0% +sensible heat it's the energy that you +would give off when you cool or it's the + + align:start position:0% +would give off when you cool or it's the + + + align:start position:0% +would give off when you cool or it's the +energy that you'd absorb when you heat + + align:start position:0% +energy that you'd absorb when you heat + + + align:start position:0% +energy that you'd absorb when you heat +but now i've got this other thing which + + align:start position:0% +but now i've got this other thing which + + + align:start position:0% +but now i've got this other thing which +is at the phase change + + align:start position:0% +is at the phase change + + + align:start position:0% +is at the phase change +at the phase change well now the + + align:start position:0% +at the phase change well now the + + + align:start position:0% +at the phase change well now the +temperature doesn't change but i'm + + align:start position:0% +temperature doesn't change but i'm + + + align:start position:0% +temperature doesn't change but i'm +putting + + align:start position:0% +putting + + + align:start position:0% +putting +all of this energy in or getting it all + + align:start position:0% +all of this energy in or getting it all + + + align:start position:0% +all of this energy in or getting it all +out + + align:start position:0% +out + + + align:start position:0% +out +that's what delta h is right so delta t + + align:start position:0% +that's what delta h is right so delta t + + + align:start position:0% +that's what delta h is right so delta t +is zero + + align:start position:0% +is zero + + + align:start position:0% +is zero +because the temperature is constant and + + align:start position:0% +because the temperature is constant and + + + align:start position:0% +because the temperature is constant and +delta h + + align:start position:0% +delta h + + + align:start position:0% +delta h +is sort of generally called the latent + + align:start position:0% +is sort of generally called the latent + + + align:start position:0% +is sort of generally called the latent +heat latent heat + + align:start position:0% +heat latent heat + + + align:start position:0% +heat latent heat +if you're talking about the phase change + + align:start position:0% +if you're talking about the phase change + + + align:start position:0% +if you're talking about the phase change +between a solid and look at the heat of + + align:start position:0% +between a solid and look at the heat of + + + align:start position:0% +between a solid and look at the heat of +fusion + + align:start position:0% +fusion + + + align:start position:0% +fusion +heat of melting if you're talking about + + align:start position:0% +heat of melting if you're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +heat of melting if you're talking about +the between the + + align:start position:0% +the between the + + + align:start position:0% +the between the +liquid and gas is vaporization or + + align:start position:0% +liquid and gas is vaporization or + + + align:start position:0% +liquid and gas is vaporization or +condensation so that's that energy + + align:start position:0% +condensation so that's that energy + + + align:start position:0% +condensation so that's that energy +change and it's + + align:start position:0% +change and it's + + + align:start position:0% +change and it's +it's related to well what we've been + + align:start position:0% +it's related to well what we've been + + + align:start position:0% +it's related to well what we've been +talking about but here it is in a nice + + align:start position:0% +talking about but here it is in a nice + + + align:start position:0% +talking about but here it is in a nice +diagram + + align:start position:0% +diagram + + + align:start position:0% +diagram +all right now where do we go from here + + align:start position:0% +all right now where do we go from here + + + align:start position:0% +all right now where do we go from here +well there's something so cool about + + align:start position:0% +well there's something so cool about + + + align:start position:0% +well there's something so cool about +this graph that i can show you really + + align:start position:0% +this graph that i can show you really + + + align:start position:0% +this graph that i can show you really +easily + + align:start position:0% +easily + + + align:start position:0% +easily +ah and i can also tell you how to do + + align:start position:0% +ah and i can also tell you how to do + + + align:start position:0% +ah and i can also tell you how to do +this which is that things can + + align:start position:0% +this which is that things can + + + align:start position:0% +this which is that things can +these are the phase change transition + + align:start position:0% +these are the phase change transition + + + align:start position:0% +these are the phase change transition +temperatures but things don't need to + + align:start position:0% +temperatures but things don't need to + + + align:start position:0% +temperatures but things don't need to +transition at those in fact + + align:start position:0% +transition at those in fact + + + align:start position:0% +transition at those in fact +oftentimes you might get something like + + align:start position:0% +oftentimes you might get something like + + + align:start position:0% +oftentimes you might get something like +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +not as much in the gas but liquid to + + align:start position:0% +not as much in the gas but liquid to + + + align:start position:0% +not as much in the gas but liquid to +solid you certainly can get it + + align:start position:0% +solid you certainly can get it + + + align:start position:0% +solid you certainly can get it +this is called super cold why + + align:start position:0% +this is called super cold why + + + align:start position:0% +this is called super cold why +because for some reason that we didn't + + align:start position:0% +because for some reason that we didn't + + + align:start position:0% +because for some reason that we didn't +do it but for some reason it's remained + + align:start position:0% +do it but for some reason it's remained + + + align:start position:0% +do it but for some reason it's remained +a liquid below its phase change + + align:start position:0% +a liquid below its phase change + + + align:start position:0% +a liquid below its phase change +temperature + + align:start position:0% +temperature + + + align:start position:0% +temperature +here's water super cold poured into a + + align:start position:0% +here's water super cold poured into a + + + align:start position:0% +here's water super cold poured into a +glass it's one of the most fun things + + align:start position:0% +glass it's one of the most fun things + + + align:start position:0% +glass it's one of the most fun things +you can do in life + + align:start position:0% +you can do in life + + + align:start position:0% +you can do in life +there it is it's a liquid as soon as it + + align:start position:0% +there it is it's a liquid as soon as it + + + align:start position:0% +there it is it's a liquid as soon as it +hits the glass it's like wait a second + + align:start position:0% +hits the glass it's like wait a second + + + align:start position:0% +hits the glass it's like wait a second +i want to be a solid i'm over here + + align:start position:0% +i want to be a solid i'm over here + + + align:start position:0% +i want to be a solid i'm over here +i'm over here i need to be a solid + + align:start position:0% +i'm over here i need to be a solid + + + align:start position:0% +i'm over here i need to be a solid +and and you can do this you can make + + align:start position:0% +and and you can do this you can make + + + align:start position:0% +and and you can do this you can make +sure i can tell you how to make it + + align:start position:0% +sure i can tell you how to make it + + + align:start position:0% +sure i can tell you how to make it +you can make super cool water at home + + align:start position:0% +you can make super cool water at home + + + align:start position:0% +you can make super cool water at home +it's really fun + + align:start position:0% +it's really fun + + + align:start position:0% +it's really fun +but that was you're doing there now you + + align:start position:0% +but that was you're doing there now you + + + align:start position:0% +but that was you're doing there now you +know is you're bringing this + + align:start position:0% +know is you're bringing this + + + align:start position:0% +know is you're bringing this +down below the phase change and it's + + align:start position:0% +down below the phase change and it's + + + align:start position:0% +down below the phase change and it's +remaining liquid and then all of a + + align:start position:0% +remaining liquid and then all of a + + + align:start position:0% +remaining liquid and then all of a +sudden it hits the glass it's like + + align:start position:0% +sudden it hits the glass it's like + + + align:start position:0% +sudden it hits the glass it's like +what what am i doing i need to solidify + + align:start position:0% +what what am i doing i need to solidify + + + align:start position:0% +what what am i doing i need to solidify +right okay so the reason why all this + + align:start position:0% +right okay so the reason why all this + + + align:start position:0% +right okay so the reason why all this +matters is heat + + align:start position:0% +matters is heat + + + align:start position:0% +matters is heat +is a big deal ninety percent and you + + align:start position:0% +is a big deal ninety percent and you + + + align:start position:0% +is a big deal ninety percent and you +know this is you can study this there's + + align:start position:0% +know this is you can study this there's + + + align:start position:0% +know this is you can study this there's +a wonderful charts to study but + + align:start position:0% +a wonderful charts to study but + + + align:start position:0% +a wonderful charts to study but +you know depending on what you want to + + align:start position:0% +you know depending on what you want to + + + align:start position:0% +you know depending on what you want to +do heat is almost always involved heat + + align:start position:0% +do heat is almost always involved heat + + + align:start position:0% +do heat is almost always involved heat +being a transfer of thermal energy + + align:start position:0% +being a transfer of thermal energy + + + align:start position:0% +being a transfer of thermal energy +and so so 90 of the current energy + + align:start position:0% +and so so 90 of the current energy + + + align:start position:0% +and so so 90 of the current energy +budget basically goes through the middle + + align:start position:0% +budget basically goes through the middle + + + align:start position:0% +budget basically goes through the middle +in some way that's a lot + + align:start position:0% +in some way that's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +in some way that's a lot +but then if you look at things like this + + align:start position:0% +but then if you look at things like this + + + align:start position:0% +but then if you look at things like this +which you shouldn't because you can't + + align:start position:0% +which you shouldn't because you can't + + + align:start position:0% +which you shouldn't because you can't +read it but if you blow up these are all + + align:start position:0% +read it but if you blow up these are all + + + align:start position:0% +read it but if you blow up these are all +the inputs on the left + + align:start position:0% +the inputs on the left + + + align:start position:0% +the inputs on the left +all the ways we make energy here's how + + align:start position:0% +all the ways we make energy here's how + + + align:start position:0% +all the ways we make energy here's how +we use it + + align:start position:0% +we use it + + + align:start position:0% +we use it +and here's the result here's what i want + + align:start position:0% +and here's the result here's what i want + + + align:start position:0% +and here's the result here's what i want +to get the punch line is + + align:start position:0% +to get the punch line is + + + align:start position:0% +to get the punch line is +rejected energy whatever these units + + align:start position:0% +rejected energy whatever these units + + + align:start position:0% +rejected energy whatever these units +doesn't matter it's 60 percent + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter it's 60 percent + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter it's 60 percent +what does rejected energy mean wasted + + align:start position:0% +what does rejected energy mean wasted + + + align:start position:0% +what does rejected energy mean wasted +all this precious fossil fuel stuff + + align:start position:0% +all this precious fossil fuel stuff + + + align:start position:0% +all this precious fossil fuel stuff +we're burning and all the solar energy + + align:start position:0% +we're burning and all the solar energy + + + align:start position:0% +we're burning and all the solar energy +we're collecting anything we're doing + + align:start position:0% +we're collecting anything we're doing + + + align:start position:0% +we're collecting anything we're doing +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +sixty percent of it goes into heat + + align:start position:0% +sixty percent of it goes into heat + + + align:start position:0% +sixty percent of it goes into heat +wasted heat + + align:start position:0% +wasted heat + + + align:start position:0% +wasted heat +and so the reason why this matters is + + align:start position:0% +and so the reason why this matters is + + + align:start position:0% +and so the reason why this matters is +because there are these materials + + align:start position:0% +because there are these materials + + + align:start position:0% +because there are these materials +that we can use to try to capture some + + align:start position:0% +that we can use to try to capture some + + + align:start position:0% +that we can use to try to capture some +of that + + align:start position:0% +of that + + + align:start position:0% +of that +right there are materials we can use to + + align:start position:0% +right there are materials we can use to + + + align:start position:0% +right there are materials we can use to +try to capture some of that and all + + align:start position:0% +try to capture some of that and all + + + align:start position:0% +try to capture some of that and all +comes down to chemistry + + align:start position:0% +comes down to chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +comes down to chemistry +these are called phase change materials + + align:start position:0% +these are called phase change materials + + + align:start position:0% +these are called phase change materials +and if you plot the melting temperature + + align:start position:0% +and if you plot the melting temperature + + + align:start position:0% +and if you plot the melting temperature +that's this that's this melting + + align:start position:0% +that's this that's this melting + + + align:start position:0% +that's this that's this melting +temperature right + + align:start position:0% +temperature right + + + align:start position:0% +temperature right +tm versus how much of its delta h + + align:start position:0% +tm versus how much of its delta h + + + align:start position:0% +tm versus how much of its delta h +how much delta h you have you get all + + align:start position:0% +how much delta h you have you get all + + + align:start position:0% +how much delta h you have you get all +sorts of classes and materials + + align:start position:0% +sorts of classes and materials + + + align:start position:0% +sorts of classes and materials +but you know so you might want a certain + + align:start position:0% +but you know so you might want a certain + + + align:start position:0% +but you know so you might want a certain +melting temperature for wherever you're + + align:start position:0% +melting temperature for wherever you're + + + align:start position:0% +melting temperature for wherever you're +operating but then you might not get + + align:start position:0% +operating but then you might not get + + + align:start position:0% +operating but then you might not get +a high enough delta h or you might want + + align:start position:0% +a high enough delta h or you might want + + + align:start position:0% +a high enough delta h or you might want +really high delta h's but then the thing + + align:start position:0% +really high delta h's but then the thing + + + align:start position:0% +really high delta h's but then the thing +doesn't melt until 700 c + + align:start position:0% +doesn't melt until 700 c + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't melt until 700 c +which is way too high so we got to fill + + align:start position:0% +which is way too high so we got to fill + + + align:start position:0% +which is way too high so we got to fill +this out we need materials here we need + + align:start position:0% +this out we need materials here we need + + + align:start position:0% +this out we need materials here we need +materials here that's a call to + + align:start position:0% +materials here that's a call to + + + align:start position:0% +materials here that's a call to +chemistry + + align:start position:0% +chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry +that's a call to chemistry yeah so this + + align:start position:0% +that's a call to chemistry yeah so this + + + align:start position:0% +that's a call to chemistry yeah so this +and it all has to do with the phase + + align:start position:0% +and it all has to do with the phase + + + align:start position:0% +and it all has to do with the phase +change + + align:start position:0% +change + + + align:start position:0% +change +these are it's a weird name these are + + align:start position:0% +these are it's a weird name these are + + + align:start position:0% +these are it's a weird name these are +called phase change materials + + align:start position:0% +called phase change materials + + + align:start position:0% +called phase change materials +but that's true of all materials but + + align:start position:0% +but that's true of all materials but + + + align:start position:0% +but that's true of all materials but +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +when you're talking about storing + + align:start position:0% +when you're talking about storing + + + align:start position:0% +when you're talking about storing +thermal energy we use the term phase + + align:start position:0% +thermal energy we use the term phase + + + align:start position:0% +thermal energy we use the term phase +change materials + + align:start position:0% +change materials + + + align:start position:0% +change materials +okay now the last concept that i'll just + + align:start position:0% +okay now the last concept that i'll just + + + align:start position:0% +okay now the last concept that i'll just +touch on and then spend a little time on + + align:start position:0% +touch on and then spend a little time on + + + align:start position:0% +touch on and then spend a little time on +friday on + + align:start position:0% +friday on + + + align:start position:0% +friday on +is the concept of a map + + align:start position:0% +is the concept of a map + + + align:start position:0% +is the concept of a map +these are maps these are maps but you + + align:start position:0% +these are maps these are maps but you + + + align:start position:0% +these are maps these are maps but you +can go even bigger + + align:start position:0% +can go even bigger + + + align:start position:0% +can go even bigger +and and back in the day back in the day + + align:start position:0% +and and back in the day back in the day + + + align:start position:0% +and and back in the day back in the day +pvt was a big deal you went to a party + + align:start position:0% +pvt was a big deal you went to a party + + + align:start position:0% +pvt was a big deal you went to a party +you were going to talk about pvt + + align:start position:0% +you were going to talk about pvt + + + align:start position:0% +you were going to talk about pvt +you were and and you know and so + + align:start position:0% +you were and and you know and so + + + align:start position:0% +you were and and you know and so +everybody had their own way of looking + + align:start position:0% +everybody had their own way of looking + + + align:start position:0% +everybody had their own way of looking +at it guy was sac p versus t but look + + align:start position:0% +at it guy was sac p versus t but look + + + align:start position:0% +at it guy was sac p versus t but look +if i do p versus t and hold volume + + align:start position:0% +if i do p versus t and hold volume + + + align:start position:0% +if i do p versus t and hold volume +constant right i might get like a line + + align:start position:0% +constant right i might get like a line + + + align:start position:0% +constant right i might get like a line +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +like p if this is pressure all right and + + align:start position:0% +like p if this is pressure all right and + + + align:start position:0% +like p if this is pressure all right and +this is temperature + + align:start position:0% +this is temperature + + + align:start position:0% +this is temperature +you might get something like p versus t + + align:start position:0% +you might get something like p versus t + + + align:start position:0% +you might get something like p versus t +is a straight line if you hold other + + align:start position:0% +is a straight line if you hold other + + + align:start position:0% +is a straight line if you hold other +stuff constant right that's good but + + align:start position:0% +stuff constant right that's good but + + + align:start position:0% +stuff constant right that's good but +that's not what i'm interested in today + + align:start position:0% +that's not what i'm interested in today + + + align:start position:0% +that's not what i'm interested in today +i'm interested in where the phase + + align:start position:0% +i'm interested in where the phase + + + align:start position:0% +i'm interested in where the phase +boundaries are + + align:start position:0% +boundaries are + + + align:start position:0% +boundaries are +right this is a materials map + + align:start position:0% +right this is a materials map + + + align:start position:0% +right this is a materials map +and and it gives me the boundary that's + + align:start position:0% +and and it gives me the boundary that's + + + align:start position:0% +and and it gives me the boundary that's +what this + + align:start position:0% +what this + + + align:start position:0% +what this +is all about that's what this was all + + align:start position:0% +is all about that's what this was all + + + align:start position:0% +is all about that's what this was all +about because + + align:start position:0% +about because + + + align:start position:0% +about because +look that's why i went through all this + + align:start position:0% +look that's why i went through all this + + + align:start position:0% +look that's why i went through all this +you boil + + align:start position:0% +you boil + + + align:start position:0% +you boil +what is boil phase change phase change + + align:start position:0% +what is boil phase change phase change + + + align:start position:0% +what is boil phase change phase change +you boil when pv + + align:start position:0% +you boil when pv + + + align:start position:0% +you boil when pv +is greater than p at moon + + align:start position:0% +is greater than p at moon + + + align:start position:0% +is greater than p at moon +so so so that is the phase boundary it's + + align:start position:0% +so so so that is the phase boundary it's + + + align:start position:0% +so so so that is the phase boundary it's +when you have both + + align:start position:0% +when you have both + + + align:start position:0% +when you have both +the gas and the liquid coexisting where + + align:start position:0% +the gas and the liquid coexisting where + + + align:start position:0% +the gas and the liquid coexisting where +is it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +there it is because i can get my my + + align:start position:0% +there it is because i can get my my + + + align:start position:0% +there it is because i can get my my +pressure of vaporization + + align:start position:0% +pressure of vaporization + + + align:start position:0% +pressure of vaporization +if i only know this or vice versa + + align:start position:0% +if i only know this or vice versa + + + align:start position:0% +if i only know this or vice versa +right and then i get that and i said ah + + align:start position:0% +right and then i get that and i said ah + + + align:start position:0% +right and then i get that and i said ah +it's up here that's the face boundary oh + + align:start position:0% +it's up here that's the face boundary oh + + + align:start position:0% +it's up here that's the face boundary oh +yeah that's all cool but this is where + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's all cool but this is where + + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's all cool but this is where +it's at i want to know where stuff + + align:start position:0% +it's at i want to know where stuff + + + align:start position:0% +it's at i want to know where stuff +changes phase + + align:start position:0% +changes phase + + + align:start position:0% +changes phase +right and of course you know you can go + + align:start position:0% +right and of course you know you can go + + + align:start position:0% +right and of course you know you can go +further + + align:start position:0% +further + + + align:start position:0% +further +and i got to show you something here + + align:start position:0% +and i got to show you something here + + + align:start position:0% +and i got to show you something here +there's a couple more things about these + + align:start position:0% +there's a couple more things about these + + + align:start position:0% +there's a couple more things about these +are called phase diagrams + + align:start position:0% +are called phase diagrams + + + align:start position:0% +are called phase diagrams +right okay these are maps of materials + + align:start position:0% +right okay these are maps of materials + + + align:start position:0% +right okay these are maps of materials +and they are beautiful things + + align:start position:0% +and they are beautiful things + + + align:start position:0% +and they are beautiful things +and incredibly important and and there's + + align:start position:0% +and incredibly important and and there's + + + align:start position:0% +and incredibly important and and there's +a couple + + align:start position:0% +a couple + + + align:start position:0% +a couple +last uh points one of which i want to + + align:start position:0% +last uh points one of which i want to + + + align:start position:0% +last uh points one of which i want to +share now and then the other + + align:start position:0% +share now and then the other + + + align:start position:0% +share now and then the other +i'll share on on friday um but the one i + + align:start position:0% +i'll share on on friday um but the one i + + + align:start position:0% +i'll share on on friday um but the one i +want to share now is the triple point + + align:start position:0% +want to share now is the triple point + + + align:start position:0% +want to share now is the triple point +so look at this here's the gas liquid + + align:start position:0% +so look at this here's the gas liquid + + + align:start position:0% +so look at this here's the gas liquid +boundary line that's what we've been + + align:start position:0% +boundary line that's what we've been + + + align:start position:0% +boundary line that's what we've been +talking about + + align:start position:0% +talking about + + + align:start position:0% +talking about +and you also got the solid liquid + + align:start position:0% +and you also got the solid liquid + + + align:start position:0% +and you also got the solid liquid +boundary line that's here + + align:start position:0% +boundary line that's here + + + align:start position:0% +boundary line that's here +you've got gas liquid here delta h + + align:start position:0% +you've got gas liquid here delta h + + + align:start position:0% +you've got gas liquid here delta h +there's delta h + + align:start position:0% +there's delta h + + + align:start position:0% +there's delta h +you also have sublimation so you go + + align:start position:0% +you also have sublimation so you go + + + align:start position:0% +you also have sublimation so you go +straight from a solid to a gas and you + + align:start position:0% +straight from a solid to a gas and you + + + align:start position:0% +straight from a solid to a gas and you +have deposition + + align:start position:0% +have deposition + + + align:start position:0% +have deposition +you go straight from again but look at + + align:start position:0% +you go straight from again but look at + + + align:start position:0% +you go straight from again but look at +this there's one point + + align:start position:0% +this there's one point + + + align:start position:0% +this there's one point +where they all coexist one and only one + + align:start position:0% +where they all coexist one and only one + + + align:start position:0% +where they all coexist one and only one +where all three phases exist at the same + + align:start position:0% +where all three phases exist at the same + + + align:start position:0% +where all three phases exist at the same +time that's pressure + + align:start position:0% +time that's pressure + + + align:start position:0% +time that's pressure +that's temperature and and and what's so + + align:start position:0% +that's temperature and and and what's so + + + align:start position:0% +that's temperature and and and what's so +cool about this is there's only one for + + align:start position:0% +cool about this is there's only one for + + + align:start position:0% +cool about this is there's only one for +this material and so it actually is a + + align:start position:0% +this material and so it actually is a + + + align:start position:0% +this material and so it actually is a +really nice way + + align:start position:0% +really nice way + + + align:start position:0% +really nice way +to have a repeatable reproducible point + + align:start position:0% +to have a repeatable reproducible point + + + align:start position:0% +to have a repeatable reproducible point +which i'll get to in a second but first + + align:start position:0% +which i'll get to in a second but first + + + align:start position:0% +which i'll get to in a second but first +you got to see this this + + align:start position:0% +you got to see this this + + + align:start position:0% +you got to see this this +is the triple point and what they're + + align:start position:0% +is the triple point and what they're + + + align:start position:0% +is the triple point and what they're +doing + + align:start position:0% +doing + + + align:start position:0% +doing +is they're lowering the pressure and the + + align:start position:0% +is they're lowering the pressure and the + + + align:start position:0% +is they're lowering the pressure and the +temperature they're changing both + + align:start position:0% +temperature they're changing both + + + align:start position:0% +temperature they're changing both +you can just do this with one or the + + align:start position:0% +you can just do this with one or the + + + align:start position:0% +you can just do this with one or the +other yeah + + align:start position:0% +other yeah + + + align:start position:0% +other yeah +there it is okay how did they get it to + + align:start position:0% +there it is okay how did they get it to + + + align:start position:0% +there it is okay how did they get it to +boil lower the pressure + + align:start position:0% +boil lower the pressure + + + align:start position:0% +boil lower the pressure +you now know why you lower the + + align:start position:0% +you now know why you lower the + + + align:start position:0% +you now know why you lower the +atmosphere inside the container + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere inside the container + + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere inside the container +you lower that so you went like this you + + align:start position:0% +you lower that so you went like this you + + + align:start position:0% +you lower that so you went like this you +went down + + align:start position:0% +went down + + + align:start position:0% +went down +and all of a sudden you converted some + + align:start position:0% +and all of a sudden you converted some + + + align:start position:0% +and all of a sudden you converted some +of the liquid to gas + + align:start position:0% +of the liquid to gas + + + align:start position:0% +of the liquid to gas +because you went down in pressure and + + align:start position:0% +because you went down in pressure and + + + align:start position:0% +because you went down in pressure and +then you said well okay but wait a + + align:start position:0% +then you said well okay but wait a + + + align:start position:0% +then you said well okay but wait a +second + + align:start position:0% +second + + + align:start position:0% +second +i'm only seeing these two phases so let + + align:start position:0% +i'm only seeing these two phases so let + + + align:start position:0% +i'm only seeing these two phases so let +me do this + + align:start position:0% +me do this + + + align:start position:0% +me do this +and go over that way i'm getting closer + + align:start position:0% +and go over that way i'm getting closer + + + align:start position:0% +and go over that way i'm getting closer +closer okay what's happening now and + + align:start position:0% +closer okay what's happening now and + + + align:start position:0% +closer okay what's happening now and +then do this right + + align:start position:0% +then do this right + + + align:start position:0% +then do this right +and you're trying to find this special + + align:start position:0% +and you're trying to find this special + + + align:start position:0% +and you're trying to find this special +point here + + align:start position:0% +point here + + + align:start position:0% +point here +and they're going close to it they're + + align:start position:0% +and they're going close to it they're + + + align:start position:0% +and they're going close to it they're +going close to it and then a couple + + align:start position:0% +going close to it and then a couple + + + align:start position:0% +going close to it and then a couple +minutes + + align:start position:0% +minutes + + + align:start position:0% +minutes +go by that look it's freezing it's + + align:start position:0% +go by that look it's freezing it's + + + align:start position:0% +go by that look it's freezing it's +freezing it's + + align:start position:0% +freezing it's + + + align:start position:0% +freezing it's +but wait a second i thought i said + + align:start position:0% +but wait a second i thought i said + + + align:start position:0% +but wait a second i thought i said +triple point and i did + + align:start position:0% +triple point and i did + + + align:start position:0% +triple point and i did +it's boiling and freezing at the same + + align:start position:0% +it's boiling and freezing at the same + + + align:start position:0% +it's boiling and freezing at the same +time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it is boiling and freezing at the same + + align:start position:0% +it is boiling and freezing at the same + + + align:start position:0% +it is boiling and freezing at the same +time yes that is actually what all + + align:start position:0% +time yes that is actually what all + + + align:start position:0% +time yes that is actually what all +materials can do + + align:start position:0% +materials can do + + + align:start position:0% +materials can do +that is incredible somebody just said + + align:start position:0% +that is incredible somebody just said + + + align:start position:0% +that is incredible somebody just said +what thank you for making + + align:start position:0% +what thank you for making + + + align:start position:0% +what thank you for making +my day that makes my day that is a + + align:start position:0% +my day that makes my day that is a + + + align:start position:0% +my day that makes my day that is a +triple point + + align:start position:0% +triple point + + + align:start position:0% +triple point +we got a one or two more things to talk + + align:start position:0% +we got a one or two more things to talk + + + align:start position:0% +we got a one or two more things to talk +about phase diagrams we'll do that on + + align:start position:0% +about phase diagrams we'll do that on + + + align:start position:0% +about phase diagrams we'll do that on +friday + + align:start position:0% +friday + + + align:start position:0% +friday +have a great rest of your day this is + + align:start position:0% +have a great rest of your day this is + + + align:start position:0% +have a great rest of your day this is +where we left off + + align:start position:0% +where we left off + + + align:start position:0% +where we left off +um and so i want to start right here and + + align:start position:0% +um and so i want to start right here and + + + align:start position:0% +um and so i want to start right here and +because the triple point is just so + + align:start position:0% +because the triple point is just so + + + align:start position:0% +because the triple point is just so +incredibly cool i found another random + + align:start position:0% +incredibly cool i found another random + + + align:start position:0% +incredibly cool i found another random +video and i thought i'd show that + + align:start position:0% +video and i thought i'd show that + + + align:start position:0% +video and i thought i'd show that +so this is where we left off and here it + + align:start position:0% +so this is where we left off and here it + + + align:start position:0% +so this is where we left off and here it +is and and what they're doing + + align:start position:0% +is and and what they're doing + + + align:start position:0% +is and and what they're doing +they they might be controlling the + + align:start position:0% +they they might be controlling the + + + align:start position:0% +they they might be controlling the +temperature they're definitely + + align:start position:0% +temperature they're definitely + + + align:start position:0% +temperature they're definitely +controlling the pressure + + align:start position:0% +controlling the pressure + + + align:start position:0% +controlling the pressure +right they have a liquid in here now + + align:start position:0% +right they have a liquid in here now + + + align:start position:0% +right they have a liquid in here now +watch what happens we know now + + align:start position:0% +watch what happens we know now + + + align:start position:0% +watch what happens we know now +from the phase diagram that you can find + + align:start position:0% +from the phase diagram that you can find + + + align:start position:0% +from the phase diagram that you can find +those boundaries on the diagram so + + align:start position:0% +those boundaries on the diagram so + + + align:start position:0% +those boundaries on the diagram so +they're lowering the pressure + + align:start position:0% +they're lowering the pressure + + + align:start position:0% +they're lowering the pressure +and um and at some point yeah nothing's + + align:start position:0% +and um and at some point yeah nothing's + + + align:start position:0% +and um and at some point yeah nothing's +going to happen + + align:start position:0% +going to happen + + + align:start position:0% +going to happen +there okay now it's playing and so at + + align:start position:0% +there okay now it's playing and so at + + + align:start position:0% +there okay now it's playing and so at +some point this is going to start to + + align:start position:0% +some point this is going to start to + + + align:start position:0% +some point this is going to start to +freeze + + align:start position:0% +freeze + + + align:start position:0% +freeze +because i'm crossing over the boundary + + align:start position:0% +because i'm crossing over the boundary + + + align:start position:0% +because i'm crossing over the boundary +right i'm crossing over the boundary and + + align:start position:0% +right i'm crossing over the boundary and + + + align:start position:0% +right i'm crossing over the boundary and +and so when you cross over + + align:start position:0% +and so when you cross over + + + align:start position:0% +and so when you cross over +when you get to a phase boundary you've + + align:start position:0% +when you get to a phase boundary you've + + + align:start position:0% +when you get to a phase boundary you've +got two phases + + align:start position:0% +got two phases + + + align:start position:0% +got two phases +coexisting oh and there it starts + + align:start position:0% +coexisting oh and there it starts + + + align:start position:0% +coexisting oh and there it starts +freezing so you've got the liquid and + + align:start position:0% +freezing so you've got the liquid and + + + align:start position:0% +freezing so you've got the liquid and +the solid phase coexisting but there's + + align:start position:0% +the solid phase coexisting but there's + + + align:start position:0% +the solid phase coexisting but there's +but now can it coexist with also the gas + + align:start position:0% +but now can it coexist with also the gas + + + align:start position:0% +but now can it coexist with also the gas +and at one point of pressure and + + align:start position:0% +and at one point of pressure and + + + align:start position:0% +and at one point of pressure and +temperature again there it is it's kind + + align:start position:0% +temperature again there it is it's kind + + + align:start position:0% +temperature again there it is it's kind +of boiled a little bit + + align:start position:0% +of boiled a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +of boiled a little bit +i like this one because it kind of goes + + align:start position:0% +i like this one because it kind of goes + + + align:start position:0% +i like this one because it kind of goes +big boil so here it is it's trying to + + align:start position:0% +big boil so here it is it's trying to + + + align:start position:0% +big boil so here it is it's trying to +freeze and now it's boiling + + align:start position:0% +freeze and now it's boiling + + + align:start position:0% +freeze and now it's boiling +and now watch it'll re-freeze all right + + align:start position:0% +and now watch it'll re-freeze all right + + + align:start position:0% +and now watch it'll re-freeze all right +and then it's gonna boil again it's all + + align:start position:0% +and then it's gonna boil again it's all + + + align:start position:0% +and then it's gonna boil again it's all +three phases + + align:start position:0% +three phases + + + align:start position:0% +three phases +as at exactly the same time so you can + + align:start position:0% +as at exactly the same time so you can + + + align:start position:0% +as at exactly the same time so you can +you can google there it is it boiled + + align:start position:0% +you can google there it is it boiled + + + align:start position:0% +you can google there it is it boiled +again and then it's gonna freeze again + + align:start position:0% +again and then it's gonna freeze again + + + align:start position:0% +again and then it's gonna freeze again +it can do all three at once that is cool + + align:start position:0% +it can do all three at once that is cool + + + align:start position:0% +it can do all three at once that is cool +right um and and how do we get there + + align:start position:0% +right um and and how do we get there + + + align:start position:0% +right um and and how do we get there +how did we get there well what i thought + + align:start position:0% +how did we get there well what i thought + + + align:start position:0% +how did we get there well what i thought +on wednesday was the first time i told + + align:start position:0% +on wednesday was the first time i told + + + align:start position:0% +on wednesday was the first time i told +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +there's two new lectures this fall that + + align:start position:0% +there's two new lectures this fall that + + + align:start position:0% +there's two new lectures this fall that +was the first time i gave that one that + + align:start position:0% +was the first time i gave that one that + + + align:start position:0% +was the first time i gave that one that +was one of them the other one will be on + + align:start position:0% +was one of them the other one will be on + + + align:start position:0% +was one of them the other one will be on +the chemistry of batteries + + align:start position:0% +the chemistry of batteries + + + align:start position:0% +the chemistry of batteries +and because it's new um i i you know i + + align:start position:0% +and because it's new um i i you know i + + + align:start position:0% +and because it's new um i i you know i +want to make sure + + align:start position:0% +want to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +want to make sure +that you feel your oneness with the + + align:start position:0% +that you feel your oneness with the + + + align:start position:0% +that you feel your oneness with the +concepts that we learned + + align:start position:0% +concepts that we learned + + + align:start position:0% +concepts that we learned +and so i have made some summary slides + + align:start position:0% +and so i have made some summary slides + + + align:start position:0% +and so i have made some summary slides +for you + + align:start position:0% +for you + + + align:start position:0% +for you +that i'm not going to take time to go + + align:start position:0% +that i'm not going to take time to go + + + align:start position:0% +that i'm not going to take time to go +through but that tells you how we got to + + align:start position:0% +through but that tells you how we got to + + + align:start position:0% +through but that tells you how we got to +here that's the end of the lecture on + + align:start position:0% +here that's the end of the lecture on + + + align:start position:0% +here that's the end of the lecture on +wednesday + + align:start position:0% +wednesday + + + align:start position:0% +wednesday +and i want to make sure that you know + + align:start position:0% +and i want to make sure that you know + + + align:start position:0% +and i want to make sure that you know +how we got there and what the key points + + align:start position:0% +how we got there and what the key points + + + align:start position:0% +how we got there and what the key points +were + + align:start position:0% +were + + + align:start position:0% +were +there are five key points and i've + + align:start position:0% +there are five key points and i've + + + align:start position:0% +there are five key points and i've +created a slide here again this is + + align:start position:0% +created a slide here again this is + + + align:start position:0% +created a slide here again this is +wednesday so i'm not going to go through + + align:start position:0% +wednesday so i'm not going to go through + + + align:start position:0% +wednesday so i'm not going to go through +this in detail but i'll leave this in + + align:start position:0% +this in detail but i'll leave this in + + + align:start position:0% +this in detail but i'll leave this in +your notes + + align:start position:0% +your notes + + + align:start position:0% +your notes +one point was boiling and vapor pressure + + align:start position:0% +one point was boiling and vapor pressure + + + align:start position:0% +one point was boiling and vapor pressure +and what that means the second point is + + align:start position:0% +and what that means the second point is + + + align:start position:0% +and what that means the second point is +the vapor pressure versus temperature + + align:start position:0% +the vapor pressure versus temperature + + + align:start position:0% +the vapor pressure versus temperature +which we get from kinetic theory and + + align:start position:0% +which we get from kinetic theory and + + + align:start position:0% +which we get from kinetic theory and +clausius clapeyron gives us the + + align:start position:0% +clausius clapeyron gives us the + + + align:start position:0% +clausius clapeyron gives us the +relationship + + align:start position:0% +relationship + + + align:start position:0% +relationship +between that vapor pressure and the + + align:start position:0% +between that vapor pressure and the + + + align:start position:0% +between that vapor pressure and the +temperature through this thing called + + align:start position:0% +temperature through this thing called + + + align:start position:0% +temperature through this thing called +the vaporization the thermal + + align:start position:0% +the vaporization the thermal + + + align:start position:0% +the vaporization the thermal +this remember this change in the thermal + + align:start position:0% +this remember this change in the thermal + + + align:start position:0% +this remember this change in the thermal +energy + + align:start position:0% +energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy +right this delta h this change in + + align:start position:0% +right this delta h this change in + + + align:start position:0% +right this delta h this change in +enthalpy + + align:start position:0% +enthalpy + + + align:start position:0% +enthalpy +okay and and by the way you could say + + align:start position:0% +okay and and by the way you could say + + + align:start position:0% +okay and and by the way you could say +and this is these are these like vapor + + align:start position:0% +and this is these are these like vapor + + + align:start position:0% +and this is these are these like vapor +pressure versus temperature curves we + + align:start position:0% +pressure versus temperature curves we + + + align:start position:0% +pressure versus temperature curves we +drew and you can take two of them for + + align:start position:0% +drew and you can take two of them for + + + align:start position:0% +drew and you can take two of them for +example + + align:start position:0% +example + + + align:start position:0% +example +that gets rid of the constant in that in + + align:start position:0% +that gets rid of the constant in that in + + + align:start position:0% +that gets rid of the constant in that in +that equation two pressures two vapor + + align:start position:0% +that equation two pressures two vapor + + + align:start position:0% +that equation two pressures two vapor +pressures two temperatures + + align:start position:0% +pressures two temperatures + + + align:start position:0% +pressures two temperatures +you could calculate the that + + align:start position:0% +you could calculate the that + + + align:start position:0% +you could calculate the that +vaporization energy that's that + + align:start position:0% +vaporization energy that's that + + + align:start position:0% +vaporization energy that's that +interrelationship we talked about the + + align:start position:0% +interrelationship we talked about the + + + align:start position:0% +interrelationship we talked about the +third + + align:start position:0% +third + + + align:start position:0% +third +point is the thermal energy that that + + align:start position:0% +point is the thermal energy that that + + + align:start position:0% +point is the thermal energy that that +delta h + + align:start position:0% +delta h + + + align:start position:0% +delta h +is related to the phase change it is the + + align:start position:0% +is related to the phase change it is the + + + align:start position:0% +is related to the phase change it is the +energy of the phase change + + align:start position:0% +energy of the phase change + + + align:start position:0% +energy of the phase change +right so we talked about that and then i + + align:start position:0% +right so we talked about that and then i + + + align:start position:0% +right so we talked about that and then i +couldn't find a good + + align:start position:0% +couldn't find a good + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't find a good +so i just drew this myself here with + + align:start position:0% +so i just drew this myself here with + + + align:start position:0% +so i just drew this myself here with +fancy powerpoint + + align:start position:0% +fancy powerpoint + + + align:start position:0% +fancy powerpoint +and what you can see here is a heating + + align:start position:0% +and what you can see here is a heating + + + align:start position:0% +and what you can see here is a heating +curve and you can try it in two + + align:start position:0% +curve and you can try it in two + + + align:start position:0% +curve and you can try it in two +different ways you could draw it as the + + align:start position:0% +different ways you could draw it as the + + + align:start position:0% +different ways you could draw it as the +temperature versus enthalpy + + align:start position:0% +temperature versus enthalpy + + + align:start position:0% +temperature versus enthalpy +or you could draw it as the energy input + + align:start position:0% +or you could draw it as the energy input + + + align:start position:0% +or you could draw it as the energy input +versus temperature these are equivalent + + align:start position:0% +versus temperature these are equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +versus temperature these are equivalent +it's just + + align:start position:0% +it's just + + + align:start position:0% +it's just +right and then but in this you can find + + align:start position:0% +right and then but in this you can find + + + align:start position:0% +right and then but in this you can find +all so much information like there's + + align:start position:0% +all so much information like there's + + + align:start position:0% +all so much information like there's +that delta h between the phases + + align:start position:0% +that delta h between the phases + + + align:start position:0% +that delta h between the phases +right here's uh the liquid phase the gas + + align:start position:0% +right here's uh the liquid phase the gas + + + align:start position:0% +right here's uh the liquid phase the gas +the solid + + align:start position:0% +the solid + + + align:start position:0% +the solid +and then if you're in a single phase we + + align:start position:0% +and then if you're in a single phase we + + + align:start position:0% +and then if you're in a single phase we +talked about that change + + align:start position:0% +talked about that change + + + align:start position:0% +talked about that change +in enthalpy related to the heat capacity + + align:start position:0% +in enthalpy related to the heat capacity + + + align:start position:0% +in enthalpy related to the heat capacity +if you're at the phase change the + + align:start position:0% +if you're at the phase change the + + + align:start position:0% +if you're at the phase change the +temperature doesn't change + + align:start position:0% +temperature doesn't change + + + align:start position:0% +temperature doesn't change +but you're putting a lot of energy into + + align:start position:0% +but you're putting a lot of energy into + + + align:start position:0% +but you're putting a lot of energy into +it and that finally got us + + align:start position:0% +it and that finally got us + + + align:start position:0% +it and that finally got us +to phase diagrams this is where we left + + align:start position:0% +to phase diagrams this is where we left + + + align:start position:0% +to phase diagrams this is where we left +off so so i'm leaving this all here for + + align:start position:0% +off so so i'm leaving this all here for + + + align:start position:0% +off so so i'm leaving this all here for +you to look at if you want + + align:start position:0% +you to look at if you want + + + align:start position:0% +you to look at if you want +it's kind of a summary of wednesday's + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of a summary of wednesday's + + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of a summary of wednesday's +lecture uh the key points + + align:start position:0% +lecture uh the key points + + + align:start position:0% +lecture uh the key points +um this is that two-phase curve right + + align:start position:0% +um this is that two-phase curve right + + + align:start position:0% +um this is that two-phase curve right +and this is + + align:start position:0% +and this is + + + align:start position:0% +and this is +on these curves remember the phase + + align:start position:0% +on these curves remember the phase + + + align:start position:0% +on these curves remember the phase +diagram is a map + + align:start position:0% +diagram is a map + + + align:start position:0% +diagram is a map +it's this beautiful map of a material + + align:start position:0% +it's this beautiful map of a material + + + align:start position:0% +it's this beautiful map of a material +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +it's a map of of of the chemistry of the + + align:start position:0% +it's a map of of of the chemistry of the + + + align:start position:0% +it's a map of of of the chemistry of the +thermodynamics of the phases of whether + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamics of the phases of whether + + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamics of the phases of whether +it's a gas liquid or solid and + + align:start position:0% +it's a gas liquid or solid and + + + align:start position:0% +it's a gas liquid or solid and +these coexistence curves are where two + + align:start position:0% +these coexistence curves are where two + + + align:start position:0% +these coexistence curves are where two +phases coexist + + align:start position:0% +phases coexist + + + align:start position:0% +phases coexist +right so you see at these temperatures + + align:start position:0% +right so you see at these temperatures + + + align:start position:0% +right so you see at these temperatures +and pressures and that that's what + + align:start position:0% +and pressures and that that's what + + + align:start position:0% +and pressures and that that's what +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +why we started the lecture talking about + + align:start position:0% +why we started the lecture talking about + + + align:start position:0% +why we started the lecture talking about +vapor pressure + + align:start position:0% +vapor pressure + + + align:start position:0% +vapor pressure +because the vapor pressure is such a + + align:start position:0% +because the vapor pressure is such a + + + align:start position:0% +because the vapor pressure is such a +nice way to get + + align:start position:0% +nice way to get + + + align:start position:0% +nice way to get +into the idea of how how a material + + align:start position:0% +into the idea of how how a material + + + align:start position:0% +into the idea of how how a material +changes face + + align:start position:0% +changes face + + + align:start position:0% +changes face +from uh liquid to gas which is what we + + align:start position:0% +from uh liquid to gas which is what we + + + align:start position:0% +from uh liquid to gas which is what we +did um + + align:start position:0% +did um + + + align:start position:0% +did um +and then you we also talked about how + + align:start position:0% +and then you we also talked about how + + + align:start position:0% +and then you we also talked about how +that triple point that's the video that + + align:start position:0% +that triple point that's the video that + + + align:start position:0% +that triple point that's the video that +we left off with + + align:start position:0% +we left off with + + + align:start position:0% +we left off with +and then there's one last thing i didn't + + align:start position:0% +and then there's one last thing i didn't + + + align:start position:0% +and then there's one last thing i didn't +mention which is that you know there's + + align:start position:0% +mention which is that you know there's + + + align:start position:0% +mention which is that you know there's +this critical point here + + align:start position:0% +this critical point here + + + align:start position:0% +this critical point here +what's happening out there well what's + + align:start position:0% +what's happening out there well what's + + + align:start position:0% +what's happening out there well what's +happening out there is really + + align:start position:0% +happening out there is really + + + align:start position:0% +happening out there is really +interesting too + + align:start position:0% +interesting too + + + align:start position:0% +interesting too +there is a temperature right above which + + align:start position:0% +there is a temperature right above which + + + align:start position:0% +there is a temperature right above which +so there is if you keep going up in + + align:start position:0% +so there is if you keep going up in + + + align:start position:0% +so there is if you keep going up in +temperature there's a critical point + + align:start position:0% +temperature there's a critical point + + + align:start position:0% +temperature there's a critical point +where this boundary just disappears it + + align:start position:0% +where this boundary just disappears it + + + align:start position:0% +where this boundary just disappears it +stops + + align:start position:0% +stops + + + align:start position:0% +stops +does it the liquid there's the liquid in + + align:start position:0% +does it the liquid there's the liquid in + + + align:start position:0% +does it the liquid there's the liquid in +the gas and now there's no line + + align:start position:0% +the gas and now there's no line + + + align:start position:0% +the gas and now there's no line +look what happened well what happened is + + align:start position:0% +look what happened well what happened is + + + align:start position:0% +look what happened well what happened is +you've reached a temperature + + align:start position:0% +you've reached a temperature + + + align:start position:0% +you've reached a temperature +where it it basically can't exist as a + + align:start position:0% +where it it basically can't exist as a + + + align:start position:0% +where it it basically can't exist as a +liquid anymore + + align:start position:0% +liquid anymore + + + align:start position:0% +liquid anymore +if you keep going the thermal energy is + + align:start position:0% +if you keep going the thermal energy is + + + align:start position:0% +if you keep going the thermal energy is +just too high + + align:start position:0% +just too high + + + align:start position:0% +just too high +yeah but but the pressure is too high + + align:start position:0% +yeah but but the pressure is too high + + + align:start position:0% +yeah but but the pressure is too high +too so so this is a different + + align:start position:0% +too so so this is a different + + + align:start position:0% +too so so this is a different +phase and this phase it out here is + + align:start position:0% +phase and this phase it out here is + + + align:start position:0% +phase and this phase it out here is +called supercritical + + align:start position:0% +called supercritical + + + align:start position:0% +called supercritical +this is called supercritical where the + + align:start position:0% +this is called supercritical where the + + + align:start position:0% +this is called supercritical where the +material has properties + + align:start position:0% +material has properties + + + align:start position:0% +material has properties +of both that's really cool right so this + + align:start position:0% +of both that's really cool right so this + + + align:start position:0% +of both that's really cool right so this +material + + align:start position:0% +material + + + align:start position:0% +material +has maybe properties like it can flow + + align:start position:0% +has maybe properties like it can flow + + + align:start position:0% +has maybe properties like it can flow +like a gas + + align:start position:0% +like a gas + + + align:start position:0% +like a gas +right but it's got a higher density than + + align:start position:0% +right but it's got a higher density than + + + align:start position:0% +right but it's got a higher density than +a gas but it's still lighter than a + + align:start position:0% +a gas but it's still lighter than a + + + align:start position:0% +a gas but it's still lighter than a +liquid + + align:start position:0% +liquid + + + align:start position:0% +liquid +right and it's that same material it's + + align:start position:0% +right and it's that same material it's + + + align:start position:0% +right and it's that same material it's +that same material whatever it is + + align:start position:0% +that same material whatever it is + + + align:start position:0% +that same material whatever it is +water right that's called supercritical + + align:start position:0% +water right that's called supercritical + + + align:start position:0% +water right that's called supercritical +so these + + align:start position:0% +so these + + + align:start position:0% +so these +these lines can end like that and those + + align:start position:0% +these lines can end like that and those + + + align:start position:0% +these lines can end like that and those +are that's called the critical point + + align:start position:0% +are that's called the critical point + + + align:start position:0% +are that's called the critical point +now um there you know there are many + + align:start position:0% +now um there you know there are many + + + align:start position:0% +now um there you know there are many +reasons why these maps are important i + + align:start position:0% +reasons why these maps are important i + + + align:start position:0% +reasons why these maps are important i +thought i'd give you one + + align:start position:0% +thought i'd give you one + + + align:start position:0% +thought i'd give you one +which is strawberries because if you go + + align:start position:0% +which is strawberries because if you go + + + align:start position:0% +which is strawberries because if you go +and you buy for you some + + align:start position:0% +and you buy for you some + + + align:start position:0% +and you buy for you some +some of us like to buy like dried fruit + + align:start position:0% +some of us like to buy like dried fruit + + + align:start position:0% +some of us like to buy like dried fruit +but if i take strawberries and i leave + + align:start position:0% +but if i take strawberries and i leave + + + align:start position:0% +but if i take strawberries and i leave +them out on the counter + + align:start position:0% +them out on the counter + + + align:start position:0% +them out on the counter +they're not going to look like this you + + align:start position:0% +they're not going to look like this you + + + align:start position:0% +they're not going to look like this you +know + + align:start position:0% +know + + + align:start position:0% +know +how do you know that well you know that + + align:start position:0% +how do you know that well you know that + + + align:start position:0% +how do you know that well you know that +from the phase diagram because if i draw + + align:start position:0% +from the phase diagram because if i draw + + + align:start position:0% +from the phase diagram because if i draw +my temperature and pressure and i've got + + align:start position:0% +my temperature and pressure and i've got + + + align:start position:0% +my temperature and pressure and i've got +some phase diagram that looks + + align:start position:0% +some phase diagram that looks + + + align:start position:0% +some phase diagram that looks +like this right + + align:start position:0% +like this right + + + align:start position:0% +like this right +and so now you know solid liquid gas + + align:start position:0% +and so now you know solid liquid gas + + + align:start position:0% +and so now you know solid liquid gas +well you know i i could if i just dr if + + align:start position:0% +well you know i i could if i just dr if + + + align:start position:0% +well you know i i could if i just dr if +i just tried to dry these things + + align:start position:0% +i just tried to dry these things + + + align:start position:0% +i just tried to dry these things +out it's that's this + + align:start position:0% +out it's that's this + + + align:start position:0% +out it's that's this +that's that but so i'm maybe you know + + align:start position:0% +that's that but so i'm maybe you know + + + align:start position:0% +that's that but so i'm maybe you know +maybe i'm gonna or maybe i'm gonna do + + align:start position:0% +maybe i'm gonna or maybe i'm gonna do + + + align:start position:0% +maybe i'm gonna or maybe i'm gonna do +this oh that's even worse + + align:start position:0% +this oh that's even worse + + + align:start position:0% +this oh that's even worse +what if i go like this i'm gonna heat + + align:start position:0% +what if i go like this i'm gonna heat + + + align:start position:0% +what if i go like this i'm gonna heat +the strawberries up i'm making jam + + align:start position:0% +the strawberries up i'm making jam + + + align:start position:0% +the strawberries up i'm making jam +no that's not jam right that's nice kind + + align:start position:0% +no that's not jam right that's nice kind + + + align:start position:0% +no that's not jam right that's nice kind +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +maybe still solid it's not like mushy + + align:start position:0% +maybe still solid it's not like mushy + + + align:start position:0% +maybe still solid it's not like mushy +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +gooey how do i get it well you use the + + align:start position:0% +gooey how do i get it well you use the + + + align:start position:0% +gooey how do i get it well you use the +phase diagram of course + + align:start position:0% +phase diagram of course + + + align:start position:0% +phase diagram of course +you go because this kind of this kind of + + align:start position:0% +you go because this kind of this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +you go because this kind of this kind of +phase change going across that phase + + align:start position:0% +phase change going across that phase + + + align:start position:0% +phase change going across that phase +boundary + + align:start position:0% +boundary + + + align:start position:0% +boundary +it creates a lot of disruption in the + + align:start position:0% +it creates a lot of disruption in the + + + align:start position:0% +it creates a lot of disruption in the +material + + align:start position:0% +material + + + align:start position:0% +material +it creates a lot of disruption you saw + + align:start position:0% +it creates a lot of disruption you saw + + + align:start position:0% +it creates a lot of disruption you saw +it right that's boiling + + align:start position:0% +it right that's boiling + + + align:start position:0% +it right that's boiling +so if you if you do that for the water + + align:start position:0% +so if you if you do that for the water + + + align:start position:0% +so if you if you do that for the water +inside of the strawberries + + align:start position:0% +inside of the strawberries + + + align:start position:0% +inside of the strawberries +you're going to destroy all the all the + + align:start position:0% +you're going to destroy all the all the + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to destroy all the all the +the the framework + + align:start position:0% +the the framework + + + align:start position:0% +the the framework +of the of the good stuff right + + align:start position:0% +of the of the good stuff right + + + align:start position:0% +of the of the good stuff right +so what you do is you freeze it you go + + align:start position:0% +so what you do is you freeze it you go + + + align:start position:0% +so what you do is you freeze it you go +this way + + align:start position:0% +this way + + + align:start position:0% +this way +and then you go that way if you do that + + align:start position:0% +and then you go that way if you do that + + + align:start position:0% +and then you go that way if you do that +now the solid as it + + align:start position:0% +now the solid as it + + + align:start position:0% +now the solid as it +sublimates is much less of a kind of + + align:start position:0% +sublimates is much less of a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +sublimates is much less of a kind of +violent + + align:start position:0% +violent + + + align:start position:0% +violent +disturbing phenomena to the surrounding + + align:start position:0% +disturbing phenomena to the surrounding + + + align:start position:0% +disturbing phenomena to the surrounding +matrix of strawberry + + align:start position:0% +matrix of strawberry + + + align:start position:0% +matrix of strawberry +and so you get these freeze-dried fruit + + align:start position:0% +and so you get these freeze-dried fruit + + + align:start position:0% +and so you get these freeze-dried fruit +that way it's it's a much + + align:start position:0% +that way it's it's a much + + + align:start position:0% +that way it's it's a much +less disturbing destructive way to get + + align:start position:0% +less disturbing destructive way to get + + + align:start position:0% +less disturbing destructive way to get +rid of the water that's called free time + + align:start position:0% +rid of the water that's called free time + + + align:start position:0% +rid of the water that's called free time +you can also go the other you know if i + + align:start position:0% +you can also go the other you know if i + + + align:start position:0% +you can also go the other you know if i +go out here i've got all sorts of uses + + align:start position:0% +go out here i've got all sorts of uses + + + align:start position:0% +go out here i've got all sorts of uses +to use the supercritical region i've got + + align:start position:0% +to use the supercritical region i've got + + + align:start position:0% +to use the supercritical region i've got +all sorts of ways + + align:start position:0% +all sorts of ways + + + align:start position:0% +all sorts of ways +where that becomes useful that's how + + align:start position:0% +where that becomes useful that's how + + + align:start position:0% +where that becomes useful that's how +coffee is decaffeinated because it's a + + align:start position:0% +coffee is decaffeinated because it's a + + + align:start position:0% +coffee is decaffeinated because it's a +different phase of this material + + align:start position:0% +different phase of this material + + + align:start position:0% +different phase of this material +so the phase maps give us this + + align:start position:0% +so the phase maps give us this + + + align:start position:0% +so the phase maps give us this +information they tell us + + align:start position:0% +information they tell us + + + align:start position:0% +information they tell us +how we can engineer properties and + + align:start position:0% +how we can engineer properties and + + + align:start position:0% +how we can engineer properties and +materials + + align:start position:0% +materials + + + align:start position:0% +materials +by engineering their phases right + + align:start position:0% +by engineering their phases right + + + align:start position:0% +by engineering their phases right +and and and if you pull out another + + align:start position:0% +and and and if you pull out another + + + align:start position:0% +and and and if you pull out another +thing you know that + + align:start position:0% +thing you know that + + + align:start position:0% +thing you know that +a lot of the textbooks and what we did + + align:start position:0% +a lot of the textbooks and what we did + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of the textbooks and what we did +is we look at the phase diagram down + + align:start position:0% +is we look at the phase diagram down + + + align:start position:0% +is we look at the phase diagram down +here but if you pull out you also can + + align:start position:0% +here but if you pull out you also can + + + align:start position:0% +here but if you pull out you also can +see + + align:start position:0% +see + + + align:start position:0% +see +how complex materials are all right this + + align:start position:0% +how complex materials are all right this + + + align:start position:0% +how complex materials are all right this +is this is water + + align:start position:0% +is this is water + + + align:start position:0% +is this is water +we've been focusing on this part of the + + align:start position:0% +we've been focusing on this part of the + + + align:start position:0% +we've been focusing on this part of the +phase diagram now you pull out your + + align:start position:0% +phase diagram now you pull out your + + + align:start position:0% +phase diagram now you pull out your +water has 17 phases + + align:start position:0% +water has 17 phases + + + align:start position:0% +water has 17 phases +17 not three + + align:start position:0% +17 not three + + + align:start position:0% +17 not three +and just two years ago the 17th was + + align:start position:0% +and just two years ago the 17th was + + + align:start position:0% +and just two years ago the 17th was +discovered and it's a very very light + + align:start position:0% +discovered and it's a very very light + + + align:start position:0% +discovered and it's a very very light +form of ice + + align:start position:0% +form of ice + + + align:start position:0% +form of ice +all right so you can get all sorts of + + align:start position:0% +all right so you can get all sorts of + + + align:start position:0% +all right so you can get all sorts of +really important information about + + align:start position:0% +really important information about + + + align:start position:0% +really important information about +materials by looking at their face + + align:start position:0% +materials by looking at their face + + + align:start position:0% +materials by looking at their face +arguments you compare different + + align:start position:0% +arguments you compare different + + + align:start position:0% +arguments you compare different +materials like this + + align:start position:0% +materials like this + + + align:start position:0% +materials like this +is the phase diagram of co2 versus water + + align:start position:0% +is the phase diagram of co2 versus water + + + align:start position:0% +is the phase diagram of co2 versus water +and you can learn about sort of where + + align:start position:0% +and you can learn about sort of where + + + align:start position:0% +and you can learn about sort of where +their critical points are + + align:start position:0% +their critical points are + + + align:start position:0% +their critical points are +you can see oh the slope here in water + + align:start position:0% +you can see oh the slope here in water + + + align:start position:0% +you can see oh the slope here in water +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +most materials slope like that and water + + align:start position:0% +most materials slope like that and water + + + align:start position:0% +most materials slope like that and water +slopes like that + + align:start position:0% +slopes like that + + + align:start position:0% +slopes like that +and that's because of hydrogen bonds + + align:start position:0% +and that's because of hydrogen bonds + + + align:start position:0% +and that's because of hydrogen bonds +because the hydrogen bonds make it so + + align:start position:0% +because the hydrogen bonds make it so + + + align:start position:0% +because the hydrogen bonds make it so +that the solid + + align:start position:0% +that the solid + + + align:start position:0% +that the solid +is less dense than the then the liquid + + align:start position:0% +is less dense than the then the liquid + + + align:start position:0% +is less dense than the then the liquid +which means if i squeeze on it + + align:start position:0% +which means if i squeeze on it + + + align:start position:0% +which means if i squeeze on it +i can you know then i go to the liquid + + align:start position:0% +i can you know then i go to the liquid + + + align:start position:0% +i can you know then i go to the liquid +that's really weird if i squeeze on this + + align:start position:0% +that's really weird if i squeeze on this + + + align:start position:0% +that's really weird if i squeeze on this +it's more soft but here it goes it can + + align:start position:0% +it's more soft but here it goes it can + + + align:start position:0% +it's more soft but here it goes it can +cross a face boundary + + align:start position:0% +cross a face boundary + + + align:start position:0% +cross a face boundary +that's very unique to water and the fish + + align:start position:0% +that's very unique to water and the fish + + + align:start position:0% +that's very unique to water and the fish +are very happy about that because + + align:start position:0% +are very happy about that because + + + align:start position:0% +are very happy about that because +ice floats okay now + + align:start position:0% +ice floats okay now + + + align:start position:0% +ice floats okay now +okay now so that's the kind of last part + + align:start position:0% +okay now so that's the kind of last part + + + align:start position:0% +okay now so that's the kind of last part +of the phase diagram stuff + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/P5rZKt3SgNM.txt b/P5rZKt3SgNM.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e2ea1511cf6518d690d0423db0b879b86177bf50 --- /dev/null +++ b/P5rZKt3SgNM.txt @@ -0,0 +1,491 @@ +align:start position:0% + +in this lecture we provide a quick + + align:start position:0% +in this lecture we provide a quick + + + align:start position:0% +in this lecture we provide a quick +introduction into the conceptual + + align:start position:0% +introduction into the conceptual + + + align:start position:0% +introduction into the conceptual +framework of classical statistics we use + + align:start position:0% +framework of classical statistics we use + + + align:start position:0% +framework of classical statistics we use +the word classical to make the + + align:start position:0% +the word classical to make the + + + align:start position:0% +the word classical to make the +distinction from the Bayesian framework + + align:start position:0% +distinction from the Bayesian framework + + + align:start position:0% +distinction from the Bayesian framework +that we have been using so far recall + + align:start position:0% +that we have been using so far recall + + + align:start position:0% +that we have been using so far recall +that in the Bayesian framework unknown + + align:start position:0% +that in the Bayesian framework unknown + + + align:start position:0% +that in the Bayesian framework unknown +quantities are viewed as random + + align:start position:0% +quantities are viewed as random + + + align:start position:0% +quantities are viewed as random +variables that have a certain prior + + align:start position:0% +variables that have a certain prior + + + align:start position:0% +variables that have a certain prior +distribution in contrast in the + + align:start position:0% +distribution in contrast in the + + + align:start position:0% +distribution in contrast in the +classical setting an unknown quantity is + + align:start position:0% +classical setting an unknown quantity is + + + align:start position:0% +classical setting an unknown quantity is +viewed as a non random constant that + + align:start position:0% +viewed as a non random constant that + + + align:start position:0% +viewed as a non random constant that +just happens to be unknown we can still + + align:start position:0% +just happens to be unknown we can still + + + align:start position:0% +just happens to be unknown we can still +carry out estimation without assuming a + + align:start position:0% +carry out estimation without assuming a + + + align:start position:0% +carry out estimation without assuming a +prior for the unknown quantity for + + align:start position:0% +prior for the unknown quantity for + + + align:start position:0% +prior for the unknown quantity for +example if the unknown theta is the mean + + align:start position:0% +example if the unknown theta is the mean + + + align:start position:0% +example if the unknown theta is the mean +of a certain distribution we can + + align:start position:0% +of a certain distribution we can + + + align:start position:0% +of a certain distribution we can +generate many samples from that + + align:start position:0% +generate many samples from that + + + align:start position:0% +generate many samples from that +distribution and form the sample mean + + align:start position:0% +distribution and form the sample mean + + + align:start position:0% +distribution and form the sample mean +the weak law of large numbers then tells + + align:start position:0% +the weak law of large numbers then tells + + + align:start position:0% +the weak law of large numbers then tells +us that this estimate will approach in + + align:start position:0% +us that this estimate will approach in + + + align:start position:0% +us that this estimate will approach in +the limit as n increases the true value + + align:start position:0% +the limit as n increases the true value + + + align:start position:0% +the limit as n increases the true value +of theta after going through this + + align:start position:0% +of theta after going through this + + + align:start position:0% +of theta after going through this +argument we will then take the occasion + + align:start position:0% +argument we will then take the occasion + + + align:start position:0% +argument we will then take the occasion +to introduce some terminology that is + + align:start position:0% +to introduce some terminology that is + + + align:start position:0% +to introduce some terminology that is +often used in connection with classical + + align:start position:0% +often used in connection with classical + + + align:start position:0% +often used in connection with classical +estimation methods now the sample mean + + align:start position:0% +estimation methods now the sample mean + + + align:start position:0% +estimation methods now the sample mean +provides us a point estimate for the + + align:start position:0% +provides us a point estimate for the + + + align:start position:0% +provides us a point estimate for the +unknown theta but does not tell us how + + align:start position:0% +unknown theta but does not tell us how + + + align:start position:0% +unknown theta but does not tell us how +accurate that estimate is to give a + + align:start position:0% +accurate that estimate is to give a + + + align:start position:0% +accurate that estimate is to give a +sense of the accuracy involved we + + align:start position:0% +sense of the accuracy involved we + + + align:start position:0% +sense of the accuracy involved we +introduce the concept of a confidence + + align:start position:0% +introduce the concept of a confidence + + + align:start position:0% +introduce the concept of a confidence +interval which is an interval that has + + align:start position:0% +interval which is an interval that has + + + align:start position:0% +interval which is an interval that has +high probability of containing the truth + + align:start position:0% +high probability of containing the truth + + + align:start position:0% +high probability of containing the truth +eita in general it is a common practice + + align:start position:0% +eita in general it is a common practice + + + align:start position:0% +eita in general it is a common practice +to report not just estimates but also + + align:start position:0% +to report not just estimates but also + + + align:start position:0% +to report not just estimates but also +confidence intervals but as we will + + align:start position:0% +confidence intervals but as we will + + + align:start position:0% +confidence intervals but as we will +discuss one has to be careful in + + align:start position:0% +discuss one has to be careful in + + + align:start position:0% +discuss one has to be careful in +interpreting what exactly a confidence + + align:start position:0% +interpreting what exactly a confidence + + + align:start position:0% +interpreting what exactly a confidence +interval tells us we will see that we + + align:start position:0% +interval tells us we will see that we + + + align:start position:0% +interval tells us we will see that we +can easily calculate confidence + + align:start position:0% +can easily calculate confidence + + + align:start position:0% +can easily calculate confidence +intervals using the central limit + + align:start position:0% +intervals using the central limit + + + align:start position:0% +intervals using the central limit +theorem and we will discuss in some + + align:start position:0% +theorem and we will discuss in some + + + align:start position:0% +theorem and we will discuss in some +detail some extra steps that need to be + + align:start position:0% +detail some extra steps that need to be + + + align:start position:0% +detail some extra steps that need to be +taken if we do not know the variance of + + align:start position:0% +taken if we do not know the variance of + + + align:start position:0% +taken if we do not know the variance of +the random variables involved we will + + align:start position:0% +the random variables involved we will + + + align:start position:0% +the random variables involved we will +then continue in the direction of + + align:start position:0% +then continue in the direction of + + + align:start position:0% +then continue in the direction of +greater generality we will see that by + + align:start position:0% +greater generality we will see that by + + + align:start position:0% +greater generality we will see that by +repeated use of various sample means + + align:start position:0% +repeated use of various sample means + + + align:start position:0% +repeated use of various sample means +we can also estimate more complicated + + align:start position:0% +we can also estimate more complicated + + + align:start position:0% +we can also estimate more complicated +quantities such as for example the + + align:start position:0% +quantities such as for example the + + + align:start position:0% +quantities such as for example the +correlation coefficient between two + + align:start position:0% +correlation coefficient between two + + + align:start position:0% +correlation coefficient between two +random variables we will conclude by + + align:start position:0% +random variables we will conclude by + + + align:start position:0% +random variables we will conclude by +introducing a general estimation + + align:start position:0% +introducing a general estimation + + + align:start position:0% +introducing a general estimation +methodology the so called maximum + + align:start position:0% +methodology the so called maximum + + + align:start position:0% +methodology the so called maximum +likelihood estimation method this is a + + align:start position:0% +likelihood estimation method this is a + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood estimation method this is a +method that applies always even when the + + align:start position:0% +method that applies always even when the + + + align:start position:0% +method that applies always even when the +unknown parameter of interest cannot be + + align:start position:0% +unknown parameter of interest cannot be + + + align:start position:0% +unknown parameter of interest cannot be +interpreted as an expectation it is a + + align:start position:0% +interpreted as an expectation it is a + + + align:start position:0% +interpreted as an expectation it is a +universally applicable method and + + align:start position:0% +universally applicable method and + + + align:start position:0% +universally applicable method and +fortunately has some very desirable + + align:start position:0% +fortunately has some very desirable + + + align:start position:0% +fortunately has some very desirable +properties \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/PA3bcu83j38.txt b/PA3bcu83j38.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fafd071ebef9283b587309f9c786cc19a882f66e --- /dev/null +++ b/PA3bcu83j38.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3453 @@ +The following +content is provided + +under a Creative +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue + +to offer high quality +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation or to +view additional materials + +from hundreds of MIT courses, +visit MIT OpenCourseWare + +at ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: So today's +lecture is supposed + +to be about navigation, +but in many ways, + +that can be a +pretty dry subject. + +So what I've done is I've made +it very graphical and sort + +of active and animated. + +No, this is just a folder. + +This isn't the-- Anyway, so a +couple of administration pieces + +is the Sprint +submission deadline. + +The Sprint Tournament +will be held on Wednesday, + +but you need to submit your +code by Monday at midnight. + +There's a little +bit of wiggle room + +where you can submit it like +a few hours after midnight, + +but don't plan on that. + +Yeah. + +And you submit your code +to the Sprint Tournament + +and that makes you +eligible to win prizes. + +And it also helps you +with your seeding, + +so that you'll be seeded into +a higher part of the tournament + +bracket for the next tournament. + +So yeah, you've got +to get started early. + +We'll also be offering +another source of money + +for you, as if you didn't +have enough sources of money + +with the Sprint Tournament, +and all of those special prizes + +we're giving out, and +the tournament itself. + +We're also offering +an extra prize + +for the team that is most +helpful to other teams + +and people. + +So that means that now +you have an incentive, + +beyond just being a good +person, to help other teams out. + +We'll have a survey that +goes out in the last week. + +And so if you've +gangstered everybody + +into voting you as +helpful, then you'll + +win the prize without +being helpful. + +So just keep that in mind. + +All right. + +So today we're supposed +to talk about navigation. + +Let's have a look at this thing. + +Here is a program that +I wrote that makes + +a maze, piece by piece. + +There's probably a +smarter way to do it, + +but I just built +random walks that self + +avoid onto one another +to make a maze. + +And what I've done here is +I've got a variable called + +delay that lets me change the +speed at which a computation is + +performed. + +So you can see here, +if I set it to 0.5, + +then we'll be here all day, +because each one of these paths + +is going to take a half +a second to put together. + +But this is helpful, because a +lot of times a pathing routine + +will happen instantly. + +Or in compute time, +it'll happen fast, + +and you won't really +notice what's going on. + +So let's go ahead and set +this to a small number. + +Now we've got a map that has a +bottom left and an upper right. + +And we're going to use +this map to demonstrate + +a bunch of pathing techniques. + +So we're trying to get from the +bottom left to the upper right. + +The first method we're going +to use is depth first search. + +So I'm going to run this. + +Oh, it finished. + +That was dumb. + +Let's make the delay 0.1. + +Yeah. + +So now, you can see I'm +starting from the left + +and I'm going along in a +depth first search, which + +means that I'm looking +toward the end first. + +And then after I have +investigated everything, + +I'll start again at +the next branch point. + +So I haven't even +looked at this. + +I've gone along and, yeah, +so I check that-- oh, done. + +OK. + +So now you can see it finished. + +But I'm going to +run it once more, + +and I want you to keep +your eye on the colors that + +are displayed on the right here. + +The color indicates how +far it thinks something is. + +And it's scaled +from white to black. + +So when it finds +something that's darker, + +it will brighten +up this other area. + +So pathing systems are +basically just a way + +of trying all the +possible combinations. + +But there are little tricks +of making that smarter. + +I'll show it one last time. + +The point is to make +it smarter than trying + +every possible combination. + +Like for example, if you've +visited an area before, + +then don't try that again. + +Or if you visited +an area before, + +and you got there closer +than you currently are, + +then don't try that again. + +So there you have it. + +There is an example +of depth first search. + +And we're going to move on +and show an example of breadth + +first search to show +how different it is. + +They're going to look pretty +similar for this example, + +but the next example I give +won't be pathing in a maze. + +It'll be pathing in +something that's more open. + +So here's a breadth +first search. + +And you can see, it's sort +of parallel pursuing paths. + +Like it's doing a little down +here and a little down there. + +And it's jumping back +and forth between things + +that have the same depth. + +I'm going to show it again and +I want you to pay attention + +to the colors, specifically +white and black. + +You see that it never goes +back and updates a point + +all at once. + +It does it bit by bit. + +So you see areas are gradually +lightening, rather than + +lightening all at once. + +So I show this one more time. + +This is breadth first +search on this maze computed + +in real time. + +I can change this maze +and it'll come out again. + +For the explicit purpose of +demonstrating the concept, + +I actually had to go to the +trouble of writing a breadth + +first search. + +It's not that hard, at +least in Mathematica, + +and I'm pretty sure it's +not hard in any language + +to write something that works. + +And we'll talk more +about that later. + +But I know a lot +of you have already + +heard of a lot of +concepts in navigation. + +And you've also got Wikipedia. + +You could just go online +and find, oh, I see. + +These are the things that +are important for that. + +So let's move on. + +Now we have a bug navigation. + +Bugs apparently find their +way round rooms and things + +by walking until they hit +an object, like a wall, + +and then they just +follow along the wall. + +There's also a well known +truth, or truism, or something + +like that, where if +you're in a maze, + +and you put your +hand on one wall, + +and you follow that +wall, then you'll + +find the end of the maze. + +So let's try to +watch that at work. + +Actually, let's +make the speed 0.05. + +So here we've got a bug, +and he's walking along. + +The yellow represents +his left hand. + +No, the yellow is +his right hand, + +and he's following +the left wall. + +So you can see he's going +to round to the left. + +He's really not finding +the fastest path + +from the bottom left +to the upper right. + +But the point is, +he'll get there. + +So there you go. + +He found his way there. + +Let's show that +again a bit slower. + +So the goal here is when you +program a bug pathing system, + +it's that the guy +has to remember + +what direction he +has been going. + +Because if he is just +in a position, just + +any given position-- so +I'll pause it at some point, + +say here. + +So maybe he's here. + +How is he going to know whether +he was going down or up? + +That's the way that he +remembers his current state is + +the direction. + +Now, that's like a +big thing about bug + +is that it doesn't +need any memory at all. + +Its memory is sort of encoded in +its position and its direction. + +And that's all it needs. + +Whereas other forms +of pathing, you've + +got to store these lists, +and how long they are, + +and where they go, and which +lists are their parent lists + +or parent nodes. + +But bug is very simple. + +Again, it's not really that +fantastic at getting you + +where you need to go. + +And you might also +ask the question, + +what do you do when +you're not in a maze? + +So let's go ahead and +answer that question + +of what you do when +you're not in a maze. + +And we can go over the details +of how to implement bug + +if we have time at the end. + +But you can look +all that stuff up. + +So just in brief summary, we've +looked at depth first search, + +breadth first search, +and bug pathing. + +I'll talk more about +the details of each one, + +but I like to just sort +of go through once, + +and go through again +with more detail. + +So let's change it to +an alternative maze. + +This isn't what you're going +to have for battle code. + +That would be terrible. + +Mazes are not that exciting +in terms of video games. + +Here is an example +of the kind of map + +you'd have for battle code. + +And what depth first +search is trying + +to do to locate +the shortest path. + +So first it's going deep. + +It's going to keep going on its +path until it finds the end. + +Now, there are ways of making +depth first search where + +it won't do what it's doing +now, which is kind of silly. + +What is it doing? + +Filling space with this line. + +And all these +possible combinations + +of filling space with this line. + +It's just wasting our time here. + +It wants to go from +there to there. + +What's it doing over here? + +So that's an example. + +We're going to make this +run as fast as it can run. + +So let's pause the +evaluation and run it again. + +As so you can see +now it's faster, + +but it's still trying a +whole bunch of combinations + +that just don't make any sense. + +Here it goes along the left. + +Here it goes along this side. + +It's going to try verticals. + +OK, now it's going +try all these. + +OK. + +Sweep, sweep, sweep, +sweep, sweep, sweep. + +Now, let's hope, for +God's sake, don't + +try-- oh god, it tried there. + +[LAUGHTER] + +PROFESSOR: Well, OK. + +Now that it's tried +this area, let's hope + +it doesn't go keep trying +these different things. + +Like up here, let's hope +it doesn't go back there. + +That'd been such +a waste of time. + +So here it's going-- +oh, what is this? + +It's going-- + +[LAUGHTER] + +PROFESSOR: It's looping +around and spinning. + +And now, it's-- oh, finally. + +Man. + +I'm going to fire that guy. + +Let's see if breadth first +search can do any better. + +Let's keep the delay at +0.1 and see what happens. + +Oh, let's see. + +It's searching the +nearby paths rather + +than going down one that's deep. + +I see. + +Doesn't seem to be crossing +over old ground too much. + +So if it's located +this point, it's + +not going to try 10 different +ways of getting to this point. + +One of the features of +breadth first search + +is that if the +distance between nodes + +is uniform, like every +square is the same distance + +from every other square, then +as soon as you find the end, + +you've found the shortest +path to get to the end. + +So what we're going to +see is that it's not + +going to keep looking +after it finds this tile. + +It's just going to stop. + +Bing. + +OK. + +And it's all done once +it looked at that depth. + +Wow, that was pretty convenient. + +Let's see how bug +does on the same map. + +Now, this is just +showing the last result. + +Let's see what result bug gets. + +It's not going to +look like this. + +So there it is. + +It moved along and +followed this wall. + +And then it stopped +bugging along the wall, + +and then it followed this wall. + +And now it's bugging +along that way. + +Are we in a loop? + +Nope. + +No, we're not in a loop. + +It's following along this way. + +And bing. + +It got to the result. + +Pretty exciting. + +Let's show that one +or two more times + +to explain what's going on +when it's trying to do this. + +As soon as it hits +a wall, bug has + +to decide if it's going +to go left or right. + +Later on I'm going +to talk about why + +that can end up +being a huge problem. + +You'll see it left the +yellow ball behind. + +I only update the position +of the yellow ball + +when I'm in bug mode. + +So the point of bugging +in an open terrain + +is that you have to be +able to leave the bugging. + +You have to be able to +stop bugging at one point + +and start just branching off. + +Or else, for example, if +the goal were somewhere away + +from a wall, you'd +never get to it. + +Generally, a criteria for +leaving the bugging condition + +is if you are closer +to the goal than you + +were when you started bugging. + +I see a question. + +AUDIENCE: Why at the +very end, and also + +before it turns on the second +wall, does it turn inward? + +PROFESSOR: This one here? + +AUDIENCE: Yeah. + +PROFESSOR: Right now, when the +bug is not connected to a wall, + +I have it going in the direction +that is toward the goal. + +So here, this is like +the worst possible map, + +because just when it wanted +to go toward the goal, + +it hit another wall. + +So that's why it turned inward. + +And that's also +why it turns inward + +over here and over there. + +So that's a very good question. + +So let's watch it again. + +And what I want to +point out as well + +is that the yellow is +places it wants to turn. + +So here it wants to +make a right turn. + +And here it leaves +bugging because it + +was closer to the +destination here than it + +was when it was +farther back over here. + +So once again, it's moving +along, and it'll go around + +and it'll find the answer. + +So it's not very good +looking, but if your obstacles + +don't connect with +the edge of the wall, + +it find you sometimes +the same result + +that you would get otherwise. + +So I'm going to open +up something like Word, + +and I'm going to +make some notes. + +Because I can type faster +than I can write on the board, + +and that makes a lot of sense. + +Let's talk about metrics +of success in pathing. + +There's the time to arrive. + +You want to have a narrow +distribution of times + +to arrive if you were +pathing a group of units. + +Like if you're trying +to get to the other side + +and you really +want them arriving + +in a conga line, +that's potentially + +going to get them +killed one by one. + +You sometimes want to +explore the map as well. + +And there are ways of +manually working out + +some of these things. + +What's the best path to +explore the map, and so on. + +But these are just +things to keep in mind. + +And let's look at +sort of a comparison + +between bug a and depth first +and breadth first search. + +So the bug system is +computationally fast. + +But at the same time, you've +got your own trade off + +between byte codes +and compute time. + +It uses the unit turn, and +you can do that in two ways + +with battle code. + +You can do it with +Direction.rotateRight, + +which will rotate that +direction 45 degrees. + +Or you can do it by using, as +we did in the example yesterday, + +Direction.values, which gets you +eight direction values starting + +with north and going all +the way around to northwest. + +And then you can +increment this index. + +So if you're starting +it direction east, + +that would be two, because +it's north, northeast, east. + +So that would be two. + +And then you can just add one +to rotate right, add another one + +to rotate right +again, and so on. + +It's pretty interesting that bug +can work blind in battle code. + +Usually when you do +pathing, you want + +to do something like +senseGameObjects + +so that you could +say, all right, + +I want to senseGameObjects +of robot.class. + +I want to sense that +type of game object. + +And I want all of +them, because I + +want to make sure I don't +run into any of them. + +In previous years, +you would have also + +had to do senseTerrainTile. + +Yeah, it would be something +like for a given map location, + +you could sense-- +yeah, it would be + +like rc for robot controller +dot senseTerrainTile. + +And it would be a given map +location and a or something. + +And you'd put it, and +you'd say, is this equal + +to +TerrainTile.terrainType.OFF_MAP, + +or it would be VOID, or +it would be like OPEN, + +or something like that. + +And it was a huge bother. + +So we got rid of void spaces. + +So now you're basically +trying to say, + +I need to use the +enemy mine locations. + +And I believe there's a +senseEnemyMineLocations + +or some method like that. + +But you don't need those. + +Because I said the bug is blind. + +You could just get +by with canMove. + +And that can be pretty nice. + +If we're not making giant +mazes, you can probably just + +get by using canMove. + +If you can't move, then +rotate in some direction. + +That may also end up being +cheaper computationally + +than using these methods +for the same bugging. + +I'm saying bugging +with canMove or bugging + +with senseGameObjects. + +For this kind of +stuff, I always find + +it useful to go into the release +where I've got the folder where + +I've installed battle code, +check my method costs. + +I say, all right, let's +see here, canMove. + +Here it is. + +Costs me 25 byte codes. + +How much does it cost +for me to senseRobotInfo? + +Because I'm going +to get robots, I'm + +going to have to sense +their info in order + +to get their location. + +That also costs me 25, +but that's after the costs + +associated with sensing +all NearbyGameObjects, + +which costs me 100, plus all +that other stuff I've got to do + +to sort of set up a loop +with checking, and savings. . + +No wait, that's a +different thing. + +So yeah, we've got a +blind-- it's blind. + +You should check your +leave-bugging criterion. + +Can be something +like patience-- just + +after a certain amount +of time, give up. + +Distance-- are you closer +than you were before? + +Direction-- how many times +have you turned left and right? + +If you keep track of +that, then it can say, + +all right, I've gone +around a barrier. + +I know that cause of the +number of times I've turned. + +So now I can be intelligent +about leaving that bugging. + +So finally, with mass +pathing using bug, + +you should consider +distinguishing + +between off-map, +void, friend, and foe. + +And here, void is more +realistically said + +to be neutral mines. + +I've said before +but I'll remind you + +that you don't know +where enemy mines are + +until you've stepped on them. + +So that's sort of a difficulty. + +Neutral mines are more +realistic to path around. + +And you could consider +writing a rush player, which + +locates the optimal way to +get from one base to another. + +Because you know the bases. + +You know where they are. + +You know where the neutral +mines are to begin with. + +So if you have some +of your robots, + +for the headquarters +for example, + +compute the optimal path between +your main base and the enemy + +base, you could rush +there more quickly + +than you would otherwise. + +It's not really going +to work with enemy mines + +though, because as I +said, you don't see them. + +So you might want to distinguish +between these different types + +of obstacle. + +Because if a foe is in the way, +do you want to path around him, + +or do you want to just +stop and start shooting? + +I mean, of course, +in this battle code, + +you don't have to +explicitly shoot. + +And you move and you +shoot simultaneously. + +It's worth mentioning here +that you shoot after you move. + +That's something that +isn't entirely obvious. + +You might say, OK, +it doesn't matter + +whether you shoot +before or after. + +That's just a little detail. + +But it ends up being super +important, especially what + +we're going to see later. + +What we'll see is that, let's +say one robot of yours and one + +robot of the enemy's are nearby. + +If the enemy moves +toward you, then it + +will immediately do damage. + +Let's say that you subsequently +move away from the enemy + +because you want to, +say, rejoin your group. + +Well, you will move away +and then not do damage. + +So the two of your robots will +move along in some direction, + +and you'll take +damage every time, + +and he won't take any +damage at any time. + +It'll be no good. + +Another thing is that if you +have neutral mines to path + +around, well, those +aren't going anywhere so + +you better path around them. + +But if you have friends +to path around, maybe + +you should just wait for +them to get out of the way. + +Because presumably, they +are also pathing somewhere, + +and so there's probably +just a traffic jam. + +And does it make +more sense for you + +to go running off in +another direction, + +or to just have some patience +and wait there for the friend + +to move? + +At the same time, the thing +that I described the other day + +surely applies +here, where you have + +a wall of enemy units here. + +And you've got me. + +And you've got a +bunch of allies here. + +And I want to be +here at my ice cream. + +But I can't get there because +allies are in the way. + +And I'm waiting +for them to move, + +and they're waiting for +me to move, together + +with all these other guys +that are all boxed up + +behind this chunk of mines. + +So yeah, you could realize +you'd get in some trouble. + +This beautiful +diagram, by the way. + +I save so much chalk that way. + +I tell you. + +Let's see. + +So now we talked a little +bit about mass pathing. + +I'd like to mention one +or two other aspects. + +You could leave room for a bend. + +And one way you +could do that is you + +could say, all right, I +realize there's a corner here. + +And the first guy that +goes around that way + +will mark this as the waypoint. + +Then other guys can go +straight to the waypoint. + +Or if they're even +smarter, they'll + +try to go around the waypoint. + +So for example, +this guy could say, + +he could mark all of these +positions as undesirable. + +And they could radiate a force +outward so that every other + +robot is being +repulsed by these x's. + +And at that point, +you might start + +to have the situation which +would be emergent behavior, + +where your robots are starting +to intelligently sort of have + +multiple lanes +around the obstacle, + +rather than having just +one lane and getting + +backed up behind one another. + +So here they're +getting backed up. + +And here they would +be sort of fanning out + +in a sort of pretty way. + +Yeah. + +And you're going to see later +the effect of fanning out. + +I mean, of course +you've seen it, + +and you can imagine +how strong it + +would be on the +outcome of a battle. + +But that's going to be +really important when + +we talk about the emergent +behavior of your army + +when you take into account local +information about where people + +are standing. + +I hope you guys like the +analogy that I sent in my email. + +I thought it was a little +bit contrived, but not too + +terrible. + +Not too-- OK, it +was pretty terrible. + +OK. + +So in mass pathing, also +consider your execute order. + +As we've mentioned before, +if you have guys in a line, + +and their robot IDs +are 1 and then 2 + +and then 3 and then 4-- yeah, +this is real pretty-- then + +they can move left because +they'll execute in this order. + +Oh, man. + +It's like it's animated. + +Ah, jeez. + +But they can't +move to the right, + +because this guy's in the way. + +So number 1 will be like, +I don't know where to go. + +I'm going to go there. + +Number 2 is like, uh, I +can't go here or here. + +Maybe I'll go up there. + +And he gets lost. + +His head's cut off. + +AUDIENCE: Can 2 move diagonally? + +PROFESSOR: Yes, 2 +can move down here. + +There is diagonal +directional movement. + +Yeah. + +And 3 could move down there. + +And then I guess +4 could move here, + +because he doesn't know +that the others-- it'd be + +kind of cool if they did that. + +And then they would +just like shimmy along. + +It'd be like an inch worm. + +That'd be pretty cool. + +Oh, gosh. + +Paint, don't do this to me. + +There, that's much better. + +So they could do +this, but 4 would + +have to be pretty darn smart. + +It's more likely that by now +these guys are inch-worming + +along, and 4 is over there. + +And eventually, 3 gets +sort of spread out. + +And I don't know, +1 just goes and he + +gets tired of the +whole deal because he's + +been looking at 2's +behind the whole game. + +So yeah, you definitely want +to keep in mind the execution + +order. + +And when I say keep +in mind, I mean + +you could actually do sort +of like a bubble sort, where + +if your ID is different from +the guy who's behind you, + +you could switch places with +him and try to get behind him. + +Because you can use the function +my robot controller dot getID, + +and you'll have your ID. + +Remember when we +did robot, and we + +said, all allied robots, +or something, equals + +rc.senseNearbyGameObjects, +the most helpful function + +name in the world, and +we said robot.class? + +You could say, +all right, all I'm + +interested in is +the guy behind me. + +Please give me the +ally guy behind me. + +Well, you don't need to get +all the nearby game objects. + +You could say, all right, I want +the one who is adjacent to me. + +So he's within a +distance of one, + +or say two if you want +to include diagonals. + +And then I also want to make +sure that he's on my team. + +So I do rc.getTeam. + +So now immediately, I've got +a nice list of allied robots + +that are nearby. + +If I want to get +their ID numbers, + +it's as simple as +rc.senseRobotInfo. + +And I sense one of their info's. + +This is aRobot, which I +can pull out of the list + +by doing something simple +like I'll locate the closest + +one in the ordinary way +that you would expect. + +So now I've got the robot +info, and robot info + +includes-- Actually, +I think you might even + +be able to get ID from robot. + +Where would I go to check? + +I would just simply go +to the documentation + +in the release, +all classes-frame. + +I would see robot +info, just try to see. + +Or maybe let's see if the robot +has-- oh, robot has getID. + +Look at that. + +So I don't even have +to senseRobotInfo. + +I can just go straight. + +So here I can just +say, ah, I'm just + +going to aRobot.get-- +what was it? + +Get ID? + +I think it was +either get ID, or ID. + +And now I'll have that ID, and +I can compare it to my own, + +and so on, as I said. + +So this is all about bugging and +mass pathing in a simple way. + +If you want to do it +smarter, you can use a*, + +which is a breadth first search. + +You can look up all Wikipedia. + +And it's making a list +of where you can go. + +That's as simple as it is. + +You're making lists, and +you're keeping that list pruned + +down so that it hasn't got +all these extra places for you + +to look at. + +So it's shorter to +get to your goal. + +And what it can also do +is incorporate heuristics. + +We'll be talking a little +bit about heuristics today, + +where we're saying it's a fancy +word that, to the extent I + +understand it, it just means +that the distance between one + +square and another is +not necessarily one. + +Or the goodness of being +in one square or another + +is not necessarily the same. + +So maybe you want a path +from point A to point B, + +but you don't want to cross +a particular obstacle. + +I saw once that somebody +did a giant paper. + +I think they did a Ph.D. Thesis +on the traveling salesman + +problem. + +And they had solved the +traveling salesman problem + +under the condition that they +were traveling in the United + +States, and they did not want +to cross the Mississippi River. + +That's so beyond-- +why would you-- + +I love crossing the +Mississippi River. + +But anyway, he didn't +want to, so he did that. + +And I think he went ahead and +got-- now that I remember it, + +it was actually a high +school science fair. + +Ph.D., science fair, same thing. + +So you can incorporate +these heuristics, + +and it's just a +way of saying, here + +I've got this list of +locations that I'm going to. + +And I'm just going to associate +goodness or badness with them. + +And at the end, instead +of saying distance, + +I'll just say +goodness or badness. + +It's as simple as that. + +And that's how those things +end up getting done, and so on. + +There's also d* and a whole +plethora of other things. + +This is like start +from the destination + +and go to the start. + +There's various +reasons to do this. + +There's tangent bug, where +you're saying, all right, + +I recognize a certain +pattern to a* and d*. + +If I start at this location +and I end here at e, + +and the obstacles sort +of look like this, + +well, the only +reasonable places for me + +to go in this open +continuous terrain + +is tangents between +the two things. + +So I can draw a tangent there. + +I can draw a tangent there. + +From my starting position, +I draw a tangent to there. + +You see these tangents? + +They're right angles. + +It's beautiful. + +There's one here. + +OK, that's a right angle. + +This guy's got a tangent here, +and he's got another one there. + +There's some arbitrary +dumb ones that never apply, + +such as this one. + +Or like this one. + +Well, in any case, +there are ways + +of pruning it so that you've +got just the right tangents. + +And then you've really only +got like six paths to look. + +You can go here, and then +there, and then there. + +Or you can go here, and then +you can go from-- ah, yeah. + +There's one. + +You can go here +from there to there. + +And then that's like a +really dumb way to go there. + +So it's really easy once +you have tangent bug. + +And there's a way to +generalize that so that it's + +not just vector +geometry in open space, + +but is down to the level +where you're like, OK, + +these are individuals squares. + +I zoomed in to indicate-- +that was really smart. + +It worked really well. + +I was happy with it. + +So there's tangent bug, +which you can use there. + +And you could consider having-- +in tangent bug especially, + +you could imagine that a +headquarters could help out. + +Where you have these things +that you need to get around. + +Oh my goodness. + +Anyway. + +You want to get around +them so that you + +could have the +headquarters indicate + +what is the tangent spot. + +And he doesn't have to +tell you all the places. + +They're just like waypoints +to go to on your way + +to the destination. + +And it could work pretty well. + +It could. + +So keep in mind. + +There are some +undesirable behaviors + +to watch out for when you +do something like this. + +Sometimes allied units that +bug in the opposite direction, + +that makes a lot of sense if +you have a little obstacle + +to get around. + +But if the obstacle is +big, sometimes your robots + +will come at one another +from opposite directions + +when pathing. + +So you'll have-- +here is the obstacle, + +and Robot a hits the obstacle +and starts going this way. + +Robot b hits the obstacle +and starts going this way. + +Robot b is here and a +tries to go around him. + +b keeps going this +way, and a now + +is like, I don't +know where I am. + +I'm just going to +spin around in midair. + +Because I thought I was bugging, +but then the wall changed. + +I know that there's like a +million movies about how people + +are in mazes, and then like +the big kicker is supposed + +to be that the maze +is shifting over time. + +Well, by now we're used to it, +and it's boring in a movie. + +But when it happens in battle +code, it hits close to home. + +Another undesirable +behavior could + +be that you bug +around the whole map. + +And one thing you can try to +do sense if the terrain is off + +map. + +Again, that would be + TerrainTile.TerrainType=TerrainType.offMap. + +And you could check that, but +sometimes there'll be like, + +maybe we'll put +neutral mine's all + +the way around the +edge of the map. + +And then you won't +really know if you're + +bugging around the +edge of the map + +because it'll just look +like neutral mines. + +So there is another +thing to worry about it. + +You could turn around +a transient obstacle, + +like an ally, as we +mentioned before. + +There's insufficient +information for a lot of things. + +Like maybe you've got +the perfect a* algorithm + +that's going to find everything. + +That's the best +technical term for it. + +And you're going +to find everything, + +but you don't have +that much information. + +Like you don't know where +the enemy mines are. + +You don't know where +the enemy robots + +are until you get close to them. + +And so that I think that's +fairly well explained. + +We've got everything laid out +on the table here and there. + +I would mention that here's +another use for radio, is not + +every robot can tell that +another robot is stuck. + +So you might consider +radioing information + +about robots that are stuck so +that the other robots, allied + +of course, behind them +can get out of the way. + +And you can make this +playful in your own way + +by coming up with +your own comments + +on what-- anyway, that +made a lot of sense. + +So they can get out of the way. + +So let's consider +the following case. + +You have this radio system which +consists of these integers. + +And you need to be able to +post map locations to integers. + +How are you going to do that? + +Well, I've got a +good idea for you + +if you haven't +thought of it already. + +An integer in Java can go from +something like minus 2 billion + +to 2 billion. + +So here we're radioing integers. + +And it has to be an integer. + +Well, I know a certain +thing about 2 billion. + +2 billion has this many numbers +in it-- 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, + +3-- that's a billion. + +Yeah, I got it. + +I think that's 2 billion. + +I think it has 2 billion +because it's 2 the 32. + +Yeah, something like that. + +Well, I know what +this can contain. + +All I have to do, since +a map location starts-- + +it has x and y values +starting at 0, 0 + +and going to, at most, 100, 100. + +And something tells me that +the final maps we give out + +won't be that big. + +But maybe they will. + +I don't know. + +They might be. + +Well, look at that. + +0 and 100 only take up three of +these positions in the number. + +I mean, you could +do it in binary + +and encode the information +even more efficiently. + +But this will do just fine. + +So here's a thought. + +Put the round number +in the first three, + +put to the x-coordinate +in the second three, + +and put the y-coordinate +in the third three. + +And now you can tell when +you look at a single integer + +if it is up to date. + +So here, we'll have 2, +roundNum, xval, yval. + +And all you would do for +that is you would say, + +my integer equals round-- it +would be-- let's be explicit. + +Clock.getRoundNum()*1000000+xval-- + it'll be my map location, + +which I'll call m.x*1000+m.y*1. + +There you go. + +And that would encode +everything into my integer. + +And then I could +make another function + +that sort of unpacks +things into a map location. + +Oh my goodness. + +What would that look like? + +Well, it would be something +like public static, + +and it returns a map +location, because that + +would be really useful. + +Public static MapLocation, +we'll say intToMapLocation. + +Yes. + +That will be really useful. + +And it takes an +integer, myInteger. + +Yes. + +I'm coding in Microsoft Word. + +I wonder if everybody +has done that. + +And if you're going to tell me +it's Open Office, that's true. + +That's true. + +I acknowledge that. + +Let's see here. + +So let's get the +other values on out. + +Let's say that our x val, which +is going to be an integer, + +equals myInteger at-- ooh, +what am I going to do here? + +I'm going to say, I'm going +to take modulo 1 billion. + +Is that going to do it? + +I'm going to put spaces +in so that I can see it. + +But I think if you +actually put spaces in, + +it isn't going to work. + +Yes. + +So is that my x val? + +No, that's my y val. + +So I am going to do +this in this order + +because it'll make it easy. + +int xval=myInteger%1-- you +guys got to pay attention. + +This is the 1 billion, isn't it? + +Yeah, I've got to +make it this way. + +Actually, I think they +might be identical. + +Anyway, if I do it-- yeah. + +Uh, no. + +This has to be billion. + +Sorry, that has to be a billion. + +Because if I do +modulo a billion, + +then any numbers that +are over here sort of + +roll off from the 2 billion. + +Yeah, that'll be fine. + +And I'll just subtract from +the millions category-- + +would that be 1,000? + +It'll be a million. + +And I'll subtract +off the y value. + +And now I have an x val. + +And finally-- I mean, maybe +the first thing I should do + +is I should check to see if +my very first number, like + +if these very first +three numbers, + +I should check to see +if those are decent. + +I here some whispers, +but I'm sure that they're + +talking about how amazing +this is going to end up being. + +We'll make a new map +location by saying, + +the output map location-- well, +I'll just call it outputLoc-- + +MapLocation outputLoc equals-- +now this is a constructor-- + +new MapLocation-- this is the +same thing we did yesterday-- + +(xval,yval). + +And I could have a +check in here that + +verifies that it was set +at the previous roundNum, + +so that it's not out of date. + +That'd be really useful. + +So that's a pretty useful +thing to have right there. + +That's just one of +many byte code tricks. + +So this is going to be packing +a map location into an integer. + +What's another one? + +Let's consider that you have +a whole stockpile of energy + +that your robots are using. + +But early on in the game, you're +wasting a lot of that energy + +because it's just +decaying in your inbox. + +It's just sort of +floating around, + +and then it's going down. + +So why don't you +consider spend byte codes + +when the number of +allied bots is low? + +Or equivalently, when there's +a lot of rc.getTeamPower. + +Question. + +AUDIENCE: For the +20% loss every round, + +is that your total +stockpile of power, + +or is it the total increase? + +PROFESSOR: It will be +the total stockpile. + +That's right. + +AUDIENCE: So [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: That's right. + +You'll lose it. + +So that's-- what's +the common saying? + +It's use it or lose it. + +Yeah. + +So if you're using +it, you don't lose it. + +I guess that was not +necessary to explain. + +I made a program here that +may be useful on this effect. + +I call it stockpiling. + +And I made it in +Mathematica just + +because it's nice and visual. + +So here's an example of +stockpiling resources. + +Let's go ahead and we'll +simulate 400 rounds. + +We'll simulate the case where +the decay multiplier is 0.8. + +And we'll start with zero +bots, using zero byte codes. + +So you can see +here, this is what + +you should expect your +number of bots to be. + +You're building them +constantly, and you + +finish building them +around turn 300. + +And you hit a +maximum of 40 bots. + +If you're using +more like-- let's + +do a little bit more realistic-- +you're using 2,000 byte codes, + +well now, you're +maxing out at 34 bots. + +And you can see here that +you quickly decay upward + +to your maximum +near 200, and then + +you only go down bit by bit +as you build more robots. + +You may, for example, +have-- I mean, + +we can look at +more examples here. + +And I'll probably talk about +this more on a strategy + +lecture, but let's say that +you got the fusion upgrade, so + +that the decay multiplier +went from 0.8 to 0.99. + +So now we've got 0.99 there. + +Well, now you can see that +you got up to 44 robots + +because the decay +was much slower. + +So you got up to a +really big number + +as you were massing +up these robots. + +And so for about +70 rounds, you were + +able to maintain an increase +of four robots over the enemy. + +Not a huge benefit, +if you ask me. + +Now, if you +stockpile for longer, + +let's see what effect +that would have. + +I guess this is a +bit of a tangent, + +but we just did tangent +bug, so it's relevant. + +Ba-dum! + +Let's see here. + +So where's the-- oh, yeah. + +Number of rounds. + +Round is greater than. + +So we're only going to start +building robots at round, + +say 200. + +Now we can't really +see what's going on. + +Let's increase the number +of rounds in the simulation + +to 1,000. + +So now we can see here +that we are maintaining-- + +we're having five extra +robots for slightly longer. + +It's not that great. + +It's just not that great. + +Let's wait a little +bit longer before we + +start building so we +can try to stockpile. + +OK. + +We've stockpiled as +much as possible. + +We've still only got +five extra robots. + +Oh, actually it's more +than five extra robots. + +Let's go down to zero +so we can make sure. + +Yeah, it's 12 extra +robots on top of 40, + +so it's 12 over 40 +times 100 is 30% more. + +30% bonus, but you did it +at the price of stockpiling + +for 500 turns. + +And by then, you'll +certainly be dead. + +That's a quick look +at stockpiling. + +Question. + +AUDIENCE: Is power used +for anything except for + +[INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: Yes, power is +also used for capturing. + +In my handy dandy unit +spec sheet-- gosh, + +I did use that term. + +Handy dandy. + +In the spec sheet, which I put +over here on this place, which + +you can get it on the website. + +I could be going to the website. + +I'm sure all of you +have been there by now. + +And if you haven't, +then you're missing out. + +This useful battle +code data sheet, + +which updates from time to time, +indicates what takes power. + +So if I just do Control-F +and the word power, + +we can see here, +the headquarters + +generates 40 power. + +OK, we know that. + +Soldiers upkeep to one +to two power per turn. + +OK. + +Attack power, that's irrelevant. + +The generator +generates 10 power. + +OK, I see that. + +And then it should +also say somewhere + +that you capture encampments at +a cost of 20, plus this number, + +of units of power. + +So if you own one +encampment and you + +are capturing one encampment, +then the next encampment + +you go to capture +will cost three times + +the ordinary encampment +cost, which is right now 20. + +So there you have it. + +That's another use +for your power. + +And it's certainly interesting +to consider that you might need + +to call suicide on some of +your robots so that you'll get + +enough money to buy some +of those encampments. . + +Because that's a one time cost. + +So you might suicide some +robots, build an encampment, + +and then build those +robots back again. + +Because it is not a +continuing upkeep. + +Although I do believe +that encampments + +count as robots to +the extent that they + +do require upkeep themselves. + +Let's go back and see how +much we have time for. + +I'm sure everybody's +mouth is already + +watering as much as mine +is about the chicken curry, + +among other things. + +I was over here putting +down byte code tricks, + +and I got sort of sidetracked. + +Let's talk about more +byte code tricks. + +So let's think about how +it might be cheaper-- + +oh, my goodness-- to +broadcast an enemy's location + +than to sense it. + +Let's answer that question. + +The method cost for +read broadcast is one. + +And for making a +broadcast is also one. + +Now, that's pretty +small compared + +to sensing an enemy +location, where, + +let's see, sensing +an enemy location. + +Sensing an object is 25. + +Sensing a bunch of +game objects is 100. + +I mean, 1 is less +than 25 oftentimes. + +So let's check if there any +other costs associated with it + +by going into the specs +here under constant values. + +So here in the Java +Docs, we can see + +that there is also a +broadcast read cost. + +So that also answers +this gentleman's question + +that there's also +another cost in power. + +This read cost is a power cost +for reading and broadcasting. + +So this is going +to use 0.05 power. + +It's relatively small compared +to your one upkeep [INAUDIBLE] + +positions. + +Well, then all of a sudden-- or +read 20 positions would be 0.2, + +and that would be equivalent +to using 2,000 byte code. + +So that starts to +say that that's + +a pretty high cost for +reading in terms of byte code. + +Which suggests that if you +want to send things on messages + +and be byte code efficient, that +it makes the most sense to send + +the results of a +large computation + +rather than the base data +on which that computation is + +performed. + +Let's see here. + +It's already 5:49, and +I haven't showed you + +as many awesome matches +as I was expecting to. + +I'll blast through a few +more byte code tricks + +and then we'll get right there. + +Make sure to check the byte +code cost of your functions. + +I find it very helpful +to put in my code + +a little block comment that +says what the byte code cost is. + +And I'll put it right +next to the function, + +so I can say, all right, that's +the price of that function. + +And how many times can I use it? + +Do I want to use it? + +Is it worthwhile? + +Am I improving it? + +One way to do it is +to run the match with + +and without that function +installed on your robot, + +and just do the math yourself. + +But another way is very simple. + +You can just use +Clock.getBytecodes, + +or something like that. + +There's a function there. + +And you can just do it before +and after a certain operation + +and then check it out. + +You should also try computing +only relevant directions. + +Later on I'm going to show +you a little example of how + +you can write code where a robot +is doing something in two ways, + +and it's trying to find +out who's adjacent. + +So it's like, all right, +I can move forward + +and that would put me +next to this many enemies + +and this many allies. + +I could move to the +left and it would + +be this many enemies +and this many allies. + +You kind of want to be next to +a lot of allies and just one + +enemy so you can gang up on him. + +That was the whole idea of being +intelligent about your stance + +and where you are. + +Because you want +gang up on the enemy. + +And that's a very +local decision when + +it comes right down +to it sometimes. + +But if you can't move +in a certain direction, + +don't compute anything +about that direction + +because you're not +going there anyway. + +That's a thought. + +I mean, of course, you may +compute it anyway, and then + +try to move in that direction, +and move in the next closest. + +But you could consider that. + +And I'll show a little bit. + +So you could consider spending +things only when it's low. + +Cheaper to broadcast the +enemy using that, and so on. + +I have another useful thing +when we're looking at pathing. + +And I'll show it +by running a match. + +I'll run the match +of Cold War, which + +is my player, versus Hard Bot. + +I have the Cold War +player, does something + +that's similar to the +realistic Cold War. + +But I'll do it on +slightly smaller maps + +so you can see what's going on. + +Let's see here. + +Let's go on tiny. + +So I made these maps +that are free of mines + +just so I don't have +to worry about it. + +So here we've got +Cold War in blue. + +And his goal is +to nuke the enemy. + +And what he does is he +paths around over here + +around the med bay to +defend against the enemy. + +And the enemy will be just +building these shields + +and then attacking. + +And they attack my med +bays, but they get nowhere. + +I don't think I eve +lose a single guy. + +So the Cold War +is going to finish + +massing up a bunch of troops. + +And when he's done, he's going +to build a nuclear missile. + +There you can see the +projects going on. + +Hello, and thank you. + +Yeah. + +And so he's building +along the nuclear missile. + +And when he's done, it will +be curtains for the other guy. + +Curtains, as it were. + +We will bury them. + +But you might ask, +I can't really + +tell if these guys can +see those guys or what. + +You can push the letter +A, which gives you + +site range and attack range. + +So that's a pretty useful +thing to have there. + +So that's A in +the client viewer. + +There's also another +list of commands, + +like B will turn off +the broadcast range. + +Let's look at some more options. + +I would have liked +to go into a way + +to store-- here's +another byte code trick. + +Store the locations of other +units in an integer array, + +so that instead of having to +loop through all enemy bots + +and check if they're +adjacent, for example, + +you can just store their +locations into an array + +so that you know where they are. + +Then you can just +index into that array. + +And you say, all right, +this is where they are. + +So you're indexing into +a two dimensional array. + +And I can talk to you +about how to set those up + +at another time, +but the result is + +that you can perform +significantly better + +than you otherwise would. + +So here, Player 3 kind of works. + +I'm going to show it where doing +this calculation, where you + +find the number of adjacent +units can be pretty helpful. + +So here's what I'm showing. + +On the upper left and the +bottom right are the same robot. + +But what I've done is I've +done, if your team is A, + +then run the code this way. + +If your team is B, then +run the code the other way. + +And this is demonstration. + +So let's back up just a bit. + +I'll zoom in as +much as possible, + +but that's as good +as it's going to get. + +So let's go until +they're touching. + +So this guy is computing +adjacent robots, + +and he's printing out the +number of adjacent robots + +that are allied. + +In fact, I think +this might be-- yeah, + +this is the number of allies. + +Starting with north +and going around . + +And this guy is printing +out different numbers + +that are heuristics. + +So for each of the +positions around him, + +he is computing how +many allies there are + +and how many enemies there are. + +And he's going to try to +move in the direction that + +has the most enemies. + +So he'll either stay put if his +current location has the best + +heuristic value, or he'll +go toward the best position. + +Like if he's going to +try to flank the enemy, + +or get to a position where +he'll gang up on the enemy. + +And you can see here +that the red player + +is able to make significant +advances against what + +was previously Awesome Bot. + +So you can see, I'll show +again, it's very hard to tell. + +Because it's a subtle +thing that takes + +place where it's trying +to do an optimization + +at a very local scale. + +So you're taking good decisions +on a robot by robot basis + +and having them translate +into good decisions + +on a global basis +for the whole team. + +It was a bit of a +close race, though. + +So let's consider +making global decisions. + +Here's another +pathing idea where + +you would be using the +local data from each robot + +to decide that you +might want to form + +a concave around the enemy. + +So let's do that example. + +And then I'll end with +one final example. + +So this one is a concave. + +I have them just build up +robots until round 200, + +so I'll skip until there. + +And you'll see +that the blue team + +is going to sort of back away. + +Here I'm going forward. + +He's backing away +from the enemy. + +And then when the moment +is right, he comes in. + +Boom. + +He comes in and +surrounds the enemy. + +And they started with +the same number of units, + +and look at how +many he has left. + +Look at the difference +that that makes. + +So you should really consider +having your robots think + +about what's close to them, +nearby, and path with respect + +to that. + +I know it's not exactly +a* or d* or whatever, + +but it's something +that's worth doing. + +At this point, the +other guy really + +can't return from that problem. + +I'm just going to +show you one more + +example of how things +can get interesting. + +I've changed the constant +values all around a little bit, + +just to show how things would +look if both players were + +the player that tries to +avoid the other player. + +Now of course, when +you write your own, + +you write it in your own way +and it will behave in that way. + +So it won't necessarily +look like this. + +And there are things about this +that are just downright stupid. + +But you're going +to see it happen, + +and I believe it will be as +fun for you is it was for me. + +So here we're on round 200. + +I wish I could slow this down, +so I'll just click forward. + +You see they're both +avoiding one another. + +And just there, the +whole enemy team + +was backing away from one guy. + +[LAUGHTER] + +PROFESSOR: Why? + +That guy was moving +toward the enemy + +I think because he +doesn't see them. + +They move first +and then he moved. + +So he can't even see them. + +He doesn't think +he's that close, + +but they think they're close. + +Because this guy is Robot 138, +and this guy is Robot 139. + +Can you believe it? + +They're that close. + +Oh, my goodness. + +So they're going to +run away from one guy. + +Meanwhile, these guys +are running away, + +but they're also sort +of edging that way. + +Because they figure +that's where the enemies + +are because it's the +enemy headquarters. + +These guys are running away. + +And there's sort +of self-segregating + +into these separate packs. + +I don't think a single +bloodshed has been spawned. + +That was the right +way of putting it. + +And they're like wrapping +around one another. + +They're going to trade +sides of the map. + +This is absolutely bonkers. + +So you can see here that +the red is pretty much going + +to abandon his own headquarters. + +Blue is going to abandon his. + +Because they just-- it +got smelly, tiresome. + +They want something +new in their lives. + +And when we continue on +to the end of the match, + +it's just a question +of which one + +is going to be able to +deal the damage sooner. + +Like this guy is saving himself +on the basis of producing units + +bit by bit. + +He's like, oh, if I stop +building units for one second, + +I am dead. + +I am totally gone. + +[LAUGHTER] + +PROFESSOR: Keep building units. + +Wait, no. + +These guys are eating +up all the resources, + +and these are dying because +of the end of the round. + +That is, they don't +have enough power. + +No, please don't +eat all my units. + +Please don't eat my resources. + +You guys should suicide. + +Protect the headquarters. + +You're doing it wrong. + +I swear, you're doing it wrong. + +No, no, no. + +You've got it all, but +now we're killing his. + +And we're doing a lot, but oh, +we've taken a lot of damage. + +Ahh, and then it's over. + +And so there you have it. + +A little bit of exciting stuff +happening with direction. + +Thank you for coming. + +But let me say that +one of these dishes, + +I believe it's the +redder looking one, yeah, + +the one in the middle, chicken +vindaloo, this time is spicy. + +All right? + +So beware that one. + +Don't take too much of it, +because these guys know + +what they mean when +they say spicy. + +Thank you very much. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/PHkQ5u8omK4.txt b/PHkQ5u8omK4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c097deb4eb472ebd242c24cca26c1dde74b64164 --- /dev/null +++ b/PHkQ5u8omK4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16347 @@ +align:start position:0% + +well good morning + + align:start position:0% +well good morning + + + align:start position:0% +well good morning +everyone my name is Steve Carson and I'm + + align:start position:0% +everyone my name is Steve Carson and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +everyone my name is Steve Carson and I'm +the president of the open cor sare + + align:start position:0% +the president of the open cor sare + + + align:start position:0% +the president of the open cor sare +Consortium it's my pleasure oh thank + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you it's my pleasure on behalf of the + + align:start position:0% +you it's my pleasure on behalf of the + + + align:start position:0% +you it's my pleasure on behalf of the +board of the Consortium the staff and + + align:start position:0% +board of the Consortium the staff and + + + align:start position:0% +board of the Consortium the staff and +the membership to welcome everyone here + + align:start position:0% +the membership to welcome everyone here + + + align:start position:0% +the membership to welcome everyone here +to Cambridge Massachusetts for the 2011 + + align:start position:0% +to Cambridge Massachusetts for the 2011 + + + align:start position:0% +to Cambridge Massachusetts for the 2011 +Global open courseware Consortium + + align:start position:0% +Global open courseware Consortium + + + align:start position:0% +Global open courseware Consortium +meeting I'd like to thank our host + + align:start position:0% +meeting I'd like to thank our host + + + align:start position:0% +meeting I'd like to thank our host +institutions MIT in UMass Boston and + + align:start position:0% +institutions MIT in UMass Boston and + + + align:start position:0% +institutions MIT in UMass Boston and +especially the staff from those + + align:start position:0% +especially the staff from those + + + align:start position:0% +especially the staff from those +institutions who' served on the + + align:start position:0% +institutions who' served on the + + + align:start position:0% +institutions who' served on the +conference committee for their efforts + + align:start position:0% +conference committee for their efforts + + + align:start position:0% +conference committee for their efforts +in making this day possible and I'd + + align:start position:0% +in making this day possible and I'd + + + align:start position:0% +in making this day possible and I'd +especially like to thank Brandon mamatsu + + align:start position:0% +especially like to thank Brandon mamatsu + + + align:start position:0% +especially like to thank Brandon mamatsu +for his efforts he's the co-chair with + + align:start position:0% +for his efforts he's the co-chair with + + + align:start position:0% +for his efforts he's the co-chair with +me on the conference committee and he's + + align:start position:0% +me on the conference committee and he's + + + align:start position:0% +me on the conference committee and he's +worked very hard in the last couple of + + align:start position:0% +worked very hard in the last couple of + + + align:start position:0% +worked very hard in the last couple of +months to make this conference a success + + align:start position:0% +months to make this conference a success + + + align:start position:0% +months to make this conference a success +and I'd finally like to thank our + + align:start position:0% +and I'd finally like to thank our + + + align:start position:0% +and I'd finally like to thank our +sponsor next uh credit college credit + + align:start position:0% +sponsor next uh credit college credit + + + align:start position:0% +sponsor next uh credit college credit +advisor Services uh there's a table out + + align:start position:0% +advisor Services uh there's a table out + + + align:start position:0% +advisor Services uh there's a table out +back you can learn more about what they + + align:start position:0% +back you can learn more about what they + + + align:start position:0% +back you can learn more about what they +have to + + align:start position:0% +have to + + + align:start position:0% +have to +offer this event is a pleasure for me in + + align:start position:0% +offer this event is a pleasure for me in + + + align:start position:0% +offer this event is a pleasure for me in +two ways first it's really a pleasure to + + align:start position:0% +two ways first it's really a pleasure to + + + align:start position:0% +two ways first it's really a pleasure to +welcome all of my friends and colleagues + + align:start position:0% +welcome all of my friends and colleagues + + + align:start position:0% +welcome all of my friends and colleagues +from around the world here to my home + + align:start position:0% +from around the world here to my home + + + align:start position:0% +from around the world here to my home +campus at + + align:start position:0% +campus at + + + align:start position:0% +campus at +Mi and second it's really wonderful for + + align:start position:0% +Mi and second it's really wonderful for + + + align:start position:0% +Mi and second it's really wonderful for +me to finally be able to share the + + align:start position:0% +me to finally be able to share the + + + align:start position:0% +me to finally be able to share the +Vitality the creativity and the + + align:start position:0% +Vitality the creativity and the + + + align:start position:0% +Vitality the creativity and the +commitment of that Global Community with + + align:start position:0% +commitment of that Global Community with + + + align:start position:0% +commitment of that Global Community with +my colleagues here at MIT I've been very + + align:start position:0% +my colleagues here at MIT I've been very + + + align:start position:0% +my colleagues here at MIT I've been very +fortunate to be the public face of the + + align:start position:0% +fortunate to be the public face of the + + + align:start position:0% +fortunate to be the public face of the +MIT open courseware program in the past + + align:start position:0% +MIT open courseware program in the past + + + align:start position:0% +MIT open courseware program in the past +couple of years and every time I go to + + align:start position:0% +couple of years and every time I go to + + + align:start position:0% +couple of years and every time I go to +another conference or meet with another + + align:start position:0% +another conference or meet with another + + + align:start position:0% +another conference or meet with another +project I really wish there was a way I + + align:start position:0% +project I really wish there was a way I + + + align:start position:0% +project I really wish there was a way I +could bottle up the energy of those uh + + align:start position:0% +could bottle up the energy of those uh + + + align:start position:0% +could bottle up the energy of those uh +programs and bring it here to my + + align:start position:0% +programs and bring it here to my + + + align:start position:0% +programs and bring it here to my +colleagues at MIT so they could see how + + align:start position:0% +colleagues at MIT so they could see how + + + align:start position:0% +colleagues at MIT so they could see how +much is going on in the open courseware + + align:start position:0% +much is going on in the open courseware + + + align:start position:0% +much is going on in the open courseware +Community around the world and well I'm + + align:start position:0% +Community around the world and well I'm + + + align:start position:0% +Community around the world and well I'm +happy to say I've finally been able to + + align:start position:0% +happy to say I've finally been able to + + + align:start position:0% +happy to say I've finally been able to +do it today uh today we begin a + + align:start position:0% +do it today uh today we begin a + + + align:start position:0% +do it today uh today we begin a +three-day celebration of the past the + + align:start position:0% +three-day celebration of the past the + + + align:start position:0% +three-day celebration of the past the +present and the future of open + + align:start position:0% +present and the future of open + + + align:start position:0% +present and the future of open +courseware uh this morning our keynote + + align:start position:0% +courseware uh this morning our keynote + + + align:start position:0% +courseware uh this morning our keynote +Tim O'Reilly will help us examine the + + align:start position:0% +Tim O'Reilly will help us examine the + + + align:start position:0% +Tim O'Reilly will help us examine the +influences that help to shape the open + + align:start position:0% +influences that help to shape the open + + + align:start position:0% +influences that help to shape the open +course sare concept and a panel to + + align:start position:0% +course sare concept and a panel to + + + align:start position:0% +course sare concept and a panel to +follow I'm very excited to have many of + + align:start position:0% +follow I'm very excited to have many of + + + align:start position:0% +follow I'm very excited to have many of +the uh faculty and administrators who + + align:start position:0% +the uh faculty and administrators who + + + align:start position:0% +the uh faculty and administrators who +were involved in developing the the MIT + + align:start position:0% +were involved in developing the the MIT + + + align:start position:0% +were involved in developing the the MIT +open courseware project here uh to talk + + align:start position:0% +open courseware project here uh to talk + + + align:start position:0% +open courseware project here uh to talk +about the deliberations that went into + + align:start position:0% +about the deliberations that went into + + + align:start position:0% +about the deliberations that went into +that decision and this afternoon we'll + + align:start position:0% +that decision and this afternoon we'll + + + align:start position:0% +that decision and this afternoon we'll +hear from some of the schools and + + align:start position:0% +hear from some of the schools and + + + align:start position:0% +hear from some of the schools and +organizations that were early adopters + + align:start position:0% +organizations that were early adopters + + + align:start position:0% +organizations that were early adopters +of the open course Weare + + align:start position:0% +of the open course Weare + + + align:start position:0% +of the open course Weare +model tomorrow we'll begin to turn our + + align:start position:0% +model tomorrow we'll begin to turn our + + + align:start position:0% +model tomorrow we'll begin to turn our +attention to the current state and + + align:start position:0% +attention to the current state and + + + align:start position:0% +attention to the current state and +future of the open courseware of the + + align:start position:0% +future of the open courseware of the + + + align:start position:0% +future of the open courseware of the +open course Weare + + align:start position:0% +open course Weare + + + align:start position:0% +open course Weare +movement uh we will uh have a panel in + + align:start position:0% +movement uh we will uh have a panel in + + + align:start position:0% +movement uh we will uh have a panel in +the morning that I'm very excited about + + align:start position:0% +the morning that I'm very excited about + + + align:start position:0% +the morning that I'm very excited about +which will share some of the emerging + + align:start position:0% +which will share some of the emerging + + + align:start position:0% +which will share some of the emerging +open courseware programs around the + + align:start position:0% +open courseware programs around the + + + align:start position:0% +open courseware programs around the +world some of things that are going on + + align:start position:0% +world some of things that are going on + + + align:start position:0% +world some of things that are going on +at National and international levels uh + + align:start position:0% +at National and international levels uh + + + align:start position:0% +at National and international levels uh +which I think represent a new stage in + + align:start position:0% +which I think represent a new stage in + + + align:start position:0% +which I think represent a new stage in +the development of the movement and then + + align:start position:0% +the development of the movement and then + + + align:start position:0% +the development of the movement and then +we'll launch into the parallel sessions + + align:start position:0% +we'll launch into the parallel sessions + + + align:start position:0% +we'll launch into the parallel sessions +that I think are really the heart of the + + align:start position:0% +that I think are really the heart of the + + + align:start position:0% +that I think are really the heart of the +movement and uh help to share the + + align:start position:0% +movement and uh help to share the + + + align:start position:0% +movement and uh help to share the +richness the vitality and to uh project + + align:start position:0% +richness the vitality and to uh project + + + align:start position:0% +richness the vitality and to uh project +some of the future trajectories of the + + align:start position:0% +some of the future trajectories of the + + + align:start position:0% +some of the future trajectories of the +movement as well and finally uh I'm also + + align:start position:0% +movement as well and finally uh I'm also + + + align:start position:0% +movement as well and finally uh I'm also +very excited that tomorrow evening we'll + + align:start position:0% +very excited that tomorrow evening we'll + + + align:start position:0% +very excited that tomorrow evening we'll +hold our first presentations of our + + align:start position:0% +hold our first presentations of our + + + align:start position:0% +hold our first presentations of our +annual awards for open course Weare + + align:start position:0% +annual awards for open course Weare + + + align:start position:0% +annual awards for open course Weare +Excellence honoring individual uh + + align:start position:0% +Excellence honoring individual uh + + + align:start position:0% +Excellence honoring individual uh +project and course contributions to the + + align:start position:0% +project and course contributions to the + + + align:start position:0% +project and course contributions to the +movement and I think really helping to + + align:start position:0% +movement and I think really helping to + + + align:start position:0% +movement and I think really helping to +surface and share some of the Fantastic + + align:start position:0% +surface and share some of the Fantastic + + + align:start position:0% +surface and share some of the Fantastic +materials that are available through the + + align:start position:0% +materials that are available through the + + + align:start position:0% +materials that are available through the +open course Weare + + align:start position:0% +open course Weare + + + align:start position:0% +open course Weare +Consortium uh as you take in the breath + + align:start position:0% +Consortium uh as you take in the breath + + + align:start position:0% +Consortium uh as you take in the breath +of the ocw activity represented here I + + align:start position:0% +of the ocw activity represented here I + + + align:start position:0% +of the ocw activity represented here I +hope that you'll find the same sense of + + align:start position:0% +hope that you'll find the same sense of + + + align:start position:0% +hope that you'll find the same sense of +Amazement at the energy that the + + align:start position:0% +Amazement at the energy that the + + + align:start position:0% +Amazement at the energy that the +planning committee and I have + + align:start position:0% +planning committee and I have + + + align:start position:0% +planning committee and I have +experienced uh as we put this this + + align:start position:0% +experienced uh as we put this this + + + align:start position:0% +experienced uh as we put this this +three-day uh event together one bit of + + align:start position:0% +three-day uh event together one bit of + + + align:start position:0% +three-day uh event together one bit of +housekeeping before we begin please note + + align:start position:0% +housekeeping before we begin please note + + + align:start position:0% +housekeeping before we begin please note +uh the final voting period is open for + + align:start position:0% +uh the final voting period is open for + + + align:start position:0% +uh the final voting period is open for +the board of directors any eligible + + align:start position:0% +the board of directors any eligible + + + align:start position:0% +the board of directors any eligible +member who has not cast a ballot can + + align:start position:0% +member who has not cast a ballot can + + + align:start position:0% +member who has not cast a ballot can +vote until 5:00 p.m the ballots and + + align:start position:0% +vote until 5:00 p.m the ballots and + + + align:start position:0% +vote until 5:00 p.m the ballots and +literally a Ballot Box are sitting + + align:start position:0% +literally a Ballot Box are sitting + + + align:start position:0% +literally a Ballot Box are sitting +outside uh and you can also vote for + + align:start position:0% +outside uh and you can also vote for + + + align:start position:0% +outside uh and you can also vote for +bylaws changes as well uh we'll announce + + align:start position:0% +bylaws changes as well uh we'll announce + + + align:start position:0% +bylaws changes as well uh we'll announce +the results of the vote tomorrow + + align:start position:0% +the results of the vote tomorrow + + + align:start position:0% +the results of the vote tomorrow +morning at this time it's my pleasure to + + align:start position:0% +morning at this time it's my pleasure to + + + align:start position:0% +morning at this time it's my pleasure to +invite Dr Susan hawfield president of + + align:start position:0% +invite Dr Susan hawfield president of + + + align:start position:0% +invite Dr Susan hawfield president of +MIT to the stage to welcome the + + align:start position:0% +MIT to the stage to welcome the + + + align:start position:0% +MIT to the stage to welcome the +Consortium community on behalf of the + + align:start position:0% +Consortium community on behalf of the + + + align:start position:0% +Consortium community on behalf of the +hosting institutions Dr hawfield is a + + align:start position:0% +hosting institutions Dr hawfield is a + + + align:start position:0% +hosting institutions Dr hawfield is a +disting is distinguished both as a + + align:start position:0% +disting is distinguished both as a + + + align:start position:0% +disting is distinguished both as a +neuroscientist and a leader of academic + + align:start position:0% +neuroscientist and a leader of academic + + + align:start position:0% +neuroscientist and a leader of academic +institutions before taking on the + + align:start position:0% +institutions before taking on the + + + align:start position:0% +institutions before taking on the +leadership of MIT she served as Yale's + + align:start position:0% +leadership of MIT she served as Yale's + + + align:start position:0% +leadership of MIT she served as Yale's +dean of Graduate School of Arts and + + align:start position:0% +dean of Graduate School of Arts and + + + align:start position:0% +dean of Graduate School of Arts and +Sciences and later as its Provost the + + align:start position:0% +Sciences and later as its Provost the + + + align:start position:0% +Sciences and later as its Provost the +the University's Chief academic and + + align:start position:0% +the University's Chief academic and + + + align:start position:0% +the University's Chief academic and +administrative officer since 2004 she's + + align:start position:0% +administrative officer since 2004 she's + + + align:start position:0% +administrative officer since 2004 she's +served as mit's 16th president in + + align:start position:0% +served as mit's 16th president in + + + align:start position:0% +served as mit's 16th president in +addition to her leadership in fields + + align:start position:0% +addition to her leadership in fields + + + align:start position:0% +addition to her leadership in fields +including energy and cancer she's also + + align:start position:0% +including energy and cancer she's also + + + align:start position:0% +including energy and cancer she's also +been a champion of the open sharing + + align:start position:0% +been a champion of the open sharing + + + align:start position:0% +been a champion of the open sharing +movement here and around the world and + + align:start position:0% +movement here and around the world and + + + align:start position:0% +movement here and around the world and +we're delighted to have her with us + + align:start position:0% +we're delighted to have her with us + + + align:start position:0% +we're delighted to have her with us +today Dr Susan + + align:start position:0% +today Dr Susan + + + align:start position:0% +today Dr Susan +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hawfield thank you Stephen good morning + + align:start position:0% +hawfield thank you Stephen good morning + + + align:start position:0% +hawfield thank you Stephen good morning +to everybody I'm delighted to see so + + align:start position:0% +to everybody I'm delighted to see so + + + align:start position:0% +to everybody I'm delighted to see so +many of you here on behalf of the MIT + + align:start position:0% +many of you here on behalf of the MIT + + + align:start position:0% +many of you here on behalf of the MIT +community and our co-hosts tus un tfts + + align:start position:0% +community and our co-hosts tus un tfts + + + align:start position:0% +community and our co-hosts tus un tfts +University it's early in the morning + + align:start position:0% +University it's early in the morning + + + align:start position:0% +University it's early in the morning +still and University of Massachusetts + + align:start position:0% +still and University of Massachusetts + + + align:start position:0% +still and University of Massachusetts +Boston it's a tremendous honor to + + align:start position:0% +Boston it's a tremendous honor to + + + align:start position:0% +Boston it's a tremendous honor to +welcome the international open + + align:start position:0% +welcome the international open + + + align:start position:0% +welcome the international open +courseware Community to our campus um + + align:start position:0% +courseware Community to our campus um + + + align:start position:0% +courseware Community to our campus um +it's an exciting time for all of us and + + align:start position:0% +it's an exciting time for all of us and + + + align:start position:0% +it's an exciting time for all of us and +um as I was walking in several members + + align:start position:0% +um as I was walking in several members + + + align:start position:0% +um as I was walking in several members +of the MIT open course Weare Community + + align:start position:0% +of the MIT open course Weare Community + + + align:start position:0% +of the MIT open course Weare Community +uh told me how excited they were to be + + align:start position:0% +uh told me how excited they were to be + + + align:start position:0% +uh told me how excited they were to be +able to welcome their colleagues to + + align:start position:0% +able to welcome their colleagues to + + + align:start position:0% +able to welcome their colleagues to +campus and uh show you a little bit + + align:start position:0% +campus and uh show you a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +campus and uh show you a little bit +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +MIT this spring as many of you know MIT + + align:start position:0% +MIT this spring as many of you know MIT + + + align:start position:0% +MIT this spring as many of you know MIT +has been celebrating our 150th + + align:start position:0% +has been celebrating our 150th + + + align:start position:0% +has been celebrating our 150th +anniversary and it's been a fascinating + + align:start position:0% +anniversary and it's been a fascinating + + + align:start position:0% +anniversary and it's been a fascinating +process uh among the things that have + + align:start position:0% +process uh among the things that have + + + align:start position:0% +process uh among the things that have +just been incredibly rewarding is uh + + align:start position:0% +just been incredibly rewarding is uh + + + align:start position:0% +just been incredibly rewarding is uh +delving into our history you know MIT + + align:start position:0% +delving into our history you know MIT + + + align:start position:0% +delving into our history you know MIT +often mostly thinks about the future we + + align:start position:0% +often mostly thinks about the future we + + + align:start position:0% +often mostly thinks about the future we +rarely have an opportunity to think + + align:start position:0% +rarely have an opportunity to think + + + align:start position:0% +rarely have an opportunity to think +about the past very much um but this + + align:start position:0% +about the past very much um but this + + + align:start position:0% +about the past very much um but this +spring we have been able to do that and + + align:start position:0% +spring we have been able to do that and + + + align:start position:0% +spring we have been able to do that and +uh through delving into our history um + + align:start position:0% +uh through delving into our history um + + + align:start position:0% +uh through delving into our history um +we have recalled in a very profound + + align:start position:0% +we have recalled in a very profound + + + align:start position:0% +we have recalled in a very profound +way the + + align:start position:0% +way the + + + align:start position:0% +way the +transformational educational Vision on + + align:start position:0% +transformational educational Vision on + + + align:start position:0% +transformational educational Vision on +which MIT was founded so over decades as + + align:start position:0% +which MIT was founded so over decades as + + + align:start position:0% +which MIT was founded so over decades as +a professor our founder and first + + align:start position:0% +a professor our founder and first + + + align:start position:0% +a professor our founder and first +president William Barton Rogers who was + + align:start position:0% +president William Barton Rogers who was + + + align:start position:0% +president William Barton Rogers who was +president at William and Mary and then + + align:start position:0% +president at William and Mary and then + + + align:start position:0% +president at William and Mary and then +University of + + align:start position:0% +University of + + + align:start position:0% +University of +Virginia watched as America's + + align:start position:0% +Virginia watched as America's + + + align:start position:0% +Virginia watched as America's +industrialization was proceeding and as + + align:start position:0% +industrialization was proceeding and as + + + align:start position:0% +industrialization was proceeding and as +he watched it he he lamented the lack of + + align:start position:0% +he watched it he he lamented the lack of + + + align:start position:0% +he watched it he he lamented the lack of +people who could work with both their + + align:start position:0% +people who could work with both their + + + align:start position:0% +people who could work with both their +minds and their hands people who could + + align:start position:0% +minds and their hands people who could + + + align:start position:0% +minds and their hands people who could +grasp the basic principles of Science + + align:start position:0% +grasp the basic principles of Science + + + align:start position:0% +grasp the basic principles of Science +and Engineering firmly enough to develop + + align:start position:0% +and Engineering firmly enough to develop + + + align:start position:0% +and Engineering firmly enough to develop +new machines new materials and new + + align:start position:0% +new machines new materials and new + + + align:start position:0% +new machines new materials and new +processes and so Rogers envisioned a new + + align:start position:0% +processes and so Rogers envisioned a new + + + align:start position:0% +processes and so Rogers envisioned a new +kind of educational institution he + + align:start position:0% +kind of educational institution he + + + align:start position:0% +kind of educational institution he +wanted to found what he called a + + align:start position:0% +wanted to found what he called a + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to found what he called a +Polytechnic + + align:start position:0% +Polytechnic + + + align:start position:0% +Polytechnic +Institute uh that would replace the + + align:start position:0% +Institute uh that would replace the + + + align:start position:0% +Institute uh that would replace the +wrote memorization of classical + + align:start position:0% +wrote memorization of classical + + + align:start position:0% +wrote memorization of classical +education with science and engineering + + align:start position:0% +education with science and engineering + + + align:start position:0% +education with science and engineering +mastered through problem solving and + + align:start position:0% +mastered through problem solving and + + + align:start position:0% +mastered through problem solving and +Hands-On + + align:start position:0% +Hands-On + + + align:start position:0% +Hands-On +research uh his new Institute would give + + align:start position:0% +research uh his new Institute would give + + + align:start position:0% +research uh his new Institute would give +young people the power to solve serious + + align:start position:0% +young people the power to solve serious + + + align:start position:0% +young people the power to solve serious +problems by developing new ideas and + + align:start position:0% +problems by developing new ideas and + + + align:start position:0% +problems by developing new ideas and +putting them into action a little bit + + align:start position:0% +putting them into action a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +putting them into action a little bit +like open courseware I would say now + + align:start position:0% +like open courseware I would say now + + + align:start position:0% +like open courseware I would say now +like open course Weare Hands-On learning + + align:start position:0% +like open course Weare Hands-On learning + + + align:start position:0% +like open course Weare Hands-On learning +wasn't unique to MIT at the time but + + align:start position:0% +wasn't unique to MIT at the time but + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't unique to MIT at the time but +just like open course Weare the idea + + align:start position:0% +just like open course Weare the idea + + + align:start position:0% +just like open course Weare the idea +took off to a degree that I think no one + + align:start position:0% +took off to a degree that I think no one + + + align:start position:0% +took off to a degree that I think no one +could have + + align:start position:0% +could have + + + align:start position:0% +could have +anticipated you'll hear later this + + align:start position:0% +anticipated you'll hear later this + + + align:start position:0% +anticipated you'll hear later this +morning from some of our faculty + + align:start position:0% +morning from some of our faculty + + + align:start position:0% +morning from some of our faculty +administrative leaders who first + + align:start position:0% +administrative leaders who first + + + align:start position:0% +administrative leaders who first +proposed mit's open course work program + + align:start position:0% +proposed mit's open course work program + + + align:start position:0% +proposed mit's open course work program +10 years ago and I was just watching the + + align:start position:0% +10 years ago and I was just watching the + + + align:start position:0% +10 years ago and I was just watching the +um English subtitles of Tom magnati + + align:start position:0% +um English subtitles of Tom magnati + + + align:start position:0% +um English subtitles of Tom magnati +speaking uh saying it was the dumbest + + align:start position:0% +speaking uh saying it was the dumbest + + + align:start position:0% +speaking uh saying it was the dumbest +idea and indeed many thought it was an + + align:start position:0% +idea and indeed many thought it was an + + + align:start position:0% +idea and indeed many thought it was an +incredibly dumb + + align:start position:0% +incredibly dumb + + + align:start position:0% +incredibly dumb +idea however the majority of opinion MIT + + align:start position:0% +idea however the majority of opinion MIT + + + align:start position:0% +idea however the majority of opinion MIT +was that the faculty committee uh that + + align:start position:0% +was that the faculty committee uh that + + + align:start position:0% +was that the faculty committee uh that +was asked to come up with uh a a + + align:start position:0% +was asked to come up with uh a a + + + align:start position:0% +was asked to come up with uh a a +framework for this had hit on a really + + align:start position:0% +framework for this had hit on a really + + + align:start position:0% +framework for this had hit on a really +big idea but I have to say even with + + align:start position:0% +big idea but I have to say even with + + + align:start position:0% +big idea but I have to say even with +their understanding of how big an idea + + align:start position:0% +their understanding of how big an idea + + + align:start position:0% +their understanding of how big an idea +would have been would become no one + + align:start position:0% +would have been would become no one + + + align:start position:0% +would have been would become no one +would could have anticipated the size of + + align:start position:0% +would could have anticipated the size of + + + align:start position:0% +would could have anticipated the size of +this Gathering today or the phenomenal + + align:start position:0% +this Gathering today or the phenomenal + + + align:start position:0% +this Gathering today or the phenomenal +growth and vitality of the worldwide + + align:start position:0% +growth and vitality of the worldwide + + + align:start position:0% +growth and vitality of the worldwide +open course Weare + + align:start position:0% +open course Weare + + + align:start position:0% +open course Weare +movement over the last 10 years MIT ocw + + align:start position:0% +movement over the last 10 years MIT ocw + + + align:start position:0% +movement over the last 10 years MIT ocw +has had a tremendous impact on MIT + + align:start position:0% +has had a tremendous impact on MIT + + + align:start position:0% +has had a tremendous impact on MIT +itself transforming the ways we connect + + align:start position:0% +itself transforming the ways we connect + + + align:start position:0% +itself transforming the ways we connect +with students and alumni and the way we + + align:start position:0% +with students and alumni and the way we + + + align:start position:0% +with students and alumni and the way we +think about teaching and learning and + + align:start position:0% +think about teaching and learning and + + + align:start position:0% +think about teaching and learning and +additionally the way we think about our + + align:start position:0% +additionally the way we think about our + + + align:start position:0% +additionally the way we think about our +role in the world I expect this is true + + align:start position:0% +role in the world I expect this is true + + + align:start position:0% +role in the world I expect this is true +for everyone in this room who's + + align:start position:0% +for everyone in this room who's + + + align:start position:0% +for everyone in this room who's +participated in the ocw movement as the + + align:start position:0% +participated in the ocw movement as the + + + align:start position:0% +participated in the ocw movement as the +movement's taken off we've come to see + + align:start position:0% +movement's taken off we've come to see + + + align:start position:0% +movement's taken off we've come to see +how ocw and open sharing has magnified + + align:start position:0% +how ocw and open sharing has magnified + + + align:start position:0% +how ocw and open sharing has magnified +many times over our power to contribute + + align:start position:0% +many times over our power to contribute + + + align:start position:0% +many times over our power to contribute +to Global + + align:start position:0% +to Global + + + align:start position:0% +to Global +education the worldwide Embrace of MIT + + align:start position:0% +education the worldwide Embrace of MIT + + + align:start position:0% +education the worldwide Embrace of MIT +open course coursework continues to be + + align:start position:0% +open course coursework continues to be + + + align:start position:0% +open course coursework continues to be +incredibly gratifying I watched the + + align:start position:0% +incredibly gratifying I watched the + + + align:start position:0% +incredibly gratifying I watched the +numbers maybe not every month now I was + + align:start position:0% +numbers maybe not every month now I was + + + align:start position:0% +numbers maybe not every month now I was +watching them every month when I first + + align:start position:0% +watching them every month when I first + + + align:start position:0% +watching them every month when I first +started because I couldn't quite believe + + align:start position:0% +started because I couldn't quite believe + + + align:start position:0% +started because I couldn't quite believe +it um but every couple of months and it + + align:start position:0% +it um but every couple of months and it + + + align:start position:0% +it um but every couple of months and it +is just astonishing the pickup of these + + align:start position:0% +is just astonishing the pickup of these + + + align:start position:0% +is just astonishing the pickup of these +online tools students and faculty from + + align:start position:0% +online tools students and faculty from + + + align:start position:0% +online tools students and faculty from +more than 3,000 universities around the + + align:start position:0% +more than 3,000 universities around the + + + align:start position:0% +more than 3,000 universities around the +world have visited at the MIT site alone + + align:start position:0% +world have visited at the MIT site alone + + + align:start position:0% +world have visited at the MIT site alone +as have many millions of independent + + align:start position:0% +as have many millions of independent + + + align:start position:0% +as have many millions of independent +Learners from around the globe we + + align:start position:0% +Learners from around the globe we + + + align:start position:0% +Learners from around the globe we +received the most incredibly moving + + align:start position:0% +received the most incredibly moving + + + align:start position:0% +received the most incredibly moving +emails from users describing how MIT ocw + + align:start position:0% +emails from users describing how MIT ocw + + + align:start position:0% +emails from users describing how MIT ocw +has unlocked the doors to new worlds for + + align:start position:0% +has unlocked the doors to new worlds for + + + align:start position:0% +has unlocked the doors to new worlds for +them and the doors keep opening + + align:start position:0% +them and the doors keep opening + + + align:start position:0% +them and the doors keep opening +everywhere as more and more universities + + align:start position:0% +everywhere as more and more universities + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere as more and more universities +have joined movement bringing their own + + align:start position:0% +have joined movement bringing their own + + + align:start position:0% +have joined movement bringing their own +unique approaches to education to this + + align:start position:0% +unique approaches to education to this + + + align:start position:0% +unique approaches to education to this +fabulous online + + align:start position:0% +fabulous online + + + align:start position:0% +fabulous online +opportunity part of the Consortium story + + align:start position:0% +opportunity part of the Consortium story + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity part of the Consortium story +can be told in numbers we like numbers + + align:start position:0% +can be told in numbers we like numbers + + + align:start position:0% +can be told in numbers we like numbers +here at + + align:start position:0% +here at + + + align:start position:0% +here at +MIT Consortium now includes more than + + align:start position:0% +MIT Consortium now includes more than + + + align:start position:0% +MIT Consortium now includes more than +250 universities of organizations + + align:start position:0% +250 universities of organizations + + + align:start position:0% +250 universities of organizations +representing 45 countries and regions + + align:start position:0% +representing 45 countries and regions + + + align:start position:0% +representing 45 countries and regions +around the world collectively Consortium + + align:start position:0% +around the world collectively Consortium + + + align:start position:0% +around the world collectively Consortium +members have published more than 15,000 + + align:start position:0% +members have published more than 15,000 + + + align:start position:0% +members have published more than 15,000 +courses MIT has contributed about 2,000 + + align:start position:0% +courses MIT has contributed about 2,000 + + + align:start position:0% +courses MIT has contributed about 2,000 +15,000 courses through the ocw + + align:start position:0% +15,000 courses through the ocw + + + align:start position:0% +15,000 courses through the ocw +Consortium these courses are published + + align:start position:0% +Consortium these courses are published + + + align:start position:0% +Consortium these courses are published +or translated in 12 languages including + + align:start position:0% +or translated in 12 languages including + + + align:start position:0% +or translated in 12 languages including +just to give you a a few catalon Chinese + + align:start position:0% +just to give you a a few catalon Chinese + + + align:start position:0% +just to give you a a few catalon Chinese +English Hebrew Japanese Spanish Turkish + + align:start position:0% +English Hebrew Japanese Spanish Turkish + + + align:start position:0% +English Hebrew Japanese Spanish Turkish +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +vietnames National governments in at + + align:start position:0% +vietnames National governments in at + + + align:start position:0% +vietnames National governments in at +least five countries now have policies + + align:start position:0% +least five countries now have policies + + + align:start position:0% +least five countries now have policies +on the development and use of open + + align:start position:0% +on the development and use of open + + + align:start position:0% +on the development and use of open +educational resources it's attracting + + align:start position:0% +educational resources it's attracting + + + align:start position:0% +educational resources it's attracting +attention at high levels and this speaks + + align:start position:0% +attention at high levels and this speaks + + + align:start position:0% +attention at high levels and this speaks +to the superb quality of the movement in + + align:start position:0% +to the superb quality of the movement in + + + align:start position:0% +to the superb quality of the movement in +the latest US News and World um report + + align:start position:0% +the latest US News and World um report + + + align:start position:0% +the latest US News and World um report +ranking of the top 25 Global + + align:start position:0% +ranking of the top 25 Global + + + align:start position:0% +ranking of the top 25 Global +universities nine of them have open + + align:start position:0% +universities nine of them have open + + + align:start position:0% +universities nine of them have open +course Weare or open educational + + align:start position:0% +course Weare or open educational + + + align:start position:0% +course Weare or open educational +programs and 15 of the top 50 + + align:start position:0% +programs and 15 of the top 50 + + + align:start position:0% +programs and 15 of the top 50 +universities have them another + + align:start position:0% +universities have them another + + + align:start position:0% +universities have them another +incredibly potent aspect of the ocw + + align:start position:0% +incredibly potent aspect of the ocw + + + align:start position:0% +incredibly potent aspect of the ocw +Consortium story is the global + + align:start position:0% +Consortium story is the global + + + align:start position:0% +Consortium story is the global +leadership and cooperation its members + + align:start position:0% +leadership and cooperation its members + + + align:start position:0% +leadership and cooperation its members +demonstrate every day the Consortium + + align:start position:0% +demonstrate every day the Consortium + + + align:start position:0% +demonstrate every day the Consortium +counts among its members schools that + + align:start position:0% +counts among its members schools that + + + align:start position:0% +counts among its members schools that +you know everyone knows around the world + + align:start position:0% +you know everyone knows around the world + + + align:start position:0% +you know everyone knows around the world +schools like Oxford University + + align:start position:0% +schools like Oxford University + + + align:start position:0% +schools like Oxford University +University of California at Berkeley the + + align:start position:0% +University of California at Berkeley the + + + align:start position:0% +University of California at Berkeley the +University of Tokyo and soul National + + align:start position:0% +University of Tokyo and soul National + + + align:start position:0% +University of Tokyo and soul National +University and they work hand inand with + + align:start position:0% +University and they work hand inand with + + + align:start position:0% +University and they work hand inand with +universities as diverse as the + + align:start position:0% +universities as diverse as the + + + align:start position:0% +universities as diverse as the +University of the Western Cape in South + + align:start position:0% +University of the Western Cape in South + + + align:start position:0% +University of the Western Cape in South +Africa the virtual University of + + align:start position:0% +Africa the virtual University of + + + align:start position:0% +Africa the virtual University of +Pakistan and Utah Valley University a + + align:start position:0% +Pakistan and Utah Valley University a + + + align:start position:0% +Pakistan and Utah Valley University a +place in the United States I hadn't + + align:start position:0% +place in the United States I hadn't + + + align:start position:0% +place in the United States I hadn't +heard about before I engaged with the + + align:start position:0% +heard about before I engaged with the + + + align:start position:0% +heard about before I engaged with the +open course work + + align:start position:0% +open course work + + + align:start position:0% +open course work +Consortium the Consortium board of + + align:start position:0% +Consortium the Consortium board of + + + align:start position:0% +Consortium the Consortium board of +directors whom we're very honored to + + align:start position:0% +directors whom we're very honored to + + + align:start position:0% +directors whom we're very honored to +welcome draws its members from Japan + + align:start position:0% +welcome draws its members from Japan + + + align:start position:0% +welcome draws its members from Japan +South Korea Mexico the Netherlands Spain + + align:start position:0% +South Korea Mexico the Netherlands Spain + + + align:start position:0% +South Korea Mexico the Netherlands Spain +South Africa and the United States but + + align:start position:0% +South Africa and the United States but + + + align:start position:0% +South Africa and the United States but +perhaps most important the Consortium + + align:start position:0% +perhaps most important the Consortium + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps most important the Consortium +success Springs from the many thousands + + align:start position:0% +success Springs from the many thousands + + + align:start position:0% +success Springs from the many thousands +of Educators around the world from + + align:start position:0% +of Educators around the world from + + + align:start position:0% +of Educators around the world from +across cultures and continents who + + align:start position:0% +across cultures and continents who + + + align:start position:0% +across cultures and continents who +embraced the importance of knowledge as + + align:start position:0% +embraced the importance of knowledge as + + + align:start position:0% +embraced the importance of knowledge as +a public good and have chosen to freely + + align:start position:0% +a public good and have chosen to freely + + + align:start position:0% +a public good and have chosen to freely +share their intellectual + + align:start position:0% +share their intellectual + + + align:start position:0% +share their intellectual +resources so let me close on One Note + + align:start position:0% +resources so let me close on One Note + + + align:start position:0% +resources so let me close on One Note +um we can have no + + align:start position:0% +um we can have no + + + align:start position:0% +um we can have no +idea and no idea emerges without + + align:start position:0% +idea and no idea emerges without + + + align:start position:0% +idea and no idea emerges without +precedent no matter how Visionary an + + align:start position:0% +precedent no matter how Visionary an + + + align:start position:0% +precedent no matter how Visionary an +idea there is always some precedent by + + align:start position:0% +idea there is always some precedent by + + + align:start position:0% +idea there is always some precedent by +the year 2000 many forces stirring in + + align:start position:0% +the year 2000 many forces stirring in + + + align:start position:0% +the year 2000 many forces stirring in +the young internet inclined toward + + align:start position:0% +the young internet inclined toward + + + align:start position:0% +the young internet inclined toward +increasing openness from open source + + align:start position:0% +increasing openness from open source + + + align:start position:0% +increasing openness from open source +software to open licensing and mit's + + align:start position:0% +software to open licensing and mit's + + + align:start position:0% +software to open licensing and mit's +open courseware certainly Drew strength + + align:start position:0% +open courseware certainly Drew strength + + + align:start position:0% +open courseware certainly Drew strength +and in inspiration from those + + align:start position:0% +and in inspiration from those + + + align:start position:0% +and in inspiration from those +stirrings but at its heart I believe + + align:start position:0% +stirrings but at its heart I believe + + + align:start position:0% +stirrings but at its heart I believe +that open course Weare is properly the + + align:start position:0% +that open course Weare is properly the + + + align:start position:0% +that open course Weare is properly the +child of a far more ancient + + align:start position:0% +child of a far more ancient + + + align:start position:0% +child of a far more ancient +tradition a tradition that does not rely + + align:start position:0% +tradition a tradition that does not rely + + + align:start position:0% +tradition a tradition that does not rely +on technology but picks up technology as + + align:start position:0% +on technology but picks up technology as + + + align:start position:0% +on technology but picks up technology as +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +developed for as long as the Western + + align:start position:0% +developed for as long as the Western + + + align:start position:0% +developed for as long as the Western +world has had universities a defining + + align:start position:0% +world has had universities a defining + + + align:start position:0% +world has had universities a defining +feature of the academy has been the + + align:start position:0% +feature of the academy has been the + + + align:start position:0% +feature of the academy has been the +simultaneous pursuit of the same idea + + align:start position:0% +simultaneous pursuit of the same idea + + + align:start position:0% +simultaneous pursuit of the same idea +around the globe and the drive for + + align:start position:0% +around the globe and the drive for + + + align:start position:0% +around the globe and the drive for +people to come together around those + + align:start position:0% +people to come together around those + + + align:start position:0% +people to come together around those +ideas in a world that is too often + + align:start position:0% +ideas in a world that is too often + + + align:start position:0% +ideas in a world that is too often +fractured by conflict this tradition of + + align:start position:0% +fractured by conflict this tradition of + + + align:start position:0% +fractured by conflict this tradition of +the global intellectual Commons + + align:start position:0% +the global intellectual Commons + + + align:start position:0% +the global intellectual Commons +represents an important convening Force + + align:start position:0% +represents an important convening Force + + + align:start position:0% +represents an important convening Force +for humankind and a potent Force for + + align:start position:0% +for humankind and a potent Force for + + + align:start position:0% +for humankind and a potent Force for +unified Global action and the + + align:start position:0% +unified Global action and the + + + align:start position:0% +unified Global action and the +advancement of the common good if we + + align:start position:0% +advancement of the common good if we + + + align:start position:0% +advancement of the common good if we +nurture the global intellectual Commons + + align:start position:0% +nurture the global intellectual Commons + + + align:start position:0% +nurture the global intellectual Commons +by reaching out to work with + + align:start position:0% +by reaching out to work with + + + align:start position:0% +by reaching out to work with +collaborators around the world to share + + align:start position:0% +collaborators around the world to share + + + align:start position:0% +collaborators around the world to share +our knowledge freely and if we prepare + + align:start position:0% +our knowledge freely and if we prepare + + + align:start position:0% +our knowledge freely and if we prepare +our students to appreciate the value of + + align:start position:0% +our students to appreciate the value of + + + align:start position:0% +our students to appreciate the value of +This truly remarkable tradition so + + align:start position:0% +This truly remarkable tradition so + + + align:start position:0% +This truly remarkable tradition so +beautifully em embodied by the ocw + + align:start position:0% +beautifully em embodied by the ocw + + + align:start position:0% +beautifully em embodied by the ocw +Consortium we will go a long way to + + align:start position:0% +Consortium we will go a long way to + + + align:start position:0% +Consortium we will go a long way to +inventing a better future for all I know + + align:start position:0% +inventing a better future for all I know + + + align:start position:0% +inventing a better future for all I know +you will have a productive several days + + align:start position:0% +you will have a productive several days + + + align:start position:0% +you will have a productive several days +here and I look forward to the + + align:start position:0% +here and I look forward to the + + + align:start position:0% +here and I look forward to the +extraordinary ideas yet to come from + + align:start position:0% +extraordinary ideas yet to come from + + + align:start position:0% +extraordinary ideas yet to come from +this Century's global intellectual + + align:start position:0% +this Century's global intellectual + + + align:start position:0% +this Century's global intellectual +Commons welcome everybody to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +MIT thank you Dr + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hawfield okay we're fortunate to have + + align:start position:0% +hawfield okay we're fortunate to have + + + align:start position:0% +hawfield okay we're fortunate to have +one of the pioneers of openness uh in + + align:start position:0% +one of the pioneers of openness uh in + + + align:start position:0% +one of the pioneers of openness uh in +the digital age with us as our keynote + + align:start position:0% +the digital age with us as our keynote + + + align:start position:0% +the digital age with us as our keynote +this morning Tim O'Reilly of O'Reilly + + align:start position:0% +this morning Tim O'Reilly of O'Reilly + + + align:start position:0% +this morning Tim O'Reilly of O'Reilly +media publisher of books on technology + + align:start position:0% +media publisher of books on technology + + + align:start position:0% +media publisher of books on technology +and web related + + align:start position:0% +and web related + + + align:start position:0% +and web related +subjects uh he has described ay media as + + align:start position:0% +subjects uh he has described ay media as + + + align:start position:0% +subjects uh he has described ay media as +technology Transfer Company changing the + + align:start position:0% +technology Transfer Company changing the + + + align:start position:0% +technology Transfer Company changing the +World by spreading the spreading + + align:start position:0% +World by spreading the spreading + + + align:start position:0% +World by spreading the spreading +spreading the knowledge of + + align:start position:0% +spreading the knowledge of + + + align:start position:0% +spreading the knowledge of +innovators and he has experimented with + + align:start position:0% +innovators and he has experimented with + + + align:start position:0% +innovators and he has experimented with +the open licensing of some O'Reilly + + align:start position:0% +the open licensing of some O'Reilly + + + align:start position:0% +the open licensing of some O'Reilly +media titles as + + align:start position:0% +media titles as + + + align:start position:0% +media titles as +well uh Tim is a longtime supporter of + + align:start position:0% +well uh Tim is a longtime supporter of + + + align:start position:0% +well uh Tim is a longtime supporter of +free software and the open source + + align:start position:0% +free software and the open source + + + align:start position:0% +free software and the open source +movements and we're very fortunate to + + align:start position:0% +movements and we're very fortunate to + + + align:start position:0% +movements and we're very fortunate to +have him with us today to share his + + align:start position:0% +have him with us today to share his + + + align:start position:0% +have him with us today to share his +perspectives on other open movements + + align:start position:0% +perspectives on other open movements + + + align:start position:0% +perspectives on other open movements +that have influenced the development of + + align:start position:0% +that have influenced the development of + + + align:start position:0% +that have influenced the development of +open courseware and open educational + + align:start position:0% +open courseware and open educational + + + align:start position:0% +open courseware and open educational +resources uh we have a few we're running + + align:start position:0% +resources uh we have a few we're running + + + align:start position:0% +resources uh we have a few we're running +ahead of schedule by a few minutes so I + + align:start position:0% +ahead of schedule by a few minutes so I + + + align:start position:0% +ahead of schedule by a few minutes so I +have one quick personal O'Reilly media + + align:start position:0% +have one quick personal O'Reilly media + + + align:start position:0% +have one quick personal O'Reilly media +anecdote to share I wouldn't be here + + align:start position:0% +anecdote to share I wouldn't be here + + + align:start position:0% +anecdote to share I wouldn't be here +today uh actually if it weren't for an + + align:start position:0% +today uh actually if it weren't for an + + + align:start position:0% +today uh actually if it weren't for an +O'Reilly media book uh I graduated with + + align:start position:0% +O'Reilly media book uh I graduated with + + + align:start position:0% +O'Reilly media book uh I graduated with +my uh do or my uh uh gra my master's + + align:start position:0% +my uh do or my uh uh gra my master's + + + align:start position:0% +my uh do or my uh uh gra my master's +degree in the middle of the 1990s in + + align:start position:0% +degree in the middle of the 1990s in + + + align:start position:0% +degree in the middle of the 1990s in +creative writing and found out very + + align:start position:0% +creative writing and found out very + + + align:start position:0% +creative writing and found out very +quickly nobody was going to pay me to to + + align:start position:0% +quickly nobody was going to pay me to to + + + align:start position:0% +quickly nobody was going to pay me to to +write creatively um so I took a job as + + align:start position:0% +write creatively um so I took a job as + + + align:start position:0% +write creatively um so I took a job as +uh a an academic adviser in an adult an + + align:start position:0% +uh a an academic adviser in an adult an + + + align:start position:0% +uh a an academic adviser in an adult an +adult degree program across the river + + align:start position:0% +adult degree program across the river + + + align:start position:0% +adult degree program across the river +River and very quickly was advising + + align:start position:0% +River and very quickly was advising + + + align:start position:0% +River and very quickly was advising +students uh in the late '90s and early + + align:start position:0% +students uh in the late '90s and early + + + align:start position:0% +students uh in the late '90s and early +2000 that were uh taking a summer web + + align:start position:0% +2000 that were uh taking a summer web + + + align:start position:0% +2000 that were uh taking a summer web +development course graduating from that + + align:start position:0% +development course graduating from that + + + align:start position:0% +development course graduating from that +summer course and making multiples of + + align:start position:0% +summer course and making multiples of + + + align:start position:0% +summer course and making multiples of +the amount of money I was making as + + align:start position:0% +the amount of money I was making as + + + align:start position:0% +the amount of money I was making as +their adviser and at the time I had no + + align:start position:0% +their adviser and at the time I had no + + + align:start position:0% +their adviser and at the time I had no +particular Technical Training but I felt + + align:start position:0% +particular Technical Training but I felt + + + align:start position:0% +particular Technical Training but I felt +like uh at at the turn of the century + + align:start position:0% +like uh at at the turn of the century + + + align:start position:0% +like uh at at the turn of the century +things were either going to pass me by + + align:start position:0% +things were either going to pass me by + + + align:start position:0% +things were either going to pass me by +at this point in my life or they were + + align:start position:0% +at this point in my life or they were + + + align:start position:0% +at this point in my life or they were +not and I was going to have to make a + + align:start position:0% +not and I was going to have to make a + + + align:start position:0% +not and I was going to have to make a +choice about that so I did what I think + + align:start position:0% +choice about that so I did what I think + + + align:start position:0% +choice about that so I did what I think +many thousands of people uh millions of + + align:start position:0% +many thousands of people uh millions of + + + align:start position:0% +many thousands of people uh millions of +people at the time were probably doing + + align:start position:0% +people at the time were probably doing + + + align:start position:0% +people at the time were probably doing +which was I picked up an O'Reilly book + + align:start position:0% +which was I picked up an O'Reilly book + + + align:start position:0% +which was I picked up an O'Reilly book +on HTML and taught myself some web + + align:start position:0% +on HTML and taught myself some web + + + align:start position:0% +on HTML and taught myself some web +programming of course by the time I had + + align:start position:0% +programming of course by the time I had + + + align:start position:0% +programming of course by the time I had +finished learning web programming the do + + align:start position:0% +finished learning web programming the do + + + align:start position:0% +finished learning web programming the do +com bubble had burst and there were no + + align:start position:0% +com bubble had burst and there were no + + + align:start position:0% +com bubble had burst and there were no +jobs in in web programming but it gave + + align:start position:0% +jobs in in web programming but it gave + + + align:start position:0% +jobs in in web programming but it gave +me the opportunity to experiment with + + align:start position:0% +me the opportunity to experiment with + + + align:start position:0% +me the opportunity to experiment with +distance learning and so I developed a + + align:start position:0% +distance learning and so I developed a + + + align:start position:0% +distance learning and so I developed a +distance learning course in introductory + + align:start position:0% +distance learning course in introductory + + + align:start position:0% +distance learning course in introductory +fiction which I taught for five years + + align:start position:0% +fiction which I taught for five years + + + align:start position:0% +fiction which I taught for five years +over at Emerson College and the + + align:start position:0% +over at Emerson College and the + + + align:start position:0% +over at Emerson College and the +experience of developing that course + + align:start position:0% +experience of developing that course + + + align:start position:0% +experience of developing that course +gave me the background in intellectual + + align:start position:0% +gave me the background in intellectual + + + align:start position:0% +gave me the background in intellectual +property gave me the background in uh + + align:start position:0% +property gave me the background in uh + + + align:start position:0% +property gave me the background in uh +working with faculty to create courses + + align:start position:0% +working with faculty to create courses + + + align:start position:0% +working with faculty to create courses +and also uh in the the web development + + align:start position:0% +and also uh in the the web development + + + align:start position:0% +and also uh in the the web development +skills uh that ultimately led to my + + align:start position:0% +skills uh that ultimately led to my + + + align:start position:0% +skills uh that ultimately led to my +involvement with the MIT open course + + align:start position:0% +involvement with the MIT open course + + + align:start position:0% +involvement with the MIT open course +sare program so uh with a quick thank + + align:start position:0% +sare program so uh with a quick thank + + + align:start position:0% +sare program so uh with a quick thank +you to Tim uh I'll now welcome him to + + align:start position:0% +you to Tim uh I'll now welcome him to + + + align:start position:0% +you to Tim uh I'll now welcome him to +the stage and look forward to hearing + + align:start position:0% +the stage and look forward to hearing + + + align:start position:0% +the stage and look forward to hearing +his + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +comments on the nwork uh no + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +going to take a moment to get set up + + align:start position:0% +going to take a moment to get set up + + + align:start position:0% +going to take a moment to get set up +here hope that's + + align:start position:0% +here hope that's + + + align:start position:0% +here hope that's +okay so uh I'm going to give you some + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh I'm going to give you some + + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh I'm going to give you some +perspectives on open from my years as an + + align:start position:0% +perspectives on open from my years as an + + + align:start position:0% +perspectives on open from my years as an +open source software evangelist and + + align:start position:0% +open source software evangelist and + + + align:start position:0% +open source software evangelist and +thinking about where all that was taking + + align:start position:0% +thinking about where all that was taking + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about where all that was taking +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +world uh I think some of these have uh + + align:start position:0% +world uh I think some of these have uh + + + align:start position:0% +world uh I think some of these have uh +fairly deep application to the future of + + align:start position:0% +fairly deep application to the future of + + + align:start position:0% +fairly deep application to the future of +uh shared online learning uh I hope you + + align:start position:0% +uh shared online learning uh I hope you + + + align:start position:0% +uh shared online learning uh I hope you +find them useful I'm going to start + + align:start position:0% +find them useful I'm going to start + + + align:start position:0% +find them useful I'm going to start +though by talking a little bit about how + + align:start position:0% +though by talking a little bit about how + + + align:start position:0% +though by talking a little bit about how +I think about my company which is in its + + align:start position:0% +I think about my company which is in its + + + align:start position:0% +I think about my company which is in its +own way as an education uh company as + + align:start position:0% +own way as an education uh company as + + + align:start position:0% +own way as an education uh company as +the story you just heard illustrates a + + align:start position:0% +the story you just heard illustrates a + + + align:start position:0% +the story you just heard illustrates a +great many people who have built the + + align:start position:0% +great many people who have built the + + + align:start position:0% +great many people who have built the +technology of the modern world are + + align:start position:0% +technology of the modern world are + + + align:start position:0% +technology of the modern world are +self-taught uh they learned uh you know + + align:start position:0% +self-taught uh they learned uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +self-taught uh they learned uh you know +from books from looking over the + + align:start position:0% +from books from looking over the + + + align:start position:0% +from books from looking over the +shoulder of other people from code + + align:start position:0% +shoulder of other people from code + + + align:start position:0% +shoulder of other people from code +because there were no courses um and I + + align:start position:0% +because there were no courses um and I + + + align:start position:0% +because there were no courses um and I +think that's often true at The Cutting + + align:start position:0% +think that's often true at The Cutting + + + align:start position:0% +think that's often true at The Cutting +Edge of course you have to have a + + align:start position:0% +Edge of course you have to have a + + + align:start position:0% +Edge of course you have to have a +foundation uh to do that and and that's + + align:start position:0% +foundation uh to do that and and that's + + + align:start position:0% +foundation uh to do that and and that's +where uh you + + align:start position:0% +where uh you + + + align:start position:0% +where uh you +know well-rounded education comes in but + + align:start position:0% +know well-rounded education comes in but + + + align:start position:0% +know well-rounded education comes in but +let me start with just this little + + align:start position:0% +let me start with just this little + + + align:start position:0% +let me start with just this little +framing of who we are you know we did + + align:start position:0% +framing of who we are you know we did + + + align:start position:0% +framing of who we are you know we did +start out as a computer book + + align:start position:0% +start out as a computer book + + + align:start position:0% +start out as a computer book +publisher uh but then we became known as + + align:start position:0% +publisher uh but then we became known as + + + align:start position:0% +publisher uh but then we became known as +a conference producer we know we put on + + align:start position:0% +a conference producer we know we put on + + + align:start position:0% +a conference producer we know we put on +events such as the web2 summit came up + + align:start position:0% +events such as the web2 summit came up + + + align:start position:0% +events such as the web2 summit came up +this fall you know web2 is probably the + + align:start position:0% +this fall you know web2 is probably the + + + align:start position:0% +this fall you know web2 is probably the +thing I'm most associated with now + + align:start position:0% +thing I'm most associated with now + + + align:start position:0% +thing I'm most associated with now +rather than open source but I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +rather than open source but I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +rather than open source but I'm going to +tell you the story of how I got from one + + align:start position:0% +tell you the story of how I got from one + + + align:start position:0% +tell you the story of how I got from one +to the other uh we also uh publish + + align:start position:0% +to the other uh we also uh publish + + + align:start position:0% +to the other uh we also uh publish +online uh we have a a service used by + + align:start position:0% +online uh we have a a service used by + + + align:start position:0% +online uh we have a a service used by +millions of people called safari books + + align:start position:0% +millions of people called safari books + + + align:start position:0% +millions of people called safari books +online which is an online uh learning + + align:start position:0% +online which is an online uh learning + + + align:start position:0% +online which is an online uh learning +and u a reference resource and uh we're + + align:start position:0% +and u a reference resource and uh we're + + + align:start position:0% +and u a reference resource and uh we're +we have a uh Venture Capital fund and + + align:start position:0% +we have a uh Venture Capital fund and + + + align:start position:0% +we have a uh Venture Capital fund and +yeah might ask how is one company do all + + align:start position:0% +yeah might ask how is one company do all + + + align:start position:0% +yeah might ask how is one company do all +these different things you know are they + + align:start position:0% +these different things you know are they + + + align:start position:0% +these different things you know are they +just unrelated but we sort of think of + + align:start position:0% +just unrelated but we sort of think of + + + align:start position:0% +just unrelated but we sort of think of +them as all aspects of of a c a certain + + align:start position:0% +them as all aspects of of a c a certain + + + align:start position:0% +them as all aspects of of a c a certain +core vision and that is what we really + + align:start position:0% +core vision and that is what we really + + + align:start position:0% +core vision and that is what we really +do is we find interesting Technologies + + align:start position:0% +do is we find interesting Technologies + + + align:start position:0% +do is we find interesting Technologies +we find people who are innovating from + + align:start position:0% +we find people who are innovating from + + + align:start position:0% +we find people who are innovating from +The Edge and then we try to amplify + + align:start position:0% +The Edge and then we try to amplify + + + align:start position:0% +The Edge and then we try to amplify +their effectiveness by spreading the + + align:start position:0% +their effectiveness by spreading the + + + align:start position:0% +their effectiveness by spreading the +information that others need to follow + + align:start position:0% +information that others need to follow + + + align:start position:0% +information that others need to follow +them uh and our company goal I + + align:start position:0% +them uh and our company goal I + + + align:start position:0% +them uh and our company goal I +framed you know 10 or 15 years ago as + + align:start position:0% +framed you know 10 or 15 years ago as + + + align:start position:0% +framed you know 10 or 15 years ago as +changing the World by spreading the + + align:start position:0% +changing the World by spreading the + + + align:start position:0% +changing the World by spreading the +knowledge of innovators uh so we're + + align:start position:0% +knowledge of innovators uh so we're + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge of innovators uh so we're +really focused on a mission rather than + + align:start position:0% +really focused on a mission rather than + + + align:start position:0% +really focused on a mission rather than +how we do it so yes we started as a + + align:start position:0% +how we do it so yes we started as a + + + align:start position:0% +how we do it so yes we started as a +publisher but in my we also run this + + align:start position:0% +publisher but in my we also run this + + + align:start position:0% +publisher but in my we also run this +thing which I describe sometimes as a + + align:start position:0% +thing which I describe sometimes as a + + + align:start position:0% +thing which I describe sometimes as a +county fair with robots something called + + align:start position:0% +county fair with robots something called + + + align:start position:0% +county fair with robots something called +maker Fair we had 880,000 people in San + + align:start position:0% +maker Fair we had 880,000 people in San + + + align:start position:0% +maker Fair we had 880,000 people in San +Mato going around you know with kids + + align:start position:0% +Mato going around you know with kids + + + align:start position:0% +Mato going around you know with kids +playing with technology uh because what + + align:start position:0% +playing with technology uh because what + + + align:start position:0% +playing with technology uh because what +we're doing is um driven by a vision of + + align:start position:0% +we're doing is um driven by a vision of + + + align:start position:0% +we're doing is um driven by a vision of +how to help the future happen rather + + align:start position:0% +how to help the future happen rather + + + align:start position:0% +how to help the future happen rather +than by a vision of oh what we do is put + + align:start position:0% +than by a vision of oh what we do is put + + + align:start position:0% +than by a vision of oh what we do is put +words on paper and send it out to + + align:start position:0% +words on paper and send it out to + + + align:start position:0% +words on paper and send it out to +bookstores so uh you know some examples + + align:start position:0% +bookstores so uh you know some examples + + + align:start position:0% +bookstores so uh you know some examples +of how how we've we've uh kind of tried + + align:start position:0% +of how how we've we've uh kind of tried + + + align:start position:0% +of how how we've we've uh kind of tried +to watch the future you we created our + + align:start position:0% +to watch the future you we created our + + + align:start position:0% +to watch the future you we created our +first ebook in + + align:start position:0% +first ebook in + + + align:start position:0% +first ebook in +1987 uh you know we were publishing + + align:start position:0% +1987 uh you know we were publishing + + + align:start position:0% +1987 uh you know we were publishing +about open source Linux 1991 we did the + + align:start position:0% +about open source Linux 1991 we did the + + + align:start position:0% +about open source Linux 1991 we did the +first popular book on the internet in + + align:start position:0% +first popular book on the internet in + + + align:start position:0% +first popular book on the internet in +1992 uh and what was really remarkable I + + align:start position:0% +1992 uh and what was really remarkable I + + + align:start position:0% +1992 uh and what was really remarkable I +think as a sign of of how we approached + + align:start position:0% +think as a sign of of how we approached + + + align:start position:0% +think as a sign of of how we approached +the world somewhat differently than our + + align:start position:0% +the world somewhat differently than our + + + align:start position:0% +the world somewhat differently than our +competitors was that we featured with a + + align:start position:0% +competitors was that we featured with a + + + align:start position:0% +competitors was that we featured with a +major chapter uh in that book the + + align:start position:0% +major chapter uh in that book the + + + align:start position:0% +major chapter uh in that book the +worldwide web even though there were + + align:start position:0% +worldwide web even though there were + + + align:start position:0% +worldwide web even though there were +only 200 websit ites at the time we said + + align:start position:0% +only 200 websit ites at the time we said + + + align:start position:0% +only 200 websit ites at the time we said +this is important this is the future you + + align:start position:0% +this is important this is the future you + + + align:start position:0% +this is important this is the future you +got to pay attention and we were so + + align:start position:0% +got to pay attention and we were so + + + align:start position:0% +got to pay attention and we were so +excited that in fact we launched the + + align:start position:0% +excited that in fact we launched the + + + align:start position:0% +excited that in fact we launched the +first commercial website ourselves it + + align:start position:0% +first commercial website ourselves it + + + align:start position:0% +first commercial website ourselves it +was called the global Network Navigator + + align:start position:0% +was called the global Network Navigator + + + align:start position:0% +was called the global Network Navigator +was the first site on the web to have + + align:start position:0% +was the first site on the web to have + + + align:start position:0% +was the first site on the web to have +advertising I apologize for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that and um you know we started talking + + align:start position:0% +that and um you know we started talking + + + align:start position:0% +that and um you know we started talking +about web + + align:start position:0% +about web + + + align:start position:0% +about web +services sorry about that and the idea + + align:start position:0% +services sorry about that and the idea + + + align:start position:0% +services sorry about that and the idea +that the internet was becoming a kind of + + align:start position:0% +that the internet was becoming a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +that the internet was becoming a kind of +oper ating system as early as 1997 1998 + + align:start position:0% +oper ating system as early as 1997 1998 + + + align:start position:0% +oper ating system as early as 1997 1998 +I organized the the meeting where the + + align:start position:0% +I organized the the meeting where the + + + align:start position:0% +I organized the the meeting where the +term open source was voted on and + + align:start position:0% +term open source was voted on and + + + align:start position:0% +term open source was voted on and +adopted by the leaders of all the major + + align:start position:0% +adopted by the leaders of all the major + + + align:start position:0% +adopted by the leaders of all the major +free software projects and then of + + align:start position:0% +free software projects and then of + + + align:start position:0% +free software projects and then of +course + + align:start position:0% +course + + + align:start position:0% +course +2004 we coined the term + + align:start position:0% +2004 we coined the term + + + align:start position:0% +2004 we coined the term +web2.0 and it was really an outgrowth of + + align:start position:0% +web2.0 and it was really an outgrowth of + + + align:start position:0% +web2.0 and it was really an outgrowth of +our our company Mission we had spent + + align:start position:0% +our our company Mission we had spent + + + align:start position:0% +our our company Mission we had spent +some time in our strategic planning the + + align:start position:0% +some time in our strategic planning the + + + align:start position:0% +some time in our strategic planning the +previous year and what we decided we + + align:start position:0% +previous year and what we decided we + + + align:start position:0% +previous year and what we decided we +really needed to do after the.com bust + + align:start position:0% +really needed to do after the.com bust + + + align:start position:0% +really needed to do after the.com bust +is we were still in the dumps back then + + align:start position:0% +is we were still in the dumps back then + + + align:start position:0% +is we were still in the dumps back then +was we needed to re reframe things and + + align:start position:0% +was we needed to re reframe things and + + + align:start position:0% +was we needed to re reframe things and +restart enthusiasm in the computer + + align:start position:0% +restart enthusiasm in the computer + + + align:start position:0% +restart enthusiasm in the computer +industry because we thought there was + + align:start position:0% +industry because we thought there was + + + align:start position:0% +industry because we thought there was +still a lot more future ahead of us than + + align:start position:0% +still a lot more future ahead of us than + + + align:start position:0% +still a lot more future ahead of us than +behind us despite what everybody else + + align:start position:0% +behind us despite what everybody else + + + align:start position:0% +behind us despite what everybody else +thought and of course we launched Make + + align:start position:0% +thought and of course we launched Make + + + align:start position:0% +thought and of course we launched Make +magazine + + align:start position:0% +magazine + + + align:start position:0% +magazine +2005 uh which was celebrating what we + + align:start position:0% +2005 uh which was celebrating what we + + + align:start position:0% +2005 uh which was celebrating what we +saw around us as hackers were starting + + align:start position:0% +saw around us as hackers were starting + + + align:start position:0% +saw around us as hackers were starting +to work with stuff again frontiers of + + align:start position:0% +to work with stuff again frontiers of + + + align:start position:0% +to work with stuff again frontiers of +manufacturing and the like it was really + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing and the like it was really + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing and the like it was really +interesting I was just yesterday at the + + align:start position:0% +interesting I was just yesterday at the + + + align:start position:0% +interesting I was just yesterday at the +wired uh business conference which is + + align:start position:0% +wired uh business conference which is + + + align:start position:0% +wired uh business conference which is +this sort of very high profile + + align:start position:0% +this sort of very high profile + + + align:start position:0% +this sort of very high profile +conference for a business audience and + + align:start position:0% +conference for a business audience and + + + align:start position:0% +conference for a business audience and +now you know seven years six seven years + + align:start position:0% +now you know seven years six seven years + + + align:start position:0% +now you know seven years six seven years +later they're focusing on the kind of + + align:start position:0% +later they're focusing on the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +later they're focusing on the kind of +stuff that we started looking at seven + + align:start position:0% +stuff that we started looking at seven + + + align:start position:0% +stuff that we started looking at seven +years + + align:start position:0% +years + + + align:start position:0% +years +ago uh you know our core um Insight is + + align:start position:0% +ago uh you know our core um Insight is + + + align:start position:0% +ago uh you know our core um Insight is +perhaps captured really well by this uh + + align:start position:0% +perhaps captured really well by this uh + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps captured really well by this uh +wonderful quote from science fiction + + align:start position:0% +wonderful quote from science fiction + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful quote from science fiction +writer William Gibson who said the + + align:start position:0% +writer William Gibson who said the + + + align:start position:0% +writer William Gibson who said the +future is here it's just not evenly + + align:start position:0% +future is here it's just not evenly + + + align:start position:0% +future is here it's just not evenly +distributed yet and so a lot of what we + + align:start position:0% +distributed yet and so a lot of what we + + + align:start position:0% +distributed yet and so a lot of what we +do is based on the idea of watching + + align:start position:0% +do is based on the idea of watching + + + align:start position:0% +do is based on the idea of watching +people who I call the alpha Geeks + + align:start position:0% +people who I call the alpha Geeks + + + align:start position:0% +people who I call the alpha Geeks +uh there are people who can do whatever + + align:start position:0% +uh there are people who can do whatever + + + align:start position:0% +uh there are people who can do whatever +they want with technology so then we ask + + align:start position:0% +they want with technology so then we ask + + + align:start position:0% +they want with technology so then we ask +ourselves well what are they doing uh + + align:start position:0% +ourselves well what are they doing uh + + + align:start position:0% +ourselves well what are they doing uh +what are they playing with and um so for + + align:start position:0% +what are they playing with and um so for + + + align:start position:0% +what are they playing with and um so for +example the reason we started talking + + align:start position:0% +example the reason we started talking + + + align:start position:0% +example the reason we started talking +about web services uh 14 years ago was + + align:start position:0% +about web services uh 14 years ago was + + + align:start position:0% +about web services uh 14 years ago was +that all the hackers we knew were using + + align:start position:0% +that all the hackers we knew were using + + + align:start position:0% +that all the hackers we knew were using +websites as data sources they were doing + + align:start position:0% +websites as data sources they were doing + + + align:start position:0% +websites as data sources they were doing +screen scraping we had our own + + align:start position:0% +screen scraping we had our own + + + align:start position:0% +screen scraping we had our own +Service uh which we called Amar rank + + align:start position:0% +Service uh which we called Amar rank + + + align:start position:0% +Service uh which we called Amar rank +where we scraped Amazon every three + + align:start position:0% +where we scraped Amazon every three + + + align:start position:0% +where we scraped Amazon every three +hours to watch the changes in the ranks + + align:start position:0% +hours to watch the changes in the ranks + + + align:start position:0% +hours to watch the changes in the ranks +of computer books uh so that we could + + align:start position:0% +of computer books uh so that we could + + + align:start position:0% +of computer books uh so that we could +figure out what was succeeding and and + + align:start position:0% +figure out what was succeeding and and + + + align:start position:0% +figure out what was succeeding and and +we also could do competitive analysis on + + align:start position:0% +we also could do competitive analysis on + + + align:start position:0% +we also could do competitive analysis on +pricing and so on and I actually went up + + align:start position:0% +pricing and so on and I actually went up + + + align:start position:0% +pricing and so on and I actually went up +and showed this to Jeff Bezos uh and + + align:start position:0% +and showed this to Jeff Bezos uh and + + + align:start position:0% +and showed this to Jeff Bezos uh and +that was uh it played some small role in + + align:start position:0% +that was uh it played some small role in + + + align:start position:0% +that was uh it played some small role in +encouraging them to build web services + + align:start position:0% +encouraging them to build web services + + + align:start position:0% +encouraging them to build web services +rather than use this have people using + + align:start position:0% +rather than use this have people using + + + align:start position:0% +rather than use this have people using +this primitive Brute Force + + align:start position:0% +this primitive Brute Force + + + align:start position:0% +this primitive Brute Force +approach uh similarly uh when Wi-Fi was + + align:start position:0% +approach uh similarly uh when Wi-Fi was + + + align:start position:0% +approach uh similarly uh when Wi-Fi was +first introduced it was really proposed + + align:start position:0% +first introduced it was really proposed + + + align:start position:0% +first introduced it was really proposed +as a local area networking technology + + align:start position:0% +as a local area networking technology + + + align:start position:0% +as a local area networking technology +for corporate use we knew immediately + + align:start position:0% +for corporate use we knew immediately + + + align:start position:0% +for corporate use we knew immediately +that it was going to be everywhere + + align:start position:0% +that it was going to be everywhere + + + align:start position:0% +that it was going to be everywhere +because people like Rob Flickinger guy + + align:start position:0% +because people like Rob Flickinger guy + + + align:start position:0% +because people like Rob Flickinger guy +who was working for us as a system + + align:start position:0% +who was working for us as a system + + + align:start position:0% +who was working for us as a system +administrator at the time uh + + align:start position:0% +administrator at the time uh + + + align:start position:0% +administrator at the time uh +demonstrated how he had made a um a long + + align:start position:0% +demonstrated how he had made a um a long + + + align:start position:0% +demonstrated how he had made a um a long +range Wi-Fi antenna out of a Pringles + + align:start position:0% +range Wi-Fi antenna out of a Pringles + + + align:start position:0% +range Wi-Fi antenna out of a Pringles +can uh set it up on a rooftop and was + + align:start position:0% +can uh set it up on a rooftop and was + + + align:start position:0% +can uh set it up on a rooftop and was +beaming Wi-Fi down to his local coffee + + align:start position:0% +beaming Wi-Fi down to his local coffee + + + align:start position:0% +beaming Wi-Fi down to his local coffee +shop and so you know what the hackers + + align:start position:0% +shop and so you know what the hackers + + + align:start position:0% +shop and so you know what the hackers +are doing is often uh a good predictor + + align:start position:0% +are doing is often uh a good predictor + + + align:start position:0% +are doing is often uh a good predictor +and uh and so in particular uh in + + align:start position:0% +and uh and so in particular uh in + + + align:start position:0% +and uh and so in particular uh in +thinking about open source software + + align:start position:0% +thinking about open source software + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about open source software +which was something I was deeply + + align:start position:0% +which was something I was deeply + + + align:start position:0% +which was something I was deeply +involved with I became convinced that it + + align:start position:0% +involved with I became convinced that it + + + align:start position:0% +involved with I became convinced that it +predicted other kinds of collaborative + + align:start position:0% +predicted other kinds of collaborative + + + align:start position:0% +predicted other kinds of collaborative +development it + + align:start position:0% +development it + + + align:start position:0% +development it +prefigured you know Wikipedia it + + align:start position:0% +prefigured you know Wikipedia it + + + align:start position:0% +prefigured you know Wikipedia it +prefigured uh Google it prefigured uh so + + align:start position:0% +prefigured uh Google it prefigured uh so + + + align:start position:0% +prefigured uh Google it prefigured uh so +much of what we take for granted today + + align:start position:0% +much of what we take for granted today + + + align:start position:0% +much of what we take for granted today +uh in what some people call the + + align:start position:0% +uh in what some people call the + + + align:start position:0% +uh in what some people call the +participation age so a lot of how we do + + align:start position:0% +participation age so a lot of how we do + + + align:start position:0% +participation age so a lot of how we do +this is with a kind of pattern + + align:start position:0% +this is with a kind of pattern + + + align:start position:0% +this is with a kind of pattern +recognition uh you know we all have + + align:start position:0% +recognition uh you know we all have + + + align:start position:0% +recognition uh you know we all have +mental models of the world and they are + + align:start position:0% +mental models of the world and they are + + + align:start position:0% +mental models of the world and they are +maps and the maps sometimes are wrong + + align:start position:0% +maps and the maps sometimes are wrong + + + align:start position:0% +maps and the maps sometimes are wrong +and I'm going to kind of give you an + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to kind of give you an + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to kind of give you an +illustration of this by going through + + align:start position:0% +illustration of this by going through + + + align:start position:0% +illustration of this by going through +some of um the evolution of the concept + + align:start position:0% +some of um the evolution of the concept + + + align:start position:0% +some of um the evolution of the concept +of open and open source and how I've + + align:start position:0% +of open and open source and how I've + + + align:start position:0% +of open and open source and how I've +tried to drive it so I was uh influenced + + align:start position:0% +tried to drive it so I was uh influenced + + + align:start position:0% +tried to drive it so I was uh influenced +as a kid when I was 14 years old I read + + align:start position:0% +as a kid when I was 14 years old I read + + + align:start position:0% +as a kid when I was 14 years old I read +this uh book science and Sanity by + + align:start position:0% +this uh book science and Sanity by + + + align:start position:0% +this uh book science and Sanity by +Alfred + + align:start position:0% +Alfred + + + align:start position:0% +Alfred +corsky um and csk's most famous + + align:start position:0% +corsky um and csk's most famous + + + align:start position:0% +corsky um and csk's most famous +statement was this the map is not the + + align:start position:0% +statement was this the map is not the + + + align:start position:0% +statement was this the map is not the +territory and of course it's illustrated + + align:start position:0% +territory and of course it's illustrated + + + align:start position:0% +territory and of course it's illustrated +by that wonderful mcgr uh painting this + + align:start position:0% +by that wonderful mcgr uh painting this + + + align:start position:0% +by that wonderful mcgr uh painting this +is not a pipe um and so but many people + + align:start position:0% +is not a pipe um and so but many people + + + align:start position:0% +is not a pipe um and so but many people +forget this and they get caught up in + + align:start position:0% +forget this and they get caught up in + + + align:start position:0% +forget this and they get caught up in +the mental models that they have uh you + + align:start position:0% +the mental models that they have uh you + + + align:start position:0% +the mental models that they have uh you +know so kind of going back to O'Reilly + + align:start position:0% +know so kind of going back to O'Reilly + + + align:start position:0% +know so kind of going back to O'Reilly +we didn't think as most Publishers think + + align:start position:0% +we didn't think as most Publishers think + + + align:start position:0% +we didn't think as most Publishers think +that what we did was to produce books uh + + align:start position:0% +that what we did was to produce books uh + + + align:start position:0% +that what we did was to produce books uh +we thought more deeply about our mission + + align:start position:0% +we thought more deeply about our mission + + + align:start position:0% +we thought more deeply about our mission +and what we did and we framed it as uh + + align:start position:0% +and what we did and we framed it as uh + + + align:start position:0% +and what we did and we framed it as uh +this kind of Technology transfer which + + align:start position:0% +this kind of Technology transfer which + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of Technology transfer which +then allowed us to Branch into other + + align:start position:0% +then allowed us to Branch into other + + + align:start position:0% +then allowed us to Branch into other +kinds of + + align:start position:0% +kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of +business + + align:start position:0% +business + + + align:start position:0% +business +so when I first engaged with free + + align:start position:0% +so when I first engaged with free + + + align:start position:0% +so when I first engaged with free +software I + + align:start position:0% +software I + + + align:start position:0% +software I +I was confronting a map that had been + + align:start position:0% +I was confronting a map that had been + + + align:start position:0% +I was confronting a map that had been +created by Richard stalman here of MIT + + align:start position:0% +created by Richard stalman here of MIT + + + align:start position:0% +created by Richard stalman here of MIT +who had uh a really interesting insight + + align:start position:0% +who had uh a really interesting insight + + + align:start position:0% +who had uh a really interesting insight +about the nature of software and a + + align:start position:0% +about the nature of software and a + + + align:start position:0% +about the nature of software and a +wonderful Mission and it was sparked by + + align:start position:0% +wonderful Mission and it was sparked by + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful Mission and it was sparked by +his frustration that software which in + + align:start position:0% +his frustration that software which in + + + align:start position:0% +his frustration that software which in +its early days was shared freely was + + align:start position:0% +its early days was shared freely was + + + align:start position:0% +its early days was shared freely was +becoming + + align:start position:0% +becoming + + + align:start position:0% +becoming +proprietary and he felt very strongly + + align:start position:0% +proprietary and he felt very strongly + + + align:start position:0% +proprietary and he felt very strongly +that users should have the right to have + + align:start position:0% +that users should have the right to have + + + align:start position:0% +that users should have the right to have +access to the source code so that they + + align:start position:0% +access to the source code so that they + + + align:start position:0% +access to the source code so that they +could modify it they could study how it + + align:start position:0% +could modify it they could study how it + + + align:start position:0% +could modify it they could study how it +worked uh they could redistribute copies + + align:start position:0% +worked uh they could redistribute copies + + + align:start position:0% +worked uh they could redistribute copies +freely and um you know he created this + + align:start position:0% +freely and um you know he created this + + + align:start position:0% +freely and um you know he created this +free software Manifesto and that really + + align:start position:0% +free software Manifesto and that really + + + align:start position:0% +free software Manifesto and that really +shaped everyone's thinking about what + + align:start position:0% +shaped everyone's thinking about what + + + align:start position:0% +shaped everyone's thinking about what +free softer was all about and because + + align:start position:0% +free softer was all about and because + + + align:start position:0% +free softer was all about and because +Richard was kind of a radical guy uh + + align:start position:0% +Richard was kind of a radical guy uh + + + align:start position:0% +Richard was kind of a radical guy uh +free softer was perceived as this Fringe + + align:start position:0% +free softer was perceived as this Fringe + + + align:start position:0% +free softer was perceived as this Fringe +phenomenon uh and uh something that was + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon uh and uh something that was + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon uh and uh something that was +anti-b business something that was + + align:start position:0% +anti-b business something that was + + + align:start position:0% +anti-b business something that was +anti-commercial + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh not long after Eric Raymond published + + align:start position:0% +uh not long after Eric Raymond published + + + align:start position:0% +uh not long after Eric Raymond published +an essay which later became a book uh + + align:start position:0% +an essay which later became a book uh + + + align:start position:0% +an essay which later became a book uh +which I published uh called the + + align:start position:0% +which I published uh called the + + + align:start position:0% +which I published uh called the +cathedral in the Bazaar in which he + + align:start position:0% +cathedral in the Bazaar in which he + + + align:start position:0% +cathedral in the Bazaar in which he +explored the idea of free software as a + + align:start position:0% +explored the idea of free software as a + + + align:start position:0% +explored the idea of free software as a +development + + align:start position:0% +development + + + align:start position:0% +development +methodology and the idea uh was that um + + align:start position:0% +methodology and the idea uh was that um + + + align:start position:0% +methodology and the idea uh was that um +there were two different models and one + + align:start position:0% +there were two different models and one + + + align:start position:0% +there were two different models and one +uh in one of them the developer built + + align:start position:0% +uh in one of them the developer built + + + align:start position:0% +uh in one of them the developer built +software in isolation and even if like + + align:start position:0% +software in isolation and even if like + + + align:start position:0% +software in isolation and even if like +Richard stalman he released it free to + + align:start position:0% +Richard stalman he released it free to + + + align:start position:0% +Richard stalman he released it free to +the world there wasn't really an + + align:start position:0% +the world there wasn't really an + + + align:start position:0% +the world there wasn't really an +engagement with the community but what + + align:start position:0% +engagement with the community but what + + + align:start position:0% +engagement with the community but what +Eric saw in the development of Linux uh + + align:start position:0% +Eric saw in the development of Linux uh + + + align:start position:0% +Eric saw in the development of Linux uh +the you know free kernel for what was to + + align:start position:0% +the you know free kernel for what was to + + + align:start position:0% +the you know free kernel for what was to +become uh a complete free operating + + align:start position:0% +become uh a complete free operating + + + align:start position:0% +become uh a complete free operating +system was the Linus was doing + + align:start position:0% +system was the Linus was doing + + + align:start position:0% +system was the Linus was doing +development in the open he was engaging + + align:start position:0% +development in the open he was engaging + + + align:start position:0% +development in the open he was engaging +with other developers and + + align:start position:0% +with other developers and + + + align:start position:0% +with other developers and +um he saw this as the bizarre model I + + align:start position:0% +um he saw this as the bizarre model I + + + align:start position:0% +um he saw this as the bizarre model I +had yet another framework for uh + + align:start position:0% +had yet another framework for uh + + + align:start position:0% +had yet another framework for uh +thinking about free and open source and + + align:start position:0% +thinking about free and open source and + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about free and open source and +it came from my exposure to the thinking + + align:start position:0% +it came from my exposure to the thinking + + + align:start position:0% +it came from my exposure to the thinking +of the original developers of Unix uh + + align:start position:0% +of the original developers of Unix uh + + + align:start position:0% +of the original developers of Unix uh +who argued that um the right way to + + align:start position:0% +who argued that um the right way to + + + align:start position:0% +who argued that um the right way to +design an operating system uh was to + + align:start position:0% +design an operating system uh was to + + + align:start position:0% +design an operating system uh was to +build small cooperating tools to have a + + align:start position:0% +build small cooperating tools to have a + + + align:start position:0% +build small cooperating tools to have a +small uh kernel that uh did the the + + align:start position:0% +small uh kernel that uh did the the + + + align:start position:0% +small uh kernel that uh did the the +central uh functions of the operating + + align:start position:0% +central uh functions of the operating + + + align:start position:0% +central uh functions of the operating +system but for many of the other + + align:start position:0% +system but for many of the other + + + align:start position:0% +system but for many of the other +functions to be developed by users uh or + + align:start position:0% +functions to be developed by users uh or + + + align:start position:0% +functions to be developed by users uh or +by other developers and I had grown up + + align:start position:0% +by other developers and I had grown up + + + align:start position:0% +by other developers and I had grown up +in my exposure to uh this world + + align:start position:0% +in my exposure to uh this world + + + align:start position:0% +in my exposure to uh this world +you know in in in a world that was + + align:start position:0% +you know in in in a world that was + + + align:start position:0% +you know in in in a world that was +really license agnostic early Unix + + align:start position:0% +really license agnostic early Unix + + + align:start position:0% +really license agnostic early Unix +development didn't match Richard + + align:start position:0% +development didn't match Richard + + + align:start position:0% +development didn't match Richard +stallman's uh free software licensing + + align:start position:0% +stallman's uh free software licensing + + + align:start position:0% +stallman's uh free software licensing +criteria but it was free enough and + + align:start position:0% +criteria but it was free enough and + + + align:start position:0% +criteria but it was free enough and +developers shared their code uh a lot of + + align:start position:0% +developers shared their code uh a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +developers shared their code uh a lot of +universities contributed and in + + align:start position:0% +universities contributed and in + + + align:start position:0% +universities contributed and in +particular I was deeply influenced by uh + + align:start position:0% +particular I was deeply influenced by uh + + + align:start position:0% +particular I was deeply influenced by uh +the development of the xwi system here + + align:start position:0% +the development of the xwi system here + + + align:start position:0% +the development of the xwi system here +at MIT um and and the the the the + + align:start position:0% +at MIT um and and the the the the + + + align:start position:0% +at MIT um and and the the the the +Berkeley uh Unix licenses and the MIT + + align:start position:0% +Berkeley uh Unix licenses and the MIT + + + align:start position:0% +Berkeley uh Unix licenses and the MIT +licenses were much much more liberal + + align:start position:0% +licenses were much much more liberal + + + align:start position:0% +licenses were much much more liberal +than the license that Richard stalman + + align:start position:0% +than the license that Richard stalman + + + align:start position:0% +than the license that Richard stalman +brought to the table with this very very + + align:start position:0% +brought to the table with this very very + + + align:start position:0% +brought to the table with this very very +political perspective U Kirk mcusic who + + align:start position:0% +political perspective U Kirk mcusic who + + + align:start position:0% +political perspective U Kirk mcusic who +ran the Berkeley Unix project uh once + + align:start position:0% +ran the Berkeley Unix project uh once + + + align:start position:0% +ran the Berkeley Unix project uh once +said you know Richard stalman talks + + align:start position:0% +said you know Richard stalman talks + + + align:start position:0% +said you know Richard stalman talks +about the evil of copyright and he's + + align:start position:0% +about the evil of copyright and he's + + + align:start position:0% +about the evil of copyright and he's +come up with this idea which he calls + + align:start position:0% +come up with this idea which he calls + + + align:start position:0% +come up with this idea which he calls +copy left here at Berkeley we just say + + align:start position:0% +copy left here at Berkeley we just say + + + align:start position:0% +copy left here at Berkeley we just say +take the code down to Copy Central and + + align:start position:0% +take the code down to Copy Central and + + + align:start position:0% +take the code down to Copy Central and +make copies of it Copy Central being a + + align:start position:0% +make copies of it Copy Central being a + + + align:start position:0% +make copies of it Copy Central being a +being a copy shop in Berkeley + + align:start position:0% +being a copy shop in Berkeley + + + align:start position:0% +being a copy shop in Berkeley +um and uh but what was really + + align:start position:0% +um and uh but what was really + + + align:start position:0% +um and uh but what was really +interesting in this design and really + + align:start position:0% +interesting in this design and really + + + align:start position:0% +interesting in this design and really +shape me and I I actually wrote this + + align:start position:0% +shape me and I I actually wrote this + + + align:start position:0% +shape me and I I actually wrote this +line that's in the Wikipedia uh entry uh + + align:start position:0% +line that's in the Wikipedia uh entry uh + + + align:start position:0% +line that's in the Wikipedia uh entry uh +on this book so this book is most + + align:start position:0% +on this book so this book is most + + + align:start position:0% +on this book so this book is most +valuable for its exposition of the Unix + + align:start position:0% +valuable for its exposition of the Unix + + + align:start position:0% +valuable for its exposition of the Unix +philosophy of small cooperating tools + + align:start position:0% +philosophy of small cooperating tools + + + align:start position:0% +philosophy of small cooperating tools +with standardized inputs and and outputs + + align:start position:0% +with standardized inputs and and outputs + + + align:start position:0% +with standardized inputs and and outputs +a philosophy that also shaped the end to + + align:start position:0% +a philosophy that also shaped the end to + + + align:start position:0% +a philosophy that also shaped the end to +end philosophy of the internet this + + align:start position:0% +end philosophy of the internet this + + + align:start position:0% +end philosophy of the internet this +philosophy in the architecture based on + + align:start position:0% +philosophy in the architecture based on + + + align:start position:0% +philosophy in the architecture based on +it that allowed open source project to + + align:start position:0% +it that allowed open source project to + + + align:start position:0% +it that allowed open source project to +be assembled into larger systems such as + + align:start position:0% +be assembled into larger systems such as + + + align:start position:0% +be assembled into larger systems such as +Linux without explicit coordination + + align:start position:0% +Linux without explicit coordination + + + align:start position:0% +Linux without explicit coordination +between developers now that was the + + align:start position:0% +between developers now that was the + + + align:start position:0% +between developers now that was the +thing that was really magical to me was + + align:start position:0% +thing that was really magical to me was + + + align:start position:0% +thing that was really magical to me was +that this entire operating system was + + align:start position:0% +that this entire operating system was + + + align:start position:0% +that this entire operating system was +built by thousands of different groups + + align:start position:0% +built by thousands of different groups + + + align:start position:0% +built by thousands of different groups +who didn't actually know each other who + + align:start position:0% +who didn't actually know each other who + + + align:start position:0% +who didn't actually know each other who +weren't working together who just + + align:start position:0% +weren't working together who just + + + align:start position:0% +weren't working together who just +contributed to a larger hole because all + + align:start position:0% +contributed to a larger hole because all + + + align:start position:0% +contributed to a larger hole because all +the pieces had they'd agreed on a few + + align:start position:0% +the pieces had they'd agreed on a few + + + align:start position:0% +the pieces had they'd agreed on a few +simple design + + align:start position:0% +simple design + + + align:start position:0% +simple design +rules and so I started watching this and + + align:start position:0% +rules and so I started watching this and + + + align:start position:0% +rules and so I started watching this and +how that played out over time + + align:start position:0% +how that played out over time + + + align:start position:0% +how that played out over time +and there was a really interesting + + align:start position:0% +and there was a really interesting + + + align:start position:0% +and there was a really interesting +comment made by lennus tals who created + + align:start position:0% +comment made by lennus tals who created + + + align:start position:0% +comment made by lennus tals who created +the the Linux Colonel uh in an interview + + align:start position:0% +the the Linux Colonel uh in an interview + + + align:start position:0% +the the Linux Colonel uh in an interview +he did with us uh for a book uh that we + + align:start position:0% +he did with us uh for a book uh that we + + + align:start position:0% +he did with us uh for a book uh that we +put together at a riy called open + + align:start position:0% +put together at a riy called open + + + align:start position:0% +put together at a riy called open +sources which is a collection of essays + + align:start position:0% +sources which is a collection of essays + + + align:start position:0% +sources which is a collection of essays +and interviews and he said I couldn't + + align:start position:0% +and interviews and he said I couldn't + + + align:start position:0% +and interviews and he said I couldn't +have written a new kernel for Microsoft + + align:start position:0% +have written a new kernel for Microsoft + + + align:start position:0% +have written a new kernel for Microsoft +Windows even if I had the source code + + align:start position:0% +Windows even if I had the source code + + + align:start position:0% +Windows even if I had the source code +the architecture just doesn't support + + align:start position:0% +the architecture just doesn't support + + + align:start position:0% +the architecture just doesn't support +that kind of thing so this was part of + + align:start position:0% +that kind of thing so this was part of + + + align:start position:0% +that kind of thing so this was part of +what shaped my thinking that maybe what + + align:start position:0% +what shaped my thinking that maybe what + + + align:start position:0% +what shaped my thinking that maybe what +was key was not the license to copy the + + align:start position:0% +was key was not the license to copy the + + + align:start position:0% +was key was not the license to copy the +license to study the source code it had + + align:start position:0% +license to study the source code it had + + + align:start position:0% +license to study the source code it had +something perhaps to do with the overall + + align:start position:0% +something perhaps to do with the overall + + + align:start position:0% +something perhaps to do with the overall +architecture of the system and we'll + + align:start position:0% +architecture of the system and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +architecture of the system and we'll +come back to + + align:start position:0% +come back to + + + align:start position:0% +come back to +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +so I I wanted to communicate this story + + align:start position:0% +so I I wanted to communicate this story + + + align:start position:0% +so I I wanted to communicate this story +and uh early in my career I had come + + align:start position:0% +and uh early in my career I had come + + + align:start position:0% +and uh early in my career I had come +across this wonderful quote from Edwin + + align:start position:0% +across this wonderful quote from Edwin + + + align:start position:0% +across this wonderful quote from Edwin +schlosberg he said the skill of writing + + align:start position:0% +schlosberg he said the skill of writing + + + align:start position:0% +schlosberg he said the skill of writing +is to create a context in which other + + align:start position:0% +is to create a context in which other + + + align:start position:0% +is to create a context in which other +people can think and so I set about + + align:start position:0% +people can think and so I set about + + + align:start position:0% +people can think and so I set about +trying to reframe fr the story of free + + align:start position:0% +trying to reframe fr the story of free + + + align:start position:0% +trying to reframe fr the story of free +and open- Source software and um I did + + align:start position:0% +and open- Source software and um I did + + + align:start position:0% +and open- Source software and um I did +this at a meeting that was originally + + align:start position:0% +this at a meeting that was originally + + + align:start position:0% +this at a meeting that was originally +called The freear Summit in April of + + align:start position:0% +called The freear Summit in April of + + + align:start position:0% +called The freear Summit in April of +1998 it was it later called The Open + + align:start position:0% +1998 it was it later called The Open + + + align:start position:0% +1998 it was it later called The Open +Source Summit because it was there that + + align:start position:0% +Source Summit because it was there that + + + align:start position:0% +Source Summit because it was there that +we uh got the developers of lenus talls + + align:start position:0% +we uh got the developers of lenus talls + + + align:start position:0% +we uh got the developers of lenus talls +from Linux people from the free software + + align:start position:0% +from Linux people from the free software + + + align:start position:0% +from Linux people from the free software +Foundation people from uh most of the + + align:start position:0% +Foundation people from uh most of the + + + align:start position:0% +Foundation people from uh most of the +leading uh free software projects of the + + align:start position:0% +leading uh free software projects of the + + + align:start position:0% +leading uh free software projects of the +day to get together to get to know each + + align:start position:0% +day to get together to get to know each + + + align:start position:0% +day to get together to get to know each +other to talk about their common issues + + align:start position:0% +other to talk about their common issues + + + align:start position:0% +other to talk about their common issues +and we discussed + + align:start position:0% +and we discussed + + + align:start position:0% +and we discussed +the limitations of the term free you + + align:start position:0% +the limitations of the term free you + + + align:start position:0% +the limitations of the term free you +know lonus who was a fin said I didn't + + align:start position:0% +know lonus who was a fin said I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +know lonus who was a fin said I didn't +realize there were two meanings of free + + align:start position:0% +realize there were two meanings of free + + + align:start position:0% +realize there were two meanings of free +in English when I first started using + + align:start position:0% +in English when I first started using + + + align:start position:0% +in English when I first started using +free software you that it meant both + + align:start position:0% +free software you that it meant both + + + align:start position:0% +free software you that it meant both +Libre and graus as he described it and + + align:start position:0% +Libre and graus as he described it and + + + align:start position:0% +Libre and graus as he described it and +so uh I I I said about first of all + + align:start position:0% +so uh I I I said about first of all + + + align:start position:0% +so uh I I I said about first of all +telling a new story and I want to + + align:start position:0% +telling a new story and I want to + + + align:start position:0% +telling a new story and I want to +illustrate this with a couple of of ey + + align:start position:0% +illustrate this with a couple of of ey + + + align:start position:0% +illustrate this with a couple of of ey +charts that you're not going to be able + + align:start position:0% +charts that you're not going to be able + + + align:start position:0% +charts that you're not going to be able +to read but maybe you can I'll post + + align:start position:0% +to read but maybe you can I'll post + + + align:start position:0% +to read but maybe you can I'll post +these slides later you can go look at + + align:start position:0% +these slides later you can go look at + + + align:start position:0% +these slides later you can go look at +these they're also in an article I wrote + + align:start position:0% +these they're also in an article I wrote + + + align:start position:0% +these they're also in an article I wrote +called uh REM making the peer-to-peer + + align:start position:0% +called uh REM making the peer-to-peer + + + align:start position:0% +called uh REM making the peer-to-peer +meme which uh in which I talked about + + align:start position:0% +meme which uh in which I talked about + + + align:start position:0% +meme which uh in which I talked about +peer-to-peer software and file sharing + + align:start position:0% +peer-to-peer software and file sharing + + + align:start position:0% +peer-to-peer software and file sharing +but I also used as an illustration my + + align:start position:0% +but I also used as an illustration my + + + align:start position:0% +but I also used as an illustration my +earlier work with with free software and + + align:start position:0% +earlier work with with free software and + + + align:start position:0% +earlier work with with free software and +I I kind of built a map of how you tell + + align:start position:0% +I I kind of built a map of how you tell + + + align:start position:0% +I I kind of built a map of how you tell +a story about the meaning of uh of what + + align:start position:0% +a story about the meaning of uh of what + + + align:start position:0% +a story about the meaning of uh of what +you do and this was the map that + + align:start position:0% +you do and this was the map that + + + align:start position:0% +you do and this was the map that +described how Richard stalman describe + + align:start position:0% +described how Richard stalman describe + + + align:start position:0% +described how Richard stalman describe +the free software world and and + + align:start position:0% +the free software world and and + + + align:start position:0% +the free software world and and +realistically even uh to some extent how + + align:start position:0% +realistically even uh to some extent how + + + align:start position:0% +realistically even uh to some extent how +Eric Raymond described it uh there were + + align:start position:0% +Eric Raymond described it uh there were + + + align:start position:0% +Eric Raymond described it uh there were +a canonical set of projects that all had + + align:start position:0% +a canonical set of projects that all had + + + align:start position:0% +a canonical set of projects that all had +to do with Richard's vision of how to + + align:start position:0% +to do with Richard's vision of how to + + + align:start position:0% +to do with Richard's vision of how to +build a free operating system uh so + + align:start position:0% +build a free operating system uh so + + + align:start position:0% +build a free operating system uh so +there was his the the uh the uh C + + align:start position:0% +there was his the the uh the uh C + + + align:start position:0% +there was his the the uh the uh C +compiler that he'd written uh the the + + align:start position:0% +compiler that he'd written uh the the + + + align:start position:0% +compiler that he'd written uh the the +text editor he'd written GX uh Linux the + + align:start position:0% +text editor he'd written GX uh Linux the + + + align:start position:0% +text editor he'd written GX uh Linux the +the colonel that had come along various + + align:start position:0% +the colonel that had come along various + + + align:start position:0% +the colonel that had come along various +other projects and the positioning the + + align:start position:0% +other projects and the positioning the + + + align:start position:0% +other projects and the positioning the +story was that we're building a + + align:start position:0% +story was that we're building a + + + align:start position:0% +story was that we're building a +replacement for the Unix operating + + align:start position:0% +replacement for the Unix operating + + + align:start position:0% +replacement for the Unix operating +system he he said that this was a moral + + align:start position:0% +system he he said that this was a moral + + + align:start position:0% +system he he said that this was a moral +issue for people and and + + align:start position:0% +issue for people and and + + + align:start position:0% +issue for people and and +um uh the way this map works there sort + + align:start position:0% +um uh the way this map works there sort + + + align:start position:0% +um uh the way this map works there sort +of a set of sort of aphorisms and and so + + align:start position:0% +of a set of sort of aphorisms and and so + + + align:start position:0% +of a set of sort of aphorisms and and so +on anyway it's kind of an interesting + + align:start position:0% +on anyway it's kind of an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +on anyway it's kind of an interesting +idea and I I kind of told a different + + align:start position:0% +idea and I I kind of told a different + + + align:start position:0% +idea and I I kind of told a different +story about open source which was that + + align:start position:0% +story about open source which was that + + + align:start position:0% +story about open source which was that +the real story was that Network enabled + + align:start position:0% +the real story was that Network enabled + + + align:start position:0% +the real story was that Network enabled +collaboration makes for better + + align:start position:0% +collaboration makes for better + + + align:start position:0% +collaboration makes for better +software and uh you know that we were + + align:start position:0% +software and uh you know that we were + + + align:start position:0% +software and uh you know that we were +really trying to understand internet era + + align:start position:0% +really trying to understand internet era + + + align:start position:0% +really trying to understand internet era +software development methodologies and + + align:start position:0% +software development methodologies and + + + align:start position:0% +software development methodologies and +the projects that I put up as models + + align:start position:0% +the projects that I put up as models + + + align:start position:0% +the projects that I put up as models +were not uh primarily Linux or it was + + align:start position:0% +were not uh primarily Linux or it was + + + align:start position:0% +were not uh primarily Linux or it was +really only part of the story I talked + + align:start position:0% +really only part of the story I talked + + + align:start position:0% +really only part of the story I talked +about uh the role of free software in + + align:start position:0% +about uh the role of free software in + + + align:start position:0% +about uh the role of free software in +building the internet I still remember + + align:start position:0% +building the internet I still remember + + + align:start position:0% +building the internet I still remember +uh it was a little bit like an + + align:start position:0% +uh it was a little bit like an + + + align:start position:0% +uh it was a little bit like an +experience I had when I was a uh a + + align:start position:0% +experience I had when I was a uh a + + + align:start position:0% +experience I had when I was a uh a +wicked teenager and I used to sneak out + + align:start position:0% +wicked teenager and I used to sneak out + + + align:start position:0% +wicked teenager and I used to sneak out +of the house at late at night I'd take + + align:start position:0% +of the house at late at night I'd take + + + align:start position:0% +of the house at late at night I'd take +my my dad's car had this a giant station + + align:start position:0% +my my dad's car had this a giant station + + + align:start position:0% +my my dad's car had this a giant station +wagon and I would push it out of the + + align:start position:0% +wagon and I would push it out of the + + + align:start position:0% +wagon and I would push it out of the +garage uh you know and and and and then + + align:start position:0% +garage uh you know and and and and then + + + align:start position:0% +garage uh you know and and and and then +ride it down the street + + align:start position:0% +ride it down the street + + + align:start position:0% +ride it down the street +you silently and then start it and go + + align:start position:0% +you silently and then start it and go + + + align:start position:0% +you silently and then start it and go +off in the middle of the night and I + + align:start position:0% +off in the middle of the night and I + + + align:start position:0% +off in the middle of the night and I +remember that feeling of pushing this + + align:start position:0% +remember that feeling of pushing this + + + align:start position:0% +remember that feeling of pushing this +big vehicle and it would gradually pick + + align:start position:0% +big vehicle and it would gradually pick + + + align:start position:0% +big vehicle and it would gradually pick +up speed and I had that same experience + + align:start position:0% +up speed and I had that same experience + + + align:start position:0% +up speed and I had that same experience +when I started telling this new story + + align:start position:0% +when I started telling this new story + + + align:start position:0% +when I started telling this new story +about free software uh you know because + + align:start position:0% +about free software uh you know because + + + align:start position:0% +about free software uh you know because +there was this idea that you know giving + + align:start position:0% +there was this idea that you know giving + + + align:start position:0% +there was this idea that you know giving +this stuff away for free was a radical + + align:start position:0% +this stuff away for free was a radical + + + align:start position:0% +this stuff away for free was a radical +idea and I started saying instead do you + + align:start position:0% +idea and I started saying instead do you + + + align:start position:0% +idea and I started saying instead do you +know what are the most Mission critical + + align:start position:0% +know what are the most Mission critical + + + align:start position:0% +know what are the most Mission critical +programs on the internet and people + + align:start position:0% +programs on the internet and people + + + align:start position:0% +programs on the internet and people +would scratch their head and they + + align:start position:0% +would scratch their head and they + + + align:start position:0% +would scratch their head and they +wouldn't really have an idea and they + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't really have an idea and they + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't really have an idea and they +say do you know that when you have a + + align:start position:0% +say do you know that when you have a + + + align:start position:0% +say do you know that when you have a +domain name I'll give you yours mit.edu + + align:start position:0% +domain name I'll give you yours mit.edu + + + align:start position:0% +domain name I'll give you yours mit.edu +or the time I would say whatever + + align:start position:0% +or the time I would say whatever + + + align:start position:0% +or the time I would say whatever +ibm.com uh that your access to that + + align:start position:0% +ibm.com uh that your access to that + + + align:start position:0% +ibm.com uh that your access to that +computer via that domain name is taken + + align:start position:0% +computer via that domain name is taken + + + align:start position:0% +computer via that domain name is taken +care of by software that's maintained by + + align:start position:0% +care of by software that's maintained by + + + align:start position:0% +care of by software that's maintained by +a single long-haired programmer in + + align:start position:0% +a single long-haired programmer in + + + align:start position:0% +a single long-haired programmer in +Redwood City named Paul Vixie who has + + align:start position:0% +Redwood City named Paul Vixie who has + + + align:start position:0% +Redwood City named Paul Vixie who has +maintained for the last 20 years the + + align:start position:0% +maintained for the last 20 years the + + + align:start position:0% +maintained for the last 20 years the +software for the um uh for the domain + + align:start position:0% +software for the um uh for the domain + + + align:start position:0% +software for the um uh for the domain +name system uh bind the Berkeley + + align:start position:0% +name system uh bind the Berkeley + + + align:start position:0% +name system uh bind the Berkeley +internet name demon and they were like + + align:start position:0% +internet name demon and they were like + + + align:start position:0% +internet name demon and they were like +whoa and I I went down the list about + + align:start position:0% +whoa and I I went down the list about + + + align:start position:0% +whoa and I I went down the list about +send mail routing their email and Apache + + align:start position:0% +send mail routing their email and Apache + + + align:start position:0% +send mail routing their email and Apache +and so I told a very different story + + align:start position:0% +and so I told a very different story + + + align:start position:0% +and so I told a very different story +about What mattered and it was this idea + + align:start position:0% +about What mattered and it was this idea + + + align:start position:0% +about What mattered and it was this idea +of of of the internet of collaboration + + align:start position:0% +of of of the internet of collaboration + + + align:start position:0% +of of of the internet of collaboration +so on and I think that made a huge shift + + align:start position:0% +so on and I think that made a huge shift + + + align:start position:0% +so on and I think that made a huge shift +in how people thought + + align:start position:0% +in how people thought + + + align:start position:0% +in how people thought +so but then that wasn't the end of the + + align:start position:0% +so but then that wasn't the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +so but then that wasn't the end of the +story because I was really concerned + + align:start position:0% +story because I was really concerned + + + align:start position:0% +story because I was really concerned +that the open source Community wasn't + + align:start position:0% +that the open source Community wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +that the open source Community wasn't +really understanding the future either + + align:start position:0% +really understanding the future either + + + align:start position:0% +really understanding the future either +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so I should really give you this quote + + align:start position:0% +so I should really give you this quote + + + align:start position:0% +so I should really give you this quote +uh Ray cwell once said at a conference I + + align:start position:0% +uh Ray cwell once said at a conference I + + + align:start position:0% +uh Ray cwell once said at a conference I +thought something really brilliant he + + align:start position:0% +thought something really brilliant he + + + align:start position:0% +thought something really brilliant he +said I'm me inventor I became interested + + align:start position:0% +said I'm me inventor I became interested + + + align:start position:0% +said I'm me inventor I became interested +in long-term trends because an invention + + align:start position:0% +in long-term trends because an invention + + + align:start position:0% +in long-term trends because an invention +has to make sense in the world in which + + align:start position:0% +has to make sense in the world in which + + + align:start position:0% +has to make sense in the world in which +is finished not the world in which it + + align:start position:0% +is finished not the world in which it + + + align:start position:0% +is finished not the world in which it +started now we're all in that place + + align:start position:0% +started now we're all in that place + + + align:start position:0% +started now we're all in that place +where the world is moving and we change + + align:start position:0% +where the world is moving and we change + + + align:start position:0% +where the world is moving and we change +it as a result of what we do and we're + + align:start position:0% +it as a result of what we do and we're + + + align:start position:0% +it as a result of what we do and we're +Often burdened by the framing that we've + + align:start position:0% +Often burdened by the framing that we've + + + align:start position:0% +Often burdened by the framing that we've +given uh ourselves in the past and we + + align:start position:0% +given uh ourselves in the past and we + + + align:start position:0% +given uh ourselves in the past and we +have to free ourselves from that so I + + align:start position:0% +have to free ourselves from that so I + + + align:start position:0% +have to free ourselves from that so I +spent a lot of time thinking about where + + align:start position:0% +spent a lot of time thinking about where + + + align:start position:0% +spent a lot of time thinking about where +was this world of free and open source + + align:start position:0% +was this world of free and open source + + + align:start position:0% +was this world of free and open source +software going and I was obsessed in + + align:start position:0% +software going and I was obsessed in + + + align:start position:0% +software going and I was obsessed in +some ways with the story of what had + + align:start position:0% +some ways with the story of what had + + + align:start position:0% +some ways with the story of what had +happened during the PC revolution in + + align:start position:0% +happened during the PC revolution in + + + align:start position:0% +happened during the PC revolution in +fact it's kind of interesting because uh + + align:start position:0% +fact it's kind of interesting because uh + + + align:start position:0% +fact it's kind of interesting because uh +Eric Raymond first gave his talk his + + align:start position:0% +Eric Raymond first gave his talk his + + + align:start position:0% +Eric Raymond first gave his talk his +seminal talk on open source software uh + + align:start position:0% +seminal talk on open source software uh + + + align:start position:0% +seminal talk on open source software uh +the cathedral and the bizaar at a + + align:start position:0% +the cathedral and the bizaar at a + + + align:start position:0% +the cathedral and the bizaar at a +conference in verburg in 1997 + + align:start position:0% +conference in verburg in 1997 + + + align:start position:0% +conference in verburg in 1997 +and uh I at the same conference I gave + + align:start position:0% +and uh I at the same conference I gave + + + align:start position:0% +and uh I at the same conference I gave +my first talk on open source software + + align:start position:0% +my first talk on open source software + + + align:start position:0% +my first talk on open source software +and mine was called Hardware software + + align:start position:0% +and mine was called Hardware software + + + align:start position:0% +and mine was called Hardware software +and infoware and it was a meditation on + + align:start position:0% +and infoware and it was a meditation on + + + align:start position:0% +and infoware and it was a meditation on +the meaning of the PC Revolution as + + align:start position:0% +the meaning of the PC Revolution as + + + align:start position:0% +the meaning of the PC Revolution as +applied to open source software I + + align:start position:0% +applied to open source software I + + + align:start position:0% +applied to open source software I +developed the talk further over the + + align:start position:0% +developed the talk further over the + + + align:start position:0% +developed the talk further over the +years later it became called The Open + + align:start position:0% +years later it became called The Open + + + align:start position:0% +years later it became called The Open +Source paradigm shift and then + + align:start position:0% +Source paradigm shift and then + + + align:start position:0% +Source paradigm shift and then +eventually what is + + align:start position:0% +eventually what is + + + align:start position:0% +eventually what is +web2.0 uh but I'm going to kind of give + + align:start position:0% +web2.0 uh but I'm going to kind of give + + + align:start position:0% +web2.0 uh but I'm going to kind of give +you the the colonel I went back to one + + align:start position:0% +you the the colonel I went back to one + + + align:start position:0% +you the the colonel I went back to one +of my old presentations to get some of + + align:start position:0% +of my old presentations to get some of + + + align:start position:0% +of my old presentations to get some of +these slides uh to kind of give you this + + align:start position:0% +these slides uh to kind of give you this + + + align:start position:0% +these slides uh to kind of give you this +Con + + align:start position:0% +Con + + + align:start position:0% +Con +context but here's what I was thinking + + align:start position:0% +context but here's what I was thinking + + + align:start position:0% +context but here's what I was thinking +about in + + align:start position:0% +about in + + + align:start position:0% +about in +1981 IBM was completely dominant in the + + align:start position:0% +1981 IBM was completely dominant in the + + + align:start position:0% +1981 IBM was completely dominant in the +computer industry kind of like IBM is + + align:start position:0% +computer industry kind of like IBM is + + + align:start position:0% +computer industry kind of like IBM is +dominant in engineering + + align:start position:0% +dominant in engineering + + + align:start position:0% +dominant in engineering +education and + + align:start position:0% +education and + + + align:start position:0% +education and +uh maybe not quite like that but + + align:start position:0% +uh maybe not quite like that but + + + align:start position:0% +uh maybe not quite like that but +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +uh small unit within IBM wanted to play + + align:start position:0% +uh small unit within IBM wanted to play + + + align:start position:0% +uh small unit within IBM wanted to play +in the personal computer Market they + + align:start position:0% +in the personal computer Market they + + + align:start position:0% +in the personal computer Market they +were behind they came up with a clever + + align:start position:0% +were behind they came up with a clever + + + align:start position:0% +were behind they came up with a clever +strategy so they thought uh which was to + + align:start position:0% +strategy so they thought uh which was to + + + align:start position:0% +strategy so they thought uh which was to +build a PC out of commodity + + align:start position:0% +build a PC out of commodity + + + align:start position:0% +build a PC out of commodity +components + + align:start position:0% +components + + + align:start position:0% +components +they released the specifications for + + align:start position:0% +they released the specifications for + + + align:start position:0% +they released the specifications for +this computer so that other people could + + align:start position:0% +this computer so that other people could + + + align:start position:0% +this computer so that other people could +build them wasn't you know complete free + + align:start position:0% +build them wasn't you know complete free + + + align:start position:0% +build them wasn't you know complete free +licensing but it was free enough that + + align:start position:0% +licensing but it was free enough that + + + align:start position:0% +licensing but it was free enough that +for example Michael Dell started a PC + + align:start position:0% +for example Michael Dell started a PC + + + align:start position:0% +for example Michael Dell started a PC +company in his dorm room at University + + align:start position:0% +company in his dorm room at University + + + align:start position:0% +company in his dorm room at University +of Texas the market expanded a + + align:start position:0% +of Texas the market expanded a + + + align:start position:0% +of Texas the market expanded a +millionfold + + align:start position:0% +millionfold + + + align:start position:0% +millionfold +originally + + align:start position:0% +originally + + + align:start position:0% +originally +uh IBM's projection I think for the + + align:start position:0% +uh IBM's projection I think for the + + + align:start position:0% +uh IBM's projection I think for the +10year lifetime of the IBM PC was that + + align:start position:0% +10year lifetime of the IBM PC was that + + + align:start position:0% +10year lifetime of the IBM PC was that +they would sell 400,000 units um I think + + align:start position:0% +they would sell 400,000 units um I think + + + align:start position:0% +they would sell 400,000 units um I think +they underestimated by a rather large + + align:start position:0% +they underestimated by a rather large + + + align:start position:0% +they underestimated by a rather large +number uh but that wasn't the end of the + + align:start position:0% +number uh but that wasn't the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +number uh but that wasn't the end of the +story uh the PC broke IBM's dominance + + align:start position:0% +story uh the PC broke IBM's dominance + + + align:start position:0% +story uh the PC broke IBM's dominance +over the computer system be because they + + align:start position:0% +over the computer system be because they + + + align:start position:0% +over the computer system be because they +did not know that as the PC became a + + align:start position:0% +did not know that as the PC became a + + + align:start position:0% +did not know that as the PC became a +commodity software would become valuable + + align:start position:0% +commodity software would become valuable + + + align:start position:0% +commodity software would become valuable +more valuable and a source of lockin and + + align:start position:0% +more valuable and a source of lockin and + + + align:start position:0% +more valuable and a source of lockin and +so they licensed away the operating + + align:start position:0% +so they licensed away the operating + + + align:start position:0% +so they licensed away the operating +system to this little company called + + align:start position:0% +system to this little company called + + + align:start position:0% +system to this little company called +Microsoft uh similarly Dell became the + + align:start position:0% +Microsoft uh similarly Dell became the + + + align:start position:0% +Microsoft uh similarly Dell became the +number one Vendor by embracing commodity + + align:start position:0% +number one Vendor by embracing commodity + + + align:start position:0% +number one Vendor by embracing commodity +economics and uh Intel figured out how + + align:start position:0% +economics and uh Intel figured out how + + + align:start position:0% +economics and uh Intel figured out how +to supply one key component so I thought + + align:start position:0% +to supply one key component so I thought + + + align:start position:0% +to supply one key component so I thought +well what are the parallels here in open + + align:start position:0% +well what are the parallels here in open + + + align:start position:0% +well what are the parallels here in open +source well looks to me like Linux is an + + align:start position:0% +source well looks to me like Linux is an + + + align:start position:0% +source well looks to me like Linux is an +operating system built out of commodity + + align:start position:0% +operating system built out of commodity + + + align:start position:0% +operating system built out of commodity +components uh the internet is driven by + + align:start position:0% +components uh the internet is driven by + + + align:start position:0% +components uh the internet is driven by +software that is also free uh commodity + + align:start position:0% +software that is also free uh commodity + + + align:start position:0% +software that is also free uh commodity +the market is expanding a millionfold + + align:start position:0% +the market is expanding a millionfold + + + align:start position:0% +the market is expanding a millionfold +uh in terms of of the web and so I was + + align:start position:0% +uh in terms of of the web and so I was + + + align:start position:0% +uh in terms of of the web and so I was +asking back then what does it mean to + + align:start position:0% +asking back then what does it mean to + + + align:start position:0% +asking back then what does it mean to +embrace the commodity economics of Open + + align:start position:0% +embrace the commodity economics of Open + + + align:start position:0% +embrace the commodity economics of Open +Source but also what's up the stack in + + align:start position:0% +Source but also what's up the stack in + + + align:start position:0% +Source but also what's up the stack in +the same way that Microsoft was up the + + align:start position:0% +the same way that Microsoft was up the + + + align:start position:0% +the same way that Microsoft was up the +stack from the world that IBM was + + align:start position:0% +stack from the world that IBM was + + + align:start position:0% +stack from the world that IBM was +familiar with um what's up the stack + + align:start position:0% +familiar with um what's up the stack + + + align:start position:0% +familiar with um what's up the stack +from software and so there was this + + align:start position:0% +from software and so there was this + + + align:start position:0% +from software and so there was this +mental model that everybody had uh that + + align:start position:0% +mental model that everybody had uh that + + + align:start position:0% +mental model that everybody had uh that +looked a little bit like this + + align:start position:0% +looked a little bit like this + + + align:start position:0% +looked a little bit like this +illustration where uh we had a system + + align:start position:0% +illustration where uh we had a system + + + align:start position:0% +illustration where uh we had a system +assembled from commodity components + + align:start position:0% +assembled from commodity components + + + align:start position:0% +assembled from commodity components +We've Ended up with a proprietary + + align:start position:0% +We've Ended up with a proprietary + + + align:start position:0% +We've Ended up with a proprietary +operating system and proprietary + + align:start position:0% +operating system and proprietary + + + align:start position:0% +operating system and proprietary +applications and proprietary chip inside + + align:start position:0% +applications and proprietary chip inside + + + align:start position:0% +applications and proprietary chip inside +that commodity uh layer and the free and + + align:start position:0% +that commodity uh layer and the free and + + + align:start position:0% +that commodity uh layer and the free and +open source software Advocates uh had + + align:start position:0% +open source software Advocates uh had + + + align:start position:0% +open source software Advocates uh had +this Vision that was using exactly the + + align:start position:0% +this Vision that was using exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +this Vision that was using exactly the +same metaphor except in their world we'd + + align:start position:0% +same metaphor except in their world we'd + + + align:start position:0% +same metaphor except in their world we'd +end up with Linux and open Office + + align:start position:0% +end up with Linux and open Office + + + align:start position:0% +end up with Linux and open Office +replacing windows and Microsoft Office + + align:start position:0% +replacing windows and Microsoft Office + + + align:start position:0% +replacing windows and Microsoft Office +we'd accept cheap commodity PCS they + + align:start position:0% +we'd accept cheap commodity PCS they + + + align:start position:0% +we'd accept cheap commodity PCS they +weren't really concerned about Open + + align:start position:0% +weren't really concerned about Open + + + align:start position:0% +weren't really concerned about Open +Source Hardware and I guess they thought + + align:start position:0% +Source Hardware and I guess they thought + + + align:start position:0% +Source Hardware and I guess they thought +well chips are hard so it's okay that + + align:start position:0% +well chips are hard so it's okay that + + + align:start position:0% +well chips are hard so it's okay that +um uh that Intel is still inside of our + + align:start position:0% +um uh that Intel is still inside of our + + + align:start position:0% +um uh that Intel is still inside of our +future of Linux taking over the world I + + align:start position:0% +future of Linux taking over the world I + + + align:start position:0% +future of Linux taking over the world I +had a different + + align:start position:0% +had a different + + + align:start position:0% +had a different +idea based on the internet application + + align:start position:0% +idea based on the internet application + + + align:start position:0% +idea based on the internet application +stack and what I saw was the pattern + + align:start position:0% +stack and what I saw was the pattern + + + align:start position:0% +stack and what I saw was the pattern +repeating that there was uh an + + align:start position:0% +repeating that there was uh an + + + align:start position:0% +repeating that there was uh an +integration of commodity components in + + align:start position:0% +integration of commodity components in + + + align:start position:0% +integration of commodity components in +this case + + align:start position:0% +this case + + + align:start position:0% +this case +software uh and there was a new + + align:start position:0% +software uh and there was a new + + + align:start position:0% +software uh and there was a new +proprietary software as a service layer + + align:start position:0% +proprietary software as a service layer + + + align:start position:0% +proprietary software as a service layer +you can see + + align:start position:0% +you can see + + + align:start position:0% +you can see +the age there Google was out Amazon but + + align:start position:0% +the age there Google was out Amazon but + + + align:start position:0% +the age there Google was out Amazon but +uh Google Maps was not there Map Quest + + align:start position:0% +uh Google Maps was not there Map Quest + + + align:start position:0% +uh Google Maps was not there Map Quest +was my example eBay was an example this + + align:start position:0% +was my example eBay was an example this + + + align:start position:0% +was my example eBay was an example this +is before the era of of of uh social + + align:start position:0% +is before the era of of of uh social + + + align:start position:0% +is before the era of of of uh social +networking um and then there were people + + align:start position:0% +networking um and then there were people + + + align:start position:0% +networking um and then there were people +like navtec and Network Solutions who + + align:start position:0% +like navtec and Network Solutions who + + + align:start position:0% +like navtec and Network Solutions who +had figured out to have a proprietary + + align:start position:0% +had figured out to have a proprietary + + + align:start position:0% +had figured out to have a proprietary +data layer inside that uh gave them some + + align:start position:0% +data layer inside that uh gave them some + + + align:start position:0% +data layer inside that uh gave them some +level of uh of dominance of course + + align:start position:0% +level of uh of dominance of course + + + align:start position:0% +level of uh of dominance of course +Google later came along and broke that + + align:start position:0% +Google later came along and broke that + + + align:start position:0% +Google later came along and broke that +dominance uh but the the the metaphor + + align:start position:0% +dominance uh but the the the metaphor + + + align:start position:0% +dominance uh but the the the metaphor +was + + align:start position:0% +was + + + align:start position:0% +was +you know there there was a pattern there + + align:start position:0% +you know there there was a pattern there + + + align:start position:0% +you know there there was a pattern there +but we had to expand the frame to think + + align:start position:0% +but we had to expand the frame to think + + + align:start position:0% +but we had to expand the frame to think +about it a little bit differently and so + + align:start position:0% +about it a little bit differently and so + + + align:start position:0% +about it a little bit differently and so +the kill wraps of the New Millennium + + align:start position:0% +the kill wraps of the New Millennium + + + align:start position:0% +the kill wraps of the New Millennium +again you can see the the age I you know + + align:start position:0% +again you can see the the age I you know + + + align:start position:0% +again you can see the the age I you know +by the companies and I went back and get + + align:start position:0% +by the companies and I went back and get + + + align:start position:0% +by the companies and I went back and get +these slides but the the you know + + align:start position:0% +these slides but the the you know + + + align:start position:0% +these slides but the the you know +completely true all of these were not in + + align:start position:0% +completely true all of these were not in + + + align:start position:0% +completely true all of these were not in +fact didn't look like PC applications + + align:start position:0% +fact didn't look like PC applications + + + align:start position:0% +fact didn't look like PC applications +they were something very very different + + align:start position:0% +they were something very very different + + + align:start position:0% +they were something very very different +that's kind of what led me to uh talk + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of what led me to uh talk + + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of what led me to uh talk +about web2 so I was out there saying to + + align:start position:0% +about web2 so I was out there saying to + + + align:start position:0% +about web2 so I was out there saying to +the open source guys hey look this is + + align:start position:0% +the open source guys hey look this is + + + align:start position:0% +the open source guys hey look this is +what the open source application + + align:start position:0% +what the open source application + + + align:start position:0% +what the open source application +platform looks like commodity Intel + + align:start position:0% +platform looks like commodity Intel + + + align:start position:0% +platform looks like commodity Intel +Hardware there an Internet Protocol + + align:start position:0% +Hardware there an Internet Protocol + + + align:start position:0% +Hardware there an Internet Protocol +stack and then there was this term that + + align:start position:0% +stack and then there was this term that + + + align:start position:0% +stack and then there was this term that +became popular for a while called Lamp + + align:start position:0% +became popular for a while called Lamp + + + align:start position:0% +became popular for a while called Lamp +Linux Apache MySQL PHP and then platform + + align:start position:0% +Linux Apache MySQL PHP and then platform + + + align:start position:0% +Linux Apache MySQL PHP and then platform +agnostic client front ends IE web + + align:start position:0% +agnostic client front ends IE web + + + align:start position:0% +agnostic client front ends IE web +browsers right um but there was a + + align:start position:0% +browsers right um but there was a + + + align:start position:0% +browsers right um but there was a +paradigm failure you know um because + + align:start position:0% +paradigm failure you know um because + + + align:start position:0% +paradigm failure you know um because +even though these applications were + + align:start position:0% +even though these applications were + + + align:start position:0% +even though these applications were +being created by open source developers + + align:start position:0% +being created by open source developers + + + align:start position:0% +being created by open source developers +and run on an open source platform the + + align:start position:0% +and run on an open source platform the + + + align:start position:0% +and run on an open source platform the +source code was not distributed so + + align:start position:0% +source code was not distributed so + + + align:start position:0% +source code was not distributed so +Richard's for freedoms didn't apply you + + align:start position:0% +Richard's for freedoms didn't apply you + + + align:start position:0% +Richard's for freedoms didn't apply you +know in fact I had a debate with Richard + + align:start position:0% +know in fact I had a debate with Richard + + + align:start position:0% +know in fact I had a debate with Richard +in 1999 in which I said look Richard if + + align:start position:0% +in 1999 in which I said look Richard if + + + align:start position:0% +in 1999 in which I said look Richard if +I gave you all the source code to Google + + align:start position:0% +I gave you all the source code to Google + + + align:start position:0% +I gave you all the source code to Google +tomorrow you would not be able to run + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow you would not be able to run + + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow you would not be able to run +Google you know it's fundamentally + + align:start position:0% +Google you know it's fundamentally + + + align:start position:0% +Google you know it's fundamentally +different kind of + + align:start position:0% +different kind of + + + align:start position:0% +different kind of +software and uh you know you'd have to + + align:start position:0% +software and uh you know you'd have to + + + align:start position:0% +software and uh you know you'd have to +have uh all kinds of business processes + + align:start position:0% +have uh all kinds of business processes + + + align:start position:0% +have uh all kinds of business processes +that are running constantly you'd have + + align:start position:0% +that are running constantly you'd have + + + align:start position:0% +that are running constantly you'd have +to have people to do that you'd have to + + align:start position:0% +to have people to do that you'd have to + + + align:start position:0% +to have people to do that you'd have to +have a thousands of machines millions of + + align:start position:0% +have a thousands of machines millions of + + + align:start position:0% +have a thousands of machines millions of +machines now um and so uh and and + + align:start position:0% +machines now um and so uh and and + + + align:start position:0% +machines now um and so uh and and +Richard's comment was well it's not + + align:start position:0% +Richard's comment was well it's not + + + align:start position:0% +Richard's comment was well it's not +running on my computer so it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +running on my computer so it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +running on my computer so it doesn't +matter doesn't affect the issue of + + align:start position:0% +matter doesn't affect the issue of + + + align:start position:0% +matter doesn't affect the issue of +freedom and I think um you know he was + + align:start position:0% +freedom and I think um you know he was + + + align:start position:0% +freedom and I think um you know he was +just wrong and I think he's recognized + + align:start position:0% +just wrong and I think he's recognized + + + align:start position:0% +just wrong and I think he's recognized +that since the whole idea that you could + + align:start position:0% +that since the whole idea that you could + + + align:start position:0% +that since the whole idea that you could +control uh software by licenses uh + + align:start position:0% +control uh software by licenses uh + + + align:start position:0% +control uh software by licenses uh +became not not completely obsolute but + + align:start position:0% +became not not completely obsolute but + + + align:start position:0% +became not not completely obsolute but +certainly challenged by this new + + align:start position:0% +certainly challenged by this new + + + align:start position:0% +certainly challenged by this new +paradigm of software a service and of + + align:start position:0% +paradigm of software a service and of + + + align:start position:0% +paradigm of software a service and of +course the value uh was increasingly + + align:start position:0% +course the value uh was increasingly + + + align:start position:0% +course the value uh was increasingly +driven by the data uh and the + + align:start position:0% +driven by the data uh and the + + + align:start position:0% +driven by the data uh and the +participation in these internet scale + + align:start position:0% +participation in these internet scale + + + align:start position:0% +participation in these internet scale +applications of course they were all + + align:start position:0% +applications of course they were all + + + align:start position:0% +applications of course they were all +proprietary so I said see we had this + + align:start position:0% +proprietary so I said see we had this + + + align:start position:0% +proprietary so I said see we had this +huge open movement and it led to new + + align:start position:0% +huge open movement and it led to new + + + align:start position:0% +huge open movement and it led to new +value capture by a new set of + + align:start position:0% +value capture by a new set of + + + align:start position:0% +value capture by a new set of +proprietary people at a different layer + + align:start position:0% +proprietary people at a different layer + + + align:start position:0% +proprietary people at a different layer +and I I said um uh you know so let's + + align:start position:0% +and I I said um uh you know so let's + + + align:start position:0% +and I I said um uh you know so let's +think about uh open source Beyond + + align:start position:0% +think about uh open source Beyond + + + align:start position:0% +think about uh open source Beyond +licensing let's think about what's + + align:start position:0% +licensing let's think about what's + + + align:start position:0% +licensing let's think about what's +really going on here and I I came up + + align:start position:0% +really going on here and I I came up + + + align:start position:0% +really going on here and I I came up +with this model back then 2003 uh where + + align:start position:0% +with this model back then 2003 uh where + + + align:start position:0% +with this model back then 2003 uh where +I gave this talk where I talked about + + align:start position:0% +I gave this talk where I talked about + + + align:start position:0% +I gave this talk where I talked about +the three C's we're talking about the + + align:start position:0% +the three C's we're talking about the + + + align:start position:0% +the three C's we're talking about the +commoditization of software we're + + align:start position:0% +commoditization of software we're + + + align:start position:0% +commoditization of software we're +talking about user customizable systems + + align:start position:0% +talking about user customizable systems + + + align:start position:0% +talking about user customizable systems +and architectures and we're talking + + align:start position:0% +and architectures and we're talking + + + align:start position:0% +and architectures and we're talking +about Network enabled + + align:start position:0% +about Network enabled + + + align:start position:0% +about Network enabled +collaboration and of course um you know + + align:start position:0% +collaboration and of course um you know + + + align:start position:0% +collaboration and of course um you know +and a key other point was this wonderful + + align:start position:0% +and a key other point was this wonderful + + + align:start position:0% +and a key other point was this wonderful +framing that Klay Christensen came up + + align:start position:0% +framing that Klay Christensen came up + + + align:start position:0% +framing that Klay Christensen came up +with at about the same time uh which he + + align:start position:0% +with at about the same time uh which he + + + align:start position:0% +with at about the same time uh which he +called the law of conservation of + + align:start position:0% +called the law of conservation of + + + align:start position:0% +called the law of conservation of +attractive profits he and I sort of had + + align:start position:0% +attractive profits he and I sort of had + + + align:start position:0% +attractive profits he and I sort of had +a mind meld uh we both spoke at at the + + align:start position:0% +a mind meld uh we both spoke at at the + + + align:start position:0% +a mind meld uh we both spoke at at the +same conference and and I gave my talk + + align:start position:0% +same conference and and I gave my talk + + + align:start position:0% +same conference and and I gave my talk +about this stack and he gave his talk + + align:start position:0% +about this stack and he gave his talk + + + align:start position:0% +about this stack and he gave his talk +about this and we said oh we're talking + + align:start position:0% +about this and we said oh we're talking + + + align:start position:0% +about this and we said oh we're talking +about the same thing but he says when + + align:start position:0% +about the same thing but he says when + + + align:start position:0% +about the same thing but he says when +attractive profits disappear at one + + align:start position:0% +attractive profits disappear at one + + + align:start position:0% +attractive profits disappear at one +stage in the value chain because a + + align:start position:0% +stage in the value chain because a + + + align:start position:0% +stage in the value chain because a +product becomes modular and commoditized + + align:start position:0% +product becomes modular and commoditized + + + align:start position:0% +product becomes modular and commoditized +the opportunity to earn attractive + + align:start position:0% +the opportunity to earn attractive + + + align:start position:0% +the opportunity to earn attractive +products profits with proprietary + + align:start position:0% +products profits with proprietary + + + align:start position:0% +products profits with proprietary +products will usually emerge at an + + align:start position:0% +products will usually emerge at an + + + align:start position:0% +products will usually emerge at an +adjacent stage really important + + align:start position:0% +adjacent stage really important + + + align:start position:0% +adjacent stage really important +principle and really worth thinking + + align:start position:0% +principle and really worth thinking + + + align:start position:0% +principle and really worth thinking +about for all of us in in businesses + + align:start position:0% +about for all of us in in businesses + + + align:start position:0% +about for all of us in in businesses +that are in transition and of course + + align:start position:0% +that are in transition and of course + + + align:start position:0% +that are in transition and of course +this is what we saw happen you know the + + align:start position:0% +this is what we saw happen you know the + + + align:start position:0% +this is what we saw happen you know the +open source era did not actually lead uh + + align:start position:0% +open source era did not actually lead uh + + + align:start position:0% +open source era did not actually lead uh +to a world in which free software uh + + align:start position:0% +to a world in which free software uh + + + align:start position:0% +to a world in which free software uh +replaced proprietary software instead uh + + align:start position:0% +replaced proprietary software instead uh + + + align:start position:0% +replaced proprietary software instead uh +free software became a platform on which + + align:start position:0% +free software became a platform on which + + + align:start position:0% +free software became a platform on which +we built uh new proprietary + + align:start position:0% +we built uh new proprietary + + + align:start position:0% +we built uh new proprietary +Empires uh with these being four of the + + align:start position:0% +Empires uh with these being four of the + + + align:start position:0% +Empires uh with these being four of the +uh the leading contenders at the moment + + align:start position:0% +uh the leading contenders at the moment + + + align:start position:0% +uh the leading contenders at the moment +um so going back to my old advice to the + + align:start position:0% +um so going back to my old advice to the + + + align:start position:0% +um so going back to my old advice to the +open source Community I said what do we + + align:start position:0% +open source Community I said what do we + + + align:start position:0% +open source Community I said what do we +need to do we need to use commodity + + align:start position:0% +need to do we need to use commodity + + + align:start position:0% +need to do we need to use commodity +software components to drive down prices + + align:start position:0% +software components to drive down prices + + + align:start position:0% +software components to drive down prices +for users we need to give customers + + align:start position:0% +for users we need to give customers + + + align:start position:0% +for users we need to give customers +increased opportunity for customization + + align:start position:0% +increased opportunity for customization + + + align:start position:0% +increased opportunity for customization +we need extensible architectures we need + + align:start position:0% +we need extensible architectures we need + + + align:start position:0% +we need extensible architectures we need +to provide open data web services and we + + align:start position:0% +to provide open data web services and we + + + align:start position:0% +to provide open data web services and we +need to leverage collaborative + + align:start position:0% +need to leverage collaborative + + + align:start position:0% +need to leverage collaborative +development processes and participatory + + align:start position:0% +development processes and participatory + + + align:start position:0% +development processes and participatory +interfaces and that advice still seems + + align:start position:0% +interfaces and that advice still seems + + + align:start position:0% +interfaces and that advice still seems +pretty good to me a decade later um + + align:start position:0% +pretty good to me a decade later um + + + align:start position:0% +pretty good to me a decade later um +and I also took as key lessons the idea + + align:start position:0% +and I also took as key lessons the idea + + + align:start position:0% +and I also took as key lessons the idea +that an architecture of participation + + align:start position:0% +that an architecture of participation + + + align:start position:0% +that an architecture of participation +means that your users help to extend + + align:start position:0% +means that your users help to extend + + + align:start position:0% +means that your users help to extend +your + + align:start position:0% +your + + + align:start position:0% +your +platform uh low barriers to + + align:start position:0% +platform uh low barriers to + + + align:start position:0% +platform uh low barriers to +experimentation mean that the system is + + align:start position:0% +experimentation mean that the system is + + + align:start position:0% +experimentation mean that the system is +hacker friendly that is anybody can uh + + align:start position:0% +hacker friendly that is anybody can uh + + + align:start position:0% +hacker friendly that is anybody can uh +innovate interoperability means that one + + align:start position:0% +innovate interoperability means that one + + + align:start position:0% +innovate interoperability means that one +component or service can be swapped out + + align:start position:0% +component or service can be swapped out + + + align:start position:0% +component or service can be swapped out +if a better one comes along you know so + + align:start position:0% +if a better one comes along you know so + + + align:start position:0% +if a better one comes along you know so +in terms of of uh Linux there are a lot + + align:start position:0% +in terms of of uh Linux there are a lot + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of of uh Linux there are a lot +of Alternatives you know if you don't + + align:start position:0% +of Alternatives you know if you don't + + + align:start position:0% +of Alternatives you know if you don't +like PHP uh use uh Pearl if you don't + + align:start position:0% +like PHP uh use uh Pearl if you don't + + + align:start position:0% +like PHP uh use uh Pearl if you don't +like Pearl use Ruby if you don't like + + align:start position:0% +like Pearl use Ruby if you don't like + + + align:start position:0% +like Pearl use Ruby if you don't like +python you know Ruby use Python you know + + align:start position:0% +python you know Ruby use Python you know + + + align:start position:0% +python you know Ruby use Python you know +so there there's + + align:start position:0% +so there there's + + + align:start position:0% +so there there's +Alternatives um and the lockin comes + + align:start position:0% +Alternatives um and the lockin comes + + + align:start position:0% +Alternatives um and the lockin comes +because others depend on the benefit + + align:start position:0% +because others depend on the benefit + + + align:start position:0% +because others depend on the benefit +from your services not because you're + + align:start position:0% +from your services not because you're + + + align:start position:0% +from your services not because you're +completely in control and uh you know + + align:start position:0% +completely in control and uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +completely in control and uh you know +the the the lockin that Google has for + + align:start position:0% +the the the lockin that Google has for + + + align:start position:0% +the the the lockin that Google has for +example as a search engine uh isn't + + align:start position:0% +example as a search engine uh isn't + + + align:start position:0% +example as a search engine uh isn't +because they made you sign a proprietary + + align:start position:0% +because they made you sign a proprietary + + + align:start position:0% +because they made you sign a proprietary +license it's just that they've got + + align:start position:0% +license it's just that they've got + + + align:start position:0% +license it's just that they've got +better search uh Facebook uh has lock in + + align:start position:0% +better search uh Facebook uh has lock in + + + align:start position:0% +better search uh Facebook uh has lock in +because your friends are there and going + + align:start position:0% +because your friends are there and going + + + align:start position:0% +because your friends are there and going +to another Network where your friends + + align:start position:0% +to another Network where your friends + + + align:start position:0% +to another Network where your friends +aren't doesn't actually help very much + + align:start position:0% +aren't doesn't actually help very much + + + align:start position:0% +aren't doesn't actually help very much +um so different different model so now + + align:start position:0% +um so different different model so now + + + align:start position:0% +um so different different model so now +of course we get to the part where + + align:start position:0% +of course we get to the part where + + + align:start position:0% +of course we get to the part where +hopefully I can give you some advice + + align:start position:0% +hopefully I can give you some advice + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully I can give you some advice +about open course whereare based on that + + align:start position:0% +about open course whereare based on that + + + align:start position:0% +about open course whereare based on that +Longo thinking about open + + align:start position:0% +Longo thinking about open + + + align:start position:0% +Longo thinking about open +source you know first off I just want to + + align:start position:0% +source you know first off I just want to + + + align:start position:0% +source you know first off I just want to +remind you to think as I've tried to do + + align:start position:0% +remind you to think as I've tried to do + + + align:start position:0% +remind you to think as I've tried to do +at a Riley about what it is that you + + align:start position:0% +at a Riley about what it is that you + + + align:start position:0% +at a Riley about what it is that you +really do as Educators as has uh + + align:start position:0% +really do as Educators as has uh + + + align:start position:0% +really do as Educators as has uh +institutions that offer credentials to + + align:start position:0% +institutions that offer credentials to + + + align:start position:0% +institutions that offer credentials to +people about uh what they've learned and + + align:start position:0% +people about uh what they've learned and + + + align:start position:0% +people about uh what they've learned and +what their skills are um as researchers + + align:start position:0% +what their skills are um as researchers + + + align:start position:0% +what their skills are um as researchers +as a repository of the world's knowledge + + align:start position:0% +as a repository of the world's knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +as a repository of the world's knowledge +uh it's so important if you want to be + + align:start position:0% +uh it's so important if you want to be + + + align:start position:0% +uh it's so important if you want to be +Innovative and if you want to escape + + align:start position:0% +Innovative and if you want to escape + + + align:start position:0% +Innovative and if you want to escape +what clay Christensen calls the + + align:start position:0% +what clay Christensen calls the + + + align:start position:0% +what clay Christensen calls the +innovators + + align:start position:0% +innovators + + + align:start position:0% +innovators +dilemma uh to think about what job you + + align:start position:0% +dilemma uh to think about what job you + + + align:start position:0% +dilemma uh to think about what job you +do for + + align:start position:0% +do for + + + align:start position:0% +do for +your customers for your students for + + align:start position:0% +your customers for your students for + + + align:start position:0% +your customers for your students for +your stakeholders and not just to think + + align:start position:0% +your stakeholders and not just to think + + + align:start position:0% +your stakeholders and not just to think +about how you do that job today but what + + align:start position:0% +about how you do that job today but what + + + align:start position:0% +about how you do that job today but what +it is and why you do it and I I think + + align:start position:0% +it is and why you do it and I I think + + + align:start position:0% +it is and why you do it and I I think +clearly that uh impulse was a key part + + align:start position:0% +clearly that uh impulse was a key part + + + align:start position:0% +clearly that uh impulse was a key part +of uh the founding of the open course + + align:start position:0% +of uh the founding of the open course + + + align:start position:0% +of uh the founding of the open course +Weare initiative you + + align:start position:0% +Weare initiative you + + + align:start position:0% +Weare initiative you +saw that your job was to spread + + align:start position:0% +saw that your job was to spread + + + align:start position:0% +saw that your job was to spread +knowledge and that you could do this in + + align:start position:0% +knowledge and that you could do this in + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge and that you could do this in +a new way and you were bold enough to uh + + align:start position:0% +a new way and you were bold enough to uh + + + align:start position:0% +a new way and you were bold enough to uh +try to do that uh great first step uh + + align:start position:0% +try to do that uh great first step uh + + + align:start position:0% +try to do that uh great first step uh +but it's super important to keep + + align:start position:0% +but it's super important to keep + + + align:start position:0% +but it's super important to keep +thinking about that keep thinking about + + align:start position:0% +thinking about that keep thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about that keep thinking about +the way the world is changing so key + + align:start position:0% +the way the world is changing so key + + + align:start position:0% +the way the world is changing so key +lesson from open source is this idea of + + align:start position:0% +lesson from open source is this idea of + + + align:start position:0% +lesson from open source is this idea of +smaller pieces and modular design you + + align:start position:0% +smaller pieces and modular design you + + + align:start position:0% +smaller pieces and modular design you +know if I have uh you know one critique + + align:start position:0% +know if I have uh you know one critique + + + align:start position:0% +know if I have uh you know one critique +of open course Weare is that it + + align:start position:0% +of open course Weare is that it + + + align:start position:0% +of open course Weare is that it +has a lot of Heritage that comes with it + + align:start position:0% +has a lot of Heritage that comes with it + + + align:start position:0% +has a lot of Heritage that comes with it +the heritage of a world in which + + align:start position:0% +the heritage of a world in which + + + align:start position:0% +the heritage of a world in which +students assemble in one place uh for an + + align:start position:0% +students assemble in one place uh for an + + + align:start position:0% +students assemble in one place uh for an +extended period of time uh where they + + align:start position:0% +extended period of time uh where they + + + align:start position:0% +extended period of time uh where they +get instruction over a fixed uh period + + align:start position:0% +get instruction over a fixed uh period + + + align:start position:0% +get instruction over a fixed uh period +And so you design a course uh partly + + align:start position:0% +And so you design a course uh partly + + + align:start position:0% +And so you design a course uh partly +around the constraints of the + + align:start position:0% +around the constraints of the + + + align:start position:0% +around the constraints of the +environment in which it is taught I've + + align:start position:0% +environment in which it is taught I've + + + align:start position:0% +environment in which it is taught I've +wrestle with this in in book publishing + + align:start position:0% +wrestle with this in in book publishing + + + align:start position:0% +wrestle with this in in book publishing +you know we we captured knowledge in a + + align:start position:0% +you know we we captured knowledge in a + + + align:start position:0% +you know we we captured knowledge in a +particular way uh because that was how + + align:start position:0% +particular way uh because that was how + + + align:start position:0% +particular way uh because that was how +you distributed it you you couple + + align:start position:0% +you distributed it you you couple + + + align:start position:0% +you distributed it you you couple +hundred pages of text you bound between + + align:start position:0% +hundred pages of text you bound between + + + align:start position:0% +hundred pages of text you bound between +covers uh defined a certain length of + + align:start position:0% +covers uh defined a certain length of + + + align:start position:0% +covers uh defined a certain length of +learning + + align:start position:0% +learning + + + align:start position:0% +learning +unit hasn't necessarily held up as we've + + align:start position:0% +unit hasn't necessarily held up as we've + + + align:start position:0% +unit hasn't necessarily held up as we've +gone forward so this lesson of small + + align:start position:0% +gone forward so this lesson of small + + + align:start position:0% +gone forward so this lesson of small +pieces of modular design from open + + align:start position:0% +pieces of modular design from open + + + align:start position:0% +pieces of modular design from open +source turned out to apply uh for + + align:start position:0% +source turned out to apply uh for + + + align:start position:0% +source turned out to apply uh for +knowledge as well so take Wikipedia you + + align:start position:0% +knowledge as well so take Wikipedia you + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge as well so take Wikipedia you +know uh the reason why Wikipedia has + + align:start position:0% +know uh the reason why Wikipedia has + + + align:start position:0% +know uh the reason why Wikipedia has +been so remarkably successful has partly + + align:start position:0% +been so remarkably successful has partly + + + align:start position:0% +been so remarkably successful has partly +to do with the fact that it has an + + align:start position:0% +to do with the fact that it has an + + + align:start position:0% +to do with the fact that it has an +atomic structure in which every article + + align:start position:0% +atomic structure in which every article + + + align:start position:0% +atomic structure in which every article +is on a small narrow topic you know here + + align:start position:0% +is on a small narrow topic you know here + + + align:start position:0% +is on a small narrow topic you know here +for example the article on MIT open + + align:start position:0% +for example the article on MIT open + + + align:start position:0% +for example the article on MIT open +courseware it's also got a relatively + + align:start position:0% +courseware it's also got a relatively + + + align:start position:0% +courseware it's also got a relatively +standardized design there are certain + + align:start position:0% +standardized design there are certain + + + align:start position:0% +standardized design there are certain +features of every page and so for + + align:start position:0% +features of every page and so for + + + align:start position:0% +features of every page and so for +example when you start a new one you can + + align:start position:0% +example when you start a new one you can + + + align:start position:0% +example when you start a new one you can +start with a stub page that kind of + + align:start position:0% +start with a stub page that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +start with a stub page that kind of +tells you uh how to fill it out and uh + + align:start position:0% +tells you uh how to fill it out and uh + + + align:start position:0% +tells you uh how to fill it out and uh +you know so that's that's kind of an + + align:start position:0% +you know so that's that's kind of an + + + align:start position:0% +you know so that's that's kind of an +interesting lesson there this is uh the + + align:start position:0% +interesting lesson there this is uh the + + + align:start position:0% +interesting lesson there this is uh the +the idea of of short and small + + align:start position:0% +the idea of of short and small + + + align:start position:0% +the idea of of short and small +is clearly evidenced by YouTube uh + + align:start position:0% +is clearly evidenced by YouTube uh + + + align:start position:0% +is clearly evidenced by YouTube uh +there's actually a huge amount of + + align:start position:0% +there's actually a huge amount of + + + align:start position:0% +there's actually a huge amount of +instructional video on YouTube Here's a + + align:start position:0% +instructional video on YouTube Here's a + + + align:start position:0% +instructional video on YouTube Here's a +a a video put out by Make magazine which + + align:start position:0% +a a video put out by Make magazine which + + + align:start position:0% +a a video put out by Make magazine which +we publish it's got something like + + align:start position:0% +we publish it's got something like + + + align:start position:0% +we publish it's got something like +178,000 views and it's so just a little + + align:start position:0% +178,000 views and it's so just a little + + + align:start position:0% +178,000 views and it's so just a little +project how to make a bike light you + + align:start position:0% +project how to make a bike light you + + + align:start position:0% +project how to make a bike light you +know out of LEDs whatever it's um five + + align:start position:0% +know out of LEDs whatever it's um five + + + align:start position:0% +know out of LEDs whatever it's um five +minute video but there's many things you + + align:start position:0% +minute video but there's many things you + + + align:start position:0% +minute video but there's many things you +can learn on on YouTube I had a + + align:start position:0% +can learn on on YouTube I had a + + + align:start position:0% +can learn on on YouTube I had a +wonderful experience in uh Italy eating + + align:start position:0% +wonderful experience in uh Italy eating + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful experience in uh Italy eating +uh fish baked consult and I said wow I + + align:start position:0% +uh fish baked consult and I said wow I + + + align:start position:0% +uh fish baked consult and I said wow I +want to make that quick search on + + align:start position:0% +want to make that quick search on + + + align:start position:0% +want to make that quick search on +YouTube Chef showed me how to do it in 3 + + align:start position:0% +YouTube Chef showed me how to do it in 3 + + + align:start position:0% +YouTube Chef showed me how to do it in 3 +minutes and uh the folks at Google say + + align:start position:0% +minutes and uh the folks at Google say + + + align:start position:0% +minutes and uh the folks at Google say +that you know viewership falls off + + align:start position:0% +that you know viewership falls off + + + align:start position:0% +that you know viewership falls off +radically after five minutes of a + + align:start position:0% +radically after five minutes of a + + + align:start position:0% +radically after five minutes of a +YouTube + + align:start position:0% +YouTube + + + align:start position:0% +YouTube +video right so it turns out that the the + + align:start position:0% +video right so it turns out that the the + + + align:start position:0% +video right so it turns out that the the +magic unit of teaching in video is five + + align:start position:0% +magic unit of teaching in video is five + + + align:start position:0% +magic unit of teaching in video is five +minutes or + + align:start position:0% +minutes or + + + align:start position:0% +minutes or +less uh you know Ted I think has done + + align:start position:0% +less uh you know Ted I think has done + + + align:start position:0% +less uh you know Ted I think has done +pretty well to push + + align:start position:0% +pretty well to push + + + align:start position:0% +pretty well to push +it out to 18 to 20 minutes but it's not + + align:start position:0% +it out to 18 to 20 minutes but it's not + + + align:start position:0% +it out to 18 to 20 minutes but it's not +the unit of the 45 minute lecture it's + + align:start position:0% +the unit of the 45 minute lecture it's + + + align:start position:0% +the unit of the 45 minute lecture it's +not the unit of uh the semester long + + align:start position:0% +not the unit of uh the semester long + + + align:start position:0% +not the unit of uh the semester long +course and so there's some challenges to + + align:start position:0% +course and so there's some challenges to + + + align:start position:0% +course and so there's some challenges to +uh how we think about how people learn + + align:start position:0% +uh how we think about how people learn + + + align:start position:0% +uh how we think about how people learn +uh that's not to say that there you know + + align:start position:0% +uh that's not to say that there you know + + + align:start position:0% +uh that's not to say that there you know +isn't a role for the larger unit I just + + align:start position:0% +isn't a role for the larger unit I just + + + align:start position:0% +isn't a role for the larger unit I just +think that we all have to rethink our + + align:start position:0% +think that we all have to rethink our + + + align:start position:0% +think that we all have to rethink our +assumptions about what that role might + + align:start position:0% +assumptions about what that role might + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions about what that role might +be how Central it is and how to make + + align:start position:0% +be how Central it is and how to make + + + align:start position:0% +be how Central it is and how to make +what we do more modular more engaging U + + align:start position:0% +what we do more modular more engaging U + + + align:start position:0% +what we do more modular more engaging U +because successful as open courseware is + + align:start position:0% +because successful as open courseware is + + + align:start position:0% +because successful as open courseware is +I guarantee you that U uh people are + + align:start position:0% +I guarantee you that U uh people are + + + align:start position:0% +I guarantee you that U uh people are +learning in new ways outside the + + align:start position:0% +learning in new ways outside the + + + align:start position:0% +learning in new ways outside the +university uh from all kinds of informal + + align:start position:0% +university uh from all kinds of informal + + + align:start position:0% +university uh from all kinds of informal +mechanisms and that is in fact the + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms and that is in fact the + + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms and that is in fact the +biggest challenge today and the biggest + + align:start position:0% +biggest challenge today and the biggest + + + align:start position:0% +biggest challenge today and the biggest +opportunity uh for + + align:start position:0% +opportunity uh for + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity uh for +Education uh here's another + + align:start position:0% +Education uh here's another + + + align:start position:0% +Education uh here's another +instructional site this one actually is + + align:start position:0% +instructional site this one actually is + + + align:start position:0% +instructional site this one actually is +uh one that I'm an investor in so I + + align:start position:0% +uh one that I'm an investor in so I + + + align:start position:0% +uh one that I'm an investor in so I +should disclose that St called + + align:start position:0% +should disclose that St called + + + align:start position:0% +should disclose that St called +instructables.com and they have similar + + align:start position:0% +instructables.com and they have similar + + + align:start position:0% +instructables.com and they have similar +very simple small uh + + align:start position:0% +very simple small uh + + + align:start position:0% +very simple small uh +instructional uh module design simple + + align:start position:0% +instructional uh module design simple + + + align:start position:0% +instructional uh module design simple +it's literally pictures with captions + + align:start position:0% +it's literally pictures with captions + + + align:start position:0% +it's literally pictures with captions +you know and it's mostly how-to content + + align:start position:0% +you know and it's mostly how-to content + + + align:start position:0% +you know and it's mostly how-to content +um uh but you know usually practical uh + + align:start position:0% +um uh but you know usually practical uh + + + align:start position:0% +um uh but you know usually practical uh +Con Academy you know five minute videos + + align:start position:0% +Con Academy you know five minute videos + + + align:start position:0% +Con Academy you know five minute videos +very simple uh you guys have obviously + + align:start position:0% +very simple uh you guys have obviously + + + align:start position:0% +very simple uh you guys have obviously +I'm sure you've heard about this but + + align:start position:0% +I'm sure you've heard about this but + + + align:start position:0% +I'm sure you've heard about this but +what do we see here they've got + + align:start position:0% +what do we see here they've got + + + align:start position:0% +what do we see here they've got +something like 2,000 videos and uh + + align:start position:0% +something like 2,000 videos and uh + + + align:start position:0% +something like 2,000 videos and uh +saying here see if I can read it yes 52 + + align:start position:0% +saying here see if I can read it yes 52 + + + align:start position:0% +saying here see if I can read it yes 52 +million lessons delivered and this is in + + align:start position:0% +million lessons delivered and this is in + + + align:start position:0% +million lessons delivered and this is in +about two years so they're + + align:start position:0% +about two years so they're + + + align:start position:0% +about two years so they're +extraordinarily successful with this + + align:start position:0% +extraordinarily successful with this + + + align:start position:0% +extraordinarily successful with this +sort of small format now you might say + + align:start position:0% +sort of small format now you might say + + + align:start position:0% +sort of small format now you might say +gosh well they don't have anything like + + align:start position:0% +gosh well they don't have anything like + + + align:start position:0% +gosh well they don't have anything like +the depth that we have in our courses at + + align:start position:0% +the depth that we have in our courses at + + + align:start position:0% +the depth that we have in our courses at +MIT and yet my own experience in + + align:start position:0% +MIT and yet my own experience in + + + align:start position:0% +MIT and yet my own experience in +publishing has been that sometimes we + + align:start position:0% +publishing has been that sometimes we + + + align:start position:0% +publishing has been that sometimes we +take ourselves to to seriously in + + align:start position:0% +take ourselves to to seriously in + + + align:start position:0% +take ourselves to to seriously in +thinking of the value that we add and so + + align:start position:0% +thinking of the value that we add and so + + + align:start position:0% +thinking of the value that we add and so +I want to give you kind of an example of + + align:start position:0% +I want to give you kind of an example of + + + align:start position:0% +I want to give you kind of an example of +this uh this a site which is probably + + align:start position:0% +this uh this a site which is probably + + + align:start position:0% +this uh this a site which is probably +the biggest competitor to what we do at + + align:start position:0% +the biggest competitor to what we do at + + + align:start position:0% +the biggest competitor to what we do at +a Riley with our technical books called + + align:start position:0% +a Riley with our technical books called + + + align:start position:0% +a Riley with our technical books called +stackoverflow.com and it's simply a + + align:start position:0% +stackoverflow.com and it's simply a + + + align:start position:0% +stackoverflow.com and it's simply a +question and answer site and uh people + + align:start position:0% +question and answer site and uh people + + + align:start position:0% +question and answer site and uh people +post questions like I look at this uh + + align:start position:0% +post questions like I look at this uh + + + align:start position:0% +post questions like I look at this uh +you know uh they're they're incredibly + + align:start position:0% +you know uh they're they're incredibly + + + align:start position:0% +you know uh they're they're incredibly +down in the weeds you know compute + + align:start position:0% +down in the weeds you know compute + + + align:start position:0% +down in the weeds you know compute +altitude and Asma from CM attitude using + + align:start position:0% +altitude and Asma from CM attitude using + + + align:start position:0% +altitude and Asma from CM attitude using +either roll pitch and Y or curnon or + + align:start position:0% +either roll pitch and Y or curnon or + + + align:start position:0% +either roll pitch and Y or curnon or +rotation Matrix binding numeric keypad + + align:start position:0% +rotation Matrix binding numeric keypad + + + align:start position:0% +rotation Matrix binding numeric keypad +keys with emac 2.4 and Mac OS 10 uh you + + align:start position:0% +keys with emac 2.4 and Mac OS 10 uh you + + + align:start position:0% +keys with emac 2.4 and Mac OS 10 uh you +know is there a tool to visualize a + + align:start position:0% +know is there a tool to visualize a + + + align:start position:0% +know is there a tool to visualize a +grail's web flow you know so it's just + + align:start position:0% +grail's web flow you know so it's just + + + align:start position:0% +grail's web flow you know so it's just +really and it's it's completely + + align:start position:0% +really and it's it's completely + + + align:start position:0% +really and it's it's completely +participatory anybody can post questions + + align:start position:0% +participatory anybody can post questions + + + align:start position:0% +participatory anybody can post questions +people vote them up people answer them + + align:start position:0% +people vote them up people answer them + + + align:start position:0% +people vote them up people answer them +and uh here's what I kind of want to + + align:start position:0% +and uh here's what I kind of want to + + + align:start position:0% +and uh here's what I kind of want to +show you is we have this you know the + + align:start position:0% +show you is we have this you know the + + + align:start position:0% +show you is we have this you know the +three lines here the bottom are uh + + align:start position:0% +three lines here the bottom are uh + + + align:start position:0% +three lines here the bottom are uh +O'Reilly Safari Books online which is + + align:start position:0% +O'Reilly Safari Books online which is + + + align:start position:0% +O'Reilly Safari Books online which is +actually extraordinarily successful + + align:start position:0% +actually extraordinarily successful + + + align:start position:0% +actually extraordinarily successful +business for us I don't mean to uh uh + + align:start position:0% +business for us I don't mean to uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +business for us I don't mean to uh uh +malign and and the open courseware + + align:start position:0% +malign and and the open courseware + + + align:start position:0% +malign and and the open courseware +initiative and up above the line that's + + align:start position:0% +initiative and up above the line that's + + + align:start position:0% +initiative and up above the line that's +way up above uh us is U is stack + + align:start position:0% +way up above uh us is U is stack + + + align:start position:0% +way up above uh us is U is stack +Overflow this is a traffic graph from + + align:start position:0% +Overflow this is a traffic graph from + + + align:start position:0% +Overflow this is a traffic graph from +compete.com you know so users are + + align:start position:0% +compete.com you know so users are + + + align:start position:0% +compete.com you know so users are +visiting this site in huge numbers + + align:start position:0% +visiting this site in huge numbers + + + align:start position:0% +visiting this site in huge numbers +because it meets their needs if you've + + align:start position:0% +because it meets their needs if you've + + + align:start position:0% +because it meets their needs if you've +got a certain amount of context uh you + + align:start position:0% +got a certain amount of context uh you + + + align:start position:0% +got a certain amount of context uh you +can jump right to the + + align:start position:0% +can jump right to the + + + align:start position:0% +can jump right to the +answer and next + + align:start position:0% +answer and next + + + align:start position:0% +answer and next +lesson is to develop in public you know + + align:start position:0% +lesson is to develop in public you know + + + align:start position:0% +lesson is to develop in public you know +I think uh this goes back to Eric + + align:start position:0% +I think uh this goes back to Eric + + + align:start position:0% +I think uh this goes back to Eric +Raymond's Cathedral and the bizaar uh + + align:start position:0% +Raymond's Cathedral and the bizaar uh + + + align:start position:0% +Raymond's Cathedral and the bizaar uh +the cathedral model you develop + + align:start position:0% +the cathedral model you develop + + + align:start position:0% +the cathedral model you develop +something and periodically you unleash + + align:start position:0% +something and periodically you unleash + + + align:start position:0% +something and periodically you unleash +it on the world uh the most successful + + align:start position:0% +it on the world uh the most successful + + + align:start position:0% +it on the world uh the most successful +free and open source projects literally + + align:start position:0% +free and open source projects literally + + + align:start position:0% +free and open source projects literally +are developed in public uh the most uh + + align:start position:0% +are developed in public uh the most uh + + + align:start position:0% +are developed in public uh the most uh +great model to go study is a site called + + align:start position:0% +great model to go study is a site called + + + align:start position:0% +great model to go study is a site called +GitHub which is really a social coding + + align:start position:0% +GitHub which is really a social coding + + + align:start position:0% +GitHub which is really a social coding +site uh moment is hosting something like + + align:start position:0% +site uh moment is hosting something like + + + align:start position:0% +site uh moment is hosting something like +two million projects uh from uh 700 7 + + align:start position:0% +two million projects uh from uh 700 7 + + + align:start position:0% +two million projects uh from uh 700 7 +736 th000 people uh sharing the + + align:start position:0% +736 th000 people uh sharing the + + + align:start position:0% +736 th000 people uh sharing the +development and it has a lot of really + + align:start position:0% +development and it has a lot of really + + + align:start position:0% +development and it has a lot of really +great tools for this kind of public work + + align:start position:0% +great tools for this kind of public work + + + align:start position:0% +great tools for this kind of public work +and people are starting to use it for + + align:start position:0% +and people are starting to use it for + + + align:start position:0% +and people are starting to use it for +other projects we're actually engaged in + + align:start position:0% +other projects we're actually engaged in + + + align:start position:0% +other projects we're actually engaged in +a project with GitHub to figure out how + + align:start position:0% +a project with GitHub to figure out how + + + align:start position:0% +a project with GitHub to figure out how +to use it for uh developing books in + + align:start position:0% +to use it for uh developing books in + + + align:start position:0% +to use it for uh developing books in +public Wikipedia you know one of the + + align:start position:0% +public Wikipedia you know one of the + + + align:start position:0% +public Wikipedia you know one of the +things that most people who are outside + + align:start position:0% +things that most people who are outside + + + align:start position:0% +things that most people who are outside +the Wikipedia Community don't realize is + + align:start position:0% +the Wikipedia Community don't realize is + + + align:start position:0% +the Wikipedia Community don't realize is +that there is a talk page associated + + align:start position:0% +that there is a talk page associated + + + align:start position:0% +that there is a talk page associated +with every Wikipedia entry you know + + align:start position:0% +with every Wikipedia entry you know + + + align:start position:0% +with every Wikipedia entry you know +where people can discuss can argue and I + + align:start position:0% +where people can discuss can argue and I + + + align:start position:0% +where people can discuss can argue and I +just pulled up the Osama bin leaden page + + align:start position:0% +just pulled up the Osama bin leaden page + + + align:start position:0% +just pulled up the Osama bin leaden page +because it sort of got a lot of recent + + align:start position:0% +because it sort of got a lot of recent + + + align:start position:0% +because it sort of got a lot of recent +activity uh but they develop in public + + align:start position:0% +activity uh but they develop in public + + + align:start position:0% +activity uh but they develop in public +every you know um Wikipedia page is + + align:start position:0% +every you know um Wikipedia page is + + + align:start position:0% +every you know um Wikipedia page is +actually using the same tools as + + align:start position:0% +actually using the same tools as + + + align:start position:0% +actually using the same tools as +software development where changes are + + align:start position:0% +software development where changes are + + + align:start position:0% +software development where changes are +uh put under revision control you can + + align:start position:0% +uh put under revision control you can + + + align:start position:0% +uh put under revision control you can +actually revert a page you can actually + + align:start position:0% +actually revert a page you can actually + + + align:start position:0% +actually revert a page you can actually +see the history you can there's actually + + align:start position:0% +see the history you can there's actually + + + align:start position:0% +see the history you can there's actually +people have done animations of the + + align:start position:0% +people have done animations of the + + + align:start position:0% +people have done animations of the +evolution of of Wikipedia Pages um some + + align:start position:0% +evolution of of Wikipedia Pages um some + + + align:start position:0% +evolution of of Wikipedia Pages um some +fascinating work there uh uh but it's + + align:start position:0% +fascinating work there uh uh but it's + + + align:start position:0% +fascinating work there uh uh but it's +it's all done in public may not be + + align:start position:0% +it's all done in public may not be + + + align:start position:0% +it's all done in public may not be +perfect but it's a model of community + + align:start position:0% +perfect but it's a model of community + + + align:start position:0% +perfect but it's a model of community +engagement in the development of these + + align:start position:0% +engagement in the development of these + + + align:start position:0% +engagement in the development of these +modular products uh this a wonderful + + align:start position:0% +modular products uh this a wonderful + + + align:start position:0% +modular products uh this a wonderful +site again for understanding these + + align:start position:0% +site again for understanding these + + + align:start position:0% +site again for understanding these +Dynamics called Olo uh which looks at + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics called Olo uh which looks at + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics called Olo uh which looks at +the participatory dynamics of different + + align:start position:0% +the participatory dynamics of different + + + align:start position:0% +the participatory dynamics of different +open source projects and so for example + + align:start position:0% +open source projects and so for example + + + align:start position:0% +open source projects and so for example +the Linux kernel I think they mentioned + + align:start position:0% +the Linux kernel I think they mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +the Linux kernel I think they mentioned +over the last 12 months 284 Developers + + align:start position:0% +over the last 12 months 284 Developers + + + align:start position:0% +over the last 12 months 284 Developers +contributed code to the last release of + + align:start position:0% +contributed code to the last release of + + + align:start position:0% +contributed code to the last release of +the colonel so you know again the + + align:start position:0% +the colonel so you know again the + + + align:start position:0% +the colonel so you know again the +metrics are public the participation is + + align:start position:0% +metrics are public the participation is + + + align:start position:0% +metrics are public the participation is +public you actually have on Olo they + + align:start position:0% +public you actually have on Olo they + + + align:start position:0% +public you actually have on Olo they +actually show who is making those + + align:start position:0% +actually show who is making those + + + align:start position:0% +actually show who is making those +changes and you can drill down and see + + align:start position:0% +changes and you can drill down and see + + + align:start position:0% +changes and you can drill down and see +uh what people have done you know so + + align:start position:0% +uh what people have done you know so + + + align:start position:0% +uh what people have done you know so +this this this real focus on not just on + + align:start position:0% +this this this real focus on not just on + + + align:start position:0% +this this this real focus on not just on +the project but on the people who are + + align:start position:0% +the project but on the people who are + + + align:start position:0% +the project but on the people who are +part of it uh this active mailing list + + align:start position:0% +part of it uh this active mailing list + + + align:start position:0% +part of it uh this active mailing list +there's a wonderful site called Mark + + align:start position:0% +there's a wonderful site called Mark + + + align:start position:0% +there's a wonderful site called Mark +mail uh that allows you to data mine all + + align:start position:0% +mail uh that allows you to data mine all + + + align:start position:0% +mail uh that allows you to data mine all +of the mailing lists that are often + + align:start position:0% +of the mailing lists that are often + + + align:start position:0% +of the mailing lists that are often +associated with open source projects and + + align:start position:0% +associated with open source projects and + + + align:start position:0% +associated with open source projects and +you can kind of look at this graph of + + align:start position:0% +you can kind of look at this graph of + + + align:start position:0% +you can kind of look at this graph of +the participation in the Linux kernel + + align:start position:0% +the participation in the Linux kernel + + + align:start position:0% +the participation in the Linux kernel +something like a 100,000 messages a + + align:start position:0% +something like a 100,000 messages a + + + align:start position:0% +something like a 100,000 messages a +month uh in this mailing list makes it + + align:start position:0% +month uh in this mailing list makes it + + + align:start position:0% +month uh in this mailing list makes it +or this set of mailing lists because + + align:start position:0% +or this set of mailing lists because + + + align:start position:0% +or this set of mailing lists because +it's really broken down to several and + + align:start position:0% +it's really broken down to several and + + + align:start position:0% +it's really broken down to several and +so you really want to think social + + align:start position:0% +so you really want to think social + + + align:start position:0% +so you really want to think social +and in in the design of open courseware + + align:start position:0% +and in in the design of open courseware + + + align:start position:0% +and in in the design of open courseware +provide affordances for community and + + align:start position:0% +provide affordances for community and + + + align:start position:0% +provide affordances for community and +give you an example from instructables + + align:start position:0% +give you an example from instructables + + + align:start position:0% +give you an example from instructables +uh obviously every instructible has + + align:start position:0% +uh obviously every instructible has + + + align:start position:0% +uh obviously every instructible has +space for comments uh but they also + + align:start position:0% +space for comments uh but they also + + + align:start position:0% +space for comments uh but they also +provide this little + + align:start position:0% +provide this little + + + align:start position:0% +provide this little +um window popped up there it's from + + align:start position:0% +um window popped up there it's from + + + align:start position:0% +um window popped up there it's from +lower down on the page uh is an example + + align:start position:0% +lower down on the page uh is an example + + + align:start position:0% +lower down on the page uh is an example +of what I mean by affordances and of + + align:start position:0% +of what I mean by affordances and of + + + align:start position:0% +of what I mean by affordances and of +course there's no better site to look at + + align:start position:0% +course there's no better site to look at + + + align:start position:0% +course there's no better site to look at +for affordances than Amazon uh they're + + align:start position:0% +for affordances than Amazon uh they're + + + align:start position:0% +for affordances than Amazon uh they're +they're such a great example of a + + align:start position:0% +they're such a great example of a + + + align:start position:0% +they're such a great example of a +company that early on in the history of + + align:start position:0% +company that early on in the history of + + + align:start position:0% +company that early on in the history of +the web understood how to add + + align:start position:0% +the web understood how to add + + + align:start position:0% +the web understood how to add +participation to something that was not + + align:start position:0% +participation to something that was not + + + align:start position:0% +participation to something that was not +inherently + + align:start position:0% +inherently + + + align:start position:0% +inherently +participatory you know in my early + + align:start position:0% +participatory you know in my early + + + align:start position:0% +participatory you know in my early +advocacy on web2 + + align:start position:0% +advocacy on web2 + + + align:start position:0% +advocacy on web2 +uh I you know there were two companies + + align:start position:0% +uh I you know there were two companies + + + align:start position:0% +uh I you know there were two companies +that I told people to study and they + + align:start position:0% +that I told people to study and they + + + align:start position:0% +that I told people to study and they +were Google and Amazon uh Google because + + align:start position:0% +were Google and Amazon uh Google because + + + align:start position:0% +were Google and Amazon uh Google because +they were not obviously participatory + + align:start position:0% +they were not obviously participatory + + + align:start position:0% +they were not obviously participatory +you know I mean you know how could how + + align:start position:0% +you know I mean you know how could how + + + align:start position:0% +you know I mean you know how could how +you in fact it was an early site that + + align:start position:0% +you in fact it was an early site that + + + align:start position:0% +you in fact it was an early site that +was listing web2 companies and they + + align:start position:0% +was listing web2 companies and they + + + align:start position:0% +was listing web2 companies and they +didn't list Google as a web2 company + + align:start position:0% +didn't list Google as a web2 company + + + align:start position:0% +didn't list Google as a web2 company +because they didn't exhibit + + align:start position:0% +because they didn't exhibit + + + align:start position:0% +because they didn't exhibit +participation and I was like God these + + align:start position:0% +participation and I was like God these + + + align:start position:0% +participation and I was like God these +guys just don't aren't thinking deeply + + align:start position:0% +guys just don't aren't thinking deeply + + + align:start position:0% +guys just don't aren't thinking deeply +enough uh because of course Google's + + align:start position:0% +enough uh because of course Google's + + + align:start position:0% +enough uh because of course Google's +fundamental Insight page rank was of + + align:start position:0% +fundamental Insight page rank was of + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental Insight page rank was of +participation it was that a great way to + + align:start position:0% +participation it was that a great way to + + + align:start position:0% +participation it was that a great way to +rank Pages was to look at what people + + align:start position:0% +rank Pages was to look at what people + + + align:start position:0% +rank Pages was to look at what people +did how people linked to them and to do + + align:start position:0% +did how people linked to them and to do + + + align:start position:0% +did how people linked to them and to do +a citation graph and um you know because + + align:start position:0% +a citation graph and um you know because + + + align:start position:0% +a citation graph and um you know because +before that search engines just used + + align:start position:0% +before that search engines just used + + + align:start position:0% +before that search engines just used +Brute Force search on the text and + + align:start position:0% +Brute Force search on the text and + + + align:start position:0% +Brute Force search on the text and +Google actually took this social Dynamic + + align:start position:0% +Google actually took this social Dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +Google actually took this social Dynamic +and use it to produce better search + + align:start position:0% +and use it to produce better search + + + align:start position:0% +and use it to produce better search +results they also became experts at + + align:start position:0% +results they also became experts at + + + align:start position:0% +results they also became experts at +mining user behavior and so for example + + align:start position:0% +mining user behavior and so for example + + + align:start position:0% +mining user behavior and so for example +their uh AdWords product was more + + align:start position:0% +their uh AdWords product was more + + + align:start position:0% +their uh AdWords product was more +successful than anybody else doing + + align:start position:0% +successful than anybody else doing + + + align:start position:0% +successful than anybody else doing +search word advertising because they did + + align:start position:0% +search word advertising because they did + + + align:start position:0% +search word advertising because they did +intense algorithms to predict which ads + + align:start position:0% +intense algorithms to predict which ads + + + align:start position:0% +intense algorithms to predict which ads +people would click on and they figured + + align:start position:0% +people would click on and they figured + + + align:start position:0% +people would click on and they figured +out that unlike Microsoft and Yahoo who + + align:start position:0% +out that unlike Microsoft and Yahoo who + + + align:start position:0% +out that unlike Microsoft and Yahoo who +were selling to the highest bidder that + + align:start position:0% +were selling to the highest bidder that + + + align:start position:0% +were selling to the highest bidder that +you could often sell to the second or + + align:start position:0% +you could often sell to the second or + + + align:start position:0% +you could often sell to the second or +third highest bidder and get more + + align:start position:0% +third highest bidder and get more + + + align:start position:0% +third highest bidder and get more +Revenue because if the second or you + + align:start position:0% +Revenue because if the second or you + + + align:start position:0% +Revenue because if the second or you +knew that the second or third uh highest + + align:start position:0% +knew that the second or third uh highest + + + align:start position:0% +knew that the second or third uh highest +bid for an ad was going to get clicked + + align:start position:0% +bid for an ad was going to get clicked + + + align:start position:0% +bid for an ad was going to get clicked +on more often you know three times $5 is + + align:start position:0% +on more often you know three times $5 is + + + align:start position:0% +on more often you know three times $5 is +more than one times $10 and they became + + align:start position:0% +more than one times $10 and they became + + + align:start position:0% +more than one times $10 and they became +usually successful as a result of that + + align:start position:0% +usually successful as a result of that + + + align:start position:0% +usually successful as a result of that +social Dynamic Amazon took something + + align:start position:0% +social Dynamic Amazon took something + + + align:start position:0% +social Dynamic Amazon took something +that didn't seem at + + align:start position:0% +that didn't seem at + + + align:start position:0% +that didn't seem at +all + + align:start position:0% +all + + + align:start position:0% +all +um social and made it intensely social + + align:start position:0% +um social and made it intensely social + + + align:start position:0% +um social and made it intensely social +you know they featured you know they + + align:start position:0% +you know they featured you know they + + + align:start position:0% +you know they featured you know they +they gave you lots of opportunities to + + align:start position:0% +they gave you lots of opportunities to + + + align:start position:0% +they gave you lots of opportunities to +comment but more + + align:start position:0% +comment but more + + + align:start position:0% +comment but more +importantly they actually gave you + + align:start position:0% +importantly they actually gave you + + + align:start position:0% +importantly they actually gave you +results based on what people did on the + + align:start position:0% +results based on what people did on the + + + align:start position:0% +results based on what people did on the +site and I remember early on trying to I + + align:start position:0% +site and I remember early on trying to I + + + align:start position:0% +site and I remember early on trying to I +used to + + align:start position:0% +used to + + + align:start position:0% +used to +illustrate a search on JavaScript which + + align:start position:0% +illustrate a search on JavaScript which + + + align:start position:0% +illustrate a search on JavaScript which +is a subject in one of our books on + + align:start position:0% +is a subject in one of our books on + + + align:start position:0% +is a subject in one of our books on +Amazon versus Barnes & noble.com and it + + align:start position:0% +Amazon versus Barnes & noble.com and it + + + align:start position:0% +Amazon versus Barnes & noble.com and it +was it was really kind of interesting + + align:start position:0% +was it was really kind of interesting + + + align:start position:0% +was it was really kind of interesting +because Amazon searches uh were always + + align:start position:0% +because Amazon searches uh were always + + + align:start position:0% +because Amazon searches uh were always +listed in the order of most + + align:start position:0% +listed in the order of most + + + align:start position:0% +listed in the order of most +popular uh you know and they use as as + + align:start position:0% +popular uh you know and they use as as + + + align:start position:0% +popular uh you know and they use as as +an algorithm for most popular they + + align:start position:0% +an algorithm for most popular they + + + align:start position:0% +an algorithm for most popular they +didn't even just use sales they used the + + align:start position:0% +didn't even just use sales they used the + + + align:start position:0% +didn't even just use sales they used the +number of reviews the ranking that + + align:start position:0% +number of reviews the ranking that + + + align:start position:0% +number of reviews the ranking that +people gave product uh the amount of + + align:start position:0% +people gave product uh the amount of + + + align:start position:0% +people gave product uh the amount of +activity you know where people uh + + align:start position:0% +activity you know where people uh + + + align:start position:0% +activity you know where people uh +referenced it in other ways the number + + align:start position:0% +referenced it in other ways the number + + + align:start position:0% +referenced it in other ways the number +of people who referred to it from + + align:start position:0% +of people who referred to it from + + + align:start position:0% +of people who referred to it from +outside they used all these complex + + align:start position:0% +outside they used all these complex + + + align:start position:0% +outside they used all these complex +algorithms to say this is the one that + + align:start position:0% +algorithms to say this is the one that + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms to say this is the one that +people care about in much the same way + + align:start position:0% +people care about in much the same way + + + align:start position:0% +people care about in much the same way +that Google did and meanwhile over on + + align:start position:0% +that Google did and meanwhile over on + + + align:start position:0% +that Google did and meanwhile over on +Barnes & Noble at the time I remember + + align:start position:0% +Barnes & Noble at the time I remember + + + align:start position:0% +Barnes & Noble at the time I remember +Barnes & Noble had their own publishing + + align:start position:0% +Barnes & Noble had their own publishing + + + align:start position:0% +Barnes & Noble had their own publishing +operation in computer books and when you + + align:start position:0% +operation in computer books and when you + + + align:start position:0% +operation in computer books and when you +did search for JavaScript what came up + + align:start position:0% +did search for JavaScript what came up + + + align:start position:0% +did search for JavaScript what came up +first was their book you know and there + + align:start position:0% +first was their book you know and there + + + align:start position:0% +first was their book you know and there +was no wonder that Amazon won so back + + align:start position:0% +was no wonder that Amazon won so back + + + align:start position:0% +was no wonder that Amazon won so back +back to this slide of Instructables + + align:start position:0% +back to this slide of Instructables + + + align:start position:0% +back to this slide of Instructables +these are a lot of the kind of features + + align:start position:0% +these are a lot of the kind of features + + + align:start position:0% +these are a lot of the kind of features +that you'd see on an Amazon you know + + align:start position:0% +that you'd see on an Amazon you know + + + align:start position:0% +that you'd see on an Amazon you know +ratings comments uh but there's also + + align:start position:0% +ratings comments uh but there's also + + + align:start position:0% +ratings comments uh but there's also +this idea that I kind of hinted at on + + align:start position:0% +this idea that I kind of hinted at on + + + align:start position:0% +this idea that I kind of hinted at on +Olo which is that the contributors are + + align:start position:0% +Olo which is that the contributors are + + + align:start position:0% +Olo which is that the contributors are +called out so in this particular case + + align:start position:0% +called out so in this particular case + + + align:start position:0% +called out so in this particular case +this instructible is one of 13 by the + + align:start position:0% +this instructible is one of 13 by the + + + align:start position:0% +this instructible is one of 13 by the +same uh contributor and you can follow + + align:start position:0% +same uh contributor and you can follow + + + align:start position:0% +same uh contributor and you can follow +his you can follow him just like you can + + align:start position:0% +his you can follow him just like you can + + + align:start position:0% +his you can follow him just like you can +follow somebody on Twitter you can say + + align:start position:0% +follow somebody on Twitter you can say + + + align:start position:0% +follow somebody on Twitter you can say +oh I like this one I want to see the + + align:start position:0% +oh I like this one I want to see the + + + align:start position:0% +oh I like this one I want to see the +next time he posts one right so again + + align:start position:0% +next time he posts one right so again + + + align:start position:0% +next time he posts one right so again +think about the social aspects of uh of + + align:start position:0% +think about the social aspects of uh of + + + align:start position:0% +think about the social aspects of uh of +what you do in open course whereare and + + align:start position:0% +what you do in open course whereare and + + + align:start position:0% +what you do in open course whereare and +try to build you know if if this open + + align:start position:0% +try to build you know if if this open + + + align:start position:0% +try to build you know if if this open +thing is actually about Network enabled + + align:start position:0% +thing is actually about Network enabled + + + align:start position:0% +thing is actually about Network enabled +community and network enabled + + align:start position:0% +community and network enabled + + + align:start position:0% +community and network enabled +collaboration think about how to enable + + align:start position:0% +collaboration think about how to enable + + + align:start position:0% +collaboration think about how to enable +not just more + + align:start position:0% +not just more + + + align:start position:0% +not just more +collaboration um but also more + + align:start position:0% +collaboration um but also more + + + align:start position:0% +collaboration um but also more +Community uh that may mean actually + + align:start position:0% +Community uh that may mean actually + + + align:start position:0% +Community uh that may mean actually +having Community managers maybe mean + + align:start position:0% +having Community managers maybe mean + + + align:start position:0% +having Community managers maybe mean +figuring out uh that for particular + + align:start position:0% +figuring out uh that for particular + + + align:start position:0% +figuring out uh that for particular +courses there is an opportunity to do uh + + align:start position:0% +courses there is an opportunity to do uh + + + align:start position:0% +courses there is an opportunity to do uh +development uh that goes beyond a single + + align:start position:0% +development uh that goes beyond a single + + + align:start position:0% +development uh that goes beyond a single +institution I think there's a lot of uh + + align:start position:0% +institution I think there's a lot of uh + + + align:start position:0% +institution I think there's a lot of uh +work to be done there to Think Through + + align:start position:0% +work to be done there to Think Through + + + align:start position:0% +work to be done there to Think Through +how you can work together with uh with + + align:start position:0% +how you can work together with uh with + + + align:start position:0% +how you can work together with uh with +other institutions in this regard a + + align:start position:0% +other institutions in this regard a + + + align:start position:0% +other institutions in this regard a +small uh comment about a courseware + + align:start position:0% +small uh comment about a courseware + + + align:start position:0% +small uh comment about a courseware +initiative that I find really + + align:start position:0% +initiative that I find really + + + align:start position:0% +initiative that I find really +fascinating in my + + align:start position:0% +fascinating in my + + + align:start position:0% +fascinating in my +original um training was in Classics and + + align:start position:0% +original um training was in Classics and + + + align:start position:0% +original um training was in Classics and +uh it's a wonderful + + align:start position:0% +uh it's a wonderful + + + align:start position:0% +uh it's a wonderful +uh story about a group called sasus + + align:start position:0% +uh story about a group called sasus + + + align:start position:0% +uh story about a group called sasus +which is the Greek word meaning uh + + align:start position:0% +which is the Greek word meaning uh + + + align:start position:0% +which is the Greek word meaning uh +householding together living together uh + + align:start position:0% +householding together living together uh + + + align:start position:0% +householding together living together uh +and it is the second largest Classics + + align:start position:0% +and it is the second largest Classics + + + align:start position:0% +and it is the second largest Classics +Department in the country after the + + align:start position:0% +Department in the country after the + + + align:start position:0% +Department in the country after the +University of Texas ahead of Harvard + + align:start position:0% +University of Texas ahead of Harvard + + + align:start position:0% +University of Texas ahead of Harvard +turns out it's a collaboration between + + align:start position:0% +turns out it's a collaboration between + + + align:start position:0% +turns out it's a collaboration between +21 small Southern colleges each of whom + + align:start position:0% +21 small Southern colleges each of whom + + + align:start position:0% +21 small Southern colleges each of whom +has a one or two Classics professors and + + align:start position:0% +has a one or two Classics professors and + + + align:start position:0% +has a one or two Classics professors and +they figured out that if they only had + + align:start position:0% +they figured out that if they only had + + + align:start position:0% +they figured out that if they only had +uh one Professor all they'd ever get to + + align:start position:0% +uh one Professor all they'd ever get to + + + align:start position:0% +uh one Professor all they'd ever get to +do was teach introductory courses uh so + + align:start position:0% +do was teach introductory courses uh so + + + align:start position:0% +do was teach introductory courses uh so +they banded together and it was sort of + + align:start position:0% +they banded together and it was sort of + + + align:start position:0% +they banded together and it was sort of +like okay you teach introductory Greek + + align:start position:0% +like okay you teach introductory Greek + + + align:start position:0% +like okay you teach introductory Greek +this this quarter I'm teaching + + align:start position:0% +this this quarter I'm teaching + + + align:start position:0% +this this quarter I'm teaching +theocritus right but what happened is + + align:start position:0% +theocritus right but what happened is + + + align:start position:0% +theocritus right but what happened is +and they did this with Team teaching + + align:start position:0% +and they did this with Team teaching + + + align:start position:0% +and they did this with Team teaching +with networking and so on originally it + + align:start position:0% +with networking and so on originally it + + + align:start position:0% +with networking and so on originally it +was just conference calls and then later + + align:start position:0% +was just conference calls and then later + + + align:start position:0% +was just conference calls and then later +they got more sophisticated technology + + align:start position:0% +they got more sophisticated technology + + + align:start position:0% +they got more sophisticated technology +but what they found was that they + + align:start position:0% +but what they found was that they + + + align:start position:0% +but what they found was that they +started evolving how they taught they + + align:start position:0% +started evolving how they taught they + + + align:start position:0% +started evolving how they taught they +started saying hey let's have debates + + align:start position:0% +started saying hey let's have debates + + + align:start position:0% +started saying hey let's have debates +you know so they get professors from + + align:start position:0% +you know so they get professors from + + + align:start position:0% +you know so they get professors from +different institutions who had different + + align:start position:0% +different institutions who had different + + + align:start position:0% +different institutions who had different +opinions about the topic and so instead + + align:start position:0% +opinions about the topic and so instead + + + align:start position:0% +opinions about the topic and so instead +of simply saying oh you teach yours and + + align:start position:0% +of simply saying oh you teach yours and + + + align:start position:0% +of simply saying oh you teach yours and +I'll teach mine they said hey let's + + align:start position:0% +I'll teach mine they said hey let's + + + align:start position:0% +I'll teach mine they said hey let's +teach this together' and I think that's + + align:start position:0% +teach this together' and I think that's + + + align:start position:0% +teach this together' and I think that's +I think a really interesting Frontier in + + align:start position:0% +I think a really interesting Frontier in + + + align:start position:0% +I think a really interesting Frontier in +terms of of community I think it's also + + align:start position:0% +terms of of community I think it's also + + + align:start position:0% +terms of of community I think it's also +you know how do you bring in uh + + align:start position:0% +you know how do you bring in uh + + + align:start position:0% +you know how do you bring in uh +engagement with the students into the + + align:start position:0% +engagement with the students into the + + + align:start position:0% +engagement with the students into the +development of the + + align:start position:0% +development of the + + + align:start position:0% +development of the +course so kind of I guess my biggest uh + + align:start position:0% +course so kind of I guess my biggest uh + + + align:start position:0% +course so kind of I guess my biggest uh +message there is + + align:start position:0% +message there is + + + align:start position:0% +message there is +is thinking about the success of open + + align:start position:0% +is thinking about the success of open + + + align:start position:0% +is thinking about the success of open +really means thinking about + + align:start position:0% +really means thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +really means thinking about +participation and so I'd urge you not + + align:start position:0% +participation and so I'd urge you not + + + align:start position:0% +participation and so I'd urge you not +just to measure how many people download + + align:start position:0% +just to measure how many people download + + + align:start position:0% +just to measure how many people download +or view your courses but how many people + + align:start position:0% +or view your courses but how many people + + + align:start position:0% +or view your courses but how many people +contrib to them and how uh they work + + align:start position:0% +contrib to them and how uh they work + + + align:start position:0% +contrib to them and how uh they work +together design them to be extensible + + align:start position:0% +together design them to be extensible + + + align:start position:0% +together design them to be extensible +figure out how people can add to them uh + + align:start position:0% +figure out how people can add to them uh + + + align:start position:0% +figure out how people can add to them uh +whether that's simply by comments or + + align:start position:0% +whether that's simply by comments or + + + align:start position:0% +whether that's simply by comments or +whether it's by literally saying here's + + align:start position:0% +whether it's by literally saying here's + + + align:start position:0% +whether it's by literally saying here's +additional material uh that might be + + align:start position:0% +additional material uh that might be + + + align:start position:0% +additional material uh that might be +relevant for this course uh here's the + + align:start position:0% +relevant for this course uh here's the + + + align:start position:0% +relevant for this course uh here's the +connection between this course and some + + align:start position:0% +connection between this course and some + + + align:start position:0% +connection between this course and some +other course that may appear to be + + align:start position:0% +other course that may appear to be + + + align:start position:0% +other course that may appear to be +unrelated uh you know here's this course + + align:start position:0% +unrelated uh you know here's this course + + + align:start position:0% +unrelated uh you know here's this course +at this institution and there's some + + align:start position:0% +at this institution and there's some + + + align:start position:0% +at this institution and there's some +great material from a related course + + align:start position:0% +great material from a related course + + + align:start position:0% +great material from a related course +from another institution you in the + + align:start position:0% +from another institution you in the + + + align:start position:0% +from another institution you in the +history of Open Source software and the + + align:start position:0% +history of Open Source software and the + + + align:start position:0% +history of Open Source software and the +history of the internet small pieces + + align:start position:0% +history of the internet small pieces + + + align:start position:0% +history of the internet small pieces +Loosely joined is really the key to the + + align:start position:0% +Loosely joined is really the key to the + + + align:start position:0% +Loosely joined is really the key to the +magic and I really urge you to explore + + align:start position:0% +magic and I really urge you to explore + + + align:start position:0% +magic and I really urge you to explore +that as you think about the future of + + align:start position:0% +that as you think about the future of + + + align:start position:0% +that as you think about the future of +open + + align:start position:0% +open + + + align:start position:0% +open +courseware uh the last thing I want to + + align:start position:0% +courseware uh the last thing I want to + + + align:start position:0% +courseware uh the last thing I want to +just say is um this idea this is a a + + align:start position:0% +just say is um this idea this is a a + + + align:start position:0% +just say is um this idea this is a a +motto that we use at O'Reilly is to + + align:start position:0% +motto that we use at O'Reilly is to + + + align:start position:0% +motto that we use at O'Reilly is to +create more value than you + + align:start position:0% +create more value than you + + + align:start position:0% +create more value than you +capture and clearly you guys have done + + align:start position:0% +capture and clearly you guys have done + + + align:start position:0% +capture and clearly you guys have done +that uh you know it's a wonderful + + align:start position:0% +that uh you know it's a wonderful + + + align:start position:0% +that uh you know it's a wonderful +gift that you have given to the world + + align:start position:0% +gift that you have given to the world + + + align:start position:0% +gift that you have given to the world +and when we talked about open source + + align:start position:0% +and when we talked about open source + + + align:start position:0% +and when we talked about open source +software I was really influenced early + + align:start position:0% +software I was really influenced early + + + align:start position:0% +software I was really influenced early +on by this book called The Gift by Lewis + + align:start position:0% +on by this book called The Gift by Lewis + + + align:start position:0% +on by this book called The Gift by Lewis +Hyde and Eric ramid also talked about + + align:start position:0% +Hyde and Eric ramid also talked about + + + align:start position:0% +Hyde and Eric ramid also talked about +gift cultures in one of his essays in + + align:start position:0% +gift cultures in one of his essays in + + + align:start position:0% +gift cultures in one of his essays in +the cathedral in the bazaar and in a + + align:start position:0% +the cathedral in the bazaar and in a + + + align:start position:0% +the cathedral in the bazaar and in a +gift culture status comes not from we + + align:start position:0% +gift culture status comes not from we + + + align:start position:0% +gift culture status comes not from we +have or what we get but from what we + + align:start position:0% +have or what we get but from what we + + + align:start position:0% +have or what we get but from what we +give + + align:start position:0% +give + + + align:start position:0% +give +away and by giving away its courses uh + + align:start position:0% +away and by giving away its courses uh + + + align:start position:0% +away and by giving away its courses uh +MIT has immeasurably + + align:start position:0% +MIT has immeasurably + + + align:start position:0% +MIT has immeasurably +enhanced uh it value to the world has in + + align:start position:0% +enhanced uh it value to the world has in + + + align:start position:0% +enhanced uh it value to the world has in +immensely enhanced its value to itself + + align:start position:0% +immensely enhanced its value to itself + + + align:start position:0% +immensely enhanced its value to itself +uh has created this value and I just I + + align:start position:0% +uh has created this value and I just I + + + align:start position:0% +uh has created this value and I just I +applaud you for it and I urge you to + + align:start position:0% +applaud you for it and I urge you to + + + align:start position:0% +applaud you for it and I urge you to +keep thinking about how to take it + + align:start position:0% +keep thinking about how to take it + + + align:start position:0% +keep thinking about how to take it +Forward uh into the 21st century uh + + align:start position:0% +Forward uh into the 21st century uh + + + align:start position:0% +Forward uh into the 21st century uh +because the world is changing the world + + align:start position:0% +because the world is changing the world + + + align:start position:0% +because the world is changing the world +is changing in wonderful new ways and we + + align:start position:0% +is changing in wonderful new ways and we + + + align:start position:0% +is changing in wonderful new ways and we +have an opportunity to build on uh what + + align:start position:0% +have an opportunity to build on uh what + + + align:start position:0% +have an opportunity to build on uh what +we've all done in the past to reinvent + + align:start position:0% +we've all done in the past to reinvent + + + align:start position:0% +we've all done in the past to reinvent +in my case publishing uh in your case + + align:start position:0% +in my case publishing uh in your case + + + align:start position:0% +in my case publishing uh in your case +the university and so let's think not + + align:start position:0% +the university and so let's think not + + + align:start position:0% +the university and so let's think not +just about this as an expression of uh + + align:start position:0% +just about this as an expression of uh + + + align:start position:0% +just about this as an expression of uh +releasing what you do now uh to the + + align:start position:0% +releasing what you do now uh to the + + + align:start position:0% +releasing what you do now uh to the +world but think about how open + + align:start position:0% +world but think about how open + + + align:start position:0% +world but think about how open +courseware can actually drive your + + align:start position:0% +courseware can actually drive your + + + align:start position:0% +courseware can actually drive your +thinking about the future of the + + align:start position:0% +thinking about the future of the + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about the future of the +University think also and just remember + + align:start position:0% +University think also and just remember + + + align:start position:0% +University think also and just remember +also you know why universities were + + align:start position:0% +also you know why universities were + + + align:start position:0% +also you know why universities were +created and make sure that what you do + + align:start position:0% +created and make sure that what you do + + + align:start position:0% +created and make sure that what you do +fulfills your mission which is not just + + align:start position:0% +fulfills your mission which is not just + + + align:start position:0% +fulfills your mission which is not just +about MIT but which is about making the + + align:start position:0% +about MIT but which is about making the + + + align:start position:0% +about MIT but which is about making the +world a better place and uh let open + + align:start position:0% +world a better place and uh let open + + + align:start position:0% +world a better place and uh let open +courseware help guide that mission thank + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you I know where we are + + align:start position:0% +you I know where we are + + + align:start position:0% +you I know where we are +on very on time we started a bit early + + align:start position:0% +on very on time we started a bit early + + + align:start position:0% +on very on time we started a bit early +uh I you know I can either do Q&A or + + align:start position:0% +uh I you know I can either do Q&A or + + + align:start position:0% +uh I you know I can either do Q&A or +depending on the will of the organizers + + align:start position:0% +depending on the will of the organizers + + + align:start position:0% +depending on the will of the organizers +we can uh stop + + align:start position:0% +we can uh stop + + + align:start position:0% +we can uh stop +let just Q okay I'm told Q&A if anybody + + align:start position:0% +let just Q okay I'm told Q&A if anybody + + + align:start position:0% +let just Q okay I'm told Q&A if anybody +has questions feel + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +free looks like maybe we I've stunned + + align:start position:0% +free looks like maybe we I've stunned + + + align:start position:0% +free looks like maybe we I've stunned +you all into + + align:start position:0% +you all into + + + align:start position:0% +you all into +incomprehension come on JSP you gotta + + align:start position:0% +incomprehension come on JSP you gotta + + + align:start position:0% +incomprehension come on JSP you gotta +have something for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +me yeah I'll put them up on slid + + align:start position:0% +me yeah I'll put them up on slid + + + align:start position:0% +me yeah I'll put them up on slid +share which is actually another fabulous + + align:start position:0% +share which is actually another fabulous + + + align:start position:0% +share which is actually another fabulous +site that followed in your foot + + align:start position:0% +site that followed in your foot + + + align:start position:0% +site that followed in your foot +footsteps and and made it possible for + + align:start position:0% +footsteps and and made it possible for + + + align:start position:0% +footsteps and and made it possible for +people making presentations like this to + + align:start position:0% +people making presentations like this to + + + align:start position:0% +people making presentations like this to +share them with the world but actually + + align:start position:0% +share them with the world but actually + + + align:start position:0% +share them with the world but actually +seeing you John uh if you guys you guys + + align:start position:0% +seeing you John uh if you guys you guys + + + align:start position:0% +seeing you John uh if you guys you guys +many of you probably know John cely + + align:start position:0% +many of you probably know John cely + + + align:start position:0% +many of you probably know John cely +Brown uh his uh recent book The Power of + + align:start position:0% +Brown uh his uh recent book The Power of + + + align:start position:0% +Brown uh his uh recent book The Power of +pull is a fabulous read for anyone who + + align:start position:0% +pull is a fabulous read for anyone who + + + align:start position:0% +pull is a fabulous read for anyone who +wants to think about the future of + + align:start position:0% +wants to think about the future of + + + align:start position:0% +wants to think about the future of +Education uh you know one of the big + + align:start position:0% +Education uh you know one of the big + + + align:start position:0% +Education uh you know one of the big +trends that we've observed in + + align:start position:0% +trends that we've observed in + + + align:start position:0% +trends that we've observed in +our work as Publishers and Educators is + + align:start position:0% +our work as Publishers and Educators is + + + align:start position:0% +our work as Publishers and Educators is +uh what John has so aptly called The + + align:start position:0% +uh what John has so aptly called The + + + align:start position:0% +uh what John has so aptly called The +Power of pull uh the shift from a push + + align:start position:0% +Power of pull uh the shift from a push + + + align:start position:0% +Power of pull uh the shift from a push +education model in which uh you know + + align:start position:0% +education model in which uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +education model in which uh you know +teachers or Publishers in my case are + + align:start position:0% +teachers or Publishers in my case are + + + align:start position:0% +teachers or Publishers in my case are +pushing things out to a world in which + + align:start position:0% +pushing things out to a world in which + + + align:start position:0% +pushing things out to a world in which +students are able to seek out uh + + align:start position:0% +students are able to seek out uh + + + align:start position:0% +students are able to seek out uh +information from disparate sources in + + align:start position:0% +information from disparate sources in + + + align:start position:0% +information from disparate sources in +which they're able to assemble their own + + align:start position:0% +which they're able to assemble their own + + + align:start position:0% +which they're able to assemble their own +um support team to teach them things if + + align:start position:0% +um support team to teach them things if + + + align:start position:0% +um support team to teach them things if +you haven't read that book I I I really + + align:start position:0% +you haven't read that book I I I really + + + align:start position:0% +you haven't read that book I I I really +recommend it because it's a fabulous + + align:start position:0% +recommend it because it's a fabulous + + + align:start position:0% +recommend it because it's a fabulous +illustration of you know some fun + + align:start position:0% +illustration of you know some fun + + + align:start position:0% +illustration of you know some fun +fundamental new dynamics that the + + align:start position:0% +fundamental new dynamics that the + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental new dynamics that the +internet has enabled that are really + + align:start position:0% +internet has enabled that are really + + + align:start position:0% +internet has enabled that are really +upending the world of + + align:start position:0% +upending the world of + + + align:start position:0% +upending the world of +Education okay now I've okay you got a + + align:start position:0% +Education okay now I've okay you got a + + + align:start position:0% +Education okay now I've okay you got a +question back hereo can you talk about + + align:start position:0% +question back hereo can you talk about + + + align:start position:0% +question back hereo can you talk about +code for America and what um I know + + align:start position:0% +code for America and what um I know + + + align:start position:0% +code for America and what um I know +you're on the involved in that and how + + align:start position:0% +you're on the involved in that and how + + + align:start position:0% +you're on the involved in that and how +that got started and um the kinds of + + align:start position:0% +that got started and um the kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +that got started and um the kinds of +projects that they're doing all right + + align:start position:0% +projects that they're doing all right + + + align:start position:0% +projects that they're doing all right +that's okay it's a little far a field + + align:start position:0% +that's okay it's a little far a field + + + align:start position:0% +that's okay it's a little far a field +but happy to do that so um you know in + + align:start position:0% +but happy to do that so um you know in + + + align:start position:0% +but happy to do that so um you know in +the last couple years the focus of my + + align:start position:0% +the last couple years the focus of my + + + align:start position:0% +the last couple years the focus of my +technology activism has been uh around + + align:start position:0% +technology activism has been uh around + + + align:start position:0% +technology activism has been uh around +something that by extension + + align:start position:0% +something that by extension + + + align:start position:0% +something that by extension +of web2 I started calling + + align:start position:0% +of web2 I started calling + + + align:start position:0% +of web2 I started calling +go2 which was trying to figure out how + + align:start position:0% +go2 which was trying to figure out how + + + align:start position:0% +go2 which was trying to figure out how +to help government uh apply the + + align:start position:0% +to help government uh apply the + + + align:start position:0% +to help government uh apply the +principles of web2 to the way it + + align:start position:0% +principles of web2 to the way it + + + align:start position:0% +principles of web2 to the way it +operates and there were kind of two key + + align:start position:0% +operates and there were kind of two key + + + align:start position:0% +operates and there were kind of two key +ideas that I came up with because for a + + align:start position:0% +ideas that I came up with because for a + + + align:start position:0% +ideas that I came up with because for a +lot of people thought oh you know what + + align:start position:0% +lot of people thought oh you know what + + + align:start position:0% +lot of people thought oh you know what +we really have to do is just get + + align:start position:0% +we really have to do is just get + + + align:start position:0% +we really have to do is just get +government to use social media you know + + align:start position:0% +government to use social media you know + + + align:start position:0% +government to use social media you know +so you see the White House on Twitter or + + align:start position:0% +so you see the White House on Twitter or + + + align:start position:0% +so you see the White House on Twitter or +using YouTube or + + align:start position:0% +using YouTube or + + + align:start position:0% +using YouTube or +Facebook and that's great but I thought + + align:start position:0% +Facebook and that's great but I thought + + + align:start position:0% +Facebook and that's great but I thought +this a more profound lesson and and it + + align:start position:0% +this a more profound lesson and and it + + + align:start position:0% +this a more profound lesson and and it +was really to frame the idea of + + align:start position:0% +was really to frame the idea of + + + align:start position:0% +was really to frame the idea of +government as a + + align:start position:0% +government as a + + + align:start position:0% +government as a +platform because we have this wonderful + + align:start position:0% +platform because we have this wonderful + + + align:start position:0% +platform because we have this wonderful +teachable moment right now in the + + align:start position:0% +teachable moment right now in the + + + align:start position:0% +teachable moment right now in the +computer industry because of the way the + + align:start position:0% +computer industry because of the way the + + + align:start position:0% +computer industry because of the way the +iPhone is transforming uh the cell phone + + align:start position:0% +iPhone is transforming uh the cell phone + + + align:start position:0% +iPhone is transforming uh the cell phone +market uh the way that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um the way that uh government develops + + align:start position:0% +um the way that uh government develops + + + align:start position:0% +um the way that uh government develops +software or any kind of program is a lot + + align:start position:0% +software or any kind of program is a lot + + + align:start position:0% +software or any kind of program is a lot +like the way that phone companies + + align:start position:0% +like the way that phone companies + + + align:start position:0% +like the way that phone companies +develop their phones you know you get in + + align:start position:0% +develop their phones you know you get in + + + align:start position:0% +develop their phones you know you get in +the room with a couple of Smart + + align:start position:0% +the room with a couple of Smart + + + align:start position:0% +the room with a couple of Smart +Companies some contractors you put out + + align:start position:0% +Companies some contractors you put out + + + align:start position:0% +Companies some contractors you put out +in RFP you develop some features and + + align:start position:0% +in RFP you develop some features and + + + align:start position:0% +in RFP you develop some features and +then here it is take it or leave it and + + align:start position:0% +then here it is take it or leave it and + + + align:start position:0% +then here it is take it or leave it and +apple did something radically different + + align:start position:0% +apple did something radically different + + + align:start position:0% +apple did something radically different +they built a phone yes that had fabulous + + align:start position:0% +they built a phone yes that had fabulous + + + align:start position:0% +they built a phone yes that had fabulous +new features but then they made it + + align:start position:0% +new features but then they made it + + + align:start position:0% +new features but then they made it +extensible they built a platform layer + + align:start position:0% +extensible they built a platform layer + + + align:start position:0% +extensible they built a platform layer +and suddenly phones have 300,000 + + align:start position:0% +and suddenly phones have 300,000 + + + align:start position:0% +and suddenly phones have 300,000 +applications instead of a dozen or a 20 + + align:start position:0% +applications instead of a dozen or a 20 + + + align:start position:0% +applications instead of a dozen or a 20 +you know and um that platform thinking + + align:start position:0% +you know and um that platform thinking + + + align:start position:0% +you know and um that platform thinking +is so Central to the idea of Open Source + + align:start position:0% +is so Central to the idea of Open Source + + + align:start position:0% +is so Central to the idea of Open Source +so Central to the web and I think it is + + align:start position:0% +so Central to the web and I think it is + + + align:start position:0% +so Central to the web and I think it is +Central to the future of the University + + align:start position:0% +Central to the future of the University + + + align:start position:0% +Central to the future of the University +as well kind of this idea of + + align:start position:0% +as well kind of this idea of + + + align:start position:0% +as well kind of this idea of +extensibility that I was mentioning + + align:start position:0% +extensibility that I was mentioning + + + align:start position:0% +extensibility that I was mentioning +earlier anyway so I I started preaching + + align:start position:0% +earlier anyway so I I started preaching + + + align:start position:0% +earlier anyway so I I started preaching +this to + + align:start position:0% +this to + + + align:start position:0% +this to +government uh you know and and you know + + align:start position:0% +government uh you know and and you know + + + align:start position:0% +government uh you know and and you know +there are some great examples of + + align:start position:0% +there are some great examples of + + + align:start position:0% +there are some great examples of +government acting as a platform probably + + align:start position:0% +government acting as a platform probably + + + align:start position:0% +government acting as a platform probably +the the the most urant one is is the GPS + + align:start position:0% +the the the most urant one is is the GPS + + + align:start position:0% +the the the most urant one is is the GPS +system you know the Air Force put this + + align:start position:0% +system you know the Air Force put this + + + align:start position:0% +system you know the Air Force put this +up for their purposes but they made this + + align:start position:0% +up for their purposes but they made this + + + align:start position:0% +up for their purposes but they made this +you know it was actually Reagan who + + align:start position:0% +you know it was actually Reagan who + + + align:start position:0% +you know it was actually Reagan who +originally made this decision it didn't + + align:start position:0% +originally made this decision it didn't + + + align:start position:0% +originally made this decision it didn't +wasn't implemented until Clinton because + + align:start position:0% +wasn't implemented until Clinton because + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't implemented until Clinton because +the system wasn't finished uh to um open + + align:start position:0% +the system wasn't finished uh to um open + + + align:start position:0% +the system wasn't finished uh to um open +the GPS system to civilian use you know + + align:start position:0% +the GPS system to civilian use you know + + + align:start position:0% +the GPS system to civilian use you know +without that we wouldn't have you know + + align:start position:0% +without that we wouldn't have you know + + + align:start position:0% +without that we wouldn't have you know +Google Maps giving us directions on our + + align:start position:0% +Google Maps giving us directions on our + + + align:start position:0% +Google Maps giving us directions on our +phones you know we wouldn't have so many + + align:start position:0% +phones you know we wouldn't have so many + + + align:start position:0% +phones you know we wouldn't have so many +fascinating features of the modern world + + align:start position:0% +fascinating features of the modern world + + + align:start position:0% +fascinating features of the modern world +I like to say Ronald Reagan is the + + align:start position:0% +I like to say Ronald Reagan is the + + + align:start position:0% +I like to say Ronald Reagan is the +father of for square + + align:start position:0% +father of for square + + + align:start position:0% +father of for square +um and uh anyway so so I started talking + + align:start position:0% +um and uh anyway so so I started talking + + + align:start position:0% +um and uh anyway so so I started talking +about this platform thinking and uh one + + align:start position:0% +about this platform thinking and uh one + + + align:start position:0% +about this platform thinking and uh one +of the people I worked with Jen paa came + + align:start position:0% +of the people I worked with Jen paa came + + + align:start position:0% +of the people I worked with Jen paa came +up with the idea of uh of setting up a + + align:start position:0% +up with the idea of uh of setting up a + + + align:start position:0% +up with the idea of uh of setting up a +nonprofit to kind of help governments + + align:start position:0% +nonprofit to kind of help governments + + + align:start position:0% +nonprofit to kind of help governments +adopt this kind of platform thinking to + + align:start position:0% +adopt this kind of platform thinking to + + + align:start position:0% +adopt this kind of platform thinking to +open up their data to build new + + align:start position:0% +open up their data to build new + + + align:start position:0% +open up their data to build new +lightweight services to + + align:start position:0% +lightweight services to + + + align:start position:0% +lightweight services to +use + + align:start position:0% +use + + + align:start position:0% +use +um um uh to use the existing platforms + + align:start position:0% +um um uh to use the existing platforms + + + align:start position:0% +um um uh to use the existing platforms +of the internet to extend government + + align:start position:0% +of the internet to extend government + + + align:start position:0% +of the internet to extend government +services and so she started this + + align:start position:0% +services and so she started this + + + align:start position:0% +services and so she started this +nonprofit based on uh the ideas of Teach + + align:start position:0% +nonprofit based on uh the ideas of Teach + + + align:start position:0% +nonprofit based on uh the ideas of Teach +for America except it's with Geeks so + + align:start position:0% +for America except it's with Geeks so + + + align:start position:0% +for America except it's with Geeks so +Teach for America for geeks uh you know + + align:start position:0% +Teach for America for geeks uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +Teach for America for geeks uh you know +developers designers uh other computer + + align:start position:0% +developers designers uh other computer + + + align:start position:0% +developers designers uh other computer +professionals give a year of Public + + align:start position:0% +professionals give a year of Public + + + align:start position:0% +professionals give a year of Public +Service to go work with cities and + + align:start position:0% +Service to go work with cities and + + + align:start position:0% +Service to go work with cities and +actually turns out now the federal + + align:start position:0% +actually turns out now the federal + + + align:start position:0% +actually turns out now the federal +government they have a project with the + + align:start position:0% +government they have a project with the + + + align:start position:0% +government they have a project with the +Department of Labor to build a a job + + align:start position:0% +Department of Labor to build a a job + + + align:start position:0% +Department of Labor to build a a job +site for veterans uh it was kind of + + align:start position:0% +site for veterans uh it was kind of + + + align:start position:0% +site for veterans uh it was kind of +amazing that was a uh a federal + + align:start position:0% +amazing that was a uh a federal + + + align:start position:0% +amazing that was a uh a federal +procurement that was in the tens of + + align:start position:0% +procurement that was in the tens of + + + align:start position:0% +procurement that was in the tens of +millions of dollars and this guy from + + align:start position:0% +millions of dollars and this guy from + + + align:start position:0% +millions of dollars and this guy from +Department of Defense who used to work + + align:start position:0% +Department of Defense who used to work + + + align:start position:0% +Department of Defense who used to work +at Google said there's something really + + align:start position:0% +at Google said there's something really + + + align:start position:0% +at Google said there's something really +wrong with this project it's as if we + + align:start position:0% +wrong with this project it's as if we + + + align:start position:0% +wrong with this project it's as if we +wanted to get our veterans from + + align:start position:0% +wanted to get our veterans from + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to get our veterans from +Washington to Boston and we're talking + + align:start position:0% +Washington to Boston and we're talking + + + align:start position:0% +Washington to Boston and we're talking +about what gauge the tracks are going to + + align:start position:0% +about what gauge the tracks are going to + + + align:start position:0% +about what gauge the tracks are going to +be how many railroad ties we need where + + align:start position:0% +be how many railroad ties we need where + + + align:start position:0% +be how many railroad ties we need where +are we're going to get the locomotives + + align:start position:0% +are we're going to get the locomotives + + + align:start position:0% +are we're going to get the locomotives +and I'm asking them why aren't you just + + align:start position:0% +and I'm asking them why aren't you just + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm asking them why aren't you just +buying Amtrak tickets and uh you know + + align:start position:0% +buying Amtrak tickets and uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +buying Amtrak tickets and uh you know +his idea was that this all these + + align:start position:0% +his idea was that this all these + + + align:start position:0% +his idea was that this all these +lightweight tools already out there why + + align:start position:0% +lightweight tools already out there why + + + align:start position:0% +lightweight tools already out there why +isn't the government just using the + + align:start position:0% +isn't the government just using the + + + align:start position:0% +isn't the government just using the +stuff that's already there as opposed to + + align:start position:0% +stuff that's already there as opposed to + + + align:start position:0% +stuff that's already there as opposed to +building it all again from scratch and + + align:start position:0% +building it all again from scratch and + + + align:start position:0% +building it all again from scratch and +so uh he reached out to us and code for + + align:start position:0% +so uh he reached out to us and code for + + + align:start position:0% +so uh he reached out to us and code for +America's doing that so it's it's + + align:start position:0% +America's doing that so it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +America's doing that so it's it's +basically smart Geeks working on public + + align:start position:0% +basically smart Geeks working on public + + + align:start position:0% +basically smart Geeks working on public +service projects and it's it's uh I + + align:start position:0% +service projects and it's it's uh I + + + align:start position:0% +service projects and it's it's uh I +guess it's I'm not sure what the + + align:start position:0% +guess it's I'm not sure what the + + + align:start position:0% +guess it's I'm not sure what the +relevance is to this audience but it's + + align:start position:0% +relevance is to this audience but it's + + + align:start position:0% +relevance is to this audience but it's +it's a fabulous project getting great + + align:start position:0% +it's a fabulous project getting great + + + align:start position:0% +it's a fabulous project getting great +traction right back here yeah when you + + align:start position:0% +traction right back here yeah when you + + + align:start position:0% +traction right back here yeah when you +were talking about jsb's book for maybe + + align:start position:0% +were talking about jsb's book for maybe + + + align:start position:0% +were talking about jsb's book for maybe +the 12th time in your comments you were + + align:start position:0% +the 12th time in your comments you were + + + align:start position:0% +the 12th time in your comments you were +implying something I thought about the + + align:start position:0% +implying something I thought about the + + + align:start position:0% +implying something I thought about the +ability of Institutions to control uh + + align:start position:0% +ability of Institutions to control uh + + + align:start position:0% +ability of Institutions to control uh +events to anticipate what people want + + align:start position:0% +events to anticipate what people want + + + align:start position:0% +events to anticipate what people want +and provide those things in the future + + align:start position:0% +and provide those things in the future + + + align:start position:0% +and provide those things in the future +and I was wondering if you could just go + + align:start position:0% +and I was wondering if you could just go + + + align:start position:0% +and I was wondering if you could just go +straight at that question as to what all + + align:start position:0% +straight at that question as to what all + + + align:start position:0% +straight at that question as to what all +of the things you're talking about about + + align:start position:0% +of the things you're talking about about + + + align:start position:0% +of the things you're talking about about +today have to do with traditional + + align:start position:0% +today have to do with traditional + + + align:start position:0% +today have to do with traditional +hierarchies um and what the implications + + align:start position:0% +hierarchies um and what the implications + + + align:start position:0% +hierarchies um and what the implications +for new kinds of combinations are what + + align:start position:0% +for new kinds of combinations are what + + + align:start position:0% +for new kinds of combinations are what +does this mean for control I think + + align:start position:0% +does this mean for control I think + + + align:start position:0% +does this mean for control I think +that's a really really good uh Point uh + + align:start position:0% +that's a really really good uh Point uh + + + align:start position:0% +that's a really really good uh Point uh +one of the you know fabulous + + align:start position:0% +one of the you know fabulous + + + align:start position:0% +one of the you know fabulous +implications of open + + align:start position:0% +implications of open + + + align:start position:0% +implications of open +architectures is that uh anyone can + + align:start position:0% +architectures is that uh anyone can + + + align:start position:0% +architectures is that uh anyone can +start something and uh they're all equal + + align:start position:0% +start something and uh they're all equal + + + align:start position:0% +start something and uh they're all equal +you know so if you look at the this + + align:start position:0% +you know so if you look at the this + + + align:start position:0% +you know so if you look at the this +architecture of the internet + + align:start position:0% +architecture of the internet + + + align:start position:0% +architecture of the internet +uh it was I had a really great + + align:start position:0% +uh it was I had a really great + + + align:start position:0% +uh it was I had a really great +experience back in the early + + align:start position:0% +experience back in the early + + + align:start position:0% +experience back in the early +90s um the web had not yet caught on it + + align:start position:0% +90s um the web had not yet caught on it + + + align:start position:0% +90s um the web had not yet caught on it +was maybe 1994 I mean there were those + + align:start position:0% +was maybe 1994 I mean there were those + + + align:start position:0% +was maybe 1994 I mean there were those +of us who were early enthusiasts uh were + + align:start position:0% +of us who were early enthusiasts uh were + + + align:start position:0% +of us who were early enthusiasts uh were +all excited about it and uh I was at a + + align:start position:0% +all excited about it and uh I was at a + + + align:start position:0% +all excited about it and uh I was at a +talk given by Craig Mundy uh no actually + + align:start position:0% +talk given by Craig Mundy uh no actually + + + align:start position:0% +talk given by Craig Mundy uh no actually +I take it back it was Nathan mold at the + + align:start position:0% +I take it back it was Nathan mold at the + + + align:start position:0% +I take it back it was Nathan mold at the +Esther Dyson's PC forum and Nathan was + + align:start position:0% +Esther Dyson's PC forum and Nathan was + + + align:start position:0% +Esther Dyson's PC forum and Nathan was +waxing eloquent about the uh the + + align:start position:0% +waxing eloquent about the uh the + + + align:start position:0% +waxing eloquent about the uh the +Microsoft network which was sort of a + + align:start position:0% +Microsoft network which was sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +Microsoft network which was sort of a +proprietary service a lot like AOL and + + align:start position:0% +proprietary service a lot like AOL and + + + align:start position:0% +proprietary service a lot like AOL and +he he made this wonderful illustration + + align:start position:0% +he he made this wonderful illustration + + + align:start position:0% +he he made this wonderful illustration +about he he he said here's a graph of + + align:start position:0% +about he he he said here's a graph of + + + align:start position:0% +about he he he said here's a graph of +all the documents created in the world + + align:start position:0% +all the documents created in the world + + + align:start position:0% +all the documents created in the world +and uh there's a very few documents that + + align:start position:0% +and uh there's a very few documents that + + + align:start position:0% +and uh there's a very few documents that +are read by millions of people there + + align:start position:0% +are read by millions of people there + + + align:start position:0% +are read by millions of people there +millions of documents read by one or two + + align:start position:0% +millions of documents read by one or two + + + align:start position:0% +millions of documents read by one or two +people and there's this really + + align:start position:0% +people and there's this really + + + align:start position:0% +people and there's this really +interesting space in the middle and + + align:start position:0% +interesting space in the middle and + + + align:start position:0% +interesting space in the middle and +that's what the Microsoft network is + + align:start position:0% +that's what the Microsoft network is + + + align:start position:0% +that's what the Microsoft network is +about and in the during the Q&A I said + + align:start position:0% +about and in the during the Q&A I said + + + align:start position:0% +about and in the during the Q&A I said +um yeah but you know Nathan you know I + + align:start position:0% +um yeah but you know Nathan you know I + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah but you know Nathan you know I +got approached by the Microsoft network + + align:start position:0% +got approached by the Microsoft network + + + align:start position:0% +got approached by the Microsoft network +and they wanted us to pay $50,000 to + + align:start position:0% +and they wanted us to pay $50,000 to + + + align:start position:0% +and they wanted us to pay $50,000 to +become a preferred public lisher and so + + align:start position:0% +become a preferred public lisher and so + + + align:start position:0% +become a preferred public lisher and so +on and so forth and meanwhile this's + + align:start position:0% +on and so forth and meanwhile this's + + + align:start position:0% +on and so forth and meanwhile this's +this thing over here called the + + align:start position:0% +this thing over here called the + + + align:start position:0% +this thing over here called the +worldwide web where all you have to do + + align:start position:0% +worldwide web where all you have to do + + + align:start position:0% +worldwide web where all you have to do +is download your free software and and + + align:start position:0% +is download your free software and and + + + align:start position:0% +is download your free software and and +uh put it up on your own and see if + + align:start position:0% +uh put it up on your own and see if + + + align:start position:0% +uh put it up on your own and see if +people come and and uh I I think that's + + align:start position:0% +people come and and uh I I think that's + + + align:start position:0% +people come and and uh I I think that's +the future and you know he didn't see it + + align:start position:0% +the future and you know he didn't see it + + + align:start position:0% +the future and you know he didn't see it +at the time but uh um it turned out to + + align:start position:0% +at the time but uh um it turned out to + + + align:start position:0% +at the time but uh um it turned out to +be the case because anybody could add + + align:start position:0% +be the case because anybody could add + + + align:start position:0% +be the case because anybody could add +anything to the worldwide web for that + + align:start position:0% +anything to the worldwide web for that + + + align:start position:0% +anything to the worldwide web for that +matter uh the worldwide web itself uh + + align:start position:0% +matter uh the worldwide web itself uh + + + align:start position:0% +matter uh the worldwide web itself uh +was added to the internet and Tim + + align:start position:0% +was added to the internet and Tim + + + align:start position:0% +was added to the internet and Tim +burner's Lee didn't have to ask anyone's + + align:start position:0% +burner's Lee didn't have to ask anyone's + + + align:start position:0% +burner's Lee didn't have to ask anyone's +permission + + align:start position:0% +permission + + + align:start position:0% +permission +and that not having to ask permission is + + align:start position:0% +and that not having to ask permission is + + + align:start position:0% +and that not having to ask permission is +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +fundamental um you know people can add + + align:start position:0% +fundamental um you know people can add + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental um you know people can add +anything to um stack Overflow as I + + align:start position:0% +anything to um stack Overflow as I + + + align:start position:0% +anything to um stack Overflow as I +mentioned they can add anything to + + align:start position:0% +mentioned they can add anything to + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned they can add anything to +YouTube uh and that is one of the + + align:start position:0% +YouTube uh and that is one of the + + + align:start position:0% +YouTube uh and that is one of the +Dynamics that's changing the world + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics that's changing the world + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics that's changing the world +because some things + + align:start position:0% +because some things + + + align:start position:0% +because some things +become uh important that doesn't mean + + align:start position:0% +become uh important that doesn't mean + + + align:start position:0% +become uh important that doesn't mean +that that um you know kind of the + + align:start position:0% +that that um you know kind of the + + + align:start position:0% +that that um you know kind of the +credentialing function of a university + + align:start position:0% +credentialing function of a university + + + align:start position:0% +credentialing function of a university +isn't important uh you know + + align:start position:0% +isn't important uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +isn't important uh you know +when uh you know we're seeing this in + + align:start position:0% +when uh you know we're seeing this in + + + align:start position:0% +when uh you know we're seeing this in +media uh you know I talked to a producer + + align:start position:0% +media uh you know I talked to a producer + + + align:start position:0% +media uh you know I talked to a producer +of uh of Hollywood movies recently and + + align:start position:0% +of uh of Hollywood movies recently and + + + align:start position:0% +of uh of Hollywood movies recently and +he said yeah we're we're definitely + + align:start position:0% +he said yeah we're we're definitely + + + align:start position:0% +he said yeah we're we're definitely +mining YouTube for talent now and + + align:start position:0% +mining YouTube for talent now and + + + align:start position:0% +mining YouTube for talent now and +certainly you know New York Publishers + + align:start position:0% +certainly you know New York Publishers + + + align:start position:0% +certainly you know New York Publishers +are mining the self-publishing stream + + align:start position:0% +are mining the self-publishing stream + + + align:start position:0% +are mining the self-publishing stream +that's coming out of Amazon um uh for + + align:start position:0% +that's coming out of Amazon um uh for + + + align:start position:0% +that's coming out of Amazon um uh for +for talent um so you know there is a + + align:start position:0% +for talent um so you know there is a + + + align:start position:0% +for talent um so you know there is a +bottomup thing that happens and you know + + align:start position:0% +bottomup thing that happens and you know + + + align:start position:0% +bottomup thing that happens and you know +there still is is a role for the + + align:start position:0% +there still is is a role for the + + + align:start position:0% +there still is is a role for the +credentialing power of a a university + + align:start position:0% +credentialing power of a a university + + + align:start position:0% +credentialing power of a a university +but I think it actually you know puts a + + align:start position:0% +but I think it actually you know puts a + + + align:start position:0% +but I think it actually you know puts a +focus on that credentialing power and + + align:start position:0% +focus on that credentialing power and + + + align:start position:0% +focus on that credentialing power and +what that means and how you do that and + + align:start position:0% +what that means and how you do that and + + + align:start position:0% +what that means and how you do that and +it would really suggest that one of the + + align:start position:0% +it would really suggest that one of the + + + align:start position:0% +it would really suggest that one of the +things + + align:start position:0% +things + + + align:start position:0% +things +that you know a university should focus + + align:start position:0% +that you know a university should focus + + + align:start position:0% +that you know a university should focus +on is certainly you know instruction but + + align:start position:0% +on is certainly you know instruction but + + + align:start position:0% +on is certainly you know instruction but +also on how you add value to the + + align:start position:0% +also on how you add value to the + + + align:start position:0% +also on how you add value to the +reputation of the instructor how you add + + align:start position:0% +reputation of the instructor how you add + + + align:start position:0% +reputation of the instructor how you add +value to the in to the reputation of the + + align:start position:0% +value to the in to the reputation of the + + + align:start position:0% +value to the in to the reputation of the +student uh and + + align:start position:0% +student uh and + + + align:start position:0% +student uh and +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +um I should probably uh phrase this + + align:start position:0% +um I should probably uh phrase this + + + align:start position:0% +um I should probably uh phrase this +carefully because it involves uh people + + align:start position:0% +carefully because it involves uh people + + + align:start position:0% +carefully because it involves uh people +who are associated with MIT so I'll + + align:start position:0% +who are associated with MIT so I'll + + + align:start position:0% +who are associated with MIT so I'll +leave the names out uh but I have I run + + align:start position:0% +leave the names out uh but I have I run + + + align:start position:0% +leave the names out uh but I have I run +an informal uh unconference so to speak + + align:start position:0% +an informal uh unconference so to speak + + + align:start position:0% +an informal uh unconference so to speak +called science Fu camp foo standing for + + align:start position:0% +called science Fu camp foo standing for + + + align:start position:0% +called science Fu camp foo standing for +friends of O'Reilly and uh we have a lot + + align:start position:0% +friends of O'Reilly and uh we have a lot + + + align:start position:0% +friends of O'Reilly and uh we have a lot +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +famous scientists there and uh but it's + + align:start position:0% +famous scientists there and uh but it's + + + align:start position:0% +famous scientists there and uh but it's +it's a conference in which people show + + align:start position:0% +it's a conference in which people show + + + align:start position:0% +it's a conference in which people show +up there's no program uh we just have + + align:start position:0% +up there's no program uh we just have + + + align:start position:0% +up there's no program uh we just have +blank boards and people propose whatever + + align:start position:0% +blank boards and people propose whatever + + + align:start position:0% +blank boards and people propose whatever +they want to talk + + align:start position:0% +they want to talk + + + align:start position:0% +they want to talk +about um and I watched an interaction in + + align:start position:0% +about um and I watched an interaction in + + + align:start position:0% +about um and I watched an interaction in +the Halls uh between a + + align:start position:0% +the Halls uh between a + + + align:start position:0% +the Halls uh between a +famous uh + + align:start position:0% +famous uh + + + align:start position:0% +famous uh +Professor uh at this institution and he + + align:start position:0% +Professor uh at this institution and he + + + align:start position:0% +Professor uh at this institution and he +was uh talking to somebody who didn't + + align:start position:0% +was uh talking to somebody who didn't + + + align:start position:0% +was uh talking to somebody who didn't +know what he + + align:start position:0% +know what he + + + align:start position:0% +know what he +did and the um said oh that's just like + + align:start position:0% +did and the um said oh that's just like + + + align:start position:0% +did and the um said oh that's just like +what so and so + + align:start position:0% +what so and so + + + align:start position:0% +what so and so +does and he was a little taken aback + + align:start position:0% +does and he was a little taken aback + + + align:start position:0% +does and he was a little taken aback +because this the famous so and so who he + + align:start position:0% +because this the famous so and so who he + + + align:start position:0% +because this the famous so and so who he +was being compared to was one of his + + align:start position:0% +was being compared to was one of his + + + align:start position:0% +was being compared to was one of his +students and the student was really well + + align:start position:0% +students and the student was really well + + + align:start position:0% +students and the student was really well +known because of his presence on the + + align:start position:0% +known because of his presence on the + + + align:start position:0% +known because of his presence on the +internet and the professor much less so + + align:start position:0% +internet and the professor much less so + + + align:start position:0% +internet and the professor much less so +and so you know as we do have new forms + + align:start position:0% +and so you know as we do have new forms + + + align:start position:0% +and so you know as we do have new forms +of credentialing in which uh for example + + align:start position:0% +of credentialing in which uh for example + + + align:start position:0% +of credentialing in which uh for example +uh giving a well-regarded test talk + + align:start position:0% +uh giving a well-regarded test talk + + + align:start position:0% +uh giving a well-regarded test talk +maybe bestow as much status as being a + + align:start position:0% +maybe bestow as much status as being a + + + align:start position:0% +maybe bestow as much status as being a +professor at MIT we have to think about + + align:start position:0% +professor at MIT we have to think about + + + align:start position:0% +professor at MIT we have to think about +well how would the university you know + + align:start position:0% +well how would the university you know + + + align:start position:0% +well how would the university you know +add value something we think about all + + align:start position:0% +add value something we think about all + + + align:start position:0% +add value something we think about all +the time at O'Reilly you know being an + + align:start position:0% +the time at O'Reilly you know being an + + + align:start position:0% +the time at O'Reilly you know being an +O'Reilly author uh you know used to + + align:start position:0% +O'Reilly author uh you know used to + + + align:start position:0% +O'Reilly author uh you know used to +really mean something you know it's like + + align:start position:0% +really mean something you know it's like + + + align:start position:0% +really mean something you know it's like +wow I published this book and we look + + align:start position:0% +wow I published this book and we look + + + align:start position:0% +wow I published this book and we look +forward to a future in which for example + + align:start position:0% +forward to a future in which for example + + + align:start position:0% +forward to a future in which for example +where you know printed books may be + + align:start position:0% +where you know printed books may be + + + align:start position:0% +where you know printed books may be +going away and what's the difference + + align:start position:0% +going away and what's the difference + + + align:start position:0% +going away and what's the difference +between you know having something + + align:start position:0% +between you know having something + + + align:start position:0% +between you know having something +branded O'Reilly versus something + + align:start position:0% +branded O'Reilly versus something + + + align:start position:0% +branded O'Reilly versus something +self-published uh we've got to think a + + align:start position:0% +self-published uh we've got to think a + + + align:start position:0% +self-published uh we've got to think a +lot about about how we add value to + + align:start position:0% +lot about about how we add value to + + + align:start position:0% +lot about about how we add value to +somebody's association with us and not + + align:start position:0% +somebody's association with us and not + + + align:start position:0% +somebody's association with us and not +just by you know reputation but by + + align:start position:0% +just by you know reputation but by + + + align:start position:0% +just by you know reputation but by +actually helping more people to see it + + align:start position:0% +actually helping more people to see it + + + align:start position:0% +actually helping more people to see it +you know I mean one of the reasons why + + align:start position:0% +you know I mean one of the reasons why + + + align:start position:0% +you know I mean one of the reasons why +uh you know giving a TED Talk has such + + align:start position:0% +uh you know giving a TED Talk has such + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know giving a TED Talk has such +status is because hey millions of people + + align:start position:0% +status is because hey millions of people + + + align:start position:0% +status is because hey millions of people +see it you know and + + align:start position:0% +see it you know and + + + align:start position:0% +see it you know and +uh so that's one one thought about that + + align:start position:0% +uh so that's one one thought about that + + + align:start position:0% +uh so that's one one thought about that +I I think also you know I think there's + + align:start position:0% +I I think also you know I think there's + + + align:start position:0% +I I think also you know I think there's +also a huge + + align:start position:0% +also a huge + + + align:start position:0% +also a huge +um Dimension to think about and like + + align:start position:0% +um Dimension to think about and like + + + align:start position:0% +um Dimension to think about and like +what would the farm team look like you + + align:start position:0% +what would the farm team look like you + + + align:start position:0% +what would the farm team look like you +know how would you figure out uh you + + align:start position:0% +know how would you figure out uh you + + + align:start position:0% +know how would you figure out uh you +know what was an upand cominging subject + + align:start position:0% +know what was an upand cominging subject + + + align:start position:0% +know what was an upand cominging subject +that ought to be taught here you know + + align:start position:0% +that ought to be taught here you know + + + align:start position:0% +that ought to be taught here you know +how would you figure out what are the + + align:start position:0% +how would you figure out what are the + + + align:start position:0% +how would you figure out what are the +you know emerging technologies that are + + align:start position:0% +you know emerging technologies that are + + + align:start position:0% +you know emerging technologies that are +going to be more important in the future + + align:start position:0% +going to be more important in the future + + + align:start position:0% +going to be more important in the future +that ought to get more play um you know + + align:start position:0% +that ought to get more play um you know + + + align:start position:0% +that ought to get more play um you know +one of the problems with with existing + + align:start position:0% +one of the problems with with existing + + + align:start position:0% +one of the problems with with existing +institutions is they have an inertia + + align:start position:0% +institutions is they have an inertia + + + align:start position:0% +institutions is they have an inertia +they have um people who are vested in + + align:start position:0% +they have um people who are vested in + + + align:start position:0% +they have um people who are vested in +their current subject I was recently + + align:start position:0% +their current subject I was recently + + + align:start position:0% +their current subject I was recently +talking to uh someone who's a Dean at uh + + align:start position:0% +talking to uh someone who's a Dean at uh + + + align:start position:0% +talking to uh someone who's a Dean at uh +at UC Berkeley about her desire to merge + + align:start position:0% +at UC Berkeley about her desire to merge + + + align:start position:0% +at UC Berkeley about her desire to merge +her school with another school and yeah + + align:start position:0% +her school with another school and yeah + + + align:start position:0% +her school with another school and yeah +made total sense to me to anybody you + + align:start position:0% +made total sense to me to anybody you + + + align:start position:0% +made total sense to me to anybody you +know why the information school and the + + align:start position:0% +know why the information school and the + + + align:start position:0% +know why the information school and the +journalism School ought to go together + + align:start position:0% +journalism School ought to go together + + + align:start position:0% +journalism School ought to go together +uh because uh hey uh that's the future + + align:start position:0% +uh because uh hey uh that's the future + + + align:start position:0% +uh because uh hey uh that's the future +of Journalism but yet the journalism + + align:start position:0% +of Journalism but yet the journalism + + + align:start position:0% +of Journalism but yet the journalism +school doesn't see it that way because + + align:start position:0% +school doesn't see it that way because + + + align:start position:0% +school doesn't see it that way because +they have kind of a backwards looking uh + + align:start position:0% +they have kind of a backwards looking uh + + + align:start position:0% +they have kind of a backwards looking uh +vision of + + align:start position:0% +vision of + + + align:start position:0% +vision of +um of what their institution does so I + + align:start position:0% +um of what their institution does so I + + + align:start position:0% +um of what their institution does so I +guess my main point is think a lot about + + align:start position:0% +guess my main point is think a lot about + + + align:start position:0% +guess my main point is think a lot about +the future think a lot about the way + + align:start position:0% +the future think a lot about the way + + + align:start position:0% +the future think a lot about the way +things are + + align:start position:0% +things are + + + align:start position:0% +things are +changing hey um so I love your + + align:start position:0% +changing hey um so I love your + + + align:start position:0% +changing hey um so I love your +suggestion that um moving forward we + + align:start position:0% +suggestion that um moving forward we + + + align:start position:0% +suggestion that um moving forward we +should be thinking about how to make + + align:start position:0% +should be thinking about how to make + + + align:start position:0% +should be thinking about how to make +open course Weare more modular and more + + align:start position:0% +open course Weare more modular and more + + + align:start position:0% +open course Weare more modular and more +participatory um and as you've discussed + + align:start position:0% +participatory um and as you've discussed + + + align:start position:0% +participatory um and as you've discussed +a lot of pieces go into that um some of + + align:start position:0% +a lot of pieces go into that um some of + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of pieces go into that um some of +that is code and functionality of of web + + align:start position:0% +that is code and functionality of of web + + + align:start position:0% +that is code and functionality of of web +services um some of that is licensing um + + align:start position:0% +services um some of that is licensing um + + + align:start position:0% +services um some of that is licensing um +and some of that is perhaps community + + align:start position:0% +and some of that is perhaps community + + + align:start position:0% +and some of that is perhaps community +outreach um so I'm just wondering if you + + align:start position:0% +outreach um so I'm just wondering if you + + + align:start position:0% +outreach um so I'm just wondering if you +could talk a little bit more about what + + align:start position:0% +could talk a little bit more about what + + + align:start position:0% +could talk a little bit more about what +that looks like in terms of how + + align:start position:0% +that looks like in terms of how + + + align:start position:0% +that looks like in terms of how +universities and organizations go about + + align:start position:0% +universities and organizations go about + + + align:start position:0% +universities and organizations go about +implementing such systems um and also + + align:start position:0% +implementing such systems um and also + + + align:start position:0% +implementing such systems um and also +how it um how it looks on the users end + + align:start position:0% +how it um how it looks on the users end + + + align:start position:0% +how it um how it looks on the users end +or the developers end you know I guess + + align:start position:0% +or the developers end you know I guess + + + align:start position:0% +or the developers end you know I guess +what I would start with you know might + + align:start position:0% +what I would start with you know might + + + align:start position:0% +what I would start with you know might +be to figure out uh sort of a coreware + + align:start position:0% +be to figure out uh sort of a coreware + + + align:start position:0% +be to figure out uh sort of a coreware +light solution you know are there sort + + align:start position:0% +light solution you know are there sort + + + align:start position:0% +light solution you know are there sort +of you know some kind of MIT Affiliated + + align:start position:0% +of you know some kind of MIT Affiliated + + + align:start position:0% +of you know some kind of MIT Affiliated +courses uh that are not you know kind of + + align:start position:0% +courses uh that are not you know kind of + + + align:start position:0% +courses uh that are not you know kind of +the part of the formal curriculum but uh + + align:start position:0% +the part of the formal curriculum but uh + + + align:start position:0% +the part of the formal curriculum but uh +perhaps smaller lighter weight add that + + align:start position:0% +perhaps smaller lighter weight add that + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps smaller lighter weight add that +you kind of bring in uh you know I I + + align:start position:0% +you kind of bring in uh you know I I + + + align:start position:0% +you kind of bring in uh you know I I +can't imagine but there aren't um + + align:start position:0% +can't imagine but there aren't um + + + align:start position:0% +can't imagine but there aren't um +professors here who are + + align:start position:0% +professors here who are + + + align:start position:0% +professors here who are +teaching um you know in in context + + align:start position:0% +teaching um you know in in context + + + align:start position:0% +teaching um you know in in context +outside of their normal you know full + + align:start position:0% +outside of their normal you know full + + + align:start position:0% +outside of their normal you know full +course or who could be persuaded to try + + align:start position:0% +course or who could be persuaded to try + + + align:start position:0% +course or who could be persuaded to try +to build small um you know little side + + align:start position:0% +to build small um you know little side + + + align:start position:0% +to build small um you know little side +uh presentations um that would be useful + + align:start position:0% +uh presentations um that would be useful + + + align:start position:0% +uh presentations um that would be useful +to people you know I I just try I just + + align:start position:0% +to people you know I I just try I just + + + align:start position:0% +to people you know I I just try I just +try I try to experiment I try to let you + + align:start position:0% +try I try to experiment I try to let you + + + align:start position:0% +try I try to experiment I try to let you +know I I actually probably what I would + + align:start position:0% +know I I actually probably what I would + + + align:start position:0% +know I I actually probably what I would +do is I would create sort of a + + align:start position:0% +do is I would create sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +do is I would create sort of a +courseware layer where students can + + align:start position:0% +courseware layer where students can + + + align:start position:0% +courseware layer where students can +teach + + align:start position:0% +teach + + + align:start position:0% +teach +courses um and you know maybe short + + align:start position:0% +courses um and you know maybe short + + + align:start position:0% +courses um and you know maybe short +courses and see what they would come up + + align:start position:0% +courses and see what they would come up + + + align:start position:0% +courses and see what they would come up +with that would give you both that that + + align:start position:0% +with that would give you both that that + + + align:start position:0% +with that would give you both that that +farm team layer of uh you know what are + + align:start position:0% +farm team layer of uh you know what are + + + align:start position:0% +farm team layer of uh you know what are +people finding interesting but I'd also + + align:start position:0% +people finding interesting but I'd also + + + align:start position:0% +people finding interesting but I'd also +look at uh uh you know I'd look at some + + align:start position:0% +look at uh uh you know I'd look at some + + + align:start position:0% +look at uh uh you know I'd look at some +of the main subjects that are getting a + + align:start position:0% +of the main subjects that are getting a + + + align:start position:0% +of the main subjects that are getting a +lot of traction in uh in the you know + + align:start position:0% +lot of traction in uh in the you know + + + align:start position:0% +lot of traction in uh in the you know +viewership of of open course whereare + + align:start position:0% +viewership of of open course whereare + + + align:start position:0% +viewership of of open course whereare +and I'd ask yourself uh you know how + + align:start position:0% +and I'd ask yourself uh you know how + + + align:start position:0% +and I'd ask yourself uh you know how +could we create a space where people + + align:start position:0% +could we create a space where people + + + align:start position:0% +could we create a space where people +could contribute additional material uh + + align:start position:0% +could contribute additional material uh + + + align:start position:0% +could contribute additional material uh +you know uh reach out to the Alumni + + align:start position:0% +you know uh reach out to the Alumni + + + align:start position:0% +you know uh reach out to the Alumni +network uh would be another thing that + + align:start position:0% +network uh would be another thing that + + + align:start position:0% +network uh would be another thing that +might be really interesting um pose + + align:start position:0% +might be really interesting um pose + + + align:start position:0% +might be really interesting um pose +challenges or problems you know there's + + align:start position:0% +challenges or problems you know there's + + + align:start position:0% +challenges or problems you know there's +a whole aspect you see in a lot of these + + align:start position:0% +a whole aspect you see in a lot of these + + + align:start position:0% +a whole aspect you see in a lot of these +sites of Community Management you know + + align:start position:0% +sites of Community Management you know + + + align:start position:0% +sites of Community Management you know +where you you you know people are are + + align:start position:0% +where you you you know people are are + + + align:start position:0% +where you you you know people are are +going and stirring the pot and saying + + align:start position:0% +going and stirring the pot and saying + + + align:start position:0% +going and stirring the pot and saying +hey we need some more material on this + + align:start position:0% +hey we need some more material on this + + + align:start position:0% +hey we need some more material on this +subject you know here's a here's a + + align:start position:0% +subject you know here's a here's a + + + align:start position:0% +subject you know here's a here's a +course that hasn't dealt with this + + align:start position:0% +course that hasn't dealt with this + + + align:start position:0% +course that hasn't dealt with this +latest subject you know there's some new + + align:start position:0% +latest subject you know there's some new + + + align:start position:0% +latest subject you know there's some new +discoveries in this area and we need + + align:start position:0% +discoveries in this area and we need + + + align:start position:0% +discoveries in this area and we need +some new material on this and you get a + + align:start position:0% +some new material on this and you get a + + + align:start position:0% +some new material on this and you get a +single + + align:start position:0% +single + + + align:start position:0% +single +lecture um that supplements something + + align:start position:0% +lecture um that supplements something + + + align:start position:0% +lecture um that supplements something +that's uh you know the fundamental + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +course um speaking of existing + + align:start position:0% +course um speaking of existing + + + align:start position:0% +course um speaking of existing +institution I came down the street from + + align:start position:0% +institution I came down the street from + + + align:start position:0% +institution I came down the street from +haror um and if you get a chance to sit + + align:start position:0% +haror um and if you get a chance to sit + + + align:start position:0% +haror um and if you get a chance to sit +with without president how would you + + align:start position:0% +with without president how would you + + + align:start position:0% +with without president how would you +convince her to join our neighbors at + + align:start position:0% +convince her to join our neighbors at + + + align:start position:0% +convince her to join our neighbors at +toughs MIT and UMass + + align:start position:0% +toughs MIT and UMass + + + align:start position:0% +toughs MIT and UMass +Boston in this open courseware project + + align:start position:0% +Boston in this open courseware project + + + align:start position:0% +Boston in this open courseware project +um because you may know we have a much + + align:start position:0% +um because you may know we have a much + + + align:start position:0% +um because you may know we have a much +longer history yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um uh it's an interesting question + + align:start position:0% +um uh it's an interesting question + + + align:start position:0% +um uh it's an interesting question +um you know um no actually I shouldn't I + + align:start position:0% +um you know um no actually I shouldn't I + + + align:start position:0% +um you know um no actually I shouldn't I +I'm going to restrain myself I was + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to restrain myself I was + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to restrain myself I was +thinking of a of a Dorothy parter + + align:start position:0% +thinking of a of a Dorothy parter + + + align:start position:0% +thinking of a of a Dorothy parter +witticism Dorothy Parker witticism but + + align:start position:0% +witticism Dorothy Parker witticism but + + + align:start position:0% +witticism Dorothy Parker witticism but +it's quite + + align:start position:0% +it's quite + + + align:start position:0% +it's quite +inappropriate uh I don't know what would + + align:start position:0% +inappropriate uh I don't know what would + + + align:start position:0% +inappropriate uh I don't know what would +I say I I would + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +U I would say that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +yeah it's better it's better to be part + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's better it's better to be part + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's better it's better to be part +of the future than to be part of the + + align:start position:0% +of the future than to be part of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the future than to be part of the +past + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh there's a u famous story about uh a a + + align:start position:0% +uh there's a u famous story about uh a a + + + align:start position:0% +uh there's a u famous story about uh a a +famous Athenian General named ailos who + + align:start position:0% +famous Athenian General named ailos who + + + align:start position:0% +famous Athenian General named ailos who +was the son of a Shoemaker and when he + + align:start position:0% +was the son of a Shoemaker and when he + + + align:start position:0% +was the son of a Shoemaker and when he +was in school he was tormented by his + + align:start position:0% +was in school he was tormented by his + + + align:start position:0% +was in school he was tormented by his +uh aristocratic schoolmates who who + + align:start position:0% +uh aristocratic schoolmates who who + + + align:start position:0% +uh aristocratic schoolmates who who +pointed out quite rightly that uh he was + + align:start position:0% +pointed out quite rightly that uh he was + + + align:start position:0% +pointed out quite rightly that uh he was +the uh the son of a cobbler and he said + + align:start position:0% +the uh the son of a cobbler and he said + + + align:start position:0% +the uh the son of a cobbler and he said +well all I can say is that you know my + + align:start position:0% +well all I can say is that you know my + + + align:start position:0% +well all I can say is that you know my +line begins with me while yours ends + + align:start position:0% +line begins with me while yours ends + + + align:start position:0% +line begins with me while yours ends +with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you so uh not say that Harvard is coming + + align:start position:0% +you so uh not say that Harvard is coming + + + align:start position:0% +you so uh not say that Harvard is coming +to to to an end but I think all of us + + align:start position:0% +to to to an end but I think all of us + + + align:start position:0% +to to to an end but I think all of us +need to remember uh that the world is + + align:start position:0% +need to remember uh that the world is + + + align:start position:0% +need to remember uh that the world is +changing and uh you know it's really + + align:start position:0% +changing and uh you know it's really + + + align:start position:0% +changing and uh you know it's really +important to get with the + + align:start position:0% +important to get with the + + + align:start position:0% +important to get with the +future thank + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you all right thank you thank you very + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +much Parting Gift oh thank you an + + align:start position:0% +much Parting Gift oh thank you an + + + align:start position:0% +much Parting Gift oh thank you an +Antiquated piece of technology oh I hey + + align:start position:0% +Antiquated piece of technology oh I hey + + + align:start position:0% +Antiquated piece of technology oh I hey +this is not Antiquated I I love books + + align:start position:0% +this is not Antiquated I I love books + + + align:start position:0% +this is not Antiquated I I love books +all right thank you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Ph-kwY_OU30.txt b/Ph-kwY_OU30.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4f41043f3a00163af9650fa001a71c0d3953c669 --- /dev/null +++ b/Ph-kwY_OU30.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1035 @@ +align:start position:0% + +they tend to be a little smaller + + align:start position:0% +they tend to be a little smaller + + + align:start position:0% +they tend to be a little smaller +and more kind of wrinkly + + align:start position:0% +and more kind of wrinkly + + + align:start position:0% +and more kind of wrinkly +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +done okay so sarah is in charge of + + align:start position:0% +done okay so sarah is in charge of + + + align:start position:0% +done okay so sarah is in charge of +making your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes + + align:start position:0% +yes + + + align:start position:0% +yes +in the meantime we will + + align:start position:0% +in the meantime we will + + + align:start position:0% +in the meantime we will +cook this spinach + + align:start position:0% +cook this spinach + + + align:start position:0% +cook this spinach +we can either boiler boil them in a tiny + + align:start position:0% +we can either boiler boil them in a tiny + + + align:start position:0% +we can either boiler boil them in a tiny +bit of water and then you add spices or + + align:start position:0% +bit of water and then you add spices or + + + align:start position:0% +bit of water and then you add spices or +if you want to put them in a pan with + + align:start position:0% +if you want to put them in a pan with + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to put them in a pan with +garlic and olive oil that's also a very + + align:start position:0% +garlic and olive oil that's also a very + + + align:start position:0% +garlic and olive oil that's also a very +good option + + align:start position:0% +good option + + + align:start position:0% +good option +and we will also prepare some + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so i think in english you call it + + align:start position:0% +yeah so i think in english you call it + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so i think in english you call it +the the french word bechamel + + align:start position:0% +the the french word bechamel + + + align:start position:0% +the the french word bechamel +so it's a white cream + + align:start position:0% +so it's a white cream + + + align:start position:0% +so it's a white cream +that you make + + align:start position:0% +that you make + + + align:start position:0% +that you make +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what i was thinking is that for the + + align:start position:0% +what i was thinking is that for the + + + align:start position:0% +what i was thinking is that for the +crabs + + align:start position:0% +crabs + + + align:start position:0% +crabs +um i would like each of you to have a + + align:start position:0% +um i would like each of you to have a + + + align:start position:0% +um i would like each of you to have a +chance to cook their own crap + + align:start position:0% +chance to cook their own crap + + + align:start position:0% +chance to cook their own crap +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +maybe + + align:start position:0% +maybe + + + align:start position:0% +maybe +like two of you can prepare the butter + + align:start position:0% +like two of you can prepare the butter + + + align:start position:0% +like two of you can prepare the butter +in pasta and then everybody can make a + + align:start position:0% +in pasta and then everybody can make a + + + align:start position:0% +in pasta and then everybody can make a +few crabs + + align:start position:0% +few crabs + + + align:start position:0% +few crabs +right perfect then another group + + align:start position:0% +right perfect then another group + + + align:start position:0% +right perfect then another group +is making preparing the spinaches + + align:start position:0% +is making preparing the spinaches + + + align:start position:0% +is making preparing the spinaches +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +more people are preparing the bechamel + + align:start position:0% +more people are preparing the bechamel + + + align:start position:0% +more people are preparing the bechamel +is very very simple because what we will + + align:start position:0% +is very very simple because what we will + + + align:start position:0% +is very very simple because what we will +do you take + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you take a pencil + + align:start position:0% +you take a pencil + + + align:start position:0% +you take a pencil +a pot + + align:start position:0% +a pot + + + align:start position:0% +a pot +you take a little bit of butter + + align:start position:0% +you take a little bit of butter + + + align:start position:0% +you take a little bit of butter +you know let it melt then you add a + + align:start position:0% +you know let it melt then you add a + + + align:start position:0% +you know let it melt then you add a +little bit of flour when it starts to be + + align:start position:0% +little bit of flour when it starts to be + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of flour when it starts to be +farina when it starts to be light brown + + align:start position:0% +farina when it starts to be light brown + + + align:start position:0% +farina when it starts to be light brown +then you add warm milk i will give you + + align:start position:0% +then you add warm milk i will give you + + + align:start position:0% +then you add warm milk i will give you +the right proportions and then you mix + + align:start position:0% +the right proportions and then you mix + + + align:start position:0% +the right proportions and then you mix +it till it gets back to + + align:start position:0% +it till it gets back to + + + align:start position:0% +it till it gets back to +boil + + align:start position:0% +boil + + + align:start position:0% +boil +and then it when it's gonna be like + + align:start position:0% +and then it when it's gonna be like + + + align:start position:0% +and then it when it's gonna be like +ready within a few minutes that's crazy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in small + + align:start position:0% +in small + + + align:start position:0% +in small +pieces and we want to + + align:start position:0% +pieces and we want to + + + align:start position:0% +pieces and we want to +grate + + align:start position:0% +grate + + + align:start position:0% +grate +parmigiano because this is what we will + + align:start position:0% +parmigiano because this is what we will + + + align:start position:0% +parmigiano because this is what we will +do we prepare the crespelle + + align:start position:0% +do we prepare the crespelle + + + align:start position:0% +do we prepare the crespelle +then in each crespella inside each + + align:start position:0% +then in each crespella inside each + + + align:start position:0% +then in each crespella inside each +crespella we will put some bechamela + + align:start position:0% +crespella we will put some bechamela + + + align:start position:0% +crespella we will put some bechamela +sauce + + align:start position:0% +sauce + + + align:start position:0% +sauce +mix of the two cheeses and spinach + + align:start position:0% +mix of the two cheeses and spinach + + + align:start position:0% +mix of the two cheeses and spinach +then you fold them in your favorite + + align:start position:0% +then you fold them in your favorite + + + align:start position:0% +then you fold them in your favorite +shape + + align:start position:0% +shape + + + align:start position:0% +shape +and then we put them in latex + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in the oven do we put them in like + + align:start position:0% +in the oven do we put them in like + + + align:start position:0% +in the oven do we put them in like +layers + + align:start position:0% +layers + + + align:start position:0% +layers +and well the idea was to make that's + + align:start position:0% +and well the idea was to make that's + + + align:start position:0% +and well the idea was to make that's +that's an option just okay so we'll make + + align:start position:0% +that's an option just okay so we'll make + + + align:start position:0% +that's an option just okay so we'll make +them small this way and then + + align:start position:0% +them small this way and then + + + align:start position:0% +them small this way and then +well you can you can roll them or we can + + align:start position:0% +well you can you can roll them or we can + + + align:start position:0% +well you can you can roll them or we can +make + + align:start position:0% +make + + + align:start position:0% +make +triangles and then just put them side by + + align:start position:0% +triangles and then just put them side by + + + align:start position:0% +triangles and then just put them side by +side + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the other tricky part when you make + + align:start position:0% +the other tricky part when you make + + + align:start position:0% +the other tricky part when you make +preps is that you want + + align:start position:0% +preps is that you want + + + align:start position:0% +preps is that you want +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +batter to be smooth + + align:start position:0% +batter to be smooth + + + align:start position:0% +batter to be smooth +so you want to be sure + + align:start position:0% +so you want to be sure + + + align:start position:0% +so you want to be sure +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +whisk it and you may want to seat the + + align:start position:0% +whisk it and you may want to seat the + + + align:start position:0% +whisk it and you may want to seat the +flour and so the container here you cut + + align:start position:0% +flour and so the container here you cut + + + align:start position:0% +flour and so the container here you cut +it with the parmesan we grate it the + + align:start position:0% +it with the parmesan we grate it the + + + align:start position:0% +it with the parmesan we grate it the +grater is there + + align:start position:0% +grater is there + + + align:start position:0% +grater is there +two of you are preparing the mylar sure + + align:start position:0% +two of you are preparing the mylar sure + + + align:start position:0% +two of you are preparing the mylar sure +tea + + align:start position:0% +tea + + + align:start position:0% +tea +in this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then you add sifted flour + + align:start position:0% +and then you add sifted flour + + + align:start position:0% +and then you add sifted flour +and it's going to take really a second + + align:start position:0% +and it's going to take really a second + + + align:start position:0% +and it's going to take really a second +you don't have to wait too long + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to wait too long + + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to wait too long +you don't want the flour to burn + + align:start position:0% +you don't want the flour to burn + + + align:start position:0% +you don't want the flour to burn +otherwise the chameleon is going to + + align:start position:0% +otherwise the chameleon is going to + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise the chameleon is going to +taste like burnt + + align:start position:0% +taste like burnt + + + align:start position:0% +taste like burnt +temperature + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so what we're going to do we take a + + align:start position:0% +okay so what we're going to do we take a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what we're going to do we take a +tiny bit of butter we put it + + align:start position:0% +tiny bit of butter we put it + + + align:start position:0% +tiny bit of butter we put it +on the + + align:start position:0% +on the + + + align:start position:0% +on the +medium heat when the butter is melted + + align:start position:0% +medium heat when the butter is melted + + + align:start position:0% +medium heat when the butter is melted +you take + + align:start position:0% +you take + + + align:start position:0% +you take +a lot of muscle + + align:start position:0% +a lot of muscle + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of muscle +what + + align:start position:0% +what + + + align:start position:0% +what +you put it you want to make sure that + + align:start position:0% +you put it you want to make sure that + + + align:start position:0% +you put it you want to make sure that +the batter distributes uniformly so you + + align:start position:0% +the batter distributes uniformly so you + + + align:start position:0% +the batter distributes uniformly so you +can rotate the pan or you can use a + + align:start position:0% +can rotate the pan or you can use a + + + align:start position:0% +can rotate the pan or you can use a +spoon to help yourself this is very + + align:start position:0% +spoon to help yourself this is very + + + align:start position:0% +spoon to help yourself this is very +liquid so it's gonna be nice + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then when it starts to detach on the + + align:start position:0% +then when it starts to detach on the + + + align:start position:0% +then when it starts to detach on the +side it's ready to be flipped you can + + align:start position:0% +side it's ready to be flipped you can + + + align:start position:0% +side it's ready to be flipped you can +use a spatula to keep it or you can yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +so we're going to put a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to put a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to put a little bit of +bechamel + + align:start position:0% +bechamel + + + align:start position:0% +bechamel +on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +then you take + + align:start position:0% +then you take + + + align:start position:0% +then you take +the crab you put + + align:start position:0% +the crab you put + + + align:start position:0% +the crab you put +some spinach + + align:start position:0% +some spinach + + + align:start position:0% +some spinach +cheese + + align:start position:0% +cheese + + + align:start position:0% +cheese +and a tiny bit of that + + align:start position:0% +and a tiny bit of that + + + align:start position:0% +and a tiny bit of that +oh no more spinach + + align:start position:0% +oh no more spinach + + + align:start position:0% +oh no more spinach +um yeah that's gonna be right + + align:start position:0% +um yeah that's gonna be right + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah that's gonna be right +then we close everything and we can i'm + + align:start position:0% +then we close everything and we can i'm + + + align:start position:0% +then we close everything and we can i'm +gonna show you but okay this is one + + align:start position:0% +gonna show you but okay this is one + + + align:start position:0% +gonna show you but okay this is one +option and then we put it like this + + align:start position:0% +option and then we put it like this + + + align:start position:0% +option and then we put it like this +or you can uh + + align:start position:0% +or you can uh + + + align:start position:0% +or you can uh +roll it and cook it like this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +warm spinach more soup more cheese + + align:start position:0% +warm spinach more soup more cheese + + + align:start position:0% +warm spinach more soup more cheese +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +do you think that's enough i mean i like + + align:start position:0% +do you think that's enough i mean i like + + + align:start position:0% +do you think that's enough i mean i like +cheese but i don't know how we can place + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cool + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so delicious \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/R8Rw9mIa7JQ.txt b/R8Rw9mIa7JQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7c5b9aff3b1f731e951f2287773d89e3bdb4660e --- /dev/null +++ b/R8Rw9mIa7JQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8947 @@ +align:start position:0% + +all right so today marks the last + + align:start position:0% +all right so today marks the last + + + align:start position:0% +all right so today marks the last +lecture um on the subject of sorting + + align:start position:0% +lecture um on the subject of sorting + + + align:start position:0% +lecture um on the subject of sorting +algorithms or on the subject of uh + + align:start position:0% +algorithms or on the subject of uh + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms or on the subject of uh +complexity and specifically we will be + + align:start position:0% +complexity and specifically we will be + + + align:start position:0% +complexity and specifically we will be +talking about sorting + + align:start position:0% +talking about sorting + + + align:start position:0% +talking about sorting +algorithms so let's uh remember where we + + align:start position:0% +algorithms so let's uh remember where we + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms so let's uh remember where we +left off at the end of last lecture we + + align:start position:0% +left off at the end of last lecture we + + + align:start position:0% +left off at the end of last lecture we +sh we we tried to look for elements + + align:start position:0% +sh we we tried to look for elements + + + align:start position:0% +sh we we tried to look for elements +within a list and this is a really + + align:start position:0% +within a list and this is a really + + + align:start position:0% +within a list and this is a really +common problem in computer science where + + align:start position:0% +common problem in computer science where + + + align:start position:0% +common problem in computer science where +the list is basically a large data set + + align:start position:0% +the list is basically a large data set + + + align:start position:0% +the list is basically a large data set +that you might have gathered on I don't + + align:start position:0% +that you might have gathered on I don't + + + align:start position:0% +that you might have gathered on I don't +know biology information or physical + + align:start position:0% +know biology information or physical + + + align:start position:0% +know biology information or physical +experimental data some big file of data + + align:start position:0% +experimental data some big file of data + + + align:start position:0% +experimental data some big file of data +and one of the mo most common things you + + align:start position:0% +and one of the mo most common things you + + + align:start position:0% +and one of the mo most common things you +might want to do on such a file is to + + align:start position:0% +might want to do on such a file is to + + + align:start position:0% +might want to do on such a file is to +search for something within that file + + align:start position:0% +search for something within that file + + + align:start position:0% +search for something within that file +basically you'll read it in as a list + + align:start position:0% +basically you'll read it in as a list + + + align:start position:0% +basically you'll read it in as a list +and you'll search for something of + + align:start position:0% +and you'll search for something of + + + align:start position:0% +and you'll search for something of +interest within this list so we saw two + + align:start position:0% +interest within this list so we saw two + + + align:start position:0% +interest within this list so we saw two +algorithms to search for an element + + align:start position:0% +algorithms to search for an element + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms to search for an element +within a list the first was just a + + align:start position:0% +within a list the first was just a + + + align:start position:0% +within a list the first was just a +straight up linear search that linear + + align:start position:0% +straight up linear search that linear + + + align:start position:0% +straight up linear search that linear +search we did on a unsorted list and we + + align:start position:0% +search we did on a unsorted list and we + + + align:start position:0% +search we did on a unsorted list and we +also did it on a sorted list and what we + + align:start position:0% +also did it on a sorted list and what we + + + align:start position:0% +also did it on a sorted list and what we +saw was that the worst case time + + align:start position:0% +saw was that the worst case time + + + align:start position:0% +saw was that the worst case time +complexity for searching for an element + + align:start position:0% +complexity for searching for an element + + + align:start position:0% +complexity for searching for an element +within a uh within a list using linear + + align:start position:0% +within a uh within a list using linear + + + align:start position:0% +within a uh within a list using linear +search was Theta of n that's the best + + align:start position:0% +search was Theta of n that's the best + + + align:start position:0% +search was Theta of n that's the best +that we could + + align:start position:0% +that we could + + + align:start position:0% +that we could +do + + align:start position:0% +do + + + align:start position:0% +do +now we saw that the binary search + + align:start position:0% +now we saw that the binary search + + + align:start position:0% +now we saw that the binary search +algorithm as an alternate way to search + + align:start position:0% +algorithm as an alternate way to search + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm as an alternate way to search +for an element in list but the caveat to + + align:start position:0% +for an element in list but the caveat to + + + align:start position:0% +for an element in list but the caveat to +using the binary search algorithm was + + align:start position:0% +using the binary search algorithm was + + + align:start position:0% +using the binary search algorithm was +that we had to have a sorted list we + + align:start position:0% +that we had to have a sorted list we + + + align:start position:0% +that we had to have a sorted list we +can't use this binary search search + + align:start position:0% +can't use this binary search search + + + align:start position:0% +can't use this binary search search +algorithm on an unsorted list because it + + align:start position:0% +algorithm on an unsorted list because it + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm on an unsorted list because it +will give us an incorrect + + align:start position:0% +will give us an incorrect + + + align:start position:0% +will give us an incorrect +answer so assuming the list is sorted + + align:start position:0% +answer so assuming the list is sorted + + + align:start position:0% +answer so assuming the list is sorted +binary search does a much better job a + + align:start position:0% +binary search does a much better job a + + + align:start position:0% +binary search does a much better job a +much faster job at finding the element + + align:start position:0% +much faster job at finding the element + + + align:start position:0% +much faster job at finding the element +within a list it does it in Theta of log + + align:start position:0% +within a list it does it in Theta of log + + + align:start position:0% +within a list it does it in Theta of log +n time which is faster than Theta of n + + align:start position:0% +n time which is faster than Theta of n + + + align:start position:0% +n time which is faster than Theta of n +the timing uh uh timings through a code + + align:start position:0% +the timing uh uh timings through a code + + + align:start position:0% +the timing uh uh timings through a code +that we did showed this counting the + + align:start position:0% +that we did showed this counting the + + + align:start position:0% +that we did showed this counting the +number of operations showed this and + + align:start position:0% +number of operations showed this and + + + align:start position:0% +number of operations showed this and +then the theory also showed this all + + align:start position:0% +then the theory also showed this all + + + align:start position:0% +then the theory also showed this all +right so clearly it is better to use + + align:start position:0% +right so clearly it is better to use + + + align:start position:0% +right so clearly it is better to use +binary search because it's faster but + + align:start position:0% +binary search because it's faster but + + + align:start position:0% +binary search because it's faster but +when does it make sense to use binary + + align:start position:0% +when does it make sense to use binary + + + align:start position:0% +when does it make sense to use binary +search so the idea is given some sort of + + align:start position:0% +search so the idea is given some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +search so the idea is given some sort of +data set right some list of elements we + + align:start position:0% +data set right some list of elements we + + + align:start position:0% +data set right some list of elements we +would have to first sort them in order + + align:start position:0% +would have to first sort them in order + + + align:start position:0% +would have to first sort them in order +to do binary search so the question then + + align:start position:0% +to do binary search so the question then + + + align:start position:0% +to do binary search so the question then +becomes the time that it takes for us to + + align:start position:0% +becomes the time that it takes for us to + + + align:start position:0% +becomes the time that it takes for us to +do a + + align:start position:0% +do a + + + align:start position:0% +do a +sort plus the time that it takes for us + + align:start position:0% +sort plus the time that it takes for us + + + align:start position:0% +sort plus the time that it takes for us +to use binary search to look for an + + align:start position:0% +to use binary search to look for an + + + align:start position:0% +to use binary search to look for an +element within that list should be less + + align:start position:0% +element within that list should be less + + + align:start position:0% +element within that list should be less +than the time that it takes for us to do + + align:start position:0% +than the time that it takes for us to do + + + align:start position:0% +than the time that it takes for us to do +linear search right in that case it + + align:start position:0% +linear search right in that case it + + + align:start position:0% +linear search right in that case it +makes sense for us to do a sort and + + align:start position:0% +makes sense for us to do a sort and + + + align:start position:0% +makes sense for us to do a sort and +binary search this implies that the time + + align:start position:0% +binary search this implies that the time + + + align:start position:0% +binary search this implies that the time +it takes for us to sort is less than the + + align:start position:0% +it takes for us to sort is less than the + + + align:start position:0% +it takes for us to sort is less than the +subtraction so Theta of n minus Theta of + + align:start position:0% +subtraction so Theta of n minus Theta of + + + align:start position:0% +subtraction so Theta of n minus Theta of +log in so this implies that we can sort + + align:start position:0% +log in so this implies that we can sort + + + align:start position:0% +log in so this implies that we can sort +a list in less than Theta V time that + + align:start position:0% +a list in less than Theta V time that + + + align:start position:0% +a list in less than Theta V time that +means we can sort a list without even + + align:start position:0% +means we can sort a list without even + + + align:start position:0% +means we can sort a list without even +looking at each element in the list and + + align:start position:0% +looking at each element in the list and + + + align:start position:0% +looking at each element in the list and +that's not possible right we have to at + + align:start position:0% +that's not possible right we have to at + + + align:start position:0% +that's not possible right we have to at +least go through each element in the + + align:start position:0% +least go through each element in the + + + align:start position:0% +least go through each element in the +list one at a time to determine that + + align:start position:0% +list one at a time to determine that + + + align:start position:0% +list one at a time to determine that +that list is sorted to begin with right + + align:start position:0% +that list is sorted to begin with right + + + align:start position:0% +that list is sorted to begin with right +so even in the best case scenario to uh + + align:start position:0% +so even in the best case scenario to uh + + + align:start position:0% +so even in the best case scenario to uh +to sort a list that's going to be Theta + + align:start position:0% +to sort a list that's going to be Theta + + + align:start position:0% +to sort a list that's going to be Theta +of n time so clearly this will never be + + align:start position:0% +of n time so clearly this will never be + + + align:start position:0% +of n time so clearly this will never be +true so then the question becomes why do + + align:start position:0% +true so then the question becomes why do + + + align:start position:0% +true so then the question becomes why do +we bother doing binary in the first + + align:start position:0% +we bother doing binary in the first + + + align:start position:0% +we bother doing binary in the first +place well that's because often times if + + align:start position:0% +place well that's because often times if + + + align:start position:0% +place well that's because often times if +you download a data set or you know you + + align:start position:0% +you download a data set or you know you + + + align:start position:0% +you download a data set or you know you +want to do some uh some search on some + + align:start position:0% +want to do some uh some search on some + + + align:start position:0% +want to do some uh some search on some +uh some list or some data set that you + + align:start position:0% +uh some list or some data set that you + + + align:start position:0% +uh some list or some data set that you +get most of the time you're not going to + + align:start position:0% +get most of the time you're not going to + + + align:start position:0% +get most of the time you're not going to +want to do it just once you're going to + + align:start position:0% +want to do it just once you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +want to do it just once you're going to +want to se sort sort that list one time + + align:start position:0% +want to se sort sort that list one time + + + align:start position:0% +want to se sort sort that list one time +and then do a whole bunch of searches + + align:start position:0% +and then do a whole bunch of searches + + + align:start position:0% +and then do a whole bunch of searches +for a whole bunch of different things + + align:start position:0% +for a whole bunch of different things + + + align:start position:0% +for a whole bunch of different things +within that list so if we can somehow + + align:start position:0% +within that list so if we can somehow + + + align:start position:0% +within that list so if we can somehow +amortise the cost of doing one sort over + + align:start position:0% +amortise the cost of doing one sort over + + + align:start position:0% +amortise the cost of doing one sort over +K different + + align:start position:0% +K different + + + align:start position:0% +K different +searches as K gets really really big it + + align:start position:0% +searches as K gets really really big it + + + align:start position:0% +searches as K gets really really big it +makes sense to do binary search on the + + align:start position:0% +makes sense to do binary search on the + + + align:start position:0% +makes sense to do binary search on the +sorted list rather than just to look + + align:start position:0% +sorted list rather than just to look + + + align:start position:0% +sorted list rather than just to look +through um using linear search K + + align:start position:0% +through um using linear search K + + + align:start position:0% +through um using linear search K +different times right so then that time + + align:start position:0% +different times right so then that time + + + align:start position:0% +different times right so then that time +to do the sort only once kind of gets + + align:start position:0% +to do the sort only once kind of gets + + + align:start position:0% +to do the sort only once kind of gets +absorbed and goes to zero as the number + + align:start position:0% +absorbed and goes to zero as the number + + + align:start position:0% +absorbed and goes to zero as the number +the K number of searches goes to some + + align:start position:0% +the K number of searches goes to some + + + align:start position:0% +the K number of searches goes to some +really big number right so clearly we've + + align:start position:0% +really big number right so clearly we've + + + align:start position:0% +really big number right so clearly we've +shown that if you if you want to do many + + align:start position:0% +shown that if you if you want to do many + + + align:start position:0% +shown that if you if you want to do many +searches um on a data set it makes sense + + align:start position:0% +searches um on a data set it makes sense + + + align:start position:0% +searches um on a data set it makes sense +to do the sort only once all right so + + align:start position:0% +to do the sort only once all right so + + + align:start position:0% +to do the sort only once all right so +now we're going to look at a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +now we're going to look at a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +now we're going to look at a bunch of +different sorting algorithms we're going + + align:start position:0% +different sorting algorithms we're going + + + align:start position:0% +different sorting algorithms we're going +to start with some really bad ones and + + align:start position:0% +to start with some really bad ones and + + + align:start position:0% +to start with some really bad ones and +then we're going to work our way up to + + align:start position:0% +then we're going to work our way up to + + + align:start position:0% +then we're going to work our way up to +what is considered one of the best + + align:start position:0% +what is considered one of the best + + + align:start position:0% +what is considered one of the best +sorting algorithms the best that we can + + align:start position:0% +sorting algorithms the best that we can + + + align:start position:0% +sorting algorithms the best that we can +do so let's begin by showing a really + + align:start position:0% +do so let's begin by showing a really + + + align:start position:0% +do so let's begin by showing a really +really bad sorting algorithm and there + + align:start position:0% +really bad sorting algorithm and there + + + align:start position:0% +really bad sorting algorithm and there +are actually competitions um where + + align:start position:0% +are actually competitions um where + + + align:start position:0% +are actually competitions um where +people can come up with really bad + + align:start position:0% +people can come up with really bad + + + align:start position:0% +people can come up with really bad +sorting algorithms that kind of sort + + align:start position:0% +sorting algorithms that kind of sort + + + align:start position:0% +sorting algorithms that kind of sort +lists in a really weird way while uh + + align:start position:0% +lists in a really weird way while uh + + + align:start position:0% +lists in a really weird way while uh +being really bad still making forward + + align:start position:0% +being really bad still making forward + + + align:start position:0% +being really bad still making forward +progress and this is one of them so this + + align:start position:0% +progress and this is one of them so this + + + align:start position:0% +progress and this is one of them so this +one is called BOGO sort uh coming from + + align:start position:0% +one is called BOGO sort uh coming from + + + align:start position:0% +one is called BOGO sort uh coming from +the bogus sort also called random sort + + align:start position:0% +the bogus sort also called random sort + + + align:start position:0% +the bogus sort also called random sort +or monkey sort so the idea here and I'm + + align:start position:0% +or monkey sort so the idea here and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +or monkey sort so the idea here and I'm +going to use these cards uh as we look + + align:start position:0% +going to use these cards uh as we look + + + align:start position:0% +going to use these cards uh as we look +at these different sorting algorithms + + align:start position:0% +at these different sorting algorithms + + + align:start position:0% +at these different sorting algorithms +the idea of BOGO sort is that we're + + align:start position:0% +the idea of BOGO sort is that we're + + + align:start position:0% +the idea of BOGO sort is that we're +going to use Randomness to help us uh + + align:start position:0% +going to use Randomness to help us uh + + + align:start position:0% +going to use Randomness to help us uh +sort the + + align:start position:0% +sort the + + + align:start position:0% +sort the +list so if we wanted to sort a list or a + + align:start position:0% +list so if we wanted to sort a list or a + + + align:start position:0% +list so if we wanted to sort a list or a +deck of cards for example the idea of + + align:start position:0% +deck of cards for example the idea of + + + align:start position:0% +deck of cards for example the idea of +BOGO is that we're going to take all our + + align:start position:0% +BOGO is that we're going to take all our + + + align:start position:0% +BOGO is that we're going to take all our +cards we're going to throw them up in + + align:start position:0% +cards we're going to throw them up in + + + align:start position:0% +cards we're going to throw them up in +the air we're going to pick them up as + + align:start position:0% +the air we're going to pick them up as + + + align:start position:0% +the air we're going to pick them up as +they land and we're going to check to + + align:start position:0% +they land and we're going to check to + + + align:start position:0% +they land and we're going to check to +see if they're sorted if they are we're + + align:start position:0% +see if they're sorted if they are we're + + + align:start position:0% +see if they're sorted if they are we're +done if they're not we're going to + + align:start position:0% +done if they're not we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +done if they're not we're going to +repeat the process we're going to throw + + align:start position:0% +repeat the process we're going to throw + + + align:start position:0% +repeat the process we're going to throw +them up in the air Let Them Fall where + + align:start position:0% +them up in the air Let Them Fall where + + + align:start position:0% +them up in the air Let Them Fall where +they may and then we're going to check + + align:start position:0% +they may and then we're going to check + + + align:start position:0% +they may and then we're going to check +if they're sorted + + align:start position:0% +if they're sorted + + + align:start position:0% +if they're sorted +okay so the code would look something + + align:start position:0% +okay so the code would look something + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the code would look something +like this it takes in a list L and it + + align:start position:0% +like this it takes in a list L and it + + + align:start position:0% +like this it takes in a list L and it +says while the list is not sorted we're + + align:start position:0% +says while the list is not sorted we're + + + align:start position:0% +says while the list is not sorted we're +going to call this Shuffle function from + + align:start position:0% +going to call this Shuffle function from + + + align:start position:0% +going to call this Shuffle function from +the random library and the shuffle + + align:start position:0% +the random library and the shuffle + + + align:start position:0% +the random library and the shuffle +function just reshuffles or rearranges + + align:start position:0% +function just reshuffles or rearranges + + + align:start position:0% +function just reshuffles or rearranges +the elements in the list at + + align:start position:0% +the elements in the list at + + + align:start position:0% +the elements in the list at +random so let me show you how that looks + + align:start position:0% +random so let me show you how that looks + + + align:start position:0% +random so let me show you how that looks +like so here's the assorted + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um I'm going to run it so it starts out + + align:start position:0% +um I'm going to run it so it starts out + + + align:start position:0% +um I'm going to run it so it starts out +with this uh list of obviously uh the + + align:start position:0% +with this uh list of obviously uh the + + + align:start position:0% +with this uh list of obviously uh the +elements not in order and it took about + + align:start position:0% +elements not in order and it took about + + + align:start position:0% +elements not in order and it took about +02 seconds to to um to just randomly + + align:start position:0% +02 seconds to to um to just randomly + + + align:start position:0% +02 seconds to to um to just randomly +keep reshuffling the elements of that + + align:start position:0% +keep reshuffling the elements of that + + + align:start position:0% +keep reshuffling the elements of that +list to give me uh for them to become in + + align:start position:0% +list to give me uh for them to become in + + + align:start position:0% +list to give me uh for them to become in +sorted order right so it did about + + align:start position:0% +sorted order right so it did about + + + align:start position:0% +sorted order right so it did about +30,000 shuffles and if I run it again + + align:start position:0% +30,000 shuffles and if I run it again + + + align:start position:0% +30,000 shuffles and if I run it again +it'll take a completely different amount + + align:start position:0% +it'll take a completely different amount + + + align:start position:0% +it'll take a completely different amount +of time each time it's run right so now + + align:start position:0% +of time each time it's run right so now + + + align:start position:0% +of time each time it's run right so now +it was really fast but if I keep running + + align:start position:0% +it was really fast but if I keep running + + + align:start position:0% +it was really fast but if I keep running +it you know one time I ran it last night + + align:start position:0% +it you know one time I ran it last night + + + align:start position:0% +it you know one time I ran it last night +it took about two seconds so you can see + + align:start position:0% +it took about two seconds so you can see + + + align:start position:0% +it took about two seconds so you can see +it's just + + align:start position:0% +it's just + + + align:start position:0% +it's just +random so what's the complexity of this + + align:start position:0% +random so what's the complexity of this + + + align:start position:0% +random so what's the complexity of this +function clearly it's not going to be + + align:start position:0% +function clearly it's not going to be + + + align:start position:0% +function clearly it's not going to be +very good at best so in the best case + + align:start position:0% +very good at best so in the best case + + + align:start position:0% +very good at best so in the best case +scenario Ario let's say my input list is + + align:start position:0% +scenario Ario let's say my input list is + + + align:start position:0% +scenario Ario let's say my input list is +already sorted so in the best case + + align:start position:0% +already sorted so in the best case + + + align:start position:0% +already sorted so in the best case +scenario the Theta would be just Theta + + align:start position:0% +scenario the Theta would be just Theta + + + align:start position:0% +scenario the Theta would be just Theta +of n where n is the length of the list + + align:start position:0% +of n where n is the length of the list + + + align:start position:0% +of n where n is the length of the list +because we have to look at each element + + align:start position:0% +because we have to look at each element + + + align:start position:0% +because we have to look at each element +once to make sure that it's in its + + align:start position:0% +once to make sure that it's in its + + + align:start position:0% +once to make sure that it's in its +rightful place but in the worst case + + align:start position:0% +rightful place but in the worst case + + + align:start position:0% +rightful place but in the worst case +scenario the Theta complexity of this is + + align:start position:0% +scenario the Theta complexity of this is + + + align:start position:0% +scenario the Theta complexity of this is +unbounded It's So Infinity because at + + align:start position:0% +unbounded It's So Infinity because at + + + align:start position:0% +unbounded It's So Infinity because at +worst case we're going to be super + + align:start position:0% +worst case we're going to be super + + + align:start position:0% +worst case we're going to be super +unlucky and we're just never going to + + align:start position:0% +unlucky and we're just never going to + + + align:start position:0% +unlucky and we're just never going to +get uh the elements in a sorted order + + align:start position:0% +get uh the elements in a sorted order + + + align:start position:0% +get uh the elements in a sorted order +okay so clearly not a very good + + align:start position:0% +okay so clearly not a very good + + + align:start position:0% +okay so clearly not a very good +sorting algorithm if you go to the + + align:start position:0% +sorting algorithm if you go to the + + + align:start position:0% +sorting algorithm if you go to the +Wikipedia page for this it'll give you a + + align:start position:0% +Wikipedia page for this it'll give you a + + + align:start position:0% +Wikipedia page for this it'll give you a +whole bunch of other examples of + + align:start position:0% +whole bunch of other examples of + + + align:start position:0% +whole bunch of other examples of +algorithms similar in this uh in this + + align:start position:0% +algorithms similar in this uh in this + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms similar in this uh in this +Spirit of you know being bad but making + + align:start position:0% +Spirit of you know being bad but making + + + align:start position:0% +Spirit of you know being bad but making +forward progress towards an + + align:start position:0% +forward progress towards an + + + align:start position:0% +forward progress towards an +answer so next we're going to look at a + + align:start position:0% +answer so next we're going to look at a + + + align:start position:0% +answer so next we're going to look at a +different sorting algorithm called + + align:start position:0% +different sorting algorithm called + + + align:start position:0% +different sorting algorithm called +bubble sort and it's one of the most + + align:start position:0% +bubble sort and it's one of the most + + + align:start position:0% +bubble sort and it's one of the most +popular one uh popular sorting + + align:start position:0% +popular one uh popular sorting + + + align:start position:0% +popular one uh popular sorting +algorithms not because it's good but + + align:start position:0% +algorithms not because it's good but + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms not because it's good but +because people really like to make fun + + align:start position:0% +because people really like to make fun + + + align:start position:0% +because people really like to make fun +of it okay so it's best to understand it + + align:start position:0% +of it okay so it's best to understand it + + + align:start position:0% +of it okay so it's best to understand it +so the the idea of bubble sort is that + + align:start position:0% +so the the idea of bubble sort is that + + + align:start position:0% +so the the idea of bubble sort is that +we're going to start with uh an + + align:start position:0% +we're going to start with uh an + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to start with uh an +originally unsorted list and like I said + + align:start position:0% +originally unsorted list and like I said + + + align:start position:0% +originally unsorted list and like I said +I'm going to use this as an + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to use this as an + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to use this as an +example and we're going to try to + + align:start position:0% +example and we're going to try to + + + align:start position:0% +example and we're going to try to +compare consecutive elements one at a + + align:start position:0% +compare consecutive elements one at a + + + align:start position:0% +compare consecutive elements one at a +time um and as we do so we're + + align:start position:0% +time um and as we do so we're + + + align:start position:0% +time um and as we do so we're +effectively going to Bubble Up the the + + align:start position:0% +effectively going to Bubble Up the the + + + align:start position:0% +effectively going to Bubble Up the the +largest element towards the end of the + + align:start position:0% +largest element towards the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +largest element towards the end of the +list okay so we're going to start uh our + + align:start position:0% +list okay so we're going to start uh our + + + align:start position:0% +list okay so we're going to start uh our +first pass on this clearly unsorted list + + align:start position:0% +first pass on this clearly unsorted list + + + align:start position:0% +first pass on this clearly unsorted list +and we're going to compare the first two + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to compare the first two + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to compare the first two +elements if the element at index um I is + + align:start position:0% +elements if the element at index um I is + + + align:start position:0% +elements if the element at index um I is +smaller than the element at index I + + align:start position:0% +smaller than the element at index I + + + align:start position:0% +smaller than the element at index I +minus one then I'm going to do a swap so + + align:start position:0% +minus one then I'm going to do a swap so + + + align:start position:0% +minus one then I'm going to do a swap so +here they were so I did a swap then I'm + + align:start position:0% +here they were so I did a swap then I'm + + + align:start position:0% +here they were so I did a swap then I'm +going to compare the next set of + + align:start position:0% +going to compare the next set of + + + align:start position:0% +going to compare the next set of +elements so these two are already sorted + + align:start position:0% +elements so these two are already sorted + + + align:start position:0% +elements so these two are already sorted +right these two are not so I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +right these two are not so I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +right these two are not so I'm going to +swap them these two are not I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +swap them these two are not I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +swap them these two are not I'm going to +swap them these two are not I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +swap them these two are not I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +swap them these two are not I'm going to +swap them they're not I'm going to swap + + align:start position:0% +swap them they're not I'm going to swap + + + align:start position:0% +swap them they're not I'm going to swap +them and these two are not and I'm going + + align:start position:0% +them and these two are not and I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +them and these two are not and I'm going +to swap them okay + + align:start position:0% +to swap them okay + + + align:start position:0% +to swap them okay +just move it over because that table got + + align:start position:0% +just move it over because that table got + + + align:start position:0% +just move it over because that table got +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +way all right so at after I finished my + + align:start position:0% +way all right so at after I finished my + + + align:start position:0% +way all right so at after I finished my +first pass this number 11 effectively + + align:start position:0% +first pass this number 11 effectively + + + align:start position:0% +first pass this number 11 effectively +bubbled up from wherever it was towards + + align:start position:0% +bubbled up from wherever it was towards + + + align:start position:0% +bubbled up from wherever it was towards +the end of the list the place where it + + align:start position:0% +the end of the list the place where it + + + align:start position:0% +the end of the list the place where it +belongs basically right it belongs at + + align:start position:0% +belongs basically right it belongs at + + + align:start position:0% +belongs basically right it belongs at +the end of the list because it's the + + align:start position:0% +the end of the list because it's the + + + align:start position:0% +the end of the list because it's the +biggest number since I've done at least + + align:start position:0% +biggest number since I've done at least + + + align:start position:0% +biggest number since I've done at least +one swap on that previous run I'm going + + align:start position:0% +one swap on that previous run I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +one swap on that previous run I'm going +to go through again because in the + + align:start position:0% +to go through again because in the + + + align:start position:0% +to go through again because in the +process of doing a swap I might have + + align:start position:0% +process of doing a swap I might have + + + align:start position:0% +process of doing a swap I might have +disarranged something that was already + + align:start position:0% +disarranged something that was already + + + align:start position:0% +disarranged something that was already +sort of in order so now I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +sort of in order so now I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +sort of in order so now I'm going to +start all over again I'm going to say + + align:start position:0% +start all over again I'm going to say + + + align:start position:0% +start all over again I'm going to say +are these two in sorted order they are + + align:start position:0% +are these two in sorted order they are + + + align:start position:0% +are these two in sorted order they are +are these two no so I swap are these two + + align:start position:0% +are these two no so I swap are these two + + + align:start position:0% +are these two no so I swap are these two +no so I swap are these two no so I swap + + align:start position:0% +no so I swap are these two no so I swap + + + align:start position:0% +no so I swap are these two no so I swap +I swap and I swap and now after two + + align:start position:0% +I swap and I swap and now after two + + + align:start position:0% +I swap and I swap and now after two +passes I've effectively bubbled up the + + align:start position:0% +passes I've effectively bubbled up the + + + align:start position:0% +passes I've effectively bubbled up the +next biggest number + + align:start position:0% +next biggest number + + + align:start position:0% +next biggest number +right you guys can see okay next time + + align:start position:0% +right you guys can see okay next time + + + align:start position:0% +right you guys can see okay next time +through uh next time through I'm going + + align:start position:0% +through uh next time through I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +through uh next time through I'm going +to have to go again because I am um I + + align:start position:0% +to have to go again because I am um I + + + align:start position:0% +to have to go again because I am um I +did one swap last time so again I'm + + align:start position:0% +did one swap last time so again I'm + + + align:start position:0% +did one swap last time so again I'm +going to compare these two I need to + + align:start position:0% +going to compare these two I need to + + + align:start position:0% +going to compare these two I need to +swap them these two I need to swap them + + align:start position:0% +swap them these two I need to swap them + + + align:start position:0% +swap them these two I need to swap them +these two I need to swap them swap them + + align:start position:0% +these two I need to swap them swap them + + + align:start position:0% +these two I need to swap them swap them +swap them and these are in order and + + align:start position:0% +swap them and these are in order and + + + align:start position:0% +swap them and these are in order and +these are in order okay again five and + + align:start position:0% +these are in order okay again five and + + + align:start position:0% +these are in order okay again five and +the four needs to swap five and the one + + align:start position:0% +the four needs to swap five and the one + + + align:start position:0% +the four needs to swap five and the one +needs to swap five and the zero needs to + + align:start position:0% +needs to swap five and the zero needs to + + + align:start position:0% +needs to swap five and the zero needs to +swap five and the two needs to swap + + align:start position:0% +swap five and the two needs to swap + + + align:start position:0% +swap five and the two needs to swap +these are in order these are in order + + align:start position:0% +these are in order these are in order + + + align:start position:0% +these are in order these are in order +these are in order four in the one needs + + align:start position:0% +these are in order four in the one needs + + + align:start position:0% +these are in order four in the one needs +a swap these two need a swap these need + + align:start position:0% +a swap these two need a swap these need + + + align:start position:0% +a swap these two need a swap these need +a swap ordered ordered ordered ordered + + align:start position:0% +a swap ordered ordered ordered ordered + + + align:start position:0% +a swap ordered ordered ordered ordered +next these two need a swap these are + + align:start position:0% +next these two need a swap these are + + + align:start position:0% +next these two need a swap these are +okay these are okay and so on and now + + align:start position:0% +okay these are okay and so on and now + + + align:start position:0% +okay these are okay and so on and now +that I've + + align:start position:0% +that I've + + + align:start position:0% +that I've +not I'm going to do one final check + + align:start position:0% +not I'm going to do one final check + + + align:start position:0% +not I'm going to do one final check +these are all in order right so now that + + align:start position:0% +these are all in order right so now that + + + align:start position:0% +these are all in order right so now that +I haven't done any more swaps I can say + + align:start position:0% +I haven't done any more swaps I can say + + + align:start position:0% +I haven't done any more swaps I can say +that this list is now in sorted order + + align:start position:0% +that this list is now in sorted order + + + align:start position:0% +that this list is now in sorted order +right so with each pass I'm bubbling up + + align:start position:0% +right so with each pass I'm bubbling up + + + align:start position:0% +right so with each pass I'm bubbling up +the biggest element towards the end of + + align:start position:0% +the biggest element towards the end of + + + align:start position:0% +the biggest element towards the end of +the list so at the end of n passes the + + align:start position:0% +the list so at the end of n passes the + + + align:start position:0% +the list so at the end of n passes the +first the the top the last n elements + + align:start position:0% +first the the top the last n elements + + + align:start position:0% +first the the top the last n elements +will be in sorted + + align:start position:0% +will be in sorted + + + align:start position:0% +will be in sorted +order okay so the code looks something + + align:start position:0% +order okay so the code looks something + + + align:start position:0% +order okay so the code looks something +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +this I've got a Boolean flag here that + + align:start position:0% +this I've got a Boolean flag here that + + + align:start position:0% +this I've got a Boolean flag here that +keeps track of whether or not I have + + align:start position:0% +keeps track of whether or not I have + + + align:start position:0% +keeps track of whether or not I have +done a swap if I've done a swap then I + + align:start position:0% +done a swap if I've done a swap then I + + + align:start position:0% +done a swap if I've done a swap then I +know I need to go through and double + + align:start position:0% +know I need to go through and double + + + align:start position:0% +know I need to go through and double +check that everything is still in order + + align:start position:0% +check that everything is still in order + + + align:start position:0% +check that everything is still in order +uh by comparing index I and IUS one so + + align:start position:0% +uh by comparing index I and IUS one so + + + align:start position:0% +uh by comparing index I and IUS one so +to do that we've got a for Loop that + + align:start position:0% +to do that we've got a for Loop that + + + align:start position:0% +to do that we've got a for Loop that +goes through from one all the way up to + + align:start position:0% +goes through from one all the way up to + + + align:start position:0% +goes through from one all the way up to +the end of the list because I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +the end of the list because I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +the end of the list because I'm going to +compare element at index I with I minus + + align:start position:0% +compare element at index I with I minus + + + align:start position:0% +compare element at index I with I minus +one if I started at zero we'd get an + + align:start position:0% +one if I started at zero we'd get an + + + align:start position:0% +one if I started at zero we'd get an +index out of bounds a so that's why I + + align:start position:0% +index out of bounds a so that's why I + + + align:start position:0% +index out of bounds a so that's why I +start with one over there and then the + + align:start position:0% +start with one over there and then the + + + align:start position:0% +start with one over there and then the +inside of the for Loop just checks if + + align:start position:0% +inside of the for Loop just checks if + + + align:start position:0% +inside of the for Loop just checks if +the element at I guess J I use j instead + + align:start position:0% +the element at I guess J I use j instead + + + align:start position:0% +the element at I guess J I use j instead +of I J and J minus one are in the right + + align:start position:0% +of I J and J minus one are in the right + + + align:start position:0% +of I J and J minus one are in the right +order now obviously they are but when I + + align:start position:0% +order now obviously they are but when I + + + align:start position:0% +order now obviously they are but when I +first started this demo they were not + + align:start position:0% +first started this demo they were not + + + align:start position:0% +first started this demo they were not +right so as long as this J minus one and + + align:start position:0% +right so as long as this J minus one and + + + align:start position:0% +right so as long as this J minus one and +J are not in order do a swap so here I + + align:start position:0% +J are not in order do a swap so here I + + + align:start position:0% +J are not in order do a swap so here I +just change I use this s this this Tuple + + align:start position:0% +just change I use this s this this Tuple + + + align:start position:0% +just change I use this s this this Tuple +trick here to do the swap of element J + + align:start position:0% +trick here to do the swap of element J + + + align:start position:0% +trick here to do the swap of element J +minus one and + + align:start position:0% +minus one and + + + align:start position:0% +minus one and +J and I also reset the Boolean flag that + + align:start position:0% +J and I also reset the Boolean flag that + + + align:start position:0% +J and I also reset the Boolean flag that +I did the swap to True okay and this + + align:start position:0% +I did the swap to True okay and this + + + align:start position:0% +I did the swap to True okay and this +goes through uh until I don't do any + + align:start position:0% +goes through uh until I don't do any + + + align:start position:0% +goes through uh until I don't do any +more swaps and then the code will not go + + align:start position:0% +more swaps and then the code will not go + + + align:start position:0% +more swaps and then the code will not go +through the Y Loop + + align:start position:0% +through the Y Loop + + + align:start position:0% +through the Y Loop +anymore so let's print how this actually + + align:start position:0% +anymore so let's print how this actually + + + align:start position:0% +anymore so let's print how this actually +looks like when we run it on our + + align:start position:0% +looks like when we run it on our + + + align:start position:0% +looks like when we run it on our +list so here I have my original + + align:start position:0% +list so here I have my original + + + align:start position:0% +list so here I have my original +list each um set here delineated by this + + align:start position:0% +list each um set here delineated by this + + + align:start position:0% +list each um set here delineated by this +line break represents one uh one Loop of + + align:start position:0% +line break represents one uh one Loop of + + + align:start position:0% +line break represents one uh one Loop of +my while loop so this thing here right + + align:start position:0% +my while loop so this thing here right + + + align:start position:0% +my while loop so this thing here right +one iteration of my while loop and each + + align:start position:0% +one iteration of my while loop and each + + + align:start position:0% +one iteration of my while loop and each +line within here represents one + + align:start position:0% +line within here represents one + + + align:start position:0% +line within here represents one +iteration of my for Loop okay so what we + + align:start position:0% +iteration of my for Loop okay so what we + + + align:start position:0% +iteration of my for Loop okay so what we +can see is that as we're comparing the + + align:start position:0% +can see is that as we're comparing the + + + align:start position:0% +can see is that as we're comparing the +four and the eight the eight bubbles up + + align:start position:0% +four and the eight the eight bubbles up + + + align:start position:0% +four and the eight the eight bubbles up +one one step over then we compare um the + + align:start position:0% +one one step over then we compare um the + + + align:start position:0% +one one step over then we compare um the +uh eight and the six the eight bubbles + + align:start position:0% +uh eight and the six the eight bubbles + + + align:start position:0% +uh eight and the six the eight bubbles +one itself over and so on and so on + + align:start position:0% +one itself over and so on and so on + + + align:start position:0% +one itself over and so on and so on +until it encounters the 11 and then the + + align:start position:0% +until it encounters the 11 and then the + + + align:start position:0% +until it encounters the 11 and then the +11 starts to Bubble itself up all the + + align:start position:0% +11 starts to Bubble itself up all the + + + align:start position:0% +11 starts to Bubble itself up all the +way to the end so at the end of the + + align:start position:0% +way to the end so at the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +way to the end so at the end of the +first while loop pass my 11 is in its + + align:start position:0% +first while loop pass my 11 is in its + + + align:start position:0% +first while loop pass my 11 is in its +rightful spot at the top of the list at + + align:start position:0% +rightful spot at the top of the list at + + + align:start position:0% +rightful spot at the top of the list at +the end of the list next time through + + align:start position:0% +the end of the list next time through + + + align:start position:0% +the end of the list next time through +the Y Loop I'm effectively bubbling up + + align:start position:0% +the Y Loop I'm effectively bubbling up + + + align:start position:0% +the Y Loop I'm effectively bubbling up +the eight to the end so over here next + + align:start position:0% +the eight to the end so over here next + + + align:start position:0% +the eight to the end so over here next +time through the Y Loop the six bubbles + + align:start position:0% +time through the Y Loop the six bubbles + + + align:start position:0% +time through the Y Loop the six bubbles +to the end next time the five bubbles + + align:start position:0% +to the end next time the five bubbles + + + align:start position:0% +to the end next time the five bubbles +through the end then the four then the + + align:start position:0% +through the end then the four then the + + + align:start position:0% +through the end then the four then the +two then the one and then the zero + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay all right so what's the Yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question oh um we don't need the + + align:start position:0% +question oh um we don't need the + + + align:start position:0% +question oh um we don't need the +brackets uh just I mean you can put them + + align:start position:0% +brackets uh just I mean you can put them + + + align:start position:0% +brackets uh just I mean you can put them +in you it it won't harm but you if you + + align:start position:0% +in you it it won't harm but you if you + + + align:start position:0% +in you it it won't harm but you if you +don't put them it's it's okay python + + align:start position:0% +don't put them it's it's okay python + + + align:start position:0% +don't put them it's it's okay python +knows that it's it's doing an assignment + + align:start position:0% +knows that it's it's doing an assignment + + + align:start position:0% +knows that it's it's doing an assignment +one by one so this one to that one and + + align:start position:0% +one by one so this one to that one and + + + align:start position:0% +one by one so this one to that one and +that one to that one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah okay so let's look at the uh worst + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so let's look at the uh worst + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so let's look at the uh worst +case complexity analysis so the easy one + + align:start position:0% +case complexity analysis so the easy one + + + align:start position:0% +case complexity analysis so the easy one +we can already know is this inner for + + align:start position:0% +we can already know is this inner for + + + align:start position:0% +we can already know is this inner for +Loop right this one goes through from + + align:start position:0% +Loop right this one goes through from + + + align:start position:0% +Loop right this one goes through from +one to the length of the list so that's + + align:start position:0% +one to the length of the list so that's + + + align:start position:0% +one to the length of the list so that's +Thea of length + + align:start position:0% +Thea of length + + + align:start position:0% +Thea of length +list we have another complexity though + + align:start position:0% +list we have another complexity though + + + align:start position:0% +list we have another complexity though +because in the wor worst case scenario + + align:start position:0% +because in the wor worst case scenario + + + align:start position:0% +because in the wor worst case scenario +our list is completely backward and so + + align:start position:0% +our list is completely backward and so + + + align:start position:0% +our list is completely backward and so +this while loop up here will repeat + + align:start position:0% +this while loop up here will repeat + + + align:start position:0% +this while loop up here will repeat +length L times because we're going to + + align:start position:0% +length L times because we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +length L times because we're going to +Bubble Up every single one of the + + align:start position:0% +Bubble Up every single one of the + + + align:start position:0% +Bubble Up every single one of the +elements all the way through to the end + + align:start position:0% +elements all the way through to the end + + + align:start position:0% +elements all the way through to the end +of the list so the complexity of that + + align:start position:0% +of the list so the complexity of that + + + align:start position:0% +of the list so the complexity of that +while loop will be Theta of length L as + + align:start position:0% +while loop will be Theta of length L as + + + align:start position:0% +while loop will be Theta of length L as +well because thinking about the worst + + align:start position:0% +well because thinking about the worst + + + align:start position:0% +well because thinking about the worst +case is when our uh biggest element is + + align:start position:0% +case is when our uh biggest element is + + + align:start position:0% +case is when our uh biggest element is +here second biggest element is here and + + align:start position:0% +here second biggest element is here and + + + align:start position:0% +here second biggest element is here and +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +on okay all right so the worst case + + align:start position:0% +on okay all right so the worst case + + + align:start position:0% +on okay all right so the worst case +complexity of this function is Theta of + + align:start position:0% +complexity of this function is Theta of + + + align:start position:0% +complexity of this function is Theta of +length uh length l s right or Theta of + + align:start position:0% +length uh length l s right or Theta of + + + align:start position:0% +length uh length l s right or Theta of +n^ s where n is the length of the list + + align:start position:0% +n^ s where n is the length of the list + + + align:start position:0% +n^ s where n is the length of the list +just to be less for + + align:start position:0% +just to be less for + + + align:start position:0% +just to be less for +both okay clearly not a great sorting + + align:start position:0% +both okay clearly not a great sorting + + + align:start position:0% +both okay clearly not a great sorting +algorithm um it's pretty inefficient and + + align:start position:0% +algorithm um it's pretty inefficient and + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm um it's pretty inefficient and +some of the things it's doing IE once + + align:start position:0% +some of the things it's doing IE once + + + align:start position:0% +some of the things it's doing IE once +it's reached um you know sorted some of + + align:start position:0% +it's reached um you know sorted some of + + + align:start position:0% +it's reached um you know sorted some of +the stuff up here it keeps comparing + + align:start position:0% +the stuff up here it keeps comparing + + + align:start position:0% +the stuff up here it keeps comparing +them through to the end so it just + + align:start position:0% +them through to the end so it just + + + align:start position:0% +them through to the end so it just +always goes through to the length of the + + align:start position:0% +always goes through to the length of the + + + align:start position:0% +always goes through to the length of the +list we can do uh we can look at another + + align:start position:0% +list we can do uh we can look at another + + + align:start position:0% +list we can do uh we can look at another +sorting algorithm called it selection + + align:start position:0% +sorting algorithm called it selection + + + align:start position:0% +sorting algorithm called it selection +sort which is sort of like bubble sort + + align:start position:0% +sort which is sort of like bubble sort + + + align:start position:0% +sort which is sort of like bubble sort +but it does things in a little bit of a + + align:start position:0% +but it does things in a little bit of a + + + align:start position:0% +but it does things in a little bit of a +smarter way so let me start again with a + + align:start position:0% +smarter way so let me start again with a + + + align:start position:0% +smarter way so let me start again with a +unsorted + + align:start position:0% +unsorted + + + align:start position:0% +unsorted +list + + align:start position:0% +list + + + align:start position:0% +list +okay and let's see how selection sort + + align:start position:0% +okay and let's see how selection sort + + + align:start position:0% +okay and let's see how selection sort +will do this okay let's put that + + align:start position:0% +will do this okay let's put that + + + align:start position:0% +will do this okay let's put that +there okay so the idea of selection sort + + align:start position:0% +there okay so the idea of selection sort + + + align:start position:0% +there okay so the idea of selection sort +is that with each pass we're going to + + align:start position:0% +is that with each pass we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +is that with each pass we're going to +decide which one of these elements + + align:start position:0% +decide which one of these elements + + + align:start position:0% +decide which one of these elements +belongs at some index so with my first + + align:start position:0% +belongs at some index so with my first + + + align:start position:0% +belongs at some index so with my first +pass I'll decide which element belongs + + align:start position:0% +pass I'll decide which element belongs + + + align:start position:0% +pass I'll decide which element belongs +at index zero with my second pass I'll + + align:start position:0% +at index zero with my second pass I'll + + + align:start position:0% +at index zero with my second pass I'll +decide which element belongs at index + + align:start position:0% +decide which element belongs at index + + + align:start position:0% +decide which element belongs at index +one with my third which element belongs + + align:start position:0% +one with my third which element belongs + + + align:start position:0% +one with my third which element belongs +at index two and so on okay so the way + + align:start position:0% +at index two and so on okay so the way + + + align:start position:0% +at index two and so on okay so the way +we're going to do that is by saying all + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do that is by saying all + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do that is by saying all +right I'm going to take this element + + align:start position:0% +right I'm going to take this element + + + align:start position:0% +right I'm going to take this element +it's the first one in the list it's the + + align:start position:0% +it's the first one in the list it's the + + + align:start position:0% +it's the first one in the list it's the +one currently at index zero and I'm + + align:start position:0% +one currently at index zero and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +one currently at index zero and I'm +going to compare it with every single + + align:start position:0% +going to compare it with every single + + + align:start position:0% +going to compare it with every single +element from the rest of the list and as + + align:start position:0% +element from the rest of the list and as + + + align:start position:0% +element from the rest of the list and as +I find an element that's smaller than + + align:start position:0% +I find an element that's smaller than + + + align:start position:0% +I find an element that's smaller than +the one currently there I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +the one currently there I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +the one currently there I'm going to +swap them because I know that that + + align:start position:0% +swap them because I know that that + + + align:start position:0% +swap them because I know that that +smaller one obviously belongs at index + + align:start position:0% +smaller one obviously belongs at index + + + align:start position:0% +smaller one obviously belongs at index +zero so I'm going to compare the five + + align:start position:0% +zero so I'm going to compare the five + + + align:start position:0% +zero so I'm going to compare the five +with the eight I'm going to say well the + + align:start position:0% +with the eight I'm going to say well the + + + align:start position:0% +with the eight I'm going to say well the +five is smaller than the eight so it + + align:start position:0% +five is smaller than the eight so it + + + align:start position:0% +five is smaller than the eight so it +currently belongs at index zero I + + align:start position:0% +currently belongs at index zero I + + + align:start position:0% +currently belongs at index zero I +compare the five with the one the one is + + align:start position:0% +compare the five with the one the one is + + + align:start position:0% +compare the five with the one the one is +smaller so I'm going to do a swap and + + align:start position:0% +smaller so I'm going to do a swap and + + + align:start position:0% +smaller so I'm going to do a swap and +say the one belongs here five with the + + align:start position:0% +say the one belongs here five with the + + + align:start position:0% +say the one belongs here five with the +11 the one belong oh sorry the one with + + align:start position:0% +11 the one belong oh sorry the one with + + + align:start position:0% +11 the one belong oh sorry the one with +the 11 the one belongs here one with the + + align:start position:0% +the 11 the one belongs here one with the + + + align:start position:0% +the 11 the one belongs here one with the +six the one belongs one with the two the + + align:start position:0% +six the one belongs one with the two the + + + align:start position:0% +six the one belongs one with the two the +one's still there one with the zero well + + align:start position:0% +one's still there one with the zero well + + + align:start position:0% +one's still there one with the zero well +zero is smaller than one so let me swap + + align:start position:0% +zero is smaller than one so let me swap + + + align:start position:0% +zero is smaller than one so let me swap +it zero with the four we're done so now + + align:start position:0% +it zero with the four we're done so now + + + align:start position:0% +it zero with the four we're done so now +at the end of the first P I've decided + + align:start position:0% +at the end of the first P I've decided + + + align:start position:0% +at the end of the first P I've decided +that the zero is the smallest out of + + align:start position:0% +that the zero is the smallest out of + + + align:start position:0% +that the zero is the smallest out of +everybody here so it belongs at index + + align:start position:0% +everybody here so it belongs at index + + + align:start position:0% +everybody here so it belongs at index +zero next time my next my second pass + + align:start position:0% +zero next time my next my second pass + + + align:start position:0% +zero next time my next my second pass +I'm not going to worry about this one I + + align:start position:0% +I'm not going to worry about this one I + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not going to worry about this one I +know it's already the smallest so I'm + + align:start position:0% +know it's already the smallest so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +know it's already the smallest so I'm +going to determine which element belongs + + align:start position:0% +going to determine which element belongs + + + align:start position:0% +going to determine which element belongs +at index one right so the eight is the + + align:start position:0% +at index one right so the eight is the + + + align:start position:0% +at index one right so the eight is the +first one there it's the one currently + + align:start position:0% +first one there it's the one currently + + + align:start position:0% +first one there it's the one currently +at index one so I'm going to start with + + align:start position:0% +at index one so I'm going to start with + + + align:start position:0% +at index one so I'm going to start with +it being the one that belongs there and + + align:start position:0% +it being the one that belongs there and + + + align:start position:0% +it being the one that belongs there and +I'm going to successively compare it + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to successively compare it + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to successively compare it +with everybody else so the eight with + + align:start position:0% +with everybody else so the eight with + + + align:start position:0% +with everybody else so the eight with +the five the five clearly is smaller + + align:start position:0% +the five the five clearly is smaller + + + align:start position:0% +the five the five clearly is smaller +than the eight five with the 11 the five + + align:start position:0% +than the eight five with the 11 the five + + + align:start position:0% +than the eight five with the 11 the five +is smaller five with the six the five is + + align:start position:0% +is smaller five with the six the five is + + + align:start position:0% +is smaller five with the six the five is +smaller five with the two needs a swap + + align:start position:0% +smaller five with the two needs a swap + + + align:start position:0% +smaller five with the two needs a swap +because the two is smaller two with the + + align:start position:0% +because the two is smaller two with the + + + align:start position:0% +because the two is smaller two with the +one again we swap the one is smaller and + + align:start position:0% +one again we swap the one is smaller and + + + align:start position:0% +one again we swap the one is smaller and +then one with the four done so at the + + align:start position:0% +then one with the four done so at the + + + align:start position:0% +then one with the four done so at the +end of the second pass I've decided that + + align:start position:0% +end of the second pass I've decided that + + + align:start position:0% +end of the second pass I've decided that +the one belongs at the next index so now + + align:start position:0% +the one belongs at the next index so now + + + align:start position:0% +the one belongs at the next index so now +these two elements are in in their + + align:start position:0% +these two elements are in in their + + + align:start position:0% +these two elements are in in their +correct place they're in sorted order + + align:start position:0% +correct place they're in sorted order + + + align:start position:0% +correct place they're in sorted order +okay third pass we're going to decide + + align:start position:0% +okay third pass we're going to decide + + + align:start position:0% +okay third pass we're going to decide +which element belongs at the next Index + + align:start position:0% +which element belongs at the next Index + + + align:start position:0% +which element belongs at the next Index +right the index two so eight with the 11 + + align:start position:0% +right the index two so eight with the 11 + + + align:start position:0% +right the index two so eight with the 11 +is okay eight with the six we need to + + align:start position:0% +is okay eight with the six we need to + + + align:start position:0% +is okay eight with the six we need to +swap six with the five we need to swap + + align:start position:0% +swap six with the five we need to swap + + + align:start position:0% +swap six with the five we need to swap +five with the two we need to swap two + + align:start position:0% +five with the two we need to swap two + + + align:start position:0% +five with the two we need to swap two +with the four everything's okay okay + + align:start position:0% +with the four everything's okay okay + + + align:start position:0% +with the four everything's okay okay +three passes the first three elements + + align:start position:0% +three passes the first three elements + + + align:start position:0% +three passes the first three elements +are in sorted order now we just need to + + align:start position:0% +are in sorted order now we just need to + + + align:start position:0% +are in sorted order now we just need to +figure out between these leftovers which + + align:start position:0% +figure out between these leftovers which + + + align:start position:0% +figure out between these leftovers which +one belongs at the next level so eight + + align:start position:0% +one belongs at the next level so eight + + + align:start position:0% +one belongs at the next level so eight +with the 11 we do a swap eight with the + + align:start position:0% +with the 11 we do a swap eight with the + + + align:start position:0% +with the 11 we do a swap eight with the +six we do the swap six with the five we + + align:start position:0% +six we do the swap six with the five we + + + align:start position:0% +six we do the swap six with the five we +bring the five here five with the four + + align:start position:0% +bring the five here five with the four + + + align:start position:0% +bring the five here five with the four +we bring it + + align:start position:0% +we bring it + + + align:start position:0% +we bring it +here okay again 11 with the eight we + + align:start position:0% +here okay again 11 with the eight we + + + align:start position:0% +here okay again 11 with the eight we +swap these eight with the six we swap + + align:start position:0% +swap these eight with the six we swap + + + align:start position:0% +swap these eight with the six we swap +these six with the five we swap them + + align:start position:0% +these six with the five we swap them + + + align:start position:0% +these six with the five we swap them +right so as you can see as I'm making my + + align:start position:0% +right so as you can see as I'm making my + + + align:start position:0% +right so as you can see as I'm making my +way through to figure out which element + + align:start position:0% +way through to figure out which element + + + align:start position:0% +way through to figure out which element +belongs at the next index I have fewer + + align:start position:0% +belongs at the next index I have fewer + + + align:start position:0% +belongs at the next index I have fewer +elements to to decide between which + + align:start position:0% +elements to to decide between which + + + align:start position:0% +elements to to decide between which +belongs at the next uh uh Index right so + + align:start position:0% +belongs at the next uh uh Index right so + + + align:start position:0% +belongs at the next uh uh Index right so +here the eight the 11 needs a + + align:start position:0% +here the eight the 11 needs a + + + align:start position:0% +here the eight the 11 needs a +swap eight with the six needs a swap and + + align:start position:0% +swap eight with the six needs a swap and + + + align:start position:0% +swap eight with the six needs a swap and +then lastly like that + + align:start position:0% +then lastly like that + + + align:start position:0% +then lastly like that +okay okay so slightly more efficient in + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so slightly more efficient in + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so slightly more efficient in +that we're not comparing a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +that we're not comparing a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +that we're not comparing a bunch of +pairs all the time all the way through + + align:start position:0% +pairs all the time all the way through + + + align:start position:0% +pairs all the time all the way through +to the length of the list so the code + + align:start position:0% +to the length of the list so the code + + + align:start position:0% +to the length of the list so the code +looks like this I've got one for Loop + + align:start position:0% +looks like this I've got one for Loop + + + align:start position:0% +looks like this I've got one for Loop +that goes through the length of the list + + align:start position:0% +that goes through the length of the list + + + align:start position:0% +that goes through the length of the list +and one inner for Loop that only starts + + align:start position:0% +and one inner for Loop that only starts + + + align:start position:0% +and one inner for Loop that only starts +starts at I and goes through to the end + + align:start position:0% +starts at I and goes through to the end + + + align:start position:0% +starts at I and goes through to the end +of the list right so unlike bubble sort + + align:start position:0% +of the list right so unlike bubble sort + + + align:start position:0% +of the list right so unlike bubble sort +which started at one and went through to + + align:start position:0% +which started at one and went through to + + + align:start position:0% +which started at one and went through to +the end of the list all the time here + + align:start position:0% +the end of the list all the time here + + + align:start position:0% +the end of the list all the time here +I'm starting at I and going through to + + align:start position:0% +I'm starting at I and going through to + + + align:start position:0% +I'm starting at I and going through to +the end of the list because in selection + + align:start position:0% +the end of the list because in selection + + + align:start position:0% +the end of the list because in selection +sort with each pass I've decided which + + align:start position:0% +sort with each pass I've decided which + + + align:start position:0% +sort with each pass I've decided which +element belongs at a specific index so I + + align:start position:0% +element belongs at a specific index so I + + + align:start position:0% +element belongs at a specific index so I +no longer need to worry about comparing + + align:start position:0% +no longer need to worry about comparing + + + align:start position:0% +no longer need to worry about comparing +that element with everybody else right + + align:start position:0% +that element with everybody else right + + + align:start position:0% +that element with everybody else right +so when we were you know we were like + + align:start position:0% +so when we were you know we were like + + + align:start position:0% +so when we were you know we were like +that we had decided these were in sorted + + align:start position:0% +that we had decided these were in sorted + + + align:start position:0% +that we had decided these were in sorted +order I only needed to to compare these + + align:start position:0% +order I only needed to to compare these + + + align:start position:0% +order I only needed to to compare these +three amongst themselves to decide which + + align:start position:0% +three amongst themselves to decide which + + + align:start position:0% +three amongst themselves to decide which +one uh fit at the next spot everybody + + align:start position:0% +one uh fit at the next spot everybody + + + align:start position:0% +one uh fit at the next spot everybody +else was already + + align:start position:0% +else was already + + + align:start position:0% +else was already +sorted so what's the complexity analysis + + align:start position:0% +sorted so what's the complexity analysis + + + align:start position:0% +sorted so what's the complexity analysis +of this this is going to be feel very + + align:start position:0% +of this this is going to be feel very + + + align:start position:0% +of this this is going to be feel very +similar to diameter from last lecture + + align:start position:0% +similar to diameter from last lecture + + + align:start position:0% +similar to diameter from last lecture +because diameter also had this funky + + align:start position:0% +because diameter also had this funky + + + align:start position:0% +because diameter also had this funky +thing where we started from I and went + + align:start position:0% +thing where we started from I and went + + + align:start position:0% +thing where we started from I and went +through to the length of the + + align:start position:0% +through to the length of the + + + align:start position:0% +through to the length of the +list well it's going to be Theta of + + align:start position:0% +list well it's going to be Theta of + + + align:start position:0% +list well it's going to be Theta of +length l^2 again so there's two ways to + + align:start position:0% +length l^2 again so there's two ways to + + + align:start position:0% +length l^2 again so there's two ways to +think about this okay the first one is + + align:start position:0% +think about this okay the first one is + + + align:start position:0% +think about this okay the first one is +to look at each Loop indiv + + align:start position:0% +to look at each Loop indiv + + + align:start position:0% +to look at each Loop indiv +ually clearly the outer loop goes + + align:start position:0% +ually clearly the outer loop goes + + + align:start position:0% +ually clearly the outer loop goes +through Theta of length L right no + + align:start position:0% +through Theta of length L right no + + + align:start position:0% +through Theta of length L right no +question about that that just goes + + align:start position:0% +question about that that just goes + + + align:start position:0% +question about that that just goes +through range of length L the inter Loop + + align:start position:0% +through range of length L the inter Loop + + + align:start position:0% +through range of length L the inter Loop +is a little bit trickier right because + + align:start position:0% +is a little bit trickier right because + + + align:start position:0% +is a little bit trickier right because +it doesn't always go from some fixed + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't always go from some fixed + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't always go from some fixed +number to the length of the + + align:start position:0% +number to the length of the + + + align:start position:0% +number to the length of the +list but what we can think about is on + + align:start position:0% +list but what we can think about is on + + + align:start position:0% +list but what we can think about is on +average right the first time when we + + align:start position:0% +average right the first time when we + + + align:start position:0% +average right the first time when we +were trying to figure out the element + + align:start position:0% +were trying to figure out the element + + + align:start position:0% +were trying to figure out the element +that belongs at the first index or index + + align:start position:0% +that belongs at the first index or index + + + align:start position:0% +that belongs at the first index or index +zero we went through to the length of + + align:start position:0% +zero we went through to the length of + + + align:start position:0% +zero we went through to the length of +the list we had to compare with + + align:start position:0% +the list we had to compare with + + + align:start position:0% +the list we had to compare with +everybody else the next time we have to + + align:start position:0% +everybody else the next time we have to + + + align:start position:0% +everybody else the next time we have to +compare with length L minus one then + + align:start position:0% +compare with length L minus one then + + + align:start position:0% +compare with length L minus one then +length L minus two and then at the end + + align:start position:0% +length L minus two and then at the end + + + align:start position:0% +length L minus two and then at the end +we only had you know one item to compare + + align:start position:0% +we only had you know one item to compare + + + align:start position:0% +we only had you know one item to compare +so on average that inner loop goes + + align:start position:0% +so on average that inner loop goes + + + align:start position:0% +so on average that inner loop goes +through length L over two times right on + + align:start position:0% +through length L over two times right on + + + align:start position:0% +through length L over two times right on +average we have to look through about + + align:start position:0% +average we have to look through about + + + align:start position:0% +average we have to look through about +half of the elements in the list um to + + align:start position:0% +half of the elements in the list um to + + + align:start position:0% +half of the elements in the list um to +to uh to to to do the + + align:start position:0% +to uh to to to do the + + + align:start position:0% +to uh to to to do the +comparison so if the inner loop here on + + align:start position:0% +comparison so if the inner loop here on + + + align:start position:0% +comparison so if the inner loop here on +average is Theta of length l is length L + + align:start position:0% +average is Theta of length l is length L + + + align:start position:0% +average is Theta of length l is length L +over2 right then the Theta of length L + + align:start position:0% +over2 right then the Theta of length L + + + align:start position:0% +over2 right then the Theta of length L +over2 is Theta of length L there's just + + align:start position:0% +over2 is Theta of length L there's just + + + align:start position:0% +over2 is Theta of length L there's just +the 0.5 in front of that okay so that's + + align:start position:0% +the 0.5 in front of that okay so that's + + + align:start position:0% +the 0.5 in front of that okay so that's +the first way to think about the + + align:start position:0% +the first way to think about the + + + align:start position:0% +the first way to think about the +complexity analysis of this the other + + align:start position:0% +complexity analysis of this the other + + + align:start position:0% +complexity analysis of this the other +way is to ask yourself well what part of + + align:start position:0% +way is to ask yourself well what part of + + + align:start position:0% +way is to ask yourself well what part of +this code is doing the repetitions like + + align:start position:0% +this code is doing the repetitions like + + + align:start position:0% +this code is doing the repetitions like +if we were to think about what we're + + align:start position:0% +if we were to think about what we're + + + align:start position:0% +if we were to think about what we're +counting in terms of units which part of + + align:start position:0% +counting in terms of units which part of + + + align:start position:0% +counting in terms of units which part of +this code repeats well well the stuff + + align:start position:0% +this code repeats well well the stuff + + + align:start position:0% +this code repeats well well the stuff +inside the inner for Loop repeats right + + align:start position:0% +inside the inner for Loop repeats right + + + align:start position:0% +inside the inner for Loop repeats right +so you're going to do a whole bunch of + + align:start position:0% +so you're going to do a whole bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +so you're going to do a whole bunch of +comparisons so how many actual + + align:start position:0% +comparisons so how many actual + + + align:start position:0% +comparisons so how many actual +comparisons will you + + align:start position:0% +comparisons will you + + + align:start position:0% +comparisons will you +do well the very first time like from + + align:start position:0% +do well the very first time like from + + + align:start position:0% +do well the very first time like from +the outer first pass through to the end + + align:start position:0% +the outer first pass through to the end + + + align:start position:0% +the outer first pass through to the end +of the list you're going to do + + align:start position:0% +of the list you're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +of the list you're going to do +approximately length L comparisons the + + align:start position:0% +approximately length L comparisons the + + + align:start position:0% +approximately length L comparisons the +next time you're going to do length L + + align:start position:0% +next time you're going to do length L + + + align:start position:0% +next time you're going to do length L +minus one comparisons then length L + + align:start position:0% +minus one comparisons then length L + + + align:start position:0% +minus one comparisons then length L +minus two comparisons and so on and so + + align:start position:0% +minus two comparisons and so on and so + + + align:start position:0% +minus two comparisons and so on and so +on down to only one + + align:start position:0% +on down to only one + + + align:start position:0% +on down to only one +comparison so if we do that sum 1 plus 2 + + align:start position:0% +comparison so if we do that sum 1 plus 2 + + + align:start position:0% +comparison so if we do that sum 1 plus 2 +plus 3 plus all the way up to length L + + align:start position:0% +plus 3 plus all the way up to length L + + + align:start position:0% +plus 3 plus all the way up to length L +the sum uh that formula becomes length L + + align:start position:0% +the sum uh that formula becomes length L + + + align:start position:0% +the sum uh that formula becomes length L +* length L plus 1 over two so that + + align:start position:0% +* length L plus 1 over two so that + + + align:start position:0% +* length L plus 1 over two so that +becomes length l^ 2ar over 2 plus length + + align:start position:0% +becomes length l^ 2ar over 2 plus length + + + align:start position:0% +becomes length l^ 2ar over 2 plus length +L over2 and that becomes Theta of length + + align:start position:0% +L over2 and that becomes Theta of length + + + align:start position:0% +L over2 and that becomes Theta of length +L + + align:start position:0% +L + + + align:start position:0% +L +squared right so just a couple ways to + + align:start position:0% +squared right so just a couple ways to + + + align:start position:0% +squared right so just a couple ways to +think about the analysis of this um and + + align:start position:0% +think about the analysis of this um and + + + align:start position:0% +think about the analysis of this um and +this is a pretty common thing you'll see + + align:start position:0% +this is a pretty common thing you'll see + + + align:start position:0% +this is a pretty common thing you'll see +but just because we start at I doesn't + + align:start position:0% +but just because we start at I doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +but just because we start at I doesn't +mean that it um decreases the complexity + + align:start position:0% +mean that it um decreases the complexity + + + align:start position:0% +mean that it um decreases the complexity +of this function uh dramatically it + + align:start position:0% +of this function uh dramatically it + + + align:start position:0% +of this function uh dramatically it +doesn't decrease it by some order it + + align:start position:0% +doesn't decrease it by some order it + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't decrease it by some order it +just decreases it by half right so it's + + align:start position:0% +just decreases it by half right so it's + + + align:start position:0% +just decreases it by half right so it's +still Theta of length + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +L + + align:start position:0% +L + + + align:start position:0% +L +okay so we can actually do a little + + align:start position:0% +okay so we can actually do a little + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we can actually do a little +variation on this because you might have + + align:start position:0% +variation on this because you might have + + + align:start position:0% +variation on this because you might have +noticed it was a little inefficient to + + align:start position:0% +noticed it was a little inefficient to + + + align:start position:0% +noticed it was a little inefficient to +do the swap every time I noticed another + + align:start position:0% +do the swap every time I noticed another + + + align:start position:0% +do the swap every time I noticed another +element that's smaller right I didn't + + align:start position:0% +element that's smaller right I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +element that's smaller right I didn't +have to do the switch all I had to do + + align:start position:0% +have to do the switch all I had to do + + + align:start position:0% +have to do the switch all I had to do +was kind of just keep track through a + + align:start position:0% +was kind of just keep track through a + + + align:start position:0% +was kind of just keep track through a +variable of the smallest number that I + + align:start position:0% +variable of the smallest number that I + + + align:start position:0% +variable of the smallest number that I +have seen so far and only do the switch + + align:start position:0% +have seen so far and only do the switch + + + align:start position:0% +have seen so far and only do the switch +at the end when I've determined that + + align:start position:0% +at the end when I've determined that + + + align:start position:0% +at the end when I've determined that +that's the smallest number right so the + + align:start position:0% +that's the smallest number right so the + + + align:start position:0% +that's the smallest number right so the +variation basically if this is my list + + align:start position:0% +variation basically if this is my list + + + align:start position:0% +variation basically if this is my list +says hey I'm going to look at this + + align:start position:0% +says hey I'm going to look at this + + + align:start position:0% +says hey I'm going to look at this +element that belongs in this very first + + align:start position:0% +element that belongs in this very first + + + align:start position:0% +element that belongs in this very first +slot eight is the first one then I'm + + align:start position:0% +slot eight is the first one then I'm + + + align:start position:0% +slot eight is the first one then I'm +going to look through the elements all + + align:start position:0% +going to look through the elements all + + + align:start position:0% +going to look through the elements all +the way up to the end of the list and + + align:start position:0% +the way up to the end of the list and + + + align:start position:0% +the way up to the end of the list and +keep track of the smallest one the four + + align:start position:0% +keep track of the smallest one the four + + + align:start position:0% +keep track of the smallest one the four +the one is currently small smallest six + + align:start position:0% +the one is currently small smallest six + + + align:start position:0% +the one is currently small smallest six +is not five is not nine is not two is + + align:start position:0% +is not five is not nine is not two is + + + align:start position:0% +is not five is not nine is not two is +not the zero is smaller than the one so + + align:start position:0% +not the zero is smaller than the one so + + + align:start position:0% +not the zero is smaller than the one so +if I see the zero is smallest then I + + align:start position:0% +if I see the zero is smallest then I + + + align:start position:0% +if I see the zero is smallest then I +swap it so I only do one swap at the end + + align:start position:0% +swap it so I only do one swap at the end + + + align:start position:0% +swap it so I only do one swap at the end +next time through I'm going to decide + + align:start position:0% +next time through I'm going to decide + + + align:start position:0% +next time through I'm going to decide +which element belongs at this index the + + align:start position:0% +which element belongs at this index the + + + align:start position:0% +which element belongs at this index the +one is the smallest I see so I do the + + align:start position:0% +one is the smallest I see so I do the + + + align:start position:0% +one is the smallest I see so I do the +swap only at the end right then I decide + + align:start position:0% +swap only at the end right then I decide + + + align:start position:0% +swap only at the end right then I decide +which element belongs here the two is + + align:start position:0% +which element belongs here the two is + + + align:start position:0% +which element belongs here the two is +smallest out of everybody left the two + + align:start position:0% +smallest out of everybody left the two + + + align:start position:0% +smallest out of everybody left the two +goes there so I'm doing all these + + align:start position:0% +goes there so I'm doing all these + + + align:start position:0% +goes there so I'm doing all these +comparisons but I only do the swap at + + align:start position:0% +comparisons but I only do the swap at + + + align:start position:0% +comparisons but I only do the swap at +the end right when I've decided hey this + + align:start position:0% +the end right when I've decided hey this + + + align:start position:0% +the end right when I've decided hey this +is the smallest element let me just swap + + align:start position:0% +is the smallest element let me just swap + + + align:start position:0% +is the smallest element let me just swap +it with the one that's currently there + + align:start position:0% +it with the one that's currently there + + + align:start position:0% +it with the one that's currently there +right so it's just going to go through + + align:start position:0% +right so it's just going to go through + + + align:start position:0% +right so it's just going to go through +to the end of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that okay so I wrote that variation here + + align:start position:0% +that okay so I wrote that variation here + + + align:start position:0% +that okay so I wrote that variation here +so this is selection + + align:start position:0% +so this is selection + + + align:start position:0% +so this is selection +sort just as we saw it so we can see + + align:start position:0% +sort just as we saw it so we can see + + + align:start position:0% +sort just as we saw it so we can see +here that the first pass with the outer + + align:start position:0% +here that the first pass with the outer + + + align:start position:0% +here that the first pass with the outer +loop we have length l + + align:start position:0% +loop we have length l + + + align:start position:0% +loop we have length l +um comparisons to make because we're + + align:start position:0% +um comparisons to make because we're + + + align:start position:0% +um comparisons to make because we're +always comparing these two right then + + align:start position:0% +always comparing these two right then + + + align:start position:0% +always comparing these two right then +the one that's currently at this index + + align:start position:0% +the one that's currently at this index + + + align:start position:0% +the one that's currently at this index +and the next uh the one index over the + + align:start position:0% +and the next uh the one index over the + + + align:start position:0% +and the next uh the one index over the +one that's currently at this index and + + align:start position:0% +one that's currently at this index and + + + align:start position:0% +one that's currently at this index and +one index over and so on so the first + + align:start position:0% +one index over and so on so the first + + + align:start position:0% +one index over and so on so the first +pass I've done length L swaps sorry + + align:start position:0% +pass I've done length L swaps sorry + + + align:start position:0% +pass I've done length L swaps sorry +length L + + align:start position:0% +length L + + + align:start position:0% +length L +comparisons the next pass I've done + + align:start position:0% +comparisons the next pass I've done + + + align:start position:0% +comparisons the next pass I've done +length L minus one comparisons because I + + align:start position:0% +length L minus one comparisons because I + + + align:start position:0% +length L minus one comparisons because I +don't need to look at the zero anymore I + + align:start position:0% +don't need to look at the zero anymore I + + + align:start position:0% +don't need to look at the zero anymore I +already know that's in the right place + + align:start position:0% +already know that's in the right place + + + align:start position:0% +already know that's in the right place +then after that I do length L minus 2 + + align:start position:0% +then after that I do length L minus 2 + + + align:start position:0% +then after that I do length L minus 2 +comparisons then l L minus 3 comparisons + + align:start position:0% +comparisons then l L minus 3 comparisons + + + align:start position:0% +comparisons then l L minus 3 comparisons +so you can see as we're making um + + align:start position:0% +so you can see as we're making um + + + align:start position:0% +so you can see as we're making um +progress through our outer loop we have + + align:start position:0% +progress through our outer loop we have + + + align:start position:0% +progress through our outer loop we have +fewer and fewer comparisons to do right + + align:start position:0% +fewer and fewer comparisons to do right + + + align:start position:0% +fewer and fewer comparisons to do right +so you might think that this is much + + align:start position:0% +so you might think that this is much + + + align:start position:0% +so you might think that this is much +better but the Theta complexity analysis + + align:start position:0% +better but the Theta complexity analysis + + + align:start position:0% +better but the Theta complexity analysis +says it's not so that's the original + + align:start position:0% +says it's not so that's the original + + + align:start position:0% +says it's not so that's the original +selection sort and the variation on + + align:start position:0% +selection sort and the variation on + + + align:start position:0% +selection sort and the variation on +selection + + align:start position:0% +selection + + + align:start position:0% +selection +sort looks a little more + + align:start position:0% +sort looks a little more + + + align:start position:0% +sort looks a little more +complicated but it's not doing a swap so + + align:start position:0% +complicated but it's not doing a swap so + + + align:start position:0% +complicated but it's not doing a swap so +it's only doing a swap down here as you + + align:start position:0% +it's only doing a swap down here as you + + + align:start position:0% +it's only doing a swap down here as you +can see it's doing it after it finishes + + align:start position:0% +can see it's doing it after it finishes + + + align:start position:0% +can see it's doing it after it finishes +this inner for Loop and all this inner + + align:start position:0% +this inner for Loop and all this inner + + + align:start position:0% +this inner for Loop and all this inner +for Loop is doing is checking uh is + + align:start position:0% +for Loop is doing is checking uh is + + + align:start position:0% +for Loop is doing is checking uh is +doing the comparisons and keeping track + + align:start position:0% +doing the comparisons and keeping track + + + align:start position:0% +doing the comparisons and keeping track +of the smallest number it sees in this + + align:start position:0% +of the smallest number it sees in this + + + align:start position:0% +of the smallest number it sees in this +variable called + + align:start position:0% +variable called + + + align:start position:0% +variable called +smallest and the index associated with + + align:start position:0% +smallest and the index associated with + + + align:start position:0% +smallest and the index associated with +that smallest variable in smallest + + align:start position:0% +that smallest variable in smallest + + + align:start position:0% +that smallest variable in smallest +J now if we look at the analysis for + + align:start position:0% +J now if we look at the analysis for + + + align:start position:0% +J now if we look at the analysis for +this well we still have an outer for + + align:start position:0% +this well we still have an outer for + + + align:start position:0% +this well we still have an outer for +Loop that goes through length L we still + + align:start position:0% +Loop that goes through length L we still + + + align:start position:0% +Loop that goes through length L we still +have an inner for Loop that goes from I + + align:start position:0% +have an inner for Loop that goes from I + + + align:start position:0% +have an inner for Loop that goes from I +to length L all it's doing is + + align:start position:0% +to length L all it's doing is + + + align:start position:0% +to length L all it's doing is +eliminating this line here it does it + + align:start position:0% +eliminating this line here it does it + + + align:start position:0% +eliminating this line here it does it +only once at the end but it's still + + align:start position:0% +only once at the end but it's still + + + align:start position:0% +only once at the end but it's still +doing all these comparisons it still has + + align:start position:0% +doing all these comparisons it still has + + + align:start position:0% +doing all these comparisons it still has +to look through all of these elements + + align:start position:0% +to look through all of these elements + + + align:start position:0% +to look through all of these elements +one uh Pair by pair to do the comparison + + align:start position:0% +one uh Pair by pair to do the comparison + + + align:start position:0% +one uh Pair by pair to do the comparison +so actually this slight speed up doesn't + + align:start position:0% +so actually this slight speed up doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +so actually this slight speed up doesn't +have a big impact on my Theta complexity + + align:start position:0% +have a big impact on my Theta complexity + + + align:start position:0% +have a big impact on my Theta complexity +right it's still going to be Theta of uh + + align:start position:0% +right it's still going to be Theta of uh + + + align:start position:0% +right it's still going to be Theta of uh +length + + align:start position:0% +length + + + align:start position:0% +length +L2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any questions so + + align:start position:0% +any questions so + + + align:start position:0% +any questions so +far on these sorting + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +algorithms + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so clearly we're not really doing a + + align:start position:0% +okay so clearly we're not really doing a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so clearly we're not really doing a +very good job + + align:start position:0% +very good job + + + align:start position:0% +very good job +about thinking of a unique way to do uh + + align:start position:0% +about thinking of a unique way to do uh + + + align:start position:0% +about thinking of a unique way to do uh +to do the Sorting right because all of + + align:start position:0% +to do the Sorting right because all of + + + align:start position:0% +to do the Sorting right because all of +these different variations where we're + + align:start position:0% +these different variations where we're + + + align:start position:0% +these different variations where we're +doing slight speedups here and there + + align:start position:0% +doing slight speedups here and there + + + align:start position:0% +doing slight speedups here and there +aren't doing a drastic enough job to + + align:start position:0% +aren't doing a drastic enough job to + + + align:start position:0% +aren't doing a drastic enough job to +bring us a whole complexity class lower + + align:start position:0% +bring us a whole complexity class lower + + + align:start position:0% +bring us a whole complexity class lower +right so we have to think about the + + align:start position:0% +right so we have to think about the + + + align:start position:0% +right so we have to think about the +problem in a completely different way so + + align:start position:0% +problem in a completely different way so + + + align:start position:0% +problem in a completely different way so +the iterative approach is not working + + align:start position:0% +the iterative approach is not working + + + align:start position:0% +the iterative approach is not working +out for us right where we basically have + + align:start position:0% +out for us right where we basically have + + + align:start position:0% +out for us right where we basically have +a loop that does something and then + + align:start position:0% +a loop that does something and then + + + align:start position:0% +a loop that does something and then +another loop that does some sort of + + align:start position:0% +another loop that does some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +another loop that does some sort of +comparison right that's not going to get + + align:start position:0% +comparison right that's not going to get + + + align:start position:0% +comparison right that's not going to get +us a whole uh a whole complexity class + + align:start position:0% +us a whole uh a whole complexity class + + + align:start position:0% +us a whole uh a whole complexity class +speed up so instead what we're going to + + align:start position:0% +speed up so instead what we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +speed up so instead what we're going to +do is approach the problem from a um uh + + align:start position:0% +do is approach the problem from a um uh + + + align:start position:0% +do is approach the problem from a um uh +sort of inspired by binary uh bisection + + align:start position:0% +sort of inspired by binary uh bisection + + + align:start position:0% +sort of inspired by binary uh bisection +search or binary search right in + + align:start position:0% +search or binary search right in + + + align:start position:0% +search or binary search right in +bisection search we weren't looking at + + align:start position:0% +bisection search we weren't looking at + + + align:start position:0% +bisection search we weren't looking at +each element one at a time we were + + align:start position:0% +each element one at a time we were + + + align:start position:0% +each element one at a time we were +taking our list and dividing it in half + + align:start position:0% +taking our list and dividing it in half + + + align:start position:0% +taking our list and dividing it in half +right so we can try to do a similar + + align:start position:0% +right so we can try to do a similar + + + align:start position:0% +right so we can try to do a similar +approach here and that's what this merge + + align:start position:0% +approach here and that's what this merge + + + align:start position:0% +approach here and that's what this merge +sort algorithm does it's going to take + + align:start position:0% +sort algorithm does it's going to take + + + align:start position:0% +sort algorithm does it's going to take +an original list and it's going to + + align:start position:0% +an original list and it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +an original list and it's going to +divide this list in half with each step + + align:start position:0% +divide this list in half with each step + + + align:start position:0% +divide this list in half with each step +and it's going to do this uh recursively + + align:start position:0% +and it's going to do this uh recursively + + + align:start position:0% +and it's going to do this uh recursively +it's going to be a divide and conquer + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be a divide and conquer + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be a divide and conquer +algorithm so it's going to recursively + + align:start position:0% +algorithm so it's going to recursively + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm so it's going to recursively +divide this list in half each step and + + align:start position:0% +divide this list in half each step and + + + align:start position:0% +divide this list in half each step and +then it's going to merge sorted lists in + + align:start position:0% +then it's going to merge sorted lists in + + + align:start position:0% +then it's going to merge sorted lists in +a really smart way such that it'll give + + align:start position:0% +a really smart way such that it'll give + + + align:start position:0% +a really smart way such that it'll give +us the speed up that we're interested in + + align:start position:0% +us the speed up that we're interested in + + + align:start position:0% +us the speed up that we're interested in +so let me explain to you how we're going + + align:start position:0% +so let me explain to you how we're going + + + align:start position:0% +so let me explain to you how we're going +to merge it and then we'll see how we + + align:start position:0% +to merge it and then we'll see how we + + + align:start position:0% +to merge it and then we'll see how we +can uh write up this whole + + align:start position:0% +can uh write up this whole + + + align:start position:0% +can uh write up this whole +algorithm so let's say that that we have + + align:start position:0% +algorithm so let's say that that we have + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm so let's say that that we have +let's do this let's + + align:start position:0% +let's do this let's + + + align:start position:0% +let's do this let's +say that we've done some sort of uh + + align:start position:0% +say that we've done some sort of uh + + + align:start position:0% +say that we've done some sort of uh +division of lists right and let's say + + align:start position:0% +division of lists right and let's say + + + align:start position:0% +division of lists right and let's say +that we've written this algorithm and it + + align:start position:0% +that we've written this algorithm and it + + + align:start position:0% +that we've written this algorithm and it +works really nicely in such a way that + + align:start position:0% +works really nicely in such a way that + + + align:start position:0% +works really nicely in such a way that +it gives us two sorted + + align:start position:0% +it gives us two sorted + + + align:start position:0% +it gives us two sorted +lists right so if somehow my algorithm + + align:start position:0% +lists right so if somehow my algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +lists right so if somehow my algorithm +right where I had one full list of all + + align:start position:0% +right where I had one full list of all + + + align:start position:0% +right where I had one full list of all +of these eight elements here divided + + align:start position:0% +of these eight elements here divided + + + align:start position:0% +of these eight elements here divided +itself and when it came back together it + + align:start position:0% +itself and when it came back together it + + + align:start position:0% +itself and when it came back together it +gave me two sublists that themselves are + + align:start position:0% +gave me two sublists that themselves are + + + align:start position:0% +gave me two sublists that themselves are +sorted right so this is a sorted list + + align:start position:0% +sorted right so this is a sorted list + + + align:start position:0% +sorted right so this is a sorted list +and this is a sorted list by + + align:start position:0% +and this is a sorted list by + + + align:start position:0% +and this is a sorted list by +itself then there's this really smart + + align:start position:0% +itself then there's this really smart + + + align:start position:0% +itself then there's this really smart +merge step that we can do so we can + + align:start position:0% +merge step that we can do so we can + + + align:start position:0% +merge step that we can do so we can +recognize that if this list is sorted by + + align:start position:0% +recognize that if this list is sorted by + + + align:start position:0% +recognize that if this list is sorted by +itself and this list is sorted by itself + + align:start position:0% +itself and this list is sorted by itself + + + align:start position:0% +itself and this list is sorted by itself +to determine the element that is the + + align:start position:0% +to determine the element that is the + + + align:start position:0% +to determine the element that is the +smallest between both of these lists all + + align:start position:0% +smallest between both of these lists all + + + align:start position:0% +smallest between both of these lists all +we have to do is look at the first + + align:start position:0% +we have to do is look at the first + + + align:start position:0% +we have to do is look at the first +element of each list each sublist right + + align:start position:0% +element of each list each sublist right + + + align:start position:0% +element of each list each sublist right +this is the smallest out of these guys + + align:start position:0% +this is the smallest out of these guys + + + align:start position:0% +this is the smallest out of these guys +this is the smallest out of these guys + + align:start position:0% +this is the smallest out of these guys + + + align:start position:0% +this is the smallest out of these guys +so if I just compare the zero and the + + align:start position:0% +so if I just compare the zero and the + + + align:start position:0% +so if I just compare the zero and the +four I know the zero will be smallest + + align:start position:0% +four I know the zero will be smallest + + + align:start position:0% +four I know the zero will be smallest +out of + + align:start position:0% +out of + + + align:start position:0% +out of +everything okay then I'm left with this + + align:start position:0% +everything okay then I'm left with this + + + align:start position:0% +everything okay then I'm left with this +list it's still sorted this list it's + + align:start position:0% +list it's still sorted this list it's + + + align:start position:0% +list it's still sorted this list it's +still sorted I look at the first element + + align:start position:0% +still sorted I look at the first element + + + align:start position:0% +still sorted I look at the first element +of each of these lists which one of + + align:start position:0% +of each of these lists which one of + + + align:start position:0% +of each of these lists which one of +these is the smallest well the one is + + align:start position:0% +these is the smallest well the one is + + + align:start position:0% +these is the smallest well the one is +smaller than the four so I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +smaller than the four so I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +smaller than the four so I'm going to +take this one and say this one comes + + align:start position:0% +take this one and say this one comes + + + align:start position:0% +take this one and say this one comes +next right so we're using the property + + align:start position:0% +next right so we're using the property + + + align:start position:0% +next right so we're using the property +that these two lists themselves are + + align:start position:0% +that these two lists themselves are + + + align:start position:0% +that these two lists themselves are +sorted so all I need to do is compare + + align:start position:0% +sorted so all I need to do is compare + + + align:start position:0% +sorted so all I need to do is compare +the first element of each list then I + + align:start position:0% +the first element of each list then I + + + align:start position:0% +the first element of each list then I +compare the two and the four I say the + + align:start position:0% +compare the two and the four I say the + + + align:start position:0% +compare the two and the four I say the +two is smaller than the four the six and + + align:start position:0% +two is smaller than the four the six and + + + align:start position:0% +two is smaller than the four the six and +the four the four goes next the six and + + align:start position:0% +the four the four goes next the six and + + + align:start position:0% +the four the four goes next the six and +the five the five goes here six and the + + align:start position:0% +the five the five goes here six and the + + + align:start position:0% +the five the five goes here six and the +eight six goes here eight and the 11 + + align:start position:0% +eight six goes here eight and the 11 + + + align:start position:0% +eight six goes here eight and the 11 +well they're already in sorted order so + + align:start position:0% +well they're already in sorted order so + + + align:start position:0% +well they're already in sorted order so +we're + + align:start position:0% +we're + + + align:start position:0% +we're +done so that really smart merge step + + align:start position:0% +done so that really smart merge step + + + align:start position:0% +done so that really smart merge step +touched every element only once to bring + + align:start position:0% +touched every element only once to bring + + + align:start position:0% +touched every element only once to bring +it into to my master sorted list right I + + align:start position:0% +it into to my master sorted list right I + + + align:start position:0% +it into to my master sorted list right I +didn't have to do multiple passes I just + + align:start position:0% +didn't have to do multiple passes I just + + + align:start position:0% +didn't have to do multiple passes I just +had to look at the first element of each + + align:start position:0% +had to look at the first element of each + + + align:start position:0% +had to look at the first element of each +list so if we can somehow get to this + + align:start position:0% +list so if we can somehow get to this + + + align:start position:0% +list so if we can somehow get to this +point where we have these two sublists + + align:start position:0% +point where we have these two sublists + + + align:start position:0% +point where we have these two sublists +that are sorted I can just do a little + + align:start position:0% +that are sorted I can just do a little + + + align:start position:0% +that are sorted I can just do a little +merge by looking at the first element in + + align:start position:0% +merge by looking at the first element in + + + align:start position:0% +merge by looking at the first element in +each of these sorted lists and that + + align:start position:0% +each of these sorted lists and that + + + align:start position:0% +each of these sorted lists and that +basically gives me a Theta of n + + align:start position:0% +basically gives me a Theta of n + + + align:start position:0% +basically gives me a Theta of n +complexity to do the merge from two + + align:start position:0% +complexity to do the merge from two + + + align:start position:0% +complexity to do the merge from two +smaller sorted lists into one big sorted + + align:start position:0% +smaller sorted lists into one big sorted + + + align:start position:0% +smaller sorted lists into one big sorted +list right + + align:start position:0% +list right + + + align:start position:0% +list right +so here's the idea of this merge sort + + align:start position:0% +so here's the idea of this merge sort + + + align:start position:0% +so here's the idea of this merge sort +algorithm we're going to take an + + align:start position:0% +algorithm we're going to take an + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm we're going to take an +original big unsorted list containing n + + align:start position:0% +original big unsorted list containing n + + + align:start position:0% +original big unsorted list containing n +elements it's unsorted we're going to + + align:start position:0% +elements it's unsorted we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +elements it's unsorted we're going to +divide it in half of course these two + + align:start position:0% +divide it in half of course these two + + + align:start position:0% +divide it in half of course these two +halves there's no order to them so they + + align:start position:0% +halves there's no order to them so they + + + align:start position:0% +halves there's no order to them so they +are potentially very unsorted we're + + align:start position:0% +are potentially very unsorted we're + + + align:start position:0% +are potentially very unsorted we're +going to take each one of those halves + + align:start position:0% +going to take each one of those halves + + + align:start position:0% +going to take each one of those halves +and divide them as well in half more + + align:start position:0% +and divide them as well in half more + + + align:start position:0% +and divide them as well in half more +unsorted sublists now I've got four + + align:start position:0% +unsorted sublists now I've got four + + + align:start position:0% +unsorted sublists now I've got four +unsorted sublists of smaller lengths + + align:start position:0% +unsorted sublists of smaller lengths + + + align:start position:0% +unsorted sublists of smaller lengths +then I'm going to keep dividing them in + + align:start position:0% +then I'm going to keep dividing them in + + + align:start position:0% +then I'm going to keep dividing them in +half I have now maybe just two elements + + align:start position:0% +half I have now maybe just two elements + + + align:start position:0% +half I have now maybe just two elements +in each of these unsorted lists there's + + align:start position:0% +in each of these unsorted lists there's + + + align:start position:0% +in each of these unsorted lists there's +no guarantee that they're sorted and + + align:start position:0% +no guarantee that they're sorted and + + + align:start position:0% +no guarantee that they're sorted and +then I divide it in half once more to + + align:start position:0% +then I divide it in half once more to + + + align:start position:0% +then I divide it in half once more to +have a list with one element in each uh + + align:start position:0% +have a list with one element in each uh + + + align:start position:0% +have a list with one element in each uh +yeah a list with one element maybe some + + align:start position:0% +yeah a list with one element maybe some + + + align:start position:0% +yeah a list with one element maybe some +of these will be empty but you + + align:start position:0% +of these will be empty but you + + + align:start position:0% +of these will be empty but you +know so then if I can get to this point + + align:start position:0% +know so then if I can get to this point + + + align:start position:0% +know so then if I can get to this point +where I just have lists containing one + + align:start position:0% +where I just have lists containing one + + + align:start position:0% +where I just have lists containing one +element in each list those lists + + align:start position:0% +element in each list those lists + + + align:start position:0% +element in each list those lists +themselves are sorted right an element + + align:start position:0% +themselves are sorted right an element + + + align:start position:0% +themselves are sorted right an element +with just a one in it a list with just a + + align:start position:0% +with just a one in it a list with just a + + + align:start position:0% +with just a one in it a list with just a +one in it is + + align:start position:0% +one in it is + + + align:start position:0% +one in it is +sorted so then I can begin a merge step + + align:start position:0% +sorted so then I can begin a merge step + + + align:start position:0% +sorted so then I can begin a merge step +which says hey these two here that were + + align:start position:0% +which says hey these two here that were + + + align:start position:0% +which says hey these two here that were +originally unsorted let's just merge the + + align:start position:0% +originally unsorted let's just merge the + + + align:start position:0% +originally unsorted let's just merge the +pairs back up and we'll do that um that + + align:start position:0% +pairs back up and we'll do that um that + + + align:start position:0% +pairs back up and we'll do that um that +smart merge uh merge way right so these + + align:start position:0% +smart merge uh merge way right so these + + + align:start position:0% +smart merge uh merge way right so these +two will merge back in to give me all of + + align:start position:0% +two will merge back in to give me all of + + + align:start position:0% +two will merge back in to give me all of +these eight sorted lists of element of + + align:start position:0% +these eight sorted lists of element of + + + align:start position:0% +these eight sorted lists of element of +length to and then we're going to merge + + align:start position:0% +length to and then we're going to merge + + + align:start position:0% +length to and then we're going to merge +these pairs back up again using that + + align:start position:0% +these pairs back up again using that + + + align:start position:0% +these pairs back up again using that +smart merge uh merge uh way to give me + + align:start position:0% +smart merge uh merge uh way to give me + + + align:start position:0% +smart merge uh merge uh way to give me +uh four sorted lists and then we're + + align:start position:0% +uh four sorted lists and then we're + + + align:start position:0% +uh four sorted lists and then we're +going to merge these uh pairs of sorted + + align:start position:0% +going to merge these uh pairs of sorted + + + align:start position:0% +going to merge these uh pairs of sorted +lists to give me bigger sorted lists and + + align:start position:0% +lists to give me bigger sorted lists and + + + align:start position:0% +lists to give me bigger sorted lists and +finally we're going to merge these two + + align:start position:0% +finally we're going to merge these two + + + align:start position:0% +finally we're going to merge these two +sorted lists to give me my final Master + + align:start position:0% +sorted lists to give me my final Master + + + align:start position:0% +sorted lists to give me my final Master +sorted list okay so let's do the process + + align:start position:0% +sorted list okay so let's do the process + + + align:start position:0% +sorted list okay so let's do the process +of doing the + + align:start position:0% +of doing the + + + align:start position:0% +of doing the +sort right step out a time so we're + + align:start position:0% +sort right step out a time so we're + + + align:start position:0% +sort right step out a time so we're +going to take our original list + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like this I'm actually going to try to + + align:start position:0% +like this I'm actually going to try to + + + align:start position:0% +like this I'm actually going to try to +do + + align:start position:0% +do + + + align:start position:0% +do +this I'm going to need some room to move + + align:start position:0% +this I'm going to need some room to move + + + align:start position:0% +this I'm going to need some room to move +them down so this is my original + + align:start position:0% +them down so this is my original + + + align:start position:0% +them down so this is my original +unsorted list let's move this here + + align:start position:0% +unsorted list let's move this here + + + align:start position:0% +unsorted list let's move this here +something like + + align:start position:0% +something like + + + align:start position:0% +something like +that so what's the process going to be + + align:start position:0% +that so what's the process going to be + + + align:start position:0% +that so what's the process going to be +step one is to divide them in half step + + align:start position:0% +step one is to divide them in half step + + + align:start position:0% +step one is to divide them in half step +two divide each of these in + + align:start position:0% +two divide each of these in + + + align:start position:0% +two divide each of these in +half step three divide each of them in + + align:start position:0% +half step three divide each of them in + + + align:start position:0% +half step three divide each of them in +half so now I've got a bunch of lists + + align:start position:0% +half so now I've got a bunch of lists + + + align:start position:0% +half so now I've got a bunch of lists +with only one element in + + align:start position:0% +with only one element in + + + align:start position:0% +with only one element in +it now I need to merge them back up so + + align:start position:0% +it now I need to merge them back up so + + + align:start position:0% +it now I need to merge them back up so +merging these two together to give me a + + align:start position:0% +merging these two together to give me a + + + align:start position:0% +merging these two together to give me a +list with two elements says I'm just + + align:start position:0% +list with two elements says I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +list with two elements says I'm just +going to compare them the one that's + + align:start position:0% +going to compare them the one that's + + + align:start position:0% +going to compare them the one that's +smaller goes first the one that's bigger + + align:start position:0% +smaller goes first the one that's bigger + + + align:start position:0% +smaller goes first the one that's bigger +goes + + align:start position:0% +goes + + + align:start position:0% +goes +second again these ones compare them the + + align:start position:0% +second again these ones compare them the + + + align:start position:0% +second again these ones compare them the +one that's smaller goes first the one + + align:start position:0% +one that's smaller goes first the one + + + align:start position:0% +one that's smaller goes first the one +that's bigger goes second again compare + + align:start position:0% +that's bigger goes second again compare + + + align:start position:0% +that's bigger goes second again compare +them again compare them so now I've done + + align:start position:0% +them again compare them so now I've done + + + align:start position:0% +them again compare them so now I've done +one merge where I have four lists that + + align:start position:0% +one merge where I have four lists that + + + align:start position:0% +one merge where I have four lists that +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +sorted by themselves right so now I'm + + align:start position:0% +sorted by themselves right so now I'm + + + align:start position:0% +sorted by themselves right so now I'm +going to merge these two together and + + align:start position:0% +going to merge these two together and + + + align:start position:0% +going to merge these two together and +these two + + align:start position:0% +these two + + + align:start position:0% +these two +together so I'm only looking at the + + align:start position:0% +together so I'm only looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +together so I'm only looking at the +first element of each so I compare the + + align:start position:0% +first element of each so I compare the + + + align:start position:0% +first element of each so I compare the +zero and the two and I know the zero is + + align:start position:0% +zero and the two and I know the zero is + + + align:start position:0% +zero and the two and I know the zero is +smaller than the + + align:start position:0% +smaller than the + + + align:start position:0% +smaller than the +two then the two and the eight the two + + align:start position:0% +two then the two and the eight the two + + + align:start position:0% +two then the two and the eight the two +is smaller then the eight and the 11 and + + align:start position:0% +is smaller then the eight and the 11 and + + + align:start position:0% +is smaller then the eight and the 11 and +then the 11 so now this list is now + + align:start position:0% +then the 11 so now this list is now + + + align:start position:0% +then the 11 so now this list is now +sorted by itself same process here + + align:start position:0% +sorted by itself same process here + + + align:start position:0% +sorted by itself same process here +compare only the first element of each + + align:start position:0% +compare only the first element of each + + + align:start position:0% +compare only the first element of each +list the one comes first then the four + + align:start position:0% +list the one comes first then the four + + + align:start position:0% +list the one comes first then the four +comes next then the five comes next and + + align:start position:0% +comes next then the five comes next and + + + align:start position:0% +comes next then the five comes next and +then the six right so now I've reached + + align:start position:0% +then the six right so now I've reached + + + align:start position:0% +then the six right so now I've reached +the exact same spot I was at when I was + + align:start position:0% +the exact same spot I was at when I was + + + align:start position:0% +the exact same spot I was at when I was +talking about the merge step right when + + align:start position:0% +talking about the merge step right when + + + align:start position:0% +talking about the merge step right when +I showed you that um that we could get + + align:start position:0% +I showed you that um that we could get + + + align:start position:0% +I showed you that um that we could get +to that spot so I've got these two lists + + align:start position:0% +to that spot so I've got these two lists + + + align:start position:0% +to that spot so I've got these two lists +that are themselves sorted to merge so + + align:start position:0% +that are themselves sorted to merge so + + + align:start position:0% +that are themselves sorted to merge so +all I need to do is look at the first + + align:start position:0% +all I need to do is look at the first + + + align:start position:0% +all I need to do is look at the first +element in each list so there's my zero + + align:start position:0% +element in each list so there's my zero + + + align:start position:0% +element in each list so there's my zero +goes first one compared with the two the + + align:start position:0% +goes first one compared with the two the + + + align:start position:0% +goes first one compared with the two the +one goes next two compared with the four + + align:start position:0% +one goes next two compared with the four + + + align:start position:0% +one goes next two compared with the four +the two goes next four compared with the + + align:start position:0% +the two goes next four compared with the + + + align:start position:0% +the two goes next four compared with the +eight the four goes next five compared + + align:start position:0% +eight the four goes next five compared + + + align:start position:0% +eight the four goes next five compared +with the eight the five goes next six + + align:start position:0% +with the eight the five goes next six + + + align:start position:0% +with the eight the five goes next six +compared with the eight the six goes + + align:start position:0% +compared with the eight the six goes + + + align:start position:0% +compared with the eight the six goes +next and I've removed all the elements + + align:start position:0% +next and I've removed all the elements + + + align:start position:0% +next and I've removed all the elements +in this list so I know I just need to + + align:start position:0% +in this list so I know I just need to + + + align:start position:0% +in this list so I know I just need to +grab whatever is left in here in + + align:start position:0% +grab whatever is left in here in + + + align:start position:0% +grab whatever is left in here in +whatever order it's there because + + align:start position:0% +whatever order it's there because + + + align:start position:0% +whatever order it's there because +everything's already + + align:start position:0% +everything's already + + + align:start position:0% +everything's already +sorted okay so that's the entire merge + + align:start position:0% +sorted okay so that's the entire merge + + + align:start position:0% +sorted okay so that's the entire merge +sort algorithm right now if I do this + + align:start position:0% +sort algorithm right now if I do this + + + align:start position:0% +sort algorithm right now if I do this +demo this is actually going to show you + + align:start position:0% +demo this is actually going to show you + + + align:start position:0% +demo this is actually going to show you +the exact steps that the recursive + + align:start position:0% +the exact steps that the recursive + + + align:start position:0% +the exact steps that the recursive +algorithm is doing and it's not going to + + align:start position:0% +algorithm is doing and it's not going to + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm is doing and it's not going to +be sort of in the same order that that I + + align:start position:0% +be sort of in the same order that that I + + + align:start position:0% +be sort of in the same order that that I +showed you it's not going to be uh + + align:start position:0% +showed you it's not going to be uh + + + align:start position:0% +showed you it's not going to be uh +dividing uh this in half and then + + align:start position:0% +dividing uh this in half and then + + + align:start position:0% +dividing uh this in half and then +dividing in half and so on because when + + align:start position:0% +dividing in half and so on because when + + + align:start position:0% +dividing in half and so on because when +we're doing the recurs uh the recursion + + align:start position:0% +we're doing the recurs uh the recursion + + + align:start position:0% +we're doing the recurs uh the recursion +first we're going to figure out how to + + align:start position:0% +first we're going to figure out how to + + + align:start position:0% +first we're going to figure out how to +sort a left sublist right so if I have + + align:start position:0% +sort a left sublist right so if I have + + + align:start position:0% +sort a left sublist right so if I have +my original unsorted list here we're + + align:start position:0% +my original unsorted list here we're + + + align:start position:0% +my original unsorted list here we're +going to figure out how to sort a left + + align:start position:0% +going to figure out how to sort a left + + + align:start position:0% +going to figure out how to sort a left +subl list + + align:start position:0% +subl list + + + align:start position:0% +subl list +first that's a recursive step that we + + align:start position:0% +first that's a recursive step that we + + + align:start position:0% +first that's a recursive step that we +haven't reached the base case for yet we + + align:start position:0% +haven't reached the base case for yet we + + + align:start position:0% +haven't reached the base case for yet we +still have to sort this list so we're + + align:start position:0% +still have to sort this list so we're + + + align:start position:0% +still have to sort this list so we're +going to uh try to sort the left sublist + + align:start position:0% +going to uh try to sort the left sublist + + + align:start position:0% +going to uh try to sort the left sublist +of this one and then we're going to try + + align:start position:0% +of this one and then we're going to try + + + align:start position:0% +of this one and then we're going to try +to sort the left sublist of this one so + + align:start position:0% +to sort the left sublist of this one so + + + align:start position:0% +to sort the left sublist of this one so +we're going to do something that feels + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do something that feels + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do something that feels +really similar to the Fibonacci sequence + + align:start position:0% +really similar to the Fibonacci sequence + + + align:start position:0% +really similar to the Fibonacci sequence +uh yes Fibonacci right Fibonacci of n is + + align:start position:0% +uh yes Fibonacci right Fibonacci of n is + + + align:start position:0% +uh yes Fibonacci right Fibonacci of n is +Fibonacci of n minus one plus Fibonacci + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci of n minus one plus Fibonacci + + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci of n minus one plus Fibonacci +of n minus 2 right in that particular + + align:start position:0% +of n minus 2 right in that particular + + + align:start position:0% +of n minus 2 right in that particular +case when we were trying to find + + align:start position:0% +case when we were trying to find + + + align:start position:0% +case when we were trying to find +Fibonacci of six or something like that + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci of six or something like that + + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci of six or something like that +we were going and exploring the left + + align:start position:0% +we were going and exploring the left + + + align:start position:0% +we were going and exploring the left +side until we reached a base case right + + align:start position:0% +side until we reached a base case right + + + align:start position:0% +side until we reached a base case right +and only once we reach the base case + + align:start position:0% +and only once we reach the base case + + + align:start position:0% +and only once we reach the base case +could we pop up and do the other half + + align:start position:0% +could we pop up and do the other half + + + align:start position:0% +could we pop up and do the other half +and so this algorithm is going to feel + + align:start position:0% +and so this algorithm is going to feel + + + align:start position:0% +and so this algorithm is going to feel +very similar to that so here's on my + + align:start position:0% +very similar to that so here's on my + + + align:start position:0% +very similar to that so here's on my +original list I'm splitting the left + + align:start position:0% +original list I'm splitting the left + + + align:start position:0% +original list I'm splitting the left +hand side to try to figure out how to um + + align:start position:0% +hand side to try to figure out how to um + + + align:start position:0% +hand side to try to figure out how to um +merge those the all the way to the those + + align:start position:0% +merge those the all the way to the those + + + align:start position:0% +merge those the all the way to the those +left lists so the eight and the four + + align:start position:0% +left lists so the eight and the four + + + align:start position:0% +left lists so the eight and the four +will be compared and the four goes + + align:start position:0% +will be compared and the four goes + + + align:start position:0% +will be compared and the four goes +before the eight and then I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +before the eight and then I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +before the eight and then I'm going to +merge the then I'm going to merge the + + align:start position:0% +merge the then I'm going to merge the + + + align:start position:0% +merge the then I'm going to merge the +one and the six by themselves those are + + align:start position:0% +one and the six by themselves those are + + + align:start position:0% +one and the six by themselves those are +already sorted as we know um then we're + + align:start position:0% +already sorted as we know um then we're + + + align:start position:0% +already sorted as we know um then we're +going to merge the four and the eight + + align:start position:0% +going to merge the four and the eight + + + align:start position:0% +going to merge the four and the eight +back with the one and the six using that + + align:start position:0% +back with the one and the six using that + + + align:start position:0% +back with the one and the six using that +merge step and then we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +merge step and then we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +merge step and then we're going to do +the same thing to that right hand side + + align:start position:0% +the same thing to that right hand side + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing to that right hand side +right one at a time we'll do another + + align:start position:0% +right one at a time we'll do another + + + align:start position:0% +right one at a time we'll do another +example where we go step by step through + + align:start position:0% +example where we go step by step through + + + align:start position:0% +example where we go step by step through +this right and now we've got our two + + align:start position:0% +this right and now we've got our two + + + align:start position:0% +this right and now we've got our two +four elements together so now we're just + + align:start position:0% +four elements together so now we're just + + + align:start position:0% +four elements together so now we're just +doing our final merge step where we + + align:start position:0% +doing our final merge step where we + + + align:start position:0% +doing our final merge step where we +decide which one belongs uh + + align:start position:0% +decide which one belongs uh + + + align:start position:0% +decide which one belongs uh +next okay so let's look at the merge + + align:start position:0% +next okay so let's look at the merge + + + align:start position:0% +next okay so let's look at the merge +code and this this is uh this is not yet + + align:start position:0% +code and this this is uh this is not yet + + + align:start position:0% +code and this this is uh this is not yet +soorry sorry let's look at the the merge + + align:start position:0% +soorry sorry let's look at the the merge + + + align:start position:0% +soorry sorry let's look at the the merge +step once more so if I have two lists + + align:start position:0% +step once more so if I have two lists + + + align:start position:0% +step once more so if I have two lists +that I'm trying to merge right the idea + + align:start position:0% +that I'm trying to merge right the idea + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm trying to merge right the idea +was that you look at the first element + + align:start position:0% +was that you look at the first element + + + align:start position:0% +was that you look at the first element +of each right so first the one and the + + align:start position:0% +of each right so first the one and the + + + align:start position:0% +of each right so first the one and the +two compared means the one is smaller so + + align:start position:0% +two compared means the one is smaller so + + + align:start position:0% +two compared means the one is smaller so +it goes into my result the five and the + + align:start position:0% +it goes into my result the five and the + + + align:start position:0% +it goes into my result the five and the +two gets compared the two is smaller so + + align:start position:0% +two gets compared the two is smaller so + + + align:start position:0% +two gets compared the two is smaller so +the two goes into the result the five + + align:start position:0% +the two goes into the result the five + + + align:start position:0% +the two goes into the result the five +and the three gets compared the three is + + align:start position:0% +and the three gets compared the three is + + + align:start position:0% +and the three gets compared the three is +smaller so the three goes in the result + + align:start position:0% +smaller so the three goes in the result + + + align:start position:0% +smaller so the three goes in the result +and so on and so on so we keep doing + + align:start position:0% +and so on and so on so we keep doing + + + align:start position:0% +and so on and so on so we keep doing +this process where we just keep looking + + align:start position:0% +this process where we just keep looking + + + align:start position:0% +this process where we just keep looking +at the first element + + align:start position:0% +at the first element + + + align:start position:0% +at the first element +until we have one of the lists become + + align:start position:0% +until we have one of the lists become + + + align:start position:0% +until we have one of the lists become +empty right so this is my left sublist + + align:start position:0% +empty right so this is my left sublist + + + align:start position:0% +empty right so this is my left sublist +this is my right sublist when one of + + align:start position:0% +this is my right sublist when one of + + + align:start position:0% +this is my right sublist when one of +these lists becomes empty I no longer + + align:start position:0% +these lists becomes empty I no longer + + + align:start position:0% +these lists becomes empty I no longer +need to compare 18 with nothing right + + align:start position:0% +need to compare 18 with nothing right + + + align:start position:0% +need to compare 18 with nothing right +all I need to do is grab all these + + align:start position:0% +all I need to do is grab all these + + + align:start position:0% +all I need to do is grab all these +elements and stick them through at the + + align:start position:0% +elements and stick them through at the + + + align:start position:0% +elements and stick them through at the +end so let's look at the code for just + + align:start position:0% +end so let's look at the code for just + + + align:start position:0% +end so let's look at the code for just +the merge step we don't need to look at + + align:start position:0% +the merge step we don't need to look at + + + align:start position:0% +the merge step we don't need to look at +the code for the full algorithm yet but + + align:start position:0% +the code for the full algorithm yet but + + + align:start position:0% +the code for the full algorithm yet but +the merge step code code is just the + + align:start position:0% +the merge step code code is just the + + + align:start position:0% +the merge step code code is just the +part that takes us from two sorted lists + + align:start position:0% +part that takes us from two sorted lists + + + align:start position:0% +part that takes us from two sorted lists +into one bigger sorted list right so it + + align:start position:0% +into one bigger sorted list right so it + + + align:start position:0% +into one bigger sorted list right so it +does uh does that step in one this is + + align:start position:0% +does uh does that step in one this is + + + align:start position:0% +does uh does that step in one this is +where the main event happens so this is + + align:start position:0% +where the main event happens so this is + + + align:start position:0% +where the main event happens so this is +just going to use indices to compare + + align:start position:0% +just going to use indices to compare + + + align:start position:0% +just going to use indices to compare +which element we need to grab next so if + + align:start position:0% +which element we need to grab next so if + + + align:start position:0% +which element we need to grab next so if +I have sort of something like + + align:start position:0% +I have sort of something like + + + align:start position:0% +I have sort of something like +this um like that right then I'm not + + align:start position:0% +this um like that right then I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +this um like that right then I'm not +actually going to make a copy of a list + + align:start position:0% +actually going to make a copy of a list + + + align:start position:0% +actually going to make a copy of a list +or you know or do any sort of funky + + align:start position:0% +or you know or do any sort of funky + + + align:start position:0% +or you know or do any sort of funky +stuff with list copying because that'll + + align:start position:0% +stuff with list copying because that'll + + + align:start position:0% +stuff with list copying because that'll +increase the complexity but we are going + + align:start position:0% +increase the complexity but we are going + + + align:start position:0% +increase the complexity but we are going +to do that trick where we take where we + + align:start position:0% +to do that trick where we take where we + + + align:start position:0% +to do that trick where we take where we +use an integer index to decide where uh + + align:start position:0% +use an integer index to decide where uh + + + align:start position:0% +use an integer index to decide where uh +where we're going to which element we're + + align:start position:0% +where we're going to which element we're + + + align:start position:0% +where we're going to which element we're +going to grab next so that's what this I + + align:start position:0% +going to grab next so that's what this I + + + align:start position:0% +going to grab next so that's what this I +and J is for we've got I is going to be + + align:start position:0% +and J is for we've got I is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +and J is for we've got I is going to be +the in uh index from my left sublist and + + align:start position:0% +the in uh index from my left sublist and + + + align:start position:0% +the in uh index from my left sublist and +J will be the index for my right + + align:start position:0% +J will be the index for my right + + + align:start position:0% +J will be the index for my right +sublist + + align:start position:0% +sublist + + + align:start position:0% +sublist +and all it does is it says while I still + + align:start position:0% +and all it does is it says while I still + + + align:start position:0% +and all it does is it says while I still +have elements in in both of these lists + + align:start position:0% +have elements in in both of these lists + + + align:start position:0% +have elements in in both of these lists +just take the pointer and say which one + + align:start position:0% +just take the pointer and say which one + + + align:start position:0% +just take the pointer and say which one +of the elements at these two pointers I + + align:start position:0% +of the elements at these two pointers I + + + align:start position:0% +of the elements at these two pointers I +and J are is smaller so if the zero is + + align:start position:0% +and J are is smaller so if the zero is + + + align:start position:0% +and J are is smaller so if the zero is +smaller I'm going to create a new list + + align:start position:0% +smaller I'm going to create a new list + + + align:start position:0% +smaller I'm going to create a new list +here that's going to have the zero in it + + align:start position:0% +here that's going to have the zero in it + + + align:start position:0% +here that's going to have the zero in it +I'm not actually taking this element and + + align:start position:0% +I'm not actually taking this element and + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not actually taking this element and +moving it here all I will do next is say + + align:start position:0% +moving it here all I will do next is say + + + align:start position:0% +moving it here all I will do next is say +the pointer that tells me which element + + align:start position:0% +the pointer that tells me which element + + + align:start position:0% +the pointer that tells me which element +I should be looking at next moves over + + align:start position:0% +I should be looking at next moves over + + + align:start position:0% +I should be looking at next moves over +one so this list remains unchanged then + + align:start position:0% +one so this list remains unchanged then + + + align:start position:0% +one so this list remains unchanged then +I'm going to compare the two with the + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to compare the two with the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to compare the two with the +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +the one comes next so I'm going to take + + align:start position:0% +the one comes next so I'm going to take + + + align:start position:0% +the one comes next so I'm going to take +the one and put it in my list here and + + align:start position:0% +the one and put it in my list here and + + + align:start position:0% +the one and put it in my list here and +this pointer moves here to the next + + align:start position:0% +this pointer moves here to the next + + + align:start position:0% +this pointer moves here to the next +element so now while this list stays as + + align:start position:0% +element so now while this list stays as + + + align:start position:0% +element so now while this list stays as +is I'm looking at the element at this + + align:start position:0% +is I'm looking at the element at this + + + align:start position:0% +is I'm looking at the element at this +pointer and comparing it with the + + align:start position:0% +pointer and comparing it with the + + + align:start position:0% +pointer and comparing it with the +element at this pointer so then the two + + align:start position:0% +element at this pointer so then the two + + + align:start position:0% +element at this pointer so then the two +comes next and this pointer increments + + align:start position:0% +comes next and this pointer increments + + + align:start position:0% +comes next and this pointer increments +by one + + align:start position:0% +by one + + + align:start position:0% +by one +okay so that's what that code does these + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's what that code does these + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's what that code does these +two while Loops just deal with the case + + align:start position:0% +two while Loops just deal with the case + + + align:start position:0% +two while Loops just deal with the case +when we have one list that has finished + + align:start position:0% +when we have one list that has finished + + + align:start position:0% +when we have one list that has finished +uh in inserting its elements so like in + + align:start position:0% +uh in inserting its elements so like in + + + align:start position:0% +uh in inserting its elements so like in +this particular case here when my right + + align:start position:0% +this particular case here when my right + + + align:start position:0% +this particular case here when my right +sublist became empty we've already put + + align:start position:0% +sublist became empty we've already put + + + align:start position:0% +sublist became empty we've already put +on all the elements in it into our + + align:start position:0% +on all the elements in it into our + + + align:start position:0% +on all the elements in it into our +Master list then all we need to do is + + align:start position:0% +Master list then all we need to do is + + + align:start position:0% +Master list then all we need to do is +take everything that's left over and + + align:start position:0% +take everything that's left over and + + + align:start position:0% +take everything that's left over and +copy them into my master list and that's + + align:start position:0% +copy them into my master list and that's + + + align:start position:0% +copy them into my master list and that's +what these two while uh what Loops are + + align:start position:0% +what these two while uh what Loops are + + + align:start position:0% +what these two while uh what Loops are +doing + + align:start position:0% +doing + + + align:start position:0% +doing +okay so the complexity of this merge + + align:start position:0% +okay so the complexity of this merge + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the complexity of this merge +store so that's just what it's um what + + align:start position:0% +store so that's just what it's um what + + + align:start position:0% +store so that's just what it's um what +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +doing right so it's just doing one pass + + align:start position:0% +doing right so it's just doing one pass + + + align:start position:0% +doing right so it's just doing one pass +it's not doing m multiple passes so we + + align:start position:0% +it's not doing m multiple passes so we + + + align:start position:0% +it's not doing m multiple passes so we +just look at each element once so the + + align:start position:0% +just look at each element once so the + + + align:start position:0% +just look at each element once so the +complexity of this merge sort of not the + + align:start position:0% +complexity of this merge sort of not the + + + align:start position:0% +complexity of this merge sort of not the +sort just the merge step is Theta of + + align:start position:0% +sort just the merge step is Theta of + + + align:start position:0% +sort just the merge step is Theta of +length of the list right because we're + + align:start position:0% +length of the list right because we're + + + align:start position:0% +length of the list right because we're +just looking at all of these elements + + align:start position:0% +just looking at all of these elements + + + align:start position:0% +just looking at all of these elements +once now what about the actual algorithm + + align:start position:0% +once now what about the actual algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +once now what about the actual algorithm +right so here I've got the merge + + align:start position:0% +right so here I've got the merge + + + align:start position:0% +right so here I've got the merge +function down here okay it's going to + + align:start position:0% +function down here okay it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +function down here okay it's going to +take a left list and a right list and + + align:start position:0% +take a left list and a right list and + + + align:start position:0% +take a left list and a right list and +it's going to do that step that we just + + align:start position:0% +it's going to do that step that we just + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to do that step that we just +did where you look at the smallest + + align:start position:0% +did where you look at the smallest + + + align:start position:0% +did where you look at the smallest +element in each what about the rest of + + align:start position:0% +element in each what about the rest of + + + align:start position:0% +element in each what about the rest of +it well the rest of it is just recursion + + align:start position:0% +it well the rest of it is just recursion + + + align:start position:0% +it well the rest of it is just recursion +my base case is when I have a list + + align:start position:0% +my base case is when I have a list + + + align:start position:0% +my base case is when I have a list +that's empty or a list with one element + + align:start position:0% +that's empty or a list with one element + + + align:start position:0% +that's empty or a list with one element +in it then I just grab that list that's + + align:start position:0% +in it then I just grab that list that's + + + align:start position:0% +in it then I just grab that list that's +my uh that's going to be my + + align:start position:0% +my uh that's going to be my + + + align:start position:0% +my uh that's going to be my +merge and else what we're going to do is + + align:start position:0% +merge and else what we're going to do is + + + align:start position:0% +merge and else what we're going to do is +we're going to do the step where we + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do the step where we + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do the step where we +divide the list in half so we're doing + + align:start position:0% +divide the list in half so we're doing + + + align:start position:0% +divide the list in half so we're doing +integer division from the length of the + + align:start position:0% +integer division from the length of the + + + align:start position:0% +integer division from the length of the +list because we don't want the middle to + + align:start position:0% +list because we don't want the middle to + + + align:start position:0% +list because we don't want the middle to +be 7.5 for example so we're going to + + align:start position:0% +be 7.5 for example so we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +be 7.5 for example so we're going to +grab some integer index and then we're + + align:start position:0% +grab some integer index and then we're + + + align:start position:0% +grab some integer index and then we're +going to say I'm going to again there's + + align:start position:0% +going to say I'm going to again there's + + + align:start position:0% +going to say I'm going to again there's +a lot of faith involved in recursion I'm + + align:start position:0% +a lot of faith involved in recursion I'm + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of faith involved in recursion I'm +going to say the left sublist so this + + align:start position:0% +going to say the left sublist so this + + + align:start position:0% +going to say the left sublist so this +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +here if my algorithm somehow works + + align:start position:0% +here if my algorithm somehow works + + + align:start position:0% +here if my algorithm somehow works +correctly will now be a sorted + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +list okay and then my + + align:start position:0% +list okay and then my + + + align:start position:0% +list okay and then my +right over here right equals this thing + + align:start position:0% +right over here right equals this thing + + + align:start position:0% +right over here right equals this thing +here will also somehow be a sorted list + + align:start position:0% +here will also somehow be a sorted list + + + align:start position:0% +here will also somehow be a sorted list +so this is me putting faith in my + + align:start position:0% +so this is me putting faith in my + + + align:start position:0% +so this is me putting faith in my +algorithm that I can get a sorted list + + align:start position:0% +algorithm that I can get a sorted list + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm that I can get a sorted list +right from the index zero all the way up + + align:start position:0% +right from the index zero all the way up + + + align:start position:0% +right from the index zero all the way up +to the midpoint and the midpoint all the + + align:start position:0% +to the midpoint and the midpoint all the + + + align:start position:0% +to the midpoint and the midpoint all the +way up to the end of the list so if + + align:start position:0% +way up to the end of the list so if + + + align:start position:0% +way up to the end of the list so if +somehow I can get a left sublist that's + + align:start position:0% +somehow I can get a left sublist that's + + + align:start position:0% +somehow I can get a left sublist that's +sorted by itself and a right sublist + + align:start position:0% +sorted by itself and a right sublist + + + align:start position:0% +sorted by itself and a right sublist +that's sorted by itself all I need to do + + align:start position:0% +that's sorted by itself all I need to do + + + align:start position:0% +that's sorted by itself all I need to do +to get this the final sorted list is to + + align:start position:0% +to get this the final sorted list is to + + + align:start position:0% +to get this the final sorted list is to +merge them so that's what the merge + + align:start position:0% +merge them so that's what the merge + + + align:start position:0% +merge them so that's what the merge +function is + + align:start position:0% +function is + + + align:start position:0% +function is +do okay + + align:start position:0% +do okay + + + align:start position:0% +do okay +so let's step through so I've got my + + align:start position:0% +so let's step through so I've got my + + + align:start position:0% +so let's step through so I've got my +original list here and this is where + + align:start position:0% +original list here and this is where + + + align:start position:0% +original list here and this is where +we're going to be uh uh thinking about + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be uh uh thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be uh uh thinking about +how we kind of Step through Fibonacci + + align:start position:0% +how we kind of Step through Fibonacci + + + align:start position:0% +how we kind of Step through Fibonacci +here's my original list the first step + + align:start position:0% +here's my original list the first step + + + align:start position:0% +here's my original list the first step +is to do um is to is to figure out the + + align:start position:0% +is to do um is to is to figure out the + + + align:start position:0% +is to do um is to is to figure out the +left part so we're going to divide it in + + align:start position:0% +left part so we're going to divide it in + + + align:start position:0% +left part so we're going to divide it in +half and it says I need to figure out + + align:start position:0% +half and it says I need to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +half and it says I need to figure out +the sorted version of 8416 but it's not + + align:start position:0% +the sorted version of 8416 but it's not + + + align:start position:0% +the sorted version of 8416 but it's not +my base case so I need to figure out the + + align:start position:0% +my base case so I need to figure out the + + + align:start position:0% +my base case so I need to figure out the +sorted version of the left part of that + + align:start position:0% +sorted version of the left part of that + + + align:start position:0% +sorted version of the left part of that +the 84 again it's not my base case so I + + align:start position:0% +the 84 again it's not my base case so I + + + align:start position:0% +the 84 again it's not my base case so I +need to figure out the sorted version of + + align:start position:0% +need to figure out the sorted version of + + + align:start position:0% +need to figure out the sorted version of +the left just the eight it's single by + + align:start position:0% +the left just the eight it's single by + + + align:start position:0% +the left just the eight it's single by +itself so that's just going to be the + + align:start position:0% +itself so that's just going to be the + + + align:start position:0% +itself so that's just going to be the +eight then we can figure out the right + + align:start position:0% +eight then we can figure out the right + + + align:start position:0% +eight then we can figure out the right +half of it it's four by itself and we + + align:start position:0% +half of it it's four by itself and we + + + align:start position:0% +half of it it's four by itself and we +merge + + align:start position:0% +merge + + + align:start position:0% +merge +them then we can figure out the right + + align:start position:0% +them then we can figure out the right + + + align:start position:0% +them then we can figure out the right +half of this one here + + align:start position:0% +half of this one here + + + align:start position:0% +half of this one here +8416 so we need to figure out what's the + + align:start position:0% +8416 so we need to figure out what's the + + + align:start position:0% +8416 so we need to figure out what's the +sorted version of six well as humans we + + align:start position:0% +sorted version of six well as humans we + + + align:start position:0% +sorted version of six well as humans we +know it's already sorted but the + + align:start position:0% +know it's already sorted but the + + + align:start position:0% +know it's already sorted but the +algorithm goes through looks at the left + + align:start position:0% +algorithm goes through looks at the left + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm goes through looks at the left +side looks at the right side merges them + + align:start position:0% +side looks at the right side merges them + + + align:start position:0% +side looks at the right side merges them +up now we merge the 4816 according to + + align:start position:0% +up now we merge the 4816 according to + + + align:start position:0% +up now we merge the 4816 according to +the little merge step to give us 14 4 68 + + align:start position:0% +the little merge step to give us 14 4 68 + + + align:start position:0% +the little merge step to give us 14 4 68 +and at this point we finished just the + + align:start position:0% +and at this point we finished just the + + + align:start position:0% +and at this point we finished just the +left half of 8416 5920 and now we need + + align:start position:0% +left half of 8416 5920 and now we need + + + align:start position:0% +left half of 8416 5920 and now we need +to do the right half so we do the whole + + align:start position:0% +to do the right half so we do the whole + + + align:start position:0% +to do the right half so we do the whole +process all over again by taking that + + align:start position:0% +process all over again by taking that + + + align:start position:0% +process all over again by taking that +5920 looking only at the left piece then + + align:start position:0% +5920 looking only at the left piece then + + + align:start position:0% +5920 looking only at the left piece then +the left piece of that then the right + + align:start position:0% +the left piece of that then the right + + + align:start position:0% +the left piece of that then the right +piece of that base case merging them + + align:start position:0% +piece of that base case merging them + + + align:start position:0% +piece of that base case merging them +back + + align:start position:0% +back + + + align:start position:0% +back +up the uh right step the left part of + + align:start position:0% +up the uh right step the left part of + + + align:start position:0% +up the uh right step the left part of +that right step the right part of that + + align:start position:0% +that right step the right part of that + + + align:start position:0% +that right step the right part of that +right step merging them back up so then + + align:start position:0% +right step merging them back up so then + + + align:start position:0% +right step merging them back up so then +we do the merge step of 59 and 02 and + + align:start position:0% +we do the merge step of 59 and 02 and + + + align:start position:0% +we do the merge step of 59 and 02 and +then the merge step of these two fun two + + align:start position:0% +then the merge step of these two fun two + + + align:start position:0% +then the merge step of these two fun two +lists 1468 and + + align:start position:0% +lists 1468 and + + + align:start position:0% +lists 1468 and +0259 right so you can see it has a + + align:start position:0% +0259 right so you can see it has a + + + align:start position:0% +0259 right so you can see it has a +similar feel to exploring one side of + + align:start position:0% +similar feel to exploring one side of + + + align:start position:0% +similar feel to exploring one side of +the branch first just like in Fibonacci + + align:start position:0% +the branch first just like in Fibonacci + + + align:start position:0% +the branch first just like in Fibonacci +for the exact same reason because we've + + align:start position:0% +for the exact same reason because we've + + + align:start position:0% +for the exact same reason because we've +got a function called that's recursive + + align:start position:0% +got a function called that's recursive + + + align:start position:0% +got a function called that's recursive +we can't complete it until we've + + align:start position:0% +we can't complete it until we've + + + align:start position:0% +we can't complete it until we've +explored all the way down to the bottom + + align:start position:0% +explored all the way down to the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +explored all the way down to the bottom +so the overall complexity of this is + + align:start position:0% +so the overall complexity of this is + + + align:start position:0% +so the overall complexity of this is +going to be the merge step itself is + + align:start position:0% +going to be the merge step itself is + + + align:start position:0% +going to be the merge step itself is +Theta of n like we just talked about but + + align:start position:0% +Theta of n like we just talked about but + + + align:start position:0% +Theta of n like we just talked about but +how many levels do we have that is how + + align:start position:0% +how many levels do we have that is how + + + align:start position:0% +how many levels do we have that is how +many times do we take our original list + + align:start position:0% +many times do we take our original list + + + align:start position:0% +many times do we take our original list +and subdivide it until we get to our + + align:start position:0% +and subdivide it until we get to our + + + align:start position:0% +and subdivide it until we get to our +base case and the number of times is + + align:start position:0% +base case and the number of times is + + + align:start position:0% +base case and the number of times is +according to this function very much + + align:start position:0% +according to this function very much + + + align:start position:0% +according to this function very much +like when we did bsection search we're + + align:start position:0% +like when we did bsection search we're + + + align:start position:0% +like when we did bsection search we're +going to take an original n elements in + + align:start position:0% +going to take an original n elements in + + + align:start position:0% +going to take an original n elements in +my list and I'm going to keep dividing + + align:start position:0% +my list and I'm going to keep dividing + + + align:start position:0% +my list and I'm going to keep dividing +this n Elements by two in a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +this n Elements by two in a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +this n Elements by two in a bunch of +subl lists I times so I times is how + + align:start position:0% +subl lists I times so I times is how + + + align:start position:0% +subl lists I times so I times is how +many times we're going to subdivide this + + align:start position:0% +many times we're going to subdivide this + + + align:start position:0% +many times we're going to subdivide this +list until we get to a base case so what + + align:start position:0% +list until we get to a base case so what + + + align:start position:0% +list until we get to a base case so what +is I in terms of n well I is equal to + + align:start position:0% +is I in terms of n well I is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +is I in terms of n well I is equal to +log log of n right so at each merge + + align:start position:0% +log log of n right so at each merge + + + align:start position:0% +log log of n right so at each merge +step sorry so at each uh Su level I've + + align:start position:0% +step sorry so at each uh Su level I've + + + align:start position:0% +step sorry so at each uh Su level I've +got a merge step so I've got Theta of uh + + align:start position:0% +got a merge step so I've got Theta of uh + + + align:start position:0% +got a merge step so I've got Theta of uh +log of n levels multiplied by Theta of n + + align:start position:0% +log of n levels multiplied by Theta of n + + + align:start position:0% +log of n levels multiplied by Theta of n +for my merg step so the overall + + align:start position:0% +for my merg step so the overall + + + align:start position:0% +for my merg step so the overall +complexity of this function is Theta of + + align:start position:0% +complexity of this function is Theta of + + + align:start position:0% +complexity of this function is Theta of +n log n where n is the length of the + + align:start position:0% +n log n where n is the length of the + + + align:start position:0% +n log n where n is the length of the +list + + align:start position:0% +list + + + align:start position:0% +list +okay okay + + align:start position:0% +okay okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay +so it turns out that Theta of n log n is + + align:start position:0% +so it turns out that Theta of n log n is + + + align:start position:0% +so it turns out that Theta of n log n is +actually the fastest we can have a sort + + align:start position:0% +actually the fastest we can have a sort + + + align:start position:0% +actually the fastest we can have a sort +be you cannot do a sorting algorithm + + align:start position:0% +be you cannot do a sorting algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +be you cannot do a sorting algorithm +that's faster than that you can do + + align:start position:0% +that's faster than that you can do + + + align:start position:0% +that's faster than that you can do +little tricks here and there based on + + align:start position:0% +little tricks here and there based on + + + align:start position:0% +little tricks here and there based on +your data maybe you don't divide the + + align:start position:0% +your data maybe you don't divide the + + + align:start position:0% +your data maybe you don't divide the +list exactly in half maybe you divide it + + align:start position:0% +list exactly in half maybe you divide it + + + align:start position:0% +list exactly in half maybe you divide it +and you find some sort of Pivot Point + + align:start position:0% +and you find some sort of Pivot Point + + + align:start position:0% +and you find some sort of Pivot Point +that's a little bit smarter about the + + align:start position:0% +that's a little bit smarter about the + + + align:start position:0% +that's a little bit smarter about the +data but in general the complexity of + + align:start position:0% +data but in general the complexity of + + + align:start position:0% +data but in general the complexity of +this function of this of a sorting + + align:start position:0% +this function of this of a sorting + + + align:start position:0% +this function of this of a sorting +algorithm is always going to be the + + align:start position:0% +algorithm is always going to be the + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm is always going to be the +fastest it's going to be is Thea of n + + align:start position:0% +fastest it's going to be is Thea of n + + + align:start position:0% +fastest it's going to be is Thea of n +log okay okay all right um we've seen a + + align:start position:0% +log okay okay all right um we've seen a + + + align:start position:0% +log okay okay all right um we've seen a +bunch of different uh uh algorithms here + + align:start position:0% +bunch of different uh uh algorithms here + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of different uh uh algorithms here +uh to help us design uh programs so the + + align:start position:0% +uh to help us design uh programs so the + + + align:start position:0% +uh to help us design uh programs so the +reason why we do this complexity + + align:start position:0% +reason why we do this complexity + + + align:start position:0% +reason why we do this complexity +analysis is to guide the design of a + + align:start position:0% +analysis is to guide the design of a + + + align:start position:0% +analysis is to guide the design of a +program so if you already have a bunch + + align:start position:0% +program so if you already have a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +program so if you already have a bunch +of nested for Loops in the program that + + align:start position:0% +of nested for Loops in the program that + + + align:start position:0% +of nested for Loops in the program that +you're trying to consider writing you'll + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to consider writing you'll + + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to consider writing you'll +already know it's going to be pretty + + align:start position:0% +already know it's going to be pretty + + + align:start position:0% +already know it's going to be pretty +inefficient and slow so you might want + + align:start position:0% +inefficient and slow so you might want + + + align:start position:0% +inefficient and slow so you might want +to rethink the design um uh to begin + + align:start position:0% +to rethink the design um uh to begin + + + align:start position:0% +to rethink the design um uh to begin +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/RCSCg40NgD4.txt b/RCSCg40NgD4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..06f2725799700782a2c52c20fe9b7778da4a15e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/RCSCg40NgD4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7483 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or to view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so Tuesday we developed the largest + + align:start position:0% +so Tuesday we developed the largest + + + align:start position:0% +so Tuesday we developed the largest +equation that you'll probably ever use + + align:start position:0% +equation that you'll probably ever use + + + align:start position:0% +equation that you'll probably ever use +at MIT + + align:start position:0% +at MIT + + + align:start position:0% +at MIT +Thursday we destroyed it down to a + + align:start position:0% +Thursday we destroyed it down to a + + + align:start position:0% +Thursday we destroyed it down to a +rather manageable size and today we are + + align:start position:0% +rather manageable size and today we are + + + align:start position:0% +rather manageable size and today we are +going to solve it and actually show you + + align:start position:0% +going to solve it and actually show you + + + align:start position:0% +going to solve it and actually show you +guys how to work out different reactor + + align:start position:0% +guys how to work out different reactor + + + align:start position:0% +guys how to work out different reactor +problems all the way from simple one + + align:start position:0% +problems all the way from simple one + + + align:start position:0% +problems all the way from simple one +group homogeneous reactors to expanding + + align:start position:0% +group homogeneous reactors to expanding + + + align:start position:0% +group homogeneous reactors to expanding +intuitively not directly from the + + align:start position:0% +intuitively not directly from the + + + align:start position:0% +intuitively not directly from the +mathematics to solve or to pose and + + align:start position:0% +mathematics to solve or to pose and + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics to solve or to pose and +solve to group reactor problems like the + + align:start position:0% +solve to group reactor problems like the + + + align:start position:0% +solve to group reactor problems like the +one they did beyond the ap1000 reactor + + align:start position:0% +one they did beyond the ap1000 reactor + + + align:start position:0% +one they did beyond the ap1000 reactor +where they separate the neutrons into a + + align:start position:0% +where they separate the neutrons into a + + + align:start position:0% +where they separate the neutrons into a +fast and a thermal group and I wanted to + + align:start position:0% +fast and a thermal group and I wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +fast and a thermal group and I wanted to +put up where we left off we have some + + align:start position:0% +put up where we left off we have some + + + align:start position:0% +put up where we left off we have some +equation describing fission N and + + align:start position:0% +equation describing fission N and + + + align:start position:0% +equation describing fission N and +reactions photo fission absorption and + + align:start position:0% +reactions photo fission absorption and + + + align:start position:0% +reactions photo fission absorption and +leakage or diffusion as the big balance + + align:start position:0% +leakage or diffusion as the big balance + + + align:start position:0% +leakage or diffusion as the big balance +equation for how many neutrons are there + + align:start position:0% +equation for how many neutrons are there + + + align:start position:0% +equation for how many neutrons are there +in some reactor and I think last time I + + align:start position:0% +in some reactor and I think last time I + + + align:start position:0% +in some reactor and I think last time I +had some example reactors up on the + + align:start position:0% +had some example reactors up on the + + + align:start position:0% +had some example reactors up on the +board ranging from an infinite slab with + + align:start position:0% +board ranging from an infinite slab with + + + align:start position:0% +board ranging from an infinite slab with +a thickness a to a cylinder with we'll + + align:start position:0% +a thickness a to a cylinder with we'll + + + align:start position:0% +a thickness a to a cylinder with we'll +call it a thickness a and a height Z and + + align:start position:0% +call it a thickness a and a height Z and + + + align:start position:0% +call it a thickness a and a height Z and +the question that we want to be able to + + align:start position:0% +the question that we want to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +the question that we want to be able to +answer is if we draw a graph of flux + + align:start position:0% +answer is if we draw a graph of flux + + + align:start position:0% +answer is if we draw a graph of flux +versus X through this reactor and in + + align:start position:0% +versus X through this reactor and in + + + align:start position:0% +versus X through this reactor and in +this case it would be R and Z what do + + align:start position:0% +this case it would be R and Z what do + + + align:start position:0% +this case it would be R and Z what do +these functions look like what is the + + align:start position:0% +these functions look like what is the + + + align:start position:0% +these functions look like what is the +form of this flux and so today from this + + align:start position:0% +form of this flux and so today from this + + + align:start position:0% +form of this flux and so today from this +equation we're actually going to solve + + align:start position:0% +equation we're actually going to solve + + + align:start position:0% +equation we're actually going to solve +it so they'll bear with me they'll be + + align:start position:0% +it so they'll bear with me they'll be + + + align:start position:0% +it so they'll bear with me they'll be +maybe 20 minutes of remaining derivation + + align:start position:0% +maybe 20 minutes of remaining derivation + + + align:start position:0% +maybe 20 minutes of remaining derivation +and I'm going to teach you how to use it + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to teach you how to use it + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to teach you how to use it +so today's class is going to be more + + align:start position:0% +so today's class is going to be more + + + align:start position:0% +so today's class is going to be more +like a recitation of how do you actually + + align:start position:0% +like a recitation of how do you actually + + + align:start position:0% +like a recitation of how do you actually +use this equation instead of getting to + + align:start position:0% +use this equation instead of getting to + + + align:start position:0% +use this equation instead of getting to +it first of all I want to simplify + + align:start position:0% +it first of all I want to simplify + + + align:start position:0% +it first of all I want to simplify +things which is going to make it D + + align:start position:0% +things which is going to make it D + + + align:start position:0% +things which is going to make it D +escalate if we simplify things and don't + + align:start position:0% +escalate if we simplify things and don't + + + align:start position:0% +escalate if we simplify things and don't +worry about these ni n reactions and + + align:start position:0% +worry about these ni n reactions and + + + align:start position:0% +worry about these ni n reactions and +photo fission we have the equation that + + align:start position:0% +photo fission we have the equation that + + + align:start position:0% +photo fission we have the equation that +you'll actually see in your reading I'm + + align:start position:0% +you'll actually see in your reading I'm + + + align:start position:0% +you'll actually see in your reading I'm +gonna drop them for now and I'm realize + + align:start position:0% +gonna drop them for now and I'm realize + + + align:start position:0% +gonna drop them for now and I'm realize +I'm missing one little gamma because + + align:start position:0% +I'm missing one little gamma because + + + align:start position:0% +I'm missing one little gamma because +they're just extra terms they were + + align:start position:0% +they're just extra terms they were + + + align:start position:0% +they're just extra terms they were +instructive in writing the neutron + + align:start position:0% +instructive in writing the neutron + + + align:start position:0% +instructive in writing the neutron +transport equation because all the terms + + align:start position:0% +transport equation because all the terms + + + align:start position:0% +transport equation because all the terms +looked similar but now they're just kind + + align:start position:0% +looked similar but now they're just kind + + + align:start position:0% +looked similar but now they're just kind +of extra things for us to write and the + + align:start position:0% +of extra things for us to write and the + + + align:start position:0% +of extra things for us to write and the +last thing that isn't in units of flux + + align:start position:0% +last thing that isn't in units of flux + + + align:start position:0% +last thing that isn't in units of flux +is this laplacian operator for those who + + align:start position:0% +is this laplacian operator for those who + + + align:start position:0% +is this laplacian operator for those who +don't remember and this laplacian + + align:start position:0% +don't remember and this laplacian + + + align:start position:0% +don't remember and this laplacian +operator takes different forms in + + align:start position:0% +operator takes different forms in + + + align:start position:0% +operator takes different forms in +different dimensions and different + + align:start position:0% +different dimensions and different + + + align:start position:0% +different dimensions and different +coordinate systems for 1d cartesian it's + + align:start position:0% +coordinate systems for 1d cartesian it's + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate systems for 1d cartesian it's +pretty easy + + align:start position:0% +pretty easy + + + align:start position:0% +pretty easy +it's just double derivative let's say in + + align:start position:0% +it's just double derivative let's say in + + + align:start position:0% +it's just double derivative let's say in +X for a cylindrical it's significantly + + align:start position:0% +X for a cylindrical it's significantly + + + align:start position:0% +X for a cylindrical it's significantly +uglier plus d squared over D so this is + + align:start position:0% +uglier plus d squared over D so this is + + + align:start position:0% +uglier plus d squared over D so this is +what the laplacian operator looks like + + align:start position:0% +what the laplacian operator looks like + + + align:start position:0% +what the laplacian operator looks like +in a the case of a finite cylindrical + + align:start position:0% +in a the case of a finite cylindrical + + + align:start position:0% +in a the case of a finite cylindrical +reactor so first we're gonna focus on + + align:start position:0% +reactor so first we're gonna focus on + + + align:start position:0% +reactor so first we're gonna focus on +the infinite slab case right here + + align:start position:0% +the infinite slab case right here + + + align:start position:0% +the infinite slab case right here +because it's a lot easier to solve + + align:start position:0% +because it's a lot easier to solve + + + align:start position:0% +because it's a lot easier to solve +analytically and then we'll show you how + + align:start position:0% +analytically and then we'll show you how + + + align:start position:0% +analytically and then we'll show you how +it would go for the cylindrical reactor + + align:start position:0% +it would go for the cylindrical reactor + + + align:start position:0% +it would go for the cylindrical reactor +which looks a lot more like the reactor + + align:start position:0% +which looks a lot more like the reactor + + + align:start position:0% +which looks a lot more like the reactor +as you see everywhere else in the world + + align:start position:0% +as you see everywhere else in the world + + + align:start position:0% +as you see everywhere else in the world +so let's start doing a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +so let's start doing a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +so let's start doing a little bit of +rearrangement and isolate that laplacian + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we can then subtract d del squared v + + align:start position:0% +so we can then subtract d del squared v + + + align:start position:0% +so we can then subtract d del squared v +from each side + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and that cancels those out and then + + align:start position:0% +okay and that cancels those out and then + + + align:start position:0% +okay and that cancels those out and then +we've got something on the left hand is + + align:start position:0% +we've got something on the left hand is + + + align:start position:0% +we've got something on the left hand is +in del squared Phi and on the right side + + align:start position:0% +in del squared Phi and on the right side + + + align:start position:0% +in del squared Phi and on the right side +has all in units of flux so then we can + + align:start position:0% +has all in units of flux so then we can + + + align:start position:0% +has all in units of flux so then we can +divide everything by the flux and if we + + align:start position:0% +divide everything by the flux and if we + + + align:start position:0% +divide everything by the flux and if we +then cancel out all the flux terms all + + align:start position:0% +then cancel out all the flux terms all + + + align:start position:0% +then cancel out all the flux terms all +two of them we're left with something + + align:start position:0% +two of them we're left with something + + + align:start position:0% +two of them we're left with something +awfully simple and the last thing we can + + align:start position:0% +awfully simple and the last thing we can + + + align:start position:0% +awfully simple and the last thing we can +do is divide by D on both sides and I'm + + align:start position:0% +do is divide by D on both sides and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +do is divide by D on both sides and I'm +sorry I had to cancel that flux cuz + + align:start position:0% +sorry I had to cancel that flux cuz + + + align:start position:0% +sorry I had to cancel that flux cuz +that's the way that goes the DS cancel + + align:start position:0% +that's the way that goes the DS cancel + + + align:start position:0% +that's the way that goes the DS cancel +and I'll redraw what we have right here + + align:start position:0% +and I'll redraw what we have right here + + + align:start position:0% +and I'll redraw what we have right here +so we have minus del squared flux over + + align:start position:0% +so we have minus del squared flux over + + + align:start position:0% +so we have minus del squared flux over +flux equals constants and what that what + + align:start position:0% +flux equals constants and what that what + + + align:start position:0% +flux equals constants and what that what +are they actually would be 1 over K + + align:start position:0% +are they actually would be 1 over K + + + align:start position:0% +are they actually would be 1 over K +times nu Sigma fission minus Sigma + + align:start position:0% +times nu Sigma fission minus Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +times nu Sigma fission minus Sigma +absorption over D everyone remember why + + align:start position:0% +absorption over D everyone remember why + + + align:start position:0% +absorption over D everyone remember why +we're putting these bars on the cross + + align:start position:0% +we're putting these bars on the cross + + + align:start position:0% +we're putting these bars on the cross +sections and D and everything can + + align:start position:0% +sections and D and everything can + + + align:start position:0% +sections and D and everything can +someone just tell me that's right we've + + align:start position:0% +someone just tell me that's right we've + + + align:start position:0% +someone just tell me that's right we've +averaged over all energy so some average + + align:start position:0% +averaged over all energy so some average + + + align:start position:0% +averaged over all energy so some average +cross-section would be the average from + + align:start position:0% +cross-section would be the average from + + + align:start position:0% +cross-section would be the average from +our minimum to our maximum energy of + + align:start position:0% +our minimum to our maximum energy of + + + align:start position:0% +our minimum to our maximum energy of +that cross section as a function of + + align:start position:0% +that cross section as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +that cross section as a function of +energy times flux over the range itself + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so by this we're saying we're averaging + + align:start position:0% +so by this we're saying we're averaging + + + align:start position:0% +so by this we're saying we're averaging +the cross-section somehow over the whole + + align:start position:0% +the cross-section somehow over the whole + + + align:start position:0% +the cross-section somehow over the whole +energy range now I asked you guys what + + align:start position:0% +energy range now I asked you guys what + + + align:start position:0% +energy range now I asked you guys what +sort of functions in Cartesian space + + align:start position:0% +sort of functions in Cartesian space + + + align:start position:0% +sort of functions in Cartesian space +happen to have its double derivative + + align:start position:0% +happen to have its double derivative + + + align:start position:0% +happen to have its double derivative +over itself equal to constant is what + + align:start position:0% +over itself equal to constant is what + + + align:start position:0% +over itself equal to constant is what +Exponential's or sine and cosine you've + + align:start position:0% +Exponential's or sine and cosine you've + + + align:start position:0% +Exponential's or sine and cosine you've +basically said the same thing two + + align:start position:0% +basically said the same thing two + + + align:start position:0% +basically said the same thing two +different ways yeah because the series + + align:start position:0% +different ways yeah because the series + + + align:start position:0% +different ways yeah because the series +is because the the plus and minus + + align:start position:0% +is because the the plus and minus + + + align:start position:0% +is because the the plus and minus +Exponential's can be rewritten in sines + + align:start position:0% +Exponential's can be rewritten in sines + + + align:start position:0% +Exponential's can be rewritten in sines +and cosines so if we now assume that our + + align:start position:0% +and cosines so if we now assume that our + + + align:start position:0% +and cosines so if we now assume that our +flux solution has to take the form of + + align:start position:0% +flux solution has to take the form of + + + align:start position:0% +flux solution has to take the form of +let's call it a cosine B X plus C cosine + + align:start position:0% +let's call it a cosine B X plus C cosine + + + align:start position:0% +let's call it a cosine B X plus C cosine +what's the next constant F X I'm sorry + + align:start position:0% +what's the next constant F X I'm sorry + + + align:start position:0% +what's the next constant F X I'm sorry +that's a sign I don't want to use D + + align:start position:0% +that's a sign I don't want to use D + + + align:start position:0% +that's a sign I don't want to use D +again for obvious reasons and E stands + + align:start position:0% +again for obvious reasons and E stands + + + align:start position:0% +again for obvious reasons and E stands +for energy so that's the next letter + + align:start position:0% +for energy so that's the next letter + + + align:start position:0% +for energy so that's the next letter +that we haven't really used the flux has + + align:start position:0% +that we haven't really used the flux has + + + align:start position:0% +that we haven't really used the flux has +got to take this shape or else this + + align:start position:0% +got to take this shape or else this + + + align:start position:0% +got to take this shape or else this +condition is not satisfied so this is + + align:start position:0% +condition is not satisfied so this is + + + align:start position:0% +condition is not satisfied so this is +the like easy way of solving + + align:start position:0% +the like easy way of solving + + + align:start position:0% +the like easy way of solving +differential equations which is guess + + align:start position:0% +differential equations which is guess + + + align:start position:0% +differential equations which is guess +the solution from previous knowledge or + + align:start position:0% +the solution from previous knowledge or + + + align:start position:0% +the solution from previous knowledge or +experience or something so based on this + + align:start position:0% +experience or something so based on this + + + align:start position:0% +experience or something so based on this +if we were to draw a flux profile let's + + align:start position:0% +if we were to draw a flux profile let's + + + align:start position:0% +if we were to draw a flux profile let's +say right here was x equals zero one of + + align:start position:0% +say right here was x equals zero one of + + + align:start position:0% +say right here was x equals zero one of +those terms has got to go away by + + align:start position:0% +those terms has got to go away by + + + align:start position:0% +those terms has got to go away by +reasons of symmetry what do you think + + align:start position:0% +reasons of symmetry what do you think + + + align:start position:0% +reasons of symmetry what do you think +it'll be so which of those halves right + + align:start position:0% +it'll be so which of those halves right + + + align:start position:0% +it'll be so which of those halves right +there is symmetric about the x-axis + + align:start position:0% +there is symmetric about the x-axis + + + align:start position:0% +there is symmetric about the x-axis +right here sign with a cosine + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cosign yep the signs it's it can be + + align:start position:0% +cosign yep the signs it's it can be + + + align:start position:0% +cosign yep the signs it's it can be +inverted around your coordinate system + + align:start position:0% +inverted around your coordinate system + + + align:start position:0% +inverted around your coordinate system +but it's not symmetric it's not a mirror + + align:start position:0% +but it's not symmetric it's not a mirror + + + align:start position:0% +but it's not symmetric it's not a mirror +image so actually the sign term goes + + align:start position:0% +image so actually the sign term goes + + + align:start position:0% +image so actually the sign term goes +away and we've got to have some solution + + align:start position:0% +away and we've got to have some solution + + + align:start position:0% +away and we've got to have some solution +which looks like a times cosine B of X + + align:start position:0% +which looks like a times cosine B of X + + + align:start position:0% +which looks like a times cosine B of X +because right here our D flux DX should + + align:start position:0% +because right here our D flux DX should + + + align:start position:0% +because right here our D flux DX should +equal 0 at x equals 0 + + align:start position:0% +equal 0 at x equals 0 + + + align:start position:0% +equal 0 at x equals 0 +now I've intentionally drawn the flux + + align:start position:0% +now I've intentionally drawn the flux + + + align:start position:0% +now I've intentionally drawn the flux +not to go to 0 at the very edge of the + + align:start position:0% +not to go to 0 at the very edge of the + + + align:start position:0% +not to go to 0 at the very edge of the +reactor if the flux automatically went + + align:start position:0% +reactor if the flux automatically went + + + align:start position:0% +reactor if the flux automatically went +to 0 at the edge of the reactor there'd + + align:start position:0% +to 0 at the edge of the reactor there'd + + + align:start position:0% +to 0 at the edge of the reactor there'd +be no need to shield it right so there + + align:start position:0% +be no need to shield it right so there + + + align:start position:0% +be no need to shield it right so there +actually is there are some neutrons + + align:start position:0% +actually is there are some neutrons + + + align:start position:0% +actually is there are some neutrons +streaming out of this reactor and this + + align:start position:0% +streaming out of this reactor and this + + + align:start position:0% +streaming out of this reactor and this +distance right here is actually equal to + + align:start position:0% +distance right here is actually equal to + + + align:start position:0% +distance right here is actually equal to +2 times the diffusion constant and this + + align:start position:0% +2 times the diffusion constant and this + + + align:start position:0% +2 times the diffusion constant and this +is what we call let me get rid of the + + align:start position:0% +is what we call let me get rid of the + + + align:start position:0% +is what we call let me get rid of the +stuff we don't need anymore this is what + + align:start position:0% +stuff we don't need anymore this is what + + + align:start position:0% +stuff we don't need anymore this is what +we call the extrapolation length + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and now I should also mention I'm not + + align:start position:0% +and now I should also mention I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +and now I should also mention I'm not +going to derive it because I think we've + + align:start position:0% +going to derive it because I think we've + + + align:start position:0% +going to derive it because I think we've +done enough deriving for one week but + + align:start position:0% +done enough deriving for one week but + + + align:start position:0% +done enough deriving for one week but +I'll just give you the form this + + align:start position:0% +I'll just give you the form this + + + align:start position:0% +I'll just give you the form this +diffusion constant can actually be + + align:start position:0% +diffusion constant can actually be + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion constant can actually be +expressed in terms of other + + align:start position:0% +expressed in terms of other + + + align:start position:0% +expressed in terms of other +cross-sections where this mune ah'd is + + align:start position:0% +cross-sections where this mune ah'd is + + + align:start position:0% +cross-sections where this mune ah'd is +what's known as the average scattering + + align:start position:0% +what's known as the average scattering + + + align:start position:0% +what's known as the average scattering +angle cosine and it approximately equals + + align:start position:0% +angle cosine and it approximately equals + + + align:start position:0% +angle cosine and it approximately equals +2/3 times the average atomic mass of + + align:start position:0% +2/3 times the average atomic mass of + + + align:start position:0% +2/3 times the average atomic mass of +whatever it's scattering off of so this + + align:start position:0% +whatever it's scattering off of so this + + + align:start position:0% +whatever it's scattering off of so this +D that I've just introduced from some + + align:start position:0% +D that I've just introduced from some + + + align:start position:0% +D that I've just introduced from some +physical analogy actually has an + + align:start position:0% +physical analogy actually has an + + + align:start position:0% +physical analogy actually has an +expression from cross-sections and the + + align:start position:0% +expression from cross-sections and the + + + align:start position:0% +expression from cross-sections and the +material properties that you can look up + + align:start position:0% +material properties that you can look up + + + align:start position:0% +material properties that you can look up +so we've now turned it into some sort of + + align:start position:0% +so we've now turned it into some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +so we've now turned it into some sort of +condition where everything can be looked + + align:start position:0% +condition where everything can be looked + + + align:start position:0% +condition where everything can be looked +up in the janice library or whatever + + align:start position:0% +up in the janice library or whatever + + + align:start position:0% +up in the janice library or whatever +cross section library you have plus + + align:start position:0% +cross section library you have plus + + + align:start position:0% +cross section library you have plus +whatever number densities you actually + + align:start position:0% +whatever number densities you actually + + + align:start position:0% +whatever number densities you actually +have in your reactor so what's starting + + align:start position:0% +have in your reactor so what's starting + + + align:start position:0% +have in your reactor so what's starting +to pictures started to get very real and + + align:start position:0% +to pictures started to get very real and + + + align:start position:0% +to pictures started to get very real and +very physical so now if we assume that + + align:start position:0% +very physical so now if we assume that + + + align:start position:0% +very physical so now if we assume that +Phi takes the form of a cosine BX let's + + align:start position:0% +Phi takes the form of a cosine BX let's + + + align:start position:0% +Phi takes the form of a cosine BX let's +plug it in so if we rewrite this + + align:start position:0% +plug it in so if we rewrite this + + + align:start position:0% +plug it in so if we rewrite this +expression I think I'll need another + + align:start position:0% +expression I think I'll need another + + + align:start position:0% +expression I think I'll need another +color for a substitute so we'll take a + + align:start position:0% +color for a substitute so we'll take a + + + align:start position:0% +color for a substitute so we'll take a +cosine BX and stick it in there and + + align:start position:0% +cosine BX and stick it in there and + + + align:start position:0% +cosine BX and stick it in there and +stick it in there and we'll end up with + + align:start position:0% +stick it in there and we'll end up with + + + align:start position:0% +stick it in there and we'll end up with +minus del squared cosine is going to + + align:start position:0% +minus del squared cosine is going to + + + align:start position:0% +minus del squared cosine is going to +look like a times B squared cosine BX + + align:start position:0% +look like a times B squared cosine BX + + + align:start position:0% +look like a times B squared cosine BX +over a cosine BX equals those constants + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +starting to get very simple I'll keep + + align:start position:0% +starting to get very simple I'll keep + + + align:start position:0% +starting to get very simple I'll keep +the bars on there because they're quite + + align:start position:0% +the bars on there because they're quite + + + align:start position:0% +the bars on there because they're quite +important and if we cancel things out + + align:start position:0% +important and if we cancel things out + + + align:start position:0% +important and if we cancel things out +the cosine V X's go away the A's go away + + align:start position:0% +the cosine V X's go away the A's go away + + + align:start position:0% +the cosine V X's go away the A's go away +and we're left with whatever is inside + + align:start position:0% +and we're left with whatever is inside + + + align:start position:0% +and we're left with whatever is inside +that cosine B squared equals a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +that cosine B squared equals a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +that cosine B squared equals a bunch of +material properties there's no + + align:start position:0% +material properties there's no + + + align:start position:0% +material properties there's no +information in here about the geometry + + align:start position:0% +information in here about the geometry + + + align:start position:0% +information in here about the geometry +of our reactor there's only the material + + align:start position:0% +of our reactor there's only the material + + + align:start position:0% +of our reactor there's only the material +properties whereas over here this + + align:start position:0% +properties whereas over here this + + + align:start position:0% +properties whereas over here this +constant B I'm going to add a little G + + align:start position:0% +constant B I'm going to add a little G + + + align:start position:0% +constant B I'm going to add a little G +to it which stands for geometry and + + align:start position:0% +to it which stands for geometry and + + + align:start position:0% +to it which stands for geometry and +we've now set up a condition where if + + align:start position:0% +we've now set up a condition where if + + + align:start position:0% +we've now set up a condition where if +you know the geometry and the materials + + align:start position:0% +you know the geometry and the materials + + + align:start position:0% +you know the geometry and the materials +in the reactor you can solve for the + + align:start position:0% +in the reactor you can solve for the + + + align:start position:0% +in the reactor you can solve for the +final unknown which is its K effective + + align:start position:0% +final unknown which is its K effective + + + align:start position:0% +final unknown which is its K effective +how critical or not is this reactor so + + align:start position:0% +how critical or not is this reactor so + + + align:start position:0% +how critical or not is this reactor so +what would be have to be to make this + + align:start position:0% +what would be have to be to make this + + + align:start position:0% +what would be have to be to make this +cosign valid so what would be G equal if + + align:start position:0% +cosign valid so what would be G equal if + + + align:start position:0% +cosign valid so what would be G equal if +we have the form of this flux like so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'll give you a hint if the cosine goes + + align:start position:0% +I'll give you a hint if the cosine goes + + + align:start position:0% +I'll give you a hint if the cosine goes +to zero right here at some reactor + + align:start position:0% +to zero right here at some reactor + + + align:start position:0% +to zero right here at some reactor +length a over 2 plus some extrapolation + + align:start position:0% +length a over 2 plus some extrapolation + + + align:start position:0% +length a over 2 plus some extrapolation +length 2d then how do we make the cosine + + align:start position:0% +length 2d then how do we make the cosine + + + align:start position:0% +length 2d then how do we make the cosine +equal to zero at this point + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero at this point + + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero at this point +what does BG have to equal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +quite close it would have to be BG would + + align:start position:0% +quite close it would have to be BG would + + + align:start position:0% +quite close it would have to be BG would +have to equal PI over a over 2 plus 2 D + + align:start position:0% +have to equal PI over a over 2 plus 2 D + + + align:start position:0% +have to equal PI over a over 2 plus 2 D +such that when you substitute or / / - + + align:start position:0% +such that when you substitute or / / - + + + align:start position:0% +such that when you substitute or / / - +right yeah oh yeah okay so that when you + + align:start position:0% +right yeah oh yeah okay so that when you + + + align:start position:0% +right yeah oh yeah okay so that when you +substitute x equals a over 2 + 2 D into + + align:start position:0% +substitute x equals a over 2 + 2 D into + + + align:start position:0% +substitute x equals a over 2 + 2 D into +there this cosine evaluates out to 0 + + align:start position:0% +there this cosine evaluates out to 0 + + + align:start position:0% +there this cosine evaluates out to 0 +that make sense + + align:start position:0% +that make sense + + + align:start position:0% +that make sense +cool so now we have BG there's nothing + + align:start position:0% +cool so now we have BG there's nothing + + + align:start position:0% +cool so now we have BG there's nothing +here but geometry plus a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +here but geometry plus a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +here but geometry plus a little bit of +extrapolation length right here yeah oh + + align:start position:0% +extrapolation length right here yeah oh + + + align:start position:0% +extrapolation length right here yeah oh +yeah this should be an over 2 so that + + align:start position:0% +yeah this should be an over 2 so that + + + align:start position:0% +yeah this should be an over 2 so that +when you plug in x equals a over 2 plus + + align:start position:0% +when you plug in x equals a over 2 plus + + + align:start position:0% +when you plug in x equals a over 2 plus +2 D you get PI over 2 + cosine of PI + + align:start position:0% +2 D you get PI over 2 + cosine of PI + + + align:start position:0% +2 D you get PI over 2 + cosine of PI +over 2 is 0 yep cool so now we have our + + align:start position:0% +over 2 is 0 yep cool so now we have our + + + align:start position:0% +over 2 is 0 yep cool so now we have our +BG so we substitute that back in there + + align:start position:0% +BG so we substitute that back in there + + + align:start position:0% +BG so we substitute that back in there +let's just continue to call it BG since + + align:start position:0% +let's just continue to call it BG since + + + align:start position:0% +let's just continue to call it BG since +we have it over there and we have this + + align:start position:0% +we have it over there and we have this + + + align:start position:0% +we have it over there and we have this +much simpler expression BG squared + + align:start position:0% +much simpler expression BG squared + + + align:start position:0% +much simpler expression BG squared +equals 1 over K nu Sigma fission + Sigma + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 over K nu Sigma fission + Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 over K nu Sigma fission + Sigma +absorption over D then where's our + + align:start position:0% +absorption over D then where's our + + + align:start position:0% +absorption over D then where's our +rearranging color we can multiply + + align:start position:0% +rearranging color we can multiply + + + align:start position:0% +rearranging color we can multiply +everything by D and let's see that + + align:start position:0% +everything by D and let's see that + + + align:start position:0% +everything by D and let's see that +should have been a minus copied myself + + align:start position:0% +should have been a minus copied myself + + + align:start position:0% +should have been a minus copied myself +over wrong the DS go away you can then + + align:start position:0% +over wrong the DS go away you can then + + + align:start position:0% +over wrong the DS go away you can then +add Sigma absorption to each side then + + align:start position:0% +add Sigma absorption to each side then + + + align:start position:0% +add Sigma absorption to each side then +those go away and then you can multiply + + align:start position:0% +those go away and then you can multiply + + + align:start position:0% +those go away and then you can multiply +everything by K + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and those go away and finally divide + + align:start position:0% +and those go away and finally divide + + + align:start position:0% +and those go away and finally divide +everything by Sigma a plus D B G squared + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and what we're left with is our + + align:start position:0% +and what we're left with is our + + + align:start position:0% +and what we're left with is our +criticality condition our K our + + align:start position:0% +criticality condition our K our + + + align:start position:0% +criticality condition our K our +criticality is pretty simple + + align:start position:0% +criticality is pretty simple + + + align:start position:0% +criticality is pretty simple +new Sigma fission over absorption plus + + align:start position:0% +new Sigma fission over absorption plus + + + align:start position:0% +new Sigma fission over absorption plus +leakage so finally after all that + + align:start position:0% +leakage so finally after all that + + + align:start position:0% +leakage so finally after all that +derivation we've arrived at some + + align:start position:0% +derivation we've arrived at some + + + align:start position:0% +derivation we've arrived at some +intuitive result remember we said that K + + align:start position:0% +intuitive result remember we said that K + + + align:start position:0% +intuitive result remember we said that K +the criticality or the K effective is + + align:start position:0% +the criticality or the K effective is + + + align:start position:0% +the criticality or the K effective is +the ratio of gains to losses of neutrons + + align:start position:0% +the ratio of gains to losses of neutrons + + + align:start position:0% +the ratio of gains to losses of neutrons +so that's exactly what we have the only + + align:start position:0% +so that's exactly what we have the only + + + align:start position:0% +so that's exactly what we have the only +gain mechanism right here is by fission + + align:start position:0% +gain mechanism right here is by fission + + + align:start position:0% +gain mechanism right here is by fission +and the lost mechanisms are either + + align:start position:0% +and the lost mechanisms are either + + + align:start position:0% +and the lost mechanisms are either +absorption by the stuff in the reactor + + align:start position:0% +absorption by the stuff in the reactor + + + align:start position:0% +absorption by the stuff in the reactor +or leakage outside of the reactor and so + + align:start position:0% +or leakage outside of the reactor and so + + + align:start position:0% +or leakage outside of the reactor and so +this is actually how you tell when the + + align:start position:0% +this is actually how you tell when the + + + align:start position:0% +this is actually how you tell when the +reactors in perfect balance is if this + + align:start position:0% +reactors in perfect balance is if this + + + align:start position:0% +reactors in perfect balance is if this +condition is satisfied and if it equals + + align:start position:0% +condition is satisfied and if it equals + + + align:start position:0% +condition is satisfied and if it equals +one then the reactor is critical so now + + align:start position:0% +one then the reactor is critical so now + + + align:start position:0% +one then the reactor is critical so now +we can start to play with this and say + + align:start position:0% +we can start to play with this and say + + + align:start position:0% +we can start to play with this and say +let's say we started off with a critical + + align:start position:0% +let's say we started off with a critical + + + align:start position:0% +let's say we started off with a critical +reactor and all of a sudden we were to + + align:start position:0% +reactor and all of a sudden we were to + + + align:start position:0% +reactor and all of a sudden we were to +boost the absorption what should happen + + align:start position:0% +boost the absorption what should happen + + + align:start position:0% +boost the absorption what should happen +to K effective if you just start + + align:start position:0% +to K effective if you just start + + + align:start position:0% +to K effective if you just start +observing more right it should go + + align:start position:0% +observing more right it should go + + + align:start position:0% +observing more right it should go +subcritical now mathematically speaking + + align:start position:0% +subcritical now mathematically speaking + + + align:start position:0% +subcritical now mathematically speaking +that means this denominator gets larger + + align:start position:0% +that means this denominator gets larger + + + align:start position:0% +that means this denominator gets larger +so this ratio gets smaller and therefore + + align:start position:0% +so this ratio gets smaller and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +so this ratio gets smaller and therefore +K effective has to go down as well + + align:start position:0% +K effective has to go down as well + + + align:start position:0% +K effective has to go down as well +now that's an easy case let's start + + align:start position:0% +now that's an easy case let's start + + + align:start position:0% +now that's an easy case let's start +exploring some of the more interesting + + align:start position:0% +exploring some of the more interesting + + + align:start position:0% +exploring some of the more interesting +ones let's say you raise the temperature + + align:start position:0% +ones let's say you raise the temperature + + + align:start position:0% +ones let's say you raise the temperature +in the reactor do we necessarily know + + align:start position:0% +in the reactor do we necessarily know + + + align:start position:0% +in the reactor do we necessarily know +what's going to happen next let's work + + align:start position:0% +what's going to happen next let's work + + + align:start position:0% +what's going to happen next let's work +it out so most cross-sections when you + + align:start position:0% +it out so most cross-sections when you + + + align:start position:0% +it out so most cross-sections when you +raise the temperature will actually go + + align:start position:0% +raise the temperature will actually go + + + align:start position:0% +raise the temperature will actually go +down in value due to a process called + + align:start position:0% +down in value due to a process called + + + align:start position:0% +down in value due to a process called +Doppler broadening that you'll learn + + align:start position:0% +Doppler broadening that you'll learn + + + align:start position:0% +Doppler broadening that you'll learn +about in 2205 but suffice to say for now + + align:start position:0% +about in 2205 but suffice to say for now + + + align:start position:0% +about in 2205 but suffice to say for now +that cross-sections tend to go down with + + align:start position:0% +that cross-sections tend to go down with + + + align:start position:0% +that cross-sections tend to go down with +temperature the most important reason + + align:start position:0% +temperature the most important reason + + + align:start position:0% +temperature the most important reason +why is because a cross-section is an + + align:start position:0% +why is because a cross-section is an + + + align:start position:0% +why is because a cross-section is an +for density times a microscopic + + align:start position:0% +for density times a microscopic + + + align:start position:0% +for density times a microscopic +cross-section and if the temperature + + align:start position:0% +cross-section and if the temperature + + + align:start position:0% +cross-section and if the temperature +goes up then the density goes down and + + align:start position:0% +goes up then the density goes down and + + + align:start position:0% +goes up then the density goes down and +the number density goes down and if the + + align:start position:0% +the number density goes down and if the + + + align:start position:0% +the number density goes down and if the +number density goes down the macroscopic + + align:start position:0% +number density goes down the macroscopic + + + align:start position:0% +number density goes down the macroscopic +cross-section goes down the atoms just + + align:start position:0% +cross-section goes down the atoms just + + + align:start position:0% +cross-section goes down the atoms just +spread out from each other so regardless + + align:start position:0% +spread out from each other so regardless + + + align:start position:0% +spread out from each other so regardless +of what happens at the microscopic + + align:start position:0% +of what happens at the microscopic + + + align:start position:0% +of what happens at the microscopic +cross-section which I'll leave to Ben in + + align:start position:0% +cross-section which I'll leave to Ben in + + + align:start position:0% +cross-section which I'll leave to Ben in +court to teach you next year + + align:start position:0% +court to teach you next year + + + align:start position:0% +court to teach you next year +we know that the macroscopic + + align:start position:0% +we know that the macroscopic + + + align:start position:0% +we know that the macroscopic +cross-section goes down because it gets + + align:start position:0% +cross-section goes down because it gets + + + align:start position:0% +cross-section goes down because it gets +less dense so let's try and work out now + + align:start position:0% +less dense so let's try and work out now + + + align:start position:0% +less dense so let's try and work out now +what would happen to K effective so what + + align:start position:0% +what would happen to K effective so what + + + align:start position:0% +what would happen to K effective so what +will happen to nu if we raise the + + align:start position:0% +will happen to nu if we raise the + + + align:start position:0% +will happen to nu if we raise the +temperature nothing let's hope what + + align:start position:0% +temperature nothing let's hope what + + + align:start position:0% +temperature nothing let's hope what +happens to Sigma fission it goes down a + + align:start position:0% +happens to Sigma fission it goes down a + + + align:start position:0% +happens to Sigma fission it goes down a +bit but what about Sigma absorption + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Sigma absorption is gonna go down + + align:start position:0% +Sigma absorption is gonna go down + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma absorption is gonna go down +does BG change has the geometry of the + + align:start position:0% +does BG change has the geometry of the + + + align:start position:0% +does BG change has the geometry of the +reactor changed probably not might have + + align:start position:0% +reactor changed probably not might have + + + align:start position:0% +reactor changed probably not might have +thermally expanded by a few nanometers + + align:start position:0% +thermally expanded by a few nanometers + + + align:start position:0% +thermally expanded by a few nanometers +but let's just say it doesn't change at + + align:start position:0% +but let's just say it doesn't change at + + + align:start position:0% +but let's just say it doesn't change at +all what about the diffusion constant + + align:start position:0% +all what about the diffusion constant + + + align:start position:0% +all what about the diffusion constant +let's work that out Sigma total is gonna + + align:start position:0% +let's work that out Sigma total is gonna + + + align:start position:0% +let's work that out Sigma total is gonna +go down + + align:start position:0% +go down + + + align:start position:0% +go down +Sigma scattering is gonna go down so + + align:start position:0% +Sigma scattering is gonna go down so + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma scattering is gonna go down so +probably what's going to happen is this + + align:start position:0% +probably what's going to happen is this + + + align:start position:0% +probably what's going to happen is this +diffusion constant is going to go up + + align:start position:0% +diffusion constant is going to go up + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion constant is going to go up +which means that if the atoms spread out + + align:start position:0% +which means that if the atoms spread out + + + align:start position:0% +which means that if the atoms spread out +more neutrons will move farther on + + align:start position:0% +more neutrons will move farther on + + + align:start position:0% +more neutrons will move farther on +average hopefully that makes intuitive + + align:start position:0% +average hopefully that makes intuitive + + + align:start position:0% +average hopefully that makes intuitive +sense as if the cross-sections go down + + align:start position:0% +sense as if the cross-sections go down + + + align:start position:0% +sense as if the cross-sections go down +then a neutron can move farther before + + align:start position:0% +then a neutron can move farther before + + + align:start position:0% +then a neutron can move farther before +an average interaction so the diffusion + + align:start position:0% +an average interaction so the diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +an average interaction so the diffusion +constant is probably going to go up + + align:start position:0% +constant is probably going to go up + + + align:start position:0% +constant is probably going to go up +which way does K effective go you're + + align:start position:0% +which way does K effective go you're + + + align:start position:0% +which way does K effective go you're +correct + + align:start position:0% +correct + + + align:start position:0% +correct +no one said anything because you can't + + align:start position:0% +no one said anything because you can't + + + align:start position:0% +no one said anything because you can't +really say anything so it depends on the + + align:start position:0% +really say anything so it depends on the + + + align:start position:0% +really say anything so it depends on the +relative amounts that these increase or + + align:start position:0% +relative amounts that these increase or + + + align:start position:0% +relative amounts that these increase or +decrease so depending on what you choose + + align:start position:0% +decrease so depending on what you choose + + + align:start position:0% +decrease so depending on what you choose +for your materials you can have what's + + align:start position:0% +for your materials you can have what's + + + align:start position:0% +for your materials you can have what's +called positive or negative temperature + + align:start position:0% +called positive or negative temperature + + + align:start position:0% +called positive or negative temperature +feedback which means in some conditions + + align:start position:0% +feedback which means in some conditions + + + align:start position:0% +feedback which means in some conditions +or scenarios what you want to happen is + + align:start position:0% +or scenarios what you want to happen is + + + align:start position:0% +or scenarios what you want to happen is +that if the temperature goes up K + + align:start position:0% +that if the temperature goes up K + + + align:start position:0% +that if the temperature goes up K +effective should go down but not + + align:start position:0% +effective should go down but not + + + align:start position:0% +effective should go down but not +necessarily so depending on what you use + + align:start position:0% +necessarily so depending on what you use + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily so depending on what you use +you can actually have situations where + + align:start position:0% +you can actually have situations where + + + align:start position:0% +you can actually have situations where +raising the temperature raises K + + align:start position:0% +raising the temperature raises K + + + align:start position:0% +raising the temperature raises K +effective and + + align:start position:0% +effective and + + + align:start position:0% +effective and +is some seriously bad news and is + + align:start position:0% +is some seriously bad news and is + + + align:start position:0% +is some seriously bad news and is +actually outlawed you can't design a + + align:start position:0% +actually outlawed you can't design a + + + align:start position:0% +actually outlawed you can't design a +reactor with positive temperature + + align:start position:0% +reactor with positive temperature + + + align:start position:0% +reactor with positive temperature +coefficients so this is the first little + + align:start position:0% +coefficients so this is the first little + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients so this is the first little +taste of reactor feedback is now that + + align:start position:0% +taste of reactor feedback is now that + + + align:start position:0% +taste of reactor feedback is now that +we've written this criticality condition + + align:start position:0% +we've written this criticality condition + + + align:start position:0% +we've written this criticality condition +we can start to explore what happens + + align:start position:0% +we can start to explore what happens + + + align:start position:0% +we can start to explore what happens +when you start probing the reactor so + + align:start position:0% +when you start probing the reactor so + + + align:start position:0% +when you start probing the reactor so +let's say what happens if you just add + + align:start position:0% +let's say what happens if you just add + + + align:start position:0% +let's say what happens if you just add +more reactor in this case where's my + + align:start position:0% +more reactor in this case where's my + + + align:start position:0% +more reactor in this case where's my +green all the way over there without + + align:start position:0% +green all the way over there without + + + align:start position:0% +green all the way over there without +changing the materials what happens when + + align:start position:0% +changing the materials what happens when + + + align:start position:0% +changing the materials what happens when +you make the reactor bigger what + + align:start position:0% +you make the reactor bigger what + + + align:start position:0% +you make the reactor bigger what +increases decreases or stays the same + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's just work it through does new + + align:start position:0% +let's just work it through does new + + + align:start position:0% +let's just work it through does new +change Sigma fission no Sigma absorption + + align:start position:0% +change Sigma fission no Sigma absorption + + + align:start position:0% +change Sigma fission no Sigma absorption +D how does BG change + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +b:g decreases and as you'd expect if you + + align:start position:0% +b:g decreases and as you'd expect if you + + + align:start position:0% +b:g decreases and as you'd expect if you +add more reactor to your reactor the K + + align:start position:0% +add more reactor to your reactor the K + + + align:start position:0% +add more reactor to your reactor the K +effective should increase and so this + + align:start position:0% +effective should increase and so this + + + align:start position:0% +effective should increase and so this +hopefully is starting to follow some + + align:start position:0% +hopefully is starting to follow some + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully is starting to follow some +intuitive pattern we're the given + + align:start position:0% +intuitive pattern we're the given + + + align:start position:0% +intuitive pattern we're the given +criticality condition in some situations + + align:start position:0% +criticality condition in some situations + + + align:start position:0% +criticality condition in some situations +you can work out well the reactor gain + + align:start position:0% +you can work out well the reactor gain + + + align:start position:0% +you can work out well the reactor gain +or lose power speaking of where's the + + align:start position:0% +or lose power speaking of where's the + + + align:start position:0% +or lose power speaking of where's the +power where'd it go yeah so yes the + + align:start position:0% +power where'd it go yeah so yes the + + + align:start position:0% +power where'd it go yeah so yes the +power comes from the kinetic energy of + + align:start position:0% +power comes from the kinetic energy of + + + align:start position:0% +power comes from the kinetic energy of +neutrons but where did the power go in + + align:start position:0% +neutrons but where did the power go in + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons but where did the power go in +our expression yeah + + align:start position:0% +our expression yeah + + + align:start position:0% +our expression yeah +that's right that's exactly right and + + align:start position:0% +that's right that's exactly right and + + + align:start position:0% +that's right that's exactly right and +follows directly from the math this a + + align:start position:0% +follows directly from the math this a + + + align:start position:0% +follows directly from the math this a +got canceled away it doesn't matter you + + align:start position:0% +got canceled away it doesn't matter you + + + align:start position:0% +got canceled away it doesn't matter you +can actually have what's called a zero + + align:start position:0% +can actually have what's called a zero + + + align:start position:0% +can actually have what's called a zero +power reactor so the power of the + + align:start position:0% +power reactor so the power of the + + + align:start position:0% +power reactor so the power of the +reactor and its criticality are not + + align:start position:0% +reactor and its criticality are not + + + align:start position:0% +reactor and its criticality are not +necessarily linked you can have a + + align:start position:0% +necessarily linked you can have a + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily linked you can have a +reactor that is critical while producing + + align:start position:0% +reactor that is critical while producing + + + align:start position:0% +reactor that is critical while producing +tons of power you can also have a + + align:start position:0% +tons of power you can also have a + + + align:start position:0% +tons of power you can also have a +reactor that is critical while producing + + align:start position:0% +reactor that is critical while producing + + + align:start position:0% +reactor that is critical while producing +I won't say zero but an infant testimony + + align:start position:0% +I won't say zero but an infant testimony + + + align:start position:0% +I won't say zero but an infant testimony +small amount of power and they actually + + align:start position:0% +small amount of power and they actually + + + align:start position:0% +small amount of power and they actually +have built these they're great test + + align:start position:0% +have built these they're great test + + + align:start position:0% +have built these they're great test +systems for testing our knowledge of + + align:start position:0% +systems for testing our knowledge of + + + align:start position:0% +systems for testing our knowledge of +Neutron physics because you've got a + + align:start position:0% +Neutron physics because you've got a + + + align:start position:0% +Neutron physics because you've got a +reactor that's producing maybe ten watts + + align:start position:0% +reactor that's producing maybe ten watts + + + align:start position:0% +reactor that's producing maybe ten watts +of power it's you know easy to cool by + + align:start position:0% +of power it's you know easy to cool by + + + align:start position:0% +of power it's you know easy to cool by +blowing a fan on it let's say but you + + align:start position:0% +blowing a fan on it let's say but you + + + align:start position:0% +blowing a fan on it let's say but you +can still measure the Neutron flux in + + align:start position:0% +can still measure the Neutron flux in + + + align:start position:0% +can still measure the Neutron flux in +different places and test how well your + + align:start position:0% +different places and test how well your + + + align:start position:0% +different places and test how well your +codes are working with a much safer + + align:start position:0% +codes are working with a much safer + + + align:start position:0% +codes are working with a much safer +configuration than sticking probes into + + align:start position:0% +configuration than sticking probes into + + + align:start position:0% +configuration than sticking probes into +a gigawatt commercial reactor yep + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that would push the reactor out of + + align:start position:0% +that would push the reactor out of + + + align:start position:0% +that would push the reactor out of +steady-state indeed so on Tuesday we're + + align:start position:0% +steady-state indeed so on Tuesday we're + + + align:start position:0% +steady-state indeed so on Tuesday we're +gonna start covering transients and if K + + align:start position:0% +gonna start covering transients and if K + + + align:start position:0% +gonna start covering transients and if K +effective becomes something other than + + align:start position:0% +effective becomes something other than + + + align:start position:0% +effective becomes something other than +one the reactor is no longer in steady + + align:start position:0% +one the reactor is no longer in steady + + + align:start position:0% +one the reactor is no longer in steady +state it's not an equilibrium because + + align:start position:0% +state it's not an equilibrium because + + + align:start position:0% +state it's not an equilibrium because +the gains and the losses are not equal + + align:start position:0% +the gains and the losses are not equal + + + align:start position:0% +the gains and the losses are not equal +to each other and at that point the + + align:start position:0% +to each other and at that point the + + + align:start position:0% +to each other and at that point the +power will start to change what you guys + + align:start position:0% +power will start to change what you guys + + + align:start position:0% +power will start to change what you guys +all saw when you manipulated the reactor + + align:start position:0% +all saw when you manipulated the reactor + + + align:start position:0% +all saw when you manipulated the reactor +power so since you brought it up does + + align:start position:0% +power so since you brought it up does + + + align:start position:0% +power so since you brought it up does +anybody remember if we draw as a + + align:start position:0% +anybody remember if we draw as a + + + align:start position:0% +anybody remember if we draw as a +function of time let's say the reactor + + align:start position:0% +function of time let's say the reactor + + + align:start position:0% +function of time let's say the reactor +power was cruising along and right at + + align:start position:0% +power was cruising along and right at + + + align:start position:0% +power was cruising along and right at +the time as now you withdrew a control + + align:start position:0% +the time as now you withdrew a control + + + align:start position:0% +the time as now you withdrew a control +rod what happened when you guys did that + + align:start position:0% +rod what happened when you guys did that + + + align:start position:0% +rod what happened when you guys did that +anyone cuz he all did it went up okay + + align:start position:0% +anyone cuz he all did it went up okay + + + align:start position:0% +anyone cuz he all did it went up okay +and then what when you stopped + + align:start position:0% +and then what when you stopped + + + align:start position:0% +and then what when you stopped +withdrawing the control rod did it level + + align:start position:0% +withdrawing the control rod did it level + + + align:start position:0% +withdrawing the control rod did it level +out so everyone tell me what happened it + + align:start position:0% +out so everyone tell me what happened it + + + align:start position:0% +out so everyone tell me what happened it +slowed down the increase but it didn't + + align:start position:0% +slowed down the increase but it didn't + + + align:start position:0% +slowed down the increase but it didn't +stop going up kind of freaky so this is + + align:start position:0% +stop going up kind of freaky so this is + + + align:start position:0% +stop going up kind of freaky so this is +why I had you guys do that power ramp + + align:start position:0% +why I had you guys do that power ramp + + + align:start position:0% +why I had you guys do that power ramp +because just you you know controlling a + + align:start position:0% +because just you you know controlling a + + + align:start position:0% +because just you you know controlling a +reactor is not as simple as remove the + + align:start position:0% +reactor is not as simple as remove the + + + align:start position:0% +reactor is not as simple as remove the +control rod you remove a certain amount + + align:start position:0% +control rod you remove a certain amount + + + align:start position:0% +control rod you remove a certain amount +of reactivity because there are time + + align:start position:0% +of reactivity because there are time + + + align:start position:0% +of reactivity because there are time +dependent effects due to delayed new + + align:start position:0% +dependent effects due to delayed new + + + align:start position:0% +dependent effects due to delayed new +Tron's neutrons that aren't immediately + + align:start position:0% +Tron's neutrons that aren't immediately + + + align:start position:0% +Tron's neutrons that aren't immediately +released after fission that can have a + + align:start position:0% +released after fission that can have a + + + align:start position:0% +released after fission that can have a +large effect on how you control your + + align:start position:0% +large effect on how you control your + + + align:start position:0% +large effect on how you control your +reactor and then if you wanted to + + align:start position:0% +reactor and then if you wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +reactor and then if you wanted to +decrease it again let's say you put the + + align:start position:0% +decrease it again let's say you put the + + + align:start position:0% +decrease it again let's say you put the +control rod back into its original + + align:start position:0% +control rod back into its original + + + align:start position:0% +control rod back into its original +position + + align:start position:0% +position + + + align:start position:0% +position +the power would not come back to its + + align:start position:0% +the power would not come back to its + + + align:start position:0% +the power would not come back to its +original position but then eventually it + + align:start position:0% +original position but then eventually it + + + align:start position:0% +original position but then eventually it +would start to Coast down and probably + + align:start position:0% +would start to Coast down and probably + + + align:start position:0% +would start to Coast down and probably +go beneath its original position at + + align:start position:0% +go beneath its original position at + + + align:start position:0% +go beneath its original position at +which point you have to constantly be + + align:start position:0% +which point you have to constantly be + + + align:start position:0% +which point you have to constantly be +controlling those control rods to keep + + align:start position:0% +controlling those control rods to keep + + + align:start position:0% +controlling those control rods to keep +it in what I'll call dynamic equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +it in what I'll call dynamic equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +it in what I'll call dynamic equilibrium +you never really hit static equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +you never really hit static equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +you never really hit static equilibrium +unless it's off as a I went to a seminar + + align:start position:0% +unless it's off as a I went to a seminar + + + align:start position:0% +unless it's off as a I went to a seminar +a couple weeks ago and said I don't + + align:start position:0% +a couple weeks ago and said I don't + + + align:start position:0% +a couple weeks ago and said I don't +study biological organisms and static + + align:start position:0% +study biological organisms and static + + + align:start position:0% +study biological organisms and static +equilibrium because that's better known + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium because that's better known + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium because that's better known +as a dead organism they're not very + + align:start position:0% +as a dead organism they're not very + + + align:start position:0% +as a dead organism they're not very +interesting but dynamic equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +interesting but dynamic equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +interesting but dynamic equilibrium +shariah is for them and for us so with + + align:start position:0% +shariah is for them and for us so with + + + align:start position:0% +shariah is for them and for us so with +this process of getting the single group + + align:start position:0% +this process of getting the single group + + + align:start position:0% +this process of getting the single group +balance equations I'd like to generalize + + align:start position:0% +balance equations I'd like to generalize + + + align:start position:0% +balance equations I'd like to generalize +this to the two group balance equations + + align:start position:0% +this to the two group balance equations + + + align:start position:0% +this to the two group balance equations +and this is something you can actually + + align:start position:0% +and this is something you can actually + + + align:start position:0% +and this is something you can actually +use in every case we're going to say + + align:start position:0% +use in every case we're going to say + + + align:start position:0% +use in every case we're going to say +let's put our games on the left and put + + align:start position:0% +let's put our games on the left and put + + + align:start position:0% +let's put our games on the left and put +our losses on the right if we want to + + align:start position:0% +our losses on the right if we want to + + + align:start position:0% +our losses on the right if we want to +have this reactor in equilibrium and now + + align:start position:0% +have this reactor in equilibrium and now + + + align:start position:0% +have this reactor in equilibrium and now +we'll separate our equations into the + + align:start position:0% +we'll separate our equations into the + + + align:start position:0% +we'll separate our equations into the +fast and thermal regions of neutron + + align:start position:0% +fast and thermal regions of neutron + + + align:start position:0% +fast and thermal regions of neutron +energy so we'll call those F and we'll + + align:start position:0% +energy so we'll call those F and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +energy so we'll call those F and we'll +call the thermal ones th so using this + + align:start position:0% +call the thermal ones th so using this + + + align:start position:0% +call the thermal ones th so using this +model of our Neutron diffusion equation + + align:start position:0% +model of our Neutron diffusion equation + + + align:start position:0% +model of our Neutron diffusion equation +what are the gains of neutrons into the + + align:start position:0% +what are the gains of neutrons into the + + + align:start position:0% +what are the gains of neutrons into the +fast spectrum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah straight from fission so how do we + + align:start position:0% +yeah straight from fission so how do we + + + align:start position:0% +yeah straight from fission so how do we +write that and this process that we're + + align:start position:0% +write that and this process that we're + + + align:start position:0% +write that and this process that we're +going through now this is where + + align:start position:0% +going through now this is where + + + align:start position:0% +going through now this is where +recitation really begins because this is + + align:start position:0% +recitation really begins because this is + + + align:start position:0% +recitation really begins because this is +how I want to show you guys how to + + align:start position:0% +how I want to show you guys how to + + + align:start position:0% +how I want to show you guys how to +approach a problem let's say a one + + align:start position:0% +approach a problem let's say a one + + + align:start position:0% +approach a problem let's say a one +sentence statement like give me the flux + + align:start position:0% +sentence statement like give me the flux + + + align:start position:0% +sentence statement like give me the flux +anywhere in a two group reactor this is + + align:start position:0% +anywhere in a two group reactor this is + + + align:start position:0% +anywhere in a two group reactor this is +how we go about it so how do you + + align:start position:0% +how we go about it so how do you + + + align:start position:0% +how we go about it so how do you +equational II put the neutron gains from + + align:start position:0% +equational II put the neutron gains from + + + align:start position:0% +equational II put the neutron gains from +fission well what terms we have up there + + align:start position:0% +fission well what terms we have up there + + + align:start position:0% +fission well what terms we have up there +right now yep + + align:start position:0% +right now yep + + + align:start position:0% +right now yep +yep you'll have your new your Neutron + + align:start position:0% +yep you'll have your new your Neutron + + + align:start position:0% +yep you'll have your new your Neutron +multiplication factor and now we're + + align:start position:0% +multiplication factor and now we're + + + align:start position:0% +multiplication factor and now we're +actually going to split every cross + + align:start position:0% +actually going to split every cross + + + align:start position:0% +actually going to split every cross +section into its fast + + align:start position:0% +section into its fast + + + align:start position:0% +section into its fast +and thermal energy ranges because now + + align:start position:0% +and thermal energy ranges because now + + + align:start position:0% +and thermal energy ranges because now +we're actually splitting that energy + + align:start position:0% +we're actually splitting that energy + + + align:start position:0% +we're actually splitting that energy +like we did when I drew that crazy cross + + align:start position:0% +like we did when I drew that crazy cross + + + align:start position:0% +like we did when I drew that crazy cross +section let's say we had log of E versus + + align:start position:0% +section let's say we had log of E versus + + + align:start position:0% +section let's say we had log of E versus +log of Sigma and they all follow roughly + + align:start position:0% +log of Sigma and they all follow roughly + + + align:start position:0% +log of Sigma and they all follow roughly +that formula and we split it and said if + + align:start position:0% +that formula and we split it and said if + + + align:start position:0% +that formula and we split it and said if +we want to draw an average cross section + + align:start position:0% +we want to draw an average cross section + + + align:start position:0% +we want to draw an average cross section +it would look something like this and + + align:start position:0% +it would look something like this and + + + align:start position:0% +it would look something like this and +that would be our Sigma thermal and this + + align:start position:0% +that would be our Sigma thermal and this + + + align:start position:0% +that would be our Sigma thermal and this +would be our Sigma fast so that's what + + align:start position:0% +would be our Sigma fast so that's what + + + align:start position:0% +would be our Sigma fast so that's what +we're doing here so now it gets a little + + align:start position:0% +we're doing here so now it gets a little + + + align:start position:0% +we're doing here so now it gets a little +more complicated because Bost pfaff both + + align:start position:0% +more complicated because Bost pfaff both + + + align:start position:0% +more complicated because Bost pfaff both +fast and thermal neutrons can contribute + + align:start position:0% +fast and thermal neutrons can contribute + + + align:start position:0% +fast and thermal neutrons can contribute +to fission so how do we write this in + + align:start position:0% +to fission so how do we write this in + + + align:start position:0% +to fission so how do we write this in +terms of equations + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we only want the neutrons that are born + + align:start position:0% +we only want the neutrons that are born + + + align:start position:0% +we only want the neutrons that are born +into the fast region the fast gains that + + align:start position:0% +into the fast region the fast gains that + + + align:start position:0% +into the fast region the fast gains that +doesn't mean you don't have to consider + + align:start position:0% +doesn't mean you don't have to consider + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't mean you don't have to consider +where the thermal neutrons because it's + + align:start position:0% +where the thermal neutrons because it's + + + align:start position:0% +where the thermal neutrons because it's +mostly those thermal neutrons that when + + align:start position:0% +mostly those thermal neutrons that when + + + align:start position:0% +mostly those thermal neutrons that when +they get absorbed and make fission + + align:start position:0% +they get absorbed and make fission + + + align:start position:0% +they get absorbed and make fission +create fast neutrons so what we'd really + + align:start position:0% +create fast neutrons so what we'd really + + + align:start position:0% +create fast neutrons so what we'd really +need is Sigma fission fast times are + + align:start position:0% +need is Sigma fission fast times are + + + align:start position:0% +need is Sigma fission fast times are +fast flux because we're gonna split + + align:start position:0% +fast flux because we're gonna split + + + align:start position:0% +fast flux because we're gonna split +every variable into its fast and thermal + + align:start position:0% +every variable into its fast and thermal + + + align:start position:0% +every variable into its fast and thermal +parts plus let's put a parenthesis there + + align:start position:0% +parts plus let's put a parenthesis there + + + align:start position:0% +parts plus let's put a parenthesis there +Sigma fission Thermal Phi thermal so do + + align:start position:0% +Sigma fission Thermal Phi thermal so do + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma fission Thermal Phi thermal so do +you guys see what I've done here we're + + align:start position:0% +you guys see what I've done here we're + + + align:start position:0% +you guys see what I've done here we're +assuming that every Neutron is born in + + align:start position:0% +assuming that every Neutron is born in + + + align:start position:0% +assuming that every Neutron is born in +the fast group where we're cutting this + + align:start position:0% +the fast group where we're cutting this + + + align:start position:0% +the fast group where we're cutting this +off at around 1 Evy and we are assuming + + align:start position:0% +off at around 1 Evy and we are assuming + + + align:start position:0% +off at around 1 Evy and we are assuming +that no neutrons are born below 1 Evy + + align:start position:0% +that no neutrons are born below 1 Evy + + + align:start position:0% +that no neutrons are born below 1 Evy +which is a very good assumption so in + + align:start position:0% +which is a very good assumption so in + + + align:start position:0% +which is a very good assumption so in +this case both the fast and the thermal + + align:start position:0% +this case both the fast and the thermal + + + align:start position:0% +this case both the fast and the thermal +fluxes contribute to creating fast + + align:start position:0% +fluxes contribute to creating fast + + + align:start position:0% +fluxes contribute to creating fast +neutrons is there any other source of + + align:start position:0% +neutrons is there any other source of + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons is there any other source of +fast neutrons good because I don't know + + align:start position:0% +fast neutrons good because I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +fast neutrons good because I don't know +one either + + align:start position:0% +one either + + + align:start position:0% +one either +okay what about losses by what + + align:start position:0% +okay what about losses by what + + + align:start position:0% +okay what about losses by what +mechanisms can neutrons leave the fast + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms can neutrons leave the fast + + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms can neutrons leave the fast +group yeah yep they can be absorbed so + + align:start position:0% +group yeah yep they can be absorbed so + + + align:start position:0% +group yeah yep they can be absorbed so +how do I write that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +af times the fast flux so only neutrons + + align:start position:0% +af times the fast flux so only neutrons + + + align:start position:0% +af times the fast flux so only neutrons +in the fast flux group will leave the + + align:start position:0% +in the fast flux group will leave the + + + align:start position:0% +in the fast flux group will leave the +fast flux group by absorption and what's + + align:start position:0% +fast flux group by absorption and what's + + + align:start position:0% +fast flux group by absorption and what's +the other mechanism that we had in our + + align:start position:0% +the other mechanism that we had in our + + + align:start position:0% +the other mechanism that we had in our +Neutron diffusion equation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah actually so that's not in the + + align:start position:0% +yeah actually so that's not in the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah actually so that's not in the +diffusion equation but you are right + + align:start position:0% +diffusion equation but you are right + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion equation but you are right +that's the missing piece that is gonna + + align:start position:0% +that's the missing piece that is gonna + + + align:start position:0% +that's the missing piece that is gonna +be the hard part so let's add that in + + align:start position:0% +be the hard part so let's add that in + + + align:start position:0% +be the hard part so let's add that in +now so there's going to be some + + align:start position:0% +now so there's going to be some + + + align:start position:0% +now so there's going to be some +scattering from the fast to the thermal + + align:start position:0% +scattering from the fast to the thermal + + + align:start position:0% +scattering from the fast to the thermal +group times our fast flux so not every + + align:start position:0% +group times our fast flux so not every + + + align:start position:0% +group times our fast flux so not every +scattering event will cause the neutron + + align:start position:0% +scattering event will cause the neutron + + + align:start position:0% +scattering event will cause the neutron +to leave the fast group but some of them + + align:start position:0% +to leave the fast group but some of them + + + align:start position:0% +to leave the fast group but some of them +will so we have to figure out what is + + align:start position:0% +will so we have to figure out what is + + + align:start position:0% +will so we have to figure out what is +the proportion of those neutrons that + + align:start position:0% +the proportion of those neutrons that + + + align:start position:0% +the proportion of those neutrons that +will scatter from the fast group to the + + align:start position:0% +will scatter from the fast group to the + + + align:start position:0% +will scatter from the fast group to the +thermal group for the case of hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +thermal group for the case of hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +thermal group for the case of hydrogen +it's pretty easy because the probability + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty easy because the probability + + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty easy because the probability +of a neutron landing anywhere from zero + + align:start position:0% +of a neutron landing anywhere from zero + + + align:start position:0% +of a neutron landing anywhere from zero +to e starting off at energy e I if we + + align:start position:0% +to e starting off at energy e I if we + + + align:start position:0% +to e starting off at energy e I if we +had our scattering kernel is a constant + + align:start position:0% +had our scattering kernel is a constant + + + align:start position:0% +had our scattering kernel is a constant +so that's not too hard and then last one + + align:start position:0% +so that's not too hard and then last one + + + align:start position:0% +so that's not too hard and then last one +other way can we lose neutrons from the + + align:start position:0% +other way can we lose neutrons from the + + + align:start position:0% +other way can we lose neutrons from the +fast group yep leakage they can leave + + align:start position:0% +fast group yep leakage they can leave + + + align:start position:0% +fast group yep leakage they can leave +the reactor and we can write that as a D + + align:start position:0% +the reactor and we can write that as a D + + + align:start position:0% +the reactor and we can write that as a D +fast be d squared flux make sure + + align:start position:0% +fast be d squared flux make sure + + + align:start position:0% +fast be d squared flux make sure +everything has bars that needs them okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now using the same sort of logic let's + + align:start position:0% +now using the same sort of logic let's + + + align:start position:0% +now using the same sort of logic let's +yeah Luke + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's not it's the same it is the same BG + + align:start position:0% +it's not it's the same it is the same BG + + + align:start position:0% +it's not it's the same it is the same BG +that describes the geometry of the + + align:start position:0% +that describes the geometry of the + + + align:start position:0% +that describes the geometry of the +reactor G means geometry yep + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and you had a question yes thank you + + align:start position:0% +and you had a question yes thank you + + + align:start position:0% +and you had a question yes thank you +that is a fast flux yeah but it's + + align:start position:0% +that is a fast flux yeah but it's + + + align:start position:0% +that is a fast flux yeah but it's +important to note that this flux right + + align:start position:0% +important to note that this flux right + + + align:start position:0% +important to note that this flux right +here is not a fast flux we'll get back + + align:start position:0% +here is not a fast flux we'll get back + + + align:start position:0% +here is not a fast flux we'll get back +to that soon now using the same sort of + + align:start position:0% +to that soon now using the same sort of + + + align:start position:0% +to that soon now using the same sort of +logic let's write the gains and losses + + align:start position:0% +logic let's write the gains and losses + + + align:start position:0% +logic let's write the gains and losses +in the thermal group so what is the only + + align:start position:0% +in the thermal group so what is the only + + + align:start position:0% +in the thermal group so what is the only +source of neutrons into the thermal + + align:start position:0% +source of neutrons into the thermal + + + align:start position:0% +source of neutrons into the thermal +energy group now I want to hear from + + align:start position:0% +energy group now I want to hear from + + + align:start position:0% +energy group now I want to hear from +someone who hasn't said anything yet + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so Jared what would you say either Jared + + align:start position:0% +so Jared what would you say either Jared + + + align:start position:0% +so Jared what would you say either Jared +so I haven't heard from either of you + + align:start position:0% +so I haven't heard from either of you + + + align:start position:0% +so I haven't heard from either of you +you did okay then you I'm sorry yeah all + + align:start position:0% +you did okay then you I'm sorry yeah all + + + align:start position:0% +you did okay then you I'm sorry yeah all +right yeah you said the no power thing + + align:start position:0% +right yeah you said the no power thing + + + align:start position:0% +right yeah you said the no power thing +thank you close I want to replace one + + align:start position:0% +thank you close I want to replace one + + + align:start position:0% +thank you close I want to replace one +word in what you said if something is + + align:start position:0% +word in what you said if something is + + + align:start position:0% +word in what you said if something is +blank in the fast spectrum and goes down + + align:start position:0% +blank in the fast spectrum and goes down + + + align:start position:0% +blank in the fast spectrum and goes down +to the thermal spectrum yes scattered + + align:start position:0% +to the thermal spectrum yes scattered + + + align:start position:0% +to the thermal spectrum yes scattered +every Neutron that leaves the fast group + + align:start position:0% +every Neutron that leaves the fast group + + + align:start position:0% +every Neutron that leaves the fast group +by scattering enters the thermal group + + align:start position:0% +by scattering enters the thermal group + + + align:start position:0% +by scattering enters the thermal group +also by scattering and in this case we + + align:start position:0% +also by scattering and in this case we + + + align:start position:0% +also by scattering and in this case we +want to have the fast flux appear here + + align:start position:0% +want to have the fast flux appear here + + + align:start position:0% +want to have the fast flux appear here +because the number of neutrons entering + + align:start position:0% +because the number of neutrons entering + + + align:start position:0% +because the number of neutrons entering +the thermal group depends on how many + + align:start position:0% +the thermal group depends on how many + + + align:start position:0% +the thermal group depends on how many +scatter out of the fast group yeah Luke + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you'll see yes yeah + + align:start position:0% +you'll see yes yeah + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see yes yeah +great yeah I gave something away yes you + + align:start position:0% +great yeah I gave something away yes you + + + align:start position:0% +great yeah I gave something away yes you +can but no you usually don't so we would + + align:start position:0% +can but no you usually don't so we would + + + align:start position:0% +can but no you usually don't so we would +consider that once neutrons entered the + + align:start position:0% +consider that once neutrons entered the + + + align:start position:0% +consider that once neutrons entered the +thermal group there at thermal + + align:start position:0% +thermal group there at thermal + + + align:start position:0% +thermal group there at thermal +equilibrium with the stuff around them + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium with the stuff around them + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium with the stuff around them +and up scattering is rarely a + + align:start position:0% +and up scattering is rarely a + + + align:start position:0% +and up scattering is rarely a +possibility you'll see yeah quite soon + + align:start position:0% +possibility you'll see yeah quite soon + + + align:start position:0% +possibility you'll see yeah quite soon +actually don't worry not like quiz + + align:start position:0% +actually don't worry not like quiz + + + align:start position:0% +actually don't worry not like quiz +you'll see but you'll see yeah + + align:start position:0% +you'll see but you'll see yeah + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see but you'll see yeah +I already I've already got some stuff + + align:start position:0% +I already I've already got some stuff + + + align:start position:0% +I already I've already got some stuff +planed out um it's gonna be a part of + + align:start position:0% +planed out um it's gonna be a part of + + + align:start position:0% +planed out um it's gonna be a part of +the homework question so now what loss + + align:start position:0% +the homework question so now what loss + + + align:start position:0% +the homework question so now what loss +mechanisms do we have yeah + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms do we have yeah + + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms do we have yeah +leakage so we're gonna have some + + align:start position:0% +leakage so we're gonna have some + + + align:start position:0% +leakage so we're gonna have some +separate thermal diffusion coefficient + + align:start position:0% +separate thermal diffusion coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +separate thermal diffusion coefficient +because that diffusion coefficient + + align:start position:0% +because that diffusion coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +because that diffusion coefficient +depends on the cross-sections which + + align:start position:0% +depends on the cross-sections which + + + align:start position:0% +depends on the cross-sections which +depends on the groups you're in times + + align:start position:0% +depends on the groups you're in times + + + align:start position:0% +depends on the groups you're in times +the same geometry times five thermal and + + align:start position:0% +the same geometry times five thermal and + + + align:start position:0% +the same geometry times five thermal and +what's the only other mechanism of loss + + align:start position:0% +what's the only other mechanism of loss + + + align:start position:0% +what's the only other mechanism of loss +absorption we've got a clear a why is + + align:start position:0% +absorption we've got a clear a why is + + + align:start position:0% +absorption we've got a clear a why is +there no scattering from the thermal + + align:start position:0% +there no scattering from the thermal + + + align:start position:0% +there no scattering from the thermal +group + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you say things very very + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'd say even simpler once you're at the + + align:start position:0% +I'd say even simpler once you're at the + + + align:start position:0% +I'd say even simpler once you're at the +bottom there's no more no more lower you + + align:start position:0% +bottom there's no more no more lower you + + + align:start position:0% +bottom there's no more no more lower you +can go so you know in neutronics when + + align:start position:0% +can go so you know in neutronics when + + + align:start position:0% +can go so you know in neutronics when +you hit the bottom you don't say throw + + align:start position:0% +you hit the bottom you don't say throw + + + align:start position:0% +you hit the bottom you don't say throw +me a shovel you say you're at the final + + align:start position:0% +me a shovel you say you're at the final + + + align:start position:0% +me a shovel you say you're at the final +energy group so now what we'd like to be + + align:start position:0% +energy group so now what we'd like to be + + + align:start position:0% +energy group so now what we'd like to be +able to do is last thing we want to + + align:start position:0% +able to do is last thing we want to + + + align:start position:0% +able to do is last thing we want to +stick in is our K arrows our K effective + + align:start position:0% +stick in is our K arrows our K effective + + + align:start position:0% +stick in is our K arrows our K effective +our criticality because reading reality + + align:start position:0% +our criticality because reading reality + + + align:start position:0% +our criticality because reading reality +this is kind of what we want to know in + + align:start position:0% +this is kind of what we want to know in + + + align:start position:0% +this is kind of what we want to know in +terms of the geometry and the materials + + align:start position:0% +terms of the geometry and the materials + + + align:start position:0% +terms of the geometry and the materials +in the reactor so if we know what we + + align:start position:0% +in the reactor so if we know what we + + + align:start position:0% +in the reactor so if we know what we +make it out of and how big to make it we + + align:start position:0% +make it out of and how big to make it we + + + align:start position:0% +make it out of and how big to make it we +should be able to get those in balance + + align:start position:0% +should be able to get those in balance + + + align:start position:0% +should be able to get those in balance +such that K effective equals 1 so the + + align:start position:0% +such that K effective equals 1 so the + + + align:start position:0% +such that K effective equals 1 so the +only really unknown here besides the + + align:start position:0% +only really unknown here besides the + + + align:start position:0% +only really unknown here besides the +flux unknowns is K and the reason I + + align:start position:0% +flux unknowns is K and the reason I + + + align:start position:0% +flux unknowns is K and the reason I +don't care about the flux unknowns is + + align:start position:0% +don't care about the flux unknowns is + + + align:start position:0% +don't care about the flux unknowns is +they're gonna go away soon yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +absolutely because the K effective is on + + align:start position:0% +absolutely because the K effective is on + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely because the K effective is on +the bottom of the total original sources + + align:start position:0% +the bottom of the total original sources + + + align:start position:0% +the bottom of the total original sources +of neutrons just like let's see that was + + align:start position:0% +of neutrons just like let's see that was + + + align:start position:0% +of neutrons just like let's see that was +one group yeah so I'd say right now this + + align:start position:0% +one group yeah so I'd say right now this + + + align:start position:0% +one group yeah so I'd say right now this +this accounts for the production of all + + align:start position:0% +this accounts for the production of all + + + align:start position:0% +this accounts for the production of all +neutrons and everything else down the + + align:start position:0% +neutrons and everything else down the + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons and everything else down the +chain is losses yeah mónica + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we know experimentally that they tend to + + align:start position:0% +we know experimentally that they tend to + + + align:start position:0% +we know experimentally that they tend to +be born between 1 and 10 MeV but since + + align:start position:0% +be born between 1 and 10 MeV but since + + + align:start position:0% +be born between 1 and 10 MeV but since +you asked let's escalate the problem and + + align:start position:0% +you asked let's escalate the problem and + + + align:start position:0% +you asked let's escalate the problem and +then we will de-escalate very quickly + + align:start position:0% +then we will de-escalate very quickly + + + align:start position:0% +then we will de-escalate very quickly +just to say let's do a thought + + align:start position:0% +just to say let's do a thought + + + align:start position:0% +just to say let's do a thought +experiment right let's say some of the + + align:start position:0% +experiment right let's say some of the + + + align:start position:0% +experiment right let's say some of the +neutrons were born thermal what would we + + align:start position:0% +neutrons were born thermal what would we + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons were born thermal what would we +have to add to this expression there's + + align:start position:0% +have to add to this expression there's + + + align:start position:0% +have to add to this expression there's +one variable missing that's not anywhere + + align:start position:0% +one variable missing that's not anywhere + + + align:start position:0% +one variable missing that's not anywhere +on these boards but was there on + + align:start position:0% +on these boards but was there on + + + align:start position:0% +on these boards but was there on +Thursday and Tuesday that's right Chi + + align:start position:0% +Thursday and Tuesday that's right Chi + + + align:start position:0% +Thursday and Tuesday that's right Chi +the birth spectrum so if some neutrons + + align:start position:0% +the birth spectrum so if some neutrons + + + align:start position:0% +the birth spectrum so if some neutrons +are born thermal then we would have to + + align:start position:0% +are born thermal then we would have to + + + align:start position:0% +are born thermal then we would have to +add a chi ear and we would have to add a + + align:start position:0% +add a chi ear and we would have to add a + + + align:start position:0% +add a chi ear and we would have to add a +chi thermal to say this is the + + align:start position:0% +chi thermal to say this is the + + + align:start position:0% +chi thermal to say this is the +proportion of neutrons born fast or + + align:start position:0% +proportion of neutrons born fast or + + + align:start position:0% +proportion of neutrons born fast or +thermal times nu times Sigma fission + + align:start position:0% +thermal times nu times Sigma fission + + + align:start position:0% +thermal times nu times Sigma fission +fast v fast plus Sigma fission thermal v + + align:start position:0% +fast v fast plus Sigma fission thermal v + + + align:start position:0% +fast v fast plus Sigma fission thermal v +thermal and I'm not writing nice because + + align:start position:0% +thermal and I'm not writing nice because + + + align:start position:0% +thermal and I'm not writing nice because +I'm just gonna erase it in a second but + + align:start position:0% +I'm just gonna erase it in a second but + + + align:start position:0% +I'm just gonna erase it in a second but +to go with your thought experiment this + + align:start position:0% +to go with your thought experiment this + + + align:start position:0% +to go with your thought experiment this +is what it would look like if some of + + align:start position:0% +is what it would look like if some of + + + align:start position:0% +is what it would look like if some of +the neutrons were born thermal perfectly + + align:start position:0% +the neutrons were born thermal perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +the neutrons were born thermal perfectly +fine thing to model doesn't happen much + + align:start position:0% +fine thing to model doesn't happen much + + + align:start position:0% +fine thing to model doesn't happen much +in real life but great exam question for + + align:start position:0% +in real life but great exam question for + + + align:start position:0% +in real life but great exam question for +next year thank you + + align:start position:0% +next year thank you + + + align:start position:0% +next year thank you +next year I'm not going to give you your + + align:start position:0% +next year I'm not going to give you your + + + align:start position:0% +next year I'm not going to give you your +own exam question that's just too easy + + align:start position:0% +own exam question that's just too easy + + + align:start position:0% +own exam question that's just too easy +for you so for now let's forget about + + align:start position:0% +for you so for now let's forget about + + + align:start position:0% +for you so for now let's forget about +that stuff and stick with the most + + align:start position:0% +that stuff and stick with the most + + + align:start position:0% +that stuff and stick with the most +realistic situation running out of room + + align:start position:0% +realistic situation running out of room + + + align:start position:0% +realistic situation running out of room +already okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's for next week so let's forget + + align:start position:0% +that's for next week so let's forget + + + align:start position:0% +that's for next week so let's forget +about that what do we do next we have + + align:start position:0% +about that what do we do next we have + + + align:start position:0% +about that what do we do next we have +two equations three unknowns interesting + + align:start position:0% +two equations three unknowns interesting + + + align:start position:0% +two equations three unknowns interesting +or do we really well for one thing if we + + align:start position:0% +or do we really well for one thing if we + + + align:start position:0% +or do we really well for one thing if we +can get that top equation all in terms + + align:start position:0% +can get that top equation all in terms + + + align:start position:0% +can get that top equation all in terms +of one of the fluxes either faster + + align:start position:0% +of one of the fluxes either faster + + + align:start position:0% +of one of the fluxes either faster +thermal then every term is in terms of a + + align:start position:0% +thermal then every term is in terms of a + + + align:start position:0% +thermal then every term is in terms of a +flux and they can all be divided out so + + align:start position:0% +flux and they can all be divided out so + + + align:start position:0% +flux and they can all be divided out so +let's take one of these equations and + + align:start position:0% +let's take one of these equations and + + + align:start position:0% +let's take one of these equations and +substitute in so that we get everything + + align:start position:0% +substitute in so that we get everything + + + align:start position:0% +substitute in so that we get everything +in terms of only one flux so let's say + + align:start position:0% +in terms of only one flux so let's say + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of only one flux so let's say +the top one which has got two K in it + + align:start position:0% +the top one which has got two K in it + + + align:start position:0% +the top one which has got two K in it +has one instance of five thermal so + + align:start position:0% +has one instance of five thermal so + + + align:start position:0% +has one instance of five thermal so +let's isolate five thermal in terms of + + align:start position:0% +let's isolate five thermal in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +let's isolate five thermal in terms of +everything else so we have that thermal + + align:start position:0% +everything else so we have that thermal + + + align:start position:0% +everything else so we have that thermal +equation right there so we have Sigma + + align:start position:0% +equation right there so we have Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +equation right there so we have Sigma +scattering from fast to thermal times + + align:start position:0% +scattering from fast to thermal times + + + align:start position:0% +scattering from fast to thermal times +fast flux equals two things times five + + align:start position:0% +fast flux equals two things times five + + + align:start position:0% +fast flux equals two things times five +thermal which is d thermal BG squared + + align:start position:0% +thermal which is d thermal BG squared + + + align:start position:0% +thermal which is d thermal BG squared +plus Sigma absorption Thermal we're + + align:start position:0% +plus Sigma absorption Thermal we're + + + align:start position:0% +plus Sigma absorption Thermal we're +actually not that far away so all we do + + align:start position:0% +actually not that far away so all we do + + + align:start position:0% +actually not that far away so all we do +is we divide each side or is my + + align:start position:0% +is we divide each side or is my + + + align:start position:0% +is we divide each side or is my +simplifying color substitute that's not + + align:start position:0% +simplifying color substitute that's not + + + align:start position:0% +simplifying color substitute that's not +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +rearrange divide everything by this + + align:start position:0% +rearrange divide everything by this + + + align:start position:0% +rearrange divide everything by this +stuff + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and those cancel out and we're left with + + align:start position:0% +and those cancel out and we're left with + + + align:start position:0% +and those cancel out and we're left with +an expression for Phi thermal which we + + align:start position:0% +an expression for Phi thermal which we + + + align:start position:0% +an expression for Phi thermal which we +can now plug into that top equation so + + align:start position:0% +can now plug into that top equation so + + + align:start position:0% +can now plug into that top equation so +we're like one step away from the final + + align:start position:0% +we're like one step away from the final + + + align:start position:0% +we're like one step away from the final +answer there everything's still visible + + align:start position:0% +answer there everything's still visible + + + align:start position:0% +answer there everything's still visible +and so now we end up with one over K + + align:start position:0% +and so now we end up with one over K + + + align:start position:0% +and so now we end up with one over K +times nu Sigma fission + + align:start position:0% +times nu Sigma fission + + + align:start position:0% +times nu Sigma fission +fast-fast + + align:start position:0% +fast-fast + + + align:start position:0% +fast-fast +plus 2 Sigma fission thermal times this + + align:start position:0% +plus 2 Sigma fission thermal times this + + + align:start position:0% +plus 2 Sigma fission thermal times this +expression Sigma scattering fast to + + align:start position:0% +expression Sigma scattering fast to + + + align:start position:0% +expression Sigma scattering fast to +thermal my flux over D thermal I don't + + align:start position:0% +thermal my flux over D thermal I don't + + + align:start position:0% +thermal my flux over D thermal I don't +usually spend this much of the class + + align:start position:0% +usually spend this much of the class + + + align:start position:0% +usually spend this much of the class +with my back to you but this is pretty + + align:start position:0% +with my back to you but this is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +with my back to you but this is pretty +mathematically intense so I apologize + + align:start position:0% +mathematically intense so I apologize + + + align:start position:0% +mathematically intense so I apologize +for that + + align:start position:0% +for that + + + align:start position:0% +for that +and equals Sigma absorption fast fast + + align:start position:0% +and equals Sigma absorption fast fast + + + align:start position:0% +and equals Sigma absorption fast fast +flux plus D fast be G squared fast flux + + align:start position:0% +flux plus D fast be G squared fast flux + + + align:start position:0% +flux plus D fast be G squared fast flux +that's not a bar that has one that has + + align:start position:0% +that's not a bar that has one that has + + + align:start position:0% +that's not a bar that has one that has +one that does that's good ok + + align:start position:0% +one that does that's good ok + + + align:start position:0% +one that does that's good ok +now every single term here is in terms + + align:start position:0% +now every single term here is in terms + + + align:start position:0% +now every single term here is in terms +of fast flux so we can just cancel them + + align:start position:0% +of fast flux so we can just cancel them + + + align:start position:0% +of fast flux so we can just cancel them +from every single term here and now + + align:start position:0% +from every single term here and now + + + align:start position:0% +from every single term here and now +we're left with an expression for K + + align:start position:0% +we're left with an expression for K + + + align:start position:0% +we're left with an expression for K +effective that's just in terms of + + align:start position:0% +effective that's just in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +effective that's just in terms of +material properties in geometry for the + + align:start position:0% +material properties in geometry for the + + + align:start position:0% +material properties in geometry for the +two group problems it's actually we're + + align:start position:0% +two group problems it's actually we're + + + align:start position:0% +two group problems it's actually we're +only one step away so if we multiply + + align:start position:0% +only one step away so if we multiply + + + align:start position:0% +only one step away so if we multiply +everything by K and divide everything by + + align:start position:0% +everything by K and divide everything by + + + align:start position:0% +everything by K and divide everything by +this stuff we'll just have a Sigma + + align:start position:0% +this stuff we'll just have a Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +this stuff we'll just have a Sigma +absorption plus D fast VG squared + + align:start position:0% +absorption plus D fast VG squared + + + align:start position:0% +absorption plus D fast VG squared +that would equal K and just like that is + + align:start position:0% +that would equal K and just like that is + + + align:start position:0% +that would equal K and just like that is +the criticality condition for a two + + align:start position:0% +the criticality condition for a two + + + align:start position:0% +the criticality condition for a two +Energy Group homogeneous reactor of any + + align:start position:0% +Energy Group homogeneous reactor of any + + + align:start position:0% +Energy Group homogeneous reactor of any +geometry all that matters to define the + + align:start position:0% +geometry all that matters to define the + + + align:start position:0% +geometry all that matters to define the +geometry is what's this BG squared so + + align:start position:0% +geometry is what's this BG squared so + + + align:start position:0% +geometry is what's this BG squared so +this case works for an infinite slab + + align:start position:0% +this case works for an infinite slab + + + align:start position:0% +this case works for an infinite slab +reactor it works for an actual right + + align:start position:0% +reactor it works for an actual right + + + align:start position:0% +reactor it works for an actual right +cylindrical reactor you just have to + + align:start position:0% +cylindrical reactor you just have to + + + align:start position:0% +cylindrical reactor you just have to +solve for or look up the correct + + align:start position:0% +solve for or look up the correct + + + align:start position:0% +solve for or look up the correct +buckling term this BG squared which I'll + + align:start position:0% +buckling term this BG squared which I'll + + + align:start position:0% +buckling term this BG squared which I'll +tell you now we refer to as buckling or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +geometric buckling and you've got the + + align:start position:0% +geometric buckling and you've got the + + + align:start position:0% +geometric buckling and you've got the +solution to this let's just check to see + + align:start position:0% +solution to this let's just check to see + + + align:start position:0% +solution to this let's just check to see +what we actually have here we have new + + align:start position:0% +what we actually have here we have new + + + align:start position:0% +what we actually have here we have new +material property material property all + + align:start position:0% +material property material property all + + + align:start position:0% +material property material property all +of those are material properties except + + align:start position:0% +of those are material properties except + + + align:start position:0% +of those are material properties except +for the BG's so this tells you how to + + align:start position:0% +for the BG's so this tells you how to + + + align:start position:0% +for the BG's so this tells you how to +design a reactor physically and in terms + + align:start position:0% +design a reactor physically and in terms + + + align:start position:0% +design a reactor physically and in terms +of which materials to make sure that + + align:start position:0% +of which materials to make sure that + + + align:start position:0% +of which materials to make sure that +it's critical and if we look at what + + align:start position:0% +it's critical and if we look at what + + + align:start position:0% +it's critical and if we look at what +this looks like here again it's a ratio + + align:start position:0% +this looks like here again it's a ratio + + + align:start position:0% +this looks like here again it's a ratio +of gains to losses because eventually + + align:start position:0% +of gains to losses because eventually + + + align:start position:0% +of gains to losses because eventually +the losses right here these are the + + align:start position:0% +the losses right here these are the + + + align:start position:0% +the losses right here these are the +losses from the fast group these are the + + align:start position:0% +losses from the fast group these are the + + + align:start position:0% +losses from the fast group these are the +losses from the thermal group these are + + align:start position:0% +losses from the thermal group these are + + + align:start position:0% +losses from the thermal group these are +the gains in the fast group noting that + + align:start position:0% +the gains in the fast group noting that + + + align:start position:0% +the gains in the fast group noting that +some of the neutrons born in the fast + + align:start position:0% +some of the neutrons born in the fast + + + align:start position:0% +some of the neutrons born in the fast +group scatter out of the thermal group + + align:start position:0% +group scatter out of the thermal group + + + align:start position:0% +group scatter out of the thermal group +but don't leave the reactor so again it + + align:start position:0% +but don't leave the reactor so again it + + + align:start position:0% +but don't leave the reactor so again it +turns out to a gains / losses ratio and + + align:start position:0% +turns out to a gains / losses ratio and + + + align:start position:0% +turns out to a gains / losses ratio and +there you have it so I want to stop at + + align:start position:0% +there you have it so I want to stop at + + + align:start position:0% +there you have it so I want to stop at +10 ophea + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it should be did we yeah let's stick it + + align:start position:0% +it should be did we yeah let's stick it + + + align:start position:0% +it should be did we yeah let's stick it +in right here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we'll just also stick it here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there and that flux goes away because it + + align:start position:0% +there and that flux goes away because it + + + align:start position:0% +there and that flux goes away because it +was in terms of everything yeah there we + + align:start position:0% +was in terms of everything yeah there we + + + align:start position:0% +was in terms of everything yeah there we +go thank you okay but again this + + align:start position:0% +go thank you okay but again this + + + align:start position:0% +go thank you okay but again this +represents losses on the bottom gains on + + align:start position:0% +represents losses on the bottom gains on + + + align:start position:0% +represents losses on the bottom gains on +the top just like any other K effective + + align:start position:0% +the top just like any other K effective + + + align:start position:0% +the top just like any other K effective +so I wanted to stop here at 10:05 of and + + align:start position:0% +so I wanted to stop here at 10:05 of and + + + align:start position:0% +so I wanted to stop here at 10:05 of and +answer any and all questions you guys + + align:start position:0% +answer any and all questions you guys + + + align:start position:0% +answer any and all questions you guys +have about going from the neutron + + align:start position:0% +have about going from the neutron + + + align:start position:0% +have about going from the neutron +transport equation all the way to + + align:start position:0% +transport equation all the way to + + + align:start position:0% +transport equation all the way to +something that you could solve and then + + align:start position:0% +something that you could solve and then + + + align:start position:0% +something that you could solve and then +start to play around with to say what + + align:start position:0% +start to play around with to say what + + + align:start position:0% +start to play around with to say what +happens if I switch isotopes what + + align:start position:0% +happens if I switch isotopes what + + + align:start position:0% +happens if I switch isotopes what +happens if I raise the temperature what + + align:start position:0% +happens if I raise the temperature what + + + align:start position:0% +happens if I raise the temperature what +happens if a chunk falls off of the + + align:start position:0% +happens if a chunk falls off of the + + + align:start position:0% +happens if a chunk falls off of the +reactor and it gets smaller it's yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +somewhat we we can assume that for you + + align:start position:0% +somewhat we we can assume that for you + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat we we can assume that for you +know considerably long enough times and + + align:start position:0% +know considerably long enough times and + + + align:start position:0% +know considerably long enough times and +to a neutron a long time could be like + + align:start position:0% +to a neutron a long time could be like + + + align:start position:0% +to a neutron a long time could be like +seconds that the time and the spatial + + align:start position:0% +seconds that the time and the spatial + + + align:start position:0% +seconds that the time and the spatial +form of the flux are separable which is + + align:start position:0% +form of the flux are separable which is + + + align:start position:0% +form of the flux are separable which is +something that we'll talk about on + + align:start position:0% +something that we'll talk about on + + + align:start position:0% +something that we'll talk about on +Tuesday but if you remember one of the + + align:start position:0% +Tuesday but if you remember one of the + + + align:start position:0% +Tuesday but if you remember one of the +major assumptions we made in the neutron + + align:start position:0% +major assumptions we made in the neutron + + + align:start position:0% +major assumptions we made in the neutron +transport equation with steady state we + + align:start position:0% +transport equation with steady state we + + + align:start position:0% +transport equation with steady state we +got rid of any transient effects we'll + + align:start position:0% +got rid of any transient effects we'll + + + align:start position:0% +got rid of any transient effects we'll +bring them back now that we have a way + + align:start position:0% +bring them back now that we have a way + + + align:start position:0% +bring them back now that we have a way +simpler case on Tuesday yeah Luke from + + align:start position:0% +simpler case on Tuesday yeah Luke from + + + align:start position:0% +simpler case on Tuesday yeah Luke from +fast to thermal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or it is that going + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's see oh yeah we / all the stuff on + + align:start position:0% +let's see oh yeah we / all the stuff on + + + align:start position:0% +let's see oh yeah we / all the stuff on +the right so I didn't we okay so that + + align:start position:0% +the right so I didn't we okay so that + + + align:start position:0% +the right so I didn't we okay so that +shouldn't be there but it should be + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't be there but it should be + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't be there but it should be +there because we / everything on the + + align:start position:0% +there because we / everything on the + + + align:start position:0% +there because we / everything on the +right side let's just check that really + + align:start position:0% +right side let's just check that really + + + align:start position:0% +right side let's just check that really +carefully so it should have been that's + + align:start position:0% +carefully so it should have been that's + + + align:start position:0% +carefully so it should have been that's +the thermal one so we're not worrying + + align:start position:0% +the thermal one so we're not worrying + + + align:start position:0% +the thermal one so we're not worrying +about that yep so it would just end up + + align:start position:0% +about that yep so it would just end up + + + align:start position:0% +about that yep so it would just end up +here yeah good point + + align:start position:0% +here yeah good point + + + align:start position:0% +here yeah good point +cool let's talk a little bit about what + + align:start position:0% +cool let's talk a little bit about what + + + align:start position:0% +cool let's talk a little bit about what +I'd want you guys to be able to do with + + align:start position:0% +I'd want you guys to be able to do with + + + align:start position:0% +I'd want you guys to be able to do with +this so what what I want you to be able + + align:start position:0% +this so what what I want you to be able + + + align:start position:0% +this so what what I want you to be able +to do on the homework and on an exam + + align:start position:0% +to do on the homework and on an exam + + + align:start position:0% +to do on the homework and on an exam +with the Neutron transport equation + + align:start position:0% +with the Neutron transport equation + + + align:start position:0% +with the Neutron transport equation +recited from memory + + align:start position:0% +recited from memory + + + align:start position:0% +recited from memory +no not really but if I were to give you + + align:start position:0% +no not really but if I were to give you + + + align:start position:0% +no not really but if I were to give you +the neutron transport equation I make + + align:start position:0% +the neutron transport equation I make + + + align:start position:0% +the neutron transport equation I make +you want you to explain what some of the + + align:start position:0% +you want you to explain what some of the + + + align:start position:0% +you want you to explain what some of the +terms mean or tell me how you would get + + align:start position:0% +terms mean or tell me how you would get + + + align:start position:0% +terms mean or tell me how you would get +the data or explain one of the + + align:start position:0% +the data or explain one of the + + + align:start position:0% +the data or explain one of the +simplification steps and justify why you + + align:start position:0% +simplification steps and justify why you + + + align:start position:0% +simplification steps and justify why you +think it's okay because we actually + + align:start position:0% +think it's okay because we actually + + + align:start position:0% +think it's okay because we actually +wrote out the justification for every + + align:start position:0% +wrote out the justification for every + + + align:start position:0% +wrote out the justification for every +step on the board or explain for example + + align:start position:0% +step on the board or explain for example + + + align:start position:0% +step on the board or explain for example +what's the physical reason that we can + + align:start position:0% +what's the physical reason that we can + + + align:start position:0% +what's the physical reason that we can +solve the neutron transport equation + + align:start position:0% +solve the neutron transport equation + + + align:start position:0% +solve the neutron transport equation +with this diffusion approximation and in + + align:start position:0% +with this diffusion approximation and in + + + align:start position:0% +with this diffusion approximation and in +which regions does that approximation + + align:start position:0% +which regions does that approximation + + + align:start position:0% +which regions does that approximation +break down so can anyone tell me from + + align:start position:0% +break down so can anyone tell me from + + + align:start position:0% +break down so can anyone tell me from +yesterday where is the diffusion + + align:start position:0% +yesterday where is the diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +yesterday where is the diffusion +equation a bad approximation of the flux + + align:start position:0% +equation a bad approximation of the flux + + + align:start position:0% +equation a bad approximation of the flux +yep + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +near the control rods or the fuel or + + align:start position:0% +near the control rods or the fuel or + + + align:start position:0% +near the control rods or the fuel or +anywhere else where cross-sections + + align:start position:0% +anywhere else where cross-sections + + + align:start position:0% +anywhere else where cross-sections +change all of a sudden because diffusion + + align:start position:0% +change all of a sudden because diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +change all of a sudden because diffusion +describes kind of like long distance + + align:start position:0% +describes kind of like long distance + + + align:start position:0% +describes kind of like long distance +steady-state solutions across places and + + align:start position:0% +steady-state solutions across places and + + + align:start position:0% +steady-state solutions across places and +where things change drastically + + align:start position:0% +where things change drastically + + + align:start position:0% +where things change drastically +diffusion kind of breaks down because we + + align:start position:0% +diffusion kind of breaks down because we + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion kind of breaks down because we +assumed here that the neutrons behaved + + align:start position:0% +assumed here that the neutrons behaved + + + align:start position:0% +assumed here that the neutrons behaved +like an ideal gas or some chemical + + align:start position:0% +like an ideal gas or some chemical + + + align:start position:0% +like an ideal gas or some chemical +species with no neutron to Neutron + + align:start position:0% +species with no neutron to Neutron + + + align:start position:0% +species with no neutron to Neutron +interactions because the mean free path + + align:start position:0% +interactions because the mean free path + + + align:start position:0% +interactions because the mean free path +length for those interactions is like + + align:start position:0% +length for those interactions is like + + + align:start position:0% +length for those interactions is like +what do we say ten to the eight + + align:start position:0% +what do we say ten to the eight + + + align:start position:0% +what do we say ten to the eight +centimeters so a mega meter yeah I love + + align:start position:0% +centimeters so a mega meter yeah I love + + + align:start position:0% +centimeters so a mega meter yeah I love +using those sorts of terminologies + + align:start position:0% +using those sorts of terminologies + + + align:start position:0% +using those sorts of terminologies +thousand kilometers before a neutron we + + align:start position:0% +thousand kilometers before a neutron we + + + align:start position:0% +thousand kilometers before a neutron we +hit another neutron or I might ask you + + align:start position:0% +hit another neutron or I might ask you + + + align:start position:0% +hit another neutron or I might ask you +to let's say reduce the neutron + + align:start position:0% +to let's say reduce the neutron + + + align:start position:0% +to let's say reduce the neutron +diffusion equation and come up with a + + align:start position:0% +diffusion equation and come up with a + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion equation and come up with a +simple criticality condition or let's + + align:start position:0% +simple criticality condition or let's + + + align:start position:0% +simple criticality condition or let's +say if you were to make a physical + + align:start position:0% +say if you were to make a physical + + + align:start position:0% +say if you were to make a physical +change to the reactor + + align:start position:0% +change to the reactor + + + align:start position:0% +change to the reactor +tell me if you think it would go more or + + align:start position:0% +tell me if you think it would go more or + + + align:start position:0% +tell me if you think it would go more or +less critical in what would happen next + + align:start position:0% +less critical in what would happen next + + + align:start position:0% +less critical in what would happen next +or I could give you a different physical + + align:start position:0% +or I could give you a different physical + + + align:start position:0% +or I could give you a different physical +situation like the up scattering + + align:start position:0% +situation like the up scattering + + + align:start position:0% +situation like the up scattering +scenario which I will and ask you to + + align:start position:0% +scenario which I will and ask you to + + + align:start position:0% +scenario which I will and ask you to +pose and maybe solve these equations or + + align:start position:0% +pose and maybe solve these equations or + + + align:start position:0% +pose and maybe solve these equations or +at least get forms of the criticality + + align:start position:0% +at least get forms of the criticality + + + align:start position:0% +at least get forms of the criticality +condition I'm not going to ask you to + + align:start position:0% +condition I'm not going to ask you to + + + align:start position:0% +condition I'm not going to ask you to +get tons of flux equations because + + align:start position:0% +get tons of flux equations because + + + align:start position:0% +get tons of flux equations because +that's all 22:05 is about is doing this + + align:start position:0% +that's all 22:05 is about is doing this + + + align:start position:0% +that's all 22:05 is about is doing this +sort of neutron physics but I want to + + align:start position:0% +sort of neutron physics but I want to + + + align:start position:0% +sort of neutron physics but I want to +make sure that you walk into that class + + align:start position:0% +make sure that you walk into that class + + + align:start position:0% +make sure that you walk into that class +prepared plus we've been kind of heavy + + align:start position:0% +prepared plus we've been kind of heavy + + + align:start position:0% +prepared plus we've been kind of heavy +on the you know this class that the name + + align:start position:0% +on the you know this class that the name + + + align:start position:0% +on the you know this class that the name +of it is intro to nuclear engineering + + align:start position:0% +of it is intro to nuclear engineering + + + align:start position:0% +of it is intro to nuclear engineering +and ionizing radiation and so we're far + + align:start position:0% +and ionizing radiation and so we're far + + + align:start position:0% +and ionizing radiation and so we're far +we've been pretty heavy on the ionizing + + align:start position:0% +we've been pretty heavy on the ionizing + + + align:start position:0% +we've been pretty heavy on the ionizing +radiation in physics well this is where + + align:start position:0% +radiation in physics well this is where + + + align:start position:0% +radiation in physics well this is where +the engineering comes in assuming you + + align:start position:0% +the engineering comes in assuming you + + + align:start position:0% +the engineering comes in assuming you +have some material properties you can + + align:start position:0% +have some material properties you can + + + align:start position:0% +have some material properties you can +now pick them to create a reactor in + + align:start position:0% +now pick them to create a reactor in + + + align:start position:0% +now pick them to create a reactor in +perfect equilibrium yeah Kristen no so + + align:start position:0% +perfect equilibrium yeah Kristen no so + + + align:start position:0% +perfect equilibrium yeah Kristen no so +did anyone else have any questions about + + align:start position:0% +did anyone else have any questions about + + + align:start position:0% +did anyone else have any questions about +the material or about what I might ask + + align:start position:0% +the material or about what I might ask + + + align:start position:0% +the material or about what I might ask +you to do with it yeah so you said this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yep so all that you would do differently + + align:start position:0% +yep so all that you would do differently + + + align:start position:0% +yep so all that you would do differently +is right here when we had that laplacian + + align:start position:0% +is right here when we had that laplacian + + + align:start position:0% +is right here when we had that laplacian +operator we took the one dimensional + + align:start position:0% +operator we took the one dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +operator we took the one dimensional +case of an infinite find an infinite Sri + + align:start position:0% +case of an infinite find an infinite Sri + + + align:start position:0% +case of an infinite find an infinite Sri +actory and finite in one dimension which + + align:start position:0% +actory and finite in one dimension which + + + align:start position:0% +actory and finite in one dimension which +meant the laplacian operator is just + + align:start position:0% +meant the laplacian operator is just + + + align:start position:0% +meant the laplacian operator is just +double derivative of X but you could + + align:start position:0% +double derivative of X but you could + + + align:start position:0% +double derivative of X but you could +pose the equation in cylindrical + + align:start position:0% +pose the equation in cylindrical + + + align:start position:0% +pose the equation in cylindrical +coordinates and say well let's say now + + align:start position:0% +coordinates and say well let's say now + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates and say well let's say now +you had an infinite cylinder reactor you + + align:start position:0% +you had an infinite cylinder reactor you + + + align:start position:0% +you had an infinite cylinder reactor you +wouldn't necessarily have sines and + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't necessarily have sines and + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't necessarily have sines and +cosines that would satisfy this relation + + align:start position:0% +cosines that would satisfy this relation + + + align:start position:0% +cosines that would satisfy this relation +anyone happen to know what you'd have + + align:start position:0% +anyone happen to know what you'd have + + + align:start position:0% +anyone happen to know what you'd have +the sines and cosines of the cylindrical + + align:start position:0% +the sines and cosines of the cylindrical + + + align:start position:0% +the sines and cosines of the cylindrical +world called Bessel functions so these + + align:start position:0% +world called Bessel functions so these + + + align:start position:0% +world called Bessel functions so these +are the sorts of in cylindrical geometry + + align:start position:0% +are the sorts of in cylindrical geometry + + + align:start position:0% +are the sorts of in cylindrical geometry +equations that behave similar to Kaia + + align:start position:0% +equations that behave similar to Kaia + + + align:start position:0% +equations that behave similar to Kaia +sines and cosines with kind of regular + + align:start position:0% +sines and cosines with kind of regular + + + align:start position:0% +sines and cosines with kind of regular +roots and that you can describe in a + + align:start position:0% +roots and that you can describe in a + + + align:start position:0% +roots and that you can describe in a +similar way but I'm not going to get you + + align:start position:0% +similar way but I'm not going to get you + + + align:start position:0% +similar way but I'm not going to get you +guys into that I'll just say okay there + + align:start position:0% +guys into that I'll just say okay there + + + align:start position:0% +guys into that I'll just say okay there +exist solutions that you can look up in + + align:start position:0% +exist solutions that you can look up in + + + align:start position:0% +exist solutions that you can look up in +the cylindrical case and I would not + + align:start position:0% +the cylindrical case and I would not + + + align:start position:0% +the cylindrical case and I would not +make you derive them by hand because + + align:start position:0% +make you derive them by hand because + + + align:start position:0% +make you derive them by hand because +what's the point again I'm not here to + + align:start position:0% +what's the point again I'm not here to + + + align:start position:0% +what's the point again I'm not here to +drill your can you do the same math over + + align:start position:0% +drill your can you do the same math over + + + align:start position:0% +drill your can you do the same math over +and over again I want to make sure that + + align:start position:0% +and over again I want to make sure that + + + align:start position:0% +and over again I want to make sure that +you can intuitively understand what's a + + align:start position:0% +you can intuitively understand what's a + + + align:start position:0% +you can intuitively understand what's a +K effective in a sentence its gains over + + align:start position:0% +K effective in a sentence its gains over + + + align:start position:0% +K effective in a sentence its gains over +losses what happens when you push that + + align:start position:0% +losses what happens when you push that + + + align:start position:0% +losses what happens when you push that +out of equilibrium or what physical + + align:start position:0% +out of equilibrium or what physical + + + align:start position:0% +out of equilibrium or what physical +situations could push that out of + + align:start position:0% +situations could push that out of + + + align:start position:0% +situations could push that out of +equilibrium so any other questions from + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium so any other questions from + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium so any other questions from +you guys yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it would look pretty similar in our it + + align:start position:0% +it would look pretty similar in our it + + + align:start position:0% +it would look pretty similar in our it +would kind of come down like that it + + align:start position:0% +would kind of come down like that it + + + align:start position:0% +would kind of come down like that it +would always be symmetric about the + + align:start position:0% +would always be symmetric about the + + + align:start position:0% +would always be symmetric about the +center for symmetry arguments and in Z + + align:start position:0% +center for symmetry arguments and in Z + + + align:start position:0% +center for symmetry arguments and in Z +it would look kind of like that and so + + align:start position:0% +it would look kind of like that and so + + + align:start position:0% +it would look kind of like that and so +actually in the end the form of flux in + + align:start position:0% +actually in the end the form of flux in + + + align:start position:0% +actually in the end the form of flux in +R and Z comes out as the first Bessel + + align:start position:0% +R and Z comes out as the first Bessel + + + align:start position:0% +R and Z comes out as the first Bessel +function let's say that's a times the + + align:start position:0% +function let's say that's a times the + + + align:start position:0% +function let's say that's a times the +what would you call it times cosine of + + align:start position:0% +what would you call it times cosine of + + + align:start position:0% +what would you call it times cosine of +this distance is Z so PI Z over and have + + align:start position:0% +this distance is Z so PI Z over and have + + + align:start position:0% +this distance is Z so PI Z over and have +to add a subscript and there'd be some + + align:start position:0% +to add a subscript and there'd be some + + + align:start position:0% +to add a subscript and there'd be some +constant a in there so what you can + + align:start position:0% +constant a in there so what you can + + + align:start position:0% +constant a in there so what you can +assume for multi-dimensional reactors is + + align:start position:0% +assume for multi-dimensional reactors is + + + align:start position:0% +assume for multi-dimensional reactors is +that the dimensions are separable so the + + align:start position:0% +that the dimensions are separable so the + + + align:start position:0% +that the dimensions are separable so the +R part is solved separately from the Z + + align:start position:0% +R part is solved separately from the Z + + + align:start position:0% +R part is solved separately from the Z +part and that comes right from the + + align:start position:0% +part and that comes right from the + + + align:start position:0% +part and that comes right from the +laplacian operator right here you assume + + align:start position:0% +laplacian operator right here you assume + + + align:start position:0% +laplacian operator right here you assume +that the see if you assume that some + + align:start position:0% +that the see if you assume that some + + + align:start position:0% +that the see if you assume that some +flux in R and Z can be written like the + + align:start position:0% +flux in R and Z can be written like the + + + align:start position:0% +flux in R and Z can be written like the +are part as a function of R times the Z + + align:start position:0% +are part as a function of R times the Z + + + align:start position:0% +are part as a function of R times the Z +part as a function of Z then the + + align:start position:0% +part as a function of Z then the + + + align:start position:0% +part as a function of Z then the +solution gets a lot easier to deal with + + align:start position:0% +solution gets a lot easier to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +solution gets a lot easier to deal with +but this is not something I'd ask you to + + align:start position:0% +but this is not something I'd ask you to + + + align:start position:0% +but this is not something I'd ask you to +do in any coordinates but Cartesian + + align:start position:0% +do in any coordinates but Cartesian + + + align:start position:0% +do in any coordinates but Cartesian +because those are more intuitive and + + align:start position:0% +because those are more intuitive and + + + align:start position:0% +because those are more intuitive and +you'll get plenty of the other stuff + + align:start position:0% +you'll get plenty of the other stuff + + + align:start position:0% +you'll get plenty of the other stuff +later + + align:start position:0% +later + + + align:start position:0% +later +they're called Bessel functions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so if you want to look up there's a + + align:start position:0% +yeah so if you want to look up there's a + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so if you want to look up there's a +little bit about them in the reading but + + align:start position:0% +little bit about them in the reading but + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about them in the reading but +it's one of the more advanced topics + + align:start position:0% +it's one of the more advanced topics + + + align:start position:0% +it's one of the more advanced topics +that I'm not going to have you guys + + align:start position:0% +that I'm not going to have you guys + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm not going to have you guys +responsible for much rather it be you'll + + align:start position:0% +responsible for much rather it be you'll + + + align:start position:0% +responsible for much rather it be you'll +be able to tell me what happens if you + + align:start position:0% +be able to tell me what happens if you + + + align:start position:0% +be able to tell me what happens if you +compress the reactor or raise its + + align:start position:0% +compress the reactor or raise its + + + align:start position:0% +compress the reactor or raise its +temperature or pull out a control rod or + + align:start position:0% +temperature or pull out a control rod or + + + align:start position:0% +temperature or pull out a control rod or +you know raise the pumping speed and + + align:start position:0% +you know raise the pumping speed and + + + align:start position:0% +you know raise the pumping speed and +cool down the water or something like + + align:start position:0% +cool down the water or something like + + + align:start position:0% +cool down the water or something like +that so there'll be plenty of those + + align:start position:0% +that so there'll be plenty of those + + + align:start position:0% +that so there'll be plenty of those +kinds of questions on the homework to + + align:start position:0% +kinds of questions on the homework to + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of questions on the homework to +help reinforce your intuition as well as + + align:start position:0% +help reinforce your intuition as well as + + + align:start position:0% +help reinforce your intuition as well as +some of the noodle scratchers we'll be + + align:start position:0% +some of the noodle scratchers we'll be + + + align:start position:0% +some of the noodle scratchers we'll be +developing a criticality reaction or + + align:start position:0% +developing a criticality reaction or + + + align:start position:0% +developing a criticality reaction or +equation for a more complex system than + + align:start position:0% +equation for a more complex system than + + + align:start position:0% +equation for a more complex system than +the one I've just shown you here but + + align:start position:0% +the one I've just shown you here but + + + align:start position:0% +the one I've just shown you here but +using the same methodology in the same + + align:start position:0% +using the same methodology in the same + + + align:start position:0% +using the same methodology in the same +ideas \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/RG3CkwIDYfI.txt b/RG3CkwIDYfI.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5ad6ec9ea149f7963de27b460fa0c63d8407a489 --- /dev/null +++ b/RG3CkwIDYfI.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9171 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at +ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um I wanted to begin by uh just picking + + align:start position:0% +um I wanted to begin by uh just picking + + + align:start position:0% +um I wanted to begin by uh just picking +up a couple of things from last time + + align:start position:0% +up a couple of things from last time + + + align:start position:0% +up a couple of things from last time +this is part of our sneaky agenda of + + align:start position:0% +this is part of our sneaky agenda of + + + align:start position:0% +this is part of our sneaky agenda of +trying to teach you some probability as + + align:start position:0% +trying to teach you some probability as + + + align:start position:0% +trying to teach you some probability as +we go along um this is maybe a little + + align:start position:0% +we go along um this is maybe a little + + + align:start position:0% +we go along um this is maybe a little +less crucial than um other things we've + + align:start position:0% +less crucial than um other things we've + + + align:start position:0% +less crucial than um other things we've +been doing but to make sense of the last + + align:start position:0% +been doing but to make sense of the last + + + align:start position:0% +been doing but to make sense of the last +couple of slides from last time there + + align:start position:0% +couple of slides from last time there + + + align:start position:0% +couple of slides from last time there +was actually stuff I swept under the rug + + align:start position:0% +was actually stuff I swept under the rug + + + align:start position:0% +was actually stuff I swept under the rug +that it won't hurt you to know um just a + + align:start position:0% +that it won't hurt you to know um just a + + + align:start position:0% +that it won't hurt you to know um just a +reminder we talked last time about the + + align:start position:0% +reminder we talked last time about the + + + align:start position:0% +reminder we talked last time about the +PDF of a random variable um I neglected + + align:start position:0% +PDF of a random variable um I neglected + + + align:start position:0% +PDF of a random variable um I neglected +to explicitly say that that's something + + align:start position:0% +to explicitly say that that's something + + + align:start position:0% +to explicitly say that that's something +that's got to be non- negative for all + + align:start position:0% +that's got to be non- negative for all + + + align:start position:0% +that's got to be non- negative for all +values of X and the reason is that + + align:start position:0% +values of X and the reason is that + + + align:start position:0% +values of X and the reason is that +um if the area under this thing is going + + align:start position:0% +um if the area under this thing is going + + + align:start position:0% +um if the area under this thing is going +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +be the probability for any interval no + + align:start position:0% +be the probability for any interval no + + + align:start position:0% +be the probability for any interval no +matter how small if the area under it is + + align:start position:0% +matter how small if the area under it is + + + align:start position:0% +matter how small if the area under it is +going to be the probability that the + + align:start position:0% +going to be the probability that the + + + align:start position:0% +going to be the probability that the +random variable Falls in that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +interval uh since probabilities have to + + align:start position:0% +interval uh since probabilities have to + + + align:start position:0% +interval uh since probabilities have to +be non- negative well this function + + align:start position:0% +be non- negative well this function + + + align:start position:0% +be non- negative well this function +itself had better be non- negative okay + + align:start position:0% +itself had better be non- negative okay + + + align:start position:0% +itself had better be non- negative okay +so um that's an explicit condition and + + align:start position:0% +so um that's an explicit condition and + + + align:start position:0% +so um that's an explicit condition and +then there's the + + align:start position:0% +then there's the + + + align:start position:0% +then there's the +normalization the question now is if + + align:start position:0% +normalization the question now is if + + + align:start position:0% +normalization the question now is if +you're dealing with multiple random + + align:start position:0% +you're dealing with multiple random + + + align:start position:0% +you're dealing with multiple random +variables uh how does a story change so + + align:start position:0% +variables uh how does a story change so + + + align:start position:0% +variables uh how does a story change so +if you got two random variables um let's + + align:start position:0% +if you got two random variables um let's + + + align:start position:0% +if you got two random variables um let's +say X and Y so two things that can take + + align:start position:0% +say X and Y so two things that can take + + + align:start position:0% +say X and Y so two things that can take +numerical values say height and weight + + align:start position:0% +numerical values say height and weight + + + align:start position:0% +numerical values say height and weight +of a randomly picked person um we use a + + align:start position:0% +of a randomly picked person um we use a + + + align:start position:0% +of a randomly picked person um we use a +very analogous object it's the joint PDF + + align:start position:0% +very analogous object it's the joint PDF + + + align:start position:0% +very analogous object it's the joint PDF +of the two random variables uh so it's + + align:start position:0% +of the two random variables uh so it's + + + align:start position:0% +of the two random variables uh so it's +some function of two variables non- + + align:start position:0% +some function of two variables non- + + + align:start position:0% +some function of two variables non- +negative so you can imagine it like some + + align:start position:0% +negative so you can imagine it like some + + + align:start position:0% +negative so you can imagine it like some +probability mass that sits on the plane + + align:start position:0% +probability mass that sits on the plane + + + align:start position:0% +probability mass that sits on the plane +uh normalized to unit area okay and the + + align:start position:0% +uh normalized to unit area okay and the + + + align:start position:0% +uh normalized to unit area okay and the +amount of mass over any particular uh + + align:start position:0% +amount of mass over any particular uh + + + align:start position:0% +amount of mass over any particular uh +piece of area tells you what the + + align:start position:0% +piece of area tells you what the + + + align:start position:0% +piece of area tells you what the +probability is that you fall in that uh + + align:start position:0% +probability is that you fall in that uh + + + align:start position:0% +probability is that you fall in that uh +region uh so uh the expected value we + + align:start position:0% +region uh so uh the expected value we + + + align:start position:0% +region uh so uh the expected value we +talked about how to get expected value + + align:start position:0% +talked about how to get expected value + + + align:start position:0% +talked about how to get expected value +in the single dimensional case in the 2D + + align:start position:0% +in the single dimensional case in the 2D + + + align:start position:0% +in the single dimensional case in the 2D +case it's the natural generalization so + + align:start position:0% +case it's the natural generalization so + + + align:start position:0% +case it's the natural generalization so +the expected value of a function of X + + align:start position:0% +the expected value of a function of X + + + align:start position:0% +the expected value of a function of X +and Y uh just stick that function under + + align:start position:0% +and Y uh just stick that function under + + + align:start position:0% +and Y uh just stick that function under +the integral sign so you're taking an + + align:start position:0% +the integral sign so you're taking an + + + align:start position:0% +the integral sign so you're taking an +average with respect to the PDF okay so + + align:start position:0% +average with respect to the PDF okay so + + + align:start position:0% +average with respect to the PDF okay so +it's a very natural extension this is + + align:start position:0% +it's a very natural extension this is + + + align:start position:0% +it's a very natural extension this is +for the case of two variables and in the + + align:start position:0% +for the case of two variables and in the + + + align:start position:0% +for the case of two variables and in the +same way for um M + + align:start position:0% +same way for um M + + + align:start position:0% +same way for um M +variables now last time I talked about a + + align:start position:0% +variables now last time I talked about a + + + align:start position:0% +variables now last time I talked about a +very special case that involveed + + align:start position:0% +very special case that involveed + + + align:start position:0% +very special case that involveed +multiple random variables these were + + align:start position:0% +multiple random variables these were + + + align:start position:0% +multiple random variables these were +um the random variables corresponding to + + align:start position:0% +um the random variables corresponding to + + + align:start position:0% +um the random variables corresponding to +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +noise samples so we + + align:start position:0% +noise samples so we + + + align:start position:0% +noise samples so we +um s sent out a nice clean looking + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +signal this was + + align:start position:0% +signal this was + + + align:start position:0% +signal this was +our X of N and then what we received was + + align:start position:0% +our X of N and then what we received was + + + align:start position:0% +our X of N and then what we received was +something that was perturbed and so we + + align:start position:0% +something that was perturbed and so we + + + align:start position:0% +something that was perturbed and so we +would have liked to get in the noise + + align:start position:0% +would have liked to get in the noise + + + align:start position:0% +would have liked to get in the noise +free case the same thing but what we got + + align:start position:0% +free case the same thing but what we got + + + align:start position:0% +free case the same thing but what we got +was uh this perturbed by a certain + + align:start position:0% +was uh this perturbed by a certain + + + align:start position:0% +was uh this perturbed by a certain +random amount + + align:start position:0% +random amount + + + align:start position:0% +random amount +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +um so the wi this was W1 for inst it's + + align:start position:0% +um so the wi this was W1 for inst it's + + + align:start position:0% +um so the wi this was W1 for inst it's +the amount that you add on or subtract + + align:start position:0% +the amount that you add on or subtract + + + align:start position:0% +the amount that you add on or subtract +from a given value to get the actually + + align:start position:0% +from a given value to get the actually + + + align:start position:0% +from a given value to get the actually +received + + align:start position:0% +received + + + align:start position:0% +received +values um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay okay so these are the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +wi or + + align:start position:0% +wi or + + + align:start position:0% +wi or +wn's um so we had multiple random + + align:start position:0% +wn's um so we had multiple random + + + align:start position:0% +wn's um so we had multiple random +variables because we were taking many + + align:start position:0% +variables because we were taking many + + + align:start position:0% +variables because we were taking many +samples in the bit slot um + + align:start position:0% +samples in the bit slot um + + + align:start position:0% +samples in the bit slot um +and in particular we looked at taking + + align:start position:0% +and in particular we looked at taking + + + align:start position:0% +and in particular we looked at taking +the average of a bunch of measurements + + align:start position:0% +the average of a bunch of measurements + + + align:start position:0% +the average of a bunch of measurements +but now what you've got is a function of + + align:start position:0% +but now what you've got is a function of + + + align:start position:0% +but now what you've got is a function of +many random variables so what does it + + align:start position:0% +many random variables so what does it + + + align:start position:0% +many random variables so what does it +mean to take the expected value of a + + align:start position:0% +mean to take the expected value of a + + + align:start position:0% +mean to take the expected value of a +function of many variables what does it + + align:start position:0% +function of many variables what does it + + + align:start position:0% +function of many variables what does it +mean to find the variance of that well + + align:start position:0% +mean to find the variance of that well + + + align:start position:0% +mean to find the variance of that well +we didn't actually get into the details + + align:start position:0% +we didn't actually get into the details + + + align:start position:0% +we didn't actually get into the details +of it um but it turns out there's + + align:start position:0% +of it um but it turns out there's + + + align:start position:0% +of it um but it turns out there's +special structure here that made those + + align:start position:0% +special structure here that made those + + + align:start position:0% +special structure here that made those +computations very simple so one key + + align:start position:0% +computations very simple so one key + + + align:start position:0% +computations very simple so one key +thing was we said that these noise + + align:start position:0% +thing was we said that these noise + + + align:start position:0% +thing was we said that these noise +samples were independent from one time + + align:start position:0% +samples were independent from one time + + + align:start position:0% +samples were independent from one time +instant to another and that's really The + + align:start position:0% +instant to another and that's really The + + + align:start position:0% +instant to another and that's really The +crucial thing the other piece was just + + align:start position:0% +crucial thing the other piece was just + + + align:start position:0% +crucial thing the other piece was just +for um um well made sense for our + + align:start position:0% +for um um well made sense for our + + + align:start position:0% +for um um well made sense for our +application because of the central limit + + align:start position:0% +application because of the central limit + + + align:start position:0% +application because of the central limit +theorem but we assume that these noise + + align:start position:0% +theorem but we assume that these noise + + + align:start position:0% +theorem but we assume that these noise +samples were gaussian with VAR and sigma + + align:start position:0% +samples were gaussian with VAR and sigma + + + align:start position:0% +samples were gaussian with VAR and sigma +squar there's a term I didn't use by the + + align:start position:0% +squar there's a term I didn't use by the + + + align:start position:0% +squar there's a term I didn't use by the +way for this kind of noise but you'll + + align:start position:0% +way for this kind of noise but you'll + + + align:start position:0% +way for this kind of noise but you'll +see it in the notes it's what's referred + + align:start position:0% +see it in the notes it's what's referred + + + align:start position:0% +see it in the notes it's what's referred +to as additive White gassian Noise the + + align:start position:0% +to as additive White gassian Noise the + + + align:start position:0% +to as additive White gassian Noise the +additive part is clear the white means + + align:start position:0% +additive part is clear the white means + + + align:start position:0% +additive part is clear the white means +that it's IID noise uh the reasons for + + align:start position:0% +that it's IID noise uh the reasons for + + + align:start position:0% +that it's IID noise uh the reasons for +that name become clear when you think + + align:start position:0% +that name become clear when you think + + + align:start position:0% +that name become clear when you think +about frequency domain so we won't get + + align:start position:0% +about frequency domain so we won't get + + + align:start position:0% +about frequency domain so we won't get +into the origins of the name um but the + + align:start position:0% +into the origins of the name um but the + + + align:start position:0% +into the origins of the name um but the +key thing here is that these are + + align:start position:0% +key thing here is that these are + + + align:start position:0% +key thing here is that these are +independent um independent random + + align:start position:0% +independent um independent random + + + align:start position:0% +independent um independent random +variables so we should have actually + + align:start position:0% +variables so we should have actually + + + align:start position:0% +variables so we should have actually +been talking about the joint density of + + align:start position:0% +been talking about the joint density of + + + align:start position:0% +been talking about the joint density of +all these random variables when we came + + align:start position:0% +all these random variables when we came + + + align:start position:0% +all these random variables when we came +to Computing expected values and um + + align:start position:0% +to Computing expected values and um + + + align:start position:0% +to Computing expected values and um +variances but it turns out that there + + align:start position:0% +variances but it turns out that there + + + align:start position:0% +variances but it turns out that there +actually some simplification so I'm just + + align:start position:0% +actually some simplification so I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +actually some simplification so I'm just +going to give you two statements which + + align:start position:0% +going to give you two statements which + + + align:start position:0% +going to give you two statements which +are the things I want you to carry away + + align:start position:0% +are the things I want you to carry away + + + align:start position:0% +are the things I want you to carry away +um one is that expectation is always + + align:start position:0% +um one is that expectation is always + + + align:start position:0% +um one is that expectation is always +additive so when you take the expected + + align:start position:0% +additive so when you take the expected + + + align:start position:0% +additive so when you take the expected +value of of uh I'm doing this for the + + align:start position:0% +value of of uh I'm doing this for the + + + align:start position:0% +value of of uh I'm doing this for the +case of two random variables by the way + + align:start position:0% +case of two random variables by the way + + + align:start position:0% +case of two random variables by the way +but the same thing goes for M um if + + align:start position:0% +but the same thing goes for M um if + + + align:start position:0% +but the same thing goes for M um if +you've got the expectation of a sum of + + align:start position:0% +you've got the expectation of a sum of + + + align:start position:0% +you've got the expectation of a sum of +two functions of these random variables + + align:start position:0% +two functions of these random variables + + + align:start position:0% +two functions of these random variables +that you're interested in the result is + + align:start position:0% +that you're interested in the result is + + + align:start position:0% +that you're interested in the result is +the uh sum of the individual + + align:start position:0% +the uh sum of the individual + + + align:start position:0% +the uh sum of the individual +expectations and that's just a + + align:start position:0% +expectations and that's just a + + + align:start position:0% +expectations and that's just a +consequence of the fact that expectation + + align:start position:0% +consequence of the fact that expectation + + + align:start position:0% +consequence of the fact that expectation +is defined through integrals and + + align:start position:0% +is defined through integrals and + + + align:start position:0% +is defined through integrals and +integrals are additive in their um + + align:start position:0% +integrals are additive in their um + + + align:start position:0% +integrals are additive in their um +arguments in the integrons right so + + align:start position:0% +arguments in the integrons right so + + + align:start position:0% +arguments in the integrons right so +that's all that's involved there now the + + align:start position:0% +that's all that's involved there now the + + + align:start position:0% +that's all that's involved there now the +particular use we make of it is for + + align:start position:0% +particular use we make of it is for + + + align:start position:0% +particular use we make of it is for +actually for a sum of this kind where + + align:start position:0% +actually for a sum of this kind where + + + align:start position:0% +actually for a sum of this kind where +one of the functions is a function of + + align:start position:0% +one of the functions is a function of + + + align:start position:0% +one of the functions is a function of +just one of the random variables the + + align:start position:0% +just one of the random variables the + + + align:start position:0% +just one of the random variables the +other function is a function of just the + + align:start position:0% +other function is a function of just the + + + align:start position:0% +other function is a function of just the +other random variable and so if you + + align:start position:0% +other random variable and so if you + + + align:start position:0% +other random variable and so if you +apply the result up there you get uh sum + + align:start position:0% +apply the result up there you get uh sum + + + align:start position:0% +apply the result up there you get uh sum +of two expectations and the nice thing + + align:start position:0% +of two expectations and the nice thing + + + align:start position:0% +of two expectations and the nice thing +now is that each of these is just a 1D + + align:start position:0% +now is that each of these is just a 1D + + + align:start position:0% +now is that each of these is just a 1D +expectation so we never have to deal + + align:start position:0% +expectation so we never have to deal + + + align:start position:0% +expectation so we never have to deal +with uh joint distri joint PDFs joint + + align:start position:0% +with uh joint distri joint PDFs joint + + + align:start position:0% +with uh joint distri joint PDFs joint +distributions mult multiple integrals + + align:start position:0% +distributions mult multiple integrals + + + align:start position:0% +distributions mult multiple integrals +and so on it all stays as simple as the + + align:start position:0% +and so on it all stays as simple as the + + + align:start position:0% +and so on it all stays as simple as the +1D case and the reason is that in every + + align:start position:0% +1D case and the reason is that in every + + + align:start position:0% +1D case and the reason is that in every +instance we uh talk about when we have + + align:start position:0% +instance we uh talk about when we have + + + align:start position:0% +instance we uh talk about when we have +the expectation of a sum of functions of + + align:start position:0% +the expectation of a sum of functions of + + + align:start position:0% +the expectation of a sum of functions of +multiple random variables well the sum + + align:start position:0% +multiple random variables well the sum + + + align:start position:0% +multiple random variables well the sum +actually uh involves functions Each of + + align:start position:0% +actually uh involves functions Each of + + + align:start position:0% +actually uh involves functions Each of +which is a function of only one of those + + align:start position:0% +which is a function of only one of those + + + align:start position:0% +which is a function of only one of those +random variables so it actually becomes + + align:start position:0% +random variables so it actually becomes + + + align:start position:0% +random variables so it actually becomes +very easy to + + align:start position:0% +very easy to + + + align:start position:0% +very easy to +compute here's another thing that's U + + align:start position:0% +compute here's another thing that's U + + + align:start position:0% +compute here's another thing that's U +interesting with expectations which is + + align:start position:0% +interesting with expectations which is + + + align:start position:0% +interesting with expectations which is +that under Independence you can actually + + align:start position:0% +that under Independence you can actually + + + align:start position:0% +that under Independence you can actually +uh have expectations be multiplicative + + align:start position:0% +uh have expectations be multiplicative + + + align:start position:0% +uh have expectations be multiplicative +uh in fact uh let's see so the expected + + align:start position:0% +uh in fact uh let's see so the expected + + + align:start position:0% +uh in fact uh let's see so the expected +value of um the product of a function of + + align:start position:0% +value of um the product of a function of + + + align:start position:0% +value of um the product of a function of +just one of the random variables and a + + align:start position:0% +just one of the random variables and a + + + align:start position:0% +just one of the random variables and a +function of just the other factors into + + align:start position:0% +function of just the other factors into + + + align:start position:0% +function of just the other factors into +the product of the individual + + align:start position:0% +the product of the individual + + + align:start position:0% +the product of the individual +expectations if these two random + + align:start position:0% +expectations if these two random + + + align:start position:0% +expectations if these two random +variables are independent so that again + + align:start position:0% +variables are independent so that again + + + align:start position:0% +variables are independent so that again +ends up um being used for instance when + + align:start position:0% +ends up um being used for instance when + + + align:start position:0% +ends up um being used for instance when +you're taking um when you're Computing + + align:start position:0% +you're taking um when you're Computing + + + align:start position:0% +you're taking um when you're Computing +the variance of let's say W1 plus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +W2 uh so the variance of this is going + + align:start position:0% +W2 uh so the variance of this is going + + + align:start position:0% +W2 uh so the variance of this is going +to involve Computing um this is the zero + + align:start position:0% +to involve Computing um this is the zero + + + align:start position:0% +to involve Computing um this is the zero +mean case okay so you'll find that + + align:start position:0% +mean case okay so you'll find that + + + align:start position:0% +mean case okay so you'll find that +you're Computing the expected value of + + align:start position:0% +you're Computing the expected value of + + + align:start position:0% +you're Computing the expected value of +W1 + + align:start position:0% +W1 + + + align:start position:0% +W1 +SAR and then the expected value of W2 + + align:start position:0% +SAR and then the expected value of W2 + + + align:start position:0% +SAR and then the expected value of W2 +squared and then you've got + + align:start position:0% +squared and then you've got + + + align:start position:0% +squared and then you've got +um uh twice the expected value + + align:start position:0% +um uh twice the expected value + + + align:start position:0% +um uh twice the expected value +of W1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +W2 okay so well this is easy this is + + align:start position:0% +W2 okay so well this is easy this is + + + align:start position:0% +W2 okay so well this is easy this is +Sigma squar this is Sigma squar what do + + align:start position:0% +Sigma squar this is Sigma squar what do + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma squar this is Sigma squar what do +we do with this term well if it was a + + align:start position:0% +we do with this term well if it was a + + + align:start position:0% +we do with this term well if it was a +general um function of two random + + align:start position:0% +general um function of two random + + + align:start position:0% +general um function of two random +variables then you've got to pull in the + + align:start position:0% +variables then you've got to pull in the + + + align:start position:0% +variables then you've got to pull in the +joint density and it becomes a big + + align:start position:0% +joint density and it becomes a big + + + align:start position:0% +joint density and it becomes a big +operation but if you know these are + + align:start position:0% +operation but if you know these are + + + align:start position:0% +operation but if you know these are +independent then this expectation + + align:start position:0% +independent then this expectation + + + align:start position:0% +independent then this expectation +factors into the product of the + + align:start position:0% +factors into the product of the + + + align:start position:0% +factors into the product of the +individual ones these are zero mean + + align:start position:0% +individual ones these are zero mean + + + align:start position:0% +individual ones these are zero mean +random variables and so this goes to + + align:start position:0% +random variables and so this goes to + + + align:start position:0% +random variables and so this goes to +zero okay so this kind of computation + + align:start position:0% +zero okay so this kind of computation + + + align:start position:0% +zero okay so this kind of computation +was going on in the results I uh quoted + + align:start position:0% +was going on in the results I uh quoted + + + align:start position:0% +was going on in the results I uh quoted +or claimed um in the last lecture and I + + align:start position:0% +or claimed um in the last lecture and I + + + align:start position:0% +or claimed um in the last lecture and I +just wanted you to have that in mind + + align:start position:0% +just wanted you to have that in mind + + + align:start position:0% +just wanted you to have that in mind +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +uh but what I really want to talk about + + align:start position:0% +uh but what I really want to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +uh but what I really want to talk about +for the rest of the lecture is going + + align:start position:0% +for the rest of the lecture is going + + + align:start position:0% +for the rest of the lecture is going +back to um understanding and modeling + + align:start position:0% +back to um understanding and modeling + + + align:start position:0% +back to um understanding and modeling +the single link so um we'll leave the um + + align:start position:0% +the single link so um we'll leave the um + + + align:start position:0% +the single link so um we'll leave the um +probabilistic stuff at that for + + align:start position:0% +probabilistic stuff at that for + + + align:start position:0% +probabilistic stuff at that for +now okay so we're back to this picture + + align:start position:0% +now okay so we're back to this picture + + + align:start position:0% +now okay so we're back to this picture +of bits coming in being converted to + + align:start position:0% +of bits coming in being converted to + + + align:start position:0% +of bits coming in being converted to +signals the signals are in discreete + + align:start position:0% +signals the signals are in discreete + + + align:start position:0% +signals the signals are in discreete +time here they're being adapted then uh + + align:start position:0% +time here they're being adapted then uh + + + align:start position:0% +time here they're being adapted then uh +to transmit on an analog Channel which + + align:start position:0% +to transmit on an analog Channel which + + + align:start position:0% +to transmit on an analog Channel which +has the noise in it uh and then at the + + align:start position:0% +has the noise in it uh and then at the + + + align:start position:0% +has the noise in it uh and then at the +other end back to discreete time uh + + align:start position:0% +other end back to discreete time uh + + + align:start position:0% +other end back to discreete time uh +through an inverse kind of operation and + + align:start position:0% +through an inverse kind of operation and + + + align:start position:0% +through an inverse kind of operation and +out to bits again so we're going to look + + align:start position:0% +out to bits again so we're going to look + + + align:start position:0% +out to bits again so we're going to look +in more detail out what goes on in there + + align:start position:0% +in more detail out what goes on in there + + + align:start position:0% +in more detail out what goes on in there +um what we did with all our noise + + align:start position:0% +um what we did with all our noise + + + align:start position:0% +um what we did with all our noise +analysis last time was really focus on + + align:start position:0% +analysis last time was really focus on + + + align:start position:0% +analysis last time was really focus on +this box where the decision is right you + + align:start position:0% +this box where the decision is right you + + + align:start position:0% +this box where the decision is right you +get a noisy sample and you're trying to + + align:start position:0% +get a noisy sample and you're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +get a noisy sample and you're trying to +decide what you have so uh the lecture + + align:start position:0% +decide what you have so uh the lecture + + + align:start position:0% +decide what you have so uh the lecture +last time was focused on that box and + + align:start position:0% +last time was focused on that box and + + + align:start position:0% +last time was focused on that box and +we're going to look at the other parts + + align:start position:0% +we're going to look at the other parts + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to look at the other parts +of the picture this + + align:start position:0% +of the picture this + + + align:start position:0% +of the picture this +time okay so so uh the + + align:start position:0% +time okay so so uh the + + + align:start position:0% +time okay so so uh the +um the uh the digitized symbols that we + + align:start position:0% +um the uh the digitized symbols that we + + + align:start position:0% +um the uh the digitized symbols that we +talk about here's an example we saw this + + align:start position:0% +talk about here's an example we saw this + + + align:start position:0% +talk about here's an example we saw this +last time so what you're doing is taking + + align:start position:0% +last time so what you're doing is taking + + + align:start position:0% +last time so what you're doing is taking +the bitstream and deciding that you're + + align:start position:0% +the bitstream and deciding that you're + + + align:start position:0% +the bitstream and deciding that you're +going to represent it for instance as um + + align:start position:0% +going to represent it for instance as um + + + align:start position:0% +going to represent it for instance as um +a voltage one held for a number of + + align:start position:0% +a voltage one held for a number of + + + align:start position:0% +a voltage one held for a number of +samples to indicate a one a voltage of + + align:start position:0% +samples to indicate a one a voltage of + + + align:start position:0% +samples to indicate a one a voltage of +zero held for a number of samples to + + align:start position:0% +zero held for a number of samples to + + + align:start position:0% +zero held for a number of samples to +indicate a zero and so on okay so this + + align:start position:0% +indicate a zero and so on okay so this + + + align:start position:0% +indicate a zero and so on okay so this +is the um this is the me this is the + + align:start position:0% +is the um this is the me this is the + + + align:start position:0% +is the um this is the me this is the +signal that you want to get across the + + align:start position:0% +signal that you want to get across the + + + align:start position:0% +signal that you want to get across the +channel and then at the other end that + + align:start position:0% +channel and then at the other end that + + + align:start position:0% +channel and then at the other end that +signal will get interpreted as a string + + align:start position:0% +signal will get interpreted as a string + + + align:start position:0% +signal will get interpreted as a string +of bits okay when you do the optimal + + align:start position:0% +of bits okay when you do the optimal + + + align:start position:0% +of bits okay when you do the optimal +detection that we uh uh talked about + + align:start position:0% +detection that we uh uh talked about + + + align:start position:0% +detection that we uh uh talked about +last + + align:start position:0% +last + + + align:start position:0% +last +time so this uh link actually has you + + align:start position:0% +time so this uh link actually has you + + + align:start position:0% +time so this uh link actually has you +know it's a very hybrid kind of thing + + align:start position:0% +know it's a very hybrid kind of thing + + + align:start position:0% +know it's a very hybrid kind of thing +because you got clocked discrete Time + + align:start position:0% +because you got clocked discrete Time + + + align:start position:0% +because you got clocked discrete Time +stuff happening here this is a digital + + align:start position:0% +stuff happening here this is a digital + + + align:start position:0% +stuff happening here this is a digital +to analog converter so you're going from + + align:start position:0% +to analog converter so you're going from + + + align:start position:0% +to analog converter so you're going from +clock discreet time to continuous time + + align:start position:0% +clock discreet time to continuous time + + + align:start position:0% +clock discreet time to continuous time +you typically have a continuous analog + + align:start position:0% +you typically have a continuous analog + + + align:start position:0% +you typically have a continuous analog +Channel and then at this end again back + + align:start position:0% +Channel and then at this end again back + + + align:start position:0% +Channel and then at this end again back +to discite discrete time so analog to um + + align:start position:0% +to discite discrete time so analog to um + + + align:start position:0% +to discite discrete time so analog to um +digital digital by the way we use that + + align:start position:0% +digital digital by the way we use that + + + align:start position:0% +digital digital by the way we use that +word a lot what we typically mean is + + align:start position:0% +word a lot what we typically mean is + + + align:start position:0% +word a lot what we typically mean is +something gets sampled it's a discrete + + align:start position:0% +something gets sampled it's a discrete + + + align:start position:0% +something gets sampled it's a discrete +time signal and there's often the the + + align:start position:0% +time signal and there's often the the + + + align:start position:0% +time signal and there's often the the +implication that it's quantized to one + + align:start position:0% +implication that it's quantized to one + + + align:start position:0% +implication that it's quantized to one +of a set of levels it's basically the + + align:start position:0% +of a set of levels it's basically the + + + align:start position:0% +of a set of levels it's basically the +signal you'll deal with in a in a + + align:start position:0% +signal you'll deal with in a in a + + + align:start position:0% +signal you'll deal with in a in a +processor whereas all of this is the uh + + align:start position:0% +processor whereas all of this is the uh + + + align:start position:0% +processor whereas all of this is the uh +signal that you deal with in the physics + + align:start position:0% +signal that you deal with in the physics + + + align:start position:0% +signal that you deal with in the physics +um in the analog part okay then you're + + align:start position:0% +um in the analog part okay then you're + + + align:start position:0% +um in the analog part okay then you're +back to discreete time here uh and + + align:start position:0% +back to discreete time here uh and + + + align:start position:0% +back to discreete time here uh and +actually there are two clocks even there + + align:start position:0% +actually there are two clocks even there + + + align:start position:0% +actually there are two clocks even there +because there's a particular clock that + + align:start position:0% +because there's a particular clock that + + + align:start position:0% +because there's a particular clock that +drives all of this signal processing but + + align:start position:0% +drives all of this signal processing but + + + align:start position:0% +drives all of this signal processing but +then when you come to spitting out the + + align:start position:0% +then when you come to spitting out the + + + align:start position:0% +then when you come to spitting out the +bits you're only going to spit out one + + align:start position:0% +bits you're only going to spit out one + + + align:start position:0% +bits you're only going to spit out one +bit per bit slot so you've got many + + align:start position:0% +bit per bit slot so you've got many + + + align:start position:0% +bit per bit slot so you've got many +samples you got many samples per bit + + align:start position:0% +samples you got many samples per bit + + + align:start position:0% +samples you got many samples per bit +slot and then when you come all the way + + align:start position:0% +slot and then when you come all the way + + + align:start position:0% +slot and then when you come all the way +out you're only going to report one + + align:start position:0% +out you're only going to report one + + + align:start position:0% +out you're only going to report one +number a one or a zero per bit slot okay + + align:start position:0% +number a one or a zero per bit slot okay + + + align:start position:0% +number a one or a zero per bit slot okay +so there's all of this mixed together uh + + align:start position:0% +so there's all of this mixed together uh + + + align:start position:0% +so there's all of this mixed together uh +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +system all right so let's look at the uh + + align:start position:0% +system all right so let's look at the uh + + + align:start position:0% +system all right so let's look at the uh +particular case you're going to be + + align:start position:0% +particular case you're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +particular case you're going to be +seeing in lab we talked uh I put this up + + align:start position:0% +seeing in lab we talked uh I put this up + + + align:start position:0% +seeing in lab we talked uh I put this up +on the uh slides uh last time as well so + + align:start position:0% +on the uh slides uh last time as well so + + + align:start position:0% +on the uh slides uh last time as well so +we're going to talk about the specific + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about the specific + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about the specific +case of a channel that's just an + + align:start position:0% +case of a channel that's just an + + + align:start position:0% +case of a channel that's just an +acoustic channel so we're going to have + + align:start position:0% +acoustic channel so we're going to have + + + align:start position:0% +acoustic channel so we're going to have +sound coming out of a loudspeaker that's + + align:start position:0% +sound coming out of a loudspeaker that's + + + align:start position:0% +sound coming out of a loudspeaker that's +your transmitter sound getting picked up + + align:start position:0% +your transmitter sound getting picked up + + + align:start position:0% +your transmitter sound getting picked up +in a microphone and that's your receiver + + align:start position:0% +in a microphone and that's your receiver + + + align:start position:0% +in a microphone and that's your receiver +and then all of the signal processing + + align:start position:0% +and then all of the signal processing + + + align:start position:0% +and then all of the signal processing +okay so Labs four through uh six are + + align:start position:0% +okay so Labs four through uh six are + + + align:start position:0% +okay so Labs four through uh six are +going to be centered around + + align:start position:0% +going to be centered around + + + align:start position:0% +going to be centered around +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +um so the challenge then is taking the + + align:start position:0% +um so the challenge then is taking the + + + align:start position:0% +um so the challenge then is taking the +digit digitized symbols there and + + align:start position:0% +digit digitized symbols there and + + + align:start position:0% +digit digitized symbols there and +putting them onto a physical + + align:start position:0% +putting them onto a physical + + + align:start position:0% +putting them onto a physical +channel so what is it that uh happens in + + align:start position:0% +channel so what is it that uh happens in + + + align:start position:0% +channel so what is it that uh happens in +between let's see + + align:start position:0% +between let's see + + + align:start position:0% +between let's see +um the d2a converter we don't say much + + align:start position:0% +um the d2a converter we don't say much + + + align:start position:0% +um the d2a converter we don't say much +about that but a typical d2a converter + + align:start position:0% +about that but a typical d2a converter + + + align:start position:0% +about that but a typical d2a converter +is taking a sequence of samples which + + align:start position:0% +is taking a sequence of samples which + + + align:start position:0% +is taking a sequence of samples which +are just + + align:start position:0% +are just + + + align:start position:0% +are just +numbered and then converting the samples + + align:start position:0% +numbered and then converting the samples + + + align:start position:0% +numbered and then converting the samples +to a continuous waveform which is on a + + align:start position:0% +to a continuous waveform which is on a + + + align:start position:0% +to a continuous waveform which is on a +time axis so a discrete time sequence is + + align:start position:0% +time axis so a discrete time sequence is + + + align:start position:0% +time axis so a discrete time sequence is +typically on an integer axis but we + + align:start position:0% +typically on an integer axis but we + + + align:start position:0% +typically on an integer axis but we +convert in a d2a + + align:start position:0% +convert in a d2a + + + align:start position:0% +convert in a d2a +converter what typically happens is that + + align:start position:0% +converter what typically happens is that + + + align:start position:0% +converter what typically happens is that +you're converting this to a continuous + + align:start position:0% +you're converting this to a continuous + + + align:start position:0% +you're converting this to a continuous +time waveform and the simplest way to do + + align:start position:0% +time waveform and the simplest way to do + + + align:start position:0% +time waveform and the simplest way to do +that is through what's called a zero + + align:start position:0% +that is through what's called a zero + + + align:start position:0% +that is through what's called a zero +order hold so you take the value here + + align:start position:0% +order hold so you take the value here + + + align:start position:0% +order hold so you take the value here +hold it for uh some interval of time T + + align:start position:0% +hold it for uh some interval of time T + + + align:start position:0% +hold it for uh some interval of time T +seconds then you take the next value you + + align:start position:0% +seconds then you take the next value you + + + align:start position:0% +seconds then you take the next value you +hold it for T seconds and so on and then + + align:start position:0% +hold it for T seconds and so on and then + + + align:start position:0% +hold it for T seconds and so on and then +when you get a change in value you + + align:start position:0% +when you get a change in value you + + + align:start position:0% +when you get a change in value you +change to the new value so um uh you + + align:start position:0% +change to the new value so um uh you + + + align:start position:0% +change to the new value so um uh you +would hold this here and then come down + + align:start position:0% +would hold this here and then come down + + + align:start position:0% +would hold this here and then come down +here hold it so at the end of it what + + align:start position:0% +here hold it so at the end of it what + + + align:start position:0% +here hold it so at the end of it what +you've done is convert a discrete time + + align:start position:0% +you've done is convert a discrete time + + + align:start position:0% +you've done is convert a discrete time +sequence into a continuous time waveform + + align:start position:0% +sequence into a continuous time waveform + + + align:start position:0% +sequence into a continuous time waveform +that can then be applied to something + + align:start position:0% +that can then be applied to something + + + align:start position:0% +that can then be applied to something +like the loudspeaker right so you'll + + align:start position:0% +like the loudspeaker right so you'll + + + align:start position:0% +like the loudspeaker right so you'll +have to specify in the d2a converter + + align:start position:0% +have to specify in the d2a converter + + + align:start position:0% +have to specify in the d2a converter +what your reconstruction interval is um + + align:start position:0% +what your reconstruction interval is um + + + align:start position:0% +what your reconstruction interval is um +this kind of a d2a converter would be + + align:start position:0% +this kind of a d2a converter would be + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of a d2a converter would be +called a zero order + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hold zero order because it just looks at + + align:start position:0% +hold zero order because it just looks at + + + align:start position:0% +hold zero order because it just looks at +the most recent sample and holds it uh A + + align:start position:0% +the most recent sample and holds it uh A + + + align:start position:0% +the most recent sample and holds it uh A +first order hold would look at the last + + align:start position:0% +first order hold would look at the last + + + align:start position:0% +first order hold would look at the last +two samples and do a linear projection + + align:start position:0% +two samples and do a linear projection + + + align:start position:0% +two samples and do a linear projection +so you can imagine more elaborate ways + + align:start position:0% +so you can imagine more elaborate ways + + + align:start position:0% +so you can imagine more elaborate ways +of doing the uh uh digital to analog + + align:start position:0% +of doing the uh uh digital to analog + + + align:start position:0% +of doing the uh uh digital to analog +conversion so what I want you to imagine + + align:start position:0% +conversion so what I want you to imagine + + + align:start position:0% +conversion so what I want you to imagine +is that when we get to the DAC finally + + align:start position:0% +is that when we get to the DAC finally + + + align:start position:0% +is that when we get to the DAC finally +it's going to be something like this so + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be something like this so + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be something like this so +all my pictures will be discreete time + + align:start position:0% +all my pictures will be discreete time + + + align:start position:0% +all my pictures will be discreete time +sequences and I won't say much about + + align:start position:0% +sequences and I won't say much about + + + align:start position:0% +sequences and I won't say much about +what goes on here uh so I want you to + + align:start position:0% +what goes on here uh so I want you to + + + align:start position:0% +what goes on here uh so I want you to +imagine that whenever I have a sequence + + align:start position:0% +imagine that whenever I have a sequence + + + align:start position:0% +imagine that whenever I have a sequence +like this and then I end up putting it + + align:start position:0% +like this and then I end up putting it + + + align:start position:0% +like this and then I end up putting it +on the physical Channel there's been a + + align:start position:0% +on the physical Channel there's been a + + + align:start position:0% +on the physical Channel there's been a +conversion of this type + + align:start position:0% +conversion of this type + + + align:start position:0% +conversion of this type +okay that's what your d2a card will do + + align:start position:0% +okay that's what your d2a card will do + + + align:start position:0% +okay that's what your d2a card will do +in the computer uh at this point so you + + align:start position:0% +in the computer uh at this point so you + + + align:start position:0% +in the computer uh at this point so you +feed it a bunch of numbers you give it a + + align:start position:0% +feed it a bunch of numbers you give it a + + + align:start position:0% +feed it a bunch of numbers you give it a +sampling rate or a reconstruction rate + + align:start position:0% +sampling rate or a reconstruction rate + + + align:start position:0% +sampling rate or a reconstruction rate +and then it does this kind of uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +interpolation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so let's see + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's see + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's see +um is this a good voltage to put on a + + align:start position:0% +um is this a good voltage to put on a + + + align:start position:0% +um is this a good voltage to put on a +loudspeaker if I wanted to Signal a one + + align:start position:0% +loudspeaker if I wanted to Signal a one + + + align:start position:0% +loudspeaker if I wanted to Signal a one +or a whole series of ones to I want to + + align:start position:0% +or a whole series of ones to I want to + + + align:start position:0% +or a whole series of ones to I want to +put a constant voltage on a + + align:start position:0% +put a constant voltage on a + + + align:start position:0% +put a constant voltage on a +loudspeaker a loudspeaker is not very + + align:start position:0% +loudspeaker a loudspeaker is not very + + + align:start position:0% +loudspeaker a loudspeaker is not very +happy getting a DC voltage on it right + + align:start position:0% +happy getting a DC voltage on it right + + + align:start position:0% +happy getting a DC voltage on it right +so uh the point is here that you have to + + align:start position:0% +so uh the point is here that you have to + + + align:start position:0% +so uh the point is here that you have to +think about your transmission medium and + + align:start position:0% +think about your transmission medium and + + + align:start position:0% +think about your transmission medium and +what it's happiest responding to so + + align:start position:0% +what it's happiest responding to so + + + align:start position:0% +what it's happiest responding to so +you've got to adapt your signal uh to + + align:start position:0% +you've got to adapt your signal uh to + + + align:start position:0% +you've got to adapt your signal uh to +the capabilities of the physical medium + + align:start position:0% +the capabilities of the physical medium + + + align:start position:0% +the capabilities of the physical medium +and that's what modulation is all about + + align:start position:0% +and that's what modulation is all about + + + align:start position:0% +and that's what modulation is all about +or at least that's a key part of it + + align:start position:0% +or at least that's a key part of it + + + align:start position:0% +or at least that's a key part of it +another part of modulation we'll see + + align:start position:0% +another part of modulation we'll see + + + align:start position:0% +another part of modulation we'll see +later is to allow you to have um + + align:start position:0% +later is to allow you to have um + + + align:start position:0% +later is to allow you to have um +multiple users share share the same + + align:start position:0% +multiple users share share the same + + + align:start position:0% +multiple users share share the same +channel but a big part of it is is just + + align:start position:0% +channel but a big part of it is is just + + + align:start position:0% +channel but a big part of it is is just +adapting your signal um to a form that + + align:start position:0% +adapting your signal um to a form that + + + align:start position:0% +adapting your signal um to a form that +uh is comfortable for the channel so + + align:start position:0% +uh is comfortable for the channel so + + + align:start position:0% +uh is comfortable for the channel so +here's what you might + + align:start position:0% +here's what you might + + + align:start position:0% +here's what you might +try uh in the case of the + + align:start position:0% +try uh in the case of the + + + align:start position:0% +try uh in the case of the +loudspeaker so what you've got is the + + align:start position:0% +loudspeaker so what you've got is the + + + align:start position:0% +loudspeaker so what you've got is the +acoustic Channel um you would like to + + align:start position:0% +acoustic Channel um you would like to + + + align:start position:0% +acoustic Channel um you would like to +transmit these two levels v0 and V1 to + + align:start position:0% +transmit these two levels v0 and V1 to + + + align:start position:0% +transmit these two levels v0 and V1 to +represent the zero and the one I'm just + + align:start position:0% +represent the zero and the one I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +represent the zero and the one I'm just +generalizing here um I'm just saying + + align:start position:0% +generalizing here um I'm just saying + + + align:start position:0% +generalizing here um I'm just saying +that there's some level v0 that + + align:start position:0% +that there's some level v0 that + + + align:start position:0% +that there's some level v0 that +represents the zero and there's some + + align:start position:0% +represents the zero and there's some + + + align:start position:0% +represents the zero and there's some +level V one uh and that will allow you + + align:start position:0% +level V one uh and that will allow you + + + align:start position:0% +level V one uh and that will allow you +to pick different possibilities + + align:start position:0% +to pick different possibilities + + + align:start position:0% +to pick different possibilities +here so what's what's typically done is + + align:start position:0% +here so what's what's typically done is + + + align:start position:0% +here so what's what's typically done is +instead of trying to transmit the DC you + + align:start position:0% +instead of trying to transmit the DC you + + + align:start position:0% +instead of trying to transmit the DC you +transmit a burst of a sinusoid because + + align:start position:0% +transmit a burst of a sinusoid because + + + align:start position:0% +transmit a burst of a sinusoid because +loudspeakers like like sinusoids + + align:start position:0% +loudspeakers like like sinusoids + + + align:start position:0% +loudspeakers like like sinusoids +provided there at the right frequency so + + align:start position:0% +provided there at the right frequency so + + + align:start position:0% +provided there at the right frequency so +again you've got to think about what + + align:start position:0% +again you've got to think about what + + + align:start position:0% +again you've got to think about what +frequency makes sense um it's it's this + + align:start position:0% +frequency makes sense um it's it's this + + + align:start position:0% +frequency makes sense um it's it's this +uh cone trying to move a mass of air to + + align:start position:0% +uh cone trying to move a mass of air to + + + align:start position:0% +uh cone trying to move a mass of air to +trying to make a mass of air oscillate + + align:start position:0% +trying to make a mass of air oscillate + + + align:start position:0% +trying to make a mass of air oscillate +uh there particular frequencies that are + + align:start position:0% +uh there particular frequencies that are + + + align:start position:0% +uh there particular frequencies that are +good for that uh so you have to think + + align:start position:0% +good for that uh so you have to think + + + align:start position:0% +good for that uh so you have to think +about that um so you might for instance + + align:start position:0% +about that um so you might for instance + + + align:start position:0% +about that um so you might for instance +say that you want uh sinusoidal bursts + + align:start position:0% +say that you want uh sinusoidal bursts + + + align:start position:0% +say that you want uh sinusoidal bursts +at 2 khz and you're going to modulate + + align:start position:0% +at 2 khz and you're going to modulate + + + align:start position:0% +at 2 khz and you're going to modulate +the amplitude so you'll send a burst v0 + + align:start position:0% +the amplitude so you'll send a burst v0 + + + align:start position:0% +the amplitude so you'll send a burst v0 +cosine 2 pi of CT to represent the zero + + align:start position:0% +cosine 2 pi of CT to represent the zero + + + align:start position:0% +cosine 2 pi of CT to represent the zero +and you'll send a burst of V1 cosine 2i + + align:start position:0% +and you'll send a burst of V1 cosine 2i + + + align:start position:0% +and you'll send a burst of V1 cosine 2i +of CT uh to represent the + + align:start position:0% +of CT uh to represent the + + + align:start position:0% +of CT uh to represent the +one so if it's simple onoff keying that + + align:start position:0% +one so if it's simple onoff keying that + + + align:start position:0% +one so if it's simple onoff keying that +uh we've been talking about um you'll + + align:start position:0% +uh we've been talking about um you'll + + + align:start position:0% +uh we've been talking about um you'll +you'll have v0 equals z in other words + + align:start position:0% +you'll have v0 equals z in other words + + + align:start position:0% +you'll have v0 equals z in other words +you'll signal a zero by sending nothing + + align:start position:0% +you'll signal a zero by sending nothing + + + align:start position:0% +you'll signal a zero by sending nothing +out on the loudspeaker and then when you + + align:start position:0% +out on the loudspeaker and then when you + + + align:start position:0% +out on the loudspeaker and then when you +want to Signal a one you'll have a + + align:start position:0% +want to Signal a one you'll have a + + + align:start position:0% +want to Signal a one you'll have a +cosine of amplitude capital V uh in in + + align:start position:0% +cosine of amplitude capital V uh in in + + + align:start position:0% +cosine of amplitude capital V uh in in +the other case here what you do is you + + align:start position:0% +the other case here what you do is you + + + align:start position:0% +the other case here what you do is you +have minus V cosine going out to Signal + + align:start position:0% +have minus V cosine going out to Signal + + + align:start position:0% +have minus V cosine going out to Signal +of zero and plus v cosine going out to + + align:start position:0% +of zero and plus v cosine going out to + + + align:start position:0% +of zero and plus v cosine going out to +Signal of one so that's basically just a + + align:start position:0% +Signal of one so that's basically just a + + + align:start position:0% +Signal of one so that's basically just a +180 degree change of phase everyone + + align:start position:0% +180 degree change of phase everyone + + + align:start position:0% +180 degree change of phase everyone +every time you want to shift from a one + + align:start position:0% +every time you want to shift from a one + + + align:start position:0% +every time you want to shift from a one +to a zero or zero to a one you're going + + align:start position:0% +to a zero or zero to a one you're going + + + align:start position:0% +to a zero or zero to a one you're going +to change the phase by 180° that's what + + align:start position:0% +to change the phase by 180° that's what + + + align:start position:0% +to change the phase by 180° that's what +that changes the sign right so it's + + align:start position:0% +that changes the sign right so it's + + + align:start position:0% +that changes the sign right so it's +fixed amplitude and you step the phase + + align:start position:0% +fixed amplitude and you step the phase + + + align:start position:0% +fixed amplitude and you step the phase +each time you want to uh to change so + + align:start position:0% +each time you want to uh to change so + + + align:start position:0% +each time you want to uh to change so +this would be a natural way to do + + align:start position:0% +this would be a natural way to do + + + align:start position:0% +this would be a natural way to do +it why 2 KZ well we know that this is + + align:start position:0% +it why 2 KZ well we know that this is + + + align:start position:0% +it why 2 KZ well we know that this is +the kind of frequency that a loudspeaker + + align:start position:0% +the kind of frequency that a loudspeaker + + + align:start position:0% +the kind of frequency that a loudspeaker +likes and the more General principle is + + align:start position:0% +likes and the more General principle is + + + align:start position:0% +likes and the more General principle is +um whenever you're trying to radiate + + align:start position:0% +um whenever you're trying to radiate + + + align:start position:0% +um whenever you're trying to radiate +energy the size of the antenna that you + + align:start position:0% +energy the size of the antenna that you + + + align:start position:0% +energy the size of the antenna that you +use the antenna element that you use it + + align:start position:0% +use the antenna element that you use it + + + align:start position:0% +use the antenna element that you use it +for efficient transfer of power has to + + align:start position:0% +for efficient transfer of power has to + + + align:start position:0% +for efficient transfer of power has to +be compr with the wavelength of the um + + align:start position:0% +be compr with the wavelength of the um + + + align:start position:0% +be compr with the wavelength of the um +the signal that you have so for instance + + align:start position:0% +the signal that you have so for instance + + + align:start position:0% +the signal that you have so for instance +if you're talking about sound uh at 2 + + align:start position:0% +if you're talking about sound uh at 2 + + + align:start position:0% +if you're talking about sound uh at 2 +kilohertz the speed of sound and air at + + align:start position:0% +kilohertz the speed of sound and air at + + + align:start position:0% +kilohertz the speed of sound and air at +room temperature is something on that + + align:start position:0% +room temperature is something on that + + + align:start position:0% +room temperature is something on that +order 340 + + align:start position:0% +order 340 + + + align:start position:0% +order 340 +m/s if you um do the computation of the + + align:start position:0% +m/s if you um do the computation of the + + + align:start position:0% +m/s if you um do the computation of the +wavelength and I always do it with the + + align:start position:0% +wavelength and I always do it with the + + + align:start position:0% +wavelength and I always do it with the +unit so I may get it wrong here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but 340 m per second and for wavelength + + align:start position:0% +but 340 m per second and for wavelength + + + align:start position:0% +but 340 m per second and for wavelength +I know I want the answer to come out in + + align:start position:0% +I know I want the answer to come out in + + + align:start position:0% +I know I want the answer to come out in +meters I've got 2 KZ so I've got to + + align:start position:0% +meters I've got 2 KZ so I've got to + + + align:start position:0% +meters I've got 2 KZ so I've got to +divide by 2,000 per second right that's + + align:start position:0% +divide by 2,000 per second right that's + + + align:start position:0% +divide by 2,000 per second right that's +the units of frequency and that's going + + align:start position:0% +the units of frequency and that's going + + + align:start position:0% +the units of frequency and that's going +to give me something in meters and um if + + align:start position:0% +to give me something in meters and um if + + + align:start position:0% +to give me something in meters and um if +I wanted to come out in centimet and + + align:start position:0% +I wanted to come out in centimet and + + + align:start position:0% +I wanted to come out in centimet and +it's 340 divided by 20 so that's 17 and + + align:start position:0% +it's 340 divided by 20 so that's 17 and + + + align:start position:0% +it's 340 divided by 20 so that's 17 and +well 17's in the ballpark for the + + align:start position:0% +well 17's in the ballpark for the + + + align:start position:0% +well 17's in the ballpark for the +dimensions of a a speaker you actually + + align:start position:0% +dimensions of a a speaker you actually + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions of a a speaker you actually +it depends on the details of how this is + + align:start position:0% +it depends on the details of how this is + + + align:start position:0% +it depends on the details of how this is +done but you might be satisfied with the + + align:start position:0% +done but you might be satisfied with the + + + align:start position:0% +done but you might be satisfied with the +quarter wavelength length of a uh of the + + align:start position:0% +quarter wavelength length of a uh of the + + + align:start position:0% +quarter wavelength length of a uh of the +transmission a quarter wavelength of 17 + + align:start position:0% +transmission a quarter wavelength of 17 + + + align:start position:0% +transmission a quarter wavelength of 17 +is really very well within the range of + + align:start position:0% +is really very well within the range of + + + align:start position:0% +is really very well within the range of +what a speaker might be on a + + align:start position:0% +what a speaker might be on a + + + align:start position:0% +what a speaker might be on a +laptop depending on the size of your + + align:start position:0% +laptop depending on the size of your + + + align:start position:0% +laptop depending on the size of your +laptop I guess okay so all of this goes + + align:start position:0% +laptop I guess okay so all of this goes + + + align:start position:0% +laptop I guess okay so all of this goes +on in trying to figure out how to + + align:start position:0% +on in trying to figure out how to + + + align:start position:0% +on in trying to figure out how to +modulate uh the signal onto a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +channel so these are instances actually + + align:start position:0% +channel so these are instances actually + + + align:start position:0% +channel so these are instances actually +the very simple instances of uh what's + + align:start position:0% +the very simple instances of uh what's + + + align:start position:0% +the very simple instances of uh what's +called amplitude modulation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +actually in the very first lecture I + + align:start position:0% +actually in the very first lecture I + + + align:start position:0% +actually in the very first lecture I +mentioned when we were trying to + + align:start position:0% +mentioned when we were trying to + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned when we were trying to +distinguish analog communication from + + align:start position:0% +distinguish analog communication from + + + align:start position:0% +distinguish analog communication from +digital communication I said that a + + align:start position:0% +digital communication I said that a + + + align:start position:0% +digital communication I said that a +typical analog communication scheme + + align:start position:0% +typical analog communication scheme + + + align:start position:0% +typical analog communication scheme +might be a am amplitude modulation where + + align:start position:0% +might be a am amplitude modulation where + + + align:start position:0% +might be a am amplitude modulation where +you take a + + align:start position:0% +you take a + + + align:start position:0% +you take a +carrier and you modulate its + + align:start position:0% +carrier and you modulate its + + + align:start position:0% +carrier and you modulate its +amplitude and the amplitude is what + + align:start position:0% +amplitude and the amplitude is what + + + align:start position:0% +amplitude and the amplitude is what +carries the information so so this would + + align:start position:0% +carries the information so so this would + + + align:start position:0% +carries the information so so this would +be something of the Type X of T cine 2i + + align:start position:0% +be something of the Type X of T cine 2i + + + align:start position:0% +be something of the Type X of T cine 2i +of C + + align:start position:0% +of C + + + align:start position:0% +of C +all right so it's a carrier which is a + + align:start position:0% +all right so it's a carrier which is a + + + align:start position:0% +all right so it's a carrier which is a +pure cosine and you have an amplitude + + align:start position:0% +pure cosine and you have an amplitude + + + align:start position:0% +pure cosine and you have an amplitude +that's slowly varying and it's the + + align:start position:0% +that's slowly varying and it's the + + + align:start position:0% +that's slowly varying and it's the +amplitude that carries the information + + align:start position:0% +amplitude that carries the information + + + align:start position:0% +amplitude that carries the information +for the analog uh communication so the + + align:start position:0% +for the analog uh communication so the + + + align:start position:0% +for the analog uh communication so the +receiver what would be done is figure + + align:start position:0% +receiver what would be done is figure + + + align:start position:0% +receiver what would be done is figure +out some way of extracting the envelope + + align:start position:0% +out some way of extracting the envelope + + + align:start position:0% +out some way of extracting the envelope +here all right that's classic am ours is + + align:start position:0% +here all right that's classic am ours is + + + align:start position:0% +here all right that's classic am ours is +a very simple case where we're saying um + + align:start position:0% +a very simple case where we're saying um + + + align:start position:0% +a very simple case where we're saying um +r x oft is either you know zero or V in + + align:start position:0% +r x oft is either you know zero or V in + + + align:start position:0% +r x oft is either you know zero or V in +the case of onoff keying or it's + + align:start position:0% +the case of onoff keying or it's + + + align:start position:0% +the case of onoff keying or it's +minus V or plus v in the case of U + + align:start position:0% +minus V or plus v in the case of U + + + align:start position:0% +minus V or plus v in the case of U +bipolar keing but there it's still an AM + + align:start position:0% +bipolar keing but there it's still an AM + + + align:start position:0% +bipolar keing but there it's still an AM +um kind of modulation okay so what I + + align:start position:0% +um kind of modulation okay so what I + + + align:start position:0% +um kind of modulation okay so what I +have up here is actually uh just to + + align:start position:0% +have up here is actually uh just to + + + align:start position:0% +have up here is actually uh just to +remind you that this also happened in + + align:start position:0% +remind you that this also happened in + + + align:start position:0% +remind you that this also happened in +the neighborhood here this is fendon in + + align:start position:0% +the neighborhood here this is fendon in + + + align:start position:0% +the neighborhood here this is fendon in +1906 um is credited on Christmas Eve + + align:start position:0% +1906 um is credited on Christmas Eve + + + align:start position:0% +1906 um is credited on Christmas Eve +with making the first Voice transmission + + align:start position:0% +with making the first Voice transmission + + + align:start position:0% +with making the first Voice transmission +Wireless Voice transmission um as + + align:start position:0% +Wireless Voice transmission um as + + + align:start position:0% +Wireless Voice transmission um as +opposed to um Morse code Transmissions + + align:start position:0% +opposed to um Morse code Transmissions + + + align:start position:0% +opposed to um Morse code Transmissions +which had been around for a while + + align:start position:0% +which had been around for a while + + + align:start position:0% +which had been around for a while +and what was his + + align:start position:0% +and what was his + + + align:start position:0% +and what was his +oscillator well what was his antenna it + + align:start position:0% +oscillator well what was his antenna it + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator well what was his antenna it +was this um 420t thing that's about I + + align:start position:0% +was this um 420t thing that's about I + + + align:start position:0% +was this um 420t thing that's about I +think it's about 120 + + align:start position:0% +think it's about 120 + + + align:start position:0% +think it's about 120 +mters um so if you actually put in the + + align:start position:0% +mters um so if you actually put in the + + + align:start position:0% +mters um so if you actually put in the +speed of light you'll see what kind of + + align:start position:0% +speed of light you'll see what kind of + + + align:start position:0% +speed of light you'll see what kind of +uh antenna size you need sorry what kind + + align:start position:0% +uh antenna size you need sorry what kind + + + align:start position:0% +uh antenna size you need sorry what kind +of frequency you need uh to excite this + + align:start position:0% +of frequency you need uh to excite this + + + align:start position:0% +of frequency you need uh to excite this +with for this wavelength uh to be + + align:start position:0% +with for this wavelength uh to be + + + align:start position:0% +with for this wavelength uh to be +comparable to the um for the wavelength + + align:start position:0% +comparable to the um for the wavelength + + + align:start position:0% +comparable to the um for the wavelength +to be the comparable to the size of the + + align:start position:0% +to be the comparable to the size of the + + + align:start position:0% +to be the comparable to the size of the +antenna so let's let's see 3 * 10 8 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is is speed of light and um I've got an + + align:start position:0% +is is speed of light and um I've got an + + + align:start position:0% +is is speed of light and um I've got an +antenna that's uh 120 + + align:start position:0% +antenna that's uh 120 + + + align:start position:0% +antenna that's uh 120 +M so um let's say 10 the 2 so it's about + + align:start position:0% +M so um let's say 10 the 2 so it's about + + + align:start position:0% +M so um let's say 10 the 2 so it's about +3 * 10 6 + + align:start position:0% +3 * 10 6 + + + align:start position:0% +3 * 10 6 +uh Hertz that I need to be exciting this + + align:start position:0% +uh Hertz that I need to be exciting this + + + align:start position:0% +uh Hertz that I need to be exciting this +at well he wasn't able to get anywhere + + align:start position:0% +at well he wasn't able to get anywhere + + + align:start position:0% +at well he wasn't able to get anywhere +near that uh he actually had this big + + align:start position:0% +near that uh he actually had this big + + + align:start position:0% +near that uh he actually had this big +electrical machine that could generate + + align:start position:0% +electrical machine that could generate + + + align:start position:0% +electrical machine that could generate +an a sinusoid of about 50 KZ for which + + align:start position:0% +an a sinusoid of about 50 KZ for which + + + align:start position:0% +an a sinusoid of about 50 KZ for which +you'd have needed a much taller antenna + + align:start position:0% +you'd have needed a much taller antenna + + + align:start position:0% +you'd have needed a much taller antenna +to have efficient transmission but it + + align:start position:0% +to have efficient transmission but it + + + align:start position:0% +to have efficient transmission but it +was enough for the signal to be picked + + align:start position:0% +was enough for the signal to be picked + + + align:start position:0% +was enough for the signal to be picked +up uh a few kilometers away and he + + align:start position:0% +up uh a few kilometers away and he + + + align:start position:0% +up uh a few kilometers away and he +claimed that it was heard all the way + + align:start position:0% +claimed that it was heard all the way + + + align:start position:0% +claimed that it was heard all the way +down the coast of Virginia and so on but + + align:start position:0% +down the coast of Virginia and so on but + + + align:start position:0% +down the coast of Virginia and so on but +there's some controversy about that + + align:start position:0% +there's some controversy about that + + + align:start position:0% +there's some controversy about that +anyway he's credited with developing a + + align:start position:0% +anyway he's credited with developing a + + + align:start position:0% +anyway he's credited with developing a +lot of the basic technology for am and + + align:start position:0% +lot of the basic technology for am and + + + align:start position:0% +lot of the basic technology for am and +for developing these machines and and + + align:start position:0% +for developing these machines and and + + + align:start position:0% +for developing these machines and and +all of that I like the name of the + + align:start position:0% +all of that I like the name of the + + + align:start position:0% +all of that I like the name of the +cocktail named in his honor by the city + + align:start position:0% +cocktail named in his honor by the city + + + align:start position:0% +cocktail named in his honor by the city +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +Marshfield uh here's a picture of the + + align:start position:0% +Marshfield uh here's a picture of the + + + align:start position:0% +Marshfield uh here's a picture of the +antenna from an old postcard looks very + + align:start position:0% +antenna from an old postcard looks very + + + align:start position:0% +antenna from an old postcard looks very +Cape codon Marshfield + + align:start position:0% +Cape codon Marshfield + + + align:start position:0% +Cape codon Marshfield +um he had a a + + align:start position:0% +um he had a a + + + align:start position:0% +um he had a a +companion system built in Scotland but a + + align:start position:0% +companion system built in Scotland but a + + + align:start position:0% +companion system built in Scotland but a +careless um Workman at one point uh + + align:start position:0% +careless um Workman at one point uh + + + align:start position:0% +careless um Workman at one point uh +disconnected a particular cable that was + + align:start position:0% +disconnected a particular cable that was + + + align:start position:0% +disconnected a particular cable that was +tying it to the ground and the whole + + align:start position:0% +tying it to the ground and the whole + + + align:start position:0% +tying it to the ground and the whole +Tower collapsed so his transatlantic uh + + align:start position:0% +Tower collapsed so his transatlantic uh + + + align:start position:0% +Tower collapsed so his transatlantic uh +experiments were set back for a + + align:start position:0% +experiments were set back for a + + + align:start position:0% +experiments were set back for a +while okay so uh how is this done + + align:start position:0% +while okay so uh how is this done + + + align:start position:0% +while okay so uh how is this done +well for our setting it's actually quite + + align:start position:0% +well for our setting it's actually quite + + + align:start position:0% +well for our setting it's actually quite +easy we've got our digitized symbols + + align:start position:0% +easy we've got our digitized symbols + + + align:start position:0% +easy we've got our digitized symbols +coming out here this is the x of X of n + + align:start position:0% +coming out here this is the x of X of n + + + align:start position:0% +coming out here this is the x of X of n +something like this if we're doing + + align:start position:0% +something like this if we're doing + + + align:start position:0% +something like this if we're doing +bipolar + + align:start position:0% +bipolar + + + align:start position:0% +bipolar +signaling and we're going to multiply it + + align:start position:0% +signaling and we're going to multiply it + + + align:start position:0% +signaling and we're going to multiply it +by a cosine so here's our cosine + + align:start position:0% +by a cosine so here's our cosine + + + align:start position:0% +by a cosine so here's our cosine +carrier uh we'll use Capital Omega to + + align:start position:0% +carrier uh we'll use Capital Omega to + + + align:start position:0% +carrier uh we'll use Capital Omega to +denote frequency in these discrete time + + align:start position:0% +denote frequency in these discrete time + + + align:start position:0% +denote frequency in these discrete time +signals uh and I'm using um angular + + align:start position:0% +signals uh and I'm using um angular + + + align:start position:0% +signals uh and I'm using um angular +frequency so this is um you know 2 pi * + + align:start position:0% +frequency so this is um you know 2 pi * + + + align:start position:0% +frequency so this is um you know 2 pi * +uh whatever other frequency you're used + + align:start position:0% +uh whatever other frequency you're used + + + align:start position:0% +uh whatever other frequency you're used +to thinking in terms of but this is + + align:start position:0% +to thinking in terms of but this is + + + align:start position:0% +to thinking in terms of but this is +typical for discrete time signals um and + + align:start position:0% +typical for discrete time signals um and + + + align:start position:0% +typical for discrete time signals um and +so this is what it looks like this is + + align:start position:0% +so this is what it looks like this is + + + align:start position:0% +so this is what it looks like this is +for the specific case uh of the X of N I + + align:start position:0% +for the specific case uh of the X of N I + + + align:start position:0% +for the specific case uh of the X of N I +showed earlier so let me flip back to + + align:start position:0% +showed earlier so let me flip back to + + + align:start position:0% +showed earlier so let me flip back to +show you + + align:start position:0% +show you + + + align:start position:0% +show you +that this one okay so we're taking this + + align:start position:0% +that this one okay so we're taking this + + + align:start position:0% +that this one okay so we're taking this +wave form and multiplying it by a cosine + + align:start position:0% +wave form and multiplying it by a cosine + + + align:start position:0% +wave form and multiplying it by a cosine +so what you're going to have is a burst + + align:start position:0% +so what you're going to have is a burst + + + align:start position:0% +so what you're going to have is a burst +of cosine and then zero then a longer + + align:start position:0% +of cosine and then zero then a longer + + + align:start position:0% +of cosine and then zero then a longer +burst of cosine and then zero and then a + + align:start position:0% +burst of cosine and then zero and then a + + + align:start position:0% +burst of cosine and then zero and then a +burst of cosine and then zero and then a + + align:start position:0% +burst of cosine and then zero and then a + + + align:start position:0% +burst of cosine and then zero and then a +burst of cosine again so that's what + + align:start position:0% +burst of cosine again so that's what + + + align:start position:0% +burst of cosine again so that's what +we're seeing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um here + + align:start position:0% +um here + + + align:start position:0% +um here +okay a short burst of + + align:start position:0% +okay a short burst of + + + align:start position:0% +okay a short burst of +cosine this is 16 samples long and then + + align:start position:0% +cosine this is 16 samples long and then + + + align:start position:0% +cosine this is 16 samples long and then +32 samples of zero and then um uh 48 + + align:start position:0% +32 samples of zero and then um uh 48 + + + align:start position:0% +32 samples of zero and then um uh 48 +samples of cosine and so on all right so + + align:start position:0% +samples of cosine and so on all right so + + + align:start position:0% +samples of cosine and so on all right so +your loudspeaker is um + + align:start position:0% +your loudspeaker is um + + + align:start position:0% +your loudspeaker is um +emitting power and then turning off and + + align:start position:0% +emitting power and then turning off and + + + align:start position:0% +emitting power and then turning off and +emitting power and turning off and this + + align:start position:0% +emitting power and turning off and this + + + align:start position:0% +emitting power and turning off and this +is what gets picked up by the microphone + + align:start position:0% +is what gets picked up by the microphone + + + align:start position:0% +is what gets picked up by the microphone +so the microphone has to figure out uh + + align:start position:0% +so the microphone has to figure out uh + + + align:start position:0% +so the microphone has to figure out uh +this is the particular case of an onoff + + align:start position:0% +this is the particular case of an onoff + + + align:start position:0% +this is the particular case of an onoff +signaling scheme so the microphone has + + align:start position:0% +signaling scheme so the microphone has + + + align:start position:0% +signaling scheme so the microphone has +to figure out uh what's being + + align:start position:0% +to figure out uh what's being + + + align:start position:0% +to figure out uh what's being +sent okay so um any particular thoughts + + align:start position:0% +sent okay so um any particular thoughts + + + align:start position:0% +sent okay so um any particular thoughts +on how you might um recovered things at + + align:start position:0% +on how you might um recovered things at + + + align:start position:0% +on how you might um recovered things at +the receiving + + align:start position:0% +the receiving + + + align:start position:0% +the receiving +end so what I'm not showing you is the + + align:start position:0% +end so what I'm not showing you is the + + + align:start position:0% +end so what I'm not showing you is the +um d2a converter which is going to take + + align:start position:0% +um d2a converter which is going to take + + + align:start position:0% +um d2a converter which is going to take +this thing and um interpolate these + + align:start position:0% +this thing and um interpolate these + + + align:start position:0% +this thing and um interpolate these +points + + align:start position:0% +points + + + align:start position:0% +points +and put it out on the real time axis and + + align:start position:0% +and put it out on the real time axis and + + + align:start position:0% +and put it out on the real time axis and +put it out on the channel okay I'm + + align:start position:0% +put it out on the channel okay I'm + + + align:start position:0% +put it out on the channel okay I'm +imagining all of this kind of stuff + + align:start position:0% +imagining all of this kind of stuff + + + align:start position:0% +imagining all of this kind of stuff +going on but we're just going to look + + align:start position:0% +going on but we're just going to look + + + align:start position:0% +going on but we're just going to look +from discrete signal to discrete signal + + align:start position:0% +from discrete signal to discrete signal + + + align:start position:0% +from discrete signal to discrete signal +so I'm suppressing all the stuff in + + align:start position:0% +so I'm suppressing all the stuff in + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm suppressing all the stuff in +between um so at the other end you've + + align:start position:0% +between um so at the other end you've + + + align:start position:0% +between um so at the other end you've +somehow um let me assume there was no + + align:start position:0% +somehow um let me assume there was no + + + align:start position:0% +somehow um let me assume there was no +distortion on the channel and we figured + + align:start position:0% +distortion on the channel and we figured + + + align:start position:0% +distortion on the channel and we figured +out a way to get exactly this after + + align:start position:0% +out a way to get exactly this after + + + align:start position:0% +out a way to get exactly this after +sampling at the receiving end if you got + + align:start position:0% +sampling at the receiving end if you got + + + align:start position:0% +sampling at the receiving end if you got +the signal what might you do to + + align:start position:0% +the signal what might you do to + + + align:start position:0% +the signal what might you do to +it to recover the zeros and ones any + + align:start position:0% +it to recover the zeros and ones any + + + align:start position:0% +it to recover the zeros and ones any +particular ideas if you had to write an + + align:start position:0% +particular ideas if you had to write an + + + align:start position:0% +particular ideas if you had to write an +algorithm to do that so I'm saying + + align:start position:0% +algorithm to do that so I'm saying + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm to do that so I'm saying +imagine no distortion on your a channel + + align:start position:0% +imagine no distortion on your a channel + + + align:start position:0% +imagine no distortion on your a channel +you hear a sound on your microphone you + + align:start position:0% +you hear a sound on your microphone you + + + align:start position:0% +you hear a sound on your microphone you +take samples of it you get a signal like + + align:start position:0% +take samples of it you get a signal like + + + align:start position:0% +take samples of it you get a signal like +this and now you've got to + + align:start position:0% +this and now you've got to + + + align:start position:0% +this and now you've got to +decode anything it ought to be pretty + + align:start position:0% +decode anything it ought to be pretty + + + align:start position:0% +decode anything it ought to be pretty +simple right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah okay yeah I like that so let's take + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay yeah I like that so let's take + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay yeah I like that so let's take +the absolute value um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so you know you might + + align:start position:0% +so you know you might + + + align:start position:0% +so you know you might +get something like this and then there's + + align:start position:0% +get something like this and then there's + + + align:start position:0% +get something like this and then there's +a gap and then you get + + align:start position:0% +a gap and then you get + + + align:start position:0% +a gap and then you get +uh something like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this and so on right uh I'm drawing + + align:start position:0% +this and so on right uh I'm drawing + + + align:start position:0% +this and so on right uh I'm drawing +these as though they're continuous but + + align:start position:0% +these as though they're continuous but + + + align:start position:0% +these as though they're continuous but +actually what you're getting is a bunch + + align:start position:0% +actually what you're getting is a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +actually what you're getting is a bunch +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +samples and these are supposed to + + align:start position:0% +samples and these are supposed to + + + align:start position:0% +samples and these are supposed to +be uh sections of sinusoid this is what + + align:start position:0% +be uh sections of sinusoid this is what + + + align:start position:0% +be uh sections of sinusoid this is what +we call a rectified + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sinusoid the electrical engineers say + + align:start position:0% +sinusoid the electrical engineers say + + + align:start position:0% +sinusoid the electrical engineers say +rectified um it's just taking the + + align:start position:0% +rectified um it's just taking the + + + align:start position:0% +rectified um it's just taking the +absolute value right once you have this + + align:start position:0% +absolute value right once you have this + + + align:start position:0% +absolute value right once you have this +you're probably in better shape to try + + align:start position:0% +you're probably in better shape to try + + + align:start position:0% +you're probably in better shape to try +and figure out um where there is signal + + align:start position:0% +and figure out um where there is signal + + + align:start position:0% +and figure out um where there is signal +and where there is not so what could you + + align:start position:0% +and where there is not so what could you + + + align:start position:0% +and where there is not so what could you +do what might you try + + align:start position:0% +do what might you try + + + align:start position:0% +do what might you try +doing Felix you want to continue what's + + align:start position:0% +doing Felix you want to continue what's + + + align:start position:0% +doing Felix you want to continue what's +the next step + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so you're saying let's let's do + + align:start position:0% +okay so you're saying let's let's do + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you're saying let's let's do +let's have a sliding window of some kind + + align:start position:0% +let's have a sliding window of some kind + + + align:start position:0% +let's have a sliding window of some kind +that looks to see how much of the signal + + align:start position:0% +that looks to see how much of the signal + + + align:start position:0% +that looks to see how much of the signal +is in there um is there any window size + + align:start position:0% +is in there um is there any window size + + + align:start position:0% +is in there um is there any window size +that will actually give you a constant + + align:start position:0% +that will actually give you a constant + + + align:start position:0% +that will actually give you a constant +signal if you're in the in the body of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this I mean if you took a window that + + align:start position:0% +this I mean if you took a window that + + + align:start position:0% +this I mean if you took a window that +was equal to a period here this is + + align:start position:0% +was equal to a period here this is + + + align:start position:0% +was equal to a period here this is +periodic right while the sinusoid is is + + align:start position:0% +periodic right while the sinusoid is is + + + align:start position:0% +periodic right while the sinusoid is is +ringing it's periodic so if you took a + + align:start position:0% +ringing it's periodic so if you took a + + + align:start position:0% +ringing it's periodic so if you took a +window this size and then slid it along + + align:start position:0% +window this size and then slid it along + + + align:start position:0% +window this size and then slid it along +at least in the body of this you're + + align:start position:0% +at least in the body of this you're + + + align:start position:0% +at least in the body of this you're +going to get a constant because you're + + align:start position:0% +going to get a constant because you're + + + align:start position:0% +going to get a constant because you're +picking up the U the average value of + + align:start position:0% +picking up the U the average value of + + + align:start position:0% +picking up the U the average value of +the rectified sinusoid and then near the + + align:start position:0% +the rectified sinusoid and then near the + + + align:start position:0% +the rectified sinusoid and then near the +ends you're going to get some effects + + align:start position:0% +ends you're going to get some effects + + + align:start position:0% +ends you're going to get some effects +whatever they + + align:start position:0% +whatever they + + + align:start position:0% +whatever they +are but that should be enough to give + + align:start position:0% +are but that should be enough to give + + + align:start position:0% +are but that should be enough to give +you a good stretch of signal and again + + align:start position:0% +you a good stretch of signal and again + + + align:start position:0% +you a good stretch of signal and again +you're not getting a continuous green + + align:start position:0% +you're not getting a continuous green + + + align:start position:0% +you're not getting a continuous green +thing you're actually getting samples + + align:start position:0% +thing you're actually getting samples + + + align:start position:0% +thing you're actually getting samples +right but that should be enough to help + + align:start position:0% +right but that should be enough to help + + + align:start position:0% +right but that should be enough to help +you figure out where you have zeros and + + align:start position:0% +you figure out where you have zeros and + + + align:start position:0% +you figure out where you have zeros and +where you have ones so very simple + + align:start position:0% +where you have ones so very simple + + + align:start position:0% +where you have ones so very simple +uh what if we have a bipolar scheme + + align:start position:0% +uh what if we have a bipolar scheme + + + align:start position:0% +uh what if we have a bipolar scheme +suppose we have a signal that uh can be + + align:start position:0% +suppose we have a signal that uh can be + + + align:start position:0% +suppose we have a signal that uh can be +plus or minus and so what we have is not + + align:start position:0% +plus or minus and so what we have is not + + + align:start position:0% +plus or minus and so what we have is not +this but we have a phase change every + + align:start position:0% +this but we have a phase change every + + + align:start position:0% +this but we have a phase change every +time you go from one to + + align:start position:0% +time you go from one to + + + align:start position:0% +time you go from one to +zero then if you take the absolute value + + align:start position:0% +zero then if you take the absolute value + + + align:start position:0% +zero then if you take the absolute value +you've lost all the information right so + + align:start position:0% +you've lost all the information right so + + + align:start position:0% +you've lost all the information right so +we got to figure out something + + align:start position:0% +we got to figure out something + + + align:start position:0% +we got to figure out something +else okay so the the more General way to + + align:start position:0% +else okay so the the more General way to + + + align:start position:0% +else okay so the the more General way to +do this um for instance for the case + + align:start position:0% +do this um for instance for the case + + + align:start position:0% +do this um for instance for the case +where you have the bipolar + + align:start position:0% +where you have the bipolar + + + align:start position:0% +where you have the bipolar +transmission is um well this this is + + align:start position:0% +transmission is um well this this is + + + align:start position:0% +transmission is um well this this is +actually just to um it turns out that I + + align:start position:0% +actually just to um it turns out that I + + + align:start position:0% +actually just to um it turns out that I +had the same idea you did which was take + + align:start position:0% +had the same idea you did which was take + + + align:start position:0% +had the same idea you did which was take +absolute value and then a local average + + align:start position:0% +absolute value and then a local average + + + align:start position:0% +absolute value and then a local average +over a half period it's a very natural + + align:start position:0% +over a half period it's a very natural + + + align:start position:0% +over a half period it's a very natural +thing to think of as a way to extract + + align:start position:0% +thing to think of as a way to extract + + + align:start position:0% +thing to think of as a way to extract +that that works for uh the onoff + + align:start position:0% +that that works for uh the onoff + + + align:start position:0% +that that works for uh the onoff +signaling but for the uh bipolar it's a + + align:start position:0% +signaling but for the uh bipolar it's a + + + align:start position:0% +signaling but for the uh bipolar it's a +little trickier so here's what a typical + + align:start position:0% +little trickier so here's what a typical + + + align:start position:0% +little trickier so here's what a typical +General demodulation scheme is for + + align:start position:0% +General demodulation scheme is for + + + align:start position:0% +General demodulation scheme is for +amplitude modulation ated signals uh + + align:start position:0% +amplitude modulation ated signals uh + + + align:start position:0% +amplitude modulation ated signals uh +here's the transmitted signal it's been + + align:start position:0% +here's the transmitted signal it's been + + + align:start position:0% +here's the transmitted signal it's been +received I've converted it from analog + + align:start position:0% +received I've converted it from analog + + + align:start position:0% +received I've converted it from analog +to digital and so on I'm going to do the + + align:start position:0% +to digital and so on I'm going to do the + + + align:start position:0% +to digital and so on I'm going to do the +same thing again I'm going to multiply + + align:start position:0% +same thing again I'm going to multiply + + + align:start position:0% +same thing again I'm going to multiply +it locally by a cosine at the same + + align:start position:0% +it locally by a cosine at the same + + + align:start position:0% +it locally by a cosine at the same +frequency so I have a local oscillator + + align:start position:0% +frequency so I have a local oscillator + + + align:start position:0% +frequency so I have a local oscillator +at my receiver that's got the same + + align:start position:0% +at my receiver that's got the same + + + align:start position:0% +at my receiver that's got the same +frequency as the carrier frequency that + + align:start position:0% +frequency as the carrier frequency that + + + align:start position:0% +frequency as the carrier frequency that +was used for transmission okay when you + + align:start position:0% +was used for transmission okay when you + + + align:start position:0% +was used for transmission okay when you +tune your radio on am what you're doing + + align:start position:0% +tune your radio on am what you're doing + + + align:start position:0% +tune your radio on am what you're doing +is actually adjusting the local uh + + align:start position:0% +is actually adjusting the local uh + + + align:start position:0% +is actually adjusting the local uh +oscillator frequency to match that of + + align:start position:0% +oscillator frequency to match that of + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator frequency to match that of +the station + + align:start position:0% +the station + + + align:start position:0% +the station +um uh station + + align:start position:0% +um uh station + + + align:start position:0% +um uh station +frequency okay and the station + + align:start position:0% +frequency okay and the station + + + align:start position:0% +frequency okay and the station +frequencies by the way should be obvious + + align:start position:0% +frequencies by the way should be obvious + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies by the way should be obvious +by now when you have uh what is it 8:20 + + align:start position:0% +by now when you have uh what is it 8:20 + + + align:start position:0% +by now when you have uh what is it 8:20 +a.m. or whatever they're what they're + + align:start position:0% +a.m. or whatever they're what they're + + + align:start position:0% +a.m. or whatever they're what they're +announcing is there're the frequency of + + align:start position:0% +announcing is there're the frequency of + + + align:start position:0% +announcing is there're the frequency of +the carrier that's how they're known + + align:start position:0% +the carrier that's how they're known + + + align:start position:0% +the carrier that's how they're known +they're known by the frequency of the + + align:start position:0% +they're known by the frequency of the + + + align:start position:0% +they're known by the frequency of the +carrier um okay so here's what the + + align:start position:0% +carrier um okay so here's what the + + + align:start position:0% +carrier um okay so here's what the +result is you've + + align:start position:0% +result is you've + + + align:start position:0% +result is you've +got um the signal that you transmitted + + align:start position:0% +got um the signal that you transmitted + + + align:start position:0% +got um the signal that you transmitted +multiplied by the + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by the + + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by the +cosine what's the signal that you + + align:start position:0% +cosine what's the signal that you + + + align:start position:0% +cosine what's the signal that you +transmitted well it was the uh signal + + align:start position:0% +transmitted well it was the uh signal + + + align:start position:0% +transmitted well it was the uh signal +you wanted to get across but multiplied + + align:start position:0% +you wanted to get across but multiplied + + + align:start position:0% +you wanted to get across but multiplied +by uh the carrier at the at the + + align:start position:0% +by uh the carrier at the at the + + + align:start position:0% +by uh the carrier at the at the +transmitting end okay so you've got the + + align:start position:0% +transmitting end okay so you've got the + + + align:start position:0% +transmitting end okay so you've got the +cosine squared there we have a standard + + align:start position:0% +cosine squared there we have a standard + + + align:start position:0% +cosine squared there we have a standard +identity for cosine + + align:start position:0% +identity for cosine + + + align:start position:0% +identity for cosine +squar that's half of 1 + cosine twice + + align:start position:0% +squar that's half of 1 + cosine twice + + + align:start position:0% +squar that's half of 1 + cosine twice +the angle right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah okay yeah good question the + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay yeah good question the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay yeah good question the +question is what if you have a phase + + align:start position:0% +question is what if you have a phase + + + align:start position:0% +question is what if you have a phase +shift because this assumes not just that + + align:start position:0% +shift because this assumes not just that + + + align:start position:0% +shift because this assumes not just that +you have the right frequency but that + + align:start position:0% +you have the right frequency but that + + + align:start position:0% +you have the right frequency but that +you have exactly the right phase and it + + align:start position:0% +you have exactly the right phase and it + + + align:start position:0% +you have exactly the right phase and it +turns out that that's something that has + + align:start position:0% +turns out that that's something that has + + + align:start position:0% +turns out that that's something that has +to be dealt with so there are mechanisms + + align:start position:0% +to be dealt with so there are mechanisms + + + align:start position:0% +to be dealt with so there are mechanisms +for doing that so basically what you end + + align:start position:0% +for doing that so basically what you end + + + align:start position:0% +for doing that so basically what you end +up doing in one way of uh tackling that + + align:start position:0% +up doing in one way of uh tackling that + + + align:start position:0% +up doing in one way of uh tackling that +is you multiply by a cosine you multiply + + align:start position:0% +is you multiply by a cosine you multiply + + + align:start position:0% +is you multiply by a cosine you multiply +by a sign and by looking at the outputs + + align:start position:0% +by a sign and by looking at the outputs + + + align:start position:0% +by a sign and by looking at the outputs +of both of those you can actually figure + + align:start position:0% +of both of those you can actually figure + + + align:start position:0% +of both of those you can actually figure +out uh what the right phase shift is so + + align:start position:0% +out uh what the right phase shift is so + + + align:start position:0% +out uh what the right phase shift is so +that's a good question it's not just + + align:start position:0% +that's a good question it's not just + + + align:start position:0% +that's a good question it's not just +phase shift there's also time delays of + + align:start position:0% +phase shift there's also time delays of + + + align:start position:0% +phase shift there's also time delays of +propagation and so on so it's a real + + align:start position:0% +propagation and so on so it's a real + + + align:start position:0% +propagation and so on so it's a real +issue but let's just deal with the + + align:start position:0% +issue but let's just deal with the + + + align:start position:0% +issue but let's just deal with the +simplest case for + + align:start position:0% +simplest case for + + + align:start position:0% +simplest case for +now okay so what you have after the + + align:start position:0% +now okay so what you have after the + + + align:start position:0% +now okay so what you have after the +multiplication is something that + + align:start position:0% +multiplication is something that + + + align:start position:0% +multiplication is something that +actually has the signal you're + + align:start position:0% +actually has the signal you're + + + align:start position:0% +actually has the signal you're +interested in that first part just + + align:start position:0% +interested in that first part just + + + align:start position:0% +interested in that first part just +scaled by a factor of a half and then + + align:start position:0% +scaled by a factor of a half and then + + + align:start position:0% +scaled by a factor of a half and then +it's got some stuff that you don't want + + align:start position:0% +it's got some stuff that you don't want + + + align:start position:0% +it's got some stuff that you don't want +it's got a double frequency component + + align:start position:0% +it's got a double frequency component + + + align:start position:0% +it's got a double frequency component +which you have to try and get rid of uh + + align:start position:0% +which you have to try and get rid of uh + + + align:start position:0% +which you have to try and get rid of uh +but the nice thing here is if you were + + align:start position:0% +but the nice thing here is if you were + + + align:start position:0% +but the nice thing here is if you were +able to get rid of the double frequency + + align:start position:0% +able to get rid of the double frequency + + + align:start position:0% +able to get rid of the double frequency +component then you have X of n there + + align:start position:0% +component then you have X of n there + + + align:start position:0% +component then you have X of n there +whether or not it's plus or minus so the + + align:start position:0% +whether or not it's plus or minus so the + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not it's plus or minus so the +sign is not lost it's not the absolute + + align:start position:0% +sign is not lost it's not the absolute + + + align:start position:0% +sign is not lost it's not the absolute +value of x anymore that we're recovering + + align:start position:0% +value of x anymore that we're recovering + + + align:start position:0% +value of x anymore that we're recovering +it's the actual X so your X can go + + align:start position:0% +it's the actual X so your X can go + + + align:start position:0% +it's the actual X so your X can go +positive or negative and you'll pull it + + align:start position:0% +positive or negative and you'll pull it + + + align:start position:0% +positive or negative and you'll pull it +out okay so this is better than just + + align:start position:0% +out okay so this is better than just + + + align:start position:0% +out okay so this is better than just +taking the uh absolute value and doing a + + align:start position:0% +taking the uh absolute value and doing a + + + align:start position:0% +taking the uh absolute value and doing a +a local + + align:start position:0% +a local + + + align:start position:0% +a local +filtering okay so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um here's what that looks like for the + + align:start position:0% +um here's what that looks like for the + + + align:start position:0% +um here's what that looks like for the +particular example we + + align:start position:0% +particular example we + + + align:start position:0% +particular example we +have um so you can see the double + + align:start position:0% +have um so you can see the double + + + align:start position:0% +have um so you can see the double +frequency + + align:start position:0% +frequency + + + align:start position:0% +frequency +cosine over + + align:start position:0% +cosine over + + + align:start position:0% +cosine over +here right and then the average value + + align:start position:0% +here right and then the average value + + + align:start position:0% +here right and then the average value +that that cosine is writing on is going + + align:start position:0% +that that cosine is writing on is going + + + align:start position:0% +that that cosine is writing on is going +between U one and zero in this + + align:start position:0% +between U one and zero in this + + + align:start position:0% +between U one and zero in this +particular case Okay so this was a 01 + + align:start position:0% +particular case Okay so this was a 01 + + + align:start position:0% +particular case Okay so this was a 01 +waveform that we transmitted but we're + + align:start position:0% +waveform that we transmitted but we're + + + align:start position:0% +waveform that we transmitted but we're +demodulating it using a scheme that + + align:start position:0% +demodulating it using a scheme that + + + align:start position:0% +demodulating it using a scheme that +could have actually handled a signal + + align:start position:0% +could have actually handled a signal + + + align:start position:0% +could have actually handled a signal +that went negative as well but this + + align:start position:0% +that went negative as well but this + + + align:start position:0% +that went negative as well but this +example doesn't have a signal that went + + align:start position:0% +example doesn't have a signal that went + + + align:start position:0% +example doesn't have a signal that went +uh that goes negative it's uh it was the + + align:start position:0% +uh that goes negative it's uh it was the + + + align:start position:0% +uh that goes negative it's uh it was the +one that I showed you earlier but you + + align:start position:0% +one that I showed you earlier but you + + + align:start position:0% +one that I showed you earlier but you +can see that the average value here is + + align:start position:0% +can see that the average value here is + + + align:start position:0% +can see that the average value here is +picking out uh exactly what you want so + + align:start position:0% +picking out uh exactly what you want so + + + align:start position:0% +picking out uh exactly what you want so +your challenge now is to get rid of the + + align:start position:0% +your challenge now is to get rid of the + + + align:start position:0% +your challenge now is to get rid of the +U double frequency + + align:start position:0% +U double frequency + + + align:start position:0% +U double frequency +piece so does someone want to suggest to + + align:start position:0% +piece so does someone want to suggest to + + + align:start position:0% +piece so does someone want to suggest to +me how you might do that computationally + + align:start position:0% +me how you might do that computationally + + + align:start position:0% +me how you might do that computationally +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah ah I see what you're + + align:start position:0% +yeah ah I see what you're + + + align:start position:0% +yeah ah I see what you're +saying what you're saying is + + align:start position:0% +saying what you're saying is + + + align:start position:0% +saying what you're saying is +um we could have done this more simply + + align:start position:0% +um we could have done this more simply + + + align:start position:0% +um we could have done this more simply +if what came in that's a good question + + align:start position:0% +if what came in that's a good question + + + align:start position:0% +if what came in that's a good question +um we could just divide by the cosine + + align:start position:0% +um we could just divide by the cosine + + + align:start position:0% +um we could just divide by the cosine +here and uh get what we want because + + align:start position:0% +here and uh get what we want because + + + align:start position:0% +here and uh get what we want because +what went in was the transmitted times + + align:start position:0% +what went in was the transmitted times + + + align:start position:0% +what went in was the transmitted times +the cosine I never thought of that uh + + align:start position:0% +the cosine I never thought of that uh + + + align:start position:0% +the cosine I never thought of that uh +could there be a problem with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it yeah so I you see the point is that + + align:start position:0% +it yeah so I you see the point is that + + + align:start position:0% +it yeah so I you see the point is that +the coine has multiple zero Crossings + + align:start position:0% +the coine has multiple zero Crossings + + + align:start position:0% +the coine has multiple zero Crossings +and in the discrete time case of course + + align:start position:0% +and in the discrete time case of course + + + align:start position:0% +and in the discrete time case of course +it depends on what that frequency is you + + align:start position:0% +it depends on what that frequency is you + + + align:start position:0% +it depends on what that frequency is you +might not go exactly through zero um but + + align:start position:0% +might not go exactly through zero um but + + + align:start position:0% +might not go exactly through zero um but +then you're you're going to be + + align:start position:0% +then you're you're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +then you're you're going to be +horrendously sensitive to noise and + + align:start position:0% +horrendously sensitive to noise and + + + align:start position:0% +horrendously sensitive to noise and +other things in the uh in the system so + + align:start position:0% +other things in the uh in the system so + + + align:start position:0% +other things in the uh in the system so +but that's a good thought it's um it's + + align:start position:0% +but that's a good thought it's um it's + + + align:start position:0% +but that's a good thought it's um it's +like in the vby case by the way if + + align:start position:0% +like in the vby case by the way if + + + align:start position:0% +like in the vby case by the way if +you're not thinking of noise then + + align:start position:0% +you're not thinking of noise then + + + align:start position:0% +you're not thinking of noise then +they're very simple ways to combine the + + align:start position:0% +they're very simple ways to combine the + + + align:start position:0% +they're very simple ways to combine the +parity stream to recover the input but + + align:start position:0% +parity stream to recover the input but + + + align:start position:0% +parity stream to recover the input but +as soon as there's some noise all of + + align:start position:0% +as soon as there's some noise all of + + + align:start position:0% +as soon as there's some noise all of +this falls apart so uh the scheme is + + align:start position:0% +this falls apart so uh the scheme is + + + align:start position:0% +this falls apart so uh the scheme is +robust up to a point to noise I mean + + align:start position:0% +robust up to a point to noise I mean + + + align:start position:0% +robust up to a point to noise I mean +only up to a point you know if you've + + align:start position:0% +only up to a point you know if you've + + + align:start position:0% +only up to a point you know if you've +listened to AM radio that it can get + + align:start position:0% +listened to AM radio that it can get + + + align:start position:0% +listened to AM radio that it can get +annoyingly noisy but um up to a point + + align:start position:0% +annoyingly noisy but um up to a point + + + align:start position:0% +annoyingly noisy but um up to a point +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +fine okay so uh we were here and I was + + align:start position:0% +fine okay so uh we were here and I was + + + align:start position:0% +fine okay so uh we were here and I was +asking how might get rid of that double + + align:start position:0% +asking how might get rid of that double + + + align:start position:0% +asking how might get rid of that double +frequency component any ideas someone + + align:start position:0% +frequency component any ideas someone + + + align:start position:0% +frequency component any ideas someone +who hasn't spoken today + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +maybe I want to do some filtering + + align:start position:0% +maybe I want to do some filtering + + + align:start position:0% +maybe I want to do some filtering +operation on this I want to run some + + align:start position:0% +operation on this I want to run some + + + align:start position:0% +operation on this I want to run some +algorithm on this that's going to + + align:start position:0% +algorithm on this that's going to + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm on this that's going to +eliminate the double frequency piece and + + align:start position:0% +eliminate the double frequency piece and + + + align:start position:0% +eliminate the double frequency piece and +just get me the nice waveform back + + align:start position:0% +just get me the nice waveform back + + + align:start position:0% +just get me the nice waveform back +yeah I can do the same thing okay so + + align:start position:0% +yeah I can do the same thing okay so + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I can do the same thing okay so +what what uh interval would I pick then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay I I would get I could get away with + + align:start position:0% +okay I I would get I could get away with + + + align:start position:0% +okay I I would get I could get away with +um let's see I could get away with the + + align:start position:0% +um let's see I could get away with the + + + align:start position:0% +um let's see I could get away with the +period of the double frequency right if + + align:start position:0% +period of the double frequency right if + + + align:start position:0% +period of the double frequency right if +I if it was equal to the period of the + + align:start position:0% +I if it was equal to the period of the + + + align:start position:0% +I if it was equal to the period of the +double frequency component then as I if + + align:start position:0% +double frequency component then as I if + + + align:start position:0% +double frequency component then as I if +I take the average with that then I'm + + align:start position:0% +I take the average with that then I'm + + + align:start position:0% +I take the average with that then I'm +I've got a full cycle of the double + + align:start position:0% +I've got a full cycle of the double + + + align:start position:0% +I've got a full cycle of the double +frequency component and it'll go off to + + align:start position:0% +frequency component and it'll go off to + + + align:start position:0% +frequency component and it'll go off to +zero right so that's what I need to do + + align:start position:0% +zero right so that's what I need to do + + + align:start position:0% +zero right so that's what I need to do +and that's the simplest way to do + + align:start position:0% +and that's the simplest way to do + + + align:start position:0% +and that's the simplest way to do +it um so the filter here the simplest + + align:start position:0% +it um so the filter here the simplest + + + align:start position:0% +it um so the filter here the simplest +one uh just puts out a signal that uh + + align:start position:0% +one uh just puts out a signal that uh + + + align:start position:0% +one uh just puts out a signal that uh +sums l+ one of these values where l+ one + + align:start position:0% +sums l+ one of these values where l+ one + + + align:start position:0% +sums l+ one of these values where l+ one +is 8 that's exactly the period of the + + align:start position:0% +is 8 that's exactly the period of the + + + align:start position:0% +is 8 that's exactly the period of the +double frequency component remember we + + align:start position:0% +double frequency component remember we + + + align:start position:0% +double frequency component remember we +had 16 samples for the original carrier + + align:start position:0% +had 16 samples for the original carrier + + + align:start position:0% +had 16 samples for the original carrier +so the double frequency component has a + + align:start position:0% +so the double frequency component has a + + + align:start position:0% +so the double frequency component has a +period of eight um and so the uh two + + align:start position:0% +period of eight um and so the uh two + + + align:start position:0% +period of eight um and so the uh two +Omega C piece um gets + + align:start position:0% +Omega C piece um gets + + + align:start position:0% +Omega C piece um gets +eliminated and uh here's what we + + align:start position:0% +eliminated and uh here's what we + + + align:start position:0% +eliminated and uh here's what we +get okay so there's some transition at + + align:start position:0% +get okay so there's some transition at + + + align:start position:0% +get okay so there's some transition at +the ends because when you get to the + + align:start position:0% +the ends because when you get to the + + + align:start position:0% +the ends because when you get to the +ends of something like this and you're + + align:start position:0% +ends of something like this and you're + + + align:start position:0% +ends of something like this and you're +doing the averaging well uh now you've + + align:start position:0% +doing the averaging well uh now you've + + + align:start position:0% +doing the averaging well uh now you've +got a little bit of the previous bits + + align:start position:0% +got a little bit of the previous bits + + + align:start position:0% +got a little bit of the previous bits +worth and a little bit of the current + + align:start position:0% +worth and a little bit of the current + + + align:start position:0% +worth and a little bit of the current +bits words so there's going to be a + + align:start position:0% +bits words so there's going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +bits words so there's going to be a +transition but it'll still leave you + + align:start position:0% +transition but it'll still leave you + + + align:start position:0% +transition but it'll still leave you +with plenty of room in which to make + + align:start position:0% +with plenty of room in which to make + + + align:start position:0% +with plenty of room in which to make +your decision um as to what you + + align:start position:0% +your decision um as to what you + + + align:start position:0% +your decision um as to what you +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +okay so now what I want to do for um the + + align:start position:0% +okay so now what I want to do for um the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now what I want to do for um the +rest of the lecture and we're going to + + align:start position:0% +rest of the lecture and we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +rest of the lecture and we're going to +continue this well into the next few + + align:start position:0% +continue this well into the next few + + + align:start position:0% +continue this well into the next few +lectures is say we've understood at + + align:start position:0% +lectures is say we've understood at + + + align:start position:0% +lectures is say we've understood at +least at some how you might get across + + align:start position:0% +least at some how you might get across + + + align:start position:0% +least at some how you might get across +the analog channel so let's now just + + align:start position:0% +the analog channel so let's now just + + + align:start position:0% +the analog channel so let's now just +focus on input to Output here so I've + + align:start position:0% +focus on input to Output here so I've + + + align:start position:0% +focus on input to Output here so I've +got a discrete time signal here and I + + align:start position:0% +got a discrete time signal here and I + + + align:start position:0% +got a discrete time signal here and I +get a discrete time signal coming out + + align:start position:0% +get a discrete time signal coming out + + + align:start position:0% +get a discrete time signal coming out +there and I can think of that as my + + align:start position:0% +there and I can think of that as my + + + align:start position:0% +there and I can think of that as my +channel input and output I can suppress + + align:start position:0% +channel input and output I can suppress + + + align:start position:0% +channel input and output I can suppress +all this other stuff knowing that all of + + align:start position:0% +all this other stuff knowing that all of + + + align:start position:0% +all this other stuff knowing that all of +that goes on but in terms of my + + align:start position:0% +that goes on but in terms of my + + + align:start position:0% +that goes on but in terms of my +designing what I want to U do with the + + align:start position:0% +designing what I want to U do with the + + + align:start position:0% +designing what I want to U do with the +signals I can just look at it end to end + + align:start position:0% +signals I can just look at it end to end + + + align:start position:0% +signals I can just look at it end to end +so we're going to talk about models for + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to talk about models for + + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to talk about models for +end to end behavior from the discrete + + align:start position:0% +end to end behavior from the discrete + + + align:start position:0% +end to end behavior from the discrete +time sequence that goes in uh to the + + align:start position:0% +time sequence that goes in uh to the + + + align:start position:0% +time sequence that goes in uh to the +discrete time sequence that you + + align:start position:0% +discrete time sequence that you + + + align:start position:0% +discrete time sequence that you +reconstruct at the other end + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so abstractly what we have is some + + align:start position:0% +okay so abstractly what we have is some + + + align:start position:0% +okay so abstractly what we have is some +system s we've got an input sequence an + + align:start position:0% +system s we've got an input sequence an + + + align:start position:0% +system s we've got an input sequence an +output sequence um and this is typically + + align:start position:0% +output sequence um and this is typically + + + align:start position:0% +output sequence um and this is typically +how these things are drawn I just want + + align:start position:0% +how these things are drawn I just want + + + align:start position:0% +how these things are drawn I just want +to caution you on this when I when you + + align:start position:0% +to caution you on this when I when you + + + align:start position:0% +to caution you on this when I when you +see a diagram like this you want to + + align:start position:0% +see a diagram like this you want to + + + align:start position:0% +see a diagram like this you want to +think of it as a snapshot of the system + + align:start position:0% +think of it as a snapshot of the system + + + align:start position:0% +think of it as a snapshot of the system +at time n you don't want to think of it + + align:start position:0% +at time n you don't want to think of it + + + align:start position:0% +at time n you don't want to think of it +as saying that the value of y the output + + align:start position:0% +as saying that the value of y the output + + + align:start position:0% +as saying that the value of y the output +at some particular time n is determined + + align:start position:0% +at some particular time n is determined + + + align:start position:0% +at some particular time n is determined +by the value of x at that same time n + + align:start position:0% +by the value of x at that same time n + + + align:start position:0% +by the value of x at that same time n +okay so the real story is that in + + align:start position:0% +okay so the real story is that in + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the real story is that in +general for such systems uh the value of + + align:start position:0% +general for such systems uh the value of + + + align:start position:0% +general for such systems uh the value of +the output at any particular time n is + + align:start position:0% +the output at any particular time n is + + + align:start position:0% +the output at any particular time n is +determined by all the inputs uh at the + + align:start position:0% +determined by all the inputs uh at the + + + align:start position:0% +determined by all the inputs uh at the +all the input values of the input if + + align:start position:0% +all the input values of the input if + + + align:start position:0% +all the input values of the input if +it's a causal system then it only + + align:start position:0% +it's a causal system then it only + + + align:start position:0% +it's a causal system then it only +depends on the present and past inputs + + align:start position:0% +depends on the present and past inputs + + + align:start position:0% +depends on the present and past inputs +but in some settings you can think about + + align:start position:0% +but in some settings you can think about + + + align:start position:0% +but in some settings you can think about +non-causal kind of processing so in + + align:start position:0% +non-causal kind of processing so in + + + align:start position:0% +non-causal kind of processing so in +general when you see a picture like this + + align:start position:0% +general when you see a picture like this + + + align:start position:0% +general when you see a picture like this +think of it as a snapshot of the system + + align:start position:0% +think of it as a snapshot of the system + + + align:start position:0% +think of it as a snapshot of the system +at time n but it's not telling you that + + align:start position:0% +at time n but it's not telling you that + + + align:start position:0% +at time n but it's not telling you that +xn that one value gets mapped to YN that + + align:start position:0% +xn that one value gets mapped to YN that + + + align:start position:0% +xn that one value gets mapped to YN that +one value that's not what's happening + + align:start position:0% +one value that's not what's happening + + + align:start position:0% +one value that's not what's happening +okay I'm a little fussy about this + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm a little fussy about this + + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm a little fussy about this +because often that's uh glossed over and + + align:start position:0% +because often that's uh glossed over and + + + align:start position:0% +because often that's uh glossed over and +then it leads to confusion uh so more + + align:start position:0% +then it leads to confusion uh so more + + + align:start position:0% +then it leads to confusion uh so more +generally if I want you to be thinking + + align:start position:0% +generally if I want you to be thinking + + + align:start position:0% +generally if I want you to be thinking +of the signal as a whole I'll use this + + align:start position:0% +of the signal as a whole I'll use this + + + align:start position:0% +of the signal as a whole I'll use this +notation I'll just put a a DOT there to + + align:start position:0% +notation I'll just put a a DOT there to + + + align:start position:0% +notation I'll just put a a DOT there to +say it's the entire waveform that I'm + + align:start position:0% +say it's the entire waveform that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +say it's the entire waveform that I'm +referring to because I don't want you to + + align:start position:0% +referring to because I don't want you to + + + align:start position:0% +referring to because I don't want you to +um to fixate on a particular time + + align:start position:0% +um to fixate on a particular time + + + align:start position:0% +um to fixate on a particular time +instant okay so that's our system here's + + align:start position:0% +instant okay so that's our system here's + + + align:start position:0% +instant okay so that's our system here's +a little more fussing about notation but + + align:start position:0% +a little more fussing about notation but + + + align:start position:0% +a little more fussing about notation but +I don't think I want to bother with that + + align:start position:0% +I don't think I want to bother with that + + + align:start position:0% +I don't think I want to bother with that +now please look at it uh when you review + + align:start position:0% +now please look at it uh when you review + + + align:start position:0% +now please look at it uh when you review +the slides uh let's go to talking about + + align:start position:0% +the slides uh let's go to talking about + + + align:start position:0% +the slides uh let's go to talking about +some particular signals and these may be + + align:start position:0% +some particular signals and these may be + + + align:start position:0% +some particular signals and these may be +ones you've seen in 601 as convenient + + align:start position:0% +ones you've seen in 601 as convenient + + + align:start position:0% +ones you've seen in 601 as convenient +signals to talk about um we'll do a lot + + align:start position:0% +signals to talk about um we'll do a lot + + + align:start position:0% +signals to talk about um we'll do a lot +with unit step functions so these are + + align:start position:0% +with unit step functions so these are + + + align:start position:0% +with unit step functions so these are +signals this is a signal that um is zero + + align:start position:0% +signals this is a signal that um is zero + + + align:start position:0% +signals this is a signal that um is zero +for all negative time and then a Time + + align:start position:0% +for all negative time and then a Time + + + align:start position:0% +for all negative time and then a Time +Zero it goes up to the value one and + + align:start position:0% +Zero it goes up to the value one and + + + align:start position:0% +Zero it goes up to the value one and +then stays at one so that's the unit + + align:start position:0% +then stays at one so that's the unit + + + align:start position:0% +then stays at one so that's the unit +step and our standard notation for it is + + align:start position:0% +step and our standard notation for it is + + + align:start position:0% +step and our standard notation for it is +U of n so when you see U of n that's + + align:start position:0% +U of n so when you see U of n that's + + + align:start position:0% +U of n so when you see U of n that's +what you want to + + align:start position:0% +what you want to + + + align:start position:0% +what you want to +imagine um and U of n minus 3 then well + + align:start position:0% +imagine um and U of n minus 3 then well + + + align:start position:0% +imagine um and U of n minus 3 then well +this will have the same value at Nal 3 + + align:start position:0% +this will have the same value at Nal 3 + + + align:start position:0% +this will have the same value at Nal 3 +that this had at n equals 0 so the point + + align:start position:0% +that this had at n equals 0 so the point + + + align:start position:0% +that this had at n equals 0 so the point +of transition for this waveform must be + + align:start position:0% +of transition for this waveform must be + + + align:start position:0% +of transition for this waveform must be +at Nal 3 okay so it's the same signal + + align:start position:0% +at Nal 3 okay so it's the same signal + + + align:start position:0% +at Nal 3 okay so it's the same signal +but just delayed by three so U of n + + align:start position:0% +but just delayed by three so U of n + + + align:start position:0% +but just delayed by three so U of n +minus 3 just has it stepped three time + + align:start position:0% +minus 3 just has it stepped three time + + + align:start position:0% +minus 3 just has it stepped three time +instance + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +later here's another very special signal + + align:start position:0% +later here's another very special signal + + + align:start position:0% +later here's another very special signal +uh that we use a lot it's What's called + + align:start position:0% +uh that we use a lot it's What's called + + + align:start position:0% +uh that we use a lot it's What's called +the unit sample function or unit sample + + align:start position:0% +the unit sample function or unit sample + + + align:start position:0% +the unit sample function or unit sample +signal um so it's an entire signal it's + + align:start position:0% +signal um so it's an entire signal it's + + + align:start position:0% +signal um so it's an entire signal it's +not just one value it's a signal denoted + + align:start position:0% +not just one value it's a signal denoted + + + align:start position:0% +not just one value it's a signal denoted +by the symbol Delta of n uh it's zero + + align:start position:0% +by the symbol Delta of n uh it's zero + + + align:start position:0% +by the symbol Delta of n uh it's zero +for all positive and negative time but + + align:start position:0% +for all positive and negative time but + + + align:start position:0% +for all positive and negative time but +at Time Zero it has the value one so + + align:start position:0% +at Time Zero it has the value one so + + + align:start position:0% +at Time Zero it has the value one so +that's the unit + + align:start position:0% +that's the unit + + + align:start position:0% +that's the unit +sample and so if you had for instance + + align:start position:0% +sample and so if you had for instance + + + align:start position:0% +sample and so if you had for instance +Delta of n + 5 it's the shifted version + + align:start position:0% +Delta of n + 5 it's the shifted version + + + align:start position:0% +Delta of n + 5 it's the shifted version +of that function and what happened at n + + align:start position:0% +of that function and what happened at n + + + align:start position:0% +of that function and what happened at n +equals z here will now happen at Nal + + align:start position:0% +equals z here will now happen at Nal + + + align:start position:0% +equals z here will now happen at Nal +minus5 in other words the uh Spike up + + align:start position:0% +minus5 in other words the uh Spike up + + + align:start position:0% +minus5 in other words the uh Spike up +there is at nals minus5 okay so we're + + align:start position:0% +there is at nals minus5 okay so we're + + + align:start position:0% +there is at nals minus5 okay so we're +going to need to get comfortable with + + align:start position:0% +going to need to get comfortable with + + + align:start position:0% +going to need to get comfortable with +unit step functions and their shifted + + align:start position:0% +unit step functions and their shifted + + + align:start position:0% +unit step functions and their shifted +versions and unit sample functions and + + align:start position:0% +versions and unit sample functions and + + + align:start position:0% +versions and unit sample functions and +their uh shifted versions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and there's a relation between the + + align:start position:0% +okay and there's a relation between the + + + align:start position:0% +okay and there's a relation between the +two as well so uh you should see fairly + + align:start position:0% +two as well so uh you should see fairly + + + align:start position:0% +two as well so uh you should see fairly +clearly that you can actually write uh + + align:start position:0% +clearly that you can actually write uh + + + align:start position:0% +clearly that you can actually write uh +the unit sample function as a difference + + align:start position:0% +the unit sample function as a difference + + + align:start position:0% +the unit sample function as a difference +of a unit step and a delayed unit step + + align:start position:0% +of a unit step and a delayed unit step + + + align:start position:0% +of a unit step and a delayed unit step +okay now we can do uh standard algebraic + + align:start position:0% +okay now we can do uh standard algebraic + + + align:start position:0% +okay now we can do uh standard algebraic +operations on Signal so I can take a + + align:start position:0% +operations on Signal so I can take a + + + align:start position:0% +operations on Signal so I can take a +unit step function I could + + align:start position:0% +unit step function I could + + + align:start position:0% +unit step function I could +take um you know I can do things like U + + align:start position:0% +take um you know I can do things like U + + + align:start position:0% +take um you know I can do things like U +of n + 3 * U of n minus 7 + + align:start position:0% +of n + 3 * U of n minus 7 + + + align:start position:0% +of n + 3 * U of n minus 7 +and what this means is draw the signal U + + align:start position:0% +and what this means is draw the signal U + + + align:start position:0% +and what this means is draw the signal U +of n draw the signal 3 * U of n- 7 which + + align:start position:0% +of n draw the signal 3 * U of n- 7 which + + + align:start position:0% +of n draw the signal 3 * U of n- 7 which +is just U of n minus 7 each value scal + + align:start position:0% +is just U of n minus 7 each value scal + + + align:start position:0% +is just U of n minus 7 each value scal +by three and then just add them Instant + + align:start position:0% +by three and then just add them Instant + + + align:start position:0% +by three and then just add them Instant +by instant so it's the most natural way + + align:start position:0% +by instant so it's the most natural way + + + align:start position:0% +by instant so it's the most natural way +of um adding signals it's exactly what + + align:start position:0% +of um adding signals it's exactly what + + + align:start position:0% +of um adding signals it's exactly what +you would do if you're adding or + + align:start position:0% +you would do if you're adding or + + + align:start position:0% +you would do if you're adding or +multiplying continuous functions uh + + align:start position:0% +multiplying continuous functions uh + + + align:start position:0% +multiplying continuous functions uh +functions of continuous time okay from + + align:start position:0% +functions of continuous time okay from + + + align:start position:0% +functions of continuous time okay from +your calculus course it's the same idea + + align:start position:0% +your calculus course it's the same idea + + + align:start position:0% +your calculus course it's the same idea +so we can do all of these algebraic + + align:start position:0% +so we can do all of these algebraic + + + align:start position:0% +so we can do all of these algebraic +operations + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now the response of a system to the unit + + align:start position:0% +now the response of a system to the unit + + + align:start position:0% +now the response of a system to the unit +step or the unit sample is + + align:start position:0% +step or the unit sample is + + + align:start position:0% +step or the unit sample is +interesting uh it's not interesting for + + align:start position:0% +interesting uh it's not interesting for + + + align:start position:0% +interesting uh it's not interesting for +all sorts of systems but it's + + align:start position:0% +all sorts of systems but it's + + + align:start position:0% +all sorts of systems but it's +interesting for a class of systems that + + align:start position:0% +interesting for a class of systems that + + + align:start position:0% +interesting for a class of systems that +we'll be focusing on uh so let's talk + + align:start position:0% +we'll be focusing on uh so let's talk + + + align:start position:0% +we'll be focusing on uh so let's talk +about that so the unit sample response + + align:start position:0% +about that so the unit sample response + + + align:start position:0% +about that so the unit sample response +of a system is just the output signal + + align:start position:0% +of a system is just the output signal + + + align:start position:0% +of a system is just the output signal +that you get when the input signal is + + align:start position:0% +that you get when the input signal is + + + align:start position:0% +that you get when the input signal is +the unit sample okay this is the + + align:start position:0% +the unit sample okay this is the + + + align:start position:0% +the unit sample okay this is the +traditional symbol for it h of n so when + + align:start position:0% +traditional symbol for it h of n so when + + + align:start position:0% +traditional symbol for it h of n so when +you h of n you're typically thinking of + + align:start position:0% +you h of n you're typically thinking of + + + align:start position:0% +you h of n you're typically thinking of +unit sample + + align:start position:0% +unit sample + + + align:start position:0% +unit sample +response um similarly the unit step + + align:start position:0% +response um similarly the unit step + + + align:start position:0% +response um similarly the unit step +response put in a unit step the signal + + align:start position:0% +response put in a unit step the signal + + + align:start position:0% +response put in a unit step the signal +that you have at the output is the unit + + align:start position:0% +that you have at the output is the unit + + + align:start position:0% +that you have at the output is the unit +step response and we'll use the uh + + align:start position:0% +step response and we'll use the uh + + + align:start position:0% +step response and we'll use the uh +symbol S of n uh for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that uh so the reason that these are + + align:start position:0% +that uh so the reason that these are + + + align:start position:0% +that uh so the reason that these are +useful in many contexts is that you can + + align:start position:0% +useful in many contexts is that you can + + + align:start position:0% +useful in many contexts is that you can +take a general signal for instance the + + align:start position:0% +take a general signal for instance the + + + align:start position:0% +take a general signal for instance the +one at the top there and represent it as + + align:start position:0% +one at the top there and represent it as + + + align:start position:0% +one at the top there and represent it as +a weight + + align:start position:0% +a weight + + + align:start position:0% +a weight +sum of scaled and shifted unit uh sample + + align:start position:0% +sum of scaled and shifted unit uh sample + + + align:start position:0% +sum of scaled and shifted unit uh sample +functions okay so this is just saying I + + align:start position:0% +functions okay so this is just saying I + + + align:start position:0% +functions okay so this is just saying I +can think of this function as + + align:start position:0% +can think of this function as + + + align:start position:0% +can think of this function as +being Advanced unit sample scaled by + + align:start position:0% +being Advanced unit sample scaled by + + + align:start position:0% +being Advanced unit sample scaled by +something and another one scaled by + + align:start position:0% +something and another one scaled by + + + align:start position:0% +something and another one scaled by +something else and another one scaled by + + align:start position:0% +something else and another one scaled by + + + align:start position:0% +something else and another one scaled by +something else and so on uh here's the + + align:start position:0% +something else and so on uh here's the + + + align:start position:0% +something else and so on uh here's the +analytical expression that goes with + + align:start position:0% +analytical expression that goes with + + + align:start position:0% +analytical expression that goes with +that so any signal can be thought of as + + align:start position:0% +that so any signal can be thought of as + + + align:start position:0% +that so any signal can be thought of as +being made up of a bunch of unit samples + + align:start position:0% +being made up of a bunch of unit samples + + + align:start position:0% +being made up of a bunch of unit samples +appropriately scaled and appropriately + + align:start position:0% +appropriately scaled and appropriately + + + align:start position:0% +appropriately scaled and appropriately +appropriately delayed uh the same thing + + align:start position:0% +appropriately delayed uh the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +appropriately delayed uh the same thing +with with the unit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +steps and these are waveforms as you've + + align:start position:0% +steps and these are waveforms as you've + + + align:start position:0% +steps and these are waveforms as you've +seen this is the kind of waveform we + + align:start position:0% +seen this is the kind of waveform we + + + align:start position:0% +seen this is the kind of waveform we +work with a lot in the context of + + align:start position:0% +work with a lot in the context of + + + align:start position:0% +work with a lot in the context of +communication so we've got these sorts + + align:start position:0% +communication so we've got these sorts + + + align:start position:0% +communication so we've got these sorts +of uh rectangular waveforms and it's + + align:start position:0% +of uh rectangular waveforms and it's + + + align:start position:0% +of uh rectangular waveforms and it's +very useful to think of them as being + + align:start position:0% +very useful to think of them as being + + + align:start position:0% +very useful to think of them as being +combinations of unit steps so the + + align:start position:0% +combinations of unit steps so the + + + align:start position:0% +combinations of unit steps so the +waveform at the top can be generated by + + align:start position:0% +waveform at the top can be generated by + + + align:start position:0% +waveform at the top can be generated by +having a unit step at this time climbing + + align:start position:0% +having a unit step at this time climbing + + + align:start position:0% +having a unit step at this time climbing +up and then I've got to cancel it its + + align:start position:0% +up and then I've got to cancel it its + + + align:start position:0% +up and then I've got to cancel it its +effect at this uh next transition so I + + align:start position:0% +effect at this uh next transition so I + + + align:start position:0% +effect at this uh next transition so I +put a negative going unit step and I + + align:start position:0% +put a negative going unit step and I + + + align:start position:0% +put a negative going unit step and I +want to bring it back up again at that + + align:start position:0% +want to bring it back up again at that + + + align:start position:0% +want to bring it back up again at that +time so I put another unit step and so + + align:start position:0% +time so I put another unit step and so + + + align:start position:0% +time so I put another unit step and so +on so you can + + align:start position:0% +on so you can + + + align:start position:0% +on so you can +synthesize a signal of this type as a + + align:start position:0% +synthesize a signal of this type as a + + + align:start position:0% +synthesize a signal of this type as a +linear combination of unit steps scaled + + align:start position:0% +linear combination of unit steps scaled + + + align:start position:0% +linear combination of unit steps scaled +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +delayed now this is actually important + + align:start position:0% +delayed now this is actually important + + + align:start position:0% +delayed now this is actually important +when you get to particular classes of + + align:start position:0% +when you get to particular classes of + + + align:start position:0% +when you get to particular classes of +systems for which you can exploit these + + align:start position:0% +systems for which you can exploit these + + + align:start position:0% +systems for which you can exploit these +properties so let me tell you what + + align:start position:0% +properties so let me tell you what + + + align:start position:0% +properties so let me tell you what +linearity is and what time invariance is + + align:start position:0% +linearity is and what time invariance is + + + align:start position:0% +linearity is and what time invariance is +because the rest of our uh talk about + + align:start position:0% +because the rest of our uh talk about + + + align:start position:0% +because the rest of our uh talk about +systems is going to be focused on linear + + align:start position:0% +systems is going to be focused on linear + + + align:start position:0% +systems is going to be focused on linear +andtime invariance systems uh so let's + + align:start position:0% +andtime invariance systems uh so let's + + + align:start position:0% +andtime invariance systems uh so let's +start with what a Time invariance system + + align:start position:0% +start with what a Time invariance system + + + align:start position:0% +start with what a Time invariance system +is it's just a system whose response to + + align:start position:0% +is it's just a system whose response to + + + align:start position:0% +is it's just a system whose response to +a given input doesn't depend on the day + + align:start position:0% +a given input doesn't depend on the day + + + align:start position:0% +a given input doesn't depend on the day +of the week that you do the experiment + + align:start position:0% +of the week that you do the experiment + + + align:start position:0% +of the week that you do the experiment +okay if you come back tomorrow and do + + align:start position:0% +okay if you come back tomorrow and do + + + align:start position:0% +okay if you come back tomorrow and do +the same experiment you'll get the same + + align:start position:0% +the same experiment you'll get the same + + + align:start position:0% +the same experiment you'll get the same +result except it's happening tomorrow + + align:start position:0% +result except it's happening tomorrow + + + align:start position:0% +result except it's happening tomorrow +instead of today right so it's a system + + align:start position:0% +instead of today right so it's a system + + + align:start position:0% +instead of today right so it's a system +where if you delayed the input by some + + align:start position:0% +where if you delayed the input by some + + + align:start position:0% +where if you delayed the input by some +capital N the response is the response + + align:start position:0% +capital N the response is the response + + + align:start position:0% +capital N the response is the response +you had previously but just delayed by + + align:start position:0% +you had previously but just delayed by + + + align:start position:0% +you had previously but just delayed by +the same amount amount so time + + align:start position:0% +the same amount amount so time + + + align:start position:0% +the same amount amount so time +invariance system is one where the + + align:start position:0% +invariance system is one where the + + + align:start position:0% +invariance system is one where the +response isn't doesn't depend on uh + + align:start position:0% +response isn't doesn't depend on uh + + + align:start position:0% +response isn't doesn't depend on uh +absolute position on the time axis if + + align:start position:0% +absolute position on the time axis if + + + align:start position:0% +absolute position on the time axis if +you shift the input by some amount you + + align:start position:0% +you shift the input by some amount you + + + align:start position:0% +you shift the input by some amount you +get the same response but shifted by + + align:start position:0% +get the same response but shifted by + + + align:start position:0% +get the same response but shifted by +that same amount so it's a a very easy + + align:start position:0% +that same amount so it's a a very easy + + + align:start position:0% +that same amount so it's a a very easy +idea + + align:start position:0% +idea + + + align:start position:0% +idea +okay uh so for instance if you had a + + align:start position:0% +okay uh so for instance if you had a + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh so for instance if you had a +Time invariance system and you put in a + + align:start position:0% +Time invariance system and you put in a + + + align:start position:0% +Time invariance system and you put in a +delayed unit sample this is H this is a + + align:start position:0% +delayed unit sample this is H this is a + + + align:start position:0% +delayed unit sample this is H this is a +unit sample that has the value one at + + align:start position:0% +unit sample that has the value one at + + + align:start position:0% +unit sample that has the value one at +the point capital n + + align:start position:0% +the point capital n + + + align:start position:0% +the point capital n +uh your response will be the unit sample + + align:start position:0% +uh your response will be the unit sample + + + align:start position:0% +uh your response will be the unit sample +response but correspondingly delayed + + align:start position:0% +response but correspondingly delayed + + + align:start position:0% +response but correspondingly delayed +right so time invariance of a system + + align:start position:0% +right so time invariance of a system + + + align:start position:0% +right so time invariance of a system +allows you to do that and that's very + + align:start position:0% +allows you to do that and that's very + + + align:start position:0% +allows you to do that and that's very +convenient here's the other property + + align:start position:0% +convenient here's the other property + + + align:start position:0% +convenient here's the other property +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +um crucial which is linearity and we've + + align:start position:0% +um crucial which is linearity and we've + + + align:start position:0% +um crucial which is linearity and we've +talked about linearity a lot along the + + align:start position:0% +talked about linearity a lot along the + + + align:start position:0% +talked about linearity a lot along the +way here's a definition in this context + + align:start position:0% +way here's a definition in this context + + + align:start position:0% +way here's a definition in this context +okay so we say that the system s is + + align:start position:0% +okay so we say that the system s is + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we say that the system s is +linear if um you can do the following + + align:start position:0% +linear if um you can do the following + + + align:start position:0% +linear if um you can do the following +take the response y1 + + align:start position:0% +take the response y1 + + + align:start position:0% +take the response y1 +uh to an experiment with an arbitrary + + align:start position:0% +uh to an experiment with an arbitrary + + + align:start position:0% +uh to an experiment with an arbitrary +input X1 okay so you put in an arbitrary + + align:start position:0% +input X1 okay so you put in an arbitrary + + + align:start position:0% +input X1 okay so you put in an arbitrary +input X1 you get the response y1 put in + + align:start position:0% +input X1 you get the response y1 put in + + + align:start position:0% +input X1 you get the response y1 put in +an arbitrary input X2 and another + + align:start position:0% +an arbitrary input X2 and another + + + align:start position:0% +an arbitrary input X2 and another +experiment get out the response Y2 if + + align:start position:0% +experiment get out the response Y2 if + + + align:start position:0% +experiment get out the response Y2 if +it's true that + + align:start position:0% +it's true that + + + align:start position:0% +it's true that +um any weighted linear combination of + + align:start position:0% +um any weighted linear combination of + + + align:start position:0% +um any weighted linear combination of +those inputs from the the previous two + + align:start position:0% +those inputs from the the previous two + + + align:start position:0% +those inputs from the the previous two +experiments will give rise to a response + + align:start position:0% +experiments will give rise to a response + + + align:start position:0% +experiments will give rise to a response +that's the same weighted combination of + + align:start position:0% +that's the same weighted combination of + + + align:start position:0% +that's the same weighted combination of +the original + + align:start position:0% +the original + + + align:start position:0% +the original +responses uh then you have a linear + + align:start position:0% +responses uh then you have a linear + + + align:start position:0% +responses uh then you have a linear +system okay so if superposition of + + align:start position:0% +system okay so if superposition of + + + align:start position:0% +system okay so if superposition of +inputs according to this formula so a + + align:start position:0% +inputs according to this formula so a + + + align:start position:0% +inputs according to this formula so a +weighted sum leads to a response and + + align:start position:0% +weighted sum leads to a response and + + + align:start position:0% +weighted sum leads to a response and +output that's the same weighted + + align:start position:0% +output that's the same weighted + + + align:start position:0% +output that's the same weighted +combination than what you have as a + + align:start position:0% +combination than what you have as a + + + align:start position:0% +combination than what you have as a +linear system okay so if this is true + + align:start position:0% +linear system okay so if this is true + + + align:start position:0% +linear system okay so if this is true +for arbitrary inputs and arbitrary scale + + align:start position:0% +for arbitrary inputs and arbitrary scale + + + align:start position:0% +for arbitrary inputs and arbitrary scale +factors so one important conclusion from + + align:start position:0% +factors so one important conclusion from + + + align:start position:0% +factors so one important conclusion from +that by the way is if you have a linear + + align:start position:0% +that by the way is if you have a linear + + + align:start position:0% +that by the way is if you have a linear +system and you put in the all zero input + + align:start position:0% +system and you put in the all zero input + + + align:start position:0% +system and you put in the all zero input +the response must also be an all zero + + align:start position:0% +the response must also be an all zero + + + align:start position:0% +the response must also be an all zero +response and I'll leave you to think + + align:start position:0% +response and I'll leave you to think + + + align:start position:0% +response and I'll leave you to think +about why that might be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +true + + align:start position:0% +true + + + align:start position:0% +true +okay so the systems that we are going to + + align:start position:0% +okay so the systems that we are going to + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the systems that we are going to +be focusing on will be linear and time + + align:start position:0% +be focusing on will be linear and time + + + align:start position:0% +be focusing on will be linear and time +invariant okay LTI and um so we're going + + align:start position:0% +invariant okay LTI and um so we're going + + + align:start position:0% +invariant okay LTI and um so we're going +to be thinking of end to endend models + + align:start position:0% +to be thinking of end to endend models + + + align:start position:0% +to be thinking of end to endend models +of the + + align:start position:0% +of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the +channel from + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +our our digitized sequence xn + + align:start position:0% +our our digitized sequence xn + + + align:start position:0% +our our digitized sequence xn +all the way + + align:start position:0% +all the way + + + align:start position:0% +all the way +through the processing that happened in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +between okay so what did we have we had + + align:start position:0% +between okay so what did we have we had + + + align:start position:0% +between okay so what did we have we had +modulate we had uh d2a conversion we had + + align:start position:0% +modulate we had uh d2a conversion we had + + + align:start position:0% +modulate we had uh d2a conversion we had +the channel we had um a + + align:start position:0% +the channel we had um a + + + align:start position:0% +the channel we had um a +TOD we had + + align:start position:0% +TOD we had + + + align:start position:0% +TOD we had +dmod and there was a filtering operation + + align:start position:0% +dmod and there was a filtering operation + + + align:start position:0% +dmod and there was a filtering operation +as well there as part of the + + align:start position:0% +as well there as part of the + + + align:start position:0% +as well there as part of the +demodulation so all of that end to end + + align:start position:0% +demodulation so all of that end to end + + + align:start position:0% +demodulation so all of that end to end +we're going to try representing + + align:start position:0% +we're going to try representing + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to try representing +that as a linear time invariant uh model + + align:start position:0% +that as a linear time invariant uh model + + + align:start position:0% +that as a linear time invariant uh model +so it'll be an + + align:start position:0% +so it'll be an + + + align:start position:0% +so it'll be an +approximation real channels are more + + align:start position:0% +approximation real channels are more + + + align:start position:0% +approximation real channels are more +complicated but it turns out that LTI is + + align:start position:0% +complicated but it turns out that LTI is + + + align:start position:0% +complicated but it turns out that LTI is +a very good place to start and not just + + align:start position:0% +a very good place to start and not just + + + align:start position:0% +a very good place to start and not just +for the communication setting for a + + align:start position:0% +for the communication setting for a + + + align:start position:0% +for the communication setting for a +whole variety of settings so it turns + + align:start position:0% +whole variety of settings so it turns + + + align:start position:0% +whole variety of settings so it turns +out that if you're just talking about + + align:start position:0% +out that if you're just talking about + + + align:start position:0% +out that if you're just talking about +small deviations from some nominal + + align:start position:0% +small deviations from some nominal + + + align:start position:0% +small deviations from some nominal +operating point a linear model is not + + align:start position:0% +operating point a linear model is not + + + align:start position:0% +operating point a linear model is not +bad and the reason is well it goes back + + align:start position:0% +bad and the reason is well it goes back + + + align:start position:0% +bad and the reason is well it goes back +to Taylor series kinds of thinking um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you can have a very nonlinear + + align:start position:0% +you can have a very nonlinear + + + align:start position:0% +you can have a very nonlinear +function but if you're looking in the + + align:start position:0% +function but if you're looking in the + + + align:start position:0% +function but if you're looking in the +neighborhood of some uh operating point + + align:start position:0% +neighborhood of some uh operating point + + + align:start position:0% +neighborhood of some uh operating point +stick it up there so here's some + + align:start position:0% +stick it up there so here's some + + + align:start position:0% +stick it up there so here's some +operating point and you're only looking + + align:start position:0% +operating point and you're only looking + + + align:start position:0% +operating point and you're only looking +at small perturbations around there the + + align:start position:0% +at small perturbations around there the + + + align:start position:0% +at small perturbations around there the +linear approximation is not a bad one + + align:start position:0% +linear approximation is not a bad one + + + align:start position:0% +linear approximation is not a bad one +okay so it's really essentially that + + align:start position:0% +okay so it's really essentially that + + + align:start position:0% +okay so it's really essentially that +idea that first order tailor series + + align:start position:0% +idea that first order tailor series + + + align:start position:0% +idea that first order tailor series +kinds of approximations are good and so + + align:start position:0% +kinds of approximations are good and so + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of approximations are good and so +linear Works time invariance works + + align:start position:0% +linear Works time invariance works + + + align:start position:0% +linear Works time invariance works +because many systems are inherently time + + align:start position:0% +because many systems are inherently time + + + align:start position:0% +because many systems are inherently time +invariant now that's not always true for + + align:start position:0% +invariant now that's not always true for + + + align:start position:0% +invariant now that's not always true for +communication channels if you've got a + + align:start position:0% +communication channels if you've got a + + + align:start position:0% +communication channels if you've got a +mobile device for instance the channel + + align:start position:0% +mobile device for instance the channel + + + align:start position:0% +mobile device for instance the channel +is changing all the time well if you're + + align:start position:0% +is changing all the time well if you're + + + align:start position:0% +is changing all the time well if you're +mobile with your mobile device the + + align:start position:0% +mobile with your mobile device the + + + align:start position:0% +mobile with your mobile device the +channel is changing all the time so you + + align:start position:0% +channel is changing all the time so you + + + align:start position:0% +channel is changing all the time so you +need to reckon with time varing channels + + align:start position:0% +need to reckon with time varing channels + + + align:start position:0% +need to reckon with time varing channels +or what are called fading channels uh + + align:start position:0% +or what are called fading channels uh + + + align:start position:0% +or what are called fading channels uh +but for many situations a Time invariant + + align:start position:0% +but for many situations a Time invariant + + + align:start position:0% +but for many situations a Time invariant +channel is is reasonable so time + + align:start position:0% +channel is is reasonable so time + + + align:start position:0% +channel is is reasonable so time +invariant and linear is a good + + align:start position:0% +invariant and linear is a good + + + align:start position:0% +invariant and linear is a good +approximation + + align:start position:0% +approximation + + + align:start position:0% +approximation +now as soon as you invoke linearity and + + align:start position:0% +now as soon as you invoke linearity and + + + align:start position:0% +now as soon as you invoke linearity and +time in variance you've got + + align:start position:0% +time in variance you've got + + + align:start position:0% +time in variance you've got +such Rich structure that opens up that + + align:start position:0% +such Rich structure that opens up that + + + align:start position:0% +such Rich structure that opens up that +there's a lot you can do by way of + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot you can do by way of + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot you can do by way of +analysis and developing computational + + align:start position:0% +analysis and developing computational + + + align:start position:0% +analysis and developing computational +tools and so on uh and that gives you + + align:start position:0% +tools and so on uh and that gives you + + + align:start position:0% +tools and so on uh and that gives you +very a very good handle on doing design + + align:start position:0% +very a very good handle on doing design + + + align:start position:0% +very a very good handle on doing design +so if you're trying to design something + + align:start position:0% +so if you're trying to design something + + + align:start position:0% +so if you're trying to design something +that's ideally linear and time invariant + + align:start position:0% +that's ideally linear and time invariant + + + align:start position:0% +that's ideally linear and time invariant +you have a large array of tools at your + + align:start position:0% +you have a large array of tools at your + + + align:start position:0% +you have a large array of tools at your +disposal so you'll find that in + + align:start position:0% +disposal so you'll find that in + + + align:start position:0% +disposal so you'll find that in +engineered systems people are trying to + + align:start position:0% +engineered systems people are trying to + + + align:start position:0% +engineered systems people are trying to +design modules that are thought about as + + align:start position:0% +design modules that are thought about as + + + align:start position:0% +design modules that are thought about as +LTI systems and then interconnecting + + align:start position:0% +LTI systems and then interconnecting + + + align:start position:0% +LTI systems and then interconnecting +them maybe in nonlinear ways or time + + align:start position:0% +them maybe in nonlinear ways or time + + + align:start position:0% +them maybe in nonlinear ways or time +time varying ways okay we'll pick up on + + align:start position:0% +time varying ways okay we'll pick up on + + + align:start position:0% +time varying ways okay we'll pick up on +this uh in res tomorrow and uh next + + align:start position:0% +this uh in res tomorrow and uh next + + + align:start position:0% +this uh in res tomorrow and uh next +lecture which will be Wednesday of next + + align:start position:0% +lecture which will be Wednesday of next + + + align:start position:0% +lecture which will be Wednesday of next +week and uh make sure you're aware of + + align:start position:0% +week and uh make sure you're aware of + + + align:start position:0% +week and uh make sure you're aware of +what the portions are for the quiz and + + align:start position:0% +what the portions are for the quiz and + + + align:start position:0% +what the portions are for the quiz and +where you have to go for the quiz rooms + + align:start position:0% +where you have to go for the quiz rooms + + + align:start position:0% +where you have to go for the quiz rooms +and all of that on Thursday evening next + + align:start position:0% +and all of that on Thursday evening next + + + align:start position:0% +and all of that on Thursday evening next +week \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/RzaB0t9dx0A.txt b/RzaB0t9dx0A.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aa64eca72a4b3d8847234be0e214b62f6938b0f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/RzaB0t9dx0A.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1851 @@ +align:start position:0% + +welcome to this recitation on pure + + align:start position:0% +welcome to this recitation on pure + + + align:start position:0% +welcome to this recitation on pure +resonance so here we are given an + + align:start position:0% +resonance so here we are given an + + + align:start position:0% +resonance so here we are given an +operator PD equals D2 + 4 I where D is + + align:start position:0% +operator PD equals D2 + 4 I where D is + + + align:start position:0% +operator PD equals D2 + 4 I where D is +the differentiation operator and I is + + align:start position:0% +the differentiation operator and I is + + + align:start position:0% +the differentiation operator and I is +the identity operator and you're asked + + align:start position:0% +the identity operator and you're asked + + + align:start position:0% +the identity operator and you're asked +to consider the equation PD applied to + + align:start position:0% +to consider the equation PD applied to + + + align:start position:0% +to consider the equation PD applied to +xal F0 cos Omega T where F0 is a + + align:start position:0% +xal F0 cos Omega T where F0 is a + + + align:start position:0% +xal F0 cos Omega T where F0 is a +constant so the first question is what + + align:start position:0% +constant so the first question is what + + + align:start position:0% +constant so the first question is what +is the natural frequency of the system + + align:start position:0% +is the natural frequency of the system + + + align:start position:0% +is the natural frequency of the system +the second one is to use the exponential + + align:start position:0% +the second one is to use the exponential + + + align:start position:0% +the second one is to use the exponential +response formula to solve for PDX = F0 + + align:start position:0% +response formula to solve for PDX = F0 + + + align:start position:0% +response formula to solve for PDX = F0 +cos Omega T and here you need to be + + align:start position:0% +cos Omega T and here you need to be + + + align:start position:0% +cos Omega T and here you need to be +careful and do it for both cases Omega + + align:start position:0% +careful and do it for both cases Omega + + + align:start position:0% +careful and do it for both cases Omega +equal to two and Omega equals not equal + + align:start position:0% +equal to two and Omega equals not equal + + + align:start position:0% +equal to two and Omega equals not equal +to two and the last question is just to + + align:start position:0% +to two and the last question is just to + + + align:start position:0% +to two and the last question is just to +sketch uh the graph for the response of + + align:start position:0% +sketch uh the graph for the response of + + + align:start position:0% +sketch uh the graph for the response of +this system PDX equal cos 2T with + + align:start position:0% +this system PDX equal cos 2T with + + + align:start position:0% +this system PDX equal cos 2T with +initial conditions x of0 and x do of 0 + + align:start position:0% +initial conditions x of0 and x do of 0 + + + align:start position:0% +initial conditions x of0 and x do of 0 +equals to Z basically rest initial + + align:start position:0% +equals to Z basically rest initial + + + align:start position:0% +equals to Z basically rest initial +conditions so why don't you pause the + + align:start position:0% +conditions so why don't you pause the + + + align:start position:0% +conditions so why don't you pause the +video take a few minutes and work + + align:start position:0% +video take a few minutes and work + + + align:start position:0% +video take a few minutes and work +through this problem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +welcome back okay so first what is the + + align:start position:0% +welcome back okay so first what is the + + + align:start position:0% +welcome back okay so first what is the +natural frequency of this system so + + align:start position:0% +natural frequency of this system so + + + align:start position:0% +natural frequency of this system so +let's just rewrite + + align:start position:0% +let's just rewrite + + + align:start position:0% +let's just rewrite +our system here this the left hand + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +side so basically this just gives us an + + align:start position:0% +side so basically this just gives us an + + + align:start position:0% +side so basically this just gives us an +x dot dot plus 4X on the left hand side + + align:start position:0% +x dot dot plus 4X on the left hand side + + + align:start position:0% +x dot dot plus 4X on the left hand side +so the system that we're solving is + + align:start position:0% +so the system that we're solving is + + + align:start position:0% +so the system that we're solving is +simply X do dot + 4x + + align:start position:0% +simply X do dot + 4x + + + align:start position:0% +simply X do dot + 4x +F0 cos Omega T okay so what is the the + + align:start position:0% +F0 cos Omega T okay so what is the the + + + align:start position:0% +F0 cos Omega T okay so what is the the +first question ask us for the natural + + align:start position:0% +first question ask us for the natural + + + align:start position:0% +first question ask us for the natural +frequency of the system the natural + + align:start position:0% +frequency of the system the natural + + + align:start position:0% +frequency of the system the natural +frequency of the system can be found + + align:start position:0% +frequency of the system can be found + + + align:start position:0% +frequency of the system can be found +regardless of what you have on the right + + align:start position:0% +regardless of what you have on the right + + + align:start position:0% +regardless of what you have on the right +hand side just by by looking at the + + align:start position:0% +hand side just by by looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +hand side just by by looking at the +characteristic polinomial of your + + align:start position:0% +characteristic polinomial of your + + + align:start position:0% +characteristic polinomial of your +equation the characteristic polinomial + + align:start position:0% +equation the characteristic polinomial + + + align:start position:0% +equation the characteristic polinomial +here would be + + align:start position:0% +here would be + + + align:start position:0% +here would be +s² + + align:start position:0% +s² + + + align:start position:0% +s² ++ 4 when this characteristic polinomial + + align:start position:0% ++ 4 when this characteristic polinomial + + + align:start position:0% ++ 4 when this characteristic polinomial +equal to zero we can solve for S and + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero we can solve for S and + + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero we can solve for S and +find what are the natural frequencies of + + align:start position:0% +find what are the natural frequencies of + + + align:start position:0% +find what are the natural frequencies of +the system if uh basically we get uh um + + align:start position:0% +the system if uh basically we get uh um + + + align:start position:0% +the system if uh basically we get uh um +complex Solutions which is the case + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here gives us s² = minus 4 so s equal + + align:start position:0% +here gives us s² = minus 4 so s equal + + + align:start position:0% +here gives us s² = minus 4 so s equal +plus or minus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I2 or 2 I so the natural frequency our + + align:start position:0% +I2 or 2 I so the natural frequency our + + + align:start position:0% +I2 or 2 I so the natural frequency our +system would be Omega equals to two + + align:start position:0% +system would be Omega equals to two + + + align:start position:0% +system would be Omega equals to two +because we only consider frequencies + + align:start position:0% +because we only consider frequencies + + + align:start position:0% +because we only consider frequencies +that are positive + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here second + + align:start position:0% +here second + + + align:start position:0% +here second +part now we're asked to look at the full + + align:start position:0% +part now we're asked to look at the full + + + align:start position:0% +part now we're asked to look at the full +system with the forcing on the right + + align:start position:0% +system with the forcing on the right + + + align:start position:0% +system with the forcing on the right +hand side and find the exponential + + align:start position:0% +hand side and find the exponential + + + align:start position:0% +hand side and find the exponential +response formula using the exponential + + align:start position:0% +response formula using the exponential + + + align:start position:0% +response formula using the exponential +response formula find one uh solution + + align:start position:0% +response formula find one uh solution + + + align:start position:0% +response formula find one uh solution +into this system so here we're talking + + align:start position:0% +into this system so here we're talking + + + align:start position:0% +into this system so here we're talking +about a particular solution with the + + align:start position:0% +about a particular solution with the + + + align:start position:0% +about a particular solution with the +exponential response formula so what + + align:start position:0% +exponential response formula so what + + + align:start position:0% +exponential response formula so what +does the erf tells + + align:start position:0% +does the erf tells + + + align:start position:0% +does the erf tells +us the erf if you recall here the base + + align:start position:0% +us the erf if you recall here the base + + + align:start position:0% +us the erf if you recall here the base +of it for this system for example is the + + align:start position:0% +of it for this system for example is the + + + align:start position:0% +of it for this system for example is the +fact that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cosine is the real part of the + + align:start position:0% +cosine is the real part of the + + + align:start position:0% +cosine is the real part of the +exponential I Omega T so we can rewrite + + align:start position:0% +exponential I Omega T so we can rewrite + + + align:start position:0% +exponential I Omega T so we can rewrite +this whole equation as X do do+ 4X + + align:start position:0% +this whole equation as X do do+ 4X + + + align:start position:0% +this whole equation as X do do+ 4X +equals F0 exponential I Omega T and we + + align:start position:0% +equals F0 exponential I Omega T and we + + + align:start position:0% +equals F0 exponential I Omega T and we +would + + align:start position:0% +would + + + align:start position:0% +would +get then a particular solution if I + + align:start position:0% +get then a particular solution if I + + + align:start position:0% +get then a particular solution if I +ignore um any particular value of Omega + + align:start position:0% +ignore um any particular value of Omega + + + align:start position:0% +ignore um any particular value of Omega +at this point which would have the form + + align:start position:0% +at this point which would have the form + + + align:start position:0% +at this point which would have the form +of the amplitude that we have on the + + align:start position:0% +of the amplitude that we have on the + + + align:start position:0% +of the amplitude that we have on the +right hand side F0 + + align:start position:0% +right hand side F0 + + + align:start position:0% +right hand side F0 +exponential Omega T which is basically + + align:start position:0% +exponential Omega T which is basically + + + align:start position:0% +exponential Omega T which is basically +our + + align:start position:0% +our + + + align:start position:0% +our +forcing over the characteristic + + align:start position:0% +forcing over the characteristic + + + align:start position:0% +forcing over the characteristic +polinomial of the equation so s squ + 4 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +evaluated at the frequency + + align:start position:0% +evaluated at the frequency + + + align:start position:0% +evaluated at the frequency +here that would appear in the forcing in + + align:start position:0% +here that would appear in the forcing in + + + align:start position:0% +here that would appear in the forcing in +the exponential form so with the I Omega + + align:start position:0% +the exponential form so with the I Omega + + + align:start position:0% +the exponential form so with the I Omega +T so here you can see right away that we + + align:start position:0% +T so here you can see right away that we + + + align:start position:0% +T so here you can see right away that we +would have a problem if using this + + align:start position:0% +would have a problem if using this + + + align:start position:0% +would have a problem if using this +formula if I Omega T was a PO or + + align:start position:0% +formula if I Omega T was a PO or + + + align:start position:0% +formula if I Omega T was a PO or +basically a zero to this characteristic + + align:start position:0% +basically a zero to this characteristic + + + align:start position:0% +basically a zero to this characteristic +polinomial and so that's why you were + + align:start position:0% +polinomial and so that's why you were + + + align:start position:0% +polinomial and so that's why you were +asked to be careful with the value of + + align:start position:0% +asked to be careful with the value of + + + align:start position:0% +asked to be careful with the value of +Omega equal to two or not equal to two + + align:start position:0% +Omega equal to two or not equal to two + + + align:start position:0% +Omega equal to two or not equal to two +so here let's consider Omega not equals + + align:start position:0% +so here let's consider Omega not equals + + + align:start position:0% +so here let's consider Omega not equals +to 2 so that I can actually write down 1 + + align:start position:0% +to 2 so that I can actually write down 1 + + + align:start position:0% +to 2 so that I can actually write down 1 +/ p i Omega because we know that P I2 is + + align:start position:0% +/ p i Omega because we know that P I2 is + + + align:start position:0% +/ p i Omega because we know that P I2 is +equal to zero so if Omega is not equal + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero so if Omega is not equal + + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero so if Omega is not equal +to two we're out of the danger zone and + + align:start position:0% +to two we're out of the danger zone and + + + align:start position:0% +to two we're out of the danger zone and +uh from this + + align:start position:0% +uh from this + + + align:start position:0% +uh from this +point we can + + align:start position:0% +point we can + + + align:start position:0% +point we can +just basically just plug in our + + align:start position:0% +just basically just plug in our + + + align:start position:0% +just basically just plug in our +values I Omega T and p i Omega would + + align:start position:0% +values I Omega T and p i Omega would + + + align:start position:0% +values I Omega T and p i Omega would +just give us 4 minus Omega + + align:start position:0% +just give us 4 minus Omega + + + align:start position:0% +just give us 4 minus Omega +squ so here again the Omega equal two + + align:start position:0% +squ so here again the Omega equal two + + + align:start position:0% +squ so here again the Omega equal two +danger zone approaches where we would be + + align:start position:0% +danger zone approaches where we would be + + + align:start position:0% +danger zone approaches where we would be +dividing by zero if we didn't take the + + align:start position:0% +dividing by zero if we didn't take the + + + align:start position:0% +dividing by zero if we didn't take the +constraint Omega not equal to + + align:start position:0% +constraint Omega not equal to + + + align:start position:0% +constraint Omega not equal to +zero so this is uh the complex form of + + align:start position:0% +zero so this is uh the complex form of + + + align:start position:0% +zero so this is uh the complex form of +this particular solution but we're + + align:start position:0% +this particular solution but we're + + + align:start position:0% +this particular solution but we're +dealing with a real valued problem so we + + align:start position:0% +dealing with a real valued problem so we + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with a real valued problem so we +want to take the real part of + + align:start position:0% +want to take the real part of + + + align:start position:0% +want to take the real part of +this to have this + + align:start position:0% +this to have this + + + align:start position:0% +this to have this +solution to the problem we were given + + align:start position:0% +solution to the problem we were given + + + align:start position:0% +solution to the problem we were given +and so that would just give us F0 + + align:start position:0% +and so that would just give us F0 + + + align:start position:0% +and so that would just give us F0 +forus Omega squ cosine + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Omega T okay so now let's take the + + align:start position:0% +Omega T okay so now let's take the + + + align:start position:0% +Omega T okay so now let's take the +case Omega equals to + + align:start position:0% +case Omega equals to + + + align:start position:0% +case Omega equals to +two + + align:start position:0% +two + + + align:start position:0% +two +Okay so what happens if Omega equals to + + align:start position:0% +Okay so what happens if Omega equals to + + + align:start position:0% +Okay so what happens if Omega equals to +two this formula that you're given fails + + align:start position:0% +two this formula that you're given fails + + + align:start position:0% +two this formula that you're given fails +and you need to seek for the derivative + + align:start position:0% +and you need to seek for the derivative + + + align:start position:0% +and you need to seek for the derivative +of the characteristic polinomial and we + + align:start position:0% +of the characteristic polinomial and we + + + align:start position:0% +of the characteristic polinomial and we +basically have + + align:start position:0% +basically have + + + align:start position:0% +basically have +to um 2 I = to 2 so what about P Prime + + align:start position:0% +to um 2 I = to 2 so what about P Prime + + + align:start position:0% +to um 2 I = to 2 so what about P Prime +of 2 I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so P Prime of s is simply 2 + + align:start position:0% +so P Prime of s is simply 2 + + + align:start position:0% +so P Prime of s is simply 2 +s so if we evaluate P Prime at 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I we simply have 4 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I which is not equal to zero so at this + + align:start position:0% +I which is not equal to zero so at this + + + align:start position:0% +I which is not equal to zero so at this +point we can use the resonant + + align:start position:0% +point we can use the resonant + + + align:start position:0% +point we can use the resonant +exponential response formula that you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +saw just check + + align:start position:0% +saw just check + + + align:start position:0% +saw just check +Chun where here we would + + align:start position:0% +Chun where here we would + + + align:start position:0% +Chun where here we would +again same trick the cosine is just the + + align:start position:0% +again same trick the cosine is just the + + + align:start position:0% +again same trick the cosine is just the +real part of the exponential so we can + + align:start position:0% +real part of the exponential so we can + + + align:start position:0% +real part of the exponential so we can +use this this formula and we have now to + + align:start position:0% +use this this formula and we have now to + + + align:start position:0% +use this this formula and we have now to +introduce a + + align:start position:0% +introduce a + + + align:start position:0% +introduce a +t F0 + + align:start position:0% +t F0 + + + align:start position:0% +t F0 +exponential I Omega T because we're + + align:start position:0% +exponential I Omega T because we're + + + align:start position:0% +exponential I Omega T because we're +solving here for the complex value + + align:start position:0% +solving here for the complex value + + + align:start position:0% +solving here for the complex value +equation and now we can divide by the P + + align:start position:0% +equation and now we can divide by the P + + + align:start position:0% +equation and now we can divide by the P +Prime evaluated at 2 I which is 4 I and + + align:start position:0% +Prime evaluated at 2 I which is 4 I and + + + align:start position:0% +Prime evaluated at 2 I which is 4 I and +so basically I can end up within minus I + + align:start position:0% +so basically I can end up within minus I + + + align:start position:0% +so basically I can end up within minus I +at the numerator so to take now the real + + align:start position:0% +at the numerator so to take now the real + + + align:start position:0% +at the numerator so to take now the real +valued solution we need again to + + align:start position:0% +valued solution we need again to + + + align:start position:0% +valued solution we need again to +take the real part of z p so here now we + + align:start position:0% +take the real part of z p so here now we + + + align:start position:0% +take the real part of z p so here now we +have an I so we need to be careful we're + + align:start position:0% +have an I so we need to be careful we're + + + align:start position:0% +have an I so we need to be careful we're +going to have solution in sign so we + + align:start position:0% +going to have solution in sign so we + + + align:start position:0% +going to have solution in sign so we +have let me just write down all what we + + align:start position:0% +have let me just write down all what we + + + align:start position:0% +have let me just write down all what we +know tf0 over 4 this with the earlier + + align:start position:0% +know tf0 over 4 this with the earlier + + + align:start position:0% +know tf0 over 4 this with the earlier +formula would be cosine plus I sign the + + align:start position:0% +formula would be cosine plus I sign the + + + align:start position:0% +formula would be cosine plus I sign the +I sign would be multiplying this I the + + align:start position:0% +I sign would be multiplying this I the + + + align:start position:0% +I sign would be multiplying this I the +two minus would cancel out so you end up + + align:start position:0% +two minus would cancel out so you end up + + + align:start position:0% +two minus would cancel out so you end up +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +s Omega t t F0 + + align:start position:0% +s Omega t t F0 + + + align:start position:0% +s Omega t t F0 +over4 and this would then gave us this + + align:start position:0% +over4 and this would then gave us this + + + align:start position:0% +over4 and this would then gave us this +solution uh and here note that I + + align:start position:0% +solution uh and here note that I + + + align:start position:0% +solution uh and here note that I +actually chose the value Omega equals to + + align:start position:0% +actually chose the value Omega equals to + + + align:start position:0% +actually chose the value Omega equals to +two so we can even more be more explicit + + align:start position:0% +two so we can even more be more explicit + + + align:start position:0% +two so we can even more be more explicit +because for this case we actually have + + align:start position:0% +because for this case we actually have + + + align:start position:0% +because for this case we actually have +omega equals to 2 t + + align:start position:0% +omega equals to 2 t + + + align:start position:0% +omega equals to 2 t +Okay so the last part of the problem was + + align:start position:0% +Okay so the last part of the problem was + + + align:start position:0% +Okay so the last part of the problem was +to sketch the solution + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for the initial + + align:start position:0% +for the initial + + + align:start position:0% +for the initial +conditions x + + align:start position:0% +conditions x + + + align:start position:0% +conditions x +of0 x do + + align:start position:0% +of0 x do + + + align:start position:0% +of0 x do +of0 equals to zero so the rest initial + + align:start position:0% +of0 equals to zero so the rest initial + + + align:start position:0% +of0 equals to zero so the rest initial +conditions so here are two ways to + + align:start position:0% +conditions so here are two ways to + + + align:start position:0% +conditions so here are two ways to +proceed the long way would be to seek + + align:start position:0% +proceed the long way would be to seek + + + align:start position:0% +proceed the long way would be to seek +the homogeneous solu the solutions to + + align:start position:0% +the homogeneous solu the solutions to + + + align:start position:0% +the homogeneous solu the solutions to +the homogeneous equation without the + + align:start position:0% +the homogeneous equation without the + + + align:start position:0% +the homogeneous equation without the +right hand side the forcing cosine + + align:start position:0% +right hand side the forcing cosine + + + align:start position:0% +right hand side the forcing cosine +introduce two constants of integration + + align:start position:0% +introduce two constants of integration + + + align:start position:0% +introduce two constants of integration +and then seek these constant inte of + + align:start position:0% +and then seek these constant inte of + + + align:start position:0% +and then seek these constant inte of +integration on the general solution and + + align:start position:0% +integration on the general solution and + + + align:start position:0% +integration on the general solution and +you would find that these two Conant + + align:start position:0% +you would find that these two Conant + + + align:start position:0% +you would find that these two Conant +integration would be zero with these + + align:start position:0% +integration would be zero with these + + + align:start position:0% +integration would be zero with these +initial conditions the other fast ways + + align:start position:0% +initial conditions the other fast ways + + + align:start position:0% +initial conditions the other fast ways +to test your particular solution and + + align:start position:0% +to test your particular solution and + + + align:start position:0% +to test your particular solution and +verify that it actually does satisfy the + + align:start position:0% +verify that it actually does satisfy the + + + align:start position:0% +verify that it actually does satisfy the +initial conditions that you were given + + align:start position:0% +initial conditions that you were given + + + align:start position:0% +initial conditions that you were given +and so you can then write write away the + + align:start position:0% +and so you can then write write away the + + + align:start position:0% +and so you can then write write away the +solution as being + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +simply sin 2T here you can see that at + + align:start position:0% +simply sin 2T here you can see that at + + + align:start position:0% +simply sin 2T here you can see that at +zero + + align:start position:0% +zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero +we would have um basically a zero and + + align:start position:0% +we would have um basically a zero and + + + align:start position:0% +we would have um basically a zero and +then if you do differentiation you just + + align:start position:0% +then if you do differentiation you just + + + align:start position:0% +then if you do differentiation you just +need to be careful here because you have + + align:start position:0% +need to be careful here because you have + + + align:start position:0% +need to be careful here because you have +a product function and you end up also + + align:start position:0% +a product function and you end up also + + + align:start position:0% +a product function and you end up also +with a zero so this actually is our + + align:start position:0% +with a zero so this actually is our + + + align:start position:0% +with a zero so this actually is our +solution General solution for this + + align:start position:0% +solution General solution for this + + + align:start position:0% +solution General solution for this +particular initial conditions and to + + align:start position:0% +particular initial conditions and to + + + align:start position:0% +particular initial conditions and to +sketch + + align:start position:0% +sketch + + + align:start position:0% +sketch +this we can grow so here if I just + + align:start position:0% +this we can grow so here if I just + + + align:start position:0% +this we can grow so here if I just +pick 0 equal to one I'm just going to do + + align:start position:0% +pick 0 equal to one I'm just going to do + + + align:start position:0% +pick 0 equal to one I'm just going to do +uh t + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +t over4 for the envelopes at T equals z + + align:start position:0% +t over4 for the envelopes at T equals z + + + align:start position:0% +t over4 for the envelopes at T equals z +we + + align:start position:0% +we + + + align:start position:0% +we +start with + + align:start position:0% +start with + + + align:start position:0% +start with +zero and we know that we going to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have the first extrema at p over 4 and + + align:start position:0% +have the first extrema at p over 4 and + + + align:start position:0% +have the first extrema at p over 4 and +the first zero at pi over two and so + + align:start position:0% +the first zero at pi over two and so + + + align:start position:0% +the first zero at pi over two and so +basically we end + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +up with something like that so basically + + align:start position:0% +up with something like that so basically + + + align:start position:0% +up with something like that so basically +it's a sign of of circular frequency 2 + + align:start position:0% +it's a sign of of circular frequency 2 + + + align:start position:0% +it's a sign of of circular frequency 2 +and with an envelope prescribed by T + + align:start position:0% +and with an envelope prescribed by T + + + align:start position:0% +and with an envelope prescribed by T +over4 or if we had another value of F0 + + align:start position:0% +over4 or if we had another value of F0 + + + align:start position:0% +over4 or if we had another value of F0 +it would be F0 T over4 so the + + align:start position:0% +it would be F0 T over4 so the + + + align:start position:0% +it would be F0 T over4 so the +oscillation is ongoing as T goes to + + align:start position:0% +oscillation is ongoing as T goes to + + + align:start position:0% +oscillation is ongoing as T goes to +Infinity with an envelope that diverges + + align:start position:0% +Infinity with an envelope that diverges + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity with an envelope that diverges +to Infinity so this is basically + + align:start position:0% +to Infinity so this is basically + + + align:start position:0% +to Infinity so this is basically +solution that would not be convergent to + + align:start position:0% +solution that would not be convergent to + + + align:start position:0% +solution that would not be convergent to +zero so this ends this recitation and uh + + align:start position:0% +zero so this ends this recitation and uh + + + align:start position:0% +zero so this ends this recitation and uh +before I finish I just want to point out + + align:start position:0% +before I finish I just want to point out + + + align:start position:0% +before I finish I just want to point out +that the fact that it diverges is uh due + + align:start position:0% +that the fact that it diverges is uh due + + + align:start position:0% +that the fact that it diverges is uh due +to the fact that we are forcing the + + align:start position:0% +to the fact that we are forcing the + + + align:start position:0% +to the fact that we are forcing the +system very close to its natural + + align:start position:0% +system very close to its natural + + + align:start position:0% +system very close to its natural +frequency and so this is a typical + + align:start position:0% +frequency and so this is a typical + + + align:start position:0% +frequency and so this is a typical +phenomenon that you would uh that you + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon that you would uh that you + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon that you would uh that you +that you can associate with a resonance + + align:start position:0% +that you can associate with a resonance + + + align:start position:0% +that you can associate with a resonance +because we're basically forcing the + + align:start position:0% +because we're basically forcing the + + + align:start position:0% +because we're basically forcing the +system close to its natural frequency so + + align:start position:0% +system close to its natural frequency so + + + align:start position:0% +system close to its natural frequency so +it's having this huge amplification in + + align:start position:0% +it's having this huge amplification in + + + align:start position:0% +it's having this huge amplification in +the response and that's what these + + align:start position:0% +the response and that's what these + + + align:start position:0% +the response and that's what these +increasing envelopes mean so this ends + + align:start position:0% +increasing envelopes mean so this ends + + + align:start position:0% +increasing envelopes mean so this ends +this recitation and the key here was to + + align:start position:0% +this recitation and the key here was to + + + align:start position:0% +this recitation and the key here was to +realize how to use your exponential + + align:start position:0% +realize how to use your exponential + + + align:start position:0% +realize how to use your exponential +response formula how to uh move on to + + align:start position:0% +response formula how to uh move on to + + + align:start position:0% +response formula how to uh move on to +use the resonant exponential response + + align:start position:0% +use the resonant exponential response + + + align:start position:0% +use the resonant exponential response +response formula by testing for the + + align:start position:0% +response formula by testing for the + + + align:start position:0% +response formula by testing for the +first order derivative and if that one + + align:start position:0% +first order derivative and if that one + + + align:start position:0% +first order derivative and if that one +if that test failed you would be going + + align:start position:0% +if that test failed you would be going + + + align:start position:0% +if that test failed you would be going +to higher orders and then uh given an + + align:start position:0% +to higher orders and then uh given an + + + align:start position:0% +to higher orders and then uh given an +initial condition how to basically + + align:start position:0% +initial condition how to basically + + + align:start position:0% +initial condition how to basically +sketch the function and have a physical + + align:start position:0% +sketch the function and have a physical + + + align:start position:0% +sketch the function and have a physical +understanding of what the resonance + + align:start position:0% +understanding of what the resonance + + + align:start position:0% +understanding of what the resonance +means that ends this recitation \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/S2c7pAFdP84.txt b/S2c7pAFdP84.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..74a53e83e368fe64c12e8c3d51c94e8090e10519 --- /dev/null +++ b/S2c7pAFdP84.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1083 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the most straightforward way to improve + + align:start position:0% +the most straightforward way to improve + + + align:start position:0% +the most straightforward way to improve +performance is to reduce the propagation + + align:start position:0% +performance is to reduce the propagation + + + align:start position:0% +performance is to reduce the propagation +delay of a circuit let's look at a + + align:start position:0% +delay of a circuit let's look at a + + + align:start position:0% +delay of a circuit let's look at a +perennial performance bottleneck the + + align:start position:0% +perennial performance bottleneck the + + + align:start position:0% +perennial performance bottleneck the +ripple carry adder to fix it we first + + align:start position:0% +ripple carry adder to fix it we first + + + align:start position:0% +ripple carry adder to fix it we first +have to figure out the path from inputs + + align:start position:0% +have to figure out the path from inputs + + + align:start position:0% +have to figure out the path from inputs +to outputs that has the largest + + align:start position:0% +to outputs that has the largest + + + align:start position:0% +to outputs that has the largest +propagation delay in other words the + + align:start position:0% +propagation delay in other words the + + + align:start position:0% +propagation delay in other words the +path that's determining the overall TPD + + align:start position:0% +path that's determining the overall TPD + + + align:start position:0% +path that's determining the overall TPD +in this case that path is the long carry + + align:start position:0% +in this case that path is the long carry + + + align:start position:0% +in this case that path is the long carry +chain following the carry in to carry + + align:start position:0% +chain following the carry in to carry + + + align:start position:0% +chain following the carry in to carry +out path through each full adder module + + align:start position:0% +out path through each full adder module + + + align:start position:0% +out path through each full adder module +to trigger the path add minus 1 and 1 by + + align:start position:0% +to trigger the path add minus 1 and 1 by + + + align:start position:0% +to trigger the path add minus 1 and 1 by +setting the a inputs to all ones and the + + align:start position:0% +setting the a inputs to all ones and the + + + align:start position:0% +setting the a inputs to all ones and the +B input to all zeros except for the low + + align:start position:0% +B input to all zeros except for the low + + + align:start position:0% +B input to all zeros except for the low +order bit which is 1 the final answer is + + align:start position:0% +order bit which is 1 the final answer is + + + align:start position:0% +order bit which is 1 the final answer is +0 but notice that each full adder has to + + align:start position:0% +0 but notice that each full adder has to + + + align:start position:0% +0 but notice that each full adder has to +wait for the carryin from the previous + + align:start position:0% +wait for the carryin from the previous + + + align:start position:0% +wait for the carryin from the previous +stage before it produces 0 on at some + + align:start position:0% +stage before it produces 0 on at some + + + align:start position:0% +stage before it produces 0 on at some +output and generates a carry out for the + + align:start position:0% +output and generates a carry out for the + + + align:start position:0% +output and generates a carry out for the +next full adder the carry really does + + align:start position:0% +next full adder the carry really does + + + align:start position:0% +next full adder the carry really does +ripple through the circuit as each full + + align:start position:0% +ripple through the circuit as each full + + + align:start position:0% +ripple through the circuit as each full +adder in turn does its thing the total + + align:start position:0% +adder in turn does its thing the total + + + align:start position:0% +adder in turn does its thing the total +propagation delay along this path is n + + align:start position:0% +propagation delay along this path is n + + + align:start position:0% +propagation delay along this path is n +minus 1 times the carry end to carry out + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 times the carry end to carry out + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 times the carry end to carry out +delay of each full adder plus the delay + + align:start position:0% +delay of each full adder plus the delay + + + align:start position:0% +delay of each full adder plus the delay +to produce the final bit of the sum how + + align:start position:0% +to produce the final bit of the sum how + + + align:start position:0% +to produce the final bit of the sum how +would the overall latency change if we + + align:start position:0% +would the overall latency change if we + + + align:start position:0% +would the overall latency change if we +say doubled the size of the operands in + + align:start position:0% +say doubled the size of the operands in + + + align:start position:0% +say doubled the size of the operands in +other words made n twice as large it's + + align:start position:0% +other words made n twice as large it's + + + align:start position:0% +other words made n twice as large it's +useful to summarize the dependency of + + align:start position:0% +useful to summarize the dependency of + + + align:start position:0% +useful to summarize the dependency of +the latency on n using the order of + + align:start position:0% +the latency on n using the order of + + + align:start position:0% +the latency on n using the order of +notation to give us the big picture + + align:start position:0% +notation to give us the big picture + + + align:start position:0% +notation to give us the big picture +clearly as n gets larger the delay of + + align:start position:0% +clearly as n gets larger the delay of + + + align:start position:0% +clearly as n gets larger the delay of +the xor gate at the end becomes less + + align:start position:0% +the xor gate at the end becomes less + + + align:start position:0% +the xor gate at the end becomes less +significant so the order of notation + + align:start position:0% +significant so the order of notation + + + align:start position:0% +significant so the order of notation +ignores terms that are relatively less + + align:start position:0% +ignores terms that are relatively less + + + align:start position:0% +ignores terms that are relatively less +important as n grows in this example the + + align:start position:0% +important as n grows in this example the + + + align:start position:0% +important as n grows in this example the +latency is order n which tells us that + + align:start position:0% +latency is order n which tells us that + + + align:start position:0% +latency is order n which tells us that +the latency would be expected to + + align:start position:0% +the latency would be expected to + + + align:start position:0% +the latency would be expected to +essentially double if we made n twice as + + align:start position:0% +essentially double if we made n twice as + + + align:start position:0% +essentially double if we made n twice as +large the order of notation which + + align:start position:0% +large the order of notation which + + + align:start position:0% +large the order of notation which +theoreticians call asymptotic analysis + + align:start position:0% +theoreticians call asymptotic analysis + + + align:start position:0% +theoreticians call asymptotic analysis +tells us the term that would dominate + + align:start position:0% +tells us the term that would dominate + + + align:start position:0% +tells us the term that would dominate +the result as n grows the yellow box + + align:start position:0% +the result as n grows the yellow box + + + align:start position:0% +the result as n grows the yellow box +contains the official definition but an + + align:start position:0% +contains the official definition but an + + + align:start position:0% +contains the official definition but an +example might make it easier to + + align:start position:0% +example might make it easier to + + + align:start position:0% +example might make it easier to +understand what's happening suppose we + + align:start position:0% +understand what's happening suppose we + + + align:start position:0% +understand what's happening suppose we +want to characterize the growth and the + + align:start position:0% +want to characterize the growth and the + + + align:start position:0% +want to characterize the growth and the +value of the equation n squared plus 2n + + align:start position:0% +value of the equation n squared plus 2n + + + align:start position:0% +value of the equation n squared plus 2n +plus 3 as n gets larger the dominant + + align:start position:0% +plus 3 as n gets larger the dominant + + + align:start position:0% +plus 3 as n gets larger the dominant +term is clearly N squared + + align:start position:0% +term is clearly N squared + + + align:start position:0% +term is clearly N squared +the value of our equation is abounded + + align:start position:0% +the value of our equation is abounded + + + align:start position:0% +the value of our equation is abounded +above and below by simple multiples of N + + align:start position:0% +above and below by simple multiples of N + + + align:start position:0% +above and below by simple multiples of N +squared except for finitely many values + + align:start position:0% +squared except for finitely many values + + + align:start position:0% +squared except for finitely many values +of M the lower bound is always true for + + align:start position:0% +of M the lower bound is always true for + + + align:start position:0% +of M the lower bound is always true for +N greater than or equal to zero and in + + align:start position:0% +N greater than or equal to zero and in + + + align:start position:0% +N greater than or equal to zero and in +this case the upper bound doesn't hold + + align:start position:0% +this case the upper bound doesn't hold + + + align:start position:0% +this case the upper bound doesn't hold +only for n equal to zero one two or + + align:start position:0% +only for n equal to zero one two or + + + align:start position:0% +only for n equal to zero one two or +three + + align:start position:0% +three + + + align:start position:0% +three +for all other positive values of n the + + align:start position:0% +for all other positive values of n the + + + align:start position:0% +for all other positive values of n the +upper inequality is true so we'd say + + align:start position:0% +upper inequality is true so we'd say + + + align:start position:0% +upper inequality is true so we'd say +this equation was order N squared there + + align:start position:0% +this equation was order N squared there + + + align:start position:0% +this equation was order N squared there +are actually two variants for the order + + align:start position:0% +are actually two variants for the order + + + align:start position:0% +are actually two variants for the order +of notation we use the theta notation to + + align:start position:0% +of notation we use the theta notation to + + + align:start position:0% +of notation we use the theta notation to +indicate the G of n is abounded above + + align:start position:0% +indicate the G of n is abounded above + + + align:start position:0% +indicate the G of n is abounded above +and below by multiples of F of M the Big + + align:start position:0% +and below by multiples of F of M the Big + + + align:start position:0% +and below by multiples of F of M the Big +O notation is used when G of n is only + + align:start position:0% +O notation is used when G of n is only + + + align:start position:0% +O notation is used when G of n is only +abounded above by a multiple of F of M + + align:start position:0% +abounded above by a multiple of F of M + + + align:start position:0% +abounded above by a multiple of F of M +here's a first attempt at improving the + + align:start position:0% +here's a first attempt at improving the + + + align:start position:0% +here's a first attempt at improving the +latency of our Edition circuit the + + align:start position:0% +latency of our Edition circuit the + + + align:start position:0% +latency of our Edition circuit the +trouble with the ripple-carry adder is + + align:start position:0% +trouble with the ripple-carry adder is + + + align:start position:0% +trouble with the ripple-carry adder is +that the high order bits have to wait + + align:start position:0% +that the high order bits have to wait + + + align:start position:0% +that the high order bits have to wait +for the carryin from the low order bits + + align:start position:0% +for the carryin from the low order bits + + + align:start position:0% +for the carryin from the low order bits +is there a way in which we can get the + + align:start position:0% +is there a way in which we can get the + + + align:start position:0% +is there a way in which we can get the +high half of the adder working in + + align:start position:0% +high half of the adder working in + + + align:start position:0% +high half of the adder working in +parallel with the low half suppose we + + align:start position:0% +parallel with the low half suppose we + + + align:start position:0% +parallel with the low half suppose we +wanted to build a 32 bit adder let's + + align:start position:0% +wanted to build a 32 bit adder let's + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to build a 32 bit adder let's +make two copies of the high 16 bits of + + align:start position:0% +make two copies of the high 16 bits of + + + align:start position:0% +make two copies of the high 16 bits of +the adder one assuming the carry and + + align:start position:0% +the adder one assuming the carry and + + + align:start position:0% +the adder one assuming the carry and +from the low bits is 0 and the other + + align:start position:0% +from the low bits is 0 and the other + + + align:start position:0% +from the low bits is 0 and the other +assuming the carry n is 1 so now we have + + align:start position:0% +assuming the carry n is 1 so now we have + + + align:start position:0% +assuming the carry n is 1 so now we have +three 16-bit adders all of which can + + align:start position:0% +three 16-bit adders all of which can + + + align:start position:0% +three 16-bit adders all of which can +operate in parallel on newly arriving a + + align:start position:0% +operate in parallel on newly arriving a + + + align:start position:0% +operate in parallel on newly arriving a +and B inputs once the 16-bit additions + + align:start position:0% +and B inputs once the 16-bit additions + + + align:start position:0% +and B inputs once the 16-bit additions +are complete we can use the actual + + align:start position:0% +are complete we can use the actual + + + align:start position:0% +are complete we can use the actual +carryout from the low half to select the + + align:start position:0% +carryout from the low half to select the + + + align:start position:0% +carryout from the low half to select the +answer from the particular high half + + align:start position:0% +answer from the particular high half + + + align:start position:0% +answer from the particular high half +adder that use the matching carrying + + align:start position:0% +adder that use the matching carrying + + + align:start position:0% +adder that use the matching carrying +value this type of adder is + + align:start position:0% +value this type of adder is + + + align:start position:0% +value this type of adder is +appropriately named the carry select + + align:start position:0% +appropriately named the carry select + + + align:start position:0% +appropriately named the carry select +adder the latency of this carry select + + align:start position:0% +adder the latency of this carry select + + + align:start position:0% +adder the latency of this carry select +editor is just a little more than the + + align:start position:0% +editor is just a little more than the + + + align:start position:0% +editor is just a little more than the +latency of a 16-bit ripple-carry Edition + + align:start position:0% +latency of a 16-bit ripple-carry Edition + + + align:start position:0% +latency of a 16-bit ripple-carry Edition +this is approximately half the latency + + align:start position:0% +this is approximately half the latency + + + align:start position:0% +this is approximately half the latency +of the original 32-bit ripple-carry + + align:start position:0% +of the original 32-bit ripple-carry + + + align:start position:0% +of the original 32-bit ripple-carry +adder so at a cost of about 50% more + + align:start position:0% +adder so at a cost of about 50% more + + + align:start position:0% +adder so at a cost of about 50% more +circuitry with half the latency as a + + align:start position:0% +circuitry with half the latency as a + + + align:start position:0% +circuitry with half the latency as a +next step we could apply the same + + align:start position:0% +next step we could apply the same + + + align:start position:0% +next step we could apply the same +strategy to have the latency of the + + align:start position:0% +strategy to have the latency of the + + + align:start position:0% +strategy to have the latency of the +16-bit adders and then again to have the + + align:start position:0% +16-bit adders and then again to have the + + + align:start position:0% +16-bit adders and then again to have the +latency of the 8 bit adders used in the + + align:start position:0% +latency of the 8 bit adders used in the + + + align:start position:0% +latency of the 8 bit adders used in the +previous step at each step we have the + + align:start position:0% +previous step at each step we have the + + + align:start position:0% +previous step at each step we have the +adder latency in a deluxe delay after + + align:start position:0% +adder latency in a deluxe delay after + + + align:start position:0% +adder latency in a deluxe delay after +log base 2 of n steps and will be 1 and + + align:start position:0% +log base 2 of n steps and will be 1 and + + + align:start position:0% +log base 2 of n steps and will be 1 and +we're done + + align:start position:0% +we're done + + + align:start position:0% +we're done +at this point the latency would be some + + align:start position:0% +at this point the latency would be some + + + align:start position:0% +at this point the latency would be some +constant cost to do a 1-bit addition + + align:start position:0% +constant cost to do a 1-bit addition + + + align:start position:0% +constant cost to do a 1-bit addition +plus log base 2 of M times the MUX + + align:start position:0% +plus log base 2 of M times the MUX + + + align:start position:0% +plus log base 2 of M times the MUX +latency to select the right answers so + + align:start position:0% +latency to select the right answers so + + + align:start position:0% +latency to select the right answers so +the overall latency of the carry select + + align:start position:0% +the overall latency of the carry select + + + align:start position:0% +the overall latency of the carry select +adder is order log n note that log base + + align:start position:0% +adder is order log n note that log base + + + align:start position:0% +adder is order log n note that log base +2 of N and log N only differ by a + + align:start position:0% +2 of N and log N only differ by a + + + align:start position:0% +2 of N and log N only differ by a +constant factor so we ignore the base of + + align:start position:0% +constant factor so we ignore the base of + + + align:start position:0% +constant factor so we ignore the base of +the log in order of notation the carry + + align:start position:0% +the log in order of notation the carry + + + align:start position:0% +the log in order of notation the carry +select adder shows a clear performance + + align:start position:0% +select adder shows a clear performance + + + align:start position:0% +select adder shows a clear performance +size trade-off available to the designer + + align:start position:0% +size trade-off available to the designer + + + align:start position:0% +size trade-off available to the designer +since adders play a big role in many + + align:start position:0% +since adders play a big role in many + + + align:start position:0% +since adders play a big role in many +digital systems here's a more carefully + + align:start position:0% +digital systems here's a more carefully + + + align:start position:0% +digital systems here's a more carefully +engineered version of a 32 bit curie + + align:start position:0% +engineered version of a 32 bit curie + + + align:start position:0% +engineered version of a 32 bit curie +selector you could try this in your ALU + + align:start position:0% +selector you could try this in your ALU + + + align:start position:0% +selector you could try this in your ALU +design the size of the adder blocks has + + align:start position:0% +design the size of the adder blocks has + + + align:start position:0% +design the size of the adder blocks has +been chosen so that the trial sums and + + align:start position:0% +been chosen so that the trial sums and + + + align:start position:0% +been chosen so that the trial sums and +the carry in from the previous stage + + align:start position:0% +the carry in from the previous stage + + + align:start position:0% +the carry in from the previous stage +arrived at the carry select MUX and + + align:start position:0% +arrived at the carry select MUX and + + + align:start position:0% +arrived at the carry select MUX and +approximately at the same time note that + + align:start position:0% +approximately at the same time note that + + + align:start position:0% +approximately at the same time note that +since the Select signal for the MUX is + + align:start position:0% +since the Select signal for the MUX is + + + align:start position:0% +since the Select signal for the MUX is +is heavily loaded we've included a + + align:start position:0% +is heavily loaded we've included a + + + align:start position:0% +is heavily loaded we've included a +buffer to make the Select signal + + align:start position:0% +buffer to make the Select signal + + + align:start position:0% +buffer to make the Select signal +transitions faster this carry select + + align:start position:0% +transitions faster this carry select + + + align:start position:0% +transitions faster this carry select +data is about two and a half times + + align:start position:0% +data is about two and a half times + + + align:start position:0% +data is about two and a half times +faster than a 32-bit ripple-carry adder + + align:start position:0% +faster than a 32-bit ripple-carry adder + + + align:start position:0% +faster than a 32-bit ripple-carry adder +at the cost of about twice as much + + align:start position:0% +at the cost of about twice as much + + + align:start position:0% +at the cost of about twice as much +circuitry a great design to remember + + align:start position:0% +circuitry a great design to remember + + + align:start position:0% +circuitry a great design to remember +when you're looking to double the speed + + align:start position:0% +when you're looking to double the speed + + + align:start position:0% +when you're looking to double the speed +of your ALU \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/SS5KfIFzfEE.txt b/SS5KfIFzfEE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a020e07a9f52808068621eb2ad52b2c430f2abbe --- /dev/null +++ b/SS5KfIFzfEE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13491 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or to view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it is my great pleasure to welcome John + + align:start position:0% +it is my great pleasure to welcome John + + + align:start position:0% +it is my great pleasure to welcome John +Bentley now retired from Bell Labs John + + align:start position:0% +Bentley now retired from Bell Labs John + + + align:start position:0% +Bentley now retired from Bell Labs John +was my PhD thesis supervisor at Carnegie + + align:start position:0% +was my PhD thesis supervisor at Carnegie + + + align:start position:0% +was my PhD thesis supervisor at Carnegie +Mellon I actually had to supervisor the + + align:start position:0% +Mellon I actually had to supervisor the + + + align:start position:0% +Mellon I actually had to supervisor the +other one was HT Kong who is now at + + align:start position:0% +other one was HT Kong who is now at + + + align:start position:0% +other one was HT Kong who is now at +Harvard I guess people flee Carnegie + + align:start position:0% +Harvard I guess people flee Carnegie + + + align:start position:0% +Harvard I guess people flee Carnegie +Mellon like the plague or something so + + align:start position:0% +Mellon like the plague or something so + + + align:start position:0% +Mellon like the plague or something so +so John is as you know because you've + + align:start position:0% +so John is as you know because you've + + + align:start position:0% +so John is as you know because you've +studied some of his work is a pioneer in + + align:start position:0% +studied some of his work is a pioneer in + + + align:start position:0% +studied some of his work is a pioneer in +software performance engineering and + + align:start position:0% +software performance engineering and + + + align:start position:0% +software performance engineering and +he's going to talk today about a + + align:start position:0% +he's going to talk today about a + + + align:start position:0% +he's going to talk today about a +particularly neat piece of algorithmic + + align:start position:0% +particularly neat piece of algorithmic + + + align:start position:0% +particularly neat piece of algorithmic +engineering sets that centers around the + + align:start position:0% +engineering sets that centers around the + + + align:start position:0% +engineering sets that centers around the +so called traveling salesperson problem + + align:start position:0% +so called traveling salesperson problem + + + align:start position:0% +so called traveling salesperson problem +which is an NP hard problem and P + + align:start position:0% +which is an NP hard problem and P + + + align:start position:0% +which is an NP hard problem and P +complete problem in fact and so without + + align:start position:0% +complete problem in fact and so without + + + align:start position:0% +complete problem in fact and so without +further ado John why don't you tell us + + align:start position:0% +further ado John why don't you tell us + + + align:start position:0% +further ado John why don't you tell us +what you got to say as Charles mentioned + + align:start position:0% +what you got to say as Charles mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +what you got to say as Charles mentioned +I want to talk with you I want to tell + + align:start position:0% +I want to talk with you I want to tell + + + align:start position:0% +I want to talk with you I want to tell +you a story about a cool problem this is + + align:start position:0% +you a story about a cool problem this is + + + align:start position:0% +you a story about a cool problem this is +a problem that I first heard when I was + + align:start position:0% +a problem that I first heard when I was + + + align:start position:0% +a problem that I first heard when I was +a young nerd not much older than you + + align:start position:0% +a young nerd not much older than you + + + align:start position:0% +a young nerd not much older than you +little this little pile of nerds in + + align:start position:0% +little this little pile of nerds in + + + align:start position:0% +little this little pile of nerds in +front of me in high school that the + + align:start position:0% +front of me in high school that the + + + align:start position:0% +front of me in high school that the +traveling salesperson problem who here + + align:start position:0% +traveling salesperson problem who here + + + align:start position:0% +traveling salesperson problem who here +has heard of the TSP at some point I + + align:start position:0% +has heard of the TSP at some point I + + + align:start position:0% +has heard of the TSP at some point I +heard about this in high school one of + + align:start position:0% +heard about this in high school one of + + + align:start position:0% +heard about this in high school one of +the things you read about in the math + + align:start position:0% +the things you read about in the math + + + align:start position:0% +the things you read about in the math +books and a few years later I had a + + align:start position:0% +books and a few years later I had a + + + align:start position:0% +books and a few years later I had a +chance to work on it in 1980 I was doing + + align:start position:0% +chance to work on it in 1980 I was doing + + + align:start position:0% +chance to work on it in 1980 I was doing +some consulting and I said well what you + + align:start position:0% +some consulting and I said well what you + + + align:start position:0% +some consulting and I said well what you +need to do is solve a TSP then I went + + align:start position:0% +need to do is solve a TSP then I went + + + align:start position:0% +need to do is solve a TSP then I went +home and realized that all this stuff + + align:start position:0% +home and realized that all this stuff + + + align:start position:0% +home and realized that all this stuff +that I had learned about it was sort of + + align:start position:0% +that I had learned about it was sort of + + + align:start position:0% +that I had learned about it was sort of +relevant but it didn't solve the problem + + align:start position:0% +relevant but it didn't solve the problem + + + align:start position:0% +relevant but it didn't solve the problem +so I started working on it then Michael + + align:start position:0% +so I started working on it then Michael + + + align:start position:0% +so I started working on it then Michael +or our colleague christos papadimitriou + + align:start position:0% +or our colleague christos papadimitriou + + + align:start position:0% +or our colleague christos papadimitriou +who's been at Berkeley for a long time + + align:start position:0% +who's been at Berkeley for a long time + + + align:start position:0% +who's been at Berkeley for a long time +after being in a lot of other places + + align:start position:0% +after being in a lot of other places + + + align:start position:0% +after being in a lot of other places +once told me the TSP is not a problem it + + align:start position:0% +once told me the TSP is not a problem it + + + align:start position:0% +once told me the TSP is not a problem it +is an addiction so I've been hooked for + + align:start position:0% +is an addiction so I've been hooked for + + + align:start position:0% +is an addiction so I've been hooked for +coming up on 40 years now and I want to + + align:start position:0% +coming up on 40 years now and I want to + + + align:start position:0% +coming up on 40 years now and I want to +tell you one story about a really cool + + align:start position:0% +tell you one story about a really cool + + + align:start position:0% +tell you one story about a really cool +program I wrote + + align:start position:0% +program I wrote + + + align:start position:0% +program I wrote +I've been paid to be a computer + + align:start position:0% +I've been paid to be a computer + + + align:start position:0% +I've been paid to be a computer +programmer for coming up on 50 years + + align:start position:0% +programmer for coming up on 50 years + + + align:start position:0% +programmer for coming up on 50 years +I've been doing it for 48 years now this + + align:start position:0% +I've been doing it for 48 years now this + + + align:start position:0% +I've been doing it for 48 years now this +is probably the most fun the the coolest + + align:start position:0% +is probably the most fun the the coolest + + + align:start position:0% +is probably the most fun the the coolest +program I've written over a couple day + + align:start position:0% +program I've written over a couple day + + + align:start position:0% +program I've written over a couple day +period I wanted hi yes story start off + + align:start position:0% +period I wanted hi yes story start off + + + align:start position:0% +period I wanted hi yes story start off +with what recursive generation is then + + align:start position:0% +with what recursive generation is then + + + align:start position:0% +with what recursive generation is then +the TSP what it is then I'll start with + + align:start position:0% +the TSP what it is then I'll start with + + + align:start position:0% +the TSP what it is then I'll start with +one program and we'll make it faster and + + align:start position:0% +one program and we'll make it faster and + + + align:start position:0% +one program and we'll make it faster and +faster and faster + + align:start position:0% +faster and faster + + + align:start position:0% +faster and faster +again I spent my whole life squeezing + + align:start position:0% +again I spent my whole life squeezing + + + align:start position:0% +again I spent my whole life squeezing +performance this is the biggest squeeze + + align:start position:0% +performance this is the biggest squeeze + + + align:start position:0% +performance this is the biggest squeeze +ever and in some principles behind that + + align:start position:0% +ever and in some principles behind that + + + align:start position:0% +ever and in some principles behind that +we'll start though with how do you + + align:start position:0% +we'll start though with how do you + + + align:start position:0% +we'll start though with how do you +enumerate all the elements in a set if I + + align:start position:0% +enumerate all the elements in a set if I + + + align:start position:0% +enumerate all the elements in a set if I +want to count numerate the guys between + + align:start position:0% +want to count numerate the guys between + + + align:start position:0% +want to count numerate the guys between +one and a hundred I just count that's + + align:start position:0% +one and a hundred I just count that's + + + align:start position:0% +one and a hundred I just count that's +the big deal but how can I + + align:start position:0% +the big deal but how can I + + + align:start position:0% +the big deal but how can I +for instance enumerate all subsets of + + align:start position:0% +for instance enumerate all subsets of + + + align:start position:0% +for instance enumerate all subsets of +the set from the integers from 1 to 5 + + align:start position:0% +the set from the integers from 1 to 5 + + + align:start position:0% +the set from the integers from 1 to 5 +how many subsets are there I've + + align:start position:0% +how many subsets are there I've + + + align:start position:0% +how many subsets are there I've +introduced from 1 to 5 part of me 2 to + + align:start position:0% +introduced from 1 to 5 part of me 2 to + + + align:start position:0% +introduced from 1 to 5 part of me 2 to +the 5 32 but how do you say which ones + + align:start position:0% +the 5 32 but how do you say which ones + + + align:start position:0% +the 5 32 but how do you say which ones +they are how do you go through and count + + align:start position:0% +they are how do you go through and count + + + align:start position:0% +they are how do you go through and count +them well you have to decide how you + + align:start position:0% +them well you have to decide how you + + + align:start position:0% +them well you have to decide how you +represented you you guys know all about + + align:start position:0% +represented you you guys know all about + + + align:start position:0% +represented you you guys know all about +set representations we'll stick with + + align:start position:0% +set representations we'll stick with + + + align:start position:0% +set representations we'll stick with +vectors to the time being an iterative + + align:start position:0% +vectors to the time being an iterative + + + align:start position:0% +vectors to the time being an iterative +solution is you just count 0 1 2 3 4 5 + + align:start position:0% +solution is you just count 0 1 2 3 4 5 + + + align:start position:0% +solution is you just count 0 1 2 3 4 5 +up to 31 that's pretty easy but what + + align:start position:0% +up to 31 that's pretty easy but what + + + align:start position:0% +up to 31 that's pretty easy but what +does it mean to count what does it mean + + align:start position:0% +does it mean to count what does it mean + + + align:start position:0% +does it mean to count what does it mean +to go from one integer to the next how + + align:start position:0% +to go from one integer to the next how + + + align:start position:0% +to go from one integer to the next how +do you go from a given integer to the + + align:start position:0% +do you go from a given integer to the + + + align:start position:0% +do you go from a given integer to the +next one what what's the rule for that + + align:start position:0% +next one what what's the rule for that + + + align:start position:0% +next one what what's the rule for that +it's pretty easy actually you just scan + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty easy actually you just scan + + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty easy actually you just scan +over all the zeros turning that you + + align:start position:0% +over all the zeros turning that you + + + align:start position:0% +over all the zeros turning that you +start at the right-hand side least + + align:start position:0% +start at the right-hand side least + + + align:start position:0% +start at the right-hand side least +significant digit scan over all the + + align:start position:0% +significant digit scan over all the + + + align:start position:0% +significant digit scan over all the +zeros turn to 100 I lied to you I scan + + align:start position:0% +zeros turn to 100 I lied to you I scan + + + align:start position:0% +zeros turn to 100 I lied to you I scan +over all the ones turning them to zero + + align:start position:0% +over all the ones turning them to zero + + + align:start position:0% +over all the ones turning them to zero +until you get to the first zero and then + + align:start position:0% +until you get to the first zero and then + + + align:start position:0% +until you get to the first zero and then +you turn that to a one so this one goes + + align:start position:0% +you turn that to a one so this one goes + + + align:start position:0% +you turn that to a one so this one goes +to one zero this one goes to one one + + align:start position:0% +to one zero this one goes to one one + + + align:start position:0% +to one zero this one goes to one one +this one goes that one becomes zero that + + align:start position:0% +this one goes that one becomes zero that + + + align:start position:0% +this one goes that one becomes zero that +one becomes zero then it becomes zero + + align:start position:0% +one becomes zero then it becomes zero + + + align:start position:0% +one becomes zero then it becomes zero +zero one zero zero so a pretty easy + + align:start position:0% +zero one zero zero so a pretty easy + + + align:start position:0% +zero one zero zero so a pretty easy +with them you could do it that way I + + align:start position:0% +with them you could do it that way I + + + align:start position:0% +with them you could do it that way I +just scan over all the ones turn them to + + align:start position:0% +just scan over all the ones turn them to + + + align:start position:0% +just scan over all the ones turn them to +zeros take that person we flip it around + + align:start position:0% +zeros take that person we flip it around + + + align:start position:0% +zeros take that person we flip it around +but that doesn't generalize nicely well + + align:start position:0% +but that doesn't generalize nicely well + + + align:start position:0% +but that doesn't generalize nicely well +we're gonna see a method generalizes + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna see a method generalizes + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna see a method generalizes +very nicely this is a recursive solution + + align:start position:0% +very nicely this is a recursive solution + + + align:start position:0% +very nicely this is a recursive solution +to enumerate all to the N subsets of a + + align:start position:0% +to enumerate all to the N subsets of a + + + align:start position:0% +to enumerate all to the N subsets of a +set asides in and the answer is this all + + align:start position:0% +set asides in and the answer is this all + + + align:start position:0% +set asides in and the answer is this all +sets of size M is just put a zero at + + align:start position:0% +sets of size M is just put a zero at + + + align:start position:0% +sets of size M is just put a zero at +this end enumerate all sets a size n + + align:start position:0% +this end enumerate all sets a size n + + + align:start position:0% +this end enumerate all sets a size n +minus one how many of these will there + + align:start position:0% +minus one how many of these will there + + + align:start position:0% +minus one how many of these will there +be two to the M minus one how many of + + align:start position:0% +be two to the M minus one how many of + + + align:start position:0% +be two to the M minus one how many of +those 2 to the M minus one or do they + + align:start position:0% +those 2 to the M minus one or do they + + + align:start position:0% +those 2 to the M minus one or do they +add up to 2 to the M but all of these + + align:start position:0% +add up to 2 to the M but all of these + + + align:start position:0% +add up to 2 to the M but all of these +have a zero at that end and one at that + + align:start position:0% +have a zero at that end and one at that + + + align:start position:0% +have a zero at that end and one at that +end everyone see that recursive sketch + + align:start position:0% +end everyone see that recursive sketch + + + align:start position:0% +end everyone see that recursive sketch +of how that works here's the example up + + align:start position:0% +of how that works here's the example up + + + align:start position:0% +of how that works here's the example up +here you have the zeros at this end and + + align:start position:0% +here you have the zeros at this end and + + + align:start position:0% +here you have the zeros at this end and +you pull it out you have the one at that + + align:start position:0% +you pull it out you have the one at that + + + align:start position:0% +you pull it out you have the one at that +and you fill that out if you do that you + + align:start position:0% +and you fill that out if you do that you + + + align:start position:0% +and you fill that out if you do that you +notice that in fact we're just counting + + align:start position:0% +notice that in fact we're just counting + + + align:start position:0% +notice that in fact we're just counting +backwards 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 3 4 5 6 7 + + align:start position:0% +backwards 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 3 4 5 6 7 + + + align:start position:0% +backwards 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 3 4 5 6 7 +that's the algorithm and the cool thing + + align:start position:0% +that's the algorithm and the cool thing + + + align:start position:0% +that's the algorithm and the cool thing +is the code is really simple I could + + align:start position:0% +is the code is really simple I could + + + align:start position:0% +is the code is really simple I could +probably write a program like that in + + align:start position:0% +probably write a program like that in + + + align:start position:0% +probably write a program like that in +most languages and get it correct so if + + align:start position:0% +most languages and get it correct so if + + + align:start position:0% +most languages and get it correct so if +N equals 0 generate all subsets of size + + align:start position:0% +N equals 0 generate all subsets of size + + + align:start position:0% +N equals 0 generate all subsets of size +M just visit the current one you have a + + align:start position:0% +M just visit the current one you have a + + + align:start position:0% +M just visit the current one you have a +pointer going down the array otherwise + + align:start position:0% +pointer going down the array otherwise + + + align:start position:0% +pointer going down the array otherwise +set the rightmost bit to 0 generate all + + align:start position:0% +set the rightmost bit to 0 generate all + + + align:start position:0% +set the rightmost bit to 0 generate all +substances recursively it set it to 1 do + + align:start position:0% +substances recursively it set it to 1 do + + + align:start position:0% +substances recursively it set it to 1 do +it again recursively that's a starting + + align:start position:0% +it again recursively that's a starting + + + align:start position:0% +it again recursively that's a starting +program if you understand this + + align:start position:0% +program if you understand this + + + align:start position:0% +program if you understand this +everything else is going to be pretty + + align:start position:0% +everything else is going to be pretty + + + align:start position:0% +everything else is going to be pretty +straightforward if you don't please + + align:start position:0% +straightforward if you don't please + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward if you don't please +speak up one thing that you people have + + align:start position:0% +speak up one thing that you people have + + + align:start position:0% +speak up one thing that you people have +suffered the tragedy of 14 or 15 or 16 + + align:start position:0% +suffered the tragedy of 14 or 15 or 16 + + + align:start position:0% +suffered the tragedy of 14 or 15 or 16 +years of educational system that have + + align:start position:0% +years of educational system that have + + + align:start position:0% +years of educational system that have +sort of beaten the creativity out of you + + align:start position:0% +sort of beaten the creativity out of you + + + align:start position:0% +sort of beaten the creativity out of you +and and you're afraid to speak up so + + align:start position:0% +and and you're afraid to speak up so + + + align:start position:0% +and and you're afraid to speak up so +even if something even if I'm up here + + align:start position:0% +even if something even if I'm up here + + + align:start position:0% +even if something even if I'm up here +spouting total you'll ignore + + align:start position:0% +spouting total you'll ignore + + + align:start position:0% +spouting total you'll ignore +that fact and just sort of politely + + align:start position:0% +that fact and just sort of politely + + + align:start position:0% +that fact and just sort of politely +stare at me an odd but this is important + + align:start position:0% +stare at me an odd but this is important + + + align:start position:0% +stare at me an odd but this is important +I want + + align:start position:0% +I want + + + align:start position:0% +I want +understand this ignored him to stay on + + align:start position:0% +understand this ignored him to stay on + + + align:start position:0% +understand this ignored him to stay on +this speak now or forever hold it anyone + + align:start position:0% +this speak now or forever hold it anyone + + + align:start position:0% +this speak now or forever hold it anyone +have any questions please please + + align:start position:0% +have any questions please please + + + align:start position:0% +have any questions please please +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm sorry why do we set P to the so here + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry why do we set P to the so here + + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry why do we set P to the so here +first I could go out to the extreme + + align:start position:0% +first I could go out to the extreme + + + align:start position:0% +first I could go out to the extreme +right most and I set it to zero then I + + align:start position:0% +right most and I set it to zero then I + + + align:start position:0% +right most and I set it to zero then I +recursively fill those in then I change + + align:start position:0% +recursively fill those in then I change + + + align:start position:0% +recursively fill those in then I change +it from a zero to a one there and I fill + + align:start position:0% +it from a zero to a one there and I fill + + + align:start position:0% +it from a zero to a one there and I fill +all those in so this is a program that + + align:start position:0% +all those in so this is a program that + + + align:start position:0% +all those in so this is a program that +we'll go through and as it enumerates a + + align:start position:0% +we'll go through and as it enumerates a + + + align:start position:0% +we'll go through and as it enumerates a +subset it will call the visit procedure + + align:start position:0% +subset it will call the visit procedure + + + align:start position:0% +subset it will call the visit procedure +a total of two to the M times and it + + align:start position:0% +a total of two to the M times and it + + + align:start position:0% +a total of two to the M times and it +comes down to the bottom of the + + align:start position:0% +comes down to the bottom of the + + + align:start position:0% +comes down to the bottom of the +recursion thank you great question any + + align:start position:0% +recursion thank you great question any + + + align:start position:0% +recursion thank you great question any +other questions about how this works + + align:start position:0% +other questions about how this works + + + align:start position:0% +other questions about how this works +okay welcome back to this the traveling + + align:start position:0% +okay welcome back to this the traveling + + + align:start position:0% +okay welcome back to this the traveling +salesperson problem I apologize I will + + align:start position:0% +salesperson problem I apologize I will + + + align:start position:0% +salesperson problem I apologize I will +really try to say the traveling + + align:start position:0% +really try to say the traveling + + + align:start position:0% +really try to say the traveling +salesperson problem but I will slip + + align:start position:0% +salesperson problem but I will slip + + + align:start position:0% +salesperson problem but I will slip +because I was raised with us being the + + align:start position:0% +because I was raised with us being the + + + align:start position:0% +because I was raised with us being the +Traveling Salesman problem no + + align:start position:0% +Traveling Salesman problem no + + + align:start position:0% +Traveling Salesman problem no +connotations no intentionality they are + + align:start position:0% +connotations no intentionality they are + + + align:start position:0% +connotations no intentionality they are +just senility galloping along it's a + + align:start position:0% +just senility galloping along it's a + + + align:start position:0% +just senility galloping along it's a +cool problem Abraham Lincoln faced this + + align:start position:0% +cool problem Abraham Lincoln faced this + + + align:start position:0% +cool problem Abraham Lincoln faced this +very problem in the years 1847 1853 when + + align:start position:0% +very problem in the years 1847 1853 when + + + align:start position:0% +very problem in the years 1847 1853 when +he everyone here has heard of circuit + + align:start position:0% +he everyone here has heard of circuit + + + align:start position:0% +he everyone here has heard of circuit +courts why do they call them circuit + + align:start position:0% +courts why do they call them circuit + + + align:start position:0% +courts why do they call them circuit +courts because the court used to go out + + align:start position:0% +courts because the court used to go out + + + align:start position:0% +courts because the court used to go out +and ride a circuit to go to a whole + + align:start position:0% +and ride a circuit to go to a whole + + + align:start position:0% +and ride a circuit to go to a whole +bunch of cities now people in the cities + + align:start position:0% +bunch of cities now people in the cities + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of cities now people in the cities +come to the court but back in the day + + align:start position:0% +come to the court but back in the day + + + align:start position:0% +come to the court but back in the day +and 1847 1853 Lincoln and all of his + + align:start position:0% +and 1847 1853 Lincoln and all of his + + + align:start position:0% +and 1847 1853 Lincoln and all of his +homies would hop on their horses judge + + align:start position:0% +homies would hop on their horses judge + + + align:start position:0% +homies would hop on their horses judge +defense lawyers prosecutors and go + + align:start position:0% +defense lawyers prosecutors and go + + + align:start position:0% +defense lawyers prosecutors and go +around and ride the circuit here and so + + align:start position:0% +around and ride the circuit here and so + + + align:start position:0% +around and ride the circuit here and so +this is the actual route that they rode + + align:start position:0% +this is the actual route that they rode + + + align:start position:0% +this is the actual route that they rode +where they wanted to do this effectively + + align:start position:0% +where they wanted to do this effectively + + + align:start position:0% +where they wanted to do this effectively +it would be really stupid to start here + + align:start position:0% +it would be really stupid to start here + + + align:start position:0% +it would be really stupid to start here +in Springfield and go over there then to + + align:start position:0% +in Springfield and go over there then to + + + align:start position:0% +in Springfield and go over there then to +come back here then to go over there + + align:start position:0% +come back here then to go over there + + + align:start position:0% +come back here then to go over there +back and forth what they did was try to + + align:start position:0% +back and forth what they did was try to + + + align:start position:0% +back and forth what they did was try to +find a circuit that minimized the total + + align:start position:0% +find a circuit that minimized the total + + + align:start position:0% +find a circuit that minimized the total +amount of distance traveled that is the + + align:start position:0% +amount of distance traveled that is the + + + align:start position:0% +amount of distance traveled that is the +traveling salesperson problem were given + + align:start position:0% +traveling salesperson problem were given + + + align:start position:0% +traveling salesperson problem were given +a set of n cities it might be a general + + align:start position:0% +a set of n cities it might be a general + + + align:start position:0% +a set of n cities it might be a general +graph these happen to be in the plane + + align:start position:0% +graph these happen to be in the plane + + + align:start position:0% +graph these happen to be in the plane +but you really helicopter service was + + align:start position:0% +but you really helicopter service was + + + align:start position:0% +but you really helicopter service was +really bad in those days so they didn't + + align:start position:0% +really bad in those days so they didn't + + + align:start position:0% +really bad in those days so they didn't +fly directly point-to-point whether they + + align:start position:0% +fly directly point-to-point whether they + + + align:start position:0% +fly directly point-to-point whether they +stayed on roads what really matters here + + align:start position:0% +stayed on roads what really matters here + + + align:start position:0% +stayed on roads what really matters here +is a graph and better than here I'm + + align:start position:0% +is a graph and better than here I'm + + + align:start position:0% +is a graph and better than here I'm +going to speak at this everything I say + + align:start position:0% +going to speak at this everything I say + + + align:start position:0% +going to speak at this everything I say +will be true for a graph it'll + + align:start position:0% +will be true for a graph it'll + + + align:start position:0% +will be true for a graph it'll +true for her geometry I'll be sloppy + + align:start position:0% +true for her geometry I'll be sloppy + + + align:start position:0% +true for her geometry I'll be sloppy +about that + + align:start position:0% +about that + + + align:start position:0% +about that +we'll see interfaces how how you handle + + align:start position:0% +we'll see interfaces how how you handle + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see interfaces how how you handle +both but just cut me some slack for that + + align:start position:0% +both but just cut me some slack for that + + + align:start position:0% +both but just cut me some slack for that +I have actually phases myself when I + + align:start position:0% +I have actually phases myself when I + + + align:start position:0% +I have actually phases myself when I +worked on a system where we had a big + + align:start position:0% +worked on a system where we had a big + + + align:start position:0% +worked on a system where we had a big +mechanical plotter and we'd wanted to + + align:start position:0% +mechanical plotter and we'd wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +mechanical plotter and we'd wanted to +draw these beautiful maps where the naps + + align:start position:0% +draw these beautiful maps where the naps + + + align:start position:0% +draw these beautiful maps where the naps +could fill in dots they happen to be + + align:start position:0% +could fill in dots they happen to be + + + align:start position:0% +could fill in dots they happen to be +precincts some of them were red some of + + align:start position:0% +precincts some of them were red some of + + + align:start position:0% +precincts some of them were red some of +them were blue and you wanted to draw + + align:start position:0% +them were blue and you wanted to draw + + + align:start position:0% +them were blue and you wanted to draw +all the red dots first and go around + + align:start position:0% +all the red dots first and go around + + + align:start position:0% +all the red dots first and go around +here and impact the plotter would draw + + align:start position:0% +here and impact the plotter would draw + + + align:start position:0% +here and impact the plotter would draw +this red dot then that red dot then this + + align:start position:0% +this red dot then that red dot then this + + + align:start position:0% +this red dot then that red dot then this +one then that one the plotter took an + + align:start position:0% +one then that one the plotter took an + + + align:start position:0% +one then that one the plotter took an +hour to draw the map + + align:start position:0% +hour to draw the map + + + align:start position:0% +hour to draw the map +I was consulted on this aha you have a + + align:start position:0% +I was consulted on this aha you have a + + + align:start position:0% +I was consulted on this aha you have a +traveling salesperson problem I went + + align:start position:0% +traveling salesperson problem I went + + + align:start position:0% +traveling salesperson problem I went +down i reduced the length to about one + + align:start position:0% +down i reduced the length to about one + + + align:start position:0% +down i reduced the length to about one +tenth of the original length if it were + + align:start position:0% +tenth of the original length if it were + + + align:start position:0% +tenth of the original length if it were +took an hour before how long would it + + align:start position:0% +took an hour before how long would it + + + align:start position:0% +took an hour before how long would it +take now well it took about half an hour + + align:start position:0% +take now well it took about half an hour + + + align:start position:0% +take now well it took about half an hour +and the reason is that the plotter took + + align:start position:0% +and the reason is that the plotter took + + + align:start position:0% +and the reason is that the plotter took +about half of its time moving around + + align:start position:0% +about half of its time moving around + + + align:start position:0% +about half of its time moving around +about 30 minutes moving around and about + + align:start position:0% +about 30 minutes moving around and about + + + align:start position:0% +about 30 minutes moving around and about +30 minutes just drawing the symbols I + + align:start position:0% +30 minutes just drawing the symbols I + + + align:start position:0% +30 minutes just drawing the symbols I +didn't reduce the time drawing the + + align:start position:0% +didn't reduce the time drawing the + + + align:start position:0% +didn't reduce the time drawing the +symbols at all but I reduce the time + + align:start position:0% +symbols at all but I reduce the time + + + align:start position:0% +symbols at all but I reduce the time +moving things around from about 30 + + align:start position:0% +moving things around from about 30 + + + align:start position:0% +moving things around from about 30 +minutes to about 3 minutes + + align:start position:0% +minutes to about 3 minutes + + + align:start position:0% +minutes to about 3 minutes +that was still a big difference so I + + align:start position:0% +that was still a big difference so I + + + align:start position:0% +that was still a big difference so I +faced there when I worked at Bell Labs + + align:start position:0% +faced there when I worked at Bell Labs + + + align:start position:0% +faced there when I worked at Bell Labs +we had drills that would go around laser + + align:start position:0% +we had drills that would go around laser + + + align:start position:0% +we had drills that would go around laser +drills were on printed circuit boards to + + align:start position:0% +drills were on printed circuit boards to + + + align:start position:0% +drills were on printed circuit boards to +drill holes they wanted to move it that + + align:start position:0% +drill holes they wanted to move it that + + + align:start position:0% +drill holes they wanted to move it that +way I talked to people at General Motors + + align:start position:0% +way I talked to people at General Motors + + + align:start position:0% +way I talked to people at General Motors +at one point on any day they might have + + align:start position:0% +at one point on any day they might have + + + align:start position:0% +at one point on any day they might have +a thousand cars go through an assembly + + align:start position:0% +a thousand cars go through an assembly + + + align:start position:0% +a thousand cars go through an assembly +line some of the cars are red some are + + align:start position:0% +line some of the cars are red some are + + + align:start position:0% +line some of the cars are red some are +white some are Green's more yellow you + + align:start position:0% +white some are Green's more yellow you + + + align:start position:0% +white some are Green's more yellow you +have to change the paint some of them + + align:start position:0% +have to change the paint some of them + + + align:start position:0% +have to change the paint some of them +have v6 some of them have v8 some of + + align:start position:0% +have v6 some of them have v8 some of + + + align:start position:0% +have v6 some of them have v8 some of +them are two-door some of them are four + + align:start position:0% +them are two-door some of them are four + + + align:start position:0% +them are two-door some of them are four +doors in what order you want to build + + align:start position:0% +doors in what order you want to build + + + align:start position:0% +doors in what order you want to build +those cars well every time you change + + align:start position:0% +those cars well every time you change + + + align:start position:0% +those cars well every time you change +one part of the car you have to change + + align:start position:0% +one part of the car you have to change + + + align:start position:0% +one part of the car you have to change +the line and what you want to do is + + align:start position:0% +the line and what you want to do is + + + align:start position:0% +the line and what you want to do is +examine as it were all in factorial + + align:start position:0% +examine as it were all in factorial + + + align:start position:0% +examine as it were all in factorial +permutations put in the cars through and + + align:start position:0% +permutations put in the cars through and + + + align:start position:0% +permutations put in the cars through and +choose the one that involves the minimum + + align:start position:0% +choose the one that involves the minimum + + + align:start position:0% +choose the one that involves the minimum +amount of change and that's the change + + align:start position:0% +amount of change and that's the change + + + align:start position:0% +amount of change and that's the change +from one car to another is a + + align:start position:0% +from one car to another is a + + + align:start position:0% +from one car to another is a +well-defined function everyone see how + + align:start position:0% +well-defined function everyone see how + + + align:start position:0% +well-defined function everyone see how +that weird TSP isn't active TSP so all + + align:start position:0% +that weird TSP isn't active TSP so all + + + align:start position:0% +that weird TSP isn't active TSP so all +these are cool problems further + + align:start position:0% +these are cool problems further + + + align:start position:0% +these are cool problems further +or as a computer scientist it's the + + align:start position:0% +or as a computer scientist it's the + + + align:start position:0% +or as a computer scientist it's the +prototypical problem it's the the e.coli + + align:start position:0% +prototypical problem it's the the e.coli + + + align:start position:0% +prototypical problem it's the the e.coli +of algorithmic problems it's it was + + align:start position:0% +of algorithmic problems it's it was + + + align:start position:0% +of algorithmic problems it's it was +literally one of the first problems to + + align:start position:0% +literally one of the first problems to + + + align:start position:0% +literally one of the first problems to +be proven to be np-hard + + align:start position:0% +be proven to be np-hard + + + align:start position:0% +be proven to be np-hard +I held Karp gave a polynomial time + + align:start position:0% +I held Karp gave a polynomial time + + + align:start position:0% +I held Karp gave a polynomial time +algorithm for it + + align:start position:0% +algorithm for it + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm for it +there are approximation algorithms of + + align:start position:0% +there are approximation algorithms of + + + align:start position:0% +there are approximation algorithms of +this kernel and given heuristics it's a + + align:start position:0% +this kernel and given heuristics it's a + + + align:start position:0% +this kernel and given heuristics it's a +really famous problem it's worth + + align:start position:0% +really famous problem it's worth + + + align:start position:0% +really famous problem it's worth +studying but here is what really + + align:start position:0% +studying but here is what really + + + align:start position:0% +studying but here is what really +happened to me here's why I'm standing + + align:start position:0% +happened to me here's why I'm standing + + + align:start position:0% +happened to me here's why I'm standing +in front of you today talking about this + + align:start position:0% +in front of you today talking about this + + + align:start position:0% +in front of you today talking about this +my friend Mike Sheamus in his 1978 PhD + + align:start position:0% +my friend Mike Sheamus in his 1978 PhD + + + align:start position:0% +my friend Mike Sheamus in his 1978 PhD +thesis on computational geometry talked + + align:start position:0% +thesis on computational geometry talked + + + align:start position:0% +thesis on computational geometry talked +about a number of problems one of them + + align:start position:0% +about a number of problems one of them + + + align:start position:0% +about a number of problems one of them +was the TSP and he shows us and he gives + + align:start position:0% +was the TSP and he shows us and he gives + + + align:start position:0% +was the TSP and he shows us and he gives +an example of this tour he says here's a + + align:start position:0% +an example of this tour he says here's a + + + align:start position:0% +an example of this tour he says here's a +set of sixteen points here's a tour + + align:start position:0% +set of sixteen points here's a tour + + + align:start position:0% +set of sixteen points here's a tour +through of them as here's the traveling + + align:start position:0% +through of them as here's the traveling + + + align:start position:0% +through of them as here's the traveling +salesperson to her through them and then + + align:start position:0% +salesperson to her through them and then + + + align:start position:0% +salesperson to her through them and then +he says in a footnote in fact I'm not + + align:start position:0% +he says in a footnote in fact I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +he says in a footnote in fact I'm not +sure if it's a really optimal tour I + + align:start position:0% +sure if it's a really optimal tour I + + + align:start position:0% +sure if it's a really optimal tour I +applied a heuristic several times I'm + + align:start position:0% +applied a heuristic several times I'm + + + align:start position:0% +applied a heuristic several times I'm +not positive it's the shortest tour if + + align:start position:0% +not positive it's the shortest tour if + + + align:start position:0% +not positive it's the shortest tour if +you wrote a thesis it would be sort of + + align:start position:0% +you wrote a thesis it would be sort of + + + align:start position:0% +you wrote a thesis it would be sort of +nice to to know what's going on there + + align:start position:0% +nice to to know what's going on there + + + align:start position:0% +nice to to know what's going on there +can you solve a problem that was this + + align:start position:0% +can you solve a problem that was this + + + align:start position:0% +can you solve a problem that was this +tiny little 16 element problem 16 points + + align:start position:0% +tiny little 16 element problem 16 points + + + align:start position:0% +tiny little 16 element problem 16 points +in the plane can you really figure out + + align:start position:0% +in the plane can you really figure out + + + align:start position:0% +in the plane can you really figure out +what the TSP is to that at the time my + + align:start position:0% +what the TSP is to that at the time my + + + align:start position:0% +what the TSP is to that at the time my +colleague or our colleague a really + + align:start position:0% +colleague or our colleague a really + + + align:start position:0% +colleague or our colleague a really +smart guy couldn't do it it was + + align:start position:0% +smart guy couldn't do it it was + + + align:start position:0% +smart guy couldn't do it it was +computationally beyond the bounds for + + align:start position:0% +computationally beyond the bounds for + + + align:start position:0% +computationally beyond the bounds for +him well in 1997 I came back to this and + + align:start position:0% +him well in 1997 I came back to this and + + + align:start position:0% +him well in 1997 I came back to this and +I really wondered is it possible now + + align:start position:0% +I really wondered is it possible now + + + align:start position:0% +I really wondered is it possible now +computers are a whole lot faster in the + + align:start position:0% +computers are a whole lot faster in the + + + align:start position:0% +computers are a whole lot faster in the +20 years we were talking about that + + align:start position:0% +20 years we were talking about that + + + align:start position:0% +20 years we were talking about that +earlier today 20 years computers got + + align:start position:0% +earlier today 20 years computers got + + + align:start position:0% +earlier today 20 years computers got +faster a lot of things got better have + + align:start position:0% +faster a lot of things got better have + + + align:start position:0% +faster a lot of things got better have +things change enough so I can write a + + align:start position:0% +things change enough so I can write a + + + align:start position:0% +things change enough so I can write a +quick little program to solve this I + + align:start position:0% +quick little program to solve this I + + + align:start position:0% +quick little program to solve this I +don't know we'll see I did that I talked + + align:start position:0% +don't know we'll see I did that I talked + + + align:start position:0% +don't know we'll see I did that I talked +about it I gave a talk at Lehigh + + align:start position:0% +about it I gave a talk at Lehigh + + + align:start position:0% +about it I gave a talk at Lehigh +University 20 years ago they liked that + + align:start position:0% +University 20 years ago they liked that + + + align:start position:0% +University 20 years ago they liked that +they incorporated it into an algorithms + + align:start position:0% +they incorporated it into an algorithms + + + align:start position:0% +they incorporated it into an algorithms +class the same professor gave it time + + align:start position:0% +class the same professor gave it time + + + align:start position:0% +class the same professor gave it time +and time and time + + align:start position:0% +and time and time + + + align:start position:0% +and time and time +in eventually he retired they asked me + + align:start position:0% +in eventually he retired they asked me + + + align:start position:0% +in eventually he retired they asked me +to come over and give this talk to them + + align:start position:0% +to come over and give this talk to them + + + align:start position:0% +to come over and give this talk to them +I can't give a talk about 20 year old + + align:start position:0% +I can't give a talk about 20 year old + + + align:start position:0% +I can't give a talk about 20 year old +material that's the computer science + + align:start position:0% +material that's the computer science + + + align:start position:0% +material that's the computer science +doesn't work that way + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work that way + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work that way +so I coded things and I wanted to see + + align:start position:0% +so I coded things and I wanted to see + + + align:start position:0% +so I coded things and I wanted to see +how things changed in two years so this + + align:start position:0% +how things changed in two years so this + + + align:start position:0% +how things changed in two years so this +talk is about a lot of things but + + align:start position:0% +talk is about a lot of things but + + + align:start position:0% +talk is about a lot of things but +especially it's about how has + + align:start position:0% +especially it's about how has + + + align:start position:0% +especially it's about how has +performance changed in 40 years so + + align:start position:0% +performance changed in 40 years so + + + align:start position:0% +performance changed in 40 years so +that's one of the reasons we were one of + + align:start position:0% +that's one of the reasons we were one of + + + align:start position:0% +that's one of the reasons we were one of +the things we were talking about earlier + + align:start position:0% +the things we were talking about earlier + + + align:start position:0% +the things we were talking about earlier +today I could give a bunch of titles + + align:start position:0% +today I could give a bunch of titles + + + align:start position:0% +today I could give a bunch of titles +this talk for you the title I give is a + + align:start position:0% +this talk for you the title I give is a + + + align:start position:0% +this talk for you the title I give is a +sampler performance engineering it could + + align:start position:0% +sampler performance engineering it could + + + align:start position:0% +sampler performance engineering it could +be next week I'll give it at Lehigh this + + align:start position:0% +be next week I'll give it at Lehigh this + + + align:start position:0% +be next week I'll give it at Lehigh this +is their final class in one of their + + align:start position:0% +is their final class in one of their + + + align:start position:0% +is their final class in one of their +final classes and algorithms and data + + align:start position:0% +final classes and algorithms and data + + + align:start position:0% +final classes and algorithms and data +structures I'm gonna try to tie + + align:start position:0% +structures I'm gonna try to tie + + + align:start position:0% +structures I'm gonna try to tie +everything they learned together + + align:start position:0% +everything they learned together + + + align:start position:0% +everything they learned together +it could be into all this other things + + align:start position:0% +it could be into all this other things + + + align:start position:0% +it could be into all this other things +implementing algorithms a lot on + + align:start position:0% +implementing algorithms a lot on + + + align:start position:0% +implementing algorithms a lot on +recursive generation applying algorithms + + align:start position:0% +recursive generation applying algorithms + + + align:start position:0% +recursive generation applying algorithms +really Charles is a fancy dancy academic + + align:start position:0% +really Charles is a fancy dancy academic + + + align:start position:0% +really Charles is a fancy dancy academic +he's a professor at the Massachusetts + + align:start position:0% +he's a professor at the Massachusetts + + + align:start position:0% +he's a professor at the Massachusetts +Institute of Technology I'm just a poor + + align:start position:0% +Institute of Technology I'm just a poor + + + align:start position:0% +Institute of Technology I'm just a poor +dumb computer programmer but boy this is + + align:start position:0% +dumb computer programmer but boy this is + + + align:start position:0% +dumb computer programmer but boy this is +a fun program what it is not is it's not + + align:start position:0% +a fun program what it is not is it's not + + + align:start position:0% +a fun program what it is not is it's not +state-of-the-art ESP algorithms people + + align:start position:0% +state-of-the-art ESP algorithms people + + + align:start position:0% +state-of-the-art ESP algorithms people +study the problem for well over a + + align:start position:0% +study the problem for well over a + + + align:start position:0% +study the problem for well over a +century they have beautiful algorithms I + + align:start position:0% +century they have beautiful algorithms I + + + align:start position:0% +century they have beautiful algorithms I +am NOT going to tell you about any of + + align:start position:0% +am NOT going to tell you about any of + + + align:start position:0% +am NOT going to tell you about any of +those algorithms for the simple reason + + align:start position:0% +those algorithms for the simple reason + + + align:start position:0% +those algorithms for the simple reason +that I don't know them I could look him + + align:start position:0% +that I don't know them I could look him + + + align:start position:0% +that I don't know them I could look him +up in books but I've never read them the + + align:start position:0% +up in books but I've never read them the + + + align:start position:0% +up in books but I've never read them the +fancy state-of-the-art algorithms and + + align:start position:0% +fancy state-of-the-art algorithms and + + + align:start position:0% +fancy state-of-the-art algorithms and +I'm also going to show you again in + + align:start position:0% +I'm also going to show you again in + + + align:start position:0% +I'm also going to show you again in +cancer I could analyze it I've analyzed + + align:start position:0% +cancer I could analyze it I've analyzed + + + align:start position:0% +cancer I could analyze it I've analyzed +much of these if I had another hour or + + align:start position:0% +much of these if I had another hour or + + + align:start position:0% +much of these if I had another hour or +three I could do the analysis but I + + align:start position:0% +three I could do the analysis but I + + + align:start position:0% +three I could do the analysis but I +can't so I'm just going to do the show + + align:start position:0% +can't so I'm just going to do the show + + + align:start position:0% +can't so I'm just going to do the show +you some anecdotal speeds without + + align:start position:0% +you some anecdotal speeds without + + + align:start position:0% +you some anecdotal speeds without +reading the analysis let's talk about + + align:start position:0% +reading the analysis let's talk about + + + align:start position:0% +reading the analysis let's talk about +some programs a simple C program max in + + align:start position:0% +some programs a simple C program max in + + + align:start position:0% +some programs a simple C program max in +it's a maximum number that N and it's + + align:start position:0% +it's a maximum number that N and it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's a maximum number that N and it's +going to be in the number of cities I'm + + align:start position:0% +going to be in the number of cities I'm + + + align:start position:0% +going to be in the number of cities I'm +going to have a permutation vector where + + align:start position:0% +going to have a permutation vector where + + + align:start position:0% +going to have a permutation vector where +if I have the tour going from city one + + align:start position:0% +if I have the tour going from city one + + + align:start position:0% +if I have the tour going from city one +to seven to three to four it says 1 7 3 + + align:start position:0% +to seven to three to four it says 1 7 3 + + + align:start position:0% +to seven to three to four it says 1 7 3 +4 the distance between cities is going + + align:start position:0% +4 the distance between cities is going + + + align:start position:0% +4 the distance between cities is going +to be given by a distance function + + align:start position:0% +to be given by a distance function + + + align:start position:0% +to be given by a distance function +there's this distance D of IJ the + + align:start position:0% +there's this distance D of IJ the + + + align:start position:0% +there's this distance D of IJ the +distance from city to city J here's the + + align:start position:0% +distance from city to city J here's the + + + align:start position:0% +distance from city to city J here's the +first algorithm what I'm going to do is + + align:start position:0% +first algorithm what I'm going to do is + + + align:start position:0% +first algorithm what I'm going to do is +generate all in + + align:start position:0% +generate all in + + + align:start position:0% +generate all in +toriel permutations look at them and + + align:start position:0% +toriel permutations look at them and + + + align:start position:0% +toriel permutations look at them and +find the best one it's not rocket + + align:start position:0% +find the best one it's not rocket + + + align:start position:0% +find the best one it's not rocket +science the way I'm gonna do this is a + + align:start position:0% +science the way I'm gonna do this is a + + + align:start position:0% +science the way I'm gonna do this is a +recursive function where I happen I + + align:start position:0% +recursive function where I happen I + + + align:start position:0% +recursive function where I happen I +could have done it from left to right I + + align:start position:0% +could have done it from left to right I + + + align:start position:0% +could have done it from left to right I +am a C programmer I always count down + + align:start position:0% +am a C programmer I always count down + + + align:start position:0% +am a C programmer I always count down +towards zero so I'm gonna count down + + align:start position:0% +towards zero so I'm gonna count down + + + align:start position:0% +towards zero so I'm gonna count down +that way where all these cities are + + align:start position:0% +that way where all these cities are + + + align:start position:0% +that way where all these cities are +already fixed I'm going to print these + + align:start position:0% +already fixed I'm going to print these + + + align:start position:0% +already fixed I'm going to print these +here's the program to search for em all + + align:start position:0% +here's the program to search for em all + + + align:start position:0% +here's the program to search for em all +these have already been fixed what I'm + + align:start position:0% +these have already been fixed what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +these have already been fixed what I'm +going to do is if M equals one then I + + align:start position:0% +going to do is if M equals one then I + + + align:start position:0% +going to do is if M equals one then I +check it otherwise for I equals zero up + + align:start position:0% +check it otherwise for I equals zero up + + + align:start position:0% +check it otherwise for I equals zero up +to M for each value from zero to minus 1 + + align:start position:0% +to M for each value from zero to minus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +to M for each value from zero to minus 1 +I take the I element I swap it swap + + align:start position:0% +I take the I element I swap it swap + + + align:start position:0% +I take the I element I swap it swap +three seven takes the third and seven + + align:start position:0% +three seven takes the third and seven + + + align:start position:0% +three seven takes the third and seven +positions and swaps them I swapped that + + align:start position:0% +positions and swaps them I swapped that + + + align:start position:0% +positions and swaps them I swapped that +to the final thing I call it recursively + + align:start position:0% +to the final thing I call it recursively + + + align:start position:0% +to the final thing I call it recursively +I didn't swap it back to leave it in + + align:start position:0% +I didn't swap it back to leave it in + + + align:start position:0% +I didn't swap it back to leave it in +exactly the same state I found it and I + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same state I found it and I + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same state I found it and I +continue so Jordans going to generate + + align:start position:0% +continue so Jordans going to generate + + + align:start position:0% +continue so Jordans going to generate +first all nine permutate put all my + + align:start position:0% +first all nine permutate put all my + + + align:start position:0% +first all nine permutate put all my +digits in the last position then for + + align:start position:0% +digits in the last position then for + + + align:start position:0% +digits in the last position then for +each one of those I'll put all eight + + align:start position:0% +each one of those I'll put all eight + + + align:start position:0% +each one of those I'll put all eight +digits in the last position and going + + align:start position:0% +digits in the last position and going + + + align:start position:0% +digits in the last position and going +down this is really interesting + + align:start position:0% +down this is really interesting + + + align:start position:0% +down this is really interesting +important and subtle if you don't follow + + align:start position:0% +important and subtle if you don't follow + + + align:start position:0% +important and subtle if you don't follow +this part it's going to be difficult + + align:start position:0% +this part it's going to be difficult + + + align:start position:0% +this part it's going to be difficult +are there any questions at all about + + align:start position:0% +are there any questions at all about + + + align:start position:0% +are there any questions at all about +this have I lied to you yet about this + + align:start position:0% +this have I lied to you yet about this + + + align:start position:0% +this have I lied to you yet about this +you're honest enough to tell me if I + + align:start position:0% +you're honest enough to tell me if I + + + align:start position:0% +you're honest enough to tell me if I +have thank you anyone else + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm sorry please so so far as I recur + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry please so so far as I recur + + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry please so so far as I recur +down with SM moves down all these are + + align:start position:0% +down with SM moves down all these are + + + align:start position:0% +down with SM moves down all these are +fixed so I'm going to fix these things + + align:start position:0% +fixed so I'm going to fix these things + + + align:start position:0% +fixed so I'm going to fix these things +and then I'm gonna take care of all + + align:start position:0% +and then I'm gonna take care of all + + + align:start position:0% +and then I'm gonna take care of all +these later so originally I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +these later so originally I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +these later so originally I'm going to +have this array v-0 if I have a nine + + align:start position:0% +have this array v-0 if I have a nine + + + align:start position:0% +have this array v-0 if I have a nine +3tsp it'll be 0 into 2 4 6 7 8 9 and + + align:start position:0% +3tsp it'll be 0 into 2 4 6 7 8 9 and + + + align:start position:0% +3tsp it'll be 0 into 2 4 6 7 8 9 and +first I put 0 in the end and do the rest + + align:start position:0% +first I put 0 in the end and do the rest + + + align:start position:0% +first I put 0 in the end and do the rest +and I put 1 in the end to up 9 in the + + align:start position:0% +and I put 1 in the end to up 9 in the + + + align:start position:0% +and I put 1 in the end to up 9 in the +end and do the and recur down but as the + + align:start position:0% +end and do the and recur down but as the + + + align:start position:0% +end and do the and recur down but as the +program is progressing if you stop the + + align:start position:0% +program is progressing if you stop the + + + align:start position:0% +program is progressing if you stop the +program at any time and look at a glance + + align:start position:0% +program at any time and look at a glance + + + align:start position:0% +program at any time and look at a glance +of the program you can see that given + + align:start position:0% +of the program you can see that given + + + align:start position:0% +of the program you can see that given +the value of M this parameter the + + align:start position:0% +the value of M this parameter the + + + align:start position:0% +the value of M this parameter the +recursive function so this is a way that + + align:start position:0% +recursive function so this is a way that + + + align:start position:0% +recursive function so this is a way that +I'm essentially building this tree we're + + align:start position:0% +I'm essentially building this tree we're + + + align:start position:0% +I'm essentially building this tree we're +at the top of the tree the branching + + align:start position:0% +at the top of the tree the branching + + + align:start position:0% +at the top of the tree the branching +factor is 9 at each of those 9 knows + + align:start position:0% +factor is 9 at each of those 9 knows + + + align:start position:0% +factor is 9 at each of those 9 knows +French doctors 8 then 7 and 6 it's gonna + + align:start position:0% +French doctors 8 then 7 and 6 it's gonna + + + align:start position:0% +French doctors 8 then 7 and 6 it's gonna +be a big tree if n is 10 how big is that + + align:start position:0% +be a big tree if n is 10 how big is that + + + align:start position:0% +be a big tree if n is 10 how big is that +tree gonna be what's 10 factorial part + + align:start position:0% +tree gonna be what's 10 factorial part + + + align:start position:0% +tree gonna be what's 10 factorial part +of me when I was a nerd we used to try + + align:start position:0% +of me when I was a nerd we used to try + + + align:start position:0% +of me when I was a nerd we used to try +to impress people of appropriate genders + + align:start position:0% +to impress people of appropriate genders + + + align:start position:0% +to impress people of appropriate genders +by going off saying things like 3 6 2 8 + + align:start position:0% +by going off saying things like 3 6 2 8 + + + align:start position:0% +by going off saying things like 3 6 2 8 +8 0 0 you can probably guess how + + align:start position:0% +8 0 0 you can probably guess how + + + align:start position:0% +8 0 0 you can probably guess how +effective that was so 3.6 million it's + + align:start position:0% +effective that was so 3.6 million it's + + + align:start position:0% +effective that was so 3.6 million it's +gonna be a big tree any questions about + + align:start position:0% +gonna be a big tree any questions about + + + align:start position:0% +gonna be a big tree any questions about +that let's go when I check things I just + + align:start position:0% +that let's go when I check things I just + + + align:start position:0% +that let's go when I check things I just +compute the sum there I start off with + + align:start position:0% +compute the sum there I start off with + + + align:start position:0% +compute the sum there I start off with +the sum being the distance from 0 to the + + align:start position:0% +the sum being the distance from 0 to the + + + align:start position:0% +the sum being the distance from 0 to the +N minus first then I go through and add + + align:start position:0% +N minus first then I go through and add + + + align:start position:0% +N minus first then I go through and add +up all the pairwise things and save it + + align:start position:0% +up all the pairwise things and save it + + + align:start position:0% +up all the pairwise things and save it +what does it mean to say that if the sum + + align:start position:0% +what does it mean to say that if the sum + + + align:start position:0% +what does it mean to say that if the sum +is less than the minimum sum so far I + + align:start position:0% +is less than the minimum sum so far I + + + align:start position:0% +is less than the minimum sum so far I +just copy those over change them then + + align:start position:0% +just copy those over change them then + + + align:start position:0% +just copy those over change them then +sum and to solve the whole thing I do a + + align:start position:0% +sum and to solve the whole thing I do a + + + align:start position:0% +sum and to solve the whole thing I do a +search of size n this is a simple but + + align:start position:0% +search of size n this is a simple but + + + align:start position:0% +search of size n this is a simple but +powerful recursive program you should + + align:start position:0% +powerful recursive program you should + + + align:start position:0% +powerful recursive program you should +all feel very comfortable at this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is it correct does it work have you is + + align:start position:0% +is it correct does it work have you is + + + align:start position:0% +is it correct does it work have you is +it possible to write a program about two + + align:start position:0% +it possible to write a program about two + + + align:start position:0% +it possible to write a program about two +dozen lines of code that works not the + + align:start position:0% +dozen lines of code that works not the + + + align:start position:0% +dozen lines of code that works not the +first time but after you get rid of a + + align:start position:0% +first time but after you get rid of a + + + align:start position:0% +first time but after you get rid of a +few syntax errors you check it how do + + align:start position:0% +few syntax errors you check it how do + + + align:start position:0% +few syntax errors you check it how do +you make sure it works I start with n + + align:start position:0% +you make sure it works I start with n + + + align:start position:0% +you make sure it works I start with n +equals three and I put three and doesn't + + align:start position:0% +equals three and I put three and doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +equals three and I put three and doesn't +give me a tour well work think about it + + align:start position:0% +give me a tour well work think about it + + + align:start position:0% +give me a tour well work think about it +for three three factorial + + align:start position:0% +for three three factorial + + + align:start position:0% +for three three factorial +they're all the same tour that part + + align:start position:0% +they're all the same tour that part + + + align:start position:0% +they're all the same tour that part +wasn't hard for now that's interesting + + align:start position:0% +wasn't hard for now that's interesting + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't hard for now that's interesting +that one works too this program in fact + + align:start position:0% +that one works too this program in fact + + + align:start position:0% +that one works too this program in fact +can work is it going to be a fast + + align:start position:0% +can work is it going to be a fast + + + align:start position:0% +can work is it going to be a fast +program how long we'll take it in equals + + align:start position:0% +program how long we'll take it in equals + + + align:start position:0% +program how long we'll take it in equals +ten how many seconds I'm sorry what fast + + align:start position:0% +ten how many seconds I'm sorry what fast + + + align:start position:0% +ten how many seconds I'm sorry what fast +if I stumbled into is this intact Greek + + align:start position:0% +if I stumbled into is this intact Greek + + + align:start position:0% +if I stumbled into is this intact Greek +art 303 how long will this take for an + + align:start position:0% +art 303 how long will this take for an + + + align:start position:0% +art 303 how long will this take for an +equals ten part of me about a second + + align:start position:0% +equals ten part of me about a second + + + align:start position:0% +equals ten part of me about a second +pretty cool for an equal twenty how long + + align:start position:0% +pretty cool for an equal twenty how long + + + align:start position:0% +pretty cool for an equal twenty how long +will it take + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a lot longer technically speaking it's + + align:start position:0% +a lot longer technically speaking it's + + + align:start position:0% +a lot longer technically speaking it's +gonna take a boatload longer so what I'm + + align:start position:0% +gonna take a boatload longer so what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +gonna take a boatload longer so what I'm +gonna do here is notice that there are + + align:start position:0% +gonna do here is notice that there are + + + align:start position:0% +gonna do here is notice that there are +in fact four permutations you do end of + + align:start position:0% +in fact four permutations you do end of + + + align:start position:0% +in fact four permutations you do end of +those that each totals that on this + + align:start position:0% +those that each totals that on this + + + align:start position:0% +those that each totals that on this +fairly fast laptop from a few years ago + + align:start position:0% +fairly fast laptop from a few years ago + + + align:start position:0% +fairly fast laptop from a few years ago +but now they're all about the same at 8 + + align:start position:0% +but now they're all about the same at 8 + + + align:start position:0% +but now they're all about the same at 8 +seconds it took that at nine seconds + + align:start position:0% +seconds it took that at nine seconds + + + align:start position:0% +seconds it took that at nine seconds +what should be the ratio what would you + + align:start position:0% +what should be the ratio what would you + + + align:start position:0% +what should be the ratio what would you +expect would be the ratio between its + + align:start position:0% +expect would be the ratio between its + + + align:start position:0% +expect would be the ratio between its +time at eight and time at nine now about + + align:start position:0% +time at eight and time at nine now about + + + align:start position:0% +time at eight and time at nine now about +a factor of nine you'd hope is 0.5 times + + align:start position:0% +a factor of nine you'd hope is 0.5 times + + + align:start position:0% +a factor of nine you'd hope is 0.5 times +nine about three point point three four + + align:start position:0% +nine about three point point three four + + + align:start position:0% +nine about three point point three four +yeah close enough here going down from + + align:start position:0% +yeah close enough here going down from + + + align:start position:0% +yeah close enough here going down from +tenth it's four seconds 46 seconds yeah + + align:start position:0% +tenth it's four seconds 46 seconds yeah + + + align:start position:0% +tenth it's four seconds 46 seconds yeah +it's going up by a factor + + align:start position:0% +it's going up by a factor + + + align:start position:0% +it's going up by a factor +so here I've run all my examples I run + + align:start position:0% +so here I've run all my examples I run + + + align:start position:0% +so here I've run all my examples I run +out to one minute of CPU time after that + + align:start position:0% +out to one minute of CPU time after that + + + align:start position:0% +out to one minute of CPU time after that +I estimate if this one takes three + + align:start position:0% +I estimate if this one takes three + + + align:start position:0% +I estimate if this one takes three +quarters of a minute 12 times that is + + align:start position:0% +quarters of a minute 12 times that is + + + align:start position:0% +quarters of a minute 12 times that is +twelve minutes three quarters of that is + + align:start position:0% +twelve minutes three quarters of that is + + + align:start position:0% +twelve minutes three quarters of that is +nine minutes for 13 as two hours how + + align:start position:0% +nine minutes for 13 as two hours how + + + align:start position:0% +nine minutes for 13 as two hours how +long should 14 take ballpark yeah add a + + align:start position:0% +long should 14 take ballpark yeah add a + + + align:start position:0% +long should 14 take ballpark yeah add a +ballpark + + align:start position:0% +ballpark + + + align:start position:0% +ballpark +how long will 15 take if 14 takes today + + align:start position:0% +how long will 15 take if 14 takes today + + + align:start position:0% +how long will 15 take if 14 takes today +two weeks + + align:start position:0% +two weeks + + + align:start position:0% +two weeks +how long will 16 take 8 months you get + + align:start position:0% +how long will 16 take 8 months you get + + + align:start position:0% +how long will 16 take 8 months you get +the idea are you gonna go out to 20 for + + align:start position:0% +the idea are you gonna go out to 20 for + + + align:start position:0% +the idea are you gonna go out to 20 for +this one no are you gonna go out to 16 + + align:start position:0% +this one no are you gonna go out to 16 + + + align:start position:0% +this one no are you gonna go out to 16 +with this one can he just put this into + + align:start position:0% +with this one can he just put this into + + + align:start position:0% +with this one can he just put this into +a thesis right now now the problem is + + align:start position:0% +a thesis right now now the problem is + + + align:start position:0% +a thesis right now now the problem is +fast for really small values of n as it + + align:start position:0% +fast for really small values of n as it + + + align:start position:0% +fast for really small values of n as it +becomes bigger how can you make the + + align:start position:0% +becomes bigger how can you make the + + + align:start position:0% +becomes bigger how can you make the +program faster if you wanted to make + + align:start position:0% +program faster if you wanted to make + + + align:start position:0% +program faster if you wanted to make +this program faster what would you do + + align:start position:0% +this program faster what would you do + + + align:start position:0% +this program faster what would you do +what are some ideas give me some ideas + + align:start position:0% +what are some ideas give me some ideas + + + align:start position:0% +what are some ideas give me some ideas +please this is performance engineering + + align:start position:0% +please this is performance engineering + + + align:start position:0% +please this is performance engineering +you should know this ideas for making it + + align:start position:0% +you should know this ideas for making it + + + align:start position:0% +you should know this ideas for making it +faster please + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so you're saying just choose one + + align:start position:0% +okay so you're saying just choose one + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you're saying just choose one +start and ignore that ignore all the + + align:start position:0% +start and ignore that ignore all the + + + align:start position:0% +start and ignore that ignore all the +others you don't need to take each + + align:start position:0% +others you don't need to take each + + + align:start position:0% +others you don't need to take each +random started fantastic a factor of n + + align:start position:0% +random started fantastic a factor of n + + + align:start position:0% +random started fantastic a factor of n +like my friend and the grade teacher + + align:start position:0% +like my friend and the grade teacher + + + align:start position:0% +like my friend and the grade teacher +just got a factor of n how else can you + + align:start position:0% +just got a factor of n how else can you + + + align:start position:0% +just got a factor of n how else can you +make it faster what ideas do you have + + align:start position:0% +make it faster what ideas do you have + + + align:start position:0% +make it faster what ideas do you have +please + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +by + + align:start position:0% +by + + + align:start position:0% +by +and reject things + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be greedy + + align:start position:0% +be greedy + + + align:start position:0% +be greedy +follow the pig principle if it feels + + align:start position:0% +follow the pig principle if it feels + + + align:start position:0% +follow the pig principle if it feels +good do it just local optimization we'll + + align:start position:0% +good do it just local optimization we'll + + + align:start position:0% +good do it just local optimization we'll +get to that in a long time the boy would + + align:start position:0% +get to that in a long time the boy would + + + align:start position:0% +get to that in a long time the boy would +that be a powerful technique other ideas + + align:start position:0% +that be a powerful technique other ideas + + + align:start position:0% +that be a powerful technique other ideas +please ah parallel lies I would write + + align:start position:0% +please ah parallel lies I would write + + + align:start position:0% +please ah parallel lies I would write +that out but the first thing I would + + align:start position:0% +that out but the first thing I would + + + align:start position:0% +that out but the first thing I would +have to do is remember how many R's in + + align:start position:0% +have to do is remember how many R's in + + + align:start position:0% +have to do is remember how many R's in +hell's there are in various places so + + align:start position:0% +hell's there are in various places so + + + align:start position:0% +hell's there are in various places so +I'll write that much but we'll have a + + align:start position:0% +I'll write that much but we'll have a + + + align:start position:0% +I'll write that much but we'll have a +comment on that at the end people tried + + align:start position:0% +comment on that at the end people tried + + + align:start position:0% +comment on that at the end people tried +that sir unlike you Charles and I at one + + align:start position:0% +that sir unlike you Charles and I at one + + + align:start position:0% +that sir unlike you Charles and I at one +point attended a real engineering school + + align:start position:0% +point attended a real engineering school + + + align:start position:0% +point attended a real engineering school +the carnegie mellon formerly known as + + align:start position:0% +the carnegie mellon formerly known as + + + align:start position:0% +the carnegie mellon formerly known as +CIT Cardian technology charleston + + align:start position:0% +CIT Cardian technology charleston + + + align:start position:0% +CIT Cardian technology charleston +remember the tear the tear 3.14159 + + align:start position:0% +remember the tear the tear 3.14159 + + + align:start position:0% +remember the tear the tear 3.14159 +tangent secant cosine sine square root + + align:start position:0% +tangent secant cosine sine square root + + + align:start position:0% +tangent secant cosine sine square root +cube root log of e water cooled slip + + align:start position:0% +cube root log of e water cooled slip + + + align:start position:0% +cube root log of e water cooled slip +stick CIT what's a water-cooled slip + + align:start position:0% +stick CIT what's a water-cooled slip + + + align:start position:0% +stick CIT what's a water-cooled slip +stick part of me it's a slide rule that + + align:start position:0% +stick part of me it's a slide rule that + + + align:start position:0% +stick part of me it's a slide rule that +you run so fast it has to be + + align:start position:0% +you run so fast it has to be + + + align:start position:0% +you run so fast it has to be +water-cooled so if you can just + + align:start position:0% +water-cooled so if you can just + + + align:start position:0% +water-cooled so if you can just +overclock the machine does just spray it + + align:start position:0% +overclock the machine does just spray it + + + align:start position:0% +overclock the machine does just spray it +with a garden hose and mcc's over the + + align:start position:0% +with a garden hose and mcc's over the + + + align:start position:0% +with a garden hose and mcc's over the +finish line you don't care if it dies + + align:start position:0% +finish line you don't care if it dies + + + align:start position:0% +finish line you don't care if it dies +but when it collapses so sure you can + + align:start position:0% +but when it collapses so sure you can + + + align:start position:0% +but when it collapses so sure you can +you could faster machines and we'll talk + + align:start position:0% +you could faster machines and we'll talk + + + align:start position:0% +you could faster machines and we'll talk +about that how else can you make this + + align:start position:0% +about that how else can you make this + + + align:start position:0% +about that how else can you make this +faster other ideas these are all great + + align:start position:0% +faster other ideas these are all great + + + align:start position:0% +faster other ideas these are all great +ideas we'll try it + + align:start position:0% +ideas we'll try it + + + align:start position:0% +ideas we'll try it +let's see some ideas compiler + + align:start position:0% +let's see some ideas compiler + + + align:start position:0% +let's see some ideas compiler +optimizations I just said GCC and I ran + + align:start position:0% +optimizations I just said GCC and I ran + + + align:start position:0% +optimizations I just said GCC and I ran +it what should I have said instead + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +instead of just GCC + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh three how much difference will that + + align:start position:0% +oh three how much difference will that + + + align:start position:0% +oh three how much difference will that +make + + align:start position:0% +make + + + align:start position:0% +make +I used to know the answers to all these + + align:start position:0% +I used to know the answers to all these + + + align:start position:0% +I used to know the answers to all these +as I was gonna turn autom ization 10% + + align:start position:0% +as I was gonna turn autom ization 10% + + + align:start position:0% +as I was gonna turn autom ization 10% +sometimes look the fricken do fifteen + + align:start position:0% +sometimes look the fricken do fifteen + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes look the fricken do fifteen +percent does turning on no three still + + align:start position:0% +percent does turning on no three still + + + align:start position:0% +percent does turning on no three still +make it a fifteen percent difference + + align:start position:0% +make it a fifteen percent difference + + + align:start position:0% +make it a fifteen percent difference +we'll see you could do that a faster + + align:start position:0% +we'll see you could do that a faster + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see you could do that a faster +hardware I I did this twenty years ago I + + align:start position:0% +hardware I I did this twenty years ago I + + + align:start position:0% +hardware I I did this twenty years ago I +had all that number there I'll show you + + align:start position:0% +had all that number there I'll show you + + + align:start position:0% +had all that number there I'll show you +some of those numbers modify the C code + + align:start position:0% +some of those numbers modify the C code + + + align:start position:0% +some of those numbers modify the C code +we'll talk about all those options but + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about all those options but + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about all those options but +let's start with compiler optimizations + + align:start position:0% +let's start with compiler optimizations + + + align:start position:0% +let's start with compiler optimizations +with no office there + + align:start position:0% +with no office there + + + align:start position:0% +with no office there +how much faster will be if I turn + + align:start position:0% +how much faster will be if I turn + + + align:start position:0% +how much faster will be if I turn +optimization this is a performance + + align:start position:0% +optimization this is a performance + + + align:start position:0% +optimization this is a performance +engineering class you should know that + + align:start position:0% +engineering class you should know that + + + align:start position:0% +engineering class you should know that +thing doesn't matter at all it's going + + align:start position:0% +thing doesn't matter at all it's going + + + align:start position:0% +thing doesn't matter at all it's going +to be 15% how is it going to not matter + + align:start position:0% +to be 15% how is it going to not matter + + + align:start position:0% +to be 15% how is it going to not matter +at all how much will it matter to turn + + align:start position:0% +at all how much will it matter to turn + + + align:start position:0% +at all how much will it matter to turn +optimization how much is a lot I know + + align:start position:0% +optimization how much is a lot I know + + + align:start position:0% +optimization how much is a lot I know +this isn't the real engineering school + + align:start position:0% +this isn't the real engineering school + + + align:start position:0% +this isn't the real engineering school +of CIT + + align:start position:0% +of CIT + + + align:start position:0% +of CIT +but pretend like this is kind of a semi + + align:start position:0% +but pretend like this is kind of a semi + + + align:start position:0% +but pretend like this is kind of a semi +one of the engineering school give me a + + align:start position:0% +one of the engineering school give me a + + + align:start position:0% +one of the engineering school give me a +number for this more than fifteen + + align:start position:0% +number for this more than fifteen + + + align:start position:0% +number for this more than fifteen +percent + + align:start position:0% +percent + + + align:start position:0% +percent +do I hear more than sixteen percent I + + align:start position:0% +do I hear more than sixteen percent I + + + align:start position:0% +do I hear more than sixteen percent I +was surprised if I enable 203 it went + + align:start position:0% +was surprised if I enable 203 it went + + + align:start position:0% +was surprised if I enable 203 it went +from four seconds to twelve I couldn't + + align:start position:0% +from four seconds to twelve I couldn't + + + align:start position:0% +from four seconds to twelve I couldn't +even time it here there wasn't enough + + align:start position:0% +even time it here there wasn't enough + + + align:start position:0% +even time it here there wasn't enough +time here 45 seconds to 1.6 seconds I + + align:start position:0% +time here 45 seconds to 1.6 seconds I + + + align:start position:0% +time here 45 seconds to 1.6 seconds I +could get real times down there + + align:start position:0% +could get real times down there + + + align:start position:0% +could get real times down there +I observed ballpark here about a factor + + align:start position:0% +I observed ballpark here about a factor + + + align:start position:0% +I observed ballpark here about a factor +of 25 + + align:start position:0% +of 25 + + + align:start position:0% +of 25 +holy tamale on a Raspberry Pi it was + + align:start position:0% +holy tamale on a Raspberry Pi it was + + + align:start position:0% +holy tamale on a Raspberry Pi it was +only a factor of six and on other + + align:start position:0% +only a factor of six and on other + + + align:start position:0% +only a factor of six and on other +machines it was somewhere between the + + align:start position:0% +machines it was somewhere between the + + + align:start position:0% +machines it was somewhere between the +two the turn on optimization really + + align:start position:0% +two the turn on optimization really + + + align:start position:0% +two the turn on optimization really +matters enabling that really matters + + align:start position:0% +matters enabling that really matters + + + align:start position:0% +matters enabling that really matters +from now on I'm only going to show you + + align:start position:0% +from now on I'm only going to show you + + + align:start position:0% +from now on I'm only going to show you +full authorization is cheating not to + + align:start position:0% +full authorization is cheating not to + + + align:start position:0% +full authorization is cheating not to +but just think about that a factor of 25 + + align:start position:0% +but just think about that a factor of 25 + + + align:start position:0% +but just think about that a factor of 25 +how else can I make it faster + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two machines back in the day I happen to + + align:start position:0% +two machines back in the day I happen to + + + align:start position:0% +two machines back in the day I happen to +have some data laying around of running + + align:start position:0% +have some data laying around of running + + + align:start position:0% +have some data laying around of running +it on a Pentium Pro - when your + + align:start position:0% +it on a Pentium Pro - when your + + + align:start position:0% +it on a Pentium Pro - when your +megahertz nowadays I had this how much + + align:start position:0% +megahertz nowadays I had this how much + + + align:start position:0% +megahertz nowadays I had this how much +faster will this machine be 20 years + + align:start position:0% +faster will this machine be 20 years + + + align:start position:0% +faster will this machine be 20 years +later again pretend like you read a real + + align:start position:0% +later again pretend like you read a real + + + align:start position:0% +later again pretend like you read a real +engineering school hoping to be pleased + + align:start position:0% +engineering school hoping to be pleased + + + align:start position:0% +engineering school hoping to be pleased +20 times faster how do you get 20 times + + align:start position:0% +20 times faster how do you get 20 times + + + align:start position:0% +20 times faster how do you get 20 times +faster + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the clocks eat about 10 here's what I + + align:start position:0% +the clocks eat about 10 here's what I + + + align:start position:0% +the clocks eat about 10 here's what I +found on this machine it went from a + + align:start position:0% +found on this machine it went from a + + + align:start position:0% +found on this machine it went from a +factor there is about a hundred these + + align:start position:0% +factor there is about a hundred these + + + align:start position:0% +factor there is about a hundred these +factors I found consistently were about + + align:start position:0% +factors I found consistently were about + + + align:start position:0% +factors I found consistently were about +over the 20 years about his factor of + + align:start position:0% +over the 20 years about his factor of + + + align:start position:0% +over the 20 years about his factor of +154 Moore's law what would it be if you + + align:start position:0% +154 Moore's law what would it be if you + + + align:start position:0% +154 Moore's law what would it be if you +if you had 20 years if you doubled every + + align:start position:0% +if you had 20 years if you doubled every + + + align:start position:0% +if you had 20 years if you doubled every +two and then that's ten doublings what + + align:start position:0% +two and then that's ten doublings what + + + align:start position:0% +two and then that's ten doublings what +is two to the tenth a thousand so + + align:start position:0% +is two to the tenth a thousand so + + + align:start position:0% +is two to the tenth a thousand so +Moore's law predicts a thousand it's + + align:start position:0% +Moore's law predicts a thousand it's + + + align:start position:0% +Moore's law predicts a thousand it's +more than a factor of 20 + + align:start position:0% +more than a factor of 20 + + + align:start position:0% +more than a factor of 20 +I got a factor of a hundred and fifty + + align:start position:0% +I got a factor of a hundred and fifty + + + align:start position:0% +I got a factor of a hundred and fifty +here which is close to what Moore's law + + align:start position:0% +here which is close to what Moore's law + + + align:start position:0% +here which is close to what Moore's law +might predict but there was some slowing + + align:start position:0% +might predict but there was some slowing + + + align:start position:0% +might predict but there was some slowing +down at the end I'm not a little + + align:start position:0% +down at the end I'm not a little + + + align:start position:0% +down at the end I'm not a little +traumatized by this a speed-up of about + + align:start position:0% +traumatized by this a speed-up of about + + + align:start position:0% +traumatized by this a speed-up of about +a factor of hundred and fifty where does + + align:start position:0% +a factor of hundred and fifty where does + + + align:start position:0% +a factor of hundred and fifty where does +that come from my guess is you get about + + align:start position:0% +that come from my guess is you get about + + + align:start position:0% +that come from my guess is you get about +a factor of 12 due to a faster clock + + align:start position:0% +a factor of 12 due to a faster clock + + + align:start position:0% +a factor of 12 due to a faster clock +speed and another factor of 12 due to + + align:start position:0% +speed and another factor of 12 due to + + + align:start position:0% +speed and another factor of 12 due to +things like wider data paths you'd have + + align:start position:0% +things like wider data paths you'd have + + + align:start position:0% +things like wider data paths you'd have +to try to cram everything to a 16-bit + + align:start position:0% +to try to cram everything to a 16-bit + + + align:start position:0% +to try to cram everything to a 16-bit +bundle you have 64 bit data paths + + align:start position:0% +bundle you have 64 bit data paths + + + align:start position:0% +bundle you have 64 bit data paths +they're deeper pipelines more + + align:start position:0% +they're deeper pipelines more + + + align:start position:0% +they're deeper pipelines more +appropriate instruction sets and + + align:start position:0% +appropriate instruction sets and + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate instruction sets and +compilers to exploit those instruction + + align:start position:0% +compilers to exploit those instruction + + + align:start position:0% +compilers to exploit those instruction +sets if oh three has enabled if both + + align:start position:0% +sets if oh three has enabled if both + + + align:start position:0% +sets if oh three has enabled if both +three has not enabled sucks to be you + + align:start position:0% +three has not enabled sucks to be you + + + align:start position:0% +three has not enabled sucks to be you +questions about that let's go so we have + + align:start position:0% +questions about that let's go so we have + + + align:start position:0% +questions about that let's go so we have +constant factor improvements external + + align:start position:0% +constant factor improvements external + + + align:start position:0% +constant factor improvements external +modern machines kernel optimization may + + align:start position:0% +modern machines kernel optimization may + + + align:start position:0% +modern machines kernel optimization may +a factor of a hundred and fifty and a + + align:start position:0% +a factor of a hundred and fifty and a + + + align:start position:0% +a factor of a hundred and fifty and a +factor of 25 there's a lot we were + + align:start position:0% +factor of 25 there's a lot we were + + + align:start position:0% +factor of 25 there's a lot we were +starting off with that that is a good + + align:start position:0% +starting off with that that is a good + + + align:start position:0% +starting off with that that is a good +start back in the day if you change + + align:start position:0% +start back in the day if you change + + + align:start position:0% +start back in the day if you change +things from doubles to floats it got way + + align:start position:0% +things from doubles to floats it got way + + + align:start position:0% +things from doubles to floats it got way +faster from close to N so it was faster + + align:start position:0% +faster from close to N so it was faster + + + align:start position:0% +faster from close to N so it was faster +yet does that change make much + + align:start position:0% +yet does that change make much + + + align:start position:0% +yet does that change make much +difference nowadays not exactly the same + + align:start position:0% +difference nowadays not exactly the same + + + align:start position:0% +difference nowadays not exactly the same +run + + align:start position:0% +run + + + align:start position:0% +run +I'm one thing that does make a + + align:start position:0% +I'm one thing that does make a + + + align:start position:0% +I'm one thing that does make a +difference is this is the difference + + align:start position:0% +difference is this is the difference + + + align:start position:0% +difference is this is the difference +definition of the geometric distance + + align:start position:0% +definition of the geometric distance + + + align:start position:0% +definition of the geometric distance +since my J is the square root of the sum + + align:start position:0% +since my J is the square root of the sum + + + align:start position:0% +since my J is the square root of the sum +of the squares of the differences that's + + align:start position:0% +of the squares of the differences that's + + + align:start position:0% +of the squares of the differences that's +doing an array access a subtraction and + + align:start position:0% +doing an array access a subtraction and + + + align:start position:0% +doing an array access a subtraction and +multiplication multiplication to Ray + + align:start position:0% +multiplication multiplication to Ray + + + align:start position:0% +multiplication multiplication to Ray +accessing subtraction as a + + align:start position:0% +accessing subtraction as a + + + align:start position:0% +accessing subtraction as a +multiplication in addition and a square + + align:start position:0% +multiplication in addition and a square + + + align:start position:0% +multiplication in addition and a square +root that used to take a long time if I + + align:start position:0% +root that used to take a long time if I + + + align:start position:0% +root that used to take a long time if I +replace that with table lookup it's by + + align:start position:0% +replace that with table lookup it's by + + + align:start position:0% +replace that with table lookup it's by +it's totally now this free a sort of + + align:start position:0% +it's totally now this free a sort of + + + align:start position:0% +it's totally now this free a sort of +table the the distance four algorithm to + + align:start position:0% +table the the distance four algorithm to + + + align:start position:0% +table the the distance four algorithm to +is just a distance erase of ice of j + + align:start position:0% +is just a distance erase of ice of j + + + align:start position:0% +is just a distance erase of ice of j +that gave me a speed-up factor of two + + align:start position:0% +that gave me a speed-up factor of two + + + align:start position:0% +that gave me a speed-up factor of two +and a half or three back in the day that + + align:start position:0% +and a half or three back in the day that + + + align:start position:0% +and a half or three back in the day that +was the speed-up factor of 25 for you as + + align:start position:0% +was the speed-up factor of 25 for you as + + + align:start position:0% +was the speed-up factor of 25 for you as +performance engineers you have all this + + align:start position:0% +performance engineers you have all this + + + align:start position:0% +performance engineers you have all this +intuition every piece of intuition you + + align:start position:0% +intuition every piece of intuition you + + + align:start position:0% +intuition every piece of intuition you +have that I had that was really + + align:start position:0% +have that I had that was really + + + align:start position:0% +have that I had that was really +appropriate ten years ago is irrelevant + + align:start position:0% +appropriate ten years ago is irrelevant + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate ten years ago is irrelevant +now you have to go back and get models + + align:start position:0% +now you have to go back and get models + + + align:start position:0% +now you have to go back and get models +to figure out how much each thing costs + + align:start position:0% +to figure out how much each thing costs + + + align:start position:0% +to figure out how much each thing costs +but still it's another speed a factor of + + align:start position:0% +but still it's another speed a factor of + + + align:start position:0% +but still it's another speed a factor of +three just by replacing this arithmetic + + align:start position:0% +three just by replacing this arithmetic + + + align:start position:0% +three just by replacing this arithmetic +with the table lookup algorithm three + + align:start position:0% +with the table lookup algorithm three + + + align:start position:0% +with the table lookup algorithm three +what we're going to do is choose the one + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to do is choose the one + + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to do is choose the one +city to start with so we'll start at + + align:start position:0% +city to start with so we'll start at + + + align:start position:0% +city to start with so we'll start at +City one will leave nine if we have a + + align:start position:0% +City one will leave nine if we have a + + + align:start position:0% +City one will leave nine if we have a +nine element problem in that position + + align:start position:0% +nine element problem in that position + + + align:start position:0% +nine element problem in that position +and just search of n minus one it + + align:start position:0% +and just search of n minus one it + + + align:start position:0% +and just search of n minus one it +doesn't matter where you start you're + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter where you start you're + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter where you start you're +gonna go back to it so you can just + + align:start position:0% +gonna go back to it so you can just + + + align:start position:0% +gonna go back to it so you can just +choose one to start with not a lot of + + align:start position:0% +choose one to start with not a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +choose one to start with not a lot of +code permutations are now that distance + + align:start position:0% +code permutations are now that distance + + + align:start position:0% +code permutations are now that distance +at each so now you've reduced n times n + + align:start position:0% +at each so now you've reduced n times n + + + align:start position:0% +at each so now you've reduced n times n +factorial to induct oriole algorithm for + + align:start position:0% +factorial to induct oriole algorithm for + + + align:start position:0% +factorial to induct oriole algorithm for +is I'm computing the same sum each time + + align:start position:0% +is I'm computing the same sum each time + + + align:start position:0% +is I'm computing the same sum each time +is there a way to avoid computing the + + align:start position:0% +is there a way to avoid computing the + + + align:start position:0% +is there a way to avoid computing the +same darn sum each time will carry the + + align:start position:0% +same darn sum each time will carry the + + + align:start position:0% +same darn sum each time will carry the +sum along with you instead of + + align:start position:0% +sum along with you instead of + + + align:start position:0% +sum along with you instead of +recomputing the same thing over and over + + align:start position:0% +recomputing the same thing over and over + + + align:start position:0% +recomputing the same thing over and over +and over + + align:start position:0% +and over + + + align:start position:0% +and over +start off with the sum mean 0 the + + align:start position:0% +start off with the sum mean 0 the + + + align:start position:0% +start off with the sum mean 0 the +parameters now M and the distance so far + + align:start position:0% +parameters now M and the distance so far + + + align:start position:0% +parameters now M and the distance so far +then you just add in these remaining + + align:start position:0% +then you just add in these remaining + + + align:start position:0% +then you just add in these remaining +pieces at each point + + align:start position:0% +pieces at each point + + + align:start position:0% +pieces at each point +and you solve it that way and there it's + + align:start position:0% +and you solve it that way and there it's + + + align:start position:0% +and you solve it that way and there it's +sort of a nice piece of mathematics I + + align:start position:0% +sort of a nice piece of mathematics I + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a nice piece of mathematics I +wish I had the time to analyze it I did + + align:start position:0% +wish I had the time to analyze it I did + + + align:start position:0% +wish I had the time to analyze it I did +a spreadsheet where I said how what's + + align:start position:0% +a spreadsheet where I said how what's + + + align:start position:0% +a spreadsheet where I said how what's +the ratio of this and it started off as + + align:start position:0% +the ratio of this and it started off as + + + align:start position:0% +the ratio of this and it started off as +three three and a half three point six + + align:start position:0% +three three and a half three point six + + + align:start position:0% +three three and a half three point six +three point six five three point seven + + align:start position:0% +three point six five three point seven + + + align:start position:0% +three point six five three point seven +one three point seven one eight two + + align:start position:0% +one three point seven one eight two + + + align:start position:0% +one three point seven one eight two +eight one eight two eight what does that + + align:start position:0% +eight one eight two eight what does that + + + align:start position:0% +eight one eight two eight what does that +mean if something if you see a constant + + align:start position:0% +mean if something if you see a constant + + + align:start position:0% +mean if something if you see a constant +three point seven one eight two eight + + align:start position:0% +three point seven one eight two eight + + + align:start position:0% +three point seven one eight two eight +one eight two eight it's one plus E and + + align:start position:0% +one eight two eight it's one plus E and + + + align:start position:0% +one eight two eight it's one plus E and +once I knew what the answer was even I + + align:start position:0% +once I knew what the answer was even I + + + align:start position:0% +once I knew what the answer was even I +in my mathematical frailty was able to + + align:start position:0% +in my mathematical frailty was able to + + + align:start position:0% +in my mathematical frailty was able to +prove that it's one plus e times n + + align:start position:0% +prove that it's one plus e times n + + + align:start position:0% +prove that it's one plus e times n +factorial I'm not giving you the proof + + align:start position:0% +factorial I'm not giving you the proof + + + align:start position:0% +factorial I'm not giving you the proof +but it's very cool that you run across + + align:start position:0% +but it's very cool that you run across + + + align:start position:0% +but it's very cool that you run across +these things so here are the four + + align:start position:0% +these things so here are the four + + + align:start position:0% +these things so here are the four +algorithms so far on an entirely + + align:start position:0% +algorithms so far on an entirely + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms so far on an entirely +different semi-fast machine the run time + + align:start position:0% +different semi-fast machine the run time + + + align:start position:0% +different semi-fast machine the run time +here are the real clock times on this + + align:start position:0% +here are the real clock times on this + + + align:start position:0% +here are the real clock times on this +machine for 10 11 12 13 real times and + + align:start position:0% +machine for 10 11 12 13 real times and + + + align:start position:0% +machine for 10 11 12 13 real times and +bold are major times these other times + + align:start position:0% +bold are major times these other times + + + align:start position:0% +bold are major times these other times +are approximate estimates and you can + + align:start position:0% +are approximate estimates and you can + + + align:start position:0% +are approximate estimates and you can +see now that for size 13 you go from + + align:start position:0% +see now that for size 13 you go from + + + align:start position:0% +see now that for size 13 you go from +taking a fraction of an hour to taking a + + align:start position:0% +taking a fraction of an hour to taking a + + + align:start position:0% +taking a fraction of an hour to taking a +third of a minute with nate's and + + align:start position:0% +third of a minute with nate's and + + + align:start position:0% +third of a minute with nate's and +programs faster that's pretty cool we + + align:start position:0% +programs faster that's pretty cool we + + + align:start position:0% +programs faster that's pretty cool we +feel good about this this is what we do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any questions at all we got to go faster + + align:start position:0% +any questions at all we got to go faster + + + align:start position:0% +any questions at all we got to go faster +how do we go fast just to say precisely + + align:start position:0% +how do we go fast just to say precisely + + + align:start position:0% +how do we go fast just to say precisely +for all these experiments I took one + + align:start position:0% +for all these experiments I took one + + + align:start position:0% +for all these experiments I took one +data set and if I say that to run time + + align:start position:0% +data set and if I say that to run time + + + align:start position:0% +data set and if I say that to run time +for size 15 I take the first 15 elements + + align:start position:0% +for size 15 I take the first 15 elements + + + align:start position:0% +for size 15 I take the first 15 elements +of that data set for 16 I take the first + + align:start position:0% +of that data set for 16 I take the first + + + align:start position:0% +of that data set for 16 I take the first +16 elements 17 so on and so forth it's + + align:start position:0% +16 elements 17 so on and so forth it's + + + align:start position:0% +16 elements 17 so on and so forth it's +not great science I've done the + + align:start position:0% +not great science I've done the + + + align:start position:0% +not great science I've done the +experiments where I did it on lots of + + align:start position:0% +experiments where I did it on lots of + + + align:start position:0% +experiments where I did it on lots of +random data the trends are the same it + + align:start position:0% +random data the trends are the same it + + + align:start position:0% +random data the trends are the same it +smooths out some of the curves but we'll + + align:start position:0% +smooths out some of the curves but we'll + + + align:start position:0% +smooths out some of the curves but we'll +see this the times are for initial + + align:start position:0% +see this the times are for initial + + + align:start position:0% +see this the times are for initial +sequence of one random set it's pretty + + align:start position:0% +sequence of one random set it's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +sequence of one random set it's pretty +robust + + align:start position:0% +robust + + + align:start position:0% +robust +but the problem has factorial growth the + + align:start position:0% +but the problem has factorial growth the + + + align:start position:0% +but the problem has factorial growth the +starter factorial its dual factorial + + align:start position:0% +starter factorial its dual factorial + + + align:start position:0% +starter factorial its dual factorial +what does that mean each factor of en + + align:start position:0% +what does that mean each factor of en + + + align:start position:0% +what does that mean each factor of en +allows us to creat the problem size by + + align:start position:0% +allows us to creat the problem size by + + + align:start position:0% +allows us to creat the problem size by +one in about the same time faster + + align:start position:0% +one in about the same time faster + + + align:start position:0% +one in about the same time faster +machine and all that we can now push + + align:start position:0% +machine and all that we can now push + + + align:start position:0% +machine and all that we can now push +into the teams + + align:start position:0% +into the teams + + + align:start position:0% +into the teams +what does that mean you can take abraham + + align:start position:0% +what does that mean you can take abraham + + + align:start position:0% +what does that mean you can take abraham +lincoln's problem and they got a tour + + align:start position:0% +lincoln's problem and they got a tour + + + align:start position:0% +lincoln's problem and they got a tour +with this length the optimal tour looks + + align:start position:0% +with this length the optimal tour looks + + + align:start position:0% +with this length the optimal tour looks +sort of the same on this side but it's + + align:start position:0% +sort of the same on this side but it's + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the same on this side but it's +really different over here charles what + + align:start position:0% +really different over here charles what + + + align:start position:0% +really different over here charles what +figure is that i've mentioned yesterday + + align:start position:0% +figure is that i've mentioned yesterday + + + align:start position:0% +figure is that i've mentioned yesterday +that if you work in the traveling + + align:start position:0% +that if you work in the traveling + + + align:start position:0% +that if you work in the traveling +salesman every instance you see turns + + align:start position:0% +salesman every instance you see turns + + + align:start position:0% +salesman every instance you see turns +into a Rorschach test the bunny had + + align:start position:0% +into a Rorschach test the bunny had + + + align:start position:0% +into a Rorschach test the bunny had +everyone see that those who are in fact + + align:start position:0% +everyone see that those who are in fact + + + align:start position:0% +everyone see that those who are in fact +the correct answers he has a + + align:start position:0% +the correct answers he has a + + + align:start position:0% +the correct answers he has a +psychologically sound human being does + + align:start position:0% +psychologically sound human being does + + + align:start position:0% +psychologically sound human being does +anyone else want to give their Rorschach + + align:start position:0% +anyone else want to give their Rorschach + + + align:start position:0% +anyone else want to give their Rorschach +answers a free diagnosis III absolutely + + align:start position:0% +answers a free diagnosis III absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +answers a free diagnosis III absolutely +no charge I'll completely diagnose you + + align:start position:0% +no charge I'll completely diagnose you + + + align:start position:0% +no charge I'll completely diagnose you +but the bunny the bunny hopping and the + + align:start position:0% +but the bunny the bunny hopping and the + + + align:start position:0% +but the bunny the bunny hopping and the +bunny head-on are impacted two correct + + align:start position:0% +bunny head-on are impacted two correct + + + align:start position:0% +bunny head-on are impacted two correct +answers for here but we'll see more + + align:start position:0% +answers for here but we'll see more + + + align:start position:0% +answers for here but we'll see more +later so Abraham Lincoln you solve his + + align:start position:0% +later so Abraham Lincoln you solve his + + + align:start position:0% +later so Abraham Lincoln you solve his +problem now my friend Mike Sheamus could + + align:start position:0% +problem now my friend Mike Sheamus could + + + align:start position:0% +problem now my friend Mike Sheamus could +solve his problem did he get the optimal + + align:start position:0% +solve his problem did he get the optimal + + + align:start position:0% +solve his problem did he get the optimal +tour while overhearing on a big part of + + align:start position:0% +tour while overhearing on a big part of + + + align:start position:0% +tour while overhearing on a big part of +it but over here it's really sort of a + + align:start position:0% +it but over here it's really sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +it but over here it's really sort of a +different character it's a finally + + align:start position:0% +different character it's a finally + + + align:start position:0% +different character it's a finally +different character is it far off yeah + + align:start position:0% +different character is it far off yeah + + + align:start position:0% +different character is it far off yeah +about a third of a percent off so his + + align:start position:0% +about a third of a percent off so his + + + align:start position:0% +about a third of a percent off so his +approach was within a third of a percent + + align:start position:0% +approach was within a third of a percent + + + align:start position:0% +approach was within a third of a percent +I've always worked I spent much of my + + align:start position:0% +I've always worked I spent much of my + + + align:start position:0% +I've always worked I spent much of my +career working on approximate solutions + + align:start position:0% +career working on approximate solutions + + + align:start position:0% +career working on approximate solutions +to DSPs those are often good enough this + + align:start position:0% +to DSPs those are often good enough this + + + align:start position:0% +to DSPs those are often good enough this +algorithm you can prove that he applied + + align:start position:0% +algorithm you can prove that he applied + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm you can prove that he applied +is within fifty percent in the real + + align:start position:0% +is within fifty percent in the real + + + align:start position:0% +is within fifty percent in the real +world it got within a third of a percent + + align:start position:0% +world it got within a third of a percent + + + align:start position:0% +world it got within a third of a percent +Wow but now we can go out and we can + + align:start position:0% +Wow but now we can go out and we can + + + align:start position:0% +Wow but now we can go out and we can +solve the whole problem in sixteen hours + + align:start position:0% +solve the whole problem in sixteen hours + + + align:start position:0% +solve the whole problem in sixteen hours +if you were writing the thesis and you + + align:start position:0% +if you were writing the thesis and you + + + align:start position:0% +if you were writing the thesis and you +happen to do this would it be worthwhile + + align:start position:0% +happen to do this would it be worthwhile + + + align:start position:0% +happen to do this would it be worthwhile +now right this distinct 16 hours of CPU + + align:start position:0% +now right this distinct 16 hours of CPU + + + align:start position:0% +now right this distinct 16 hours of CPU +time into this you're gonna go away for + + align:start position:0% +time into this you're gonna go away for + + + align:start position:0% +time into this you're gonna go away for +a weekend to sure leave your machine + + align:start position:0% +a weekend to sure leave your machine + + + align:start position:0% +a weekend to sure leave your machine +running at the time Charles when we had + + align:start position:0% +running at the time Charles when we had + + + align:start position:0% +running at the time Charles when we had +one big computer for 60 or 70 people in + + align:start position:0% +one big computer for 60 or 70 people in + + + align:start position:0% +one big computer for 60 or 70 people in +the department could we + + align:start position:0% +the department could we + + + align:start position:0% +the department could we +dreamt about using 16 hours for that on + + align:start position:0% +dreamt about using 16 hours for that on + + + align:start position:0% +dreamt about using 16 hours for that on +the very border if you made it a really + + align:start position:0% +the very border if you made it a really + + + align:start position:0% +the very border if you made it a really +mellow background process it might + + align:start position:0% +mellow background process it might + + + align:start position:0% +mellow background process it might +finish in a week or three all of these + + align:start position:0% +finish in a week or three all of these + + + align:start position:0% +finish in a week or three all of these +things change this the computers get + + align:start position:0% +things change this the computers get + + + align:start position:0% +things change this the computers get +faster they get more available you can + + align:start position:0% +faster they get more available you can + + + align:start position:0% +faster they get more available you can +devote a machine to is it to dump 16 + + align:start position:0% +devote a machine to is it to dump 16 + + + align:start position:0% +devote a machine to is it to dump 16 +hours down this but can we make it + + align:start position:0% +hours down this but can we make it + + + align:start position:0% +hours down this but can we make it +faster yet can we ever analyze say all + + align:start position:0% +faster yet can we ever analyze say all + + + align:start position:0% +faster yet can we ever analyze say all +permutations of a deck of cards how many + + align:start position:0% +permutations of a deck of cards how many + + + align:start position:0% +permutations of a deck of cards how many +permutations are there of a deck of + + align:start position:0% +permutations are there of a deck of + + + align:start position:0% +permutations are there of a deck of +cards if you take out those Joker's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what's that number + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah what will one with 15 zeros after + + align:start position:0% +yeah what will one with 15 zeros after + + + align:start position:0% +yeah what will one with 15 zeros after +it it's a big number 2 to the 50 52 + + align:start position:0% +it it's a big number 2 to the 50 52 + + + align:start position:0% +it it's a big number 2 to the 50 52 +factorial I want to teach you how big 52 + + align:start position:0% +factorial I want to teach you how big 52 + + + align:start position:0% +factorial I want to teach you how big 52 +factorial is people say that problems + + align:start position:0% +factorial is people say that problems + + + align:start position:0% +factorial is people say that problems +growing exponentially what does that + + align:start position:0% +growing exponentially what does that + + + align:start position:0% +growing exponentially what does that +mean it's quick it's what the people + + align:start position:0% +mean it's quick it's what the people + + + align:start position:0% +mean it's quick it's what the people +usually mean by it in mathematics it's + + align:start position:0% +usually mean by it in mathematics it's + + + align:start position:0% +usually mean by it in mathematics it's +some constant to the N for some defined + + align:start position:0% +some constant to the N for some defined + + + align:start position:0% +some constant to the N for some defined +time period n factorial growth is + + align:start position:0% +time period n factorial growth is + + + align:start position:0% +time period n factorial growth is +factorial growth exponential growth why + + align:start position:0% +factorial growth exponential growth why + + + align:start position:0% +factorial growth exponential growth why +not why isn't it back to exponential + + align:start position:0% +not why isn't it back to exponential + + + align:start position:0% +not why isn't it back to exponential +it's more than exponential it's super + + align:start position:0% +it's more than exponential it's super + + + align:start position:0% +it's more than exponential it's super +exponential we'll talk about the details + + align:start position:0% +exponential we'll talk about the details + + + align:start position:0% +exponential we'll talk about the details +here by Sterling's approximation you + + align:start position:0% +here by Sterling's approximation you + + + align:start position:0% +here by Sterling's approximation you +have seen in other classes that log that + + align:start position:0% +have seen in other classes that log that + + + align:start position:0% +have seen in other classes that log that +it log of n factorial is n log n minus n + + align:start position:0% +it log of n factorial is n log n minus n + + + align:start position:0% +it log of n factorial is n log n minus n +plus log n for the natural log the log + + align:start position:0% +plus log n for the natural log the log + + + align:start position:0% +plus log n for the natural log the log +base 2 of n factorial is about n log n + + align:start position:0% +base 2 of n factorial is about n log n + + + align:start position:0% +base 2 of n factorial is about n log n +minus one point three eight six seven + + align:start position:0% +minus one point three eight six seven + + + align:start position:0% +minus one point three eight six seven +where have you seen this number before + + align:start position:0% +where have you seen this number before + + + align:start position:0% +where have you seen this number before +one point in log n minus 1 and then + + align:start position:0% +one point in log n minus 1 and then + + + align:start position:0% +one point in log n minus 1 and then +algorithms class if you did a lower + + align:start position:0% +algorithms class if you did a lower + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms class if you did a lower +bound on a decision tree model of + + align:start position:0% +bound on a decision tree model of + + + align:start position:0% +bound on a decision tree model of +sorting there were intact Oriole leaves + + align:start position:0% +sorting there were intact Oriole leaves + + + align:start position:0% +sorting there were intact Oriole leaves +to Swartz a sort algorithm must take at + + align:start position:0% +to Swartz a sort algorithm must take at + + + align:start position:0% +to Swartz a sort algorithm must take at +least as much time so that gives you + + align:start position:0% +least as much time so that gives you + + + align:start position:0% +least as much time so that gives you +that bound and he merge sort is n log n + + align:start position:0% +that bound and he merge sort is n log n + + + align:start position:0% +that bound and he merge sort is n log n +minus n so you're really narrow where + + align:start position:0% +minus n so you're really narrow where + + + align:start position:0% +minus n so you're really narrow where +else have you seen one point three eight + + align:start position:0% +else have you seen one point three eight + + + align:start position:0% +else have you seen one point three eight +six n that's the runtime of quicksort + + align:start position:0% +six n that's the runtime of quicksort + + + align:start position:0% +six n that's the runtime of quicksort +all these things are coming back + + align:start position:0% +all these things are coming back + + + align:start position:0% +all these things are coming back +together here because it's the natural + + align:start position:0% +together here because it's the natural + + + align:start position:0% +together here because it's the natural +log of e I'm sorry the log base two of e + + align:start position:0% +log of e I'm sorry the log base two of e + + + align:start position:0% +log of e I'm sorry the log base two of e +so in factorial is not 2 to the N is 2 + + align:start position:0% +so in factorial is not 2 to the N is 2 + + + align:start position:0% +so in factorial is not 2 to the N is 2 +to the n log n it's about in to the end + + align:start position:0% +to the n log n it's about in to the end + + + align:start position:0% +to the n log n it's about in to the end +it's faster than any exponential + + align:start position:0% +it's faster than any exponential + + + align:start position:0% +it's faster than any exponential +function + + align:start position:0% +function + + + align:start position:0% +function +how big is 52 factorial + + align:start position:0% +how big is 52 factorial + + + align:start position:0% +how big is 52 factorial +you guessed 10 to the 15th was that okay + + align:start position:0% +you guessed 10 to the 15th was that okay + + + align:start position:0% +you guessed 10 to the 15th was that okay +if we see here it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +if we see here it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +if we see here it's going to be +something like 2 to the n log n in is 52 + + align:start position:0% +something like 2 to the n log n in is 52 + + + align:start position:0% +something like 2 to the n log n in is 52 +log of 52 is about 6 that's 2 to the the + + align:start position:0% +log of 52 is about 6 that's 2 to the the + + + align:start position:0% +log of 52 is about 6 that's 2 to the the +300 but it was there's a minus in term + + align:start position:0% +300 but it was there's a minus in term + + + align:start position:0% +300 but it was there's a minus in term +maybe 2 to the 250 it's about 2 to the + + align:start position:0% +maybe 2 to the 250 it's about 2 to the + + + align:start position:0% +maybe 2 to the 250 it's about 2 to the +225 which is 10 to the 67th + + align:start position:0% +225 which is 10 to the 67th + + + align:start position:0% +225 which is 10 to the 67th +that's a big number how big is it let me + + align:start position:0% +that's a big number how big is it let me + + + align:start position:0% +that's a big number how big is it let me +put it in everyday terms try this after + + align:start position:0% +put it in everyday terms try this after + + + align:start position:0% +put it in everyday terms try this after +class a set a timer to count down 52 + + align:start position:0% +class a set a timer to count down 52 + + + align:start position:0% +class a set a timer to count down 52 +factorial nanoseconds 10 to the 67th + + align:start position:0% +factorial nanoseconds 10 to the 67th + + + align:start position:0% +factorial nanoseconds 10 to the 67th +stand on the equator watch out for where + + align:start position:0% +stand on the equator watch out for where + + + align:start position:0% +stand on the equator watch out for where +you are and take one step forward every + + align:start position:0% +you are and take one step forward every + + + align:start position:0% +you are and take one step forward every +million years don't rush into this I + + align:start position:0% +million years don't rush into this I + + + align:start position:0% +million years don't rush into this I +don't want you to get a hyper about this + + align:start position:0% +don't want you to get a hyper about this + + + align:start position:0% +don't want you to get a hyper about this +eventually when you circle the Earth's + + align:start position:0% +eventually when you circle the Earth's + + + align:start position:0% +eventually when you circle the Earth's +one--the + + align:start position:0% +one--the + + + align:start position:0% +one--the +take a drop of water from the Pacific + + align:start position:0% +take a drop of water from the Pacific + + + align:start position:0% +take a drop of water from the Pacific +Ocean and keep on going okay be careful + + align:start position:0% +Ocean and keep on going okay be careful + + + align:start position:0% +Ocean and keep on going okay be careful +about this but this is an experiment + + align:start position:0% +about this but this is an experiment + + + align:start position:0% +about this but this is an experiment +you're you're nerds it's okay + + align:start position:0% +you're you're nerds it's okay + + + align:start position:0% +you're you're nerds it's okay +when the Pacific Ocean is empty at that + + align:start position:0% +when the Pacific Ocean is empty at that + + + align:start position:0% +when the Pacific Ocean is empty at that +point lay a sheet of paper down refill + + align:start position:0% +point lay a sheet of paper down refill + + + align:start position:0% +point lay a sheet of paper down refill +the ocean and carry on now keep on doing + + align:start position:0% +the ocean and carry on now keep on doing + + + align:start position:0% +the ocean and carry on now keep on doing +that when you're stacking paper reaches + + align:start position:0% +that when you're stacking paper reaches + + + align:start position:0% +that when you're stacking paper reaches +to the moon + + align:start position:0% +to the moon + + + align:start position:0% +to the moon +check the timer you're almost done this + + align:start position:0% +check the timer you're almost done this + + + align:start position:0% +check the timer you're almost done this +is how a big ten to the fifty second is + + align:start position:0% +is how a big ten to the fifty second is + + + align:start position:0% +is how a big ten to the fifty second is +the age of the universe so far is about + + align:start position:0% +the age of the universe so far is about + + + align:start position:0% +the age of the universe so far is about +10 to the 26 nanoseconds it's ten to the + + align:start position:0% +10 to the 26 nanoseconds it's ten to the + + + align:start position:0% +10 to the 26 nanoseconds it's ten to the +fifty second is a long time can we ever + + align:start position:0% +fifty second is a long time can we ever + + + align:start position:0% +fifty second is a long time can we ever +solve a problem if we look at all ten to + + align:start position:0% +solve a problem if we look at all ten to + + + align:start position:0% +solve a problem if we look at all ten to +the fifty second options what do we have + + align:start position:0% +the fifty second options what do we have + + + align:start position:0% +the fifty second options what do we have +to do instead part of me a lot in + + align:start position:0% +to do instead part of me a lot in + + + align:start position:0% +to do instead part of me a lot in +computing okay that's great and I have a + + align:start position:0% +computing okay that's great and I have a + + + align:start position:0% +computing okay that's great and I have a +really cool bridge across this river out + + align:start position:0% +really cool bridge across this river out + + + align:start position:0% +really cool bridge across this river out +here that I'll sell you after class + + align:start position:0% +here that I'll sell you after class + + + align:start position:0% +here that I'll sell you after class +let's talk about that okay is there a + + align:start position:0% +let's talk about that okay is there a + + + align:start position:0% +let's talk about that okay is there a +nice quantum approach to this problem + + align:start position:0% +nice quantum approach to this problem + + + align:start position:0% +nice quantum approach to this problem +maybe I mean you could actually phrase + + align:start position:0% +maybe I mean you could actually phrase + + + align:start position:0% +maybe I mean you could actually phrase +this as an optimization problem where + + align:start position:0% +this as an optimization problem where + + + align:start position:0% +this as an optimization problem where +you can maybe get some mileage out of + + align:start position:0% +you can maybe get some mileage out of + + + align:start position:0% +you can maybe get some mileage out of +that but we'll see so wonder purchase + + align:start position:0% +that but we'll see so wonder purchase + + + align:start position:0% +that but we'll see so wonder purchase +quantum computing what's another + + align:start position:0% +quantum computing what's another + + + align:start position:0% +quantum computing what's another +approach what are we going to have to do + + align:start position:0% +approach what are we going to have to do + + + align:start position:0% +approach what are we going to have to do +to make our program is for mount this + + align:start position:0% +to make our program is for mount this + + + align:start position:0% +to make our program is for mount this +obstacle please + + align:start position:0% +obstacle please + + + align:start position:0% +obstacle please +part of me we're gonna have to limit our + + align:start position:0% +part of me we're gonna have to limit our + + + align:start position:0% +part of me we're gonna have to limit our +search space we're gonna have to prune + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the search space that's the idea let's + + align:start position:0% +the search space that's the idea let's + + + align:start position:0% +the search space that's the idea let's +try it + + align:start position:0% +try it + + + align:start position:0% +try it +here's a cool problem I was at a + + align:start position:0% +here's a cool problem I was at a + + + align:start position:0% +here's a cool problem I was at a +ceremony a few weeks ago a friend of + + align:start position:0% +ceremony a few weeks ago a friend of + + + align:start position:0% +ceremony a few weeks ago a friend of +mine said here's this cool problem that + + align:start position:0% +mine said here's this cool problem that + + + align:start position:0% +mine said here's this cool problem that +his daughter to spot home from high + + align:start position:0% +his daughter to spot home from high + + + align:start position:0% +his daughter to spot home from high +school how do you solve it + + align:start position:0% +school how do you solve it + + + align:start position:0% +school how do you solve it +find all permutations of the 10 integer + + align:start position:0% +find all permutations of the 10 integer + + + align:start position:0% +find all permutations of the 10 integer +or the 9 integers 1 through n such that + + align:start position:0% +or the 9 integers 1 through n such that + + + align:start position:0% +or the 9 integers 1 through n such that +each initial substring of length m is + + align:start position:0% +each initial substring of length m is + + + align:start position:0% +each initial substring of length m is +divisible by M so the whole darn thing + + align:start position:0% +divisible by M so the whole darn thing + + + align:start position:0% +divisible by M so the whole darn thing +is divisible by 9 is any permutation of + + align:start position:0% +is divisible by 9 is any permutation of + + + align:start position:0% +is divisible by 9 is any permutation of +the integers 1 2 9 to symbol by 9 well + + align:start position:0% +the integers 1 2 9 to symbol by 9 well + + + align:start position:0% +the integers 1 2 9 to symbol by 9 well +they all sum up to number 12 old 9 he + + align:start position:0% +they all sum up to number 12 old 9 he + + + align:start position:0% +they all sum up to number 12 old 9 he +worked that as it divisible are the + + align:start position:0% +worked that as it divisible are the + + + align:start position:0% +worked that as it divisible are the +first eight characters divisible by 8 + + align:start position:0% +first eight characters divisible by 8 + + + align:start position:0% +first eight characters divisible by 8 +now let's start with an easy one if you + + align:start position:0% +now let's start with an easy one if you + + + align:start position:0% +now let's start with an easy one if you +were doing it for size 3 3 2 1 works is + + align:start position:0% +were doing it for size 3 3 2 1 works is + + + align:start position:0% +were doing it for size 3 3 2 1 works is +3 2 1 divisible by 3 it's 32 2 visible + + align:start position:0% +3 2 1 divisible by 3 it's 32 2 visible + + + align:start position:0% +3 2 1 divisible by 3 it's 32 2 visible +by 2 it's 3 differ by one thinking it + + align:start position:0% +by 2 it's 3 differ by one thinking it + + + align:start position:0% +by 2 it's 3 differ by one thinking it +works is 1 3 2 divisible by 3 + + align:start position:0% +works is 1 3 2 divisible by 3 + + + align:start position:0% +works is 1 3 2 divisible by 3 +yeah it's 13 days of y2 yeah that + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's 13 days of y2 yeah that + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's 13 days of y2 yeah that +doesn't work so we're gonna try to solve + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work so we're gonna try to solve + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work so we're gonna try to solve +this problem my friend Greg Conti a + + align:start position:0% +this problem my friend Greg Conti a + + + align:start position:0% +this problem my friend Greg Conti a +really great computer security guy gave + + align:start position:0% +really great computer security guy gave + + + align:start position:0% +really great computer security guy gave +me this problem how do you solve it how + + align:start position:0% +me this problem how do you solve it how + + + align:start position:0% +me this problem how do you solve it how +would you solve this problem if this + + align:start position:0% +would you solve this problem if this + + + align:start position:0% +would you solve this problem if this +high school kid says here's a problem I + + align:start position:0% +high school kid says here's a problem I + + + align:start position:0% +high school kid says here's a problem I +brought home from school how do I solve + + align:start position:0% +brought home from school how do I solve + + + align:start position:0% +brought home from school how do I solve +it what would you do + + align:start position:0% +it what would you do + + + align:start position:0% +it what would you do +ideas I'm sorry please + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or actually just + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +use + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +great so their their two main approaches + + align:start position:0% +great so their their two main approaches + + + align:start position:0% +great so their their two main approaches +one is write a program so you can either + + align:start position:0% +one is write a program so you can either + + + align:start position:0% +one is write a program so you can either +think or you could compute who here who + + align:start position:0% +think or you could compute who here who + + + align:start position:0% +think or you could compute who here who +in this room enjoys writing programs who + + align:start position:0% +in this room enjoys writing programs who + + + align:start position:0% +in this room enjoys writing programs who +enjoys thinking well that's an easy call + + align:start position:0% +enjoys thinking well that's an easy call + + + align:start position:0% +enjoys thinking well that's an easy call +what's the right approach here well yes + + align:start position:0% +what's the right approach here well yes + + + align:start position:0% +what's the right approach here well yes +the right answer is you think for a + + align:start position:0% +the right answer is you think for a + + + align:start position:0% +the right answer is you think for a +while if you solve it in the first three + + align:start position:0% +while if you solve it in the first three + + + align:start position:0% +while if you solve it in the first three +minutes + + align:start position:0% +minutes + + + align:start position:0% +minutes +don't write a program they spend much + + align:start position:0% +don't write a program they spend much + + + align:start position:0% +don't write a program they spend much +more than five minutes on it let's write + + align:start position:0% +more than five minutes on it let's write + + + align:start position:0% +more than five minutes on it let's write +a program see we'll learn from the + + align:start position:0% +a program see we'll learn from the + + + align:start position:0% +a program see we'll learn from the +program we'll go back and forth they + + align:start position:0% +program we'll go back and forth they + + + align:start position:0% +program we'll go back and forth they +never think when you should compute + + align:start position:0% +never think when you should compute + + + align:start position:0% +never think when you should compute +never compute what you should think how + + align:start position:0% +never compute what you should think how + + + align:start position:0% +never compute what you should think how +do you know which one to do try each see + + align:start position:0% +do you know which one to do try each see + + + align:start position:0% +do you know which one to do try each see +which one gets to further faster if you + + align:start position:0% +which one gets to further faster if you + + + align:start position:0% +which one gets to further faster if you +write a program for this what are the + + align:start position:0% +write a program for this what are the + + + align:start position:0% +write a program for this what are the +basic structures you have to deal with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you have to deal with nine digit strings + + align:start position:0% +you have to deal with nine digit strings + + + align:start position:0% +you have to deal with nine digit strings +that are also nine digit numbers what's + + align:start position:0% +that are also nine digit numbers what's + + + align:start position:0% +that are also nine digit numbers what's +a good language for dealing with that + + align:start position:0% +a good language for dealing with that + + + align:start position:0% +a good language for dealing with that +what would you if you had to write a + + align:start position:0% +what would you if you had to write a + + + align:start position:0% +what would you if you had to write a +program to do this what language would + + align:start position:0% +program to do this what language would + + + align:start position:0% +program to do this what language would +you choose we'll say how do you generate + + align:start position:0% +you choose we'll say how do you generate + + + align:start position:0% +you choose we'll say how do you generate +all intact oriole permutations of the + + align:start position:0% +all intact oriole permutations of the + + + align:start position:0% +all intact oriole permutations of the +string well I hope you can see this + + align:start position:0% +string well I hope you can see this + + + align:start position:0% +string well I hope you can see this +here's the way that I chose to do it I + + align:start position:0% +here's the way that I chose to do it I + + + align:start position:0% +here's the way that I chose to do it I +chose to have a recursive procedure + + align:start position:0% +chose to have a recursive procedure + + + align:start position:0% +chose to have a recursive procedure +search and I'm gonna have right be the + + align:start position:0% +search and I'm gonna have right be the + + + align:start position:0% +search and I'm gonna have right be the +part that's already fixed left be the + + align:start position:0% +part that's already fixed left be the + + + align:start position:0% +part that's already fixed left be the +part that you're gonna vary I couldn't + + align:start position:0% +part that you're gonna vary I couldn't + + + align:start position:0% +part that you're gonna vary I couldn't +have done it the other way but I'll + + align:start position:0% +have done it the other way but I'll + + + align:start position:0% +have done it the other way but I'll +choose to do it this way I start with + + align:start position:0% +choose to do it this way I start with + + + align:start position:0% +choose to do it this way I start with +left equals that right equals that I end + + align:start position:0% +left equals that right equals that I end + + + align:start position:0% +left equals that right equals that I end +when the left is empty besides weaker + + align:start position:0% +when the left is empty besides weaker + + + align:start position:0% +when the left is empty besides weaker +down just like we've been doing so far + + align:start position:0% +down just like we've been doing so far + + + align:start position:0% +down just like we've been doing so far +but I'm going to do that with with + + align:start position:0% +but I'm going to do that with with + + + align:start position:0% +but I'm going to do that with with +strings instead and the if I get to the + + align:start position:0% +strings instead and the if I get to the + + + align:start position:0% +strings instead and the if I get to the +call search of five six of three five + + align:start position:0% +call search of five six of three five + + + align:start position:0% +call search of five six of three five +six with 41:9 seven eight these are all + + align:start position:0% +six with 41:9 seven eight these are all + + + align:start position:0% +six with 41:9 seven eight these are all +fixed I'll take each one of these in + + align:start position:0% +fixed I'll take each one of these in + + + align:start position:0% +fixed I'll take each one of these in +turn three five and six put it into here + + align:start position:0% +turn three five and six put it into here + + + align:start position:0% +turn three five and six put it into here +so I'll call search of 56 without search + + align:start position:0% +so I'll call search of 56 without search + + + align:start position:0% +so I'll call search of 56 without search +of 36 without search of 35 but that + + align:start position:0% +of 36 without search of 35 but that + + + align:start position:0% +of 36 without search of 35 but that +everyone see how that works how long + + align:start position:0% +everyone see how that works how long + + + align:start position:0% +everyone see how that works how long +will the code be and in your favorite + + align:start position:0% +will the code be and in your favorite + + + align:start position:0% +will the code be and in your favorite +language here's the code in my favorite + + align:start position:0% +language here's the code in my favorite + + + align:start position:0% +language here's the code in my favorite +language that's it has anyone here ever + + align:start position:0% +language that's it has anyone here ever + + + align:start position:0% +language that's it has anyone here ever +used the awk programming language + + align:start position:0% +used the awk programming language + + + align:start position:0% +used the awk programming language +written by a whole Weinberger and Qurna + + align:start position:0% +written by a whole Weinberger and Qurna + + + align:start position:0% +written by a whole Weinberger and Qurna +hand they observe + + align:start position:0% +hand they observe + + + align:start position:0% +hand they observe +naming a language after the initials of + + align:start position:0% +naming a language after the initials of + + + align:start position:0% +naming a language after the initials of +the authors shows a certain paucity of + + align:start position:0% +the authors shows a certain paucity of + + + align:start position:0% +the authors shows a certain paucity of +imagination but it works so a function + + align:start position:0% +imagination but it works so a function + + + align:start position:0% +imagination but it works so a function +search of left right that if left equals + + align:start position:0% +search of left right that if left equals + + + align:start position:0% +search of left right that if left equals +zero is no I'll check it otherwise what + + align:start position:0% +zero is no I'll check it otherwise what + + + align:start position:0% +zero is no I'll check it otherwise what +will I do here the details don't matter + + align:start position:0% +will I do here the details don't matter + + + align:start position:0% +will I do here the details don't matter +for I equals 1 up to the length of the + + align:start position:0% +for I equals 1 up to the length of the + + + align:start position:0% +for I equals 1 up to the length of the +left hand side of the string search the + + align:start position:0% +left hand side of the string search the + + + align:start position:0% +left hand side of the string search the +substring at the left starting at 1 + + align:start position:0% +substring at the left starting at 1 + + + align:start position:0% +substring at the left starting at 1 +going for I minus 1 with concatenated + + align:start position:0% +going for I minus 1 with concatenated + + + align:start position:0% +going for I minus 1 with concatenated +with the substring of the left starting + + align:start position:0% +with the substring of the left starting + + + align:start position:0% +with the substring of the left starting +at I plus 1 and then take the substring + + align:start position:0% +at I plus 1 and then take the substring + + + align:start position:0% +at I plus 1 and then take the substring +in the middle put it out in front of the + + align:start position:0% +in the middle put it out in front of the + + + align:start position:0% +in the middle put it out in front of the +right do that for all I values any + + align:start position:0% +right do that for all I values any + + + align:start position:0% +right do that for all I values any +questions about that the details don't + + align:start position:0% +questions about that the details don't + + + align:start position:0% +questions about that the details don't +matter it's not a big program if I do + + align:start position:0% +matter it's not a big program if I do + + + align:start position:0% +matter it's not a big program if I do +this and at the end probably will 1/2 + + align:start position:0% +this and at the end probably will 1/2 + + + align:start position:0% +this and at the end probably will 1/2 +length if the substring of the right mod + + align:start position:0% +length if the substring of the right mod + + + align:start position:0% +length if the substring of the right mod +I is nonzero then return if it's not + + align:start position:0% +I is nonzero then return if it's not + + + align:start position:0% +I is nonzero then return if it's not +that you've printed out if I run this + + align:start position:0% +that you've printed out if I run this + + + align:start position:0% +that you've printed out if I run this +program how long ballpark with this + + align:start position:0% +program how long ballpark with this + + + align:start position:0% +program how long ballpark with this +program take 4 9 factorial ballpark what + + align:start position:0% +program take 4 9 factorial ballpark what + + + align:start position:0% +program take 4 9 factorial ballpark what +was your answer before a second great + + align:start position:0% +was your answer before a second great + + + align:start position:0% +was your answer before a second great +well will recycle that reduce reuse + + align:start position:0% +well will recycle that reduce reuse + + + align:start position:0% +well will recycle that reduce reuse +recycle well recycle the answers this + + align:start position:0% +recycle well recycle the answers this + + + align:start position:0% +recycle well recycle the answers this +tip I called originally with that string + + align:start position:0% +tip I called originally with that string + + + align:start position:0% +tip I called originally with that string +it takes about three seconds and it + + align:start position:0% +it takes about three seconds and it + + + align:start position:0% +it takes about three seconds and it +found that there was searched all nine + + align:start position:0% +found that there was searched all nine + + + align:start position:0% +found that there was searched all nine +factorial three six two eight eight zero + + align:start position:0% +factorial three six two eight eight zero + + + align:start position:0% +factorial three six two eight eight zero +362,000 strings and found only one + + align:start position:0% +362,000 strings and found only one + + + align:start position:0% +362,000 strings and found only one +string there that matches that oops + + align:start position:0% +string there that matches that oops + + + align:start position:0% +string there that matches that oops +are these divisible by 9 well they sum + + align:start position:0% +are these divisible by 9 well they sum + + + align:start position:0% +are these divisible by 9 well they sum +to multiple of nine sure is this thing + + align:start position:0% +to multiple of nine sure is this thing + + + align:start position:0% +to multiple of nine sure is this thing +that ends in 72 divisible by 8 yeah that + + align:start position:0% +that ends in 72 divisible by 8 yeah that + + + align:start position:0% +that ends in 72 divisible by 8 yeah that +works seven and I'm not going to bother + + align:start position:0% +works seven and I'm not going to bother + + + align:start position:0% +works seven and I'm not going to bother +with all the way down is 38 divisible by + + align:start position:0% +with all the way down is 38 divisible by + + + align:start position:0% +with all the way down is 38 divisible by +2 its 381 divisible by three this one + + align:start position:0% +2 its 381 divisible by three this one + + + align:start position:0% +2 its 381 divisible by three this one +works that's a pretty cool problem for a + + align:start position:0% +works that's a pretty cool problem for a + + + align:start position:0% +works that's a pretty cool problem for a +high school afternoon + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if three seconds fast enough yeah + + align:start position:0% +if three seconds fast enough yeah + + + align:start position:0% +if three seconds fast enough yeah +in the trade-off of thinking and + + align:start position:0% +in the trade-off of thinking and + + + align:start position:0% +in the trade-off of thinking and +programming right the darn program + + align:start position:0% +programming right the darn program + + + align:start position:0% +programming right the darn program +you're done is it's cool + + align:start position:0% +you're done is it's cool + + + align:start position:0% +you're done is it's cool +if you wanted to make it faster how + + align:start position:0% +if you wanted to make it faster how + + + align:start position:0% +if you wanted to make it faster how +could you make it faster I've that's + + align:start position:0% +could you make it faster I've that's + + + align:start position:0% +could you make it faster I've that's +what this course is all about always + + align:start position:0% +what this course is all about always + + + align:start position:0% +what this course is all about always +think about how you can make things + + align:start position:0% +think about how you can make things + + + align:start position:0% +think about how you can make things +faster please you just stop searching + + align:start position:0% +faster please you just stop searching + + + align:start position:0% +faster please you just stop searching +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +how early can you stop searching that's + + align:start position:0% +how early can you stop searching that's + + + align:start position:0% +how early can you stop searching that's +great + + align:start position:0% +great + + + align:start position:0% +great +so you could get consequent actor speed + + align:start position:0% +so you could get consequent actor speed + + + align:start position:0% +so you could get consequent actor speed +ups like don't check for divisibility by + + align:start position:0% +ups like don't check for divisibility by + + + align:start position:0% +ups like don't check for divisibility by +one at the end you can change language + + align:start position:0% +one at the end you can change language + + + align:start position:0% +one at the end you can change language +all that but those are never going to + + align:start position:0% +all that but those are never going to + + + align:start position:0% +all that but those are never going to +matter the big win is gonna come from + + align:start position:0% +matter the big win is gonna come from + + + align:start position:0% +matter the big win is gonna come from +pruning the search how can you put the + + align:start position:0% +pruning the search how can you put the + + + align:start position:0% +pruning the search how can you put the +search what any winning string must have + + align:start position:0% +search what any winning string must have + + + align:start position:0% +search what any winning string must have +some properties of this string what are + + align:start position:0% +some properties of this string what are + + + align:start position:0% +some properties of this string what are +some properties that string has it you + + align:start position:0% +some properties that string has it you + + + align:start position:0% +some properties that string has it you +can check for early please the eighth + + align:start position:0% +can check for early please the eighth + + + align:start position:0% +can check for early please the eighth +position has to be a multiple of two + + align:start position:0% +position has to be a multiple of two + + + align:start position:0% +position has to be a multiple of two +furthermore if you really think about it + + align:start position:0% +furthermore if you really think about it + + + align:start position:0% +furthermore if you really think about it +you could get more than that has to be a + + align:start position:0% +you could get more than that has to be a + + + align:start position:0% +you could get more than that has to be a +blues visible by four and it's also an + + align:start position:0% +blues visible by four and it's also an + + + align:start position:0% +blues visible by four and it's also an +even number has to be in the eighth + + align:start position:0% +even number has to be in the eighth + + + align:start position:0% +even number has to be in the eighth +position anywhere else gonna need an + + align:start position:0% +position anywhere else gonna need an + + + align:start position:0% +position anywhere else gonna need an +even number this position has to be even + + align:start position:0% +even number this position has to be even + + + align:start position:0% +even number this position has to be even +that has to be even that has to be even + + align:start position:0% +that has to be even that has to be even + + + align:start position:0% +that has to be even that has to be even +that has to be even in general what's + + align:start position:0% +that has to be even in general what's + + + align:start position:0% +that has to be even in general what's +the general rule + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +every even position has to contain an + + align:start position:0% +every even position has to contain an + + + align:start position:0% +every even position has to contain an +even number there are four even numbers + + align:start position:0% +even number there are four even numbers + + + align:start position:0% +even number there are four even numbers +there are five odd numbers + + align:start position:0% +there are five odd numbers + + + align:start position:0% +there are five odd numbers +what other rule might you come up with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay every odd position has to be an odd + + align:start position:0% +okay every odd position has to be an odd + + + align:start position:0% +okay every odd position has to be an odd +number and in particular the fifth + + align:start position:0% +number and in particular the fifth + + + align:start position:0% +number and in particular the fifth +position has to be a five so those are a + + align:start position:0% +position has to be a five so those are a + + + align:start position:0% +position has to be a five so those are a +few rules even digits and even positions + + align:start position:0% +few rules even digits and even positions + + + align:start position:0% +few rules even digits and even positions +all digits and opposition's digit five + + align:start position:0% +all digits and opposition's digit five + + + align:start position:0% +all digits and opposition's digit five +in position five three simple rules you + + align:start position:0% +in position five three simple rules you + + + align:start position:0% +in position five three simple rules you +can test those easily the code is pretty + + align:start position:0% +can test those easily the code is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +can test those easily the code is pretty +straightforward will that shrink the + + align:start position:0% +straightforward will that shrink the + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward will that shrink the +size to the search space must at all + + align:start position:0% +size to the search space must at all + + + align:start position:0% +size to the search space must at all +really how big was the search space + + align:start position:0% +really how big was the search space + + + align:start position:0% +really how big was the search space +before nine for the first one now how + + align:start position:0% +before nine for the first one now how + + + align:start position:0% +before nine for the first one now how +big is a search space for the first if + + align:start position:0% +big is a search space for the first if + + + align:start position:0% +big is a search space for the first if +you just had the five rule the three + + align:start position:0% +you just had the five rule the three + + + align:start position:0% +you just had the five rule the three +rules evens going evens odds and odds + + align:start position:0% +rules evens going evens odds and odds + + + align:start position:0% +rules evens going evens odds and odds +and five in the middle how many choices + + align:start position:0% +and five in the middle how many choices + + + align:start position:0% +and five in the middle how many choices +do you have for the first one four + + align:start position:0% +do you have for the first one four + + + align:start position:0% +do you have for the first one four +choices for the second one you have it + + align:start position:0% +choices for the second one you have it + + + align:start position:0% +choices for the second one you have it +can't be a five it has to be an odd + + align:start position:0% +can't be a five it has to be an odd + + + align:start position:0% +can't be a five it has to be an odd +number not a five you have a four so + + align:start position:0% +number not a five you have a four so + + + align:start position:0% +number not a five you have a four so +it's four by four times three times + + align:start position:0% +it's four by four times three times + + + align:start position:0% +it's four by four times three times +three times one times two times two + + align:start position:0% +three times one times two times two + + + align:start position:0% +three times one times two times two +times one times everyone see that we've + + align:start position:0% +times one times everyone see that we've + + + align:start position:0% +times one times everyone see that we've +researched reduce the size in the search + + align:start position:0% +researched reduce the size in the search + + + align:start position:0% +researched reduce the size in the search +space from a third of a million to half + + align:start position:0% +space from a third of a million to half + + + align:start position:0% +space from a third of a million to half +a thousand isn't there gonna be a lot of + + align:start position:0% +a thousand isn't there gonna be a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +a thousand isn't there gonna be a lot of +hassle of code that I'm gonna take like + + align:start position:0% +hassle of code that I'm gonna take like + + + align:start position:0% +hassle of code that I'm gonna take like +a major software development effort to + + align:start position:0% +a major software development effort to + + + align:start position:0% +a major software development effort to +code that well yeah if you define that + + align:start position:0% +code that well yeah if you define that + + + align:start position:0% +code that well yeah if you define that +as a major software development effort + + align:start position:0% +as a major software development effort + + + align:start position:0% +as a major software development effort +if the parity of the string length is + + align:start position:0% +if the parity of the string length is + + + align:start position:0% +if the parity of the string length is +equal to the parity of the digit and its + + align:start position:0% +equal to the parity of the digit and its + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the parity of the digit and its +then you can continue if you don't have + + align:start position:0% +then you can continue if you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +then you can continue if you don't have +these things you can't continue three + + align:start position:0% +these things you can't continue three + + + align:start position:0% +these things you can't continue three +lines of code allow you to do this + + align:start position:0% +lines of code allow you to do this + + + align:start position:0% +lines of code allow you to do this +that's the story factorial grows quickly + + align:start position:0% +that's the story factorial grows quickly + + + align:start position:0% +that's the story factorial grows quickly +you can never visit the entire search + + align:start position:0% +you can never visit the entire search + + + align:start position:0% +you can never visit the entire search +space the key to speed is pruning the + + align:start position:0% +space the key to speed is pruning the + + + align:start position:0% +space the key to speed is pruning the +search we're doing just a baby + + align:start position:0% +search we're doing just a baby + + + align:start position:0% +search we're doing just a baby +branch-and-bound it's called some fancy + + align:start position:0% +branch-and-bound it's called some fancy + + + align:start position:0% +branch-and-bound it's called some fancy +algorithms can begin + + align:start position:0% +algorithms can begin + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms can begin +a little code that's our break we've + + align:start position:0% +a little code that's our break we've + + + align:start position:0% +a little code that's our break we've +learned a couple things we ready to go + + align:start position:0% +learned a couple things we ready to go + + + align:start position:0% +learned a couple things we ready to go +back to the to the fray any questions + + align:start position:0% +back to the to the fray any questions + + + align:start position:0% +back to the to the fray any questions +about this diversion before we go back + + align:start position:0% +about this diversion before we go back + + + align:start position:0% +about this diversion before we go back +to the TSP these are important lessons + + align:start position:0% +to the TSP these are important lessons + + + align:start position:0% +to the TSP these are important lessons +we'll try to apply them now I got great + + align:start position:0% +we'll try to apply them now I got great + + + align:start position:0% +we'll try to apply them now I got great +advice yesterday from people about how + + align:start position:0% +advice yesterday from people about how + + + align:start position:0% +advice yesterday from people about how +to do this and I seem to have skipped + + align:start position:0% +to do this and I seem to have skipped + + + align:start position:0% +to do this and I seem to have skipped +okay here it is I've got it how do we + + align:start position:0% +okay here it is I've got it how do we + + + align:start position:0% +okay here it is I've got it how do we +prune our search there we had these + + align:start position:0% +prune our search there we had these + + + align:start position:0% +prune our search there we had these +conditions how can we prune this search + + align:start position:0% +conditions how can we prune this search + + + align:start position:0% +conditions how can we prune this search +how can I make the program faster what's + + align:start position:0% +how can I make the program faster what's + + + align:start position:0% +how can I make the program faster what's +the way I can stop doing the search + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +simplest way don't keep doing what + + align:start position:0% +simplest way don't keep doing what + + + align:start position:0% +simplest way don't keep doing what +doesn't work if the some that you have + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work if the some that you have + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work if the some that you have +so far is greater than the minimum some + + align:start position:0% +so far is greater than the minimum some + + + align:start position:0% +so far is greater than the minimum some +by adding more to it are you ever going + + align:start position:0% +by adding more to it are you ever going + + + align:start position:0% +by adding more to it are you ever going +to make it less what can you do + + align:start position:0% +to make it less what can you do + + + align:start position:0% +to make it less what can you do +you can stop the search right there is + + align:start position:0% +you can stop the search right there is + + + align:start position:0% +you can stop the search right there is +the reason looking algorithm going to be + + align:start position:0% +the reason looking algorithm going to be + + + align:start position:0% +the reason looking algorithm going to be +faster maybe it's a trade-off I'm doing + + align:start position:0% +faster maybe it's a trade-off I'm doing + + + align:start position:0% +faster maybe it's a trade-off I'm doing +more work which takes some time but I + + align:start position:0% +more work which takes some time but I + + + align:start position:0% +more work which takes some time but I +might be able to prune the search space + + align:start position:0% +might be able to prune the search space + + + align:start position:0% +might be able to prune the search space +the question is is this benefit worth + + align:start position:0% +the question is is this benefit worth + + + align:start position:0% +the question is is this benefit worth +this cost what do you think well on the + + align:start position:0% +this cost what do you think well on the + + + align:start position:0% +this cost what do you think well on the +the same machine algorithm for size 12 + + align:start position:0% +the same machine algorithm for size 12 + + + align:start position:0% +the same machine algorithm for size 12 +took point 6 seconds now it's a factor + + align:start position:0% +took point 6 seconds now it's a factor + + + align:start position:0% +took point 6 seconds now it's a factor +of 60 faster factor of 40 faster a + + align:start position:0% +of 60 faster factor of 40 faster a + + + align:start position:0% +of 60 faster factor of 40 faster a +factor of a hundred faster just by if it + + align:start position:0% +factor of a hundred faster just by if it + + + align:start position:0% +factor of a hundred faster just by if it +doesn't work if you've already screwed + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work if you've already screwed + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work if you've already screwed +up this don't you - who doesn't work + + align:start position:0% +up this don't you - who doesn't work + + + align:start position:0% +up this don't you - who doesn't work +that makes the thing a whole lot faster + + align:start position:0% +that makes the thing a whole lot faster + + + align:start position:0% +that makes the thing a whole lot faster +everyone see that that that's the first + + align:start position:0% +everyone see that that that's the first + + + align:start position:0% +everyone see that that that's the first +big win can we do even better than that + + align:start position:0% +big win can we do even better than that + + + align:start position:0% +big win can we do even better than that +is there any way of stopping a search + + align:start position:0% +is there any way of stopping a search + + + align:start position:0% +is there any way of stopping a search +with more information other than oops + + align:start position:0% +with more information other than oops + + + align:start position:0% +with more information other than oops +I've already gone too far please + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +wait command boys who speak you speak + + align:start position:0% +wait command boys who speak you speak + + + align:start position:0% +wait command boys who speak you speak +loudly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's a really powerful idea that + + align:start position:0% +that's a really powerful idea that + + + align:start position:0% +that's a really powerful idea that +helden carp use to reduce it from n + + align:start position:0% +helden carp use to reduce it from n + + + align:start position:0% +helden carp use to reduce it from n +factorial times N squared - to the end + + align:start position:0% +factorial times N squared - to the end + + + align:start position:0% +factorial times N squared - to the end +time we'll get to that that that's + + align:start position:0% +time we'll get to that that that's + + + align:start position:0% +time we'll get to that that that's +really powerful but now we're looking + + align:start position:0% +really powerful but now we're looking + + + align:start position:0% +really powerful but now we're looking +for something not quite that + + align:start position:0% +for something not quite that + + + align:start position:0% +for something not quite that +sophisticated but that's a great idea + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated but that's a great idea + + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated but that's a great idea +can I somehow prune the search if a sum + + align:start position:0% +can I somehow prune the search if a sum + + + align:start position:0% +can I somehow prune the search if a sum +plus a lower bound on the remaining + + align:start position:0% +plus a lower bound on the remaining + + + align:start position:0% +plus a lower bound on the remaining +cities is greater than the minimum + + align:start position:0% +cities is greater than the minimum + + + align:start position:0% +cities is greater than the minimum +something because I what kind of lower + + align:start position:0% +something because I what kind of lower + + + align:start position:0% +something because I what kind of lower +bound could I get well I could compute a + + align:start position:0% +bound could I get well I could compute a + + + align:start position:0% +bound could I get well I could compute a +TSP path to them that's really powerful + + align:start position:0% +TSP path to them that's really powerful + + + align:start position:0% +TSP path to them that's really powerful +that'll give me a really good bound but + + align:start position:0% +that'll give me a really good bound but + + + align:start position:0% +that'll give me a really good bound but +it's really expensive to compute so I + + align:start position:0% +it's really expensive to compute so I + + + align:start position:0% +it's really expensive to compute so I +could if this is the city I've done so + + align:start position:0% +could if this is the city I've done so + + + align:start position:0% +could if this is the city I've done so +far I could compute a TSP path to the + + align:start position:0% +far I could compute a TSP path to the + + + align:start position:0% +far I could compute a TSP path to the +rest which might in this case looks like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this and hook it up that's are going to + + align:start position:0% +this and hook it up that's are going to + + + align:start position:0% +this and hook it up that's are going to +be a really powerful heuristic but it's + + align:start position:0% +be a really powerful heuristic but it's + + + align:start position:0% +be a really powerful heuristic but it's +going to be really expensive to compute + + align:start position:0% +going to be really expensive to compute + + + align:start position:0% +going to be really expensive to compute +on the other hand I could take just the + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand I could take just the + + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand I could take just the +distance between two random points I'm + + align:start position:0% +distance between two random points I'm + + + align:start position:0% +distance between two random points I'm +gonna choose this point and this point I + + align:start position:0% +gonna choose this point and this point I + + + align:start position:0% +gonna choose this point and this point I +happened to get the diameter of the set + + align:start position:0% +happened to get the diameter of the set + + + align:start position:0% +happened to get the diameter of the set +and that's the lower bound it's gonna be + + align:start position:0% +and that's the lower bound it's gonna be + + + align:start position:0% +and that's the lower bound it's gonna be +at least that long which and it's really + + align:start position:0% +at least that long which and it's really + + + align:start position:0% +at least that long which and it's really +cheap to compute but is it very + + align:start position:0% +cheap to compute but is it very + + + align:start position:0% +cheap to compute but is it very +effective yeah so the first choice is + + align:start position:0% +effective yeah so the first choice is + + + align:start position:0% +effective yeah so the first choice is +affected but too expensive the second + + align:start position:0% +affected but too expensive the second + + + align:start position:0% +affected but too expensive the second +point is really inexpensive but not very + + align:start position:0% +point is really inexpensive but not very + + + align:start position:0% +point is really inexpensive but not very +effective + + align:start position:0% +effective + + + align:start position:0% +effective +I could also compute the nearest + + align:start position:0% +I could also compute the nearest + + + align:start position:0% +I could also compute the nearest +neighbor of each city from this city if + + align:start position:0% +neighbor of each city from this city if + + + align:start position:0% +neighbor of each city from this city if +I just compute its nearest neighbor + + align:start position:0% +I just compute its nearest neighbor + + + align:start position:0% +I just compute its nearest neighbor +among here see it's that this one is + + align:start position:0% +among here see it's that this one is + + + align:start position:0% +among here see it's that this one is +that that one has its own nearest + + align:start position:0% +that that one has its own nearest + + + align:start position:0% +that that one has its own nearest +neighbor I could compute these distances + + align:start position:0% +neighbor I could compute these distances + + + align:start position:0% +neighbor I could compute these distances +and that's pretty inexpensive to compute + + align:start position:0% +and that's pretty inexpensive to compute + + + align:start position:0% +and that's pretty inexpensive to compute +and it's a pretty good lower bound that + + align:start position:0% +and it's a pretty good lower bound that + + + align:start position:0% +and it's a pretty good lower bound that +would work who here knows what a minimum + + align:start position:0% +would work who here knows what a minimum + + + align:start position:0% +would work who here knows what a minimum +spanning tree is good what I'll do here + + align:start position:0% +spanning tree is good what I'll do here + + + align:start position:0% +spanning tree is good what I'll do here +is I'll take here a minimum spanning + + align:start position:0% +is I'll take here a minimum spanning + + + align:start position:0% +is I'll take here a minimum spanning +tree in cities a tree is n minus 1 edges + + align:start position:0% +tree in cities a tree is n minus 1 edges + + + align:start position:0% +tree in cities a tree is n minus 1 edges +this tree is in minus one edges this is + + align:start position:0% +this tree is in minus one edges this is + + + align:start position:0% +this tree is in minus one edges this is +a spanning tree because it touches it + + align:start position:0% +a spanning tree because it touches it + + + align:start position:0% +a spanning tree because it touches it +connects all cities and furthermore does + + align:start position:0% +connects all cities and furthermore does + + + align:start position:0% +connects all cities and furthermore does +a minimum spanning tree because of all + + align:start position:0% +a minimum spanning tree because of all + + + align:start position:0% +a minimum spanning tree because of all +spanning trees this one has the minimum + + align:start position:0% +spanning trees this one has the minimum + + + align:start position:0% +spanning trees this one has the minimum +total distance now the tour is going to + + align:start position:0% +total distance now the tour is going to + + + align:start position:0% +total distance now the tour is going to +be less or greater in distance than the + + align:start position:0% +be less or greater in distance than the + + + align:start position:0% +be less or greater in distance than the +minimum spanning tree why is that if I + + align:start position:0% +minimum spanning tree why is that if I + + + align:start position:0% +minimum spanning tree why is that if I +get a tour of this I can just knock out + + align:start position:0% +get a tour of this I can just knock out + + + align:start position:0% +get a tour of this I can just knock out +the longest edge and that now becomes a + + align:start position:0% +the longest edge and that now becomes a + + + align:start position:0% +the longest edge and that now becomes a +minimum spanning tree so the minimum + + align:start position:0% +minimum spanning tree so the minimum + + + align:start position:0% +minimum spanning tree so the minimum +spanning tree is a pretty good bound a + + align:start position:0% +spanning tree is a pretty good bound a + + + align:start position:0% +spanning tree is a pretty good bound a +lower bound it's cheap to compute who + + align:start position:0% +lower bound it's cheap to compute who + + + align:start position:0% +lower bound it's cheap to compute who +here has ever seen an algorithm for + + align:start position:0% +here has ever seen an algorithm for + + + align:start position:0% +here has ever seen an algorithm for +computing minimum spanning trees good + + align:start position:0% +computing minimum spanning trees good + + + align:start position:0% +computing minimum spanning trees good +good some of you are awaking some other + + align:start position:0% +good some of you are awaking some other + + + align:start position:0% +good some of you are awaking some other +classes what are the odds of that what + + align:start position:0% +classes what are the odds of that what + + + align:start position:0% +classes what are the odds of that what +are the amazing confidence so what we'll + + align:start position:0% +are the amazing confidence so what we'll + + + align:start position:0% +are the amazing confidence so what we'll +do is say now that a better lower bound + + align:start position:0% +do is say now that a better lower bound + + + align:start position:0% +do is say now that a better lower bound +is T add V and the minimum spanning tree + + align:start position:0% +is T add V and the minimum spanning tree + + + align:start position:0% +is T add V and the minimum spanning tree +the remaining points so I change this + + align:start position:0% +the remaining points so I change this + + + align:start position:0% +the remaining points so I change this +program to if some plus the MST distance + + align:start position:0% +program to if some plus the MST distance + + + align:start position:0% +program to if some plus the MST distance +and now I'm going to do a trick I'm + + align:start position:0% +and now I'm going to do a trick I'm + + + align:start position:0% +and now I'm going to do a trick I'm +going to use word parallelism I'm going + + align:start position:0% +going to use word parallelism I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +going to use word parallelism I'm going +to have the representation of the subset + + align:start position:0% +to have the representation of the subset + + + align:start position:0% +to have the representation of the subset +of the cities as a mask bit mask in + + align:start position:0% +of the cities as a mask bit mask in + + + align:start position:0% +of the cities as a mask bit mask in +which if the appropriate city is all on + + align:start position:0% +which if the appropriate city is all on + + + align:start position:0% +which if the appropriate city is all on +the bid is turned on if otherwise it's + + align:start position:0% +the bid is turned on if otherwise it's + + + align:start position:0% +the bid is turned on if otherwise it's +turned off and I just or bits into it + + align:start position:0% +turned off and I just or bits into it + + + align:start position:0% +turned off and I just or bits into it +and say if I compute the minimum + + align:start position:0% +and say if I compute the minimum + + + align:start position:0% +and say if I compute the minimum +spanning tree of this set I can cut the + + align:start position:0% +spanning tree of this set I can cut the + + + align:start position:0% +spanning tree of this set I can cut the +search and return and then I just + + align:start position:0% +search and return and then I just + + + align:start position:0% +search and return and then I just +compute the MST and bring this along + + align:start position:0% +compute the MST and bring this along + + + align:start position:0% +compute the MST and bring this along +with me of turning things off and on in + + align:start position:0% +with me of turning things off and on in + + + align:start position:0% +with me of turning things off and on in +the bitmask + + align:start position:0% +the bitmask + + + align:start position:0% +the bitmask +as I go down pretty straightforward how + + align:start position:0% +as I go down pretty straightforward how + + + align:start position:0% +as I go down pretty straightforward how +much code will it cost it to compute a + + align:start position:0% +much code will it cost it to compute a + + + align:start position:0% +much code will it cost it to compute a +minimum spanning tree ballpark + + align:start position:0% +minimum spanning tree ballpark + + + align:start position:0% +minimum spanning tree ballpark +yeah about that many lines of code this + + align:start position:0% +yeah about that many lines of code this + + + align:start position:0% +yeah about that many lines of code this +is the prim Dijkstra method it takes + + align:start position:0% +is the prim Dijkstra method it takes + + + align:start position:0% +is the prim Dijkstra method it takes +quadratic time for computing an MST of + + align:start position:0% +quadratic time for computing an MST of + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic time for computing an MST of +endpoints it takes n squared time it's + + align:start position:0% +endpoints it takes n squared time it's + + + align:start position:0% +endpoints it takes n squared time it's +quite simple you can do it in evoke log + + align:start position:0% +quite simple you can do it in evoke log + + + align:start position:0% +quite simple you can do it in evoke log +be edge of time but this is a simple + + align:start position:0% +be edge of time but this is a simple + + + align:start position:0% +be edge of time but this is a simple +code it's pretty straightforward + + align:start position:0% +code it's pretty straightforward + + + align:start position:0% +code it's pretty straightforward +will this make the program run slower or + + align:start position:0% +will this make the program run slower or + + + align:start position:0% +will this make the program run slower or +faster + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what would the argument to be that it + + align:start position:0% +what would the argument to be that it + + + align:start position:0% +what would the argument to be that it +might run slower + + align:start position:0% +might run slower + + + align:start position:0% +might run slower +holy-moly at every node I'm computing an + + align:start position:0% +holy-moly at every node I'm computing an + + + align:start position:0% +holy-moly at every node I'm computing an +MST that takes a long time to Marwin + + align:start position:0% +MST that takes a long time to Marwin + + + align:start position:0% +MST that takes a long time to Marwin +slower + + align:start position:0% +slower + + + align:start position:0% +slower +what's the argument to be that it might + + align:start position:0% +what's the argument to be that it might + + + align:start position:0% +what's the argument to be that it might +run faster yeah but I'm getting a much + + align:start position:0% +run faster yeah but I'm getting a much + + + align:start position:0% +run faster yeah but I'm getting a much +more powerful pruning is it worth it I + + align:start position:0% +more powerful pruning is it worth it I + + + align:start position:0% +more powerful pruning is it worth it I +should play out that I'm only showing + + align:start position:0% +should play out that I'm only showing + + + align:start position:0% +should play out that I'm only showing +the winds here to you when I redid this + + align:start position:0% +the winds here to you when I redid this + + + align:start position:0% +the winds here to you when I redid this +myself I went down a few wrong paths I + + align:start position:0% +myself I went down a few wrong paths I + + + align:start position:0% +myself I went down a few wrong paths I +wish I would have documented them better + + align:start position:0% +wish I would have documented them better + + + align:start position:0% +wish I would have documented them better +now but I might go back and see if I can + + align:start position:0% +now but I might go back and see if I can + + + align:start position:0% +now but I might go back and see if I can +find them that would be a good thing but + + align:start position:0% +find them that would be a good thing but + + + align:start position:0% +find them that would be a good thing but +here it is it used to take 17 seconds + + align:start position:0% +here it is it used to take 17 seconds + + + align:start position:0% +here it is it used to take 17 seconds +now it takes or 4 seconds now it takes 0 + + align:start position:0% +now it takes or 4 seconds now it takes 0 + + + align:start position:0% +now it takes or 4 seconds now it takes 0 +you move like algorithms to take a 0 + + align:start position:0% +you move like algorithms to take a 0 + + + align:start position:0% +you move like algorithms to take a 0 +seconds that's you you like to live in + + align:start position:0% +seconds that's you you like to live in + + + align:start position:0% +seconds that's you you like to live in +the rounding error for point forty two + + align:start position:0% +the rounding error for point forty two + + + align:start position:0% +the rounding error for point forty two +point two down here this program is not + + align:start position:0% +point two down here this program is not + + + align:start position:0% +point two down here this program is not +only faster it's a boatload faster and + + align:start position:0% +only faster it's a boatload faster and + + + align:start position:0% +only faster it's a boatload faster and +so now we can go out and it's and notice + + align:start position:0% +so now we can go out and it's and notice + + + align:start position:0% +so now we can go out and it's and notice +here that you as you go out the times + + align:start position:0% +here that you as you go out the times + + + align:start position:0% +here that you as you go out the times +usually get bigger but they're a bumpy + + align:start position:0% +usually get bigger but they're a bumpy + + + align:start position:0% +usually get bigger but they're a bumpy +from 2.4 seconds 2.7 seconds to 1.8 + + align:start position:0% +from 2.4 seconds 2.7 seconds to 1.8 + + + align:start position:0% +from 2.4 seconds 2.7 seconds to 1.8 +seconds it's because you're doing that + + align:start position:0% +seconds it's because you're doing that + + + align:start position:0% +seconds it's because you're doing that +one thing it's just the matter of the + + align:start position:0% +one thing it's just the matter of the + + + align:start position:0% +one thing it's just the matter of the +geometry the times that were originally + + align:start position:0% +geometry the times that were originally + + + align:start position:0% +geometry the times that were originally +really smooth now turned bumpy I've done + + align:start position:0% +really smooth now turned bumpy I've done + + + align:start position:0% +really smooth now turned bumpy I've done +experiments where I do ten different + + align:start position:0% +experiments where I do ten different + + + align:start position:0% +experiments where I do ten different +data sets randomly drawn at each one and + + align:start position:0% +data sets randomly drawn at each one and + + + align:start position:0% +data sets randomly drawn at each one and +it's a nice smooth line but I miss doing + + align:start position:0% +it's a nice smooth line but I miss doing + + + align:start position:0% +it's a nice smooth line but I miss doing +it here to be easy before you go out to + + align:start position:0% +it here to be easy before you go out to + + + align:start position:0% +it here to be easy before you go out to +size 17 now we can go out to size 30 Wow + + align:start position:0% +size 17 now we can go out to size 30 Wow + + + align:start position:0% +size 17 now we can go out to size 30 Wow +how cool is that that's pretty powerful + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +can I make this please that's absolutely + + align:start position:0% +can I make this please that's absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +can I make this please that's absolutely +true and I've tried this both on random + + align:start position:0% +true and I've tried this both on random + + + align:start position:0% +true and I've tried this both on random +point sets I've parted on distance + + align:start position:0% +point sets I've parted on distance + + + align:start position:0% +point sets I've parted on distance +matrices I've tried it on points where + + align:start position:0% +matrices I've tried it on points where + + + align:start position:0% +matrices I've tried it on points where +they're randomly distributed around the + + align:start position:0% +they're randomly distributed around the + + + align:start position:0% +they're randomly distributed around the +perimeter of a circle and so this could + + align:start position:0% +perimeter of a circle and so this could + + + align:start position:0% +perimeter of a circle and so this could +be a lot of time almost always it's + + align:start position:0% +be a lot of time almost always it's + + + align:start position:0% +be a lot of time almost always it's +pretty effective again if I had more + + align:start position:0% +pretty effective again if I had more + + + align:start position:0% +pretty effective again if I had more +time I talked about it but in fact we're + + align:start position:0% +time I talked about it but in fact we're + + + align:start position:0% +time I talked about it but in fact we're +going to go until 3:45 Charles's will + + align:start position:0% +going to go until 3:45 Charles's will + + + align:start position:0% +going to go until 3:45 Charles's will +355 when the big hand is on the 11 Oh + + align:start position:0% +355 when the big hand is on the 11 Oh + + + align:start position:0% +355 when the big hand is on the 11 Oh +sucks to be you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i profile this bad boy and it shows that + + align:start position:0% +i profile this bad boy and it shows that + + + align:start position:0% +i profile this bad boy and it shows that +most of the time is in building minimum + + align:start position:0% +most of the time is in building minimum + + + align:start position:0% +most of the time is in building minimum +spanning trees your fear that it might + + align:start position:0% +spanning trees your fear that it might + + + align:start position:0% +spanning trees your fear that it might +take a long time there might in the + + align:start position:0% +take a long time there might in the + + + align:start position:0% +take a long time there might in the +goats low it has a basis that's where + + align:start position:0% +goats low it has a basis that's where + + + align:start position:0% +goats low it has a basis that's where +all the time is going how can I reduce + + align:start position:0% +all the time is going how can I reduce + + + align:start position:0% +all the time is going how can I reduce +the time spent in building minimum + + align:start position:0% +the time spent in building minimum + + + align:start position:0% +the time spent in building minimum +spanning trees as I search this place I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +could do some incremental in standing + + align:start position:0% +could do some incremental in standing + + + align:start position:0% +could do some incremental in standing +trees because they change a lot and so + + align:start position:0% +trees because they change a lot and so + + + align:start position:0% +trees because they change a lot and so +there are several responses one is + + align:start position:0% +there are several responses one is + + + align:start position:0% +there are several responses one is +whenever you have you're building + + align:start position:0% +whenever you have you're building + + + align:start position:0% +whenever you have you're building +something over again rather than + + align:start position:0% +something over again rather than + + + align:start position:0% +something over again rather than +building it from scratch see if you can + + align:start position:0% +building it from scratch see if you can + + + align:start position:0% +building it from scratch see if you can +do an incremental algorithm where you + + align:start position:0% +do an incremental algorithm where you + + + align:start position:0% +do an incremental algorithm where you +just change one bit of the minimum + + align:start position:0% +just change one bit of the minimum + + + align:start position:0% +just change one bit of the minimum +spanning tree if I just add one edge + + align:start position:0% +spanning tree if I just add one edge + + + align:start position:0% +spanning tree if I just add one edge +into the graph always try an incremental + + align:start position:0% +into the graph always try an incremental + + + align:start position:0% +into the graph always try an incremental +algorithm that's cool + + align:start position:0% +algorithm that's cool + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm that's cool +that's one sophisticated approach what + + align:start position:0% +that's one sophisticated approach what + + + align:start position:0% +that's one sophisticated approach what +is one what was another pretty idiot + + align:start position:0% +is one what was another pretty idiot + + + align:start position:0% +is one what was another pretty idiot +simple approach whenever you compute + + align:start position:0% +simple approach whenever you compute + + + align:start position:0% +simple approach whenever you compute +something over and over again what can + + align:start position:0% +something over and over again what can + + + align:start position:0% +something over and over again what can +you do to reduce the time spent + + align:start position:0% +you do to reduce the time spent + + + align:start position:0% +you do to reduce the time spent +computing it store it do I ever compute + + align:start position:0% +computing it store it do I ever compute + + + align:start position:0% +computing it store it do I ever compute +the same MST over and over again I don't + + align:start position:0% +the same MST over and over again I don't + + + align:start position:0% +the same MST over and over again I don't +know I think maybe it's worth a try + + align:start position:0% +know I think maybe it's worth a try + + + align:start position:0% +know I think maybe it's worth a try +so what I'll do is return if cashing a + + align:start position:0% +so what I'll do is return if cashing a + + + align:start position:0% +so what I'll do is return if cashing a +store rather than recompute cash and + + align:start position:0% +store rather than recompute cash and + + + align:start position:0% +store rather than recompute cash and +musty distances rather than recomputing + + align:start position:0% +musty distances rather than recomputing + + + align:start position:0% +musty distances rather than recomputing +them the code looks like this the new + + align:start position:0% +them the code looks like this the new + + + align:start position:0% +them the code looks like this the new +mask is that if the MST distance array + + align:start position:0% +mask is that if the MST distance array + + + align:start position:0% +mask is that if the MST distance array +is less than zero it you neutralized + + align:start position:0% +is less than zero it you neutralized + + + align:start position:0% +is less than zero it you neutralized +everything to zero here I'm just gonna + + align:start position:0% +everything to zero here I'm just gonna + + + align:start position:0% +everything to zero here I'm just gonna +store them all in a state table of size + + align:start position:0% +store them all in a state table of size + + + align:start position:0% +store them all in a state table of size +two to the end I can just do direct + + align:start position:0% +two to the end I can just do direct + + + align:start position:0% +two to the end I can just do direct +indexing if it's less than zero computer + + align:start position:0% +indexing if it's less than zero computer + + + align:start position:0% +indexing if it's less than zero computer +telling the value if some plus that + + align:start position:0% +telling the value if some plus that + + + align:start position:0% +telling the value if some plus that +return not much code but do you really + + align:start position:0% +return not much code but do you really + + + align:start position:0% +return not much code but do you really +want to store to blast it out and to use + + align:start position:0% +want to store to blast it out and to use + + + align:start position:0% +want to store to blast it out and to use +this lazy I'm using lazy evaluation at + + align:start position:0% +this lazy I'm using lazy evaluation at + + + align:start position:0% +this lazy I'm using lazy evaluation at +this table here only when I need it do I + + align:start position:0% +this table here only when I need it do I + + + align:start position:0% +this table here only when I need it do I +tell on a value that's not critically + + align:start position:0% +tell on a value that's not critically + + + align:start position:0% +tell on a value that's not critically +effective rather than storing all two to + + align:start position:0% +effective rather than storing all two to + + + align:start position:0% +effective rather than storing all two to +the end tables what can I do instead + + align:start position:0% +the end tables what can I do instead + + + align:start position:0% +the end tables what can I do instead +what's our favorite data structure for + + align:start position:0% +what's our favorite data structure for + + + align:start position:0% +what's our favorite data structure for +storing stuff hash table a cash via hash + + align:start position:0% +storing stuff hash table a cash via hash + + + align:start position:0% +storing stuff hash table a cash via hash +so the key to happiness you can write + + align:start position:0% +so the key to happiness you can write + + + align:start position:0% +so the key to happiness you can write +that down to store them in a hash table + + align:start position:0% +that down to store them in a hash table + + + align:start position:0% +that down to store them in a hash table +if some policy MST distance lookup + + align:start position:0% +if some policy MST distance lookup + + + align:start position:0% +if some policy MST distance lookup +oh and I have to implement a hash table + + align:start position:0% +oh and I have to implement a hash table + + + align:start position:0% +oh and I have to implement a hash table +now how much code is acting to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ballpark what does it cost to build a + + align:start position:0% +ballpark what does it cost to build a + + + align:start position:0% +ballpark what does it cost to build a +hash table roughly come on yeah about + + align:start position:0% +hash table roughly come on yeah about + + + align:start position:0% +hash table roughly come on yeah about +that many lines so just go down the hash + + align:start position:0% +that many lines so just go down the hash + + + align:start position:0% +that many lines so just go down the hash +table if you find it return its + + align:start position:0% +table if you find it return its + + + align:start position:0% +table if you find it return its +otherwise make a new node compute the + + align:start position:0% +otherwise make a new node compute the + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise make a new node compute the +distance for then there are settle the + + align:start position:0% +distance for then there are settle the + + + align:start position:0% +distance for then there are settle the +values and you're done is it going to be + + align:start position:0% +values and you're done is it going to be + + + align:start position:0% +values and you're done is it going to be +faster oh we'll see who reads xkcd on a + + align:start position:0% +faster oh we'll see who reads xkcd on a + + + align:start position:0% +faster oh we'll see who reads xkcd on a +regular basis the rest of you are bad + + align:start position:0% +regular basis the rest of you are bad + + + align:start position:0% +regular basis the rest of you are bad +bad bad people and you should feel very + + align:start position:0% +bad bad people and you should feel very + + + align:start position:0% +bad bad people and you should feel very +guilty until you go to xkcd comm and + + align:start position:0% +guilty until you go to xkcd comm and + + + align:start position:0% +guilty until you go to xkcd comm and +start reading it on a regular basis can + + align:start position:0% +start reading it on a regular basis can + + + align:start position:0% +start reading it on a regular basis can +i I mean like wow this is too deep + + align:start position:0% +i I mean like wow this is too deep + + + align:start position:0% +i I mean like wow this is too deep +psychological insight so in one lecture + + align:start position:0% +psychological insight so in one lecture + + + align:start position:0% +psychological insight so in one lecture +for no additional fee sir by chaining + + align:start position:0% +for no additional fee sir by chaining + + + align:start position:0% +for no additional fee sir by chaining +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that makes sure that it's the value + + align:start position:0% +that makes sure that it's the value + + + align:start position:0% +that makes sure that it's the value +associated with that is a great question + + align:start position:0% +associated with that is a great question + + + align:start position:0% +associated with that is a great question +and the answer is left as an exercise + + align:start position:0% +and the answer is left as an exercise + + + align:start position:0% +and the answer is left as an exercise +for the listener so you got about 20 + + align:start position:0% +for the listener so you got about 20 + + + align:start position:0% +for the listener so you got about 20 +minutes Charles it would be yeah and + + align:start position:0% +minutes Charles it would be yeah and + + + align:start position:0% +minutes Charles it would be yeah and +it's well worth the try all of these + + align:start position:0% +it's well worth the try all of these + + + align:start position:0% +it's well worth the try all of these +things are empirical questions one thing + + align:start position:0% +things are empirical questions one thing + + + align:start position:0% +things are empirical questions one thing +that's really important to learn as a + + align:start position:0% +that's really important to learn as a + + + align:start position:0% +that's really important to learn as a +performance engineer is that your + + align:start position:0% +performance engineer is that your + + + align:start position:0% +performance engineer is that your +intuition is almost always wrong I'll + + align:start position:0% +intuition is almost always wrong I'll + + + align:start position:0% +intuition is almost always wrong I'll +always try the experiment to see it's a + + align:start position:0% +always try the experiment to see it's a + + + align:start position:0% +always try the experiment to see it's a +great question + + align:start position:0% +great question + + + align:start position:0% +great question +well I get home I'll actually oh when I + + align:start position:0% +well I get home I'll actually oh when I + + + align:start position:0% +well I get home I'll actually oh when I +leave here I'm going to go up to try to + + align:start position:0% +leave here I'm going to go up to try to + + + align:start position:0% +leave here I'm going to go up to try to +climb Mount Monadnock who here's ever + + align:start position:0% +climb Mount Monadnock who here's ever + + + align:start position:0% +climb Mount Monadnock who here's ever +climbed Mount Monadnock yeah I finished + + align:start position:0% +climbed Mount Monadnock yeah I finished + + + align:start position:0% +climbed Mount Monadnock yeah I finished +climbing all 115 4000 foot peaks in the + + align:start position:0% +climbing all 115 4000 foot peaks in the + + + align:start position:0% +climbing all 115 4000 foot peaks in the +northeastern US last year I've never + + align:start position:0% +northeastern US last year I've never + + + align:start position:0% +northeastern US last year I've never +climbed a dad knock I'm really here to + + align:start position:0% +climbed a dad knock I'm really here to + + + align:start position:0% +climbed a dad knock I'm really here to +give it a try tomorrow xkcd brute force + + align:start position:0% +give it a try tomorrow xkcd brute force + + + align:start position:0% +give it a try tomorrow xkcd brute force +in factorial 2 held carton any + + align:start position:0% +in factorial 2 held carton any + + + align:start position:0% +in factorial 2 held carton any +programming algorithm uses the grown-up + + align:start position:0% +programming algorithm uses the grown-up + + + align:start position:0% +programming algorithm uses the grown-up +version of dynamic programming for N + + align:start position:0% +version of dynamic programming for N + + + align:start position:0% +version of dynamic programming for N +squared 2 to the N but even better + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +algorithm six looks like that if I cache + + align:start position:0% +algorithm six looks like that if I cache + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm six looks like that if I cache +the tsps does it have to be faster no is + + align:start position:0% +the tsps does it have to be faster no is + + + align:start position:0% +the tsps does it have to be faster no is +it faster by about a factor of 15 there + + align:start position:0% +it faster by about a factor of 15 there + + + align:start position:0% +it faster by about a factor of 15 there +by about a factor of 25 there 26 there + + align:start position:0% +by about a factor of 25 there 26 there + + + align:start position:0% +by about a factor of 25 there 26 there +you can go out now much further 6 & 8 so + + align:start position:0% +you can go out now much further 6 & 8 so + + + align:start position:0% +you can go out now much further 6 & 8 so +we've done that we've is there any other + + align:start position:0% +we've done that we've is there any other + + + align:start position:0% +we've done that we've is there any other +way to make this program faster + + align:start position:0% +way to make this program faster + + + align:start position:0% +way to make this program faster +we've pruned the search like crazy any + + align:start position:0% +we've pruned the search like crazy any + + + align:start position:0% +we've pruned the search like crazy any +other way to make it faster please + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I forget what happens to 39 let's see at + + align:start position:0% +I forget what happens to 39 let's see at + + + align:start position:0% +I forget what happens to 39 let's see at +39 it went over a minute like I said + + align:start position:0% +39 it went over a minute like I said + + + align:start position:0% +39 it went over a minute like I said +this thing goes up and down guess it + + align:start position:0% +this thing goes up and down guess it + + + align:start position:0% +this thing goes up and down guess it +just had some weird bumps in the search + + align:start position:0% +just had some weird bumps in the search + + + align:start position:0% +just had some weird bumps in the search +space that's something else the first + + align:start position:0% +space that's something else the first + + + align:start position:0% +space that's something else the first +algorithm is completely predictable the + + align:start position:0% +algorithm is completely predictable the + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm is completely predictable the +other albums you have to get more and + + align:start position:0% +other albums you have to get more and + + + align:start position:0% +other albums you have to get more and +more into analysis and now the tines go + + align:start position:0% +more into analysis and now the tines go + + + align:start position:0% +more into analysis and now the tines go +up and down there's a trend and + + align:start position:0% +up and down there's a trend and + + + align:start position:0% +up and down there's a trend and +basically I'm taking an exponent and I'm + + align:start position:0% +basically I'm taking an exponent and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +basically I'm taking an exponent and I'm +lowering I turned it from super + + align:start position:0% +lowering I turned it from super + + + align:start position:0% +lowering I turned it from super +exponential to exponential and that I'm + + align:start position:0% +exponential to exponential and that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +exponential to exponential and that I'm +beating down on the exponent right now + + align:start position:0% +beating down on the exponent right now + + + align:start position:0% +beating down on the exponent right now +can you make this run faster what we're + + align:start position:0% +can you make this run faster what we're + + + align:start position:0% +can you make this run faster what we're +gonna do is take this idea of a greedy + + align:start position:0% +gonna do is take this idea of a greedy + + + align:start position:0% +gonna do is take this idea of a greedy +search I've been a smarter searching + + align:start position:0% +search I've been a smarter searching + + + align:start position:0% +search I've been a smarter searching +better than a random order I'm gonna do + + align:start position:0% +better than a random order I'm gonna do + + + align:start position:0% +better than a random order I'm gonna do +a better starting tour and what I'm + + align:start position:0% +a better starting tour and what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +a better starting tour and what I'm +going to do is always at each point sort + + align:start position:0% +going to do is always at each point sort + + + align:start position:0% +going to do is always at each point sort +the points to look at the nearest one to + + align:start position:0% +the points to look at the nearest one to + + + align:start position:0% +the points to look at the nearest one to +the current one first start with a + + align:start position:0% +the current one first start with a + + + align:start position:0% +the current one first start with a +random one then for the next one always + + align:start position:0% +random one then for the next one always + + + align:start position:0% +random one then for the next one always +look at the nearest point first in the + + align:start position:0% +look at the nearest point first in the + + + align:start position:0% +look at the nearest point first in the +second nearest the 3rd nearest etc so + + align:start position:0% +second nearest the 3rd nearest etc so + + + align:start position:0% +second nearest the 3rd nearest etc so +I'll go in that order + + align:start position:0% +I'll go in that order + + + align:start position:0% +I'll go in that order +- should make the search smarter and + + align:start position:0% +- should make the search smarter and + + + align:start position:0% +- should make the search smarter and +that shouldn't guide me rather quickly + + align:start position:0% +that shouldn't guide me rather quickly + + + align:start position:0% +that shouldn't guide me rather quickly +to the initial starting - rather than + + align:start position:0% +to the initial starting - rather than + + + align:start position:0% +to the initial starting - rather than +just a random tour I'll have a good one + + align:start position:0% +just a random tour I'll have a good one + + + align:start position:0% +just a random tour I'll have a good one +that will give me a better pruning of + + align:start position:0% +that will give me a better pruning of + + + align:start position:0% +that will give me a better pruning of +the search space Labatt me make a + + align:start position:0% +the search space Labatt me make a + + + align:start position:0% +the search space Labatt me make a +difference while I have to include a + + align:start position:0% +difference while I have to include a + + + align:start position:0% +difference while I have to include a +sort I'll get two birds with one + + align:start position:0% +sort I'll get two birds with one + + + align:start position:0% +sort I'll get two birds with one +modification by a really dumb insertion + + align:start position:0% +modification by a really dumb insertion + + + align:start position:0% +modification by a really dumb insertion +sort which takes about in the lines of + + align:start position:0% +sort which takes about in the lines of + + + align:start position:0% +sort which takes about in the lines of +code I'll visit the nearest 30 city + + align:start position:0% +code I'll visit the nearest 30 city + + + align:start position:0% +code I'll visit the nearest 30 city +first and others in order if I do that + + align:start position:0% +first and others in order if I do that + + + align:start position:0% +first and others in order if I do that +here it's a factor of two there it's a + + align:start position:0% +here it's a factor of two there it's a + + + align:start position:0% +here it's a factor of two there it's a +factor of eight a factor of four but it + + align:start position:0% +factor of eight a factor of four but it + + + align:start position:0% +factor of eight a factor of four but it +seems to work it gives you some so you + + align:start position:0% +seems to work it gives you some so you + + + align:start position:0% +seems to work it gives you some so you +go out especially I can now go out + + align:start position:0% +go out especially I can now go out + + + align:start position:0% +go out especially I can now go out +further + + align:start position:0% +further + + + align:start position:0% +further +oops I lied I didn't stop my search it + + align:start position:0% +oops I lied I didn't stop my search it + + + align:start position:0% +oops I lied I didn't stop my search it +does 60 seconds there but I can now go + + align:start position:0% +does 60 seconds there but I can now go + + + align:start position:0% +does 60 seconds there but I can now go +up further and it seems to be a lot + + align:start position:0% +up further and it seems to be a lot + + + align:start position:0% +up further and it seems to be a lot +faster so in 1997 twenty years ago I was + + align:start position:0% +faster so in 1997 twenty years ago I was + + + align:start position:0% +faster so in 1997 twenty years ago I was +really happy to get out 230 the question + + align:start position:0% +really happy to get out 230 the question + + + align:start position:0% +really happy to get out 230 the question +now is in twenty more years how much + + align:start position:0% +now is in twenty more years how much + + + align:start position:0% +now is in twenty more years how much +bigger can I go if I just depend on + + align:start position:0% +bigger can I go if I just depend on + + + align:start position:0% +bigger can I go if I just depend on +Moore's law alone in twenty years a + + align:start position:0% +Moore's law alone in twenty years a + + + align:start position:0% +Moore's law alone in twenty years a +factor of a thousand + + align:start position:0% +factor of a thousand + + + align:start position:0% +factor of a thousand +at 30 30 times 31 times 32 that's the + + align:start position:0% +at 30 30 times 31 times 32 that's the + + + align:start position:0% +at 30 30 times 31 times 32 that's the +factor I can go up by Moore's law with a + + align:start position:0% +factor I can go up by Moore's law with a + + + align:start position:0% +factor I can go up by Moore's law with a +dumb inductor algorithm would give me + + align:start position:0% +dumb inductor algorithm would give me + + + align:start position:0% +dumb inductor algorithm would give me +two more cities at this size in 20 years + + align:start position:0% +two more cities at this size in 20 years + + + align:start position:0% +two more cities at this size in 20 years +can I get from 30 on to anything + + align:start position:0% +can I get from 30 on to anything + + + align:start position:0% +can I get from 30 on to anything +interesting by combining Moore's law and + + align:start position:0% +interesting by combining Moore's law and + + + align:start position:0% +interesting by combining Moore's law and +compiler technology and all the + + align:start position:0% +compiler technology and all the + + + align:start position:0% +compiler technology and all the +algorithms how far can I go well I was + + align:start position:0% +algorithms how far can I go well I was + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms how far can I go well I was +going to give a talk at lehigh and so I + + align:start position:0% +going to give a talk at lehigh and so I + + + align:start position:0% +going to give a talk at lehigh and so I +could go out in under a minute I could + + align:start position:0% +could go out in under a minute I could + + + align:start position:0% +could go out in under a minute I could +go to the 45 city tour + + align:start position:0% +go to the 45 city tour + + + align:start position:0% +go to the 45 city tour +Charles answered this yesterday so so he + + align:start position:0% +Charles answered this yesterday so so he + + + align:start position:0% +Charles answered this yesterday so so he +is completely clear Rorschach test who's + + align:start position:0% +is completely clear Rorschach test who's + + + align:start position:0% +is completely clear Rorschach test who's +willing to go out what do you see there + + align:start position:0% +willing to go out what do you see there + + + align:start position:0% +willing to go out what do you see there +dancing doggy that that was - dancing + + align:start position:0% +dancing doggy that that was - dancing + + + align:start position:0% +dancing doggy that that was - dancing +dog yeah I like that a lot that's + + align:start position:0% +dog yeah I like that a lot that's + + + align:start position:0% +dog yeah I like that a lot that's +obvious answer but Charles and this + + align:start position:0% +obvious answer but Charles and this + + + align:start position:0% +obvious answer but Charles and this +shows that profound the profound mind + + align:start position:0% +shows that profound the profound mind + + + align:start position:0% +shows that profound the profound mind +professor license and what is this okay + + align:start position:0% +professor license and what is this okay + + + align:start position:0% +professor license and what is this okay +so I any Freudians + + align:start position:0% +so I any Freudians + + + align:start position:0% +so I any Freudians +you feel free to go to town on that one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +45:22 is pretty cool dancing doggy + + align:start position:0% +45:22 is pretty cool dancing doggy + + + align:start position:0% +45:22 is pretty cool dancing doggy +how far can it go I got up to 45 in + + align:start position:0% +how far can it go I got up to 45 in + + + align:start position:0% +how far can it go I got up to 45 in +under a minute 46 I broke my rule of + + align:start position:0% +under a minute 46 I broke my rule of + + + align:start position:0% +under a minute 46 I broke my rule of +this I I went over the minute boundary + + align:start position:0% +this I I went over the minute boundary + + + align:start position:0% +this I I went over the minute boundary +this was my Thanksgiving 2016 cycle test + + align:start position:0% +this was my Thanksgiving 2016 cycle test + + + align:start position:0% +this was my Thanksgiving 2016 cycle test +I was just going hog-wild I was willing + + align:start position:0% +I was just going hog-wild I was willing + + + align:start position:0% +I was just going hog-wild I was willing +to spend the whole I had to give a I was + + align:start position:0% +to spend the whole I had to give a I was + + + align:start position:0% +to spend the whole I had to give a I was +doing this Wednesday night I had to give + + align:start position:0% +doing this Wednesday night I had to give + + + align:start position:0% +doing this Wednesday night I had to give +a lecture on Monday a hundred hours of + + align:start position:0% +a lecture on Monday a hundred hours of + + + align:start position:0% +a lecture on Monday a hundred hours of +CPU time how far can I go + + align:start position:0% +CPU time how far can I go + + + align:start position:0% +CPU time how far can I go +47 yeah yikes factor 5 when do I think + + align:start position:0% +47 yeah yikes factor 5 when do I think + + + align:start position:0% +47 yeah yikes factor 5 when do I think +when do I run for should I go back and + + align:start position:0% +when do I run for should I go back and + + + align:start position:0% +when do I run for should I go back and +work it's Jeff teach it wouldn't it be + + align:start position:0% +work it's Jeff teach it wouldn't it be + + + align:start position:0% +work it's Jeff teach it wouldn't it be +sweet to be able to go out to 52 + + align:start position:0% +sweet to be able to go out to 52 + + + align:start position:0% +sweet to be able to go out to 52 +factorial wouldn't that be cool 48 + + align:start position:0% +factorial wouldn't that be cool 48 + + + align:start position:0% +factorial wouldn't that be cool 48 +that's not that that's looking pretty + + align:start position:0% +that's not that that's looking pretty + + + align:start position:0% +that's not that that's looking pretty +good there actually for all ouch-ouch + + align:start position:0% +good there actually for all ouch-ouch + + + align:start position:0% +good there actually for all ouch-ouch +that's gonna take so that that's about + + align:start position:0% +that's gonna take so that that's about + + + align:start position:0% +that's gonna take so that that's about +two hours right there but 50 oh I my + + align:start position:0% +two hours right there but 50 oh I my + + + align:start position:0% +two hours right there but 50 oh I my +seat you know that the the turkey was + + align:start position:0% +seat you know that the the turkey was + + + align:start position:0% +seat you know that the the turkey was +smellin good but + + align:start position:0% +smellin good but + + + align:start position:0% +smellin good but +fifty-one and can I get that 52 will it + + align:start position:0% +fifty-one and can I get that 52 will it + + + align:start position:0% +fifty-one and can I get that 52 will it +make it well I have to go back to my + + align:start position:0% +make it well I have to go back to my + + + align:start position:0% +make it well I have to go back to my +three hours and seven minutes by + + align:start position:0% +three hours and seven minutes by + + + align:start position:0% +three hours and seven minutes by +combining all these things we're able to + + align:start position:0% +combining all these things we're able to + + + align:start position:0% +combining all these things we're able to +go out to something that is just obscene + + align:start position:0% +go out to something that is just obscene + + + align:start position:0% +go out to something that is just obscene +52 is obscenely huge we're able to get + + align:start position:0% +52 is obscenely huge we're able to get + + + align:start position:0% +52 is obscenely huge we're able to get +out there by a combination of all of + + align:start position:0% +out there by a combination of all of + + + align:start position:0% +out there by a combination of all of +these things of some really simple + + align:start position:0% +these things of some really simple + + + align:start position:0% +these things of some really simple +performance engineering techniques if + + align:start position:0% +performance engineering techniques if + + + align:start position:0% +performance engineering techniques if +you're going to work on a real TSP read + + align:start position:0% +you're going to work on a real TSP read + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to work on a real TSP read +the literature study that I hope you + + align:start position:0% +the literature study that I hope you + + + align:start position:0% +the literature study that I hope you +even come across some things that I've + + align:start position:0% +even come across some things that I've + + + align:start position:0% +even come across some things that I've +written about approximation algorithms + + align:start position:0% +written about approximation algorithms + + + align:start position:0% +written about approximation algorithms +but if you really need to forget the + + align:start position:0% +but if you really need to forget the + + + align:start position:0% +but if you really need to forget the +approximation algorithms kind of true - + + align:start position:0% +approximation algorithms kind of true - + + + align:start position:0% +approximation algorithms kind of true - +or there's a huge literature I haven't + + align:start position:0% +or there's a huge literature I haven't + + + align:start position:0% +or there's a huge literature I haven't +told you any of that everything that + + align:start position:0% +told you any of that everything that + + + align:start position:0% +told you any of that everything that +I've done here are things that you as a + + align:start position:0% +I've done here are things that you as a + + + align:start position:0% +I've done here are things that you as a +person who has completed this class + + align:start position:0% +person who has completed this class + + + align:start position:0% +person who has completed this class +should be able to do all these things + + align:start position:0% +should be able to do all these things + + + align:start position:0% +should be able to do all these things +are well within your scope of practice + + align:start position:0% +are well within your scope of practice + + + align:start position:0% +are well within your scope of practice +as we say you will not be sued for + + align:start position:0% +as we say you will not be sued for + + + align:start position:0% +as we say you will not be sued for +malpractice how much code is the final + + align:start position:0% +malpractice how much code is the final + + + align:start position:0% +malpractice how much code is the final +thing about that much you build an MST I + + align:start position:0% +thing about that much you build an MST I + + + align:start position:0% +thing about that much you build an MST I +had a hash table + + align:start position:0% +had a hash table + + + align:start position:0% +had a hash table +Charles points out you could get the you + + align:start position:0% +Charles points out you could get the you + + + align:start position:0% +Charles points out you could get the you +could nuke three or four of those lines + + align:start position:0% +could nuke three or four of those lines + + + align:start position:0% +could nuke three or four of those lines +you have to sort here altogether about + + align:start position:0% +you have to sort here altogether about + + + align:start position:0% +you have to sort here altogether about +160 lines where have we been + + align:start position:0% +160 lines where have we been + + + align:start position:0% +160 lines where have we been +we started we can get out to 11 store + + align:start position:0% +we started we can get out to 11 store + + + align:start position:0% +we started we can get out to 11 store +the distances after 12 fix the starting + + align:start position:0% +the distances after 12 fix the starting + + + align:start position:0% +the distances after 12 fix the starting +city that was the big one + + align:start position:0% +city that was the big one + + + align:start position:0% +city that was the big one +accumulate doesn't along the way these + + align:start position:0% +accumulate doesn't along the way these + + + align:start position:0% +accumulate doesn't along the way these +were all good but then by pruning the + + align:start position:0% +were all good but then by pruning the + + + align:start position:0% +were all good but then by pruning the +search we started making the big things + + align:start position:0% +search we started making the big things + + + align:start position:0% +search we started making the big things +add the MST store that isn't some hash + + align:start position:0% +add the MST store that isn't some hash + + + align:start position:0% +add the MST store that isn't some hash +table this is the cities in a greedy + + align:start position:0% +table this is the cities in a greedy + + + align:start position:0% +table this is the cities in a greedy +algorithm each one of these gave us more + + align:start position:0% +algorithm each one of these gave us more + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm each one of these gave us more +and more and more power as we went out + + align:start position:0% +and more and more power as we went out + + + align:start position:0% +and more and more power as we went out +there - were finally able to go out + + align:start position:0% +there - were finally able to go out + + + align:start position:0% +there - were finally able to go out +pretty far there are a lot of things you + + align:start position:0% +pretty far there are a lot of things you + + + align:start position:0% +pretty far there are a lot of things you +can do of parallelism faster machines + + align:start position:0% +can do of parallelism faster machines + + + align:start position:0% +can do of parallelism faster machines +more code tuning better hashing that + + align:start position:0% +more code tuning better hashing that + + + align:start position:0% +more code tuning better hashing that +that malloc is just begging to be + + align:start position:0% +that malloc is just begging to be + + + align:start position:0% +that malloc is just begging to be +removed better proving it better + + align:start position:0% +removed better proving it better + + + align:start position:0% +removed better proving it better +starting tore better bounds I can take + + align:start position:0% +starting tore better bounds I can take + + + align:start position:0% +starting tore better bounds I can take +the MST length plus the nearest that's + + align:start position:0% +the MST length plus the nearest that's + + + align:start position:0% +the MST length plus the nearest that's +why I do this MST plus the nearest + + align:start position:0% +why I do this MST plus the nearest + + + align:start position:0% +why I do this MST plus the nearest +neighbor to each of the ends I can get + + align:start position:0% +neighbor to each of the ends I can get + + + align:start position:0% +neighbor to each of the ends I can get +that would that make a big difference + + align:start position:0% +that would that make a big difference + + + align:start position:0% +that would that make a big difference +empirical questions easy to find out I + + align:start position:0% +empirical questions easy to find out I + + + align:start position:0% +empirical questions easy to find out I +can I'd move by pruning tests earlier + + align:start position:0% +can I'd move by pruning tests earlier + + + align:start position:0% +can I'd move by pruning tests earlier +better sorting the + + align:start position:0% +better sorting the + + + align:start position:0% +better sorting the +is really cool can i maybe just swart + + align:start position:0% +is really cool can i maybe just swart + + + align:start position:0% +is really cool can i maybe just swart +once for each sitting to get that sort + + align:start position:0% +once for each sitting to get that sort + + + align:start position:0% +once for each sitting to get that sort +of this then go through that precomputed + + align:start position:0% +of this then go through that precomputed + + + align:start position:0% +of this then go through that precomputed +sort and select the things in order is + + align:start position:0% +sort and select the things in order is + + + align:start position:0% +sort and select the things in order is +that going to be a win in this context + + align:start position:0% +that going to be a win in this context + + + align:start position:0% +that going to be a win in this context +the main ideas here are caching + + align:start position:0% +the main ideas here are caching + + + align:start position:0% +the main ideas here are caching +precomputing storing this avoiding the + + align:start position:0% +precomputing storing this avoiding the + + + align:start position:0% +precomputing storing this avoiding the +work can I change that N squared + + align:start position:0% +work can I change that N squared + + + align:start position:0% +work can I change that N squared +algorithm to just a linear time + + align:start position:0% +algorithm to just a linear time + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm to just a linear time +selection all of these things are really + + align:start position:0% +selection all of these things are really + + + align:start position:0% +selection all of these things are really +fun to look at I've tried to tell you + + align:start position:0% +fun to look at I've tried to tell you + + + align:start position:0% +fun to look at I've tried to tell you +about incremental software development I + + align:start position:0% +about incremental software development I + + + align:start position:0% +about incremental software development I +started off with around 3040 lines of + + align:start position:0% +started off with around 3040 lines of + + + align:start position:0% +started off with around 3040 lines of +code it grew to 160 but all together all + + align:start position:0% +code it grew to 160 but all together all + + + align:start position:0% +code it grew to 160 but all together all +the versions versions come to about two + + align:start position:0% +the versions versions come to about two + + + align:start position:0% +the versions versions come to about two +six new lines of code you've now seen + + align:start position:0% +six new lines of code you've now seen + + + align:start position:0% +six new lines of code you've now seen +more than you need for one life about + + align:start position:0% +more than you need for one life about + + + align:start position:0% +more than you need for one life about +recursive generation it's a surprisingly + + align:start position:0% +recursive generation it's a surprisingly + + + align:start position:0% +recursive generation it's a surprisingly +powerful technique if you ever need to + + align:start position:0% +powerful technique if you ever need to + + + align:start position:0% +powerful technique if you ever need to +use it no excuses now you're obligated + + align:start position:0% +use it no excuses now you're obligated + + + align:start position:0% +use it no excuses now you're obligated +to build immediately the storm pre + + align:start position:0% +to build immediately the storm pre + + + align:start position:0% +to build immediately the storm pre +computed results partial sums early + + align:start position:0% +computed results partial sums early + + + align:start position:0% +computed results partial sums early +cut-offs algorithms and data structures + + align:start position:0% +cut-offs algorithms and data structures + + + align:start position:0% +cut-offs algorithms and data structures +these are things that sound fancy in + + align:start position:0% +these are things that sound fancy in + + + align:start position:0% +these are things that sound fancy in +your algorithms class but you just pull + + align:start position:0% +your algorithms class but you just pull + + + align:start position:0% +your algorithms class but you just pull +not when you need them vector strings + + align:start position:0% +not when you need them vector strings + + + align:start position:0% +not when you need them vector strings +arrays and bit vectors minimum spanning + + align:start position:0% +arrays and bit vectors minimum spanning + + + align:start position:0% +arrays and bit vectors minimum spanning +trees hash tables insertion sort it's + + align:start position:0% +trees hash tables insertion sort it's + + + align:start position:0% +trees hash tables insertion sort it's +easy it's a dozen lines of code here two + + align:start position:0% +easy it's a dozen lines of code here two + + + align:start position:0% +easy it's a dozen lines of code here two +dozen lines of code there + + align:start position:0% +dozen lines of code there + + + align:start position:0% +dozen lines of code there +I believe that Charles may have + + align:start position:0% +I believe that Charles may have + + + align:start position:0% +I believe that Charles may have +mentioned earlier that I wrote a book + + align:start position:0% +mentioned earlier that I wrote a book + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned earlier that I wrote a book +and 1982 about code tuning at the time + + align:start position:0% +and 1982 about code tuning at the time + + + align:start position:0% +and 1982 about code tuning at the time +you did these and in the smaller + + align:start position:0% +you did these and in the smaller + + + align:start position:0% +you did these and in the smaller +programs now compilers do all that for + + align:start position:0% +programs now compilers do all that for + + + align:start position:0% +programs now compilers do all that for +you but these ideas some of these ideas + + align:start position:0% +you but these ideas some of these ideas + + + align:start position:0% +you but these ideas some of these ideas +still apply store free computed results + + align:start position:0% +still apply store free computed results + + + align:start position:0% +still apply store free computed results +rather than common sub-expression + + align:start position:0% +rather than common sub-expression + + + align:start position:0% +rather than common sub-expression +elimination and expression you now put + + align:start position:0% +elimination and expression you now put + + + align:start position:0% +elimination and expression you now put +inner point distances in a matrix or a + + align:start position:0% +inner point distances in a matrix or a + + + align:start position:0% +inner point distances in a matrix or a +table of MST lengths a lazy evaluation + + align:start position:0% +table of MST lengths a lazy evaluation + + + align:start position:0% +table of MST lengths a lazy evaluation +you compute the N squared distances + + align:start position:0% +you compute the N squared distances + + + align:start position:0% +you compute the N squared distances +eagerly but only the MST is that you + + align:start position:0% +eagerly but only the MST is that you + + + align:start position:0% +eagerly but only the MST is that you +need don't bother computing them all + + align:start position:0% +need don't bother computing them all + + + align:start position:0% +need don't bother computing them all +that's essentially what held Karp does + + align:start position:0% +that's essentially what held Karp does + + + align:start position:0% +that's essentially what held Karp does +schwarzer greedy monotone functions + + align:start position:0% +schwarzer greedy monotone functions + + + align:start position:0% +schwarzer greedy monotone functions +reordering tests word parallelism these + + align:start position:0% +reordering tests word parallelism these + + + align:start position:0% +reordering tests word parallelism these +are the things that you as performance + + align:start position:0% +are the things that you as performance + + + align:start position:0% +are the things that you as performance +engineers can do quite readily + + align:start position:0% +engineers can do quite readily + + + align:start position:0% +engineers can do quite readily +I have a lot of tools behind the scenes + + align:start position:0% +I have a lot of tools behind the scenes + + + align:start position:0% +I have a lot of tools behind the scenes +I wish I could come back and give you + + align:start position:0% +I wish I could come back and give you + + + align:start position:0% +I wish I could come back and give you +another hour about how I really did this + + align:start position:0% +another hour about how I really did this + + + align:start position:0% +another hour about how I really did this +with me and now + + align:start position:0% +with me and now + + + align:start position:0% +with me and now +and the tools that I use I had a driver + + align:start position:0% +and the tools that I use I had a driver + + + align:start position:0% +and the tools that I use I had a driver +to make experiments easy a whole bunch + + align:start position:0% +to make experiments easy a whole bunch + + + align:start position:0% +to make experiments easy a whole bunch +of profilers where is the time we'd be + + align:start position:0% +of profilers where is the time we'd be + + + align:start position:0% +of profilers where is the time we'd be +going here what should I focus on cost + + align:start position:0% +going here what should I focus on cost + + + align:start position:0% +going here what should I focus on cost +models that allowed me to estimate those + + align:start position:0% +models that allowed me to estimate those + + + align:start position:0% +models that allowed me to estimate those +how much does an MST cost a spreadsheet + + align:start position:0% +how much does an MST cost a spreadsheet + + + align:start position:0% +how much does an MST cost a spreadsheet +was my lab notebook for graphs to + + align:start position:0% +was my lab notebook for graphs to + + + align:start position:0% +was my lab notebook for graphs to +performance all sorts of curve fitting + + align:start position:0% +performance all sorts of curve fitting + + + align:start position:0% +performance all sorts of curve fitting +but these are the main things I wanted + + align:start position:0% +but these are the main things I wanted + + + align:start position:0% +but these are the main things I wanted +to talk about the big hand is getting + + align:start position:0% +to talk about the big hand is getting + + + align:start position:0% +to talk about the big hand is getting +about nine minutes away from the eleven + + align:start position:0% +about nine minutes away from the eleven + + + align:start position:0% +about nine minutes away from the eleven +professor leiserson is there anything + + align:start position:0% +professor leiserson is there anything + + + align:start position:0% +professor leiserson is there anything +else that these fine young semi + + align:start position:0% +else that these fine young semi + + + align:start position:0% +else that these fine young semi +humanoids need to know about this + + align:start position:0% +humanoids need to know about this + + + align:start position:0% +humanoids need to know about this +material I don't know what point one of + + align:start position:0% +material I don't know what point one of + + + align:start position:0% +material I don't know what point one of +my first exposures to MIT was when I had + + align:start position:0% +my first exposures to MIT was when I had + + + align:start position:0% +my first exposures to MIT was when I had +Donovan as a software systems book and + + align:start position:0% +Donovan as a software systems book and + + + align:start position:0% +Donovan as a software systems book and +it was dedicated to six point five one + + align:start position:0% +it was dedicated to six point five one + + + align:start position:0% +it was dedicated to six point five one +graduate students I saw that and I + + align:start position:0% +graduate students I saw that and I + + + align:start position:0% +graduate students I saw that and I +thought that bastard I'm sure that the + + align:start position:0% +thought that bastard I'm sure that the + + + align:start position:0% +thought that bastard I'm sure that the +six students really worked hard on it + + align:start position:0% +six students really worked hard on it + + + align:start position:0% +six students really worked hard on it +but to say that the the seventh student + + align:start position:0% +but to say that the the seventh student + + + align:start position:0% +but to say that the the seventh student +worked only a little much more over + + align:start position:0% +worked only a little much more over + + + align:start position:0% +worked only a little much more over +halfway and then to be so precise that's + + align:start position:0% +halfway and then to be so precise that's + + + align:start position:0% +halfway and then to be so precise that's +just cruel well what would have a + + align:start position:0% +just cruel well what would have a + + + align:start position:0% +just cruel well what would have a +son-of-a-bitch that guy might be so I + + align:start position:0% +son-of-a-bitch that guy might be so I + + + align:start position:0% +son-of-a-bitch that guy might be so I +don't know what project four is but is + + align:start position:0% +don't know what project four is but is + + + align:start position:0% +don't know what project four is but is +it wiser chest spiny oh great I know + + align:start position:0% +it wiser chest spiny oh great I know + + + align:start position:0% +it wiser chest spiny oh great I know +what that is so what things have you + + align:start position:0% +what that is so what things have you + + + align:start position:0% +what that is so what things have you +used any of these techniques to do ever + + align:start position:0% +used any of these techniques to do ever + + + align:start position:0% +used any of these techniques to do ever +prune searches to do Everest war results + + align:start position:0% +prune searches to do Everest war results + + + align:start position:0% +prune searches to do Everest war results +what did you do in project four + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you're delegating this that's a natural + + align:start position:0% +you're delegating this that's a natural + + + align:start position:0% +you're delegating this that's a natural +leader right there okay but speak up so + + align:start position:0% +leader right there okay but speak up so + + + align:start position:0% +leader right there okay but speak up so +all of them can hear a place is there + + align:start position:0% +all of them can hear a place is there + + + align:start position:0% +all of them can hear a place is there +anyone here from the state of California + + align:start position:0% +anyone here from the state of California + + + align:start position:0% +anyone here from the state of California +I was born in California when you hear + + align:start position:0% +I was born in California when you hear + + + align:start position:0% +I was born in California when you hear +alpha-beta + + align:start position:0% +alpha-beta + + + align:start position:0% +alpha-beta +apart from the search what do you think + + align:start position:0% +apart from the search what do you think + + + align:start position:0% +apart from the search what do you think +of there's a grocery store they were + + align:start position:0% +of there's a grocery store they were + + + align:start position:0% +of there's a grocery store they were +called alpha beta and when Knuth wrote a + + align:start position:0% +called alpha beta and when Knuth wrote a + + + align:start position:0% +called alpha beta and when Knuth wrote a +paper in that topic he went out and + + align:start position:0% +paper in that topic he went out and + + + align:start position:0% +paper in that topic he went out and +bought a box of alpha beta prunes that + + align:start position:0% +bought a box of alpha beta prunes that + + + align:start position:0% +bought a box of alpha beta prunes that +he had in his desk so he was an expert + + align:start position:0% +he had in his desk so he was an expert + + + align:start position:0% +he had in his desk so he was an expert +in two senses on alpha beta pruning so + + align:start position:0% +in two senses on alpha beta pruning so + + + align:start position:0% +in two senses on alpha beta pruning so +good other techniques please + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +great did you resolve collisions at all + + align:start position:0% +great did you resolve collisions at all + + + align:start position:0% +great did you resolve collisions at all +or did you just have one element there + + align:start position:0% +or did you just have one element there + + + align:start position:0% +or did you just have one element there +with a key how did you address the + + align:start position:0% +with a key how did you address the + + + align:start position:0% +with a key how did you address the +problem that the Charles mentioned of + + align:start position:0% +problem that the Charles mentioned of + + + align:start position:0% +problem that the Charles mentioned of +what kind of hashing to use other + + align:start position:0% +what kind of hashing to use other + + + align:start position:0% +what kind of hashing to use other +techniques yeah that's a classic example + + align:start position:0% +techniques yeah that's a classic example + + + align:start position:0% +techniques yeah that's a classic example +of the fastest way to compute is not to + + align:start position:0% +of the fastest way to compute is not to + + + align:start position:0% +of the fastest way to compute is not to +compute at all in general in life no + + align:start position:0% +compute at all in general in life no + + + align:start position:0% +compute at all in general in life no +problem is so big that it can't be run + + align:start position:0% +problem is so big that it can't be run + + + align:start position:0% +problem is so big that it can't be run +away from the these things about a + + align:start position:0% +away from the these things about a + + + align:start position:0% +away from the these things about a +boarding work and being lazy are + + align:start position:0% +boarding work and being lazy are + + + align:start position:0% +boarding work and being lazy are +certainly models for organizing your own + + align:start position:0% +certainly models for organizing your own + + + align:start position:0% +certainly models for organizing your own +life so that lazy evaluation really + + align:start position:0% +life so that lazy evaluation really + + + align:start position:0% +life so that lazy evaluation really +works in the real world other questions + + align:start position:0% +works in the real world other questions + + + align:start position:0% +works in the real world other questions +without a question or a random have seen + + align:start position:0% +without a question or a random have seen + + + align:start position:0% +without a question or a random have seen +your hand gesture + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +please oh that's a great question I + + align:start position:0% +please oh that's a great question I + + + align:start position:0% +please oh that's a great question I +worked in this problem a lot in the + + align:start position:0% +worked in this problem a lot in the + + + align:start position:0% +worked in this problem a lot in the +early 1990s with my colleague David + + align:start position:0% +early 1990s with my colleague David + + + align:start position:0% +early 1990s with my colleague David +Johnson who literally wrote the book on + + align:start position:0% +Johnson who literally wrote the book on + + + align:start position:0% +Johnson who literally wrote the book on +NP completeness an MIT PhD guy we were + + align:start position:0% +NP completeness an MIT PhD guy we were + + + align:start position:0% +NP completeness an MIT PhD guy we were +really happy we're in at the time in a + + align:start position:0% +really happy we're in at the time in a + + + align:start position:0% +really happy we're in at the time in a +couple of hours of CPU time we could + + align:start position:0% +couple of hours of CPU time we could + + + align:start position:0% +couple of hours of CPU time we could +solve a hundred thousand city problems + + align:start position:0% +solve a hundred thousand city problems + + + align:start position:0% +solve a hundred thousand city problems +to within a few percent we were able to + + align:start position:0% +to within a few percent we were able to + + + align:start position:0% +to within a few percent we were able to +solve million city problems in a day of + + align:start position:0% +solve million city problems in a day of + + + align:start position:0% +solve million city problems in a day of +CPU time to within a few percent and we + + align:start position:0% +CPU time to within a few percent and we + + + align:start position:0% +CPU time to within a few percent and we +were ecstatic that that was really big + + align:start position:0% +were ecstatic that that was really big + + + align:start position:0% +were ecstatic that that was really big +so we could go out that big to within a + + align:start position:0% +so we could go out that big to within a + + + align:start position:0% +so we could go out that big to within a +few percent if we worked really really + + align:start position:0% +few percent if we worked really really + + + align:start position:0% +few percent if we worked really really +hard we can get ten thousand problems + + align:start position:0% +hard we can get ten thousand problems + + + align:start position:0% +hard we can get ten thousand problems +counted within 1/2 percent but if you + + align:start position:0% +counted within 1/2 percent but if you + + + align:start position:0% +counted within 1/2 percent but if you +want to go all the way to have not only + + align:start position:0% +want to go all the way to have not only + + + align:start position:0% +want to go all the way to have not only +the optimal solution but it proof that + + align:start position:0% +the optimal solution but it proof that + + + align:start position:0% +the optimal solution but it proof that +it's optimal for a while people bragged + + align:start position:0% +it's optimal for a while people bragged + + + align:start position:0% +it's optimal for a while people bragged +about we finally solved a problem this + + align:start position:0% +about we finally solved a problem this + + + align:start position:0% +about we finally solved a problem this +will let you see about what it was done + + align:start position:0% +will let you see about what it was done + + + align:start position:0% +will let you see about what it was done +we solved the problem of all 48 state + + align:start position:0% +we solved the problem of all 48 state + + + align:start position:0% +we solved the problem of all 48 state +capitals so for a while that was the + + align:start position:0% +capitals so for a while that was the + + + align:start position:0% +capitals so for a while that was the +state of the art and then that number + + align:start position:0% +state of the art and then that number + + + align:start position:0% +state of the art and then that number +has crept over time and now you can get + + align:start position:0% +has crept over time and now you can get + + + align:start position:0% +has crept over time and now you can get +exact solutions to some famous problems + + align:start position:0% +exact solutions to some famous problems + + + align:start position:0% +exact solutions to some famous problems +into the tens of thousands by using lots + + align:start position:0% +into the tens of thousands by using lots + + + align:start position:0% +into the tens of thousands by using lots +and lots of really clever searching that + + align:start position:0% +and lots of really clever searching that + + + align:start position:0% +and lots of really clever searching that +branching down with really clever lower + + align:start position:0% +branching down with really clever lower + + + align:start position:0% +branching down with really clever lower +bounds to guide it up and you at one + + align:start position:0% +bounds to guide it up and you at one + + + align:start position:0% +bounds to guide it up and you at one +point get a tour and you can make like + + align:start position:0% +point get a tour and you can make like + + + align:start position:0% +point get a tour and you can make like +that tour but then you get a proof of a + + align:start position:0% +that tour but then you get a proof of a + + + align:start position:0% +that tour but then you get a proof of a +lower bound along with it to do that hey + + align:start position:0% +lower bound along with it to do that hey + + + align:start position:0% +lower bound along with it to do that hey +oh man I want to let you know that + + align:start position:0% +oh man I want to let you know that + + + align:start position:0% +oh man I want to let you know that +they're actually now 50 states in the + + align:start position:0% +they're actually now 50 states in the + + + align:start position:0% +they're actually now 50 states in the +Union No + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what time did this happen you can tell + + align:start position:0% +what time did this happen you can tell + + + align:start position:0% +what time did this happen you can tell +that I am much much much older than + + align:start position:0% +that I am much much much older than + + + align:start position:0% +that I am much much much older than +Charles and he never lets me hear the + + align:start position:0% +Charles and he never lets me hear the + + + align:start position:0% +Charles and he never lets me hear the +end of it I trusted the rest of you this + + align:start position:0% +end of it I trusted the rest of you this + + + align:start position:0% +end of it I trusted the rest of you this +is like the third free deep psychology + + align:start position:0% +is like the third free deep psychology + + + align:start position:0% +is like the third free deep psychology +insight is be kind to old people ignore + + align:start position:0% +insight is be kind to old people ignore + + + align:start position:0% +insight is be kind to old people ignore +the example that the kid over there sets + + align:start position:0% +the example that the kid over there sets + + + align:start position:0% +the example that the kid over there sets +and show some class the respective might + + align:start position:0% +and show some class the respective might + + + align:start position:0% +and show some class the respective might +to me and my fellow geezers yeah we were + + align:start position:0% +to me and my fellow geezers yeah we were + + + align:start position:0% +to me and my fellow geezers yeah we were +both born in 1953 but I was born in the + + align:start position:0% +both born in 1953 but I was born in the + + + align:start position:0% +both born in 1953 but I was born in the +good part of 1952 in particular I was + + align:start position:0% +good part of 1952 in particular I was + + + align:start position:0% +good part of 1952 in particular I was +born before Her Majesty the Queen of + + align:start position:0% +born before Her Majesty the Queen of + + + align:start position:0% +born before Her Majesty the Queen of +England assumed the throne okay can you + + align:start position:0% +England assumed the throne okay can you + + + align:start position:0% +England assumed the throne okay can you +make the same claim I cannot make the + + align:start position:0% +make the same claim I cannot make the + + + align:start position:0% +make the same claim I cannot make the +same thing I'm sorry he can but only cuz + + align:start position:0% +same thing I'm sorry he can but only cuz + + + align:start position:0% +same thing I'm sorry he can but only cuz +he's a sneaky bastard can you make it to + + align:start position:0% +he's a sneaky bastard can you make it to + + + align:start position:0% +he's a sneaky bastard can you make it to +fillet it's the question I should have + + align:start position:0% +fillet it's the question I should have + + + align:start position:0% +fillet it's the question I should have +asked other questions this class can be + + align:start position:0% +asked other questions this class can be + + + align:start position:0% +asked other questions this class can be +very important like I said I spent the + + align:start position:0% +very important like I said I spent the + + + align:start position:0% +very important like I said I spent the +past almost half century as a working + + align:start position:0% +past almost half century as a working + + + align:start position:0% +past almost half century as a working +computer programmer the majority about + + align:start position:0% +computer programmer the majority about + + + align:start position:0% +computer programmer the majority about +the thing I've done most is performance + + align:start position:0% +the thing I've done most is performance + + + align:start position:0% +the thing I've done most is performance +engineering it's really to do a number + + align:start position:0% +engineering it's really to do a number + + + align:start position:0% +engineering it's really to do a number +of really interesting things I've been + + align:start position:0% +of really interesting things I've been + + + align:start position:0% +of really interesting things I've been +able to dabble in all sorts of + + align:start position:0% +able to dabble in all sorts of + + + align:start position:0% +able to dabble in all sorts of +computational systems ranging from + + align:start position:0% +computational systems ranging from + + + align:start position:0% +computational systems ranging from +automated gerrymandering every time you + + align:start position:0% +automated gerrymandering every time you + + + align:start position:0% +automated gerrymandering every time you +make a telephone call in this country if + + align:start position:0% +make a telephone call in this country if + + + align:start position:0% +make a telephone call in this country if +it's say a call from inside an + + align:start position:0% +it's say a call from inside an + + + align:start position:0% +it's say a call from inside an +institution like a hospital or a + + align:start position:0% +institution like a hospital or a + + + align:start position:0% +institution like a hospital or a +university it uses some code that I + + align:start position:0% +university it uses some code that I + + + align:start position:0% +university it uses some code that I +wrote some performance things if you + + align:start position:0% +wrote some performance things if you + + + align:start position:0% +wrote some performance things if you +make a long-distance call it uses code + + align:start position:0% +make a long-distance call it uses code + + + align:start position:0% +make a long-distance call it uses code +that I wrote if you've ever used + + align:start position:0% +that I wrote if you've ever used + + + align:start position:0% +that I wrote if you've ever used +something called Google internet search + + align:start position:0% +something called Google internet search + + + align:start position:0% +something called Google internet search +or match or maps or stocks or anything + + align:start position:0% +or match or maps or stocks or anything + + + align:start position:0% +or match or maps or stocks or anything +else that uses and algorithms I've done + + align:start position:0% +else that uses and algorithms I've done + + + align:start position:0% +else that uses and algorithms I've done +it's incredibly satisfying it's been a + + align:start position:0% +it's incredibly satisfying it's been a + + + align:start position:0% +it's incredibly satisfying it's been a +very very fulfilling way for me to spend + + align:start position:0% +very very fulfilling way for me to spend + + + align:start position:0% +very very fulfilling way for me to spend +a big chunk of my life + + align:start position:0% +a big chunk of my life + + + align:start position:0% +a big chunk of my life +I am grateful it's allowed me to make + + align:start position:0% +I am grateful it's allowed me to make + + + align:start position:0% +I am grateful it's allowed me to make +friends whom I've known for almost half + + align:start position:0% +friends whom I've known for almost half + + + align:start position:0% +friends whom I've known for almost half +a century and who are wonderful dear + + align:start position:0% +a century and who are wonderful dear + + + align:start position:0% +a century and who are wonderful dear +people and it's been a great way for my + + align:start position:0% +people and it's been a great way for my + + + align:start position:0% +people and it's been a great way for my +life I hope the performance engineering + + align:start position:0% +life I hope the performance engineering + + + align:start position:0% +life I hope the performance engineering +is as good to you as it has been to me + + align:start position:0% +is as good to you as it has been to me + + + align:start position:0% +is as good to you as it has been to me +anything else professor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thank you very much John thank you + + align:start position:0% +thank you very much John thank you + + + align:start position:0% +thank you very much John thank you +[Applause] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/SUcIAQTu-Ts.txt b/SUcIAQTu-Ts.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..22594aa0f5fe147e41fb6d4ac9c3b9c35340c952 --- /dev/null +++ b/SUcIAQTu-Ts.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10475 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a creative commons license + + align:start position:0% +a creative commons license + + + align:start position:0% +a creative commons license +your support will help mit + + align:start position:0% +your support will help mit + + + align:start position:0% +your support will help mit +opencourseware continue to offer high + + align:start position:0% +opencourseware continue to offer high + + + align:start position:0% +opencourseware continue to offer high +quality educational resources for free + + align:start position:0% +quality educational resources for free + + + align:start position:0% +quality educational resources for free +to make a donation or view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional +materials from hundreds of mit courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of mit courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of mit courses +visit mit open courseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% +visit mit open courseware at ocw.mit.edu + + + align:start position:0% +visit mit open courseware at ocw.mit.edu +all right so uh + + align:start position:0% +all right so uh + + + align:start position:0% +all right so uh +this this weekend's reading was matt + + align:start position:0% +this this weekend's reading was matt + + + align:start position:0% +this this weekend's reading was matt +decock + + align:start position:0% +decock + + + align:start position:0% +decock +giving a youtube presentation uh uh + + align:start position:0% +giving a youtube presentation uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +giving a youtube presentation uh uh +actually it was a google presentation + + align:start position:0% +actually it was a google presentation + + + align:start position:0% +actually it was a google presentation +that was recorded onto youtube + + align:start position:0% +that was recorded onto youtube + + + align:start position:0% +that was recorded onto youtube +and he's a designer of pandemic he also + + align:start position:0% +and he's a designer of pandemic he also + + + align:start position:0% +and he's a designer of pandemic he also +made a game uh bonfire in + + align:start position:0% +made a game uh bonfire in + + + align:start position:0% +made a game uh bonfire in +ireland and i think he also did desert + + align:start position:0% +ireland and i think he also did desert + + + align:start position:0% +ireland and i think he also did desert +i'm assuming that he did homemade desert + + align:start position:0% +i'm assuming that he did homemade desert + + + align:start position:0% +i'm assuming that he did homemade desert +that's my guess because they're not that + + align:start position:0% +that's my guess because they're not that + + + align:start position:0% +that's my guess because they're not that +different game to begin with + + align:start position:0% +different game to begin with + + + align:start position:0% +different game to begin with +um i mean these are + + align:start position:0% +um i mean these are + + + align:start position:0% +um i mean these are +cooperative games for the most part uh + + align:start position:0% +cooperative games for the most part uh + + + align:start position:0% +cooperative games for the most part uh +how many of you played one of these + + align:start position:0% +how many of you played one of these + + + align:start position:0% +how many of you played one of these +games + + align:start position:0% +games + + + align:start position:0% +games +forbidden + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the computer game is completely + + align:start position:0% +the computer game is completely + + + align:start position:0% +the computer game is completely +different um + + align:start position:0% +different um + + + align:start position:0% +different um +uh yeah the one way you shut off + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah the one way you shut off + + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah the one way you shut off +madagascar + + align:start position:0% +madagascar + + + align:start position:0% +madagascar +yeah yeah yeah okay that one is + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah yeah okay that one is + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah yeah okay that one is +a different game yeah it's the same same + + align:start position:0% +a different game yeah it's the same same + + + align:start position:0% +a different game yeah it's the same same +title same concept right i mean + + align:start position:0% +title same concept right i mean + + + align:start position:0% +title same concept right i mean +it sort of makes sense that they will + + align:start position:0% +it sort of makes sense that they will + + + align:start position:0% +it sort of makes sense that they will +have game in themselves + + align:start position:0% +have game in themselves + + + align:start position:0% +have game in themselves +i mean there's probably more of the + + align:start position:0% +i mean there's probably more of the + + + align:start position:0% +i mean there's probably more of the +similarities of civilization of working + + align:start position:0% +similarities of civilization of working + + + align:start position:0% +similarities of civilization of working +than civilization the computer game + + align:start position:0% +than civilization the computer game + + + align:start position:0% +than civilization the computer game +although the civilization that you play + + align:start position:0% +although the civilization that you play + + + align:start position:0% +although the civilization that you play +as a board game nowadays was + + align:start position:0% +as a board game nowadays was + + + align:start position:0% +as a board game nowadays was +not the same civilization in the market + + align:start position:0% +not the same civilization in the market + + + align:start position:0% +not the same civilization in the market +that existed when the computer games + + align:start position:0% +that existed when the computer games + + + align:start position:0% +that existed when the computer games +came out you know actually yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um and um + + align:start position:0% +um and um + + + align:start position:0% +um and um +the the computer game aside um if you + + align:start position:0% +the the computer game aside um if you + + + align:start position:0% +the the computer game aside um if you +played it + + align:start position:0% +played it + + + align:start position:0% +played it +how many of you basically played a game + + align:start position:0% +how many of you basically played a game + + + align:start position:0% +how many of you basically played a game +where you just turned into one person + + align:start position:0% +where you just turned into one person + + + align:start position:0% +where you just turned into one person +telling you to do everything + + align:start position:0% +telling you to do everything + + + align:start position:0% +telling you to do everything +that's my game something like okay how + + align:start position:0% +that's my game something like okay how + + + align:start position:0% +that's my game something like okay how +how many of you had the same thing + + align:start position:0% +how many of you had the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +how many of you had the same thing +happen with like either forbidden island + + align:start position:0% +happen with like either forbidden island + + + align:start position:0% +happen with like either forbidden island +or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +though foreign so so it seemed uh + + align:start position:0% +though foreign so so it seemed uh + + + align:start position:0% +though foreign so so it seemed uh +actually how many people played + + align:start position:0% +actually how many people played + + + align:start position:0% +actually how many people played +forbidden island + + align:start position:0% +forbidden island + + + align:start position:0% +forbidden island +okay only one okay so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so maybe it happens a lot more often i + + align:start position:0% +so maybe it happens a lot more often i + + + align:start position:0% +so maybe it happens a lot more often i +don't know i find it happens a little + + align:start position:0% +don't know i find it happens a little + + + align:start position:0% +don't know i find it happens a little +bit less often with violent + + align:start position:0% +bit less often with violent + + + align:start position:0% +bit less often with violent +but but i but it happens to be every + + align:start position:0% +but but i but it happens to be every + + + align:start position:0% +but but i but it happens to be every +time i play + + align:start position:0% +time i play + + + align:start position:0% +time i play +pandemic and on one hand i'm usually the + + align:start position:0% +pandemic and on one hand i'm usually the + + + align:start position:0% +pandemic and on one hand i'm usually the +one receiving computers and i don't mind + + align:start position:0% +one receiving computers and i don't mind + + + align:start position:0% +one receiving computers and i don't mind +because i'm not that invested in it but + + align:start position:0% +because i'm not that invested in it but + + + align:start position:0% +because i'm not that invested in it but +on the other hand i'm not that invested + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand i'm not that invested + + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand i'm not that invested +in it + + align:start position:0% +in it + + + align:start position:0% +in it +it kind of like takes me out when + + align:start position:0% +it kind of like takes me out when + + + align:start position:0% +it kind of like takes me out when +someone stops telling me this is what + + align:start position:0% +someone stops telling me this is what + + + align:start position:0% +someone stops telling me this is what +you should do + + align:start position:0% +you should do + + + align:start position:0% +you should do +clearly this is the optimal move this is + + align:start position:0% +clearly this is the optimal move this is + + + align:start position:0% +clearly this is the optimal move this is +the thing that you should do it's like + + align:start position:0% +the thing that you should do it's like + + + align:start position:0% +the thing that you should do it's like +that's fine + + align:start position:0% +that's fine + + + align:start position:0% +that's fine +i'll do it i don't care about this game + + align:start position:0% +i'll do it i don't care about this game + + + align:start position:0% +i'll do it i don't care about this game +anymore because i don't have any + + align:start position:0% +anymore because i don't have any + + + align:start position:0% +anymore because i don't have any +decisions + + align:start position:0% +decisions + + + align:start position:0% +decisions +but i don't know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +everybody else is telling you to do + + align:start position:0% +everybody else is telling you to do + + + align:start position:0% +everybody else is telling you to do +something every single person + + align:start position:0% +something every single person + + + align:start position:0% +something every single person +is telling every single other person + + align:start position:0% +is telling every single other person + + + align:start position:0% +is telling every single other person +exactly when to do it every + + align:start position:0% +exactly when to do it every + + + align:start position:0% +exactly when to do it every +person ends up making a decision for + + align:start position:0% +person ends up making a decision for + + + align:start position:0% +person ends up making a decision for +themselves just at the end being like + + align:start position:0% +themselves just at the end being like + + + align:start position:0% +themselves just at the end being like +okay guys here's what i'm + + align:start position:0% +okay guys here's what i'm + + + align:start position:0% +okay guys here's what i'm +actually doing because i think that i'm + + align:start position:0% +actually doing because i think that i'm + + + align:start position:0% +actually doing because i think that i'm +doing the right thing + + align:start position:0% +doing the right thing + + + align:start position:0% +doing the right thing +that that sounds reasonably interactive + + align:start position:0% +that that sounds reasonably interactive + + + align:start position:0% +that that sounds reasonably interactive +and you still have a decision to make + + align:start position:0% +and you still have a decision to make + + + align:start position:0% +and you still have a decision to make +anyway it's funny because you actually + + align:start position:0% +anyway it's funny because you actually + + + align:start position:0% +anyway it's funny because you actually +get to like + + align:start position:0% +get to like + + + align:start position:0% +get to like +people like actually listen yeah on one + + align:start position:0% +people like actually listen yeah on one + + + align:start position:0% +people like actually listen yeah on one +hand because you + + align:start position:0% +hand because you + + + align:start position:0% +hand because you +you when you bring up a bitcoin they'll + + align:start position:0% +you when you bring up a bitcoin they'll + + + align:start position:0% +you when you bring up a bitcoin they'll +be like oh yeah that's + + align:start position:0% +be like oh yeah that's + + + align:start position:0% +be like oh yeah that's +a good point um but on the other hand + + align:start position:0% +a good point um but on the other hand + + + align:start position:0% +a good point um but on the other hand +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +no one's it's not one person playing + + align:start position:0% +no one's it's not one person playing + + + align:start position:0% +no one's it's not one person playing +games + + align:start position:0% +games + + + align:start position:0% +games +it's like a board of directors giving + + align:start position:0% +it's like a board of directors giving + + + align:start position:0% +it's like a board of directors giving +you advice and then you've got to figure + + align:start position:0% +you advice and then you've got to figure + + + align:start position:0% +you advice and then you've got to figure +out + + align:start position:0% +out + + + align:start position:0% +out +what's the right thing to do right + + align:start position:0% +what's the right thing to do right + + + align:start position:0% +what's the right thing to do right +except as soon as you're done you start + + align:start position:0% +except as soon as you're done you start + + + align:start position:0% +except as soon as you're done you start +getting yeah + + align:start position:0% +getting yeah + + + align:start position:0% +getting yeah +and everyone's just get this role i + + align:start position:0% +and everyone's just get this role i + + + align:start position:0% +and everyone's just get this role i +don't know if this + + align:start position:0% +don't know if this + + + align:start position:0% +don't know if this +i don't know if you're saying it's a + + align:start position:0% +i don't know if you're saying it's a + + + align:start position:0% +i don't know if you're saying it's a +negative necessarily i don't necessarily + + align:start position:0% +negative necessarily i don't necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +negative necessarily i don't necessarily +say that but i feel like that might have + + align:start position:0% +say that but i feel like that might have + + + align:start position:0% +say that but i feel like that might have +very well done what he was going for + + align:start position:0% +very well done what he was going for + + + align:start position:0% +very well done what he was going for +because like in the video we talked a + + align:start position:0% +because like in the video we talked a + + + align:start position:0% +because like in the video we talked a +lot about his wife and like you want to + + align:start position:0% +lot about his wife and like you want to + + + align:start position:0% +lot about his wife and like you want to +be able to play with his wife right + + align:start position:0% +be able to play with his wife right + + + align:start position:0% +be able to play with his wife right +so this is kind of a serious gamer can + + align:start position:0% +so this is kind of a serious gamer can + + + align:start position:0% +so this is kind of a serious gamer can +play with someone that's not as invested + + align:start position:0% +play with someone that's not as invested + + + align:start position:0% +play with someone that's not as invested +it's kind of what you're + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of what you're + + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of what you're +saying a little bit yeah i mean as a + + align:start position:0% +saying a little bit yeah i mean as a + + + align:start position:0% +saying a little bit yeah i mean as a +result i've played many games of + + align:start position:0% +result i've played many games of + + + align:start position:0% +result i've played many games of +pandemic you know which is switches + + align:start position:0% +pandemic you know which is switches + + + align:start position:0% +pandemic you know which is switches +which is a good thing + + align:start position:0% +which is a good thing + + + align:start position:0% +which is a good thing +yeah um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah um also uh + + align:start position:0% +yeah um also uh + + + align:start position:0% +yeah um also uh +one of there there's a game that uh i've + + align:start position:0% +one of there there's a game that uh i've + + + align:start position:0% +one of there there's a game that uh i've +heard this very quickly just like + + align:start position:0% +heard this very quickly just like + + + align:start position:0% +heard this very quickly just like +being play tested basically call of duty + + align:start position:0% +being play tested basically call of duty + + + align:start position:0% +being play tested basically call of duty +it's like a really it's a pretty + + align:start position:0% +it's like a really it's a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +it's like a really it's a pretty +tactical engine there's like attackers + + align:start position:0% +tactical engine there's like attackers + + + align:start position:0% +tactical engine there's like attackers +that wouldn't have + + align:start position:0% +that wouldn't have + + + align:start position:0% +that wouldn't have +feature components and you have teams of + + align:start position:0% +feature components and you have teams of + + + align:start position:0% +feature components and you have teams of +players in it but there's + + align:start position:0% +players in it but there's + + + align:start position:0% +players in it but there's +huge like there are large players but at + + align:start position:0% +huge like there are large players but at + + + align:start position:0% +huge like there are large players but at +the same time it's really hard for like + + align:start position:0% +the same time it's really hard for like + + + align:start position:0% +the same time it's really hard for like +one player to go help someone else on + + align:start position:0% +one player to go help someone else on + + + align:start position:0% +one player to go help someone else on +their team to do everything else for + + align:start position:0% +their team to do everything else for + + + align:start position:0% +their team to do everything else for +someone else's team + + align:start position:0% +someone else's team + + + align:start position:0% +someone else's team +component of two minutes for your turn + + align:start position:0% +component of two minutes for your turn + + + align:start position:0% +component of two minutes for your turn +and so + + align:start position:0% +and so + + + align:start position:0% +and so +it happens a lot better like someone is + + align:start position:0% +it happens a lot better like someone is + + + align:start position:0% +it happens a lot better like someone is +where like + + align:start position:0% +where like + + + align:start position:0% +where like +someone swoops in and tries to like help + + align:start position:0% +someone swoops in and tries to like help + + + align:start position:0% +someone swoops in and tries to like help +someone else and they end up screwing an + + align:start position:0% +someone else and they end up screwing an + + + align:start position:0% +someone else and they end up screwing an +lcf even worse because they had note + + align:start position:0% +lcf even worse because they had note + + + align:start position:0% +lcf even worse because they had note +because they like didn't realize the + + align:start position:0% +because they like didn't realize the + + + align:start position:0% +because they like didn't realize the +details of everything that was going on + + align:start position:0% +details of everything that was going on + + + align:start position:0% +details of everything that was going on +and didn't have the time to analyze it + + align:start position:0% +and didn't have the time to analyze it + + + align:start position:0% +and didn't have the time to analyze it +properly + + align:start position:0% +properly + + + align:start position:0% +properly +i think it's like an example of what + + align:start position:0% +i think it's like an example of what + + + align:start position:0% +i think it's like an example of what +you're describing is relevant here um + + align:start position:0% +you're describing is relevant here um + + + align:start position:0% +you're describing is relevant here um +there's a i in the realm of like your + + align:start position:0% +there's a i in the realm of like your + + + align:start position:0% +there's a i in the realm of like your +co-op games + + align:start position:0% +co-op games + + + align:start position:0% +co-op games +or games with a very strong coordinated + + align:start position:0% +or games with a very strong coordinated + + + align:start position:0% +or games with a very strong coordinated +component + + align:start position:0% +component + + + align:start position:0% +component +um you've got you know there is + + align:start position:0% +um you've got you know there is + + + align:start position:0% +um you've got you know there is +an assumption at least in games like + + align:start position:0% +an assumption at least in games like + + + align:start position:0% +an assumption at least in games like +pandemic + + align:start position:0% +pandemic + + + align:start position:0% +pandemic +that it's not so much that something is + + align:start position:0% +that it's not so much that something is + + + align:start position:0% +that it's not so much that something is +out there + + align:start position:0% +out there + + + align:start position:0% +out there +strategizing to beat you you know and + + align:start position:0% +strategizing to beat you you know and + + + align:start position:0% +strategizing to beat you you know and +you're trying to overcome it like a + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to overcome it like a + + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to overcome it like a +different player for instance who's + + align:start position:0% +different player for instance who's + + + align:start position:0% +different player for instance who's +trying to achieve victory at your cost + + align:start position:0% +trying to achieve victory at your cost + + + align:start position:0% +trying to achieve victory at your cost +it's more about can you get your + + align:start position:0% +it's more about can you get your + + + align:start position:0% +it's more about can you get your +affairs and your communication and your + + align:start position:0% +affairs and your communication and your + + + align:start position:0% +affairs and your communication and your +decision between + + align:start position:0% +decision between + + + align:start position:0% +decision between +making lined up and a bit of love of + + align:start position:0% +making lined up and a bit of love of + + + align:start position:0% +making lined up and a bit of love of +course um + + align:start position:0% +course um + + + align:start position:0% +course um +so that you can actually overcome the + + align:start position:0% +so that you can actually overcome the + + + align:start position:0% +so that you can actually overcome the +odds that the designer has set up for + + align:start position:0% +odds that the designer has set up for + + + align:start position:0% +odds that the designer has set up for +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +whereas i think in the case of the + + align:start position:0% +whereas i think in the case of the + + + align:start position:0% +whereas i think in the case of the +trader style games + + align:start position:0% +trader style games + + + align:start position:0% +trader style games +there's actually somebody out there + + align:start position:0% +there's actually somebody out there + + + align:start position:0% +there's actually somebody out there +who's actively playing the game + + align:start position:0% +who's actively playing the game + + + align:start position:0% +who's actively playing the game +who's actively trying to win and your + + align:start position:0% +who's actively trying to win and your + + + align:start position:0% +who's actively trying to win and your +car at + + align:start position:0% +car at + + + align:start position:0% +car at +the expense of your big victory um + + align:start position:0% +the expense of your big victory um + + + align:start position:0% +the expense of your big victory um +so so um one one way that i've certainly + + align:start position:0% +so so um one one way that i've certainly + + + align:start position:0% +so so um one one way that i've certainly +seen + + align:start position:0% +seen + + + align:start position:0% +seen +um is the time limit right it's it's the + + align:start position:0% +um is the time limit right it's it's the + + + align:start position:0% +um is the time limit right it's it's the +it's okay you can cooperate as much as + + align:start position:0% +it's okay you can cooperate as much as + + + align:start position:0% +it's okay you can cooperate as much as +you want + + align:start position:0% +you want + + + align:start position:0% +you want +in a minute you know and and and that + + align:start position:0% +in a minute you know and and and that + + + align:start position:0% +in a minute you know and and and that +just leads to like confusion + + align:start position:0% +just leads to like confusion + + + align:start position:0% +just leads to like confusion +and bad bad judgment calls and uh + + align:start position:0% +and bad bad judgment calls and uh + + + align:start position:0% +and bad bad judgment calls and uh +sometimes hilarity if you uh either + + align:start position:0% +sometimes hilarity if you uh either + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes hilarity if you uh either +going back back to space alert + + align:start position:0% +going back back to space alert + + + align:start position:0% +going back back to space alert +which which is maybe a game we should + + align:start position:0% +which which is maybe a game we should + + + align:start position:0% +which which is maybe a game we should +put it on the last week + + align:start position:0% +put it on the last week + + + align:start position:0% +put it on the last week +because it's uh uh for those people who + + align:start position:0% +because it's uh uh for those people who + + + align:start position:0% +because it's uh uh for those people who +don't remember uh + + align:start position:0% +don't remember uh + + + align:start position:0% +don't remember uh +me describing it the previous cloud + + align:start position:0% +me describing it the previous cloud + + + align:start position:0% +me describing it the previous cloud +classes you're all members of a + + align:start position:0% +classes you're all members of a + + + align:start position:0% +classes you're all members of a +starship you all pretty much aren't sure + + align:start position:0% +starship you all pretty much aren't sure + + + align:start position:0% +starship you all pretty much aren't sure +what you're supposed to be doing + + align:start position:0% +what you're supposed to be doing + + + align:start position:0% +what you're supposed to be doing +you've all um you're playing the game in + + align:start position:0% +you've all um you're playing the game in + + + align:start position:0% +you've all um you're playing the game in +real time because + + align:start position:0% +real time because + + + align:start position:0% +real time because +events happen as you play an audio track + + align:start position:0% +events happen as you play an audio track + + + align:start position:0% +events happen as you play an audio track +that just runs non-stop uh it never + + align:start position:0% +that just runs non-stop uh it never + + + align:start position:0% +that just runs non-stop uh it never +pauses until the game + + align:start position:0% +pauses until the game + + + align:start position:0% +pauses until the game +is over and you all have to be very very + + align:start position:0% +is over and you all have to be very very + + + align:start position:0% +is over and you all have to be very very +coordinated to get + + align:start position:0% +coordinated to get + + + align:start position:0% +coordinated to get +anything done you know just like firing + + align:start position:0% +anything done you know just like firing + + + align:start position:0% +anything done you know just like firing +a single gun + + align:start position:0% +a single gun + + + align:start position:0% +a single gun +requires you to charge up that gun you + + align:start position:0% +requires you to charge up that gun you + + + align:start position:0% +requires you to charge up that gun you +know uh + + align:start position:0% +know uh + + + align:start position:0% +know uh +turning on a shield so that you can + + align:start position:0% +turning on a shield so that you can + + + align:start position:0% +turning on a shield so that you can +block enemy fire + + align:start position:0% +block enemy fire + + + align:start position:0% +block enemy fire +you know needs to be on at the moment + + align:start position:0% +you know needs to be on at the moment + + + align:start position:0% +you know needs to be on at the moment +the enemy fire is about to hit you i + + align:start position:0% +the enemy fire is about to hit you i + + + align:start position:0% +the enemy fire is about to hit you i +think + + align:start position:0% +think + + + align:start position:0% +think +if i recall that but then you also need + + align:start position:0% +if i recall that but then you also need + + + align:start position:0% +if i recall that but then you also need +it it just hits + + align:start position:0% +it it just hits + + + align:start position:0% +it it just hits +the pressure it's a little bit easier + + align:start position:0% +the pressure it's a little bit easier + + + align:start position:0% +the pressure it's a little bit easier +than yours but it's also because there's + + align:start position:0% +than yours but it's also because there's + + + align:start position:0% +than yours but it's also because there's +so many threats it is + + align:start position:0% +so many threats it is + + + align:start position:0% +so many threats it is +yeah it's very easy to like accidentally + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's very easy to like accidentally + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's very easy to like accidentally +run out of energy or to like + + align:start position:0% +run out of energy or to like + + + align:start position:0% +run out of energy or to like +do things coordinate off by a turn or + + align:start position:0% +do things coordinate off by a turn or + + + align:start position:0% +do things coordinate off by a turn or +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +miss the details that like one of the + + align:start position:0% +miss the details that like one of the + + + align:start position:0% +miss the details that like one of the +funniest things is obviously when + + align:start position:0% +funniest things is obviously when + + + align:start position:0% +funniest things is obviously when +someone like stroke fires they're going + + align:start position:0% +someone like stroke fires they're going + + + align:start position:0% +someone like stroke fires they're going +to like some threat + + align:start position:0% +to like some threat + + + align:start position:0% +to like some threat +but they like fire a turn before it + + align:start position:0% +but they like fire a turn before it + + + align:start position:0% +but they like fire a turn before it +appeared by accident yeah + + align:start position:0% +appeared by accident yeah + + + align:start position:0% +appeared by accident yeah +which is like yeah because all the guns + + align:start position:0% +which is like yeah because all the guns + + + align:start position:0% +which is like yeah because all the guns +have a range of a recall right + + align:start position:0% +have a range of a recall right + + + align:start position:0% +have a range of a recall right +they have an effective range um + + align:start position:0% +they have an effective range um + + + align:start position:0% +they have an effective range um +so you're all trying to achieve + + align:start position:0% +so you're all trying to achieve + + + align:start position:0% +so you're all trying to achieve +simultaneous victory you're all trying + + align:start position:0% +simultaneous victory you're all trying + + + align:start position:0% +simultaneous victory you're all trying +to not die in that game but then because + + align:start position:0% +to not die in that game but then because + + + align:start position:0% +to not die in that game but then because +you have so little time + + align:start position:0% +you have so little time + + + align:start position:0% +you have so little time +to be able to figure out what the right + + align:start position:0% +to be able to figure out what the right + + + align:start position:0% +to be able to figure out what the right +thing is to do you just mess up um + + align:start position:0% +thing is to do you just mess up um + + + align:start position:0% +thing is to do you just mess up um +that's not the case i believe in + + align:start position:0% +that's not the case i believe in + + + align:start position:0% +that's not the case i believe in +desert island and pandari + + align:start position:0% +desert island and pandari + + + align:start position:0% +desert island and pandari +you have about as much time as you like + + align:start position:0% +you have about as much time as you like + + + align:start position:0% +you have about as much time as you like +to make it + + align:start position:0% +to make it + + + align:start position:0% +to make it +to your decision but there's clearly an + + align:start position:0% +to your decision but there's clearly an + + + align:start position:0% +to your decision but there's clearly an +appeal + + align:start position:0% +appeal + + + align:start position:0% +appeal +to these sort of like completely + + align:start position:0% +to these sort of like completely + + + align:start position:0% +to these sort of like completely +cooperative games + + align:start position:0% +cooperative games + + + align:start position:0% +cooperative games +uh the way your new opponent is the game + + align:start position:0% +uh the way your new opponent is the game + + + align:start position:0% +uh the way your new opponent is the game +system that design is really created + + align:start position:0% +system that design is really created + + + align:start position:0% +system that design is really created +for you you can of course set difficulty + + align:start position:0% +for you you can of course set difficulty + + + align:start position:0% +for you you can of course set difficulty +levels in a lot of these games + + align:start position:0% +levels in a lot of these games + + + align:start position:0% +levels in a lot of these games +um you know if you're learning it for + + align:start position:0% +um you know if you're learning it for + + + align:start position:0% +um you know if you're learning it for +the first time you play on + + align:start position:0% +the first time you play on + + + align:start position:0% +the first time you play on +kind of an easy setup and then if you're + + align:start position:0% +kind of an easy setup and then if you're + + + align:start position:0% +kind of an easy setup and then if you're +uh once you + + align:start position:0% +uh once you + + + align:start position:0% +uh once you +once everyone's familiar with all the + + align:start position:0% +once everyone's familiar with all the + + + align:start position:0% +once everyone's familiar with all the +mechanics of the game you can sort of + + align:start position:0% +mechanics of the game you can sort of + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics of the game you can sort of +crack up the difficulty by starting the + + align:start position:0% +crack up the difficulty by starting the + + + align:start position:0% +crack up the difficulty by starting the +game at a more difficult level + + align:start position:0% +game at a more difficult level + + + align:start position:0% +game at a more difficult level +um but uh but i think + + align:start position:0% +um but uh but i think + + + align:start position:0% +um but uh but i think +uh anything else that anyone noticed + + align:start position:0% +uh anything else that anyone noticed + + + align:start position:0% +uh anything else that anyone noticed +from his talk about the design of + + align:start position:0% +from his talk about the design of + + + align:start position:0% +from his talk about the design of +cooperative cape + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah that was a very important point + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's kind of giving you still + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of giving you still + + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of giving you still +something to do + + align:start position:0% +something to do + + + align:start position:0% +something to do +right it's like because you have + + align:start position:0% +right it's like because you have + + + align:start position:0% +right it's like because you have +information that no one else has until + + align:start position:0% +information that no one else has until + + + align:start position:0% +information that no one else has until +you share it there's still the thing + + align:start position:0% +you share it there's still the thing + + + align:start position:0% +you share it there's still the thing +that you can do which is + + align:start position:0% +that you can do which is + + + align:start position:0% +that you can do which is +share the information that you've got um + + align:start position:0% +share the information that you've got um + + + align:start position:0% +share the information that you've got um +even though it's not necessarily + + align:start position:0% +even though it's not necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +even though it's not necessarily +uh information that you probably + + align:start position:0% +uh information that you probably + + + align:start position:0% +uh information that you probably +there's in in a game like pandemic it's + + align:start position:0% +there's in in a game like pandemic it's + + + align:start position:0% +there's in in a game like pandemic it's +not information you want to hide + + align:start position:0% +not information you want to hide + + + align:start position:0% +not information you want to hide +you want everyone else to know this + + align:start position:0% +you want everyone else to know this + + + align:start position:0% +you want everyone else to know this +information so + + align:start position:0% +information so + + + align:start position:0% +information so +there's no decision to be made even + + align:start position:0% +there's no decision to be made even + + + align:start position:0% +there's no decision to be made even +though there's an activity to be done + + align:start position:0% +though there's an activity to be done + + + align:start position:0% +though there's an activity to be done +um but in a game where time is limited + + align:start position:0% +um but in a game where time is limited + + + align:start position:0% +um but in a game where time is limited +then yes then it becomes a decision or + + align:start position:0% +then yes then it becomes a decision or + + + align:start position:0% +then yes then it becomes a decision or +do i want to share this piece of + + align:start position:0% +do i want to share this piece of + + + align:start position:0% +do i want to share this piece of +information because it's taking away + + align:start position:0% +information because it's taking away + + + align:start position:0% +information because it's taking away +time from doing something else + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i i worked on a game with the education + + align:start position:0% +i i worked on a game with the education + + + align:start position:0% +i i worked on a game with the education +arcade which is a research group here + + align:start position:0% +arcade which is a research group here + + + align:start position:0% +arcade which is a research group here +uh based on the in e15 + + align:start position:0% +uh based on the in e15 + + + align:start position:0% +uh based on the in e15 +and a long time ago we made a game where + + align:start position:0% +and a long time ago we made a game where + + + align:start position:0% +and a long time ago we made a game where +it was a location-based game so + + align:start position:0% +it was a location-based game so + + + align:start position:0% +it was a location-based game so +everyone's walking around with gps and + + align:start position:0% +everyone's walking around with gps and + + + align:start position:0% +everyone's walking around with gps and +people + + align:start position:0% +people + + + align:start position:0% +people +smart smart devices but + + align:start position:0% +smart smart devices but + + + align:start position:0% +smart smart devices but +every and everyone's trying to + + align:start position:0% +every and everyone's trying to + + + align:start position:0% +every and everyone's trying to +investigate uh the + + align:start position:0% +investigate uh the + + + align:start position:0% +investigate uh the +groundwater contamination basically but + + align:start position:0% +groundwater contamination basically but + + + align:start position:0% +groundwater contamination basically but +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +everyone also was like one of three + + align:start position:0% +everyone also was like one of three + + + align:start position:0% +everyone also was like one of three +different classes and they will get + + align:start position:0% +different classes and they will get + + + align:start position:0% +different classes and they will get +different information based on which + + align:start position:0% +different information based on which + + + align:start position:0% +different information based on which +traffic + + align:start position:0% +traffic + + + align:start position:0% +traffic +some of them were like uh geographies + + align:start position:0% +some of them were like uh geographies + + + align:start position:0% +some of them were like uh geographies +some of them were you know more i + + align:start position:0% +some of them were you know more i + + + align:start position:0% +some of them were you know more i +remember what some of them were + + align:start position:0% +remember what some of them were + + + align:start position:0% +remember what some of them were +biologists some of them were who were + + align:start position:0% +biologists some of them were who were + + + align:start position:0% +biologists some of them were who were +geologists what + + align:start position:0% +geologists what + + + align:start position:0% +geologists what +i think one of them one of the roles + + align:start position:0% +i think one of them one of the roles + + + align:start position:0% +i think one of them one of the roles +like construction engineering or + + align:start position:0% +like construction engineering or + + + align:start position:0% +like construction engineering or +something like that + + align:start position:0% +something like that + + + align:start position:0% +something like that +so that you you knew things about how + + align:start position:0% +so that you you knew things about how + + + align:start position:0% +so that you you knew things about how +how things were built but you didn't + + align:start position:0% +how things were built but you didn't + + + align:start position:0% +how things were built but you didn't +necessarily + + align:start position:0% +necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily +know much about you know what sort of + + align:start position:0% +know much about you know what sort of + + + align:start position:0% +know much about you know what sort of +animals + + align:start position:0% +animals + + + align:start position:0% +animals +will be affected by by certain kinds of + + align:start position:0% +will be affected by by certain kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +will be affected by by certain kinds of +cabinets and so um + + align:start position:0% +cabinets and so um + + + align:start position:0% +cabinets and so um +and that and so again information that + + align:start position:0% +and that and so again information that + + + align:start position:0% +and that and so again information that +you got was private + + align:start position:0% +you got was private + + + align:start position:0% +you got was private +but it was the kind of thing that you + + align:start position:0% +but it was the kind of thing that you + + + align:start position:0% +but it was the kind of thing that you +want to share + + align:start position:0% +want to share + + + align:start position:0% +want to share +now in a location-based game sharing the + + align:start position:0% +now in a location-based game sharing the + + + align:start position:0% +now in a location-based game sharing the +information becomes + + align:start position:0% +information becomes + + + align:start position:0% +information becomes +tough because everyone's physically + + align:start position:0% +tough because everyone's physically + + + align:start position:0% +tough because everyone's physically +spread out over + + align:start position:0% +spread out over + + + align:start position:0% +spread out over +area this was a game that was played + + align:start position:0% +area this was a game that was played + + + align:start position:0% +area this was a game that was played +over the entire mit campus + + align:start position:0% +over the entire mit campus + + + align:start position:0% +over the entire mit campus +uh everyone had walkie talkies but the + + align:start position:0% +uh everyone had walkie talkies but the + + + align:start position:0% +uh everyone had walkie talkies but the +nice thing about walkie talkie is that + + align:start position:0% +nice thing about walkie talkie is that + + + align:start position:0% +nice thing about walkie talkie is that +only one person can talk at the time + + align:start position:0% +only one person can talk at the time + + + align:start position:0% +only one person can talk at the time +right you know otherwise the one you + + align:start position:0% +right you know otherwise the one you + + + align:start position:0% +right you know otherwise the one you +really can make sense of anything + + align:start position:0% +really can make sense of anything + + + align:start position:0% +really can make sense of anything +um and uh it's still still kind of the + + align:start position:0% +um and uh it's still still kind of the + + + align:start position:0% +um and uh it's still still kind of the +case with + + align:start position:0% +case with + + + align:start position:0% +case with +if you try to play the game with cell + + align:start position:0% +if you try to play the game with cell + + + align:start position:0% +if you try to play the game with cell +phones uh because + + align:start position:0% +phones uh because + + + align:start position:0% +phones uh because +you can only talk to one person at a + + align:start position:0% +you can only talk to one person at a + + + align:start position:0% +you can only talk to one person at a +time unless you like set up some crazy + + align:start position:0% +time unless you like set up some crazy + + + align:start position:0% +time unless you like set up some crazy +network + + align:start position:0% +network + + + align:start position:0% +network +um even if you try to do text messaging + + align:start position:0% +um even if you try to do text messaging + + + align:start position:0% +um even if you try to do text messaging +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +that's time consuming right so + + align:start position:0% +that's time consuming right so + + + align:start position:0% +that's time consuming right so +so that's one way that you can get + + align:start position:0% +so that's one way that you can get + + + align:start position:0% +so that's one way that you can get +people involved and feel like they're + + align:start position:0% +people involved and feel like they're + + + align:start position:0% +people involved and feel like they're +contributing + + align:start position:0% +contributing + + + align:start position:0% +contributing +which is just give everybody little + + align:start position:0% +which is just give everybody little + + + align:start position:0% +which is just give everybody little +fragments of information that they need + + align:start position:0% +fragments of information that they need + + + align:start position:0% +fragments of information that they need +and then get them to and then the game + + align:start position:0% +and then get them to and then the game + + + align:start position:0% +and then get them to and then the game +becomes more about how do you go about + + align:start position:0% +becomes more about how do you go about + + + align:start position:0% +becomes more about how do you go about +sharing this information + + align:start position:0% +sharing this information + + + align:start position:0% +sharing this information +rather than what's the decision you make + + align:start position:0% +rather than what's the decision you make + + + align:start position:0% +rather than what's the decision you make +with the information + + align:start position:0% +with the information + + + align:start position:0% +with the information +some people need once you've got all the + + align:start position:0% +some people need once you've got all the + + + align:start position:0% +some people need once you've got all the +information there is a decision to be + + align:start position:0% +information there is a decision to be + + + align:start position:0% +information there is a decision to be +made + + align:start position:0% +made + + + align:start position:0% +made +and in some cases it feels like a board + + align:start position:0% +and in some cases it feels like a board + + + align:start position:0% +and in some cases it feels like a board +room where you know everyone's got + + align:start position:0% +room where you know everyone's got + + + align:start position:0% +room where you know everyone's got +different ideas and + + align:start position:0% +different ideas and + + + align:start position:0% +different ideas and +trying to encourage you to do it in a + + align:start position:0% +trying to encourage you to do it in a + + + align:start position:0% +trying to encourage you to do it in a +certain way and that's great because + + align:start position:0% +certain way and that's great because + + + align:start position:0% +certain way and that's great because +that means everyone has something + + align:start position:0% +that means everyone has something + + + align:start position:0% +that means everyone has something +and is weighing the pros and cons of + + align:start position:0% +and is weighing the pros and cons of + + + align:start position:0% +and is weighing the pros and cons of +every possible outcome + + align:start position:0% +every possible outcome + + + align:start position:0% +every possible outcome +but in some cases it's just like one + + align:start position:0% +but in some cases it's just like one + + + align:start position:0% +but in some cases it's just like one +person just decides to be the designer + + align:start position:0% +person just decides to be the designer + + + align:start position:0% +person just decides to be the designer +and it's going to tell everybody else + + align:start position:0% +and it's going to tell everybody else + + + align:start position:0% +and it's going to tell everybody else +the decisions + + align:start position:0% +the decisions + + + align:start position:0% +the decisions +uh and that everyone else connects + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +has anyone played like sort of + + align:start position:0% +has anyone played like sort of + + + align:start position:0% +has anyone played like sort of +cooperative live + + align:start position:0% +cooperative live + + + align:start position:0% +cooperative live +action type games + + align:start position:0% +action type games + + + align:start position:0% +action type games +a cooperative live action games i played + + align:start position:0% +a cooperative live action games i played + + + align:start position:0% +a cooperative live action games i played +i do yeah there was there was over there + + align:start position:0% +i do yeah there was there was over there + + + align:start position:0% +i do yeah there was there was over there +there was um + + align:start position:0% +there was um + + + align:start position:0% +there was um +where there was like i mean yeah + + align:start position:0% +where there was like i mean yeah + + + align:start position:0% +where there was like i mean yeah +a lot of times one of like the other + + align:start position:0% +a lot of times one of like the other + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of times one of like the other +things you do when you're when you're + + align:start position:0% +things you do when you're when you're + + + align:start position:0% +things you do when you're when you're +right in the middle is to like make sure + + align:start position:0% +right in the middle is to like make sure + + + align:start position:0% +right in the middle is to like make sure +that life is to give everyone part of + + align:start position:0% +that life is to give everyone part of + + + align:start position:0% +that life is to give everyone part of +the puzzle + + align:start position:0% +the puzzle + + + align:start position:0% +the puzzle +and because that will just make people + + align:start position:0% +and because that will just make people + + + align:start position:0% +and because that will just make people +communicate and work together there + + align:start position:0% +communicate and work together there + + + align:start position:0% +communicate and work together there +um and oftentimes uh + + align:start position:0% +um and oftentimes uh + + + align:start position:0% +um and oftentimes uh +so for one like i've ever formulated in + + align:start position:0% +so for one like i've ever formulated in + + + align:start position:0% +so for one like i've ever formulated in +particular there was like sometimes you + + align:start position:0% +particular there was like sometimes you + + + align:start position:0% +particular there was like sometimes you +need to do like a research or something + + align:start position:0% +need to do like a research or something + + + align:start position:0% +need to do like a research or something +and for steps to that you would like you + + align:start position:0% +and for steps to that you would like you + + + align:start position:0% +and for steps to that you would like you +would need to like go collect some + + align:start position:0% +would need to like go collect some + + + align:start position:0% +would need to like go collect some +components which you could like sort of + + align:start position:0% +components which you could like sort of + + + align:start position:0% +components which you could like sort of +do on your own you could like gather + + align:start position:0% +do on your own you could like gather + + + align:start position:0% +do on your own you could like gather +some resources and stuff + + align:start position:0% +some resources and stuff + + + align:start position:0% +some resources and stuff +and then you needed to like successfully + + align:start position:0% +and then you needed to like successfully + + + align:start position:0% +and then you needed to like successfully +open a name with like payment or give a + + align:start position:0% +open a name with like payment or give a + + + align:start position:0% +open a name with like payment or give a +pictionary or something describing a + + align:start position:0% +pictionary or something describing a + + + align:start position:0% +pictionary or something describing a +specific word that was the same + + align:start position:0% +specific word that was the same + + + align:start position:0% +specific word that was the same +and it was and it was it was so nice to + + align:start position:0% +and it was and it was it was so nice to + + + align:start position:0% +and it was and it was it was so nice to +have this cooperation + + align:start position:0% +have this cooperation + + + align:start position:0% +have this cooperation +like the collaboration like does don't + + align:start position:0% +like the collaboration like does don't + + + align:start position:0% +like the collaboration like does don't +want to like uh + + align:start position:0% +want to like uh + + + align:start position:0% +want to like uh +i'm like trying to describe the word + + align:start position:0% +i'm like trying to describe the word + + + align:start position:0% +i'm like trying to describe the word +like speak to someone and it was also + + align:start position:0% +like speak to someone and it was also + + + align:start position:0% +like speak to someone and it was also +sort of like share a little bit about it + + align:start position:0% +sort of like share a little bit about it + + + align:start position:0% +sort of like share a little bit about it +also is interesting is that oftentimes + + align:start position:0% +also is interesting is that oftentimes + + + align:start position:0% +also is interesting is that oftentimes +someone said + + align:start position:0% +someone said + + + align:start position:0% +someone said +does anyone want to like when you're + + align:start position:0% +does anyone want to like when you're + + + align:start position:0% +does anyone want to like when you're +like doing kitchenaid trying to describe + + align:start position:0% +like doing kitchenaid trying to describe + + + align:start position:0% +like doing kitchenaid trying to describe +the word destruction + + align:start position:0% +the word destruction + + + align:start position:0% +the word destruction +like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +most of these would people talk about + + align:start position:0% +most of these would people talk about + + + align:start position:0% +most of these would people talk about +your research after them right right + + align:start position:0% +your research after them right right + + + align:start position:0% +your research after them right right +of course yeah yeah so so + + align:start position:0% +of course yeah yeah so so + + + align:start position:0% +of course yeah yeah so so +i think what you're describing is like + + align:start position:0% +i think what you're describing is like + + + align:start position:0% +i think what you're describing is like +the live-action role-playing + + align:start position:0% +the live-action role-playing + + + align:start position:0% +the live-action role-playing +research magazines yeah yeah um + + align:start position:0% +research magazines yeah yeah um + + + align:start position:0% +research magazines yeah yeah um +but a lot of live-action role-playing + + align:start position:0% +but a lot of live-action role-playing + + + align:start position:0% +but a lot of live-action role-playing +games even though you may be cooperating + + align:start position:0% +games even though you may be cooperating + + + align:start position:0% +games even though you may be cooperating +on that one activity you don't know what + + align:start position:0% +on that one activity you don't know what + + + align:start position:0% +on that one activity you don't know what +the arterium will + + align:start position:0% +the arterium will + + + align:start position:0% +the arterium will +what the motives of every single person + + align:start position:0% +what the motives of every single person + + + align:start position:0% +what the motives of every single person +in that room is um + + align:start position:0% +in that room is um + + + align:start position:0% +in that room is um +whereas in some other in non role + + align:start position:0% +whereas in some other in non role + + + align:start position:0% +whereas in some other in non role +non-larp type games um but that are + + align:start position:0% +non-larp type games um but that are + + + align:start position:0% +non-larp type games um but that are +played on the live action say + + align:start position:0% +played on the live action say + + + align:start position:0% +played on the live action say +trading simulations for instance often + + align:start position:0% +trading simulations for instance often + + + align:start position:0% +trading simulations for instance often +everyone's actually + + align:start position:0% +everyone's actually + + + align:start position:0% +everyone's actually +on the same team everyone's very very + + align:start position:0% +on the same team everyone's very very + + + align:start position:0% +on the same team everyone's very very +clear clearly working towards a common + + align:start position:0% +clear clearly working towards a common + + + align:start position:0% +clear clearly working towards a common +goal just given different roles + + align:start position:0% +goal just given different roles + + + align:start position:0% +goal just given different roles +um so uh for instance i + + align:start position:0% +um so uh for instance i + + + align:start position:0% +um so uh for instance i +i spent a couple of years in the army + + align:start position:0% +i spent a couple of years in the army + + + align:start position:0% +i spent a couple of years in the army +and we had a lot of live-action + + align:start position:0% +and we had a lot of live-action + + + align:start position:0% +and we had a lot of live-action +training simulations where yeah + + align:start position:0% +training simulations where yeah + + + align:start position:0% +training simulations where yeah +everyone's on the same team + + align:start position:0% +everyone's on the same team + + + align:start position:0% +everyone's on the same team +and then that there are instructors out + + align:start position:0% +and then that there are instructors out + + + align:start position:0% +and then that there are instructors out +there trying to make your life difficult + + align:start position:0% +there trying to make your life difficult + + + align:start position:0% +there trying to make your life difficult +sure + + align:start position:0% +sure + + + align:start position:0% +sure +but everybody that you are actually + + align:start position:0% +but everybody that you are actually + + + align:start position:0% +but everybody that you are actually +working with is + + align:start position:0% +working with is + + + align:start position:0% +working with is +communicating and and trying to do the + + align:start position:0% +communicating and and trying to do the + + + align:start position:0% +communicating and and trying to do the +best job that they can towards the + + align:start position:0% +best job that they can towards the + + + align:start position:0% +best job that they can towards the +common goal + + align:start position:0% +common goal + + + align:start position:0% +common goal +um has anyone gone through anything like + + align:start position:0% +um has anyone gone through anything like + + + align:start position:0% +um has anyone gone through anything like +like like like like a sort of simulated + + align:start position:0% +like like like like a sort of simulated + + + align:start position:0% +like like like like a sort of simulated +exercise or anything + + align:start position:0% +exercise or anything + + + align:start position:0% +exercise or anything +you know either an evacuation or you + + align:start position:0% +you know either an evacuation or you + + + align:start position:0% +you know either an evacuation or you +know like an emergency evacuation + + align:start position:0% +know like an emergency evacuation + + + align:start position:0% +know like an emergency evacuation +yeah do we all have fire deals no fire + + align:start position:0% +yeah do we all have fire deals no fire + + + align:start position:0% +yeah do we all have fire deals no fire +drugs okay all right that's a great + + align:start position:0% +drugs okay all right that's a great + + + align:start position:0% +drugs okay all right that's a great +problem everybody wants to get out of + + align:start position:0% +problem everybody wants to get out of + + + align:start position:0% +problem everybody wants to get out of +the building alive right without + + align:start position:0% +the building alive right without + + + align:start position:0% +the building alive right without +falling over sure that's i mean that's + + align:start position:0% +falling over sure that's i mean that's + + + align:start position:0% +falling over sure that's i mean that's +that's a great example yeah i took a + + align:start position:0% +that's a great example yeah i took a + + + align:start position:0% +that's a great example yeah i took a +leadership class last semester that did + + align:start position:0% +leadership class last semester that did + + + align:start position:0% +leadership class last semester that did +a lot of like + + align:start position:0% +a lot of like + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of like +like scenarios like that you and your + + align:start position:0% +like scenarios like that you and your + + + align:start position:0% +like scenarios like that you and your +team or you know + + align:start position:0% +team or you know + + + align:start position:0% +team or you know +a team in a company trying to design + + align:start position:0% +a team in a company trying to design + + + align:start position:0% +a team in a company trying to design +this product we had all these challenges + + align:start position:0% +this product we had all these challenges + + + align:start position:0% +this product we had all these challenges +it was + + align:start position:0% +it was + + + align:start position:0% +it was +like primarily intended to be + + align:start position:0% +like primarily intended to be + + + align:start position:0% +like primarily intended to be +cooperative but because like the class + + align:start position:0% +cooperative but because like the class + + + align:start position:0% +cooperative but because like the class +was being built multiple groups and so + + align:start position:0% +was being built multiple groups and so + + + align:start position:0% +was being built multiple groups and so +there's also like an element of like + + align:start position:0% +there's also like an element of like + + + align:start position:0% +there's also like an element of like +competition against the other teams to + + align:start position:0% +competition against the other teams to + + + align:start position:0% +competition against the other teams to +come up with like + + align:start position:0% +come up with like + + + align:start position:0% +come up with like +the best solution do you do you compete + + align:start position:0% +the best solution do you do you compete + + + align:start position:0% +the best solution do you do you compete +with the other teams + + align:start position:0% +with the other teams + + + align:start position:0% +with the other teams +for them do you feel like you're in + + align:start position:0% +for them do you feel like you're in + + + align:start position:0% +for them do you feel like you're in +competition with the other teams + + align:start position:0% +competition with the other teams + + + align:start position:0% +competition with the other teams +uh while you're making your decisions + + align:start position:0% +uh while you're making your decisions + + + align:start position:0% +uh while you're making your decisions +or is it really just like right at the + + align:start position:0% +or is it really just like right at the + + + align:start position:0% +or is it really just like right at the +end when you present everything + + align:start position:0% +end when you present everything + + + align:start position:0% +end when you present everything +mostly right at the end but there were + + align:start position:0% +mostly right at the end but there were + + + align:start position:0% +mostly right at the end but there were +certain ones where like you know + + align:start position:0% +certain ones where like you know + + + align:start position:0% +certain ones where like you know +um like you had like a like a shop and + + align:start position:0% +um like you had like a like a shop and + + + align:start position:0% +um like you had like a like a shop and +there were like pieces you could get + + align:start position:0% +there were like pieces you could get + + + align:start position:0% +there were like pieces you could get +while you were waiting in line to get + + align:start position:0% +while you were waiting in line to get + + + align:start position:0% +while you were waiting in line to get +different pieces like + + align:start position:0% +different pieces like + + + align:start position:0% +different pieces like +you were kind of like scoping out all + + align:start position:0% +you were kind of like scoping out all + + + align:start position:0% +you were kind of like scoping out all +the other groups you're doing okay + + align:start position:0% +the other groups you're doing okay + + + align:start position:0% +the other groups you're doing okay +and part of it was because like it was + + align:start position:0% +and part of it was because like it was + + + align:start position:0% +and part of it was because like it was +the same groups all semester + + align:start position:0% +the same groups all semester + + + align:start position:0% +the same groups all semester +it kind of like you know even if there + + align:start position:0% +it kind of like you know even if there + + + align:start position:0% +it kind of like you know even if there +wasn't any + + align:start position:0% +wasn't any + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't any +like um like sense of competition + + align:start position:0% +like um like sense of competition + + + align:start position:0% +like um like sense of competition +between groups at first like because + + align:start position:0% +between groups at first like because + + + align:start position:0% +between groups at first like because +over the entire semester you were like + + align:start position:0% +over the entire semester you were like + + + align:start position:0% +over the entire semester you were like +working with the same team + + align:start position:0% +working with the same team + + + align:start position:0% +working with the same team +yeah you kind of developed yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah you kind of developed yeah yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah you kind of developed yeah yeah +i i've been in similar exercises mostly + + align:start position:0% +i i've been in similar exercises mostly + + + align:start position:0% +i i've been in similar exercises mostly +in school as well + + align:start position:0% +in school as well + + + align:start position:0% +in school as well +yeah could just go as simple as just + + align:start position:0% +yeah could just go as simple as just + + + align:start position:0% +yeah could just go as simple as just +like playing lava + + align:start position:0% +like playing lava + + + align:start position:0% +like playing lava +when you're like three years old and you + + align:start position:0% +when you're like three years old and you + + + align:start position:0% +when you're like three years old and you +can't touch the ground and just get from + + align:start position:0% +can't touch the ground and just get from + + + align:start position:0% +can't touch the ground and just get from +one end of the room to the other without + + align:start position:0% +one end of the room to the other without + + + align:start position:0% +one end of the room to the other without +ever touching the ground + + align:start position:0% +ever touching the ground + + + align:start position:0% +ever touching the ground +jump pillow pillow or something well + + align:start position:0% +jump pillow pillow or something well + + + align:start position:0% +jump pillow pillow or something well +let's see i guess it's entirely + + align:start position:0% +let's see i guess it's entirely + + + align:start position:0% +let's see i guess it's entirely +cooperative i guess it is + + align:start position:0% +cooperative i guess it is + + + align:start position:0% +cooperative i guess it is +player versus gravity pretty much + + align:start position:0% +player versus gravity pretty much + + + align:start position:0% +player versus gravity pretty much +right you know uh and + + align:start position:0% +right you know uh and + + + align:start position:0% +right you know uh and +and yeah i mean it depends on whether + + align:start position:0% +and yeah i mean it depends on whether + + + align:start position:0% +and yeah i mean it depends on whether +your goal is to be the last person + + align:start position:0% +your goal is to be the last person + + + align:start position:0% +your goal is to be the last person +standing + + align:start position:0% +standing + + + align:start position:0% +standing +which does become a competitive game + + align:start position:0% +which does become a competitive game + + + align:start position:0% +which does become a competitive game +sure but in the one way you're just + + align:start position:0% +sure but in the one way you're just + + + align:start position:0% +sure but in the one way you're just +trying to get from one side of the room + + align:start position:0% +trying to get from one side of the room + + + align:start position:0% +trying to get from one side of the room +to the other or something like that yeah + + align:start position:0% +to the other or something like that yeah + + + align:start position:0% +to the other or something like that yeah +and you're working together yeah yeah if + + align:start position:0% +and you're working together yeah yeah if + + + align:start position:0% +and you're working together yeah yeah if +you're all working + + align:start position:0% +you're all working + + + align:start position:0% +you're all working +together then i would say that is a + + align:start position:0% +together then i would say that is a + + + align:start position:0% +together then i would say that is a +purely a a purely cooperative game and + + align:start position:0% +purely a a purely cooperative game and + + + align:start position:0% +purely a a purely cooperative game and +the rules are fairly simple + + align:start position:0% +the rules are fairly simple + + + align:start position:0% +the rules are fairly simple +just don't fall off the pillows which + + align:start position:0% +just don't fall off the pillows which + + + align:start position:0% +just don't fall off the pillows which +are unstable + + align:start position:0% +are unstable + + + align:start position:0% +are unstable +um and uh yeah and that's very different + + align:start position:0% +um and uh yeah and that's very different + + + align:start position:0% +um and uh yeah and that's very different +from having different roles everybody + + align:start position:0% +from having different roles everybody + + + align:start position:0% +from having different roles everybody +has the same role everybody's just put + + align:start position:0% +has the same role everybody's just put + + + align:start position:0% +has the same role everybody's just put +in a + + align:start position:0% +in a + + + align:start position:0% +in a +situation where they can't accomplish + + align:start position:0% +situation where they can't accomplish + + + align:start position:0% +situation where they can't accomplish +much on their own but they could do + + align:start position:0% +much on their own but they could do + + + align:start position:0% +much on their own but they could do +quite a lot + + align:start position:0% +quite a lot + + + align:start position:0% +quite a lot +if they if they pull it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right because i three years older than + + align:start position:0% +right because i three years older than + + + align:start position:0% +right because i three years older than +her when we were five years old i could + + align:start position:0% +her when we were five years old i could + + + align:start position:0% +her when we were five years old i could +jump significantly further than her + + align:start position:0% +jump significantly further than her + + + align:start position:0% +jump significantly further than her +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +okay so i kind of put up some different + + align:start position:0% +okay so i kind of put up some different + + + align:start position:0% +okay so i kind of put up some different +roles there a little bit i mean she also + + align:start position:0% +roles there a little bit i mean she also + + + align:start position:0% +roles there a little bit i mean she also +has the lowest at no gravity + + align:start position:0% +has the lowest at no gravity + + + align:start position:0% +has the lowest at no gravity +i'm guessing then sure yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so you're playing with your sister + + align:start position:0% +so so you're playing with your sister + + + align:start position:0% +so so you're playing with your sister +yeah um so yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah um so yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah um so yeah +it's kind of interesting um i i don't + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of interesting um i i don't + + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of interesting um i i don't +actually + + align:start position:0% +actually + + + align:start position:0% +actually +like a lot of like creativity + + align:start position:0% +like a lot of like creativity + + + align:start position:0% +like a lot of like creativity +competitions where they put teams + + align:start position:0% +competitions where they put teams + + + align:start position:0% +competitions where they put teams +against each other + + align:start position:0% +against each other + + + align:start position:0% +against each other +um i understand that it does get people + + align:start position:0% +um i understand that it does get people + + + align:start position:0% +um i understand that it does get people +enthusiastic and engaged and + + align:start position:0% +enthusiastic and engaged and + + + align:start position:0% +enthusiastic and engaged and +and and try to end up and want to be + + align:start position:0% +and and try to end up and want to be + + + align:start position:0% +and and try to end up and want to be +able to do their best + + align:start position:0% +able to do their best + + + align:start position:0% +able to do their best +but discourages a lot of a lot of + + align:start position:0% +but discourages a lot of a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +but discourages a lot of a lot of +information sharing which could actually + + align:start position:0% +information sharing which could actually + + + align:start position:0% +information sharing which could actually +be better for learning in the pro + + align:start position:0% +be better for learning in the pro + + + align:start position:0% +be better for learning in the pro +uh in the process so like when we run + + align:start position:0% +uh in the process so like when we run + + + align:start position:0% +uh in the process so like when we run +game jams for instance + + align:start position:0% +game jams for instance + + + align:start position:0% +game jams for instance +we like a lot of game jams + + align:start position:0% +we like a lot of game jams + + + align:start position:0% +we like a lot of game jams +run by colleges will give out awards + + align:start position:0% +run by colleges will give out awards + + + align:start position:0% +run by colleges will give out awards +like they'll go + + align:start position:0% +like they'll go + + + align:start position:0% +like they'll go +they'll quite simply have prizes uh or + + align:start position:0% +they'll quite simply have prizes uh or + + + align:start position:0% +they'll quite simply have prizes uh or +people who win maximum applause or + + align:start position:0% +people who win maximum applause or + + + align:start position:0% +people who win maximum applause or +something like that + + align:start position:0% +something like that + + + align:start position:0% +something like that +i i think i think like we we we do give + + align:start position:0% +i i think i think like we we we do give + + + align:start position:0% +i i think i think like we we we do give +like verbal + + align:start position:0% +like verbal + + + align:start position:0% +like verbal +uh uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +making sure people share throughout the + + align:start position:0% +making sure people share throughout the + + + align:start position:0% +making sure people share throughout the +exercise as well and those are usually + + align:start position:0% +exercise as well and those are usually + + + align:start position:0% +exercise as well and those are usually +the shout outs that we've given yeah + + align:start position:0% +the shout outs that we've given yeah + + + align:start position:0% +the shout outs that we've given yeah +which is like these are the people who + + align:start position:0% +which is like these are the people who + + + align:start position:0% +which is like these are the people who +really helped + + align:start position:0% +really helped + + + align:start position:0% +really helped +other teams yeah and uh people who uh + + align:start position:0% +other teams yeah and uh people who uh + + + align:start position:0% +other teams yeah and uh people who uh +who + + align:start position:0% +who + + + align:start position:0% +who +well clearly a benefit to more than just + + align:start position:0% +well clearly a benefit to more than just + + + align:start position:0% +well clearly a benefit to more than just +their own project + + align:start position:0% +their own project + + + align:start position:0% +their own project +we will do those kinds of shout outs + + align:start position:0% +we will do those kinds of shout outs + + + align:start position:0% +we will do those kinds of shout outs +because for learning situations but + + align:start position:0% +because for learning situations but + + + align:start position:0% +because for learning situations but +for the course of course for competitive + + align:start position:0% +for the course of course for competitive + + + align:start position:0% +for the course of course for competitive +situations where + + align:start position:0% +situations where + + + align:start position:0% +situations where +you don't expect to be a lot of it to + + align:start position:0% +you don't expect to be a lot of it to + + + align:start position:0% +you don't expect to be a lot of it to +have a lot of income information sharing + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of income information sharing + + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of income information sharing +say + + align:start position:0% +say + + + align:start position:0% +say +um a school versus a school competition + + align:start position:0% +um a school versus a school competition + + + align:start position:0% +um a school versus a school competition +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +it could be math it could be sports it + + align:start position:0% +it could be math it could be sports it + + + align:start position:0% +it could be math it could be sports it +could be uh + + align:start position:0% +could be uh + + + align:start position:0% +could be uh +we're working on one right now which is + + align:start position:0% +we're working on one right now which is + + + align:start position:0% +we're working on one right now which is +space computation + + align:start position:0% +space computation + + + align:start position:0% +space computation +uh a satellite programming thing some of + + align:start position:0% +uh a satellite programming thing some of + + + align:start position:0% +uh a satellite programming thing some of +you might have seen evil + + align:start position:0% +you might have seen evil + + + align:start position:0% +you might have seen evil +about that when a lot of the schools + + align:start position:0% +about that when a lot of the schools + + + align:start position:0% +about that when a lot of the schools +that are working together + + align:start position:0% +that are working together + + + align:start position:0% +that are working together +are geographically separated they're + + align:start position:0% +are geographically separated they're + + + align:start position:0% +are geographically separated they're +like different countries probably + + align:start position:0% +like different countries probably + + + align:start position:0% +like different countries probably +speaking different languages + + align:start position:0% +speaking different languages + + + align:start position:0% +speaking different languages +so that may not be terribly much + + align:start position:0% +so that may not be terribly much + + + align:start position:0% +so that may not be terribly much +information + + align:start position:0% +information + + + align:start position:0% +information +sharing to begin with so and it makes + + align:start position:0% +sharing to begin with so and it makes + + + align:start position:0% +sharing to begin with so and it makes +sense that they're going to mostly share + + align:start position:0% +sense that they're going to mostly share + + + align:start position:0% +sense that they're going to mostly share +information with people + + align:start position:0% +information with people + + + align:start position:0% +information with people +that are geographically close to them so + + align:start position:0% +that are geographically close to them so + + + align:start position:0% +that are geographically close to them so +it is okay to sort of put them in + + align:start position:0% +it is okay to sort of put them in + + + align:start position:0% +it is okay to sort of put them in +competition + + align:start position:0% +competition + + + align:start position:0% +competition +with each other while expecting they're + + align:start position:0% +with each other while expecting they're + + + align:start position:0% +with each other while expecting they're +going to cooperate entirely within their + + align:start position:0% +going to cooperate entirely within their + + + align:start position:0% +going to cooperate entirely within their +own team + + align:start position:0% +own team + + + align:start position:0% +own team +but there is a deep wrinkle to that one + + align:start position:0% +but there is a deep wrinkle to that one + + + align:start position:0% +but there is a deep wrinkle to that one +which is + + align:start position:0% +which is + + + align:start position:0% +which is +when it gets to the final rounds uh + + align:start position:0% +when it gets to the final rounds uh + + + align:start position:0% +when it gets to the final rounds uh +three schools are put together + + align:start position:0% +three schools are put together + + + align:start position:0% +three schools are put together +and one school is always geographically + + align:start position:0% +and one school is always geographically + + + align:start position:0% +and one school is always geographically +separated from the other ones + + align:start position:0% +separated from the other ones + + + align:start position:0% +separated from the other ones +uh and that's to like give students an + + align:start position:0% +uh and that's to like give students an + + + align:start position:0% +uh and that's to like give students an +experience of what it's like to actually + + align:start position:0% +experience of what it's like to actually + + + align:start position:0% +experience of what it's like to actually +work on the space program + + align:start position:0% +work on the space program + + + align:start position:0% +work on the space program +right because you are working with + + align:start position:0% +right because you are working with + + + align:start position:0% +right because you are working with +different companies + + align:start position:0% +different companies + + + align:start position:0% +different companies +with which are you know writing code to + + align:start position:0% +with which are you know writing code to + + + align:start position:0% +with which are you know writing code to +all right on the same machine + + align:start position:0% +all right on the same machine + + + align:start position:0% +all right on the same machine +uh but and all trying to accomplish + + align:start position:0% +uh but and all trying to accomplish + + + align:start position:0% +uh but and all trying to accomplish +different problems and the problem that + + align:start position:0% +different problems and the problem that + + + align:start position:0% +different problems and the problem that +they're given is so fast + + align:start position:0% +they're given is so fast + + + align:start position:0% +they're given is so fast +and so difficult that one school you + + align:start position:0% +and so difficult that one school you + + + align:start position:0% +and so difficult that one school you +know + + align:start position:0% +know + + + align:start position:0% +know +one school could probably do a mediocre + + align:start position:0% +one school could probably do a mediocre + + + align:start position:0% +one school could probably do a mediocre +job on it but you need the resources of + + align:start position:0% +job on it but you need the resources of + + + align:start position:0% +job on it but you need the resources of +three schools + + align:start position:0% +three schools + + + align:start position:0% +three schools +and all the kids in three schools to be + + align:start position:0% +and all the kids in three schools to be + + + align:start position:0% +and all the kids in three schools to be +able to solve this this particular space + + align:start position:0% +able to solve this this particular space + + + align:start position:0% +able to solve this this particular space +problem so you need to communicate and + + align:start position:0% +problem so you need to communicate and + + + align:start position:0% +problem so you need to communicate and +you need to share + + align:start position:0% +you need to share + + + align:start position:0% +you need to share +and that's and and and and that's an + + align:start position:0% +and that's and and and and that's an + + + align:start position:0% +and that's and and and and that's an +an interesting phase of the game where + + align:start position:0% +an interesting phase of the game where + + + align:start position:0% +an interesting phase of the game where +again it's all about + + align:start position:0% +again it's all about + + + align:start position:0% +again it's all about +what are the limits on communication you + + align:start position:0% +what are the limits on communication you + + + align:start position:0% +what are the limits on communication you +know we've we talked about time we + + align:start position:0% +know we've we talked about time we + + + align:start position:0% +know we've we talked about time we +talked about + + align:start position:0% +talked about + + + align:start position:0% +talked about +physical distance being a limited + + align:start position:0% +physical distance being a limited + + + align:start position:0% +physical distance being a limited +communication what about things like + + align:start position:0% +communication what about things like + + + align:start position:0% +communication what about things like +language + + align:start position:0% +language + + + align:start position:0% +language +what about things like uh time zones for + + align:start position:0% +what about things like uh time zones for + + + align:start position:0% +what about things like uh time zones for +instance + + align:start position:0% +instance + + + align:start position:0% +instance +um all right so + + align:start position:0% +um all right so + + + align:start position:0% +um all right so +so are any of the games that you're + + align:start position:0% +so are any of the games that you're + + + align:start position:0% +so are any of the games that you're +making cooperative games i think + + align:start position:0% +making cooperative games i think + + + align:start position:0% +making cooperative games i think +i think they're all competitive in a way + + align:start position:0% +i think they're all competitive in a way + + + align:start position:0% +i think they're all competitive in a way +semi-cooperative the end goal is + + align:start position:0% +semi-cooperative the end goal is + + + align:start position:0% +semi-cooperative the end goal is +when you say competitive man i mean yeah + + align:start position:0% +when you say competitive man i mean yeah + + + align:start position:0% +when you say competitive man i mean yeah +in the end it's it's like a competitive + + align:start position:0% +in the end it's it's like a competitive + + + align:start position:0% +in the end it's it's like a competitive +thing but to achieve + + align:start position:0% +thing but to achieve + + + align:start position:0% +thing but to achieve +the most you can it will be cooperative + + align:start position:0% +the most you can it will be cooperative + + + align:start position:0% +the most you can it will be cooperative +okay is this is this the the baseline of + + align:start position:0% +okay is this is this the the baseline of + + + align:start position:0% +okay is this is this the the baseline of +english + + align:start position:0% +english + + + align:start position:0% +english +no it's interesting no + + align:start position:0% +no it's interesting no + + + align:start position:0% +no it's interesting no +well yes i was gonna say we're + + align:start position:0% +well yes i was gonna say we're + + + align:start position:0% +well yes i was gonna say we're +definitely cooperative but + + align:start position:0% +definitely cooperative but + + + align:start position:0% +definitely cooperative but +well two teams yeah oh it's + + align:start position:0% +well two teams yeah oh it's + + + align:start position:0% +well two teams yeah oh it's +it's two competitive teams yeah so so so + + align:start position:0% +it's two competitive teams yeah so so so + + + align:start position:0% +it's two competitive teams yeah so so so +you have cooperation within the team and + + align:start position:0% +you have cooperation within the team and + + + align:start position:0% +you have cooperation within the team and +competition between games and which game + + align:start position:0% +competition between games and which game + + + align:start position:0% +competition between games and which game +was the one that + + align:start position:0% +was the one that + + + align:start position:0% +was the one that +the ship cap yeah they should captain + + align:start position:0% +the ship cap yeah they should captain + + + align:start position:0% +the ship cap yeah they should captain +one right right record they're trying to + + align:start position:0% +one right right record they're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +one right right record they're trying to +put to put all this all this information + + align:start position:0% +put to put all this all this information + + + align:start position:0% +put to put all this all this information +together right + + align:start position:0% +together right + + + align:start position:0% +together right +so is that anything from the from matt's + + align:start position:0% +so is that anything from the from matt's + + + align:start position:0% +so is that anything from the from matt's +presentation + + align:start position:0% +presentation + + + align:start position:0% +presentation +that you might want to try out + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i really like his idea of uh just like + + align:start position:0% +i really like his idea of uh just like + + + align:start position:0% +i really like his idea of uh just like +small leveling kind of so he said he had + + align:start position:0% +small leveling kind of so he said he had + + + align:start position:0% +small leveling kind of so he said he had +three + + align:start position:0% +three + + + align:start position:0% +three +he gave the flow chart which i really + + align:start position:0% +he gave the flow chart which i really + + + align:start position:0% +he gave the flow chart which i really +liked all right right so + + align:start position:0% +liked all right right so + + + align:start position:0% +liked all right right so +you want to make it balance between + + align:start position:0% +you want to make it balance between + + + align:start position:0% +you want to make it balance between +players skill + + align:start position:0% +players skill + + + align:start position:0% +players skill +and game difficulty and if there's too + + align:start position:0% +and game difficulty and if there's too + + + align:start position:0% +and game difficulty and if there's too +much game difficulty too little player + + align:start position:0% +much game difficulty too little player + + + align:start position:0% +much game difficulty too little player +skill you have anxiety and if there's + + align:start position:0% +skill you have anxiety and if there's + + + align:start position:0% +skill you have anxiety and if there's +too + + align:start position:0% +too + + + align:start position:0% +too +much player skill and too little game to + + align:start position:0% +much player skill and too little game to + + + align:start position:0% +much player skill and too little game to +do important + + align:start position:0% +do important + + + align:start position:0% +do important +so he has like a basic version that he + + align:start position:0% +so he has like a basic version that he + + + align:start position:0% +so he has like a basic version that he +suggests you start with + + align:start position:0% +suggests you start with + + + align:start position:0% +suggests you start with +and then if you're a really good gamer + + align:start position:0% +and then if you're a really good gamer + + + align:start position:0% +and then if you're a really good gamer +you might move on to the normal version + + align:start position:0% +you might move on to the normal version + + + align:start position:0% +you might move on to the normal version +or the advanced version really quickly + + align:start position:0% +or the advanced version really quickly + + + align:start position:0% +or the advanced version really quickly +and at first i was like oh that's really + + align:start position:0% +and at first i was like oh that's really + + + align:start position:0% +and at first i was like oh that's really +complicated right three versions of + + align:start position:0% +complicated right three versions of + + + align:start position:0% +complicated right three versions of +games but he claims that he didn't and + + align:start position:0% +games but he claims that he didn't and + + + align:start position:0% +games but he claims that he didn't and +he just adds one card to the back + + align:start position:0% +he just adds one card to the back + + + align:start position:0% +he just adds one card to the back +yeah and that's how he changed the + + align:start position:0% +yeah and that's how he changed the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and that's how he changed the +different things and um + + align:start position:0% +different things and um + + + align:start position:0% +different things and um +uh there's another in forbidden + + align:start position:0% +uh there's another in forbidden + + + align:start position:0% +uh there's another in forbidden +island i believe the only change in + + align:start position:0% +island i believe the only change in + + + align:start position:0% +island i believe the only change in +difficulty is that + + align:start position:0% +difficulty is that + + + align:start position:0% +difficulty is that +you start the way how forbidden are the + + align:start position:0% +you start the way how forbidden are the + + + align:start position:0% +you start the way how forbidden are the +works is that you are on an island + + align:start position:0% +works is that you are on an island + + + align:start position:0% +works is that you are on an island +that's slowly sinking into the water + + align:start position:0% +that's slowly sinking into the water + + + align:start position:0% +that's slowly sinking into the water +and that is a water level marker so at a + + align:start position:0% +and that is a water level marker so at a + + + align:start position:0% +and that is a water level marker so at a +difficulty and by increasing difficulty + + align:start position:0% +difficulty and by increasing difficulty + + + align:start position:0% +difficulty and by increasing difficulty +you just + + align:start position:0% +you just + + + align:start position:0% +you just +i believe you just start at a higher + + align:start position:0% +i believe you just start at a higher + + + align:start position:0% +i believe you just start at a higher +level of water and + + align:start position:0% +level of water and + + + align:start position:0% +level of water and +more stuff is submerged at the beginning + + align:start position:0% +more stuff is submerged at the beginning + + + align:start position:0% +more stuff is submerged at the beginning +game but the rules don't change + + align:start position:0% +game but the rules don't change + + + align:start position:0% +game but the rules don't change +and if you're going to try to do + + align:start position:0% +and if you're going to try to do + + + align:start position:0% +and if you're going to try to do +something like that in your game + + align:start position:0% +something like that in your game + + + align:start position:0% +something like that in your game +i would certainly encourage you to think + + align:start position:0% +i would certainly encourage you to think + + + align:start position:0% +i would certainly encourage you to think +of difficulty level in that way + + align:start position:0% +of difficulty level in that way + + + align:start position:0% +of difficulty level in that way +don't give us like here are the simple + + align:start position:0% +don't give us like here are the simple + + + align:start position:0% +don't give us like here are the simple +set of rules for simple players and the + + align:start position:0% +set of rules for simple players and the + + + align:start position:0% +set of rules for simple players and the +advanced set of rules for advanced + + align:start position:0% +advanced set of rules for advanced + + + align:start position:0% +advanced set of rules for advanced +players + + align:start position:0% +players + + + align:start position:0% +players +don't don't do that change change things + + align:start position:0% +don't don't do that change change things + + + align:start position:0% +don't don't do that change change things +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +um like just restarting conditions + + align:start position:0% +um like just restarting conditions + + + align:start position:0% +um like just restarting conditions +so that i wouldn't encourage you to + + align:start position:0% +so that i wouldn't encourage you to + + + align:start position:0% +so that i wouldn't encourage you to +change like individual variables in your + + align:start position:0% +change like individual variables in your + + + align:start position:0% +change like individual variables in your +game because that might be too + + align:start position:0% +game because that might be too + + + align:start position:0% +game because that might be too +complicated to get across + + align:start position:0% +complicated to get across + + + align:start position:0% +complicated to get across +uh but things like setup that's okay you + + align:start position:0% +uh but things like setup that's okay you + + + align:start position:0% +uh but things like setup that's okay you +once you've got the whole game set up + + align:start position:0% +once you've got the whole game set up + + + align:start position:0% +once you've got the whole game set up +at a corrective level you don't have to + + align:start position:0% +at a corrective level you don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +at a corrective level you don't have to +worry about the differences between + + align:start position:0% +worry about the differences between + + + align:start position:0% +worry about the differences between +setup for easy or set up + + align:start position:0% +setup for easy or set up + + + align:start position:0% +setup for easy or set up +or hard giving people extra options for + + align:start position:0% +or hard giving people extra options for + + + align:start position:0% +or hard giving people extra options for +instance by giving them the + + align:start position:0% +instance by giving them the + + + align:start position:0% +instance by giving them the +extra cards and stuff like that could + + align:start position:0% +extra cards and stuff like that could + + + align:start position:0% +extra cards and stuff like that could +also be a good way to be able to just + + align:start position:0% +also be a good way to be able to just + + + align:start position:0% +also be a good way to be able to just +consistently + + align:start position:0% +consistently + + + align:start position:0% +consistently +change the level of capability + + align:start position:0% +change the level of capability + + + align:start position:0% +change the level of capability +throughout the game + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the stuff that he was talking about + + align:start position:0% +the stuff that he was talking about + + + align:start position:0% +the stuff that he was talking about +co-operative competitive he just talks a + + align:start position:0% +co-operative competitive he just talks a + + + align:start position:0% +co-operative competitive he just talks a +lot about + + align:start position:0% +lot about + + + align:start position:0% +lot about +what it was like to design in his first + + align:start position:0% +what it was like to design in his first + + + align:start position:0% +what it was like to design in his first +world game you know i + + align:start position:0% +world game you know i + + + align:start position:0% +world game you know i +i i believe i i i believe he stated that + + align:start position:0% +i i believe i i i believe he stated that + + + align:start position:0% +i i believe i i i believe he stated that +that was his first more game definitely + + align:start position:0% +that was his first more game definitely + + + align:start position:0% +that was his first more game definitely +his first published party + + align:start position:0% +his first published party + + + align:start position:0% +his first published party +which was kind of pens first ones fish + + align:start position:0% +which was kind of pens first ones fish + + + align:start position:0% +which was kind of pens first ones fish +and chips + + align:start position:0% +and chips + + + align:start position:0% +and chips +oh yeah all right fish and chips that's + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah all right fish and chips that's + + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah all right fish and chips that's +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +oh wait i just got that joke wow + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so so um but it but but + + align:start position:0% +so so so um but it but but + + + align:start position:0% +so so so um but it but but +hey anyone observant or hear anything + + align:start position:0% +hey anyone observant or hear anything + + + align:start position:0% +hey anyone observant or hear anything +interesting from that one from from + + align:start position:0% +interesting from that one from from + + + align:start position:0% +interesting from that one from from +their stuff he was talking outside of + + align:start position:0% +their stuff he was talking outside of + + + align:start position:0% +their stuff he was talking outside of +the cooperative and competitive + + align:start position:0% +the cooperative and competitive + + + align:start position:0% +the cooperative and competitive +cooperative game design you mean just + + align:start position:0% +cooperative game design you mean just + + + align:start position:0% +cooperative game design you mean just +something interesting about that talk + + align:start position:0% +something interesting about that talk + + + align:start position:0% +something interesting about that talk +yeah anything else that was interesting + + align:start position:0% +yeah anything else that was interesting + + + align:start position:0% +yeah anything else that was interesting +because i think i've been asking you + + align:start position:0% +because i think i've been asking you + + + align:start position:0% +because i think i've been asking you +questions specifically on + + align:start position:0% +questions specifically on + + + align:start position:0% +questions specifically on +his his thoughts on cooperatives right + + align:start position:0% +his his thoughts on cooperatives right + + + align:start position:0% +his his thoughts on cooperatives right +but that's all but + + align:start position:0% +but that's all but + + + align:start position:0% +but that's all but +but you know that's only part of his + + align:start position:0% +but you know that's only part of his + + + align:start position:0% +but you know that's only part of his +talk that's not his whole talk so so i + + align:start position:0% +talk that's not his whole talk so so i + + + align:start position:0% +talk that's not his whole talk so so i +was wondering + + align:start position:0% +was wondering + + + align:start position:0% +was wondering +if i was just wondering if anyone + + align:start position:0% +if i was just wondering if anyone + + + align:start position:0% +if i was just wondering if anyone +noticed anything interesting + + align:start position:0% +noticed anything interesting + + + align:start position:0% +noticed anything interesting +i think she said he mentioned ameritrash + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah and then when i looked online it + + align:start position:0% +yeah and then when i looked online it + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and then when i looked online it +seemed + + align:start position:0% +seemed + + + align:start position:0% +seemed +to be either something + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's one of those almost invented + + align:start position:0% +it's one of those almost invented + + + align:start position:0% +it's one of those almost invented +um internet forum arguments + + align:start position:0% +um internet forum arguments + + + align:start position:0% +um internet forum arguments +i guess but it's one that that i mean + + align:start position:0% +i guess but it's one that that i mean + + + align:start position:0% +i guess but it's one that that i mean +this is like modelology and dermatology + + align:start position:0% +this is like modelology and dermatology + + + align:start position:0% +this is like modelology and dermatology +and mainly + + align:start position:0% +and mainly + + + align:start position:0% +and mainly +like that's that's another one where + + align:start position:0% +like that's that's another one where + + + align:start position:0% +like that's that's another one where +like that's the sort of thing that you + + align:start position:0% +like that's the sort of thing that you + + + align:start position:0% +like that's the sort of thing that you +say + + align:start position:0% +say + + + align:start position:0% +say +now just to make people roll their eyes + + align:start position:0% +now just to make people roll their eyes + + + align:start position:0% +now just to make people roll their eyes +at you + + align:start position:0% +at you + + + align:start position:0% +at you +uh but back in the 90s i guess it was + + align:start position:0% +uh but back in the 90s i guess it was + + + align:start position:0% +uh but back in the 90s i guess it was +the biggest thing + + align:start position:0% +the biggest thing + + + align:start position:0% +the biggest thing +it was like it was like our games about + + align:start position:0% +it was like it was like our games about + + + align:start position:0% +it was like it was like our games about +the systems or + + align:start position:0% +the systems or + + + align:start position:0% +the systems or +games about the stories you know the + + align:start position:0% +games about the stories you know the + + + align:start position:0% +games about the stories you know the +whole thing was just that + + align:start position:0% +whole thing was just that + + + align:start position:0% +whole thing was just that +and and it was people you know sort of + + align:start position:0% +and and it was people you know sort of + + + align:start position:0% +and and it was people you know sort of +arguing past each other + + align:start position:0% +arguing past each other + + + align:start position:0% +arguing past each other +not actually wanting to talk to each + + align:start position:0% +not actually wanting to talk to each + + + align:start position:0% +not actually wanting to talk to each +other just shouting just wanting to + + align:start position:0% +other just shouting just wanting to + + + align:start position:0% +other just shouting just wanting to +shout out of each other about that + + align:start position:0% +shout out of each other about that + + + align:start position:0% +shout out of each other about that +american trash and euro games are one of + + align:start position:0% +american trash and euro games are one of + + + align:start position:0% +american trash and euro games are one of +those things clearly + + align:start position:0% +those things clearly + + + align:start position:0% +those things clearly +from from from the description of + + align:start position:0% +from from from the description of + + + align:start position:0% +from from from the description of +american trash + + align:start position:0% +american trash + + + align:start position:0% +american trash +you can sort of expect that the people + + align:start position:0% +you can sort of expect that the people + + + align:start position:0% +you can sort of expect that the people +who like euro games + + align:start position:0% +who like euro games + + + align:start position:0% +who like euro games +gave it that turn right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the big problems with the ameritrash + + align:start position:0% +the big problems with the ameritrash + + + align:start position:0% +the big problems with the ameritrash +games were the milton bradley game + + align:start position:0% +games were the milton bradley game + + + align:start position:0% +games were the milton bradley game +makers games i think they were called + + align:start position:0% +makers games i think they were called + + + align:start position:0% +makers games i think they were called +game makers or team masters + + align:start position:0% +game makers or team masters + + + align:start position:0% +game makers or team masters +series in the mid 80s like access + + align:start position:0% +series in the mid 80s like access + + + align:start position:0% +series in the mid 80s like access +access and allies uh there's another + + align:start position:0% +access and allies uh there's another + + + align:start position:0% +access and allies uh there's another +empire one the games with a board + + align:start position:0% +empire one the games with a board + + + align:start position:0% +empire one the games with a board +lots of little plastic pieces um where + + align:start position:0% +lots of little plastic pieces um where + + + align:start position:0% +lots of little plastic pieces um where +there's just a lot of like + + align:start position:0% +there's just a lot of like + + + align:start position:0% +there's just a lot of like +detail given to the injection molding on + + align:start position:0% +detail given to the injection molding on + + + align:start position:0% +detail given to the injection molding on +the on the + + align:start position:0% +the on the + + + align:start position:0% +the on the +pieces rather than the system like + + align:start position:0% +pieces rather than the system like + + + align:start position:0% +pieces rather than the system like +that's where the + + align:start position:0% +that's where the + + + align:start position:0% +that's where the +that's where it was thought the money + + align:start position:0% +that's where it was thought the money + + + align:start position:0% +that's where it was thought the money +was spent whereas + + align:start position:0% +was spent whereas + + + align:start position:0% +was spent whereas +your game is well it's little wooden + + align:start position:0% +your game is well it's little wooden + + + align:start position:0% +your game is well it's little wooden +cubes + + align:start position:0% +cubes + + + align:start position:0% +cubes +not much steam going on and so the + + align:start position:0% +not much steam going on and so the + + + align:start position:0% +not much steam going on and so the +system has more refill + + align:start position:0% +system has more refill + + + align:start position:0% +system has more refill +for the the amount of attention and + + align:start position:0% +for the the amount of attention and + + + align:start position:0% +for the the amount of attention and +details + + align:start position:0% +details + + + align:start position:0% +details +on it there is a lower cost version + + align:start position:0% +on it there is a lower cost version + + + align:start position:0% +on it there is a lower cost version +that is along those same lines the merit + + align:start position:0% +that is along those same lines the merit + + + align:start position:0% +that is along those same lines the merit +trash is a lot about + + align:start position:0% +trash is a lot about + + + align:start position:0% +trash is a lot about +presentation right yeah this is just um + + align:start position:0% +presentation right yeah this is just um + + + align:start position:0% +presentation right yeah this is just um +so um + + align:start position:0% +so um + + + align:start position:0% +so um +a lot of uh i'm trying to think uh + + align:start position:0% +a lot of uh i'm trying to think uh + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of uh i'm trying to think uh +munchkin anyone playing munchkin yeah + + align:start position:0% +munchkin anyone playing munchkin yeah + + + align:start position:0% +munchkin anyone playing munchkin yeah +okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so +you know this card game about sort of + + align:start position:0% +you know this card game about sort of + + + align:start position:0% +you know this card game about sort of +dungeon crawling + + align:start position:0% +dungeon crawling + + + align:start position:0% +dungeon crawling +being really bad role-playing gamers and + + align:start position:0% +being really bad role-playing gamers and + + + align:start position:0% +being really bad role-playing gamers and +it's all about the art it's all about + + align:start position:0% +it's all about the art it's all about + + + align:start position:0% +it's all about the art it's all about +funny text that they've + + align:start position:0% +funny text that they've + + + align:start position:0% +funny text that they've +written it's not necessarily about cool + + align:start position:0% +written it's not necessarily about cool + + + align:start position:0% +written it's not necessarily about cool +looking pieces but it's about + + align:start position:0% +looking pieces but it's about + + + align:start position:0% +looking pieces but it's about +cool-looking cards + + align:start position:0% +cool-looking cards + + + align:start position:0% +cool-looking cards +that you can laugh with you know while + + align:start position:0% +that you can laugh with you know while + + + align:start position:0% +that you can laugh with you know while +you're playing the game but the game + + align:start position:0% +you're playing the game but the game + + + align:start position:0% +you're playing the game but the game +system itself + + align:start position:0% +system itself + + + align:start position:0% +system itself +it's kind of messy actually not that + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of messy actually not that + + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of messy actually not that +interesting um + + align:start position:0% +interesting um + + + align:start position:0% +interesting um +i might call magic and magically + + align:start position:0% +i might call magic and magically + + + align:start position:0% +i might call magic and magically +gathering + + align:start position:0% +gathering + + + align:start position:0% +gathering +sort of traits and the same sort of + + align:start position:0% +sort of traits and the same sort of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of traits and the same sort of +thing is like it just right we're just + + align:start position:0% +thing is like it just right we're just + + + align:start position:0% +thing is like it just right we're just +going to layer complexity on top of + + align:start position:0% +going to layer complexity on top of + + + align:start position:0% +going to layer complexity on top of +complexity and common conflict there is + + align:start position:0% +complexity and common conflict there is + + + align:start position:0% +complexity and common conflict there is +very little elegance right of course + + align:start position:0% +very little elegance right of course + + + align:start position:0% +very little elegance right of course +every once in a while they strip it out + + align:start position:0% +every once in a while they strip it out + + + align:start position:0% +every once in a while they strip it out +and then + + align:start position:0% +and then + + + align:start position:0% +and then +it becomes a pretty elegant system and + + align:start position:0% +it becomes a pretty elegant system and + + + align:start position:0% +it becomes a pretty elegant system and +they keep adding stuff on top of the big + + align:start position:0% +they keep adding stuff on top of the big + + + align:start position:0% +they keep adding stuff on top of the big +thing + + align:start position:0% +thing + + + align:start position:0% +thing +that's because that's how the business + + align:start position:0% +that's because that's how the business + + + align:start position:0% +that's because that's how the business +model works so + + align:start position:0% +model works so + + + align:start position:0% +model works so +i guess like my big question about that + + align:start position:0% +i guess like my big question about that + + + align:start position:0% +i guess like my big question about that +is how is that marriage different from + + align:start position:0% +is how is that marriage different from + + + align:start position:0% +is how is that marriage different from +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +theme games like monopoly not that + + align:start position:0% +theme games like monopoly not that + + + align:start position:0% +theme games like monopoly not that +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +it is a more derogatory term but + + align:start position:0% +it is a more derogatory term but + + + align:start position:0% +it is a more derogatory term but +i think when it comes to stuff that's + + align:start position:0% +i think when it comes to stuff that's + + + align:start position:0% +i think when it comes to stuff that's +really old + + align:start position:0% +really old + + + align:start position:0% +really old +like monopoly um + + align:start position:0% +like monopoly um + + + align:start position:0% +like monopoly um +there is still there's a limited level + + align:start position:0% +there is still there's a limited level + + + align:start position:0% +there is still there's a limited level +of presentation you could possibly + + align:start position:0% +of presentation you could possibly + + + align:start position:0% +of presentation you could possibly +achieve + + align:start position:0% +achieve + + + align:start position:0% +achieve +with you know traditional manufacturing + + align:start position:0% +with you know traditional manufacturing + + + align:start position:0% +with you know traditional manufacturing +and by the time + + align:start position:0% +and by the time + + + align:start position:0% +and by the time +these terms the very trash had showed up + + align:start position:0% +these terms the very trash had showed up + + + align:start position:0% +these terms the very trash had showed up +games like monopoly + + align:start position:0% +games like monopoly + + + align:start position:0% +games like monopoly +and clue and all that had already like + + align:start position:0% +and clue and all that had already like + + + align:start position:0% +and clue and all that had already like +got been shrunk down into budget + + align:start position:0% +got been shrunk down into budget + + + align:start position:0% +got been shrunk down into budget +versions right and it was like + + align:start position:0% +versions right and it was like + + + align:start position:0% +versions right and it was like +you're no longer getting metal pieces + + align:start position:0% +you're no longer getting metal pieces + + + align:start position:0% +you're no longer getting metal pieces +you're getting like no plastic + + align:start position:0% +you're getting like no plastic + + + align:start position:0% +you're getting like no plastic +plastic pieces that barely look like the + + align:start position:0% +plastic pieces that barely look like the + + + align:start position:0% +plastic pieces that barely look like the +dog or the hat + + align:start position:0% +dog or the hat + + + align:start position:0% +dog or the hat +that they're supposed to be um + + align:start position:0% +that they're supposed to be um + + + align:start position:0% +that they're supposed to be um +games like battleship where it's like + + align:start position:0% +games like battleship where it's like + + + align:start position:0% +games like battleship where it's like +the whole idea is that it's not really + + align:start position:0% +the whole idea is that it's not really + + + align:start position:0% +the whole idea is that it's not really +like the battleship kit + + align:start position:0% +like the battleship kit + + + align:start position:0% +like the battleship kit +looks nice it's just that it's small + + align:start position:0% +looks nice it's just that it's small + + + align:start position:0% +looks nice it's just that it's small +portable and easy to manufacture and + + align:start position:0% +portable and easy to manufacture and + + + align:start position:0% +portable and easy to manufacture and +people grew up in battleship and those + + align:start position:0% +people grew up in battleship and those + + + align:start position:0% +people grew up in battleship and those +games are being sold on + + align:start position:0% +games are being sold on + + + align:start position:0% +games are being sold on +a completely different premise because + + align:start position:0% +a completely different premise because + + + align:start position:0% +a completely different premise because +those games are primarily nostalgic + + align:start position:0% +those games are primarily nostalgic + + + align:start position:0% +those games are primarily nostalgic +games + + align:start position:0% +games + + + align:start position:0% +games +those games are games that you bought + + align:start position:0% +those games are games that you bought + + + align:start position:0% +those games are games that you bought +because you played them at one point of + + align:start position:0% +because you played them at one point of + + + align:start position:0% +because you played them at one point of +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +but i think ameritrash was mostly used + + align:start position:0% +but i think ameritrash was mostly used + + + align:start position:0% +but i think ameritrash was mostly used +to brand a certain kind of game that + + align:start position:0% +to brand a certain kind of game that + + + align:start position:0% +to brand a certain kind of game that +you'd be + + align:start position:0% +you'd be + + + align:start position:0% +you'd be +buying because you want to play for the + + align:start position:0% +buying because you want to play for the + + + align:start position:0% +buying because you want to play for the +first time like you know munchkin that + + align:start position:0% +first time like you know munchkin that + + + align:start position:0% +first time like you know munchkin that +you buy for + + align:start position:0% +you buy for + + + align:start position:0% +you buy for +to do to play with with a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +to do to play with with a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +to do to play with with a bunch of +friends + + align:start position:0% +friends + + + align:start position:0% +friends +often published by companies that either + + align:start position:0% +often published by companies that either + + + align:start position:0% +often published by companies that either +had a war gaming background + + align:start position:0% +had a war gaming background + + + align:start position:0% +had a war gaming background +or a role-playing role-playing book + + align:start position:0% +or a role-playing role-playing book + + + align:start position:0% +or a role-playing role-playing book +kind of background like steve jackson + + align:start position:0% +kind of background like steve jackson + + + align:start position:0% +kind of background like steve jackson +for instance + + align:start position:0% +for instance + + + align:start position:0% +for instance +because their use actually i believe + + align:start position:0% +because their use actually i believe + + + align:start position:0% +because their use actually i believe +was it actually i i'm not sure if this + + align:start position:0% +was it actually i i'm not sure if this + + + align:start position:0% +was it actually i i'm not sure if this +came up in class but this is this is + + align:start position:0% +came up in class but this is this is + + + align:start position:0% +came up in class but this is this is +something + + align:start position:0% +something + + + align:start position:0% +something +uh that i remember hearing recently the + + align:start position:0% +uh that i remember hearing recently the + + + align:start position:0% +uh that i remember hearing recently the +idea of the game + + align:start position:0% +idea of the game + + + align:start position:0% +idea of the game +writer you know what what what is this + + align:start position:0% +writer you know what what what is this + + + align:start position:0% +writer you know what what what is this +about people + + align:start position:0% +about people + + + align:start position:0% +about people +yeah um mac was talking oh yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah um mac was talking oh yeah yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah um mac was talking oh yeah yeah +writer versus inventor + + align:start position:0% +writer versus inventor + + + align:start position:0% +writer versus inventor +versus designer right so so the idea + + align:start position:0% +versus designer right so so the idea + + + align:start position:0% +versus designer right so so the idea +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +that games were things that you would + + align:start position:0% +that games were things that you would + + + align:start position:0% +that games were things that you would +write comes out from + + align:start position:0% +write comes out from + + + align:start position:0% +write comes out from +the role-playing game industry where + + align:start position:0% +the role-playing game industry where + + + align:start position:0% +the role-playing game industry where +prime their primary + + align:start position:0% +prime their primary + + + align:start position:0% +prime their primary +their primary product were books and + + align:start position:0% +their primary product were books and + + + align:start position:0% +their primary product were books and +sure the books + + align:start position:0% +sure the books + + + align:start position:0% +sure the books +included descriptions of systems but if + + align:start position:0% +included descriptions of systems but if + + + align:start position:0% +included descriptions of systems but if +prose + + align:start position:0% +prose + + + align:start position:0% +prose +is your tool to be able to get things + + align:start position:0% +is your tool to be able to get things + + + align:start position:0% +is your tool to be able to get things +across you're going to try to use pros + + align:start position:0% +across you're going to try to use pros + + + align:start position:0% +across you're going to try to use pros +for the things that process good at + + align:start position:0% +for the things that process good at + + + align:start position:0% +for the things that process good at +or things like creating atmosphere by + + align:start position:0% +or things like creating atmosphere by + + + align:start position:0% +or things like creating atmosphere by +you know or + + align:start position:0% +you know or + + + align:start position:0% +you know or +setting uh giving you exquisite detail + + align:start position:0% +setting uh giving you exquisite detail + + + align:start position:0% +setting uh giving you exquisite detail +about the setting of a world or + + align:start position:0% +about the setting of a world or + + + align:start position:0% +about the setting of a world or +characters + + align:start position:0% +characters + + + align:start position:0% +characters +and things like that um + + align:start position:0% +and things like that um + + + align:start position:0% +and things like that um +whereas the eurogames syste things were + + align:start position:0% +whereas the eurogames syste things were + + + align:start position:0% +whereas the eurogames syste things were +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +the the your games were originally + + align:start position:0% +the the your games were originally + + + align:start position:0% +the the your games were originally +designed for + + align:start position:0% +designed for + + + align:start position:0% +designed for +quite a different market from the role + + align:start position:0% +quite a different market from the role + + + align:start position:0% +quite a different market from the role +play uh + + align:start position:0% +play uh + + + align:start position:0% +play uh +traditional role-playing games are + + align:start position:0% +traditional role-playing games are + + + align:start position:0% +traditional role-playing games are +designed for enthusiasts + + align:start position:0% +designed for enthusiasts + + + align:start position:0% +designed for enthusiasts +euro games are designed for christmas + + align:start position:0% +euro games are designed for christmas + + + align:start position:0% +euro games are designed for christmas +presents very specifically they are + + align:start position:0% +presents very specifically they are + + + align:start position:0% +presents very specifically they are +designed to sell + + align:start position:0% +designed to sell + + + align:start position:0% +designed to sell +lots and lots and lots of coffees and + + align:start position:0% +lots and lots and lots of coffees and + + + align:start position:0% +lots and lots and lots of coffees and +crystals for + + align:start position:0% +crystals for + + + align:start position:0% +crystals for +two families so not only have the + + align:start position:0% +two families so not only have the + + + align:start position:0% +two families so not only have the +systems have to be simple enough + + align:start position:0% +systems have to be simple enough + + + align:start position:0% +systems have to be simple enough +for kids to be able to learn but also + + align:start position:0% +for kids to be able to learn but also + + + align:start position:0% +for kids to be able to learn but also +advanced enough + + align:start position:0% +advanced enough + + + align:start position:0% +advanced enough +for the adults to be able to want to + + align:start position:0% +for the adults to be able to want to + + + align:start position:0% +for the adults to be able to want to +play them and give them away + + align:start position:0% +play them and give them away + + + align:start position:0% +play them and give them away +as gifts to other people um + + align:start position:0% +as gifts to other people um + + + align:start position:0% +as gifts to other people um +and so so there's a lot of attention + + align:start position:0% +and so so there's a lot of attention + + + align:start position:0% +and so so there's a lot of attention +paid to like simple rules + + align:start position:0% +paid to like simple rules + + + align:start position:0% +paid to like simple rules +very very complex interactions + + align:start position:0% +very very complex interactions + + + align:start position:0% +very very complex interactions +and i i don't know what's the + + align:start position:0% +and i i don't know what's the + + + align:start position:0% +and i i don't know what's the +uh the push towards um the simplicity of + + align:start position:0% +uh the push towards um the simplicity of + + + align:start position:0% +uh the push towards um the simplicity of +the pieces + + align:start position:0% +the pieces + + + align:start position:0% +the pieces +sort of the abstraction of like cubes + + align:start position:0% +sort of the abstraction of like cubes + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the abstraction of like cubes +and circles and maybe + + align:start position:0% +and circles and maybe + + + align:start position:0% +and circles and maybe +cockatoo like the meeples are like + + align:start position:0% +cockatoo like the meeples are like + + + align:start position:0% +cockatoo like the meeples are like +elegant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's one factory in germany that + + align:start position:0% +there's one factory in germany that + + + align:start position:0% +there's one factory in germany that +makes most of the world made most of + + align:start position:0% +makes most of the world made most of + + + align:start position:0% +makes most of the world made most of +them + + align:start position:0% +them + + + align:start position:0% +them +okay um they don't make them in china + + align:start position:0% +okay um they don't make them in china + + + align:start position:0% +okay um they don't make them in china +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so that's like that's the economy of + + align:start position:0% +so that's like that's the economy of + + + align:start position:0% +so that's like that's the economy of +scale there i guess it's like cubes are + + align:start position:0% +scale there i guess it's like cubes are + + + align:start position:0% +scale there i guess it's like cubes are +easier to make than anything else + + align:start position:0% +easier to make than anything else + + + align:start position:0% +easier to make than anything else +so when it comes to like you said your + + align:start position:0% +so when it comes to like you said your + + + align:start position:0% +so when it comes to like you said your +games are like for families and like + + align:start position:0% +games are like for families and like + + + align:start position:0% +games are like for families and like +christmas + + align:start position:0% +christmas + + + align:start position:0% +christmas +and stuff yeah um that feels kind of + + align:start position:0% +and stuff yeah um that feels kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and stuff yeah um that feels kind of +weird to me because i would expect + + align:start position:0% +weird to me because i would expect + + + align:start position:0% +weird to me because i would expect +like for children to care a lot about + + align:start position:0% +like for children to care a lot about + + + align:start position:0% +like for children to care a lot about +the presentation of the game + + align:start position:0% +the presentation of the game + + + align:start position:0% +the presentation of the game +so how would you + + align:start position:0% +so how would you + + + align:start position:0% +so how would you +reconcile that i guess i think i don't + + align:start position:0% +reconcile that i guess i think i don't + + + align:start position:0% +reconcile that i guess i think i don't +know much about + + align:start position:0% +know much about + + + align:start position:0% +know much about +the dynamic the social dynamics of the + + align:start position:0% +the dynamic the social dynamics of the + + + align:start position:0% +the dynamic the social dynamics of the +european family + + align:start position:0% +european family + + + align:start position:0% +european family +who makes a call of what game they're + + align:start position:0% +who makes a call of what game they're + + + align:start position:0% +who makes a call of what game they're +gonna play right is it the kids or the + + align:start position:0% +gonna play right is it the kids or the + + + align:start position:0% +gonna play right is it the kids or the +parents + + align:start position:0% +parents + + + align:start position:0% +parents +if uh i i certainly grew up in a family + + align:start position:0% +if uh i i certainly grew up in a family + + + align:start position:0% +if uh i i certainly grew up in a family +where the parents would say this is what + + align:start position:0% +where the parents would say this is what + + + align:start position:0% +where the parents would say this is what +we're playing now we are playing + + align:start position:0% +we're playing now we are playing + + + align:start position:0% +we're playing now we are playing +scrabble because mom likes crap + + align:start position:0% +scrabble because mom likes crap + + + align:start position:0% +scrabble because mom likes crap +and mom will destroy all of us it's crap + + align:start position:0% +and mom will destroy all of us it's crap + + + align:start position:0% +and mom will destroy all of us it's crap +so i don't know if that's the same thing + + align:start position:0% +so i don't know if that's the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +so i don't know if that's the same thing +in european families uh + + align:start position:0% +in european families uh + + + align:start position:0% +in european families uh +and so we had a professor come in who + + align:start position:0% +and so we had a professor come in who + + + align:start position:0% +and so we had a professor come in who +she talked about this a couple years ago + + align:start position:0% +she talked about this a couple years ago + + + align:start position:0% +she talked about this a couple years ago +one thing that happens at least in + + align:start position:0% +one thing that happens at least in + + + align:start position:0% +one thing that happens at least in +germany is there is a conference + + align:start position:0% +germany is there is a conference + + + align:start position:0% +germany is there is a conference +called essen i guess uh + + align:start position:0% +called essen i guess uh + + + align:start position:0% +called essen i guess uh +trade fair yeah yeah the fcs compare it + + align:start position:0% +trade fair yeah yeah the fcs compare it + + + align:start position:0% +trade fair yeah yeah the fcs compare it +happens investment in germany + + align:start position:0% +happens investment in germany + + + align:start position:0% +happens investment in germany +um thousands upon thousands of people in + + align:start position:0% +um thousands upon thousands of people in + + + align:start position:0% +um thousands upon thousands of people in +europe go to that fair + + align:start position:0% +europe go to that fair + + + align:start position:0% +europe go to that fair +to play the new games before they're + + align:start position:0% +to play the new games before they're + + + align:start position:0% +to play the new games before they're +published + + align:start position:0% +published + + + align:start position:0% +published +um and then the result of the fair is + + align:start position:0% +um and then the result of the fair is + + + align:start position:0% +um and then the result of the fair is +they give this field the irs award the + + align:start position:0% +they give this field the irs award the + + + align:start position:0% +they give this field the irs award the +game of the year awards which then + + align:start position:0% +game of the year awards which then + + + align:start position:0% +game of the year awards which then +if you get that award they'll they'll + + align:start position:0% +if you get that award they'll they'll + + + align:start position:0% +if you get that award they'll they'll +sell them at 50 000 + + align:start position:0% +sell them at 50 000 + + + align:start position:0% +sell them at 50 000 +to 100 because every newspaper will + + align:start position:0% +to 100 because every newspaper will + + + align:start position:0% +to 100 because every newspaper will +cover it because all the newspapers are + + align:start position:0% +cover it because all the newspapers are + + + align:start position:0% +cover it because all the newspapers are +going to cover it + + align:start position:0% +going to cover it + + + align:start position:0% +going to cover it +but like those families are going to go + + align:start position:0% +but like those families are going to go + + + align:start position:0% +but like those families are going to go +there play those games the kids are + + align:start position:0% +there play those games the kids are + + + align:start position:0% +there play those games the kids are +going to be interested in those games + + align:start position:0% +going to be interested in those games + + + align:start position:0% +going to be interested in those games +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +from christmas time comes around the + + align:start position:0% +from christmas time comes around the + + + align:start position:0% +from christmas time comes around the +game they get is going to be the game + + align:start position:0% +game they get is going to be the game + + + align:start position:0% +game they get is going to be the game +that one's built for the arts award not + + align:start position:0% +that one's built for the arts award not + + + align:start position:0% +that one's built for the arts award not +necessarily the games they've played out + + align:start position:0% +necessarily the games they've played out + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily the games they've played out +at the convention because that's just + + align:start position:0% +at the convention because that's just + + + align:start position:0% +at the convention because that's just +that's the one that's the game that got + + align:start position:0% +that's the one that's the game that got + + + align:start position:0% +that's the one that's the game that got +the awards and everybody bought it that + + align:start position:0% +the awards and everybody bought it that + + + align:start position:0% +the awards and everybody bought it that +year + + align:start position:0% +year + + + align:start position:0% +year +and the next year the flea markets that + + align:start position:0% +and the next year the flea markets that + + + align:start position:0% +and the next year the flea markets that +game is + + align:start position:0% +game is + + + align:start position:0% +game is +all over the place being resolved um so + + align:start position:0% +all over the place being resolved um so + + + align:start position:0% +all over the place being resolved um so +there's a there's a little + + align:start position:0% +there's a there's a little + + + align:start position:0% +there's a there's a little +it's a very different kind of + + align:start position:0% +it's a very different kind of + + + align:start position:0% +it's a very different kind of +consumption economy going on over there + + align:start position:0% +consumption economy going on over there + + + align:start position:0% +consumption economy going on over there +you get like here at the hobbyist market + + align:start position:0% +you get like here at the hobbyist market + + + align:start position:0% +you get like here at the hobbyist market +and here it's it's being sold in hobby + + align:start position:0% +and here it's it's being sold in hobby + + + align:start position:0% +and here it's it's being sold in hobby +stores it's not necessarily family + + align:start position:0% +stores it's not necessarily family + + + align:start position:0% +stores it's not necessarily family +oriented at all or for family oriented + + align:start position:0% +oriented at all or for family oriented + + + align:start position:0% +oriented at all or for family oriented +it's a particular kind of family + + align:start position:0% +it's a particular kind of family + + + align:start position:0% +it's a particular kind of family +orientation so so there are like toys + + align:start position:0% +orientation so so there are like toys + + + align:start position:0% +orientation so so there are like toys +rides in the us that + + align:start position:0% +rides in the us that + + + align:start position:0% +rides in the us that +like like to call me illinois yeah the + + align:start position:0% +like like to call me illinois yeah the + + + align:start position:0% +like like to call me illinois yeah the +toy fairs are + + align:start position:0% +toy fairs are + + + align:start position:0% +toy fairs are +yeah they're in the u.s they're + + align:start position:0% +yeah they're in the u.s they're + + + align:start position:0% +yeah they're in the u.s they're +inventors + + align:start position:0% +inventors + + + align:start position:0% +inventors +um products from china and um + + align:start position:0% +um products from china and um + + + align:start position:0% +um products from china and um +again one thing gets bought and one + + align:start position:0% +again one thing gets bought and one + + + align:start position:0% +again one thing gets bought and one +thing gets sold and everybody wants that + + align:start position:0% +thing gets sold and everybody wants that + + + align:start position:0% +thing gets sold and everybody wants that +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +every single year but the majority of + + align:start position:0% +every single year but the majority of + + + align:start position:0% +every single year but the majority of +people who go to essen are in fact + + align:start position:0% +people who go to essen are in fact + + + align:start position:0% +people who go to essen are in fact +families uh tourists you know um + + align:start position:0% +families uh tourists you know um + + + align:start position:0% +families uh tourists you know um +but a lot of them are from tourists from + + align:start position:0% +but a lot of them are from tourists from + + + align:start position:0% +but a lot of them are from tourists from +other parts of germany northwest + + align:start position:0% +other parts of germany northwest + + + align:start position:0% +other parts of germany northwest +but also from from europe as well but of + + align:start position:0% +but also from from europe as well but of + + + align:start position:0% +but also from from europe as well but of +course there's a small number of people + + align:start position:0% +course there's a small number of people + + + align:start position:0% +course there's a small number of people +who are going to iceland + + align:start position:0% +who are going to iceland + + + align:start position:0% +who are going to iceland +who are the distributors the the the the + + align:start position:0% +who are the distributors the the the the + + + align:start position:0% +who are the distributors the the the the +people who are going to decide what + + align:start position:0% +people who are going to decide what + + + align:start position:0% +people who are going to decide what +on store shelves and they are looking at + + align:start position:0% +on store shelves and they are looking at + + + align:start position:0% +on store shelves and they are looking at +the families they're + + align:start position:0% +the families they're + + + align:start position:0% +the families they're +they're they're trying to figure out + + align:start position:0% +they're they're trying to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +they're they're trying to figure out +what what is going to be that hot + + align:start position:0% +what what is going to be that hot + + + align:start position:0% +what what is going to be that hot +product yeah + + align:start position:0% +product yeah + + + align:start position:0% +product yeah +this year so that they can get your + + align:start position:0% +this year so that they can get your + + + align:start position:0% +this year so that they can get your +orders in um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i think it's office yeah it's summer + + align:start position:0% +i think it's office yeah it's summer + + + align:start position:0% +i think it's office yeah it's summer +it's like okay so i guess + + align:start position:0% +it's like okay so i guess + + + align:start position:0% +it's like okay so i guess +yeah yeah so but but i don't know + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah so but but i don't know + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah so but but i don't know +the extent to which the manufacturers + + align:start position:0% +the extent to which the manufacturers + + + align:start position:0% +the extent to which the manufacturers +need to have lined up their + + align:start position:0% +need to have lined up their + + + align:start position:0% +need to have lined up their +pipelines before b4s + + align:start position:0% +pipelines before b4s + + + align:start position:0% +pipelines before b4s +in order to be able to capitalize on + + align:start position:0% +in order to be able to capitalize on + + + align:start position:0% +in order to be able to capitalize on +these fields which is for + + align:start position:0% +these fields which is for + + + align:start position:0% +these fields which is for +because if you fail to miss your window + + align:start position:0% +because if you fail to miss your window + + + align:start position:0% +because if you fail to miss your window +if you get your award and you can't + + align:start position:0% +if you get your award and you can't + + + align:start position:0% +if you get your award and you can't +actually put enough product out there + + align:start position:0% +actually put enough product out there + + + align:start position:0% +actually put enough product out there +that you just + + align:start position:0% +that you just + + + align:start position:0% +that you just +you know you put it you can't make as + + align:start position:0% +you know you put it you can't make as + + + align:start position:0% +you know you put it you can't make as +much money as you can and the toy fairs + + align:start position:0% +much money as you can and the toy fairs + + + align:start position:0% +much money as you can and the toy fairs +in the us + + align:start position:0% +in the us + + + align:start position:0% +in the us +are they mainly consumers going to it or + + align:start position:0% +are they mainly consumers going to it or + + + align:start position:0% +are they mainly consumers going to it or +is it industry + + align:start position:0% +is it industry + + + align:start position:0% +is it industry +professionals and they're sort of like + + align:start position:0% +professionals and they're sort of like + + + align:start position:0% +professionals and they're sort of like +rubbing trolls press to press + + align:start position:0% +rubbing trolls press to press + + + align:start position:0% +rubbing trolls press to press +press go to typeface as well okay it's + + align:start position:0% +press go to typeface as well okay it's + + + align:start position:0% +press go to typeface as well okay it's +press industry + + align:start position:0% +press industry + + + align:start position:0% +press industry +it's walmart basically these days it's + + align:start position:0% +it's walmart basically these days it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's walmart basically these days it's +walmart and a couple other + + align:start position:0% +walmart and a couple other + + + align:start position:0% +walmart and a couple other +so it's like you're an inventor you're + + align:start position:0% +so it's like you're an inventor you're + + + align:start position:0% +so it's like you're an inventor you're +trying to get on walmart shelves + + align:start position:0% +trying to get on walmart shelves + + + align:start position:0% +trying to get on walmart shelves +so that's why you go yeah we're trying + + align:start position:0% +so that's why you go yeah we're trying + + + align:start position:0% +so that's why you go yeah we're trying +to find like the next hot toy for + + align:start position:0% +to find like the next hot toy for + + + align:start position:0% +to find like the next hot toy for +christmas + + align:start position:0% +christmas + + + align:start position:0% +christmas +and that's why they well i'm not so sure + + align:start position:0% +and that's why they well i'm not so sure + + + align:start position:0% +and that's why they well i'm not so sure +if the toy fairs in the us + + align:start position:0% +if the toy fairs in the us + + + align:start position:0% +if the toy fairs in the us +are that inventor friendly the inventors + + align:start position:0% +are that inventor friendly the inventors + + + align:start position:0% +are that inventor friendly the inventors +have already got + + align:start position:0% +have already got + + + align:start position:0% +have already got +picked up by somebody so it's a it's a + + align:start position:0% +picked up by somebody so it's a it's a + + + align:start position:0% +picked up by somebody so it's a it's a +publisher it's a maker who has already + + align:start position:0% +publisher it's a maker who has already + + + align:start position:0% +publisher it's a maker who has already +has a staple of inventors that they + + align:start position:0% +has a staple of inventors that they + + + align:start position:0% +has a staple of inventors that they +purchased product from + + align:start position:0% +purchased product from + + + align:start position:0% +purchased product from +so let's start taking it to this place + + align:start position:0% +so let's start taking it to this place + + + align:start position:0% +so let's start taking it to this place +to test it out to see if the + + align:start position:0% +to test it out to see if the + + + align:start position:0% +to test it out to see if the +were they testing it on the press and + + align:start position:0% +were they testing it on the press and + + + align:start position:0% +were they testing it on the press and +the and the people who are going to + + align:start position:0% +the and the people who are going to + + + align:start position:0% +the and the people who are going to +sell it but is it exactly doesn't mean + + align:start position:0% +sell it but is it exactly doesn't mean + + + align:start position:0% +sell it but is it exactly doesn't mean +backwards though because it's the + + align:start position:0% +backwards though because it's the + + + align:start position:0% +backwards though because it's the +consumer that's going to be buying it + + align:start position:0% +consumer that's going to be buying it + + + align:start position:0% +consumer that's going to be buying it +the consumer doesn't have a need for it + + align:start position:0% +the consumer doesn't have a need for it + + + align:start position:0% +the consumer doesn't have a need for it +until they find out about it though it's + + align:start position:0% +until they find out about it though it's + + + align:start position:0% +until they find out about it though it's +a very different process + + align:start position:0% +a very different process + + + align:start position:0% +a very different process +the consumers like when you look at toys + + align:start position:0% +the consumers like when you look at toys + + + align:start position:0% +the consumers like when you look at toys +you just look at the us toy industry + + align:start position:0% +you just look at the us toy industry + + + align:start position:0% +you just look at the us toy industry +the consumer just isn't involved it's + + align:start position:0% +the consumer just isn't involved it's + + + align:start position:0% +the consumer just isn't involved it's +just whatever the hype machine builds up + + align:start position:0% +just whatever the hype machine builds up + + + align:start position:0% +just whatever the hype machine builds up +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +whichever height machine has the most + + align:start position:0% +whichever height machine has the most + + + align:start position:0% +whichever height machine has the most +money behind it gets the + + align:start position:0% +money behind it gets the + + + align:start position:0% +money behind it gets the +product the shelves and these days it's + + align:start position:0% +product the shelves and these days it's + + + align:start position:0% +product the shelves and these days it's +transmedia properties + + align:start position:0% +transmedia properties + + + align:start position:0% +transmedia properties +maybe not trans media but like + + align:start position:0% +maybe not trans media but like + + + align:start position:0% +maybe not trans media but like +multimedia properties there's the game + + align:start position:0% +multimedia properties there's the game + + + align:start position:0% +multimedia properties there's the game +the toy + + align:start position:0% +the toy + + + align:start position:0% +the toy +the cartoon the comic everything around + + align:start position:0% +the cartoon the comic everything around + + + align:start position:0% +the cartoon the comic everything around +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +like a multi-platform yeah yeah i mean + + align:start position:0% +like a multi-platform yeah yeah i mean + + + align:start position:0% +like a multi-platform yeah yeah i mean +because because you have multiple + + align:start position:0% +because because you have multiple + + + align:start position:0% +because because you have multiple +advertising campaigns + + align:start position:0% +advertising campaigns + + + align:start position:0% +advertising campaigns +pushing each one of those threads but + + align:start position:0% +pushing each one of those threads but + + + align:start position:0% +pushing each one of those threads but +they're also sort of pushing the entire + + align:start position:0% +they're also sort of pushing the entire + + + align:start position:0% +they're also sort of pushing the entire +way forward this is something i'm + + align:start position:0% +way forward this is something i'm + + + align:start position:0% +way forward this is something i'm +interested to + + align:start position:0% +interested to + + + align:start position:0% +interested to +go to a walgreens or a cvs go to the toy + + align:start position:0% +go to a walgreens or a cvs go to the toy + + + align:start position:0% +go to a walgreens or a cvs go to the toy +area and look at the toys that have + + align:start position:0% +area and look at the toys that have + + + align:start position:0% +area and look at the toys that have +really + + align:start position:0% +really + + + align:start position:0% +really +poorly designed games on the back of + + align:start position:0% +poorly designed games on the back of + + + align:start position:0% +poorly designed games on the back of +them just to kind of see like these are + + align:start position:0% +them just to kind of see like these are + + + align:start position:0% +them just to kind of see like these are +the things again i got + + align:start position:0% +the things again i got + + + align:start position:0% +the things again i got +somebody made it it got it didn't get + + align:start position:0% +somebody made it it got it didn't get + + + align:start position:0% +somebody made it it got it didn't get +much press didn't get that night machine + + align:start position:0% +much press didn't get that night machine + + + align:start position:0% +much press didn't get that night machine +behind it + + align:start position:0% +behind it + + + align:start position:0% +behind it +and just see the level of what kind of + + align:start position:0% +and just see the level of what kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and just see the level of what kind of +value what is what is the effort they + + align:start position:0% +value what is what is the effort they + + + align:start position:0% +value what is what is the effort they +put into that thing + + align:start position:0% +put into that thing + + + align:start position:0% +put into that thing +and for the most part it's just the + + align:start position:0% +and for the most part it's just the + + + align:start position:0% +and for the most part it's just the +packaging the actual thing that's inside + + align:start position:0% +packaging the actual thing that's inside + + + align:start position:0% +packaging the actual thing that's inside +is now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um i'm trying to to think + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because they helped toys r us well i + + align:start position:0% +because they helped toys r us well i + + + align:start position:0% +because they helped toys r us well i +helped + + align:start position:0% +helped + + + align:start position:0% +helped +um want toys our suspenders do a display + + align:start position:0% +um want toys our suspenders do a display + + + align:start position:0% +um want toys our suspenders do a display +for lego + + align:start position:0% +for lego + + + align:start position:0% +for lego +or toy fair i don't even want to say + + align:start position:0% +or toy fair i don't even want to say + + + align:start position:0% +or toy fair i don't even want to say +it's summer but i can't + + align:start position:0% +it's summer but i can't + + + align:start position:0% +it's summer but i can't +did do you ever see family stuff i + + align:start position:0% +did do you ever see family stuff i + + + align:start position:0% +did do you ever see family stuff i +didn't actually go i just shipped the + + align:start position:0% +didn't actually go i just shipped the + + + align:start position:0% +didn't actually go i just shipped the +products oh okay + + align:start position:0% +products oh okay + + + align:start position:0% +products oh okay +so so my my my my sensation is that you + + align:start position:0% +so so my my my my sensation is that you + + + align:start position:0% +so so my my my my sensation is that you +don't really see that + + align:start position:0% +don't really see that + + + align:start position:0% +don't really see that +no you may see adult enthusiasts yeah + + align:start position:0% +no you may see adult enthusiasts yeah + + + align:start position:0% +no you may see adult enthusiasts yeah +collectors in particular + + align:start position:0% +collectors in particular + + + align:start position:0% +collectors in particular +right my customer was like um they made + + align:start position:0% +right my customer was like um they made + + + align:start position:0% +right my customer was like um they made +point of purchase displays + + align:start position:0% +point of purchase displays + + + align:start position:0% +point of purchase displays +what they made point of purchase + + align:start position:0% +what they made point of purchase + + + align:start position:0% +what they made point of purchase +displays for like retail outlets and it + + align:start position:0% +displays for like retail outlets and it + + + align:start position:0% +displays for like retail outlets and it +was like a huge deal + + align:start position:0% +was like a huge deal + + + align:start position:0% +was like a huge deal +okay yeah so so this is where they're + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah so so this is where they're + + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah so so this is where they're +selling things to stores to sell things + + align:start position:0% +selling things to stores to sell things + + + align:start position:0% +selling things to stores to sell things +not not the actual product that the then + + align:start position:0% +not not the actual product that the then + + + align:start position:0% +not not the actual product that the then +stores are actually selling sure + + align:start position:0% +stores are actually selling sure + + + align:start position:0% +stores are actually selling sure +that makes sense uh february february + + align:start position:0% +that makes sense uh february february + + + align:start position:0% +that makes sense uh february february +cheese + + align:start position:0% +cheese + + + align:start position:0% +cheese +toy fair new york 24 2015 february 14th + + align:start position:0% +toy fair new york 24 2015 february 14th + + + align:start position:0% +toy fair new york 24 2015 february 14th +to the 7th oh good lord okay + + align:start position:0% +to the 7th oh good lord okay + + + align:start position:0% +to the 7th oh good lord okay +february okay + + align:start position:0% +february okay + + + align:start position:0% +february okay +i have a lot more to learn about buying + + align:start position:0% +i have a lot more to learn about buying + + + align:start position:0% +i have a lot more to learn about buying +this so i guess it's valentine's day + + align:start position:0% +this so i guess it's valentine's day + + + align:start position:0% +this so i guess it's valentine's day +house of cards and toys + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh the other thing that i thought was + + align:start position:0% +uh the other thing that i thought was + + + align:start position:0% +uh the other thing that i thought was +actually kind of interesting in the + + align:start position:0% +actually kind of interesting in the + + + align:start position:0% +actually kind of interesting in the +video was how he was talking + + align:start position:0% +video was how he was talking + + + align:start position:0% +video was how he was talking +um with the folks with days at weather + + align:start position:0% +um with the folks with days at weather + + + align:start position:0% +um with the folks with days at weather +and he was describing about + + align:start position:0% +and he was describing about + + + align:start position:0% +and he was describing about +embodying the player giving the players + + align:start position:0% +embodying the player giving the players + + + align:start position:0% +embodying the player giving the players +someone + + align:start position:0% +someone + + + align:start position:0% +someone +something that they can identify with + + align:start position:0% +something that they can identify with + + + align:start position:0% +something that they can identify with +either on the on + + align:start position:0% +either on the on + + + align:start position:0% +either on the on +on the board or if all else feels + + align:start position:0% +on the board or if all else feels + + + align:start position:0% +on the board or if all else feels +somewhere on the packaging + + align:start position:0% +somewhere on the packaging + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere on the packaging +uh some something that you can project + + align:start position:0% +uh some something that you can project + + + align:start position:0% +uh some something that you can project +yourself into um + + align:start position:0% +yourself into um + + + align:start position:0% +yourself into um +i'm not entirely sure if that is + + align:start position:0% +i'm not entirely sure if that is + + + align:start position:0% +i'm not entirely sure if that is +sort of universally accepted across all + + align:start position:0% +sort of universally accepted across all + + + align:start position:0% +sort of universally accepted across all +publishers or even conventional wisdom + + align:start position:0% +publishers or even conventional wisdom + + + align:start position:0% +publishers or even conventional wisdom +across the board game + + align:start position:0% +across the board game + + + align:start position:0% +across the board game +industry but it's certainly interesting + + align:start position:0% +industry but it's certainly interesting + + + align:start position:0% +industry but it's certainly interesting +to see it from the point of view of one + + align:start position:0% +to see it from the point of view of one + + + align:start position:0% +to see it from the point of view of one +publisher saying this is something + + align:start position:0% +publisher saying this is something + + + align:start position:0% +publisher saying this is something +important about the game that we want to + + align:start position:0% +important about the game that we want to + + + align:start position:0% +important about the game that we want to +publish + + align:start position:0% +publish + + + align:start position:0% +publish +um and we got a little bit of this from + + align:start position:0% +um and we got a little bit of this from + + + align:start position:0% +um and we got a little bit of this from +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +from from the top from the game because + + align:start position:0% +from from the top from the game because + + + align:start position:0% +from from the top from the game because +guild uh the other day but + + align:start position:0% +guild uh the other day but + + + align:start position:0% +guild uh the other day but +if you're going to attempt to go to a + + align:start position:0% +if you're going to attempt to go to a + + + align:start position:0% +if you're going to attempt to go to a +publisher and try to say + + align:start position:0% +publisher and try to say + + + align:start position:0% +publisher and try to say +this is a game that you should be + + align:start position:0% +this is a game that you should be + + + align:start position:0% +this is a game that you should be +interested definitely try to do some + + align:start position:0% +interested definitely try to do some + + + align:start position:0% +interested definitely try to do some +research on + + align:start position:0% +research on + + + align:start position:0% +research on +not just how the kinds of games that + + align:start position:0% +not just how the kinds of games that + + + align:start position:0% +not just how the kinds of games that +they make but also how they present + + align:start position:0% +they make but also how they present + + + align:start position:0% +they make but also how they present +those games to people + + align:start position:0% +those games to people + + + align:start position:0% +those games to people +right you know that you know you + + align:start position:0% +right you know that you know you + + + align:start position:0% +right you know that you know you +you can probably make a good game and + + align:start position:0% +you can probably make a good game and + + + align:start position:0% +you can probably make a good game and +the people who run those companies have + + align:start position:0% +the people who run those companies have + + + align:start position:0% +the people who run those companies have +seen enough + + align:start position:0% +seen enough + + + align:start position:0% +seen enough +good games to be able to see past and + + align:start position:0% +good games to be able to see past and + + + align:start position:0% +good games to be able to see past and +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +any things you may have missed uh but if + + align:start position:0% +any things you may have missed uh but if + + + align:start position:0% +any things you may have missed uh but if +but it might improve your pitch + + align:start position:0% +but it might improve your pitch + + + align:start position:0% +but it might improve your pitch +a little bit and say like we've taken + + align:start position:0% +a little bit and say like we've taken + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit and say like we've taken +into account that you like + + align:start position:0% +into account that you like + + + align:start position:0% +into account that you like +you know or i think in an account that + + align:start position:0% +you know or i think in an account that + + + align:start position:0% +you know or i think in an account that +you like to + + align:start position:0% +you like to + + + align:start position:0% +you like to +position your game to present your games + + align:start position:0% +position your game to present your games + + + align:start position:0% +position your game to present your games +in a certain way and uh + + align:start position:0% +in a certain way and uh + + + align:start position:0% +in a certain way and uh +and this is how you could do it with uh + + align:start position:0% +and this is how you could do it with uh + + + align:start position:0% +and this is how you could do it with uh +with the game that i'm pitching to you + + align:start position:0% +with the game that i'm pitching to you + + + align:start position:0% +with the game that i'm pitching to you +even though what i'm showing right now + + align:start position:0% +even though what i'm showing right now + + + align:start position:0% +even though what i'm showing right now +is the prototype that doesn't have that + + align:start position:0% +is the prototype that doesn't have that + + + align:start position:0% +is the prototype that doesn't have that +just being able to be able to speak to + + align:start position:0% +just being able to be able to speak to + + + align:start position:0% +just being able to be able to speak to +that means that yeah at least you are + + align:start position:0% +that means that yeah at least you are + + + align:start position:0% +that means that yeah at least you are +aware of the company's strategy and + + align:start position:0% +aware of the company's strategy and + + + align:start position:0% +aware of the company's strategy and +and how they might be solving so you + + align:start position:0% +and how they might be solving so you + + + align:start position:0% +and how they might be solving so you +know if you are + + align:start position:0% +know if you are + + + align:start position:0% +know if you are +talking to a publisher which generally + + align:start position:0% +talking to a publisher which generally + + + align:start position:0% +talking to a publisher which generally +does + + align:start position:0% +does + + + align:start position:0% +does +transmedia tie-ins right you know who i + + align:start position:0% +transmedia tie-ins right you know who i + + + align:start position:0% +transmedia tie-ins right you know who i +i don't know who publishes twilight + + align:start position:0% +i don't know who publishes twilight + + + align:start position:0% +i don't know who publishes twilight +prize + + align:start position:0% +prize + + + align:start position:0% +prize +uh twilight trigger per pursuit but + + align:start position:0% +uh twilight trigger per pursuit but + + + align:start position:0% +uh twilight trigger per pursuit but +someone does because i saw it + + align:start position:0% +someone does because i saw it + + + align:start position:0% +someone does because i saw it +i'm saying um but to say that you know + + align:start position:0% +i'm saying um but to say that you know + + + align:start position:0% +i'm saying um but to say that you know +this particular set of game mechanics + + align:start position:0% +this particular set of game mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +this particular set of game mechanics +will be a great tie-in + + align:start position:0% +will be a great tie-in + + + align:start position:0% +will be a great tie-in +for this particular property or + + align:start position:0% +for this particular property or + + + align:start position:0% +for this particular property or +something that you already have + + align:start position:0% +something that you already have + + + align:start position:0% +something that you already have +even though that may not be something + + align:start position:0% +even though that may not be something + + + align:start position:0% +even though that may not be something +that they want to do is it it's probably + + align:start position:0% +that they want to do is it it's probably + + + align:start position:0% +that they want to do is it it's probably +good for a publisher to be able to + + align:start position:0% +good for a publisher to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +good for a publisher to be able to +realize that you understand their + + align:start position:0% +realize that you understand their + + + align:start position:0% +realize that you understand their +business + + align:start position:0% +business + + + align:start position:0% +business +that is a particular section of the + + align:start position:0% +that is a particular section of the + + + align:start position:0% +that is a particular section of the +business that they're in well it's also + + align:start position:0% +business that they're in well it's also + + + align:start position:0% +business that they're in well it's also +some publishers fantasy flight doesn't + + align:start position:0% +some publishers fantasy flight doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +some publishers fantasy flight doesn't +want you to have id attached to your + + align:start position:0% +want you to have id attached to your + + + align:start position:0% +want you to have id attached to your +game they're going to bring their id to + + align:start position:0% +game they're going to bring their id to + + + align:start position:0% +game they're going to bring their id to +the game + + align:start position:0% +the game + + + align:start position:0% +the game +so they want mechanics they want rules + + align:start position:0% +so they want mechanics they want rules + + + align:start position:0% +so they want mechanics they want rules +they want + + align:start position:0% +they want + + + align:start position:0% +they want +what it's how it's going to play but + + align:start position:0% +what it's how it's going to play but + + + align:start position:0% +what it's how it's going to play but +they don't care about + + align:start position:0% +they don't care about + + + align:start position:0% +they don't care about +the space travel game because you might + + align:start position:0% +the space travel game because you might + + + align:start position:0% +the space travel game because you might +sell it to them and they say all right + + align:start position:0% +sell it to them and they say all right + + + align:start position:0% +sell it to them and they say all right +it's now a fantasy game + + align:start position:0% +it's now a fantasy game + + + align:start position:0% +it's now a fantasy game +because it's also probably gives you an + + align:start position:0% +because it's also probably gives you an + + + align:start position:0% +because it's also probably gives you an +idea of the kind of deal and contract + + align:start position:0% +idea of the kind of deal and contract + + + align:start position:0% +idea of the kind of deal and contract +they can get out of them + + align:start position:0% +they can get out of them + + + align:start position:0% +they can get out of them +right because if you say you want to + + align:start position:0% +right because if you say you want to + + + align:start position:0% +right because if you say you want to +retain absolute creative control + + align:start position:0% +retain absolute creative control + + + align:start position:0% +retain absolute creative control +on it and determine you know the the art + + align:start position:0% +on it and determine you know the the art + + + align:start position:0% +on it and determine you know the the art +that's going to go on the box or + + align:start position:0% +that's going to go on the box or + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to go on the box or +something like that + + align:start position:0% +something like that + + + align:start position:0% +something like that +you might not even be able to get that + + align:start position:0% +you might not even be able to get that + + + align:start position:0% +you might not even be able to get that +contract from someone like fantasy play + + align:start position:0% +contract from someone like fantasy play + + + align:start position:0% +contract from someone like fantasy play +whereas it's something that might be + + align:start position:0% +whereas it's something that might be + + + align:start position:0% +whereas it's something that might be +negotiable for them yeah well you've got + + align:start position:0% +negotiable for them yeah well you've got + + + align:start position:0% +negotiable for them yeah well you've got +a game salute in new hampshire is there + + align:start position:0% +a game salute in new hampshire is there + + + align:start position:0% +a game salute in new hampshire is there +you talk to them about what kickstarter + + align:start position:0% +you talk to them about what kickstarter + + + align:start position:0% +you talk to them about what kickstarter +campaign you're going to run because + + align:start position:0% +campaign you're going to run because + + + align:start position:0% +campaign you're going to run because +that's what they're going to do is do a + + align:start position:0% +that's what they're going to do is do a + + + align:start position:0% +that's what they're going to do is do a +kid for a campaign + + align:start position:0% +kid for a campaign + + + align:start position:0% +kid for a campaign +that they're publishing with you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so in other words before you go into a + + align:start position:0% +so in other words before you go into a + + + align:start position:0% +so in other words before you go into a +pitch and publisher just you know don't + + align:start position:0% +pitch and publisher just you know don't + + + align:start position:0% +pitch and publisher just you know don't +go in with a generic pitch + + align:start position:0% +go in with a generic pitch + + + align:start position:0% +go in with a generic pitch +of course if you're going to something + + align:start position:0% +of course if you're going to something + + + align:start position:0% +of course if you're going to something +like a toy like like a + + align:start position:0% +like a toy like like a + + + align:start position:0% +like a toy like like a +like a convention you know there are + + align:start position:0% +like a convention you know there are + + + align:start position:0% +like a convention you know there are +game inventors that think that past + + align:start position:0% +game inventors that think that past + + + align:start position:0% +game inventors that think that past +for instance uh boston festival of indie + + align:start position:0% +for instance uh boston festival of indie + + + align:start position:0% +for instance uh boston festival of indie +games + + align:start position:0% +games + + + align:start position:0% +games +is one that's going to be right here on + + align:start position:0% +is one that's going to be right here on + + + align:start position:0% +is one that's going to be right here on +campus if you've got a prototype that + + align:start position:0% +campus if you've got a prototype that + + + align:start position:0% +campus if you've got a prototype that +you want to + + align:start position:0% +you want to + + + align:start position:0% +you want to +let people know about and i guess you + + align:start position:0% +let people know about and i guess you + + + align:start position:0% +let people know about and i guess you +don't get many publishers here but you + + align:start position:0% +don't get many publishers here but you + + + align:start position:0% +don't get many publishers here but you +might get + + align:start position:0% +might get + + + align:start position:0% +might get +that's probably going to change yeah um + + align:start position:0% +that's probably going to change yeah um + + + align:start position:0% +that's probably going to change yeah um +gathering of friends + + align:start position:0% +gathering of friends + + + align:start position:0% +gathering of friends +is one is is one such + + align:start position:0% +is one is is one such + + + align:start position:0% +is one is is one such +group where you have inventors and + + align:start position:0% +group where you have inventors and + + + align:start position:0% +group where you have inventors and +publishers all sitting at the same table + + align:start position:0% +publishers all sitting at the same table + + + align:start position:0% +publishers all sitting at the same table +you don't need to prepare something + + align:start position:0% +you don't need to prepare something + + + align:start position:0% +you don't need to prepare something +special for publishers when you go to + + align:start position:0% +special for publishers when you go to + + + align:start position:0% +special for publishers when you go to +something like that because they're + + align:start position:0% +something like that because they're + + + align:start position:0% +something like that because they're +showing you multiple publishers at once + + align:start position:0% +showing you multiple publishers at once + + + align:start position:0% +showing you multiple publishers at once +but if you're actually going to submit + + align:start position:0% +but if you're actually going to submit + + + align:start position:0% +but if you're actually going to submit +it to haskell or something like that you + + align:start position:0% +it to haskell or something like that you + + + align:start position:0% +it to haskell or something like that you +know you might + + align:start position:0% +know you might + + + align:start position:0% +know you might +just want to say this you know this + + align:start position:0% +just want to say this you know this + + + align:start position:0% +just want to say this you know this +might make a great time may + + align:start position:0% +might make a great time may + + + align:start position:0% +might make a great time may +make a great transformation i might um + + align:start position:0% +make a great transformation i might um + + + align:start position:0% +make a great transformation i might um +because parts connect to each other or + + align:start position:0% +because parts connect to each other or + + + align:start position:0% +because parts connect to each other or +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +objects change and mode or something + + align:start position:0% +objects change and mode or something + + + align:start position:0% +objects change and mode or something +like that um + + align:start position:0% +like that um + + + align:start position:0% +like that um +yeah that's what i want to say about + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's what i want to say about + + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's what i want to say about +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +okay so today's a little bit play test + + align:start position:0% +okay so today's a little bit play test + + + align:start position:0% +okay so today's a little bit play test +day + + align:start position:0% +day + + + align:start position:0% +day +it's um almost two we have all our + + align:start position:0% +it's um almost two we have all our + + + align:start position:0% +it's um almost two we have all our +products up here + + align:start position:0% +products up here + + + align:start position:0% +products up here +uh so how about we start play test at + + align:start position:0% +uh so how about we start play test at + + + align:start position:0% +uh so how about we start play test at +three o'clock + + align:start position:0% +three o'clock + + + align:start position:0% +three o'clock +that should probably give you enough + + align:start position:0% +that should probably give you enough + + + align:start position:0% +that should probably give you enough +time to be able to get something + + align:start position:0% +time to be able to get something + + + align:start position:0% +time to be able to get something +playable by then i'm hoping figure out + + align:start position:0% +playable by then i'm hoping figure out + + + align:start position:0% +playable by then i'm hoping figure out +what what you want to test + + align:start position:0% +what what you want to test + + + align:start position:0% +what what you want to test +how you're going to present it to people + + align:start position:0% +how you're going to present it to people + + + align:start position:0% +how you're going to present it to people +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +what questions you need answering to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +latest \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/S_VLW77bN5E.txt b/S_VLW77bN5E.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7dab50b64cf01e725edeea8b4b94c11c42e1dda1 --- /dev/null +++ b/S_VLW77bN5E.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7875 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu all right so if I can have + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu all right so if I can have + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu all right so if I can have +your attention please we are going going + + align:start position:0% +your attention please we are going going + + + align:start position:0% +your attention please we are going going +to break from our simulation for just a + + align:start position:0% +to break from our simulation for just a + + + align:start position:0% +to break from our simulation for just a +moment to talk about our next module + + align:start position:0% +moment to talk about our next module + + + align:start position:0% +moment to talk about our next module +called lean engineering + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Basics there are two key takeaways that + + align:start position:0% +Basics there are two key takeaways that + + + align:start position:0% +Basics there are two key takeaways that +we'd like you to get from this module + + align:start position:0% +we'd like you to get from this module + + + align:start position:0% +we'd like you to get from this module +and they're worth reiterating and I'll + + align:start position:0% +and they're worth reiterating and I'll + + + align:start position:0% +and they're worth reiterating and I'll +say them several times during the course + + align:start position:0% +say them several times during the course + + + align:start position:0% +say them several times during the course +of the module the first thing we want + + align:start position:0% +of the module the first thing we want + + + align:start position:0% +of the module the first thing we want +you to internalize is that lean thinking + + align:start position:0% +you to internalize is that lean thinking + + + align:start position:0% +you to internalize is that lean thinking +applies to engineering just as much as + + align:start position:0% +applies to engineering just as much as + + + align:start position:0% +applies to engineering just as much as +it applies to factory processes and two + + align:start position:0% +it applies to factory processes and two + + + align:start position:0% +it applies to factory processes and two +that engineering plays a critical role + + align:start position:0% +that engineering plays a critical role + + + align:start position:0% +that engineering plays a critical role +in creating value in a lean Enterprise + + align:start position:0% +in creating value in a lean Enterprise + + + align:start position:0% +in creating value in a lean Enterprise +and our presentation today is broken + + align:start position:0% +and our presentation today is broken + + + align:start position:0% +and our presentation today is broken +down along those two lines and I'm going + + align:start position:0% +down along those two lines and I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +down along those two lines and I'm going +to start talking about why lean thinking + + align:start position:0% +to start talking about why lean thinking + + + align:start position:0% +to start talking about why lean thinking +applies to our engineering + + align:start position:0% +applies to our engineering + + + align:start position:0% +applies to our engineering +processes here are our learning + + align:start position:0% +processes here are our learning + + + align:start position:0% +processes here are our learning +objectives for this module they are + + align:start position:0% +objectives for this module they are + + + align:start position:0% +objectives for this module they are +fivefold so at the end you should be + + align:start position:0% +fivefold so at the end you should be + + + align:start position:0% +fivefold so at the end you should be +able to explain how our lean principles + + align:start position:0% +able to explain how our lean principles + + + align:start position:0% +able to explain how our lean principles +and practices apply to engineering you + + align:start position:0% +and practices apply to engineering you + + + align:start position:0% +and practices apply to engineering you +should be able to explain why customer + + align:start position:0% +should be able to explain why customer + + + align:start position:0% +should be able to explain why customer +value and this upfront part of + + align:start position:0% +value and this upfront part of + + + align:start position:0% +value and this upfront part of +engineering and the conceptual design + + align:start position:0% +engineering and the conceptual design + + + align:start position:0% +engineering and the conceptual design +are critical to product success you + + align:start position:0% +are critical to product success you + + + align:start position:0% +are critical to product success you +should be able to describe how lean + + align:start position:0% +should be able to describe how lean + + + align:start position:0% +should be able to describe how lean +engineering enables lean throughout the + + align:start position:0% +engineering enables lean throughout the + + + align:start position:0% +engineering enables lean throughout the +whole Enterprise and the product life + + align:start position:0% +whole Enterprise and the product life + + + align:start position:0% +whole Enterprise and the product life +cycle fourth you should be able to + + align:start position:0% +cycle fourth you should be able to + + + align:start position:0% +cycle fourth you should be able to +describe some tools we use for lean + + align:start position:0% +describe some tools we use for lean + + + align:start position:0% +describe some tools we use for lean +engineering and lastly you should be + + align:start position:0% +engineering and lastly you should be + + + align:start position:0% +engineering and lastly you should be +able to apply lean engineering + + align:start position:0% +able to apply lean engineering + + + align:start position:0% +able to apply lean engineering +techniques to redesign your simulated + + align:start position:0% +techniques to redesign your simulated + + + align:start position:0% +techniques to redesign your simulated +airplane so we'll spend the first half + + align:start position:0% +airplane so we'll spend the first half + + + align:start position:0% +airplane so we'll spend the first half +of this module talking Concepts and + + align:start position:0% +of this module talking Concepts and + + + align:start position:0% +of this module talking Concepts and +we'll spend the second half of this + + align:start position:0% +we'll spend the second half of this + + + align:start position:0% +we'll spend the second half of this +module in an active learning exercise + + align:start position:0% +module in an active learning exercise + + + align:start position:0% +module in an active learning exercise +trying to apply some of the things we + + align:start position:0% +trying to apply some of the things we + + + align:start position:0% +trying to apply some of the things we +learned to the redesign of your + + align:start position:0% +learned to the redesign of your + + + align:start position:0% +learned to the redesign of your +simulated airplane + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a few days ago we had a question about + + align:start position:0% +a few days ago we had a question about + + + align:start position:0% +a few days ago we had a question about +wastes in engineering compared to wastes + + align:start position:0% +wastes in engineering compared to wastes + + + align:start position:0% +wastes in engineering compared to wastes +in the factory and this chart is + + align:start position:0% +in the factory and this chart is + + + align:start position:0% +in the factory and this chart is +actually the answer to that question we + + align:start position:0% +actually the answer to that question we + + + align:start position:0% +actually the answer to that question we +did say we deferred a few days and now + + align:start position:0% +did say we deferred a few days and now + + + align:start position:0% +did say we deferred a few days and now +we're going to tackle it so here are our + + align:start position:0% +we're going to tackle it so here are our + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to tackle it so here are our +five lean thinking steps we talked about + + align:start position:0% +five lean thinking steps we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +five lean thinking steps we talked about +in the first + + align:start position:0% +in the first + + + align:start position:0% +in the first +day what they mean for the manufacturing + + align:start position:0% +day what they mean for the manufacturing + + + align:start position:0% +day what they mean for the manufacturing +process and then lastly how we translate + + align:start position:0% +process and then lastly how we translate + + + align:start position:0% +process and then lastly how we translate +those over into + + align:start position:0% +those over into + + + align:start position:0% +those over into +engineering now one of the challenges + + align:start position:0% +engineering now one of the challenges + + + align:start position:0% +engineering now one of the challenges +we've had in applying lean to + + align:start position:0% +we've had in applying lean to + + + align:start position:0% +we've had in applying lean to +engineering has been a reaction from the + + align:start position:0% +engineering has been a reaction from the + + + align:start position:0% +engineering has been a reaction from the +Engineering Group that says well you + + align:start position:0% +Engineering Group that says well you + + + align:start position:0% +Engineering Group that says well you +know you can apply lean in the factory + + align:start position:0% +know you can apply lean in the factory + + + align:start position:0% +know you can apply lean in the factory +but engineering is just different you + + align:start position:0% +but engineering is just different you + + + align:start position:0% +but engineering is just different you +can't really apply it here and yes of + + align:start position:0% +can't really apply it here and yes of + + + align:start position:0% +can't really apply it here and yes of +course engineering is different than the + + align:start position:0% +course engineering is different than the + + + align:start position:0% +course engineering is different than the +factory operations but that doesn't mean + + align:start position:0% +factory operations but that doesn't mean + + + align:start position:0% +factory operations but that doesn't mean +that these lean principles which are + + align:start position:0% +that these lean principles which are + + + align:start position:0% +that these lean principles which are +very Universal and you've seen applied + + align:start position:0% +very Universal and you've seen applied + + + align:start position:0% +very Universal and you've seen applied +across the Enterprise from Office + + align:start position:0% +across the Enterprise from Office + + + align:start position:0% +across the Enterprise from Office +processes to manufacturing why they + + align:start position:0% +processes to manufacturing why they + + + align:start position:0% +processes to manufacturing why they +can't apply to engineering as well the + + align:start position:0% +can't apply to engineering as well the + + + align:start position:0% +can't apply to engineering as well the +difference mainly from manufacturing to + + align:start position:0% +difference mainly from manufacturing to + + + align:start position:0% +difference mainly from manufacturing to +engineering is a thing that's flowing + + align:start position:0% +engineering is a thing that's flowing + + + align:start position:0% +engineering is a thing that's flowing +through the system so in a manufacturing + + align:start position:0% +through the system so in a manufacturing + + + align:start position:0% +through the system so in a manufacturing +context you have the raw materials that + + align:start position:0% +context you have the raw materials that + + + align:start position:0% +context you have the raw materials that +are flowing through the system and being + + align:start position:0% +are flowing through the system and being + + + align:start position:0% +are flowing through the system and being +processed and changed in engineering + + align:start position:0% +processed and changed in engineering + + + align:start position:0% +processed and changed in engineering +it's really information that is flowing + + align:start position:0% +it's really information that is flowing + + + align:start position:0% +it's really information that is flowing +through the value stream that is being + + align:start position:0% +through the value stream that is being + + + align:start position:0% +through the value stream that is being +processed and changed your design + + align:start position:0% +processed and changed your design + + + align:start position:0% +processed and changed your design +emerges uncertainties are reduced + + align:start position:0% +emerges uncertainties are reduced + + + align:start position:0% +emerges uncertainties are reduced +expectations are clarified and so on + + align:start position:0% +expectations are clarified and so on + + + align:start position:0% +expectations are clarified and so on +these are all examples of the + + align:start position:0% +these are all examples of the + + + align:start position:0% +these are all examples of the +information that's flowing through your + + align:start position:0% +information that's flowing through your + + + align:start position:0% +information that's flowing through your +engineering value + + align:start position:0% +engineering value + + + align:start position:0% +engineering value +Stream So for manufacturing the addition + + align:start position:0% +Stream So for manufacturing the addition + + + align:start position:0% +Stream So for manufacturing the addition +of value at any step is is pretty + + align:start position:0% +of value at any step is is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +of value at any step is is pretty +visible we told you that you have to + + align:start position:0% +visible we told you that you have to + + + align:start position:0% +visible we told you that you have to +look and see if a thing is physically + + align:start position:0% +look and see if a thing is physically + + + align:start position:0% +look and see if a thing is physically +change to add value and you can usually + + align:start position:0% +change to add value and you can usually + + + align:start position:0% +change to add value and you can usually +see that as your material gets processed + + align:start position:0% +see that as your material gets processed + + + align:start position:0% +see that as your material gets processed +this is a little bit harder to see in + + align:start position:0% +this is a little bit harder to see in + + + align:start position:0% +this is a little bit harder to see in +engineering when you change part of your + + align:start position:0% +engineering when you change part of your + + + align:start position:0% +engineering when you change part of your +design or when you do an analysis it's + + align:start position:0% +design or when you do an analysis it's + + + align:start position:0% +design or when you do an analysis it's +not quite as easy to see that you've + + align:start position:0% +not quite as easy to see that you've + + + align:start position:0% +not quite as easy to see that you've +changed the information but you usually + + align:start position:0% +changed the information but you usually + + + align:start position:0% +changed the information but you usually +have the second contrast in that + + align:start position:0% +have the second contrast in that + + + align:start position:0% +have the second contrast in that +manufacturing your goal is very defined + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing your goal is very defined + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing your goal is very defined +when you start manufacturing you have a + + align:start position:0% +when you start manufacturing you have a + + + align:start position:0% +when you start manufacturing you have a +very specific set of specs and drawings + + align:start position:0% +very specific set of specs and drawings + + + align:start position:0% +very specific set of specs and drawings +and at the end you expect to come out + + align:start position:0% +and at the end you expect to come out + + + align:start position:0% +and at the end you expect to come out +with exactly the product that you wanted + + align:start position:0% +with exactly the product that you wanted + + + align:start position:0% +with exactly the product that you wanted +to when you started the manufacture + + align:start position:0% +to when you started the manufacture + + + align:start position:0% +to when you started the manufacture +process now this is different than + + align:start position:0% +process now this is different than + + + align:start position:0% +process now this is different than +engineering because in engineering our + + align:start position:0% +engineering because in engineering our + + + align:start position:0% +engineering because in engineering our +goal is emergent we have some sense that + + align:start position:0% +goal is emergent we have some sense that + + + align:start position:0% +goal is emergent we have some sense that +there are requirements we have maybe + + align:start position:0% +there are requirements we have maybe + + + align:start position:0% +there are requirements we have maybe +some notion of how we might meet those + + align:start position:0% +some notion of how we might meet those + + + align:start position:0% +some notion of how we might meet those +but the whole process of engineering and + + align:start position:0% +but the whole process of engineering and + + + align:start position:0% +but the whole process of engineering and +design is to look at different + + align:start position:0% +design is to look at different + + + align:start position:0% +design is to look at different +Alternatives and to then come up with a + + align:start position:0% +Alternatives and to then come up with a + + + align:start position:0% +Alternatives and to then come up with a +set of specifications for product that + + align:start position:0% +set of specifications for product that + + + align:start position:0% +set of specifications for product that +you can build so your goal is really + + align:start position:0% +you can build so your goal is really + + + align:start position:0% +you can build so your goal is really +emergent in that sense now we go down to + + align:start position:0% +emergent in that sense now we go down to + + + align:start position:0% +emergent in that sense now we go down to +the value stream you can do a value + + align:start position:0% +the value stream you can do a value + + + align:start position:0% +the value stream you can do a value +stream map for information just like you + + align:start position:0% +stream map for information just like you + + + align:start position:0% +stream map for information just like you +can for material flow the one different + + align:start position:0% +can for material flow the one different + + + align:start position:0% +can for material flow the one different +difference is what's actually flowing + + align:start position:0% +difference is what's actually flowing + + + align:start position:0% +difference is what's actually flowing +through + + align:start position:0% +through + + + align:start position:0% +through +that now if we move on to our concept of + + align:start position:0% +that now if we move on to our concept of + + + align:start position:0% +that now if we move on to our concept of +flow which is trying to make everything + + align:start position:0% +flow which is trying to make everything + + + align:start position:0% +flow which is trying to make everything +seamlessly go in manufacturing + + align:start position:0% +seamlessly go in manufacturing + + + align:start position:0% +seamlessly go in manufacturing +iterations are usually considered waste + + align:start position:0% +iterations are usually considered waste + + + align:start position:0% +iterations are usually considered waste +they're indicative of rework in the + + align:start position:0% +they're indicative of rework in the + + + align:start position:0% +they're indicative of rework in the +process or a process or design that + + align:start position:0% +process or a process or design that + + + align:start position:0% +process or a process or design that +wasn't spec right up front but in + + align:start position:0% +wasn't spec right up front but in + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't spec right up front but in +engineering as you all probably + + align:start position:0% +engineering as you all probably + + + align:start position:0% +engineering as you all probably +recognize mostly being engineering + + align:start position:0% +recognize mostly being engineering + + + align:start position:0% +recognize mostly being engineering +students iterations are okay we we plan + + align:start position:0% +students iterations are okay we we plan + + + align:start position:0% +students iterations are okay we we plan +to do these and that's the key word + + align:start position:0% +to do these and that's the key word + + + align:start position:0% +to do these and that's the key word +there is that planned iterations are + + align:start position:0% +there is that planned iterations are + + + align:start position:0% +there is that planned iterations are +good we recognize that going through + + align:start position:0% +good we recognize that going through + + + align:start position:0% +good we recognize that going through +analysis and looking at problems and + + align:start position:0% +analysis and looking at problems and + + + align:start position:0% +analysis and looking at problems and +looking at them again is important the + + align:start position:0% +looking at them again is important the + + + align:start position:0% +looking at them again is important the +key there is that you want your planned + + align:start position:0% +key there is that you want your planned + + + align:start position:0% +key there is that you want your planned +iterations to be as efficient as you + + align:start position:0% +iterations to be as efficient as you + + + align:start position:0% +iterations to be as efficient as you +can the fourth concept of pull which in + + align:start position:0% +can the fourth concept of pull which in + + + align:start position:0% +can the fourth concept of pull which in +a manufacturing sense is driven by Tac + + align:start position:0% +a manufacturing sense is driven by Tac + + + align:start position:0% +a manufacturing sense is driven by Tac +time for the engineering processes + + align:start position:0% +time for the engineering processes + + + align:start position:0% +time for the engineering processes +that's usually driven by your Enterprise + + align:start position:0% +that's usually driven by your Enterprise + + + align:start position:0% +that's usually driven by your Enterprise +needs for new products to be + + align:start position:0% +needs for new products to be + + + align:start position:0% +needs for new products to be +developed and then the concept of + + align:start position:0% +developed and then the concept of + + + align:start position:0% +developed and then the concept of +perfection which in a manufacturing + + align:start position:0% +perfection which in a manufacturing + + + align:start position:0% +perfection which in a manufacturing +context means processing without + + align:start position:0% +context means processing without + + + align:start position:0% +context means processing without +repeating errors how does that translate + + align:start position:0% +repeating errors how does that translate + + + align:start position:0% +repeating errors how does that translate +into engineering we would think of it as + + align:start position:0% +into engineering we would think of it as + + + align:start position:0% +into engineering we would think of it as +engineering processes that enable your + + align:start position:0% +engineering processes that enable your + + + align:start position:0% +engineering processes that enable your +whole Enterprise Improvement and I'm + + align:start position:0% +whole Enterprise Improvement and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +whole Enterprise Improvement and I'm +going to expand on that Concept in the + + align:start position:0% +going to expand on that Concept in the + + + align:start position:0% +going to expand on that Concept in the +second half of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lecture here we're revisiting our seven + + align:start position:0% +lecture here we're revisiting our seven + + + align:start position:0% +lecture here we're revisiting our seven +waists that we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +identified over production inventory + + align:start position:0% +identified over production inventory + + + align:start position:0% +identified over production inventory +Transportation unnecessary movement + + align:start position:0% +Transportation unnecessary movement + + + align:start position:0% +Transportation unnecessary movement +waiting defective outputs and over + + align:start position:0% +waiting defective outputs and over + + + align:start position:0% +waiting defective outputs and over +processing so I'd like you all to think + + align:start position:0% +processing so I'd like you all to think + + + align:start position:0% +processing so I'd like you all to think +back to your engineering experience + + align:start position:0% +back to your engineering experience + + + align:start position:0% +back to your engineering experience +either from classes or maybe from summer + + align:start position:0% +either from classes or maybe from summer + + + align:start position:0% +either from classes or maybe from summer +jobs and I'd like to hear some examples + + align:start position:0% +jobs and I'd like to hear some examples + + + align:start position:0% +jobs and I'd like to hear some examples +in an engineering context of any of + + align:start position:0% +in an engineering context of any of + + + align:start position:0% +in an engineering context of any of +these seven + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +wastes go ahead please um so yesterday + + align:start position:0% +wastes go ahead please um so yesterday + + + align:start position:0% +wastes go ahead please um so yesterday +at the New Balance factory um when we + + align:start position:0% +at the New Balance factory um when we + + + align:start position:0% +at the New Balance factory um when we +were on the right side of the factory we + + align:start position:0% +were on the right side of the factory we + + + align:start position:0% +were on the right side of the factory we +were talking about how the upper part + + align:start position:0% +were talking about how the upper part + + + align:start position:0% +were talking about how the upper part +and the lower part of the shoe was + + align:start position:0% +and the lower part of the shoe was + + + align:start position:0% +and the lower part of the shoe was +actually manufactured in China but then + + align:start position:0% +actually manufactured in China but then + + + align:start position:0% +actually manufactured in China but then +they shift it back over here just to + + align:start position:0% +they shift it back over here just to + + + align:start position:0% +they shift it back over here just to +essentially glue the top and bottom + + align:start position:0% +essentially glue the top and bottom + + + align:start position:0% +essentially glue the top and bottom +Parts together so that way they could + + align:start position:0% +Parts together so that way they could + + + align:start position:0% +Parts together so that way they could +stay assembled in the United States and + + align:start position:0% +stay assembled in the United States and + + + align:start position:0% +stay assembled in the United States and +our group asked if wasn't that a waste + + align:start position:0% +our group asked if wasn't that a waste + + + align:start position:0% +our group asked if wasn't that a waste +in transportation you know the cost and + + align:start position:0% +in transportation you know the cost and + + + align:start position:0% +in transportation you know the cost and +the time and all that kind of stuff just + + align:start position:0% +the time and all that kind of stuff just + + + align:start position:0% +the time and all that kind of stuff just +so they could say you know assembled in + + align:start position:0% +so they could say you know assembled in + + + align:start position:0% +so they could say you know assembled in +the United States and they want they + + align:start position:0% +the United States and they want they + + + align:start position:0% +the United States and they want they +felt that it was worth it that they + + align:start position:0% +felt that it was worth it that they + + + align:start position:0% +felt that it was worth it that they +could just say you know that they could + + align:start position:0% +could just say you know that they could + + + align:start position:0% +could just say you know that they could +put the US logo on it in turn for having + + align:start position:0% +put the US logo on it in turn for having + + + align:start position:0% +put the US logo on it in turn for having +that Transportation + + align:start position:0% +that Transportation + + + align:start position:0% +that Transportation +waste interesting okay so that uh that + + align:start position:0% +waste interesting okay so that uh that + + + align:start position:0% +waste interesting okay so that uh that +to me has some elements of both the + + align:start position:0% +to me has some elements of both the + + + align:start position:0% +to me has some elements of both the +manufacturing and the engineering design + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing and the engineering design + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing and the engineering design +and perhaps some business strategy to it + + align:start position:0% +and perhaps some business strategy to it + + + align:start position:0% +and perhaps some business strategy to it +can we try to think of just isolating + + align:start position:0% +can we try to think of just isolating + + + align:start position:0% +can we try to think of just isolating +examples to the Engineering Process + + align:start position:0% +examples to the Engineering Process + + + align:start position:0% +examples to the Engineering Process +think about conceptual design and let's + + align:start position:0% +think about conceptual design and let's + + + align:start position:0% +think about conceptual design and let's +talk about some examples go ahead well + + align:start position:0% +talk about some examples go ahead well + + + align:start position:0% +talk about some examples go ahead well +um at my internship last summer they + + align:start position:0% +um at my internship last summer they + + + align:start position:0% +um at my internship last summer they +were talking about how a lot of older + + align:start position:0% +were talking about how a lot of older + + + align:start position:0% +were talking about how a lot of older +people were um had really great skills + + align:start position:0% +people were um had really great skills + + + align:start position:0% +people were um had really great skills +in specific areas and they were worried + + align:start position:0% +in specific areas and they were worried + + + align:start position:0% +in specific areas and they were worried +that um the old Engineers weren't + + align:start position:0% +that um the old Engineers weren't + + + align:start position:0% +that um the old Engineers weren't +communicating those skills to the + + align:start position:0% +communicating those skills to the + + + align:start position:0% +communicating those skills to the +younger engineers and so when they left + + align:start position:0% +younger engineers and so when they left + + + align:start position:0% +younger engineers and so when they left +it was complet you know waste um because + + align:start position:0% +it was complet you know waste um because + + + align:start position:0% +it was complet you know waste um because +people would have to relearn that for + + align:start position:0% +people would have to relearn that for + + + align:start position:0% +people would have to relearn that for +specific um engineering skill so they + + align:start position:0% +specific um engineering skill so they + + + align:start position:0% +specific um engineering skill so they +created a bing Wikipedia and we're + + align:start position:0% +created a bing Wikipedia and we're + + + align:start position:0% +created a bing Wikipedia and we're +encouraging um Engineers to type up you + + align:start position:0% +encouraging um Engineers to type up you + + + align:start position:0% +encouraging um Engineers to type up you +know articles to try to keep the + + align:start position:0% +know articles to try to keep the + + + align:start position:0% +know articles to try to keep the +information and let other people read + + align:start position:0% +information and let other people read + + + align:start position:0% +information and let other people read +it that's that's a very interesting + + align:start position:0% +it that's that's a very interesting + + + align:start position:0% +it that's that's a very interesting +example let me ask the class these are + + align:start position:0% +example let me ask the class these are + + + align:start position:0% +example let me ask the class these are +the seven waist categories what do you + + align:start position:0% +the seven waist categories what do you + + + align:start position:0% +the seven waist categories what do you +which category do you feel that example + + align:start position:0% +which category do you feel that example + + + align:start position:0% +which category do you feel that example +might fit in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +inventory having more material or + + align:start position:0% +inventory having more material or + + + align:start position:0% +inventory having more material or +information than you + + align:start position:0% +information than you + + + align:start position:0% +information than you +need any other + + align:start position:0% +need any other + + + align:start position:0% +need any other +thoughts okay Earl you have an in + + align:start position:0% +thoughts okay Earl you have an in + + + align:start position:0% +thoughts okay Earl you have an in +yesterday New Balance we heard eth way + + align:start position:0% +yesterday New Balance we heard eth way + + + align:start position:0% +yesterday New Balance we heard eth way +category which was for their environment + + align:start position:0% +category which was for their environment + + + align:start position:0% +category which was for their environment +unused associate Associates creativity M + + align:start position:0% +unused associate Associates creativity M + + + align:start position:0% +unused associate Associates creativity M +which was sort of a loss of human a + + align:start position:0% +which was sort of a loss of human a + + + align:start position:0% +which was sort of a loss of human a +waste of Human Resources would this fall + + align:start position:0% +waste of Human Resources would this fall + + + align:start position:0% +waste of Human Resources would this fall +in that category yeah to me it falls in + + align:start position:0% +in that category yeah to me it falls in + + + align:start position:0% +in that category yeah to me it falls in +eight I might also say it it perhaps + + align:start position:0% +eight I might also say it it perhaps + + + align:start position:0% +eight I might also say it it perhaps +fall in one if I thought that I had to + + align:start position:0% +fall in one if I thought that I had to + + + align:start position:0% +fall in one if I thought that I had to +produce two + + align:start position:0% +produce two + + + align:start position:0% +produce two +engineers and the information wasn't + + align:start position:0% +engineers and the information wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +engineers and the information wasn't +efficiently being passed between the + + align:start position:0% +efficiently being passed between the + + + align:start position:0% +efficiently being passed between the +first one who got the knowledge and then + + align:start position:0% +first one who got the knowledge and then + + + align:start position:0% +first one who got the knowledge and then +I had to go through the exact same steps + + align:start position:0% +I had to go through the exact same steps + + + align:start position:0% +I had to go through the exact same steps +to get the second engineer that same + + align:start position:0% +to get the second engineer that same + + + align:start position:0% +to get the second engineer that same +knowledge uh without taking any + + align:start position:0% +knowledge uh without taking any + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge uh without taking any +advantages but this is one of the + + align:start position:0% +advantages but this is one of the + + + align:start position:0% +advantages but this is one of the +interesting examples of translating + + align:start position:0% +interesting examples of translating + + + align:start position:0% +interesting examples of translating +largely manufacturing and material-based + + align:start position:0% +largely manufacturing and material-based + + + align:start position:0% +largely manufacturing and material-based +instances of waste into engineering is + + align:start position:0% +instances of waste into engineering is + + + align:start position:0% +instances of waste into engineering is +that sometimes there's a very clear + + align:start position:0% +that sometimes there's a very clear + + + align:start position:0% +that sometimes there's a very clear +translation and sometimes it's a little + + align:start position:0% +translation and sometimes it's a little + + + align:start position:0% +translation and sometimes it's a little +harder to figure out where it is but I + + align:start position:0% +harder to figure out where it is but I + + + align:start position:0% +harder to figure out where it is but I +think we we could all agree that that + + align:start position:0% +think we we could all agree that that + + + align:start position:0% +think we we could all agree that that +example that Emily gave there's it feels + + align:start position:0% +example that Emily gave there's it feels + + + align:start position:0% +example that Emily gave there's it feels +like there's something that's being + + align:start position:0% +like there's something that's being + + + align:start position:0% +like there's something that's being +wasted there in an engineering sense a + + align:start position:0% +wasted there in an engineering sense a + + + align:start position:0% +wasted there in an engineering sense a +lot of experience and Engineers + + align:start position:0% +lot of experience and Engineers + + + align:start position:0% +lot of experience and Engineers +knowledge is very experiential was being + + align:start position:0% +knowledge is very experiential was being + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge is very experiential was being +gathered and then sort of just left to + + align:start position:0% +gathered and then sort of just left to + + + align:start position:0% +gathered and then sort of just left to +go away and not be utilized by the + + align:start position:0% +go away and not be utilized by the + + + align:start position:0% +go away and not be utilized by the +company anymore so let's take another + + align:start position:0% +company anymore so let's take another + + + align:start position:0% +company anymore so let's take another +example I was just wondering that be + + align:start position:0% +example I was just wondering that be + + + align:start position:0% +example I was just wondering that be +thought of over processing as well + + align:start position:0% +thought of over processing as well + + + align:start position:0% +thought of over processing as well +because you need to kind of do more kind + + align:start position:0% +because you need to kind of do more kind + + + align:start position:0% +because you need to kind of do more kind +of from scratch training at the + + align:start position:0% +of from scratch training at the + + + align:start position:0% +of from scratch training at the +new + + align:start position:0% +new + + + align:start position:0% +new +transer knowled yeah I could take that + + align:start position:0% +transer knowled yeah I could take that + + + align:start position:0% +transer knowled yeah I could take that +argument definitely can you go ahead I + + align:start position:0% +argument definitely can you go ahead I + + + align:start position:0% +argument definitely can you go ahead I +guess I may be missing a point so I just + + align:start position:0% +guess I may be missing a point so I just + + + align:start position:0% +guess I may be missing a point so I just +want to clarify um how does it help me + + align:start position:0% +want to clarify um how does it help me + + + align:start position:0% +want to clarify um how does it help me +to solve the problem by classifying it + + align:start position:0% +to solve the problem by classifying it + + + align:start position:0% +to solve the problem by classifying it +in one of these seven ways for example + + align:start position:0% +in one of these seven ways for example + + + align:start position:0% +in one of these seven ways for example +if I know the problem is I'm throwing + + align:start position:0% +if I know the problem is I'm throwing + + + align:start position:0% +if I know the problem is I'm throwing +out Talent I'm throwing out knowledge + + align:start position:0% +out Talent I'm throwing out knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +out Talent I'm throwing out knowledge +that I've got to then retrain how can I + + align:start position:0% +that I've got to then retrain how can I + + + align:start position:0% +that I've got to then retrain how can I +use these sort of this classification to + + align:start position:0% +use these sort of this classification to + + + align:start position:0% +use these sort of this classification to +help me solve it sure what you're doing + + align:start position:0% +help me solve it sure what you're doing + + + align:start position:0% +help me solve it sure what you're doing +is you are standing on the shoulders of + + align:start position:0% +is you are standing on the shoulders of + + + align:start position:0% +is you are standing on the shoulders of +giants of people who spent + + align:start position:0% +giants of people who spent + + + align:start position:0% +giants of people who spent +uh Decades of years and probably + + align:start position:0% +uh Decades of years and probably + + + align:start position:0% +uh Decades of years and probably +millions of hours of brain power trying + + align:start position:0% +millions of hours of brain power trying + + + align:start position:0% +millions of hours of brain power trying +to figure this out so let's start with + + align:start position:0% +to figure this out so let's start with + + + align:start position:0% +to figure this out so let's start with +this as our analogy and then we'll + + align:start position:0% +this as our analogy and then we'll + + + align:start position:0% +this as our analogy and then we'll +probably create unique categories of + + align:start position:0% +probably create unique categories of + + + align:start position:0% +probably create unique categories of +waste that apply to engineering but this + + align:start position:0% +waste that apply to engineering but this + + + align:start position:0% +waste that apply to engineering but this +is a great start where in absence of + + align:start position:0% +is a great start where in absence of + + + align:start position:0% +is a great start where in absence of +some classification system you may spend + + align:start position:0% +some classification system you may spend + + + align:start position:0% +some classification system you may spend +a lot of timey trying to figure out what + + align:start position:0% +a lot of timey trying to figure out what + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of timey trying to figure out what +that is so it's really just a creative + + align:start position:0% +that is so it's really just a creative + + + align:start position:0% +that is so it's really just a creative +tool for us to help understand the + + align:start position:0% +tool for us to help understand the + + + align:start position:0% +tool for us to help understand the +parallels to engineering I think it's + + align:start position:0% +parallels to engineering I think it's + + + align:start position:0% +parallels to engineering I think it's +more of like finding ways to use these + + align:start position:0% +more of like finding ways to use these + + + align:start position:0% +more of like finding ways to use these +like if you're like looking at your + + align:start position:0% +like if you're like looking at your + + + align:start position:0% +like if you're like looking at your +organization you would look through this + + align:start position:0% +organization you would look through this + + + align:start position:0% +organization you would look through this +and be like okay I see this and this and + + align:start position:0% +and be like okay I see this and this and + + + align:start position:0% +and be like okay I see this and this and +this and it helps you find new Wast + + align:start position:0% +this and it helps you find new Wast + + + align:start position:0% +this and it helps you find new Wast +instead of just analyzing was obviously + + align:start position:0% +instead of just analyzing was obviously + + + align:start position:0% +instead of just analyzing was obviously +TI + + align:start position:0% +TI + + + align:start position:0% +TI +yourself excellent thank you let's have + + align:start position:0% +yourself excellent thank you let's have + + + align:start position:0% +yourself excellent thank you let's have +another example of a waste that's + + align:start position:0% +another example of a waste that's + + + align:start position:0% +another example of a waste that's +different than the ones we talked about + + align:start position:0% +different than the ones we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +different than the ones we talked about +lendine my mind would be either waiting + + align:start position:0% +lendine my mind would be either waiting + + + align:start position:0% +lendine my mind would be either waiting +or un unnecessary movement I was working + + align:start position:0% +or un unnecessary movement I was working + + + align:start position:0% +or un unnecessary movement I was working +with G nuclear in California and every + + align:start position:0% +with G nuclear in California and every + + + align:start position:0% +with G nuclear in California and every +time we were doing a purchasing order or + + align:start position:0% +time we were doing a purchasing order or + + + align:start position:0% +time we were doing a purchasing order or +um test specification that had to be + + align:start position:0% +um test specification that had to be + + + align:start position:0% +um test specification that had to be +approved it had to be approved in + + align:start position:0% +approved it had to be approved in + + + align:start position:0% +approved it had to be approved in +Georgia which is a three-hour time + + align:start position:0% +Georgia which is a three-hour time + + + align:start position:0% +Georgia which is a three-hour time +difference which means either you have + + align:start position:0% +difference which means either you have + + + align:start position:0% +difference which means either you have +to come to the office at 6:00 in the + + align:start position:0% +to come to the office at 6:00 in the + + + align:start position:0% +to come to the office at 6:00 in the +morning if you want your thing to be + + align:start position:0% +morning if you want your thing to be + + + align:start position:0% +morning if you want your thing to be +processed right away when they open or + + align:start position:0% +processed right away when they open or + + + align:start position:0% +processed right away when they open or +you have to stand up later at night to + + align:start position:0% +you have to stand up later at night to + + + align:start position:0% +you have to stand up later at night to +finish it so everybody was very upset + + align:start position:0% +finish it so everybody was very upset + + + align:start position:0% +finish it so everybody was very upset +about that we were losing six hours in + + align:start position:0% +about that we were losing six hours in + + + align:start position:0% +about that we were losing six hours in +the day of work and the tests were being + + align:start position:0% +the day of work and the tests were being + + + align:start position:0% +the day of work and the tests were being +done in Massachusetts so the engineers + + align:start position:0% +done in Massachusetts so the engineers + + + align:start position:0% +done in Massachusetts so the engineers +had to fly over there spend some time + + align:start position:0% +had to fly over there spend some time + + + align:start position:0% +had to fly over there spend some time +monitor the test and get the results + + align:start position:0% +monitor the test and get the results + + + align:start position:0% +monitor the test and get the results +back and it was a waste of time for + + align:start position:0% +back and it was a waste of time for + + + align:start position:0% +back and it was a waste of time for +everyone and energy and a lot of things + + align:start position:0% +everyone and energy and a lot of things + + + align:start position:0% +everyone and energy and a lot of things +great great and a a good example of + + align:start position:0% +great great and a a good example of + + + align:start position:0% +great great and a a good example of +waiting waiting is very common kind of + + align:start position:0% +waiting waiting is very common kind of + + + align:start position:0% +waiting waiting is very common kind of +waste if you think about information and + + align:start position:0% +waste if you think about information and + + + align:start position:0% +waste if you think about information and +design uh that that's happening how + + align:start position:0% +design uh that that's happening how + + + align:start position:0% +design uh that that's happening how +about other examples um I work here at + + align:start position:0% +about other examples um I work here at + + + align:start position:0% +about other examples um I work here at +MIT and the first week um I had to buy + + align:start position:0% +MIT and the first week um I had to buy + + + align:start position:0% +MIT and the first week um I had to buy +something for a project and no one knew + + align:start position:0% +something for a project and no one knew + + + align:start position:0% +something for a project and no one knew +how to buy anything like my adviser + + align:start position:0% +how to buy anything like my adviser + + + align:start position:0% +how to buy anything like my adviser +didn't know um eventually they found out + + align:start position:0% +didn't know um eventually they found out + + + align:start position:0% +didn't know um eventually they found out +that the woman in charge had just moved + + align:start position:0% +that the woman in charge had just moved + + + align:start position:0% +that the woman in charge had just moved +and no one had replaced her so he kind + + align:start position:0% +and no one had replaced her so he kind + + + align:start position:0% +and no one had replaced her so he kind +of I guess it was + + align:start position:0% +of I guess it was + + + align:start position:0% +of I guess it was +waiting something there's kinds of + + align:start position:0% +waiting something there's kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +waiting something there's kinds of +problems with that particular process + + align:start position:0% +problems with that particular process + + + align:start position:0% +problems with that particular process +yeah um unnecessary movement also + + align:start position:0% +yeah um unnecessary movement also + + + align:start position:0% +yeah um unnecessary movement also +happens quite frequently in an + + align:start position:0% +happens quite frequently in an + + + align:start position:0% +happens quite frequently in an +engineering sense uh as well as + + align:start position:0% +engineering sense uh as well as + + + align:start position:0% +engineering sense uh as well as +Transportation so if you think about how + + align:start position:0% +Transportation so if you think about how + + + align:start position:0% +Transportation so if you think about how +many times you move information change + + align:start position:0% +many times you move information change + + + align:start position:0% +many times you move information change +information from the inputs of one + + align:start position:0% +information from the inputs of one + + + align:start position:0% +information from the inputs of one +analysis program into a format that's + + align:start position:0% +analysis program into a format that's + + + align:start position:0% +analysis program into a format that's +compatible with another analysis program + + align:start position:0% +compatible with another analysis program + + + align:start position:0% +compatible with another analysis program +think about going back and forth you + + align:start position:0% +think about going back and forth you + + + align:start position:0% +think about going back and forth you +know here on campus between mat lab and + + align:start position:0% +know here on campus between mat lab and + + + align:start position:0% +know here on campus between mat lab and +Excel happens frequently now if you go + + align:start position:0% +Excel happens frequently now if you go + + + align:start position:0% +Excel happens frequently now if you go +out into a very complex industry like + + align:start position:0% +out into a very complex industry like + + + align:start position:0% +out into a very complex industry like +Aerospace the tools are farmer more + + align:start position:0% +Aerospace the tools are farmer more + + + align:start position:0% +Aerospace the tools are farmer more +complex and translating the inputs of + + align:start position:0% +complex and translating the inputs of + + + align:start position:0% +complex and translating the inputs of +one of the outputs another and so on is + + align:start position:0% +one of the outputs another and so on is + + + align:start position:0% +one of the outputs another and so on is +a large deal they're not necessarily + + align:start position:0% +a large deal they're not necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +a large deal they're not necessarily +made to be compatible and then we heard + + align:start position:0% +made to be compatible and then we heard + + + align:start position:0% +made to be compatible and then we heard +blondine talk about a lot of unnecessary + + align:start position:0% +blondine talk about a lot of unnecessary + + + align:start position:0% +blondine talk about a lot of unnecessary +movements that may happen moving people + + align:start position:0% +movements that may happen moving people + + + align:start position:0% +movements that may happen moving people +to various places to test things to get + + align:start position:0% +to various places to test things to get + + + align:start position:0% +to various places to test things to get +analysis results for your design because + + align:start position:0% +analysis results for your design because + + + align:start position:0% +analysis results for your design because +sometimes these complex products are so + + align:start position:0% +sometimes these complex products are so + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes these complex products are so +large and expensive we can't afford to + + align:start position:0% +large and expensive we can't afford to + + + align:start position:0% +large and expensive we can't afford to +have testing facilities locally to try + + align:start position:0% +have testing facilities locally to try + + + align:start position:0% +have testing facilities locally to try +to minimize that kind of + + align:start position:0% +to minimize that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +to minimize that kind of +waste all right so we get we're starting + + align:start position:0% +waste all right so we get we're starting + + + align:start position:0% +waste all right so we get we're starting +to get a sense and we'll talk about them + + align:start position:0% +to get a sense and we'll talk about them + + + align:start position:0% +to get a sense and we'll talk about them +further as we go through the simul game + + align:start position:0% +further as we go through the simul game + + + align:start position:0% +further as we go through the simul game +and the rest of our module + + align:start position:0% +and the rest of our module + + + align:start position:0% +and the rest of our module +today I wanted to point out some uh data + + align:start position:0% +today I wanted to point out some uh data + + + align:start position:0% +today I wanted to point out some uh data +that we have about the efficiency of + + align:start position:0% +that we have about the efficiency of + + + align:start position:0% +that we have about the efficiency of +engineering + + align:start position:0% +engineering + + + align:start position:0% +engineering +processes if you have any doubt that + + align:start position:0% +processes if you have any doubt that + + + align:start position:0% +processes if you have any doubt that +there's waste in engineering this should + + align:start position:0% +there's waste in engineering this should + + + align:start position:0% +there's waste in engineering this should +help convince you that there there is at + + align:start position:0% +help convince you that there there is at + + + align:start position:0% +help convince you that there there is at +least some by some informed people so + + align:start position:0% +least some by some informed people so + + + align:start position:0% +least some by some informed people so +this is a measure of effort that's + + align:start position:0% +this is a measure of effort that's + + + align:start position:0% +this is a measure of effort that's +wasted 40% of the product development + + align:start position:0% +wasted 40% of the product development + + + align:start position:0% +wasted 40% of the product development +effort was classified as pure waste + + align:start position:0% +effort was classified as pure waste + + + align:start position:0% +effort was classified as pure waste +about 30% as necessary waste in another + + align:start position:0% +about 30% as necessary waste in another + + + align:start position:0% +about 30% as necessary waste in another +survey Sur we had 30% of product + + align:start position:0% +survey Sur we had 30% of product + + + align:start position:0% +survey Sur we had 30% of product +development time that was charged to + + align:start position:0% +development time that was charged to + + + align:start position:0% +development time that was charged to +just setup and + + align:start position:0% +just setup and + + + align:start position:0% +just setup and +waiting you can easily see why those + + align:start position:0% +waiting you can easily see why those + + + align:start position:0% +waiting you can easily see why those +don't add a lot of value to the + + align:start position:0% +don't add a lot of value to the + + + align:start position:0% +don't add a lot of value to the +customer and not only is effort wasted + + align:start position:0% +customer and not only is effort wasted + + + align:start position:0% +customer and not only is effort wasted +but time is + + align:start position:0% +but time is + + + align:start position:0% +but time is +wasted 62% of tasks on average were idle + + align:start position:0% +wasted 62% of tasks on average were idle + + + align:start position:0% +wasted 62% of tasks on average were idle +at any given time in a survey of + + align:start position:0% +at any given time in a survey of + + + align:start position:0% +at any given time in a survey of +particular companies and 50 to 90% of + + align:start position:0% +particular companies and 50 to 90% of + + + align:start position:0% +particular companies and 50 to 90% of +task time is found to be idle in various + + align:start position:0% +task time is found to be idle in various + + + align:start position:0% +task time is found to be idle in various +kaizan type events that are run in an + + align:start position:0% +kaizan type events that are run in an + + + align:start position:0% +kaizan type events that are run in an +engineering context at different kinds + + align:start position:0% +engineering context at different kinds + + + align:start position:0% +engineering context at different kinds +of comp companies so clearly lotss of + + align:start position:0% +of comp companies so clearly lotss of + + + align:start position:0% +of comp companies so clearly lotss of +room for improvement here in the process + + align:start position:0% +room for improvement here in the process + + + align:start position:0% +room for improvement here in the process +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +engineering there's been a good body of + + align:start position:0% +engineering there's been a good body of + + + align:start position:0% +engineering there's been a good body of +research done here at MIT and they + + align:start position:0% +research done here at MIT and they + + + align:start position:0% +research done here at MIT and they +produce the product development value + + align:start position:0% +produce the product development value + + + align:start position:0% +produce the product development value +stream mapping manual and this is + + align:start position:0% +stream mapping manual and this is + + + align:start position:0% +stream mapping manual and this is +authored by Hugh who's in the back of + + align:start position:0% +authored by Hugh who's in the back of + + + align:start position:0% +authored by Hugh who's in the back of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +room the same basic techniques apply as + + align:start position:0% +room the same basic techniques apply as + + + align:start position:0% +room the same basic techniques apply as +you might do value stream mapping in the + + align:start position:0% +you might do value stream mapping in the + + + align:start position:0% +you might do value stream mapping in the +factory context to the engineering + + align:start position:0% +factory context to the engineering + + + align:start position:0% +factory context to the engineering +context except that the flows are + + align:start position:0% +context except that the flows are + + + align:start position:0% +context except that the flows are +information rather than physical and + + align:start position:0% +information rather than physical and + + + align:start position:0% +information rather than physical and +value added steps help to transform this + + align:start position:0% +value added steps help to transform this + + + align:start position:0% +value added steps help to transform this +knowledge or to reduce the uncertainty + + align:start position:0% +knowledge or to reduce the uncertainty + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge or to reduce the uncertainty +which is a primary role of why we do + + align:start position:0% +which is a primary role of why we do + + + align:start position:0% +which is a primary role of why we do +analysis in engineering and if you're + + align:start position:0% +analysis in engineering and if you're + + + align:start position:0% +analysis in engineering and if you're +interested you can consult this + + align:start position:0% +interested you can consult this + + + align:start position:0% +interested you can consult this +publication there's a lot more material + + align:start position:0% +publication there's a lot more material + + + align:start position:0% +publication there's a lot more material +here than we can cover in this + + align:start position:0% +here than we can cover in this + + + align:start position:0% +here than we can cover in this +module but let me give you some real + + align:start position:0% +module but let me give you some real + + + align:start position:0% +module but let me give you some real +life examples of organizations that have + + align:start position:0% +life examples of organizations that have + + + align:start position:0% +life examples of organizations that have +applied product development value stream + + align:start position:0% +applied product development value stream + + + align:start position:0% +applied product development value stream +mapping and had some successes so this + + align:start position:0% +mapping and had some successes so this + + + align:start position:0% +mapping and had some successes so this +is an example on the F-16 and they had + + align:start position:0% +is an example on the F-16 and they had + + + align:start position:0% +is an example on the F-16 and they had +some particular problems with what they + + align:start position:0% +some particular problems with what they + + + align:start position:0% +some particular problems with what they +call their build to package process so + + align:start position:0% +call their build to package process so + + + align:start position:0% +call their build to package process so +if for some reason they needed to make + + align:start position:0% +if for some reason they needed to make + + + align:start position:0% +if for some reason they needed to make +changes to the build to packages like + + align:start position:0% +changes to the build to packages like + + + align:start position:0% +changes to the build to packages like +you all have in front of you for your + + align:start position:0% +you all have in front of you for your + + + align:start position:0% +you all have in front of you for your +sim there was a big long process that + + align:start position:0% +sim there was a big long process that + + + align:start position:0% +sim there was a big long process that +actually had to happen from I need a + + align:start position:0% +actually had to happen from I need a + + + align:start position:0% +actually had to happen from I need a +change to okay I can actually make a + + align:start position:0% +change to okay I can actually make a + + + align:start position:0% +change to okay I can actually make a +change it numbered a lot of steps you + + align:start position:0% +change it numbered a lot of steps you + + + align:start position:0% +change it numbered a lot of steps you +can kind of count them all here it goes + + align:start position:0% +can kind of count them all here it goes + + + align:start position:0% +can kind of count them all here it goes +here and then it goes down there and + + align:start position:0% +here and then it goes down there and + + + align:start position:0% +here and then it goes down there and +then it goes all the way through there + + align:start position:0% +then it goes all the way through there + + + align:start position:0% +then it goes all the way through there +and all the way through there before we + + align:start position:0% +and all the way through there before we + + + align:start position:0% +and all the way through there before we +get out to a + + align:start position:0% +get out to a + + + align:start position:0% +get out to a +change so applying some of the tools + + align:start position:0% +change so applying some of the tools + + + align:start position:0% +change so applying some of the tools +tools of value stream + + align:start position:0% +tools of value stream + + + align:start position:0% +tools of value stream +mapping the F-16 build to package + + align:start position:0% +mapping the F-16 build to package + + + align:start position:0% +mapping the F-16 build to package +process was reduced down to something + + align:start position:0% +process was reduced down to something + + + align:start position:0% +process was reduced down to something +like this so now we had single piece + + align:start position:0% +like this so now we had single piece + + + align:start position:0% +like this so now we had single piece +flow being able to go through the system + + align:start position:0% +flow being able to go through the system + + + align:start position:0% +flow being able to go through the system +we had an allowance for parallel + + align:start position:0% +we had an allowance for parallel + + + align:start position:0% +we had an allowance for parallel +processing of tasks rather than single + + align:start position:0% +processing of tasks rather than single + + + align:start position:0% +processing of tasks rather than single +processing of + + align:start position:0% +processing of + + + align:start position:0% +processing of +tasks concurrent engineering principles + + align:start position:0% +tasks concurrent engineering principles + + + align:start position:0% +tasks concurrent engineering principles +were brought in to help achieve this + + align:start position:0% +were brought in to help achieve this + + + align:start position:0% +were brought in to help achieve this +kind of leanness and process as well as + + align:start position:0% +kind of leanness and process as well as + + + align:start position:0% +kind of leanness and process as well as +collocation of all the various different + + align:start position:0% +collocation of all the various different + + + align:start position:0% +collocation of all the various different +units between design and uh + + align:start position:0% +units between design and uh + + + align:start position:0% +units between design and uh +manufacturing and quality that needed to + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing and quality that needed to + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing and quality that needed to +be collocated to accomplish + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this and if you wanted some illustration + + align:start position:0% +this and if you wanted some illustration + + + align:start position:0% +this and if you wanted some illustration +of the results that can be achieved we + + align:start position:0% +of the results that can be achieved we + + + align:start position:0% +of the results that can be achieved we +have that here in this slide so this is + + align:start position:0% +have that here in this slide so this is + + + align:start position:0% +have that here in this slide so this is +actually a picture here of the build to + + align:start position:0% +actually a picture here of the build to + + + align:start position:0% +actually a picture here of the build to +package support center that resulted + + align:start position:0% +package support center that resulted + + + align:start position:0% +package support center that resulted +from this value stream mapping activity + + align:start position:0% +from this value stream mapping activity + + + align:start position:0% +from this value stream mapping activity +it's a facility that's down on the shop + + align:start position:0% +it's a facility that's down on the shop + + + align:start position:0% +it's a facility that's down on the shop +floor so it's very close to the things + + align:start position:0% +floor so it's very close to the things + + + align:start position:0% +floor so it's very close to the things +that they're trying to + + align:start position:0% +that they're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +that they're trying to +change they created these kinds of + + align:start position:0% +change they created these kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +change they created these kinds of +improvements in in cycle time from + + align:start position:0% +improvements in in cycle time from + + + align:start position:0% +improvements in in cycle time from +getting a change request in to having + + align:start position:0% +getting a change request in to having + + + align:start position:0% +getting a change request in to having +implemented that 75% reduction of cycle + + align:start position:0% +implemented that 75% reduction of cycle + + + align:start position:0% +implemented that 75% reduction of cycle +time process steps were reduced by + + align:start position:0% +time process steps were reduced by + + + align:start position:0% +time process steps were reduced by +40% handoffs by + + align:start position:0% +40% handoffs by + + + align:start position:0% +40% handoffs by +75% and travel distance of the + + align:start position:0% +75% and travel distance of the + + + align:start position:0% +75% and travel distance of the +information in paperwor and so on was + + align:start position:0% +information in paperwor and so on was + + + align:start position:0% +information in paperwor and so on was +reduced by + + align:start position:0% +reduced by + + + align:start position:0% +reduced by +90% these are very very real kinds of + + align:start position:0% +90% these are very very real kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +90% these are very very real kinds of +savings that can be achieved in the + + align:start position:0% +savings that can be achieved in the + + + align:start position:0% +savings that can be achieved in the +Engineering Process by the application + + align:start position:0% +Engineering Process by the application + + + align:start position:0% +Engineering Process by the application +of value stream mapping techniques + + align:start position:0% +of value stream mapping techniques + + + align:start position:0% +of value stream mapping techniques +now we're going to move on to the second + + align:start position:0% +now we're going to move on to the second + + + align:start position:0% +now we're going to move on to the second +concept that we'd like you to take away + + align:start position:0% +concept that we'd like you to take away + + + align:start position:0% +concept that we'd like you to take away +and that is that engineering plays a + + align:start position:0% +and that is that engineering plays a + + + align:start position:0% +and that is that engineering plays a +critical role in creating value in the + + align:start position:0% +critical role in creating value in the + + + align:start position:0% +critical role in creating value in the +Enterprise so we've just seen how we can + + align:start position:0% +Enterprise so we've just seen how we can + + + align:start position:0% +Enterprise so we've just seen how we can +apply some of our lean thinking + + align:start position:0% +apply some of our lean thinking + + + align:start position:0% +apply some of our lean thinking +techniques including value stream + + align:start position:0% +techniques including value stream + + + align:start position:0% +techniques including value stream +mapping the concepts of waste and so on + + align:start position:0% +mapping the concepts of waste and so on + + + align:start position:0% +mapping the concepts of waste and so on +to the process but then there's a really + + align:start position:0% +to the process but then there's a really + + + align:start position:0% +to the process but then there's a really +important reason why we want to lean out + + align:start position:0% +important reason why we want to lean out + + + align:start position:0% +important reason why we want to lean out +the Engineering Process because it's a + + align:start position:0% +the Engineering Process because it's a + + + align:start position:0% +the Engineering Process because it's a +key enabler for lean in the rest of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Enterprise the reason for that is + + align:start position:0% +Enterprise the reason for that is + + + align:start position:0% +Enterprise the reason for that is +represented here on this chart so we + + align:start position:0% +represented here on this chart so we + + + align:start position:0% +represented here on this chart so we +have on the Y AIS essentially the + + align:start position:0% +have on the Y AIS essentially the + + + align:start position:0% +have on the Y AIS essentially the +percentage of your life cycle budget + + align:start position:0% +percentage of your life cycle budget + + + align:start position:0% +percentage of your life cycle budget +that you might attribute to these and + + align:start position:0% +that you might attribute to these and + + + align:start position:0% +that you might attribute to these and +here on the x-axis we have life cycle + + align:start position:0% +here on the x-axis we have life cycle + + + align:start position:0% +here on the x-axis we have life cycle +phases starting from concept development + + align:start position:0% +phases starting from concept development + + + align:start position:0% +phases starting from concept development +through detail design production use and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Disposal here we show various curves so + + align:start position:0% +Disposal here we show various curves so + + + align:start position:0% +Disposal here we show various curves so +as you go through the engineering design + + align:start position:0% +as you go through the engineering design + + + align:start position:0% +as you go through the engineering design +process you as Engineers are making + + align:start position:0% +process you as Engineers are making + + + align:start position:0% +process you as Engineers are making +choices you decide to use a particular + + align:start position:0% +choices you decide to use a particular + + + align:start position:0% +choices you decide to use a particular +material you decide in a particular + + align:start position:0% +material you decide in a particular + + + align:start position:0% +material you decide in a particular +design that has Manufacturing + + align:start position:0% +design that has Manufacturing + + + align:start position:0% +design that has Manufacturing +implications performance implications + + align:start position:0% +implications performance implications + + + align:start position:0% +implications performance implications +and so on and as you make those choices + + align:start position:0% +and so on and as you make those choices + + + align:start position:0% +and so on and as you make those choices +which are right here in conceptual + + align:start position:0% +which are right here in conceptual + + + align:start position:0% +which are right here in conceptual +design you are determining a priority + + align:start position:0% +design you are determining a priority + + + align:start position:0% +design you are determining a priority +the cost of that system by your + + align:start position:0% +the cost of that system by your + + + align:start position:0% +the cost of that system by your +choices at the same time as we move + + align:start position:0% +choices at the same time as we move + + + align:start position:0% +choices at the same time as we move +through this + + align:start position:0% +through this + + + align:start position:0% +through this +process The Leverage that management has + + align:start position:0% +process The Leverage that management has + + + align:start position:0% +process The Leverage that management has +to make any changes starts to go down + + align:start position:0% +to make any changes starts to go down + + + align:start position:0% +to make any changes starts to go down +dramatically because a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +dramatically because a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +dramatically because a lot of the +knowledge and the cost is being + + align:start position:0% +knowledge and the cost is being + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge and the cost is being +committed + + align:start position:0% +committed + + + align:start position:0% +committed +there but as cost is being committed ear + + align:start position:0% +there but as cost is being committed ear + + + align:start position:0% +there but as cost is being committed ear +it's really not being incurred by your + + align:start position:0% +it's really not being incurred by your + + + align:start position:0% +it's really not being incurred by your +organization for a while because you're + + align:start position:0% +organization for a while because you're + + + align:start position:0% +organization for a while because you're +not buying materials you're not bending + + align:start position:0% +not buying materials you're not bending + + + align:start position:0% +not buying materials you're not bending +metal you're not into the expensive + + align:start position:0% +metal you're not into the expensive + + + align:start position:0% +metal you're not into the expensive +parts that starts to happen over here + + align:start position:0% +parts that starts to happen over here + + + align:start position:0% +parts that starts to happen over here +but yet you've already decided it way + + align:start position:0% +but yet you've already decided it way + + + align:start position:0% +but yet you've already decided it way +back here in conceptual design and a + + align:start position:0% +back here in conceptual design and a + + + align:start position:0% +back here in conceptual design and a +similar curve is shown for knowledge + + align:start position:0% +similar curve is shown for knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +similar curve is shown for knowledge +this is what we know about the design of + + align:start position:0% +this is what we know about the design of + + + align:start position:0% +this is what we know about the design of +the product the performance the quality + + align:start position:0% +the product the performance the quality + + + align:start position:0% +the product the performance the quality +the use reliability and so on as you + + align:start position:0% +the use reliability and so on as you + + + align:start position:0% +the use reliability and so on as you +start out early in a design you just + + align:start position:0% +start out early in a design you just + + + align:start position:0% +start out early in a design you just +don't know a lot about it it's a process + + align:start position:0% +don't know a lot about it it's a process + + + align:start position:0% +don't know a lot about it it's a process +of discovery and Analysis and refinement + + align:start position:0% +of discovery and Analysis and refinement + + + align:start position:0% +of discovery and Analysis and refinement +and that knowledge grows as you go + + align:start position:0% +and that knowledge grows as you go + + + align:start position:0% +and that knowledge grows as you go +further down in the life cycle phase but + + align:start position:0% +further down in the life cycle phase but + + + align:start position:0% +further down in the life cycle phase but +it doesn't grow nearly as fast as your + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't grow nearly as fast as your + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't grow nearly as fast as your +committing cost to that so there's a lot + + align:start position:0% +committing cost to that so there's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +committing cost to that so there's a lot +of uncertainties that exist in the + + align:start position:0% +of uncertainties that exist in the + + + align:start position:0% +of uncertainties that exist in the +process but it's this extreme leverage + + align:start position:0% +process but it's this extreme leverage + + + align:start position:0% +process but it's this extreme leverage +that we have up here in concept + + align:start position:0% +that we have up here in concept + + + align:start position:0% +that we have up here in concept +development to determine all of the + + align:start position:0% +development to determine all of the + + + align:start position:0% +development to determine all of the +properties of our system that that's so + + align:start position:0% +properties of our system that that's so + + + align:start position:0% +properties of our system that that's so +fundamentally important and this is why + + align:start position:0% +fundamentally important and this is why + + + align:start position:0% +fundamentally important and this is why +lean thinking needs to start with + + align:start position:0% +lean thinking needs to start with + + + align:start position:0% +lean thinking needs to start with +engineering because the engineers are + + align:start position:0% +engineering because the engineers are + + + align:start position:0% +engineering because the engineers are +making those critical choices that are + + align:start position:0% +making those critical choices that are + + + align:start position:0% +making those critical choices that are +going to determine cost and per + + align:start position:0% +going to determine cost and per + + + align:start position:0% +going to determine cost and per +performance and reliability and safety + + align:start position:0% +performance and reliability and safety + + + align:start position:0% +performance and reliability and safety +and usability and maintainability and so + + align:start position:0% +and usability and maintainability and so + + + align:start position:0% +and usability and maintainability and so +on so lean engineering is really about + + align:start position:0% +on so lean engineering is really about + + + align:start position:0% +on so lean engineering is really about +doing the right thing right it's got + + align:start position:0% +doing the right thing right it's got + + + align:start position:0% +doing the right thing right it's got +three components to it you first have to + + align:start position:0% +three components to it you first have to + + + align:start position:0% +three components to it you first have to +create the right products you have to do + + align:start position:0% +create the right products you have to do + + + align:start position:0% +create the right products you have to do +that with effective Enterprise and life + + align:start position:0% +that with effective Enterprise and life + + + align:start position:0% +that with effective Enterprise and life +cycle integration and you have to use + + align:start position:0% +cycle integration and you have to use + + + align:start position:0% +cycle integration and you have to use +efficient engineering processes and + + align:start position:0% +efficient engineering processes and + + + align:start position:0% +efficient engineering processes and +we're going to take each of those in + + align:start position:0% +we're going to take each of those in + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to take each of those in +turn so creating the right product means + + align:start position:0% +turn so creating the right product means + + + align:start position:0% +turn so creating the right product means +focusing on the customer and to do that + + align:start position:0% +focusing on the customer and to do that + + + align:start position:0% +focusing on the customer and to do that +you have to shift some resource up front + + align:start position:0% +you have to shift some resource up front + + + align:start position:0% +you have to shift some resource up front +to the conceptual design process so that + + align:start position:0% +to the conceptual design process so that + + + align:start position:0% +to the conceptual design process so that +you can spend enough time to really make + + align:start position:0% +you can spend enough time to really make + + + align:start position:0% +you can spend enough time to really make +the right choices about the + + align:start position:0% +the right choices about the + + + align:start position:0% +the right choices about the +product effective Enterprise and life + + align:start position:0% +product effective Enterprise and life + + + align:start position:0% +product effective Enterprise and life +cycle integration means that we should + + align:start position:0% +cycle integration means that we should + + + align:start position:0% +cycle integration means that we should +use our lean engineering tools so we can + + align:start position:0% +use our lean engineering tools so we can + + + align:start position:0% +use our lean engineering tools so we can +create value throughout the product life + + align:start position:0% +create value throughout the product life + + + align:start position:0% +create value throughout the product life +cycle and + + align:start position:0% +cycle and + + + align:start position:0% +cycle and +Enterprise and being efficient while we + + align:start position:0% +Enterprise and being efficient while we + + + align:start position:0% +Enterprise and being efficient while we +do so so apply the lean thinking to + + align:start position:0% +do so so apply the lean thinking to + + + align:start position:0% +do so so apply the lean thinking to +eliminate waste and improve the + + align:start position:0% +eliminate waste and improve the + + + align:start position:0% +eliminate waste and improve the +processes of + + align:start position:0% +processes of + + + align:start position:0% +processes of +engineering so starting out with our + + align:start position:0% +engineering so starting out with our + + + align:start position:0% +engineering so starting out with our +first point about creating the right + + align:start position:0% +first point about creating the right + + + align:start position:0% +first point about creating the right +products how do you know what's right + + align:start position:0% +products how do you know what's right + + + align:start position:0% +products how do you know what's right +the customer is the one who specifies + + align:start position:0% +the customer is the one who specifies + + + align:start position:0% +the customer is the one who specifies +that for you and generally when they're + + align:start position:0% +that for you and generally when they're + + + align:start position:0% +that for you and generally when they're +thinking about value they've got four + + align:start position:0% +thinking about value they've got four + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about value they've got four +large elements in mind that sum up to be + + align:start position:0% +large elements in mind that sum up to be + + + align:start position:0% +large elements in mind that sum up to be +their value there's some elements of + + align:start position:0% +their value there's some elements of + + + align:start position:0% +their value there's some elements of +features and performance and quality + + align:start position:0% +features and performance and quality + + + align:start position:0% +features and performance and quality +there's some element of schedule and + + align:start position:0% +there's some element of schedule and + + + align:start position:0% +there's some element of schedule and +when I can get it there's an element of + + align:start position:0% +when I can get it there's an element of + + + align:start position:0% +when I can get it there's an element of +cost that they have to pay for that and + + align:start position:0% +cost that they have to pay for that and + + + align:start position:0% +cost that they have to pay for that and +then there's some element of price what + + align:start position:0% +then there's some element of price what + + + align:start position:0% +then there's some element of price what +it cost you to to make + + align:start position:0% +it cost you to to make + + + align:start position:0% +it cost you to to make +that and if you think to any purchase + + align:start position:0% +that and if you think to any purchase + + + align:start position:0% +that and if you think to any purchase +that you make you are either consciously + + align:start position:0% +that you make you are either consciously + + + align:start position:0% +that you make you are either consciously +or un consciously balancing all these + + align:start position:0% +or un consciously balancing all these + + + align:start position:0% +or un consciously balancing all these +parts that equate to value of a product + + align:start position:0% +parts that equate to value of a product + + + align:start position:0% +parts that equate to value of a product +in your mind so you may want a computer + + align:start position:0% +in your mind so you may want a computer + + + align:start position:0% +in your mind so you may want a computer +that has a certain kind of performance + + align:start position:0% +that has a certain kind of performance + + + align:start position:0% +that has a certain kind of performance +and price to you but if you can't get it + + align:start position:0% +and price to you but if you can't get it + + + align:start position:0% +and price to you but if you can't get it +for four weeks you may decide that + + align:start position:0% +for four weeks you may decide that + + + align:start position:0% +for four weeks you may decide that +that's not really a good value + + align:start position:0% +that's not really a good value + + + align:start position:0% +that's not really a good value +proposition for you and you may choose + + align:start position:0% +proposition for you and you may choose + + + align:start position:0% +proposition for you and you may choose +to set some other combination of + + align:start position:0% +to set some other combination of + + + align:start position:0% +to set some other combination of +attributes for yourself that really + + align:start position:0% +attributes for yourself that really + + + align:start position:0% +attributes for yourself that really +defines + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +value engineering drives the cost of all + + align:start position:0% +value engineering drives the cost of all + + + align:start position:0% +value engineering drives the cost of all +the products + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so 80% of the products cost is + + align:start position:0% +so 80% of the products cost is + + + align:start position:0% +so 80% of the products cost is +determined through the engineering + + align:start position:0% +determined through the engineering + + + align:start position:0% +determined through the engineering +design when these choices are made so + + align:start position:0% +design when these choices are made so + + + align:start position:0% +design when these choices are made so +the number of parts that you have every + + align:start position:0% +the number of parts that you have every + + + align:start position:0% +the number of parts that you have every +part costs some + + align:start position:0% +part costs some + + + align:start position:0% +part costs some +money Parts have to be inventoried Parts + + align:start position:0% +money Parts have to be inventoried Parts + + + align:start position:0% +money Parts have to be inventoried Parts +have to be designed Parts have to be + + align:start position:0% +have to be designed Parts have to be + + + align:start position:0% +have to be designed Parts have to be +transported they have to be maintained + + align:start position:0% +transported they have to be maintained + + + align:start position:0% +transported they have to be maintained +they have to be quality controlled and + + align:start position:0% +they have to be quality controlled and + + + align:start position:0% +they have to be quality controlled and +so on and each of those actions incurs a + + align:start position:0% +so on and each of those actions incurs a + + + align:start position:0% +so on and each of those actions incurs a +particular cost as well as tolerances on + + align:start position:0% +particular cost as well as tolerances on + + + align:start position:0% +particular cost as well as tolerances on +Parts I'm sure some of you have gone + + align:start position:0% +Parts I'm sure some of you have gone + + + align:start position:0% +Parts I'm sure some of you have gone +through engineering classes have talked + + align:start position:0% +through engineering classes have talked + + + align:start position:0% +through engineering classes have talked +about how strict tolerances can really + + align:start position:0% +about how strict tolerances can really + + + align:start position:0% +about how strict tolerances can really +increase the cost of producing a product + + align:start position:0% +increase the cost of producing a product + + + align:start position:0% +increase the cost of producing a product +whereas if you relax tolerances you may + + align:start position:0% +whereas if you relax tolerances you may + + + align:start position:0% +whereas if you relax tolerances you may +get to a slightly lower cost on your + + align:start position:0% +get to a slightly lower cost on your + + + align:start position:0% +get to a slightly lower cost on your +parts you can think of assembly + + align:start position:0% +parts you can think of assembly + + + align:start position:0% +parts you can think of assembly +techniques different assembly techniques + + align:start position:0% +techniques different assembly techniques + + + align:start position:0% +techniques different assembly techniques +cost uh different amounts of money some + + align:start position:0% +cost uh different amounts of money some + + + align:start position:0% +cost uh different amounts of money some +are much more complex and complicated as + + align:start position:0% +are much more complex and complicated as + + + align:start position:0% +are much more complex and complicated as +well as processes to treat raw + + align:start position:0% +well as processes to treat raw + + + align:start position:0% +well as processes to treat raw +materials and the tooling approach that + + align:start position:0% +materials and the tooling approach that + + + align:start position:0% +materials and the tooling approach that +you might use again that ranges from + + align:start position:0% +you might use again that ranges from + + + align:start position:0% +you might use again that ranges from +cheaper to more expensive materials if + + align:start position:0% +cheaper to more expensive materials if + + + align:start position:0% +cheaper to more expensive materials if +you want to build something out of uh + + align:start position:0% +you want to build something out of uh + + + align:start position:0% +you want to build something out of uh +titanium it's going to cost you + + align:start position:0% +titanium it's going to cost you + + + align:start position:0% +titanium it's going to cost you +differently than to build out of other + + align:start position:0% +differently than to build out of other + + + align:start position:0% +differently than to build out of other +materials avionics and software design + + align:start position:0% +materials avionics and software design + + + align:start position:0% +materials avionics and software design +complexity whether or not you're reusing + + align:start position:0% +complexity whether or not you're reusing + + + align:start position:0% +complexity whether or not you're reusing +previous design efforts these all + + align:start position:0% +previous design efforts these all + + + align:start position:0% +previous design efforts these all +contribute to the product's cost and + + align:start position:0% +contribute to the product's cost and + + + align:start position:0% +contribute to the product's cost and +these are choices that the engineer is + + align:start position:0% +these are choices that the engineer is + + + align:start position:0% +these are choices that the engineer is +making so this is yet again another + + align:start position:0% +making so this is yet again another + + + align:start position:0% +making so this is yet again another +illustration of why it's so important to + + align:start position:0% +illustration of why it's so important to + + + align:start position:0% +illustration of why it's so important to +try to make the right choices spend the + + align:start position:0% +try to make the right choices spend the + + + align:start position:0% +try to make the right choices spend the +amount of time you need to do that up + + align:start position:0% +amount of time you need to do that up + + + align:start position:0% +amount of time you need to do that up +front this is a reflection back to our + + align:start position:0% +front this is a reflection back to our + + + align:start position:0% +front this is a reflection back to our +suppliers talk don't forget suppliers + + align:start position:0% +suppliers talk don't forget suppliers + + + align:start position:0% +suppliers talk don't forget suppliers +they're a critical component of your + + align:start position:0% +they're a critical component of your + + + align:start position:0% +they're a critical component of your +design and ensuring that you have the + + align:start position:0% +design and ensuring that you have the + + + align:start position:0% +design and ensuring that you have the +right cost on your system typically 60 + + align:start position:0% +right cost on your system typically 60 + + + align:start position:0% +right cost on your system typically 60 +to 80% of value is added by suppliers so + + align:start position:0% +to 80% of value is added by suppliers so + + + align:start position:0% +to 80% of value is added by suppliers so +when you think about the engineering + + align:start position:0% +when you think about the engineering + + + align:start position:0% +when you think about the engineering +processes don't neglect + + align:start position:0% +processes don't neglect + + + align:start position:0% +processes don't neglect +them one of the best practices for + + align:start position:0% +them one of the best practices for + + + align:start position:0% +them one of the best practices for +achieving the engineering result that + + align:start position:0% +achieving the engineering result that + + + align:start position:0% +achieving the engineering result that +you want is to use integrated product + + align:start position:0% +you want is to use integrated product + + + align:start position:0% +you want is to use integrated product +and process + + align:start position:0% +and process + + + align:start position:0% +and process +development it's a concept that utilizes + + align:start position:0% +development it's a concept that utilizes + + + align:start position:0% +development it's a concept that utilizes +a couple of elements first the + + align:start position:0% +a couple of elements first the + + + align:start position:0% +a couple of elements first the +principles of systems engineering to + + align:start position:0% +principles of systems engineering to + + + align:start position:0% +principles of systems engineering to +translate your customer needs into a + + align:start position:0% +translate your customer needs into a + + + align:start position:0% +translate your customer needs into a +product architecture and set of + + align:start position:0% +product architecture and set of + + + align:start position:0% +product architecture and set of +specifications using integrated product + + align:start position:0% +specifications using integrated product + + + align:start position:0% +specifications using integrated product +teams so that you can bring Knowledge + + align:start position:0% +teams so that you can bring Knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +teams so that you can bring Knowledge +from all the different life cycle parts + + align:start position:0% +from all the different life cycle parts + + + align:start position:0% +from all the different life cycle parts +into your engineering activity remember + + align:start position:0% +into your engineering activity remember + + + align:start position:0% +into your engineering activity remember +we talked about the cost committed early + + align:start position:0% +we talked about the cost committed early + + + align:start position:0% +we talked about the cost committed early +on in the engineering activity and the + + align:start position:0% +on in the engineering activity and the + + + align:start position:0% +on in the engineering activity and the +uncertainty of knowledge one way to uh + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty of knowledge one way to uh + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty of knowledge one way to uh +increase the amount of knowledge you + + align:start position:0% +increase the amount of knowledge you + + + align:start position:0% +increase the amount of knowledge you +have is to bring people in from all the + + align:start position:0% +have is to bring people in from all the + + + align:start position:0% +have is to bring people in from all the +different life cycle phases so bring + + align:start position:0% +different life cycle phases so bring + + + align:start position:0% +different life cycle phases so bring +someone in from manufacturing bring + + align:start position:0% +someone in from manufacturing bring + + + align:start position:0% +someone in from manufacturing bring +someone in from the customer Community + + align:start position:0% +someone in from the customer Community + + + align:start position:0% +someone in from the customer Community +who uses it bring somebody in from from + + align:start position:0% +who uses it bring somebody in from from + + + align:start position:0% +who uses it bring somebody in from from +all the different parts so that you can + + align:start position:0% +all the different parts so that you can + + + align:start position:0% +all the different parts so that you can +increase your knowledge as early as you + + align:start position:0% +increase your knowledge as early as you + + + align:start position:0% +increase your knowledge as early as you +can third the ipd approach utilizes + + align:start position:0% +can third the ipd approach utilizes + + + align:start position:0% +can third the ipd approach utilizes +modern engineering tools and we're going + + align:start position:0% +modern engineering tools and we're going + + + align:start position:0% +modern engineering tools and we're going +to give some examples of that in a few + + align:start position:0% +to give some examples of that in a few + + + align:start position:0% +to give some examples of that in a few +slides and it all can't really function + + align:start position:0% +slides and it all can't really function + + + align:start position:0% +slides and it all can't really function +unless we've got the right kind of human + + align:start position:0% +unless we've got the right kind of human + + + align:start position:0% +unless we've got the right kind of human +resources on board which may require a + + align:start position:0% +resources on board which may require a + + + align:start position:0% +resources on board which may require a +certain skill set or a certain set of + + align:start position:0% +certain skill set or a certain set of + + + align:start position:0% +certain skill set or a certain set of +people so it's not just that you have + + align:start position:0% +people so it's not just that you have + + + align:start position:0% +people so it's not just that you have +capable tools you need capable processes + + align:start position:0% +capable tools you need capable processes + + + align:start position:0% +capable tools you need capable processes +and you need capable people to actually + + align:start position:0% +and you need capable people to actually + + + align:start position:0% +and you need capable people to actually +execute this + + align:start position:0% +execute this + + + align:start position:0% +execute this +successfully so here's a list of some of + + align:start position:0% +successfully so here's a list of some of + + + align:start position:0% +successfully so here's a list of some of +our tools of lean engineering and I'm + + align:start position:0% +our tools of lean engineering and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +our tools of lean engineering and I'm +also going to show a couple of detailed + + align:start position:0% +also going to show a couple of detailed + + + align:start position:0% +also going to show a couple of detailed +examples in the next couple of + + align:start position:0% +examples in the next couple of + + + align:start position:0% +examples in the next couple of +slides so we have digital tools that + + align:start position:0% +slides so we have digital tools that + + + align:start position:0% +slides so we have digital tools that +increase the timing of handoffs decrease + + align:start position:0% +increase the timing of handoffs decrease + + + align:start position:0% +increase the timing of handoffs decrease +waiting increase quality there are + + align:start position:0% +waiting increase quality there are + + + align:start position:0% +waiting increase quality there are +production simulation tools that you can + + align:start position:0% +production simulation tools that you can + + + align:start position:0% +production simulation tools that you can +use which are much cheaper on a computer + + align:start position:0% +use which are much cheaper on a computer + + + align:start position:0% +use which are much cheaper on a computer +than actually having to go out and build + + align:start position:0% +than actually having to go out and build + + + align:start position:0% +than actually having to go out and build +a physical part and try to play around + + align:start position:0% +a physical part and try to play around + + + align:start position:0% +a physical part and try to play around +with that you can think about common + + align:start position:0% +with that you can think about common + + + align:start position:0% +with that you can think about common +parts and specs and reusing design uh + + align:start position:0% +parts and specs and reusing design uh + + + align:start position:0% +parts and specs and reusing design uh +the design for manufacturing assembly + + align:start position:0% +the design for manufacturing assembly + + + align:start position:0% +the design for manufacturing assembly +which we're going to talk about in the + + align:start position:0% +which we're going to talk about in the + + + align:start position:0% +which we're going to talk about in the +context of our planes uh and so on all + + align:start position:0% +context of our planes uh and so on all + + + align:start position:0% +context of our planes uh and so on all +of these are very useful tools for lean + + align:start position:0% +of these are very useful tools for lean + + + align:start position:0% +of these are very useful tools for lean +engineering and to show you that these + + align:start position:0% +engineering and to show you that these + + + align:start position:0% +engineering and to show you that these +are being used out in Industry this is + + align:start position:0% +are being used out in Industry this is + + + align:start position:0% +are being used out in Industry this is +an example from + + align:start position:0% +an example from + + + align:start position:0% +an example from +Boeing this shows you how they brought + + align:start position:0% +Boeing this shows you how they brought + + + align:start position:0% +Boeing this shows you how they brought +together various different digital tools + + align:start position:0% +together various different digital tools + + + align:start position:0% +together various different digital tools +that went into producing the hardware so + + align:start position:0% +that went into producing the hardware so + + + align:start position:0% +that went into producing the hardware so +they were able to use a CAD program to + + align:start position:0% +they were able to use a CAD program to + + + align:start position:0% +they were able to use a CAD program to +do different layouts and + + align:start position:0% +do different layouts and + + + align:start position:0% +do different layouts and +three-dimensional visualizations they + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional visualizations they + + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional visualizations they +had a parametric solids modeling tool + + align:start position:0% +had a parametric solids modeling tool + + + align:start position:0% +had a parametric solids modeling tool +they had some assembly models that were + + align:start position:0% +they had some assembly models that were + + + align:start position:0% +they had some assembly models that were +done in 3D CAD they electronically + + align:start position:0% +done in 3D CAD they electronically + + + align:start position:0% +done in 3D CAD they electronically +released their build to packages they + + align:start position:0% +released their build to packages they + + + align:start position:0% +released their build to packages they +used a computer to simulate the + + align:start position:0% +used a computer to simulate the + + + align:start position:0% +used a computer to simulate the +manufacturing assembly and all this was + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing assembly and all this was + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing assembly and all this was +done with far less cost than trying to + + align:start position:0% +done with far less cost than trying to + + + align:start position:0% +done with far less cost than trying to +go and build your hardware and uh and do + + align:start position:0% +go and build your hardware and uh and do + + + align:start position:0% +go and build your hardware and uh and do +all of your playing around in the + + align:start position:0% +all of your playing around in the + + + align:start position:0% +all of your playing around in the +physical + + align:start position:0% +physical + + + align:start position:0% +physical +space so I'll give you an example of the + + align:start position:0% +space so I'll give you an example of the + + + align:start position:0% +space so I'll give you an example of the +production simulation I need to break a + + align:start position:0% +production simulation I need to break a + + + align:start position:0% +production simulation I need to break a +moment and go into my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +movie let's move on to another tool of + + align:start position:0% +movie let's move on to another tool of + + + align:start position:0% +movie let's move on to another tool of +lean engineering that's common parts and + + align:start position:0% +lean engineering that's common parts and + + + align:start position:0% +lean engineering that's common parts and +reusing + + align:start position:0% +reusing + + + align:start position:0% +reusing +designs so if you're using common + + align:start position:0% +designs so if you're using common + + + align:start position:0% +designs so if you're using common +parts you don't and you're reducing the + + align:start position:0% +parts you don't and you're reducing the + + + align:start position:0% +parts you don't and you're reducing the +total part count as as a result you're + + align:start position:0% +total part count as as a result you're + + + align:start position:0% +total part count as as a result you're +reducing costs because every part that + + align:start position:0% +reducing costs because every part that + + + align:start position:0% +reducing costs because every part that +you don't have to design you don't have + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to design you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to design you don't have +to manufacture and and QC and tag and + + align:start position:0% +to manufacture and and QC and tag and + + + align:start position:0% +to manufacture and and QC and tag and +everything + + align:start position:0% +everything + + + align:start position:0% +everything +these are some great illustrations of + + align:start position:0% +these are some great illustrations of + + + align:start position:0% +these are some great illustrations of +trying to use what we call mirror parts + + align:start position:0% +trying to use what we call mirror parts + + + align:start position:0% +trying to use what we call mirror parts +do do you need to have Parts designed + + align:start position:0% +do do you need to have Parts designed + + + align:start position:0% +do do you need to have Parts designed +differently for the right hand side and + + align:start position:0% +differently for the right hand side and + + + align:start position:0% +differently for the right hand side and +the left hand side could you reconceive + + align:start position:0% +the left hand side could you reconceive + + + align:start position:0% +the left hand side could you reconceive +your design such that they used a common + + align:start position:0% +your design such that they used a common + + + align:start position:0% +your design such that they used a common +part and this would then save on the + + align:start position:0% +part and this would then save on the + + + align:start position:0% +part and this would then save on the +number of unique + + align:start position:0% +number of unique + + + align:start position:0% +number of unique +Parts also have to realize that common + + align:start position:0% +Parts also have to realize that common + + + align:start position:0% +Parts also have to realize that common +parts can increase the quality of your + + align:start position:0% +parts can increase the quality of your + + + align:start position:0% +parts can increase the quality of your +design less points of potential failure + + align:start position:0% +design less points of potential failure + + + align:start position:0% +design less points of potential failure +less points of uncertainty + + align:start position:0% +less points of uncertainty + + + align:start position:0% +less points of uncertainty +fewer moving Parts in your manufacturing + + align:start position:0% +fewer moving Parts in your manufacturing + + + align:start position:0% +fewer moving Parts in your manufacturing +process less room uh I'm sorry fewer + + align:start position:0% +process less room uh I'm sorry fewer + + + align:start position:0% +process less room uh I'm sorry fewer +mistakes to be made and mistaking one + + align:start position:0% +mistakes to be made and mistaking one + + + align:start position:0% +mistakes to be made and mistaking one +part for another if I've got all common + + align:start position:0% +part for another if I've got all common + + + align:start position:0% +part for another if I've got all common +parts and so + + align:start position:0% +parts and so + + + align:start position:0% +parts and so +on so let's talk about Park C reduction + + align:start position:0% +on so let's talk about Park C reduction + + + align:start position:0% +on so let's talk about Park C reduction +this is largely a goal of what's called + + align:start position:0% +this is largely a goal of what's called + + + align:start position:0% +this is largely a goal of what's called +design for manufacturing assembly so I'd + + align:start position:0% +design for manufacturing assembly so I'd + + + align:start position:0% +design for manufacturing assembly so I'd +like some input from you guys on why we + + align:start position:0% +like some input from you guys on why we + + + align:start position:0% +like some input from you guys on why we +would reduce park count we've covered a + + align:start position:0% +would reduce park count we've covered a + + + align:start position:0% +would reduce park count we've covered a +lot already so you can just kind of + + align:start position:0% +lot already so you can just kind of + + + align:start position:0% +lot already so you can just kind of +shout them + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +out H FAS + + align:start position:0% +out H FAS + + + align:start position:0% +out H FAS +assembly what + + align:start position:0% +assembly what + + + align:start position:0% +assembly what +else easier for your supplier easier for + + align:start position:0% +else easier for your supplier easier for + + + align:start position:0% +else easier for your supplier easier for +the supplier thank you Mr supplier thank + + align:start position:0% +the supplier thank you Mr supplier thank + + + align:start position:0% +the supplier thank you Mr supplier thank +you that was good yes less variation + + align:start position:0% +you that was good yes less variation + + + align:start position:0% +you that was good yes less variation +less variation + + align:start position:0% +less variation + + + align:start position:0% +less variation +tolerance yes indeed does everybody + + align:start position:0% +tolerance yes indeed does everybody + + + align:start position:0% +tolerance yes indeed does everybody +catch that the the concept of Tolerance + + align:start position:0% +catch that the the concept of Tolerance + + + align:start position:0% +catch that the the concept of Tolerance +buildups you you're reducing the part + + align:start position:0% +buildups you you're reducing the part + + + align:start position:0% +buildups you you're reducing the part +count each part has a specific tolerance + + align:start position:0% +count each part has a specific tolerance + + + align:start position:0% +count each part has a specific tolerance +to it the more parts you label together + + align:start position:0% +to it the more parts you label together + + + align:start position:0% +to it the more parts you label together +kind of that the bigger that uncertainty + + align:start position:0% +kind of that the bigger that uncertainty + + + align:start position:0% +kind of that the bigger that uncertainty +and potential tolerance grows you have + + align:start position:0% +and potential tolerance grows you have + + + align:start position:0% +and potential tolerance grows you have +fewer parts that comes down what else + + align:start position:0% +fewer parts that comes down what else + + + align:start position:0% +fewer parts that comes down what else +that is good CH to make mistakes fewer + + align:start position:0% +that is good CH to make mistakes fewer + + + align:start position:0% +that is good CH to make mistakes fewer +chances to make mistakes yep because + + align:start position:0% +chances to make mistakes yep because + + + align:start position:0% +chances to make mistakes yep because +every part I handle has some probability + + align:start position:0% +every part I handle has some probability + + + align:start position:0% +every part I handle has some probability +that I'm going to make a mistake with it + + align:start position:0% +that I'm going to make a mistake with it + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm going to make a mistake with it +I have a few of those yep what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +else many designs increasing part count + + align:start position:0% +else many designs increasing part count + + + align:start position:0% +else many designs increasing part count +requires increased + + align:start position:0% +requires increased + + + align:start position:0% +requires increased +lubrication often times joints and + + align:start position:0% +lubrication often times joints and + + + align:start position:0% +lubrication often times joints and +things the more parts you have the more + + align:start position:0% +things the more parts you have the more + + + align:start position:0% +things the more parts you have the more +need for lubrication the more word you + + align:start position:0% +need for lubrication the more word you + + + align:start position:0% +need for lubrication the more word you +get a lot of mechanical comps sure so + + align:start position:0% +get a lot of mechanical comps sure so + + + align:start position:0% +get a lot of mechanical comps sure so +operational considerations that you + + align:start position:0% +operational considerations that you + + + align:start position:0% +operational considerations that you +might want to think about and uh what + + align:start position:0% +might want to think about and uh what + + + align:start position:0% +might want to think about and uh what +was are others + + align:start position:0% +was are others + + + align:start position:0% +was are others +Anil um simplified the supply chain + + align:start position:0% +Anil um simplified the supply chain + + + align:start position:0% +Anil um simplified the supply chain +simplifying the supply chain yep others + + align:start position:0% +simplifying the supply chain yep others + + + align:start position:0% +simplifying the supply chain yep others +go ahead depends on situation + + align:start position:0% +go ahead depends on situation + + + align:start position:0% +go ahead depends on situation +Che right yes it reduces cost that's + + align:start position:0% +Che right yes it reduces cost that's + + + align:start position:0% +Che right yes it reduces cost that's +what your boss really wants to hear it's + + align:start position:0% +what your boss really wants to hear it's + + + align:start position:0% +what your boss really wants to hear it's +going to reduce some cost for the + + align:start position:0% +going to reduce some cost for the + + + align:start position:0% +going to reduce some cost for the +Enterprise we've covered almost all of + + align:start position:0% +Enterprise we've covered almost all of + + + align:start position:0% +Enterprise we've covered almost all of +these there were excellent discussion + + align:start position:0% +these there were excellent discussion + + + align:start position:0% +these there were excellent discussion +and some others that we brought up that + + align:start position:0% +and some others that we brought up that + + + align:start position:0% +and some others that we brought up that +that aren't quite on this + + align:start position:0% +that aren't quite on this + + + align:start position:0% +that aren't quite on this +list it's important to keep in mind + + align:start position:0% +list it's important to keep in mind + + + align:start position:0% +list it's important to keep in mind +though that sometimes but not all the + + align:start position:0% +though that sometimes but not all the + + + align:start position:0% +though that sometimes but not all the +time reducing your park count would + + align:start position:0% +time reducing your park count would + + + align:start position:0% +time reducing your park count would +require some performance trades so cost + + align:start position:0% +require some performance trades so cost + + + align:start position:0% +require some performance trades so cost +and schedule savings may be big but you + + align:start position:0% +and schedule savings may be big but you + + + align:start position:0% +and schedule savings may be big but you +may be trading off a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +may be trading off a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +may be trading off a little bit of +performance and if your customer okay + + align:start position:0% +performance and if your customer okay + + + align:start position:0% +performance and if your customer okay +with that then everybody wins in the end + + align:start position:0% +with that then everybody wins in the end + + + align:start position:0% +with that then everybody wins in the end +um one particular aspect in Aerospace + + align:start position:0% +um one particular aspect in Aerospace + + + align:start position:0% +um one particular aspect in Aerospace +Systems is of course Mass when you're + + align:start position:0% +Systems is of course Mass when you're + + + align:start position:0% +Systems is of course Mass when you're +thinking about that and sometimes going + + align:start position:0% +thinking about that and sometimes going + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about that and sometimes going +to common parts and fewer Parts can + + align:start position:0% +to common parts and fewer Parts can + + + align:start position:0% +to common parts and fewer Parts can +increase Mass which may sort of dictate + + align:start position:0% +increase Mass which may sort of dictate + + + align:start position:0% +increase Mass which may sort of dictate +a a performance ding to the system but + + align:start position:0% +a a performance ding to the system but + + + align:start position:0% +a a performance ding to the system but +like I said not always and I think I'll + + align:start position:0% +like I said not always and I think I'll + + + align:start position:0% +like I said not always and I think I'll +show you an example later on that + + align:start position:0% +show you an example later on that + + + align:start position:0% +show you an example later on that +demonstrates that really clearly so what + + align:start position:0% +demonstrates that really clearly so what + + + align:start position:0% +demonstrates that really clearly so what +I want to do now is take you into uh an + + align:start position:0% +I want to do now is take you into uh an + + + align:start position:0% +I want to do now is take you into uh an +active learning exercise and we're going + + align:start position:0% +active learning exercise and we're going + + + align:start position:0% +active learning exercise and we're going +to think about applying these lean + + align:start position:0% +to think about applying these lean + + + align:start position:0% +to think about applying these lean +engineering principles and practices to + + align:start position:0% +engineering principles and practices to + + + align:start position:0% +engineering principles and practices to +redesigning your airplane with a goal + + align:start position:0% +redesigning your airplane with a goal + + + align:start position:0% +redesigning your airplane with a goal +for Park K reduction and designing for + + align:start position:0% +for Park K reduction and designing for + + + align:start position:0% +for Park K reduction and designing for +manufacturing and + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing and + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing and +assembly so your first goal is to + + align:start position:0% +assembly so your first goal is to + + + align:start position:0% +assembly so your first goal is to +satisfy the customer and theer customer + + align:start position:0% +satisfy the customer and theer customer + + + align:start position:0% +satisfy the customer and theer customer +has a couple of desires they want the + + align:start position:0% +has a couple of desires they want the + + + align:start position:0% +has a couple of desires they want the +mold line of the airplane to remain the + + align:start position:0% +mold line of the airplane to remain the + + + align:start position:0% +mold line of the airplane to remain the +same exactly the same so this is the + + align:start position:0% +same exactly the same so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +same exactly the same so this is the +outer + + align:start position:0% +outer + + + align:start position:0% +outer +shape the customer also requires that + + align:start position:0% +shape the customer also requires that + + + align:start position:0% +shape the customer also requires that +the landing gear but just the landing + + align:start position:0% +the landing gear but just the landing + + + align:start position:0% +the landing gear but just the landing +gear must be brown so it comes from a + + align:start position:0% +gear must be brown so it comes from a + + + align:start position:0% +gear must be brown so it comes from a +particular kind of material and the + + align:start position:0% +particular kind of material and the + + + align:start position:0% +particular kind of material and the +customer feels that they really need the + + align:start position:0% +customer feels that they really need the + + + align:start position:0% +customer feels that they really need the +strength of that material on the landing + + align:start position:0% +strength of that material on the landing + + + align:start position:0% +strength of that material on the landing +gear so those have to stay the way they + + align:start position:0% +gear so those have to stay the way they + + + align:start position:0% +gear so those have to stay the way they +are thirdly the customer has a desire + + align:start position:0% +are thirdly the customer has a desire + + + align:start position:0% +are thirdly the customer has a desire +for inservice Quality to go up right now + + align:start position:0% +for inservice Quality to go up right now + + + align:start position:0% +for inservice Quality to go up right now +the airplane's kind of fragile you may + + align:start position:0% +the airplane's kind of fragile you may + + + align:start position:0% +the airplane's kind of fragile you may +have been handling a full airplane and + + align:start position:0% +have been handling a full airplane and + + + align:start position:0% +have been handling a full airplane and +notice that the tail section tends to + + align:start position:0% +notice that the tail section tends to + + + align:start position:0% +notice that the tail section tends to +break off quite easily he will + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +demonstrate oh my + + align:start position:0% +demonstrate oh my + + + align:start position:0% +demonstrate oh my +[Laughter] + + align:start position:0% +[Laughter] + + + align:start position:0% +[Laughter] +goodness so the wings also appear to be + + align:start position:0% +goodness so the wings also appear to be + + + align:start position:0% +goodness so the wings also appear to be +a Fragile + + align:start position:0% +a Fragile + + + align:start position:0% +a Fragile +Heart depends on on where you hit the + + align:start position:0% +Heart depends on on where you hit the + + + align:start position:0% +Heart depends on on where you hit the +airplane but for example I was sitting + + align:start position:0% +airplane but for example I was sitting + + + align:start position:0% +airplane but for example I was sitting +at the customer mat at one table I took + + align:start position:0% +at the customer mat at one table I took + + + align:start position:0% +at the customer mat at one table I took +delivery of an aircraft and as soon as I + + align:start position:0% +delivery of an aircraft and as soon as I + + + align:start position:0% +delivery of an aircraft and as soon as I +grabbed it the tail section fell off + + align:start position:0% +grabbed it the tail section fell off + + + align:start position:0% +grabbed it the tail section fell off +this is a real thing so perhaps you can + + align:start position:0% +this is a real thing so perhaps you can + + + align:start position:0% +this is a real thing so perhaps you can +address the customer's desire for a + + align:start position:0% +address the customer's desire for a + + + align:start position:0% +address the customer's desire for a +slightly more robust + + align:start position:0% +slightly more robust + + + align:start position:0% +slightly more robust +design and fourthly as we've been + + align:start position:0% +design and fourthly as we've been + + + align:start position:0% +design and fourthly as we've been +talking about from the beginning the + + align:start position:0% +talking about from the beginning the + + + align:start position:0% +talking about from the beginning the +customer really wants 12 airplane to be + + align:start position:0% +customer really wants 12 airplane to be + + + align:start position:0% +customer really wants 12 airplane to be +delivered per round so they want you to + + align:start position:0% +delivered per round so they want you to + + + align:start position:0% +delivered per round so they want you to +increase the delivery + + align:start position:0% +increase the delivery + + + align:start position:0% +increase the delivery +quantities you want to think about + + align:start position:0% +quantities you want to think about + + + align:start position:0% +quantities you want to think about +reducing your manufacturing costs + + align:start position:0% +reducing your manufacturing costs + + + align:start position:0% +reducing your manufacturing costs +because this is good for your Enterprise + + align:start position:0% +because this is good for your Enterprise + + + align:start position:0% +because this is good for your Enterprise +so your parts are going to cost $5 per + + align:start position:0% +so your parts are going to cost $5 per + + + align:start position:0% +so your parts are going to cost $5 per +part regardless of + + align:start position:0% +part regardless of + + + align:start position:0% +part regardless of +part less parts then equals more + + align:start position:0% +part less parts then equals more + + + align:start position:0% +part less parts then equals more +capacity for + + align:start position:0% +capacity for + + + align:start position:0% +capacity for +you and thirdly we want you to + + align:start position:0% +you and thirdly we want you to + + + align:start position:0% +you and thirdly we want you to +incorporate the + + align:start position:0% +incorporate the + + + align:start position:0% +incorporate the +suppliers what kinds of Innovations + + align:start position:0% +suppliers what kinds of Innovations + + + align:start position:0% +suppliers what kinds of Innovations +could you generate by working better + + align:start position:0% +could you generate by working better + + + align:start position:0% +could you generate by working better +with your suppliers could you reduce the + + align:start position:0% +with your suppliers could you reduce the + + + align:start position:0% +with your suppliers could you reduce the +part diversity what else could you do + + align:start position:0% +part diversity what else could you do + + + align:start position:0% +part diversity what else could you do +applying lean engineering principles and + + align:start position:0% +applying lean engineering principles and + + + align:start position:0% +applying lean engineering principles and +concert with your + + align:start position:0% +concert with your + + + align:start position:0% +concert with your +supplier so I'm going to give you about + + align:start position:0% +supplier so I'm going to give you about + + + align:start position:0% +supplier so I'm going to give you about +uh 20 minutes or so to talk in your + + align:start position:0% +uh 20 minutes or so to talk in your + + + align:start position:0% +uh 20 minutes or so to talk in your +teams and + + align:start position:0% +teams and + + + align:start position:0% +teams and +redesign your aircraft you're going to + + align:start position:0% +redesign your aircraft you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +redesign your aircraft you're going to +work with your facilitator + + align:start position:0% +work with your facilitator + + + align:start position:0% +work with your facilitator +and you need to demonstrate that it + + align:start position:0% +and you need to demonstrate that it + + + align:start position:0% +and you need to demonstrate that it +satisfies all of these criteria for the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +customer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +11 yeah everybody take your seats again + + align:start position:0% +11 yeah everybody take your seats again + + + align:start position:0% +11 yeah everybody take your seats again +please I could tell you're all having + + align:start position:0% +please I could tell you're all having + + + align:start position:0% +please I could tell you're all having +fun redesigning your airplane + + align:start position:0% +fun redesigning your airplane + + + align:start position:0% +fun redesigning your airplane +let me use the next couple slides to + + align:start position:0% +let me use the next couple slides to + + + align:start position:0% +let me use the next couple slides to +finish out this module to give you some + + align:start position:0% +finish out this module to give you some + + + align:start position:0% +finish out this module to give you some +motivation for why lean engineering has + + align:start position:0% +motivation for why lean engineering has + + + align:start position:0% +motivation for why lean engineering has +been helpful in practice I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +been helpful in practice I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +been helpful in practice I'm going to +cite a couple of real world examples + + align:start position:0% +cite a couple of real world examples + + + align:start position:0% +cite a couple of real world examples +here the first is an exercise designed + + align:start position:0% +here the first is an exercise designed + + + align:start position:0% +here the first is an exercise designed +for manufacturing assembly to reduce + + align:start position:0% +for manufacturing assembly to reduce + + + align:start position:0% +for manufacturing assembly to reduce +part counts in the latest iteration of + + align:start position:0% +part counts in the latest iteration of + + + align:start position:0% +part counts in the latest iteration of +the F-18 called the EF the company that + + align:start position:0% +the F-18 called the EF the company that + + + align:start position:0% +the F-18 called the EF the company that +builds that went on a part count + + align:start position:0% +builds that went on a part count + + + align:start position:0% +builds that went on a part count +reduction exercise by employing design + + align:start position:0% +reduction exercise by employing design + + + align:start position:0% +reduction exercise by employing design +for manufacturing and assembly + + align:start position:0% +for manufacturing and assembly + + + align:start position:0% +for manufacturing and assembly +techniques in each of the major + + align:start position:0% +techniques in each of the major + + + align:start position:0% +techniques in each of the major +assemblies for the plane + + align:start position:0% +assemblies for the plane + + + align:start position:0% +assemblies for the plane +they went and reduced the part Counts + + align:start position:0% +they went and reduced the part Counts + + + align:start position:0% +they went and reduced the part Counts +from the CD version which was a previous + + align:start position:0% +from the CD version which was a previous + + + align:start position:0% +from the CD version which was a previous +iteration to the EF version so in total + + align:start position:0% +iteration to the EF version so in total + + + align:start position:0% +iteration to the EF version so in total +we went from having 14,000 plus parts in + + align:start position:0% +we went from having 14,000 plus parts in + + + align:start position:0% +we went from having 14,000 plus parts in +the CD version to having just over 8,000 + + align:start position:0% +the CD version to having just over 8,000 + + + align:start position:0% +the CD version to having just over 8,000 +Parts in the EF version this was a 42% + + align:start position:0% +Parts in the EF version this was a 42% + + + align:start position:0% +Parts in the EF version this was a 42% +part count reduction now we talked + + align:start position:0% +part count reduction now we talked + + + align:start position:0% +part count reduction now we talked +before about how sometimes part count + + align:start position:0% +before about how sometimes part count + + + align:start position:0% +before about how sometimes part count +reductions come with sacrifices and + + align:start position:0% +reductions come with sacrifices and + + + align:start position:0% +reductions come with sacrifices and +performance but this was not the case so + + align:start position:0% +performance but this was not the case so + + + align:start position:0% +performance but this was not the case so +the F18 EF version turned out to be 25% + + align:start position:0% +the F18 EF version turned out to be 25% + + + align:start position:0% +the F18 EF version turned out to be 25% +more capable than its previous + + align:start position:0% +more capable than its previous + + + align:start position:0% +more capable than its previous +predecessor so this was an excellent + + align:start position:0% +predecessor so this was an excellent + + + align:start position:0% +predecessor so this was an excellent +win-win situation and Not only was a + + align:start position:0% +win-win situation and Not only was a + + + align:start position:0% +win-win situation and Not only was a +customer happier about the increased + + align:start position:0% +customer happier about the increased + + + align:start position:0% +customer happier about the increased +performance they were absolutely + + align:start position:0% +performance they were absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +performance they were absolutely +delighted by the lower cost of the plane + + align:start position:0% +delighted by the lower cost of the plane + + + align:start position:0% +delighted by the lower cost of the plane +because parts that are not on the plane + + align:start position:0% +because parts that are not on the plane + + + align:start position:0% +because parts that are not on the plane +don't have to be designed they don't + + align:start position:0% +don't have to be designed they don't + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to be designed they don't +have to be tooled they don't have to be + + align:start position:0% +have to be tooled they don't have to be + + + align:start position:0% +have to be tooled they don't have to be +NC programmed they don't have to be + + align:start position:0% +NC programmed they don't have to be + + + align:start position:0% +NC programmed they don't have to be +manufactured or assembled anything they + + align:start position:0% +manufactured or assembled anything they + + + align:start position:0% +manufactured or assembled anything they +don't have to be stored they don't have + + align:start position:0% +don't have to be stored they don't have + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to be stored they don't have +to be inventor they don't have to be + + align:start position:0% +to be inventor they don't have to be + + + align:start position:0% +to be inventor they don't have to be +controlled and they don't have to be + + align:start position:0% +controlled and they don't have to be + + + align:start position:0% +controlled and they don't have to be +scrapped and if you have fewer parts + + align:start position:0% +scrapped and if you have fewer parts + + + align:start position:0% +scrapped and if you have fewer parts +they don't need to have spare parts for + + align:start position:0% +they don't need to have spare parts for + + + align:start position:0% +they don't need to have spare parts for +those extra parts as well so that reduce + + align:start position:0% +those extra parts as well so that reduce + + + align:start position:0% +those extra parts as well so that reduce +maintenance and repair costs + + align:start position:0% +maintenance and repair costs + + + align:start position:0% +maintenance and repair costs +question + + align:start position:0% +question + + + align:start position:0% +question +guess + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to a of and money go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +into yes so there there certainly was a + + align:start position:0% +into yes so there there certainly was a + + + align:start position:0% +into yes so there there certainly was a +lot of uh engineering costs to redesign + + align:start position:0% +lot of uh engineering costs to redesign + + + align:start position:0% +lot of uh engineering costs to redesign +the plane and there was an interesting + + align:start position:0% +the plane and there was an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +the plane and there was an interesting +Arrangement between this company and the + + align:start position:0% +Arrangement between this company and the + + + align:start position:0% +Arrangement between this company and the +government so there was some if you + + align:start position:0% +government so there was some if you + + + align:start position:0% +government so there was some if you +would call it cost-saving sharing or + + align:start position:0% +would call it cost-saving sharing or + + + align:start position:0% +would call it cost-saving sharing or +profit sharing that went on so the + + align:start position:0% +profit sharing that went on so the + + + align:start position:0% +profit sharing that went on so the +company was incented and rewarded for + + align:start position:0% +company was incented and rewarded for + + + align:start position:0% +company was incented and rewarded for +keeping cost down they didn't have to + + align:start position:0% +keeping cost down they didn't have to + + + align:start position:0% +keeping cost down they didn't have to +give all that savings back to the + + align:start position:0% +give all that savings back to the + + + align:start position:0% +give all that savings back to the +government they didn't get to keep it + + align:start position:0% +government they didn't get to keep it + + + align:start position:0% +government they didn't get to keep it +all either but they got to keep enough + + align:start position:0% +all either but they got to keep enough + + + align:start position:0% +all either but they got to keep enough +that it was an incentive for them to + + align:start position:0% +that it was an incentive for them to + + + align:start position:0% +that it was an incentive for them to +actually meet these objectives and at + + align:start position:0% +actually meet these objectives and at + + + align:start position:0% +actually meet these objectives and at +the time this was somewhat of a radical + + align:start position:0% +the time this was somewhat of a radical + + + align:start position:0% +the time this was somewhat of a radical +way of thinking about Government + + align:start position:0% +way of thinking about Government + + + align:start position:0% +way of thinking about Government +Contracting as well and that's that's + + align:start position:0% +Contracting as well and that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +Contracting as well and that's that's +not a a trivial area to overlook because + + align:start position:0% +not a a trivial area to overlook because + + + align:start position:0% +not a a trivial area to overlook because +sometimes those Contracting and legal + + align:start position:0% +sometimes those Contracting and legal + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes those Contracting and legal +issues can keep you from doing what + + align:start position:0% +issues can keep you from doing what + + + align:start position:0% +issues can keep you from doing what +otherwise might seem very lean to + + align:start position:0% +otherwise might seem very lean to + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise might seem very lean to +you let's look at another example of how + + align:start position:0% +you let's look at another example of how + + + align:start position:0% +you let's look at another example of how +lean engineering tools helps reduce the + + align:start position:0% +lean engineering tools helps reduce the + + + align:start position:0% +lean engineering tools helps reduce the +manufacturing label so what I'm showing + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing label so what I'm showing + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing label so what I'm showing +you here on the Y AIS is a count of + + align:start position:0% +you here on the Y AIS is a count of + + + align:start position:0% +you here on the Y AIS is a count of +manufacturing labor in terms of hours + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing labor in terms of hours + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing labor in terms of hours +and on the x-axis is the number of + + align:start position:0% +and on the x-axis is the number of + + + align:start position:0% +and on the x-axis is the number of +production units that we have so right + + align:start position:0% +production units that we have so right + + + align:start position:0% +production units that we have so right +here is where the first physical + + align:start position:0% +here is where the first physical + + + align:start position:0% +here is where the first physical +production unit is + + align:start position:0% +production unit is + + + align:start position:0% +production unit is +made this blue line right here shows the + + align:start position:0% +made this blue line right here shows the + + + align:start position:0% +made this blue line right here shows the +labor hour per production unit before + + align:start position:0% +labor hour per production unit before + + + align:start position:0% +labor hour per production unit before +lean engineering processes and tools + + align:start position:0% +lean engineering processes and tools + + + align:start position:0% +lean engineering processes and tools +were applied this curve down here shows + + align:start position:0% +were applied this curve down here shows + + + align:start position:0% +were applied this curve down here shows +the results after lean engineering + + align:start position:0% +the results after lean engineering + + + align:start position:0% +the results after lean engineering +processes were applied and what happened + + align:start position:0% +processes were applied and what happened + + + align:start position:0% +processes were applied and what happened +was that nine units were actually built + + align:start position:0% +was that nine units were actually built + + + align:start position:0% +was that nine units were actually built +virtually before anything got to the + + align:start position:0% +virtually before anything got to the + + + align:start position:0% +virtually before anything got to the +manufacturing floor such that when they + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing floor such that when they + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing floor such that when they +did get to the first physical unit that + + align:start position:0% +did get to the first physical unit that + + + align:start position:0% +did get to the first physical unit that +was produced the total manufacturing + + align:start position:0% +was produced the total manufacturing + + + align:start position:0% +was produced the total manufacturing +hours to do that was significantly less + + align:start position:0% +hours to do that was significantly less + + + align:start position:0% +hours to do that was significantly less +than previously before uning learning + + align:start position:0% +than previously before uning learning + + + align:start position:0% +than previously before uning learning +the lean tools and in addition the sort + + align:start position:0% +the lean tools and in addition the sort + + + align:start position:0% +the lean tools and in addition the sort +of steady state manufacturing hours + + align:start position:0% +of steady state manufacturing hours + + + align:start position:0% +of steady state manufacturing hours +required for the same comparable kind of + + align:start position:0% +required for the same comparable kind of + + + align:start position:0% +required for the same comparable kind of +product was much lower in the end than + + align:start position:0% +product was much lower in the end than + + + align:start position:0% +product was much lower in the end than +using the non-lean + + align:start position:0% +using the non-lean + + + align:start position:0% +using the non-lean +processes this is another example of how + + align:start position:0% +processes this is another example of how + + + align:start position:0% +processes this is another example of how +better engineering tools help reduce + + align:start position:0% +better engineering tools help reduce + + + align:start position:0% +better engineering tools help reduce +some of the costs associated so on the + + align:start position:0% +some of the costs associated so on the + + + align:start position:0% +some of the costs associated so on the +y- AIS here we have a staffing level and + + align:start position:0% +y- AIS here we have a staffing level and + + + align:start position:0% +y- AIS here we have a staffing level and +on the x-axis here we have months from + + align:start position:0% +on the x-axis here we have months from + + + align:start position:0% +on the x-axis here we have months from +the end of the conceptual design phase + + align:start position:0% +the end of the conceptual design phase + + + align:start position:0% +the end of the conceptual design phase +and this just shows the results of uh + + align:start position:0% +and this just shows the results of uh + + + align:start position:0% +and this just shows the results of uh +the design and IP labor that was + + align:start position:0% +the design and IP labor that was + + + align:start position:0% +the design and IP labor that was +required for vehicles of comparable + + align:start position:0% +required for vehicles of comparable + + + align:start position:0% +required for vehicles of comparable +sizes and what you see is that as we + + align:start position:0% +sizes and what you see is that as we + + + align:start position:0% +sizes and what you see is that as we +slowly introduced different kinds and + + align:start position:0% +slowly introduced different kinds and + + + align:start position:0% +slowly introduced different kinds and +better of lean engineering tools we were + + align:start position:0% +better of lean engineering tools we were + + + align:start position:0% +better of lean engineering tools we were +able to reduce the Staffing level and + + align:start position:0% +able to reduce the Staffing level and + + + align:start position:0% +able to reduce the Staffing level and +shrink the time that was required to + + align:start position:0% +shrink the time that was required to + + + align:start position:0% +shrink the time that was required to +accomplish that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Milestone and lastly lean engineering + + align:start position:0% +Milestone and lastly lean engineering + + + align:start position:0% +Milestone and lastly lean engineering +enables faster delivery times and + + align:start position:0% +enables faster delivery times and + + + align:start position:0% +enables faster delivery times and +particularly because spacecraft have + + align:start position:0% +particularly because spacecraft have + + + align:start position:0% +particularly because spacecraft have +such a slow reputation in the industry I + + align:start position:0% +such a slow reputation in the industry I + + + align:start position:0% +such a slow reputation in the industry I +thought I'd show you a space example + + align:start position:0% +thought I'd show you a space example + + + align:start position:0% +thought I'd show you a space example +this is a + + align:start position:0% +this is a + + + align:start position:0% +this is a +which is a satellite program and where + + align:start position:0% +which is a satellite program and where + + + align:start position:0% +which is a satellite program and where +it's typical to have 12 to 18 months of + + align:start position:0% +it's typical to have 12 to 18 months of + + + align:start position:0% +it's typical to have 12 to 18 months of +cycle time in the satellite industry + + align:start position:0% +cycle time in the satellite industry + + + align:start position:0% +cycle time in the satellite industry +this particular program accomplished a + + align:start position:0% +this particular program accomplished a + + + align:start position:0% +this particular program accomplished a +cycle time of 25 days which was just + + align:start position:0% +cycle time of 25 days which was just + + + align:start position:0% +cycle time of 25 days which was just +literally unheard of and they did it + + align:start position:0% +literally unheard of and they did it + + + align:start position:0% +literally unheard of and they did it +largely through the application of lean + + align:start position:0% +largely through the application of lean + + + align:start position:0% +largely through the application of lean +engineering and lean manufacturing + + align:start position:0% +engineering and lean manufacturing + + + align:start position:0% +engineering and lean manufacturing +practices to the + + align:start position:0% +practices to the + + + align:start position:0% +practices to the +program so just to wrap + + align:start position:0% +program so just to wrap + + + align:start position:0% +program so just to wrap +up we talked in this module about lean + + align:start position:0% +up we talked in this module about lean + + + align:start position:0% +up we talked in this module about lean +engineering and how lean engineering can + + align:start position:0% +engineering and how lean engineering can + + + align:start position:0% +engineering and how lean engineering can +enable lean manufacturing and how + + align:start position:0% +enable lean manufacturing and how + + + align:start position:0% +enable lean manufacturing and how +working with with the supply chain all + + align:start position:0% +working with with the supply chain all + + + align:start position:0% +working with with the supply chain all +these three things can come together to + + align:start position:0% +these three things can come together to + + + align:start position:0% +these three things can come together to +create affordability of our products + + align:start position:0% +create affordability of our products + + + align:start position:0% +create affordability of our products +across the Enterprise through the + + align:start position:0% +across the Enterprise through the + + + align:start position:0% +across the Enterprise through the +application of Lean by reducing costs + + align:start position:0% +application of Lean by reducing costs + + + align:start position:0% +application of Lean by reducing costs +per unit as we go down the assembly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +line for \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/T6TQHNXy5Wg.txt b/T6TQHNXy5Wg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e7d51a27c1873edcfb722119eafa5dcd38590df8 --- /dev/null +++ b/T6TQHNXy5Wg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1955 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so what are we trying to do we're going + + align:start position:0% +so what are we trying to do we're going + + + align:start position:0% +so what are we trying to do we're going +to try to write a matter wave + + align:start position:0% +to try to write a matter wave + + + align:start position:0% +to try to write a matter wave +so we have a + + align:start position:0% +so we have a + + + align:start position:0% +so we have a +particle with energy + + align:start position:0% +particle with energy + + + align:start position:0% +particle with energy +e and momentum p e is equal to H bar + + align:start position:0% +e and momentum p e is equal to H bar + + + align:start position:0% +e and momentum p e is equal to H bar +Omega so you can get the Omega of the + + align:start position:0% +Omega so you can get the Omega of the + + + align:start position:0% +Omega so you can get the Omega of the +wave and P is equal to H bar k you can + + align:start position:0% +wave and P is equal to H bar k you can + + + align:start position:0% +wave and P is equal to H bar k you can +get the K of the wave so the Broly has + + align:start position:0% +get the K of the wave so the Broly has + + + align:start position:0% +get the K of the wave so the Broly has +told you + + align:start position:0% +told you + + + align:start position:0% +told you +that's the way to do it that's a p and + + align:start position:0% +that's the way to do it that's a p and + + + align:start position:0% +that's the way to do it that's a p and +the K but what is the + + align:start position:0% +the K but what is the + + + align:start position:0% +the K but what is the +wave really need to face to how does the + + align:start position:0% +wave really need to face to how does the + + + align:start position:0% +wave really need to face to how does the +wave look like so the thing is that I'm + + align:start position:0% +wave look like so the thing is that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +wave look like so the thing is that I'm +going to do an argument based on + + align:start position:0% +going to do an argument based on + + + align:start position:0% +going to do an argument based on +superposition and very basic ideas of + + align:start position:0% +superposition and very basic ideas of + + + align:start position:0% +superposition and very basic ideas of +probability to get to find the shape of + + align:start position:0% +probability to get to find the shape of + + + align:start position:0% +probability to get to find the shape of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +wave and uh look at this possibility + + align:start position:0% +wave and uh look at this possibility + + + align:start position:0% +wave and uh look at this possibility +suppose to have plain + + align:start position:0% +suppose to have plain + + + align:start position:0% +suppose to have plain +waves + + align:start position:0% +waves + + + align:start position:0% +waves +plain + + align:start position:0% +plain + + + align:start position:0% +plain +waves in the X+ + + align:start position:0% +waves in the X+ + + + align:start position:0% +waves in the X+ +Direction a particle that is moving in + + align:start position:0% +Direction a particle that is moving in + + + align:start position:0% +Direction a particle that is moving in +the plus X Direction no need to be more + + align:start position:0% +the plus X Direction no need to be more + + + align:start position:0% +the plus X Direction no need to be more +General + + align:start position:0% +General + + + align:start position:0% +General +yet so what could The Wave be well the + + align:start position:0% +yet so what could The Wave be well the + + + align:start position:0% +yet so what could The Wave be well the +wave could + + align:start position:0% +wave could + + + align:start position:0% +wave could +be S of + + align:start position:0% +be S of + + + align:start position:0% +be S of +kx- Omega + + align:start position:0% +kx- Omega + + + align:start position:0% +kx- Omega +T maybe that's the de brogly + + align:start position:0% +T maybe that's the de brogly + + + align:start position:0% +T maybe that's the de brogly +wave or maybe the the brogly wave is + + align:start position:0% +wave or maybe the the brogly wave is + + + align:start position:0% +wave or maybe the the brogly wave is +coine of KX - Omega + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +T but maybe it's neither one of them um + + align:start position:0% +T but maybe it's neither one of them um + + + align:start position:0% +T but maybe it's neither one of them um +maybe it is an e to the ik + + align:start position:0% +maybe it is an e to the ik + + + align:start position:0% +maybe it is an e to the ik +KX minus I Omega T these things move to + + align:start position:0% +KX minus I Omega T these things move to + + + align:start position:0% +KX minus I Omega T these things move to +the right that minus sign is there so + + align:start position:0% +the right that minus sign is there so + + + align:start position:0% +the right that minus sign is there so +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +always an e to the minus I Omega + + align:start position:0% +always an e to the minus I Omega + + + align:start position:0% +always an e to the minus I Omega +t or maybe it's the other way + + align:start position:0% +t or maybe it's the other way + + + align:start position:0% +t or maybe it's the other way +around it's e to + + align:start position:0% +around it's e to + + + align:start position:0% +around it's e to +the minus I KX plus I Omega T so always + + align:start position:0% +the minus I KX plus I Omega T so always + + + align:start position:0% +the minus I KX plus I Omega T so always +an e to the I Omega T and then you have + + align:start position:0% +an e to the I Omega T and then you have + + + align:start position:0% +an e to the I Omega T and then you have +to change the sign of the first term in + + align:start position:0% +to change the sign of the first term in + + + align:start position:0% +to change the sign of the first term in +order to get a wave that is moving that + + align:start position:0% +order to get a wave that is moving that + + + align:start position:0% +order to get a wave that is moving that +way and now you say how am I ever going + + align:start position:0% +way and now you say how am I ever going + + + align:start position:0% +way and now you say how am I ever going +to know which one is it maybe it's all + + align:start position:0% +to know which one is it maybe it's all + + + align:start position:0% +to know which one is it maybe it's all +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +them a couple of + + align:start position:0% +them a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +them a couple of +them none of + + align:start position:0% +them none of + + + align:start position:0% +them none of +them that's what we're going to try to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +understand so the argument is going to + + align:start position:0% +understand so the argument is going to + + + align:start position:0% +understand so the argument is going to +be based on + + align:start position:0% +be based on + + + align:start position:0% +be based on +superposition and just the rough idea + + align:start position:0% +superposition and just the rough idea + + + align:start position:0% +superposition and just the rough idea +that somehow this has to do with the + + align:start position:0% +that somehow this has to do with the + + + align:start position:0% +that somehow this has to do with the +existence of particles having a + + align:start position:0% +existence of particles having a + + + align:start position:0% +existence of particles having a +wave so + + align:start position:0% +wave so + + + align:start position:0% +wave so +um and it's it's very strange in some + + align:start position:0% +um and it's it's very strange in some + + + align:start position:0% +um and it's it's very strange in some +sense it's very surprising to me it was + + align:start position:0% +sense it's very surprising to me it was + + + align:start position:0% +sense it's very surprising to me it was +very surprising this argument when I + + align:start position:0% +very surprising this argument when I + + + align:start position:0% +very surprising this argument when I +first saw it uh because it almost seems + + align:start position:0% +first saw it uh because it almost seems + + + align:start position:0% +first saw it uh because it almost seems +that there's no way you're going to be + + align:start position:0% +that there's no way you're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +that there's no way you're going to be +able to decide these are all waves so + + align:start position:0% +able to decide these are all waves so + + + align:start position:0% +able to decide these are all waves so +what what difference can it + + align:start position:0% +what what difference can it + + + align:start position:0% +what what difference can it +make but you can + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +decide so my first argument is going to + + align:start position:0% +decide so my first argument is going to + + + align:start position:0% +decide so my first argument is going to +be it's all going to be based on + + align:start position:0% +be it's all going to be based on + + + align:start position:0% +be it's all going to be based on +superposition use + + align:start position:0% +superposition use + + + align:start position:0% +superposition use +superposition position plus uh + + align:start position:0% +superposition position plus uh + + + align:start position:0% +superposition position plus uh +vague + + align:start position:0% +vague + + + align:start position:0% +vague +notion of probability + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ility okay so I'm going to try to + + align:start position:0% +ility okay so I'm going to try to + + + align:start position:0% +ility okay so I'm going to try to +produce with this + + align:start position:0% +produce with this + + + align:start position:0% +produce with this +waves a state of a + + align:start position:0% +waves a state of a + + + align:start position:0% +waves a state of a +particle that is has equal probability + + align:start position:0% +particle that is has equal probability + + + align:start position:0% +particle that is has equal probability +to be moving to the right or to the + + align:start position:0% +to be moving to the right or to the + + + align:start position:0% +to be moving to the right or to the +left + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I'm going to try to build a wave that + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to try to build a wave that + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to try to build a wave that +has equal probability of doing this + + align:start position:0% +has equal probability of doing this + + + align:start position:0% +has equal probability of doing this +thing so in case one + + align:start position:0% +thing so in case one + + + align:start position:0% +thing so in case one +I would have to put a + + align:start position:0% +I would have to put a + + + align:start position:0% +I would have to put a +s of + + align:start position:0% +s of + + + align:start position:0% +s of +kx- Omega T that's your wave that is + + align:start position:0% +kx- Omega T that's your wave that is + + + align:start position:0% +kx- Omega T that's your wave that is +moving to the + + align:start position:0% +moving to the + + + align:start position:0% +moving to the +right I have to change one sign here uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plus sine of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +KX say plus Omega + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +T and that would be a wave that is moves + + align:start position:0% +T and that would be a wave that is moves + + + align:start position:0% +T and that would be a wave that is moves +to the + + align:start position:0% +to the + + + align:start position:0% +to the +right just clearly this is a wave that + + align:start position:0% +right just clearly this is a wave that + + + align:start position:0% +right just clearly this is a wave that +moves to the left and roughly speaking + + align:start position:0% +moves to the left and roughly speaking + + + align:start position:0% +moves to the left and roughly speaking +by having equal coefficients here I get + + align:start position:0% +by having equal coefficients here I get + + + align:start position:0% +by having equal coefficients here I get +the sense that this would be the only + + align:start position:0% +the sense that this would be the only + + + align:start position:0% +the sense that this would be the only +way I could produce a wave that has + + align:start position:0% +way I could produce a wave that has + + + align:start position:0% +way I could produce a wave that has +equal probability to move to the left + + align:start position:0% +equal probability to move to the left + + + align:start position:0% +equal probability to move to the left +and no particle that moves to the + + align:start position:0% +and no particle that moves to the + + + align:start position:0% +and no particle that moves to the +right on the other hand if I expand + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this you get + + align:start position:0% +this you get + + + align:start position:0% +this you get +twice sin of + + align:start position:0% +twice sin of + + + align:start position:0% +twice sin of +KX cine Omega + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +T + + align:start position:0% +T + + + align:start position:0% +T +and the fact is that this is not + + align:start position:0% +and the fact is that this is not + + + align:start position:0% +and the fact is that this is not +acceptable why it's not acceptable + + align:start position:0% +acceptable why it's not acceptable + + + align:start position:0% +acceptable why it's not acceptable +because this wave + + align:start position:0% +because this wave + + + align:start position:0% +because this wave +function + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +vanishes for all X + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +at + + align:start position:0% +at + + + align:start position:0% +at +T at Omega t equal to pi/ 2 3 Pi / 2 5 + + align:start position:0% +T at Omega t equal to pi/ 2 3 Pi / 2 5 + + + align:start position:0% +T at Omega t equal to pi/ 2 3 Pi / 2 5 +piun / 2 at all those times the wave is + + align:start position:0% +piun / 2 at all those times the wave is + + + align:start position:0% +piun / 2 at all those times the wave is +identically zero the particle has + + align:start position:0% +identically zero the particle has + + + align:start position:0% +identically zero the particle has +disappeared no no probability of a + + align:start position:0% +disappeared no no probability of a + + + align:start position:0% +disappeared no no probability of a +particle that's pretty bad that can't be + + align:start position:0% +particle that's pretty bad that can't be + + + align:start position:0% +particle that's pretty bad that can't be +right and suddenly you've proven + + align:start position:0% +right and suddenly you've proven + + + align:start position:0% +right and suddenly you've proven +something very surprising this sort of + + align:start position:0% +something very surprising this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +something very surprising this sort of +wave just can't be a matter particle + + align:start position:0% +wave just can't be a matter particle + + + align:start position:0% +wave just can't be a matter particle +again in the way we're trying to think + + align:start position:0% +again in the way we're trying to think + + + align:start position:0% +again in the way we're trying to think +of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +probabilities same argument for two for + + align:start position:0% +probabilities same argument for two for + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities same argument for two for +same reason + + align:start position:0% +same reason + + + align:start position:0% +same reason +two so this is no + + align:start position:0% +two so this is no + + + align:start position:0% +two so this is no +good no + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good the wave function cannot vanish + + align:start position:0% +good the wave function cannot vanish + + + align:start position:0% +good the wave function cannot vanish +everywhere at any time if it vanish + + align:start position:0% +everywhere at any time if it vanish + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere at any time if it vanish +every everywhere you have no particle + + align:start position:0% +every everywhere you have no particle + + + align:start position:0% +every everywhere you have no particle +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +nothing with two you can do the same + + align:start position:0% +nothing with two you can do the same + + + align:start position:0% +nothing with two you can do the same +thing you have a cosine plus another + + align:start position:0% +thing you have a cosine plus another + + + align:start position:0% +thing you have a cosine plus another +cosine and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh cosine Omega T minus KX - Omega + + align:start position:0% +uh cosine Omega T minus KX - Omega + + + align:start position:0% +uh cosine Omega T minus KX - Omega +t plus cosine of KX + Omega T that would + + align:start position:0% +t plus cosine of KX + Omega T that would + + + align:start position:0% +t plus cosine of KX + Omega T that would +be 2 cine k x cosine Omega T and it has + + align:start position:0% +be 2 cine k x cosine Omega T and it has + + + align:start position:0% +be 2 cine k x cosine Omega T and it has +the same + + align:start position:0% +the same + + + align:start position:0% +the same +problems let's do case number + + align:start position:0% +problems let's do case number + + + align:start position:0% +problems let's do case number +three case number + + align:start position:0% +three case number + + + align:start position:0% +three case number +three is based on the philosophy that uh + + align:start position:0% +three is based on the philosophy that uh + + + align:start position:0% +three is based on the philosophy that uh +the wave that we have e to the I KX + + align:start position:0% +the wave that we have e to the I KX + + + align:start position:0% +the wave that we have e to the I KX +minus I Omega + + align:start position:0% +minus I Omega + + + align:start position:0% +minus I Omega +T always has an e to the minus I Omega t + + align:start position:0% +T always has an e to the minus I Omega t + + + align:start position:0% +T always has an e to the minus I Omega t +as a phas so to get a wave that moves in + + align:start position:0% +as a phas so to get a wave that moves in + + + align:start position:0% +as a phas so to get a wave that moves in +the opposite direction I have to do Min + + align:start position:0% +the opposite direction I have to do Min + + + align:start position:0% +the opposite direction I have to do Min +- I + + align:start position:0% +- I + + + align:start position:0% +- I +KX - I Omega T because I cannot change + + align:start position:0% +KX - I Omega T because I cannot change + + + align:start position:0% +KX - I Omega T because I cannot change +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +phase always this + + align:start position:0% +phase always this + + + align:start position:0% +phase always this +energy now in this case U we can Factor + + align:start position:0% +energy now in this case U we can Factor + + + align:start position:0% +energy now in this case U we can Factor +the time dependence and you have e to + + align:start position:0% +the time dependence and you have e to + + + align:start position:0% +the time dependence and you have e to +the i k plus e to the- I + + align:start position:0% +the i k plus e to the- I + + + align:start position:0% +the i k plus e to the- I +KX e to the- I on Omega + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +T and be left with 2 cosine + + align:start position:0% +T and be left with 2 cosine + + + align:start position:0% +T and be left with 2 cosine +KX e to the minus I Omega + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +T but that's not bad this wave + + align:start position:0% +T but that's not bad this wave + + + align:start position:0% +T but that's not bad this wave +function never vanishes all over + + align:start position:0% +function never vanishes all over + + + align:start position:0% +function never vanishes all over +space because this is now a phase and + + align:start position:0% +space because this is now a phase and + + + align:start position:0% +space because this is now a phase and +this face is always non zero + + align:start position:0% +this face is always non zero + + + align:start position:0% +this face is always non zero +the e to the minus I Omega T is never + + align:start position:0% +the e to the minus I Omega T is never + + + align:start position:0% +the e to the minus I Omega T is never +zero the exponential of something is + + align:start position:0% +zero the exponential of something is + + + align:start position:0% +zero the exponential of something is +never zero unless that something is um + + align:start position:0% +never zero unless that something is um + + + align:start position:0% +never zero unless that something is um +real and negative and a face is never + + align:start position:0% +real and negative and a face is never + + + align:start position:0% +real and negative and a face is never +zero so this function never vanishes for + + align:start position:0% +zero so this function never vanishes for + + + align:start position:0% +zero so this function never vanishes for +all + + align:start position:0% +all + + + align:start position:0% +all +X + + align:start position:0% +X + + + align:start position:0% +X +vanishes for all + + align:start position:0% +vanishes for all + + + align:start position:0% +vanishes for all +X so it can vanish at some points for + + align:start position:0% +X so it can vanish at some points for + + + align:start position:0% +X so it can vanish at some points for +all time but those would be points where + + align:start position:0% +all time but those would be points where + + + align:start position:0% +all time but those would be points where +you don't find the particle the function + + align:start position:0% +you don't find the particle the function + + + align:start position:0% +you don't find the particle the function +is non zero everywhere else so this is + + align:start position:0% +is non zero everywhere else so this is + + + align:start position:0% +is non zero everywhere else so this is +good + + align:start position:0% +good + + + align:start position:0% +good +suddenly this wave for some reason is + + align:start position:0% +suddenly this wave for some reason is + + + align:start position:0% +suddenly this wave for some reason is +much better behave than these things for + + align:start position:0% +much better behave than these things for + + + align:start position:0% +much better behave than these things for +superposition let's do the other wave + + align:start position:0% +superposition let's do the other wave + + + align:start position:0% +superposition let's do the other wave +the wave number four + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and wave number four is also not + + align:start position:0% +and wave number four is also not + + + align:start position:0% +and wave number four is also not +problematic so case + + align:start position:0% +problematic so case + + + align:start position:0% +problematic so case +four you would do an E to the minus I + + align:start position:0% +four you would do an E to the minus I + + + align:start position:0% +four you would do an E to the minus I +KX e to the I Omega t plus an e to the I + + align:start position:0% +KX e to the I Omega t plus an e to the I + + + align:start position:0% +KX e to the I Omega t plus an e to the I +KX e to the I Omega T always the same + + align:start position:0% +KX e to the I Omega T always the same + + + align:start position:0% +KX e to the I Omega T always the same +exponential and this is simply 2 cosine + + align:start position:0% +exponential and this is simply 2 cosine + + + align:start position:0% +exponential and this is simply 2 cosine +of KX e to the I Omega T and it's also + + align:start position:0% +of KX e to the I Omega T and it's also + + + align:start position:0% +of KX e to the I Omega T and it's also +good at least didn't get in trouble we + + align:start position:0% +good at least didn't get in trouble we + + + align:start position:0% +good at least didn't get in trouble we +cannot prove it's good at this moment we + + align:start position:0% +cannot prove it's good at this moment we + + + align:start position:0% +cannot prove it's good at this moment we +can only prove that you are not getting + + align:start position:0% +can only prove that you are not getting + + + align:start position:0% +can only prove that you are not getting +in trouble you're + + align:start position:0% +in trouble you're + + + align:start position:0% +in trouble you're +not capable of producing a contradiction + + align:start position:0% +not capable of producing a contradiction + + + align:start position:0% +not capable of producing a contradiction +so far so actually three and four are + + align:start position:0% +so far so actually three and four are + + + align:start position:0% +so far so actually three and four are +good and uh the obvious question that + + align:start position:0% +good and uh the obvious question that + + + align:start position:0% +good and uh the obvious question that +would come now is whether uh you can use + + align:start position:0% +would come now is whether uh you can use + + + align:start position:0% +would come now is whether uh you can use +both of them or either one at this at + + align:start position:0% +both of them or either one at this at + + + align:start position:0% +both of them or either one at this at +the same time um so um the next claim is + + align:start position:0% +the same time um so um the next claim is + + + align:start position:0% +the same time um so um the next claim is +that both cannot be true at the same + + align:start position:0% +that both cannot be true at the same + + + align:start position:0% +that both cannot be true at the same +time you cannot use both of them at the + + align:start position:0% +time you cannot use both of them at the + + + align:start position:0% +time you cannot use both of them at the +same time so suppose three and four are + + align:start position:0% +same time so suppose three and four are + + + align:start position:0% +same time so suppose three and four are +good poose three and + + align:start position:0% +good poose three and + + + align:start position:0% +good poose three and +four and + + align:start position:0% +four and + + + align:start position:0% +four and +four are both good + + align:start position:0% +four are both good + + + align:start position:0% +four are both good +good both right + + align:start position:0% +good both right + + + align:start position:0% +good both right +even then remember that superimposing a + + align:start position:0% +even then remember that superimposing a + + + align:start position:0% +even then remember that superimposing a +state to itself doesn't change the + + align:start position:0% +state to itself doesn't change the + + + align:start position:0% +state to itself doesn't change the +state so you can superimpose three and + + align:start position:0% +state so you can superimpose three and + + + align:start position:0% +state so you can superimpose three and +four e to the I KX minus I Omega T + + align:start position:0% +four e to the I KX minus I Omega T + + + align:start position:0% +four e to the I KX minus I Omega T +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +3 you can add to it for which is e to + + align:start position:0% +3 you can add to it for which is e to + + + align:start position:0% +3 you can add to it for which is e to +the- + + align:start position:0% +the- + + + align:start position:0% +the- +I KX us Omega T I factor a sign and + + align:start position:0% +I KX us Omega T I factor a sign and + + + align:start position:0% +I KX us Omega T I factor a sign and +that's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +four and that should still represent + + align:start position:0% +four and that should still represent + + + align:start position:0% +four and that should still represent +this same particle moving to the right + + align:start position:0% +this same particle moving to the right + + + align:start position:0% +this same particle moving to the right +but this thing is twice cine of KX - + + align:start position:0% +but this thing is twice cine of KX - + + + align:start position:0% +but this thing is twice cine of KX - +Omega T so it would mean that this + + align:start position:0% +Omega T so it would mean that this + + + align:start position:0% +Omega T so it would mean that this +represents a particle moving to the + + align:start position:0% +represents a particle moving to the + + + align:start position:0% +represents a particle moving to the +right and we already know that if this + + align:start position:0% +right and we already know that if this + + + align:start position:0% +right and we already know that if this +represents a particle go moving to the + + align:start position:0% +represents a particle go moving to the + + + align:start position:0% +represents a particle go moving to the +right you get in + + align:start position:0% +right you get in + + + align:start position:0% +right you get in +trouble so no we have to make a + + align:start position:0% +trouble so no we have to make a + + + align:start position:0% +trouble so no we have to make a +decision we have to choose one of them + + align:start position:0% +decision we have to choose one of them + + + align:start position:0% +decision we have to choose one of them +and it's a matter of convention to + + align:start position:0% +and it's a matter of convention to + + + align:start position:0% +and it's a matter of convention to +choose one of them but happily everybody + + align:start position:0% +choose one of them but happily everybody + + + align:start position:0% +choose one of them but happily everybody +has chosen the same + + align:start position:0% +has chosen the same + + + align:start position:0% +has chosen the same +one and uh so we are LED finally to our + + align:start position:0% +one and uh so we are LED finally to our + + + align:start position:0% +one and uh so we are LED finally to our +matter + + align:start position:0% +matter + + + align:start position:0% +matter +wave we're going to make a choice + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and here is the choice SI of x and t + + align:start position:0% +and here is the choice SI of x and t + + + align:start position:0% +and here is the choice SI of x and t +equal e to the I + + align:start position:0% +equal e to the I + + + align:start position:0% +equal e to the I +KX minus I Omega T the energy part will + + align:start position:0% +KX minus I Omega T the energy part will + + + align:start position:0% +KX minus I Omega T the energy part will +always have a minus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sign + + align:start position:0% +sign + + + align:start position:0% +sign +is the matter + + align:start position:0% +is the matter + + + align:start position:0% +is the matter +wave + + align:start position:0% +wave + + + align:start position:0% +wave +wave or wave + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function for a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +particle + + align:start position:0% +particle + + + align:start position:0% +particle +with P equal + + align:start position:0% +with P equal + + + align:start position:0% +with P equal +HK and e equal H + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Omega according to the broley you want + + align:start position:0% +Omega according to the broley you want + + + align:start position:0% +Omega according to the broley you want +to do three dimensions no problem you + + align:start position:0% +to do three dimensions no problem you + + + align:start position:0% +to do three dimensions no problem you +put e to the i k Vector X Vector minus I + + align:start position:0% +put e to the i k Vector X Vector minus I + + + align:start position:0% +put e to the i k Vector X Vector minus I +Omega + + align:start position:0% +Omega + + + align:start position:0% +Omega +T and P in this case is H bar k Vector + + align:start position:0% +T and P in this case is H bar k Vector + + + align:start position:0% +T and P in this case is H bar k Vector +so it's a plane wave in three + + align:start position:0% +so it's a plane wave in three + + + align:start position:0% +so it's a plane wave in three +dimensions so that's the beginning of uh + + align:start position:0% +dimensions so that's the beginning of uh + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions so that's the beginning of uh +quantum mechanics you have finally found + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics you have finally found + + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics you have finally found +the wave corresponding to a matter + + align:start position:0% +the wave corresponding to a matter + + + align:start position:0% +the wave corresponding to a matter +particle and it will be a deductive + + align:start position:0% +particle and it will be a deductive + + + align:start position:0% +particle and it will be a deductive +process to figure out what equation it + + align:start position:0% +process to figure out what equation it + + + align:start position:0% +process to figure out what equation it +satisfies which will lead us to the + + align:start position:0% +satisfies which will lead us to the + + + align:start position:0% +satisfies which will lead us to the +shring our equation \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/TWVntUfXsKs.txt b/TWVntUfXsKs.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6160e463d1cf13f29892888938d66b8f34360e06 --- /dev/null +++ b/TWVntUfXsKs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2203 @@ +align:start position:0% + +now you may you may remember a + + align:start position:0% +now you may you may remember a + + + align:start position:0% +now you may you may remember a +discussion of the birthday Paradox which + + align:start position:0% +discussion of the birthday Paradox which + + + align:start position:0% +discussion of the birthday Paradox which +says that if you have uh a group of 27 + + align:start position:0% +says that if you have uh a group of 27 + + + align:start position:0% +says that if you have uh a group of 27 +random people uh the probability is + + align:start position:0% +random people uh the probability is + + + align:start position:0% +random people uh the probability is +almost 2third that some two of them are + + align:start position:0% +almost 2third that some two of them are + + + align:start position:0% +almost 2third that some two of them are +going to have a matching birthday even + + align:start position:0% +going to have a matching birthday even + + + align:start position:0% +going to have a matching birthday even +though there are + + align:start position:0% +though there are + + + align:start position:0% +though there are +365 birthdays in the year and you might + + align:start position:0% +365 birthdays in the year and you might + + + align:start position:0% +365 birthdays in the year and you might +sloppily think that with 27 people + + align:start position:0% +sloppily think that with 27 people + + + align:start position:0% +sloppily think that with 27 people +there'd only be uh 27 out of 365 or some + + align:start position:0% +there'd only be uh 27 out of 365 or some + + + align:start position:0% +there'd only be uh 27 out of 365 or some +chance like that it's actually + + align:start position:0% +chance like that it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +chance like that it's actually +2/3 and by the time you get to a class + + align:start position:0% +2/3 and by the time you get to a class + + + align:start position:0% +2/3 and by the time you get to a class +of 110 which is what we'll be we have + + align:start position:0% +of 110 which is what we'll be we have + + + align:start position:0% +of 110 which is what we'll be we have +data for and we're going to be looking + + align:start position:0% +data for and we're going to be looking + + + align:start position:0% +data for and we're going to be looking +at it turns out that the odds are almost + + align:start position:0% +at it turns out that the odds are almost + + + align:start position:0% +at it turns out that the odds are almost +uh 3/4 of a million to one that you'll + + align:start position:0% +uh 3/4 of a million to one that you'll + + + align:start position:0% +uh 3/4 of a million to one that you'll +have a couple of people with matching + + align:start position:0% +have a couple of people with matching + + + align:start position:0% +have a couple of people with matching +birthdays so let's look at the matching + + align:start position:0% +birthdays so let's look at the matching + + + align:start position:0% +birthdays so let's look at the matching +birthday problem a little bit more today + + align:start position:0% +birthday problem a little bit more today + + + align:start position:0% +birthday problem a little bit more today +and the reason we're looking at it is + + align:start position:0% +and the reason we're looking at it is + + + align:start position:0% +and the reason we're looking at it is +because it's it's a lovely example where + + align:start position:0% +because it's it's a lovely example where + + + align:start position:0% +because it's it's a lovely example where +there really is pairwise independence + + align:start position:0% +there really is pairwise independence + + + align:start position:0% +there really is pairwise independence +and not mutual Independence so it's + + align:start position:0% +and not mutual Independence so it's + + + align:start position:0% +and not mutual Independence so it's +reinforcing the key idea behind the + + align:start position:0% +reinforcing the key idea behind the + + + align:start position:0% +reinforcing the key idea behind the +additivity of variance and the pairwise + + align:start position:0% +additivity of variance and the pairwise + + + align:start position:0% +additivity of variance and the pairwise +independent sampling theorem we're not + + align:start position:0% +independent sampling theorem we're not + + + align:start position:0% +independent sampling theorem we're not +going to use the sampling theorem here + + align:start position:0% +going to use the sampling theorem here + + + align:start position:0% +going to use the sampling theorem here +but just pairwise Independence but it's + + align:start position:0% +but just pairwise Independence but it's + + + align:start position:0% +but just pairwise Independence but it's +worth looking at now before I go further + + align:start position:0% +worth looking at now before I go further + + + align:start position:0% +worth looking at now before I go further +let me mention that this uh the birthday + + align:start position:0% +let me mention that this uh the birthday + + + align:start position:0% +let me mention that this uh the birthday +problem is just we're doing for fun but + + align:start position:0% +problem is just we're doing for fun but + + + align:start position:0% +problem is just we're doing for fun but +in fact it has some real applications in + + align:start position:0% +in fact it has some real applications in + + + align:start position:0% +in fact it has some real applications in +uh in uh more than one area but the most + + align:start position:0% +uh in uh more than one area but the most + + + align:start position:0% +uh in uh more than one area but the most +famous one is the so-called birthday + + align:start position:0% +famous one is the so-called birthday + + + align:start position:0% +famous one is the so-called birthday +attack on a crypto system which involves + + align:start position:0% +attack on a crypto system which involves + + + align:start position:0% +attack on a crypto system which involves +being able to search for matching uh + + align:start position:0% +being able to search for matching uh + + + align:start position:0% +being able to search for matching uh +pairs of keys a relatively small sample + + align:start position:0% +pairs of keys a relatively small sample + + + align:start position:0% +pairs of keys a relatively small sample +uh and you're very likely to find at + + align:start position:0% +uh and you're very likely to find at + + + align:start position:0% +uh and you're very likely to find at +least some two that match uh so with + + align:start position:0% +least some two that match uh so with + + + align:start position:0% +least some two that match uh so with +that motivation claimed but not examined + + align:start position:0% +that motivation claimed but not examined + + + align:start position:0% +that motivation claimed but not examined +let's just go back to thinking about + + align:start position:0% +let's just go back to thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +let's just go back to thinking about +birthday okay so let's suppose that I + + align:start position:0% +birthday okay so let's suppose that I + + + align:start position:0% +birthday okay so let's suppose that I +have some group of n people and there + + align:start position:0% +have some group of n people and there + + + align:start position:0% +have some group of n people and there +are D days in the year just to keep the + + align:start position:0% +are D days in the year just to keep the + + + align:start position:0% +are D days in the year just to keep the +parameters uh abstract and not get too + + align:start position:0% +parameters uh abstract and not get too + + + align:start position:0% +parameters uh abstract and not get too +stuck on the numbers keeping the + + align:start position:0% +stuck on the numbers keeping the + + + align:start position:0% +stuck on the numbers keeping the +parameters makes it actually a little + + align:start position:0% +parameters makes it actually a little + + + align:start position:0% +parameters makes it actually a little +bit clearer to reason about so we're + + align:start position:0% +bit clearer to reason about so we're + + + align:start position:0% +bit clearer to reason about so we're +implicitly assuming here that each + + align:start position:0% +implicitly assuming here that each + + + align:start position:0% +implicitly assuming here that each +person is kind of a random variable or a + + align:start position:0% +person is kind of a random variable or a + + + align:start position:0% +person is kind of a random variable or a +random choice of a birthday so each of + + align:start position:0% +random choice of a birthday so each of + + + align:start position:0% +random choice of a birthday so each of +each of these people are really random + + align:start position:0% +each of these people are really random + + + align:start position:0% +each of these people are really random +variables that uh return the value of a + + align:start position:0% +variables that uh return the value of a + + + align:start position:0% +variables that uh return the value of a +birthday uh and as a matter of fact + + align:start position:0% +birthday uh and as a matter of fact + + + align:start position:0% +birthday uh and as a matter of fact +we're going to assume that all the + + align:start position:0% +we're going to assume that all the + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to assume that all the +birthdays are equally likely real + + align:start position:0% +birthdays are equally likely real + + + align:start position:0% +birthdays are equally likely real +birthdays aren't there they tend to be + + align:start position:0% +birthdays aren't there they tend to be + + + align:start position:0% +birthdays aren't there they tend to be +of January tends to be a popular month + + align:start position:0% +of January tends to be a popular month + + + align:start position:0% +of January tends to be a popular month +November tends to be a more popular + + align:start position:0% +November tends to be a more popular + + + align:start position:0% +November tends to be a more popular +month than other times uh but um Let's + + align:start position:0% +month than other times uh but um Let's + + + align:start position:0% +month than other times uh but um Let's +ignore that because the applications in + + align:start position:0% +ignore that because the applications in + + + align:start position:0% +ignore that because the applications in +crypto uh things really are uniform and + + align:start position:0% +crypto uh things really are uniform and + + + align:start position:0% +crypto uh things really are uniform and +it makes our analysis plausible still + + align:start position:0% +it makes our analysis plausible still + + + align:start position:0% +it makes our analysis plausible still +plausible but easy if we assume that + + align:start position:0% +plausible but easy if we assume that + + + align:start position:0% +plausible but easy if we assume that +birthdays are equally likely okay p is + + align:start position:0% +birthdays are equally likely okay p is + + + align:start position:0% +birthdays are equally likely okay p is +the number of pairs of birthdays that + + align:start position:0% +the number of pairs of birthdays that + + + align:start position:0% +the number of pairs of birthdays that +match in this population of n people + + align:start position:0% +match in this population of n people + + + align:start position:0% +match in this population of n people +okay let's get a grip on P by thinking + + align:start position:0% +okay let's get a grip on P by thinking + + + align:start position:0% +okay let's get a grip on P by thinking +of it as a sum of indicator variables so + + align:start position:0% +of it as a sum of indicator variables so + + + align:start position:0% +of it as a sum of indicator variables so +let's let MJ be the indicator variable + + align:start position:0% +let's let MJ be the indicator variable + + + align:start position:0% +let's let MJ be the indicator variable +that the I and Jace people among the N + + align:start position:0% +that the I and Jace people among the N + + + align:start position:0% +that the I and Jace people among the N +have a matching + + align:start position:0% +have a matching + + + align:start position:0% +have a matching +birthday um well uh the number of + + align:start position:0% +birthday um well uh the number of + + + align:start position:0% +birthday um well uh the number of +matching birthdays is then simply the + + align:start position:0% +matching birthdays is then simply the + + + align:start position:0% +matching birthdays is then simply the +sum over all the possible pairs of + + align:start position:0% +sum over all the possible pairs of + + + align:start position:0% +sum over all the possible pairs of +people of whether or not they have a + + align:start position:0% +people of whether or not they have a + + + align:start position:0% +people of whether or not they have a +matching birthday it's the sum of these + + align:start position:0% +matching birthday it's the sum of these + + + align:start position:0% +matching birthday it's the sum of these +indicator variables Mi J and the number + + align:start position:0% +indicator variables Mi J and the number + + + align:start position:0% +indicator variables Mi J and the number +of these indicator variables is of + + align:start position:0% +of these indicator variables is of + + + align:start position:0% +of these indicator variables is of +course all the ways of choosing two out + + align:start position:0% +course all the ways of choosing two out + + + align:start position:0% +course all the ways of choosing two out +of end + + align:start position:0% +of end + + + align:start position:0% +of end +people so in short if I look at the + + align:start position:0% +people so in short if I look at the + + + align:start position:0% +people so in short if I look at the +expectation of MJ let's think about that + + align:start position:0% +expectation of MJ let's think about that + + + align:start position:0% +expectation of MJ let's think about that +for a minute we're assuming that all the + + align:start position:0% +for a minute we're assuming that all the + + + align:start position:0% +for a minute we're assuming that all the +birthdays are are equally likely and so + + align:start position:0% +birthdays are are equally likely and so + + + align:start position:0% +birthdays are are equally likely and so +I'm asking whether the E and the ja + + align:start position:0% +I'm asking whether the E and the ja + + + align:start position:0% +I'm asking whether the E and the ja +people have the same birthday well + + align:start position:0% +people have the same birthday well + + + align:start position:0% +people have the same birthday well +whatever the E person's birthday turns + + align:start position:0% +whatever the E person's birthday turns + + + align:start position:0% +whatever the E person's birthday turns +out to be let's say it's November 5th + + align:start position:0% +out to be let's say it's November 5th + + + align:start position:0% +out to be let's say it's November 5th +the J person who has a uniform + + align:start position:0% +the J person who has a uniform + + + align:start position:0% +the J person who has a uniform +probability of equaling any birthday + + align:start position:0% +probability of equaling any birthday + + + align:start position:0% +probability of equaling any birthday +still has a uniform probability one + + align:start position:0% +still has a uniform probability one + + + align:start position:0% +still has a uniform probability one +chance inde D of equaling November 5th + + align:start position:0% +chance inde D of equaling November 5th + + + align:start position:0% +chance inde D of equaling November 5th +which happens to be my birthday okay so + + align:start position:0% +which happens to be my birthday okay so + + + align:start position:0% +which happens to be my birthday okay so +in short the expect the probability that + + align:start position:0% +in short the expect the probability that + + + align:start position:0% +in short the expect the probability that +any two people have a matching birthday + + align:start position:0% +any two people have a matching birthday + + + align:start position:0% +any two people have a matching birthday +is one chance indeed D and that means + + align:start position:0% +is one chance indeed D and that means + + + align:start position:0% +is one chance indeed D and that means +that the expectation of the indicator + + align:start position:0% +that the expectation of the indicator + + + align:start position:0% +that the expectation of the indicator +variable for that event MJ is 1/d and + + align:start position:0% +variable for that event MJ is 1/d and + + + align:start position:0% +variable for that event MJ is 1/d and +that tells us by linearity of + + align:start position:0% +that tells us by linearity of + + + align:start position:0% +that tells us by linearity of +expectation that the expected number of + + align:start position:0% +expectation that the expected number of + + + align:start position:0% +expectation that the expected number of +pairs is simply the number of those + + align:start position:0% +pairs is simply the number of those + + + align:start position:0% +pairs is simply the number of those +pairs times the expected number per pair + + align:start position:0% +pairs times the expected number per pair + + + align:start position:0% +pairs times the expected number per pair +and choose 2 * + + align:start position:0% +and choose 2 * + + + align:start position:0% +and choose 2 * +1/d well as I said we have data for 110 + + align:start position:0% +1/d well as I said we have data for 110 + + + align:start position:0% +1/d well as I said we have data for 110 +students so the expected number of pairs + + align:start position:0% +students so the expected number of pairs + + + align:start position:0% +students so the expected number of pairs +in a collection of a in a student body + + align:start position:0% +in a collection of a in a student body + + + align:start position:0% +in a collection of a in a student body +of 110 is 110 choose 2 * 1 over 365 or + + align:start position:0% +of 110 is 110 choose 2 * 1 over 365 or + + + align:start position:0% +of 110 is 110 choose 2 * 1 over 365 or +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +16.4 pairs is the expected number of + + align:start position:0% +16.4 pairs is the expected number of + + + align:start position:0% +16.4 pairs is the expected number of +pairs of matching + + align:start position:0% +pairs of matching + + + align:start position:0% +pairs of matching +birthdays okay now that's an expected + + align:start position:0% +birthdays okay now that's an expected + + + align:start position:0% +birthdays okay now that's an expected +value How likely is it to be if I take a + + align:start position:0% +value How likely is it to be if I take a + + + align:start position:0% +value How likely is it to be if I take a +selection of 110 students and I count + + align:start position:0% +selection of 110 students and I count + + + align:start position:0% +selection of 110 students and I count +how many pairs of birthdays are there do + + align:start position:0% +how many pairs of birthdays are there do + + + align:start position:0% +how many pairs of birthdays are there do +I really expect to get close to 16.4 or + + align:start position:0% +I really expect to get close to 16.4 or + + + align:start position:0% +I really expect to get close to 16.4 or +not well uh what we're asking for is the + + align:start position:0% +not well uh what we're asking for is the + + + align:start position:0% +not well uh what we're asking for is the +probability that P is near its mean that + + align:start position:0% +probability that P is near its mean that + + + align:start position:0% +probability that P is near its mean that +the distance between p and 16.4 is + + align:start position:0% +the distance between p and 16.4 is + + + align:start position:0% +the distance between p and 16.4 is +greater than K I hope that as K gets + + align:start position:0% +greater than K I hope that as K gets + + + align:start position:0% +greater than K I hope that as K gets +bigger this probability is small um uh + + align:start position:0% +bigger this probability is small um uh + + + align:start position:0% +bigger this probability is small um uh +and so I'm really quite likely to have + + align:start position:0% +and so I'm really quite likely to have + + + align:start position:0% +and so I'm really quite likely to have +close to 16.4 birthdays in the my sample + + align:start position:0% +close to 16.4 birthdays in the my sample + + + align:start position:0% +close to 16.4 birthdays in the my sample +of 110 but this probability is one + + align:start position:0% +of 110 but this probability is one + + + align:start position:0% +of 110 but this probability is one +that's a mess to calculate but we can + + align:start position:0% +that's a mess to calculate but we can + + + align:start position:0% +that's a mess to calculate but we can +get a grip on it uh because the variance + + align:start position:0% +get a grip on it uh because the variance + + + align:start position:0% +get a grip on it uh because the variance +of p is easy to calculate and that will + + align:start position:0% +of p is easy to calculate and that will + + + align:start position:0% +of p is easy to calculate and that will +allow us to apply the ch have bound and + + align:start position:0% +allow us to apply the ch have bound and + + + align:start position:0% +allow us to apply the ch have bound and +get some kind of an estimate on the + + align:start position:0% +get some kind of an estimate on the + + + align:start position:0% +get some kind of an estimate on the +likelihood that P is near its + + align:start position:0% +likelihood that P is near its + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood that P is near its +expectation so the the key observation + + align:start position:0% +expectation so the the key observation + + + align:start position:0% +expectation so the the key observation +that we need is that the indicator + + align:start position:0% +that we need is that the indicator + + + align:start position:0% +that we need is that the indicator +variables are pairwise independent so + + align:start position:0% +variables are pairwise independent so + + + align:start position:0% +variables are pairwise independent so +let's think about the indicator variable + + align:start position:0% +let's think about the indicator variable + + + align:start position:0% +let's think about the indicator variable +for the event that the E and the ja + + align:start position:0% +for the event that the E and the ja + + + align:start position:0% +for the event that the E and the ja +people have the same birthday let's call + + align:start position:0% +people have the same birthday let's call + + + align:start position:0% +people have the same birthday let's call +them Albert and Drew so Albert's the E + + align:start position:0% +them Albert and Drew so Albert's the E + + + align:start position:0% +them Albert and Drew so Albert's the E +person Drew is the jth person and I'm + + align:start position:0% +person Drew is the jth person and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +person Drew is the jth person and I'm +interested in the event that Albert and + + align:start position:0% +interested in the event that Albert and + + + align:start position:0% +interested in the event that Albert and +Drew have the the same birthday and + + align:start position:0% +Drew have the the same birthday and + + + align:start position:0% +Drew have the the same birthday and +let's compare that to another pair of + + align:start position:0% +let's compare that to another pair of + + + align:start position:0% +let's compare that to another pair of +people and whether or not they have the + + align:start position:0% +people and whether or not they have the + + + align:start position:0% +people and whether or not they have the +same birthday so let's first of all + + align:start position:0% +same birthday so let's first of all + + + align:start position:0% +same birthday so let's first of all +think about dve and Mike whether Dave + + align:start position:0% +think about dve and Mike whether Dave + + + align:start position:0% +think about dve and Mike whether Dave +and Mike have the same birthday and I + + align:start position:0% +and Mike have the same birthday and I + + + align:start position:0% +and Mike have the same birthday and I +want to know are these two events + + align:start position:0% +want to know are these two events + + + align:start position:0% +want to know are these two events +independent well remember we are + + align:start position:0% +independent well remember we are + + + align:start position:0% +independent well remember we are +assuming that Albert's birthday is + + align:start position:0% +assuming that Albert's birthday is + + + align:start position:0% +assuming that Albert's birthday is +independent of Drew's birthday is + + align:start position:0% +independent of Drew's birthday is + + + align:start position:0% +independent of Drew's birthday is +independent of David's independence of + + align:start position:0% +independent of David's independence of + + + align:start position:0% +independent of David's independence of +Mike each of the people is supposedly + + align:start position:0% +Mike each of the people is supposedly + + + align:start position:0% +Mike each of the people is supposedly +chosen independently and their birthdays + + align:start position:0% +chosen independently and their birthdays + + + align:start position:0% +chosen independently and their birthdays +are independently are independent so + + align:start position:0% +are independently are independent so + + + align:start position:0% +are independently are independent so +it's obvious that these two pairs that + + align:start position:0% +it's obvious that these two pairs that + + + align:start position:0% +it's obvious that these two pairs that +don't overlap have nothing to do with + + align:start position:0% +don't overlap have nothing to do with + + + align:start position:0% +don't overlap have nothing to do with +each other and we don't have to worry + + align:start position:0% +each other and we don't have to worry + + + align:start position:0% +each other and we don't have to worry +about them you could prove that formally + + align:start position:0% +about them you could prove that formally + + + align:start position:0% +about them you could prove that formally +but it's it is obvious because uh each + + align:start position:0% +but it's it is obvious because uh each + + + align:start position:0% +but it's it is obvious because uh each +of the individual birthdays are + + align:start position:0% +of the individual birthdays are + + + align:start position:0% +of the individual birthdays are +independent um now what's more + + align:start position:0% +independent um now what's more + + + align:start position:0% +independent um now what's more +interesting is the case when I ask + + align:start position:0% +interesting is the case when I ask + + + align:start position:0% +interesting is the case when I ask +whether or not um Albert and Drew having + + align:start position:0% +whether or not um Albert and Drew having + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not um Albert and Drew having +the same birthday is independent of + + align:start position:0% +the same birthday is independent of + + + align:start position:0% +the same birthday is independent of +Albert and Mike having the same birthday + + align:start position:0% +Albert and Mike having the same birthday + + + align:start position:0% +Albert and Mike having the same birthday +and that one is not so obvious here's a + + align:start position:0% +and that one is not so obvious here's a + + + align:start position:0% +and that one is not so obvious here's a +way to think about what could go + + align:start position:0% +way to think about what could go + + + align:start position:0% +way to think about what could go +wrong suppose that in fact the birthdays + + align:start position:0% +wrong suppose that in fact the birthdays + + + align:start position:0% +wrong suppose that in fact the birthdays +weren't uniform suppose that some + + align:start position:0% +weren't uniform suppose that some + + + align:start position:0% +weren't uniform suppose that some +birthday was more common than others + + align:start position:0% +birthday was more common than others + + + align:start position:0% +birthday was more common than others +okay that makes it more likely that if + + align:start position:0% +okay that makes it more likely that if + + + align:start position:0% +okay that makes it more likely that if +Albert and Drew have the same birthday + + align:start position:0% +Albert and Drew have the same birthday + + + align:start position:0% +Albert and Drew have the same birthday +it Slants things so that they're more + + align:start position:0% +it Slants things so that they're more + + + align:start position:0% +it Slants things so that they're more +likely to have this very common birthday + + align:start position:0% +likely to have this very common birthday + + + align:start position:0% +likely to have this very common birthday +than they would have been + + align:start position:0% +than they would have been + + + align:start position:0% +than they would have been +otherwise uh and now once I know that + + align:start position:0% +otherwise uh and now once I know that + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise uh and now once I know that +they match and therefore are more likely + + align:start position:0% +they match and therefore are more likely + + + align:start position:0% +they match and therefore are more likely +to have the common birthday than they + + align:start position:0% +to have the common birthday than they + + + align:start position:0% +to have the common birthday than they +would have without any information I + + align:start position:0% +would have without any information I + + + align:start position:0% +would have without any information I +know Albert is more likely to have this + + align:start position:0% +know Albert is more likely to have this + + + align:start position:0% +know Albert is more likely to have this +this common birthday than otherwise and + + align:start position:0% +this common birthday than otherwise and + + + align:start position:0% +this common birthday than otherwise and +that means that Mike um is even more + + align:start position:0% +that means that Mike um is even more + + + align:start position:0% +that means that Mike um is even more +likely to match Albert because Albert's + + align:start position:0% +likely to match Albert because Albert's + + + align:start position:0% +likely to match Albert because Albert's +got the common birthday than Mike was to + + align:start position:0% +got the common birthday than Mike was to + + + align:start position:0% +got the common birthday than Mike was to +match Albert without any further + + align:start position:0% +match Albert without any further + + + align:start position:0% +match Albert without any further +information about what Albert's likely + + align:start position:0% +information about what Albert's likely + + + align:start position:0% +information about what Albert's likely +birthday was you can think about that + + align:start position:0% +birthday was you can think about that + + + align:start position:0% +birthday was you can think about that +and it can be worked out numerically + + align:start position:0% +and it can be worked out numerically + + + align:start position:0% +and it can be worked out numerically +easily enough so uh uniformity is going + + align:start position:0% +easily enough so uh uniformity is going + + + align:start position:0% +easily enough so uh uniformity is going +to be a crucial Factor here in order to + + align:start position:0% +to be a crucial Factor here in order to + + + align:start position:0% +to be a crucial Factor here in order to +conclude that Albert and Drew and Albert + + align:start position:0% +conclude that Albert and Drew and Albert + + + align:start position:0% +conclude that Albert and Drew and Albert +and Mike are independ are uh mutually + + align:start position:0% +and Mike are independ are uh mutually + + + align:start position:0% +and Mike are independ are uh mutually +independent events but let's go back and + + align:start position:0% +independent events but let's go back and + + + align:start position:0% +independent events but let's go back and +think about it all we really need is + + align:start position:0% +think about it all we really need is + + + align:start position:0% +think about it all we really need is +that Mike is uniform in order to + + align:start position:0% +that Mike is uniform in order to + + + align:start position:0% +that Mike is uniform in order to +conclude that these two events are + + align:start position:0% +conclude that these two events are + + + align:start position:0% +conclude that these two events are +independent because we know that Mike + + align:start position:0% +independent because we know that Mike + + + align:start position:0% +independent because we know that Mike +and Drew and Albert separately are + + align:start position:0% +and Drew and Albert separately are + + + align:start position:0% +and Drew and Albert separately are +independent of each other their + + align:start position:0% +independent of each other their + + + align:start position:0% +independent of each other their +birthdays are chosen independently so + + align:start position:0% +birthdays are chosen independently so + + + align:start position:0% +birthdays are chosen independently so +that intuitively means that uh the + + align:start position:0% +that intuitively means that uh the + + + align:start position:0% +that intuitively means that uh the +probability that Mike has any given + + align:start position:0% +probability that Mike has any given + + + align:start position:0% +probability that Mike has any given +birthday doesn't really matter what's + + align:start position:0% +birthday doesn't really matter what's + + + align:start position:0% +birthday doesn't really matter what's +going on with Albert and Drew because + + align:start position:0% +going on with Albert and Drew because + + + align:start position:0% +going on with Albert and Drew because +Mike is independent of Albert and Drew + + align:start position:0% +Mike is independent of Albert and Drew + + + align:start position:0% +Mike is independent of Albert and Drew +and if we know that Mike's probability + + align:start position:0% +and if we know that Mike's probability + + + align:start position:0% +and if we know that Mike's probability +of having a birthday is uniform then + + align:start position:0% +of having a birthday is uniform then + + + align:start position:0% +of having a birthday is uniform then +whatever the birthday that Albert has + + align:start position:0% +whatever the birthday that Albert has + + + align:start position:0% +whatever the birthday that Albert has +whether he matches true or not Mike has + + align:start position:0% +whether he matches true or not Mike has + + + align:start position:0% +whether he matches true or not Mike has +a one chance inde D of hitting the same + + align:start position:0% +a one chance inde D of hitting the same + + + align:start position:0% +a one chance inde D of hitting the same +birthday as whatever Albert wound up + + align:start position:0% +birthday as whatever Albert wound up + + + align:start position:0% +birthday as whatever Albert wound up +having and that means that the + + align:start position:0% +having and that means that the + + + align:start position:0% +having and that means that the +probability that Mike um matches Albert + + align:start position:0% +probability that Mike um matches Albert + + + align:start position:0% +probability that Mike um matches Albert +is the same one overd that it would have + + align:start position:0% +is the same one overd that it would have + + + align:start position:0% +is the same one overd that it would have +been uh if we had no further information + + align:start position:0% +been uh if we had no further information + + + align:start position:0% +been uh if we had no further information +this is an argument that in fact is made + + align:start position:0% +this is an argument that in fact is made + + + align:start position:0% +this is an argument that in fact is made +rigorous in some class problems and and + + align:start position:0% +rigorous in some class problems and and + + + align:start position:0% +rigorous in some class problems and and +a problem set but let's just take it as + + align:start position:0% +a problem set but let's just take it as + + + align:start position:0% +a problem set but let's just take it as +uh plausible enough based on this hand + + align:start position:0% +uh plausible enough based on this hand + + + align:start position:0% +uh plausible enough based on this hand +waving argument that I articulated that + + align:start position:0% +waving argument that I articulated that + + + align:start position:0% +waving argument that I articulated that +these two events are independent + + align:start position:0% +these two events are independent + + + align:start position:0% +these two events are independent +pairwise and so the corresponding + + align:start position:0% +pairwise and so the corresponding + + + align:start position:0% +pairwise and so the corresponding +indicator events uh indicator variables + + align:start position:0% +indicator events uh indicator variables + + + align:start position:0% +indicator events uh indicator variables +M Albert Drew and M Albert Mike are pair + + align:start position:0% +M Albert Drew and M Albert Mike are pair + + + align:start position:0% +M Albert Drew and M Albert Mike are pair +are independent of each other yep so + + align:start position:0% +are independent of each other yep so + + + align:start position:0% +are independent of each other yep so +that's what we've argued but notice that + + align:start position:0% +that's what we've argued but notice that + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we've argued but notice that +these events of pairwise matching are + + align:start position:0% +these events of pairwise matching are + + + align:start position:0% +these events of pairwise matching are +certainly not three-way independent + + align:start position:0% +certainly not three-way independent + + + align:start position:0% +certainly not three-way independent +because after all if I know that Albert + + align:start position:0% +because after all if I know that Albert + + + align:start position:0% +because after all if I know that Albert +and Drew have the same birthday and that + + align:start position:0% +and Drew have the same birthday and that + + + align:start position:0% +and Drew have the same birthday and that +Albert and Mike have the same birthday I + + align:start position:0% +Albert and Mike have the same birthday I + + + align:start position:0% +Albert and Mike have the same birthday I +absolutely know with certainty the Drew + + align:start position:0% +absolutely know with certainty the Drew + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely know with certainty the Drew +and Mike have the same birthday so this + + align:start position:0% +and Mike have the same birthday so this + + + align:start position:0% +and Mike have the same birthday so this +is a very nice basic example where you + + align:start position:0% +is a very nice basic example where you + + + align:start position:0% +is a very nice basic example where you +have pairwise Independence but not + + align:start position:0% +have pairwise Independence but not + + + align:start position:0% +have pairwise Independence but not +three-way Independence assuming that all + + align:start position:0% +three-way Independence assuming that all + + + align:start position:0% +three-way Independence assuming that all +of these uh random variables Albert Drew + + align:start position:0% +of these uh random variables Albert Drew + + + align:start position:0% +of these uh random variables Albert Drew +and Mike and are uniform in what + + align:start position:0% +and Mike and are uniform in what + + + align:start position:0% +and Mike and are uniform in what +birthday they + + align:start position:0% +birthday they + + + align:start position:0% +birthday they +have Okay so let's go back to Counting + + align:start position:0% +have Okay so let's go back to Counting + + + align:start position:0% +have Okay so let's go back to Counting +birthdays uh the variance of an + + align:start position:0% +birthdays uh the variance of an + + + align:start position:0% +birthdays uh the variance of an +indicator is PQ so in this case p is 1 + + align:start position:0% +indicator is PQ so in this case p is 1 + + + align:start position:0% +indicator is PQ so in this case p is 1 +over 365 and Q is 1 minus 1 over + + align:start position:0% +over 365 and Q is 1 minus 1 over + + + align:start position:0% +over 365 and Q is 1 minus 1 over +365 uh and because of pairwise + + align:start position:0% +365 uh and because of pairwise + + + align:start position:0% +365 uh and because of pairwise +Independence the uh variance of P which + + align:start position:0% +Independence the uh variance of P which + + + align:start position:0% +Independence the uh variance of P which +is the sum of the M JS the variance of + + align:start position:0% +is the sum of the M JS the variance of + + + align:start position:0% +is the sum of the M JS the variance of +the number of uh birthday pairs is the + + align:start position:0% +the number of uh birthday pairs is the + + + align:start position:0% +the number of uh birthday pairs is the +sum of those variances it's 110 choose 2 + + align:start position:0% +sum of those variances it's 110 choose 2 + + + align:start position:0% +sum of those variances it's 110 choose 2 +times the variance of of the m j turns + + align:start position:0% +times the variance of of the m j turns + + + align:start position:0% +times the variance of of the m j turns +out to be about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +16.37% number 16.4 is greater than 1 + + align:start position:0% +16.37% number 16.4 is greater than 1 + + + align:start position:0% +16.37% number 16.4 is greater than 1 +minus A4 or 3/4 there's a 3/4 chance + + align:start position:0% +minus A4 or 3/4 there's a 3/4 chance + + + align:start position:0% +minus A4 or 3/4 there's a 3/4 chance +that the number of pairs that we find is + + align:start position:0% +that the number of pairs that we find is + + + align:start position:0% +that the number of pairs that we find is +within two Sigma of the expected number + + align:start position:0% +within two Sigma of the expected number + + + align:start position:0% +within two Sigma of the expected number +16.4 Sigma was about four so this is + + align:start position:0% +16.4 Sigma was about four so this is + + + align:start position:0% +16.4 Sigma was about four so this is +eight which means that we're expecting + + align:start position:0% +eight which means that we're expecting + + + align:start position:0% +eight which means that we're expecting +uh with 3/4s probability somewhere + + align:start position:0% +uh with 3/4s probability somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +uh with 3/4s probability somewhere +between 8.4 meaning 9 and 24.4 meaning + + align:start position:0% +between 8.4 meaning 9 and 24.4 meaning + + + align:start position:0% +between 8.4 meaning 9 and 24.4 meaning +25 pairs so 75% of the time in a class + + align:start position:0% +25 pairs so 75% of the time in a class + + + align:start position:0% +25 pairs so 75% of the time in a class +of 110 we're going to find between 9 and + + align:start position:0% +of 110 we're going to find between 9 and + + + align:start position:0% +of 110 we're going to find between 9 and +25 pairs of + + align:start position:0% +25 pairs of + + + align:start position:0% +25 pairs of +birthdays did that actually happen well + + align:start position:0% +birthdays did that actually happen well + + + align:start position:0% +birthdays did that actually happen well +it did in our class of 110 for whom we + + align:start position:0% +it did in our class of 110 for whom we + + + align:start position:0% +it did in our class of 110 for whom we +had data we actually found 21 pairs of + + align:start position:0% +had data we actually found 21 pairs of + + + align:start position:0% +had data we actually found 21 pairs of +matching birthdays literally we found 12 + + align:start position:0% +matching birthdays literally we found 12 + + + align:start position:0% +matching birthdays literally we found 12 +Pairs and three triples but each triple + + align:start position:0% +Pairs and three triples but each triple + + + align:start position:0% +Pairs and three triples but each triple +counts as three matching pairs um and + + align:start position:0% +counts as three matching pairs um and + + + align:start position:0% +counts as three matching pairs um and +there they are the blues are triples um + + align:start position:0% +there they are the blues are triples um + + + align:start position:0% +there they are the blues are triples um +and you can see whether your birthday is + + align:start position:0% +and you can see whether your birthday is + + + align:start position:0% +and you can see whether your birthday is +among those and knowing that you have a + + align:start position:0% +among those and knowing that you have a + + + align:start position:0% +among those and knowing that you have a +classmate or two that have the same + + align:start position:0% +classmate or two that have the same + + + align:start position:0% +classmate or two that have the same +birthday that you do so there were 15 + + align:start position:0% +birthday that you do so there were 15 + + + align:start position:0% +birthday that you do so there were 15 +different birthdays but they count as 21 + + align:start position:0% +different birthdays but they count as 21 + + + align:start position:0% +different birthdays but they count as 21 +pairs because it's 12 uh single Pairs + + align:start position:0% +pairs because it's 12 uh single Pairs + + + align:start position:0% +pairs because it's 12 uh single Pairs +and three triplets Each of which counts + + align:start position:0% +and three triplets Each of which counts + + + align:start position:0% +and three triplets Each of which counts +for three + + align:start position:0% +for three + + + align:start position:0% +for three +pairs \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/TqHS4tpujnw.txt b/TqHS4tpujnw.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ac0bc84bd1bf98980bbd7574ac1cc6d6dc004411 --- /dev/null +++ b/TqHS4tpujnw.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14243 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so what I want to do today is finish up + + align:start position:0% +so what I want to do today is finish up + + + align:start position:0% +so what I want to do today is finish up +Mont Carlo + + align:start position:0% +Mont Carlo + + + align:start position:0% +Mont Carlo +simulation and um going to a little more + + align:start position:0% +simulation and um going to a little more + + + align:start position:0% +simulation and um going to a little more +sort of advanced things in Monte Carlo + + align:start position:0% +sort of advanced things in Monte Carlo + + + align:start position:0% +sort of advanced things in Monte Carlo +simulation and then also going to free + + align:start position:0% +simulation and then also going to free + + + align:start position:0% +simulation and then also going to free +energy Integrations and other Co + + align:start position:0% +energy Integrations and other Co + + + align:start position:0% +energy Integrations and other Co +graining methods so when direct + + align:start position:0% +graining methods so when direct + + + align:start position:0% +graining methods so when direct +simulation won't + + align:start position:0% +simulation won't + + + align:start position:0% +simulation won't +work + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um if you remember I I introduced mon + + align:start position:0% +um if you remember I I introduced mon + + + align:start position:0% +um if you remember I I introduced mon +Carlo simulation as a way of important + + align:start position:0% +Carlo simulation as a way of important + + + align:start position:0% +Carlo simulation as a way of important +samp and contrasted it against simple + + align:start position:0% +samp and contrasted it against simple + + + align:start position:0% +samp and contrasted it against simple +sampling what I want to show you today + + align:start position:0% +sampling what I want to show you today + + + align:start position:0% +sampling what I want to show you today +there's actually quite a few things in + + align:start position:0% +there's actually quite a few things in + + + align:start position:0% +there's actually quite a few things in +between that in some cases can be + + align:start position:0% +between that in some cases can be + + + align:start position:0% +between that in some cases can be +practical remember the idea of simple + + align:start position:0% +practical remember the idea of simple + + + align:start position:0% +practical remember the idea of simple +sampling is that you sample randomly and + + align:start position:0% +sampling is that you sample randomly and + + + align:start position:0% +sampling is that you sample randomly and +then you weigh with so a probability + + align:start position:0% +then you weigh with so a probability + + + align:start position:0% +then you weigh with so a probability +that's correct relatively okay where the + + align:start position:0% +that's correct relatively okay where the + + + align:start position:0% +that's correct relatively okay where the +states are have the correct relative + + align:start position:0% +states are have the correct relative + + + align:start position:0% +states are have the correct relative +probability to one another important + + align:start position:0% +probability to one another important + + + align:start position:0% +probability to one another important +sampling is sampling with the correct + + align:start position:0% +sampling is sampling with the correct + + + align:start position:0% +sampling is sampling with the correct +probability and then just averaging the + + align:start position:0% +probability and then just averaging the + + + align:start position:0% +probability and then just averaging the +quantity you sample um but you can + + align:start position:0% +quantity you sample um but you can + + + align:start position:0% +quantity you sample um but you can +actually sample with things in between + + align:start position:0% +actually sample with things in between + + + align:start position:0% +actually sample with things in between +so here you're sampling with with a + + align:start position:0% +so here you're sampling with with a + + + align:start position:0% +so here you're sampling with with a +probability proportional to that + + align:start position:0% +probability proportional to that + + + align:start position:0% +probability proportional to that +exponential of that + + align:start position:0% +exponential of that + + + align:start position:0% +exponential of that +hamiltonian uh here you're sampling with + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian uh here you're sampling with + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian uh here you're sampling with +no hamiltonian and therefore you have to + + align:start position:0% +no hamiltonian and therefore you have to + + + align:start position:0% +no hamiltonian and therefore you have to +correct the probability later you can + + align:start position:0% +correct the probability later you can + + + align:start position:0% +correct the probability later you can +sample with any hamiltonian H KN which + + align:start position:0% +sample with any hamiltonian H KN which + + + align:start position:0% +sample with any hamiltonian H KN which +is not the true hamiltonian of your + + align:start position:0% +is not the true hamiltonian of your + + + align:start position:0% +is not the true hamiltonian of your +system and then correct for it in the + + align:start position:0% +system and then correct for it in the + + + align:start position:0% +system and then correct for it in the +probabilities so if you sample with h + + align:start position:0% +probabilities so if you sample with h + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities so if you sample with h +not then the States you + + align:start position:0% +not then the States you + + + align:start position:0% +not then the States you +sample uh have to be corrected with the + + align:start position:0% +sample uh have to be corrected with the + + + align:start position:0% +sample uh have to be corrected with the +relative probability of that + + align:start position:0% +relative probability of that + + + align:start position:0% +relative probability of that +state the relative probility that you + + align:start position:0% +state the relative probility that you + + + align:start position:0% +state the relative probility that you +would get with the correct hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% +would get with the correct hamiltonian + + + align:start position:0% +would get with the correct hamiltonian +versus what you get with the hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% +versus what you get with the hamiltonian + + + align:start position:0% +versus what you get with the hamiltonian +with which you decided to sample okay so + + align:start position:0% +with which you decided to sample okay so + + + align:start position:0% +with which you decided to sample okay so +this is the Hamilton which we decided to + + align:start position:0% +this is the Hamilton which we decided to + + + align:start position:0% +this is the Hamilton which we decided to +pick the states that go in your sample + + align:start position:0% +pick the states that go in your sample + + + align:start position:0% +pick the states that go in your sample +and then this is the probability + + align:start position:0% +and then this is the probability + + + align:start position:0% +and then this is the probability +correction sorry + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so whenever you sample with what's + + align:start position:0% +and so whenever you sample with what's + + + align:start position:0% +and so whenever you sample with what's +not the proper hamiltonian of your + + align:start position:0% +not the proper hamiltonian of your + + + align:start position:0% +not the proper hamiltonian of your +system people call it non- boltzman + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sampling + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um why would you want to do non bolt + + align:start position:0% +um why would you want to do non bolt + + + align:start position:0% +um why would you want to do non bolt +spin sampling well um it can be relevant + + align:start position:0% +spin sampling well um it can be relevant + + + align:start position:0% +spin sampling well um it can be relevant +if the particular quantity you're after + + align:start position:0% +if the particular quantity you're after + + + align:start position:0% +if the particular quantity you're after +in your system is essentially not + + align:start position:0% +in your system is essentially not + + + align:start position:0% +in your system is essentially not +determined by the relevant thermodynamic + + align:start position:0% +determined by the relevant thermodynamic + + + align:start position:0% +determined by the relevant thermodynamic +States remember um you know I introduced + + align:start position:0% +States remember um you know I introduced + + + align:start position:0% +States remember um you know I introduced +this by saying what if you're looking at + + align:start position:0% +this by saying what if you're looking at + + + align:start position:0% +this by saying what if you're looking at +say average free average energy or + + align:start position:0% +say average free average energy or + + + align:start position:0% +say average free average energy or +average volume or average magnetization + + align:start position:0% +average volume or average magnetization + + + align:start position:0% +average volume or average magnetization +then what you really need to know is + + align:start position:0% +then what you really need to know is + + + align:start position:0% +then what you really need to know is +sort of um you know what's the energy of + + align:start position:0% +sort of um you know what's the energy of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of um you know what's the energy of +the states that the system spend most of + + align:start position:0% +the states that the system spend most of + + + align:start position:0% +the states that the system spend most of +its time in um but what if a system + + align:start position:0% +its time in um but what if a system + + + align:start position:0% +its time in um but what if a system +spends only sort of a small amount of + + align:start position:0% +spends only sort of a small amount of + + + align:start position:0% +spends only sort of a small amount of +its time in certain States but those + + align:start position:0% +its time in certain States but those + + + align:start position:0% +its time in certain States but those +have the relevant property that you want + + align:start position:0% +have the relevant property that you want + + + align:start position:0% +have the relevant property that you want +to sample for example you know let's say + + align:start position:0% +to sample for example you know let's say + + + align:start position:0% +to sample for example you know let's say +that this is a face space you know this + + align:start position:0% +that this is a face space you know this + + + align:start position:0% +that this is a face space you know this +this corner show so with important + + align:start position:0% +this corner show so with important + + + align:start position:0% +this corner show so with important +sampling you'd sort of be drawn towards + + align:start position:0% +sampling you'd sort of be drawn towards + + + align:start position:0% +sampling you'd sort of be drawn towards +these states okay I don't know maybe the + + align:start position:0% +these states okay I don't know maybe the + + + align:start position:0% +these states okay I don't know maybe the +ones that live here are optically active + + align:start position:0% +ones that live here are optically active + + + align:start position:0% +ones that live here are optically active +or something like that and the other + + align:start position:0% +or something like that and the other + + + align:start position:0% +or something like that and the other +ones aren't and you want to somehow + + align:start position:0% +ones aren't and you want to somehow + + + align:start position:0% +ones aren't and you want to somehow +collect get a lot of information of the + + align:start position:0% +collect get a lot of information of the + + + align:start position:0% +collect get a lot of information of the +optical activity of the material you may + + align:start position:0% +optical activity of the material you may + + + align:start position:0% +optical activity of the material you may +want to build a hamiltonian that drives + + align:start position:0% +want to build a hamiltonian that drives + + + align:start position:0% +want to build a hamiltonian that drives +you towards these states okay and as + + align:start position:0% +you towards these states okay and as + + + align:start position:0% +you towards these states okay and as +long as you then correct for the proper + + align:start position:0% +long as you then correct for the proper + + + align:start position:0% +long as you then correct for the proper +probability you'll get a a proper + + align:start position:0% +probability you'll get a a proper + + + align:start position:0% +probability you'll get a a proper +Ensemble it's one that's just uh much + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble it's one that's just uh much + + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble it's one that's just uh much +more efficiently biased towards the + + align:start position:0% +more efficiently biased towards the + + + align:start position:0% +more efficiently biased towards the +region of face space where you want to + + align:start position:0% +region of face space where you want to + + + align:start position:0% +region of face space where you want to +get so that's non- boltzman sampling um + + align:start position:0% +get so that's non- boltzman sampling um + + + align:start position:0% +get so that's non- boltzman sampling um +another obvious way is uh you can use it + + align:start position:0% +another obvious way is uh you can use it + + + align:start position:0% +another obvious way is uh you can use it +to sample face space more + + align:start position:0% +to sample face space more + + + align:start position:0% +to sample face space more +efficiently um if + + align:start position:0% +efficiently um if + + + align:start position:0% +efficiently um if +you if you had a face space sort of with + + align:start position:0% +you if you had a face space sort of with + + + align:start position:0% +you if you had a face space sort of with +a lot of local + + align:start position:0% +a lot of local + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of local +minimum um you may want to define a new + + align:start position:0% +minimum um you may want to define a new + + + align:start position:0% +minimum um you may want to define a new +hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian +that sort of looks like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this and this is especially relevant if + + align:start position:0% +this and this is especially relevant if + + + align:start position:0% +this and this is especially relevant if +you're mon Carlo has some form of + + align:start position:0% +you're mon Carlo has some form of + + + align:start position:0% +you're mon Carlo has some form of +Dynamics in it so in the blue + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics in it so in the blue + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics in it so in the blue +hamiltonian the true hamiltonian it may + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian the true hamiltonian it may + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian the true hamiltonian it may +be very hard to get out of this minimum + + align:start position:0% +be very hard to get out of this minimum + + + align:start position:0% +be very hard to get out of this minimum +into the next one whereas if you raise + + align:start position:0% +into the next one whereas if you raise + + + align:start position:0% +into the next one whereas if you raise +the potential well okay it's going to in + + align:start position:0% +the potential well okay it's going to in + + + align:start position:0% +the potential well okay it's going to in +the red hamilt tonin it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +the red hamilt tonin it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +the red hamilt tonin it's going to be +much easier to get out of it okay so you + + align:start position:0% +much easier to get out of it okay so you + + + align:start position:0% +much easier to get out of it okay so you +can build essentially you're flattening + + align:start position:0% +can build essentially you're flattening + + + align:start position:0% +can build essentially you're flattening +your face space with the new hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% +your face space with the new hamiltonian + + + align:start position:0% +your face space with the new hamiltonian +so it's going to be much easier to get + + align:start position:0% +so it's going to be much easier to get + + + align:start position:0% +so it's going to be much easier to get +out of local Minima and then you can + + align:start position:0% +out of local Minima and then you can + + + align:start position:0% +out of local Minima and then you can +correct for that probability there's a + + align:start position:0% +correct for that probability there's a + + + align:start position:0% +correct for that probability there's a +lot of algorithms these days built on + + align:start position:0% +lot of algorithms these days built on + + + align:start position:0% +lot of algorithms these days built on +this idea not just in Monte Carlo uh but + + align:start position:0% +this idea not just in Monte Carlo uh but + + + align:start position:0% +this idea not just in Monte Carlo uh but +there are molecular Dynamic schemes + + align:start position:0% +there are molecular Dynamic schemes + + + align:start position:0% +there are molecular Dynamic schemes +there all kinds of schemes that are + + align:start position:0% +there all kinds of schemes that are + + + align:start position:0% +there all kinds of schemes that are +built on this idea of lifting up the + + align:start position:0% +built on this idea of lifting up the + + + align:start position:0% +built on this idea of lifting up the +potential Wells and then correcting the + + align:start position:0% +potential Wells and then correcting the + + + align:start position:0% +potential Wells and then correcting the +relative probability or the relative + + align:start position:0% +relative probability or the relative + + + align:start position:0% +relative probability or the relative +vibrational frequency or the relative + + align:start position:0% +vibrational frequency or the relative + + + align:start position:0% +vibrational frequency or the relative +time you spend in each uh potential + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +okay um you can also do non Metropolis + + align:start position:0% +okay um you can also do non Metropolis + + + align:start position:0% +okay um you can also do non Metropolis +mon Carlo this gets even a little more + + align:start position:0% +mon Carlo this gets even a little more + + + align:start position:0% +mon Carlo this gets even a little more +odd um remember that we defined um an + + align:start position:0% +odd um remember that we defined um an + + + align:start position:0% +odd um remember that we defined um an +acceptable Metropolis step as one where + + align:start position:0% +acceptable Metropolis step as one where + + + align:start position:0% +acceptable Metropolis step as one where +the a priority probabilities were + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equal so basically in the mark of change + + align:start position:0% +equal so basically in the mark of change + + + align:start position:0% +equal so basically in the mark of change +the rate at which I pick the I state + + align:start position:0% +the rate at which I pick the I state + + + align:start position:0% +the rate at which I pick the I state +from the J1 as a potential next step in + + align:start position:0% +from the J1 as a potential next step in + + + align:start position:0% +from the J1 as a potential next step in +the Markov chain is symetric it's the + + align:start position:0% +the Markov chain is symetric it's the + + + align:start position:0% +the Markov chain is symetric it's the +same as the radar which I picked the J + + align:start position:0% +same as the radar which I picked the J + + + align:start position:0% +same as the radar which I picked the J +state from the I State J to I and I to J + + align:start position:0% +state from the I State J to I and I to J + + + align:start position:0% +state from the I State J to I and I to J +is the same um you don't necessarily + + align:start position:0% +is the same um you don't necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +is the same um you don't necessarily +have to do that um you can actually make + + align:start position:0% +have to do that um you can actually make + + + align:start position:0% +have to do that um you can actually make +these rates so these are the picking + + align:start position:0% +these rates so these are the picking + + + align:start position:0% +these rates so these are the picking +rates the rates at which I try one state + + align:start position:0% +rates the rates at which I try one state + + + align:start position:0% +rates the rates at which I try one state +from the other um non symmetric and even + + align:start position:0% +from the other um non symmetric and even + + + align:start position:0% +from the other um non symmetric and even +more you can make them dependent on the + + align:start position:0% +more you can make them dependent on the + + + align:start position:0% +more you can make them dependent on the +Hamilton + + align:start position:0% +Hamilton + + + align:start position:0% +Hamilton +and why would you want to do that I'll + + align:start position:0% +and why would you want to do that I'll + + + align:start position:0% +and why would you want to do that I'll +show you an example in a second it's a + + align:start position:0% +show you an example in a second it's a + + + align:start position:0% +show you an example in a second it's a +way of forcing systems downhill in + + align:start position:0% +way of forcing systems downhill in + + + align:start position:0% +way of forcing systems downhill in +energy space much faster um so as long + + align:start position:0% +energy space much faster um so as long + + + align:start position:0% +energy space much faster um so as long +as you correct in your detailed balance + + align:start position:0% +as you correct in your detailed balance + + + align:start position:0% +as you correct in your detailed balance +argument you'll be okay so that the + + align:start position:0% +argument you'll be okay so that the + + + align:start position:0% +argument you'll be okay so that the +important thing is the detailed balance + + align:start position:0% +important thing is the detailed balance + + + align:start position:0% +important thing is the detailed balance +criteria because the detailed balance + + align:start position:0% +criteria because the detailed balance + + + align:start position:0% +criteria because the detailed balance +criteria is the one that ultimately + + align:start position:0% +criteria is the one that ultimately + + + align:start position:0% +criteria is the one that ultimately +ensures that you sample face space or + + align:start position:0% +ensures that you sample face space or + + + align:start position:0% +ensures that you sample face space or +that you weigh States in face space with + + align:start position:0% +that you weigh States in face space with + + + align:start position:0% +that you weigh States in face space with +the correct probability and so as long + + align:start position:0% +the correct probability and so as long + + + align:start position:0% +the correct probability and so as long +as you correct here so if you changed + + align:start position:0% +as you correct here so if you changed + + + align:start position:0% +as you correct here so if you changed +the W + + align:start position:0% +the W + + + align:start position:0% +the W +nuts okay you can still get satisfy + + align:start position:0% +nuts okay you can still get satisfy + + + align:start position:0% +nuts okay you can still get satisfy +detailed balance by essentially changing + + align:start position:0% +detailed balance by essentially changing + + + align:start position:0% +detailed balance by essentially changing +what the acceptance rates are p i to J + + align:start position:0% +what the acceptance rates are p i to J + + + align:start position:0% +what the acceptance rates are p i to J +and PJ to I you can write out what they + + align:start position:0% +and PJ to I you can write out what they + + + align:start position:0% +and PJ to I you can write out what they +are essentially the ratio of pi J to pji + + align:start position:0% +are essentially the ratio of pi J to pji + + + align:start position:0% +are essentially the ratio of pi J to pji +is the factor we had + + align:start position:0% +is the factor we had + + + align:start position:0% +is the factor we had +before okay but now you correct by the + + align:start position:0% +before okay but now you correct by the + + + align:start position:0% +before okay but now you correct by the +relative weights which which we did the + + align:start position:0% +relative weights which which we did the + + + align:start position:0% +relative weights which which we did the +picking of the state + + align:start position:0% +picking of the state + + + align:start position:0% +picking of the state +okay so in the end it's a fairly trivial + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +correction um I haven't seen too many + + align:start position:0% +correction um I haven't seen too many + + + align:start position:0% +correction um I haven't seen too many +examples of this but one is this one um + + align:start position:0% +examples of this but one is this one um + + + align:start position:0% +examples of this but one is this one um +is forced by bias Monte Carlo which is + + align:start position:0% +is forced by bias Monte Carlo which is + + + align:start position:0% +is forced by bias Monte Carlo which is +almost looks like a hybrid between Monte + + align:start position:0% +almost looks like a hybrid between Monte + + + align:start position:0% +almost looks like a hybrid between Monte +Cara and molecular + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Dynamics + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics +um you know I've given you several times + + align:start position:0% +um you know I've given you several times + + + align:start position:0% +um you know I've given you several times +this example of a liquid how would you + + align:start position:0% +this example of a liquid how would you + + + align:start position:0% +this example of a liquid how would you +sample a liquid um you know in Mont + + align:start position:0% +sample a liquid um you know in Mont + + + align:start position:0% +sample a liquid um you know in Mont +Carlo you just could take random + + align:start position:0% +Carlo you just could take random + + + align:start position:0% +Carlo you just could take random +displacements of an atom within a given + + align:start position:0% +displacements of an atom within a given + + + align:start position:0% +displacements of an atom within a given +range + + align:start position:0% +range + + + align:start position:0% +range +um you can one way to actually drive the + + align:start position:0% +um you can one way to actually drive the + + + align:start position:0% +um you can one way to actually drive the +system to low energy faster is not take + + align:start position:0% +system to low energy faster is not take + + + align:start position:0% +system to low energy faster is not take +a random displacement of the atoms but + + align:start position:0% +a random displacement of the atoms but + + + align:start position:0% +a random displacement of the atoms but +take one that's biased along the force + + align:start position:0% +take one that's biased along the force + + + align:start position:0% +take one that's biased along the force +on that atom okay if you move an atom + + align:start position:0% +on that atom okay if you move an atom + + + align:start position:0% +on that atom okay if you move an atom +down the force you're obviously going to + + align:start position:0% +down the force you're obviously going to + + + align:start position:0% +down the force you're obviously going to +lower the energy just mathematically + + align:start position:0% +lower the energy just mathematically + + + align:start position:0% +lower the energy just mathematically +because the force is the gradient of the + + align:start position:0% +because the force is the gradient of the + + + align:start position:0% +because the force is the gradient of the +energy so you could take a display + + align:start position:0% +energy so you could take a display + + + align:start position:0% +energy so you could take a display +placement Vector that has a random + + align:start position:0% +placement Vector that has a random + + + align:start position:0% +placement Vector that has a random +component and that has some component + + align:start position:0% +component and that has some component + + + align:start position:0% +component and that has some component +that depends on the + + align:start position:0% +that depends on the + + + align:start position:0% +that depends on the +force um actually if you only do + + align:start position:0% +force um actually if you only do + + + align:start position:0% +force um actually if you only do +this um that's actually how a lot of + + align:start position:0% +this um that's actually how a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +this um that's actually how a lot of +static relaxation schemes work uh you + + align:start position:0% +static relaxation schemes work uh you + + + align:start position:0% +static relaxation schemes work uh you +know in for example in density + + align:start position:0% +know in for example in density + + + align:start position:0% +know in for example in density +functional Theory you calculate the + + align:start position:0% +functional Theory you calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +functional Theory you calculate the +forces on atoms and then you relax them + + align:start position:0% +forces on atoms and then you relax them + + + align:start position:0% +forces on atoms and then you relax them +assuming a certain spring constant + + align:start position:0% +assuming a certain spring constant + + + align:start position:0% +assuming a certain spring constant +typically um but because you still have + + align:start position:0% +typically um but because you still have + + + align:start position:0% +typically um but because you still have +a random element this is probably + + align:start position:0% +a random element this is probably + + + align:start position:0% +a random element this is probably +somewhat better describe the sort of + + align:start position:0% +somewhat better describe the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat better describe the sort of +mixed Dynamics um Monte Carlo method and + + align:start position:0% +mixed Dynamics um Monte Carlo method and + + + align:start position:0% +mixed Dynamics um Monte Carlo method and +if you would like to S read more about I + + align:start position:0% +if you would like to S read more about I + + + align:start position:0% +if you would like to S read more about I +think this was one of the first papers + + align:start position:0% +think this was one of the first papers + + + align:start position:0% +think this was one of the first papers +that um kind of introduced + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that um so what I want to do is a couple + + align:start position:0% +that um so what I want to do is a couple + + + align:start position:0% +that um so what I want to do is a couple +more case studies uh and then show you + + align:start position:0% +more case studies uh and then show you + + + align:start position:0% +more case studies uh and then show you +some of the complications that can arise + + align:start position:0% +some of the complications that can arise + + + align:start position:0% +some of the complications that can arise +when you do complic difficult systems + + align:start position:0% +when you do complic difficult systems + + + align:start position:0% +when you do complic difficult systems +with Monte Carlo and see how how we um + + align:start position:0% +with Monte Carlo and see how how we um + + + align:start position:0% +with Monte Carlo and see how how we um +solve them and that'll lead us into free + + align:start position:0% +solve them and that'll lead us into free + + + align:start position:0% +solve them and that'll lead us into free +energy integration um so this is sort of + + align:start position:0% +energy integration um so this is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +energy integration um so this is sort of +a classic paper on U from 1985 on using + + align:start position:0% +a classic paper on U from 1985 on using + + + align:start position:0% +a classic paper on U from 1985 on using +mon car to study surface segregation in + + align:start position:0% +mon car to study surface segregation in + + + align:start position:0% +mon car to study surface segregation in +copper nickel um it uses the embedded + + align:start position:0% +copper nickel um it uses the embedded + + + align:start position:0% +copper nickel um it uses the embedded +atom method as a potential so one of the + + align:start position:0% +atom method as a potential so one of the + + + align:start position:0% +atom method as a potential so one of the +reasons I picked it because it + + align:start position:0% +reasons I picked it because it + + + align:start position:0% +reasons I picked it because it +integrates a lot of the things uh you've + + align:start position:0% +integrates a lot of the things uh you've + + + align:start position:0% +integrates a lot of the things uh you've +seen in class so the idea was to take + + align:start position:0% +seen in class so the idea was to take + + + align:start position:0% +seen in class so the idea was to take +random copper nickel Alloys and see + + align:start position:0% +random copper nickel Alloys and see + + + align:start position:0% +random copper nickel Alloys and see +which element segregates to the surface + + align:start position:0% +which element segregates to the surface + + + align:start position:0% +which element segregates to the surface +and then see how the segregation pattern + + align:start position:0% +and then see how the segregation pattern + + + align:start position:0% +and then see how the segregation pattern +uh away from the surfaces because + + align:start position:0% +uh away from the surfaces because + + + align:start position:0% +uh away from the surfaces because +there's been a lot of discussion about + + align:start position:0% +there's been a lot of discussion about + + + align:start position:0% +there's been a lot of discussion about +that um in the literature especially + + align:start position:0% +that um in the literature especially + + + align:start position:0% +that um in the literature especially +around that time um so what they do is + + align:start position:0% +around that time um so what they do is + + + align:start position:0% +around that time um so what they do is +they set up just like you would probably + + align:start position:0% +they set up just like you would probably + + + align:start position:0% +they set up just like you would probably +super + + align:start position:0% +super + + + align:start position:0% +super +cells so um I think they either had um + + align:start position:0% +cells so um I think they either had um + + + align:start position:0% +cells so um I think they either had um +24 or for 24 or 48 layers + + align:start position:0% +24 or for 24 or 48 layers + + + align:start position:0% +24 or for 24 or 48 layers +so and then with a certain width so + + align:start position:0% +so and then with a certain width so + + + align:start position:0% +so and then with a certain width so +here's your + + align:start position:0% +here's your + + + align:start position:0% +here's your +supercell um + + align:start position:0% +supercell um + + + align:start position:0% +supercell um +again you can Define your hamiltoni in + + align:start position:0% +again you can Define your hamiltoni in + + + align:start position:0% +again you can Define your hamiltoni in +multiple ways you could just seed the + + align:start position:0% +multiple ways you could just seed the + + + align:start position:0% +multiple ways you could just seed the +system with a particular + + align:start position:0% +system with a particular + + + align:start position:0% +system with a particular +concentration and then you have to + + align:start position:0% +concentration and then you have to + + + align:start position:0% +concentration and then you have to +decide which kind of Monte Carlo moves + + align:start position:0% +decide which kind of Monte Carlo moves + + + align:start position:0% +decide which kind of Monte Carlo moves +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +allow okay copper nickel form FCC solid + + align:start position:0% +allow okay copper nickel form FCC solid + + + align:start position:0% +allow okay copper nickel form FCC solid +Solutions so what kind of moves would + + align:start position:0% +Solutions so what kind of moves would + + + align:start position:0% +Solutions so what kind of moves would +you do to like equilibrate this + + align:start position:0% +you do to like equilibrate this + + + align:start position:0% +you do to like equilibrate this +system if you had to set this up + + align:start position:0% +system if you had to set this up + + + align:start position:0% +system if you had to set this up +yourself + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so again essentially you would see the + + align:start position:0% +so again essentially you would see the + + + align:start position:0% +so again essentially you would see the +system you know probably with some + + align:start position:0% +system you know probably with some + + + align:start position:0% +system you know probably with some +concentration of copper and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +nickle except that there's a lot more + + align:start position:0% +nickle except that there's a lot more + + + align:start position:0% +nickle except that there's a lot more +atoms but so how would you do Monte + + align:start position:0% +atoms but so how would you do Monte + + + align:start position:0% +atoms but so how would you do Monte +Carlo on + + align:start position:0% +Carlo on + + + align:start position:0% +Carlo on +this remember that you you know you + + align:start position:0% +this remember that you you know you + + + align:start position:0% +this remember that you you know you +you're going to have an embedded atom + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have an embedded atom + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have an embedded atom +Hamilton essentially so it's it's one + + align:start position:0% +Hamilton essentially so it's it's one + + + align:start position:0% +Hamilton essentially so it's it's one +that you can fairly rapidly evaluate + + align:start position:0% +that you can fairly rapidly evaluate + + + align:start position:0% +that you can fairly rapidly evaluate +it's in the end it's a very simple + + align:start position:0% +it's in the end it's a very simple + + + align:start position:0% +it's in the end it's a very simple +energy function it's a bunch of pairwise + + align:start position:0% +energy function it's a bunch of pairwise + + + align:start position:0% +energy function it's a bunch of pairwise +sums and you just stick the result in a + + align:start position:0% +sums and you just stick the result in a + + + align:start position:0% +sums and you just stick the result in a +function and you're done it's not like + + align:start position:0% +function and you're done it's not like + + + align:start position:0% +function and you're done it's not like +Quantum mechanic so you have an + + align:start position:0% +Quantum mechanic so you have an + + + align:start position:0% +Quantum mechanic so you have an +essentially an amoni you can abuse these + + align:start position:0% +essentially an amoni you can abuse these + + + align:start position:0% +essentially an amoni you can abuse these +are important to realize so how would + + align:start position:0% +are important to realize so how would + + + align:start position:0% +are important to realize so how would +you do mon Carlo on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this this is the one thing Monte car is + + align:start position:0% +this this is the one thing Monte car is + + + align:start position:0% +this this is the one thing Monte car is +about choosing your perturbations the + + align:start position:0% +about choosing your perturbations the + + + align:start position:0% +about choosing your perturbations the +rest + + align:start position:0% +rest + + + align:start position:0% +rest +is automatic after that essentially it's + + align:start position:0% +is automatic after that essentially it's + + + align:start position:0% +is automatic after that essentially it's +just doing it a lot of + + align:start position:0% +just doing it a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +just doing it a lot of +times so how would you equilibrate the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +system it's too early in the morning + + align:start position:0% +system it's too early in the morning + + + align:start position:0% +system it's too early in the morning +you're all still + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equilibrated + + align:start position:0% +equilibrated + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrated +um so first of all you need to segregate + + align:start position:0% +um so first of all you need to segregate + + + align:start position:0% +um so first of all you need to segregate +some species to the surface assuming + + align:start position:0% +some species to the surface assuming + + + align:start position:0% +some species to the surface assuming +there will be segregation so how do you + + align:start position:0% +there will be segregation so how do you + + + align:start position:0% +there will be segregation so how do you +do + + align:start position:0% +do + + + align:start position:0% +do +that again you could do diffusive + + align:start position:0% +that again you could do diffusive + + + align:start position:0% +that again you could do diffusive +Hops uh diffusive like hops so do + + align:start position:0% +Hops uh diffusive like hops so do + + + align:start position:0% +Hops uh diffusive like hops so do +canonical like interchanges + + align:start position:0% +canonical like interchanges + + + align:start position:0% +canonical like interchanges +um you could interchange them nearby or + + align:start position:0% +um you could interchange them nearby or + + + align:start position:0% +um you could interchange them nearby or +you could interchange them far away I + + align:start position:0% +you could interchange them far away I + + + align:start position:0% +you could interchange them far away I +got to stick to my colors here so you + + align:start position:0% +got to stick to my colors here so you + + + align:start position:0% +got to stick to my colors here so you +could interchange positions of copper + + align:start position:0% +could interchange positions of copper + + + align:start position:0% +could interchange positions of copper +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +nickel uh but again the slightly faster + + align:start position:0% +nickel uh but again the slightly faster + + + align:start position:0% +nickel uh but again the slightly faster +way to do it is to do it Grand + + align:start position:0% +way to do it is to do it Grand + + + align:start position:0% +way to do it is to do it Grand +canonically to Define actually a + + align:start position:0% +canonically to Define actually a + + + align:start position:0% +canonically to Define actually a +hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian +that's the energy minus mu copper n + + align:start position:0% +that's the energy minus mu copper n + + + align:start position:0% +that's the energy minus mu copper n +copper minus mu + + align:start position:0% +copper minus mu + + + align:start position:0% +copper minus mu +nickel n nickel + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and since you're actually going to + + align:start position:0% +okay and since you're actually going to + + + align:start position:0% +okay and since you're actually going to +be interchanging the identity of atoms + + align:start position:0% +be interchanging the identity of atoms + + + align:start position:0% +be interchanging the identity of atoms +um n copper and N nickel are not + + align:start position:0% +um n copper and N nickel are not + + + align:start position:0% +um n copper and N nickel are not +independent variables you keep the total + + align:start position:0% +independent variables you keep the total + + + align:start position:0% +independent variables you keep the total +number of atoms um constant so you can + + align:start position:0% +number of atoms um constant so you can + + + align:start position:0% +number of atoms um constant so you can +actually write this as uh e minus mu + + align:start position:0% +actually write this as uh e minus mu + + + align:start position:0% +actually write this as uh e minus mu +copper minus mu + + align:start position:0% +copper minus mu + + + align:start position:0% +copper minus mu +nickel times n copper since any change + + align:start position:0% +nickel times n copper since any change + + + align:start position:0% +nickel times n copper since any change +of a nickel is compensated by a change + + align:start position:0% +of a nickel is compensated by a change + + + align:start position:0% +of a nickel is compensated by a change +of copper so you have essentially only + + align:start position:0% +of copper so you have essentially only + + + align:start position:0% +of copper so you have essentially only +one controlling chemical potential which + + align:start position:0% +one controlling chemical potential which + + + align:start position:0% +one controlling chemical potential which +is the difference of the two species + + align:start position:0% +is the difference of the two species + + + align:start position:0% +is the difference of the two species +chemical potentials okay yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sir yes + + align:start position:0% +sir yes + + + align:start position:0% +sir yes +so yes yes so you're um you know you're + + align:start position:0% +so yes yes so you're um you know you're + + + align:start position:0% +so yes yes so you're um you know you're +controlling the external chemical + + align:start position:0% +controlling the external chemical + + + align:start position:0% +controlling the external chemical +potential so you don't control the + + align:start position:0% +potential so you don't control the + + + align:start position:0% +potential so you don't control the +composition true um you know what what + + align:start position:0% +composition true um you know what what + + + align:start position:0% +composition true um you know what what +people sometimes do is that um if what's + + align:start position:0% +people sometimes do is that um if what's + + + align:start position:0% +people sometimes do is that um if what's +of interest to you is the bulk chemical + + align:start position:0% +of interest to you is the bulk chemical + + + align:start position:0% +of interest to you is the bulk chemical +potential that's um that's the source + + align:start position:0% +potential that's um that's the source + + + align:start position:0% +potential that's um that's the source +for the surface uh you first do bulk + + align:start position:0% +for the surface uh you first do bulk + + + align:start position:0% +for the surface uh you first do bulk +simulations and then you roughly know + + align:start position:0% +simulations and then you roughly know + + + align:start position:0% +simulations and then you roughly know +what chemical potential corresponds to + + align:start position:0% +what chemical potential corresponds to + + + align:start position:0% +what chemical potential corresponds to +what + + align:start position:0% +what + + + align:start position:0% +what +compositions um because it's actually a + + align:start position:0% +compositions um because it's actually a + + + align:start position:0% +compositions um because it's actually a +little tricky while energetically often + + align:start position:0% +little tricky while energetically often + + + align:start position:0% +little tricky while energetically often +the center of the system does not + + align:start position:0% +the center of the system does not + + + align:start position:0% +the center of the system does not +influence the surface much so you think + + align:start position:0% +influence the surface much so you think + + + align:start position:0% +influence the surface much so you think +you have + + align:start position:0% +you have + + + align:start position:0% +you have +convergence um you still deplete it as a + + align:start position:0% +convergence um you still deplete it as a + + + align:start position:0% +convergence um you still deplete it as a +reservoir as you segregate one species + + align:start position:0% +reservoir as you segregate one species + + + align:start position:0% +reservoir as you segregate one species +to the surface so that's sometimes why + + align:start position:0% +to the surface so that's sometimes why + + + align:start position:0% +to the surface so that's sometimes why +you actually need more bulk in the + + align:start position:0% +you actually need more bulk in the + + + align:start position:0% +you actually need more bulk in the +system but yes what you say is true uh + + align:start position:0% +system but yes what you say is true uh + + + align:start position:0% +system but yes what you say is true uh +if you're only interested in one + + align:start position:0% +if you're only interested in one + + + align:start position:0% +if you're only interested in one +composition it can be better to stick + + align:start position:0% +composition it can be better to stick + + + align:start position:0% +composition it can be better to stick +there with that okay but let's say you + + align:start position:0% +there with that okay but let's say you + + + align:start position:0% +there with that okay but let's say you +do these exchange + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +moves do you do it on a latus do you do + + align:start position:0% +moves do you do it on a latus do you do + + + align:start position:0% +moves do you do it on a latus do you do +it in sort of a Contin a space I mean + + align:start position:0% +it in sort of a Contin a space I mean + + + align:start position:0% +it in sort of a Contin a space I mean +how would you do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it this is an FCC solid this is an FCC + + align:start position:0% +it this is an FCC solid this is an FCC + + + align:start position:0% +it this is an FCC solid this is an FCC +solid + + align:start position:0% +solid + + + align:start position:0% +solid +solution so you could if you want to do + + align:start position:0% +solution so you could if you want to do + + + align:start position:0% +solution so you could if you want to do +it on a latus but would + + align:start position:0% +it on a latus but would + + + align:start position:0% +it on a latus but would +you so you mean what you know what I + + align:start position:0% +you so you mean what you know what I + + + align:start position:0% +you so you mean what you know what I +mean with on latus you have predefined + + align:start position:0% +mean with on latus you have predefined + + + align:start position:0% +mean with on latus you have predefined +positions where the atoms can + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sit somebody has to be able to say + + align:start position:0% +sit somebody has to be able to say + + + align:start position:0% +sit somebody has to be able to say +something I'm just going to stand here + + align:start position:0% +something I'm just going to stand here + + + align:start position:0% +something I'm just going to stand here +and this is not good because you're + + align:start position:0% +and this is not good because you're + + + align:start position:0% +and this is not good because you're +being taped for + + align:start position:0% +being taped for + + + align:start position:0% +being taped for +ocw so they're going to think these MIT + + align:start position:0% +ocw so they're going to think these MIT + + + align:start position:0% +ocw so they're going to think these MIT +students have nothing to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +say somebody in Western Africa sees this + + align:start position:0% +say somebody in Western Africa sees this + + + align:start position:0% +say somebody in Western Africa sees this +they're going to go like why they let + + align:start position:0% +they're going to go like why they let + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to go like why they let +these people in at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +MIT so what else would you add first of + + align:start position:0% +MIT so what else would you add first of + + + align:start position:0% +MIT so what else would you add first of +all if you do it on a fixed lattice + + align:start position:0% +all if you do it on a fixed lattice + + + align:start position:0% +all if you do it on a fixed lattice +think of what you end up with + + align:start position:0% +think of what you end up with + + + align:start position:0% +think of what you end up with +thermodynamically what have you sampled + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamically what have you sampled + + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamically what have you sampled +if you don't have fixed lce you've + + align:start position:0% +if you don't have fixed lce you've + + + align:start position:0% +if you don't have fixed lce you've +sampled + + align:start position:0% +sampled + + + align:start position:0% +sampled +um the configurational entropy + + align:start position:0% +um the configurational entropy + + + align:start position:0% +um the configurational entropy +essentially the possible distributions + + align:start position:0% +essentially the possible distributions + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the possible distributions +of copper and nickel on these fixed Lati + + align:start position:0% +of copper and nickel on these fixed Lati + + + align:start position:0% +of copper and nickel on these fixed Lati +sites um but you know if one atom is + + align:start position:0% +sites um but you know if one atom is + + + align:start position:0% +sites um but you know if one atom is +bigger than the other for example you + + align:start position:0% +bigger than the other for example you + + + align:start position:0% +bigger than the other for example you +should then they don't sit on a fixed + + align:start position:0% +should then they don't sit on a fixed + + + align:start position:0% +should then they don't sit on a fixed +lattice then one atoms will relax away + + align:start position:0% +lattice then one atoms will relax away + + + align:start position:0% +lattice then one atoms will relax away +from lce positions you will also not + + align:start position:0% +from lce positions you will also not + + + align:start position:0% +from lce positions you will also not +sample vibrational excitation because + + align:start position:0% +sample vibrational excitation because + + + align:start position:0% +sample vibrational excitation because +you never go away from your lce position + + align:start position:0% +you never go away from your lce position + + + align:start position:0% +you never go away from your lce position +so you could add small + + align:start position:0% +so you could add small + + + align:start position:0% +so you could add small +displacements to the perturbations so + + align:start position:0% +displacements to the perturbations so + + + align:start position:0% +displacements to the perturbations so +remember you do the sort of big inter + + align:start position:0% +remember you do the sort of big inter + + + align:start position:0% +remember you do the sort of big inter +the chemical interchanges you + + align:start position:0% +the chemical interchanges you + + + align:start position:0% +the chemical interchanges you +interchange copper to Nickel but then to + + align:start position:0% +interchange copper to Nickel but then to + + + align:start position:0% +interchange copper to Nickel but then to +that you could add small displacements + + align:start position:0% +that you could add small displacements + + + align:start position:0% +that you could add small displacements +of the atom So You Now sample deviations + + align:start position:0% +of the atom So You Now sample deviations + + + align:start position:0% +of the atom So You Now sample deviations +from the equilibrium positions and if + + align:start position:0% +from the equilibrium positions and if + + + align:start position:0% +from the equilibrium positions and if +you're done then then you'll have both + + align:start position:0% +you're done then then you'll have both + + + align:start position:0% +you're done then then you'll have both +configurational and vibrational + + align:start position:0% +configurational and vibrational + + + align:start position:0% +configurational and vibrational +entropy so remember that + + align:start position:0% +entropy so remember that + + + align:start position:0% +entropy so remember that +by by the possible perturbations you + + align:start position:0% +by by the possible perturbations you + + + align:start position:0% +by by the possible perturbations you +pick for your system you are essentially + + align:start position:0% +pick for your system you are essentially + + + align:start position:0% +pick for your system you are essentially +defining the phas space you + + align:start position:0% +defining the phas space you + + + align:start position:0% +defining the phas space you +sample so you're defining the space face + + align:start position:0% +sample so you're defining the space face + + + align:start position:0% +sample so you're defining the space face +space you integrate over and that's is + + align:start position:0% +space you integrate over and that's is + + + align:start position:0% +space you integrate over and that's is +essentially telling you what forms of + + align:start position:0% +essentially telling you what forms of + + + align:start position:0% +essentially telling you what forms of +entropy you allow in your system okay + + align:start position:0% +entropy you allow in your system okay + + + align:start position:0% +entropy you allow in your system okay +what form because you know what forms of + + align:start position:0% +what form because you know what forms of + + + align:start position:0% +what form because you know what forms of +entropy is the same as what forms of + + align:start position:0% +entropy is the same as what forms of + + + align:start position:0% +entropy is the same as what forms of +disorder or excitations I allow in your + + align:start position:0% +disorder or excitations I allow in your + + + align:start position:0% +disorder or excitations I allow in your +system okay so you can the the cool + + align:start position:0% +system okay so you can the the cool + + + align:start position:0% +system okay so you can the the cool +thing about is that you can look at the + + align:start position:0% +thing about is that you can look at the + + + align:start position:0% +thing about is that you can look at the +effect of both and I'll show that in a + + align:start position:0% +effect of both and I'll show that in a + + + align:start position:0% +effect of both and I'll show that in a +bit you could actually say first I'm + + align:start position:0% +bit you could actually say first I'm + + + align:start position:0% +bit you could actually say first I'm +going to do it on a rigid + + align:start position:0% +going to do it on a rigid + + + align:start position:0% +going to do it on a rigid +latus okay and I'll see the result and + + align:start position:0% +latus okay and I'll see the result and + + + align:start position:0% +latus okay and I'll see the result and +then I'll also include displacement away + + align:start position:0% +then I'll also include displacement away + + + align:start position:0% +then I'll also include displacement away +from the rigid lce and you can look at + + align:start position:0% +from the rigid lce and you can look at + + + align:start position:0% +from the rigid lce and you can look at +the difference and that's essentially + + align:start position:0% +the difference and that's essentially + + + align:start position:0% +the difference and that's essentially +telling you what the effect of + + align:start position:0% +telling you what the effect of + + + align:start position:0% +telling you what the effect of +vibrational excitations are on your + + align:start position:0% +vibrational excitations are on your + + + align:start position:0% +vibrational excitations are on your +thermodynamics okay so here's the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +result you know this was 1985 um you'd + + align:start position:0% +result you know this was 1985 um you'd + + + align:start position:0% +result you know this was 1985 um you'd +be amazed how easy this is to do now if + + align:start position:0% +be amazed how easy this is to do now if + + + align:start position:0% +be amazed how easy this is to do now if +you wanted to do something like like + + align:start position:0% +you wanted to do something like like + + + align:start position:0% +you wanted to do something like like +this yourself with a hamiltonian like + + align:start position:0% +this yourself with a hamiltonian like + + + align:start position:0% +this yourself with a hamiltonian like +embedded atom it it really goes very + + align:start position:0% +embedded atom it it really goes very + + + align:start position:0% +embedded atom it it really goes very +fast and you could equilibrate systems + + align:start position:0% +fast and you could equilibrate systems + + + align:start position:0% +fast and you could equilibrate systems +like this in no time but here's the + + align:start position:0% +like this in no time but here's the + + + align:start position:0% +like this in no time but here's the +result so this is a function of the bulk + + align:start position:0% +result so this is a function of the bulk + + + align:start position:0% +result so this is a function of the bulk +concentration of + + align:start position:0% +concentration of + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of +copper uh this is the amount of copper + + align:start position:0% +copper uh this is the amount of copper + + + align:start position:0% +copper uh this is the amount of copper +in the first and second and third layer + + align:start position:0% +in the first and second and third layer + + + align:start position:0% +in the first and second and third layer +so the green curve is the first layer so + + align:start position:0% +so the green curve is the first layer so + + + align:start position:0% +so the green curve is the first layer so +clearly copper segregates to the surface + + align:start position:0% +clearly copper segregates to the surface + + + align:start position:0% +clearly copper segregates to the surface +in this material so even as you can see + + align:start position:0% +in this material so even as you can see + + + align:start position:0% +in this material so even as you can see +even for like 20% copper in the bulk you + + align:start position:0% +even for like 20% copper in the bulk you + + + align:start position:0% +even for like 20% copper in the bulk you +have an all almost perfect copper layer + + align:start position:0% +have an all almost perfect copper layer + + + align:start position:0% +have an all almost perfect copper layer +on the surface I think this was actually + + align:start position:0% +on the surface I think this was actually + + + align:start position:0% +on the surface I think this was actually +a 111 surface um copper in the second + + align:start position:0% +a 111 surface um copper in the second + + + align:start position:0% +a 111 surface um copper in the second +layer interestingly is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +depleted so it's actually below the + + align:start position:0% +depleted so it's actually below the + + + align:start position:0% +depleted so it's actually below the +average bulk + + align:start position:0% +average bulk + + + align:start position:0% +average bulk +concentration and then copper in the + + align:start position:0% +concentration and then copper in the + + + align:start position:0% +concentration and then copper in the +third layer essentially starts tracking + + align:start position:0% +third layer essentially starts tracking + + + align:start position:0% +third layer essentially starts tracking +the ball + + align:start position:0% +the ball + + + align:start position:0% +the ball +concentration so why do you think the + + align:start position:0% +concentration so why do you think the + + + align:start position:0% +concentration so why do you think the +copper in um why do you think the copper + + align:start position:0% +copper in um why do you think the copper + + + align:start position:0% +copper in um why do you think the copper +in the second layer is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +depleted CU you know first of all why + + align:start position:0% +depleted CU you know first of all why + + + align:start position:0% +depleted CU you know first of all why +does copper go to the surface you know + + align:start position:0% +does copper go to the surface you know + + + align:start position:0% +does copper go to the surface you know +it has a lower surface energy so this is + + align:start position:0% +it has a lower surface energy so this is + + + align:start position:0% +it has a lower surface energy so this is +not rocket + + align:start position:0% +not rocket + + + align:start position:0% +not rocket +science most of the time the thing with + + align:start position:0% +science most of the time the thing with + + + align:start position:0% +science most of the time the thing with +the lower surface energy goes to the + + align:start position:0% +the lower surface energy goes to the + + + align:start position:0% +the lower surface energy goes to the +surface okay but why is it depleted in + + align:start position:0% +surface okay but why is it depleted in + + + align:start position:0% +surface okay but why is it depleted in +the second layer because I sort of think + + align:start position:0% +the second layer because I sort of think + + + align:start position:0% +the second layer because I sort of think +well you know it's the lower surface + + align:start position:0% +well you know it's the lower surface + + + align:start position:0% +well you know it's the lower surface +energy even in the second layer it's + + align:start position:0% +energy even in the second layer it's + + + align:start position:0% +energy even in the second layer it's +sort of not perfectly bonded so maybe it + + align:start position:0% +sort of not perfectly bonded so maybe it + + + align:start position:0% +sort of not perfectly bonded so maybe it +still wants to enhance its concentration + + align:start position:0% +still wants to enhance its concentration + + + align:start position:0% +still wants to enhance its concentration +there that actually depletes it this is + + align:start position:0% +there that actually depletes it this is + + + align:start position:0% +there that actually depletes it this is +not atypical it's very + + align:start position:0% +not atypical it's very + + + align:start position:0% +not atypical it's very +common in surface + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +concentrations it's actually because + + align:start position:0% +concentrations it's actually because + + + align:start position:0% +concentrations it's actually because +copper and nickel in this system have an + + align:start position:0% +copper and nickel in this system have an + + + align:start position:0% +copper and nickel in this system have an +ordering interaction so it's it's the + + align:start position:0% +ordering interaction so it's it's the + + + align:start position:0% +ordering interaction so it's it's the +fact that the first layer is almost pure + + align:start position:0% +fact that the first layer is almost pure + + + align:start position:0% +fact that the first layer is almost pure +copper that the second layer for + + align:start position:0% +copper that the second layer for + + + align:start position:0% +copper that the second layer for +chemical reasons really wants to be + + align:start position:0% +chemical reasons really wants to be + + + align:start position:0% +chemical reasons really wants to be +nickel + + align:start position:0% +nickel + + + align:start position:0% +nickel +okay and this is a pure surface effect + + align:start position:0% +okay and this is a pure surface effect + + + align:start position:0% +okay and this is a pure surface effect +copper and nickel in the bulk are + + align:start position:0% +copper and nickel in the bulk are + + + align:start position:0% +copper and nickel in the bulk are +actually at low temperature face + + align:start position:0% +actually at low temperature face + + + align:start position:0% +actually at low temperature face +separating but in the surface because of + + align:start position:0% +separating but in the surface because of + + + align:start position:0% +separating but in the surface because of +strain effects they form an ordering + + align:start position:0% +strain effects they form an ordering + + + align:start position:0% +strain effects they form an ordering +interaction and so the second layer + + align:start position:0% +interaction and so the second layer + + + align:start position:0% +interaction and so the second layer +wants to be nickel because the first + + align:start position:0% +wants to be nickel because the first + + + align:start position:0% +wants to be nickel because the first +layer is so much copper and so uh you + + align:start position:0% +layer is so much copper and so uh you + + + align:start position:0% +layer is so much copper and so uh you +often see this in compound forming + + align:start position:0% +often see this in compound forming + + + align:start position:0% +often see this in compound forming +systems that you have + + align:start position:0% +systems that you have + + + align:start position:0% +systems that you have +oscillating uh sort of damped + + align:start position:0% +oscillating uh sort of damped + + + align:start position:0% +oscillating uh sort of damped +oscillations in the concentration away + + align:start position:0% +oscillations in the concentration away + + + align:start position:0% +oscillations in the concentration away +from the surface + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay um so I want to show you one + + align:start position:0% +okay um so I want to show you one + + + align:start position:0% +okay um so I want to show you one +example of something that gets much more + + align:start position:0% +example of something that gets much more + + + align:start position:0% +example of something that gets much more +complicated and and and you'll see how + + align:start position:0% +complicated and and and you'll see how + + + align:start position:0% +complicated and and and you'll see how +you start running into problems with mon + + align:start position:0% +you start running into problems with mon + + + align:start position:0% +you start running into problems with mon +Carlo um so I I've shown you a little + + align:start position:0% +Carlo um so I I've shown you a little + + + align:start position:0% +Carlo um so I I've shown you a little +bit how you would detect phase + + align:start position:0% +bit how you would detect phase + + + align:start position:0% +bit how you would detect phase +transitions in Mont Carlo you'd look at + + align:start position:0% +transitions in Mont Carlo you'd look at + + + align:start position:0% +transitions in Mont Carlo you'd look at +things like the heat capacity especially + + align:start position:0% +things like the heat capacity especially + + + align:start position:0% +things like the heat capacity especially +it's particularly powerful for detecting + + align:start position:0% +it's particularly powerful for detecting + + + align:start position:0% +it's particularly powerful for detecting +second door transitions for first order + + align:start position:0% +second door transitions for first order + + + align:start position:0% +second door transitions for first order +transitions you look at + + align:start position:0% +transitions you look at + + + align:start position:0% +transitions you look at +discontinuities in things like the + + align:start position:0% +discontinuities in things like the + + + align:start position:0% +discontinuities in things like the +energy things like the relation between + + align:start position:0% +energy things like the relation between + + + align:start position:0% +energy things like the relation between +mu and C chemical potential and + + align:start position:0% +mu and C chemical potential and + + + align:start position:0% +mu and C chemical potential and +concentration and you'll pick that up um + + align:start position:0% +concentration and you'll pick that up um + + + align:start position:0% +concentration and you'll pick that up um +the problem you'll face is often that + + align:start position:0% +the problem you'll face is often that + + + align:start position:0% +the problem you'll face is often that +Monte Carlo systems just like real + + align:start position:0% +Monte Carlo systems just like real + + + align:start position:0% +Monte Carlo systems just like real +systems often face um significant + + align:start position:0% +systems often face um significant + + + align:start position:0% +systems often face um significant +hysteresis and so here's an example from + + align:start position:0% +hysteresis and so here's an example from + + + align:start position:0% +hysteresis and so here's an example from +uh quite a few years ago um of a fairly + + align:start position:0% +uh quite a few years ago um of a fairly + + + align:start position:0% +uh quite a few years ago um of a fairly +complicated latus model hamiltonian this + + align:start position:0% +complicated latus model hamiltonian this + + + align:start position:0% +complicated latus model hamiltonian this +again was on an FCC latus this is the + + align:start position:0% +again was on an FCC latus this is the + + + align:start position:0% +again was on an FCC latus this is the +padian V vadium system face di this is + + align:start position:0% +padian V vadium system face di this is + + + align:start position:0% +padian V vadium system face di this is +palladium on this side this side is + + align:start position:0% +palladium on this side this side is + + + align:start position:0% +palladium on this side this side is +vadium and this is a lce model with a + + align:start position:0% +vadium and this is a lce model with a + + + align:start position:0% +vadium and this is a lce model with a +bunch of interactions in the hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% +bunch of interactions in the hamiltonian + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of interactions in the hamiltonian +you know nearest neighbor pair second + + align:start position:0% +you know nearest neighbor pair second + + + align:start position:0% +you know nearest neighbor pair second +neighbor pair third neighbor pair and so + + align:start position:0% +neighbor pair third neighbor pair and so + + + align:start position:0% +neighbor pair third neighbor pair and so +on four body interactions you know four + + align:start position:0% +on four body interactions you know four + + + align:start position:0% +on four body interactions you know four +body here three body here it's a fairly + + align:start position:0% +body here three body here it's a fairly + + + align:start position:0% +body here three body here it's a fairly +complicated hamiltonian that tends to + + align:start position:0% +complicated hamiltonian that tends to + + + align:start position:0% +complicated hamiltonian that tends to +give you a lot of local minimum and how + + align:start position:0% +give you a lot of local minimum and how + + + align:start position:0% +give you a lot of local minimum and how +would you get this phase diagram what + + align:start position:0% +would you get this phase diagram what + + + align:start position:0% +would you get this phase diagram what +would you do you would uh again you + + align:start position:0% +would you do you would uh again you + + + align:start position:0% +would you do you would uh again you +would to equilibrate faster you wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +would to equilibrate faster you wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +would to equilibrate faster you wouldn't +keep the concentration fixed you would + + align:start position:0% +keep the concentration fixed you would + + + align:start position:0% +keep the concentration fixed you would +scan the chemical potential and sort of + + align:start position:0% +scan the chemical potential and sort of + + + align:start position:0% +scan the chemical potential and sort of +involve in concentration from one end to + + align:start position:0% +involve in concentration from one end to + + + align:start position:0% +involve in concentration from one end to +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +other okay let me actually do that on + + align:start position:0% +other okay let me actually do that on + + + align:start position:0% +other okay let me actually do that on +the next slide + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um so you have some chemical potential + + align:start position:0% +um so you have some chemical potential + + + align:start position:0% +um so you have some chemical potential +that gives you the difference in padium + + align:start position:0% +that gives you the difference in padium + + + align:start position:0% +that gives you the difference in padium +and vadium amount so the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +concentration okay and so you would plot + + align:start position:0% +concentration okay and so you would plot + + + align:start position:0% +concentration okay and so you would plot +something like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so you would have a driving chemical + + align:start position:0% +so you would have a driving chemical + + + align:start position:0% +so you would have a driving chemical +potential and you would plot the average + + align:start position:0% +potential and you would plot the average + + + align:start position:0% +potential and you would plot the average +spin which ISS the concentration of an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +adum and let's say you scan at this + + align:start position:0% +adum and let's say you scan at this + + + align:start position:0% +adum and let's say you scan at this +temperature so what would you see if you + + align:start position:0% +temperature so what would you see if you + + + align:start position:0% +temperature so what would you see if you +start here you would go through a solid + + align:start position:0% +start here you would go through a solid + + + align:start position:0% +start here you would go through a solid +solution regime so you would see your + + align:start position:0% +solution regime so you would see your + + + align:start position:0% +solution regime so you would see your +concentration go up when you hit the + + align:start position:0% +concentration go up when you hit the + + + align:start position:0% +concentration go up when you hit the +two-phase + + align:start position:0% +two-phase + + + align:start position:0% +two-phase +region okay the chemical potential is + + align:start position:0% +region okay the chemical potential is + + + align:start position:0% +region okay the chemical potential is +constant there so that means at that + + align:start position:0% +constant there so that means at that + + + align:start position:0% +constant there so that means at that +chemical potential you have a + + align:start position:0% +chemical potential you have a + + + align:start position:0% +chemical potential you have a +discontinuity in the + + align:start position:0% +discontinuity in the + + + align:start position:0% +discontinuity in the +concentration and so this would go + + align:start position:0% +concentration and so this would go + + + align:start position:0% +concentration and so this would go +straight + + align:start position:0% +straight + + + align:start position:0% +straight +up then you would go in a single phase + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +region okay so in a singlephase region + + align:start position:0% +region okay so in a singlephase region + + + align:start position:0% +region okay so in a singlephase region +the chemical potential changes rapidly + + align:start position:0% +the chemical potential changes rapidly + + + align:start position:0% +the chemical potential changes rapidly +with concentration so there you actually + + align:start position:0% +with concentration so there you actually + + + align:start position:0% +with concentration so there you actually +tend to be kind of + + align:start position:0% +tend to be kind of + + + align:start position:0% +tend to be kind of +flat it's not quite flat but it tends to + + align:start position:0% +flat it's not quite flat but it tends to + + + align:start position:0% +flat it's not quite flat but it tends to +just slope a lot + + align:start position:0% +just slope a lot + + + align:start position:0% +just slope a lot +less then you would again go into a + + align:start position:0% +less then you would again go into a + + + align:start position:0% +less then you would again go into a +two-phase region so you would again sort + + align:start position:0% +two-phase region so you would again sort + + + align:start position:0% +two-phase region so you would again sort +of form a + + align:start position:0% +of form a + + + align:start position:0% +of form a +step you know you would go into single + + align:start position:0% +step you know you would go into single + + + align:start position:0% +step you know you would go into single +phase so you sort of so you basically + + align:start position:0% +phase so you sort of so you basically + + + align:start position:0% +phase so you sort of so you basically +see this kind of behavior and where you + + align:start position:0% +see this kind of behavior and where you + + + align:start position:0% +see this kind of behavior and where you +have these + + align:start position:0% +have these + + + align:start position:0% +have these +discontinuities in + + align:start position:0% +discontinuities in + + + align:start position:0% +discontinuities in +concentration uh you would know that + + align:start position:0% +concentration uh you would know that + + + align:start position:0% +concentration uh you would know that +there's a first order + + align:start position:0% +there's a first order + + + align:start position:0% +there's a first order +transition um you could also plot the + + align:start position:0% +transition um you could also plot the + + + align:start position:0% +transition um you could also plot the +energy and the energy is discontinuous + + align:start position:0% +energy and the energy is discontinuous + + + align:start position:0% +energy and the energy is discontinuous +as well the internal energy of a system + + align:start position:0% +as well the internal energy of a system + + + align:start position:0% +as well the internal energy of a system +is discontinuous at a first order + + align:start position:0% +is discontinuous at a first order + + + align:start position:0% +is discontinuous at a first order +transition you don't necessarily see + + align:start position:0% +transition you don't necessarily see + + + align:start position:0% +transition you don't necessarily see +things in the heat capacity now what + + align:start position:0% +things in the heat capacity now what + + + align:start position:0% +things in the heat capacity now what +happens in reality um if you think about + + align:start position:0% +happens in reality um if you think about + + + align:start position:0% +happens in reality um if you think about +it if you come from this end so you have + + align:start position:0% +it if you come from this end so you have + + + align:start position:0% +it if you come from this end so you have +a solid solution you go through a + + align:start position:0% +a solid solution you go through a + + + align:start position:0% +a solid solution you go through a +two-phase region and you have to form + + align:start position:0% +two-phase region and you have to form + + + align:start position:0% +two-phase region and you have to form +this compound you know which is called + + align:start position:0% +this compound you know which is called + + + align:start position:0% +this compound you know which is called +nickel formal so often in Monte Carlo + + align:start position:0% +nickel formal so often in Monte Carlo + + + align:start position:0% +nickel formal so often in Monte Carlo +just like in a real system you'll have + + align:start position:0% +just like in a real system you'll have + + + align:start position:0% +just like in a real system you'll have +nucleation problems if you have to form + + align:start position:0% +nucleation problems if you have to form + + + align:start position:0% +nucleation problems if you have to form +a phase or an arrangement that's + + align:start position:0% +a phase or an arrangement that's + + + align:start position:0% +a phase or an arrangement that's +extremely different from the host from + + align:start position:0% +extremely different from the host from + + + align:start position:0% +extremely different from the host from +which it forms it will often just not + + align:start position:0% +which it forms it will often just not + + + align:start position:0% +which it forms it will often just not +nucleate and what what happens is that + + align:start position:0% +nucleate and what what happens is that + + + align:start position:0% +nucleate and what what happens is that +you will + + align:start position:0% +you will + + + align:start position:0% +you will +overshoot so you will actually push the + + align:start position:0% +overshoot so you will actually push the + + + align:start position:0% +overshoot so you will actually push the +disordered phase way too far out of + + align:start position:0% +disordered phase way too far out of + + + align:start position:0% +disordered phase way too far out of +equilibrium and then at some point + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium and then at some point + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium and then at some point +you'll kind of will be so far out of + + align:start position:0% +you'll kind of will be so far out of + + + align:start position:0% +you'll kind of will be so far out of +equilibrium that you literally shoot + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium that you literally shoot + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium that you literally shoot +into the ordered phas and then what + + align:start position:0% +into the ordered phas and then what + + + align:start position:0% +into the ordered phas and then what +happens when you come + + align:start position:0% +happens when you come + + + align:start position:0% +happens when you come +back you have hysteresis the other way + + align:start position:0% +back you have hysteresis the other way + + + align:start position:0% +back you have hysteresis the other way +so you'll overshoot the ordered phase + + align:start position:0% +so you'll overshoot the ordered phase + + + align:start position:0% +so you'll overshoot the ordered phase +sometimes and disorder although + + align:start position:0% +sometimes and disorder although + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes and disorder although +disordering is a little easier to do so + + align:start position:0% +disordering is a little easier to do so + + + align:start position:0% +disordering is a little easier to do so +just like in real systems at strong + + align:start position:0% +just like in real systems at strong + + + align:start position:0% +just like in real systems at strong +first order transitions you'll see a lot + + align:start position:0% +first order transitions you'll see a lot + + + align:start position:0% +first order transitions you'll see a lot +of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hysteresis and it's often very hard to + + align:start position:0% +hysteresis and it's often very hard to + + + align:start position:0% +hysteresis and it's often very hard to +get rid of + + align:start position:0% +get rid of + + + align:start position:0% +get rid of +um I think some of you may have noticed + + align:start position:0% +um I think some of you may have noticed + + + align:start position:0% +um I think some of you may have noticed +that if you did the molecular Dynamics + + align:start position:0% +that if you did the molecular Dynamics + + + align:start position:0% +that if you did the molecular Dynamics +lab seeing first or transitions in a MC + + align:start position:0% +lab seeing first or transitions in a MC + + + align:start position:0% +lab seeing first or transitions in a MC +Dynamics lab um you know you also are + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics lab um you know you also are + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics lab um you know you also are +often plagued with hysteresis + + align:start position:0% +often plagued with hysteresis + + + align:start position:0% +often plagued with hysteresis +I mean if you study melting for example + + align:start position:0% +I mean if you study melting for example + + + align:start position:0% +I mean if you study melting for example +um it's very asymmetrical hysteresis you + + align:start position:0% +um it's very asymmetrical hysteresis you + + + align:start position:0% +um it's very asymmetrical hysteresis you +know if you heat up a solid it's pretty + + align:start position:0% +know if you heat up a solid it's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +know if you heat up a solid it's pretty +easy to melt it if you cool down the + + align:start position:0% +easy to melt it if you cool down the + + + align:start position:0% +easy to melt it if you cool down the +liquid it's about impossible to nucleate + + align:start position:0% +liquid it's about impossible to nucleate + + + align:start position:0% +liquid it's about impossible to nucleate +the solid okay unless you force it so + + align:start position:0% +the solid okay unless you force it so + + + align:start position:0% +the solid okay unless you force it so +there you have enormous amounts of + + align:start position:0% +there you have enormous amounts of + + + align:start position:0% +there you have enormous amounts of +hysteresis so the point of this is that + + align:start position:0% +hysteresis so the point of this is that + + + align:start position:0% +hysteresis so the point of this is that +to study strong first order + + align:start position:0% +to study strong first order + + + align:start position:0% +to study strong first order +transitions Sometimes the best way to + + align:start position:0% +transitions Sometimes the best way to + + + align:start position:0% +transitions Sometimes the best way to +find their transition temperatures or + + align:start position:0% +find their transition temperatures or + + + align:start position:0% +find their transition temperatures or +Conant concentrations is not by direct + + align:start position:0% +Conant concentrations is not by direct + + + align:start position:0% +Conant concentrations is not by direct +simulation essentially what you need to + + align:start position:0% +simulation essentially what you need to + + + align:start position:0% +simulation essentially what you need to +do is go through a thermodynamic route + + align:start position:0% +do is go through a thermodynamic route + + + align:start position:0% +do is go through a thermodynamic route +try to extract free + + align:start position:0% +try to extract free + + + align:start position:0% +try to extract free +energies and find where they cross + + align:start position:0% +energies and find where they cross + + + align:start position:0% +energies and find where they cross +because first order transitions are + + align:start position:0% +because first order transitions are + + + align:start position:0% +because first order transitions are +defined by where you know free energies + + align:start position:0% +defined by where you know free energies + + + align:start position:0% +defined by where you know free energies +of the two phases + + align:start position:0% +of the two phases + + + align:start position:0% +of the two phases +intersect and that's by far the most + + align:start position:0% +intersect and that's by far the most + + + align:start position:0% +intersect and that's by far the most +accurate way of detecting phase + + align:start position:0% +accurate way of detecting phase + + + align:start position:0% +accurate way of detecting phase +transitions um there's a real problem + + align:start position:0% +transitions um there's a real problem + + + align:start position:0% +transitions um there's a real problem +here is that um how do you get free + + align:start position:0% +here is that um how do you get free + + + align:start position:0% +here is that um how do you get free +energy um + + align:start position:0% +energy um + + + align:start position:0% +energy um +you know free the fundamental difference + + align:start position:0% +you know free the fundamental difference + + + align:start position:0% +you know free the fundamental difference +between free energy and energy is that + + align:start position:0% +between free energy and energy is that + + + align:start position:0% +between free energy and energy is that +energy is an average quantity and free + + align:start position:0% +energy is an average quantity and free + + + align:start position:0% +energy is an average quantity and free +energy is not see energy is the average + + align:start position:0% +energy is not see energy is the average + + + align:start position:0% +energy is not see energy is the average +of something that is defined in the + + align:start position:0% +of something that is defined in the + + + align:start position:0% +of something that is defined in the +microscopic State you know for every + + align:start position:0% +microscopic State you know for every + + + align:start position:0% +microscopic State you know for every +microscopic State I go through I can + + align:start position:0% +microscopic State I go through I can + + + align:start position:0% +microscopic State I go through I can +define an energy and then the internal + + align:start position:0% +define an energy and then the internal + + + align:start position:0% +define an energy and then the internal +energy the thermodynamic energy of the + + align:start position:0% +energy the thermodynamic energy of the + + + align:start position:0% +energy the thermodynamic energy of the +system is just the average of that + + align:start position:0% +system is just the average of that + + + align:start position:0% +system is just the average of that +quantity for free energy or entropy + + align:start position:0% +quantity for free energy or entropy + + + align:start position:0% +quantity for free energy or entropy +which are Essen the same because if I + + align:start position:0% +which are Essen the same because if I + + + align:start position:0% +which are Essen the same because if I +know the entropy I know the free energy + + align:start position:0% +know the entropy I know the free energy + + + align:start position:0% +know the entropy I know the free energy +uh it is not the average of a quantity + + align:start position:0% +uh it is not the average of a quantity + + + align:start position:0% +uh it is not the average of a quantity +that's defined in the microscopic State + + align:start position:0% +that's defined in the microscopic State + + + align:start position:0% +that's defined in the microscopic State +you know if you put the atoms in a fixed + + align:start position:0% +you know if you put the atoms in a fixed + + + align:start position:0% +you know if you put the atoms in a fixed +position somewhere with with a fixed + + align:start position:0% +position somewhere with with a fixed + + + align:start position:0% +position somewhere with with a fixed +with some velocity that's a microscopic + + align:start position:0% +with some velocity that's a microscopic + + + align:start position:0% +with some velocity that's a microscopic +State you cannot Define the entropy of + + align:start position:0% +State you cannot Define the entropy of + + + align:start position:0% +State you cannot Define the entropy of +that the entropy is a property of The + + align:start position:0% +that the entropy is a property of The + + + align:start position:0% +that the entropy is a property of The +Ensemble as a whole not of a given + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble as a whole not of a given + + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble as a whole not of a given +microscopic state so entropy and free + + align:start position:0% +microscopic state so entropy and free + + + align:start position:0% +microscopic state so entropy and free +energy cannot be obtained as averages + + align:start position:0% +energy cannot be obtained as averages + + + align:start position:0% +energy cannot be obtained as averages +they're actually + + align:start position:0% +they're actually + + + align:start position:0% +they're actually +integrals um you can see that the + + align:start position:0% +integrals um you can see that the + + + align:start position:0% +integrals um you can see that the +entropy is a + + align:start position:0% +entropy is a + + + align:start position:0% +entropy is a +sum over all of face space of this + + align:start position:0% +sum over all of face space of this + + + align:start position:0% +sum over all of face space of this +quantity P log + + align:start position:0% +quantity P log + + + align:start position:0% +quantity P log +P um you can write the free + + align:start position:0% +P um you can write the free + + + align:start position:0% +P um you can write the free +energy same way as an integrated + + align:start position:0% +energy same way as an integrated + + + align:start position:0% +energy same way as an integrated +quantity over all of face space of this + + align:start position:0% +quantity over all of face space of this + + + align:start position:0% +quantity over all of face space of this +quantity um if you rewrite it you sort + + align:start position:0% +quantity um if you rewrite it you sort + + + align:start position:0% +quantity um if you rewrite it you sort +of see it better uh you are averaging + + align:start position:0% +of see it better uh you are averaging + + + align:start position:0% +of see it better uh you are averaging +something if you look at this you are + + align:start position:0% +something if you look at this you are + + + align:start position:0% +something if you look at this you are +averaging something because you have a + + align:start position:0% +averaging something because you have a + + + align:start position:0% +averaging something because you have a +probability here but what's the quantity + + align:start position:0% +probability here but what's the quantity + + + align:start position:0% +probability here but what's the quantity +you're averaging it's it's essentially + + align:start position:0% +you're averaging it's it's essentially + + + align:start position:0% +you're averaging it's it's essentially +the free energy itself so it's a + + align:start position:0% +the free energy itself so it's a + + + align:start position:0% +the free energy itself so it's a +quantity that's flat in face + + align:start position:0% +quantity that's flat in face + + + align:start position:0% +quantity that's flat in face +space okay so that makes it extremely + + align:start position:0% +space okay so that makes it extremely + + + align:start position:0% +space okay so that makes it extremely +difficult uh to sample um this is + + align:start position:0% +difficult uh to sample um this is + + + align:start position:0% +difficult uh to sample um this is +actually this is not a mathematical + + align:start position:0% +actually this is not a mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +actually this is not a mathematical +problem this is a physical problem it's + + align:start position:0% +problem this is a physical problem it's + + + align:start position:0% +problem this is a physical problem it's +just the same as what happens in nature + + align:start position:0% +just the same as what happens in nature + + + align:start position:0% +just the same as what happens in nature +um you can measure energy you can + + align:start position:0% +um you can measure energy you can + + + align:start position:0% +um you can measure energy you can +measure volume you cannot measure free + + align:start position:0% +measure volume you cannot measure free + + + align:start position:0% +measure volume you cannot measure free +energy there are no free energy + + align:start position:0% +energy there are no free energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy there are no free energy +met okay because it's an extensive + + align:start position:0% +met okay because it's an extensive + + + align:start position:0% +met okay because it's an extensive +quantity that that that is determined by + + align:start position:0% +quantity that that that is determined by + + + align:start position:0% +quantity that that that is determined by +the whole ensemble you only really get + + align:start position:0% +the whole ensemble you only really get + + + align:start position:0% +the whole ensemble you only really get +free energies ever indirectly you can + + align:start position:0% +free energies ever indirectly you can + + + align:start position:0% +free energies ever indirectly you can +get free energy difference but you get + + align:start position:0% +get free energy difference but you get + + + align:start position:0% +get free energy difference but you get +free energies by integrating lower order + + align:start position:0% +free energies by integrating lower order + + + align:start position:0% +free energies by integrating lower order +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +quantities okay + + align:start position:0% +quantities okay + + + align:start position:0% +quantities okay +so um you can write it as an average but + + align:start position:0% +so um you can write it as an average but + + + align:start position:0% +so um you can write it as an average but +it's a little leading um you can + + align:start position:0% +it's a little leading um you can + + + align:start position:0% +it's a little leading um you can +actually write it as um the average of + + align:start position:0% +actually write it as um the average of + + + align:start position:0% +actually write it as um the average of +this thing here if you can + + align:start position:0% +this thing here if you can + + + align:start position:0% +this thing here if you can +calculate the exponential of beta the + + align:start position:0% +calculate the exponential of beta the + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the exponential of beta the +hamiltonian an average set over space + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian an average set over space + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian an average set over space +and also I didn't make an error there I + + align:start position:0% +and also I didn't make an error there I + + + align:start position:0% +and also I didn't make an error there I +did not drop a minus sign it's the + + align:start position:0% +did not drop a minus sign it's the + + + align:start position:0% +did not drop a minus sign it's the +exponential of the positive beta times + + align:start position:0% +exponential of the positive beta times + + + align:start position:0% +exponential of the positive beta times +the hamiltonian um if you can average + + align:start position:0% +the hamiltonian um if you can average + + + align:start position:0% +the hamiltonian um if you can average +that quantity you can show that you can + + align:start position:0% +that quantity you can show that you can + + + align:start position:0% +that quantity you can show that you can +actually have the free energy and the + + align:start position:0% +actually have the free energy and the + + + align:start position:0% +actually have the free energy and the +proof is given here it's sort of an + + align:start position:0% +proof is given here it's sort of an + + + align:start position:0% +proof is given here it's sort of an +almost trivial proof + + align:start position:0% +almost trivial proof + + + align:start position:0% +almost trivial proof +um but you see that's kind of + + align:start position:0% +um but you see that's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +um but you see that's kind of +problematic um the hamiltonian is an + + align:start position:0% +problematic um the hamiltonian is an + + + align:start position:0% +problematic um the hamiltonian is an +extensive quantity okay so it scales + + align:start position:0% +extensive quantity okay so it scales + + + align:start position:0% +extensive quantity okay so it scales +with the size of the + + align:start position:0% +with the size of the + + + align:start position:0% +with the size of the +system so you're taking the exponential + + align:start position:0% +system so you're taking the exponential + + + align:start position:0% +system so you're taking the exponential +of something that's extensive so that + + align:start position:0% +of something that's extensive so that + + + align:start position:0% +of something that's extensive so that +gets very big so first of all you can + + align:start position:0% +gets very big so first of all you can + + + align:start position:0% +gets very big so first of all you can +only do this for finite systems and for + + align:start position:0% +only do this for finite systems and for + + + align:start position:0% +only do this for finite systems and for +systems that are really really small + + align:start position:0% +systems that are really really small + + + align:start position:0% +systems that are really really small +because otherwise + + align:start position:0% +because otherwise + + + align:start position:0% +because otherwise +essentially that quantity the + + align:start position:0% +essentially that quantity the + + + align:start position:0% +essentially that quantity the +exponential of beta the hamiltonian the + + align:start position:0% +exponential of beta the hamiltonian the + + + align:start position:0% +exponential of beta the hamiltonian the +difference between two states + + align:start position:0% +difference between two states + + + align:start position:0% +difference between two states +okay becomes excessively large as your + + align:start position:0% +okay becomes excessively large as your + + + align:start position:0% +okay becomes excessively large as your +system size gets bigger because that + + align:start position:0% +system size gets bigger because that + + + align:start position:0% +system size gets bigger because that +quantity in the exponential is + + align:start position:0% +quantity in the exponential is + + + align:start position:0% +quantity in the exponential is +extensive okay you see if I am + + align:start position:0% +extensive okay you see if I am + + + align:start position:0% +extensive okay you see if I am +calculating the hamiltonian difference + + align:start position:0% +calculating the hamiltonian difference + + + align:start position:0% +calculating the hamiltonian difference +say between two + + align:start position:0% +say between two + + + align:start position:0% +say between two +phases the hamiltonian value that goes + + align:start position:0% +phases the hamiltonian value that goes + + + align:start position:0% +phases the hamiltonian value that goes +in there is the extensive quantity it's + + align:start position:0% +in there is the extensive quantity it's + + + align:start position:0% +in there is the extensive quantity it's +not the normalized one it's not the one + + align:start position:0% +not the normalized one it's not the one + + + align:start position:0% +not the normalized one it's not the one +say per unit cell or something like that + + align:start position:0% +say per unit cell or something like that + + + align:start position:0% +say per unit cell or something like that +so that energy difference is infinite in + + align:start position:0% +so that energy difference is infinite in + + + align:start position:0% +so that energy difference is infinite in +the extensive limit okay okay so even if + + align:start position:0% +the extensive limit okay okay so even if + + + align:start position:0% +the extensive limit okay okay so even if +two phases only are like one Jewel apart + + align:start position:0% +two phases only are like one Jewel apart + + + align:start position:0% +two phases only are like one Jewel apart +per molecule per mole say one Jew per + + align:start position:0% +per molecule per mole say one Jew per + + + align:start position:0% +per molecule per mole say one Jew per +mole in the extensive limit there's + + align:start position:0% +mole in the extensive limit there's + + + align:start position:0% +mole in the extensive limit there's +still an infinite energy + + align:start position:0% +still an infinite energy + + + align:start position:0% +still an infinite energy +apart okay and so you can't practically + + align:start position:0% +apart okay and so you can't practically + + + align:start position:0% +apart okay and so you can't practically +actually sample that + + align:start position:0% +actually sample that + + + align:start position:0% +actually sample that +so so how do people get free energies + + align:start position:0% +so so how do people get free energies + + + align:start position:0% +so so how do people get free energies +well um + + align:start position:0% +well um + + + align:start position:0% +well um +there's there are hundreds of papers on + + align:start position:0% +there's there are hundreds of papers on + + + align:start position:0% +there's there are hundreds of papers on +free energy integration and the reason + + align:start position:0% +free energy integration and the reason + + + align:start position:0% +free energy integration and the reason +that there's hundreds of papers is that + + align:start position:0% +that there's hundreds of papers is that + + + align:start position:0% +that there's hundreds of papers is that +it's such a difficult thing uh and + + align:start position:0% +it's such a difficult thing uh and + + + align:start position:0% +it's such a difficult thing uh and +everybody claims to have the magic + + align:start position:0% +everybody claims to have the magic + + + align:start position:0% +everybody claims to have the magic +potion um to do it um the first thing to + + align:start position:0% +potion um to do it um the first thing to + + + align:start position:0% +potion um to do it um the first thing to +realize is that you almost never need + + align:start position:0% +realize is that you almost never need + + + align:start position:0% +realize is that you almost never need +free energies you always need free + + align:start position:0% +free energies you always need free + + + align:start position:0% +free energies you always need free +energy differences between two things + + align:start position:0% +energy differences between two things + + + align:start position:0% +energy differences between two things +and that's a a sort of powerful + + align:start position:0% +and that's a a sort of powerful + + + align:start position:0% +and that's a a sort of powerful +statement because that's a lot easier to + + align:start position:0% +statement because that's a lot easier to + + + align:start position:0% +statement because that's a lot easier to +do as you'll see um the second thing is + + align:start position:0% +do as you'll see um the second thing is + + + align:start position:0% +do as you'll see um the second thing is +that you probably shouldn't believe half + + align:start position:0% +that you probably shouldn't believe half + + + align:start position:0% +that you probably shouldn't believe half +of what you read in papers um you know I + + align:start position:0% +of what you read in papers um you know I + + + align:start position:0% +of what you read in papers um you know I +used to track that field and everybody + + align:start position:0% +used to track that field and everybody + + + align:start position:0% +used to track that field and everybody +said ah I have a great method to get + + align:start position:0% +said ah I have a great method to get + + + align:start position:0% +said ah I have a great method to get +free energies out of a single simulation + + align:start position:0% +free energies out of a single simulation + + + align:start position:0% +free energies out of a single simulation +because that's sort of the problem + + align:start position:0% +because that's sort of the problem + + + align:start position:0% +because that's sort of the problem +you'll see in a second that the way we + + align:start position:0% +you'll see in a second that the way we + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see in a second that the way we +get free energies is that we have to do + + align:start position:0% +get free energies is that we have to do + + + align:start position:0% +get free energies is that we have to do +Monte Carlo at a lot of different points + + align:start position:0% +Monte Carlo at a lot of different points + + + align:start position:0% +Monte Carlo at a lot of different points +to get the free energy at one point see + + align:start position:0% +to get the free energy at one point see + + + align:start position:0% +to get the free energy at one point see +in a second be there's tons of papers + + align:start position:0% +in a second be there's tons of papers + + + align:start position:0% +in a second be there's tons of papers +that write that you can do it with one + + align:start position:0% +that write that you can do it with one + + + align:start position:0% +that write that you can do it with one +simulation well either implicitly they + + align:start position:0% +simulation well either implicitly they + + + align:start position:0% +simulation well either implicitly they +do a lot of simulations within that one + + align:start position:0% +do a lot of simulations within that one + + + align:start position:0% +do a lot of simulations within that one +and you just call it one or you can do + + align:start position:0% +and you just call it one or you can do + + + align:start position:0% +and you just call it one or you can do +it in limited cases if you know a lot + + align:start position:0% +it in limited cases if you know a lot + + + align:start position:0% +it in limited cases if you know a lot +about the form of your face space so if + + align:start position:0% +about the form of your face space so if + + + align:start position:0% +about the form of your face space so if +you have extremely simple hamiltonians + + align:start position:0% +you have extremely simple hamiltonians + + + align:start position:0% +you have extremely simple hamiltonians +like if I give you a nearest neighbor + + align:start position:0% +like if I give you a nearest neighbor + + + align:start position:0% +like if I give you a nearest neighbor +easing model model OKAY the the magnetic + + align:start position:0% +easing model model OKAY the the magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +easing model model OKAY the the magnetic +model is just the nearest neighbor + + align:start position:0% +model is just the nearest neighbor + + + align:start position:0% +model is just the nearest neighbor +interaction essentially the amount of + + align:start position:0% +interaction essentially the amount of + + + align:start position:0% +interaction essentially the amount of +excitations out of the low energy states + + align:start position:0% +excitations out of the low energy states + + + align:start position:0% +excitations out of the low energy states +there is very finite you know like I + + align:start position:0% +there is very finite you know like I + + + align:start position:0% +there is very finite you know like I +said if you flip one isolated spin you + + align:start position:0% +said if you flip one isolated spin you + + + align:start position:0% +said if you flip one isolated spin you +get a Time + + align:start position:0% +get a Time + + + align:start position:0% +get a Time +J so you can almost numerically start + + align:start position:0% +J so you can almost numerically start + + + align:start position:0% +J so you can almost numerically start +writing out what the free energy becomes + + align:start position:0% +writing out what the free energy becomes + + + align:start position:0% +writing out what the free energy becomes +so in in very simple models if you know + + align:start position:0% +so in in very simple models if you know + + + align:start position:0% +so in in very simple models if you know +the form of the face space you can + + align:start position:0% +the form of the face space you can + + + align:start position:0% +the form of the face space you can +actually get towards free energy models + + align:start position:0% +actually get towards free energy models + + + align:start position:0% +actually get towards free energy models +in general it's a pretty much an + + align:start position:0% +in general it's a pretty much an + + + align:start position:0% +in general it's a pretty much an +unsolved problem and the way we + + align:start position:0% +unsolved problem and the way we + + + align:start position:0% +unsolved problem and the way we +practically get it is with sort of three + + align:start position:0% +practically get it is with sort of three + + + align:start position:0% +practically get it is with sort of three +types of methods one is free energy + + align:start position:0% +types of methods one is free energy + + + align:start position:0% +types of methods one is free energy +integration and I put Lambda integration + + align:start position:0% +integration and I put Lambda integration + + + align:start position:0% +integration and I put Lambda integration +under there I'll show you a second what + + align:start position:0% +under there I'll show you a second what + + + align:start position:0% +under there I'll show you a second what +it is um and the second one is + + align:start position:0% +it is um and the second one is + + + align:start position:0% +it is um and the second one is +overlapping distribution method which is + + align:start position:0% +overlapping distribution method which is + + + align:start position:0% +overlapping distribution method which is +slightly less important um especially + + align:start position:0% +slightly less important um especially + + + align:start position:0% +slightly less important um especially +for solids um so it's really only three + + align:start position:0% +for solids um so it's really only three + + + align:start position:0% +for solids um so it's really only three +uh two three is others + + align:start position:0% +uh two three is others + + + align:start position:0% +uh two three is others +which um I used to cover and I don't + + align:start position:0% +which um I used to cover and I don't + + + align:start position:0% +which um I used to cover and I don't +even do anymore now okay let me first + + align:start position:0% +even do anymore now okay let me first + + + align:start position:0% +even do anymore now okay let me first +show you overlapping distribution + + align:start position:0% +show you overlapping distribution + + + align:start position:0% +show you overlapping distribution +methods um which I'm less familiar with + + align:start position:0% +methods um which I'm less familiar with + + + align:start position:0% +methods um which I'm less familiar with +because I never use it but the but um um + + align:start position:0% +because I never use it but the but um um + + + align:start position:0% +because I never use it but the but um um +the idea of it is quite simple so if you + + align:start position:0% +the idea of it is quite simple so if you + + + align:start position:0% +the idea of it is quite simple so if you +want to know the free energy difference + + align:start position:0% +want to know the free energy difference + + + align:start position:0% +want to know the free energy difference +between two states remember that the + + align:start position:0% +between two states remember that the + + + align:start position:0% +between two states remember that the +free energy is KT log the partition + + align:start position:0% +free energy is KT log the partition + + + align:start position:0% +free energy is KT log the partition +function Q so the Delta the difference + + align:start position:0% +function Q so the Delta the difference + + + align:start position:0% +function Q so the Delta the difference +is the log of the ratio of the partition + + align:start position:0% +is the log of the ratio of the partition + + + align:start position:0% +is the log of the ratio of the partition +function okay with this so you can write + + align:start position:0% +function okay with this so you can write + + + align:start position:0% +function okay with this so you can write +out what that is the partition + + align:start position:0% +out what that is the partition + + + align:start position:0% +out what that is the partition +function is the sum overall the states + + align:start position:0% +function is the sum overall the states + + + align:start position:0% +function is the sum overall the states +of the exponential of minus beta the + + align:start position:0% +of the exponential of minus beta the + + + align:start position:0% +of the exponential of minus beta the +amonium um If I multiply this by one and + + align:start position:0% +amonium um If I multiply this by one and + + + align:start position:0% +amonium um If I multiply this by one and +I'm going to write going to multiply + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to write going to multiply + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to write going to multiply +this by one but I'm going to write one + + align:start position:0% +this by one but I'm going to write one + + + align:start position:0% +this by one but I'm going to write one +as the exponential of beta + + align:start position:0% +as the exponential of beta + + + align:start position:0% +as the exponential of beta +H1 sorry I got to be consistent here H1 + + align:start position:0% +H1 sorry I got to be consistent here H1 + + + align:start position:0% +H1 sorry I got to be consistent here H1 +new time + + align:start position:0% +new time + + + align:start position:0% +new time +exponential minus beta H1 new okay so + + align:start position:0% +exponential minus beta H1 new okay so + + + align:start position:0% +exponential minus beta H1 new okay so +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +one so then I can collect the terms here + + align:start position:0% +one so then I can collect the terms here + + + align:start position:0% +one so then I can collect the terms here +and what I get is that I get I still + + align:start position:0% +and what I get is that I get I still + + + align:start position:0% +and what I get is that I get I still +some over all the states I get the + + align:start position:0% +some over all the states I get the + + + align:start position:0% +some over all the states I get the +exponential of the hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% +exponential of the hamiltonian + + + align:start position:0% +exponential of the hamiltonian +difference two and one weighted by the + + align:start position:0% +difference two and one weighted by the + + + align:start position:0% +difference two and one weighted by the +probability of this state in The + + align:start position:0% +probability of this state in The + + + align:start position:0% +probability of this state in The +Ensemble of hamiltonian 1 this is + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble of hamiltonian 1 this is + + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble of hamiltonian 1 this is +essentially P the probability of that + + align:start position:0% +essentially P the probability of that + + + align:start position:0% +essentially P the probability of that +state is the expansion of minus beta H + + align:start position:0% +state is the expansion of minus beta H + + + align:start position:0% +state is the expansion of minus beta H +over the partition function taken with + + align:start position:0% +over the partition function taken with + + + align:start position:0% +over the partition function taken with +hamiltonian one so what have I written + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian one so what have I written + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian one so what have I written +here the exponential of the probability + + align:start position:0% +here the exponential of the probability + + + align:start position:0% +here the exponential of the probability +of that state weighted in hamiltonian 1 + + align:start position:0% +of that state weighted in hamiltonian 1 + + + align:start position:0% +of that state weighted in hamiltonian 1 +of this + + align:start position:0% +of this + + + align:start position:0% +of this +quantity so essentially what I'm + + align:start position:0% +quantity so essentially what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +quantity so essentially what I'm +averaging is the exponential of minus + + align:start position:0% +averaging is the exponential of minus + + + align:start position:0% +averaging is the exponential of minus +beta the hamiltonian difference between + + align:start position:0% +beta the hamiltonian difference between + + + align:start position:0% +beta the hamiltonian difference between +state two and one but I average it in + + align:start position:0% +state two and one but I average it in + + + align:start position:0% +state two and one but I average it in +The Ensemble of one and that gives me + + align:start position:0% +The Ensemble of one and that gives me + + + align:start position:0% +The Ensemble of one and that gives me +the free energy differences um the + + align:start position:0% +the free energy differences um the + + + align:start position:0% +the free energy differences um the +reason that's called + + align:start position:0% +reason that's called + + + align:start position:0% +reason that's called +um uh overlapping distribution methods + + align:start position:0% +um uh overlapping distribution methods + + + align:start position:0% +um uh overlapping distribution methods +is that let me show you in a second um + + align:start position:0% +is that let me show you in a second um + + + align:start position:0% +is that let me show you in a second um +you're trying to say something about + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to say something about + + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to say something about +state two but you're sampling in The + + align:start position:0% +state two but you're sampling in The + + + align:start position:0% +state two but you're sampling in The +Ensemble of of + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble of of + + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble of of +one so um the only way this is ever + + align:start position:0% +one so um the only way this is ever + + + align:start position:0% +one so um the only way this is ever +going to work is if one and two are not + + align:start position:0% +going to work is if one and two are not + + + align:start position:0% +going to work is if one and two are not +too far apart so that the states that + + align:start position:0% +too far apart so that the states that + + + align:start position:0% +too far apart so that the states that +are relevant for two are also sampled to + + align:start position:0% +are relevant for two are also sampled to + + + align:start position:0% +are relevant for two are also sampled to +some extent when you're in one and + + align:start position:0% +some extent when you're in one and + + + align:start position:0% +some extent when you're in one and +that's why it's called overlapping + + align:start position:0% +that's why it's called overlapping + + + align:start position:0% +that's why it's called overlapping +distribution method so if I sample in + + align:start position:0% +distribution method so if I sample in + + + align:start position:0% +distribution method so if I sample in +one essentially I'm you know let's look + + align:start position:0% +one essentially I'm you know let's look + + + align:start position:0% +one essentially I'm you know let's look +at the energy I I sample energy states + + align:start position:0% +at the energy I I sample energy states + + + align:start position:0% +at the energy I I sample energy states +around the average with some Spread + + align:start position:0% +around the average with some Spread + + + align:start position:0% +around the average with some Spread +spread be the heat capacity if I'm in + + align:start position:0% +spread be the heat capacity if I'm in + + + align:start position:0% +spread be the heat capacity if I'm in +two I do the same thing around the + + align:start position:0% +two I do the same thing around the + + + align:start position:0% +two I do the same thing around the +average energy of + + align:start position:0% +average energy of + + + align:start position:0% +average energy of +two and essentially what I'm doing is + + align:start position:0% +two and essentially what I'm doing is + + + align:start position:0% +two and essentially what I'm doing is +I'm + + align:start position:0% +I'm + + + align:start position:0% +I'm +integrating things for Ensemble two just + + align:start position:0% +integrating things for Ensemble two just + + + align:start position:0% +integrating things for Ensemble two just +by the way I walk through Ensemble one + + align:start position:0% +by the way I walk through Ensemble one + + + align:start position:0% +by the way I walk through Ensemble one +okay and so it's a sort of relatively + + align:start position:0% +okay and so it's a sort of relatively + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so it's a sort of relatively +elegant way of doing it um and and the + + align:start position:0% +elegant way of doing it um and and the + + + align:start position:0% +elegant way of doing it um and and the +key aspects is that the states the two + + align:start position:0% +key aspects is that the states the two + + + align:start position:0% +key aspects is that the states the two +ensembles are the + + align:start position:0% +ensembles are the + + + align:start position:0% +ensembles are the +same okay you know the the ensembles are + + align:start position:0% +same okay you know the the ensembles are + + + align:start position:0% +same okay you know the the ensembles are +the same so the accessible states are + + align:start position:0% +the same so the accessible states are + + + align:start position:0% +the same so the accessible states are +the same it's just that you weigh them + + align:start position:0% +the same it's just that you weigh them + + + align:start position:0% +the same it's just that you weigh them +differently so this is almost just like + + align:start position:0% +differently so this is almost just like + + + align:start position:0% +differently so this is almost just like +non- boltzman sampling you know I + + align:start position:0% +non- boltzman sampling you know I + + + align:start position:0% +non- boltzman sampling you know I +boltzman sample for emble one but you + + align:start position:0% +boltzman sample for emble one but you + + + align:start position:0% +boltzman sample for emble one but you +could say I'm I non boltman sample for + + align:start position:0% +could say I'm I non boltman sample for + + + align:start position:0% +could say I'm I non boltman sample for +Ensemble two and I correct the + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble two and I correct the + + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble two and I correct the +probability and this is how I get the + + align:start position:0% +probability and this is how I get the + + + align:start position:0% +probability and this is how I get the +free + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +energy um so you can already see when + + align:start position:0% +energy um so you can already see when + + + align:start position:0% +energy um so you can already see when +this is not going to work this is not + + align:start position:0% +this is not going to work this is not + + + align:start position:0% +this is not going to work this is not +not going to work when your states are + + align:start position:0% +not going to work when your states are + + + align:start position:0% +not going to work when your states are +too far + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +apart okay um by far the sort of most + + align:start position:0% +apart okay um by far the sort of most + + + align:start position:0% +apart okay um by far the sort of most +used method to get free energy is sort + + align:start position:0% +used method to get free energy is sort + + + align:start position:0% +used method to get free energy is sort +of a trivial one in some sense it's free + + align:start position:0% +of a trivial one in some sense it's free + + + align:start position:0% +of a trivial one in some sense it's free +energy + + align:start position:0% +energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy +integration um but but it's the one that + + align:start position:0% +integration um but but it's the one that + + + align:start position:0% +integration um but but it's the one that +always works um if you put enough time + + align:start position:0% +always works um if you put enough time + + + align:start position:0% +always works um if you put enough time +in it and it starts from this uh kind of + + align:start position:0% +in it and it starts from this uh kind of + + + align:start position:0% +in it and it starts from this uh kind of +trivial idea that the the the difference + + align:start position:0% +trivial idea that the the the difference + + + align:start position:0% +trivial idea that the the the difference +in a quantity is the integral of the + + align:start position:0% +in a quantity is the integral of the + + + align:start position:0% +in a quantity is the integral of the +differential which this is why you come + + align:start position:0% +differential which this is why you come + + + align:start position:0% +differential which this is why you come +to MIT to learn this um so if I can + + align:start position:0% +to MIT to learn this um so if I can + + + align:start position:0% +to MIT to learn this um so if I can +actually sample + + align:start position:0% +actually sample + + + align:start position:0% +actually sample +this okay I may be able to get at the + + align:start position:0% +this okay I may be able to get at the + + + align:start position:0% +this okay I may be able to get at the +quantity simply by integrating that and + + align:start position:0% +quantity simply by integrating that and + + + align:start position:0% +quantity simply by integrating that and +why is that important because if a is a + + align:start position:0% +why is that important because if a is a + + + align:start position:0% +why is that important because if a is a +free energy or an entropy the + + align:start position:0% +free energy or an entropy the + + + align:start position:0% +free energy or an entropy the +derivatives of free energies and + + align:start position:0% +derivatives of free energies and + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives of free energies and +entropies uh are things that can be + + align:start position:0% +entropies uh are things that can be + + + align:start position:0% +entropies uh are things that can be +sampled because they tend to be either + + align:start position:0% +sampled because they tend to be either + + + align:start position:0% +sampled because they tend to be either +averages or fluctuations for example for + + align:start position:0% +averages or fluctuations for example for + + + align:start position:0% +averages or fluctuations for example for +the entropy if you want the entropy + + align:start position:0% +the entropy if you want the entropy + + + align:start position:0% +the entropy if you want the entropy +difference between two states um so you + + align:start position:0% +difference between two states um so you + + + align:start position:0% +difference between two states um so you +integrate the derivative of the entropy + + align:start position:0% +integrate the derivative of the entropy + + + align:start position:0% +integrate the derivative of the entropy +well the derivative of the entropy is + + align:start position:0% +well the derivative of the entropy is + + + align:start position:0% +well the derivative of the entropy is +the heat capacity okay and the heat + + align:start position:0% +the heat capacity okay and the heat + + + align:start position:0% +the heat capacity okay and the heat +capacity you can get from Monte Carlo + + align:start position:0% +capacity you can get from Monte Carlo + + + align:start position:0% +capacity you can get from Monte Carlo +the heat capacity is essentially the + + align:start position:0% +the heat capacity is essentially the + + + align:start position:0% +the heat capacity is essentially the +fluctuation of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +energy so if you want to know the + + align:start position:0% +energy so if you want to know the + + + align:start position:0% +energy so if you want to know the +entropy at a given temperature you start + + align:start position:0% +entropy at a given temperature you start + + + align:start position:0% +entropy at a given temperature you start +from some reference temperature where + + align:start position:0% +from some reference temperature where + + + align:start position:0% +from some reference temperature where +you know the entropy or or you just fix + + align:start position:0% +you know the entropy or or you just fix + + + align:start position:0% +you know the entropy or or you just fix +it to some value if you if you want to + + align:start position:0% +it to some value if you if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +it to some value if you if you want to +reference everything to the same thing + + align:start position:0% +reference everything to the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +reference everything to the same thing +and you integrate um the heat capacity + + align:start position:0% +and you integrate um the heat capacity + + + align:start position:0% +and you integrate um the heat capacity +uh what do you take as reference States + + align:start position:0% +uh what do you take as reference States + + + align:start position:0% +uh what do you take as reference States +well again you know you could just + + align:start position:0% +well again you know you could just + + + align:start position:0% +well again you know you could just +integrate between two states and get the + + align:start position:0% +integrate between two states and get the + + + align:start position:0% +integrate between two states and get the +entropy difference often you start from + + align:start position:0% +entropy difference often you start from + + + align:start position:0% +entropy difference often you start from +zero um if you start from zero + + align:start position:0% +zero um if you start from zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero um if you start from zero +temperature you know in in models with + + align:start position:0% +temperature you know in in models with + + + align:start position:0% +temperature you know in in models with +discrete degrees of freedoms like the + + align:start position:0% +discrete degrees of freedoms like the + + + align:start position:0% +discrete degrees of freedoms like the +easing model the spin model the entropy + + align:start position:0% +easing model the spin model the entropy + + + align:start position:0% +easing model the spin model the entropy +is zero at Z Kelvin so that's an easy + + align:start position:0% +is zero at Z Kelvin so that's an easy + + + align:start position:0% +is zero at Z Kelvin so that's an easy +integration State uh in some cases you + + align:start position:0% +integration State uh in some cases you + + + align:start position:0% +integration State uh in some cases you +can also find the entropy at Infinity + + align:start position:0% +can also find the entropy at Infinity + + + align:start position:0% +can also find the entropy at Infinity +because at Infinity your face space is + + align:start position:0% +because at Infinity your face space is + + + align:start position:0% +because at Infinity your face space is +random the probability distribution is + + align:start position:0% +random the probability distribution is + + + align:start position:0% +random the probability distribution is +flat and so sometimes you can get + + align:start position:0% +flat and so sometimes you can get + + + align:start position:0% +flat and so sometimes you can get +analytically the entropy there so these + + align:start position:0% +analytically the entropy there so these + + + align:start position:0% +analytically the entropy there so these +are all sort of proper reference States + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um so here's an example um this is again + + align:start position:0% +um so here's an example um this is again + + + align:start position:0% +um so here's an example um this is again +our very simple 2D Square magnetic + + align:start position:0% +our very simple 2D Square magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +our very simple 2D Square magnetic +easing model + + align:start position:0% +easing model + + + align:start position:0% +easing model +um you would essentially integrate C + + align:start position:0% +um you would essentially integrate C + + + align:start position:0% +um you would essentially integrate C +overt so You' essentially integrate + + align:start position:0% +overt so You' essentially integrate + + + align:start position:0% +overt so You' essentially integrate +under this curve from zero up um the way + + align:start position:0% +under this curve from zero up um the way + + + align:start position:0% +under this curve from zero up um the way +you practically do it is that you + + align:start position:0% +you practically do it is that you + + + align:start position:0% +you practically do it is that you +wouldn't start stop you wouldn't start + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't start stop you wouldn't start + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't start stop you wouldn't start +from zero because the reason is you're + + align:start position:0% +from zero because the reason is you're + + + align:start position:0% +from zero because the reason is you're +integrating so you're integrating C over + + align:start position:0% +integrating so you're integrating C over + + + align:start position:0% +integrating so you're integrating C over +T + + align:start position:0% +T + + + align:start position:0% +T +okay and + + align:start position:0% +okay and + + + align:start position:0% +okay and +um that integral in reality of course + + align:start position:0% +um that integral in reality of course + + + align:start position:0% +um that integral in reality of course +converges as T goes to zero but + + align:start position:0% +converges as T goes to zero but + + + align:start position:0% +converges as T goes to zero but +numerically it will never in your + + align:start position:0% +numerically it will never in your + + + align:start position:0% +numerically it will never in your +simulation because um T goes to zero you + + align:start position:0% +simulation because um T goes to zero you + + + align:start position:0% +simulation because um T goes to zero you +Force t to zero in your simulation + + align:start position:0% +Force t to zero in your simulation + + + align:start position:0% +Force t to zero in your simulation +that's a well- defined number but the + + align:start position:0% +that's a well- defined number but the + + + align:start position:0% +that's a well- defined number but the +heat capacity will not go to zero just + + align:start position:0% +heat capacity will not go to zero just + + + align:start position:0% +heat capacity will not go to zero just +because of numerical noise you know in + + align:start position:0% +because of numerical noise you know in + + + align:start position:0% +because of numerical noise you know in +reality it should be really zero but in + + align:start position:0% +reality it should be really zero but in + + + align:start position:0% +reality it should be really zero but in +what you what will actually happen is + + align:start position:0% +what you what will actually happen is + + + align:start position:0% +what you what will actually happen is +that because of some minor noise and + + align:start position:0% +that because of some minor noise and + + + align:start position:0% +that because of some minor noise and +fluctuations you will get nonzero heat + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations you will get nonzero heat + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations you will get nonzero heat +capacity and so you divide by a number + + align:start position:0% +capacity and so you divide by a number + + + align:start position:0% +capacity and so you divide by a number +that gets exceedingly small as you go to + + align:start position:0% +that gets exceedingly small as you go to + + + align:start position:0% +that gets exceedingly small as you go to +zero and so your integral will blow up + + align:start position:0% +zero and so your integral will blow up + + + align:start position:0% +zero and so your integral will blow up +numerically + + align:start position:0% +numerically + + + align:start position:0% +numerically +so what you typically do is you sort of + + align:start position:0% +so what you typically do is you sort of + + + align:start position:0% +so what you typically do is you sort of +look at your heat capacity and say well + + align:start position:0% +look at your heat capacity and say well + + + align:start position:0% +look at your heat capacity and say well +you know below 0.5 or 75 I essentially + + align:start position:0% +you know below 0.5 or 75 I essentially + + + align:start position:0% +you know below 0.5 or 75 I essentially +have no heat capacity that means all the + + align:start position:0% +have no heat capacity that means all the + + + align:start position:0% +have no heat capacity that means all the +way from zero to there I have + + align:start position:0% +way from zero to there I have + + + align:start position:0% +way from zero to there I have +essentially no + + align:start position:0% +essentially no + + + align:start position:0% +essentially no +entropy okay and you just start + + align:start position:0% +entropy okay and you just start + + + align:start position:0% +entropy okay and you just start +integrating from 0.5 or 75 if you want + + align:start position:0% +integrating from 0.5 or 75 if you want + + + align:start position:0% +integrating from 0.5 or 75 if you want +to be more accurate there are ways of + + align:start position:0% +to be more accurate there are ways of + + + align:start position:0% +to be more accurate there are ways of +analytically riding the the the heat + + align:start position:0% +analytically riding the the the heat + + + align:start position:0% +analytically riding the the the heat +capacity from zero to low temperature by + + align:start position:0% +capacity from zero to low temperature by + + + align:start position:0% +capacity from zero to low temperature by +things like low temperature expansions + + align:start position:0% +things like low temperature expansions + + + align:start position:0% +things like low temperature expansions +um essentially from here to about here + + align:start position:0% +um essentially from here to about here + + + align:start position:0% +um essentially from here to about here +all that would ever happen is like + + align:start position:0% +all that would ever happen is like + + + align:start position:0% +all that would ever happen is like +single spin flips so like you know you + + align:start position:0% +single spin flips so like you know you + + + align:start position:0% +single spin flips so like you know you +you'd have this pherom magnet sitting + + align:start position:0% +you'd have this pherom magnet sitting + + + align:start position:0% +you'd have this pherom magnet sitting +there and once in a while one spin would + + align:start position:0% +there and once in a while one spin would + + + align:start position:0% +there and once in a while one spin would +go so there's single excitation so you + + align:start position:0% +go so there's single excitation so you + + + align:start position:0% +go so there's single excitation so you +can write out what the partition + + align:start position:0% +can write out what the partition + + + align:start position:0% +can write out what the partition +function pretty much looks like it's + + align:start position:0% +function pretty much looks like it's + + + align:start position:0% +function pretty much looks like it's +it's the ground state energy plus just + + align:start position:0% +it's the ground state energy plus just + + + align:start position:0% +it's the ground state energy plus just +the first excited States so you can + + align:start position:0% +the first excited States so you can + + + align:start position:0% +the first excited States so you can +write out what the analytically what the + + align:start position:0% +write out what the analytically what the + + + align:start position:0% +write out what the analytically what the +um entropy is up to that point and then + + align:start position:0% +um entropy is up to that point and then + + + align:start position:0% +um entropy is up to that point and then +integrate from there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um practically you can integrate a whole + + align:start position:0% +um practically you can integrate a whole + + + align:start position:0% +um practically you can integrate a whole +bunch of other variables um the one that + + align:start position:0% +bunch of other variables um the one that + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of other variables um the one that +if you integrate from Infinity that's + + align:start position:0% +if you integrate from Infinity that's + + + align:start position:0% +if you integrate from Infinity that's +very practical uh is to use the GBS hols + + align:start position:0% +very practical uh is to use the GBS hols + + + align:start position:0% +very practical uh is to use the GBS hols +relation um Gibs hel mol's relation + + align:start position:0% +relation um Gibs hel mol's relation + + + align:start position:0% +relation um Gibs hel mol's relation +essentially tells you that uh the + + align:start position:0% +essentially tells you that uh the + + + align:start position:0% +essentially tells you that uh the +average energy is the derivative of the + + align:start position:0% +average energy is the derivative of the + + + align:start position:0% +average energy is the derivative of the +free energy over t with respect to 1/ t + + align:start position:0% +free energy over t with respect to 1/ t + + + align:start position:0% +free energy over t with respect to 1/ t +uh this is actually a generic relation + + align:start position:0% +uh this is actually a generic relation + + + align:start position:0% +uh this is actually a generic relation +if you think here you know the average + + align:start position:0% +if you think here you know the average + + + align:start position:0% +if you think here you know the average +of any + + align:start position:0% +of any + + + align:start position:0% +of any +hamiltonian is + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian is + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian is +actually the derivative of it of its + + align:start position:0% +actually the derivative of it of its + + + align:start position:0% +actually the derivative of it of its +corresponding free + + align:start position:0% +corresponding free + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding free +energy over t with respect to 1 / + + align:start position:0% +energy over t with respect to 1 / + + + align:start position:0% +energy over t with respect to 1 / +t Okay so if you do this um you know if + + align:start position:0% +t Okay so if you do this um you know if + + + align:start position:0% +t Okay so if you do this um you know if +you do this in a canonical system then + + align:start position:0% +you do this in a canonical system then + + + align:start position:0% +you do this in a canonical system then +your Hamilton is like the energy minus + + align:start position:0% +your Hamilton is like the energy minus + + + align:start position:0% +your Hamilton is like the energy minus +mu * some + + align:start position:0% +mu * some + + + align:start position:0% +mu * some +concentration so then that's the average + + align:start position:0% +concentration so then that's the average + + + align:start position:0% +concentration so then that's the average +quantity you would get here um why is + + align:start position:0% +quantity you would get here um why is + + + align:start position:0% +quantity you would get here um why is +this useful because essentially now + + align:start position:0% +this useful because essentially now + + + align:start position:0% +this useful because essentially now +you're integrating in one /t so in beta + + align:start position:0% +you're integrating in one /t so in beta + + + align:start position:0% +you're integrating in one /t so in beta +and that's that quantity is zero when + + align:start position:0% +and that's that quantity is zero when + + + align:start position:0% +and that's that quantity is zero when +you're at infinite temperature so beta + + align:start position:0% +you're at infinite temperature so beta + + + align:start position:0% +you're at infinite temperature so beta +is zero and T equals infinity so now you + + align:start position:0% +is zero and T equals infinity so now you + + + align:start position:0% +is zero and T equals infinity so now you +can integrate this is an easy way to + + align:start position:0% +can integrate this is an easy way to + + + align:start position:0% +can integrate this is an easy way to +integrate from Infinity why do you want + + align:start position:0% +integrate from Infinity why do you want + + + align:start position:0% +integrate from Infinity why do you want +to integrate from Infinity like I said + + align:start position:0% +to integrate from Infinity like I said + + + align:start position:0% +to integrate from Infinity like I said +before sometimes at infinite temperature + + align:start position:0% +before sometimes at infinite temperature + + + align:start position:0% +before sometimes at infinite temperature +you know the free energy analytically + + align:start position:0% +you know the free energy analytically + + + align:start position:0% +you know the free energy analytically +because everything is totally + + align:start position:0% +because everything is totally + + + align:start position:0% +because everything is totally +random okay and so sometime that's a + + align:start position:0% +random okay and so sometime that's a + + + align:start position:0% +random okay and so sometime that's a +useful integration State uh another one + + align:start position:0% +useful integration State uh another one + + + align:start position:0% +useful integration State uh another one +that's quite practical is simply + + align:start position:0% +that's quite practical is simply + + + align:start position:0% +that's quite practical is simply +integrating in + + align:start position:0% +integrating in + + + align:start position:0% +integrating in +composition um and that's why I sort of + + align:start position:0% +composition um and that's why I sort of + + + align:start position:0% +composition um and that's why I sort of +shown this on this phas because it shows + + align:start position:0% +shown this on this phas because it shows + + + align:start position:0% +shown this on this phas because it shows +the three major ways of integration um + + align:start position:0% +the three major ways of integration um + + + align:start position:0% +the three major ways of integration um +if you come from low temperature you + + align:start position:0% +if you come from low temperature you + + + align:start position:0% +if you come from low temperature you +integrate the heat capacity if you come + + align:start position:0% +integrate the heat capacity if you come + + + align:start position:0% +integrate the heat capacity if you come +from high temperature you use the Gibs + + align:start position:0% +from high temperature you use the Gibs + + + align:start position:0% +from high temperature you use the Gibs +hel molds relation to integrate the + + align:start position:0% +hel molds relation to integrate the + + + align:start position:0% +hel molds relation to integrate the +average hamiltonian so the energy most + + align:start position:0% +average hamiltonian so the energy most + + + align:start position:0% +average hamiltonian so the energy most +cases uh if you come from the sides you + + align:start position:0% +cases uh if you come from the sides you + + + align:start position:0% +cases uh if you come from the sides you +integrate in composition space so you + + align:start position:0% +integrate in composition space so you + + + align:start position:0% +integrate in composition space so you +integrate essentially Sigma D mu and the + + align:start position:0% +integrate essentially Sigma D mu and the + + + align:start position:0% +integrate essentially Sigma D mu and the +reason is that the + + align:start position:0% +reason is that the + + + align:start position:0% +reason is that the +composition um let me write in sort of + + align:start position:0% +composition um let me write in sort of + + + align:start position:0% +composition um let me write in sort of +regular theramic variables uh + + align:start position:0% +regular theramic variables uh + + + align:start position:0% +regular theramic variables uh +composition is essentially the + + align:start position:0% +composition is essentially the + + + align:start position:0% +composition is essentially the +derivative of free energy with respect + + align:start position:0% +derivative of free energy with respect + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of free energy with respect +to the chemical potential so when you + + align:start position:0% +to the chemical potential so when you + + + align:start position:0% +to the chemical potential so when you +integrate that I've written composition + + align:start position:0% +integrate that I've written composition + + + align:start position:0% +integrate that I've written composition +here as the average spin in a spin model + + align:start position:0% +here as the average spin in a spin model + + + align:start position:0% +here as the average spin in a spin model +so you + + align:start position:0% +so you + + + align:start position:0% +so you +integrate CD mu and that gives you DF + + align:start position:0% +integrate CD mu and that gives you DF + + + align:start position:0% +integrate CD mu and that gives you DF +and so that's essentially what this here + + align:start position:0% +and so that's essentially what this here + + + align:start position:0% +and so that's essentially what this here +is um why can you integr from the sides + + align:start position:0% +is um why can you integr from the sides + + + align:start position:0% +is um why can you integr from the sides +well if you have pure one say call this + + align:start position:0% +well if you have pure one say call this + + + align:start position:0% +well if you have pure one say call this +a or b if you have pure a you know the + + align:start position:0% +a or b if you have pure a you know the + + + align:start position:0% +a or b if you have pure a you know the +free energy in many cases because if you + + align:start position:0% +free energy in many cases because if you + + + align:start position:0% +free energy in many cases because if you +have an a model with only configuration + + align:start position:0% +have an a model with only configuration + + + align:start position:0% +have an a model with only configuration +entropy when you have pure a you have no + + align:start position:0% +entropy when you have pure a you have no + + + align:start position:0% +entropy when you have pure a you have no +configuration entropy so the free energy + + align:start position:0% +configuration entropy so the free energy + + + align:start position:0% +configuration entropy so the free energy +there is just the energy okay so you + + align:start position:0% +there is just the energy okay so you + + + align:start position:0% +there is just the energy okay so you +know the in some sense if you think of + + align:start position:0% +know the in some sense if you think of + + + align:start position:0% +know the in some sense if you think of +this phase diagram as this line going to + + align:start position:0% +this phase diagram as this line going to + + + align:start position:0% +this phase diagram as this line going to +Infinity you essentially know the + + align:start position:0% +Infinity you essentially know the + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity you essentially know the +thermodynamic properties at all four + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamic properties at all four + + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamic properties at all four +edges + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then you can integrate um this is by + + align:start position:0% +and then you can integrate um this is by + + + align:start position:0% +and then you can integrate um this is by +far the most accurate way of determining + + align:start position:0% +far the most accurate way of determining + + + align:start position:0% +far the most accurate way of determining +first order transitions by far uh the + + align:start position:0% +first order transitions by far uh the + + + align:start position:0% +first order transitions by far uh the +reason is that you can get the answer as + + align:start position:0% +reason is that you can get the answer as + + + align:start position:0% +reason is that you can get the answer as +accurately as you want it so you know + + align:start position:0% +accurately as you want it so you know + + + align:start position:0% +accurately as you want it so you know +you have to integrate now long a path + + align:start position:0% +you have to integrate now long a path + + + align:start position:0% +you have to integrate now long a path +that's the painful thing so if I like + + align:start position:0% +that's the painful thing so if I like + + + align:start position:0% +that's the painful thing so if I like +the free energy here I don't have to + + align:start position:0% +the free energy here I don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +the free energy here I don't have to +just simulate here I have to simulate + + align:start position:0% +just simulate here I have to simulate + + + align:start position:0% +just simulate here I have to simulate +pretty much all the way up from + + align:start position:0% +pretty much all the way up from + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much all the way up from +here so rather than simulating at one of + + align:start position:0% +here so rather than simulating at one of + + + align:start position:0% +here so rather than simulating at one of +conditions I got to simulate along a + + align:start position:0% +conditions I got to simulate along a + + + align:start position:0% +conditions I got to simulate along a +whole path but the nice thing is that so + + align:start position:0% +whole path but the nice thing is that so + + + align:start position:0% +whole path but the nice thing is that so +where does your error come from it call + + align:start position:0% +where does your error come from it call + + + align:start position:0% +where does your error come from it call +come it comes from things you all + + align:start position:0% +come it comes from things you all + + + align:start position:0% +come it comes from things you all +control um you know how long I sample at + + align:start position:0% +control um you know how long I sample at + + + align:start position:0% +control um you know how long I sample at +each state to get the quantity I'm + + align:start position:0% +each state to get the quantity I'm + + + align:start position:0% +each state to get the quantity I'm +integrating like heat capacity or energy + + align:start position:0% +integrating like heat capacity or energy + + + align:start position:0% +integrating like heat capacity or energy +you can control that if you want it + + align:start position:0% +you can control that if you want it + + + align:start position:0% +you can control that if you want it +better you just sample longer how many + + align:start position:0% +better you just sample longer how many + + + align:start position:0% +better you just sample longer how many +steps I take along the integration path + + align:start position:0% +steps I take along the integration path + + + align:start position:0% +steps I take along the integration path +so now you're numerically integrating + + align:start position:0% +so now you're numerically integrating + + + align:start position:0% +so now you're numerically integrating +along a path if I want that more + + align:start position:0% +along a path if I want that more + + + align:start position:0% +along a path if I want that more +accurate I take more steps so while it + + align:start position:0% +accurate I take more steps so while it + + + align:start position:0% +accurate I take more steps so while it +sort of looks difficult you you have all + + align:start position:0% +sort of looks difficult you you have all + + + align:start position:0% +sort of looks difficult you you have all +the properties under control so that's + + align:start position:0% +the properties under control so that's + + + align:start position:0% +the properties under control so that's +the nice thing that you know how to make + + align:start position:0% +the nice thing that you know how to make + + + align:start position:0% +the nice thing that you know how to make +it better if you don't like the answer + + align:start position:0% +it better if you don't like the answer + + + align:start position:0% +it better if you don't like the answer +um the only thing to keep in mind when + + align:start position:0% +um the only thing to keep in mind when + + + align:start position:0% +um the only thing to keep in mind when +you do free energy integration that you + + align:start position:0% +you do free energy integration that you + + + align:start position:0% +you do free energy integration that you +have to integrate through equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +have to integrate through equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +have to integrate through equilibrium +States these theramic relations do not + + align:start position:0% +States these theramic relations do not + + + align:start position:0% +States these theramic relations do not +hold when you're away from equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +hold when you're away from equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +hold when you're away from equilibrium +States so if you integrate through + + align:start position:0% +States so if you integrate through + + + align:start position:0% +States so if you integrate through +transitions then you have then you want + + align:start position:0% +transitions then you have then you want + + + align:start position:0% +transitions then you have then you want +to be absolutely sure that you that that + + align:start position:0% +to be absolutely sure that you that that + + + align:start position:0% +to be absolutely sure that you that that +transition is current equilibrium and + + align:start position:0% +transition is current equilibrium and + + + align:start position:0% +transition is current equilibrium and +that's often the problem and that's why + + align:start position:0% +that's often the problem and that's why + + + align:start position:0% +that's often the problem and that's why +we combine all these schemes like um you + + align:start position:0% +we combine all these schemes like um you + + + align:start position:0% +we combine all these schemes like um you +know if I want to get say this phase + + align:start position:0% +know if I want to get say this phase + + + align:start position:0% +know if I want to get say this phase +boundary I would probably integrate one + + align:start position:0% +boundary I would probably integrate one + + + align:start position:0% +boundary I would probably integrate one +phase up from here to + + align:start position:0% +phase up from here to + + + align:start position:0% +phase up from here to +here and then I would integrate + + align:start position:0% +here and then I would integrate + + + align:start position:0% +here and then I would integrate +either the solid solution from the side + + align:start position:0% +either the solid solution from the side + + + align:start position:0% +either the solid solution from the side +or from Infinity to that point okay so I + + align:start position:0% +or from Infinity to that point okay so I + + + align:start position:0% +or from Infinity to that point okay so I +would never like try to get the solid + + align:start position:0% +would never like try to get the solid + + + align:start position:0% +would never like try to get the solid +solution by integrating from the ordered + + align:start position:0% +solution by integrating from the ordered + + + align:start position:0% +solution by integrating from the ordered +phas through the trans trans into the + + align:start position:0% +phas through the trans trans into the + + + align:start position:0% +phas through the trans trans into the +solid solution because I get way too + + align:start position:0% +solid solution because I get way too + + + align:start position:0% +solid solution because I get way too +much error from non-equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +much error from non-equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +much error from non-equilibrium +phenomena at the + + align:start position:0% +phenomena at the + + + align:start position:0% +phenomena at the +transition + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay let me come to the last form of + + align:start position:0% +okay let me come to the last form of + + + align:start position:0% +okay let me come to the last form of +thermody of of of free energy + + align:start position:0% +thermody of of of free energy + + + align:start position:0% +thermody of of of free energy +integration which is a form of + + align:start position:0% +integration which is a form of + + + align:start position:0% +integration which is a form of +thermodynamic integration but has a bit + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamic integration but has a bit + + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamic integration but has a bit +of a science fiction component to it um + + align:start position:0% +of a science fiction component to it um + + + align:start position:0% +of a science fiction component to it um +come on okay anyway I think I've said + + align:start position:0% +come on okay anyway I think I've said + + + align:start position:0% +come on okay anyway I think I've said +all these things um what the advantage + + align:start position:0% +all these things um what the advantage + + + align:start position:0% +all these things um what the advantage +and disadvantages are thermodynamic + + align:start position:0% +and disadvantages are thermodynamic + + + align:start position:0% +and disadvantages are thermodynamic +integration + + align:start position:0% +integration + + + align:start position:0% +integration +um you can actually do something um a + + align:start position:0% +um you can actually do something um a + + + align:start position:0% +um you can actually do something um a +little + + align:start position:0% +little + + + align:start position:0% +little +more fancy or esoteric in in + + align:start position:0% +more fancy or esoteric in in + + + align:start position:0% +more fancy or esoteric in in +thermodynamic integration which tends to + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamic integration which tends to + + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamic integration which tends to +go by the name of Lambda integration + + align:start position:0% +go by the name of Lambda integration + + + align:start position:0% +go by the name of Lambda integration +um what I showed you before was you were + + align:start position:0% +um what I showed you before was you were + + + align:start position:0% +um what I showed you before was you were +integrating um with respect to + + align:start position:0% +integrating um with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +integrating um with respect to +derivatives of physical parameters like + + align:start position:0% +derivatives of physical parameters like + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives of physical parameters like +temperature or concentration or one over + + align:start position:0% +temperature or concentration or one over + + + align:start position:0% +temperature or concentration or one over +temperature um you can actually + + align:start position:0% +temperature um you can actually + + + align:start position:0% +temperature um you can actually +integrate with respect to nonphysical + + align:start position:0% +integrate with respect to nonphysical + + + align:start position:0% +integrate with respect to nonphysical +parameters for example I may want to get + + align:start position:0% +parameters for example I may want to get + + + align:start position:0% +parameters for example I may want to get +the free energy + + align:start position:0% +the free energy + + + align:start position:0% +the free energy +difference between systems that have two + + align:start position:0% +difference between systems that have two + + + align:start position:0% +difference between systems that have two +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +hamiltonians what what what would that + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonians what what what would that + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonians what what what would that +mean maybe I want to know how to free + + align:start position:0% +mean maybe I want to know how to free + + + align:start position:0% +mean maybe I want to know how to free +energy change if I turn on a certain + + align:start position:0% +energy change if I turn on a certain + + + align:start position:0% +energy change if I turn on a certain +interaction in the hamiltonian like + + align:start position:0% +interaction in the hamiltonian like + + + align:start position:0% +interaction in the hamiltonian like +maybe I want to know you know I turn on + + align:start position:0% +maybe I want to know you know I turn on + + + align:start position:0% +maybe I want to know you know I turn on +columbic interactions and I want to know + + align:start position:0% +columbic interactions and I want to know + + + align:start position:0% +columbic interactions and I want to know +how does this really affect the free + + align:start position:0% +how does this really affect the free + + + align:start position:0% +how does this really affect the free +energy of my system uh maybe I want to + + align:start position:0% +energy of my system uh maybe I want to + + + align:start position:0% +energy of my system uh maybe I want to +add a + + align:start position:0% +add a + + + align:start position:0% +add a +particle uh you could think of actually + + align:start position:0% +particle uh you could think of actually + + + align:start position:0% +particle uh you could think of actually +changing the temperature as a way of + + align:start position:0% +changing the temperature as a way of + + + align:start position:0% +changing the temperature as a way of +changing your hamiltonian because the + + align:start position:0% +changing your hamiltonian because the + + + align:start position:0% +changing your hamiltonian because the +thing you put in the exponential is beta + + align:start position:0% +thing you put in the exponential is beta + + + align:start position:0% +thing you put in the exponential is beta +times the hamiltonian so it's really + + align:start position:0% +times the hamiltonian so it's really + + + align:start position:0% +times the hamiltonian so it's really +kind of one unit so it's when you change + + align:start position:0% +kind of one unit so it's when you change + + + align:start position:0% +kind of one unit so it's when you change +that product that you're changing + + align:start position:0% +that product that you're changing + + + align:start position:0% +that product that you're changing +something to the probability density um + + align:start position:0% +something to the probability density um + + + align:start position:0% +something to the probability density um +I'll show you some cool examples of this + + align:start position:0% +I'll show you some cool examples of this + + + align:start position:0% +I'll show you some cool examples of this +in a second um but I let me show you how + + align:start position:0% +in a second um but I let me show you how + + + align:start position:0% +in a second um but I let me show you how +it works um so now you're going to + + align:start position:0% +it works um so now you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +it works um so now you're going to +integrate along a path of Lambda that + + align:start position:0% +integrate along a path of Lambda that + + + align:start position:0% +integrate along a path of Lambda that +essentially describes how you go from + + align:start position:0% +essentially describes how you go from + + + align:start position:0% +essentially describes how you go from +hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian +1 to hamiltonian 2 okay and hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% +1 to hamiltonian 2 okay and hamiltonian + + + align:start position:0% +1 to hamiltonian 2 okay and hamiltonian +2 could be totally different physics it + + align:start position:0% +2 could be totally different physics it + + + align:start position:0% +2 could be totally different physics it +could be different chemistry whatever so + + align:start position:0% +could be different chemistry whatever so + + + align:start position:0% +could be different chemistry whatever so +I'm going to write the hamiltonian as a + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to write the hamiltonian as a + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to write the hamiltonian as a +linear combination of the hamiltonians + + align:start position:0% +linear combination of the hamiltonians + + + align:start position:0% +linear combination of the hamiltonians +of one and two okay so now you see as + + align:start position:0% +of one and two okay so now you see as + + + align:start position:0% +of one and two okay so now you see as +Lambda goes from Z to one if I'm zero I + + align:start position:0% +Lambda goes from Z to one if I'm zero I + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda goes from Z to one if I'm zero I +have hamiltonian one if I'm one I have + + align:start position:0% +have hamiltonian one if I'm one I have + + + align:start position:0% +have hamiltonian one if I'm one I have +hamiltonian 2 okay so the interval 0 to + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian 2 okay so the interval 0 to + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian 2 okay so the interval 0 to +1 for Lambda defines the pass one which + + align:start position:0% +1 for Lambda defines the pass one which + + + align:start position:0% +1 for Lambda defines the pass one which +I integrate um so what I want to know is + + align:start position:0% +I integrate um so what I want to know is + + + align:start position:0% +I integrate um so what I want to know is +essentially the free energy between + + align:start position:0% +essentially the free energy between + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the free energy between +Lambda is one and zero but I'll get the + + align:start position:0% +Lambda is one and zero but I'll get the + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda is one and zero but I'll get the +free energy along the whole path as + + align:start position:0% +free energy along the whole path as + + + align:start position:0% +free energy along the whole path as +you'll see in a second um you can see + + align:start position:0% +you'll see in a second um you can see + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see in a second um you can see +how you can get that if you look at the + + align:start position:0% +how you can get that if you look at the + + + align:start position:0% +how you can get that if you look at the +the derivative of the free energy with + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of the free energy with + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of the free energy with +respect to Lambda okay well the free + + align:start position:0% +respect to Lambda okay well the free + + + align:start position:0% +respect to Lambda okay well the free +energy is the log of the partition + + align:start position:0% +energy is the log of the partition + + + align:start position:0% +energy is the log of the partition +function so if I take the derivative of + + align:start position:0% +function so if I take the derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +function so if I take the derivative of +that you can sort of do the math here if + + align:start position:0% +that you can sort of do the math here if + + + align:start position:0% +that you can sort of do the math here if +I take the derivative of these + + align:start position:0% +I take the derivative of these + + + align:start position:0% +I take the derivative of these +exponentials I get the exponentials back + + align:start position:0% +exponentials I get the exponentials back + + + align:start position:0% +exponentials I get the exponentials back +so that's going to give me a part + + align:start position:0% +so that's going to give me a part + + + align:start position:0% +so that's going to give me a part +partition function CU remember if I take + + align:start position:0% +partition function CU remember if I take + + + align:start position:0% +partition function CU remember if I take +derivative of the log I get one over + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the log I get one over + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the log I get one over +this thing so you know I get log Z when + + align:start position:0% +this thing so you know I get log Z when + + + align:start position:0% +this thing so you know I get log Z when +you take the derivative of that I'm + + align:start position:0% +you take the derivative of that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +you take the derivative of that I'm +going to get 1 / Z and then times d z d + + align:start position:0% +going to get 1 / Z and then times d z d + + + align:start position:0% +going to get 1 / Z and then times d z d +whatever I'm taking the derivative of + + align:start position:0% +whatever I'm taking the derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +whatever I'm taking the derivative of +with respect so that gives me that + + align:start position:0% +with respect so that gives me that + + + align:start position:0% +with respect so that gives me that +partition function here and then I take + + align:start position:0% +partition function here and then I take + + + align:start position:0% +partition function here and then I take +derivative of what's inside the log and + + align:start position:0% +derivative of what's inside the log and + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of what's inside the log and +that gives me this and essentially what + + align:start position:0% +that gives me this and essentially what + + + align:start position:0% +that gives me this and essentially what +shows + + align:start position:0% +shows + + + align:start position:0% +shows +up is the derivative of the hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% +up is the derivative of the hamiltonian + + + align:start position:0% +up is the derivative of the hamiltonian +with respect to Lambda and this is + + align:start position:0% +with respect to Lambda and this is + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to Lambda and this is +actually Classic this always happens if + + align:start position:0% +actually Classic this always happens if + + + align:start position:0% +actually Classic this always happens if +you take any derivative of the partition + + align:start position:0% +you take any derivative of the partition + + + align:start position:0% +you take any derivative of the partition +function you essentially always end up + + align:start position:0% +function you essentially always end up + + + align:start position:0% +function you essentially always end up +with a weighted derivative of the + + align:start position:0% +with a weighted derivative of the + + + align:start position:0% +with a weighted derivative of the +hamiltoni and so what you see is this is + + align:start position:0% +hamiltoni and so what you see is this is + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltoni and so what you see is this is +the probability this exponential + + align:start position:0% +the probability this exponential + + + align:start position:0% +the probability this exponential +weighted by Q is the probability so + + align:start position:0% +weighted by Q is the probability so + + + align:start position:0% +weighted by Q is the probability so +essentially what I'm what this free + + align:start position:0% +essentially what I'm what this free + + + align:start position:0% +essentially what I'm what this free +energy derivative is it's the average of + + align:start position:0% +energy derivative is it's the average of + + + align:start position:0% +energy derivative is it's the average of +the derivative of the hamiltonian with + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of the hamiltonian with + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of the hamiltonian with +respect to Lambda okay this is actually + + align:start position:0% +respect to Lambda okay this is actually + + + align:start position:0% +respect to Lambda okay this is actually +quite generic uh in statistical + + align:start position:0% +quite generic uh in statistical + + + align:start position:0% +quite generic uh in statistical +mechanics um + + align:start position:0% +mechanics um + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics um +so the quantity that you need to + + align:start position:0% +so the quantity that you need to + + + align:start position:0% +so the quantity that you need to +integrate is this derivative now if + + align:start position:0% +integrate is this derivative now if + + + align:start position:0% +integrate is this derivative now if +we've linearized or hamiltonian that + + align:start position:0% +we've linearized or hamiltonian that + + + align:start position:0% +we've linearized or hamiltonian that +derivative is just hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% +derivative is just hamiltonian + + + align:start position:0% +derivative is just hamiltonian +difference okay but this is actually + + align:start position:0% +difference okay but this is actually + + + align:start position:0% +difference okay but this is actually +more generically true uh but if you + + align:start position:0% +more generically true uh but if you + + + align:start position:0% +more generically true uh but if you +linearize it all you need to do is + + align:start position:0% +linearize it all you need to do is + + + align:start position:0% +linearize it all you need to do is +average the hamiltonian difference + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I'm going to show you an + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to show you an + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to show you an +example I got out of this paper which is + + align:start position:0% +example I got out of this paper which is + + + align:start position:0% +example I got out of this paper which is +hidden here by um can I move this thing + + align:start position:0% +hidden here by um can I move this thing + + + align:start position:0% +hidden here by um can I move this thing +there we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +go um and this was a study where they + + align:start position:0% +go um and this was a study where they + + + align:start position:0% +go um and this was a study where they +wanted to look at the effect of the the + + align:start position:0% +wanted to look at the effect of the the + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to look at the effect of the the +a dipole a water dipole on the free + + align:start position:0% +a dipole a water dipole on the free + + + align:start position:0% +a dipole a water dipole on the free +energy of water and so you know the + + align:start position:0% +energy of water and so you know the + + + align:start position:0% +energy of water and so you know the +reason you have a dipole in water is of + + align:start position:0% +reason you have a dipole in water is of + + + align:start position:0% +reason you have a dipole in water is of +course you have H to O um how does this + + align:start position:0% +course you have H to O um how does this + + + align:start position:0% +course you have H to O um how does this +work again so the the hydrogens are + + align:start position:0% +work again so the the hydrogens are + + + align:start position:0% +work again so the the hydrogens are +slightly positively charged and so this + + align:start position:0% +slightly positively charged and so this + + + align:start position:0% +slightly positively charged and so this +is then minus 2 times that quantity and + + align:start position:0% +is then minus 2 times that quantity and + + + align:start position:0% +is then minus 2 times that quantity and +so because of that you of course have a + + align:start position:0% +so because of that you of course have a + + + align:start position:0% +so because of that you of course have a +dipole which um I wish get does a dipole + + align:start position:0% +dipole which um I wish get does a dipole + + + align:start position:0% +dipole which um I wish get does a dipole +point from positive to negative or yeah + + align:start position:0% +point from positive to negative or yeah + + + align:start position:0% +point from positive to negative or yeah +from negative to positive + + align:start position:0% +from negative to positive + + + align:start position:0% +from negative to positive +dipoles well whatever we'll Define it + + align:start position:0% +dipoles well whatever we'll Define it + + + align:start position:0% +dipoles well whatever we'll Define it +this way so um you have a dipole moment + + align:start position:0% +this way so um you have a dipole moment + + + align:start position:0% +this way so um you have a dipole moment +and in a simple simulation you can + + align:start position:0% +and in a simple simulation you can + + + align:start position:0% +and in a simple simulation you can +essentially + + align:start position:0% +essentially + + + align:start position:0% +essentially +just um represent the Water by its + + align:start position:0% +just um represent the Water by its + + + align:start position:0% +just um represent the Water by its +dipole nothing else no atoms no + + align:start position:0% +dipole nothing else no atoms no + + + align:start position:0% +dipole nothing else no atoms no +molecules so you want to look at the + + align:start position:0% +molecules so you want to look at the + + + align:start position:0% +molecules so you want to look at the +dipolar uh interactions between water + + align:start position:0% +dipolar uh interactions between water + + + align:start position:0% +dipolar uh interactions between water +now if you want to look at how does the + + align:start position:0% +now if you want to look at how does the + + + align:start position:0% +now if you want to look at how does the +free energy change with the strength of + + align:start position:0% +free energy change with the strength of + + + align:start position:0% +free energy change with the strength of +that dipole for example you could write + + align:start position:0% +that dipole for example you could write + + + align:start position:0% +that dipole for example you could write +um the DI dipolar strength in terms of + + align:start position:0% +um the DI dipolar strength in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +um the DI dipolar strength in terms of +some parameter Lambda and that's what + + align:start position:0% +some parameter Lambda and that's what + + + align:start position:0% +some parameter Lambda and that's what +I've done here so the positive and the + + align:start position:0% +I've done here so the positive and the + + + align:start position:0% +I've done here so the positive and the +negative charge in the dipole depend on + + align:start position:0% +negative charge in the dipole depend on + + + align:start position:0% +negative charge in the dipole depend on +the parameter Lambda and so essentially + + align:start position:0% +the parameter Lambda and so essentially + + + align:start position:0% +the parameter Lambda and so essentially +what I'm going to do is look at the free + + align:start position:0% +what I'm going to do is look at the free + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm going to do is look at the free +energy as a function of + + align:start position:0% +energy as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +energy as a function of +Lambda um and let me sort of show you + + align:start position:0% +Lambda um and let me sort of show you + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda um and let me sort of show you +how it works um the green line here + + align:start position:0% +how it works um the green line here + + + align:start position:0% +how it works um the green line here +there's a few too many lines on these + + align:start position:0% +there's a few too many lines on these + + + align:start position:0% +there's a few too many lines on these +plots unfortunately this is the exact + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +result and actually um this was well + + align:start position:0% +result and actually um this was well + + + align:start position:0% +result and actually um this was well +parameterized because at zero and one + + align:start position:0% +parameterized because at zero and one + + + align:start position:0% +parameterized because at zero and one +you should get the same answer because + + align:start position:0% +you should get the same answer because + + + align:start position:0% +you should get the same answer because +when Lambda is one the dipole is the + + align:start position:0% +when Lambda is one the dipole is the + + + align:start position:0% +when Lambda is one the dipole is the +same as at zero it just inverted the + + align:start position:0% +same as at zero it just inverted the + + + align:start position:0% +same as at zero it just inverted the +plus and the minus charge okay so the + + align:start position:0% +plus and the minus charge okay so the + + + align:start position:0% +plus and the minus charge okay so the +purple line is what they got with Lambda + + align:start position:0% +purple line is what they got with Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +purple line is what they got with Lambda +integration in this paper so it does + + align:start position:0% +integration in this paper so it does + + + align:start position:0% +integration in this paper so it does +pretty well I mean it's this this line + + align:start position:0% +pretty well I mean it's this this line + + + align:start position:0% +pretty well I mean it's this this line +here sorry but what you see is there's + + align:start position:0% +here sorry but what you see is there's + + + align:start position:0% +here sorry but what you see is there's +of course a bit of error this point + + align:start position:0% +of course a bit of error this point + + + align:start position:0% +of course a bit of error this point +should be the same as that point okay + + align:start position:0% +should be the same as that point okay + + + align:start position:0% +should be the same as that point okay +and so you clearly see that you know + + align:start position:0% +and so you clearly see that you know + + + align:start position:0% +and so you clearly see that you know +that they accumulated some error along + + align:start position:0% +that they accumulated some error along + + + align:start position:0% +that they accumulated some error along +the integration path and you know if + + align:start position:0% +the integration path and you know if + + + align:start position:0% +the integration path and you know if +you're really sort of hardcore more + + align:start position:0% +you're really sort of hardcore more + + + align:start position:0% +you're really sort of hardcore more +computational and you kind of think this + + align:start position:0% +computational and you kind of think this + + + align:start position:0% +computational and you kind of think this +is fun um this is one way you can check + + align:start position:0% +is fun um this is one way you can check + + + align:start position:0% +is fun um this is one way you can check +your integration eras is essentially do + + align:start position:0% +your integration eras is essentially do + + + align:start position:0% +your integration eras is essentially do +a circular integration in your face + + align:start position:0% +a circular integration in your face + + + align:start position:0% +a circular integration in your face +space um so not only go from Hamil State + + align:start position:0% +space um so not only go from Hamil State + + + align:start position:0% +space um so not only go from Hamil State +one to two but come back and you'll + + align:start position:0% +one to two but come back and you'll + + + align:start position:0% +one to two but come back and you'll +essentially have some idea of the error + + align:start position:0% +essentially have some idea of the error + + + align:start position:0% +essentially have some idea of the error +you've accumulated along the integration + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +path this one the next one I like as + + align:start position:0% +path this one the next one I like as + + + align:start position:0% +path this one the next one I like as +example + + align:start position:0% +example + + + align:start position:0% +example +um this is starting to um get very close + + align:start position:0% +um this is starting to um get very close + + + align:start position:0% +um this is starting to um get very close +to Alchemy you know in the old days + + align:start position:0% +to Alchemy you know in the old days + + + align:start position:0% +to Alchemy you know in the old days +people tried to turn lead into gold uh + + align:start position:0% +people tried to turn lead into gold uh + + + align:start position:0% +people tried to turn lead into gold uh +this is getting pretty close um you can + + align:start position:0% +this is getting pretty close um you can + + + align:start position:0% +this is getting pretty close um you can +look at free energy changes literally by + + align:start position:0% +look at free energy changes literally by + + + align:start position:0% +look at free energy changes literally by +changing + + align:start position:0% +changing + + + align:start position:0% +changing +chemistry um I know nothing about + + align:start position:0% +chemistry um I know nothing about + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry um I know nothing about +organic chemistry but I I think that + + align:start position:0% +organic chemistry but I I think that + + + align:start position:0% +organic chemistry but I I think that +ring there is called the phenol and so + + align:start position:0% +ring there is called the phenol and so + + + align:start position:0% +ring there is called the phenol and so +you can put different groups on the + + align:start position:0% +you can put different groups on the + + + align:start position:0% +you can put different groups on the +phenol and if you put chlorine on it's + + align:start position:0% +phenol and if you put chlorine on it's + + + align:start position:0% +phenol and if you put chlorine on it's +chlorophenol if you pull a methyl group + + align:start position:0% +chlorophenol if you pull a methyl group + + + align:start position:0% +chlorophenol if you pull a methyl group +on it methylphenol and if you put a CN + + align:start position:0% +on it methylphenol and if you put a CN + + + align:start position:0% +on it methylphenol and if you put a CN +group it's cyanop phenol so there's some + + align:start position:0% +group it's cyanop phenol so there's some + + + align:start position:0% +group it's cyanop phenol so there's some +there's clearly some logic in chemical + + align:start position:0% +there's clearly some logic in chemical + + + align:start position:0% +there's clearly some logic in chemical +names um but for example you could write + + align:start position:0% +names um but for example you could write + + + align:start position:0% +names um but for example you could write +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +hamiltonian that slowly changes one of + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian that slowly changes one of + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian that slowly changes one of +these species into another one and what + + align:start position:0% +these species into another one and what + + + align:start position:0% +these species into another one and what +does that mean slowly change that means + + align:start position:0% +does that mean slowly change that means + + + align:start position:0% +does that mean slowly change that means +that you mix the interaction let's say + + align:start position:0% +that you mix the interaction let's say + + + align:start position:0% +that you mix the interaction let's say +you did this with potential you would + + align:start position:0% +you did this with potential you would + + + align:start position:0% +you did this with potential you would +essentially write a potential from that + + align:start position:0% +essentially write a potential from that + + + align:start position:0% +essentially write a potential from that +group potential that comes from this + + align:start position:0% +group potential that comes from this + + + align:start position:0% +group potential that comes from this +group here that you attach as a weighted + + align:start position:0% +group here that you attach as a weighted + + + align:start position:0% +group here that you attach as a weighted +average of say you know let's say we go + + align:start position:0% +average of say you know let's say we go + + + align:start position:0% +average of say you know let's say we go +from like we did here from metal phenol + + align:start position:0% +from like we did here from metal phenol + + + align:start position:0% +from like we did here from metal phenol +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +chlorophenol so you would weigh the + + align:start position:0% +chlorophenol so you would weigh the + + + align:start position:0% +chlorophenol so you would weigh the +potential with the parameter Lambda and + + align:start position:0% +potential with the parameter Lambda and + + + align:start position:0% +potential with the parameter Lambda and +integrate in that space and you'd get + + align:start position:0% +integrate in that space and you'd get + + + align:start position:0% +integrate in that space and you'd get +the free energy difference between uh + + align:start position:0% +the free energy difference between uh + + + align:start position:0% +the free energy difference between uh +these two groups + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +attached + + align:start position:0% +attached + + + align:start position:0% +attached +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so here's my take on Mon Carlo um what I + + align:start position:0% +so here's my take on Mon Carlo um what I + + + align:start position:0% +so here's my take on Mon Carlo um what I +really like about it um it's + + align:start position:0% +really like about it um it's + + + align:start position:0% +really like about it um it's +conceptually simple of all the + + align:start position:0% +conceptually simple of all the + + + align:start position:0% +conceptually simple of all the +simulation me is probably the one that + + align:start position:0% +simulation me is probably the one that + + + align:start position:0% +simulation me is probably the one that +sort of you know is has least amount of + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know is has least amount of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know is has least amount of +Frills um it's it tends to be very easy + + align:start position:0% +Frills um it's it tends to be very easy + + + align:start position:0% +Frills um it's it tends to be very easy +to implement + + align:start position:0% +to implement + + + align:start position:0% +to implement +um and maybe the the most important + + align:start position:0% +um and maybe the the most important + + + align:start position:0% +um and maybe the the most important +thing it's as accurate as your + + align:start position:0% +thing it's as accurate as your + + + align:start position:0% +thing it's as accurate as your +hamiltonian can be so you can push the + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian can be so you can push the + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian can be so you can push the +sampling as far as you want it to be so + + align:start position:0% +sampling as far as you want it to be so + + + align:start position:0% +sampling as far as you want it to be so +the sampling part can be done as + + align:start position:0% +the sampling part can be done as + + + align:start position:0% +the sampling part can be done as +accurate as you have time for + + align:start position:0% +accurate as you have time for + + + align:start position:0% +accurate as you have time for +essentially time and money for which is + + align:start position:0% +essentially time and money for which is + + + align:start position:0% +essentially time and money for which is +not always true about models if I set up + + align:start position:0% +not always true about models if I set up + + + align:start position:0% +not always true about models if I set up +a potential model it's I can necessarily + + align:start position:0% +a potential model it's I can necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +a potential model it's I can necessarily +improve that you know infinitely better + + align:start position:0% +improve that you know infinitely better + + + align:start position:0% +improve that you know infinitely better +to model the energetics of my system but + + align:start position:0% +to model the energetics of my system but + + + align:start position:0% +to model the energetics of my system but +at least with mon car the sampling part + + align:start position:0% +at least with mon car the sampling part + + + align:start position:0% +at least with mon car the sampling part +okay so the finite temperature part and + + align:start position:0% +okay so the finite temperature part and + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the finite temperature part and +so can be done with as little error as + + align:start position:0% +so can be done with as little error as + + + align:start position:0% +so can be done with as little error as +You' like it to be um I think there's + + align:start position:0% +You' like it to be um I think there's + + + align:start position:0% +You' like it to be um I think there's +sort of two or three major disadvantages + + align:start position:0% +sort of two or three major disadvantages + + + align:start position:0% +sort of two or three major disadvantages +is that um it it it's not a dynamical + + align:start position:0% +is that um it it it's not a dynamical + + + align:start position:0% +is that um it it it's not a dynamical +method so it doesn't give you any + + align:start position:0% +method so it doesn't give you any + + + align:start position:0% +method so it doesn't give you any +kinetic information like molecular + + align:start position:0% +kinetic information like molecular + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic information like molecular +Dynamics does uh sometimes that's an + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics does uh sometimes that's an + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics does uh sometimes that's an +advantage because it means you need you + + align:start position:0% +advantage because it means you need you + + + align:start position:0% +advantage because it means you need you +don't need a kinetic mechanism to study + + align:start position:0% +don't need a kinetic mechanism to study + + + align:start position:0% +don't need a kinetic mechanism to study +how the system goes through its face + + align:start position:0% +how the system goes through its face + + + align:start position:0% +how the system goes through its face +space um but the second one is the major + + align:start position:0% +space um but the second one is the major + + + align:start position:0% +space um but the second one is the major +hit most most of the time you know it's + + align:start position:0% +hit most most of the time you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +hit most most of the time you know it's +an extremely wasteful method in terms of + + align:start position:0% +an extremely wasteful method in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +an extremely wasteful method in terms of +energy evaluations you know you do a lot + + align:start position:0% +energy evaluations you know you do a lot + + + align:start position:0% +energy evaluations you know you do a lot +of kind of random excursions in face + + align:start position:0% +of kind of random excursions in face + + + align:start position:0% +of kind of random excursions in face +space and every time you need to get the + + align:start position:0% +space and every time you need to get the + + + align:start position:0% +space and every time you need to get the +energy + + align:start position:0% +energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy +and so that's why it's it's really great + + align:start position:0% +and so that's why it's it's really great + + + align:start position:0% +and so that's why it's it's really great +to implement it with fast energy methods + + align:start position:0% +to implement it with fast energy methods + + + align:start position:0% +to implement it with fast energy methods +you know a latus model have G that's + + align:start position:0% +you know a latus model have G that's + + + align:start position:0% +you know a latus model have G that's +just adding a few numbers and + + align:start position:0% +just adding a few numbers and + + + align:start position:0% +just adding a few numbers and +multiplying a few numbers and you got + + align:start position:0% +multiplying a few numbers and you got + + + align:start position:0% +multiplying a few numbers and you got +the energy bam or something like + + align:start position:0% +the energy bam or something like + + + align:start position:0% +the energy bam or something like +potential models if you do it in a + + align:start position:0% +potential models if you do it in a + + + align:start position:0% +potential models if you do it in a +continuous space or embedded atom it + + align:start position:0% +continuous space or embedded atom it + + + align:start position:0% +continuous space or embedded atom it +works great with those methods it's it's + + align:start position:0% +works great with those methods it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +works great with those methods it's it's +essentially impossible to implement it + + align:start position:0% +essentially impossible to implement it + + + align:start position:0% +essentially impossible to implement it +with quantum mechanics directly you know + + align:start position:0% +with quantum mechanics directly you know + + + align:start position:0% +with quantum mechanics directly you know +I mean that that embedded atom method + + align:start position:0% +I mean that that embedded atom method + + + align:start position:0% +I mean that that embedded atom method +the copper nickel one I showed did + + align:start position:0% +the copper nickel one I showed did + + + align:start position:0% +the copper nickel one I showed did +millions of energy evaluations to + + align:start position:0% +millions of energy evaluations to + + + align:start position:0% +millions of energy evaluations to +equilibrate the system so can you + + align:start position:0% +equilibrate the system so can you + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrate the system so can you +imagine you're going to do millions of + + align:start position:0% +imagine you're going to do millions of + + + align:start position:0% +imagine you're going to do millions of +direct DFT + + align:start position:0% +direct DFT + + + align:start position:0% +direct DFT +calculations no so the the fact that you + + align:start position:0% +calculations no so the the fact that you + + + align:start position:0% +calculations no so the the fact that you +need typically a fast energy method is + + align:start position:0% +need typically a fast energy method is + + + align:start position:0% +need typically a fast energy method is +sort of a a limitation um the stochastic + + align:start position:0% +sort of a a limitation um the stochastic + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a a limitation um the stochastic +nature of it can be a limitation it's + + align:start position:0% +nature of it can be a limitation it's + + + align:start position:0% +nature of it can be a limitation it's +less and less so but um you know when + + align:start position:0% +less and less so but um you know when + + + align:start position:0% +less and less so but um you know when +you run two Monte Carlo simulations you + + align:start position:0% +you run two Monte Carlo simulations you + + + align:start position:0% +you run two Monte Carlo simulations you +don't get the same + + align:start position:0% +don't get the same + + + align:start position:0% +don't get the same +answer so because of that you know there + + align:start position:0% +answer so because of that you know there + + + align:start position:0% +answer so because of that you know there +is noise in data it's a lot harder to + + align:start position:0% +is noise in data it's a lot harder to + + + align:start position:0% +is noise in data it's a lot harder to +write methods on top of it in some sense + + align:start position:0% +write methods on top of it in some sense + + + align:start position:0% +write methods on top of it in some sense +drivers for it you know if you do DFT if + + align:start position:0% +drivers for it you know if you do DFT if + + + align:start position:0% +drivers for it you know if you do DFT if +you converge you get the same answer + + align:start position:0% +you converge you get the same answer + + + align:start position:0% +you converge you get the same answer +every time so it's not stochastic so you + + align:start position:0% +every time so it's not stochastic so you + + + align:start position:0% +every time so it's not stochastic so you +can now develop algorithms that use that + + align:start position:0% +can now develop algorithms that use that + + + align:start position:0% +can now develop algorithms that use that +input and do stuff with it it's a lot + + align:start position:0% +input and do stuff with it it's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +input and do stuff with it it's a lot +harder to work with stochastic input let + + align:start position:0% +harder to work with stochastic input let + + + align:start position:0% +harder to work with stochastic input let +me tell you because you you you kind of + + align:start position:0% +me tell you because you you you kind of + + + align:start position:0% +me tell you because you you you kind of +have to sort of average air noise away + + align:start position:0% +have to sort of average air noise away + + + align:start position:0% +have to sort of average air noise away +and so um and I think the fourth one you + + align:start position:0% +and so um and I think the fourth one you + + + align:start position:0% +and so um and I think the fourth one you +know I should update these slides this + + align:start position:0% +know I should update these slides this + + + align:start position:0% +know I should update these slides this +is becoming less and less an issue um it + + align:start position:0% +is becoming less and less an issue um it + + + align:start position:0% +is becoming less and less an issue um it +used to be but as computers get faster + + align:start position:0% +used to be but as computers get faster + + + align:start position:0% +used to be but as computers get faster +it's really I would say we can get free + + align:start position:0% +it's really I would say we can get free + + + align:start position:0% +it's really I would say we can get free +energy when we want it especially on + + align:start position:0% +energy when we want it especially on + + + align:start position:0% +energy when we want it especially on +models with with discrete degrees of + + align:start position:0% +models with with discrete degrees of + + + align:start position:0% +models with with discrete degrees of +freedom models with continuous degree of + + align:start position:0% +freedom models with continuous degree of + + + align:start position:0% +freedom models with continuous degree of +Freedom you can do it with still more + + align:start position:0% +Freedom you can do it with still more + + + align:start position:0% +Freedom you can do it with still more +work but it's not much of a disadvantage + + align:start position:0% +work but it's not much of a disadvantage + + + align:start position:0% +work but it's not much of a disadvantage +anymore okay I I've gone through the + + align:start position:0% +anymore okay I I've gone through the + + + align:start position:0% +anymore okay I I've gone through the +references before okay so what I want to + + align:start position:0% +references before okay so what I want to + + + align:start position:0% +references before okay so what I want to +start maybe now and I'm probably not + + align:start position:0% +start maybe now and I'm probably not + + + align:start position:0% +start maybe now and I'm probably not +going to get this finished is + + align:start position:0% +going to get this finished is + + + align:start position:0% +going to get this finished is +um talk + + align:start position:0% +um talk + + + align:start position:0% +um talk +about um start to talk about cor grading + + align:start position:0% +about um start to talk about cor grading + + + align:start position:0% +about um start to talk about cor grading +methods and and why do you need cor + + align:start position:0% +methods and and why do you need cor + + + align:start position:0% +methods and and why do you need cor +gring methods it's essentially a nice + + align:start position:0% +gring methods it's essentially a nice + + + align:start position:0% +gring methods it's essentially a nice +follow up on what we just + + align:start position:0% +follow up on what we just + + + align:start position:0% +follow up on what we just +discussed + + align:start position:0% +discussed + + + align:start position:0% +discussed +um Monte Carlo allows you to get um full + + align:start position:0% +um Monte Carlo allows you to get um full + + + align:start position:0% +um Monte Carlo allows you to get um full +face Bas sampling but you need you + + align:start position:0% +face Bas sampling but you need you + + + align:start position:0% +face Bas sampling but you need you +cannot do it on an accurate hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% +cannot do it on an accurate hamiltonian + + + align:start position:0% +cannot do it on an accurate hamiltonian +like density functional + + align:start position:0% +like density functional + + + align:start position:0% +like density functional +Theory um so + + align:start position:0% +Theory um so + + + align:start position:0% +Theory um so +what if you actually need highly + + align:start position:0% +what if you actually need highly + + + align:start position:0% +what if you actually need highly +accurate energetics and you need to + + align:start position:0% +accurate energetics and you need to + + + align:start position:0% +accurate energetics and you need to +sample face space well then you're in + + align:start position:0% +sample face space well then you're in + + + align:start position:0% +sample face space well then you're in +trouble because the two are in a are + + align:start position:0% +trouble because the two are in a are + + + align:start position:0% +trouble because the two are in a are +very hard to combine sampling face space + + align:start position:0% +very hard to combine sampling face space + + + align:start position:0% +very hard to combine sampling face space +you know well means a lot of energy + + align:start position:0% +you know well means a lot of energy + + + align:start position:0% +you know well means a lot of energy +evaluations and a lot of energy + + align:start position:0% +evaluations and a lot of energy + + + align:start position:0% +evaluations and a lot of energy +evaluations precludes using a very + + align:start position:0% +evaluations precludes using a very + + + align:start position:0% +evaluations precludes using a very +highly accurate hamiltonian but there + + align:start position:0% +highly accurate hamiltonian but there + + + align:start position:0% +highly accurate hamiltonian but there +are problems for which you need Bol + + align:start position:0% +are problems for which you need Bol + + + align:start position:0% +are problems for which you need Bol +anyway and then you sort of need to go + + align:start position:0% +anyway and then you sort of need to go + + + align:start position:0% +anyway and then you sort of need to go +to co graining methods and the idea in + + align:start position:0% +to co graining methods and the idea in + + + align:start position:0% +to co graining methods and the idea in +cor graining methods is is that um you + + align:start position:0% +cor graining methods is is that um you + + + align:start position:0% +cor graining methods is is that um you +try to either remove spatial degrees of + + align:start position:0% +try to either remove spatial degrees of + + + align:start position:0% +try to either remove spatial degrees of +freedom or temporal degrees of freedom + + align:start position:0% +freedom or temporal degrees of freedom + + + align:start position:0% +freedom or temporal degrees of freedom +or your system very systematically so + + align:start position:0% +or your system very systematically so + + + align:start position:0% +or your system very systematically so +that your model becomes simpler and + + align:start position:0% +that your model becomes simpler and + + + align:start position:0% +that your model becomes simpler and +simpler giving up as little accuracy as + + align:start position:0% +simpler giving up as little accuracy as + + + align:start position:0% +simpler giving up as little accuracy as +possible okay so accumulating as little + + align:start position:0% +possible okay so accumulating as little + + + align:start position:0% +possible okay so accumulating as little +error on the way as possible um I'll + + align:start position:0% +error on the way as possible um I'll + + + align:start position:0% +error on the way as possible um I'll +talk first about temporal Co graining + + align:start position:0% +talk first about temporal Co graining + + + align:start position:0% +talk first about temporal Co graining +since it's easier but if we have time in + + align:start position:0% +since it's easier but if we have time in + + + align:start position:0% +since it's easier but if we have time in +the end I may say a little about spatial + + align:start position:0% +the end I may say a little about spatial + + + align:start position:0% +the end I may say a little about spatial +cor gra which is a much more um + + align:start position:0% +cor gra which is a much more um + + + align:start position:0% +cor gra which is a much more um +difficult problem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um okay let me sort of skip + + align:start position:0% +um okay let me sort of skip + + + align:start position:0% +um okay let me sort of skip +this okay uh well actually let me show + + align:start position:0% +this okay uh well actually let me show + + + align:start position:0% +this okay uh well actually let me show +it to you you know + + align:start position:0% +it to you you know + + + align:start position:0% +it to you you know +if something wrong with the color + + align:start position:0% +if something wrong with the color + + + align:start position:0% +if something wrong with the color +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +um here's an example you know of why you + + align:start position:0% +um here's an example you know of why you + + + align:start position:0% +um here's an example you know of why you +need Co graining here's the this is the + + align:start position:0% +need Co graining here's the this is the + + + align:start position:0% +need Co graining here's the this is the +copper aluminum phase diagram + + align:start position:0% +copper aluminum phase diagram + + + align:start position:0% +copper aluminum phase diagram +um all the stable phase phes in here are + + align:start position:0% +um all the stable phase phes in here are + + + align:start position:0% +um all the stable phase phes in here are +in many cases within something like 5 to + + align:start position:0% +in many cases within something like 5 to + + + align:start position:0% +in many cases within something like 5 to +10 m electron volt of several other + + align:start position:0% +10 m electron volt of several other + + + align:start position:0% +10 m electron volt of several other +phases so that means that you know to + + align:start position:0% +phases so that means that you know to + + + align:start position:0% +phases so that means that you know to +actually know that these are the stable + + align:start position:0% +actually know that these are the stable + + + align:start position:0% +actually know that these are the stable +phase in that system you need highly + + align:start position:0% +phase in that system you need highly + + + align:start position:0% +phase in that system you need highly +accurate + + align:start position:0% +accurate + + + align:start position:0% +accurate +energetics you can't afford more than + + align:start position:0% +energetics you can't afford more than + + + align:start position:0% +energetics you can't afford more than +you know a few millielectron volt per + + align:start position:0% +you know a few millielectron volt per + + + align:start position:0% +you know a few millielectron volt per +atom error that's very small error you + + align:start position:0% +atom error that's very small error you + + + align:start position:0% +atom error that's very small error you +know so an an electron volt is about 100 + + align:start position:0% +know so an an electron volt is about 100 + + + align:start position:0% +know so an an electron volt is about 100 +KJ so a mill electron volt is about 100 + + align:start position:0% +KJ so a mill electron volt is about 100 + + + align:start position:0% +KJ so a mill electron volt is about 100 +Jew all right + + align:start position:0% +Jew all right + + + align:start position:0% +Jew all right +yeah so I don't know what that in + + align:start position:0% +yeah so I don't know what that in + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so I don't know what that in +calories is but anyway so highly + + align:start position:0% +calories is but anyway so highly + + + align:start position:0% +calories is but anyway so highly +accurate energetics and then to get the + + align:start position:0% +accurate energetics and then to get the + + + align:start position:0% +accurate energetics and then to get the +temperature Behavior you know you need + + align:start position:0% +temperature Behavior you know you need + + + align:start position:0% +temperature Behavior you know you need +to sample face space because you need to + + align:start position:0% +to sample face space because you need to + + + align:start position:0% +to sample face space because you need to +get the entropy U and the + + align:start position:0% +get the entropy U and the + + + align:start position:0% +get the entropy U and the +excitations + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um for for some problems like these + + align:start position:0% +um for for some problems like these + + + align:start position:0% +um for for some problems like these +essentially we figured out how to do + + align:start position:0% +essentially we figured out how to do + + + align:start position:0% +essentially we figured out how to do +this it's still hard work but + + align:start position:0% +this it's still hard work but + + + align:start position:0% +this it's still hard work but +essentially the road map is laid out um + + align:start position:0% +essentially the road map is laid out um + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the road map is laid out um +the idea is that you successively + + align:start position:0% +the idea is that you successively + + + align:start position:0% +the idea is that you successively +integrate over slower and slower time + + align:start position:0% +integrate over slower and slower time + + + align:start position:0% +integrate over slower and slower time +scales so you look at you know what + + align:start position:0% +scales so you look at you know what + + + align:start position:0% +scales so you look at you know what +excursions what excitations occur in the + + align:start position:0% +excursions what excitations occur in the + + + align:start position:0% +excursions what excitations occur in the +system first at the really fast time + + align:start position:0% +system first at the really fast time + + + align:start position:0% +system first at the really fast time +scales and then you try to either + + align:start position:0% +scales and then you try to either + + + align:start position:0% +scales and then you try to either +variationally remove them or you try to + + align:start position:0% +variationally remove them or you try to + + + align:start position:0% +variationally remove them or you try to +integrate over them and those two are + + align:start position:0% +integrate over them and those two are + + + align:start position:0% +integrate over them and those two are +different things if you variationally + + align:start position:0% +different things if you variationally + + + align:start position:0% +different things if you variationally +remove a degree of Freedom then you're + + align:start position:0% +remove a degree of Freedom then you're + + + align:start position:0% +remove a degree of Freedom then you're +really finding essentially what gives + + align:start position:0% +really finding essentially what gives + + + align:start position:0% +really finding essentially what gives +you the lowest energy for that degree of + + align:start position:0% +you the lowest energy for that degree of + + + align:start position:0% +you the lowest energy for that degree of +freedom + + align:start position:0% +freedom + + + align:start position:0% +freedom +if you integrate over the excursions of + + align:start position:0% +if you integrate over the excursions of + + + align:start position:0% +if you integrate over the excursions of +that degree of Freedom then essentially + + align:start position:0% +that degree of Freedom then essentially + + + align:start position:0% +that degree of Freedom then essentially +you you capture its full entropic + + align:start position:0% +you you capture its full entropic + + + align:start position:0% +you you capture its full entropic +component and I'll come back to the + + align:start position:0% +component and I'll come back to the + + + align:start position:0% +component and I'll come back to the +distinction between the two but let's + + align:start position:0% +distinction between the two but let's + + + align:start position:0% +distinction between the two but let's +take for example a simple binary solid + + align:start position:0% +take for example a simple binary solid + + + align:start position:0% +take for example a simple binary solid +like that aluminum copper I showed you + + align:start position:0% +like that aluminum copper I showed you + + + align:start position:0% +like that aluminum copper I showed you +you know what are sort of the + + align:start position:0% +you know what are sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +you know what are sort of the +excitations in that system well you know + + align:start position:0% +excitations in that system well you know + + + align:start position:0% +excitations in that system well you know +it's a metal so at the highest level + + align:start position:0% +it's a metal so at the highest level + + + align:start position:0% +it's a metal so at the highest level +there's probably electronic + + align:start position:0% +there's probably electronic + + + align:start position:0% +there's probably electronic +excitations if the firmy level of the of + + align:start position:0% +excitations if the firmy level of the of + + + align:start position:0% +excitations if the firmy level of the of +you know of the system cuts through a + + align:start position:0% +you know of the system cuts through a + + + align:start position:0% +you know of the system cuts through a +band so you have you have density of + + align:start position:0% +band so you have you have density of + + + align:start position:0% +band so you have you have density of +States at the firm level then electrons + + align:start position:0% +States at the firm level then electrons + + + align:start position:0% +States at the firm level then electrons +can get excited across the firm level + + align:start position:0% +can get excited across the firm level + + + align:start position:0% +can get excited across the firm level +okay so that's a form of entropy right + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's a form of entropy right + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's a form of entropy right +there already most of the time we don't + + align:start position:0% +there already most of the time we don't + + + align:start position:0% +there already most of the time we don't +worry about it we that's one that we + + align:start position:0% +worry about it we that's one that we + + + align:start position:0% +worry about it we that's one that we +variationally remove you know you do DFT + + align:start position:0% +variationally remove you know you do DFT + + + align:start position:0% +variationally remove you know you do DFT +and you find the lowest energy State you + + align:start position:0% +and you find the lowest energy State you + + + align:start position:0% +and you find the lowest energy State you +don't say I'm going to integrate over + + align:start position:0% +don't say I'm going to integrate over + + + align:start position:0% +don't say I'm going to integrate over +all the accessible electronic States you + + align:start position:0% +all the accessible electronic States you + + + align:start position:0% +all the accessible electronic States you +find the lowest one um then you have + + align:start position:0% +find the lowest one um then you have + + + align:start position:0% +find the lowest one um then you have +vibrational excitations these are ones + + align:start position:0% +vibrational excitations these are ones + + + align:start position:0% +vibrational excitations these are ones +you can't get around they're essentially + + align:start position:0% +you can't get around they're essentially + + + align:start position:0% +you can't get around they're essentially +present in every material by definition + + align:start position:0% +present in every material by definition + + + align:start position:0% +present in every material by definition +uh you know these live on time scale 10- + + align:start position:0% +uh you know these live on time scale 10- + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know these live on time scale 10- +11 10- 12 + + align:start position:0% +11 10- 12 + + + align:start position:0% +11 10- 12 +10-3 uh seconds and then typically the + + align:start position:0% +10-3 uh seconds and then typically the + + + align:start position:0% +10-3 uh seconds and then typically the +slower one is configurational ones that + + align:start position:0% +slower one is configurational ones that + + + align:start position:0% +slower one is configurational ones that +you have if you have U you know just A + + align:start position:0% +you have if you have U you know just A + + + align:start position:0% +you have if you have U you know just A +and B that they interchange positions + + align:start position:0% +and B that they interchange positions + + + align:start position:0% +and B that they interchange positions +they start giving you + + align:start position:0% +they start giving you + + + align:start position:0% +they start giving you +disorder + + align:start position:0% +disorder + + + align:start position:0% +disorder +um again the reason you can sort of do + + align:start position:0% +um again the reason you can sort of do + + + align:start position:0% +um again the reason you can sort of do +this problem easily is that U this be + + align:start position:0% +this problem easily is that U this be + + + align:start position:0% +this problem easily is that U this be +the perfect Monte Carlo prom remember + + align:start position:0% +the perfect Monte Carlo prom remember + + + align:start position:0% +the perfect Monte Carlo prom remember +just like in that copper nickel example + + align:start position:0% +just like in that copper nickel example + + + align:start position:0% +just like in that copper nickel example +segregation if you could do fast energy + + align:start position:0% +segregation if you could do fast energy + + + align:start position:0% +segregation if you could do fast energy +evaluations you would just do small + + align:start position:0% +evaluations you would just do small + + + align:start position:0% +evaluations you would just do small +displacements to capture the vibrations + + align:start position:0% +displacements to capture the vibrations + + + align:start position:0% +displacements to capture the vibrations +and then you would do big exchanges to + + align:start position:0% +and then you would do big exchanges to + + + align:start position:0% +and then you would do big exchanges to +capture the configurational excitations + + align:start position:0% +capture the configurational excitations + + + align:start position:0% +capture the configurational excitations +but because you need the accuracy you'd + + align:start position:0% +but because you need the accuracy you'd + + + align:start position:0% +but because you need the accuracy you'd +almost need to do it on a DFT + + align:start position:0% +almost need to do it on a DFT + + + align:start position:0% +almost need to do it on a DFT +hamiltonian um now you could say the + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian um now you could say the + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian um now you could say the +vibrational ones you could capture very + + align:start position:0% +vibrational ones you could capture very + + + align:start position:0% +vibrational ones you could capture very +well with molecular + + align:start position:0% +well with molecular + + + align:start position:0% +well with molecular +Dynamics okay you just you know track + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics okay you just you know track + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics okay you just you know track +the displacements of the atoms think + + align:start position:0% +the displacements of the atoms think + + + align:start position:0% +the displacements of the atoms think +about it you know the sort of slower + + align:start position:0% +about it you know the sort of slower + + + align:start position:0% +about it you know the sort of slower +phonons go on the time scale of maybe 10 + + align:start position:0% +phonons go on the time scale of maybe 10 + + + align:start position:0% +phonons go on the time scale of maybe 10 +the- 11 so what is that like that's 10 + + align:start position:0% +the- 11 so what is that like that's 10 + + + align:start position:0% +the- 11 so what is that like that's 10 +pic seconds so you know if you simulate + + align:start position:0% +pic seconds so you know if you simulate + + + align:start position:0% +pic seconds so you know if you simulate +100 Picos seconds in nanc you're going + + align:start position:0% +100 Picos seconds in nanc you're going + + + align:start position:0% +100 Picos seconds in nanc you're going +to start fairly erotically sampling the + + align:start position:0% +to start fairly erotically sampling the + + + align:start position:0% +to start fairly erotically sampling the +vibration so you'd have a pretty good + + align:start position:0% +vibration so you'd have a pretty good + + + align:start position:0% +vibration so you'd have a pretty good +pretty good result for vibrational free + + align:start position:0% +pretty good result for vibrational free + + + align:start position:0% +pretty good result for vibrational free +energy but you never get down to the + + align:start position:0% +energy but you never get down to the + + + align:start position:0% +energy but you never get down to the +configurational time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +scale so how do you solve that problem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um again the idea is + + align:start position:0% +um again the idea is + + + align:start position:0% +um again the idea is +that we integrate over the fast degrees + + align:start position:0% +that we integrate over the fast degrees + + + align:start position:0% +that we integrate over the fast degrees +of freedom and try to define a + + align:start position:0% +of freedom and try to define a + + + align:start position:0% +of freedom and try to define a +hamiltonian that's only defined in the + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian that's only defined in the + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian that's only defined in the +face space of the slow degrees of + + align:start position:0% +face space of the slow degrees of + + + align:start position:0% +face space of the slow degrees of +freedom okay and the question is that is + + align:start position:0% +freedom okay and the question is that is + + + align:start position:0% +freedom okay and the question is that is +how accurate can we do this um so I'm + + align:start position:0% +how accurate can we do this um so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +how accurate can we do this um so I'm +going to focus on this alloy problem + + align:start position:0% +going to focus on this alloy problem + + + align:start position:0% +going to focus on this alloy problem +just so that we keep our Focus so what I + + align:start position:0% +just so that we keep our Focus so what I + + + align:start position:0% +just so that we keep our Focus so what I +want to get to is a Hamilton that that's + + align:start position:0% +want to get to is a Hamilton that that's + + + align:start position:0% +want to get to is a Hamilton that that's +that has integrated away the electronic + + align:start position:0% +that has integrated away the electronic + + + align:start position:0% +that has integrated away the electronic +excitations the vibrational excitations + + align:start position:0% +excitations the vibrational excitations + + + align:start position:0% +excitations the vibrational excitations +and therefore that just lives in the + + align:start position:0% +and therefore that just lives in the + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore that just lives in the +phase space of the substitutional + + align:start position:0% +phase space of the substitutional + + + align:start position:0% +phase space of the substitutional +excitations which is a much smaller phas + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +space + + align:start position:0% +space + + + align:start position:0% +space +okay let me sort of show you the math + + align:start position:0% +okay let me sort of show you the math + + + align:start position:0% +okay let me sort of show you the math +um if you think of you know think of a + + align:start position:0% +um if you think of you know think of a + + + align:start position:0% +um if you think of you know think of a +crystal of A and B atoms + + align:start position:0% +crystal of A and B atoms + + + align:start position:0% +crystal of A and B atoms +they may live on a latus but of course + + align:start position:0% +they may live on a latus but of course + + + align:start position:0% +they may live on a latus but of course +they can be displaced from the lce just + + align:start position:0% +they can be displaced from the lce just + + + align:start position:0% +they can be displaced from the lce just +through relax static relaxation but also + + align:start position:0% +through relax static relaxation but also + + + align:start position:0% +through relax static relaxation but also +through vibrational excursions so + + align:start position:0% +through vibrational excursions so + + + align:start position:0% +through vibrational excursions so +normally you could Define that system + + align:start position:0% +normally you could Define that system + + + align:start position:0% +normally you could Define that system +just by a set of coordinate vectors okay + + align:start position:0% +just by a set of coordinate vectors okay + + + align:start position:0% +just by a set of coordinate vectors okay +if I have n atoms I need n coordinate + + align:start position:0% +if I have n atoms I need n coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +if I have n atoms I need n coordinate +vectors I'm going to change the way I + + align:start position:0% +vectors I'm going to change the way I + + + align:start position:0% +vectors I'm going to change the way I +characterize that system by first a lce + + align:start position:0% +characterize that system by first a lce + + + align:start position:0% +characterize that system by first a lce +index so this is a topological Index + + align:start position:0% +index so this is a topological Index + + + align:start position:0% +index so this is a topological Index +this is essentially you know if I have a + + align:start position:0% +this is essentially you know if I have a + + + align:start position:0% +this is essentially you know if I have a +crystalline material mat I can start + + align:start position:0% +crystalline material mat I can start + + + align:start position:0% +crystalline material mat I can start +indexing the possible sides in that + + align:start position:0% +indexing the possible sides in that + + + align:start position:0% +indexing the possible sides in that +material so I will be the + + align:start position:0% +material so I will be the + + + align:start position:0% +material so I will be the +index of these possible latus sites and + + align:start position:0% +index of these possible latus sites and + + + align:start position:0% +index of these possible latus sites and +Delta R will be the displacement from + + align:start position:0% +Delta R will be the displacement from + + + align:start position:0% +Delta R will be the displacement from +these latus sites okay so do you agree + + align:start position:0% +these latus sites okay so do you agree + + + align:start position:0% +these latus sites okay so do you agree +that the the combination of these two is + + align:start position:0% +that the the combination of these two is + + + align:start position:0% +that the the combination of these two is +essentially the same as having a full + + align:start position:0% +essentially the same as having a full + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the same as having a full +coordinate okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now the set of indices I I'm going to to + + align:start position:0% +now the set of indices I I'm going to to + + + align:start position:0% +now the set of indices I I'm going to to +represent essentially by a latus model + + align:start position:0% +represent essentially by a latus model + + + align:start position:0% +represent essentially by a latus model +so the set of indices I is essentially + + align:start position:0% +so the set of indices I is essentially + + + align:start position:0% +so the set of indices I is essentially +saying you know at each lce point or or + + align:start position:0% +saying you know at each lce point or or + + + align:start position:0% +saying you know at each lce point or or +around there because the atom doesn't + + align:start position:0% +around there because the atom doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +around there because the atom doesn't +exactly have to sit there but around + + align:start position:0% +exactly have to sit there but around + + + align:start position:0% +exactly have to sit there but around +there you know is it an A or a B there + + align:start position:0% +there you know is it an A or a B there + + + align:start position:0% +there you know is it an A or a B there +so the variables to describe that are + + align:start position:0% +so the variables to describe that are + + + align:start position:0% +so the variables to describe that are +the same variables as a spin model or a + + align:start position:0% +the same variables as a spin model or a + + + align:start position:0% +the same variables as a spin model or a +latus model it's a binary problem now + + align:start position:0% +latus model it's a binary problem now + + + align:start position:0% +latus model it's a binary problem now +okay so the question is at I you know is + + align:start position:0% +okay so the question is at I you know is + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the question is at I you know is +it a or + + align:start position:0% +it a or + + + align:start position:0% +it a or +b but again I don't need to specify that + + align:start position:0% +b but again I don't need to specify that + + + align:start position:0% +b but again I don't need to specify that +the atom exactly sits at A or B that I + + align:start position:0% +the atom exactly sits at A or B that I + + + align:start position:0% +the atom exactly sits at A or B that I +specify by the displacements the Delta + + align:start position:0% +specify by the displacements the Delta + + + align:start position:0% +specify by the displacements the Delta +RS okay so what I've done is I've + + align:start position:0% +RS okay so what I've done is I've + + + align:start position:0% +RS okay so what I've done is I've +separated variables that give me the + + align:start position:0% +separated variables that give me the + + + align:start position:0% +separated variables that give me the +configurational topology from the + + align:start position:0% +configurational topology from the + + + align:start position:0% +configurational topology from the +variables that gives me the excursions + + align:start position:0% +variables that gives me the excursions + + + align:start position:0% +variables that gives me the excursions +away from the ideal Attis + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +side and now you see where I'm going I'm + + align:start position:0% +side and now you see where I'm going I'm + + + align:start position:0% +side and now you see where I'm going I'm +going to integrate over the + + align:start position:0% +going to integrate over the + + + align:start position:0% +going to integrate over the +excursions and then retain something + + align:start position:0% +excursions and then retain something + + + align:start position:0% +excursions and then retain something +that's only uh exists in the space of + + align:start position:0% +that's only uh exists in the space of + + + align:start position:0% +that's only uh exists in the space of +the configurational degrees of freedom + + align:start position:0% +the configurational degrees of freedom + + + align:start position:0% +the configurational degrees of freedom +okay here we go um so the partition + + align:start position:0% +okay here we go um so the partition + + + align:start position:0% +okay here we go um so the partition +function is the sum overall States so + + align:start position:0% +function is the sum overall States so + + + align:start position:0% +function is the sum overall States so +again the sum overall States you would + + align:start position:0% +again the sum overall States you would + + + align:start position:0% +again the sum overall States you would +have normally be the sum overall vectors + + align:start position:0% +have normally be the sum overall vectors + + + align:start position:0% +have normally be the sum overall vectors +but I'm going to write that as the sum + + align:start position:0% +but I'm going to write that as the sum + + + align:start position:0% +but I'm going to write that as the sum +overall configurational States and then + + align:start position:0% +overall configurational States and then + + + align:start position:0% +overall configurational States and then +the sum overall displacement states + + align:start position:0% +the sum overall displacement states + + + align:start position:0% +the sum overall displacement states +which I've called new so new is the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +set of Delta + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +RIS and so the energy depends on both + + align:start position:0% +RIS and so the energy depends on both + + + align:start position:0% +RIS and so the energy depends on both +variables okay now what I'm going to do + + align:start position:0% +variables okay now what I'm going to do + + + align:start position:0% +variables okay now what I'm going to do +is I'm going to essentially assume I can + + align:start position:0% +is I'm going to essentially assume I can + + + align:start position:0% +is I'm going to essentially assume I can +do this integration and we can we'll + + align:start position:0% +do this integration and we can we'll + + + align:start position:0% +do this integration and we can we'll +talk in a second about how you can do + + align:start position:0% +talk in a second about how you can do + + + align:start position:0% +talk in a second about how you can do +that so I'm only going to do the sum + + align:start position:0% +that so I'm only going to do the sum + + + align:start position:0% +that so I'm only going to do the sum +over the displacement but for a given + + align:start position:0% +over the displacement but for a given + + + align:start position:0% +over the displacement but for a given +configuration state so what does that + + align:start position:0% +configuration state so what does that + + + align:start position:0% +configuration state so what does that +practically mean that means that I'm + + align:start position:0% +practically mean that means that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +practically mean that means that I'm +integrating the face space of a fixed + + align:start position:0% +integrating the face space of a fixed + + + align:start position:0% +integrating the face space of a fixed +topology but allowing the atoms to sort + + align:start position:0% +topology but allowing the atoms to sort + + + align:start position:0% +topology but allowing the atoms to sort +of vibrate around their uh average + + align:start position:0% +of vibrate around their uh average + + + align:start position:0% +of vibrate around their uh average +positions that's essentially what I'm + + align:start position:0% +positions that's essentially what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +positions that's essentially what I'm +doing so essentially I'm capturing in + + align:start position:0% +doing so essentially I'm capturing in + + + align:start position:0% +doing so essentially I'm capturing in +that integral the vibrational free + + align:start position:0% +that integral the vibrational free + + + align:start position:0% +that integral the vibrational free +energy component for a given + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +configuration and so I'm going to Define + + align:start position:0% +configuration and so I'm going to Define + + + align:start position:0% +configuration and so I'm going to Define +so this is that integral we talked + + align:start position:0% +so this is that integral we talked + + + align:start position:0% +so this is that integral we talked +about so I'm going to give that a free + + align:start position:0% +about so I'm going to give that a free + + + align:start position:0% +about so I'm going to give that a free +energy which is just the logarithm of + + align:start position:0% +energy which is just the logarithm of + + + align:start position:0% +energy which is just the logarithm of +that and then just you know if I + + align:start position:0% +that and then just you know if I + + + align:start position:0% +that and then just you know if I +substitute that in + + align:start position:0% +substitute that in + + + align:start position:0% +substitute that in +here you see that what I end up + + align:start position:0% +here you see that what I end up + + + align:start position:0% +here you see that what I end up +with is + + align:start position:0% +with is + + + align:start position:0% +with is +this and this is kind of important what + + align:start position:0% +this and this is kind of important what + + + align:start position:0% +this and this is kind of important what +do I have I have the partition function + + align:start position:0% +do I have I have the partition function + + + align:start position:0% +do I have I have the partition function +of a lus model I have a partition + + align:start position:0% +of a lus model I have a partition + + + align:start position:0% +of a lus model I have a partition +function that only sums over different + + align:start position:0% +function that only sums over different + + + align:start position:0% +function that only sums over different +apologies it only sums over different + + align:start position:0% +apologies it only sums over different + + + align:start position:0% +apologies it only sums over different +configurational + + align:start position:0% +configurational + + + align:start position:0% +configurational +states okay so I've reduced the phase + + align:start position:0% +states okay so I've reduced the phase + + + align:start position:0% +states okay so I've reduced the phase +space I'm not summing over vibrational + + align:start position:0% +space I'm not summing over vibrational + + + align:start position:0% +space I'm not summing over vibrational +States anymore I've integrated them but + + align:start position:0% +States anymore I've integrated them but + + + align:start position:0% +States anymore I've integrated them but +what is the quantity I'm summing this is + + align:start position:0% +what is the quantity I'm summing this is + + + align:start position:0% +what is the quantity I'm summing this is +the important thing the quantity I'm + + align:start position:0% +the important thing the quantity I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the important thing the quantity I'm +summing is not the energy it's the free + + align:start position:0% +summing is not the energy it's the free + + + align:start position:0% +summing is not the energy it's the free +energy of the vibrations + + align:start position:0% +energy of the vibrations + + + align:start position:0% +energy of the vibrations +essentially okay so as you co grain in + + align:start position:0% +essentially okay so as you co grain in + + + align:start position:0% +essentially okay so as you co grain in +time your hamiltonian at the slower time + + align:start position:0% +time your hamiltonian at the slower time + + + align:start position:0% +time your hamiltonian at the slower time +scale is essentially the free energy of + + align:start position:0% +scale is essentially the free energy of + + + align:start position:0% +scale is essentially the free energy of +the faster time scale okay by S because + + align:start position:0% +the faster time scale okay by S because + + + align:start position:0% +the faster time scale okay by S because +you successively integrate so in essence + + align:start position:0% +you successively integrate so in essence + + + align:start position:0% +you successively integrate so in essence +if some over lce model States you know I + + align:start position:0% +if some over lce model States you know I + + + align:start position:0% +if some over lce model States you know I +put A's and B's on different lce + + align:start position:0% +put A's and B's on different lce + + + align:start position:0% +put A's and B's on different lce +positions what this is telling you is + + align:start position:0% +positions what this is telling you is + + + align:start position:0% +positions what this is telling you is +that the quantity that's my Hamilton is + + align:start position:0% +that the quantity that's my Hamilton is + + + align:start position:0% +that the quantity that's my Hamilton is +not the energy of that state it's the + + align:start position:0% +not the energy of that state it's the + + + align:start position:0% +not the energy of that state it's the +vibrational free energy of that state so + + align:start position:0% +vibrational free energy of that state so + + + align:start position:0% +vibrational free energy of that state so +if I take that as my + + align:start position:0% +if I take that as my + + + align:start position:0% +if I take that as my +hamiltonian and then I do this partition + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian and then I do this partition + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian and then I do this partition +function I will essentially have an + + align:start position:0% +function I will essentially have an + + + align:start position:0% +function I will essentially have an +exact result I will have the exact + + align:start position:0% +exact result I will have the exact + + + align:start position:0% +exact result I will have the exact +partition function of the + + align:start position:0% +partition function of the + + + align:start position:0% +partition function of the +system okay and that's pretty amazing + + align:start position:0% +system okay and that's pretty amazing + + + align:start position:0% +system okay and that's pretty amazing +because I've I've really sort of + + align:start position:0% +because I've I've really sort of + + + align:start position:0% +because I've I've really sort of +separate at the time scale integrate + + align:start position:0% +separate at the time scale integrate + + + align:start position:0% +separate at the time scale integrate +over them separately but I get what's + + align:start position:0% +over them separately but I get what's + + + align:start position:0% +over them separately but I get what's +essentially still it's an not an it's an + + align:start position:0% +essentially still it's an not an it's an + + + align:start position:0% +essentially still it's an not an it's an +almost exact result because let's say + + align:start position:0% +almost exact result because let's say + + + align:start position:0% +almost exact result because let's say +I'm going to do it this way so let's say + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do it this way so let's say + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do it this way so let's say +on this I do mon the + + align:start position:0% +on this I do mon the + + + align:start position:0% +on this I do mon the +Cara what's there is a small assumption + + align:start position:0% +Cara what's there is a small assumption + + + align:start position:0% +Cara what's there is a small assumption +that I've made in all of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this think of the physical picture + + align:start position:0% +this think of the physical picture + + + align:start position:0% +this think of the physical picture +here I um I essentially what I'm saying + + align:start position:0% +here I um I essentially what I'm saying + + + align:start position:0% +here I um I essentially what I'm saying +is that you know you know I got these + + align:start position:0% +is that you know you know I got these + + + align:start position:0% +is that you know you know I got these +A's and B's sitting on you know you + + align:start position:0% +A's and B's sitting on you know you + + + align:start position:0% +A's and B's sitting on you know you +can't call them exactly Lite but they're + + align:start position:0% +can't call them exactly Lite but they're + + + align:start position:0% +can't call them exactly Lite but they're +associated with a given Lite they may be + + align:start position:0% +associated with a given Lite they may be + + + align:start position:0% +associated with a given Lite they may be +displaced from it and they sort of + + align:start position:0% +displaced from it and they sort of + + + align:start position:0% +displaced from it and they sort of +vibrate around and I integrate that + + align:start position:0% +vibrate around and I integrate that + + + align:start position:0% +vibrate around and I integrate that +those vibrations to get the vibrational + + align:start position:0% +those vibrations to get the vibrational + + + align:start position:0% +those vibrations to get the vibrational +free energy and then sort of once in a + + align:start position:0% +free energy and then sort of once in a + + + align:start position:0% +free energy and then sort of once in a +while they hop exchange and got that if + + align:start position:0% +while they hop exchange and got that if + + + align:start position:0% +while they hop exchange and got that if +I sample that that gives me the the free + + align:start position:0% +I sample that that gives me the the free + + + align:start position:0% +I sample that that gives me the the free +energy coming from that slower time + + align:start position:0% +energy coming from that slower time + + + align:start position:0% +energy coming from that slower time +scale there's one assumption I've made + + align:start position:0% +scale there's one assumption I've made + + + align:start position:0% +scale there's one assumption I've made +in all of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this and sort of a subtle one + + align:start position:0% +this and sort of a subtle one + + + align:start position:0% +this and sort of a subtle one +but I've essentially assumed that the + + align:start position:0% +but I've essentially assumed that the + + + align:start position:0% +but I've essentially assumed that the +time scales are + + align:start position:0% +time scales are + + + align:start position:0% +time scales are +uncoupled and and here you have to be + + align:start position:0% +uncoupled and and here you have to be + + + align:start position:0% +uncoupled and and here you have to be +careful with what I say I say the time + + align:start position:0% +careful with what I say I say the time + + + align:start position:0% +careful with what I say I say the time +scales are uncoupled I don't mean the + + align:start position:0% +scales are uncoupled I don't mean the + + + align:start position:0% +scales are uncoupled I don't mean the +energetics is uncoupled + + align:start position:0% +energetics is uncoupled + + + align:start position:0% +energetics is uncoupled +obviously the vibrational free energy + + align:start position:0% +obviously the vibrational free energy + + + align:start position:0% +obviously the vibrational free energy +depends on the configuration if I + + align:start position:0% +depends on the configuration if I + + + align:start position:0% +depends on the configuration if I +arrange the atoms over differently over + + align:start position:0% +arrange the atoms over differently over + + + align:start position:0% +arrange the atoms over differently over +the lze I get a different vibrational + + align:start position:0% +the lze I get a different vibrational + + + align:start position:0% +the lze I get a different vibrational +free energy that's not the problem I've + + align:start position:0% +free energy that's not the problem I've + + + align:start position:0% +free energy that's not the problem I've +assumed that you can define a free + + align:start position:0% +assumed that you can define a free + + + align:start position:0% +assumed that you can define a free +energy okay okay that this thing exists + + align:start position:0% +energy okay okay that this thing exists + + + align:start position:0% +energy okay okay that this thing exists +so what does that physically mean what I + + align:start position:0% +so what does that physically mean what I + + + align:start position:0% +so what does that physically mean what I +assume is that for a given lce State + + align:start position:0% +assume is that for a given lce State + + + align:start position:0% +assume is that for a given lce State +lest model State the system actually + + align:start position:0% +lest model State the system actually + + + align:start position:0% +lest model State the system actually +Waits long enough before it goes to the + + align:start position:0% +Waits long enough before it goes to the + + + align:start position:0% +Waits long enough before it goes to the +next one if it actually only did like + + align:start position:0% +next one if it actually only did like + + + align:start position:0% +next one if it actually only did like +you know one vibration and Bam it goes + + align:start position:0% +you know one vibration and Bam it goes + + + align:start position:0% +you know one vibration and Bam it goes +to the other one then the system is not + + align:start position:0% +to the other one then the system is not + + + align:start position:0% +to the other one then the system is not +arotic in its vibration and what that + + align:start position:0% +arotic in its vibration and what that + + + align:start position:0% +arotic in its vibration and what that +means is essentially it doesn't sample + + align:start position:0% +means is essentially it doesn't sample + + + align:start position:0% +means is essentially it doesn't sample +all its vibrations before it goes on to + + align:start position:0% +all its vibrations before it goes on to + + + align:start position:0% +all its vibrations before it goes on to +the next + + align:start position:0% +the next + + + align:start position:0% +the next +one so it's the fact that I can separate + + align:start position:0% +one so it's the fact that I can separate + + + align:start position:0% +one so it's the fact that I can separate +the excitations that really allows me to + + align:start position:0% +the excitations that really allows me to + + + align:start position:0% +the excitations that really allows me to +do this now in most materials this is no + + align:start position:0% +do this now in most materials this is no + + + align:start position:0% +do this now in most materials this is no +problem whatsoever I mean you know so + + align:start position:0% +problem whatsoever I mean you know so + + + align:start position:0% +problem whatsoever I mean you know so +vibrations again these are time scale 10 + + align:start position:0% +vibrations again these are time scale 10 + + + align:start position:0% +vibrations again these are time scale 10 +to- 11 10us 13 kind of range um the + + align:start position:0% +to- 11 10us 13 kind of range um the + + + align:start position:0% +to- 11 10us 13 kind of range um the +exchanges between atoms on LS that + + align:start position:0% +exchanges between atoms on LS that + + + align:start position:0% +exchanges between atoms on LS that +depends on the diffusion + + align:start position:0% +depends on the diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +depends on the diffusion +constant but you're going to be sort of + + align:start position:0% +constant but you're going to be sort of + + + align:start position:0% +constant but you're going to be sort of +hard pressed to find any solid Weare + + align:start position:0% +hard pressed to find any solid Weare + + + align:start position:0% +hard pressed to find any solid Weare +that happens faster than of a rate of + + align:start position:0% +that happens faster than of a rate of + + + align:start position:0% +that happens faster than of a rate of +say you know 10 to the four per second + + align:start position:0% +say you know 10 to the four per second + + + align:start position:0% +say you know 10 to the four per second +for example 10 the 4 10 the 5th per + + align:start position:0% +for example 10 the 4 10 the 5th per + + + align:start position:0% +for example 10 the 4 10 the 5th per +second that's really fast diffusion that + + align:start position:0% +second that's really fast diffusion that + + + align:start position:0% +second that's really fast diffusion that +gives you diffusion constants of like 10 + + align:start position:0% +gives you diffusion constants of like 10 + + + align:start position:0% +gives you diffusion constants of like 10 +Theus 7 10us 8 which are very high + + align:start position:0% +Theus 7 10us 8 which are very high + + + align:start position:0% +Theus 7 10us 8 which are very high +extremely high um so you know at room + + align:start position:0% +extremely high um so you know at room + + + align:start position:0% +extremely high um so you know at room +temperature for a lot of like say for + + align:start position:0% +temperature for a lot of like say for + + + align:start position:0% +temperature for a lot of like say for +Metals this is well below one hop per + + align:start position:0% +Metals this is well below one hop per + + + align:start position:0% +Metals this is well below one hop per +second uh F fast conductors you start to + + align:start position:0% +second uh F fast conductors you start to + + + align:start position:0% +second uh F fast conductors you start to +get to a few hops per second at room + + align:start position:0% +get to a few hops per second at room + + + align:start position:0% +get to a few hops per second at room +temperature then of course if you go + + align:start position:0% +temperature then of course if you go + + + align:start position:0% +temperature then of course if you go +higher temperature goes faster but + + align:start position:0% +higher temperature goes faster but + + + align:start position:0% +higher temperature goes faster but +almost always are these time scales + + align:start position:0% +almost always are these time scales + + + align:start position:0% +almost always are these time scales +extremely well separ separated um you + + align:start position:0% +extremely well separ separated um you + + + align:start position:0% +extremely well separ separated um you +know places where they might not be it's + + align:start position:0% +know places where they might not be it's + + + align:start position:0% +know places where they might not be it's +like Fast proton motion they might not + + align:start position:0% +like Fast proton motion they might not + + + align:start position:0% +like Fast proton motion they might not +be very well separated and then this + + align:start position:0% +be very well separated and then this + + + align:start position:0% +be very well separated and then this +stuff breaks down but remember if they + + align:start position:0% +stuff breaks down but remember if they + + + align:start position:0% +stuff breaks down but remember if they +move that fast you should just do + + align:start position:0% +move that fast you should just do + + + align:start position:0% +move that fast you should just do +molecular Dynamics because then it's + + align:start position:0% +molecular Dynamics because then it's + + + align:start position:0% +molecular Dynamics because then it's +within the range it's well within the + + align:start position:0% +within the range it's well within the + + + align:start position:0% +within the range it's well within the +scope of molecular Dynamics and that's + + align:start position:0% +scope of molecular Dynamics and that's + + + align:start position:0% +scope of molecular Dynamics and that's +the perfect Approach at that + + align:start position:0% +the perfect Approach at that + + + align:start position:0% +the perfect Approach at that +point okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay let me do one more thing and then + + align:start position:0% +okay let me do one more thing and then + + + align:start position:0% +okay let me do one more thing and then +um stop um there's a variety of + + align:start position:0% +um stop um there's a variety of + + + align:start position:0% +um stop um there's a variety of +approximations you can do + + align:start position:0% +approximations you can do + + + align:start position:0% +approximations you can do +um if + + align:start position:0% +um if + + + align:start position:0% +um if +remember that your hamiltonan in in your + + align:start position:0% +remember that your hamiltonan in in your + + + align:start position:0% +remember that your hamiltonan in in your +latus model should be the free energy of + + align:start position:0% +latus model should be the free energy of + + + align:start position:0% +latus model should be the free energy of +the higher order States uh which are + + align:start position:0% +the higher order States uh which are + + + align:start position:0% +the higher order States uh which are +essentially the vibrational and the + + align:start position:0% +essentially the vibrational and the + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the vibrational and the +electronic excitations that you've + + align:start position:0% +electronic excitations that you've + + + align:start position:0% +electronic excitations that you've +removed um now in some cases people say + + align:start position:0% +removed um now in some cases people say + + + align:start position:0% +removed um now in some cases people say +I don't want to do all that + + align:start position:0% +I don't want to do all that + + + align:start position:0% +I don't want to do all that +work of integrating over the electronic + + align:start position:0% +work of integrating over the electronic + + + align:start position:0% +work of integrating over the electronic +States and integrating over the + + align:start position:0% +States and integrating over the + + + align:start position:0% +States and integrating over the +vibrational States I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +vibrational States I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +vibrational States I'm going to +variationally remove them which means + + align:start position:0% +variationally remove them which means + + + align:start position:0% +variationally remove them which means +I'm going to find the lowest energy + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to find the lowest energy + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to find the lowest energy +electronic States and the lowest energy + + align:start position:0% +electronic States and the lowest energy + + + align:start position:0% +electronic States and the lowest energy +displacement State Delta RI State okay + + align:start position:0% +displacement State Delta RI State okay + + + align:start position:0% +displacement State Delta RI State okay +so how you do that practically well you + + align:start position:0% +so how you do that practically well you + + + align:start position:0% +so how you do that practically well you +take an arrangement of atoms and you + + align:start position:0% +take an arrangement of atoms and you + + + align:start position:0% +take an arrangement of atoms and you +just relax them both the electronic + + align:start position:0% +just relax them both the electronic + + + align:start position:0% +just relax them both the electronic +State and the positions to the minimum + + align:start position:0% +State and the positions to the minimum + + + align:start position:0% +State and the positions to the minimum +energy and that gives you some e + + align:start position:0% +energy and that gives you some e + + + align:start position:0% +energy and that gives you some e +value so what it essentially is is if + + align:start position:0% +value so what it essentially is is if + + + align:start position:0% +value so what it essentially is is if +you think of the f as the free energy + + align:start position:0% +you think of the f as the free energy + + + align:start position:0% +you think of the f as the free energy +over an ensemble the E you take is the + + align:start position:0% +over an ensemble the E you take is the + + + align:start position:0% +over an ensemble the E you take is the +lowest energy value in that + + align:start position:0% +lowest energy value in that + + + align:start position:0% +lowest energy value in that +Ensemble so if you do that and then you + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble so if you do that and then you + + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble so if you do that and then you +stick that in mon the car what you have + + align:start position:0% +stick that in mon the car what you have + + + align:start position:0% +stick that in mon the car what you have +you have proper energetics and you only + + align:start position:0% +you have proper energetics and you only + + + align:start position:0% +you have proper energetics and you only +have configurational entropy because + + align:start position:0% +have configurational entropy because + + + align:start position:0% +have configurational entropy because +rather than integrating over the + + align:start position:0% +rather than integrating over the + + + align:start position:0% +rather than integrating over the +vibrations and the electronic States + + align:start position:0% +vibrations and the electronic States + + + align:start position:0% +vibrations and the electronic States +you've taken the minimal State out of + + align:start position:0% +you've taken the minimal State out of + + + align:start position:0% +you've taken the minimal State out of +that sub onong okay so you don't + + align:start position:0% +that sub onong okay so you don't + + + align:start position:0% +that sub onong okay so you don't +integrate over it that means essentially + + align:start position:0% +integrate over it that means essentially + + + align:start position:0% +integrate over it that means essentially +your simp your system hasn't sampled + + align:start position:0% +your simp your system hasn't sampled + + + align:start position:0% +your simp your system hasn't sampled +excursions for those variables so you + + align:start position:0% +excursions for those variables so you + + + align:start position:0% +excursions for those variables so you +don't have entropy from those variables + + align:start position:0% +don't have entropy from those variables + + + align:start position:0% +don't have entropy from those variables +okay um and then you can do all kinds of + + align:start position:0% +okay um and then you can do all kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +okay um and then you can do all kinds of +approximation you know you can say well + + align:start position:0% +approximation you know you can say well + + + align:start position:0% +approximation you know you can say well +you know I don't care about the + + align:start position:0% +you know I don't care about the + + + align:start position:0% +you know I don't care about the +vibrations I think that's too much work + + align:start position:0% +vibrations I think that's too much work + + + align:start position:0% +vibrations I think that's too much work +I'm going to just get the electronic + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to just get the electronic + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to just get the electronic +entropy and one of the reasons + + align:start position:0% +entropy and one of the reasons + + + align:start position:0% +entropy and one of the reasons +electronic entropy in metals is easy any + + align:start position:0% +electronic entropy in metals is easy any + + + align:start position:0% +electronic entropy in metals is easy any +time you have delocalized States you can + + align:start position:0% +time you have delocalized States you can + + + align:start position:0% +time you have delocalized States you can +write as a simple integral over the + + align:start position:0% +write as a simple integral over the + + + align:start position:0% +write as a simple integral over the +density of states which you often have + + align:start position:0% +density of states which you often have + + + align:start position:0% +density of states which you often have +when you do density functional Theory so + + align:start position:0% +when you do density functional Theory so + + + align:start position:0% +when you do density functional Theory so +if you say I'm going to take the minimal + + align:start position:0% +if you say I'm going to take the minimal + + + align:start position:0% +if you say I'm going to take the minimal +energy and the electronic entropy well + + align:start position:0% +energy and the electronic entropy well + + + align:start position:0% +energy and the electronic entropy well +then when you after you've done your + + align:start position:0% +then when you after you've done your + + + align:start position:0% +then when you after you've done your +Monte Carlo you have configurational + + align:start position:0% +Monte Carlo you have configurational + + + align:start position:0% +Monte Carlo you have configurational +entropy and electronic entropy and then + + align:start position:0% +entropy and electronic entropy and then + + + align:start position:0% +entropy and electronic entropy and then +if you want to go all the way you know I + + align:start position:0% +if you want to go all the way you know I + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to go all the way you know I +rather than minimizing the energy you + + align:start position:0% +rather than minimizing the energy you + + + align:start position:0% +rather than minimizing the energy you +integrate over the displacement then + + align:start position:0% +integrate over the displacement then + + + align:start position:0% +integrate over the displacement then +you're going to get the vibrational + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get the vibrational + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get the vibrational +entropy component as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well okay um I'm going to stop here + + align:start position:0% +well okay um I'm going to stop here + + + align:start position:0% +well okay um I'm going to stop here +because the rest is going to take us a + + align:start position:0% +because the rest is going to take us a + + + align:start position:0% +because the rest is going to take us a +little too long and so uh I'll pick some + + align:start position:0% +little too long and so uh I'll pick some + + + align:start position:0% +little too long and so uh I'll pick some +of this up again it's unfortunately + + align:start position:0% +of this up again it's unfortunately + + + align:start position:0% +of this up again it's unfortunately +almost two weeks away from now I think + + align:start position:0% +almost two weeks away from now I think + + + align:start position:0% +almost two weeks away from now I think +because like I said so Tuesday is no + + align:start position:0% +because like I said so Tuesday is no + + + align:start position:0% +because like I said so Tuesday is no +lecture Thursday oh wait Thursday is you + + align:start position:0% +lecture Thursday oh wait Thursday is you + + + align:start position:0% +lecture Thursday oh wait Thursday is you +no + + align:start position:0% +no + + + align:start position:0% +no +yeah so actually Thursday is a lecture + + align:start position:0% +yeah so actually Thursday is a lecture + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so actually Thursday is a lecture +by professor marar and then it's the + + align:start position:0% +by professor marar and then it's the + + + align:start position:0% +by professor marar and then it's the +next Tuesday is the lab and then + + align:start position:0% +next Tuesday is the lab and then + + + align:start position:0% +next Tuesday is the lab and then +Thursday after that I pick this up again + + align:start position:0% +Thursday after that I pick this up again + + + align:start position:0% +Thursday after that I pick this up again +and and then I think we're in May or + + align:start position:0% +and and then I think we're in May or + + + align:start position:0% +and and then I think we're in May or +something and we're it's almost over um + + align:start position:0% +something and we're it's almost over um + + + align:start position:0% +something and we're it's almost over um +anyway so have a good uh What is this + + align:start position:0% +anyway so have a good uh What is this + + + align:start position:0% +anyway so have a good uh What is this +holiday again Patriots Day no Patriots + + align:start position:0% +holiday again Patriots Day no Patriots + + + align:start position:0% +holiday again Patriots Day no Patriots +Day okay watch the marathon \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/U0xlKuFqCuI.txt b/U0xlKuFqCuI.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ea03d84dbe2e10407433aedb2e7b12587b147f2d --- /dev/null +++ b/U0xlKuFqCuI.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1280 @@ +GILBERT STRANG: OK, what I want +to do today is show you + +two different ways that +derivatives are used. + +In one of them, the problem is +to find a close approximation + +to the value f at a point x. + +f of x. + +The second application +is to solve an + +equation, where often-- + +and I use a different letter, +capital F, just because it's a + +different function and there +will be different + +examples for this one. + +So I just chose capital F +to keep them separate. + +This is the problem of +solving an equation. + +And Newton had an idea and +it's survived all these + +centuries and it's still +the good way. + +OK, what's this based +on, both of them? + +That's the point. + +They're both based +on the same idea. + +Suppose at a point, which is +near the x we want, or near + +the solution to this problem, at +some point, let me call it + +a, suppose we know the slope, +the derivative, at that point. + +So I'm using f prime +for the derivative. + +At that point, well, we know +what the definition is. + +But I'm also supposing that +we've got that number. + +And now I want to use this +knowledge of the slope at that + +nearby point a to come close to +the solution, the f of x, + +or the x there. + +OK, well you remember this is +delta f divided by delta x. + +You recognize that before we +take the limit this is two + +nearby points, delta x apart. + +Their values, the values +of f at those points. + +It's the change in f divided +by the change in x-- + +that's what the derivative +is-- + +as one point approaches +the point a + +where we know the slope. + +Here's the idea. + +I'm just going to erase +that stuff. + +Well, now I won't have an +equal sign anymore. + +I'll have an approximately +equal. + +So the slope-- + +this is delta f over delta x-- + +is not the same as df +dx, which is this. + +But if x is close to a this will +normally be close to the + +correct slope, the instant +slope at the point. + +I'm just going to use this +approximation to find a good + +approximation for f of x. + +So in this application on the +left I know the x and I want + +to find what is f +at that point? + +So I look at this. + +I multiply up by x minus a. + +I move the f of a to +the other side. + +And what do I have? + +I still have an approximation +sign. + +So when I move the f of a to the +other side, there it is. + +And then, the other part is x +minus a times f prime at a. + +That's my formula. + +Let me just talk about that +formula for a minute and then + +give examples. + +What that says is that if I want +to find the value of f at + +a nearby point, a good thing +to do is use this linear + +approximation. + +I use the word "linear" +because the graph + +of that is a line. + +I'm following a straight line +instead of following the + +curved graph. + +That's the message of +today's lecture. + +Follow the line. + +So it's a line. + +It starts out at the correct +point at x equal a. + +It has the corrects slope +f prime of a. + +And if I don't go too far +that line won't be too + +far from the curve. + +Good. + +You'll see it now in examples. + +Let me get the corresponding +idea here. + +Now I have to remember to use +capital F. So let me create + +the formula that helps to solve, +approximately solves, + +this equation. + +What's the difference? + +Now x is what I'm looking for. + +x is what I'm looking for and +F of x is what I know. + +I know it's to be 0. + +So I'm going to use this with +capital F. I know F of x + +should be 0 and x +is the unknown. + +So can I just move that equation +around again to get + +an equation? + +I'll bring the x minus +a up as I did before. + +And I have to use an +approximation sign as always. + +The F of x is 0, so I have minus +F of a, and then I'm + +dividing by F prime of a. + +There you have it. + +That is Newton's insight. + +Newton and then somebody named +Raphson helped out, made it + +work for general functions. + +And once again, I forgot. + +I should be using +capital F there. + +Because in the right side of +the board I'm calling the + +function capital F. This is the +little movement of x away + +from a, which will bring us +closer to the answer. + +You'll see is this formula +work in a picture. + +So I'm ready for an example +starting with approximation. + +So here's my problem. + +Here's my example. + +Find the square root of-- + +so my problem is going to be +find the square root or + +approximate square root of 9. + +I'm going to shift away +from 9 a little bit. + +9.06. + +OK, how does that fit +this example? + +My function is the square root +function, x to the 1/2. + +It's derivative, f prime. + +I know the derivative of +that is 1/2 x to one + +lower power minus 1/2. + +So that's 1 over 2 +square root of x. + +Good. + +I know my function. + +I know its derivative. + +Now I pick a point a, which +is close and easy. + +So close, I'm looking for a +point a, which is near 9.06 + +and has a nice square root. + +Well, 9. + +So I'll choose a to be 9. + +The correct value f at +the point a is the + +square root of 9. + +3. + +That's the point. + +We can evaluate the function +easily at 9. + +And f prime at a is 1 over +2 square root of a. + +9. + +Square root of 9. + +So what do I have for that? + +That's the easy number, 3. + +That's 1/6. + +In other words, I know what's +happening at x equal 9. + +And that's a particular point +I'm calling a and I'm working + +from there. + +Then what does my approximation +say? + +It says that f at this +nearby point. + +So x is 9.06. + +This is the x where I want +to know the square root. + +So this is saying that the +square root of 9.06-- + +that's my f of x-- + +is approximately f at a. + +That's the square root of 9. + +That's the 3. + +So far reasonable. + +That's the approximation I +started with just using the 9. + +But now I'm improving +it by the difference + +between x minus 3. + +Oh, what is x? + +So I'm plugging in x is 9.06. + +That's where I really want +the square root. + +That's my x. + +Minus a, which is the 9. + +Times f prime, which we +figured out as 1/6. + +That's the linear approximation +following this + +line to this number, +which is what? + +3 plus-- + +That's 0.06 divided by 6. + +That's 3. + +What do I have there? + +This difference is 0.06. + +Divided by 6 and its 0.01. + +That's the approximation. + +Closer than 3. + +That comes from following +the line. + +Let me draw a graph to show +you what I mean by + +following the line. + +Here is my square +root function. + +The square root looks +something like that. + +And here is the point x equals +9, where I know that the + +height is 3. + +What else do I know? + +Here is 9.06, a little +further over, and I'm + +looking for that point. + +I'm looking for the square +root of 9.06. + +So this was 9 here and +this was 9.06. + +And how am I getting close +to that point? + +Well, I'm not going to follow +the curve to do square root of + +9.06 exactly, any +more than your + +calculator or computer does. + +I'm going to follow this line. + +So that line is the +tangent line. + +It's the line that goes through +the right thing at a + +with the right slope. + +So you can see that by +following the line + +that gave me the 3. + +And then here is the little-- +you see what I'm-- + +I'm missing by a very small +amount, practically + +too small to see. + +I'm picking the point on the +line and that was this across, + +this delta x was the 0.06. + +The little tiny bit +here is the 0.06. + +And this delta f is the +little piece that I + +added on the 0.01. + +How did that come from? + +It came from the fact that +the correct slope is 1/6. + +If I go over 0.06, I +should go up 0.01. + +So you see what I'm doing? + +I'm taking that point as my +close approximation to the + +square root. + +Closer than 3 to the square +root of 9.06. + +OK. + +That's a first example. + +I'll give a second one. + +But first, I'd like to give an +example that's like this one + +of Newton's method. + +May I change now to +Newton's method? + +So I want to create +an equation. + +And actually, I want it to +solve the same problem. + +So I'm going to take my function +to be x squared minus + +9.06 and I'll set that to 0. + +I'm just keeping +my two examples + +close because the answer-- + +in both problems, I'm looking +for the square root of 9.06. + +Of course, that's the solution +to this equation, the square + +root of 9.06. + +OK again, I pick a point a +close to the solution. + +And again, I'm going +to take a to be 3. + +So 3 is close to the +correct solution. + +The correct x is the square +root of 9.06. + +But I'm starting close to it. + +OK, at that point I +figure out F of a. + +Newton wants to know +F of a, the value. + +And Newton also wants +to know the slope. + +So the value at a is-- + +3 squared is 9. + +9 minus 9.06 is minus 0.06. + +F prime of a is-- what's +the derivative of F? + +Capital F. Well, the derivative +is certainly 2x. + +And at the point a it's 6. + +This is the 2x. + +2a. + +This is the 2a because I'm +evaluating the slope + +at the point a. + +Actually, if you want a +picture, it's quite + +interesting to see +the picture. + +Let me graph this f of x now. + +What does my function +f of x look like? + +x squared. + +That's a parabola going up. + +It starts below here. + +It starts somewhere down here +and it curves up like so. + +So this is the point I want. + +There is the square +root of 9.06. + +I've graphed a function +x squared minus 9.06. + +That's the point I'd +like to find. + +I'm not expecting to +find it exactly. + +What I do is I have +a nearby point 3. + +At 3 I do know the exact value +and I know the slope. + +Ha. + +Even my bad art is telling me +what's going to happen. + +Let me write that 3 better. + +a equals 3. + +This is where I know +what's happening. + +I know the value of F. It's +actually pretty small, but + +it's negative. + +I know the value of the slope. + +So this is like I've blown +up this picture here. + +This F is the negative 0.06. + +Is the value of F. +The slope is 6. + +And what's the x? + +What is my improved guess +at the solution? + +My improved guess, I don't +follow that curve because that + +would be perfect. + +But curves are hard to follow. + +I'll follow the straight line +and that's my next x. + +My better x. + +You see, that's a lot better. + +Let me do the numbers +here and you'll see + +that it's a lot better. + +What is the x that Newton's +method gives us? + +I'm using Newton's +formula here. + +So Newton's formula says that +x minus the a is 3. + +And Newton's formula is going +to take equal to get an + +approximate x. + +Minus F of a. + +So what's minus F of a? + +That will be plus 0.06. + +Divided by F prime of a, +the slope, which was 6. + +What do I get? + +I did 0.01. + +Actually, the two examples, +of course, are parallel. + +In a way, the graph of that +square root function kind of + +got just flipped to this graph +of the x squared function. + +The square root function and +the x squared function are + +just sort of inverses +to each other. + +Their graphs flip and so now the +slope is 6 instead of 1/6. + +And do you see that that +distance, this is the x minus + +a distance that has +to be 0.01. + +That's what I concluded. + +I go across 1 if I'm going +up/down by 6 because + +the slope is 6. + +OK, good. + +Now, how close am I? + +Well, I can't resist asking. + +Suppose I multiply +3.01 by 3.01. + +Am I close to the 9.06 that +was my whole goal? + +And how close? + +Of course, I'm not going +to be exact. + +If I do that multiplication +I get 301, 903. + +Combined I get 9 and the decimal +put it in there, 0601. + +So by that method or by that +method I ended up with 3.01 as + +much closer to the square +root of 9.06. + +You see when I square 3.01, +it slightly overshot. + +It slightly overshot the 9.06. + +This little error there, this +is the overshoot error. + +And when I square it, it's way +out in the ten thousandths + +place, the fourth +decimal place. + +OK. + +So those are the two +parallel examples. + +May I go back to the linear +approximation? + +Because I think another +example's appropriate there. + +And then I'll come back and give +another Newton example. + +So that's my plan here. + +Two examples of each. + +So those examples were parallel, +the next two + +examples will be a +little different. + +So let me show you +example two. + +So linear approximation +example two. + +So I want-- + +OK, I'm going to look +for something that + +I don't know exactly. + +Let me take e to the 0.01. + +What's the value of e to +the power of 0.01? + +So the function is e to the x. + +And I'm looking at x is 0.01. + +That's what I want. + +I am not going to get an +exact number here. + +I'm going to follow +the tangent line. + +I'm going to get +a close number. + +So where shall I start? + +I'll start with a number that's +close to that and where + +I do you know the correct e. + +And a number close +to that is take-- + +I'll choose a to be 0. + +That's close to 0.01. + +Then f of a is e +to the 0 power. + +So that's 1. + +Now for the straight line +approximation, I also need the + +correct slope. + +Correct slope at a? + +Well, I do know the +slope of this. + +f prime at 0. + +That's my a. + +f prime at 0. + +0 is my a. + +Well, I know the derivative +of e to the x. + +That's one thing I like. + +It's e to the x. + +So at x equals 0, again I get a +1 for the derivative, which + +is the same, I get e to the 0. + +I get also a 1. + +So now I know what's happening +at a equals 0. + +I want to know approximately +what's happening at the nearby + +point, 0.01. + +e to the 0.01, e to the x. + +This is the e to the x. + +That's my function. + +And I'm only going to get it +approximately, is the value at + +this known point. + +The value at the known point 0, +the exact exponential is 1. + +Plus x minus a times the slope, +the corrects slope, at + +this not quite perfect +point, 0. + +And the correct slope is 1. + +And of course, a was 0. + +So you see I'm using all the +facts at a to get an + +approximate fact at x. + +And what have I got here? + +I've just got 1 plus x. + +You know, in a way, +that's perfect. + +Because it shows what the linear +approximation is doing. + +You remember the series +for e to the x? + +My correct function +is e to the x. + +My approximate function +is 1 plus x. + +What's the connection? + +You remember that e to the x, +the series for e to the x + +started out 1 plus x plus 1/2 +x squared, 1/6 x cubed. + +Those are the guys, those are +the higher order corrections + +that following the +line misses. + +Those are the parts where the +function, the curve e to the + +x, has left the line. + +But if I don't go to far--So +this is 1.01. + +x is 0.01. + +That's my approximation. + +1 plus x. + +That's the thing to notice. + +That linear approximations and +you could come back to that-- + +the formula for any +f and any a. + +Linear approximations are just +like those power series. + +Just like the e to the x equal +1 plus x plus 1/2 x squared + +plus so on. + +Except we cut them off after +just the constant term and the + +linear term. + +That's what this linear +approximation is about. + +And you might say, what's +the next term? + +And of course we know that the +next term is 1/2 x squared and + +you could ask, what's the +next term in this? + +In the general case, actually +let me tell you the next term. + +Next would be-- + +but we're not using it. + +Would be the 1/2. + +It would be the x minus a +squared and it would be the + +second derivative at a. + +If we kept it that's +what we would keep. + +OK, good. + +You saw the main point of linear +approximation stop at + +the linear term. + +Finally, I go back to an example +of Newton's method. + +A second example of +Newton's method. + +So I've been thinking, +what should I do? + +Let me use Newton's method +the way it's really used. + +The way you use Newton's method +is you do this to come + +close to the solution. + +And then, you do it again. + +You do it again starting +at 3.01. + +So I planned to do just the same +thing for the next step + +of Newton's method, +except the a. + +I'm still aiming to solve this +same equation, but I'm going + +to get closer than 3.01. + +I got closer than 3 to 3.01. + +Now I'm going to +restart there. + +a is now going to be 3.01. + +I need to compute F of a +for Newton's method. + +So I have to do 3.01 squared and +take away that to see how + +wrong I am. + +HA. + +We did 3.01 squared. + +Actually, right there. + +So if I take away the 9.06, the +F of a is-- well, that was + +the whole point. + +That it was pretty darn close. + +But nothing compared to the +closeness we're going to get + +at the second term. + +And what's F prime of a? + +Take the derivative 2x. + +At the point a it's 2a. + +And a is now 3.01. + +So the slope is 6.02. + +You see what I'm doing. + +I'm just moving over to this +point, which that has become + +now the a in the second try. + +a in the second cycle +of Newton's method. + +This is how Newton's method +really is used. + +And now let's find the new +x, the highly improved + +x, better than 3.01. + +So Newton's method says +x, the new x, minus a. + +I'm just using Newton's +formula. + +x minus the a is supposed +to be minus the F of a. + +So that's 0.0001 divided +by F prime of a, 6.02. + +This is the delta +x you could say. + +This is the little correction. + +It's negative. + +It means that we need to +pull back a little. + +And you see that. + +We slightly, slightly overshot +by following the tangent line. + +The curve went up a little +across 0 a little before the + +tangent line. + +This is extremely close. + +So now this gives me the new x +right here, 3.01 minus this + +tiny little bit. + +And so that's what the +calculator will do. + +I hope you'll do it +on a calculator. + +Just make the calculator take +that quantity, then + +make it square it. + +Then just go through this. + +Find the new x. + +Square it. + +Subtract 9.06. + +Let's see how close it is. + +I believe that the error-- + +I don't know what it is. + +That's more than I can do in +my head, squaring that 3.01 + +minus this little tiny bit. + +But I am confident that the +error, the x new squared. + +This is the formula for +x new, the second + +cycle of Newton's method. + +I think that minus the +9.06, I don't know-- + +can I just put a +bunch of zeros? + +Somebody will want me to +put in a 1 here, so + +I'll put in a 1. + +I bet it's way out there. + +So Newton's method is really +a terrific success. + +Follow the line, then follow +the next tangent line. + +Then follow the next one and you +home in very, very quickly + +on the exact answer. + +You get more and more decimal +places correct. + +OK, that's two uses +of calculus coming + +from the same idea. + +The same idea delta +f over delta x. + +In one case, it was f +that we didn't know. + +In this case, it was x +that we didn't know. + +In both cases that formula +gives a terrific and a + +terrifically simple and +close approximation + +to the exact answer. + +Good. + +Thank you very much. + +ANNOUNCER: This has been +a production of MIT + +OpenCourseWare and +Gilbert Strang. + +Funding for this video was +provided by the Lord + +Foundation. + +To help OCW continue to provide +free and open access + +to MIT courses, please +make a donation at + +ocw.mit.edu/donate. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/U5zt5u-C_uY.txt b/U5zt5u-C_uY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..38344a861a97055f605201d12b9a47cd4e12d908 --- /dev/null +++ b/U5zt5u-C_uY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15451 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu so we're + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu so we're + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu so we're +here okay so we're in lecture for and + + align:start position:0% +here okay so we're in lecture for and + + + align:start position:0% +here okay so we're in lecture for and +this is really exciting because we're + + align:start position:0% +this is really exciting because we're + + + align:start position:0% +this is really exciting because we're +going to be talking about an application + + align:start position:0% +going to be talking about an application + + + align:start position:0% +going to be talking about an application +right so we sort of spent three lectures + + align:start position:0% +right so we sort of spent three lectures + + + align:start position:0% +right so we sort of spent three lectures +introducing and building up kind of some + + align:start position:0% +introducing and building up kind of some + + + align:start position:0% +introducing and building up kind of some +of the framework that the computer + + align:start position:0% +of the framework that the computer + + + align:start position:0% +of the framework that the computer +solves to do quantum mechanics and now + + align:start position:0% +solves to do quantum mechanics and now + + + align:start position:0% +solves to do quantum mechanics and now +we're going to actually look at a real + + align:start position:0% +we're going to actually look at a real + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to actually look at a real +problem it's a really cool problem um + + align:start position:0% +problem it's a really cool problem um + + + align:start position:0% +problem it's a really cool problem um +and then that'll sort of will follow up + + align:start position:0% +and then that'll sort of will follow up + + + align:start position:0% +and then that'll sort of will follow up +with this uh we might do a little bit + + align:start position:0% +with this uh we might do a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +with this uh we might do a little bit +more of this to start on Tuesday and + + align:start position:0% +more of this to start on Tuesday and + + + align:start position:0% +more of this to start on Tuesday and +then we'll talk about hydrogen storage + + align:start position:0% +then we'll talk about hydrogen storage + + + align:start position:0% +then we'll talk about hydrogen storage +as another problem okay we'll go back + + align:start position:0% +as another problem okay we'll go back + + + align:start position:0% +as another problem okay we'll go back +after that to a little more formalism to + + align:start position:0% +after that to a little more formalism to + + + align:start position:0% +after that to a little more formalism to +get to solids because these are + + align:start position:0% +get to solids because these are + + + align:start position:0% +get to solids because these are +molecules so far and then we'll do some + + align:start position:0% +molecules so far and then we'll do some + + + align:start position:0% +molecules so far and then we'll do some +more problems okay so that's our plan + + align:start position:0% +more problems okay so that's our plan + + + align:start position:0% +more problems okay so that's our plan +um what I want to do today is I I want + + align:start position:0% +um what I want to do today is I I want + + + align:start position:0% +um what I want to do today is I I want +to review a little since I didn't so so + + align:start position:0% +to review a little since I didn't so so + + + align:start position:0% +to review a little since I didn't so so +Michelle uh uh came and and gave a uh + + align:start position:0% +Michelle uh uh came and and gave a uh + + + align:start position:0% +Michelle uh uh came and and gave a uh +the lecture lecture number three because + + align:start position:0% +the lecture lecture number three because + + + align:start position:0% +the lecture lecture number three because +I was in in San Francisco um and uh uh + + align:start position:0% +I was in in San Francisco um and uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +I was in in San Francisco um and uh uh +and so I'd like to review some of the + + align:start position:0% +and so I'd like to review some of the + + + align:start position:0% +and so I'd like to review some of the +key points from that lecture okay so + + align:start position:0% +key points from that lecture okay so + + + align:start position:0% +key points from that lecture okay so +we're going to review a little bit to + + align:start position:0% +we're going to review a little bit to + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to review a little bit to +start and then I want to do some + + align:start position:0% +start and then I want to do some + + + align:start position:0% +start and then I want to do some +interactive calculations together + + align:start position:0% +interactive calculations together + + + align:start position:0% +interactive calculations together +because first of all there's no better + + align:start position:0% +because first of all there's no better + + + align:start position:0% +because first of all there's no better +way to spend time really with a person + + align:start position:0% +way to spend time really with a person + + + align:start position:0% +way to spend time really with a person +or a class or any you know just to + + align:start position:0% +or a class or any you know just to + + + align:start position:0% +or a class or any you know just to +compute together is to know one another + + align:start position:0% +compute together is to know one another + + + align:start position:0% +compute together is to know one another +and through these interactive + + align:start position:0% +and through these interactive + + + align:start position:0% +and through these interactive +calculations on the hydrogen dier we + + align:start position:0% +calculations on the hydrogen dier we + + + align:start position:0% +calculations on the hydrogen dier we +will post some questions and answer them + + align:start position:0% +will post some questions and answer them + + + align:start position:0% +will post some questions and answer them +together okay make sure that we're kind + + align:start position:0% +together okay make sure that we're kind + + + align:start position:0% +together okay make sure that we're kind +of collectively understanding some of + + align:start position:0% +of collectively understanding some of + + + align:start position:0% +of collectively understanding some of +the key points of the first three + + align:start position:0% +the key points of the first three + + + align:start position:0% +the key points of the first three +lectures then I'll tell you about why + + align:start position:0% +lectures then I'll tell you about why + + + align:start position:0% +lectures then I'll tell you about why +this is such a cool + + align:start position:0% +this is such a cool + + + align:start position:0% +this is such a cool +problem okay what solar thermal fuels + + align:start position:0% +problem okay what solar thermal fuels + + + align:start position:0% +problem okay what solar thermal fuels +are and um why this is such a cool + + align:start position:0% +are and um why this is such a cool + + + align:start position:0% +are and um why this is such a cool +energy problem and then we'll end with a + + align:start position:0% +energy problem and then we'll end with a + + + align:start position:0% +energy problem and then we'll end with a +discussion and some more interactive + + align:start position:0% +discussion and some more interactive + + + align:start position:0% +discussion and some more interactive +calculations of the solar thermal fuels + + align:start position:0% +calculations of the solar thermal fuels + + + align:start position:0% +calculations of the solar thermal fuels +and kind of talking about why we need + + align:start position:0% +and kind of talking about why we need + + + align:start position:0% +and kind of talking about why we need +quantum mechanics to tackle this problem + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics to tackle this problem + + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics to tackle this problem +okay so that's our + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's our + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's our +plan okay is anybody else yeah we're + + align:start position:0% +plan okay is anybody else yeah we're + + + align:start position:0% +plan okay is anybody else yeah we're +good with that we got a thumbs up I'm + + align:start position:0% +good with that we got a thumbs up I'm + + + align:start position:0% +good with that we got a thumbs up I'm +ready to go I love it you know you can + + align:start position:0% +ready to go I love it you know you can + + + align:start position:0% +ready to go I love it you know you can +give me the little private thumbs up + + align:start position:0% +give me the little private thumbs up + + + align:start position:0% +give me the little private thumbs up +like that anytime + + align:start position:0% +like that anytime + + + align:start position:0% +like that anytime +and I love that kind of feedback that's + + align:start position:0% +and I love that kind of feedback that's + + + align:start position:0% +and I love that kind of feedback that's +helpful and uh I was actually though + + align:start position:0% +helpful and uh I was actually though + + + align:start position:0% +helpful and uh I was actually though +thinking that you were thinking of the + + align:start position:0% +thinking that you were thinking of the + + + align:start position:0% +thinking that you were thinking of the +Celtics securing the division title but + + align:start position:0% +Celtics securing the division title but + + + align:start position:0% +Celtics securing the division title but +anyway okay + + align:start position:0% +anyway okay + + + align:start position:0% +anyway okay +um okay I think you talked about this + + align:start position:0% +um okay I think you talked about this + + + align:start position:0% +um okay I think you talked about this +this is sort of where you started + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of where you started + + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of where you started +because we had this kind of quantum + + align:start position:0% +because we had this kind of quantum + + + align:start position:0% +because we had this kind of quantum +mechanics that we couldn't solve and + + align:start position:0% +mechanics that we couldn't solve and + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics that we couldn't solve and +then we said well but you can solve it + + align:start position:0% +then we said well but you can solve it + + + align:start position:0% +then we said well but you can solve it +analytically for hydrogen and we did and + + align:start position:0% +analytically for hydrogen and we did and + + + align:start position:0% +analytically for hydrogen and we did and +we said that that explained the periodic + + align:start position:0% +we said that that explained the periodic + + + align:start position:0% +we said that that explained the periodic +table amazingly if you only had one + + align:start position:0% +table amazingly if you only had one + + + align:start position:0% +table amazingly if you only had one +electron and one one proton uh + + align:start position:0% +electron and one one proton uh + + + align:start position:0% +electron and one one proton uh +unfortunately everything has a lot more + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately everything has a lot more + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately everything has a lot more +than that and and what happens is hello + + align:start position:0% +than that and and what happens is hello + + + align:start position:0% +than that and and what happens is hello +that when you + + align:start position:0% +that when you + + + align:start position:0% +that when you +put more than one quantum mechanical + + align:start position:0% +put more than one quantum mechanical + + + align:start position:0% +put more than one quantum mechanical +particle by which I mean + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what one elect electrons for us that's + + align:start position:0% +what one elect electrons for us that's + + + align:start position:0% +what one elect electrons for us that's +the quantum mechanical particle for that + + align:start position:0% +the quantum mechanical particle for that + + + align:start position:0% +the quantum mechanical particle for that +we care about of course there are more + + align:start position:0% +we care about of course there are more + + + align:start position:0% +we care about of course there are more +quantum mechanical particles than that + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanical particles than that + + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanical particles than that +in the world everything's quantum + + align:start position:0% +in the world everything's quantum + + + align:start position:0% +in the world everything's quantum +mechanical but those are the things we + + align:start position:0% +mechanical but those are the things we + + + align:start position:0% +mechanical but those are the things we +really care about in this class and if + + align:start position:0% +really care about in this class and if + + + align:start position:0% +really care about in this class and if +you put more than one into the whole + + align:start position:0% +you put more than one into the whole + + + align:start position:0% +you put more than one into the whole +thing then then you got to think you got + + align:start position:0% +thing then then you got to think you got + + + align:start position:0% +thing then then you got to think you got +to think about how they talk to each + + align:start position:0% +to think about how they talk to each + + + align:start position:0% +to think about how they talk to each +other that's the killer so you can talk + + align:start position:0% +other that's the killer so you can talk + + + align:start position:0% +other that's the killer so you can talk +about how they talk to the ion that's + + align:start position:0% +about how they talk to the ion that's + + + align:start position:0% +about how they talk to the ion that's +this one over R term how they talk to + + align:start position:0% +this one over R term how they talk to + + + align:start position:0% +this one over R term how they talk to +the proton I mean right but talking to + + align:start position:0% +the proton I mean right but talking to + + + align:start position:0% +the proton I mean right but talking to +each other that's this minibody problem + + align:start position:0% +each other that's this minibody problem + + + align:start position:0% +each other that's this minibody problem +it's called mini body problem that's + + align:start position:0% +it's called mini body problem that's + + + align:start position:0% +it's called mini body problem that's +really hard and it analytically it it's + + align:start position:0% +really hard and it analytically it it's + + + align:start position:0% +really hard and it analytically it it's +a nightmare and that's where computation + + align:start position:0% +a nightmare and that's where computation + + + align:start position:0% +a nightmare and that's where computation +comes in unfortunately um right so this + + align:start position:0% +comes in unfortunately um right so this + + + align:start position:0% +comes in unfortunately um right so this +is sort of showing this is just all + + align:start position:0% +is sort of showing this is just all + + + align:start position:0% +is sort of showing this is just all +review for the first uh little bit of + + align:start position:0% +review for the first uh little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +review for the first uh little bit of +this class I want to talk about review + + align:start position:0% +this class I want to talk about review + + + align:start position:0% +this class I want to talk about review +those good old days of one electron are + + align:start position:0% +those good old days of one electron are + + + align:start position:0% +those good old days of one electron are +over they were good they were fun we had + + align:start position:0% +over they were good they were fun we had + + + align:start position:0% +over they were good they were fun we had +a blast for one lecture and now we're + + align:start position:0% +a blast for one lecture and now we're + + + align:start position:0% +a blast for one lecture and now we're +moving on and we're going to + + align:start position:0% +moving on and we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +moving on and we're going to +multibody many body problems and that's + + align:start position:0% +multibody many body problems and that's + + + align:start position:0% +multibody many body problems and that's +the many body shinger equation and you + + align:start position:0% +the many body shinger equation and you + + + align:start position:0% +the many body shinger equation and you +can see that the thing goes from this + + align:start position:0% +can see that the thing goes from this + + + align:start position:0% +can see that the thing goes from this +where you get those hydrogenic orbitals + + align:start position:0% +where you get those hydrogenic orbitals + + + align:start position:0% +where you get those hydrogenic orbitals +and everything's beautiful to this where + + align:start position:0% +and everything's beautiful to this where + + + align:start position:0% +and everything's beautiful to this where +it's just a complete uh mathematical uh + + align:start position:0% +it's just a complete uh mathematical uh + + + align:start position:0% +it's just a complete uh mathematical uh +nightmare right and this cannot be + + align:start position:0% +nightmare right and this cannot be + + + align:start position:0% +nightmare right and this cannot be +solved analytically um and and so you + + align:start position:0% +solved analytically um and and so you + + + align:start position:0% +solved analytically um and and so you +these are sums Over All of the ions sums + + align:start position:0% +these are sums Over All of the ions sums + + + align:start position:0% +these are sums Over All of the ions sums +over all the electron ion combination + + align:start position:0% +over all the electron ion combination + + + align:start position:0% +over all the electron ion combination +ion interactions and sums over all the + + align:start position:0% +ion interactions and sums over all the + + + align:start position:0% +ion interactions and sums over all the +electron electron interactions this is + + align:start position:0% +electron electron interactions this is + + + align:start position:0% +electron electron interactions this is +the killer right here okay we make some + + align:start position:0% +the killer right here okay we make some + + + align:start position:0% +the killer right here okay we make some +approximations that's how we get there + + align:start position:0% +approximations that's how we get there + + + align:start position:0% +approximations that's how we get there +because as I talked about in the + + align:start position:0% +because as I talked about in the + + + align:start position:0% +because as I talked about in the +beginning you know even if our computers + + align:start position:0% +beginning you know even if our computers + + + align:start position:0% +beginning you know even if our computers +were seriously like 10 orders of + + align:start position:0% +were seriously like 10 orders of + + + align:start position:0% +were seriously like 10 orders of +magnitude faster than they are today we + + align:start position:0% +magnitude faster than they are today we + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude faster than they are today we +still wouldn't be able to solve this + + align:start position:0% +still wouldn't be able to solve this + + + align:start position:0% +still wouldn't be able to solve this +problem in a straightforward way we + + align:start position:0% +problem in a straightforward way we + + + align:start position:0% +problem in a straightforward way we +cannot solve it directly and exactly so + + align:start position:0% +cannot solve it directly and exactly so + + + align:start position:0% +cannot solve it directly and exactly so +we have to make approximations one of + + align:start position:0% +we have to make approximations one of + + + align:start position:0% +we have to make approximations one of +the first ones we make is oh and that's + + align:start position:0% +the first ones we make is oh and that's + + + align:start position:0% +the first ones we make is oh and that's +just those are the labels one of the + + align:start position:0% +just those are the labels one of the + + + align:start position:0% +just those are the labels one of the +first ones we make are right there's the + + align:start position:0% +first ones we make are right there's the + + + align:start position:0% +first ones we make are right there's the +equation that's the shorting + + align:start position:0% +equation that's the shorting + + + align:start position:0% +equation that's the shorting +equation is this uh born openen Heimer + + align:start position:0% +equation is this uh born openen Heimer + + + align:start position:0% +equation is this uh born openen Heimer +approximation I think that Michelle + + align:start position:0% +approximation I think that Michelle + + + align:start position:0% +approximation I think that Michelle +probably showed you my my tattoo I was + + align:start position:0% +probably showed you my my tattoo I was + + + align:start position:0% +probably showed you my my tattoo I was +very did you see the tattoo yeah that + + align:start position:0% +very did you see the tattoo yeah that + + + align:start position:0% +very did you see the tattoo yeah that +was my uh I tried to find a good image + + align:start position:0% +was my uh I tried to find a good image + + + align:start position:0% +was my uh I tried to find a good image +for Bourne opener and that came up first + + align:start position:0% +for Bourne opener and that came up first + + + align:start position:0% +for Bourne opener and that came up first +and then did she talk about no probably + + align:start position:0% +and then did she talk about no probably + + + align:start position:0% +and then did she talk about no probably +so when I found the image I found it on + + align:start position:0% +so when I found the image I found it on + + + align:start position:0% +so when I found the image I found it on +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +Blog and that's a dangerous thing + + align:start position:0% +Blog and that's a dangerous thing + + + align:start position:0% +Blog and that's a dangerous thing +because there's a long trail of + + align:start position:0% +because there's a long trail of + + + align:start position:0% +because there's a long trail of +discussion + + align:start position:0% +discussion + + + align:start position:0% +discussion +and it was interesting that the whole + + align:start position:0% +and it was interesting that the whole + + + align:start position:0% +and it was interesting that the whole +discussion was not about computational + + align:start position:0% +discussion was not about computational + + + align:start position:0% +discussion was not about computational +modeling and it was not about physics + + align:start position:0% +modeling and it was not about physics + + + align:start position:0% +modeling and it was not about physics +shorting or or born up born up whenever + + align:start position:0% +shorting or or born up born up whenever + + + align:start position:0% +shorting or or born up born up whenever +it was entirely about whether this guy + + align:start position:0% +it was entirely about whether this guy + + + align:start position:0% +it was entirely about whether this guy +was going to be able to find dates or + + align:start position:0% +was going to be able to find dates or + + + align:start position:0% +was going to be able to find dates or +not in his life and it it was a very + + align:start position:0% +not in his life and it it was a very + + + align:start position:0% +not in his life and it it was a very +actually very engaging discussion and it + + align:start position:0% +actually very engaging discussion and it + + + align:start position:0% +actually very engaging discussion and it +came out it was like 50% said definitely + + align:start position:0% +came out it was like 50% said definitely + + + align:start position:0% +came out it was like 50% said definitely +because of the tattoo and 50% said no + + align:start position:0% +because of the tattoo and 50% said no + + + align:start position:0% +because of the tattoo and 50% said no +way and so you know I don't know where + + align:start position:0% +way and so you know I don't know where + + + align:start position:0% +way and so you know I don't know where +that but anyway um now this is another + + align:start position:0% +that but anyway um now this is another + + + align:start position:0% +that but anyway um now this is another +cartoon uh + + align:start position:0% +cartoon uh + + + align:start position:0% +cartoon uh +that just shows that you know the + + align:start position:0% +that just shows that you know the + + + align:start position:0% +that just shows that you know the +electrons are the + + align:start position:0% +electrons are the + + + align:start position:0% +electrons are the +Flies okay and the protons the nucleus + + align:start position:0% +Flies okay and the protons the nucleus + + + align:start position:0% +Flies okay and the protons the nucleus +are these cows and they move really slow + + align:start position:0% +are these cows and they move really slow + + + align:start position:0% +are these cows and they move really slow +Bulls what I didn't mean to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this these guys are going really fast + + align:start position:0% +this these guys are going really fast + + + align:start position:0% +this these guys are going really fast +this guy's kind of slow right and that's + + align:start position:0% +this guy's kind of slow right and that's + + + align:start position:0% +this guy's kind of slow right and that's +really the point electrons are fast and + + align:start position:0% +really the point electrons are fast and + + + align:start position:0% +really the point electrons are fast and +light and so it's a good approximation + + align:start position:0% +light and so it's a good approximation + + + align:start position:0% +light and so it's a good approximation +how much lighter are they than the than + + align:start position:0% +how much lighter are they than the than + + + align:start position:0% +how much lighter are they than the than +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +proton or the nucleus one over 2000 yeah + + align:start position:0% +proton or the nucleus one over 2000 yeah + + + align:start position:0% +proton or the nucleus one over 2000 yeah +it's a couple it's like a thousand right + + align:start position:0% +it's a couple it's like a thousand right + + + align:start position:0% +it's a couple it's like a thousand right +so that's enough ligher that you can say + + align:start position:0% +so that's enough ligher that you can say + + + align:start position:0% +so that's enough ligher that you can say +you know what at any given time it's a + + align:start position:0% +you know what at any given time it's a + + + align:start position:0% +you know what at any given time it's a +good approximation to say that this + + align:start position:0% +good approximation to say that this + + + align:start position:0% +good approximation to say that this +thing is pretty stationary with respect + + align:start position:0% +thing is pretty stationary with respect + + + align:start position:0% +thing is pretty stationary with respect +to these things buzzing around okay + + align:start position:0% +to these things buzzing around okay + + + align:start position:0% +to these things buzzing around okay +that's the born opener approximation in + + align:start position:0% +that's the born opener approximation in + + + align:start position:0% +that's the born opener approximation in +cow + + align:start position:0% +cow + + + align:start position:0% +cow +language okay cowly language + + align:start position:0% +language okay cowly language + + + align:start position:0% +language okay cowly language +um and uh there are no actually this is + + align:start position:0% +um and uh there are no actually this is + + + align:start position:0% +um and uh there are no actually this is +more um uh uh Google uh image Art + + align:start position:0% +more um uh uh Google uh image Art + + + align:start position:0% +more um uh uh Google uh image Art +um now uh so so this is the + + align:start position:0% +um now uh so so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +um now uh so so this is the +approximation we make and what you can + + align:start position:0% +approximation we make and what you can + + + align:start position:0% +approximation we make and what you can +see is that we just get rid of those + + align:start position:0% +see is that we just get rid of those + + + align:start position:0% +see is that we just get rid of those +nuclear terms okay we we treat them as + + align:start position:0% +nuclear terms okay we we treat them as + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear terms okay we we treat them as +if they're not moving and they don't + + align:start position:0% +if they're not moving and they don't + + + align:start position:0% +if they're not moving and they don't +really matter because at any given time + + align:start position:0% +really matter because at any given time + + + align:start position:0% +really matter because at any given time +what we care about is the electronic + + align:start position:0% +what we care about is the electronic + + + align:start position:0% +what we care about is the electronic +structure with the atoms fixed that's + + align:start position:0% +structure with the atoms fixed that's + + + align:start position:0% +structure with the atoms fixed that's +what we're talking about here and you + + align:start position:0% +what we're talking about here and you + + + align:start position:0% +what we're talking about here and you +can solve for it it's a it's a really + + align:start position:0% +can solve for it it's a it's a really + + + align:start position:0% +can solve for it it's a it's a really +good approximation in many cases there + + align:start position:0% +good approximation in many cases there + + + align:start position:0% +good approximation in many cases there +are some Fields where it matters where + + align:start position:0% +are some Fields where it matters where + + + align:start position:0% +are some Fields where it matters where +this approximation actually can break + + align:start position:0% +this approximation actually can break + + + align:start position:0% +this approximation actually can break +down like in super conductivity we're + + align:start position:0% +down like in super conductivity we're + + + align:start position:0% +down like in super conductivity we're +not going to go there for us and the + + align:start position:0% +not going to go there for us and the + + + align:start position:0% +not going to go there for us and the +things we care about that sort of the + + align:start position:0% +things we care about that sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +things we care about that sort of the +the positions of the atoms are frozen + + align:start position:0% +the positions of the atoms are frozen + + + align:start position:0% +the positions of the atoms are frozen +and then we solve for the electrons + + align:start position:0% +and then we solve for the electrons + + + align:start position:0% +and then we solve for the electrons +that's fine that's a good + + align:start position:0% +that's fine that's a good + + + align:start position:0% +that's fine that's a good +approximation and then okay so any + + align:start position:0% +approximation and then okay so any + + + align:start position:0% +approximation and then okay so any +questions about Bourne openen Heimer the + + align:start position:0% +questions about Bourne openen Heimer the + + + align:start position:0% +questions about Bourne openen Heimer the +Bourn opener surface you'll hear people + + align:start position:0% +Bourn opener surface you'll hear people + + + align:start position:0% +Bourn opener surface you'll hear people +say that the borne opener surface and + + align:start position:0% +say that the borne opener surface and + + + align:start position:0% +say that the borne opener surface and +now you know what they mean + + align:start position:0% +now you know what they mean + + + align:start position:0% +now you know what they mean +they mean the the energy surface where + + align:start position:0% +they mean the the energy surface where + + + align:start position:0% +they mean the the energy surface where +the electrons are always in sort of + + align:start position:0% +the electrons are always in sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the electrons are always in sort of +their ground state with respect to the + + align:start position:0% +their ground state with respect to the + + + align:start position:0% +their ground state with respect to the +nuclei positions because they always + + align:start position:0% +nuclei positions because they always + + + align:start position:0% +nuclei positions because they always +have enough time to get there because + + align:start position:0% +have enough time to get there because + + + align:start position:0% +have enough time to get there because +they move so much faster than the nuclei + + align:start position:0% +they move so much faster than the nuclei + + + align:start position:0% +they move so much faster than the nuclei +right okay that's the borup in our Serv + + align:start position:0% +right okay that's the borup in our Serv + + + align:start position:0% +right okay that's the borup in our Serv +you can pull that out as well in + + align:start position:0% +you can pull that out as well in + + + align:start position:0% +you can pull that out as well in +conversation now that's one + + align:start position:0% +conversation now that's one + + + align:start position:0% +conversation now that's one +approximation that's kind of helps it + + align:start position:0% +approximation that's kind of helps it + + + align:start position:0% +approximation that's kind of helps it +really doesn't help the key problem + + align:start position:0% +really doesn't help the key problem + + + align:start position:0% +really doesn't help the key problem +which is that minibody interaction thing + + align:start position:0% +which is that minibody interaction thing + + + align:start position:0% +which is that minibody interaction thing +okay so that's like the re + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's like the re + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's like the re +that's the real issue here how do we get + + align:start position:0% +that's the real issue here how do we get + + + align:start position:0% +that's the real issue here how do we get +over this this electron electron + + align:start position:0% +over this this electron electron + + + align:start position:0% +over this this electron electron +interaction and don't even let me say it + + align:start position:0% +interaction and don't even let me say it + + + align:start position:0% +interaction and don't even let me say it +electron electron electron interaction + + align:start position:0% +electron electron electron interaction + + + align:start position:0% +electron electron electron interaction +because you can have like three body + + align:start position:0% +because you can have like three body + + + align:start position:0% +because you can have like three body +effects right it's a it's a many body + + align:start position:0% +effects right it's a it's a many body + + + align:start position:0% +effects right it's a it's a many body +world but we can't do that we can't do + + align:start position:0% +world but we can't do that we can't do + + + align:start position:0% +world but we can't do that we can't do +that on a computer in in a in a good + + align:start position:0% +that on a computer in in a in a good + + + align:start position:0% +that on a computer in in a in a good +enough time scale to be applicable to + + align:start position:0% +enough time scale to be applicable to + + + align:start position:0% +enough time scale to be applicable to +materials so we + + align:start position:0% +materials so we + + + align:start position:0% +materials so we +simplify and this is you covered this + + align:start position:0% +simplify and this is you covered this + + + align:start position:0% +simplify and this is you covered this +right this is not but we're getting back + + align:start position:0% +right this is not but we're getting back + + + align:start position:0% +right this is not but we're getting back +into the into our feeling with it this + + align:start position:0% +into the into our feeling with it this + + + align:start position:0% +into the into our feeling with it this +right but you did cover this am I + + align:start position:0% +right but you did cover this am I + + + align:start position:0% +right but you did cover this am I +correct okay good one person + + align:start position:0% +correct okay good one person + + + align:start position:0% +correct okay good one person +nodded but thank you for that um in the + + align:start position:0% +nodded but thank you for that um in the + + + align:start position:0% +nodded but thank you for that um in the +back now uh okay there were basically + + align:start position:0% +back now uh okay there were basically + + + align:start position:0% +back now uh okay there were basically +two paths because they saw this and they + + align:start position:0% +two paths because they saw this and they + + + align:start position:0% +two paths because they saw this and they +knew they being the people thinking + + align:start position:0% +knew they being the people thinking + + + align:start position:0% +knew they being the people thinking +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +computational you know computational + + align:start position:0% +computational you know computational + + + align:start position:0% +computational you know computational +materials physics and chemistry back in + + align:start position:0% +materials physics and chemistry back in + + + align:start position:0% +materials physics and chemistry back in +the 1940s they knew they needed to do + + align:start position:0% +the 1940s they knew they needed to do + + + align:start position:0% +the 1940s they knew they needed to do +something and so there were essentially + + align:start position:0% +something and so there were essentially + + + align:start position:0% +something and so there were essentially +two paths there was a path that most + + align:start position:0% +two paths there was a path that most + + + align:start position:0% +two paths there was a path that most +chemists took and there was a path that + + align:start position:0% +chemists took and there was a path that + + + align:start position:0% +chemists took and there was a path that +most physicists took in the starting + + align:start position:0% +most physicists took in the starting + + + align:start position:0% +most physicists took in the starting +sort of the the 60s really + + align:start position:0% +sort of the the 60s really + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the the 60s really +actually the path that the chemists took + + align:start position:0% +actually the path that the chemists took + + + align:start position:0% +actually the path that the chemists took +is to say um you know what uh we're not + + align:start position:0% +is to say um you know what uh we're not + + + align:start position:0% +is to say um you know what uh we're not +going to mess with the + + align:start position:0% +going to mess with the + + + align:start position:0% +going to mess with the +hamiltonian we are not going to mess + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian we are not going to mess + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian we are not going to mess +with this this is right the physics of + + align:start position:0% +with this this is right the physics of + + + align:start position:0% +with this this is right the physics of +this is correct so we don't want to play + + align:start position:0% +this is correct so we don't want to play + + + align:start position:0% +this is correct so we don't want to play +around with that most of what the + + align:start position:0% +around with that most of what the + + + align:start position:0% +around with that most of what the +chemist did was to play around with the + + align:start position:0% +chemist did was to play around with the + + + align:start position:0% +chemist did was to play around with the +wave function so what they did is let me + + align:start position:0% +wave function so what they did is let me + + + align:start position:0% +wave function so what they did is let me +go back + + align:start position:0% +go back + + + align:start position:0% +go back +sorry I think I had the sh equation here + + align:start position:0% +sorry I think I had the sh equation here + + + align:start position:0% +sorry I think I had the sh equation here +H remember starting your equation H SII + + align:start position:0% +H remember starting your equation H SII + + + align:start position:0% +H remember starting your equation H SII +equals e well they played with + + align:start position:0% +equals e well they played with + + + align:start position:0% +equals e well they played with +SII so instead of saying that s can be + + align:start position:0% +SII so instead of saying that s can be + + + align:start position:0% +SII so instead of saying that s can be +complex as it needs to + + align:start position:0% +complex as it needs to + + + align:start position:0% +complex as it needs to +be right with all the freedom that it + + align:start position:0% +be right with all the freedom that it + + + align:start position:0% +be right with all the freedom that it +needs to have they said no we're going + + align:start position:0% +needs to have they said no we're going + + + align:start position:0% +needs to have they said no we're going +to start to restrict that + + align:start position:0% +to start to restrict that + + + align:start position:0% +to start to restrict that +freedom that's really how quantum + + align:start position:0% +freedom that's really how quantum + + + align:start position:0% +freedom that's really how quantum +chemistry sort of began I mean there was + + align:start position:0% +chemistry sort of began I mean there was + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry sort of began I mean there was +some perturbation Theory but a lot of + + align:start position:0% +some perturbation Theory but a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +some perturbation Theory but a lot of +the real advances in quantum chemistry + + align:start position:0% +the real advances in quantum chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +the real advances in quantum chemistry +in the beginning happened in making + + align:start position:0% +in the beginning happened in making + + + align:start position:0% +in the beginning happened in making +approximations for this for the wave + + align:start position:0% +approximations for this for the wave + + + align:start position:0% +approximations for this for the wave +function they said keep H mess with s + + align:start position:0% +function they said keep H mess with s + + + align:start position:0% +function they said keep H mess with s +make it simple and if you make it simple + + align:start position:0% +make it simple and if you make it simple + + + align:start position:0% +make it simple and if you make it simple +it becomes a tractable problem right + + align:start position:0% +it becomes a tractable problem right + + + align:start position:0% +it becomes a tractable problem right +okay how many of you have heard of a a + + align:start position:0% +okay how many of you have heard of a a + + + align:start position:0% +okay how many of you have heard of a a +determinant A Slater + + align:start position:0% +determinant A Slater + + + align:start position:0% +determinant A Slater +determinant who's heard of a Slater the + + align:start position:0% +determinant who's heard of a Slater the + + + align:start position:0% +determinant who's heard of a Slater the +Slater was here at MIT um and it was a + + align:start position:0% +Slater was here at MIT um and it was a + + + align:start position:0% +Slater was here at MIT um and it was a +really important contribution to quantum + + align:start position:0% +really important contribution to quantum + + + align:start position:0% +really important contribution to quantum +chemistry was um to be able to write + + align:start position:0% +chemistry was um to be able to write + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry was um to be able to write +sigh keep the important properties that + + align:start position:0% +sigh keep the important properties that + + + align:start position:0% +sigh keep the important properties that +you need but to write it in much simpler + + align:start position:0% +you need but to write it in much simpler + + + align:start position:0% +you need but to write it in much simpler +in a very simplified way so you lose + + align:start position:0% +in a very simplified way so you lose + + + align:start position:0% +in a very simplified way so you lose +information it's not the same sigh that + + align:start position:0% +information it's not the same sigh that + + + align:start position:0% +information it's not the same sigh that +you need it's not the correct sigh but + + align:start position:0% +you need it's not the correct sigh but + + + align:start position:0% +you need it's not the correct sigh but +it's sort of an approximate version of + + align:start position:0% +it's sort of an approximate version of + + + align:start position:0% +it's sort of an approximate version of +it that's kind of where quantum + + align:start position:0% +it that's kind of where quantum + + + align:start position:0% +it that's kind of where quantum +chemistry that's what har ful theory is + + align:start position:0% +chemistry that's what har ful theory is + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry that's what har ful theory is +based on + + align:start position:0% +based on + + + align:start position:0% +based on +now then you have sort of the physics + + align:start position:0% +now then you have sort of the physics + + + align:start position:0% +now then you have sort of the physics +world in the 1960s and I've shown you + + align:start position:0% +world in the 1960s and I've shown you + + + align:start position:0% +world in the 1960s and I've shown you +the picture of uh Walter con who's the + + align:start position:0% +the picture of uh Walter con who's the + + + align:start position:0% +the picture of uh Walter con who's the +only person to win a Nobel Prize in + + align:start position:0% +only person to win a Nobel Prize in + + + align:start position:0% +only person to win a Nobel Prize in +computation so far at least um and he + + align:start position:0% +computation so far at least um and he + + + align:start position:0% +computation so far at least um and he +won it for a density function for his + + align:start position:0% +won it for a density function for his + + + align:start position:0% +won it for a density function for his +development of density functional Theory + + align:start position:0% +development of density functional Theory + + + align:start position:0% +development of density functional Theory +now that is taking sort of the opposite + + align:start position:0% +now that is taking sort of the opposite + + + align:start position:0% +now that is taking sort of the opposite +approach what that is doing is that is + + align:start position:0% +approach what that is doing is that is + + + align:start position:0% +approach what that is doing is that is +saying okay ignore sigh Sai is just too + + align:start position:0% +saying okay ignore sigh Sai is just too + + + align:start position:0% +saying okay ignore sigh Sai is just too +hard even if you simplify it it's a + + align:start position:0% +hard even if you simplify it it's a + + + align:start position:0% +hard even if you simplify it it's a +really hard thing to write in a computer + + align:start position:0% +really hard thing to write in a computer + + + align:start position:0% +really hard thing to write in a computer +and to to represent accurately and so + + align:start position:0% +and to to represent accurately and so + + + align:start position:0% +and to to represent accurately and so +let's just forget about that and work + + align:start position:0% +let's just forget about that and work + + + align:start position:0% +let's just forget about that and work +only with the + + align:start position:0% +only with the + + + align:start position:0% +only with the +density now I take you you did talk + + align:start position:0% +density now I take you you did talk + + + align:start position:0% +density now I take you you did talk +about this last week right so so density + + align:start position:0% +about this last week right so so density + + + align:start position:0% +about this last week right so so density +functional Theory that's what where it + + align:start position:0% +functional Theory that's what where it + + + align:start position:0% +functional Theory that's what where it +gets its name you just get rid of s by + + align:start position:0% +gets its name you just get rid of s by + + + align:start position:0% +gets its name you just get rid of s by +not thinking about it and by solving the + + align:start position:0% +not thinking about it and by solving the + + + align:start position:0% +not thinking about it and by solving the +problem of the + + align:start position:0% +problem of the + + + align:start position:0% +problem of the +density instead of the wave function so + + align:start position:0% +density instead of the wave function so + + + align:start position:0% +density instead of the wave function so +it's the density of the electrons right + + align:start position:0% +it's the density of the electrons right + + + align:start position:0% +it's the density of the electrons right +instead of the wave function of the + + align:start position:0% +instead of the wave function of the + + + align:start position:0% +instead of the wave function of the +electrons now when you do that + + align:start position:0% +electrons now when you do that + + + align:start position:0% +electrons now when you do that +effectively and again you know my my + + align:start position:0% +effectively and again you know my my + + + align:start position:0% +effectively and again you know my my +goal here in this class is not to go + + align:start position:0% +goal here in this class is not to go + + + align:start position:0% +goal here in this class is not to go +deep mathematics here because I know + + align:start position:0% +deep mathematics here because I know + + + align:start position:0% +deep mathematics here because I know +many of you haven't had Quantum yet but + + align:start position:0% +many of you haven't had Quantum yet but + + + align:start position:0% +many of you haven't had Quantum yet but +I want you to come away with an + + align:start position:0% +I want you to come away with an + + + align:start position:0% +I want you to come away with an +intuitive picture for what's happening + + align:start position:0% +intuitive picture for what's happening + + + align:start position:0% +intuitive picture for what's happening +what happened in the + + align:start position:0% +what happened in the + + + align:start position:0% +what happened in the +1960s right when these things these + + align:start position:0% +1960s right when these things these + + + align:start position:0% +1960s right when these things these +these communities were really developing + + align:start position:0% +these communities were really developing + + + align:start position:0% +these communities were really developing +computational Quantum Mechanics for the + + align:start position:0% +computational Quantum Mechanics for the + + + align:start position:0% +computational Quantum Mechanics for the +first time and what this does no but + + align:start position:0% +first time and what this does no but + + + align:start position:0% +first time and what this does no but +stay it's still going to be good okay go + + align:start position:0% +stay it's still going to be good okay go + + + align:start position:0% +stay it's still going to be good okay go +ahead it's uh we'll fill you in when you + + align:start position:0% +ahead it's uh we'll fill you in when you + + + align:start position:0% +ahead it's uh we'll fill you in when you +come back the + + align:start position:0% +come back the + + + align:start position:0% +come back the +um what this does to say that I want to + + align:start position:0% +um what this does to say that I want to + + + align:start position:0% +um what this does to say that I want to +think about the density instead of the + + align:start position:0% +think about the density instead of the + + + align:start position:0% +think about the density instead of the +wave function is effectively it modifies + + align:start position:0% +wave function is effectively it modifies + + + align:start position:0% +wave function is effectively it modifies +h + + align:start position:0% +h + + + align:start position:0% +h +so now instead of modifying s you + + align:start position:0% +so now instead of modifying s you + + + align:start position:0% +so now instead of modifying s you +actually are changing H + + align:start position:0% +actually are changing H + + + align:start position:0% +actually are changing H +considerably considerably okay but you + + align:start position:0% +considerably considerably okay but you + + + align:start position:0% +considerably considerably okay but you +hope that you don't change it so much + + align:start position:0% +hope that you don't change it so much + + + align:start position:0% +hope that you don't change it so much +that it's wrong or that it's unphysical + + align:start position:0% +that it's wrong or that it's unphysical + + + align:start position:0% +that it's wrong or that it's unphysical +right and density functional Theory + + align:start position:0% +right and density functional Theory + + + align:start position:0% +right and density functional Theory +effectively is a theory that simplifies + + align:start position:0% +effectively is a theory that simplifies + + + align:start position:0% +effectively is a theory that simplifies +H the hamiltonan the expression for the + + align:start position:0% +H the hamiltonan the expression for the + + + align:start position:0% +H the hamiltonan the expression for the +energy you basically get rid of those + + align:start position:0% +energy you basically get rid of those + + + align:start position:0% +energy you basically get rid of those +complex many particle interactions from + + align:start position:0% +complex many particle interactions from + + + align:start position:0% +complex many particle interactions from +H okay and you put effective potential + + align:start position:0% +H okay and you put effective potential + + + align:start position:0% +H okay and you put effective potential +into + + align:start position:0% +into + + + align:start position:0% +into +it okay that's density functional Theory + + align:start position:0% +it okay that's density functional Theory + + + align:start position:0% +it okay that's density functional Theory +now both of them get rid of this many + + align:start position:0% +now both of them get rid of this many + + + align:start position:0% +now both of them get rid of this many +body problem actually see what you do in + + align:start position:0% +body problem actually see what you do in + + + align:start position:0% +body problem actually see what you do in +quantum chemistry is you change the wave + + align:start position:0% +quantum chemistry is you change the wave + + + align:start position:0% +quantum chemistry is you change the wave +function so it's a single particle wave + + align:start position:0% +function so it's a single particle wave + + + align:start position:0% +function so it's a single particle wave +function which basically means when you + + align:start position:0% +function which basically means when you + + + align:start position:0% +function which basically means when you +solve the equations there are no more + + align:start position:0% +solve the equations there are no more + + + align:start position:0% +solve the equations there are no more +many body terms left and in density + + align:start position:0% +many body terms left and in density + + + align:start position:0% +many body terms left and in density +functional Theory you change the + + align:start position:0% +functional Theory you change the + + + align:start position:0% +functional Theory you change the +hamiltonian so that you explicitly get + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian so that you explicitly get + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian so that you explicitly get +rid of the many body interactions either + + align:start position:0% +rid of the many body interactions either + + + align:start position:0% +rid of the many body interactions either +way you're left with a single particle + + align:start position:0% +way you're left with a single particle + + + align:start position:0% +way you're left with a single particle +picture + + align:start position:0% +picture + + + align:start position:0% +picture +that's really the trick in both + + align:start position:0% +that's really the trick in both + + + align:start position:0% +that's really the trick in both +communities what you end up with is a + + align:start position:0% +communities what you end up with is a + + + align:start position:0% +communities what you end up with is a +single particle picture now that's + + align:start position:0% +single particle picture now that's + + + align:start position:0% +single particle picture now that's +something that you can solve in less + + align:start position:0% +something that you can solve in less + + + align:start position:0% +something that you can solve in less +than the age of the Universe on a + + align:start position:0% +than the age of the Universe on a + + + align:start position:0% +than the age of the Universe on a +computer and that's the key okay you're + + align:start position:0% +computer and that's the key okay you're + + + align:start position:0% +computer and that's the key okay you're +left with these single particle pictures + + align:start position:0% +left with these single particle pictures + + + align:start position:0% +left with these single particle pictures +what is a single particle picture who + + align:start position:0% +what is a single particle picture who + + + align:start position:0% +what is a single particle picture who +can tell me did you talk about that you + + align:start position:0% +can tell me did you talk about that you + + + align:start position:0% +can tell me did you talk about that you +go from a many body picture to a single + + align:start position:0% +go from a many body picture to a single + + + align:start position:0% +go from a many body picture to a single +particle + + align:start position:0% +particle + + + align:start position:0% +particle +picture take a guess + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah I see that you want to + + align:start position:0% +yeah I see that you want to + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I see that you want to +guess yeah yeah go ahead sure uh it's + + align:start position:0% +guess yeah yeah go ahead sure uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +guess yeah yeah go ahead sure uh it's +one where all the variables in your + + align:start position:0% +one where all the variables in your + + + align:start position:0% +one where all the variables in your +theory + + align:start position:0% +theory + + + align:start position:0% +theory +only uh sort of depend + + align:start position:0% +only uh sort of depend + + + align:start position:0% +only uh sort of depend +on you know all all the all the things + + align:start position:0% +on you know all all the all the things + + + align:start position:0% +on you know all all the all the things +in your theory only depend on uh the + + align:start position:0% +in your theory only depend on uh the + + + align:start position:0% +in your theory only depend on uh the +variables for one particle so basically + + align:start position:0% +variables for one particle so basically + + + align:start position:0% +variables for one particle so basically +yes yeah I mean that's exactly it right + + align:start position:0% +yes yeah I mean that's exactly it right + + + align:start position:0% +yes yeah I mean that's exactly it right +so so now my electrons + + align:start position:0% +so so now my electrons + + + align:start position:0% +so so now my electrons +my electrons are like this in my real + + align:start position:0% +my electrons are like this in my real + + + align:start position:0% +my electrons are like this in my real +system here are my + + align:start position:0% +system here are my + + + align:start position:0% +system here are my +electrons all those + + align:start position:0% +electrons all those + + + align:start position:0% +electrons all those +e and uh and there they are but what I'm + + align:start position:0% +e and uh and there they are but what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +e and uh and there they are but what I'm +saying is that this isn't this isn't I + + align:start position:0% +saying is that this isn't this isn't I + + + align:start position:0% +saying is that this isn't this isn't I +can't describe this because look that's + + align:start position:0% +can't describe this because look that's + + + align:start position:0% +can't describe this because look that's +when I have to take into account these + + align:start position:0% +when I have to take into account these + + + align:start position:0% +when I have to take into account these +guys look that's this that's this term + + align:start position:0% +guys look that's this that's this term + + + align:start position:0% +guys look that's this that's this term +here the r minus r is the POS the + + align:start position:0% +here the r minus r is the POS the + + + align:start position:0% +here the r minus r is the POS the +relative positions of two electrons and + + align:start position:0% +relative positions of two electrons and + + + align:start position:0% +relative positions of two electrons and +I even need to take these guys and these + + align:start position:0% +I even need to take these guys and these + + + align:start position:0% +I even need to take these guys and these +guys and those guys that those many + + align:start position:0% +guys and those guys that those many + + + align:start position:0% +guys and those guys that those many +that's the many body part that's not + + align:start position:0% +that's the many body part that's not + + + align:start position:0% +that's the many body part that's not +solvable + + align:start position:0% +solvable + + + align:start position:0% +solvable +basically not for computational Material + + align:start position:0% +basically not for computational Material + + + align:start position:0% +basically not for computational Material +Science so what we need to do is I mean + + align:start position:0% +Science so what we need to do is I mean + + + align:start position:0% +Science so what we need to do is I mean +it's it's solvable in certain ways but + + align:start position:0% +it's it's solvable in certain ways but + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's solvable in certain ways but +it's very hard okay I should put it that + + align:start position:0% +it's very hard okay I should put it that + + + align:start position:0% +it's very hard okay I should put it that +way um and so the the the single + + align:start position:0% +way um and so the the the single + + + align:start position:0% +way um and so the the the single +particle picture is to say sorry but um + + align:start position:0% +particle picture is to say sorry but um + + + align:start position:0% +particle picture is to say sorry but um +you're going to lose all this individual + + align:start position:0% +you're going to lose all this individual + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to lose all this individual +here and each electron I'm I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +here and each electron I'm I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +here and each electron I'm I'm going to +Now map this guy over here is only going + + align:start position:0% +Now map this guy over here is only going + + + align:start position:0% +Now map this guy over here is only going +to feel some potential field some mean + + align:start position:0% +to feel some potential field some mean + + + align:start position:0% +to feel some potential field some mean +field + + align:start position:0% +field + + + align:start position:0% +field +some mean potential average of all of + + align:start position:0% +some mean potential average of all of + + + align:start position:0% +some mean potential average of all of +those other electrons it swims in an + + align:start position:0% +those other electrons it swims in an + + + align:start position:0% +those other electrons it swims in an +average potential now and so I basically + + align:start position:0% +average potential now and so I basically + + + align:start position:0% +average potential now and so I basically +have just eliminated the problem the + + align:start position:0% +have just eliminated the problem the + + + align:start position:0% +have just eliminated the problem the +problem was this it's too hard to solve + + align:start position:0% +problem was this it's too hard to solve + + + align:start position:0% +problem was this it's too hard to solve +on the computer certainly analytically + + align:start position:0% +on the computer certainly analytically + + + align:start position:0% +on the computer certainly analytically +but also on the computer and so I've + + align:start position:0% +but also on the computer and so I've + + + align:start position:0% +but also on the computer and so I've +changed it to this that's basically what + + align:start position:0% +changed it to this that's basically what + + + align:start position:0% +changed it to this that's basically what +both of these things do quantum + + align:start position:0% +both of these things do quantum + + + align:start position:0% +both of these things do quantum +chemistry and density functional Theory + + align:start position:0% +chemistry and density functional Theory + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry and density functional Theory +both result in this picture this very + + align:start position:0% +both result in this picture this very + + + align:start position:0% +both result in this picture this very +simplified picture it's called a + + align:start position:0% +simplified picture it's called a + + + align:start position:0% +simplified picture it's called a +meanfield picture CU it's a mean each + + align:start position:0% +meanfield picture CU it's a mean each + + + align:start position:0% +meanfield picture CU it's a mean each +electron is in a mean field of the rest + + align:start position:0% +electron is in a mean field of the rest + + + align:start position:0% +electron is in a mean field of the rest +of them um they do it in different ways + + align:start position:0% +of them um they do it in different ways + + + align:start position:0% +of them um they do it in different ways +Quantum chemists do it by simplifying + + align:start position:0% +Quantum chemists do it by simplifying + + + align:start position:0% +Quantum chemists do it by simplifying +the the wave function and the physicists + + align:start position:0% +the the wave function and the physicists + + + align:start position:0% +the the wave function and the physicists +did it originally by simplifying the + + align:start position:0% +did it originally by simplifying the + + + align:start position:0% +did it originally by simplifying the +hamiltonian and there was a lot of + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian and there was a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian and there was a lot of +really interesting sort of discussion to + + align:start position:0% +really interesting sort of discussion to + + + align:start position:0% +really interesting sort of discussion to +put it lightly about which put path was + + align:start position:0% +put it lightly about which put path was + + + align:start position:0% +put it lightly about which put path was +better and then I think now both + + align:start position:0% +better and then I think now both + + + align:start position:0% +better and then I think now both +communities I think work in both ways + + align:start position:0% +communities I think work in both ways + + + align:start position:0% +communities I think work in both ways +right there's a lot of back and forth + + align:start position:0% +right there's a lot of back and forth + + + align:start position:0% +right there's a lot of back and forth +but density functional theory is + + align:start position:0% +but density functional theory is + + + align:start position:0% +but density functional theory is +definitely the one we're going to work + + align:start position:0% +definitely the one we're going to work + + + align:start position:0% +definitely the one we're going to work +on with this class because it strikes + + align:start position:0% +on with this class because it strikes + + + align:start position:0% +on with this class because it strikes +the balance right it strikes a very nice + + align:start position:0% +the balance right it strikes a very nice + + + align:start position:0% +the balance right it strikes a very nice +balance as a + + align:start position:0% +balance as a + + + align:start position:0% +balance as a +method that can capture enough accuracy + + align:start position:0% +method that can capture enough accuracy + + + align:start position:0% +method that can capture enough accuracy +it sacrifices something it definitely + + align:start position:0% +it sacrifices something it definitely + + + align:start position:0% +it sacrifices something it definitely +sacrifices something you approximate the + + align:start position:0% +sacrifices something you approximate the + + + align:start position:0% +sacrifices something you approximate the +hamiltonian but it doesn't sacrifice it + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian but it doesn't sacrifice it + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian but it doesn't sacrifice it +still is pretty accurate and it's been + + align:start position:0% +still is pretty accurate and it's been + + + align:start position:0% +still is pretty accurate and it's been +shown to be pretty accurate for many + + align:start position:0% +shown to be pretty accurate for many + + + align:start position:0% +shown to be pretty accurate for many +many many problems okay and so and you + + align:start position:0% +many many problems okay and so and you + + + align:start position:0% +many many problems okay and so and you +can see that it's also um right in this + + align:start position:0% +can see that it's also um right in this + + + align:start position:0% +can see that it's also um right in this +region here which is a really nice + + align:start position:0% +region here which is a really nice + + + align:start position:0% +region here which is a really nice +region to be in now why is this a nice + + align:start position:0% +region to be in now why is this a nice + + + align:start position:0% +region to be in now why is this a nice +region to be in on the vertical + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +axis Sol for + + align:start position:0% +axis Sol for + + + align:start position:0% +axis Sol for +larger you can solve it for large + + align:start position:0% +larger you can solve it for large + + + align:start position:0% +larger you can solve it for large +molecules yeah what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +else yeah uh it's growing pretty quickly + + align:start position:0% +else yeah uh it's growing pretty quickly + + + align:start position:0% +else yeah uh it's growing pretty quickly +so in the future you'll be able to do + + align:start position:0% +so in the future you'll be able to do + + + align:start position:0% +so in the future you'll be able to do +even more items totally Nice N cubed uh + + align:start position:0% +even more items totally Nice N cubed uh + + + align:start position:0% +even more items totally Nice N cubed uh +scaling well n Cub sorry n cubed scaling + + align:start position:0% +scaling well n Cub sorry n cubed scaling + + + align:start position:0% +scaling well n Cub sorry n cubed scaling +of the method with size but also + + align:start position:0% +of the method with size but also + + + align:start position:0% +of the method with size but also +increase in the speed with year okay + + align:start position:0% +increase in the speed with year okay + + + align:start position:0% +increase in the speed with year okay +um what else why else might this be a + + align:start position:0% +um what else why else might this be a + + + align:start position:0% +um what else why else might this be a +nice sweet spot for computational + + align:start position:0% +nice sweet spot for computational + + + align:start position:0% +nice sweet spot for computational +materials + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +design thousand to 10,000 atoms sort of + + align:start position:0% +design thousand to 10,000 atoms sort of + + + align:start position:0% +design thousand to 10,000 atoms sort of +where the limits of DFT + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are well what are we solving for + + align:start position:0% +are well what are we solving for + + + align:start position:0% +are well what are we solving for +electrons right we're solving for those + + align:start position:0% +electrons right we're solving for those + + + align:start position:0% +electrons right we're solving for those +properties of + + align:start position:0% +properties of + + + align:start position:0% +properties of +electrons now why is this a nice sweet + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +spot well when when might I need less or + + align:start position:0% +spot well when when might I need less or + + + align:start position:0% +spot well when when might I need less or +more atoms in + + align:start position:0% +more atoms in + + + align:start position:0% +more atoms in +that like Okay so let's say I'm in + + align:start position:0% +that like Okay so let's say I'm in + + + align:start position:0% +that like Okay so let's say I'm in +couple cluster which is one of these + + align:start position:0% +couple cluster which is one of these + + + align:start position:0% +couple cluster which is one of these +ways of making the wave function + + align:start position:0% +ways of making the wave function + + + align:start position:0% +ways of making the wave function +simpler it's a very accurate method but + + align:start position:0% +simpler it's a very accurate method but + + + align:start position:0% +simpler it's a very accurate method but +you can only do today right I don't know + + align:start position:0% +you can only do today right I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +you can only do today right I don't know +15 atoms accurately maybe + + align:start position:0% +15 atoms accurately maybe + + + align:start position:0% +15 atoms accurately maybe +20 what would be limiting about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that is 20 atoms enough yeah if you're + + align:start position:0% +that is 20 atoms enough yeah if you're + + + align:start position:0% +that is 20 atoms enough yeah if you're +trying to figure out say the electric + + align:start position:0% +trying to figure out say the electric + + + align:start position:0% +trying to figure out say the electric +properties of some material you don't + + align:start position:0% +properties of some material you don't + + + align:start position:0% +properties of some material you don't +really have enough space to take into + + align:start position:0% +really have enough space to take into + + + align:start position:0% +really have enough space to take into +account you know some three-dimensional + + align:start position:0% +account you know some three-dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +account you know some three-dimensional +block of stuff now why when would you + + align:start position:0% +block of stuff now why when would you + + + align:start position:0% +block of stuff now why when would you +run out of space what + + align:start position:0% +run out of space what + + + align:start position:0% +run out of space what +matters uh so + + align:start position:0% +matters uh so + + + align:start position:0% +matters uh so +like boundary conditions and things like + + align:start position:0% +like boundary conditions and things like + + + align:start position:0% +like boundary conditions and things like +that so like you know if you're talking + + align:start position:0% +that so like you know if you're talking + + + align:start position:0% +that so like you know if you're talking +Quantum dots or things like that you + + align:start position:0% +Quantum dots or things like that you + + + align:start position:0% +Quantum dots or things like that you +have different sizes contributing to the + + align:start position:0% +have different sizes contributing to the + + + align:start position:0% +have different sizes contributing to the +properties of the material yeah so and + + align:start position:0% +properties of the material yeah so and + + + align:start position:0% +properties of the material yeah so and +you can't really explore those with just + + align:start position:0% +you can't really explore those with just + + + align:start position:0% +you can't really explore those with just +20 atoms definitely a good point + + align:start position:0% +20 atoms definitely a good point + + + align:start position:0% +20 atoms definitely a good point +anything + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +else why else might this so it's not + + align:start position:0% +else why else might this so it's not + + + align:start position:0% +else why else might this so it's not +just it's it's the size here it's the + + align:start position:0% +just it's it's the size here it's the + + + align:start position:0% +just it's it's the size here it's the +size of the material you want to study + + align:start position:0% +size of the material you want to study + + + align:start position:0% +size of the material you want to study +and 1 to 10,000 is a pretty good region + + align:start position:0% +and 1 to 10,000 is a pretty good region + + + align:start position:0% +and 1 to 10,000 is a pretty good region +you can play a lot welcome back you can + + align:start position:0% +you can play a lot welcome back you can + + + align:start position:0% +you can play a lot welcome back you can +play a lot um with uh uh that size range + + align:start position:0% +play a lot um with uh uh that size range + + + align:start position:0% +play a lot um with uh uh that size range +you can Model A lot of materials in that + + align:start position:0% +you can Model A lot of materials in that + + + align:start position:0% +you can Model A lot of materials in that +size range but importantly the thing + + align:start position:0% +size range but importantly the thing + + + align:start position:0% +size range but importantly the thing +you're modeling are the electrons and so + + align:start position:0% +you're modeling are the electrons and so + + + align:start position:0% +you're modeling are the electrons and so +what counts you know it's not just about + + align:start position:0% +what counts you know it's not just about + + + align:start position:0% +what counts you know it's not just about +how many atoms you can put into your + + align:start position:0% +how many atoms you can put into your + + + align:start position:0% +how many atoms you can put into your +simulation that's not what counts you we + + align:start position:0% +simulation that's not what counts you we + + + align:start position:0% +simulation that's not what counts you we +used to see these titles of papers like + + align:start position:0% +used to see these titles of papers like + + + align:start position:0% +used to see these titles of papers like +million atom simulation billion atom + + align:start position:0% +million atom simulation billion atom + + + align:start position:0% +million atom simulation billion atom +simulation trillion atom simulation you + + align:start position:0% +simulation trillion atom simulation you + + + align:start position:0% +simulation trillion atom simulation you +know okay that's cool you get a lot of + + align:start position:0% +know okay that's cool you get a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +know okay that's cool you get a lot of +atoms good for you but what matters what + + align:start position:0% +atoms good for you but what matters what + + + align:start position:0% +atoms good for you but what matters what +matters is did you need those atoms for + + align:start position:0% +matters is did you need those atoms for + + + align:start position:0% +matters is did you need those atoms for +the property you care + + align:start position:0% +the property you care + + + align:start position:0% +the property you care +about right did you need them now in + + align:start position:0% +about right did you need them now in + + + align:start position:0% +about right did you need them now in +some cases maybe you do but for + + align:start position:0% +some cases maybe you do but for + + + align:start position:0% +some cases maybe you do but for +electrons very often their spread what + + align:start position:0% +electrons very often their spread what + + + align:start position:0% +electrons very often their spread what +they want to + + align:start position:0% +they want to + + + align:start position:0% +they want to +do is kind of more you know dominated by + + align:start position:0% +do is kind of more you know dominated by + + + align:start position:0% +do is kind of more you know dominated by +a few nearest neighbor distances maybe + + align:start position:0% +a few nearest neighbor distances maybe + + + align:start position:0% +a few nearest neighbor distances maybe +10 nearest neighbor distances in a + + align:start position:0% +10 nearest neighbor distances in a + + + align:start position:0% +10 nearest neighbor distances in a +crystal right in some cas they're very + + align:start position:0% +crystal right in some cas they're very + + + align:start position:0% +crystal right in some cas they're very +spread out like in a metal and then we + + align:start position:0% +spread out like in a metal and then we + + + align:start position:0% +spread out like in a metal and then we +can use periodic boundary conditions and + + align:start position:0% +can use periodic boundary conditions and + + + align:start position:0% +can use periodic boundary conditions and +we can still capture all the all the + + align:start position:0% +we can still capture all the all the + + + align:start position:0% +we can still capture all the all the +physics um but when you have interfaces + + align:start position:0% +physics um but when you have interfaces + + + align:start position:0% +physics um but when you have interfaces +or roughness or molecules the electrons + + align:start position:0% +or roughness or molecules the electrons + + + align:start position:0% +or roughness or molecules the electrons +aren't going to even if you + + align:start position:0% +aren't going to even if you + + + align:start position:0% +aren't going to even if you +put a million atoms in you won't see + + align:start position:0% +put a million atoms in you won't see + + + align:start position:0% +put a million atoms in you won't see +anything different than if you put a + + align:start position:0% +anything different than if you put a + + + align:start position:0% +anything different than if you put a +thousand atoms in right and that has for + + align:start position:0% +thousand atoms in right and that has for + + + align:start position:0% +thousand atoms in right and that has for +many problems for many problems not all + + align:start position:0% +many problems for many problems not all + + + align:start position:0% +many problems for many problems not all +but for many cool materials design + + align:start position:0% +but for many cool materials design + + + align:start position:0% +but for many cool materials design +problems that's the case and that's why + + align:start position:0% +problems that's the case and that's why + + + align:start position:0% +problems that's the case and that's why +this is such a nice sweet spot of a + + align:start position:0% +this is such a nice sweet spot of a + + + align:start position:0% +this is such a nice sweet spot of a +method because it hits in this this + + align:start position:0% +method because it hits in this this + + + align:start position:0% +method because it hits in this this +range where the stuff we care about + + align:start position:0% +range where the stuff we care about + + + align:start position:0% +range where the stuff we care about +electrons happen to kind of play in this + + align:start position:0% +electrons happen to kind of play in this + + + align:start position:0% +electrons happen to kind of play in this +phas space of of distance okay that's + + align:start position:0% +phas space of of distance okay that's + + + align:start position:0% +phas space of of distance okay that's +where DFT is is that's why it's so + + align:start position:0% +where DFT is is that's why it's so + + + align:start position:0% +where DFT is is that's why it's so +powerful any + + align:start position:0% +powerful any + + + align:start position:0% +powerful any +questions + + align:start position:0% +questions + + + align:start position:0% +questions +okay and uh right I'm not going to + + align:start position:0% +okay and uh right I'm not going to + + + align:start position:0% +okay and uh right I'm not going to +review I I don't I just kind of went + + align:start position:0% +review I I don't I just kind of went + + + align:start position:0% +review I I don't I just kind of went +through this the approximation is to + + align:start position:0% +through this the approximation is to + + + align:start position:0% +through this the approximation is to +work with the density + + align:start position:0% +work with the density + + + align:start position:0% +work with the density +um and you sort of throw everything into + + align:start position:0% +um and you sort of throw everything into + + + align:start position:0% +um and you sort of throw everything into +a density the formalism and you punt on + + align:start position:0% +a density the formalism and you punt on + + + align:start position:0% +a density the formalism and you punt on +the exchange on this interaction term + + align:start position:0% +the exchange on this interaction term + + + align:start position:0% +the exchange on this interaction term +it's all about this V so density + + align:start position:0% +it's all about this V so density + + + align:start position:0% +it's all about this V so density +functional theory is about what + + align:start position:0% +functional theory is about what + + + align:start position:0% +functional theory is about what +functional you use to capture these many + + align:start position:0% +functional you use to capture these many + + + align:start position:0% +functional you use to capture these many +body effects in a single P single + + align:start position:0% +body effects in a single P single + + + align:start position:0% +body effects in a single P single +partical way that's really what it comes + + align:start position:0% +partical way that's really what it comes + + + align:start position:0% +partical way that's really what it comes +down to okay um and this is all sort of + + align:start position:0% +down to okay um and this is all sort of + + + align:start position:0% +down to okay um and this is all sort of +review right this is um this is what I I + + align:start position:0% +review right this is um this is what I I + + + align:start position:0% +review right this is um this is what I I +kind of went through this um you will + + align:start position:0% +kind of went through this um you will + + + align:start position:0% +kind of went through this um you will +not be tested on this math but I think + + align:start position:0% +not be tested on this math but I think + + + align:start position:0% +not be tested on this math but I think +you went through it already last week + + align:start position:0% +you went through it already last week + + + align:start position:0% +you went through it already last week +correct some nods okay and so you get + + align:start position:0% +correct some nods okay and so you get + + + align:start position:0% +correct some nods okay and so you get +basically + + align:start position:0% +basically + + + align:start position:0% +basically +um uh uh an + + align:start position:0% +um uh uh an + + + align:start position:0% +um uh uh an +equation that uh where the potential + + align:start position:0% +equation that uh where the potential + + + align:start position:0% +equation that uh where the potential +that I just showed you can be written as + + align:start position:0% +that I just showed you can be written as + + + align:start position:0% +that I just showed you can be written as +this um as as this potential which is uh + + align:start position:0% +this um as as this potential which is uh + + + align:start position:0% +this um as as this potential which is uh +plus this exchange correlation uh + + align:start position:0% +plus this exchange correlation uh + + + align:start position:0% +plus this exchange correlation uh +functional which is basically a function + + align:start position:0% +functional which is basically a function + + + align:start position:0% +functional which is basically a function +only of this one electric + + align:start position:0% +only of this one electric + + + align:start position:0% +only of this one electric +that's why it works so well it's not a + + align:start position:0% +that's why it works so well it's not a + + + align:start position:0% +that's why it works so well it's not a +function anymore of all these other + + align:start position:0% +function anymore of all these other + + + align:start position:0% +function anymore of all these other +electrons okay so I sort of I'm just + + align:start position:0% +electrons okay so I sort of I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +electrons okay so I sort of I'm just +kind of want to make sure we get the the + + align:start position:0% +kind of want to make sure we get the the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of want to make sure we get the the +key points + + align:start position:0% +key points + + + align:start position:0% +key points +um now the way you solve this in a + + align:start position:0% +um now the way you solve this in a + + + align:start position:0% +um now the way you solve this in a +computer which is what the nanohub does + + align:start position:0% +computer which is what the nanohub does + + + align:start position:0% +computer which is what the nanohub does +for you when it + + align:start position:0% +for you when it + + + align:start position:0% +for you when it +works I had some interesting crashes + + align:start position:0% +works I had some interesting crashes + + + align:start position:0% +works I had some interesting crashes +last night on the nanohub + + align:start position:0% +last night on the nanohub + + + align:start position:0% +last night on the nanohub +um is basically you have this equation + + align:start position:0% +um is basically you have this equation + + + align:start position:0% +um is basically you have this equation +so so density functional Theory does you + + align:start position:0% +so so density functional Theory does you + + + align:start position:0% +so so density functional Theory does you +see this is the beauty of + + align:start position:0% +see this is the beauty of + + + align:start position:0% +see this is the beauty of +it what does that look like to you I + + align:start position:0% +it what does that look like to you I + + + align:start position:0% +it what does that look like to you I +mean that looks like something that we + + align:start position:0% +mean that looks like something that we + + + align:start position:0% +mean that looks like something that we +did that's definitely your hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% +did that's definitely your hamiltonian + + + align:start position:0% +did that's definitely your hamiltonian +but this equation now remember the many + + align:start position:0% +but this equation now remember the many + + + align:start position:0% +but this equation now remember the many +body multi particle mess that we just + + align:start position:0% +body multi particle mess that we just + + + align:start position:0% +body multi particle mess that we just +showed you okay now we're back from that + + align:start position:0% +showed you okay now we're back from that + + + align:start position:0% +showed you okay now we're back from that +to this what does that look like it's + + align:start position:0% +to this what does that look like it's + + + align:start position:0% +to this what does that look like it's +reminiscent + + align:start position:0% +reminiscent + + + align:start position:0% +reminiscent +of like and for which which which + + align:start position:0% +of like and for which which which + + + align:start position:0% +of like and for which which which +material yeah it sort of looks back like + + align:start position:0% +material yeah it sort of looks back like + + + align:start position:0% +material yeah it sort of looks back like +hydrogen almost right now it's not as + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen almost right now it's not as + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen almost right now it's not as +simple as hydrogen cuz V is now more + + align:start position:0% +simple as hydrogen cuz V is now more + + + align:start position:0% +simple as hydrogen cuz V is now more +complex but it basically turns the + + align:start position:0% +complex but it basically turns the + + + align:start position:0% +complex but it basically turns the +problem back into a single particle + + align:start position:0% +problem back into a single particle + + + align:start position:0% +problem back into a single particle +problem so now that's the equation we + + align:start position:0% +problem so now that's the equation we + + + align:start position:0% +problem so now that's the equation we +solve once we go through this the + + align:start position:0% +solve once we go through this the + + + align:start position:0% +solve once we go through this the +density functional Theory + + align:start position:0% +density functional Theory + + + align:start position:0% +density functional Theory +approximation um and you have to solve + + align:start position:0% +approximation um and you have to solve + + + align:start position:0% +approximation um and you have to solve +it in a in what's called a + + align:start position:0% +it in a in what's called a + + + align:start position:0% +it in a in what's called a +self-consistent way which is to say you + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent way which is to say you + + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent way which is to say you +have to start with a guess for your + + align:start position:0% +have to start with a guess for your + + + align:start position:0% +have to start with a guess for your +density you plug it into the equation + + align:start position:0% +density you plug it into the equation + + + align:start position:0% +density you plug it into the equation +and you get out these these wave + + align:start position:0% +and you get out these these wave + + + align:start position:0% +and you get out these these wave +functions so you do get wave functions + + align:start position:0% +functions so you do get wave functions + + + align:start position:0% +functions so you do get wave functions +in density functional Theory but you're + + align:start position:0% +in density functional Theory but you're + + + align:start position:0% +in density functional Theory but you're +basically they're they're essentially + + align:start position:0% +basically they're they're essentially + + + align:start position:0% +basically they're they're essentially +just a basis for the density you work + + align:start position:0% +just a basis for the density you work + + + align:start position:0% +just a basis for the density you work +the the conceptual framework is to work + + align:start position:0% +the the conceptual framework is to work + + + align:start position:0% +the the conceptual framework is to work +with the density so you start with the + + align:start position:0% +with the density so you start with the + + + align:start position:0% +with the density so you start with the +density you plug it into here and you + + align:start position:0% +density you plug it into here and you + + + align:start position:0% +density you plug it into here and you +solve this the computer solves this and + + align:start position:0% +solve this the computer solves this and + + + align:start position:0% +solve this the computer solves this and +it gets you a wave function and then + + align:start position:0% +it gets you a wave function and then + + + align:start position:0% +it gets you a wave function and then +from that wave function you can get a + + align:start position:0% +from that wave function you can get a + + + align:start position:0% +from that wave function you can get a +new density because the density is after + + align:start position:0% +new density because the density is after + + + align:start position:0% +new density because the density is after +all just the sum over these things + + align:start position:0% +all just the sum over these things + + + align:start position:0% +all just the sum over these things +squared we know that right because we + + align:start position:0% +squared we know that right because we + + + align:start position:0% +squared we know that right because we +talked about how that's what that's + + align:start position:0% +talked about how that's what that's + + + align:start position:0% +talked about how that's what that's +that's what density is electron density + + align:start position:0% +that's what density is electron density + + + align:start position:0% +that's what density is electron density +so does everybody know what I'm talking + + align:start position:0% +so does everybody know what I'm talking + + + align:start position:0% +so does everybody know what I'm talking +about probability right electron density + + align:start position:0% +about probability right electron density + + + align:start position:0% +about probability right electron density +is is the is where it is it's it's + + align:start position:0% +is is the is where it is it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +is is the is where it is it's it's +probability distribution um and and so + + align:start position:0% +probability distribution um and and so + + + align:start position:0% +probability distribution um and and so +so that you get from that you put it + + align:start position:0% +so that you get from that you put it + + + align:start position:0% +so that you get from that you put it +back in here you do it again and + + align:start position:0% +back in here you do it again and + + + align:start position:0% +back in here you do it again and +basically you stop when + + align:start position:0% +basically you stop when + + + align:start position:0% +basically you stop when +what which is when you're about right I + + align:start position:0% +what which is when you're about right I + + + align:start position:0% +what which is when you're about right I +love that answer tell me + + align:start position:0% +love that answer tell me + + + align:start position:0% +love that answer tell me +more when do you stop if it's a + + align:start position:0% +more when do you stop if it's a + + + align:start position:0% +more when do you stop if it's a +self-consistent loop I I guess for this + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent loop I I guess for this + + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent loop I I guess for this +I put it in here I get a new set of + + align:start position:0% +I put it in here I get a new set of + + + align:start position:0% +I put it in here I get a new set of +these they give me a new this and I put + + align:start position:0% +these they give me a new this and I put + + + align:start position:0% +these they give me a new this and I put +that back in there and I get a new set + + align:start position:0% +that back in there and I get a new set + + + align:start position:0% +that back in there and I get a new set +when should I + + align:start position:0% +when should I + + + align:start position:0% +when should I +stop yeah when it doesn't change when + + align:start position:0% +stop yeah when it doesn't change when + + + align:start position:0% +stop yeah when it doesn't change when +the answer doesn't change and so that's + + align:start position:0% +the answer doesn't change and so that's + + + align:start position:0% +the answer doesn't change and so that's +what this is showing you here okay is it + + align:start position:0% +what this is showing you here okay is it + + + align:start position:0% +what this is showing you here okay is it +self-consistent means it didn't change + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent means it didn't change + + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent means it didn't change +basically you did this Loop and it + + align:start position:0% +basically you did this Loop and it + + + align:start position:0% +basically you did this Loop and it +didn't change + + align:start position:0% +didn't change + + + align:start position:0% +didn't change +okay and that's what it'll look like in + + align:start position:0% +okay and that's what it'll look like in + + + align:start position:0% +okay and that's what it'll look like in +the code you'll see energies total + + align:start position:0% +the code you'll see energies total + + + align:start position:0% +the code you'll see energies total +energies coming out of the system and + + align:start position:0% +energies coming out of the system and + + + align:start position:0% +energies coming out of the system and +they'll they'll be sort of converging to + + align:start position:0% +they'll they'll be sort of converging to + + + align:start position:0% +they'll they'll be sort of converging to +a value and then the code will say okay + + align:start position:0% +a value and then the code will say okay + + + align:start position:0% +a value and then the code will say okay +it's close + + align:start position:0% +it's close + + + align:start position:0% +it's close +enough + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay um now the other key thing is you + + align:start position:0% +okay um now the other key thing is you + + + align:start position:0% +okay um now the other key thing is you +have to write these FES when you talk + + align:start position:0% +have to write these FES when you talk + + + align:start position:0% +have to write these FES when you talk +about a + + align:start position:0% +about a + + + align:start position:0% +about a +fi so this is the this is the H this is + + align:start position:0% +fi so this is the this is the H this is + + + align:start position:0% +fi so this is the this is the H this is +the sting your equation and then you + + align:start position:0% +the sting your equation and then you + + + align:start position:0% +the sting your equation and then you +write the s in term of in terms of some + + align:start position:0% +write the s in term of in terms of some + + + align:start position:0% +write the s in term of in terms of some +set of orbitals but to write an + + align:start position:0% +set of orbitals but to write an + + + align:start position:0% +set of orbitals but to write an +orbital right I mean it's any if I want + + align:start position:0% +orbital right I mean it's any if I want + + + align:start position:0% +orbital right I mean it's any if I want +to write um anything if I want to write + + align:start position:0% +to write um anything if I want to write + + + align:start position:0% +to write um anything if I want to write +anything on a computer that's my + + align:start position:0% +anything on a computer that's my + + + align:start position:0% +anything on a computer that's my +electron density it's my orbital I I + + align:start position:0% +electron density it's my orbital I I + + + align:start position:0% +electron density it's my orbital I I +need to represent it mathematically + + align:start position:0% +need to represent it mathematically + + + align:start position:0% +need to represent it mathematically +somehow the computer can't just take + + align:start position:0% +somehow the computer can't just take + + + align:start position:0% +somehow the computer can't just take +that right so you need functions to + + align:start position:0% +that right so you need functions to + + + align:start position:0% +that right so you need functions to +represent these and that those are + + align:start position:0% +represent these and that those are + + + align:start position:0% +represent these and that those are +called basis functions okay so those + + align:start position:0% +called basis functions okay so those + + + align:start position:0% +called basis functions okay so those +basis functions and you can use + + align:start position:0% +basis functions and you can use + + + align:start position:0% +basis functions and you can use +different kinds of basis functions um + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of basis functions um + + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of basis functions um +you can use + + align:start position:0% +you can use + + + align:start position:0% +you can use +gaussians right you can just use like if + + align:start position:0% +gaussians right you can just use like if + + + align:start position:0% +gaussians right you can just use like if +I want gaussians I would put like a nice + + align:start position:0% +I want gaussians I would put like a nice + + + align:start position:0% +I want gaussians I would put like a nice +one there and then maybe some more ones + + align:start position:0% +one there and then maybe some more ones + + + align:start position:0% +one there and then maybe some more ones +here well that wouldn't work anyway you + + align:start position:0% +here well that wouldn't work anyway you + + + align:start position:0% +here well that wouldn't work anyway you +need a bunch of gaussians centered in + + align:start position:0% +need a bunch of gaussians centered in + + + align:start position:0% +need a bunch of gaussians centered in +different places and and you'd add them + + align:start position:0% +different places and and you'd add them + + + align:start position:0% +different places and and you'd add them +up and they'd give you that function + + align:start position:0% +up and they'd give you that function + + + align:start position:0% +up and they'd give you that function +back + + align:start position:0% +back + + + align:start position:0% +back +approximately so we have to represent + + align:start position:0% +approximately so we have to represent + + + align:start position:0% +approximately so we have to represent +these things with basis functions right + + align:start position:0% +these things with basis functions right + + + align:start position:0% +these things with basis functions right +you can use plane waves which are really + + align:start position:0% +you can use plane waves which are really + + + align:start position:0% +you can use plane waves which are really +good for + + align:start position:0% +good for + + + align:start position:0% +good for +solids um you can use plane waves for + + align:start position:0% +solids um you can use plane waves for + + + align:start position:0% +solids um you can use plane waves for +atoms as well um they're nice plane + + align:start position:0% +atoms as well um they're nice plane + + + align:start position:0% +atoms as well um they're nice plane +waves are nice for solids because + + align:start position:0% +waves are nice for solids because + + + align:start position:0% +waves are nice for solids because +they're periodic which is what your wave + + align:start position:0% +they're periodic which is what your wave + + + align:start position:0% +they're periodic which is what your wave +function is okay kintite kazin tight the + + align:start position:0% +function is okay kintite kazin tight the + + + align:start position:0% +function is okay kintite kazin tight the +double um you can use them for atoms and + + align:start position:0% +double um you can use them for atoms and + + + align:start position:0% +double um you can use them for atoms and +molecules as well but you have to be a + + align:start position:0% +molecules as well but you have to be a + + + align:start position:0% +molecules as well but you have to be a +little careful cuz you're sort of a + + align:start position:0% +little careful cuz you're sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +little careful cuz you're sort of a +plane wave goes through the whole cell + + align:start position:0% +plane wave goes through the whole cell + + + align:start position:0% +plane wave goes through the whole cell +of the simulation but your molecule only + + align:start position:0% +of the simulation but your molecule only + + + align:start position:0% +of the simulation but your molecule only +takes up a small part of it so with + + align:start position:0% +takes up a small part of it so with + + + align:start position:0% +takes up a small part of it so with +plane waves you're actually sort of + + align:start position:0% +plane waves you're actually sort of + + + align:start position:0% +plane waves you're actually sort of +wasting those functions but if you do it + + align:start position:0% +wasting those functions but if you do it + + + align:start position:0% +wasting those functions but if you do it +in a smart way it's not so bad + + align:start position:0% +in a smart way it's not so bad + + + align:start position:0% +in a smart way it's not so bad +okay all right so that's sort of uh I + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so that's sort of uh I + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so that's sort of uh I +wanted to kind of touch on that this is + + align:start position:0% +wanted to kind of touch on that this is + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to kind of touch on that this is +a really cool movie that um Lynn found + + align:start position:0% +a really cool movie that um Lynn found + + + align:start position:0% +a really cool movie that um Lynn found +okay why do we care well this is the + + align:start position:0% +okay why do we care well this is the + + + align:start position:0% +okay why do we care well this is the +kind of thing you can + + align:start position:0% +kind of thing you can + + + align:start position:0% +kind of thing you can +do in when you know where these + + align:start position:0% +do in when you know where these + + + align:start position:0% +do in when you know where these +electrons are for complex systems okay + + align:start position:0% +electrons are for complex systems okay + + + align:start position:0% +electrons are for complex systems okay +you can actually this is a um a porin + + align:start position:0% +you can actually this is a um a porin + + + align:start position:0% +you can actually this is a um a porin +ring I think it's got zinc in the center + + align:start position:0% +ring I think it's got zinc in the center + + + align:start position:0% +ring I think it's got zinc in the center +um from this uh group here and you can + + align:start position:0% +um from this uh group here and you can + + + align:start position:0% +um from this uh group here and you can +actually show this is a computation and + + align:start position:0% +actually show this is a computation and + + + align:start position:0% +actually show this is a computation and +you can actually show what happens to + + align:start position:0% +you can actually show what happens to + + + align:start position:0% +you can actually show what happens to +the electrons the density of electrons + + align:start position:0% +the electrons the density of electrons + + + align:start position:0% +the electrons the density of electrons +when you shine lasers on it now it turns + + align:start position:0% +when you shine lasers on it now it turns + + + align:start position:0% +when you shine lasers on it now it turns +out that this is and there it is so now + + align:start position:0% +out that this is and there it is so now + + + align:start position:0% +out that this is and there it is so now +you're going to push on the system with + + align:start position:0% +you're going to push on the system with + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to push on the system with +lasers which cause a resonance and it + + align:start position:0% +lasers which cause a resonance and it + + + align:start position:0% +lasers which cause a resonance and it +causes these electrons to start sloshing + + align:start position:0% +causes these electrons to start sloshing + + + align:start position:0% +causes these electrons to start sloshing +back and forth as you as you pump this + + align:start position:0% +back and forth as you as you pump this + + + align:start position:0% +back and forth as you as you pump this +porin ring with lasers so you can see + + align:start position:0% +porin ring with lasers so you can see + + + align:start position:0% +porin ring with lasers so you can see +the lasers down here okay they're not + + align:start position:0% +the lasers down here okay they're not + + + align:start position:0% +the lasers down here okay they're not +actually real it's a computation but + + align:start position:0% +actually real it's a computation but + + + align:start position:0% +actually real it's a computation but +what you see is very important look at + + align:start position:0% +what you see is very important look at + + + align:start position:0% +what you see is very important look at +that SOS look at that now that is really + + align:start position:0% +that SOS look at that now that is really + + + align:start position:0% +that SOS look at that now that is really +important the sloshing of that those + + align:start position:0% +important the sloshing of that those + + + align:start position:0% +important the sloshing of that those +electrons is really really important for + + align:start position:0% +electrons is really really important for + + + align:start position:0% +electrons is really really important for +how this molecule absorbs light and + + align:start position:0% +how this molecule absorbs light and + + + align:start position:0% +how this molecule absorbs light and +that's why it was studied okay okay um + + align:start position:0% +that's why it was studied okay okay um + + + align:start position:0% +that's why it was studied okay okay um +because and this is what we're going to + + align:start position:0% +because and this is what we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +because and this is what we're going to +end with today is where those electrons + + align:start position:0% +end with today is where those electrons + + + align:start position:0% +end with today is where those electrons +are determines um the band gap of the + + align:start position:0% +are determines um the band gap of the + + + align:start position:0% +are determines um the band gap of the +molecule and it determines its Optical + + align:start position:0% +molecule and it determines its Optical + + + align:start position:0% +molecule and it determines its Optical +properties what we talked about in the + + align:start position:0% +properties what we talked about in the + + + align:start position:0% +properties what we talked about in the +very beginning something we really need + + align:start position:0% +very beginning something we really need + + + align:start position:0% +very beginning something we really need +when we're talking about um about you + + align:start position:0% +when we're talking about um about you + + + align:start position:0% +when we're talking about um about you +know photoactive materials like porine + + align:start position:0% +know photoactive materials like porine + + + align:start position:0% +know photoactive materials like porine +and porine has many important properties + + align:start position:0% +and porine has many important properties + + + align:start position:0% +and porine has many important properties +right um it's a beautiful molecule these + + align:start position:0% +right um it's a beautiful molecule these + + + align:start position:0% +right um it's a beautiful molecule these +are the kinds of molecules and these are + + align:start position:0% +are the kinds of molecules and these are + + + align:start position:0% +are the kinds of molecules and these are +the kinds of things you can get Now + + align:start position:0% +the kinds of things you can get Now + + + align:start position:0% +the kinds of things you can get Now +using these approximations + + align:start position:0% +using these approximations + + + align:start position:0% +using these approximations +okay you can get um uh electron + + align:start position:0% +okay you can get um uh electron + + + align:start position:0% +okay you can get um uh electron +densities and then correlate those to + + align:start position:0% +densities and then correlate those to + + + align:start position:0% +densities and then correlate those to +something really important and that's + + align:start position:0% +something really important and that's + + + align:start position:0% +something really important and that's +what we're going to do by the end of + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to do by the end of + + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to do by the end of +today and in our homeworks okay for + + align:start position:0% +today and in our homeworks okay for + + + align:start position:0% +today and in our homeworks okay for +solar thermal + + align:start position:0% +solar thermal + + + align:start position:0% +solar thermal +fuels + + align:start position:0% +fuels + + + align:start position:0% +fuels +okay do you guys want me to post these + + align:start position:0% +okay do you guys want me to post these + + + align:start position:0% +okay do you guys want me to post these +videos on uh Stellar do you guys look at + + align:start position:0% +videos on uh Stellar do you guys look at + + + align:start position:0% +videos on uh Stellar do you guys look at +the Stellar stuff okay I'll I'll + + align:start position:0% +the Stellar stuff okay I'll I'll + + + align:start position:0% +the Stellar stuff okay I'll I'll +definitely do that then I wasn't sure + + align:start position:0% +definitely do that then I wasn't sure + + + align:start position:0% +definitely do that then I wasn't sure +anybody okay okay so any questions so + + align:start position:0% +anybody okay okay so any questions so + + + align:start position:0% +anybody okay okay so any questions so +that was sort of a little review of + + align:start position:0% +that was sort of a little review of + + + align:start position:0% +that was sort of a little review of +Where We Are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's do a calculation actually before + + align:start position:0% +let's do a calculation actually before + + + align:start position:0% +let's do a calculation actually before +we move on let's let's just do a c there + + align:start position:0% +we move on let's let's just do a c there + + + align:start position:0% +we move on let's let's just do a c there +now that's a little embarrassing let's + + align:start position:0% +now that's a little embarrassing let's + + + align:start position:0% +now that's a little embarrassing let's +put that over + + align:start position:0% +put that over + + + align:start position:0% +put that over +here that was taken a few years ago uh + + align:start position:0% +here that was taken a few years ago uh + + + align:start position:0% +here that was taken a few years ago uh +okay now + + align:start position:0% +okay now + + + align:start position:0% +okay now +um there's MIT oh yeah give it it was + + align:start position:0% +um there's MIT oh yeah give it it was + + + align:start position:0% +um there's MIT oh yeah give it it was +out of Berkeley + + align:start position:0% +out of Berkeley + + + align:start position:0% +out of Berkeley +yeah uh okay now uh let's see if this + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh okay now uh let's see if this + + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh okay now uh let's see if this +works aha now + + align:start position:0% +works aha now + + + align:start position:0% +works aha now +um now the two tools that matter for + + align:start position:0% +um now the two tools that matter for + + + align:start position:0% +um now the two tools that matter for +quantum mechanics in this tool set are + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics in this tool set are + + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics in this tool set are +quantum chemistry and this is doing just + + align:start position:0% +quantum chemistry and this is doing just + + + align:start position:0% +quantum chemistry and this is doing just +what I said it's doing what those + + align:start position:0% +what I said it's doing what those + + + align:start position:0% +what I said it's doing what those +Quantum chemists like to do it's messing + + align:start position:0% +Quantum chemists like to do it's messing + + + align:start position:0% +Quantum chemists like to do it's messing +with the wave function and this is the + + align:start position:0% +with the wave function and this is the + + + align:start position:0% +with the wave function and this is the +density functional Theory code we're + + align:start position:0% +density functional Theory code we're + + + align:start position:0% +density functional Theory code we're +going to use + + align:start position:0% +going to use + + + align:start position:0% +going to use +Siesta which is a cool name and this is + + align:start position:0% +Siesta which is a cool name and this is + + + align:start position:0% +Siesta which is a cool name and this is +actually messing um um with the density + + align:start position:0% +actually messing um um with the density + + + align:start position:0% +actually messing um um with the density +density functional Theory although this + + align:start position:0% +density functional Theory although this + + + align:start position:0% +density functional Theory although this +now like I said the two communities have + + align:start position:0% +now like I said the two communities have + + + align:start position:0% +now like I said the two communities have +overlapped this code now can also do + + align:start position:0% +overlapped this code now can also do + + + align:start position:0% +overlapped this code now can also do +density functional Theory okay um but + + align:start position:0% +density functional Theory okay um but + + + align:start position:0% +density functional Theory okay um but +these are the two quantum mechanics + + align:start position:0% +these are the two quantum mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +these are the two quantum mechanics +codes we're going to use and if you go + + align:start position:0% +codes we're going to use and if you go + + + align:start position:0% +codes we're going to use and if you go +let's say you to here I just want to + + align:start position:0% +let's say you to here I just want to + + + align:start position:0% +let's say you to here I just want to +just do one little calculation together + + align:start position:0% +just do one little calculation together + + + align:start position:0% +just do one little calculation together +okay and what I want to + + align:start position:0% +okay and what I want to + + + align:start position:0% +okay and what I want to +do is the following because there's some + + align:start position:0% +do is the following because there's some + + + align:start position:0% +do is the following because there's some +there's some inputs here that are worth + + align:start position:0% +there's some inputs here that are worth + + + align:start position:0% +there's some inputs here that are worth +oh you're kidding me I can't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +scroll + + align:start position:0% +scroll + + + align:start position:0% +scroll +unbelievable so how + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do well that's that's + + align:start position:0% +do well that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +do well that's that's +just that's really + + align:start position:0% +just that's really + + + align:start position:0% +just that's really +frustrating so I there's no way it + + align:start position:0% +frustrating so I there's no way it + + + align:start position:0% +frustrating so I there's no way it +doesn't let me actually scroll down here + + align:start position:0% +doesn't let me actually scroll down here + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't let me actually scroll down here +oh there thank you okay I'm good okay so + + align:start position:0% +oh there thank you okay I'm good okay so + + + align:start position:0% +oh there thank you okay I'm good okay so +here you see it's got + + align:start position:0% +here you see it's got + + + align:start position:0% +here you see it's got +water and there's some things you can do + + align:start position:0% +water and there's some things you can do + + + align:start position:0% +water and there's some things you can do +that's right so the cursor has to + + align:start position:0% +that's right so the cursor has to + + + align:start position:0% +that's right so the cursor has to +actually be over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there and here are some inputs okay so + + align:start position:0% +there and here are some inputs okay so + + + align:start position:0% +there and here are some inputs okay so +we'll we'll work with + + align:start position:0% +we'll we'll work with + + + align:start position:0% +we'll we'll work with +water That's the basis set low means + + align:start position:0% +water That's the basis set low means + + + align:start position:0% +water That's the basis set low means +like what do you think that's good or + + align:start position:0% +like what do you think that's good or + + + align:start position:0% +like what do you think that's good or +bad yeah it's not very good medium and + + align:start position:0% +bad yeah it's not very good medium and + + + align:start position:0% +bad yeah it's not very good medium and +high those are the three options now g + + align:start position:0% +high those are the three options now g + + + align:start position:0% +high those are the three options now g +means gaussians the other person who won + + align:start position:0% +means gaussians the other person who won + + + align:start position:0% +means gaussians the other person who won +the Nobel Prize together with con that + + align:start position:0% +the Nobel Prize together with con that + + + align:start position:0% +the Nobel Prize together with con that +year was + + align:start position:0% +year was + + + align:start position:0% +year was +popel and popal won it for some really + + align:start position:0% +popel and popal won it for some really + + + align:start position:0% +popel and popal won it for some really +important work that he did relating to + + align:start position:0% +important work that he did relating to + + + align:start position:0% +important work that he did relating to +these basis sets basically and some + + align:start position:0% +these basis sets basically and some + + + align:start position:0% +these basis sets basically and some +important chemistry work he' done um but + + align:start position:0% +important chemistry work he' done um but + + + align:start position:0% +important chemistry work he' done um but +that g stands for gaussian and the 321g + + align:start position:0% +that g stands for gaussian and the 321g + + + align:start position:0% +that g stands for gaussian and the 321g +is a is a set that he made which became + + align:start position:0% +is a is a set that he made which became + + + align:start position:0% +is a is a set that he made which became +incredibly important to helping quantum + + align:start position:0% +incredibly important to helping quantum + + + align:start position:0% +incredibly important to helping quantum +chemistry moved forward he made sets of + + align:start position:0% +chemistry moved forward he made sets of + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry moved forward he made sets of +basis sets um there's actually if you + + align:start position:0% +basis sets um there's actually if you + + + align:start position:0% +basis sets um there's actually if you +Google basis set order form there's a + + align:start position:0% +Google basis set order form there's a + + + align:start position:0% +Google basis set order form there's a +website where you can enter any element + + align:start position:0% +website where you can enter any element + + + align:start position:0% +website where you can enter any element +and it'll there's there are like + + align:start position:0% +and it'll there's there are like + + + align:start position:0% +and it'll there's there are like +hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of + + align:start position:0% +hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of +Bas sets that have been developed and + + align:start position:0% +Bas sets that have been developed and + + + align:start position:0% +Bas sets that have been developed and +published and these are some of them + + align:start position:0% +published and these are some of them + + + align:start position:0% +published and these are some of them +okay and this is just you know you go + + align:start position:0% +okay and this is just you know you go + + + align:start position:0% +okay and this is just you know you go +from here to the next one to the next + + align:start position:0% +from here to the next one to the next + + + align:start position:0% +from here to the next one to the next +one you just add more functions + + align:start position:0% +one you just add more functions + + + align:start position:0% +one you just add more functions +basically so the calculation gets + + align:start position:0% +basically so the calculation gets + + + align:start position:0% +basically so the calculation gets +longer when is it + + align:start position:0% +longer when is it + + + align:start position:0% +longer when is it +enough when do I have enough of a basis + + align:start position:0% +enough when do I have enough of a basis + + + align:start position:0% +enough when do I have enough of a basis +set that was one question I wanted to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +discuss + + align:start position:0% +discuss + + + align:start position:0% +discuss +10 oh I love that answer I I I thought + + align:start position:0% +10 oh I love that answer I I I thought + + + align:start position:0% +10 oh I love that answer I I I thought +10 was pretty good too um it depends + + align:start position:0% +10 was pretty good too um it depends + + + align:start position:0% +10 was pretty good too um it depends +that's the answer now what does it + + align:start position:0% +that's the answer now what does it + + + align:start position:0% +that's the answer now what does it +depend + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +on ands to be how accurate you want your + + align:start position:0% +on ands to be how accurate you want your + + + align:start position:0% +on ands to be how accurate you want your +results to be what calculation you're + + align:start position:0% +results to be what calculation you're + + + align:start position:0% +results to be what calculation you're +doing what do you mean by what + + align:start position:0% +doing what do you mean by what + + + align:start position:0% +doing what do you mean by what +calculation you're doing whether you + + align:start position:0% +calculation you're doing whether you + + + align:start position:0% +calculation you're doing whether you +just + + align:start position:0% +just + + + align:start position:0% +just +want get okay so the property it depends + + align:start position:0% +want get okay so the property it depends + + + align:start position:0% +want get okay so the property it depends +on the property you're + + align:start position:0% +on the property you're + + + align:start position:0% +on the property you're +calculating how do you know when to stop + + align:start position:0% +calculating how do you know when to stop + + + align:start position:0% +calculating how do you know when to stop +so I'm going to do a calculation with + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to do a calculation with + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to do a calculation with +321g and I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +321g and I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +321g and I'm going to +calculate the water molecule using the + + align:start position:0% +calculate the water molecule using the + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the water molecule using the +formalism you just saw that's what this + + align:start position:0% +formalism you just saw that's what this + + + align:start position:0% +formalism you just saw that's what this +code is doing and you're going to see a + + align:start position:0% +code is doing and you're going to see a + + + align:start position:0% +code is doing and you're going to see a +nice pretty picture of water there it is + + align:start position:0% +nice pretty picture of water there it is + + + align:start position:0% +nice pretty picture of water there it is +and then you have these key + + align:start position:0% +and then you have these key + + + align:start position:0% +and then you have these key +outputs and there's my total energy my + + align:start position:0% +outputs and there's my total energy my + + + align:start position:0% +outputs and there's my total energy my +total energy of the of this water + + align:start position:0% +total energy of the of this water + + + align:start position:0% +total energy of the of this water +molecule is + + align:start position:0% +molecule is + + + align:start position:0% +molecule is +25656 electron volts okay now yes a Bas + + align:start position:0% +25656 electron volts okay now yes a Bas + + + align:start position:0% +25656 electron volts okay now yes a Bas +set yeah so a basis set is is those + + align:start position:0% +set yeah so a basis set is is those + + + align:start position:0% +set yeah so a basis set is is those +functions that you that the computer + + align:start position:0% +functions that you that the computer + + + align:start position:0% +functions that you that the computer +needs to represent the wave + + align:start position:0% +needs to represent the wave + + + align:start position:0% +needs to represent the wave +functions so if this is your wave + + align:start position:0% +functions so if this is your wave + + + align:start position:0% +functions so if this is your wave +function if your wave function looks + + align:start position:0% +function if your wave function looks + + + align:start position:0% +function if your wave function looks +like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this let's say this is + + align:start position:0% +this let's say this is + + + align:start position:0% +this let's say this is +F versus + + align:start position:0% +F versus + + + align:start position:0% +F versus +R by the way does anybody know which + + align:start position:0% +R by the way does anybody know which + + + align:start position:0% +R by the way does anybody know which +wave function this is that is a wave + + align:start position:0% +wave function this is that is a wave + + + align:start position:0% +wave function this is that is a wave +function I didn't just make it up it + + align:start position:0% +function I didn't just make it up it + + + align:start position:0% +function I didn't just make it up it +belongs to an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +element it's the one s orbital of + + align:start position:0% +element it's the one s orbital of + + + align:start position:0% +element it's the one s orbital of +hydrogen you got it right that's the r + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen you got it right that's the r + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen you got it right that's the r +dependence of the oneus orbital of + + align:start position:0% +dependence of the oneus orbital of + + + align:start position:0% +dependence of the oneus orbital of +hydrogen it looks like an exponential so + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen it looks like an exponential so + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen it looks like an exponential so +should I use an exponential to to + + align:start position:0% +should I use an exponential to to + + + align:start position:0% +should I use an exponential to to +represent this in a + + align:start position:0% +represent this in a + + + align:start position:0% +represent this in a +computer you bet except no + + align:start position:0% +computer you bet except no + + + align:start position:0% +computer you bet except no +and the reason is that those are slow to + + align:start position:0% +and the reason is that those are slow to + + + align:start position:0% +and the reason is that those are slow to +calculate exponentials are kind of slow + + align:start position:0% +calculate exponentials are kind of slow + + + align:start position:0% +calculate exponentials are kind of slow +exponential functions so early on + + align:start position:0% +exponential functions so early on + + + align:start position:0% +exponential functions so early on +exponentials were used and then it was + + align:start position:0% +exponentials were used and then it was + + + align:start position:0% +exponentials were used and then it was +realized that you could actually + + align:start position:0% +realized that you could actually + + + align:start position:0% +realized that you could actually +represent this pretty darn well with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +gaussians right like three or four + + align:start position:0% +gaussians right like three or four + + + align:start position:0% +gaussians right like three or four +gaussians and you'd kind of get it right + + align:start position:0% +gaussians and you'd kind of get it right + + + align:start position:0% +gaussians and you'd kind of get it right +you'd never get this part here you can't + + align:start position:0% +you'd never get this part here you can't + + + align:start position:0% +you'd never get this part here you can't +get a finite slope at at zero with + + align:start position:0% +get a finite slope at at zero with + + + align:start position:0% +get a finite slope at at zero with +gaussians but you can come so close that + + align:start position:0% +gaussians but you can come so close that + + + align:start position:0% +gaussians but you can come so close that +it doesn't matter and so because + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't matter and so because + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't matter and so because +gaussians have advantages that we won't + + align:start position:0% +gaussians have advantages that we won't + + + align:start position:0% +gaussians have advantages that we won't +go into details but I'm happy to talk to + + align:start position:0% +go into details but I'm happy to talk to + + + align:start position:0% +go into details but I'm happy to talk to +anybody who wants gaussians have + + align:start position:0% +anybody who wants gaussians have + + + align:start position:0% +anybody who wants gaussians have +advantages in terms of computing + + align:start position:0% +advantages in terms of computing + + + align:start position:0% +advantages in terms of computing +integrals on + + align:start position:0% +integrals on + + + align:start position:0% +integrals on +computers so that you can you can + + align:start position:0% +computers so that you can you can + + + align:start position:0% +computers so that you can you can +actually um use some of the the + + align:start position:0% +actually um use some of the the + + + align:start position:0% +actually um use some of the the +formalism that's been developed to to do + + align:start position:0% +formalism that's been developed to to do + + + align:start position:0% +formalism that's been developed to to do +integration with Gans and do it very + + align:start position:0% +integration with Gans and do it very + + + align:start position:0% +integration with Gans and do it very +quickly and efficiently cannot do with + + align:start position:0% +quickly and efficiently cannot do with + + + align:start position:0% +quickly and efficiently cannot do with +exponentials and because of that the + + align:start position:0% +exponentials and because of that the + + + align:start position:0% +exponentials and because of that the +chemists early on started using + + align:start position:0% +chemists early on started using + + + align:start position:0% +chemists early on started using +gaussians for their basis sets and all + + align:start position:0% +gaussians for their basis sets and all + + + align:start position:0% +gaussians for their basis sets and all +these popal sets those are all gaussians + + align:start position:0% +these popal sets those are all gaussians + + + align:start position:0% +these popal sets those are all gaussians +now when you use plane waves that's a + + align:start position:0% +now when you use plane waves that's a + + + align:start position:0% +now when you use plane waves that's a +different kind of function that's a a + + align:start position:0% +different kind of function that's a a + + + align:start position:0% +different kind of function that's a a +sign and cosine function right and so + + align:start position:0% +sign and cosine function right and so + + + align:start position:0% +sign and cosine function right and so +there you're using you're using + + align:start position:0% +there you're using you're using + + + align:start position:0% +there you're using you're using +functions like this to rep to reproduce + + align:start position:0% +functions like this to rep to reproduce + + + align:start position:0% +functions like this to rep to reproduce +your sigh either way you're what you're + + align:start position:0% +your sigh either way you're what you're + + + align:start position:0% +your sigh either way you're what you're +doing is you're going to add a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +doing is you're going to add a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +doing is you're going to add a bunch of +functions together to try to make up + + align:start position:0% +functions together to try to make up + + + align:start position:0% +functions together to try to make up +your sigh and you got to have enough to + + align:start position:0% +your sigh and you got to have enough to + + + align:start position:0% +your sigh and you got to have enough to +do it justice and that was the question + + align:start position:0% +do it justice and that was the question + + + align:start position:0% +do it justice and that was the question +is how do you know when you've had + + align:start position:0% +is how do you know when you've had + + + align:start position:0% +is how do you know when you've had +enough it's a very important Pro part + + align:start position:0% +enough it's a very important Pro part + + + align:start position:0% +enough it's a very important Pro part +and problem in quantum mechanics in + + align:start position:0% +and problem in quantum mechanics in + + + align:start position:0% +and problem in quantum mechanics in +Computing with quantum mechanics that + + align:start position:0% +Computing with quantum mechanics that + + + align:start position:0% +Computing with quantum mechanics that +doesn't exist in classical + + align:start position:0% +doesn't exist in classical + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't exist in classical +potentials right see classical + + align:start position:0% +potentials right see classical + + + align:start position:0% +potentials right see classical +potentials this is not a convergence + + align:start position:0% +potentials this is not a convergence + + + align:start position:0% +potentials this is not a convergence +problem you don't conge your basis set + + align:start position:0% +problem you don't conge your basis set + + + align:start position:0% +problem you don't conge your basis set +you just have a potential and you + + align:start position:0% +you just have a potential and you + + + align:start position:0% +you just have a potential and you +calculate it right here you have to + + align:start position:0% +calculate it right here you have to + + + align:start position:0% +calculate it right here you have to +represent s mathematically Somehow Here + + align:start position:0% +represent s mathematically Somehow Here + + + align:start position:0% +represent s mathematically Somehow Here +you're doing with gaans with uh Siesta + + align:start position:0% +you're doing with gaans with uh Siesta + + + align:start position:0% +you're doing with gaans with uh Siesta +actually it's it's not plain waves it's + + align:start position:0% +actually it's it's not plain waves it's + + + align:start position:0% +actually it's it's not plain waves it's +a different kind of function like + + align:start position:0% +a different kind of function like + + + align:start position:0% +a different kind of function like +gaussians + + align:start position:0% +gaussians + + + align:start position:0% +gaussians +um but in in a way it doesn't matter + + align:start position:0% +um but in in a way it doesn't matter + + + align:start position:0% +um but in in a way it doesn't matter +they should all converge to the same + + align:start position:0% +they should all converge to the same + + + align:start position:0% +they should all converge to the same +answer right you just have to understand + + align:start position:0% +answer right you just have to understand + + + align:start position:0% +answer right you just have to understand +that this is what's going on under the + + align:start position:0% +that this is what's going on under the + + + align:start position:0% +that this is what's going on under the +hood so again I ask when is it enough + + align:start position:0% +hood so again I ask when is it enough + + + align:start position:0% +hood so again I ask when is it enough +when do I have enough basis + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +functions when you approximate your wave + + align:start position:0% +functions when you approximate your wave + + + align:start position:0% +functions when you approximate your wave +function well enough with your Bas ass + + align:start position:0% +function well enough with your Bas ass + + + align:start position:0% +function well enough with your Bas ass +sets and how do I know if I've done + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that when you check for self-consistency + + align:start position:0% +that when you check for self-consistency + + + align:start position:0% +that when you check for self-consistency +we that that's within a single + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +calculation how do I know I've used a + + align:start position:0% +calculation how do I know I've used a + + + align:start position:0% +calculation how do I know I've used a +good enough basis set + + align:start position:0% +good enough basis set + + + align:start position:0% +good enough basis set +well let's go back let's go back to a + + align:start position:0% +well let's go back let's go back to a + + + align:start position:0% +well let's go back let's go back to a +second to what Sam said it depends on + + align:start position:0% +second to what Sam said it depends on + + + align:start position:0% +second to what Sam said it depends on +the property so now I'm going to tell + + align:start position:0% +the property so now I'm going to tell + + + align:start position:0% +the property so now I'm going to tell +you a property I want to know the + + align:start position:0% +you a property I want to know the + + + align:start position:0% +you a property I want to know the +cohesive The Binding energy of a water + + align:start position:0% +cohesive The Binding energy of a water + + + align:start position:0% +cohesive The Binding energy of a water +molecule how can I calculate + + align:start position:0% +molecule how can I calculate + + + align:start position:0% +molecule how can I calculate +that somebody tell me how I calculate + + align:start position:0% +that somebody tell me how I calculate + + + align:start position:0% +that somebody tell me how I calculate +that I have the energy of the water + + align:start position:0% +that I have the energy of the water + + + align:start position:0% +that I have the energy of the water +molecule is that The Binding energy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah exactly right so the energy so The + + align:start position:0% +yeah exactly right so the energy so The + + + align:start position:0% +yeah exactly right so the energy so The +Binding energy e bind is equal to the + + align:start position:0% +Binding energy e bind is equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +Binding energy e bind is equal to the +energy of the molecule minus the + + align:start position:0% +energy of the molecule minus the + + + align:start position:0% +energy of the molecule minus the +energy sum over the energy of the + + align:start position:0% +energy sum over the energy of the + + + align:start position:0% +energy sum over the energy of the +atoms right so that's the property I + + align:start position:0% +atoms right so that's the property I + + + align:start position:0% +atoms right so that's the property I +want to calculate it could have been + + align:start position:0% +want to calculate it could have been + + + align:start position:0% +want to calculate it could have been +another property it could have been uh + + align:start position:0% +another property it could have been uh + + + align:start position:0% +another property it could have been uh +let's say this uh is the gap yeah it + + align:start position:0% +let's say this uh is the gap yeah it + + + align:start position:0% +let's say this uh is the gap yeah it +could have been the electronic gap of + + align:start position:0% +could have been the electronic gap of + + + align:start position:0% +could have been the electronic gap of +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +material now how do I know if I've used + + align:start position:0% +material now how do I know if I've used + + + align:start position:0% +material now how do I know if I've used +enough basis functions this is really + + align:start position:0% +enough basis functions this is really + + + align:start position:0% +enough basis functions this is really +important + + align:start position:0% +important + + + align:start position:0% +important +yeah experimental dat okay good see if + + align:start position:0% +yeah experimental dat okay good see if + + + align:start position:0% +yeah experimental dat okay good see if +it matches experimental data + + align:start position:0% +it matches experimental data + + + align:start position:0% +it matches experimental data +except there may be other reasons it + + align:start position:0% +except there may be other reasons it + + + align:start position:0% +except there may be other reasons it +doesn't match experimental + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +data not just the basis set so how do I + + align:start position:0% +data not just the basis set so how do I + + + align:start position:0% +data not just the basis set so how do I +know if I've just converged the basis + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +set okay or or you can you know along + + align:start position:0% +set okay or or you can you know along + + + align:start position:0% +set okay or or you can you know along +those lines but that's still comparing + + align:start position:0% +those lines but that's still comparing + + + align:start position:0% +those lines but that's still comparing +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +experiment which is always a good thing + + align:start position:0% +experiment which is always a good thing + + + align:start position:0% +experiment which is always a good thing +to do when you + + align:start position:0% +to do when you + + + align:start position:0% +to do when you +can well what if I just do this + + align:start position:0% +can well what if I just do this + + + align:start position:0% +can well what if I just do this +calculation and then I do another one + + align:start position:0% +calculation and then I do another one + + + align:start position:0% +calculation and then I do another one +with a higher basis set and it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +with a higher basis set and it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +with a higher basis set and it doesn't +change how about that well it's the same + + align:start position:0% +change how about that well it's the same + + + align:start position:0% +change how about that well it's the same +as the self-consistent thing that once + + align:start position:0% +as the self-consistent thing that once + + + align:start position:0% +as the self-consistent thing that once +the answer doesn't change I've + + align:start position:0% +the answer doesn't change I've + + + align:start position:0% +the answer doesn't change I've +converged right but this isn't part of a + + align:start position:0% +converged right but this isn't part of a + + + align:start position:0% +converged right but this isn't part of a +single calculation now this is part of + + align:start position:0% +single calculation now this is part of + + + align:start position:0% +single calculation now this is part of +more than one calculation that you have + + align:start position:0% +more than one calculation that you have + + + align:start position:0% +more than one calculation that you have +to do + + align:start position:0% +to do + + + align:start position:0% +to do +okay so I'm going to go to a larger + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'm going to go to a larger + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'm going to go to a larger +basis set like medium and do + + align:start position:0% +basis set like medium and do + + + align:start position:0% +basis set like medium and do +simulate and then it's going to + + align:start position:0% +simulate and then it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +simulate and then it's going to +calculate this and let's see what + + align:start position:0% +calculate this and let's see what + + + align:start position:0% +calculate this and let's see what +happened the Gap okay there it is again + + align:start position:0% +happened the Gap okay there it is again + + + align:start position:0% +happened the Gap okay there it is again +thank you the Gap went to 19 oh boy so + + align:start position:0% +thank you the Gap went to 19 oh boy so + + + align:start position:0% +thank you the Gap went to 19 oh boy so +now my key + + align:start position:0% +now my key + + + align:start position:0% +now my key +output let's see is uh + + align:start position:0% +output let's see is uh + + + align:start position:0% +output let's see is uh +268.7 electrons electron volts is the + + align:start position:0% +268.7 electrons electron volts is the + + + align:start position:0% +268.7 electrons electron volts is the +energy with this basis set everything + + align:start position:0% +energy with this basis set everything + + + align:start position:0% +energy with this basis set everything +else is the same and with the first + + align:start position:0% +else is the same and with the first + + + align:start position:0% +else is the same and with the first +basis that it's 256 electron volts and I + + align:start position:0% +basis that it's 256 electron volts and I + + + align:start position:0% +basis that it's 256 electron volts and I +converged trick + + align:start position:0% +converged trick + + + align:start position:0% +converged trick +question you still don't + + align:start position:0% +question you still don't + + + align:start position:0% +question you still don't +know well except there's something else + + align:start position:0% +know well except there's something else + + + align:start position:0% +know well except there's something else +to it that I'm trying to get out of you + + align:start position:0% +to it that I'm trying to get out of you + + + align:start position:0% +to it that I'm trying to get out of you +guys it's not an easy it's not an easy + + align:start position:0% +guys it's not an easy it's not an easy + + + align:start position:0% +guys it's not an easy it's not an easy +thing to see but it's really important + + align:start position:0% +thing to see but it's really important + + + align:start position:0% +thing to see but it's really important +because we're talking about something + + align:start position:0% +because we're talking about something + + + align:start position:0% +because we're talking about something +called convergence that you don't really + + align:start position:0% +called convergence that you don't really + + + align:start position:0% +called convergence that you don't really +have in your classical force fields you + + align:start position:0% +have in your classical force fields you + + + align:start position:0% +have in your classical force fields you +just have a classical force field and + + align:start position:0% +just have a classical force field and + + + align:start position:0% +just have a classical force field and +then you have another one one or another + + align:start position:0% +then you have another one one or another + + + align:start position:0% +then you have another one one or another +one right but here we're converging + + align:start position:0% +one right but here we're converging + + + align:start position:0% +one right but here we're converging +within one calculation one level of + + align:start position:0% +within one calculation one level of + + + align:start position:0% +within one calculation one level of +theory and so what counts so you have to + + align:start position:0% +theory and so what counts so you have to + + + align:start position:0% +theory and so what counts so you have to +do this when you do simulations okay but + + align:start position:0% +do this when you do simulations okay but + + + align:start position:0% +do this when you do simulations okay but +what counts here is not the total energy + + align:start position:0% +what counts here is not the total energy + + + align:start position:0% +what counts here is not the total energy +why because that's not the thing I'm + + align:start position:0% +why because that's not the thing I'm + + + align:start position:0% +why because that's not the thing I'm +trying to converge I'm trying to + + align:start position:0% +trying to converge I'm trying to + + + align:start position:0% +trying to converge I'm trying to +converge this I said The Binding energy + + align:start position:0% +converge this I said The Binding energy + + + align:start position:0% +converge this I said The Binding energy +which is a difference of + + align:start position:0% +which is a difference of + + + align:start position:0% +which is a difference of +energies and it very well may + + align:start position:0% +energies and it very well may + + + align:start position:0% +energies and it very well may +be that the B energy converges with a + + align:start position:0% +be that the B energy converges with a + + + align:start position:0% +be that the B energy converges with a +really bad basis set right away and + + align:start position:0% +really bad basis set right away and + + + align:start position:0% +really bad basis set right away and +doesn't change when I get my next basis + + align:start position:0% +doesn't change when I get my next basis + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't change when I get my next basis +set or my next one even though the total + + align:start position:0% +set or my next one even though the total + + + align:start position:0% +set or my next one even though the total +energies are changing they're changing + + align:start position:0% +energies are changing they're changing + + + align:start position:0% +energies are changing they're changing +in such a way that the error cancels + + align:start position:0% +in such a way that the error cancels + + + align:start position:0% +in such a way that the error cancels +completely right this is this is the + + align:start position:0% +completely right this is this is the + + + align:start position:0% +completely right this is this is the +this is the thing it depends that's why + + align:start position:0% +this is the thing it depends that's why + + + align:start position:0% +this is the thing it depends that's why +I love it depends it depends is such a + + align:start position:0% +I love it depends it depends is such a + + + align:start position:0% +I love it depends it depends is such a +great answer on the property you're + + align:start position:0% +great answer on the property you're + + + align:start position:0% +great answer on the property you're +simulating and you have to do + + align:start position:0% +simulating and you have to do + + + align:start position:0% +simulating and you have to do +convergence for the property you care + + align:start position:0% +convergence for the property you care + + + align:start position:0% +convergence for the property you care +about it could have been the gap + + align:start position:0% +about it could have been the gap + + + align:start position:0% +about it could have been the gap +20.7 was the low basis and the higher + + align:start position:0% +20.7 was the low basis and the higher + + + align:start position:0% +20.7 was the low basis and the higher +basis is 19.7 that's a whole EV + + align:start position:0% +basis is 19.7 that's a whole EV + + + align:start position:0% +basis is 19.7 that's a whole EV +difference in the in the electronic Gap + + align:start position:0% +difference in the in the electronic Gap + + + align:start position:0% +difference in the in the electronic Gap +that's a lot of difference that doesn't + + align:start position:0% +that's a lot of difference that doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +that's a lot of difference that doesn't +sound very good maybe we should go to + + align:start position:0% +sound very good maybe we should go to + + + align:start position:0% +sound very good maybe we should go to +let's say we care about the Gap let's go + + align:start position:0% +let's say we care about the Gap let's go + + + align:start position:0% +let's say we care about the Gap let's go +to one Higher use a higher basis + + align:start position:0% +to one Higher use a higher basis + + + align:start position:0% +to one Higher use a higher basis +set and um we see here now the Gap oh it + + align:start position:0% +set and um we see here now the Gap oh it + + + align:start position:0% +set and um we see here now the Gap oh it +changed + + align:start position:0% +changed + + + align:start position:0% +changed +again + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uhoh and so now it went to to 18 so we + + align:start position:0% +uhoh and so now it went to to 18 so we + + + align:start position:0% +uhoh and so now it went to to 18 so we +had um with the highest bases set 18 + + align:start position:0% +had um with the highest bases set 18 + + + align:start position:0% +had um with the highest bases set 18 +with the medium one uh 19 and with the + + align:start position:0% +with the medium one uh 19 and with the + + + align:start position:0% +with the medium one uh 19 and with the +lowest one 20 so you can see it's + + align:start position:0% +lowest one 20 so you can see it's + + + align:start position:0% +lowest one 20 so you can see it's +actually going down which means the + + align:start position:0% +actually going down which means the + + + align:start position:0% +actually going down which means the +right answer is probably going to be + + align:start position:0% +right answer is probably going to be + + + align:start position:0% +right answer is probably going to be +even + + align:start position:0% +even + + + align:start position:0% +even +lower does that look converged not to me + + align:start position:0% +lower does that look converged not to me + + + align:start position:0% +lower does that look converged not to me +you actually need a higher basis set + + align:start position:0% +you actually need a higher basis set + + + align:start position:0% +you actually need a higher basis set +still okay this tool won't allow it + + align:start position:0% +still okay this tool won't allow it + + + align:start position:0% +still okay this tool won't allow it +because it's not a very flexible tool + + align:start position:0% +because it's not a very flexible tool + + + align:start position:0% +because it's not a very flexible tool +but that's okay that's not the point + + align:start position:0% +but that's okay that's not the point + + + align:start position:0% +but that's okay that's not the point +right so does everybody understand what + + align:start position:0% +right so does everybody understand what + + + align:start position:0% +right so does everybody understand what +I'm talking about when I say convergence + + align:start position:0% +I'm talking about when I say convergence + + + align:start position:0% +I'm talking about when I say convergence +we will come back to convergence again + + align:start position:0% +we will come back to convergence again + + + align:start position:0% +we will come back to convergence again +when we do solids because there's + + align:start position:0% +when we do solids because there's + + + align:start position:0% +when we do solids because there's +another thing in solids you have to + + align:start position:0% +another thing in solids you have to + + + align:start position:0% +another thing in solids you have to +converge not just your basis set but + + align:start position:0% +converge not just your basis set but + + + align:start position:0% +converge not just your basis set but +something else which we'll come back to + + align:start position:0% +something else which we'll come back to + + + align:start position:0% +something else which we'll come back to +and I'm going to save it as a + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to save it as a + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to save it as a +surprise very exciting surprise okay so + + align:start position:0% +surprise very exciting surprise okay so + + + align:start position:0% +surprise very exciting surprise okay so +so we know that I could calculate the um + + align:start position:0% +so we know that I could calculate the um + + + align:start position:0% +so we know that I could calculate the um +binding energy of + + align:start position:0% +binding energy of + + + align:start position:0% +binding energy of +water um there's one more question I + + align:start position:0% +water um there's one more question I + + + align:start position:0% +water um there's one more question I +want to ask you about this spin thing + + align:start position:0% +want to ask you about this spin thing + + + align:start position:0% +want to ask you about this spin thing +here default default means that it took + + align:start position:0% +here default default means that it took + + + align:start position:0% +here default default means that it took +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +guess and you can see that the guess it + + align:start position:0% +guess and you can see that the guess it + + + align:start position:0% +guess and you can see that the guess it +made for water is that it's a spin + + align:start position:0% +made for water is that it's a spin + + + align:start position:0% +made for water is that it's a spin +singlet now we talked about this in + + align:start position:0% +singlet now we talked about this in + + + align:start position:0% +singlet now we talked about this in +lecture two does everybody know what a + + align:start position:0% +lecture two does everybody know what a + + + align:start position:0% +lecture two does everybody know what a +spin singlet + + align:start position:0% +spin singlet + + + align:start position:0% +spin singlet +means so so we talking about electrons + + align:start position:0% +means so so we talking about electrons + + + align:start position:0% +means so so we talking about electrons +filling orbitals remember we're solving + + align:start position:0% +filling orbitals remember we're solving + + + align:start position:0% +filling orbitals remember we're solving +for those electrons and they fill + + align:start position:0% +for those electrons and they fill + + + align:start position:0% +for those electrons and they fill +orbitals like + + align:start position:0% +orbitals like + + + align:start position:0% +orbitals like +this remember poly exclusion and all + + align:start position:0% +this remember poly exclusion and all + + + align:start position:0% +this remember poly exclusion and all +that and + + align:start position:0% +that and + + + align:start position:0% +that and +filling okay now if if I this is this is + + align:start position:0% +filling okay now if if I this is this is + + + align:start position:0% +filling okay now if if I this is this is +the last question I want to ask we'll go + + align:start position:0% +the last question I want to ask we'll go + + + align:start position:0% +the last question I want to ask we'll go +back to the + + align:start position:0% +back to the + + + align:start position:0% +back to the +lecture oxygen is 1 s somebody tell me + + align:start position:0% +lecture oxygen is 1 s somebody tell me + + + align:start position:0% +lecture oxygen is 1 s somebody tell me +what else is in + + align:start position:0% +what else is in + + + align:start position:0% +what else is in +oxygen how many + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +electrons + + align:start position:0% +electrons + + + align:start position:0% +electrons +three eight so one two 3 4 five 6 7 + + align:start position:0% +three eight so one two 3 4 five 6 7 + + + align:start position:0% +three eight so one two 3 4 five 6 7 +eight right good very good + + align:start position:0% +eight right good very good + + + align:start position:0% +eight right good very good +now is that a spin + + align:start position:0% +now is that a spin + + + align:start position:0% +now is that a spin +singlet do anybody remember what singlet + + align:start position:0% +singlet do anybody remember what singlet + + + align:start position:0% +singlet do anybody remember what singlet +doublet triplet + + align:start position:0% +doublet triplet + + + align:start position:0% +doublet triplet +so so double singlet triplet doubl is + + align:start position:0% +so so double singlet triplet doubl is + + + align:start position:0% +so so double singlet triplet doubl is +very important because it tells the + + align:start position:0% +very important because it tells the + + + align:start position:0% +very important because it tells the +computer how these electrons are filling + + align:start position:0% +computer how these electrons are filling + + + align:start position:0% +computer how these electrons are filling +these orbitals so that's another really + + align:start position:0% +these orbitals so that's another really + + + align:start position:0% +these orbitals so that's another really +important part of these simulations + + align:start position:0% +important part of these simulations + + + align:start position:0% +important part of these simulations +okay A a singlet means that overall you + + align:start position:0% +okay A a singlet means that overall you + + + align:start position:0% +okay A a singlet means that overall you +have the same number of spins pointing + + align:start position:0% +have the same number of spins pointing + + + align:start position:0% +have the same number of spins pointing +up as spins pointing down is that what I + + align:start position:0% +up as spins pointing down is that what I + + + align:start position:0% +up as spins pointing down is that what I +have for oxygen + + align:start position:0% +have for oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +have for oxygen +uhuh okay so a sing a doublet + + align:start position:0% +uhuh okay so a sing a doublet + + + align:start position:0% +uhuh okay so a sing a doublet +is when I have one more pointing up or + + align:start position:0% +is when I have one more pointing up or + + + align:start position:0% +is when I have one more pointing up or +down and a triplet is when I have two + + align:start position:0% +down and a triplet is when I have two + + + align:start position:0% +down and a triplet is when I have two +extra electrons pointing up or down + + align:start position:0% +extra electrons pointing up or down + + + align:start position:0% +extra electrons pointing up or down +doesn't matter okay so this is actually + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter okay so this is actually + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter okay so this is actually +the oxygen atom is a + + align:start position:0% +the oxygen atom is a + + + align:start position:0% +the oxygen atom is a +triplet now what about water well it + + align:start position:0% +triplet now what about water well it + + + align:start position:0% +triplet now what about water well it +turns out water is a + + align:start position:0% +turns out water is a + + + align:start position:0% +turns out water is a +singlet so the the default gued it + + align:start position:0% +singlet so the the default gued it + + + align:start position:0% +singlet so the the default gued it +correctly let's do the oxygen atom okay + + align:start position:0% +correctly let's do the oxygen atom okay + + + align:start position:0% +correctly let's do the oxygen atom okay +oh the Cod will do whatever spin State + + align:start position:0% +oh the Cod will do whatever spin State + + + align:start position:0% +oh the Cod will do whatever spin State +you say I'm going to say now that I just + + align:start position:0% +you say I'm going to say now that I just + + + align:start position:0% +you say I'm going to say now that I just +want + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oxygen okay so there it is I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +oxygen okay so there it is I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen okay so there it is I'm going to +do it with the same + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +basis and + + align:start position:0% +basis and + + + align:start position:0% +basis and +uh and now here it is and oh that's a + + align:start position:0% +uh and now here it is and oh that's a + + + align:start position:0% +uh and now here it is and oh that's a +beautiful picture of oxygen and now you + + align:start position:0% +beautiful picture of oxygen and now you + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful picture of oxygen and now you +go to key outputs and there's the energy + + align:start position:0% +go to key outputs and there's the energy + + + align:start position:0% +go to key outputs and there's the energy +okay so I'm going to do my I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'm going to do my I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'm going to do my I'm going to +do my calculation of this binding energy + + align:start position:0% +do my calculation of this binding energy + + + align:start position:0% +do my calculation of this binding energy +I just calculated the energy of the atom + + align:start position:0% +I just calculated the energy of the atom + + + align:start position:0% +I just calculated the energy of the atom +right can I use + + align:start position:0% +right can I use + + + align:start position:0% +right can I use +that what's wrong with that look at the + + align:start position:0% +that what's wrong with that look at the + + + align:start position:0% +that what's wrong with that look at the +Top Line no second from the Top + + align:start position:0% +Top Line no second from the Top + + + align:start position:0% +Top Line no second from the Top +Line what did it + + align:start position:0% +Line what did it + + + align:start position:0% +Line what did it +do it did a singlet uh oh it did this it + + align:start position:0% +do it did a singlet uh oh it did this it + + + align:start position:0% +do it did a singlet uh oh it did this it +defaulted incorrectly never trust + + align:start position:0% +defaulted incorrectly never trust + + + align:start position:0% +defaulted incorrectly never trust +tools always know what you're doing + + align:start position:0% +tools always know what you're doing + + + align:start position:0% +tools always know what you're doing +that's my point and these are the key + + align:start position:0% +that's my point and these are the key + + + align:start position:0% +that's my point and these are the key +things you need to know okay you need to + + align:start position:0% +things you need to know okay you need to + + + align:start position:0% +things you need to know okay you need to +know about the basis and you got to know + + align:start position:0% +know about the basis and you got to know + + + align:start position:0% +know about the basis and you got to know +about spin you got to know how those + + align:start position:0% +about spin you got to know how those + + + align:start position:0% +about spin you got to know how those +electrons filled their levels and what + + align:start position:0% +electrons filled their levels and what + + + align:start position:0% +electrons filled their levels and what +this calculation did is it did it did + + align:start position:0% +this calculation did is it did it did + + + align:start position:0% +this calculation did is it did it did +this did it get an answer sure is it + + align:start position:0% +this did it get an answer sure is it + + + align:start position:0% +this did it get an answer sure is it +oxygen well yes in some very strange + + align:start position:0% +oxygen well yes in some very strange + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen well yes in some very strange +excited state of + + align:start position:0% +excited state of + + + align:start position:0% +excited state of +oxygen but that's not the right state of + + align:start position:0% +oxygen but that's not the right state of + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen but that's not the right state of +oxygen and in fact you can tell because + + align:start position:0% +oxygen and in fact you can tell because + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen and in fact you can tell because +remember this energy 20 + + align:start position:0% +remember this energy 20 + + + align:start position:0% +remember this energy 20 +32.1 and now let's give it the right + + align:start position:0% +32.1 and now let's give it the right + + + align:start position:0% +32.1 and now let's give it the right +right spin State let's make it a triplet + + align:start position:0% +right spin State let's make it a triplet + + + align:start position:0% +right spin State let's make it a triplet +which we know oxygen is and let's see + + align:start position:0% +which we know oxygen is and let's see + + + align:start position:0% +which we know oxygen is and let's see +what the energy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is okay go away I know you're there yes + + align:start position:0% +is okay go away I know you're there yes + + + align:start position:0% +is okay go away I know you're there yes +that's the oxygen + + align:start position:0% +that's the oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +that's the oxygen +atom and now when I use the right spin + + align:start position:0% +atom and now when I use the right spin + + + align:start position:0% +atom and now when I use the right spin +State it's 20 + + align:start position:0% +State it's 20 + + + align:start position:0% +State it's 20 +35.6 do you see how much lower the + + align:start position:0% +35.6 do you see how much lower the + + + align:start position:0% +35.6 do you see how much lower the +energy went because see the right + + align:start position:0% +energy went because see the right + + + align:start position:0% +energy went because see the right +oxygen is the way o the way oxygen wants + + align:start position:0% +oxygen is the way o the way oxygen wants + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen is the way o the way oxygen wants +to be it's the ground state of that atom + + align:start position:0% +to be it's the ground state of that atom + + + align:start position:0% +to be it's the ground state of that atom +okay if I compare it with this excited + + align:start position:0% +okay if I compare it with this excited + + + align:start position:0% +okay if I compare it with this excited +state it's three electron volts higher + + align:start position:0% +state it's three electron volts higher + + + align:start position:0% +state it's three electron volts higher +in energy right the more negative the + + align:start position:0% +in energy right the more negative the + + + align:start position:0% +in energy right the more negative the +more stable the more energy that has + + align:start position:0% +more stable the more energy that has + + + align:start position:0% +more stable the more energy that has +more energ the more happy those + + align:start position:0% +more energ the more happy those + + + align:start position:0% +more energ the more happy those +electrons are so that means that the + + align:start position:0% +electrons are so that means that the + + + align:start position:0% +electrons are so that means that the +electrons and oxygen really want to be + + align:start position:0% +electrons and oxygen really want to be + + + align:start position:0% +electrons and oxygen really want to be +in a triplet State and you better use + + align:start position:0% +in a triplet State and you better use + + + align:start position:0% +in a triplet State and you better use +that energy to do things like calculate + + align:start position:0% +that energy to do things like calculate + + + align:start position:0% +that energy to do things like calculate +Co you know the binding energy okay so + + align:start position:0% +Co you know the binding energy okay so + + + align:start position:0% +Co you know the binding energy okay so +you got to think about the spin state so + + align:start position:0% +you got to think about the spin state so + + + align:start position:0% +you got to think about the spin state so +that was the other thing I wanted to + + align:start position:0% +that was the other thing I wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +that was the other thing I wanted to +mention in doing this okay spin State + + align:start position:0% +mention in doing this okay spin State + + + align:start position:0% +mention in doing this okay spin State +and Bas ass sets any other any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions now no + + align:start position:0% +questions now no + + + align:start position:0% +questions now no +questions in the last uh uh half hour or + + align:start position:0% +questions in the last uh uh half hour or + + + align:start position:0% +questions in the last uh uh half hour or +so I want to get to well 35 minutes even + + align:start position:0% +so I want to get to well 35 minutes even + + + align:start position:0% +so I want to get to well 35 minutes even +um I want to get to this first + + align:start position:0% +um I want to get to this first + + + align:start position:0% +um I want to get to this first +application that I'm I'm really excited + + align:start position:0% +application that I'm I'm really excited + + + align:start position:0% +application that I'm I'm really excited +about and I think you're kind of now in + + align:start position:0% +about and I think you're kind of now in + + + align:start position:0% +about and I think you're kind of now in +a place where we can actually think + + align:start position:0% +a place where we can actually think + + + align:start position:0% +a place where we can actually think +about these think about applications um + + align:start position:0% +about these think about applications um + + + align:start position:0% +about these think about applications um +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +molecules uh and and that's an area I + + align:start position:0% +molecules uh and and that's an area I + + + align:start position:0% +molecules uh and and that's an area I +want to introduce solar chemical fuels + + align:start position:0% +want to introduce solar chemical fuels + + + align:start position:0% +want to introduce solar chemical fuels +to you and then we're going to talk + + align:start position:0% +to you and then we're going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +to you and then we're going to talk +about why this kind of modeling is so + + align:start position:0% +about why this kind of modeling is so + + + align:start position:0% +about why this kind of modeling is so +important here and what we can do okay + + align:start position:0% +important here and what we can do okay + + + align:start position:0% +important here and what we can do okay +and then you'll have a homework uh + + align:start position:0% +and then you'll have a homework uh + + + align:start position:0% +and then you'll have a homework uh +related to + + align:start position:0% +related to + + + align:start position:0% +related to +this okay I love that you know this I + + align:start position:0% +this okay I love that you know this I + + + align:start position:0% +this okay I love that you know this I +love that materials are going to + + align:start position:0% +love that materials are going to + + + align:start position:0% +love that materials are going to +determine and then here we are down here + + align:start position:0% +determine and then here we are down here + + + align:start position:0% +determine and then here we are down here +I love this too I think I've shown this + + align:start position:0% +I love this too I think I've shown this + + + align:start position:0% +I love this too I think I've shown this +to you right but it's never never hurts + + align:start position:0% +to you right but it's never never hurts + + + align:start position:0% +to you right but it's never never hurts +to show this again because it's a cool + + align:start position:0% +to show this again because it's a cool + + + align:start position:0% +to show this again because it's a cool +picture and this is where we live we're + + align:start position:0% +picture and this is where we live we're + + + align:start position:0% +picture and this is where we live we're +past silicon man that's old never met + + align:start position:0% +past silicon man that's old never met + + + align:start position:0% +past silicon man that's old never met +against silicon + + align:start position:0% +against silicon + + + align:start position:0% +against silicon +never it's still a really important + + align:start position:0% +never it's still a really important + + + align:start position:0% +never it's still a really important +material but on the left Plastics oh + + align:start position:0% +material but on the left Plastics oh + + + align:start position:0% +material but on the left Plastics oh +what's + + align:start position:0% +what's + + + align:start position:0% +what's +that that is a I think a nano tube or or + + align:start position:0% +that that is a I think a nano tube or or + + + align:start position:0% +that that is a I think a nano tube or or +a it's either a nano tube or some other + + align:start position:0% +a it's either a nano tube or some other + + + align:start position:0% +a it's either a nano tube or some other +uh sort of 2D material wrapped up into a + + align:start position:0% +uh sort of 2D material wrapped up into a + + + align:start position:0% +uh sort of 2D material wrapped up into a +like a + + align:start position:0% +like a + + + align:start position:0% +like a +gear that I think has never been + + align:start position:0% +gear that I think has never been + + + align:start position:0% +gear that I think has never been +made maybe it's not a good + + align:start position:0% +made maybe it's not a good + + + align:start position:0% +made maybe it's not a good +picture but this is kind of it it looked + + align:start position:0% +picture but this is kind of it it looked + + + align:start position:0% +picture but this is kind of it it looked +good and I I grabbed it in five seconds + + align:start position:0% +good and I I grabbed it in five seconds + + + align:start position:0% +good and I I grabbed it in five seconds +from Google but it it's cool yeah anyway + + align:start position:0% +from Google but it it's cool yeah anyway + + + align:start position:0% +from Google but it it's cool yeah anyway +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +okay I'm going to skip this I'll talk + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm going to skip this I'll talk + + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm going to skip this I'll talk +about this later + + align:start position:0% +about this later + + + align:start position:0% +about this later +solar we got a lot of it right you guys + + align:start position:0% +solar we got a lot of it right you guys + + + align:start position:0% +solar we got a lot of it right you guys +have seen this how many of you have seen + + align:start position:0% +have seen this how many of you have seen + + + align:start position:0% +have seen this how many of you have seen +this there's a whole lot of solar oh you + + align:start position:0% +this there's a whole lot of solar oh you + + + align:start position:0% +this there's a whole lot of solar oh you +so this is a cool right comparison like + + align:start position:0% +so this is a cool right comparison like + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a cool right comparison like +look at it beats + + align:start position:0% +look at it beats + + + align:start position:0% +look at it beats +coal I mean forget about like we know + + align:start position:0% +coal I mean forget about like we know + + + align:start position:0% +coal I mean forget about like we know +the resource of solar beats things like + + align:start position:0% +the resource of solar beats things like + + + align:start position:0% +the resource of solar beats things like +tidle and you know Tides waves + + align:start position:0% +tidle and you know Tides waves + + + align:start position:0% +tidle and you know Tides waves +geothermal Hydro all the other + + align:start position:0% +geothermal Hydro all the other + + + align:start position:0% +geothermal Hydro all the other +Renewables combined but it beats coal + + align:start position:0% +Renewables combined but it beats coal + + + align:start position:0% +Renewables combined but it beats coal +that's pretty + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty +cool um well biomass would be you know + + align:start position:0% +cool um well biomass would be you know + + + align:start position:0% +cool um well biomass would be you know +sort of if you take all the arable land + + align:start position:0% +sort of if you take all the arable land + + + align:start position:0% +sort of if you take all the arable land +these numbers you got to remember these + + align:start position:0% +these numbers you got to remember these + + + align:start position:0% +these numbers you got to remember these +numbers and this is the author of this + + align:start position:0% +numbers and this is the author of this + + + align:start position:0% +numbers and this is the author of this +this fairly recent study but those + + align:start position:0% +this fairly recent study but those + + + align:start position:0% +this fairly recent study but those +numbers um you know have many + + align:start position:0% +numbers um you know have many + + + align:start position:0% +numbers um you know have many +assumptions go into them and so there's + + align:start position:0% +assumptions go into them and so there's + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions go into them and so there's +a lot of debate about what the right + + align:start position:0% +a lot of debate about what the right + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of debate about what the right +numbers are but you know to within a + + align:start position:0% +numbers are but you know to within a + + + align:start position:0% +numbers are but you know to within a +factor of two to 10 these are probably + + align:start position:0% +factor of two to 10 these are probably + + + align:start position:0% +factor of two to 10 these are probably +the right numbers um but biomass are you + + align:start position:0% +the right numbers um but biomass are you + + + align:start position:0% +the right numbers um but biomass are you +know if you take the arable land where + + align:start position:0% +know if you take the arable land where + + + align:start position:0% +know if you take the arable land where +you're not going to like cause a huge + + align:start position:0% +you're not going to like cause a huge + + + align:start position:0% +you're not going to like cause a huge +famine in the area and you kind of add + + align:start position:0% +famine in the area and you kind of add + + + align:start position:0% +famine in the area and you kind of add +that up um you try to consider water + + align:start position:0% +that up um you try to consider water + + + align:start position:0% +that up um you try to consider water +resources and other things you can + + align:start position:0% +resources and other things you can + + + align:start position:0% +resources and other things you can +actually compute using say some crop or + + align:start position:0% +actually compute using say some crop or + + + align:start position:0% +actually compute using say some crop or +set of crops maybe sugarcane maybe other + + align:start position:0% +set of crops maybe sugarcane maybe other + + + align:start position:0% +set of crops maybe sugarcane maybe other +things um switchcraft how much energy + + align:start position:0% +things um switchcraft how much energy + + + align:start position:0% +things um switchcraft how much energy +could you generate okay in a year and + + align:start position:0% +could you generate okay in a year and + + + align:start position:0% +could you generate okay in a year and +that's about it I I think and I don't + + align:start position:0% +that's about it I I think and I don't + + + align:start position:0% +that's about it I I think and I don't +remember there was a number with biomass + + align:start position:0% +remember there was a number with biomass + + + align:start position:0% +remember there was a number with biomass +that was 11 that I saw for a while in a + + align:start position:0% +that was 11 that I saw for a while in a + + + align:start position:0% +that was 11 that I saw for a while in a +study but that was if you if you + + align:start position:0% +study but that was if you if you + + + align:start position:0% +study but that was if you if you +literally stop growing food for people + + align:start position:0% +literally stop growing food for people + + + align:start position:0% +literally stop growing food for people +and you just take all land that can be + + align:start position:0% +and you just take all land that can be + + + align:start position:0% +and you just take all land that can be +used to grow anything and you make Fuel + + align:start position:0% +used to grow anything and you make Fuel + + + align:start position:0% +used to grow anything and you make Fuel +and you're still at at considerably less + + align:start position:0% +and you're still at at considerably less + + + align:start position:0% +and you're still at at considerably less +than other resources I'm not saying + + align:start position:0% +than other resources I'm not saying + + + align:start position:0% +than other resources I'm not saying +biofuels isn't a really important + + align:start position:0% +biofuels isn't a really important + + + align:start position:0% +biofuels isn't a really important +Direction um but you know I I kind of + + align:start position:0% +Direction um but you know I I kind of + + + align:start position:0% +Direction um but you know I I kind of +like these comparisons there we are um + + align:start position:0% +like these comparisons there we are um + + + align:start position:0% +like these comparisons there we are um +we use not much uh compared to how much + + align:start position:0% +we use not much uh compared to how much + + + align:start position:0% +we use not much uh compared to how much +we have from the Sun these are the + + align:start position:0% +we have from the Sun these are the + + + align:start position:0% +we have from the Sun these are the +different ways you can use the Sun and I + + align:start position:0% +different ways you can use the Sun and I + + + align:start position:0% +different ways you can use the Sun and I +want to talk about this one now so I + + align:start position:0% +want to talk about this one now so I + + + align:start position:0% +want to talk about this one now so I +think you know about this you you take + + align:start position:0% +think you know about this you you take + + + align:start position:0% +think you know about this you you take +the Sun and you make a lot of heat + + align:start position:0% +the Sun and you make a lot of heat + + + align:start position:0% +the Sun and you make a lot of heat +right so I'm going to actually start + + align:start position:0% +right so I'm going to actually start + + + align:start position:0% +right so I'm going to actually start +with this because it's related to this + + align:start position:0% +with this because it's related to this + + + align:start position:0% +with this because it's related to this +here we take sun and we make electrons + + align:start position:0% +here we take sun and we make electrons + + + align:start position:0% +here we take sun and we make electrons +that's going to be our next uh homework + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be our next uh homework + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be our next uh homework +assignment example that we'll talk about + + align:start position:0% +assignment example that we'll talk about + + + align:start position:0% +assignment example that we'll talk about +when we do solids because from the band + + align:start position:0% +when we do solids because from the band + + + align:start position:0% +when we do solids because from the band +structure of a solid and the band + + align:start position:0% +structure of a solid and the band + + + align:start position:0% +structure of a solid and the band +structure is nothing more than + + align:start position:0% +structure is nothing more than + + + align:start position:0% +structure is nothing more than +this for solids from the band structure + + align:start position:0% +this for solids from the band structure + + + align:start position:0% +this for solids from the band structure +of a solid you I can explain to you you + + align:start position:0% +of a solid you I can explain to you you + + + align:start position:0% +of a solid you I can explain to you you +can explain to your friends why silicon + + align:start position:0% +can explain to your friends why silicon + + + align:start position:0% +can explain to your friends why silicon +is so expensive why silicon is too + + align:start position:0% +is so expensive why silicon is too + + + align:start position:0% +is so expensive why silicon is too +expensive okay and then you can also + + align:start position:0% +expensive okay and then you can also + + + align:start position:0% +expensive okay and then you can also +take the sun's energy and just try to + + align:start position:0% +take the sun's energy and just try to + + + align:start position:0% +take the sun's energy and just try to +make fuels directly out of it so what + + align:start position:0% +make fuels directly out of it so what + + + align:start position:0% +make fuels directly out of it so what +are solar thermal fuels well like I said + + align:start position:0% +are solar thermal fuels well like I said + + + align:start position:0% +are solar thermal fuels well like I said +I want to start with heat because heat + + align:start position:0% +I want to start with heat because heat + + + align:start position:0% +I want to start with heat because heat +is uh and this will be fairly quick + + align:start position:0% +is uh and this will be fairly quick + + + align:start position:0% +is uh and this will be fairly quick +introduction um but heat is is something + + align:start position:0% +introduction um but heat is is something + + + align:start position:0% +introduction um but heat is is something +it's one of the oldest Technologies uh + + align:start position:0% +it's one of the oldest Technologies uh + + + align:start position:0% +it's one of the oldest Technologies uh +we know about in terms of how to use the + + align:start position:0% +we know about in terms of how to use the + + + align:start position:0% +we know about in terms of how to use the +sun paint the barrel black put it on the + + align:start position:0% +sun paint the barrel black put it on the + + + align:start position:0% +sun paint the barrel black put it on the +roof put water in it it gets hot right + + align:start position:0% +roof put water in it it gets hot right + + + align:start position:0% +roof put water in it it gets hot right +it's a really simple technology it works + + align:start position:0% +it's a really simple technology it works + + + align:start position:0% +it's a really simple technology it works +really well and it's used all over the + + align:start position:0% +really well and it's used all over the + + + align:start position:0% +really well and it's used all over the +world you can also if you want higher + + align:start position:0% +world you can also if you want higher + + + align:start position:0% +world you can also if you want higher +temperatures because you want to make + + align:start position:0% +temperatures because you want to make + + + align:start position:0% +temperatures because you want to make +electricity you can go to large scale + + align:start position:0% +electricity you can go to large scale + + + align:start position:0% +electricity you can go to large scale +plants because there you need to large + + align:start position:0% +plants because there you need to large + + + align:start position:0% +plants because there you need to large +scale because you need to focus the + + align:start position:0% +scale because you need to focus the + + + align:start position:0% +scale because you need to focus the +sun's energy to get much higher + + align:start position:0% +sun's energy to get much higher + + + align:start position:0% +sun's energy to get much higher +temperatures like say 500 Celsius to + + align:start position:0% +temperatures like say 500 Celsius to + + + align:start position:0% +temperatures like say 500 Celsius to +drive some sort of cycle like a Sterling + + align:start position:0% +drive some sort of cycle like a Sterling + + + align:start position:0% +drive some sort of cycle like a Sterling +engine or something if you do that you + + align:start position:0% +engine or something if you do that you + + + align:start position:0% +engine or something if you do that you +can make electricity those are solar + + align:start position:0% +can make electricity those are solar + + + align:start position:0% +can make electricity those are solar +concentrated solar power + + align:start position:0% +concentrated solar power + + + align:start position:0% +concentrated solar power +plants okay here's the distribution this + + align:start position:0% +plants okay here's the distribution this + + + align:start position:0% +plants okay here's the distribution this +is actually interesting right this is + + align:start position:0% +is actually interesting right this is + + + align:start position:0% +is actually interesting right this is +how much there sort of capacity and + + align:start position:0% +how much there sort of capacity and + + + align:start position:0% +how much there sort of capacity and +produced but you can see that using + + align:start position:0% +produced but you can see that using + + + align:start position:0% +produced but you can see that using +solar thermal as + + align:start position:0% +solar thermal as + + + align:start position:0% +solar thermal as +heat is actually the second most + + align:start position:0% +heat is actually the second most + + + align:start position:0% +heat is actually the second most +utilized renewable resource in the + + align:start position:0% +utilized renewable resource in the + + + align:start position:0% +utilized renewable resource in the +world okay that's but that's the + + align:start position:0% +world okay that's but that's the + + + align:start position:0% +world okay that's but that's the +painting The Barrel black and putting on + + align:start position:0% +painting The Barrel black and putting on + + + align:start position:0% +painting The Barrel black and putting on +your rooftop that's not making + + align:start position:0% +your rooftop that's not making + + + align:start position:0% +your rooftop that's not making +electricity so in the world this is + + align:start position:0% +electricity so in the world this is + + + align:start position:0% +electricity so in the world this is +actually very heavily used alternative + + align:start position:0% +actually very heavily used alternative + + + align:start position:0% +actually very heavily used alternative +energy that is almost completely unused + + align:start position:0% +energy that is almost completely unused + + + align:start position:0% +energy that is almost completely unused +in this country I think we in terms of + + align:start position:0% +in this country I think we in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +in this country I think we in terms of +countries that use the sun in this way + + align:start position:0% +countries that use the sun in this way + + + align:start position:0% +countries that use the sun in this way +we're like number + + align:start position:0% +we're like number + + + align:start position:0% +we're like number +17 okay um there are some places that + + align:start position:0% +17 okay um there are some places that + + + align:start position:0% +17 okay um there are some places that +are trying to make Power with it but + + align:start position:0% +are trying to make Power with it but + + + align:start position:0% +are trying to make Power with it but +very few it's a hard thing to do um I + + align:start position:0% +very few it's a hard thing to do um I + + + align:start position:0% +very few it's a hard thing to do um I +think 15 of the 20 existing CSP plants + + align:start position:0% +think 15 of the 20 existing CSP plants + + + align:start position:0% +think 15 of the 20 existing CSP plants +are in Spain Spanish love this um but + + align:start position:0% +are in Spain Spanish love this um but + + + align:start position:0% +are in Spain Spanish love this um but +you can just sort of see where it stands + + align:start position:0% +you can just sort of see where it stands + + + align:start position:0% +you can just sort of see where it stands +anyway the point + + align:start position:0% +anyway the point + + + align:start position:0% +anyway the point +is there are challenges with using the + + align:start position:0% +is there are challenges with using the + + + align:start position:0% +is there are challenges with using the +sun's energy uh in the form of heat uh + + align:start position:0% +sun's energy uh in the form of heat uh + + + align:start position:0% +sun's energy uh in the form of heat uh +one of them is that you lose the energy + + align:start position:0% +one of them is that you lose the energy + + + align:start position:0% +one of them is that you lose the energy +reradiation as soon as you absorb heat + + align:start position:0% +reradiation as soon as you absorb heat + + + align:start position:0% +reradiation as soon as you absorb heat +it starts going our away right so you + + align:start position:0% +it starts going our away right so you + + + align:start position:0% +it starts going our away right so you +got to contain it um and it's still + + align:start position:0% +got to contain it um and it's still + + + align:start position:0% +got to contain it um and it's still +going to leak so in some of these plants + + align:start position:0% +going to leak so in some of these plants + + + align:start position:0% +going to leak so in some of these plants +you actually uh you actually pump in + + align:start position:0% +you actually uh you actually pump in + + + align:start position:0% +you actually uh you actually pump in +fossil fuel-based energy so you use the + + align:start position:0% +fossil fuel-based energy so you use the + + + align:start position:0% +fossil fuel-based energy so you use the +you use the sun to concentrate on a on a + + align:start position:0% +you use the sun to concentrate on a on a + + + align:start position:0% +you use the sun to concentrate on a on a +say a molten salt in a tower okay so + + align:start position:0% +say a molten salt in a tower okay so + + + align:start position:0% +say a molten salt in a tower okay so +phase change material you get it up to + + align:start position:0% +phase change material you get it up to + + + align:start position:0% +phase change material you get it up to +really high energy over the phase change + + align:start position:0% +really high energy over the phase change + + + align:start position:0% +really high energy over the phase change +you all took 30212 no many of you did so + + align:start position:0% +you all took 30212 no many of you did so + + + align:start position:0% +you all took 30212 no many of you did so +you know about when I say pH change + + align:start position:0% +you know about when I say pH change + + + align:start position:0% +you know about when I say pH change +you're going up this heat right this + + align:start position:0% +you're going up this heat right this + + + align:start position:0% +you're going up this heat right this +latent heat and you're you're storing a + + align:start position:0% +latent heat and you're you're storing a + + + align:start position:0% +latent heat and you're you're storing a +bunch of energy that way and then you + + align:start position:0% +bunch of energy that way and then you + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of energy that way and then you +want to keep it up there so you actually + + align:start position:0% +want to keep it up there so you actually + + + align:start position:0% +want to keep it up there so you actually +pump in fossil fuel energy because it's + + align:start position:0% +pump in fossil fuel energy because it's + + + align:start position:0% +pump in fossil fuel energy because it's +reradiating heat out and losing energy + + align:start position:0% +reradiating heat out and losing energy + + + align:start position:0% +reradiating heat out and losing energy +and you don't want it to slip back down + + align:start position:0% +and you don't want it to slip back down + + + align:start position:0% +and you don't want it to slip back down +that's not a good thing um and really + + align:start position:0% +that's not a good thing um and really + + + align:start position:0% +that's not a good thing um and really +importantly is this is not transportable + + align:start position:0% +importantly is this is not transportable + + + align:start position:0% +importantly is this is not transportable +so you can't use heat from the Sun + + align:start position:0% +so you can't use heat from the Sun + + + align:start position:0% +so you can't use heat from the Sun +except where you make it so that's where + + align:start position:0% +except where you make it so that's where + + + align:start position:0% +except where you make it so that's where +solar chemical comes in oh there's that + + align:start position:0% +solar chemical comes in oh there's that + + + align:start position:0% +solar chemical comes in oh there's that +uh we number or we're + + align:start position:0% +uh we number or we're + + + align:start position:0% +uh we number or we're +we're well we're we're after + + align:start position:0% +we're well we're we're after + + + align:start position:0% +we're well we're we're after +Macedonia anyway Albania we don't use + + align:start position:0% +Macedonia anyway Albania we don't use + + + align:start position:0% +Macedonia anyway Albania we don't use +solar thermal this way and I don't + + align:start position:0% +solar thermal this way and I don't + + + align:start position:0% +solar thermal this way and I don't +understand why it's a very inexpensive + + align:start position:0% +understand why it's a very inexpensive + + + align:start position:0% +understand why it's a very inexpensive +renewable resource um okay solar + + align:start position:0% +renewable resource um okay solar + + + align:start position:0% +renewable resource um okay solar +chemical so in solar chemical what you + + align:start position:0% +chemical so in solar chemical what you + + + align:start position:0% +chemical so in solar chemical what you +do is you take a molecule in this case + + align:start position:0% +do is you take a molecule in this case + + + align:start position:0% +do is you take a molecule in this case +it's azobenzene and you shine light on + + align:start position:0% +it's azobenzene and you shine light on + + + align:start position:0% +it's azobenzene and you shine light on +it and it goes into a different + + align:start position:0% +it and it goes into a different + + + align:start position:0% +it and it goes into a different +state okay now the important thing is + + align:start position:0% +state okay now the important thing is + + + align:start position:0% +state okay now the important thing is +that so that's the charging charged up + + align:start position:0% +that so that's the charging charged up + + + align:start position:0% +that so that's the charging charged up +by the sun in this different state it's + + align:start position:0% +by the sun in this different state it's + + + align:start position:0% +by the sun in this different state it's +storing energy and that can be released + + align:start position:0% +storing energy and that can be released + + + align:start position:0% +storing energy and that can be released +it can be released in the form of heat + + align:start position:0% +it can be released in the form of heat + + + align:start position:0% +it can be released in the form of heat +so you've got a way of close cycle + + align:start position:0% +so you've got a way of close cycle + + + align:start position:0% +so you've got a way of close cycle +capturing and storing the sun's energy + + align:start position:0% +capturing and storing the sun's energy + + + align:start position:0% +capturing and storing the sun's energy +triggering this state to release that + + align:start position:0% +triggering this state to release that + + + align:start position:0% +triggering this state to release that +energy in the form of heat it's + + align:start position:0% +energy in the form of heat it's + + + align:start position:0% +energy in the form of heat it's +transportable it can be stored um for as + + align:start position:0% +transportable it can be stored um for as + + + align:start position:0% +transportable it can be stored um for as +long as you want um it's renewable it's + + align:start position:0% +long as you want um it's renewable it's + + + align:start position:0% +long as you want um it's renewable it's +cheap and it's a closed cycle that's the + + align:start position:0% +cheap and it's a closed cycle that's the + + + align:start position:0% +cheap and it's a closed cycle that's the +dream now this was a a very heavily + + align:start position:0% +dream now this was a a very heavily + + + align:start position:0% +dream now this was a a very heavily +studied 30 40 years ago and the reason + + align:start position:0% +studied 30 40 years ago and the reason + + + align:start position:0% +studied 30 40 years ago and the reason +as a field it was abandoned is because + + align:start position:0% +as a field it was abandoned is because + + + align:start position:0% +as a field it was abandoned is because +for all the cases that were studied in + + align:start position:0% +for all the cases that were studied in + + + align:start position:0% +for all the cases that were studied in +the 1970s that do this closed loop um + + align:start position:0% +the 1970s that do this closed loop um + + + align:start position:0% +the 1970s that do this closed loop um +they + + align:start position:0% +they + + + align:start position:0% +they +degrade so you get this cycle you charge + + align:start position:0% +degrade so you get this cycle you charge + + + align:start position:0% +degrade so you get this cycle you charge +up your fuel from the Sun you use it as + + align:start position:0% +up your fuel from the Sun you use it as + + + align:start position:0% +up your fuel from the Sun you use it as +heat somewhere you bring it back you + + align:start position:0% +heat somewhere you bring it back you + + + align:start position:0% +heat somewhere you bring it back you +charge it again you use it again and + + align:start position:0% +charge it again you use it again and + + + align:start position:0% +charge it again you use it again and +after 10 Cycles half of of your fuel is + + align:start position:0% +after 10 Cycles half of of your fuel is + + + align:start position:0% +after 10 Cycles half of of your fuel is +toing right that's the problem + + align:start position:0% +toing right that's the problem + + + align:start position:0% +toing right that's the problem +um some thoughts on + + align:start position:0% +um some thoughts on + + + align:start position:0% +um some thoughts on +that yeah that was a good one it was + + align:start position:0% +that yeah that was a good one it was + + + align:start position:0% +that yeah that was a good one it was +actually well + + align:start position:0% +actually well + + + align:start position:0% +actually well +timed um and I I like that kind of that + + align:start position:0% +timed um and I I like that kind of that + + + align:start position:0% +timed um and I I like that kind of that +kind of feedback the + + align:start position:0% +kind of feedback the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of feedback the +um the papers of the times were saying + + align:start position:0% +um the papers of the times were saying + + + align:start position:0% +um the papers of the times were saying +things like a a an energy storage plant + + align:start position:0% +things like a a an energy storage plant + + + align:start position:0% +things like a a an energy storage plant +although technically feasible is not + + align:start position:0% +although technically feasible is not + + + align:start position:0% +although technically feasible is not +economically Justified because there's + + align:start position:0% +economically Justified because there's + + + align:start position:0% +economically Justified because there's +an upfront cost for this Fuel and if it + + align:start position:0% +an upfront cost for this Fuel and if it + + + align:start position:0% +an upfront cost for this Fuel and if it +doesn't cycle if it's just degrades in + + align:start position:0% +doesn't cycle if it's just degrades in + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't cycle if it's just degrades in +10 Cycles you can't justify the cost + + align:start position:0% +10 Cycles you can't justify the cost + + + align:start position:0% +10 Cycles you can't justify the cost +right so there's a lot of work on this + + align:start position:0% +right so there's a lot of work on this + + + align:start position:0% +right so there's a lot of work on this +and and those are the degradation + + align:start position:0% +and and those are the degradation + + + align:start position:0% +and and those are the degradation +products I won't go into it but I'll + + align:start position:0% +products I won't go into it but I'll + + + align:start position:0% +products I won't go into it but I'll +leave it in your notes um a lot of work + + align:start position:0% +leave it in your notes um a lot of work + + + align:start position:0% +leave it in your notes um a lot of work +was done many papers were written and a + + align:start position:0% +was done many papers were written and a + + + align:start position:0% +was done many papers were written and a +lot of experiments were done to fix this + + align:start position:0% +lot of experiments were done to fix this + + + align:start position:0% +lot of experiments were done to fix this +problem but no magic bullet was found so + + align:start position:0% +problem but no magic bullet was found so + + + align:start position:0% +problem but no magic bullet was found so +they would substitute things into + + align:start position:0% +they would substitute things into + + + align:start position:0% +they would substitute things into +molecules right they'd put metal atoms + + align:start position:0% +molecules right they'd put metal atoms + + + align:start position:0% +molecules right they'd put metal atoms +into the molecules they do push what are + + align:start position:0% +into the molecules they do push what are + + + align:start position:0% +into the molecules they do push what are +called Push Pull substitutions um and no + + align:start position:0% +called Push Pull substitutions um and no + + + align:start position:0% +called Push Pull substitutions um and no +matter what they did to these things if + + align:start position:0% +matter what they did to these things if + + + align:start position:0% +matter what they did to these things if +they made them more efficent more more + + align:start position:0% +they made them more efficent more more + + + align:start position:0% +they made them more efficent more more +cyclable like 10 to the3 Cycles which + + align:start position:0% +cyclable like 10 to the3 Cycles which + + + align:start position:0% +cyclable like 10 to the3 Cycles which +isn't bad then they'd be terrible in + + align:start position:0% +isn't bad then they'd be terrible in + + + align:start position:0% +isn't bad then they'd be terrible in +their energy density okay if they made + + align:start position:0% +their energy density okay if they made + + + align:start position:0% +their energy density okay if they made +them really high energy density then + + align:start position:0% +them really high energy density then + + + align:start position:0% +them really high energy density then +maybe they were really bad at absorbing + + align:start position:0% +maybe they were really bad at absorbing + + + align:start position:0% +maybe they were really bad at absorbing +sunlight so so no matter what they did + + align:start position:0% +sunlight so so no matter what they did + + + align:start position:0% +sunlight so so no matter what they did +um they couldn't fix this uh problem and + + align:start position:0% +um they couldn't fix this uh problem and + + + align:start position:0% +um they couldn't fix this uh problem and +this is where it's just it's just such a + + align:start position:0% +this is where it's just it's just such a + + + align:start position:0% +this is where it's just it's just such a +great time to tackle it again right the + + align:start position:0% +great time to tackle it again right the + + + align:start position:0% +great time to tackle it again right the +reason is that you know if if you wanted + + align:start position:0% +reason is that you know if if you wanted + + + align:start position:0% +reason is that you know if if you wanted +to do 100,000 calculations of Sol + + align:start position:0% +to do 100,000 calculations of Sol + + + align:start position:0% +to do 100,000 calculations of Sol +in the when this when this material was + + align:start position:0% +in the when this when this material was + + + align:start position:0% +in the when this when this material was +being studied heavily if you wanted to + + align:start position:0% +being studied heavily if you wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +being studied heavily if you wanted to +to screen 100,000 materials it would + + align:start position:0% +to screen 100,000 materials it would + + + align:start position:0% +to screen 100,000 materials it would +take you 30 years in 1980 to do that and + + align:start position:0% +take you 30 years in 1980 to do that and + + + align:start position:0% +take you 30 years in 1980 to do that and +today it takes a few days not on the + + align:start position:0% +today it takes a few days not on the + + + align:start position:0% +today it takes a few days not on the +nanohub + + align:start position:0% +nanohub + + + align:start position:0% +nanohub +necessarily maybe there it's back to 30 + + align:start position:0% +necessarily maybe there it's back to 30 + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily maybe there it's back to 30 +years but + + align:start position:0% +years but + + + align:start position:0% +years but +it's depends where you compute but + + align:start position:0% +it's depends where you compute but + + + align:start position:0% +it's depends where you compute but +um we're just we're just a whole + + align:start position:0% +um we're just we're just a whole + + + align:start position:0% +um we're just we're just a whole +generation later in what we can tackle + + align:start position:0% +generation later in what we can tackle + + + align:start position:0% +generation later in what we can tackle +with computational quantum mechanics now + + align:start position:0% +with computational quantum mechanics now + + + align:start position:0% +with computational quantum mechanics now +I'm going to end by telling you why you + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to end by telling you why you + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to end by telling you why you +need quantum mechanics okay um so this + + align:start position:0% +need quantum mechanics okay um so this + + + align:start position:0% +need quantum mechanics okay um so this +is a really cool time to work on this + + align:start position:0% +is a really cool time to work on this + + + align:start position:0% +is a really cool time to work on this +problem and this wasn't available back + + align:start position:0% +problem and this wasn't available back + + + align:start position:0% +problem and this wasn't available back +then when it was such a big deal and + + align:start position:0% +then when it was such a big deal and + + + align:start position:0% +then when it was such a big deal and +then of course there's the the you know + + align:start position:0% +then of course there's the the you know + + + align:start position:0% +then of course there's the the you know +the sort of you know advances we made on + + align:start position:0% +the sort of you know advances we made on + + + align:start position:0% +the sort of you know advances we made on +on the synthesis side which I won't talk + + align:start position:0% +on the synthesis side which I won't talk + + + align:start position:0% +on the synthesis side which I won't talk +about because this is a class on + + align:start position:0% +about because this is a class on + + + align:start position:0% +about because this is a class on +computation okay so what what we've done + + align:start position:0% +computation okay so what what we've done + + + align:start position:0% +computation okay so what what we've done +and and this is research that that we're + + align:start position:0% +and and this is research that that we're + + + align:start position:0% +and and this is research that that we're +doing + + align:start position:0% +doing + + + align:start position:0% +doing +um is we've shown that there there are + + align:start position:0% +um is we've shown that there there are + + + align:start position:0% +um is we've shown that there there are +new ways we've shown computationally + + align:start position:0% +new ways we've shown computationally + + + align:start position:0% +new ways we've shown computationally +that there are new ways to tackle the + + align:start position:0% +that there are new ways to tackle the + + + align:start position:0% +that there are new ways to tackle the +problem we've shown that you can take a + + align:start position:0% +problem we've shown that you can take a + + + align:start position:0% +problem we've shown that you can take a +molecule that does this switch see there + + align:start position:0% +molecule that does this switch see there + + + align:start position:0% +molecule that does this switch see there +there are many molecules that do this + + align:start position:0% +there are many molecules that do this + + + align:start position:0% +there are many molecules that do this +how many of you have heard of photo + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +switches okay what have you heard of + + align:start position:0% +switches okay what have you heard of + + + align:start position:0% +switches okay what have you heard of +them being used + + align:start position:0% +them being used + + + align:start position:0% +them being used +for have you heard of them being + + align:start position:0% +for have you heard of them being + + + align:start position:0% +for have you heard of them being +used for anything well they are they are + + align:start position:0% +used for anything well they are they are + + + align:start position:0% +used for anything well they are they are +they have been studied a lot but in What + + align:start position:0% +they have been studied a lot but in What + + + align:start position:0% +they have been studied a lot but in What +fields you have a molecule that you + + align:start position:0% +fields you have a molecule that you + + + align:start position:0% +fields you have a molecule that you +shine light on it and it goes like this + + align:start position:0% +shine light on it and it goes like this + + + align:start position:0% +shine light on it and it goes like this +and then you shine a different light on + + align:start position:0% +and then you shine a different light on + + + align:start position:0% +and then you shine a different light on +it or you just take the light off maybe + + align:start position:0% +it or you just take the light off maybe + + + align:start position:0% +it or you just take the light off maybe +and it goes back photo + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +switches where where might that be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +useful + + align:start position:0% +useful + + + align:start position:0% +useful +huh a bit different yeah well actually + + align:start position:0% +huh a bit different yeah well actually + + + align:start position:0% +huh a bit different yeah well actually +mechanical Computing is a big deal or + + align:start position:0% +mechanical Computing is a big deal or + + + align:start position:0% +mechanical Computing is a big deal or +nanomechanical memory right Optical + + align:start position:0% +nanomechanical memory right Optical + + + align:start position:0% +nanomechanical memory right Optical +optomechanical uh functions um there + + align:start position:0% +optomechanical uh functions um there + + + align:start position:0% +optomechanical uh functions um there +there are actually many areas where + + align:start position:0% +there are actually many areas where + + + align:start position:0% +there are actually many areas where +these sorts of switching molecules like + + align:start position:0% +these sorts of switching molecules like + + + align:start position:0% +these sorts of switching molecules like +San and + + align:start position:0% +San and + + + align:start position:0% +San and +azobenzene and stuff that's the name is + + align:start position:0% +azobenzene and stuff that's the name is + + + align:start position:0% +azobenzene and stuff that's the name is +so long I can't write it here spiropyran + + align:start position:0% +so long I can't write it here spiropyran + + + align:start position:0% +so long I can't write it here spiropyran +these are very heavily studied optically + + align:start position:0% +these are very heavily studied optically + + + align:start position:0% +these are very heavily studied optically +activated switching big deal but they're + + align:start position:0% +activated switching big deal but they're + + + align:start position:0% +activated switching big deal but they're +all terrible solar thermal fuels they're + + align:start position:0% +all terrible solar thermal fuels they're + + + align:start position:0% +all terrible solar thermal fuels they're +terrible they don't store much energy + + align:start position:0% +terrible they don't store much energy + + + align:start position:0% +terrible they don't store much energy +and they go back in a few minutes right + + align:start position:0% +and they go back in a few minutes right + + + align:start position:0% +and they go back in a few minutes right +so what we've realized is that you can + + align:start position:0% +so what we've realized is that you can + + + align:start position:0% +so what we've realized is that you can +actually um turn them into good ones and + + align:start position:0% +actually um turn them into good ones and + + + align:start position:0% +actually um turn them into good ones and +the way you do that is you put them on a + + align:start position:0% +the way you do that is you put them on a + + + align:start position:0% +the way you do that is you put them on a +template so you you take a molecule + + align:start position:0% +template so you you take a molecule + + + align:start position:0% +template so you you take a molecule +that's one of these switches there are + + align:start position:0% +that's one of these switches there are + + + align:start position:0% +that's one of these switches there are +many switches you stick it on a template + + align:start position:0% +many switches you stick it on a template + + + align:start position:0% +many switches you stick it on a template +and what happens is when you stick it on + + align:start position:0% +and what happens is when you stick it on + + + align:start position:0% +and what happens is when you stick it on +a template you have new chemistry that + + align:start position:0% +a template you have new chemistry that + + + align:start position:0% +a template you have new chemistry that +you can do okay and that's really the + + align:start position:0% +you can do okay and that's really the + + + align:start position:0% +you can do okay and that's really the +key + + align:start position:0% +key + + + align:start position:0% +key +now where I'm going to come back to in a + + align:start position:0% +now where I'm going to come back to in a + + + align:start position:0% +now where I'm going to come back to in a +few minutes is this picture so I wanted + + align:start position:0% +few minutes is this picture so I wanted + + + align:start position:0% +few minutes is this picture so I wanted +to tell you what it is this is what the + + align:start position:0% +to tell you what it is this is what the + + + align:start position:0% +to tell you what it is this is what the +molecule does this is a reaction pathway + + align:start position:0% +molecule does this is a reaction pathway + + + align:start position:0% +molecule does this is a reaction pathway +this is the energy curve for the + + align:start position:0% +this is the energy curve for the + + + align:start position:0% +this is the energy curve for the +molecule okay so it's down here you + + align:start position:0% +molecule okay so it's down here you + + + align:start position:0% +molecule okay so it's down here you +shine light on it and it goes up over + + align:start position:0% +shine light on it and it goes up over + + + align:start position:0% +shine light on it and it goes up over +this barrier and it drops you down here + + align:start position:0% +this barrier and it drops you down here + + + align:start position:0% +this barrier and it drops you down here +into a new state in this case it's + + align:start position:0% +into a new state in this case it's + + + align:start position:0% +into a new state in this case it's +azobenzene it's going from uh trans to + + align:start position:0% +azobenzene it's going from uh trans to + + + align:start position:0% +azobenzene it's going from uh trans to +Cy right how many of you have heard of + + align:start position:0% +Cy right how many of you have heard of + + + align:start position:0% +Cy right how many of you have heard of +trans Cy trans and cyst isomers okay so + + align:start position:0% +trans Cy trans and cyst isomers okay so + + + align:start position:0% +trans Cy trans and cyst isomers okay so +you know about photo switches then they + + align:start position:0% +you know about photo switches then they + + + align:start position:0% +you know about photo switches then they +they're not all transstates are photo + + align:start position:0% +they're not all transstates are photo + + + align:start position:0% +they're not all transstates are photo +accessible you know but many many are + + align:start position:0% +accessible you know but many many are + + + align:start position:0% +accessible you know but many many are +that's all this is doing and then when + + align:start position:0% +that's all this is doing and then when + + + align:start position:0% +that's all this is doing and then when +you want to release the heat you trigger + + align:start position:0% +you want to release the heat you trigger + + + align:start position:0% +you want to release the heat you trigger +it and it goes over this barrier like + + align:start position:0% +it and it goes over this barrier like + + + align:start position:0% +it and it goes over this barrier like +say with a catalyst and it releases this + + align:start position:0% +say with a catalyst and it releases this + + + align:start position:0% +say with a catalyst and it releases this +much energy so that's your storage + + align:start position:0% +much energy so that's your storage + + + align:start position:0% +much energy so that's your storage +energy that's how much energy that + + align:start position:0% +energy that's how much energy that + + + align:start position:0% +energy that's how much energy that +molecule stored and this is this back + + align:start position:0% +molecule stored and this is this back + + + align:start position:0% +molecule stored and this is this back +reaction barrier is related to the + + align:start position:0% +reaction barrier is related to the + + + align:start position:0% +reaction barrier is related to the +lifetime of the storage + + align:start position:0% +lifetime of the storage + + + align:start position:0% +lifetime of the storage +State we're going to come back to this + + align:start position:0% +State we're going to come back to this + + + align:start position:0% +State we're going to come back to this +okay so these are we what we did is some + + align:start position:0% +okay so these are we what we did is some + + + align:start position:0% +okay so these are we what we did is some +work that showed that you can put these + + align:start position:0% +work that showed that you can put these + + + align:start position:0% +work that showed that you can put these +onto nanot tubes and you can make them + + align:start position:0% +onto nanot tubes and you can make them + + + align:start position:0% +onto nanot tubes and you can make them +into good switches and I'm not going to + + align:start position:0% +into good switches and I'm not going to + + + align:start position:0% +into good switches and I'm not going to +go into the details um but basically uh + + align:start position:0% +go into the details um but basically uh + + + align:start position:0% +go into the details um but basically uh +you see this is the advantage of + + align:start position:0% +you see this is the advantage of + + + align:start position:0% +you see this is the advantage of +computational quantum manics Quantum + + align:start position:0% +computational quantum manics Quantum + + + align:start position:0% +computational quantum manics Quantum +quantum mechanics + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics +today is that we can do chemistry in the + + align:start position:0% +today is that we can do chemistry in the + + + align:start position:0% +today is that we can do chemistry in the +computer on these switches and Screen + + align:start position:0% +computer on these switches and Screen + + + align:start position:0% +computer on these switches and Screen +hundreds of ideas in a + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of ideas in a + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of ideas in a +week and we can calculate the things + + align:start position:0% +week and we can calculate the things + + + align:start position:0% +week and we can calculate the things +like how much energy they store or how + + align:start position:0% +like how much energy they store or how + + + align:start position:0% +like how much energy they store or how +stable they are in a matter of an hour + + align:start position:0% +stable they are in a matter of an hour + + + align:start position:0% +stable they are in a matter of an hour +right on a computer so that's this is + + align:start position:0% +right on a computer so that's this is + + + align:start position:0% +right on a computer so that's this is +the perfect time to try to tackle old + + align:start position:0% +the perfect time to try to tackle old + + + align:start position:0% +the perfect time to try to tackle old +problems like this that weren't solved a + + align:start position:0% +problems like this that weren't solved a + + + align:start position:0% +problems like this that weren't solved a +generation ago but they can be you can + + align:start position:0% +generation ago but they can be you can + + + align:start position:0% +generation ago but they can be you can +play with them with many different + + align:start position:0% +play with them with many different + + + align:start position:0% +play with them with many different +directions computationally okay and this + + align:start position:0% +directions computationally okay and this + + + align:start position:0% +directions computationally okay and this +is just an example and don't worry about + + align:start position:0% +is just an example and don't worry about + + + align:start position:0% +is just an example and don't worry about +the details but this was that photo + + align:start position:0% +the details but this was that photo + + + align:start position:0% +the details but this was that photo +switch this is how much energy it stored + + align:start position:0% +switch this is how much energy it stored + + + align:start position:0% +switch this is how much energy it stored +on its own this line up here and now we + + align:start position:0% +on its own this line up here and now we + + + align:start position:0% +on its own this line up here and now we +can we can tweak it by putting it on + + align:start position:0% +can we can tweak it by putting it on + + + align:start position:0% +can we can tweak it by putting it on +this template and doing different + + align:start position:0% +this template and doing different + + + align:start position:0% +this template and doing different +chemistries we can make it store three + + align:start position:0% +chemistries we can make it store three + + + align:start position:0% +chemistries we can make it store three +times as much + + align:start position:0% +times as much + + + align:start position:0% +times as much +energy okay so we can triple the storage + + align:start position:0% +energy okay so we can triple the storage + + + align:start position:0% +energy okay so we can triple the storage +energy of these molecules just by + + align:start position:0% +energy of these molecules just by + + + align:start position:0% +energy of these molecules just by +playing with the chemistry um when when + + align:start position:0% +playing with the chemistry um when when + + + align:start position:0% +playing with the chemistry um when when +you put them on a rigid template that's + + align:start position:0% +you put them on a rigid template that's + + + align:start position:0% +you put them on a rigid template that's +the idea at the same time we can tune + + align:start position:0% +the idea at the same time we can tune + + + align:start position:0% +the idea at the same time we can tune +the barrier + + align:start position:0% +the barrier + + + align:start position:0% +the barrier +back and we can have cases like this one + + align:start position:0% +back and we can have cases like this one + + + align:start position:0% +back and we can have cases like this one +where you triple the storage density and + + align:start position:0% +where you triple the storage density and + + + align:start position:0% +where you triple the storage density and +you increase the barrier to going back + + align:start position:0% +you increase the barrier to going back + + + align:start position:0% +you increase the barrier to going back +and that's really important because you + + align:start position:0% +and that's really important because you + + + align:start position:0% +and that's really important because you +want to be able to tune those things + + align:start position:0% +want to be able to tune those things + + + align:start position:0% +want to be able to tune those things +separately because the the back barrier + + align:start position:0% +separately because the the back barrier + + + align:start position:0% +separately because the the back barrier +is related to how long it stays in the + + align:start position:0% +is related to how long it stays in the + + + align:start position:0% +is related to how long it stays in the +charge + + align:start position:0% +charge + + + align:start position:0% +charge +State okay so that's uh the key and and + + align:start position:0% +State okay so that's uh the key and and + + + align:start position:0% +State okay so that's uh the key and and +so we've developed materials like this + + align:start position:0% +so we've developed materials like this + + + align:start position:0% +so we've developed materials like this +that are uh very competitive with the + + align:start position:0% +that are uh very competitive with the + + + align:start position:0% +that are uh very competitive with the +best lithium ion batteries in terms of + + align:start position:0% +best lithium ion batteries in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +best lithium ion batteries in terms of +their energy densities okay + + align:start position:0% +their energy densities okay + + + align:start position:0% +their energy densities okay +um any questions about these I'm kind of + + align:start position:0% +um any questions about these I'm kind of + + + align:start position:0% +um any questions about these I'm kind of +going through this quickly + + align:start position:0% +going through this quickly + + + align:start position:0% +going through this quickly +but I don't want to get bogged down by + + align:start position:0% +but I don't want to get bogged down by + + + align:start position:0% +but I don't want to get bogged down by +too much of the + + align:start position:0% +too much of the + + + align:start position:0% +too much of the +details + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um so there are many template materials + + align:start position:0% +um so there are many template materials + + + align:start position:0% +um so there are many template materials +that you can put these on you have to + + align:start position:0% +that you can put these on you have to + + + align:start position:0% +that you can put these on you have to +use a template or you can't get this new + + align:start position:0% +use a template or you can't get this new + + + align:start position:0% +use a template or you can't get this new +chemistry and there are many switches + + align:start position:0% +chemistry and there are many switches + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry and there are many switches +that let you go back and forth like this + + align:start position:0% +that let you go back and forth like this + + + align:start position:0% +that let you go back and forth like this +and what we've shown is that this is + + align:start position:0% +and what we've shown is that this is + + + align:start position:0% +and what we've shown is that this is +sort of a a large um phase space + + align:start position:0% +sort of a a large um phase space + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a a large um phase space +okay um and so it's sort of a there's + + align:start position:0% +okay um and so it's sort of a there's + + + align:start position:0% +okay um and so it's sort of a there's +sort of a new chemistry platform out + + align:start position:0% +sort of a new chemistry platform out + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a new chemistry platform out +here for for making these kinds of + + align:start position:0% +here for for making these kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +here for for making these kinds of +fuels there's a lot of I when I went to + + align:start position:0% +fuels there's a lot of I when I went to + + + align:start position:0% +fuels there's a lot of I when I went to +um the Sloan uh class energy + + align:start position:0% +um the Sloan uh class energy + + + align:start position:0% +um the Sloan uh class energy +Ventures and talked about this you know + + align:start position:0% +Ventures and talked about this you know + + + align:start position:0% +Ventures and talked about this you know +my thought was this was last fall um I + + align:start position:0% +my thought was this was last fall um I + + + align:start position:0% +my thought was this was last fall um I +have this really cool material it's + + align:start position:0% +have this really cool material it's + + + align:start position:0% +have this really cool material it's +going to you know going to save the + + align:start position:0% +going to you know going to save the + + + align:start position:0% +going to you know going to save the +world we're going to replace coal plants + + align:start position:0% +world we're going to replace coal plants + + + align:start position:0% +world we're going to replace coal plants +we're going to make electricity this way + + align:start position:0% +we're going to make electricity this way + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to make electricity this way +we're going to you know everything's + + align:start position:0% +we're going to you know everything's + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to you know everything's +going to be heated this way and they did + + align:start position:0% +going to be heated this way and they did + + + align:start position:0% +going to be heated this way and they did +a study on on commercialization and they + + align:start position:0% +a study on on commercialization and they + + + align:start position:0% +a study on on commercialization and they +came back and they said no you're not + + align:start position:0% +came back and they said no you're not + + + align:start position:0% +came back and they said no you're not +going to do any of that what you're + + align:start position:0% +going to do any of that what you're + + + align:start position:0% +going to do any of that what you're +going to do is you're going to De I + + align:start position:0% +going to do is you're going to De I + + + align:start position:0% +going to do is you're going to De I +windows and at first I was actually not + + align:start position:0% +windows and at first I was actually not + + + align:start position:0% +windows and at first I was actually not +happy because I wanted to solve The + + align:start position:0% +happy because I wanted to solve The + + + align:start position:0% +happy because I wanted to solve The +World's energy problems they looked at + + align:start position:0% +World's energy problems they looked at + + + align:start position:0% +World's energy problems they looked at +all these different applications there's + + align:start position:0% +all these different applications there's + + + align:start position:0% +all these different applications there's +lots of ways to use heat if you can + + align:start position:0% +lots of ways to use heat if you can + + + align:start position:0% +lots of ways to use heat if you can +store the sun's energy and release it as + + align:start position:0% +store the sun's energy and release it as + + + align:start position:0% +store the sun's energy and release it as +heat + + align:start position:0% +heat + + + align:start position:0% +heat +um on demand that's a big deal and do it + + align:start position:0% +um on demand that's a big deal and do it + + + align:start position:0% +um on demand that's a big deal and do it +over and over again there are many + + align:start position:0% +over and over again there are many + + + align:start position:0% +over and over again there are many +places you could use but they said no + + align:start position:0% +places you could use but they said no + + + align:start position:0% +places you could use but they said no +this is going to be the best so actually + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be the best so actually + + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be the best so actually +um we started looking at that actually + + align:start position:0% +um we started looking at that actually + + + align:start position:0% +um we started looking at that actually +Sam started looking at that and he built + + align:start position:0% +Sam started looking at that and he built + + + align:start position:0% +Sam started looking at that and he built +a whole test apparatus and Sam can with + + align:start position:0% +a whole test apparatus and Sam can with + + + align:start position:0% +a whole test apparatus and Sam can with +our solar fuels when they're made he'll + + align:start position:0% +our solar fuels when they're made he'll + + + align:start position:0% +our solar fuels when they're made he'll +be able to deise a window for you in + + align:start position:0% +be able to deise a window for you in + + + align:start position:0% +be able to deise a window for you in +about five seconds right um and that's + + align:start position:0% +about five seconds right um and that's + + + align:start position:0% +about five seconds right um and that's +pretty cool um so you can embed this + + align:start position:0% +pretty cool um so you can embed this + + + align:start position:0% +pretty cool um so you can embed this +stuff inside of glass and have it + + align:start position:0% +stuff inside of glass and have it + + + align:start position:0% +stuff inside of glass and have it +passively absorb the sun's energy during + + align:start position:0% +passively absorb the sun's energy during + + + align:start position:0% +passively absorb the sun's energy during +the day in the morning trigger it and it + + align:start position:0% +the day in the morning trigger it and it + + + align:start position:0% +the day in the morning trigger it and it +gives you 300 cels inside the glass + + align:start position:0% +gives you 300 cels inside the glass + + + align:start position:0% +gives you 300 cels inside the glass +right you don't need to melt much ice to + + align:start position:0% +right you don't need to melt much ice to + + + align:start position:0% +right you don't need to melt much ice to +get it to fall off right so's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +get it to fall off right so's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +get it to fall off right so's a lot of +people and they talked with MBTA and + + align:start position:0% +people and they talked with MBTA and + + + align:start position:0% +people and they talked with MBTA and +others who who would pay a whole lot of + + align:start position:0% +others who who would pay a whole lot of + + + align:start position:0% +others who who would pay a whole lot of +money to get something like that because + + align:start position:0% +money to get something like that because + + + align:start position:0% +money to get something like that because +there's a lot of money wasted on dicing + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of money wasted on dicing + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of money wasted on dicing +right this actually turns out to be very + + align:start position:0% +right this actually turns out to be very + + + align:start position:0% +right this actually turns out to be very +interesting we also also built a a solar + + align:start position:0% +interesting we also also built a a solar + + + align:start position:0% +interesting we also also built a a solar +cooker in collaboration with the slokum + + align:start position:0% +cooker in collaboration with the slokum + + + align:start position:0% +cooker in collaboration with the slokum +group um and uh that that basically lets + + align:start position:0% +group um and uh that that basically lets + + + align:start position:0% +group um and uh that that basically lets +you cook with the sun's energy when the + + align:start position:0% +you cook with the sun's energy when the + + + align:start position:0% +you cook with the sun's energy when the +sun's not out right because again you + + align:start position:0% +sun's not out right because again you + + + align:start position:0% +sun's not out right because again you +have this ability to take the sun's + + align:start position:0% +have this ability to take the sun's + + + align:start position:0% +have this ability to take the sun's +energy + + align:start position:0% +energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy +and release it as heat when you want it + + align:start position:0% +and release it as heat when you want it + + + align:start position:0% +and release it as heat when you want it +right and then recharge it the next day + + align:start position:0% +right and then recharge it the next day + + + align:start position:0% +right and then recharge it the next day +okay so we're really excited about this + + align:start position:0% +okay so we're really excited about this + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we're really excited about this +now um oh and there's our solar cooker I + + align:start position:0% +now um oh and there's our solar cooker I + + + align:start position:0% +now um oh and there's our solar cooker I +love this I just just I'm going to take + + align:start position:0% +love this I just just I'm going to take + + + align:start position:0% +love this I just just I'm going to take +the last 15 + + align:start position:0% +the last 15 + + + align:start position:0% +the last 15 +minutes uh to to to talk about what we + + align:start position:0% +minutes uh to to to talk about what we + + + align:start position:0% +minutes uh to to to talk about what we +can do with what we can + + align:start position:0% +can do with what we can + + + align:start position:0% +can do with what we can +do but this is the last thing I'll tell + + align:start position:0% +do but this is the last thing I'll tell + + + align:start position:0% +do but this is the last thing I'll tell +you about the solar fuels I I love this + + align:start position:0% +you about the solar fuels I I love this + + + align:start position:0% +you about the solar fuels I I love this +picture so solar so these kinds of + + align:start position:0% +picture so solar so these kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +picture so solar so these kinds of +things are not good this is a big deal + + align:start position:0% +things are not good this is a big deal + + + align:start position:0% +things are not good this is a big deal +right this caus more deaths um in the + + align:start position:0% +right this caus more deaths um in the + + + align:start position:0% +right this caus more deaths um in the +third world than malaria and AIDS + + align:start position:0% +third world than malaria and AIDS + + + align:start position:0% +third world than malaria and AIDS +combined um Wood Fired stoves uh women + + align:start position:0% +combined um Wood Fired stoves uh women + + + align:start position:0% +combined um Wood Fired stoves uh women +primarily uh and sometimes children + + align:start position:0% +primarily uh and sometimes children + + + align:start position:0% +primarily uh and sometimes children +spend 20 hours a week searching for wood + + align:start position:0% +spend 20 hours a week searching for wood + + + align:start position:0% +spend 20 hours a week searching for wood +20 hours a week of their time goes to + + align:start position:0% +20 hours a week of their time goes to + + + align:start position:0% +20 hours a week of their time goes to +getting wood for burning um this is the + + align:start position:0% +getting wood for burning um this is the + + + align:start position:0% +getting wood for burning um this is the +alternative if you want to use the sun + + align:start position:0% +alternative if you want to use the sun + + + align:start position:0% +alternative if you want to use the sun +to cooking and I love these because um + + align:start position:0% +to cooking and I love these because um + + + align:start position:0% +to cooking and I love these because um +this is a restaurant in India and um uh + + align:start position:0% +this is a restaurant in India and um uh + + + align:start position:0% +this is a restaurant in India and um uh +you can see so these come with special + + align:start position:0% +you can see so these come with special + + + align:start position:0% +you can see so these come with special +Iz goggles and + + align:start position:0% +Iz goggles and + + + align:start position:0% +Iz goggles and +gloves and you can see why because he's + + align:start position:0% +gloves and you can see why because he's + + + align:start position:0% +gloves and you can see why because he's +inside the oven he's getting burned + + align:start position:0% +inside the oven he's getting burned + + + align:start position:0% +inside the oven he's getting burned +right when he's cooking because that you + + align:start position:0% +right when he's cooking because that you + + + align:start position:0% +right when he's cooking because that you +can focus on a point but you're not + + align:start position:0% +can focus on a point but you're not + + + align:start position:0% +can focus on a point but you're not +going to be perfect so there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +going to be perfect so there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +going to be perfect so there's a lot of +Sun hitting him right it's not a very + + align:start position:0% +Sun hitting him right it's not a very + + + align:start position:0% +Sun hitting him right it's not a very +comfortable way to cook but also you can + + align:start position:0% +comfortable way to cook but also you can + + + align:start position:0% +comfortable way to cook but also you can +only cook when the sun's out right so + + align:start position:0% +only cook when the sun's out right so + + + align:start position:0% +only cook when the sun's out right so +solar cookers I think could play a + + align:start position:0% +solar cookers I think could play a + + + align:start position:0% +solar cookers I think could play a +really big role if you can get them low + + align:start position:0% +really big role if you can get them low + + + align:start position:0% +really big role if you can get them low +cost these are over 600 bucks um and if + + align:start position:0% +cost these are over 600 bucks um and if + + + align:start position:0% +cost these are over 600 bucks um and if +you can get them uh to to be able to + + align:start position:0% +you can get them uh to to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +you can get them uh to to be able to +cook when it's more + + align:start position:0% +cook when it's more + + + align:start position:0% +cook when it's more +convenient okay so I I won't go into + + align:start position:0% +convenient okay so I I won't go into + + + align:start position:0% +convenient okay so I I won't go into +those details um this is the kind of + + align:start position:0% +those details um this is the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +those details um this is the kind of +thing we do in my group and I just I get + + align:start position:0% +thing we do in my group and I just I get + + + align:start position:0% +thing we do in my group and I just I get +so excited about it we design things in + + align:start position:0% +so excited about it we design things in + + + align:start position:0% +so excited about it we design things in +a computer we make them and we build + + align:start position:0% +a computer we make them and we build + + + align:start position:0% +a computer we make them and we build +prototypes right and and we s sort of a + + align:start position:0% +prototypes right and and we s sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +prototypes right and and we s sort of a +full loop here um to try to impact uh + + align:start position:0% +full loop here um to try to impact uh + + + align:start position:0% +full loop here um to try to impact uh +interesting energy problems now this + + align:start position:0% +interesting energy problems now this + + + align:start position:0% +interesting energy problems now this +leaves me on the last part which is what + + align:start position:0% +leaves me on the last part which is what + + + align:start position:0% +leaves me on the last part which is what +I want to talk about in the last 10 + + align:start position:0% +I want to talk about in the last 10 + + + align:start position:0% +I want to talk about in the last 10 +minutes of class which is okay that's a + + align:start position:0% +minutes of class which is okay that's a + + + align:start position:0% +minutes of class which is okay that's a +really cool energy problem you have to + + align:start position:0% +really cool energy problem you have to + + + align:start position:0% +really cool energy problem you have to +agree with that + + align:start position:0% +agree with that + + + align:start position:0% +agree with that +um okay you don't have to agree with + + align:start position:0% +um okay you don't have to agree with + + + align:start position:0% +um okay you don't have to agree with +that but I think it's a really cool + + align:start position:0% +that but I think it's a really cool + + + align:start position:0% +that but I think it's a really cool +energy problem where does where does + + align:start position:0% +energy problem where does where does + + + align:start position:0% +energy problem where does where does +computational quantum mechanics fit into + + align:start position:0% +computational quantum mechanics fit into + + + align:start position:0% +computational quantum mechanics fit into +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is this is what it does the fuel + + align:start position:0% +so this is this is what it does the fuel + + + align:start position:0% +so this is this is what it does the fuel +goes from here to here this is the + + align:start position:0% +goes from here to here this is the + + + align:start position:0% +goes from here to here this is the +reaction coordinate it goes from a low + + align:start position:0% +reaction coordinate it goes from a low + + + align:start position:0% +reaction coordinate it goes from a low +energy state to a high energy State when + + align:start position:0% +energy state to a high energy State when + + + align:start position:0% +energy state to a high energy State when +you shine light on + + align:start position:0% +you shine light on + + + align:start position:0% +you shine light on +it right + + align:start position:0% +it right + + + align:start position:0% +it right +could I calculate now this is how much + + align:start position:0% +could I calculate now this is how much + + + align:start position:0% +could I calculate now this is how much +energy it's stored which is related to + + align:start position:0% +energy it's stored which is related to + + + align:start position:0% +energy it's stored which is related to +the density of the fuel the energy + + align:start position:0% +the density of the fuel the energy + + + align:start position:0% +the density of the fuel the energy +density of the fuel remember that's + + align:start position:0% +density of the fuel remember that's + + + align:start position:0% +density of the fuel remember that's +something we had to kind of hike up by a + + align:start position:0% +something we had to kind of hike up by a + + + align:start position:0% +something we had to kind of hike up by a +factor of three or four it's not really + + align:start position:0% +factor of three or four it's not really + + + align:start position:0% +factor of three or four it's not really +that that good could I have done that + + align:start position:0% +that that good could I have done that + + + align:start position:0% +that that good could I have done that +with classical potentials can I + + align:start position:0% +with classical potentials can I + + + align:start position:0% +with classical potentials can I +calculate this with classical potentials + + align:start position:0% +calculate this with classical potentials + + + align:start position:0% +calculate this with classical potentials +what is this how do I calculate this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here's my solar + + align:start position:0% +here's my solar + + + align:start position:0% +here's my solar +Fuel and this is the Trans + + align:start position:0% +Fuel and this is the Trans + + + align:start position:0% +Fuel and this is the Trans +State and this is the cyst + + align:start position:0% +State and this is the cyst + + + align:start position:0% +State and this is the cyst +State what is this difference how do how + + align:start position:0% +State what is this difference how do how + + + align:start position:0% +State what is this difference how do how +would I calculate this energy + + align:start position:0% +would I calculate this energy + + + align:start position:0% +would I calculate this energy +difference how would you do that + + align:start position:0% +difference how would you do that + + + align:start position:0% +difference how would you do that +calculation in a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +computer + + align:start position:0% +computer + + + align:start position:0% +computer +calculationally is that a word yeah oh + + align:start position:0% +calculationally is that a word yeah oh + + + align:start position:0% +calculationally is that a word yeah oh +go ahead uh so they're both sort of uh + + align:start position:0% +go ahead uh so they're both sort of uh + + + align:start position:0% +go ahead uh so they're both sort of uh +local Minima of the parentals so you + + align:start position:0% +local Minima of the parentals so you + + + align:start position:0% +local Minima of the parentals so you +could theoretically you know run some + + align:start position:0% +could theoretically you know run some + + + align:start position:0% +could theoretically you know run some +DFT simulation on one on your trans + + align:start position:0% +DFT simulation on one on your trans + + + align:start position:0% +DFT simulation on one on your trans +configuration and one run a DFT + + align:start position:0% +configuration and one run a DFT + + + align:start position:0% +configuration and one run a DFT +simulation on your Cy configuration and + + align:start position:0% +simulation on your Cy configuration and + + + align:start position:0% +simulation on your Cy configuration and +then get out the sort of ground state + + align:start position:0% +then get out the sort of ground state + + + align:start position:0% +then get out the sort of ground state +energies for the two and compare them + + align:start position:0% +energies for the two and compare them + + + align:start position:0% +energies for the two and compare them +e CIS minus E + + align:start position:0% +e CIS minus E + + + align:start position:0% +e CIS minus E +trans you bet that's it that's all this + + align:start position:0% +trans you bet that's it that's all this + + + align:start position:0% +trans you bet that's it that's all this +is equals Delta H now tell me why you + + align:start position:0% +is equals Delta H now tell me why you + + + align:start position:0% +is equals Delta H now tell me why you +said DFT + + align:start position:0% +said DFT + + + align:start position:0% +said DFT +can't I use reacts or a Leonard Jones + + align:start position:0% +can't I use reacts or a Leonard Jones + + + align:start position:0% +can't I use reacts or a Leonard Jones +potential to calculate + + align:start position:0% +potential to calculate + + + align:start position:0% +potential to calculate +that why + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not they different okay what if I had a + + align:start position:0% +not they different okay what if I had a + + + align:start position:0% +not they different okay what if I had a +super duper good + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +potential but why do I need but but hang + + align:start position:0% +potential but why do I need but but hang + + + align:start position:0% +potential but why do I need but but hang +on I mean that would be true with all + + align:start position:0% +on I mean that would be true with all + + + align:start position:0% +on I mean that would be true with all +the first part of your class right + + align:start position:0% +the first part of your class right + + + align:start position:0% +the first part of your class right +everything you did in the first part of + + align:start position:0% +everything you did in the first part of + + + align:start position:0% +everything you did in the first part of +class like straining wiring and stuff + + align:start position:0% +class like straining wiring and stuff + + + align:start position:0% +class like straining wiring and stuff +captured energy of bonds yeah you need + + align:start position:0% +captured energy of bonds yeah you need + + + align:start position:0% +captured energy of bonds yeah you need +to be given the potential to use in + + align:start position:0% +to be given the potential to use in + + + align:start position:0% +to be given the potential to use in +order to do a classical simulation okay + + align:start position:0% +order to do a classical simulation okay + + + align:start position:0% +order to do a classical simulation okay +so doing a Quantum simulation you just + + align:start position:0% +so doing a Quantum simulation you just + + + align:start position:0% +so doing a Quantum simulation you just +need to give the configuration of Adams + + align:start position:0% +need to give the configuration of Adams + + + align:start position:0% +need to give the configuration of Adams +and then it which is nice energy for you + + align:start position:0% +and then it which is nice energy for you + + + align:start position:0% +and then it which is nice energy for you +which is certainly very nice but let's + + align:start position:0% +which is certainly very nice but let's + + + align:start position:0% +which is certainly very nice but let's +say I tell you that I'm giving you a + + align:start position:0% +say I tell you that I'm giving you a + + + align:start position:0% +say I tell you that I'm giving you a +really super duper really really really + + align:start position:0% +really super duper really really really + + + align:start position:0% +really super duper really really really +honestly really good + + align:start position:0% +honestly really good + + + align:start position:0% +honestly really good +potential and that's what it's called in + + align:start position:0% +potential and that's what it's called in + + + align:start position:0% +potential and that's what it's called in +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +literature what I put the word honest in + + align:start position:0% +literature what I put the word honest in + + + align:start position:0% +literature what I put the word honest in +it um could I calculate this with + + align:start position:0% +it um could I calculate this with + + + align:start position:0% +it um could I calculate this with +classical + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +potentials it's the difference of + + align:start position:0% +potentials it's the difference of + + + align:start position:0% +potentials it's the difference of +energies between two molecules can I + + align:start position:0% +energies between two molecules can I + + + align:start position:0% +energies between two molecules can I +calculate that with the classical force + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +field I'm seeing some of this and I'm + + align:start position:0% +field I'm seeing some of this and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +field I'm seeing some of this and I'm +seeing some of this well actually + + align:start position:0% +seeing some of this well actually + + + align:start position:0% +seeing some of this well actually +yes you can calculate the energy + + align:start position:0% +yes you can calculate the energy + + + align:start position:0% +yes you can calculate the energy +difference between two molecules using + + align:start position:0% +difference between two molecules using + + + align:start position:0% +difference between two molecules using +classical force fields what you have + + align:start position:0% +classical force fields what you have + + + align:start position:0% +classical force fields what you have +identified is the challenge of doing + + align:start position:0% +identified is the challenge of doing + + + align:start position:0% +identified is the challenge of doing +that which is that it's only going to be + + align:start position:0% +that which is that it's only going to be + + + align:start position:0% +that which is that it's only going to be +as good as the potential can the + + align:start position:0% +as good as the potential can the + + + align:start position:0% +as good as the potential can the +potential accurately represent these two + + align:start position:0% +potential accurately represent these two + + + align:start position:0% +potential accurately represent these two +well you compare with experiment you + + align:start position:0% +well you compare with experiment you + + + align:start position:0% +well you compare with experiment you +compare with higher level theories and + + align:start position:0% +compare with higher level theories and + + + align:start position:0% +compare with higher level theories and +you'll know but what if it can what if + + align:start position:0% +you'll know but what if it can what if + + + align:start position:0% +you'll know but what if it can what if +it can well then this is perfectly + + align:start position:0% +it can well then this is perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +it can well then this is perfectly +reasonable to do with classical force + + align:start position:0% +reasonable to do with classical force + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable to do with classical force +fields I don't need electrons to + + align:start position:0% +fields I don't need electrons to + + + align:start position:0% +fields I don't need electrons to +calculate this I just need the right + + align:start position:0% +calculate this I just need the right + + + align:start position:0% +calculate this I just need the right +energy + + align:start position:0% +energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy +which is what classical force fields are + + align:start position:0% +which is what classical force fields are + + + align:start position:0% +which is what classical force fields are +trying to capture right now there's a + + align:start position:0% +trying to capture right now there's a + + + align:start position:0% +trying to capture right now there's a +key here though by the way you could + + align:start position:0% +key here though by the way you could + + + align:start position:0% +key here though by the way you could +even get this using a good if the + + align:start position:0% +even get this using a good if the + + + align:start position:0% +even get this using a good if the +classical force field were good enough + + align:start position:0% +classical force field were good enough + + + align:start position:0% +classical force field were good enough +you could get the back reaction barrier + + align:start position:0% +you could get the back reaction barrier + + + align:start position:0% +you could get the back reaction barrier +the activation energy so I I don't I I + + align:start position:0% +the activation energy so I I don't I I + + + align:start position:0% +the activation energy so I I don't I I +want to make sure that we understand + + align:start position:0% +want to make sure that we understand + + + align:start position:0% +want to make sure that we understand +context here when you do a + + align:start position:0% +context here when you do a + + + align:start position:0% +context here when you do a +simulation when you do your + + align:start position:0% +simulation when you do your + + + align:start position:0% +simulation when you do your +computational materials research there + + align:start position:0% +computational materials research there + + + align:start position:0% +computational materials research there +isn't a it's not a one siiz + + align:start position:0% +isn't a it's not a one siiz + + + align:start position:0% +isn't a it's not a one siiz +fits-all kind of thing and it's not even + + align:start position:0% +fits-all kind of thing and it's not even + + + align:start position:0% +fits-all kind of thing and it's not even +a one problem one method kind of thing + + align:start position:0% +a one problem one method kind of thing + + + align:start position:0% +a one problem one method kind of thing +you can have one problem with different + + align:start position:0% +you can have one problem with different + + + align:start position:0% +you can have one problem with different +properties that require different + + align:start position:0% +properties that require different + + + align:start position:0% +properties that require different +methods and which is the right method to + + align:start position:0% +methods and which is the right method to + + + align:start position:0% +methods and which is the right method to +use well very often the answer to that + + align:start position:0% +use well very often the answer to that + + + align:start position:0% +use well very often the answer to that +is whichever one is accurate enough for + + align:start position:0% +is whichever one is accurate enough for + + + align:start position:0% +is whichever one is accurate enough for +the problem at hand and + + align:start position:0% +the problem at hand and + + + align:start position:0% +the problem at hand and +fastest and so that's where you have to + + align:start position:0% +fastest and so that's where you have to + + + align:start position:0% +fastest and so that's where you have to +know you have to test and know where you + + align:start position:0% +know you have to test and know where you + + + align:start position:0% +know you have to test and know where you +sit in accuracy phase space with a given + + align:start position:0% +sit in accuracy phase space with a given + + + align:start position:0% +sit in accuracy phase space with a given +method and then you go ahead with it and + + align:start position:0% +method and then you go ahead with it and + + + align:start position:0% +method and then you go ahead with it and +if you can find a classical potential + + align:start position:0% +if you can find a classical potential + + + align:start position:0% +if you can find a classical potential +that seems to represent this class of + + align:start position:0% +that seems to represent this class of + + + align:start position:0% +that seems to represent this class of +materials well and can you can validate + + align:start position:0% +materials well and can you can validate + + + align:start position:0% +materials well and can you can validate +that it's getting this by all means use + + align:start position:0% +that it's getting this by all means use + + + align:start position:0% +that it's getting this by all means use +that because it's going to be a whole + + align:start position:0% +that because it's going to be a whole + + + align:start position:0% +that because it's going to be a whole +lot faster than + + align:start position:0% +lot faster than + + + align:start position:0% +lot faster than +DFT however I should do that more + + align:start position:0% +DFT however I should do that more + + + align:start position:0% +DFT however I should do that more +because it kind of felt good actually + + align:start position:0% +because it kind of felt good actually + + + align:start position:0% +because it kind of felt good actually +just loosen my shoulder made me look + + align:start position:0% +just loosen my shoulder made me look + + + align:start position:0% +just loosen my shoulder made me look +silly uh there are things here I can't + + align:start position:0% +silly uh there are things here I can't + + + align:start position:0% +silly uh there are things here I can't +do with classical potentials + + align:start position:0% +do with classical potentials + + + align:start position:0% +do with classical potentials +not even if I really really closed my + + align:start position:0% +not even if I really really closed my + + + align:start position:0% +not even if I really really closed my +eyes and and dreamt it it wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +eyes and and dreamt it it wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +eyes and and dreamt it it wouldn't +happen what would that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be yeah so you say there's a hint + + align:start position:0% +be yeah so you say there's a hint + + + align:start position:0% +be yeah so you say there's a hint +here this is + + align:start position:0% +here this is + + + align:start position:0% +here this is +what this is what I'm shining on the + + align:start position:0% +what this is what I'm shining on the + + + align:start position:0% +what this is what I'm shining on the +molecule have who's seen this + + align:start position:0% +molecule have who's seen this + + + align:start position:0% +molecule have who's seen this +before yeah you're feeling it this is + + align:start position:0% +before yeah you're feeling it this is + + + align:start position:0% +before yeah you're feeling it this is +the Sun + + align:start position:0% +the Sun + + + align:start position:0% +the Sun +this is how much energy comes to us from + + align:start position:0% +this is how much energy comes to us from + + + align:start position:0% +this is how much energy comes to us from +the Sun and you can see that it's + + align:start position:0% +the Sun and you can see that it's + + + align:start position:0% +the Sun and you can see that it's +dependent on the wavelength of the light + + align:start position:0% +dependent on the wavelength of the light + + + align:start position:0% +dependent on the wavelength of the light +that's pretty cool right and you know + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty cool right and you know + + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty cool right and you know +what's really cool are these big huge + + align:start position:0% +what's really cool are these big huge + + + align:start position:0% +what's really cool are these big huge +gaps see this is if you go outside of + + align:start position:0% +gaps see this is if you go outside of + + + align:start position:0% +gaps see this is if you go outside of +the Earth's atmosphere you get this + + align:start position:0% +the Earth's atmosphere you get this + + + align:start position:0% +the Earth's atmosphere you get this +yellow + + align:start position:0% +yellow + + + align:start position:0% +yellow +line but on the planet we get these red + + align:start position:0% +line but on the planet we get these red + + + align:start position:0% +line but on the planet we get these red +we get this red curve we get all this + + align:start position:0% +we get this red curve we get all this + + + align:start position:0% +we get this red curve we get all this +Parts blocked out that you just don't + + align:start position:0% +Parts blocked out that you just don't + + + align:start position:0% +Parts blocked out that you just don't +get that frequency of light on the earth + + align:start position:0% +get that frequency of light on the earth + + + align:start position:0% +get that frequency of light on the earth +and the reason is because you have these + + align:start position:0% +and the reason is because you have these + + + align:start position:0% +and the reason is because you have these +molecules in the atmosphere that are + + align:start position:0% +molecules in the atmosphere that are + + + align:start position:0% +molecules in the atmosphere that are +blocking that part of the of the sun's + + align:start position:0% +blocking that part of the of the sun's + + + align:start position:0% +blocking that part of the of the sun's +Spectrum isn't that pretty cool right + + align:start position:0% +Spectrum isn't that pretty cool right + + + align:start position:0% +Spectrum isn't that pretty cool right +but this red is what we get on the + + align:start position:0% +but this red is what we get on the + + + align:start position:0% +but this red is what we get on the +planet and the question is um how do + + align:start position:0% +planet and the question is um how do + + + align:start position:0% +planet and the question is um how do +these molecules do in capturing that + + align:start position:0% +these molecules do in capturing that + + + align:start position:0% +these molecules do in capturing that +energy this is how we're going to charge + + align:start position:0% +energy this is how we're going to charge + + + align:start position:0% +energy this is how we're going to charge +them right this is how we're going to + + align:start position:0% +them right this is how we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +them right this is how we're going to +charge them + + align:start position:0% +charge them + + + align:start position:0% +charge them +up now that is related to something else + + align:start position:0% +up now that is related to something else + + + align:start position:0% +up now that is related to something else +that's not here what might that be + + align:start position:0% +that's not here what might that be + + + align:start position:0% +that's not here what might that be +related to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the band Gap exactly exactly okay that + + align:start position:0% +the band Gap exactly exactly okay that + + + align:start position:0% +the band Gap exactly exactly okay that +is related so this all comes back to + + align:start position:0% +is related so this all comes back to + + + align:start position:0% +is related so this all comes back to +where those electrons + + align:start position:0% +where those electrons + + + align:start position:0% +where those electrons +are okay so remember we filled these + + align:start position:0% +are okay so remember we filled these + + + align:start position:0% +are okay so remember we filled these +electrons up okay I'm just making them + + align:start position:0% +electrons up okay I'm just making them + + + align:start position:0% +electrons up okay I'm just making them +just for Simplicity I'm not labeling + + align:start position:0% +just for Simplicity I'm not labeling + + + align:start position:0% +just for Simplicity I'm not labeling +them SP P because I'm not talking about + + align:start position:0% +them SP P because I'm not talking about + + + align:start position:0% +them SP P because I'm not talking about +a particular thing here and then we + + align:start position:0% +a particular thing here and then we + + + align:start position:0% +a particular thing here and then we +filled them all up there were 10 + + align:start position:0% +filled them all up there were 10 + + + align:start position:0% +filled them all up there were 10 +electrons and we filled the levels with + + align:start position:0% +electrons and we filled the levels with + + + align:start position:0% +electrons and we filled the levels with +those electrons and that was it but + + align:start position:0% +those electrons and that was it but + + + align:start position:0% +those electrons and that was it but +there's another level up here + + align:start position:0% +there's another level up here + + + align:start position:0% +there's another level up here +and there's more many more levels up + + align:start position:0% +and there's more many more levels up + + + align:start position:0% +and there's more many more levels up +there that don't have + + align:start position:0% +there that don't have + + + align:start position:0% +there that don't have +electrons and this distance here in + + align:start position:0% +electrons and this distance here in + + + align:start position:0% +electrons and this distance here in +energy between the the highest occupied + + align:start position:0% +energy between the the highest occupied + + + align:start position:0% +energy between the the highest occupied +and lowest unoccupied level the homo + + align:start position:0% +and lowest unoccupied level the homo + + + align:start position:0% +and lowest unoccupied level the homo +lumos those that's called the band + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Gap this is called the highest occupied + + align:start position:0% +Gap this is called the highest occupied + + + align:start position:0% +Gap this is called the highest occupied +molecular orbital and this is the lowest + + align:start position:0% +molecular orbital and this is the lowest + + + align:start position:0% +molecular orbital and this is the lowest +unoccupied molecular Orit + + align:start position:0% +unoccupied molecular Orit + + + align:start position:0% +unoccupied molecular Orit +orbital and the difference between them + + align:start position:0% +orbital and the difference between them + + + align:start position:0% +orbital and the difference between them +is the gap and that is so + + align:start position:0% +is the gap and that is so + + + align:start position:0% +is the gap and that is so +important for optical properties and + + align:start position:0% +important for optical properties and + + + align:start position:0% +important for optical properties and +electronic properties transport of + + align:start position:0% +electronic properties transport of + + + align:start position:0% +electronic properties transport of +electrons absorption of sun in this case + + align:start position:0% +electrons absorption of sun in this case + + + align:start position:0% +electrons absorption of sun in this case +we care about the absortion of the sun + + align:start position:0% +we care about the absortion of the sun + + + align:start position:0% +we care about the absortion of the sun +much more than transport of electrons + + align:start position:0% +much more than transport of electrons + + + align:start position:0% +much more than transport of electrons +okay now the reason that's so important + + align:start position:0% +okay now the reason that's so important + + + align:start position:0% +okay now the reason that's so important +is you see it it goes back to the the + + align:start position:0% +is you see it it goes back to the the + + + align:start position:0% +is you see it it goes back to the the +hydrogen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +atom somebody tell me a weirdness thing + + align:start position:0% +atom somebody tell me a weirdness thing + + + align:start position:0% +atom somebody tell me a weirdness thing +about looking out into space what you + + align:start position:0% +about looking out into space what you + + + align:start position:0% +about looking out into space what you +see when you look at the colors of + + align:start position:0% +see when you look at the colors of + + + align:start position:0% +see when you look at the colors of +hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen +they're + + align:start position:0% +they're + + + align:start position:0% +they're +discreet + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +why yeah because remember here's your + + align:start position:0% +why yeah because remember here's your + + + align:start position:0% +why yeah because remember here's your +electron it can only be in these + + align:start position:0% +electron it can only be in these + + + align:start position:0% +electron it can only be in these +quantize levels right it can only be in + + align:start position:0% +quantize levels right it can only be in + + + align:start position:0% +quantize levels right it can only be in +One S or 2s and it cannot be in + + align:start position:0% +One S or 2s and it cannot be in + + + align:start position:0% +One S or 2s and it cannot be in +between remember + + align:start position:0% +between remember + + + align:start position:0% +between remember +that how does that relate to to the + + align:start position:0% +that how does that relate to to the + + + align:start position:0% +that how does that relate to to the +absorption of Sun by a solar fuel well + + align:start position:0% +absorption of Sun by a solar fuel well + + + align:start position:0% +absorption of Sun by a solar fuel well +it's the same idea you see when you + + align:start position:0% +it's the same idea you see when you + + + align:start position:0% +it's the same idea you see when you +absorb + + align:start position:0% +absorb + + + align:start position:0% +absorb +sunlight see this H new sunlight came + + align:start position:0% +sunlight see this H new sunlight came + + + align:start position:0% +sunlight see this H new sunlight came +into this Trans State and it made it go + + align:start position:0% +into this Trans State and it made it go + + + align:start position:0% +into this Trans State and it made it go +up onto another energy surface that got + + align:start position:0% +up onto another energy surface that got + + + align:start position:0% +up onto another energy surface that got +it to + + align:start position:0% +it to + + + align:start position:0% +it to +twist now when it absorbed the sunlight + + align:start position:0% +twist now when it absorbed the sunlight + + + align:start position:0% +twist now when it absorbed the sunlight +what really happened is that the sun's + + align:start position:0% +what really happened is that the sun's + + + align:start position:0% +what really happened is that the sun's +energy came into the molecule and it + + align:start position:0% +energy came into the molecule and it + + + align:start position:0% +energy came into the molecule and it +kicked an electron out of some happy + + align:start position:0% +kicked an electron out of some happy + + + align:start position:0% +kicked an electron out of some happy +place it's just hanging out with his + + align:start position:0% +place it's just hanging out with his + + + align:start position:0% +place it's just hanging out with his +buddies and a photon comes in and that + + align:start position:0% +buddies and a photon comes in and that + + + align:start position:0% +buddies and a photon comes in and that +Photon kicks it up + + align:start position:0% +Photon kicks it up + + + align:start position:0% +Photon kicks it up +here and that's what does it that's what + + align:start position:0% +here and that's what does it that's what + + + align:start position:0% +here and that's what does it that's what +makes the molecule change its + + align:start position:0% +makes the molecule change its + + + align:start position:0% +makes the molecule change its +shape that electron getting kicked up + + align:start position:0% +shape that electron getting kicked up + + + align:start position:0% +shape that electron getting kicked up +into one of these other states now the + + align:start position:0% +into one of these other states now the + + + align:start position:0% +into one of these other states now the +key here and this is what's related to + + align:start position:0% +key here and this is what's related to + + + align:start position:0% +key here and this is what's related to +the hydrogen atom is that you see you + + align:start position:0% +the hydrogen atom is that you see you + + + align:start position:0% +the hydrogen atom is that you see you +can't if you just shine so let me try to + + align:start position:0% +can't if you just shine so let me try to + + + align:start position:0% +can't if you just shine so let me try to +draw this a little bit more clearly + + align:start position:0% +draw this a little bit more clearly + + + align:start position:0% +draw this a little bit more clearly +these are occupied + + align:start position:0% +these are occupied + + + align:start position:0% +these are occupied +levels and these are unoccupied levels + + align:start position:0% +levels and these are unoccupied levels + + + align:start position:0% +levels and these are unoccupied levels +and this is the + + align:start position:0% +and this is the + + + align:start position:0% +and this is the +gap so these are occupied + + align:start position:0% +gap so these are occupied + + + align:start position:0% +gap so these are occupied +unoccupied you cannot shine light if I + + align:start position:0% +unoccupied you cannot shine light if I + + + align:start position:0% +unoccupied you cannot shine light if I +only have enough energy from the photon + + align:start position:0% +only have enough energy from the photon + + + align:start position:0% +only have enough energy from the photon +to take an electron from here to here + + align:start position:0% +to take an electron from here to here + + + align:start position:0% +to take an electron from here to here +well you're in no man's land you're just + + align:start position:0% +well you're in no man's land you're just + + + align:start position:0% +well you're in no man's land you're just +like that electron in the hydrogen atom + + align:start position:0% +like that electron in the hydrogen atom + + + align:start position:0% +like that electron in the hydrogen atom +trying to go in between a 1s and a 2s + + align:start position:0% +trying to go in between a 1s and a 2s + + + align:start position:0% +trying to go in between a 1s and a 2s +orbital you can't do + + align:start position:0% +orbital you can't do + + + align:start position:0% +orbital you can't do +it there is no State here there's no + + align:start position:0% +it there is no State here there's no + + + align:start position:0% +it there is no State here there's no +wave function there for the electron to + + align:start position:0% +wave function there for the electron to + + + align:start position:0% +wave function there for the electron to +be + + align:start position:0% +be + + + align:start position:0% +be +it and so there is a gap that is the + + align:start position:0% +it and so there is a gap that is the + + + align:start position:0% +it and so there is a gap that is the +minimum + + align:start position:0% +minimum + + + align:start position:0% +minimum +energy it + + align:start position:0% +energy it + + + align:start position:0% +energy it +takes right so how is that now related + + align:start position:0% +takes right so how is that now related + + + align:start position:0% +takes right so how is that now related +to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this Gap is related to absorption + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how so this is actually wavelength so + + align:start position:0% +how so this is actually wavelength so + + + align:start position:0% +how so this is actually wavelength so +the energy gap goes as one over this + + align:start position:0% +the energy gap goes as one over this + + + align:start position:0% +the energy gap goes as one over this +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +only a certain range it can absorb light + + align:start position:0% +only a certain range it can absorb light + + + align:start position:0% +only a certain range it can absorb light +exactly actually for now we're just + + align:start position:0% +exactly actually for now we're just + + + align:start position:0% +exactly actually for now we're just +saying it has a + + align:start position:0% +saying it has a + + + align:start position:0% +saying it has a +minimum energy below which it cannot + + align:start position:0% +minimum energy below which it cannot + + + align:start position:0% +minimum energy below which it cannot +absorb any light no Photon below this + + align:start position:0% +absorb any light no Photon below this + + + align:start position:0% +absorb any light no Photon below this +energy can do anything in terms of + + align:start position:0% +energy can do anything in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +energy can do anything in terms of +exciting these electrons up so the + + align:start position:0% +exciting these electrons up so the + + + align:start position:0% +exciting these electrons up so the +photons have to be above that which + + align:start position:0% +photons have to be above that which + + + align:start position:0% +photons have to be above that which +means they have to be if they have to be + + align:start position:0% +means they have to be if they have to be + + + align:start position:0% +means they have to be if they have to be +above a certain energy then they have to + + align:start position:0% +above a certain energy then they have to + + + align:start position:0% +above a certain energy then they have to +be below a certain + + align:start position:0% +be below a certain + + + align:start position:0% +be below a certain +wavelength right + + align:start position:0% +wavelength right + + + align:start position:0% +wavelength right +so there's some does everybody see + + align:start position:0% +so there's some does everybody see + + + align:start position:0% +so there's some does everybody see +there's some Lambda + + align:start position:0% +there's some Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +there's some Lambda +Max where they're not going to absorb + + align:start position:0% +Max where they're not going to absorb + + + align:start position:0% +Max where they're not going to absorb +anymore so beyond some point here they + + align:start position:0% +anymore so beyond some point here they + + + align:start position:0% +anymore so beyond some point here they +can't take any of that + + align:start position:0% +can't take any of that + + + align:start position:0% +can't take any of that +sun that's it did everybody see that it + + align:start position:0% +sun that's it did everybody see that it + + + align:start position:0% +sun that's it did everybody see that it +cannot absorb that sun right now would + + align:start position:0% +cannot absorb that sun right now would + + + align:start position:0% +cannot absorb that sun right now would +it be good if if Lambda Max were up here + + align:start position:0% +it be good if if Lambda Max were up here + + + align:start position:0% +it be good if if Lambda Max were up here +would that be + + align:start position:0% +would that be + + + align:start position:0% +would that be +okay seems like it but there's a real + + align:start position:0% +okay seems like it but there's a real + + + align:start position:0% +okay seems like it but there's a real +problem with that which I'll come back + + align:start position:0% +problem with that which I'll come back + + + align:start position:0% +problem with that which I'll come back +to in probably next Tuesday but what + + align:start position:0% +to in probably next Tuesday but what + + + align:start position:0% +to in probably next Tuesday but what +would happen if Lambda Max were + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here you're missing so much of the sun's + + align:start position:0% +here you're missing so much of the sun's + + + align:start position:0% +here you're missing so much of the sun's +energy you just can't you because of + + align:start position:0% +energy you just can't you because of + + + align:start position:0% +energy you just can't you because of +quantum mechanics that darn quantum + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics that darn quantum + + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics that darn quantum +mechanics and that electronic thing that + + align:start position:0% +mechanics and that electronic thing that + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics and that electronic thing that +you cannot get from classical potentials + + align:start position:0% +you cannot get from classical potentials + + + align:start position:0% +you cannot get from classical potentials +that electronic Gap you cannot absorb + + align:start position:0% +that electronic Gap you cannot absorb + + + align:start position:0% +that electronic Gap you cannot absorb +light beyond the gap which means if your + + align:start position:0% +light beyond the gap which means if your + + + align:start position:0% +light beyond the gap which means if your +Gap is here in energy all of this part + + align:start position:0% +Gap is here in energy all of this part + + + align:start position:0% +Gap is here in energy all of this part +of the sunlight is completely wasted + + align:start position:0% +of the sunlight is completely wasted + + + align:start position:0% +of the sunlight is completely wasted +okay okay so I'm going to spend a little + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so I'm going to spend a little + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so I'm going to spend a little +time on this on Tuesday because there + + align:start position:0% +time on this on Tuesday because there + + + align:start position:0% +time on this on Tuesday because there +there's some really cool questions about + + align:start position:0% +there's some really cool questions about + + + align:start position:0% +there's some really cool questions about +these photo switches that we're going to + + align:start position:0% +these photo switches that we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +these photo switches that we're going to +use quantum mechanics to model in the + + align:start position:0% +use quantum mechanics to model in the + + + align:start position:0% +use quantum mechanics to model in the +homework and so I want to spend a little + + align:start position:0% +homework and so I want to spend a little + + + align:start position:0% +homework and so I want to spend a little +more time on this Tuesday and then I'll + + align:start position:0% +more time on this Tuesday and then I'll + + + align:start position:0% +more time on this Tuesday and then I'll +talk about a little bit about hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +talk about a little bit about hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +talk about a little bit about hydrogen +storage so we're going to pick up with + + align:start position:0% +storage so we're going to pick up with + + + align:start position:0% +storage so we're going to pick up with +this picture on Tuesday + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay for \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/UDkq_cLVSmc.txt b/UDkq_cLVSmc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6d1d0e0ff403e22c23b132113f46c4ebe7634f72 --- /dev/null +++ b/UDkq_cLVSmc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1171 @@ +align:start position:0% + +Independence is a very useful property + + align:start position:0% +Independence is a very useful property + + + align:start position:0% +Independence is a very useful property +whenever it is true we can break up + + align:start position:0% +whenever it is true we can break up + + + align:start position:0% +whenever it is true we can break up +complicated situations into simpler ones + + align:start position:0% +complicated situations into simpler ones + + + align:start position:0% +complicated situations into simpler ones +in particular we can do separate + + align:start position:0% +in particular we can do separate + + + align:start position:0% +in particular we can do separate +calculations for each piece of a given + + align:start position:0% +calculations for each piece of a given + + + align:start position:0% +calculations for each piece of a given +model and then combine the + + align:start position:0% +model and then combine the + + + align:start position:0% +model and then combine the +results we're going to look at an + + align:start position:0% +results we're going to look at an + + + align:start position:0% +results we're going to look at an +application of this idea into the + + align:start position:0% +application of this idea into the + + + align:start position:0% +application of this idea into the +analysis of reliability of a system that + + align:start position:0% +analysis of reliability of a system that + + + align:start position:0% +analysis of reliability of a system that +consists of independent units so we have + + align:start position:0% +consists of independent units so we have + + + align:start position:0% +consists of independent units so we have +a system that consists of a number let's + + align:start position:0% +a system that consists of a number let's + + + align:start position:0% +a system that consists of a number let's +say n of units and each one of the units + + align:start position:0% +say n of units and each one of the units + + + align:start position:0% +say n of units and each one of the units +can be up or down and it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +can be up or down and it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +can be up or down and it's going to be +up with a certain probability Pi + + align:start position:0% +up with a certain probability Pi + + + align:start position:0% +up with a certain probability Pi +furthermore we will assume that unit + + align:start position:0% +furthermore we will assume that unit + + + align:start position:0% +furthermore we will assume that unit +failures are independent intuitively + + align:start position:0% +failures are independent intuitively + + + align:start position:0% +failures are independent intuitively +what we mean is that failure of some of + + align:start position:0% +what we mean is that failure of some of + + + align:start position:0% +what we mean is that failure of some of +the units does not affect the + + align:start position:0% +the units does not affect the + + + align:start position:0% +the units does not affect the +probability that some of the other units + + align:start position:0% +probability that some of the other units + + + align:start position:0% +probability that some of the other units +will fail if we want to be more formal + + align:start position:0% +will fail if we want to be more formal + + + align:start position:0% +will fail if we want to be more formal +we might proceed as follows we could + + align:start position:0% +we might proceed as follows we could + + + align:start position:0% +we might proceed as follows we could +Define an event UI to be the event that + + align:start position:0% +Define an event UI to be the event that + + + align:start position:0% +Define an event UI to be the event that +the i unit is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +up and then make the assumption that the + + align:start position:0% +up and then make the assumption that the + + + align:start position:0% +up and then make the assumption that the +events U1 + + align:start position:0% +events U1 + + + align:start position:0% +events U1 +U2 and so on up to un if we have n units + + align:start position:0% +U2 and so on up to un if we have n units + + + align:start position:0% +U2 and so on up to un if we have n units +are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +independent alternatively we could + + align:start position:0% +independent alternatively we could + + + align:start position:0% +independent alternatively we could +Define events + + align:start position:0% +Define events + + + align:start position:0% +Define events +fi who where event fi is the event that + + align:start position:0% +fi who where event fi is the event that + + + align:start position:0% +fi who where event fi is the event that +the i unit is down or that it has + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +failed and we could assume that the unit + + align:start position:0% +failed and we could assume that the unit + + + align:start position:0% +failed and we could assume that the unit +that that the events fi are independent + + align:start position:0% +that that the events fi are independent + + + align:start position:0% +that that the events fi are independent +but we do not really need a separate + + align:start position:0% +but we do not really need a separate + + + align:start position:0% +but we do not really need a separate +assumption as a consequence of the + + align:start position:0% +assumption as a consequence of the + + + align:start position:0% +assumption as a consequence of the +assumption that the UI are independent + + align:start position:0% +assumption that the UI are independent + + + align:start position:0% +assumption that the UI are independent +one can argue that the FIS are also + + align:start position:0% +one can argue that the FIS are also + + + align:start position:0% +one can argue that the FIS are also +independent + + align:start position:0% +independent + + + align:start position:0% +independent +dependent how do we know that this is + + align:start position:0% +dependent how do we know that this is + + + align:start position:0% +dependent how do we know that this is +the case if we were dealing with just + + align:start position:0% +the case if we were dealing with just + + + align:start position:0% +the case if we were dealing with just +two + + align:start position:0% +two + + + align:start position:0% +two +units then this is a fact that we have + + align:start position:0% +units then this is a fact that we have + + + align:start position:0% +units then this is a fact that we have +already proved a little earlier we did + + align:start position:0% +already proved a little earlier we did + + + align:start position:0% +already proved a little earlier we did +prove that if two events are independent + + align:start position:0% +prove that if two events are independent + + + align:start position:0% +prove that if two events are independent +then their complements are also + + align:start position:0% +then their complements are also + + + align:start position:0% +then their complements are also +independent now that we're dealing with + + align:start position:0% +independent now that we're dealing with + + + align:start position:0% +independent now that we're dealing with +multiple events here a general number n + + align:start position:0% +multiple events here a general number n + + + align:start position:0% +multiple events here a general number n +how do we argue one approach would be to + + align:start position:0% +how do we argue one approach would be to + + + align:start position:0% +how do we argue one approach would be to +be for Al and start from the definition + + align:start position:0% +be for Al and start from the definition + + + align:start position:0% +be for Al and start from the definition +of independence of the U + + align:start position:0% +of independence of the U + + + align:start position:0% +of independence of the U +events and that definition gives us a + + align:start position:0% +events and that definition gives us a + + + align:start position:0% +events and that definition gives us a +number of formulas then manipulate those + + align:start position:0% +number of formulas then manipulate those + + + align:start position:0% +number of formulas then manipulate those +formulas to prove the conditions that + + align:start position:0% +formulas to prove the conditions that + + + align:start position:0% +formulas to prove the conditions that +are required in order to check that the + + align:start position:0% +are required in order to check that the + + + align:start position:0% +are required in order to check that the +events fi are independent this is + + align:start position:0% +events fi are independent this is + + + align:start position:0% +events fi are independent this is +certainly possible although it is a bit + + align:start position:0% +certainly possible although it is a bit + + + align:start position:0% +certainly possible although it is a bit +tedious however the approach we will be + + align:start position:0% +tedious however the approach we will be + + + align:start position:0% +tedious however the approach we will be +taking in situations like this one is + + align:start position:0% +taking in situations like this one is + + + align:start position:0% +taking in situations like this one is +that we will use the + + align:start position:0% +that we will use the + + + align:start position:0% +that we will use the +intuitive understanding that we have of + + align:start position:0% +intuitive understanding that we have of + + + align:start position:0% +intuitive understanding that we have of +what Independence means so Independence + + align:start position:0% +what Independence means so Independence + + + align:start position:0% +what Independence means so Independence +in this context means that whether some + + align:start position:0% +in this context means that whether some + + + align:start position:0% +in this context means that whether some +units are up and down does not change + + align:start position:0% +units are up and down does not change + + + align:start position:0% +units are up and down does not change +the probabilities that some of the other + + align:start position:0% +the probabilities that some of the other + + + align:start position:0% +the probabilities that some of the other +units will be up or down and by taking + + align:start position:0% +units will be up or down and by taking + + + align:start position:0% +units will be up or down and by taking +that interpretation Independence of the + + align:start position:0% +that interpretation Independence of the + + + align:start position:0% +that interpretation Independence of the +events that units are up is essentially + + align:start position:0% +events that units are up is essentially + + + align:start position:0% +events that units are up is essentially +the same as independence of on the units + + align:start position:0% +the same as independence of on the units + + + align:start position:0% +the same as independence of on the units +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +failed so we take this implication for + + align:start position:0% +failed so we take this implication for + + + align:start position:0% +failed so we take this implication for +granted and now we move to do some + + align:start position:0% +granted and now we move to do some + + + align:start position:0% +granted and now we move to do some +calculations for specific systems + + align:start position:0% +calculations for specific systems + + + align:start position:0% +calculations for specific systems +consider a particular system that + + align:start position:0% +consider a particular system that + + + align:start position:0% +consider a particular system that +consists of three components and we will + + align:start position:0% +consists of three components and we will + + + align:start position:0% +consists of three components and we will +say that the system is up if there + + align:start position:0% +say that the system is up if there + + + align:start position:0% +say that the system is up if there +exists a path from the left to the right + + align:start position:0% +exists a path from the left to the right + + + align:start position:0% +exists a path from the left to the right +that consists of units that are up so in + + align:start position:0% +that consists of units that are up so in + + + align:start position:0% +that consists of units that are up so in +this case for the system to be up we + + align:start position:0% +this case for the system to be up we + + + align:start position:0% +this case for the system to be up we +need all three components to be up and + + align:start position:0% +need all three components to be up and + + + align:start position:0% +need all three components to be up and +we proceed as follows the probability + + align:start position:0% +we proceed as follows the probability + + + align:start position:0% +we proceed as follows the probability +that the system is up + + align:start position:0% +that the system is up + + + align:start position:0% +that the system is up +this is the event that the first unit is + + align:start position:0% +this is the event that the first unit is + + + align:start position:0% +this is the event that the first unit is +up and the second unit is up and the + + align:start position:0% +up and the second unit is up and the + + + align:start position:0% +up and the second unit is up and the +third unit is up and now we use + + align:start position:0% +third unit is up and now we use + + + align:start position:0% +third unit is up and now we use +Independence to argue that this is equal + + align:start position:0% +Independence to argue that this is equal + + + align:start position:0% +Independence to argue that this is equal +to the probability that the first is + + align:start position:0% +to the probability that the first is + + + align:start position:0% +to the probability that the first is +unit is up times the probability that + + align:start position:0% +unit is up times the probability that + + + align:start position:0% +unit is up times the probability that +the second unit is up times the + + align:start position:0% +the second unit is up times the + + + align:start position:0% +the second unit is up times the +probability that the third unit is up + + align:start position:0% +probability that the third unit is up + + + align:start position:0% +probability that the third unit is up +and in the notation that we have + + align:start position:0% +and in the notation that we have + + + align:start position:0% +and in the notation that we have +introduced this is just P1 * P2 * P3 + + align:start position:0% +introduced this is just P1 * P2 * P3 + + + align:start position:0% +introduced this is just P1 * P2 * P3 +now let us consider a different + + align:start position:0% +now let us consider a different + + + align:start position:0% +now let us consider a different +system in this system we will say that + + align:start position:0% +system in this system we will say that + + + align:start position:0% +system in this system we will say that +the system is up again if there exists a + + align:start position:0% +the system is up again if there exists a + + + align:start position:0% +the system is up again if there exists a +path from the left to the right that + + align:start position:0% +path from the left to the right that + + + align:start position:0% +path from the left to the right that +consists of units that are up in this + + align:start position:0% +consists of units that are up in this + + + align:start position:0% +consists of units that are up in this +particular case the system will be up as + + align:start position:0% +particular case the system will be up as + + + align:start position:0% +particular case the system will be up as +long as at least one of those three + + align:start position:0% +long as at least one of those three + + + align:start position:0% +long as at least one of those three +components are up we would like again to + + align:start position:0% +components are up we would like again to + + + align:start position:0% +components are up we would like again to +calculate the probability that the + + align:start position:0% +calculate the probability that the + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the probability that the +system is up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the system will be up as long as + + align:start position:0% +and the system will be up as long as + + + align:start position:0% +and the system will be up as long as +either unit one is up or unit 2 is up or + + align:start position:0% +either unit one is up or unit 2 is up or + + + align:start position:0% +either unit one is up or unit 2 is up or +unit three is up how do we continue from + + align:start position:0% +unit three is up how do we continue from + + + align:start position:0% +unit three is up how do we continue from +here we cannot use Independence readily + + align:start position:0% +here we cannot use Independence readily + + + align:start position:0% +here we cannot use Independence readily +because Independence refers to + + align:start position:0% +because Independence refers to + + + align:start position:0% +because Independence refers to +probabilities of intersection of events + + align:start position:0% +probabilities of intersection of events + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities of intersection of events +whereas here we have a union how do we + + align:start position:0% +whereas here we have a union how do we + + + align:start position:0% +whereas here we have a union how do we +turn a union into an intersection + + align:start position:0% +turn a union into an intersection + + + align:start position:0% +turn a union into an intersection +this is what the Morgan's laws allow us + + align:start position:0% +this is what the Morgan's laws allow us + + + align:start position:0% +this is what the Morgan's laws allow us +to do and involves taking compliments + + align:start position:0% +to do and involves taking compliments + + + align:start position:0% +to do and involves taking compliments +instead of using formally the Morgan's + + align:start position:0% +instead of using formally the Morgan's + + + align:start position:0% +instead of using formally the Morgan's +laws let's just argue directly let us + + align:start position:0% +laws let's just argue directly let us + + + align:start position:0% +laws let's just argue directly let us +look at this event that unit one fails + + align:start position:0% +look at this event that unit one fails + + + align:start position:0% +look at this event that unit one fails +and unit two fails and unit three fails + + align:start position:0% +and unit two fails and unit three fails + + + align:start position:0% +and unit two fails and unit three fails +what is the relation between this event + + align:start position:0% +what is the relation between this event + + + align:start position:0% +what is the relation between this event +and the event that we have here they are + + align:start position:0% +and the event that we have here they are + + + align:start position:0% +and the event that we have here they are +compliments why is that either all all + + align:start position:0% +compliments why is that either all all + + + align:start position:0% +compliments why is that either all all +units fail which is this event or there + + align:start position:0% +units fail which is this event or there + + + align:start position:0% +units fail which is this event or there +exists at least one unit which is up so + + align:start position:0% +exists at least one unit which is up so + + + align:start position:0% +exists at least one unit which is up so +since this event is the complement of + + align:start position:0% +since this event is the complement of + + + align:start position:0% +since this event is the complement of +that event this means that their + + align:start position:0% +that event this means that their + + + align:start position:0% +that event this means that their +probabilities must add to one and + + align:start position:0% +probabilities must add to one and + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities must add to one and +therefore we have this + + align:start position:0% +therefore we have this + + + align:start position:0% +therefore we have this +relation and now we're in better shape + + align:start position:0% +relation and now we're in better shape + + + align:start position:0% +relation and now we're in better shape +because we can use the independence of + + align:start position:0% +because we can use the independence of + + + align:start position:0% +because we can use the independence of +the events F to write this as the one + + align:start position:0% +the events F to write this as the one + + + align:start position:0% +the events F to write this as the one +minus the product of the probabilities + + align:start position:0% +minus the product of the probabilities + + + align:start position:0% +minus the product of the probabilities +that each one of the units + + align:start position:0% +that each one of the units + + + align:start position:0% +that each one of the units +fails and with the notation that we have + + align:start position:0% +fails and with the notation that we have + + + align:start position:0% +fails and with the notation that we have +introduced using the pi this is as + + align:start position:0% +introduced using the pi this is as + + + align:start position:0% +introduced using the pi this is as +follows the probability that unit one + + align:start position:0% +follows the probability that unit one + + + align:start position:0% +follows the probability that unit one +fails is 1 minus the probability that it + + align:start position:0% +fails is 1 minus the probability that it + + + align:start position:0% +fails is 1 minus the probability that it +is up similarly for the second unit one + + align:start position:0% +is up similarly for the second unit one + + + align:start position:0% +is up similarly for the second unit one +minus the probability that it is up and + + align:start position:0% +minus the probability that it is up and + + + align:start position:0% +minus the probability that it is up and +the same for the third + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +unit so we have derived a formula that + + align:start position:0% +unit so we have derived a formula that + + + align:start position:0% +unit so we have derived a formula that +tells us the reliability the probability + + align:start position:0% +tells us the reliability the probability + + + align:start position:0% +tells us the reliability the probability +that a system of this kind is up in + + align:start position:0% +that a system of this kind is up in + + + align:start position:0% +that a system of this kind is up in +terms of the probabilities of each of + + align:start position:0% +terms of the probabilities of each of + + + align:start position:0% +terms of the probabilities of each of +each individual + + align:start position:0% +each individual + + + align:start position:0% +each individual +components you will have an opportunity + + align:start position:0% +components you will have an opportunity + + + align:start position:0% +components you will have an opportunity +to deal with more examples of this kind + + align:start position:0% +to deal with more examples of this kind + + + align:start position:0% +to deal with more examples of this kind +a little more complicated in the problem + + align:start position:0% +a little more complicated in the problem + + + align:start position:0% +a little more complicated in the problem +that follows and even more complicated + + align:start position:0% +that follows and even more complicated + + + align:start position:0% +that follows and even more complicated +in one of the problem solving videos + + align:start position:0% +in one of the problem solving videos + + + align:start position:0% +in one of the problem solving videos +that we will have available for you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Ub8E2hyNBxs.txt b/Ub8E2hyNBxs.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1a7c989867aa9b949c4f08462e0913f5e96146cd --- /dev/null +++ b/Ub8E2hyNBxs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3203 @@ +align:start position:0% + +today on Chalk radio teaching about + + align:start position:0% +today on Chalk radio teaching about + + + align:start position:0% +today on Chalk radio teaching about +sustainability in a sustainable way + + align:start position:0% +sustainability in a sustainable way + + + align:start position:0% +sustainability in a sustainable way +when we think about education of a + + align:start position:0% +when we think about education of a + + + align:start position:0% +when we think about education of a +different kind it's not that what we're + + align:start position:0% +different kind it's not that what we're + + + align:start position:0% +different kind it's not that what we're +doing is all wrong and bad but it's that + + align:start position:0% +doing is all wrong and bad but it's that + + + align:start position:0% +doing is all wrong and bad but it's that +we could be doing things better and we + + align:start position:0% +we could be doing things better and we + + + align:start position:0% +we could be doing things better and we +could be finding ways to embrace + + align:start position:0% +could be finding ways to embrace + + + align:start position:0% +could be finding ways to embrace +sustainability through a ton of + + align:start position:0% +sustainability through a ton of + + + align:start position:0% +sustainability through a ton of +different Avenues in our classrooms + + align:start position:0% +different Avenues in our classrooms + + + align:start position:0% +different Avenues in our classrooms +I'm Sarah Hansen for this episode I sat + + align:start position:0% +I'm Sarah Hansen for this episode I sat + + + align:start position:0% +I'm Sarah Hansen for this episode I sat +down with two Educators from mit's + + align:start position:0% +down with two Educators from mit's + + + align:start position:0% +down with two Educators from mit's +Environmental Solutions initiative these + + align:start position:0% +Environmental Solutions initiative these + + + align:start position:0% +Environmental Solutions initiative these +Educators helped create open resources + + align:start position:0% +Educators helped create open resources + + + align:start position:0% +Educators helped create open resources +for bringing sustainability into the + + align:start position:0% +for bringing sustainability into the + + + align:start position:0% +for bringing sustainability into the +classroom + + align:start position:0% +classroom + + + align:start position:0% +classroom +my name is Sarah Myers and I'm the + + align:start position:0% +my name is Sarah Myers and I'm the + + + align:start position:0% +my name is Sarah Myers and I'm the +education program manager at ESI my name + + align:start position:0% +education program manager at ESI my name + + + align:start position:0% +education program manager at ESI my name +is Liz Potter Nelson and I just finished + + align:start position:0% +is Liz Potter Nelson and I just finished + + + align:start position:0% +is Liz Potter Nelson and I just finished +up as a postdoctoral associate in + + align:start position:0% +up as a postdoctoral associate in + + + align:start position:0% +up as a postdoctoral associate in +environmental and sustainability + + align:start position:0% +environmental and sustainability + + + align:start position:0% +environmental and sustainability +education with ESI + + align:start position:0% +education with ESI + + + align:start position:0% +education with ESI +can you just tell us a little bit about + + align:start position:0% +can you just tell us a little bit about + + + align:start position:0% +can you just tell us a little bit about +what the Environmental Solutions + + align:start position:0% +what the Environmental Solutions + + + align:start position:0% +what the Environmental Solutions +initiative is + + align:start position:0% +initiative is + + + align:start position:0% +initiative is +absolutely + + align:start position:0% +absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely +ESI is really mit's effort to mobilize + + align:start position:0% +ESI is really mit's effort to mobilize + + + align:start position:0% +ESI is really mit's effort to mobilize +the knowledge and research and education + + align:start position:0% +the knowledge and research and education + + + align:start position:0% +the knowledge and research and education +Across The Institute so that it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +Across The Institute so that it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +Across The Institute so that it doesn't +belong in any one Department many of the + + align:start position:0% +belong in any one Department many of the + + + align:start position:0% +belong in any one Department many of the +problems that we see in sustainability + + align:start position:0% +problems that we see in sustainability + + + align:start position:0% +problems that we see in sustainability +are interdisciplinary problems and you + + align:start position:0% +are interdisciplinary problems and you + + + align:start position:0% +are interdisciplinary problems and you +need people from different disciplines + + align:start position:0% +need people from different disciplines + + + align:start position:0% +need people from different disciplines +coming together to work together to + + align:start position:0% +coming together to work together to + + + align:start position:0% +coming together to work together to +solve things so ESI is really mit's + + align:start position:0% +solve things so ESI is really mit's + + + align:start position:0% +solve things so ESI is really mit's +effort to Leverage The Best of the Best + + align:start position:0% +effort to Leverage The Best of the Best + + + align:start position:0% +effort to Leverage The Best of the Best +from across the University + + align:start position:0% +from across the University + + + align:start position:0% +from across the University +climate change and environmental + + align:start position:0% +climate change and environmental + + + align:start position:0% +climate change and environmental +challenges are huge problems with + + align:start position:0% +challenges are huge problems with + + + align:start position:0% +challenges are huge problems with +massive implications that affect all of + + align:start position:0% +massive implications that affect all of + + + align:start position:0% +massive implications that affect all of +us in different ways while working + + align:start position:0% +us in different ways while working + + + align:start position:0% +us in different ways while working +together at ESI Sarah and Liz spent a + + align:start position:0% +together at ESI Sarah and Liz spent a + + + align:start position:0% +together at ESI Sarah and Liz spent a +lot of time thinking about how to + + align:start position:0% +lot of time thinking about how to + + + align:start position:0% +lot of time thinking about how to +address the broad spectrum of issues + + align:start position:0% +address the broad spectrum of issues + + + align:start position:0% +address the broad spectrum of issues +that climate change and environmental + + align:start position:0% +that climate change and environmental + + + align:start position:0% +that climate change and environmental +disruption pose through the lens of + + align:start position:0% +disruption pose through the lens of + + + align:start position:0% +disruption pose through the lens of +sustainability + + align:start position:0% +sustainability + + + align:start position:0% +sustainability +so before delving into the details here + + align:start position:0% +so before delving into the details here + + + align:start position:0% +so before delving into the details here +let's first get clear on something what + + align:start position:0% +let's first get clear on something what + + + align:start position:0% +let's first get clear on something what +even is sustainability first of all if + + align:start position:0% +even is sustainability first of all if + + + align:start position:0% +even is sustainability first of all if +you ask that question to a hundred + + align:start position:0% +you ask that question to a hundred + + + align:start position:0% +you ask that question to a hundred +different people you'll get 200 + + align:start position:0% +different people you'll get 200 + + + align:start position:0% +different people you'll get 200 +different answers as far as I can tell + + align:start position:0% +different answers as far as I can tell + + + align:start position:0% +different answers as far as I can tell +so technically sustainable development + + align:start position:0% +so technically sustainable development + + + align:start position:0% +so technically sustainable development +is defined in the brentland report from + + align:start position:0% +is defined in the brentland report from + + + align:start position:0% +is defined in the brentland report from +1987 as development that meets the needs + + align:start position:0% +1987 as development that meets the needs + + + align:start position:0% +1987 as development that meets the needs +of the present without compromising the + + align:start position:0% +of the present without compromising the + + + align:start position:0% +of the present without compromising the +ability of future generations to meet + + align:start position:0% +ability of future generations to meet + + + align:start position:0% +ability of future generations to meet +their own needs that is a very + + align:start position:0% +their own needs that is a very + + + align:start position:0% +their own needs that is a very +anthropocentric statement I think it + + align:start position:0% +anthropocentric statement I think it + + + align:start position:0% +anthropocentric statement I think it +doesn't include things like other + + align:start position:0% +doesn't include things like other + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't include things like other +species or things like the environment + + align:start position:0% +species or things like the environment + + + align:start position:0% +species or things like the environment +itself but even if we just start with + + align:start position:0% +itself but even if we just start with + + + align:start position:0% +itself but even if we just start with +that it is very very broad + + align:start position:0% +that it is very very broad + + + align:start position:0% +that it is very very broad +it isn't just recycling it is not just + + align:start position:0% +it isn't just recycling it is not just + + + align:start position:0% +it isn't just recycling it is not just +turning off your lights it is not just + + align:start position:0% +turning off your lights it is not just + + + align:start position:0% +turning off your lights it is not just +climate change if you look right now at + + align:start position:0% +climate change if you look right now at + + + align:start position:0% +climate change if you look right now at +the sustainable development goals of the + + align:start position:0% +the sustainable development goals of the + + + align:start position:0% +the sustainable development goals of the +UN there are 17 of them they include + + align:start position:0% +UN there are 17 of them they include + + + align:start position:0% +UN there are 17 of them they include +things like education and women's rights + + align:start position:0% +things like education and women's rights + + + align:start position:0% +things like education and women's rights +and no poverty and partnership between + + align:start position:0% +and no poverty and partnership between + + + align:start position:0% +and no poverty and partnership between +institutions it's very broadly defined + + align:start position:0% +institutions it's very broadly defined + + + align:start position:0% +institutions it's very broadly defined +you cannot imagine a future without + + align:start position:0% +you cannot imagine a future without + + + align:start position:0% +you cannot imagine a future without +understanding the human behavior without + + align:start position:0% +understanding the human behavior without + + + align:start position:0% +understanding the human behavior without +understanding the impact of what we have + + align:start position:0% +understanding the impact of what we have + + + align:start position:0% +understanding the impact of what we have +already done to this planet the impact + + align:start position:0% +already done to this planet the impact + + + align:start position:0% +already done to this planet the impact +of histories and culture to a people you + + align:start position:0% +of histories and culture to a people you + + + align:start position:0% +of histories and culture to a people you +can't just walk in somewhere and say + + align:start position:0% +can't just walk in somewhere and say + + + align:start position:0% +can't just walk in somewhere and say +we're going to change the planet + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +both Sarah and Liz spent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +nature and Liz as a high school science + + align:start position:0% +nature and Liz as a high school science + + + align:start position:0% +nature and Liz as a high school science +teacher they both became interested in + + align:start position:0% +teacher they both became interested in + + + align:start position:0% +teacher they both became interested in +sustainability through different lenses + + align:start position:0% +sustainability through different lenses + + + align:start position:0% +sustainability through different lenses +which really brought home their point + + align:start position:0% +which really brought home their point + + + align:start position:0% +which really brought home their point +about sustainability being fundamentally + + align:start position:0% +about sustainability being fundamentally + + + align:start position:0% +about sustainability being fundamentally +interdisciplinary + + align:start position:0% +interdisciplinary + + + align:start position:0% +interdisciplinary +building from Sarah's explanation about + + align:start position:0% +building from Sarah's explanation about + + + align:start position:0% +building from Sarah's explanation about +sustainability where we're looking at + + align:start position:0% +sustainability where we're looking at + + + align:start position:0% +sustainability where we're looking at +solving Wicked problems that are + + align:start position:0% +solving Wicked problems that are + + + align:start position:0% +solving Wicked problems that are +connected socially economically + + align:start position:0% +connected socially economically + + + align:start position:0% +connected socially economically +environmentally sustainability Scholars + + align:start position:0% +environmentally sustainability Scholars + + + align:start position:0% +environmentally sustainability Scholars +and sustainability education is really + + align:start position:0% +and sustainability education is really + + + align:start position:0% +and sustainability education is really +looking at how to create people who are + + align:start position:0% +looking at how to create people who are + + + align:start position:0% +looking at how to create people who are +sustainability illiterate there are + + align:start position:0% +sustainability illiterate there are + + + align:start position:0% +sustainability illiterate there are +people who have the knowledge skills and + + align:start position:0% +people who have the knowledge skills and + + + align:start position:0% +people who have the knowledge skills and +dispositions to live sustainably + + align:start position:0% +dispositions to live sustainably + + + align:start position:0% +dispositions to live sustainably +I've been in education for a while but + + align:start position:0% +I've been in education for a while but + + + align:start position:0% +I've been in education for a while but +this term sustainability education was + + align:start position:0% +this term sustainability education was + + + align:start position:0% +this term sustainability education was +new for me what a lot of people are + + align:start position:0% +new for me what a lot of people are + + + align:start position:0% +new for me what a lot of people are +arguing in the literature is that our + + align:start position:0% +arguing in the literature is that our + + + align:start position:0% +arguing in the literature is that our +current education Systems Support + + align:start position:0% +current education Systems Support + + + align:start position:0% +current education Systems Support +unsustainable behaviors and so really + + align:start position:0% +unsustainable behaviors and so really + + + align:start position:0% +unsustainable behaviors and so really +when we start to think about education + + align:start position:0% +when we start to think about education + + + align:start position:0% +when we start to think about education +we're thinking of Education that now + + align:start position:0% +we're thinking of Education that now + + + align:start position:0% +we're thinking of Education that now +starts to promote sustainability it + + align:start position:0% +starts to promote sustainability it + + + align:start position:0% +starts to promote sustainability it +starts to as Sarah mentioned not only + + align:start position:0% +starts to as Sarah mentioned not only + + + align:start position:0% +starts to as Sarah mentioned not only +look at our current needs as people but + + align:start position:0% +look at our current needs as people but + + + align:start position:0% +look at our current needs as people but +needs of future Generations this can + + align:start position:0% +needs of future Generations this can + + + align:start position:0% +needs of future Generations this can +happen in a lot of different ways it + + align:start position:0% +happen in a lot of different ways it + + + align:start position:0% +happen in a lot of different ways it +could be as an instructor finding ways + + align:start position:0% +could be as an instructor finding ways + + + align:start position:0% +could be as an instructor finding ways +that you increase the conversations + + align:start position:0% +that you increase the conversations + + + align:start position:0% +that you increase the conversations +around sustainability in your classroom + + align:start position:0% +around sustainability in your classroom + + + align:start position:0% +around sustainability in your classroom +so it could be talking more about carbon + + align:start position:0% +so it could be talking more about carbon + + + align:start position:0% +so it could be talking more about carbon +capture and different sustainability + + align:start position:0% +capture and different sustainability + + + align:start position:0% +capture and different sustainability +ideas talking more about the science and + + align:start position:0% +ideas talking more about the science and + + + align:start position:0% +ideas talking more about the science and +sustainability or the social impacts of + + align:start position:0% +sustainability or the social impacts of + + + align:start position:0% +sustainability or the social impacts of +making decisions it could also start by + + align:start position:0% +making decisions it could also start by + + + align:start position:0% +making decisions it could also start by +looking at how you are teaching and + + align:start position:0% +looking at how you are teaching and + + + align:start position:0% +looking at how you are teaching and +finding ways that you can Embrace + + align:start position:0% +finding ways that you can Embrace + + + align:start position:0% +finding ways that you can Embrace +student-centered Active Learning in the + + align:start position:0% +student-centered Active Learning in the + + + align:start position:0% +student-centered Active Learning in the +way that you're teaching a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +way that you're teaching a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +way that you're teaching a lot of the +literature is starting to say that it's + + align:start position:0% +literature is starting to say that it's + + + align:start position:0% +literature is starting to say that it's +not just talking about sustainability + + align:start position:0% +not just talking about sustainability + + + align:start position:0% +not just talking about sustainability +that some important and teaching + + align:start position:0% +that some important and teaching + + + align:start position:0% +that some important and teaching +students about sustainability that's + + align:start position:0% +students about sustainability that's + + + align:start position:0% +students about sustainability that's +important but it's how you're actually + + align:start position:0% +important but it's how you're actually + + + align:start position:0% +important but it's how you're actually +modeling and teaching that within the + + align:start position:0% +modeling and teaching that within the + + + align:start position:0% +modeling and teaching that within the +classroom there are ways that + + align:start position:0% +classroom there are ways that + + + align:start position:0% +classroom there are ways that +fundamentally when we start to unpack + + align:start position:0% +fundamentally when we start to unpack + + + align:start position:0% +fundamentally when we start to unpack +things within the education system there + + align:start position:0% +things within the education system there + + + align:start position:0% +things within the education system there +are parts of it that are oppressive to + + align:start position:0% +are parts of it that are oppressive to + + + align:start position:0% +are parts of it that are oppressive to +certain people there are parts that are + + align:start position:0% +certain people there are parts that are + + + align:start position:0% +certain people there are parts that are +we have a colonialized education system + + align:start position:0% +we have a colonialized education system + + + align:start position:0% +we have a colonialized education system +in its foundation and so if we really + + align:start position:0% +in its foundation and so if we really + + + align:start position:0% +in its foundation and so if we really +start to get at the root of + + align:start position:0% +start to get at the root of + + + align:start position:0% +start to get at the root of +sustainability it starts to also call + + align:start position:0% +sustainability it starts to also call + + + align:start position:0% +sustainability it starts to also call +into questions some of those systemic + + align:start position:0% +into questions some of those systemic + + + align:start position:0% +into questions some of those systemic +things that are preventing people from + + align:start position:0% +things that are preventing people from + + + align:start position:0% +things that are preventing people from +accessing that education or living their + + align:start position:0% +accessing that education or living their + + + align:start position:0% +accessing that education or living their +culture within our education system so + + align:start position:0% +culture within our education system so + + + align:start position:0% +culture within our education system so +when we think about education of a + + align:start position:0% +when we think about education of a + + + align:start position:0% +when we think about education of a +different kind it's not that what we're + + align:start position:0% +different kind it's not that what we're + + + align:start position:0% +different kind it's not that what we're +doing is all wrong and bad but it's that + + align:start position:0% +doing is all wrong and bad but it's that + + + align:start position:0% +doing is all wrong and bad but it's that +we could be doing things better and we + + align:start position:0% +we could be doing things better and we + + + align:start position:0% +we could be doing things better and we +could be finding ways to embrace + + align:start position:0% +could be finding ways to embrace + + + align:start position:0% +could be finding ways to embrace +sustainability through a ton of + + align:start position:0% +sustainability through a ton of + + + align:start position:0% +sustainability through a ton of +different Avenues in our classrooms + + align:start position:0% +different Avenues in our classrooms + + + align:start position:0% +different Avenues in our classrooms +to help teachers bring sustainability + + align:start position:0% +to help teachers bring sustainability + + + align:start position:0% +to help teachers bring sustainability +into their classrooms no matter what + + align:start position:0% +into their classrooms no matter what + + + align:start position:0% +into their classrooms no matter what +subject they teach or what levels Sarah + + align:start position:0% +subject they teach or what levels Sarah + + + align:start position:0% +subject they teach or what levels Sarah +and Liz created the sustainability and + + align:start position:0% +and Liz created the sustainability and + + + align:start position:0% +and Liz created the sustainability and +climate change across learning + + align:start position:0% +climate change across learning + + + align:start position:0% +climate change across learning +environments project also called scales + + align:start position:0% +environments project also called scales + + + align:start position:0% +environments project also called scales +the sustainability and climate change + + align:start position:0% +the sustainability and climate change + + + align:start position:0% +the sustainability and climate change +across learning environments project + + align:start position:0% +across learning environments project + + + align:start position:0% +across learning environments project +scales is meant to leverage all of the + + align:start position:0% +scales is meant to leverage all of the + + + align:start position:0% +scales is meant to leverage all of the +resources from across MIT classes and + + align:start position:0% +resources from across MIT classes and + + + align:start position:0% +resources from across MIT classes and +provide them to teachers wherever they + + align:start position:0% +provide them to teachers wherever they + + + align:start position:0% +provide them to teachers wherever they +are wherever they may be and they can + + align:start position:0% +are wherever they may be and they can + + + align:start position:0% +are wherever they may be and they can +use them as open source so they can use + + align:start position:0% +use them as open source so they can use + + + align:start position:0% +use them as open source so they can use +them as they like they can adapt them + + align:start position:0% +them as they like they can adapt them + + + align:start position:0% +them as they like they can adapt them +and a deeper level where we'd like to + + align:start position:0% +and a deeper level where we'd like to + + + align:start position:0% +and a deeper level where we'd like to +see this go is that it actually becomes + + align:start position:0% +see this go is that it actually becomes + + + align:start position:0% +see this go is that it actually becomes +a repository and a resource for teachers + + align:start position:0% +a repository and a resource for teachers + + + align:start position:0% +a repository and a resource for teachers +not just for MIT curriculum but for any + + align:start position:0% +not just for MIT curriculum but for any + + + align:start position:0% +not just for MIT curriculum but for any +of this kind of curriculum that might be + + align:start position:0% +of this kind of curriculum that might be + + + align:start position:0% +of this kind of curriculum that might be +similarly related and so we went back to + + align:start position:0% +similarly related and so we went back to + + + align:start position:0% +similarly related and so we went back to +the ocw archives was the first place we + + align:start position:0% +the ocw archives was the first place we + + + align:start position:0% +the ocw archives was the first place we +looked at classes that we knew had + + align:start position:0% +looked at classes that we knew had + + + align:start position:0% +looked at classes that we knew had +climate or sustainability content to say + + align:start position:0% +climate or sustainability content to say + + + align:start position:0% +climate or sustainability content to say +can we make this publicly available for + + align:start position:0% +can we make this publicly available for + + + align:start position:0% +can we make this publicly available for +teachers + + align:start position:0% +teachers + + + align:start position:0% +teachers +so this is actual problem sets and + + align:start position:0% +so this is actual problem sets and + + + align:start position:0% +so this is actual problem sets and +lecture notes and ideas but then to give + + align:start position:0% +lecture notes and ideas but then to give + + + align:start position:0% +lecture notes and ideas but then to give +a little bit more support like Liz was + + align:start position:0% +a little bit more support like Liz was + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit more support like Liz was +saying you know well how do I teach this + + align:start position:0% +saying you know well how do I teach this + + + align:start position:0% +saying you know well how do I teach this +like what does it mean to teach with + + align:start position:0% +like what does it mean to teach with + + + align:start position:0% +like what does it mean to teach with +sustainability + + align:start position:0% +sustainability + + + align:start position:0% +sustainability +any classroom teacher that you talk to + + align:start position:0% +any classroom teacher that you talk to + + + align:start position:0% +any classroom teacher that you talk to +has heard that they should be using + + align:start position:0% +has heard that they should be using + + + align:start position:0% +has heard that they should be using +Active Learning or student-centered + + align:start position:0% +Active Learning or student-centered + + + align:start position:0% +Active Learning or student-centered +learning or using groups or + + align:start position:0% +learning or using groups or + + + align:start position:0% +learning or using groups or +participatory learning so it's not + + align:start position:0% +participatory learning so it's not + + + align:start position:0% +participatory learning so it's not +necessarily new but it's really kind of + + align:start position:0% +necessarily new but it's really kind of + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily new but it's really kind of +connecting now those fields of education + + align:start position:0% +connecting now those fields of education + + + align:start position:0% +connecting now those fields of education +and best practices in education with + + align:start position:0% +and best practices in education with + + + align:start position:0% +and best practices in education with +sustainability so that hopefully we can + + align:start position:0% +sustainability so that hopefully we can + + + align:start position:0% +sustainability so that hopefully we can +start to address some of you know the + + align:start position:0% +start to address some of you know the + + + align:start position:0% +start to address some of you know the +larger sustainability questions and + + align:start position:0% +larger sustainability questions and + + + align:start position:0% +larger sustainability questions and +problems in the world knowing that + + align:start position:0% +problems in the world knowing that + + + align:start position:0% +problems in the world knowing that +climate change is real and how do we + + align:start position:0% +climate change is real and how do we + + + align:start position:0% +climate change is real and how do we +start preparing students and generations + + align:start position:0% +start preparing students and generations + + + align:start position:0% +start preparing students and generations +to start tackling those problems + + align:start position:0% +to start tackling those problems + + + align:start position:0% +to start tackling those problems +scales incorporate six pedagogical + + align:start position:0% +scales incorporate six pedagogical + + + align:start position:0% +scales incorporate six pedagogical +practices each is meant to Foster this + + align:start position:0% +practices each is meant to Foster this + + + align:start position:0% +practices each is meant to Foster this +multi-disciplinary holistic approach to + + align:start position:0% +multi-disciplinary holistic approach to + + + align:start position:0% +multi-disciplinary holistic approach to +sustainability education + + align:start position:0% +sustainability education + + + align:start position:0% +sustainability education +there are so many great ideas for + + align:start position:0% +there are so many great ideas for + + + align:start position:0% +there are so many great ideas for +educators to consider incorporating into + + align:start position:0% +educators to consider incorporating into + + + align:start position:0% +educators to consider incorporating into +their teaching here's a quick breakdown + + align:start position:0% +their teaching here's a quick breakdown + + + align:start position:0% +their teaching here's a quick breakdown +first there's collaborative small group + + align:start position:0% +first there's collaborative small group + + + align:start position:0% +first there's collaborative small group +learning students work together in + + align:start position:0% +learning students work together in + + + align:start position:0% +learning students work together in +groups of two to roughly six students to + + align:start position:0% +groups of two to roughly six students to + + + align:start position:0% +groups of two to roughly six students to +solve a problem together + + align:start position:0% +solve a problem together + + + align:start position:0% +solve a problem together +then there's inquiry-based learning + + align:start position:0% +then there's inquiry-based learning + + + align:start position:0% +then there's inquiry-based learning +students are starting to ask questions + + align:start position:0% +students are starting to ask questions + + + align:start position:0% +students are starting to ask questions +and work to answer their questions + + align:start position:0% +and work to answer their questions + + + align:start position:0% +and work to answer their questions +experiential learning things like going + + align:start position:0% +experiential learning things like going + + + align:start position:0% +experiential learning things like going +on field trips having guest speakers in + + align:start position:0% +on field trips having guest speakers in + + + align:start position:0% +on field trips having guest speakers in +doing internships other types of + + align:start position:0% +doing internships other types of + + + align:start position:0% +doing internships other types of +Hands-On learning experiences Service + + align:start position:0% +Hands-On learning experiences Service + + + align:start position:0% +Hands-On learning experiences Service +Learning where you have students who are + + align:start position:0% +Learning where you have students who are + + + align:start position:0% +Learning where you have students who are +engaging with their community and + + align:start position:0% +engaging with their community and + + + align:start position:0% +engaging with their community and +providing a service experience within + + align:start position:0% +providing a service experience within + + + align:start position:0% +providing a service experience within +that Community place-based Learning + + align:start position:0% +that Community place-based Learning + + + align:start position:0% +that Community place-based Learning +place-based learning often has students + + align:start position:0% +place-based learning often has students + + + align:start position:0% +place-based learning often has students +going out into the community and + + align:start position:0% +going out into the community and + + + align:start position:0% +going out into the community and +learning about their place learning + + align:start position:0% +learning about their place learning + + + align:start position:0% +learning about their place learning +about the geographical place that + + align:start position:0% +about the geographical place that + + + align:start position:0% +about the geographical place that +they're in their local community + + align:start position:0% +they're in their local community + + + align:start position:0% +they're in their local community +government and finally culturally + + align:start position:0% +government and finally culturally + + + align:start position:0% +government and finally culturally +sustained learning culturally sustained + + align:start position:0% +sustained learning culturally sustained + + + align:start position:0% +sustained learning culturally sustained +learning starts to really look at how + + align:start position:0% +learning starts to really look at how + + + align:start position:0% +learning starts to really look at how +students are able to embrace their + + align:start position:0% +students are able to embrace their + + + align:start position:0% +students are able to embrace their +cultures within the education system + + align:start position:0% +cultures within the education system + + + align:start position:0% +cultures within the education system +it's built off of culturally responsive + + align:start position:0% +it's built off of culturally responsive + + + align:start position:0% +it's built off of culturally responsive +and culturally relevant learning and so + + align:start position:0% +and culturally relevant learning and so + + + align:start position:0% +and culturally relevant learning and so +the idea in this is that teachers are + + align:start position:0% +the idea in this is that teachers are + + + align:start position:0% +the idea in this is that teachers are +finding ways within their curriculum to + + align:start position:0% +finding ways within their curriculum to + + + align:start position:0% +finding ways within their curriculum to +let students not only Embrace their + + align:start position:0% +let students not only Embrace their + + + align:start position:0% +let students not only Embrace their +culture but then also expand on their + + align:start position:0% +culture but then also expand on their + + + align:start position:0% +culture but then also expand on their +culture and so culturally sustained + + align:start position:0% +culture and so culturally sustained + + + align:start position:0% +culture and so culturally sustained +learning has been kind of building those + + align:start position:0% +learning has been kind of building those + + + align:start position:0% +learning has been kind of building those +things like hip-hop pedagogy that fall + + align:start position:0% +things like hip-hop pedagogy that fall + + + align:start position:0% +things like hip-hop pedagogy that fall +under it but for me a lot of the way + + align:start position:0% +under it but for me a lot of the way + + + align:start position:0% +under it but for me a lot of the way +that I see this presented in the + + align:start position:0% +that I see this presented in the + + + align:start position:0% +that I see this presented in the +materials that we've looked at is really + + align:start position:0% +materials that we've looked at is really + + + align:start position:0% +materials that we've looked at is really +in teaching practices and how we help + + align:start position:0% +in teaching practices and how we help + + + align:start position:0% +in teaching practices and how we help +students recognize their own unique + + align:start position:0% +students recognize their own unique + + + align:start position:0% +students recognize their own unique +cultures and help them start to advocate + + align:start position:0% +cultures and help them start to advocate + + + align:start position:0% +cultures and help them start to advocate +for themselves in their education + + align:start position:0% +for themselves in their education + + + align:start position:0% +for themselves in their education +setting + + align:start position:0% +setting + + + align:start position:0% +setting +along with these pedagogical practices + + align:start position:0% +along with these pedagogical practices + + + align:start position:0% +along with these pedagogical practices +scales also outlines competency areas + + align:start position:0% +scales also outlines competency areas + + + align:start position:0% +scales also outlines competency areas +that Define sustainability literacy + + align:start position:0% +that Define sustainability literacy + + + align:start position:0% +that Define sustainability literacy +these are things like systems thinking + + align:start position:0% +these are things like systems thinking + + + align:start position:0% +these are things like systems thinking +social justice active citizenship and + + align:start position:0% +social justice active citizenship and + + + align:start position:0% +social justice active citizenship and +Futures thinking I love Futures thinking + + align:start position:0% +Futures thinking I love Futures thinking + + + align:start position:0% +Futures thinking I love Futures thinking +because it doesn't happen very often in + + align:start position:0% +because it doesn't happen very often in + + + align:start position:0% +because it doesn't happen very often in +our classes but it's this idea of what + + align:start position:0% +our classes but it's this idea of what + + + align:start position:0% +our classes but it's this idea of what +does this look like in the future for + + align:start position:0% +does this look like in the future for + + + align:start position:0% +does this look like in the future for +future generations and when I say it + + align:start position:0% +future generations and when I say it + + + align:start position:0% +future generations and when I say it +doesn't happen a lot in our classrooms + + align:start position:0% +doesn't happen a lot in our classrooms + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't happen a lot in our classrooms +what I really mean is in Western Society + + align:start position:0% +what I really mean is in Western Society + + + align:start position:0% +what I really mean is in Western Society +it doesn't happen a lot in our + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't happen a lot in our + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't happen a lot in our +classrooms we don't often think about + + align:start position:0% +classrooms we don't often think about + + + align:start position:0% +classrooms we don't often think about +what the impacts of what we're doing + + align:start position:0% +what the impacts of what we're doing + + + align:start position:0% +what the impacts of what we're doing +will be for Our grandchildren's + + align:start position:0% +will be for Our grandchildren's + + + align:start position:0% +will be for Our grandchildren's +Generation than their children and so + + align:start position:0% +Generation than their children and so + + + align:start position:0% +Generation than their children and so +that I think is really an interesting + + align:start position:0% +that I think is really an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +that I think is really an interesting +thing to do and there's some really fun + + align:start position:0% +thing to do and there's some really fun + + + align:start position:0% +thing to do and there's some really fun +and unique visioning activities that you + + align:start position:0% +and unique visioning activities that you + + + align:start position:0% +and unique visioning activities that you +can do where you can say you know let's + + align:start position:0% +can do where you can say you know let's + + + align:start position:0% +can do where you can say you know let's +let's revision our downtown and what + + align:start position:0% +let's revision our downtown and what + + + align:start position:0% +let's revision our downtown and what +does that start to look like but it + + align:start position:0% +does that start to look like but it + + + align:start position:0% +does that start to look like but it +starts to really help people see how + + align:start position:0% +starts to really help people see how + + + align:start position:0% +starts to really help people see how +their choices have impacts in the future + + align:start position:0% +their choices have impacts in the future + + + align:start position:0% +their choices have impacts in the future +just like thinking about teachers you've + + align:start position:0% +just like thinking about teachers you've + + + align:start position:0% +just like thinking about teachers you've +both been teachers like + + align:start position:0% +both been teachers like + + + align:start position:0% +both been teachers like +you know it is a ton of work just to + + align:start position:0% +you know it is a ton of work just to + + + align:start position:0% +you know it is a ton of work just to +even like set up a classroom and arrange + + align:start position:0% +even like set up a classroom and arrange + + + align:start position:0% +even like set up a classroom and arrange +the desks and you know create a grading + + align:start position:0% +the desks and you know create a grading + + + align:start position:0% +the desks and you know create a grading +system and communicate with parents make + + align:start position:0% +system and communicate with parents make + + + align:start position:0% +system and communicate with parents make +sure kids have lunch and food and you + + align:start position:0% +sure kids have lunch and food and you + + + align:start position:0% +sure kids have lunch and food and you +know and then they're like I cannot add + + align:start position:0% +know and then they're like I cannot add + + + align:start position:0% +know and then they're like I cannot add +like one more thing to my to-do list + + align:start position:0% +like one more thing to my to-do list + + + align:start position:0% +like one more thing to my to-do list +like what is your response to them + + align:start position:0% +like what is your response to them + + + align:start position:0% +like what is your response to them +so the goal isn't to throw out what + + align:start position:0% +so the goal isn't to throw out what + + + align:start position:0% +so the goal isn't to throw out what +you're doing but it's to make small + + align:start position:0% +you're doing but it's to make small + + + align:start position:0% +you're doing but it's to make small +changes to what you are doing so that + + align:start position:0% +changes to what you are doing so that + + + align:start position:0% +changes to what you are doing so that +that way you can start to embrace + + align:start position:0% +that way you can start to embrace + + + align:start position:0% +that way you can start to embrace +sustainability I used to be a former + + align:start position:0% +sustainability I used to be a former + + + align:start position:0% +sustainability I used to be a former +chemistry teacher so maybe you have a + + align:start position:0% +chemistry teacher so maybe you have a + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry teacher so maybe you have a +problem set and you have some random + + align:start position:0% +problem set and you have some random + + + align:start position:0% +problem set and you have some random +chemical equation maybe you put in the + + align:start position:0% +chemical equation maybe you put in the + + + align:start position:0% +chemical equation maybe you put in the +chemical equation for smog for that one + + align:start position:0% +chemical equation for smog for that one + + + align:start position:0% +chemical equation for smog for that one +instead and start to Loop things like + + align:start position:0% +instead and start to Loop things like + + + align:start position:0% +instead and start to Loop things like +that in then maybe the next change you + + align:start position:0% +that in then maybe the next change you + + + align:start position:0% +that in then maybe the next change you +make the next year is that instead of + + align:start position:0% +make the next year is that instead of + + + align:start position:0% +make the next year is that instead of +just having that chemical equation for + + align:start position:0% +just having that chemical equation for + + + align:start position:0% +just having that chemical equation for +smog in there you and students are doing + + align:start position:0% +smog in there you and students are doing + + + align:start position:0% +smog in there you and students are doing +their calculation they get you know + + align:start position:0% +their calculation they get you know + + + align:start position:0% +their calculation they get you know +something about carbon dioxide out of it + + align:start position:0% +something about carbon dioxide out of it + + + align:start position:0% +something about carbon dioxide out of it +it's starting to draw these little + + align:start position:0% +it's starting to draw these little + + + align:start position:0% +it's starting to draw these little +changes and connections it's not + + align:start position:0% +changes and connections it's not + + + align:start position:0% +changes and connections it's not +throwing everything out it's not + + align:start position:0% +throwing everything out it's not + + + align:start position:0% +throwing everything out it's not +intentionally trying to add one more + + align:start position:0% +intentionally trying to add one more + + + align:start position:0% +intentionally trying to add one more +thing in it's recognizing the good that + + align:start position:0% +thing in it's recognizing the good that + + + align:start position:0% +thing in it's recognizing the good that +you're doing and then finding small + + align:start position:0% +you're doing and then finding small + + + align:start position:0% +you're doing and then finding small +places to make it even better + + align:start position:0% +places to make it even better + + + align:start position:0% +places to make it even better +teachers are lifelong Learners they + + align:start position:0% +teachers are lifelong Learners they + + + align:start position:0% +teachers are lifelong Learners they +really are it's not like you learn to + + align:start position:0% +really are it's not like you learn to + + + align:start position:0% +really are it's not like you learn to +teach and then you're like all right + + align:start position:0% +teach and then you're like all right + + + align:start position:0% +teach and then you're like all right +I'll do this for 40 years like teachers + + align:start position:0% +I'll do this for 40 years like teachers + + + align:start position:0% +I'll do this for 40 years like teachers +continuously go back for professional + + align:start position:0% +continuously go back for professional + + + align:start position:0% +continuously go back for professional +development to improve their craft + + align:start position:0% +development to improve their craft + + + align:start position:0% +development to improve their craft +forever like even mastered teachers this + + align:start position:0% +forever like even mastered teachers this + + + align:start position:0% +forever like even mastered teachers this +just Builds on that we're not saying you + + align:start position:0% +just Builds on that we're not saying you + + + align:start position:0% +just Builds on that we're not saying you +can no longer teach chemistry it's that + + align:start position:0% +can no longer teach chemistry it's that + + + align:start position:0% +can no longer teach chemistry it's that +we know that students are going to be + + align:start position:0% +we know that students are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +we know that students are going to be +more engaged when they see real world + + align:start position:0% +more engaged when they see real world + + + align:start position:0% +more engaged when they see real world +connections so let's figure out a way to + + align:start position:0% +connections so let's figure out a way to + + + align:start position:0% +connections so let's figure out a way to +do more of that and to do that better so + + align:start position:0% +do more of that and to do that better so + + + align:start position:0% +do more of that and to do that better so +it's not replacing what you do but it's + + align:start position:0% +it's not replacing what you do but it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's not replacing what you do but it's +enhancing what you do and and to me this + + align:start position:0% +enhancing what you do and and to me this + + + align:start position:0% +enhancing what you do and and to me this +makes perfect sense if you're a teacher + + align:start position:0% +makes perfect sense if you're a teacher + + + align:start position:0% +makes perfect sense if you're a teacher +who's still teaching the exact same + + align:start position:0% +who's still teaching the exact same + + + align:start position:0% +who's still teaching the exact same +thing in the exact same way 10 15 years + + align:start position:0% +thing in the exact same way 10 15 years + + + align:start position:0% +thing in the exact same way 10 15 years +later you're probably bored you probably + + align:start position:0% +later you're probably bored you probably + + + align:start position:0% +later you're probably bored you probably +want something different + + align:start position:0% +want something different + + + align:start position:0% +want something different +um and that's it's supposed to be a way + + align:start position:0% +um and that's it's supposed to be a way + + + align:start position:0% +um and that's it's supposed to be a way +in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you're a regular listener to our + + align:start position:0% +if you're a regular listener to our + + + align:start position:0% +if you're a regular listener to our +podcast you'll know how much we at ocw + + align:start position:0% +podcast you'll know how much we at ocw + + + align:start position:0% +podcast you'll know how much we at ocw +love it when teachers use our materials + + align:start position:0% +love it when teachers use our materials + + + align:start position:0% +love it when teachers use our materials +and remix them for use in their own + + align:start position:0% +and remix them for use in their own + + + align:start position:0% +and remix them for use in their own +classrooms that's one of the main + + align:start position:0% +classrooms that's one of the main + + + align:start position:0% +classrooms that's one of the main +reasons we exist and when Sarah and Liz + + align:start position:0% +reasons we exist and when Sarah and Liz + + + align:start position:0% +reasons we exist and when Sarah and Liz +created scales we were so excited to + + align:start position:0% +created scales we were so excited to + + + align:start position:0% +created scales we were so excited to +share this with the world part of what + + align:start position:0% +share this with the world part of what + + + align:start position:0% +share this with the world part of what +we love about it is that it's really + + align:start position:0% +we love about it is that it's really + + + align:start position:0% +we love about it is that it's really +designed to make that process of + + align:start position:0% +designed to make that process of + + + align:start position:0% +designed to make that process of +remixing as easy as possible they did + + align:start position:0% +remixing as easy as possible they did + + + align:start position:0% +remixing as easy as possible they did +this specifically by providing open + + align:start position:0% +this specifically by providing open + + + align:start position:0% +this specifically by providing open +resources from across mit's curriculum + + align:start position:0% +resources from across mit's curriculum + + + align:start position:0% +resources from across mit's curriculum +in adaptable and editable formats so + + align:start position:0% +in adaptable and editable formats so + + + align:start position:0% +in adaptable and editable formats so +that's going to make it really easy for + + align:start position:0% +that's going to make it really easy for + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to make it really easy for +you to use these materials we'll end the + + align:start position:0% +you to use these materials we'll end the + + + align:start position:0% +you to use these materials we'll end the +episode today with some advice for + + align:start position:0% +episode today with some advice for + + + align:start position:0% +episode today with some advice for +instructors who want to incorporate + + align:start position:0% +instructors who want to incorporate + + + align:start position:0% +instructors who want to incorporate +scales or other ocw materials into their + + align:start position:0% +scales or other ocw materials into their + + + align:start position:0% +scales or other ocw materials into their +classrooms the biggest thing is trust + + align:start position:0% +classrooms the biggest thing is trust + + + align:start position:0% +classrooms the biggest thing is trust +yourself as an instructor these are some + + align:start position:0% +yourself as an instructor these are some + + + align:start position:0% +yourself as an instructor these are some +really awesome materials and tools that + + align:start position:0% +really awesome materials and tools that + + + align:start position:0% +really awesome materials and tools that +worked for an instructor but now it's + + align:start position:0% +worked for an instructor but now it's + + + align:start position:0% +worked for an instructor but now it's +figuring out how to make them work for + + align:start position:0% +figuring out how to make them work for + + + align:start position:0% +figuring out how to make them work for +you so it could be something that you + + align:start position:0% +you so it could be something that you + + + align:start position:0% +you so it could be something that you +could immediately give to your students + + align:start position:0% +could immediately give to your students + + + align:start position:0% +could immediately give to your students +or it might be something that you might + + align:start position:0% +or it might be something that you might + + + align:start position:0% +or it might be something that you might +need to give them a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +need to give them a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +need to give them a little bit more +background information on or something + + align:start position:0% +background information on or something + + + align:start position:0% +background information on or something +that you might want to take a little bit + + align:start position:0% +that you might want to take a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +that you might want to take a little bit +further most of the material is geared + + align:start position:0% +further most of the material is geared + + + align:start position:0% +further most of the material is geared +at the undergraduate level so it might + + align:start position:0% +at the undergraduate level so it might + + + align:start position:0% +at the undergraduate level so it might +be something that if you are working + + align:start position:0% +be something that if you are working + + + align:start position:0% +be something that if you are working +with a freshman or sophomore in high + + align:start position:0% +with a freshman or sophomore in high + + + align:start position:0% +with a freshman or sophomore in high +school that you might need to provide + + align:start position:0% +school that you might need to provide + + + align:start position:0% +school that you might need to provide +some more scaffolding to or adjust the + + align:start position:0% +some more scaffolding to or adjust the + + + align:start position:0% +some more scaffolding to or adjust the +assignment just a little bit the other + + align:start position:0% +assignment just a little bit the other + + + align:start position:0% +assignment just a little bit the other +piece of that is you as the instructor + + align:start position:0% +piece of that is you as the instructor + + + align:start position:0% +piece of that is you as the instructor +know your students academically and + + align:start position:0% +know your students academically and + + + align:start position:0% +know your students academically and +emotionally some of the topics can be a + + align:start position:0% +emotionally some of the topics can be a + + + align:start position:0% +emotionally some of the topics can be a +little bit heavy for some of your high + + align:start position:0% +little bit heavy for some of your high + + + align:start position:0% +little bit heavy for some of your high +school students or even some of your + + align:start position:0% +school students or even some of your + + + align:start position:0% +school students or even some of your +college students and so I think even + + align:start position:0% +college students and so I think even + + + align:start position:0% +college students and so I think even +putting on that lens of talking about + + align:start position:0% +putting on that lens of talking about + + + align:start position:0% +putting on that lens of talking about +climate can can trigger strong emotions + + align:start position:0% +climate can can trigger strong emotions + + + align:start position:0% +climate can can trigger strong emotions +in everybody and so just making sure + + align:start position:0% +in everybody and so just making sure + + + align:start position:0% +in everybody and so just making sure +that as you work to remix them that + + align:start position:0% +that as you work to remix them that + + + align:start position:0% +that as you work to remix them that +you're also cognizant that you're + + align:start position:0% +you're also cognizant that you're + + + align:start position:0% +you're also cognizant that you're +providing those supports because you as + + align:start position:0% +providing those supports because you as + + + align:start position:0% +providing those supports because you as +the instructor have an awesome wealth of + + align:start position:0% +the instructor have an awesome wealth of + + + align:start position:0% +the instructor have an awesome wealth of +knowledge and you can easily use these + + align:start position:0% +knowledge and you can easily use these + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge and you can easily use these +you just need to trust yourself and and + + align:start position:0% +you just need to trust yourself and and + + + align:start position:0% +you just need to trust yourself and and +go with it + + align:start position:0% +go with it + + + align:start position:0% +go with it +if you're interested in teaching with + + align:start position:0% +if you're interested in teaching with + + + align:start position:0% +if you're interested in teaching with +the scales materials you'll find them on + + align:start position:0% +the scales materials you'll find them on + + + align:start position:0% +the scales materials you'll find them on +our MIT opencourseware website you can + + align:start position:0% +our MIT opencourseware website you can + + + align:start position:0% +our MIT opencourseware website you can +also go right to + + align:start position:0% +also go right to + + + align:start position:0% +also go right to +scales.mit.edu you can follow Sarah + + align:start position:0% +scales.mit.edu you can follow Sarah + + + align:start position:0% +scales.mit.edu you can follow Sarah +Myers and her work at the MIT + + align:start position:0% +Myers and her work at the MIT + + + align:start position:0% +Myers and her work at the MIT +Environmental Solutions initiative + + align:start position:0% +Environmental Solutions initiative + + + align:start position:0% +Environmental Solutions initiative +website + + align:start position:0% +website + + + align:start position:0% +website +Liz Potter Nelson is now an assistant + + align:start position:0% +Liz Potter Nelson is now an assistant + + + align:start position:0% +Liz Potter Nelson is now an assistant +professor of physics and Science + + align:start position:0% +professor of physics and Science + + + align:start position:0% +professor of physics and Science +Education at the University of Maine at + + align:start position:0% +Education at the University of Maine at + + + align:start position:0% +Education at the University of Maine at +Farmington you can follow her work there + + align:start position:0% +Farmington you can follow her work there + + + align:start position:0% +Farmington you can follow her work there +I'll share all these links with you in + + align:start position:0% +I'll share all these links with you in + + + align:start position:0% +I'll share all these links with you in +the show notes + + align:start position:0% +the show notes + + + align:start position:0% +the show notes +thank you so much for listening until + + align:start position:0% +thank you so much for listening until + + + align:start position:0% +thank you so much for listening until +next time signing off from Cambridge + + align:start position:0% +next time signing off from Cambridge + + + align:start position:0% +next time signing off from Cambridge +Massachusetts I'm your host Sarah Hansen + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts I'm your host Sarah Hansen + + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts I'm your host Sarah Hansen +from MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +from MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +from MIT opencourseware +MIT chalk radio's producers include + + align:start position:0% +MIT chalk radio's producers include + + + align:start position:0% +MIT chalk radio's producers include +myself Brett patchy and Dave leshansky + + align:start position:0% +myself Brett patchy and Dave leshansky + + + align:start position:0% +myself Brett patchy and Dave leshansky +the show notes for this episode were + + align:start position:0% +the show notes for this episode were + + + align:start position:0% +the show notes for this episode were +written by Peter Chipman the scales + + align:start position:0% +written by Peter Chipman the scales + + + align:start position:0% +written by Peter Chipman the scales +offering on MIT open courseware was + + align:start position:0% +offering on MIT open courseware was + + + align:start position:0% +offering on MIT open courseware was +published by Alicia Frankie be sure to + + align:start position:0% +published by Alicia Frankie be sure to + + + align:start position:0% +published by Alicia Frankie be sure to +give us a follow on Instagram Twitter + + align:start position:0% +give us a follow on Instagram Twitter + + + align:start position:0% +give us a follow on Instagram Twitter +and wherever you get your podcasts + + align:start position:0% +and wherever you get your podcasts + + + align:start position:0% +and wherever you get your podcasts +foreign \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/UbwGHnn3B_M.txt b/UbwGHnn3B_M.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..616a1627b7405c65ac022b6cc47dbcac61f6b21e --- /dev/null +++ b/UbwGHnn3B_M.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13123 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or to view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right this is veneer bush and I had + + align:start position:0% +all right this is veneer bush and I had + + + align:start position:0% +all right this is veneer bush and I had +you read the analyst frontier which is + + align:start position:0% +you read the analyst frontier which is + + + align:start position:0% +you read the analyst frontier which is +you know maybe the most important + + align:start position:0% +you know maybe the most important + + + align:start position:0% +you know maybe the most important +organizational document in US science + + align:start position:0% +organizational document in US science + + + align:start position:0% +organizational document in US science +the neighbor Bush fascinating figure + + align:start position:0% +the neighbor Bush fascinating figure + + + align:start position:0% +the neighbor Bush fascinating figure +this is his he's considered you know one + + align:start position:0% +this is his he's considered you know one + + + align:start position:0% +this is his he's considered you know one +of the first you know great computer + + align:start position:0% +of the first you know great computer + + + align:start position:0% +of the first you know great computer +scientists and he creates this amazing + + align:start position:0% +scientists and he creates this amazing + + + align:start position:0% +scientists and he creates this amazing +device in a room that essentially + + align:start position:0% +device in a room that essentially + + + align:start position:0% +device in a room that essentially +functions as a as a computer can do two + + align:start position:0% +functions as a as a computer can do two + + + align:start position:0% +functions as a as a computer can do two +fascinatingly not differential equations + + align:start position:0% +fascinatingly not differential equations + + + align:start position:0% +fascinatingly not differential equations +and you know it's room size and it + + align:start position:0% +and you know it's room size and it + + + align:start position:0% +and you know it's room size and it +consists of these rods and brass knobs + + align:start position:0% +consists of these rods and brass knobs + + + align:start position:0% +consists of these rods and brass knobs +and you spend you know a day setting up + + align:start position:0% +and you spend you know a day setting up + + + align:start position:0% +and you spend you know a day setting up +what you want to do and then you adjust + + align:start position:0% +what you want to do and then you adjust + + + align:start position:0% +what you want to do and then you adjust +everything and then you know you've got + + align:start position:0% +everything and then you know you've got + + + align:start position:0% +everything and then you know you've got +the answer it's not what I'd call + + align:start position:0% +the answer it's not what I'd call + + + align:start position:0% +the answer it's not what I'd call +high-speed but conceptually computer + + align:start position:0% +high-speed but conceptually computer + + + align:start position:0% +high-speed but conceptually computer +scientists use this is you know right up + + align:start position:0% +scientists use this is you know right up + + + align:start position:0% +scientists use this is you know right up +there with what Babbage thought of and + + align:start position:0% +there with what Babbage thought of and + + + align:start position:0% +there with what Babbage thought of and +so forth is an absolutely foundational + + align:start position:0% +so forth is an absolutely foundational + + + align:start position:0% +so forth is an absolutely foundational +tool in developing modern computing + + align:start position:0% +tool in developing modern computing + + + align:start position:0% +tool in developing modern computing +boniva Bush is a professor of + + align:start position:0% +boniva Bush is a professor of + + + align:start position:0% +boniva Bush is a professor of +engineering at MIT he understands + + align:start position:0% +engineering at MIT he understands + + + align:start position:0% +engineering at MIT he understands +industry he was a founder of Raytheon he + + align:start position:0% +industry he was a founder of Raytheon he + + + align:start position:0% +industry he was a founder of Raytheon he +obviously understood vacuum tubes + + align:start position:0% +obviously understood vacuum tubes + + + align:start position:0% +obviously understood vacuum tubes +because Raytheon was an early builder of + + align:start position:0% +because Raytheon was an early builder of + + + align:start position:0% +because Raytheon was an early builder of +vacuum tubes for a lot of radio + + align:start position:0% +vacuum tubes for a lot of radio + + + align:start position:0% +vacuum tubes for a lot of radio +communication but he decided he didn't + + align:start position:0% +communication but he decided he didn't + + + align:start position:0% +communication but he decided he didn't +trust vacuum tubes they were too + + align:start position:0% +trust vacuum tubes they were too + + + align:start position:0% +trust vacuum tubes they were too +fallible so when he put his differential + + align:start position:0% +fallible so when he put his differential + + + align:start position:0% +fallible so when he put his differential +analyzer together he uses these weird + + align:start position:0% +analyzer together he uses these weird + + + align:start position:0% +analyzer together he uses these weird +rods and knobs here he is by the way + + align:start position:0% +rods and knobs here he is by the way + + + align:start position:0% +rods and knobs here he is by the way +that I think that's Frank Compton with + + align:start position:0% +that I think that's Frank Compton with + + + align:start position:0% +that I think that's Frank Compton with +boniva Bush in the course of war what + + align:start position:0% +boniva Bush in the course of war what + + + align:start position:0% +boniva Bush in the course of war what +were two he becomes in effect mr. + + align:start position:0% +were two he becomes in effect mr. + + + align:start position:0% +were two he becomes in effect mr. +science right there he is + + align:start position:0% +science right there he is + + + align:start position:0% +science right there he is +at the ultimate point of fame and that + + align:start position:0% +at the ultimate point of fame and that + + + align:start position:0% +at the ultimate point of fame and that +time period on the cover of Time + + align:start position:0% +time period on the cover of Time + + + align:start position:0% +time period on the cover of Time +magazine + + align:start position:0% +magazine + + + align:start position:0% +magazine +but he's viewed as the mobilizer of the + + align:start position:0% +but he's viewed as the mobilizer of the + + + align:start position:0% +but he's viewed as the mobilizer of the +u.s. science system and you know day + + align:start position:0% +u.s. science system and you know day + + + align:start position:0% +u.s. science system and you know day +after day year after year it's just a + + align:start position:0% +after day year after year it's just a + + + align:start position:0% +after day year after year it's just a +series of wow moments for the + + align:start position:0% +series of wow moments for the + + + align:start position:0% +series of wow moments for the +American public as these scientific + + align:start position:0% +American public as these scientific + + + align:start position:0% +American public as these scientific +advances come on to play from radar to + + align:start position:0% +advances come on to play from radar to + + + align:start position:0% +advances come on to play from radar to +atomic power and it's you know it's a + + align:start position:0% +atomic power and it's you know it's a + + + align:start position:0% +atomic power and it's you know it's a +remarkable story so he's quite close to + + align:start position:0% +remarkable story so he's quite close to + + + align:start position:0% +remarkable story so he's quite close to +Franklin Roosevelt he sees the entire + + align:start position:0% +Franklin Roosevelt he sees the entire + + + align:start position:0% +Franklin Roosevelt he sees the entire +system being dismantled at the end of + + align:start position:0% +system being dismantled at the end of + + + align:start position:0% +system being dismantled at the end of +World War two right so he persuades + + align:start position:0% +World War two right so he persuades + + + align:start position:0% +World War two right so he persuades +Roosevelt let's hang on to something + + align:start position:0% +Roosevelt let's hang on to something + + + align:start position:0% +Roosevelt let's hang on to something +right everybody thinks World Peace is + + align:start position:0% +right everybody thinks World Peace is + + + align:start position:0% +right everybody thinks World Peace is +gonna break out and be enduring right + + align:start position:0% +gonna break out and be enduring right + + + align:start position:0% +gonna break out and be enduring right +and that the u.s. military machine is + + align:start position:0% +and that the u.s. military machine is + + + align:start position:0% +and that the u.s. military machine is +gonna be dismantled everybody's gonna + + align:start position:0% +gonna be dismantled everybody's gonna + + + align:start position:0% +gonna be dismantled everybody's gonna +come home from overseas and you know + + align:start position:0% +come home from overseas and you know + + + align:start position:0% +come home from overseas and you know +we'll go back to essentially having no + + align:start position:0% +we'll go back to essentially having no + + + align:start position:0% +we'll go back to essentially having no +army + + align:start position:0% +army + + + align:start position:0% +army +that's what lies ahead and veneer bush + + align:start position:0% +that's what lies ahead and veneer bush + + + align:start position:0% +that's what lies ahead and veneer bush +realizes what amazing stuff has been + + align:start position:0% +realizes what amazing stuff has been + + + align:start position:0% +realizes what amazing stuff has been +accomplished in the scientific world in + + align:start position:0% +accomplished in the scientific world in + + + align:start position:0% +accomplished in the scientific world in +the course of the war so he he persuades + + align:start position:0% +the course of the war so he he persuades + + + align:start position:0% +the course of the war so he he persuades +Franklin Roosevelt let's hang on to some + + align:start position:0% +Franklin Roosevelt let's hang on to some + + + align:start position:0% +Franklin Roosevelt let's hang on to some +of it and Franklin Roosevelt writes to + + align:start position:0% +of it and Franklin Roosevelt writes to + + + align:start position:0% +of it and Franklin Roosevelt writes to +Bush saying you know essentially three + + align:start position:0% +Bush saying you know essentially three + + + align:start position:0% +Bush saying you know essentially three +things how do we diffuse scientific + + align:start position:0% +things how do we diffuse scientific + + + align:start position:0% +things how do we diffuse scientific +knowledge that's gained from the war how + + align:start position:0% +knowledge that's gained from the war how + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge that's gained from the war how +do we organize scientific knowledge + + align:start position:0% +do we organize scientific knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +do we organize scientific knowledge +particularly a war against disease and + + align:start position:0% +particularly a war against disease and + + + align:start position:0% +particularly a war against disease and +what's the governmental role in + + align:start position:0% +what's the governmental role in + + + align:start position:0% +what's the governmental role in +supporting science and private sector + + align:start position:0% +supporting science and private sector + + + align:start position:0% +supporting science and private sector +research essentially these questions + + align:start position:0% +research essentially these questions + + + align:start position:0% +research essentially these questions +probably Vannevar Bush wrote the draft + + align:start position:0% +probably Vannevar Bush wrote the draft + + + align:start position:0% +probably Vannevar Bush wrote the draft +for Franklin Roosevelt to send back to + + align:start position:0% +for Franklin Roosevelt to send back to + + + align:start position:0% +for Franklin Roosevelt to send back to +him right that's probably this is you + + align:start position:0% +him right that's probably this is you + + + align:start position:0% +him right that's probably this is you +know government that's probably what + + align:start position:0% +know government that's probably what + + + align:start position:0% +know government that's probably what +happens + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +he calls his work science the endless + + align:start position:0% +he calls his work science the endless + + + align:start position:0% +he calls his work science the endless +frontier and he's appealing to a very + + align:start position:0% +frontier and he's appealing to a very + + + align:start position:0% +frontier and he's appealing to a very +interesting historical strain here so + + align:start position:0% +interesting historical strain here so + + + align:start position:0% +interesting historical strain here so +one of the great historians of the of + + align:start position:0% +one of the great historians of the of + + + align:start position:0% +one of the great historians of the of +the first half of the 20th century was + + align:start position:0% +the first half of the 20th century was + + + align:start position:0% +the first half of the 20th century was +named Vernon Parrington and Parrington + + align:start position:0% +named Vernon Parrington and Parrington + + + align:start position:0% +named Vernon Parrington and Parrington +writes about the end of the frontier and + + align:start position:0% +writes about the end of the frontier and + + + align:start position:0% +writes about the end of the frontier and +its effect on American history and + + align:start position:0% +its effect on American history and + + + align:start position:0% +its effect on American history and +American society and culture and his + + align:start position:0% +American society and culture and his + + + align:start position:0% +American society and culture and his +point is that one of the things that's + + align:start position:0% +point is that one of the things that's + + + align:start position:0% +point is that one of the things that's +very different about America is that the + + align:start position:0% +very different about America is that the + + + align:start position:0% +very different about America is that the +structured class ridden society breaks + + align:start position:0% +structured class ridden society breaks + + + align:start position:0% +structured class ridden society breaks +down in American history at the frontier + + align:start position:0% +down in American history at the frontier + + + align:start position:0% +down in American history at the frontier +and of course the entire country is a + + align:start position:0% +and of course the entire country is a + + + align:start position:0% +and of course the entire country is a +series of advancing frontiers right + + align:start position:0% +series of advancing frontiers right + + + align:start position:0% +series of advancing frontiers right +historically + + align:start position:0% +historically + + + align:start position:0% +historically +and that that's the change agent that + + align:start position:0% +and that that's the change agent that + + + align:start position:0% +and that that's the change agent that +creates the kind of dynamism in American + + align:start position:0% +creates the kind of dynamism in American + + + align:start position:0% +creates the kind of dynamism in American +society and that kind of deep sense of + + align:start position:0% +society and that kind of deep sense of + + + align:start position:0% +society and that kind of deep sense of +equality that's lurking there and when + + align:start position:0% +equality that's lurking there and when + + + align:start position:0% +equality that's lurking there and when +the frontier is officially declared + + align:start position:0% +the frontier is officially declared + + + align:start position:0% +the frontier is officially declared +ended like in 1900 you know it's a big + + align:start position:0% +ended like in 1900 you know it's a big + + + align:start position:0% +ended like in 1900 you know it's a big +moment because what's the frontier + + align:start position:0% +moment because what's the frontier + + + align:start position:0% +moment because what's the frontier +dynamic gonna be that's gonna keep our + + align:start position:0% +dynamic gonna be that's gonna keep our + + + align:start position:0% +dynamic gonna be that's gonna keep our +society driving towards new things right + + align:start position:0% +society driving towards new things right + + + align:start position:0% +society driving towards new things right +if we don't have the frontier anymore so + + align:start position:0% +if we don't have the frontier anymore so + + + align:start position:0% +if we don't have the frontier anymore so +what Bush is arguing on this very + + align:start position:0% +what Bush is arguing on this very + + + align:start position:0% +what Bush is arguing on this very +interesting historical sense is science + + align:start position:0% +interesting historical sense is science + + + align:start position:0% +interesting historical sense is science +is the frontier and science by the way + + align:start position:0% +is the frontier and science by the way + + + align:start position:0% +is the frontier and science by the way +he's not going to end it's an endless + + align:start position:0% +he's not going to end it's an endless + + + align:start position:0% +he's not going to end it's an endless +frontier right so it's a very + + align:start position:0% +frontier right so it's a very + + + align:start position:0% +frontier right so it's a very +interesting kind of appeal to a kind of + + align:start position:0% +interesting kind of appeal to a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +interesting kind of appeal to a kind of +American sensibility so his paper + + align:start position:0% +American sensibility so his paper + + + align:start position:0% +American sensibility so his paper +actually comes out in July 1945 Franklin + + align:start position:0% +actually comes out in July 1945 Franklin + + + align:start position:0% +actually comes out in July 1945 Franklin +Roosevelt had designed died the previous + + align:start position:0% +Roosevelt had designed died the previous + + + align:start position:0% +Roosevelt had designed died the previous +April so it's presented to Harry Truman + + align:start position:0% +April so it's presented to Harry Truman + + + align:start position:0% +April so it's presented to Harry Truman +and he Bush's thinking through the + + align:start position:0% +and he Bush's thinking through the + + + align:start position:0% +and he Bush's thinking through the +post-war model for u.s. science and it's + + align:start position:0% +post-war model for u.s. science and it's + + + align:start position:0% +post-war model for u.s. science and it's +the associational 'lest model dominates + + align:start position:0% +the associational 'lest model dominates + + + align:start position:0% +the associational 'lest model dominates +war too it's public/private + + align:start position:0% +war too it's public/private + + + align:start position:0% +war too it's public/private +collaboration for sure as max pointed + + align:start position:0% +collaboration for sure as max pointed + + + align:start position:0% +collaboration for sure as max pointed +out in this document Bush disaggregates + + align:start position:0% +out in this document Bush disaggregates + + + align:start position:0% +out in this document Bush disaggregates +science right he separates it back out + + align:start position:0% +science right he separates it back out + + + align:start position:0% +science right he separates it back out +and we'll talk in a minute we'll talk a + + align:start position:0% +and we'll talk in a minute we'll talk a + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll talk in a minute we'll talk a +little bit later about why he went in + + align:start position:0% +little bit later about why he went in + + + align:start position:0% +little bit later about why he went in +that direction but he essentially argues + + align:start position:0% +that direction but he essentially argues + + + align:start position:0% +that direction but he essentially argues +okay American taxpayers invest in + + align:start position:0% +okay American taxpayers invest in + + + align:start position:0% +okay American taxpayers invest in +science and you're gonna get some really + + align:start position:0% +science and you're gonna get some really + + + align:start position:0% +science and you're gonna get some really +big things all right and he essentially + + align:start position:0% +big things all right and he essentially + + + align:start position:0% +big things all right and he essentially +argues for four of these so as + + align:start position:0% +argues for four of these so as + + + align:start position:0% +argues for four of these so as +everything's being dismantled after + + align:start position:0% +everything's being dismantled after + + + align:start position:0% +everything's being dismantled after +World War Two he argues let's keep + + align:start position:0% +World War Two he argues let's keep + + + align:start position:0% +World War Two he argues let's keep +investment in basic research that's his + + align:start position:0% +investment in basic research that's his + + + align:start position:0% +investment in basic research that's his +case and if you invest American taxpayer + + align:start position:0% +case and if you invest American taxpayer + + + align:start position:0% +case and if you invest American taxpayer +in basic research here's what you're + + align:start position:0% +in basic research here's what you're + + + align:start position:0% +in basic research here's what you're +gonna get one you're gonna get a war + + align:start position:0% +gonna get one you're gonna get a war + + + align:start position:0% +gonna get one you're gonna get a war +against disease Rosen + + align:start position:0% +against disease Rosen + + + align:start position:0% +against disease Rosen +old Bush many others had seen the power + + align:start position:0% +old Bush many others had seen the power + + + align:start position:0% +old Bush many others had seen the power +of the development of antibiotics in the + + align:start position:0% +of the development of antibiotics in the + + + align:start position:0% +of the development of antibiotics in the +course of World War two which really + + align:start position:0% +course of World War two which really + + + align:start position:0% +course of World War two which really +scale up right what were two is the + + align:start position:0% +scale up right what were two is the + + + align:start position:0% +scale up right what were two is the +first war where people actually died in + + align:start position:0% +first war where people actually died in + + + align:start position:0% +first war where people actually died in +combat as opposed to disease right the + + align:start position:0% +combat as opposed to disease right the + + + align:start position:0% +combat as opposed to disease right the +death rate in the armies of war tube is + + align:start position:0% +death rate in the armies of war tube is + + + align:start position:0% +death rate in the armies of war tube is +far lower right than in all previous + + align:start position:0% +far lower right than in all previous + + + align:start position:0% +far lower right than in all previous +Wars it's very dramatic and that war is + + align:start position:0% +Wars it's very dramatic and that war is + + + align:start position:0% +Wars it's very dramatic and that war is +being fought in some very tricky you + + align:start position:0% +being fought in some very tricky you + + + align:start position:0% +being fought in some very tricky you +know regions that are quite you know + + align:start position:0% +know regions that are quite you know + + + align:start position:0% +know regions that are quite you know +disease prone and the antibiotics just + + align:start position:0% +disease prone and the antibiotics just + + + align:start position:0% +disease prone and the antibiotics just +dramatically reduce the death rate from + + align:start position:0% +dramatically reduce the death rate from + + + align:start position:0% +dramatically reduce the death rate from +disease so they saw how a governmental + + align:start position:0% +disease so they saw how a governmental + + + align:start position:0% +disease so they saw how a governmental +effort of supporting that science and + + align:start position:0% +effort of supporting that science and + + + align:start position:0% +effort of supporting that science and +then supporting the production and then + + align:start position:0% +then supporting the production and then + + + align:start position:0% +then supporting the production and then +distributing it could create a war + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pneumonia had been the biggest killer + + align:start position:0% +pneumonia had been the biggest killer + + + align:start position:0% +pneumonia had been the biggest killer +whose number one right and that + + align:start position:0% +whose number one right and that + + + align:start position:0% +whose number one right and that +dramatically goes down after war to its + + align:start position:0% +dramatically goes down after war to its + + + align:start position:0% +dramatically goes down after war to its +has a huge effect so they saw the + + align:start position:0% +has a huge effect so they saw the + + + align:start position:0% +has a huge effect so they saw the +possibility of investing in science + + align:start position:0% +possibility of investing in science + + + align:start position:0% +possibility of investing in science +you'll get a war on disease it's a it's + + align:start position:0% +you'll get a war on disease it's a it's + + + align:start position:0% +you'll get a war on disease it's a it's +a pretty powerful argument now the next + + align:start position:0% +a pretty powerful argument now the next + + + align:start position:0% +a pretty powerful argument now the next +argument they didn't have to sell in any + + align:start position:0% +argument they didn't have to sell in any + + + align:start position:0% +argument they didn't have to sell in any +money because everybody understood it as + + align:start position:0% +money because everybody understood it as + + + align:start position:0% +money because everybody understood it as +a result of war were to invest in + + align:start position:0% +a result of war were to invest in + + + align:start position:0% +a result of war were to invest in +science you get national security right + + align:start position:0% +science you get national security right + + + align:start position:0% +science you get national security right +and the Cold War hadn't started at this + + align:start position:0% +and the Cold War hadn't started at this + + + align:start position:0% +and the Cold War hadn't started at this +phase it's got another four or five + + align:start position:0% +phase it's got another four or five + + + align:start position:0% +phase it's got another four or five +years before people really realize it + + align:start position:0% +years before people really realize it + + + align:start position:0% +years before people really realize it +realize it's on them but he makes this + + align:start position:0% +realize it's on them but he makes this + + + align:start position:0% +realize it's on them but he makes this +argument and it falls on receptive ears + + align:start position:0% +argument and it falls on receptive ears + + + align:start position:0% +argument and it falls on receptive ears +because people understand how powerful + + align:start position:0% +because people understand how powerful + + + align:start position:0% +because people understand how powerful +radar is people understand how powerful + + align:start position:0% +radar is people understand how powerful + + + align:start position:0% +radar is people understand how powerful +nuclear power is and so forth the trick + + align:start position:0% +nuclear power is and so forth the trick + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear power is and so forth the trick +the transformation of the of technology + + align:start position:0% +the transformation of the of technology + + + align:start position:0% +the transformation of the of technology +was dramatic in the war the third + + align:start position:0% +was dramatic in the war the third + + + align:start position:0% +was dramatic in the war the third +argument is an intriguing one American + + align:start position:0% +argument is an intriguing one American + + + align:start position:0% +argument is an intriguing one American +taxpayer invest in science and you will + + align:start position:0% +taxpayer invest in science and you will + + + align:start position:0% +taxpayer invest in science and you will +get what vinegar Bush calls public + + align:start position:0% +get what vinegar Bush calls public + + + align:start position:0% +get what vinegar Bush calls public +welfare what's he talking about the big + + align:start position:0% +welfare what's he talking about the big + + + align:start position:0% +welfare what's he talking about the big +anxiety at the end of World War two is + + align:start position:0% +anxiety at the end of World War two is + + + align:start position:0% +anxiety at the end of World War two is +you know we've got these 16 million + + align:start position:0% +you know we've got these 16 million + + + align:start position:0% +you know we've got these 16 million +people overseas they're gonna come out + + align:start position:0% +people overseas they're gonna come out + + + align:start position:0% +people overseas they're gonna come out +of uniform and they're gonna come back + + align:start position:0% +of uniform and they're gonna come back + + + align:start position:0% +of uniform and they're gonna come back +to the United States and we're + + align:start position:0% +to the United States and we're + + + align:start position:0% +to the United States and we're +dismantling all wartime spending which + + align:start position:0% +dismantling all wartime spending which + + + align:start position:0% +dismantling all wartime spending which +is most of government spending and we're + + align:start position:0% +is most of government spending and we're + + + align:start position:0% +is most of government spending and we're +dismantling the war machine we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +dismantling the war machine we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +dismantling the war machine we're gonna +have another Great Depression + + align:start position:0% +have another Great Depression + + + align:start position:0% +have another Great Depression +that's what everybody thinks right and + + align:start position:0% +that's what everybody thinks right and + + + align:start position:0% +that's what everybody thinks right and +you can see why + + align:start position:0% +you can see why + + + align:start position:0% +you can see why +what are these 16 million people going + + align:start position:0% +what are these 16 million people going + + + align:start position:0% +what are these 16 million people going +to do and we're dismantling all these + + align:start position:0% +to do and we're dismantling all these + + + align:start position:0% +to do and we're dismantling all these +industries right so Bush is arguing + + align:start position:0% +industries right so Bush is arguing + + + align:start position:0% +industries right so Bush is arguing +we're gonna get full employment right + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna get full employment right + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna get full employment right +and he's going after this big post war + + align:start position:0% +and he's going after this big post war + + + align:start position:0% +and he's going after this big post war +anxiety about where these returning vets + + align:start position:0% +anxiety about where these returning vets + + + align:start position:0% +anxiety about where these returning vets +are going to be employed and so he + + align:start position:0% +are going to be employed and so he + + + align:start position:0% +are going to be employed and so he +argues that essentially science creates + + align:start position:0% +argues that essentially science creates + + + align:start position:0% +argues that essentially science creates +innovation and that the innovation is + + align:start position:0% +innovation and that the innovation is + + + align:start position:0% +innovation and that the innovation is +gonna drive the economy all these new + + align:start position:0% +gonna drive the economy all these new + + + align:start position:0% +gonna drive the economy all these new +technologies are going to be at hand + + align:start position:0% +technologies are going to be at hand + + + align:start position:0% +technologies are going to be at hand +you know fascinatingly you know we do + + align:start position:0% +you know fascinatingly you know we do + + + align:start position:0% +you know fascinatingly you know we do +get a huge dividend from all the + + align:start position:0% +get a huge dividend from all the + + + align:start position:0% +get a huge dividend from all the +scientific and technological advances + + align:start position:0% +scientific and technological advances + + + align:start position:0% +scientific and technological advances +that occurred during the war and we + + align:start position:0% +that occurred during the war and we + + + align:start position:0% +that occurred during the war and we +create all series of new industries + + align:start position:0% +create all series of new industries + + + align:start position:0% +create all series of new industries +coming out of the war and it actually + + align:start position:0% +coming out of the war and it actually + + + align:start position:0% +coming out of the war and it actually +works and just in case there was any + + align:start position:0% +works and just in case there was any + + + align:start position:0% +works and just in case there was any +doubt about what to do with those 16 + + align:start position:0% +doubt about what to do with those 16 + + + align:start position:0% +doubt about what to do with those 16 +million veterans we had to park them + + align:start position:0% +million veterans we had to park them + + + align:start position:0% +million veterans we had to park them +somewhere so we create the GI Bill and + + align:start position:0% +somewhere so we create the GI Bill and + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere so we create the GI Bill and +we send them to universities right and + + align:start position:0% +we send them to universities right and + + + align:start position:0% +we send them to universities right and +they get degrees so they take actually + + align:start position:0% +they get degrees so they take actually + + + align:start position:0% +they get degrees so they take actually +pretty interesting technical training + + align:start position:0% +pretty interesting technical training + + + align:start position:0% +pretty interesting technical training +they got in the military and then + + align:start position:0% +they got in the military and then + + + align:start position:0% +they got in the military and then +greatly enhance it so we great a very + + align:start position:0% +greatly enhance it so we great a very + + + align:start position:0% +greatly enhance it so we great a very +strong technical pool of talent entering + + align:start position:0% +strong technical pool of talent entering + + + align:start position:0% +strong technical pool of talent entering +the economy and this huge burst it's + + align:start position:0% +the economy and this huge burst it's + + + align:start position:0% +the economy and this huge burst it's +pure Romer right and you know there we + + align:start position:0% +pure Romer right and you know there we + + + align:start position:0% +pure Romer right and you know there we +go we get this incredible post-war + + align:start position:0% +go we get this incredible post-war + + + align:start position:0% +go we get this incredible post-war +economic growth time period that really + + align:start position:0% +economic growth time period that really + + + align:start position:0% +economic growth time period that really +lasts until about 1970 the fourth + + align:start position:0% +lasts until about 1970 the fourth + + + align:start position:0% +lasts until about 1970 the fourth +argument is nurture talent a roamer + + align:start position:0% +argument is nurture talent a roamer + + + align:start position:0% +argument is nurture talent a roamer +liked argument his point is that there's + + align:start position:0% +liked argument his point is that there's + + + align:start position:0% +liked argument his point is that there's +going to be a governmental role in the + + align:start position:0% +going to be a governmental role in the + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a governmental role in the +other three items but there's got to be + + align:start position:0% +other three items but there's got to be + + + align:start position:0% +other three items but there's got to be +a governmental role in backing this + + align:start position:0% +a governmental role in backing this + + + align:start position:0% +a governmental role in backing this +talent base up there's gonna be a + + align:start position:0% +talent base up there's gonna be a + + + align:start position:0% +talent base up there's gonna be a +governmental role in educating + + align:start position:0% +governmental role in educating + + + align:start position:0% +governmental role in educating +scientific talent it's scale so Bush has + + align:start position:0% +scientific talent it's scale so Bush has + + + align:start position:0% +scientific talent it's scale so Bush has +got what we can call a pipeline theory + + align:start position:0% +got what we can call a pipeline theory + + + align:start position:0% +got what we can call a pipeline theory +of innovation there's a pipeline talked + + align:start position:0% +of innovation there's a pipeline talked + + + align:start position:0% +of innovation there's a pipeline talked +about this before the government will + + align:start position:0% +about this before the government will + + + align:start position:0% +about this before the government will +dump basic research in at the end of the + + align:start position:0% +dump basic research in at the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +dump basic research in at the end of the +pipeline mysterious things will occur in + + align:start position:0% +pipeline mysterious things will occur in + + + align:start position:0% +pipeline mysterious things will occur in +the pipeline and great technologies + + align:start position:0% +the pipeline and great technologies + + + align:start position:0% +the pipeline and great technologies +products and a + + align:start position:0% +products and a + + + align:start position:0% +products and a +fabulous economy will emerge at the end + + align:start position:0% +fabulous economy will emerge at the end + + + align:start position:0% +fabulous economy will emerge at the end +that's the vision right that's that's + + align:start position:0% +that's the vision right that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's the vision right that's that's +his conceptual framework that's what + + align:start position:0% +his conceptual framework that's what + + + align:start position:0% +his conceptual framework that's what +he's arguing for this vision of the + + align:start position:0% +he's arguing for this vision of the + + + align:start position:0% +he's arguing for this vision of the +governmental role in basic research + + align:start position:0% +governmental role in basic research + + + align:start position:0% +governmental role in basic research +dominates us scientific thinking to this + + align:start position:0% +dominates us scientific thinking to this + + + align:start position:0% +dominates us scientific thinking to this +day right this is where it came from why + + align:start position:0% +day right this is where it came from why + + + align:start position:0% +day right this is where it came from why +what is he up to here why why is he + + align:start position:0% +what is he up to here why why is he + + + align:start position:0% +what is he up to here why why is he +doing this because in the course of + + align:start position:0% +doing this because in the course of + + + align:start position:0% +doing this because in the course of +World War two he created this incredibly + + align:start position:0% +World War two he created this incredibly + + + align:start position:0% +World War two he created this incredibly +connected scientific system with + + align:start position:0% +connected scientific system with + + + align:start position:0% +connected scientific system with +unbelievable results where industry and + + align:start position:0% +unbelievable results where industry and + + + align:start position:0% +unbelievable results where industry and +government and universities were deeply + + align:start position:0% +government and universities were deeply + + + align:start position:0% +government and universities were deeply +connected with each other right a highly + + align:start position:0% +connected with each other right a highly + + + align:start position:0% +connected with each other right a highly +connected system and at the end of the + + align:start position:0% +connected system and at the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +connected system and at the end of the +war he pulls that model apart and says + + align:start position:0% +war he pulls that model apart and says + + + align:start position:0% +war he pulls that model apart and says +the governmental role is not going to be + + align:start position:0% +the governmental role is not going to be + + + align:start position:0% +the governmental role is not going to be +this connected stuff it's gonna be basic + + align:start position:0% +this connected stuff it's gonna be basic + + + align:start position:0% +this connected stuff it's gonna be basic +research what's he thinking right + + align:start position:0% +research what's he thinking right + + + align:start position:0% +research what's he thinking right +interestingly he stands he's the person + + align:start position:0% +interestingly he stands he's the person + + + align:start position:0% +interestingly he stands he's the person +who created the two most fundamental + + align:start position:0% +who created the two most fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +who created the two most fundamental +scientific organizational models in US + + align:start position:0% +scientific organizational models in US + + + align:start position:0% +scientific organizational models in US +history does them both right there + + align:start position:0% +history does them both right there + + + align:start position:0% +history does them both right there +counter to curry but he doesn't both + + align:start position:0% +counter to curry but he doesn't both + + + align:start position:0% +counter to curry but he doesn't both +right what's he thinking about well to + + align:start position:0% +right what's he thinking about well to + + + align:start position:0% +right what's he thinking about well to +some extent I think he was influenced by + + align:start position:0% +some extent I think he was influenced by + + + align:start position:0% +some extent I think he was influenced by +his physicist friends and physics comes + + align:start position:0% +his physicist friends and physics comes + + + align:start position:0% +his physicist friends and physics comes +out of war to people like Oppenheimer + + align:start position:0% +out of war to people like Oppenheimer + + + align:start position:0% +out of war to people like Oppenheimer +and Los Alamos project with this huge + + align:start position:0% +and Los Alamos project with this huge + + + align:start position:0% +and Los Alamos project with this huge +concern about what have we done right + + align:start position:0% +concern about what have we done right + + + align:start position:0% +concern about what have we done right +we've been hell-bent to create atomic + + align:start position:0% +we've been hell-bent to create atomic + + + align:start position:0% +we've been hell-bent to create atomic +weapons and then we don't use them + + align:start position:0% +weapons and then we don't use them + + + align:start position:0% +weapons and then we don't use them +against Germany because the war is ended + + align:start position:0% +against Germany because the war is ended + + + align:start position:0% +against Germany because the war is ended +but then we using me as Japan and think + + align:start position:0% +but then we using me as Japan and think + + + align:start position:0% +but then we using me as Japan and think +we really think this through and what + + align:start position:0% +we really think this through and what + + + align:start position:0% +we really think this through and what +does it mean what does it mean to have + + align:start position:0% +does it mean what does it mean to have + + + align:start position:0% +does it mean what does it mean to have +unleashed this unbelievable new force + + align:start position:0% +unleashed this unbelievable new force + + + align:start position:0% +unleashed this unbelievable new force +into the world's political environments + + align:start position:0% +into the world's political environments + + + align:start position:0% +into the world's political environments +are they ready for it so people like + + align:start position:0% +are they ready for it so people like + + + align:start position:0% +are they ready for it so people like +Oppenheimer + + align:start position:0% +Oppenheimer + + + align:start position:0% +Oppenheimer +go through a huge rethink a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +go through a huge rethink a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +go through a huge rethink a lot of the +physics community does this have we been + + align:start position:0% +physics community does this have we been + + + align:start position:0% +physics community does this have we been +too closely tied to a + + align:start position:0% +too closely tied to a + + + align:start position:0% +too closely tied to a +military-industrial complex as + + align:start position:0% +military-industrial complex as + + + align:start position:0% +military-industrial complex as +Eisenhower would put it later right so + + align:start position:0% +Eisenhower would put it later right so + + + align:start position:0% +Eisenhower would put it later right so +Oppenheimer is a close friend of the + + align:start position:0% +Oppenheimer is a close friend of the + + + align:start position:0% +Oppenheimer is a close friend of the +neighbor Bush Bush testifies for him + + align:start position:0% +neighbor Bush Bush testifies for him + + + align:start position:0% +neighbor Bush Bush testifies for him +when Oppenheimer security clearance is + + align:start position:0% +when Oppenheimer security clearance is + + + align:start position:0% +when Oppenheimer security clearance is +pulled later on in the Cold War which + + align:start position:0% +pulled later on in the Cold War which + + + align:start position:0% +pulled later on in the Cold War which +was pretty nervy he's influenced the + + align:start position:0% +was pretty nervy he's influenced the + + + align:start position:0% +was pretty nervy he's influenced the +stomach + + align:start position:0% +stomach + + + align:start position:0% +stomach +that by that but he's not naive about + + align:start position:0% +that by that but he's not naive about + + + align:start position:0% +that by that but he's not naive about +politics he understands the importance + + align:start position:0% +politics he understands the importance + + + align:start position:0% +politics he understands the importance +of national security and he's an advisor + + align:start position:0% +of national security and he's an advisor + + + align:start position:0% +of national security and he's an advisor +to the Defense Department in the post in + + align:start position:0% +to the Defense Department in the post in + + + align:start position:0% +to the Defense Department in the post in +the mediate post-war period I think part + + align:start position:0% +the mediate post-war period I think part + + + align:start position:0% +the mediate post-war period I think part +of his just practical reality that + + align:start position:0% +of his just practical reality that + + + align:start position:0% +of his just practical reality that +federal government is radically + + align:start position:0% +federal government is radically + + + align:start position:0% +federal government is radically +decreasing its budget the cheapest stage + + align:start position:0% +decreasing its budget the cheapest stage + + + align:start position:0% +decreasing its budget the cheapest stage +is investing in early-stage research + + align:start position:0% +is investing in early-stage research + + + align:start position:0% +is investing in early-stage research +that's much cheaper than applied + + align:start position:0% +that's much cheaper than applied + + + align:start position:0% +that's much cheaper than applied +research or development let's hang on to + + align:start position:0% +research or development let's hang on to + + + align:start position:0% +research or development let's hang on to +that and we created the federally funded + + align:start position:0% +that and we created the federally funded + + + align:start position:0% +that and we created the federally funded +research university that's an amazing + + align:start position:0% +research university that's an amazing + + + align:start position:0% +research university that's an amazing +creation let's let's be satisfied with + + align:start position:0% +creation let's let's be satisfied with + + + align:start position:0% +creation let's let's be satisfied with +having done that one and keep that you + + align:start position:0% +having done that one and keep that you + + + align:start position:0% +having done that one and keep that you +know keep that option on the table I + + align:start position:0% +know keep that option on the table I + + + align:start position:0% +know keep that option on the table I +think that's a fair amount of his + + align:start position:0% +think that's a fair amount of his + + + align:start position:0% +think that's a fair amount of his +thinking he's being really quite + + align:start position:0% +thinking he's being really quite + + + align:start position:0% +thinking he's being really quite +practical but he is removed trying to + + align:start position:0% +practical but he is removed trying to + + + align:start position:0% +practical but he is removed trying to +remove science from the fray he was very + + align:start position:0% +remove science from the fray he was very + + + align:start position:0% +remove science from the fray he was very +concerned in the course of the war by + + align:start position:0% +concerned in the course of the war by + + + align:start position:0% +concerned in the course of the war by +science becoming politicized you know + + align:start position:0% +science becoming politicized you know + + + align:start position:0% +science becoming politicized you know +decisions about where to put Defense + + align:start position:0% +decisions about where to put Defense + + + align:start position:0% +decisions about where to put Defense +laboratories were based on regional and + + align:start position:0% +laboratories were based on regional and + + + align:start position:0% +laboratories were based on regional and +local politics that Franklin Roosevelt + + align:start position:0% +local politics that Franklin Roosevelt + + + align:start position:0% +local politics that Franklin Roosevelt +was a master of right building consensus + + align:start position:0% +was a master of right building consensus + + + align:start position:0% +was a master of right building consensus +in different political regions and + + align:start position:0% +in different political regions and + + + align:start position:0% +in different political regions and +putting big research centers in places + + align:start position:0% +putting big research centers in places + + + align:start position:0% +putting big research centers in places +like Tennessee you know had logic but + + align:start position:0% +like Tennessee you know had logic but + + + align:start position:0% +like Tennessee you know had logic but +also political logic as well and Bush + + align:start position:0% +also political logic as well and Bush + + + align:start position:0% +also political logic as well and Bush +didn't want that Bush wanted science out + + align:start position:0% +didn't want that Bush wanted science out + + + align:start position:0% +didn't want that Bush wanted science out +of the politics he wanted to really + + align:start position:0% +of the politics he wanted to really + + + align:start position:0% +of the politics he wanted to really +separate the political system so this is + + align:start position:0% +separate the political system so this is + + + align:start position:0% +separate the political system so this is +his his vision for post-war science and + + align:start position:0% +his his vision for post-war science and + + + align:start position:0% +his his vision for post-war science and +by and large it becomes the case so + + align:start position:0% +by and large it becomes the case so + + + align:start position:0% +by and large it becomes the case so +let's let's let me do black Petes piece + + align:start position:0% +let's let's let me do black Petes piece + + + align:start position:0% +let's let's let me do black Petes piece +just very quickly in just a couple of + + align:start position:0% +just very quickly in just a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +just very quickly in just a couple of +minutes he writes you know the early + + align:start position:0% +minutes he writes you know the early + + + align:start position:0% +minutes he writes you know the early +history of NSF right so boniva bush's + + align:start position:0% +history of NSF right so boniva bush's + + + align:start position:0% +history of NSF right so boniva bush's +design at the end of the war is + + align:start position:0% +design at the end of the war is + + + align:start position:0% +design at the end of the war is +essentially during the war he had the + + align:start position:0% +essentially during the war he had the + + + align:start position:0% +essentially during the war he had the +NRDC in the OSRD to organizing + + align:start position:0% +NRDC in the OSRD to organizing + + + align:start position:0% +NRDC in the OSRD to organizing +committees for US science and basically + + align:start position:0% +committees for US science and basically + + + align:start position:0% +committees for US science and basically +that's probably the only time that we + + align:start position:0% +that's probably the only time that we + + + align:start position:0% +that's probably the only time that we +had pretty centralized science the + + align:start position:0% +had pretty centralized science the + + + align:start position:0% +had pretty centralized science the +United States okay + + align:start position:0% +United States okay + + + align:start position:0% +United States okay +but when vaniville Bush ends the war + + align:start position:0% +but when vaniville Bush ends the war + + + align:start position:0% +but when vaniville Bush ends the war +he wants to do the same thing right he + + align:start position:0% +he wants to do the same thing right he + + + align:start position:0% +he wants to do the same thing right he +wants to create one tent so he has this + + align:start position:0% +wants to create one tent so he has this + + + align:start position:0% +wants to create one tent so he has this +vision of why to do science in the + + align:start position:0% +vision of why to do science in the + + + align:start position:0% +vision of why to do science in the +endless frontier then he has an + + align:start position:0% +endless frontier then he has an + + + align:start position:0% +endless frontier then he has an +organizational model and he wants to + + align:start position:0% +organizational model and he wants to + + + align:start position:0% +organizational model and he wants to +create this National Science Foundation + + align:start position:0% +create this National Science Foundation + + + align:start position:0% +create this National Science Foundation +as the tent for all of us science it's + + align:start position:0% +as the tent for all of us science it's + + + align:start position:0% +as the tent for all of us science it's +all gonna go in there right it's gonna + + align:start position:0% +all gonna go in there right it's gonna + + + align:start position:0% +all gonna go in there right it's gonna +be flexible it's gonna be kind of + + align:start position:0% +be flexible it's gonna be kind of + + + align:start position:0% +be flexible it's gonna be kind of +loosely organized it's not gonna be + + align:start position:0% +loosely organized it's not gonna be + + + align:start position:0% +loosely organized it's not gonna be +terribly hierarchical it'll be somewhat + + align:start position:0% +terribly hierarchical it'll be somewhat + + + align:start position:0% +terribly hierarchical it'll be somewhat +like what he was doing in the course of + + align:start position:0% +like what he was doing in the course of + + + align:start position:0% +like what he was doing in the course of +the war but that's what it's gonna be + + align:start position:0% +the war but that's what it's gonna be + + + align:start position:0% +the war but that's what it's gonna be +and something happens right + + align:start position:0% +and something happens right + + + align:start position:0% +and something happens right +he writes up this legislation to create + + align:start position:0% +he writes up this legislation to create + + + align:start position:0% +he writes up this legislation to create +this one tent for all of us science and + + align:start position:0% +this one tent for all of us science and + + + align:start position:0% +this one tent for all of us science and +what's became known as NSF and it runs + + align:start position:0% +what's became known as NSF and it runs + + + align:start position:0% +what's became known as NSF and it runs +into this guy so that's Harry Truman and + + align:start position:0% +into this guy so that's Harry Truman and + + + align:start position:0% +into this guy so that's Harry Truman and +you'll notice on the corner of the desk + + align:start position:0% +you'll notice on the corner of the desk + + + align:start position:0% +you'll notice on the corner of the desk +this little statement here that says the + + align:start position:0% +this little statement here that says the + + + align:start position:0% +this little statement here that says the +buck stops here + + align:start position:0% +buck stops here + + + align:start position:0% +buck stops here +in italics letters right it stops on + + align:start position:0% +in italics letters right it stops on + + + align:start position:0% +in italics letters right it stops on +Harry Truman's desk so the neighbor Bush + + align:start position:0% +Harry Truman's desk so the neighbor Bush + + + align:start position:0% +Harry Truman's desk so the neighbor Bush +wrote up and got Congress to pass his + + align:start position:0% +wrote up and got Congress to pass his + + + align:start position:0% +wrote up and got Congress to pass his +National Science Foundation bill and + + align:start position:0% +National Science Foundation bill and + + + align:start position:0% +National Science Foundation bill and +much to everybody's total amazement + + align:start position:0% +much to everybody's total amazement + + + align:start position:0% +much to everybody's total amazement +Harry Truman gets it and he reads it and + + align:start position:0% +Harry Truman gets it and he reads it and + + + align:start position:0% +Harry Truman gets it and he reads it and +he Rises that the buck is not stopping + + align:start position:0% +he Rises that the buck is not stopping + + + align:start position:0% +he Rises that the buck is not stopping +on Harry Truman's desk for science it's + + align:start position:0% +on Harry Truman's desk for science it's + + + align:start position:0% +on Harry Truman's desk for science it's +stopping on veneer bush and a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +stopping on veneer bush and a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +stopping on veneer bush and a bunch of +scientific elite types will control + + align:start position:0% +scientific elite types will control + + + align:start position:0% +scientific elite types will control +science out of political control of the + + align:start position:0% +science out of political control of the + + + align:start position:0% +science out of political control of the +present Harry Truman not unreasonably + + align:start position:0% +present Harry Truman not unreasonably + + + align:start position:0% +present Harry Truman not unreasonably +says it's unconstitutional we can't you + + align:start position:0% +says it's unconstitutional we can't you + + + align:start position:0% +says it's unconstitutional we can't you +know this is an executive branch agency + + align:start position:0% +know this is an executive branch agency + + + align:start position:0% +know this is an executive branch agency +the president ultimately needs the + + align:start position:0% +the president ultimately needs the + + + align:start position:0% +the president ultimately needs the +responsibility I'm not gonna mess these + + align:start position:0% +responsibility I'm not gonna mess these + + + align:start position:0% +responsibility I'm not gonna mess these +guys up I like science + + align:start position:0% +guys up I like science + + + align:start position:0% +guys up I like science +but it belongs to me so he vetoes the + + align:start position:0% +but it belongs to me so he vetoes the + + + align:start position:0% +but it belongs to me so he vetoes the +National Science Foundation active he's + + align:start position:0% +National Science Foundation active he's + + + align:start position:0% +National Science Foundation active he's +influenced by a very interesting guy + + align:start position:0% +influenced by a very interesting guy + + + align:start position:0% +influenced by a very interesting guy +named John Steelman who's from smaller + + align:start position:0% +named John Steelman who's from smaller + + + align:start position:0% +named John Steelman who's from smaller +college but he's effectively a science + + align:start position:0% +college but he's effectively a science + + + align:start position:0% +college but he's effectively a science +advisor so the neighbor Bush and Harry + + align:start position:0% +advisor so the neighbor Bush and Harry + + + align:start position:0% +advisor so the neighbor Bush and Harry +Truman they didn't get along very well + + align:start position:0% +Truman they didn't get along very well + + + align:start position:0% +Truman they didn't get along very well +Harry Truman high school educated never + + align:start position:0% +Harry Truman high school educated never + + + align:start position:0% +Harry Truman high school educated never +got to go to college it was too poor to + + align:start position:0% +got to go to college it was too poor to + + + align:start position:0% +got to go to college it was too poor to +go to college + + align:start position:0% +go to college + + + align:start position:0% +go to college +very smart guy he's an artillery captain + + align:start position:0% +very smart guy he's an artillery captain + + + align:start position:0% +very smart guy he's an artillery captain +war one and a very successful one and + + align:start position:0% +war one and a very successful one and + + + align:start position:0% +war one and a very successful one and +artillery commanders in laura1 are like + + align:start position:0% +artillery commanders in laura1 are like + + + align:start position:0% +artillery commanders in laura1 are like +the smartest right you've got to + + align:start position:0% +the smartest right you've got to + + + align:start position:0% +the smartest right you've got to +understand ballistics and all kinds of + + align:start position:0% +understand ballistics and all kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +understand ballistics and all kinds of +complicated mathematics and Harry Truman + + align:start position:0% +complicated mathematics and Harry Truman + + + align:start position:0% +complicated mathematics and Harry Truman +is very smart + + align:start position:0% +is very smart + + + align:start position:0% +is very smart +so not a dumb guy a very talented guy + + align:start position:0% +so not a dumb guy a very talented guy + + + align:start position:0% +so not a dumb guy a very talented guy +and became a highly respected criticized + + align:start position:0% +and became a highly respected criticized + + + align:start position:0% +and became a highly respected criticized +a lot but became a highly respected + + align:start position:0% +a lot but became a highly respected + + + align:start position:0% +a lot but became a highly respected +president particularly in retrospect so + + align:start position:0% +president particularly in retrospect so + + + align:start position:0% +president particularly in retrospect so +there's no putting this guy down but he + + align:start position:0% +there's no putting this guy down but he + + + align:start position:0% +there's no putting this guy down but he +just didn't get along with this kind of + + align:start position:0% +just didn't get along with this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +just didn't get along with this kind of +Boston Brahmin you know veneer Bush type + + align:start position:0% +Boston Brahmin you know veneer Bush type + + + align:start position:0% +Boston Brahmin you know veneer Bush type +and not that veneer Bush was you know + + align:start position:0% +and not that veneer Bush was you know + + + align:start position:0% +and not that veneer Bush was you know +part of Boston's society wasn't he's + + align:start position:0% +part of Boston's society wasn't he's + + + align:start position:0% +part of Boston's society wasn't he's +from kind of a lower middle-class family + + align:start position:0% +from kind of a lower middle-class family + + + align:start position:0% +from kind of a lower middle-class family +and his father was a minister but they + + align:start position:0% +and his father was a minister but they + + + align:start position:0% +and his father was a minister but they +didn't get along Bush got along really + + align:start position:0% +didn't get along Bush got along really + + + align:start position:0% +didn't get along Bush got along really +well with you know Franklin Roosevelt + + align:start position:0% +well with you know Franklin Roosevelt + + + align:start position:0% +well with you know Franklin Roosevelt +not nearly as well really not at all + + align:start position:0% +not nearly as well really not at all + + + align:start position:0% +not nearly as well really not at all +with Harry Truman so they're at + + align:start position:0% +with Harry Truman so they're at + + + align:start position:0% +with Harry Truman so they're at +loggerheads many of our Bush's getting + + align:start position:0% +loggerheads many of our Bush's getting + + + align:start position:0% +loggerheads many of our Bush's getting +Congress to pass this without really + + align:start position:0% +Congress to pass this without really + + + align:start position:0% +Congress to pass this without really +Harry Truman being involved Harry + + align:start position:0% +Harry Truman being involved Harry + + + align:start position:0% +Harry Truman being involved Harry +Truman's got his own and adviser John + + align:start position:0% +Truman's got his own and adviser John + + + align:start position:0% +Truman's got his own and adviser John +Steelman and they have a very different + + align:start position:0% +Steelman and they have a very different + + + align:start position:0% +Steelman and they have a very different +idea of how science it can be organized + + align:start position:0% +idea of how science it can be organized + + + align:start position:0% +idea of how science it can be organized +there's gonna be a lot more applied work + + align:start position:0% +there's gonna be a lot more applied work + + + align:start position:0% +there's gonna be a lot more applied work +and it's going to be much more + + align:start position:0% +and it's going to be much more + + + align:start position:0% +and it's going to be much more +association list it's kind of their + + align:start position:0% +association list it's kind of their + + + align:start position:0% +association list it's kind of their +vision so the NSF bill gets vetoed and + + align:start position:0% +vision so the NSF bill gets vetoed and + + + align:start position:0% +vision so the NSF bill gets vetoed and +NSF doesn't get authorized for another + + align:start position:0% +NSF doesn't get authorized for another + + + align:start position:0% +NSF doesn't get authorized for another +five years so meanwhile time doesn't + + align:start position:0% +five years so meanwhile time doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +five years so meanwhile time doesn't +stand still this is why we have this + + align:start position:0% +stand still this is why we have this + + + align:start position:0% +stand still this is why we have this +very decentralized science agency system + + align:start position:0% +very decentralized science agency system + + + align:start position:0% +very decentralized science agency system +in the United States because Harry + + align:start position:0% +in the United States because Harry + + + align:start position:0% +in the United States because Harry +Truman vetoed the National Science bill + + align:start position:0% +Truman vetoed the National Science bill + + + align:start position:0% +Truman vetoed the National Science bill +right all these other agencies you know + + align:start position:0% +right all these other agencies you know + + + align:start position:0% +right all these other agencies you know +are popping up because there's jobs that + + align:start position:0% +are popping up because there's jobs that + + + align:start position:0% +are popping up because there's jobs that +have to be done so the Office of Naval + + align:start position:0% +have to be done so the Office of Naval + + + align:start position:0% +have to be done so the Office of Naval +Research gets created you know in the in + + align:start position:0% +Research gets created you know in the in + + + align:start position:0% +Research gets created you know in the in +the Defense Department that great energy + + align:start position:0% +the Defense Department that great energy + + + align:start position:0% +the Defense Department that great energy +nuclear weapons laboratories Los Alamos + + align:start position:0% +nuclear weapons laboratories Los Alamos + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear weapons laboratories Los Alamos +and and later Sandia and Livermore and + + align:start position:0% +and and later Sandia and Livermore and + + + align:start position:0% +and and later Sandia and Livermore and +so forth they all get created because + + align:start position:0% +so forth they all get created because + + + align:start position:0% +so forth they all get created because +the atomic mission is there and + + align:start position:0% +the atomic mission is there and + + + align:start position:0% +the atomic mission is there and +has to be dealt with and they need + + align:start position:0% +has to be dealt with and they need + + + align:start position:0% +has to be dealt with and they need +science for that so that what later + + align:start position:0% +science for that so that what later + + + align:start position:0% +science for that so that what later +becomes the Department of Energy Lab + + align:start position:0% +becomes the Department of Energy Lab + + + align:start position:0% +becomes the Department of Energy Lab +system is being stood up scientific + + align:start position:0% +system is being stood up scientific + + + align:start position:0% +system is being stood up scientific +support at the Atomic Energy Commission + + align:start position:0% +support at the Atomic Energy Commission + + + align:start position:0% +support at the Atomic Energy Commission +is being undertaken to support nuclear + + align:start position:0% +is being undertaken to support nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +is being undertaken to support nuclear +research the National Institute of + + align:start position:0% +research the National Institute of + + + align:start position:0% +research the National Institute of +Health which is a little Public Health + + align:start position:0% +Health which is a little Public Health + + + align:start position:0% +Health which is a little Public Health +Research agency benefits from all that + + align:start position:0% +Research agency benefits from all that + + + align:start position:0% +Research agency benefits from all that +wartime advances in science and medicine + + align:start position:0% +wartime advances in science and medicine + + + align:start position:0% +wartime advances in science and medicine +that becomes the National Institutes of + + align:start position:0% +that becomes the National Institutes of + + + align:start position:0% +that becomes the National Institutes of +Health is now the monster in the room + + align:start position:0% +Health is now the monster in the room + + + align:start position:0% +Health is now the monster in the room +all these things are popping up and NSF + + align:start position:0% +all these things are popping up and NSF + + + align:start position:0% +all these things are popping up and NSF +misses the boat it doesn't get + + align:start position:0% +misses the boat it doesn't get + + + align:start position:0% +misses the boat it doesn't get +authorized for another five years it + + align:start position:0% +authorized for another five years it + + + align:start position:0% +authorized for another five years it +doesn't really get stood up until + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really get stood up until + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really get stood up until +Sputnik + + align:start position:0% +Sputnik + + + align:start position:0% +Sputnik +it's very modestly funded until Sputnik + + align:start position:0% +it's very modestly funded until Sputnik + + + align:start position:0% +it's very modestly funded until Sputnik +so this is why boniva Bush gets his he's + + align:start position:0% +so this is why boniva Bush gets his he's + + + align:start position:0% +so this is why boniva Bush gets his he's +successful in his basic mission + + align:start position:0% +successful in his basic mission + + + align:start position:0% +successful in his basic mission +governmental support for research + + align:start position:0% +governmental support for research + + + align:start position:0% +governmental support for research +universities and basic research he wins + + align:start position:0% +universities and basic research he wins + + + align:start position:0% +universities and basic research he wins +that battle he loses this battle he + + align:start position:0% +that battle he loses this battle he + + + align:start position:0% +that battle he loses this battle he +doesn't get science in one tent and + + align:start position:0% +doesn't get science in one tent and + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't get science in one tent and +there's an ongoing deep debate was that + + align:start position:0% +there's an ongoing deep debate was that + + + align:start position:0% +there's an ongoing deep debate was that +good are we better off with a very + + align:start position:0% +good are we better off with a very + + + align:start position:0% +good are we better off with a very +flexible decentralized system of science + + align:start position:0% +flexible decentralized system of science + + + align:start position:0% +flexible decentralized system of science +agencies that are organized around all + + align:start position:0% +agencies that are organized around all + + + align:start position:0% +agencies that are organized around all +kinds of different missions I think my + + align:start position:0% +kinds of different missions I think my + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of different missions I think my +view there's a lot of disagreement + + align:start position:0% +view there's a lot of disagreement + + + align:start position:0% +view there's a lot of disagreement +that's probably good for us right it + + align:start position:0% +that's probably good for us right it + + + align:start position:0% +that's probably good for us right it +creates a lot of pathways of + + align:start position:0% +creates a lot of pathways of + + + align:start position:0% +creates a lot of pathways of +opportunities for scientists to pursue + + align:start position:0% +opportunities for scientists to pursue + + + align:start position:0% +opportunities for scientists to pursue +right they're not under kind of one tent + + align:start position:0% +right they're not under kind of one tent + + + align:start position:0% +right they're not under kind of one tent +they got a lot of options about where + + align:start position:0% +they got a lot of options about where + + + align:start position:0% +they got a lot of options about where +they go with their research and a lot of + + align:start position:0% +they go with their research and a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +they go with their research and a lot of +different missions converge and come to + + align:start position:0% +different missions converge and come to + + + align:start position:0% +different missions converge and come to +bear to support science so overall it's + + align:start position:0% +bear to support science so overall it's + + + align:start position:0% +bear to support science so overall it's +probably a positive I would argue but + + align:start position:0% +probably a positive I would argue but + + + align:start position:0% +probably a positive I would argue but +the negative is that it is impossible to + + align:start position:0% +the negative is that it is impossible to + + + align:start position:0% +the negative is that it is impossible to +organize science across these agencies + + align:start position:0% +organize science across these agencies + + + align:start position:0% +organize science across these agencies +it is a nightmare getting these agencies + + align:start position:0% +it is a nightmare getting these agencies + + + align:start position:0% +it is a nightmare getting these agencies +to cooperate and again behind them are + + align:start position:0% +to cooperate and again behind them are + + + align:start position:0% +to cooperate and again behind them are +nine appropriation subcommittees nine + + align:start position:0% +nine appropriation subcommittees nine + + + align:start position:0% +nine appropriation subcommittees nine +separate appropriation subcommittees you + + align:start position:0% +separate appropriation subcommittees you + + + align:start position:0% +separate appropriation subcommittees you +got to bring those folks along too + + align:start position:0% +got to bring those folks along too + + + align:start position:0% +got to bring those folks along too +good luck right so central coordination + + align:start position:0% +good luck right so central coordination + + + align:start position:0% +good luck right so central coordination +of R&D is a huge organizational + + align:start position:0% +of R&D is a huge organizational + + + align:start position:0% +of R&D is a huge organizational +challenge + + align:start position:0% +challenge + + + align:start position:0% +challenge +and look it's not as if one single + + align:start position:0% +and look it's not as if one single + + + align:start position:0% +and look it's not as if one single +agency owns nano right you want to make + + align:start position:0% +agency owns nano right you want to make + + + align:start position:0% +agency owns nano right you want to make +progress on nano you got to bring all + + align:start position:0% +progress on nano you got to bring all + + + align:start position:0% +progress on nano you got to bring all +this cast of characters together and get + + align:start position:0% +this cast of characters together and get + + + align:start position:0% +this cast of characters together and get +them to hammer out cooperation which is + + align:start position:0% +them to hammer out cooperation which is + + + align:start position:0% +them to hammer out cooperation which is +very hard to do high-performance + + align:start position:0% +very hard to do high-performance + + + align:start position:0% +very hard to do high-performance +computing is a beneficial technology for + + align:start position:0% +computing is a beneficial technology for + + + align:start position:0% +computing is a beneficial technology for +all of these agencies how do you get + + align:start position:0% +all of these agencies how do you get + + + align:start position:0% +all of these agencies how do you get +them to cooperate on that right this + + align:start position:0% +them to cooperate on that right this + + + align:start position:0% +them to cooperate on that right this +these are nightmare organizational + + align:start position:0% +these are nightmare organizational + + + align:start position:0% +these are nightmare organizational +problems in our system we finally + + align:start position:0% +problems in our system we finally + + + align:start position:0% +problems in our system we finally +created the Office of Science and + + align:start position:0% +created the Office of Science and + + + align:start position:0% +created the Office of Science and +Technology Policy as the coordination + + align:start position:0% +Technology Policy as the coordination + + + align:start position:0% +Technology Policy as the coordination +entity but OSTP does not have budget + + align:start position:0% +entity but OSTP does not have budget + + + align:start position:0% +entity but OSTP does not have budget +Authority it doesn't really control the + + align:start position:0% +Authority it doesn't really control the + + + align:start position:0% +Authority it doesn't really control the +budgets in these agencies right so it + + align:start position:0% +budgets in these agencies right so it + + + align:start position:0% +budgets in these agencies right so it +can't in the end federal government + + align:start position:0% +can't in the end federal government + + + align:start position:0% +can't in the end federal government +money is power it doesn't have any money + + align:start position:0% +money is power it doesn't have any money + + + align:start position:0% +money is power it doesn't have any money +right so it works with OMB and kind of + + align:start position:0% +right so it works with OMB and kind of + + + align:start position:0% +right so it works with OMB and kind of +moves things along but we do not have an + + align:start position:0% +moves things along but we do not have an + + + align:start position:0% +moves things along but we do not have an +efficient system for cross agency + + align:start position:0% +efficient system for cross agency + + + align:start position:0% +efficient system for cross agency +collaboration which becomes very + + align:start position:0% +collaboration which becomes very + + + align:start position:0% +collaboration which becomes very +critical when a scientific advance will + + align:start position:0% +critical when a scientific advance will + + + align:start position:0% +critical when a scientific advance will +affect a number of the actors all right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well the neva Bush is considered the + + align:start position:0% +well the neva Bush is considered the + + + align:start position:0% +well the neva Bush is considered the +first scientific adviser John Steelman + + align:start position:0% +first scientific adviser John Steelman + + + align:start position:0% +first scientific adviser John Steelman +is kind of sort of considered second + + align:start position:0% +is kind of sort of considered second + + + align:start position:0% +is kind of sort of considered second +OSTP Eisenhower has a science adviser so + + align:start position:0% +OSTP Eisenhower has a science adviser so + + + align:start position:0% +OSTP Eisenhower has a science adviser so +Killian mi t--'s president becomes his + + align:start position:0% +Killian mi t--'s president becomes his + + + align:start position:0% +Killian mi t--'s president becomes his +insight if adviser Jerry Wiesner also mi + + align:start position:0% +insight if adviser Jerry Wiesner also mi + + + align:start position:0% +insight if adviser Jerry Wiesner also mi +t--'s president becomes Jack Kennedy's + + align:start position:0% +t--'s president becomes Jack Kennedy's + + + align:start position:0% +t--'s president becomes Jack Kennedy's +science adviser right talk about talent + + align:start position:0% +science adviser right talk about talent + + + align:start position:0% +science adviser right talk about talent +those amazing characters so you know + + align:start position:0% +those amazing characters so you know + + + align:start position:0% +those amazing characters so you know +whether it's called OSTP or not there's + + align:start position:0% +whether it's called OSTP or not there's + + + align:start position:0% +whether it's called OSTP or not there's +a scientific advisory system that really + + align:start position:0% +a scientific advisory system that really + + + align:start position:0% +a scientific advisory system that really +endures + + align:start position:0% +endures + + + align:start position:0% +endures +starting with veneer bush with a + + align:start position:0% +starting with veneer bush with a + + + align:start position:0% +starting with veneer bush with a +exception of a brief period of time when + + align:start position:0% +exception of a brief period of time when + + + align:start position:0% +exception of a brief period of time when +Richard Nixon got mad at scientists and + + align:start position:0% +Richard Nixon got mad at scientists and + + + align:start position:0% +Richard Nixon got mad at scientists and +he shuts down his scientific advisory + + align:start position:0% +he shuts down his scientific advisory + + + align:start position:0% +he shuts down his scientific advisory +system but that gets revived under under + + align:start position:0% +system but that gets revived under under + + + align:start position:0% +system but that gets revived under under +President Ford very quickly so we've had + + align:start position:0% +President Ford very quickly so we've had + + + align:start position:0% +President Ford very quickly so we've had +a pretty continuous system president + + align:start position:0% +a pretty continuous system president + + + align:start position:0% +a pretty continuous system president +Trump has not named a science advisor + + align:start position:0% +Trump has not named a science advisor + + + align:start position:0% +Trump has not named a science advisor +yet however so that chop is kind of home + + align:start position:0% +yet however so that chop is kind of home + + + align:start position:0% +yet however so that chop is kind of home +alone but from an organizational point + + align:start position:0% +alone but from an organizational point + + + align:start position:0% +alone but from an organizational point +of view with all these disparate + + align:start position:0% +of view with all these disparate + + + align:start position:0% +of view with all these disparate +scientific agencies you do need some + + align:start position:0% +scientific agencies you do need some + + + align:start position:0% +scientific agencies you do need some +coordination entity from just a + + align:start position:0% +coordination entity from just a + + + align:start position:0% +coordination entity from just a +practical governance perspective so I + + align:start position:0% +practical governance perspective so I + + + align:start position:0% +practical governance perspective so I +think that will happen + + align:start position:0% +think that will happen + + + align:start position:0% +think that will happen +over time so I forgotten what year the + + align:start position:0% +over time so I forgotten what year the + + + align:start position:0% +over time so I forgotten what year the +OSTP Act Authorization Act actually + + align:start position:0% +OSTP Act Authorization Act actually + + + align:start position:0% +OSTP Act Authorization Act actually +passed it's got to be in the 80s but + + align:start position:0% +passed it's got to be in the 80s but + + + align:start position:0% +passed it's got to be in the 80s but +we've effectively had a scientific + + align:start position:0% +we've effectively had a scientific + + + align:start position:0% +we've effectively had a scientific +advisory system in place since really + + align:start position:0% +advisory system in place since really + + + align:start position:0% +advisory system in place since really +the outset of World War two + + align:start position:0% +the outset of World War two + + + align:start position:0% +the outset of World War two +all right I'm done it's yours and you've + + align:start position:0% +all right I'm done it's yours and you've + + + align:start position:0% +all right I'm done it's yours and you've +got I'm n yours so why don't you do Bush + + align:start position:0% +got I'm n yours so why don't you do Bush + + + align:start position:0% +got I'm n yours so why don't you do Bush +and then we'll go to blank Pete and what + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll go to blank Pete and what + + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll go to blank Pete and what +kind of because these two models one is + + align:start position:0% +kind of because these two models one is + + + align:start position:0% +kind of because these two models one is +basic research support the other is no + + align:start position:0% +basic research support the other is no + + + align:start position:0% +basic research support the other is no +single tent that's the two issues here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I've noticed that a lot of scientific + + align:start position:0% +I've noticed that a lot of scientific + + + align:start position:0% +I've noticed that a lot of scientific +research has had problems securing + + align:start position:0% +research has had problems securing + + + align:start position:0% +research has had problems securing +funding for long periods because often + + align:start position:0% +funding for long periods because often + + + align:start position:0% +funding for long periods because often +scientific research by nature is long + + align:start position:0% +scientific research by nature is long + + + align:start position:0% +scientific research by nature is long +term and doesn't always produce results + + align:start position:0% +term and doesn't always produce results + + + align:start position:0% +term and doesn't always produce results +useful results actually this is one of + + align:start position:0% +useful results actually this is one of + + + align:start position:0% +useful results actually this is one of +the I think Adolf Hitler actually he + + align:start position:0% +the I think Adolf Hitler actually he + + + align:start position:0% +the I think Adolf Hitler actually he +tried to ban all scientific research + + align:start position:0% +tried to ban all scientific research + + + align:start position:0% +tried to ban all scientific research +outside of applied directly applied + + align:start position:0% +outside of applied directly applied + + + align:start position:0% +outside of applied directly applied +science so I didn't want anything in + + align:start position:0% +science so I didn't want anything in + + + align:start position:0% +science so I didn't want anything in +like quantum or anything weird in + + align:start position:0% +like quantum or anything weird in + + + align:start position:0% +like quantum or anything weird in +theoretical like that where you could + + align:start position:0% +theoretical like that where you could + + + align:start position:0% +theoretical like that where you could +not see the obvious applications of it + + align:start position:0% +not see the obvious applications of it + + + align:start position:0% +not see the obvious applications of it +so with that I'm curious what your + + align:start position:0% +so with that I'm curious what your + + + align:start position:0% +so with that I'm curious what your +thoughts on on our governmental system + + align:start position:0% +thoughts on on our governmental system + + + align:start position:0% +thoughts on on our governmental system +and how incentives can be revised such + + align:start position:0% +and how incentives can be revised such + + + align:start position:0% +and how incentives can be revised such +that long term scientific strategic + + align:start position:0% +that long term scientific strategic + + + align:start position:0% +that long term scientific strategic +thinking can take place because as it is + + align:start position:0% +thinking can take place because as it is + + + align:start position:0% +thinking can take place because as it is +Senate um people have they realized it + + align:start position:0% +Senate um people have they realized it + + + align:start position:0% +Senate um people have they realized it +every two four four six years so they + + align:start position:0% +every two four four six years so they + + + align:start position:0% +every two four four six years so they +have to they need to produce results + + align:start position:0% +have to they need to produce results + + + align:start position:0% +have to they need to produce results +quickly and if they can't do that but + + align:start position:0% +quickly and if they can't do that but + + + align:start position:0% +quickly and if they can't do that but +they're funneling them they don't lose + + align:start position:0% +they're funneling them they don't lose + + + align:start position:0% +they're funneling them they don't lose +votes and they could even get kicked out + + align:start position:0% +votes and they could even get kicked out + + + align:start position:0% +votes and they could even get kicked out +so I'm curious for your thoughts + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you know Martina I didn't come back to + + align:start position:0% +you know Martina I didn't come back to + + + align:start position:0% +you know Martina I didn't come back to +you what my resume I'm gonna give you a + + align:start position:0% +you what my resume I'm gonna give you a + + + align:start position:0% +you what my resume I'm gonna give you a +chance now should scientist be like + + align:start position:0% +chance now should scientist be like + + + align:start position:0% +chance now should scientist be like +these kind of elite political leaders + + align:start position:0% +these kind of elite political leaders + + + align:start position:0% +these kind of elite political leaders +was I was gonna connect to like feces + + align:start position:0% +was I was gonna connect to like feces + + + align:start position:0% +was I was gonna connect to like feces +feces invest in entrepreneurs on the + + align:start position:0% +feces invest in entrepreneurs on the + + + align:start position:0% +feces invest in entrepreneurs on the +kind look for something that they say + + align:start position:0% +kind look for something that they say + + + align:start position:0% +kind look for something that they say +it's kind of like autistic which is like + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of like autistic which is like + + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of like autistic which is like +social but they focus because of that + + align:start position:0% +social but they focus because of that + + + align:start position:0% +social but they focus because of that +they focus so much on the science that + + align:start position:0% +they focus so much on the science that + + + align:start position:0% +they focus so much on the science that +they're really really good at it and you + + align:start position:0% +they're really really good at it and you + + + align:start position:0% +they're really really good at it and you +need something to sell it who's like + + align:start position:0% +need something to sell it who's like + + + align:start position:0% +need something to sell it who's like +more social so I was gonna go forth from + + align:start position:0% +more social so I was gonna go forth from + + + align:start position:0% +more social so I was gonna go forth from +the motto of like somebody who's it's + + align:start position:0% +the motto of like somebody who's it's + + + align:start position:0% +the motto of like somebody who's it's +very rare to have something gonna be + + align:start position:0% +very rare to have something gonna be + + + align:start position:0% +very rare to have something gonna be +both do I look like I can't believe + + align:start position:0% +both do I look like I can't believe + + + align:start position:0% +both do I look like I can't believe +think of one I mean I also don't only + + align:start position:0% +think of one I mean I also don't only + + + align:start position:0% +think of one I mean I also don't only +think of Bill Gates it's like a super + + align:start position:0% +think of Bill Gates it's like a super + + + align:start position:0% +think of Bill Gates it's like a super +science each person it would be more + + align:start position:0% +science each person it would be more + + + align:start position:0% +science each person it would be more +like if laws try to become like run for + + align:start position:0% +like if laws try to become like run for + + + align:start position:0% +like if laws try to become like run for +president right so and illumise was this + + align:start position:0% +president right so and illumise was this + + + align:start position:0% +president right so and illumise was this +kind of person who listened really well + + align:start position:0% +kind of person who listened really well + + + align:start position:0% +kind of person who listened really well +and then can sell the ideas really well + + align:start position:0% +and then can sell the ideas really well + + + align:start position:0% +and then can sell the ideas really well +and so no I'm just gonna make that and + + align:start position:0% +and so no I'm just gonna make that and + + + align:start position:0% +and so no I'm just gonna make that and +also to Stephanie his point where yeah + + align:start position:0% +also to Stephanie his point where yeah + + + align:start position:0% +also to Stephanie his point where yeah +that scientist might lose the ability to + + align:start position:0% +that scientist might lose the ability to + + + align:start position:0% +that scientist might lose the ability to +make some key discoveries but now that + + align:start position:0% +make some key discoveries but now that + + + align:start position:0% +make some key discoveries but now that +he knows how the actual environment + + align:start position:0% +he knows how the actual environment + + + align:start position:0% +he knows how the actual environment +works he can actually make which might + + align:start position:0% +works he can actually make which might + + + align:start position:0% +works he can actually make which might +be better for his career overall there's + + align:start position:0% +be better for his career overall there's + + + align:start position:0% +be better for his career overall there's +like one idea from scientists or and + + align:start position:0% +like one idea from scientists or and + + + align:start position:0% +like one idea from scientists or and +also like artists or it's like your best + + align:start position:0% +also like artists or it's like your best + + + align:start position:0% +also like artists or it's like your best +work comes out to your forties which is + + align:start position:0% +work comes out to your forties which is + + + align:start position:0% +work comes out to your forties which is +you know you've got this long period + + align:start position:0% +you know you've got this long period + + + align:start position:0% +you know you've got this long period +like doing something you think so let me + + align:start position:0% +like doing something you think so let me + + + align:start position:0% +like doing something you think so let me +translate your point which is an + + align:start position:0% +translate your point which is an + + + align:start position:0% +translate your point which is an +interesting one back to max to your + + align:start position:0% +interesting one back to max to your + + + align:start position:0% +interesting one back to max to your +questions so in a way we could argue + + align:start position:0% +questions so in a way we could argue + + + align:start position:0% +questions so in a way we could argue +that the venture function is not + + align:start position:0% +that the venture function is not + + + align:start position:0% +that the venture function is not +designed into the neighbor Bush's model + + align:start position:0% +designed into the neighbor Bush's model + + + align:start position:0% +designed into the neighbor Bush's model +right that's what he's trying to pull + + align:start position:0% +right that's what he's trying to pull + + + align:start position:0% +right that's what he's trying to pull +science out of in a way I'm + + align:start position:0% +science out of in a way I'm + + + align:start position:0% +science out of in a way I'm +extrapolating but + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right and I was just trying to figure + + align:start position:0% +right and I was just trying to figure + + + align:start position:0% +right and I was just trying to figure +out what is it that given our current + + align:start position:0% +out what is it that given our current + + + align:start position:0% +out what is it that given our current +system as opposed to just implementing + + align:start position:0% +system as opposed to just implementing + + + align:start position:0% +system as opposed to just implementing +his model because well it didn't work + + align:start position:0% +his model because well it didn't work + + + align:start position:0% +his model because well it didn't work +the first time instead of that code is + + align:start position:0% +the first time instead of that code is + + + align:start position:0% +the first time instead of that code is +there any way we can adapt what we have + + align:start position:0% +there any way we can adapt what we have + + + align:start position:0% +there any way we can adapt what we have +currently to try to have almost like a + + align:start position:0% +currently to try to have almost like a + + + align:start position:0% +currently to try to have almost like a +hybrid between the two so it gets the + + align:start position:0% +hybrid between the two so it gets the + + + align:start position:0% +hybrid between the two so it gets the +funding but there's still you can still + + align:start position:0% +funding but there's still you can still + + + align:start position:0% +funding but there's still you can still +have these separate branches + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well you stunned everybody max it was + + align:start position:0% +well you stunned everybody max it was + + + align:start position:0% +well you stunned everybody max it was +too brilliant for our group usually my + + align:start position:0% +too brilliant for our group usually my + + + align:start position:0% +too brilliant for our group usually my +thoughts like the most are the first + + align:start position:0% +thoughts like the most are the first + + + align:start position:0% +thoughts like the most are the first +most obvious thing I think that was just + + align:start position:0% +most obvious thing I think that was just + + + align:start position:0% +most obvious thing I think that was just +increased term limits of course that + + align:start position:0% +increased term limits of course that + + + align:start position:0% +increased term limits of course that +means you have books it's not great but + + align:start position:0% +means you have books it's not great but + + + align:start position:0% +means you have books it's not great but +that is done disadvantages we I don't + + align:start position:0% +that is done disadvantages we I don't + + + align:start position:0% +that is done disadvantages we I don't +really see the term limits as much as of + + align:start position:0% +really see the term limits as much as of + + + align:start position:0% +really see the term limits as much as of +an effect on research I don't think + + align:start position:0% +an effect on research I don't think + + + align:start position:0% +an effect on research I don't think +every day people are super aware of the + + align:start position:0% +every day people are super aware of the + + + align:start position:0% +every day people are super aware of the +research that's going on in like that + + align:start position:0% +research that's going on in like that + + + align:start position:0% +research that's going on in like that +NIH and like like I don't even know how + + align:start position:0% +NIH and like like I don't even know how + + + align:start position:0% +NIH and like like I don't even know how +much of that might be funding is coming + + align:start position:0% +much of that might be funding is coming + + + align:start position:0% +much of that might be funding is coming +from the government so I seventy miss a + + align:start position:0% +from the government so I seventy miss a + + + align:start position:0% +from the government so I seventy miss a +lot yeah I don't I don't know how much + + align:start position:0% +lot yeah I don't I don't know how much + + + align:start position:0% +lot yeah I don't I don't know how much +public accountability there is to that I + + align:start position:0% +public accountability there is to that I + + + align:start position:0% +public accountability there is to that I +don't know I don't know thirty that is + + align:start position:0% +don't know I don't know thirty that is + + + align:start position:0% +don't know I don't know thirty that is +as much of the problem it's just the + + align:start position:0% +as much of the problem it's just the + + + align:start position:0% +as much of the problem it's just the +lack of funding in general rather than + + align:start position:0% +lack of funding in general rather than + + + align:start position:0% +lack of funding in general rather than +the lack of funding connected to results + + align:start position:0% +the lack of funding connected to results + + + align:start position:0% +the lack of funding connected to results +or I think that voting voting votes are + + align:start position:0% +or I think that voting voting votes are + + + align:start position:0% +or I think that voting voting votes are +typically cast based on I would say a + + align:start position:0% +typically cast based on I would say a + + + align:start position:0% +typically cast based on I would say a +more social or moral issues rather than + + align:start position:0% +more social or moral issues rather than + + + align:start position:0% +more social or moral issues rather than +promises on science advancement you know + + align:start position:0% +promises on science advancement you know + + + align:start position:0% +promises on science advancement you know +I can't think of a lot of people who + + align:start position:0% +I can't think of a lot of people who + + + align:start position:0% +I can't think of a lot of people who +have campaigned recently based on it + + align:start position:0% +have campaigned recently based on it + + + align:start position:0% +have campaigned recently based on it +maybe I am just not in tune but I don't + + align:start position:0% +maybe I am just not in tune but I don't + + + align:start position:0% +maybe I am just not in tune but I don't +think there have been a lot of + + align:start position:0% +think there have been a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +think there have been a lot of +scientific promises or like campaigns + + align:start position:0% +scientific promises or like campaigns + + + align:start position:0% +scientific promises or like campaigns +run on scientific promises that I'm not + + align:start position:0% +run on scientific promises that I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +run on scientific promises that I'm not +talking about just president talking + + align:start position:0% +talking about just president talking + + + align:start position:0% +talking about just president talking +about you know to term or to your tongue + + align:start position:0% +about you know to term or to your tongue + + + align:start position:0% +about you know to term or to your tongue +Congress people's body so I want to + + align:start position:0% +Congress people's body so I want to + + + align:start position:0% +Congress people's body so I want to +bring I want to bring Chloe into this + + align:start position:0% +bring I want to bring Chloe into this + + + align:start position:0% +bring I want to bring Chloe into this +discussion because we're rapidly moving + + align:start position:0% +discussion because we're rapidly moving + + + align:start position:0% +discussion because we're rapidly moving +into your territory so why don't you + + align:start position:0% +into your territory so why don't you + + + align:start position:0% +into your territory so why don't you +impose a question + + align:start position:0% +impose a question + + + align:start position:0% +impose a question +okay I'm sort of related to the topic + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm sort of related to the topic + + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm sort of related to the topic +that we were just on the question that I + + align:start position:0% +that we were just on the question that I + + + align:start position:0% +that we were just on the question that I +found the most interesting to think + + align:start position:0% +found the most interesting to think + + + align:start position:0% +found the most interesting to think +about from the lamp eat reading was you + + align:start position:0% +about from the lamp eat reading was you + + + align:start position:0% +about from the lamp eat reading was you +mentioned it with Harry Truman and also + + align:start position:0% +mentioned it with Harry Truman and also + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned it with Harry Truman and also +I think Harold Smith the director of the + + align:start position:0% +I think Harold Smith the director of the + + + align:start position:0% +I think Harold Smith the director of the +b.o.b brought similar concerns that it + + align:start position:0% +b.o.b brought similar concerns that it + + + align:start position:0% +b.o.b brought similar concerns that it +was essentially unconstitutional for the + + align:start position:0% +was essentially unconstitutional for the + + + align:start position:0% +was essentially unconstitutional for the +President to allocate funds and power to + + align:start position:0% +President to allocate funds and power to + + + align:start position:0% +President to allocate funds and power to +private citizens them to redistribute + + align:start position:0% +private citizens them to redistribute + + + align:start position:0% +private citizens them to redistribute +from the scientific effort endeavors + + align:start position:0% +from the scientific effort endeavors + + + align:start position:0% +from the scientific effort endeavors +that they deemed worthy + + align:start position:0% +that they deemed worthy + + + align:start position:0% +that they deemed worthy +so where do you have opinions on where + + align:start position:0% +so where do you have opinions on where + + + align:start position:0% +so where do you have opinions on where +you should draw the line between wanting + + align:start position:0% +you should draw the line between wanting + + + align:start position:0% +you should draw the line between wanting +only our elected officials to be + + align:start position:0% +only our elected officials to be + + + align:start position:0% +only our elected officials to be +responsible for handling tax $30 and + + align:start position:0% +responsible for handling tax $30 and + + + align:start position:0% +responsible for handling tax $30 and +understanding the value of having our + + align:start position:0% +understanding the value of having our + + + align:start position:0% +understanding the value of having our +politicians be advised by experts in + + align:start position:0% +politicians be advised by experts in + + + align:start position:0% +politicians be advised by experts in +various fields and then sort of off of + + align:start position:0% +various fields and then sort of off of + + + align:start position:0% +various fields and then sort of off of +that who watch it makes this a broad + + align:start position:0% +that who watch it makes this a broad + + + align:start position:0% +that who watch it makes this a broad +question you want to make scientific + + align:start position:0% +question you want to make scientific + + + align:start position:0% +question you want to make scientific +policy politicians devised by scientists + + align:start position:0% +policy politicians devised by scientists + + + align:start position:0% +policy politicians devised by scientists +scientists appointed by elected + + align:start position:0% +scientists appointed by elected + + + align:start position:0% +scientists appointed by elected +politicians or back to your point + + align:start position:0% +politicians or back to your point + + + align:start position:0% +politicians or back to your point +earlier politicians who are so well + + align:start position:0% +earlier politicians who are so well + + + align:start position:0% +earlier politicians who are so well +versed to sound very similar I'm sorry + + align:start position:0% +versed to sound very similar I'm sorry + + + align:start position:0% +versed to sound very similar I'm sorry +go ahead + + align:start position:0% +go ahead + + + align:start position:0% +go ahead +I I think that there are multiple levels + + align:start position:0% +I I think that there are multiple levels + + + align:start position:0% +I I think that there are multiple levels +of fund allocations though so I think + + align:start position:0% +of fund allocations though so I think + + + align:start position:0% +of fund allocations though so I think +that there in the current system say + + align:start position:0% +that there in the current system say + + + align:start position:0% +that there in the current system say +with the NSF yes politicians I think are + + align:start position:0% +with the NSF yes politicians I think are + + + align:start position:0% +with the NSF yes politicians I think are +sort of at the top when they decide how + + align:start position:0% +sort of at the top when they decide how + + + align:start position:0% +sort of at the top when they decide how +much what the budget is overall budget + + align:start position:0% +much what the budget is overall budget + + + align:start position:0% +much what the budget is overall budget +but then within the NSF there's a + + align:start position:0% +but then within the NSF there's a + + + align:start position:0% +but then within the NSF there's a +scientific review process so really it's + + align:start position:0% +scientific review process so really it's + + + align:start position:0% +scientific review process so really it's +the the decision on who is funded + + align:start position:0% +the the decision on who is funded + + + align:start position:0% +the the decision on who is funded +specifically is farmed out to experts in + + align:start position:0% +specifically is farmed out to experts in + + + align:start position:0% +specifically is farmed out to experts in +the field so I think that I mean it's + + align:start position:0% +the field so I think that I mean it's + + + align:start position:0% +the field so I think that I mean it's +it's an okay system that we have because + + align:start position:0% +it's an okay system that we have because + + + align:start position:0% +it's an okay system that we have because +I mean maybe you're talking about the + + align:start position:0% +I mean maybe you're talking about the + + + align:start position:0% +I mean maybe you're talking about the +top level that the original decisions on + + align:start position:0% +top level that the original decisions on + + + align:start position:0% +top level that the original decisions on +allocation or budget Louie let me build + + align:start position:0% +allocation or budget Louie let me build + + + align:start position:0% +allocation or budget Louie let me build +on that for a second just from a + + align:start position:0% +on that for a second just from a + + + align:start position:0% +on that for a second just from a +practical perspective right and kind of + + align:start position:0% +practical perspective right and kind of + + + align:start position:0% +practical perspective right and kind of +how it works right Congress actually + + align:start position:0% +how it works right Congress actually + + + align:start position:0% +how it works right Congress actually +doesn't interfere much frankly with + + align:start position:0% +doesn't interfere much frankly with + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't interfere much frankly with +scientific budgets it leaves NIH alone + + align:start position:0% +scientific budgets it leaves NIH alone + + + align:start position:0% +scientific budgets it leaves NIH alone +and leaves NSF alone it'll occasionally + + align:start position:0% +and leaves NSF alone it'll occasionally + + + align:start position:0% +and leaves NSF alone it'll occasionally +interfere with one of the defense R&D + + align:start position:0% +interfere with one of the defense R&D + + + align:start position:0% +interfere with one of the defense R&D +agencies particularly when they're + + align:start position:0% +agencies particularly when they're + + + align:start position:0% +agencies particularly when they're +spending a lot of money on a actual + + align:start position:0% +spending a lot of money on a actual + + + align:start position:0% +spending a lot of money on a actual +physical project that may be related to + + align:start position:0% +physical project that may be related to + + + align:start position:0% +physical project that may be related to +science because that infects affects + + align:start position:0% +science because that infects affects + + + align:start position:0% +science because that infects affects +jobs and employment stuff like that but + + align:start position:0% +jobs and employment stuff like that but + + + align:start position:0% +jobs and employment stuff like that but +the government more it keeps its hands + + align:start position:0% +the government more it keeps its hands + + + align:start position:0% +the government more it keeps its hands +off DARPA almost entirely the government + + align:start position:0% +off DARPA almost entirely the government + + + align:start position:0% +off DARPA almost entirely the government +that Congress actually does a pretty + + align:start position:0% +that Congress actually does a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +that Congress actually does a pretty +good job in controlling itself from + + align:start position:0% +good job in controlling itself from + + + align:start position:0% +good job in controlling itself from +intervening and there's an occasional + + align:start position:0% +intervening and there's an occasional + + + align:start position:0% +intervening and there's an occasional +exception but they are pretty careful + + align:start position:0% +exception but they are pretty careful + + + align:start position:0% +exception but they are pretty careful +about maintaining a kind of a hands-off + + align:start position:0% +about maintaining a kind of a hands-off + + + align:start position:0% +about maintaining a kind of a hands-off +attitude in turn the u.s. is organized + + align:start position:0% +attitude in turn the u.s. is organized + + + align:start position:0% +attitude in turn the u.s. is organized +again at the near Bush's behest it's + + align:start position:0% +again at the near Bush's behest it's + + + align:start position:0% +again at the near Bush's behest it's +competitive it's a competitive system + + align:start position:0% +competitive it's a competitive system + + + align:start position:0% +competitive it's a competitive system +with the exception of the Department of + + align:start position:0% +with the exception of the Department of + + + align:start position:0% +with the exception of the Department of +Agriculture we + + align:start position:0% +Agriculture we + + + align:start position:0% +Agriculture we +a lot of science entitlement funding + + align:start position:0% +a lot of science entitlement funding + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of science entitlement funding +based on allocations to land grant + + align:start position:0% +based on allocations to land grant + + + align:start position:0% +based on allocations to land grant +agricultural programs that's the only + + align:start position:0% +agricultural programs that's the only + + + align:start position:0% +agricultural programs that's the only +non competitive part scientists have got + + align:start position:0% +non competitive part scientists have got + + + align:start position:0% +non competitive part scientists have got +to compete for the funding right that + + align:start position:0% +to compete for the funding right that + + + align:start position:0% +to compete for the funding right that +was part of an IVA Bush's original + + align:start position:0% +was part of an IVA Bush's original + + + align:start position:0% +was part of an IVA Bush's original +vision and that remains and that is a + + align:start position:0% +vision and that remains and that is a + + + align:start position:0% +vision and that remains and that is a +huge strength of US science other other + + align:start position:0% +huge strength of US science other other + + + align:start position:0% +huge strength of US science other other +other systems don't do that there's much + + align:start position:0% +other systems don't do that there's much + + + align:start position:0% +other systems don't do that there's much +more entitlement science for example in + + align:start position:0% +more entitlement science for example in + + + align:start position:0% +more entitlement science for example in +German science and they're actually + + align:start position:0% +German science and they're actually + + + align:start position:0% +German science and they're actually +trying to reorganize it to put a more + + align:start position:0% +trying to reorganize it to put a more + + + align:start position:0% +trying to reorganize it to put a more +competitive factor in because they + + align:start position:0% +competitive factor in because they + + + align:start position:0% +competitive factor in because they +realized the value of having you know + + align:start position:0% +realized the value of having you know + + + align:start position:0% +realized the value of having you know +the best minds battling each other for + + align:start position:0% +the best minds battling each other for + + + align:start position:0% +the best minds battling each other for +the best research awards and it's and + + align:start position:0% +the best research awards and it's and + + + align:start position:0% +the best research awards and it's and +it's peer reviewed so scientists are + + align:start position:0% +it's peer reviewed so scientists are + + + align:start position:0% +it's peer reviewed so scientists are +analyzing and selecting their own + + align:start position:0% +analyzing and selecting their own + + + align:start position:0% +analyzing and selecting their own +science so overall it's a pretty dynamic + + align:start position:0% +science so overall it's a pretty dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +science so overall it's a pretty dynamic +process and the government isn't + + align:start position:0% +process and the government isn't + + + align:start position:0% +process and the government isn't +deciding what science is gonna get + + align:start position:0% +deciding what science is gonna get + + + align:start position:0% +deciding what science is gonna get +funded that was veneer bushes big fear + + align:start position:0% +funded that was veneer bushes big fear + + + align:start position:0% +funded that was veneer bushes big fear +right but the other dynamic here is the + + align:start position:0% +right but the other dynamic here is the + + + align:start position:0% +right but the other dynamic here is the +de Miniver Bush came up with the design + + align:start position:0% +de Miniver Bush came up with the design + + + align:start position:0% +de Miniver Bush came up with the design +that fit into a conservative model in + + align:start position:0% +that fit into a conservative model in + + + align:start position:0% +that fit into a conservative model in +other words he's not interfering with + + align:start position:0% +other words he's not interfering with + + + align:start position:0% +other words he's not interfering with +industry he's doing basic research right + + align:start position:0% +industry he's doing basic research right + + + align:start position:0% +industry he's doing basic research right +he's staying out of industries way by + + align:start position:0% +he's staying out of industries way by + + + align:start position:0% +he's staying out of industries way by +and large which was another appealing + + align:start position:0% +and large which was another appealing + + + align:start position:0% +and large which was another appealing +part of the model from a political + + align:start position:0% +part of the model from a political + + + align:start position:0% +part of the model from a political +design perspective is that he wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +design perspective is that he wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +design perspective is that he wouldn't +be in effect picking winners and losers + + align:start position:0% +be in effect picking winners and losers + + + align:start position:0% +be in effect picking winners and losers +in the industrial applied space right so + + align:start position:0% +in the industrial applied space right so + + + align:start position:0% +in the industrial applied space right so +he pulls science out of the system out + + align:start position:0% +he pulls science out of the system out + + + align:start position:0% +he pulls science out of the system out +of the political system by and large and + + align:start position:0% +of the political system by and large and + + + align:start position:0% +of the political system by and large and +that's more or less where it's been all + + align:start position:0% +that's more or less where it's been all + + + align:start position:0% +that's more or less where it's been all +right Congress does make decisions about + + align:start position:0% +right Congress does make decisions about + + + align:start position:0% +right Congress does make decisions about +overall funding but they don't really + + align:start position:0% +overall funding but they don't really + + + align:start position:0% +overall funding but they don't really +get involved except to a very small + + align:start position:0% +get involved except to a very small + + + align:start position:0% +get involved except to a very small +extent in actual scientific allocations + + align:start position:0% +extent in actual scientific allocations + + + align:start position:0% +extent in actual scientific allocations +so that's kind of how the lines got + + align:start position:0% +so that's kind of how the lines got + + + align:start position:0% +so that's kind of how the lines got +drawn in the actual system as it played + + align:start position:0% +drawn in the actual system as it played + + + align:start position:0% +drawn in the actual system as it played +out so in a wave in either Bush got a + + align:start position:0% +out so in a wave in either Bush got a + + + align:start position:0% +out so in a wave in either Bush got a +fair amount of what he wanted his + + align:start position:0% +fair amount of what he wanted his + + + align:start position:0% +fair amount of what he wanted his +concern about political interferences + + align:start position:0% +concern about political interferences + + + align:start position:0% +concern about political interferences +sciences never really even realized but + + align:start position:0% +sciences never really even realized but + + + align:start position:0% +sciences never really even realized but +then of course most of its basic how + + align:start position:0% +then of course most of its basic how + + + align:start position:0% +then of course most of its basic how +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +one more point from each of you because + + align:start position:0% +one more point from each of you because + + + align:start position:0% +one more point from each of you because +I'm having to watch the clock + + align:start position:0% +I'm having to watch the clock + + + align:start position:0% +I'm having to watch the clock +so someone actually mentioned an + + align:start position:0% +so someone actually mentioned an + + + align:start position:0% +so someone actually mentioned an +interesting question that I found so + + align:start position:0% +interesting question that I found so + + + align:start position:0% +interesting question that I found so +Bush states that basic research is + + align:start position:0% +Bush states that basic research is + + + align:start position:0% +Bush states that basic research is +essentially non-commercial it's not + + align:start position:0% +essentially non-commercial it's not + + + align:start position:0% +essentially non-commercial it's not +going to achieve the attention or it + + align:start position:0% +going to achieve the attention or it + + + align:start position:0% +going to achieve the attention or it +requires a deflector industry so how + + align:start position:0% +requires a deflector industry so how + + + align:start position:0% +requires a deflector industry so how +common was this belief at the time and + + align:start position:0% +common was this belief at the time and + + + align:start position:0% +common was this belief at the time and +is it as common today and has the + + align:start position:0% +is it as common today and has the + + + align:start position:0% +is it as common today and has the +situation improved since Bush drafted + + align:start position:0% +situation improved since Bush drafted + + + align:start position:0% +situation improved since Bush drafted +this report I think maybe you can argue + + align:start position:0% +this report I think maybe you can argue + + + align:start position:0% +this report I think maybe you can argue +that basic research kind of focuses on + + align:start position:0% +that basic research kind of focuses on + + + align:start position:0% +that basic research kind of focuses on +these long term not very commercial + + align:start position:0% +these long term not very commercial + + + align:start position:0% +these long term not very commercial +endeavors because the point sort of is + + align:start position:0% +endeavors because the point sort of is + + + align:start position:0% +endeavors because the point sort of is +you won't see your kind of it's + + align:start position:0% +you won't see your kind of it's + + + align:start position:0% +you won't see your kind of it's +understood that you won't see sort of + + align:start position:0% +understood that you won't see sort of + + + align:start position:0% +understood that you won't see sort of +immediate technological or economic + + align:start position:0% +immediate technological or economic + + + align:start position:0% +immediate technological or economic +benefit from these kind of endeavors and + + align:start position:0% +benefit from these kind of endeavors and + + + align:start position:0% +benefit from these kind of endeavors and +they're kind of just exploratory in + + align:start position:0% +they're kind of just exploratory in + + + align:start position:0% +they're kind of just exploratory in +nature and so you're gonna get + + align:start position:0% +nature and so you're gonna get + + + align:start position:0% +nature and so you're gonna get +sportswear it's gonna lead to + + align:start position:0% +sportswear it's gonna lead to + + + align:start position:0% +sportswear it's gonna lead to +exploratory and maybe just maybe you + + align:start position:0% +exploratory and maybe just maybe you + + + align:start position:0% +exploratory and maybe just maybe you +might end up with lasers or radar or + + align:start position:0% +might end up with lasers or radar or + + + align:start position:0% +might end up with lasers or radar or +something + + align:start position:0% +something + + + align:start position:0% +something +but the probability is also pretty low + + align:start position:0% +but the probability is also pretty low + + + align:start position:0% +but the probability is also pretty low +and so I think by nature but we deem as + + align:start position:0% +and so I think by nature but we deem as + + + align:start position:0% +and so I think by nature but we deem as +basic research and what we kind of hope + + align:start position:0% +basic research and what we kind of hope + + + align:start position:0% +basic research and what we kind of hope +comes out of an ACEF and NIH funding + + align:start position:0% +comes out of an ACEF and NIH funding + + + align:start position:0% +comes out of an ACEF and NIH funding +allocated to sort of these basic + + align:start position:0% +allocated to sort of these basic + + + align:start position:0% +allocated to sort of these basic +research ideas isn't going to be picked + + align:start position:0% +research ideas isn't going to be picked + + + align:start position:0% +research ideas isn't going to be picked +up by commercial or private investors + + align:start position:0% +up by commercial or private investors + + + align:start position:0% +up by commercial or private investors +just because of the way things are and + + align:start position:0% +just because of the way things are and + + + align:start position:0% +just because of the way things are and +work and I think we definitely have seen + + align:start position:0% +work and I think we definitely have seen + + + align:start position:0% +work and I think we definitely have seen +that in sort of the cutback in calls for + + align:start position:0% +that in sort of the cutback in calls for + + + align:start position:0% +that in sort of the cutback in calls for +basic research and then you haven't + + align:start position:0% +basic research and then you haven't + + + align:start position:0% +basic research and then you haven't +really seen the funding levels aggregate + + align:start position:0% +really seen the funding levels aggregate + + + align:start position:0% +really seen the funding levels aggregate +pick up from sort of government plus + + align:start position:0% +pick up from sort of government plus + + + align:start position:0% +pick up from sort of government plus +private once you do the math it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +private once you do the math it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +private once you do the math it doesn't +equate to sort of the same stimulated + + align:start position:0% +equate to sort of the same stimulated + + + align:start position:0% +equate to sort of the same stimulated +funding and basic research even if the + + align:start position:0% +funding and basic research even if the + + + align:start position:0% +funding and basic research even if the +government decides to drop off you know + + align:start position:0% +government decides to drop off you know + + + align:start position:0% +government decides to drop off you know +we don't see private investors kind of + + align:start position:0% +we don't see private investors kind of + + + align:start position:0% +we don't see private investors kind of +picking up the slack you can argue that + + align:start position:0% +picking up the slack you can argue that + + + align:start position:0% +picking up the slack you can argue that +we can kind of play both roles we can + + align:start position:0% +we can kind of play both roles we can + + + align:start position:0% +we can kind of play both roles we can +you know these public/private + + align:start position:0% +you know these public/private + + + align:start position:0% +you know these public/private +partnerships and also do basic research + + align:start position:0% +partnerships and also do basic research + + + align:start position:0% +partnerships and also do basic research +but I don't think private companies can + + align:start position:0% +but I don't think private companies can + + + align:start position:0% +but I don't think private companies can +sort of have that flexibility people + + align:start position:0% +sort of have that flexibility people + + + align:start position:0% +sort of have that flexibility people +just is they can't operate on these + + align:start position:0% +just is they can't operate on these + + + align:start position:0% +just is they can't operate on these +really long time cycles without any + + align:start position:0% +really long time cycles without any + + + align:start position:0% +really long time cycles without any +promise of insurance in general like + + align:start position:0% +promise of insurance in general like + + + align:start position:0% +promise of insurance in general like +companies that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +research is it's more easily funded by + + align:start position:0% +research is it's more easily funded by + + + align:start position:0% +research is it's more easily funded by +the government although of course + + align:start position:0% +the government although of course + + + align:start position:0% +the government although of course +they're definitely absent flows in that + + align:start position:0% +they're definitely absent flows in that + + + align:start position:0% +they're definitely absent flows in that +right so the rationale here is that for + + align:start position:0% +right so the rationale here is that for + + + align:start position:0% +right so the rationale here is that for +early-stage research it's too risky for + + align:start position:0% +early-stage research it's too risky for + + + align:start position:0% +early-stage research it's too risky for +industries to manage they can't + + align:start position:0% +industries to manage they can't + + + align:start position:0% +industries to manage they can't +necessarily assume that there's gonna be + + align:start position:0% +necessarily assume that there's gonna be + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily assume that there's gonna be +any kind of return anywhere in the + + align:start position:0% +any kind of return anywhere in the + + + align:start position:0% +any kind of return anywhere in the +plausible future so they just you know + + align:start position:0% +plausible future so they just you know + + + align:start position:0% +plausible future so they just you know +they're not gonna do it right it's + + align:start position:0% +they're not gonna do it right it's + + + align:start position:0% +they're not gonna do it right it's +really out of range of what their + + align:start position:0% +really out of range of what their + + + align:start position:0% +really out of range of what their +shareholders would accept they can do + + align:start position:0% +shareholders would accept they can do + + + align:start position:0% +shareholders would accept they can do +development as we talked about in the + + align:start position:0% +development as we talked about in the + + + align:start position:0% +development as we talked about in the +first class right because that's much + + align:start position:0% +first class right because that's much + + + align:start position:0% +first class right because that's much +nearer term towards results but the + + align:start position:0% +nearer term towards results but the + + + align:start position:0% +nearer term towards results but the +basic research stage is much more + + align:start position:0% +basic research stage is much more + + + align:start position:0% +basic research stage is much more +problematic for them and your point is + + align:start position:0% +problematic for them and your point is + + + align:start position:0% +problematic for them and your point is +absolutely right martín which is at the + + align:start position:0% +absolutely right martín which is at the + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely right martín which is at the +end of the monopoly model in you know + + align:start position:0% +end of the monopoly model in you know + + + align:start position:0% +end of the monopoly model in you know +for example in that in the communication + + align:start position:0% +for example in that in the communication + + + align:start position:0% +for example in that in the communication +sector with the demise of AT&T that + + align:start position:0% +sector with the demise of AT&T that + + + align:start position:0% +sector with the demise of AT&T that +meant the end of eighties great basic + + align:start position:0% +meant the end of eighties great basic + + + align:start position:0% +meant the end of eighties great basic +research lab system for a private + + align:start position:0% +research lab system for a private + + + align:start position:0% +research lab system for a private +company to do it they'll be doing + + align:start position:0% +company to do it they'll be doing + + + align:start position:0% +company to do it they'll be doing +interesting research inside companies + + align:start position:0% +interesting research inside companies + + + align:start position:0% +interesting research inside companies +where like you don't want to disrupt an + + align:start position:0% +where like you don't want to disrupt an + + + align:start position:0% +where like you don't want to disrupt an +industry or it's not worth pursuing + + align:start position:0% +industry or it's not worth pursuing + + + align:start position:0% +industry or it's not worth pursuing +business-wise goes too complicated but + + align:start position:0% +business-wise goes too complicated but + + + align:start position:0% +business-wise goes too complicated but +no we've been to this you guys want it + + align:start position:0% +no we've been to this you guys want it + + + align:start position:0% +no we've been to this you guys want it +do you want to buy a lot in + + align:start position:0% +do you want to buy a lot in + + + align:start position:0% +do you want to buy a lot in +bioinformatics work and like computer + + align:start position:0% +bioinformatics work and like computer + + + align:start position:0% +bioinformatics work and like computer +side we do websites like give up you + + align:start position:0% +side we do websites like give up you + + + align:start position:0% +side we do websites like give up you +know that that's the repository for + + align:start position:0% +know that that's the repository for + + + align:start position:0% +know that that's the repository for +everyone else's scripts that they've + + align:start position:0% +everyone else's scripts that they've + + + align:start position:0% +everyone else's scripts that they've +already written in programs and stuff + + align:start position:0% +already written in programs and stuff + + + align:start position:0% +already written in programs and stuff +Chloe how about a close that point from + + align:start position:0% +Chloe how about a close that point from + + + align:start position:0% +Chloe how about a close that point from +you yeah overall so I think it's + + align:start position:0% +you yeah overall so I think it's + + + align:start position:0% +you yeah overall so I think it's +interesting to examine why I mean + + align:start position:0% +interesting to examine why I mean + + + align:start position:0% +interesting to examine why I mean +obviously both Bush bushes and + + align:start position:0% +obviously both Bush bushes and + + + align:start position:0% +obviously both Bush bushes and +Stillman's proposal encountered + + align:start position:0% +Stillman's proposal encountered + + + align:start position:0% +Stillman's proposal encountered +different obstacles at different times + + align:start position:0% +different obstacles at different times + + + align:start position:0% +different obstacles at different times +as we've already discussed but + + align:start position:0% +as we've already discussed but + + + align:start position:0% +as we've already discussed but +ultimately it took the threat of + + align:start position:0% +ultimately it took the threat of + + + align:start position:0% +ultimately it took the threat of +technological takeover by Soviet Sputnik + + align:start position:0% +technological takeover by Soviet Sputnik + + + align:start position:0% +technological takeover by Soviet Sputnik +for a lot of impetus to + + align:start position:0% +for a lot of impetus to + + + align:start position:0% +for a lot of impetus to +this fund research to protect + + align:start position:0% +this fund research to protect + + + align:start position:0% +this fund research to protect +educational stem pipeline which you know + + align:start position:0% +educational stem pipeline which you know + + + align:start position:0% +educational stem pipeline which you know +tying back to our earlier discussion of + + align:start position:0% +tying back to our earlier discussion of + + + align:start position:0% +tying back to our earlier discussion of +all is it or do we have a system + + align:start position:0% +all is it or do we have a system + + + align:start position:0% +all is it or do we have a system +structured right now such that the us + + align:start position:0% +structured right now such that the us + + + align:start position:0% +structured right now such that the us +places value on this type of research + + align:start position:0% +places value on this type of research + + + align:start position:0% +places value on this type of research +outside of a stressor like war looking + + align:start position:0% +outside of a stressor like war looking + + + align:start position:0% +outside of a stressor like war looking +like at least at that point it's hard to + + align:start position:0% +like at least at that point it's hard to + + + align:start position:0% +like at least at that point it's hard to +get that ball rolling which again is + + align:start position:0% +get that ball rolling which again is + + + align:start position:0% +get that ball rolling which again is +ironic because the whole discussion was + + align:start position:0% +ironic because the whole discussion was + + + align:start position:0% +ironic because the whole discussion was +started by Bush who wanted to draft this + + align:start position:0% +started by Bush who wanted to draft this + + + align:start position:0% +started by Bush who wanted to draft this +outline for what funding that race + + align:start position:0% +outline for what funding that race + + + align:start position:0% +outline for what funding that race +research might look like in a post-war + + align:start position:0% +research might look like in a post-war + + + align:start position:0% +research might look like in a post-war +era like that if you ever institution + + align:start position:0% +era like that if you ever institution + + + align:start position:0% +era like that if you ever institution +with UNICEF good all right I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +with UNICEF good all right I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +with UNICEF good all right I'm gonna +jump through so we can finish on time + + align:start position:0% +jump through so we can finish on time + + + align:start position:0% +jump through so we can finish on time +the next two I'm sorry that's like kind + + align:start position:0% +the next two I'm sorry that's like kind + + + align:start position:0% +the next two I'm sorry that's like kind +of I got fringe ideas so like you might + + align:start position:0% +of I got fringe ideas so like you might + + + align:start position:0% +of I got fringe ideas so like you might +have not really invest in capability but + + align:start position:0% +have not really invest in capability but + + + align:start position:0% +have not really invest in capability but +you might have an idea for a sort of a + + align:start position:0% +you might have an idea for a sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +you might have an idea for a sort of a +pursuit in maybe basic research or + + align:start position:0% +pursuit in maybe basic research or + + + align:start position:0% +pursuit in maybe basic research or +something like that but your company + + align:start position:0% +something like that but your company + + + align:start position:0% +something like that but your company +might decide it's not worth it as a + + align:start position:0% +might decide it's not worth it as a + + + align:start position:0% +might decide it's not worth it as a +business venture but like maybe it's + + align:start position:0% +business venture but like maybe it's + + + align:start position:0% +business venture but like maybe it's +like a secondary system like selling + + align:start position:0% +like a secondary system like selling + + + align:start position:0% +like a secondary system like selling +that like buying and selling that + + align:start position:0% +that like buying and selling that + + + align:start position:0% +that like buying and selling that +information might be cool so like I have + + align:start position:0% +information might be cool so like I have + + + align:start position:0% +information might be cool so like I have +an idea but I can't necessarily just + + align:start position:0% +an idea but I can't necessarily just + + + align:start position:0% +an idea but I can't necessarily just +execute it for whatever reason but like + + align:start position:0% +execute it for whatever reason but like + + + align:start position:0% +execute it for whatever reason but like +I can make the idea known and then + + align:start position:0% +I can make the idea known and then + + + align:start position:0% +I can make the idea known and then +someone else can pursue and pick those + + align:start position:0% +someone else can pursue and pick those + + + align:start position:0% +someone else can pursue and pick those +dude yeah right I mean there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +dude yeah right I mean there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +dude yeah right I mean there's a lot of +work you know some people are working on + + align:start position:0% +work you know some people are working on + + + align:start position:0% +work you know some people are working on +patent pools for example and amassing + + align:start position:0% +patent pools for example and amassing + + + align:start position:0% +patent pools for example and amassing +patent rights which may in turn be + + align:start position:0% +patent rights which may in turn be + + + align:start position:0% +patent rights which may in turn be +transferable and saleable so there's + + align:start position:0% +transferable and saleable so there's + + + align:start position:0% +transferable and saleable so there's +work going on in some of these points + + align:start position:0% +work going on in some of these points + + + align:start position:0% +work going on in some of these points +let me turn to the I'm gonna do the + + align:start position:0% +let me turn to the I'm gonna do the + + + align:start position:0% +let me turn to the I'm gonna do the +closing two readings and sanam both + + align:start position:0% +closing two readings and sanam both + + + align:start position:0% +closing two readings and sanam both +yours right okay so I'm going to quickly + + align:start position:0% +yours right okay so I'm going to quickly + + + align:start position:0% +yours right okay so I'm going to quickly +summarize this piece from Peter Singer + + align:start position:0% +summarize this piece from Peter Singer + + + align:start position:0% +summarize this piece from Peter Singer +that I put in there Peters piece is a + + align:start position:0% +that I put in there Peters piece is a + + + align:start position:0% +that I put in there Peters piece is a +terrific research because frankly and + + align:start position:0% +terrific research because frankly and + + + align:start position:0% +terrific research because frankly and +it's almost like doing genealogical + + align:start position:0% +it's almost like doing genealogical + + + align:start position:0% +it's almost like doing genealogical +history we know what the advance is + + align:start position:0% +history we know what the advance is + + + align:start position:0% +history we know what the advance is +figuring out the science that emerged + + align:start position:0% +figuring out the science that emerged + + + align:start position:0% +figuring out the science that emerged +from is a really complicated process but + + align:start position:0% +from is a really complicated process but + + + align:start position:0% +from is a really complicated process but +Peter I thought very thoughtfully + + align:start position:0% +Peter I thought very thoughtfully + + + align:start position:0% +Peter I thought very thoughtfully +dug into and really built a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +dug into and really built a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +dug into and really built a lot of the +scientific history around a lot of + + align:start position:0% +scientific history around a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +scientific history around a lot of +advances that we live off + + align:start position:0% +advances that we live off + + + align:start position:0% +advances that we live off +his point at the point here is we get a + + align:start position:0% +his point at the point here is we get a + + + align:start position:0% +his point at the point here is we get a +lot of I don't want to denigrate any of + + align:start position:0% +lot of I don't want to denigrate any of + + + align:start position:0% +lot of I don't want to denigrate any of +our Bush's model right + + align:start position:0% +our Bush's model right + + + align:start position:0% +our Bush's model right +Stokes takes it on and attacks it and + + align:start position:0% +Stokes takes it on and attacks it and + + + align:start position:0% +Stokes takes it on and attacks it and +criticizes it I think for some good + + align:start position:0% +criticizes it I think for some good + + + align:start position:0% +criticizes it I think for some good +reasons but we've gotten a lot out of + + align:start position:0% +reasons but we've gotten a lot out of + + + align:start position:0% +reasons but we've gotten a lot out of +that model so federal research support + + align:start position:0% +that model so federal research support + + + align:start position:0% +that model so federal research support +has just been critical in the + + align:start position:0% +has just been critical in the + + + align:start position:0% +has just been critical in the +development of just an incredible array + + align:start position:0% +development of just an incredible array + + + align:start position:0% +development of just an incredible array +of advanced technologies and basic + + align:start position:0% +of advanced technologies and basic + + + align:start position:0% +of advanced technologies and basic +research is behind a lot of that so it's + + align:start position:0% +research is behind a lot of that so it's + + + align:start position:0% +research is behind a lot of that so it's +a key enabler it's a key u.s. + + align:start position:0% +a key enabler it's a key u.s. + + + align:start position:0% +a key enabler it's a key u.s. +comparative advantage and interestingly + + align:start position:0% +comparative advantage and interestingly + + + align:start position:0% +comparative advantage and interestingly +a big advantage of basic research is + + align:start position:0% +a big advantage of basic research is + + + align:start position:0% +a big advantage of basic research is +that it puts you out on the frontier of + + align:start position:0% +that it puts you out on the frontier of + + + align:start position:0% +that it puts you out on the frontier of +science and you can get scientific + + align:start position:0% +science and you can get scientific + + + align:start position:0% +science and you can get scientific +breakthroughs from basic research if + + align:start position:0% +breakthroughs from basic research if + + + align:start position:0% +breakthroughs from basic research if +you're just doing incremental applied + + align:start position:0% +you're just doing incremental applied + + + align:start position:0% +you're just doing incremental applied +work particularly at the development + + align:start position:0% +work particularly at the development + + + align:start position:0% +work particularly at the development +stage you're not going to get the + + align:start position:0% +stage you're not going to get the + + + align:start position:0% +stage you're not going to get the +breakthroughs but if your door is open + + align:start position:0% +breakthroughs but if your door is open + + + align:start position:0% +breakthroughs but if your door is open +to the basic stuff there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +to the basic stuff there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +to the basic stuff there's a lot of +potential breakthroughs lurking in there + + align:start position:0% +potential breakthroughs lurking in there + + + align:start position:0% +potential breakthroughs lurking in there +know getting them into implementation is + + align:start position:0% +know getting them into implementation is + + + align:start position:0% +know getting them into implementation is +not simple but it is overall I think an + + align:start position:0% +not simple but it is overall I think an + + + align:start position:0% +not simple but it is overall I think an +advantage in the u.s. system that we + + align:start position:0% +advantage in the u.s. system that we + + + align:start position:0% +advantage in the u.s. system that we +have strong basic research what have we + + align:start position:0% +have strong basic research what have we + + + align:start position:0% +have strong basic research what have we +gotten you know NSF supported the + + align:start position:0% +gotten you know NSF supported the + + + align:start position:0% +gotten you know NSF supported the +original funding for the Google search + + align:start position:0% +original funding for the Google search + + + align:start position:0% +original funding for the Google search +engine you know GPS was founded on a + + align:start position:0% +engine you know GPS was founded on a + + + align:start position:0% +engine you know GPS was founded on a +purely scientific Navy effort around + + align:start position:0% +purely scientific Navy effort around + + + align:start position:0% +purely scientific Navy effort around +Tomic clocks that's one of the + + align:start position:0% +Tomic clocks that's one of the + + + align:start position:0% +Tomic clocks that's one of the +foundational technologies and as well as + + align:start position:0% +foundational technologies and as well as + + + align:start position:0% +foundational technologies and as well as +DoD's Navstar system and work by DARPA + + align:start position:0% +DoD's Navstar system and work by DARPA + + + align:start position:0% +DoD's Navstar system and work by DARPA +supercomputing really came out of the D + + align:start position:0% +supercomputing really came out of the D + + + align:start position:0% +supercomputing really came out of the D +OE National Labs speech recognition came + + align:start position:0% +OE National Labs speech recognition came + + + align:start position:0% +OE National Labs speech recognition came +out of DARPA that's they funded all the + + align:start position:0% +out of DARPA that's they funded all the + + + align:start position:0% +out of DARPA that's they funded all the +work behind Siri originally Syria's + + align:start position:0% +work behind Siri originally Syria's + + + align:start position:0% +work behind Siri originally Syria's +Stanford Research Institute that was the + + align:start position:0% +Stanford Research Institute that was the + + + align:start position:0% +Stanford Research Institute that was the +development entity a basic research + + align:start position:0% +development entity a basic research + + + align:start position:0% +development entity a basic research +non-profit DARPA as you know did the + + align:start position:0% +non-profit DARPA as you know did the + + + align:start position:0% +non-profit DARPA as you know did the +ARPANET which led to the Internet + + align:start position:0% +ARPANET which led to the Internet + + + align:start position:0% +ARPANET which led to the Internet +NIST did closed captioning all kinds of + + align:start position:0% +NIST did closed captioning all kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +NIST did closed captioning all kinds of +critical technologies came out of basic + + align:start position:0% +critical technologies came out of basic + + + align:start position:0% +critical technologies came out of basic +research B as well as defense + + align:start position:0% +research B as well as defense + + + align:start position:0% +research B as well as defense +technologies for the smartphone in + + align:start position:0% +technologies for the smartphone in + + + align:start position:0% +technologies for the smartphone in +energy the whole fracking revolution + + align:start position:0% +energy the whole fracking revolution + + + align:start position:0% +energy the whole fracking revolution +came out of the Department of Energy's + + align:start position:0% +came out of the Department of Energy's + + + align:start position:0% +came out of the Department of Energy's +lab research LEDs came from the Air + + align:start position:0% +lab research LEDs came from the Air + + + align:start position:0% +lab research LEDs came from the Air +Force + + align:start position:0% +Force + + + align:start position:0% +Force +MRIs came out of + + align:start position:0% +MRIs came out of + + + align:start position:0% +MRIs came out of +NSF and NIH you know the list goes on a + + align:start position:0% +NSF and NIH you know the list goes on a + + + align:start position:0% +NSF and NIH you know the list goes on a +human genome project an absolutely + + align:start position:0% +human genome project an absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +human genome project an absolutely +fundamental research project was was led + + align:start position:0% +fundamental research project was was led + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental research project was was led +and significantly influenced by NIH out + + align:start position:0% +and significantly influenced by NIH out + + + align:start position:0% +and significantly influenced by NIH out +of mathematics comes things like reverse + + align:start position:0% +of mathematics comes things like reverse + + + align:start position:0% +of mathematics comes things like reverse +auctions which is a tool that we use in + + align:start position:0% +auctions which is a tool that we use in + + + align:start position:0% +auctions which is a tool that we use in +a number of circumstances such as + + align:start position:0% +a number of circumstances such as + + + align:start position:0% +a number of circumstances such as +spectrum auctions you know in + + align:start position:0% +spectrum auctions you know in + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum auctions you know in +agriculture I mean one of the great + + align:start position:0% +agriculture I mean one of the great + + + align:start position:0% +agriculture I mean one of the great +absolute breakthroughs of early 20th + + align:start position:0% +absolute breakthroughs of early 20th + + + align:start position:0% +absolute breakthroughs of early 20th +century agriculture a huge enabler in + + align:start position:0% +century agriculture a huge enabler in + + + align:start position:0% +century agriculture a huge enabler in +that sector is the development of hybrid + + align:start position:0% +that sector is the development of hybrid + + + align:start position:0% +that sector is the development of hybrid +cops particularly hybrid corn which + + align:start position:0% +cops particularly hybrid corn which + + + align:start position:0% +cops particularly hybrid corn which +transforms the production of corn in the + + align:start position:0% +transforms the production of corn in the + + + align:start position:0% +transforms the production of corn in the +United States absolutely transformative + + align:start position:0% +United States absolutely transformative + + + align:start position:0% +United States absolutely transformative +comes out of obscure agricultural + + align:start position:0% +comes out of obscure agricultural + + + align:start position:0% +comes out of obscure agricultural +research stations and places like + + align:start position:0% +research stations and places like + + + align:start position:0% +research stations and places like +Connecticut so there's a lot that we've + + align:start position:0% +Connecticut so there's a lot that we've + + + align:start position:0% +Connecticut so there's a lot that we've +gotten out of basic research you can + + align:start position:0% +gotten out of basic research you can + + + align:start position:0% +gotten out of basic research you can +barely see this but it is a famous + + align:start position:0% +barely see this but it is a famous + + + align:start position:0% +barely see this but it is a famous +diagram in computer science so it's + + align:start position:0% +diagram in computer science so it's + + + align:start position:0% +diagram in computer science so it's +called the tire tracks diagram and you + + align:start position:0% +called the tire tracks diagram and you + + + align:start position:0% +called the tire tracks diagram and you +see these kind of lanes and then you see + + align:start position:0% +see these kind of lanes and then you see + + + align:start position:0% +see these kind of lanes and then you see +these tire tracks weaving in and out of + + align:start position:0% +these tire tracks weaving in and out of + + + align:start position:0% +these tire tracks weaving in and out of +them right and these are the + + align:start position:0% +them right and these are the + + + align:start position:0% +them right and these are the +foundational work in computer science + + align:start position:0% +foundational work in computer science + + + align:start position:0% +foundational work in computer science +and where it came from right with + + align:start position:0% +and where it came from right with + + + align:start position:0% +and where it came from right with +University work leading and almost + + align:start position:0% +University work leading and almost + + + align:start position:0% +University work leading and almost +initially lis Nets federally funded + + align:start position:0% +initially lis Nets federally funded + + + align:start position:0% +initially lis Nets federally funded +university research being often picked + + align:start position:0% +university research being often picked + + + align:start position:0% +university research being often picked +up at a subsequent stage by industry Rd + + align:start position:0% +up at a subsequent stage by industry Rd + + + align:start position:0% +up at a subsequent stage by industry Rd +fed from university to industry and then + + align:start position:0% +fed from university to industry and then + + + align:start position:0% +fed from university to industry and then +eventually emerging in the green lines + + align:start position:0% +eventually emerging in the green lines + + + align:start position:0% +eventually emerging in the green lines +as billion-dollar product lines and then + + align:start position:0% +as billion-dollar product lines and then + + + align:start position:0% +as billion-dollar product lines and then +eventually the wider line ten billion or + + align:start position:0% +eventually the wider line ten billion or + + + align:start position:0% +eventually the wider line ten billion or +more product lines right so these are + + align:start position:0% +more product lines right so these are + + + align:start position:0% +more product lines right so these are +foundational research efforts these are + + align:start position:0% +foundational research efforts these are + + + align:start position:0% +foundational research efforts these are +the technology results that emerged + + align:start position:0% +the technology results that emerged + + + align:start position:0% +the technology results that emerged +right and all of this is there's a rich + + align:start position:0% +right and all of this is there's a rich + + + align:start position:0% +right and all of this is there's a rich +literature behind every single one of + + align:start position:0% +literature behind every single one of + + + align:start position:0% +literature behind every single one of +those lines and small lines on this map + + align:start position:0% +those lines and small lines on this map + + + align:start position:0% +those lines and small lines on this map +so that famous tire track diagram is a + + align:start position:0% +so that famous tire track diagram is a + + + align:start position:0% +so that famous tire track diagram is a +critical diagram developed by NSF and + + align:start position:0% +critical diagram developed by NSF and + + + align:start position:0% +critical diagram developed by NSF and +explaining how the computing revolution + + align:start position:0% +explaining how the computing revolution + + + align:start position:0% +explaining how the computing revolution +came about + + align:start position:0% +came about + + + align:start position:0% +came about +we're now at Donald Stokes and I'm just + + align:start position:0% +we're now at Donald Stokes and I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +we're now at Donald Stokes and I'm just +gonna summarize very briefly Stokes is a + + align:start position:0% +gonna summarize very briefly Stokes is a + + + align:start position:0% +gonna summarize very briefly Stokes is a +very interesting figure here he was Dean + + align:start position:0% +very interesting figure here he was Dean + + + align:start position:0% +very interesting figure here he was Dean +of the Woodrow Wilson School at + + align:start position:0% +of the Woodrow Wilson School at + + + align:start position:0% +of the Woodrow Wilson School at +Princeton and he dies of leukemia very + + align:start position:0% +Princeton and he dies of leukemia very + + + align:start position:0% +Princeton and he dies of leukemia very +tragically and pretty early + + align:start position:0% +tragically and pretty early + + + align:start position:0% +tragically and pretty early +this is the kind of last big thing + + align:start position:0% +this is the kind of last big thing + + + align:start position:0% +this is the kind of last big thing +Pastores quadrant is the last kind of + + align:start position:0% +Pastores quadrant is the last kind of + + + align:start position:0% +Pastores quadrant is the last kind of +big project he works on so it's a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's a lot of emotion in this book + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of emotion in this book + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of emotion in this book +because he puts together he feels these + + align:start position:0% +because he puts together he feels these + + + align:start position:0% +because he puts together he feels these +issues very strongly as you could tell + + align:start position:0% +issues very strongly as you could tell + + + align:start position:0% +issues very strongly as you could tell +from his text and what he's confronting + + align:start position:0% +from his text and what he's confronting + + + align:start position:0% +from his text and what he's confronting +is the relationship between science + + align:start position:0% +is the relationship between science + + + align:start position:0% +is the relationship between science +government which we've been you know + + align:start position:0% +government which we've been you know + + + align:start position:0% +government which we've been you know +trying to dissect earlier on and he + + align:start position:0% +trying to dissect earlier on and he + + + align:start position:0% +trying to dissect earlier on and he +takes on the Vannevar Bush basic + + align:start position:0% +takes on the Vannevar Bush basic + + + align:start position:0% +takes on the Vannevar Bush basic +research model and talks about its + + align:start position:0% +research model and talks about its + + + align:start position:0% +research model and talks about its +weaknesses and failures so federal + + align:start position:0% +weaknesses and failures so federal + + + align:start position:0% +weaknesses and failures so federal +support of basic research his goal was + + align:start position:0% +support of basic research his goal was + + + align:start position:0% +support of basic research his goal was +to curtail governmental control of the + + align:start position:0% +to curtail governmental control of the + + + align:start position:0% +to curtail governmental control of the +performance of that research that was + + align:start position:0% +performance of that research that was + + + align:start position:0% +performance of that research that was +one of the key things Bush was up to and + + align:start position:0% +one of the key things Bush was up to and + + + align:start position:0% +one of the key things Bush was up to and +he aimed to create through NSF an entity + + align:start position:0% +he aimed to create through NSF an entity + + + align:start position:0% +he aimed to create through NSF an entity +with cross science authority based on a + + align:start position:0% +with cross science authority based on a + + + align:start position:0% +with cross science authority based on a +way as I said earlier on his wartime + + align:start position:0% +way as I said earlier on his wartime + + + align:start position:0% +way as I said earlier on his wartime +scientific organization attempts the + + align:start position:0% +scientific organization attempts the + + + align:start position:0% +scientific organization attempts the +rationale behind creating NSF and + + align:start position:0% +rationale behind creating NSF and + + + align:start position:0% +rationale behind creating NSF and +supporting basic research is that basic + + align:start position:0% +supporting basic research is that basic + + + align:start position:0% +supporting basic research is that basic +research is to be performed without + + align:start position:0% +research is to be performed without + + + align:start position:0% +research is to be performed without +thought of plot practical ends that's a + + align:start position:0% +thought of plot practical ends that's a + + + align:start position:0% +thought of plot practical ends that's a +found one foundational feature right + + align:start position:0% +found one foundational feature right + + + align:start position:0% +found one foundational feature right +that's what it is let's not think about + + align:start position:0% +that's what it is let's not think about + + + align:start position:0% +that's what it is let's not think about +practical ends let's just do the + + align:start position:0% +practical ends let's just do the + + + align:start position:0% +practical ends let's just do the +research and then secondly basic + + align:start position:0% +research and then secondly basic + + + align:start position:0% +research and then secondly basic +research will be he argues boniva Bush + + align:start position:0% +research will be he argues boniva Bush + + + align:start position:0% +research will be he argues boniva Bush +argues the pace mech maker of + + align:start position:0% +argues the pace mech maker of + + + align:start position:0% +argues the pace mech maker of +technological advance so again he has + + align:start position:0% +technological advance so again he has + + + align:start position:0% +technological advance so again he has +got a pipeline model do basic research + + align:start position:0% +got a pipeline model do basic research + + + align:start position:0% +got a pipeline model do basic research +dump that into the pipeline mysterious + + align:start position:0% +dump that into the pipeline mysterious + + + align:start position:0% +dump that into the pipeline mysterious +things will occur great technologies + + align:start position:0% +things will occur great technologies + + + align:start position:0% +things will occur great technologies +will emerge right and his assumption is + + align:start position:0% +will emerge right and his assumption is + + + align:start position:0% +will emerge right and his assumption is +that dumping that basic research will + + align:start position:0% +that dumping that basic research will + + + align:start position:0% +that dumping that basic research will +pace what is going on inside that + + align:start position:0% +pace what is going on inside that + + + align:start position:0% +pace what is going on inside that +pipeline + + align:start position:0% +pipeline + + + align:start position:0% +pipeline +it is a left-right model the government + + align:start position:0% +it is a left-right model the government + + + align:start position:0% +it is a left-right model the government +is dumping something in on the left side + + align:start position:0% +is dumping something in on the left side + + + align:start position:0% +is dumping something in on the left side +of the pipeline great stuff is emerging + + align:start position:0% +of the pipeline great stuff is emerging + + + align:start position:0% +of the pipeline great stuff is emerging +on the right side of the popular + + align:start position:0% +on the right side of the popular + + + align:start position:0% +on the right side of the popular +pipeline right now remember Richard + + align:start position:0% +pipeline right now remember Richard + + + align:start position:0% +pipeline right now remember Richard +Nelson Nelson talked about the way in + + align:start position:0% +Nelson Nelson talked about the way in + + + align:start position:0% +Nelson Nelson talked about the way in +which technology influences science as + + align:start position:0% +which technology influences science as + + + align:start position:0% +which technology influences science as +well as science influence of Technology + + align:start position:0% +well as science influence of Technology + + + align:start position:0% +well as science influence of Technology +the Neva Bush does not + + align:start position:0% +the Neva Bush does not + + + align:start position:0% +the Neva Bush does not +have a two-way street of interaction + + align:start position:0% +have a two-way street of interaction + + + align:start position:0% +have a two-way street of interaction +between the two he has organized us + + align:start position:0% +between the two he has organized us + + + align:start position:0% +between the two he has organized us +science on a one-way street they left to + + align:start position:0% +science on a one-way street they left to + + + align:start position:0% +science on a one-way street they left to +right it's not two lanes it's left to + + align:start position:0% +right it's not two lanes it's left to + + + align:start position:0% +right it's not two lanes it's left to +right so Stokes argues that that is a + + align:start position:0% +right so Stokes argues that that is a + + + align:start position:0% +right so Stokes argues that that is a +critical organizational failure right + + align:start position:0% +critical organizational failure right + + + align:start position:0% +critical organizational failure right +that that radically limits what you're + + align:start position:0% +that that radically limits what you're + + + align:start position:0% +that that radically limits what you're +going to be able to get out of your + + align:start position:0% +going to be able to get out of your + + + align:start position:0% +going to be able to get out of your +system skipping ahead here to conclude + + align:start position:0% +system skipping ahead here to conclude + + + align:start position:0% +system skipping ahead here to conclude +that point the bush paradigm of the + + align:start position:0% +that point the bush paradigm of the + + + align:start position:0% +that point the bush paradigm of the +linear relation between science and + + align:start position:0% +linear relation between science and + + + align:start position:0% +linear relation between science and +technology + + align:start position:0% +technology + + + align:start position:0% +technology +Stokes argues bears no resemblance to + + align:start position:0% +Stokes argues bears no resemblance to + + + align:start position:0% +Stokes argues bears no resemblance to +their actual connection the reality is + + align:start position:0% +their actual connection the reality is + + + align:start position:0% +their actual connection the reality is +it's a two-way street and we've only + + align:start position:0% +it's a two-way street and we've only + + + align:start position:0% +it's a two-way street and we've only +organized the one-way street and + + align:start position:0% +organized the one-way street and + + + align:start position:0% +organized the one-way street and +therefore this interaction is not going + + align:start position:0% +therefore this interaction is not going + + + align:start position:0% +therefore this interaction is not going +to occur there deep ties paint Science + + align:start position:0% +to occur there deep ties paint Science + + + align:start position:0% +to occur there deep ties paint Science +and Technology they're interactive + + align:start position:0% +and Technology they're interactive + + + align:start position:0% +and Technology they're interactive +they're not linear so the venire bush + + align:start position:0% +they're not linear so the venire bush + + + align:start position:0% +they're not linear so the venire bush +model lasts and is respected really + + align:start position:0% +model lasts and is respected really + + + align:start position:0% +model lasts and is respected really +until the 1980s and what's going on the + + align:start position:0% +until the 1980s and what's going on the + + + align:start position:0% +until the 1980s and what's going on the +1980s we talked about this in class + + align:start position:0% +1980s we talked about this in class + + + align:start position:0% +1980s we talked about this in class +three right that's the great competition + + align:start position:0% +three right that's the great competition + + + align:start position:0% +three right that's the great competition +with Japan and Japan builds a much more + + align:start position:0% +with Japan and Japan builds a much more + + + align:start position:0% +with Japan and Japan builds a much more +connected system much deeper ties + + align:start position:0% +connected system much deeper ties + + + align:start position:0% +connected system much deeper ties +between industry and its research system + + align:start position:0% +between industry and its research system + + + align:start position:0% +between industry and its research system +in fact its research system is industry + + align:start position:0% +in fact its research system is industry + + + align:start position:0% +in fact its research system is industry +glad really the u.s. has got this + + align:start position:0% +glad really the u.s. has got this + + + align:start position:0% +glad really the u.s. has got this +disaggregated system basic research is + + align:start position:0% +disaggregated system basic research is + + + align:start position:0% +disaggregated system basic research is +off on the side the argument is the u.s. + + align:start position:0% +off on the side the argument is the u.s. + + + align:start position:0% +off on the side the argument is the u.s. +is coming up with the breakthroughs it's + + align:start position:0% +is coming up with the breakthroughs it's + + + align:start position:0% +is coming up with the breakthroughs it's +not able to implement them it is not + + align:start position:0% +not able to implement them it is not + + + align:start position:0% +not able to implement them it is not +turning them into industries in fact + + align:start position:0% +turning them into industries in fact + + + align:start position:0% +turning them into industries in fact +Japan is taking the u.s. breakthroughs + + align:start position:0% +Japan is taking the u.s. breakthroughs + + + align:start position:0% +Japan is taking the u.s. breakthroughs +and turning them into industries that's + + align:start position:0% +and turning them into industries that's + + + align:start position:0% +and turning them into industries that's +the story of a lot of consumer + + align:start position:0% +the story of a lot of consumer + + + align:start position:0% +the story of a lot of consumer +electronics in that period of time right + + align:start position:0% +electronics in that period of time right + + + align:start position:0% +electronics in that period of time right +and Stokes is suggesting we've got to + + align:start position:0% +and Stokes is suggesting we've got to + + + align:start position:0% +and Stokes is suggesting we've got to +get down to basics here we've got a + + align:start position:0% +get down to basics here we've got a + + + align:start position:0% +get down to basics here we've got a +fundamental organizational problem it's + + align:start position:0% +fundamental organizational problem it's + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental organizational problem it's +not an accident that this occurred it's + + align:start position:0% +not an accident that this occurred it's + + + align:start position:0% +not an accident that this occurred it's +the way we organize things right that's + + align:start position:0% +the way we organize things right that's + + + align:start position:0% +the way we organize things right that's +why it happened and this is a very + + align:start position:0% +why it happened and this is a very + + + align:start position:0% +why it happened and this is a very +anxious moment in US political history + + align:start position:0% +anxious moment in US political history + + + align:start position:0% +anxious moment in US political history +when he's writing here because we're + + align:start position:0% +when he's writing here because we're + + + align:start position:0% +when he's writing here because we're +starting to de industrialize and with + + align:start position:0% +starting to de industrialize and with + + + align:start position:0% +starting to de industrialize and with +lots of effects on a lot of you know a + + align:start position:0% +lots of effects on a lot of you know a + + + align:start position:0% +lots of effects on a lot of you know a +lot of people in the United States so + + align:start position:0% +lot of people in the United States so + + + align:start position:0% +lot of people in the United States so +Stokes argues + + align:start position:0% +Stokes argues + + + align:start position:0% +Stokes argues +maneuver Bush's model is static whereas + + align:start position:0% +maneuver Bush's model is static whereas + + + align:start position:0% +maneuver Bush's model is static whereas +in fact the reality is dynamic and the + + align:start position:0% +in fact the reality is dynamic and the + + + align:start position:0% +in fact the reality is dynamic and the +static linear model is not the right + + align:start position:0% +static linear model is not the right + + + align:start position:0% +static linear model is not the right +model so he short-circuited the thinking + + align:start position:0% +model so he short-circuited the thinking + + + align:start position:0% +model so he short-circuited the thinking +presses he assumed because you'd do + + align:start position:0% +presses he assumed because you'd do + + + align:start position:0% +presses he assumed because you'd do +basic research implementation would + + align:start position:0% +basic research implementation would + + + align:start position:0% +basic research implementation would +follow but it doesn't necessarily follow + + align:start position:0% +follow but it doesn't necessarily follow + + + align:start position:0% +follow but it doesn't necessarily follow +Stokes argues it's one-dimensional so + + align:start position:0% +Stokes argues it's one-dimensional so + + + align:start position:0% +Stokes argues it's one-dimensional so +what does Stokes quadrant picture is an + + align:start position:0% +what does Stokes quadrant picture is an + + + align:start position:0% +what does Stokes quadrant picture is an +important picture to understand because + + align:start position:0% +important picture to understand because + + + align:start position:0% +important picture to understand because +this is the classic critique of the + + align:start position:0% +this is the classic critique of the + + + align:start position:0% +this is the classic critique of the +maneuver Bush model which is the classic + + align:start position:0% +maneuver Bush model which is the classic + + + align:start position:0% +maneuver Bush model which is the classic +critique of u.s. science organization + + align:start position:0% +critique of u.s. science organization + + + align:start position:0% +critique of u.s. science organization +right so all this stuff we're reading + + align:start position:0% +right so all this stuff we're reading + + + align:start position:0% +right so all this stuff we're reading +here is pretty pretty noted material in + + align:start position:0% +here is pretty pretty noted material in + + + align:start position:0% +here is pretty pretty noted material in +u.s. science history here is his + + align:start position:0% +u.s. science history here is his + + + align:start position:0% +u.s. science history here is his +Pasteur's quadrant which you all saw + + align:start position:0% +Pasteur's quadrant which you all saw + + + align:start position:0% +Pasteur's quadrant which you all saw +right so there's four quadrants + + align:start position:0% +right so there's four quadrants + + + align:start position:0% +right so there's four quadrants +Stokes his mind and there's two axes are + + align:start position:0% +Stokes his mind and there's two axes are + + + align:start position:0% +Stokes his mind and there's two axes are +you searching for a fundamental + + align:start position:0% +you searching for a fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +you searching for a fundamental +understanding yes or no and are you + + align:start position:0% +understanding yes or no and are you + + + align:start position:0% +understanding yes or no and are you +considering use considering the utility + + align:start position:0% +considering use considering the utility + + + align:start position:0% +considering use considering the utility +of what your research no and yes right + + align:start position:0% +of what your research no and yes right + + + align:start position:0% +of what your research no and yes right +so he has this nice quadrant and then to + + align:start position:0% +so he has this nice quadrant and then to + + + align:start position:0% +so he has this nice quadrant and then to +the upper left quadrant while you're + + align:start position:0% +the upper left quadrant while you're + + + align:start position:0% +the upper left quadrant while you're +searching for fundamental understanding + + align:start position:0% +searching for fundamental understanding + + + align:start position:0% +searching for fundamental understanding +but you're not considering use that's + + align:start position:0% +but you're not considering use that's + + + align:start position:0% +but you're not considering use that's +like physics in the 20s right + + align:start position:0% +like physics in the 20s right + + + align:start position:0% +like physics in the 20s right +that's like Niels Bohr right there + + align:start position:0% +that's like Niels Bohr right there + + + align:start position:0% +that's like Niels Bohr right there +figuring out particle physics they don't + + align:start position:0% +figuring out particle physics they don't + + + align:start position:0% +figuring out particle physics they don't +see any utility for this right the idea + + align:start position:0% +see any utility for this right the idea + + + align:start position:0% +see any utility for this right the idea +comes along later about atomic weapons + + align:start position:0% +comes along later about atomic weapons + + + align:start position:0% +comes along later about atomic weapons +but that's decades away so yes we can + + align:start position:0% +but that's decades away so yes we can + + + align:start position:0% +but that's decades away so yes we can +understand that there that is an + + align:start position:0% +understand that there that is an + + + align:start position:0% +understand that there that is an +interesting moment search for Fomento + + align:start position:0% +interesting moment search for Fomento + + + align:start position:0% +interesting moment search for Fomento +understanding no consideration they + + align:start position:0% +understanding no consideration they + + + align:start position:0% +understanding no consideration they +should try to understand stuff then + + align:start position:0% +should try to understand stuff then + + + align:start position:0% +should try to understand stuff then +there's what he calls pastoris Quadrant + + align:start position:0% +there's what he calls pastoris Quadrant + + + align:start position:0% +there's what he calls pastoris Quadrant +any argues this is the one that if an + + align:start position:0% +any argues this is the one that if an + + + align:start position:0% +any argues this is the one that if an +eva bushes model misses completely right + + align:start position:0% +eva bushes model misses completely right + + + align:start position:0% +eva bushes model misses completely right +he's trying to organize as though it's + + align:start position:0% +he's trying to organize as though it's + + + align:start position:0% +he's trying to organize as though it's +particle physics but a lot of stuff + + align:start position:0% +particle physics but a lot of stuff + + + align:start position:0% +particle physics but a lot of stuff +isn't so Louis Pasteur er he's searching + + align:start position:0% +isn't so Louis Pasteur er he's searching + + + align:start position:0% +isn't so Louis Pasteur er he's searching +for fundamental understanding he's doing + + align:start position:0% +for fundamental understanding he's doing + + + align:start position:0% +for fundamental understanding he's doing +microbiology right at a really + + align:start position:0% +microbiology right at a really + + + align:start position:0% +microbiology right at a really +fundamental scale but he's certainly + + align:start position:0% +fundamental scale but he's certainly + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental scale but he's certainly +considering use I mean he doesn't want + + align:start position:0% +considering use I mean he doesn't want + + + align:start position:0% +considering use I mean he doesn't want +kids to die a bad milk in Paris right + + align:start position:0% +kids to die a bad milk in Paris right + + + align:start position:0% +kids to die a bad milk in Paris right +he's considering use right he's up to + + align:start position:0% +he's considering use right he's up to + + + align:start position:0% +he's considering use right he's up to +something here he's after a medical fix + + align:start position:0% +something here he's after a medical fix + + + align:start position:0% +something here he's after a medical fix +so that's a very good example of basic + + align:start position:0% +so that's a very good example of basic + + + align:start position:0% +so that's a very good example of basic +research being driven by consideration + + align:start position:0% +research being driven by consideration + + + align:start position:0% +research being driven by consideration +of use and he Stokes doesn't want to + + align:start position:0% +of use and he Stokes doesn't want to + + + align:start position:0% +of use and he Stokes doesn't want to +eliminate this quadrant he knows how + + align:start position:0% +eliminate this quadrant he knows how + + + align:start position:0% +eliminate this quadrant he knows how +productive it is but he sure wants to + + align:start position:0% +productive it is but he sure wants to + + + align:start position:0% +productive it is but he sure wants to +add consideration of this quadrant now + + align:start position:0% +add consideration of this quadrant now + + + align:start position:0% +add consideration of this quadrant now +what are the other two quadrants so + + align:start position:0% +what are the other two quadrants so + + + align:start position:0% +what are the other two quadrants so +search no search for fundamental + + align:start position:0% +search no search for fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +search no search for fundamental +understanding and consideration of use + + align:start position:0% +understanding and consideration of use + + + align:start position:0% +understanding and consideration of use +so we in here he puts Thomas Edison + + align:start position:0% +so we in here he puts Thomas Edison + + + align:start position:0% +so we in here he puts Thomas Edison +that's like the light bulb Thomas Edison + + align:start position:0% +that's like the light bulb Thomas Edison + + + align:start position:0% +that's like the light bulb Thomas Edison +doesn't really care about physics he + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really care about physics he + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really care about physics he +just cares about the light bulb right + + align:start position:0% +just cares about the light bulb right + + + align:start position:0% +just cares about the light bulb right +but it turns out to be a little more + + align:start position:0% +but it turns out to be a little more + + + align:start position:0% +but it turns out to be a little more +complicated and we'll talk about this in + + align:start position:0% +complicated and we'll talk about this in + + + align:start position:0% +complicated and we'll talk about this in +class seven but Edison has got + + align:start position:0% +class seven but Edison has got + + + align:start position:0% +class seven but Edison has got +scientists in that room in that idea + + align:start position:0% +scientists in that room in that idea + + + align:start position:0% +scientists in that room in that idea +Factory as he calls it in Menlo Park New + + align:start position:0% +Factory as he calls it in Menlo Park New + + + align:start position:0% +Factory as he calls it in Menlo Park New +Jersey that frame 100 foot long building + + align:start position:0% +Jersey that frame 100 foot long building + + + align:start position:0% +Jersey that frame 100 foot long building +and they are on to some scientific ideas + + align:start position:0% +and they are on to some scientific ideas + + + align:start position:0% +and they are on to some scientific ideas +here and there is something called the + + align:start position:0% +here and there is something called the + + + align:start position:0% +here and there is something called the +Edison effect which actually helps + + align:start position:0% +Edison effect which actually helps + + + align:start position:0% +Edison effect which actually helps +explain electron theory that Edison + + align:start position:0% +explain electron theory that Edison + + + align:start position:0% +explain electron theory that Edison +himself into some of the other crew come + + align:start position:0% +himself into some of the other crew come + + + align:start position:0% +himself into some of the other crew come +up with so there is science evolving out + + align:start position:0% +up with so there is science evolving out + + + align:start position:0% +up with so there is science evolving out +of the technology that they're pursuing + + align:start position:0% +of the technology that they're pursuing + + + align:start position:0% +of the technology that they're pursuing +so it's consideration of use but they + + align:start position:0% +so it's consideration of use but they + + + align:start position:0% +so it's consideration of use but they +are finding some fundamental + + align:start position:0% +are finding some fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +are finding some fundamental +understandings here because it is a + + align:start position:0% +understandings here because it is a + + + align:start position:0% +understandings here because it is a +two-way street now the one that makes no + + align:start position:0% +two-way street now the one that makes no + + + align:start position:0% +two-way street now the one that makes no +sense to me is is there anybody really + + align:start position:0% +sense to me is is there anybody really + + + align:start position:0% +sense to me is is there anybody really +not searching for fundamental + + align:start position:0% +not searching for fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +not searching for fundamental +understanding and not considering use I + + align:start position:0% +understanding and not considering use I + + + align:start position:0% +understanding and not considering use I +mean who would do that right who would + + align:start position:0% +mean who would do that right who would + + + align:start position:0% +mean who would do that right who would +do that + + align:start position:0% +do that + + + align:start position:0% +do that +so Stokes says Oh Darwin right gets on a + + align:start position:0% +so Stokes says Oh Darwin right gets on a + + + align:start position:0% +so Stokes says Oh Darwin right gets on a +boat has a nice ocean voyage walks + + align:start position:0% +boat has a nice ocean voyage walks + + + align:start position:0% +boat has a nice ocean voyage walks +around the Galapagos evolution dawns you + + align:start position:0% +around the Galapagos evolution dawns you + + + align:start position:0% +around the Galapagos evolution dawns you +know it's not the way it happened he + + align:start position:0% +know it's not the way it happened he + + + align:start position:0% +know it's not the way it happened he +gets on the Beagle because he already + + align:start position:0% +gets on the Beagle because he already + + + align:start position:0% +gets on the Beagle because he already +has developed a lot of evolution theory + + align:start position:0% +has developed a lot of evolution theory + + + align:start position:0% +has developed a lot of evolution theory +right his in fact his father is a + + align:start position:0% +right his in fact his father is a + + + align:start position:0% +right his in fact his father is a +scientist who's been working on it + + align:start position:0% +scientist who's been working on it + + + align:start position:0% +scientist who's been working on it +before him so he has a very good idea of + + align:start position:0% +before him so he has a very good idea of + + + align:start position:0% +before him so he has a very good idea of +why he's getting on that ship so I don't + + align:start position:0% +why he's getting on that ship so I don't + + + align:start position:0% +why he's getting on that ship so I don't +really know anybody who quite fits there + + align:start position:0% +really know anybody who quite fits there + + + align:start position:0% +really know anybody who quite fits there +because I don't really think Darwin does + + align:start position:0% +because I don't really think Darwin does + + + align:start position:0% +because I don't really think Darwin does +Thurmond really has a pretty good idea + + align:start position:0% +Thurmond really has a pretty good idea + + + align:start position:0% +Thurmond really has a pretty good idea +of what scientific theories is going to + + align:start position:0% +of what scientific theories is going to + + + align:start position:0% +of what scientific theories is going to +be pursuing as he sails around the world + + align:start position:0% +be pursuing as he sails around the world + + + align:start position:0% +be pursuing as he sails around the world +so I'm open to suggestions if anybody + + align:start position:0% +so I'm open to suggestions if anybody + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm open to suggestions if anybody +can think of someone + + align:start position:0% +can think of someone + + + align:start position:0% +can think of someone +but I think he fills this blanket + + align:start position:0% +but I think he fills this blanket + + + align:start position:0% +but I think he fills this blanket +because it's a quadrat he has to put + + align:start position:0% +because it's a quadrat he has to put + + + align:start position:0% +because it's a quadrat he has to put +something in there how does he think it + + align:start position:0% +something in there how does he think it + + + align:start position:0% +something in there how does he think it +really works he comes up with this + + align:start position:0% +really works he comes up with this + + + align:start position:0% +really works he comes up with this +complex diagram which is very it's a + + align:start position:0% +complex diagram which is very it's a + + + align:start position:0% +complex diagram which is very it's a +little hard to follow he calls it + + align:start position:0% +little hard to follow he calls it + + + align:start position:0% +little hard to follow he calls it +Stokes his dynamic model and you can see + + align:start position:0% +Stokes his dynamic model and you can see + + + align:start position:0% +Stokes his dynamic model and you can see +that youths inspired research is the big + + align:start position:0% +that youths inspired research is the big + + + align:start position:0% +that youths inspired research is the big +one then there's pure basic research and + + align:start position:0% +one then there's pure basic research and + + + align:start position:0% +one then there's pure basic research and +then this purely applied research and + + align:start position:0% +then this purely applied research and + + + align:start position:0% +then this purely applied research and +then there's this kind of system between + + align:start position:0% +then there's this kind of system between + + + align:start position:0% +then there's this kind of system between +early understanding improvement + + align:start position:0% +early understanding improvement + + + align:start position:0% +early understanding improvement +understanding and improved technology + + align:start position:0% +understanding and improved technology + + + align:start position:0% +understanding and improved technology +and existing technology and everything + + align:start position:0% +and existing technology and everything + + + align:start position:0% +and existing technology and everything +swirling around but this is right at the + + align:start position:0% +swirling around but this is right at the + + + align:start position:0% +swirling around but this is right at the +center right that's kind of his idea of + + align:start position:0% +center right that's kind of his idea of + + + align:start position:0% +center right that's kind of his idea of +how it really works in his critique of + + align:start position:0% +how it really works in his critique of + + + align:start position:0% +how it really works in his critique of +any of our bushes you know you're + + align:start position:0% +any of our bushes you know you're + + + align:start position:0% +any of our bushes you know you're +putting all your bets here and you have + + align:start position:0% +putting all your bets here and you have + + + align:start position:0% +putting all your bets here and you have +to think about this as well so that + + align:start position:0% +to think about this as well so that + + + align:start position:0% +to think about this as well so that +Stokes his critique right and the fact + + align:start position:0% +Stokes his critique right and the fact + + + align:start position:0% +Stokes his critique right and the fact +that the US was doing great science and + + align:start position:0% +that the US was doing great science and + + + align:start position:0% +that the US was doing great science and +not making it is what drives him to this + + align:start position:0% +not making it is what drives him to this + + + align:start position:0% +not making it is what drives him to this +set of realizations about these + + align:start position:0% +set of realizations about these + + + align:start position:0% +set of realizations about these +fundamentals of how we've organized our + + align:start position:0% +fundamentals of how we've organized our + + + align:start position:0% +fundamentals of how we've organized our +science and technology system in the + + align:start position:0% +science and technology system in the + + + align:start position:0% +science and technology system in the +u.s. so sonam it's all yours well I + + align:start position:0% +u.s. so sonam it's all yours well I + + + align:start position:0% +u.s. so sonam it's all yours well I +guess I'll just start with some thoughts + + align:start position:0% +guess I'll just start with some thoughts + + + align:start position:0% +guess I'll just start with some thoughts +that I've had on basic research in + + align:start position:0% +that I've had on basic research in + + + align:start position:0% +that I've had on basic research in +general from both these two readings so + + align:start position:0% +general from both these two readings so + + + align:start position:0% +general from both these two readings so +it seems like we've been reading a major + + align:start position:0% +it seems like we've been reading a major + + + align:start position:0% +it seems like we've been reading a major +kind of downfall or like obstacle to + + align:start position:0% +kind of downfall or like obstacle to + + + align:start position:0% +kind of downfall or like obstacle to +basic research is that the payoffs are + + align:start position:0% +basic research is that the payoffs are + + + align:start position:0% +basic research is that the payoffs are +risky and uncertain especially in the + + align:start position:0% +risky and uncertain especially in the + + + align:start position:0% +risky and uncertain especially in the +short run and that's kind of what + + align:start position:0% +short run and that's kind of what + + + align:start position:0% +short run and that's kind of what +shareholders are generally most + + align:start position:0% +shareholders are generally most + + + align:start position:0% +shareholders are generally most +concerned about is short on profits and + + align:start position:0% +concerned about is short on profits and + + + align:start position:0% +concerned about is short on profits and +so that that kind of kind of hinders the + + align:start position:0% +so that that kind of kind of hinders the + + + align:start position:0% +so that that kind of kind of hinders the +long term investments in basic research + + align:start position:0% +long term investments in basic research + + + align:start position:0% +long term investments in basic research +which potentially have really large + + align:start position:0% +which potentially have really large + + + align:start position:0% +which potentially have really large +positive externalities as we've been + + align:start position:0% +positive externalities as we've been + + + align:start position:0% +positive externalities as we've been +seeing and there's also as I think + + align:start position:0% +seeing and there's also as I think + + + align:start position:0% +seeing and there's also as I think +Stoica mentioned this there's also a low + + align:start position:0% +Stoica mentioned this there's also a low + + + align:start position:0% +Stoica mentioned this there's also a low +incentive because the original investor + + align:start position:0% +incentive because the original investor + + + align:start position:0% +incentive because the original investor +often doesn't kind of reap the most + + align:start position:0% +often doesn't kind of reap the most + + + align:start position:0% +often doesn't kind of reap the most +benefits from whatever eventually comes + + align:start position:0% +benefits from whatever eventually comes + + + align:start position:0% +benefits from whatever eventually comes +of the basic research and the profits + + align:start position:0% +of the basic research and the profits + + + align:start position:0% +of the basic research and the profits +are kind of spread throughout society + + align:start position:0% +are kind of spread throughout society + + + align:start position:0% +are kind of spread throughout society +and not always concentrated them so kind + + align:start position:0% +and not always concentrated them so kind + + + align:start position:0% +and not always concentrated them so kind +of investing in an instigating basic + + align:start position:0% +of investing in an instigating basic + + + align:start position:0% +of investing in an instigating basic +research is kind of there is a lower + + align:start position:0% +research is kind of there is a lower + + + align:start position:0% +research is kind of there is a lower +incentive for that + + align:start position:0% +incentive for that + + + align:start position:0% +incentive for that +and I think that's an argument kind of + + align:start position:0% +and I think that's an argument kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and I think that's an argument kind of +classify it as a public good which is + + align:start position:0% +classify it as a public good which is + + + align:start position:0% +classify it as a public good which is +really kind of in favor of saying the + + align:start position:0% +really kind of in favor of saying the + + + align:start position:0% +really kind of in favor of saying the +government should be or federal support + + align:start position:0% +government should be or federal support + + + align:start position:0% +government should be or federal support +should be there for providing this + + align:start position:0% +should be there for providing this + + + align:start position:0% +should be there for providing this +public good quote unquote of basic + + align:start position:0% +public good quote unquote of basic + + + align:start position:0% +public good quote unquote of basic +research and I think that's a very good + + align:start position:0% +research and I think that's a very good + + + align:start position:0% +research and I think that's a very good +argument for the necessity of federal + + align:start position:0% +argument for the necessity of federal + + + align:start position:0% +argument for the necessity of federal +support but the other thing I was + + align:start position:0% +support but the other thing I was + + + align:start position:0% +support but the other thing I was +thinking of is that are there ways of + + align:start position:0% +thinking of is that are there ways of + + + align:start position:0% +thinking of is that are there ways of +kind of expanding this from just the + + align:start position:0% +kind of expanding this from just the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of expanding this from just the +responsibility kind of shifting it just + + align:start position:0% +responsibility kind of shifting it just + + + align:start position:0% +responsibility kind of shifting it just +from that of the federal government to + + align:start position:0% +from that of the federal government to + + + align:start position:0% +from that of the federal government to +other actors so some thoughts that I had + + align:start position:0% +other actors so some thoughts that I had + + + align:start position:0% +other actors so some thoughts that I had +was doing these readings were and I'll + + align:start position:0% +was doing these readings were and I'll + + + align:start position:0% +was doing these readings were and I'll +put this question to you guys is there a + + align:start position:0% +put this question to you guys is there a + + + align:start position:0% +put this question to you guys is there a +way to kind of change the payoff + + align:start position:0% +way to kind of change the payoff + + + align:start position:0% +way to kind of change the payoff +structure so that the responsibility to + + align:start position:0% +structure so that the responsibility to + + + align:start position:0% +structure so that the responsibility to +provide funding for basic research can + + align:start position:0% +provide funding for basic research can + + + align:start position:0% +provide funding for basic research can +be on industries as well or is there a + + align:start position:0% +be on industries as well or is there a + + + align:start position:0% +be on industries as well or is there a +way to kind of have an integrated system + + align:start position:0% +way to kind of have an integrated system + + + align:start position:0% +way to kind of have an integrated system +that encourages multiple and synergistic + + align:start position:0% +that encourages multiple and synergistic + + + align:start position:0% +that encourages multiple and synergistic +benefits that both firms private actors + + align:start position:0% +benefits that both firms private actors + + + align:start position:0% +benefits that both firms private actors +and maybe even stuff with actors will + + align:start position:0% +and maybe even stuff with actors will + + + align:start position:0% +and maybe even stuff with actors will +all want to kind of buy into I think + + align:start position:0% +all want to kind of buy into I think + + + align:start position:0% +all want to kind of buy into I think +that gets us maybe closer to kind of + + align:start position:0% +that gets us maybe closer to kind of + + + align:start position:0% +that gets us maybe closer to kind of +singer mentions the rich ecosystem + + align:start position:0% +singer mentions the rich ecosystem + + + align:start position:0% +singer mentions the rich ecosystem +following post news after the war where + + align:start position:0% +following post news after the war where + + + align:start position:0% +following post news after the war where +it wasn't kind of a situation of alone + + align:start position:0% +it wasn't kind of a situation of alone + + + align:start position:0% +it wasn't kind of a situation of alone +an innovator working by themselves or + + align:start position:0% +an innovator working by themselves or + + + align:start position:0% +an innovator working by themselves or +anything so yeah those are so that's + + align:start position:0% +anything so yeah those are so that's + + + align:start position:0% +anything so yeah those are so that's +kind of one of the main things I've been + + align:start position:0% +kind of one of the main things I've been + + + align:start position:0% +kind of one of the main things I've been +kind of trying to process with these + + align:start position:0% +kind of trying to process with these + + + align:start position:0% +kind of trying to process with these +readings so I guess the more general + + align:start position:0% +readings so I guess the more general + + + align:start position:0% +readings so I guess the more general +question to you all would be with how to + + align:start position:0% +question to you all would be with how to + + + align:start position:0% +question to you all would be with how to +kind of yeah so how did she kind of like + + align:start position:0% +kind of yeah so how did she kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +kind of yeah so how did she kind of like +change the system so that private and + + align:start position:0% +change the system so that private and + + + align:start position:0% +change the system so that private and +public funding relationships can work + + align:start position:0% +public funding relationships can work + + + align:start position:0% +public funding relationships can work +together and also to be cognizant of the + + align:start position:0% +together and also to be cognizant of the + + + align:start position:0% +together and also to be cognizant of the +different agendas and goals of the + + align:start position:0% +different agendas and goals of the + + + align:start position:0% +different agendas and goals of the +different actors within the + + align:start position:0% +different actors within the + + + align:start position:0% +different actors within the +institutional institutionalized science + + align:start position:0% +institutional institutionalized science + + + align:start position:0% +institutional institutionalized science +framework that we've been looking at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I wonder know as I said like the energy + + align:start position:0% +I wonder know as I said like the energy + + + align:start position:0% +I wonder know as I said like the energy +issue I mean I feel like I'm uh + + align:start position:0% +issue I mean I feel like I'm uh + + + align:start position:0% +issue I mean I feel like I'm uh +repeating myself but when I was first + + align:start position:0% +repeating myself but when I was first + + + align:start position:0% +repeating myself but when I was first +here we talked about patient capital and + + align:start position:0% +here we talked about patient capital and + + + align:start position:0% +here we talked about patient capital and +this breaks her energy and one of the + + align:start position:0% +this breaks her energy and one of the + + + align:start position:0% +this breaks her energy and one of the +enemies one of the proposals there was + + align:start position:0% +enemies one of the proposals there was + + + align:start position:0% +enemies one of the proposals there was +definitely like a public partner a + + align:start position:0% +definitely like a public partner a + + + align:start position:0% +definitely like a public partner a +public-private partnership with + + align:start position:0% +public-private partnership with + + + align:start position:0% +public-private partnership with +different countries including the US and + + align:start position:0% +different countries including the US and + + + align:start position:0% +different countries including the US and +unfortunately it's not happening in the + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately it's not happening in the + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately it's not happening in the +u.s. of committing to double their R&D + + align:start position:0% +u.s. of committing to double their R&D + + + align:start position:0% +u.s. of committing to double their R&D +budgets around energy and then again + + align:start position:0% +budgets around energy and then again + + + align:start position:0% +budgets around energy and then again +this is just eight senators + + align:start position:0% +this is just eight senators + + + align:start position:0% +this is just eight senators +billionaire's Club but it could be other + + align:start position:0% +billionaire's Club but it could be other + + + align:start position:0% +billionaire's Club but it could be other +sources of private capital and we're + + align:start position:0% +sources of private capital and we're + + + align:start position:0% +sources of private capital and we're +starting to see some other sources + + align:start position:0% +starting to see some other sources + + + align:start position:0% +starting to see some other sources +pledging to pick up you know what that + + align:start position:0% +pledging to pick up you know what that + + + align:start position:0% +pledging to pick up you know what that +with their upon mission innovation that + + align:start position:0% +with their upon mission innovation that + + + align:start position:0% +with their upon mission innovation that +bringing basic research ideas further + + align:start position:0% +bringing basic research ideas further + + + align:start position:0% +bringing basic research ideas further +along pick those up and incubate them + + align:start position:0% +along pick those up and incubate them + + + align:start position:0% +along pick those up and incubate them +longer different said I mean that's I + + align:start position:0% +longer different said I mean that's I + + + align:start position:0% +longer different said I mean that's I +mean I think that that there's also I + + align:start position:0% +mean I think that that there's also I + + + align:start position:0% +mean I think that that there's also I +mean the MIT Energy Initiative doesn't + + align:start position:0% +mean the MIT Energy Initiative doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +mean the MIT Energy Initiative doesn't +solve all the world's problems but you + + align:start position:0% +solve all the world's problems but you + + + align:start position:0% +solve all the world's problems but you +know there is there's definitely + + align:start position:0% +know there is there's definitely + + + align:start position:0% +know there is there's definitely +early-stage research that we fund that + + align:start position:0% +early-stage research that we fund that + + + align:start position:0% +early-stage research that we fund that +part of every company's membership they + + align:start position:0% +part of every company's membership they + + + align:start position:0% +part of every company's membership they +put a hundred thousand dollars a year + + align:start position:0% +put a hundred thousand dollars a year + + + align:start position:0% +put a hundred thousand dollars a year +into a pool and we fund what we call you + + align:start position:0% +into a pool and we fund what we call you + + + align:start position:0% +into a pool and we fund what we call you +know it's commonly around MIT different + + align:start position:0% +know it's commonly around MIT different + + + align:start position:0% +know it's commonly around MIT different +people do receive grants so I mean I + + align:start position:0% +people do receive grants so I mean I + + + align:start position:0% +people do receive grants so I mean I +could go about that but we have models + + align:start position:0% +could go about that but we have models + + + align:start position:0% +could go about that but we have models +like they did not like I forget how much + + align:start position:0% +like they did not like I forget how much + + + align:start position:0% +like they did not like I forget how much +they get paid for new company yeah well + + align:start position:0% +they get paid for new company yeah well + + + align:start position:0% +they get paid for new company yeah well +we're a little we have we have something + + align:start position:0% +we're a little we have we have something + + + align:start position:0% +we're a little we have we have something +like that but nobody gets IP at the + + align:start position:0% +like that but nobody gets IP at the + + + align:start position:0% +like that but nobody gets IP at the +Media Lab nobody gets IP for what I just + + align:start position:0% +Media Lab nobody gets IP for what I just + + + align:start position:0% +Media Lab nobody gets IP for what I just +described for their early stage of stuff + + align:start position:0% +described for their early stage of stuff + + + align:start position:0% +described for their early stage of stuff +they do get IP because we also bring in + + align:start position:0% +they do get IP because we also bring in + + + align:start position:0% +they do get IP because we also bring in +like 30 million dollars a year of money + + align:start position:0% +like 30 million dollars a year of money + + + align:start position:0% +like 30 million dollars a year of money +for sponsored research but you know Bill + + align:start position:0% +for sponsored research but you know Bill + + + align:start position:0% +for sponsored research but you know Bill +I don't know if you want to say thing + + align:start position:0% +I don't know if you want to say thing + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know if you want to say thing +that arpa-e I mean that's also a part of + + align:start position:0% +that arpa-e I mean that's also a part of + + + align:start position:0% +that arpa-e I mean that's also a part of +the department energy that's modeled + + align:start position:0% +the department energy that's modeled + + + align:start position:0% +the department energy that's modeled +after DARPA that definitely funds + + align:start position:0% +after DARPA that definitely funds + + + align:start position:0% +after DARPA that definitely funds +early-stage and a bunch of MIT faculty + + align:start position:0% +early-stage and a bunch of MIT faculty + + + align:start position:0% +early-stage and a bunch of MIT faculty +have gotten those grants and I don't + + align:start position:0% +have gotten those grants and I don't + + + align:start position:0% +have gotten those grants and I don't +know how much it's under threat at the + + align:start position:0% +know how much it's under threat at the + + + align:start position:0% +know how much it's under threat at the +moment I guess a piece of art but he is + + align:start position:0% +moment I guess a piece of art but he is + + + align:start position:0% +moment I guess a piece of art but he is +RB is proposed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +at least 300 million and only at the + + align:start position:0% +at least 300 million and only at the + + + align:start position:0% +at least 300 million and only at the +federal government would that not be a + + align:start position:0% +federal government would that not be a + + + align:start position:0% +federal government would that not be a +lot of money right but some you're + + align:start position:0% +lot of money right but some you're + + + align:start position:0% +lot of money right but some you're +driving it really interesting points + + align:start position:0% +driving it really interesting points + + + align:start position:0% +driving it really interesting points +what are some other organizational + + align:start position:0% +what are some other organizational + + + align:start position:0% +what are some other organizational +models that might help us get around + + align:start position:0% +models that might help us get around + + + align:start position:0% +models that might help us get around +some of these dilemmas and it's a really + + align:start position:0% +some of these dilemmas and it's a really + + + align:start position:0% +some of these dilemmas and it's a really +intriguing set of questions I mean going + + align:start position:0% +intriguing set of questions I mean going + + + align:start position:0% +intriguing set of questions I mean going +back on some of them I'm not even + + align:start position:0% +back on some of them I'm not even + + + align:start position:0% +back on some of them I'm not even +organizationally it's like you know + + align:start position:0% +organizationally it's like you know + + + align:start position:0% +organizationally it's like you know +counting methods or increased tax + + align:start position:0% +counting methods or increased tax + + + align:start position:0% +counting methods or increased tax +benefits or doing basic science research + + align:start position:0% +benefits or doing basic science research + + + align:start position:0% +benefits or doing basic science research +you know mind I had a question about + + align:start position:0% +you know mind I had a question about + + + align:start position:0% +you know mind I had a question about +this reading so he kind of pokes holes + + align:start position:0% +this reading so he kind of pokes holes + + + align:start position:0% +this reading so he kind of pokes holes +in pushes linear relationship or basic + + align:start position:0% +in pushes linear relationship or basic + + + align:start position:0% +in pushes linear relationship or basic +research in the development so he grades + + align:start position:0% +research in the development so he grades + + + align:start position:0% +research in the development so he grades +this this quadrant and I didn't really + + align:start position:0% +this this quadrant and I didn't really + + + align:start position:0% +this this quadrant and I didn't really +gather from it so much what he was + + align:start position:0% +gather from it so much what he was + + + align:start position:0% +gather from it so much what he was +recommending for a policy perspective + + align:start position:0% +recommending for a policy perspective + + + align:start position:0% +recommending for a policy perspective +like do you distribute funding across + + align:start position:0% +like do you distribute funding across + + + align:start position:0% +like do you distribute funding across +those three or four sections differently + + align:start position:0% +those three or four sections differently + + + align:start position:0% +those three or four sections differently +I didn't see that as much in their + + align:start position:0% +I didn't see that as much in their + + + align:start position:0% +I didn't see that as much in their +reading and write I mean is I mean in a + + align:start position:0% +reading and write I mean is I mean in a + + + align:start position:0% +reading and write I mean is I mean in a +way Matthew you're asking is Stokes + + align:start position:0% +way Matthew you're asking is Stokes + + + align:start position:0% +way Matthew you're asking is Stokes +attacking what's really kind of a paper + + align:start position:0% +attacking what's really kind of a paper + + + align:start position:0% +attacking what's really kind of a paper +tiger right does this system that Stokes + + align:start position:0% +tiger right does this system that Stokes + + + align:start position:0% +tiger right does this system that Stokes +is describing of the federal government + + align:start position:0% +is describing of the federal government + + + align:start position:0% +is describing of the federal government +really only funding pure basic research + + align:start position:0% +really only funding pure basic research + + + align:start position:0% +really only funding pure basic research +along the Vannevar Bush lines did that + + align:start position:0% +along the Vannevar Bush lines did that + + + align:start position:0% +along the Vannevar Bush lines did that +really does that really exist and I + + align:start position:0% +really does that really exist and I + + + align:start position:0% +really does that really exist and I +think there actually is a serious + + align:start position:0% +think there actually is a serious + + + align:start position:0% +think there actually is a serious +question so in the next class class six + + align:start position:0% +question so in the next class class six + + + align:start position:0% +question so in the next class class six +we're gonna dive pretty deeply into that + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna dive pretty deeply into that + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna dive pretty deeply into that +question how does the system actually + + align:start position:0% +question how does the system actually + + + align:start position:0% +question how does the system actually +work and then in addition we're going to + + align:start position:0% +work and then in addition we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +work and then in addition we're going to +explore I've just described the veneer + + align:start position:0% +explore I've just described the veneer + + + align:start position:0% +explore I've just described the veneer +bush model which dominates US civilian + + align:start position:0% +bush model which dominates US civilian + + + align:start position:0% +bush model which dominates US civilian +science and the major scientific + + align:start position:0% +science and the major scientific + + + align:start position:0% +science and the major scientific +organizations that are part of it so NIH + + align:start position:0% +organizations that are part of it so NIH + + + align:start position:0% +organizations that are part of it so NIH +NSF DOA office of science were all + + align:start position:0% +NSF DOA office of science were all + + + align:start position:0% +NSF DOA office of science were all +organized on a basic research model + + align:start position:0% +organized on a basic research model + + + align:start position:0% +organized on a basic research model +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +but then there's a parallel universe in + + align:start position:0% +but then there's a parallel universe in + + + align:start position:0% +but then there's a parallel universe in +the US R&D system right the defense + + align:start position:0% +the US R&D system right the defense + + + align:start position:0% +the US R&D system right the defense +innovation system is not organized like + + align:start position:0% +innovation system is not organized like + + + align:start position:0% +innovation system is not organized like +that at all right it's back to war too + + align:start position:0% +that at all right it's back to war too + + + align:start position:0% +that at all right it's back to war too +right it's a much more connected system + + align:start position:0% +right it's a much more connected system + + + align:start position:0% +right it's a much more connected system +so we're going to explore that in class + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to explore that in class + + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to explore that in class +six and a fair amount of depth but the + + align:start position:0% +six and a fair amount of depth but the + + + align:start position:0% +six and a fair amount of depth but the +agencies themselves have changed right + + align:start position:0% +agencies themselves have changed right + + + align:start position:0% +agencies themselves have changed right +they've evolved over time so for example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +at NSF itself which is the classic basic + + align:start position:0% +at NSF itself which is the classic basic + + + align:start position:0% +at NSF itself which is the classic basic +research organization NSF's probably + + align:start position:0% +research organization NSF's probably + + + align:start position:0% +research organization NSF's probably +greatest director Eric Bloch who died + + align:start position:0% +greatest director Eric Bloch who died + + + align:start position:0% +greatest director Eric Bloch who died +tragically recently great great figure + + align:start position:0% +tragically recently great great figure + + + align:start position:0% +tragically recently great great figure +in science he's the only NSF director to + + align:start position:0% +in science he's the only NSF director to + + + align:start position:0% +in science he's the only NSF director to +come out of industry so he was part of + + align:start position:0% +come out of industry so he was part of + + + align:start position:0% +come out of industry so he was part of +that amazing IBM team that did a lot of + + align:start position:0% +that amazing IBM team that did a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +that amazing IBM team that did a lot of +that one that President's Medal of + + align:start position:0% +that one that President's Medal of + + + align:start position:0% +that one that President's Medal of +Technology for some of their really + + align:start position:0% +Technology for some of their really + + + align:start position:0% +Technology for some of their really +early computing advances so he comes out + + align:start position:0% +early computing advances so he comes out + + + align:start position:0% +early computing advances so he comes out +of the computer science arena and so he + + align:start position:0% +of the computer science arena and so he + + + align:start position:0% +of the computer science arena and so he +walks into NSF he sees this basic + + align:start position:0% +walks into NSF he sees this basic + + + align:start position:0% +walks into NSF he sees this basic +research agency he sees that they all + + align:start position:0% +research agency he sees that they all + + + align:start position:0% +research agency he sees that they all +seem to want computers but they have no + + align:start position:0% +seem to want computers but they have no + + + align:start position:0% +seem to want computers but they have no +idea what computer science is so he + + align:start position:0% +idea what computer science is so he + + + align:start position:0% +idea what computer science is so he +creates a whole new branch of science + + align:start position:0% +creates a whole new branch of science + + + align:start position:0% +creates a whole new branch of science +computer science and builds a strong + + align:start position:0% +computer science and builds a strong + + + align:start position:0% +computer science and builds a strong +support system for computer science + + align:start position:0% +support system for computer science + + + align:start position:0% +support system for computer science +organizations and departments DARPA had + + align:start position:0% +organizations and departments DARPA had + + + align:start position:0% +organizations and departments DARPA had +previously been funding those suddenly + + align:start position:0% +previously been funding those suddenly + + + align:start position:0% +previously been funding those suddenly +NSF is landing in that space as well + + align:start position:0% +NSF is landing in that space as well + + + align:start position:0% +NSF is landing in that space as well +in addition he embraces the engineering + + align:start position:0% +in addition he embraces the engineering + + + align:start position:0% +in addition he embraces the engineering +division he himself as an engineer from + + align:start position:0% +division he himself as an engineer from + + + align:start position:0% +division he himself as an engineer from +RPI he embraces the engineering division + + align:start position:0% +RPI he embraces the engineering division + + + align:start position:0% +RPI he embraces the engineering division +and brings in all set of much more + + align:start position:0% +and brings in all set of much more + + + align:start position:0% +and brings in all set of much more +connected collaborative Engineering + + align:start position:0% +connected collaborative Engineering + + + align:start position:0% +connected collaborative Engineering +Research Center's and related programs + + align:start position:0% +Research Center's and related programs + + + align:start position:0% +Research Center's and related programs +that are going to be much more connected + + align:start position:0% +that are going to be much more connected + + + align:start position:0% +that are going to be much more connected +into the system than most of them I NSF + + align:start position:0% +into the system than most of them I NSF + + + align:start position:0% +into the system than most of them I NSF +is so even these agencies themselves + + align:start position:0% +is so even these agencies themselves + + + align:start position:0% +is so even these agencies themselves +tend to push further down the innovation + + align:start position:0% +tend to push further down the innovation + + + align:start position:0% +tend to push further down the innovation +pipeline than just the early-stage + + align:start position:0% +pipeline than just the early-stage + + + align:start position:0% +pipeline than just the early-stage +research even an organization like NSF + + align:start position:0% +research even an organization like NSF + + + align:start position:0% +research even an organization like NSF +so it's there's an evolving story here + + align:start position:0% +so it's there's an evolving story here + + + align:start position:0% +so it's there's an evolving story here +on how US science organizations is + + align:start position:0% +on how US science organizations is + + + align:start position:0% +on how US science organizations is +structured and when you read an article + + align:start position:0% +structured and when you read an article + + + align:start position:0% +structured and when you read an article +in the next class about new model + + align:start position:0% +in the next class about new model + + + align:start position:0% +in the next class about new model +innovation agencies we're going to + + align:start position:0% +innovation agencies we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +innovation agencies we're going to +confront + + align:start position:0% +confront + + + align:start position:0% +confront +some of those issues so in the next + + align:start position:0% +some of those issues so in the next + + + align:start position:0% +some of those issues so in the next +class we're going to talk about the + + align:start position:0% +class we're going to talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +class we're going to talk about the +parallel defense innovation organization + + align:start position:0% +parallel defense innovation organization + + + align:start position:0% +parallel defense innovation organization +which is very connected as well as the + + align:start position:0% +which is very connected as well as the + + + align:start position:0% +which is very connected as well as the +evolution of these agencies themselves + + align:start position:0% +evolution of these agencies themselves + + + align:start position:0% +evolution of these agencies themselves +so it's not it's not as if things have + + align:start position:0% +so it's not it's not as if things have + + + align:start position:0% +so it's not it's not as if things have +Stood Still Stokes's critique has been + + align:start position:0% +Stood Still Stokes's critique has been + + + align:start position:0% +Stood Still Stokes's critique has been +understood and accepted in some ways in + + align:start position:0% +understood and accepted in some ways in + + + align:start position:0% +understood and accepted in some ways in +some parts of these other agencies + + align:start position:0% +some parts of these other agencies + + + align:start position:0% +some parts of these other agencies +although they still remain basing + + align:start position:0% +although they still remain basing + + + align:start position:0% +although they still remain basing +research-based so it's an evolving story + + align:start position:0% +research-based so it's an evolving story + + + align:start position:0% +research-based so it's an evolving story +here Matthew so now I'm how about one + + align:start position:0% +here Matthew so now I'm how about one + + + align:start position:0% +here Matthew so now I'm how about one +more about one more question or a couple + + align:start position:0% +more about one more question or a couple + + + align:start position:0% +more about one more question or a couple +more yeah kind of getting at the idea of + + align:start position:0% +more yeah kind of getting at the idea of + + + align:start position:0% +more yeah kind of getting at the idea of +like a shorter term versus longer term + + align:start position:0% +like a shorter term versus longer term + + + align:start position:0% +like a shorter term versus longer term +if we're looking at that top right + + align:start position:0% +if we're looking at that top right + + + align:start position:0% +if we're looking at that top right +quadrant when it's kind of like you + + align:start position:0% +quadrant when it's kind of like you + + + align:start position:0% +quadrant when it's kind of like you +considered basic research do you think + + align:start position:0% +considered basic research do you think + + + align:start position:0% +considered basic research do you think +that that's kind of still a little + + align:start position:0% +that that's kind of still a little + + + align:start position:0% +that that's kind of still a little +there's a lot of emphasis on innovation + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of emphasis on innovation + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of emphasis on innovation +really being like centered there and do + + align:start position:0% +really being like centered there and do + + + align:start position:0% +really being like centered there and do +you think that's still kind of focused + + align:start position:0% +you think that's still kind of focused + + + align:start position:0% +you think that's still kind of focused +on short to medium term so sort of + + align:start position:0% +on short to medium term so sort of + + + align:start position:0% +on short to medium term so sort of +visions and kind of excluding the longer + + align:start position:0% +visions and kind of excluding the longer + + + align:start position:0% +visions and kind of excluding the longer +term or anything there's also kind of a + + align:start position:0% +term or anything there's also kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +term or anything there's also kind of a +space for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I think just one example of the feet + + align:start position:0% +so I think just one example of the feet + + + align:start position:0% +so I think just one example of the feet +along each other but it's like DARPA and + + align:start position:0% +along each other but it's like DARPA and + + + align:start position:0% +along each other but it's like DARPA and +side network that I probably look like + + align:start position:0% +side network that I probably look like + + + align:start position:0% +side network that I probably look like +exoskeleton and it was funded by DARPA + + align:start position:0% +exoskeleton and it was funded by DARPA + + + align:start position:0% +exoskeleton and it was funded by DARPA +they it was consideration based on their + + align:start position:0% +they it was consideration based on their + + + align:start position:0% +they it was consideration based on their +what kind of the next generation of + + align:start position:0% +what kind of the next generation of + + + align:start position:0% +what kind of the next generation of +soldiers right and the projects that + + align:start position:0% +soldiers right and the projects that + + + align:start position:0% +soldiers right and the projects that +they were funding were super early-stage + + align:start position:0% +they were funding were super early-stage + + + align:start position:0% +they were funding were super early-stage +down to very like basics of biomechanics + + align:start position:0% +down to very like basics of biomechanics + + + align:start position:0% +down to very like basics of biomechanics +and energy usage metabolic twelve-mile + + align:start position:0% +and energy usage metabolic twelve-mile + + + align:start position:0% +and energy usage metabolic twelve-mile +walking so I do think they there is + + align:start position:0% +walking so I do think they there is + + + align:start position:0% +walking so I do think they there is +there are at least some examples of a + + align:start position:0% +there are at least some examples of a + + + align:start position:0% +there are at least some examples of a +monkey term also considering news yeah I + + align:start position:0% +monkey term also considering news yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +monkey term also considering news yeah I +think it's harder and harder to think of + + align:start position:0% +think it's harder and harder to think of + + + align:start position:0% +think it's harder and harder to think of +examples of like pure basic research now + + align:start position:0% +examples of like pure basic research now + + + align:start position:0% +examples of like pure basic research now +like obviously there are still some I + + align:start position:0% +like obviously there are still some I + + + align:start position:0% +like obviously there are still some I +caught like astrophysics research and + + align:start position:0% +caught like astrophysics research and + + + align:start position:0% +caught like astrophysics research and +like understanding the universe might + + align:start position:0% +like understanding the universe might + + + align:start position:0% +like understanding the universe might +still fall into that category but I + + align:start position:0% +still fall into that category but I + + + align:start position:0% +still fall into that category but I +think that a lot of what people are + + align:start position:0% +think that a lot of what people are + + + align:start position:0% +think that a lot of what people are +doing it like people have some sort of + + align:start position:0% +doing it like people have some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +doing it like people have some sort of +idea of what an end goal might be in it + + align:start position:0% +idea of what an end goal might be in it + + + align:start position:0% +idea of what an end goal might be in it +like biotech applications can go back to + + align:start position:0% +like biotech applications can go back to + + + align:start position:0% +like biotech applications can go back to +very like basic bio research and now + + align:start position:0% +very like basic bio research and now + + + align:start position:0% +very like basic bio research and now +people doing that research are kind of + + align:start position:0% +people doing that research are kind of + + + align:start position:0% +people doing that research are kind of +thinking about how it might be able to + + align:start position:0% +thinking about how it might be able to + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about how it might be able to +be used in the future so I think we're + + align:start position:0% +be used in the future so I think we're + + + align:start position:0% +be used in the future so I think we're +but it's like definitely it's so + + align:start position:0% +but it's like definitely it's so + + + align:start position:0% +but it's like definitely it's so +long-term I like your I like your point + + align:start position:0% +long-term I like your I like your point + + + align:start position:0% +long-term I like your I like your point +and an MIT scientist once explained to + + align:start position:0% +and an MIT scientist once explained to + + + align:start position:0% +and an MIT scientist once explained to +me how it actually works he said look on + + align:start position:0% +me how it actually works he said look on + + + align:start position:0% +me how it actually works he said look on +day one I'm doing fundamental + + align:start position:0% +day one I'm doing fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +day one I'm doing fundamental +exploratory science and I may do that + + align:start position:0% +exploratory science and I may do that + + + align:start position:0% +exploratory science and I may do that +for a considerable period of time then I + + align:start position:0% +for a considerable period of time then I + + + align:start position:0% +for a considerable period of time then I +see something right then I see some kind + + align:start position:0% +see something right then I see some kind + + + align:start position:0% +see something right then I see some kind +of opportunity pattern suddenly I'm + + align:start position:0% +of opportunity pattern suddenly I'm + + + align:start position:0% +of opportunity pattern suddenly I'm +doing applied science because something + + align:start position:0% +doing applied science because something + + + align:start position:0% +doing applied science because something +I've seen something I've seen what the + + align:start position:0% +I've seen something I've seen what the + + + align:start position:0% +I've seen something I've seen what the +possibilities are and then I play with + + align:start position:0% +possibilities are and then I play with + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities are and then I play with +that right and then it doesn't work so + + align:start position:0% +that right and then it doesn't work so + + + align:start position:0% +that right and then it doesn't work so +then I'm back you know doing fundamental + + align:start position:0% +then I'm back you know doing fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +then I'm back you know doing fundamental +exploratory basic science again for a + + align:start position:0% +exploratory basic science again for a + + + align:start position:0% +exploratory basic science again for a +while right it's there's no it's a + + align:start position:0% +while right it's there's no it's a + + + align:start position:0% +while right it's there's no it's a +dynamic process here I think Stokes is + + align:start position:0% +dynamic process here I think Stokes is + + + align:start position:0% +dynamic process here I think Stokes is +right it's not a static linear process + + align:start position:0% +right it's not a static linear process + + + align:start position:0% +right it's not a static linear process +and often the scientists themselves will + + align:start position:0% +and often the scientists themselves will + + + align:start position:0% +and often the scientists themselves will +move between basic and later stage work + + align:start position:0% +move between basic and later stage work + + + align:start position:0% +move between basic and later stage work +you know on a single research project + + align:start position:0% +you know on a single research project + + + align:start position:0% +you know on a single research project +based upon what they're discovering and + + align:start position:0% +based upon what they're discovering and + + + align:start position:0% +based upon what they're discovering and +finding + + align:start position:0% +finding + + + align:start position:0% +finding +you know the National Institutes of + + align:start position:0% +you know the National Institutes of + + + align:start position:0% +you know the National Institutes of +Health is pretty much a basic research + + align:start position:0% +Health is pretty much a basic research + + + align:start position:0% +Health is pretty much a basic research +organization but when you go to the + + align:start position:0% +organization but when you go to the + + + align:start position:0% +organization but when you go to the +National Institutes of Health you don't + + align:start position:0% +National Institutes of Health you don't + + + align:start position:0% +National Institutes of Health you don't +apply to them for money you apply to the + + align:start position:0% +apply to them for money you apply to the + + + align:start position:0% +apply to them for money you apply to the +National Cancer Institute right so + + align:start position:0% +National Cancer Institute right so + + + align:start position:0% +National Cancer Institute right so +you're not applying to the National + + align:start position:0% +you're not applying to the National + + + align:start position:0% +you're not applying to the National +Institute of let's go have fun in the + + align:start position:0% +Institute of let's go have fun in the + + + align:start position:0% +Institute of let's go have fun in the +laboratory you know you're applying to + + align:start position:0% +laboratory you know you're applying to + + + align:start position:0% +laboratory you know you're applying to +the National Cancer Institute so there + + align:start position:0% +the National Cancer Institute so there + + + align:start position:0% +the National Cancer Institute so there +is there is some use inspired you know + + align:start position:0% +is there is some use inspired you know + + + align:start position:0% +is there is some use inspired you know +elements even in a pretty basic research + + align:start position:0% +elements even in a pretty basic research + + + align:start position:0% +elements even in a pretty basic research +organization like in US like NIH + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how about a closing point Stokes's yes + + align:start position:0% +how about a closing point Stokes's yes + + + align:start position:0% +how about a closing point Stokes's yes +it is war right it's a fundamental ethos + + align:start position:0% +it is war right it's a fundamental ethos + + + align:start position:0% +it is war right it's a fundamental ethos +of scientists is we're doing basic you + + align:start position:0% +of scientists is we're doing basic you + + + align:start position:0% +of scientists is we're doing basic you +know fundamental research exploratory + + align:start position:0% +know fundamental research exploratory + + + align:start position:0% +know fundamental research exploratory +research that it has enormous value and + + align:start position:0% +research that it has enormous value and + + + align:start position:0% +research that it has enormous value and +here's Stokes telling us that you know + + align:start position:0% +here's Stokes telling us that you know + + + align:start position:0% +here's Stokes telling us that you know +we're missing something + + align:start position:0% +we're missing something + + + align:start position:0% +we're missing something +I mean shove it you know was a lot of + + align:start position:0% +I mean shove it you know was a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +I mean shove it you know was a lot of +the reaction I mean nobody quite said + + align:start position:0% +the reaction I mean nobody quite said + + + align:start position:0% +the reaction I mean nobody quite said +that because Stokes was dying of + + align:start position:0% +that because Stokes was dying of + + + align:start position:0% +that because Stokes was dying of +leukemia but you know that was pretty + + align:start position:0% +leukemia but you know that was pretty + + + align:start position:0% +leukemia but you know that was pretty +much the tenor right and that's still a + + align:start position:0% +much the tenor right and that's still a + + + align:start position:0% +much the tenor right and that's still a +dip ongoing debate here MIT in some ways + + align:start position:0% +dip ongoing debate here MIT in some ways + + + align:start position:0% +dip ongoing debate here MIT in some ways +a very any Constitution it's because at + + align:start position:0% +a very any Constitution it's because at + + + align:start position:0% +a very any Constitution it's because at +the beginning at the foundational moment + + align:start position:0% +the beginning at the foundational moment + + + align:start position:0% +the beginning at the foundational moment +in the 1860s it attempted to integrate + + align:start position:0% +in the 1860s it attempted to integrate + + + align:start position:0% +in the 1860s it attempted to integrate +engineering and science remember we + + align:start position:0% +engineering and science remember we + + + align:start position:0% +engineering and science remember we +talked about the very beginning you know + + align:start position:0% +talked about the very beginning you know + + + align:start position:0% +talked about the very beginning you know +engineering is organized around it was + + align:start position:0% +engineering is organized around it was + + + align:start position:0% +engineering is organized around it was +in the 19th century it was making stuff + + align:start position:0% +in the 19th century it was making stuff + + + align:start position:0% +in the 19th century it was making stuff +it was doing things that's what + + align:start position:0% +it was doing things that's what + + + align:start position:0% +it was doing things that's what +engineering was all about science was + + align:start position:0% +engineering was all about science was + + + align:start position:0% +engineering was all about science was +natural philosophy it was observational + + align:start position:0% +natural philosophy it was observational + + + align:start position:0% +natural philosophy it was observational +it was understanding how the natural + + align:start position:0% +it was understanding how the natural + + + align:start position:0% +it was understanding how the natural +world operates MIT attempted to bring + + align:start position:0% +world operates MIT attempted to bring + + + align:start position:0% +world operates MIT attempted to bring +these two fields together and put them + + align:start position:0% +these two fields together and put them + + + align:start position:0% +these two fields together and put them +on a continuum so there may be a pure + + align:start position:0% +on a continuum so there may be a pure + + + align:start position:0% +on a continuum so there may be a pure +natural scientist at MIT and there are + + align:start position:0% +natural scientist at MIT and there are + + + align:start position:0% +natural scientist at MIT and there are +and there may be some pure engineers but + + align:start position:0% +and there may be some pure engineers but + + + align:start position:0% +and there may be some pure engineers but +mostly they're all on a continuum + + align:start position:0% +mostly they're all on a continuum + + + align:start position:0% +mostly they're all on a continuum +together and the organizational + + align:start position:0% +together and the organizational + + + align:start position:0% +together and the organizational +mechanism that MIT uses to do that it's + + align:start position:0% +mechanism that MIT uses to do that it's + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism that MIT uses to do that it's +not the department's all right so most + + align:start position:0% +not the department's all right so most + + + align:start position:0% +not the department's all right so most +universities are have the departments at + + align:start position:0% +universities are have the departments at + + + align:start position:0% +universities are have the departments at +their core which are organized around + + align:start position:0% +their core which are organized around + + + align:start position:0% +their core which are organized around +single scientific fields departments are + + align:start position:0% +single scientific fields departments are + + + align:start position:0% +single scientific fields departments are +important in MIT because they determine + + align:start position:0% +important in MIT because they determine + + + align:start position:0% +important in MIT because they determine +credentialing and do you have a job and + + align:start position:0% +credentialing and do you have a job and + + + align:start position:0% +credentialing and do you have a job and +can you teach and what are you going to + + align:start position:0% +can you teach and what are you going to + + + align:start position:0% +can you teach and what are you going to +teach they're important but the really + + align:start position:0% +teach they're important but the really + + + align:start position:0% +teach they're important but the really +powerful elements are the labs at MIT + + align:start position:0% +powerful elements are the labs at MIT + + + align:start position:0% +powerful elements are the labs at MIT +and they integrate all kinds of fields + + align:start position:0% +and they integrate all kinds of fields + + + align:start position:0% +and they integrate all kinds of fields +and they are use + + align:start position:0% +and they are use + + + align:start position:0% +and they are use +driven right they are very much results + + align:start position:0% +driven right they are very much results + + + align:start position:0% +driven right they are very much results +driven so they're bringing together + + align:start position:0% +driven so they're bringing together + + + align:start position:0% +driven so they're bringing together +science + + align:start position:0% +science + + + align:start position:0% +science +and engineering on a continuum but with + + align:start position:0% +and engineering on a continuum but with + + + align:start position:0% +and engineering on a continuum but with +a set of organized purposes so it's a + + align:start position:0% +a set of organized purposes so it's a + + + align:start position:0% +a set of organized purposes so it's a +pretty unique organizational model it's + + align:start position:0% +pretty unique organizational model it's + + + align:start position:0% +pretty unique organizational model it's +not the pervasive model in US + + align:start position:0% +not the pervasive model in US + + + align:start position:0% +not the pervasive model in US +universities so this debate isn't + + align:start position:0% +universities so this debate isn't + + + align:start position:0% +universities so this debate isn't +doesn't really break out that much at + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really break out that much at + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really break out that much at +MIT because MIT already did the + + align:start position:0% +MIT because MIT already did the + + + align:start position:0% +MIT because MIT already did the +integration right but in many other + + align:start position:0% +integration right but in many other + + + align:start position:0% +integration right but in many other +places it's an ongoing debate sosa namma + + align:start position:0% +places it's an ongoing debate sosa namma + + + align:start position:0% +places it's an ongoing debate sosa namma +closing thought I keep right now it's + + align:start position:0% +closing thought I keep right now it's + + + align:start position:0% +closing thought I keep right now it's +just the direction that this debate + + align:start position:0% +just the direction that this debate + + + align:start position:0% +just the direction that this debate +would take on especially considering I + + align:start position:0% +would take on especially considering I + + + align:start position:0% +would take on especially considering I +think like it means a lot for a lot of + + align:start position:0% +think like it means a lot for a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +think like it means a lot for a lot of +areas that are kind of outside the reach + + align:start position:0% +areas that are kind of outside the reach + + + align:start position:0% +areas that are kind of outside the reach +of markets in general and especially + + align:start position:0% +of markets in general and especially + + + align:start position:0% +of markets in general and especially +with science funding it seems like + + align:start position:0% +with science funding it seems like + + + align:start position:0% +with science funding it seems like +defense is the clear winner who this new + + align:start position:0% +defense is the clear winner who this new + + + align:start position:0% +defense is the clear winner who this new +budget so I think that that repart that + + align:start position:0% +budget so I think that that repart that + + + align:start position:0% +budget so I think that that repart that +kind of might signal a sort of a + + align:start position:0% +kind of might signal a sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +kind of might signal a sort of a +prioritization that is going to have + + align:start position:0% +prioritization that is going to have + + + align:start position:0% +prioritization that is going to have +some interesting applications for this + + align:start position:0% +some interesting applications for this + + + align:start position:0% +some interesting applications for this +for today that's a really important + + align:start position:0% +for today that's a really important + + + align:start position:0% +for today that's a really important +point this is a pretty seminal moment in + + align:start position:0% +point this is a pretty seminal moment in + + + align:start position:0% +point this is a pretty seminal moment in +US scientific history so the + + align:start position:0% +US scientific history so the + + + align:start position:0% +US scientific history so the +organizational set of assumptions that + + align:start position:0% +organizational set of assumptions that + + + align:start position:0% +organizational set of assumptions that +boniva Bush put into place at the close + + align:start position:0% +boniva Bush put into place at the close + + + align:start position:0% +boniva Bush put into place at the close +of war two of federal support for + + align:start position:0% +of war two of federal support for + + + align:start position:0% +of war two of federal support for +research it's really being it's in + + align:start position:0% +research it's really being it's in + + + align:start position:0% +research it's really being it's in +question now and this is the largest + + align:start position:0% +question now and this is the largest + + + align:start position:0% +question now and this is the largest +cutback of a federal science support in + + align:start position:0% +cutback of a federal science support in + + + align:start position:0% +cutback of a federal science support in +history that's now been proposed is the + + align:start position:0% +history that's now been proposed is the + + + align:start position:0% +history that's now been proposed is the +model ending right it's this amazing + + align:start position:0% +model ending right it's this amazing + + + align:start position:0% +model ending right it's this amazing +system of federally supported research + + align:start position:0% +system of federally supported research + + + align:start position:0% +system of federally supported research +universities is that being phased up + + align:start position:0% +universities is that being phased up + + + align:start position:0% +universities is that being phased up +right so it's a very critical time to + + align:start position:0% +right so it's a very critical time to + + + align:start position:0% +right so it's a very critical time to +consider these questions this is the + + align:start position:0% +consider these questions this is the + + + align:start position:0% +consider these questions this is the +model that we've had up to now this is + + align:start position:0% +model that we've had up to now this is + + + align:start position:0% +model that we've had up to now this is +the first time I've really seen a pretty + + align:start position:0% +the first time I've really seen a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +the first time I've really seen a pretty +fundamental hit on that model now + + align:start position:0% +fundamental hit on that model now + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental hit on that model now +whether Congress takes it or not we'll + + align:start position:0% +whether Congress takes it or not we'll + + + align:start position:0% +whether Congress takes it or not we'll +see it's going to be playing out in the + + align:start position:0% +see it's going to be playing out in the + + + align:start position:0% +see it's going to be playing out in the +next few months + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/UhtI6el1gPw.txt b/UhtI6el1gPw.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a3987111ce5087cef4da075d3a426f1951756ddf --- /dev/null +++ b/UhtI6el1gPw.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8848 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open +courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu settle down settle down come + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu settle down settle down come + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu settle down settle down come +on this is + + align:start position:0% +on this is + + + align:start position:0% +on this is +not some other class + + align:start position:0% +not some other class + + + align:start position:0% +not some other class +3091 so I have an important announcement + + align:start position:0% +3091 so I have an important announcement + + + align:start position:0% +3091 so I have an important announcement +uh there won't be a class there won't be + + align:start position:0% +uh there won't be a class there won't be + + + align:start position:0% +uh there won't be a class there won't be +a lecture next Wednesday instead + + align:start position:0% +a lecture next Wednesday instead + + + align:start position:0% +a lecture next Wednesday instead +there'll be another celebration of + + align:start position:0% +there'll be another celebration of + + + align:start position:0% +there'll be another celebration of +learning you're going to come you're + + align:start position:0% +learning you're going to come you're + + + align:start position:0% +learning you're going to come you're +going to show us what you've learned + + align:start position:0% +going to show us what you've learned + + + align:start position:0% +going to show us what you've learned +it's going to be so + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be so + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be so +festive and uh I want to make sure that + + align:start position:0% +festive and uh I want to make sure that + + + align:start position:0% +festive and uh I want to make sure that +we're all celebrating the same thing + + align:start position:0% +we're all celebrating the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +we're all celebrating the same thing +so well oh I meant to patch in I didn't + + align:start position:0% +so well oh I meant to patch in I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +so well oh I meant to patch in I didn't +get it patched in I apologize so let me + + align:start position:0% +get it patched in I apologize so let me + + + align:start position:0% +get it patched in I apologize so let me +tell you what what it is what what we're + + align:start position:0% +tell you what what it is what what we're + + + align:start position:0% +tell you what what it is what what we're +going to look at is the lectures + + align:start position:0% +going to look at is the lectures + + + align:start position:0% +going to look at is the lectures +starting with uh lecture 17 which was uh + + align:start position:0% +starting with uh lecture 17 which was uh + + + align:start position:0% +starting with uh lecture 17 which was uh +on X-rays and halfway through that + + align:start position:0% +on X-rays and halfway through that + + + align:start position:0% +on X-rays and halfway through that +lecture was the breakpoint for the last + + align:start position:0% +lecture was the breakpoint for the last + + + align:start position:0% +lecture was the breakpoint for the last +test so we will start with the uh + + align:start position:0% +test so we will start with the uh + + + align:start position:0% +test so we will start with the uh +material beginning with Bragg's law we + + align:start position:0% +material beginning with Bragg's law we + + + align:start position:0% +material beginning with Bragg's law we +didn't talk about uh defraction on the + + align:start position:0% +didn't talk about uh defraction on the + + + align:start position:0% +didn't talk about uh defraction on the +last uh test the coverage talked about + + align:start position:0% +last uh test the coverage talked about + + + align:start position:0% +last uh test the coverage talked about +generation of x-rays but not their use + + align:start position:0% +generation of x-rays but not their use + + + align:start position:0% +generation of x-rays but not their use +and defraction so starting with x-ray + + align:start position:0% +and defraction so starting with x-ray + + + align:start position:0% +and defraction so starting with x-ray +defraction uh up through the end of last + + align:start position:0% +defraction uh up through the end of last + + + align:start position:0% +defraction uh up through the end of last +day's lecture + + align:start position:0% +day's lecture + + + align:start position:0% +day's lecture +uh and the reason I'm doing this is that + + align:start position:0% +uh and the reason I'm doing this is that + + + align:start position:0% +uh and the reason I'm doing this is that +uh tomorrow is a a holiday there are no + + align:start position:0% +uh tomorrow is a a holiday there are no + + + align:start position:0% +uh tomorrow is a a holiday there are no +academic exercises tomorrow and so I I + + align:start position:0% +academic exercises tomorrow and so I I + + + align:start position:0% +academic exercises tomorrow and so I I +didn't think it made a good uh + + align:start position:0% +didn't think it made a good uh + + + align:start position:0% +didn't think it made a good uh +pedagogical sense to teach you something + + align:start position:0% +pedagogical sense to teach you something + + + align:start position:0% +pedagogical sense to teach you something +today you have no recitation on Thursday + + align:start position:0% +today you have no recitation on Thursday + + + align:start position:0% +today you have no recitation on Thursday +you don't meet again with your + + align:start position:0% +you don't meet again with your + + + align:start position:0% +you don't meet again with your +recitation instructor until Tuesday and + + align:start position:0% +recitation instructor until Tuesday and + + + align:start position:0% +recitation instructor until Tuesday and +then Wednesday's the test so uh being + + align:start position:0% +then Wednesday's the test so uh being + + + align:start position:0% +then Wednesday's the test so uh being +mindful of that I'm going to start + + align:start position:0% +mindful of that I'm going to start + + + align:start position:0% +mindful of that I'm going to start +talking about Solutions today none of + + align:start position:0% +talking about Solutions today none of + + + align:start position:0% +talking about Solutions today none of +that will be on the test so starting + + align:start position:0% +that will be on the test so starting + + + align:start position:0% +that will be on the test so starting +with rate defraction and ending with + + align:start position:0% +with rate defraction and ending with + + + align:start position:0% +with rate defraction and ending with +diffusion so you'll as I've got up here + + align:start position:0% +diffusion so you'll as I've got up here + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion so you'll as I've got up here +uh we saw fixed laws first and second + + align:start position:0% +uh we saw fixed laws first and second + + + align:start position:0% +uh we saw fixed laws first and second +laws error function all that stuff will + + align:start position:0% +laws error function all that stuff will + + + align:start position:0% +laws error function all that stuff will +be fair + + align:start position:0% +be fair + + + align:start position:0% +be fair +game uh and of course we won't have a + + align:start position:0% +game uh and of course we won't have a + + + align:start position:0% +game uh and of course we won't have a +test a weekly quiz on uh Tuesday we'll + + align:start position:0% +test a weekly quiz on uh Tuesday we'll + + + align:start position:0% +test a weekly quiz on uh Tuesday we'll +have plenty to to work on for Wednesday + + align:start position:0% +have plenty to to work on for Wednesday + + + align:start position:0% +have plenty to to work on for Wednesday +so let's leave it that way so last day + + align:start position:0% +so let's leave it that way so last day + + + align:start position:0% +so let's leave it that way so last day +we uh completed the discussion of + + align:start position:0% +we uh completed the discussion of + + + align:start position:0% +we uh completed the discussion of +diffusion uh going through a analytical + + align:start position:0% +diffusion uh going through a analytical + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion uh going through a analytical +uh presentation of fixed laws and how + + align:start position:0% +uh presentation of fixed laws and how + + + align:start position:0% +uh presentation of fixed laws and how +they're used in in a quantitative + + align:start position:0% +they're used in in a quantitative + + + align:start position:0% +they're used in in a quantitative +measure of of rate phenomena in + + align:start position:0% +measure of of rate phenomena in + + + align:start position:0% +measure of of rate phenomena in +diffusion today what I want to do is uh + + align:start position:0% +diffusion today what I want to do is uh + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion today what I want to do is uh +introduce another topic from the general + + align:start position:0% +introduce another topic from the general + + + align:start position:0% +introduce another topic from the general +realm of physical chemistry and U this + + align:start position:0% +realm of physical chemistry and U this + + + align:start position:0% +realm of physical chemistry and U this +is uh the topic of solutions and for + + align:start position:0% +is uh the topic of solutions and for + + + align:start position:0% +is uh the topic of solutions and for +that I'm going to go all the way back to + + align:start position:0% +that I'm going to go all the way back to + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm going to go all the way back to +the to the very first uh lecture in 3091 + + align:start position:0% +the to the very first uh lecture in 3091 + + + align:start position:0% +the to the very first uh lecture in 3091 +we looked at this uh uh figure from the + + align:start position:0% +we looked at this uh uh figure from the + + + align:start position:0% +we looked at this uh uh figure from the +text and what we've been doing up until + + align:start position:0% +text and what we've been doing up until + + + align:start position:0% +text and what we've been doing up until +now is largely working over in the lower + + align:start position:0% +now is largely working over in the lower + + + align:start position:0% +now is largely working over in the lower +left corner of this taxon we've been + + align:start position:0% +left corner of this taxon we've been + + + align:start position:0% +left corner of this taxon we've been +looking at uh the properties of elements + + align:start position:0% +looking at uh the properties of elements + + + align:start position:0% +looking at uh the properties of elements +we've looked at a few compounds but we + + align:start position:0% +we've looked at a few compounds but we + + + align:start position:0% +we've looked at a few compounds but we +really haven't gotten up into here + + align:start position:0% +really haven't gotten up into here + + + align:start position:0% +really haven't gotten up into here +everything has been pure pretty much but + + align:start position:0% +everything has been pure pretty much but + + + align:start position:0% +everything has been pure pretty much but +we have had + + align:start position:0% +we have had + + + align:start position:0% +we have had +to make the odd foray uh when we talked + + align:start position:0% +to make the odd foray uh when we talked + + + align:start position:0% +to make the odd foray uh when we talked +about glasses we got into the discussion + + align:start position:0% +about glasses we got into the discussion + + + align:start position:0% +about glasses we got into the discussion +of solutions because we were talking + + align:start position:0% +of solutions because we were talking + + + align:start position:0% +of solutions because we were talking +about how you could modify the + + align:start position:0% +about how you could modify the + + + align:start position:0% +about how you could modify the +properties to tailor the properties by + + align:start position:0% +properties to tailor the properties by + + + align:start position:0% +properties to tailor the properties by +changing composition of a of a glass so + + align:start position:0% +changing composition of a of a glass so + + + align:start position:0% +changing composition of a of a glass so +so that was really in this domain of uh + + align:start position:0% +so that was really in this domain of uh + + + align:start position:0% +so that was really in this domain of uh +of mixtures and uh we talked about + + align:start position:0% +of mixtures and uh we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +of mixtures and uh we talked about +doping of semiconductors and we dope a + + align:start position:0% +doping of semiconductors and we dope a + + + align:start position:0% +doping of semiconductors and we dope a +semiconductor we actually put phosphorus + + align:start position:0% +semiconductor we actually put phosphorus + + + align:start position:0% +semiconductor we actually put phosphorus +or Boron substitutionally for silicon so + + align:start position:0% +or Boron substitutionally for silicon so + + + align:start position:0% +or Boron substitutionally for silicon so +in essence we're making a solution so + + align:start position:0% +in essence we're making a solution so + + + align:start position:0% +in essence we're making a solution so +that's all up in here but I I'm a little + + align:start position:0% +that's all up in here but I I'm a little + + + align:start position:0% +that's all up in here but I I'm a little +bit uh uncomfortable with this broad + + align:start position:0% +bit uh uncomfortable with this broad + + + align:start position:0% +bit uh uncomfortable with this broad +definition of mixture so I've taken the + + align:start position:0% +definition of mixture so I've taken the + + + align:start position:0% +definition of mixture so I've taken the +liberty of of refining that somewhat and + + align:start position:0% +liberty of of refining that somewhat and + + + align:start position:0% +liberty of of refining that somewhat and +so what I'd prefer you uh uh recognize + + align:start position:0% +so what I'd prefer you uh uh recognize + + + align:start position:0% +so what I'd prefer you uh uh recognize +is that there's two types of mixtures + + align:start position:0% +is that there's two types of mixtures + + + align:start position:0% +is that there's two types of mixtures +there homogeneous mixtures and + + align:start position:0% +there homogeneous mixtures and + + + align:start position:0% +there homogeneous mixtures and +heterogeneous mixtures so homogeneous + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneous mixtures so homogeneous + + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneous mixtures so homogeneous +mixtures are what we would call + + align:start position:0% +mixtures are what we would call + + + align:start position:0% +mixtures are what we would call +Solutions and that gives you mixing + + align:start position:0% +Solutions and that gives you mixing + + + align:start position:0% +Solutions and that gives you mixing +right down at the molecular level + + align:start position:0% +right down at the molecular level + + + align:start position:0% +right down at the molecular level +whereas + + align:start position:0% +whereas + + + align:start position:0% +whereas +heterogeneous uh mixtures are not mixed + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneous uh mixtures are not mixed + + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneous uh mixtures are not mixed +down to the molecular level they're + + align:start position:0% +down to the molecular level they're + + + align:start position:0% +down to the molecular level they're +mixed down to the level of clusters of + + align:start position:0% +mixed down to the level of clusters of + + + align:start position:0% +mixed down to the level of clusters of +molecules so for example uh if I look at + + align:start position:0% +molecules so for example uh if I look at + + + align:start position:0% +molecules so for example uh if I look at +something like brine brine is salt + + align:start position:0% +something like brine brine is salt + + + align:start position:0% +something like brine brine is salt +dissolved in water it's visually + + align:start position:0% +dissolved in water it's visually + + + align:start position:0% +dissolved in water it's visually +uniform that we cannot tell that there + + align:start position:0% +uniform that we cannot tell that there + + + align:start position:0% +uniform that we cannot tell that there +is uh more than uh one component and + + align:start position:0% +is uh more than uh one component and + + + align:start position:0% +is uh more than uh one component and +it's this homogeneity uniformity that + + align:start position:0% +it's this homogeneity uniformity that + + + align:start position:0% +it's this homogeneity uniformity that +makes it a solution whereas if you look + + align:start position:0% +makes it a solution whereas if you look + + + align:start position:0% +makes it a solution whereas if you look +at something like milk milk is a mixture + + align:start position:0% +at something like milk milk is a mixture + + + align:start position:0% +at something like milk milk is a mixture +it's an aggregate milk actually consists + + align:start position:0% +it's an aggregate milk actually consists + + + align:start position:0% +it's an aggregate milk actually consists +of two phases there's a fatty phase + + align:start position:0% +of two phases there's a fatty phase + + + align:start position:0% +of two phases there's a fatty phase +which is insoluble in the aquous + + align:start position:0% +which is insoluble in the aquous + + + align:start position:0% +which is insoluble in the aquous +phase and what's happened is we've got a + + align:start position:0% +phase and what's happened is we've got a + + + align:start position:0% +phase and what's happened is we've got a +a fine dispersion of the second phase in + + align:start position:0% +a fine dispersion of the second phase in + + + align:start position:0% +a fine dispersion of the second phase in +the first phase and that fine dispersion + + align:start position:0% +the first phase and that fine dispersion + + + align:start position:0% +the first phase and that fine dispersion +floats the fat is clear and colorless + + align:start position:0% +floats the fat is clear and colorless + + + align:start position:0% +floats the fat is clear and colorless +and the aquous phase is clear and + + align:start position:0% +and the aquous phase is clear and + + + align:start position:0% +and the aquous phase is clear and +colorless but that dispersion scatters + + align:start position:0% +colorless but that dispersion scatters + + + align:start position:0% +colorless but that dispersion scatters +light and that's where we get the the + + align:start position:0% +light and that's where we get the the + + + align:start position:0% +light and that's where we get the the +white in milk and I don't like the + + align:start position:0% +white in milk and I don't like the + + + align:start position:0% +white in milk and I don't like the +notion that whether it's milky or clear + + align:start position:0% +notion that whether it's milky or clear + + + align:start position:0% +notion that whether it's milky or clear +and colorless in other words coarsely + + align:start position:0% +and colorless in other words coarsely + + + align:start position:0% +and colorless in other words coarsely +mixed or finely mixed we simply lump + + align:start position:0% +mixed or finely mixed we simply lump + + + align:start position:0% +mixed or finely mixed we simply lump +them under so I'm going to be talking + + align:start position:0% +them under so I'm going to be talking + + + align:start position:0% +them under so I'm going to be talking +today about about Solutions and uh + + align:start position:0% +today about about Solutions and uh + + + align:start position:0% +today about about Solutions and uh +making sure that we understand the the + + align:start position:0% +making sure that we understand the the + + + align:start position:0% +making sure that we understand the the +underlying uh chemistry so you might say + + align:start position:0% +underlying uh chemistry so you might say + + + align:start position:0% +underlying uh chemistry so you might say +well we signed up for Solid State + + align:start position:0% +well we signed up for Solid State + + + align:start position:0% +well we signed up for Solid State +chemistry why is he talking about + + align:start position:0% +chemistry why is he talking about + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry why is he talking about +Solutions well I'm going to give you + + align:start position:0% +Solutions well I'm going to give you + + + align:start position:0% +Solutions well I'm going to give you +three reasons three reasons first of all + + align:start position:0% +three reasons three reasons first of all + + + align:start position:0% +three reasons three reasons first of all +we have + + align:start position:0% +we have + + + align:start position:0% +we have +many uh systems that we're looking at + + align:start position:0% +many uh systems that we're looking at + + + align:start position:0% +many uh systems that we're looking at +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +solutions it's very rare to use pure + + align:start position:0% +solutions it's very rare to use pure + + + align:start position:0% +solutions it's very rare to use pure +substances in engineering applications + + align:start position:0% +substances in engineering applications + + + align:start position:0% +substances in engineering applications +so we we need to understand solutions + + align:start position:0% +so we we need to understand solutions + + + align:start position:0% +so we we need to understand solutions +from that standpoint as we've learned + + align:start position:0% +from that standpoint as we've learned + + + align:start position:0% +from that standpoint as we've learned +how to tailor the properties of glasses + + align:start position:0% +how to tailor the properties of glasses + + + align:start position:0% +how to tailor the properties of glasses +how to tailor the properties of + + align:start position:0% +how to tailor the properties of + + + align:start position:0% +how to tailor the properties of +semiconductors how to tailor the + + align:start position:0% +semiconductors how to tailor the + + + align:start position:0% +semiconductors how to tailor the +properties of metal allo and so on + + align:start position:0% +properties of metal allo and so on + + + align:start position:0% +properties of metal allo and so on +secondly many materials are processed + + align:start position:0% +secondly many materials are processed + + + align:start position:0% +secondly many materials are processed +out of solution the way we make fine + + align:start position:0% +out of solution the way we make fine + + + align:start position:0% +out of solution the way we make fine +powders is not to make little molds and + + align:start position:0% +powders is not to make little molds and + + + align:start position:0% +powders is not to make little molds and +cast liquid into tiny tiny little molds + + align:start position:0% +cast liquid into tiny tiny little molds + + + align:start position:0% +cast liquid into tiny tiny little molds +we make fine powders typically by + + align:start position:0% +we make fine powders typically by + + + align:start position:0% +we make fine powders typically by +precipitation out of solution so we need + + align:start position:0% +precipitation out of solution so we need + + + align:start position:0% +precipitation out of solution so we need +to understand the laws that govern + + align:start position:0% +to understand the laws that govern + + + align:start position:0% +to understand the laws that govern +disolution and exsolution precipitation + + align:start position:0% +disolution and exsolution precipitation + + + align:start position:0% +disolution and exsolution precipitation +and thirdly uh one of the major units + + align:start position:0% +and thirdly uh one of the major units + + + align:start position:0% +and thirdly uh one of the major units +that we're going to cover before the end + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to cover before the end + + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to cover before the end +of the semester involves + + align:start position:0% +of the semester involves + + + align:start position:0% +of the semester involves +biochemistry and the environment for + + align:start position:0% +biochemistry and the environment for + + + align:start position:0% +biochemistry and the environment for +most + + align:start position:0% +most + + + align:start position:0% +most +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +biochemicals is a wet environment so I + + align:start position:0% +biochemicals is a wet environment so I + + + align:start position:0% +biochemicals is a wet environment so I +think it's requisite that we know + + align:start position:0% +think it's requisite that we know + + + align:start position:0% +think it's requisite that we know +something about that wet environment so + + align:start position:0% +something about that wet environment so + + + align:start position:0% +something about that wet environment so +that's uh that's sort of the background + + align:start position:0% +that's uh that's sort of the background + + + align:start position:0% +that's uh that's sort of the background +Preamble and so what I want to do today + + align:start position:0% +Preamble and so what I want to do today + + + align:start position:0% +Preamble and so what I want to do today +is uh introduce some definitions so + + align:start position:0% +is uh introduce some definitions so + + + align:start position:0% +is uh introduce some definitions so +we'll Breeze through some material the + + align:start position:0% +we'll Breeze through some material the + + + align:start position:0% +we'll Breeze through some material the +handouts and ultimately get to the misil + + align:start position:0% +handouts and ultimately get to the misil + + + align:start position:0% +handouts and ultimately get to the misil +rules that's what we really want we want + + align:start position:0% +rules that's what we really want we want + + + align:start position:0% +rules that's what we really want we want +to know the misil rules the rules that + + align:start position:0% +to know the misil rules the rules that + + + align:start position:0% +to know the misil rules the rules that +govern when two substances or three or + + align:start position:0% +govern when two substances or three or + + + align:start position:0% +govern when two substances or three or +more substances are going to mix and + + align:start position:0% +more substances are going to mix and + + + align:start position:0% +more substances are going to mix and +form Solutions so that's what we're + + align:start position:0% +form Solutions so that's what we're + + + align:start position:0% +form Solutions so that's what we're +heading + + align:start position:0% +heading + + + align:start position:0% +heading +to Mis ability rules and then finally + + align:start position:0% +to Mis ability rules and then finally + + + align:start position:0% +to Mis ability rules and then finally +we're going to do some quantitative uh + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do some quantitative uh + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do some quantitative uh +uh calculations by the end of the by the + + align:start position:0% +uh calculations by the end of the by the + + + align:start position:0% +uh calculations by the end of the by the +end of the class so let's get on to the + + align:start position:0% +end of the class so let's get on to the + + + align:start position:0% +end of the class so let's get on to the +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +handout uh on the one side uh we've got + + align:start position:0% +handout uh on the one side uh we've got + + + align:start position:0% +handout uh on the one side uh we've got +the types of solutions so I just quickly + + align:start position:0% +the types of solutions so I just quickly + + + align:start position:0% +the types of solutions so I just quickly +go through and + + align:start position:0% +go through and + + + align:start position:0% +go through and +uh get these definitions under our belts + + align:start position:0% +uh get these definitions under our belts + + + align:start position:0% +uh get these definitions under our belts +um solution consists of at least two + + align:start position:0% +um solution consists of at least two + + + align:start position:0% +um solution consists of at least two +substances the majority + + align:start position:0% +substances the majority + + + align:start position:0% +substances the majority +substance the majority + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +substance is ter the + + align:start position:0% +substance is ter the + + + align:start position:0% +substance is ter the +solvent and then the minority substance + + align:start position:0% +solvent and then the minority substance + + + align:start position:0% +solvent and then the minority substance +and there can be more than one is the + + align:start position:0% +and there can be more than one is the + + + align:start position:0% +and there can be more than one is the +solute so you can have a plurality of + + align:start position:0% +solute so you can have a plurality of + + + align:start position:0% +solute so you can have a plurality of +solutes but you have one solvent so I + + align:start position:0% +solutes but you have one solvent so I + + + align:start position:0% +solutes but you have one solvent so I +just want to make you understand that + + align:start position:0% +just want to make you understand that + + + align:start position:0% +just want to make you understand that +Solutions are not simply aquous + + align:start position:0% +Solutions are not simply aquous + + + align:start position:0% +Solutions are not simply aquous +Solutions Solutions span all of + + align:start position:0% +Solutions Solutions span all of + + + align:start position:0% +Solutions Solutions span all of +chemistry so let's go down this uh uh + + align:start position:0% +chemistry so let's go down this uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry so let's go down this uh uh +chart that's been organized according to + + align:start position:0% +chart that's been organized according to + + + align:start position:0% +chart that's been organized according to +state of aggregation so first case we've + + align:start position:0% +state of aggregation so first case we've + + + align:start position:0% +state of aggregation so first case we've +got a solid solute and a liquid solvent + + align:start position:0% +got a solid solute and a liquid solvent + + + align:start position:0% +got a solid solute and a liquid solvent +well brine is a good example of that + + align:start position:0% +well brine is a good example of that + + + align:start position:0% +well brine is a good example of that +you've got solid sodium chloride + + align:start position:0% +you've got solid sodium chloride + + + align:start position:0% +you've got solid sodium chloride +dissolving in liquid water uh here's + + align:start position:0% +dissolving in liquid water uh here's + + + align:start position:0% +dissolving in liquid water uh here's +liquid liquid this is uh wine which can + + align:start position:0% +liquid liquid this is uh wine which can + + + align:start position:0% +liquid liquid this is uh wine which can +be broken down as ethyl alcohol + + align:start position:0% +be broken down as ethyl alcohol + + + align:start position:0% +be broken down as ethyl alcohol +dissolving in water all right and we can + + align:start position:0% +dissolving in water all right and we can + + + align:start position:0% +dissolving in water all right and we can +dissolve a gas in a liquid and this is + + align:start position:0% +dissolve a gas in a liquid and this is + + + align:start position:0% +dissolve a gas in a liquid and this is +uh Seltzer as an example where we have + + align:start position:0% +uh Seltzer as an example where we have + + + align:start position:0% +uh Seltzer as an example where we have +carbon dioxide dissolved in water and I + + align:start position:0% +carbon dioxide dissolved in water and I + + + align:start position:0% +carbon dioxide dissolved in water and I +mean it's chemically dissolved in the + + align:start position:0% +mean it's chemically dissolved in the + + + align:start position:0% +mean it's chemically dissolved in the +water it's under high pressure when you + + align:start position:0% +water it's under high pressure when you + + + align:start position:0% +water it's under high pressure when you +release the pressure you see the bubbles + + align:start position:0% +release the pressure you see the bubbles + + + align:start position:0% +release the pressure you see the bubbles +exsolve but uh when we say solution + + align:start position:0% +exsolve but uh when we say solution + + + align:start position:0% +exsolve but uh when we say solution +we're talking about something that is + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about something that is + + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about something that is +mixed at the level the molecular level + + align:start position:0% +mixed at the level the molecular level + + + align:start position:0% +mixed at the level the molecular level +so this is solvated carbon dioxide so + + align:start position:0% +so this is solvated carbon dioxide so + + + align:start position:0% +so this is solvated carbon dioxide so +now let's look at uh we use a gas as a + + align:start position:0% +now let's look at uh we use a gas as a + + + align:start position:0% +now let's look at uh we use a gas as a +solvent there's only the one case there + + align:start position:0% +solvent there's only the one case there + + + align:start position:0% +solvent there's only the one case there +gas dissolving in a gas so we could say + + align:start position:0% +gas dissolving in a gas so we could say + + + align:start position:0% +gas dissolving in a gas so we could say +that air air is a variety of gases + + align:start position:0% +that air air is a variety of gases + + + align:start position:0% +that air air is a variety of gases +dissolved in nitrogen as the solvent + + align:start position:0% +dissolved in nitrogen as the solvent + + + align:start position:0% +dissolved in nitrogen as the solvent +nitrogen is the majority species about + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen is the majority species about + + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen is the majority species about +80% nitrogen we have oxygen we have + + align:start position:0% +80% nitrogen we have oxygen we have + + + align:start position:0% +80% nitrogen we have oxygen we have +argon we have carbon dioxide if we live + + align:start position:0% +argon we have carbon dioxide if we live + + + align:start position:0% +argon we have carbon dioxide if we live +next to an aluminum smelter we probably + + align:start position:0% +next to an aluminum smelter we probably + + + align:start position:0% +next to an aluminum smelter we probably +have have some uh tetrafluoromethane if + + align:start position:0% +have have some uh tetrafluoromethane if + + + align:start position:0% +have have some uh tetrafluoromethane if +you've Liv next to a power plant burning + + align:start position:0% +you've Liv next to a power plant burning + + + align:start position:0% +you've Liv next to a power plant burning +coal you probably got some sulfur + + align:start position:0% +coal you probably got some sulfur + + + align:start position:0% +coal you probably got some sulfur +dioxide and so on and so forth so this + + align:start position:0% +dioxide and so on and so forth so this + + + align:start position:0% +dioxide and so on and so forth so this +is a multicomponent solution now let's + + align:start position:0% +is a multicomponent solution now let's + + + align:start position:0% +is a multicomponent solution now let's +look at solids it's 3091 so how about + + align:start position:0% +look at solids it's 3091 so how about + + + align:start position:0% +look at solids it's 3091 so how about +some solid Solutions we've seen evidence + + align:start position:0% +some solid Solutions we've seen evidence + + + align:start position:0% +some solid Solutions we've seen evidence +of those already solid metal alloy + + align:start position:0% +of those already solid metal alloy + + + align:start position:0% +of those already solid metal alloy +carbon dissolved in Iron the carbon goes + + align:start position:0% +carbon dissolved in Iron the carbon goes + + + align:start position:0% +carbon dissolved in Iron the carbon goes +in interstitially mixing at the + + align:start position:0% +in interstitially mixing at the + + + align:start position:0% +in interstitially mixing at the +molecular level right down to the atomic + + align:start position:0% +molecular level right down to the atomic + + + align:start position:0% +molecular level right down to the atomic +level here we've looked at + + align:start position:0% +level here we've looked at + + + align:start position:0% +level here we've looked at +semiconductors B Boron going into + + align:start position:0% +semiconductors B Boron going into + + + align:start position:0% +semiconductors B Boron going into +silicon Boron sits on a silicon site and + + align:start position:0% +silicon Boron sits on a silicon site and + + + align:start position:0% +silicon Boron sits on a silicon site and +actually bonds into that framework we + + align:start position:0% +actually bonds into that framework we + + + align:start position:0% +actually bonds into that framework we +looked at stabilized Ceramics or we put + + align:start position:0% +looked at stabilized Ceramics or we put + + + align:start position:0% +looked at stabilized Ceramics or we put +calci into zirconia at the end of the + + align:start position:0% +calci into zirconia at the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +calci into zirconia at the end of the +last lecture to make a high Mobility + + align:start position:0% +last lecture to make a high Mobility + + + align:start position:0% +last lecture to make a high Mobility +oxide ion conductor that would act as a + + align:start position:0% +oxide ion conductor that would act as a + + + align:start position:0% +oxide ion conductor that would act as a +sensor for uh Automotive applications + + align:start position:0% +sensor for uh Automotive applications + + + align:start position:0% +sensor for uh Automotive applications +and then we looked at putting modifiers + + align:start position:0% +and then we looked at putting modifiers + + + align:start position:0% +and then we looked at putting modifiers +into Network formers we form a solution + + align:start position:0% +into Network formers we form a solution + + + align:start position:0% +into Network formers we form a solution +we form form a solution so these are + + align:start position:0% +we form form a solution so these are + + + align:start position:0% +we form form a solution so these are +solid Solutions and then lastly we can + + align:start position:0% +solid Solutions and then lastly we can + + + align:start position:0% +solid Solutions and then lastly we can +look at putting uh liquid into solid + + align:start position:0% +look at putting uh liquid into solid + + + align:start position:0% +look at putting uh liquid into solid +which is the primary example is mercury + + align:start position:0% +which is the primary example is mercury + + + align:start position:0% +which is the primary example is mercury +going into silver it's an amalgam this + + align:start position:0% +going into silver it's an amalgam this + + + align:start position:0% +going into silver it's an amalgam this +is now past history but certainly in my + + align:start position:0% +is now past history but certainly in my + + + align:start position:0% +is now past history but certainly in my +lifetime um for a while I was uh walking + + align:start position:0% +lifetime um for a while I was uh walking + + + align:start position:0% +lifetime um for a while I was uh walking +around with a number of these amalgams + + align:start position:0% +around with a number of these amalgams + + + align:start position:0% +around with a number of these amalgams +in the shape of fillings in uh uh my + + align:start position:0% +in the shape of fillings in uh uh my + + + align:start position:0% +in the shape of fillings in uh uh my +mouth these were very conveniently made + + align:start position:0% +mouth these were very conveniently made + + + align:start position:0% +mouth these were very conveniently made +right in the dentist's office but uh + + align:start position:0% +right in the dentist's office but uh + + + align:start position:0% +right in the dentist's office but uh +people have come to appreciate apprciate + + align:start position:0% +people have come to appreciate apprciate + + + align:start position:0% +people have come to appreciate apprciate +that it'd be a good idea not to have + + align:start position:0% +that it'd be a good idea not to have + + + align:start position:0% +that it'd be a good idea not to have +mercury in your mouth because over time + + align:start position:0% +mercury in your mouth because over time + + + align:start position:0% +mercury in your mouth because over time +it does leech out a little bit and we + + align:start position:0% +it does leech out a little bit and we + + + align:start position:0% +it does leech out a little bit and we +know it's not conducive to uh uh good + + align:start position:0% +know it's not conducive to uh uh good + + + align:start position:0% +know it's not conducive to uh uh good +physical well-being so this is now + + align:start position:0% +physical well-being so this is now + + + align:start position:0% +physical well-being so this is now +thanks to advances in Material Science + + align:start position:0% +thanks to advances in Material Science + + + align:start position:0% +thanks to advances in Material Science +been replaced by some Advanced fine + + align:start position:0% +been replaced by some Advanced fine + + + align:start position:0% +been replaced by some Advanced fine +ceramics that uh can function in place + + align:start position:0% +ceramics that uh can function in place + + + align:start position:0% +ceramics that uh can function in place +of this alloy and lastly you can put gas + + align:start position:0% +of this alloy and lastly you can put gas + + + align:start position:0% +of this alloy and lastly you can put gas +and solid and this one is uh topical + + align:start position:0% +and solid and this one is uh topical + + + align:start position:0% +and solid and this one is uh topical +today as people think about a hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +today as people think about a hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +today as people think about a hydrogen +economy and how we're going to put + + align:start position:0% +economy and how we're going to put + + + align:start position:0% +economy and how we're going to put +hydrogen on automobiles well one way is + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen on automobiles well one way is + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen on automobiles well one way is +to put compressed hydrogen tank uh tanks + + align:start position:0% +to put compressed hydrogen tank uh tanks + + + align:start position:0% +to put compressed hydrogen tank uh tanks +full of compressed hydrogen at about uh + + align:start position:0% +full of compressed hydrogen at about uh + + + align:start position:0% +full of compressed hydrogen at about uh +5 to 10,000 + + align:start position:0% +5 to 10,000 + + + align:start position:0% +5 to 10,000 +PSI that's not very appealing uh another + + align:start position:0% +PSI that's not very appealing uh another + + + align:start position:0% +PSI that's not very appealing uh another +approach is to intercalate hydrogen into + + align:start position:0% +approach is to intercalate hydrogen into + + + align:start position:0% +approach is to intercalate hydrogen into +a compound that can dissolve large + + align:start position:0% +a compound that can dissolve large + + + align:start position:0% +a compound that can dissolve large +quantities of hydrogen and this is one + + align:start position:0% +quantities of hydrogen and this is one + + + align:start position:0% +quantities of hydrogen and this is one +such compound so this is a solution of + + align:start position:0% +such compound so this is a solution of + + + align:start position:0% +such compound so this is a solution of +hydrogen dissolved in Lum Nickel 5 so + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen dissolved in Lum Nickel 5 so + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen dissolved in Lum Nickel 5 so +that's the that's the range of of + + align:start position:0% +that's the that's the range of of + + + align:start position:0% +that's the that's the range of of +possibilities of solutions um and then I + + align:start position:0% +possibilities of solutions um and then I + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities of solutions um and then I +want I want to look at uh little bit + + align:start position:0% +want I want to look at uh little bit + + + align:start position:0% +want I want to look at uh little bit +more uh detail here in the fine + + align:start position:0% +more uh detail here in the fine + + + align:start position:0% +more uh detail here in the fine +structure of of mixtures and in the in + + align:start position:0% +structure of of mixtures and in the in + + + align:start position:0% +structure of of mixtures and in the in +the case of uh mixtures we can look at + + align:start position:0% +the case of uh mixtures we can look at + + + align:start position:0% +the case of uh mixtures we can look at +the solution as being something that's + + align:start position:0% +the solution as being something that's + + + align:start position:0% +the solution as being something that's +mixed at the U molecular level where say + + align:start position:0% +mixed at the U molecular level where say + + + align:start position:0% +mixed at the U molecular level where say +the diameter if you will the diameter of + + align:start position:0% +the diameter if you will the diameter of + + + align:start position:0% +the diameter if you will the diameter of +the solute is down less than several + + align:start position:0% +the solute is down less than several + + + align:start position:0% +the solute is down less than several +nanometers so we're effectively looking + + align:start position:0% +nanometers so we're effectively looking + + + align:start position:0% +nanometers so we're effectively looking +at a homogeneous solution I've mentioned + + align:start position:0% +at a homogeneous solution I've mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +at a homogeneous solution I've mentioned +Brine and there are simple tests that we + + align:start position:0% +Brine and there are simple tests that we + + + align:start position:0% +Brine and there are simple tests that we +can put to this first of all it's uh + + align:start position:0% +can put to this first of all it's uh + + + align:start position:0% +can put to this first of all it's uh +visually uh uniform visually uniform and + + align:start position:0% +visually uh uniform visually uniform and + + + align:start position:0% +visually uh uniform visually uniform and +in fact it's transparent divisible light + + align:start position:0% +in fact it's transparent divisible light + + + align:start position:0% +in fact it's transparent divisible light +because of the the band Gap that it uh + + align:start position:0% +because of the the band Gap that it uh + + + align:start position:0% +because of the the band Gap that it uh +presents but that's main thing is that + + align:start position:0% +presents but that's main thing is that + + + align:start position:0% +presents but that's main thing is that +it's visually uniform it's impossible to + + align:start position:0% +it's visually uniform it's impossible to + + + align:start position:0% +it's visually uniform it's impossible to +filter if we wanted to separate sodium + + align:start position:0% +filter if we wanted to separate sodium + + + align:start position:0% +filter if we wanted to separate sodium +chloride if we wanted to desalinate we + + align:start position:0% +chloride if we wanted to desalinate we + + + align:start position:0% +chloride if we wanted to desalinate we +couldn't do so by filtering because the + + align:start position:0% +couldn't do so by filtering because the + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't do so by filtering because the +filter would have to be at a + + align:start position:0% +filter would have to be at a + + + align:start position:0% +filter would have to be at a +subatomic level in order to trap + + align:start position:0% +subatomic level in order to trap + + + align:start position:0% +subatomic level in order to trap +something at the atomic level well + + align:start position:0% +something at the atomic level well + + + align:start position:0% +something at the atomic level well +that's absurd so you can't separate + + align:start position:0% +that's absurd so you can't separate + + + align:start position:0% +that's absurd so you can't separate +Solution by filtration and lastly it + + align:start position:0% +Solution by filtration and lastly it + + + align:start position:0% +Solution by filtration and lastly it +will not settle out if you make a + + align:start position:0% +will not settle out if you make a + + + align:start position:0% +will not settle out if you make a +solution of sodium chloride in water and + + align:start position:0% +solution of sodium chloride in water and + + + align:start position:0% +solution of sodium chloride in water and +let it sit in a gravity field it's not + + align:start position:0% +let it sit in a gravity field it's not + + + align:start position:0% +let it sit in a gravity field it's not +going to stratify because it's mixed at + + align:start position:0% +going to stratify because it's mixed at + + + align:start position:0% +going to stratify because it's mixed at +the atomic level but these two here the + + align:start position:0% +the atomic level but these two here the + + + align:start position:0% +the atomic level but these two here the +colloid and the suspension are the + + align:start position:0% +colloid and the suspension are the + + + align:start position:0% +colloid and the suspension are the +heterogeneous type they're Aggregates + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneous type they're Aggregates + + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneous type they're Aggregates +because they're mixed at the cluster + + align:start position:0% +because they're mixed at the cluster + + + align:start position:0% +because they're mixed at the cluster +level and depending on what the particle + + align:start position:0% +level and depending on what the particle + + + align:start position:0% +level and depending on what the particle +size is we end up with two conditions + + align:start position:0% +size is we end up with two conditions + + + align:start position:0% +size is we end up with two conditions +and I want you to be aware of these + + align:start position:0% +and I want you to be aware of these + + + align:start position:0% +and I want you to be aware of these +because there's some interesting uh + + align:start position:0% +because there's some interesting uh + + + align:start position:0% +because there's some interesting uh +physics involved in them and what we're + + align:start position:0% +physics involved in them and what we're + + + align:start position:0% +physics involved in them and what we're +talking about here is + + align:start position:0% +talking about here is + + + align:start position:0% +talking about here is +dispersions it's a dispersion because we + + align:start position:0% +dispersions it's a dispersion because we + + + align:start position:0% +dispersions it's a dispersion because we +we don't have homogeneity dispersion is + + align:start position:0% +we don't have homogeneity dispersion is + + + align:start position:0% +we don't have homogeneity dispersion is +fine fine particles and I'm using the + + align:start position:0% +fine fine particles and I'm using the + + + align:start position:0% +fine fine particles and I'm using the +term particle to mean this this cluster + + align:start position:0% +term particle to mean this this cluster + + + align:start position:0% +term particle to mean this this cluster +fine particles distribute + + align:start position:0% +fine particles distribute + + + align:start position:0% +fine particles distribute +Ed distributed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +throughout some + + align:start position:0% +throughout some + + + align:start position:0% +throughout some +Matrix and you know what's the what's + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and you know what's the what's + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and you know what's the what's +the principle uh behind this why why + + align:start position:0% +the principle uh behind this why why + + + align:start position:0% +the principle uh behind this why why +doesn't why doesn't everything just + + align:start position:0% +doesn't why doesn't everything just + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't why doesn't everything just +settle out well here's what's going on + + align:start position:0% +settle out well here's what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +settle out well here's what's going on +when we look at a foreign particle this + + align:start position:0% +when we look at a foreign particle this + + + align:start position:0% +when we look at a foreign particle this +is this cluster that's on the order of + + align:start position:0% +is this cluster that's on the order of + + + align:start position:0% +is this cluster that's on the order of +two to um Beyond even a thousand + + align:start position:0% +two to um Beyond even a thousand + + + align:start position:0% +two to um Beyond even a thousand +nanometers and you know why is this uh + + align:start position:0% +nanometers and you know why is this uh + + + align:start position:0% +nanometers and you know why is this uh +suspended in solution in the first place + + align:start position:0% +suspended in solution in the first place + + + align:start position:0% +suspended in solution in the first place +because we know we've got two forces + + align:start position:0% +because we know we've got two forces + + + align:start position:0% +because we know we've got two forces +acting on it first of all we've got a + + align:start position:0% +acting on it first of all we've got a + + + align:start position:0% +acting on it first of all we've got a +gravity force which is acting to cause + + align:start position:0% +gravity force which is acting to cause + + + align:start position:0% +gravity force which is acting to cause +this to settle so this is a settling + + align:start position:0% +this to settle so this is a settling + + + align:start position:0% +this to settle so this is a settling +Force thanks to the gravity field and + + align:start position:0% +Force thanks to the gravity field and + + + align:start position:0% +Force thanks to the gravity field and +working the other direction this + + align:start position:0% +working the other direction this + + + align:start position:0% +working the other direction this +interface between the + + align:start position:0% +interface between the + + + align:start position:0% +interface between the +insoluble between the insoluble and the + + align:start position:0% +insoluble between the insoluble and the + + + align:start position:0% +insoluble between the insoluble and the +solvent along that interface we have + + align:start position:0% +solvent along that interface we have + + + align:start position:0% +solvent along that interface we have +binding forces as well and these binding + + align:start position:0% +binding forces as well and these binding + + + align:start position:0% +binding forces as well and these binding +forces I'll simply call + + align:start position:0% +forces I'll simply call + + + align:start position:0% +forces I'll simply call +interfacial interfacial forces and these + + align:start position:0% +interfacial interfacial forces and these + + + align:start position:0% +interfacial interfacial forces and these +interfacial forces uh want to bind the + + align:start position:0% +interfacial forces uh want to bind the + + + align:start position:0% +interfacial forces uh want to bind the +particle to the solvent at the + + align:start position:0% +particle to the solvent at the + + + align:start position:0% +particle to the solvent at the +resistance to the gravity field so now + + align:start position:0% +resistance to the gravity field so now + + + align:start position:0% +resistance to the gravity field so now +why does particle size come into play + + align:start position:0% +why does particle size come into play + + + align:start position:0% +why does particle size come into play +you know the gravity uh Force is + + align:start position:0% +you know the gravity uh Force is + + + align:start position:0% +you know the gravity uh Force is +proportional to mass and the mass of the + + align:start position:0% +proportional to mass and the mass of the + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to mass and the mass of the +particle is proportional to the volume + + align:start position:0% +particle is proportional to the volume + + + align:start position:0% +particle is proportional to the volume +of the particle and volume scales with + + align:start position:0% +of the particle and volume scales with + + + align:start position:0% +of the particle and volume scales with +the cube of the radius whereas this + + align:start position:0% +the cube of the radius whereas this + + + align:start position:0% +the cube of the radius whereas this +interfacial Force as the term implies + + align:start position:0% +interfacial Force as the term implies + + + align:start position:0% +interfacial Force as the term implies +interface the interfacial force is + + align:start position:0% +interface the interfacial force is + + + align:start position:0% +interface the interfacial force is +proportional to the area of contact + + align:start position:0% +proportional to the area of contact + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to the area of contact +between the particle and the solvent and + + align:start position:0% +between the particle and the solvent and + + + align:start position:0% +between the particle and the solvent and +area scales as the square of the radius + + align:start position:0% +area scales as the square of the radius + + + align:start position:0% +area scales as the square of the radius +and you know from your from your math + + align:start position:0% +and you know from your from your math + + + align:start position:0% +and you know from your from your math +that R cubed dominates r s when R is + + align:start position:0% +that R cubed dominates r s when R is + + + align:start position:0% +that R cubed dominates r s when R is +large that comes as no surprise + + align:start position:0% +large that comes as no surprise + + + align:start position:0% +large that comes as no surprise +but at very very small values of r r + + align:start position:0% +but at very very small values of r r + + + align:start position:0% +but at very very small values of r r +squar dominates R + + align:start position:0% +squar dominates R + + + align:start position:0% +squar dominates R +cub and depending on what the relative + + align:start position:0% +cub and depending on what the relative + + + align:start position:0% +cub and depending on what the relative +forces are is going to govern what the + + align:start position:0% +forces are is going to govern what the + + + align:start position:0% +forces are is going to govern what the +relative particle size has to be before + + align:start position:0% +relative particle size has to be before + + + align:start position:0% +relative particle size has to be before +we get particles that will be suspended + + align:start position:0% +we get particles that will be suspended + + + align:start position:0% +we get particles that will be suspended +in the the second phase and so we have + + align:start position:0% +in the the second phase and so we have + + + align:start position:0% +in the the second phase and so we have +here the example of the colloids one + + align:start position:0% +here the example of the colloids one + + + align:start position:0% +here the example of the colloids one +example of the colloid is milk which + + align:start position:0% +example of the colloid is milk which + + + align:start position:0% +example of the colloid is milk which +I've described to you already and it's + + align:start position:0% +I've described to you already and it's + + + align:start position:0% +I've described to you already and it's +even though we have two phases both + + align:start position:0% +even though we have two phases both + + + align:start position:0% +even though we have two phases both +transparent to visible light that + + align:start position:0% +transparent to visible light that + + + align:start position:0% +transparent to visible light that +interface scatters the light these are + + align:start position:0% +interface scatters the light these are + + + align:start position:0% +interface scatters the light these are +these particles are large enough that + + align:start position:0% +these particles are large enough that + + + align:start position:0% +these particles are large enough that +they can be separated by + + align:start position:0% +they can be separated by + + + align:start position:0% +they can be separated by +filtration but the it's unlikely that + + align:start position:0% +filtration but the it's unlikely that + + + align:start position:0% +filtration but the it's unlikely that +they'll separate in a gravity field + + align:start position:0% +they'll separate in a gravity field + + + align:start position:0% +they'll separate in a gravity field +owing to this they don't settle they + + align:start position:0% +owing to this they don't settle they + + + align:start position:0% +owing to this they don't settle they +don't settle actually what the what what + + align:start position:0% +don't settle actually what the what what + + + align:start position:0% +don't settle actually what the what what +has happened over the past uh uh two + + align:start position:0% +has happened over the past uh uh two + + + align:start position:0% +has happened over the past uh uh two +generations is a shift in the the + + align:start position:0% +generations is a shift in the the + + + align:start position:0% +generations is a shift in the the +particle size of the fatty phase of milk + + align:start position:0% +particle size of the fatty phase of milk + + + align:start position:0% +particle size of the fatty phase of milk +when you go to the store today you buy + + align:start position:0% +when you go to the store today you buy + + + align:start position:0% +when you go to the store today you buy +this Red Cap uh milk called homogenized + + align:start position:0% +this Red Cap uh milk called homogenized + + + align:start position:0% +this Red Cap uh milk called homogenized +milk well go back to Generations ago + + align:start position:0% +milk well go back to Generations ago + + + align:start position:0% +milk well go back to Generations ago +there was no homogenized milk the milk + + align:start position:0% +there was no homogenized milk the milk + + + align:start position:0% +there was no homogenized milk the milk +was simply pasteurized and sent out and + + align:start position:0% +was simply pasteurized and sent out and + + + align:start position:0% +was simply pasteurized and sent out and +the particle size was so great in the + + align:start position:0% +the particle size was so great in the + + + align:start position:0% +the particle size was so great in the +fat globules that after several hours + + align:start position:0% +fat globules that after several hours + + + align:start position:0% +fat globules that after several hours +the fat would coales and rise to the + + align:start position:0% +the fat would coales and rise to the + + + align:start position:0% +the fat would coales and rise to the +surface so you'd have a creamy phase on + + align:start position:0% +surface so you'd have a creamy phase on + + + align:start position:0% +surface so you'd have a creamy phase on +top and people would take that out and + + align:start position:0% +top and people would take that out and + + + align:start position:0% +top and people would take that out and +use it in their coffee and then you'd + + align:start position:0% +use it in their coffee and then you'd + + + align:start position:0% +use it in their coffee and then you'd +have some what's effectively skim milk + + align:start position:0% +have some what's effectively skim milk + + + align:start position:0% +have some what's effectively skim milk +on the bottom so somebody came up with + + align:start position:0% +on the bottom so somebody came up with + + + align:start position:0% +on the bottom so somebody came up with +the idea obviously somebody who had + + align:start position:0% +the idea obviously somebody who had + + + align:start position:0% +the idea obviously somebody who had +studied the rudiments of physical + + align:start position:0% +studied the rudiments of physical + + + align:start position:0% +studied the rudiments of physical +chemistry and reasoned that if the fatty + + align:start position:0% +chemistry and reasoned that if the fatty + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry and reasoned that if the fatty +phase could be broken down to a finer + + align:start position:0% +phase could be broken down to a finer + + + align:start position:0% +phase could be broken down to a finer +particle size then the buoyancy forces + + align:start position:0% +particle size then the buoyancy forces + + + align:start position:0% +particle size then the buoyancy forces +would dominate the gravity forces and it + + align:start position:0% +would dominate the gravity forces and it + + + align:start position:0% +would dominate the gravity forces and it +wouldn't separate so homogenized milk is + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't separate so homogenized milk is + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't separate so homogenized milk is +simply milk in which the fatty phase has + + align:start position:0% +simply milk in which the fatty phase has + + + align:start position:0% +simply milk in which the fatty phase has +been reduced in uh cluster size to a + + align:start position:0% +been reduced in uh cluster size to a + + + align:start position:0% +been reduced in uh cluster size to a +value so small that by the time the + + align:start position:0% +value so small that by the time the + + + align:start position:0% +value so small that by the time the +gravity field is able to dominate the + + align:start position:0% +gravity field is able to dominate the + + + align:start position:0% +gravity field is able to dominate the +buoyancy field the product is spoiled + + align:start position:0% +buoyancy field the product is spoiled + + + align:start position:0% +buoyancy field the product is spoiled +anyway so for the Practical shelf life + + align:start position:0% +anyway so for the Practical shelf life + + + align:start position:0% +anyway so for the Practical shelf life +of the product you don't have to deal + + align:start position:0% +of the product you don't have to deal + + + align:start position:0% +of the product you don't have to deal +with starting uh by taking the uh milk + + align:start position:0% +with starting uh by taking the uh milk + + + align:start position:0% +with starting uh by taking the uh milk +out of the fridge and and shaking it in + + align:start position:0% +out of the fridge and and shaking it in + + + align:start position:0% +out of the fridge and and shaking it in +order to get good mixing that's a good + + align:start position:0% +order to get good mixing that's a good + + + align:start position:0% +order to get good mixing that's a good +example uh + + align:start position:0% +example uh + + + align:start position:0% +example uh +in the case of something like blood the + + align:start position:0% +in the case of something like blood the + + + align:start position:0% +in the case of something like blood the +cluster size is far too large for that + + align:start position:0% +cluster size is far too large for that + + + align:start position:0% +cluster size is far too large for that +to happen and so it's not uh homogeneous + + align:start position:0% +to happen and so it's not uh homogeneous + + + align:start position:0% +to happen and so it's not uh homogeneous +under illumination it's easy to filter + + align:start position:0% +under illumination it's easy to filter + + + align:start position:0% +under illumination it's easy to filter +and it will separate in a gravity field + + align:start position:0% +and it will separate in a gravity field + + + align:start position:0% +and it will separate in a gravity field +so what we're seeing here is a + + align:start position:0% +so what we're seeing here is a + + + align:start position:0% +so what we're seeing here is a +demonstration of the competition between + + align:start position:0% +demonstration of the competition between + + + align:start position:0% +demonstration of the competition between +the gravitational forces and the + + align:start position:0% +the gravitational forces and the + + + align:start position:0% +the gravitational forces and the +interfacial forces the interfacial + + align:start position:0% +interfacial forces the interfacial + + + align:start position:0% +interfacial forces the interfacial +forces are a function of the kinds of + + align:start position:0% +forces are a function of the kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +forces are a function of the kinds of +bonds that form so it's uh it's all + + align:start position:0% +bonds that form so it's uh it's all + + + align:start position:0% +bonds that form so it's uh it's all +there it's all there and lastly this + + align:start position:0% +there it's all there and lastly this + + + align:start position:0% +there it's all there and lastly this +colloid is uh I want you to be aware of + + align:start position:0% +colloid is uh I want you to be aware of + + + align:start position:0% +colloid is uh I want you to be aware of +uh the definitions here I'm not going to + + align:start position:0% +uh the definitions here I'm not going to + + + align:start position:0% +uh the definitions here I'm not going to +quiz you on this I simply want you to + + align:start position:0% +quiz you on this I simply want you to + + + align:start position:0% +quiz you on this I simply want you to +have it so that at some point you might + + align:start position:0% +have it so that at some point you might + + + align:start position:0% +have it so that at some point you might +want to go back and uh refer to it I'm + + align:start position:0% +want to go back and uh refer to it I'm + + + align:start position:0% +want to go back and uh refer to it I'm +not going to test your memory um but + + align:start position:0% +not going to test your memory um but + + + align:start position:0% +not going to test your memory um but +this this breaks down the the entire + + align:start position:0% +this this breaks down the the entire + + + align:start position:0% +this this breaks down the the entire +taxonomy of of colloids where we see + + align:start position:0% +taxonomy of of colloids where we see + + + align:start position:0% +taxonomy of of colloids where we see +that there's a difference between what + + align:start position:0% +that there's a difference between what + + + align:start position:0% +that there's a difference between what +happens in a liquid dispersive medium a + + align:start position:0% +happens in a liquid dispersive medium a + + + align:start position:0% +happens in a liquid dispersive medium a +gas dispersive Med medium and a solid + + align:start position:0% +gas dispersive Med medium and a solid + + + align:start position:0% +gas dispersive Med medium and a solid +dispersive medium and you can see many + + align:start position:0% +dispersive medium and you can see many + + + align:start position:0% +dispersive medium and you can see many +of the common products that we know are + + align:start position:0% +of the common products that we know are + + + align:start position:0% +of the common products that we know are +in fact these dual phase mixtures that + + align:start position:0% +in fact these dual phase mixtures that + + + align:start position:0% +in fact these dual phase mixtures that +involve very very fine particles on the + + align:start position:0% +involve very very fine particles on the + + + align:start position:0% +involve very very fine particles on the +order of some hundreds of nanometers + + align:start position:0% +order of some hundreds of nanometers + + + align:start position:0% +order of some hundreds of nanometers +that uh we use in in common uh + + align:start position:0% +that uh we use in in common uh + + + align:start position:0% +that uh we use in in common uh +products so so much for the for the + + align:start position:0% +products so so much for the for the + + + align:start position:0% +products so so much for the for the +taxonomy but now I want to turn to the + + align:start position:0% +taxonomy but now I want to turn to the + + + align:start position:0% +taxonomy but now I want to turn to the +question of misil and in order to do + + align:start position:0% +question of misil and in order to do + + + align:start position:0% +question of misil and in order to do +that I want you to consider this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example which I've actually taken from + + align:start position:0% +example which I've actually taken from + + + align:start position:0% +example which I've actually taken from +your reading I want to look at + + align:start position:0% +your reading I want to look at + + + align:start position:0% +your reading I want to look at +dissolution of substances in a liquid by + + align:start position:0% +dissolution of substances in a liquid by + + + align:start position:0% +dissolution of substances in a liquid by +layer so we're going to put two vessels + + align:start position:0% +layer so we're going to put two vessels + + + align:start position:0% +layer so we're going to put two vessels +side by side and each will contain the + + align:start position:0% +side by side and each will contain the + + + align:start position:0% +side by side and each will contain the +same liquid by + + align:start position:0% +same liquid by + + + align:start position:0% +same liquid by +layer and the liquid by layer is going + + align:start position:0% +layer and the liquid by layer is going + + + align:start position:0% +layer and the liquid by layer is going +to consist of the bottom layer in both + + align:start position:0% +to consist of the bottom layer in both + + + align:start position:0% +to consist of the bottom layer in both +vessels is carbon + + align:start position:0% +vessels is carbon + + + align:start position:0% +vessels is carbon +tetrachloride and the upper layer is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +water and first of all let's ask why + + align:start position:0% +water and first of all let's ask why + + + align:start position:0% +water and first of all let's ask why +these don't mix they're both liquid at + + align:start position:0% +these don't mix they're both liquid at + + + align:start position:0% +these don't mix they're both liquid at +room temperature why don't they mix well + + align:start position:0% +room temperature why don't they mix well + + + align:start position:0% +room temperature why don't they mix well +let's take a look at the electronic + + align:start position:0% +let's take a look at the electronic + + + align:start position:0% +let's take a look at the electronic +structure and bonding whenever I ask why + + align:start position:0% +structure and bonding whenever I ask why + + + align:start position:0% +structure and bonding whenever I ask why +you you got a test coming up a week from + + align:start position:0% +you you got a test coming up a week from + + + align:start position:0% +you you got a test coming up a week from +now when I ask why try to work something + + align:start position:0% +now when I ask why try to work something + + + align:start position:0% +now when I ask why try to work something +into the answer that speaks to + + align:start position:0% +into the answer that speaks to + + + align:start position:0% +into the answer that speaks to +electronic structure because that's the + + align:start position:0% +electronic structure because that's the + + + align:start position:0% +electronic structure because that's the +clue that's the clue so what do we know + + align:start position:0% +clue that's the clue so what do we know + + + align:start position:0% +clue that's the clue so what do we know +about carbon Caron tetrachloride it's + + align:start position:0% +about carbon Caron tetrachloride it's + + + align:start position:0% +about carbon Caron tetrachloride it's +nonpolar it's non-polar so why does one + + align:start position:0% +nonpolar it's non-polar so why does one + + + align:start position:0% +nonpolar it's non-polar so why does one +carbon tetrachloride bond to another + + align:start position:0% +carbon tetrachloride bond to another + + + align:start position:0% +carbon tetrachloride bond to another +carbon tetrachloride and please don't + + align:start position:0% +carbon tetrachloride and please don't + + + align:start position:0% +carbon tetrachloride and please don't +tell me something to do with the electro + + align:start position:0% +tell me something to do with the electro + + + align:start position:0% +tell me something to do with the electro +negativity difference between carbon and + + align:start position:0% +negativity difference between carbon and + + + align:start position:0% +negativity difference between carbon and +chlorine let's forget about that it's + + align:start position:0% +chlorine let's forget about that it's + + + align:start position:0% +chlorine let's forget about that it's +non-polar so all we've got as weak + + align:start position:0% +non-polar so all we've got as weak + + + align:start position:0% +non-polar so all we've got as weak +vander's forces so we have a vander's + + align:start position:0% +vander's forces so we have a vander's + + + align:start position:0% +vander's forces so we have a vander's +liquid on the bottom its density is + + align:start position:0% +liquid on the bottom its density is + + + align:start position:0% +liquid on the bottom its density is +about oh about 1.4 so it's going to lie + + align:start position:0% +about oh about 1.4 so it's going to lie + + + align:start position:0% +about oh about 1.4 so it's going to lie +underwater and water on the other hand + + align:start position:0% +underwater and water on the other hand + + + align:start position:0% +underwater and water on the other hand +in contrast to being non-polar it's + + align:start position:0% +in contrast to being non-polar it's + + + align:start position:0% +in contrast to being non-polar it's +polar and it has hydrogen bonding + + align:start position:0% +polar and it has hydrogen bonding + + + align:start position:0% +polar and it has hydrogen bonding +capability so these are very different + + align:start position:0% +capability so these are very different + + + align:start position:0% +capability so these are very different +substances and they don't have the + + align:start position:0% +substances and they don't have the + + + align:start position:0% +substances and they don't have the +capacity to link to one another and so + + align:start position:0% +capacity to link to one another and so + + + align:start position:0% +capacity to link to one another and so +they don't they choose forces of + + align:start position:0% +they don't they choose forces of + + + align:start position:0% +they don't they choose forces of +cohesion over forces of adhesion and so + + align:start position:0% +cohesion over forces of adhesion and so + + + align:start position:0% +cohesion over forces of adhesion and so +we have two separate layers so now we're + + align:start position:0% +we have two separate layers so now we're + + + align:start position:0% +we have two separate layers so now we're +going to ask what happens if we + + align:start position:0% +going to ask what happens if we + + + align:start position:0% +going to ask what happens if we +introduce a candidate solute so we have + + align:start position:0% +introduce a candidate solute so we have + + + align:start position:0% +introduce a candidate solute so we have +a by layer of solvents and now we're + + align:start position:0% +a by layer of solvents and now we're + + + align:start position:0% +a by layer of solvents and now we're +going to introduce a solute in one case + + align:start position:0% +going to introduce a solute in one case + + + align:start position:0% +going to introduce a solute in one case +we're going to put in solid Crystal and + + align:start position:0% +we're going to put in solid Crystal and + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to put in solid Crystal and +iodine in the other case we'll put in + + align:start position:0% +iodine in the other case we'll put in + + + align:start position:0% +iodine in the other case we'll put in +solid crystallin pottassium + + align:start position:0% +solid crystallin pottassium + + + align:start position:0% +solid crystallin pottassium +permanganate why do we choose these well + + align:start position:0% +permanganate why do we choose these well + + + align:start position:0% +permanganate why do we choose these well +first of all they're both solids solid + + align:start position:0% +first of all they're both solids solid + + + align:start position:0% +first of all they're both solids solid +going into liquid and secondly they're + + align:start position:0% +going into liquid and secondly they're + + + align:start position:0% +going into liquid and secondly they're +both purple they're both purple very + + align:start position:0% +both purple they're both purple very + + + align:start position:0% +both purple they're both purple very +important they're both purple what + + align:start position:0% +important they're both purple what + + + align:start position:0% +important they're both purple what +happens is if we drop iodine into this + + align:start position:0% +happens is if we drop iodine into this + + + align:start position:0% +happens is if we drop iodine into this +Bayer stir vigorously mix mix everything + + align:start position:0% +Bayer stir vigorously mix mix everything + + + align:start position:0% +Bayer stir vigorously mix mix everything +up and then wait the two liquids will + + align:start position:0% +up and then wait the two liquids will + + + align:start position:0% +up and then wait the two liquids will +phase separate in a gravity field and + + align:start position:0% +phase separate in a gravity field and + + + align:start position:0% +phase separate in a gravity field and +then we'll find at the end of the + + align:start position:0% +then we'll find at the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +then we'll find at the end of the +experiment that we have a solution here + + align:start position:0% +experiment that we have a solution here + + + align:start position:0% +experiment that we have a solution here +of iodine carbon + + align:start position:0% +of iodine carbon + + + align:start position:0% +of iodine carbon +tetrachloride + + align:start position:0% +tetrachloride + + + align:start position:0% +tetrachloride +solution mixed at the molecular level on + + align:start position:0% +solution mixed at the molecular level on + + + align:start position:0% +solution mixed at the molecular level on +the other side Shake vigorously wait for + + align:start position:0% +the other side Shake vigorously wait for + + + align:start position:0% +the other side Shake vigorously wait for +a system to uh equilibrate layers face + + align:start position:0% +a system to uh equilibrate layers face + + + align:start position:0% +a system to uh equilibrate layers face +separate and now here we have + + align:start position:0% +separate and now here we have + + + align:start position:0% +separate and now here we have +a solution of pottassium + + align:start position:0% +a solution of pottassium + + + align:start position:0% +a solution of pottassium +permanganate in water we can see with + + align:start position:0% +permanganate in water we can see with + + + align:start position:0% +permanganate in water we can see with +the naked eye the upper layer is purple + + align:start position:0% +the naked eye the upper layer is purple + + + align:start position:0% +the naked eye the upper layer is purple +the lower layer is clear and colorless + + align:start position:0% +the lower layer is clear and colorless + + + align:start position:0% +the lower layer is clear and colorless +in this case the upper layer is clear + + align:start position:0% +in this case the upper layer is clear + + + align:start position:0% +in this case the upper layer is clear +and colorless the lower layer is purple + + align:start position:0% +and colorless the lower layer is purple + + + align:start position:0% +and colorless the lower layer is purple +so it's clear that iodine has a strong + + align:start position:0% +so it's clear that iodine has a strong + + + align:start position:0% +so it's clear that iodine has a strong +affinity for carbon tetrachloride + + align:start position:0% +affinity for carbon tetrachloride + + + align:start position:0% +affinity for carbon tetrachloride +potassium permanganate has a strong + + align:start position:0% +potassium permanganate has a strong + + + align:start position:0% +potassium permanganate has a strong +affinity for water so what's going on + + align:start position:0% +affinity for water so what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +affinity for water so what's going on +well let's look at the structure of the + + align:start position:0% +well let's look at the structure of the + + + align:start position:0% +well let's look at the structure of the +candidate solute what's iodine iodine is + + align:start position:0% +candidate solute what's iodine iodine is + + + align:start position:0% +candidate solute what's iodine iodine is +a uh diatomic molecule and it's + + align:start position:0% +a uh diatomic molecule and it's + + + align:start position:0% +a uh diatomic molecule and it's +non-polar symmetric so it's a Vander VA + + align:start position:0% +non-polar symmetric so it's a Vander VA + + + align:start position:0% +non-polar symmetric so it's a Vander VA +solid it's Vandal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +solid and the Vander solid dissolves in + + align:start position:0% +solid and the Vander solid dissolves in + + + align:start position:0% +solid and the Vander solid dissolves in +a vander's liquid because together + + align:start position:0% +a vander's liquid because together + + + align:start position:0% +a vander's liquid because together +they've got fluctuating dipole + + align:start position:0% +they've got fluctuating dipole + + + align:start position:0% +they've got fluctuating dipole +interactions that can allow them to bond + + align:start position:0% +interactions that can allow them to bond + + + align:start position:0% +interactions that can allow them to bond +to one another and form a solution + + align:start position:0% +to one another and form a solution + + + align:start position:0% +to one another and form a solution +whereas with water it's less less + + align:start position:0% +whereas with water it's less less + + + align:start position:0% +whereas with water it's less less +favored in this case potassium potassium + + align:start position:0% +favored in this case potassium potassium + + + align:start position:0% +favored in this case potassium potassium +permanganate is an ionic compound it + + align:start position:0% +permanganate is an ionic compound it + + + align:start position:0% +permanganate is an ionic compound it +forms potassium cations and permanganate + + align:start position:0% +forms potassium cations and permanganate + + + align:start position:0% +forms potassium cations and permanganate +anions and so we have an ionic + + align:start position:0% +anions and so we have an ionic + + + align:start position:0% +anions and so we have an ionic +solid ionic solid dissolving in a polar + + align:start position:0% +solid ionic solid dissolving in a polar + + + align:start position:0% +solid ionic solid dissolving in a polar +liquid so the polar liquid is is able to + + align:start position:0% +liquid so the polar liquid is is able to + + + align:start position:0% +liquid so the polar liquid is is able to +attract the positive end of the dipole + + align:start position:0% +attract the positive end of the dipole + + + align:start position:0% +attract the positive end of the dipole +attracts the annion the negative end of + + align:start position:0% +attracts the annion the negative end of + + + align:start position:0% +attracts the annion the negative end of +the dipole attracts the cation if you if + + align:start position:0% +the dipole attracts the cation if you if + + + align:start position:0% +the dipole attracts the cation if you if +you read the the typical chemistry + + align:start position:0% +you read the the typical chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +you read the the typical chemistry +textbooks they don't go into such an + + align:start position:0% +textbooks they don't go into such an + + + align:start position:0% +textbooks they don't go into such an +elaborate Sol uh discussion they like to + + align:start position:0% +elaborate Sol uh discussion they like to + + + align:start position:0% +elaborate Sol uh discussion they like to +simplify it to a a slogan a tagline so + + align:start position:0% +simplify it to a a slogan a tagline so + + + align:start position:0% +simplify it to a a slogan a tagline so +you'll see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this well I hope you don't see that I + + align:start position:0% +this well I hope you don't see that I + + + align:start position:0% +this well I hope you don't see that I +hope you see it spelled correctly you'll + + align:start position:0% +hope you see it spelled correctly you'll + + + align:start position:0% +hope you see it spelled correctly you'll +see like dissolves + + align:start position:0% +see like dissolves + + + align:start position:0% +see like dissolves +like I look at that and I said it's too + + align:start position:0% +like I look at that and I said it's too + + + align:start position:0% +like I look at that and I said it's too +simplistic I'm going to give you some + + align:start position:0% +simplistic I'm going to give you some + + + align:start position:0% +simplistic I'm going to give you some +examples of where that doesn't happen + + align:start position:0% +examples of where that doesn't happen + + + align:start position:0% +examples of where that doesn't happen +besides I mean this is I don't know + + align:start position:0% +besides I mean this is I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +besides I mean this is I don't know +I look at that I wonder if I'm reading + + align:start position:0% +I look at that I wonder if I'm reading + + + align:start position:0% +I look at that I wonder if I'm reading +something from California you know the + + align:start position:0% +something from California you know the + + + align:start position:0% +something from California you know the +the like dissolves the like you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +know tenure means never having to say + + align:start position:0% +know tenure means never having to say + + + align:start position:0% +know tenure means never having to say +you're sorry so + + align:start position:0% +you're sorry so + + + align:start position:0% +you're sorry so +just enjoy it enjoy + + align:start position:0% +just enjoy it enjoy + + + align:start position:0% +just enjoy it enjoy +it so now what I want you to do is to + + align:start position:0% +it so now what I want you to do is to + + + align:start position:0% +it so now what I want you to do is to +look at um at this table this table is + + align:start position:0% +look at um at this table this table is + + + align:start position:0% +look at um at this table this table is +going to show that this this is not such + + align:start position:0% +going to show that this this is not such + + + align:start position:0% +going to show that this this is not such +a smart tagline to work with again I + + align:start position:0% +a smart tagline to work with again I + + + align:start position:0% +a smart tagline to work with again I +will not expect you to commit this table + + align:start position:0% +will not expect you to commit this table + + + align:start position:0% +will not expect you to commit this table +to memory I would never ask you to tell + + align:start position:0% +to memory I would never ask you to tell + + + align:start position:0% +to memory I would never ask you to tell +me what the solubility of something is + + align:start position:0% +me what the solubility of something is + + + align:start position:0% +me what the solubility of something is +by heart I would instead turn around and + + align:start position:0% +by heart I would instead turn around and + + + align:start position:0% +by heart I would instead turn around and +say for example um a calcium uh copper + + align:start position:0% +say for example um a calcium uh copper + + + align:start position:0% +say for example um a calcium uh copper +bromide + + align:start position:0% +bromide + + + align:start position:0% +bromide +forms aquous Solutions and then let's + + align:start position:0% +forms aquous Solutions and then let's + + + align:start position:0% +forms aquous Solutions and then let's +take it from there I tell you what the + + align:start position:0% +take it from there I tell you what the + + + align:start position:0% +take it from there I tell you what the +the fact is but what I want you to + + align:start position:0% +the fact is but what I want you to + + + align:start position:0% +the fact is but what I want you to +notice first of all is that the table is + + align:start position:0% +notice first of all is that the table is + + + align:start position:0% +notice first of all is that the table is +brok broken into two regimes soluble + + align:start position:0% +brok broken into two regimes soluble + + + align:start position:0% +brok broken into two regimes soluble +ionic compounds and insoluble ionic + + align:start position:0% +ionic compounds and insoluble ionic + + + align:start position:0% +ionic compounds and insoluble ionic +compounds soluble ionic compounds and + + align:start position:0% +compounds soluble ionic compounds and + + + align:start position:0% +compounds soluble ionic compounds and +insoluble ionic compounds so it's not so + + align:start position:0% +insoluble ionic compounds so it's not so + + + align:start position:0% +insoluble ionic compounds so it's not so +simple it's not so simple there's + + align:start position:0% +simple it's not so simple there's + + + align:start position:0% +simple it's not so simple there's +something else going on here and let's + + align:start position:0% +something else going on here and let's + + + align:start position:0% +something else going on here and let's +take a look uh there's one they say for + + align:start position:0% +take a look uh there's one they say for + + + align:start position:0% +take a look uh there's one they say for +example the the chlorides the chlorides + + align:start position:0% +example the the chlorides the chlorides + + + align:start position:0% +example the the chlorides the chlorides +are generally soluble and the oxides are + + align:start position:0% +are generally soluble and the oxides are + + + align:start position:0% +are generally soluble and the oxides are +generally not soluble so what do we have + + align:start position:0% +generally not soluble so what do we have + + + align:start position:0% +generally not soluble so what do we have +to think about well well it's a + + align:start position:0% +to think about well well it's a + + + align:start position:0% +to think about well well it's a +competition really it's a competition + + align:start position:0% +competition really it's a competition + + + align:start position:0% +competition really it's a competition +when we look at sodium chloride it + + align:start position:0% +when we look at sodium chloride it + + + align:start position:0% +when we look at sodium chloride it +exists as a solid Crystal and now we + + align:start position:0% +exists as a solid Crystal and now we + + + align:start position:0% +exists as a solid Crystal and now we +have to + + align:start position:0% +have to + + + align:start position:0% +have to +compare whether it wants to go into + + align:start position:0% +compare whether it wants to go into + + + align:start position:0% +compare whether it wants to go into +aquous + + align:start position:0% +aquous + + + align:start position:0% +aquous +solution whether it wants to go into + + align:start position:0% +solution whether it wants to go into + + + align:start position:0% +solution whether it wants to go into +aquous solution and what we see is that + + align:start position:0% +aquous solution and what we see is that + + + align:start position:0% +aquous solution and what we see is that +the answer here is yes whereas the + + align:start position:0% +the answer here is yes whereas the + + + align:start position:0% +the answer here is yes whereas the +answer + + align:start position:0% +answer + + + align:start position:0% +answer +for magnesium oxide which is also an + + align:start position:0% +for magnesium oxide which is also an + + + align:start position:0% +for magnesium oxide which is also an +ionic Crystal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it does not form aquous Solutions so + + align:start position:0% +it does not form aquous Solutions so + + + align:start position:0% +it does not form aquous Solutions so +what's going on here well what's the + + align:start position:0% +what's going on here well what's the + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on here well what's the +major difference here sodium chloride + + align:start position:0% +major difference here sodium chloride + + + align:start position:0% +major difference here sodium chloride +exists as sodium cations and chloride + + align:start position:0% +exists as sodium cations and chloride + + + align:start position:0% +exists as sodium cations and chloride +anion whereas magnesium is divalent so + + align:start position:0% +anion whereas magnesium is divalent so + + + align:start position:0% +anion whereas magnesium is divalent so +we have magnesium uh cations and oxide + + align:start position:0% +we have magnesium uh cations and oxide + + + align:start position:0% +we have magnesium uh cations and oxide +anions and in the crystal lattice we + + align:start position:0% +anions and in the crystal lattice we + + + align:start position:0% +anions and in the crystal lattice we +have a much much higher crystal lattice + + align:start position:0% +have a much much higher crystal lattice + + + align:start position:0% +have a much much higher crystal lattice +energy for magnesium oxide if you just + + align:start position:0% +energy for magnesium oxide if you just + + + align:start position:0% +energy for magnesium oxide if you just +go through the matong derivation you'll + + align:start position:0% +go through the matong derivation you'll + + + align:start position:0% +go through the matong derivation you'll +have double double so it's in essence + + align:start position:0% +have double double so it's in essence + + + align:start position:0% +have double double so it's in essence +four times four times and sure enough + + align:start position:0% +four times four times and sure enough + + + align:start position:0% +four times four times and sure enough +the melting point of sodium chloride is + + align:start position:0% +the melting point of sodium chloride is + + + align:start position:0% +the melting point of sodium chloride is +about 800° melting point whereas the + + align:start position:0% +about 800° melting point whereas the + + + align:start position:0% +about 800° melting point whereas the +melting point of magnesium oxide is + + align:start position:0% +melting point of magnesium oxide is + + + align:start position:0% +melting point of magnesium oxide is +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +2800° what happens when we try to make + + align:start position:0% +2800° what happens when we try to make + + + align:start position:0% +2800° what happens when we try to make +this dissolve in solution is something + + align:start position:0% +this dissolve in solution is something + + + align:start position:0% +this dissolve in solution is something +that looks like this here's a cune + + align:start position:0% +that looks like this here's a cune + + + align:start position:0% +that looks like this here's a cune +showing water uh dissolving sodium + + align:start position:0% +showing water uh dissolving sodium + + + align:start position:0% +showing water uh dissolving sodium +chloride so sodium chloride just to get + + align:start position:0% +chloride so sodium chloride just to get + + + align:start position:0% +chloride so sodium chloride just to get +oriented the green uh spheres represent + + align:start position:0% +oriented the green uh spheres represent + + + align:start position:0% +oriented the green uh spheres represent +the chloride ions and the blue spheres + + align:start position:0% +the chloride ions and the blue spheres + + + align:start position:0% +the chloride ions and the blue spheres +represent sodium ions and just to keep + + align:start position:0% +represent sodium ions and just to keep + + + align:start position:0% +represent sodium ions and just to keep +things current you can see up here the + + align:start position:0% +things current you can see up here the + + + align:start position:0% +things current you can see up here the +uh 1 two 3 four five the face of an FCC + + align:start position:0% +uh 1 two 3 four five the face of an FCC + + + align:start position:0% +uh 1 two 3 four five the face of an FCC +brav lattice but we've got two atoms per + + align:start position:0% +brav lattice but we've got two atoms per + + + align:start position:0% +brav lattice but we've got two atoms per +lattice Point as our bases etc etc and + + align:start position:0% +lattice Point as our bases etc etc and + + + align:start position:0% +lattice Point as our bases etc etc and +here's the water molecule which looks + + align:start position:0% +here's the water molecule which looks + + + align:start position:0% +here's the water molecule which looks +sort of like a Mickey Mouse here with + + align:start position:0% +sort of like a Mickey Mouse here with + + + align:start position:0% +sort of like a Mickey Mouse here with +the the red showing the oxygen and the + + align:start position:0% +the the red showing the oxygen and the + + + align:start position:0% +the the red showing the oxygen and the +white showing the hydrogen so the oxygen + + align:start position:0% +white showing the hydrogen so the oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +white showing the hydrogen so the oxygen +and is the negative end of the dipole + + align:start position:0% +and is the negative end of the dipole + + + align:start position:0% +and is the negative end of the dipole +and what the cartoon is showing is that + + align:start position:0% +and what the cartoon is showing is that + + + align:start position:0% +and what the cartoon is showing is that +the negative end of the dipole is + + align:start position:0% +the negative end of the dipole is + + + align:start position:0% +the negative end of the dipole is +presenting itself to the cation and if + + align:start position:0% +presenting itself to the cation and if + + + align:start position:0% +presenting itself to the cation and if +the attractive force between the solute + + align:start position:0% +the attractive force between the solute + + + align:start position:0% +the attractive force between the solute +and the solvent exceeds The Binding + + align:start position:0% +and the solvent exceeds The Binding + + + align:start position:0% +and the solvent exceeds The Binding +energy the crystal binding energy will + + align:start position:0% +energy the crystal binding energy will + + + align:start position:0% +energy the crystal binding energy will +have dissolution and that's born out + + align:start position:0% +have dissolution and that's born out + + + align:start position:0% +have dissolution and that's born out +here where you see that we have a + + align:start position:0% +here where you see that we have a + + + align:start position:0% +here where you see that we have a +difference in kulic force of attraction + + align:start position:0% +difference in kulic force of attraction + + + align:start position:0% +difference in kulic force of attraction +that makes it excess ible for sodium + + align:start position:0% +that makes it excess ible for sodium + + + align:start position:0% +that makes it excess ible for sodium +chloride for water to dissolve it but + + align:start position:0% +chloride for water to dissolve it but + + + align:start position:0% +chloride for water to dissolve it but +inaccessible for magnesium oxide because + + align:start position:0% +inaccessible for magnesium oxide because + + + align:start position:0% +inaccessible for magnesium oxide because +the forces are too strong and then you + + align:start position:0% +the forces are too strong and then you + + + align:start position:0% +the forces are too strong and then you +see the compliment here that the + + align:start position:0% +see the compliment here that the + + + align:start position:0% +see the compliment here that the +positive end of the uh dipole is + + align:start position:0% +positive end of the uh dipole is + + + align:start position:0% +positive end of the uh dipole is +presenting itself to the chloride an ion + + align:start position:0% +presenting itself to the chloride an ion + + + align:start position:0% +presenting itself to the chloride an ion +I'm always amused when people draw uh + + align:start position:0% +I'm always amused when people draw uh + + + align:start position:0% +I'm always amused when people draw uh +ions colored because I know they're + + align:start position:0% +ions colored because I know they're + + + align:start position:0% +ions colored because I know they're +trying to color code them but but think + + align:start position:0% +trying to color code them but but think + + + align:start position:0% +trying to color code them but but think +about it + + align:start position:0% +about it + + + align:start position:0% +about it +um if you could isolate a chloride ion + + align:start position:0% +um if you could isolate a chloride ion + + + align:start position:0% +um if you could isolate a chloride ion +what color do you think it would be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's an answer to that + + align:start position:0% +there's an answer to that + + + align:start position:0% +there's an answer to that +question what's its electronic structure + + align:start position:0% +question what's its electronic structure + + + align:start position:0% +question what's its electronic structure +see it always goes back to electronic + + align:start position:0% +see it always goes back to electronic + + + align:start position:0% +see it always goes back to electronic +what's its electronic structure it's ISO + + align:start position:0% +what's its electronic structure it's ISO + + + align:start position:0% +what's its electronic structure it's ISO +electronic + + align:start position:0% +electronic + + + align:start position:0% +electronic +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +with Aron and what do you think the + + align:start position:0% +with Aron and what do you think the + + + align:start position:0% +with Aron and what do you think the +color of argon is what do you think the + + align:start position:0% +color of argon is what do you think the + + + align:start position:0% +color of argon is what do you think the +color of any noble gas is so actually + + align:start position:0% +color of any noble gas is so actually + + + align:start position:0% +color of any noble gas is so actually +these things should all be clear and + + align:start position:0% +these things should all be clear and + + + align:start position:0% +these things should all be clear and +colorless I just wanted to point that + + align:start position:0% +colorless I just wanted to point that + + + align:start position:0% +colorless I just wanted to point that +out I know they're color-coded for your + + align:start position:0% +out I know they're color-coded for your + + + align:start position:0% +out I know they're color-coded for your +amusement but I just just I was staring + + align:start position:0% +amusement but I just just I was staring + + + align:start position:0% +amusement but I just just I was staring +at this this green ion and asking + + align:start position:0% +at this this green ion and asking + + + align:start position:0% +at this this green ion and asking +myself should ions be green no no they + + align:start position:0% +myself should ions be green no no they + + + align:start position:0% +myself should ions be green no no they +shouldn't okay so now let's talk about + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't okay so now let's talk about + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't okay so now let's talk about +measures of solubility measures of + + align:start position:0% +measures of solubility measures of + + + align:start position:0% +measures of solubility measures of +solubility get put some numbers on this + + align:start position:0% +solubility get put some numbers on this + + + align:start position:0% +solubility get put some numbers on this +so we can express + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +solubility in the following units there + + align:start position:0% +solubility in the following units there + + + align:start position:0% +solubility in the following units there +are a variety of units but the only ones + + align:start position:0% +are a variety of units but the only ones + + + align:start position:0% +are a variety of units but the only ones +that we really need to worry about is + + align:start position:0% +that we really need to worry about is + + + align:start position:0% +that we really need to worry about is +the molar quantity which represents + + align:start position:0% +the molar quantity which represents + + + align:start position:0% +the molar quantity which represents +moles of solute + + align:start position:0% +moles of solute + + + align:start position:0% +moles of solute +moles of solute uh divided by liters of + + align:start position:0% +moles of solute uh divided by liters of + + + align:start position:0% +moles of solute uh divided by liters of +solution lers of solution and remember + + align:start position:0% +solution lers of solution and remember + + + align:start position:0% +solution lers of solution and remember +the solution is the sum of all + + align:start position:0% +the solution is the sum of all + + + align:start position:0% +the solution is the sum of all +solutes all solutes plus the solvent all + + align:start position:0% +solutes all solutes plus the solvent all + + + align:start position:0% +solutes all solutes plus the solvent all +solutes plus the solvent constitute the + + align:start position:0% +solutes plus the solvent constitute the + + + align:start position:0% +solutes plus the solvent constitute the +solution and so moles per liter when we + + align:start position:0% +solution and so moles per liter when we + + + align:start position:0% +solution and so moles per liter when we +say sodium chloride dissolves at so many + + align:start position:0% +say sodium chloride dissolves at so many + + + align:start position:0% +say sodium chloride dissolves at so many +moles per liter we can abbreviate that + + align:start position:0% +moles per liter we can abbreviate that + + + align:start position:0% +moles per liter we can abbreviate that +by uppercase M uppercase M which we term + + align:start position:0% +by uppercase M uppercase M which we term + + + align:start position:0% +by uppercase M uppercase M which we term +molar molar so if I have a one molar + + align:start position:0% +molar molar so if I have a one molar + + + align:start position:0% +molar molar so if I have a one molar +solution of sodium chloride in water one + + align:start position:0% +solution of sodium chloride in water one + + + align:start position:0% +solution of sodium chloride in water one +molar is equivalent to say one mole of + + align:start position:0% +molar is equivalent to say one mole of + + + align:start position:0% +molar is equivalent to say one mole of +Na in one liter of of solution I see I + + align:start position:0% +Na in one liter of of solution I see I + + + align:start position:0% +Na in one liter of of solution I see I +was about to write water it's not it's + + align:start position:0% +was about to write water it's not it's + + + align:start position:0% +was about to write water it's not it's +one liter of + + align:start position:0% +one liter of + + + align:start position:0% +one liter of +solution total + + align:start position:0% +solution total + + + align:start position:0% +solution total +and here I think you can see that there + + align:start position:0% +and here I think you can see that there + + + align:start position:0% +and here I think you can see that there +it's not an All or Nothing situation in + + align:start position:0% +it's not an All or Nothing situation in + + + align:start position:0% +it's not an All or Nothing situation in +other words certain substances are + + align:start position:0% +other words certain substances are + + + align:start position:0% +other words certain substances are +insoluble for reasons we've uh seen but + + align:start position:0% +insoluble for reasons we've uh seen but + + + align:start position:0% +insoluble for reasons we've uh seen but +other substances are soluble up to a + + align:start position:0% +other substances are soluble up to a + + + align:start position:0% +other substances are soluble up to a +point you know from experience you can + + align:start position:0% +point you know from experience you can + + + align:start position:0% +point you know from experience you can +add sugar to water and it dissolves very + + align:start position:0% +add sugar to water and it dissolves very + + + align:start position:0% +add sugar to water and it dissolves very +readily up to a certain value Beyond + + align:start position:0% +readily up to a certain value Beyond + + + align:start position:0% +readily up to a certain value Beyond +which you can add the sugar stir it + + align:start position:0% +which you can add the sugar stir it + + + align:start position:0% +which you can add the sugar stir it +shake it do whatever you want but the + + align:start position:0% +shake it do whatever you want but the + + + align:start position:0% +shake it do whatever you want but the +sugar will not dissolve Beyond a certain + + align:start position:0% +sugar will not dissolve Beyond a certain + + + align:start position:0% +sugar will not dissolve Beyond a certain +limit which we call the solubility + + align:start position:0% +limit which we call the solubility + + + align:start position:0% +limit which we call the solubility +limit solubility + + align:start position:0% +limit solubility + + + align:start position:0% +limit solubility +limit or in aquous systems they simply + + align:start position:0% +limit or in aquous systems they simply + + + align:start position:0% +limit or in aquous systems they simply +call it the + + align:start position:0% +call it the + + + align:start position:0% +call it the +solubility the + + align:start position:0% +solubility the + + + align:start position:0% +solubility the +solubility and at this limit we've + + align:start position:0% +solubility and at this limit we've + + + align:start position:0% +solubility and at this limit we've +reached a condition uh termed + + align:start position:0% +reached a condition uh termed + + + align:start position:0% +reached a condition uh termed +saturation we say the solution is + + align:start position:0% +saturation we say the solution is + + + align:start position:0% +saturation we say the solution is +saturated with respect to the + + align:start position:0% +saturated with respect to the + + + align:start position:0% +saturated with respect to the +uh to the solute and can take no more + + align:start position:0% +uh to the solute and can take no more + + + align:start position:0% +uh to the solute and can take no more +and there are two measures for + + align:start position:0% +and there are two measures for + + + align:start position:0% +and there are two measures for +saturation solubility one is just + + align:start position:0% +saturation solubility one is just + + + align:start position:0% +saturation solubility one is just +denoted C star or some people use C Subs + + align:start position:0% +denoted C star or some people use C Subs + + + align:start position:0% +denoted C star or some people use C Subs +which means the + + align:start position:0% +which means the + + + align:start position:0% +which means the +concentration concentration of + + align:start position:0% +concentration concentration of + + + align:start position:0% +concentration concentration of +solute at + + align:start position:0% +solute at + + + align:start position:0% +solute at +saturation and that's a simple way of + + align:start position:0% +saturation and that's a simple way of + + + align:start position:0% +saturation and that's a simple way of +getting it and it works when all we're + + align:start position:0% +getting it and it works when all we're + + + align:start position:0% +getting it and it works when all we're +dealing with is one solute in one + + align:start position:0% +dealing with is one solute in one + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with is one solute in one +solvent but to make matters + + align:start position:0% +solvent but to make matters + + + align:start position:0% +solvent but to make matters +richer so that we can treat the + + align:start position:0% +richer so that we can treat the + + + align:start position:0% +richer so that we can treat the +conditions where we have more than one + + align:start position:0% +conditions where we have more than one + + + align:start position:0% +conditions where we have more than one +solute the other approach is to use a + + align:start position:0% +solute the other approach is to use a + + + align:start position:0% +solute the other approach is to use a +term known as solubility product + + align:start position:0% +term known as solubility product + + + align:start position:0% +term known as solubility product +solubility product and the solubility + + align:start position:0% +solubility product and the solubility + + + align:start position:0% +solubility product and the solubility +product is best shown by uh example + + align:start position:0% +product is best shown by uh example + + + align:start position:0% +product is best shown by uh example +let's look at a salt that dissolves in + + align:start position:0% +let's look at a salt that dissolves in + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at a salt that dissolves in +water but very sparingly silver + + align:start position:0% +water but very sparingly silver + + + align:start position:0% +water but very sparingly silver +chloride silver chloride has a a lattice + + align:start position:0% +chloride silver chloride has a a lattice + + + align:start position:0% +chloride silver chloride has a a lattice +energy that's low enough that we can get + + align:start position:0% +energy that's low enough that we can get + + + align:start position:0% +energy that's low enough that we can get +some to dissolve in water but only + + align:start position:0% +some to dissolve in water but only + + + align:start position:0% +some to dissolve in water but only +sparingly so and so I'm going to put an + + align:start position:0% +sparingly so and so I'm going to put an + + + align:start position:0% +sparingly so and so I'm going to put an +equal sign if we move from left to right + + align:start position:0% +equal sign if we move from left to right + + + align:start position:0% +equal sign if we move from left to right +we're dissolving so let's call that + + align:start position:0% +we're dissolving so let's call that + + + align:start position:0% +we're dissolving so let's call that +reaction + + align:start position:0% +reaction + + + align:start position:0% +reaction +dissolution and when we move from right + + align:start position:0% +dissolution and when we move from right + + + align:start position:0% +dissolution and when we move from right +to left that's called + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +precipitation precipitation and so + + align:start position:0% +precipitation precipitation and so + + + align:start position:0% +precipitation precipitation and so +silver chloride dissociates it + + align:start position:0% +silver chloride dissociates it + + + align:start position:0% +silver chloride dissociates it +dissociates to form silver cats and to + + align:start position:0% +dissociates to form silver cats and to + + + align:start position:0% +dissociates to form silver cats and to +show that they're dissolved in water + + align:start position:0% +show that they're dissolved in water + + + align:start position:0% +show that they're dissolved in water +water I'm going to write AQ meaning + + align:start position:0% +water I'm going to write AQ meaning + + + align:start position:0% +water I'm going to write AQ meaning +that's an aquous solution and the + + align:start position:0% +that's an aquous solution and the + + + align:start position:0% +that's an aquous solution and the +chloride anions again + + align:start position:0% +chloride anions again + + + align:start position:0% +chloride anions again +AQ and this notion that when an ionic + + align:start position:0% +AQ and this notion that when an ionic + + + align:start position:0% +AQ and this notion that when an ionic +solid dissolves in water it dissolves + + align:start position:0% +solid dissolves in water it dissolves + + + align:start position:0% +solid dissolves in water it dissolves +not as a molecule of silver chloride but + + align:start position:0% +not as a molecule of silver chloride but + + + align:start position:0% +not as a molecule of silver chloride but +rather as cation and anion was in fact + + align:start position:0% +rather as cation and anion was in fact + + + align:start position:0% +rather as cation and anion was in fact +what one arenus his Nobel Prize he got + + align:start position:0% +what one arenus his Nobel Prize he got + + + align:start position:0% +what one arenus his Nobel Prize he got +his Nobel Prize not for I think his + + align:start position:0% +his Nobel Prize not for I think his + + + align:start position:0% +his Nobel Prize not for I think his +really good work on activation energies + + align:start position:0% +really good work on activation energies + + + align:start position:0% +really good work on activation energies +and so on that paved the way for our + + align:start position:0% +and so on that paved the way for our + + + align:start position:0% +and so on that paved the way for our +understanding of catalysis and so on he + + align:start position:0% +understanding of catalysis and so on he + + + align:start position:0% +understanding of catalysis and so on he +got his Nobel Prize for + + align:start position:0% +got his Nobel Prize for + + + align:start position:0% +got his Nobel Prize for +this which was called the theory of + + align:start position:0% +this which was called the theory of + + + align:start position:0% +this which was called the theory of +electrolytic dissociation meaning that + + align:start position:0% +electrolytic dissociation meaning that + + + align:start position:0% +electrolytic dissociation meaning that +when an ionic solid dissolves it forms + + align:start position:0% +when an ionic solid dissolves it forms + + + align:start position:0% +when an ionic solid dissolves it forms +an electrolyte that is to say an ionic + + align:start position:0% +an electrolyte that is to say an ionic + + + align:start position:0% +an electrolyte that is to say an ionic +conductor so that was his Nobel Prize + + align:start position:0% +conductor so that was his Nobel Prize + + + align:start position:0% +conductor so that was his Nobel Prize +and what we do is we can express the + + align:start position:0% +and what we do is we can express the + + + align:start position:0% +and what we do is we can express the +solubility of silver chloride by the + + align:start position:0% +solubility of silver chloride by the + + + align:start position:0% +solubility of silver chloride by the +solubility product denoted KSP + + align:start position:0% +solubility product denoted KSP + + + align:start position:0% +solubility product denoted KSP +as the product of the instant + + align:start position:0% +as the product of the instant + + + align:start position:0% +as the product of the instant +concentration of each of the ions and I + + align:start position:0% +concentration of each of the ions and I + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of each of the ions and I +know at first blush you're going to say + + align:start position:0% +know at first blush you're going to say + + + align:start position:0% +know at first blush you're going to say +well that's just the same as talking + + align:start position:0% +well that's just the same as talking + + + align:start position:0% +well that's just the same as talking +about the concentration of the of the + + align:start position:0% +about the concentration of the of the + + + align:start position:0% +about the concentration of the of the +salt dissolved and that that is the case + + align:start position:0% +salt dissolved and that that is the case + + + align:start position:0% +salt dissolved and that that is the case +in this trivial example but we'll move + + align:start position:0% +in this trivial example but we'll move + + + align:start position:0% +in this trivial example but we'll move +on to something a little more + + align:start position:0% +on to something a little more + + + align:start position:0% +on to something a little more +sophisticated in a moment so I'm going + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated in a moment so I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated in a moment so I'm going +to take the concentration I'm using + + align:start position:0% +to take the concentration I'm using + + + align:start position:0% +to take the concentration I'm using +square brackets to denote concentration + + align:start position:0% +square brackets to denote concentration + + + align:start position:0% +square brackets to denote concentration +so it's the product of the concentration + + align:start position:0% +so it's the product of the concentration + + + align:start position:0% +so it's the product of the concentration +of the silver cation and the + + align:start position:0% +of the silver cation and the + + + align:start position:0% +of the silver cation and the +concentration of the chloride anion and + + align:start position:0% +concentration of the chloride anion and + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of the chloride anion and +concentrations here are in units of + + align:start position:0% +concentrations here are in units of + + + align:start position:0% +concentrations here are in units of +moles per liter so I'll PL plug in the + + align:start position:0% +moles per liter so I'll PL plug in the + + + align:start position:0% +moles per liter so I'll PL plug in the +value of the silver ion concentration + + align:start position:0% +value of the silver ion concentration + + + align:start position:0% +value of the silver ion concentration +and the chloride ion concentration and + + align:start position:0% +and the chloride ion concentration and + + + align:start position:0% +and the chloride ion concentration and +that gives me the uh solubility product + + align:start position:0% +that gives me the uh solubility product + + + align:start position:0% +that gives me the uh solubility product +and then this goes up to some master + + align:start position:0% +and then this goes up to some master + + + align:start position:0% +and then this goes up to some master +value and that's the saturation so now I + + align:start position:0% +value and that's the saturation so now I + + + align:start position:0% +value and that's the saturation so now I +want to show you that that we have some + + align:start position:0% +want to show you that that we have some + + + align:start position:0% +want to show you that that we have some +evidence for this so here's some + + align:start position:0% +evidence for this so here's some + + + align:start position:0% +evidence for this so here's some +evidence what I'm showing you is a plot + + align:start position:0% +evidence what I'm showing you is a plot + + + align:start position:0% +evidence what I'm showing you is a plot +of conductivity the conductivity of the + + align:start position:0% +of conductivity the conductivity of the + + + align:start position:0% +of conductivity the conductivity of the +the solution as a function of the number + + align:start position:0% +the solution as a function of the number + + + align:start position:0% +the solution as a function of the number +of moles of silver chloride that has + + align:start position:0% +of moles of silver chloride that has + + + align:start position:0% +of moles of silver chloride that has +been added and what do you see first of + + align:start position:0% +been added and what do you see first of + + + align:start position:0% +been added and what do you see first of +all here we have the conductivity of + + align:start position:0% +all here we have the conductivity of + + + align:start position:0% +all here we have the conductivity of +pure water pure water is a very very + + align:start position:0% +pure water pure water is a very very + + + align:start position:0% +pure water pure water is a very very +poor conductor we should really properly + + align:start position:0% +poor conductor we should really properly + + + align:start position:0% +poor conductor we should really properly +call it an insulator and in units of uh + + align:start position:0% +call it an insulator and in units of uh + + + align:start position:0% +call it an insulator and in units of uh +this is reciprocal ohm which is the seen + + align:start position:0% +this is reciprocal ohm which is the seen + + + align:start position:0% +this is reciprocal ohm which is the seen +in units of seaman per centimeter the + + align:start position:0% +in units of seaman per centimeter the + + + align:start position:0% +in units of seaman per centimeter the +conductivity of pure water is less than + + align:start position:0% +conductivity of pure water is less than + + + align:start position:0% +conductivity of pure water is less than +10 Theus 7 10 Theus 7 it's some number + + align:start position:0% +10 Theus 7 10 Theus 7 it's some number + + + align:start position:0% +10 Theus 7 10 Theus 7 it's some number +10us 8 semens per centimeter so what's + + align:start position:0% +10us 8 semens per centimeter so what's + + + align:start position:0% +10us 8 semens per centimeter so what's +happening when we dissolve silver + + align:start position:0% +happening when we dissolve silver + + + align:start position:0% +happening when we dissolve silver +chloride we're adding this is the same + + align:start position:0% +chloride we're adding this is the same + + + align:start position:0% +chloride we're adding this is the same +as doping we're adding charge carriers + + align:start position:0% +as doping we're adding charge carriers + + + align:start position:0% +as doping we're adding charge carriers +only instead of in adding holes to the + + align:start position:0% +only instead of in adding holes to the + + + align:start position:0% +only instead of in adding holes to the +veence band or electrons to the + + align:start position:0% +veence band or electrons to the + + + align:start position:0% +veence band or electrons to the +conduction band that's not going to help + + align:start position:0% +conduction band that's not going to help + + + align:start position:0% +conduction band that's not going to help +us because water isn't a metal water is + + align:start position:0% +us because water isn't a metal water is + + + align:start position:0% +us because water isn't a metal water is +capable of dissolving ions so we're + + align:start position:0% +capable of dissolving ions so we're + + + align:start position:0% +capable of dissolving ions so we're +going to make it an ionic conductor by + + align:start position:0% +going to make it an ionic conductor by + + + align:start position:0% +going to make it an ionic conductor by +injecting carriers the more silver + + align:start position:0% +injecting carriers the more silver + + + align:start position:0% +injecting carriers the more silver +chloride we dissolve the greater the + + align:start position:0% +chloride we dissolve the greater the + + + align:start position:0% +chloride we dissolve the greater the +number of carriers the greater the + + align:start position:0% +number of carriers the greater the + + + align:start position:0% +number of carriers the greater the +number of carriers the greater the + + align:start position:0% +number of carriers the greater the + + + align:start position:0% +number of carriers the greater the +conductivity so by measuring + + align:start position:0% +conductivity so by measuring + + + align:start position:0% +conductivity so by measuring +conductivity as a function of + + align:start position:0% +conductivity as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +conductivity as a function of +concentration we can determine if we are + + align:start position:0% +concentration we can determine if we are + + + align:start position:0% +concentration we can determine if we are +dissolving the silver chloride as + + align:start position:0% +dissolving the silver chloride as + + + align:start position:0% +dissolving the silver chloride as +opposed to we keep adding it and it just + + align:start position:0% +opposed to we keep adding it and it just + + + align:start position:0% +opposed to we keep adding it and it just +sinks to the bottom so let's look here + + align:start position:0% +sinks to the bottom so let's look here + + + align:start position:0% +sinks to the bottom so let's look here +what we find is as we add silver + + align:start position:0% +what we find is as we add silver + + + align:start position:0% +what we find is as we add silver +chloride the conductivity of the + + align:start position:0% +chloride the conductivity of the + + + align:start position:0% +chloride the conductivity of the +solution Rises up to a maximum value at + + align:start position:0% +solution Rises up to a maximum value at + + + align:start position:0% +solution Rises up to a maximum value at +around 10 the minus5 moles of silver + + align:start position:0% +around 10 the minus5 moles of silver + + + align:start position:0% +around 10 the minus5 moles of silver +chloride per liter of solution so that + + align:start position:0% +chloride per liter of solution so that + + + align:start position:0% +chloride per liter of solution so that +would be a concentration of 10-5 molar + + align:start position:0% +would be a concentration of 10-5 molar + + + align:start position:0% +would be a concentration of 10-5 molar +and then what happens we keep adding + + align:start position:0% +and then what happens we keep adding + + + align:start position:0% +and then what happens we keep adding +silver chloride but the conductivity + + align:start position:0% +silver chloride but the conductivity + + + align:start position:0% +silver chloride but the conductivity +doesn't change so what what do you think + + align:start position:0% +doesn't change so what what do you think + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't change so what what do you think +is happening if you could stare at the + + align:start position:0% +is happening if you could stare at the + + + align:start position:0% +is happening if you could stare at the +beaker you'd see the silver chloride + + align:start position:0% +beaker you'd see the silver chloride + + + align:start position:0% +beaker you'd see the silver chloride +just falling to the bottom so the knee + + align:start position:0% +just falling to the bottom so the knee + + + align:start position:0% +just falling to the bottom so the knee +in the curve indicates that we've + + align:start position:0% +in the curve indicates that we've + + + align:start position:0% +in the curve indicates that we've +reached saturation solubility so that's + + align:start position:0% +reached saturation solubility so that's + + + align:start position:0% +reached saturation solubility so that's +good so we have evidence to to support + + align:start position:0% +good so we have evidence to to support + + + align:start position:0% +good so we have evidence to to support +now we can then compare the solu ility + + align:start position:0% +now we can then compare the solu ility + + + align:start position:0% +now we can then compare the solu ility +with the solubility product in the + + align:start position:0% +with the solubility product in the + + + align:start position:0% +with the solubility product in the +following manner we can say that the + + align:start position:0% +following manner we can say that the + + + align:start position:0% +following manner we can say that the +relationship between the saturation + + align:start position:0% +relationship between the saturation + + + align:start position:0% +relationship between the saturation +solubility is really equal to the + + align:start position:0% +solubility is really equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +solubility is really equal to the +concentration of silver chloride + + align:start position:0% +concentration of silver chloride + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of silver chloride +dissolved which arenius has told us is + + align:start position:0% +dissolved which arenius has told us is + + + align:start position:0% +dissolved which arenius has told us is +really the concentration of silver ion + + align:start position:0% +really the concentration of silver ion + + + align:start position:0% +really the concentration of silver ion +which is equal to the concentration of + + align:start position:0% +which is equal to the concentration of + + + align:start position:0% +which is equal to the concentration of +chloride ion all of these are the same + + align:start position:0% +chloride ion all of these are the same + + + align:start position:0% +chloride ion all of these are the same +and so with a little bit of algebra we + + align:start position:0% +and so with a little bit of algebra we + + + align:start position:0% +and so with a little bit of algebra we +can show then that the relationship + + align:start position:0% +can show then that the relationship + + + align:start position:0% +can show then that the relationship +between between this and KSP is since + + align:start position:0% +between between this and KSP is since + + + align:start position:0% +between between this and KSP is since +the concentration of silver equals the + + align:start position:0% +the concentration of silver equals the + + + align:start position:0% +the concentration of silver equals the +concentration of chloride then we can + + align:start position:0% +concentration of chloride then we can + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of chloride then we can +take KSP to the2 will then equal the C + + align:start position:0% +take KSP to the2 will then equal the C + + + align:start position:0% +take KSP to the2 will then equal the C +star the saturation solubility and for + + align:start position:0% +star the saturation solubility and for + + + align:start position:0% +star the saturation solubility and for +silver chloride it turns out that the + + align:start position:0% +silver chloride it turns out that the + + + align:start position:0% +silver chloride it turns out that the +product the solubility product is 1.8 * + + align:start position:0% +product the solubility product is 1.8 * + + + align:start position:0% +product the solubility product is 1.8 * +10us + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +10 which then means that the SAT + + align:start position:0% +10 which then means that the SAT + + + align:start position:0% +10 which then means that the SAT +saturation solubility for silver + + align:start position:0% +saturation solubility for silver + + + align:start position:0% +saturation solubility for silver +chloride is a square root of that which + + align:start position:0% +chloride is a square root of that which + + + align:start position:0% +chloride is a square root of that which +is about 1.3 * 10us 5 and sure enough + + align:start position:0% +is about 1.3 * 10us 5 and sure enough + + + align:start position:0% +is about 1.3 * 10us 5 and sure enough +that's what you see on this plot you see + + align:start position:0% +that's what you see on this plot you see + + + align:start position:0% +that's what you see on this plot you see +that somewhere just a little bit higher + + align:start position:0% +that somewhere just a little bit higher + + + align:start position:0% +that somewhere just a little bit higher +than 10 Theus 5 molar the plot has + + align:start position:0% +than 10 Theus 5 molar the plot has + + + align:start position:0% +than 10 Theus 5 molar the plot has +flattened out but now let's look at the + + align:start position:0% +flattened out but now let's look at the + + + align:start position:0% +flattened out but now let's look at the +more interesting case and put the + + align:start position:0% +more interesting case and put the + + + align:start position:0% +more interesting case and put the +solubility product to work and ask + + align:start position:0% +solubility product to work and ask + + + align:start position:0% +solubility product to work and ask +ourselves what happens if we add silver + + align:start position:0% +ourselves what happens if we add silver + + + align:start position:0% +ourselves what happens if we add silver +chloride not to pure water but to a + + align:start position:0% +chloride not to pure water but to a + + + align:start position:0% +chloride not to pure water but to a +solution that contains already some + + align:start position:0% +solution that contains already some + + + align:start position:0% +solution that contains already some +other dissolved is that going to have an + + align:start position:0% +other dissolved is that going to have an + + + align:start position:0% +other dissolved is that going to have an +impact on the amount of silver chloride + + align:start position:0% +impact on the amount of silver chloride + + + align:start position:0% +impact on the amount of silver chloride +we can dissolve so let's let's give a + + align:start position:0% +we can dissolve so let's let's give a + + + align:start position:0% +we can dissolve so let's let's give a +specific example and the specific + + align:start position:0% +specific example and the specific + + + align:start position:0% +specific example and the specific +example is um add silver chloride to a + + align:start position:0% +example is um add silver chloride to a + + + align:start position:0% +example is um add silver chloride to a +solution already containing sodium + + align:start position:0% +solution already containing sodium + + + align:start position:0% +solution already containing sodium +chloride so I'm going to add silver + + align:start position:0% +chloride so I'm going to add silver + + + align:start position:0% +chloride so I'm going to add silver +chloride to a solution of .1 molar NAC + + align:start position:0% +chloride to a solution of .1 molar NAC + + + align:start position:0% +chloride to a solution of .1 molar NAC +so I already have chloride ion present + + align:start position:0% +so I already have chloride ion present + + + align:start position:0% +so I already have chloride ion present +see this is interesting if if I said + + align:start position:0% +see this is interesting if if I said + + + align:start position:0% +see this is interesting if if I said +that instead of adding silver chloride + + align:start position:0% +that instead of adding silver chloride + + + align:start position:0% +that instead of adding silver chloride +to Pure Water I'm going to add silver + + align:start position:0% +to Pure Water I'm going to add silver + + + align:start position:0% +to Pure Water I'm going to add silver +chloride to water that already contains + + align:start position:0% +chloride to water that already contains + + + align:start position:0% +chloride to water that already contains +some silver chloride You' say well + + align:start position:0% +some silver chloride You' say well + + + align:start position:0% +some silver chloride You' say well +that's obvious if it contains some + + align:start position:0% +that's obvious if it contains some + + + align:start position:0% +that's obvious if it contains some +silver chloride I can't put as much in + + align:start position:0% +silver chloride I can't put as much in + + + align:start position:0% +silver chloride I can't put as much in +as I otherwise could but now I'm going + + align:start position:0% +as I otherwise could but now I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +as I otherwise could but now I'm going +to say it's not silver chloride it's + + align:start position:0% +to say it's not silver chloride it's + + + align:start position:0% +to say it's not silver chloride it's +sodium chloride does the presence of + + align:start position:0% +sodium chloride does the presence of + + + align:start position:0% +sodium chloride does the presence of +sodium chloride have any impact on the + + align:start position:0% +sodium chloride have any impact on the + + + align:start position:0% +sodium chloride have any impact on the +dissolution of silver chloride so again + + align:start position:0% +dissolution of silver chloride so again + + + align:start position:0% +dissolution of silver chloride so again +we'll look at arenus uh theory of + + align:start position:0% +we'll look at arenus uh theory of + + + align:start position:0% +we'll look at arenus uh theory of +electrolytic dissociation so silver + + align:start position:0% +electrolytic dissociation so silver + + + align:start position:0% +electrolytic dissociation so silver +chloride will dissociate and go into + + align:start position:0% +chloride will dissociate and go into + + + align:start position:0% +chloride will dissociate and go into +solution as silver cation and chloride + + align:start position:0% +solution as silver cation and chloride + + + align:start position:0% +solution as silver cation and chloride +anion and sodium chloride is present as + + align:start position:0% +anion and sodium chloride is present as + + + align:start position:0% +anion and sodium chloride is present as +sodium ion and chloride ion so we've got + + align:start position:0% +sodium ion and chloride ion so we've got + + + align:start position:0% +sodium ion and chloride ion so we've got +now note here multiple sources of + + align:start position:0% +now note here multiple sources of + + + align:start position:0% +now note here multiple sources of +chloride + + align:start position:0% +chloride + + + align:start position:0% +chloride +ion multiple + + align:start position:0% +ion multiple + + + align:start position:0% +ion multiple +sources of chloride ion we're getting + + align:start position:0% +sources of chloride ion we're getting + + + align:start position:0% +sources of chloride ion we're getting +some chloride ion from silver chloride + + align:start position:0% +some chloride ion from silver chloride + + + align:start position:0% +some chloride ion from silver chloride +we're getting some chloride ion + + align:start position:0% +we're getting some chloride ion + + + align:start position:0% +we're getting some chloride ion +from sodium chloride so the consequence + + align:start position:0% +from sodium chloride so the consequence + + + align:start position:0% +from sodium chloride so the consequence +of that is that I know I can no longer + + align:start position:0% +of that is that I know I can no longer + + + align:start position:0% +of that is that I know I can no longer +assume that the concentration of silver + + align:start position:0% +assume that the concentration of silver + + + align:start position:0% +assume that the concentration of silver +ion equals the concentration of chloride + + align:start position:0% +ion equals the concentration of chloride + + + align:start position:0% +ion equals the concentration of chloride +ion that's no longer the case because + + align:start position:0% +ion that's no longer the case because + + + align:start position:0% +ion that's no longer the case because +I've got some chloride ion that came + + align:start position:0% +I've got some chloride ion that came + + + align:start position:0% +I've got some chloride ion that came +from sodium chloride so that's a problem + + align:start position:0% +from sodium chloride so that's a problem + + + align:start position:0% +from sodium chloride so that's a problem +that's a problem so what do I do I'm + + align:start position:0% +that's a problem so what do I do I'm + + + align:start position:0% +that's a problem so what do I do I'm +going to try to find the the saturation + + align:start position:0% +going to try to find the the saturation + + + align:start position:0% +going to try to find the the saturation +solubility of silver chloride under + + align:start position:0% +solubility of silver chloride under + + + align:start position:0% +solubility of silver chloride under +these new circumstances so I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +these new circumstances so I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +these new circumstances so I'm going to +go back to my solubility product + + align:start position:0% +go back to my solubility product + + + align:start position:0% +go back to my solubility product +KSP KSP and KSP is going to equal the + + align:start position:0% +KSP KSP and KSP is going to equal the + + + align:start position:0% +KSP KSP and KSP is going to equal the +product of the silver ion + + align:start position:0% +product of the silver ion + + + align:start position:0% +product of the silver ion +concentration times the concentration of + + align:start position:0% +concentration times the concentration of + + + align:start position:0% +concentration times the concentration of +the chloride ion and I can take a stab + + align:start position:0% +the chloride ion and I can take a stab + + + align:start position:0% +the chloride ion and I can take a stab +at what this is I'm told that this is on + + align:start position:0% +at what this is I'm told that this is on + + + align:start position:0% +at what this is I'm told that this is on +the order of 0.1 molar and we saw that + + align:start position:0% +the order of 0.1 molar and we saw that + + + align:start position:0% +the order of 0.1 molar and we saw that +in the case of pure silver chloride it's + + align:start position:0% +in the case of pure silver chloride it's + + + align:start position:0% +in the case of pure silver chloride it's +10 the minus5 + + align:start position:0% +10 the minus5 + + + align:start position:0% +10 the minus5 +molar 10 Theus 5 is well four is a + + align:start position:0% +molar 10 Theus 5 is well four is a + + + align:start position:0% +molar 10 Theus 5 is well four is a +magnitude lower even when we have full + + align:start position:0% +magnitude lower even when we have full + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude lower even when we have full +dissociation here so I'm going to assume + + align:start position:0% +dissociation here so I'm going to assume + + + align:start position:0% +dissociation here so I'm going to assume +that 10 10us one molar is so much + + align:start position:0% +that 10 10us one molar is so much + + + align:start position:0% +that 10 10us one molar is so much +greater than 10 Theus 5 molar which is + + align:start position:0% +greater than 10 Theus 5 molar which is + + + align:start position:0% +greater than 10 Theus 5 molar which is +what we got in pure silver chloride that + + align:start position:0% +what we got in pure silver chloride that + + + align:start position:0% +what we got in pure silver chloride that +I'm going to neglect the contribution of + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to neglect the contribution of + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to neglect the contribution of +chloride ion from silver chloride and + + align:start position:0% +chloride ion from silver chloride and + + + align:start position:0% +chloride ion from silver chloride and +say that the concentration of chloride + + align:start position:0% +say that the concentration of chloride + + + align:start position:0% +say that the concentration of chloride +ion is simply equal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to 0.1 because 0.1 is so much greater + + align:start position:0% +to 0.1 because 0.1 is so much greater + + + align:start position:0% +to 0.1 because 0.1 is so much greater +than what is left over from the the + + align:start position:0% +than what is left over from the the + + + align:start position:0% +than what is left over from the the +previous uh calculation and now I can + + align:start position:0% +previous uh calculation and now I can + + + align:start position:0% +previous uh calculation and now I can +still make the connection between the + + align:start position:0% +still make the connection between the + + + align:start position:0% +still make the connection between the +dissolution of silver chloride salt and + + align:start position:0% +dissolution of silver chloride salt and + + + align:start position:0% +dissolution of silver chloride salt and +the concentration of silver ion that + + align:start position:0% +the concentration of silver ion that + + + align:start position:0% +the concentration of silver ion that +still exists as one to one so this will + + align:start position:0% +still exists as one to one so this will + + + align:start position:0% +still exists as one to one so this will +then represent C of silver chloride + + align:start position:0% +then represent C of silver chloride + + + align:start position:0% +then represent C of silver chloride +times 0.1 and that's equal to this 1.8 * + + align:start position:0% +times 0.1 and that's equal to this 1.8 * + + + align:start position:0% +times 0.1 and that's equal to this 1.8 * + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +Theus what is it 10us 10 so I can solve + + align:start position:0% +Theus what is it 10us 10 so I can solve + + + align:start position:0% +Theus what is it 10us 10 so I can solve +for the concentration of silver + + align:start position:0% +for the concentration of silver + + + align:start position:0% +for the concentration of silver +chloride and that gives me + + align:start position:0% +chloride and that gives me + + + align:start position:0% +chloride and that gives me +1.8 * + + align:start position:0% +1.8 * + + + align:start position:0% +1.8 * +10-9 + + align:start position:0% +10-9 + + + align:start position:0% +10-9 +molar so the presence of the chloride + + align:start position:0% +molar so the presence of the chloride + + + align:start position:0% +molar so the presence of the chloride +from sodium has had a tremendous + + align:start position:0% +from sodium has had a tremendous + + + align:start position:0% +from sodium has had a tremendous +repressive effect on the dissolution of + + align:start position:0% +repressive effect on the dissolution of + + + align:start position:0% +repressive effect on the dissolution of +silver + + align:start position:0% +silver + + + align:start position:0% +silver +chloride this is called the common ion + + align:start position:0% +chloride this is called the common ion + + + align:start position:0% +chloride this is called the common ion +effect because I have a common ion from + + align:start position:0% +effect because I have a common ion from + + + align:start position:0% +effect because I have a common ion from +both solutes and one influences the + + align:start position:0% +both solutes and one influences the + + + align:start position:0% +both solutes and one influences the +solubility of the other common ion + + align:start position:0% +solubility of the other common ion + + + align:start position:0% +solubility of the other common ion +effect and we can use the common ion + + align:start position:0% +effect and we can use the common ion + + + align:start position:0% +effect and we can use the common ion +effect to our advantage if I want to + + align:start position:0% +effect to our advantage if I want to + + + align:start position:0% +effect to our advantage if I want to +process something in order to cause + + align:start position:0% +process something in order to cause + + + align:start position:0% +process something in order to cause +precipitation of very very fine + + align:start position:0% +precipitation of very very fine + + + align:start position:0% +precipitation of very very fine +particles I can load a solution with one + + align:start position:0% +particles I can load a solution with one + + + align:start position:0% +particles I can load a solution with one +solute introduce a second solute and + + align:start position:0% +solute introduce a second solute and + + + align:start position:0% +solute introduce a second solute and +Trigger the precipitation and in doing + + align:start position:0% +Trigger the precipitation and in doing + + + align:start position:0% +Trigger the precipitation and in doing +so control particle size and shape and + + align:start position:0% +so control particle size and shape and + + + align:start position:0% +so control particle size and shape and +thereby prepare material for subsequent + + align:start position:0% +thereby prepare material for subsequent + + + align:start position:0% +thereby prepare material for subsequent +processing in fact you can use this if + + align:start position:0% +processing in fact you can use this if + + + align:start position:0% +processing in fact you can use this if +you want to determine if you've got + + align:start position:0% +you want to determine if you've got + + + align:start position:0% +you want to determine if you've got +water that has been chlorinated simple + + align:start position:0% +water that has been chlorinated simple + + + align:start position:0% +water that has been chlorinated simple +thing you can do if you go back to that + + align:start position:0% +thing you can do if you go back to that + + + align:start position:0% +thing you can do if you go back to that +table 87 you'll know that silver nitrate + + align:start position:0% +table 87 you'll know that silver nitrate + + + align:start position:0% +table 87 you'll know that silver nitrate +silver nitrate has a very very high + + align:start position:0% +silver nitrate has a very very high + + + align:start position:0% +silver nitrate has a very very high +solubility in water so I introduce + + align:start position:0% +solubility in water so I introduce + + + align:start position:0% +solubility in water so I introduce +silver nitrate into water and the + + align:start position:0% +silver nitrate into water and the + + + align:start position:0% +silver nitrate into water and the +question is is there any chlorine + + align:start position:0% +question is is there any chlorine + + + align:start position:0% +question is is there any chlorine +presence and if there's any chlorine + + align:start position:0% +presence and if there's any chlorine + + + align:start position:0% +presence and if there's any chlorine +present we know that the saturation + + align:start position:0% +present we know that the saturation + + + align:start position:0% +present we know that the saturation +solubility is silver chloride is 10us 5 + + align:start position:0% +solubility is silver chloride is 10us 5 + + + align:start position:0% +solubility is silver chloride is 10us 5 +molar what will happen is if you've got + + align:start position:0% +molar what will happen is if you've got + + + align:start position:0% +molar what will happen is if you've got +chlorinated water and you add silver + + align:start position:0% +chlorinated water and you add silver + + + align:start position:0% +chlorinated water and you add silver +nitrate you will see a a shower of very + + align:start position:0% +nitrate you will see a a shower of very + + + align:start position:0% +nitrate you will see a a shower of very +very fine white powder which is the + + align:start position:0% +very fine white powder which is the + + + align:start position:0% +very fine white powder which is the +silver chloride so this is a very good + + align:start position:0% +silver chloride so this is a very good + + + align:start position:0% +silver chloride so this is a very good +test for + + align:start position:0% +test for + + + align:start position:0% +test for +um residual uh + + align:start position:0% +um residual uh + + + align:start position:0% +um residual uh +chlorination so now how can we use some + + align:start position:0% +chlorination so now how can we use some + + + align:start position:0% +chlorination so now how can we use some +of this let's uh take a look I've got + + align:start position:0% +of this let's uh take a look I've got + + + align:start position:0% +of this let's uh take a look I've got +two things I want to show you uh first + + align:start position:0% +two things I want to show you uh first + + + align:start position:0% +two things I want to show you uh first +of all one thing going back to the U uh + + align:start position:0% +of all one thing going back to the U uh + + + align:start position:0% +of all one thing going back to the U uh +last lecture dealing with diffusion and + + align:start position:0% +last lecture dealing with diffusion and + + + align:start position:0% +last lecture dealing with diffusion and +I want to show how diffusion is + + align:start position:0% +I want to show how diffusion is + + + align:start position:0% +I want to show how diffusion is +important in forming bonds if we want to + + align:start position:0% +important in forming bonds if we want to + + + align:start position:0% +important in forming bonds if we want to +make codings so here's the carefully + + align:start position:0% +make codings so here's the carefully + + + align:start position:0% +make codings so here's the carefully +drawn cartoon by your professor to pose + + align:start position:0% +drawn cartoon by your professor to pose + + + align:start position:0% +drawn cartoon by your professor to pose +the question suppose we want to put a + + align:start position:0% +the question suppose we want to put a + + + align:start position:0% +the question suppose we want to put a +coding of a on a substrate C and they + + align:start position:0% +coding of a on a substrate C and they + + + align:start position:0% +coding of a on a substrate C and they +don't stick they don't stick very well + + align:start position:0% +don't stick they don't stick very well + + + align:start position:0% +don't stick they don't stick very well +so one strategy to enable The Binding of + + align:start position:0% +so one strategy to enable The Binding of + + + align:start position:0% +so one strategy to enable The Binding of +coding a on substrate C is to find a + + align:start position:0% +coding a on substrate C is to find a + + + align:start position:0% +coding a on substrate C is to find a +substance B such that a will bind to B + + align:start position:0% +substance B such that a will bind to B + + + align:start position:0% +substance B such that a will bind to B +and B will bind to C this is called an + + align:start position:0% +and B will bind to C this is called an + + + align:start position:0% +and B will bind to C this is called an +interlayer it's used commonly in uh + + align:start position:0% +interlayer it's used commonly in uh + + + align:start position:0% +interlayer it's used commonly in uh +industry when the the coating uh won't + + align:start position:0% +industry when the the coating uh won't + + + align:start position:0% +industry when the the coating uh won't +stick to the to the native substrate so + + align:start position:0% +stick to the to the native substrate so + + + align:start position:0% +stick to the to the native substrate so +we use an interlayer so here's a product + + align:start position:0% +we use an interlayer so here's a product + + + align:start position:0% +we use an interlayer so here's a product +where this is is used uh on a regular + + align:start position:0% +where this is is used uh on a regular + + + align:start position:0% +where this is is used uh on a regular +basis I don't own sock and in Gillette I + + align:start position:0% +basis I don't own sock and in Gillette I + + + align:start position:0% +basis I don't own sock and in Gillette I +just happen to know that there's a a ton + + align:start position:0% +just happen to know that there's a a ton + + + align:start position:0% +just happen to know that there's a a ton +of material science that went into the + + align:start position:0% +of material science that went into the + + + align:start position:0% +of material science that went into the +design of a product as mundane as a as a + + align:start position:0% +design of a product as mundane as a as a + + + align:start position:0% +design of a product as mundane as a as a +a safety razor so I want to look at the + + align:start position:0% +a safety razor so I want to look at the + + + align:start position:0% +a safety razor so I want to look at the +blade it turns out that the blade they + + align:start position:0% +blade it turns out that the blade they + + + align:start position:0% +blade it turns out that the blade they +wanted to coat the blade with a + + align:start position:0% +wanted to coat the blade with a + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to coat the blade with a +substance called diamondlike + + align:start position:0% +substance called diamondlike + + + align:start position:0% +substance called diamondlike +carbon Diamond like carbon Diamond like + + align:start position:0% +carbon Diamond like carbon Diamond like + + + align:start position:0% +carbon Diamond like carbon Diamond like +carbon is a mix of sp3 Hy hybridized + + align:start position:0% +carbon is a mix of sp3 Hy hybridized + + + align:start position:0% +carbon is a mix of sp3 Hy hybridized +carbon and SP2 hybridized carbon it's + + align:start position:0% +carbon and SP2 hybridized carbon it's + + + align:start position:0% +carbon and SP2 hybridized carbon it's +not a diamond film I don't want you + + align:start position:0% +not a diamond film I don't want you + + + align:start position:0% +not a diamond film I don't want you +saying that Professor sway said that the + + align:start position:0% +saying that Professor sway said that the + + + align:start position:0% +saying that Professor sway said that the +Mach 3 Razer has a diamond film on it it + + align:start position:0% +Mach 3 Razer has a diamond film on it it + + + align:start position:0% +Mach 3 Razer has a diamond film on it it +doesn't if it did it would cost more + + align:start position:0% +doesn't if it did it would cost more + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't if it did it would cost more +than it does now and it's exorbitantly + + align:start position:0% +than it does now and it's exorbitantly + + + align:start position:0% +than it does now and it's exorbitantly +expensive as it is but so it's sp3 and + + align:start position:0% +expensive as it is but so it's sp3 and + + + align:start position:0% +expensive as it is but so it's sp3 and +SP2 it's a mix and this this material is + + align:start position:0% +SP2 it's a mix and this this material is + + + align:start position:0% +SP2 it's a mix and this this material is +very very hard it's very hard and you + + align:start position:0% +very very hard it's very hard and you + + + align:start position:0% +very very hard it's very hard and you +want something that's hard to give you + + align:start position:0% +want something that's hard to give you + + + align:start position:0% +want something that's hard to give you +the uh + + align:start position:0% +the uh + + + align:start position:0% +the uh +resistance to keep that Cutting Edge but + + align:start position:0% +resistance to keep that Cutting Edge but + + + align:start position:0% +resistance to keep that Cutting Edge but +you don't want to make the whole blade + + align:start position:0% +you don't want to make the whole blade + + + align:start position:0% +you don't want to make the whole blade +out of something like that otherwise it + + align:start position:0% +out of something like that otherwise it + + + align:start position:0% +out of something like that otherwise it +will be brittle and it will shatter so + + align:start position:0% +will be brittle and it will shatter so + + + align:start position:0% +will be brittle and it will shatter so +you want the composite material so it + + align:start position:0% +you want the composite material so it + + + align:start position:0% +you want the composite material so it +turns out that diamond like carbon if + + align:start position:0% +turns out that diamond like carbon if + + + align:start position:0% +turns out that diamond like carbon if +you put it on steel the blade is made of + + align:start position:0% +you put it on steel the blade is made of + + + align:start position:0% +you put it on steel the blade is made of +steel this very poor + + align:start position:0% +steel this very poor + + + align:start position:0% +steel this very poor +adhesion and Gillette was determined to + + align:start position:0% +adhesion and Gillette was determined to + + + align:start position:0% +adhesion and Gillette was determined to +get diamondlike Carbon on the blade so + + align:start position:0% +get diamondlike Carbon on the blade so + + + align:start position:0% +get diamondlike Carbon on the blade so +they asked what could be a an interlayer + + align:start position:0% +they asked what could be a an interlayer + + + align:start position:0% +they asked what could be a an interlayer +and they tried many different uh many + + align:start position:0% +and they tried many different uh many + + + align:start position:0% +and they tried many different uh many +different uh substances and finally + + align:start position:0% +different uh substances and finally + + + align:start position:0% +different uh substances and finally +settled upon + + align:start position:0% +settled upon + + + align:start position:0% +settled upon +niobium it went to a fairly exotic part + + align:start position:0% +niobium it went to a fairly exotic part + + + align:start position:0% +niobium it went to a fairly exotic part +of the periodic table they used niobium + + align:start position:0% +of the periodic table they used niobium + + + align:start position:0% +of the periodic table they used niobium +it turns out that niobium niobium as you + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that niobium niobium as you + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that niobium niobium as you +know is a body centered cubic metal and + + align:start position:0% +know is a body centered cubic metal and + + + align:start position:0% +know is a body centered cubic metal and +so it can inter diffuse with steel and + + align:start position:0% +so it can inter diffuse with steel and + + + align:start position:0% +so it can inter diffuse with steel and +form a bond here and the other thing is + + align:start position:0% +form a bond here and the other thing is + + + align:start position:0% +form a bond here and the other thing is +that niobium is uh an element that has a + + align:start position:0% +that niobium is uh an element that has a + + + align:start position:0% +that niobium is uh an element that has a +very high propensity to form carbides so + + align:start position:0% +very high propensity to form carbides so + + + align:start position:0% +very high propensity to form carbides so +niobium forms a an inter diffusion Bond + + align:start position:0% +niobium forms a an inter diffusion Bond + + + align:start position:0% +niobium forms a an inter diffusion Bond +with the steel and on the free surface + + align:start position:0% +with the steel and on the free surface + + + align:start position:0% +with the steel and on the free surface +has a carbide which then is capable of + + align:start position:0% +has a carbide which then is capable of + + + align:start position:0% +has a carbide which then is capable of +bonding to the diamond light carbon and + + align:start position:0% +bonding to the diamond light carbon and + + + align:start position:0% +bonding to the diamond light carbon and +thereby giving us the the bond that that + + align:start position:0% +thereby giving us the the bond that that + + + align:start position:0% +thereby giving us the the bond that that +we need the last thing I want to show + + align:start position:0% +we need the last thing I want to show + + + align:start position:0% +we need the last thing I want to show +you is uh something that I that I just + + align:start position:0% +you is uh something that I that I just + + + align:start position:0% +you is uh something that I that I just +saw this morning I was getting ready to + + align:start position:0% +saw this morning I was getting ready to + + + align:start position:0% +saw this morning I was getting ready to +go Tom could we shift to the the + + align:start position:0% +go Tom could we shift to the the + + + align:start position:0% +go Tom could we shift to the the +document camera I want to show you how + + align:start position:0% +document camera I want to show you how + + + align:start position:0% +document camera I want to show you how +we can take diffusion to make + + align:start position:0% +we can take diffusion to make + + + align:start position:0% +we can take diffusion to make +products + + align:start position:0% +products + + + align:start position:0% +products +uh perfect okay this is a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ceramic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +knife it's made of + + align:start position:0% +knife it's made of + + + align:start position:0% +knife it's made of +zirconia it's made of + + align:start position:0% +zirconia it's made of + + + align:start position:0% +zirconia it's made of +zirconia now how do you suppose they + + align:start position:0% +zirconia now how do you suppose they + + + align:start position:0% +zirconia now how do you suppose they +make this knife how is this knife + + align:start position:0% +make this knife how is this knife + + + align:start position:0% +make this knife how is this knife +manufactured you start with zirconia + + align:start position:0% +manufactured you start with zirconia + + + align:start position:0% +manufactured you start with zirconia +this stuff melts at 2800° Centigrade you + + align:start position:0% +this stuff melts at 2800° Centigrade you + + + align:start position:0% +this stuff melts at 2800° Centigrade you +imagine it's it's an ionic compound so + + align:start position:0% +imagine it's it's an ionic compound so + + + align:start position:0% +imagine it's it's an ionic compound so +it has no ductility and please don't + + align:start position:0% +it has no ductility and please don't + + + align:start position:0% +it has no ductility and please don't +tell me because of dislocations it has + + align:start position:0% +tell me because of dislocations it has + + + align:start position:0% +tell me because of dislocations it has +no ductility because the bonds are so + + align:start position:0% +no ductility because the bonds are so + + + align:start position:0% +no ductility because the bonds are so +strong the only way you could deform + + align:start position:0% +strong the only way you could deform + + + align:start position:0% +strong the only way you could deform +zirconia would be to push push push and + + align:start position:0% +zirconia would be to push push push and + + + align:start position:0% +zirconia would be to push push push and +then it breaks so you can't make a + + align:start position:0% +then it breaks so you can't make a + + + align:start position:0% +then it breaks so you can't make a +Billet of zirconia the way they do how + + align:start position:0% +Billet of zirconia the way they do how + + + align:start position:0% +Billet of zirconia the way they do how +do they make a steel knife they make a + + align:start position:0% +do they make a steel knife they make a + + + align:start position:0% +do they make a steel knife they make a +Billet of Steel and then they by + + align:start position:0% +Billet of Steel and then they by + + + align:start position:0% +Billet of Steel and then they by +mechanical working they reduce the the + + align:start position:0% +mechanical working they reduce the the + + + align:start position:0% +mechanical working they reduce the the +thickness and then eventually uh sharpen + + align:start position:0% +thickness and then eventually uh sharpen + + + align:start position:0% +thickness and then eventually uh sharpen +the edge you can't do this with this + + align:start position:0% +the edge you can't do this with this + + + align:start position:0% +the edge you can't do this with this +material so what did they do they use + + align:start position:0% +material so what did they do they use + + + align:start position:0% +material so what did they do they use +solid state diffusion starting with + + align:start position:0% +solid state diffusion starting with + + + align:start position:0% +solid state diffusion starting with +particles of zirconia fine particles + + align:start position:0% +particles of zirconia fine particles + + + align:start position:0% +particles of zirconia fine particles +which are compressed raised to elevated + + align:start position:0% +which are compressed raised to elevated + + + align:start position:0% +which are compressed raised to elevated +temperature on the order of about a, + + align:start position:0% +temperature on the order of about a, + + + align:start position:0% +temperature on the order of about a, +Dees C and held there for several days + + align:start position:0% +Dees C and held there for several days + + + align:start position:0% +Dees C and held there for several days +and during that time diffusion takes + + align:start position:0% +and during that time diffusion takes + + + align:start position:0% +and during that time diffusion takes +place to reduce the void space bringing + + align:start position:0% +place to reduce the void space bringing + + + align:start position:0% +place to reduce the void space bringing +this to near 100% density so the vast + + align:start position:0% +this to near 100% density so the vast + + + align:start position:0% +this to near 100% density so the vast +majority of fine ceramics that you see + + align:start position:0% +majority of fine ceramics that you see + + + align:start position:0% +majority of fine ceramics that you see +in the marketplace I'm talking true + + align:start position:0% +in the marketplace I'm talking true + + + align:start position:0% +in the marketplace I'm talking true +Ceramics now not the glassy stuff you + + align:start position:0% +Ceramics now not the glassy stuff you + + + align:start position:0% +Ceramics now not the glassy stuff you +know Pyrex yes Pyrex is castable but not + + align:start position:0% +know Pyrex yes Pyrex is castable but not + + + align:start position:0% +know Pyrex yes Pyrex is castable but not +this this is all processed by solid + + align:start position:0% +this this is all processed by solid + + + align:start position:0% +this this is all processed by solid +state diffusion a process of of + + align:start position:0% +state diffusion a process of of + + + align:start position:0% +state diffusion a process of of +agglomeration known as centering + + align:start position:0% +agglomeration known as centering + + + align:start position:0% +agglomeration known as centering +centering is consolidation by solid + + align:start position:0% +centering is consolidation by solid + + + align:start position:0% +centering is consolidation by solid +state diffusion and then in the end with + + align:start position:0% +state diffusion and then in the end with + + + align:start position:0% +state diffusion and then in the end with +a diamond wheel The Edge is cut and this + + align:start position:0% +a diamond wheel The Edge is cut and this + + + align:start position:0% +a diamond wheel The Edge is cut and this +stuff has a mole hardness of 8.2 making + + align:start position:0% +stuff has a mole hardness of 8.2 making + + + align:start position:0% +stuff has a mole hardness of 8.2 making +it second only to Diamond which has a + + align:start position:0% +it second only to Diamond which has a + + + align:start position:0% +it second only to Diamond which has a +hardness of of + + align:start position:0% +hardness of of + + + align:start position:0% +hardness of of +10 high corrosion resistance no metallic + + align:start position:0% +10 high corrosion resistance no metallic + + + align:start position:0% +10 high corrosion resistance no metallic +flavor very sharp and it holds its Edge + + align:start position:0% +flavor very sharp and it holds its Edge + + + align:start position:0% +flavor very sharp and it holds its Edge +made by solid state diffusion okay we'll + + align:start position:0% +made by solid state diffusion okay we'll + + + align:start position:0% +made by solid state diffusion okay we'll +see you on Friday \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/UxdUvyBtfXY.txt b/UxdUvyBtfXY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a0859db83e6a9f1ca514d2638f64722ec998f0f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/UxdUvyBtfXY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10451 @@ +align:start position:0% + +now it's my pleasure to introduce uh the + + align:start position:0% +now it's my pleasure to introduce uh the + + + align:start position:0% +now it's my pleasure to introduce uh the +first guest lecture in + + align:start position:0% +first guest lecture in + + + align:start position:0% +first guest lecture in +the series of Professor dur and what + + align:start position:0% +the series of Professor dur and what + + + align:start position:0% +the series of Professor dur and what +he's going to tell us about is or build + + align:start position:0% +he's going to tell us about is or build + + + align:start position:0% +he's going to tell us about is or build +up our understanding of how aell does + + align:start position:0% +up our understanding of how aell does + + + align:start position:0% +up our understanding of how aell does +what it does by describing PA terms that + + align:start position:0% +what it does by describing PA terms that + + + align:start position:0% +what it does by describing PA terms that +cells s processes are the result of + + align:start position:0% +cells s processes are the result of + + + align:start position:0% +cells s processes are the result of +following algorithms and he's going + + align:start position:0% +following algorithms and he's going + + + align:start position:0% +following algorithms and he's going +to give us examples of some of these and + + align:start position:0% +to give us examples of some of these and + + + align:start position:0% +to give us examples of some of these and +then tell you once you understand what + + align:start position:0% +then tell you once you understand what + + + align:start position:0% +then tell you once you understand what +some of these algorithms are how you can + + align:start position:0% +some of these algorithms are how you can + + + align:start position:0% +some of these algorithms are how you can +interesting + + align:start position:0% +interesting + + + align:start position:0% +interesting +biology thanks thanks Paul morning um as + + align:start position:0% +biology thanks thanks Paul morning um as + + + align:start position:0% +biology thanks thanks Paul morning um as +Paul just said I'm going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +Paul just said I'm going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +Paul just said I'm going to talk about +two things right first thing I'm going + + align:start position:0% +two things right first thing I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +two things right first thing I'm going +to talk about today is the IDE is that + + align:start position:0% +to talk about today is the IDE is that + + + align:start position:0% +to talk about today is the IDE is that +cells themselves do computation and how + + align:start position:0% +cells themselves do computation and how + + + align:start position:0% +cells themselves do computation and how +this might be interesting to you as a + + align:start position:0% +this might be interesting to you as a + + + align:start position:0% +this might be interesting to you as a +scientist or an engineer thinking about + + align:start position:0% +scientist or an engineer thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +scientist or an engineer thinking about +biology and getting a better handle on + + align:start position:0% +biology and getting a better handle on + + + align:start position:0% +biology and getting a better handle on +what biological systems do I hope to + + align:start position:0% +what biological systems do I hope to + + + align:start position:0% +what biological systems do I hope to +dispense with that and 15 minutes or + + align:start position:0% +dispense with that and 15 minutes or + + + align:start position:0% +dispense with that and 15 minutes or +something like that but I'm hoping also + + align:start position:0% +something like that but I'm hoping also + + + align:start position:0% +something like that but I'm hoping also +that you're going to hammer me with some + + align:start position:0% +that you're going to hammer me with some + + + align:start position:0% +that you're going to hammer me with some +questions because it should become + + align:start position:0% +questions because it should become + + + align:start position:0% +questions because it should become +apparent pretty soon into my lecture + + align:start position:0% +apparent pretty soon into my lecture + + + align:start position:0% +apparent pretty soon into my lecture +that I don't have a perfect + + align:start position:0% +that I don't have a perfect + + + align:start position:0% +that I don't have a perfect +understanding of what's going on in + + align:start position:0% +understanding of what's going on in + + + align:start position:0% +understanding of what's going on in +biology either from the standpoint of + + align:start position:0% +biology either from the standpoint of + + + align:start position:0% +biology either from the standpoint of +science or from the standpoint of + + align:start position:0% +science or from the standpoint of + + + align:start position:0% +science or from the standpoint of +engineering and so we'll see how that + + align:start position:0% +engineering and so we'll see how that + + + align:start position:0% +engineering and so we'll see how that +goes second part of uh what I want to + + align:start position:0% +goes second part of uh what I want to + + + align:start position:0% +goes second part of uh what I want to +talk about today is is using that + + align:start position:0% +talk about today is is using that + + + align:start position:0% +talk about today is is using that +knowledge and understanding of biology + + align:start position:0% +knowledge and understanding of biology + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge and understanding of biology +as a science to then turn it around and + + align:start position:0% +as a science to then turn it around and + + + align:start position:0% +as a science to then turn it around and +really go design and build or engineer + + align:start position:0% +really go design and build or engineer + + + align:start position:0% +really go design and build or engineer +new biological system systems this gets + + align:start position:0% +new biological system systems this gets + + + align:start position:0% +new biological system systems this gets +called a bunch of different + + align:start position:0% +called a bunch of different + + + align:start position:0% +called a bunch of different +things most recently in you know these + + align:start position:0% +things most recently in you know these + + + align:start position:0% +things most recently in you know these +days it's called synthetic biology and + + align:start position:0% +days it's called synthetic biology and + + + align:start position:0% +days it's called synthetic biology and +you've got a little comic strip that + + align:start position:0% +you've got a little comic strip that + + + align:start position:0% +you've got a little comic strip that +that can provide some background + + align:start position:0% +that can provide some background + + + align:start position:0% +that can provide some background +introduction so again two topics how do + + align:start position:0% +introduction so again two topics how do + + + align:start position:0% +introduction so again two topics how do +biological systems compute how might you + + align:start position:0% +biological systems compute how might you + + + align:start position:0% +biological systems compute how might you +think about that and then given an + + align:start position:0% +think about that and then given an + + + align:start position:0% +think about that and then given an +understanding of biology how would you + + align:start position:0% +understanding of biology how would you + + + align:start position:0% +understanding of biology how would you +start to go engineer living systems does + + align:start position:0% +start to go engineer living systems does + + + align:start position:0% +start to go engineer living systems does +that sound + + align:start position:0% +that sound + + + align:start position:0% +that sound +okay all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so what do we mean by + + align:start position:0% +right so what do we mean by + + + align:start position:0% +right so what do we mean by +compute what's compute what's Compu + + align:start position:0% +compute what's compute what's Compu + + + align:start position:0% +compute what's compute what's Compu +anybody have a a good definition they + + align:start position:0% +anybody have a a good definition they + + + align:start position:0% +anybody have a a good definition they +want to roll + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +out anybody use a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +computer somebody in the back there + + align:start position:0% +computer somebody in the back there + + + align:start position:0% +computer somebody in the back there +you've got a computer what's that thing + + align:start position:0% +you've got a computer what's that thing + + + align:start position:0% +you've got a computer what's that thing +do + + align:start position:0% +do + + + align:start position:0% +do +compute what's that compute okay so how + + align:start position:0% +compute what's that compute okay so how + + + align:start position:0% +compute what's that compute okay so how +does it compute what happens when it + + align:start position:0% +does it compute what happens when it + + + align:start position:0% +does it compute what happens when it +computes how is are you doing anything + + align:start position:0% +computes how is are you doing anything + + + align:start position:0% +computes how is are you doing anything +different than what these fellows here + + align:start position:0% +different than what these fellows here + + + align:start position:0% +different than what these fellows here +are doing + + align:start position:0% +are doing + + + align:start position:0% +are doing +probably in some fashion not basically + + align:start position:0% +probably in some fashion not basically + + + align:start position:0% +probably in some fashion not basically +are they like checking email or + + align:start position:0% +are they like checking email or + + + align:start position:0% +are they like checking email or +something like + + align:start position:0% +something like + + + align:start position:0% +something like +thatuh um so but what is it about the + + align:start position:0% +thatuh um so but what is it about the + + + align:start position:0% +thatuh um so but what is it about the +computer that lets it compute what's + + align:start position:0% +computer that lets it compute what's + + + align:start position:0% +computer that lets it compute what's +what's going on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there okay and then are you part of the + + align:start position:0% +there okay and then are you part of the + + + align:start position:0% +there okay and then are you part of the +equation of computing are you doing + + align:start position:0% +equation of computing are you doing + + + align:start position:0% +equation of computing are you doing +anything with the computer that helps it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +compute you got some input okay so + + align:start position:0% +compute you got some input okay so + + + align:start position:0% +compute you got some input okay so +you're giving that machine some + + align:start position:0% +you're giving that machine some + + + align:start position:0% +you're giving that machine some +information + + align:start position:0% +information + + + align:start position:0% +information +right so you're defining the environment + + align:start position:0% +right so you're defining the environment + + + align:start position:0% +right so you're defining the environment +around that machine then you mention the + + align:start position:0% +around that machine then you mention the + + + align:start position:0% +around that machine then you mention the +CPU something inside that box which is + + align:start position:0% +CPU something inside that box which is + + + align:start position:0% +CPU something inside that box which is +taking that information and and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what yeah you don't have to tell us what + + align:start position:0% +what yeah you don't have to tell us what + + + align:start position:0% +what yeah you don't have to tell us what +you're doing right so you don't need to + + align:start position:0% +you're doing right so you don't need to + + + align:start position:0% +you're doing right so you don't need to +reveal any secrets but but it's taking + + align:start position:0% +reveal any secrets but but it's taking + + + align:start position:0% +reveal any secrets but but it's taking +that information and processing it right + + align:start position:0% +that information and processing it right + + + align:start position:0% +that information and processing it right +and then depending on what it does then + + align:start position:0% +and then depending on what it does then + + + align:start position:0% +and then depending on what it does then +what it processes the information and + + align:start position:0% +what it processes the information and + + + align:start position:0% +what it processes the information and +you never see anything or the stuff on + + align:start position:0% +you never see anything or the stuff on + + + align:start position:0% +you never see anything or the stuff on +the screen changes or your computer + + align:start position:0% +the screen changes or your computer + + + align:start position:0% +the screen changes or your computer +makes them outut okay so that's that's a + + align:start position:0% +makes them outut okay so that's that's a + + + align:start position:0% +makes them outut okay so that's that's a +that's not a bad working definition + + align:start position:0% +that's not a bad working definition + + + align:start position:0% +that's not a bad working definition +right so you could think what's + + align:start position:0% +right so you could think what's + + + align:start position:0% +right so you could think what's +computation we've got a machine in this + + align:start position:0% +computation we've got a machine in this + + + align:start position:0% +computation we've got a machine in this +case a laptop in this case an earlier + + align:start position:0% +case a laptop in this case an earlier + + + align:start position:0% +case a laptop in this case an earlier +computer oh nice to come in this morning + + align:start position:0% +computer oh nice to come in this morning + + + align:start position:0% +computer oh nice to come in this morning +Brian how are you um so so so you've got + + align:start position:0% +Brian how are you um so so so you've got + + + align:start position:0% +Brian how are you um so so so you've got +this thing it's taking an input your + + align:start position:0% +this thing it's taking an input your + + + align:start position:0% +this thing it's taking an input your +laptop's taking an input it's doing some + + align:start position:0% +laptop's taking an input it's doing some + + + align:start position:0% +laptop's taking an input it's doing some +processing on the information it's + + align:start position:0% +processing on the information it's + + + align:start position:0% +processing on the information it's +Computing and then as a takes the + + align:start position:0% +Computing and then as a takes the + + + align:start position:0% +Computing and then as a takes the +results of those those computations and + + align:start position:0% +results of those those computations and + + + align:start position:0% +results of those those computations and +does something actuates something right + + align:start position:0% +does something actuates something right + + + align:start position:0% +does something actuates something right +displays something on the screen uh + + align:start position:0% +displays something on the screen uh + + + align:start position:0% +displays something on the screen uh +causes the blinds to go up and down if + + align:start position:0% +causes the blinds to go up and down if + + + align:start position:0% +causes the blinds to go up and down if +they were you know and so + + align:start position:0% +they were you know and so + + + align:start position:0% +they were you know and so +on so this is fine for computers and + + align:start position:0% +on so this is fine for computers and + + + align:start position:0% +on so this is fine for computers and +we're familiar with that right computers + + align:start position:0% +we're familiar with that right computers + + + align:start position:0% +we're familiar with that right computers +compute right it's built into the to the + + align:start position:0% +compute right it's built into the to the + + + align:start position:0% +compute right it's built into the to the +to the definition of the word + + align:start position:0% +to the definition of the word + + + align:start position:0% +to the definition of the word +um what I want to do is I want to zoom + + align:start position:0% +um what I want to do is I want to zoom + + + align:start position:0% +um what I want to do is I want to zoom +out a little bit and give you an + + align:start position:0% +out a little bit and give you an + + + align:start position:0% +out a little bit and give you an +abstract framework for thinking about + + align:start position:0% +abstract framework for thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +abstract framework for thinking about +how biological systems compute um so we + + align:start position:0% +how biological systems compute um so we + + + align:start position:0% +how biological systems compute um so we +just talked about if you have this idea + + align:start position:0% +just talked about if you have this idea + + + align:start position:0% +just talked about if you have this idea +of a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +machine and information is going to come + + align:start position:0% +machine and information is going to come + + + align:start position:0% +machine and information is going to come +in from the environment into the machine + + align:start position:0% +in from the environment into the machine + + + align:start position:0% +in from the environment into the machine +and something's going to happen right or + + align:start position:0% +and something's going to happen right or + + + align:start position:0% +and something's going to happen right or +not it depends on how the computer's + + align:start position:0% +not it depends on how the computer's + + + align:start position:0% +not it depends on how the computer's +program and then that information will + + align:start position:0% +program and then that information will + + + align:start position:0% +program and then that information will +eventually go away maybe there'll be + + align:start position:0% +eventually go away maybe there'll be + + + align:start position:0% +eventually go away maybe there'll be +action maybe there won't right but as a + + align:start position:0% +action maybe there won't right but as a + + + align:start position:0% +action maybe there won't right but as a +general framework for thinking about + + align:start position:0% +general framework for thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +general framework for thinking about +Computing you have information coming + + align:start position:0% +Computing you have information coming + + + align:start position:0% +Computing you have information coming +into the machine and information leaving + + align:start position:0% +into the machine and information leaving + + + align:start position:0% +into the machine and information leaving +right and the thing that's interesting + + align:start position:0% +right and the thing that's interesting + + + align:start position:0% +right and the thing that's interesting +about Computing is you you end up doing + + align:start position:0% +about Computing is you you end up doing + + + align:start position:0% +about Computing is you you end up doing +Computing over time right it's not like + + align:start position:0% +Computing over time right it's not like + + + align:start position:0% +Computing over time right it's not like +Computing happens instantaneously it's + + align:start position:0% +Computing happens instantaneously it's + + + align:start position:0% +Computing happens instantaneously it's +it's the information comes in takes some + + align:start position:0% +it's the information comes in takes some + + + align:start position:0% +it's the information comes in takes some +time you do some Computing and then + + align:start position:0% +time you do some Computing and then + + + align:start position:0% +time you do some Computing and then +something happens and so what we're + + align:start position:0% +something happens and so what we're + + + align:start position:0% +something happens and so what we're +going to need to think about if we want + + align:start position:0% +going to need to think about if we want + + + align:start position:0% +going to need to think about if we want +to understand how Computing Works in + + align:start position:0% +to understand how Computing Works in + + + align:start position:0% +to understand how Computing Works in +biology is map this framework across + + align:start position:0% +biology is map this framework across + + + align:start position:0% +biology is map this framework across +different lengths of time and this + + align:start position:0% +different lengths of time and this + + + align:start position:0% +different lengths of time and this +sounds abstract but I'll I'll bring it + + align:start position:0% +sounds abstract but I'll I'll bring it + + + align:start position:0% +sounds abstract but I'll I'll bring it +back to something pretty simple in a in + + align:start position:0% +back to something pretty simple in a in + + + align:start position:0% +back to something pretty simple in a in +a second so the first time scale I want + + align:start position:0% +a second so the first time scale I want + + + align:start position:0% +a second so the first time scale I want +you to start thinking about is this idea + + align:start position:0% +you to start thinking about is this idea + + + align:start position:0% +you to start thinking about is this idea +of of short time scale performance right + + align:start position:0% +of of short time scale performance right + + + align:start position:0% +of of short time scale performance right +that one form of computing is just take + + align:start position:0% +that one form of computing is just take + + + align:start position:0% +that one form of computing is just take +in some information and do something + + align:start position:0% +in some information and do something + + + align:start position:0% +in some information and do something +right so for example if you've got a + + align:start position:0% +right so for example if you've got a + + + align:start position:0% +right so for example if you've got a +cell phone an example of shorttime scale + + align:start position:0% +cell phone an example of shorttime scale + + + align:start position:0% +cell phone an example of shorttime scale +Computing would I you know i' program I + + align:start position:0% +Computing would I you know i' program I + + + align:start position:0% +Computing would I you know i' program I +i' dial up Paul right his phone and I'd + + align:start position:0% +i' dial up Paul right his phone and I'd + + + align:start position:0% +i' dial up Paul right his phone and I'd +hit enter and I'd call him up right so + + align:start position:0% +hit enter and I'd call him up right so + + + align:start position:0% +hit enter and I'd call him up right so +I'd be taking some information putting + + align:start position:0% +I'd be taking some information putting + + + align:start position:0% +I'd be taking some information putting +it into the machine the machine would be + + align:start position:0% +it into the machine the machine would be + + + align:start position:0% +it into the machine the machine would be +taking some action right a cell might + + align:start position:0% +taking some action right a cell might + + + align:start position:0% +taking some action right a cell might +respond to a signal its environment + + align:start position:0% +respond to a signal its environment + + + align:start position:0% +respond to a signal its environment +something it wants to eat right and + + align:start position:0% +something it wants to eat right and + + + align:start position:0% +something it wants to eat right and +change how it's swimming you know start + + align:start position:0% +change how it's swimming you know start + + + align:start position:0% +change how it's swimming you know start +moving faster or slower + + align:start position:0% +moving faster or slower + + + align:start position:0% +moving faster or slower +the next time scale to think about in + + align:start position:0% +the next time scale to think about in + + + align:start position:0% +the next time scale to think about in +terms of computing is a medium time + + align:start position:0% +terms of computing is a medium time + + + align:start position:0% +terms of computing is a medium time +scale right where you're still taking + + align:start position:0% +scale right where you're still taking + + + align:start position:0% +scale right where you're still taking +information in from the environment and + + align:start position:0% +information in from the environment and + + + align:start position:0% +information in from the environment and +you're processing that information but + + align:start position:0% +you're processing that information but + + + align:start position:0% +you're processing that information but +you might be adapting your behavior + + align:start position:0% +you might be adapting your behavior + + + align:start position:0% +you might be adapting your behavior +changing what you're doing you might be + + align:start position:0% +changing what you're doing you might be + + + align:start position:0% +changing what you're doing you might be +learning something right so in the + + align:start position:0% +learning something right so in the + + + align:start position:0% +learning something right so in the +context of the cell phone I could + + align:start position:0% +context of the cell phone I could + + + align:start position:0% +context of the cell phone I could +program in Paul's number I could store + + align:start position:0% +program in Paul's number I could store + + + align:start position:0% +program in Paul's number I could store +it I could speak his name and then I + + align:start position:0% +it I could speak his name and then I + + + align:start position:0% +it I could speak his name and then I +could have voice activated calling right + + align:start position:0% +could have voice activated calling right + + + align:start position:0% +could have voice activated calling right +and this machine having received this + + align:start position:0% +and this machine having received this + + + align:start position:0% +and this machine having received this +information would change its Behavior + + align:start position:0% +information would change its Behavior + + + align:start position:0% +information would change its Behavior +right so that in the future when I was + + align:start position:0% +right so that in the future when I was + + + align:start position:0% +right so that in the future when I was +interacting with it again it would + + align:start position:0% +interacting with it again it would + + + align:start position:0% +interacting with it again it would +behave + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +differently you're all biological + + align:start position:0% +differently you're all biological + + + align:start position:0% +differently you're all biological +systems right you might learn oh I like + + align:start position:0% +systems right you might learn oh I like + + + align:start position:0% +systems right you might learn oh I like +the burritos at uh you know Anis uh and + + align:start position:0% +the burritos at uh you know Anis uh and + + + align:start position:0% +the burritos at uh you know Anis uh and +so over time I'm you're going to keep + + align:start position:0% +so over time I'm you're going to keep + + + align:start position:0% +so over time I'm you're going to keep +going back there or I'll speak for + + align:start position:0% +going back there or I'll speak for + + + align:start position:0% +going back there or I'll speak for +myself I'll keep going back there right + + align:start position:0% +myself I'll keep going back there right + + + align:start position:0% +myself I'll keep going back there right +so there's there's information + + align:start position:0% +so there's there's information + + + align:start position:0% +so there's there's information +processing in biological systems on on + + align:start position:0% +processing in biological systems on on + + + align:start position:0% +processing in biological systems on on +different time scales so let's let's + + align:start position:0% +different time scales so let's let's + + + align:start position:0% +different time scales so let's let's +let's dive in a little bit and look + + align:start position:0% +let's dive in a little bit and look + + + align:start position:0% +let's dive in a little bit and look +quickly at at at two examples of of + + align:start position:0% +quickly at at at two examples of of + + + align:start position:0% +quickly at at at two examples of of +short time scale information processing + + align:start position:0% +short time scale information processing + + + align:start position:0% +short time scale information processing +in living + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +systems how many people have um know + + align:start position:0% +systems how many people have um know + + + align:start position:0% +systems how many people have um know +what bacteria + + align:start position:0% +what bacteria + + + align:start position:0% +what bacteria +are okay so bacteria are these little + + align:start position:0% +are okay so bacteria are these little + + + align:start position:0% +are okay so bacteria are these little +critters right they're about a micron + + align:start position:0% +critters right they're about a micron + + + align:start position:0% +critters right they're about a micron +long and they they live all around um + + align:start position:0% +long and they they live all around um + + + align:start position:0% +long and they they live all around um +and they do stuff right they make copies + + align:start position:0% +and they do stuff right they make copies + + + align:start position:0% +and they do stuff right they make copies +of themselves they swim around and + + align:start position:0% +of themselves they swim around and + + + align:start position:0% +of themselves they swim around and +whatnot so this is a movie uh from + + align:start position:0% +whatnot so this is a movie uh from + + + align:start position:0% +whatnot so this is a movie uh from +scientific Americans website made by a + + align:start position:0% +scientific Americans website made by a + + + align:start position:0% +scientific Americans website made by a +fellow Jeff Johnson and what he's this + + align:start position:0% +fellow Jeff Johnson and what he's this + + + align:start position:0% +fellow Jeff Johnson and what he's this +is this is not a movie of an actual + + align:start position:0% +is this is not a movie of an actual + + + align:start position:0% +is this is not a movie of an actual +bacteria this is a cartoon um computer + + align:start position:0% +bacteria this is a cartoon um computer + + + align:start position:0% +bacteria this is a cartoon um computer +animation and what Jeff's trying to + + align:start position:0% +animation and what Jeff's trying to + + + align:start position:0% +animation and what Jeff's trying to +depict here is this process by which + + align:start position:0% +depict here is this process by which + + + align:start position:0% +depict here is this process by which +bacteria are somehow swimming through + + align:start position:0% +bacteria are somehow swimming through + + + align:start position:0% +bacteria are somehow swimming through +space + + align:start position:0% +space + + + align:start position:0% +space +right you sort of admire the computer + + align:start position:0% +right you sort of admire the computer + + + align:start position:0% +right you sort of admire the computer +rendering of this but the the the in the + + align:start position:0% +rendering of this but the the the in the + + + align:start position:0% +rendering of this but the the the in the +context of of what we're talking about + + align:start position:0% +context of of what we're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +context of of what we're talking about +the thing I want you to consider is what + + align:start position:0% +the thing I want you to consider is what + + + align:start position:0% +the thing I want you to consider is what +sort of computing is this bacterium + + align:start position:0% +sort of computing is this bacterium + + + align:start position:0% +sort of computing is this bacterium +doing right what do you think about it + + align:start position:0% +doing right what do you think about it + + + align:start position:0% +doing right what do you think about it +what is it what do you what do you see + + align:start position:0% +what is it what do you what do you see + + + align:start position:0% +what is it what do you what do you see +the bacter what's the first off what's + + align:start position:0% +the bacter what's the first off what's + + + align:start position:0% +the bacter what's the first off what's +the bacterium doing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's propelling itself and is it does it + + align:start position:0% +it's propelling itself and is it does it + + + align:start position:0% +it's propelling itself and is it does it +look like it's it's just moving around + + align:start position:0% +look like it's it's just moving around + + + align:start position:0% +look like it's it's just moving around +randomly or is it going + + align:start position:0% +randomly or is it going + + + align:start position:0% +randomly or is it going +somewhere it's going in a straight + + align:start position:0% +somewhere it's going in a straight + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere it's going in a straight +line so that means it it must be um + + align:start position:0% +line so that means it it must be um + + + align:start position:0% +line so that means it it must be um +finding something that it likes or going + + align:start position:0% +finding something that it likes or going + + + align:start position:0% +finding something that it likes or going +for a walk or running away from + + align:start position:0% +for a walk or running away from + + + align:start position:0% +for a walk or running away from +something that's trying to eat it or + + align:start position:0% +something that's trying to eat it or + + + align:start position:0% +something that's trying to eat it or +something right so you can you know this + + align:start position:0% +something right so you can you know this + + + align:start position:0% +something right so you can you know this +is a madeup image right so so we can + + align:start position:0% +is a madeup image right so so we can + + + align:start position:0% +is a madeup image right so so we can +just make up explanations for the sorts + + align:start position:0% +just make up explanations for the sorts + + + align:start position:0% +just make up explanations for the sorts +of information processing going on but + + align:start position:0% +of information processing going on but + + + align:start position:0% +of information processing going on but +you can begin to imagine that + + align:start position:0% +you can begin to imagine that + + + align:start position:0% +you can begin to imagine that +information is coming in from the + + align:start position:0% +information is coming in from the + + + align:start position:0% +information is coming in from the +environment that somehow this bacterium + + align:start position:0% +environment that somehow this bacterium + + + align:start position:0% +environment that somehow this bacterium +is receiving that information processing + + align:start position:0% +is receiving that information processing + + + align:start position:0% +is receiving that information processing +it right in a way that's different than + + align:start position:0% +it right in a way that's different than + + + align:start position:0% +it right in a way that's different than +the microprocessor in the laptop back + + align:start position:0% +the microprocessor in the laptop back + + + align:start position:0% +the microprocessor in the laptop back +there um and then actuating the behavior + + align:start position:0% +there um and then actuating the behavior + + + align:start position:0% +there um and then actuating the behavior +of the system right in this case causing + + align:start position:0% +of the system right in this case causing + + + align:start position:0% +of the system right in this case causing +these little hairlike things to you know + + align:start position:0% +these little hairlike things to you know + + + align:start position:0% +these little hairlike things to you know +go back and forth in some Cascade + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reaction so there's a couple problems I + + align:start position:0% +reaction so there's a couple problems I + + + align:start position:0% +reaction so there's a couple problems I +want you to think about um + + align:start position:0% +want you to think about um + + + align:start position:0% +want you to think about um +in the context of this example and this + + align:start position:0% +in the context of this example and this + + + align:start position:0% +in the context of this example and this +is where biological engineering comes + + align:start position:0% +is where biological engineering comes + + + align:start position:0% +is where biological engineering comes +into the four right because it turns out + + align:start position:0% +into the four right because it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +into the four right because it turns out +that this animation is so deeply messed + + align:start position:0% +that this animation is so deeply messed + + + align:start position:0% +that this animation is so deeply messed +up from the standpoint of reality that + + align:start position:0% +up from the standpoint of reality that + + + align:start position:0% +up from the standpoint of reality that +if you were to think about information + + align:start position:0% +if you were to think about information + + + align:start position:0% +if you were to think about information +processing in the context of the stories + + align:start position:0% +processing in the context of the stories + + + align:start position:0% +processing in the context of the stories +we were just talking about you wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +we were just talking about you wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +we were just talking about you wouldn't +get very far so what are some of the can + + align:start position:0% +get very far so what are some of the can + + + align:start position:0% +get very far so what are some of the can +anybody think of some problems with this + + align:start position:0% +anybody think of some problems with this + + + align:start position:0% +anybody think of some problems with this +movie right if somebody if you were the + + align:start position:0% +movie right if somebody if you were the + + + align:start position:0% +movie right if somebody if you were the +executive producer of this movie and + + align:start position:0% +executive producer of this movie and + + + align:start position:0% +executive producer of this movie and +somebody showed up with this animation + + align:start position:0% +somebody showed up with this animation + + + align:start position:0% +somebody showed up with this animation +oh check it out this is how bacteria + + align:start position:0% +oh check it out this is how bacteria + + + align:start position:0% +oh check it out this is how bacteria +swim you'd go + + align:start position:0% +swim you'd go + + + align:start position:0% +swim you'd go +huh I don't like it because of the + + align:start position:0% +huh I don't like it because of the + + + align:start position:0% +huh I don't like it because of the +following anybody think of some reasons + + align:start position:0% +following anybody think of some reasons + + + align:start position:0% +following anybody think of some reasons +why this might not be a good depiction + + align:start position:0% +why this might not be a good depiction + + + align:start position:0% +why this might not be a good depiction +of bacterium + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +swimming so you're mentioning before + + align:start position:0% +swimming so you're mentioning before + + + align:start position:0% +swimming so you're mentioning before +when you were looking at this that + + align:start position:0% +when you were looking at this that + + + align:start position:0% +when you were looking at this that +they're swimming in a straight line is + + align:start position:0% +they're swimming in a straight line is + + + align:start position:0% +they're swimming in a straight line is +that easy or hard to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do why would you think it'd be hard can + + align:start position:0% +do why would you think it'd be hard can + + + align:start position:0% +do why would you think it'd be hard can +can can you walk in a straight line I + + align:start position:0% +can can you walk in a straight line I + + + align:start position:0% +can can you walk in a straight line I +can I can walk in a straight + + align:start position:0% +can I can walk in a straight + + + align:start position:0% +can I can walk in a straight +line oh I can see so so there's no eyes + + align:start position:0% +line oh I can see so so there's no eyes + + + align:start position:0% +line oh I can see so so there's no eyes +on the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bacteria and I don't know what sort of + + align:start position:0% +bacteria and I don't know what sort of + + + align:start position:0% +bacteria and I don't know what sort of +sensors there are so so if I had if I + + align:start position:0% +sensors there are so so if I had if I + + + align:start position:0% +sensors there are so so if I had if I +had my eyes closed it would be harder + + align:start position:0% +had my eyes closed it would be harder + + + align:start position:0% +had my eyes closed it would be harder +for me to walk in a straight line is + + align:start position:0% +for me to walk in a straight line is + + + align:start position:0% +for me to walk in a straight line is +that right well I I don't know about + + align:start position:0% +that right well I I don't know about + + + align:start position:0% +that right well I I don't know about +that I has anybody tried to walk down + + align:start position:0% +that I has anybody tried to walk down + + + align:start position:0% +that I has anybody tried to walk down +the infinite Corridor with your eyes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +closed I don't know I don't know how + + align:start position:0% +closed I don't know I don't know how + + + align:start position:0% +closed I don't know I don't know how +hard it would be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +H you said something about sensors too + + align:start position:0% +H you said something about sensors too + + + align:start position:0% +H you said something about sensors too +so you need some way of getting the + + align:start position:0% +so you need some way of getting the + + + align:start position:0% +so you need some way of getting the +information in so let's let's say that + + align:start position:0% +information in so let's let's say that + + + align:start position:0% +information in so let's let's say that +there sensors all over the surface of + + align:start position:0% +there sensors all over the surface of + + + align:start position:0% +there sensors all over the surface of +bacterium they're just too small so we + + align:start position:0% +bacterium they're just too small so we + + + align:start position:0% +bacterium they're just too small so we +can't see them would you be happy then + + align:start position:0% +can't see them would you be happy then + + + align:start position:0% +can't see them would you be happy then +that you could go in a straight + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +line okay let's say let's say there's + + align:start position:0% +line okay let's say let's say there's + + + align:start position:0% +line okay let's say let's say there's +one sensor here + + align:start position:0% +one sensor here + + + align:start position:0% +one sensor here +and there's another sensor back here at + + align:start position:0% +and there's another sensor back here at + + + align:start position:0% +and there's another sensor back here at +the bow and the + + align:start position:0% +the bow and the + + + align:start position:0% +the bow and the +stern would that let you go in a + + align:start position:0% +stern would that let you go in a + + + align:start position:0% +stern would that let you go in a +straight line what does somebody else + + align:start position:0% +straight line what does somebody else + + + align:start position:0% +straight line what does somebody else +think what would you do if you had + + align:start position:0% +think what would you do if you had + + + align:start position:0% +think what would you do if you had +information coming in if you had a ship + + align:start position:0% +information coming in if you had a ship + + + align:start position:0% +information coming in if you had a ship +right and you're trying to go in a + + align:start position:0% +right and you're trying to go in a + + + align:start position:0% +right and you're trying to go in a +straight line and you had a sensor at + + align:start position:0% +straight line and you had a sensor at + + + align:start position:0% +straight line and you had a sensor at +the front of the ship and a sensor at + + align:start position:0% +the front of the ship and a sensor at + + + align:start position:0% +the front of the ship and a sensor at +the back of the ship could you go in a + + align:start position:0% +the back of the ship could you go in a + + + align:start position:0% +the back of the ship could you go in a +straight line if you were sensing + + align:start position:0% +straight line if you were sensing + + + align:start position:0% +straight line if you were sensing +something in the environment what would + + align:start position:0% +something in the environment what would + + + align:start position:0% +something in the environment what would +those two inputs let you do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so if you had something in the + + align:start position:0% +so if you had something in the + + + align:start position:0% +so if you had something in the +environment and you wanted to say run + + align:start position:0% +environment and you wanted to say run + + + align:start position:0% +environment and you wanted to say run +away from something there might be more + + align:start position:0% +away from something there might be more + + + align:start position:0% +away from something there might be more +of it behind you than there is in front + + align:start position:0% +of it behind you than there is in front + + + align:start position:0% +of it behind you than there is in front +of you right and so you could go huh + + align:start position:0% +of you right and so you could go huh + + + align:start position:0% +of you right and so you could go huh +there's more back there so let's keep + + align:start position:0% +there's more back there so let's keep + + + align:start position:0% +there's more back there so let's keep +going this + + align:start position:0% +going this + + + align:start position:0% +going this +way maybe that would work right so you + + align:start position:0% +way maybe that would work right so you + + + align:start position:0% +way maybe that would work right so you +could use the sensor in the back and the + + align:start position:0% +could use the sensor in the back and the + + + align:start position:0% +could use the sensor in the back and the +sensor in the front to establish a + + align:start position:0% +sensor in the front to establish a + + + align:start position:0% +sensor in the front to establish a +gradient or directionality of a signal + + align:start position:0% +gradient or directionality of a signal + + + align:start position:0% +gradient or directionality of a signal +in the environment and then do some + + align:start position:0% +in the environment and then do some + + + align:start position:0% +in the environment and then do some +Computing using the molecules of the + + align:start position:0% +Computing using the molecules of the + + + align:start position:0% +Computing using the molecules of the +cell to make a decision about which + + align:start position:0% +cell to make a decision about which + + + align:start position:0% +cell to make a decision about which +direction to to go so okay maybe that's + + align:start position:0% +direction to to go so okay maybe that's + + + align:start position:0% +direction to to go so okay maybe that's +maybe that's a pretty good idea right + + align:start position:0% +maybe that's a pretty good idea right + + + align:start position:0% +maybe that's a pretty good idea right +we're beginning to develop some model + + align:start position:0% +we're beginning to develop some model + + + align:start position:0% +we're beginning to develop some model +for how the information inside in the + + align:start position:0% +for how the information inside in the + + + align:start position:0% +for how the information inside in the +environment around the cell uh might + + align:start position:0% +environment around the cell uh might + + + align:start position:0% +environment around the cell uh might +establish uh some useful framework for + + align:start position:0% +establish uh some useful framework for + + + align:start position:0% +establish uh some useful framework for +the cell to do Computing to control Its + + align:start position:0% +the cell to do Computing to control Its + + + align:start position:0% +the cell to do Computing to control Its +Behavior anybody see a problem with that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +model how big is this cell how big are + + align:start position:0% +model how big is this cell how big are + + + align:start position:0% +model how big is this cell how big are +bacteria are they like meter + + align:start position:0% +bacteria are they like meter + + + align:start position:0% +bacteria are they like meter +long do you run into bacterium and + + align:start position:0% +long do you run into bacterium and + + + align:start position:0% +long do you run into bacterium and +you're you know + + align:start position:0% +you're you know + + + align:start position:0% +you're you know +in between classes you sort of get out + + align:start position:0% +in between classes you sort of get out + + + align:start position:0% +in between classes you sort of get out +of the + + align:start position:0% +of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the +way so it turns out bacterium are really + + align:start position:0% +way so it turns out bacterium are really + + + align:start position:0% +way so it turns out bacterium are really +tiny right they're a micron + + align:start position:0% +tiny right they're a micron + + + align:start position:0% +tiny right they're a micron +approximately long and so even if you + + align:start position:0% +approximately long and so even if you + + + align:start position:0% +approximately long and so even if you +put a sensor here and here if this is + + align:start position:0% +put a sensor here and here if this is + + + align:start position:0% +put a sensor here and here if this is +only a micron long the thing you're + + align:start position:0% +only a micron long the thing you're + + + align:start position:0% +only a micron long the thing you're +sensing is going to be freely diffusing + + align:start position:0% +sensing is going to be freely diffusing + + + align:start position:0% +sensing is going to be freely diffusing +in the environment around + + align:start position:0% +in the environment around + + + align:start position:0% +in the environment around +you right which means that you might not + + align:start position:0% +you right which means that you might not + + + align:start position:0% +you right which means that you might not +be long enough to actually measure the + + align:start position:0% +be long enough to actually measure the + + + align:start position:0% +be long enough to actually measure the +gradient you're you're not going to be + + align:start position:0% +gradient you're you're not going to be + + + align:start position:0% +gradient you're you're not going to be +able to sense it there's another problem + + align:start position:0% +able to sense it there's another problem + + + align:start position:0% +able to sense it there's another problem +with this movie right the the artist + + align:start position:0% +with this movie right the the artist + + + align:start position:0% +with this movie right the the artist +here it's a brilliant it's a brilliant + + align:start position:0% +here it's a brilliant it's a brilliant + + + align:start position:0% +here it's a brilliant it's a brilliant +piece of work but the artist hasn't + + align:start position:0% +piece of work but the artist hasn't + + + align:start position:0% +piece of work but the artist hasn't +captured the physical framework + + align:start position:0% +captured the physical framework + + + align:start position:0% +captured the physical framework +correctly around the bacterium there's + + align:start position:0% +correctly around the bacterium there's + + + align:start position:0% +correctly around the bacterium there's +no eyes so how are you going to walk in + + align:start position:0% +no eyes so how are you going to walk in + + + align:start position:0% +no eyes so how are you going to walk in +a straight line you're not long enough + + align:start position:0% +a straight line you're not long enough + + + align:start position:0% +a straight line you're not long enough +so you can't actually set up a gradient + + align:start position:0% +so you can't actually set up a gradient + + + align:start position:0% +so you can't actually set up a gradient +directly um the other thing is because + + align:start position:0% +directly um the other thing is because + + + align:start position:0% +directly um the other thing is because +they're so small there's going to be + + align:start position:0% +they're so small there's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +they're so small there's going to be +water molecules buffeting this bacteria + + align:start position:0% +water molecules buffeting this bacteria + + + align:start position:0% +water molecules buffeting this bacteria +randomly brownie in motion right and so + + align:start position:0% +randomly brownie in motion right and so + + + align:start position:0% +randomly brownie in motion right and so +even if you could + + align:start position:0% +even if you could + + + align:start position:0% +even if you could +start off in a straight line I want to + + align:start position:0% +start off in a straight line I want to + + + align:start position:0% +start off in a straight line I want to +go over here things are going to be + + align:start position:0% +go over here things are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +go over here things are going to be +bumping into the cell and you're going + + align:start position:0% +bumping into the cell and you're going + + + align:start position:0% +bumping into the cell and you're going +to randomly lose the direction you were + + align:start position:0% +to randomly lose the direction you were + + + align:start position:0% +to randomly lose the direction you were +going it and so you're gonna have to + + align:start position:0% +going it and so you're gonna have to + + + align:start position:0% +going it and so you're gonna have to +recompute over and over again I want to + + align:start position:0% +recompute over and over again I want to + + + align:start position:0% +recompute over and over again I want to +be going that way I want to be going + + align:start position:0% +be going that way I want to be going + + + align:start position:0% +be going that way I want to be going +that way I want to be so it's it's a + + align:start position:0% +that way I want to be so it's it's a + + + align:start position:0% +that way I want to be so it's it's a +weird physical system right I'm not + + align:start position:0% +weird physical system right I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +weird physical system right I'm not +going to go through any more details of + + align:start position:0% +going to go through any more details of + + + align:start position:0% +going to go through any more details of +this but if you want to start thinking + + align:start position:0% +this but if you want to start thinking + + + align:start position:0% +this but if you want to start thinking +about Computing in biology you need to + + align:start position:0% +about Computing in biology you need to + + + align:start position:0% +about Computing in biology you need to +imagine what's the information in the + + align:start position:0% +imagine what's the information in the + + + align:start position:0% +imagine what's the information in the +environment around the cell what's the + + align:start position:0% +environment around the cell what's the + + + align:start position:0% +environment around the cell what's the +physical framework by which that + + align:start position:0% +physical framework by which that + + + align:start position:0% +physical framework by which that +information is going to make it into the + + align:start position:0% +information is going to make it into the + + + align:start position:0% +information is going to make it into the +cell how might the cell do the Computing + + align:start position:0% +cell how might the cell do the Computing + + + align:start position:0% +cell how might the cell do the Computing +and then decide what to do right and so + + align:start position:0% +and then decide what to do right and so + + + align:start position:0% +and then decide what to do right and so +you can start to imagine how physics and + + align:start position:0% +you can start to imagine how physics and + + + align:start position:0% +you can start to imagine how physics and +Mathematics come together in biological + + align:start position:0% +Mathematics come together in biological + + + align:start position:0% +Mathematics come together in biological +engineering to develop the Frameworks by + + align:start position:0% +engineering to develop the Frameworks by + + + align:start position:0% +engineering to develop the Frameworks by +which you don't just understand the + + align:start position:0% +which you don't just understand the + + + align:start position:0% +which you don't just understand the +molecules that make up living systems + + align:start position:0% +molecules that make up living systems + + + align:start position:0% +molecules that make up living systems +you understand how all these molecules + + align:start position:0% +you understand how all these molecules + + + align:start position:0% +you understand how all these molecules +come together to control the behavior of + + align:start position:0% +come together to control the behavior of + + + align:start position:0% +come together to control the behavior of +living + + align:start position:0% +living + + + align:start position:0% +living +systems so let me show you real quick um + + align:start position:0% +systems so let me show you real quick um + + + align:start position:0% +systems so let me show you real quick um +a movie of actual bacteria swimming this + + align:start position:0% +a movie of actual bacteria swimming this + + + align:start position:0% +a movie of actual bacteria swimming this +comes from Howard Berg's work Howard's + + align:start position:0% +comes from Howard Berg's work Howard's + + + align:start position:0% +comes from Howard Berg's work Howard's +uh in biology at Harvard as well as + + align:start position:0% +uh in biology at Harvard as well as + + + align:start position:0% +uh in biology at Harvard as well as +physics so what you're looking at here + + align:start position:0% +physics so what you're looking at here + + + align:start position:0% +physics so what you're looking at here +are ecoi swimming around you can see + + align:start position:0% +are ecoi swimming around you can see + + + align:start position:0% +are ecoi swimming around you can see +they really truck right they're quite + + align:start position:0% +they really truck right they're quite + + + align:start position:0% +they really truck right they're quite +impressive Little Critters um but if you + + align:start position:0% +impressive Little Critters um but if you + + + align:start position:0% +impressive Little Critters um but if you +look at it you'll see whoa you know what + + align:start position:0% +look at it you'll see whoa you know what + + + align:start position:0% +look at it you'll see whoa you know what +are they doing they're not going in + + align:start position:0% +are they doing they're not going in + + + align:start position:0% +are they doing they're not going in +straight lines for one right you just + + align:start position:0% +straight lines for one right you just + + + align:start position:0% +straight lines for one right you just +follow some let's see let the movie + + align:start position:0% +follow some let's see let the movie + + + align:start position:0% +follow some let's see let the movie +reset here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +see these cells they're sort of like + + align:start position:0% +see these cells they're sort of like + + + align:start position:0% +see these cells they're sort of like +whoa right or check it out they're just + + align:start position:0% +whoa right or check it out they're just + + + align:start position:0% +whoa right or check it out they're just +looping around they can't go in a + + align:start position:0% +looping around they can't go in a + + + align:start position:0% +looping around they can't go in a +straight line right they're trying to + + align:start position:0% +straight line right they're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +straight line right they're trying to +figure out how to go somewhere and you + + align:start position:0% +figure out how to go somewhere and you + + + align:start position:0% +figure out how to go somewhere and you +know sometimes they just like spin + + align:start position:0% +know sometimes they just like spin + + + align:start position:0% +know sometimes they just like spin +around and stuff like that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and if you look at them a little more + + align:start position:0% +and if you look at them a little more + + + align:start position:0% +and if you look at them a little more +closely in this movie you start to see + + align:start position:0% +closely in this movie you start to see + + + align:start position:0% +closely in this movie you start to see +that that flagella those things that + + align:start position:0% +that that flagella those things that + + + align:start position:0% +that that flagella those things that +were hanging behind them are doing all + + align:start position:0% +were hanging behind them are doing all + + + align:start position:0% +were hanging behind them are doing all +sorts of weird stuff right sometimes + + align:start position:0% +sorts of weird stuff right sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +sorts of weird stuff right sometimes +they're going in a straight line + + align:start position:0% +they're going in a straight line + + + align:start position:0% +they're going in a straight line +spinning all together sometimes they + + align:start position:0% +spinning all together sometimes they + + + align:start position:0% +spinning all together sometimes they +start spinning in the other direction + + align:start position:0% +start spinning in the other direction + + + align:start position:0% +start spinning in the other direction +they playay out and the whole cell spins + + align:start position:0% +they playay out and the whole cell spins + + + align:start position:0% +they playay out and the whole cell spins +around it turns out that what these + + align:start position:0% +around it turns out that what these + + + align:start position:0% +around it turns out that what these +bacteria are going to do is they're + + align:start position:0% +bacteria are going to do is they're + + + align:start position:0% +bacteria are going to do is they're +going to alternate between swimming in a + + align:start position:0% +going to alternate between swimming in a + + + align:start position:0% +going to alternate between swimming in a +straight line as best they can which + + align:start position:0% +straight line as best they can which + + + align:start position:0% +straight line as best they can which +isn't that good and then they're going + + align:start position:0% +isn't that good and then they're going + + + align:start position:0% +isn't that good and then they're going +to sometimes tumble randomly and they're + + align:start position:0% +to sometimes tumble randomly and they're + + + align:start position:0% +to sometimes tumble randomly and they're +just going to alternate between doing + + align:start position:0% +just going to alternate between doing + + + align:start position:0% +just going to alternate between doing +that back and forth swimming tumbling + + align:start position:0% +that back and forth swimming tumbling + + + align:start position:0% +that back and forth swimming tumbling +swimming tumbling and they're going to + + align:start position:0% +swimming tumbling and they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +swimming tumbling and they're going to +change the length of the runs how long + + align:start position:0% +change the length of the runs how long + + + align:start position:0% +change the length of the runs how long +they go in a straight line as best they + + align:start position:0% +they go in a straight line as best they + + + align:start position:0% +they go in a straight line as best they +can uh in proportion to whether or not + + align:start position:0% +can uh in proportion to whether or not + + + align:start position:0% +can uh in proportion to whether or not +they believe they're going in the right + + align:start position:0% +they believe they're going in the right + + + align:start position:0% +they believe they're going in the right +direction so to say it differently + + align:start position:0% +direction so to say it differently + + + align:start position:0% +direction so to say it differently +bacteria might start out swimming it'll + + align:start position:0% +bacteria might start out swimming it'll + + + align:start position:0% +bacteria might start out swimming it'll +remember what the concentration of + + align:start position:0% +remember what the concentration of + + + align:start position:0% +remember what the concentration of +something was here and then it'll move + + align:start position:0% +something was here and then it'll move + + + align:start position:0% +something was here and then it'll move +and they'll say oh is it getting better + + align:start position:0% +and they'll say oh is it getting better + + + align:start position:0% +and they'll say oh is it getting better +or worse and if it's getting worse maybe + + align:start position:0% +or worse and if it's getting worse maybe + + + align:start position:0% +or worse and if it's getting worse maybe +you'll tumble and just try another + + align:start position:0% +you'll tumble and just try another + + + align:start position:0% +you'll tumble and just try another +random Direction and if it's getting + + align:start position:0% +random Direction and if it's getting + + + align:start position:0% +random Direction and if it's getting +better you'll just keep going in that + + align:start position:0% +better you'll just keep going in that + + + align:start position:0% +better you'll just keep going in that +direction a little bit longer but then + + align:start position:0% +direction a little bit longer but then + + + align:start position:0% +direction a little bit longer but then +eventually you have to Tumble again and + + align:start position:0% +eventually you have to Tumble again and + + + align:start position:0% +eventually you have to Tumble again and +you'll try randomly sampling a new + + align:start position:0% +you'll try randomly sampling a new + + + align:start position:0% +you'll try randomly sampling a new +Direction so it's a random walk that the + + align:start position:0% +Direction so it's a random walk that the + + + align:start position:0% +Direction so it's a random walk that the +bacterium end up using in order to go up + + align:start position:0% +bacterium end up using in order to go up + + + align:start position:0% +bacterium end up using in order to go up +or down a gradient of something they + + align:start position:0% +or down a gradient of something they + + + align:start position:0% +or down a gradient of something they +like right interesting information + + align:start position:0% +like right interesting information + + + align:start position:0% +like right interesting information +processing + + align:start position:0% +processing + + + align:start position:0% +processing +problem here's another one uh not from + + align:start position:0% +problem here's another one uh not from + + + align:start position:0% +problem here's another one uh not from +bacterium uh but this time from you uh + + align:start position:0% +bacterium uh but this time from you uh + + + align:start position:0% +bacterium uh but this time from you uh +so this is a picture of a white blood + + align:start position:0% +so this is a picture of a white blood + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a picture of a white blood +cell in a field of red blood cells and + + align:start position:0% +cell in a field of red blood cells and + + + align:start position:0% +cell in a field of red blood cells and +this is a little bacteria that the white + + align:start position:0% +this is a little bacteria that the white + + + align:start position:0% +this is a little bacteria that the white +blood cell would like to hunt down and + + align:start position:0% +blood cell would like to hunt down and + + + align:start position:0% +blood cell would like to hunt down and +Destroy to keep you from getting sick + + align:start position:0% +Destroy to keep you from getting sick + + + align:start position:0% +Destroy to keep you from getting sick +right so check this movie out and think + + align:start position:0% +right so check this movie out and think + + + align:start position:0% +right so check this movie out and think +about think about the information + + align:start position:0% +about think about the information + + + align:start position:0% +about think about the information +processing that's going on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here notice that it locked onto this one + + align:start position:0% +here notice that it locked onto this one + + + align:start position:0% +here notice that it locked onto this one +it didn't pay any attention to this one + + align:start position:0% +it didn't pay any attention to this one + + + align:start position:0% +it didn't pay any attention to this one +how to do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that is the bacterium running + + align:start position:0% +that is the bacterium running + + + align:start position:0% +that is the bacterium running +away do you think or is it being pushed + + align:start position:0% +away do you think or is it being pushed + + + align:start position:0% +away do you think or is it being pushed +away by the boundary layer of fluid as + + align:start position:0% +away by the boundary layer of fluid as + + + align:start position:0% +away by the boundary layer of fluid as +the white blood cell chases it what's + + align:start position:0% +the white blood cell chases it what's + + + align:start position:0% +the white blood cell chases it what's +the what's the right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +physics how does a cell do this + + align:start position:0% +physics how does a cell do this + + + align:start position:0% +physics how does a cell do this +computation right imagine you were + + align:start position:0% +computation right imagine you were + + + align:start position:0% +computation right imagine you were +trying to program uh a missile right to + + align:start position:0% +trying to program uh a missile right to + + + align:start position:0% +trying to program uh a missile right to +follow a plane the computation you'd + + align:start position:0% +follow a plane the computation you'd + + + align:start position:0% +follow a plane the computation you'd +have to do do find the target um change + + align:start position:0% +have to do do find the target um change + + + align:start position:0% +have to do do find the target um change +your trajectory all of that's going on + + align:start position:0% +your trajectory all of that's going on + + + align:start position:0% +your trajectory all of that's going on +here in this white blood cell right all + + align:start position:0% +here in this white blood cell right all + + + align:start position:0% +here in this white blood cell right all +of this is happening inside you whenever + + align:start position:0% +of this is happening inside you whenever + + + align:start position:0% +of this is happening inside you whenever +you're + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +infected pretty cool problem + + align:start position:0% +infected pretty cool problem + + + align:start position:0% +infected pretty cool problem +right I think this is real time I can't + + align:start position:0% +right I think this is real time I can't + + + align:start position:0% +right I think this is real time I can't +remember it's it's a it's a very old + + align:start position:0% +remember it's it's a it's a very old + + + align:start position:0% +remember it's it's a it's a very old +movie actually it's a 16 millimeter film + + align:start position:0% +movie actually it's a 16 millimeter film + + + align:start position:0% +movie actually it's a 16 millimeter film +from 1950 + + align:start position:0% +from 1950 + + + align:start position:0% +from 1950 +something you should be able to estimate + + align:start position:0% +something you should be able to estimate + + + align:start position:0% +something you should be able to estimate +uh whether it's real time or Not by the + + align:start position:0% +uh whether it's real time or Not by the + + + align:start position:0% +uh whether it's real time or Not by the +apparent tumbling rate of the bacterium + + align:start position:0% +apparent tumbling rate of the bacterium + + + align:start position:0% +apparent tumbling rate of the bacterium +and motion + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right pretty impressive + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +computation so those are examples of of + + align:start position:0% +computation so those are examples of of + + + align:start position:0% +computation so those are examples of of +physical performance right you just got + + align:start position:0% +physical performance right you just got + + + align:start position:0% +physical performance right you just got +to take in a signal and do something + + align:start position:0% +to take in a signal and do something + + + align:start position:0% +to take in a signal and do something +right or medium time scale performance + + align:start position:0% +right or medium time scale performance + + + align:start position:0% +right or medium time scale performance +you know learning am I am I going in the + + align:start position:0% +you know learning am I am I going in the + + + align:start position:0% +you know learning am I am I going in the +right direction is this a bacterium I + + align:start position:0% +right direction is this a bacterium I + + + align:start position:0% +right direction is this a bacterium I +want to hunt down and Destroy + + align:start position:0% +want to hunt down and Destroy + + + align:start position:0% +want to hunt down and Destroy +right so you can start to think about + + align:start position:0% +right so you can start to think about + + + align:start position:0% +right so you can start to think about +Computing in + + align:start position:0% +Computing in + + + align:start position:0% +Computing in +biology although the the thing to say + + align:start position:0% +biology although the the thing to say + + + align:start position:0% +biology although the the thing to say +about biology in addition to these two + + align:start position:0% +about biology in addition to these two + + + align:start position:0% +about biology in addition to these two +examples that makes it incredibly cool + + align:start position:0% +examples that makes it incredibly cool + + + align:start position:0% +examples that makes it incredibly cool +is that biology does Computing on a + + align:start position:0% +is that biology does Computing on a + + + align:start position:0% +is that biology does Computing on a +additional time scale and and you don't + + align:start position:0% +additional time scale and and you don't + + + align:start position:0% +additional time scale and and you don't +see this time scale in any other + + align:start position:0% +see this time scale in any other + + + align:start position:0% +see this time scale in any other +physical artifact that you engineer this + + align:start position:0% +physical artifact that you engineer this + + + align:start position:0% +physical artifact that you engineer this +additional time scale is the long time + + align:start position:0% +additional time scale is the long time + + + align:start position:0% +additional time scale is the long time +scale the time scale of evolution right + + align:start position:0% +scale the time scale of evolution right + + + align:start position:0% +scale the time scale of evolution right +so evolution is this process as you + + align:start position:0% +so evolution is this process as you + + + align:start position:0% +so evolution is this process as you +would have heard previously right + + align:start position:0% +would have heard previously right + + + align:start position:0% +would have heard previously right +biological systems via replication of + + align:start position:0% +biological systems via replication of + + + align:start position:0% +biological systems via replication of +the DNA can and replication of the + + align:start position:0% +the DNA can and replication of the + + + align:start position:0% +the DNA can and replication of the +organism can make copies right parent to + + align:start position:0% +organism can make copies right parent to + + + align:start position:0% +organism can make copies right parent to +child and so on um now what's cool about + + align:start position:0% +child and so on um now what's cool about + + + align:start position:0% +child and so on um now what's cool about +biology is when bi biological systems + + align:start position:0% +biology is when bi biological systems + + + align:start position:0% +biology is when bi biological systems +copy themselves they make mistakes right + + align:start position:0% +copy themselves they make mistakes right + + + align:start position:0% +copy themselves they make mistakes right +they mutations in the copying process um + + align:start position:0% +they mutations in the copying process um + + + align:start position:0% +they mutations in the copying process um +and so over long time scales and with + + align:start position:0% +and so over long time scales and with + + + align:start position:0% +and so over long time scales and with +big populations the machine itself can + + align:start position:0% +big populations the machine itself can + + + align:start position:0% +big populations the machine itself can +change information will come in in the + + align:start position:0% +change information will come in in the + + + align:start position:0% +change information will come in in the +form of + + align:start position:0% +form of + + + align:start position:0% +form of +selection presented by the environment + + align:start position:0% +selection presented by the environment + + + align:start position:0% +selection presented by the environment +right it's good to be tall or short in + + align:start position:0% +right it's good to be tall or short in + + + align:start position:0% +right it's good to be tall or short in +the next 100 years who knows and over + + align:start position:0% +the next 100 years who knows and over + + + align:start position:0% +the next 100 years who knows and over +time those mutations will be fixed into + + align:start position:0% +time those mutations will be fixed into + + + align:start position:0% +time those mutations will be fixed into +the machine defining and changing the + + align:start position:0% +the machine defining and changing the + + + align:start position:0% +the machine defining and changing the +machine itself and you can view the + + align:start position:0% +machine itself and you can view the + + + align:start position:0% +machine itself and you can view the +process of evolution as a process of + + align:start position:0% +process of evolution as a process of + + + align:start position:0% +process of evolution as a process of +computation here's an example um this is + + align:start position:0% +computation here's an example um this is + + + align:start position:0% +computation here's an example um this is +a depiction of part of the human + + align:start position:0% +a depiction of part of the human + + + align:start position:0% +a depiction of part of the human +chromosome uh this is a region of the + + align:start position:0% +chromosome uh this is a region of the + + + align:start position:0% +chromosome uh this is a region of the +human chromosome found in males it's the + + align:start position:0% +human chromosome found in males it's the + + + align:start position:0% +human chromosome found in males it's the +male specific y uh uh region this + + align:start position:0% +male specific y uh uh region this + + + align:start position:0% +male specific y uh uh region this +sequence uh of of the human chromosome + + align:start position:0% +sequence uh of of the human chromosome + + + align:start position:0% +sequence uh of of the human chromosome +was uh figured out by David Pages group + + align:start position:0% +was uh figured out by David Pages group + + + align:start position:0% +was uh figured out by David Pages group +at the Whitehead across the parking lot + + align:start position:0% +at the Whitehead across the parking lot + + + align:start position:0% +at the Whitehead across the parking lot +there now the thing about the Y + + align:start position:0% +there now the thing about the Y + + + align:start position:0% +there now the thing about the Y +chromosome is that the architecture of + + align:start position:0% +chromosome is that the architecture of + + + align:start position:0% +chromosome is that the architecture of +it from the standpoint of an speaking as + + align:start position:0% +it from the standpoint of an speaking as + + + align:start position:0% +it from the standpoint of an speaking as +an engineer not as a scientist the + + align:start position:0% +an engineer not as a scientist the + + + align:start position:0% +an engineer not as a scientist the +architecture of this is really messed up + + align:start position:0% +architecture of this is really messed up + + + align:start position:0% +architecture of this is really messed up +right which may or may not be surprising + + align:start position:0% +right which may or may not be surprising + + + align:start position:0% +right which may or may not be surprising +to you if you if you think about stuff + + align:start position:0% +to you if you if you think about stuff + + + align:start position:0% +to you if you if you think about stuff +um so so what I mean by that is you've + + align:start position:0% +um so so what I mean by that is you've + + + align:start position:0% +um so so what I mean by that is you've +got about five million base pairs of DNA + + align:start position:0% +got about five million base pairs of DNA + + + align:start position:0% +got about five million base pairs of DNA +right DNA is the genetic material and + + align:start position:0% +right DNA is the genetic material and + + + align:start position:0% +right DNA is the genetic material and +A's T's C's and G's those are the base + + align:start position:0% +A's T's C's and G's those are the base + + + align:start position:0% +A's T's C's and G's those are the base +pairs so you got about 5 million base + + align:start position:0% +pairs so you got about 5 million base + + + align:start position:0% +pairs so you got about 5 million base +pairs of DNA on the screen here this + + align:start position:0% +pairs of DNA on the screen here this + + + align:start position:0% +pairs of DNA on the screen here this +region of DNA in yellow about 800 ,000 + + align:start position:0% +region of DNA in yellow about 800 ,000 + + + align:start position:0% +region of DNA in yellow about 800 ,000 +base pairs is exactly the same as this + + align:start position:0% +base pairs is exactly the same as this + + + align:start position:0% +base pairs is exactly the same as this +region almost exactly the same except + + align:start position:0% +region almost exactly the same except + + + align:start position:0% +region almost exactly the same except +it's in the opposite orientation so I've + + align:start position:0% +it's in the opposite orientation so I've + + + align:start position:0% +it's in the opposite orientation so I've +got an element over here and I've got a + + align:start position:0% +got an element over here and I've got a + + + align:start position:0% +got an element over here and I've got a +repeated element over here similarly + + align:start position:0% +repeated element over here similarly + + + align:start position:0% +repeated element over here similarly +this region B4 is like this and these + + align:start position:0% +this region B4 is like this and these + + + align:start position:0% +this region B4 is like this and these +regions here and so on and so on so I've + + align:start position:0% +regions here and so on and so on so I've + + + align:start position:0% +regions here and so on and so on so I've +got an architecture uh of inverted + + align:start position:0% +got an architecture uh of inverted + + + align:start position:0% +got an architecture uh of inverted +repeats that are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +nested now it turns out that there's a + + align:start position:0% +nested now it turns out that there's a + + + align:start position:0% +nested now it turns out that there's a +couple different models for why the Y + + align:start position:0% +couple different models for why the Y + + + align:start position:0% +couple different models for why the Y +chromosome might have this architecture + + align:start position:0% +chromosome might have this architecture + + + align:start position:0% +chromosome might have this architecture +one reason is the thing about the Y + + align:start position:0% +one reason is the thing about the Y + + + align:start position:0% +one reason is the thing about the Y +unlike other the male specific region of + + align:start position:0% +unlike other the male specific region of + + + align:start position:0% +unlike other the male specific region of +the Y is that there's not uh a + + align:start position:0% +the Y is that there's not uh a + + + align:start position:0% +the Y is that there's not uh a +complimentary copy of this region of DNA + + align:start position:0% +complimentary copy of this region of DNA + + + align:start position:0% +complimentary copy of this region of DNA +on another chromosome on the X right and + + align:start position:0% +on another chromosome on the X right and + + + align:start position:0% +on another chromosome on the X right and +because there's no backup copy on + + align:start position:0% +because there's no backup copy on + + + align:start position:0% +because there's no backup copy on +another + + align:start position:0% +another + + + align:start position:0% +another +chromosome the argument goes that the Y + + align:start position:0% +chromosome the argument goes that the Y + + + align:start position:0% +chromosome the argument goes that the Y +needs to be carrying two copies of its + + align:start position:0% +needs to be carrying two copies of its + + + align:start position:0% +needs to be carrying two copies of its +DNA on itself so that on evolutionary + + align:start position:0% +DNA on itself so that on evolutionary + + + align:start position:0% +DNA on itself so that on evolutionary +time scale it can swap in copies for one + + align:start position:0% +time scale it can swap in copies for one + + + align:start position:0% +time scale it can swap in copies for one +another as a way of getting rid of + + align:start position:0% +another as a way of getting rid of + + + align:start position:0% +another as a way of getting rid of +mistakes right so if there's a mistake + + align:start position:0% +mistakes right so if there's a mistake + + + align:start position:0% +mistakes right so if there's a mistake +over here maybe if I'm lucky I can swap + + align:start position:0% +over here maybe if I'm lucky I can swap + + + align:start position:0% +over here maybe if I'm lucky I can swap +this piece back in and replace it so the + + align:start position:0% +this piece back in and replace it so the + + + align:start position:0% +this piece back in and replace it so the +Y is carrying a backup copy of itself in + + align:start position:0% +Y is carrying a backup copy of itself in + + + align:start position:0% +Y is carrying a backup copy of itself in +perhaps parts of + + align:start position:0% +perhaps parts of + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps parts of +this and so you could go huh I wonder if + + align:start position:0% +this and so you could go huh I wonder if + + + align:start position:0% +this and so you could go huh I wonder if +other Y chromosomes are doing that right + + align:start position:0% +other Y chromosomes are doing that right + + + align:start position:0% +other Y chromosomes are doing that right +so here's a paper that came out um from + + align:start position:0% +so here's a paper that came out um from + + + align:start position:0% +so here's a paper that came out um from +Japan last month where uh they were + + align:start position:0% +Japan last month where uh they were + + + align:start position:0% +Japan last month where uh they were +looking at the um Y chromosome of the + + align:start position:0% +looking at the um Y chromosome of the + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the um Y chromosome of the +chimp which is shown down here and then + + align:start position:0% +chimp which is shown down here and then + + + align:start position:0% +chimp which is shown down here and then +this is another depiction of what we + + align:start position:0% +this is another depiction of what we + + + align:start position:0% +this is another depiction of what we +were just looking at the human and then + + align:start position:0% +were just looking at the human and then + + + align:start position:0% +were just looking at the human and then +you can estimate what the common + + align:start position:0% +you can estimate what the common + + + align:start position:0% +you can estimate what the common +ancestral y was and then you can + + align:start position:0% +ancestral y was and then you can + + + align:start position:0% +ancestral y was and then you can +estimate what the earlier ancestor was + + align:start position:0% +estimate what the earlier ancestor was + + + align:start position:0% +estimate what the earlier ancestor was +right so you can start to think about + + align:start position:0% +right so you can start to think about + + + align:start position:0% +right so you can start to think about +this problem of replication of a machine + + align:start position:0% +this problem of replication of a machine + + + align:start position:0% +this problem of replication of a machine +on evolutionary time scales mutation and + + align:start position:0% +on evolutionary time scales mutation and + + + align:start position:0% +on evolutionary time scales mutation and +selection um impacting the processing of + + align:start position:0% +selection um impacting the processing of + + + align:start position:0% +selection um impacting the processing of +that information the computation and + + align:start position:0% +that information the computation and + + + align:start position:0% +that information the computation and +then as a scientist or an engineer + + align:start position:0% +then as a scientist or an engineer + + + align:start position:0% +then as a scientist or an engineer +developing a framework that would let + + align:start position:0% +developing a framework that would let + + + align:start position:0% +developing a framework that would let +you go from the things you see today + + align:start position:0% +you go from the things you see today + + + align:start position:0% +you go from the things you see today +right this is what the y looks like this + + align:start position:0% +right this is what the y looks like this + + + align:start position:0% +right this is what the y looks like this +is what the chimp y looks like I wonder + + align:start position:0% +is what the chimp y looks like I wonder + + + align:start position:0% +is what the chimp y looks like I wonder +what the ancestor looked like I wonder + + align:start position:0% +what the ancestor looked like I wonder + + + align:start position:0% +what the ancestor looked like I wonder +what the thing before that looked like + + align:start position:0% +what the thing before that looked like + + + align:start position:0% +what the thing before that looked like +right how would you start to think about + + align:start position:0% +right how would you start to think about + + + align:start position:0% +right how would you start to think about +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +stuff so biological systems are + + align:start position:0% +stuff so biological systems are + + + align:start position:0% +stuff so biological systems are +interesting Computing machines they + + align:start position:0% +interesting Computing machines they + + + align:start position:0% +interesting Computing machines they +compute on shorttime + + align:start position:0% +compute on shorttime + + + align:start position:0% +compute on shorttime +scale they answer phone calls they say I + + align:start position:0% +scale they answer phone calls they say I + + + align:start position:0% +scale they answer phone calls they say I +want to eat that thing + + align:start position:0% +want to eat that thing + + + align:start position:0% +want to eat that thing +um they process information on medium + + align:start position:0% +um they process information on medium + + + align:start position:0% +um they process information on medium +time scales right they learn stuff they + + align:start position:0% +time scales right they learn stuff they + + + align:start position:0% +time scales right they learn stuff they +forget things they change their behavior + + align:start position:0% +forget things they change their behavior + + + align:start position:0% +forget things they change their behavior +and then they process information on + + align:start position:0% +and then they process information on + + + align:start position:0% +and then they process information on +evolutionary time + + align:start position:0% +evolutionary time + + + align:start position:0% +evolutionary time +scales right so the at the at the + + align:start position:0% +scales right so the at the at the + + + align:start position:0% +scales right so the at the at the +intersection of Science and Engineering + + align:start position:0% +intersection of Science and Engineering + + + align:start position:0% +intersection of Science and Engineering +you find a whole bunch of interesting + + align:start position:0% +you find a whole bunch of interesting + + + align:start position:0% +you find a whole bunch of interesting +computation to figure out and to do + + align:start position:0% +computation to figure out and to do + + + align:start position:0% +computation to figure out and to do +right so in this triangle that that I + + align:start position:0% +right so in this triangle that that I + + + align:start position:0% +right so in this triangle that that I +think is is a theme through the class + + align:start position:0% +think is is a theme through the class + + + align:start position:0% +think is is a theme through the class +sort of operating down here uh along the + + align:start position:0% +sort of operating down here uh along the + + + align:start position:0% +sort of operating down here uh along the +edge between science and and + + align:start position:0% +edge between science and and + + + align:start position:0% +edge between science and and +Engineering so that's a quick + + align:start position:0% +Engineering so that's a quick + + + align:start position:0% +Engineering so that's a quick +introduction to to computational biology + + align:start position:0% +introduction to to computational biology + + + align:start position:0% +introduction to to computational biology +from the perspective of of what sort of + + align:start position:0% +from the perspective of of what sort of + + + align:start position:0% +from the perspective of of what sort of +computing are biological systems + + align:start position:0% +computing are biological systems + + + align:start position:0% +computing are biological systems +themselves doing anybody have any any + + align:start position:0% +themselves doing anybody have any any + + + align:start position:0% +themselves doing anybody have any any +thoughts or questions about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that everybody buy the three time scales + + align:start position:0% +that everybody buy the three time scales + + + align:start position:0% +that everybody buy the three time scales +of information processing for biological + + align:start position:0% +of information processing for biological + + + align:start position:0% +of information processing for biological +systems or are there five did I forget + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to don't know right still trying to + + align:start position:0% +to don't know right still trying to + + + align:start position:0% +to don't know right still trying to +figure this out myself so if you pursue + + align:start position:0% +figure this out myself so if you pursue + + + align:start position:0% +figure this out myself so if you pursue +a career in biological engineering + + align:start position:0% +a career in biological engineering + + + align:start position:0% +a career in biological engineering +there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of +lot of good contributions to be + + align:start position:0% +lot of good contributions to be + + + align:start position:0% +lot of good contributions to be +made so I want to switch gears and and + + align:start position:0% +made so I want to switch gears and and + + + align:start position:0% +made so I want to switch gears and and +just imagine uh what the world's like in + + align:start position:0% +just imagine uh what the world's like in + + + align:start position:0% +just imagine uh what the world's like in +the context of well yeah living systems + + align:start position:0% +the context of well yeah living systems + + + align:start position:0% +the context of well yeah living systems +exist in nature and we got to figure + + align:start position:0% +exist in nature and we got to figure + + + align:start position:0% +exist in nature and we got to figure +them out but there's another thing you + + align:start position:0% +them out but there's another thing you + + + align:start position:0% +them out but there's another thing you +could do right you could start to + + align:start position:0% +could do right you could start to + + + align:start position:0% +could do right you could start to +engineer biological systems + + align:start position:0% +engineer biological systems + + + align:start position:0% +engineer biological systems +directly so that's what I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +directly so that's what I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +directly so that's what I'm going to +switch gears and talk about for the next + + align:start position:0% +switch gears and talk about for the next + + + align:start position:0% +switch gears and talk about for the next +20 minutes or so and to to to put this + + align:start position:0% +20 minutes or so and to to to put this + + + align:start position:0% +20 minutes or so and to to to put this +in perspective as best I can from the + + align:start position:0% +in perspective as best I can from the + + + align:start position:0% +in perspective as best I can from the +you know the 40,000 foot + + align:start position:0% +you know the 40,000 foot + + + align:start position:0% +you know the 40,000 foot +view I want to make the argument that + + align:start position:0% +view I want to make the argument that + + + align:start position:0% +view I want to make the argument that +there's been there there three + + align:start position:0% +there's been there there three + + + align:start position:0% +there's been there there three +relationships that human beings can have + + align:start position:0% +relationships that human beings can have + + + align:start position:0% +relationships that human beings can have +with the Living World okay the first + + align:start position:0% +with the Living World okay the first + + + align:start position:0% +with the Living World okay the first +relationship goes all the way back you + + align:start position:0% +relationship goes all the way back you + + + align:start position:0% +relationship goes all the way back you +know before Darwin hundreds of years ago + + align:start position:0% +know before Darwin hundreds of years ago + + + align:start position:0% +know before Darwin hundreds of years ago +where people think that living systems + + align:start position:0% +where people think that living systems + + + align:start position:0% +where people think that living systems +exist and they don't + + align:start position:0% +exist and they don't + + + align:start position:0% +exist and they don't +change and that's what everybody + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +believed there was a scientific + + align:start position:0% +believed there was a scientific + + + align:start position:0% +believed there was a scientific +revolution a transition here where + + align:start position:0% +revolution a transition here where + + + align:start position:0% +revolution a transition here where +Darwin and colleagues come along they + + align:start position:0% +Darwin and colleagues come along they + + + align:start position:0% +Darwin and colleagues come along they +figure out the process of evolution they + + align:start position:0% +figure out the process of evolution they + + + align:start position:0% +figure out the process of evolution they +go biological systems exist all right + + align:start position:0% +go biological systems exist all right + + + align:start position:0% +go biological systems exist all right +they come from nature but they change + + align:start position:0% +they come from nature but they change + + + align:start position:0% +they come from nature but they change +and they change via this process of + + align:start position:0% +and they change via this process of + + + align:start position:0% +and they change via this process of +reproduction with error and selection + + align:start position:0% +reproduction with error and selection + + + align:start position:0% +reproduction with error and selection +with via + + align:start position:0% +with via + + + align:start position:0% +with via +Evolution and here's the third + + align:start position:0% +Evolution and here's the third + + + align:start position:0% +Evolution and here's the third +relationship you can have with the + + align:start position:0% +relationship you can have with the + + + align:start position:0% +relationship you can have with the +Living World this is a technical + + align:start position:0% +Living World this is a technical + + + align:start position:0% +Living World this is a technical +transition biological systems exist in + + align:start position:0% +transition biological systems exist in + + + align:start position:0% +transition biological systems exist in +the natural living world sure they + + align:start position:0% +the natural living world sure they + + + align:start position:0% +the natural living world sure they +change via Evolution but although oh by + + align:start position:0% +change via Evolution but although oh by + + + align:start position:0% +change via Evolution but although oh by +the way we can make new + + align:start position:0% +the way we can make new + + + align:start position:0% +the way we can make new +ones and I'll show you how to do that uh + + align:start position:0% +ones and I'll show you how to do that uh + + + align:start position:0% +ones and I'll show you how to do that uh +and we can make them via a design + + align:start position:0% +and we can make them via a design + + + align:start position:0% +and we can make them via a design +process that may approach + + align:start position:0% +process that may approach + + + align:start position:0% +process that may approach +rational I won't go into this one right + + align:start position:0% +rational I won't go into this one right + + + align:start position:0% +rational I won't go into this one right +now and this is a transition which is + + align:start position:0% +now and this is a transition which is + + + align:start position:0% +now and this is a transition which is +driven by technology it's not a + + align:start position:0% +driven by technology it's not a + + + align:start position:0% +driven by technology it's not a +scientific transition it's just can we + + align:start position:0% +scientific transition it's just can we + + + align:start position:0% +scientific transition it's just can we +do it or not uh and it's one that's + + align:start position:0% +do it or not uh and it's one that's + + + align:start position:0% +do it or not uh and it's one that's +started up about 30 years ago when it + + align:start position:0% +started up about 30 years ago when it + + + align:start position:0% +started up about 30 years ago when it +became possible to directly edit DNA and + + align:start position:0% +became possible to directly edit DNA and + + + align:start position:0% +became possible to directly edit DNA and +it's you know as you can imagine right + + align:start position:0% +it's you know as you can imagine right + + + align:start position:0% +it's you know as you can imagine right +the first day of class at MIT with + + align:start position:0% +the first day of class at MIT with + + + align:start position:0% +the first day of class at MIT with +course 20 as a course number starting to + + align:start position:0% +course 20 as a course number starting to + + + align:start position:0% +course 20 as a course number starting to +happen uh ever more + + align:start position:0% +happen uh ever more + + + align:start position:0% +happen uh ever more +quickly here's a quick example + + align:start position:0% +quickly here's a quick example + + + align:start position:0% +quickly here's a quick example +this is a depiction of the Genome of a + + align:start position:0% +this is a depiction of the Genome of a + + + align:start position:0% +this is a depiction of the Genome of a +virus that I've studied for the last 12 + + align:start position:0% +virus that I've studied for the last 12 + + + align:start position:0% +virus that I've studied for the last 12 +years ago or so uh it's a virus that + + align:start position:0% +years ago or so uh it's a virus that + + + align:start position:0% +years ago or so uh it's a virus that +infects bacterium and just destroys them + + align:start position:0% +infects bacterium and just destroys them + + + align:start position:0% +infects bacterium and just destroys them +um and there's a bunch of genes and + + align:start position:0% +um and there's a bunch of genes and + + + align:start position:0% +um and there's a bunch of genes and +Regulatory elements and let's not go + + align:start position:0% +Regulatory elements and let's not go + + + align:start position:0% +Regulatory elements and let's not go +into all the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +details one of the things we do is we + + align:start position:0% +details one of the things we do is we + + + align:start position:0% +details one of the things we do is we +make + + align:start position:0% +make + + + align:start position:0% +make +um computational models of the infection + + align:start position:0% +um computational models of the infection + + + align:start position:0% +um computational models of the infection +process so what you're looking at here + + align:start position:0% +process so what you're looking at here + + + align:start position:0% +process so what you're looking at here +is gene expression as the virus is + + align:start position:0% +is gene expression as the virus is + + + align:start position:0% +is gene expression as the virus is +infecting a bacterium RNA polymerase + + align:start position:0% +infecting a bacterium RNA polymerase + + + align:start position:0% +infecting a bacterium RNA polymerase +molecules reading out the DNA proteins + + align:start position:0% +molecules reading out the DNA proteins + + + align:start position:0% +molecules reading out the DNA proteins +and stuff getting made this is the best + + align:start position:0% +and stuff getting made this is the best + + + align:start position:0% +and stuff getting made this is the best +computer simulation we've got for gene + + align:start position:0% +computer simulation we've got for gene + + + align:start position:0% +computer simulation we've got for gene +expression inside bacteria we can track + + align:start position:0% +expression inside bacteria we can track + + + align:start position:0% +expression inside bacteria we can track +individual molecules of RNA polymerase + + align:start position:0% +individual molecules of RNA polymerase + + + align:start position:0% +individual molecules of RNA polymerase +with single base pair resolution on the + + align:start position:0% +with single base pair resolution on the + + + align:start position:0% +with single base pair resolution on the +DNA blah blah blah blah blah right run + + align:start position:0% +DNA blah blah blah blah blah right run + + + align:start position:0% +DNA blah blah blah blah blah right run +it on the computer get all this numbers + + align:start position:0% +it on the computer get all this numbers + + + align:start position:0% +it on the computer get all this numbers +and stuff like it's a simulation right + + align:start position:0% +and stuff like it's a simulation right + + + align:start position:0% +and stuff like it's a simulation right +you can run it backwards and and and we + + align:start position:0% +you can run it backwards and and and we + + + align:start position:0% +you can run it backwards and and and we +can use this to study the infection + + align:start position:0% +can use this to study the infection + + + align:start position:0% +can use this to study the infection +process of the + + align:start position:0% +process of the + + + align:start position:0% +process of the +virus without going into the details let + + align:start position:0% +virus without going into the details let + + + align:start position:0% +virus without going into the details let +me simply declare that this computer + + align:start position:0% +me simply declare that this computer + + + align:start position:0% +me simply declare that this computer +model is woefully insufficient to + + align:start position:0% +model is woefully insufficient to + + + align:start position:0% +model is woefully insufficient to +predict how the virus is going to behave + + align:start position:0% +predict how the virus is going to behave + + + align:start position:0% +predict how the virus is going to behave +when we change it or when it evolves so + + align:start position:0% +when we change it or when it evolves so + + + align:start position:0% +when we change it or when it evolves so +even though this is an incredibly + + align:start position:0% +even though this is an incredibly + + + align:start position:0% +even though this is an incredibly +powerful + + align:start position:0% +powerful + + + align:start position:0% +powerful +tool we've run into lots of problems as + + align:start position:0% +tool we've run into lots of problems as + + + align:start position:0% +tool we've run into lots of problems as +we try and make the mapping between the + + align:start position:0% +we try and make the mapping between the + + + align:start position:0% +we try and make the mapping between the +computer models of how the biological + + align:start position:0% +computer models of how the biological + + + align:start position:0% +computer models of how the biological +system will behave and the actual + + align:start position:0% +system will behave and the actual + + + align:start position:0% +system will behave and the actual +physical performance in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lab and if you think about it from the + + align:start position:0% +lab and if you think about it from the + + + align:start position:0% +lab and if you think about it from the +standpoint of engineering why the models + + align:start position:0% +standpoint of engineering why the models + + + align:start position:0% +standpoint of engineering why the models +aren't quite good enough in biology + + align:start position:0% +aren't quite good enough in biology + + + align:start position:0% +aren't quite good enough in biology +there's some interesting conclusions you + + align:start position:0% +there's some interesting conclusions you + + + align:start position:0% +there's some interesting conclusions you +can come to + + align:start position:0% +can come to + + + align:start position:0% +can come to +the most interesting one for me as an + + align:start position:0% +the most interesting one for me as an + + + align:start position:0% +the most interesting one for me as an +engineer is that biology itself is not + + align:start position:0% +engineer is that biology itself is not + + + align:start position:0% +engineer is that biology itself is not +optimized by nature to be easy to + + align:start position:0% +optimized by nature to be easy to + + + align:start position:0% +optimized by nature to be easy to +model because nature doesn't care about + + align:start position:0% +model because nature doesn't care about + + + align:start position:0% +model because nature doesn't care about +that let me give you some + + align:start position:0% +that let me give you some + + + align:start position:0% +that let me give you some +examples this is the list of genes that + + align:start position:0% +examples this is the list of genes that + + + align:start position:0% +examples this is the list of genes that +make up the virus they about 60 genes + + align:start position:0% +make up the virus they about 60 genes + + + align:start position:0% +make up the virus they about 60 genes +the ones that are highlighted in this + + align:start position:0% +the ones that are highlighted in this + + + align:start position:0% +the ones that are highlighted in this +color those are the ones for which we + + align:start position:0% +color those are the ones for which we + + + align:start position:0% +color those are the ones for which we +don't know anything about those + + align:start position:0% +don't know anything about those + + + align:start position:0% +don't know anything about those +genes about 40% of the + + align:start position:0% +genes about 40% of the + + + align:start position:0% +genes about 40% of the +genes so that's sort of like oh and oh + + align:start position:0% +genes so that's sort of like oh and oh + + + align:start position:0% +genes so that's sort of like oh and oh +by the way it's not just me because I'm + + align:start position:0% +by the way it's not just me because I'm + + + align:start position:0% +by the way it's not just me because I'm +stupid it's it's it's it's which is true + + align:start position:0% +stupid it's it's it's it's which is true + + + align:start position:0% +stupid it's it's it's it's which is true +but but it's it's it's it's nobody on + + align:start position:0% +but but it's it's it's it's nobody on + + + align:start position:0% +but but it's it's it's it's nobody on +the planet knows what these genes + + align:start position:0% +the planet knows what these genes + + + align:start position:0% +the planet knows what these genes +do right so it's sort of like you open + + align:start position:0% +do right so it's sort of like you open + + + align:start position:0% +do right so it's sort of like you open +up the hood of your car you go what's + + align:start position:0% +up the hood of your car you go what's + + + align:start position:0% +up the hood of your car you go what's +that don't know with your car you can go + + align:start position:0% +that don't know with your car you can go + + + align:start position:0% +that don't know with your car you can go +talk to the mechanic or the person who + + align:start position:0% +talk to the mechanic or the person who + + + align:start position:0% +talk to the mechanic or the person who +made the car right and somebody on the + + align:start position:0% +made the car right and somebody on the + + + align:start position:0% +made the car right and somebody on the +planet knows in this case I open up the + + align:start position:0% +planet knows in this case I open up the + + + align:start position:0% +planet knows in this case I open up the +hood on the Genome of this virus and + + align:start position:0% +hood on the Genome of this virus and + + + align:start position:0% +hood on the Genome of this virus and +about 40% of the things nobody knows + + align:start position:0% +about 40% of the things nobody knows + + + align:start position:0% +about 40% of the things nobody knows +they do so how am I going to model or + + align:start position:0% +they do so how am I going to model or + + + align:start position:0% +they do so how am I going to model or +understand or engineer a system where + + align:start position:0% +understand or engineer a system where + + + align:start position:0% +understand or engineer a system where +40% of the components are completely + + align:start position:0% +40% of the components are completely + + + align:start position:0% +40% of the components are completely +mysterious to me maybe I can do it but + + align:start position:0% +mysterious to me maybe I can do it but + + + align:start position:0% +mysterious to me maybe I can do it but +it's going to be a + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be a +trick that's a problem I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +trick that's a problem I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +trick that's a problem I'm going to +declare from a standpoint of engineering + + align:start position:0% +declare from a standpoint of engineering + + + align:start position:0% +declare from a standpoint of engineering +I'm going to declare that to be + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to declare that to be + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to declare that to be +unsatisfying about biology where all + + align:start position:0% +unsatisfying about biology where all + + + align:start position:0% +unsatisfying about biology where all +these things come from don't know here's + + align:start position:0% +these things come from don't know here's + + + align:start position:0% +these things come from don't know here's +a second uh problem let's look at the + + align:start position:0% +a second uh problem let's look at the + + + align:start position:0% +a second uh problem let's look at the +DNA sequence just for a sec you know if + + align:start position:0% +DNA sequence just for a sec you know if + + + align:start position:0% +DNA sequence just for a sec you know if +you're programming a computer sometimes + + align:start position:0% +you're programming a computer sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +you're programming a computer sometimes +you might want to think about zeros and + + align:start position:0% +you might want to think about zeros and + + + align:start position:0% +you might want to think about zeros and +ones right so here we're looking at the + + align:start position:0% +ones right so here we're looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +ones right so here we're looking at the +A's G's C's and + + align:start position:0% +A's G's C's and + + + align:start position:0% +A's G's C's and +T's so here's a stretch of virus DNA and + + align:start position:0% +T's so here's a stretch of virus DNA and + + + align:start position:0% +T's so here's a stretch of virus DNA and +there's a region right here that comes + + align:start position:0% +there's a region right here that comes + + + align:start position:0% +there's a region right here that comes +in from the left and stops and that + + align:start position:0% +in from the left and stops and that + + + align:start position:0% +in from the left and stops and that +encodes this protein + + align:start position:0% +encodes this protein + + + align:start position:0% +encodes this protein +2.8 right don't worry about these + + align:start position:0% +2.8 right don't worry about these + + + align:start position:0% +2.8 right don't worry about these +details just just just rock the big + + align:start position:0% +details just just just rock the big + + + align:start position:0% +details just just just rock the big +picture right here's another Gene three + + align:start position:0% +picture right here's another Gene three + + + align:start position:0% +picture right here's another Gene three +it starts at this green sequence atg and + + align:start position:0% +it starts at this green sequence atg and + + + align:start position:0% +it starts at this green sequence atg and +goes off to the right so what's curious + + align:start position:0% +goes off to the right so what's curious + + + align:start position:0% +goes off to the right so what's curious +about the the real estate on this + + align:start position:0% +about the the real estate on this + + + align:start position:0% +about the the real estate on this +virus's genome is that the two coding + + align:start position:0% +virus's genome is that the two coding + + + align:start position:0% +virus's genome is that the two coding +regions the two genes overlap + + align:start position:0% +regions the two genes overlap + + + align:start position:0% +regions the two genes overlap +right they share real estate it's not + + align:start position:0% +right they share real estate it's not + + + align:start position:0% +right they share real estate it's not +like a time share condo I mean they + + align:start position:0% +like a time share condo I mean they + + + align:start position:0% +like a time share condo I mean they +physically share they occupy the same + + align:start position:0% +physically share they occupy the same + + + align:start position:0% +physically share they occupy the same +space on the + + align:start position:0% +space on the + + + align:start position:0% +space on the +DNA I have no idea what's going on + + align:start position:0% +DNA I have no idea what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +DNA I have no idea what's going on +here is this some important functional + + align:start position:0% +here is this some important functional + + + align:start position:0% +here is this some important functional +coupling that controls the reading out + + align:start position:0% +coupling that controls the reading out + + + align:start position:0% +coupling that controls the reading out +of the genetic information maybe um it's + + align:start position:0% +of the genetic information maybe um it's + + + align:start position:0% +of the genetic information maybe um it's +a big problem it's just as bad as having + + align:start position:0% +a big problem it's just as bad as having + + + align:start position:0% +a big problem it's just as bad as having +an unknown part this coupling the other + + align:start position:0% +an unknown part this coupling the other + + + align:start position:0% +an unknown part this coupling the other +problem is if I want to change this + + align:start position:0% +problem is if I want to change this + + + align:start position:0% +problem is if I want to change this +right to test a + + align:start position:0% +right to test a + + + align:start position:0% +right to test a +prediction I can't can't change Gene 3 + + align:start position:0% +prediction I can't can't change Gene 3 + + + align:start position:0% +prediction I can't can't change Gene 3 +in this region without also changing + + align:start position:0% +in this region without also changing + + + align:start position:0% +in this region without also changing +Gene + + align:start position:0% +Gene + + + align:start position:0% +Gene +2.8 I can't independently manipulate one + + align:start position:0% +2.8 I can't independently manipulate one + + + align:start position:0% +2.8 I can't independently manipulate one +thing right so it would be like you know + + align:start position:0% +thing right so it would be like you know + + + align:start position:0% +thing right so it would be like you know +I make a phone call here and my computer + + align:start position:0% +I make a phone call here and my computer + + + align:start position:0% +I make a phone call here and my computer +crashes right or you increase the volume + + align:start position:0% +crashes right or you increase the volume + + + align:start position:0% +crashes right or you increase the volume +of your radio in your car and the + + align:start position:0% +of your radio in your car and the + + + align:start position:0% +of your radio in your car and the +steering wheel starts to move right + + align:start position:0% +steering wheel starts to move right + + + align:start position:0% +steering wheel starts to move right +you've got coupling of of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +components here's a depiction of uh um + + align:start position:0% +components here's a depiction of uh um + + + align:start position:0% +components here's a depiction of uh um +so the question I want to pose to you is + + align:start position:0% +so the question I want to pose to you is + + + align:start position:0% +so the question I want to pose to you is +why why might the systems look like that + + align:start position:0% +why why might the systems look like that + + + align:start position:0% +why why might the systems look like that +um so here's a depiction of an + + align:start position:0% +um so here's a depiction of an + + + align:start position:0% +um so here's a depiction of an +electrical circuit is anybody taking uh + + align:start position:0% +electrical circuit is anybody taking uh + + + align:start position:0% +electrical circuit is anybody taking uh +61 or 62 or stuff like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that it meets right now so you can't + + align:start position:0% +that it meets right now so you can't + + + align:start position:0% +that it meets right now so you can't +take okay so this is this is your + + align:start position:0% +take okay so this is this is your + + + align:start position:0% +take okay so this is this is your +surrogate for 62 right so this is a this + + align:start position:0% +surrogate for 62 right so this is a this + + + align:start position:0% +surrogate for 62 right so this is a this +is a schema of an electrical circuit and + + align:start position:0% +is a schema of an electrical circuit and + + + align:start position:0% +is a schema of an electrical circuit and +I can assure you that nobody in 62 can + + align:start position:0% +I can assure you that nobody in 62 can + + + align:start position:0% +I can assure you that nobody in 62 can +explain to you how this circuit works + + align:start position:0% +explain to you how this circuit works + + + align:start position:0% +explain to you how this circuit works +works you want to know why why do you + + align:start position:0% +works you want to know why why do you + + + align:start position:0% +works you want to know why why do you +think that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is turns out that this circuit wasn't + + align:start position:0% +is turns out that this circuit wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +is turns out that this circuit wasn't +designed by a human being it was + + align:start position:0% +designed by a human being it was + + + align:start position:0% +designed by a human being it was +designed by an evolutionary computer + + align:start position:0% +designed by an evolutionary computer + + + align:start position:0% +designed by an evolutionary computer +program right so you can simulate + + align:start position:0% +program right so you can simulate + + + align:start position:0% +program right so you can simulate +Evolution on a computer and you can + + align:start position:0% +Evolution on a computer and you can + + + align:start position:0% +Evolution on a computer and you can +simulate electrical circuits well enough + + align:start position:0% +simulate electrical circuits well enough + + + align:start position:0% +simulate electrical circuits well enough +that you can actually evolve electrical + + align:start position:0% +that you can actually evolve electrical + + + align:start position:0% +that you can actually evolve electrical +circuits to do stuff right so this is a + + align:start position:0% +circuits to do stuff right so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +circuits to do stuff right so this is a +a circuit that came out of an + + align:start position:0% +a circuit that came out of an + + + align:start position:0% +a circuit that came out of an +evolutionary program and the design of + + align:start position:0% +evolutionary program and the design of + + + align:start position:0% +evolutionary program and the design of +this circuit is supposed to produce + + align:start position:0% +this circuit is supposed to produce + + + align:start position:0% +this circuit is supposed to produce +something that takes the square root of + + align:start position:0% +something that takes the square root of + + + align:start position:0% +something that takes the square root of +an + + align:start position:0% +an + + + align:start position:0% +an +voltage that's + + align:start position:0% +voltage that's + + + align:start position:0% +voltage that's +it and when I go talk to Jerry susman in + + align:start position:0% +it and when I go talk to Jerry susman in + + + align:start position:0% +it and when I go talk to Jerry susman in +course 6 who's a great friend I say + + align:start position:0% +course 6 who's a great friend I say + + + align:start position:0% +course 6 who's a great friend I say +Jerry how does this work he goes he + + align:start position:0% +Jerry how does this work he goes he + + + align:start position:0% +Jerry how does this work he goes he +doesn't say I don't know he goes I + + align:start position:0% +doesn't say I don't know he goes I + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't say I don't know he goes I +refuse to work on the + + align:start position:0% +refuse to work on the + + + align:start position:0% +refuse to work on the +problem it's not what right I refuse to + + align:start position:0% +problem it's not what right I refuse to + + + align:start position:0% +problem it's not what right I refuse to +work on the problem of figuring out how + + align:start position:0% +work on the problem of figuring out how + + + align:start position:0% +work on the problem of figuring out how +this works because it wasn't designed + + align:start position:0% +this works because it wasn't designed + + + align:start position:0% +this works because it wasn't designed +for it to be easy for me to figure out + + align:start position:0% +for it to be easy for me to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +for it to be easy for me to figure out +how it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +works what if biological systems are + + align:start position:0% +works what if biological systems are + + + align:start position:0% +works what if biological systems are +like that does that mean he won't try + + align:start position:0% +like that does that mean he won't try + + + align:start position:0% +like that does that mean he won't try +and figure out how biological systems + + align:start position:0% +and figure out how biological systems + + + align:start position:0% +and figure out how biological systems +work well maybe he can't do the same + + align:start position:0% +work well maybe he can't do the same + + + align:start position:0% +work well maybe he can't do the same +thing unless he has the option of + + align:start position:0% +thing unless he has the option of + + + align:start position:0% +thing unless he has the option of +building biological systems + + align:start position:0% +building biological systems + + + align:start position:0% +building biological systems +right so I'll switch over that so for + + align:start position:0% +right so I'll switch over that so for + + + align:start position:0% +right so I'll switch over that so for +example instead of accepting this piece + + align:start position:0% +example instead of accepting this piece + + + align:start position:0% +example instead of accepting this piece +of DNA from nature maybe I can replace + + align:start position:0% +of DNA from nature maybe I can replace + + + align:start position:0% +of DNA from nature maybe I can replace +it with this piece of DNA which is an + + align:start position:0% +it with this piece of DNA which is an + + + align:start position:0% +it with this piece of DNA which is an +engineered surrogate a replacement where + + align:start position:0% +engineered surrogate a replacement where + + + align:start position:0% +engineered surrogate a replacement where +I take the gene for three and I put it + + align:start position:0% +I take the gene for three and I put it + + + align:start position:0% +I take the gene for three and I put it +over here I take this control element + + align:start position:0% +over here I take this control element + + + align:start position:0% +over here I take this control element +for three which I didn't talk about and + + align:start position:0% +for three which I didn't talk about and + + + align:start position:0% +for three which I didn't talk about and +I put it over here and I add in some + + align:start position:0% +I put it over here and I add in some + + + align:start position:0% +I put it over here and I add in some +insulation to separate the parts out I + + align:start position:0% +insulation to separate the parts out I + + + align:start position:0% +insulation to separate the parts out I +just give it a + + align:start position:0% +just give it a + + + align:start position:0% +just give it a +try who knows if it'll work or + + align:start position:0% +try who knows if it'll work or + + + align:start position:0% +try who knows if it'll work or +not so I could take an entire section of + + align:start position:0% +not so I could take an entire section of + + + align:start position:0% +not so I could take an entire section of +the genome with Bunches of overlapping + + align:start position:0% +the genome with Bunches of overlapping + + + align:start position:0% +the genome with Bunches of overlapping +elements right and I could run it + + align:start position:0% +elements right and I could run it + + + align:start position:0% +elements right and I could run it +through a decompression an unstuffing an + + align:start position:0% +through a decompression an unstuffing an + + + align:start position:0% +through a decompression an unstuffing an +editing + + align:start position:0% +editing + + + align:start position:0% +editing +algorithm and I could redesign the + + align:start position:0% +algorithm and I could redesign the + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm and I could redesign the +entire Genome of a virus + + align:start position:0% +entire Genome of a virus + + + align:start position:0% +entire Genome of a virus +and then I could build + + align:start position:0% +and then I could build + + + align:start position:0% +and then I could build +it construct the pieces of DNA and I + + align:start position:0% +it construct the pieces of DNA and I + + + align:start position:0% +it construct the pieces of DNA and I +could put it back into cells and see if + + align:start position:0% +could put it back into cells and see if + + + align:start position:0% +could put it back into cells and see if +it grows or not right so we've done that + + align:start position:0% +it grows or not right so we've done that + + + align:start position:0% +it grows or not right so we've done that +in the lab over the last couple years + + align:start position:0% +in the lab over the last couple years + + + align:start position:0% +in the lab over the last couple years +for the virus we study these are uh + + align:start position:0% +for the virus we study these are uh + + + align:start position:0% +for the virus we study these are uh +holes in a lawn of bacteria this is a 10 + + align:start position:0% +holes in a lawn of bacteria this is a 10 + + + align:start position:0% +holes in a lawn of bacteria this is a 10 +cm petri dish with a lawn an opaque lawn + + align:start position:0% +cm petri dish with a lawn an opaque lawn + + + align:start position:0% +cm petri dish with a lawn an opaque lawn +of bacteria and then you place the virus + + align:start position:0% +of bacteria and then you place the virus + + + align:start position:0% +of bacteria and then you place the virus +in the middle of these circles and then + + align:start position:0% +in the middle of these circles and then + + + align:start position:0% +in the middle of these circles and then +over time the virus grows and destroys + + align:start position:0% +over time the virus grows and destroys + + + align:start position:0% +over time the virus grows and destroys +the bacteria and leaves what's called a + + align:start position:0% +the bacteria and leaves what's called a + + + align:start position:0% +the bacteria and leaves what's called a +plaque an empty hole in the lawn of + + align:start position:0% +plaque an empty hole in the lawn of + + + align:start position:0% +plaque an empty hole in the lawn of +bacteria and this is what the virus + + align:start position:0% +bacteria and this is what the virus + + + align:start position:0% +bacteria and this is what the virus +isolated from nature 60 years ago does + + align:start position:0% +isolated from nature 60 years ago does + + + align:start position:0% +isolated from nature 60 years ago does +to the bacteria it makes nice big + + align:start position:0% +to the bacteria it makes nice big + + + align:start position:0% +to the bacteria it makes nice big +circular plaques and then this is what + + align:start position:0% +circular plaques and then this is what + + + align:start position:0% +circular plaques and then this is what +the engineered virus does makes nice + + align:start position:0% +the engineered virus does makes nice + + + align:start position:0% +the engineered virus does makes nice +small plaques doesn't grow as well + + align:start position:0% +small plaques doesn't grow as well + + + align:start position:0% +small plaques doesn't grow as well +doesn't grow as + + align:start position:0% +doesn't grow as + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't grow as +quickly but it + + align:start position:0% +quickly but it + + + align:start position:0% +quickly but it +grows so we can take the Genome of a + + align:start position:0% +grows so we can take the Genome of a + + + align:start position:0% +grows so we can take the Genome of a +natural biological system and redesign + + align:start position:0% +natural biological system and redesign + + + align:start position:0% +natural biological system and redesign +it so that it's easier for us to think + + align:start position:0% +it so that it's easier for us to think + + + align:start position:0% +it so that it's easier for us to think +about we can separate out uh overlapping + + align:start position:0% +about we can separate out uh overlapping + + + align:start position:0% +about we can separate out uh overlapping +parts and so on and so so + + align:start position:0% +parts and so on and so so + + + align:start position:0% +parts and so on and so so +forth so which of these organisms do you + + align:start position:0% +forth so which of these organisms do you + + + align:start position:0% +forth so which of these organisms do you +think is more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fit what do you think the one on the + + align:start position:0% +fit what do you think the one on the + + + align:start position:0% +fit what do you think the one on the +left from nature or the one on the right + + align:start position:0% +left from nature or the one on the right + + + align:start position:0% +left from nature or the one on the right +that we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +engineered which one's going to + + align:start position:0% +engineered which one's going to + + + align:start position:0% +engineered which one's going to +survive which one survival the fittest + + align:start position:0% +survive which one survival the fittest + + + align:start position:0% +survive which one survival the fittest +right like Survivor what's that game + + align:start position:0% +right like Survivor what's that game + + + align:start position:0% +right like Survivor what's that game +what's that what's that reality show + + align:start position:0% +what's that what's that reality show + + + align:start position:0% +what's that what's that reality show +Survivor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah the one on the left does everybody + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +agree + + align:start position:0% +agree + + + align:start position:0% +agree +yeah if you need if you're trying to + + align:start position:0% +yeah if you need if you're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +yeah if you need if you're trying to +keep a lot of viruses alive this they're + + align:start position:0% +keep a lot of viruses alive this they're + + + align:start position:0% +keep a lot of viruses alive this they're +going to eat off bacteria on the + + align:start position:0% +going to eat off bacteria on the + + + align:start position:0% +going to eat off bacteria on the +left the right so what do you mean by f + + align:start position:0% +left the right so what do you mean by f + + + align:start position:0% +left the right so what do you mean by f +that's a good question so to answer the + + align:start position:0% +that's a good question so to answer the + + + align:start position:0% +that's a good question so to answer the +question of what you mean by you know + + align:start position:0% +question of what you mean by you know + + + align:start position:0% +question of what you mean by you know +which one's more fit you have to Define + + align:start position:0% +which one's more fit you have to Define + + + align:start position:0% +which one's more fit you have to Define +what the environment is that they're + + align:start position:0% +what the environment is that they're + + + align:start position:0% +what the environment is that they're +growing in right so if we're always + + align:start position:0% +growing in right so if we're always + + + align:start position:0% +growing in right so if we're always +going to add bacteria then maybe it's + + align:start position:0% +going to add bacteria then maybe it's + + + align:start position:0% +going to add bacteria then maybe it's +the one on the lap right if we're always + + align:start position:0% +the one on the lap right if we're always + + + align:start position:0% +the one on the lap right if we're always +going to make more of this virus + + align:start position:0% +going to make more of this virus + + + align:start position:0% +going to make more of this virus +whenever we want it because we can then + + align:start position:0% +whenever we want it because we can then + + + align:start position:0% +whenever we want it because we can then +maybe this one's more fit right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +depends here's another paper that came + + align:start position:0% +depends here's another paper that came + + + align:start position:0% +depends here's another paper that came +out recently um this came out from + + align:start position:0% +out recently um this came out from + + + align:start position:0% +out recently um this came out from +Mitsubishi uh in Japan uh this group it + + align:start position:0% +Mitsubishi uh in Japan uh this group it + + + align:start position:0% +Mitsubishi uh in Japan uh this group it +came out a couple months ago what they + + align:start position:0% +came out a couple months ago what they + + + align:start position:0% +came out a couple months ago what they +did was they took the Genome of one + + align:start position:0% +did was they took the Genome of one + + + align:start position:0% +did was they took the Genome of one +bacterium cynica cyas about 32 million + + align:start position:0% +bacterium cynica cyas about 32 million + + + align:start position:0% +bacterium cynica cyas about 32 million +base pairs long and they moved it into + + align:start position:0% +base pairs long and they moved it into + + + align:start position:0% +base pairs long and they moved it into +the Genome of another bacteria the silus + + align:start position:0% +the Genome of another bacteria the silus + + + align:start position:0% +the Genome of another bacteria the silus +combining two genomes into one + + align:start position:0% +combining two genomes into one + + + align:start position:0% +combining two genomes into one +cell got it so now I've got a new cell + + align:start position:0% +cell got it so now I've got a new cell + + + align:start position:0% +cell got it so now I've got a new cell +it's got two genomes inside it one from + + align:start position:0% +it's got two genomes inside it one from + + + align:start position:0% +it's got two genomes inside it one from +cistus a marine bacterium and the other + + align:start position:0% +cistus a marine bacterium and the other + + + align:start position:0% +cistus a marine bacterium and the other +from Bas right so in the previous slides + + align:start position:0% +from Bas right so in the previous slides + + + align:start position:0% +from Bas right so in the previous slides +I showed you that we can do fine grained + + align:start position:0% +I showed you that we can do fine grained + + + align:start position:0% +I showed you that we can do fine grained +editing of genetic elements to redesign + + align:start position:0% +editing of genetic elements to redesign + + + align:start position:0% +editing of genetic elements to redesign +a genome and here there's a group in + + align:start position:0% +a genome and here there's a group in + + + align:start position:0% +a genome and here there's a group in +Japan that's moving millions of base + + align:start position:0% +Japan that's moving millions of base + + + align:start position:0% +Japan that's moving millions of base +pairs of DNA around combining two + + align:start position:0% +pairs of DNA around combining two + + + align:start position:0% +pairs of DNA around combining two +genomes into one + + align:start position:0% +genomes into one + + + align:start position:0% +genomes into one +cell making something that's 7.7 million + + align:start position:0% +cell making something that's 7.7 million + + + align:start position:0% +cell making something that's 7.7 million +base pairs + + align:start position:0% +base pairs + + + align:start position:0% +base pairs +long remember this picture this is a + + align:start position:0% +long remember this picture this is a + + + align:start position:0% +long remember this picture this is a +depiction of the male specific region of + + align:start position:0% +depiction of the male specific region of + + + align:start position:0% +depiction of the male specific region of +the human Y chromosome that's 5 million + + align:start position:0% +the human Y chromosome that's 5 million + + + align:start position:0% +the human Y chromosome that's 5 million +base pairs + + align:start position:0% +base pairs + + + align:start position:0% +base pairs +long it's physically possible to + + align:start position:0% +long it's physically possible to + + + align:start position:0% +long it's physically possible to +construct a fragment of DNA this big + + align:start position:0% +construct a fragment of DNA this big + + + align:start position:0% +construct a fragment of DNA this big +today what if you wanted to engineer it + + align:start position:0% +today what if you wanted to engineer it + + + align:start position:0% +today what if you wanted to engineer it +what would you do should you do + + align:start position:0% +what would you do should you do + + + align:start position:0% +what would you do should you do +it soon as you start to think about + + align:start position:0% +it soon as you start to think about + + + align:start position:0% +it soon as you start to think about +engineering biology not only do you run + + align:start position:0% +engineering biology not only do you run + + + align:start position:0% +engineering biology not only do you run +into a lot of interesting technical + + align:start position:0% +into a lot of interesting technical + + + align:start position:0% +into a lot of interesting technical +questions you should start to imagine + + align:start position:0% +questions you should start to imagine + + + align:start position:0% +questions you should start to imagine +that there's some very obvious and + + align:start position:0% +that there's some very obvious and + + + align:start position:0% +that there's some very obvious and +direct social questions right it's + + align:start position:0% +direct social questions right it's + + + align:start position:0% +direct social questions right it's +technically possible to um pull off + + align:start position:0% +technically possible to um pull off + + + align:start position:0% +technically possible to um pull off +engineering of things like this + + align:start position:0% +engineering of things like this + + + align:start position:0% +engineering of things like this +today the reason that this is becoming + + align:start position:0% +today the reason that this is becoming + + + align:start position:0% +today the reason that this is becoming +ever more possible isn't just because + + align:start position:0% +ever more possible isn't just because + + + align:start position:0% +ever more possible isn't just because +we're learning science uh ever more + + align:start position:0% +we're learning science uh ever more + + + align:start position:0% +we're learning science uh ever more +science about biology because we we're + + align:start position:0% +science about biology because we we're + + + align:start position:0% +science about biology because we we're +developing Technologies uh that help us + + align:start position:0% +developing Technologies uh that help us + + + align:start position:0% +developing Technologies uh that help us +to engineer biological systems and so + + align:start position:0% +to engineer biological systems and so + + + align:start position:0% +to engineer biological systems and so +here's one I want to highlight quickly + + align:start position:0% +here's one I want to highlight quickly + + + align:start position:0% +here's one I want to highlight quickly +uh before wrapping up so there's this + + align:start position:0% +uh before wrapping up so there's this + + + align:start position:0% +uh before wrapping up so there's this +technology everybody everybody knows + + align:start position:0% +technology everybody everybody knows + + + align:start position:0% +technology everybody everybody knows +what DNA is Right DNA is genetic + + align:start position:0% +what DNA is Right DNA is genetic + + + align:start position:0% +what DNA is Right DNA is genetic +material does anybody know what DNA + + align:start position:0% +material does anybody know what DNA + + + align:start position:0% +material does anybody know what DNA +sequencing + + align:start position:0% +sequencing + + + align:start position:0% +sequencing +is what's DNA + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sequencing fig out the exct + + align:start position:0% +sequencing fig out the exct + + + align:start position:0% +sequencing fig out the exct +sequence okay so so reading it out so if + + align:start position:0% +sequence okay so so reading it out so if + + + align:start position:0% +sequence okay so so reading it out so if +you have a physical copy of the genetic + + align:start position:0% +you have a physical copy of the genetic + + + align:start position:0% +you have a physical copy of the genetic +material you use DNA sequencing to read + + align:start position:0% +material you use DNA sequencing to read + + + align:start position:0% +material you use DNA sequencing to read +out the + + align:start position:0% +out the + + + align:start position:0% +out the +information there's another technology + + align:start position:0% +information there's another technology + + + align:start position:0% +information there's another technology +called DNA synthesis what do you think + + align:start position:0% +called DNA synthesis what do you think + + + align:start position:0% +called DNA synthesis what do you think +DNA synthesis + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +yeah so if you start with the + + align:start position:0% +yeah so if you start with the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so if you start with the +information use DNA synthesis to make + + align:start position:0% +information use DNA synthesis to make + + + align:start position:0% +information use DNA synthesis to make +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +material got it so sequencing is reading + + align:start position:0% +material got it so sequencing is reading + + + align:start position:0% +material got it so sequencing is reading +out of DNA from physical material to + + align:start position:0% +out of DNA from physical material to + + + align:start position:0% +out of DNA from physical material to +information synthesis is the writing of + + align:start position:0% +information synthesis is the writing of + + + align:start position:0% +information synthesis is the writing of +DNA from information and raw materials + + align:start position:0% +DNA from information and raw materials + + + align:start position:0% +DNA from information and raw materials +to physical + + align:start position:0% +to physical + + + align:start position:0% +to physical +physical DNA molecules so these bottles + + align:start position:0% +physical DNA molecules so these bottles + + + align:start position:0% +physical DNA molecules so these bottles +here are bottles of reagents that you + + align:start position:0% +here are bottles of reagents that you + + + align:start position:0% +here are bottles of reagents that you +plug into a DNA synthesizer this is a + + align:start position:0% +plug into a DNA synthesizer this is a + + + align:start position:0% +plug into a DNA synthesizer this is a +bottle of a there's 10 gram of a this is + + align:start position:0% +bottle of a there's 10 gram of a this is + + + align:start position:0% +bottle of a there's 10 gram of a this is +a bottle of g c and + + align:start position:0% +a bottle of g c and + + + align:start position:0% +a bottle of g c and +T here the + + align:start position:0% +T here the + + + align:start position:0% +T here the +bottom don't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +drop so the stuff in this bottle comes + + align:start position:0% +drop so the stuff in this bottle comes + + + align:start position:0% +drop so the stuff in this bottle comes +from uh sugar cane and + + align:start position:0% +from uh sugar cane and + + + align:start position:0% +from uh sugar cane and +is processed to make it um suitable for + + align:start position:0% +is processed to make it um suitable for + + + align:start position:0% +is processed to make it um suitable for +plugging into the DNA + + align:start position:0% +plugging into the DNA + + + align:start position:0% +plugging into the DNA +synthesizer so you take this machine you + + align:start position:0% +synthesizer so you take this machine you + + + align:start position:0% +synthesizer so you take this machine you +plug these bottles in and you start to + + align:start position:0% +plug these bottles in and you start to + + + align:start position:0% +plug these bottles in and you start to +feed in a sequence of information and + + align:start position:0% +feed in a sequence of information and + + + align:start position:0% +feed in a sequence of information and +out comes a molecule of + + align:start position:0% +out comes a molecule of + + + align:start position:0% +out comes a molecule of +DNA it's a pretty cool technology right + + align:start position:0% +DNA it's a pretty cool technology right + + + align:start position:0% +DNA it's a pretty cool technology right +if you watch Star Trek it's like having + + align:start position:0% +if you watch Star Trek it's like having + + + align:start position:0% +if you watch Star Trek it's like having +a matter compiler for genetic material + + align:start position:0% +a matter compiler for genetic material + + + align:start position:0% +a matter compiler for genetic material +Right outc comes DNA right they're not + + align:start position:0% +Right outc comes DNA right they're not + + + align:start position:0% +Right outc comes DNA right they're not +as sophisticated as the things you see + + align:start position:0% +as sophisticated as the things you see + + + align:start position:0% +as sophisticated as the things you see +on the TV shows but they're getting + + align:start position:0% +on the TV shows but they're getting + + + align:start position:0% +on the TV shows but they're getting +better + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah correct so the DNA synthesizer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +synthesizer it's a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +box you feed in the raw + + align:start position:0% +box you feed in the raw + + + align:start position:0% +box you feed in the raw +materials and you feed in the + + align:start position:0% +materials and you feed in the + + + align:start position:0% +materials and you feed in the +information there's no template right + + align:start position:0% +information there's no template right + + + align:start position:0% +information there's no template right +the template is the information and out + + align:start position:0% +the template is the information and out + + + align:start position:0% +the template is the information and out +comes the molecules of DNA make + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sense so it's a bunch of synthetic + + align:start position:0% +sense so it's a bunch of synthetic + + + align:start position:0% +sense so it's a bunch of synthetic +chemistry that's absolutely beautiful + + align:start position:0% +chemistry that's absolutely beautiful + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry that's absolutely beautiful +was mostly finished by 1982 uh and I + + align:start position:0% +was mostly finished by 1982 uh and I + + + align:start position:0% +was mostly finished by 1982 uh and I +don't want to go into the details of + + align:start position:0% +don't want to go into the details of + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to go into the details of +that right now but if you shoot me an + + align:start position:0% +that right now but if you shoot me an + + + align:start position:0% +that right now but if you shoot me an +email uh just my last name I'll send you + + align:start position:0% +email uh just my last name I'll send you + + + align:start position:0% +email uh just my last name I'll send you +a link to the the process of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +synthesis + + align:start position:0% +synthesis + + + align:start position:0% +synthesis +okay here's something to think about how + + align:start position:0% +okay here's something to think about how + + + align:start position:0% +okay here's something to think about how +how good are we getting at synthesis + + align:start position:0% +how good are we getting at synthesis + + + align:start position:0% +how good are we getting at synthesis +right because if it's really easy to + + align:start position:0% +right because if it's really easy to + + + align:start position:0% +right because if it's really easy to +make DNA then we're going to be + + align:start position:0% +make DNA then we're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +make DNA then we're going to be +programming DNA out the wo and if it's + + align:start position:0% +programming DNA out the wo and if it's + + + align:start position:0% +programming DNA out the wo and if it's +really hard we're + + align:start position:0% +really hard we're + + + align:start position:0% +really hard we're +not this is Mo's law features per chip + + align:start position:0% +not this is Mo's law features per chip + + + align:start position:0% +not this is Mo's law features per chip +on microprocessors right doubling every + + align:start position:0% +on microprocessors right doubling every + + + align:start position:0% +on microprocessors right doubling every +18 months this is DNA sequencing reading + + align:start position:0% +18 months this is DNA sequencing reading + + + align:start position:0% +18 months this is DNA sequencing reading +out of + + align:start position:0% +out of + + + align:start position:0% +out of +DNA wasn't doing so well until about + + align:start position:0% +DNA wasn't doing so well until about + + + align:start position:0% +DNA wasn't doing so well until about +1990 and then it really went off and + + align:start position:0% +1990 and then it really went off and + + + align:start position:0% +1990 and then it really went off and +that led to things like the Human Genome + + align:start position:0% +that led to things like the Human Genome + + + align:start position:0% +that led to things like the Human Genome +Project reading out of our own genetic + + align:start position:0% +Project reading out of our own genetic + + + align:start position:0% +Project reading out of our own genetic +material here's + + align:start position:0% +material here's + + + align:start position:0% +material here's +synthesis it's coming up about 5 to + + align:start position:0% +synthesis it's coming up about 5 to + + + align:start position:0% +synthesis it's coming up about 5 to +seven years later as fast as sequencing + + align:start position:0% +seven years later as fast as sequencing + + + align:start position:0% +seven years later as fast as sequencing +did + + align:start position:0% +did + + + align:start position:0% +did +right so it's not that good yet the + + align:start position:0% +right so it's not that good yet the + + + align:start position:0% +right so it's not that good yet the +price of synthesizing a gene something a + + align:start position:0% +price of synthesizing a gene something a + + + align:start position:0% +price of synthesizing a gene something a +th base pairs long is still about $1 a + + align:start position:0% +th base pairs long is still about $1 a + + + align:start position:0% +th base pairs long is still about $1 a +base pair right so if you wanted a 2,000 + + align:start position:0% +base pair right so if you wanted a 2,000 + + + align:start position:0% +base pair right so if you wanted a 2,000 +base pair Gene you'd be deciding between + + align:start position:0% +base pair Gene you'd be deciding between + + + align:start position:0% +base pair Gene you'd be deciding between +do I do I really want to synthesize this + + align:start position:0% +do I do I really want to synthesize this + + + align:start position:0% +do I do I really want to synthesize this +gene or do I want a new laptop right it + + align:start position:0% +gene or do I want a new laptop right it + + + align:start position:0% +gene or do I want a new laptop right it +turns out that the price of synthesizing + + align:start position:0% +turns out that the price of synthesizing + + + align:start position:0% +turns out that the price of synthesizing +genes has dropped by a factor of two + + align:start position:0% +genes has dropped by a factor of two + + + align:start position:0% +genes has dropped by a factor of two +each of the last four years right so + + align:start position:0% +each of the last four years right so + + + align:start position:0% +each of the last four years right so +when I moved to MIT the price was about + + align:start position:0% +when I moved to MIT the price was about + + + align:start position:0% +when I moved to MIT the price was about +$10 to $15 a base pair and I bet the + + align:start position:0% +$10 to $15 a base pair and I bet the + + + align:start position:0% +$10 to $15 a base pair and I bet the +price drops by a factor of + + align:start position:0% +price drops by a factor of + + + align:start position:0% +price drops by a factor of +two each year before you graduate so it + + align:start position:0% +two each year before you graduate so it + + + align:start position:0% +two each year before you graduate so it +be around 10 cents maybe by the time you + + align:start position:0% +be around 10 cents maybe by the time you + + + align:start position:0% +be around 10 cents maybe by the time you +graduate that's going to be pretty + + align:start position:0% +graduate that's going to be pretty + + + align:start position:0% +graduate that's going to be pretty +interesting to biological engineering + + align:start position:0% +interesting to biological engineering + + + align:start position:0% +interesting to biological engineering +right because it means that if you want + + align:start position:0% +right because it means that if you want + + + align:start position:0% +right because it means that if you want +a piece of DNA maybe you're just going + + align:start position:0% +a piece of DNA maybe you're just going + + + align:start position:0% +a piece of DNA maybe you're just going +to start + + align:start position:0% +to start + + + align:start position:0% +to start +synthesizing and you're going to end up + + align:start position:0% +synthesizing and you're going to end up + + + align:start position:0% +synthesizing and you're going to end up +living through that transition I + + align:start position:0% +living through that transition I + + + align:start position:0% +living through that transition I +suspect here are some if you go on to + + align:start position:0% +suspect here are some if you go on to + + + align:start position:0% +suspect here are some if you go on to +Google and just type Gene synthesis and + + align:start position:0% +Google and just type Gene synthesis and + + + align:start position:0% +Google and just type Gene synthesis and +then look where the companies are here + + align:start position:0% +then look where the companies are here + + + align:start position:0% +then look where the companies are here +here are some companies from around the + + align:start position:0% +here are some companies from around the + + + align:start position:0% +here are some companies from around the +world that do Gene synthesis + + align:start position:0% +world that do Gene synthesis + + + align:start position:0% +world that do Gene synthesis +um it's not a technology that's + + align:start position:0% +um it's not a technology that's + + + align:start position:0% +um it's not a technology that's +particularly sophisticated uh and so you + + align:start position:0% +particularly sophisticated uh and so you + + + align:start position:0% +particularly sophisticated uh and so you +could set up your own Gene synthesis + + align:start position:0% +could set up your own Gene synthesis + + + align:start position:0% +could set up your own Gene synthesis +right operation wherever you want I'll + + align:start position:0% +right operation wherever you want I'll + + + align:start position:0% +right operation wherever you want I'll +I'll try I'll try this see if this works + + align:start position:0% +I'll try I'll try this see if this works + + + align:start position:0% +I'll try I'll try this see if this works +right ebay.com + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there you go so these aren't very good + + align:start position:0% +there you go so these aren't very good + + + align:start position:0% +there you go so these aren't very good +right but for about 1,500 bucks you get + + align:start position:0% +right but for about 1,500 bucks you get + + + align:start position:0% +right but for about 1,500 bucks you get +an old DNA synthesizer start making DNA + + align:start position:0% +an old DNA synthesizer start making DNA + + + align:start position:0% +an old DNA synthesizer start making DNA +right You' be able to make small pieces + + align:start position:0% +right You' be able to make small pieces + + + align:start position:0% +right You' be able to make small pieces +take you a long time wouldn't be cost + + align:start position:0% +take you a long time wouldn't be cost + + + align:start position:0% +take you a long time wouldn't be cost +effective but it's not a super + + align:start position:0% +effective but it's not a super + + + align:start position:0% +effective but it's not a super +sophisticated + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +technology so here's the challenge that + + align:start position:0% +technology so here's the challenge that + + + align:start position:0% +technology so here's the challenge that +DNA synthesis is going to pose to + + align:start position:0% +DNA synthesis is going to pose to + + + align:start position:0% +DNA synthesis is going to pose to +biological + + align:start position:0% +biological + + + align:start position:0% +biological +engineering you can write DNA what do + + align:start position:0% +engineering you can write DNA what do + + + align:start position:0% +engineering you can write DNA what do +you want to say how you going to program + + align:start position:0% +you want to say how you going to program + + + align:start position:0% +you want to say how you going to program +a living system to do something + + align:start position:0% +a living system to do something + + + align:start position:0% +a living system to do something +useful right how would I program + + align:start position:0% +useful right how would I program + + + align:start position:0% +useful right how would I program +bacteria not to swim around randomly but + + align:start position:0% +bacteria not to swim around randomly but + + + align:start position:0% +bacteria not to swim around randomly but +to make this pattern over + + align:start position:0% +to make this pattern over + + + align:start position:0% +to make this pattern over +time how am I going to program bacteria + + align:start position:0% +time how am I going to program bacteria + + + align:start position:0% +time how am I going to program bacteria +to make a a high concentration of an + + align:start position:0% +to make a a high concentration of an + + + align:start position:0% +to make a a high concentration of an +important drug molecule drug + + align:start position:0% +important drug molecule drug + + + align:start position:0% +important drug molecule drug +precursor how am I going to program a + + align:start position:0% +precursor how am I going to program a + + + align:start position:0% +precursor how am I going to program a +plant to send something in the + + align:start position:0% +plant to send something in the + + + align:start position:0% +plant to send something in the +environment and change color or how am I + + align:start position:0% +environment and change color or how am I + + + align:start position:0% +environment and change color or how am I +going to program another living organism + + align:start position:0% +going to program another living organism + + + align:start position:0% +going to program another living organism +to assemble a calite lens to do Optical + + align:start position:0% +to assemble a calite lens to do Optical + + + align:start position:0% +to assemble a calite lens to do Optical +processing right don't know I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +processing right don't know I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +processing right don't know I'm going to +be able to write lots and lots of DNA + + align:start position:0% +be able to write lots and lots of DNA + + + align:start position:0% +be able to write lots and lots of DNA +but I have no idea how to design and + + align:start position:0% +but I have no idea how to design and + + + align:start position:0% +but I have no idea how to design and +build useful biological systems in any + + align:start position:0% +build useful biological systems in any + + + align:start position:0% +build useful biological systems in any +way that approaches what a mature + + align:start position:0% +way that approaches what a mature + + + align:start position:0% +way that approaches what a mature +engineering discipline would look like + + align:start position:0% +engineering discipline would look like + + + align:start position:0% +engineering discipline would look like +right if you think about the STA Center + + align:start position:0% +right if you think about the STA Center + + + align:start position:0% +right if you think about the STA Center +building 32 that went up it's an amazing + + align:start position:0% +building 32 that went up it's an amazing + + + align:start position:0% +building 32 that went up it's an amazing +building but it wasn't a research + + align:start position:0% +building but it wasn't a research + + + align:start position:0% +building but it wasn't a research +project it was a construction project + + align:start position:0% +project it was a construction project + + + align:start position:0% +project it was a construction project +right and it did come in over budget but + + align:start position:0% +right and it did come in over budget but + + + align:start position:0% +right and it did come in over budget but +it didn't come in over budget by a + + align:start position:0% +it didn't come in over budget by a + + + align:start position:0% +it didn't come in over budget by a +factor of 20 right it came in over + + align:start position:0% +factor of 20 right it came in over + + + align:start position:0% +factor of 20 right it came in over +budget by like a factor of three or + + align:start position:0% +budget by like a factor of three or + + + align:start position:0% +budget by like a factor of three or +something like that and it came in + + align:start position:0% +something like that and it came in + + + align:start position:0% +something like that and it came in +mostly on time and this building here + + align:start position:0% +mostly on time and this building here + + + align:start position:0% +mostly on time and this building here +it's not a research project when this + + align:start position:0% +it's not a research project when this + + + align:start position:0% +it's not a research project when this +building got made it was done right but + + align:start position:0% +building got made it was done right but + + + align:start position:0% +building got made it was done right but +if we go and try and program biological + + align:start position:0% +if we go and try and program biological + + + align:start position:0% +if we go and try and program biological +systems the state of biological + + align:start position:0% +systems the state of biological + + + align:start position:0% +systems the state of biological +engineering today + + align:start position:0% +engineering today + + + align:start position:0% +engineering today +is such that we're over here doing + + align:start position:0% +is such that we're over here doing + + + align:start position:0% +is such that we're over here doing +research projects and so the work in + + align:start position:0% +research projects and so the work in + + + align:start position:0% +research projects and so the work in +synthetic biology in the engineering of + + align:start position:0% +synthetic biology in the engineering of + + + align:start position:0% +synthetic biology in the engineering of +biology is to figure out how to make the + + align:start position:0% +biology is to figure out how to make the + + + align:start position:0% +biology is to figure out how to make the +process stop being like this and look + + align:start position:0% +process stop being like this and look + + + align:start position:0% +process stop being like this and look +something that looks more as such where + + align:start position:0% +something that looks more as such where + + + align:start position:0% +something that looks more as such where +if you want to quickly produce a a + + align:start position:0% +if you want to quickly produce a a + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to quickly produce a a +living system that does something useful + + align:start position:0% +living system that does something useful + + + align:start position:0% +living system that does something useful +you can design it you can build it you + + align:start position:0% +you can design it you can build it you + + + align:start position:0% +you can design it you can build it you +can build your systems from things + + align:start position:0% +can build your systems from things + + + align:start position:0% +can build your systems from things +called parts that get used over and over + + align:start position:0% +called parts that get used over and over + + + align:start position:0% +called parts that get used over and over +again to quickly produce something we + + align:start position:0% +again to quickly produce something we + + + align:start position:0% +again to quickly produce something we +don't know how to do this it's where the + + align:start position:0% +don't know how to do this it's where the + + + align:start position:0% +don't know how to do this it's where the +Frontline research is in biological + + align:start position:0% +Frontline research is in biological + + + align:start position:0% +Frontline research is in biological +engineering I'll give you an example for + + align:start position:0% +engineering I'll give you an example for + + + align:start position:0% +engineering I'll give you an example for +how lame we are uh speaking of myself + + align:start position:0% +how lame we are uh speaking of myself + + + align:start position:0% +how lame we are uh speaking of myself +right so in 1864 this fellow William + + align:start position:0% +right so in 1864 this fellow William + + + align:start position:0% +right so in 1864 this fellow William +sers gave a talk at the Franklin + + align:start position:0% +sers gave a talk at the Franklin + + + align:start position:0% +sers gave a talk at the Franklin +Institute in Philadelphia and he made + + align:start position:0% +Institute in Philadelphia and he made + + + align:start position:0% +Institute in Philadelphia and he made +the following argument in the United + + align:start position:0% +the following argument in the United + + + align:start position:0% +the following argument in the United +States it would be good if we had a + + align:start position:0% +States it would be good if we had a + + + align:start position:0% +States it would be good if we had a +standard system for screw + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +threads any ever think about that that + + align:start position:0% +threads any ever think about that that + + + align:start position:0% +threads any ever think about that that +we have a standard system for screw + + align:start position:0% +we have a standard system for screw + + + align:start position:0% +we have a standard system for screw +threads I hadn't thought about this + + align:start position:0% +threads I hadn't thought about this + + + align:start position:0% +threads I hadn't thought about this +until like three years ago I've been + + align:start position:0% +until like three years ago I've been + + + align:start position:0% +until like three years ago I've been +living my entire life making good use of + + align:start position:0% +living my entire life making good use of + + + align:start position:0% +living my entire life making good use of +standard screw threads but it turns out + + align:start position:0% +standard screw threads but it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +standard screw threads but it turns out +that apparently in March of 1864 the + + align:start position:0% +that apparently in March of 1864 the + + + align:start position:0% +that apparently in March of 1864 the +United States did not have a system of + + align:start position:0% +United States did not have a system of + + + align:start position:0% +United States did not have a system of +standards for screw threats think about + + align:start position:0% +standards for screw threats think about + + + align:start position:0% +standards for screw threats think about +the consequences of that that means that + + align:start position:0% +the consequences of that that means that + + + align:start position:0% +the consequences of that that means that +if you buy a mechanical object in March + + align:start position:0% +if you buy a mechanical object in March + + + align:start position:0% +if you buy a mechanical object in March +of 1864 from Joe Bob's machine shop and + + align:start position:0% +of 1864 from Joe Bob's machine shop and + + + align:start position:0% +of 1864 from Joe Bob's machine shop and +it breaks you have to go back to that + + align:start position:0% +it breaks you have to go back to that + + + align:start position:0% +it breaks you have to go back to that +machine shop to get it fixed because the + + align:start position:0% +machine shop to get it fixed because the + + + align:start position:0% +machine shop to get it fixed because the +screws in that machine are going to be + + align:start position:0% +screws in that machine are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +screws in that machine are going to be +specific to the tooling that was used to + + align:start position:0% +specific to the tooling that was used to + + + align:start position:0% +specific to the tooling that was used to +produce them in that machine shop + + align:start position:0% +produce them in that machine shop + + + align:start position:0% +produce them in that machine shop +right so seller shows up and goes ah we + + align:start position:0% +right so seller shows up and goes ah we + + + align:start position:0% +right so seller shows up and goes ah we +got to stop this we're going to have + + align:start position:0% +got to stop this we're going to have + + + align:start position:0% +got to stop this we're going to have +screw threads that are 60 degrees on a + + align:start position:0% +screw threads that are 60 degrees on a + + + align:start position:0% +screw threads that are 60 degrees on a +side and squared off at the + + align:start position:0% +side and squared off at the + + + align:start position:0% +side and squared off at the +top that's it this is what the British + + align:start position:0% +top that's it this is what the British + + + align:start position:0% +top that's it this is what the British +had done a couple decades before the + + align:start position:0% +had done a couple decades before the + + + align:start position:0% +had done a couple decades before the +Whitworth standard that was 55 degrees + + align:start position:0% +Whitworth standard that was 55 degrees + + + align:start position:0% +Whitworth standard that was 55 degrees +on a side and rounding um which is a + + align:start position:0% +on a side and rounding um which is a + + + align:start position:0% +on a side and rounding um which is a +nice screw thread it's a standard but + + align:start position:0% +nice screw thread it's a standard but + + + align:start position:0% +nice screw thread it's a standard but +it's very hard to set up a machine to + + align:start position:0% +it's very hard to set up a machine to + + + align:start position:0% +it's very hard to set up a machine to +make a 55 degree angle right so sellers + + align:start position:0% +make a 55 degree angle right so sellers + + + align:start position:0% +make a 55 degree angle right so sellers +in the US said no no we're going 60 de + + align:start position:0% +in the US said no no we're going 60 de + + + align:start position:0% +in the US said no no we're going 60 de +degre and oh by the way sellers had also + + align:start position:0% +degre and oh by the way sellers had also + + + align:start position:0% +degre and oh by the way sellers had also +retooled all of the machines apparently + + align:start position:0% +retooled all of the machines apparently + + + align:start position:0% +retooled all of the machines apparently +in his machine shops to make this + + align:start position:0% +in his machine shops to make this + + + align:start position:0% +in his machine shops to make this +standard so that when he gave this big + + align:start position:0% +standard so that when he gave this big + + + align:start position:0% +standard so that when he gave this big +paper at the Franklin Institute his + + align:start position:0% +paper at the Franklin Institute his + + + align:start position:0% +paper at the Franklin Institute his +factories were already set up to supply + + align:start position:0% +factories were already set up to supply + + + align:start position:0% +factories were already set up to supply +you know so it's a smart guy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um what are what are what's the + + align:start position:0% +um what are what are what's the + + + align:start position:0% +um what are what are what's the +equivalent of a standard screw thread in + + align:start position:0% +equivalent of a standard screw thread in + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent of a standard screw thread in +biological engineering maybe it's how we + + align:start position:0% +biological engineering maybe it's how we + + + align:start position:0% +biological engineering maybe it's how we +put pieces of DNA together right maybe + + align:start position:0% +put pieces of DNA together right maybe + + + align:start position:0% +put pieces of DNA together right maybe +we need standards for how proteins bind + + align:start position:0% +we need standards for how proteins bind + + + align:start position:0% +we need standards for how proteins bind +DNA maybe we need standards for gene + + align:start position:0% +DNA maybe we need standards for gene + + + align:start position:0% +DNA maybe we need standards for gene +expression um don't know got to figure + + align:start position:0% +expression um don't know got to figure + + + align:start position:0% +expression um don't know got to figure +it out but the fact of the matter is you + + align:start position:0% +it out but the fact of the matter is you + + + align:start position:0% +it out but the fact of the matter is you +exist in a world right now in biological + + align:start position:0% +exist in a world right now in biological + + + align:start position:0% +exist in a world right now in biological +engineering where there's no such thing + + align:start position:0% +engineering where there's no such thing + + + align:start position:0% +engineering where there's no such thing +like a standard screw threat and so the + + align:start position:0% +like a standard screw threat and so the + + + align:start position:0% +like a standard screw threat and so the +engineering of biological systems is + + align:start position:0% +engineering of biological systems is + + + align:start position:0% +engineering of biological systems is +more of an art right than a reliable + + align:start position:0% +more of an art right than a reliable + + + align:start position:0% +more of an art right than a reliable +engineering discipline and some of the + + align:start position:0% +engineering discipline and some of the + + + align:start position:0% +engineering discipline and some of the +work if you pursue the field is going to + + align:start position:0% +work if you pursue the field is going to + + + align:start position:0% +work if you pursue the field is going to +be to figure out how to contribute to a + + align:start position:0% +be to figure out how to contribute to a + + + align:start position:0% +be to figure out how to contribute to a +found + + align:start position:0% +found + + + align:start position:0% +found +technology set that helps make + + align:start position:0% +technology set that helps make + + + align:start position:0% +technology set that helps make +engineering and biology + + align:start position:0% +engineering and biology + + + align:start position:0% +engineering and biology +easier there's some of this I should say + + align:start position:0% +easier there's some of this I should say + + + align:start position:0% +easier there's some of this I should say +a lot of this happening at MIT right so + + align:start position:0% +a lot of this happening at MIT right so + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of this happening at MIT right so +if you go to the parts. mit.edu website + + align:start position:0% +if you go to the parts. mit.edu website + + + align:start position:0% +if you go to the parts. mit.edu website +you can find a nent registry of standard + + align:start position:0% +you can find a nent registry of standard + + + align:start position:0% +you can find a nent registry of standard +biological Parts although to be honest + + align:start position:0% +biological Parts although to be honest + + + align:start position:0% +biological Parts although to be honest +we really have no idea what these things + + align:start position:0% +we really have no idea what these things + + + align:start position:0% +we really have no idea what these things +mean what the idea of a standard part + + align:start position:0% +mean what the idea of a standard part + + + align:start position:0% +mean what the idea of a standard part +means yet excuse + + align:start position:0% +means yet excuse + + + align:start position:0% +means yet excuse +me I want to close quickly by showing um + + align:start position:0% +me I want to close quickly by showing um + + + align:start position:0% +me I want to close quickly by showing um +some of the work that students are doing + + align:start position:0% +some of the work that students are doing + + + align:start position:0% +some of the work that students are doing +in biological engineering uh as they + + align:start position:0% +in biological engineering uh as they + + + align:start position:0% +in biological engineering uh as they +help us figure out how to engineer + + align:start position:0% +help us figure out how to engineer + + + align:start position:0% +help us figure out how to engineer +biological systems so these are students + + align:start position:0% +biological systems so these are students + + + align:start position:0% +biological systems so these are students +from five schools in the summer of 2004 + + align:start position:0% +from five schools in the summer of 2004 + + + align:start position:0% +from five schools in the summer of 2004 +who were working to design and build + + align:start position:0% +who were working to design and build + + + align:start position:0% +who were working to design and build +biological systems right so there's a + + align:start position:0% +biological systems right so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +biological systems right so there's a +team from ctech and Texas and MIT and uh + + align:start position:0% +team from ctech and Texas and MIT and uh + + + align:start position:0% +team from ctech and Texas and MIT and uh +Boston University and + + align:start position:0% +Boston University and + + + align:start position:0% +Boston University and +prinston the team from + + align:start position:0% +prinston the team from + + + align:start position:0% +prinston the team from +Texas they worked with some friends from + + align:start position:0% +Texas they worked with some friends from + + + align:start position:0% +Texas they worked with some friends from +UCSF San Francisco and they wanted to + + align:start position:0% +UCSF San Francisco and they wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +UCSF San Francisco and they wanted to +program bacteria to act as photographic + + align:start position:0% +program bacteria to act as photographic + + + align:start position:0% +program bacteria to act as photographic +film so you're going to spread bacteria + + align:start position:0% +film so you're going to spread bacteria + + + align:start position:0% +film so you're going to spread bacteria +out of the surface and then shine an + + align:start position:0% +out of the surface and then shine an + + + align:start position:0% +out of the surface and then shine an +image onto the bacterium the lawn of + + align:start position:0% +image onto the bacterium the lawn of + + + align:start position:0% +image onto the bacterium the lawn of +bacterium and the bacterium are going to + + align:start position:0% +bacterium and the bacterium are going to + + + align:start position:0% +bacterium and the bacterium are going to +change color and take a + + align:start position:0% +change color and take a + + + align:start position:0% +change color and take a +picture pretty easy right if you're + + align:start position:0% +picture pretty easy right if you're + + + align:start position:0% +picture pretty easy right if you're +going to be biological Engineers you + + align:start position:0% +going to be biological Engineers you + + + align:start position:0% +going to be biological Engineers you +should be able to program bacteria to + + align:start position:0% +should be able to program bacteria to + + + align:start position:0% +should be able to program bacteria to +take a picture right it's a toy problem + + align:start position:0% +take a picture right it's a toy problem + + + align:start position:0% +take a picture right it's a toy problem +so that's what they wanted to do over + + align:start position:0% +so that's what they wanted to do over + + + align:start position:0% +so that's what they wanted to do over +their + + align:start position:0% +their + + + align:start position:0% +their +summer they said well we're g to think + + align:start position:0% +summer they said well we're g to think + + + align:start position:0% +summer they said well we're g to think +about this in a black box we're going to + + align:start position:0% +about this in a black box we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +about this in a black box we're going to +make a receiver the receiver takes in + + align:start position:0% +make a receiver the receiver takes in + + + align:start position:0% +make a receiver the receiver takes in +light the light gets converted to a + + align:start position:0% +light the light gets converted to a + + + align:start position:0% +light the light gets converted to a +signal via some computation the signal + + align:start position:0% +signal via some computation the signal + + + align:start position:0% +signal via some computation the signal +comes into another device that makes + + align:start position:0% +comes into another device that makes + + + align:start position:0% +comes into another device that makes +color + + align:start position:0% +color + + + align:start position:0% +color +so we just if we want to make this + + align:start position:0% +so we just if we want to make this + + + align:start position:0% +so we just if we want to make this +biofilm right we need to figure out how + + align:start position:0% +biofilm right we need to figure out how + + + align:start position:0% +biofilm right we need to figure out how +to make these two + + align:start position:0% +to make these two + + + align:start position:0% +to make these two +devices and so we're going to make these + + align:start position:0% +devices and so we're going to make these + + + align:start position:0% +devices and so we're going to make these +devices out of Parts this one has two + + align:start position:0% +devices out of Parts this one has two + + + align:start position:0% +devices out of Parts this one has two +parts and this one has three parts and + + align:start position:0% +parts and this one has three parts and + + + align:start position:0% +parts and this one has three parts and +if you go back to that registry website + + align:start position:0% +if you go back to that registry website + + + align:start position:0% +if you go back to that registry website +parts that mitw you type these numbers + + align:start position:0% +parts that mitw you type these numbers + + + align:start position:0% +parts that mitw you type these numbers +in you can see what the DNA sequence is + + align:start position:0% +in you can see what the DNA sequence is + + + align:start position:0% +in you can see what the DNA sequence is +for each of these + + align:start position:0% +for each of these + + + align:start position:0% +for each of these +parts now you make up this molecule of + + align:start position:0% +parts now you make up this molecule of + + + align:start position:0% +parts now you make up this molecule of +DNA based on these parts and you put it + + align:start position:0% +DNA based on these parts and you put it + + + align:start position:0% +DNA based on these parts and you put it +into bacterium you grow up the bacterium + + align:start position:0% +into bacterium you grow up the bacterium + + + align:start position:0% +into bacterium you grow up the bacterium +you spread it out on a table you start + + align:start position:0% +you spread it out on a table you start + + + align:start position:0% +you spread it out on a table you start +taking pictures + + align:start position:0% +taking pictures + + + align:start position:0% +taking pictures +here's the first picture they were + + align:start position:0% +here's the first picture they were + + + align:start position:0% +here's the first picture they were +taking right this isn't sophisticated + + align:start position:0% +taking right this isn't sophisticated + + + align:start position:0% +taking right this isn't sophisticated +equipment right here's their incubator + + align:start position:0% +equipment right here's their incubator + + + align:start position:0% +equipment right here's their incubator +and here's their ceral dish which is + + align:start position:0% +and here's their ceral dish which is + + + align:start position:0% +and here's their ceral dish which is +controlling the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +humidity and that's the first picture + + align:start position:0% +humidity and that's the first picture + + + align:start position:0% +humidity and that's the first picture +they take this is a 10 by1 centimeter + + align:start position:0% +they take this is a 10 by1 centimeter + + + align:start position:0% +they take this is a 10 by1 centimeter +lawn of bacteria and it's spelling out + + align:start position:0% +lawn of bacteria and it's spelling out + + + align:start position:0% +lawn of bacteria and it's spelling out +this text + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +image then they get a little bit better + + align:start position:0% +image then they get a little bit better + + + align:start position:0% +image then they get a little bit better +with their uh cameras and here's a Next + + align:start position:0% +with their uh cameras and here's a Next + + + align:start position:0% +with their uh cameras and here's a Next +Generation picture they took so this is + + align:start position:0% +Generation picture they took so this is + + + align:start position:0% +Generation picture they took so this is +a again a 10x 10 cmet lawn of bacteria + + align:start position:0% +a again a 10x 10 cmet lawn of bacteria + + + align:start position:0% +a again a 10x 10 cmet lawn of bacteria +this is a picture of Andy Ellington + + align:start position:0% +this is a picture of Andy Ellington + + + align:start position:0% +this is a picture of Andy Ellington +who's a professor of biochemistry down + + align:start position:0% +who's a professor of biochemistry down + + + align:start position:0% +who's a professor of biochemistry down +at UT Austin right and he's now got uh + + align:start position:0% +at UT Austin right and he's now got uh + + + align:start position:0% +at UT Austin right and he's now got uh +his eoli photograph taken um not too bad + + align:start position:0% +his eoli photograph taken um not too bad + + + align:start position:0% +his eoli photograph taken um not too bad +right you can start to put things + + align:start position:0% +right you can start to put things + + + align:start position:0% +right you can start to put things +together to do novel interesting stuff + + align:start position:0% +together to do novel interesting stuff + + + align:start position:0% +together to do novel interesting stuff +remember that bacterium are really small + + align:start position:0% +remember that bacterium are really small + + + align:start position:0% +remember that bacterium are really small +they're only a micron which means that + + align:start position:0% +they're only a micron which means that + + + align:start position:0% +they're only a micron which means that +in a square inch on this dish you're + + align:start position:0% +in a square inch on this dish you're + + + align:start position:0% +in a square inch on this dish you're +going to have a billion of them right + + align:start position:0% +going to have a billion of them right + + + align:start position:0% +going to have a billion of them right +which means that this film is gigapixel + + align:start position:0% +which means that this film is gigapixel + + + align:start position:0% +which means that this film is gigapixel +per square inch right so you could start + + align:start position:0% +per square inch right so you could start + + + align:start position:0% +per square inch right so you could start +to program the individual bacterium with + + align:start position:0% +to program the individual bacterium with + + + align:start position:0% +to program the individual bacterium with +light get them to change directions + + align:start position:0% +light get them to change directions + + + align:start position:0% +light get them to change directions +produce colors make metabolites secrete + + align:start position:0% +produce colors make metabolites secrete + + + align:start position:0% +produce colors make metabolites secrete +things that excrete things that might + + align:start position:0% +things that excrete things that might + + + align:start position:0% +things that excrete things that might +help you make materials right in a + + align:start position:0% +help you make materials right in a + + + align:start position:0% +help you make materials right in a +lithographic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +process so every summer it turns out + + align:start position:0% +process so every summer it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +process so every summer it turns out +that a bunch of students in biological + + align:start position:0% +that a bunch of students in biological + + + align:start position:0% +that a bunch of students in biological +engineering not just at MIT but for + + align:start position:0% +engineering not just at MIT but for + + + align:start position:0% +engineering not just at MIT but for +example last summer 13 schools around + + align:start position:0% +example last summer 13 schools around + + + align:start position:0% +example last summer 13 schools around +the world compete with one another to + + align:start position:0% +the world compete with one another to + + + align:start position:0% +the world compete with one another to +build engineered biological systems + + align:start position:0% +build engineered biological systems + + + align:start position:0% +build engineered biological systems +right so here's the uh team from eth in + + align:start position:0% +right so here's the uh team from eth in + + + align:start position:0% +right so here's the uh team from eth in +Zurich last summer this is outside sta + + align:start position:0% +Zurich last summer this is outside sta + + + align:start position:0% +Zurich last summer this is outside sta +Center they came here to present their + + align:start position:0% +Center they came here to present their + + + align:start position:0% +Center they came here to present their +work here's the team from Cambridge + + align:start position:0% +work here's the team from Cambridge + + + align:start position:0% +work here's the team from Cambridge +England uh here are two of the folks on + + align:start position:0% +England uh here are two of the folks on + + + align:start position:0% +England uh here are two of the folks on +the team from + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +MIT this is the sort of thing you're + + align:start position:0% +MIT this is the sort of thing you're + + + align:start position:0% +MIT this is the sort of thing you're +interested in you might explore + + align:start position:0% +interested in you might explore + + + align:start position:0% +interested in you might explore +biological engineering right in the be + + align:start position:0% +biological engineering right in the be + + + align:start position:0% +biological engineering right in the be +uh 109 lab the course 20 109 lab this + + align:start position:0% +uh 109 lab the course 20 109 lab this + + + align:start position:0% +uh 109 lab the course 20 109 lab this +semester we're actually um extending + + align:start position:0% +semester we're actually um extending + + + align:start position:0% +semester we're actually um extending +this bacterial photography system trying + + align:start position:0% +this bacterial photography system trying + + + align:start position:0% +this bacterial photography system trying +to make it two color right how would you + + align:start position:0% +to make it two color right how would you + + + align:start position:0% +to make it two color right how would you +do + + align:start position:0% +do + + + align:start position:0% +do +that so if I come back to this to end + + align:start position:0% +that so if I come back to this to end + + + align:start position:0% +that so if I come back to this to end +right we started out by talking about + + align:start position:0% +right we started out by talking about + + + align:start position:0% +right we started out by talking about +computation in biology right and how if + + align:start position:0% +computation in biology right and how if + + + align:start position:0% +computation in biology right and how if +you think about the physical problems + + align:start position:0% +you think about the physical problems + + + align:start position:0% +you think about the physical problems +that biological systems have to solve + + align:start position:0% +that biological systems have to solve + + + align:start position:0% +that biological systems have to solve +the information they receive from the + + align:start position:0% +the information they receive from the + + + align:start position:0% +the information they receive from the +environment the computations they have + + align:start position:0% +environment the computations they have + + + align:start position:0% +environment the computations they have +to do you can develop a framework by + + align:start position:0% +to do you can develop a framework by + + + align:start position:0% +to do you can develop a framework by +which to understand them and Engineering + + align:start position:0% +which to understand them and Engineering + + + align:start position:0% +which to understand them and Engineering +has a lot to add to that right you need + + align:start position:0% +has a lot to add to that right you need + + + align:start position:0% +has a lot to add to that right you need +to think about the physics you need to + + align:start position:0% +to think about the physics you need to + + + align:start position:0% +to think about the physics you need to +think about the mathematics the control + + align:start position:0% +think about the mathematics the control + + + align:start position:0% +think about the mathematics the control +of the system and so on if you take + + align:start position:0% +of the system and so on if you take + + + align:start position:0% +of the system and so on if you take +those two things + + align:start position:0% +those two things + + + align:start position:0% +those two things +together and start to apply it you can + + align:start position:0% +together and start to apply it you can + + + align:start position:0% +together and start to apply it you can +imagine designing and building useful + + align:start position:0% +imagine designing and building useful + + + align:start position:0% +imagine designing and building useful +biological systems and that leads up to + + align:start position:0% +biological systems and that leads up to + + + align:start position:0% +biological systems and that leads up to +the top right + + align:start position:0% +the top right + + + align:start position:0% +the top right +biotechnology right and obviously to + + align:start position:0% +biotechnology right and obviously to + + + align:start position:0% +biotechnology right and obviously to +close I would simply also urge you to + + align:start position:0% +close I would simply also urge you to + + + align:start position:0% +close I would simply also urge you to +think outside the triangle um because + + align:start position:0% +think outside the triangle um because + + + align:start position:0% +think outside the triangle um because +nobody's quite sure where biological + + align:start position:0% +nobody's quite sure where biological + + + align:start position:0% +nobody's quite sure where biological +engineering is going to go uh but it's + + align:start position:0% +engineering is going to go uh but it's + + + align:start position:0% +engineering is going to go uh but it's +it's definitely got a lot of interesting + + align:start position:0% +it's definitely got a lot of interesting + + + align:start position:0% +it's definitely got a lot of interesting +directions to + + align:start position:0% +directions to + + + align:start position:0% +directions to +explore thanks very much for your + + align:start position:0% +explore thanks very much for your + + + align:start position:0% +explore thanks very much for your +attention if there's questions I got a + + align:start position:0% +attention if there's questions I got a + + + align:start position:0% +attention if there's questions I got a +little bit of time afterwards if you've + + align:start position:0% +little bit of time afterwards if you've + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of time afterwards if you've +got time otherwise you can shoot me an + + align:start position:0% +got time otherwise you can shoot me an + + + align:start position:0% +got time otherwise you can shoot me an +email and thanks \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/V_TulH374hw.txt b/V_TulH374hw.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9ce8d273a0232a86d8d81fc71dfa6af646cc7798 --- /dev/null +++ b/V_TulH374hw.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3283 @@ +The following content is +provided under a Creative + +Commons license. + +Your support will help +MIT OpenCourseWare + +continue to offer high quality +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation or to +view additional materials + +from hundreds of MIT courses, +visit MIT OpenCourseWare + +at ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: Welcome back. + +Over the last +couple of lectures, + +we've been looking at +optimization models. + +And the idea was how do I find +a way to optimize an objective + +function-- it could be +minimize it or maximize it-- + +relative to a set +of constraints? + +And we saw, or +Professor Guttag showed + +you, one of the ways +that naturally falls out + +is by looking at +trees, decision trees, + +where you pass your way through +a tree trying to figure out + +how to optimize that model. + +So today, we're going to +generalize those trees + +into another whole broad +class of models called graph + +theoretic or graph models. + +And we're going to use +those to again look + +at how do we can do optimization +on those kinds of models. + +Just to remind you, +there is a great piece + +of information in the text. + +There's the reading for today. + +And these will, of +course, be in the slides + +that you can download. + +So let's take a second +just to reset again + +what are we trying to do? + +Generally, we're trying to +build computational models. + +So what does that mean? + +The same way we could do +a physical experiment, + +or a social experiment, +or model, if you like, + +a physical system +and a social system, + +to both try and gather +data and analyze it + +or to do predictions. + +We want to do the same +thing computationally. + +We'd like to be able +to build models in code + +that we can then run to +predict effects, which we then + +might test with an actual +physical experiment. + +And we've seen, for example, +how you could take just + +the informal problem of choosing +what to eat and turning it + +into an optimization +problem-- in this case, + +it was a version of something +we called a knapsack problem-- + +and how you could then use +that to find code to solve it. + +And you've already seen two +different general methods. + +You've seen greedy algorithms +that just try and do + +the best thing at each stage. + +And you saw dynamic programming +as an elegant solution + +to finding better +ways to optimize this. + +We're going to now look at +broadening the class of models + +to talk about graphs. + +So, obvious question +is, what's a graph? + +And a graph has two +elements, two components. + +It has a set of nodes, +sometimes called vertices. + +Those nodes probably are +going to have some information + +associated with them. + +It could be as simple +as it's a name. + +It could be more complicated. + +A node might represent +a student record-- + +the grades. + +And a graph might talk +about putting together + +all of the grades for a class. + +Associated with that, +we can't just-- well, + +I should say, we +could just have nodes, + +but that's kind of boring. + +We want to know what +are the connections + +between the elements +in my system? + +And so the second thing +we're going to have + +is what we call edges, +sometimes called arcs. + +And an edge will +connect a pair of nodes. + +We're going to see two +different ways in which we + +could build graphs using edges. + +The first one, the +simple one, is an edge + +is going to be undirected. + +And actually, I should +show this to you. + +So there is the +idea of just nodes. + +Those nodes, as I said, +might have information + +in them, just labels or names. + +They might have other +information in them. + +When I want to connect +them up, the connections + +could be undirected. + +If you want to think of it +this way, it goes both ways. + +An edge connects +two nodes together, + +and that allows +sharing of information + +between both of them. + +In some cases, we're going +to see that we actually + +want to use what we call a +directed graph, sometimes + +called a digraph, in +which case the edge has + +a direction from a +source to a destination, + +or sometimes from a +parent to a child. + +And in this case, +the information + +can only flow from the +source to the child. + +Now in the case +I've drawn here, it + +looks like there's only +ever a single directed edge + +between nodes. + +I could, in fact, have +them going both directions, + +from source to destination and +a separate directed edge coming + +from the destination +back to the source. + +And we'll see some +examples of that. + +But I'm going to have edges. + +Final thing is, those edges +could just be connections. + +But in some cases, we're +going to put information + +on the edges, for +example, weights. + +The weight might +tell me how much + +effort is it going to take +me to go from a source + +to a destination. + +And one of the +things you're going + +to see as I want to +think about how do I + +pass through this graph, +finding a path from one + +place to another, for example, +minimizing the cost associated + +with passing through the edges? + +Or how do I simply find +a connection between two + +nodes in this graph? + +So graphs, composed +of vertices or nodes, + +they're composed +of edges or arcs. + +So why might we want them? + +Well, we're going to see-- + +and you can probably +already guess-- + +there are lots of really useful +relationships between entities. + +I might want to take +a European vacation. + +After November 8, +I might really want + +to take a European vacation. + +So I'd like to know, what are +the possible ways by rail I + +can get from Paris to London? + +Well, I could pull out the +schedule and look at it. + +But you could imagine, I hope, +thinking about this as a graph. + +The nodes would be cities. + +The links would be rail +links between them. + +And then, one of the +things I might like to know + +is, first of all, can I +get from Paris to London? + +And then secondly, +what's the fastest + +way to do it or the +cheapest way to do it? + +So I'd like to explore that. + +Second example, as you can see +on the list, drug discovery, + +modeling of complex +molecule in terms + +of the relationships between +the pieces inside of it and then + +asking questions like, +what kind of energy + +would it take to +convert this molecule + +into a different molecule? + +And how might I think about +that as a graph problem? + +Third and obvious one, ancestral +relationships, family trees. + +In most families, +almost all families, + +they really are +trees not graphs. + +Hopefully you don't +come from a family + +that has strange loops in them. + +But family trees are-- + +I know, I'm in +trouble here today. + +Aren't I? + +Family trees-- stay with me-- + +are a great demonstration of +relationships because there + +its directional edges. + +Right? + +Parents have children. + +Those children have children. + +And like I say, it +comes in a natural way + +of thinking about traversing +things in that tree. + +And in fact, trees are a +special case of a graph. + +You've already seen decision +trees in the last lecture. + +But basically, a special kind +of directed graph is a tree. + +And the property of +the tree is, as it + +says there, any pair +of nodes are connected, + +if they are connected, +by only a single path. + +There are no loops. + +There are no ways +to go from one node, + +find a set of things that +brings you back to that node. + +You can only have a single +path to those points. + +And Professor Guttag +used this, for example, + +to talk about solving +the knapsack problem. + +A decision trees is +a really nice way + +of finding that solution. + +Now, I drew it this way. + +In computer science, we +mostly use Australian trees. + +They're upside down. + +The roots are at the top. + +The leaves are at the +bottom, because we + +want to think about starting +at the beginning of the tree, + +which is typically +something we call the root + +and traversing it. + +But however you +use it, trees are + +going to be a useful +way of actually + +thinking about representing +particular kinds of graphs. + +OK. + +So, when I talk in a second +about how to build graphs, + +well let's spend just +a second about saying, + +so why are they useful? + +And if you think +about it, the world + +is full of lots of networks that +are based on relationships that + +could be captured by a graph. + +We use them all the time. + +Some of you are using +them right now-- + +computer networks. + +You want to send an email +message from your machine + +to your friend at Stanford. + +That's going to get routed +through a set of links + +to get there. + +So the network set up by a +series of routers that pass it + +along, sending something +requires an algorithm + +that figures out the best way +to actually move that around. + +There's a great +local company started + +by an MIT professor +called Akamai + +that thinks about how do +you move web content around + +on the web? + +Again, it's a nice +computer network problem. + +I've already talked about this. + +We're going to do +some other examples. + +Transportation networks-- +here, if you think about it, + +obvious thing is make +the nodes cities. + +Make the edges +roads between them. + +And now questions are, +can I get to San Jose, + +if you like old songs? + +And what's the best +way to get to San Jose, + +even if you don't +like old songs? + +A network problem-- +how do I analyze it? + +Financial networks-- +moving money around-- + +easily modeled by a graph. + +Traditional networks-- +sewer, water, electrical, + +anything that distributes +content, if you like, + +and the different kind of +content in this way around. + +You want to model that +in terms of how you think + +about flows in those networks. + +How do I maximize distribution +of water in an appropriate way, + +given I've got certain +capacities on different pipes, + +which would mean those +edges in the graph + +would have different weights? + +And you get the idea-- + +political networks, criminal +networks, social networks. + +One of the things we're +going to see with graphs + +is that they can capture +interesting relationships. + +So here's an example. + +It's from that little web +site you can see there. + +You're welcome to go look at it. + +And this is a graph +analyzing The Wizard of Oz. + +And what's been done +here is the size + +of the node reflects the number +of scenes in which a character + +shares dialog. + +So you can see, obviously +Dorothy is the biggest node + +there. + +The edges represent +shared dialog, + +so you can see who talks +to whom in this graph. + +And then, this group +has done another thing, + +which I'm going to mention. + +We're not going to solve +today, which is you can also + +do analysis on the graphs. + +And in fact, the color +here has done something + +called a min-flow +or max-cut problem, + +which is it's tried to identify +which clusters in the graph + +tend to have a lot +of interactions + +within that cluster but not +very many with other clusters. + +And you can kind of see. + +There's some nice things here, +right, if you can read it. + +This is all the +people in Kansas. + +This is Glenda and the +Munchkins in that part of Oz. + +There's another little cluster +over here that I can't read + +and a little cluster over there. + +And then the big +cluster down here. + +But you can analyze the graph +to pull out pieces on it. + +You can also notice, by the way, +the book is probably misnamed. + +It's called The Wizard of Oz. + +But notice, there's +the wizard, who + +actually doesn't have +a lot of interaction + +with the other +people in this story. + +It's OK, literary choice. + +But the graph is +representing interactions. + +And I could imagine +searching that graph + +to try and figure +out things about what + +goes on in The Wizard of Oz. + +OK. + +So why are they useful? + +We're going to see that not only +do graphs capture relationships + +in these connected +networks, but they're + +going to support inference. + +They're going to be able +to reason about them. + +And I want to set that up. + +And then we'll actually look +at how might we build a graph. + +And so here are +some ways in which + +I might want to do inference. + +Given a graph, I +might say, is there + +a sequence of edges, of +links, between two elements? + +Is there a way to +get from A to B? + +What are the sequence of edges +I would use to get there? + +A more interesting +question is, can I + +find the least expensive +path, also known + +as the shortest path? + +If I want to get +from Paris to London, + +I might like to do it in +the least amount of time. + +What are the set of choices +I want to make to get there? + +A third graph problem used a lot +is called the graph partition + +problem. + +Everything I've shown so +far-- actually not quite. + +The first example +didn't have it. + +You might think of all the +nodes having some connection + +to every other node. + +But that may not be true. + +There may actually +be graphs where + +I've got a set of connected +elements and another component + +with no connections +between them. + +Can I find those? + +That's called the graph +partition problem. + +How do I separate the graph +out into connected sets + +of elements? + +And then the one +that we just showed + +called the min-cut +max-flow problem, is + +is there an efficient +way to separate out + +the highly connected elements, +the things that interact + +a lot, and separate out how many +of those kinds of subgraphs, + +if you like, are there +inside of my graph? + +All right, let me show you +a motivation for graphs. + +And then we'll build them. + +I use graph theory everyday. + +I'm a math nut. + +It's OK, but I use +graph theory everyday. + +You may as well, if you commute. + +Because I use it +to figure out how + +to get from my home in Lexington +down here to Cambridge. + +And I use a nice +little system called + +Waze It's a great way +of doing this, which + +does graph theory inside of it. + +So how do I get to my office? + +Well, I'm going to model +the road system using + +a directed graph, a digraph. + +Directed graph because +streets can be one way. + +And so I may only have a +single direction there. + +And the idea is, I'm +going to simply let + +my nodes or my +vertices be points + +where I have intersections. + +They're places where I can +make a choice or places where + +I have terminals, things +I'm going to end up in. + +The edges would just be the +connections between points, + +the roads on which I can drive. + +Some Boston drivers have a +different kind of digraph + +in which they don't care whether +that road is drivable or not. + +They just go on it. + +You may have seen some of these. + +But I want to keep my graphs as +real roads that I can drive on. + +And I'm not going to go +against the "One Way" sign. + +Each edge will have a weight. + +Here I actually +have some choices. + +All right, the obvious one, the +one that Waze probably uses, + +is something like what's the +expected time between a source + +and a destination node? + +How long do I expect it to +take me to get from this point + +to that? + +And then, as you +can see, I'm going + +to try and find overall what's +the best way to get around it. + +You could pick just distance. + +What's the distance +between the two? + +And while there there's +a relationship here, + +it's not direct because it +will depend on traffic on it. + +Or you could take something +even funkier like what's + +the average speed of +travel between the source + +and destination node? + +And once I've got +the graph, then I'm + +going to solve an +optimization problem. + +What's the shortest weight +between my house and my office + +that gets me into work? + +You can make a choice here. + +As I said, a commercial system +like Waze uses this one. + +My wife and I actually +have arguments + +about commuting +because she's a firm + +believer in the second one, +just shortest distance. + +I actually like the third +one because I get anxious + +when I'm driving. + +And so as long as I feel like +I'm making progress, I like it. + +So even though I may be +serpentining all the way + +through the back roads of +Cambridge, if I'm driving fast, + +I feel like I'm getting there. + +So I like optimizing this +bottom one down there. + +And if you see me on the road, +you'll know why I say that, + +and then get out of the way. + +Thinking about navigation +through systems + +actually gives us a +little bit of history + +because, in fact, the very first +reported use of graph theory + +was exactly this problem. + +Early 1700s, it's called +the Bridges of Koenigsberg. + +Koenigsberg is a +city that has a set + +of islands and rivers in it. + +There are seven bridges that +connect up those islands. + +And the question that +was posed is, is it + +possible to take a walk that +traverses each of the seven + +bridges exactly once? + +So could you take a walk +where you go over each bridge + +exactly once? + +I'm showing you +this because it lets + +us think about how to in fact +capture things in a model. + +This problem was solved by +a great Swiss mathematician, + +Leonhard Euler. + +And here's what he said. + +Make each island a node. + +Each bridge is just +an undirected edge. + +And notice in doing +that, he's abstracted + +away irrelevant details. + +You don't care what the +size of the island is. + +You don't care how +long the bridges are. + +You simply want to think about +what are the connections here? + +And then you can ask a question. + +In this graph, is it +possible to find a way + +to walk through it so that +you go through each edge + +exactly once? + +And as Euler showed, +the answer is no. + +And if you're curious, go +look it up on Wikipedia. + +There's a nice, elegant +solution to why that's the case. + +But here's what +we're going to do. + +We're going to use +those graphs to think + +about these kinds of problems. + +And in fact, the example +I'm going to show you + +are going to be +shortest path problems. + +So with that, let's turn to +actually building a graph + +and then thinking about +how we're going to use it. + +So we're going to start +by constructing graphs. + +And then what we're +going to do is + +show how we can build +search algorithms + +on top of those graphs. + +And I hope that that flicker +is going to go away here soon. + +Here we go. + +So to build a graph-- + +actually, I shouldn't have +put this slide up so fast. + +I've got lots of choices here. + +If I'm thinking about maps, +one way to build a graph + +would really to just be +build something with latitude + +and longitude on it. + +But as we've already seen, we'd +like to extract things away + +from the graphs. + +And so a natural +choice is to say, + +let's represent the nodes in +the graph just as objects. + +I'm going to use +classes for these. + +So here's my +definition of a node. + +It's pretty straightforward. + +I'm going to assume that +the only information for now + +I store in a node is just a +name, which I'm going to assume + +is a string. + +So I've got a class +definition for node. + +It inherits from the +base Python object class. + +I need ways to create +instances of nodes, + +so I've got an init function. + +And I'm simply going to +store inside each instance, + +in other words, inside of +self, under the variable name, + +whatever I passed in as +the name of that node. + +Of course, if I've got ways +to create things with a name, + +I need to get them back out. + +So I've got a way of +selecting it back out. + +If I ask an instance of +a node, what's your name? + +By calling getName it +will return that value. + +And to print things +out, I'm just + +going to print out the name. + +This is pretty straightforward. + +And this, of course, lets +me now create as many nodes + +as I would like. + +Edges? + +Well, an edge +connects up two nodes. + +So again, I can do a fairly +straightforward construction + +of a class. + +Again, it's going to inherit +from the base Python object. + +To create an +instance of an edge, + +I'm going to make an assumption, +an important one which + +we're going to come back to. + +And the assumption is that the +arguments passed in, source + +and destination, are nodes-- + +not names-- the +nodes themselves, + +the actual instances +of the object class. + +And what will I do? + +Inside of the edge, I'm going +to set internal variables. + +For each instance of the +edge, source and destination + +are going to point +to those nodes, + +to those objects that I +created out of the node class. + +Next two things are +straightforward. + +I can get those things back out. + +And then the final +piece is, if when + +I want to print out +what an edge looks like, + +I'm going to ask +that it print out + +the name of the source, +and then an arrow, + +and then the name +of the destination. + +So notice what I do there. + +Given an instance of an +edge, I can print it. + +And it will get the source or +the node associated with source + +inside this instance, get +for that the getName method, + +and then call it. + +Notice the open-close paren +there to actually call it. + +What does that do? + +It says, inside the +edge I've got something + +that points to a node. + +I get that node. + +I take the method +associated with it. + +And I call it. + +That returns the string. + +And then I glue that +together with the arrow. + +I do the same thing +on the destination. + +And I just print it out. + +Pretty straightforward, +hopefully. + +OK, now I have to make a +decision about the graph. + +I'm going to start with +digraphs, directed graphs. + +And I need to think about how +I might represent the graph. + +I can create nodes. + +I can create edges, but I've +got to bring them all together. + +So I'll remind you, a +digraph is a directed graph. + +The edges pass in +only one direction. + +And here's one +way I could do it. + +Given all the sources +and all the destinations, + +I could just create a big matrix +called an adjacency matrix. + +The rows would be +all the sources. + +The columns would be +all the destinations. + +And then in a particular +spot in the matrix, + +if there is an edge between +a source and a destination, + +I'd just put a one. + +Otherwise I'd put a zero. + +Note, by the way, because +it's a directed graph, + +it's not symmetric. + +There might be a one between S +and D, but not between D and S, + +unless there are +edges both ways. + +This would be a +perfectly reasonable way + +to represent a graph, but +not the most convenient one. + +I'd have to go into the +matrix to look things up. + +It may also not be +a very efficient way + +of representing things. + +For example, if there are +very few edges in the graph, + +I could have a huge +matrix with mostly zeros. + +And that's not the most +effective way to do it. + +So I'm going to use +an alternative called + +an adjacency list. + +And the idea here is, for +every node in the graph. + +I'm going to associate with +it a list of destinations. + +That is, for a node, +what are the places + +I can reach with a single edge? + +OK, so let's see what that +does if we want to build it. + +And yes, there's a +lot of code here, + +but it's pretty easy +to look through I hope. + +Here's the choice +I'm going to make. + +Again, what's a graph? + +It's a set of nodes. + +It's a set of edges. + +I'm going to have a way of +putting nodes into the graph. + +And I'm going to choose to, when +I put a node into the graph, + +to store it as a +key in a dictionary. + +OK? + +When I initialize +the graph, I'm just + +going to set this +internal variable, edges, + +to be an empty dictionary. + +And the second +part of it is, when + +I add an edge to the +graph between two + +nodes from a source +to a destination, + +I'm going to take that point +in the dictionary associated + +with the source. + +It's a key. + +And associated +with it, I'm going + +to just have a list of +the nodes I can reach + +from edges from that source. + +So notice what happens here. + +If I want to add +a node, remember, + +it's a node not an edge-- + +I'll first check to make +sure that it's not already + +in the dictionary. + +That little loop is +basic, or that if is + +saying, if it's in this set +of keys, it will return true. + +And I'm going to complain. + +I'm trying to copy a +node or duplicate a node. + +Otherwise, notice what I do. + +When I put a node +into the dictionary, + +I go into that +dictionary, edges. + +I create an entry with +the key that is the node. + +And the value I put in there +is initially an empty list. + +I'm going to say one +more piece carefully. + +It's a node not a name. + +And that's OK in Python. + +It is literally the +key is the node itself. + +It's an object, which +is what I'd like. + +All right, what if I +want to add an edge? + +Well, an edge is going +to go from a source + +to a destination node. + +So, I'm going to get out from +the edge the source piece. + +I'm going to get +out from the edge + +the destination piece by +calling those methods. + +Again, notice the open-close +paren, which takes the method + +and actually calls it. + +Because remember, an edge +was an object itself. + +Given those, I'll check +to make sure that they + +are both in the dictionary. + +That is, I've already +added them to the graph. + +I can't make a +connection between things + +that aren't in the graph. + +And then notice the +nice little thing I do. + +Presuming I have both of +them in the dictionary, + +I take the dictionary, I index +into it with the source node. + +That gives me a key +into the dictionary. + +I pull out the entry at +that point, which is a list, + +because I created them up here. + +And I add the destination node +with append into the list, + +stick it back in. + +So this now captures what +I said I wanted to do. + +The nodes are represented +as keys in the dictionary. + +And the edges are +represented by destinations + +as values in the list +associated with the key. + +So you can see, if I +want to see is there + +an edge between a source +and a destination, + +I would look at our +source in the dictionary, + +and then check in +the list to see + +if the destination is there. + +OK, the rest of +this then follows + +pretty straightforwardly. + +If I want to get all the +children of a particular node, + +I just go into the +dictionary, edges, + +and look up the value +associated with that node. + +It gives me back the list. + +I've got all the +things I can reach + +from that particular node. + +If I want to know if a +node is in the graph, + +I just search over the +keys of the dictionary. + +They'll either +return true or false. + +If I want to get a +node by its name, which + +is going to be probably more +convenient than trying to keep + +track of all the +nodes, well I could + +pass in a name as a string. + +And what will I do? + +I'll just search over all +the keys in the dictionary, + +using the getName method +associated with it-- + +there's the call-- then +checking to see if it's + +the thing I'm looking for. + +And if it is, I'll return M. +I'll return the node itself. + +What about this thing here? + +It might bother +you a little bit. + +Wait a minute. + +That raise, isn't it always +going to throw an error? + +No, because I'm going to +go through this loop first. + +And if I actually find +a node, that return + +is going to pop me out of +the call and return the node. + +So I'll only ever get +to this if in fact I + +couldn't find anything here. + +And so it's an appropriate +way to simply raise the error + +to say, if I get to this +point, couldn't find + +it, raise an error to +say the node's not there. + +The last piece looks +a little funky, + +Although you may have seen this. + +I like to print out +information about a graph. + +And I made a choice, which +is, I'm going to print out + +all of the links in the graph. + +So I'm going to set up a string +initially here that's empty. + +And then I'm going to loop over +every key in the dictionary, + +every node in the graph. + +And for each one, I'm going to +look at all the destinations. + +So notice, I take +the dictionary, + +I look up the things +at that point. + +That's a list. + +I loop over that. + +And I'm just going +to add in to result, + +the name of the source, +an arrow, and the name + +of the destination followed +by a carriage return. + +I'll show you an +example in a second. + +But I'm simply walking down the +graph, saying for each source, + +what can it reach? + +I'll print them all out. + +And then I'll return everything +but the last element. + +I'm going to throw away +the last carriage return + +because I don't really need it. + +So let me show you +an example here, + +trusting that my Python has +come up the way I wanted it to. + +So I'm going to load that in, +ignore that for the moment. + +And I'm going to set g to-- + +I've got something we're going +to come back to in a second + +that actually creates a graph. + +And if I print out +g, it prints out, + +in this case, all of the links +from source to destination, + +each one on a new line. + +OK. + +So I can create the graphs. + +That was digraphs. + +Suppose I actually +want to get a graph. + +Well, I'm going to make it +as a subclass of digraph. + +And in particular, the +only thing I'm going to do + +is I'm going to shadow the +addEdge method of digraphs. + +So if you think about it, +it's so I make a graph. + +If I ask it to add +edges, it's going + +to use this version of addEdge. + +And what am I going to do? + +I know in a graph, I could +have both directions work. + +So, given an edge that I +want to add into this graph, + +I'll use the method +from the digraph class. + +And I'll add an edge going +from source to destination. + +And then I'll just create +an edge the other direction. + +Destination becomes source. + +Source becomes destination. + +And I'll add that +into the graph. + +Nice and easy, +straightforward to do. + +And this is kind of nice +because, in a graph, + +I don't have any directionality +associated with the edge. + +I can go in either direction. + +I just created +something like that. + +And you might say, +well, wait a minute. + +Why did I pick graph to +be a subclass of digraph? + +Why not the other way around? + +Reasonable question, and you +actually know the answer. + +You've seen this before. + +One of the things +I'd like to have + +is the property that if the +client code works correctly + +using an instance +of the bigger type, + +it should also +work correctly when + +it is using an instance of the +subtype substituted in, which + +is another way of +saying anything that + +works for a digraph will +also work for a graph, + +but not vice versa. + +And as a consequence, +it's easier + +to make the graph a +subclass of digraph. + +Notice the other thing +that's nice here. + +One little piece of +code, just change + +what it means to make an edge. + +Everything else still holds. + +And also notice-- you've seen +this before-- how we nicely + +inherit the method +from the subclass + +by explicitly calling it. + +It says, from the digraph class, +get out the addEdge method + +and apply it. + +OK. + +So we can build graphs. + +We're going to do +that in a second. + +Let's turn now to thinking about +I'd like to search on a graph. + +And I'm going to start with +the classic graph optimization + +problem. + +I'd like to find +the best path home. + +So, what's the shortest path +from one node to another? + +And that shortest path +initially will just + +be the shortest +sequence of steps. + +I hope I'm not having +a little attack here. + +You just saw that +screen blank out, right? + +The shortest path of +steps with the property + +that the source of the first +edge is the starting point. + +The destination of +the last edge is + +the thing I'm trying to get to. + +And for any edge +in between, if I + +go in my first edge from +source to say node one, + +the next edge has that +destination as its source. + +So there's simply a chain that +says can go from here to here + +to here to here to get +all the way through. + +And I'd like to find what's +the shortest number of steps? + +Edges like that that will get +me from source to destination. + +Ultimately, if those edges +have weights on them, + +the optimization problem +I'd like to solve + +is, what's the shortest +weighted path, the shortest + +amount of work I have to +do to get to those places? + +And if we can solve +one, we'll see + +that we can solve the other +one pretty straightforwardly. + +And we've already seen examples +of shortest path problems. + +Clearly, finding a +route navigation is one. + +Designing communication networks +is another great example + +of a shortest path problem. + +You'd like your message +to get to your friend + +as quickly as possible +and not go as many times + +around the world +before it gets there. + +So what's the shortest amount +of time or the fewest links + +I have to use to get there? + +Lots of nice biological problems +that also captured this piece. + +So here is an example. + +And we're going to +use this to look + +at two different +kinds of algorithms + +to solve this problem. + +This is a little navigation +problem from a set of cities. + +Think of it as flight paths. + +If you're from +Arizona, my apologies. + +But once you get to Phoenix, +you can't get out of there + +unless you grow from +the ashes, I guess. + +[LAUGHTER] + +But you know, it's a +way of dealing with how + +to get around in places. + +And to think about this, +here's the representation + +that we'd have in the graph. + +The adjacency graph +here-- or adjacency list + +here is, from Boston, I +can get to Providence. + +I can get to New York. + +From Providence, I +can get to Boston. + +I can get to New York. + +From New York, I can +only get to Chicago. + +Chicago, I can go to +Denver or Phoenix. + +Denver, I can go to +Phoenix or New York. + +And from L.A., you can +only come back to Boston. + +And Phoenix has no +exits out of it. + +So there is that representation. + +I just want to let you see that. + +Right? + +There are the keys +in the dictionary. + +They're all the nodes. + +And there, each +one of those lists + +is a set of edges from the +source to the destination. + +OK. + +How would I build this? + +Well this is the +code I just ran. + +I just want to show it to you. + +I notice, by the way, in the +slides I distributed earlier, + +the return g is missing there. + +If you want to correct it, +I'll repost it later on. + +I'm going to create a +little function that's + +going to build a city graph. + +I'm going to pass in a type +of graph, which I will then + +call to create it. + +So I could make +this as a digraph. + +I could make it as a graph. + +I'm going to start off +with it as a digraph. + +And then notice what I do here. + +I just run over a little +loop with a set of names, + +creating a node with +that name and then + +adding it into the graph. + +All right, so node +is a class instance. + +It creates-- or a +class definition-- + +it creates an instance. + +And once I've got that, addNode +as a method on the graph. + +It will simply add it in. + +And then this set here, is +simply adding in the edges. + +And I can do that. + +I'm capturing what I had +on that previous slide. + +And on a given +name to getNode, it + +will get out the actual node. + +And I use that coming +out of the graph g. + +I do the same thing +with the getNode + +from graph g for Providence. + +And then I make an +edge out of that. + +And then I use the method from +the graph to add the edge. + +If this looks like +a lot of code, + +yeah, it's a lot of words. + +But it's pretty straightforward. + +I'm literally creating +nodes with the names, + +using the appropriate +methods, creating an edge, + +adding it into the graph. + +And when I'm done, I'm just +going to return the graph g. + +OK. + +Now I want to find +the shortest path. + +I'm going to show you two +techniques for doing this. + +The first one is called +depth first search. + +It's similar to something +Professor Guttag showed you + +when you sort of took the +left most depth first method + +in terms of a search tree. + +The one trick here is, because +I've got graphs not trees, + +there are the +potential for loops. + +So I'm simply going to keep +track of what's in the path. + +And I'm never going to +go back to a node that's + +already in the path. + +So I don't just run in circles +going from New York to Boston + +to New York to +Boston constantly. + +All right. + +So, the second thing +I'm going to do here + +is I'm going to take +advantage of a problem you've + +seen before, which is this is +literally a version of divide + +and conquer. + +What does that mean? + +If I want to find a +path from a source node + +to destination +node, if I can find + +a path to some intermediate +node from source intermediate, + +and then I find a path from +intermediate to destination, + +the combination is obviously +a path the entire way. + +So recursively, I can +just break this down + +into simpler and simpler +versions of that search + +problem. + +So here's the idea behind +depth first search. + +Start off with that source +node, that initial node. + +I'm going to look +at all the edges + +that leave that +node in some order, + +however order it was +put into the system. + +And I'm going to +follow the first edge. + +I'll check to see if I'm +at the right location. + +If I am, I'm done. + +If I'm not, I'm going to +follow the first edge out + +of that node. + +So I'm actually creating +a little loop here. + +And I'm going to keep doing that +until I either find the goal + +node or I run out of options. + +So let me show you an example. + +I've got a little search +tree here, a very simple one. + +Here's my source. + +There is my destination. + +In depth first, I'm going +to start at the source + +and go down the first path. + +See if I'm at the right place. + +I'm not. + +So I'm going to take +the first path out + +of here, which +might be that one. + +See if I'm in the right place. + +Actually, let me +not do it that way. + +Let me do it this way. + +Am I in the right place? + +I'm not. + +So I'm going to take +the first path out + +of this one, which +gets me there. + +I'm still not in +the right place, + +so I'm going to take the +first path out of that one. + +And you can see why +it's called depth first. + +I'm going as deep, if you +like, in this graph as I can, + +from here, to there, to +there, to there, to there. + +At this stage, I'm stuck. + +There is no place +to go to, so I'm + +going to go back to this node +and say, is there another edge? + +In this case there isn't, +so I'll go back to here. + +There's not another edge. + +Go back to here. + +There is another edge. + +So I'm going to +go this direction. + +And from here, I'll +look down there. + +OK, notice I'm now going depth +first down the next chain. + +There's nothing from here. + +I backtrack. + +There's nothing from there. + +I backtrack over to here. + +There's no additional +choices there, + +so go all the way back to +here to follow that one. + +And then we'll go down this one +again, backtrack, backtrack, + +and eventually I find the +thing I'm looking for. + +Depth first-- following +my way down this path. + +So let's write the +code for-- yes ma'am? + +AUDIENCE: Pardon me. + +Is the choice of +depth first node + +we go down, is that random? + +PROFESSOR: The question +is, which node do I, + +or which edge do I choose? + +It's however I stored +it in the system. + +So since it's a list, I'm +going to just make that choice. + +I could have other +ways of deciding it. + +But think of it as, +yeah, essentially random, + +which one I would pick. + +OK, let's look at the code. + +Don't panic. + +It's not as bad as it looks. + +It actually just +captures that idea. + +Ignore for the moment +this down here. + +It's just going to set it up. + +Depth first search, I'm going +to give it a graph, a start + +node, an end node, and a path +that got me to that start + +node, which initially +is just going + +to be an empty list, +something that tells me what's + +the shortest path +I've found so far, + +which would be my best solution? + +And then just a little flag +here if I want to print out + +things along the way. + +What do I do? + +I set up path to add +in the start node. + +So if path initially +is an empty list, + +the first time around is +just, here's the node I'm at. + +I print out some stuff and +then I say, see if I'm done. + +I'm just going to stay at home. + +I'm not going to go anywhere. + +Unlikely to happen, but +you'll see recursively + +why this is going to be nice. + +If I'm not done, +then notice the loop. + +I'm going to loop over all the +children of the start node. + +Those are the edges I can reach. + +Then those I can reach +with a single edge. + +I pick the first one. + +And in answer to the +question, in this case, + +it would be the order in +which I started in the list. + +I just pick that one up. + +I then say, let's make sure +it's not already in the path + +because I want to avoid loops. + +And assuming it +isn't, and assuming + +I don't yet have a solution, +or the best solution I have + +is smaller than what +I've done so far, + +oh, cool, just do +the same search. + +So notice, there's +that nice recursion. + +Right? + +I'm going to explore. + +I just picked the first +option out of that first node. + +And the first thing +I do is try and see + +if there's a path from that +node using the same thing. + +So it's literally like +I picked this one. + +I don't care about +those other edges. + +I'm going to try and +take this search down. + +When it comes back +with a solution, + +as long as there +is a solution, I'll + +say that's my best +solution so far. + +And then I go back around. + +Now this last little +piece here is just, + +if in fact the node's +already in the path, + +I'm just going to +print something + +that says don't keep +doing it because you + +don't need to keep going on. + +And I'm going to do that loop, +taking all the paths down + +until it comes back. + +And only at that stage do +I go to the next portion + +around this loop. + +The piece down here +just sets this up, + +calling it with an initial +empty list for path + +and no solution for shortest. + +So it's just a nice way of +putting a wrap around it that + +gets things started up. + +This may look a little funky. + +It may look a +little bit twisted. + +So let's see if it actually +does what we'd expect it to. + +And to do that I'm just going +to be a little test function. + +I'm going to build that +city graph I'm just + +going to call "Shortest Path." + +I'm going to print it out. + +And I'd like to +see, is there a way + +to get from Boston to Chicago? + +So let's go back over to +my Python and try that out. + +And I've got a call for that. + +Oh, and it prints out. + +I start off-- oh, so I +did it the wrong way. + +It's from Chicago to Boston. + +Yes, Chicago to Denver +to Phoenix, from Denver + +to New York, it comes back and +says, I've already visited. + +Basically concludes I can't +get from Chicago to Boston. + +It's just printing +out each stage. + +Let's actually look +at that a little more + +carefully to see +how it got there. + +So there's my example. + +There is the adjacency list. + +And here's what happens. + +I start off in Chicago. + +So that's my first node. + +From Chicago, the first +edge goes to Denver. + +Denver is not what +I'm looking for. + +But since I am in +Denver, recursively I'm + +going to call it again. + +So the first edge out +of there is to Phoenix. + +Again, sorry if you're +from Arizona and Phoenix. + +There's nowhere to go. + +So I'm going to +have to backtrack. + +And that will take +me back up to Denver. + +And I look at the next edge. + +It takes me to New York. + +From New York I'd +like to go to Chicago. + +But oh, that's nice +because, remember, + +that first check it says, is +Chicago already in the path? + +It is. + +I don't want to loop, +because otherwise I'm + +simply going to go around +and around and around here. + +And it may be good for +frequent flyer miles, + +but it's not a great way to get +to where you're trying to go. + +So I break out of it. + +And now, what else +do I have left? + +Chicago to Denver I've explored. + +I'll look at Chicago to Phoenix. + +From Phoenix there's +nowhere to go. + +I go back up to Chicago. + +There are no more paths. + +I'm done. + +OK. + +Now, it turns out +you can actually + +get somewhere in this graph. + +So here's just another example. + +I'm simply going +to show you, if I + +want to go from +Boston to Phoenix, + +notice the set of stages. + +And you can see, notice +how at each stage + +it tends to be growing. + +That's that depth first. + +I'm exploring the edges. + +I find a path. + +That's great. + +But is it the shortest path? + +I don't know. + +So having found that path, I +try and take the next branch, + +which finds a loop. + +And I keep moving through +this, finding paths + +until I look at all +the possible paths + +and I actually return +the shortest path. + +You can try running +the code on it. + +But what I want you to +see is, again, this idea + +that I can explore it. + +But in fact, I'm going +to have to explore it + +in a particular order. + +But there is depth first search. + +It will find a solution for me. + +Alternative, it's what's +called breadth first search. + +Sounds almost the same. + +Again, I'm going to start +off with initial load. + +I'm going to look at +all the edges that + +leave that node, in some order. + +I'm going to follow the +first edge as before + +and see if I'm at +the right place. + +If I'm not, I'm going +to follow the next edge + +and do the same thing. + +So whereas this went +down through the tree + +as deeply as it could of +the graph, in breadth first, + +I'm going to start off +taking that edge as before. + +I'm not done. + +I'm going to keep +track of that in case I + +want to explore more of it. + +But I'm going to go back over +here and follow that edge. + +I'm not done. + +Again, I'll keep track of that, +but I'll come back up here + +and explore that one. + +And oh, cool, I found a +solution in three steps. + +I've reached the destination. + +And notice, because +I'm exploring + +all the paths of +length one before I + +get to paths of length two. + +Once I find a solution, +I can stop because I + +know it's the shortest path. + +Any other path through +here would be longer + +than that particular solution. + +So the loop here is +a little different. + +I'm looking over all +the paths of length one. + +There are all the +paths of length two. + +And the one thing I'm +going to have to do + +is I'm going to have to keep +track of the remaining options + +here in case I have +to come down to them. + +Because if I didn't find +it at the first level, + +then I come down here and +look at things of length two. + +OK? + +So let's build that code. + +Breadth first search, or +BFS, again, a graph, a start, + +and an end node, something that +would just print things out + +as I go along. + +My initial path is +just the start point. + +But now I've got to keep track +of what are the paths that I + +have yet to explore? + +And so for that, +I'm going to create + +something called a queue. + +And a queue is going +to be a list of paths. + +Remember, a path +is a list of nodes. + +A queue is going to +be a list of paths. + +So the initial queue is +just where I've started. + +And then, as long as I've got +something still to explore + +and I haven't found +a solution, I'm + +going to pop off the +queue the oldest element, + +the thing at the beginning. + +That's my temporary path. + +I'll print out some +information about it. + +And then I'll grab the +last element of that path. + +That's the last +point in that path. + +And I'll now explore. + +Is it the thing I'm looking for? + +In which case I'm done. + +I'll return the path. + +Otherwise, for each node that +you can reach from that point, + +create a new path by adding +that on the end of this path + +and add it into the queue +at the end of the queue. + +So I'm going to +keep looping around + +here until I either +find a solution here, + +which I'll return. + +And if I get through all of +it, I'm going to return none. + +And right there, there +is that nice thing where + +once I find a solution, I +know it's the shortest thing, + +I can stop. + +OK, let's look at +an example of this. + +So I'm going to go back +over to Python, where + +I've got a version of this. + +I'm going to comment that out. + +And down here in +breadth first search, + +I've actually added a +little piece of code + +that I don't have in +the handout that's + +going to print out the +queue as well so we can see + +what happens when we call this. + +So let's take a look at it. + +My initial call, there's +one thing in the queue. + +It's just Boston. + +I started in Boston. + +So the current path +is to start in Boston. + +I take that element +off the queue, + +and I say what are the things +I can reach from Boston? + +Oh, nice, I put two things in. + +I can get from +Boston to Providence. + +I can get from +Boston to New York. + +The top thing is +gone off the queue. + +I popped it. + +I've replaced it +with two things. + +Or I take this, and +say, OK, from Boston + +to Providence, where can +I get from Providence? + +Oh, I can get to New York. + +So I put that in the queue. + +This has gone off. + +That one is still there. + +And I do that +because I haven't yet + +reached the thing I'm looking +for, which was, I think, + +Phoenix I was trying to get to. + +And you could see +at each stage, I'm + +taking the top +thing off the queue, + +and asking for all the +things that I can get to, + +and adding them to it. + +And notice, in some cases, +it may be more than one. + +For example, which +one do I want here? + +Right here, if I take +Boston, New York to Chicago, + +from Chicago I +can get to Denver. + +So there's one new path. + +I can also get to Phoenix. + +There's a second new path. + +Also notice how they +are only growing slowly + +as I build them out. + +And in fact, if we go back, +we can see that nicely + +by looking at what happens if +we were to actually trace this + +along. + +So Boston to Phoenix, +I start at Boston. + +Then I look at +that and then that. + +Those are all the +paths of length one. + +Having exhausted +those, oh nice, I'm + +looking at paths of length two, +and then paths of length three, + +and then paths the +length four, until I + +found the one that I wanted. + +And here's one other +way of looking at it. + +Breadth first says, I'll look +at each path of length one. + +And then, oh yes, +I avoid the loop. + +I look at each +path of length two, + +then paths of length +three, until I actually + +find the solution. + +Subtle difference, +different performance. + +Depth first, I'm +always following + +the next available edge until +I get stuck and I backtrack. + +Breadth first, I'm always +exploring the next equal length + +option. + +And I just have to keep +track in that queue + +of the things I have left to +do as I walk my way through. + +What about weighted +shortest path? + +Well, as the +mathematicians say, we + +leave this is an easy +exercise for the reader. + +It's a little unfair. + +The idea would be, imagine on +my edges, it's not just a step, + +but I have a weight. + +Flying to L.A. Is a +little longer than flying + +from Boston to New York. + +What I'd like to do is do the +same kind of optimization, + +but now just minimizing the sum +of the weights on the edges, + +not the number of edges. + +As you might guess, +depth first search + +is easily modified to do this. + +The cost now would +simply be what's + +the sum of those weights? + +And again, I would have to +search all possible options + +till I find a solution. + +Unfortunately, +breadth first search + +can't easily be modified because +the short weighted path may + +have many more than the +minimum number of loops. + +And I'd have to think +about how to adjust + +it to make that happen. + +But to pull it together, +here's a new model-- + +graphs. + +Great way of +representing networks, + +collections of entities with +relationships between them. + +There are lots of nice +graph optimization problems. + +And we've just shown you +two examples of that. + +But we'll come back to more +examples as we go along. + +And with that, we'll +see you next time. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/WBJ_iXudb-s.txt b/WBJ_iXudb-s.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..00dc2bf43963c465c71f9877b60e5b394a25b186 --- /dev/null +++ b/WBJ_iXudb-s.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7915 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the uh topic for today is how to change + + align:start position:0% +the uh topic for today is how to change + + + align:start position:0% +the uh topic for today is how to change +variables uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so we're talking about substitutions + + align:start position:0% +so so we're talking about substitutions + + + align:start position:0% +so so we're talking about substitutions +and differential equations or uh + + align:start position:0% +and differential equations or uh + + + align:start position:0% +and differential equations or uh +changing + + align:start position:0% +changing + + + align:start position:0% +changing +variables uh that might seem like a sort + + align:start position:0% +variables uh that might seem like a sort + + + align:start position:0% +variables uh that might seem like a sort +of fussy thing to talk about in + + align:start position:0% +of fussy thing to talk about in + + + align:start position:0% +of fussy thing to talk about in +the third or fourth lecture but but it + + align:start position:0% +the third or fourth lecture but but it + + + align:start position:0% +the third or fourth lecture but but it +isn't the reason is is that so far the + + align:start position:0% +isn't the reason is is that so far the + + + align:start position:0% +isn't the reason is is that so far the +you know how to solve two kinds of + + align:start position:0% +you know how to solve two kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +you know how to solve two kinds of +differential equations two kinds of + + align:start position:0% +differential equations two kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +differential equations two kinds of +first order differential equations the + + align:start position:0% +first order differential equations the + + + align:start position:0% +first order differential equations the +one where you can separate variables and + + align:start position:0% +one where you can separate variables and + + + align:start position:0% +one where you can separate variables and +the linear equation that we talked about + + align:start position:0% +the linear equation that we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +the linear equation that we talked about +last time now the sad fact is that in + + align:start position:0% +last time now the sad fact is that in + + + align:start position:0% +last time now the sad fact is that in +some sense those are the only two + + align:start position:0% +some sense those are the only two + + + align:start position:0% +some sense those are the only two +general methods there are that those are + + align:start position:0% +general methods there are that those are + + + align:start position:0% +general methods there are that those are +the only two kinds of equations that can + + align:start position:0% +the only two kinds of equations that can + + + align:start position:0% +the only two kinds of equations that can +always be solved + + align:start position:0% +always be solved + + + align:start position:0% +always be solved +uh well what about all the others the + + align:start position:0% +uh well what about all the others the + + + align:start position:0% +uh well what about all the others the +answer is that to a great extent all the + + align:start position:0% +answer is that to a great extent all the + + + align:start position:0% +answer is that to a great extent all the +other equations can be that can be + + align:start position:0% +other equations can be that can be + + + align:start position:0% +other equations can be that can be +solved the solution is done by changing + + align:start position:0% +solved the solution is done by changing + + + align:start position:0% +solved the solution is done by changing +the variables in the equation to reduce + + align:start position:0% +the variables in the equation to reduce + + + align:start position:0% +the variables in the equation to reduce +it to one of the cases that we can + + align:start position:0% +it to one of the cases that we can + + + align:start position:0% +it to one of the cases that we can +already do now I'm going to give you two + + align:start position:0% +already do now I'm going to give you two + + + align:start position:0% +already do now I'm going to give you two +examples of that two significant + + align:start position:0% +examples of that two significant + + + align:start position:0% +examples of that two significant +examples of that today + + align:start position:0% +examples of that today + + + align:start position:0% +examples of that today +but ultimately as you'll see the way the + + align:start position:0% +but ultimately as you'll see the way the + + + align:start position:0% +but ultimately as you'll see the way the +equations are solved is by changing them + + align:start position:0% +equations are solved is by changing them + + + align:start position:0% +equations are solved is by changing them +into into a linear equation or equation + + align:start position:0% +into into a linear equation or equation + + + align:start position:0% +into into a linear equation or equation +where the variables are + + align:start position:0% +where the variables are + + + align:start position:0% +where the variables are +separable however that's for a few + + align:start position:0% +separable however that's for a few + + + align:start position:0% +separable however that's for a few +minutes the first change of variables + + align:start position:0% +minutes the first change of variables + + + align:start position:0% +minutes the first change of variables +that I want to talk about is an an + + align:start position:0% +that I want to talk about is an an + + + align:start position:0% +that I want to talk about is an an +almost trivial one but it's the most + + align:start position:0% +almost trivial one but it's the most + + + align:start position:0% +almost trivial one but it's the most +common kind there is and you've already + + align:start position:0% +common kind there is and you've already + + + align:start position:0% +common kind there is and you've already +had it in physics class but I think it's + + align:start position:0% +had it in physics class but I think it's + + + align:start position:0% +had it in physics class but I think it's +so important in the science and + + align:start position:0% +so important in the science and + + + align:start position:0% +so important in the science and +engineering subjects that it's it's a + + align:start position:0% +engineering subjects that it's it's a + + + align:start position:0% +engineering subjects that it's it's a +good idea even in 1803 to call attention + + align:start position:0% +good idea even in 1803 to call attention + + + align:start position:0% +good idea even in 1803 to call attention +to it explicitly + + align:start position:0% +to it explicitly + + + align:start position:0% +to it explicitly +so in that sense the most common change + + align:start position:0% +so in that sense the most common change + + + align:start position:0% +so in that sense the most common change +of variables is the one simple one + + align:start position:0% +of variables is the one simple one + + + align:start position:0% +of variables is the one simple one +called + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +scaling so the again the kind of + + align:start position:0% +scaling so the again the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +scaling so the again the kind of +equation I'm talking about is a general + + align:start position:0% +equation I'm talking about is a general + + + align:start position:0% +equation I'm talking about is a general +first order + + align:start position:0% +first order + + + align:start position:0% +first order +equation and scaling simply means to + + align:start position:0% +equation and scaling simply means to + + + align:start position:0% +equation and scaling simply means to +change the coordinates in effect to + + align:start position:0% +change the coordinates in effect to + + + align:start position:0% +change the coordinates in effect to +change + + align:start position:0% +change + + + align:start position:0% +change +the uh axes to change the coordinates on + + align:start position:0% +the uh axes to change the coordinates on + + + align:start position:0% +the uh axes to change the coordinates on +the axes to scale the axes to either + + align:start position:0% +the axes to scale the axes to either + + + align:start position:0% +the axes to scale the axes to either +stretch them or contract them so what + + align:start position:0% +stretch them or contract them so what + + + align:start position:0% +stretch them or contract them so what +does the change of variable actually + + align:start position:0% +does the change of variable actually + + + align:start position:0% +does the change of variable actually +look like well it means you introduce + + align:start position:0% +look like well it means you introduce + + + align:start position:0% +look like well it means you introduce +new variables where X1 is equal to x + + align:start position:0% +new variables where X1 is equal to x + + + align:start position:0% +new variables where X1 is equal to x +times something or times a constant I'll + + align:start position:0% +times something or times a constant I'll + + + align:start position:0% +times something or times a constant I'll +write it is divided by a constant U + + align:start position:0% +write it is divided by a constant U + + + align:start position:0% +write it is divided by a constant U +since that's tends to be a little bit + + align:start position:0% +since that's tends to be a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +since that's tends to be a little bit +more the way people think of it um and Y + + align:start position:0% +more the way people think of it um and Y + + + align:start position:0% +more the way people think of it um and Y +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +same so the new variable y1 is related + + align:start position:0% +same so the new variable y1 is related + + + align:start position:0% +same so the new variable y1 is related +to the old one by an equation of that + + align:start position:0% +to the old one by an equation of that + + + align:start position:0% +to the old one by an equation of that +form + + align:start position:0% +form + + + align:start position:0% +form +so a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constants so those the those are the uh + + align:start position:0% +constants so those the those are the uh + + + align:start position:0% +constants so those the those are the uh +change of those are the + + align:start position:0% +change of those are the + + + align:start position:0% +change of those are the +equations now why does one do this + + align:start position:0% +equations now why does one do this + + + align:start position:0% +equations now why does one do this +well there a lot of reasons but uh maybe + + align:start position:0% +well there a lot of reasons but uh maybe + + + align:start position:0% +well there a lot of reasons but uh maybe +we could list them uh you uh for example + + align:start position:0% +we could list them uh you uh for example + + + align:start position:0% +we could list them uh you uh for example +could be changing uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +units that's a common reason + + align:start position:0% +units that's a common reason + + + align:start position:0% +units that's a common reason +physics uh changing the units that are + + align:start position:0% +physics uh changing the units that are + + + align:start position:0% +physics uh changing the units that are +used uh you'd have to make a change of + + align:start position:0% +used uh you'd have to make a change of + + + align:start position:0% +used uh you'd have to make a change of +coordinates of this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +form a perhaps even more important + + align:start position:0% +form a perhaps even more important + + + align:start position:0% +form a perhaps even more important +reason is to uh sometimes it's used to + + align:start position:0% +reason is to uh sometimes it's used to + + + align:start position:0% +reason is to uh sometimes it's used to +make the variables + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dimensionless in other words where the + + align:start position:0% +dimensionless in other words where the + + + align:start position:0% +dimensionless in other words where the +Vari so that the variables become pure + + align:start position:0% +Vari so that the variables become pure + + + align:start position:0% +Vari so that the variables become pure +numbers with no units attached to them + + align:start position:0% +numbers with no units attached to them + + + align:start position:0% +numbers with no units attached to them +uh since you're well aware of the + + align:start position:0% +uh since you're well aware of the + + + align:start position:0% +uh since you're well aware of the +tortures involved in dealing with units + + align:start position:0% +tortures involved in dealing with units + + + align:start position:0% +tortures involved in dealing with units +in physics uh the point of making + + align:start position:0% +in physics uh the point of making + + + align:start position:0% +in physics uh the point of making +variables uh Dimension I'm sorry + + align:start position:0% +variables uh Dimension I'm sorry + + + align:start position:0% +variables uh Dimension I'm sorry +dimensionless I don't have to sell + + align:start position:0% +dimensionless I don't have to sell + + + align:start position:0% +dimensionless I don't have to sell +that dimensionless I.E no units without + + align:start position:0% +that dimensionless I.E no units without + + + align:start position:0% +that dimensionless I.E no units without +units without any units attached it's + + align:start position:0% +units without any units attached it's + + + align:start position:0% +units without any units attached it's +just it represents the number three not + + align:start position:0% +just it represents the number three not + + + align:start position:0% +just it represents the number three not +3 seconds or three G or anything like + + align:start position:0% +3 seconds or three G or anything like + + + align:start position:0% +3 seconds or three G or anything like +that and the third reason is to reduce + + align:start position:0% +that and the third reason is to reduce + + + align:start position:0% +that and the third reason is to reduce +or simplify the constants reduce the + + align:start position:0% +or simplify the constants reduce the + + + align:start position:0% +or simplify the constants reduce the +number or simplify the constants in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equation reduce their number is + + align:start position:0% +equation reduce their number is + + + align:start position:0% +equation reduce their number is +self-explanatory simplify means make + + align:start position:0% +self-explanatory simplify means make + + + align:start position:0% +self-explanatory simplify means make +them uh less either dimensionless also + + align:start position:0% +them uh less either dimensionless also + + + align:start position:0% +them uh less either dimensionless also +or if you can't do that at least less + + align:start position:0% +or if you can't do that at least less + + + align:start position:0% +or if you can't do that at least less +dependent upon the critical units than + + align:start position:0% +dependent upon the critical units than + + + align:start position:0% +dependent upon the critical units than +the old ones were let me give you a very + + align:start position:0% +the old ones were let me give you a very + + + align:start position:0% +the old ones were let me give you a very +simple example which will illustrate + + align:start position:0% +simple example which will illustrate + + + align:start position:0% +simple example which will illustrate +most of these things um it's the uh + + align:start position:0% +most of these things um it's the uh + + + align:start position:0% +most of these things um it's the uh +equation it's a version of the cooling + + align:start position:0% +equation it's a version of the cooling + + + align:start position:0% +equation it's a version of the cooling +law which applies at very high + + align:start position:0% +law which applies at very high + + + align:start position:0% +law which applies at very high +temperatures and it runs so it's like + + align:start position:0% +temperatures and it runs so it's like + + + align:start position:0% +temperatures and it runs so it's like +Newton's cooling laws except + + align:start position:0% +Newton's cooling laws except + + + align:start position:0% +Newton's cooling laws except +uh except it's the internal and external + + align:start position:0% +uh except it's the internal and external + + + align:start position:0% +uh except it's the internal and external +temperatures are are very what's + + align:start position:0% +temperatures are are very what's + + + align:start position:0% +temperatures are are very what's +important is is not the first power as + + align:start position:0% +important is is not the first power as + + + align:start position:0% +important is is not the first power as +in Newton's law but the fourth power so + + align:start position:0% +in Newton's law but the fourth power so + + + align:start position:0% +in Newton's law but the fourth power so +it's a constant and the difference is + + align:start position:0% +it's a constant and the difference is + + + align:start position:0% +it's a constant and the difference is +now it's the external temperature which + + align:start position:0% +now it's the external temperature which + + + align:start position:0% +now it's the external temperature which +just uh so there won't be so many + + align:start position:0% +just uh so there won't be so many + + + align:start position:0% +just uh so there won't be so many +capital T's in the equation I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +capital T's in the equation I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +capital T's in the equation I'm going to +call M to the fourth power minus t to + + align:start position:0% +call M to the fourth power minus t to + + + align:start position:0% +call M to the fourth power minus t to +4th + + align:start position:0% +4th + + + align:start position:0% +4th +power so T is the internal temperature + + align:start position:0% +power so T is the internal temperature + + + align:start position:0% +power so T is the internal temperature +the thing we're interested in and M is + + align:start position:0% +the thing we're interested in and M is + + + align:start position:0% +the thing we're interested in and M is +the external constant which I'll assume + + align:start position:0% +the external constant which I'll assume + + + align:start position:0% +the external constant which I'll assume +uh now is a constant external + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +temperature so this is for valid if a + + align:start position:0% +temperature so this is for valid if a + + + align:start position:0% +temperature so this is for valid if a +big temperature differ for big + + align:start position:0% +big temperature differ for big + + + align:start position:0% +big temperature differ for big +temperature dist uh differences Newton's + + align:start position:0% +temperature dist uh differences Newton's + + + align:start position:0% +temperature dist uh differences Newton's +law breaks down and and one needs a + + align:start position:0% +law breaks down and and one needs a + + + align:start position:0% +law breaks down and and one needs a +different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one now you're free to solve that + + align:start position:0% +one now you're free to solve that + + + align:start position:0% +one now you're free to solve that +equation just as it stands if you + + align:start position:0% +equation just as it stands if you + + + align:start position:0% +equation just as it stands if you +can uh there are difficulties connected + + align:start position:0% +can uh there are difficulties connected + + + align:start position:0% +can uh there are difficulties connected +with it because you're dealing with + + align:start position:0% +with it because you're dealing with + + + align:start position:0% +with it because you're dealing with +fourth powers of + + align:start position:0% +fourth powers of + + + align:start position:0% +fourth powers of +course + + align:start position:0% +course + + + align:start position:0% +course +uh but before you do that one should + + align:start position:0% +uh but before you do that one should + + + align:start position:0% +uh but before you do that one should +scale how shall I scale + + align:start position:0% +scale how shall I scale + + + align:start position:0% +scale how shall I scale +well I'm going to scale by relating and + + align:start position:0% +well I'm going to scale by relating and + + + align:start position:0% +well I'm going to scale by relating and +relating T to M so the new variable I'm + + align:start position:0% +relating T to M so the new variable I'm + + + align:start position:0% +relating T to M so the new variable I'm +going to use is T1 equals T / + + align:start position:0% +going to use is T1 equals T / + + + align:start position:0% +going to use is T1 equals T / +M this is now + + align:start position:0% +M this is now + + + align:start position:0% +M this is now +dimensionless because M of course has + + align:start position:0% +dimensionless because M of course has + + + align:start position:0% +dimensionless because M of course has +the of temperature degrees Celsius + + align:start position:0% +the of temperature degrees Celsius + + + align:start position:0% +the of temperature degrees Celsius +degrees absolute whatever it is uh as + + align:start position:0% +degrees absolute whatever it is uh as + + + align:start position:0% +degrees absolute whatever it is uh as +does t and therefore by taking the ratio + + align:start position:0% +does t and therefore by taking the ratio + + + align:start position:0% +does t and therefore by taking the ratio +of the two it's now becomes there are no + + align:start position:0% +of the two it's now becomes there are no + + + align:start position:0% +of the two it's now becomes there are no +units attached to + + align:start position:0% +units attached to + + + align:start position:0% +units attached to +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +so um so this is + + align:start position:0% +so um so this is + + + align:start position:0% +so um so this is +dimensionless uh now how actually do I + + align:start position:0% +dimensionless uh now how actually do I + + + align:start position:0% +dimensionless uh now how actually do I +change the variable in the equation oh + + align:start position:0% +change the variable in the equation oh + + + align:start position:0% +change the variable in the equation oh +watch this it's it's utterly trivial + + align:start position:0% +watch this it's it's utterly trivial + + + align:start position:0% +watch this it's it's utterly trivial +idea and utterly important uh don't slog + + align:start position:0% +idea and utterly important uh don't slog + + + align:start position:0% +idea and utterly important uh don't slog +around doing it this way trying to stuff + + align:start position:0% +around doing it this way trying to stuff + + + align:start position:0% +around doing it this way trying to stuff +it in and divide first instead do the + + align:start position:0% +it in and divide first instead do the + + + align:start position:0% +it in and divide first instead do the +inverse in other words write it instead + + align:start position:0% +inverse in other words write it instead + + + align:start position:0% +inverse in other words write it instead +as T equals + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mt1 the reason being that it's t that's + + align:start position:0% +mt1 the reason being that it's t that's + + + align:start position:0% +mt1 the reason being that it's t that's +facing you in that equation and + + align:start position:0% +facing you in that equation and + + + align:start position:0% +facing you in that equation and +therefore T that you want to substitute + + align:start position:0% +therefore T that you want to substitute + + + align:start position:0% +therefore T that you want to substitute +for so let's do it the new equation will + + align:start position:0% +for so let's do it the new equation will + + + align:start position:0% +for so let's do it the new equation will +be what well DT since this is a constant + + align:start position:0% +be what well DT since this is a constant + + + align:start position:0% +be what well DT since this is a constant +the left hand side becomes dt1 DT + + align:start position:0% +the left hand side becomes dt1 DT + + + align:start position:0% +the left hand side becomes dt1 DT +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +m equals K * m 4th minus M 4th T1 4th so + + align:start position:0% +m equals K * m 4th minus M 4th T1 4th so + + + align:start position:0% +m equals K * m 4th minus M 4th T1 4th so +I'm going to factor out that M 4th and + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to factor out that M 4th and + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to factor out that M 4th and +make it 1 - T1 4th + + align:start position:0% +make it 1 - T1 4th + + + align:start position:0% +make it 1 - T1 4th +okay now I can divide through by m and + + align:start position:0% +okay now I can divide through by m and + + + align:start position:0% +okay now I can divide through by m and +get rid of one of those and so the new + + align:start position:0% +get rid of one of those and so the new + + + align:start position:0% +get rid of one of those and so the new +equation now + + align:start position:0% +equation now + + + align:start position:0% +equation now +is dt1 DT the time uh is equal to + + align:start position:0% +is dt1 DT the time uh is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +is dt1 DT the time uh is equal to +now I have km cubed out front here I'm + + align:start position:0% +now I have km cubed out front here I'm + + + align:start position:0% +now I have km cubed out front here I'm +going to just give that a new name + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +K1 essentially it's the same equation + + align:start position:0% +K1 essentially it's the same equation + + + align:start position:0% +K1 essentially it's the same equation +it's no harder to solve nor uh and no + + align:start position:0% +it's no harder to solve nor uh and no + + + align:start position:0% +it's no harder to solve nor uh and no +easier to solve than the original + + align:start position:0% +easier to solve than the original + + + align:start position:0% +easier to solve than the original +one but it's been simplified slightly + + align:start position:0% +one but it's been simplified slightly + + + align:start position:0% +one but it's been simplified slightly +for one thing it looks better it looks + + align:start position:0% +for one thing it looks better it looks + + + align:start position:0% +for one thing it looks better it looks +better let's uh so I to compare the two + + align:start position:0% +better let's uh so I to compare the two + + + align:start position:0% +better let's uh so I to compare the two +I'll put this one up in green and this + + align:start position:0% +I'll put this one up in green and this + + + align:start position:0% +I'll put this one up in green and this +one in green too just to convince you + + align:start position:0% +one in green too just to convince you + + + align:start position:0% +one in green too just to convince you +it's the same indicate that it's the + + align:start position:0% +it's the same indicate that it's the + + + align:start position:0% +it's the same indicate that it's the +same + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equation notice so T1 has been rendered + + align:start position:0% +equation notice so T1 has been rendered + + + align:start position:0% +equation notice so T1 has been rendered +is now dimensionless so I don't have to + + align:start position:0% +is now dimensionless so I don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +is now dimensionless so I don't have to +even ask when I solve this equation oh + + align:start position:0% +even ask when I solve this equation oh + + + align:start position:0% +even ask when I solve this equation oh +please tell me what the units of + + align:start position:0% +please tell me what the units of + + + align:start position:0% +please tell me what the units of +temperature are what kind of how are you + + align:start position:0% +temperature are what kind of how are you + + + align:start position:0% +temperature are what kind of how are you +measuring temperature makes no + + align:start position:0% +measuring temperature makes no + + + align:start position:0% +measuring temperature makes no +difference to this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equation K1 still has units what units + + align:start position:0% +equation K1 still has units what units + + + align:start position:0% +equation K1 still has units what units +does it have uh it it's been simplified + + align:start position:0% +does it have uh it it's been simplified + + + align:start position:0% +does it have uh it it's been simplified +because it now has the units of uh uh + + align:start position:0% +because it now has the units of uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +because it now has the units of uh uh +since this is dimensionless and this is + + align:start position:0% +since this is dimensionless and this is + + + align:start position:0% +since this is dimensionless and this is +dimensionless it has the units of + + align:start position:0% +dimensionless it has the units of + + + align:start position:0% +dimensionless it has the units of +inverse time so K1 whereas it had units + + align:start position:0% +inverse time so K1 whereas it had units + + + align:start position:0% +inverse time so K1 whereas it had units +involving both degrees and seconds + + align:start position:0% +involving both degrees and seconds + + + align:start position:0% +involving both degrees and seconds +before now it's inverse + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time as its + + align:start position:0% +time as its + + + align:start position:0% +time as its +units and moreover there's one less + + align:start position:0% +units and moreover there's one less + + + align:start position:0% +units and moreover there's one less +constant so one less constant in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equation it just looks better short + + align:start position:0% +equation it just looks better short + + + align:start position:0% +equation it just looks better short +uh this business uh I think you know + + align:start position:0% +uh this business uh I think you know + + + align:start position:0% +uh this business uh I think you know +that K1 the process of forming K1 out of + + align:start position:0% +that K1 the process of forming K1 out of + + + align:start position:0% +that K1 the process of forming K1 out of +K1 out of KM cubed is called lumping + + align:start position:0% +K1 out of KM cubed is called lumping + + + align:start position:0% +K1 out of KM cubed is called lumping +constants uh I think they use that + + align:start position:0% +constants uh I think they use that + + + align:start position:0% +constants uh I think they use that +standard terminology in physics and in + + align:start position:0% +standard terminology in physics and in + + + align:start position:0% +standard terminology in physics and in +engineering courses + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you try to get all the constants + + align:start position:0% +you try to get all the constants + + + align:start position:0% +you try to get all the constants +together like this and then you make it + + align:start position:0% +together like this and then you make it + + + align:start position:0% +together like this and then you make it +you lump them they they are lumped for + + align:start position:0% +you lump them they they are lumped for + + + align:start position:0% +you lump them they they are lumped for +you and then you just give the lump a + + align:start position:0% +you and then you just give the lump a + + + align:start position:0% +you and then you just give the lump a +new + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +name so that's an example of scaling uh + + align:start position:0% +name so that's an example of scaling uh + + + align:start position:0% +name so that's an example of scaling uh +watch out for when you can use it for + + align:start position:0% +watch out for when you can use it for + + + align:start position:0% +watch out for when you can use it for +example it would have uh probably been a + + align:start position:0% +example it would have uh probably been a + + + align:start position:0% +example it would have uh probably been a +good thing to use on uh in the first + + align:start position:0% +good thing to use on uh in the first + + + align:start position:0% +good thing to use on uh in the first +problem set when you were handling this + + align:start position:0% +problem set when you were handling this + + + align:start position:0% +problem set when you were handling this +problem of uh drug elimination and + + align:start position:0% +problem of uh drug elimination and + + + align:start position:0% +problem of uh drug elimination and +hormone elimination and production + + align:start position:0% +hormone elimination and production + + + align:start position:0% +hormone elimination and production +inside of the thing uh you could lump + + align:start position:0% +inside of the thing uh you could lump + + + align:start position:0% +inside of the thing uh you could lump +constants and as was done to some extent + + align:start position:0% +constants and as was done to some extent + + + align:start position:0% +constants and as was done to some extent +on the solutions to uh get a neater + + align:start position:0% +on the solutions to uh get a neater + + + align:start position:0% +on the solutions to uh get a neater +looking answer one without so many + + align:start position:0% +looking answer one without so many + + + align:start position:0% +looking answer one without so many +constants in + + align:start position:0% +constants in + + + align:start position:0% +constants in +it okay now let's uh now go to serious + + align:start position:0% +it okay now let's uh now go to serious + + + align:start position:0% +it okay now let's uh now go to serious +stuff where we're actually going to make + + align:start position:0% +stuff where we're actually going to make + + + align:start position:0% +stuff where we're actually going to make +changes of variables which we hope will + + align:start position:0% +changes of variables which we hope will + + + align:start position:0% +changes of variables which we hope will +render unsolvable equations suddenly + + align:start position:0% +render unsolvable equations suddenly + + + align:start position:0% +render unsolvable equations suddenly +solvable now I'm going to make do that + + align:start position:0% +solvable now I'm going to make do that + + + align:start position:0% +solvable now I'm going to make do that +by making substitutions + + align:start position:0% +by making substitutions + + + align:start position:0% +by making substitutions +but it's I think quite important to + + align:start position:0% +but it's I think quite important to + + + align:start position:0% +but it's I think quite important to +watch out that there are two kinds of + + align:start position:0% +watch out that there are two kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +watch out that there are two kinds of +substitut tions there are + + align:start position:0% +substitut tions there are + + + align:start position:0% +substitut tions there are +direct + + align:start position:0% +direct + + + align:start position:0% +direct +substitutions uh that's where you + + align:start position:0% +substitutions uh that's where you + + + align:start position:0% +substitutions uh that's where you +introduce a new variable I I don't know + + align:start position:0% +introduce a new variable I I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +introduce a new variable I I don't know +how to write this on the board I'll just + + align:start position:0% +how to write this on the board I'll just + + + align:start position:0% +how to write this on the board I'll just +write it schematically so the new it's + + align:start position:0% +write it schematically so the new it's + + + align:start position:0% +write it schematically so the new it's +it's one which says that the new + + align:start position:0% +it's one which says that the new + + + align:start position:0% +it's one which says that the new +variable is equal to some combination of + + align:start position:0% +variable is equal to some combination of + + + align:start position:0% +variable is equal to some combination of +the old + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +variables the other kind of substitution + + align:start position:0% +variables the other kind of substitution + + + align:start position:0% +variables the other kind of substitution +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +inverse it's just the reverse here you + + align:start position:0% +inverse it's just the reverse here you + + + align:start position:0% +inverse it's just the reverse here you +say that the old variables are some + + align:start position:0% +say that the old variables are some + + + align:start position:0% +say that the old variables are some +combination of the new now often you'll + + align:start position:0% +combination of the new now often you'll + + + align:start position:0% +combination of the new now often you'll +have to stick in a few old variables too + + align:start position:0% +have to stick in a few old variables too + + + align:start position:0% +have to stick in a few old variables too +but the basic is it's what's appears on + + align:start position:0% +but the basic is it's what's appears on + + + align:start position:0% +but the basic is it's what's appears on +the left hand side are you is it a new + + align:start position:0% +the left hand side are you is it a new + + + align:start position:0% +the left hand side are you is it a new +variable that appears on the left hand + + align:start position:0% +variable that appears on the left hand + + + align:start position:0% +variable that appears on the left hand +side by itself or is it the old variable + + align:start position:0% +side by itself or is it the old variable + + + align:start position:0% +side by itself or is it the old variable +that appears on the left hand side now + + align:start position:0% +that appears on the left hand side now + + + align:start position:0% +that appears on the left hand side now +right here we have an + + align:start position:0% +right here we have an + + + align:start position:0% +right here we have an +example the if I did it as a direct sub + + align:start position:0% +example the if I did it as a direct sub + + + align:start position:0% +example the if I did it as a direct sub +substitution I would have written T1 = + + align:start position:0% +substitution I would have written T1 = + + + align:start position:0% +substitution I would have written T1 = +t/ M that's the way I defined the new + + align:start position:0% +t/ M that's the way I defined the new + + + align:start position:0% +t/ M that's the way I defined the new +variable which of course you have to do + + align:start position:0% +variable which of course you have to do + + + align:start position:0% +variable which of course you have to do +if you're introducing it but when I + + align:start position:0% +if you're introducing it but when I + + + align:start position:0% +if you're introducing it but when I +actually did the substitution I did the + + align:start position:0% +actually did the substitution I did the + + + align:start position:0% +actually did the substitution I did the +inverse substitution namely I used tal + + align:start position:0% +inverse substitution namely I used tal + + + align:start position:0% +inverse substitution namely I used tal +T1 M * + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +T1 and the reason for doing that was + + align:start position:0% +T1 and the reason for doing that was + + + align:start position:0% +T1 and the reason for doing that was +because it was the capital T's that + + align:start position:0% +because it was the capital T's that + + + align:start position:0% +because it was the capital T's that +faced me in the equation and I had to + + align:start position:0% +faced me in the equation and I had to + + + align:start position:0% +faced me in the equation and I had to +have something to replace them + + align:start position:0% +have something to replace them + + + align:start position:0% +have something to replace them +with now you've seen this already in + + align:start position:0% +with now you've seen this already in + + + align:start position:0% +with now you've seen this already in +calculus uh this this distinction uh but + + align:start position:0% +calculus uh this this distinction uh but + + + align:start position:0% +calculus uh this this distinction uh but +that might have been a year and a half + + align:start position:0% +that might have been a year and a half + + + align:start position:0% +that might have been a year and a half +ago uh just let me remind you uh + + align:start position:0% +ago uh just let me remind you uh + + + align:start position:0% +ago uh just let me remind you uh +typically in calculus for example when + + align:start position:0% +typically in calculus for example when + + + align:start position:0% +typically in calculus for example when +you want to do this kind of integral + + align:start position:0% +you want to do this kind of integral + + + align:start position:0% +you want to do this kind of integral +let's say x * the < TK 1 - x^2 + + align:start position:0% +let's say x * the < TK 1 - x^2 + + + align:start position:0% +let's say x * the < TK 1 - x^2 +DX the substitution you would use for + + align:start position:0% +DX the substitution you would use for + + + align:start position:0% +DX the substitution you would use for +that is u = 1 - + + align:start position:0% +that is u = 1 - + + + align:start position:0% +that is u = 1 - +x^2 right right and then you'd calculate + + align:start position:0% +x^2 right right and then you'd calculate + + + align:start position:0% +x^2 right right and then you'd calculate +and then you'd observe that this the xdx + + align:start position:0% +and then you'd observe that this the xdx + + + align:start position:0% +and then you'd observe that this the xdx +moral X makes up du apart from a + + align:start position:0% +moral X makes up du apart from a + + + align:start position:0% +moral X makes up du apart from a +constant Factor so this would be an + + align:start position:0% +constant Factor so this would be an + + + align:start position:0% +constant Factor so this would be an +example of direct + + align:start position:0% +example of direct + + + align:start position:0% +example of direct +substitution you'd put it in and convert + + align:start position:0% +substitution you'd put it in and convert + + + align:start position:0% +substitution you'd put it in and convert +the integral into an integral in U what + + align:start position:0% +the integral into an integral in U what + + + align:start position:0% +the integral into an integral in U what +would be an example of inverse + + align:start position:0% +would be an example of inverse + + + align:start position:0% +would be an example of inverse +substitution well if I take away the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X and ask you instead to do this + + align:start position:0% +X and ask you instead to do this + + + align:start position:0% +X and ask you instead to do this +integral then you know that the right + + align:start position:0% +integral then you know that the right + + + align:start position:0% +integral then you know that the right +thing to do is not to start with U but + + align:start position:0% +thing to do is not to start with U but + + + align:start position:0% +thing to do is not to start with U but +to start with the X and write x equals s + + align:start position:0% +to start with the X and write x equals s + + + align:start position:0% +to start with the X and write x equals s +or cosine + + align:start position:0% +or cosine + + + align:start position:0% +or cosine +U so this is a direct substitution in + + align:start position:0% +U so this is a direct substitution in + + + align:start position:0% +U so this is a direct substitution in +that integral but this integral calls + + align:start position:0% +that integral but this integral calls + + + align:start position:0% +that integral but this integral calls +for an inverse substitution in order to + + align:start position:0% +for an inverse substitution in order to + + + align:start position:0% +for an inverse substitution in order to +be able to do it and notice they look + + align:start position:0% +be able to do it and notice they look + + + align:start position:0% +be able to do it and notice they look +practically the same but of course as + + align:start position:0% +practically the same but of course as + + + align:start position:0% +practically the same but of course as +you know from your experience they're + + align:start position:0% +you know from your experience they're + + + align:start position:0% +you know from your experience they're +not they're very + + align:start position:0% +not they're very + + + align:start position:0% +not they're very +different okay so I'm going to watch for + + align:start position:0% +different okay so I'm going to watch for + + + align:start position:0% +different okay so I'm going to watch for +that distinction as I do uh these + + align:start position:0% +that distinction as I do uh these + + + align:start position:0% +that distinction as I do uh these +examples the first one I want to do is + + align:start position:0% +examples the first one I want to do is + + + align:start position:0% +examples the first one I want to do is +an example of a direct substance + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +subtitution so it applies to an equation + + align:start position:0% +subtitution so it applies to an equation + + + align:start position:0% +subtitution so it applies to an equation +of the form y Prime + + align:start position:0% +of the form y Prime + + + align:start position:0% +of the form y Prime +equals there are two term kinds of terms + + align:start position:0% +equals there are two term kinds of terms + + + align:start position:0% +equals there are two term kinds of terms +on the right hand side a ofx some uh + + align:start position:0% +on the right hand side a ofx some uh + + + align:start position:0% +on the right hand side a ofx some uh +let's use P of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +x p of x * + + align:start position:0% +x p of x * + + + align:start position:0% +x p of x * +y plus Q + + align:start position:0% +y plus Q + + + align:start position:0% +y plus Q +ofx time any power whatsoever of Y well + + align:start position:0% +ofx time any power whatsoever of Y well + + + align:start position:0% +ofx time any power whatsoever of Y well +notice for example if n were zero what + + align:start position:0% +notice for example if n were zero what + + + align:start position:0% +notice for example if n were zero what +kind of equation would this be y to the + + align:start position:0% +kind of equation would this be y to the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of equation would this be y to the +N would be one and this would be a + + align:start position:0% +N would be one and this would be a + + + align:start position:0% +N would be one and this would be a +linear equation which you know how to + + align:start position:0% +linear equation which you know how to + + + align:start position:0% +linear equation which you know how to +solve so + + align:start position:0% +solve so + + + align:start position:0% +solve so +n equals z we already know how to do so + + align:start position:0% +n equals z we already know how to do so + + + align:start position:0% +n equals z we already know how to do so +let's assume that n is not zero so that + + align:start position:0% +let's assume that n is not zero so that + + + align:start position:0% +let's assume that n is not zero so that +we're in New + + align:start position:0% +we're in New + + + align:start position:0% +we're in New +Territory well uh if n were equal to one + + align:start position:0% +Territory well uh if n were equal to one + + + align:start position:0% +Territory well uh if n were equal to one +you could separate variables so that too + + align:start position:0% +you could separate variables so that too + + + align:start position:0% +you could separate variables so that too +is not exciting but nonetheless it will + + align:start position:0% +is not exciting but nonetheless it will + + + align:start position:0% +is not exciting but nonetheless it will +be included in what I'm going to say + + align:start position:0% +be included in what I'm going to say + + + align:start position:0% +be included in what I'm going to say +now if n is two or three or n could be + + align:start position:0% +now if n is two or three or n could be + + + align:start position:0% +now if n is two or three or n could be +1/2 so n + + align:start position:0% +1/2 so n + + + align:start position:0% +1/2 so n +anything even zero is all right it's + + align:start position:0% +anything even zero is all right it's + + + align:start position:0% +anything even zero is all right it's +just + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +silly any number could be negative any + + align:start position:0% +silly any number could be negative any + + + align:start position:0% +silly any number could be negative any +equ ALS - 5 that would be fine + + align:start position:0% +equ ALS - 5 that would be fine + + + align:start position:0% +equ ALS - 5 that would be fine +also uh this kind of equation to give it + + align:start position:0% +also uh this kind of equation to give it + + + align:start position:0% +also uh this kind of equation to give it +its name is called a beri + + align:start position:0% +its name is called a beri + + + align:start position:0% +its name is called a beri +equation after named after which beri I + + align:start position:0% +equation after named after which beri I + + + align:start position:0% +equation after named after which beri I +have not the faintest idea there were I + + align:start position:0% +have not the faintest idea there were I + + + align:start position:0% +have not the faintest idea there were I +think three or four of them and they + + align:start position:0% +think three or four of them and they + + + align:start position:0% +think three or four of them and they +fought with each other but they were all + + align:start position:0% +fought with each other but they were all + + + align:start position:0% +fought with each other but they were all +smart + + align:start position:0% +smart + + + align:start position:0% +smart +now uh the key trick if you like method + + align:start position:0% +now uh the key trick if you like method + + + align:start position:0% +now uh the key trick if you like method +to solving any beri equation let me call + + align:start position:0% +to solving any beri equation let me call + + + align:start position:0% +to solving any beri equation let me call +one other thing I should call that it + + align:start position:0% +one other thing I should call that it + + + align:start position:0% +one other thing I should call that it +most important is what's missing it must + + align:start position:0% +most important is what's missing it must + + + align:start position:0% +most important is what's missing it must +not have a pure X term in it if I and + + align:start position:0% +not have a pure X term in it if I and + + + align:start position:0% +not have a pure X term in it if I and +that goes for a constant term either in + + align:start position:0% +that goes for a constant term either in + + + align:start position:0% +that goes for a constant term either in +other words it must look exactly like + + align:start position:0% +other words it must look exactly like + + + align:start position:0% +other words it must look exactly like +this everything multiplied by y or a + + align:start position:0% +this everything multiplied by y or a + + + align:start position:0% +this everything multiplied by y or a +power of y two terms so for example if I + + align:start position:0% +power of y two terms so for example if I + + + align:start position:0% +power of y two terms so for example if I +add one to this the equation becomes + + align:start position:0% +add one to this the equation becomes + + + align:start position:0% +add one to this the equation becomes +notd + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +doable right it's very easy to + + align:start position:0% +doable right it's very easy to + + + align:start position:0% +doable right it's very easy to +contaminate it into an equation that's + + align:start position:0% +contaminate it into an equation that's + + + align:start position:0% +contaminate it into an equation that's +solvable it's got to look just like that + + align:start position:0% +solvable it's got to look just like that + + + align:start position:0% +solvable it's got to look just like that +now you got one on your homework so you + + align:start position:0% +now you got one on your homework so you + + + align:start position:0% +now you got one on your homework so you +got several both part one and part two + + align:start position:0% +got several both part one and part two + + + align:start position:0% +got several both part one and part two +have beri equations on them so you know + + align:start position:0% +have beri equations on them so you know + + + align:start position:0% +have beri equations on them so you know +this this is practical uh in some sense + + align:start position:0% +this this is practical uh in some sense + + + align:start position:0% +this this is practical uh in some sense +what do we got the idea is uh to divide + + align:start position:0% +what do we got the idea is uh to divide + + + align:start position:0% +what do we got the idea is uh to divide +by divide by y the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +N ignore all formulas that you're given + + align:start position:0% +N ignore all formulas that you're given + + + align:start position:0% +N ignore all formulas that you're given +just remember that when you see + + align:start position:0% +just remember that when you see + + + align:start position:0% +just remember that when you see +something that looks like this or + + align:start position:0% +something that looks like this or + + + align:start position:0% +something that looks like this or +something that you can turn into + + align:start position:0% +something that you can turn into + + + align:start position:0% +something that you can turn into +something that looks like this divide + + align:start position:0% +something that looks like this divide + + + align:start position:0% +something that looks like this divide +through by y the N power no matter what + + align:start position:0% +through by y the N power no matter what + + + align:start position:0% +through by y the N power no matter what +n is all right so y Prime over y the N + + align:start position:0% +n is all right so y Prime over y the N + + + align:start position:0% +n is all right so y Prime over y the N +is equal to P of X + + align:start position:0% +is equal to P of X + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to P of X +time um 1/ y nus1 right plus Q + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ofx well that certainly doesn't look any + + align:start position:0% +ofx well that certainly doesn't look any + + + align:start position:0% +ofx well that certainly doesn't look any +better than what I started with and in + + align:start position:0% +better than what I started with and in + + + align:start position:0% +better than what I started with and in +your terms it probably looks somewhat + + align:start position:0% +your terms it probably looks somewhat + + + align:start position:0% +your terms it probably looks somewhat +worse because it's got all those y's of + + align:start position:0% +worse because it's got all those y's of + + + align:start position:0% +worse because it's got all those y's of +the denominator and who wants to see + + align:start position:0% +the denominator and who wants to see + + + align:start position:0% +the denominator and who wants to see +them there but look at it in in this + + align:start position:0% +them there but look at it in in this + + + align:start position:0% +them there but look at it in in this +very slightly transformed beri equation + + align:start position:0% +very slightly transformed beri equation + + + align:start position:0% +very slightly transformed beri equation +is a linear equation struggling to be + + align:start position:0% +is a linear equation struggling to be + + + align:start position:0% +is a linear equation struggling to be +free where is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it why is it trying to be a linear + + align:start position:0% +it why is it trying to be a linear + + + align:start position:0% +it why is it trying to be a linear +equation make a new variable call this + + align:start position:0% +equation make a new variable call this + + + align:start position:0% +equation make a new variable call this +hunk of it a new variable let's call it + + align:start position:0% +hunk of it a new variable let's call it + + + align:start position:0% +hunk of it a new variable let's call it +V + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so V is equal to 1/ y n minus1 or if you + + align:start position:0% +so V is equal to 1/ y n minus1 or if you + + + align:start position:0% +so V is equal to 1/ y n minus1 or if you +like you can think of that as y 1 minus + + align:start position:0% +like you can think of that as y 1 minus + + + align:start position:0% +like you can think of that as y 1 minus +n what's v + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Prime so this is the direct substitution + + align:start position:0% +Prime so this is the direct substitution + + + align:start position:0% +Prime so this is the direct substitution +I'm going to use uh but of course the + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to use uh but of course the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to use uh but of course the +problem is what am I going to use on + + align:start position:0% +problem is what am I going to use on + + + align:start position:0% +problem is what am I going to use on +this well the miracle little miracle + + align:start position:0% +this well the miracle little miracle + + + align:start position:0% +this well the miracle little miracle +happens what's the derivative of this it + + align:start position:0% +happens what's the derivative of this it + + + align:start position:0% +happens what's the derivative of this it +is 1 - n * y to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n time y Prime in other words up to a + + align:start position:0% +n time y Prime in other words up to a + + + align:start position:0% +n time y Prime in other words up to a +constant this constant Factor 1 minus n + + align:start position:0% +constant this constant Factor 1 minus n + + + align:start position:0% +constant this constant Factor 1 minus n +it's exactly the left hand side of the + + align:start position:0% +it's exactly the left hand side of the + + + align:start position:0% +it's exactly the left hand side of the +equation well let's make n not equal one + + align:start position:0% +equation well let's make n not equal one + + + align:start position:0% +equation well let's make n not equal one +either as I said you can separate + + align:start position:0% +either as I said you can separate + + + align:start position:0% +either as I said you can separate +variables if if that equals + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1 what's the equation then turned into + + align:start position:0% +1 what's the equation then turned into + + + align:start position:0% +1 what's the equation then turned into +our beri equation divided through in + + align:start position:0% +our beri equation divided through in + + + align:start position:0% +our beri equation divided through in +this way is then turned into the + + align:start position:0% +this way is then turned into the + + + align:start position:0% +this way is then turned into the +equation 1 - + + align:start position:0% +equation 1 - + + + align:start position:0% +equation 1 - +n sorry V + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Prime divided 1us + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n is equal to P of x + + align:start position:0% +n is equal to P of x + + + align:start position:0% +n is equal to P of x +* + + align:start position:0% +* + + + align:start position:0% +* +v+ Q + + align:start position:0% +v+ Q + + + align:start position:0% +v+ Q +ofx it's linear + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and now solve it as a linear equation + + align:start position:0% +and now solve it as a linear equation + + + align:start position:0% +and now solve it as a linear equation +solve it as a linear equation you notice + + align:start position:0% +solve it as a linear equation you notice + + + align:start position:0% +solve it as a linear equation you notice +it's not in standard form not in + + align:start position:0% +it's not in standard form not in + + + align:start position:0% +it's not in standard form not in +standard linear form to do that you're + + align:start position:0% +standard linear form to do that you're + + + align:start position:0% +standard linear form to do that you're +going to have to put the p on the other + + align:start position:0% +going to have to put the p on the other + + + align:start position:0% +going to have to put the p on the other +side that's okay that term on the other + + align:start position:0% +side that's okay that term on the other + + + align:start position:0% +side that's okay that term on the other +side solve it and at the end don't + + align:start position:0% +side solve it and at the end don't + + + align:start position:0% +side solve it and at the end don't +forget that you put in the v it wasn't + + align:start position:0% +forget that you put in the v it wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +forget that you put in the v it wasn't +in the original problem so you have to + + align:start position:0% +in the original problem so you have to + + + align:start position:0% +in the original problem so you have to +convert the problem back the answer back + + align:start position:0% +convert the problem back the answer back + + + align:start position:0% +convert the problem back the answer back +in terms of Y it'll come out in terms of + + align:start position:0% +in terms of Y it'll come out in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of Y it'll come out in terms of +V but you must put it back in terms of Y + + align:start position:0% +V but you must put it back in terms of Y + + + align:start position:0% +V but you must put it back in terms of Y +let's do a really simple example just to + + align:start position:0% +let's do a really simple example just to + + + align:start position:0% +let's do a really simple example just to +illustrate the method and to illustrate + + align:start position:0% +illustrate the method and to illustrate + + + align:start position:0% +illustrate the method and to illustrate +the fact that I don't want you to uh uh + + align:start position:0% +the fact that I don't want you to uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that I don't want you to uh uh +memorize + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +formulas learn methods not final + + align:start position:0% +formulas learn methods not final + + + align:start position:0% +formulas learn methods not final +formulas so uh so suppose the equation + + align:start position:0% +formulas so uh so suppose the equation + + + align:start position:0% +formulas so uh so suppose the equation +is uh let's say + + align:start position:0% +is uh let's say + + + align:start position:0% +is uh let's say +um y Prime equal YX + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +minus + + align:start position:0% +minus + + + align:start position:0% +minus +y^2 uh that's a ber beri equation uh I + + align:start position:0% +y^2 uh that's a ber beri equation uh I + + + align:start position:0% +y^2 uh that's a ber beri equation uh I +could of course have concealed it by + + align:start position:0% +could of course have concealed it by + + + align:start position:0% +could of course have concealed it by +writing XY prime plus XY Prime - XY = + + align:start position:0% +writing XY prime plus XY Prime - XY = + + + align:start position:0% +writing XY prime plus XY Prime - XY = +y^2 then wouldn't look instantly like a + + align:start position:0% +y^2 then wouldn't look instantly like a + + + align:start position:0% +y^2 then wouldn't look instantly like a +bruli equation you'd have to stare at it + + align:start position:0% +bruli equation you'd have to stare at it + + + align:start position:0% +bruli equation you'd have to stare at it +a while and say hey that's a beri + + align:start position:0% +a while and say hey that's a beri + + + align:start position:0% +a while and say hey that's a beri +equation + + align:start position:0% +equation + + + align:start position:0% +equation +uh okay but so I'm handing it to you on + + align:start position:0% +uh okay but so I'm handing it to you on + + + align:start position:0% +uh okay but so I'm handing it to you on +a silver platter as it were + + align:start position:0% +a silver platter as it were + + + align:start position:0% +a silver platter as it were +so what do we do divide through by + + align:start position:0% +so what do we do divide through by + + + align:start position:0% +so what do we do divide through by +y^2 so it's y Prime over y^2 + + align:start position:0% +y^2 so it's y Prime over y^2 + + + align:start position:0% +y^2 so it's y Prime over y^2 +equals uh 1 /x * 1 over y minus + + align:start position:0% +equals uh 1 /x * 1 over y minus + + + align:start position:0% +equals uh 1 /x * 1 over y minus +one and now uh the substitution that I'm + + align:start position:0% +one and now uh the substitution that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +one and now uh the substitution that I'm +going to make is for this thing V = 1 / + + align:start position:0% +going to make is for this thing V = 1 / + + + align:start position:0% +going to make is for this thing V = 1 / +y it's a direct substitution V Prime is + + align:start position:0% +y it's a direct substitution V Prime is + + + align:start position:0% +y it's a direct substitution V Prime is +going to be -1 y^ 2 * y Prime don't + + align:start position:0% +going to be -1 y^ 2 * y Prime don't + + + align:start position:0% +going to be -1 y^ 2 * y Prime don't +forget to use the chain rule when you + + align:start position:0% +forget to use the chain rule when you + + + align:start position:0% +forget to use the chain rule when you +differentiate with respect because the + + align:start position:0% +differentiate with respect because the + + + align:start position:0% +differentiate with respect because the +differentiation is with respect to X of + + align:start position:0% +differentiation is with respect to X of + + + align:start position:0% +differentiation is with respect to X of +course not with respect to + + align:start position:0% +course not with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +course not with respect to +Y okay so what's this thing that's the + + align:start position:0% +Y okay so what's this thing that's the + + + align:start position:0% +Y okay so what's this thing that's the +left hand side the only thing it's it's + + align:start position:0% +left hand side the only thing it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +left hand side the only thing it's it's +got a negative sign so this is minus V + + align:start position:0% +got a negative sign so this is minus V + + + align:start position:0% +got a negative sign so this is minus V +Prime equals 1 /x is stays one /x one + + align:start position:0% +Prime equals 1 /x is stays one /x one + + + align:start position:0% +Prime equals 1 /x is stays one /x one +over y so it's V + + align:start position:0% +over y so it's V + + + align:start position:0% +over y so it's V +overx minus 1 + + align:start position:0% +overx minus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +overx minus 1 +so let's put that in standard form uh in + + align:start position:0% +so let's put that in standard form uh in + + + align:start position:0% +so let's put that in standard form uh in +standard form it will look like First + + align:start position:0% +standard form it will look like First + + + align:start position:0% +standard form it will look like First +Imagine multiplying it through by NE -1 + + align:start position:0% +Imagine multiplying it through by NE -1 + + + align:start position:0% +Imagine multiplying it through by NE -1 +and then putting this term on the other + + align:start position:0% +and then putting this term on the other + + + align:start position:0% +and then putting this term on the other +side and it will turn into V Prime + V + + align:start position:0% +side and it will turn into V Prime + V + + + align:start position:0% +side and it will turn into V Prime + V +/x is equal + + align:start position:0% +/x is equal + + + align:start position:0% +/x is equal +to uh + + align:start position:0% +to uh + + + align:start position:0% +to uh +one so that's the linear equation in + + align:start position:0% +one so that's the linear equation in + + + align:start position:0% +one so that's the linear equation in +standard linear form that we're ask to + + align:start position:0% +standard linear form that we're ask to + + + align:start position:0% +standard linear form that we're ask to +solve and the solution isn't very hard + + align:start position:0% +solve and the solution isn't very hard + + + align:start position:0% +solve and the solution isn't very hard +the integrating Factor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is well I integrate 1 /x that makes log + + align:start position:0% +is well I integrate 1 /x that makes log + + + align:start position:0% +is well I integrate 1 /x that makes log +X and e to the log X so is e to the log + + align:start position:0% +X and e to the log X so is e to the log + + + align:start position:0% +X and e to the log X so is e to the log +X which is of course just X itself so I + + align:start position:0% +X which is of course just X itself so I + + + align:start position:0% +X which is of course just X itself so I +should multiply this through by X to be + + align:start position:0% +should multiply this through by X to be + + + align:start position:0% +should multiply this through by X to be +able to integrate it some of you I would + + align:start position:0% +able to integrate it some of you I would + + + align:start position:0% +able to integrate it some of you I would +hope just can see that right away that + + align:start position:0% +hope just can see that right away that + + + align:start position:0% +hope just can see that right away that +if you multiply this through by X it's + + align:start position:0% +if you multiply this through by X it's + + + align:start position:0% +if you multiply this through by X it's +going to look good so after we do + + align:start position:0% +going to look good so after we do + + + align:start position:0% +going to look good so after we do +multiply through by x what do I get x v + + align:start position:0% +multiply through by x what do I get x v + + + align:start position:0% +multiply through by x what do I get x v +Prime for the maybe I shouldn't skip a + + align:start position:0% +Prime for the maybe I shouldn't skip a + + + align:start position:0% +Prime for the maybe I shouldn't skip a +step uh + + align:start position:0% +step uh + + + align:start position:0% +step uh +you're you're still learning this stuff + + align:start position:0% +you're you're still learning this stuff + + + align:start position:0% +you're you're still learning this stuff +so let's not skip a + + align:start position:0% +so let's not skip a + + + align:start position:0% +so let's not skip a +step so it's becomes XV prime plus v + + align:start position:0% +step so it's becomes XV prime plus v + + + align:start position:0% +step so it's becomes XV prime plus v +equals x okay after I multiplied through + + align:start position:0% +equals x okay after I multiplied through + + + align:start position:0% +equals x okay after I multiplied through +by the integrating Factor this now says + + align:start position:0% +by the integrating Factor this now says + + + align:start position:0% +by the integrating Factor this now says +X this is XV Prime and I quickly check + + align:start position:0% +X this is XV Prime and I quickly check + + + align:start position:0% +X this is XV Prime and I quickly check +that that in fact is what it's equal to + + align:start position:0% +that that in fact is what it's equal to + + + align:start position:0% +that that in fact is what it's equal to +equals X and therefore uh XV is equal to + + align:start position:0% +equals X and therefore uh XV is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +equals X and therefore uh XV is equal to +12x^2 plus a + + align:start position:0% +12x^2 plus a + + + align:start position:0% +12x^2 plus a +constant and + + align:start position:0% +constant and + + + align:start position:0% +constant and +therefore V is equal to + + align:start position:0% +therefore V is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +therefore V is equal to +12x + C + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +/x you can leave it in that form or you + + align:start position:0% +/x you can leave it in that form or you + + + align:start position:0% +/x you can leave it in that form or you +can combine terms it doesn't matter much + + align:start position:0% +can combine terms it doesn't matter much + + + align:start position:0% +can combine terms it doesn't matter much +uh am I done the answer is no I am not + + align:start position:0% +uh am I done the answer is no I am not + + + align:start position:0% +uh am I done the answer is no I am not +done because nobody reading this answer + + align:start position:0% +done because nobody reading this answer + + + align:start position:0% +done because nobody reading this answer +would know what V + + align:start position:0% +would know what V + + + align:start position:0% +would know what V +was V wasn't in the original problem it + + align:start position:0% +was V wasn't in the original problem it + + + align:start position:0% +was V wasn't in the original problem it +was y that was in the original problem + + align:start position:0% +was y that was in the original problem + + + align:start position:0% +was y that was in the original problem +and therefore I have to the relation is + + align:start position:0% +and therefore I have to the relation is + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore I have to the relation is +one is the reciprocal of the other and + + align:start position:0% +one is the reciprocal of the other and + + + align:start position:0% +one is the reciprocal of the other and +therefore I have to turn this expression + + align:start position:0% +therefore I have to turn this expression + + + align:start position:0% +therefore I have to turn this expression +upside down well if you're going to have + + align:start position:0% +upside down well if you're going to have + + + align:start position:0% +upside down well if you're going to have +to turn it upside down you probably + + align:start position:0% +to turn it upside down you probably + + + align:start position:0% +to turn it upside down you probably +should make it look a little better + + align:start position:0% +should make it look a little better + + + align:start position:0% +should make it look a little better +let's rewrite it as x^2 + 2 C combining + + align:start position:0% +let's rewrite it as x^2 + 2 C combining + + + align:start position:0% +let's rewrite it as x^2 + 2 C combining +fractions I think they call it in high + + align:start position:0% +fractions I think they call it in high + + + align:start position:0% +fractions I think they call it in high +school or element School uh plus 2 C + + align:start position:0% +school or element School uh plus 2 C + + + align:start position:0% +school or element School uh plus 2 C +how's that x^2 + 2 C / + + align:start position:0% +how's that x^2 + 2 C / + + + align:start position:0% +how's that x^2 + 2 C / +2x now 2C you don't call a constant 2 C + + align:start position:0% +2x now 2C you don't call a constant 2 C + + + align:start position:0% +2x now 2C you don't call a constant 2 C +because this it's just as arbitrary to + + align:start position:0% +because this it's just as arbitrary to + + + align:start position:0% +because this it's just as arbitrary to +call it C1 so I'll call that so this my + + align:start position:0% +call it C1 so I'll call that so this my + + + align:start position:0% +call it C1 so I'll call that so this my +answer will be y = 2x / by x^2 plus an + + align:start position:0% +answer will be y = 2x / by x^2 plus an + + + align:start position:0% +answer will be y = 2x / by x^2 plus an +arbitrary constant but I'll to indicate + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary constant but I'll to indicate + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary constant but I'll to indicate +it's different from that one I'll call + + align:start position:0% +it's different from that one I'll call + + + align:start position:0% +it's different from that one I'll call +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +C1 C1 is two times the old one but that + + align:start position:0% +C1 C1 is two times the old one but that + + + align:start position:0% +C1 C1 is two times the old one but that +doesn't really matter so there's the + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really matter so there's the + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really matter so there's the +solution it has an arbitrary constant in + + align:start position:0% +solution it has an arbitrary constant in + + + align:start position:0% +solution it has an arbitrary constant in +it but you know it's not an additive + + align:start position:0% +it but you know it's not an additive + + + align:start position:0% +it but you know it's not an additive +arbitrary constant the arbitrary + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary constant the arbitrary + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary constant the arbitrary +constant is tucked into the solution if + + align:start position:0% +constant is tucked into the solution if + + + align:start position:0% +constant is tucked into the solution if +you have to Sal satisfy an initial + + align:start position:0% +you have to Sal satisfy an initial + + + align:start position:0% +you have to Sal satisfy an initial +condition you would take this form and + + align:start position:0% +condition you would take this form and + + + align:start position:0% +condition you would take this form and +you starting from this form tell figure + + align:start position:0% +you starting from this form tell figure + + + align:start position:0% +you starting from this form tell figure +out what C1 was in order to satisfy that + + align:start position:0% +out what C1 was in order to satisfy that + + + align:start position:0% +out what C1 was in order to satisfy that +initial + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +condition thus beri equation is solved + + align:start position:0% +condition thus beri equation is solved + + + align:start position:0% +condition thus beri equation is solved +our first boui equation isn't that + + align:start position:0% +our first boui equation isn't that + + + align:start position:0% +our first boui equation isn't that +exciting uh so let + + align:start position:0% +exciting uh so let + + + align:start position:0% +exciting uh so let +me here was the equation and there is + + align:start position:0% +me here was the equation and there is + + + align:start position:0% +me here was the equation and there is +its + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +solution now the one I'm asking you to + + align:start position:0% +solution now the one I'm asking you to + + + align:start position:0% +solution now the one I'm asking you to +solve on the problem set in part two + + align:start position:0% +solve on the problem set in part two + + + align:start position:0% +solve on the problem set in part two +isn't a lot is no harder than this uh + + align:start position:0% +isn't a lot is no harder than this uh + + + align:start position:0% +isn't a lot is no harder than this uh +except I ask you some hard questions + + align:start position:0% +except I ask you some hard questions + + + align:start position:0% +except I ask you some hard questions +about it not very hard + + align:start position:0% +about it not very hard + + + align:start position:0% +about it not very hard +but little hard uh about it but inter I + + align:start position:0% +but little hard uh about it but inter I + + + align:start position:0% +but little hard uh about it but inter I +I hope you'll find them interesting + + align:start position:0% +I hope you'll find them interesting + + + align:start position:0% +I hope you'll find them interesting +questions uh you already have the + + align:start position:0% +questions uh you already have the + + + align:start position:0% +questions uh you already have the +experimental evidence from the first + + align:start position:0% +experimental evidence from the first + + + align:start position:0% +experimental evidence from the first +problem set and the problem is to + + align:start position:0% +problem set and the problem is to + + + align:start position:0% +problem set and the problem is to +explain the experimental evidence by + + align:start position:0% +explain the experimental evidence by + + + align:start position:0% +explain the experimental evidence by +actually solving the equation and seeing + + align:start position:0% +actually solving the equation and seeing + + + align:start position:0% +actually solving the equation and seeing +I I think you'll find it interesting but + + align:start position:0% +I I think you'll find it interesting but + + + align:start position:0% +I I think you'll find it interesting but +maybe that's just a p Pious hope + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +okay I'd like now to turn to the second + + align:start position:0% +okay I'd like now to turn to the second + + + align:start position:0% +okay I'd like now to turn to the second +method uh where a second second class of + + align:start position:0% +method uh where a second second class of + + + align:start position:0% +method uh where a second second class of +equations which require inverse + + align:start position:0% +equations which require inverse + + + align:start position:0% +equations which require inverse +substitution and those are equations + + align:start position:0% +substitution and those are equations + + + align:start position:0% +substitution and those are equations +which are called homogeneous a highly + + align:start position:0% +which are called homogeneous a highly + + + align:start position:0% +which are called homogeneous a highly +overworked word in differential + + align:start position:0% +overworked word in differential + + + align:start position:0% +overworked word in differential +equations and in mathematics in general + + align:start position:0% +equations and in mathematics in general + + + align:start position:0% +equations and in mathematics in general +but it's unfortunately just the right + + align:start position:0% +but it's unfortunately just the right + + + align:start position:0% +but it's unfortunately just the right +word to describe + + align:start position:0% +word to describe + + + align:start position:0% +word to describe +them so these are homogeneous first + + align:start position:0% +them so these are homogeneous first + + + align:start position:0% +them so these are homogeneous first +order + + align:start position:0% +order + + + align:start position:0% +order +Odes + + align:start position:0% +Odes + + + align:start position:0% +Odes +now I already used the word in one + + align:start position:0% +now I already used the word in one + + + align:start position:0% +now I already used the word in one +context in talking about the linear + + align:start position:0% +context in talking about the linear + + + align:start position:0% +context in talking about the linear +equation when zero was the right hand + + align:start position:0% +equation when zero was the right hand + + + align:start position:0% +equation when zero was the right hand +side uh this is different but + + align:start position:0% +side uh this is different but + + + align:start position:0% +side uh this is different but +nonetheless the two uses of the word + + align:start position:0% +nonetheless the two uses of the word + + + align:start position:0% +nonetheless the two uses of the word +have the same common source a + + align:start position:0% +have the same common source a + + + align:start position:0% +have the same common source a +homogeneous differential equation uh + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous differential equation uh + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous differential equation uh +homogeneous new speak is y Prime equals + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous new speak is y Prime equals + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous new speak is y Prime equals +it's a question of what the right hand + + align:start position:0% +it's a question of what the right hand + + + align:start position:0% +it's a question of what the right hand +side looks like and now the simplest way + + align:start position:0% +side looks like and now the simplest way + + + align:start position:0% +side looks like and now the simplest way +to say it is you should be able to write + + align:start position:0% +to say it is you should be able to write + + + align:start position:0% +to say it is you should be able to write +the right hand side as a function of a + + align:start position:0% +the right hand side as a function of a + + + align:start position:0% +the right hand side as a function of a +combined variable y divided by X in + + align:start position:0% +combined variable y divided by X in + + + align:start position:0% +combined variable y divided by X in +other words after fooling around with it + + align:start position:0% +other words after fooling around with it + + + align:start position:0% +other words after fooling around with it +the right hand side a little bit you + + align:start position:0% +the right hand side a little bit you + + + align:start position:0% +the right hand side a little bit you +should be able to write it so that every + + align:start position:0% +should be able to write it so that every + + + align:start position:0% +should be able to write it so that every +time a variable appears it's always in + + align:start position:0% +time a variable appears it's always in + + + align:start position:0% +time a variable appears it's always in +the combination y + + align:start position:0% +the combination y + + + align:start position:0% +the combination y +overx oh let me give some examples for + + align:start position:0% +overx oh let me give some examples for + + + align:start position:0% +overx oh let me give some examples for +example suppose + + align:start position:0% +example suppose + + + align:start position:0% +example suppose +uh suppose uh y Prime were uh let's say + + align:start position:0% +uh suppose uh y Prime were uh let's say + + + align:start position:0% +uh suppose uh y Prime were uh let's say +x^2 y / X Cub + y cub + + align:start position:0% +x^2 y / X Cub + y cub + + + align:start position:0% +x^2 y / X Cub + y cub +well that doesn't look in that form well + + align:start position:0% +well that doesn't look in that form well + + + align:start position:0% +well that doesn't look in that form well +yes it is Imagine dividing the top and + + align:start position:0% +yes it is Imagine dividing the top and + + + align:start position:0% +yes it is Imagine dividing the top and +bottom by X cubed what would you get the + + align:start position:0% +bottom by X cubed what would you get the + + + align:start position:0% +bottom by X cubed what would you get the +top would be y overx if you divided it + + align:start position:0% +top would be y overx if you divided it + + + align:start position:0% +top would be y overx if you divided it +by X cubed and if I divide the Bottom by + + align:start position:0% +by X cubed and if I divide the Bottom by + + + align:start position:0% +by X cubed and if I divide the Bottom by +X cubed also which of course doesn't + + align:start position:0% +X cubed also which of course doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +X cubed also which of course doesn't +change the value of the fraction as they + + align:start position:0% +change the value of the fraction as they + + + align:start position:0% +change the value of the fraction as they +say in elementary school 1 + YX + + align:start position:0% +say in elementary school 1 + YX + + + align:start position:0% +say in elementary school 1 + YX +cubed so this is the way it started out + + align:start position:0% +cubed so this is the way it started out + + + align:start position:0% +cubed so this is the way it started out +looking but you + + align:start position:0% +looking but you + + + align:start position:0% +looking but you +just said aha that was a homogeneous + + align:start position:0% +just said aha that was a homogeneous + + + align:start position:0% +just said aha that was a homogeneous +equation because I could see it could be + + align:start position:0% +equation because I could see it could be + + + align:start position:0% +equation because I could see it could be +written that + + align:start position:0% +written that + + + align:start position:0% +written that +way how about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh another homogeneous equation uh how + + align:start position:0% +uh another homogeneous equation uh how + + + align:start position:0% +uh another homogeneous equation uh how +about uh X YY + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Prime is that a homogeneous equation of + + align:start position:0% +Prime is that a homogeneous equation of + + + align:start position:0% +Prime is that a homogeneous equation of +course it is otherwise why would I be + + align:start position:0% +course it is otherwise why would I be + + + align:start position:0% +course it is otherwise why would I be +talking about it uh + + align:start position:0% +talking about it uh + + + align:start position:0% +talking about it uh +you divide through by X you can tuck it + + align:start position:0% +you divide through by X you can tuck it + + + align:start position:0% +you divide through by X you can tuck it +inside the radical the square root if + + align:start position:0% +inside the radical the square root if + + + align:start position:0% +inside the radical the square root if +you remember to square it when you do + + align:start position:0% +you remember to square it when you do + + + align:start position:0% +you remember to square it when you do +that and it becomes the square < TK of + + align:start position:0% +that and it becomes the square < TK of + + + align:start position:0% +that and it becomes the square < TK of +x^2 /x^2 which is 1 plus this plus y^2 + + align:start position:0% +x^2 /x^2 which is 1 plus this plus y^2 + + + align:start position:0% +x^2 /x^2 which is 1 plus this plus y^2 +overx + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +s it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +homogeneous now you might say hey this + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous now you might say hey this + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous now you might say hey this +looks like you have to be rather clever + + align:start position:0% +looks like you have to be rather clever + + + align:start position:0% +looks like you have to be rather clever +to uh figure out if an equation is + + align:start position:0% +to uh figure out if an equation is + + + align:start position:0% +to uh figure out if an equation is +homogeneous + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous +is there some other way yeah there is + + align:start position:0% +is there some other way yeah there is + + + align:start position:0% +is there some other way yeah there is +way and it's the other way which + + align:start position:0% +way and it's the other way which + + + align:start position:0% +way and it's the other way which +explains why it's called homogeneous you + + align:start position:0% +explains why it's called homogeneous you + + + align:start position:0% +explains why it's called homogeneous you +can think of it this way it's it's an + + align:start position:0% +can think of it this way it's it's an + + + align:start position:0% +can think of it this way it's it's an +equation which is in modern speak + + align:start position:0% +equation which is in modern speak + + + align:start position:0% +equation which is in modern speak +invariant + + align:start position:0% +invariant + + + align:start position:0% +invariant +invariant + + align:start position:0% +invariant + + + align:start position:0% +invariant +under under the operation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Zoom what is zoom zoom is you increase + + align:start position:0% +Zoom what is zoom zoom is you increase + + + align:start position:0% +Zoom what is zoom zoom is you increase +the scale equally on both axes so the + + align:start position:0% +the scale equally on both axes so the + + + align:start position:0% +the scale equally on both axes so the +zoom operation is the one which sends X + + align:start position:0% +zoom operation is the one which sends X + + + align:start position:0% +zoom operation is the one which sends X +into a * X and Y into a * Y in other + + align:start position:0% +into a * X and Y into a * Y in other + + + align:start position:0% +into a * X and Y into a * Y in other +words you change the scale on the a both + + align:start position:0% +words you change the scale on the a both + + + align:start position:0% +words you change the scale on the a both +axes by the F same factor a now what I + + align:start position:0% +axes by the F same factor a now what I + + + align:start position:0% +axes by the F same factor a now what I +say is uh gee maybe I shouldn't write it + + align:start position:0% +say is uh gee maybe I shouldn't write it + + + align:start position:0% +say is uh gee maybe I shouldn't write it +like this why don't we say we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +introduce uh + + align:start position:0% +introduce uh + + + align:start position:0% +introduce uh +how about this so we um think of it as a + + align:start position:0% +how about this so we um think of it as a + + + align:start position:0% +how about this so we um think of it as a +change of variables like we'll write it + + align:start position:0% +change of variables like we'll write it + + + align:start position:0% +change of variables like we'll write it +like that so the you can put here an + + align:start position:0% +like that so the you can put here an + + + align:start position:0% +like that so the you can put here an +equal sign if you don't know what this + + align:start position:0% +equal sign if you don't know what this + + + align:start position:0% +equal sign if you don't know what this +meaningless arrow + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +means so I'm making this change of + + align:start position:0% +means so I'm making this change of + + + align:start position:0% +means so I'm making this change of +variables and I'm describing it in the + + align:start position:0% +variables and I'm describing it in the + + + align:start position:0% +variables and I'm describing it in the +inverse as an inverse substitution but + + align:start position:0% +inverse as an inverse substitution but + + + align:start position:0% +inverse as an inverse substitution but +of course it wouldn't make any + + align:start position:0% +of course it wouldn't make any + + + align:start position:0% +of course it wouldn't make any +difference if I it's exactly the same as + + align:start position:0% +difference if I it's exactly the same as + + + align:start position:0% +difference if I it's exactly the same as +the direct substitution I started out + + align:start position:0% +the direct substitution I started out + + + align:start position:0% +the direct substitution I started out +with under scaling the only difference + + align:start position:0% +with under scaling the only difference + + + align:start position:0% +with under scaling the only difference +is I'm not using different scales on + + align:start position:0% +is I'm not using different scales on + + + align:start position:0% +is I'm not using different scales on +both axes I'm expanding them both + + align:start position:0% +both axes I'm expanding them both + + + align:start position:0% +both axes I'm expanding them both +equally that's what I mean by + + align:start position:0% +equally that's what I mean by + + + align:start position:0% +equally that's what I mean by +Zoom now what happens to the equation + + align:start position:0% +Zoom now what happens to the equation + + + align:start position:0% +Zoom now what happens to the equation +well what happens to dy over DX + + align:start position:0% +well what happens to dy over DX + + + align:start position:0% +well what happens to dy over DX +well DX is a + + align:start position:0% +well DX is a + + + align:start position:0% +well DX is a +dx1 Dy is a d y1 and therefore the ratio + + align:start position:0% +dx1 Dy is a d y1 and therefore the ratio + + + align:start position:0% +dx1 Dy is a d y1 and therefore the ratio +Dy by DX is the same as + + align:start position:0% +Dy by DX is the same as + + + align:start position:0% +Dy by DX is the same as +dy1 / dx1 so the left hand side becomes + + align:start position:0% +dy1 / dx1 so the left hand side becomes + + + align:start position:0% +dy1 / dx1 so the left hand side becomes +dy1 over dx1 and the right hand side + + align:start position:0% +dy1 over dx1 and the right hand side + + + align:start position:0% +dy1 over dx1 and the right hand side +becomes F + + align:start position:0% +becomes F + + + align:start position:0% +becomes F +of well Y overx is the same as y over y + + align:start position:0% +of well Y overx is the same as y over y + + + align:start position:0% +of well Y overx is the same as y over y +since I've scaled them equally this is + + align:start position:0% +since I've scaled them equally this is + + + align:start position:0% +since I've scaled them equally this is +the same as y1 over X1 so it's y1 over + + align:start position:0% +the same as y1 over X1 so it's y1 over + + + align:start position:0% +the same as y1 over X1 so it's y1 over +X1 and the net effect is I simply + + align:start position:0% +X1 and the net effect is I simply + + + align:start position:0% +X1 and the net effect is I simply +everywhere I have an X I change it to X1 + + align:start position:0% +everywhere I have an X I change it to X1 + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere I have an X I change it to X1 +and wherever I have a y I change it to + + align:start position:0% +and wherever I have a y I change it to + + + align:start position:0% +and wherever I have a y I change it to +y1 which what's in a name it's the ident + + align:start position:0% +y1 which what's in a name it's the ident + + + align:start position:0% +y1 which what's in a name it's the ident +iCal + + align:start position:0% +iCal + + + align:start position:0% +iCal +equation so I haven't changed the + + align:start position:0% +equation so I haven't changed the + + + align:start position:0% +equation so I haven't changed the +equation At All by a zoom transformation + + align:start position:0% +equation At All by a zoom transformation + + + align:start position:0% +equation At All by a zoom transformation +and that's what makes it homogeneous uh + + align:start position:0% +and that's what makes it homogeneous uh + + + align:start position:0% +and that's what makes it homogeneous uh +that's not an uncommon use of the word + + align:start position:0% +that's not an uncommon use of the word + + + align:start position:0% +that's not an uncommon use of the word +homogeneous it's you know when you say + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous it's you know when you say + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous it's you know when you say +space is homogeneous in every direction + + align:start position:0% +space is homogeneous in every direction + + + align:start position:0% +space is homogeneous in every direction +well that means I don't know means this + + align:start position:0% +well that means I don't know means this + + + align:start position:0% +well that means I don't know means this +this you know the say okay that's I I'm + + align:start position:0% +this you know the say okay that's I I'm + + + align:start position:0% +this you know the say okay that's I I'm +getting into trouble there uh + + align:start position:0% +getting into trouble there uh + + + align:start position:0% +getting into trouble there uh +uh let's I'll let it go with this since + + align:start position:0% +uh let's I'll let it go with this since + + + align:start position:0% +uh let's I'll let it go with this since +I can't prepare + + align:start position:0% +I can't prepare + + + align:start position:0% +I can't prepare +any any better I haven't prepared any + + align:start position:0% +any any better I haven't prepared any + + + align:start position:0% +any any better I haven't prepared any +better explanation but this is a pretty + + align:start position:0% +better explanation but this is a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +better explanation but this is a pretty +good + + align:start position:0% +good + + + align:start position:0% +good +one okay so suppose we've got a + + align:start position:0% +one okay so suppose we've got a + + + align:start position:0% +one okay so suppose we've got a +homogeneous equation how do we solve + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it so here's our + + align:start position:0% +it so here's our + + + align:start position:0% +it so here's our +equation uh F of y/x + + align:start position:0% +equation uh F of y/x + + + align:start position:0% +equation uh F of y/x +well what substitution would you like to + + align:start position:0% +well what substitution would you like to + + + align:start position:0% +well what substitution would you like to +make + + align:start position:0% +make + + + align:start position:0% +make +obviously we should make a direct + + align:start position:0% +obviously we should make a direct + + + align:start position:0% +obviously we should make a direct +substitution Z = + + align:start position:0% +substitution Z = + + + align:start position:0% +substitution Z = +YX so why did he say that this was going + + align:start position:0% +YX so why did he say that this was going + + + align:start position:0% +YX so why did he say that this was going +to be an example of inverse substitution + + align:start position:0% +to be an example of inverse substitution + + + align:start position:0% +to be an example of inverse substitution +uh because I wanted to confuse you but + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +look that's fine you will know if you + + align:start position:0% +look that's fine you will know if you + + + align:start position:0% +look that's fine you will know if you +write it in that form you will know + + align:start position:0% +write it in that form you will know + + + align:start position:0% +write it in that form you will know +exactly what to do with the right hand + + align:start position:0% +exactly what to do with the right hand + + + align:start position:0% +exactly what to do with the right hand +side and this is why everybody loves to + + align:start position:0% +side and this is why everybody loves to + + + align:start position:0% +side and this is why everybody loves to +do do that unfortunately you have to + + align:start position:0% +do do that unfortunately you have to + + + align:start position:0% +do do that unfortunately you have to +substitute it to the left hand side as + + align:start position:0% +substitute it to the left hand side as + + + align:start position:0% +substitute it to the left hand side as +well and I can testify for many years of + + align:start position:0% +well and I can testify for many years of + + + align:start position:0% +well and I can testify for many years of +looking with sinking hard at examination + + align:start position:0% +looking with sinking hard at examination + + + align:start position:0% +looking with sinking hard at examination +papers what happens if you try to make a + + align:start position:0% +papers what happens if you try to make a + + + align:start position:0% +papers what happens if you try to make a +direct substitution like this you say oh + + align:start position:0% +direct substitution like this you say oh + + + align:start position:0% +direct substitution like this you say oh +I need Z + + align:start position:0% +I need Z + + + align:start position:0% +I need Z +Prime Z Prime equals well I better use + + align:start position:0% +Prime Z Prime equals well I better use + + + align:start position:0% +Prime Z Prime equals well I better use +the quotient rule for differentiating + + align:start position:0% +the quotient rule for differentiating + + + align:start position:0% +the quotient rule for differentiating +that and you know it comes out this long + + align:start position:0% +that and you know it comes out this long + + + align:start position:0% +that and you know it comes out this long +and then either a long pause what do I + + align:start position:0% +and then either a long pause what do I + + + align:start position:0% +and then either a long pause what do I +do now because it's not at all obvious + + align:start position:0% +do now because it's not at all obvious + + + align:start position:0% +do now because it's not at all obvious +what to do do at that point or much + + align:start position:0% +what to do do at that point or much + + + align:start position:0% +what to do do at that point or much +worse two pages of frantic calculations + + align:start position:0% +worse two pages of frantic calculations + + + align:start position:0% +worse two pages of frantic calculations +and giving up in total + + align:start position:0% +and giving up in total + + + align:start position:0% +and giving up in total +despair now the reason for that is + + align:start position:0% +despair now the reason for that is + + + align:start position:0% +despair now the reason for that is +because you made a try to do it making a + + align:start position:0% +because you made a try to do it making a + + + align:start position:0% +because you made a try to do it making a +direct substitution all you have to do + + align:start position:0% +direct substitution all you have to do + + + align:start position:0% +direct substitution all you have to do +instead is use it treat it as an inverse + + align:start position:0% +instead is use it treat it as an inverse + + + align:start position:0% +instead is use it treat it as an inverse +substitution right y equal ZX what's the + + align:start position:0% +substitution right y equal ZX what's the + + + align:start position:0% +substitution right y equal ZX what's the +motivation for doing that it's clear + + align:start position:0% +motivation for doing that it's clear + + + align:start position:0% +motivation for doing that it's clear +from the equation when you have and this + + align:start position:0% +from the equation when you have and this + + + align:start position:0% +from the equation when you have and this +goes through all of mathematics whenever + + align:start position:0% +goes through all of mathematics whenever + + + align:start position:0% +goes through all of mathematics whenever +you have to change a variable excuse me + + align:start position:0% +you have to change a variable excuse me + + + align:start position:0% +you have to change a variable excuse me +whenever you have to + + align:start position:0% +whenever you have to + + + align:start position:0% +whenever you have to +change whenever you have to change a + + align:start position:0% +change whenever you have to change a + + + align:start position:0% +change whenever you have to change a +variable look at what you have to + + align:start position:0% +variable look at what you have to + + + align:start position:0% +variable look at what you have to +substitute four and focus your attention + + align:start position:0% +substitute four and focus your attention + + + align:start position:0% +substitute four and focus your attention +on that I need to know what y Prime is + + align:start position:0% +on that I need to know what y Prime is + + + align:start position:0% +on that I need to know what y Prime is +okay well then I better know what Y is + + align:start position:0% +okay well then I better know what Y is + + + align:start position:0% +okay well then I better know what Y is +if I know what Y is do I know what y + + align:start position:0% +if I know what Y is do I know what y + + + align:start position:0% +if I know what Y is do I know what y +Prime is oh of course y Prime is z Prime + + align:start position:0% +Prime is oh of course y Prime is z Prime + + + align:start position:0% +Prime is oh of course y Prime is z Prime +X Plus Z * the derivative of this factor + + align:start position:0% +X Plus Z * the derivative of this factor + + + align:start position:0% +X Plus Z * the derivative of this factor +which is one + + align:start position:0% +which is one + + + align:start position:0% +which is one +and now I've turned with that one stroke + + align:start position:0% +and now I've turned with that one stroke + + + align:start position:0% +and now I've turned with that one stroke +the equation has now become Z Prime X+ Z + + align:start position:0% +the equation has now become Z Prime X+ Z + + + align:start position:0% +the equation has now become Z Prime X+ Z +is equal to F of Z well I don't know can + + align:start position:0% +is equal to F of Z well I don't know can + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to F of Z well I don't know can +I solve that sure sure that can be + + align:start position:0% +I solve that sure sure that can be + + + align:start position:0% +I solve that sure sure that can be +solved because this is X time DZ DX just + + align:start position:0% +solved because this is X time DZ DX just + + + align:start position:0% +solved because this is X time DZ DX just +put the Z on the other side it's F of Z + + align:start position:0% +put the Z on the other side it's F of Z + + + align:start position:0% +put the Z on the other side it's F of Z +minus Z and now this side is just a + + align:start position:0% +minus Z and now this side is just a + + + align:start position:0% +minus Z and now this side is just a +function of + + align:start position:0% +function of + + + align:start position:0% +function of +Z separate variables + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the only thing to watch out for is + + align:start position:0% +and the only thing to watch out for is + + + align:start position:0% +and the only thing to watch out for is +at the end the Z was your business + + align:start position:0% +at the end the Z was your business + + + align:start position:0% +at the end the Z was your business +you've got to put the answer back in + + align:start position:0% +you've got to put the answer back in + + + align:start position:0% +you've got to put the answer back in +terms of X and + + align:start position:0% +terms of X and + + + align:start position:0% +terms of X and +Y okay let's work an example of this uh + + align:start position:0% +Y okay let's work an example of this uh + + + align:start position:0% +Y okay let's work an example of this uh +since I haven't done any modeling yet + + align:start position:0% +since I haven't done any modeling yet + + + align:start position:0% +since I haven't done any modeling yet +this period let's do a make a little + + align:start position:0% +this period let's do a make a little + + + align:start position:0% +this period let's do a make a little +model differential equations model in + + align:start position:0% +model differential equations model in + + + align:start position:0% +model differential equations model in +other words a physical situation which + + align:start position:0% +other words a physical situation which + + + align:start position:0% +other words a physical situation which +will be solved by an equation and guess + + align:start position:0% +will be solved by an equation and guess + + + align:start position:0% +will be solved by an equation and guess +what the equation will turn out to be + + align:start position:0% +what the equation will turn out to be + + + align:start position:0% +what the equation will turn out to be +homogeneous + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous +okay so the situation is as follows + + align:start position:0% +okay so the situation is as follows + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the situation is as follows +we're in + + align:start position:0% +we're in + + + align:start position:0% +we're in +the Caribbean + + align:start position:0% +the Caribbean + + + align:start position:0% +the Caribbean +somewhere a little isolated island with + + align:start position:0% +somewhere a little isolated island with + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere a little isolated island with +a lighthouse on it at the + + align:start position:0% +a lighthouse on it at the + + + align:start position:0% +a lighthouse on it at the +origin and a beam of light shines from + + align:start position:0% +origin and a beam of light shines from + + + align:start position:0% +origin and a beam of light shines from +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +lighthouse the beam of light can rotate + + align:start position:0% +lighthouse the beam of light can rotate + + + align:start position:0% +lighthouse the beam of light can rotate +the way Lighthouse beams but this + + align:start position:0% +the way Lighthouse beams but this + + + align:start position:0% +the way Lighthouse beams but this +particular beam is being controlled by a + + align:start position:0% +particular beam is being controlled by a + + + align:start position:0% +particular beam is being controlled by a +guy in the lighthouse who can aim it + + align:start position:0% +guy in the lighthouse who can aim it + + + align:start position:0% +guy in the lighthouse who can aim it +wherever he wants and the reason he's + + align:start position:0% +wherever he wants and the reason he's + + + align:start position:0% +wherever he wants and the reason he's +interested in aiming it wherever he + + align:start position:0% +interested in aiming it wherever he + + + align:start position:0% +interested in aiming it wherever he +wants is there's a drug + + align:start position:0% +wants is there's a drug + + + align:start position:0% +wants is there's a drug +boat + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here which is has just been caught in + + align:start position:0% +here which is has just been caught in + + + align:start position:0% +here which is has just been caught in +the beam of light so drug + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +boat which is just been caught in the + + align:start position:0% +boat which is just been caught in the + + + align:start position:0% +boat which is just been caught in the +beam of light and feels his better + + align:start position:0% +beam of light and feels his better + + + align:start position:0% +beam of light and feels his better +Escape now the Lighthouse Keeper wants + + align:start position:0% +Escape now the Lighthouse Keeper wants + + + align:start position:0% +Escape now the Lighthouse Keeper wants +to keep the drug boat the light shining + + align:start position:0% +to keep the drug boat the light shining + + + align:start position:0% +to keep the drug boat the light shining +on so that the uh US Coast Guard + + align:start position:0% +on so that the uh US Coast Guard + + + align:start position:0% +on so that the uh US Coast Guard +helicopters can zoom over it and I do + + align:start position:0% +helicopters can zoom over it and I do + + + align:start position:0% +helicopters can zoom over it and I do +whatever they do to drug boats I don't + + align:start position:0% +whatever they do to drug boats I don't + + + align:start position:0% +whatever they do to drug boats I don't +know uh so uh the drug boat immediately + + align:start position:0% +know uh so uh the drug boat immediately + + + align:start position:0% +know uh so uh the drug boat immediately +has to follow an escape strategy and the + + align:start position:0% +has to follow an escape strategy and the + + + align:start position:0% +has to follow an escape strategy and the +only one that occurs to him is to well + + align:start position:0% +only one that occurs to him is to well + + + align:start position:0% +only one that occurs to him is to well +he wants to go further away of course + + align:start position:0% +he wants to go further away of course + + + align:start position:0% +he wants to go further away of course +from the lighthouse on the other hand it + + align:start position:0% +from the lighthouse on the other hand it + + + align:start position:0% +from the lighthouse on the other hand it +doesn't seem sensible to do it in a + + align:start position:0% +doesn't seem sensible to do it in a + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't seem sensible to do it in a +straight line because the beam will keep + + align:start position:0% +straight line because the beam will keep + + + align:start position:0% +straight line because the beam will keep +shining on him so he fixes the boat at + + align:start position:0% +shining on him so he fixes the boat at + + + align:start position:0% +shining on him so he fixes the boat at +some angle let's say and goes off so + + align:start position:0% +some angle let's say and goes off so + + + align:start position:0% +some angle let's say and goes off so +that the angle stays + + align:start position:0% +that the angle stays + + + align:start position:0% +that the angle stays +45° so + + align:start position:0% +45° so + + + align:start position:0% +45° so +goes so that the angle between the beam + + align:start position:0% +goes so that the angle between the beam + + + align:start position:0% +goes so that the angle between the beam +and the maybe draw the beam a little + + align:start position:0% +and the maybe draw the beam a little + + + align:start position:0% +and the maybe draw the beam a little +less like a 45 degree + + align:start position:0% +less like a 45 degree + + + align:start position:0% +less like a 45 degree +angle so the angle between the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +beam and the boat the boat's path is + + align:start position:0% +beam and the boat the boat's path is + + + align:start position:0% +beam and the boat the boat's path is +always + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +45° goes at a constant for 45° + + align:start position:0% +45° goes at a constant for 45° + + + align:start position:0% +45° goes at a constant for 45° +angle to the beam hoping thereby to + + align:start position:0% +angle to the beam hoping thereby to + + + align:start position:0% +angle to the beam hoping thereby to +escape it on the other hand of course + + align:start position:0% +escape it on the other hand of course + + + align:start position:0% +escape it on the other hand of course +the lighthouse guy keeps the beam always + + align:start position:0% +the lighthouse guy keeps the beam always + + + align:start position:0% +the lighthouse guy keeps the beam always +on the boat uh so it's not clear it's a + + align:start position:0% +on the boat uh so it's not clear it's a + + + align:start position:0% +on the boat uh so it's not clear it's a +good strategy but this is a differential + + align:start position:0% +good strategy but this is a differential + + + align:start position:0% +good strategy but this is a differential +equations class + + align:start position:0% +equations class + + + align:start position:0% +equations class +uh the question is what's the path of + + align:start position:0% +uh the question is what's the path of + + + align:start position:0% +uh the question is what's the path of +the boat what's the boat what's the + + align:start position:0% +the boat what's the boat what's the + + + align:start position:0% +the boat what's the boat what's the +boat's the boat's path + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now an obvious question is why is this a + + align:start position:0% +now an obvious question is why is this a + + + align:start position:0% +now an obvious question is why is this a +problem in differential equations at all + + align:start position:0% +problem in differential equations at all + + + align:start position:0% +problem in differential equations at all +in other words looking at this uh you + + align:start position:0% +in other words looking at this uh you + + + align:start position:0% +in other words looking at this uh you +might scratch your head and try to think + + align:start position:0% +might scratch your head and try to think + + + align:start position:0% +might scratch your head and try to think +of different ways to solve it but why + + align:start position:0% +of different ways to solve it but why + + + align:start position:0% +of different ways to solve it but why +What suggests that it's going to be a + + align:start position:0% +What suggests that it's going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +What suggests that it's going to be a +problem in differential equations the + + align:start position:0% +problem in differential equations the + + + align:start position:0% +problem in differential equations the +answer is you're looking for a + + align:start position:0% +answer is you're looking for a + + + align:start position:0% +answer is you're looking for a +path I'm looking the answer is going to + + align:start position:0% +path I'm looking the answer is going to + + + align:start position:0% +path I'm looking the answer is going to +be a + + align:start position:0% +be a + + + align:start position:0% +be a +curve a curve means a function we're + + align:start position:0% +curve a curve means a function we're + + + align:start position:0% +curve a curve means a function we're +looking for an unknown function in other + + align:start position:0% +looking for an unknown function in other + + + align:start position:0% +looking for an unknown function in other +words and what type of information do we + + align:start position:0% +words and what type of information do we + + + align:start position:0% +words and what type of information do we +have about the function the only + + align:start position:0% +have about the function the only + + + align:start position:0% +have about the function the only +information we have about the function + + align:start position:0% +information we have about the function + + + align:start position:0% +information we have about the function +is something about its slope that its + + align:start position:0% +is something about its slope that its + + + align:start position:0% +is something about its slope that its +slope is makes a constant 45 degree + + align:start position:0% +slope is makes a constant 45 degree + + + align:start position:0% +slope is makes a constant 45 degree +angle with the lighthouse + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +beam its slope makes a constant angle + + align:start position:0% +beam its slope makes a constant angle + + + align:start position:0% +beam its slope makes a constant angle +makes a known + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +angle to a known + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +angle well if what you if you're trying + + align:start position:0% +angle well if what you if you're trying + + + align:start position:0% +angle well if what you if you're trying +to find a function and all you know is + + align:start position:0% +to find a function and all you know is + + + align:start position:0% +to find a function and all you know is +something about its slope that is a + + align:start position:0% +something about its slope that is a + + + align:start position:0% +something about its slope that is a +problem in differential equations well + + align:start position:0% +problem in differential equations well + + + align:start position:0% +problem in differential equations well +let's try to solve + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it uh let's see well let me draw just a + + align:start position:0% +it uh let's see well let me draw just a + + + align:start position:0% +it uh let's see well let me draw just a +little bit so here's the horizontal + + align:start position:0% +little bit so here's the horizontal + + + align:start position:0% +little bit so here's the horizontal +let's introduce a coordinate system in + + align:start position:0% +let's introduce a coordinate system in + + + align:start position:0% +let's introduce a coordinate system in +other words there's a horizont IAL and + + align:start position:0% +other words there's a horizont IAL and + + + align:start position:0% +other words there's a horizont IAL and +here is the boat to indicate uh where I + + align:start position:0% +here is the boat to indicate uh where I + + + align:start position:0% +here is the boat to indicate uh where I +am with respect to the + + align:start position:0% +am with respect to the + + + align:start position:0% +am with respect to the +picture so here's the + + align:start position:0% +picture so here's the + + + align:start position:0% +picture so here's the +boat here is the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +beam and the path of the boat is going + + align:start position:0% +beam and the path of the boat is going + + + align:start position:0% +beam and the path of the boat is going +to make a 45 degree angle with it so + + align:start position:0% +to make a 45 degree angle with it so + + + align:start position:0% +to make a 45 degree angle with it so +this is the + + align:start position:0% +this is the + + + align:start position:0% +this is the +path that we're talking about and now + + align:start position:0% +path that we're talking about and now + + + align:start position:0% +path that we're talking about and now +let's label what I know well uh this + + align:start position:0% +let's label what I know well uh this + + + align:start position:0% +let's label what I know well uh this +angle is uh 45 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this angle I don't know but of course I + + align:start position:0% +this angle I don't know but of course I + + + align:start position:0% +this angle I don't know but of course I +can calculate it easily enough because + + align:start position:0% +can calculate it easily enough because + + + align:start position:0% +can calculate it easily enough because +it it has to do with uh if I know the + + align:start position:0% +it it has to do with uh if I know the + + + align:start position:0% +it it has to do with uh if I know the +coordinates of this point + + align:start position:0% +coordinates of this point + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates of this point +XY then of course that horizontal angle + + align:start position:0% +XY then of course that horizontal angle + + + align:start position:0% +XY then of course that horizontal angle +I know the slope of this line and that + + align:start position:0% +I know the slope of this line and that + + + align:start position:0% +I know the slope of this line and that +the that angle will be will be related + + align:start position:0% +the that angle will be will be related + + + align:start position:0% +the that angle will be will be related +to the slope so let's call this Alpha + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and now what I want to know is what the + + align:start position:0% +and now what I want to know is what the + + + align:start position:0% +and now what I want to know is what the +slope of the whole path is so y Prime so + + align:start position:0% +slope of the whole path is so y Prime so + + + align:start position:0% +slope of the whole path is so y Prime so +let's call y equal y ofx the unknown + + align:start position:0% +let's call y equal y ofx the unknown + + + align:start position:0% +let's call y equal y ofx the unknown +function whose path whose graph is going + + align:start position:0% +function whose path whose graph is going + + + align:start position:0% +function whose path whose graph is going +to be the uh boat's + + align:start position:0% +to be the uh boat's + + + align:start position:0% +to be the uh boat's +path unnown + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +graph what's its slope well its slope is + + align:start position:0% +graph what's its slope well its slope is + + + align:start position:0% +graph what's its slope well its slope is +the tangent of the sum of these two + + align:start position:0% +the tangent of the sum of these two + + + align:start position:0% +the tangent of the sum of these two +angles Alpha + + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +45° now what do I know well I know that + + align:start position:0% +45° now what do I know well I know that + + + align:start position:0% +45° now what do I know well I know that +the tangent of alpha is how + + align:start position:0% +the tangent of alpha is how + + + align:start position:0% +the tangent of alpha is how +much that's Y overx in other words if + + align:start position:0% +much that's Y overx in other words if + + + align:start position:0% +much that's Y overx in other words if +this is the point x over y this is the + + align:start position:0% +this is the point x over y this is the + + + align:start position:0% +this is the point x over y this is the +angle it makes for the horizontal if you + + align:start position:0% +angle it makes for the horizontal if you + + + align:start position:0% +angle it makes for the horizontal if you +think of it over here this is parall so + + align:start position:0% +think of it over here this is parall so + + + align:start position:0% +think of it over here this is parall so +this angle is the same as that one and + + align:start position:0% +this angle is the same as that one and + + + align:start position:0% +this angle is the same as that one and +it's y over its slope is of that line is + + align:start position:0% +it's y over its slope is of that line is + + + align:start position:0% +it's y over its slope is of that line is +YX so the tangent of the angle is + + align:start position:0% +YX so the tangent of the angle is + + + align:start position:0% +YX so the tangent of the angle is +YX how about the tangent of 45° that's + + align:start position:0% +YX how about the tangent of 45° that's + + + align:start position:0% +YX how about the tangent of 45° that's +one and uh there's a + + align:start position:0% +one and uh there's a + + + align:start position:0% +one and uh there's a +formula this is a hard part all you have + + align:start position:0% +formula this is a hard part all you have + + + align:start position:0% +formula this is a hard part all you have +to know is the formula exists and then + + align:start position:0% +to know is the formula exists and then + + + align:start position:0% +to know is the formula exists and then +you look it up if you've forgotten it + + align:start position:0% +you look it up if you've forgotten it + + + align:start position:0% +you look it up if you've forgotten it +relating the tangent giving you the + + align:start position:0% +relating the tangent giving you the + + + align:start position:0% +relating the tangent giving you the +tangent of sum of two angles and the you + + align:start position:0% +tangent of sum of two angles and the you + + + align:start position:0% +tangent of sum of two angles and the you +can if you like clever derive it from + + align:start position:0% +can if you like clever derive it from + + + align:start position:0% +can if you like clever derive it from +the formula for the S of and cosine of + + align:start position:0% +the formula for the S of and cosine of + + + align:start position:0% +the formula for the S of and cosine of +the sum of two angles but one Peak is + + align:start position:0% +the sum of two angles but one Peak is + + + align:start position:0% +the sum of two angles but one Peak is +worth a thousand finesses so it is the + + align:start position:0% +worth a thousand finesses so it is the + + + align:start position:0% +worth a thousand finesses so it is the +tangent of + + align:start position:0% +tangent of + + + align:start position:0% +tangent of +alpha plus the tangent of 45° let me + + align:start position:0% +alpha plus the tangent of 45° let me + + + align:start position:0% +alpha plus the tangent of 45° let me +write it out in all its gory details + + align:start position:0% +write it out in all its gory details + + + align:start position:0% +write it out in all its gory details +divided by one so you'll at least learn + + align:start position:0% +divided by one so you'll at least learn + + + align:start position:0% +divided by one so you'll at least learn +the Formula 1 minus tangent Alpha time + + align:start position:0% +the Formula 1 minus tangent Alpha time + + + align:start position:0% +the Formula 1 minus tangent Alpha time +tangent 45° this would work for the + + align:start position:0% +tangent 45° this would work for the + + + align:start position:0% +tangent 45° this would work for the +tangent to the sum of any two angles + + align:start position:0% +tangent to the sum of any two angles + + + align:start position:0% +tangent to the sum of any two angles +that's the formula so how does that what + + align:start position:0% +that's the formula so how does that what + + + align:start position:0% +that's the formula so how does that what +do I get then y Prime is equal to the + + align:start position:0% +do I get then y Prime is equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +do I get then y Prime is equal to the +tangent of alpha which is YX I like that + + align:start position:0% +tangent of alpha which is YX I like that + + + align:start position:0% +tangent of alpha which is YX I like that +combination plus 1 + + align:start position:0% +combination plus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +combination plus 1 +/ 1 - YX * 1 now there's no reason for + + align:start position:0% +/ 1 - YX * 1 now there's no reason for + + + align:start position:0% +/ 1 - YX * 1 now there's no reason for +doing anything to it but let's make it + + align:start position:0% +doing anything to it but let's make it + + + align:start position:0% +doing anything to it but let's make it +look a little prettier and thereby make + + align:start position:0% +look a little prettier and thereby make + + + align:start position:0% +look a little prettier and thereby make +it less obvious that it's a homogeneous + + align:start position:0% +it less obvious that it's a homogeneous + + + align:start position:0% +it less obvious that it's a homogeneous +equation uh it's If I multiply top and + + align:start position:0% +equation uh it's If I multiply top and + + + align:start position:0% +equation uh it's If I multiply top and +bottom by X it looks + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +prettier x + y/ x - y = y Prime that's + + align:start position:0% +prettier x + y/ x - y = y Prime that's + + + align:start position:0% +prettier x + y/ x - y = y Prime that's +our difference IAL + + align:start position:0% +our difference IAL + + + align:start position:0% +our difference IAL +equation but notice that last step to + + align:start position:0% +equation but notice that last step to + + + align:start position:0% +equation but notice that last step to +make it look pretty has undone the good + + align:start position:0% +make it look pretty has undone the good + + + align:start position:0% +make it look pretty has undone the good +work it's fine if you immediately + + align:start position:0% +work it's fine if you immediately + + + align:start position:0% +work it's fine if you immediately +recognize this as being a homogeneous + + align:start position:0% +recognize this as being a homogeneous + + + align:start position:0% +recognize this as being a homogeneous +equation because you can divide top and + + align:start position:0% +equation because you can divide top and + + + align:start position:0% +equation because you can divide top and +bottom by X but here it's a lot clearer + + align:start position:0% +bottom by X but here it's a lot clearer + + + align:start position:0% +bottom by X but here it's a lot clearer +that it's a homogeneous equation because + + align:start position:0% +that it's a homogeneous equation because + + + align:start position:0% +that it's a homogeneous equation because +it's already been written in the right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +form okay let's solve it now since we + + align:start position:0% +form okay let's solve it now since we + + + align:start position:0% +form okay let's solve it now since we +know what to do uh we're going to use as + + align:start position:0% +know what to do uh we're going to use as + + + align:start position:0% +know what to do uh we're going to use as +the new variable z = y /x and as I wrote + + align:start position:0% +the new variable z = y /x and as I wrote + + + align:start position:0% +the new variable z = y /x and as I wrote +up there Z for y Prime will substitute Z + + align:start position:0% +up there Z for y Prime will substitute Z + + + align:start position:0% +up there Z for y Prime will substitute Z +Prime X Plus + + align:start position:0% +Prime X Plus + + + align:start position:0% +Prime X Plus +Z and with that let's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +solve let's solve it the equation + + align:start position:0% +solve let's solve it the equation + + + align:start position:0% +solve let's solve it the equation +becomes Z Prime x + z is equal to Z Z + + + align:start position:0% +becomes Z Prime x + z is equal to Z Z + + + + align:start position:0% +becomes Z Prime x + z is equal to Z Z + +1 over 1 - + + align:start position:0% +1 over 1 - + + + align:start position:0% +1 over 1 - +Z put the Z on the other we want to + + align:start position:0% +Z put the Z on the other we want to + + + align:start position:0% +Z put the Z on the other we want to +separate variables so you have to put + + align:start position:0% +separate variables so you have to put + + + align:start position:0% +separate variables so you have to put +all the Z's on one side so this is going + + align:start position:0% +all the Z's on one side so this is going + + + align:start position:0% +all the Z's on one side so this is going +to be x + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dzdx equals this thing minus Z which is + + align:start position:0% +dzdx equals this thing minus Z which is + + + align:start position:0% +dzdx equals this thing minus Z which is +z + 1 over 1 - Z minus Z and now as you + + align:start position:0% +z + 1 over 1 - Z minus Z and now as you + + + align:start position:0% +z + 1 over 1 - Z minus Z and now as you +realize putting it on the other side I'm + + align:start position:0% +realize putting it on the other side I'm + + + align:start position:0% +realize putting it on the other side I'm +going to have to turn it upside down + + align:start position:0% +going to have to turn it upside down + + + align:start position:0% +going to have to turn it upside down +just as before if you have to turn + + align:start position:0% +just as before if you have to turn + + + align:start position:0% +just as before if you have to turn +something upside down it's better to + + align:start position:0% +something upside down it's better to + + + align:start position:0% +something upside down it's better to +combine the terms and make it one tiny + + align:start position:0% +combine the terms and make it one tiny + + + align:start position:0% +combine the terms and make it one tiny +little fraction otherwise you're in for + + align:start position:0% +little fraction otherwise you're in for + + + align:start position:0% +little fraction otherwise you're in for +a uh quite a lot of mess if you don't do + + align:start position:0% +a uh quite a lot of mess if you don't do + + + align:start position:0% +a uh quite a lot of mess if you don't do +this nicely so Z + one minus Z that gets + + align:start position:0% +this nicely so Z + one minus Z that gets + + + align:start position:0% +this nicely so Z + one minus Z that gets +rid of the Z's the numerator is 1 - z^ 2 + + align:start position:0% +rid of the Z's the numerator is 1 - z^ 2 + + + align:start position:0% +rid of the Z's the numerator is 1 - z^ 2 +over 1 - Z I hope 1 is that right 1 plus + + align:start position:0% +over 1 - Z I hope 1 is that right 1 plus + + + align:start position:0% +over 1 - Z I hope 1 is that right 1 plus +z^2 over 1 minus Z + + align:start position:0% +z^2 over 1 minus Z + + + align:start position:0% +z^2 over 1 minus Z +and so the equation is + + align:start position:0% +and so the equation is + + + align:start position:0% +and so the equation is +DZ and what is the put this on the other + + align:start position:0% +DZ and what is the put this on the other + + + align:start position:0% +DZ and what is the put this on the other +side and turn it upside down so that + + align:start position:0% +side and turn it upside down so that + + + align:start position:0% +side and turn it upside down so that +will be 1 - Z over 1 + + + align:start position:0% +will be 1 - Z over 1 + + + + align:start position:0% +will be 1 - Z over 1 + +z^2 on the left hand side and on the + + align:start position:0% +z^2 on the left hand side and on the + + + align:start position:0% +z^2 on the left hand side and on the +right hand side DX overx well that's + + align:start position:0% +right hand side DX overx well that's + + + align:start position:0% +right hand side DX overx well that's +ready to be integrated just as it stands + + align:start position:0% +ready to be integrated just as it stands + + + align:start position:0% +ready to be integrated just as it stands +uh the right hand side integrates to be + + align:start position:0% +uh the right hand side integrates to be + + + align:start position:0% +uh the right hand side integrates to be +log X the left hand side is the sum of + + align:start position:0% +log X the left hand side is the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +log X the left hand side is the sum of +two + + align:start position:0% +two + + + align:start position:0% +two +terms the integral of 1 over 1 + z^2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is the AR tangent of Z + + align:start position:0% +is the AR tangent of Z + + + align:start position:0% +is the AR tangent of Z +maybe the derivative of this is 1 over 1 + + align:start position:0% +maybe the derivative of this is 1 over 1 + + + align:start position:0% +maybe the derivative of this is 1 over 1 ++ z^2 how about the term Z over 1 + z^2 + + align:start position:0% ++ z^2 how about the term Z over 1 + z^2 + + + align:start position:0% ++ z^2 how about the term Z over 1 + z^2 +Well that integrates to be a + + align:start position:0% +Well that integrates to be a + + + align:start position:0% +Well that integrates to be a +logarithm it's more or less the + + align:start position:0% +logarithm it's more or less the + + + align:start position:0% +logarithm it's more or less the +logarithm of 1 + z^2 uh how does much do + + align:start position:0% +logarithm of 1 + z^2 uh how does much do + + + align:start position:0% +logarithm of 1 + z^2 uh how does much do +I if I differentiate this I get 1 over 1 + + align:start position:0% +I if I differentiate this I get 1 over 1 + + + align:start position:0% +I if I differentiate this I get 1 over 1 ++ z^ 2 * 2 2 Z but I wish I had negative + + align:start position:0% ++ z^ 2 * 2 2 Z but I wish I had negative + + + align:start position:0% ++ z^ 2 * 2 2 Z but I wish I had negative +Z there instead therefore I should put a + + align:start position:0% +Z there instead therefore I should put a + + + align:start position:0% +Z there instead therefore I should put a +minus sign and I should multiply that by + + align:start position:0% +minus sign and I should multiply that by + + + align:start position:0% +minus sign and I should multiply that by +half to make it come out right and this + + align:start position:0% +half to make it come out right and this + + + align:start position:0% +half to make it come out right and this +is log X on the right hand side plus put + + align:start position:0% +is log X on the right hand side plus put + + + align:start position:0% +is log X on the right hand side plus put +in that arbitrary constant and now what + + align:start position:0% +in that arbitrary constant and now what + + + align:start position:0% +in that arbitrary constant and now what +well let's now fool around with it a + + align:start position:0% +well let's now fool around with it a + + + align:start position:0% +well let's now fool around with it a +little bit uh the arc tangent I'm going + + align:start position:0% +little bit uh the arc tangent I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +little bit uh the arc tangent I'm going +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +simultaneously oh no two + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously oh no two + + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously oh no two +steps I have to remember your innocence + + align:start position:0% +steps I have to remember your innocence + + + align:start position:0% +steps I have to remember your innocence +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +uh although probably a lot of you are + + align:start position:0% +uh although probably a lot of you are + + + align:start position:0% +uh although probably a lot of you are +better calculators than I am uh I'm + + align:start position:0% +better calculators than I am uh I'm + + + align:start position:0% +better calculators than I am uh I'm +going to change this use as many laws of + + align:start position:0% +going to change this use as many laws of + + + align:start position:0% +going to change this use as many laws of +logarithms as possible I'm going to put + + align:start position:0% +logarithms as possible I'm going to put + + + align:start position:0% +logarithms as possible I'm going to put +this in the exponent and put this on the + + align:start position:0% +this in the exponent and put this on the + + + align:start position:0% +this in the exponent and put this on the +other + + align:start position:0% +other + + + align:start position:0% +other +side that's going to turn it into the + + align:start position:0% +side that's going to turn it into the + + + align:start position:0% +side that's going to turn it into the +log of 1 + z s the square root of 1 + + + align:start position:0% +log of 1 + z s the square root of 1 + + + + align:start position:0% +log of 1 + z s the square root of 1 + +z^2 and this is going to be plus the log + + align:start position:0% +z^2 and this is going to be plus the log + + + align:start position:0% +z^2 and this is going to be plus the log +of x + C and now I'm going to make go + + align:start position:0% +of x + C and now I'm going to make go + + + align:start position:0% +of x + C and now I'm going to make go +back and remember that zal YX so this + + align:start position:0% +back and remember that zal YX so this + + + align:start position:0% +back and remember that zal YX so this +becomes the AR tangent of + + align:start position:0% +becomes the AR tangent of + + + align:start position:0% +becomes the AR tangent of +YX + + align:start position:0% +YX + + + align:start position:0% +YX +equals now I combine the logarithms this + + align:start position:0% +equals now I combine the logarithms this + + + align:start position:0% +equals now I combine the logarithms this +is the log of x times this square root + + align:start position:0% +is the log of x times this square root + + + align:start position:0% +is the log of x times this square root +right make one logarithm out of it and + + align:start position:0% +right make one logarithm out of it and + + + align:start position:0% +right make one logarithm out of it and +then put Z = YX and you see that if you + + align:start position:0% +then put Z = YX and you see that if you + + + align:start position:0% +then put Z = YX and you see that if you +do that it'll be the log of + + align:start position:0% +do that it'll be the log of + + + align:start position:0% +do that it'll be the log of +x * the < TK of 1 + y /x X2 and what is + + align:start position:0% +x * the < TK of 1 + y /x X2 and what is + + + align:start position:0% +x * the < TK of 1 + y /x X2 and what is +that well if I put this over X2 and take + + align:start position:0% +that well if I put this over X2 and take + + + align:start position:0% +that well if I put this over X2 and take +it out it cancels that and what you're + + align:start position:0% +it out it cancels that and what you're + + + align:start position:0% +it out it cancels that and what you're +left with is the log of the < TK of x^2 + + align:start position:0% +left with is the log of the < TK of x^2 + + + align:start position:0% +left with is the log of the < TK of x^2 ++ + + align:start position:0% ++ + + + align:start position:0% ++ +y^2 plus a + + align:start position:0% +y^2 plus a + + + align:start position:0% +y^2 plus a +constant now technically you've solved + + align:start position:0% +constant now technically you've solved + + + align:start position:0% +constant now technically you've solved +the equation but not + + align:start position:0% +the equation but not + + + align:start position:0% +the equation but not +morally because I mean my God what a + + align:start position:0% +morally because I mean my God what a + + + align:start position:0% +morally because I mean my God what a +mess you know incredible path who could + + align:start position:0% +mess you know incredible path who could + + + align:start position:0% +mess you know incredible path who could +you know tells me absolutely nothing + + align:start position:0% +you know tells me absolutely nothing + + + align:start position:0% +you know tells me absolutely nothing +well what is this screaming change me + + align:start position:0% +well what is this screaming change me + + + align:start position:0% +well what is this screaming change me +too polar coordinates what's the arct + + align:start position:0% +too polar coordinates what's the arct + + + align:start position:0% +too polar coordinates what's the arct +tangent of + + align:start position:0% +tangent of + + + align:start position:0% +tangent of +YX Theta in polar coordinates it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Theta what's this is R so the curve is + + align:start position:0% +Theta what's this is R so the curve is + + + align:start position:0% +Theta what's this is R so the curve is +theta equals the log of R plus a + + align:start position:0% +theta equals the log of R plus a + + + align:start position:0% +theta equals the log of R plus a +constant and I can make even that look a + + align:start position:0% +constant and I can make even that look a + + + align:start position:0% +constant and I can make even that look a +little better if I exponentiate + + align:start position:0% +little better if I exponentiate + + + align:start position:0% +little better if I exponentiate +everything exponentiate both sides + + align:start position:0% +everything exponentiate both sides + + + align:start position:0% +everything exponentiate both sides +combine this in the usual way and what + + align:start position:0% +combine this in the usual way and what + + + align:start position:0% +combine this in the usual way and what +you get is that R is equal to some other + + align:start position:0% +you get is that R is equal to some other + + + align:start position:0% +you get is that R is equal to some other +constant + + align:start position:0% +constant + + + align:start position:0% +constant +time e to the + + align:start position:0% +time e to the + + + align:start position:0% +time e to the +Theta that's the curve it's called an + + align:start position:0% +Theta that's the curve it's called an + + + align:start position:0% +Theta that's the curve it's called an +exponential spiral and that's what the + + align:start position:0% +exponential spiral and that's what the + + + align:start position:0% +exponential spiral and that's what the +that's what our little boat goes in and + + align:start position:0% +that's what our little boat goes in and + + + align:start position:0% +that's what our little boat goes in and +notice probably if I'd set up the + + align:start position:0% +notice probably if I'd set up the + + + align:start position:0% +notice probably if I'd set up the +problem in polar coordinates from the + + align:start position:0% +problem in polar coordinates from the + + + align:start position:0% +problem in polar coordinates from the +beginning nobody would have been able to + + align:start position:0% +beginning nobody would have been able to + + + align:start position:0% +beginning nobody would have been able to +solve it but anyone who did would have + + align:start position:0% +solve it but anyone who did would have + + + align:start position:0% +solve it but anyone who did would have +gotten that answer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +immediately thanks \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/WG5UbMrUiLU.txt b/WG5UbMrUiLU.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3949227ff3a20083bc4169a47ee8aecdbf0aa66c --- /dev/null +++ b/WG5UbMrUiLU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16611 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT +opencourseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu all right let's get uh let's + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu all right let's get uh let's + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu all right let's get uh let's +get started thank you for showing up to + + align:start position:0% +get started thank you for showing up to + + + align:start position:0% +get started thank you for showing up to +this very special pre-thanksgiving + + align:start position:0% +this very special pre-thanksgiving + + + align:start position:0% +this very special pre-thanksgiving +lecture I'm glad that you guys have such + + align:start position:0% +lecture I'm glad that you guys have such + + + align:start position:0% +lecture I'm glad that you guys have such +uh Devotion to security I'm sure that + + align:start position:0% +uh Devotion to security I'm sure that + + + align:start position:0% +uh Devotion to security I'm sure that +you will be rewarded on the job market + + align:start position:0% +you will be rewarded on the job market + + + align:start position:0% +you will be rewarded on the job market +at some point feel free to list me as a + + align:start position:0% +at some point feel free to list me as a + + + align:start position:0% +at some point feel free to list me as a +recommendation uh so today we're going + + align:start position:0% +recommendation uh so today we're going + + + align:start position:0% +recommendation uh so today we're going +to talk about taint tracking and in + + align:start position:0% +to talk about taint tracking and in + + + align:start position:0% +to talk about taint tracking and in +particular we're going to look at a + + align:start position:0% +particular we're going to look at a + + + align:start position:0% +particular we're going to look at a +system called taint Droid that looks at + + align:start position:0% +system called taint Droid that looks at + + + align:start position:0% +system called taint Droid that looks at +how to do this type of information flow + + align:start position:0% +how to do this type of information flow + + + align:start position:0% +how to do this type of information flow +analysis in the context of Android + + align:start position:0% +analysis in the context of Android + + + align:start position:0% +analysis in the context of Android +smartphones and so the basic problem uh + + align:start position:0% +smartphones and so the basic problem uh + + + align:start position:0% +smartphones and so the basic problem uh +that the paper deals with is this fact + + align:start position:0% +that the paper deals with is this fact + + + align:start position:0% +that the paper deals with is this fact +that apps can exfiltrate data so the + + align:start position:0% +that apps can exfiltrate data so the + + + align:start position:0% +that apps can exfiltrate data so the +basic idea is that your phone contains a + + align:start position:0% +basic idea is that your phone contains a + + + align:start position:0% +basic idea is that your phone contains a +lot of sensitive information right + + align:start position:0% +lot of sensitive information right + + + align:start position:0% +lot of sensitive information right +contains like your contacts list and + + align:start position:0% +contains like your contacts list and + + + align:start position:0% +contains like your contacts list and +your phone number and maybe emails all + + align:start position:0% +your phone number and maybe emails all + + + align:start position:0% +your phone number and maybe emails all +that kind of stuff and so uh if the + + align:start position:0% +that kind of stuff and so uh if the + + + align:start position:0% +that kind of stuff and so uh if the +operating system or the phone itself + + align:start position:0% +operating system or the phone itself + + + align:start position:0% +operating system or the phone itself +isn't careful then a malicious app might + + align:start position:0% +isn't careful then a malicious app might + + + align:start position:0% +isn't careful then a malicious app might +be able to take some of that information + + align:start position:0% +be able to take some of that information + + + align:start position:0% +be able to take some of that information +and send it back uh to its Home Server + + align:start position:0% +and send it back uh to its Home Server + + + align:start position:0% +and send it back uh to its Home Server +and that server can use it for all types + + align:start position:0% +and that server can use it for all types + + + align:start position:0% +and that server can use it for all types +of Nefarious things as we'll talk about + + align:start position:0% +of Nefarious things as we'll talk about + + + align:start position:0% +of Nefarious things as we'll talk about +later so the highle solution that the + + align:start position:0% +later so the highle solution that the + + + align:start position:0% +later so the highle solution that the +taint Droid paper uh suggests is that we + + align:start position:0% +taint Droid paper uh suggests is that we + + + align:start position:0% +taint Droid paper uh suggests is that we +should basically track the sensitive + + align:start position:0% +should basically track the sensitive + + + align:start position:0% +should basically track the sensitive +data as it flows through the system and + + align:start position:0% +data as it flows through the system and + + + align:start position:0% +data as it flows through the system and +essentially we need to stop it uh from + + align:start position:0% +essentially we need to stop it uh from + + + align:start position:0% +essentially we need to stop it uh from +going over the + + align:start position:0% +going over the + + + align:start position:0% +going over the +network in other words we need to stop + + align:start position:0% +network in other words we need to stop + + + align:start position:0% +network in other words we need to stop +it from uh being + + align:start position:0% +it from uh being + + + align:start position:0% +it from uh being +passed uh as an argument to networking + + align:start position:0% +passed uh as an argument to networking + + + align:start position:0% +passed uh as an argument to networking +system + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +calls and so presumably if we can do + + align:start position:0% +calls and so presumably if we can do + + + align:start position:0% +calls and so presumably if we can do +that then we can essentially stop the + + align:start position:0% +that then we can essentially stop the + + + align:start position:0% +that then we can essentially stop the +leak right at the moment that it's about + + align:start position:0% +leak right at the moment that it's about + + + align:start position:0% +leak right at the moment that it's about +to happen happen and so you might think + + align:start position:0% +to happen happen and so you might think + + + align:start position:0% +to happen happen and so you might think +to yourself so why are uh traditional + + align:start position:0% +to yourself so why are uh traditional + + + align:start position:0% +to yourself so why are uh traditional +Android permissions insufficient to stop + + align:start position:0% +Android permissions insufficient to stop + + + align:start position:0% +Android permissions insufficient to stop +these types of data ex filtrations and + + align:start position:0% +these types of data ex filtrations and + + + align:start position:0% +these types of data ex filtrations and +the reason is that these permissions + + align:start position:0% +the reason is that these permissions + + + align:start position:0% +the reason is that these permissions +don't really have the appropriate + + align:start position:0% +don't really have the appropriate + + + align:start position:0% +don't really have the appropriate +grammar to talk about the type of attack + + align:start position:0% +grammar to talk about the type of attack + + + align:start position:0% +grammar to talk about the type of attack +that we're trying to prevent so a lot of + + align:start position:0% +that we're trying to prevent so a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +that we're trying to prevent so a lot of +times these these Android permissions + + align:start position:0% +times these these Android permissions + + + align:start position:0% +times these these Android permissions +they deal with these things like can an + + align:start position:0% +they deal with these things like can an + + + align:start position:0% +they deal with these things like can an +application read or write to a + + align:start position:0% +application read or write to a + + + align:start position:0% +application read or write to a +particular device right but we're + + align:start position:0% +particular device right but we're + + + align:start position:0% +particular device right but we're +talking about something at a sort of + + align:start position:0% +talking about something at a sort of + + + align:start position:0% +talking about something at a sort of +different level of semantics we're + + align:start position:0% +different level of semantics we're + + + align:start position:0% +different level of semantics we're +saying even if an application has been + + align:start position:0% +saying even if an application has been + + + align:start position:0% +saying even if an application has been +granted the authority to read or write a + + align:start position:0% +granted the authority to read or write a + + + align:start position:0% +granted the authority to read or write a +particular device like the network for + + align:start position:0% +particular device like the network for + + + align:start position:0% +particular device like the network for +example um it still might not uh be good + + align:start position:0% +example um it still might not uh be good + + + align:start position:0% +example um it still might not uh be good +to allow that application to read or + + align:start position:0% +to allow that application to read or + + + align:start position:0% +to allow that application to read or +write certain sensitive data over that + + align:start position:0% +write certain sensitive data over that + + + align:start position:0% +write certain sensitive data over that +device to which it has permissions and + + align:start position:0% +device to which it has permissions and + + + align:start position:0% +device to which it has permissions and +so in other words using these + + align:start position:0% +so in other words using these + + + align:start position:0% +so in other words using these +traditional Android uh uh security + + align:start position:0% +traditional Android uh uh security + + + align:start position:0% +traditional Android uh uh security +policies it's difficult to speak about + + align:start position:0% +policies it's difficult to speak about + + + align:start position:0% +policies it's difficult to speak about +specific types of data right it's much + + align:start position:0% +specific types of data right it's much + + + align:start position:0% +specific types of data right it's much +easier to talk about whether application + + align:start position:0% +easier to talk about whether application + + + align:start position:0% +easier to talk about whether application +access a device or not so you might + + align:start position:0% +access a device or not so you might + + + align:start position:0% +access a device or not so you might +think all right so that's kind of a a + + align:start position:0% +think all right so that's kind of a a + + + align:start position:0% +think all right so that's kind of a a +bummer but maybe we can solve this + + align:start position:0% +bummer but maybe we can solve this + + + align:start position:0% +bummer but maybe we can solve this +problem um + + align:start position:0% +problem um + + + align:start position:0% +problem um +by you know we have this alternate + + align:start position:0% +by you know we have this alternate + + + align:start position:0% +by you know we have this alternate +solution so we'll call this solution + + align:start position:0% +solution so we'll call this solution + + + align:start position:0% +solution so we'll call this solution +star so maybe we can just uh never + + align:start position:0% +star so maybe we can just uh never + + + align:start position:0% +star so maybe we can just uh never +install + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +applications that can do uh sort of + + align:start position:0% +applications that can do uh sort of + + + align:start position:0% +applications that can do uh sort of +reads of sensitive + + align:start position:0% +reads of sensitive + + + align:start position:0% +reads of sensitive +data and also uh have a network + + align:start position:0% +data and also uh have a network + + + align:start position:0% +data and also uh have a network +access so at first glance that seems to + + align:start position:0% +access so at first glance that seems to + + + align:start position:0% +access so at first glance that seems to +solve the problem right because if it + + align:start position:0% +solve the problem right because if it + + + align:start position:0% +solve the problem right because if it +can't do both of these things it either + + align:start position:0% +can't do both of these things it either + + + align:start position:0% +can't do both of these things it either +can't get to the sensitive date in the + + align:start position:0% +can't get to the sensitive date in the + + + align:start position:0% +can't get to the sensitive date in the +first place or it can but it can't send + + align:start position:0% +first place or it can but it can't send + + + align:start position:0% +first place or it can but it can't send +it uh anywhere so does anyone have an + + align:start position:0% +it uh anywhere so does anyone have an + + + align:start position:0% +it uh anywhere so does anyone have an +idea as why this probably isn't going to + + align:start position:0% +idea as why this probably isn't going to + + + align:start position:0% +idea as why this probably isn't going to +work out very + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well everyone's already thinking about + + align:start position:0% +well everyone's already thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +well everyone's already thinking about +turkey I can see it in your eyes right + + align:start position:0% +turkey I can see it in your eyes right + + + align:start position:0% +turkey I can see it in your eyes right +so so you know the main reason why this + + align:start position:0% +so so you know the main reason why this + + + align:start position:0% +so so you know the main reason why this +is probably uh a bad idea is that this + + align:start position:0% +is probably uh a bad idea is that this + + + align:start position:0% +is probably uh a bad idea is that this +is going to uh break uh a lot of + + align:start position:0% +is going to uh break uh a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +is going to uh break uh a lot of +legitimate uh + + align:start position:0% +legitimate uh + + + align:start position:0% +legitimate uh +applications right so you can imagine + + align:start position:0% +applications right so you can imagine + + + align:start position:0% +applications right so you can imagine +that there are a lot of programs like + + align:start position:0% +that there are a lot of programs like + + + align:start position:0% +that there are a lot of programs like +maybe email clients or things like that + + align:start position:0% +maybe email clients or things like that + + + align:start position:0% +maybe email clients or things like that +that should actually have uh the ability + + align:start position:0% +that should actually have uh the ability + + + align:start position:0% +that should actually have uh the ability +perhaps to read some data that's + + align:start position:0% +perhaps to read some data that's + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps to read some data that's +sensitive and also send uh information + + align:start position:0% +sensitive and also send uh information + + + align:start position:0% +sensitive and also send uh information +over the network so if we just say that + + align:start position:0% +over the network so if we just say that + + + align:start position:0% +over the network so if we just say that +we're going to prevent this sort of and + + align:start position:0% +we're going to prevent this sort of and + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to prevent this sort of and +type of uh activity then you're actually + + align:start position:0% +type of uh activity then you're actually + + + align:start position:0% +type of uh activity then you're actually +going to make a lot of things that work + + align:start position:0% +going to make a lot of things that work + + + align:start position:0% +going to make a lot of things that work +right now um fail and so users are not + + align:start position:0% +right now um fail and so users are not + + + align:start position:0% +right now um fail and so users are not +going to like that um there's also a + + align:start position:0% +going to like that um there's also a + + + align:start position:0% +going to like that um there's also a +problem here is that um even if we did + + align:start position:0% +problem here is that um even if we did + + + align:start position:0% +problem here is that um even if we did +implement this solution it's not going + + align:start position:0% +implement this solution it's not going + + + align:start position:0% +implement this solution it's not going +to uh stop a bunch of different uh side + + align:start position:0% +to uh stop a bunch of different uh side + + + align:start position:0% +to uh stop a bunch of different uh side +Channel + + align:start position:0% +Channel + + + align:start position:0% +Channel +mechanisms for data leakage so for + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms for data leakage so for + + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms for data leakage so for +example we've looked in previous classes + + align:start position:0% +example we've looked in previous classes + + + align:start position:0% +example we've looked in previous classes +about how um the browser cache for + + align:start position:0% +about how um the browser cache for + + + align:start position:0% +about how um the browser cache for +example can leak information about + + align:start position:0% +example can leak information about + + + align:start position:0% +example can leak information about +whether a particular site has been + + align:start position:0% +whether a particular site has been + + + align:start position:0% +whether a particular site has been +visited or not right and so even if uh + + align:start position:0% +visited or not right and so even if uh + + + align:start position:0% +visited or not right and so even if uh +we have a security policy like this + + align:start position:0% +we have a security policy like this + + + align:start position:0% +we have a security policy like this +maybe we don't capture all kinds of side + + align:start position:0% +maybe we don't capture all kinds of side + + + align:start position:0% +maybe we don't capture all kinds of side +side channels and we'll talk about some + + align:start position:0% +side channels and we'll talk about some + + + align:start position:0% +side channels and we'll talk about some +other side channels a little bit uh + + align:start position:0% +other side channels a little bit uh + + + align:start position:0% +other side channels a little bit uh +later in the + + align:start position:0% +later in the + + + align:start position:0% +later in the +lecture another thing that this uh + + align:start position:0% +lecture another thing that this uh + + + align:start position:0% +lecture another thing that this uh +wouldn't stop is uh app collusion + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't stop is uh app collusion + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't stop is uh app collusion +so two apps can actually uh collaborate + + align:start position:0% +so two apps can actually uh collaborate + + + align:start position:0% +so two apps can actually uh collaborate +to break the security system so for + + align:start position:0% +to break the security system so for + + + align:start position:0% +to break the security system so for +example what if there's one app that + + align:start position:0% +example what if there's one app that + + + align:start position:0% +example what if there's one app that +doesn't have access to the network but + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have access to the network but + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have access to the network but +it can talk to a second application + + align:start position:0% +it can talk to a second application + + + align:start position:0% +it can talk to a second application +which does right so maybe it can use + + align:start position:0% +which does right so maybe it can use + + + align:start position:0% +which does right so maybe it can use +Androids IPC mechanisms to pass it + + align:start position:0% +Androids IPC mechanisms to pass it + + + align:start position:0% +Androids IPC mechanisms to pass it +instead of dat to the application that + + align:start position:0% +instead of dat to the application that + + + align:start position:0% +instead of dat to the application that +does have the network permissions and + + align:start position:0% +does have the network permissions and + + + align:start position:0% +does have the network permissions and +that second app can actually upload that + + align:start position:0% +that second app can actually upload that + + + align:start position:0% +that second app can actually upload that +information uh to the + + align:start position:0% +information uh to the + + + align:start position:0% +information uh to the +server and even if the apps aren't + + align:start position:0% +server and even if the apps aren't + + + align:start position:0% +server and even if the apps aren't +colluding then there may be some type of + + align:start position:0% +colluding then there may be some type of + + + align:start position:0% +colluding then there may be some type of +uh trickery that an application can + + align:start position:0% +uh trickery that an application can + + + align:start position:0% +uh trickery that an application can +engage in to trick some other + + align:start position:0% +engage in to trick some other + + + align:start position:0% +engage in to trick some other +application to accidentally revealing + + align:start position:0% +application to accidentally revealing + + + align:start position:0% +application to accidentally revealing +sensitive data so maybe there's some + + align:start position:0% +sensitive data so maybe there's some + + + align:start position:0% +sensitive data so maybe there's some +type of uh weakness in the way that the + + align:start position:0% +type of uh weakness in the way that the + + + align:start position:0% +type of uh weakness in the way that the +email program is written and so perhaps + + align:start position:0% +email program is written and so perhaps + + + align:start position:0% +email program is written and so perhaps +uh that email program accepts too many + + align:start position:0% +uh that email program accepts too many + + + align:start position:0% +uh that email program accepts too many +random messages from other things that + + align:start position:0% +random messages from other things that + + + align:start position:0% +random messages from other things that +are living on the system so perhaps you + + align:start position:0% +are living on the system so perhaps you + + + align:start position:0% +are living on the system so perhaps you +could craft a special intent that's + + align:start position:0% +could craft a special intent that's + + + align:start position:0% +could craft a special intent that's +somehow going to trick you know your + + align:start position:0% +somehow going to trick you know your + + + align:start position:0% +somehow going to trick you know your +Gmail application for example into + + align:start position:0% +Gmail application for example into + + + align:start position:0% +Gmail application for example into +emailing something to someone outside of + + align:start position:0% +emailing something to someone outside of + + + align:start position:0% +emailing something to someone outside of +the phone so yeah at a high level this + + align:start position:0% +the phone so yeah at a high level this + + + align:start position:0% +the phone so yeah at a high level this +this approach doesn't really work very + + align:start position:0% +this approach doesn't really work very + + + align:start position:0% +this approach doesn't really work very +well um and + + align:start position:0% +well um and + + + align:start position:0% +well um and +so you know one important thing to think + + align:start position:0% +so you know one important thing to think + + + align:start position:0% +so you know one important thing to think +about is okay so it seems like we're + + align:start position:0% +about is okay so it seems like we're + + + align:start position:0% +about is okay so it seems like we're +very worried about the sensitive data uh + + align:start position:0% +very worried about the sensitive data uh + + + align:start position:0% +very worried about the sensitive data uh +leaving the phone so what does Android + + align:start position:0% +leaving the phone so what does Android + + + align:start position:0% +leaving the phone so what does Android +malware uh actually do in practice are + + align:start position:0% +malware uh actually do in practice are + + + align:start position:0% +malware uh actually do in practice are +there any kinds of sort of real world + + align:start position:0% +there any kinds of sort of real world + + + align:start position:0% +there any kinds of sort of real world +attacks that we're going to be + + align:start position:0% +attacks that we're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +attacks that we're going to be +preventing by all this uh taint tracking + + align:start position:0% +preventing by all this uh taint tracking + + + align:start position:0% +preventing by all this uh taint tracking +type stuff and the answer is yes so + + align:start position:0% +type stuff and the answer is yes so + + + align:start position:0% +type stuff and the answer is yes so +increasingly U malware is becoming a + + align:start position:0% +increasingly U malware is becoming a + + + align:start position:0% +increasingly U malware is becoming a +bigger problem for these mobile phones + + align:start position:0% +bigger problem for these mobile phones + + + align:start position:0% +bigger problem for these mobile phones +so one thing it might do is it might use + + align:start position:0% +so one thing it might do is it might use + + + align:start position:0% +so one thing it might do is it might use +um your location + + align:start position:0% +um your location + + + align:start position:0% +um your location +or maybe uh your IMI + + align:start position:0% +or maybe uh your IMI + + + align:start position:0% +or maybe uh your IMI +IMI uh for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ads all right so some of this malware is + + align:start position:0% +ads all right so some of this malware is + + + align:start position:0% +ads all right so some of this malware is +actually going to look and see where you + + align:start position:0% +actually going to look and see where you + + + align:start position:0% +actually going to look and see where you +are physically located in the world and + + align:start position:0% +are physically located in the world and + + + align:start position:0% +are physically located in the world and +then maybe it will see that oh you're + + align:start position:0% +then maybe it will see that oh you're + + + align:start position:0% +then maybe it will see that oh you're +located near the MIT campus therefore + + align:start position:0% +located near the MIT campus therefore + + + align:start position:0% +located near the MIT campus therefore +you must be a hungry student so hey why + + align:start position:0% +you must be a hungry student so hey why + + + align:start position:0% +you must be a hungry student so hey why +don't you go to my food truck that + + align:start position:0% +don't you go to my food truck that + + + align:start position:0% +don't you go to my food truck that +happens to be located right by where you + + align:start position:0% +happens to be located right by where you + + + align:start position:0% +happens to be located right by where you +are right um the IMI is kind of like + + align:start position:0% +are right um the IMI is kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +are right um the IMI is kind of like +this uh you think of as an integer + + align:start position:0% +this uh you think of as an integer + + + align:start position:0% +this uh you think of as an integer +that's like a per device fire so this + + align:start position:0% +that's like a per device fire so this + + + align:start position:0% +that's like a per device fire so this +could be used perhaps to track you in + + align:start position:0% +could be used perhaps to track you in + + + align:start position:0% +could be used perhaps to track you in +ways that you don't want to be tracked + + align:start position:0% +ways that you don't want to be tracked + + + align:start position:0% +ways that you don't want to be tracked +in different locations so on and so + + align:start position:0% +in different locations so on and so + + + align:start position:0% +in different locations so on and so +forth so there's actually malware in the + + align:start position:0% +forth so there's actually malware in the + + + align:start position:0% +forth so there's actually malware in the +wild that does things like that um + + align:start position:0% +wild that does things like that um + + + align:start position:0% +wild that does things like that um +another thing the malware might try to + + align:start position:0% +another thing the malware might try to + + + align:start position:0% +another thing the malware might try to +do is uh steal your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +credentials and so for example it might + + align:start position:0% +credentials and so for example it might + + + align:start position:0% +credentials and so for example it might +um try to uh take your phone number or + + align:start position:0% +um try to uh take your phone number or + + + align:start position:0% +um try to uh take your phone number or +might try to take your contact list it + + align:start position:0% +might try to take your contact list it + + + align:start position:0% +might try to take your contact list it +might try to upload those things to + + align:start position:0% +might try to upload those things to + + + align:start position:0% +might try to upload those things to +remote server maybe that's useful for + + align:start position:0% +remote server maybe that's useful for + + + align:start position:0% +remote server maybe that's useful for +trying trying to impersonate you for + + align:start position:0% +trying trying to impersonate you for + + + align:start position:0% +trying trying to impersonate you for +example um in a in a message that's + + align:start position:0% +example um in a in a message that's + + + align:start position:0% +example um in a in a message that's +going to be used for spam later on um + + align:start position:0% +going to be used for spam later on um + + + align:start position:0% +going to be used for spam later on um +and so there's there's malware out there + + align:start position:0% +and so there's there's malware out there + + + align:start position:0% +and so there's there's malware out there +that does things like this today and + + align:start position:0% +that does things like this today and + + + align:start position:0% +that does things like this today and +perhaps most horrifyingly at least for + + align:start position:0% +perhaps most horrifyingly at least for + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps most horrifyingly at least for +me uh malware might be able to turn your + + align:start position:0% +me uh malware might be able to turn your + + + align:start position:0% +me uh malware might be able to turn your +phone into a + + align:start position:0% +phone into a + + + align:start position:0% +phone into a +bot right this of course is a problem + + align:start position:0% +bot right this of course is a problem + + + align:start position:0% +bot right this of course is a problem +that our parents did not have to deal + + align:start position:0% +that our parents did not have to deal + + + align:start position:0% +that our parents did not have to deal +with but modern phones are so powerful + + align:start position:0% +with but modern phones are so powerful + + + align:start position:0% +with but modern phones are so powerful +now they can actually be used to send + + align:start position:0% +now they can actually be used to send + + + align:start position:0% +now they can actually be used to send +out spam messages themselves so it's + + align:start position:0% +out spam messages themselves so it's + + + align:start position:0% +out spam messages themselves so it's +actually pretty nasty uh piece of malare + + align:start position:0% +actually pretty nasty uh piece of malare + + + align:start position:0% +actually pretty nasty uh piece of malare +that's going around right now that seems + + align:start position:0% +that's going around right now that seems + + + align:start position:0% +that's going around right now that seems +to be targeting up some corporate + + align:start position:0% +to be targeting up some corporate + + + align:start position:0% +to be targeting up some corporate +environments that's doing precisely this + + align:start position:0% +environments that's doing precisely this + + + align:start position:0% +environments that's doing precisely this +so it gets on your phone and then it + + align:start position:0% +so it gets on your phone and then it + + + align:start position:0% +so it gets on your phone and then it +starts sending out stuff this type of + + align:start position:0% +starts sending out stuff this type of + + + align:start position:0% +starts sending out stuff this type of +merer is it Muller that subverts the + + align:start position:0% +merer is it Muller that subverts the + + + align:start position:0% +merer is it Muller that subverts the +Android OS or is it just a typical app + + align:start position:0% +Android OS or is it just a typical app + + + align:start position:0% +Android OS or is it just a typical app +it's a typical app it seems that it's + + align:start position:0% +it's a typical app it seems that it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's a typical app it seems that it's +your should + + align:start position:0% +your should + + + align:start position:0% +your should +whatever yeah that's a good question uh + + align:start position:0% +whatever yeah that's a good question uh + + + align:start position:0% +whatever yeah that's a good question uh +so I mean there's there's both types of + + align:start position:0% +so I mean there's there's both types of + + + align:start position:0% +so I mean there's there's both types of +Mal out there um as it turns out it's + + align:start position:0% +Mal out there um as it turns out it's + + + align:start position:0% +Mal out there um as it turns out it's +actually fairly easy to get the users to + + align:start position:0% +actually fairly easy to get the users to + + + align:start position:0% +actually fairly easy to get the users to +click on things right so particularly + + align:start position:0% +click on things right so particularly + + + align:start position:0% +click on things right so particularly +you know so I'll give you an example + + align:start position:0% +you know so I'll give you an example + + + align:start position:0% +you know so I'll give you an example +this isn't necessarily indicative + + align:start position:0% +this isn't necessarily indicative + + + align:start position:0% +this isn't necessarily indicative +malware more about the sad state of sort + + align:start position:0% +malware more about the sad state of sort + + + align:start position:0% +malware more about the sad state of sort +of humanity you know there'll be a + + align:start position:0% +of humanity you know there'll be a + + + align:start position:0% +of humanity you know there'll be a +popular game out there let's say Angry + + align:start position:0% +popular game out there let's say Angry + + + align:start position:0% +popular game out there let's say Angry +Birds for example you go to the app + + align:start position:0% +Birds for example you go to the app + + + align:start position:0% +Birds for example you go to the app +store right and you type in Angry Birds + + align:start position:0% +store right and you type in Angry Birds + + + align:start position:0% +store right and you type in Angry Birds +I want to get Angry Birds and so + + align:start position:0% +I want to get Angry Birds and so + + + align:start position:0% +I want to get Angry Birds and so +hopefully the first hit that you get is + + align:start position:0% +hopefully the first hit that you get is + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully the first hit that you get is +the actual Angry Birds but then like the + + align:start position:0% +the actual Angry Birds but then like the + + + align:start position:0% +the actual Angry Birds but then like the +second hit will be something like Angry + + align:start position:0% +second hit will be something like Angry + + + align:start position:0% +second hit will be something like Angry +Birds you know with two s's for example + + align:start position:0% +Birds you know with two s's for example + + + align:start position:0% +Birds you know with two s's for example +and a lot of people will go there maybe + + align:start position:0% +and a lot of people will go there maybe + + + align:start position:0% +and a lot of people will go there maybe +it's cheaper than the regular version + + align:start position:0% +it's cheaper than the regular version + + + align:start position:0% +it's cheaper than the regular version +and they go there it's going to present + + align:start position:0% +and they go there it's going to present + + + align:start position:0% +and they go there it's going to present +that that thing that says do you allow + + align:start position:0% +that that thing that says do you allow + + + align:start position:0% +that that thing that says do you allow +this application to do this this and + + align:start position:0% +this application to do this this and + + + align:start position:0% +this application to do this this and +this the person is going to say yeah cuz + + align:start position:0% +this the person is going to say yeah cuz + + + align:start position:0% +this the person is going to say yeah cuz +I got to get my Angry Birds yeah sure + + align:start position:0% +I got to get my Angry Birds yeah sure + + + align:start position:0% +I got to get my Angry Birds yeah sure +boom then that person could be own right + + align:start position:0% +boom then that person could be own right + + + align:start position:0% +boom then that person could be own right +so in practice you see malware that + + align:start position:0% +so in practice you see malware that + + + align:start position:0% +so in practice you see malware that +exploits both types of vectors but + + align:start position:0% +exploits both types of vectors but + + + align:start position:0% +exploits both types of vectors but +you're exactly right that if you if you + + align:start position:0% +you're exactly right that if you if you + + + align:start position:0% +you're exactly right that if you if you +assume that the Android security model + + align:start position:0% +assume that the Android security model + + + align:start position:0% +assume that the Android security model +is correct then the Mal sort of has to + + align:start position:0% +is correct then the Mal sort of has to + + + align:start position:0% +is correct then the Mal sort of has to +depend on users being foolish or you + + align:start position:0% +depend on users being foolish or you + + + align:start position:0% +depend on users being foolish or you +know naive and and giving it network + + align:start position:0% +know naive and and giving it network + + + align:start position:0% +know naive and and giving it network +access for example when your tic tac toe + + align:start position:0% +access for example when your tic tac toe + + + align:start position:0% +access for example when your tic tac toe +game shouldn't really have network + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +access yeah so so you can actually have + + align:start position:0% +access yeah so so you can actually have + + + align:start position:0% +access yeah so so you can actually have +your phone get turned into a bot and + + align:start position:0% +your phone get turned into a bot and + + + align:start position:0% +your phone get turned into a bot and +this is horrible for multiple reasons + + align:start position:0% +this is horrible for multiple reasons + + + align:start position:0% +this is horrible for multiple reasons +not only because your phone is a bot but + + align:start position:0% +not only because your phone is a bot but + + + align:start position:0% +not only because your phone is a bot but +also because you know maybe you're + + align:start position:0% +also because you know maybe you're + + + align:start position:0% +also because you know maybe you're +paying for for data for all those emails + + align:start position:0% +paying for for data for all those emails + + + align:start position:0% +paying for for data for all those emails +that are getting sent from your phone + + align:start position:0% +that are getting sent from your phone + + + align:start position:0% +that are getting sent from your phone +maybe your battery is getting ground + + align:start position:0% +maybe your battery is getting ground + + + align:start position:0% +maybe your battery is getting ground +down because your your phone just + + align:start position:0% +down because your your phone just + + + align:start position:0% +down because your your phone just +sitting around constantly you know + + align:start position:0% +sitting around constantly you know + + + align:start position:0% +sitting around constantly you know +sending ads about whatever you know free + + align:start position:0% +sending ads about whatever you know free + + + align:start position:0% +sending ads about whatever you know free +free trips to Bermuda or whatever so + + align:start position:0% +free trips to Bermuda or whatever so + + + align:start position:0% +free trips to Bermuda or whatever so +there are actually uh malicious + + align:start position:0% +there are actually uh malicious + + + align:start position:0% +there are actually uh malicious +applications out there that will use + + align:start position:0% +applications out there that will use + + + align:start position:0% +applications out there that will use +your private information um for bad + + align:start position:0% +your private information um for bad + + + align:start position:0% +your private information um for bad +right and the particularly bad thing + + align:start position:0% +right and the particularly bad thing + + + align:start position:0% +right and the particularly bad thing +about this bot here is that it can + + align:start position:0% +about this bot here is that it can + + + align:start position:0% +about this bot here is that it can +actually look at your contact list and + + align:start position:0% +actually look at your contact list and + + + align:start position:0% +actually look at your contact list and +some spam like on your behalf to people + + align:start position:0% +some spam like on your behalf to people + + + align:start position:0% +some spam like on your behalf to people +that you know right and make the + + align:start position:0% +that you know right and make the + + + align:start position:0% +that you know right and make the +likelihood of the victim clicking on + + align:start position:0% +likelihood of the victim clicking on + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood of the victim clicking on +something in that email much much higher + + align:start position:0% +something in that email much much higher + + + align:start position:0% +something in that email much much higher +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so one thing to note and this is kind of + + align:start position:0% +so one thing to note and this is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +so one thing to note and this is kind of +getting back to the discussion we just + + align:start position:0% +getting back to the discussion we just + + + align:start position:0% +getting back to the discussion we just +had so preventing this data exfiltration + + align:start position:0% +had so preventing this data exfiltration + + + align:start position:0% +had so preventing this data exfiltration +is very nice right but in of itself + + align:start position:0% +is very nice right but in of itself + + + align:start position:0% +is very nice right but in of itself +preventing that exfiltration doesn't + + align:start position:0% +preventing that exfiltration doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +preventing that exfiltration doesn't +stop the hack in the first place right + + align:start position:0% +stop the hack in the first place right + + + align:start position:0% +stop the hack in the first place right +so there's actually mechanisms that we + + align:start position:0% +so there's actually mechanisms that we + + + align:start position:0% +so there's actually mechanisms that we +actually should look at to prevent your + + align:start position:0% +actually should look at to prevent your + + + align:start position:0% +actually should look at to prevent your +machine from getting owned in the first + + align:start position:0% +machine from getting owned in the first + + + align:start position:0% +machine from getting owned in the first +place or to sort of educate users about + + align:start position:0% +place or to sort of educate users about + + + align:start position:0% +place or to sort of educate users about +what they should and should not click on + + align:start position:0% +what they should and should not click on + + + align:start position:0% +what they should and should not click on +so just doing this Tain tracking sort of + + align:start position:0% +so just doing this Tain tracking sort of + + + align:start position:0% +so just doing this Tain tracking sort of +isn't a full solution for preventing + + align:start position:0% +isn't a full solution for preventing + + + align:start position:0% +isn't a full solution for preventing +your machine um from getting + + align:start position:0% +your machine um from getting + + + align:start position:0% +your machine um from getting +compromised all right so how + + align:start position:0% +compromised all right so how + + + align:start position:0% +compromised all right so how +is taint Droid in particular going to + + align:start position:0% +is taint Droid in particular going to + + + align:start position:0% +is taint Droid in particular going to +work uh let's see + + align:start position:0% +work uh let's see + + + align:start position:0% +work uh let's see +here so as I mentioned before a Tain + + align:start position:0% +here so as I mentioned before a Tain + + + align:start position:0% +here so as I mentioned before a Tain +Droid is going to track all of your + + align:start position:0% +Droid is going to track all of your + + + align:start position:0% +Droid is going to track all of your +sensitive uh information as it + + align:start position:0% +sensitive uh information as it + + + align:start position:0% +sensitive uh information as it +propagates through the system and so + + align:start position:0% +propagates through the system and so + + + align:start position:0% +propagates through the system and so +taint Droid distinguishes between uh + + align:start position:0% +taint Droid distinguishes between uh + + + align:start position:0% +taint Droid distinguishes between uh +what they call information sources and + + align:start position:0% +what they call information sources and + + + align:start position:0% +what they call information sources and +information syncs so these + + align:start position:0% +information syncs so these + + + align:start position:0% +information syncs so these +sources are things that generate uh + + align:start position:0% +sources are things that generate uh + + + align:start position:0% +sources are things that generate uh +sensitive data so you might think of + + align:start position:0% +sensitive data so you might think of + + + align:start position:0% +sensitive data so you might think of +this as things like uh sensors so for + + align:start position:0% +this as things like uh sensors so for + + + align:start position:0% +this as things like uh sensors so for +example GPS accelerometer uh things like + + align:start position:0% +example GPS accelerometer uh things like + + + align:start position:0% +example GPS accelerometer uh things like +that um this could be you know your + + align:start position:0% +that um this could be you know your + + + align:start position:0% +that um this could be you know your +contact list + + align:start position:0% +contact list + + + align:start position:0% +contact list +database uh this could be um sort of + + align:start position:0% +database uh this could be um sort of + + + align:start position:0% +database uh this could be um sort of +things like the + + align:start position:0% +things like the + + + align:start position:0% +things like the +IM + + align:start position:0% +IM + + + align:start position:0% +IM +I basically anything that might uh help + + align:start position:0% +I basically anything that might uh help + + + align:start position:0% +I basically anything that might uh help +to tie you a particular user um to your + + align:start position:0% +to tie you a particular user um to your + + + align:start position:0% +to tie you a particular user um to your +actual phone so these are the things + + align:start position:0% +actual phone so these are the things + + + align:start position:0% +actual phone so these are the things +that that generate uh the taint and then + + align:start position:0% +that that generate uh the taint and then + + + align:start position:0% +that that generate uh the taint and then +you can think of these syns as being the + + align:start position:0% +you can think of these syns as being the + + + align:start position:0% +you can think of these syns as being the +the places where we don't want tainted + + align:start position:0% +the places where we don't want tainted + + + align:start position:0% +the places where we don't want tainted +data to go and so in the case of a Tain + + align:start position:0% +data to go and so in the case of a Tain + + + align:start position:0% +data to go and so in the case of a Tain +Droid the particular sync that we're + + align:start position:0% +Droid the particular sync that we're + + + align:start position:0% +Droid the particular sync that we're +concerned about uh is the + + align:start position:0% +concerned about uh is the + + + align:start position:0% +concerned about uh is the +network but as we'll talk about later + + align:start position:0% +network but as we'll talk about later + + + align:start position:0% +network but as we'll talk about later +you can generalize information flow um + + align:start position:0% +you can generalize information flow um + + + align:start position:0% +you can generalize information flow um +to sort of more scenarios than Tain + + align:start position:0% +to sort of more scenarios than Tain + + + align:start position:0% +to sort of more scenarios than Tain +Droid specifically covered so you can + + align:start position:0% +Droid specifically covered so you can + + + align:start position:0% +Droid specifically covered so you can +imagine there might be other syncs in a + + align:start position:0% +imagine there might be other syncs in a + + + align:start position:0% +imagine there might be other syncs in a +more general purpose system uh but for + + align:start position:0% +more general purpose system uh but for + + + align:start position:0% +more general purpose system uh but for +Tain Droid they're really only caring + + align:start position:0% +Tain Droid they're really only caring + + + align:start position:0% +Tain Droid they're really only caring +about the network uh as the sync for + + align:start position:0% +about the network uh as the sync for + + + align:start position:0% +about the network uh as the sync for +information and so in taint Droid + + align:start position:0% +information and so in taint Droid + + + align:start position:0% +information and so in taint Droid +they're going to use a uh + + align:start position:0% +they're going to use a uh + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to use a uh +32 uh bit bit + + align:start position:0% +32 uh bit bit + + + align:start position:0% +32 uh bit bit +Vector to represent + + align:start position:0% +Vector to represent + + + align:start position:0% +Vector to represent +taint and so what this basically means + + align:start position:0% +taint and so what this basically means + + + align:start position:0% +taint and so what this basically means +is that you can have at most uh 32 + + align:start position:0% +is that you can have at most uh 32 + + + align:start position:0% +is that you can have at most uh 32 +distinct taint sources right so each + + align:start position:0% +distinct taint sources right so each + + + align:start position:0% +distinct taint sources right so each +sensitive data value will have a one in + + align:start position:0% +sensitive data value will have a one in + + + align:start position:0% +sensitive data value will have a one in +a particular position if it has been + + align:start position:0% +a particular position if it has been + + + align:start position:0% +a particular position if it has been +tainted by some particular source of + + align:start position:0% +tainted by some particular source of + + + align:start position:0% +tainted by some particular source of +taints that's like uh has it um been + + align:start position:0% +taints that's like uh has it um been + + + align:start position:0% +taints that's like uh has it um been +derived from your GPS data for example + + align:start position:0% +derived from your GPS data for example + + + align:start position:0% +derived from your GPS data for example +has it been derived from something from + + align:start position:0% +has it been derived from something from + + + align:start position:0% +has it been derived from something from +your contacts list and so on and so + + align:start position:0% +your contacts list and so on and so + + + align:start position:0% +your contacts list and so on and so +forth and so one interesting thing is + + align:start position:0% +forth and so one interesting thing is + + + align:start position:0% +forth and so one interesting thing is +that you know 32 uh sources of Tain is + + align:start position:0% +that you know 32 uh sources of Tain is + + + align:start position:0% +that you know 32 uh sources of Tain is +actually not that big right and + + align:start position:0% +actually not that big right and + + + align:start position:0% +actually not that big right and +so you know an interesting question is + + align:start position:0% +so you know an interesting question is + + + align:start position:0% +so you know an interesting question is +is that big enough for this particular + + align:start position:0% +is that big enough for this particular + + + align:start position:0% +is that big enough for this particular +system and is it big enough in general + + align:start position:0% +system and is it big enough in general + + + align:start position:0% +system and is it big enough in general +for these information flow systems right + + align:start position:0% +for these information flow systems right + + + align:start position:0% +for these information flow systems right +so in a particular case of tank Droid 32 + + align:start position:0% +so in a particular case of tank Droid 32 + + + align:start position:0% +so in a particular case of tank Droid 32 +possible sources of tank seems to be + + align:start position:0% +possible sources of tank seems to be + + + align:start position:0% +possible sources of tank seems to be +somewhat reasonable because it's + + align:start position:0% +somewhat reasonable because it's + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat reasonable because it's +actually looking at a fairly constrained + + align:start position:0% +actually looking at a fairly constrained + + + align:start position:0% +actually looking at a fairly constrained +information flow problem right so it's + + align:start position:0% +information flow problem right so it's + + + align:start position:0% +information flow problem right so it's +saying you know given all the sensors + + align:start position:0% +saying you know given all the sensors + + + align:start position:0% +saying you know given all the sensors +you have on your phone and given all + + align:start position:0% +you have on your phone and given all + + + align:start position:0% +you have on your phone and given all +these you know sensitive databases and + + align:start position:0% +these you know sensitive databases and + + + align:start position:0% +these you know sensitive databases and +things like that 32 seems roughly the + + align:start position:0% +things like that 32 seems roughly the + + + align:start position:0% +things like that 32 seems roughly the +right type of uh the right order of + + align:start position:0% +right type of uh the right order of + + + align:start position:0% +right type of uh the right order of +magnitude in terms of storing um these + + align:start position:0% +magnitude in terms of storing um these + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude in terms of storing um these +taint Flags right and as we'll see in + + align:start position:0% +taint Flags right and as we'll see in + + + align:start position:0% +taint Flags right and as we'll see in +the implementation of this uh system 32 + + align:start position:0% +the implementation of this uh system 32 + + + align:start position:0% +the implementation of this uh system 32 +is actually very convenient too because + + align:start position:0% +is actually very convenient too because + + + align:start position:0% +is actually very convenient too because +you know what else is 32 bits well an + + align:start position:0% +you know what else is 32 bits well an + + + align:start position:0% +you know what else is 32 bits well an +integer right and so you can actually + + align:start position:0% +integer right and so you can actually + + + align:start position:0% +integer right and so you can actually +use some very efficient representations + + align:start position:0% +use some very efficient representations + + + align:start position:0% +use some very efficient representations +of these taint Flags um in the way that + + align:start position:0% +of these taint Flags um in the way that + + + align:start position:0% +of these taint Flags um in the way that +they actually build this um as we'll + + align:start position:0% +they actually build this um as we'll + + + align:start position:0% +they actually build this um as we'll +discuss a little bit later though if you + + align:start position:0% +discuss a little bit later though if you + + + align:start position:0% +discuss a little bit later though if you +want to expose um information flow to + + align:start position:0% +want to expose um information flow to + + + align:start position:0% +want to expose um information flow to +programmers in a more generic way so for + + align:start position:0% +programmers in a more generic way so for + + + align:start position:0% +programmers in a more generic way so for +example if you want programmers to be + + align:start position:0% +example if you want programmers to be + + + align:start position:0% +example if you want programmers to be +able to specify their own sources of + + align:start position:0% +able to specify their own sources of + + + align:start position:0% +able to specify their own sources of +taint and then their own uh types of + + align:start position:0% +taint and then their own uh types of + + + align:start position:0% +taint and then their own uh types of +sync then 32 bits probably isn't isn't + + align:start position:0% +sync then 32 bits probably isn't isn't + + + align:start position:0% +sync then 32 bits probably isn't isn't +enough right in systems like that you + + align:start position:0% +enough right in systems like that you + + + align:start position:0% +enough right in systems like that you +actually have to think about including + + align:start position:0% +actually have to think about including + + + align:start position:0% +actually have to think about including +uh sort of more complex runtime support + + align:start position:0% +uh sort of more complex runtime support + + + align:start position:0% +uh sort of more complex runtime support +for a larger label space so does that + + align:start position:0% +for a larger label space so does that + + + align:start position:0% +for a larger label space so does that +all make + + align:start position:0% +all make + + + align:start position:0% +all make +sense Okay so + + align:start position:0% +sense Okay so + + + align:start position:0% +sense Okay so +roughly speaking uh when you look at the + + align:start position:0% +roughly speaking uh when you look at the + + + align:start position:0% +roughly speaking uh when you look at the +way that a Tain flows from the through + + align:start position:0% +way that a Tain flows from the through + + + align:start position:0% +way that a Tain flows from the through +the system at a high level it basically + + align:start position:0% +the system at a high level it basically + + + align:start position:0% +the system at a high level it basically +goes from the right hand side of of uh + + align:start position:0% +goes from the right hand side of of uh + + + align:start position:0% +goes from the right hand side of of uh +statements to the left hand side so as a + + align:start position:0% +statements to the left hand side so as a + + + align:start position:0% +statements to the left hand side so as a +very simple example you know if you had + + align:start position:0% +very simple example you know if you had + + + align:start position:0% +very simple example you know if you had +some um some statement like you declare + + align:start position:0% +some um some statement like you declare + + + align:start position:0% +some um some statement like you declare +an integer variable that's going to get + + align:start position:0% +an integer variable that's going to get + + + align:start position:0% +an integer variable that's going to get +your latitude you know and then a high + + align:start position:0% +your latitude you know and then a high + + + align:start position:0% +your latitude you know and then a high +level you call you know + + align:start position:0% +level you call you know + + + align:start position:0% +level you call you know +gps. get + + align:start position:0% +gps. get + + + align:start position:0% +gps. get +latitude then essentially this thing + + align:start position:0% +latitude then essentially this thing + + + align:start position:0% +latitude then essentially this thing +here is going to have um it's going to + + align:start position:0% +here is going to have um it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +here is going to have um it's going to +generate a value that has some taint + + align:start position:0% +generate a value that has some taint + + + align:start position:0% +generate a value that has some taint +that's associated with it so some + + align:start position:0% +that's associated with it so some + + + align:start position:0% +that's associated with it so some +particular flag will be set that + + align:start position:0% +particular flag will be set that + + + align:start position:0% +particular flag will be set that +indicates that hey this value I'm + + align:start position:0% +indicates that hey this value I'm + + + align:start position:0% +indicates that hey this value I'm +returning uh comes from the sensitive + + align:start position:0% +returning uh comes from the sensitive + + + align:start position:0% +returning uh comes from the sensitive +source and so the Tain will come from + + align:start position:0% +source and so the Tain will come from + + + align:start position:0% +source and so the Tain will come from +here on the right hand side and go over + + align:start position:0% +here on the right hand side and go over + + + align:start position:0% +here on the right hand side and go over +here to the left hand side and now lat + + align:start position:0% +here to the left hand side and now lat + + + align:start position:0% +here to the left hand side and now lat +is actually tainted so that's sort of + + align:start position:0% +is actually tainted so that's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +is actually tainted so that's sort of +what it looks like from the perspective + + align:start position:0% +what it looks like from the perspective + + + align:start position:0% +what it looks like from the perspective +of the human developer who writes source + + align:start position:0% +of the human developer who writes source + + + align:start position:0% +of the human developer who writes source +code however the dovic uh VM actually + + align:start position:0% +code however the dovic uh VM actually + + + align:start position:0% +code however the dovic uh VM actually +uses this sort of register based format + + align:start position:0% +uses this sort of register based format + + + align:start position:0% +uses this sort of register based format +at the lower level to actually Implement + + align:start position:0% +at the lower level to actually Implement + + + align:start position:0% +at the lower level to actually Implement +programs and that's actually the way + + align:start position:0% +programs and that's actually the way + + + align:start position:0% +programs and that's actually the way +that these taint semantics are + + align:start position:0% +that these taint semantics are + + + align:start position:0% +that these taint semantics are +implemented um sort of in reality so and + + align:start position:0% +implemented um sort of in reality so and + + + align:start position:0% +implemented um sort of in reality so and +this is what's explained in table one of + + align:start position:0% +this is what's explained in table one of + + + align:start position:0% +this is what's explained in table one of +the paper so they have this big list of + + align:start position:0% +the paper so they have this big list of + + + align:start position:0% +the paper so they have this big list of +of sort of classes of op codes and they + + align:start position:0% +of sort of classes of op codes and they + + + align:start position:0% +of sort of classes of op codes and they +describe how taint sort of flows for + + align:start position:0% +describe how taint sort of flows for + + + align:start position:0% +describe how taint sort of flows for +those types of op codes so for example + + align:start position:0% +those types of op codes so for example + + + align:start position:0% +those types of op codes so for example +um you might imagine that um you have an + + align:start position:0% +um you might imagine that um you have an + + + align:start position:0% +um you might imagine that um you have an +operation that looks kind of like a move + + align:start position:0% +operation that looks kind of like a move + + + align:start position:0% +operation that looks kind of like a move +and so it mentions a + + align:start position:0% +and so it mentions a + + + align:start position:0% +and so it mentions a +destination and a source so in dovic uh + + align:start position:0% +destination and a source so in dovic uh + + + align:start position:0% +destination and a source so in dovic uh +it's a register uh based virtual machine + + align:start position:0% +it's a register uh based virtual machine + + + align:start position:0% +it's a register uh based virtual machine +so you can think of these as being + + align:start position:0% +so you can think of these as being + + + align:start position:0% +so you can think of these as being +registers on this sort of abstract + + align:start position:0% +registers on this sort of abstract + + + align:start position:0% +registers on this sort of abstract +computation engine and so essentially + + align:start position:0% +computation engine and so essentially + + + align:start position:0% +computation engine and so essentially +what happens here is that like I said + + align:start position:0% +what happens here is that like I said + + + align:start position:0% +what happens here is that like I said +tank goes from the right hand side to + + align:start position:0% +tank goes from the right hand side to + + + align:start position:0% +tank goes from the right hand side to +left hand side so in this case when The + + align:start position:0% +left hand side so in this case when The + + + align:start position:0% +left hand side so in this case when The +dovic Interpreter executes this + + align:start position:0% +dovic Interpreter executes this + + + align:start position:0% +dovic Interpreter executes this +instruction here it's going to look at + + align:start position:0% +instruction here it's going to look at + + + align:start position:0% +instruction here it's going to look at +uh the Tain label of this and then it's + + align:start position:0% +uh the Tain label of this and then it's + + + align:start position:0% +uh the Tain label of this and then it's +going to assign it over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here and then you might imagine you have + + align:start position:0% +here and then you might imagine you have + + + align:start position:0% +here and then you might imagine you have +another instruction that's like a binary + + align:start position:0% +another instruction that's like a binary + + + align:start position:0% +another instruction that's like a binary +operation so think of this as something + + align:start position:0% +operation so think of this as something + + + align:start position:0% +operation so think of this as something +like you know addition for example um so + + align:start position:0% +like you know addition for example um so + + + align:start position:0% +like you know addition for example um so +here you'll have a single destination + + align:start position:0% +here you'll have a single destination + + + align:start position:0% +here you'll have a single destination +but then you'll have um you know two + + align:start position:0% +but then you'll have um you know two + + + align:start position:0% +but then you'll have um you know two +sources and what will happen in this + + align:start position:0% +sources and what will happen in this + + + align:start position:0% +sources and what will happen in this +case is that when the do interpreter + + align:start position:0% +case is that when the do interpreter + + + align:start position:0% +case is that when the do interpreter +Encounters this instruction it'll take + + align:start position:0% +Encounters this instruction it'll take + + + align:start position:0% +Encounters this instruction it'll take +the taints of both of these construct + + align:start position:0% +the taints of both of these construct + + + align:start position:0% +the taints of both of these construct +the union of those and then assign that + + align:start position:0% +the union of those and then assign that + + + align:start position:0% +the union of those and then assign that +Union um to be the uh taint tag over + + align:start position:0% +Union um to be the uh taint tag over + + + align:start position:0% +Union um to be the uh taint tag over +here so does that all make sense it's + + align:start position:0% +here so does that all make sense it's + + + align:start position:0% +here so does that all make sense it's +fairly straightforward I like I said the + + align:start position:0% +fairly straightforward I like I said the + + + align:start position:0% +fairly straightforward I like I said the +table uh breaks down all the different + + align:start position:0% +table uh breaks down all the different + + + align:start position:0% +table uh breaks down all the different +types of instructions that you'll see + + align:start position:0% +types of instructions that you'll see + + + align:start position:0% +types of instructions that you'll see +but to First approximation that's these + + align:start position:0% +but to First approximation that's these + + + align:start position:0% +but to First approximation that's these +are the most common ways that taint + + align:start position:0% +are the most common ways that taint + + + align:start position:0% +are the most common ways that taint +propagates through the system um now + + align:start position:0% +propagates through the system um now + + + align:start position:0% +propagates through the system um now +there are actually some interesting + + align:start position:0% +there are actually some interesting + + + align:start position:0% +there are actually some interesting +special cases that they mention in the + + align:start position:0% +special cases that they mention in the + + + align:start position:0% +special cases that they mention in the +paper so one of those um special + + align:start position:0% +paper so one of those um special + + + align:start position:0% +paper so one of those um special +cases involves + + align:start position:0% +cases involves + + + align:start position:0% +cases involves +arrays so let's say that you have some + + align:start position:0% +arrays so let's say that you have some + + + align:start position:0% +arrays so let's say that you have some +code that's going to declare a + + align:start position:0% +code that's going to declare a + + + align:start position:0% +code that's going to declare a +character and you get the value for the + + align:start position:0% +character and you get the value for the + + + align:start position:0% +character and you get the value for the +character somehow it doesn't really + + align:start position:0% +character somehow it doesn't really + + + align:start position:0% +character somehow it doesn't really +matter and then let's say the program + + align:start position:0% +matter and then let's say the program + + + align:start position:0% +matter and then let's say the program +declar there's uh some + + align:start position:0% +declar there's uh some + + + align:start position:0% +declar there's uh some +array we'll call it + + align:start position:0% +array we'll call it + + + align:start position:0% +array we'll call it +upper and it's basically going to + + align:start position:0% +upper and it's basically going to + + + align:start position:0% +upper and it's basically going to +have uppercase versions + + align:start position:0% +have uppercase versions + + + align:start position:0% +have uppercase versions +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +letters and so one very common thing to + + align:start position:0% +letters and so one very common thing to + + + align:start position:0% +letters and so one very common thing to +do in code is to index into an array + + align:start position:0% +do in code is to index into an array + + + align:start position:0% +do in code is to index into an array +like this using for example maybe just C + + align:start position:0% +like this using for example maybe just C + + + align:start position:0% +like this using for example maybe just C +directly because as we all know K and + + align:start position:0% +directly because as we all know K and + + + align:start position:0% +directly because as we all know K and +Richie teach us that you know basically + + align:start position:0% +Richie teach us that you know basically + + + align:start position:0% +Richie teach us that you know basically +characters are integers so hoay for that + + align:start position:0% +characters are integers so hoay for that + + + align:start position:0% +characters are integers so hoay for that +so you can imagine that you have uh some + + align:start position:0% +so you can imagine that you have uh some + + + align:start position:0% +so you can imagine that you have uh some +code that says something like the + + align:start position:0% +code that says something like the + + + align:start position:0% +code that says something like the +uppercase + + align:start position:0% +uppercase + + + align:start position:0% +uppercase +version of this character here is going + + align:start position:0% +version of this character here is going + + + align:start position:0% +version of this character here is going +to be whatever is that a particular + + align:start position:0% +to be whatever is that a particular + + + align:start position:0% +to be whatever is that a particular +index in this table here and we index + + align:start position:0% +index in this table here and we index + + + align:start position:0% +index in this table here and we index +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +table by C like this so there's a + + align:start position:0% +table by C like this so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +table by C like this so there's a +question of what taint should this + + align:start position:0% +question of what taint should this + + + align:start position:0% +question of what taint should this +receive all right so it seems pretty + + align:start position:0% +receive all right so it seems pretty + + + align:start position:0% +receive all right so it seems pretty +straightforward what should happen in + + align:start position:0% +straightforward what should happen in + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward what should happen in +these cases but in this case it seems + + align:start position:0% +these cases but in this case it seems + + + align:start position:0% +these cases but in this case it seems +like we have multiple things that are + + align:start position:0% +like we have multiple things that are + + + align:start position:0% +like we have multiple things that are +going on we've got this array here that + + align:start position:0% +going on we've got this array here that + + + align:start position:0% +going on we've got this array here that +may have some type of taint we've got + + align:start position:0% +may have some type of taint we've got + + + align:start position:0% +may have some type of taint we've got +this character C here that may have some + + align:start position:0% +this character C here that may have some + + + align:start position:0% +this character C here that may have some +type of taint uh and so what they dalv + + align:start position:0% +type of taint uh and so what they dalv + + + align:start position:0% +type of taint uh and so what they dalv +decides to do in this case is a little + + align:start position:0% +decides to do in this case is a little + + + align:start position:0% +decides to do in this case is a little +bit similar to what it does in the case + + align:start position:0% +bit similar to what it does in the case + + + align:start position:0% +bit similar to what it does in the case +of this binary op here so it's + + align:start position:0% +of this binary op here so it's + + + align:start position:0% +of this binary op here so it's +essentially going to say that um this + + align:start position:0% +essentially going to say that um this + + + align:start position:0% +essentially going to say that um this +character over here is going to get the + + align:start position:0% +character over here is going to get the + + + align:start position:0% +character over here is going to get the +union of the taint of c and also of the + + align:start position:0% +union of the taint of c and also of the + + + align:start position:0% +union of the taint of c and also of the +array and sort of the intuition behind + + align:start position:0% +array and sort of the intuition behind + + + align:start position:0% +array and sort of the intuition behind +that is that to generate this character + + align:start position:0% +that is that to generate this character + + + align:start position:0% +that is that to generate this character +we somehow had to know something about + + align:start position:0% +we somehow had to know something about + + + align:start position:0% +we somehow had to know something about +this array here we and we had to know + + align:start position:0% +this array here we and we had to know + + + align:start position:0% +this array here we and we had to know +something about this index here so + + align:start position:0% +something about this index here so + + + align:start position:0% +something about this index here so +therefore I guess it makes sense that + + align:start position:0% +therefore I guess it makes sense that + + + align:start position:0% +therefore I guess it makes sense that +this thing should be as sensitive as + + align:start position:0% +this thing should be as sensitive as + + + align:start position:0% +this thing should be as sensitive as +both of these things + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +combined um could you explain again the + + align:start position:0% +combined um could you explain again the + + + align:start position:0% +combined um could you explain again the +move op and binary op what exactly it + + align:start position:0% +move op and binary op what exactly it + + + align:start position:0% +move op and binary op what exactly it +means like the union of taint oh yeah so + + align:start position:0% +means like the union of taint oh yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +means like the union of taint oh yeah so +imagine that + + align:start position:0% +imagine that + + + align:start position:0% +imagine that +um let's see here so so Leah let's look + + align:start position:0% +um let's see here so so Leah let's look + + + align:start position:0% +um let's see here so so Leah let's look +at the move up here so imagine that this + + align:start position:0% +at the move up here so imagine that this + + + align:start position:0% +at the move up here so imagine that this +Source operation here just had um + + align:start position:0% +Source operation here just had um + + + align:start position:0% +Source operation here just had um +actually let me get more concrete so + + align:start position:0% +actually let me get more concrete so + + + align:start position:0% +actually let me get more concrete so +each variable as I'll describe in a + + align:start position:0% +each variable as I'll describe in a + + + align:start position:0% +each variable as I'll describe in a +second what a able is has this integer + + align:start position:0% +second what a able is has this integer + + + align:start position:0% +second what a able is has this integer +essentially that has a bunch of bits + + align:start position:0% +essentially that has a bunch of bits + + + align:start position:0% +essentially that has a bunch of bits +that are set according to what taint it + + align:start position:0% +that are set according to what taint it + + + align:start position:0% +that are set according to what taint it +has okay so imagine that each one of + + align:start position:0% +has okay so imagine that each one of + + + align:start position:0% +has okay so imagine that each one of +these values flying around has this + + align:start position:0% +these values flying around has this + + + align:start position:0% +these values flying around has this +Associated integer flying around that + + align:start position:0% +Associated integer flying around that + + + align:start position:0% +Associated integer flying around that +has some bits set so let's say that this + + align:start position:0% +has some bits set so let's say that this + + + align:start position:0% +has some bits set so let's say that this +Source had you know two bits set + + align:start position:0% +Source had you know two bits set + + + align:start position:0% +Source had you know two bits set +corresponding to the fact that have been + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to the fact that have been + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to the fact that have been +tainted by two things right it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +tainted by two things right it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +tainted by two things right it doesn't +really matter so what The Interpreter + + align:start position:0% +really matter so what The Interpreter + + + align:start position:0% +really matter so what The Interpreter +will do is it'll look at this Source + + align:start position:0% +will do is it'll look at this Source + + + align:start position:0% +will do is it'll look at this Source +thing and then it'll it'll look at the + + align:start position:0% +thing and then it'll it'll look at the + + + align:start position:0% +thing and then it'll it'll look at the +associated integer and it'll say aha I + + align:start position:0% +associated integer and it'll say aha I + + + align:start position:0% +associated integer and it'll say aha I +should take that integer that has those + + align:start position:0% +should take that integer that has those + + + align:start position:0% +should take that integer that has those +two bits set and then essentially + + align:start position:0% +two bits set and then essentially + + + align:start position:0% +two bits set and then essentially +uh make that integer the taint tag for + + align:start position:0% +uh make that integer the taint tag for + + + align:start position:0% +uh make that integer the taint tag for +this so that's sort of a simple case + + align:start position:0% +this so that's sort of a simple case + + + align:start position:0% +this so that's sort of a simple case +right the more complicated case like + + align:start position:0% +right the more complicated case like + + + align:start position:0% +right the more complicated case like +what is the union actually look like so + + align:start position:0% +what is the union actually look like so + + + align:start position:0% +what is the union actually look like so +imagine that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um we've got these two things here and + + align:start position:0% +um we've got these two things here and + + + align:start position:0% +um we've got these two things here and +then we've got um Source zero Source One + + align:start position:0% +then we've got um Source zero Source One + + + align:start position:0% +then we've got um Source zero Source One +and so I'm going to show you here these + + align:start position:0% +and so I'm going to show you here these + + + align:start position:0% +and so I'm going to show you here these +are the taint uh the Tain in bits for + + align:start position:0% +are the taint uh the Tain in bits for + + + align:start position:0% +are the taint uh the Tain in bits for +this particular thing yeah yeah yeah so + + align:start position:0% +this particular thing yeah yeah yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +this particular thing yeah yeah yeah so +so like imagine that you have + + align:start position:0% +so like imagine that you have + + + align:start position:0% +so like imagine that you have +like this is the taint for this one and + + align:start position:0% +like this is the taint for this one and + + + align:start position:0% +like this is the taint for this one and +then imagine that um the taint for this + + align:start position:0% +then imagine that um the taint for this + + + align:start position:0% +then imagine that um the taint for this +one is this so what's the Tain going to + + align:start position:0% +one is this so what's the Tain going to + + + align:start position:0% +one is this so what's the Tain going to +look like for desk you basically take + + align:start position:0% +look like for desk you basically take + + + align:start position:0% +look like for desk you basically take +all of the + + align:start position:0% +all of the + + + align:start position:0% +all of the +bits that are set in either one of those + + align:start position:0% +bits that are set in either one of those + + + align:start position:0% +bits that are set in either one of those +and then assign that to that taint uh + + align:start position:0% +and then assign that to that taint uh + + + align:start position:0% +and then assign that to that taint uh +for byes for this one all right thanks + + align:start position:0% +for byes for this one all right thanks + + + align:start position:0% +for byes for this one all right thanks +yeah no problem and so uh one reason so + + align:start position:0% +yeah no problem and so uh one reason so + + + align:start position:0% +yeah no problem and so uh one reason so +once again uh that I should emphasize + + align:start position:0% +once again uh that I should emphasize + + + align:start position:0% +once again uh that I should emphasize +this so since we can represent all the + + align:start position:0% +this so since we can represent all the + + + align:start position:0% +this so since we can represent all the +possible taints in this 32 bits as we + + align:start position:0% +possible taints in this 32 bits as we + + + align:start position:0% +possible taints in this 32 bits as we +were just discussing doing this + + align:start position:0% +were just discussing doing this + + + align:start position:0% +were just discussing doing this +operation here is just bitwise operation + + align:start position:0% +operation here is just bitwise operation + + + align:start position:0% +operation here is just bitwise operation +so this actually really cuts down on the + + align:start position:0% +so this actually really cuts down on the + + + align:start position:0% +so this actually really cuts down on the +overhead for implementing these taint + + align:start position:0% +overhead for implementing these taint + + + align:start position:0% +overhead for implementing these taint +bits if you had to express a larger + + align:start position:0% +bits if you had to express a larger + + + align:start position:0% +bits if you had to express a larger +universe of taints then you might be in + + align:start position:0% +universe of taints then you might be in + + + align:start position:0% +universe of taints then you might be in +trouble because you might not be able to + + align:start position:0% +trouble because you might not be able to + + + align:start position:0% +trouble because you might not be able to +use these very efficient uh bitwise + + align:start position:0% +use these very efficient uh bitwise + + + align:start position:0% +use these very efficient uh bitwise +operations to do things so any other + + align:start position:0% +operations to do things so any other + + + align:start position:0% +operations to do things so any other +questions about + + align:start position:0% +questions about + + + align:start position:0% +questions about +that okay um yeah so so the way that + + align:start position:0% +that okay um yeah so so the way that + + + align:start position:0% +that okay um yeah so so the way that +arrays work is a little bit like that + + align:start position:0% +arrays work is a little bit like that + + + align:start position:0% +arrays work is a little bit like that +binary op like I mentioned so this is + + align:start position:0% +binary op like I mentioned so this is + + + align:start position:0% +binary op like I mentioned so this is +going to get the union of the taint of + + align:start position:0% +going to get the union of the taint of + + + align:start position:0% +going to get the union of the taint of +this uh and that and so one design + + align:start position:0% +this uh and that and so one design + + + align:start position:0% +this uh and that and so one design +decision that they make need in Tain + + align:start position:0% +decision that they make need in Tain + + + align:start position:0% +decision that they make need in Tain +Droid is that they associate a single + + align:start position:0% +Droid is that they associate a single + + + align:start position:0% +Droid is that they associate a single +taint tag with uh with each array so in + + align:start position:0% +taint tag with uh with each array so in + + + align:start position:0% +taint tag with uh with each array so in +other words they're not going to try to + + align:start position:0% +other words they're not going to try to + + + align:start position:0% +other words they're not going to try to +uh taint all the individual elements in + + align:start position:0% +uh taint all the individual elements in + + + align:start position:0% +uh taint all the individual elements in +there and so basically what's going to + + align:start position:0% +there and so basically what's going to + + + align:start position:0% +there and so basically what's going to +end up happening is that uh this is + + align:start position:0% +end up happening is that uh this is + + + align:start position:0% +end up happening is that uh this is +going to save them storage space right + + align:start position:0% +going to save them storage space right + + + align:start position:0% +going to save them storage space right +because for each array that they declare + + align:start position:0% +because for each array that they declare + + + align:start position:0% +because for each array that they declare +they'll just have a single 32 bit enti + + align:start position:0% +they'll just have a single 32 bit enti + + + align:start position:0% +they'll just have a single 32 bit enti +that sort of floats around with that + + align:start position:0% +that sort of floats around with that + + + align:start position:0% +that sort of floats around with that +array and represents all the taint uh + + align:start position:0% +array and represents all the taint uh + + + align:start position:0% +array and represents all the taint uh +that belongs uh to that array + + align:start position:0% +that belongs uh to that array + + + align:start position:0% +that belongs uh to that array +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +so there is one question about why is it + + align:start position:0% +so there is one question about why is it + + + align:start position:0% +so there is one question about why is it +safe to not have a finer grain system + + align:start position:0% +safe to not have a finer grain system + + + align:start position:0% +safe to not have a finer grain system +for taint right because it seems like an + + align:start position:0% +for taint right because it seems like an + + + align:start position:0% +for taint right because it seems like an +array is like a collection of data so + + align:start position:0% +array is like a collection of data so + + + align:start position:0% +array is like a collection of data so +why shouldn't we have a bunch of labels + + align:start position:0% +why shouldn't we have a bunch of labels + + + align:start position:0% +why shouldn't we have a bunch of labels +flying around for each thing that's in + + align:start position:0% +flying around for each thing that's in + + + align:start position:0% +flying around for each thing that's in +that array uh and so the answer to that + + align:start position:0% +that array uh and so the answer to that + + + align:start position:0% +that array uh and so the answer to that +is that by only associating one taint + + align:start position:0% +is that by only associating one taint + + + align:start position:0% +is that by only associating one taint +tag with the array and sort of making it + + align:start position:0% +tag with the array and sort of making it + + + align:start position:0% +tag with the array and sort of making it +the the union of all the things that's + + align:start position:0% +the the union of all the things that's + + + align:start position:0% +the the union of all the things that's +inside that actually is going to overes + + align:start position:0% +inside that actually is going to overes + + + align:start position:0% +inside that actually is going to overes +estimate taint right so in other words + + align:start position:0% +estimate taint right so in other words + + + align:start position:0% +estimate taint right so in other words +if you have an array that has two items + + align:start position:0% +if you have an array that has two items + + + align:start position:0% +if you have an array that has two items +in it and that array is Tainted with the + + align:start position:0% +in it and that array is Tainted with the + + + align:start position:0% +in it and that array is Tainted with the +Union of all of those things well that's + + align:start position:0% +Union of all of those things well that's + + + align:start position:0% +Union of all of those things well that's +probably a little bit uh it's it's + + align:start position:0% +probably a little bit uh it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +probably a little bit uh it's it's +conservative because it may be that if + + align:start position:0% +conservative because it may be that if + + + align:start position:0% +conservative because it may be that if +something only accesses this maybe it + + align:start position:0% +something only accesses this maybe it + + + align:start position:0% +something only accesses this maybe it +didn't learn anything about the tank + + align:start position:0% +didn't learn anything about the tank + + + align:start position:0% +didn't learn anything about the tank +that was over here but by being + + align:start position:0% +that was over here but by being + + + align:start position:0% +that was over here but by being +conservative hopefully we will always be + + align:start position:0% +conservative hopefully we will always be + + + align:start position:0% +conservative hopefully we will always be +correct right in other words if we + + align:start position:0% +correct right in other words if we + + + align:start position:0% +correct right in other words if we +underestimated the amount of taint that + + align:start position:0% +underestimated the amount of taint that + + + align:start position:0% +underestimated the amount of taint that +something had then we might accidentally + + align:start position:0% +something had then we might accidentally + + + align:start position:0% +something had then we might accidentally +disclose something that we didn't want + + align:start position:0% +disclose something that we didn't want + + + align:start position:0% +disclose something that we didn't want +to actually disclose but if we + + align:start position:0% +to actually disclose but if we + + + align:start position:0% +to actually disclose but if we +overestimate then in the worst case + + align:start position:0% +overestimate then in the worst case + + + align:start position:0% +overestimate then in the worst case +maybe we prevent something from going + + align:start position:0% +maybe we prevent something from going + + + align:start position:0% +maybe we prevent something from going +outside of the phone that should + + align:start position:0% +outside of the phone that should + + + align:start position:0% +outside of the phone that should +actually be okay but we're going to air + + align:start position:0% +actually be okay but we're going to air + + + align:start position:0% +actually be okay but we're going to air +on the side of safety so does that all + + align:start position:0% +on the side of safety so does that all + + + align:start position:0% +on the side of safety so does that all +make + + align:start position:0% +make + + + align:start position:0% +make +sense okay um so another instance of um + + align:start position:0% +sense okay um so another instance of um + + + align:start position:0% +sense okay um so another instance of um +sort of special case taint propagation + + align:start position:0% +sort of special case taint propagation + + + align:start position:0% +sort of special case taint propagation +they mention are things like um sort of + + align:start position:0% +they mention are things like um sort of + + + align:start position:0% +they mention are things like um sort of +native + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +methods and so native methods might + + align:start position:0% +methods and so native methods might + + + align:start position:0% +methods and so native methods might +exist inside of the VM itself + + align:start position:0% +exist inside of the VM itself + + + align:start position:0% +exist inside of the VM itself +so for example the dovic VM exposes some + + align:start position:0% +so for example the dovic VM exposes some + + + align:start position:0% +so for example the dovic VM exposes some +function like uh + + align:start position:0% +function like uh + + + align:start position:0% +function like uh +system. array copy so you can pass in + + align:start position:0% +system. array copy so you can pass in + + + align:start position:0% +system. array copy so you can pass in +things to this and then internal to the + + align:start position:0% +things to this and then internal to the + + + align:start position:0% +things to this and then internal to the +VM this is implemented in you know C or + + align:start position:0% +VM this is implemented in you know C or + + + align:start position:0% +VM this is implemented in you know C or +C++ code for reasons of speed so that's + + align:start position:0% +C++ code for reasons of speed so that's + + + align:start position:0% +C++ code for reasons of speed so that's +one type of example of a native method + + align:start position:0% +one type of example of a native method + + + align:start position:0% +one type of example of a native method +you might have another thing you might + + align:start position:0% +you might have another thing you might + + + align:start position:0% +you might have another thing you might +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +um type of dat method is what they call + + align:start position:0% +um type of dat method is what they call + + + align:start position:0% +um type of dat method is what they call +um jni exposed methods + + align:start position:0% +um jni exposed methods + + + align:start position:0% +um jni exposed methods +so uh the native interface essentially + + align:start position:0% +so uh the native interface essentially + + + align:start position:0% +so uh the native interface essentially +allows Java code to call into code that + + align:start position:0% +allows Java code to call into code that + + + align:start position:0% +allows Java code to call into code that +is not Java that's implemented using you + + align:start position:0% +is not Java that's implemented using you + + + align:start position:0% +is not Java that's implemented using you +know x86 or arm or something like that + + align:start position:0% +know x86 or arm or something like that + + + align:start position:0% +know x86 or arm or something like that +so there's a whole calling convention + + align:start position:0% +so there's a whole calling convention + + + align:start position:0% +so there's a whole calling convention +convention that's exposed here to allow + + align:start position:0% +convention that's exposed here to allow + + + align:start position:0% +convention that's exposed here to allow +those two types of stacks to enter + + align:start position:0% +those two types of stacks to enter + + + align:start position:0% +those two types of stacks to enter +operate and so the problem with these + + align:start position:0% +operate and so the problem with these + + + align:start position:0% +operate and so the problem with these +native code methods from the perspective + + align:start position:0% +native code methods from the perspective + + + align:start position:0% +native code methods from the perspective +of tracking taint is that this native + + align:start position:0% +of tracking taint is that this native + + + align:start position:0% +of tracking taint is that this native +code is not being executed uh directly + + align:start position:0% +code is not being executed uh directly + + + align:start position:0% +code is not being executed uh directly +by the dovic interpreter right and in + + align:start position:0% +by the dovic interpreter right and in + + + align:start position:0% +by the dovic interpreter right and in +fact it is often not even Java code + + align:start position:0% +fact it is often not even Java code + + + align:start position:0% +fact it is often not even Java code +maybe C or C++ code so that means that + + align:start position:0% +maybe C or C++ code so that means that + + + align:start position:0% +maybe C or C++ code so that means that +once execution flow goes into one of + + align:start position:0% +once execution flow goes into one of + + + align:start position:0% +once execution flow goes into one of +these native methods uh taint Droid + + align:start position:0% +these native methods uh taint Droid + + + align:start position:0% +these native methods uh taint Droid +can't do any of this um sort of taint + + align:start position:0% +can't do any of this um sort of taint + + + align:start position:0% +can't do any of this um sort of taint +propagation that it's doing for code + + align:start position:0% +propagation that it's doing for code + + + align:start position:0% +propagation that it's doing for code +that lives in the Java world and so that + + align:start position:0% +that lives in the Java world and so that + + + align:start position:0% +that lives in the Java world and so that +seems a little bit problematic because + + align:start position:0% +seems a little bit problematic because + + + align:start position:0% +seems a little bit problematic because +these things are kind of like black + + align:start position:0% +these things are kind of like black + + + align:start position:0% +these things are kind of like black +boxes right and you want to make sure + + align:start position:0% +boxes right and you want to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +boxes right and you want to make sure +that when these methods uh return we can + + align:start position:0% +that when these methods uh return we can + + + align:start position:0% +that when these methods uh return we can +actually somehow represent um sort of + + align:start position:0% +actually somehow represent um sort of + + + align:start position:0% +actually somehow represent um sort of +the new taint that was created by the + + align:start position:0% +the new taint that was created by the + + + align:start position:0% +the new taint that was created by the +execution of those methods and so the + + align:start position:0% +execution of those methods and so the + + + align:start position:0% +execution of those methods and so the +way that the authors um sort of solve + + align:start position:0% +way that the authors um sort of solve + + + align:start position:0% +way that the authors um sort of solve +this issue is they essentially result to + + align:start position:0% +this issue is they essentially result to + + + align:start position:0% +this issue is they essentially result to +uh manual + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +analysis so they basically say well + + align:start position:0% +analysis so they basically say well + + + align:start position:0% +analysis so they basically say well +there not a whole lot of these types of + + align:start position:0% +there not a whole lot of these types of + + + align:start position:0% +there not a whole lot of these types of +methods here right so for example um the + + align:start position:0% +methods here right so for example um the + + + align:start position:0% +methods here right so for example um the +doic VM only exposes a certain number of + + align:start position:0% +doic VM only exposes a certain number of + + + align:start position:0% +doic VM only exposes a certain number of +functions like systems. array copy so we + + align:start position:0% +functions like systems. array copy so we + + + align:start position:0% +functions like systems. array copy so we +as human devel velers can look through + + align:start position:0% +as human devel velers can look through + + + align:start position:0% +as human devel velers can look through +this relatively small number of calls + + align:start position:0% +this relatively small number of calls + + + align:start position:0% +this relatively small number of calls +and essentially figure out what the T + + align:start position:0% +and essentially figure out what the T + + + align:start position:0% +and essentially figure out what the T +relationship should be so for example + + align:start position:0% +relationship should be so for example + + + align:start position:0% +relationship should be so for example +they can look at something like array + + align:start position:0% +they can look at something like array + + + align:start position:0% +they can look at something like array +copy and say okay based on what we know + + align:start position:0% +copy and say okay based on what we know + + + align:start position:0% +copy and say okay based on what we know +the semantics of this operation are we + + align:start position:0% +the semantics of this operation are we + + + align:start position:0% +the semantics of this operation are we +know that we should Tain the return + + align:start position:0% +know that we should Tain the return + + + align:start position:0% +know that we should Tain the return +values from this function in a certain + + align:start position:0% +values from this function in a certain + + + align:start position:0% +values from this function in a certain +way given the input values um to this + + align:start position:0% +way given the input values um to this + + + align:start position:0% +way given the input values um to this +function and so you know how well does + + align:start position:0% +function and so you know how well does + + + align:start position:0% +function and so you know how well does +this scale well if there are in fact + + align:start position:0% +this scale well if there are in fact + + + align:start position:0% +this scale well if there are in fact +only a small number of things exposed um + + align:start position:0% +only a small number of things exposed um + + + align:start position:0% +only a small number of things exposed um +by for for example the VM in native code + + align:start position:0% +by for for example the VM in native code + + + align:start position:0% +by for for example the VM in native code +then this actually works okay right + + align:start position:0% +then this actually works okay right + + + align:start position:0% +then this actually works okay right +because if you assume that the dovic VM + + align:start position:0% +because if you assume that the dovic VM + + + align:start position:0% +because if you assume that the dovic VM +interface doesn't change very often then + + align:start position:0% +interface doesn't change very often then + + + align:start position:0% +interface doesn't change very often then +it's actually not too burdensome to look + + align:start position:0% +it's actually not too burdensome to look + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually not too burdensome to look +at these things read the documentation + + align:start position:0% +at these things read the documentation + + + align:start position:0% +at these things read the documentation +and figure out how tain's going to um + + align:start position:0% +and figure out how tain's going to um + + + align:start position:0% +and figure out how tain's going to um +going to spread you know this may or may + + align:start position:0% +going to spread you know this may or may + + + align:start position:0% +going to spread you know this may or may +not be more Troublesome right they they + + align:start position:0% +not be more Troublesome right they they + + + align:start position:0% +not be more Troublesome right they they +give some empirical data that suggests + + align:start position:0% +give some empirical data that suggests + + + align:start position:0% +give some empirical data that suggests +that a lot of applications are not in + + align:start position:0% +that a lot of applications are not in + + + align:start position:0% +that a lot of applications are not in +fact including um sort of uh code + + align:start position:0% +fact including um sort of uh code + + + align:start position:0% +fact including um sort of uh code +alongside of them that's actually going + + align:start position:0% +alongside of them that's actually going + + + align:start position:0% +alongside of them that's actually going +to execute in C or C++ so they they + + align:start position:0% +to execute in C or C++ so they they + + + align:start position:0% +to execute in C or C++ so they they +argue that empirically this is not going + + align:start position:0% +argue that empirically this is not going + + + align:start position:0% +argue that empirically this is not going +to be a big problem they also argue that + + align:start position:0% +to be a big problem they also argue that + + + align:start position:0% +to be a big problem they also argue that +um for certain types of method + + align:start position:0% +um for certain types of method + + + align:start position:0% +um for certain types of method +signatures you can actually automate the + + align:start position:0% +signatures you can actually automate the + + + align:start position:0% +signatures you can actually automate the +way in which these uh sort of tank + + align:start position:0% +way in which these uh sort of tank + + + align:start position:0% +way in which these uh sort of tank +calculations are done so they say that + + align:start position:0% +calculations are done so they say that + + + align:start position:0% +calculations are done so they say that +for example if only integers or strings + + align:start position:0% +for example if only integers or strings + + + align:start position:0% +for example if only integers or strings +are passed into some of these um Native + + align:start position:0% +are passed into some of these um Native + + + align:start position:0% +are passed into some of these um Native +functions here then you can just do the + + align:start position:0% +functions here then you can just do the + + + align:start position:0% +functions here then you can just do the +standard thing of tagging the output + + align:start position:0% +standard thing of tagging the output + + + align:start position:0% +standard thing of tagging the output +value with the Union of all the tains of + + align:start position:0% +value with the Union of all the tains of + + + align:start position:0% +value with the Union of all the tains of +the input um so in practice it seems + + align:start position:0% +the input um so in practice it seems + + + align:start position:0% +the input um so in practice it seems +like this isn't probably going to be too + + align:start position:0% +like this isn't probably going to be too + + + align:start position:0% +like this isn't probably going to be too +big of a problem here + + align:start position:0% +big of a problem here + + + align:start position:0% +big of a problem here +you just + + align:start position:0% +you just + + + align:start position:0% +you just +scan that scans your code for system and + + align:start position:0% +scan that scans your code for system and + + + align:start position:0% +scan that scans your code for system and +then automatically + + align:start position:0% +then automatically + + + align:start position:0% +then automatically +that oh yeah so I mean in in practice + + align:start position:0% +that oh yeah so I mean in in practice + + + align:start position:0% +that oh yeah so I mean in in practice +you know what do they do so they know + + align:start position:0% +you know what do they do so they know + + + align:start position:0% +you know what do they do so they know +that um you know whenever The + + align:start position:0% +that um you know whenever The + + + align:start position:0% +that um you know whenever The +Interpreter is going to execute + + align:start position:0% +Interpreter is going to execute + + + align:start position:0% +Interpreter is going to execute +something like this then you know when + + align:start position:0% +something like this then you know when + + + align:start position:0% +something like this then you know when +the return value comes back they + + align:start position:0% +the return value comes back they + + + align:start position:0% +the return value comes back they +essentially do have like special case + + align:start position:0% +essentially do have like special case + + + align:start position:0% +essentially do have like special case +code that's going to automatically say + + align:start position:0% +code that's going to automatically say + + + align:start position:0% +code that's going to automatically say +the return values of system that array + + align:start position:0% +the return values of system that array + + + align:start position:0% +the return values of system that array +copy should have this taint assigned to + + align:start position:0% +copy should have this taint assigned to + + + align:start position:0% +copy should have this taint assigned to +it right so what's the manual part of + + align:start position:0% +it right so what's the manual part of + + + align:start position:0% +it right so what's the manual part of +that oh the manual part of it is + + align:start position:0% +that oh the manual part of it is + + + align:start position:0% +that oh the manual part of it is +figuring out what that policy should be + + align:start position:0% +figuring out what that policy should be + + + align:start position:0% +figuring out what that policy should be +in the first place right so in other + + align:start position:0% +in the first place right so in other + + + align:start position:0% +in the first place right so in other +words if you just look at sort of off + + align:start position:0% +words if you just look at sort of off + + + align:start position:0% +words if you just look at sort of off +the shelf t uh off the shelf Android + + align:start position:0% +the shelf t uh off the shelf Android + + + align:start position:0% +the shelf t uh off the shelf Android +this is going to do something for you + + align:start position:0% +this is going to do something for you + + + align:start position:0% +this is going to do something for you +but it's not going to automatically + + align:start position:0% +but it's not going to automatically + + + align:start position:0% +but it's not going to automatically +assign ttain this in the right way so + + align:start position:0% +assign ttain this in the right way so + + + align:start position:0% +assign ttain this in the right way so +someone looks at this and figures out + + align:start position:0% +someone looks at this and figures out + + + align:start position:0% +someone looks at this and figures out +what that policy + + align:start position:0% +what that policy + + + align:start position:0% +what that policy +is make sense any other + + align:start position:0% +is make sense any other + + + align:start position:0% +is make sense any other +questions yeah so it doesn't look it + + align:start position:0% +questions yeah so it doesn't look it + + + align:start position:0% +questions yeah so it doesn't look it +doesn't look like this is going to be uh + + align:start position:0% +doesn't look like this is going to be uh + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't look like this is going to be uh +a big problem uh in practice although + + align:start position:0% +a big problem uh in practice although + + + align:start position:0% +a big problem uh in practice although +you can imagine that um for example if + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine that um for example if + + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine that um for example if +there was this increasing uh amount of + + align:start position:0% +there was this increasing uh amount of + + + align:start position:0% +there was this increasing uh amount of +applications that Define these um Native + + align:start position:0% +applications that Define these um Native + + + align:start position:0% +applications that Define these um Native +out calls then we could be in a little + + align:start position:0% +out calls then we could be in a little + + + align:start position:0% +out calls then we could be in a little +bit of a problem + + align:start position:0% +bit of a problem + + + align:start position:0% +bit of a problem +um all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right this over here + + align:start position:0% +right this over here + + + align:start position:0% +right this over here +um so another type of um data that we + + align:start position:0% +um so another type of um data that we + + + align:start position:0% +um so another type of um data that we +have to worry about assigning taint to + + align:start position:0% +have to worry about assigning taint to + + + align:start position:0% +have to worry about assigning taint to +uh IPC + + align:start position:0% +uh IPC + + + align:start position:0% +uh IPC +messages and so IPC messages are + + align:start position:0% +messages and so IPC messages are + + + align:start position:0% +messages and so IPC messages are +essentially uh treat it like + + align:start position:0% +essentially uh treat it like + + + align:start position:0% +essentially uh treat it like +arrays so each one one of these + + align:start position:0% +arrays so each one one of these + + + align:start position:0% +arrays so each one one of these +messages is going to be associated with + + align:start position:0% +messages is going to be associated with + + + align:start position:0% +messages is going to be associated with +a single taint that is the union of the + + align:start position:0% +a single taint that is the union of the + + + align:start position:0% +a single taint that is the union of the +taints of all the constituent parts + + align:start position:0% +taints of all the constituent parts + + + align:start position:0% +taints of all the constituent parts +right so once again this helps us with + + align:start position:0% +right so once again this helps us with + + + align:start position:0% +right so once again this helps us with +efficiency because we only have to store + + align:start position:0% +efficiency because we only have to store + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency because we only have to store +um one taint tag for each one of these + + align:start position:0% +um one taint tag for each one of these + + + align:start position:0% +um one taint tag for each one of these +messages and in the worst case this is + + align:start position:0% +messages and in the worst case this is + + + align:start position:0% +messages and in the worst case this is +conservative it overestimates taint but + + align:start position:0% +conservative it overestimates taint but + + + align:start position:0% +conservative it overestimates taint but +that should never um result in a + + align:start position:0% +that should never um result in a + + + align:start position:0% +that should never um result in a +security leak at worst it should only + + align:start position:0% +security leak at worst it should only + + + align:start position:0% +security leak at worst it should only +result in something that should have + + align:start position:0% +result in something that should have + + + align:start position:0% +result in something that should have +been able to go over the network not + + align:start position:0% +been able to go over the network not + + + align:start position:0% +been able to go over the network not +being able to um go on the network and + + align:start position:0% +being able to um go on the network and + + + align:start position:0% +being able to um go on the network and +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +so this is sort of how things work on + + align:start position:0% +so this is sort of how things work on + + + align:start position:0% +so this is sort of how things work on +when you're constructing the message + + align:start position:0% +when you're constructing the message + + + align:start position:0% +when you're constructing the message +right so that message gets the union of + + align:start position:0% +right so that message gets the union of + + + align:start position:0% +right so that message gets the union of +all the tains of its components and then + + align:start position:0% +all the tains of its components and then + + + align:start position:0% +all the tains of its components and then +um when you're reading + + align:start position:0% +um when you're reading + + + align:start position:0% +um when you're reading +it once you receive the message + + align:start position:0% +it once you receive the message + + + align:start position:0% +it once you receive the message +so uh extracted + + align:start position:0% +so uh extracted + + + align:start position:0% +so uh extracted +data uh gets the taint of the message + + align:start position:0% +data uh gets the taint of the message + + + align:start position:0% +data uh gets the taint of the message +itself which makes + + align:start position:0% +itself which makes + + + align:start position:0% +itself which makes +sense so that's how IPC messages are + + align:start position:0% +sense so that's how IPC messages are + + + align:start position:0% +sense so that's how IPC messages are +treated another resource you might worry + + align:start position:0% +treated another resource you might worry + + + align:start position:0% +treated another resource you might worry +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +uh how our files handle so once + + align:start position:0% +uh how our files handle so once + + + align:start position:0% +uh how our files handle so once +again each file gets a single taint + + align:start position:0% +again each file gets a single taint + + + align:start position:0% +again each file gets a single taint +tag and that tag is essentially stored + + align:start position:0% +tag and that tag is essentially stored + + + align:start position:0% +tag and that tag is essentially stored +alongside the file and it's metadata on + + align:start position:0% +alongside the file and it's metadata on + + + align:start position:0% +alongside the file and it's metadata on +stable stores like the SD card or + + align:start position:0% +stable stores like the SD card or + + + align:start position:0% +stable stores like the SD card or +whatever and so this is basically the + + align:start position:0% +whatever and so this is basically the + + + align:start position:0% +whatever and so this is basically the +same conservative scheme that we've seen + + align:start position:0% +same conservative scheme that we've seen + + + align:start position:0% +same conservative scheme that we've seen +before so the basic idea is that um the + + align:start position:0% +before so the basic idea is that um the + + + align:start position:0% +before so the basic idea is that um the +application uh accesses some sensitive + + align:start position:0% +application uh accesses some sensitive + + + align:start position:0% +application uh accesses some sensitive +data like for example your GPS location + + align:start position:0% +data like for example your GPS location + + + align:start position:0% +data like for example your GPS location +May it's going to write that data um to + + align:start position:0% +May it's going to write that data um to + + + align:start position:0% +May it's going to write that data um to +a file so taint Droid updates that + + align:start position:0% +a file so taint Droid updates that + + + align:start position:0% +a file so taint Droid updates that +file's taint tag with the uh GPS flag + + align:start position:0% +file's taint tag with the uh GPS flag + + + align:start position:0% +file's taint tag with the uh GPS flag +maybe the application closes down later + + align:start position:0% +maybe the application closes down later + + + align:start position:0% +maybe the application closes down later +on some other application maybe comes + + align:start position:0% +on some other application maybe comes + + + align:start position:0% +on some other application maybe comes +out it reads that file when it comes + + align:start position:0% +out it reads that file when it comes + + + align:start position:0% +out it reads that file when it comes +into the VM into the application uh Tain + + align:start position:0% +into the VM into the application uh Tain + + + align:start position:0% +into the VM into the application uh Tain +Droid will look and see that it has that + + align:start position:0% +Droid will look and see that it has that + + + align:start position:0% +Droid will look and see that it has that +flag tainted has that flag marked and so + + align:start position:0% +flag tainted has that flag marked and so + + + align:start position:0% +flag tainted has that flag marked and so +any data that's derived from reading + + align:start position:0% +any data that's derived from reading + + + align:start position:0% +any data that's derived from reading +that file will also have that GPS flag + + align:start position:0% +that file will also have that GPS flag + + + align:start position:0% +that file will also have that GPS flag +uh set so pretty straightforward I think + + align:start position:0% +uh set so pretty straightforward I think + + + align:start position:0% +uh set so pretty straightforward I think +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +um so what uh what kind of things do we + + align:start position:0% +um so what uh what kind of things do we + + + align:start position:0% +um so what uh what kind of things do we +have to taint in terms of like uh Java + + align:start position:0% +have to taint in terms of like uh Java + + + align:start position:0% +have to taint in terms of like uh Java +state so there's basically uh + + align:start position:0% +state so there's basically uh + + + align:start position:0% +state so there's basically uh +five five things five types of uh sort + + align:start position:0% +five five things five types of uh sort + + + align:start position:0% +five five things five types of uh sort +of java objects uh that + + align:start position:0% +of java objects uh that + + + align:start position:0% +of java objects uh that +need uh taint + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +flags and so the uh first kind of thing + + align:start position:0% +flags and so the uh first kind of thing + + + align:start position:0% +flags and so the uh first kind of thing +it's local + + align:start position:0% +it's local + + + align:start position:0% +it's local +variables that live in a + + align:start position:0% +variables that live in a + + + align:start position:0% +variables that live in a +method so you can imagine like uh back + + align:start position:0% +method so you can imagine like uh back + + + align:start position:0% +method so you can imagine like uh back +over here like this this is a local + + align:start position:0% +over here like this this is a local + + + align:start position:0% +over here like this this is a local +variable K C for example so we have to + + align:start position:0% +variable K C for example so we have to + + + align:start position:0% +variable K C for example so we have to +assign a taint Flags to those + + align:start position:0% +assign a taint Flags to those + + + align:start position:0% +assign a taint Flags to those +things you can also imagine that uh + + align:start position:0% +things you can also imagine that uh + + + align:start position:0% +things you can also imagine that uh +method + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +arguments need to have Tain flags and so + + align:start position:0% +arguments need to have Tain flags and so + + + align:start position:0% +arguments need to have Tain flags and so +both of these things + + align:start position:0% +both of these things + + + align:start position:0% +both of these things +here excuse + + align:start position:0% +here excuse + + + align:start position:0% +here excuse +me these live in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stack so T toid has to keep track of + + align:start position:0% +stack so T toid has to keep track of + + + align:start position:0% +stack so T toid has to keep track of +assigning flags and whatnot for those + + align:start position:0% +assigning flags and whatnot for those + + + align:start position:0% +assigning flags and whatnot for those +types of things um + + align:start position:0% +types of things um + + + align:start position:0% +types of things um +also we need to assign Flags to object + + align:start position:0% +also we need to assign Flags to object + + + align:start position:0% +also we need to assign Flags to object +uh instance + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fields and so this is like you know + + align:start position:0% +fields and so this is like you know + + + align:start position:0% +fields and so this is like you know +imagine that I have some object called + + align:start position:0% +imagine that I have some object called + + + align:start position:0% +imagine that I have some object called +um C so if I it's a circle so of course + + align:start position:0% +um C so if I it's a circle so of course + + + align:start position:0% +um C so if I it's a circle so of course +the popular thing to do is I want to + + align:start position:0% +the popular thing to do is I want to + + + align:start position:0% +the popular thing to do is I want to +look at its radius so here's here's a + + align:start position:0% +look at its radius so here's here's a + + + align:start position:0% +look at its radius so here's here's a +field here and so we have to associate a + + align:start position:0% +field here and so we have to associate a + + + align:start position:0% +field here and so we have to associate a +uh uh Tain information with each one of + + align:start position:0% +uh uh Tain information with each one of + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh Tain information with each one of +these fields + + align:start position:0% +these fields + + + align:start position:0% +these fields +here Java also allows you to have a + + align:start position:0% +here Java also allows you to have a + + + align:start position:0% +here Java also allows you to have a +static class + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fields and so you + + align:start position:0% +fields and so you + + + align:start position:0% +fields and so you +need Tain information for those this is + + align:start position:0% +need Tain information for those this is + + + align:start position:0% +need Tain information for those this is +saying something like uh for example + + align:start position:0% +saying something like uh for example + + + align:start position:0% +saying something like uh for example +maybe you know Circle do some property + + align:start position:0% +maybe you know Circle do some property + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you know Circle do some property +okay we'll assign some taint information + + align:start position:0% +okay we'll assign some taint information + + + align:start position:0% +okay we'll assign some taint information +there and then arrays as we've already + + align:start position:0% +there and then arrays as we've already + + + align:start position:0% +there and then arrays as we've already +discussed + + align:start position:0% +discussed + + + align:start position:0% +discussed +before we'll assign uh one piece of + + align:start position:0% +before we'll assign uh one piece of + + + align:start position:0% +before we'll assign uh one piece of +taint information per that entire array + + align:start position:0% +taint information per that entire array + + + align:start position:0% +taint information per that entire array +and so the basic idea for how uh we're + + align:start position:0% +and so the basic idea for how uh we're + + + align:start position:0% +and so the basic idea for how uh we're +going to store these taint flags at the + + align:start position:0% +going to store these taint flags at the + + + align:start position:0% +going to store these taint flags at the +implementation level is that we're going + + align:start position:0% +implementation level is that we're going + + + align:start position:0% +implementation level is that we're going +to try to + + align:start position:0% +to try to + + + align:start position:0% +to try to +um basically store the Tain flags for a + + align:start position:0% +um basically store the Tain flags for a + + + align:start position:0% +um basically store the Tain flags for a +variable uh + + align:start position:0% +variable uh + + + align:start position:0% +variable uh +near uh the variable itself + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so the basic idea here is you know + + align:start position:0% +and so the basic idea here is you know + + + align:start position:0% +and so the basic idea here is you know +we've got for example um let's say some + + align:start position:0% +we've got for example um let's say some + + + align:start position:0% +we've got for example um let's say some +integer variable we want to store some + + align:start position:0% +integer variable we want to store some + + + align:start position:0% +integer variable we want to store some +taint state with that we want to try to + + align:start position:0% +taint state with that we want to try to + + + align:start position:0% +taint state with that we want to try to +keep that state as close to the variable + + align:start position:0% +keep that state as close to the variable + + + align:start position:0% +keep that state as close to the variable +as possible for reasons of making the + + align:start position:0% +as possible for reasons of making the + + + align:start position:0% +as possible for reasons of making the +cache work efficiently right at the + + align:start position:0% +cache work efficiently right at the + + + align:start position:0% +cache work efficiently right at the +processor level right so if we were to + + align:start position:0% +processor level right so if we were to + + + align:start position:0% +processor level right so if we were to +store taint you know very far away from + + align:start position:0% +store taint you know very far away from + + + align:start position:0% +store taint you know very far away from +that variable that could be problematic + + align:start position:0% +that variable that could be problematic + + + align:start position:0% +that variable that could be problematic +because probably when The Interpreter is + + align:start position:0% +because probably when The Interpreter is + + + align:start position:0% +because probably when The Interpreter is +going to look at the memory value value + + align:start position:0% +going to look at the memory value value + + + align:start position:0% +going to look at the memory value value +for the actual Java variable it's going + + align:start position:0% +for the actual Java variable it's going + + + align:start position:0% +for the actual Java variable it's going +to want to very quickly thereafter or + + align:start position:0% +to want to very quickly thereafter or + + + align:start position:0% +to want to very quickly thereafter or +even before that look and see what the + + align:start position:0% +even before that look and see what the + + + align:start position:0% +even before that look and see what the +taint information is right because if + + align:start position:0% +taint information is right because if + + + align:start position:0% +taint information is right because if +you look at um these operations here you + + align:start position:0% +you look at um these operations here you + + + align:start position:0% +you look at um these operations here you +know the same places in the code where + + align:start position:0% +know the same places in the code where + + + align:start position:0% +know the same places in the code where +The Interpreter is looking at the values + + align:start position:0% +The Interpreter is looking at the values + + + align:start position:0% +The Interpreter is looking at the values +it's also looking at taint so this is + + align:start position:0% +it's also looking at taint so this is + + + align:start position:0% +it's also looking at taint so this is +basically um by storing these things + + align:start position:0% +basically um by storing these things + + + align:start position:0% +basically um by storing these things +close to each other you try to make the + + align:start position:0% +close to each other you try to make the + + + align:start position:0% +close to each other you try to make the +cache Behavior better and the way that + + align:start position:0% +cache Behavior better and the way that + + + align:start position:0% +cache Behavior better and the way that +they do this is actually pretty uh + + align:start position:0% +they do this is actually pretty uh + + + align:start position:0% +they do this is actually pretty uh +straightforward so if you look at what + + align:start position:0% +straightforward so if you look at what + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward so if you look at what +they do for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh method arguments and local variables + + align:start position:0% +uh method arguments and local variables + + + align:start position:0% +uh method arguments and local variables +live on the stack you can essentially + + align:start position:0% +live on the stack you can essentially + + + align:start position:0% +live on the stack you can essentially +allocate uh the taint Flags um right + + align:start position:0% +allocate uh the taint Flags um right + + + align:start position:0% +allocate uh the taint Flags um right +next to where the variables are + + align:start position:0% +next to where the variables are + + + align:start position:0% +next to where the variables are +allocated so let's say that we have our + + align:start position:0% +allocated so let's say that we have our + + + align:start position:0% +allocated so let's say that we have our +favorite thing in this class A stack + + align:start position:0% +favorite thing in this class A stack + + + align:start position:0% +favorite thing in this class A stack +diagram which you all probably hate + + align:start position:0% +diagram which you all probably hate + + + align:start position:0% +diagram which you all probably hate +after you get out of here um so you know + + align:start position:0% +after you get out of here um so you know + + + align:start position:0% +after you get out of here um so you know +you've got some local variable zero um + + align:start position:0% +you've got some local variable zero um + + + align:start position:0% +you've got some local variable zero um +on + + align:start position:0% +on + + + align:start position:0% +on +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +stack and then what Droid will do is it + + align:start position:0% +stack and then what Droid will do is it + + + align:start position:0% +stack and then what Droid will do is it +will store the Tain tag for that + + align:start position:0% +will store the Tain tag for that + + + align:start position:0% +will store the Tain tag for that +variable um right next to where that + + align:start position:0% +variable um right next to where that + + + align:start position:0% +variable um right next to where that +local variable is in memory and so + + align:start position:0% +local variable is in memory and so + + + align:start position:0% +local variable is in memory and so +similarly if you + + align:start position:0% +similarly if you + + + align:start position:0% +similarly if you +had another local variable here then you + + align:start position:0% +had another local variable here then you + + + align:start position:0% +had another local variable here then you +would see it's taint tag right down + + align:start position:0% +would see it's taint tag right down + + + align:start position:0% +would see it's taint tag right down +here so on and so + + align:start position:0% +here so on and so + + + align:start position:0% +here so on and so +forth right pretty straightforward so + + align:start position:0% +forth right pretty straightforward so + + + align:start position:0% +forth right pretty straightforward so +hopefully you know you can get these + + align:start position:0% +hopefully you know you can get these + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully you know you can get these +things in the same cach line that's + + align:start position:0% +things in the same cach line that's + + + align:start position:0% +things in the same cach line that's +going to make the access very cheap yep + + align:start position:0% +going to make the access very cheap yep + + + align:start position:0% +going to make the access very cheap yep +I was just wondering how can how use a + + align:start position:0% +I was just wondering how can how use a + + + align:start position:0% +I was just wondering how can how use a +single flag for an entire array but a + + align:start position:0% +single flag for an entire array but a + + + align:start position:0% +single flag for an entire array but a +different flag for every um property of + + align:start position:0% +different flag for every um property of + + + align:start position:0% +different flag for every um property of +an object I mean what if one of the the + + align:start position:0% +an object I mean what if one of the the + + + align:start position:0% +an object I mean what if one of the the +methods of the object can access data + + align:start position:0% +methods of the object can access data + + + align:start position:0% +methods of the object can access data +which is stored in its properties that + + align:start position:0% +which is stored in its properties that + + + align:start position:0% +which is stored in its properties that +would like you know what I mean and uh + + align:start position:0% +would like you know what I mean and uh + + + align:start position:0% +would like you know what I mean and uh +let's see so you're asking as a policy + + align:start position:0% +let's see so you're asking as a policy + + + align:start position:0% +let's see so you're asking as a policy +reason why is it yeah so so I think some + + align:start position:0% +reason why is it yeah so so I think some + + + align:start position:0% +reason why is it yeah so so I think some +of this they do um for implementation + + align:start position:0% +of this they do um for implementation + + + align:start position:0% +of this they do um for implementation +efficiency reasons uh I think that for + + align:start position:0% +efficiency reasons uh I think that for + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency reasons uh I think that for +the case of so like they have some other + + align:start position:0% +the case of so like they have some other + + + align:start position:0% +the case of so like they have some other +rules too so for example like they say + + align:start position:0% +rules too so for example like they say + + + align:start position:0% +rules too so for example like they say +that they don't say that the length of + + align:start position:0% +that they don't say that the length of + + + align:start position:0% +that they don't say that the length of +the array is actually going to leak + + align:start position:0% +the array is actually going to leak + + + align:start position:0% +the array is actually going to leak +information so they don't propagate + + align:start position:0% +information so they don't propagate + + + align:start position:0% +information so they don't propagate +taint for that so some of this I think + + align:start position:0% +taint for that so some of this I think + + + align:start position:0% +taint for that so some of this I think +is just for the reasons of efficiency I + + align:start position:0% +is just for the reasons of efficiency I + + + align:start position:0% +is just for the reasons of efficiency I +think that in principle right there's + + align:start position:0% +think that in principle right there's + + + align:start position:0% +think that in principle right there's +nothing that stops you from saying + + align:start position:0% +nothing that stops you from saying + + + align:start position:0% +nothing that stops you from saying +taking every um taking every element in + + align:start position:0% +taking every um taking every element in + + + align:start position:0% +taking every um taking every element in +the array and when you do some + + align:start position:0% +the array and when you do some + + + align:start position:0% +the array and when you do some +particular access on it then you just + + align:start position:0% +particular access on it then you just + + + align:start position:0% +particular access on it then you just +say the thing on the left hand side is + + align:start position:0% +say the thing on the left hand side is + + + align:start position:0% +say the thing on the left hand side is +going to get the taint only of that that + + align:start position:0% +going to get the taint only of that that + + + align:start position:0% +going to get the taint only of that that +item but it's not clear it's not + + align:start position:0% +item but it's not clear it's not + + + align:start position:0% +item but it's not clear it's not +completely clear that's the right thing + + align:start position:0% +completely clear that's the right thing + + + align:start position:0% +completely clear that's the right thing +to do though because presumably in + + align:start position:0% +to do though because presumably in + + + align:start position:0% +to do though because presumably in +getting that thing into the array in the + + align:start position:0% +getting that thing into the array in the + + + align:start position:0% +getting that thing into the array in the +first first place the thing that did + + align:start position:0% +first first place the thing that did + + + align:start position:0% +first first place the thing that did +that had to know something about the + + align:start position:0% +that had to know something about the + + + align:start position:0% +that had to know something about the +array in some in some way so I think + + align:start position:0% +array in some in some way so I think + + + align:start position:0% +array in some in some way so I think +it's a combination of both policy + + align:start position:0% +it's a combination of both policy + + + align:start position:0% +it's a combination of both policy +reasons they think that uh by being + + align:start position:0% +reasons they think that uh by being + + + align:start position:0% +reasons they think that uh by being +overly conservative you shouldn't uh + + align:start position:0% +overly conservative you shouldn't uh + + + align:start position:0% +overly conservative you shouldn't uh +allow any data leaks that you want to + + align:start position:0% +allow any data leaks that you want to + + + align:start position:0% +allow any data leaks that you want to +prevent and also I think that it just it + + align:start position:0% +prevent and also I think that it just it + + + align:start position:0% +prevent and also I think that it just it +kind of does intuitively make sense that + + align:start position:0% +kind of does intuitively make sense that + + + align:start position:0% +kind of does intuitively make sense that +accessing an array you should have to + + align:start position:0% +accessing an array you should have to + + + align:start position:0% +accessing an array you should have to +know something about that array and when + + align:start position:0% +know something about that array and when + + + align:start position:0% +know something about that array and when +you have to know something about + + align:start position:0% +you have to know something about + + + align:start position:0% +you have to know something about +something that typically means that you + + align:start position:0% +something that typically means that you + + + align:start position:0% +something that typically means that you +want to get tainted by + + align:start position:0% +want to get tainted by + + + align:start position:0% +want to get tainted by +it any other + + align:start position:0% +it any other + + + align:start position:0% +it any other +questions okay yeah so so this is the + + align:start position:0% +questions okay yeah so so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +questions okay yeah so so this is the +basic scheme that they use for um + + align:start position:0% +basic scheme that they use for um + + + align:start position:0% +basic scheme that they use for um +essentially storing all of this + + align:start position:0% +essentially storing all of this + + + align:start position:0% +essentially storing all of this +information close to each other so you + + align:start position:0% +information close to each other so you + + + align:start position:0% +information close to each other so you +can imagine that um for class fields or + + align:start position:0% +can imagine that um for class fields or + + + align:start position:0% +can imagine that um for class fields or +for object Fields you do a similar thing + + align:start position:0% +for object Fields you do a similar thing + + + align:start position:0% +for object Fields you do a similar thing +so in the Declaration of the class + + align:start position:0% +so in the Declaration of the class + + + align:start position:0% +so in the Declaration of the class +you've got some a slot in memory for a + + align:start position:0% +you've got some a slot in memory for a + + + align:start position:0% +you've got some a slot in memory for a +particular instance variable and then + + align:start position:0% +particular instance variable and then + + + align:start position:0% +particular instance variable and then +right next to that slot you have the uh + + align:start position:0% +right next to that slot you have the uh + + + align:start position:0% +right next to that slot you have the uh +taint information for that particular + + align:start position:0% +taint information for that particular + + + align:start position:0% +taint information for that particular +variable so I think that's all uh pretty + + align:start position:0% +variable so I think that's all uh pretty + + + align:start position:0% +variable so I think that's all uh pretty +reasonable okay so that's kind of a + + align:start position:0% +reasonable okay so that's kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable okay so that's kind of a +highlevel overview of how taint Droid + + align:start position:0% +highlevel overview of how taint Droid + + + align:start position:0% +highlevel overview of how taint Droid +works and so if you get all this then + + align:start position:0% +works and so if you get all this then + + + align:start position:0% +works and so if you get all this then +the basic idea behind Tain Droid is + + align:start position:0% +the basic idea behind Tain Droid is + + + align:start position:0% +the basic idea behind Tain Droid is +actually pretty + + align:start position:0% +actually pretty + + + align:start position:0% +actually pretty +simple so you know at um system + + align:start position:0% +simple so you know at um system + + + align:start position:0% +simple so you know at um system +initialization time or whatever Tain + + align:start position:0% +initialization time or whatever Tain + + + align:start position:0% +initialization time or whatever Tain +Droid looks at all these sources of uh + + align:start position:0% +Droid looks at all these sources of uh + + + align:start position:0% +Droid looks at all these sources of uh +potentially tainted information and + + align:start position:0% +potentially tainted information and + + + align:start position:0% +potentially tainted information and +essentially signs a flag to each one of + + align:start position:0% +essentially signs a flag to each one of + + + align:start position:0% +essentially signs a flag to each one of +these things so things like your GPS + + align:start position:0% +these things so things like your GPS + + + align:start position:0% +these things so things like your GPS +your camera so on and so forth as the + + align:start position:0% +your camera so on and so forth as the + + + align:start position:0% +your camera so on and so forth as the +program executes it's going to pull out + + align:start position:0% +program executes it's going to pull out + + + align:start position:0% +program executes it's going to pull out +sensitive information from these + + align:start position:0% +sensitive information from these + + + align:start position:0% +sensitive information from these +sensitive sources and then as that kind + + align:start position:0% +sensitive sources and then as that kind + + + align:start position:0% +sensitive sources and then as that kind +of thing happens The Interpreter is + + align:start position:0% +of thing happens The Interpreter is + + + align:start position:0% +of thing happens The Interpreter is +going to look at all these types of op + + align:start position:0% +going to look at all these types of op + + + align:start position:0% +going to look at all these types of op +codes here and basically follow that + + align:start position:0% +codes here and basically follow that + + + align:start position:0% +codes here and basically follow that +policy um those policy rules that are in + + align:start position:0% +policy um those policy rules that are in + + + align:start position:0% +policy um those policy rules that are in +table one of the paper and figure out + + align:start position:0% +table one of the paper and figure out + + + align:start position:0% +table one of the paper and figure out +how to propagate taint through the + + align:start position:0% +how to propagate taint through the + + + align:start position:0% +how to propagate taint through the +system and so the you know most + + align:start position:0% +system and so the you know most + + + align:start position:0% +system and so the you know most +interesting part is what happens if a + + align:start position:0% +interesting part is what happens if a + + + align:start position:0% +interesting part is what happens if a +data attempts to exfiltrate itself so + + align:start position:0% +data attempts to exfiltrate itself so + + + align:start position:0% +data attempts to exfiltrate itself so +essentially Tain Droid can sit at the + + align:start position:0% +essentially Tain Droid can sit at the + + + align:start position:0% +essentially Tain Droid can sit at the +network interfaces and it can see + + align:start position:0% +network interfaces and it can see + + + align:start position:0% +network interfaces and it can see +everything that tries to go over the + + align:start position:0% +everything that tries to go over the + + + align:start position:0% +everything that tries to go over the +network interface and it can actually + + align:start position:0% +network interface and it can actually + + + align:start position:0% +network interface and it can actually +look at the tank tags there and it can + + align:start position:0% +look at the tank tags there and it can + + + align:start position:0% +look at the tank tags there and it can +say if uh data that's trying to leave + + align:start position:0% +say if uh data that's trying to leave + + + align:start position:0% +say if uh data that's trying to leave +the network has you know one or more + + align:start position:0% +the network has you know one or more + + + align:start position:0% +the network has you know one or more +taint flag Flags then we will say no + + align:start position:0% +taint flag Flags then we will say no + + + align:start position:0% +taint flag Flags then we will say no +that data will not be allowed to go over + + align:start position:0% +that data will not be allowed to go over + + + align:start position:0% +that data will not be allowed to go over +the network now what happens at that + + align:start position:0% +the network now what happens at that + + + align:start position:0% +the network now what happens at that +point uh is actually kind of application + + align:start position:0% +point uh is actually kind of application + + + align:start position:0% +point uh is actually kind of application +dependent right so you could imagine + + align:start position:0% +dependent right so you could imagine + + + align:start position:0% +dependent right so you could imagine +that Tain Droid shows an alert to the + + align:start position:0% +that Tain Droid shows an alert to the + + + align:start position:0% +that Tain Droid shows an alert to the +user which says hey somebody's trying to + + align:start position:0% +user which says hey somebody's trying to + + + align:start position:0% +user which says hey somebody's trying to +send you know your location over the + + align:start position:0% +send you know your location over the + + + align:start position:0% +send you know your location over the +network you could imagine that maybe + + align:start position:0% +network you could imagine that maybe + + + align:start position:0% +network you could imagine that maybe +Tain Droid has some policies that are + + align:start position:0% +Tain Droid has some policies that are + + + align:start position:0% +Tain Droid has some policies that are +built in which for example maybe it + + align:start position:0% +built in which for example maybe it + + + align:start position:0% +built in which for example maybe it +allows that Network flow to go out but + + align:start position:0% +allows that Network flow to go out but + + + align:start position:0% +allows that Network flow to go out but +it zeros out all that sensitive data so + + align:start position:0% +it zeros out all that sensitive data so + + + align:start position:0% +it zeros out all that sensitive data so +on and so forth so that's from a certain + + align:start position:0% +on and so forth so that's from a certain + + + align:start position:0% +on and so forth so that's from a certain +perspective a little bit orthogonal to + + align:start position:0% +perspective a little bit orthogonal to + + + align:start position:0% +perspective a little bit orthogonal to +the contribution of the paper which is + + align:start position:0% +the contribution of the paper which is + + + align:start position:0% +the contribution of the paper which is +toine those data EX filtrations in the + + align:start position:0% +toine those data EX filtrations in the + + + align:start position:0% +toine those data EX filtrations in the +first place and so um in the evaluation + + align:start position:0% +first place and so um in the evaluation + + + align:start position:0% +first place and so um in the evaluation +section for the paper they discuss some + + align:start position:0% +section for the paper they discuss some + + + align:start position:0% +section for the paper they discuss some +of the things that they found um they do + + align:start position:0% +of the things that they found um they do + + + align:start position:0% +of the things that they found um they do +find that uh Android applications will + + align:start position:0% +find that uh Android applications will + + + align:start position:0% +find that uh Android applications will +try to exfiltrate data in ways that were + + align:start position:0% +try to exfiltrate data in ways that were + + + align:start position:0% +try to exfiltrate data in ways that were +not exposed to the user um so for + + align:start position:0% +not exposed to the user um so for + + + align:start position:0% +not exposed to the user um so for +example they will try to use your + + align:start position:0% +example they will try to use your + + + align:start position:0% +example they will try to use your +location for advertisements um they will + + align:start position:0% +location for advertisements um they will + + + align:start position:0% +location for advertisements um they will +send your a phone number or things like + + align:start position:0% +send your a phone number or things like + + + align:start position:0% +send your a phone number or things like +this to remote servers you know and once + + align:start position:0% +this to remote servers you know and once + + + align:start position:0% +this to remote servers you know and once +again it's important to note that these + + align:start position:0% +again it's important to note that these + + + align:start position:0% +again it's important to note that these +applications uh typically they weren't + + align:start position:0% +applications uh typically they weren't + + + align:start position:0% +applications uh typically they weren't +uh sort of breaking the Android security + + align:start position:0% +uh sort of breaking the Android security + + + align:start position:0% +uh sort of breaking the Android security +model in the sense that the user had + + align:start position:0% +model in the sense that the user had + + + align:start position:0% +model in the sense that the user had +allowed these applications with access + + align:start position:0% +allowed these applications with access + + + align:start position:0% +allowed these applications with access +to the network for example or they had + + align:start position:0% +to the network for example or they had + + + align:start position:0% +to the network for example or they had +allowed these applications to have + + align:start position:0% +allowed these applications to have + + + align:start position:0% +allowed these applications to have +access to things like your contact list + + align:start position:0% +access to things like your contact list + + + align:start position:0% +access to things like your contact list +however um the applications did not + + align:start position:0% +however um the applications did not + + + align:start position:0% +however um the applications did not +exposeed to the user in the in the ula + + align:start position:0% +exposeed to the user in the in the ula + + + align:start position:0% +exposeed to the user in the in the ula +in the enduser license agreement that + + align:start position:0% +in the enduser license agreement that + + + align:start position:0% +in the enduser license agreement that +hey I'm going to take your phone number + + align:start position:0% +hey I'm going to take your phone number + + + align:start position:0% +hey I'm going to take your phone number +and actually send it to you know some + + align:start position:0% +and actually send it to you know some + + + align:start position:0% +and actually send it to you know some +server um you know on Silk Road 8 or + + align:start position:0% +server um you know on Silk Road 8 or + + + align:start position:0% +server um you know on Silk Road 8 or +whatever and so that's actually + + align:start position:0% +whatever and so that's actually + + + align:start position:0% +whatever and so that's actually +misleading and deceptive because most + + align:start position:0% +misleading and deceptive because most + + + align:start position:0% +misleading and deceptive because most +users if they they'd actually seen that + + align:start position:0% +users if they they'd actually seen that + + + align:start position:0% +users if they they'd actually seen that +in the UL or they known that was + + align:start position:0% +in the UL or they known that was + + + align:start position:0% +in the UL or they known that was +happening they might have at least sort + + align:start position:0% +happening they might have at least sort + + + align:start position:0% +happening they might have at least sort +of had a sort of second thought about + + align:start position:0% +of had a sort of second thought about + + + align:start position:0% +of had a sort of second thought about +whether they want to install this + + align:start position:0% +whether they want to install this + + + align:start position:0% +whether they want to install this +application or not is it reasonable to + + align:start position:0% +application or not is it reasonable to + + + align:start position:0% +application or not is it reasonable to +kind of guess that even if they put it + + align:start position:0% +kind of guess that even if they put it + + + align:start position:0% +kind of guess that even if they put it +in the UL that that's not really worth + + align:start position:0% +in the UL that that's not really worth + + + align:start position:0% +in the UL that that's not really worth +it because people never read those yes + + align:start position:0% +it because people never read those yes + + + align:start position:0% +it because people never read those yes +it is in fact quite reasonable to assume + + align:start position:0% +it is in fact quite reasonable to assume + + + align:start position:0% +it is in fact quite reasonable to assume +that uh so even well-trained computer + + align:start position:0% +that uh so even well-trained computer + + + align:start position:0% +that uh so even well-trained computer +scientists like myself do not always + + align:start position:0% +scientists like myself do not always + + + align:start position:0% +scientists like myself do not always +check out the UL because it's like you + + align:start position:0% +check out the UL because it's like you + + + align:start position:0% +check out the UL because it's like you +know you got to have Flappy Bird so what + + align:start position:0% +know you got to have Flappy Bird so what + + + align:start position:0% +know you got to have Flappy Bird so what +are you going to do um I think though + + align:start position:0% +are you going to do um I think though + + + align:start position:0% +are you going to do um I think though +that what is useful though and this is + + align:start position:0% +that what is useful though and this is + + + align:start position:0% +that what is useful though and this is +kind of spiritually unsatisfying but + + align:start position:0% +kind of spiritually unsatisfying but + + + align:start position:0% +kind of spiritually unsatisfying but +useful in practice is that if it is put + + align:start position:0% +useful in practice is that if it is put + + + align:start position:0% +useful in practice is that if it is put +in the Ula then maybe there will be like + + align:start position:0% +in the Ula then maybe there will be like + + + align:start position:0% +in the Ula then maybe there will be like +some virtuous individuals who do + + align:start position:0% +some virtuous individuals who do + + + align:start position:0% +some virtuous individuals who do +actually read the Ula right that's right + + align:start position:0% +actually read the Ula right that's right + + + align:start position:0% +actually read the Ula right that's right +that's right yes maybe like you know + + align:start position:0% +that's right yes maybe like you know + + + align:start position:0% +that's right yes maybe like you know +Consumer Reports or some moral + + align:start position:0% +Consumer Reports or some moral + + + align:start position:0% +Consumer Reports or some moral +equivalent will say we're actually our + + align:start position:0% +equivalent will say we're actually our + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent will say we're actually our +job is to read ulas and by the way you + + align:start position:0% +job is to read ulas and by the way you + + + align:start position:0% +job is to read ulas and by the way you +shouldn't download this app but you're + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't download this app but you're + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't download this app but you're +exactly correct that relying on users to + + align:start position:0% +exactly correct that relying on users to + + + align:start position:0% +exactly correct that relying on users to +read like pages of tiny print is basic + + align:start position:0% +read like pages of tiny print is basic + + + align:start position:0% +read like pages of tiny print is basic +they're not going to do they're going to + + align:start position:0% +they're not going to do they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +they're not going to do they're going to +hit next and then keep on + + align:start position:0% +hit next and then keep on + + + align:start position:0% +hit next and then keep on +going uh okay so any questions up to + + align:start position:0% +going uh okay so any questions up to + + + align:start position:0% +going uh okay so any questions up to +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +point so I think that + + align:start position:0% +point so I think that + + + align:start position:0% +point so I think that +uh the rules for how information flows + + align:start position:0% +uh the rules for how information flows + + + align:start position:0% +uh the rules for how information flows +to the system are fairly straightforward + + align:start position:0% +to the system are fairly straightforward + + + align:start position:0% +to the system are fairly straightforward +so as we were discussing it's basically + + align:start position:0% +so as we were discussing it's basically + + + align:start position:0% +so as we were discussing it's basically +taint from the right hand side goes to + + align:start position:0% +taint from the right hand side goes to + + + align:start position:0% +taint from the right hand side goes to +the left hand side uh sometimes though + + align:start position:0% +the left hand side uh sometimes though + + + align:start position:0% +the left hand side uh sometimes though +these information flow rules can have + + align:start position:0% +these information flow rules can have + + + align:start position:0% +these information flow rules can have +somewhat counterintuitive results so + + align:start position:0% +somewhat counterintuitive results so + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat counterintuitive results so +imagine that an application is going to + + align:start position:0% +imagine that an application is going to + + + align:start position:0% +imagine that an application is going to +implement its own uh linked list class + + align:start position:0% +implement its own uh linked list class + + + align:start position:0% +implement its own uh linked list class +so you know it's going to + + align:start position:0% +so you know it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +so you know it's going to +Define uh some simple class of here + + align:start position:0% +Define uh some simple class of here + + + align:start position:0% +Define uh some simple class of here +called list node maybe it's going to + + align:start position:0% +called list node maybe it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +called list node maybe it's going to +have uh an object field for + + align:start position:0% +have uh an object field for + + + align:start position:0% +have uh an object field for +data and then it will have uh list node + + align:start position:0% +data and then it will have uh list node + + + align:start position:0% +data and then it will have uh list node +object which represents + + align:start position:0% +object which represents + + + align:start position:0% +object which represents +the you know the next thing in the L in + + align:start position:0% +the you know the next thing in the L in + + + align:start position:0% +the you know the next thing in the L in +the link + + align:start position:0% +the link + + + align:start position:0% +the link +list so suppose that the application + + align:start position:0% +list so suppose that the application + + + align:start position:0% +list so suppose that the application +assigns some tainted data to this object + + align:start position:0% +assigns some tainted data to this object + + + align:start position:0% +assigns some tainted data to this object +uh to to to this field here right some + + align:start position:0% +uh to to to this field here right some + + + align:start position:0% +uh to to to this field here right some +sensitive data derived from the GPS or + + align:start position:0% +sensitive data derived from the GPS or + + + align:start position:0% +sensitive data derived from the GPS or +whatever so one question you might have + + align:start position:0% +whatever so one question you might have + + + align:start position:0% +whatever so one question you might have +is what happens when we calculate the + + align:start position:0% +is what happens when we calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +is what happens when we calculate the +length for this list should the length + + align:start position:0% +length for this list should the length + + + align:start position:0% +length for this list should the length +of the list be + + align:start position:0% +of the list be + + + align:start position:0% +of the list be +tainted and so it may strike you as a + + align:start position:0% +tainted and so it may strike you as a + + + align:start position:0% +tainted and so it may strike you as a +bit counterintuitive that the the answer + + align:start position:0% +bit counterintuitive that the the answer + + + align:start position:0% +bit counterintuitive that the the answer +is is probably no at least in the way + + align:start position:0% +is is probably no at least in the way + + + align:start position:0% +is is probably no at least in the way +that uh Tain Droid and a lot of these + + align:start position:0% +that uh Tain Droid and a lot of these + + + align:start position:0% +that uh Tain Droid and a lot of these +systems Define information flow so what + + align:start position:0% +systems Define information flow so what + + + align:start position:0% +systems Define information flow so what +does it mean to um to add a + + align:start position:0% +does it mean to um to add a + + + align:start position:0% +does it mean to um to add a +node to the link + + align:start position:0% +node to the link + + + align:start position:0% +node to the link +list so it basically means uh three + + align:start position:0% +list so it basically means uh three + + + align:start position:0% +list so it basically means uh three +things so the first thing you do is you + + align:start position:0% +things so the first thing you do is you + + + align:start position:0% +things so the first thing you do is you +allocate um a new list + + align:start position:0% +allocate um a new list + + + align:start position:0% +allocate um a new list +node to contain this new data that you + + align:start position:0% +node to contain this new data that you + + + align:start position:0% +node to contain this new data that you +want to add and then the second thing + + align:start position:0% +want to add and then the second thing + + + align:start position:0% +want to add and then the second thing +you do is that you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +assign to the data field of this new + + align:start position:0% +assign to the data field of this new + + + align:start position:0% +assign to the data field of this new +node and then the third thing that you + + align:start position:0% +node and then the third thing that you + + + align:start position:0% +node and then the third thing that you +do is you uh you do some type of patch + + align:start position:0% +do is you uh you do some type of patch + + + align:start position:0% +do is you uh you do some type of patch +up of the next + + align:start position:0% +up of the next + + + align:start position:0% +up of the next +pointers to to actually splice the node + + align:start position:0% +pointers to to actually splice the node + + + align:start position:0% +pointers to to actually splice the node +uh into the + + align:start position:0% +uh into the + + + align:start position:0% +uh into the +list and so what's interesting is that + + align:start position:0% +list and so what's interesting is that + + + align:start position:0% +list and so what's interesting is that +this step here doesn't actually involve + + align:start position:0% +this step here doesn't actually involve + + + align:start position:0% +this step here doesn't actually involve +the data field at all right so you're + + align:start position:0% +the data field at all right so you're + + + align:start position:0% +the data field at all right so you're +just looking at these next values right + + align:start position:0% +just looking at these next values right + + + align:start position:0% +just looking at these next values right +and so what's interesting is that since + + align:start position:0% +and so what's interesting is that since + + + align:start position:0% +and so what's interesting is that since +only um these data objects are tainted + + align:start position:0% +only um these data objects are tainted + + + align:start position:0% +only um these data objects are tainted +um how do we calculate the length of the + + align:start position:0% +um how do we calculate the length of the + + + align:start position:0% +um how do we calculate the length of the +list where we basically start from some + + align:start position:0% +list where we basically start from some + + + align:start position:0% +list where we basically start from some +head node then we Traverse these next + + align:start position:0% +head node then we Traverse these next + + + align:start position:0% +head node then we Traverse these next +pointers then count how many we + + align:start position:0% +pointers then count how many we + + + align:start position:0% +pointers then count how many we +traversed and so that algorithm is not + + align:start position:0% +traversed and so that algorithm is not + + + align:start position:0% +traversed and so that algorithm is not +going to touch the taint of data at all + + align:start position:0% +going to touch the taint of data at all + + + align:start position:0% +going to touch the taint of data at all +and so interestingly even if you have a + + align:start position:0% +and so interestingly even if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +and so interestingly even if you have a +linked list that's filled with um sort + + align:start position:0% +linked list that's filled with um sort + + + align:start position:0% +linked list that's filled with um sort +of Tainted data then just calculating + + align:start position:0% +of Tainted data then just calculating + + + align:start position:0% +of Tainted data then just calculating +the the length of that list won't + + align:start position:0% +the the length of that list won't + + + align:start position:0% +the the length of that list won't +actually result in the generation of a + + align:start position:0% +actually result in the generation of a + + + align:start position:0% +actually result in the generation of a +value that is Tainted at all so does + + align:start position:0% +value that is Tainted at all so does + + + align:start position:0% +value that is Tainted at all so does +that make sense so that that may seem a + + align:start position:0% +that make sense so that that may seem a + + + align:start position:0% +that make sense so that that may seem a +little bit counterintuitive and and this + + align:start position:0% +little bit counterintuitive and and this + + + align:start position:0% +little bit counterintuitive and and this +is one reason why for example like when + + align:start position:0% +is one reason why for example like when + + + align:start position:0% +is one reason why for example like when +we talking about the array for example + + align:start position:0% +we talking about the array for example + + + align:start position:0% +we talking about the array for example +like they don't they say that the ray. + + align:start position:0% +like they don't they say that the ray. + + + align:start position:0% +like they don't they say that the ray. +length we're not going to generate any + + align:start position:0% +length we're not going to generate any + + + align:start position:0% +length we're not going to generate any +taint for that and it's because of of of + + align:start position:0% +taint for that and it's because of of of + + + align:start position:0% +taint for that and it's because of of of +reasons like + + align:start position:0% +reasons like + + + align:start position:0% +reasons like +this so if you wanted uh uh more how to + + align:start position:0% +this so if you wanted uh uh more how to + + + align:start position:0% +this so if you wanted uh uh more how to +say a stronger Assurance about not + + align:start position:0% +say a stronger Assurance about not + + + align:start position:0% +say a stronger Assurance about not +stronger Assurance but if if you + + align:start position:0% +stronger Assurance but if if you + + + align:start position:0% +stronger Assurance but if if you +actually wanted calculating the uh + + align:start position:0% +actually wanted calculating the uh + + + align:start position:0% +actually wanted calculating the uh +length of the list to generate a tainted + + align:start position:0% +length of the list to generate a tainted + + + align:start position:0% +length of the list to generate a tainted +value well you could imagine that your + + align:start position:0% +value well you could imagine that your + + + align:start position:0% +value well you could imagine that your +your implementation it's a bit goofy but + + align:start position:0% +your implementation it's a bit goofy but + + + align:start position:0% +your implementation it's a bit goofy but +you could just decide to touch data for + + align:start position:0% +you could just decide to touch data for + + + align:start position:0% +you could just decide to touch data for +some for no real semantic reason other + + align:start position:0% +some for no real semantic reason other + + + align:start position:0% +some for no real semantic reason other +than to generate taint um in the + + align:start position:0% +than to generate taint um in the + + + align:start position:0% +than to generate taint um in the +resulting length or as I'll discuss + + align:start position:0% +resulting length or as I'll discuss + + + align:start position:0% +resulting length or as I'll discuss +towards the end of the lecture you could + + align:start position:0% +towards the end of the lecture you could + + + align:start position:0% +towards the end of the lecture you could +actually use a language which allows uh + + align:start position:0% +actually use a language which allows uh + + + align:start position:0% +actually use a language which allows uh +you the programmer to Define your own + + align:start position:0% +you the programmer to Define your own + + + align:start position:0% +you the programmer to Define your own +types of taint right and then you can + + align:start position:0% +types of taint right and then you can + + + align:start position:0% +types of taint right and then you can +actually Define your own policies for + + align:start position:0% +actually Define your own policies for + + + align:start position:0% +actually Define your own policies for +things like this right so one nice thing + + align:start position:0% +things like this right so one nice thing + + + align:start position:0% +things like this right so one nice thing +about Tain Droid is that you as a + + align:start position:0% +about Tain Droid is that you as a + + + align:start position:0% +about Tain Droid is that you as a +developer you don't have to label + + align:start position:0% +developer you don't have to label + + + align:start position:0% +developer you don't have to label +anything Tain Droid basically does that + + align:start position:0% +anything Tain Droid basically does that + + + align:start position:0% +anything Tain Droid basically does that +for you it says here's all the sensitive + + align:start position:0% +for you it says here's all the sensitive + + + align:start position:0% +for you it says here's all the sensitive +stuff that can be a source here's all + + align:start position:0% +stuff that can be a source here's all + + + align:start position:0% +stuff that can be a source here's all +the sensitive stuff that can be a sync + + align:start position:0% +the sensitive stuff that can be a sync + + + align:start position:0% +the sensitive stuff that can be a sync +you as a developer you're ready to go + + align:start position:0% +you as a developer you're ready to go + + + align:start position:0% +you as a developer you're ready to go +but if you want that finer grain control + + align:start position:0% +but if you want that finer grain control + + + align:start position:0% +but if you want that finer grain control +you might have to implement some of + + align:start position:0% +you might have to implement some of + + + align:start position:0% +you might have to implement some of +those policies + + align:start position:0% +those policies + + + align:start position:0% +those policies +yourself uh all right + + align:start position:0% +yourself uh all right + + + align:start position:0% +yourself uh all right +so in terms of + + align:start position:0% +so in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +so in terms of +uh the performance overhead of Tain + + align:start position:0% +uh the performance overhead of Tain + + + align:start position:0% +uh the performance overhead of Tain +Droid what does that look + + align:start position:0% +Droid what does that look + + + align:start position:0% +Droid what does that look +like and so the overheads actually seem + + align:start position:0% +like and so the overheads actually seem + + + align:start position:0% +like and so the overheads actually seem +to be pretty pretty reasonable so + + align:start position:0% +to be pretty pretty reasonable so + + + align:start position:0% +to be pretty pretty reasonable so +there's going to be a memory overhead + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be a memory overhead + + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be a memory overhead +and that's the memory overhead + + align:start position:0% +and that's the memory overhead + + + align:start position:0% +and that's the memory overhead +essentially of storing all of these uh + + align:start position:0% +essentially of storing all of these uh + + + align:start position:0% +essentially of storing all of these uh +taint tags all right and so there's + + align:start position:0% +taint tags all right and so there's + + + align:start position:0% +taint tags all right and so there's +going to be a CPU overhead + + align:start position:0% +going to be a CPU overhead + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a CPU overhead +and this is basically to assign and + + align:start position:0% +and this is basically to assign and + + + align:start position:0% +and this is basically to assign and +propagate and check um those taints + + align:start position:0% +propagate and check um those taints + + + align:start position:0% +propagate and check um those taints +those taint calculations and that's + + align:start position:0% +those taint calculations and that's + + + align:start position:0% +those taint calculations and that's +because of overhead like here right so + + align:start position:0% +because of overhead like here right so + + + align:start position:0% +because of overhead like here right so +so in The Interpreter Loop for the doic + + align:start position:0% +so in The Interpreter Loop for the doic + + + align:start position:0% +so in The Interpreter Loop for the doic +VM we're actually doing additional work + + align:start position:0% +VM we're actually doing additional work + + + align:start position:0% +VM we're actually doing additional work +so when we looking at this Source we're + + align:start position:0% +so when we looking at this Source we're + + + align:start position:0% +so when we looking at this Source we're +looking at this uh 32-bit taint + + align:start position:0% +looking at this uh 32-bit taint + + + align:start position:0% +looking at this uh 32-bit taint +information we're doing um the the or + + align:start position:0% +information we're doing um the the or + + + align:start position:0% +information we're doing um the the or +operations that we've discussed before + + align:start position:0% +operations that we've discussed before + + + align:start position:0% +operations that we've discussed before +and so on and so forth so that's + + align:start position:0% +and so on and so forth so that's + + + align:start position:0% +and so on and so forth so that's +computational overhead um and these + + align:start position:0% +computational overhead um and these + + + align:start position:0% +computational overhead um and these +overheads actually seem to be pretty + + align:start position:0% +overheads actually seem to be pretty + + + align:start position:0% +overheads actually seem to be pretty +moderate so for memory the author's + + align:start position:0% +moderate so for memory the author's + + + align:start position:0% +moderate so for memory the author's +report + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +about 3 to 5% in terms of the extra uh + + align:start position:0% +about 3 to 5% in terms of the extra uh + + + align:start position:0% +about 3 to 5% in terms of the extra uh +RAM space you need to store those taint + + align:start position:0% +RAM space you need to store those taint + + + align:start position:0% +RAM space you need to store those taint +tax that's that's not too bad um the CPU + + align:start position:0% +tax that's that's not too bad um the CPU + + + align:start position:0% +tax that's that's not too bad um the CPU +overhead is is higher uh which I think + + align:start position:0% +overhead is is higher uh which I think + + + align:start position:0% +overhead is is higher uh which I think +makes sense so they report somewhere + + align:start position:0% +makes sense so they report somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +makes sense so they report somewhere +between let's say three and about + + align:start position:0% +between let's say three and about + + + align:start position:0% +between let's say three and about +29 uh% uh CPU overhead and the reason + + align:start position:0% +29 uh% uh CPU overhead and the reason + + + align:start position:0% +29 uh% uh CPU overhead and the reason +why I think it's reasonable to see why + + align:start position:0% +why I think it's reasonable to see why + + + align:start position:0% +why I think it's reasonable to see why +that's higher is because you can imagine + + align:start position:0% +that's higher is because you can imagine + + + align:start position:0% +that's higher is because you can imagine +that you know every time you're stepping + + align:start position:0% +that you know every time you're stepping + + + align:start position:0% +that you know every time you're stepping +to The Interpreter Loop you're having to + + align:start position:0% +to The Interpreter Loop you're having to + + + align:start position:0% +to The Interpreter Loop you're having to +look at these tags and do some + + align:start position:0% +look at these tags and do some + + + align:start position:0% +look at these tags and do some +operations and so even though it is um + + align:start position:0% +operations and so even though it is um + + + align:start position:0% +operations and so even though it is um +all of these bitwise operations you have + + align:start position:0% +all of these bitwise operations you have + + + align:start position:0% +all of these bitwise operations you have +to do that all the time right that seems + + align:start position:0% +to do that all the time right that seems + + + align:start position:0% +to do that all the time right that seems +like that's going to be a bit painful + + align:start position:0% +like that's going to be a bit painful + + + align:start position:0% +like that's going to be a bit painful +whereas H you know basically the + + align:start position:0% +whereas H you know basically the + + + align:start position:0% +whereas H you know basically the +overhead for this okay so you put you + + align:start position:0% +overhead for this okay so you put you + + + align:start position:0% +overhead for this okay so you put you +know a couple extra integers in memory + + align:start position:0% +know a couple extra integers in memory + + + align:start position:0% +know a couple extra integers in memory +somewhere it doesn't seem maybe too + + align:start position:0% +somewhere it doesn't seem maybe too + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere it doesn't seem maybe too +bad so even on this highend + + align:start position:0% +bad so even on this highend + + + align:start position:0% +bad so even on this highend +29% in of itself maybe that's okay + + align:start position:0% +29% in of itself maybe that's okay + + + align:start position:0% +29% in of itself maybe that's okay +because you know uh Silicon Valley keeps + + align:start position:0% +because you know uh Silicon Valley keeps + + + align:start position:0% +because you know uh Silicon Valley keeps +telling us that we need phones that have + + align:start position:0% +telling us that we need phones that have + + + align:start position:0% +telling us that we need phones that have +like quad cores or whatnot so probably + + align:start position:0% +like quad cores or whatnot so probably + + + align:start position:0% +like quad cores or whatnot so probably +have a lot of spare Cycles sitting + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of spare Cycles sitting + + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of spare Cycles sitting +around so maybe that's not all that + + align:start position:0% +around so maybe that's not all that + + + align:start position:0% +around so maybe that's not all that +crushing although there might be a + + align:start position:0% +crushing although there might be a + + + align:start position:0% +crushing although there might be a +problem with battery life right so even + + align:start position:0% +problem with battery life right so even + + + align:start position:0% +problem with battery life right so even +if you have these extra cores you might + + align:start position:0% +if you have these extra cores you might + + + align:start position:0% +if you have these extra cores you might +not want your phone getting hot in your + + align:start position:0% +not want your phone getting hot in your + + + align:start position:0% +not want your phone getting hot in your +pocket it's just sitting there just sort + + align:start position:0% +pocket it's just sitting there just sort + + + align:start position:0% +pocket it's just sitting there just sort +of a turning on calculating some of this + + align:start position:0% +of a turning on calculating some of this + + + align:start position:0% +of a turning on calculating some of this +stuff um so I think for here this the + + align:start position:0% +stuff um so I think for here this the + + + align:start position:0% +stuff um so I think for here this the +main issue here would be if this is bad + + align:start position:0% +main issue here would be if this is bad + + + align:start position:0% +main issue here would be if this is bad +for your battery right if it's not bad + + align:start position:0% +for your battery right if it's not bad + + + align:start position:0% +for your battery right if it's not bad +for your battery then probably even at + + align:start position:0% +for your battery then probably even at + + + align:start position:0% +for your battery then probably even at +that high and that that may not be that + + align:start position:0% +that high and that that may not be that + + + align:start position:0% +that high and that that may not be that +bad + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so that is essentially an + + align:start position:0% +all right so that is essentially an + + + align:start position:0% +all right so that is essentially an +overview of how um taint Droid Works any + + align:start position:0% +overview of how um taint Droid Works any + + + align:start position:0% +overview of how um taint Droid Works any +more questions + + align:start position:0% +more questions + + + align:start position:0% +more questions +before um so that's also has + + align:start position:0% +before um so that's also has + + + align:start position:0% +before um so that's also has +zero do you attack every variable or + + align:start position:0% +zero do you attack every variable or + + + align:start position:0% +zero do you attack every variable or +only that have oh that's good question + + align:start position:0% +only that have oh that's good question + + + align:start position:0% +only that have oh that's good question +yeah so you basically you tag everything + + align:start position:0% +yeah so you basically you tag everything + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so you basically you tag everything +yeah and + + align:start position:0% +yeah and + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and +so in theory there's nothing that + + align:start position:0% +so in theory there's nothing that + + + align:start position:0% +so in theory there's nothing that +prevents you from implicit from from not + + align:start position:0% +prevents you from implicit from from not + + + align:start position:0% +prevents you from implicit from from not +allocating any Tain information for + + align:start position:0% +allocating any Tain information for + + + align:start position:0% +allocating any Tain information for +stuff that has no taint at all I think + + align:start position:0% +stuff that has no taint at all I think + + + align:start position:0% +stuff that has no taint at all I think +the problem though is that uh then you + + align:start position:0% +the problem though is that uh then you + + + align:start position:0% +the problem though is that uh then you +know once something gains even one one + + align:start position:0% +know once something gains even one one + + + align:start position:0% +know once something gains even one one +bit of taint then you'd have to do like + + align:start position:0% +bit of taint then you'd have to do like + + + align:start position:0% +bit of taint then you'd have to do like +Dynamic sort of layout changes you know + + align:start position:0% +Dynamic sort of layout changes you know + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamic sort of layout changes you know +so so what if on the stack um this local + + align:start position:0% +so so what if on the stack um this local + + + align:start position:0% +so so what if on the stack um this local +here didn't have any taint so now you + + align:start position:0% +here didn't have any taint so now you + + + align:start position:0% +here didn't have any taint so now you +allocate things like this then it does + + align:start position:0% +allocate things like this then it does + + + align:start position:0% +allocate things like this then it does +get taint are you going to have that + + align:start position:0% +get taint are you going to have that + + + align:start position:0% +get taint are you going to have that +extra taint flag live on the Heap or you + + align:start position:0% +extra taint flag live on the Heap or you + + + align:start position:0% +extra taint flag live on the Heap or you +going to somehow like rewrite the stack + + align:start position:0% +going to somehow like rewrite the stack + + + align:start position:0% +going to somehow like rewrite the stack +and then somehow make your code um sort + + align:start position:0% +and then somehow make your code um sort + + + align:start position:0% +and then somehow make your code um sort +of understand how that works so in + + align:start position:0% +of understand how that works so in + + + align:start position:0% +of understand how that works so in +practice um these systems typically use + + align:start position:0% +practice um these systems typically use + + + align:start position:0% +practice um these systems typically use +what's known as like Shadow memory + + align:start position:0% +what's known as like Shadow memory + + + align:start position:0% +what's known as like Shadow memory +somehow so every every bite + + align:start position:0% +somehow so every every bite + + + align:start position:0% +somehow so every every bite +in the application is sort of backed up + + align:start position:0% +in the application is sort of backed up + + + align:start position:0% +in the application is sort of backed up +by some bite of extra information + + align:start position:0% +by some bite of extra information + + + align:start position:0% +by some bite of extra information +somewhere and in the case of Tain Droid + + align:start position:0% +somewhere and in the case of Tain Droid + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere and in the case of Tain Droid +that shadow memory actually lives + + align:start position:0% +that shadow memory actually lives + + + align:start position:0% +that shadow memory actually lives +alongside of the actual variables itself + + align:start position:0% +alongside of the actual variables itself + + + align:start position:0% +alongside of the actual variables itself +you have another + + align:start position:0% +you have another + + + align:start position:0% +you have another +question good Okay cool so so yeah so + + align:start position:0% +question good Okay cool so so yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +question good Okay cool so so yeah so +this this system essentially tracks + + align:start position:0% +this this system essentially tracks + + + align:start position:0% +this this system essentially tracks +information at the level of these um + + align:start position:0% +information at the level of these um + + + align:start position:0% +information at the level of these um +highlevel dovic VM + + align:start position:0% +highlevel dovic VM + + + align:start position:0% +highlevel dovic VM +instructions so one thing you might + + align:start position:0% +instructions so one thing you might + + + align:start position:0% +instructions so one thing you might +think to yourself is could we + + align:start position:0% +think to yourself is could we + + + align:start position:0% +think to yourself is could we +um track + + align:start position:0% +um track + + + align:start position:0% +um track +taint at the level of uh x86 + + align:start position:0% +taint at the level of uh x86 + + + align:start position:0% +taint at the level of uh x86 +instructions or maybe uh arm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +instructions so one reason why that + + align:start position:0% +instructions so one reason why that + + + align:start position:0% +instructions so one reason why that +might be useful is because then we could + + align:start position:0% +might be useful is because then we could + + + align:start position:0% +might be useful is because then we could +actually understand how information + + align:start position:0% +actually understand how information + + + align:start position:0% +actually understand how information +flows through arbitrary applications not + + align:start position:0% +flows through arbitrary applications not + + + align:start position:0% +flows through arbitrary applications not +just ones that are sort of running + + align:start position:0% +just ones that are sort of running + + + align:start position:0% +just ones that are sort of running +inside this tricked out VM that you know + + align:start position:0% +inside this tricked out VM that you know + + + align:start position:0% +inside this tricked out VM that you know +requires you to run Java and so on and + + align:start position:0% +requires you to run Java and so on and + + + align:start position:0% +requires you to run Java and so on and +so forth so why not TR uh track a taint + + align:start position:0% +so forth so why not TR uh track a taint + + + align:start position:0% +so forth so why not TR uh track a taint +at that level and so it turns out that + + align:start position:0% +at that level and so it turns out that + + + align:start position:0% +at that level and so it turns out that +you can in fact do that so there are + + align:start position:0% +you can in fact do that so there are + + + align:start position:0% +you can in fact do that so there are +projects that have looked at at tracking + + align:start position:0% +projects that have looked at at tracking + + + align:start position:0% +projects that have looked at at tracking +taint at this at this lower level and so + + align:start position:0% +taint at this at this lower level and so + + + align:start position:0% +taint at this at this lower level and so +what's nice is that you maybe get that + + align:start position:0% +what's nice is that you maybe get that + + + align:start position:0% +what's nice is that you maybe get that +increased coverage you don't have to + + align:start position:0% +increased coverage you don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +increased coverage you don't have to +rely on these heris for uh how for + + align:start position:0% +rely on these heris for uh how for + + + align:start position:0% +rely on these heris for uh how for +example Java code interacts of native + + align:start position:0% +example Java code interacts of native + + + align:start position:0% +example Java code interacts of native +code methods it's all eventually going + + align:start position:0% +code methods it's all eventually going + + + align:start position:0% +code methods it's all eventually going +to result down to x86 instructions + + align:start position:0% +to result down to x86 instructions + + + align:start position:0% +to result down to x86 instructions +executing so that removes a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +executing so that removes a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +executing so that removes a lot of the +sort of manual effort that you as a + + align:start position:0% +sort of manual effort that you as a + + + align:start position:0% +sort of manual effort that you as a +developer have to do to sort of + + align:start position:0% +developer have to do to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +developer have to do to sort of +understand this the taint semantics of + + align:start position:0% +understand this the taint semantics of + + + align:start position:0% +understand this the taint semantics of +these native methods but the problems + + align:start position:0% +these native methods but the problems + + + align:start position:0% +these native methods but the problems +are that if we if we track at this low + + align:start position:0% +are that if we if we track at this low + + + align:start position:0% +are that if we if we track at this low +level um it can be very expensive to do + + align:start position:0% +level um it can be very expensive to do + + + align:start position:0% +level um it can be very expensive to do +this and you can also get a lot of um + + align:start position:0% +this and you can also get a lot of um + + + align:start position:0% +this and you can also get a lot of um +false + + align:start position:0% +false + + + align:start position:0% +false +positives so with respect to the expense + + align:start position:0% +positives so with respect to the expense + + + align:start position:0% +positives so with respect to the expense +um and there's also uh sort of this + + align:start position:0% +um and there's also uh sort of this + + + align:start position:0% +um and there's also uh sort of this +issue of + + align:start position:0% +issue of + + + align:start position:0% +issue of +correctness so as you may know x86 is an + + align:start position:0% +correctness so as you may know x86 is an + + + align:start position:0% +correctness so as you may know x86 is an +adversar complex instruction set so + + align:start position:0% +adversar complex instruction set so + + + align:start position:0% +adversar complex instruction set so +there's all kinds of crazy things that + + align:start position:0% +there's all kinds of crazy things that + + + align:start position:0% +there's all kinds of crazy things that +it can do I don't know if you've ever + + align:start position:0% +it can do I don't know if you've ever + + + align:start position:0% +it can do I don't know if you've ever +seen the x86 um instruction manuals + + align:start position:0% +seen the x86 um instruction manuals + + + align:start position:0% +seen the x86 um instruction manuals +they're huge and so like they'll have + + align:start position:0% +they're huge and so like they'll have + + + align:start position:0% +they're huge and so like they'll have +one huge manual that's this thick and + + align:start position:0% +one huge manual that's this thick and + + + align:start position:0% +one huge manual that's this thick and +then it'll say like this is instructions + + align:start position:0% +then it'll say like this is instructions + + + align:start position:0% +then it'll say like this is instructions +whose letters start with like M through + + align:start position:0% +whose letters start with like M through + + + align:start position:0% +whose letters start with like M through +P right and they'll be just like volume + + align:start position:0% +P right and they'll be just like volume + + + align:start position:0% +P right and they'll be just like volume +I'm serious about that and so and so + + align:start position:0% +I'm serious about that and so and so + + + align:start position:0% +I'm serious about that and so and so +it's actually pretty tricky to think + + align:start position:0% +it's actually pretty tricky to think + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually pretty tricky to think +about what it means to actually track + + align:start position:0% +about what it means to actually track + + + align:start position:0% +about what it means to actually track +taint at the level of x86 instruction + + align:start position:0% +taint at the level of x86 instruction + + + align:start position:0% +taint at the level of x86 instruction +right cuz even seemingly simple + + align:start position:0% +right cuz even seemingly simple + + + align:start position:0% +right cuz even seemingly simple +instructions like you know some types of + + align:start position:0% +instructions like you know some types of + + + align:start position:0% +instructions like you know some types of +AD they're setting all times types of + + align:start position:0% +AD they're setting all times types of + + + align:start position:0% +AD they're setting all times types of +internal processor registers and flags + + align:start position:0% +internal processor registers and flags + + + align:start position:0% +internal processor registers and flags +and things like that so it's very + + align:start position:0% +and things like that so it's very + + + align:start position:0% +and things like that so it's very +difficult to just you get this correct + + align:start position:0% +difficult to just you get this correct + + + align:start position:0% +difficult to just you get this correct +in the first place if you could do that + + align:start position:0% +in the first place if you could do that + + + align:start position:0% +in the first place if you could do that +it's also often times very expensive um + + align:start position:0% +it's also often times very expensive um + + + align:start position:0% +it's also often times very expensive um +because you're sort of looking at things + + align:start position:0% +because you're sort of looking at things + + + align:start position:0% +because you're sort of looking at things +at a very very low level so the amount + + align:start position:0% +at a very very low level so the amount + + + align:start position:0% +at a very very low level so the amount +of State you might have to track might + + align:start position:0% +of State you might have to track might + + + align:start position:0% +of State you might have to track might +get very large very quickly there might + + align:start position:0% +get very large very quickly there might + + + align:start position:0% +get very large very quickly there might +be a very expensive computational cost + + align:start position:0% +be a very expensive computational cost + + + align:start position:0% +be a very expensive computational cost +and yeah then there's this issue of + + align:start position:0% +and yeah then there's this issue of + + + align:start position:0% +and yeah then there's this issue of +false positives here and this is + + align:start position:0% +false positives here and this is + + + align:start position:0% +false positives here and this is +actually um pretty pretty devastating so + + align:start position:0% +actually um pretty pretty devastating so + + + align:start position:0% +actually um pretty pretty devastating so +if you you can get into bad problems uh + + align:start position:0% +if you you can get into bad problems uh + + + align:start position:0% +if you you can get into bad problems uh +if you ever uh have you know kernel + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +data that + + align:start position:0% +data that + + + align:start position:0% +data that +improperly uh gets + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tainted and if this + + align:start position:0% +tainted and if this + + + align:start position:0% +tainted and if this +happens right maybe because your + + align:start position:0% +happens right maybe because your + + + align:start position:0% +happens right maybe because your +infrastructure is trying to be ultra + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure is trying to be ultra + + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure is trying to be ultra +conservative so it doesn't want to miss + + align:start position:0% +conservative so it doesn't want to miss + + + align:start position:0% +conservative so it doesn't want to miss +anything so it says well I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +anything so it says well I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +anything so it says well I'm going to +air on the side of security and I'm + + align:start position:0% +air on the side of security and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +air on the side of security and I'm +going to taint some of this kernel data + + align:start position:0% +going to taint some of this kernel data + + + align:start position:0% +going to taint some of this kernel data +structures then what you get + + align:start position:0% +structures then what you get + + + align:start position:0% +structures then what you get +here is this exciting term that they + + align:start position:0% +here is this exciting term that they + + + align:start position:0% +here is this exciting term that they +call taint explosion so what this + + align:start position:0% +call taint explosion so what this + + + align:start position:0% +call taint explosion so what this +basically means is that at a certain + + align:start position:0% +basically means is that at a certain + + + align:start position:0% +basically means is that at a certain +point there are certain things that if + + align:start position:0% +point there are certain things that if + + + align:start position:0% +point there are certain things that if +they end up getting tainted they're + + align:start position:0% +they end up getting tainted they're + + + align:start position:0% +they end up getting tainted they're +involved in so many calculations that + + align:start position:0% +involved in so many calculations that + + + align:start position:0% +involved in so many calculations that +essentially everything in your program + + align:start position:0% +essentially everything in your program + + + align:start position:0% +essentially everything in your program +gets polluted it's like one of these + + align:start position:0% +gets polluted it's like one of these + + + align:start position:0% +gets polluted it's like one of these +things in like Dungeons and Dragons + + align:start position:0% +things in like Dungeons and Dragons + + + align:start position:0% +things in like Dungeons and Dragons +where you touch this evil thing then + + align:start position:0% +where you touch this evil thing then + + + align:start position:0% +where you touch this evil thing then +eventually just sort of death spreads + + align:start position:0% +eventually just sort of death spreads + + + align:start position:0% +eventually just sort of death spreads +throughout your body and so uh this is + + align:start position:0% +throughout your body and so uh this is + + + align:start position:0% +throughout your body and so uh this is +very very bad right because if you can't + + align:start position:0% +very very bad right because if you can't + + + align:start position:0% +very very bad right because if you can't +tightly constrain the way that taint + + align:start position:0% +tightly constrain the way that taint + + + align:start position:0% +tightly constrain the way that taint +flows through the system then eventually + + align:start position:0% +flows through the system then eventually + + + align:start position:0% +flows through the system then eventually +what's going to end up happening is that + + align:start position:0% +what's going to end up happening is that + + + align:start position:0% +what's going to end up happening is that +you let your system run for a while the + + align:start position:0% +you let your system run for a while the + + + align:start position:0% +you let your system run for a while the +system is going to say you can't do + + align:start position:0% +system is going to say you can't do + + + align:start position:0% +system is going to say you can't do +anything you can't send anything over + + align:start position:0% +anything you can't send anything over + + + align:start position:0% +anything you can't send anything over +the network you can't display anything + + align:start position:0% +the network you can't display anything + + + align:start position:0% +the network you can't display anything +to the screen because everything in your + + align:start position:0% +to the screen because everything in your + + + align:start position:0% +to the screen because everything in your +system seems like it's been tainted by + + align:start position:0% +system seems like it's been tainted by + + + align:start position:0% +system seems like it's been tainted by +some sensitive variable even if that's + + align:start position:0% +some sensitive variable even if that's + + + align:start position:0% +some sensitive variable even if that's +not the case and so one way that Um this + + align:start position:0% +not the case and so one way that Um this + + + align:start position:0% +not the case and so one way that Um this +can happen is if somehow um the stack + + align:start position:0% +can happen is if somehow um the stack + + + align:start position:0% +can happen is if somehow um the stack +pointer or the uh break + + align:start position:0% +pointer or the uh break + + + align:start position:0% +pointer or the uh break +pointer get + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tainted right if this happens you're + + align:start position:0% +tainted right if this happens you're + + + align:start position:0% +tainted right if this happens you're +probably in a world of hurt right + + align:start position:0% +probably in a world of hurt right + + + align:start position:0% +probably in a world of hurt right +because you can imagine that all of the + + align:start position:0% +because you can imagine that all of the + + + align:start position:0% +because you can imagine that all of the +instructions on x86 for example that um + + align:start position:0% +instructions on x86 for example that um + + + align:start position:0% +instructions on x86 for example that um +access the stack they all go through um + + align:start position:0% +access the stack they all go through um + + + align:start position:0% +access the stack they all go through um +ESP so if the stack register gets + + align:start position:0% +ESP so if the stack register gets + + + align:start position:0% +ESP so if the stack register gets +corrupted somehow that's bad uh if the + + align:start position:0% +corrupted somehow that's bad uh if the + + + align:start position:0% +corrupted somehow that's bad uh if the +breakpoint register gets bad you know a + + align:start position:0% +breakpoint register gets bad you know a + + + align:start position:0% +breakpoint register gets bad you know a +lot of times uh when you want to when + + align:start position:0% +lot of times uh when you want to when + + + align:start position:0% +lot of times uh when you want to when +your code wants to access local + + align:start position:0% +your code wants to access local + + + align:start position:0% +your code wants to access local +variables it has to go through the EVP + + align:start position:0% +variables it has to go through the EVP + + + align:start position:0% +variables it has to go through the EVP +indirectly and so if anything ever + + align:start position:0% +indirectly and so if anything ever + + + align:start position:0% +indirectly and so if anything ever +touches those in terms of taint it's + + align:start position:0% +touches those in terms of taint it's + + + align:start position:0% +touches those in terms of taint it's +basically game over um and so there's a + + align:start position:0% +basically game over um and so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +basically game over um and so there's a +link in the electron notes about a paper + + align:start position:0% +link in the electron notes about a paper + + + align:start position:0% +link in the electron notes about a paper +that analyzes some of this stuff and + + align:start position:0% +that analyzes some of this stuff and + + + align:start position:0% +that analyzes some of this stuff and +basically says that we have to be very + + align:start position:0% +basically says that we have to be very + + + align:start position:0% +basically says that we have to be very +careful when we do um Tain tracking at + + align:start position:0% +careful when we do um Tain tracking at + + + align:start position:0% +careful when we do um Tain tracking at +this low level because very quickly you + + align:start position:0% +this low level because very quickly you + + + align:start position:0% +this low level because very quickly you +know if you look at how this works in + + align:start position:0% +know if you look at how this works in + + + align:start position:0% +know if you look at how this works in +the Linux kernel there are certain + + align:start position:0% +the Linux kernel there are certain + + + align:start position:0% +the Linux kernel there are certain +optimizations the Linux kernel will do + + align:start position:0% +optimizations the Linux kernel will do + + + align:start position:0% +optimizations the Linux kernel will do +to make its code fast that will result + + align:start position:0% +to make its code fast that will result + + + align:start position:0% +to make its code fast that will result +unintentionally in like the break point + + align:start position:0% +unintentionally in like the break point + + + align:start position:0% +unintentionally in like the break point +or the stack pointer getting tainted and + + align:start position:0% +or the stack pointer getting tainted and + + + align:start position:0% +or the stack pointer getting tainted and +once that happens it's just you can't + + align:start position:0% +once that happens it's just you can't + + + align:start position:0% +once that happens it's just you can't +really do anything useful with a tank + + align:start position:0% +really do anything useful with a tank + + + align:start position:0% +really do anything useful with a tank +tracking system so how do you do you + + align:start position:0% +tracking system so how do you do you + + + align:start position:0% +tracking system so how do you do you +need architectural support compile + + align:start position:0% +need architectural support compile + + + align:start position:0% +need architectural support compile +programs yeah all these register CP yeah + + align:start position:0% +programs yeah all these register CP yeah + + + align:start position:0% +programs yeah all these register CP yeah +so so yeah so this right so so all those + + align:start position:0% +so so yeah so this right so so all those + + + align:start position:0% +so so yeah so this right so so all those +register SLS like that gets back to the + + align:start position:0% +register SLS like that gets back to the + + + align:start position:0% +register SLS like that gets back to the +correctness case right so unless you are + + align:start position:0% +correctness case right so unless you are + + + align:start position:0% +correctness case right so unless you are +very very good at understanding the x86 + + align:start position:0% +very very good at understanding the x86 + + + align:start position:0% +very very good at understanding the x86 +architecture there's going to be things + + align:start position:0% +architecture there's going to be things + + + align:start position:0% +architecture there's going to be things +that you miss now in terms of + + align:start position:0% +that you miss now in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +that you miss now in terms of +implementation level um how do you + + align:start position:0% +implementation level um how do you + + + align:start position:0% +implementation level um how do you +actually do this thing there's this um I + + align:start position:0% +actually do this thing there's this um I + + + align:start position:0% +actually do this thing there's this um I +think the most popular way I could be + + align:start position:0% +think the most popular way I could be + + + align:start position:0% +think the most popular way I could be +wrong about this but so when I say most + + align:start position:0% +wrong about this but so when I say most + + + align:start position:0% +wrong about this but so when I say most +popular the way that I know about + + align:start position:0% +popular the way that I know about + + + align:start position:0% +popular the way that I know about +because all knowledge is pral right + + align:start position:0% +because all knowledge is pral right + + + align:start position:0% +because all knowledge is pral right +uh there's this uh a system simulator + + align:start position:0% +uh there's this uh a system simulator + + + align:start position:0% +uh there's this uh a system simulator +called box uh I think it's spelled like + + align:start position:0% +called box uh I think it's spelled like + + + align:start position:0% +called box uh I think it's spelled like +uh like this and they actually have + + align:start position:0% +uh like this and they actually have + + + align:start position:0% +uh like this and they actually have +something called taint box which + + align:start position:0% +something called taint box which + + + align:start position:0% +something called taint box which +actually does x86 level emulation of + + align:start position:0% +actually does x86 level emulation of + + + align:start position:0% +actually does x86 level emulation of +flow and it's actually like an + + align:start position:0% +flow and it's actually like an + + + align:start position:0% +flow and it's actually like an +interpreter you can think of it as right + + align:start position:0% +interpreter you can think of it as right + + + align:start position:0% +interpreter you can think of it as right +so the so it's going to take your entire + + align:start position:0% +so the so it's going to take your entire + + + align:start position:0% +so the so it's going to take your entire +OS and all your applications and it's + + align:start position:0% +OS and all your applications and it's + + + align:start position:0% +OS and all your applications and it's +going to look at each x86 instruction + + align:start position:0% +going to look at each x86 instruction + + + align:start position:0% +going to look at each x86 instruction +and basically try to simulate um sort of + + align:start position:0% +and basically try to simulate um sort of + + + align:start position:0% +and basically try to simulate um sort of +what the hardware would do right so you + + align:start position:0% +what the hardware would do right so you + + + align:start position:0% +what the hardware would do right so you +can imagine this is very very slow um + + align:start position:0% +can imagine this is very very slow um + + + align:start position:0% +can imagine this is very very slow um +but what's nice about that is you don't + + align:start position:0% +but what's nice about that is you don't + + + align:start position:0% +but what's nice about that is you don't +require any hardware support and then + + align:start position:0% +require any hardware support and then + + + align:start position:0% +require any hardware support and then +it's relatively straightforward to um + + align:start position:0% +it's relatively straightforward to um + + + align:start position:0% +it's relatively straightforward to um +you know tweak your software model of + + align:start position:0% +you know tweak your software model of + + + align:start position:0% +you know tweak your software model of +how things work if you discover that you + + align:start position:0% +how things work if you discover that you + + + align:start position:0% +how things work if you discover that you +weren't tracking some register flag or + + align:start position:0% +weren't tracking some register flag or + + + align:start position:0% +weren't tracking some register flag or +something like that so the ideal + + align:start position:0% +something like that so the ideal + + + align:start position:0% +something like that so the ideal +solution would be + + align:start position:0% +solution would be + + + align:start position:0% +solution would be +architectur yeah uh so there have been + + align:start position:0% +architectur yeah uh so there have been + + + align:start position:0% +architectur yeah uh so there have been +techniques that do that too that gets a + + align:start position:0% +techniques that do that too that gets a + + + align:start position:0% +techniques that do that too that gets a +little bit subtle because for + + align:start position:0% +little bit subtle because for + + + align:start position:0% +little bit subtle because for +example you know here we've looked at + + align:start position:0% +example you know here we've looked at + + + align:start position:0% +example you know here we've looked at +how we've allocated uh the taint state + + align:start position:0% +how we've allocated uh the taint state + + + align:start position:0% +how we've allocated uh the taint state +next to the variables themselves so if + + align:start position:0% +next to the variables themselves so if + + + align:start position:0% +next to the variables themselves so if +you bake in that support into the + + align:start position:0% +you bake in that support into the + + + align:start position:0% +you bake in that support into the +hardware it can be very difficult to for + + align:start position:0% +hardware it can be very difficult to for + + + align:start position:0% +hardware it can be very difficult to for +example change the way you want the + + align:start position:0% +example change the way you want the + + + align:start position:0% +example change the way you want the +layout to work because then it's like + + align:start position:0% +layout to work because then it's like + + + align:start position:0% +layout to work because then it's like +baked into the Silicon but yeah you + + align:start position:0% +baked into the Silicon but yeah you + + + align:start position:0% +baked into the Silicon but yeah you +could imagine doing some of this but + + align:start position:0% +could imagine doing some of this but + + + align:start position:0% +could imagine doing some of this but +because at a high level + + align:start position:0% +because at a high level + + + align:start position:0% +because at a high level +um where do we have it so you know the + + align:start position:0% +um where do we have it so you know the + + + align:start position:0% +um where do we have it so you know the +dovic VM and taint Droid is executing + + align:start position:0% +dovic VM and taint Droid is executing + + + align:start position:0% +dovic VM and taint Droid is executing +these high level instructions and it's + + align:start position:0% +these high level instructions and it's + + + align:start position:0% +these high level instructions and it's +assigning taint at this level you can + + align:start position:0% +assigning taint at this level you can + + + align:start position:0% +assigning taint at this level you can +imagine doing that at the hardware level + + align:start position:0% +imagine doing that at the hardware level + + + align:start position:0% +imagine doing that at the hardware level +too right so actually inside the Silicon + + align:start position:0% +too right so actually inside the Silicon + + + align:start position:0% +too right so actually inside the Silicon +you you propagate taint that way so + + align:start position:0% +you you propagate taint that way so + + + align:start position:0% +you you propagate taint that way so +that's definitely possible as well + + align:start position:0% +that's definitely possible as well + + + align:start position:0% +that's definitely possible as well +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +question how does t Joy appear with + + align:start position:0% +question how does t Joy appear with + + + align:start position:0% +question how does t Joy appear with +information from branching and condition + + align:start position:0% +information from branching and condition + + + align:start position:0% +information from branching and condition +test ah we're going to get to that in a + + align:start position:0% +test ah we're going to get to that in a + + + align:start position:0% +test ah we're going to get to that in a +second yeah so just hold that thought + + align:start position:0% +second yeah so just hold that thought + + + align:start position:0% +second yeah so just hold that thought +we're going to get to that um I'm + + align:start position:0% +we're going to get to that um I'm + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to get to that um I'm +curious like how vulnerable is it to + + align:start position:0% +curious like how vulnerable is it to + + + align:start position:0% +curious like how vulnerable is it to +things like buff overflow because all + + align:start position:0% +things like buff overflow because all + + + align:start position:0% +things like buff overflow because all +the things are so nested + + align:start position:0% +the things are so nested + + + align:start position:0% +the things are so nested +together one + + align:start position:0% +together one + + + align:start position:0% +together one +element yes that's a good question so + + align:start position:0% +element yes that's a good question so + + + align:start position:0% +element yes that's a good question so +presumably one would hope that in a + + align:start position:0% +presumably one would hope that in a + + + align:start position:0% +presumably one would hope that in a +language like Java you know there are no + + align:start position:0% +language like Java you know there are no + + + align:start position:0% +language like Java you know there are no +buff right but uh you can imagine like + + align:start position:0% +buff right but uh you can imagine like + + + align:start position:0% +buff right but uh you can imagine like +in a language like C for example where + + align:start position:0% +in a language like C for example where + + + align:start position:0% +in a language like C for example where +you didn't have those protections then + + align:start position:0% +you didn't have those protections then + + + align:start position:0% +you didn't have those protections then +yeah maybe there's something + + align:start position:0% +yeah maybe there's something + + + align:start position:0% +yeah maybe there's something +catastrophic that could happen where + + align:start position:0% +catastrophic that could happen where + + + align:start position:0% +catastrophic that could happen where +somehow like if you did a buffer + + align:start position:0% +somehow like if you did a buffer + + + align:start position:0% +somehow like if you did a buffer +overflow and then you were able to + + align:start position:0% +overflow and then you were able to + + + align:start position:0% +overflow and then you were able to +overwrite taint tags and you could like + + align:start position:0% +overwrite taint tags and you could like + + + align:start position:0% +overwrite taint tags and you could like +set this to zeros you know and then like + + align:start position:0% +set this to zeros you know and then like + + + align:start position:0% +set this to zeros you know and then like +you could just let your data + + align:start position:0% +you could just let your data + + + align:start position:0% +you could just let your data +exfiltrate if it's like super + + align:start position:0% +exfiltrate if it's like super + + + align:start position:0% +exfiltrate if it's like super +predictable like one every other one + + align:start position:0% +predictable like one every other one + + + align:start position:0% +predictable like one every other one +next few variables there's no second I + + align:start position:0% +next few variables there's no second I + + + align:start position:0% +next few variables there's no second I +was about to say that's exactly right so + + align:start position:0% +was about to say that's exactly right so + + + align:start position:0% +was about to say that's exactly right so +you run into somewhat similar issues + + align:start position:0% +you run into somewhat similar issues + + + align:start position:0% +you run into somewhat similar issues +like what we discussed with the stack + + align:start position:0% +like what we discussed with the stack + + + align:start position:0% +like what we discussed with the stack +canaries because basically you have this + + align:start position:0% +canaries because basically you have this + + + align:start position:0% +canaries because basically you have this +data on the stack like in this + + align:start position:0% +data on the stack like in this + + + align:start position:0% +data on the stack like in this +particular layout that you don't you + + align:start position:0% +particular layout that you don't you + + + align:start position:0% +particular layout that you don't you +either want to make it impossible to + + align:start position:0% +either want to make it impossible to + + + align:start position:0% +either want to make it impossible to +overwrite or if it is overwritten you + + align:start position:0% +overwrite or if it is overwritten you + + + align:start position:0% +overwrite or if it is overwritten you +want to detected in some way so you're + + align:start position:0% +want to detected in some way so you're + + + align:start position:0% +want to detected in some way so you're +exactly correct about + + align:start position:0% +exactly correct about + + + align:start position:0% +exactly correct about +that okay um so so yeah so that's so so + + align:start position:0% +that okay um so so yeah so that's so so + + + align:start position:0% +that okay um so so yeah so that's so so +you can in fact do um T taint tracking + + align:start position:0% +you can in fact do um T taint tracking + + + align:start position:0% +you can in fact do um T taint tracking +at this lower level um it may be + + align:start position:0% +at this lower level um it may be + + + align:start position:0% +at this lower level um it may be +expensive and a little bit difficult to + + align:start position:0% +expensive and a little bit difficult to + + + align:start position:0% +expensive and a little bit difficult to +get right um so you might say well why + + align:start position:0% +get right um so you might say well why + + + align:start position:0% +get right um so you might say well why +don't we just PT in this whole issue of + + align:start position:0% +don't we just PT in this whole issue of + + + align:start position:0% +don't we just PT in this whole issue of +taint tracking in the first place and + + align:start position:0% +taint tracking in the first place and + + + align:start position:0% +taint tracking in the first place and +instead we're just going to look at the + + align:start position:0% +instead we're just going to look at the + + + align:start position:0% +instead we're just going to look at the +things that the program tries to Output + + align:start position:0% +things that the program tries to Output + + + align:start position:0% +things that the program tries to Output +over the network let's say and just do a + + align:start position:0% +over the network let's say and just do a + + + align:start position:0% +over the network let's say and just do a +scan for data that seems sensitive right + + align:start position:0% +scan for data that seems sensitive right + + + align:start position:0% +scan for data that seems sensitive right +that seems to be much more lightweight + + align:start position:0% +that seems to be much more lightweight + + + align:start position:0% +that seems to be much more lightweight +you don't have to do this Dynamic + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to do this Dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to do this Dynamic +instrumentation of all the things that + + align:start position:0% +instrumentation of all the things that + + + align:start position:0% +instrumentation of all the things that +the program is doing the problem with + + align:start position:0% +the program is doing the problem with + + + align:start position:0% +the program is doing the problem with +that though is that that will only work + + align:start position:0% +that though is that that will only work + + + align:start position:0% +that though is that that will only work +as a heuristic right and in fact if the + + align:start position:0% +as a heuristic right and in fact if the + + + align:start position:0% +as a heuristic right and in fact if the +attacker knows that this is what you're + + align:start position:0% +attacker knows that this is what you're + + + align:start position:0% +attacker knows that this is what you're +doing then it's pretty easy to subvert + + align:start position:0% +doing then it's pretty easy to subvert + + + align:start position:0% +doing then it's pretty easy to subvert +that right so if you're just sitting + + align:start position:0% +that right so if you're just sitting + + + align:start position:0% +that right so if you're just sitting +there you know just trying to do like a + + align:start position:0% +there you know just trying to do like a + + + align:start position:0% +there you know just trying to do like a +GP for numbers that look like Social + + align:start position:0% +GP for numbers that look like Social + + + align:start position:0% +GP for numbers that look like Social +Securities uh numbers then the attacker + + align:start position:0% +Securities uh numbers then the attacker + + + align:start position:0% +Securities uh numbers then the attacker +can just you know use you know Bas 64 + + align:start position:0% +can just you know use you know Bas 64 + + + align:start position:0% +can just you know use you know Bas 64 +foreign coding or do some other wacky + + align:start position:0% +foreign coding or do some other wacky + + + align:start position:0% +foreign coding or do some other wacky +thing compress it I mean it's actually + + align:start position:0% +thing compress it I mean it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +thing compress it I mean it's actually +trivial to get past that type of filter + + align:start position:0% +trivial to get past that type of filter + + + align:start position:0% +trivial to get past that type of filter +um so in practice like that's completely + + align:start position:0% +um so in practice like that's completely + + + align:start position:0% +um so in practice like that's completely +insufficient from the security + + align:start position:0% +insufficient from the security + + + align:start position:0% +insufficient from the security +perspective um and now let's get back to + + align:start position:0% +perspective um and now let's get back to + + + align:start position:0% +perspective um and now let's get back to +the uh question that you brought up + + align:start position:0% +the uh question that you brought up + + + align:start position:0% +the uh question that you brought up +which was basically how do how how can + + align:start position:0% +which was basically how do how how can + + + align:start position:0% +which was basically how do how how can +we track uh flows through things like + + align:start position:0% +we track uh flows through things like + + + align:start position:0% +we track uh flows through things like +branches for example right and so um + + align:start position:0% +branches for example right and so um + + + align:start position:0% +branches for example right and so um +this is basically going to lead us to a + + align:start position:0% +this is basically going to lead us to a + + + align:start position:0% +this is basically going to lead us to a +topic uh that's called implicit implicit + + align:start position:0% +topic uh that's called implicit implicit + + + align:start position:0% +topic uh that's called implicit implicit +flows + + align:start position:0% +flows + + + align:start position:0% +flows +and so an implicit flow occurs typically + + align:start position:0% +and so an implicit flow occurs typically + + + align:start position:0% +and so an implicit flow occurs typically +when you have a tainted value that's + + align:start position:0% +when you have a tainted value that's + + + align:start position:0% +when you have a tainted value that's +going to affect the way that uh another + + align:start position:0% +going to affect the way that uh another + + + align:start position:0% +going to affect the way that uh another +variable is assigned even though that uh + + align:start position:0% +variable is assigned even though that uh + + + align:start position:0% +variable is assigned even though that uh +implicit flow variable doesn't directly + + align:start position:0% +implicit flow variable doesn't directly + + + align:start position:0% +implicit flow variable doesn't directly +assigned to the variable this will make + + align:start position:0% +assigned to the variable this will make + + + align:start position:0% +assigned to the variable this will make +more sense with with a concrete example + + align:start position:0% +more sense with with a concrete example + + + align:start position:0% +more sense with with a concrete example +so you know let's say that you had + + align:start position:0% +so you know let's say that you had + + + align:start position:0% +so you know let's say that you had +um an if statement that does something + + align:start position:0% +um an if statement that does something + + + align:start position:0% +um an if statement that does something +like it's going to look at your IMI and + + align:start position:0% +like it's going to look at your IMI and + + + align:start position:0% +like it's going to look at your IMI and +it's going to say if it's greater than + + align:start position:0% +it's going to say if it's greater than + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to say if it's greater than +42 then maybe I'm going to assign uh 0 + + align:start position:0% +42 then maybe I'm going to assign uh 0 + + + align:start position:0% +42 then maybe I'm going to assign uh 0 +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +X otherwise I'm going to assign + + align:start position:0% +X otherwise I'm going to assign + + + align:start position:0% +X otherwise I'm going to assign +one so what's interesting here is that + + align:start position:0% +one so what's interesting here is that + + + align:start position:0% +one so what's interesting here is that +so we're looking at this sensitive data + + align:start position:0% +so we're looking at this sensitive data + + + align:start position:0% +so we're looking at this sensitive data +here right and then we're doing some + + align:start position:0% +here right and then we're doing some + + + align:start position:0% +here right and then we're doing some +comparison of it up here but when we're + + align:start position:0% +comparison of it up here but when we're + + + align:start position:0% +comparison of it up here but when we're +assigning to X down here we're not + + align:start position:0% +assigning to X down here we're not + + + align:start position:0% +assigning to X down here we're not +actually assigning something that is + + align:start position:0% +actually assigning something that is + + + align:start position:0% +actually assigning something that is +that is directly derived from the + + align:start position:0% +that is directly derived from the + + + align:start position:0% +that is directly derived from the +sensitive data here okay and so this is + + align:start position:0% +sensitive data here okay and so this is + + + align:start position:0% +sensitive data here okay and so this is +sort of an example of one of these + + align:start position:0% +sort of an example of one of these + + + align:start position:0% +sort of an example of one of these +implicit flows because the value of x is + + align:start position:0% +implicit flows because the value of x is + + + align:start position:0% +implicit flows because the value of x is +actually dependent on this thing here + + align:start position:0% +actually dependent on this thing here + + + align:start position:0% +actually dependent on this thing here +but the adversary if they're clever can + + align:start position:0% +but the adversary if they're clever can + + + align:start position:0% +but the adversary if they're clever can +sort of structure their code in a way + + align:start position:0% +sort of structure their code in a way + + + align:start position:0% +sort of structure their code in a way +that there's no direct assignment and + + align:start position:0% +that there's no direct assignment and + + + align:start position:0% +that there's no direct assignment and +now note that even here instead of just + + align:start position:0% +now note that even here instead of just + + + align:start position:0% +now note that even here instead of just +assigning to X we might even just say + + align:start position:0% +assigning to X we might even just say + + + align:start position:0% +assigning to X we might even just say +let's try to send something over the + + align:start position:0% +let's try to send something over the + + + align:start position:0% +let's try to send something over the +network you know we might say over the + + align:start position:0% +network you know we might say over the + + + align:start position:0% +network you know we might say over the +network you know um X is zero or X is + + align:start position:0% +network you know um X is zero or X is + + + align:start position:0% +network you know um X is zero or X is +one or something like that so that's an + + align:start position:0% +one or something like that so that's an + + + align:start position:0% +one or something like that so that's an +example of one of these implicit flows + + align:start position:0% +example of one of these implicit flows + + + align:start position:0% +example of one of these implicit flows +that um a system like Tain Droid cannot + + align:start position:0% +that um a system like Tain Droid cannot + + + align:start position:0% +that um a system like Tain Droid cannot +actually handle so um do people sort of + + align:start position:0% +actually handle so um do people sort of + + + align:start position:0% +actually handle so um do people sort of +see the the problem here at at a high + + align:start position:0% +see the the problem here at at a high + + + align:start position:0% +see the the problem here at at a high +level yes this is called an explicit + + align:start position:0% +level yes this is called an explicit + + + align:start position:0% +level yes this is called an explicit +flow as contrast to um those direct + + align:start position:0% +flow as contrast to um those direct + + + align:start position:0% +flow as contrast to um those direct +flows like from the assignment operators + + align:start position:0% +flows like from the assignment operators + + + align:start position:0% +flows like from the assignment operators +like move so logically how is this + + align:start position:0% +like move so logically how is this + + + align:start position:0% +like move so logically how is this +different than if you had a made a + + align:start position:0% +different than if you had a made a + + + align:start position:0% +different than if you had a made a +compiled function that did exactly + + align:start position:0% +compiled function that did exactly + + + align:start position:0% +compiled function that did exactly +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +x because alha in that case would + + align:start position:0% +x because alha in that case would + + + align:start position:0% +x because alha in that case would +be well let's see so it depends so if + + align:start position:0% +be well let's see so it depends so if + + + align:start position:0% +be well let's see so it depends so if +understand your question correctly + + align:start position:0% +understand your question correctly + + + align:start position:0% +understand your question correctly +you're saying there could be some native + + align:start position:0% +you're saying there could be some native + + + align:start position:0% +you're saying there could be some native +function that does something that's sort + + align:start position:0% +function that does something that's sort + + + align:start position:0% +function that does something that's sort +of equivalent to this and so for example + + align:start position:0% +of equivalent to this and so for example + + + align:start position:0% +of equivalent to this and so for example +like Tain Droid would know necessarily + + align:start position:0% +like Tain Droid would know necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +like Tain Droid would know necessarily +because they can't look inside this + + align:start position:0% +because they can't look inside this + + + align:start position:0% +because they can't look inside this +native code and see this type of thing + + align:start position:0% +native code and see this type of thing + + + align:start position:0% +native code and see this type of thing +so the the way that the authors claimed + + align:start position:0% +so the the way that the authors claimed + + + align:start position:0% +so the the way that the authors claimed +that they would handle that is that they + + align:start position:0% +that they would handle that is that they + + + align:start position:0% +that they would handle that is that they +would say for you know let's say native + + align:start position:0% +would say for you know let's say native + + + align:start position:0% +would say for you know let's say native +methods that are defined by the VM + + align:start position:0% +methods that are defined by the VM + + + align:start position:0% +methods that are defined by the VM +itself they would look at the contract + + align:start position:0% +itself they would look at the contract + + + align:start position:0% +itself they would look at the contract +that method exposes and that method + + align:start position:0% +that method exposes and that method + + + align:start position:0% +that method exposes and that method +might say things like I take these two + + align:start position:0% +might say things like I take these two + + + align:start position:0% +might say things like I take these two +integers and then return the average and + + align:start position:0% +integers and then return the average and + + + align:start position:0% +integers and then return the average and +so then the Tain Droid system would say + + align:start position:0% +so then the Tain Droid system would say + + + align:start position:0% +so then the Tain Droid system would say +we trusted the native fun function does + + align:start position:0% +we trusted the native fun function does + + + align:start position:0% +we trusted the native fun function does +that and so we can figure out what the + + align:start position:0% +that and so we can figure out what the + + + align:start position:0% +that and so we can figure out what the +appropriate tainting policy should be + + align:start position:0% +appropriate tainting policy should be + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate tainting policy should be +however you are correct that if + + align:start position:0% +however you are correct that if + + + align:start position:0% +however you are correct that if +something like this was sort of hidden + + align:start position:0% +something like this was sort of hidden + + + align:start position:0% +something like this was sort of hidden +inside and like for whatever reason it + + align:start position:0% +inside and like for whatever reason it + + + align:start position:0% +inside and like for whatever reason it +wasn't exposed in the public facing + + align:start position:0% +wasn't exposed in the public facing + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't exposed in the public facing +contract then uh then then then the + + align:start position:0% +contract then uh then then then the + + + align:start position:0% +contract then uh then then then the +manual policy that the Tain Droid + + align:start position:0% +manual policy that the Tain Droid + + + align:start position:0% +manual policy that the Tain Droid +authors came up with might not catch + + align:start position:0% +authors came up with might not catch + + + align:start position:0% +authors came up with might not catch +this implicit flow and might actually + + align:start position:0% +this implicit flow and might actually + + + align:start position:0% +this implicit flow and might actually +allow information to leak out somehow + + align:start position:0% +allow information to leak out somehow + + + align:start position:0% +allow information to leak out somehow +but I mean for that matter there might + + align:start position:0% +but I mean for that matter there might + + + align:start position:0% +but I mean for that matter there might +even be a direct flow in there that the + + align:start position:0% +even be a direct flow in there that the + + + align:start position:0% +even be a direct flow in there that the +Tain Droid authors couldn't see and you + + align:start position:0% +Tain Droid authors couldn't see and you + + + align:start position:0% +Tain Droid authors couldn't see and you +might still have like an even more + + align:start position:0% +might still have like an even more + + + align:start position:0% +might still have like an even more +direct leakage of data + + align:start position:0% +direct leakage of data + + + align:start position:0% +direct leakage of data +so in practice these things are very + + align:start position:0% +so in practice these things are very + + + align:start position:0% +so in practice these things are very +dangerous right because you can + + align:start position:0% +dangerous right because you can + + + align:start position:0% +dangerous right because you can +literally send the whole high value by + + align:start position:0% +literally send the whole high value by + + + align:start position:0% +literally send the whole high value by +just looking at it last yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% +just looking at it last yeah yeah + + + align:start position:0% +just looking at it last yeah yeah +exactly yeah that's right that's right + + align:start position:0% +exactly yeah that's right that's right + + + align:start position:0% +exactly yeah that's right that's right +so so yeah the CL that's right yeah the + + align:start position:0% +so so yeah the CL that's right yeah the + + + align:start position:0% +so so yeah the CL that's right yeah the +classic attack is yeah you sit in a wild + + align:start position:0% +classic attack is yeah you sit in a wild + + + align:start position:0% +classic attack is yeah you sit in a wild +Loop and you try to construct these + + align:start position:0% +Loop and you try to construct these + + + align:start position:0% +Loop and you try to construct these +implicit flows to do these types of + + align:start position:0% +implicit flows to do these types of + + + align:start position:0% +implicit flows to do these types of +things um there's actually some ways + + align:start position:0% +things um there's actually some ways + + + align:start position:0% +things um there's actually some ways +that um you can think about trying to + + align:start position:0% +that um you can think about trying to + + + align:start position:0% +that um you can think about trying to +fix some of this stuff um and in a high + + align:start position:0% +fix some of this stuff um and in a high + + + align:start position:0% +fix some of this stuff um and in a high +level one one approach you can do to try + + align:start position:0% +level one one approach you can do to try + + + align:start position:0% +level one one approach you can do to try +to prevent this stuff is you can + + align:start position:0% +to prevent this stuff is you can + + + align:start position:0% +to prevent this stuff is you can +actually um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +assign uh taint + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tag to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +PC right and then essentially + + align:start position:0% +PC right and then essentially + + + align:start position:0% +PC right and then essentially +you you Tain + + align:start position:0% +you you Tain + + + align:start position:0% +you you Tain +it uh with the the branch + + align:start position:0% +it uh with the the branch + + + align:start position:0% +it uh with the the branch +test basically so the idea here is that + + align:start position:0% +test basically so the idea here is that + + + align:start position:0% +test basically so the idea here is that +we as humans can sort of look at this + + align:start position:0% +we as humans can sort of look at this + + + align:start position:0% +we as humans can sort of look at this +code here and we can tell that there's + + align:start position:0% +code here and we can tell that there's + + + align:start position:0% +code here and we can tell that there's +this implicit flow here because because + + align:start position:0% +this implicit flow here because because + + + align:start position:0% +this implicit flow here because because +we know that somehow to get here we had + + align:start position:0% +we know that somehow to get here we had + + + align:start position:0% +we know that somehow to get here we had +to look at the sensitive data so what + + align:start position:0% +to look at the sensitive data so what + + + align:start position:0% +to look at the sensitive data so what +does that mean at the implementation + + align:start position:0% +does that mean at the implementation + + + align:start position:0% +does that mean at the implementation +level that means that to get here + + align:start position:0% +level that means that to get here + + + align:start position:0% +level that means that to get here +there's something about the PC that has + + align:start position:0% +there's something about the PC that has + + + align:start position:0% +there's something about the PC that has +been tainted by sensitive data right + + align:start position:0% +been tainted by sensitive data right + + + align:start position:0% +been tainted by sensitive data right +because to say that we have gotten here + + align:start position:0% +because to say that we have gotten here + + + align:start position:0% +because to say that we have gotten here +is to say that the PC has been set to + + align:start position:0% +is to say that the PC has been set to + + + align:start position:0% +is to say that the PC has been set to +here or to here so at a high level you + + align:start position:0% +here or to here so at a high level you + + + align:start position:0% +here or to here so at a high level you +can imagine that the system would do + + align:start position:0% +can imagine that the system would do + + + align:start position:0% +can imagine that the system would do +some analysis and it would say that you + + align:start position:0% +some analysis and it would say that you + + + align:start position:0% +some analysis and it would say that you +know at this point in the code the PC + + align:start position:0% +know at this point in the code the PC + + + align:start position:0% +know at this point in the code the PC +has no taint at all at this point May + + align:start position:0% +has no taint at all at this point May + + + align:start position:0% +has no taint at all at this point May +gets tainted somehow by the IMEI and at + + align:start position:0% +gets tainted somehow by the IMEI and at + + + align:start position:0% +gets tainted somehow by the IMEI and at +this point + + align:start position:0% +this point + + + align:start position:0% +this point +here it's going to have that taint and + + align:start position:0% +here it's going to have that taint and + + + align:start position:0% +here it's going to have that taint and +so what'll end up happening is that um + + align:start position:0% +so what'll end up happening is that um + + + align:start position:0% +so what'll end up happening is that um +if x is a variable that initially + + align:start position:0% +if x is a variable that initially + + + align:start position:0% +if x is a variable that initially +started out with no taint maybe we'll + + align:start position:0% +started out with no taint maybe we'll + + + align:start position:0% +started out with no taint maybe we'll +say okay at this point it's actually + + align:start position:0% +say okay at this point it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +say okay at this point it's actually +going to get the taint of the PC which + + align:start position:0% +going to get the taint of the PC which + + + align:start position:0% +going to get the taint of the PC which +is actually the taint of this right and + + align:start position:0% +is actually the taint of this right and + + + align:start position:0% +is actually the taint of this right and +so there's there's some subtley here + + align:start position:0% +so there's there's some subtley here + + + align:start position:0% +so there's there's some subtley here +that I'm sort of glossing over but at a + + align:start position:0% +that I'm sort of glossing over but at a + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm sort of glossing over but at a +high level that's how you can sort of + + align:start position:0% +high level that's how you can sort of + + + align:start position:0% +high level that's how you can sort of +capture some of these flows here by + + align:start position:0% +capture some of these flows here by + + + align:start position:0% +capture some of these flows here by +actually looking and seeing how the PC + + align:start position:0% +actually looking and seeing how the PC + + + align:start position:0% +actually looking and seeing how the PC +is getting set and then trying to + + align:start position:0% +is getting set and then trying to + + + align:start position:0% +is getting set and then trying to +propagate that to the the targets of + + align:start position:0% +propagate that to the the targets of + + + align:start position:0% +propagate that to the the targets of +these if + + align:start position:0% +these if + + + align:start position:0% +these if +statements so does that all make sense + + align:start position:0% +statements so does that all make sense + + + align:start position:0% +statements so does that all make sense +okay and and if you're interested in + + align:start position:0% +okay and and if you're interested in + + + align:start position:0% +okay and and if you're interested in +learning more about this uh come talk to + + align:start position:0% +learning more about this uh come talk to + + + align:start position:0% +learning more about this uh come talk to +me then there's been a lot of research + + align:start position:0% +me then there's been a lot of research + + + align:start position:0% +me then there's been a lot of research +on this kind of stuff however you can + + align:start position:0% +on this kind of stuff however you can + + + align:start position:0% +on this kind of stuff however you can +imagine though that uh the system I just + + align:start position:0% +imagine though that uh the system I just + + + align:start position:0% +imagine though that uh the system I just +described may be too conservative once + + align:start position:0% +described may be too conservative once + + + align:start position:0% +described may be too conservative once +again so imagine that instead of having + + align:start position:0% +again so imagine that instead of having + + + align:start position:0% +again so imagine that instead of having +this code + + align:start position:0% +this code + + + align:start position:0% +this code +here this was also zero right so in this + + align:start position:0% +here this was also zero right so in this + + + align:start position:0% +here this was also zero right so in this +dumb case um there's actually no reason + + align:start position:0% +dumb case um there's actually no reason + + + align:start position:0% +dumb case um there's actually no reason +to taint x with anything related to the + + align:start position:0% +to taint x with anything related to the + + + align:start position:0% +to taint x with anything related to the +IMEI right because you didn't actually + + align:start position:0% +IMEI right because you didn't actually + + + align:start position:0% +IMEI right because you didn't actually +leak any information in either of these + + align:start position:0% +leak any information in either of these + + + align:start position:0% +leak any information in either of these +branches right but if you do sort of the + + align:start position:0% +branches right but if you do sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +branches right but if you do sort of the +naive um sort of PC tainting scheme then + + align:start position:0% +naive um sort of PC tainting scheme then + + + align:start position:0% +naive um sort of PC tainting scheme then +you might uh sort of over overestimate + + align:start position:0% +you might uh sort of over overestimate + + + align:start position:0% +you might uh sort of over overestimate +how much X has been tainted by so + + align:start position:0% +how much X has been tainted by so + + + align:start position:0% +how much X has been tainted by so +suffice to say there's some subtlety + + align:start position:0% +suffice to say there's some subtlety + + + align:start position:0% +suffice to say there's some subtlety +that you can do try to get around some + + align:start position:0% +that you can do try to get around some + + + align:start position:0% +that you can do try to get around some +of these issues um but it's a little bit + + align:start position:0% +of these issues um but it's a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +of these issues um but it's a little bit +tricky this is all make sense + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right oh sorry when you get out of + + align:start position:0% +all right oh sorry when you get out of + + + align:start position:0% +all right oh sorry when you get out of +the the if segment um so out of the + + align:start position:0% +the the if segment um so out of the + + + align:start position:0% +the the if segment um so out of the +BR yeah so typically yeah so like down + + align:start position:0% +BR yeah so typically yeah so like down + + + align:start position:0% +BR yeah so typically yeah so like down +here then the PC taint would be cleared + + align:start position:0% +here then the PC taint would be cleared + + + align:start position:0% +here then the PC taint would be cleared +so it would only be set inside these + + align:start position:0% +so it would only be set inside these + + + align:start position:0% +so it would only be set inside these +these Branch things here and the reason + + align:start position:0% +these Branch things here and the reason + + + align:start position:0% +these Branch things here and the reason +for that is because essentially um by + + align:start position:0% +for that is because essentially um by + + + align:start position:0% +for that is because essentially um by +the time you get down here you get down + + align:start position:0% +the time you get down here you get down + + + align:start position:0% +the time you get down here you get down +here regardless of what the IMEI was so + + align:start position:0% +here regardless of what the IMEI was so + + + align:start position:0% +here regardless of what the IMEI was so +yeah you clear that it's a good + + align:start position:0% +yeah you clear that it's a good + + + align:start position:0% +yeah you clear that it's a good +question uh let's see and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so um and so yeah we talked about um how + + align:start position:0% +so um and so yeah we talked about um how + + + align:start position:0% +so um and so yeah we talked about um how +you might be able to Tain it this very + + align:start position:0% +you might be able to Tain it this very + + + align:start position:0% +you might be able to Tain it this very +low level even though that might be um + + align:start position:0% +low level even though that might be um + + + align:start position:0% +low level even though that might be um +expensive one reason why it might be + + align:start position:0% +expensive one reason why it might be + + + align:start position:0% +expensive one reason why it might be +useful is because it will actually allow + + align:start position:0% +useful is because it will actually allow + + + align:start position:0% +useful is because it will actually allow +you to do things like see what your data + + align:start position:0% +you to do things like see what your data + + + align:start position:0% +you to do things like see what your data +lifetimes look like so a couple lectures + + align:start position:0% +lifetimes look like so a couple lectures + + + align:start position:0% +lifetimes look like so a couple lectures +ago we talked about the fact that a lot + + align:start position:0% +ago we talked about the fact that a lot + + + align:start position:0% +ago we talked about the fact that a lot +of times key data for example will live + + align:start position:0% +of times key data for example will live + + + align:start position:0% +of times key data for example will live +in memory longer than you think that it + + align:start position:0% +in memory longer than you think that it + + + align:start position:0% +in memory longer than you think that it +should and so you can imagine that even + + align:start position:0% +should and so you can imagine that even + + + align:start position:0% +should and so you can imagine that even +if some of these x86 or arm level um uh + + align:start position:0% +if some of these x86 or arm level um uh + + + align:start position:0% +if some of these x86 or arm level um uh +taint tracking is expensive you can + + align:start position:0% +taint tracking is expensive you can + + + align:start position:0% +taint tracking is expensive you can +imagine using it to perform an audit of + + align:start position:0% +imagine using it to perform an audit of + + + align:start position:0% +imagine using it to perform an audit of +your system and actually tainting let's + + align:start position:0% +your system and actually tainting let's + + + align:start position:0% +your system and actually tainting let's +say some secret key that the user + + align:start position:0% +say some secret key that the user + + + align:start position:0% +say some secret key that the user +entered and then just sort of seeing + + align:start position:0% +entered and then just sort of seeing + + + align:start position:0% +entered and then just sort of seeing +like where that goes throughout your + + align:start position:0% +like where that goes throughout your + + + align:start position:0% +like where that goes throughout your +system it's an offline analysis it's not + + align:start position:0% +system it's an offline analysis it's not + + + align:start position:0% +system it's an offline analysis it's not +facing customers so it's okay for it to + + align:start position:0% +facing customers so it's okay for it to + + + align:start position:0% +facing customers so it's okay for it to +be slow but that might actually really + + align:start position:0% +be slow but that might actually really + + + align:start position:0% +be slow but that might actually really +help you to figure out like oh this data + + align:start position:0% +help you to figure out like oh this data + + + align:start position:0% +help you to figure out like oh this data +is getting into um the keyboard buffer + + align:start position:0% +is getting into um the keyboard buffer + + + align:start position:0% +is getting into um the keyboard buffer +it's getting into the X server it's + + align:start position:0% +it's getting into the X server it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's getting into the X server it's +getting to wherever um so even if it's + + align:start position:0% +getting to wherever um so even if it's + + + align:start position:0% +getting to wherever um so even if it's +slow that can still be very very useful + + align:start position:0% +slow that can still be very very useful + + + align:start position:0% +slow that can still be very very useful +so I just wanted to mention that briefly + + align:start position:0% +so I just wanted to mention that briefly + + + align:start position:0% +so I just wanted to mention that briefly +um and + + align:start position:0% +um and + + + align:start position:0% +um and +so one interesting thing you might think + + align:start position:0% +so one interesting thing you might think + + + align:start position:0% +so one interesting thing you might think +about is the fact that as I've mentioned + + align:start position:0% +about is the fact that as I've mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +about is the fact that as I've mentioned +Tain Droid is nice because it constrains + + align:start position:0% +Tain Droid is nice because it constrains + + + align:start position:0% +Tain Droid is nice because it constrains +the universe of um taint sources and + + align:start position:0% +the universe of um taint sources and + + + align:start position:0% +the universe of um taint sources and +taint SNS but as a developer maybe you + + align:start position:0% +taint SNS but as a developer maybe you + + + align:start position:0% +taint SNS but as a developer maybe you +want to actually explicitly um assert + + align:start position:0% +want to actually explicitly um assert + + + align:start position:0% +want to actually explicitly um assert +some some more fine grain control over + + align:start position:0% +some some more fine grain control over + + + align:start position:0% +some some more fine grain control over +the uh sort of labels that your program + + align:start position:0% +the uh sort of labels that your program + + + align:start position:0% +the uh sort of labels that your program +interacts with so imagine that as a + + align:start position:0% +interacts with so imagine that as a + + + align:start position:0% +interacts with so imagine that as a +programmer you wanted to be able to say + + align:start position:0% +programmer you wanted to be able to say + + + align:start position:0% +programmer you wanted to be able to say +something like this so you declare some + + align:start position:0% +something like this so you declare some + + + align:start position:0% +something like this so you declare some +some int + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and let's say you call it X but then you + + align:start position:0% +and let's say you call it X but then you + + + align:start position:0% +and let's say you call it X but then you +associate uh some label with it here and + + align:start position:0% +associate uh some label with it here and + + + align:start position:0% +associate uh some label with it here and +so maybe the semanage of this label is + + align:start position:0% +so maybe the semanage of this label is + + + align:start position:0% +so maybe the semanage of this label is +that Alice is the owner of this data but + + align:start position:0% +that Alice is the owner of this data but + + + align:start position:0% +that Alice is the owner of this data but +Alice permits Bob or something label + + align:start position:0% +Alice permits Bob or something label + + + align:start position:0% +Alice permits Bob or something label +with Bob to be able to see that right so + + align:start position:0% +with Bob to be able to see that right so + + + align:start position:0% +with Bob to be able to see that right so +Tain Droid doesn't let you do this right + + align:start position:0% +Tain Droid doesn't let you do this right + + + align:start position:0% +Tain Droid doesn't let you do this right +because it essentially controls that + + align:start position:0% +because it essentially controls that + + + align:start position:0% +because it essentially controls that +Universe of labels but maybe as a + + align:start position:0% +Universe of labels but maybe as a + + + align:start position:0% +Universe of labels but maybe as a +programmer you want to be able to do a + + align:start position:0% +programmer you want to be able to do a + + + align:start position:0% +programmer you want to be able to do a +thing like this right and then you can + + align:start position:0% +thing like this right and then you can + + + align:start position:0% +thing like this right and then you can +imagine that um you know your program + + align:start position:0% +imagine that um you know your program + + + align:start position:0% +imagine that um you know your program +has various you know input + + align:start position:0% +has various you know input + + + align:start position:0% +has various you know input +channels and output + + align:start position:0% +channels and output + + + align:start position:0% +channels and output +channels and all these input and output + + align:start position:0% +channels and all these input and output + + + align:start position:0% +channels and all these input and output +channels they all have labels too and + + align:start position:0% +channels they all have labels too and + + + align:start position:0% +channels they all have labels too and +these are labels that you as the + + align:start position:0% +these are labels that you as the + + + align:start position:0% +these are labels that you as the +programmer get to actually pick as + + align:start position:0% +programmer get to actually pick as + + + align:start position:0% +programmer get to actually pick as +opposed to the system itself trying to + + align:start position:0% +opposed to the system itself trying to + + + align:start position:0% +opposed to the system itself trying to +say here's this predefined set of things + + align:start position:0% +say here's this predefined set of things + + + align:start position:0% +say here's this predefined set of things +so maybe you say for input channels um + + align:start position:0% +so maybe you say for input channels um + + + align:start position:0% +so maybe you say for input channels um +you know the red + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +values uh maybe they get the label of + + align:start position:0% +values uh maybe they get the label of + + + align:start position:0% +values uh maybe they get the label of +the channel + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and that's very similar to uh how T + + align:start position:0% +and that's very similar to uh how T + + + align:start position:0% +and that's very similar to uh how T +Droid kind of works right now so for + + align:start position:0% +Droid kind of works right now so for + + + align:start position:0% +Droid kind of works right now so for +example if you read something from the + + align:start position:0% +example if you read something from the + + + align:start position:0% +example if you read something from the +GPS that red value gets the taint of the + + align:start position:0% +GPS that red value gets the taint of the + + + align:start position:0% +GPS that red value gets the taint of the +GPS Channel but now you as the + + align:start position:0% +GPS Channel but now you as the + + + align:start position:0% +GPS Channel but now you as the +programmer actually get to choose what + + align:start position:0% +programmer actually get to choose what + + + align:start position:0% +programmer actually get to choose what +this stuff um what those labels are and + + align:start position:0% +this stuff um what those labels are and + + + align:start position:0% +this stuff um what those labels are and +then you can imagine that uh for output + + align:start position:0% +then you can imagine that uh for output + + + align:start position:0% +then you can imagine that uh for output +channels the the label on the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +channel uh has to + + align:start position:0% +channel uh has to + + + align:start position:0% +channel uh has to +match uh some + + align:start position:0% +match uh some + + + align:start position:0% +match uh some +label on the + + align:start position:0% +label on the + + + align:start position:0% +label on the +value being + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +written I mean you can imagine other + + align:start position:0% +written I mean you can imagine other + + + align:start position:0% +written I mean you can imagine other +policies here as well but the basic idea + + align:start position:0% +policies here as well but the basic idea + + + align:start position:0% +policies here as well but the basic idea +is that uh there are actually + + align:start position:0% +is that uh there are actually + + + align:start position:0% +is that uh there are actually +programming languages that allow you the + + align:start position:0% +programming languages that allow you the + + + align:start position:0% +programming languages that allow you the +developer to sort of pick what the + + align:start position:0% +developer to sort of pick what the + + + align:start position:0% +developer to sort of pick what the +labels are and what the semantics for + + align:start position:0% +labels are and what the semantics for + + + align:start position:0% +labels are and what the semantics for +those labels um could be and so what's + + align:start position:0% +those labels um could be and so what's + + + align:start position:0% +those labels um could be and so what's +nice about um some of these systems is + + align:start position:0% +nice about um some of these systems is + + + align:start position:0% +nice about um some of these systems is +that they do require the programmer to + + align:start position:0% +that they do require the programmer to + + + align:start position:0% +that they do require the programmer to +do a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +do a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +do a little bit more +work but the outcome of that work is + + align:start position:0% +work but the outcome of that work is + + + align:start position:0% +work but the outcome of that work is +that uh static checking and by Static + + align:start position:0% +that uh static checking and by Static + + + align:start position:0% +that uh static checking and by Static +checking I mean checking that's done at + + align:start position:0% +checking I mean checking that's done at + + + align:start position:0% +checking I mean checking that's done at +compile + + align:start position:0% +compile + + + align:start position:0% +compile +time uh can + + align:start position:0% +time uh can + + + align:start position:0% +time uh can +catch uh many types of information flow + + align:start position:0% +catch uh many types of information flow + + + align:start position:0% +catch uh many types of information flow +bugs right so if you're if you're + + align:start position:0% +bugs right so if you're if you're + + + align:start position:0% +bugs right so if you're if you're +diligent about labeling all of your + + align:start position:0% +diligent about labeling all of your + + + align:start position:0% +diligent about labeling all of your +network channels and Screen Channels + + align:start position:0% +network channels and Screen Channels + + + align:start position:0% +network channels and Screen Channels +with um the apprpriate permissions and + + align:start position:0% +with um the apprpriate permissions and + + + align:start position:0% +with um the apprpriate permissions and +you're very diligent about labeling your + + align:start position:0% +you're very diligent about labeling your + + + align:start position:0% +you're very diligent about labeling your +data like this then what can happen is + + align:start position:0% +data like this then what can happen is + + + align:start position:0% +data like this then what can happen is +that at compile time you compile your + + align:start position:0% +that at compile time you compile your + + + align:start position:0% +that at compile time you compile your +program and the compiler can tell you + + align:start position:0% +program and the compiler can tell you + + + align:start position:0% +program and the compiler can tell you +things like hey if you were to run this + + align:start position:0% +things like hey if you were to run this + + + align:start position:0% +things like hey if you were to run this +program then you would actually have an + + align:start position:0% +program then you would actually have an + + + align:start position:0% +program then you would actually have an +information leak that you know this + + align:start position:0% +information leak that you know this + + + align:start position:0% +information leak that you know this +particular piece of data will pass + + align:start position:0% +particular piece of data will pass + + + align:start position:0% +particular piece of data will pass +through this particular Channel which is + + align:start position:0% +through this particular Channel which is + + + align:start position:0% +through this particular Channel which is +untrusted and at a high level the reason + + align:start position:0% +untrusted and at a high level the reason + + + align:start position:0% +untrusted and at a high level the reason +why static checking can catch a lot of + + align:start position:0% +why static checking can catch a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +why static checking can catch a lot of +these bugs is because Loosely speaking + + align:start position:0% +these bugs is because Loosely speaking + + + align:start position:0% +these bugs is because Loosely speaking +you can think of some of these + + align:start position:0% +you can think of some of these + + + align:start position:0% +you can think of some of these +annotations they're somewhat similar to + + align:start position:0% +annotations they're somewhat similar to + + + align:start position:0% +annotations they're somewhat similar to +types right and so in the same way that + + align:start position:0% +types right and so in the same way that + + + align:start position:0% +types right and so in the same way that +that uh compilers can catch errors uh + + align:start position:0% +that uh compilers can catch errors uh + + + align:start position:0% +that uh compilers can catch errors uh +involving types in a strong type + + align:start position:0% +involving types in a strong type + + + align:start position:0% +involving types in a strong type +language you can imagine imagine that + + align:start position:0% +language you can imagine imagine that + + + align:start position:0% +language you can imagine imagine that +the compiler in a language like this can + + align:start position:0% +the compiler in a language like this can + + + align:start position:0% +the compiler in a language like this can +you know come up with some type of + + align:start position:0% +you know come up with some type of + + + align:start position:0% +you know come up with some type of +calculus over these labels and in many + + align:start position:0% +calculus over these labels and in many + + + align:start position:0% +calculus over these labels and in many +cases uh determine hey if you were to + + align:start position:0% +cases uh determine hey if you were to + + + align:start position:0% +cases uh determine hey if you were to +actually run this program this would be + + align:start position:0% +actually run this program this would be + + + align:start position:0% +actually run this program this would be +a problem so you either need to uh sort + + align:start position:0% +a problem so you either need to uh sort + + + align:start position:0% +a problem so you either need to uh sort +of fix the way that your labels work + + align:start position:0% +of fix the way that your labels work + + + align:start position:0% +of fix the way that your labels work +maybe you need to explicitly declassify + + align:start position:0% +maybe you need to explicitly declassify + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you need to explicitly declassify +something so on and so forth practice + + align:start position:0% +something so on and so forth practice + + + align:start position:0% +something so on and so forth practice +Alice can be like a GPS location the + + align:start position:0% +Alice can be like a GPS location the + + + align:start position:0% +Alice can be like a GPS location the +network oh yeah yeah yeah that's that's + + align:start position:0% +network oh yeah yeah yeah that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +network oh yeah yeah yeah that's that's +right so so you know depending on the + + align:start position:0% +right so so you know depending on the + + + align:start position:0% +right so so you know depending on the +language yeah these these labels can be + + align:start position:0% +language yeah these these labels can be + + + align:start position:0% +language yeah these these labels can be +associated with people with o ports all + + align:start position:0% +associated with people with o ports all + + + align:start position:0% +associated with people with o ports all +that kind of stuff that's exactly + + align:start position:0% +that kind of stuff that's exactly + + + align:start position:0% +that kind of stuff that's exactly +right uh and so this is just interesting + + align:start position:0% +right uh and so this is just interesting + + + align:start position:0% +right uh and so this is just interesting +to sort of know about because I like the + + align:start position:0% +to sort of know about because I like the + + + align:start position:0% +to sort of know about because I like the +T Droid stuff is sort of a very nice + + align:start position:0% +T Droid stuff is sort of a very nice + + + align:start position:0% +T Droid stuff is sort of a very nice +sort of gentle introduction to some of + + align:start position:0% +sort of gentle introduction to some of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of gentle introduction to some of +this information flow stuff but there's + + align:start position:0% +this information flow stuff but there's + + + align:start position:0% +this information flow stuff but there's +actually some really hardcore systems + + align:start position:0% +actually some really hardcore systems + + + align:start position:0% +actually some really hardcore systems +out there that can sort of um Express + + align:start position:0% +out there that can sort of um Express + + + align:start position:0% +out there that can sort of um Express +much richer semantics that are + + align:start position:0% +much richer semantics that are + + + align:start position:0% +much richer semantics that are +controlled by the programmer with + + align:start position:0% +controlled by the programmer with + + + align:start position:0% +controlled by the programmer with +respect to information flow um and note + + align:start position:0% +respect to information flow um and note + + + align:start position:0% +respect to information flow um and note +too that when we talk about static + + align:start position:0% +too that when we talk about static + + + align:start position:0% +too that when we talk about static +checking be able to catch many bugs it's + + align:start position:0% +checking be able to catch many bugs it's + + + align:start position:0% +checking be able to catch many bugs it's +actually preferable to catch as many + + align:start position:0% +actually preferable to catch as many + + + align:start position:0% +actually preferable to catch as many +bugs using static checking static + + align:start position:0% +bugs using static checking static + + + align:start position:0% +bugs using static checking static +failures as opposed to Dynamic checking + + align:start position:0% +failures as opposed to Dynamic checking + + + align:start position:0% +failures as opposed to Dynamic checking +in Dynamic failures and there's a very + + align:start position:0% +in Dynamic failures and there's a very + + + align:start position:0% +in Dynamic failures and there's a very +subtle but powerful reason for why that + + align:start position:0% +subtle but powerful reason for why that + + + align:start position:0% +subtle but powerful reason for why that +is the reason is that let's say that we + + align:start position:0% +is the reason is that let's say that we + + + align:start position:0% +is the reason is that let's say that we +deferred all of the static checks to + + align:start position:0% +deferred all of the static checks to + + + align:start position:0% +deferred all of the static checks to +runtime right which you could certainly + + align:start position:0% +runtime right which you could certainly + + + align:start position:0% +runtime right which you could certainly +do right there's no reason that you + + align:start position:0% +do right there's no reason that you + + + align:start position:0% +do right there's no reason that you +couldn't take all the static checks and + + align:start position:0% +couldn't take all the static checks and + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't take all the static checks and +do them dynamically the problem is that + + align:start position:0% +do them dynamically the problem is that + + + align:start position:0% +do them dynamically the problem is that +the failure or success of these checks + + align:start position:0% +the failure or success of these checks + + + align:start position:0% +the failure or success of these checks +is actually a covert Channel perhaps + + align:start position:0% +is actually a covert Channel perhaps + + + align:start position:0% +is actually a covert Channel perhaps +right so the attacker could actually + + align:start position:0% +right so the attacker could actually + + + align:start position:0% +right so the attacker could actually +maybe feed your program some information + + align:start position:0% +maybe feed your program some information + + + align:start position:0% +maybe feed your program some information +and then see whether it crashed or not + + align:start position:0% +and then see whether it crashed or not + + + align:start position:0% +and then see whether it crashed or not +right and if it crashed it might say aha + + align:start position:0% +right and if it crashed it might say aha + + + align:start position:0% +right and if it crashed it might say aha +you've passed some Dynamic check on + + align:start position:0% +you've passed some Dynamic check on + + + align:start position:0% +you've passed some Dynamic check on +information flow that must mean + + align:start position:0% +information flow that must mean + + + align:start position:0% +information flow that must mean +something was secret about this value I + + align:start position:0% +something was secret about this value I + + + align:start position:0% +something was secret about this value I +sort of cajoled you into Computing so + + align:start position:0% +sort of cajoled you into Computing so + + + align:start position:0% +sort of cajoled you into Computing so +you want to try to make these checks um + + align:start position:0% +you want to try to make these checks um + + + align:start position:0% +you want to try to make these checks um +as static as possible to the greatest + + align:start position:0% +as static as possible to the greatest + + + align:start position:0% +as static as possible to the greatest +possible extent um yeah and so if you + + align:start position:0% +possible extent um yeah and so if you + + + align:start position:0% +possible extent um yeah and so if you +want more information on this kind of + + align:start position:0% +want more information on this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +want more information on this kind of +stuff uh maybe a good place to sort of + + align:start position:0% +stuff uh maybe a good place to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +stuff uh maybe a good place to sort of +start a literature search is GIF so is a + + align:start position:0% +start a literature search is GIF so is a + + + align:start position:0% +start a literature search is GIF so is a +very influential system that looked at + + align:start position:0% +very influential system that looked at + + + align:start position:0% +very influential system that looked at +some of these issues of sort of label + + align:start position:0% +some of these issues of sort of label + + + align:start position:0% +some of these issues of sort of label +computation uh so you can start there + + align:start position:0% +computation uh so you can start there + + + align:start position:0% +computation uh so you can start there +and then sort of um roll forward um my + + align:start position:0% +and then sort of um roll forward um my + + + align:start position:0% +and then sort of um roll forward um my +co- Professor actually has done a lot of + + align:start position:0% +co- Professor actually has done a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +co- Professor actually has done a lot of +good work on this so you can ask him + + align:start position:0% +good work on this so you can ask him + + + align:start position:0% +good work on this so you can ask him +about that uh if you want to talk about + + align:start position:0% +about that uh if you want to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +about that uh if you want to talk about +more label stuff um so yeah so I think + + align:start position:0% +more label stuff um so yeah so I think + + + align:start position:0% +more label stuff um so yeah so I think +that that's sort of interesting to know + + align:start position:0% +that that's sort of interesting to know + + + align:start position:0% +that that's sort of interesting to know +um that that taint Droid is actually + + align:start position:0% +um that that taint Droid is actually + + + align:start position:0% +um that that taint Droid is actually +fairly restrictive in the expressiveness + + align:start position:0% +fairly restrictive in the expressiveness + + + align:start position:0% +fairly restrictive in the expressiveness +of the labels that allows developers to + + align:start position:0% +of the labels that allows developers to + + + align:start position:0% +of the labels that allows developers to +look at but there are systems out there + + align:start position:0% +look at but there are systems out there + + + align:start position:0% +look at but there are systems out there +that allow you to do um more powerful + + align:start position:0% +that allow you to do um more powerful + + + align:start position:0% +that allow you to do um more powerful +stuff and + + align:start position:0% +stuff and + + + align:start position:0% +stuff and +so finally what I like to talk about uh + + align:start position:0% +so finally what I like to talk about uh + + + align:start position:0% +so finally what I like to talk about uh +is what what we can do if we want to + + align:start position:0% +is what what we can do if we want to + + + align:start position:0% +is what what we can do if we want to +track information flows through some of + + align:start position:0% +track information flows through some of + + + align:start position:0% +track information flows through some of +these Legacy + + align:start position:0% +these Legacy + + + align:start position:0% +these Legacy +programs right or through programs that + + align:start position:0% +programs right or through programs that + + + align:start position:0% +programs right or through programs that +are written in C or C++ that don't have + + align:start position:0% +are written in C or C++ that don't have + + + align:start position:0% +are written in C or C++ that don't have +all this fancy runtime support and so + + align:start position:0% +all this fancy runtime support and so + + + align:start position:0% +all this fancy runtime support and so +there's a very cute system uh from some + + align:start position:0% +there's a very cute system uh from some + + + align:start position:0% +there's a very cute system uh from some +of the same authors on this paper that + + align:start position:0% +of the same authors on this paper that + + + align:start position:0% +of the same authors on this paper that +looks at this issue of how can we track + + align:start position:0% +looks at this issue of how can we track + + + align:start position:0% +looks at this issue of how can we track +sensitive information leaks in a system + + align:start position:0% +sensitive information leaks in a system + + + align:start position:0% +sensitive information leaks in a system +which we we don't want to be able to we + + align:start position:0% +which we we don't want to be able to we + + + align:start position:0% +which we we don't want to be able to we +don't want to modify the applications at + + align:start position:0% +don't want to modify the applications at + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to modify the applications at +all so this is the tight Li system so + + align:start position:0% +all so this is the tight Li system so + + + align:start position:0% +all so this is the tight Li system so +the basic idea is they're going to + + align:start position:0% +the basic idea is they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +the basic idea is they're going to +introduce this notion of what they call + + align:start position:0% +introduce this notion of what they call + + + align:start position:0% +introduce this notion of what they call +uh doppelganger + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +processes and + + align:start position:0% +processes and + + + align:start position:0% +processes and +so titp uses Dopp processes as follows + + align:start position:0% +so titp uses Dopp processes as follows + + + align:start position:0% +so titp uses Dopp processes as follows +so uh the first thing it does is it + + align:start position:0% +so uh the first thing it does is it + + + align:start position:0% +so uh the first thing it does is it +periodically uh scans uh the user's file + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +system and it looks for sensitive file + + align:start position:0% +system and it looks for sensitive file + + + align:start position:0% +system and it looks for sensitive file +types so this might be things like uh + + align:start position:0% +types so this might be things like uh + + + align:start position:0% +types so this might be things like uh +your mail file your word processing + + align:start position:0% +your mail file your word processing + + + align:start position:0% +your mail file your word processing +document so on and so forth and so what + + align:start position:0% +document so on and so forth and so what + + + align:start position:0% +document so on and so forth and so what +it's going to do for each one of these + + align:start position:0% +it's going to do for each one of these + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to do for each one of these +files is it's going to produce um a + + align:start position:0% +files is it's going to produce um a + + + align:start position:0% +files is it's going to produce um a +scrubbed + + align:start position:0% +scrubbed + + + align:start position:0% +scrubbed +version so for example if it finds an + + align:start position:0% +version so for example if it finds an + + + align:start position:0% +version so for example if it finds an +email file it's going to uh sort of + + align:start position:0% +email file it's going to uh sort of + + + align:start position:0% +email file it's going to uh sort of +replace the two and the from information + + align:start position:0% +replace the two and the from information + + + align:start position:0% +replace the two and the from information +with uh let's say a string of the same + + align:start position:0% +with uh let's say a string of the same + + + align:start position:0% +with uh let's say a string of the same +length but just dummy data Maybe all + + align:start position:0% +length but just dummy data Maybe all + + + align:start position:0% +length but just dummy data Maybe all +spaces or something like that so it does + + align:start position:0% +spaces or something like that so it does + + + align:start position:0% +spaces or something like that so it does +uh this sort of as a background task + + align:start position:0% +uh this sort of as a background task + + + align:start position:0% +uh this sort of as a background task +then the second thing it's going to + + align:start position:0% +then the second thing it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +then the second thing it's going to +do is at some point a process is going + + align:start position:0% +do is at some point a process is going + + + align:start position:0% +do is at some point a process is going +to start executing and so then uh titop + + align:start position:0% +to start executing and so then uh titop + + + align:start position:0% +to start executing and so then uh titop +is going to + + align:start position:0% +is going to + + + align:start position:0% +is going to +detect you know when and if uh the + + align:start position:0% +detect you know when and if uh the + + + align:start position:0% +detect you know when and if uh the +process uh tries to access a sensitive + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +file and if such an access does take + + align:start position:0% +file and if such an access does take + + + align:start position:0% +file and if such an access does take +place + + align:start position:0% +place + + + align:start position:0% +place +tight lip is going to spawn uh one of + + align:start position:0% +tight lip is going to spawn uh one of + + + align:start position:0% +tight lip is going to spawn uh one of +these uh doppelganger + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +processes and + + align:start position:0% +processes and + + + align:start position:0% +processes and +so what the Dopp gamer process looks + + align:start position:0% +so what the Dopp gamer process looks + + + align:start position:0% +so what the Dopp gamer process looks +like uh it's very similar to the + + align:start position:0% +like uh it's very similar to the + + + align:start position:0% +like uh it's very similar to the +original process that tried to touch + + align:start position:0% +original process that tried to touch + + + align:start position:0% +original process that tried to touch +that sensitive data um but the key + + align:start position:0% +that sensitive data um but the key + + + align:start position:0% +that sensitive data um but the key +difference is that um the uh + + align:start position:0% +difference is that um the uh + + + align:start position:0% +difference is that um the uh +doppelganger shall abbreviate DG + + align:start position:0% +doppelganger shall abbreviate DG + + + align:start position:0% +doppelganger shall abbreviate DG +um reads uh the scrub + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +data so imagine that some process is + + align:start position:0% +data so imagine that some process is + + + align:start position:0% +data so imagine that some process is +executing it tries to access access your + + align:start position:0% +executing it tries to access access your + + + align:start position:0% +executing it tries to access access your +email file the system spawns this new + + align:start position:0% +email file the system spawns this new + + + align:start position:0% +email file the system spawns this new +process the doppelganger that + + align:start position:0% +process the doppelganger that + + + align:start position:0% +process the doppelganger that +doppelganger is exactly the same as that + + align:start position:0% +doppelganger is exactly the same as that + + + align:start position:0% +doppelganger is exactly the same as that +original one but it is now reading from + + align:start position:0% +original one but it is now reading from + + + align:start position:0% +original one but it is now reading from +that scrub data instead of the real + + align:start position:0% +that scrub data instead of the real + + + align:start position:0% +that scrub data instead of the real +sensitive data + + align:start position:0% +sensitive data + + + align:start position:0% +sensitive data +okay so what happens then and so + + align:start position:0% +okay so what happens then and so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what happens then and so +essentially uh titop um so we're going + + align:start position:0% +essentially uh titop um so we're going + + + align:start position:0% +essentially uh titop um so we're going +to run of those two + + align:start position:0% +to run of those two + + + align:start position:0% +to run of those two +processes in + + align:start position:0% +processes in + + + align:start position:0% +processes in +parallel and basically just watch them + + align:start position:0% +parallel and basically just watch them + + + align:start position:0% +parallel and basically just watch them +and see what they + + align:start position:0% +and see what they + + + align:start position:0% +and see what they +do and so in particular we're going to + + align:start position:0% +do and so in particular we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +do and so in particular we're going to +see um do the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +processes + + align:start position:0% +processes + + + align:start position:0% +processes +issue uh the same system + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +calls with the same arguments + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and if that's the + + align:start position:0% +and if that's the + + + align:start position:0% +and if that's the +case then + + align:start position:0% +case then + + + align:start position:0% +case then +presumably those system calls do not + + align:start position:0% +presumably those system calls do not + + + align:start position:0% +presumably those system calls do not +depend on the sensitive + + align:start position:0% +depend on the sensitive + + + align:start position:0% +depend on the sensitive +data right so in other words if I start + + align:start position:0% +data right so in other words if I start + + + align:start position:0% +data right so in other words if I start +a process that tries to open some + + align:start position:0% +a process that tries to open some + + + align:start position:0% +a process that tries to open some +sensitive file I feed it basically junp + + align:start position:0% +sensitive file I feed it basically junp + + + align:start position:0% +sensitive file I feed it basically junp +data and I let it execute if that Dopp + + align:start position:0% +data and I let it execute if that Dopp + + + align:start position:0% +data and I let it execute if that Dopp +process still does the same things that + + align:start position:0% +process still does the same things that + + + align:start position:0% +process still does the same things that +the regular process would have done then + + align:start position:0% +the regular process would have done then + + + align:start position:0% +the regular process would have done then +presumably it wasn't influenced by that + + align:start position:0% +presumably it wasn't influenced by that + + + align:start position:0% +presumably it wasn't influenced by that +sensitive data at at all right and so + + align:start position:0% +sensitive data at at all right and so + + + align:start position:0% +sensitive data at at all right and so +essentially Dopp ganger will let these + + align:start position:0% +essentially Dopp ganger will let these + + + align:start position:0% +essentially Dopp ganger will let these +processes + + align:start position:0% +processes + + + align:start position:0% +processes +run uh title up will let these processes + + align:start position:0% +run uh title up will let these processes + + + align:start position:0% +run uh title up will let these processes +run and then check these system calls + + align:start position:0% +run and then check these system calls + + + align:start position:0% +run and then check these system calls +here and then you know it might happen + + align:start position:0% +here and then you know it might happen + + + align:start position:0% +here and then you know it might happen +that at some case uh the the CIS calls + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +diverge right so in particular um what + + align:start position:0% +diverge right so in particular um what + + + align:start position:0% +diverge right so in particular um what +if the uh Doppel ganger starts doing + + align:start position:0% +if the uh Doppel ganger starts doing + + + align:start position:0% +if the uh Doppel ganger starts doing +things um that the regular version of + + align:start position:0% +things um that the regular version of + + + align:start position:0% +things um that the regular version of +the process would not have done and then + + align:start position:0% +the process would not have done and then + + + align:start position:0% +the process would not have done and then +the doppelganger tries to make a network + + align:start position:0% +the doppelganger tries to make a network + + + align:start position:0% +the doppelganger tries to make a network +call so just like in Tain Droid when + + align:start position:0% +call so just like in Tain Droid when + + + align:start position:0% +call so just like in Tain Droid when +that Dopp gamer tries to make a network + + align:start position:0% +that Dopp gamer tries to make a network + + + align:start position:0% +that Dopp gamer tries to make a network +call that's when we say aha we should + + align:start position:0% +call that's when we say aha we should + + + align:start position:0% +call that's when we say aha we should +probably stop what's happening right now + + align:start position:0% +probably stop what's happening right now + + + align:start position:0% +probably stop what's happening right now +and then do something right and so if + + align:start position:0% +and then do something right and so if + + + align:start position:0% +and then do something right and so if +the system calls + + align:start position:0% +the system calls + + + align:start position:0% +the system calls +diverge + + align:start position:0% +diverge + + + align:start position:0% +diverge +um and the Dopp ganger makes Network + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +call then we're going to do something so + + align:start position:0% +call then we're going to do something so + + + align:start position:0% +call then we're going to do something so +we're going to either raise an alert to + + align:start position:0% +we're going to either raise an alert to + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to either raise an alert to +the user or you know whatever so kind of + + align:start position:0% +the user or you know whatever so kind of + + + align:start position:0% +the user or you know whatever so kind of +like in taint Droid at this point + + align:start position:0% +like in taint Droid at this point + + + align:start position:0% +like in taint Droid at this point +there's a sort of spe specific policy + + align:start position:0% +there's a sort of spe specific policy + + + align:start position:0% +there's a sort of spe specific policy +you can imagine some particular system + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine some particular system + + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine some particular system +wanting to use but this is sort of an + + align:start position:0% +wanting to use but this is sort of an + + + align:start position:0% +wanting to use but this is sort of an +interesting point at which you can say + + align:start position:0% +interesting point at which you can say + + + align:start position:0% +interesting point at which you can say +well somehow um that that doating or + + align:start position:0% +well somehow um that that doating or + + + align:start position:0% +well somehow um that that doating or +process um was affected by that + + align:start position:0% +process um was affected by that + + + align:start position:0% +process um was affected by that +sensitive data that was returned and so + + align:start position:0% +sensitive data that was returned and so + + + align:start position:0% +sensitive data that was returned and so +that means that maybe if the user did + + align:start position:0% +that means that maybe if the user did + + + align:start position:0% +that means that maybe if the user did +not think that a particular process was + + align:start position:0% +not think that a particular process was + + + align:start position:0% +not think that a particular process was +going to exfiltrate data now the user + + align:start position:0% +going to exfiltrate data now the user + + + align:start position:0% +going to exfiltrate data now the user +can actually do an audit of that program + + align:start position:0% +can actually do an audit of that program + + + align:start position:0% +can actually do an audit of that program +and try to figure out why that program + + align:start position:0% +and try to figure out why that program + + + align:start position:0% +and try to figure out why that program +is trying to send that that data over + + align:start position:0% +is trying to send that that data over + + + align:start position:0% +is trying to send that that data over +the network so does everyone go ahead so + + align:start position:0% +the network so does everyone go ahead so + + + align:start position:0% +the network so does everyone go ahead so +if you're doing something like a word + + align:start position:0% +if you're doing something like a word + + + align:start position:0% +if you're doing something like a word +file or whatever you kind of have to + + align:start position:0% +file or whatever you kind of have to + + + align:start position:0% +file or whatever you kind of have to +know what you're zeroing out and what + + align:start position:0% +know what you're zeroing out and what + + + align:start position:0% +know what you're zeroing out and what +you're leaving in + + align:start position:0% +you're leaving in + + + align:start position:0% +you're leaving in +place you like custom yeah yeah good + + align:start position:0% +place you like custom yeah yeah good + + + align:start position:0% +place you like custom yeah yeah good +question that's right yeah so we were + + align:start position:0% +question that's right yeah so we were + + + align:start position:0% +question that's right yeah so we were +going to I was going to discuss some of + + align:start position:0% +going to I was going to discuss some of + + + align:start position:0% +going to I was going to discuss some of +the limitations and one of the + + align:start position:0% +the limitations and one of the + + + align:start position:0% +the limitations and one of the +limitations is precisely that you need + + align:start position:0% +limitations is precisely that you need + + + align:start position:0% +limitations is precisely that you need +to have per like file type scrubbers + + align:start position:0% +to have per like file type scrubbers + + + align:start position:0% +to have per like file type scrubbers +right so you can't just take your email + + align:start position:0% +right so you can't just take your email + + + align:start position:0% +right so you can't just take your email +scrubber and then use it for like word + + align:start position:0% +scrubber and then use it for like word + + + align:start position:0% +scrubber and then use it for like word +and in fact if those scrubbers miss + + align:start position:0% +and in fact if those scrubbers miss + + + align:start position:0% +and in fact if those scrubbers miss +something uh so if they don't sort of + + align:start position:0% +something uh so if they don't sort of + + + align:start position:0% +something uh so if they don't sort of +redact everything then this system may + + align:start position:0% +redact everything then this system may + + + align:start position:0% +redact everything then this system may +not catch all the possible sensitive + + align:start position:0% +not catch all the possible sensitive + + + align:start position:0% +not catch all the possible sensitive +data readings so you're exactly right + + align:start position:0% +data readings so you're exactly right + + + align:start position:0% +data readings so you're exactly right +about that um but I think go ahead so I + + align:start position:0% +about that um but I think go ahead so I + + + align:start position:0% +about that um but I think go ahead so I +don't quite quite understand why should + + align:start position:0% +don't quite quite understand why should + + + align:start position:0% +don't quite quite understand why should +the process look at the data before + + align:start position:0% +the process look at the data before + + + align:start position:0% +the process look at the data before +sending a back why wouldn't you just + + align:start position:0% +sending a back why wouldn't you just + + + align:start position:0% +sending a back why wouldn't you just +send the SC data why would the + + align:start position:0% +send the SC data why would the + + + align:start position:0% +send the SC data why would the +process if the process plans data are we + + align:start position:0% +process if the process plans data are we + + + align:start position:0% +process if the process plans data are we +expecting that it will look for + + align:start position:0% +expecting that it will look for + + + align:start position:0% +expecting that it will look for +redaction on for oh no no from no no no + + align:start position:0% +redaction on for oh no no from no no no + + + align:start position:0% +redaction on for oh no no from no no no +and from the perspective of the um + + align:start position:0% +and from the perspective of the um + + + align:start position:0% +and from the perspective of the um +doppelganger I mean it may try to in + + align:start position:0% +doppelganger I mean it may try to in + + + align:start position:0% +doppelganger I mean it may try to in +fact look at see things like you know + + align:start position:0% +fact look at see things like you know + + + align:start position:0% +fact look at see things like you know +does this email address make sense for + + align:start position:0% +does this email address make sense for + + + align:start position:0% +does this email address make sense for +example before it try to send it out but + + align:start position:0% +example before it try to send it out but + + + align:start position:0% +example before it try to send it out but +the Dopp or process it should know that + + align:start position:0% +the Dopp or process it should know that + + + align:start position:0% +the Dopp or process it should know that +it's gotten this weird scrub data right + + align:start position:0% +it's gotten this weird scrub data right + + + align:start position:0% +it's gotten this weird scrub data right +so this gets back a little bit to the + + align:start position:0% +so this gets back a little bit to the + + + align:start position:0% +so this gets back a little bit to the +question that we were just talking about + + align:start position:0% +question that we were just talking about + + + align:start position:0% +question that we were just talking about +if your application if your scrubber + + align:start position:0% +if your application if your scrubber + + + align:start position:0% +if your application if your scrubber +doesn't um scrub things in a + + align:start position:0% +doesn't um scrub things in a + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't um scrub things in a +semantically reasonable way the Dopp + + align:start position:0% +semantically reasonable way the Dopp + + + align:start position:0% +semantically reasonable way the Dopp +ganger May in fact crash for example + + align:start position:0% +ganger May in fact crash for example + + + align:start position:0% +ganger May in fact crash for example +right because it expects things to be in + + align:start position:0% +right because it expects things to be in + + + align:start position:0% +right because it expects things to be in +a certain format but it's not um but + + align:start position:0% +a certain format but it's not um but + + + align:start position:0% +a certain format but it's not um but +yeah at a high level the idea is that + + align:start position:0% +yeah at a high level the idea is that + + + align:start position:0% +yeah at a high level the idea is that +we're trying to sort of trick the + + align:start position:0% +we're trying to sort of trick the + + + align:start position:0% +we're trying to sort of trick the +doppelganger into doing what it it would + + align:start position:0% +doppelganger into doing what it it would + + + align:start position:0% +doppelganger into doing what it it would +do normally but on data that's not um + + align:start position:0% +do normally but on data that's not um + + + align:start position:0% +do normally but on data that's not um +that's different than the original + + align:start position:0% +that's different than the original + + + align:start position:0% +that's different than the original +version then seeing if if there'll be + + align:start position:0% +version then seeing if if there'll be + + + align:start position:0% +version then seeing if if there'll be +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +Divergence yeah so one drawback is that + + align:start position:0% +Divergence yeah so one drawback is that + + + align:start position:0% +Divergence yeah so one drawback is that +like we're discussing uh this basically + + align:start position:0% +like we're discussing uh this basically + + + align:start position:0% +like we're discussing uh this basically +puts these scrubbers in the TCB and if + + align:start position:0% +puts these scrubbers in the TCB and if + + + align:start position:0% +puts these scrubbers in the TCB and if +they don't work properly Dopp gers might + + align:start position:0% +they don't work properly Dopp gers might + + + align:start position:0% +they don't work properly Dopp gers might +crash we might not be able to catch some + + align:start position:0% +crash we might not be able to catch some + + + align:start position:0% +crash we might not be able to catch some +violations and things like that um but + + align:start position:0% +violations and things like that um but + + + align:start position:0% +violations and things like that um but +the nice thing about this is that it + + align:start position:0% +the nice thing about this is that it + + + align:start position:0% +the nice thing about this is that it +works with Legacy systems right so we + + align:start position:0% +works with Legacy systems right so we + + + align:start position:0% +works with Legacy systems right so we +don't have to change anything about how + + align:start position:0% +don't have to change anything about how + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to change anything about how +the application itself runs yes you just + + align:start position:0% +the application itself runs yes you just + + + align:start position:0% +the application itself runs yes you just +have to make some fairly minor changes + + align:start position:0% +have to make some fairly minor changes + + + align:start position:0% +have to make some fairly minor changes +to the OS kernel right to be able to + + align:start position:0% +to the OS kernel right to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +to the OS kernel right to be able to +sort of track this system call stuff and + + align:start position:0% +sort of track this system call stuff and + + + align:start position:0% +sort of track this system call stuff and +then things sort of work and it's very + + align:start position:0% +then things sort of work and it's very + + + align:start position:0% +then things sort of work and it's very +very nice and the overhead of the system + + align:start position:0% +very nice and the overhead of the system + + + align:start position:0% +very nice and the overhead of the system +is essentially the overhead of running + + align:start position:0% +is essentially the overhead of running + + + align:start position:0% +is essentially the overhead of running +an additional process which is fairly + + align:start position:0% +an additional process which is fairly + + + align:start position:0% +an additional process which is fairly +low um in the modern operating system so + + align:start position:0% +low um in the modern operating system so + + + align:start position:0% +low um in the modern operating system so +this is just sort of a neat way to think + + align:start position:0% +this is just sort of a neat way to think + + + align:start position:0% +this is just sort of a neat way to think +about how to do some type of of limited + + align:start position:0% +about how to do some type of of limited + + + align:start position:0% +about how to do some type of of limited +um uh tame tracking without doing um + + align:start position:0% +um uh tame tracking without doing um + + + align:start position:0% +um uh tame tracking without doing um +sort of heavyweight changes to the + + align:start position:0% +sort of heavyweight changes to the + + + align:start position:0% +sort of heavyweight changes to the +runtime without requiring changes from + + align:start position:0% +runtime without requiring changes from + + + align:start position:0% +runtime without requiring changes from +the OS or sorry from the application + + align:start position:0% +the OS or sorry from the application + + + align:start position:0% +the OS or sorry from the application +itself so are we like waiting for each + + align:start position:0% +itself so are we like waiting for each + + + align:start position:0% +itself so are we like waiting for each +one are we waiting are we runninges and + + align:start position:0% +one are we waiting are we runninges and + + + align:start position:0% +one are we waiting are we runninges and +then after that Che the system are the + + align:start position:0% +then after that Che the system are the + + + align:start position:0% +then after that Che the system are the +same when do we yeah it's a good + + align:start position:0% +same when do we yeah it's a good + + + align:start position:0% +same when do we yeah it's a good +question so as long as the doppelganger + + align:start position:0% +question so as long as the doppelganger + + + align:start position:0% +question so as long as the doppelganger +process does things that the OS can + + align:start position:0% +process does things that the OS can + + + align:start position:0% +process does things that the OS can +control and sort of keep on the local + + align:start position:0% +control and sort of keep on the local + + + align:start position:0% +control and sort of keep on the local +machine you can imagine running the Dopp + + align:start position:0% +machine you can imagine running the Dopp + + + align:start position:0% +machine you can imagine running the Dopp +Gainer process in the regular one + + align:start position:0% +Gainer process in the regular one + + + align:start position:0% +Gainer process in the regular one +forward but as soon as the Doppel Gainer + + align:start position:0% +forward but as soon as the Doppel Gainer + + + align:start position:0% +forward but as soon as the Doppel Gainer +tries to like affect external state so + + align:start position:0% +tries to like affect external state so + + + align:start position:0% +tries to like affect external state so +like maybe the network is one instance + + align:start position:0% +like maybe the network is one instance + + + align:start position:0% +like maybe the network is one instance +of that maybe you know you can think of + + align:start position:0% +of that maybe you know you can think of + + + align:start position:0% +of that maybe you know you can think of +some other resources like that or maybe + + align:start position:0% +some other resources like that or maybe + + + align:start position:0% +some other resources like that or maybe +there's something like pipes for example + + align:start position:0% +there's something like pipes for example + + + align:start position:0% +there's something like pipes for example +that the colonel doesn't know how to + + align:start position:0% +that the colonel doesn't know how to + + + align:start position:0% +that the colonel doesn't know how to +create Doppel Gainer state for at that + + align:start position:0% +create Doppel Gainer state for at that + + + align:start position:0% +create Doppel Gainer state for at that +point you have to stop it and then sort + + align:start position:0% +point you have to stop it and then sort + + + align:start position:0% +point you have to stop it and then sort +of um declare success or Victory + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +basically any other + + align:start position:0% +basically any other + + + align:start position:0% +basically any other +questions all right well that's the end + + align:start position:0% +questions all right well that's the end + + + align:start position:0% +questions all right well that's the end +of the lecture have a good Thanksgiving + + align:start position:0% +of the lecture have a good Thanksgiving + + + align:start position:0% +of the lecture have a good Thanksgiving +see you uh next week \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/WPSeyjX1-4s.txt b/WPSeyjX1-4s.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a09eaa87aa7a4bafc46b26c18079e832a52aed34 --- /dev/null +++ b/WPSeyjX1-4s.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9512 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ladies and gentlemen I'd like to get + + align:start position:0% +ladies and gentlemen I'd like to get + + + align:start position:0% +ladies and gentlemen I'd like to get +started my name is Eric Grimson I have + + align:start position:0% +started my name is Eric Grimson I have + + + align:start position:0% +started my name is Eric Grimson I have +the privilege of serving as mi t--'s + + align:start position:0% +the privilege of serving as mi t--'s + + + align:start position:0% +the privilege of serving as mi t--'s +chancellor for academic advancement you + + align:start position:0% +chancellor for academic advancement you + + + align:start position:0% +chancellor for academic advancement you +can go look up what that means and like + + align:start position:0% +can go look up what that means and like + + + align:start position:0% +can go look up what that means and like +John I'm a former head of course six and + + align:start position:0% +John I'm a former head of course six and + + + align:start position:0% +John I'm a former head of course six and +today are it's hard this term with Anna + + align:start position:0% +today are it's hard this term with Anna + + + align:start position:0% +today are it's hard this term with Anna +and John I'm going to be splitting the + + align:start position:0% +and John I'm going to be splitting the + + + align:start position:0% +and John I'm going to be splitting the +lecture so I'm up today okay last time + + align:start position:0% +lecture so I'm up today okay last time + + + align:start position:0% +lecture so I'm up today okay last time +and introduced the first of the compound + + align:start position:0% +and introduced the first of the compound + + + align:start position:0% +and introduced the first of the compound +datatypes tuples and lists she sold Lots + + align:start position:0% +datatypes tuples and lists she sold Lots + + + align:start position:0% +datatypes tuples and lists she sold Lots +showed lots of ways of manipulating them + + align:start position:0% +showed lots of ways of manipulating them + + + align:start position:0% +showed lots of ways of manipulating them +lots of built-in things for manipulating + + align:start position:0% +lots of built-in things for manipulating + + + align:start position:0% +lots of built-in things for manipulating +those structures in the key difference + + align:start position:0% +those structures in the key difference + + + align:start position:0% +those structures in the key difference +between the two of them was that tuples + + align:start position:0% +between the two of them was that tuples + + + align:start position:0% +between the two of them was that tuples +were immutable meaning you could not + + align:start position:0% +were immutable meaning you could not + + + align:start position:0% +were immutable meaning you could not +change them lists were mutable they + + align:start position:0% +change them lists were mutable they + + + align:start position:0% +change them lists were mutable they +could be changed or mutated and that led + + align:start position:0% +could be changed or mutated and that led + + + align:start position:0% +could be changed or mutated and that led +to both some nice power and some + + align:start position:0% +to both some nice power and some + + + align:start position:0% +to both some nice power and some +opportunities for challenges and in + + align:start position:0% +opportunities for challenges and in + + + align:start position:0% +opportunities for challenges and in +particular she showed you things like + + align:start position:0% +particular she showed you things like + + + align:start position:0% +particular she showed you things like +aliasing where you could have two names + + align:start position:0% +aliasing where you could have two names + + + align:start position:0% +aliasing where you could have two names +pointing to the same list structure and + + align:start position:0% +pointing to the same list structure and + + + align:start position:0% +pointing to the same list structure and +because of that you could change the + + align:start position:0% +because of that you could change the + + + align:start position:0% +because of that you could change the +contents of one it would change the + + align:start position:0% +contents of one it would change the + + + align:start position:0% +contents of one it would change the +appearance of the contents of the other + + align:start position:0% +appearance of the contents of the other + + + align:start position:0% +appearance of the contents of the other +and that leads to some nice challenges + + align:start position:0% +and that leads to some nice challenges + + + align:start position:0% +and that leads to some nice challenges +so the side-effects immutability or one + + align:start position:0% +so the side-effects immutability or one + + + align:start position:0% +so the side-effects immutability or one +of the things you're going to see both + + align:start position:0% +of the things you're going to see both + + + align:start position:0% +of the things you're going to see both +as a plus and a minus as we go through + + align:start position:0% +as a plus and a minus as we go through + + + align:start position:0% +as a plus and a minus as we go through +the course today we're going to take a + + align:start position:0% +the course today we're going to take a + + + align:start position:0% +the course today we're going to take a +different direction for a little while + + align:start position:0% +different direction for a little while + + + align:start position:0% +different direction for a little while +we're going to talk about recursion + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about recursion + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about recursion +there's a powerful and wonderful tool + + align:start position:0% +there's a powerful and wonderful tool + + + align:start position:0% +there's a powerful and wonderful tool +for solving computational problems we're + + align:start position:0% +for solving computational problems we're + + + align:start position:0% +for solving computational problems we're +then going to look at another type of + + align:start position:0% +then going to look at another type of + + + align:start position:0% +then going to look at another type of +compound data structure a dictionary + + align:start position:0% +compound data structure a dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +compound data structure a dictionary +which is also mutable and then we're + + align:start position:0% +which is also mutable and then we're + + + align:start position:0% +which is also mutable and then we're +going to put the two pieces together and + + align:start position:0% +going to put the two pieces together and + + + align:start position:0% +going to put the two pieces together and +show how together they actually give you + + align:start position:0% +show how together they actually give you + + + align:start position:0% +show how together they actually give you +a lot of power for solving some really + + align:start position:0% +a lot of power for solving some really + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of power for solving some really +neat problems very effectively but I + + align:start position:0% +neat problems very effectively but I + + + align:start position:0% +neat problems very effectively but I +want to start with recursion perhaps one + + align:start position:0% +want to start with recursion perhaps one + + + align:start position:0% +want to start with recursion perhaps one +of the most mysterious at least + + align:start position:0% +of the most mysterious at least + + + align:start position:0% +of the most mysterious at least +according to programmers concepts in + + align:start position:0% +according to programmers concepts in + + + align:start position:0% +according to programmers concepts in +computer science one that leads to lots + + align:start position:0% +computer science one that leads to lots + + + align:start position:0% +computer science one that leads to lots +of really bad computer science jokes + + align:start position:0% +of really bad computer science jokes + + + align:start position:0% +of really bad computer science jokes +actually all computer science jokes are + + align:start position:0% +actually all computer science jokes are + + + align:start position:0% +actually all computer science jokes are +bad but these are particularly bad so + + align:start position:0% +bad but these are particularly bad so + + + align:start position:0% +bad but these are particularly bad so +let's start with the obvious question + + align:start position:0% +let's start with the obvious question + + + align:start position:0% +let's start with the obvious question +what is recursion if you go to the + + align:start position:0% +what is recursion if you go to the + + + align:start position:0% +what is recursion if you go to the +ultimate source of knowledge Wikipedia + + align:start position:0% +ultimate source of knowledge Wikipedia + + + align:start position:0% +ultimate source of knowledge Wikipedia +you get something that says in essence + + align:start position:0% +you get something that says in essence + + + align:start position:0% +you get something that says in essence +recursion is the process of repeating + + align:start position:0% +recursion is the process of repeating + + + align:start position:0% +recursion is the process of repeating +items in a self-similar way well that's + + align:start position:0% +items in a self-similar way well that's + + + align:start position:0% +items in a self-similar way well that's +really helpful right + + align:start position:0% +really helpful right + + + align:start position:0% +really helpful right +but we're going to see that idea because + + align:start position:0% +but we're going to see that idea because + + + align:start position:0% +but we're going to see that idea because +recursion is we're going to see in a + + align:start position:0% +recursion is we're going to see in a + + + align:start position:0% +recursion is we're going to see in a +second is the idea of taking a problem + + align:start position:0% +second is the idea of taking a problem + + + align:start position:0% +second is the idea of taking a problem +and reducing it to a smaller version of + + align:start position:0% +and reducing it to a smaller version of + + + align:start position:0% +and reducing it to a smaller version of +the same problem and using that idea to + + align:start position:0% +the same problem and using that idea to + + + align:start position:0% +the same problem and using that idea to +actually tackle a bunch of really + + align:start position:0% +actually tackle a bunch of really + + + align:start position:0% +actually tackle a bunch of really +interesting problems but recursion gets + + align:start position:0% +interesting problems but recursion gets + + + align:start position:0% +interesting problems but recursion gets +used a lot of places so it's this idea + + align:start position:0% +used a lot of places so it's this idea + + + align:start position:0% +used a lot of places so it's this idea +of using or repeating the idea of + + align:start position:0% +of using or repeating the idea of + + + align:start position:0% +of using or repeating the idea of +multiple times so you know wouldn't it + + align:start position:0% +multiple times so you know wouldn't it + + + align:start position:0% +multiple times so you know wouldn't it +be great if your 3d printer printed 3d + + align:start position:0% +be great if your 3d printer printed 3d + + + align:start position:0% +be great if your 3d printer printed 3d +printers and you could just keep doing + + align:start position:0% +printers and you could just keep doing + + + align:start position:0% +printers and you could just keep doing +that all the way along or one that's a + + align:start position:0% +that all the way along or one that's a + + + align:start position:0% +that all the way along or one that's a +little more common it's actually got a + + align:start position:0% +little more common it's actually got a + + + align:start position:0% +little more common it's actually got a +wonderful name is called Me's on a beam + + align:start position:0% +wonderful name is called Me's on a beam + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful name is called Me's on a beam +in art sometimes referred to as the + + align:start position:0% +in art sometimes referred to as the + + + align:start position:0% +in art sometimes referred to as the +droste effect pictures that have inside + + align:start position:0% +droste effect pictures that have inside + + + align:start position:0% +droste effect pictures that have inside +them a picture of the picture which has + + align:start position:0% +them a picture of the picture which has + + + align:start position:0% +them a picture of the picture which has +inside them a picture of the picture and + + align:start position:0% +inside them a picture of the picture and + + + align:start position:0% +inside them a picture of the picture and +you get the idea and of course one of + + align:start position:0% +you get the idea and of course one of + + + align:start position:0% +you get the idea and of course one of +the things you want to think about in + + align:start position:0% +the things you want to think about in + + + align:start position:0% +the things you want to think about in +recursion is not to have it go on + + align:start position:0% +recursion is not to have it go on + + + align:start position:0% +recursion is not to have it go on +infinitely and yes there are even light + + align:start position:0% +infinitely and yes there are even light + + + align:start position:0% +infinitely and yes there are even light +bulb jokes about recursion if you can't + + align:start position:0% +bulb jokes about recursion if you can't + + + align:start position:0% +bulb jokes about recursion if you can't +read it it says how many twists does it + + align:start position:0% +read it it says how many twists does it + + + align:start position:0% +read it it says how many twists does it +take to screw in a light bulb + + align:start position:0% +take to screw in a light bulb + + + align:start position:0% +take to screw in a light bulb +and it says if it's already screwed in + + align:start position:0% +and it says if it's already screwed in + + + align:start position:0% +and it says if it's already screwed in +the answer is zero otherwise twist at + + align:start position:0% +the answer is zero otherwise twist at + + + align:start position:0% +the answer is zero otherwise twist at +once ask me again add one to my answer + + align:start position:0% +once ask me again add one to my answer + + + align:start position:0% +once ask me again add one to my answer +and that's actually a nice description + + align:start position:0% +and that's actually a nice description + + + align:start position:0% +and that's actually a nice description +of recursion so let's look at it more + + align:start position:0% +of recursion so let's look at it more + + + align:start position:0% +of recursion so let's look at it more +seriously what is recursion I want to + + align:start position:0% +seriously what is recursion I want to + + + align:start position:0% +seriously what is recursion I want to +describe it both abstractly or + + align:start position:0% +describe it both abstractly or + + + align:start position:0% +describe it both abstractly or +algorithmically and semantically or if + + align:start position:0% +algorithmically and semantically or if + + + align:start position:0% +algorithmically and semantically or if +you like in terms of programming + + align:start position:0% +you like in terms of programming + + + align:start position:0% +you like in terms of programming +abstractly this is a great instance of + + align:start position:0% +abstractly this is a great instance of + + + align:start position:0% +abstractly this is a great instance of +something often called divide and + + align:start position:0% +something often called divide and + + + align:start position:0% +something often called divide and +conquer or sometimes called decrease and + + align:start position:0% +conquer or sometimes called decrease and + + + align:start position:0% +conquer or sometimes called decrease and +conquer and the idea of recursion is I + + align:start position:0% +conquer and the idea of recursion is I + + + align:start position:0% +conquer and the idea of recursion is I +want to take a problem I'm trying to + + align:start position:0% +want to take a problem I'm trying to + + + align:start position:0% +want to take a problem I'm trying to +solve and say how could I reduce it to a + + align:start position:0% +solve and say how could I reduce it to a + + + align:start position:0% +solve and say how could I reduce it to a +simpler version of the same problem plus + + align:start position:0% +simpler version of the same problem plus + + + align:start position:0% +simpler version of the same problem plus +some things I know how to do and then + + align:start position:0% +some things I know how to do and then + + + align:start position:0% +some things I know how to do and then +that simpler version I'm going to reduce + + align:start position:0% +that simpler version I'm going to reduce + + + align:start position:0% +that simpler version I'm going to reduce +it again and keep doing that until I get + + align:start position:0% +it again and keep doing that until I get + + + align:start position:0% +it again and keep doing that until I get +down to a simple case that I can solve + + align:start position:0% +down to a simple case that I can solve + + + align:start position:0% +down to a simple case that I can solve +directly that is how we're going to + + align:start position:0% +directly that is how we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +directly that is how we're going to +think about designing solutions to + + align:start position:0% +think about designing solutions to + + + align:start position:0% +think about designing solutions to +problems semantically this is typically + + align:start position:0% +problems semantically this is typically + + + align:start position:0% +problems semantically this is typically +going to lead to the case where a + + align:start position:0% +going to lead to the case where a + + + align:start position:0% +going to lead to the case where a +program a definition a function will + + align:start position:0% +program a definition a function will + + + align:start position:0% +program a definition a function will +refer to itself in its body it will call + + align:start position:0% +refer to itself in its body it will call + + + align:start position:0% +refer to itself in its body it will call +itself inside its body now if you + + align:start position:0% +itself inside its body now if you + + + align:start position:0% +itself inside its body now if you +remember your high school geometry + + align:start position:0% +remember your high school geometry + + + align:start position:0% +remember your high school geometry +teacher she probably would rap your + + align:start position:0% +teacher she probably would rap your + + + align:start position:0% +teacher she probably would rap your +knuckles which you're not allowed to do + + align:start position:0% +knuckles which you're not allowed to do + + + align:start position:0% +knuckles which you're not allowed to do +because then things like geometry you + + align:start position:0% +because then things like geometry you + + + align:start position:0% +because then things like geometry you +can't define something in terms of + + align:start position:0% +can't define something in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +can't define something in terms of +itself right that's not allowed in + + align:start position:0% +itself right that's not allowed in + + + align:start position:0% +itself right that's not allowed in +recursion + + align:start position:0% +recursion + + + align:start position:0% +recursion +is okay our definition of a procedure + + align:start position:0% +is okay our definition of a procedure + + + align:start position:0% +is okay our definition of a procedure +can in its body call itself so long as I + + align:start position:0% +can in its body call itself so long as I + + + align:start position:0% +can in its body call itself so long as I +have what I call a base case a way of + + align:start position:0% +have what I call a base case a way of + + + align:start position:0% +have what I call a base case a way of +stopping that unwinding of the problems + + align:start position:0% +stopping that unwinding of the problems + + + align:start position:0% +stopping that unwinding of the problems +when I get to something I can solve + + align:start position:0% +when I get to something I can solve + + + align:start position:0% +when I get to something I can solve +directly and so what we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +directly and so what we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +directly and so what we're going to do +is avoid infinite recursion by ensuring + + align:start position:0% +is avoid infinite recursion by ensuring + + + align:start position:0% +is avoid infinite recursion by ensuring +that we have at least one or more base + + align:start position:0% +that we have at least one or more base + + + align:start position:0% +that we have at least one or more base +cases that are easy to solve and then + + align:start position:0% +cases that are easy to solve and then + + + align:start position:0% +cases that are easy to solve and then +the basic idea is I just want to solve + + align:start position:0% +the basic idea is I just want to solve + + + align:start position:0% +the basic idea is I just want to solve +the same problem on some simpler input + + align:start position:0% +the same problem on some simpler input + + + align:start position:0% +the same problem on some simpler input +with the idea of the using that solution + + align:start position:0% +with the idea of the using that solution + + + align:start position:0% +with the idea of the using that solution +to solve the larger problem okay let's + + align:start position:0% +to solve the larger problem okay let's + + + align:start position:0% +to solve the larger problem okay let's +look at an example and to set the stage + + align:start position:0% +look at an example and to set the stage + + + align:start position:0% +look at an example and to set the stage +I'm going to go back to something you've + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to go back to something you've + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to go back to something you've +been doing iterative algorithms for + + align:start position:0% +been doing iterative algorithms for + + + align:start position:0% +been doing iterative algorithms for +loops while loops they naturally lead to + + align:start position:0% +loops while loops they naturally lead to + + + align:start position:0% +loops while loops they naturally lead to +what we would call iterative algorithms + + align:start position:0% +what we would call iterative algorithms + + + align:start position:0% +what we would call iterative algorithms +and these algorithms can be described as + + align:start position:0% +and these algorithms can be described as + + + align:start position:0% +and these algorithms can be described as +being captured by a set of state + + align:start position:0% +being captured by a set of state + + + align:start position:0% +being captured by a set of state +variables meaning a sum one or more + + align:start position:0% +variables meaning a sum one or more + + + align:start position:0% +variables meaning a sum one or more +variables that tell us exactly the state + + align:start position:0% +variables that tell us exactly the state + + + align:start position:0% +variables that tell us exactly the state +of the computation it's a lot of words + + align:start position:0% +of the computation it's a lot of words + + + align:start position:0% +of the computation it's a lot of words +let's look at an example + + align:start position:0% +let's look at an example + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at an example +I know it's trivial but bear with me + + align:start position:0% +I know it's trivial but bear with me + + + align:start position:0% +I know it's trivial but bear with me +suppose I want to do integer + + align:start position:0% +suppose I want to do integer + + + align:start position:0% +suppose I want to do integer +multiplication multiply two integers + + align:start position:0% +multiplication multiply two integers + + + align:start position:0% +multiplication multiply two integers +together and all I have available to me + + align:start position:0% +together and all I have available to me + + + align:start position:0% +together and all I have available to me +is addition so a times B is the same as + + align:start position:0% +is addition so a times B is the same as + + + align:start position:0% +is addition so a times B is the same as +adding a to itself B times if I'm + + align:start position:0% +adding a to itself B times if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +adding a to itself B times if I'm +thinking about this iteratively I could + + align:start position:0% +thinking about this iteratively I could + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about this iteratively I could +capture this computation with two state + + align:start position:0% +capture this computation with two state + + + align:start position:0% +capture this computation with two state +variables one would just call the + + align:start position:0% +variables one would just call the + + + align:start position:0% +variables one would just call the +iteration number and it would be + + align:start position:0% +iteration number and it would be + + + align:start position:0% +iteration number and it would be +something for example that starts at B + + align:start position:0% +something for example that starts at B + + + align:start position:0% +something for example that starts at B +and each time through the loop reduces + + align:start position:0% +and each time through the loop reduces + + + align:start position:0% +and each time through the loop reduces +by one and it will keep doing that until + + align:start position:0% +by one and it will keep doing that until + + + align:start position:0% +by one and it will keep doing that until +I've counted down B times and I get down + + align:start position:0% +I've counted down B times and I get down + + + align:start position:0% +I've counted down B times and I get down +to zero and at the same time I would + + align:start position:0% +to zero and at the same time I would + + + align:start position:0% +to zero and at the same time I would +have some value the computation I might + + align:start position:0% +have some value the computation I might + + + align:start position:0% +have some value the computation I might +call it result which starts at zero + + align:start position:0% +call it result which starts at zero + + + align:start position:0% +call it result which starts at zero +first time through adds in a next time + + align:start position:0% +first time through adds in a next time + + + align:start position:0% +first time through adds in a next time +through ads and a and it just keeps + + align:start position:0% +through ads and a and it just keeps + + + align:start position:0% +through ads and a and it just keeps +track of how many things have I added up + + align:start position:0% +track of how many things have I added up + + + align:start position:0% +track of how many things have I added up +until I get done and yeah I know you + + align:start position:0% +until I get done and yeah I know you + + + align:start position:0% +until I get done and yeah I know you +could just do mult + + align:start position:0% +could just do mult + + + align:start position:0% +could just do mult +but this is trying to get this idea of + + align:start position:0% +but this is trying to get this idea of + + + align:start position:0% +but this is trying to get this idea of +how would I do this iteratively so I + + align:start position:0% +how would I do this iteratively so I + + + align:start position:0% +how would I do this iteratively so I +might start off with I saying there be + + align:start position:0% +might start off with I saying there be + + + align:start position:0% +might start off with I saying there be +things still to add and results as one + + align:start position:0% +things still to add and results as one + + + align:start position:0% +things still to add and results as one +the first time through the loop I add in + + align:start position:0% +the first time through the loop I add in + + + align:start position:0% +the first time through the loop I add in +a reduce I by one next time through the + + align:start position:0% +a reduce I by one next time through the + + + align:start position:0% +a reduce I by one next time through the +loop I add in another a reduced I by one + + align:start position:0% +loop I add in another a reduced I by one + + + align:start position:0% +loop I add in another a reduced I by one +and you get the idea I just walk down it + + align:start position:0% +and you get the idea I just walk down it + + + align:start position:0% +and you get the idea I just walk down it +until eventually I got to the end of + + align:start position:0% +until eventually I got to the end of + + + align:start position:0% +until eventually I got to the end of +this computation so we could write code + + align:start position:0% +this computation so we could write code + + + align:start position:0% +this computation so we could write code +for this and actually it should be + + align:start position:0% +for this and actually it should be + + + align:start position:0% +for this and actually it should be +pretty straightforward + + align:start position:0% +pretty straightforward + + + align:start position:0% +pretty straightforward +there it is I'm going to call it multi + + align:start position:0% +there it is I'm going to call it multi + + + align:start position:0% +there it is I'm going to call it multi +two takes in two arguments a and B and + + align:start position:0% +two takes in two arguments a and B and + + + align:start position:0% +two takes in two arguments a and B and +I'm going to capture exactly that + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to capture exactly that + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to capture exactly that +process so notice what I do I set up + + align:start position:0% +process so notice what I do I set up + + + align:start position:0% +process so notice what I do I set up +result internally is just a little + + align:start position:0% +result internally is just a little + + + align:start position:0% +result internally is just a little +variable I'm going to use to accumulate + + align:start position:0% +variable I'm going to use to accumulate + + + align:start position:0% +variable I'm going to use to accumulate +things and then there's the iteration as + + align:start position:0% +things and then there's the iteration as + + + align:start position:0% +things and then there's the iteration as +long as B is greater than zero what do I + + align:start position:0% +long as B is greater than zero what do I + + + align:start position:0% +long as B is greater than zero what do I +do + + align:start position:0% +do + + + align:start position:0% +do +add a two result stored away reduce B by + + align:start position:0% +add a two result stored away reduce B by + + + align:start position:0% +add a two result stored away reduce B by +one and I'll keep doing that until B + + align:start position:0% +one and I'll keep doing that until B + + + align:start position:0% +one and I'll keep doing that until B +gets down to being equal to 0 in which + + align:start position:0% +gets down to being equal to 0 in which + + + align:start position:0% +gets down to being equal to 0 in which +case I just return the result okay + + align:start position:0% +case I just return the result okay + + + align:start position:0% +case I just return the result okay +simple solution now let's think about + + align:start position:0% +simple solution now let's think about + + + align:start position:0% +simple solution now let's think about +this a different way gain a times B is + + align:start position:0% +this a different way gain a times B is + + + align:start position:0% +this a different way gain a times B is +just adding a to itself B times and + + align:start position:0% +just adding a to itself B times and + + + align:start position:0% +just adding a to itself B times and +that's the same as a plus adding a to + + align:start position:0% +that's the same as a plus adding a to + + + align:start position:0% +that's the same as a plus adding a to +itself B minus 1 times ok that sounds + + align:start position:0% +itself B minus 1 times ok that sounds + + + align:start position:0% +itself B minus 1 times ok that sounds +like leisure domain that sounds like + + align:start position:0% +like leisure domain that sounds like + + + align:start position:0% +like leisure domain that sounds like +just playing with words but it's really + + align:start position:0% +just playing with words but it's really + + + align:start position:0% +just playing with words but it's really +important because what is this ah that's + + align:start position:0% +important because what is this ah that's + + + align:start position:0% +important because what is this ah that's +just a times B minus 1 by the definition + + align:start position:0% +just a times B minus 1 by the definition + + + align:start position:0% +just a times B minus 1 by the definition +at the top point and I know you're + + align:start position:0% +at the top point and I know you're + + + align:start position:0% +at the top point and I know you're +totally impressed but this is actually + + align:start position:0% +totally impressed but this is actually + + + align:start position:0% +totally impressed but this is actually +really cool because what have I done + + align:start position:0% +really cool because what have I done + + + align:start position:0% +really cool because what have I done +I've taken one problem this one up here + + align:start position:0% +I've taken one problem this one up here + + + align:start position:0% +I've taken one problem this one up here +and I've reduced it to a simpler version + + align:start position:0% +and I've reduced it to a simpler version + + + align:start position:0% +and I've reduced it to a simpler version +of the same problem plus some things I + + align:start position:0% +of the same problem plus some things I + + + align:start position:0% +of the same problem plus some things I +know how to do and how would I solve + + align:start position:0% +know how to do and how would I solve + + + align:start position:0% +know how to do and how would I solve +this same trick that's a times a times B + + align:start position:0% +this same trick that's a times a times B + + + align:start position:0% +this same trick that's a times a times B +minus 2 I would just unwrap it one more + + align:start position:0% +minus 2 I would just unwrap it one more + + + align:start position:0% +minus 2 I would just unwrap it one more +time and I would just keep doing that + + align:start position:0% +time and I would just keep doing that + + + align:start position:0% +time and I would just keep doing that +until I get down to something I can + + align:start position:0% +until I get down to something I can + + + align:start position:0% +until I get down to something I can +solve directly a base case and that's + + align:start position:0% +solve directly a base case and that's + + + align:start position:0% +solve directly a base case and that's +easy when B is equal to 1 the answer is + + align:start position:0% +easy when B is equal to 1 the answer is + + + align:start position:0% +easy when B is equal to 1 the answer is +just 8 or I could do one B is equal to 0 + + align:start position:0% +just 8 or I could do one B is equal to 0 + + + align:start position:0% +just 8 or I could do one B is equal to 0 +the answer is just 0 and there's code to + + align:start position:0% +the answer is just 0 and there's code to + + + align:start position:0% +the answer is just 0 and there's code to +capture that different form wonderful + + align:start position:0% +capture that different form wonderful + + + align:start position:0% +capture that different form wonderful +compact description what does it say it + + align:start position:0% +compact description what does it say it + + + align:start position:0% +compact description what does it say it +says if I'm at the base case if B is + + align:start position:0% +says if I'm at the base case if B is + + + align:start position:0% +says if I'm at the base case if B is +equal to 1 the answer is just a + + align:start position:0% +equal to 1 the answer is just a + + + align:start position:0% +equal to 1 the answer is just a +otherwise I'm going to solve the same + + align:start position:0% +otherwise I'm going to solve the same + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise I'm going to solve the same +problem with a smaller version and add + + align:start position:0% +problem with a smaller version and add + + + align:start position:0% +problem with a smaller version and add +it to a and return that result and + + align:start position:0% +it to a and return that result and + + + align:start position:0% +it to a and return that result and +that's nice crisp characterization of a + + align:start position:0% +that's nice crisp characterization of a + + + align:start position:0% +that's nice crisp characterization of a +problem recursive definition that + + align:start position:0% +problem recursive definition that + + + align:start position:0% +problem recursive definition that +reduces a problem to a simpler version + + align:start position:0% +reduces a problem to a simpler version + + + align:start position:0% +reduces a problem to a simpler version +of the same problem + + align:start position:0% +of the same problem + + + align:start position:0% +of the same problem +okay let's look at another example + + align:start position:0% +okay let's look at another example + + + align:start position:0% +okay let's look at another example +classic problem in recursions to compute + + align:start position:0% +classic problem in recursions to compute + + + align:start position:0% +classic problem in recursions to compute +factorial write n factorial or n bang if + + align:start position:0% +factorial write n factorial or n bang if + + + align:start position:0% +factorial write n factorial or n bang if +you like and exclamation point is n + + align:start position:0% +you like and exclamation point is n + + + align:start position:0% +you like and exclamation point is n +times n minus 1 all the way down to 1 so + + align:start position:0% +times n minus 1 all the way down to 1 so + + + align:start position:0% +times n minus 1 all the way down to 1 so +it's the product of all the integers + + align:start position:0% +it's the product of all the integers + + + align:start position:0% +it's the product of all the integers +from 1 up to n assuming n is a positive + + align:start position:0% +from 1 up to n assuming n is a positive + + + align:start position:0% +from 1 up to n assuming n is a positive +integer so we can ask the same question + + align:start position:0% +integer so we can ask the same question + + + align:start position:0% +integer so we can ask the same question +if I wanted to solve this recursively + + align:start position:0% +if I wanted to solve this recursively + + + align:start position:0% +if I wanted to solve this recursively +what would the base case be well when n + + align:start position:0% +what would the base case be well when n + + + align:start position:0% +what would the base case be well when n +is equal to 1 it's just 1 in the + + align:start position:0% +is equal to 1 it's just 1 in the + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to 1 it's just 1 in the +recursive case we'll end times n minus 1 + + align:start position:0% +recursive case we'll end times n minus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +recursive case we'll end times n minus 1 +all the way down to 1 that's the same as + + align:start position:0% +all the way down to 1 that's the same as + + + align:start position:0% +all the way down to 1 that's the same as +n times n minus 1 factorial so I can + + align:start position:0% +n times n minus 1 factorial so I can + + + align:start position:0% +n times n minus 1 factorial so I can +easily write out the base case and I've + + align:start position:0% +easily write out the base case and I've + + + align:start position:0% +easily write out the base case and I've +got a nice recursive solution to this + + align:start position:0% +got a nice recursive solution to this + + + align:start position:0% +got a nice recursive solution to this +problem okay if you're like me and this + + align:start position:0% +problem okay if you're like me and this + + + align:start position:0% +problem okay if you're like me and this +is the first time you see it it feels + + align:start position:0% +is the first time you see it it feels + + + align:start position:0% +is the first time you see it it feels +like I've taken your head and twisted it + + align:start position:0% +like I've taken your head and twisted it + + + align:start position:0% +like I've taken your head and twisted it +about 180 degrees I'm going to take it + + align:start position:0% +about 180 degrees I'm going to take it + + + align:start position:0% +about 180 degrees I'm going to take it +another 180 degrees because you might be + + align:start position:0% +another 180 degrees because you might be + + + align:start position:0% +another 180 degrees because you might be +saying well wait a minute how do you + + align:start position:0% +saying well wait a minute how do you + + + align:start position:0% +saying well wait a minute how do you +know what really stops how do you know + + align:start position:0% +know what really stops how do you know + + + align:start position:0% +know what really stops how do you know +it really terminates the computation so + + align:start position:0% +it really terminates the computation so + + + align:start position:0% +it really terminates the computation so +let's look at it there's my definition + + align:start position:0% +let's look at it there's my definition + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at it there's my definition +for fact short for factorial right fact + + align:start position:0% +for fact short for factorial right fact + + + align:start position:0% +for fact short for factorial right fact +event is if n is equal to 1 return 1 + + align:start position:0% +event is if n is equal to 1 return 1 + + + align:start position:0% +event is if n is equal to 1 return 1 +otherwise return n times fact of n minus + + align:start position:0% +otherwise return n times fact of n minus + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise return n times fact of n minus +1 and let's use the tools that Anna + + align:start position:0% +1 and let's use the tools that Anna + + + align:start position:0% +1 and let's use the tools that Anna +talked about in terms of an environment + + align:start position:0% +talked about in terms of an environment + + + align:start position:0% +talked about in terms of an environment +at a scope and think about what happens + + align:start position:0% +at a scope and think about what happens + + + align:start position:0% +at a scope and think about what happens +here so when I read that in or I + + align:start position:0% +here so when I read that in or I + + + align:start position:0% +here so when I read that in or I +evaluate that in Python it creates a + + align:start position:0% +evaluate that in Python it creates a + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate that in Python it creates a +definition that binds the name fact to + + align:start position:0% +definition that binds the name fact to + + + align:start position:0% +definition that binds the name fact to +some code just all of that stuff over + + align:start position:0% +some code just all of that stuff over + + + align:start position:0% +some code just all of that stuff over +here plus the name for the formal + + align:start position:0% +here plus the name for the formal + + + align:start position:0% +here plus the name for the formal +parameter hasn't done anything with it + + align:start position:0% +parameter hasn't done anything with it + + + align:start position:0% +parameter hasn't done anything with it +yet and then I'm going to evaluate print + + align:start position:0% +yet and then I'm going to evaluate print + + + align:start position:0% +yet and then I'm going to evaluate print +a fact of for print needs a value so it + + align:start position:0% +a fact of for print needs a value so it + + + align:start position:0% +a fact of for print needs a value so it +has to get the value of factor 4 and we + + align:start position:0% +has to get the value of factor 4 and we + + + align:start position:0% +has to get the value of factor 4 and we +know what that does it looks up fact + + align:start position:0% +know what that does it looks up fact + + + align:start position:0% +know what that does it looks up fact +there it is its procedure definition so + + align:start position:0% +there it is its procedure definition so + + + align:start position:0% +there it is its procedure definition so +it creates a new frame a new environment + + align:start position:0% +it creates a new frame a new environment + + + align:start position:0% +it creates a new frame a new environment +it calls that procedure and inside that + + align:start position:0% +it calls that procedure and inside that + + + align:start position:0% +it calls that procedure and inside that +frame the formal parameter for fact is + + align:start position:0% +frame the formal parameter for fact is + + + align:start position:0% +frame the formal parameter for fact is +bound to the value passed in so n is + + align:start position:0% +bound to the value passed in so n is + + + align:start position:0% +bound to the value passed in so n is +bound to 4 that frame is scoped by this + + align:start position:0% +bound to 4 that frame is scoped by this + + + align:start position:0% +bound to 4 that frame is scoped by this +global frame meaning this meaning it's + + align:start position:0% +global frame meaning this meaning it's + + + align:start position:0% +global frame meaning this meaning it's +going to inherit things in the global + + align:start position:0% +going to inherit things in the global + + + align:start position:0% +going to inherit things in the global +frame and what does it do it says inside + + align:start position:0% +frame and what does it do it says inside + + + align:start position:0% +frame and what does it do it says inside +of this frame evaluate the + + align:start position:0% +of this frame evaluate the + + + align:start position:0% +of this frame evaluate the +body effect okay so it says is n equal + + align:start position:0% +body effect okay so it says is n equal + + + align:start position:0% +body effect okay so it says is n equal +to 1 nope it's not it's 4 + + align:start position:0% +to 1 nope it's not it's 4 + + + align:start position:0% +to 1 nope it's not it's 4 +so in that case go to the else statement + + align:start position:0% +so in that case go to the else statement + + + align:start position:0% +so in that case go to the else statement +and says Oh return n times factor then + + align:start position:0% +and says Oh return n times factor then + + + align:start position:0% +and says Oh return n times factor then +and n is 4 fact of n minus 1 says I need + + align:start position:0% +and n is 4 fact of n minus 1 says I need + + + align:start position:0% +and n is 4 fact of n minus 1 says I need +to return four times factor 3 4 is easy + + align:start position:0% +to return four times factor 3 4 is easy + + + align:start position:0% +to return four times factor 3 4 is easy +multiplication is easy factor 3 is I + + align:start position:0% +multiplication is easy factor 3 is I + + + align:start position:0% +multiplication is easy factor 3 is I +look up fact now I'm in this frame I + + align:start position:0% +look up fact now I'm in this frame I + + + align:start position:0% +look up fact now I'm in this frame I +don't see fact there but I go up to that + + align:start position:0% +don't see fact there but I go up to that + + + align:start position:0% +don't see fact there but I go up to that +frame there's the definition for fact + + align:start position:0% +frame there's the definition for fact + + + align:start position:0% +frame there's the definition for fact +we're going to do the rest of this a + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do the rest of this a + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do the rest of this a +little more quickly what does that do it + + align:start position:0% +little more quickly what does that do it + + + align:start position:0% +little more quickly what does that do it +creates a new frame called by fact and + + align:start position:0% +creates a new frame called by fact and + + + align:start position:0% +creates a new frame called by fact and +the argument passed in for n is n minus + + align:start position:0% +the argument passed in for n is n minus + + + align:start position:0% +the argument passed in for n is n minus +1 that value right there of 3 so 3 is + + align:start position:0% +1 that value right there of 3 so 3 is + + + align:start position:0% +1 that value right there of 3 so 3 is +now bound to N + + align:start position:0% +now bound to N + + + align:start position:0% +now bound to N +same game evaluate the body is n equal + + align:start position:0% +same game evaluate the body is n equal + + + align:start position:0% +same game evaluate the body is n equal +to 1 + + align:start position:0% +to 1 + + + align:start position:0% +to 1 +no so in that case I'm going to go to + + align:start position:0% +no so in that case I'm going to go to + + + align:start position:0% +no so in that case I'm going to go to +the return statement it says returned + + align:start position:0% +the return statement it says returned + + + align:start position:0% +the return statement it says returned +three times fact of 2 and notice it's + + align:start position:0% +three times fact of 2 and notice it's + + + align:start position:0% +three times fact of 2 and notice it's +only looking at this value of n because + + align:start position:0% +only looking at this value of n because + + + align:start position:0% +only looking at this value of n because +that's the frame in which I mean it + + align:start position:0% +that's the frame in which I mean it + + + align:start position:0% +that's the frame in which I mean it +never sees that value of n ok aren't you + + align:start position:0% +never sees that value of n ok aren't you + + + align:start position:0% +never sees that value of n ok aren't you +glad I didn't do factor 400 we're only + + align:start position:0% +glad I didn't do factor 400 we're only + + + align:start position:0% +glad I didn't do factor 400 we're only +got two more to go but you get the idea + + align:start position:0% +got two more to go but you get the idea + + + align:start position:0% +got two more to go but you get the idea +same thing I need to get fact of 2 it's + + align:start position:0% +same thing I need to get fact of 2 it's + + + align:start position:0% +same thing I need to get fact of 2 it's +going to call fact again with n bound to + + align:start position:0% +going to call fact again with n bound to + + + align:start position:0% +going to call fact again with n bound to +2 relative that evaluates the body and + + align:start position:0% +2 relative that evaluates the body and + + + align:start position:0% +2 relative that evaluates the body and +is not yet equal to 1 that says I can go + + align:start position:0% +is not yet equal to 1 that says I can go + + + align:start position:0% +is not yet equal to 1 that says I can go +to the else clause and return 2 times + + align:start position:0% +to the else clause and return 2 times + + + align:start position:0% +to the else clause and return 2 times +fact of one I call fact again now with n + + align:start position:0% +fact of one I call fact again now with n + + + align:start position:0% +fact of one I call fact again now with n +bound to 1 and fortunately now that + + align:start position:0% +bound to 1 and fortunately now that + + + align:start position:0% +bound to 1 and fortunately now that +Clause is true and it says return 1 oops + + align:start position:0% +Clause is true and it says return 1 oops + + + align:start position:0% +Clause is true and it says return 1 oops +sorry before I do so there's the base + + align:start position:0% +sorry before I do so there's the base + + + align:start position:0% +sorry before I do so there's the base +case and it may seem apparent to you but + + align:start position:0% +case and it may seem apparent to you but + + + align:start position:0% +case and it may seem apparent to you but +this is important right I'm unwinding + + align:start position:0% +this is important right I'm unwinding + + + align:start position:0% +this is important right I'm unwinding +this until I get to something that can + + align:start position:0% +this until I get to something that can + + + align:start position:0% +this until I get to something that can +stop the computation now I'm simply + + align:start position:0% +stop the computation now I'm simply + + + align:start position:0% +stop the computation now I'm simply +going to gather the computation up + + align:start position:0% +going to gather the computation up + + + align:start position:0% +going to gather the computation up +because it says return one who asked for + + align:start position:0% +because it says return one who asked for + + + align:start position:0% +because it says return one who asked for +it well that called a fact of 1 so that + + align:start position:0% +it well that called a fact of 1 so that + + + align:start position:0% +it well that called a fact of 1 so that +reduces to return 2 times 1 and who + + align:start position:0% +reduces to return 2 times 1 and who + + + align:start position:0% +reduces to return 2 times 1 and who +called for that fact of 2 that reduces + + align:start position:0% +called for that fact of 2 that reduces + + + align:start position:0% +called for that fact of 2 that reduces +to return of 3 times 2 which reduces to + + align:start position:0% +to return of 3 times 2 which reduces to + + + align:start position:0% +to return of 3 times 2 which reduces to +4 times 6 which reduces to printing out + + align:start position:0% +4 times 6 which reduces to printing out + + + align:start position:0% +4 times 6 which reduces to printing out +24 so it unwinds it down to a base case + + align:start position:0% +24 so it unwinds it down to a base case + + + align:start position:0% +24 so it unwinds it down to a base case +and it stops a couple of observations + + align:start position:0% +and it stops a couple of observations + + + align:start position:0% +and it stops a couple of observations +notice how each recursive call creates + + align:start position:0% +notice how each recursive call creates + + + align:start position:0% +notice how each recursive call creates +its own frame and as a consequence + + align:start position:0% +its own frame and as a consequence + + + align:start position:0% +its own frame and as a consequence +there's + + align:start position:0% +there's + + + align:start position:0% +there's +no confusion about which value of n I'm + + align:start position:0% +no confusion about which value of n I'm + + + align:start position:0% +no confusion about which value of n I'm +using also notice in the other frames + + align:start position:0% +using also notice in the other frames + + + align:start position:0% +using also notice in the other frames +and was not changed we did not mutate it + + align:start position:0% +and was not changed we did not mutate it + + + align:start position:0% +and was not changed we did not mutate it +so we're literally creating a local + + align:start position:0% +so we're literally creating a local + + + align:start position:0% +so we're literally creating a local +scope for that recursive call which is + + align:start position:0% +scope for that recursive call which is + + + align:start position:0% +scope for that recursive call which is +exactly what we want also notice how + + align:start position:0% +exactly what we want also notice how + + + align:start position:0% +exactly what we want also notice how +there was a sense of flow of control in + + align:start position:0% +there was a sense of flow of control in + + + align:start position:0% +there was a sense of flow of control in +computing fact of something that reduces + + align:start position:0% +computing fact of something that reduces + + + align:start position:0% +computing fact of something that reduces +to returning n times fact of n minus 1 + + align:start position:0% +to returning n times fact of n minus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +to returning n times fact of n minus 1 +and that creates a new scope and that + + align:start position:0% +and that creates a new scope and that + + + align:start position:0% +and that creates a new scope and that +will simply keep unwinding until I get + + align:start position:0% +will simply keep unwinding until I get + + + align:start position:0% +will simply keep unwinding until I get +to something that can return a value and + + align:start position:0% +to something that can return a value and + + + align:start position:0% +to something that can return a value and +then I gather all those frames back up + + align:start position:0% +then I gather all those frames back up + + + align:start position:0% +then I gather all those frames back up +so there's a natural flow of control + + align:start position:0% +so there's a natural flow of control + + + align:start position:0% +so there's a natural flow of control +here but most importantly there's no + + align:start position:0% +here but most importantly there's no + + + align:start position:0% +here but most importantly there's no +confusion about which variable I'm using + + align:start position:0% +confusion about which variable I'm using + + + align:start position:0% +confusion about which variable I'm using +when I'm looking for a value event all + + align:start position:0% +when I'm looking for a value event all + + + align:start position:0% +when I'm looking for a value event all +right because this is often a place + + align:start position:0% +right because this is often a place + + + align:start position:0% +right because this is often a place +where things get a little confusing I + + align:start position:0% +where things get a little confusing I + + + align:start position:0% +where things get a little confusing I +want to do one more example but let me + + align:start position:0% +want to do one more example but let me + + + align:start position:0% +want to do one more example but let me +first show you side-by-side the two + + align:start position:0% +first show you side-by-side the two + + + align:start position:0% +first show you side-by-side the two +different versions of factorial actually + + align:start position:0% +different versions of factorial actually + + + align:start position:0% +different versions of factorial actually +I lied slightly we didn't show this on + + align:start position:0% +I lied slightly we didn't show this on + + + align:start position:0% +I lied slightly we didn't show this on +earlier but there's factorial if I + + align:start position:0% +earlier but there's factorial if I + + + align:start position:0% +earlier but there's factorial if I +wanted to do it iteratively I'd set up + + align:start position:0% +wanted to do it iteratively I'd set up + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to do it iteratively I'd set up +some initial variable to one and then I + + align:start position:0% +some initial variable to one and then I + + + align:start position:0% +some initial variable to one and then I +just run through a loop for example from + + align:start position:0% +just run through a loop for example from + + + align:start position:0% +just run through a loop for example from +1 up to just below n minus 1 or 1 up to + + align:start position:0% +1 up to just below n minus 1 or 1 up to + + + align:start position:0% +1 up to just below n minus 1 or 1 up to +n multiplying at it and putting it back + + align:start position:0% +n multiplying at it and putting it back + + + align:start position:0% +n multiplying at it and putting it back +into product returned product which one + + align:start position:0% +into product returned product which one + + + align:start position:0% +into product returned product which one +do you like more you can't say neither + + align:start position:0% +do you like more you can't say neither + + + align:start position:0% +do you like more you can't say neither +you have to pick one show of hands how + + align:start position:0% +you have to pick one show of hands how + + + align:start position:0% +you have to pick one show of hands how +many of you liked this one some hesitant + + align:start position:0% +many of you liked this one some hesitant + + + align:start position:0% +many of you liked this one some hesitant +ones how many prefer this one yeah + + align:start position:0% +ones how many prefer this one yeah + + + align:start position:0% +ones how many prefer this one yeah +that's my view I'm biased but I really + + align:start position:0% +that's my view I'm biased but I really + + + align:start position:0% +that's my view I'm biased but I really +like the recursive one it is crisper to + + align:start position:0% +like the recursive one it is crisper to + + + align:start position:0% +like the recursive one it is crisper to +look at you can see what it's doing I'm + + align:start position:0% +look at you can see what it's doing I'm + + + align:start position:0% +look at you can see what it's doing I'm +reducing this problem to simpler version + + align:start position:0% +reducing this problem to simpler version + + + align:start position:0% +reducing this problem to simpler version +of that problem pick your own version + + align:start position:0% +of that problem pick your own version + + + align:start position:0% +of that problem pick your own version +but I would argue that the recursive + + align:start position:0% +but I would argue that the recursive + + + align:start position:0% +but I would argue that the recursive +version is more intuitive to understand + + align:start position:0% +version is more intuitive to understand + + + align:start position:0% +version is more intuitive to understand +from a programmers perspective it's + + align:start position:0% +from a programmers perspective it's + + + align:start position:0% +from a programmers perspective it's +actually often more efficient to write + + align:start position:0% +actually often more efficient to write + + + align:start position:0% +actually often more efficient to write +because I don't have to think about + + align:start position:0% +because I don't have to think about + + + align:start position:0% +because I don't have to think about +interior interior variables depending on + + align:start position:0% +interior interior variables depending on + + + align:start position:0% +interior interior variables depending on +the machine it may not be as efficient + + align:start position:0% +the machine it may not be as efficient + + + align:start position:0% +the machine it may not be as efficient +when you call it because in the + + align:start position:0% +when you call it because in the + + + align:start position:0% +when you call it because in the +recursive version I've got to set up + + align:start position:0% +recursive version I've got to set up + + + align:start position:0% +recursive version I've got to set up +that set of frames and some versions of + + align:start position:0% +that set of frames and some versions of + + + align:start position:0% +that set of frames and some versions of +these languages are actually very + + align:start position:0% +these languages are actually very + + + align:start position:0% +these languages are actually very +efficient about it some of them a little + + align:start position:0% +efficient about it some of them a little + + + align:start position:0% +efficient about it some of them a little +less so but given the speed of computers + + align:start position:0% +less so but given the speed of computers + + + align:start position:0% +less so but given the speed of computers +today who cares as long as it actually + + align:start position:0% +today who cares as long as it actually + + + align:start position:0% +today who cares as long as it actually +just does the computation all right one + + align:start position:0% +just does the computation all right one + + + align:start position:0% +just does the computation all right one +more example how do we really know our + + align:start position:0% +more example how do we really know our + + + align:start position:0% +more example how do we really know our +recursive code works well we just did a + + align:start position:0% +recursive code works well we just did a + + + align:start position:0% +recursive code works well we just did a +simulation but let's look at it one more + + align:start position:0% +simulation but let's look at it one more + + + align:start position:0% +simulation but let's look at it one more +way the + + align:start position:0% +way the + + + align:start position:0% +way the +version what can I say about it well I + + align:start position:0% +version what can I say about it well I + + + align:start position:0% +version what can I say about it well I +know it's going to terminate because B + + align:start position:0% +know it's going to terminate because B + + + align:start position:0% +know it's going to terminate because B +is initially positive assuming I gave it + + align:start position:0% +is initially positive assuming I gave it + + + align:start position:0% +is initially positive assuming I gave it +an appropriate value it decreases by 1 + + align:start position:0% +an appropriate value it decreases by 1 + + + align:start position:0% +an appropriate value it decreases by 1 +every time around this loop at some + + align:start position:0% +every time around this loop at some + + + align:start position:0% +every time around this loop at some +point it has to get less than 1 it's + + align:start position:0% +point it has to get less than 1 it's + + + align:start position:0% +point it has to get less than 1 it's +going to stop so I can conclude it's + + align:start position:0% +going to stop so I can conclude it's + + + align:start position:0% +going to stop so I can conclude it's +always going to terminate what about the + + align:start position:0% +always going to terminate what about the + + + align:start position:0% +always going to terminate what about the +recursive version well if I call it with + + align:start position:0% +recursive version well if I call it with + + + align:start position:0% +recursive version well if I call it with +B equal to 1 I'm done if I call it with + + align:start position:0% +B equal to 1 I'm done if I call it with + + + align:start position:0% +B equal to 1 I'm done if I call it with +B greater than 1 again it's going to + + align:start position:0% +B greater than 1 again it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +B greater than 1 again it's going to +reduce it by one on the recursive call + + align:start position:0% +reduce it by one on the recursive call + + + align:start position:0% +reduce it by one on the recursive call +which means on each recursive call is + + align:start position:0% +which means on each recursive call is + + + align:start position:0% +which means on each recursive call is +going to reduce it eventually gets down + + align:start position:0% +going to reduce it eventually gets down + + + align:start position:0% +going to reduce it eventually gets down +to a place assuming I gave it a positive + + align:start position:0% +to a place assuming I gave it a positive + + + align:start position:0% +to a place assuming I gave it a positive +integer where B is equal to 1 so it'll + + align:start position:0% +integer where B is equal to 1 so it'll + + + align:start position:0% +integer where B is equal to 1 so it'll +stop which is good well we just did was + + align:start position:0% +stop which is good well we just did was + + + align:start position:0% +stop which is good well we just did was +we used a great tool from math second + + align:start position:0% +we used a great tool from math second + + + align:start position:0% +we used a great tool from math second +best department at MIT wow I didn't even + + align:start position:0% +best department at MIT wow I didn't even + + + align:start position:0% +best department at MIT wow I didn't even +get any hisses on that one John all + + align:start position:0% +get any hisses on that one John all + + + align:start position:0% +get any hisses on that one John all +right and I'm now in trouble with the + + align:start position:0% +right and I'm now in trouble with the + + + align:start position:0% +right and I'm now in trouble with the +head of the math department so now that + + align:start position:0% +head of the math department so now that + + + align:start position:0% +head of the math department so now that +I got your attention and yes all + + align:start position:0% +I got your attention and yes all + + + align:start position:0% +I got your attention and yes all +computer science strokes are bad and + + align:start position:0% +computer science strokes are bad and + + + align:start position:0% +computer science strokes are bad and +mine are really bad but I'm tenured you + + align:start position:0% +mine are really bad but I'm tenured you + + + align:start position:0% +mine are really bad but I'm tenured you +cannot do a damn thing about it + + align:start position:0% +cannot do a damn thing about it + + + align:start position:0% +cannot do a damn thing about it +let's look at mathematical induction + + align:start position:0% +let's look at mathematical induction + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at mathematical induction +which turns out to be a tool that lets + + align:start position:0% +which turns out to be a tool that lets + + + align:start position:0% +which turns out to be a tool that lets +us think about programs in a really nice + + align:start position:0% +us think about programs in a really nice + + + align:start position:0% +us think about programs in a really nice +way you haven't seen this here's the + + align:start position:0% +way you haven't seen this here's the + + + align:start position:0% +way you haven't seen this here's the +idea of mathematical induction if I want + + align:start position:0% +idea of mathematical induction if I want + + + align:start position:0% +idea of mathematical induction if I want +to prove a statement we refer to as + + align:start position:0% +to prove a statement we refer to as + + + align:start position:0% +to prove a statement we refer to as +being indexed on the integers in other + + align:start position:0% +being indexed on the integers in other + + + align:start position:0% +being indexed on the integers in other +words it's some mathematical statement + + align:start position:0% +words it's some mathematical statement + + + align:start position:0% +words it's some mathematical statement +that runs over integers if I want to + + align:start position:0% +that runs over integers if I want to + + + align:start position:0% +that runs over integers if I want to +prove it's true for all values of those + + align:start position:0% +prove it's true for all values of those + + + align:start position:0% +prove it's true for all values of those +integers mathematically I do it by + + align:start position:0% +integers mathematically I do it by + + + align:start position:0% +integers mathematically I do it by +simply proving it's true for the + + align:start position:0% +simply proving it's true for the + + + align:start position:0% +simply proving it's true for the +smallest value of n typically n is equal + + align:start position:0% +smallest value of n typically n is equal + + + align:start position:0% +smallest value of n typically n is equal +to 0 or 1 and then I do an interesting + + align:start position:0% +to 0 or 1 and then I do an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +to 0 or 1 and then I do an interesting +thing I say I need to prove that if it's + + align:start position:0% +thing I say I need to prove that if it's + + + align:start position:0% +thing I say I need to prove that if it's +true for an arbitrary value of n I'm + + align:start position:0% +true for an arbitrary value of n I'm + + + align:start position:0% +true for an arbitrary value of n I'm +just going to prove that it's also then + + align:start position:0% +just going to prove that it's also then + + + align:start position:0% +just going to prove that it's also then +true for n plus 1 and if I can do those + + align:start position:0% +true for n plus 1 and if I can do those + + + align:start position:0% +true for n plus 1 and if I can do those +two things I can then conclude for an + + align:start position:0% +two things I can then conclude for an + + + align:start position:0% +two things I can then conclude for an +infinite number of values of n it's + + align:start position:0% +infinite number of values of n it's + + + align:start position:0% +infinite number of values of n it's +always true I'm going to relate it back + + align:start position:0% +always true I'm going to relate it back + + + align:start position:0% +always true I'm going to relate it back +to programming in a second but let me + + align:start position:0% +to programming in a second but let me + + + align:start position:0% +to programming in a second but let me +show you a simple example of this one + + align:start position:0% +show you a simple example of this one + + + align:start position:0% +show you a simple example of this one +that you may have seen if I add the + + align:start position:0% +that you may have seen if I add the + + + align:start position:0% +that you may have seen if I add the +integers from 0 up to n or even from 1 + + align:start position:0% +integers from 0 up to n or even from 1 + + + align:start position:0% +integers from 0 up to n or even from 1 +up to n I claim that's the same as n + + align:start position:0% +up to n I claim that's the same as n + + + align:start position:0% +up to n I claim that's the same as n +times n plus 1 over 2 so 1 2 3 that's 6 + + align:start position:0% +times n plus 1 over 2 so 1 2 3 that's 6 + + + align:start position:0% +times n plus 1 over 2 so 1 2 3 that's 6 +right and that's one exactly right 3 + + align:start position:0% +right and that's one exactly right 3 + + + align:start position:0% +right and that's one exactly right 3 +times 4 which is divided by 2 which + + align:start position:0% +times 4 which is divided by 2 which + + + align:start position:0% +times 4 which is divided by 2 which +gives me out 6 + + align:start position:0% +gives me out 6 + + + align:start position:0% +gives me out 6 +how would I prove this well by induction + + align:start position:0% +how would I prove this well by induction + + + align:start position:0% +how would I prove this well by induction +and you do the simple cases van a is + + align:start position:0% +and you do the simple cases van a is + + + align:start position:0% +and you do the simple cases van a is +equal to zero well then this side is + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero well then this side is + + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero well then this side is +just 0 and that's 0 times 1 which is 0 + + align:start position:0% +just 0 and that's 0 times 1 which is 0 + + + align:start position:0% +just 0 and that's 0 times 1 which is 0 +divided by true so 0 equals 0 it's true + + align:start position:0% +divided by true so 0 equals 0 it's true + + + align:start position:0% +divided by true so 0 equals 0 it's true +and now the inductive step I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +and now the inductive step I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +and now the inductive step I'm going to +assume it's true for some K I should I + + align:start position:0% +assume it's true for some K I should I + + + align:start position:0% +assume it's true for some K I should I +pick down but for some K and then what I + + align:start position:0% +pick down but for some K and then what I + + + align:start position:0% +pick down but for some K and then what I +need to show is it's true for K plus 1 + + align:start position:0% +need to show is it's true for K plus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +need to show is it's true for K plus 1 +well there's the left-hand side and I + + align:start position:0% +well there's the left-hand side and I + + + align:start position:0% +well there's the left-hand side and I +want to show that this is equal to that + + align:start position:0% +want to show that this is equal to that + + + align:start position:0% +want to show that this is equal to that +and I'm going to do it by using exactly + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to do it by using exactly + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to do it by using exactly +this recursive idea because what do I + + align:start position:0% +this recursive idea because what do I + + + align:start position:0% +this recursive idea because what do I +know I know that this sum in here I'm + + align:start position:0% +know I know that this sum in here I'm + + + align:start position:0% +know I know that this sum in here I'm +assuming is true and so that says that + + align:start position:0% +assuming is true and so that says that + + + align:start position:0% +assuming is true and so that says that +the left-hand side the first portion of + + align:start position:0% +the left-hand side the first portion of + + + align:start position:0% +the left-hand side the first portion of +it is just K times K plus 1 over 2 + + align:start position:0% +it is just K times K plus 1 over 2 + + + align:start position:0% +it is just K times K plus 1 over 2 +that's the definition of the thing I'm + + align:start position:0% +that's the definition of the thing I'm + + + align:start position:0% +that's the definition of the thing I'm +assuming is true to that I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +assuming is true to that I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +assuming is true to that I'm going to +add k plus 1 well you can do the algebra + + align:start position:0% +add k plus 1 well you can do the algebra + + + align:start position:0% +add k plus 1 well you can do the algebra +right that's K plus 1 all times K over 2 + + align:start position:0% +right that's K plus 1 all times K over 2 + + + align:start position:0% +right that's K plus 1 all times K over 2 +plus 1 which is K plus 2 over 2 oh cool + + align:start position:0% +plus 1 which is K plus 2 over 2 oh cool + + + align:start position:0% +plus 1 which is K plus 2 over 2 oh cool +it's exactly that having done that I can + + align:start position:0% +it's exactly that having done that I can + + + align:start position:0% +it's exactly that having done that I can +now conclude this is true for all values + + align:start position:0% +now conclude this is true for all values + + + align:start position:0% +now conclude this is true for all values +of n what does it have to do with + + align:start position:0% +of n what does it have to do with + + + align:start position:0% +of n what does it have to do with +programming that's exactly what we're + + align:start position:0% +programming that's exactly what we're + + + align:start position:0% +programming that's exactly what we're +doing when we think about recursive code + + align:start position:0% +doing when we think about recursive code + + + align:start position:0% +doing when we think about recursive code +right we're saying show that it's true + + align:start position:0% +right we're saying show that it's true + + + align:start position:0% +right we're saying show that it's true +for the base case and then what I'm + + align:start position:0% +for the base case and then what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +for the base case and then what I'm +essentially assuming is that if it works + + align:start position:0% +essentially assuming is that if it works + + + align:start position:0% +essentially assuming is that if it works +for values smaller than B then does the + + align:start position:0% +for values smaller than B then does the + + + align:start position:0% +for values smaller than B then does the +code return the right answer for B and + + align:start position:0% +code return the right answer for B and + + + align:start position:0% +code return the right answer for B and +the answers absolutely it does and I'm + + align:start position:0% +the answers absolutely it does and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the answers absolutely it does and I'm +using induction to deduce that in fact + + align:start position:0% +using induction to deduce that in fact + + + align:start position:0% +using induction to deduce that in fact +my code does the right thing why am i + + align:start position:0% +my code does the right thing why am i + + + align:start position:0% +my code does the right thing why am i +torturing you with this because this is + + align:start position:0% +torturing you with this because this is + + + align:start position:0% +torturing you with this because this is +the way I want you to think about + + align:start position:0% +the way I want you to think about + + + align:start position:0% +the way I want you to think about +recursion when I'm going to break a + + align:start position:0% +recursion when I'm going to break a + + + align:start position:0% +recursion when I'm going to break a +problem down into a smaller version of + + align:start position:0% +problem down into a smaller version of + + + align:start position:0% +problem down into a smaller version of +the same problem I can assume that the + + align:start position:0% +the same problem I can assume that the + + + align:start position:0% +the same problem I can assume that the +smaller version gives you the answer all + + align:start position:0% +smaller version gives you the answer all + + + align:start position:0% +smaller version gives you the answer all +I have to do is make sure that what I + + align:start position:0% +I have to do is make sure that what I + + + align:start position:0% +I have to do is make sure that what I +combined together gives me out the right + + align:start position:0% +combined together gives me out the right + + + align:start position:0% +combined together gives me out the right +result ok you may be wondering what I'm + + align:start position:0% +result ok you may be wondering what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +result ok you may be wondering what I'm +doing with these wonderful high-tech + + align:start position:0% +doing with these wonderful high-tech + + + align:start position:0% +doing with these wonderful high-tech +toys down here I want to show you + + align:start position:0% +toys down here I want to show you + + + align:start position:0% +toys down here I want to show you +another example of recursion so far + + align:start position:0% +another example of recursion so far + + + align:start position:0% +another example of recursion so far +we've seen simple things that just have + + align:start position:0% +we've seen simple things that just have + + + align:start position:0% +we've seen simple things that just have +one base case and this is a mythical + + align:start position:0% +one base case and this is a mythical + + + align:start position:0% +one base case and this is a mythical +story called the towers of Hanoi and the + + align:start position:0% +story called the towers of Hanoi and the + + + align:start position:0% +story called the towers of Hanoi and the +story as I heard it is there's a temple + + align:start position:0% +story as I heard it is there's a temple + + + align:start position:0% +story as I heard it is there's a temple +somewhere in Hanoi + + align:start position:0% +somewhere in Hanoi + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere in Hanoi +with three tall spikes and 64 jewel + + align:start position:0% +with three tall spikes and 64 jewel + + + align:start position:0% +with three tall spikes and 64 jewel +encrusted golden discs all of a + + align:start position:0% +encrusted golden discs all of a + + + align:start position:0% +encrusted golden discs all of a +different size they all started out on + + align:start position:0% +different size they all started out on + + + align:start position:0% +different size they all started out on +one spike with the property that they + + align:start position:0% +one spike with the property that they + + + align:start position:0% +one spike with the property that they +were ordered from smallest down to + + align:start position:0% +were ordered from smallest down to + + + align:start position:0% +were ordered from smallest down to +largest and there are priests in this + + align:start position:0% +largest and there are priests in this + + + align:start position:0% +largest and there are priests in this +temple who are moving the disks one at a + + align:start position:0% +temple who are moving the disks one at a + + + align:start position:0% +temple who are moving the disks one at a +time one per second and their goal is to + + align:start position:0% +time one per second and their goal is to + + + align:start position:0% +time one per second and their goal is to +move the entire stack from one spike to + + align:start position:0% +move the entire stack from one spike to + + + align:start position:0% +move the entire stack from one spike to +another spike in women and when they do + + align:start position:0% +another spike in women and when they do + + + align:start position:0% +another spike in women and when they do +nirvana is achieved and we all get a + + align:start position:0% +nirvana is achieved and we all get a + + + align:start position:0% +nirvana is achieved and we all get a +really great life + + align:start position:0% +really great life + + + align:start position:0% +really great life +we'll talk separately about how long is + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk separately about how long is + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk separately about how long is +it's going to take because there's one + + align:start position:0% +it's going to take because there's one + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to take because there's one +trick to it they can never cover a + + align:start position:0% +trick to it they can never cover a + + + align:start position:0% +trick to it they can never cover a +smaller disc with a larger disc as + + align:start position:0% +smaller disc with a larger disc as + + + align:start position:0% +smaller disc with a larger disc as +they're doing it so they got a third + + align:start position:0% +they're doing it so they got a third + + + align:start position:0% +they're doing it so they got a third +disc as a temporary thing and I want to + + align:start position:0% +disc as a temporary thing and I want to + + + align:start position:0% +disc as a temporary thing and I want to +show you how to solve this problem + + align:start position:0% +show you how to solve this problem + + + align:start position:0% +show you how to solve this problem +because you're going to write code with + + align:start position:0% +because you're going to write code with + + + align:start position:0% +because you're going to write code with +my help in a second or I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +my help in a second or I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +my help in a second or I'm going to +write code with your help in a second to + + align:start position:0% +write code with your help in a second to + + + align:start position:0% +write code with your help in a second to +solve so let's look at it so watch + + align:start position:0% +solve so let's look at it so watch + + + align:start position:0% +solve so let's look at it so watch +carefully moving a disc of size 1 well + + align:start position:0% +carefully moving a disc of size 1 well + + + align:start position:0% +carefully moving a disc of size 1 well +that's pretty easy right moving a disc + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty easy right moving a disc + + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty easy right moving a disc +of size 2 we'll just put this one on the + + align:start position:0% +of size 2 we'll just put this one on the + + + align:start position:0% +of size 2 we'll just put this one on the +spare one while you move it over so you + + align:start position:0% +spare one while you move it over so you + + + align:start position:0% +spare one while you move it over so you +don't cover it up that's easy moving a + + align:start position:0% +don't cover it up that's easy moving a + + + align:start position:0% +don't cover it up that's easy moving a +disc of size 3 got to be a little more + + align:start position:0% +disc of size 3 got to be a little more + + + align:start position:0% +disc of size 3 got to be a little more +careful you can't cover up a smaller one + + align:start position:0% +careful you can't cover up a smaller one + + + align:start position:0% +careful you can't cover up a smaller one +with a larger one so you have to really + + align:start position:0% +with a larger one so you have to really + + + align:start position:0% +with a larger one so you have to really +think about where you're putting it + + align:start position:0% +think about where you're putting it + + + align:start position:0% +think about where you're putting it +would help if these things didn't juggle + + align:start position:0% +would help if these things didn't juggle + + + align:start position:0% +would help if these things didn't juggle +and there you go you got it done all + + align:start position:0% +and there you go you got it done all + + + align:start position:0% +and there you go you got it done all +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +you're watching got to do for to do for + + align:start position:0% +you're watching got to do for to do for + + + align:start position:0% +you're watching got to do for to do for +again you've got to be really careful + + align:start position:0% +again you've got to be really careful + + + align:start position:0% +again you've got to be really careful +not to cover things up as you do this + + align:start position:0% +not to cover things up as you do this + + + align:start position:0% +not to cover things up as you do this +you want to get the bottom one + + align:start position:0% +you want to get the bottom one + + + align:start position:0% +you want to get the bottom one +eventually exposed and so you're going + + align:start position:0% +eventually exposed and so you're going + + + align:start position:0% +eventually exposed and so you're going +to pull that one over there if you do + + align:start position:0% +to pull that one over there if you do + + + align:start position:0% +to pull that one over there if you do +the powder really well you won't notice + + align:start position:0% +the powder really well you won't notice + + + align:start position:0% +the powder really well you won't notice +if I make a serious mistake as I'm doing + + align:start position:0% +if I make a serious mistake as I'm doing + + + align:start position:0% +if I make a serious mistake as I'm doing +this which I just did but I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +this which I just did but I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +this which I just did but I'm going to +cover from that and do it that way to + + align:start position:0% +cover from that and do it that way to + + + align:start position:0% +cover from that and do it that way to +put this one over here and that one goes + + align:start position:0% +put this one over here and that one goes + + + align:start position:0% +put this one over here and that one goes +there and if I did this in Harvard + + align:start position:0% +there and if I did this in Harvard + + + align:start position:0% +there and if I did this in Harvard +Square I could make money there you go + + align:start position:0% +Square I could make money there you go + + + align:start position:0% +Square I could make money there you go +right ok got the solution see how to + + align:start position:0% +right ok got the solution see how to + + + align:start position:0% +right ok got the solution see how to +solve it could you write code for this + + align:start position:0% +solve it could you write code for this + + + align:start position:0% +solve it could you write code for this +yeah maybe not that's on quiz right + + align:start position:0% +yeah maybe not that's on quiz right + + + align:start position:0% +yeah maybe not that's on quiz right +thanks John don't tell him us on the + + align:start position:0% +thanks John don't tell him us on the + + + align:start position:0% +thanks John don't tell him us on the +quiz damn alright I'm going to claim + + align:start position:0% +quiz damn alright I'm going to claim + + + align:start position:0% +quiz damn alright I'm going to claim +though that in fact there's a beautiful + + align:start position:0% +though that in fact there's a beautiful + + + align:start position:0% +though that in fact there's a beautiful +recursive solution and here's the way to + + align:start position:0% +recursive solution and here's the way to + + + align:start position:0% +recursive solution and here's the way to +think about it recursively I want to + + align:start position:0% +think about it recursively I want to + + + align:start position:0% +think about it recursively I want to +move a tower of size n I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +move a tower of size n I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +move a tower of size n I'm going to +assume I can move smaller towers and + + align:start position:0% +assume I can move smaller towers and + + + align:start position:0% +assume I can move smaller towers and +then it's real easy what I do I take a + + align:start position:0% +then it's real easy what I do I take a + + + align:start position:0% +then it's real easy what I do I take a +stack of size n minus 1 I move it onto + + align:start position:0% +stack of size n minus 1 I move it onto + + + align:start position:0% +stack of size n minus 1 I move it onto +the spare one I move the bottom one over + + align:start position:0% +the spare one I move the bottom one over + + + align:start position:0% +the spare one I move the bottom one over +and then I move a stack of size n minus + + align:start position:0% +and then I move a stack of size n minus + + + align:start position:0% +and then I move a stack of size n minus + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +there it's beautiful recursive solution + + align:start position:0% +there it's beautiful recursive solution + + + align:start position:0% +there it's beautiful recursive solution +and how do I move this smaller stack + + align:start position:0% +and how do I move this smaller stack + + + align:start position:0% +and how do I move this smaller stack +just the same way I just unwind it + + align:start position:0% +just the same way I just unwind it + + + align:start position:0% +just the same way I just unwind it +simple and in fact the code follows + + align:start position:0% +simple and in fact the code follows + + + align:start position:0% +simple and in fact the code follows +exactly that okay I do a little larger + + align:start position:0% +exactly that okay I do a little larger + + + align:start position:0% +exactly that okay I do a little larger +domain up here to try and get your + + align:start position:0% +domain up here to try and get your + + + align:start position:0% +domain up here to try and get your +attention but notice by doing that what + + align:start position:0% +attention but notice by doing that what + + + align:start position:0% +attention but notice by doing that what +I do I asked you to think about a + + align:start position:0% +I do I asked you to think about a + + + align:start position:0% +I do I asked you to think about a +recursively the recursive solution when + + align:start position:0% +recursively the recursive solution when + + + align:start position:0% +recursively the recursive solution when +you see it is in fact very + + align:start position:0% +you see it is in fact very + + + align:start position:0% +you see it is in fact very +straightforward and there's the code + + align:start position:0% +straightforward and there's the code + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward and there's the code +dead trivial well dead trivial is unfair + + align:start position:0% +dead trivial well dead trivial is unfair + + + align:start position:0% +dead trivial well dead trivial is unfair +but it's very simple right I simply + + align:start position:0% +but it's very simple right I simply + + + align:start position:0% +but it's very simple right I simply +write something so let me describe it I + + align:start position:0% +write something so let me describe it I + + + align:start position:0% +write something so let me describe it I +need to say how big a tower am i moving + + align:start position:0% +need to say how big a tower am i moving + + + align:start position:0% +need to say how big a tower am i moving +and i'm going to label the three stacks + + align:start position:0% +and i'm going to label the three stacks + + + align:start position:0% +and i'm going to label the three stacks +a from a two and a spare I have a little + + align:start position:0% +a from a two and a spare I have a little + + + align:start position:0% +a from a two and a spare I have a little +procedure that just prints out the move + + align:start position:0% +procedure that just prints out the move + + + align:start position:0% +procedure that just prints out the move +for me and then what's the solution if + + align:start position:0% +for me and then what's the solution if + + + align:start position:0% +for me and then what's the solution if +it's just a stack of size one just print + + align:start position:0% +it's just a stack of size one just print + + + align:start position:0% +it's just a stack of size one just print +the move take it to from from from to + + align:start position:0% +the move take it to from from from to + + + align:start position:0% +the move take it to from from from to +two otherwise move a tower of size n + + align:start position:0% +two otherwise move a tower of size n + + + align:start position:0% +two otherwise move a tower of size n +minus one from the from spot to the + + align:start position:0% +minus one from the from spot to the + + + align:start position:0% +minus one from the from spot to the +spare spot then move what's left at our + + align:start position:0% +spare spot then move what's left at our + + + align:start position:0% +spare spot then move what's left at our +size one from from two two and then take + + align:start position:0% +size one from from two two and then take + + + align:start position:0% +size one from from two two and then take +that thing I stuck on spare and move it + + align:start position:0% +that thing I stuck on spare and move it + + + align:start position:0% +that thing I stuck on spare and move it +over to two and I'm done in that code + + align:start position:0% +over to two and I'm done in that code + + + align:start position:0% +over to two and I'm done in that code +that we had that out you'll see this + + align:start position:0% +that we had that out you'll see this + + + align:start position:0% +that we had that out you'll see this +code you can run it I'm not going to + + align:start position:0% +code you can run it I'm not going to + + + align:start position:0% +code you can run it I'm not going to +print it out because if I did use it's + + align:start position:0% +print it out because if I did use it's + + + align:start position:0% +print it out because if I did use it's +going to say okay it looks like it does + + align:start position:0% +going to say okay it looks like it does + + + align:start position:0% +going to say okay it looks like it does +the right kind of thing look at the code + + align:start position:0% +the right kind of thing look at the code + + + align:start position:0% +the right kind of thing look at the code +nice and easy and that's what we'd like + + align:start position:0% +nice and easy and that's what we'd like + + + align:start position:0% +nice and easy and that's what we'd like +you to do when you're given a problem we + + align:start position:0% +you to do when you're given a problem we + + + align:start position:0% +you to do when you're given a problem we +asked you to think about it recursively + + align:start position:0% +asked you to think about it recursively + + + align:start position:0% +asked you to think about it recursively +how do I solve this with a smaller + + align:start position:0% +how do I solve this with a smaller + + + align:start position:0% +how do I solve this with a smaller +version of the same problem and then how + + align:start position:0% +version of the same problem and then how + + + align:start position:0% +version of the same problem and then how +do I use that to build the larger + + align:start position:0% +do I use that to build the larger + + + align:start position:0% +do I use that to build the larger +solution this case is a little different + + align:start position:0% +solution this case is a little different + + + align:start position:0% +solution this case is a little different +you could argue that this is not really + + align:start position:0% +you could argue that this is not really + + + align:start position:0% +you could argue that this is not really +a recursive call here it's just moving + + align:start position:0% +a recursive call here it's just moving + + + align:start position:0% +a recursive call here it's just moving +the bottom when I could have done that + + align:start position:0% +the bottom when I could have done that + + + align:start position:0% +the bottom when I could have done that +directly but I've got two recursive + + align:start position:0% +directly but I've got two recursive + + + align:start position:0% +directly but I've got two recursive +calls in the body here I have to move a + + align:start position:0% +calls in the body here I have to move a + + + align:start position:0% +calls in the body here I have to move a +smaller stack twice we're going to come + + align:start position:0% +smaller stack twice we're going to come + + + align:start position:0% +smaller stack twice we're going to come +back to that in a little bit let me show + + align:start position:0% +back to that in a little bit let me show + + + align:start position:0% +back to that in a little bit let me show +you one other example of recursion that + + align:start position:0% +you one other example of recursion that + + + align:start position:0% +you one other example of recursion that +runs a little bit differently in this + + align:start position:0% +runs a little bit differently in this + + + align:start position:0% +runs a little bit differently in this +case it's going to have multiple base + + align:start position:0% +case it's going to have multiple base + + + align:start position:0% +case it's going to have multiple base +cases and this is another very old + + align:start position:0% +cases and this is another very old + + + align:start position:0% +cases and this is another very old +problems called the Fibonacci numbers + + align:start position:0% +problems called the Fibonacci numbers + + + align:start position:0% +problems called the Fibonacci numbers +it's based on something from several + + align:start position:0% +it's based on something from several + + + align:start position:0% +it's based on something from several +centuries ago when a gentleman named + + align:start position:0% +centuries ago when a gentleman named + + + align:start position:0% +centuries ago when a gentleman named +Leonardo of Pisa also known as Fibonacci + + align:start position:0% +Leonardo of Pisa also known as Fibonacci + + + align:start position:0% +Leonardo of Pisa also known as Fibonacci +asked the following challenge so I'm + + align:start position:0% +asked the following challenge so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +asked the following challenge so I'm +going to put a newborn + + align:start position:0% +going to put a newborn + + + align:start position:0% +going to put a newborn +of rabbits one male and one female into + + align:start position:0% +of rabbits one male and one female into + + + align:start position:0% +of rabbits one male and one female into +an enclosure a pan of some sort and + + align:start position:0% +an enclosure a pan of some sort and + + + align:start position:0% +an enclosure a pan of some sort and +those rabbits have the following + + align:start position:0% +those rabbits have the following + + + align:start position:0% +those rabbits have the following +properties they mate at age one month so + + align:start position:0% +properties they mate at age one month so + + + align:start position:0% +properties they mate at age one month so +they take a month to mature after a + + align:start position:0% +they take a month to mature after a + + + align:start position:0% +they take a month to mature after a +one-month gestation period they produce + + align:start position:0% +one-month gestation period they produce + + + align:start position:0% +one-month gestation period they produce +another pair of rabbits a male and a + + align:start position:0% +another pair of rabbits a male and a + + + align:start position:0% +another pair of rabbits a male and a +female and he says I'm going to assume + + align:start position:0% +female and he says I'm going to assume + + + align:start position:0% +female and he says I'm going to assume +that the rabbits never die so each month + + align:start position:0% +that the rabbits never die so each month + + + align:start position:0% +that the rabbits never die so each month +mature females are going to produce + + align:start position:0% +mature females are going to produce + + + align:start position:0% +mature females are going to produce +another pair and his question was how + + align:start position:0% +another pair and his question was how + + + align:start position:0% +another pair and his question was how +many female rabbits are there at the end + + align:start position:0% +many female rabbits are there at the end + + + align:start position:0% +many female rabbits are there at the end +of a year or two years or three years so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ideas I start off with too immature + + align:start position:0% +ideas I start off with too immature + + + align:start position:0% +ideas I start off with too immature +rabbits after one month they've matured + + align:start position:0% +rabbits after one month they've matured + + + align:start position:0% +rabbits after one month they've matured +which means after another month they + + align:start position:0% +which means after another month they + + + align:start position:0% +which means after another month they +will have both they were sorry they will + + align:start position:0% +will have both they were sorry they will + + + align:start position:0% +will have both they were sorry they will +have produced a new pair after another + + align:start position:0% +have produced a new pair after another + + + align:start position:0% +have produced a new pair after another +month that mature pair is produced + + align:start position:0% +month that mature pair is produced + + + align:start position:0% +month that mature pair is produced +another pair and the immature pair has + + align:start position:0% +another pair and the immature pair has + + + align:start position:0% +another pair and the immature pair has +matured which means after another month + + align:start position:0% +matured which means after another month + + + align:start position:0% +matured which means after another month +those two mature pairs are going to + + align:start position:0% +those two mature pairs are going to + + + align:start position:0% +those two mature pairs are going to +produce offspring and that immature + + align:start position:0% +produce offspring and that immature + + + align:start position:0% +produce offspring and that immature +Paris has matured and you get the idea + + align:start position:0% +Paris has matured and you get the idea + + + align:start position:0% +Paris has matured and you get the idea +and after several months you get to + + align:start position:0% +and after several months you get to + + + align:start position:0% +and after several months you get to +Australia you can also see this is going + + align:start position:0% +Australia you can also see this is going + + + align:start position:0% +Australia you can also see this is going +to be interesting to think about how do + + align:start position:0% +to be interesting to think about how do + + + align:start position:0% +to be interesting to think about how do +you compute this but what I want you to + + align:start position:0% +you compute this but what I want you to + + + align:start position:0% +you compute this but what I want you to +see is the recursive solution to it so + + align:start position:0% +see is the recursive solution to it so + + + align:start position:0% +see is the recursive solution to it so +how could we capture this well here's + + align:start position:0% +how could we capture this well here's + + + align:start position:0% +how could we capture this well here's +another way of thinking about it after + + align:start position:0% +another way of thinking about it after + + + align:start position:0% +another way of thinking about it after +the first month and I know we're going + + align:start position:0% +the first month and I know we're going + + + align:start position:0% +the first month and I know we're going +to do this funny thing we're going to + + align:start position:0% +to do this funny thing we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +to do this funny thing we're going to +index at zero so I'll call at month zero + + align:start position:0% +index at zero so I'll call at month zero + + + align:start position:0% +index at zero so I'll call at month zero +there is one female which is immature to + + align:start position:0% +there is one female which is immature to + + + align:start position:0% +there is one female which is immature to +the second month that female is mature + + align:start position:0% +the second month that female is mature + + + align:start position:0% +the second month that female is mature +and now pregnant which means after the + + align:start position:0% +and now pregnant which means after the + + + align:start position:0% +and now pregnant which means after the +third month it is produced an offspring + + align:start position:0% +third month it is produced an offspring + + + align:start position:0% +third month it is produced an offspring +and more generally at the end month + + align:start position:0% +and more generally at the end month + + + align:start position:0% +and more generally at the end month +after we get past the first few cases + + align:start position:0% +after we get past the first few cases + + + align:start position:0% +after we get past the first few cases +what do we have any female that was + + align:start position:0% +what do we have any female that was + + + align:start position:0% +what do we have any female that was +there two months ago has produced an + + align:start position:0% +there two months ago has produced an + + + align:start position:0% +there two months ago has produced an +offspring because it's taken at least + + align:start position:0% +offspring because it's taken at least + + + align:start position:0% +offspring because it's taken at least +one month to mature if it hasn't already + + align:start position:0% +one month to mature if it hasn't already + + + align:start position:0% +one month to mature if it hasn't already +been mature and then it's going to + + align:start position:0% +been mature and then it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +been mature and then it's going to +produce an offspring and any female that + + align:start position:0% +produce an offspring and any female that + + + align:start position:0% +produce an offspring and any female that +was around last month is still around + + align:start position:0% +was around last month is still around + + + align:start position:0% +was around last month is still around +because it never died off so this is a + + align:start position:0% +because it never died off so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +because it never died off so this is a +little different this is now the number + + align:start position:0% +little different this is now the number + + + align:start position:0% +little different this is now the number +of females at month n is the number of + + align:start position:0% +of females at month n is the number of + + + align:start position:0% +of females at month n is the number of +females at month n minus one plus the + + align:start position:0% +females at month n minus one plus the + + + align:start position:0% +females at month n minus one plus the +number of females at month n minus two + + align:start position:0% +number of females at month n minus two + + + align:start position:0% +number of females at month n minus two +so two recursive calls but with + + align:start position:0% +so two recursive calls but with + + + align:start position:0% +so two recursive calls but with +different arguments + + align:start position:0% +different arguments + + + align:start position:0% +different arguments +different from towers of Hanoi where + + align:start position:0% +different from towers of Hanoi where + + + align:start position:0% +different from towers of Hanoi where +there were two recursive calls but with + + align:start position:0% +there were two recursive calls but with + + + align:start position:0% +there were two recursive calls but with +the same size problem okay + + align:start position:0% +the same size problem okay + + + align:start position:0% +the same size problem okay +so now I need two base cases one for + + align:start position:0% +so now I need two base cases one for + + + align:start position:0% +so now I need two base cases one for +when n is equal to zero one frame when n + + align:start position:0% +when n is equal to zero one frame when n + + + align:start position:0% +when n is equal to zero one frame when n +is equal to one and then I've got that + + align:start position:0% +is equal to one and then I've got that + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to one and then I've got that +recursive case and so there's a nice + + align:start position:0% +recursive case and so there's a nice + + + align:start position:0% +recursive case and so there's a nice +little piece of code Fibonacci I'm going + + align:start position:0% +little piece of code Fibonacci I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +little piece of code Fibonacci I'm going +to assume X is an integer greater than + + align:start position:0% +to assume X is an integer greater than + + + align:start position:0% +to assume X is an integer greater than +or equal to zero I'm going to return + + align:start position:0% +or equal to zero I'm going to return + + + align:start position:0% +or equal to zero I'm going to return +Fibonacci of X and you can see now it + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci of X and you can see now it + + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci of X and you can see now it +says if either X is equal to zero or X + + align:start position:0% +says if either X is equal to zero or X + + + align:start position:0% +says if either X is equal to zero or X +is equal to one I'm going to return 1 + + align:start position:0% +is equal to one I'm going to return 1 + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to one I'm going to return 1 +otherwise I reduce it to two simpler + + align:start position:0% +otherwise I reduce it to two simpler + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise I reduce it to two simpler +versions of the problem but with + + align:start position:0% +versions of the problem but with + + + align:start position:0% +versions of the problem but with +different arguments and I add them up + + align:start position:0% +different arguments and I add them up + + + align:start position:0% +different arguments and I add them up +okay and if we go look at this we can + + align:start position:0% +okay and if we go look at this we can + + + align:start position:0% +okay and if we go look at this we can +actually run this I can find my code + + align:start position:0% +actually run this I can find my code + + + align:start position:0% +actually run this I can find my code +which is right there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and I'm just going to so we can for + + align:start position:0% +and I'm just going to so we can for + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm just going to so we can for +example check it by saying fib of 0 that + + align:start position:0% +example check it by saying fib of 0 that + + + align:start position:0% +example check it by saying fib of 0 that +is it a I just hit a bug which I don't + + align:start position:0% +is it a I just hit a bug which I don't + + + align:start position:0% +is it a I just hit a bug which I don't +see let me try it again + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'll try it one more time with fib of 0 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +darn it's really naughty try it I got + + align:start position:0% +darn it's really naughty try it I got + + + align:start position:0% +darn it's really naughty try it I got +two different versions of fib in here + + align:start position:0% +two different versions of fib in here + + + align:start position:0% +two different versions of fib in here +that's what I've got going on so let me + + align:start position:0% +that's what I've got going on so let me + + + align:start position:0% +that's what I've got going on so let me +do it again let's do fib of 1 there we + + align:start position:0% +do it again let's do fib of 1 there we + + + align:start position:0% +do it again let's do fib of 1 there we +go + + align:start position:0% +go + + + align:start position:0% +go +fib of 2 just to fib of 3 which is 3 and + + align:start position:0% +fib of 2 just to fib of 3 which is 3 and + + + align:start position:0% +fib of 2 just to fib of 3 which is 3 and +fib of 4 which should add the previous + + align:start position:0% +fib of 4 which should add the previous + + + align:start position:0% +fib of 4 which should add the previous +two which gives me 5 there we go sorry + + align:start position:0% +two which gives me 5 there we go sorry + + + align:start position:0% +two which gives me 5 there we go sorry +about that I had two versions of fib in + + align:start position:0% +about that I had two versions of fib in + + + align:start position:0% +about that I had two versions of fib in +my file which is why you complained at + + align:start position:0% +my file which is why you complained at + + + align:start position:0% +my file which is why you complained at +me and which is why you should always + + align:start position:0% +me and which is why you should always + + + align:start position:0% +me and which is why you should always +read the error instructions because it + + align:start position:0% +read the error instructions because it + + + align:start position:0% +read the error instructions because it +tells you what you did wrong let's go on + + align:start position:0% +tells you what you did wrong let's go on + + + align:start position:0% +tells you what you did wrong let's go on +and look at one more example of doing + + align:start position:0% +and look at one more example of doing + + + align:start position:0% +and look at one more example of doing +recursion and we're going to + + align:start position:0% +recursion and we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +recursion and we're going to +dictionaries and we're going to pull it + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries and we're going to pull it + + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries and we're going to pull it +all together so far we been doing + + align:start position:0% +all together so far we been doing + + + align:start position:0% +all together so far we been doing +recursion on numerical things we can do + + align:start position:0% +recursion on numerical things we can do + + + align:start position:0% +recursion on numerical things we can do +it on non numerical things so a nice way + + align:start position:0% +it on non numerical things so a nice way + + + align:start position:0% +it on non numerical things so a nice way +of thinking about this is how would I + + align:start position:0% +of thinking about this is how would I + + + align:start position:0% +of thinking about this is how would I +tell if a string of characters is a + + align:start position:0% +tell if a string of characters is a + + + align:start position:0% +tell if a string of characters is a +palindrome meaning it reads the same + + align:start position:0% +palindrome meaning it reads the same + + + align:start position:0% +palindrome meaning it reads the same +backwards and forwards probably the most + + align:start position:0% +backwards and forwards probably the most + + + align:start position:0% +backwards and forwards probably the most +famous palindrome is attributed to + + align:start position:0% +famous palindrome is attributed to + + + align:start position:0% +famous palindrome is attributed to +Napoleon Abel was i ere I saw Elba given + + align:start position:0% +Napoleon Abel was i ere I saw Elba given + + + align:start position:0% +Napoleon Abel was i ere I saw Elba given +that a Pulliam was French I really doubt + + align:start position:0% +that a Pulliam was French I really doubt + + + align:start position:0% +that a Pulliam was French I really doubt +he said Abel was i ere I saw Elba but + + align:start position:0% +he said Abel was i ere I saw Elba but + + + align:start position:0% +he said Abel was i ere I saw Elba but +it's a great palindrome another one + + align:start position:0% +it's a great palindrome another one + + + align:start position:0% +it's a great palindrome another one +attributed Anne Michaels are we not + + align:start position:0% +attributed Anne Michaels are we not + + + align:start position:0% +attributed Anne Michaels are we not +drawn onward we fruit viva we few drawn + + align:start position:0% +drawn onward we fruit viva we few drawn + + + align:start position:0% +drawn onward we fruit viva we few drawn +onward to a new era reads the same + + align:start position:0% +onward to a new era reads the same + + + align:start position:0% +onward to a new era reads the same +backwards and forwards it's fun to think + + align:start position:0% +backwards and forwards it's fun to think + + + align:start position:0% +backwards and forwards it's fun to think +about how do you create the palindromes + + align:start position:0% +about how do you create the palindromes + + + align:start position:0% +about how do you create the palindromes +I want to write code to solve this again + + align:start position:0% +I want to write code to solve this again + + + align:start position:0% +I want to write code to solve this again +I want to think about it recursively so + + align:start position:0% +I want to think about it recursively so + + + align:start position:0% +I want to think about it recursively so +here's what I'm going to do I'm first + + align:start position:0% +here's what I'm going to do I'm first + + + align:start position:0% +here's what I'm going to do I'm first +going to take a string of characters + + align:start position:0% +going to take a string of characters + + + align:start position:0% +going to take a string of characters +reduce them all to lowercase and strip + + align:start position:0% +reduce them all to lowercase and strip + + + align:start position:0% +reduce them all to lowercase and strip +out spaces and punctuation I just want + + align:start position:0% +out spaces and punctuation I just want + + + align:start position:0% +out spaces and punctuation I just want +the characters okay and once I got that + + align:start position:0% +the characters okay and once I got that + + + align:start position:0% +the characters okay and once I got that +I want to say is that string that list + + align:start position:0% +I want to say is that string that list + + + align:start position:0% +I want to say is that string that list +of characters or that collection of + + align:start position:0% +of characters or that collection of + + + align:start position:0% +of characters or that collection of +characters I should say a palindrome and + + align:start position:0% +characters I should say a palindrome and + + + align:start position:0% +characters I should say a palindrome and +I'm going to think about it recursively + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to think about it recursively + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to think about it recursively +and that's actually pretty easy if it's + + align:start position:0% +and that's actually pretty easy if it's + + + align:start position:0% +and that's actually pretty easy if it's +either 0 or 1 long it's a palindrome + + align:start position:0% +either 0 or 1 long it's a palindrome + + + align:start position:0% +either 0 or 1 long it's a palindrome +otherwise you could think about having + + align:start position:0% +otherwise you could think about having + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise you could think about having +an index at each end of this thing and + + align:start position:0% +an index at each end of this thing and + + + align:start position:0% +an index at each end of this thing and +sort of counting into the middle but + + align:start position:0% +sort of counting into the middle but + + + align:start position:0% +sort of counting into the middle but +it's much easier to say take the 2 at + + align:start position:0% +it's much easier to say take the 2 at + + + align:start position:0% +it's much easier to say take the 2 at +the end if they're the same then check + + align:start position:0% +the end if they're the same then check + + + align:start position:0% +the end if they're the same then check +to see what's left in the middle is a + + align:start position:0% +to see what's left in the middle is a + + + align:start position:0% +to see what's left in the middle is a +palindrome and if those two properties + + align:start position:0% +palindrome and if those two properties + + + align:start position:0% +palindrome and if those two properties +true I'm done and notice what I just did + + align:start position:0% +true I'm done and notice what I just did + + + align:start position:0% +true I'm done and notice what I just did +I nicely reduced a bigger problem to a + + align:start position:0% +I nicely reduced a bigger problem to a + + + align:start position:0% +I nicely reduced a bigger problem to a +slightly smaller problem so exactly what + + align:start position:0% +slightly smaller problem so exactly what + + + align:start position:0% +slightly smaller problem so exactly what +I want to do okay so what says to check + + align:start position:0% +I want to do okay so what says to check + + + align:start position:0% +I want to do okay so what says to check +is this I'm going to reduce it to just + + align:start position:0% +is this I'm going to reduce it to just + + + align:start position:0% +is this I'm going to reduce it to just +the string of characters and then I'm + + align:start position:0% +the string of characters and then I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the string of characters and then I'm +going to check that's a palindrome by + + align:start position:0% +going to check that's a palindrome by + + + align:start position:0% +going to check that's a palindrome by +pulling those two off and checking to + + align:start position:0% +pulling those two off and checking to + + + align:start position:0% +pulling those two off and checking to +see they're the same and then checking + + align:start position:0% +see they're the same and then checking + + + align:start position:0% +see they're the same and then checking +to see if the middle is itself a + + align:start position:0% +to see if the middle is itself a + + + align:start position:0% +to see if the middle is itself a +palindrome okay how would I write it on + + align:start position:0% +palindrome okay how would I write it on + + + align:start position:0% +palindrome okay how would I write it on +the create procedure up here is + + align:start position:0% +the create procedure up here is + + + align:start position:0% +the create procedure up here is +palindrome I'm going to have inside of + + align:start position:0% +palindrome I'm going to have inside of + + + align:start position:0% +palindrome I'm going to have inside of +it two internal procedures that do the + + align:start position:0% +it two internal procedures that do the + + + align:start position:0% +it two internal procedures that do the +work for me the first one is simply + + align:start position:0% +work for me the first one is simply + + + align:start position:0% +work for me the first one is simply +going to reduce this to all lowercase + + align:start position:0% +going to reduce this to all lowercase + + + align:start position:0% +going to reduce this to all lowercase +with no spaces and notice what I can do + + align:start position:0% +with no spaces and notice what I can do + + + align:start position:0% +with no spaces and notice what I can do +because s is a string of characters I + + align:start position:0% +because s is a string of characters I + + + align:start position:0% +because s is a string of characters I +can use the built in string method lower + + align:start position:0% +can use the built in string method lower + + + align:start position:0% +can use the built in string method lower +so there's that dot notation s dot lower + + align:start position:0% +so there's that dot notation s dot lower + + + align:start position:0% +so there's that dot notation s dot lower +says apply the method lower to a string + + align:start position:0% +says apply the method lower to a string + + + align:start position:0% +says apply the method lower to a string +I need an open and close paren to + + align:start position:0% +I need an open and close paren to + + + align:start position:0% +I need an open and close paren to +actually call that procedure and that + + align:start position:0% +actually call that procedure and that + + + align:start position:0% +actually call that procedure and that +will mutate s to just be all lowercase + + align:start position:0% +will mutate s to just be all lowercase + + + align:start position:0% +will mutate s to just be all lowercase +and then I'm going to run a little loop + + align:start position:0% +and then I'm going to run a little loop + + + align:start position:0% +and then I'm going to run a little loop +I'll set up answer or ants to be an + + align:start position:0% +I'll set up answer or ants to be an + + + align:start position:0% +I'll set up answer or ants to be an +empty string and then for everything + + align:start position:0% +empty string and then for everything + + + align:start position:0% +empty string and then for everything +inside that mutated string I'll simply + + align:start position:0% +inside that mutated string I'll simply + + + align:start position:0% +inside that mutated string I'll simply +say if it's inside this string if it's a + + align:start position:0% +say if it's inside this string if it's a + + + align:start position:0% +say if it's inside this string if it's a +letter add it in to answer if it's a + + align:start position:0% +letter add it in to answer if it's a + + + align:start position:0% +letter add it in to answer if it's a +space or a comma or something else I'll + + align:start position:0% +space or a comma or something else I'll + + + align:start position:0% +space or a comma or something else I'll +ignore it and when I'm done just return + + align:start position:0% +ignore it and when I'm done just return + + + align:start position:0% +ignore it and when I'm done just return +answer strips it down to lowercase and + + align:start position:0% +answer strips it down to lowercase and + + + align:start position:0% +answer strips it down to lowercase and +then I'm going to pass that into is pal + + align:start position:0% +then I'm going to pass that into is pal + + + align:start position:0% +then I'm going to pass that into is pal +which simply says if this is either 0 or + + align:start position:0% +which simply says if this is either 0 or + + + align:start position:0% +which simply says if this is either 0 or +1 long it's a palindrome return true + + align:start position:0% +1 long it's a palindrome return true + + + align:start position:0% +1 long it's a palindrome return true +otherwise check to see that the first + + align:start position:0% +otherwise check to see that the first + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise check to see that the first +and last element of the string are the + + align:start position:0% +and last element of the string are the + + + align:start position:0% +and last element of the string are the +same notice the indexing to get into the + + align:start position:0% +same notice the indexing to get into the + + + align:start position:0% +same notice the indexing to get into the +last element and similarly just slice + + align:start position:0% +last element and similarly just slice + + + align:start position:0% +last element and similarly just slice +into the string ignoring the first and + + align:start position:0% +into the string ignoring the first and + + + align:start position:0% +into the string ignoring the first and +last element and ask is that a + + align:start position:0% +last element and ask is that a + + + align:start position:0% +last element and ask is that a +palindrome and then just call it and + + align:start position:0% +palindrome and then just call it and + + + align:start position:0% +palindrome and then just call it and +that'll do it and again there's a nice + + align:start position:0% +that'll do it and again there's a nice + + + align:start position:0% +that'll do it and again there's a nice +example of that in the code I'm not + + align:start position:0% +example of that in the code I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +example of that in the code I'm not +going to run out of let you just go look + + align:start position:0% +going to run out of let you just go look + + + align:start position:0% +going to run out of let you just go look +at it but it will actually pull out + + align:start position:0% +at it but it will actually pull out + + + align:start position:0% +at it but it will actually pull out +something that checks is this a + + align:start position:0% +something that checks is this a + + + align:start position:0% +something that checks is this a +palindrome notice again what I'm doing + + align:start position:0% +palindrome notice again what I'm doing + + + align:start position:0% +palindrome notice again what I'm doing +here i'm doing dividing conquer i'm + + align:start position:0% +here i'm doing dividing conquer i'm + + + align:start position:0% +here i'm doing dividing conquer i'm +taking a problem reducing it keep saying + + align:start position:0% +taking a problem reducing it keep saying + + + align:start position:0% +taking a problem reducing it keep saying +this to a simpler version of the same + + align:start position:0% +this to a simpler version of the same + + + align:start position:0% +this to a simpler version of the same +problem + + align:start position:0% +problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem +keep unwinding it till i get down to + + align:start position:0% +keep unwinding it till i get down to + + + align:start position:0% +keep unwinding it till i get down to +some + + align:start position:0% +some + + + align:start position:0% +some +can solve directly in my base case and + + align:start position:0% +can solve directly in my base case and + + + align:start position:0% +can solve directly in my base case and +I'm done and that's really the heart of + + align:start position:0% +I'm done and that's really the heart of + + + align:start position:0% +I'm done and that's really the heart of +thinking about recursive solutions to + + align:start position:0% +thinking about recursive solutions to + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about recursive solutions to +problems I would hope that one of the + + align:start position:0% +problems I would hope that one of the + + + align:start position:0% +problems I would hope that one of the +things you remember besides my really + + align:start position:0% +things you remember besides my really + + + align:start position:0% +things you remember besides my really +lousy patter up here is the idea of + + align:start position:0% +lousy patter up here is the idea of + + + align:start position:0% +lousy patter up here is the idea of +towers of Hanoi because to me it's one + + align:start position:0% +towers of Hanoi because to me it's one + + + align:start position:0% +towers of Hanoi because to me it's one +of the nicest examples of a problem that + + align:start position:0% +of the nicest examples of a problem that + + + align:start position:0% +of the nicest examples of a problem that +would be hard to solve iteratively but + + align:start position:0% +would be hard to solve iteratively but + + + align:start position:0% +would be hard to solve iteratively but +when you see the recursive solution it's + + align:start position:0% +when you see the recursive solution it's + + + align:start position:0% +when you see the recursive solution it's +pretty straightforward keep that in mind + + align:start position:0% +pretty straightforward keep that in mind + + + align:start position:0% +pretty straightforward keep that in mind +as you think about doing recursion okay + + align:start position:0% +as you think about doing recursion okay + + + align:start position:0% +as you think about doing recursion okay +let's switch gears and let's talk very + + align:start position:0% +let's switch gears and let's talk very + + + align:start position:0% +let's switch gears and let's talk very +briefly about another kind of data type + + align:start position:0% +briefly about another kind of data type + + + align:start position:0% +briefly about another kind of data type +called a dictionary in the idea of a + + align:start position:0% +called a dictionary in the idea of a + + + align:start position:0% +called a dictionary in the idea of a +dictionary I'm going to motivate with a + + align:start position:0% +dictionary I'm going to motivate with a + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary I'm going to motivate with a +simple example there's a quiz coming up + + align:start position:0% +simple example there's a quiz coming up + + + align:start position:0% +simple example there's a quiz coming up +on Thursday I know you don't want to + + align:start position:0% +on Thursday I know you don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +on Thursday I know you don't want to +hear that but there is which means we're + + align:start position:0% +hear that but there is which means we're + + + align:start position:0% +hear that but there is which means we're +going to be recording grades and so + + align:start position:0% +going to be recording grades and so + + + align:start position:0% +going to be recording grades and so +imagine I wanted to build a little + + align:start position:0% +imagine I wanted to build a little + + + align:start position:0% +imagine I wanted to build a little +database just to keep track of grades of + + align:start position:0% +database just to keep track of grades of + + + align:start position:0% +database just to keep track of grades of +students so one of the ways I could do + + align:start position:0% +students so one of the ways I could do + + + align:start position:0% +students so one of the ways I could do +it as I could create a list with the + + align:start position:0% +it as I could create a list with the + + + align:start position:0% +it as I could create a list with the +names of the students I could create + + align:start position:0% +names of the students I could create + + + align:start position:0% +names of the students I could create +another list with their grades and a + + align:start position:0% +another list with their grades and a + + + align:start position:0% +another list with their grades and a +third list with the actual subject or + + align:start position:0% +third list with the actual subject or + + + align:start position:0% +third list with the actual subject or +course from which they got that grade + + align:start position:0% +course from which they got that grade + + + align:start position:0% +course from which they got that grade +keep a separate list for each one of + + align:start position:0% +keep a separate list for each one of + + + align:start position:0% +keep a separate list for each one of +them keep them of the same length and in + + align:start position:0% +them keep them of the same length and in + + + align:start position:0% +them keep them of the same length and in +essence what I'm doing here is I'm + + align:start position:0% +essence what I'm doing here is I'm + + + align:start position:0% +essence what I'm doing here is I'm +storing information at the same index in + + align:start position:0% +storing information at the same index in + + + align:start position:0% +storing information at the same index in +each list so Anna who's going to have to + + align:start position:0% +each list so Anna who's going to have to + + + align:start position:0% +each list so Anna who's going to have to +take the class again gets a B John who's + + align:start position:0% +take the class again gets a B John who's + + + align:start position:0% +take the class again gets a B John who's +created the class gets an A+ sorry Anna + + align:start position:0% +created the class gets an A+ sorry Anna + + + align:start position:0% +created the class gets an A+ sorry Anna +John's had a longer time at it all right + + align:start position:0% +John's had a longer time at it all right + + + align:start position:0% +John's had a longer time at it all right +bad jokes aside what I'm doing is I + + align:start position:0% +bad jokes aside what I'm doing is I + + + align:start position:0% +bad jokes aside what I'm doing is I +could imagine just creating lists I + + align:start position:0% +could imagine just creating lists I + + + align:start position:0% +could imagine just creating lists I +could create lists of lists but a simple + + align:start position:0% +could create lists of lists but a simple + + + align:start position:0% +could create lists of lists but a simple +ways to do lists we're basically at each + + align:start position:0% +ways to do lists we're basically at each + + + align:start position:0% +ways to do lists we're basically at each +index I've got associated information + + align:start position:0% +index I've got associated information + + + align:start position:0% +index I've got associated information +it's a simple way to deal with it + + align:start position:0% +it's a simple way to deal with it + + + align:start position:0% +it's a simple way to deal with it +getting a grade out takes a little bit + + align:start position:0% +getting a grade out takes a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +getting a grade out takes a little bit +of work because if I want to get the + + align:start position:0% +of work because if I want to get the + + + align:start position:0% +of work because if I want to get the +grade associated with a particular + + align:start position:0% +grade associated with a particular + + + align:start position:0% +grade associated with a particular +student what would I do I would go into + + align:start position:0% +student what would I do I would go into + + + align:start position:0% +student what would I do I would go into +the name list and use the method index + + align:start position:0% +the name list and use the method index + + + align:start position:0% +the name list and use the method index +which you've seen before again notice + + align:start position:0% +which you've seen before again notice + + + align:start position:0% +which you've seen before again notice +the dot notation it says this is a list + + align:start position:0% +the dot notation it says this is a list + + + align:start position:0% +the dot notation it says this is a list +use the index method call it on student + + align:start position:0% +use the index method call it on student + + + align:start position:0% +use the index method call it on student +and whatever the value of student is it + + align:start position:0% +and whatever the value of student is it + + + align:start position:0% +and whatever the value of student is it +will find that in the list return the + + align:start position:0% +will find that in the list return the + + + align:start position:0% +will find that in the list return the +index at that point and then I can use + + align:start position:0% +index at that point and then I can use + + + align:start position:0% +index at that point and then I can use +that to go in and get the grade in the + + align:start position:0% +that to go in and get the grade in the + + + align:start position:0% +that to go in and get the grade in the +course + + align:start position:0% +course + + + align:start position:0% +course +and return something out simple way to + + align:start position:0% +and return something out simple way to + + + align:start position:0% +and return something out simple way to +do it put a little ugly alright because + + align:start position:0% +do it put a little ugly alright because + + + align:start position:0% +do it put a little ugly alright because +among other things I've got things store + + align:start position:0% +among other things I've got things store + + + align:start position:0% +among other things I've got things store +in different places in the list I got to + + align:start position:0% +in different places in the list I got to + + + align:start position:0% +in different places in the list I got to +think about if I'm going to add + + align:start position:0% +think about if I'm going to add + + + align:start position:0% +think about if I'm going to add +something the list I got to put them in + + align:start position:0% +something the list I got to put them in + + + align:start position:0% +something the list I got to put them in +the same spot in the list I've got to + + align:start position:0% +the same spot in the list I've got to + + + align:start position:0% +the same spot in the list I've got to +remember to always index using integers + + align:start position:0% +remember to always index using integers + + + align:start position:0% +remember to always index using integers +is what which is what we know how to do + + align:start position:0% +is what which is what we know how to do + + + align:start position:0% +is what which is what we know how to do +with lists at least so far it would be + + align:start position:0% +with lists at least so far it would be + + + align:start position:0% +with lists at least so far it would be +nice if I had a better way to do it and + + align:start position:0% +nice if I had a better way to do it and + + + align:start position:0% +nice if I had a better way to do it and +that's exactly what a dictionary is + + align:start position:0% +that's exactly what a dictionary is + + + align:start position:0% +that's exactly what a dictionary is +going to provide for me + + align:start position:0% +going to provide for me + + + align:start position:0% +going to provide for me +so rather than indexing on integers I'd + + align:start position:0% +so rather than indexing on integers I'd + + + align:start position:0% +so rather than indexing on integers I'd +like to index directly on the item of + + align:start position:0% +like to index directly on the item of + + + align:start position:0% +like to index directly on the item of +interest I'd like to say where's Anna's + + align:start position:0% +interest I'd like to say where's Anna's + + + align:start position:0% +interest I'd like to say where's Anna's +record and find that in one data + + align:start position:0% +record and find that in one data + + + align:start position:0% +record and find that in one data +structure and so whereas a list is + + align:start position:0% +structure and so whereas a list is + + + align:start position:0% +structure and so whereas a list is +indexed by integers and has elements + + align:start position:0% +indexed by integers and has elements + + + align:start position:0% +indexed by integers and has elements +associated with it a dictionary is going + + align:start position:0% +associated with it a dictionary is going + + + align:start position:0% +associated with it a dictionary is going +to combine a key or if you like a name + + align:start position:0% +to combine a key or if you like a name + + + align:start position:0% +to combine a key or if you like a name +of some sort with an actual value and + + align:start position:0% +of some sort with an actual value and + + + align:start position:0% +of some sort with an actual value and +we're going to index just by the name or + + align:start position:0% +we're going to index just by the name or + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to index just by the name or +the label as we go into it so let me + + align:start position:0% +the label as we go into it so let me + + + align:start position:0% +the label as we go into it so let me +show you some examples first of all to + + align:start position:0% +show you some examples first of all to + + + align:start position:0% +show you some examples first of all to +create a dictionary I use curly braces + + align:start position:0% +create a dictionary I use curly braces + + + align:start position:0% +create a dictionary I use curly braces +open close curly brace so an empty + + align:start position:0% +open close curly brace so an empty + + + align:start position:0% +open close curly brace so an empty +dictionary would be simply that call if + + align:start position:0% +dictionary would be simply that call if + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary would be simply that call if +I want to create an actual dictionary + + align:start position:0% +I want to create an actual dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +I want to create an actual dictionary +before I insert things into it I use a + + align:start position:0% +before I insert things into it I use a + + + align:start position:0% +before I insert things into it I use a +little bit of a funky notation it is a + + align:start position:0% +little bit of a funky notation it is a + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of a funky notation it is a +key or a label a colon and then a value + + align:start position:0% +key or a label a colon and then a value + + + align:start position:0% +key or a label a colon and then a value +in this case the string Anna and the end + + align:start position:0% +in this case the string Anna and the end + + + align:start position:0% +in this case the string Anna and the end +of and the string B followed by a comma + + align:start position:0% +of and the string B followed by a comma + + + align:start position:0% +of and the string B followed by a comma +which separates it from the next pairing + + align:start position:0% +which separates it from the next pairing + + + align:start position:0% +which separates it from the next pairing +of a key and a label or key and a value + + align:start position:0% +of a key and a label or key and a value + + + align:start position:0% +of a key and a label or key and a value +and so on and so if I do this what it + + align:start position:0% +and so on and so if I do this what it + + + align:start position:0% +and so on and so if I do this what it +does in my dictionary is it creates + + align:start position:0% +does in my dictionary is it creates + + + align:start position:0% +does in my dictionary is it creates +pairings of those labels with the values + + align:start position:0% +pairings of those labels with the values + + + align:start position:0% +pairings of those labels with the values +I associated with them + + align:start position:0% +I associated with them + + + align:start position:0% +I associated with them +okay these are pretty simple but in fact + + align:start position:0% +okay these are pretty simple but in fact + + + align:start position:0% +okay these are pretty simple but in fact +there's lots of nice things we can do + + align:start position:0% +there's lots of nice things we can do + + + align:start position:0% +there's lots of nice things we can do +with it so once we've got them indexing + + align:start position:0% +with it so once we've got them indexing + + + align:start position:0% +with it so once we've got them indexing +now is similar to a list but not done by + + align:start position:0% +now is similar to a list but not done by + + + align:start position:0% +now is similar to a list but not done by +a number it's done by a value so if + + align:start position:0% +a number it's done by a value so if + + + align:start position:0% +a number it's done by a value so if +that's my key I can say what's John's + + align:start position:0% +that's my key I can say what's John's + + + align:start position:0% +that's my key I can say what's John's +great notice the call it's grades which + + align:start position:0% +great notice the call it's grades which + + + align:start position:0% +great notice the call it's grades which +is my dictionary open close square + + align:start position:0% +is my dictionary open close square + + + align:start position:0% +is my dictionary open close square +brackets with the label John and what it + + align:start position:0% +brackets with the label John and what it + + + align:start position:0% +brackets with the label John and what it +does it goes in and finds that in the + + align:start position:0% +does it goes in and finds that in the + + + align:start position:0% +does it goes in and finds that in the +dictionary returns the value associated + + align:start position:0% +dictionary returns the value associated + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary returns the value associated +with it if I ask for something not in + + align:start position:0% +with it if I ask for something not in + + + align:start position:0% +with it if I ask for something not in +the dictionary it's going to give me a + + align:start position:0% +the dictionary it's going to give me a + + + align:start position:0% +the dictionary it's going to give me a +key R other things we can do with + + align:start position:0% +key R other things we can do with + + + align:start position:0% +key R other things we can do with +dictionaries we can add entries just + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries we can add entries just + + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries we can add entries just +like we would do with lists + + align:start position:0% +like we would do with lists + + + align:start position:0% +like we would do with lists +grades as a dictionary and open and + + align:start position:0% +grades as a dictionary and open and + + + align:start position:0% +grades as a dictionary and open and +close square brackets I put in a new + + align:start position:0% +close square brackets I put in a new + + + align:start position:0% +close square brackets I put in a new +label and a value and that adds that to + + align:start position:0% +label and a value and that adds that to + + + align:start position:0% +label and a value and that adds that to +the dictionary I can test if something's + + align:start position:0% +the dictionary I can test if something's + + + align:start position:0% +the dictionary I can test if something's +in the dictionary by simply saying is + + align:start position:0% +in the dictionary by simply saying is + + + align:start position:0% +in the dictionary by simply saying is +this label in grades and it simply + + align:start position:0% +this label in grades and it simply + + + align:start position:0% +this label in grades and it simply +checks all of the labels or the keys for + + align:start position:0% +checks all of the labels or the keys for + + + align:start position:0% +checks all of the labels or the keys for +the dictionary to see if it's there and + + align:start position:0% +the dictionary to see if it's there and + + + align:start position:0% +the dictionary to see if it's there and +if it's not returns false I can remove + + align:start position:0% +if it's not returns false I can remove + + + align:start position:0% +if it's not returns false I can remove +entries del something we've seen before + + align:start position:0% +entries del something we've seen before + + + align:start position:0% +entries del something we've seen before +a very generic thing it will delete + + align:start position:0% +a very generic thing it will delete + + + align:start position:0% +a very generic thing it will delete +something and in this case it says in + + align:start position:0% +something and in this case it says in + + + align:start position:0% +something and in this case it says in +the dictionary grades find the entry + + align:start position:0% +the dictionary grades find the entry + + + align:start position:0% +the dictionary grades find the entry +associated with that key sorry Ana + + align:start position:0% +associated with that key sorry Ana + + + align:start position:0% +associated with that key sorry Ana +you're about to be flushed remove it + + align:start position:0% +you're about to be flushed remove it + + + align:start position:0% +you're about to be flushed remove it +she's only getting a B in the class and + + align:start position:0% +she's only getting a B in the class and + + + align:start position:0% +she's only getting a B in the class and +she teaches it we got to do something + + align:start position:0% +she teaches it we got to do something + + + align:start position:0% +she teaches it we got to do something +about this right okay so I can add + + align:start position:0% +about this right okay so I can add + + + align:start position:0% +about this right okay so I can add +things I can delete things I can test if + + align:start position:0% +things I can delete things I can test if + + + align:start position:0% +things I can delete things I can test if +things are there let me show you a + + align:start position:0% +things are there let me show you a + + + align:start position:0% +things are there let me show you a +couple of other things about + + align:start position:0% +couple of other things about + + + align:start position:0% +couple of other things about +dictionaries I can ask for all of the + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries I can ask for all of the + + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries I can ask for all of the +keys in the dictionary notice the format + + align:start position:0% +keys in the dictionary notice the format + + + align:start position:0% +keys in the dictionary notice the format +there's that dot notation grades as a + + align:start position:0% +there's that dot notation grades as a + + + align:start position:0% +there's that dot notation grades as a +dictionary says use the keys method + + align:start position:0% +dictionary says use the keys method + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary says use the keys method +associated with this data structured + + align:start position:0% +associated with this data structured + + + align:start position:0% +associated with this data structured +dictionaries open close actually calls + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries open close actually calls + + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries open close actually calls +it and it gives me back a collection of + + align:start position:0% +it and it gives me back a collection of + + + align:start position:0% +it and it gives me back a collection of +all the keys in some arbitrary order I'm + + align:start position:0% +all the keys in some arbitrary order I'm + + + align:start position:0% +all the keys in some arbitrary order I'm +going to use a funny term here which I'm + + align:start position:0% +going to use a funny term here which I'm + + + align:start position:0% +going to use a funny term here which I'm +not certain we've seen so far it returns + + align:start position:0% +not certain we've seen so far it returns + + + align:start position:0% +not certain we've seen so far it returns +something we call an iterable it's like + + align:start position:0% +something we call an iterable it's like + + + align:start position:0% +something we call an iterable it's like +range think of it as giving us back the + + align:start position:0% +range think of it as giving us back the + + + align:start position:0% +range think of it as giving us back the +equivalent of a list it's not actually + + align:start position:0% +equivalent of a list it's not actually + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent of a list it's not actually +list but it's something we could walk + + align:start position:0% +list but it's something we could walk + + + align:start position:0% +list but it's something we could walk +down which is exactly why I can then say + + align:start position:0% +down which is exactly why I can then say + + + align:start position:0% +down which is exactly why I can then say +is something in a dictionary because it + + align:start position:0% +is something in a dictionary because it + + + align:start position:0% +is something in a dictionary because it +returns this set of keys and I can test + + align:start position:0% +returns this set of keys and I can test + + + align:start position:0% +returns this set of keys and I can test +to see something's in there I can + + align:start position:0% +to see something's in there I can + + + align:start position:0% +to see something's in there I can +similarly get all of the values if I + + align:start position:0% +similarly get all of the values if I + + + align:start position:0% +similarly get all of the values if I +wanted to look at them giving us out two + + align:start position:0% +wanted to look at them giving us out two + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to look at them giving us out two +intervals here are the key things to + + align:start position:0% +intervals here are the key things to + + + align:start position:0% +intervals here are the key things to +keep in mind about dictionaries the + + align:start position:0% +keep in mind about dictionaries the + + + align:start position:0% +keep in mind about dictionaries the +values can be anything any type mutable + + align:start position:0% +values can be anything any type mutable + + + align:start position:0% +values can be anything any type mutable +immutable they could be duplicates that + + align:start position:0% +immutable they could be duplicates that + + + align:start position:0% +immutable they could be duplicates that +actually makes sense I could have the + + align:start position:0% +actually makes sense I could have the + + + align:start position:0% +actually makes sense I could have the +same value associated that for example + + align:start position:0% +same value associated that for example + + + align:start position:0% +same value associated that for example +the same grade associated with different + + align:start position:0% +the same grade associated with different + + + align:start position:0% +the same grade associated with different +people that's perfectly fine the values + + align:start position:0% +people that's perfectly fine the values + + + align:start position:0% +people that's perfectly fine the values +could be lists they could be other data + + align:start position:0% +could be lists they could be other data + + + align:start position:0% +could be lists they could be other data +structures they could even be other + + align:start position:0% +structures they could even be other + + + align:start position:0% +structures they could even be other +dictionaries they can be anything which + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries they can be anything which + + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries they can be anything which +is great the keys the first part of it a + + align:start position:0% +is great the keys the first part of it a + + + align:start position:0% +is great the keys the first part of it a +little more structure + + align:start position:0% +little more structure + + + align:start position:0% +little more structure +they need to be unique well duh that + + align:start position:0% +they need to be unique well duh that + + + align:start position:0% +they need to be unique well duh that +makes sense if I have the same key in + + align:start position:0% +makes sense if I have the same key in + + + align:start position:0% +makes sense if I have the same key in +two places in the dictionary when I go + + align:start position:0% +two places in the dictionary when I go + + + align:start position:0% +two places in the dictionary when I go +to look it up how am I going to know + + align:start position:0% +to look it up how am I going to know + + + align:start position:0% +to look it up how am I going to know +which one I want so it needs to be + + align:start position:0% +which one I want so it needs to be + + + align:start position:0% +which one I want so it needs to be +unique and they also need to be + + align:start position:0% +unique and they also need to be + + + align:start position:0% +unique and they also need to be +immutable which also makes sense if I'm + + align:start position:0% +immutable which also makes sense if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +immutable which also makes sense if I'm +storing something in a key in the + + align:start position:0% +storing something in a key in the + + + align:start position:0% +storing something in a key in the +dictionary and I can go and change the + + align:start position:0% +dictionary and I can go and change the + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary and I can go and change the +value of the key how am I going to + + align:start position:0% +value of the key how am I going to + + + align:start position:0% +value of the key how am I going to +remember what I was looking for so they + + align:start position:0% +remember what I was looking for so they + + + align:start position:0% +remember what I was looking for so they +can only be things like intz flows + + align:start position:0% +can only be things like intz flows + + + align:start position:0% +can only be things like intz flows +strings tuples boolean's I don't + + align:start position:0% +strings tuples boolean's I don't + + + align:start position:0% +strings tuples boolean's I don't +recommend using floats because you need + + align:start position:0% +recommend using floats because you need + + + align:start position:0% +recommend using floats because you need +to make sure it's exactly the same float + + align:start position:0% +to make sure it's exactly the same float + + + align:start position:0% +to make sure it's exactly the same float +and that sometimes a little bit + + align:start position:0% +and that sometimes a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +and that sometimes a little bit +challenging but nonetheless you can have + + align:start position:0% +challenging but nonetheless you can have + + + align:start position:0% +challenging but nonetheless you can have +any immutable type as your key and + + align:start position:0% +any immutable type as your key and + + + align:start position:0% +any immutable type as your key and +notice that there's no order to the keys + + align:start position:0% +notice that there's no order to the keys + + + align:start position:0% +notice that there's no order to the keys +or the values they are simply stored + + align:start position:0% +or the values they are simply stored + + + align:start position:0% +or the values they are simply stored +arbitrarily by the by Python as it puts + + align:start position:0% +arbitrarily by the by Python as it puts + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrarily by the by Python as it puts +them in and so if I compare these two + + align:start position:0% +them in and so if I compare these two + + + align:start position:0% +them in and so if I compare these two +lists our ordered sequences index by + + align:start position:0% +lists our ordered sequences index by + + + align:start position:0% +lists our ordered sequences index by +integers I look them up by integer index + + align:start position:0% +integers I look them up by integer index + + + align:start position:0% +integers I look them up by integer index +and the indices have to have an order as + + align:start position:0% +and the indices have to have an order as + + + align:start position:0% +and the indices have to have an order as +a consequence dictionaries are this nice + + align:start position:0% +a consequence dictionaries are this nice + + + align:start position:0% +a consequence dictionaries are this nice +generalization arbitrarily match keys to + + align:start position:0% +generalization arbitrarily match keys to + + + align:start position:0% +generalization arbitrarily match keys to +values I simply look up one item by + + align:start position:0% +values I simply look up one item by + + + align:start position:0% +values I simply look up one item by +looking up things under the appropriate + + align:start position:0% +looking up things under the appropriate + + + align:start position:0% +looking up things under the appropriate +key all I requires that the keys have to + + align:start position:0% +key all I requires that the keys have to + + + align:start position:0% +key all I requires that the keys have to +be immutable okay I want to do two last + + align:start position:0% +be immutable okay I want to do two last + + + align:start position:0% +be immutable okay I want to do two last +things seven minutes to go here I want + + align:start position:0% +things seven minutes to go here I want + + + align:start position:0% +things seven minutes to go here I want +to show you an example of using + + align:start position:0% +to show you an example of using + + + align:start position:0% +to show you an example of using +dictionaries and I'm going to do this + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries and I'm going to do this + + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries and I'm going to do this +with a little bit more interesting I + + align:start position:0% +with a little bit more interesting I + + + align:start position:0% +with a little bit more interesting I +hope example I'm going to analyze song + + align:start position:0% +hope example I'm going to analyze song + + + align:start position:0% +hope example I'm going to analyze song +lyrics now I'm going to show you you can + + align:start position:0% +lyrics now I'm going to show you you can + + + align:start position:0% +lyrics now I'm going to show you you can +already tell the difference between my + + align:start position:0% +already tell the difference between my + + + align:start position:0% +already tell the difference between my +age and Anna's age she used Taylor Swift + + align:start position:0% +age and Anna's age she used Taylor Swift + + + align:start position:0% +age and Anna's age she used Taylor Swift +and Justin Bieber I'm going to use the + + align:start position:0% +and Justin Bieber I'm going to use the + + + align:start position:0% +and Justin Bieber I'm going to use the +Beatles that's more my generation most + + align:start position:0% +Beatles that's more my generation most + + + align:start position:0% +Beatles that's more my generation most +of you never heard of the Beatles unless + + align:start position:0% +of you never heard of the Beatles unless + + + align:start position:0% +of you never heard of the Beatles unless +you watch shining time station where you + + align:start position:0% +you watch shining time station where you + + + align:start position:0% +you watch shining time station where you +saw Ringo Starr right okay what I'm + + align:start position:0% +saw Ringo Starr right okay what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +saw Ringo Starr right okay what I'm +going to do is I want to write us a + + align:start position:0% +going to do is I want to write us a + + + align:start position:0% +going to do is I want to write us a +little set of procedures that record the + + align:start position:0% +little set of procedures that record the + + + align:start position:0% +little set of procedures that record the +frequencies of words in a song lyric so + + align:start position:0% +frequencies of words in a song lyric so + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies of words in a song lyric so +I'm going to match strings or words to + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to match strings or words to + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to match strings or words to +integers how many times did that that + + align:start position:0% +integers how many times did that that + + + align:start position:0% +integers how many times did that that +word appear in the in the song lyric and + + align:start position:0% +word appear in the in the song lyric and + + + align:start position:0% +word appear in the in the song lyric and +then I'm going to ask can I easily + + align:start position:0% +then I'm going to ask can I easily + + + align:start position:0% +then I'm going to ask can I easily +figure out which words occur most often + + align:start position:0% +figure out which words occur most often + + + align:start position:0% +figure out which words occur most often +and how many times I'm going to gather + + align:start position:0% +and how many times I'm going to gather + + + align:start position:0% +and how many times I'm going to gather +them together to see what are the most + + align:start position:0% +them together to see what are the most + + + align:start position:0% +them together to see what are the most +common words in here and I'm going to do + + align:start position:0% +common words in here and I'm going to do + + + align:start position:0% +common words in here and I'm going to do +that where I'm going to let a user say I + + align:start position:0% +that where I'm going to let a user say I + + + align:start position:0% +that where I'm going to let a user say I +want every word that appears more than + + align:start position:0% +want every word that appears more than + + + align:start position:0% +want every word that appears more than +some number of times it's a simple + + align:start position:0% +some number of times it's a simple + + + align:start position:0% +some number of times it's a simple +example but I want you to see how + + align:start position:0% +example but I want you to see how + + + align:start position:0% +example but I want you to see how +mutation of the dictionary gives you a + + align:start position:0% +mutation of the dictionary gives you a + + + align:start position:0% +mutation of the dictionary gives you a +really powerful tool for solving this + + align:start position:0% +really powerful tool for solving this + + + align:start position:0% +really powerful tool for solving this +problem + + align:start position:0% +problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem +so let's write the code to do that it's + + align:start position:0% +so let's write the code to do that it's + + + align:start position:0% +so let's write the code to do that it's +also in the handout + + align:start position:0% +also in the handout + + + align:start position:0% +also in the handout +here we go lyrics to frequencies lyrics + + align:start position:0% +here we go lyrics to frequencies lyrics + + + align:start position:0% +here we go lyrics to frequencies lyrics +is just a list of words strings so I'm + + align:start position:0% +is just a list of words strings so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +is just a list of words strings so I'm +going to set up an empty dictionary + + align:start position:0% +going to set up an empty dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +going to set up an empty dictionary +there's that open closed curly brace and + + align:start position:0% +there's that open closed curly brace and + + + align:start position:0% +there's that open closed curly brace and +here's what I'm going to do I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +here's what I'm going to do I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +here's what I'm going to do I'm going to +walk through all the words in lyrics + + align:start position:0% +walk through all the words in lyrics + + + align:start position:0% +walk through all the words in lyrics +you've seen this before this is looping + + align:start position:0% +you've seen this before this is looping + + + align:start position:0% +you've seen this before this is looping +over for every word in lyrics notice + + align:start position:0% +over for every word in lyrics notice + + + align:start position:0% +over for every word in lyrics notice +what I'm going to do I'm going to simply + + align:start position:0% +what I'm going to do I'm going to simply + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm going to do I'm going to simply +say so first part is I can easily + + align:start position:0% +say so first part is I can easily + + + align:start position:0% +say so first part is I can easily +iterate over the list but now I'm going + + align:start position:0% +iterate over the list but now I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +iterate over the list but now I'm going +to say if the word is in the dictionary + + align:start position:0% +to say if the word is in the dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +to say if the word is in the dictionary +and because the dictionary is iterable + + align:start position:0% +and because the dictionary is iterable + + + align:start position:0% +and because the dictionary is iterable +simply going to give me back all of the + + align:start position:0% +simply going to give me back all of the + + + align:start position:0% +simply going to give me back all of the +keys it's simply going to say in this + + align:start position:0% +keys it's simply going to say in this + + + align:start position:0% +keys it's simply going to say in this +case if it's in the dictionary okay it's + + align:start position:0% +case if it's in the dictionary okay it's + + + align:start position:0% +case if it's in the dictionary okay it's +already there I've got some value + + align:start position:0% +already there I've got some value + + + align:start position:0% +already there I've got some value +associated with it get the value out add + + align:start position:0% +associated with it get the value out add + + + align:start position:0% +associated with it get the value out add +one to it put it back in okay if it's + + align:start position:0% +one to it put it back in okay if it's + + + align:start position:0% +one to it put it back in okay if it's +not already in the dictionary this is + + align:start position:0% +not already in the dictionary this is + + + align:start position:0% +not already in the dictionary this is +the first time I've seen it just store + + align:start position:0% +the first time I've seen it just store + + + align:start position:0% +the first time I've seen it just store +it into the dictionary and when I'm done + + align:start position:0% +it into the dictionary and when I'm done + + + align:start position:0% +it into the dictionary and when I'm done +just return the dictionary okay so I'm + + align:start position:0% +just return the dictionary okay so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +just return the dictionary okay so I'm +going to if I can do this right with my + + align:start position:0% +going to if I can do this right with my + + + align:start position:0% +going to if I can do this right with my +Python show you an example of this and I + + align:start position:0% +Python show you an example of this and I + + + align:start position:0% +Python show you an example of this and I +have put in one of the great classic + + align:start position:0% +have put in one of the great classic + + + align:start position:0% +have put in one of the great classic +Beatles songs you might recognize it + + align:start position:0% +Beatles songs you might recognize it + + + align:start position:0% +Beatles songs you might recognize it +right there mostly because it's got a + + align:start position:0% +right there mostly because it's got a + + + align:start position:0% +right there mostly because it's got a +whole lot of repetitions of things so + + align:start position:0% +whole lot of repetitions of things so + + + align:start position:0% +whole lot of repetitions of things so +she loves you yeah yeah yeah yeah sorry + + align:start position:0% +she loves you yeah yeah yeah yeah sorry + + + align:start position:0% +she loves you yeah yeah yeah yeah sorry +actually they sing it better than I just + + align:start position:0% +actually they sing it better than I just + + + align:start position:0% +actually they sing it better than I just +did it sarcastically sorry about that + + align:start position:0% +did it sarcastically sorry about that + + + align:start position:0% +did it sarcastically sorry about that +but I thought she loves you there and + + align:start position:0% +but I thought she loves you there and + + + align:start position:0% +but I thought she loves you there and +here's my code up here lyrics to + + align:start position:0% +here's my code up here lyrics to + + + align:start position:0% +here's my code up here lyrics to +frequency so let's see what happens if + + align:start position:0% +frequency so let's see what happens if + + + align:start position:0% +frequency so let's see what happens if +we call it and we say lyrics to + + align:start position:0% +we call it and we say lyrics to + + + align:start position:0% +we call it and we say lyrics to +frequencies if she loves you and it + + align:start position:0% +frequencies if she loves you and it + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies if she loves you and it +would help if I can type alright we'll + + align:start position:0% +would help if I can type alright we'll + + + align:start position:0% +would help if I can type alright we'll +try it one more time lyrics to + + align:start position:0% +try it one more time lyrics to + + + align:start position:0% +try it one more time lyrics to +frequencies she loves you + + align:start position:0% +frequencies she loves you + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies she loves you +cool this gave me back a dictionary you + + align:start position:0% +cool this gave me back a dictionary you + + + align:start position:0% +cool this gave me back a dictionary you +can see the curly braces and there are + + align:start position:0% +can see the curly braces and there are + + + align:start position:0% +can see the curly braces and there are +all the words that appear in there in + + align:start position:0% +all the words that appear in there in + + + align:start position:0% +all the words that appear in there in +the number of times that they appear + + align:start position:0% +the number of times that they appear + + + align:start position:0% +the number of times that they appear +what's the order you don't care you + + align:start position:0% +what's the order you don't care you + + + align:start position:0% +what's the order you don't care you +don't know what we want to do is to + + align:start position:0% +don't know what we want to do is to + + + align:start position:0% +don't know what we want to do is to +think about how can we analyze it so + + align:start position:0% +think about how can we analyze it so + + + align:start position:0% +think about how can we analyze it so +let's go back and look at the last piece + + align:start position:0% +let's go back and look at the last piece + + + align:start position:0% +let's go back and look at the last piece +of this which is okay I can compute or + + align:start position:0% +of this which is okay I can compute or + + + align:start position:0% +of this which is okay I can compute or +convert lyrics to frequencies + + align:start position:0% +convert lyrics to frequencies + + + align:start position:0% +convert lyrics to frequencies +so here's the next thing I want to do + + align:start position:0% +so here's the next thing I want to do + + + align:start position:0% +so here's the next thing I want to do +how do I find the most common words well + + align:start position:0% +how do I find the most common words well + + + align:start position:0% +how do I find the most common words well +here's what I'm going to do frequencies + + align:start position:0% +here's what I'm going to do frequencies + + + align:start position:0% +here's what I'm going to do frequencies +is the dictionary something that I just + + align:start position:0% +is the dictionary something that I just + + + align:start position:0% +is the dictionary something that I just +pulled out okay so I can use the values + + align:start position:0% +pulled out okay so I can use the values + + + align:start position:0% +pulled out okay so I can use the values +method on it which returns an iterable + + align:start position:0% +method on it which returns an iterable + + + align:start position:0% +method on it which returns an iterable +as I said earlier again notice the + + align:start position:0% +as I said earlier again notice the + + + align:start position:0% +as I said earlier again notice the +open/close because I got to call it that + + align:start position:0% +open/close because I got to call it that + + + align:start position:0% +open/close because I got to call it that +gives me back an interval that is all of + + align:start position:0% +gives me back an interval that is all of + + + align:start position:0% +gives me back an interval that is all of +the frequencies inside of there because + + align:start position:0% +the frequencies inside of there because + + + align:start position:0% +the frequencies inside of there because +it's an iterable I can use max on it and + + align:start position:0% +it's an iterable I can use max on it and + + + align:start position:0% +it's an iterable I can use max on it and +it will take that interval and give me + + align:start position:0% +it will take that interval and give me + + + align:start position:0% +it will take that interval and give me +back the biggest value I'm going to call + + align:start position:0% +back the biggest value I'm going to call + + + align:start position:0% +back the biggest value I'm going to call +that best I'm going to set up words to + + align:start position:0% +that best I'm going to set up words to + + + align:start position:0% +that best I'm going to set up words to +be an empty list and then I'm just going + + align:start position:0% +be an empty list and then I'm just going + + + align:start position:0% +be an empty list and then I'm just going +to walk through all of the entries in + + align:start position:0% +to walk through all of the entries in + + + align:start position:0% +to walk through all of the entries in +the dictionary saying if the value at + + align:start position:0% +the dictionary saying if the value at + + + align:start position:0% +the dictionary saying if the value at +that entry is equal to best add that + + align:start position:0% +that entry is equal to best add that + + + align:start position:0% +that entry is equal to best add that +entry into words just append it onto the + + align:start position:0% +entry into words just append it onto the + + + align:start position:0% +entry into words just append it onto the +end of the list and when I'm done all of + + align:start position:0% +end of the list and when I'm done all of + + + align:start position:0% +end of the list and when I'm done all of +that loop I'm just going to return a + + align:start position:0% +that loop I'm just going to return a + + + align:start position:0% +that loop I'm just going to return a +tuple of both the collections of words + + align:start position:0% +tuple of both the collections of words + + + align:start position:0% +tuple of both the collections of words +that appeared that many times and how + + align:start position:0% +that appeared that many times and how + + + align:start position:0% +that appeared that many times and how +often they appeared I'm going to show + + align:start position:0% +often they appeared I'm going to show + + + align:start position:0% +often they appeared I'm going to show +you an example a second but notice I'm + + align:start position:0% +you an example a second but notice I'm + + + align:start position:0% +you an example a second but notice I'm +simply using the properties of the + + align:start position:0% +simply using the properties of the + + + align:start position:0% +simply using the properties of the +dictionary the last thing I want to do + + align:start position:0% +dictionary the last thing I want to do + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary the last thing I want to do +then is say I want to see how often the + + align:start position:0% +then is say I want to see how often the + + + align:start position:0% +then is say I want to see how often the +words appear so I'm going to give it a + + align:start position:0% +words appear so I'm going to give it a + + + align:start position:0% +words appear so I'm going to give it a +dictionary and a minimum number of times + + align:start position:0% +dictionary and a minimum number of times + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary and a minimum number of times +and here I'm going to set result up to + + align:start position:0% +and here I'm going to set result up to + + + align:start position:0% +and here I'm going to set result up to +be an empty list I'm going to create a + + align:start position:0% +be an empty list I'm going to create a + + + align:start position:0% +be an empty list I'm going to create a +flag called false it's going to keep + + align:start position:0% +flag called false it's going to keep + + + align:start position:0% +flag called false it's going to keep +track of when I'm done and as long as + + align:start position:0% +track of when I'm done and as long as + + + align:start position:0% +track of when I'm done and as long as +I'm not yet done I'll call that previous + + align:start position:0% +I'm not yet done I'll call that previous + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not yet done I'll call that previous +procedure that's going to give me back + + align:start position:0% +procedure that's going to give me back + + + align:start position:0% +procedure that's going to give me back +the most common words and how often they + + align:start position:0% +the most common words and how often they + + + align:start position:0% +the most common words and how often they +appeared I check remember it was a tuple + + align:start position:0% +appeared I check remember it was a tuple + + + align:start position:0% +appeared I check remember it was a tuple +how often do they appear if it's bigger + + align:start position:0% +how often do they appear if it's bigger + + + align:start position:0% +how often do they appear if it's bigger +than the thing I'm looking for I'll add + + align:start position:0% +than the thing I'm looking for I'll add + + + align:start position:0% +than the thing I'm looking for I'll add +that into my result and then the best + + align:start position:0% +that into my result and then the best + + + align:start position:0% +that into my result and then the best +part is I'm now going to walk through + + align:start position:0% +part is I'm now going to walk through + + + align:start position:0% +part is I'm now going to walk through +all the words that appeared that many + + align:start position:0% +all the words that appeared that many + + + align:start position:0% +all the words that appeared that many +times and just delete them from the + + align:start position:0% +times and just delete them from the + + + align:start position:0% +times and just delete them from the +dictionary I can mutate the dictionary + + align:start position:0% +dictionary I can mutate the dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary I can mutate the dictionary +and by doing that I can go back around + + align:start position:0% +and by doing that I can go back around + + + align:start position:0% +and by doing that I can go back around +and do this again and it will pull out + + align:start position:0% +and do this again and it will pull out + + + align:start position:0% +and do this again and it will pull out +how many times has disappeared and keep + + align:start position:0% +how many times has disappeared and keep + + + align:start position:0% +how many times has disappeared and keep +doing it when I go all the way through + + align:start position:0% +doing it when I go all the way through + + + align:start position:0% +doing it when I go all the way through +that if I can't find anymore I'll set + + align:start position:0% +that if I can't find anymore I'll set + + + align:start position:0% +that if I can't find anymore I'll set +the flag to true which means it will + + align:start position:0% +the flag to true which means it will + + + align:start position:0% +the flag to true which means it will +drop out of here and return the result + + align:start position:0% +drop out of here and return the result + + + align:start position:0% +drop out of here and return the result +and if you I'm going to let you run this + + align:start position:0% +and if you I'm going to let you run this + + + align:start position:0% +and if you I'm going to let you run this +yourself if you do that you'll find that + + align:start position:0% +yourself if you do that you'll find that + + + align:start position:0% +yourself if you do that you'll find that +it comes up with not surprisingly I + + align:start position:0% +it comes up with not surprisingly I + + + align:start position:0% +it comes up with not surprisingly I +think yeah is the most common one and + + align:start position:0% +think yeah is the most common one and + + + align:start position:0% +think yeah is the most common one and +she loves you followed by loves and a + + align:start position:0% +she loves you followed by loves and a + + + align:start position:0% +she loves you followed by loves and a +few others what I want you to see here + + align:start position:0% +few others what I want you to see here + + + align:start position:0% +few others what I want you to see here +is how the dictionary captured the + + align:start position:0% +is how the dictionary captured the + + + align:start position:0% +is how the dictionary captured the +pieces we wanted to very last one + + align:start position:0% +pieces we wanted to very last one + + + align:start position:0% +pieces we wanted to very last one +there's Fibonacci as we called it before + + align:start position:0% +there's Fibonacci as we called it before + + + align:start position:0% +there's Fibonacci as we called it before +it's actually incredibly inefficient + + align:start position:0% +it's actually incredibly inefficient + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually incredibly inefficient +because if I call it I have to do all + + align:start position:0% +because if I call it I have to do all + + + align:start position:0% +because if I call it I have to do all +the sub calls until I get down to the + + align:start position:0% +the sub calls until I get down to the + + + align:start position:0% +the sub calls until I get down to the +base case which is okay but notice every + + align:start position:0% +base case which is okay but notice every + + + align:start position:0% +base case which is okay but notice every +other thing I do here I've actually + + align:start position:0% +other thing I do here I've actually + + + align:start position:0% +other thing I do here I've actually +computed those values I'm wasting + + align:start position:0% +computed those values I'm wasting + + + align:start position:0% +computed those values I'm wasting +measures or wasting time now it's not so + + align:start position:0% +measures or wasting time now it's not so + + + align:start position:0% +measures or wasting time now it's not so +bad with fib of 5 this is fib of 20 + + align:start position:0% +bad with fib of 5 this is fib of 20 + + + align:start position:0% +bad with fib of 5 this is fib of 20 +almost everything on the right-hand side + + align:start position:0% +almost everything on the right-hand side + + + align:start position:0% +almost everything on the right-hand side +of this tree I've already computed once + + align:start position:0% +of this tree I've already computed once + + + align:start position:0% +of this tree I've already computed once +it means fibs very inefficient I can + + align:start position:0% +it means fibs very inefficient I can + + + align:start position:0% +it means fibs very inefficient I can +improve it by using a dictionary very + + align:start position:0% +improve it by using a dictionary very + + + align:start position:0% +improve it by using a dictionary very +handy tool I'm going to call fib not + + align:start position:0% +handy tool I'm going to call fib not + + + align:start position:0% +handy tool I'm going to call fib not +only with a value of n but a dictionary + + align:start position:0% +only with a value of n but a dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +only with a value of n but a dictionary +which initially I'm going to initialize + + align:start position:0% +which initially I'm going to initialize + + + align:start position:0% +which initially I'm going to initialize +to the base cases and notice what I do + + align:start position:0% +to the base cases and notice what I do + + + align:start position:0% +to the base cases and notice what I do +I'm going to say if I've already + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to say if I've already + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to say if I've already +computed this just return the value in + + align:start position:0% +computed this just return the value in + + + align:start position:0% +computed this just return the value in +the dictionary if I haven't go ahead and + + align:start position:0% +the dictionary if I haven't go ahead and + + + align:start position:0% +the dictionary if I haven't go ahead and +do the computation store it in the + + align:start position:0% +do the computation store it in the + + + align:start position:0% +do the computation store it in the +dictionary at that point and return the + + align:start position:0% +dictionary at that point and return the + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary at that point and return the +answer different way of thinking about + + align:start position:0% +answer different way of thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +answer different way of thinking about +it and the reason this is really nice + + align:start position:0% +it and the reason this is really nice + + + align:start position:0% +it and the reason this is really nice +it's a method called memoization is if I + + align:start position:0% +it's a method called memoization is if I + + + align:start position:0% +it's a method called memoization is if I +call fib of 30 for the standard way it + + align:start position:0% +call fib of 30 for the standard way it + + + align:start position:0% +call fib of 30 for the standard way it +takes 11 million-plus recursive calls to + + align:start position:0% +takes 11 million-plus recursive calls to + + + align:start position:0% +takes 11 million-plus recursive calls to +get the answer out takes a long time of + + align:start position:0% +get the answer out takes a long time of + + + align:start position:0% +get the answer out takes a long time of +giving some code for you can try it and + + align:start position:0% +giving some code for you can try it and + + + align:start position:0% +giving some code for you can try it and +see how long it takes using the + + align:start position:0% +see how long it takes using the + + + align:start position:0% +see how long it takes using the +dictionary to keep track of intermediate + + align:start position:0% +dictionary to keep track of intermediate + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary to keep track of intermediate +values 65 calls and if you try it you'll + + align:start position:0% +values 65 calls and if you try it you'll + + + align:start position:0% +values 65 calls and if you try it you'll +see the difference in speed as you run + + align:start position:0% +see the difference in speed as you run + + + align:start position:0% +see the difference in speed as you run +this so dictionaries are valuable not + + align:start position:0% +this so dictionaries are valuable not + + + align:start position:0% +this so dictionaries are valuable not +only for just storing away data they're + + align:start position:0% +only for just storing away data they're + + + align:start position:0% +only for just storing away data they're +valuable on procedure calls when those + + align:start position:0% +valuable on procedure calls when those + + + align:start position:0% +valuable on procedure calls when those +intermediate values are not going to + + align:start position:0% +intermediate values are not going to + + + align:start position:0% +intermediate values are not going to +change and what you're going to see as + + align:start position:0% +change and what you're going to see as + + + align:start position:0% +change and what you're going to see as +we go along is we're going to use + + align:start position:0% +we go along is we're going to use + + + align:start position:0% +we go along is we're going to use +exactly these ideas using dictionaries + + align:start position:0% +exactly these ideas using dictionaries + + + align:start position:0% +exactly these ideas using dictionaries +to capture information but especially + + align:start position:0% +to capture information but especially + + + align:start position:0% +to capture information but especially +using recursion to break bigger problems + + align:start position:0% +using recursion to break bigger problems + + + align:start position:0% +using recursion to break bigger problems +down into smaller versions of the same + + align:start position:0% +down into smaller versions of the same + + + align:start position:0% +down into smaller versions of the same +problem to use that as a tool for + + align:start position:0% +problem to use that as a tool for + + + align:start position:0% +problem to use that as a tool for +solving what turned out to be really + + align:start position:0% +solving what turned out to be really + + + align:start position:0% +solving what turned out to be really +complex things and what that we'll see + + align:start position:0% +complex things and what that we'll see + + + align:start position:0% +complex things and what that we'll see +you next time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/XTDuB9nXAEY.txt b/XTDuB9nXAEY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e31c8944fc685c206bf12802e4accde2ced1577f --- /dev/null +++ b/XTDuB9nXAEY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2291 @@ +align:start position:0% + +I'm delighted to introduce Isabelle + + align:start position:0% +I'm delighted to introduce Isabelle + + + align:start position:0% +I'm delighted to introduce Isabelle +Varela um to discuss some of the um + + align:start position:0% +Varela um to discuss some of the um + + + align:start position:0% +Varela um to discuss some of the um +research and learning we're trying to do + + align:start position:0% +research and learning we're trying to do + + + align:start position:0% +research and learning we're trying to do +at + + align:start position:0% +at + + + align:start position:0% +at +>> I have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Thank you. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So I'm Isabelle with heat and I will be + + align:start position:0% +So I'm Isabelle with heat and I will be + + + align:start position:0% +So I'm Isabelle with heat and I will be +sharing with you today uh how heat is + + align:start position:0% +sharing with you today uh how heat is + + + align:start position:0% +sharing with you today uh how heat is +trying to learn from these geothermal + + align:start position:0% +trying to learn from these geothermal + + + align:start position:0% +trying to learn from these geothermal +energy networks. Um so learning from + + align:start position:0% +energy networks. Um so learning from + + + align:start position:0% +energy networks. Um so learning from +geothermal energy networks and thank + + align:start position:0% +geothermal energy networks and thank + + + align:start position:0% +geothermal energy networks and thank +you. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Keat has a research project um that is + + align:start position:0% +Keat has a research project um that is + + + align:start position:0% +Keat has a research project um that is +called learning from the ground up and + + align:start position:0% +called learning from the ground up and + + + align:start position:0% +called learning from the ground up and +it is funded by Massachusetts clean + + align:start position:0% +it is funded by Massachusetts clean + + + align:start position:0% +it is funded by Massachusetts clean +energy center and the goal of this + + align:start position:0% +energy center and the goal of this + + + align:start position:0% +energy center and the goal of this +project is to evaluate the potential of + + align:start position:0% +project is to evaluate the potential of + + + align:start position:0% +project is to evaluate the potential of +these geothermal networks in + + align:start position:0% +these geothermal networks in + + + align:start position:0% +these geothermal networks in +Massachusetts + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts + + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts +um and mainly to really increase + + align:start position:0% +um and mainly to really increase + + + align:start position:0% +um and mainly to really increase +understanding of this technology and uh + + align:start position:0% +understanding of this technology and uh + + + align:start position:0% +understanding of this technology and uh +to optimize it as much as we can. We + + align:start position:0% +to optimize it as much as we can. We + + + align:start position:0% +to optimize it as much as we can. We +want to share all the learnings with the + + align:start position:0% +want to share all the learnings with the + + + align:start position:0% +want to share all the learnings with the +stakeholders and make that knowledge um + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders and make that knowledge um + + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders and make that knowledge um +public open source. + + align:start position:0% +public open source. + + + align:start position:0% +public open source. +Here is a brief organizational chart um + + align:start position:0% +Here is a brief organizational chart um + + + align:start position:0% +Here is a brief organizational chart um +in bubbles. I'm not going to go into + + align:start position:0% +in bubbles. I'm not going to go into + + + align:start position:0% +in bubbles. I'm not going to go into +detail but I just want to share you know + + align:start position:0% +detail but I just want to share you know + + + align:start position:0% +detail but I just want to share you know +what are the different organizations + + align:start position:0% +what are the different organizations + + + align:start position:0% +what are the different organizations +that are collaborating with us. So we + + align:start position:0% +that are collaborating with us. So we + + + align:start position:0% +that are collaborating with us. So we +have this great uh consortium where we + + align:start position:0% +have this great uh consortium where we + + + align:start position:0% +have this great uh consortium where we +have uh ENL that Juliet will be speaking + + align:start position:0% +have uh ENL that Juliet will be speaking + + + align:start position:0% +have uh ENL that Juliet will be speaking +today. We have LBNL. We have uh Boston + + align:start position:0% +today. We have LBNL. We have uh Boston + + + align:start position:0% +today. We have LBNL. We have uh Boston +University uh Nathan Phillips, he was a + + align:start position:0% +University uh Nathan Phillips, he was a + + + align:start position:0% +University uh Nathan Phillips, he was a +speaker yesterday, Jonathan Bunor as + + align:start position:0% +speaker yesterday, Jonathan Bunor as + + + align:start position:0% +speaker yesterday, Jonathan Bunor as +well. They're part of that legup + + align:start position:0% +well. They're part of that legup + + + align:start position:0% +well. They're part of that legup +research group. We're also collaborating + + align:start position:0% +research group. We're also collaborating + + + align:start position:0% +research group. We're also collaborating +with Burough Habold. And of course, we + + align:start position:0% +with Burough Habold. And of course, we + + + align:start position:0% +with Burough Habold. And of course, we +partner with our utilities that are + + align:start position:0% +partner with our utilities that are + + + align:start position:0% +partner with our utilities that are +doing these systems and these + + align:start position:0% +doing these systems and these + + + align:start position:0% +doing these systems and these +installations uh here in Massachusetts. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So, how is this project organized? at + + align:start position:0% +So, how is this project organized? at + + + align:start position:0% +So, how is this project organized? at +the core of this project. The project is + + align:start position:0% +the core of this project. The project is + + + align:start position:0% +the core of this project. The project is +anchored on the data demonstration uh + + align:start position:0% +anchored on the data demonstration uh + + + align:start position:0% +anchored on the data demonstration uh +projects that are here in Massachusetts. + + align:start position:0% +projects that are here in Massachusetts. + + + align:start position:0% +projects that are here in Massachusetts. +And then we're looking at core modeling, + + align:start position:0% +And then we're looking at core modeling, + + + align:start position:0% +And then we're looking at core modeling, +the impacts of these installations and a + + align:start position:0% +the impacts of these installations and a + + + align:start position:0% +the impacts of these installations and a +scaling of these systems. So we'll go a + + align:start position:0% +scaling of these systems. So we'll go a + + + align:start position:0% +scaling of these systems. So we'll go a +little bit into uh these in more detail. + + align:start position:0% +little bit into uh these in more detail. + + + align:start position:0% +little bit into uh these in more detail. +So in Massachusetts there are different + + align:start position:0% +So in Massachusetts there are different + + + align:start position:0% +So in Massachusetts there are different +pilot projects or demonstration + + align:start position:0% +pilot projects or demonstration + + + align:start position:0% +pilot projects or demonstration +projects. uh as we heard from uh Eric + + align:start position:0% +projects. uh as we heard from uh Eric + + + align:start position:0% +projects. uh as we heard from uh Eric +Bosworth, there's the Frammingham + + align:start position:0% +Bosworth, there's the Frammingham + + + align:start position:0% +Bosworth, there's the Frammingham +project. So that's the one that is + + align:start position:0% +project. So that's the one that is + + + align:start position:0% +project. So that's the one that is +installed already uh already in the + + align:start position:0% +installed already uh already in the + + + align:start position:0% +installed already uh already in the +commissioning stage. Then there's + + align:start position:0% +commissioning stage. Then there's + + + align:start position:0% +commissioning stage. Then there's +Franklin Field uh national grid uh just + + align:start position:0% +Franklin Field uh national grid uh just + + + align:start position:0% +Franklin Field uh national grid uh just +is right now in the design phase of that + + align:start position:0% +is right now in the design phase of that + + + align:start position:0% +is right now in the design phase of that +and they will be drilling their test + + align:start position:0% +and they will be drilling their test + + + align:start position:0% +and they will be drilling their test +bore hole this month. uh and we also + + align:start position:0% +bore hole this month. uh and we also + + + align:start position:0% +bore hole this month. uh and we also +have the extension the second loop in + + align:start position:0% +have the extension the second loop in + + + align:start position:0% +have the extension the second loop in +Frammingham and heat has collaborated + + align:start position:0% +Frammingham and heat has collaborated + + + align:start position:0% +Frammingham and heat has collaborated +with Eversource and got grant from the + + align:start position:0% +with Eversource and got grant from the + + + align:start position:0% +with Eversource and got grant from the +department of energy uh to do the design + + align:start position:0% +department of energy uh to do the design + + + align:start position:0% +department of energy uh to do the design +phase and now we were selected for the + + align:start position:0% +phase and now we were selected for the + + + align:start position:0% +phase and now we were selected for the +construction phase of that project. So + + align:start position:0% +construction phase of that project. So + + + align:start position:0% +construction phase of that project. So +we're very excited to have that moving + + align:start position:0% +we're very excited to have that moving + + + align:start position:0% +we're very excited to have that moving +forward. + + align:start position:0% +forward. + + + align:start position:0% +forward. +So what are the things that heat is + + align:start position:0% +So what are the things that heat is + + + align:start position:0% +So what are the things that heat is +doing as part of this? So the data + + align:start position:0% +doing as part of this? So the data + + + align:start position:0% +doing as part of this? So the data +acquisition here is focused on + + align:start position:0% +acquisition here is focused on + + + align:start position:0% +acquisition here is focused on +temperature data acquiring temperature + + align:start position:0% +temperature data acquiring temperature + + + align:start position:0% +temperature data acquiring temperature +data down the bore holes. So this is + + align:start position:0% +data down the bore holes. So this is + + + align:start position:0% +data down the bore holes. So this is +fiber optic cables that are being u + + align:start position:0% +fiber optic cables that are being u + + + align:start position:0% +fiber optic cables that are being u +installed in a subset of bore holes. So + + align:start position:0% +installed in a subset of bore holes. So + + + align:start position:0% +installed in a subset of bore holes. So +there are 90 bore holes in the + + align:start position:0% +there are 90 bore holes in the + + + align:start position:0% +there are 90 bore holes in the +Frammingham project and 15 of those have + + align:start position:0% +Frammingham project and 15 of those have + + + align:start position:0% +Frammingham project and 15 of those have +fiber optic cable to measure temperature + + align:start position:0% +fiber optic cable to measure temperature + + + align:start position:0% +fiber optic cable to measure temperature +at every location down the bore hole. + + align:start position:0% +at every location down the bore hole. + + + align:start position:0% +at every location down the bore hole. +And this is temperature that is measured + + align:start position:0% +And this is temperature that is measured + + + align:start position:0% +And this is temperature that is measured +constantly and the idea is that we can + + align:start position:0% +constantly and the idea is that we can + + + align:start position:0% +constantly and the idea is that we can +um analyze this data with the variations + + align:start position:0% +um analyze this data with the variations + + + align:start position:0% +um analyze this data with the variations +that we see in the days with the seasons + + align:start position:0% +that we see in the days with the seasons + + + align:start position:0% +that we see in the days with the seasons +and with the years. So really when we + + align:start position:0% +and with the years. So really when we + + + align:start position:0% +and with the years. So really when we +have one year of data when that system + + align:start position:0% +have one year of data when that system + + + align:start position:0% +have one year of data when that system +has been performed for one year and we + + align:start position:0% +has been performed for one year and we + + + align:start position:0% +has been performed for one year and we +get that sinosoidal curve that uh Connor + + align:start position:0% +get that sinosoidal curve that uh Connor + + + align:start position:0% +get that sinosoidal curve that uh Connor +uh showed earlier today that's when we + + align:start position:0% +uh showed earlier today that's when we + + + align:start position:0% +uh showed earlier today that's when we +want to you know uh really leverage this + + align:start position:0% +want to you know uh really leverage this + + + align:start position:0% +want to you know uh really leverage this +data and how do we think it's going to + + align:start position:0% +data and how do we think it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +data and how do we think it's going to +keep on performing throughout the years. + + align:start position:0% +keep on performing throughout the years. + + + align:start position:0% +keep on performing throughout the years. +So with this we can monitor the systems + + align:start position:0% +So with this we can monitor the systems + + + align:start position:0% +So with this we can monitor the systems +and see if there's any change that needs + + align:start position:0% +and see if there's any change that needs + + + align:start position:0% +and see if there's any change that needs +to be made so that it functions + + align:start position:0% +to be made so that it functions + + + align:start position:0% +to be made so that it functions +optimally within the temperature range + + align:start position:0% +optimally within the temperature range + + + align:start position:0% +optimally within the temperature range +that the heat pumps work best. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the modeling part. So we have two groups + + align:start position:0% +the modeling part. So we have two groups + + + align:start position:0% +the modeling part. So we have two groups +LBNL and ENL that are focusing on + + align:start position:0% +LBNL and ENL that are focusing on + + + align:start position:0% +LBNL and ENL that are focusing on +developing these core modeling uh tools. + + align:start position:0% +developing these core modeling uh tools. + + + align:start position:0% +developing these core modeling uh tools. +So LBNL has focused on developing a full + + align:start position:0% +So LBNL has focused on developing a full + + + align:start position:0% +So LBNL has focused on developing a full +physics model um that is more + + align:start position:0% +physics model um that is more + + + align:start position:0% +physics model um that is more +complicated runs in Modelica softwares + + align:start position:0% +complicated runs in Modelica softwares + + + align:start position:0% +complicated runs in Modelica softwares +that are less accessible if you will and + + align:start position:0% +that are less accessible if you will and + + + align:start position:0% +that are less accessible if you will and +then ENL has been working on um reduced + + align:start position:0% +then ENL has been working on um reduced + + + align:start position:0% +then ENL has been working on um reduced +order models tools and I won't steal + + align:start position:0% +order models tools and I won't steal + + + align:start position:0% +order models tools and I won't steal +your thunder uh Juliet will be talking + + align:start position:0% +your thunder uh Juliet will be talking + + + align:start position:0% +your thunder uh Juliet will be talking +more about that um that will uh run + + align:start position:0% +more about that um that will uh run + + + align:start position:0% +more about that um that will uh run +quicker and you can still get uh the + + align:start position:0% +quicker and you can still get uh the + + + align:start position:0% +quicker and you can still get uh the +behavior of the system with these models + + align:start position:0% +behavior of the system with these models + + + align:start position:0% +behavior of the system with these models +and the idea is that they're going to be + + align:start position:0% +and the idea is that they're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +and the idea is that they're going to be +open source as well + + align:start position:0% +open source as well + + + align:start position:0% +open source as well +And this is another slide uh from that + + align:start position:0% +And this is another slide uh from that + + + align:start position:0% +And this is another slide uh from that +model and I'll just briefly mention that + + align:start position:0% +model and I'll just briefly mention that + + + align:start position:0% +model and I'll just briefly mention that +for example one of the outcomes that you + + align:start position:0% +for example one of the outcomes that you + + + align:start position:0% +for example one of the outcomes that you +can get is that um you have this in the + + align:start position:0% +can get is that um you have this in the + + + align:start position:0% +can get is that um you have this in the +horizontal line you have the buildings + + align:start position:0% +horizontal line you have the buildings + + + align:start position:0% +horizontal line you have the buildings +going along that uh loop and then in the + + align:start position:0% +going along that uh loop and then in the + + + align:start position:0% +going along that uh loop and then in the +summer for example as you go from + + align:start position:0% +summer for example as you go from + + + align:start position:0% +summer for example as you go from +building to building in that ambient + + align:start position:0% +building to building in that ambient + + + align:start position:0% +building to building in that ambient +temperature loop you're getting hotter + + align:start position:0% +temperature loop you're getting hotter + + + align:start position:0% +temperature loop you're getting hotter +and hotter until you reach the bore hole + + align:start position:0% +and hotter until you reach the bore hole + + + align:start position:0% +and hotter until you reach the bore hole +and then you cool down and then you go + + align:start position:0% +and then you cool down and then you go + + + align:start position:0% +and then you cool down and then you go +around the loop hotter hotter and then + + align:start position:0% +around the loop hotter hotter and then + + + align:start position:0% +around the loop hotter hotter and then +you reach the bore hole and you go down. + + align:start position:0% +you reach the bore hole and you go down. + + + align:start position:0% +you reach the bore hole and you go down. +So this is one of the advantages of + + align:start position:0% +So this is one of the advantages of + + + align:start position:0% +So this is one of the advantages of +having different bore fields as Brian + + align:start position:0% +having different bore fields as Brian + + + align:start position:0% +having different bore fields as Brian +Erlab was mentioning earlier today. Um + + align:start position:0% +Erlab was mentioning earlier today. Um + + + align:start position:0% +Erlab was mentioning earlier today. Um +so we have that in this uh + + align:start position:0% +so we have that in this uh + + + align:start position:0% +so we have that in this uh +in this Frammingham um project and then + + align:start position:0% +in this Frammingham um project and then + + + align:start position:0% +in this Frammingham um project and then +we have a similar example uh when we are + + align:start position:0% +we have a similar example uh when we are + + + align:start position:0% +we have a similar example uh when we are +uh in the winter. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +This project is looking at what are the + + align:start position:0% +This project is looking at what are the + + + align:start position:0% +This project is looking at what are the +impacts of these geothermal networks in + + align:start position:0% +impacts of these geothermal networks in + + + align:start position:0% +impacts of these geothermal networks in +a more holistical way. We're looking + + align:start position:0% +a more holistical way. We're looking + + + align:start position:0% +a more holistical way. We're looking +also at ecology um at the impacts on + + align:start position:0% +also at ecology um at the impacts on + + + align:start position:0% +also at ecology um at the impacts on +health, the impacts on equity. So this + + align:start position:0% +health, the impacts on equity. So this + + + align:start position:0% +health, the impacts on equity. So this +is a work that is being done right now + + align:start position:0% +is a work that is being done right now + + + align:start position:0% +is a work that is being done right now +uh and Angie here is the lead for that + + align:start position:0% +uh and Angie here is the lead for that + + + align:start position:0% +uh and Angie here is the lead for that +in heat impacts on emissions impacts on + + align:start position:0% +in heat impacts on emissions impacts on + + + align:start position:0% +in heat impacts on emissions impacts on +the electric grid. One of the things + + align:start position:0% +the electric grid. One of the things + + + align:start position:0% +the electric grid. One of the things +that we want to do is to have + + align:start position:0% +that we want to do is to have + + + align:start position:0% +that we want to do is to have +measurements at these demonstration + + align:start position:0% +measurements at these demonstration + + + align:start position:0% +measurements at these demonstration +projects uh to measure what um to + + align:start position:0% +projects uh to measure what um to + + + align:start position:0% +projects uh to measure what um to +quantify the impact on the electric + + align:start position:0% +quantify the impact on the electric + + + align:start position:0% +quantify the impact on the electric +grid. So Zay mentioned you know what is + + align:start position:0% +grid. So Zay mentioned you know what is + + + align:start position:0% +grid. So Zay mentioned you know what is +the impact of ground source heat pumps + + align:start position:0% +the impact of ground source heat pumps + + + align:start position:0% +the impact of ground source heat pumps +with this ORNL study if you had them at + + align:start position:0% +with this ORNL study if you had them at + + + align:start position:0% +with this ORNL study if you had them at +a national scale and here we want to + + align:start position:0% +a national scale and here we want to + + + align:start position:0% +a national scale and here we want to +quantify it for a particular project uh + + align:start position:0% +quantify it for a particular project uh + + + align:start position:0% +quantify it for a particular project uh +these demonstration projects that we + + align:start position:0% +these demonstration projects that we + + + align:start position:0% +these demonstration projects that we +have in Massachusetts and we also want + + align:start position:0% +have in Massachusetts and we also want + + + align:start position:0% +have in Massachusetts and we also want +to know what is the impact of costs one + + align:start position:0% +to know what is the impact of costs one + + + align:start position:0% +to know what is the impact of costs one +of the things that we're working with + + align:start position:0% +of the things that we're working with + + + align:start position:0% +of the things that we're working with +Boro Hapold and ENL is to make this um + + align:start position:0% +Boro Hapold and ENL is to make this um + + + align:start position:0% +Boro Hapold and ENL is to make this um +survey about costs um cost of drilling + + align:start position:0% +survey about costs um cost of drilling + + + align:start position:0% +survey about costs um cost of drilling +cost of the construction of the main + + align:start position:0% +cost of the construction of the main + + + align:start position:0% +cost of the construction of the main +loop and costs also of the retrofit. So + + align:start position:0% +loop and costs also of the retrofit. So + + + align:start position:0% +loop and costs also of the retrofit. So +the three different phases that were + + align:start position:0% +the three different phases that were + + + align:start position:0% +the three different phases that were +discussed earlier today + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and all of this the idea is to uh feed a + + align:start position:0% +and all of this the idea is to uh feed a + + + align:start position:0% +and all of this the idea is to uh feed a +study on this regional assessment uh how + + align:start position:0% +study on this regional assessment uh how + + + align:start position:0% +study on this regional assessment uh how +would it look like if we had these + + align:start position:0% +would it look like if we had these + + + align:start position:0% +would it look like if we had these +systems installed uh for an entire city + + align:start position:0% +systems installed uh for an entire city + + + align:start position:0% +systems installed uh for an entire city +uh here in Massachusetts uh say for + + align:start position:0% +uh here in Massachusetts uh say for + + + align:start position:0% +uh here in Massachusetts uh say for +example the city of Cambridge. How would + + align:start position:0% +example the city of Cambridge. How would + + + align:start position:0% +example the city of Cambridge. How would +it look like if we had it for the entire + + align:start position:0% +it look like if we had it for the entire + + + align:start position:0% +it look like if we had it for the entire +state of Massachusetts? So, what are the + + align:start position:0% +state of Massachusetts? So, what are the + + + align:start position:0% +state of Massachusetts? So, what are the +impacts uh of that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +this ties very well into the previous uh + + align:start position:0% +this ties very well into the previous uh + + + align:start position:0% +this ties very well into the previous uh +session we were talking about data. Data + + align:start position:0% +session we were talking about data. Data + + + align:start position:0% +session we were talking about data. Data +is one of the things that is needed and + + align:start position:0% +is one of the things that is needed and + + + align:start position:0% +is one of the things that is needed and +here this is a database that heat is + + align:start position:0% +here this is a database that heat is + + + align:start position:0% +here this is a database that heat is +making. Um the idea is to enable + + align:start position:0% +making. Um the idea is to enable + + + align:start position:0% +making. Um the idea is to enable +quantitative comparison between the + + align:start position:0% +quantitative comparison between the + + + align:start position:0% +quantitative comparison between the +systems to identify what are the design + + align:start position:0% +systems to identify what are the design + + + align:start position:0% +systems to identify what are the design +parameters that work best. Things like + + align:start position:0% +parameters that work best. Things like + + + align:start position:0% +parameters that work best. Things like +the diameter of the main pipe. Uh what + + align:start position:0% +the diameter of the main pipe. Uh what + + + align:start position:0% +the diameter of the main pipe. Uh what +is you know the temperature range that + + align:start position:0% +is you know the temperature range that + + + align:start position:0% +is you know the temperature range that +the uh main pipe is allowed to fluctuate + + align:start position:0% +the uh main pipe is allowed to fluctuate + + + align:start position:0% +the uh main pipe is allowed to fluctuate +in. Um so all these kind of engineering + + align:start position:0% +in. Um so all these kind of engineering + + + align:start position:0% +in. Um so all these kind of engineering +technical aspects but also uh practical + + align:start position:0% +technical aspects but also uh practical + + + align:start position:0% +technical aspects but also uh practical +things. So we want to capture the + + align:start position:0% +things. So we want to capture the + + + align:start position:0% +things. So we want to capture the +knowledge of the demonstration project + + align:start position:0% +knowledge of the demonstration project + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge of the demonstration project +in Frammingham. We want to capture the + + align:start position:0% +in Frammingham. We want to capture the + + + align:start position:0% +in Frammingham. We want to capture the +knowledge of the demon of the project in + + align:start position:0% +knowledge of the demon of the project in + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge of the demon of the project in +Colorado Mesa University that will be + + align:start position:0% +Colorado Mesa University that will be + + + align:start position:0% +Colorado Mesa University that will be +presented later on that has been running + + align:start position:0% +presented later on that has been running + + + align:start position:0% +presented later on that has been running +since 2008. So all of this uh knowledge + + align:start position:0% +since 2008. So all of this uh knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +since 2008. So all of this uh knowledge +we want to be able to capture it in a + + align:start position:0% +we want to be able to capture it in a + + + align:start position:0% +we want to be able to capture it in a +database that will be open source and + + align:start position:0% +database that will be open source and + + + align:start position:0% +database that will be open source and +this uh interface uh heat has created it + + align:start position:0% +this uh interface uh heat has created it + + + align:start position:0% +this uh interface uh heat has created it +is up and running right now our beta + + align:start position:0% +is up and running right now our beta + + + align:start position:0% +is up and running right now our beta +version and we're in the process of + + align:start position:0% +version and we're in the process of + + + align:start position:0% +version and we're in the process of +collecting data from all these existing + + align:start position:0% +collecting data from all these existing + + + align:start position:0% +collecting data from all these existing +projects. Um + + align:start position:0% +projects. Um + + + align:start position:0% +projects. Um +we also want to capture information + + align:start position:0% +we also want to capture information + + + align:start position:0% +we also want to capture information +about costs. + + align:start position:0% +about costs. + + + align:start position:0% +about costs. +We want to really eventually identify + + align:start position:0% +We want to really eventually identify + + + align:start position:0% +We want to really eventually identify +how to reduce those costs. Right? But we + + align:start position:0% +how to reduce those costs. Right? But we + + + align:start position:0% +how to reduce those costs. Right? But we +want to first have that database and we + + align:start position:0% +want to first have that database and we + + + align:start position:0% +want to first have that database and we +want to support the development of + + align:start position:0% +want to support the development of + + + align:start position:0% +want to support the development of +datadriven u legislation and regulation + + align:start position:0% +datadriven u legislation and regulation + + + align:start position:0% +datadriven u legislation and regulation +which connects to uh our session + + align:start position:0% +which connects to uh our session + + + align:start position:0% +which connects to uh our session +yesterday with chair von nostrren. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So what is it? We're creating a public + + align:start position:0% +So what is it? We're creating a public + + + align:start position:0% +So what is it? We're creating a public +datab bank of these geothermal network + + align:start position:0% +datab bank of these geothermal network + + + align:start position:0% +datab bank of these geothermal network +installations and why we want to do this + + align:start position:0% +installations and why we want to do this + + + align:start position:0% +installations and why we want to do this +to inform and to facilitate future + + align:start position:0% +to inform and to facilitate future + + + align:start position:0% +to inform and to facilitate future +developments of these systems + + align:start position:0% +developments of these systems + + + align:start position:0% +developments of these systems +and how this interface is linked to the + + align:start position:0% +and how this interface is linked to the + + + align:start position:0% +and how this interface is linked to the +heat data uh website and it is stored in + + align:start position:0% +heat data uh website and it is stored in + + + align:start position:0% +heat data uh website and it is stored in +the Harvard data versse which is has the + + align:start position:0% +the Harvard data versse which is has the + + + align:start position:0% +the Harvard data versse which is has the +infrastructure to store data in + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure to store data in + + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure to store data in +perpetuity. + + align:start position:0% +perpetuity. + + + align:start position:0% +perpetuity. +So as we right now have few of these um + + align:start position:0% +So as we right now have few of these um + + + align:start position:0% +So as we right now have few of these um +demonstration projects for example the + + align:start position:0% +demonstration projects for example the + + + align:start position:0% +demonstration projects for example the +one in Frammingham and Colorado Mesa + + align:start position:0% +one in Frammingham and Colorado Mesa + + + align:start position:0% +one in Frammingham and Colorado Mesa +University the idea is that when we have + + align:start position:0% +University the idea is that when we have + + + align:start position:0% +University the idea is that when we have +more of these systems we want to be + + align:start position:0% +more of these systems we want to be + + + align:start position:0% +more of these systems we want to be +populating this database so that it is + + align:start position:0% +populating this database so that it is + + + align:start position:0% +populating this database so that it is +really useful and that knowledge can be + + align:start position:0% +really useful and that knowledge can be + + + align:start position:0% +really useful and that knowledge can be +u the knowledge from the database can be + + align:start position:0% +u the knowledge from the database can be + + + align:start position:0% +u the knowledge from the database can be +useful for those installing uh these + + align:start position:0% +useful for those installing uh these + + + align:start position:0% +useful for those installing uh these +systems for communities that are + + align:start position:0% +systems for communities that are + + + align:start position:0% +systems for communities that are +thinking of doing these installations. + + align:start position:0% +thinking of doing these installations. + + + align:start position:0% +thinking of doing these installations. +Uh for example, we have the kickstart + + align:start position:0% +Uh for example, we have the kickstart + + + align:start position:0% +Uh for example, we have the kickstart +program here in Massachusetts that is + + align:start position:0% +program here in Massachusetts that is + + + align:start position:0% +program here in Massachusetts that is +also part of this uh legup project where + + align:start position:0% +also part of this uh legup project where + + + align:start position:0% +also part of this uh legup project where +uh 12 communities in Massachusetts are + + align:start position:0% +uh 12 communities in Massachusetts are + + + align:start position:0% +uh 12 communities in Massachusetts are +doing either feasibility studies or uh + + align:start position:0% +doing either feasibility studies or uh + + + align:start position:0% +doing either feasibility studies or uh +community engagement projects as to how + + align:start position:0% +community engagement projects as to how + + + align:start position:0% +community engagement projects as to how +can they move to have one of these + + align:start position:0% +can they move to have one of these + + + align:start position:0% +can they move to have one of these +geothermal networks in their community. + + align:start position:0% +geothermal networks in their community. + + + align:start position:0% +geothermal networks in their community. +And we often get the question is this + + align:start position:0% +And we often get the question is this + + + align:start position:0% +And we often get the question is this +database only for the US or if we have a + + align:start position:0% +database only for the US or if we have a + + + align:start position:0% +database only for the US or if we have a +system in Canada can we uh can can it be + + align:start position:0% +system in Canada can we uh can can it be + + + align:start position:0% +system in Canada can we uh can can it be +there and the answer is yes. So uh while + + align:start position:0% +there and the answer is yes. So uh while + + + align:start position:0% +there and the answer is yes. So uh while +the legup research project is funded by + + align:start position:0% +the legup research project is funded by + + + align:start position:0% +the legup research project is funded by +Massachusetts clean energy center and + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts clean energy center and + + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts clean energy center and +it's focused on the uh demonstration + + align:start position:0% +it's focused on the uh demonstration + + + align:start position:0% +it's focused on the uh demonstration +projects in Massachusetts. This database + + align:start position:0% +projects in Massachusetts. This database + + + align:start position:0% +projects in Massachusetts. This database +is really open nationally and to um + + align:start position:0% +is really open nationally and to um + + + align:start position:0% +is really open nationally and to um +projects in other countries as well. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So what are the c different categories + + align:start position:0% +So what are the c different categories + + + align:start position:0% +So what are the c different categories +that we are uh acquiring in this + + align:start position:0% +that we are uh acquiring in this + + + align:start position:0% +that we are uh acquiring in this +database? Um information about the + + align:start position:0% +database? Um information about the + + + align:start position:0% +database? Um information about the +buildings we talked about the building + + align:start position:0% +buildings we talked about the building + + + align:start position:0% +buildings we talked about the building +retrofits in the previous session. Uh + + align:start position:0% +retrofits in the previous session. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +retrofits in the previous session. Uh +about the system performance that was + + align:start position:0% +about the system performance that was + + + align:start position:0% +about the system performance that was +the coefficient of performance that was + + align:start position:0% +the coefficient of performance that was + + + align:start position:0% +the coefficient of performance that was +referred to. um about the emissions + + align:start position:0% +referred to. um about the emissions + + + align:start position:0% +referred to. um about the emissions +reductions about the subsurface that's + + align:start position:0% +reductions about the subsurface that's + + + align:start position:0% +reductions about the subsurface that's +where the borehole uh test um + + align:start position:0% +where the borehole uh test um + + + align:start position:0% +where the borehole uh test um +information gets input about costs about + + align:start position:0% +information gets input about costs about + + + align:start position:0% +information gets input about costs about +the energy usage of the buildings before + + align:start position:0% +the energy usage of the buildings before + + + align:start position:0% +the energy usage of the buildings before +and after these geothermal networks have + + align:start position:0% +and after these geothermal networks have + + + align:start position:0% +and after these geothermal networks have +been installed and about uh demographics + + align:start position:0% +been installed and about uh demographics + + + align:start position:0% +been installed and about uh demographics +how many people are being uh benefited + + align:start position:0% +how many people are being uh benefited + + + align:start position:0% +how many people are being uh benefited +by these systems + + align:start position:0% +by these systems + + + align:start position:0% +by these systems +and uh these different categories can be + + align:start position:0% +and uh these different categories can be + + + align:start position:0% +and uh these different categories can be +also um put into these three buckets of + + align:start position:0% +also um put into these three buckets of + + + align:start position:0% +also um put into these three buckets of +the thermal resources what's happening + + align:start position:0% +the thermal resources what's happening + + + align:start position:0% +the thermal resources what's happening +um in the bore holes, the distribution, + + align:start position:0% +um in the bore holes, the distribution, + + + align:start position:0% +um in the bore holes, the distribution, +the main loop, and what's happening in + + align:start position:0% +the main loop, and what's happening in + + + align:start position:0% +the main loop, and what's happening in +the buildings. + + align:start position:0% +the buildings. + + + align:start position:0% +the buildings. +And now I'd like to close with um one of + + align:start position:0% +And now I'd like to close with um one of + + + align:start position:0% +And now I'd like to close with um one of +the projects that heat is working on. As + + align:start position:0% +the projects that heat is working on. As + + + align:start position:0% +the projects that heat is working on. As +as I mentioned, this is the extension to + + align:start position:0% +as I mentioned, this is the extension to + + + align:start position:0% +as I mentioned, this is the extension to +the Frammingham project that um Eric + + align:start position:0% +the Frammingham project that um Eric + + + align:start position:0% +the Frammingham project that um Eric +mentioned earlier. This would be the + + align:start position:0% +mentioned earlier. This would be the + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned earlier. This would be the +extension to that project. Um + + align:start position:0% +extension to that project. Um + + + align:start position:0% +extension to that project. Um +and this is the original loop. Right now + + align:start position:0% +and this is the original loop. Right now + + + align:start position:0% +and this is the original loop. Right now +we are planning a borefield right here. + + align:start position:0% +we are planning a borefield right here. + + + align:start position:0% +we are planning a borefield right here. +And uh the the idea is that this is the + + align:start position:0% +And uh the the idea is that this is the + + + align:start position:0% +And uh the the idea is that this is the +very first extension loop of one of + + align:start position:0% +very first extension loop of one of + + + align:start position:0% +very first extension loop of one of +these systems that is connecting to an + + align:start position:0% +these systems that is connecting to an + + + align:start position:0% +these systems that is connecting to an +already installed and operating system. + + align:start position:0% +already installed and operating system. + + + align:start position:0% +already installed and operating system. +So this extension loop can be the model + + align:start position:0% +So this extension loop can be the model + + + align:start position:0% +So this extension loop can be the model +for how these systems can connect in + + align:start position:0% +for how these systems can connect in + + + align:start position:0% +for how these systems can connect in +modularity and grow throughout the city. + + align:start position:0% +modularity and grow throughout the city. + + + align:start position:0% +modularity and grow throughout the city. +So learnings about how to uh do those + + align:start position:0% +So learnings about how to uh do those + + + align:start position:0% +So learnings about how to uh do those +connections and grow these systems will + + align:start position:0% +connections and grow these systems will + + + align:start position:0% +connections and grow these systems will +come from uh this expansion project. + + align:start position:0% +come from uh this expansion project. + + + align:start position:0% +come from uh this expansion project. +And with that I'll hand it over to our + + align:start position:0% +And with that I'll hand it over to our + + + align:start position:0% +And with that I'll hand it over to our +next speaker. Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +next speaker. Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +next speaker. Yeah. +[Applause] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/XsowwurOvH0.txt b/XsowwurOvH0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..59dce90b1a6bd44234c0576cbd9a53b3bad72f64 --- /dev/null +++ b/XsowwurOvH0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1531 @@ +align:start position:0% + +as a warm-up just to see how to use + + align:start position:0% +as a warm-up just to see how to use + + + align:start position:0% +as a warm-up just to see how to use +steady-state probabilities let us look + + align:start position:0% +steady-state probabilities let us look + + + align:start position:0% +steady-state probabilities let us look +at our familiar example this is a two + + align:start position:0% +at our familiar example this is a two + + + align:start position:0% +at our familiar example this is a two +state Markov chain and we did write down + + align:start position:0% +state Markov chain and we did write down + + + align:start position:0% +state Markov chain and we did write down +the complete balance equations for this + + align:start position:0% +the complete balance equations for this + + + align:start position:0% +the complete balance equations for this +chain and found the steady-state + + align:start position:0% +chain and found the steady-state + + + align:start position:0% +chain and found the steady-state +probabilities before notice that we can + + align:start position:0% +probabilities before notice that we can + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities before notice that we can +find these by using the trick which we + + align:start position:0% +find these by using the trick which we + + + align:start position:0% +find these by using the trick which we +introduced for birth and death processes + + align:start position:0% +introduced for birth and death processes + + + align:start position:0% +introduced for birth and death processes +you cut the chain along this line and + + align:start position:0% +you cut the chain along this line and + + + align:start position:0% +you cut the chain along this line and +argue that the frequency of transition + + align:start position:0% +argue that the frequency of transition + + + align:start position:0% +argue that the frequency of transition +of this type has to be the same as the + + align:start position:0% +of this type has to be the same as the + + + align:start position:0% +of this type has to be the same as the +frequency of transition of this type so + + align:start position:0% +frequency of transition of this type so + + + align:start position:0% +frequency of transition of this type so +if you have PI 1 here and PI 2 here what + + align:start position:0% +if you have PI 1 here and PI 2 here what + + + align:start position:0% +if you have PI 1 here and PI 2 here what +it means is PI 1 times 0.5 which + + align:start position:0% +it means is PI 1 times 0.5 which + + + align:start position:0% +it means is PI 1 times 0.5 which +represent the frequency of these kind of + + align:start position:0% +represent the frequency of these kind of + + + align:start position:0% +represent the frequency of these kind of +transitions to be close to PI 2 times + + align:start position:0% +transitions to be close to PI 2 times + + + align:start position:0% +transitions to be close to PI 2 times +0.2 just this kind of transition plus PI + + align:start position:0% +0.2 just this kind of transition plus PI + + + align:start position:0% +0.2 just this kind of transition plus PI +1 plus PI 2 the normalization equation + + align:start position:0% +1 plus PI 2 the normalization equation + + + align:start position:0% +1 plus PI 2 the normalization equation +and by solving the system of equation + + align:start position:0% +and by solving the system of equation + + + align:start position:0% +and by solving the system of equation +you obtain the same thing as what we + + align:start position:0% +you obtain the same thing as what we + + + align:start position:0% +you obtain the same thing as what we +obtained before which is the steady + + align:start position:0% +obtained before which is the steady + + + align:start position:0% +obtained before which is the steady +state probabilities of state 1 and of + + align:start position:0% +state probabilities of state 1 and of + + + align:start position:0% +state probabilities of state 1 and of +state 2 let us now try to calculate some + + align:start position:0% +state 2 let us now try to calculate some + + + align:start position:0% +state 2 let us now try to calculate some +related quantities suppose that you + + align:start position:0% +related quantities suppose that you + + + align:start position:0% +related quantities suppose that you +start at state 1 and you want to + + align:start position:0% +start at state 1 and you want to + + + align:start position:0% +start at state 1 and you want to +calculate this particular probability so + + align:start position:0% +calculate this particular probability so + + + align:start position:0% +calculate this particular probability so +you start at state 1 and you want to + + align:start position:0% +you start at state 1 and you want to + + + align:start position:0% +you start at state 1 and you want to +know what is the probability that next + + align:start position:0% +know what is the probability that next + + + align:start position:0% +know what is the probability that next +time you will be in state 1 and 100 time + + align:start position:0% +time you will be in state 1 and 100 time + + + align:start position:0% +time you will be in state 1 and 100 time +steps that later you are still in state + + align:start position:0% +steps that later you are still in state + + + align:start position:0% +steps that later you are still in state +1 now the conditional properties of two + + align:start position:0% +1 now the conditional properties of two + + + align:start position:0% +1 now the conditional properties of two +things happening is the conditional + + align:start position:0% +things happening is the conditional + + + align:start position:0% +things happening is the conditional +value of the first one happening X 1 + + align:start position:0% +value of the first one happening X 1 + + + align:start position:0% +value of the first one happening X 1 +equals 1 given X 0 goes 1 and even that + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 given X 0 goes 1 and even that + + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 given X 0 goes 1 and even that +the first one happens the priority that + + align:start position:0% +the first one happens the priority that + + + align:start position:0% +the first one happens the priority that +the second one happened 1 given X 1 + + align:start position:0% +the second one happened 1 given X 1 + + + align:start position:0% +the second one happened 1 given X 1 +equals 1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what is this this first one is the + + align:start position:0% +so what is this this first one is the + + + align:start position:0% +so what is this this first one is the +transition priority from state 1 to + + align:start position:0% +transition priority from state 1 to + + + align:start position:0% +transition priority from state 1 to +state 1 p1 1 + + align:start position:0% +state 1 p1 1 + + + align:start position:0% +state 1 p1 1 +how about the second probability because + + align:start position:0% +how about the second probability because + + + align:start position:0% +how about the second probability because +of the Markov property that information + + align:start position:0% +of the Markov property that information + + + align:start position:0% +of the Markov property that information +is irrelevant and so that probability is + + align:start position:0% +is irrelevant and so that probability is + + + align:start position:0% +is irrelevant and so that probability is +r1 1 in 99 steps now 99 is possibly a + + align:start position:0% +r1 1 in 99 steps now 99 is possibly a + + + align:start position:0% +r1 1 in 99 steps now 99 is possibly a +big number and so we approximate this + + align:start position:0% +big number and so we approximate this + + + align:start position:0% +big number and so we approximate this +quantity and we are going to use the + + align:start position:0% +quantity and we are going to use the + + + align:start position:0% +quantity and we are going to use the +steady state priority of state 1 for + + align:start position:0% +steady state priority of state 1 for + + + align:start position:0% +steady state priority of state 1 for +doing that and that gives us an + + align:start position:0% +doing that and that gives us an + + + align:start position:0% +doing that and that gives us an +approximation P 1 1 times pi of 1 which + + align:start position:0% +approximation P 1 1 times pi of 1 which + + + align:start position:0% +approximation P 1 1 times pi of 1 which +then is 0.5 times 2 over 7 now how about + + align:start position:0% +then is 0.5 times 2 over 7 now how about + + + align:start position:0% +then is 0.5 times 2 over 7 now how about +this expression given that you start in + + align:start position:0% +this expression given that you start in + + + align:start position:0% +this expression given that you start in +state 1 what is the priority that at + + align:start position:0% +state 1 what is the priority that at + + + align:start position:0% +state 1 what is the priority that at +time step 100 you are in 1 and time step + + align:start position:0% +time step 100 you are in 1 and time step + + + align:start position:0% +time step 100 you are in 1 and time step +1 and 1 you're in two by doing the same + + align:start position:0% +1 and 1 you're in two by doing the same + + + align:start position:0% +1 and 1 you're in two by doing the same +technique is the conditional priority of + + align:start position:0% +technique is the conditional priority of + + + align:start position:0% +technique is the conditional priority of +the first thing happening and then given + + align:start position:0% +the first thing happening and then given + + + align:start position:0% +the first thing happening and then given +that thing happening the priority that + + align:start position:0% +that thing happening the priority that + + + align:start position:0% +that thing happening the priority that +the second one happened when it was 2 + + align:start position:0% +the second one happened when it was 2 + + + align:start position:0% +the second one happened when it was 2 +given X 100 equals 1 and x equals 1 and + + align:start position:0% +given X 100 equals 1 and x equals 1 and + + + align:start position:0% +given X 100 equals 1 and x equals 1 and +again here what we have is r1 1 of 100 + + align:start position:0% +again here what we have is r1 1 of 100 + + + align:start position:0% +again here what we have is r1 1 of 100 +and x again the Markov property tells us + + align:start position:0% +and x again the Markov property tells us + + + align:start position:0% +and x again the Markov property tells us +that we can forget about this one and + + align:start position:0% +that we can forget about this one and + + + align:start position:0% +that we can forget about this one and +this is the priority transition from 1 + + align:start position:0% +this is the priority transition from 1 + + + align:start position:0% +this is the priority transition from 1 +to 2 I want to and again here if N + + align:start position:0% +to 2 I want to and again here if N + + + align:start position:0% +to 2 I want to and again here if N +equals 100 is large enough we can + + align:start position:0% +equals 100 is large enough we can + + + align:start position:0% +equals 100 is large enough we can +approximate that by PI 1 times + + align:start position:0% +approximate that by PI 1 times + + + align:start position:0% +approximate that by PI 1 times +you want to and this is then 2 over 7 + + align:start position:0% +you want to and this is then 2 over 7 + + + align:start position:0% +you want to and this is then 2 over 7 +times 0.5 again family let's calculate + + align:start position:0% +times 0.5 again family let's calculate + + + align:start position:0% +times 0.5 again family let's calculate +this third expression where again we + + align:start position:0% +this third expression where again we + + + align:start position:0% +this third expression where again we +start at state 1 and now we are asking + + align:start position:0% +start at state 1 and now we are asking + + + align:start position:0% +start at state 1 and now we are asking +what is the priority that after times + + align:start position:0% +what is the priority that after times + + + align:start position:0% +what is the priority that after times +that 100 you are in 1 and 1 on steps + + align:start position:0% +that 100 you are in 1 and 1 on steps + + + align:start position:0% +that 100 you are in 1 and 1 on steps +later you are again in 1 we use the same + + align:start position:0% +later you are again in 1 we use the same + + + align:start position:0% +later you are again in 1 we use the same +trick as before this priority that the + + align:start position:0% +trick as before this priority that the + + + align:start position:0% +trick as before this priority that the +first thing happened and given that the + + align:start position:0% +first thing happened and given that the + + + align:start position:0% +first thing happened and given that the +priority of the second one happened + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +again this is our 1 1 of 100 and this + + align:start position:0% +again this is our 1 1 of 100 and this + + + align:start position:0% +again this is our 1 1 of 100 and this +one for the same reason as before we can + + align:start position:0% +one for the same reason as before we can + + + align:start position:0% +one for the same reason as before we can +forget this term from 100 to 200 you + + align:start position:0% +forget this term from 100 to 200 you + + + align:start position:0% +forget this term from 100 to 200 you +have 100 time steps are one one of 100 + + align:start position:0% +have 100 time steps are one one of 100 + + + align:start position:0% +have 100 time steps are one one of 100 +and one other these begin apps so we can + + align:start position:0% +and one other these begin apps so we can + + + align:start position:0% +and one other these begin apps so we can +approximate both by the same values and + + align:start position:0% +approximate both by the same values and + + + align:start position:0% +approximate both by the same values and +we get PI 1 square just over 7 square + + align:start position:0% +we get PI 1 square just over 7 square + + + align:start position:0% +we get PI 1 square just over 7 square +now in this calculation we assume that N + + align:start position:0% +now in this calculation we assume that N + + + align:start position:0% +now in this calculation we assume that N +equals 99 or N equals 100 were big + + align:start position:0% +equals 99 or N equals 100 were big + + + align:start position:0% +equals 99 or N equals 100 were big +enough big enough so that the limit has + + align:start position:0% +enough big enough so that the limit has + + + align:start position:0% +enough big enough so that the limit has +taken effect but how do we know that our + + align:start position:0% +taken effect but how do we know that our + + + align:start position:0% +taken effect but how do we know that our +proximation is good in other words is N + + align:start position:0% +proximation is good in other words is N + + + align:start position:0% +proximation is good in other words is N +equals 99 or 100 large enough + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well this has something to do with a + + align:start position:0% +well this has something to do with a + + + align:start position:0% +well this has something to do with a +mixing time scale of our Markov chain + + align:start position:0% +mixing time scale of our Markov chain + + + align:start position:0% +mixing time scale of our Markov chain +and by mixing time scale I mean how long + + align:start position:0% +and by mixing time scale I mean how long + + + align:start position:0% +and by mixing time scale I mean how long +does it take for the initial states to + + align:start position:0% +does it take for the initial states to + + + align:start position:0% +does it take for the initial states to +be forgotten so how can you see that + + align:start position:0% +be forgotten so how can you see that + + + align:start position:0% +be forgotten so how can you see that +here while you can first try it + + align:start position:0% +here while you can first try it + + + align:start position:0% +here while you can first try it +simulation so using any of your favorite + + align:start position:0% +simulation so using any of your favorite + + + align:start position:0% +simulation so using any of your favorite +software simulate if you calculate and + + align:start position:0% +software simulate if you calculate and + + + align:start position:0% +software simulate if you calculate and +you look at as a function of N and you + + align:start position:0% +you look at as a function of N and you + + + align:start position:0% +you look at as a function of N and you +draw our 1 1 of n at N equals 0 this is + + align:start position:0% +draw our 1 1 of n at N equals 0 this is + + + align:start position:0% +draw our 1 1 of n at N equals 0 this is +1 and equals 1 then you have 5 at 1 this + + align:start position:0% +1 and equals 1 then you have 5 at 1 this + + + align:start position:0% +1 and equals 1 then you have 5 at 1 this +is going to be P 1 1 and P 1 1 was 0.5 + + align:start position:0% +is going to be P 1 1 and P 1 1 was 0.5 + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be P 1 1 and P 1 1 was 0.5 +so already it's here so initially it was + + align:start position:0% +so already it's here so initially it was + + + align:start position:0% +so already it's here so initially it was +your here and 2 over 7 so this is 0.5 2 + + align:start position:0% +your here and 2 over 7 so this is 0.5 2 + + + align:start position:0% +your here and 2 over 7 so this is 0.5 2 +over 7 is year and what we know is that + + align:start position:0% +over 7 is year and what we know is that + + + align:start position:0% +over 7 is year and what we know is that +when n goes to infinity these things + + align:start position:0% +when n goes to infinity these things + + + align:start position:0% +when n goes to infinity these things +goes to 2 over 7 and if you simulate you + + align:start position:0% +goes to 2 over 7 and if you simulate you + + + align:start position:0% +goes to 2 over 7 and if you simulate you +will see that it goes very fast so here + + align:start position:0% +will see that it goes very fast so here + + + align:start position:0% +will see that it goes very fast so here +I'm just joining points and you will see + + align:start position:0% +I'm just joining points and you will see + + + align:start position:0% +I'm just joining points and you will see +that at N equals 5 already you are very + + align:start position:0% +that at N equals 5 already you are very + + + align:start position:0% +that at N equals 5 already you are very +very close to 2 over 7 so you have a + + align:start position:0% +very close to 2 over 7 so you have a + + + align:start position:0% +very close to 2 over 7 so you have a +really an exponential decrease here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in fact if you look at the simulation + + align:start position:0% +in fact if you look at the simulation + + + align:start position:0% +in fact if you look at the simulation +result and you look at N equals five + + align:start position:0% +result and you look at N equals five + + + align:start position:0% +result and you look at N equals five +already here you have to correct decimal + + align:start position:0% +already here you have to correct decimal + + + align:start position:0% +already here you have to correct decimal +already and for N equals 10 it's correct + + align:start position:0% +already and for N equals 10 it's correct + + + align:start position:0% +already and for N equals 10 it's correct +up to five decimals or if you do not + + align:start position:0% +up to five decimals or if you do not + + + align:start position:0% +up to five decimals or if you do not +want to have simulation but simply think + + align:start position:0% +want to have simulation but simply think + + + align:start position:0% +want to have simulation but simply think +in terms of order of magnitude so here + + align:start position:0% +in terms of order of magnitude so here + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of order of magnitude so here +it would be another approach would be + + align:start position:0% +it would be another approach would be + + + align:start position:0% +it would be another approach would be +like order of magnitude type of + + align:start position:0% +like order of magnitude type of + + + align:start position:0% +like order of magnitude type of +arguments and in order to do that + + align:start position:0% +arguments and in order to do that + + + align:start position:0% +arguments and in order to do that +starting here on average how many trials + + align:start position:0% +starting here on average how many trials + + + align:start position:0% +starting here on average how many trials +how many time steps would it take in + + align:start position:0% +how many time steps would it take in + + + align:start position:0% +how many time steps would it take in +order for you to observe such a + + align:start position:0% +order for you to observe such a + + + align:start position:0% +order for you to observe such a +transition here well you use the + + align:start position:0% +transition here well you use the + + + align:start position:0% +transition here well you use the +geometric random variable and this is + + align:start position:0% +geometric random variable and this is + + + align:start position:0% +geometric random variable and this is +the amount of time on average until you + + align:start position:0% +the amount of time on average until you + + + align:start position:0% +the amount of time on average until you +have success and it is one over the + + align:start position:0% +have success and it is one over the + + + align:start position:0% +have success and it is one over the +probability here so it takes an average + + align:start position:0% +probability here so it takes an average + + + align:start position:0% +probability here so it takes an average +two time steps to go from here to here + + align:start position:0% +two time steps to go from here to here + + + align:start position:0% +two time steps to go from here to here +and to go from here to here it takes on + + align:start position:0% +and to go from here to here it takes on + + + align:start position:0% +and to go from here to here it takes on +average one over zero point two which is + + align:start position:0% +average one over zero point two which is + + + align:start position:0% +average one over zero point two which is +about five times depth so as an order of + + align:start position:0% +about five times depth so as an order of + + + align:start position:0% +about five times depth so as an order of +magnitude given you started here in + + align:start position:0% +magnitude given you started here in + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude given you started here in +state one after on average about ten + + align:start position:0% +state one after on average about ten + + + align:start position:0% +state one after on average about ten +iterations there will be some randomness + + align:start position:0% +iterations there will be some randomness + + + align:start position:0% +iterations there will be some randomness +there is a likely on average that you + + align:start position:0% +there is a likely on average that you + + + align:start position:0% +there is a likely on average that you +will go there and come here and and if + + align:start position:0% +will go there and come here and and if + + + align:start position:0% +will go there and come here and and if +you do n equals 100 which is 10 times + + align:start position:0% +you do n equals 100 which is 10 times + + + align:start position:0% +you do n equals 100 which is 10 times +that in terms of order of magnitude it + + align:start position:0% +that in terms of order of magnitude it + + + align:start position:0% +that in terms of order of magnitude it +looks at n is large enough so that would + + align:start position:0% +looks at n is large enough so that would + + + align:start position:0% +looks at n is large enough so that would +be a back to the envelope calculation + + align:start position:0% +be a back to the envelope calculation + + + align:start position:0% +be a back to the envelope calculation +now this kind of calculation is useful + + align:start position:0% +now this kind of calculation is useful + + + align:start position:0% +now this kind of calculation is useful +in general not just here so for example + + align:start position:0% +in general not just here so for example + + + align:start position:0% +in general not just here so for example +let's do it again assume that instead of + + align:start position:0% +let's do it again assume that instead of + + + align:start position:0% +let's do it again assume that instead of +0.5 here the probability that you had + + align:start position:0% +0.5 here the probability that you had + + + align:start position:0% +0.5 here the probability that you had +was 0.99 and maybe here instead of 0.8 + + align:start position:0% +was 0.99 and maybe here instead of 0.8 + + + align:start position:0% +was 0.99 and maybe here instead of 0.8 +it was 0.998 now in order to observe + + align:start position:0% +it was 0.998 now in order to observe + + + align:start position:0% +it was 0.998 now in order to observe +socialisation it will take on average + + align:start position:0% +socialisation it will take on average + + + align:start position:0% +socialisation it will take on average +since this number here would become + + align:start position:0% +since this number here would become + + + align:start position:0% +since this number here would become +0.001 it would take on average about + + align:start position:0% +0.001 it would take on average about + + + align:start position:0% +0.001 it would take on average about +1,000 time steps in order to observe one + + align:start position:0% +1,000 time steps in order to observe one + + + align:start position:0% +1,000 time steps in order to observe one +such transition so if you look at time + + align:start position:0% +such transition so if you look at time + + + align:start position:0% +such transition so if you look at time +steps of that order it will not be + + align:start position:0% +steps of that order it will not be + + + align:start position:0% +steps of that order it will not be +enough + + align:start position:0% +enough + + + align:start position:0% +enough +if your chain wear of this type after n + + align:start position:0% +if your chain wear of this type after n + + + align:start position:0% +if your chain wear of this type after n +equals 100 the likelihood would be yet + + align:start position:0% +equals 100 the likelihood would be yet + + + align:start position:0% +equals 100 the likelihood would be yet +you will still be here so the initial + + align:start position:0% +you will still be here so the initial + + + align:start position:0% +you will still be here so the initial +state of the initial condition would + + align:start position:0% +state of the initial condition would + + + align:start position:0% +state of the initial condition would +matter still so you would take about + + align:start position:0% +matter still so you would take about + + + align:start position:0% +matter still so you would take about +1,000 to get there and then here it + + align:start position:0% +1,000 to get there and then here it + + + align:start position:0% +1,000 to get there and then here it +would have 0.02 that means that on + + align:start position:0% +would have 0.02 that means that on + + + align:start position:0% +would have 0.02 that means that on +average from here you would take about + + align:start position:0% +average from here you would take about + + + align:start position:0% +average from here you would take about +five hundred iterations before you + + align:start position:0% +five hundred iterations before you + + + align:start position:0% +five hundred iterations before you +observe that for the first time so the + + align:start position:0% +observe that for the first time so the + + + align:start position:0% +observe that for the first time so the +same order of magnitude so in order to + + align:start position:0% +same order of magnitude so in order to + + + align:start position:0% +same order of magnitude so in order to +get enough randomness here you know a + + align:start position:0% +get enough randomness here you know a + + + align:start position:0% +get enough randomness here you know a +good rule would be to multiply this + + align:start position:0% +good rule would be to multiply this + + + align:start position:0% +good rule would be to multiply this +1,000 by 10 so maybe with N equals + + align:start position:0% +1,000 by 10 so maybe with N equals + + + align:start position:0% +1,000 by 10 so maybe with N equals +10,000 you would feel confident enough + + align:start position:0% +10,000 you would feel confident enough + + + align:start position:0% +10,000 you would feel confident enough +in that specific case in order to use + + align:start position:0% +in that specific case in order to use + + + align:start position:0% +in that specific case in order to use +this kind of approximation that we have + + align:start position:0% +this kind of approximation that we have + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of approximation that we have +used here and finally for those + + align:start position:0% +used here and finally for those + + + align:start position:0% +used here and finally for those +interested you can study that by a + + align:start position:0% +interested you can study that by a + + + align:start position:0% +interested you can study that by a +theory and here there is an entire field + + align:start position:0% +theory and here there is an entire field + + + align:start position:0% +theory and here there is an entire field +that for to study how fast the Markov + + align:start position:0% +that for to study how fast the Markov + + + align:start position:0% +that for to study how fast the Markov +chain converges to steady state and the + + align:start position:0% +chain converges to steady state and the + + + align:start position:0% +chain converges to steady state and the +so called mixing time it turns out that + + align:start position:0% +so called mixing time it turns out that + + + align:start position:0% +so called mixing time it turns out that +for these Markov chain you can say that + + align:start position:0% +for these Markov chain you can say that + + + align:start position:0% +for these Markov chain you can say that +the convergence so the rate of + + align:start position:0% +the convergence so the rate of + + + align:start position:0% +the convergence so the rate of +convergence is of the order C at the + + align:start position:0% +convergence is of the order C at the + + + align:start position:0% +convergence is of the order C at the +power n where C is a number that is + + align:start position:0% +power n where C is a number that is + + + align:start position:0% +power n where C is a number that is +between U and 1 and the closer C is to 1 + + align:start position:0% +between U and 1 and the closer C is to 1 + + + align:start position:0% +between U and 1 and the closer C is to 1 +the slower the convergence is and closer + + align:start position:0% +the slower the convergence is and closer + + + align:start position:0% +the slower the convergence is and closer +C's to 0 + + align:start position:0% +C's to 0 + + + align:start position:0% +C's to 0 +the faster the convergence is and for + + align:start position:0% +the faster the convergence is and for + + + align:start position:0% +the faster the convergence is and for +example here for our initial a case the + + align:start position:0% +example here for our initial a case the + + + align:start position:0% +example here for our initial a case the +C was zero point three so that was the + + align:start position:0% +C was zero point three so that was the + + + align:start position:0% +C was zero point three so that was the +first case for the second chain with + + align:start position:0% +first case for the second chain with + + + align:start position:0% +first case for the second chain with +this kind of probability 0.99 and the + + align:start position:0% +this kind of probability 0.99 and the + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of probability 0.99 and the +0.998 the C would be 0.997 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Y8eEMYqkwz0.txt b/Y8eEMYqkwz0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1bdc9e495ee0f422817cba5e89d6eb27e40d07be --- /dev/null +++ b/Y8eEMYqkwz0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7475 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so uh we're going to finish again now by + + align:start position:0% +so uh we're going to finish again now by + + + align:start position:0% +so uh we're going to finish again now by +just talking more about the uh this + + align:start position:0% +just talking more about the uh this + + + align:start position:0% +just talking more about the uh this +amazing immune system we have the + + align:start position:0% +amazing immune system we have the + + + align:start position:0% +amazing immune system we have the +Adaptive uh immune system as I said on + + align:start position:0% +Adaptive uh immune system as I said on + + + align:start position:0% +Adaptive uh immune system as I said on +Friday this is is really an astonishing + + align:start position:0% +Friday this is is really an astonishing + + + align:start position:0% +Friday this is is really an astonishing +uh recognition system that just plays a + + align:start position:0% +uh recognition system that just plays a + + + align:start position:0% +uh recognition system that just plays a +a key role in us being able to survive + + align:start position:0% +a key role in us being able to survive + + + align:start position:0% +a key role in us being able to survive +in this world that's full of bacteria + + align:start position:0% +in this world that's full of bacteria + + + align:start position:0% +in this world that's full of bacteria +and yeast and um fungi and viruses and + + align:start position:0% +and yeast and um fungi and viruses and + + + align:start position:0% +and yeast and um fungi and viruses and +parasites there are things just all the + + align:start position:0% +parasites there are things just all the + + + align:start position:0% +parasites there are things just all the +time are trying to to do us in and the + + align:start position:0% +time are trying to to do us in and the + + + align:start position:0% +time are trying to to do us in and the +reason we don't succumb is because we + + align:start position:0% +reason we don't succumb is because we + + + align:start position:0% +reason we don't succumb is because we +have this amazing immune system and + + align:start position:0% +have this amazing immune system and + + + align:start position:0% +have this amazing immune system and +there are several features about it + + align:start position:0% +there are several features about it + + + align:start position:0% +there are several features about it +which I summarized the other day one is + + align:start position:0% +which I summarized the other day one is + + + align:start position:0% +which I summarized the other day one is +its diversity it's this is this + + align:start position:0% +its diversity it's this is this + + + align:start position:0% +its diversity it's this is this +incredible ability to recognize uh uh + + align:start position:0% +incredible ability to recognize uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +incredible ability to recognize uh uh +entities uh including things that are + + align:start position:0% +entities uh including things that are + + + align:start position:0% +entities uh including things that are +synthesized in a lab that have never + + align:start position:0% +synthesized in a lab that have never + + + align:start position:0% +synthesized in a lab that have never +been seen on Earth before um it's uh + + align:start position:0% +been seen on Earth before um it's uh + + + align:start position:0% +been seen on Earth before um it's uh +it's amazing in terms of that uh side of + + align:start position:0% +it's amazing in terms of that uh side of + + + align:start position:0% +it's amazing in terms of that uh side of +it and at the coupled with this is this + + align:start position:0% +it and at the coupled with this is this + + + align:start position:0% +it and at the coupled with this is this +incredible + + align:start position:0% +incredible + + + align:start position:0% +incredible +specificity and as I indicated the other + + align:start position:0% +specificity and as I indicated the other + + + align:start position:0% +specificity and as I indicated the other +day for + + align:start position:0% +day for + + + align:start position:0% +day for +example if if it was seeing + + align:start position:0% +example if if it was seeing + + + align:start position:0% +example if if it was seeing +a um a Benzene ring with a methyl on it + + align:start position:0% +a um a Benzene ring with a methyl on it + + + align:start position:0% +a um a Benzene ring with a methyl on it +it might be able to recognize this but + + align:start position:0% +it might be able to recognize this but + + + align:start position:0% +it might be able to recognize this but +it could tell the difference from having + + align:start position:0% +it could tell the difference from having + + + align:start position:0% +it could tell the difference from having +the methyl over here it's got that level + + align:start position:0% +the methyl over here it's got that level + + + align:start position:0% +the methyl over here it's got that level +of of uh + + align:start position:0% +of of uh + + + align:start position:0% +of of uh +sophistication um + + align:start position:0% +sophistication um + + + align:start position:0% +sophistication um +in spite of that in spite of the fact + + align:start position:0% +in spite of that in spite of the fact + + + align:start position:0% +in spite of that in spite of the fact +that it can recognize everything else + + align:start position:0% +that it can recognize everything else + + + align:start position:0% +that it can recognize everything else +it's able to avoid + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +self-recognition which is a bit of a + + align:start position:0% +self-recognition which is a bit of a + + + align:start position:0% +self-recognition which is a bit of a +trick if you think about it that you + + align:start position:0% +trick if you think about it that you + + + align:start position:0% +trick if you think about it that you +have a system that's able to see + + align:start position:0% +have a system that's able to see + + + align:start position:0% +have a system that's able to see +essentially anything including things + + align:start position:0% +essentially anything including things + + + align:start position:0% +essentially anything including things +that were never existed before then how + + align:start position:0% +that were never existed before then how + + + align:start position:0% +that were never existed before then how +does it avoid seeing all of our + + align:start position:0% +does it avoid seeing all of our + + + align:start position:0% +does it avoid seeing all of our +molecules and all the many many things + + align:start position:0% +molecules and all the many many things + + + align:start position:0% +molecules and all the many many things +that that make us up so it has to be + + align:start position:0% +that that make us up so it has to be + + + align:start position:0% +that that make us up so it has to be +able to tell self from self and then I + + align:start position:0% +able to tell self from self and then I + + + align:start position:0% +able to tell self from self and then I +also talked about + + align:start position:0% +also talked about + + + align:start position:0% +also talked about +this memory + + align:start position:0% +this memory + + + align:start position:0% +this memory +aspect of the immune system that if you + + align:start position:0% +aspect of the immune system that if you + + + align:start position:0% +aspect of the immune system that if you +get exposed to a virus or a or a uh a + + align:start position:0% +get exposed to a virus or a or a uh a + + + align:start position:0% +get exposed to a virus or a or a uh a +bacterium or something that the first uh + + align:start position:0% +bacterium or something that the first uh + + + align:start position:0% +bacterium or something that the first uh +immune response is relatively weak but + + align:start position:0% +immune response is relatively weak but + + + align:start position:0% +immune response is relatively weak but +then if you get subsequently re uh + + align:start position:0% +then if you get subsequently re uh + + + align:start position:0% +then if you get subsequently re uh +exposed you get a very powerful response + + align:start position:0% +exposed you get a very powerful response + + + align:start position:0% +exposed you get a very powerful response +and that's the principle of a vaccine if + + align:start position:0% +and that's the principle of a vaccine if + + + align:start position:0% +and that's the principle of a vaccine if +you think someone is going to be exposed + + align:start position:0% +you think someone is going to be exposed + + + align:start position:0% +you think someone is going to be exposed +to chickenpox but they haven't had it if + + align:start position:0% +to chickenpox but they haven't had it if + + + align:start position:0% +to chickenpox but they haven't had it if +you can somehow elicit the initial + + align:start position:0% +you can somehow elicit the initial + + + align:start position:0% +you can somehow elicit the initial +response without making them sick by + + align:start position:0% +response without making them sick by + + + align:start position:0% +response without making them sick by +using a killed virus or a t or something + + align:start position:0% +using a killed virus or a t or something + + + align:start position:0% +using a killed virus or a t or something +like that I mean polio is one of the + + align:start position:0% +like that I mean polio is one of the + + + align:start position:0% +like that I mean polio is one of the +examples you hear about in the paper + + align:start position:0% +examples you hear about in the paper + + + align:start position:0% +examples you hear about in the paper +right at the moment um then if someone + + align:start position:0% +right at the moment um then if someone + + + align:start position:0% +right at the moment um then if someone +does finally encounter that virus or + + align:start position:0% +does finally encounter that virus or + + + align:start position:0% +does finally encounter that virus or +that bacterium the because that's a + + align:start position:0% +that bacterium the because that's a + + + align:start position:0% +that bacterium the because that's a +second response it's very quick and it's + + align:start position:0% +second response it's very quick and it's + + + align:start position:0% +second response it's very quick and it's +very powerful and that's what vaccines + + align:start position:0% +very powerful and that's what vaccines + + + align:start position:0% +very powerful and that's what vaccines +are all about so the the issue I guess + + align:start position:0% +are all about so the the issue I guess + + + align:start position:0% +are all about so the the issue I guess +today is how does that happen and it's + + align:start position:0% +today is how does that happen and it's + + + align:start position:0% +today is how does that happen and it's +this is one of these amazing insights + + align:start position:0% +this is one of these amazing insights + + + align:start position:0% +this is one of these amazing insights +into biology that's come by an + + align:start position:0% +into biology that's come by an + + + align:start position:0% +into biology that's come by an +application of all these tools of + + align:start position:0% +application of all these tools of + + + align:start position:0% +application of all these tools of +recombinant DNA and sequencing and all + + align:start position:0% +recombinant DNA and sequencing and all + + + align:start position:0% +recombinant DNA and sequencing and all +the fancy sort of things we've been + + align:start position:0% +the fancy sort of things we've been + + + align:start position:0% +the fancy sort of things we've been +talking about in the past uh past few + + align:start position:0% +talking about in the past uh past few + + + align:start position:0% +talking about in the past uh past few +lectures so the first part uh thing I + + align:start position:0% +lectures so the first part uh thing I + + + align:start position:0% +lectures so the first part uh thing I +need to to know is that there are two + + align:start position:0% +need to to know is that there are two + + + align:start position:0% +need to to know is that there are two +parts to this + + align:start position:0% +parts to this + + + align:start position:0% +parts to this +immune uh response uh there two kinds of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +responses + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one's called the humoral response and + + align:start position:0% +one's called the humoral response and + + + align:start position:0% +one's called the humoral response and +one's called the cellular + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +response and this takes place in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plasma of your blood so in the in the + + align:start position:0% +plasma of your blood so in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +plasma of your blood so in the in the +liquid part of the blood if you spin + + align:start position:0% +liquid part of the blood if you spin + + + align:start position:0% +liquid part of the blood if you spin +down the red cells and the white cells + + align:start position:0% +down the red cells and the white cells + + + align:start position:0% +down the red cells and the white cells +what you're left with + + align:start position:0% +what you're left with + + + align:start position:0% +what you're left with +is uh um is the plasma and the uh what + + align:start position:0% +is uh um is the plasma and the uh what + + + align:start position:0% +is uh um is the plasma and the uh what +this um humoral response does it's able + + align:start position:0% +this um humoral response does it's able + + + align:start position:0% +this um humoral response does it's able +to Target uh bacteria viruses + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +proteins and the + + align:start position:0% +proteins and the + + + align:start position:0% +proteins and the +recognition + + align:start position:0% +recognition + + + align:start position:0% +recognition +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +done by kind special kind of protein + + align:start position:0% +done by kind special kind of protein + + + align:start position:0% +done by kind special kind of protein +called antibodies and I'll tell you + + align:start position:0% +called antibodies and I'll tell you + + + align:start position:0% +called antibodies and I'll tell you +about that uh in just in just a moment + + align:start position:0% +about that uh in just in just a moment + + + align:start position:0% +about that uh in just in just a moment +because they're uh a very important + + align:start position:0% +because they're uh a very important + + + align:start position:0% +because they're uh a very important +class of of protein in this uh in this + + align:start position:0% +class of of protein in this uh in this + + + align:start position:0% +class of of protein in this uh in this +earth and the cell the cellular immune + + align:start position:0% +earth and the cell the cellular immune + + + align:start position:0% +earth and the cell the cellular immune +response is carried out by a special + + align:start position:0% +response is carried out by a special + + + align:start position:0% +response is carried out by a special +kind of white white blood + + align:start position:0% +kind of white white blood + + + align:start position:0% +kind of white white blood +cell + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'll probably for this lecture I think + + align:start position:0% +I'll probably for this lecture I think + + + align:start position:0% +I'll probably for this lecture I think +I'll just abbreviate those as wbh if I + + align:start position:0% +I'll just abbreviate those as wbh if I + + + align:start position:0% +I'll just abbreviate those as wbh if I +needed and what this targets is not the + + align:start position:0% +needed and what this targets is not the + + + align:start position:0% +needed and what this targets is not the +actual pathogen itself but it targets + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cells + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that are + + align:start position:0% +that are + + + align:start position:0% +that are +infected with a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +virus or a + + align:start position:0% +virus or a + + + align:start position:0% +virus or a +bacterium Etc and that's that might seem + + align:start position:0% +bacterium Etc and that's that might seem + + + align:start position:0% +bacterium Etc and that's that might seem +to be even a little bit more of a trick + + align:start position:0% +to be even a little bit more of a trick + + + align:start position:0% +to be even a little bit more of a trick +it's probably it's hard enough probably + + align:start position:0% +it's probably it's hard enough probably + + + align:start position:0% +it's probably it's hard enough probably +to figure out how to take something + + align:start position:0% +to figure out how to take something + + + align:start position:0% +to figure out how to take something +that's floating an entity like a virus + + align:start position:0% +that's floating an entity like a virus + + + align:start position:0% +that's floating an entity like a virus +that's floating around your blood and + + align:start position:0% +that's floating around your blood and + + + align:start position:0% +that's floating around your blood and +figure out how to stick it something + + align:start position:0% +figure out how to stick it something + + + align:start position:0% +figure out how to stick it something +find something that binds to it what do + + align:start position:0% +find something that binds to it what do + + + align:start position:0% +find something that binds to it what do +you do if the thing's gone into one of + + align:start position:0% +you do if the thing's gone into one of + + + align:start position:0% +you do if the thing's gone into one of +your own cells and it's hiding out there + + align:start position:0% +your own cells and it's hiding out there + + + align:start position:0% +your own cells and it's hiding out there +in there replicating in the same way + + align:start position:0% +in there replicating in the same way + + + align:start position:0% +in there replicating in the same way +that a that let's say a Fage does or + + align:start position:0% +that a that let's say a Fage does or + + + align:start position:0% +that a that let's say a Fage does or +something like that how do you see one + + align:start position:0% +something like that how do you see one + + + align:start position:0% +something like that how do you see one +of your own cells that's been affected + + align:start position:0% +of your own cells that's been affected + + + align:start position:0% +of your own cells that's been affected +by something like that and there's a + + align:start position:0% +by something like that and there's a + + + align:start position:0% +by something like that and there's a +special type of cell called a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cytotoxic t- cell that's very important + + align:start position:0% +cytotoxic t- cell that's very important + + + align:start position:0% +cytotoxic t- cell that's very important +it's often abbreviated as that so let me + + align:start position:0% +it's often abbreviated as that so let me + + + align:start position:0% +it's often abbreviated as that so let me +first say a word about any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bodies these are proteins that consist + + align:start position:0% +bodies these are proteins that consist + + + align:start position:0% +bodies these are proteins that consist +of four four four polypeptide + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +chains two of the chains are + + align:start position:0% +chains two of the chains are + + + align:start position:0% +chains two of the chains are +bigger so they're called heavy chains + + align:start position:0% +bigger so they're called heavy chains + + + align:start position:0% +bigger so they're called heavy chains +there's two of those and there are two + + align:start position:0% +there's two of those and there are two + + + align:start position:0% +there's two of those and there are two +chains that are smaller so those are + + align:start position:0% +chains that are smaller so those are + + + align:start position:0% +chains that are smaller so those are +usually called light chains so there's + + align:start position:0% +usually called light chains so there's + + + align:start position:0% +usually called light chains so there's +four for them Al together and ignoring + + align:start position:0% +four for them Al together and ignoring + + + align:start position:0% +four for them Al together and ignoring +secondary structure and stuff for the + + align:start position:0% +secondary structure and stuff for the + + + align:start position:0% +secondary structure and stuff for the +moment uh let me just sort of give you + + align:start position:0% +moment uh let me just sort of give you + + + align:start position:0% +moment uh let me just sort of give you +an idea of how these are laid out these + + align:start position:0% +an idea of how these are laid out these + + + align:start position:0% +an idea of how these are laid out these +are the two heavy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +chains here and these are joined + + align:start position:0% +chains here and these are joined + + + align:start position:0% +chains here and these are joined +together by + + align:start position:0% +together by + + + align:start position:0% +together by +disulfide Bridges you remember dulfi + + align:start position:0% +disulfide Bridges you remember dulfi + + + align:start position:0% +disulfide Bridges you remember dulfi +brid es if you had two cyes they can + + align:start position:0% +brid es if you had two cyes they can + + + align:start position:0% +brid es if you had two cyes they can +form a calent bond between them under + + align:start position:0% +form a calent bond between them under + + + align:start position:0% +form a calent bond between them under +oxidizing conditions so those heavy + + align:start position:0% +oxidizing conditions so those heavy + + + align:start position:0% +oxidizing conditions so those heavy +chains are locked together they're + + align:start position:0% +chains are locked together they're + + + align:start position:0% +chains are locked together they're +actually physically joined calent joined + + align:start position:0% +actually physically joined calent joined + + + align:start position:0% +actually physically joined calent joined +and then there's uh the light + + align:start position:0% +and then there's uh the light + + + align:start position:0% +and then there's uh the light +chains are here so this is the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +light and this part up here is is highly + + align:start position:0% +light and this part up here is is highly + + + align:start position:0% +light and this part up here is is highly +variable between different antibodies + + align:start position:0% +variable between different antibodies + + + align:start position:0% +variable between different antibodies +and the part down + + align:start position:0% +and the part down + + + align:start position:0% +and the part down +here is constant between um antibodies + + align:start position:0% +here is constant between um antibodies + + + align:start position:0% +here is constant between um antibodies +and it's this huge amount of variability + + align:start position:0% +and it's this huge amount of variability + + + align:start position:0% +and it's this huge amount of variability +that's that's uh the body is producing + + align:start position:0% +that's that's uh the body is producing + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's uh the body is producing +produces many many many many types of + + align:start position:0% +produces many many many many types of + + + align:start position:0% +produces many many many many types of +antibodies and then figures out which + + align:start position:0% +antibodies and then figures out which + + + align:start position:0% +antibodies and then figures out which +ones will work to find the particular uh + + align:start position:0% +ones will work to find the particular uh + + + align:start position:0% +ones will work to find the particular uh +entity it's trying to recognize and I'll + + align:start position:0% +entity it's trying to recognize and I'll + + + align:start position:0% +entity it's trying to recognize and I'll +come back and and tell you in a moment + + align:start position:0% +come back and and tell you in a moment + + + align:start position:0% +come back and and tell you in a moment +how that how that's done + + align:start position:0% +how that how that's done + + + align:start position:0% +how that how that's done +I just want to so there's a diagram of + + align:start position:0% +I just want to so there's a diagram of + + + align:start position:0% +I just want to so there's a diagram of +what I I showed you but of course this + + align:start position:0% +what I I showed you but of course this + + + align:start position:0% +what I I showed you but of course this +is a these are proteins they have uh + + align:start position:0% +is a these are proteins they have uh + + + align:start position:0% +is a these are proteins they have uh +three dimensional structures and so if + + align:start position:0% +three dimensional structures and so if + + + align:start position:0% +three dimensional structures and so if +you were to look at them with + + align:start position:0% +you were to look at them with + + + align:start position:0% +you were to look at them with +the U primary and secondary excuse me + + align:start position:0% +the U primary and secondary excuse me + + + align:start position:0% +the U primary and secondary excuse me +with the secondary structure shown you + + align:start position:0% +with the secondary structure shown you + + + align:start position:0% +with the secondary structure shown you +can see the different + + align:start position:0% +can see the different + + + align:start position:0% +can see the different +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +uh um especially here a lot of beta + + align:start position:0% +uh um especially here a lot of beta + + + align:start position:0% +uh um especially here a lot of beta +sheets should be leaping out at you now + + align:start position:0% +sheets should be leaping out at you now + + + align:start position:0% +sheets should be leaping out at you now +the part where the recognition is done + + align:start position:0% +the part where the recognition is done + + + align:start position:0% +the part where the recognition is done +is up at this end so it's essentially + + align:start position:0% +is up at this end so it's essentially + + + align:start position:0% +is up at this end so it's essentially +right here and + + align:start position:0% +right here and + + + align:start position:0% +right here and +this here's a little movie you can just + + align:start position:0% +this here's a little movie you can just + + + align:start position:0% +this here's a little movie you can just +you can see the how the thing looks in + + align:start position:0% +you can see the how the thing looks in + + + align:start position:0% +you can see the how the thing looks in +three-dimensional space you see the part + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional space you see the part + + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional space you see the part +that's over on the left at the moment + + align:start position:0% +that's over on the left at the moment + + + align:start position:0% +that's over on the left at the moment +that's the light chain and the uh and + + align:start position:0% +that's the light chain and the uh and + + + align:start position:0% +that's the light chain and the uh and +the blue chain or or that part of the + + align:start position:0% +the blue chain or or that part of the + + + align:start position:0% +the blue chain or or that part of the +heavy uh chain complex with the light + + align:start position:0% +heavy uh chain complex with the light + + + align:start position:0% +heavy uh chain complex with the light +chain and here is it's been tilted up + + align:start position:0% +chain and here is it's been tilted up + + + align:start position:0% +chain and here is it's been tilted up +this way so this is the yellow and blue + + align:start position:0% +this way so this is the yellow and blue + + + align:start position:0% +this way so this is the yellow and blue +part you were looking at and the + + align:start position:0% +part you were looking at and the + + + align:start position:0% +part you were looking at and the +recognition pocket is right at the end + + align:start position:0% +recognition pocket is right at the end + + + align:start position:0% +recognition pocket is right at the end +of that and in this picture it's showing + + align:start position:0% +of that and in this picture it's showing + + + align:start position:0% +of that and in this picture it's showing +how a piece of a just a a particular + + align:start position:0% +how a piece of a just a a particular + + + align:start position:0% +how a piece of a just a a particular +protein uh the one shown in red uh this + + align:start position:0% +protein uh the one shown in red uh this + + + align:start position:0% +protein uh the one shown in red uh this +antibody has learned to or this is an + + align:start position:0% +antibody has learned to or this is an + + + align:start position:0% +antibody has learned to or this is an +antibody that can very very precisely + + align:start position:0% +antibody that can very very precisely + + + align:start position:0% +antibody that can very very precisely +recognize that particular protein you + + align:start position:0% +recognize that particular protein you + + + align:start position:0% +recognize that particular protein you +can't really tell it from the uh + + align:start position:0% +can't really tell it from the uh + + + align:start position:0% +can't really tell it from the uh +three-dimensional uh shape shown in the + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional uh shape shown in the + + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional uh shape shown in the +left because it just shows the secondary + + align:start position:0% +left because it just shows the secondary + + + align:start position:0% +left because it just shows the secondary +structure but if you could see the full + + align:start position:0% +structure but if you could see the full + + + align:start position:0% +structure but if you could see the full +space filling model you'd be amazed at + + align:start position:0% +space filling model you'd be amazed at + + + align:start position:0% +space filling model you'd be amazed at +just how these surfaces are absolutely + + align:start position:0% +just how these surfaces are absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +just how these surfaces are absolutely +complimentary it goes back to one of + + align:start position:0% +complimentary it goes back to one of + + + align:start position:0% +complimentary it goes back to one of +those principles I've said over and over + + align:start position:0% +those principles I've said over and over + + + align:start position:0% +those principles I've said over and over +and over again that so much of biology + + align:start position:0% +and over again that so much of biology + + + align:start position:0% +and over again that so much of biology +works by having complimentary surfaces + + align:start position:0% +works by having complimentary surfaces + + + align:start position:0% +works by having complimentary surfaces +and there's a little movie you can see + + align:start position:0% +and there's a little movie you can see + + + align:start position:0% +and there's a little movie you can see +how this thing is sitting up there at + + align:start position:0% +how this thing is sitting up there at + + + align:start position:0% +how this thing is sitting up there at +the top + + align:start position:0% +the top + + + align:start position:0% +the top +so what uh these antibodies are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +produced by a special type + + align:start position:0% +produced by a special type + + + align:start position:0% +produced by a special type +of what are called B cells these are + + align:start position:0% +of what are called B cells these are + + + align:start position:0% +of what are called B cells these are +cells that play roles in the immune in + + align:start position:0% +cells that play roles in the immune in + + + align:start position:0% +cells that play roles in the immune in +the in the + + align:start position:0% +the in the + + + align:start position:0% +the in the +humal humoral part of the immune + + align:start position:0% +humal humoral part of the immune + + + align:start position:0% +humal humoral part of the immune +response and they're called plasma + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cells and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +each plasma + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cell makes one particular + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +antibody and that's it so you have many + + align:start position:0% +antibody and that's it so you have many + + + align:start position:0% +antibody and that's it so you have many +different types of plasma cells but each + + align:start position:0% +different types of plasma cells but each + + + align:start position:0% +different types of plasma cells but each +one only expresses one particular Gene + + align:start position:0% +one only expresses one particular Gene + + + align:start position:0% +one only expresses one particular Gene +that encodes one particular antibody so + + align:start position:0% +that encodes one particular antibody so + + + align:start position:0% +that encodes one particular antibody so +for years this is something that people + + align:start position:0% +for years this is something that people + + + align:start position:0% +for years this is something that people +struggled with just conceptually they + + align:start position:0% +struggled with just conceptually they + + + align:start position:0% +struggled with just conceptually they +could sort of calculate that there were + + align:start position:0% +could sort of calculate that there were + + + align:start position:0% +could sort of calculate that there were +so many antibodies out there that if + + align:start position:0% +so many antibodies out there that if + + + align:start position:0% +so many antibodies out there that if +your entire genome was nothing but + + align:start position:0% +your entire genome was nothing but + + + align:start position:0% +your entire genome was nothing but +antibody genes we still wouldn't have + + align:start position:0% +antibody genes we still wouldn't have + + + align:start position:0% +antibody genes we still wouldn't have +enough DNA to account for the this + + align:start position:0% +enough DNA to account for the this + + + align:start position:0% +enough DNA to account for the this +ability to recognize things so some + + align:start position:0% +ability to recognize things so some + + + align:start position:0% +ability to recognize things so some +other principle had to be uh involved + + align:start position:0% +other principle had to be uh involved + + + align:start position:0% +other principle had to be uh involved +and there were all sorts of speculations + + align:start position:0% +and there were all sorts of speculations + + + align:start position:0% +and there were all sorts of speculations +about uh about what it was + + align:start position:0% +about uh about what it was + + + align:start position:0% +about uh about what it was +um I had shown you I'd managed to not + + align:start position:0% +um I had shown you I'd managed to not + + + align:start position:0% +um I had shown you I'd managed to not +get Bob horbett his thing on here but um + + align:start position:0% +get Bob horbett his thing on here but um + + + align:start position:0% +get Bob horbett his thing on here but um +this this then is who was our fourth + + align:start position:0% +this this then is who was our fourth + + + align:start position:0% +this this then is who was our fourth +Nobel laurate I've been sort of working + + align:start position:0% +Nobel laurate I've been sort of working + + + align:start position:0% +Nobel laurate I've been sort of working +through these + + align:start position:0% +through these + + + align:start position:0% +through these +uh suumo uh tagawa who uh was is in the + + align:start position:0% +uh suumo uh tagawa who uh was is in the + + + align:start position:0% +uh suumo uh tagawa who uh was is in the +cancer center he's and in the biology + + align:start position:0% +cancer center he's and in the biology + + + align:start position:0% +cancer center he's and in the biology +Department he's also heading now this + + align:start position:0% +Department he's also heading now this + + + align:start position:0% +Department he's also heading now this +picar center of learning and memory so + + align:start position:0% +picar center of learning and memory so + + + align:start position:0% +picar center of learning and memory so +since doing this work I've I'm telling + + align:start position:0% +since doing this work I've I'm telling + + + align:start position:0% +since doing this work I've I'm telling +you about on the immune system he's gone + + align:start position:0% +you about on the immune system he's gone + + + align:start position:0% +you about on the immune system he's gone +on to um to do some wonderful stuff uh + + align:start position:0% +on to um to do some wonderful stuff uh + + + align:start position:0% +on to um to do some wonderful stuff uh +over on more on the uh big problem of + + align:start position:0% +over on more on the uh big problem of + + + align:start position:0% +over on more on the uh big problem of +how how we learn and how trying to get + + align:start position:0% +how how we learn and how trying to get + + + align:start position:0% +how how we learn and how trying to get +more molecular insights into that into + + align:start position:0% +more molecular insights into that into + + + align:start position:0% +more molecular insights into that into +that process but what um suumo managed + + align:start position:0% +that process but what um suumo managed + + + align:start position:0% +that process but what um suumo managed +to to figure out was that these the Vari + + align:start position:0% +to to figure out was that these the Vari + + + align:start position:0% +to to figure out was that these the Vari +this variation and diversity in the + + align:start position:0% +this variation and diversity in the + + + align:start position:0% +this variation and diversity in the +immune system happens uh has it its + + align:start position:0% +immune system happens uh has it its + + + align:start position:0% +immune system happens uh has it its +roots a combinatorial sort of process + + align:start position:0% +roots a combinatorial sort of process + + + align:start position:0% +roots a combinatorial sort of process +so if you look in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +DNA of a zyo so that's the the + + align:start position:0% +DNA of a zyo so that's the the + + + align:start position:0% +DNA of a zyo so that's the the +fertilized egg so we've just getting + + align:start position:0% +fertilized egg so we've just getting + + + align:start position:0% +fertilized egg so we've just getting +started with one of our uh say one of + + align:start position:0% +started with one of our uh say one of + + + align:start position:0% +started with one of our uh say one of +our uh cells that got a a single cell + + align:start position:0% +our uh cells that got a a single cell + + + align:start position:0% +our uh cells that got a a single cell +we're looking in the DNA to see what + + align:start position:0% +we're looking in the DNA to see what + + + align:start position:0% +we're looking in the DNA to see what +would happen we come to the part of the + + align:start position:0% +would happen we come to the part of the + + + align:start position:0% +would happen we come to the part of the +DNA that's involved in producing + + align:start position:0% +DNA that's involved in producing + + + align:start position:0% +DNA that's involved in producing +antibodies what uh he found was that if + + align:start position:0% +antibodies what uh he found was that if + + + align:start position:0% +antibodies what uh he found was that if +you looked along the DNA there were + + align:start position:0% +you looked along the DNA there were + + + align:start position:0% +you looked along the DNA there were +sequences that looked like part of the + + align:start position:0% +sequences that looked like part of the + + + align:start position:0% +sequences that looked like part of the +stuff you find in antibodies but there + + align:start position:0% +stuff you find in antibodies but there + + + align:start position:0% +stuff you find in antibodies but there +were a whole series of them so he called + + align:start position:0% +were a whole series of them so he called + + + align:start position:0% +were a whole series of them so he called +this particular segment like V1 V2 V3 up + + align:start position:0% +this particular segment like V1 V2 V3 up + + + align:start position:0% +this particular segment like V1 V2 V3 up +to VN there + + align:start position:0% +to VN there + + + align:start position:0% +to VN there +were + + align:start position:0% +were + + + align:start position:0% +were +a whole set of these basically side by + + align:start position:0% +a whole set of these basically side by + + + align:start position:0% +a whole set of these basically side by +side by side by side there are about 300 + + align:start position:0% +side by side by side there are about 300 + + + align:start position:0% +side by side by side there are about 300 +of these in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +humans and then down the DNA a little + + align:start position:0% +humans and then down the DNA a little + + + align:start position:0% +humans and then down the DNA a little +bit he found another set + + align:start position:0% +bit he found another set + + + align:start position:0% +bit he found another set +of sequences they're all variations of + + align:start position:0% +of sequences they're all variations of + + + align:start position:0% +of sequences they're all variations of +each + + align:start position:0% +each + + + align:start position:0% +each +other and these were given D1 D2 D3 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +D4 up to D let's say m and there many of + + align:start position:0% +D4 up to D let's say m and there many of + + + align:start position:0% +D4 up to D let's say m and there many of +these and then down the DNA a little + + align:start position:0% +these and then down the DNA a little + + + align:start position:0% +these and then down the DNA a little +further there + + align:start position:0% +further there + + + align:start position:0% +further there +were three other sections that were + + align:start position:0% +were three other sections that were + + + align:start position:0% +were three other sections that were +called joining segments and they were + + align:start position:0% +called joining segments and they were + + + align:start position:0% +called joining segments and they were +called G1 J1 J2 and j3 and a little bit + + align:start position:0% +called G1 J1 J2 and j3 and a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +called G1 J1 J2 and j3 and a little bit +farther down was a block of DNA + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +encoding constant part of the uh of this + + align:start position:0% +encoding constant part of the uh of this + + + align:start position:0% +encoding constant part of the uh of this +polypeptide chain that goes into an + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide chain that goes into an + + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide chain that goes into an +antibody and what uh susumu tagawa is + + align:start position:0% +antibody and what uh susumu tagawa is + + + align:start position:0% +antibody and what uh susumu tagawa is +able to show in this led to the Nobel + + align:start position:0% +able to show in this led to the Nobel + + + align:start position:0% +able to show in this led to the Nobel +Prize what what happens uh during uh the + + align:start position:0% +Prize what what happens uh during uh the + + + align:start position:0% +Prize what what happens uh during uh the +development of these B cells is that + + align:start position:0% +development of these B cells is that + + + align:start position:0% +development of these B cells is that +they're are rearrangements and a lot of + + align:start position:0% +they're are rearrangements and a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +they're are rearrangements and a lot of +DNA is thrown around and the basic + + align:start position:0% +DNA is thrown around and the basic + + + align:start position:0% +DNA is thrown around and the basic +strategy is to take if you think of this + + align:start position:0% +strategy is to take if you think of this + + + align:start position:0% +strategy is to take if you think of this +as being colum you take one from column + + align:start position:0% +as being colum you take one from column + + + align:start position:0% +as being colum you take one from column +a one from column B just picking them + + align:start position:0% +a one from column B just picking them + + + align:start position:0% +a one from column B just picking them +randomly and one from column C over here + + align:start position:0% +randomly and one from column C over here + + + align:start position:0% +randomly and one from column C over here +and throw away everything else so you + + align:start position:0% +and throw away everything else so you + + + align:start position:0% +and throw away everything else so you +might have for example in one B + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cell you might + + align:start position:0% +cell you might + + + align:start position:0% +cell you might +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +v32 + + align:start position:0% +v32 + + + align:start position:0% +v32 +D15 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +J2 and then the constant + + align:start position:0% +J2 and then the constant + + + align:start position:0% +J2 and then the constant +region and what's in + + align:start position:0% +region and what's in + + + align:start position:0% +region and what's in +between is an nron that will be spliced + + align:start position:0% +between is an nron that will be spliced + + + align:start position:0% +between is an nron that will be spliced +out at the time that the genes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +expressed in another B cell you might + + align:start position:0% +expressed in another B cell you might + + + align:start position:0% +expressed in another B cell you might +have you know + + align:start position:0% +have you know + + + align:start position:0% +have you know +v11 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +d22 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +j3 so this + + align:start position:0% +j3 so this + + + align:start position:0% +j3 so this +rearrangement + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's random I mean random in the sense + + align:start position:0% +it's random I mean random in the sense + + + align:start position:0% +it's random I mean random in the sense +of which V segment is is chosen which D + + align:start position:0% +of which V segment is is chosen which D + + + align:start position:0% +of which V segment is is chosen which D +segment is Cho Chosen and which J + + align:start position:0% +segment is Cho Chosen and which J + + + align:start position:0% +segment is Cho Chosen and which J +segment I don't mean that it just all + + align:start position:0% +segment I don't mean that it just all + + + align:start position:0% +segment I don't mean that it just all +joins together in uh in a completely + + align:start position:0% +joins together in uh in a completely + + + align:start position:0% +joins together in uh in a completely +uncontrolled way and then the rest of + + align:start position:0% +uncontrolled way and then the rest of + + + align:start position:0% +uncontrolled way and then the rest of +the DNA is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +deleted + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so consequence of this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +each B + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cell expresses only one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +antibody it's true that they're deployed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but only one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +chromosome is expressed so that's how + + align:start position:0% +chromosome is expressed so that's how + + + align:start position:0% +chromosome is expressed so that's how +they + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +avoid uh avoid make making you could + + align:start position:0% +avoid uh avoid make making you could + + + align:start position:0% +avoid uh avoid make making you could +imagine they they might make make two + + align:start position:0% +imagine they they might make make two + + + align:start position:0% +imagine they they might make make two +but they only make make one and the + + align:start position:0% +but they only make make one and the + + + align:start position:0% +but they only make make one and the +process is uh as you can see that part + + align:start position:0% +process is uh as you can see that part + + + align:start position:0% +process is uh as you can see that part +is random furthermore the joining + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +events + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are what we I think you could call + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sloppy and this leads to even + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +more variation than you would have + + align:start position:0% +more variation than you would have + + + align:start position:0% +more variation than you would have +imagined from simply looking at the + + align:start position:0% +imagined from simply looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +imagined from simply looking at the +number of segments so what this part of + + align:start position:0% +number of segments so what this part of + + + align:start position:0% +number of segments so what this part of +the process does is it + + align:start position:0% +the process does is it + + + align:start position:0% +the process does is it +explains why this system can be it has a + + align:start position:0% +explains why this system can be it has a + + + align:start position:0% +explains why this system can be it has a +diversity it has because because it's + + align:start position:0% +diversity it has because because it's + + + align:start position:0% +diversity it has because because it's +using this + + align:start position:0% +using this + + + align:start position:0% +using this +combinatorial process you can C if you + + align:start position:0% +combinatorial process you can C if you + + + align:start position:0% +combinatorial process you can C if you +know the number you guys could figure + + align:start position:0% +know the number you guys could figure + + + align:start position:0% +know the number you guys could figure +out how many possible combinations there + + align:start position:0% +out how many possible combinations there + + + align:start position:0% +out how many possible combinations there +are but then there's much more variation + + align:start position:0% +are but then there's much more variation + + + align:start position:0% +are but then there's much more variation +because when it joins together sometimes + + align:start position:0% +because when it joins together sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +because when it joins together sometimes +the pl the the little segments that are + + align:start position:0% +the pl the the little segments that are + + + align:start position:0% +the pl the the little segments that are +joined are done in a sloppy way so that + + align:start position:0% +joined are done in a sloppy way so that + + + align:start position:0% +joined are done in a sloppy way so that +the this DNA sequence that shows up at + + align:start position:0% +the this DNA sequence that shows up at + + + align:start position:0% +the this DNA sequence that shows up at +where the joints occur uh doesn't look + + align:start position:0% +where the joints occur uh doesn't look + + + align:start position:0% +where the joints occur uh doesn't look +like anything that was in the DNA at all + + align:start position:0% +like anything that was in the DNA at all + + + align:start position:0% +like anything that was in the DNA at all +it was say a something like a polymerase + + align:start position:0% +it was say a something like a polymerase + + + align:start position:0% +it was say a something like a polymerase +that wasn't very faithful copying and + + align:start position:0% +that wasn't very faithful copying and + + + align:start position:0% +that wasn't very faithful copying and +making mistakes as it went along so what + + align:start position:0% +making mistakes as it went along so what + + + align:start position:0% +making mistakes as it went along so what +this system does is it doesn't get you a + + align:start position:0% +this system does is it doesn't get you a + + + align:start position:0% +this system does is it doesn't get you a +response it just explains why there is + + align:start position:0% +response it just explains why there is + + + align:start position:0% +response it just explains why there is +so much diversity why it is I can go + + align:start position:0% +so much diversity why it is I can go + + + align:start position:0% +so much diversity why it is I can go +into the lab and synthesize a compound + + align:start position:0% +into the lab and synthesize a compound + + + align:start position:0% +into the lab and synthesize a compound +it's never been on this Earth before and + + align:start position:0% +it's never been on this Earth before and + + + align:start position:0% +it's never been on this Earth before and +in inject a rabbit to it and the rabbit + + align:start position:0% +in inject a rabbit to it and the rabbit + + + align:start position:0% +in inject a rabbit to it and the rabbit +will probably produce an anybody that's + + align:start position:0% +will probably produce an anybody that's + + + align:start position:0% +will probably produce an anybody that's +able to recognize that that's because + + align:start position:0% +able to recognize that that's because + + + align:start position:0% +able to recognize that that's because +it's made this whole set of them and + + align:start position:0% +it's made this whole set of them and + + + align:start position:0% +it's made this whole set of them and +they all are going to have somewhat + + align:start position:0% +they all are going to have somewhat + + + align:start position:0% +they all are going to have somewhat +different surfaces and it they make so + + align:start position:0% +different surfaces and it they make so + + + align:start position:0% +different surfaces and it they make so +many that just one of those surfaces is + + align:start position:0% +many that just one of those surfaces is + + + align:start position:0% +many that just one of those surfaces is +going to fit the molecule that I'm that + + align:start position:0% +going to fit the molecule that I'm that + + + align:start position:0% +going to fit the molecule that I'm that +I'm testing but you can so see that's + + align:start position:0% +I'm testing but you can so see that's + + + align:start position:0% +I'm testing but you can so see that's +only part of the the trick so how how do + + align:start position:0% +only part of the the trick so how how do + + + align:start position:0% +only part of the the trick so how how do +you now get an immune response because + + align:start position:0% +you now get an immune response because + + + align:start position:0% +you now get an immune response because +you've got millions of these uh these + + align:start position:0% +you've got millions of these uh these + + + align:start position:0% +you've got millions of these uh these +things but what you need is now a whole + + align:start position:0% +things but what you need is now a whole + + + align:start position:0% +things but what you need is now a whole +lot of one particular antibody that's + + align:start position:0% +lot of one particular antibody that's + + + align:start position:0% +lot of one particular antibody that's +going to recognize the pathogen that + + align:start position:0% +going to recognize the pathogen that + + + align:start position:0% +going to recognize the pathogen that +you're you're uh you're uh being exposed + + align:start position:0% +you're you're uh you're uh being exposed + + + align:start position:0% +you're you're uh you're uh being exposed +to and the principle uh of that is + + align:start position:0% +to and the principle uh of that is + + + align:start position:0% +to and the principle uh of that is +really cute it's called a a process + + align:start position:0% +really cute it's called a a process + + + align:start position:0% +really cute it's called a a process +called clonal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +selection + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here and the idea is that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +each B cell + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +displays + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a sample of its + + align:start position:0% +a sample of its + + + align:start position:0% +a sample of its +antibody on its + + align:start position:0% +antibody on its + + + align:start position:0% +antibody on its +surface so we might think of it this + + align:start position:0% +surface so we might think of it this + + + align:start position:0% +surface so we might think of it this +sort of way that after this process is + + align:start position:0% +sort of way that after this process is + + + align:start position:0% +sort of way that after this process is +through we have um one + + align:start position:0% +through we have um one + + + align:start position:0% +through we have um one +uh B cell these are of course these are + + align:start position:0% +uh B cell these are of course these are + + + align:start position:0% +uh B cell these are of course these are +way out of proportion the cells would be + + align:start position:0% +way out of proportion the cells would be + + + align:start position:0% +way out of proportion the cells would be +huge and these would be molecules so + + align:start position:0% +huge and these would be molecules so + + + align:start position:0% +huge and these would be molecules so +they're small but here would be an + + align:start position:0% +they're small but here would be an + + + align:start position:0% +they're small but here would be an +anybody that can recognize squares let's + + align:start position:0% +anybody that can recognize squares let's + + + align:start position:0% +anybody that can recognize squares let's +say this one would have an antibody that + + align:start position:0% +say this one would have an antibody that + + + align:start position:0% +say this one would have an antibody that +could recognize triangle this one would + + align:start position:0% +could recognize triangle this one would + + + align:start position:0% +could recognize triangle this one would +have an antibody that could recognize a + + align:start position:0% +have an antibody that could recognize a + + + align:start position:0% +have an antibody that could recognize a +semicircle and so on millions and + + align:start position:0% +semicircle and so on millions and + + + align:start position:0% +semicircle and so on millions and +millions of of of different shapes and + + align:start position:0% +millions of of of different shapes and + + + align:start position:0% +millions of of of different shapes and +these cells don't divide though they've + + align:start position:0% +these cells don't divide though they've + + + align:start position:0% +these cells don't divide though they've +been made and they just sit there and + + align:start position:0% +been made and they just sit there and + + + align:start position:0% +been made and they just sit there and +then when you stimulate them with an an + + align:start position:0% +then when you stimulate them with an an + + + align:start position:0% +then when you stimulate them with an an +antigen and I Ed I used that word the + + align:start position:0% +antigen and I Ed I used that word the + + + align:start position:0% +antigen and I Ed I used that word the +other day an antigen is just anything + + align:start position:0% +other day an antigen is just anything + + + align:start position:0% +other day an antigen is just anything +that will elicit an immune response it + + align:start position:0% +that will elicit an immune response it + + + align:start position:0% +that will elicit an immune response it +could be a piece of a foreign protein a + + align:start position:0% +could be a piece of a foreign protein a + + + align:start position:0% +could be a piece of a foreign protein a +carbo hydrate uh just just about + + align:start position:0% +carbo hydrate uh just just about + + + align:start position:0% +carbo hydrate uh just just about +anything that a small molecule you've + + align:start position:0% +anything that a small molecule you've + + + align:start position:0% +anything that a small molecule you've +made in the lab but let's say we expose + + align:start position:0% +made in the lab but let's say we expose + + + align:start position:0% +made in the lab but let's say we expose +now this individual + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to run it upside down to an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +antigen which in this case can fit into + + align:start position:0% +antigen which in this case can fit into + + + align:start position:0% +antigen which in this case can fit into +that uh receptor okay what happens + + align:start position:0% +that uh receptor okay what happens + + + align:start position:0% +that uh receptor okay what happens +then this one becomes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stimulate to divide so what we have now + + align:start position:0% +stimulate to divide so what we have now + + + align:start position:0% +stimulate to divide so what we have now +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +this B cell that has this antigen stuck + + align:start position:0% +this B cell that has this antigen stuck + + + align:start position:0% +this B cell that has this antigen stuck +into its into its binding pocket on on + + align:start position:0% +into its into its binding pocket on on + + + align:start position:0% +into its into its binding pocket on on +the sample of it its antibody and then + + align:start position:0% +the sample of it its antibody and then + + + align:start position:0% +the sample of it its antibody and then +the the cells divide and they give rise + + align:start position:0% +the the cells divide and they give rise + + + align:start position:0% +the the cells divide and they give rise +to two populations + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they give + + align:start position:0% +they give + + + align:start position:0% +they give +rise to the plasma cells which are very + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +short-lived of the order of a few + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +days and what these do so they they + + align:start position:0% +days and what these do so they they + + + align:start position:0% +days and what these do so they they +would look + + align:start position:0% +would look + + + align:start position:0% +would look +like like this and what they do is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +secrete antibodies into the plasma so + + align:start position:0% +secrete antibodies into the plasma so + + + align:start position:0% +secrete antibodies into the plasma so +what you end up with then are a lot of + + align:start position:0% +what you end up with then are a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +what you end up with then are a lot of +these antibodies that have exactly the + + align:start position:0% +these antibodies that have exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +these antibodies that have exactly the +specificity that uh that the + + align:start position:0% +specificity that uh that the + + + align:start position:0% +specificity that uh that the +U original um sample had on the outside + + align:start position:0% +U original um sample had on the outside + + + align:start position:0% +U original um sample had on the outside +of that particular B cell this takes a + + align:start position:0% +of that particular B cell this takes a + + + align:start position:0% +of that particular B cell this takes a +few days so back when we were talking + + align:start position:0% +few days so back when we were talking + + + align:start position:0% +few days so back when we were talking +about the discovery of DNA I was telling + + align:start position:0% +about the discovery of DNA I was telling + + + align:start position:0% +about the discovery of DNA I was telling +you about streptococus pneumonia and you + + align:start position:0% +you about streptococus pneumonia and you + + + align:start position:0% +you about streptococus pneumonia and you +get infected by a uh uh the strepto + + align:start position:0% +get infected by a uh uh the strepto + + + align:start position:0% +get infected by a uh uh the strepto +cacus and there'd be this period of five + + align:start position:0% +cacus and there'd be this period of five + + + align:start position:0% +cacus and there'd be this period of five +or six days where uh the person was very + + align:start position:0% +or six days where uh the person was very + + + align:start position:0% +or six days where uh the person was very +sick and then either they'd survive or + + align:start position:0% +sick and then either they'd survive or + + + align:start position:0% +sick and then either they'd survive or +they didn't survive uh if they survived + + align:start position:0% +they didn't survive uh if they survived + + + align:start position:0% +they didn't survive uh if they survived +they'd been able to make to mount an + + align:start position:0% +they'd been able to make to mount an + + + align:start position:0% +they'd been able to make to mount an +immune response and make these + + align:start position:0% +immune response and make these + + + align:start position:0% +immune response and make these +antibodies before they got killed by the + + align:start position:0% +antibodies before they got killed by the + + + align:start position:0% +antibodies before they got killed by the +bacterium and the reason it takes a few + + align:start position:0% +bacterium and the reason it takes a few + + + align:start position:0% +bacterium and the reason it takes a few +days is when you start out in the limit + + align:start position:0% +days is when you start out in the limit + + + align:start position:0% +days is when you start out in the limit +there could be just one B cell that's + + align:start position:0% +there could be just one B cell that's + + + align:start position:0% +there could be just one B cell that's +able with an anybody makes an anybody + + align:start position:0% +able with an anybody makes an anybody + + + align:start position:0% +able with an anybody makes an anybody +that's capable of recognizing that + + align:start position:0% +that's capable of recognizing that + + + align:start position:0% +that's capable of recognizing that +capsule or maybe there were a few anyway + + align:start position:0% +capsule or maybe there were a few anyway + + + align:start position:0% +capsule or maybe there were a few anyway +but they were very very tiny number and + + align:start position:0% +but they were very very tiny number and + + + align:start position:0% +but they were very very tiny number and +there were probably a lot of bacteria So + + align:start position:0% +there were probably a lot of bacteria So + + + align:start position:0% +there were probably a lot of bacteria So +what had to happen then is that that + + align:start position:0% +what had to happen then is that that + + + align:start position:0% +what had to happen then is that that +original cell or small number of cells + + align:start position:0% +original cell or small number of cells + + + align:start position:0% +original cell or small number of cells +that could recognize the strepto cacus + + align:start position:0% +that could recognize the strepto cacus + + + align:start position:0% +that could recognize the strepto cacus +had to be Amplified they had to make a + + align:start position:0% +had to be Amplified they had to make a + + + align:start position:0% +had to be Amplified they had to make a +lot of plasma cells that that had the + + align:start position:0% +lot of plasma cells that that had the + + + align:start position:0% +lot of plasma cells that that had the +potential to make that antibody and then + + align:start position:0% +potential to make that antibody and then + + + align:start position:0% +potential to make that antibody and then +they had to secrete the antib body into + + align:start position:0% +they had to secrete the antib body into + + + align:start position:0% +they had to secrete the antib body into +the uh into the plasma and I'll tell you + + align:start position:0% +the uh into the plasma and I'll tell you + + + align:start position:0% +the uh into the plasma and I'll tell you +in just a minute some of the strategies + + align:start position:0% +in just a minute some of the strategies + + + align:start position:0% +in just a minute some of the strategies +how that that uses to help um kill the + + align:start position:0% +how that that uses to help um kill the + + + align:start position:0% +how that that uses to help um kill the +kill the the pathogen but the other + + align:start position:0% +kill the the pathogen but the other + + + align:start position:0% +kill the the pathogen but the other +population just before I go on there are + + align:start position:0% +population just before I go on there are + + + align:start position:0% +population just before I go on there are +are me what are called memory cells + + align:start position:0% +are me what are called memory cells + + + align:start position:0% +are me what are called memory cells +there's not as many of these made but + + align:start position:0% +there's not as many of these made but + + + align:start position:0% +there's not as many of these made but +they're very long + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lived and so uh what they have is + + align:start position:0% +lived and so uh what they have is + + + align:start position:0% +lived and so uh what they have is +exactly the same capacity to make the + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same capacity to make the + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same capacity to make the +uh to make the same capacity to make the + + align:start position:0% +uh to make the same capacity to make the + + + align:start position:0% +uh to make the same capacity to make the +same anybody but they're not actively + + align:start position:0% +same anybody but they're not actively + + + align:start position:0% +same anybody but they're not actively +dividing they'll just sit there uh float + + align:start position:0% +dividing they'll just sit there uh float + + + align:start position:0% +dividing they'll just sit there uh float +around in your in your bloodstream and + + align:start position:0% +around in your in your bloodstream and + + + align:start position:0% +around in your in your bloodstream and +then if you get a second + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exposure to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +antigen you get a very fast + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and strong response because the the + + align:start position:0% +and strong response because the the + + + align:start position:0% +and strong response because the the +selection for + + align:start position:0% +selection for + + + align:start position:0% +selection for +finding cells that have antibodies that + + align:start position:0% +finding cells that have antibodies that + + + align:start position:0% +finding cells that have antibodies that +can recognize the antigen has already + + align:start position:0% +can recognize the antigen has already + + + align:start position:0% +can recognize the antigen has already +been done and there's already a few of + + align:start position:0% +been done and there's already a few of + + + align:start position:0% +been done and there's already a few of +them around and then after you do that + + align:start position:0% +them around and then after you do that + + + align:start position:0% +them around and then after you do that +then you're able to make uh once again + + align:start position:0% +then you're able to make uh once again + + + align:start position:0% +then you're able to make uh once again +The Binding of the antigen stimulates + + align:start position:0% +The Binding of the antigen stimulates + + + align:start position:0% +The Binding of the antigen stimulates +these guys to start dividing they make a + + align:start position:0% +these guys to start dividing they make a + + + align:start position:0% +these guys to start dividing they make a +lot of plasma cells and that's the pr + + align:start position:0% +lot of plasma cells and that's the pr + + + align:start position:0% +lot of plasma cells and that's the pr +when I'm going back to the principle of + + align:start position:0% +when I'm going back to the principle of + + + align:start position:0% +when I'm going back to the principle of +vaccin that your first response is + + align:start position:0% +vaccin that your first response is + + + align:start position:0% +vaccin that your first response is +fairly modest but if you get a second + + align:start position:0% +fairly modest but if you get a second + + + align:start position:0% +fairly modest but if you get a second +response what you're doing now is you + + align:start position:0% +response what you're doing now is you + + + align:start position:0% +response what you're doing now is you +the memory cells are already there they + + align:start position:0% +the memory cells are already there they + + + align:start position:0% +the memory cells are already there they +have the specificity for recognizing the + + align:start position:0% +have the specificity for recognizing the + + + align:start position:0% +have the specificity for recognizing the +antigen in question and you can make uh + + align:start position:0% +antigen in question and you can make uh + + + align:start position:0% +antigen in question and you can make uh +a whole lot of them so if you had + + align:start position:0% +a whole lot of them so if you had + + + align:start position:0% +a whole lot of them so if you had +chickenpox and you're + + align:start position:0% +chickenpox and you're + + + align:start position:0% +chickenpox and you're +little you have memory cells that know + + align:start position:0% +little you have memory cells that know + + + align:start position:0% +little you have memory cells that know +how to recognize the chickenpox virus + + align:start position:0% +how to recognize the chickenpox virus + + + align:start position:0% +how to recognize the chickenpox virus +and then when you're your kid gets + + align:start position:0% +and then when you're your kid gets + + + align:start position:0% +and then when you're your kid gets +chickenpox like mine did I didn't get + + align:start position:0% +chickenpox like mine did I didn't get + + + align:start position:0% +chickenpox like mine did I didn't get +sick because I had memory cells that + + align:start position:0% +sick because I had memory cells that + + + align:start position:0% +sick because I had memory cells that +were able to um recognize that okay um + + align:start position:0% +were able to um recognize that okay um + + + align:start position:0% +were able to um recognize that okay um +so what + + align:start position:0% +so what + + + align:start position:0% +so what +happens uh if you get the an anybody how + + align:start position:0% +happens uh if you get the an anybody how + + + align:start position:0% +happens uh if you get the an anybody how +does it how does this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh help + + align:start position:0% +uh help + + + align:start position:0% +uh help +the the + + align:start position:0% +the the + + + align:start position:0% +the the +organism or the in our case someone like + + align:start position:0% +organism or the in our case someone like + + + align:start position:0% +organism or the in our case someone like +you or me avoid getting sick so there + + align:start position:0% +you or me avoid getting sick so there + + + align:start position:0% +you or me avoid getting sick so there +are a couple of strategies one we might + + align:start position:0% +are a couple of strategies one we might + + + align:start position:0% +are a couple of strategies one we might +think of as bind and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +block for example you your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +virus and you get covered by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +antibodies viruses it's exactly the same + + align:start position:0% +antibodies viruses it's exactly the same + + + align:start position:0% +antibodies viruses it's exactly the same +logic as a bacteria Fage except that + + align:start position:0% +logic as a bacteria Fage except that + + + align:start position:0% +logic as a bacteria Fage except that +instead of affecting a bacterial cell a + + align:start position:0% +instead of affecting a bacterial cell a + + + align:start position:0% +instead of affecting a bacterial cell a +virus would be infecting one of our + + align:start position:0% +virus would be infecting one of our + + + align:start position:0% +virus would be infecting one of our +cells and if if the virus has receptors + + align:start position:0% +cells and if if the virus has receptors + + + align:start position:0% +cells and if if the virus has receptors +or something and it has it has has to + + align:start position:0% +or something and it has it has has to + + + align:start position:0% +or something and it has it has has to +find recognize something on my cell in + + align:start position:0% +find recognize something on my cell in + + + align:start position:0% +find recognize something on my cell in +order to to attach and then inject its + + align:start position:0% +order to to attach and then inject its + + + align:start position:0% +order to to attach and then inject its +its DNA so if uh we've got an antibody + + align:start position:0% +its DNA so if uh we've got an antibody + + + align:start position:0% +its DNA so if uh we've got an antibody +sitting here then it can't find its way + + align:start position:0% +sitting here then it can't find its way + + + align:start position:0% +sitting here then it can't find its way +to the host cell that's one way and then + + align:start position:0% +to the host cell that's one way and then + + + align:start position:0% +to the host cell that's one way and then +there are a couple of other + + align:start position:0% +there are a couple of other + + + align:start position:0% +there are a couple of other +um other ways they can + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Target for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Destruction and there's there's + + align:start position:0% +Destruction and there's there's + + + align:start position:0% +Destruction and there's there's +basically two ways here something called + + align:start position:0% +basically two ways here something called + + + align:start position:0% +basically two ways here something called +the complement + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +system that if it is able to recognize + + align:start position:0% +system that if it is able to recognize + + + align:start position:0% +system that if it is able to recognize +uh say a bacterial cell and their + + align:start position:0% +uh say a bacterial cell and their + + + align:start position:0% +uh say a bacterial cell and their +antibodies are sticking to the outside + + align:start position:0% +antibodies are sticking to the outside + + + align:start position:0% +antibodies are sticking to the outside +what the complement system does is it's + + align:start position:0% +what the complement system does is it's + + + align:start position:0% +what the complement system does is it's +able to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +make little + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pores in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +membrane of the pathogen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and I think one of the things I hope you + + align:start position:0% +and I think one of the things I hope you + + + align:start position:0% +and I think one of the things I hope you +remember was that one of the secrets to + + align:start position:0% +remember was that one of the secrets to + + + align:start position:0% +remember was that one of the secrets to +life was we have to keep that membrane + + align:start position:0% +life was we have to keep that membrane + + + align:start position:0% +life was we have to keep that membrane +around there we have to keep all of our + + align:start position:0% +around there we have to keep all of our + + + align:start position:0% +around there we have to keep all of our +insides in and the rest of the world + + align:start position:0% +insides in and the rest of the world + + + align:start position:0% +insides in and the rest of the world +outside and we have hydrogen ion + + align:start position:0% +outside and we have hydrogen ion + + + align:start position:0% +outside and we have hydrogen ion +gradients across that membrane so if you + + align:start position:0% +gradients across that membrane so if you + + + align:start position:0% +gradients across that membrane so if you +want to kill a cell and you say insert a + + align:start position:0% +want to kill a cell and you say insert a + + + align:start position:0% +want to kill a cell and you say insert a +A protein that makes a little has a + + align:start position:0% +A protein that makes a little has a + + + align:start position:0% +A protein that makes a little has a +little hole in it and that thing sits in + + align:start position:0% +little hole in it and that thing sits in + + + align:start position:0% +little hole in it and that thing sits in +sticks in the membrane that cell is dead + + align:start position:0% +sticks in the membrane that cell is dead + + + align:start position:0% +sticks in the membrane that cell is dead +it can't maintain an ion gradient and + + align:start position:0% +it can't maintain an ion gradient and + + + align:start position:0% +it can't maintain an ion gradient and +things can leak out through the hole so + + align:start position:0% +things can leak out through the hole so + + + align:start position:0% +things can leak out through the hole so +that's one of the ways of killing it and + + align:start position:0% +that's one of the ways of killing it and + + + align:start position:0% +that's one of the ways of killing it and +the other ways are + + align:start position:0% +the other ways are + + + align:start position:0% +the other ways are +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +macrofagos these are a type of of white + + align:start position:0% +macrofagos these are a type of of white + + + align:start position:0% +macrofagos these are a type of of white +blood + + align:start position:0% +blood + + + align:start position:0% +blood +cell as well are very good at + + align:start position:0% +cell as well are very good at + + + align:start position:0% +cell as well are very good at +recognizing bacteria that have uh + + align:start position:0% +recognizing bacteria that have uh + + + align:start position:0% +recognizing bacteria that have uh +antibod stuck to the outside and in fact + + align:start position:0% +antibod stuck to the outside and in fact + + + align:start position:0% +antibod stuck to the outside and in fact +that was + + align:start position:0% +that was + + + align:start position:0% +that was +the the principle of that had the strep + + align:start position:0% +the the principle of that had the strep + + + align:start position:0% +the the principle of that had the strep +a caucus and we have the capsule and you + + align:start position:0% +a caucus and we have the capsule and you + + + align:start position:0% +a caucus and we have the capsule and you +may remember that little movie I showed + + align:start position:0% +may remember that little movie I showed + + + align:start position:0% +may remember that little movie I showed +of a of a white blood cell that was + + align:start position:0% +of a of a white blood cell that was + + + align:start position:0% +of a of a white blood cell that was +trying to eat it and it just couldn't + + align:start position:0% +trying to eat it and it just couldn't + + + align:start position:0% +trying to eat it and it just couldn't +get hold of the thing whereas we saw + + align:start position:0% +get hold of the thing whereas we saw + + + align:start position:0% +get hold of the thing whereas we saw +another example where a bacterium + + align:start position:0% +another example where a bacterium + + + align:start position:0% +another example where a bacterium +without a capsule there + + align:start position:0% +without a capsule there + + + align:start position:0% +without a capsule there +was sort of principle I said is that the + + align:start position:0% +was sort of principle I said is that the + + + align:start position:0% +was sort of principle I said is that the +the white blood cell is able to + + align:start position:0% +the white blood cell is able to + + + align:start position:0% +the white blood cell is able to +recognize the bacterium and then it + + align:start position:0% +recognize the bacterium and then it + + + align:start position:0% +recognize the bacterium and then it +pinches it off inside of a membrane + + align:start position:0% +pinches it off inside of a membrane + + + align:start position:0% +pinches it off inside of a membrane +bubble and I sort of said at least in + + align:start position:0% +bubble and I sort of said at least in + + + align:start position:0% +bubble and I sort of said at least in +principle then there's another little + + align:start position:0% +principle then there's another little + + + align:start position:0% +principle then there's another little +bubble with poisons and it brings it + + align:start position:0% +bubble with poisons and it brings it + + + align:start position:0% +bubble with poisons and it brings it +together so that you have the bacterium + + align:start position:0% +together so that you have the bacterium + + + align:start position:0% +together so that you have the bacterium +and the poison together inside of some + + align:start position:0% +and the poison together inside of some + + + align:start position:0% +and the poison together inside of some +intracellular compartment so the + + align:start position:0% +intracellular compartment so the + + + align:start position:0% +intracellular compartment so the +macrofagos know how to kill a bacterium + + align:start position:0% +macrofagos know how to kill a bacterium + + + align:start position:0% +macrofagos know how to kill a bacterium +if they bring it inside the problem in + + align:start position:0% +if they bring it inside the problem in + + + align:start position:0% +if they bring it inside the problem in +the case of something like strepto cacus + + align:start position:0% +the case of something like strepto cacus + + + align:start position:0% +the case of something like strepto cacus +was um was being able to recognize it + + align:start position:0% +was um was being able to recognize it + + + align:start position:0% +was um was being able to recognize it +because it couldn't get hold of that + + align:start position:0% +because it couldn't get hold of that + + + align:start position:0% +because it couldn't get hold of that +capsule so those antibodies that God + + align:start position:0% +capsule so those antibodies that God + + + align:start position:0% +capsule so those antibodies that God +made during that 5day thing decorate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the outside of the capsule because their + + align:start position:0% +the outside of the capsule because their + + + align:start position:0% +the outside of the capsule because their +specificity is to recognize the the the + + align:start position:0% +specificity is to recognize the the the + + + align:start position:0% +specificity is to recognize the the the +capsule and bind to it but a maccrage + + align:start position:0% +capsule and bind to it but a maccrage + + + align:start position:0% +capsule and bind to it but a maccrage +even if it couldn't get hold of of the + + align:start position:0% +even if it couldn't get hold of of the + + + align:start position:0% +even if it couldn't get hold of of the +bacterium uh with with the capsule is + + align:start position:0% +bacterium uh with with the capsule is + + + align:start position:0% +bacterium uh with with the capsule is +able to ingest something that has + + align:start position:0% +able to ingest something that has + + + align:start position:0% +able to ingest something that has +antibodies stuck on the outside and once + + align:start position:0% +antibodies stuck on the outside and once + + + align:start position:0% +antibodies stuck on the outside and once +it gets inside it can kill it can kill + + align:start position:0% +it gets inside it can kill it can kill + + + align:start position:0% +it gets inside it can kill it can kill +the bacterium in fact imuno ologists + + align:start position:0% +the bacterium in fact imuno ologists + + + align:start position:0% +the bacterium in fact imuno ologists +call these this process opsonization + + align:start position:0% +call these this process opsonization + + + align:start position:0% +call these this process opsonization +which is uh derived from the Greek word + + align:start position:0% +which is uh derived from the Greek word + + + align:start position:0% +which is uh derived from the Greek word +for seasoning like putting salt on your + + align:start position:0% +for seasoning like putting salt on your + + + align:start position:0% +for seasoning like putting salt on your +food and the idea was that when they + + align:start position:0% +food and the idea was that when they + + + align:start position:0% +food and the idea was that when they +were giving that word was these + + align:start position:0% +were giving that word was these + + + align:start position:0% +were giving that word was these +macrofagos which like to eat bacteria + + align:start position:0% +macrofagos which like to eat bacteria + + + align:start position:0% +macrofagos which like to eat bacteria +they have a little seasoning that they + + align:start position:0% +they have a little seasoning that they + + + align:start position:0% +they have a little seasoning that they +have these little antibodies decorating + + align:start position:0% +have these little antibodies decorating + + + align:start position:0% +have these little antibodies decorating +their their outsides so here you can see + + align:start position:0% +their their outsides so here you can see + + + align:start position:0% +their their outsides so here you can see +at least in the humoral immune response + + align:start position:0% +at least in the humoral immune response + + + align:start position:0% +at least in the humoral immune response +how you generate a whole lot of + + align:start position:0% +how you generate a whole lot of + + + align:start position:0% +how you generate a whole lot of +diversity + + align:start position:0% +diversity + + + align:start position:0% +diversity +then this principle of what's called + + align:start position:0% +then this principle of what's called + + + align:start position:0% +then this principle of what's called +clonal selection identifies a B cell + + align:start position:0% +clonal selection identifies a B cell + + + align:start position:0% +clonal selection identifies a B cell +that's able to make an antibody that can + + align:start position:0% +that's able to make an antibody that can + + + align:start position:0% +that's able to make an antibody that can +recognize the particular pathogen or + + align:start position:0% +recognize the particular pathogen or + + + align:start position:0% +recognize the particular pathogen or +molecule you're being exposed to amplify + + align:start position:0% +molecule you're being exposed to amplify + + + align:start position:0% +molecule you're being exposed to amplify +that make a lot of antibodies and then + + align:start position:0% +that make a lot of antibodies and then + + + align:start position:0% +that make a lot of antibodies and then +it can either just stick to the pathogen + + align:start position:0% +it can either just stick to the pathogen + + + align:start position:0% +it can either just stick to the pathogen +like a virus and mess it up that way or + + align:start position:0% +like a virus and mess it up that way or + + + align:start position:0% +like a virus and mess it up that way or +it can decorate it if it's something + + align:start position:0% +it can decorate it if it's something + + + align:start position:0% +it can decorate it if it's something +like a bacterium and then pull in a + + align:start position:0% +like a bacterium and then pull in a + + + align:start position:0% +like a bacterium and then pull in a +couple of other systems that are capable + + align:start position:0% +couple of other systems that are capable + + + align:start position:0% +couple of other systems that are capable +of killing the the pathogen I mean it's + + align:start position:0% +of killing the the pathogen I mean it's + + + align:start position:0% +of killing the the pathogen I mean it's +an Absol amazing system um it sounded + + align:start position:0% +an Absol amazing system um it sounded + + + align:start position:0% +an Absol amazing system um it sounded +like science fiction when I first heard + + align:start position:0% +like science fiction when I first heard + + + align:start position:0% +like science fiction when I first heard +about it and when I heard people talking + + align:start position:0% +about it and when I heard people talking + + + align:start position:0% +about it and when I heard people talking +about it everyone could see there was an + + align:start position:0% +about it everyone could see there was an + + + align:start position:0% +about it everyone could see there was an +information Theory problem how do you + + align:start position:0% +information Theory problem how do you + + + align:start position:0% +information Theory problem how do you +encode all that information with just + + align:start position:0% +encode all that information with just + + + align:start position:0% +encode all that information with just +this this amount of DNA in a cell and + + align:start position:0% +this this amount of DNA in a cell and + + + align:start position:0% +this this amount of DNA in a cell and +now we understand it and there's even + + align:start position:0% +now we understand it and there's even + + + align:start position:0% +now we understand it and there's even +another part that I'm leaving out here + + align:start position:0% +another part that I'm leaving out here + + + align:start position:0% +another part that I'm leaving out here +but once this whole thing has been + + align:start position:0% +but once this whole thing has been + + + align:start position:0% +but once this whole thing has been +selected there's another whole round of + + align:start position:0% +selected there's another whole round of + + + align:start position:0% +selected there's another whole round of +sort of refinement where the cells do + + align:start position:0% +sort of refinement where the cells do + + + align:start position:0% +sort of refinement where the cells do +kind of a very kind of localized muten + + align:start position:0% +kind of a very kind of localized muten + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a very kind of localized muten +Genesis one base pair at a time in the + + align:start position:0% +Genesis one base pair at a time in the + + + align:start position:0% +Genesis one base pair at a time in the +vicinity of this binding pocket and + + align:start position:0% +vicinity of this binding pocket and + + + align:start position:0% +vicinity of this binding pocket and +they're able to make if they given more + + align:start position:0% +they're able to make if they given more + + + align:start position:0% +they're able to make if they given more +time and more exposure to the antigen + + align:start position:0% +time and more exposure to the antigen + + + align:start position:0% +time and more exposure to the antigen +they can make a better and better + + align:start position:0% +they can make a better and better + + + align:start position:0% +they can make a better and better +binding surface to get to the you know + + align:start position:0% +binding surface to get to the you know + + + align:start position:0% +binding surface to get to the you know +begin to approach sort of the the + + align:start position:0% +begin to approach sort of the the + + + align:start position:0% +begin to approach sort of the the +theoretical maximum now this the t- cell + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh in this case um this involves the + + align:start position:0% +uh in this case um this involves the + + + align:start position:0% +uh in this case um this involves the +cytotoxic + + align:start position:0% +cytotoxic + + + align:start position:0% +cytotoxic +t- cells and they have a specific + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +recognition uh recognition + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +molecule on their + + align:start position:0% +molecule on their + + + align:start position:0% +molecule on their +surface it's called the t- + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cell + + align:start position:0% +cell + + + align:start position:0% +cell +receptor and in this case it's attached + + align:start position:0% +receptor and in this case it's attached + + + align:start position:0% +receptor and in this case it's attached +so this is the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +membrane of the t- cell and there are + + align:start position:0% +membrane of the t- cell and there are + + + align:start position:0% +membrane of the t- cell and there are +um there's a little piece that sticks + + align:start position:0% +um there's a little piece that sticks + + + align:start position:0% +um there's a little piece that sticks +this is the cytoplasm down on this side + + align:start position:0% +this is the cytoplasm down on this side + + + align:start position:0% +this is the cytoplasm down on this side +there's a little bit of the protein that + + align:start position:0% +there's a little bit of the protein that + + + align:start position:0% +there's a little bit of the protein that +goes uh into that then there's an alpha + + align:start position:0% +goes uh into that then there's an alpha + + + align:start position:0% +goes uh into that then there's an alpha +Helix that goes through and then a + + align:start position:0% +Helix that goes through and then a + + + align:start position:0% +Helix that goes through and then a +segment that comes up like this and + + align:start position:0% +segment that comes up like this and + + + align:start position:0% +segment that comes up like this and +there's another chain that does the same + + align:start position:0% +there's another chain that does the same + + + align:start position:0% +there's another chain that does the same +thing so there are two segments that + + align:start position:0% +thing so there are two segments that + + + align:start position:0% +thing so there are two segments that +span the membrane this thing is anchored + + align:start position:0% +span the membrane this thing is anchored + + + align:start position:0% +span the membrane this thing is anchored +in the membrane and then it's + + align:start position:0% +in the membrane and then it's + + + align:start position:0% +in the membrane and then it's +essentially the same + + align:start position:0% +essentially the same + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the same +Principle as with anybody's there's a + + align:start position:0% +Principle as with anybody's there's a + + + align:start position:0% +Principle as with anybody's there's a +variable + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +region and there's a constant region and + + align:start position:0% +region and there's a constant region and + + + align:start position:0% +region and there's a constant region and +to a first approximation anyway the + + align:start position:0% +to a first approximation anyway the + + + align:start position:0% +to a first approximation anyway the +logic by which the cell generates a huge + + align:start position:0% +logic by which the cell generates a huge + + + align:start position:0% +logic by which the cell generates a huge +diverse set of t- cell + + align:start position:0% +diverse set of t- cell + + + align:start position:0% +diverse set of t- cell +um uh receptors is the same logic that + + align:start position:0% +um uh receptors is the same logic that + + + align:start position:0% +um uh receptors is the same logic that +under ize the generation of a whole lot + + align:start position:0% +under ize the generation of a whole lot + + + align:start position:0% +under ize the generation of a whole lot +of different antibodies by taking + + align:start position:0% +of different antibodies by taking + + + align:start position:0% +of different antibodies by taking +segments joining them picking them + + align:start position:0% +segments joining them picking them + + + align:start position:0% +segments joining them picking them +randomly out of column a column B and + + align:start position:0% +randomly out of column a column B and + + + align:start position:0% +randomly out of column a column B and +then joining them together sloppy + + align:start position:0% +then joining them together sloppy + + + align:start position:0% +then joining them together sloppy +joining and all the other processes to + + align:start position:0% +joining and all the other processes to + + + align:start position:0% +joining and all the other processes to +increase the pool of diversity now what + + align:start position:0% +increase the pool of diversity now what + + + align:start position:0% +increase the pool of diversity now what +these uh B cells are able to do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then these tea cells are able to do is + + align:start position:0% +then these tea cells are able to do is + + + align:start position:0% +then these tea cells are able to do is +something quite remarkable + + align:start position:0% +something quite remarkable + + + align:start position:0% +something quite remarkable +though + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we have on our + + align:start position:0% +we have on our + + + align:start position:0% +we have on our +cell this is say one of my cells little + + align:start position:0% +cell this is say one of my cells little + + + align:start position:0% +cell this is say one of my cells little +sort of proteins that function + + align:start position:0% +sort of proteins that function + + + align:start position:0% +sort of proteins that function +as sort of display cases or something + + align:start position:0% +as sort of display cases or something + + + align:start position:0% +as sort of display cases or something +and what they do is they show samples of + + align:start position:0% +and what they do is they show samples of + + + align:start position:0% +and what they do is they show samples of +all of the different proteins that are + + align:start position:0% +all of the different proteins that are + + + align:start position:0% +all of the different proteins that are +inside us at any given moment there's a + + align:start position:0% +inside us at any given moment there's a + + + align:start position:0% +inside us at any given moment there's a +proteins are turned over and chopped up + + align:start position:0% +proteins are turned over and chopped up + + + align:start position:0% +proteins are turned over and chopped up +and con things are recycled and so on so + + align:start position:0% +and con things are recycled and so on so + + + align:start position:0% +and con things are recycled and so on so +there are always little peptides little + + align:start position:0% +there are always little peptides little + + + align:start position:0% +there are always little peptides little +pieces of proteins around and the + + align:start position:0% +pieces of proteins around and the + + + align:start position:0% +pieces of proteins around and the +display case if you will is called + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the it's got a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +major major histo compatibility complex + + align:start position:0% +major major histo compatibility complex + + + align:start position:0% +major major histo compatibility complex +which is usually abbreviated MHC because + + align:start position:0% +which is usually abbreviated MHC because + + + align:start position:0% +which is usually abbreviated MHC because +it's such an unwieldy name and you could + + align:start position:0% +it's such an unwieldy name and you could + + + align:start position:0% +it's such an unwieldy name and you could +and there are many many alals of of MHC + + align:start position:0% +and there are many many alals of of MHC + + + align:start position:0% +and there are many many alals of of MHC +in the population which means that we + + align:start position:0% +in the population which means that we + + + align:start position:0% +in the population which means that we +each + + align:start position:0% +each + + + align:start position:0% +each +have for the most part are sort of + + align:start position:0% +have for the most part are sort of + + + align:start position:0% +have for the most part are sort of +individually uh designed display cases + + align:start position:0% +individually uh designed display cases + + + align:start position:0% +individually uh designed display cases +for showing these peptides the property + + align:start position:0% +for showing these peptides the property + + + align:start position:0% +for showing these peptides the property +of these display cases they take some + + align:start position:0% +of these display cases they take some + + + align:start position:0% +of these display cases they take some +little piece of a protein just a few + + align:start position:0% +little piece of a protein just a few + + + align:start position:0% +little piece of a protein just a few +amino acids along it binds into the + + align:start position:0% +amino acids along it binds into the + + + align:start position:0% +amino acids along it binds into the +display case and that sticks on the + + align:start position:0% +display case and that sticks on the + + + align:start position:0% +display case and that sticks on the +outside of our system cell and so we + + align:start position:0% +outside of our system cell and so we + + + align:start position:0% +outside of our system cell and so we +have a lot of these so on the surface of + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of these so on the surface of + + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of these so on the surface of +all of our cells are these little + + align:start position:0% +all of our cells are these little + + + align:start position:0% +all of our cells are these little +individualized MHC display cases showing + + align:start position:0% +individualized MHC display cases showing + + + align:start position:0% +individualized MHC display cases showing +little samples of the peptides that are + + align:start position:0% +little samples of the peptides that are + + + align:start position:0% +little samples of the peptides that are +of the proteins from the proteins that + + align:start position:0% +of the proteins from the proteins that + + + align:start position:0% +of the proteins from the proteins that +are inside us so if everything's fine + + align:start position:0% +are inside us so if everything's fine + + + align:start position:0% +are inside us so if everything's fine +all of the peptides that are in the + + align:start position:0% +all of the peptides that are in the + + + align:start position:0% +all of the peptides that are in the +display cases are our own and I'll tell + + align:start position:0% +display cases are our own and I'll tell + + + align:start position:0% +display cases are our own and I'll tell +you in a minute why that doesn't cause a + + align:start position:0% +you in a minute why that doesn't cause a + + + align:start position:0% +you in a minute why that doesn't cause a +problem but then if you get infected by + + align:start position:0% +problem but then if you get infected by + + + align:start position:0% +problem but then if you get infected by +a virus and injects it's its um its DNA + + align:start position:0% +a virus and injects it's its um its DNA + + + align:start position:0% +a virus and injects it's its um its DNA +or its RNA inside you and then starts to + + align:start position:0% +or its RNA inside you and then starts to + + + align:start position:0% +or its RNA inside you and then starts to +replicate now you have some virus + + align:start position:0% +replicate now you have some virus + + + align:start position:0% +replicate now you have some virus +proteins that don't belong to you they + + align:start position:0% +proteins that don't belong to you they + + + align:start position:0% +proteins that don't belong to you they +get chopped into pieces and they begin + + align:start position:0% +get chopped into pieces and they begin + + + align:start position:0% +get chopped into pieces and they begin +to appear on these his major histic + + align:start position:0% +to appear on these his major histic + + + align:start position:0% +to appear on these his major histic +compatibility display cases so if we + + align:start position:0% +compatibility display cases so if we + + + align:start position:0% +compatibility display cases so if we +think here this could be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +perhaps a little + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +piece of a let's call it a self + + align:start position:0% +piece of a let's call it a self + + + align:start position:0% +piece of a let's call it a self +protein could be a little piece of my + + align:start position:0% +protein could be a little piece of my + + + align:start position:0% +protein could be a little piece of my +own DNA polymerase or something like + + align:start position:0% +own DNA polymerase or something like + + + align:start position:0% +own DNA polymerase or something like +that and over in this one let's say we + + align:start position:0% +that and over in this one let's say we + + + align:start position:0% +that and over in this one let's say we +have a little + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +piece of a viral protein so that's + + align:start position:0% +piece of a viral protein so that's + + + align:start position:0% +piece of a viral protein so that's +something that's not would not be + + align:start position:0% +something that's not would not be + + + align:start position:0% +something that's not would not be +normally there so what this t- cell + + align:start position:0% +normally there so what this t- cell + + + align:start position:0% +normally there so what this t- cell +receptor does is it + + align:start position:0% +receptor does is it + + + align:start position:0% +receptor does is it +recognizes so this is non self or + + align:start position:0% +recognizes so this is non self or + + + align:start position:0% +recognizes so this is non self or +forign what the t- cell receptor does is + + align:start position:0% +forign what the t- cell receptor does is + + + align:start position:0% +forign what the t- cell receptor does is +it recognizes these foreign peptides but + + align:start position:0% +it recognizes these foreign peptides but + + + align:start position:0% +it recognizes these foreign peptides but +it does it in the context of the display + + align:start position:0% +it does it in the context of the display + + + align:start position:0% +it does it in the context of the display +case it doesn't otherwise the peptides + + align:start position:0% +case it doesn't otherwise the peptides + + + align:start position:0% +case it doesn't otherwise the peptides +be floating around so in + + align:start position:0% +be floating around so in + + + align:start position:0% +be floating around so in +essence the t- cell + + align:start position:0% +essence the t- cell + + + align:start position:0% +essence the t- cell +receptor but this is a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cytotoxic t- cell is able to see the + + align:start position:0% +cytotoxic t- cell is able to see the + + + align:start position:0% +cytotoxic t- cell is able to see the +individual display case with the bit of + + align:start position:0% +individual display case with the bit of + + + align:start position:0% +individual display case with the bit of +viral protein in it and then it knows + + align:start position:0% +viral protein in it and then it knows + + + align:start position:0% +viral protein in it and then it knows +that it should kill that cell because + + align:start position:0% +that it should kill that cell because + + + align:start position:0% +that it should kill that cell because +it's got something in it shouldn't be + + align:start position:0% +it's got something in it shouldn't be + + + align:start position:0% +it's got something in it shouldn't be +there I mean it's a it's a brutal but + + align:start position:0% +there I mean it's a it's a brutal but + + + align:start position:0% +there I mean it's a it's a brutal but +very effective strategy if we applied it + + align:start position:0% +very effective strategy if we applied it + + + align:start position:0% +very effective strategy if we applied it +here I go around if if I found any of + + align:start position:0% +here I go around if if I found any of + + + align:start position:0% +here I go around if if I found any of +you had a cold you know I could detect I + + align:start position:0% +you had a cold you know I could detect I + + + align:start position:0% +you had a cold you know I could detect I +just take a gun and shoot you and it + + align:start position:0% +just take a gun and shoot you and it + + + align:start position:0% +just take a gun and shoot you and it +would cut down on the number of you know + + align:start position:0% +would cut down on the number of you know + + + align:start position:0% +would cut down on the number of you know +sick days for the rest of us because it + + align:start position:0% +sick days for the rest of us because it + + + align:start position:0% +sick days for the rest of us because it +wouldn't spread the infection but in + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't spread the infection but in + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't spread the infection but in +essence at a molecular level that's + + align:start position:0% +essence at a molecular level that's + + + align:start position:0% +essence at a molecular level that's +that's the strategy try to identify a + + align:start position:0% +that's the strategy try to identify a + + + align:start position:0% +that's the strategy try to identify a +protein that's got a cell that's got + + align:start position:0% +protein that's got a cell that's got + + + align:start position:0% +protein that's got a cell that's got +something inside it that shouldn't be + + align:start position:0% +something inside it that shouldn't be + + + align:start position:0% +something inside it that shouldn't be +there and then the cytotoxic tea cells + + align:start position:0% +there and then the cytotoxic tea cells + + + align:start position:0% +there and then the cytotoxic tea cells +kill that and let me just show you a + + align:start position:0% +kill that and let me just show you a + + + align:start position:0% +kill that and let me just show you a +couple of of quick movies of this just a + + align:start position:0% +couple of of quick movies of this just a + + + align:start position:0% +couple of of quick movies of this just a +at this point these will be the last + + align:start position:0% +at this point these will be the last + + + align:start position:0% +at this point these will be the last +protein structures you're going to see + + align:start position:0% +protein structures you're going to see + + + align:start position:0% +protein structures you're going to see +from me I think um here's a + + align:start position:0% +from me I think um here's a + + + align:start position:0% +from me I think um here's a +representation of that t- cell just in + + align:start position:0% +representation of that t- cell just in + + + align:start position:0% +representation of that t- cell just in +as a cartoon as you'd see it in a + + align:start position:0% +as a cartoon as you'd see it in a + + + align:start position:0% +as a cartoon as you'd see it in a +textbook here it is uh This Is The + + align:start position:0% +textbook here it is uh This Is The + + + align:start position:0% +textbook here it is uh This Is The +Binding pocket up here and there's a + + align:start position:0% +Binding pocket up here and there's a + + + align:start position:0% +Binding pocket up here and there's a +little tiny uh peptide nine amino acids + + align:start position:0% +little tiny uh peptide nine amino acids + + + align:start position:0% +little tiny uh peptide nine amino acids +from the HIV virus Bound in there + + align:start position:0% +from the HIV virus Bound in there + + + align:start position:0% +from the HIV virus Bound in there +somebody did a crystal structure and was + + align:start position:0% +somebody did a crystal structure and was + + + align:start position:0% +somebody did a crystal structure and was +able to work that out and um if you look + + align:start position:0% +able to work that out and um if you look + + + align:start position:0% +able to work that out and um if you look +at it in three dimensions you'll see how + + align:start position:0% +at it in three dimensions you'll see how + + + align:start position:0% +at it in three dimensions you'll see how +how beautifully there's this little + + align:start position:0% +how beautifully there's this little + + + align:start position:0% +how beautifully there's this little +binding pocket and the peptide lies in + + align:start position:0% +binding pocket and the peptide lies in + + + align:start position:0% +binding pocket and the peptide lies in +there and that's so that red part is the + + align:start position:0% +there and that's so that red part is the + + + align:start position:0% +there and that's so that red part is the +piece of chalk and the other part is + + align:start position:0% +piece of chalk and the other part is + + + align:start position:0% +piece of chalk and the other part is +what I'm describing as my hand it's not + + align:start position:0% +what I'm describing as my hand it's not + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm describing as my hand it's not +a bad analogy actually even on a on a + + align:start position:0% +a bad analogy actually even on a on a + + + align:start position:0% +a bad analogy actually even on a on a +structural level and then here's another + + align:start position:0% +structural level and then here's another + + + align:start position:0% +structural level and then here's another +representation here's this is sort of + + align:start position:0% +representation here's this is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +representation here's this is sort of +showing the hand with the piece of + + align:start position:0% +showing the hand with the piece of + + + align:start position:0% +showing the hand with the piece of +peptide in it and then the t- cell is + + align:start position:0% +peptide in it and then the t- cell is + + + align:start position:0% +peptide in it and then the t- cell is +able to see this whole thing and + + align:start position:0% +able to see this whole thing and + + + align:start position:0% +able to see this whole thing and +recognizing it recognize it and if you + + align:start position:0% +recognizing it recognize it and if you + + + align:start position:0% +recognizing it recognize it and if you +look at it and in a structural form + + align:start position:0% +look at it and in a structural form + + + align:start position:0% +look at it and in a structural form +here's the here's the uh little peptide + + align:start position:0% +here's the here's the uh little peptide + + + align:start position:0% +here's the here's the uh little peptide +this is the part the display case you're + + align:start position:0% +this is the part the display case you're + + + align:start position:0% +this is the part the display case you're +just looking at and here is the t- cell + + align:start position:0% +just looking at and here is the t- cell + + + align:start position:0% +just looking at and here is the t- cell +receptor now fitting down and seeing the + + align:start position:0% +receptor now fitting down and seeing the + + + align:start position:0% +receptor now fitting down and seeing the +peptide in the context of this major + + align:start position:0% +peptide in the context of this major + + + align:start position:0% +peptide in the context of this major +histo compatibility antigen and again + + align:start position:0% +histo compatibility antigen and again + + + align:start position:0% +histo compatibility antigen and again +these things are all beautifully + + align:start position:0% +these things are all beautifully + + + align:start position:0% +these things are all beautifully +complimentary at the three-dimensional + + align:start position:0% +complimentary at the three-dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +complimentary at the three-dimensional +level again at the heart of this is this + + align:start position:0% +level again at the heart of this is this + + + align:start position:0% +level again at the heart of this is this +principle of complimentary surfaces uh + + align:start position:0% +principle of complimentary surfaces uh + + + align:start position:0% +principle of complimentary surfaces uh +fitting together that's that underlies + + align:start position:0% +fitting together that's that underlies + + + align:start position:0% +fitting together that's that underlies +so much + + align:start position:0% +so much + + + align:start position:0% +so much +biology what's this this is a tumor cell + + align:start position:0% +biology what's this this is a tumor cell + + + align:start position:0% +biology what's this this is a tumor cell +and these are cytotoxic tea cells that + + align:start position:0% +and these are cytotoxic tea cells that + + + align:start position:0% +and these are cytotoxic tea cells that +have recognized that this tumor cell is + + align:start position:0% +have recognized that this tumor cell is + + + align:start position:0% +have recognized that this tumor cell is +doing something that it shouldn't that a + + align:start position:0% +doing something that it shouldn't that a + + + align:start position:0% +doing something that it shouldn't that a +normal cell wouldn't do and it's + + align:start position:0% +normal cell wouldn't do and it's + + + align:start position:0% +normal cell wouldn't do and it's +attacking it and it's killing them so + + align:start position:0% +attacking it and it's killing them so + + + align:start position:0% +attacking it and it's killing them so +not only do these uh this this cellular + + align:start position:0% +not only do these uh this this cellular + + + align:start position:0% +not only do these uh this this cellular +immune response help us with against + + align:start position:0% +immune response help us with against + + + align:start position:0% +immune response help us with against +things like infections from virus and + + align:start position:0% +things like infections from virus and + + + align:start position:0% +things like infections from virus and +and um and bacteria it also will help + + align:start position:0% +and um and bacteria it also will help + + + align:start position:0% +and um and bacteria it also will help +prevent cancer so there's obviously + + align:start position:0% +prevent cancer so there's obviously + + + align:start position:0% +prevent cancer so there's obviously +there must be some trick here to when we + + align:start position:0% +there must be some trick here to when we + + + align:start position:0% +there must be some trick here to when we +why we don't see our our own peptides + + align:start position:0% +why we don't see our our own peptides + + + align:start position:0% +why we don't see our our own peptides +and this is the self versus nonself and + + align:start position:0% +and this is the self versus nonself and + + + align:start position:0% +and this is the self versus nonself and +it's a relatively simple + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +principle + + align:start position:0% +principle + + + align:start position:0% +principle +so distinguishing self + + align:start position:0% +so distinguishing self + + + align:start position:0% +so distinguishing self +versus + + align:start position:0% +versus + + + align:start position:0% +versus +nonself is a problem throughout this + + align:start position:0% +nonself is a problem throughout this + + + align:start position:0% +nonself is a problem throughout this +whole part of the immune system and and + + align:start position:0% +whole part of the immune system and and + + + align:start position:0% +whole part of the immune system and and +here's the principle in during + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +embryogenesis the the the cell + + align:start position:0% +embryogenesis the the the cell + + + align:start position:0% +embryogenesis the the the cell +makes or the organism I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +guess makes the Assumption I mean + + align:start position:0% +guess makes the Assumption I mean + + + align:start position:0% +guess makes the Assumption I mean +obviously not just not thinking about it + + align:start position:0% +obviously not just not thinking about it + + + align:start position:0% +obviously not just not thinking about it +this is a way of understanding what's + + align:start position:0% +this is a way of understanding what's + + + align:start position:0% +this is a way of understanding what's +happening makes the + + align:start position:0% +happening makes the + + + align:start position:0% +happening makes the +assumption that no + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pathogens are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +present any b or T + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cell + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +recognizing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +something must be + + align:start position:0% +something must be + + + align:start position:0% +something must be +recognizing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +itself and so it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +deletes those B and T + + align:start position:0% +deletes those B and T + + + align:start position:0% +deletes those B and T +cells this process is given a name it's + + align:start position:0% +cells this process is given a name it's + + + align:start position:0% +cells this process is given a name it's +called + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +education and it + + align:start position:0% +education and it + + + align:start position:0% +education and it +happens in this organ called the thymus + + align:start position:0% +happens in this organ called the thymus + + + align:start position:0% +happens in this organ called the thymus +so and then after + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +birth then it switches and now B and T + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cells if they recognize + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +something the body makes the Assumption + + align:start position:0% +something the body makes the Assumption + + + align:start position:0% +something the body makes the Assumption +it must be a pathogen and it goes after + + align:start position:0% +it must be a pathogen and it goes after + + + align:start position:0% +it must be a pathogen and it goes after +it we have a few disease human diseases + + align:start position:0% +it we have a few disease human diseases + + + align:start position:0% +it we have a few disease human diseases +that where that goes arai uh rheumatoid + + align:start position:0% +that where that goes arai uh rheumatoid + + + align:start position:0% +that where that goes arai uh rheumatoid +arthritis or multiple sclerosis are + + align:start position:0% +arthritis or multiple sclerosis are + + + align:start position:0% +arthritis or multiple sclerosis are +cases where the self versus non-self + + align:start position:0% +cases where the self versus non-self + + + align:start position:0% +cases where the self versus non-self +recognition has broken down case of for + + align:start position:0% +recognition has broken down case of for + + + align:start position:0% +recognition has broken down case of for +example multiple sclerosis a very + + align:start position:0% +example multiple sclerosis a very + + + align:start position:0% +example multiple sclerosis a very +difficult disease because there's a + + align:start position:0% +difficult disease because there's a + + + align:start position:0% +difficult disease because there's a +gradual deterioration of the of the uh + + align:start position:0% +gradual deterioration of the of the uh + + + align:start position:0% +gradual deterioration of the of the uh +nervous system and what happens is your + + align:start position:0% +nervous system and what happens is your + + + align:start position:0% +nervous system and what happens is your +body of the person with that mounts an + + align:start position:0% +body of the person with that mounts an + + + align:start position:0% +body of the person with that mounts an +immune response against the the sheath + + align:start position:0% +immune response against the the sheath + + + align:start position:0% +immune response against the the sheath +that covers the nerves and then that + + align:start position:0% +that covers the nerves and then that + + + align:start position:0% +that covers the nerves and then that +sheath gets destroyed and then the + + align:start position:0% +sheath gets destroyed and then the + + + align:start position:0% +sheath gets destroyed and then the +nervous system somebody with multiple + + align:start position:0% +nervous system somebody with multiple + + + align:start position:0% +nervous system somebody with multiple +sclerosis starts to to break down and so + + align:start position:0% +sclerosis starts to to break down and so + + + align:start position:0% +sclerosis starts to to break down and so +if you if you lose this self for itself + + align:start position:0% +if you if you lose this self for itself + + + align:start position:0% +if you if you lose this self for itself +you get what's called an autoimmune + + align:start position:0% +you get what's called an autoimmune + + + align:start position:0% +you get what's called an autoimmune +disease you may have may have heard that + + align:start position:0% +disease you may have may have heard that + + + align:start position:0% +disease you may have may have heard that +that phrase is very very important + + align:start position:0% +that phrase is very very important + + + align:start position:0% +that phrase is very very important +it's a very tough thing if you have one + + align:start position:0% +it's a very tough thing if you have one + + + align:start position:0% +it's a very tough thing if you have one +of these things but that's what lies at + + align:start position:0% +of these things but that's what lies at + + + align:start position:0% +of these things but that's what lies at +the heart of it and people still don't + + align:start position:0% +the heart of it and people still don't + + + align:start position:0% +the heart of it and people still don't +know but there's certainly some evidence + + align:start position:0% +know but there's certainly some evidence + + + align:start position:0% +know but there's certainly some evidence +there some of these they're triggered by + + align:start position:0% +there some of these they're triggered by + + + align:start position:0% +there some of these they're triggered by +a bacterial infection so it could be + + align:start position:0% +a bacterial infection so it could be + + + align:start position:0% +a bacterial infection so it could be +that perhaps maybe a bacterial protein + + align:start position:0% +that perhaps maybe a bacterial protein + + + align:start position:0% +that perhaps maybe a bacterial protein +looked close enough to one of your own + + align:start position:0% +looked close enough to one of your own + + + align:start position:0% +looked close enough to one of your own +proteins that somehow you got antibodies + + align:start position:0% +proteins that somehow you got antibodies + + + align:start position:0% +proteins that somehow you got antibodies +against the bacterium and then it turned + + align:start position:0% +against the bacterium and then it turned + + + align:start position:0% +against the bacterium and then it turned +out it could also recognize something in + + align:start position:0% +out it could also recognize something in + + + align:start position:0% +out it could also recognize something in +your body there are some other immune + + align:start position:0% +your body there are some other immune + + + align:start position:0% +your body there are some other immune +diseases you probably heard of the the + + align:start position:0% +diseases you probably heard of the the + + + align:start position:0% +diseases you probably heard of the the +baby in a bubble kind of thing there's + + align:start position:0% +baby in a bubble kind of thing there's + + + align:start position:0% +baby in a bubble kind of thing there's +there are a few uh people who are born + + align:start position:0% +there are a few uh people who are born + + + align:start position:0% +there are a few uh people who are born +who have no immune response at all + + align:start position:0% +who have no immune response at all + + + align:start position:0% +who have no immune response at all +because one of the basic pieces for + + align:start position:0% +because one of the basic pieces for + + + align:start position:0% +because one of the basic pieces for +doing that those DNA gymnastics that I + + align:start position:0% +doing that those DNA gymnastics that I + + + align:start position:0% +doing that those DNA gymnastics that I +talked about isn't there those people + + align:start position:0% +talked about isn't there those people + + + align:start position:0% +talked about isn't there those people +have no B cells or t- cells and they die + + align:start position:0% +have no B cells or t- cells and they die + + + align:start position:0% +have no B cells or t- cells and they die +unless they're um absolutely shielded + + align:start position:0% +unless they're um absolutely shielded + + + align:start position:0% +unless they're um absolutely shielded +from everything else and that's one of + + align:start position:0% +from everything else and that's one of + + + align:start position:0% +from everything else and that's one of +those cases where you know gene therapy + + align:start position:0% +those cases where you know gene therapy + + + align:start position:0% +those cases where you know gene therapy +if you could get that Gene into that + + align:start position:0% +if you could get that Gene into that + + + align:start position:0% +if you could get that Gene into that +person then they they'd have an immune + + align:start position:0% +person then they they'd have an immune + + + align:start position:0% +person then they they'd have an immune +system and they could live there are + + align:start position:0% +system and they could live there are + + + align:start position:0% +system and they could live there are +other kinds of immune deficiencies that + + align:start position:0% +other kinds of immune deficiencies that + + + align:start position:0% +other kinds of immune deficiencies that +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +less extreme but nevertheless people + + align:start position:0% +less extreme but nevertheless people + + + align:start position:0% +less extreme but nevertheless people +will be susceptible to infection the + + align:start position:0% +will be susceptible to infection the + + + align:start position:0% +will be susceptible to infection the +other one which I've already talked + + align:start position:0% +other one which I've already talked + + + align:start position:0% +other one which I've already talked +about but now you can see in another + + align:start position:0% +about but now you can see in another + + + align:start position:0% +about but now you can see in another +context is + + align:start position:0% +context is + + + align:start position:0% +context is +AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome + + align:start position:0% +AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome + + + align:start position:0% +AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome +and I told you how what the AIDS virus + + align:start position:0% +and I told you how what the AIDS virus + + + align:start position:0% +and I told you how what the AIDS virus +does is it injects its RNA that makes a + + align:start position:0% +does is it injects its RNA that makes a + + + align:start position:0% +does is it injects its RNA that makes a +DNA copy it goes into your protein the + + align:start position:0% +DNA copy it goes into your protein the + + + align:start position:0% +DNA copy it goes into your protein the +cells that it affects or a special type + + align:start position:0% +cells that it affects or a special type + + + align:start position:0% +cells that it affects or a special type +of tea cell called tea helper cells the + + align:start position:0% +of tea cell called tea helper cells the + + + align:start position:0% +of tea cell called tea helper cells the +what they are doesn't matter so much but + + align:start position:0% +what they are doesn't matter so much but + + + align:start position:0% +what they are doesn't matter so much but +what's important to know is they're + + align:start position:0% +what's important to know is they're + + + align:start position:0% +what's important to know is they're +needed for both branches of the immune + + align:start position:0% +needed for both branches of the immune + + + align:start position:0% +needed for both branches of the immune +system they they play roles in in the + + align:start position:0% +system they they play roles in in the + + + align:start position:0% +system they they play roles in in the +humoral response and the cellular + + align:start position:0% +humoral response and the cellular + + + align:start position:0% +humoral response and the cellular +response so someone who who gets + + align:start position:0% +response so someone who who gets + + + align:start position:0% +response so someone who who gets +infected with HIV what happens is the + + align:start position:0% +infected with HIV what happens is the + + + align:start position:0% +infected with HIV what happens is the +virus is replicating in these helper tea + + align:start position:0% +virus is replicating in these helper tea + + + align:start position:0% +virus is replicating in these helper tea +cells and so their immune system is just + + align:start position:0% +cells and so their immune system is just + + + align:start position:0% +cells and so their immune system is just +slowly slowly being knocked away the + + align:start position:0% +slowly slowly being knocked away the + + + align:start position:0% +slowly slowly being knocked away the +last thing which I won't have time to + + align:start position:0% +last thing which I won't have time to + + + align:start position:0% +last thing which I won't have time to +talk about if you have an allergy that's + + align:start position:0% +talk about if you have an allergy that's + + + align:start position:0% +talk about if you have an allergy that's +an overreaction of immune system so um I + + align:start position:0% +an overreaction of immune system so um I + + + align:start position:0% +an overreaction of immune system so um I +have to this is my last lecture I got to + + align:start position:0% +have to this is my last lecture I got to + + + align:start position:0% +have to this is my last lecture I got to +let you guys go uh it's been a true + + align:start position:0% +let you guys go uh it's been a true + + + align:start position:0% +let you guys go uh it's been a true +pleasure to talk to uh talk to you real + + align:start position:0% +pleasure to talk to uh talk to you real + + + align:start position:0% +pleasure to talk to uh talk to you real +honor to meet many of you and I many of + + align:start position:0% +honor to meet many of you and I many of + + + align:start position:0% +honor to meet many of you and I many of +you put a lot of effort into those + + align:start position:0% +you put a lot of effort into those + + + align:start position:0% +you put a lot of effort into those +little answers I really really + + align:start position:0% +little answers I really really + + + align:start position:0% +little answers I really really +appreciate that for those of you who'd + + align:start position:0% +appreciate that for those of you who'd + + + align:start position:0% +appreciate that for those of you who'd +rather not be here I hope that somewhere + + align:start position:0% +rather not be here I hope that somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +rather not be here I hope that somewhere +down the line when you're confronted + + align:start position:0% +down the line when you're confronted + + + align:start position:0% +down the line when you're confronted +with a medical situation dealing with + + align:start position:0% +with a medical situation dealing with + + + align:start position:0% +with a medical situation dealing with +your parents your child yourself + + align:start position:0% +your parents your child yourself + + + align:start position:0% +your parents your child yourself +whatever it is that some of this stuff + + align:start position:0% +whatever it is that some of this stuff + + + align:start position:0% +whatever it is that some of this stuff +that you've heard will reemerge to be to + + align:start position:0% +that you've heard will reemerge to be to + + + align:start position:0% +that you've heard will reemerge to be to +help you uh with those decisions and I + + align:start position:0% +help you uh with those decisions and I + + + align:start position:0% +help you uh with those decisions and I +wish you the best of luck with with the + + align:start position:0% +wish you the best of luck with with the + + + align:start position:0% +wish you the best of luck with with the +rest of the course and with uh your rest + + align:start position:0% +rest of the course and with uh your rest + + + align:start position:0% +rest of the course and with uh your rest +of your careers at MIT and Beyond thanks + + align:start position:0% +of your careers at MIT and Beyond thanks + + + align:start position:0% +of your careers at MIT and Beyond thanks +very + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +much and as I as I leave to I I've had + + align:start position:0% +much and as I as I leave to I I've had + + + align:start position:0% +much and as I as I leave to I I've had +the pleasure of having just an + + align:start position:0% +the pleasure of having just an + + + align:start position:0% +the pleasure of having just an +incredible teaching staff I don't think + + align:start position:0% +incredible teaching staff I don't think + + + align:start position:0% +incredible teaching staff I don't think +you guys know how hard they work behind + + align:start position:0% +you guys know how hard they work behind + + + align:start position:0% +you guys know how hard they work behind +the scenes but thanks to all of you for + + align:start position:0% +the scenes but thanks to all of you for + + + align:start position:0% +the scenes but thanks to all of you for +for being with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +me \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/YVQdVzSkcmQ.txt b/YVQdVzSkcmQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5b18910df249faedf58cfb1b202fea636e7922ef --- /dev/null +++ b/YVQdVzSkcmQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3467 @@ +align:start position:0% + +we asked about averages all the time and + + align:start position:0% +we asked about averages all the time and + + + align:start position:0% +we asked about averages all the time and +in the context of random variables + + align:start position:0% +in the context of random variables + + + align:start position:0% +in the context of random variables +averages get abstracted into a lovely + + align:start position:0% +averages get abstracted into a lovely + + + align:start position:0% +averages get abstracted into a lovely +concept called the expectation of the + + align:start position:0% +concept called the expectation of the + + + align:start position:0% +concept called the expectation of the +Wren variable let's begin with a + + align:start position:0% +Wren variable let's begin with a + + + align:start position:0% +Wren variable let's begin with a +motivating example which as is often the + + align:start position:0% +motivating example which as is often the + + + align:start position:0% +motivating example which as is often the +case will come from gambling so there's + + align:start position:0% +case will come from gambling so there's + + + align:start position:0% +case will come from gambling so there's +a game that's actually played in casinos + + align:start position:0% +a game that's actually played in casinos + + + align:start position:0% +a game that's actually played in casinos +called carnival dice where you have + + align:start position:0% +called carnival dice where you have + + + align:start position:0% +called carnival dice where you have +three dice and you're the way you play + + align:start position:0% +three dice and you're the way you play + + + align:start position:0% +three dice and you're the way you play +is you pick your favorite number from + + align:start position:0% +is you pick your favorite number from + + + align:start position:0% +is you pick your favorite number from +one to six whenever it happens to be and + + align:start position:0% +one to six whenever it happens to be and + + + align:start position:0% +one to six whenever it happens to be and +then you roll the three dice the dice + + align:start position:0% +then you roll the three dice the dice + + + align:start position:0% +then you roll the three dice the dice +are soon to be fair so each one of them + + align:start position:0% +are soon to be fair so each one of them + + + align:start position:0% +are soon to be fair so each one of them +has a one in six chance of coming up + + align:start position:0% +has a one in six chance of coming up + + + align:start position:0% +has a one in six chance of coming up +with any given number and then the + + align:start position:0% +with any given number and then the + + + align:start position:0% +with any given number and then the +payoff goes as follows for every match + + align:start position:0% +payoff goes as follows for every match + + + align:start position:0% +payoff goes as follows for every match +of your favorite number you get $1 and + + align:start position:0% +of your favorite number you get $1 and + + + align:start position:0% +of your favorite number you get $1 and +if none of your favorite no if none of + + align:start position:0% +if none of your favorite no if none of + + + align:start position:0% +if none of your favorite no if none of +the die show your favorite number then + + align:start position:0% +the die show your favorite number then + + + align:start position:0% +the die show your favorite number then +you lose $1 okay let's do an example + + align:start position:0% +you lose $1 okay let's do an example + + + align:start position:0% +you lose $1 okay let's do an example +suppose your favorite number was five + + align:start position:0% +suppose your favorite number was five + + + align:start position:0% +suppose your favorite number was five +you announced that to the to the house + + align:start position:0% +you announced that to the to the house + + + align:start position:0% +you announced that to the to the house +of the dealer and then the die start + + align:start position:0% +of the dealer and then the die start + + + align:start position:0% +of the dealer and then the die start +rolling now if your roll happened to + + align:start position:0% +rolling now if your roll happened to + + + align:start position:0% +rolling now if your roll happened to +come up with the numbers two three and + + align:start position:0% +come up with the numbers two three and + + + align:start position:0% +come up with the numbers two three and +four while there's no fives there so + + align:start position:0% +four while there's no fives there so + + + align:start position:0% +four while there's no fives there so +you've lost $1 on the other hand if your + + align:start position:0% +you've lost $1 on the other hand if your + + + align:start position:0% +you've lost $1 on the other hand if your +rolls came out five four six there's one + + align:start position:0% +rolls came out five four six there's one + + + align:start position:0% +rolls came out five four six there's one +five you've won $1 if it came out five + + align:start position:0% +five you've won $1 if it came out five + + + align:start position:0% +five you've won $1 if it came out five +four five there's two fives you've won + + align:start position:0% +four five there's two fives you've won + + + align:start position:0% +four five there's two fives you've won +$1 and if was all five you've actually + + align:start position:0% +$1 and if was all five you've actually + + + align:start position:0% +$1 and if was all five you've actually +won $3 now real carnival vices often + + align:start position:0% +won $3 now real carnival vices often + + + align:start position:0% +won $3 now real carnival vices often +played where either win or lose a dollar + + align:start position:0% +played where either win or lose a dollar + + + align:start position:0% +played where either win or lose a dollar +depending on whether there's any match + + align:start position:0% +depending on whether there's any match + + + align:start position:0% +depending on whether there's any match +at all but we're playing a more generous + + align:start position:0% +at all but we're playing a more generous + + + align:start position:0% +at all but we're playing a more generous +game where if you double match you get + + align:start position:0% +game where if you double match you get + + + align:start position:0% +game where if you double match you get +$2 if you triple match you get $3 so the + + align:start position:0% +$2 if you triple match you get $3 so the + + + align:start position:0% +$2 if you triple match you get $3 so the +basic question about this is is this a + + align:start position:0% +basic question about this is is this a + + + align:start position:0% +basic question about this is is this a +fair game is this worth playing and how + + align:start position:0% +fair game is this worth playing and how + + + align:start position:0% +fair game is this worth playing and how +can we think about that well we're going + + align:start position:0% +can we think about that well we're going + + + align:start position:0% +can we think about that well we're going +to think about it probabilistically so + + align:start position:0% +to think about it probabilistically so + + + align:start position:0% +to think about it probabilistically so +let's think about the probability of + + align:start position:0% +let's think about the probability of + + + align:start position:0% +let's think about the probability of +rolling no fives if five is my favorite + + align:start position:0% +rolling no fives if five is my favorite + + + align:start position:0% +rolling no fives if five is my favorite +number what's the probability that I + + align:start position:0% +number what's the probability that I + + + align:start position:0% +number what's the probability that I +roll none of them well there's a five + + align:start position:0% +roll none of them well there's a five + + + align:start position:0% +roll none of them well there's a five +out of six chance that I don't roll a + + align:start position:0% +out of six chance that I don't roll a + + + align:start position:0% +out of six chance that I don't roll a +five on the first die and on the second + + align:start position:0% +five on the first die and on the second + + + align:start position:0% +five on the first die and on the second +day and on the third die and since the + + align:start position:0% +day and on the third die and since the + + + align:start position:0% +day and on the third die and since the +die rolls are assumed to be independent + + align:start position:0% +die rolls are assumed to be independent + + + align:start position:0% +die rolls are assumed to be independent +that dies are independent the + + align:start position:0% +that dies are independent the + + + align:start position:0% +that dies are independent the +probability of no fives is five six to + + align:start position:0% +probability of no fives is five six to + + + align:start position:0% +probability of no fives is five six to +the third which comes out to be 125 two + + align:start position:0% +the third which comes out to be 125 two + + + align:start position:0% +the third which comes out to be 125 two +hundred and sixteenths I'm writing this + + align:start position:0% +hundred and sixteenths I'm writing this + + + align:start position:0% +hundred and sixteenths I'm writing this +out because we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +out because we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +out because we're gonna +all the numbers over 216 to make them + + align:start position:0% +all the numbers over 216 to make them + + + align:start position:0% +all the numbers over 216 to make them +easier to compare ok what's the + + align:start position:0% +easier to compare ok what's the + + + align:start position:0% +easier to compare ok what's the +probability of 1/5 + + align:start position:0% +probability of 1/5 + + + align:start position:0% +probability of 1/5 +well the probability of any single + + align:start position:0% +well the probability of any single + + + align:start position:0% +well the probability of any single +sequence of die rolls with a single 5 is + + align:start position:0% +sequence of die rolls with a single 5 is + + + align:start position:0% +sequence of die rolls with a single 5 is +5/6 of no 5 times 5/6 of no 5 times 1/6 + + align:start position:0% +5/6 of no 5 times 5/6 of no 5 times 1/6 + + + align:start position:0% +5/6 of no 5 times 5/6 of no 5 times 1/6 +of 1/5 and there are 3 choose 1 possible + + align:start position:0% +of 1/5 and there are 3 choose 1 possible + + + align:start position:0% +of 1/5 and there are 3 choose 1 possible +sequences of dice rolls with 1 5 and the + + align:start position:0% +sequences of dice rolls with 1 5 and the + + + align:start position:0% +sequences of dice rolls with 1 5 and the +others non 5s + + align:start position:0% +others non 5s + + + align:start position:0% +others non 5s +likewise for two 5s there's 3 choose 2 + + align:start position:0% +likewise for two 5s there's 3 choose 2 + + + align:start position:0% +likewise for two 5s there's 3 choose 2 +times 5 6 2 the one on which is one way + + align:start position:0% +times 5 6 2 the one on which is one way + + + align:start position:0% +times 5 6 2 the one on which is one way +of choosing the place that does not have + + align:start position:0% +of choosing the place that does not have + + + align:start position:0% +of choosing the place that does not have +a 5 and 1/6 times 1/6 which is the + + align:start position:0% +a 5 and 1/6 times 1/6 which is the + + + align:start position:0% +a 5 and 1/6 times 1/6 which is the +probability of getting fives in the + + align:start position:0% +probability of getting fives in the + + + align:start position:0% +probability of getting fives in the +other places I didn't say that well but + + align:start position:0% +other places I didn't say that well but + + + align:start position:0% +other places I didn't say that well but +you can get it straight okay the + + align:start position:0% +you can get it straight okay the + + + align:start position:0% +you can get it straight okay the +probability of three fives is the + + align:start position:0% +probability of three fives is the + + + align:start position:0% +probability of three fives is the +probability of 1/6 of getting a 5 on the + + align:start position:0% +probability of 1/6 of getting a 5 on the + + + align:start position:0% +probability of 1/6 of getting a 5 on the +first die 1/6 of getting a 5 on the + + align:start position:0% +first die 1/6 of getting a 5 on the + + + align:start position:0% +first die 1/6 of getting a 5 on the +second die 1/6 of getting a 5 on the + + align:start position:0% +second die 1/6 of getting a 5 on the + + + align:start position:0% +second die 1/6 of getting a 5 on the +third die simply 1 6 cubed ok so we can + + align:start position:0% +third die simply 1 6 cubed ok so we can + + + align:start position:0% +third die simply 1 6 cubed ok so we can +easily calculate these probabilities + + align:start position:0% +easily calculate these probabilities + + + align:start position:0% +easily calculate these probabilities +this is a familiar exercise let's put + + align:start position:0% +this is a familiar exercise let's put + + + align:start position:0% +this is a familiar exercise let's put +them in a chart so what we figured out + + align:start position:0% +them in a chart so what we figured out + + + align:start position:0% +them in a chart so what we figured out +is that 0 matches has a probability of + + align:start position:0% +is that 0 matches has a probability of + + + align:start position:0% +is that 0 matches has a probability of +125 over 216 and in that case I lose a + + align:start position:0% +125 over 216 and in that case I lose a + + + align:start position:0% +125 over 216 and in that case I lose a +buckle one match turns out to have a + + align:start position:0% +buckle one match turns out to have a + + + align:start position:0% +buckle one match turns out to have a +probability of 75 out of 216 and I win + + align:start position:0% +probability of 75 out of 216 and I win + + + align:start position:0% +probability of 75 out of 216 and I win +$1 two matches is 15 out of 216 I win $2 + + align:start position:0% +$1 two matches is 15 out of 216 I win $2 + + + align:start position:0% +$1 two matches is 15 out of 216 I win $2 +and three matches there's one chance in + + align:start position:0% +and three matches there's one chance in + + + align:start position:0% +and three matches there's one chance in +216 that I win the $3 ok so now I can + + align:start position:0% +216 that I win the $3 ok so now I can + + + align:start position:0% +216 that I win the $3 ok so now I can +ask about um what do I expect to win + + align:start position:0% +ask about um what do I expect to win + + + align:start position:0% +ask about um what do I expect to win +suppose I play 216 games and the games + + align:start position:0% +suppose I play 216 games and the games + + + align:start position:0% +suppose I play 216 games and the games +split exactly according to these + + align:start position:0% +split exactly according to these + + + align:start position:0% +split exactly according to these +probabilities then what I would expect + + align:start position:0% +probabilities then what I would expect + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities then what I would expect +is that I would wind up with 0 matches + + align:start position:0% +is that I would wind up with 0 matches + + + align:start position:0% +is that I would wind up with 0 matches +about a hundred and twenty-five times + + align:start position:0% +about a hundred and twenty-five times + + + align:start position:0% +about a hundred and twenty-five times +that was the probability of there being + + align:start position:0% +that was the probability of there being + + + align:start position:0% +that was the probability of there being +no matches there was 125 216 so if I + + align:start position:0% +no matches there was 125 216 so if I + + + align:start position:0% +no matches there was 125 216 so if I +play 216 games I expect about 125 we're + + align:start position:0% +play 216 games I expect about 125 we're + + + align:start position:0% +play 216 games I expect about 125 we're +gonna I'm gonna win nothing or I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +gonna I'm gonna win nothing or I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +gonna I'm gonna win nothing or I'm gonna +get no matches which actually means I'll + + align:start position:0% +get no matches which actually means I'll + + + align:start position:0% +get no matches which actually means I'll +lose $1 on each one match I expect about + + align:start position:0% +lose $1 on each one match I expect about + + + align:start position:0% +lose $1 on each one match I expect about +75 times two matches 15 times 3 matches + + align:start position:0% +75 times two matches 15 times 3 matches + + + align:start position:0% +75 times two matches 15 times 3 matches +once + + align:start position:0% +once + + + align:start position:0% +once +so my average when is gonna be a hundred + + align:start position:0% +so my average when is gonna be a hundred + + + align:start position:0% +so my average when is gonna be a hundred +and twenty-five times - 175 times 115 + + align:start position:0% +and twenty-five times - 175 times 115 + + + align:start position:0% +and twenty-five times - 175 times 115 +times 2 plus 1 times 3 divided by 216 so + + align:start position:0% +times 2 plus 1 times 3 divided by 216 so + + + align:start position:0% +times 2 plus 1 times 3 divided by 216 so +these numbers on the top were have the + + align:start position:0% +these numbers on the top were have the + + + align:start position:0% +these numbers on the top were have the +616 roll split among my choices of + + align:start position:0% +616 roll split among my choices of + + + align:start position:0% +616 roll split among my choices of +losing a dollar winning a dollar winning + + align:start position:0% +losing a dollar winning a dollar winning + + + align:start position:0% +losing a dollar winning a dollar winning +two dollars in winning three dollars and + + align:start position:0% +two dollars in winning three dollars and + + + align:start position:0% +two dollars in winning three dollars and +it comes out to be slightly negative + + align:start position:0% +it comes out to be slightly negative + + + align:start position:0% +it comes out to be slightly negative +it's actually minus eight cents minus + + align:start position:0% +it's actually minus eight cents minus + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually minus eight cents minus +217 216 of a dollar which is about minus + + align:start position:0% +217 216 of a dollar which is about minus + + + align:start position:0% +217 216 of a dollar which is about minus +eight cents so I'm losing on the average + + align:start position:0% +eight cents so I'm losing on the average + + + align:start position:0% +eight cents so I'm losing on the average +eight cents per roll this is not a fair + + align:start position:0% +eight cents per roll this is not a fair + + + align:start position:0% +eight cents per roll this is not a fair +game it's really biased against me and + + align:start position:0% +game it's really biased against me and + + + align:start position:0% +game it's really biased against me and +if I keep playing long enough I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +if I keep playing long enough I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +if I keep playing long enough I'm gonna +find that I average out a kind of steady + + align:start position:0% +find that I average out a kind of steady + + + align:start position:0% +find that I average out a kind of steady +loss of about eight cents of play so we + + align:start position:0% +loss of about eight cents of play so we + + + align:start position:0% +loss of about eight cents of play so we +would summarize this by saying that you + + align:start position:0% +would summarize this by saying that you + + + align:start position:0% +would summarize this by saying that you +expect to lose eight cents meaning that + + align:start position:0% +expect to lose eight cents meaning that + + + align:start position:0% +expect to lose eight cents meaning that +your average loss is eight cents and you + + align:start position:0% +your average loss is eight cents and you + + + align:start position:0% +your average loss is eight cents and you +expect it that's gonna be the phenomenon + + align:start position:0% +expect it that's gonna be the phenomenon + + + align:start position:0% +expect it that's gonna be the phenomenon +that comes up if you keep playing the + + align:start position:0% +that comes up if you keep playing the + + + align:start position:0% +that comes up if you keep playing the +game repeatedly and repeatedly it's + + align:start position:0% +game repeatedly and repeatedly it's + + + align:start position:0% +game repeatedly and repeatedly it's +important to notice of course you never + + align:start position:0% +important to notice of course you never + + + align:start position:0% +important to notice of course you never +actually lose eight cents on any single + + align:start position:0% +actually lose eight cents on any single + + + align:start position:0% +actually lose eight cents on any single +play so what you excuse notion of you're + + align:start position:0% +play so what you excuse notion of you're + + + align:start position:0% +play so what you excuse notion of you're +expecting to lose eight cents it never + + align:start position:0% +expecting to lose eight cents it never + + + align:start position:0% +expecting to lose eight cents it never +happens it's just your average loss dose + + align:start position:0% +happens it's just your average loss dose + + + align:start position:0% +happens it's just your average loss dose +every single player either gonna lose $1 + + align:start position:0% +every single player either gonna lose $1 + + + align:start position:0% +every single player either gonna lose $1 +win $1 win $2 win $3 there's no age + + align:start position:0% +win $1 win $2 win $3 there's no age + + + align:start position:0% +win $1 win $2 win $3 there's no age +sense at all showman showing up okay so + + align:start position:0% +sense at all showman showing up okay so + + + align:start position:0% +sense at all showman showing up okay so +now let's abstract the expected value of + + align:start position:0% +now let's abstract the expected value of + + + align:start position:0% +now let's abstract the expected value of +a random variable or so random variables + + align:start position:0% +a random variable or so random variables + + + align:start position:0% +a random variable or so random variables +is this the thing that probabilistically + + align:start position:0% +is this the thing that probabilistically + + + align:start position:0% +is this the thing that probabilistically +takes on different values with different + + align:start position:0% +takes on different values with different + + + align:start position:0% +takes on different values with different +probabilities and it's expected value is + + align:start position:0% +probabilities and it's expected value is + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities and it's expected value is +defined to be its average value where + + align:start position:0% +defined to be its average value where + + + align:start position:0% +defined to be its average value where +the different values are weighted by + + align:start position:0% +the different values are weighted by + + + align:start position:0% +the different values are weighted by +their probabilities we can write this + + align:start position:0% +their probabilities we can write this + + + align:start position:0% +their probabilities we can write this +out as a precise formula the expectation + + align:start position:0% +out as a precise formula the expectation + + + align:start position:0% +out as a precise formula the expectation +of a random variable R is defined to be + + align:start position:0% +of a random variable R is defined to be + + + align:start position:0% +of a random variable R is defined to be +the sum over all its possible values it + + align:start position:0% +the sum over all its possible values it + + + align:start position:0% +the sum over all its possible values it +doesn't indicate what the summation is + + align:start position:0% +doesn't indicate what the summation is + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't indicate what the summation is +but that's over all possible values V of + + align:start position:0% +but that's over all possible values V of + + + align:start position:0% +but that's over all possible values V of +V times the probability that V comes up + + align:start position:0% +V times the probability that V comes up + + + align:start position:0% +V times the probability that V comes up +the probability that R equals V so this + + align:start position:0% +the probability that R equals V so this + + + align:start position:0% +the probability that R equals V so this +is the basic definition of the expected + + align:start position:0% +is the basic definition of the expected + + + align:start position:0% +is the basic definition of the expected +value of a random variable now let me + + align:start position:0% +value of a random variable now let me + + + align:start position:0% +value of a random variable now let me +mention here that this sum works because + + align:start position:0% +mention here that this sum works because + + + align:start position:0% +mention here that this sum works because +since we're assume + + align:start position:0% +since we're assume + + + align:start position:0% +since we're assume +countable sample space are is defined on + + align:start position:0% +countable sample space are is defined on + + + align:start position:0% +countable sample space are is defined on +only countably many outcomes which means + + align:start position:0% +only countably many outcomes which means + + + align:start position:0% +only countably many outcomes which means +it can only take countably many values + + align:start position:0% +it can only take countably many values + + + align:start position:0% +it can only take countably many values +so this is a countable sum over all the + + align:start position:0% +so this is a countable sum over all the + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a countable sum over all the +possible values that are takes because + + align:start position:0% +possible values that are takes because + + + align:start position:0% +possible values that are takes because +there are only accountably many + + align:start position:0% +there are only accountably many + + + align:start position:0% +there are only accountably many +countably many other well ok and what + + align:start position:0% +countably many other well ok and what + + + align:start position:0% +countably many other well ok and what +we've just concluded then is the + + align:start position:0% +we've just concluded then is the + + + align:start position:0% +we've just concluded then is the +expected win in the carnival dice game + + align:start position:0% +expected win in the carnival dice game + + + align:start position:0% +expected win in the carnival dice game +is minus 17 216 check this formal + + align:start position:0% +is minus 17 216 check this formal + + + align:start position:0% +is minus 17 216 check this formal +definition of the expectation of a + + align:start position:0% +definition of the expectation of a + + + align:start position:0% +definition of the expectation of a +random variable versus the random + + align:start position:0% +random variable versus the random + + + align:start position:0% +random variable versus the random +variable defined to be how much you win + + align:start position:0% +variable defined to be how much you win + + + align:start position:0% +variable defined to be how much you win +on a given play of carnival dice and it + + align:start position:0% +on a given play of carnival dice and it + + + align:start position:0% +on a given play of carnival dice and it +comes out to be that average minus 2 set + + align:start position:0% +comes out to be that average minus 2 set + + + align:start position:0% +comes out to be that average minus 2 set +minus 17 over to 16 now there's a + + align:start position:0% +minus 17 over to 16 now there's a + + + align:start position:0% +minus 17 over to 16 now there's a +technical result that's useful in some + + align:start position:0% +technical result that's useful in some + + + align:start position:0% +technical result that's useful in some +proofs and that says that there's + + align:start position:0% +proofs and that says that there's + + + align:start position:0% +proofs and that says that there's +another way to get the expectation the + + align:start position:0% +another way to get the expectation the + + + align:start position:0% +another way to get the expectation the +expectation can also be expressed by + + align:start position:0% +expectation can also be expressed by + + + align:start position:0% +expectation can also be expressed by +saying it's the sum over all the + + align:start position:0% +saying it's the sum over all the + + + align:start position:0% +saying it's the sum over all the +possible outcomes in the sample space s + + align:start position:0% +possible outcomes in the sample space s + + + align:start position:0% +possible outcomes in the sample space s +is the sample space of the value of the + + align:start position:0% +is the sample space of the value of the + + + align:start position:0% +is the sample space of the value of the +random variable at that outcome times + + align:start position:0% +random variable at that outcome times + + + align:start position:0% +random variable at that outcome times +the probability of that outcome yeah so + + align:start position:0% +the probability of that outcome yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +the probability of that outcome yeah so +this is another definite alternative + + align:start position:0% +this is another definite alternative + + + align:start position:0% +this is another definite alternative +definition of compared to saying that + + align:start position:0% +definition of compared to saying that + + + align:start position:0% +definition of compared to saying that +it's the the the sum over all the values + + align:start position:0% +it's the the the sum over all the values + + + align:start position:0% +it's the the the sum over all the values +times the probability of that value here + + align:start position:0% +times the probability of that value here + + + align:start position:0% +times the probability of that value here +it's the sum over all the outcomes of + + align:start position:0% +it's the sum over all the outcomes of + + + align:start position:0% +it's the sum over all the outcomes of +the the value of the random variable the + + align:start position:0% +the the value of the random variable the + + + align:start position:0% +the the value of the random variable the +outcome times the probability of the + + align:start position:0% +outcome times the probability of the + + + align:start position:0% +outcome times the probability of the +outcome it's not entirely obvious that + + align:start position:0% +outcome it's not entirely obvious that + + + align:start position:0% +outcome it's not entirely obvious that +those two definitions are equivalent + + align:start position:0% +those two definitions are equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +those two definitions are equivalent +this form of the definition turns out to + + align:start position:0% +this form of the definition turns out to + + + align:start position:0% +this form of the definition turns out to +be technically helpful in some proofs + + align:start position:0% +be technically helpful in some proofs + + + align:start position:0% +be technically helpful in some proofs +although outside of proofs you don't + + align:start position:0% +although outside of proofs you don't + + + align:start position:0% +although outside of proofs you don't +don't use it so much in applications but + + align:start position:0% +don't use it so much in applications but + + + align:start position:0% +don't use it so much in applications but +it's not a bad exercise to prove this + + align:start position:0% +it's not a bad exercise to prove this + + + align:start position:0% +it's not a bad exercise to prove this +equivalence so I'm going to walk you + + align:start position:0% +equivalence so I'm going to walk you + + + align:start position:0% +equivalence so I'm going to walk you +through it but if it's boring it's kind + + align:start position:0% +through it but if it's boring it's kind + + + align:start position:0% +through it but if it's boring it's kind +of a boring series of equations on + + align:start position:0% +of a boring series of equations on + + + align:start position:0% +of a boring series of equations on +slides and you're welcome to skip past + + align:start position:0% +slides and you're welcome to skip past + + + align:start position:0% +slides and you're welcome to skip past +it it is a derivation that I expect you + + align:start position:0% +it it is a derivation that I expect you + + + align:start position:0% +it it is a derivation that I expect you +to be able to carry out so let's just + + align:start position:0% +to be able to carry out so let's just + + + align:start position:0% +to be able to carry out so let's just +carry out this derivation I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +carry out this derivation I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +carry out this derivation I'm going to +prove that the expectation is equal to + + align:start position:0% +prove that the expectation is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +prove that the expectation is equal to +the sum over all the outcomes of the + + align:start position:0% +the sum over all the outcomes of the + + + align:start position:0% +the sum over all the outcomes of the +value of the random variable at the + + align:start position:0% +value of the random variable at the + + + align:start position:0% +value of the random variable at the +outcome times the probability of the + + align:start position:0% +outcome times the probability of the + + + align:start position:0% +outcome times the probability of the +outcome and let's prove it in order to + + align:start position:0% +outcome and let's prove it in order to + + + align:start position:0% +outcome and let's prove it in order to +prove it let's begin with one little + + align:start position:0% +prove it let's begin with one little + + + align:start position:0% +prove it let's begin with one little +remark that's useful ok remember + + align:start position:0% +remark that's useful ok remember + + + align:start position:0% +remark that's useful ok remember +this notation R equals V describes the + + align:start position:0% +this notation R equals V describes the + + + align:start position:0% +this notation R equals V describes the +event that the random variable takes the + + align:start position:0% +event that the random variable takes the + + + align:start position:0% +event that the random variable takes the +value V which by definition is an event + + align:start position:0% +value V which by definition is an event + + + align:start position:0% +value V which by definition is an event +is the set of outcomes where this + + align:start position:0% +is the set of outcomes where this + + + align:start position:0% +is the set of outcomes where this +property holds so it's the set of + + align:start position:0% +property holds so it's the set of + + + align:start position:0% +property holds so it's the set of +outcomes Omega where R of Omega is equal + + align:start position:0% +outcomes Omega where R of Omega is equal + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes Omega where R of Omega is equal +to V so let's just remember that that + + align:start position:0% +to V so let's just remember that that + + + align:start position:0% +to V so let's just remember that that +brackets R equals V is the event that R + + align:start position:0% +brackets R equals V is the event that R + + + align:start position:0% +brackets R equals V is the event that R +is equal to V meaning the set of + + align:start position:0% +is equal to V meaning the set of + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to V meaning the set of +outcomes where that's true so what that + + align:start position:0% +outcomes where that's true so what that + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes where that's true so what that +tells us in particular is that the + + align:start position:0% +tells us in particular is that the + + + align:start position:0% +tells us in particular is that the +probability of R equals V is by + + align:start position:0% +probability of R equals V is by + + + align:start position:0% +probability of R equals V is by +definition the sum of the probabilities + + align:start position:0% +definition the sum of the probabilities + + + align:start position:0% +definition the sum of the probabilities +of the outcomes in the event so it's the + + align:start position:0% +of the outcomes in the event so it's the + + + align:start position:0% +of the outcomes in the event so it's the +sum over all those outcomes now let's go + + align:start position:0% +sum over all those outcomes now let's go + + + align:start position:0% +sum over all those outcomes now let's go +back to the original definition of the + + align:start position:0% +back to the original definition of the + + + align:start position:0% +back to the original definition of the +expectation of R the original definition + + align:start position:0% +expectation of R the original definition + + + align:start position:0% +expectation of R the original definition +is and the standard one is it's the sum + + align:start position:0% +is and the standard one is it's the sum + + + align:start position:0% +is and the standard one is it's the sum +over all the values of the value times + + align:start position:0% +over all the values of the value times + + + align:start position:0% +over all the values of the value times +the weight of the times the probability + + align:start position:0% +the weight of the times the probability + + + align:start position:0% +the weight of the times the probability +that the random variable is equal to the + + align:start position:0% +that the random variable is equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +that the random variable is equal to the +value now on the previous slide we just + + align:start position:0% +value now on the previous slide we just + + + align:start position:0% +value now on the previous slide we just +had a formula for the probability that R + + align:start position:0% +had a formula for the probability that R + + + align:start position:0% +had a formula for the probability that R +is equal to V it's simply the sum over + + align:start position:0% +is equal to V it's simply the sum over + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to V it's simply the sum over +all the outcomes of where R is where R + + align:start position:0% +all the outcomes of where R is where R + + + align:start position:0% +all the outcomes of where R is where R +is equal to V of the probability of that + + align:start position:0% +is equal to V of the probability of that + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to V of the probability of that +outcome so I can replace that term by + + align:start position:0% +outcome so I can replace that term by + + + align:start position:0% +outcome so I can replace that term by +the sum over all the outcomes of the + + align:start position:0% +the sum over all the outcomes of the + + + align:start position:0% +the sum over all the outcomes of the +probability of the outcome okay so I'm + + align:start position:0% +probability of the outcome okay so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +probability of the outcome okay so I'm +trying to head towards an expression + + align:start position:0% +trying to head towards an expression + + + align:start position:0% +trying to head towards an expression +that's only outcomes which is kind of + + align:start position:0% +that's only outcomes which is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +that's only outcomes which is kind of +the top level strategy here so the first + + align:start position:0% +the top level strategy here so the first + + + align:start position:0% +the top level strategy here so the first +thing I did was I got rid of that + + align:start position:0% +thing I did was I got rid of that + + + align:start position:0% +thing I did was I got rid of that +probability of V and replaced it by the + + align:start position:0% +probability of V and replaced it by the + + + align:start position:0% +probability of V and replaced it by the +sum of all these probability of the + + align:start position:0% +sum of all these probability of the + + + align:start position:0% +sum of all these probability of the +probabilities of all the outcomes where + + align:start position:0% +probabilities of all the outcomes where + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities of all the outcomes where +are SV well next step is I'm gonna just + + align:start position:0% +are SV well next step is I'm gonna just + + + align:start position:0% +are SV well next step is I'm gonna just +distribute the V over the inner sum and + + align:start position:0% +distribute the V over the inner sum and + + + align:start position:0% +distribute the V over the inner sum and +I get that this thing is equal to the + + align:start position:0% +I get that this thing is equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +I get that this thing is equal to the +sum of again over all those outcomes in + + align:start position:0% +sum of again over all those outcomes in + + + align:start position:0% +sum of again over all those outcomes in +R equals V of V times the probability of + + align:start position:0% +R equals V of V times the probability of + + + align:start position:0% +R equals V of V times the probability of +the outcome but look the out these + + align:start position:0% +the outcome but look the out these + + + align:start position:0% +the outcome but look the out these +outcomes are the outcomes where R is + + align:start position:0% +outcomes are the outcomes where R is + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes are the outcomes where R is +equal to V so I can replace that v by r + + align:start position:0% +equal to V so I can replace that v by r + + + align:start position:0% +equal to V so I can replace that v by r +of Omega that one slipped sideways a + + align:start position:0% +of Omega that one slipped sideways a + + + align:start position:0% +of Omega that one slipped sideways a +little bit so let's watch that this V is + + align:start position:0% +little bit so let's watch that this V is + + + align:start position:0% +little bit so let's watch that this V is +simply going to become an R of Omega + + align:start position:0% +simply going to become an R of Omega + + + align:start position:0% +simply going to become an R of Omega +where I'm still summing over the same + + align:start position:0% +where I'm still summing over the same + + + align:start position:0% +where I'm still summing over the same +set of omegas but now I've gotten + + align:start position:0% +set of omegas but now I've gotten + + + align:start position:0% +set of omegas but now I've gotten +pretty much everything but the Omegas so + + align:start position:0% +pretty much everything but the Omegas so + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much everything but the Omegas so +I've got this inner sum of over all + + align:start position:0% +I've got this inner sum of over all + + + align:start position:0% +I've got this inner sum of over all +possible omegas in R of V of R of Omega + + align:start position:0% +possible omegas in R of V of R of Omega + + + align:start position:0% +possible omegas in R of V of R of Omega +times the probability of Omega and I'm + + align:start position:0% +times the probability of Omega and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +times the probability of Omega and I'm +summing over all possible V but if I'm + + align:start position:0% +summing over all possible V but if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +summing over all possible V but if I'm +summing over all possible V and then all + + align:start position:0% +summing over all possible V and then all + + + align:start position:0% +summing over all possible V and then all +possible outcomes where R is equal to V + + align:start position:0% +possible outcomes where R is equal to V + + + align:start position:0% +possible outcomes where R is equal to V +I wind up something over all possible + + align:start position:0% +I wind up something over all possible + + + align:start position:0% +I wind up something over all possible +outcomes and so I finished the proof + + align:start position:0% +outcomes and so I finished the proof + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes and so I finished the proof +that the expectation of R is equal to + + align:start position:0% +that the expectation of R is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +that the expectation of R is equal to +the sum over all the outcomes of our + + align:start position:0% +the sum over all the outcomes of our + + + align:start position:0% +the sum over all the outcomes of our +over megha times the probability of + + align:start position:0% +over megha times the probability of + + + align:start position:0% +over megha times the probability of +Omega now I'd never do a proof like this + + align:start position:0% +Omega now I'd never do a proof like this + + + align:start position:0% +Omega now I'd never do a proof like this +in a lecture because I think watching a + + align:start position:0% +in a lecture because I think watching a + + + align:start position:0% +in a lecture because I think watching a +lecturer write stuff on the board and a + + align:start position:0% +lecturer write stuff on the board and a + + + align:start position:0% +lecturer write stuff on the board and a +whole bunch of symbols and manipulating + + align:start position:0% +whole bunch of symbols and manipulating + + + align:start position:0% +whole bunch of symbols and manipulating +equations is really insipid and boring + + align:start position:0% +equations is really insipid and boring + + + align:start position:0% +equations is really insipid and boring +most people can't follow it anyway I'm + + align:start position:0% +most people can't follow it anyway I'm + + + align:start position:0% +most people can't follow it anyway I'm +hoping that in the video where you can + + align:start position:0% +hoping that in the video where you can + + + align:start position:0% +hoping that in the video where you can +go back if you wish and replay it and + + align:start position:0% +go back if you wish and replay it and + + + align:start position:0% +go back if you wish and replay it and +watch it more slowly or at your own + + align:start position:0% +watch it more slowly or at your own + + + align:start position:0% +watch it more slowly or at your own +speed the derivation will be of some + + align:start position:0% +speed the derivation will be of some + + + align:start position:0% +speed the derivation will be of some +value to you but let's step back a + + align:start position:0% +value to you but let's step back a + + + align:start position:0% +value to you but let's step back a +little bit and notice some top-level + + align:start position:0% +little bit and notice some top-level + + + align:start position:0% +little bit and notice some top-level +technical things that we never really + + align:start position:0% +technical things that we never really + + + align:start position:0% +technical things that we never really +paid attention to in the process of + + align:start position:0% +paid attention to in the process of + + + align:start position:0% +paid attention to in the process of +doing this manipulative proof so the top + + align:start position:0% +doing this manipulative proof so the top + + + align:start position:0% +doing this manipulative proof so the top +level observation first of all is that + + align:start position:0% +level observation first of all is that + + + align:start position:0% +level observation first of all is that +this proof like many proofs in basic + + align:start position:0% +this proof like many proofs in basic + + + align:start position:0% +this proof like many proofs in basic +foundations of probability theory and + + align:start position:0% +foundations of probability theory and + + + align:start position:0% +foundations of probability theory and +random variables in particular involves + + align:start position:0% +random variables in particular involves + + + align:start position:0% +random variables in particular involves +taking sums and rearranging the terms in + + align:start position:0% +taking sums and rearranging the terms in + + + align:start position:0% +taking sums and rearranging the terms in +the sums a lot so the first question is + + align:start position:0% +the sums a lot so the first question is + + + align:start position:0% +the sums a lot so the first question is +why sums remember here we were summing + + align:start position:0% +why sums remember here we were summing + + + align:start position:0% +why sums remember here we were summing +over all the possible variables all the + + align:start position:0% +over all the possible variables all the + + + align:start position:0% +over all the possible variables all the +possible values of some random variable + + align:start position:0% +possible values of some random variable + + + align:start position:0% +possible values of some random variable +why is that a sum well it's the sum + + align:start position:0% +why is that a sum well it's the sum + + + align:start position:0% +why is that a sum well it's the sum +because we were assuming that the sample + + align:start position:0% +because we were assuming that the sample + + + align:start position:0% +because we were assuming that the sample +space was countable there were only a + + align:start position:0% +space was countable there were only a + + + align:start position:0% +space was countable there were only a +countable number of values R of Omega 0 + + align:start position:0% +countable number of values R of Omega 0 + + + align:start position:0% +countable number of values R of Omega 0 +R of Omega 1 R of Omega N and so on and + + align:start position:0% +R of Omega 1 R of Omega N and so on and + + + align:start position:0% +R of Omega 1 R of Omega N and so on and +so we we can be sure that the sum over + + align:start position:0% +so we we can be sure that the sum over + + + align:start position:0% +so we we can be sure that the sum over +all the possible values of the random + + align:start position:0% +all the possible values of the random + + + align:start position:0% +all the possible values of the random +variable is a countable some it's a sum + + align:start position:0% +variable is a countable some it's a sum + + + align:start position:0% +variable is a countable some it's a sum +and we don't have to worry about + + align:start position:0% +and we don't have to worry about + + + align:start position:0% +and we don't have to worry about +integrals which is the main technical + + align:start position:0% +integrals which is the main technical + + + align:start position:0% +integrals which is the main technical +reason why we're doing discrete + + align:start position:0% +reason why we're doing discrete + + + align:start position:0% +reason why we're doing discrete +probability and assuming that there are + + align:start position:0% +probability and assuming that there are + + + align:start position:0% +probability and assuming that there are +only a countable number of outcomes + + align:start position:0% +only a countable number of outcomes + + + align:start position:0% +only a countable number of outcomes +there's a second very important + + align:start position:0% +there's a second very important + + + align:start position:0% +there's a second very important +technicality that's worth mentioning all + + align:start position:0% +technicality that's worth mentioning all + + + align:start position:0% +technicality that's worth mentioning all +the proofs involved rearranging terms in + + align:start position:0% +the proofs involved rearranging terms in + + + align:start position:0% +the proofs involved rearranging terms in +sums freely and without care + + align:start position:0% +sums freely and without care + + + align:start position:0% +sums freely and without care +but that means that we're implicitly + + align:start position:0% +but that means that we're implicitly + + + align:start position:0% +but that means that we're implicitly +assuming that it's safe to do that and + + align:start position:0% +assuming that it's safe to do that and + + + align:start position:0% +assuming that it's safe to do that and +that in particular that the defining + + align:start position:0% +that in particular that the defining + + + align:start position:0% +that in particular that the defining +some four expectations needs to be + + align:start position:0% +some four expectations needs to be + + + align:start position:0% +some four expectations needs to be +absolutely convergent and all of these + + align:start position:0% +absolutely convergent and all of these + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely convergent and all of these +sums need to be absolutely convergent in + + align:start position:0% +sums need to be absolutely convergent in + + + align:start position:0% +sums need to be absolutely convergent in +order for that kind of rearrangement to + + align:start position:0% +order for that kind of rearrangement to + + + align:start position:0% +order for that kind of rearrangement to +make sense so remember that absolute + + align:start position:0% +make sense so remember that absolute + + + align:start position:0% +make sense so remember that absolute +convergence means that the that the sum + + align:start position:0% +convergence means that the that the sum + + + align:start position:0% +convergence means that the that the sum +of the absolute values of all the terms + + align:start position:0% +of the absolute values of all the terms + + + align:start position:0% +of the absolute values of all the terms +in the sum converge so if we look at + + align:start position:0% +in the sum converge so if we look at + + + align:start position:0% +in the sum converge so if we look at +this definition of expectation it said + + align:start position:0% +this definition of expectation it said + + + align:start position:0% +this definition of expectation it said +it was the sum over all the values in + + align:start position:0% +it was the sum over all the values in + + + align:start position:0% +it was the sum over all the values in +the range we know that's accountable sum + + align:start position:0% +the range we know that's accountable sum + + + align:start position:0% +the range we know that's accountable sum +of the value times the probability that + + align:start position:0% +of the value times the probability that + + + align:start position:0% +of the value times the probability that +R was equal to that value but the very + + align:start position:0% +R was equal to that value but the very + + + align:start position:0% +R was equal to that value but the very +definition never specified the order in + + align:start position:0% +definition never specified the order in + + + align:start position:0% +definition never specified the order in +which these terms V times probability R + + align:start position:0% +which these terms V times probability R + + + align:start position:0% +which these terms V times probability R +equals being got added up it better not + + align:start position:0% +equals being got added up it better not + + + align:start position:0% +equals being got added up it better not +make a difference so we're implicitly + + align:start position:0% +make a difference so we're implicitly + + + align:start position:0% +make a difference so we're implicitly +assuming absolute convergence of this + + align:start position:0% +assuming absolute convergence of this + + + align:start position:0% +assuming absolute convergence of this +sum in order for the expectation to even + + align:start position:0% +sum in order for the expectation to even + + + align:start position:0% +sum in order for the expectation to even +be well-defined as a matter of fact the + + align:start position:0% +be well-defined as a matter of fact the + + + align:start position:0% +be well-defined as a matter of fact the +terrible pathology that happens and you + + align:start position:0% +terrible pathology that happens and you + + + align:start position:0% +terrible pathology that happens and you +may have learned about this in first + + align:start position:0% +may have learned about this in first + + + align:start position:0% +may have learned about this in first +time calculus and we actually have a + + align:start position:0% +time calculus and we actually have a + + + align:start position:0% +time calculus and we actually have a +problem in the text about it is that you + + align:start position:0% +problem in the text about it is that you + + + align:start position:0% +problem in the text about it is that you +can have sums like this that are not + + align:start position:0% +can have sums like this that are not + + + align:start position:0% +can have sums like this that are not +absolutely convergent and and then well + + align:start position:0% +absolutely convergent and and then well + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely convergent and and then well +you pick your favorite value and I can + + align:start position:0% +you pick your favorite value and I can + + + align:start position:0% +you pick your favorite value and I can +rearrange the terms in the sum so that + + align:start position:0% +rearrange the terms in the sum so that + + + align:start position:0% +rearrange the terms in the sum so that +it converges to that value when you're + + align:start position:0% +it converges to that value when you're + + + align:start position:0% +it converges to that value when you're +dealing with non absolute value sums + + align:start position:0% +dealing with non absolute value sums + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with non absolute value sums +rearranging is is a no-no the sum + + align:start position:0% +rearranging is is a no-no the sum + + + align:start position:0% +rearranging is is a no-no the sum +depends crucially on the order in which + + align:start position:0% +depends crucially on the order in which + + + align:start position:0% +depends crucially on the order in which +the terms appear and all of the + + align:start position:0% +the terms appear and all of the + + + align:start position:0% +the terms appear and all of the +reasoning in probability theory would be + + align:start position:0% +reasoning in probability theory would be + + + align:start position:0% +reasoning in probability theory would be +inapplicable so we are implicitly + + align:start position:0% +inapplicable so we are implicitly + + + align:start position:0% +inapplicable so we are implicitly +assuming that all of these sums are + + align:start position:0% +assuming that all of these sums are + + + align:start position:0% +assuming that all of these sums are +absolutely convergent well just to get + + align:start position:0% +absolutely convergent well just to get + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely convergent well just to get +some vocabulary in place the expected + + align:start position:0% +some vocabulary in place the expected + + + align:start position:0% +some vocabulary in place the expected +value is also known as the mean value or + + align:start position:0% +value is also known as the mean value or + + + align:start position:0% +value is also known as the mean value or +the mean or the expectation of the + + align:start position:0% +the mean or the expectation of the + + + align:start position:0% +the mean or the expectation of the +random variable now let's connect up + + align:start position:0% +random variable now let's connect up + + + align:start position:0% +random variable now let's connect up +expectations with averages in a more + + align:start position:0% +expectations with averages in a more + + + align:start position:0% +expectations with averages in a more +precise way we said that the expectation + + align:start position:0% +precise way we said that the expectation + + + align:start position:0% +precise way we said that the expectation +was kind of an abstraction of averages + + align:start position:0% +was kind of an abstraction of averages + + + align:start position:0% +was kind of an abstraction of averages +but it's intimates more intimately + + align:start position:0% +but it's intimates more intimately + + + align:start position:0% +but it's intimates more intimately +connected to averages than that even + + align:start position:0% +connected to averages than that even + + + align:start position:0% +connected to averages than that even +let's take an example we're suppose you + + align:start position:0% +let's take an example we're suppose you + + + align:start position:0% +let's take an example we're suppose you +have a pile of graded exams and you pick + + align:start position:0% +have a pile of graded exams and you pick + + + align:start position:0% +have a pile of graded exams and you pick +one at random + + align:start position:0% +one at random + + + align:start position:0% +one at random +let's let s be the score + + align:start position:0% +let's let s be the score + + + align:start position:0% +let's let s be the score +of the randomly picked exam so I'm + + align:start position:0% +of the randomly picked exam so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +of the randomly picked exam so I'm +turning this this process this random + + align:start position:0% +turning this this process this random + + + align:start position:0% +turning this this process this random +process of picking an exam from the Rev + + align:start position:0% +process of picking an exam from the Rev + + + align:start position:0% +process of picking an exam from the Rev +grape from the pile is defining a random + + align:start position:0% +grape from the pile is defining a random + + + align:start position:0% +grape from the pile is defining a random +variable s where by definition of + + align:start position:0% +variable s where by definition of + + + align:start position:0% +variable s where by definition of +picking one at random I mean uniformly + + align:start position:0% +picking one at random I mean uniformly + + + align:start position:0% +picking one at random I mean uniformly +so s is actually not a uniform random + + align:start position:0% +so s is actually not a uniform random + + + align:start position:0% +so s is actually not a uniform random +variable but I'm picking the exams with + + align:start position:0% +variable but I'm picking the exams with + + + align:start position:0% +variable but I'm picking the exams with +equal probability and then they have + + align:start position:0% +equal probability and then they have + + + align:start position:0% +equal probability and then they have +different scores so the outcomes are of + + align:start position:0% +different scores so the outcomes are of + + + align:start position:0% +different scores so the outcomes are of +uniform probability but s is not because + + align:start position:0% +uniform probability but s is not because + + + align:start position:0% +uniform probability but s is not because +there might be a lot of outcomes a lot + + align:start position:0% +there might be a lot of outcomes a lot + + + align:start position:0% +there might be a lot of outcomes a lot +of exams of the same score all right s + + align:start position:0% +of exams of the same score all right s + + + align:start position:0% +of exams of the same score all right s +is a random variable defined by this + + align:start position:0% +is a random variable defined by this + + + align:start position:0% +is a random variable defined by this +process of picking a random exam so and + + align:start position:0% +process of picking a random exam so and + + + align:start position:0% +process of picking a random exam so and +then you can just check that the + + align:start position:0% +then you can just check that the + + + align:start position:0% +then you can just check that the +expectation of s now exactly equals the + + align:start position:0% +expectation of s now exactly equals the + + + align:start position:0% +expectation of s now exactly equals the +average exam score which is the typical + + align:start position:0% +average exam score which is the typical + + + align:start position:0% +average exam score which is the typical +thing that students want to know when + + align:start position:0% +thing that students want to know when + + + align:start position:0% +thing that students want to know when +the exam is done what's the average + + align:start position:0% +the exam is done what's the average + + + align:start position:0% +the exam is done what's the average +score actually the average score is + + align:start position:0% +score actually the average score is + + + align:start position:0% +score actually the average score is +often less informative the median score + + align:start position:0% +often less informative the median score + + + align:start position:0% +often less informative the median score +the middle score but people somehow or + + align:start position:0% +the middle score but people somehow or + + + align:start position:0% +the middle score but people somehow or +other always want to know about the + + align:start position:0% +other always want to know about the + + + align:start position:0% +other always want to know about the +averages the reason why the average may + + align:start position:0% +averages the reason why the average may + + + align:start position:0% +averages the reason why the average may +not be so informative is because well it + + align:start position:0% +not be so informative is because well it + + + align:start position:0% +not be so informative is because well it +has some weird properties that are + + align:start position:0% +has some weird properties that are + + + align:start position:0% +has some weird properties that are +lowest rate in a second but the the + + align:start position:0% +lowest rate in a second but the the + + + align:start position:0% +lowest rate in a second but the the +point here of what we did where we took + + align:start position:0% +point here of what we did where we took + + + align:start position:0% +point here of what we did where we took +on the we got at the average score on + + align:start position:0% +on the we got at the average score on + + + align:start position:0% +on the we got at the average score on +the exam by defining a random variable + + align:start position:0% +the exam by defining a random variable + + + align:start position:0% +the exam by defining a random variable +based on picking a random exam so that's + + align:start position:0% +based on picking a random exam so that's + + + align:start position:0% +based on picking a random exam so that's +a general process we can estimate + + align:start position:0% +a general process we can estimate + + + align:start position:0% +a general process we can estimate +averages in some population of things by + + align:start position:0% +averages in some population of things by + + + align:start position:0% +averages in some population of things by +estimating the expectations of random + + align:start position:0% +estimating the expectations of random + + + align:start position:0% +estimating the expectations of random +variables based on picking random + + align:start position:0% +variables based on picking random + + + align:start position:0% +variables based on picking random +elements from the thing that we're + + align:start position:0% +elements from the thing that we're + + + align:start position:0% +elements from the thing that we're +averaging over + + align:start position:0% +averaging over + + + align:start position:0% +averaging over +that's called sampling and it's a basic + + align:start position:0% +that's called sampling and it's a basic + + + align:start position:0% +that's called sampling and it's a basic +idea of probability theory that we're + + align:start position:0% +idea of probability theory that we're + + + align:start position:0% +idea of probability theory that we're +going to be able to get a hold of + + align:start position:0% +going to be able to get a hold of + + + align:start position:0% +going to be able to get a hold of +averages by abstracting the calculation + + align:start position:0% +averages by abstracting the calculation + + + align:start position:0% +averages by abstracting the calculation +of an average into taking defining a + + align:start position:0% +of an average into taking defining a + + + align:start position:0% +of an average into taking defining a +random variable and calculating its + + align:start position:0% +random variable and calculating its + + + align:start position:0% +random variable and calculating its +expectation let's look at an example + + align:start position:0% +expectation let's look at an example + + + align:start position:0% +expectation let's look at an example +it's obviously impossible for all the + + align:start position:0% +it's obviously impossible for all the + + + align:start position:0% +it's obviously impossible for all the +exams to be above average because then + + align:start position:0% +exams to be above average because then + + + align:start position:0% +exams to be above average because then +the average would be above average + + align:start position:0% +the average would be above average + + + align:start position:0% +the average would be above average +that's absurd + + align:start position:0% +that's absurd + + + align:start position:0% +that's absurd +so if you translate that into a formal + + align:start position:0% +so if you translate that into a formal + + + align:start position:0% +so if you translate that into a formal +statement about expectations + + align:start position:0% +statement about expectations + + + align:start position:0% +statement about expectations +it translates directly by the way I + + align:start position:0% +it translates directly by the way I + + + align:start position:0% +it translates directly by the way I +don't know how many of you listen to the + + align:start position:0% +don't know how many of you listen to the + + + align:start position:0% +don't know how many of you listen to the +Prairie Home Companion but one of the + + align:start position:0% +Prairie Home Companion but one of the + + + align:start position:0% +Prairie Home Companion but one of the +sign offs there is at the town of Lake + + align:start position:0% +sign offs there is at the town of Lake + + + align:start position:0% +sign offs there is at the town of Lake +Wobegon in Wisconsin where all the + + align:start position:0% +Wobegon in Wisconsin where all the + + + align:start position:0% +Wobegon in Wisconsin where all the +children are above average well paint + + align:start position:0% +children are above average well paint + + + align:start position:0% +children are above average well paint +possible that translates into this + + align:start position:0% +possible that translates into this + + + align:start position:0% +possible that translates into this +technical statement that the probability + + align:start position:0% +technical statement that the probability + + + align:start position:0% +technical statement that the probability +that a random variable is greater than + + align:start position:0% +that a random variable is greater than + + + align:start position:0% +that a random variable is greater than +its expected value is less than one it + + align:start position:0% +its expected value is less than one it + + + align:start position:0% +its expected value is less than one it +can't always be greater than its + + align:start position:0% +can't always be greater than its + + + align:start position:0% +can't always be greater than its +expected value that's absurd on the + + align:start position:0% +expected value that's absurd on the + + + align:start position:0% +expected value that's absurd on the +other hand it's actually possible for + + align:start position:0% +other hand it's actually possible for + + + align:start position:0% +other hand it's actually possible for +the probability that the random variable + + align:start position:0% +the probability that the random variable + + + align:start position:0% +the probability that the random variable +is bigger than its expected value to be + + align:start position:0% +is bigger than its expected value to be + + + align:start position:0% +is bigger than its expected value to be +as close to one as you want + + align:start position:0% +as close to one as you want + + + align:start position:0% +as close to one as you want +and one way to think about that is that + + align:start position:0% +and one way to think about that is that + + + align:start position:0% +and one way to think about that is that +for example almost everyone has an above + + align:start position:0% +for example almost everyone has an above + + + align:start position:0% +for example almost everyone has an above +average number of fingers + + align:start position:0% +average number of fingers + + + align:start position:0% +average number of fingers +think about that for a second almost + + align:start position:0% +think about that for a second almost + + + align:start position:0% +think about that for a second almost +everyone has an above average number of + + align:start position:0% +everyone has an above average number of + + + align:start position:0% +everyone has an above average number of +fingers well the explanation is really + + align:start position:0% +fingers well the explanation is really + + + align:start position:0% +fingers well the explanation is really +simple it's simply because amputation is + + align:start position:0% +simple it's simply because amputation is + + + align:start position:0% +simple it's simply because amputation is +much more common than polydactyl ISM and + + align:start position:0% +much more common than polydactyl ISM and + + + align:start position:0% +much more common than polydactyl ISM and +if you can't understand what I just said + + align:start position:0% +if you can't understand what I just said + + + align:start position:0% +if you can't understand what I just said +look it up and think about it \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/YeyrH-Oc2p4.txt b/YeyrH-Oc2p4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c693ba1863889a2bed87a7fead60f0157c926ebf --- /dev/null +++ b/YeyrH-Oc2p4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1011 @@ +align:start position:0% + +hi I'm + + align:start position:0% +hi I'm + + + align:start position:0% +hi I'm +brute strength and professor of + + align:start position:0% +brute strength and professor of + + + align:start position:0% +brute strength and professor of +mathematics at MIT and I get a chance to + + align:start position:0% +mathematics at MIT and I get a chance to + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics at MIT and I get a chance to +say a few words about 1806 linear + + align:start position:0% +say a few words about 1806 linear + + + align:start position:0% +say a few words about 1806 linear +algebra that's one of the basic math + + align:start position:0% +algebra that's one of the basic math + + + align:start position:0% +algebra that's one of the basic math +courses it's maybe safe can I say a + + align:start position:0% +courses it's maybe safe can I say a + + + align:start position:0% +courses it's maybe safe can I say a +little about linear algebra itself that + + align:start position:0% +little about linear algebra itself that + + + align:start position:0% +little about linear algebra itself that +the classes in linear algebra earlier + + align:start position:0% +the classes in linear algebra earlier + + + align:start position:0% +the classes in linear algebra earlier +years tended to be pretty much for pure + + align:start position:0% +years tended to be pretty much for pure + + + align:start position:0% +years tended to be pretty much for pure +math majors and a lot of proofs and + + align:start position:0% +math majors and a lot of proofs and + + + align:start position:0% +math majors and a lot of proofs and +usefulness of the subject kind of wasn't + + align:start position:0% +usefulness of the subject kind of wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +usefulness of the subject kind of wasn't +so clear whereas it's an incredibly + + align:start position:0% +so clear whereas it's an incredibly + + + align:start position:0% +so clear whereas it's an incredibly +useful subject people data is coming in + + align:start position:0% +useful subject people data is coming in + + + align:start position:0% +useful subject people data is coming in +all the time we're in the century of + + align:start position:0% +all the time we're in the century of + + + align:start position:0% +all the time we're in the century of +data and data tends to come in in a + + align:start position:0% +data and data tends to come in in a + + + align:start position:0% +data and data tends to come in in a +matrix in a rectangular array of numbers + + align:start position:0% +matrix in a rectangular array of numbers + + + align:start position:0% +matrix in a rectangular array of numbers +and how to understand that data is a + + align:start position:0% +and how to understand that data is a + + + align:start position:0% +and how to understand that data is a +giant giant problem and and people use + + align:start position:0% +giant giant problem and and people use + + + align:start position:0% +giant giant problem and and people use +matrices in solving differential + + align:start position:0% +matrices in solving differential + + + align:start position:0% +matrices in solving differential +equations and economics everywhere + + align:start position:0% +equations and economics everywhere + + + align:start position:0% +equations and economics everywhere +so the subject had to change to bring + + align:start position:0% +so the subject had to change to bring + + + align:start position:0% +so the subject had to change to bring +out this important aspect that it's + + align:start position:0% +out this important aspect that it's + + + align:start position:0% +out this important aspect that it's +terrifically useful often networks are a + + align:start position:0% +terrifically useful often networks are a + + + align:start position:0% +terrifically useful often networks are a +great model where you have like like the + + align:start position:0% +great model where you have like like the + + + align:start position:0% +great model where you have like like the +internet every website would be like a + + align:start position:0% +internet every website would be like a + + + align:start position:0% +internet every website would be like a +node in the network and if - if one + + align:start position:0% +node in the network and if - if one + + + align:start position:0% +node in the network and if - if one +website is linked to another one there + + align:start position:0% +website is linked to another one there + + + align:start position:0% +website is linked to another one there +would may be an edge in that network so + + align:start position:0% +would may be an edge in that network so + + + align:start position:0% +would may be an edge in that network so +that's a network with a billion nodes + + align:start position:0% +that's a network with a billion nodes + + + align:start position:0% +that's a network with a billion nodes +and a matrix describes all those links + + align:start position:0% +and a matrix describes all those links + + + align:start position:0% +and a matrix describes all those links +and like when Google produces a PageRank + + align:start position:0% +and like when Google produces a PageRank + + + align:start position:0% +and like when Google produces a PageRank +you know you enter well you could enter + + align:start position:0% +you know you enter well you could enter + + + align:start position:0% +you know you enter well you could enter +linear algebra and see what happens I + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra and see what happens I + + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra and see what happens I +don't know I hope something good well + + align:start position:0% +don't know I hope something good well + + + align:start position:0% +don't know I hope something good well +anyway what thousands and millions of + + align:start position:0% +anyway what thousands and millions of + + + align:start position:0% +anyway what thousands and millions of +stuff would come up in a ranked in order + + align:start position:0% +stuff would come up in a ranked in order + + + align:start position:0% +stuff would come up in a ranked in order +and that order comes from operating + + align:start position:0% +and that order comes from operating + + + align:start position:0% +and that order comes from operating +Google's very fast at it very + + align:start position:0% +Google's very fast at it very + + + align:start position:0% +Google's very fast at it very +good at it operating on that giant + + align:start position:0% +good at it operating on that giant + + + align:start position:0% +good at it operating on that giant +matrix of that describes the internet + + align:start position:0% +matrix of that describes the internet + + + align:start position:0% +matrix of that describes the internet +okay so a word about the course itself + + align:start position:0% +okay so a word about the course itself + + + align:start position:0% +okay so a word about the course itself +the MIT course first of all most many + + align:start position:0% +the MIT course first of all most many + + + align:start position:0% +the MIT course first of all most many +dummies students coming from all the + + align:start position:0% +dummies students coming from all the + + + align:start position:0% +dummies students coming from all the +departments that includes management you + + align:start position:0% +departments that includes management you + + + align:start position:0% +departments that includes management you +know business data comes in matrix form + + align:start position:0% +know business data comes in matrix form + + + align:start position:0% +know business data comes in matrix form +just the way engineering data comes and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the you know there is hardly a + + align:start position:0% +so the you know there is hardly a + + + align:start position:0% +so the you know there is hardly a +prerequisite for the course there's no + + align:start position:0% +prerequisite for the course there's no + + + align:start position:0% +prerequisite for the course there's no +big reason why calculus has to come + + align:start position:0% +big reason why calculus has to come + + + align:start position:0% +big reason why calculus has to come +first the most probably most MIT + + align:start position:0% +first the most probably most MIT + + + align:start position:0% +first the most probably most MIT +students will know before the course + + align:start position:0% +students will know before the course + + + align:start position:0% +students will know before the course +starts they will have multiplied a + + align:start position:0% +starts they will have multiplied a + + + align:start position:0% +starts they will have multiplied a +matrix by a vector or multiplied two + + align:start position:0% +matrix by a vector or multiplied two + + + align:start position:0% +matrix by a vector or multiplied two +matrices so they're they're readily seen + + align:start position:0% +matrices so they're they're readily seen + + + align:start position:0% +matrices so they're they're readily seen +matrices before but anybody could catch + + align:start position:0% +matrices before but anybody could catch + + + align:start position:0% +matrices before but anybody could catch +up on that quickly and then the course + + align:start position:0% +up on that quickly and then the course + + + align:start position:0% +up on that quickly and then the course +just takes off actually we go back to + + align:start position:0% +just takes off actually we go back to + + + align:start position:0% +just takes off actually we go back to +ask what's how do you understand + + align:start position:0% +ask what's how do you understand + + + align:start position:0% +ask what's how do you understand +multiplying a matrix by a vector a key + + align:start position:0% +multiplying a matrix by a vector a key + + + align:start position:0% +multiplying a matrix by a vector a key +yeah you guys will probably know how to + + align:start position:0% +yeah you guys will probably know how to + + + align:start position:0% +yeah you guys will probably know how to +do it but let me say another way a + + align:start position:0% +do it but let me say another way a + + + align:start position:0% +do it but let me say another way a +matrix times a vector produces a + + align:start position:0% +matrix times a vector produces a + + + align:start position:0% +matrix times a vector produces a +combination of the columns in that + + align:start position:0% +combination of the columns in that + + + align:start position:0% +combination of the columns in that +matrix those column vectors in the + + align:start position:0% +matrix those column vectors in the + + + align:start position:0% +matrix those column vectors in the +matrix so that's like the key step in + + align:start position:0% +matrix so that's like the key step in + + + align:start position:0% +matrix so that's like the key step in +linear algebra what you can do with + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra what you can do with + + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra what you can do with +vectors is take linear combinations well + + align:start position:0% +vectors is take linear combinations well + + + align:start position:0% +vectors is take linear combinations well +so at MIT the course is organized with + + align:start position:0% +so at MIT the course is organized with + + + align:start position:0% +so at MIT the course is organized with +three lectures a week and it's I use the + + align:start position:0% +three lectures a week and it's I use the + + + align:start position:0% +three lectures a week and it's I use the +chalkboard I hope you feel in watching + + align:start position:0% +chalkboard I hope you feel in watching + + + align:start position:0% +chalkboard I hope you feel in watching +them that that's okay the nice thing + + align:start position:0% +them that that's okay the nice thing + + + align:start position:0% +them that that's okay the nice thing +about chalkboard is you get to see the + + align:start position:0% +about chalkboard is you get to see the + + + align:start position:0% +about chalkboard is you get to see the +what's written doesn't disappear so you + + align:start position:0% +what's written doesn't disappear so you + + + align:start position:0% +what's written doesn't disappear so you +your I can continually check back and + + align:start position:0% +your I can continually check back and + + + align:start position:0% +your I can continually check back and +see is it how does it connect with + + align:start position:0% +see is it how does it connect with + + + align:start position:0% +see is it how does it connect with +what's happening at the moment and then + + align:start position:0% +what's happening at the moment and then + + + align:start position:0% +what's happening at the moment and then +there's one hour week of recitation + + align:start position:0% +there's one hour week of recitation + + + align:start position:0% +there's one hour week of recitation +where because that's a smaller class it + + align:start position:0% +where because that's a smaller class it + + + align:start position:0% +where because that's a smaller class it +just means there's + + align:start position:0% +just means there's + + + align:start position:0% +just means there's +teaching assistant there who can help + + align:start position:0% +teaching assistant there who can help + + + align:start position:0% +teaching assistant there who can help +with problems suggest new problems it + + align:start position:0% +with problems suggest new problems it + + + align:start position:0% +with problems suggest new problems it +can be a problem-based hour where my + + align:start position:0% +can be a problem-based hour where my + + + align:start position:0% +can be a problem-based hour where my +lectures have to are more explanation + + align:start position:0% +lectures have to are more explanation + + + align:start position:0% +lectures have to are more explanation +hours so about the textbook the + + align:start position:0% +hours so about the textbook the + + + align:start position:0% +hours so about the textbook the +homeworks come from the book mostly + + align:start position:0% +homeworks come from the book mostly + + + align:start position:0% +homeworks come from the book mostly +sometimes we add MATLAB problems sort of + + align:start position:0% +sometimes we add MATLAB problems sort of + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes we add MATLAB problems sort of +specially constructed ones but the + + align:start position:0% +specially constructed ones but the + + + align:start position:0% +specially constructed ones but the +central ideas of this subject are + + align:start position:0% +central ideas of this subject are + + + align:start position:0% +central ideas of this subject are +described in each section of the book + + align:start position:0% +described in each section of the book + + + align:start position:0% +described in each section of the book +and then naturally exercises to practice + + align:start position:0% +and then naturally exercises to practice + + + align:start position:0% +and then naturally exercises to practice +with those ideas and then the neat thing + + align:start position:0% +with those ideas and then the neat thing + + + align:start position:0% +with those ideas and then the neat thing +about 1806 scholar is you get short + + align:start position:0% +about 1806 scholar is you get short + + + align:start position:0% +about 1806 scholar is you get short +lectures short videos from six different + + align:start position:0% +lectures short videos from six different + + + align:start position:0% +lectures short videos from six different +TAS that about six problem-solving + + align:start position:0% +TAS that about six problem-solving + + + align:start position:0% +TAS that about six problem-solving +videos each and they are neat the TAS + + align:start position:0% +videos each and they are neat the TAS + + + align:start position:0% +videos each and they are neat the TAS +are good and that's something that can + + align:start position:0% +are good and that's something that can + + + align:start position:0% +are good and that's something that can +happen in the recitation with a smaller + + align:start position:0% +happen in the recitation with a smaller + + + align:start position:0% +happen in the recitation with a smaller +group the there's a chance for + + align:start position:0% +group the there's a chance for + + + align:start position:0% +group the there's a chance for +discussion whereas in the lecture + + align:start position:0% +discussion whereas in the lecture + + + align:start position:0% +discussion whereas in the lecture +well I still ask questions in the + + align:start position:0% +well I still ask questions in the + + + align:start position:0% +well I still ask questions in the +lecture as you'll probably see but it's + + align:start position:0% +lecture as you'll probably see but it's + + + align:start position:0% +lecture as you'll probably see but it's +a little harder for students to shout + + align:start position:0% +a little harder for students to shout + + + align:start position:0% +a little harder for students to shout +out an answer so they can shout all they + + align:start position:0% +out an answer so they can shout all they + + + align:start position:0% +out an answer so they can shout all they +want in their recitations with each + + align:start position:0% +want in their recitations with each + + + align:start position:0% +want in their recitations with each +lecture we produce a written summary of + + align:start position:0% +lecture we produce a written summary of + + + align:start position:0% +lecture we produce a written summary of +what it's about so after you watch the + + align:start position:0% +what it's about so after you watch the + + + align:start position:0% +what it's about so after you watch the +lecture you could look at that summary + + align:start position:0% +lecture you could look at that summary + + + align:start position:0% +lecture you could look at that summary +and it reinforces remembering the key + + align:start position:0% +and it reinforces remembering the key + + + align:start position:0% +and it reinforces remembering the key +points of the lecture and then we also + + align:start position:0% +points of the lecture and then we also + + + align:start position:0% +points of the lecture and then we also +added in some problems you know four or + + align:start position:0% +added in some problems you know four or + + + align:start position:0% +added in some problems you know four or +five problems from the book that you + + align:start position:0% +five problems from the book that you + + + align:start position:0% +five problems from the book that you +could just look at and see okay do I + + align:start position:0% +could just look at and see okay do I + + + align:start position:0% +could just look at and see okay do I +know what the question is here do I know + + align:start position:0% +know what the question is here do I know + + + align:start position:0% +know what the question is here do I know +how to do it I think as a result you're + + align:start position:0% +how to do it I think as a result you're + + + align:start position:0% +how to do it I think as a result you're +learning linear algebra a thought or two + + align:start position:0% +learning linear algebra a thought or two + + + align:start position:0% +learning linear algebra a thought or two +about linear algebra worldwide because + + align:start position:0% +about linear algebra worldwide because + + + align:start position:0% +about linear algebra worldwide because +it really is worldwide the feedback + + align:start position:0% +it really is worldwide the feedback + + + align:start position:0% +it really is worldwide the feedback +comes from all over the world it's + + align:start position:0% +comes from all over the world it's + + + align:start position:0% +comes from all over the world it's +really nice to get and I also I enjoy + + align:start position:0% +really nice to get and I also I enjoy + + + align:start position:0% +really nice to get and I also I enjoy +going so if somebody invites me to Egypt + + align:start position:0% +going so if somebody invites me to Egypt + + + align:start position:0% +going so if somebody invites me to Egypt +or + + align:start position:0% +or + + + align:start position:0% +or +Australia or China I tend to go if I can + + align:start position:0% +Australia or China I tend to go if I can + + + align:start position:0% +Australia or China I tend to go if I can +and because that's a lovely part about + + align:start position:0% +and because that's a lovely part about + + + align:start position:0% +and because that's a lovely part about +mathematics it's really universal it's + + align:start position:0% +mathematics it's really universal it's + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics it's really universal it's +it's a language almost of its own that + + align:start position:0% +it's a language almost of its own that + + + align:start position:0% +it's a language almost of its own that +that everybody can learn to speak and I + + align:start position:0% +that everybody can learn to speak and I + + + align:start position:0% +that everybody can learn to speak and I +hope these lectures help \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Z0ALwCckM24.txt b/Z0ALwCckM24.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a96a9ccac4653e4ed185cf37f5c900bc3d3c1111 --- /dev/null +++ b/Z0ALwCckM24.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6643 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license +your support will help MIT + + align:start position:0% +your support will help MIT + + + align:start position:0% +your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to offer high + + align:start position:0% +OpenCourseWare continue to offer high + + + align:start position:0% +OpenCourseWare continue to offer high +quality educational resources for free + + align:start position:0% +quality educational resources for free + + + align:start position:0% +quality educational resources for free +to make a donation or view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +when I was really young I used to go to + + align:start position:0% +when I was really young I used to go to + + + align:start position:0% +when I was really young I used to go to +a television reached repair store as + + align:start position:0% +a television reached repair store as + + + align:start position:0% +a television reached repair store as +often as possible to take home one of + + align:start position:0% +often as possible to take home one of + + + align:start position:0% +often as possible to take home one of +the the dead chassis and then I would + + align:start position:0% +the the dead chassis and then I would + + + align:start position:0% +the the dead chassis and then I would +take it apart and I don't know what I + + align:start position:0% +take it apart and I don't know what I + + + align:start position:0% +take it apart and I don't know what I +was looking for but that was sort of the + + align:start position:0% +was looking for but that was sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +was looking for but that was sort of the +empirical stuff I had no idea how a + + align:start position:0% +empirical stuff I had no idea how a + + + align:start position:0% +empirical stuff I had no idea how a +television worked but I was really + + align:start position:0% +television worked but I was really + + + align:start position:0% +television worked but I was really +curious about maybe I could find it if I + + align:start position:0% +curious about maybe I could find it if I + + + align:start position:0% +curious about maybe I could find it if I +just did did stuff and what we're what + + align:start position:0% +just did did stuff and what we're what + + + align:start position:0% +just did did stuff and what we're what +we've been talking about our ways in + + align:start position:0% +we've been talking about our ways in + + + align:start position:0% +we've been talking about our ways in +which we not just generate numbers like + + align:start position:0% +which we not just generate numbers like + + + align:start position:0% +which we not just generate numbers like +parts of the television chassis but + + align:start position:0% +parts of the television chassis but + + + align:start position:0% +parts of the television chassis but +insight and there are we've talked about + + align:start position:0% +insight and there are we've talked about + + + align:start position:0% +insight and there are we've talked about +three ways so far and one is Huckle + + align:start position:0% +three ways so far and one is Huckle + + + align:start position:0% +three ways so far and one is Huckle +theory where local theory is just a + + align:start position:0% +theory where local theory is just a + + + align:start position:0% +theory where local theory is just a +bunch of simple rules and simple ideas + + align:start position:0% +bunch of simple rules and simple ideas + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of simple rules and simple ideas +for how do you represent a large family + + align:start position:0% +for how do you represent a large family + + + align:start position:0% +for how do you represent a large family +of related molecules and the local + + align:start position:0% +of related molecules and the local + + + align:start position:0% +of related molecules and the local +theory is incredibly simple but it + + align:start position:0% +theory is incredibly simple but it + + + align:start position:0% +theory is incredibly simple but it +enables you to make really sophisticated + + align:start position:0% +enables you to make really sophisticated + + + align:start position:0% +enables you to make really sophisticated +conclusions about how things work and + + align:start position:0% +conclusions about how things work and + + + align:start position:0% +conclusions about how things work and +what are the important factors and so + + align:start position:0% +what are the important factors and so + + + align:start position:0% +what are the important factors and so +it's it's it's basically a procedure for + + align:start position:0% +it's it's it's basically a procedure for + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's it's basically a procedure for +distilling insight from random + + align:start position:0% +distilling insight from random + + + align:start position:0% +distilling insight from random +observations or maybe not random + + align:start position:0% +observations or maybe not random + + + align:start position:0% +observations or maybe not random +observations but observations of many + + align:start position:0% +observations but observations of many + + + align:start position:0% +observations but observations of many +properties of many related molecules + + align:start position:0% +properties of many related molecules + + + align:start position:0% +properties of many related molecules +then you've seen lcao mo based on the + + align:start position:0% +then you've seen lcao mo based on the + + + align:start position:0% +then you've seen lcao mo based on the +small variational treatment of H 2 H 2 + + align:start position:0% +small variational treatment of H 2 H 2 + + + align:start position:0% +small variational treatment of H 2 H 2 +plus and we've got the idea of or + + align:start position:0% +plus and we've got the idea of or + + + align:start position:0% +plus and we've got the idea of or +and what makes a bond and then with the + + align:start position:0% +and what makes a bond and then with the + + + align:start position:0% +and what makes a bond and then with the +idea that we can describe the size of + + align:start position:0% +idea that we can describe the size of + + + align:start position:0% +idea that we can describe the size of +atomic orbitals by the energy below the + + align:start position:0% +atomic orbitals by the energy below the + + + align:start position:0% +atomic orbitals by the energy below the +ionization limit we can make semi + + align:start position:0% +ionization limit we can make semi + + + align:start position:0% +ionization limit we can make semi +quantitative predictions based on this + + align:start position:0% +quantitative predictions based on this + + + align:start position:0% +quantitative predictions based on this +minimal basis set so we we draw + + align:start position:0% +minimal basis set so we we draw + + + align:start position:0% +minimal basis set so we we draw +molecular orbital diagrams and these + + align:start position:0% +molecular orbital diagrams and these + + + align:start position:0% +molecular orbital diagrams and these +molecular orbital diagrams are + + align:start position:0% +molecular orbital diagrams are + + + align:start position:0% +molecular orbital diagrams are +especially valuable for ISO electronic + + align:start position:0% +especially valuable for ISO electronic + + + align:start position:0% +especially valuable for ISO electronic +and homologous comparisons so + + align:start position:0% +and homologous comparisons so + + + align:start position:0% +and homologous comparisons so +isoelectronic would be lets say nitrogen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +co b f molecules with the same number of + + align:start position:0% +co b f molecules with the same number of + + + align:start position:0% +co b f molecules with the same number of +electrons and homologous would be + + align:start position:0% +electrons and homologous would be + + + align:start position:0% +electrons and homologous would be +something like co s io g EO and so on + + align:start position:0% +something like co s io g EO and so on + + + align:start position:0% +something like co s io g EO and so on +and with with the concept of orbital + + align:start position:0% +and with with the concept of orbital + + + align:start position:0% +and with with the concept of orbital +size being related to the ionization + + align:start position:0% +size being related to the ionization + + + align:start position:0% +size being related to the ionization +energy of the atoms we can make a lot of + + align:start position:0% +energy of the atoms we can make a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +energy of the atoms we can make a lot of +very useful comparisons and so we + + align:start position:0% +very useful comparisons and so we + + + align:start position:0% +very useful comparisons and so we +develop insight now lcao mo is a + + align:start position:0% +develop insight now lcao mo is a + + + align:start position:0% +develop insight now lcao mo is a +variational method and it can be a very + + align:start position:0% +variational method and it can be a very + + + align:start position:0% +variational method and it can be a very +large variational method and it could + + align:start position:0% +large variational method and it could + + + align:start position:0% +large variational method and it could +become AB initio but it's usually not + + align:start position:0% +become AB initio but it's usually not + + + align:start position:0% +become AB initio but it's usually not +atomic orbitals it's just Gaussian + + align:start position:0% +atomic orbitals it's just Gaussian + + + align:start position:0% +atomic orbitals it's just Gaussian +orbitals or something which is + + align:start position:0% +orbitals or something which is + + + align:start position:0% +orbitals or something which is +computationally convenient and so it can + + align:start position:0% +computationally convenient and so it can + + + align:start position:0% +computationally convenient and so it can +be a procedure to rationalize experience + + align:start position:0% +be a procedure to rationalize experience + + + align:start position:0% +be a procedure to rationalize experience +and make predictions as you you go from + + align:start position:0% +and make predictions as you you go from + + + align:start position:0% +and make predictions as you you go from +the same number of electrons but + + align:start position:0% +the same number of electrons but + + + align:start position:0% +the same number of electrons but +increasing polarizability polarity and + + align:start position:0% +increasing polarizability polarity and + + + align:start position:0% +increasing polarizability polarity and +these this is where you develop chemical + + align:start position:0% +these this is where you develop chemical + + + align:start position:0% +these this is where you develop chemical +insight and it's really exciting and + + align:start position:0% +insight and it's really exciting and + + + align:start position:0% +insight and it's really exciting and +it's what was missing when I would take + + align:start position:0% +it's what was missing when I would take + + + align:start position:0% +it's what was missing when I would take +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +Sassy's from my from the repair shop and + + align:start position:0% +Sassy's from my from the repair shop and + + + align:start position:0% +Sassy's from my from the repair shop and +and chop them up into pieces and oh yeah + + align:start position:0% +and chop them up into pieces and oh yeah + + + align:start position:0% +and chop them up into pieces and oh yeah +there's a magnet in there and you know + + align:start position:0% +there's a magnet in there and you know + + + align:start position:0% +there's a magnet in there and you know +things like that it's much deeper and + + align:start position:0% +things like that it's much deeper and + + + align:start position:0% +things like that it's much deeper and +now perturbation theory is a kind of a + + align:start position:0% +now perturbation theory is a kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +now perturbation theory is a kind of a +different thing altogether perturbation + + align:start position:0% +different thing altogether perturbation + + + align:start position:0% +different thing altogether perturbation +Theory says we do an experiment we + + align:start position:0% +Theory says we do an experiment we + + + align:start position:0% +Theory says we do an experiment we +measure something and we turn it into + + align:start position:0% +measure something and we turn it into + + + align:start position:0% +measure something and we turn it into +something we really wanted you know the + + align:start position:0% +something we really wanted you know the + + + align:start position:0% +something we really wanted you know the +Rolling Stones are telling us that you + + align:start position:0% +Rolling Stones are telling us that you + + + align:start position:0% +Rolling Stones are telling us that you +know if you want to know how a + + align:start position:0% +know if you want to know how a + + + align:start position:0% +know if you want to know how a +particular property depends on + + align:start position:0% +particular property depends on + + + align:start position:0% +particular property depends on +internuclear distance and you can't + + align:start position:0% +internuclear distance and you can't + + + align:start position:0% +internuclear distance and you can't +directly measure the property as a + + align:start position:0% +directly measure the property as a + + + align:start position:0% +directly measure the property as a +function of inter nuclear distance + + align:start position:0% +function of inter nuclear distance + + + align:start position:0% +function of inter nuclear distance +well maybe you can measure it as a + + align:start position:0% +well maybe you can measure it as a + + + align:start position:0% +well maybe you can measure it as a +function of vibrational and rotational + + align:start position:0% +function of vibrational and rotational + + + align:start position:0% +function of vibrational and rotational +quantum numbers and that's what + + align:start position:0% +quantum numbers and that's what + + + align:start position:0% +quantum numbers and that's what +perturbation Theory does it tells you + + align:start position:0% +perturbation Theory does it tells you + + + align:start position:0% +perturbation Theory does it tells you +how to get from what you observe to what + + align:start position:0% +how to get from what you observe to what + + + align:start position:0% +how to get from what you observe to what +you really want to know and it can be + + align:start position:0% +you really want to know and it can be + + + align:start position:0% +you really want to know and it can be +horrible in terms of the algebraic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exercises you have to go through in + + align:start position:0% +exercises you have to go through in + + + align:start position:0% +exercises you have to go through in +order to get what you really want or + + align:start position:0% +order to get what you really want or + + + align:start position:0% +order to get what you really want or +what from what you yes and today's + + align:start position:0% +what from what you yes and today's + + + align:start position:0% +what from what you yes and today's +lecture is going to be an example of not + + align:start position:0% +lecture is going to be an example of not + + + align:start position:0% +lecture is going to be an example of not +the worst thing you could ever do with + + align:start position:0% +the worst thing you could ever do with + + + align:start position:0% +the worst thing you could ever do with +perturbation theory but pretty close to + + align:start position:0% +perturbation theory but pretty close to + + + align:start position:0% +perturbation theory but pretty close to +the worst ok but all three of the first + + align:start position:0% +the worst ok but all three of the first + + + align:start position:0% +the worst ok but all three of the first +things are related are associated with + + align:start position:0% +things are related are associated with + + + align:start position:0% +things are related are associated with +getting insight from either a crude + + align:start position:0% +getting insight from either a crude + + + align:start position:0% +getting insight from either a crude +calculation refined against observations + + align:start position:0% +calculation refined against observations + + + align:start position:0% +calculation refined against observations +or just the observations and reducing + + align:start position:0% +or just the observations and reducing + + + align:start position:0% +or just the observations and reducing +those observations to something really + + align:start position:0% +those observations to something really + + + align:start position:0% +those observations to something really +neat about how things work then the next + + align:start position:0% +neat about how things work then the next + + + align:start position:0% +neat about how things work then the next +two lectures will be given by professor + + align:start position:0% +two lectures will be given by professor + + + align:start position:0% +two lectures will be given by professor +Van Voorhis + + align:start position:0% +Van Voorhis + + + align:start position:0% +Van Voorhis +and it's well they will be on ab initio + + align:start position:0% +and it's well they will be on ab initio + + + align:start position:0% +and it's well they will be on ab initio +theory where basically you don't assume + + align:start position:0% +theory where basically you don't assume + + + align:start position:0% +theory where basically you don't assume +anything you don't do anything except + + align:start position:0% +anything you don't do anything except + + + align:start position:0% +anything you don't do anything except +solve for the exact energy levels and + + align:start position:0% +solve for the exact energy levels and + + + align:start position:0% +solve for the exact energy levels and +wave functions + + align:start position:0% +wave functions + + + align:start position:0% +wave functions +now this is not possible directly you + + align:start position:0% +now this is not possible directly you + + + align:start position:0% +now this is not possible directly you +can do this by making approximations + + align:start position:0% +can do this by making approximations + + + align:start position:0% +can do this by making approximations +doing an enormous variational + + align:start position:0% +doing an enormous variational + + + align:start position:0% +doing an enormous variational +calculation now many people think well + + align:start position:0% +calculation now many people think well + + + align:start position:0% +calculation now many people think well +why bother with approximate methods when + + align:start position:0% +why bother with approximate methods when + + + align:start position:0% +why bother with approximate methods when +you can get the truth and the answer is + + align:start position:0% +you can get the truth and the answer is + + + align:start position:0% +you can get the truth and the answer is +the truth is no more valuable than the + + align:start position:0% +the truth is no more valuable than the + + + align:start position:0% +the truth is no more valuable than the +the the the parts of a of a disable + + align:start position:0% +the the the parts of a of a disable + + + align:start position:0% +the the the parts of a of a disable +television it's their stuff but there's + + align:start position:0% +television it's their stuff but there's + + + align:start position:0% +television it's their stuff but there's +no insight there and quantum chemists + + align:start position:0% +no insight there and quantum chemists + + + align:start position:0% +no insight there and quantum chemists +who do these calculations are not just + + align:start position:0% +who do these calculations are not just + + + align:start position:0% +who do these calculations are not just +generating numbers they're trying to + + align:start position:0% +generating numbers they're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +generating numbers they're trying to +explain how things work and it's the + + align:start position:0% +explain how things work and it's the + + + align:start position:0% +explain how things work and it's the +same businesses just the tools are + + align:start position:0% +same businesses just the tools are + + + align:start position:0% +same businesses just the tools are +different the goals are not just getting + + align:start position:0% +different the goals are not just getting + + + align:start position:0% +different the goals are not just getting +in spectroscopy we can measure things to + + align:start position:0% +in spectroscopy we can measure things to + + + align:start position:0% +in spectroscopy we can measure things to +ten or eleven digits and nobody cares I + + align:start position:0% +ten or eleven digits and nobody cares I + + + align:start position:0% +ten or eleven digits and nobody cares I +mean how many digits it's a little bit + + align:start position:0% +mean how many digits it's a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +mean how many digits it's a little bit +challenging to remember telephone + + align:start position:0% +challenging to remember telephone + + + align:start position:0% +challenging to remember telephone +numbers and and you know having big + + align:start position:0% +numbers and and you know having big + + + align:start position:0% +numbers and and you know having big +tables of 10 digit numbers so what but + + align:start position:0% +tables of 10 digit numbers so what but + + + align:start position:0% +tables of 10 digit numbers so what but +what do the numbers tell you and this + + align:start position:0% +what do the numbers tell you and this + + + align:start position:0% +what do the numbers tell you and this +this quest the same question is asked by + + align:start position:0% +this quest the same question is asked by + + + align:start position:0% +this quest the same question is asked by +good quantum chemist by doing a series + + align:start position:0% +good quantum chemist by doing a series + + + align:start position:0% +good quantum chemist by doing a series +of calculations where they turn on and + + align:start position:0% +of calculations where they turn on and + + + align:start position:0% +of calculations where they turn on and +off certain terms in the Hamiltonian so + + align:start position:0% +off certain terms in the Hamiltonian so + + + align:start position:0% +off certain terms in the Hamiltonian so +it's the same thing I'm an + + align:start position:0% +it's the same thing I'm an + + + align:start position:0% +it's the same thing I'm an +experimentalist but many people who are + + align:start position:0% +experimentalist but many people who are + + + align:start position:0% +experimentalist but many people who are +experimentalist think I'm a theorist + + align:start position:0% +experimentalist think I'm a theorist + + + align:start position:0% +experimentalist think I'm a theorist +because I do weird stuff but I'm not a + + align:start position:0% +because I do weird stuff but I'm not a + + + align:start position:0% +because I do weird stuff but I'm not a +theorist Troy is a theorist and he does + + align:start position:0% +theorist Troy is a theorist and he does + + + align:start position:0% +theorist Troy is a theorist and he does +weird stuff too but he's not an + + align:start position:0% +weird stuff too but he's not an + + + align:start position:0% +weird stuff too but he's not an +experimentalist and we're both after + + align:start position:0% +experimentalist and we're both after + + + align:start position:0% +experimentalist and we're both after +insight and okay so let's let's just I + + align:start position:0% +insight and okay so let's let's just I + + + align:start position:0% +insight and okay so let's let's just I +guess I'll just launch it the + + align:start position:0% +guess I'll just launch it the + + + align:start position:0% +guess I'll just launch it the +perturbation theory + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay but you do want to understand the + + align:start position:0% +okay but you do want to understand the + + + align:start position:0% +okay but you do want to understand the +difference and what how these different + + align:start position:0% +difference and what how these different + + + align:start position:0% +difference and what how these different +methods these approximate methods work + + align:start position:0% +methods these approximate methods work + + + align:start position:0% +methods these approximate methods work +and what they're good for + + align:start position:0% +and what they're good for + + + align:start position:0% +and what they're good for +okay so the goal of perturbation theory + + align:start position:0% +okay so the goal of perturbation theory + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the goal of perturbation theory +is to go from molecular constants to + + align:start position:0% +is to go from molecular constants to + + + align:start position:0% +is to go from molecular constants to +structural constants or structural + + align:start position:0% +structural constants or structural + + + align:start position:0% +structural constants or structural +parameters molecular constants are like + + align:start position:0% +parameters molecular constants are like + + + align:start position:0% +parameters molecular constants are like +rotational constant vibrational constant + + align:start position:0% +rotational constant vibrational constant + + + align:start position:0% +rotational constant vibrational constant +stuff that you get by fitting the energy + + align:start position:0% +stuff that you get by fitting the energy + + + align:start position:0% +stuff that you get by fitting the energy +levels you observe to a dumb empirical + + align:start position:0% +levels you observe to a dumb empirical + + + align:start position:0% +levels you observe to a dumb empirical +expression a power Series in quantum + + align:start position:0% +expression a power Series in quantum + + + align:start position:0% +expression a power Series in quantum +numbers now there's lots of dumb + + align:start position:0% +numbers now there's lots of dumb + + + align:start position:0% +numbers now there's lots of dumb +empirical expressions you could use and + + align:start position:0% +empirical expressions you could use and + + + align:start position:0% +empirical expressions you could use and +some are better than others and + + align:start position:0% +some are better than others and + + + align:start position:0% +some are better than others and +perturbation Theory will often tell you + + align:start position:0% +perturbation Theory will often tell you + + + align:start position:0% +perturbation Theory will often tell you +what is the right way to do it so you go + + align:start position:0% +what is the right way to do it so you go + + + align:start position:0% +what is the right way to do it so you go +from molecular constants to things in + + align:start position:0% +from molecular constants to things in + + + align:start position:0% +from molecular constants to things in +the potential so this is the + + align:start position:0% +the potential so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +the potential so this is the +displacement from equilibrium and we + + align:start position:0% +displacement from equilibrium and we + + + align:start position:0% +displacement from equilibrium and we +would like to know something about how a + + align:start position:0% +would like to know something about how a + + + align:start position:0% +would like to know something about how a +molecule works and there also might be + + align:start position:0% +molecule works and there also might be + + + align:start position:0% +molecule works and there also might be +other constants like spin orbit and + + align:start position:0% +other constants like spin orbit and + + + align:start position:0% +other constants like spin orbit and +hyperfine and dipole moment and so let's + + align:start position:0% +hyperfine and dipole moment and so let's + + + align:start position:0% +hyperfine and dipole moment and so let's +just say we have some some observable + + align:start position:0% +just say we have some some observable + + + align:start position:0% +just say we have some some observable +and it is also a function of coordinate + + align:start position:0% +and it is also a function of coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +and it is also a function of coordinate +and we'd like to know what that function + + align:start position:0% +and we'd like to know what that function + + + align:start position:0% +and we'd like to know what that function +is and but what we are able to do is + + align:start position:0% +is and but what we are able to do is + + + align:start position:0% +is and but what we are able to do is +measure energy levels as a function of + + align:start position:0% +measure energy levels as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +measure energy levels as a function of +quantum numbers and so the information + + align:start position:0% +quantum numbers and so the information + + + align:start position:0% +quantum numbers and so the information +that we really want the potential or the + + align:start position:0% +that we really want the potential or the + + + align:start position:0% +that we really want the potential or the +inter nuclear distance dependence of + + align:start position:0% +inter nuclear distance dependence of + + + align:start position:0% +inter nuclear distance dependence of +some electronic property that's all + + align:start position:0% +some electronic property that's all + + + align:start position:0% +some electronic property that's all +gotten + + align:start position:0% +gotten + + + align:start position:0% +gotten +from what we can observe via + + align:start position:0% +from what we can observe via + + + align:start position:0% +from what we can observe via +perturbation theory it's a very powerful + + align:start position:0% +perturbation theory it's a very powerful + + + align:start position:0% +perturbation theory it's a very powerful +tool and it's it's not pretty but it it + + align:start position:0% +tool and it's it's not pretty but it it + + + align:start position:0% +tool and it's it's not pretty but it it +always works and it's a good basis for + + align:start position:0% +always works and it's a good basis for + + + align:start position:0% +always works and it's a good basis for +insight + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so perturbation theory is a bit novel + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the other methods one doesn't generally + + align:start position:0% +the other methods one doesn't generally + + + align:start position:0% +the other methods one doesn't generally +do a least-squares fit to the of the + + align:start position:0% +do a least-squares fit to the of the + + + align:start position:0% +do a least-squares fit to the of the +adjustable parameters in hückel theory + + align:start position:0% +adjustable parameters in hückel theory + + + align:start position:0% +adjustable parameters in hückel theory +to to determine the properties of a + + align:start position:0% +to to determine the properties of a + + + align:start position:0% +to to determine the properties of a +molecule one just says okay + + align:start position:0% +molecule one just says okay + + + align:start position:0% +molecule one just says okay +I'm going to try these because I think + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to try these because I think + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to try these because I think +that attaching an electronegative atom + + align:start position:0% +that attaching an electronegative atom + + + align:start position:0% +that attaching an electronegative atom +to a carbon atom is going to do + + align:start position:0% +to a carbon atom is going to do + + + align:start position:0% +to a carbon atom is going to do +something that I can predict and maybe + + align:start position:0% +something that I can predict and maybe + + + align:start position:0% +something that I can predict and maybe +it's going to tell me some surprises + + align:start position:0% +it's going to tell me some surprises + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to tell me some surprises +about how its influence is not just + + align:start position:0% +about how its influence is not just + + + align:start position:0% +about how its influence is not just +where it's attached but other places in + + align:start position:0% +where it's attached but other places in + + + align:start position:0% +where it's attached but other places in +the molecule you know this from your + + align:start position:0% +the molecule you know this from your + + + align:start position:0% +the molecule you know this from your +first organic courses you know all sorts + + align:start position:0% +first organic courses you know all sorts + + + align:start position:0% +first organic courses you know all sorts +of tricks to be able to predict + + align:start position:0% +of tricks to be able to predict + + + align:start position:0% +of tricks to be able to predict +reactivity and things that are related + + align:start position:0% +reactivity and things that are related + + + align:start position:0% +reactivity and things that are related +but local theory is not a fit model lcao + + align:start position:0% +but local theory is not a fit model lcao + + + align:start position:0% +but local theory is not a fit model lcao +mo theory is not a fit model these are + + align:start position:0% +mo theory is not a fit model these are + + + align:start position:0% +mo theory is not a fit model these are +experience based and you you integrate + + align:start position:0% +experience based and you you integrate + + + align:start position:0% +experience based and you you integrate +all sorts of stuff that you learn from + + align:start position:0% +all sorts of stuff that you learn from + + + align:start position:0% +all sorts of stuff that you learn from +comparing molecules and the comparing of + + align:start position:0% +comparing molecules and the comparing of + + + align:start position:0% +comparing molecules and the comparing of +molecules is what makes up for the the + + align:start position:0% +molecules is what makes up for the the + + + align:start position:0% +molecules is what makes up for the the +the terribleness of the approximations + + align:start position:0% +the terribleness of the approximations + + + align:start position:0% +the terribleness of the approximations +and your job is to hone your insight and + + align:start position:0% +and your job is to hone your insight and + + + align:start position:0% +and your job is to hone your insight and +so you have nothing to protect us except + + align:start position:0% +so you have nothing to protect us except + + + align:start position:0% +so you have nothing to protect us except +the truth you know you have you can + + align:start position:0% +the truth you know you have you can + + + align:start position:0% +the truth you know you have you can +observe molecules but you can't be + + align:start position:0% +observe molecules but you can't be + + + align:start position:0% +observe molecules but you can't be +guided to something which is true + + align:start position:0% +guided to something which is true + + + align:start position:0% +guided to something which is true +because there's no calculation there's + + align:start position:0% +because there's no calculation there's + + + align:start position:0% +because there's no calculation there's +nothing exact and there's nothing + + align:start position:0% +nothing exact and there's nothing + + + align:start position:0% +nothing exact and there's nothing +complete but in quantum chemistry you + + align:start position:0% +complete but in quantum chemistry you + + + align:start position:0% +complete but in quantum chemistry you +can get really close to the truth but + + align:start position:0% +can get really close to the truth but + + + align:start position:0% +can get really close to the truth but +you don't know anything about why and so + + align:start position:0% +you don't know anything about why and so + + + align:start position:0% +you don't know anything about why and so +you're doing the same thing but from the + + align:start position:0% +you're doing the same thing but from the + + + align:start position:0% +you're doing the same thing but from the +opposite ends okay but perturbation + + align:start position:0% +opposite ends okay but perturbation + + + align:start position:0% +opposite ends okay but perturbation +theory is special because you take a + + align:start position:0% +theory is special because you take a + + + align:start position:0% +theory is special because you take a +huge amount of highly accurate + + align:start position:0% +huge amount of highly accurate + + + align:start position:0% +huge amount of highly accurate +experimental data of various types and + + align:start position:0% +experimental data of various types and + + + align:start position:0% +experimental data of various types and +you fit it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so I want to talk about this so you + + align:start position:0% +and so I want to talk about this so you + + + align:start position:0% +and so I want to talk about this so you +have the Hamiltonian it's a matrix and + + align:start position:0% +have the Hamiltonian it's a matrix and + + + align:start position:0% +have the Hamiltonian it's a matrix and +it's expressed in terms of parameters + + align:start position:0% +it's expressed in terms of parameters + + + align:start position:0% +it's expressed in terms of parameters +let's just use the notation P P sub I a + + align:start position:0% +let's just use the notation P P sub I a + + + align:start position:0% +let's just use the notation P P sub I a +set of parameters so there's not a + + align:start position:0% +set of parameters so there's not a + + + align:start position:0% +set of parameters so there's not a +quantum chemical comment Hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% +quantum chemical comment Hamiltonian + + + align:start position:0% +quantum chemical comment Hamiltonian +it's a thing where we say there are + + align:start position:0% +it's a thing where we say there are + + + align:start position:0% +it's a thing where we say there are +certain degrees of freedom and each one + + align:start position:0% +certain degrees of freedom and each one + + + align:start position:0% +certain degrees of freedom and each one +is is controlled by a number of + + align:start position:0% +is is controlled by a number of + + + align:start position:0% +is is controlled by a number of +parameters and and we have the energy + + align:start position:0% +parameters and and we have the energy + + + align:start position:0% +parameters and and we have the energy +levels and so what you do is you say + + align:start position:0% +levels and so what you do is you say + + + align:start position:0% +levels and so what you do is you say +let's choose a set of these parameters + + align:start position:0% +let's choose a set of these parameters + + + align:start position:0% +let's choose a set of these parameters +and calculate the energy levels and + + align:start position:0% +and calculate the energy levels and + + + align:start position:0% +and calculate the energy levels and +compare them to the observed energy + + align:start position:0% +compare them to the observed energy + + + align:start position:0% +compare them to the observed energy +levels and it's not the first try it's + + align:start position:0% +levels and it's not the first try it's + + + align:start position:0% +levels and it's not the first try it's +not going to be good and then you say + + align:start position:0% +not going to be good and then you say + + + align:start position:0% +not going to be good and then you say +okay now I've got to do a least-squares + + align:start position:0% +okay now I've got to do a least-squares + + + align:start position:0% +okay now I've got to do a least-squares +fit I have to vary the parameters in + + align:start position:0% +fit I have to vary the parameters in + + + align:start position:0% +fit I have to vary the parameters in +this matrix Hamiltonian to match the + + align:start position:0% +this matrix Hamiltonian to match the + + + align:start position:0% +this matrix Hamiltonian to match the +energy levels and maybe to match other + + align:start position:0% +energy levels and maybe to match other + + + align:start position:0% +energy levels and maybe to match other +things that you can observe in the + + align:start position:0% +things that you can observe in the + + + align:start position:0% +things that you can observe in the +experiment but it's a complicated least + + align:start position:0% +experiment but it's a complicated least + + + align:start position:0% +experiment but it's a complicated least +squares fit because you know you have a + + align:start position:0% +squares fit because you know you have a + + + align:start position:0% +squares fit because you know you have a +matrix and you want to diagonalize it + + align:start position:0% +matrix and you want to diagonalize it + + + align:start position:0% +matrix and you want to diagonalize it +how are the parameters related to the + + align:start position:0% +how are the parameters related to the + + + align:start position:0% +how are the parameters related to the +eigenvalues and eigenvectors you don't + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalues and eigenvectors you don't + + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalues and eigenvectors you don't +know and but when you're close then you + + align:start position:0% +know and but when you're close then you + + + align:start position:0% +know and but when you're close then you +can start fitting these things and you + + align:start position:0% +can start fitting these things and you + + + align:start position:0% +can start fitting these things and you +could say that I know and then once + + align:start position:0% +could say that I know and then once + + + align:start position:0% +could say that I know and then once +you've done that you have not just the + + align:start position:0% +you've done that you have not just the + + + align:start position:0% +you've done that you have not just the +energy levels but you have the wave + + align:start position:0% +energy levels but you have the wave + + + align:start position:0% +energy levels but you have the wave +functions now again you don't know that + + align:start position:0% +functions now again you don't know that + + + align:start position:0% +functions now again you don't know that +there's something missing in your + + align:start position:0% +there's something missing in your + + + align:start position:0% +there's something missing in your +Hamiltonian but you know that from the + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian but you know that from the + + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian but you know that from the +data you input you can match all the + + align:start position:0% +data you input you can match all the + + + align:start position:0% +data you input you can match all the +energy levels but you didn't put in all + + align:start position:0% +energy levels but you didn't put in all + + + align:start position:0% +energy levels but you didn't put in all +the levels you put in just the ones that + + align:start position:0% +the levels you put in just the ones that + + + align:start position:0% +the levels you put in just the ones that +you measured but you are arrogant and + + align:start position:0% +you measured but you are arrogant and + + + align:start position:0% +you measured but you are arrogant and +you think well maybe I measured more + + align:start position:0% +you think well maybe I measured more + + + align:start position:0% +you think well maybe I measured more +than I I determined more than I measured + + align:start position:0% +than I I determined more than I measured + + + align:start position:0% +than I I determined more than I measured +that I can extend the measurements + + align:start position:0% +that I can extend the measurements + + + align:start position:0% +that I can extend the measurements +things and I told you at the beginning + + align:start position:0% +things and I told you at the beginning + + + align:start position:0% +things and I told you at the beginning +of course you cannot observe the wave + + align:start position:0% +of course you cannot observe the wave + + + align:start position:0% +of course you cannot observe the wave +function but if you do this if you do a + + align:start position:0% +function but if you do this if you do a + + + align:start position:0% +function but if you do this if you do a +least-squares fit and match the energy + + align:start position:0% +least-squares fit and match the energy + + + align:start position:0% +least-squares fit and match the energy +levels you have a pretty darn good + + align:start position:0% +levels you have a pretty darn good + + + align:start position:0% +levels you have a pretty darn good +representation of the wave function and + + align:start position:0% +representation of the wave function and + + + align:start position:0% +representation of the wave function and +you can use that to calculate other + + align:start position:0% +you can use that to calculate other + + + align:start position:0% +you can use that to calculate other +stuff especially dynamics remember + + align:start position:0% +stuff especially dynamics remember + + + align:start position:0% +stuff especially dynamics remember +dynamics at least if the Hamiltonian is + + align:start position:0% +dynamics at least if the Hamiltonian is + + + align:start position:0% +dynamics at least if the Hamiltonian is +independent of time the dynamics is + + align:start position:0% +independent of time the dynamics is + + + align:start position:0% +independent of time the dynamics is +going to be a function of X and T but + + align:start position:0% +going to be a function of X and T but + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a function of X and T but +you start with the initial preparation + + align:start position:0% +you start with the initial preparation + + + align:start position:0% +you start with the initial preparation +and if you know that then you because + + align:start position:0% +and if you know that then you because + + + align:start position:0% +and if you know that then you because +you know the energy levels you can + + align:start position:0% +you know the energy levels you can + + + align:start position:0% +you know the energy levels you can +calculate the full X of T for all time + + align:start position:0% +calculate the full X of T for all time + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the full X of T for all time +so that's pretty powerful + + align:start position:0% +so that's pretty powerful + + + align:start position:0% +so that's pretty powerful +if you fitted enough stuff if your + + align:start position:0% +if you fitted enough stuff if your + + + align:start position:0% +if you fitted enough stuff if your +Hamiltonian has the important things in + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian has the important things in + + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian has the important things in +it then you are basically able to do + + align:start position:0% +it then you are basically able to do + + + align:start position:0% +it then you are basically able to do +anything you want whether it's static or + + align:start position:0% +anything you want whether it's static or + + + align:start position:0% +anything you want whether it's static or +dynamic and if the Hamiltonian is time + + align:start position:0% +dynamic and if the Hamiltonian is time + + + align:start position:0% +dynamic and if the Hamiltonian is time +dependent you can do that too I just + + align:start position:0% +dependent you can do that too I just + + + align:start position:0% +dependent you can do that too I just +haven't showed you how yet okay so I + + align:start position:0% +haven't showed you how yet okay so I + + + align:start position:0% +haven't showed you how yet okay so I +really like perturbation theory because + + align:start position:0% +really like perturbation theory because + + + align:start position:0% +really like perturbation theory because +it directly doubt deals with it whatever + + align:start position:0% +it directly doubt deals with it whatever + + + align:start position:0% +it directly doubt deals with it whatever +data you have and out from that you get + + align:start position:0% +data you have and out from that you get + + + align:start position:0% +data you have and out from that you get +this thing which tells you everything + + align:start position:0% +this thing which tells you everything + + + align:start position:0% +this thing which tells you everything +unless there's something that you didn't + + align:start position:0% +unless there's something that you didn't + + + align:start position:0% +unless there's something that you didn't +sample that you didn't know you didn't + + align:start position:0% +sample that you didn't know you didn't + + + align:start position:0% +sample that you didn't know you didn't +sample and then you discover that your + + align:start position:0% +sample and then you discover that your + + + align:start position:0% +sample and then you discover that your +data and the predictions are not in + + align:start position:0% +data and the predictions are not in + + + align:start position:0% +data and the predictions are not in +agreement and then that's when you you + + align:start position:0% +agreement and then that's when you you + + + align:start position:0% +agreement and then that's when you you +don't go home and say oh I screwed up I + + align:start position:0% +don't go home and say oh I screwed up I + + + align:start position:0% +don't go home and say oh I screwed up I +gotta go take a nap I don't you go home + + align:start position:0% +gotta go take a nap I don't you go home + + + align:start position:0% +gotta go take a nap I don't you go home +and you say let's celebrate because I've + + align:start position:0% +and you say let's celebrate because I've + + + align:start position:0% +and you say let's celebrate because I've +discovered something that was really + + align:start position:0% +discovered something that was really + + + align:start position:0% +discovered something that was really +missing and that's what we want to do + + align:start position:0% +missing and that's what we want to do + + + align:start position:0% +missing and that's what we want to do +okay so I have to mess around in the mud + + align:start position:0% +okay so I have to mess around in the mud + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I have to mess around in the mud +here because you know the perturbation + + align:start position:0% +here because you know the perturbation + + + align:start position:0% +here because you know the perturbation +theory you've done so far has been + + align:start position:0% +theory you've done so far has been + + + align:start position:0% +theory you've done so far has been +perhaps ugly but it's been kind of + + align:start position:0% +perhaps ugly but it's been kind of + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps ugly but it's been kind of +simple because it's bay + + align:start position:0% +simple because it's bay + + + align:start position:0% +simple because it's bay +basically vibration and now we got + + align:start position:0% +basically vibration and now we got + + + align:start position:0% +basically vibration and now we got +vibration and rotation and we have to + + align:start position:0% +vibration and rotation and we have to + + + align:start position:0% +vibration and rotation and we have to +combine the two and we have to see + + align:start position:0% +combine the two and we have to see + + + align:start position:0% +combine the two and we have to see +whether there's something special that + + align:start position:0% +whether there's something special that + + + align:start position:0% +whether there's something special that +we can get from the combination and you + + align:start position:0% +we can get from the combination and you + + + align:start position:0% +we can get from the combination and you +bet there is + + align:start position:0% +bet there is + + + align:start position:0% +bet there is +okay so we're going to look at the + + align:start position:0% +okay so we're going to look at the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we're going to look at the +energy levels of a non rigid non + + align:start position:0% +energy levels of a non rigid non + + + align:start position:0% +energy levels of a non rigid non +harmonic or an harmonic oscillator and + + align:start position:0% +harmonic or an harmonic oscillator and + + + align:start position:0% +harmonic or an harmonic oscillator and +we're going to find out how we generate + + align:start position:0% +we're going to find out how we generate + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to find out how we generate +from a expression of the potential + + align:start position:0% +from a expression of the potential + + + align:start position:0% +from a expression of the potential +energy surface or potential energy curve + + align:start position:0% +energy surface or potential energy curve + + + align:start position:0% +energy surface or potential energy curve +because what I'm going to be talking + + align:start position:0% +because what I'm going to be talking + + + align:start position:0% +because what I'm going to be talking +about is diatomics but it all extends to + + align:start position:0% +about is diatomics but it all extends to + + + align:start position:0% +about is diatomics but it all extends to +polyatomics and we're going to calculate + + align:start position:0% +polyatomics and we're going to calculate + + + align:start position:0% +polyatomics and we're going to calculate +the relationships between what you + + align:start position:0% +the relationships between what you + + + align:start position:0% +the relationships between what you +observe and what you want to know so for + + align:start position:0% +observe and what you want to know so for + + + align:start position:0% +observe and what you want to know so for +a diatomic molecule we have a dumb + + align:start position:0% +a diatomic molecule we have a dumb + + + align:start position:0% +a diatomic molecule we have a dumb +representation of the quantum numbers + + align:start position:0% +representation of the quantum numbers + + + align:start position:0% +representation of the quantum numbers +and we can write it you know I'm just + + align:start position:0% +and we can write it you know I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +and we can write it you know I'm just +really a stubborn person about + + align:start position:0% +really a stubborn person about + + + align:start position:0% +really a stubborn person about +spectroscopic notation so I include this + + align:start position:0% +spectroscopic notation so I include this + + + align:start position:0% +spectroscopic notation so I include this +HD to convert wave number units + + align:start position:0% +HD to convert wave number units + + + align:start position:0% +HD to convert wave number units +reciprocal centimeter units to energy + + align:start position:0% +reciprocal centimeter units to energy + + + align:start position:0% +reciprocal centimeter units to energy +but you'll never catch me doing it in + + align:start position:0% +but you'll never catch me doing it in + + + align:start position:0% +but you'll never catch me doing it in +real life but that leads to all sorts of + + align:start position:0% +real life but that leads to all sorts of + + + align:start position:0% +real life but that leads to all sorts of +algebraic errors that I don't know I'm + + align:start position:0% +algebraic errors that I don't know I'm + + + align:start position:0% +algebraic errors that I don't know I'm +making because I'm so unused to doing + + align:start position:0% +making because I'm so unused to doing + + + align:start position:0% +making because I'm so unused to doing +this okay so we have an expression for + + align:start position:0% +this okay so we have an expression for + + + align:start position:0% +this okay so we have an expression for +the vibrational energy levels and I + + align:start position:0% +the vibrational energy levels and I + + + align:start position:0% +the vibrational energy levels and I +can't apologize explain why we use four + + align:start position:0% +can't apologize explain why we use four + + + align:start position:0% +can't apologize explain why we use four +letters to represent one symbol but + + align:start position:0% +letters to represent one symbol but + + + align:start position:0% +letters to represent one symbol but +that's the traditional thing and for + + align:start position:0% +that's the traditional thing and for + + + align:start position:0% +that's the traditional thing and for +polyatomic molecules which came after + + align:start position:0% +polyatomic molecules which came after + + + align:start position:0% +polyatomic molecules which came after +diatomic molecules we start using only + + align:start position:0% +diatomic molecules we start using only + + + align:start position:0% +diatomic molecules we start using only +two levels instead of Omega XE we just + + align:start position:0% +two levels instead of Omega XE we just + + + align:start position:0% +two levels instead of Omega XE we just +use XE since you know I'm a diet two + + align:start position:0% +use XE since you know I'm a diet two + + + align:start position:0% +use XE since you know I'm a diet two +mission I'm gonna I'm gonna do this sort + + align:start position:0% +mission I'm gonna I'm gonna do this sort + + + align:start position:0% +mission I'm gonna I'm gonna do this sort +of thing and that's V plus 1/2 squared + + align:start position:0% +of thing and that's V plus 1/2 squared + + + align:start position:0% +of thing and that's V plus 1/2 squared +and then the next term is omega ye v + + align:start position:0% +and then the next term is omega ye v + + + align:start position:0% +and then the next term is omega ye v +plus 1/2 u + + align:start position:0% +plus 1/2 u + + + align:start position:0% +plus 1/2 u +and okay and so then that's the + + align:start position:0% +and okay and so then that's the + + + align:start position:0% +and okay and so then that's the +vibrational part and then we have the + + align:start position:0% +vibrational part and then we have the + + + align:start position:0% +vibrational part and then we have the +rotational part the equilibrium inter + + align:start position:0% +rotational part the equilibrium inter + + + align:start position:0% +rotational part the equilibrium inter +nuclear distant rotational constant + + align:start position:0% +nuclear distant rotational constant + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear distant rotational constant +minus alpha e times V plus a half JK + + align:start position:0% +minus alpha e times V plus a half JK + + + align:start position:0% +minus alpha e times V plus a half JK +plus 1 and then minus de the centrifugal + + align:start position:0% +plus 1 and then minus de the centrifugal + + + align:start position:0% +plus 1 and then minus de the centrifugal +distortion constant times J J plus 1 + + align:start position:0% +distortion constant times J J plus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +distortion constant times J J plus 1 +want to be squared and we can we can + + align:start position:0% +want to be squared and we can we can + + + align:start position:0% +want to be squared and we can we can +have more constants here we can have + + align:start position:0% +have more constants here we can have + + + align:start position:0% +have more constants here we can have +additional constants there but basically + + align:start position:0% +additional constants there but basically + + + align:start position:0% +additional constants there but basically +we have constants which are known by + + align:start position:0% +we have constants which are known by + + + align:start position:0% +we have constants which are known by +multiplying a particular combination of + + align:start position:0% +multiplying a particular combination of + + + align:start position:0% +multiplying a particular combination of +vibrational and rotational constants + + align:start position:0% +vibrational and rotational constants + + + align:start position:0% +vibrational and rotational constants +quantum numbers and so these are the + + align:start position:0% +quantum numbers and so these are the + + + align:start position:0% +quantum numbers and so these are the +things we can determine or sometimes we + + align:start position:0% +things we can determine or sometimes we + + + align:start position:0% +things we can determine or sometimes we +determine some of these and we want to + + align:start position:0% +determine some of these and we want to + + + align:start position:0% +determine some of these and we want to +get a prediction of the others because + + align:start position:0% +get a prediction of the others because + + + align:start position:0% +get a prediction of the others because +they're outside of our observation and + + align:start position:0% +they're outside of our observation and + + + align:start position:0% +they're outside of our observation and +the potential is going to be dependent + + align:start position:0% +the potential is going to be dependent + + + align:start position:0% +the potential is going to be dependent +on the displacement from equilibrium and + + align:start position:0% +on the displacement from equilibrium and + + + align:start position:0% +on the displacement from equilibrium and +the rotational constant and so there + + align:start position:0% +the rotational constant and so there + + + align:start position:0% +the rotational constant and so there +will be terms in the potential like 1/2 + + align:start position:0% +will be terms in the potential like 1/2 + + + align:start position:0% +will be terms in the potential like 1/2 +K Q squared plus 1/6 a cube cubed etc so + + align:start position:0% +K Q squared plus 1/6 a cube cubed etc so + + + align:start position:0% +K Q squared plus 1/6 a cube cubed etc so +we have another dumb power series and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fortunately we know that as we go up in + + align:start position:0% +fortunately we know that as we go up in + + + align:start position:0% +fortunately we know that as we go up in +the displacement in this displacement + + align:start position:0% +the displacement in this displacement + + + align:start position:0% +the displacement in this displacement +coordinate the coefficients get to be + + align:start position:0% +coordinate the coefficients get to be + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate the coefficients get to be +really small and so we don't need to + + align:start position:0% +really small and so we don't need to + + + align:start position:0% +really small and so we don't need to +have a lot of these parameters but we + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of these parameters but we + + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of these parameters but we +should have at least to the harmonic and + + align:start position:0% +should have at least to the harmonic and + + + align:start position:0% +should have at least to the harmonic and +the cubic one and we know for molecules + + align:start position:0% +the cubic one and we know for molecules + + + align:start position:0% +the cubic one and we know for molecules +the the cubic parameter gives you a + + align:start position:0% +the the cubic parameter gives you a + + + align:start position:0% +the the cubic parameter gives you a +potential + + align:start position:0% +potential + + + align:start position:0% +potential +which resembles reality it's a hard wall + + align:start position:0% +which resembles reality it's a hard wall + + + align:start position:0% +which resembles reality it's a hard wall +here softball their molecules break now + + align:start position:0% +here softball their molecules break now + + + align:start position:0% +here softball their molecules break now +this as the unfortunate of property of + + align:start position:0% +this as the unfortunate of property of + + + align:start position:0% +this as the unfortunate of property of +doing that and so it's it's God death + + align:start position:0% +doing that and so it's it's God death + + + align:start position:0% +doing that and so it's it's God death +built into it but it doesn't really + + align:start position:0% +built into it but it doesn't really + + + align:start position:0% +built into it but it doesn't really +matter because you you basically are + + align:start position:0% +matter because you you basically are + + + align:start position:0% +matter because you you basically are +looking at increasingly wide regions of + + align:start position:0% +looking at increasingly wide regions of + + + align:start position:0% +looking at increasingly wide regions of +the potential and the fact that it does + + align:start position:0% +the potential and the fact that it does + + + align:start position:0% +the potential and the fact that it does +something terrible in your simple + + align:start position:0% +something terrible in your simple + + + align:start position:0% +something terrible in your simple +representation is almost irrelevant but + + align:start position:0% +representation is almost irrelevant but + + + align:start position:0% +representation is almost irrelevant but +you have to be aware that you can tunnel + + align:start position:0% +you have to be aware that you can tunnel + + + align:start position:0% +you have to be aware that you can tunnel +through barriers and when you start + + align:start position:0% +through barriers and when you start + + + align:start position:0% +through barriers and when you start +being able to tunnel through barriers + + align:start position:0% +being able to tunnel through barriers + + + align:start position:0% +being able to tunnel through barriers +and it depends on how you how close you + + align:start position:0% +and it depends on how you how close you + + + align:start position:0% +and it depends on how you how close you +are to the top of the barrier and how + + align:start position:0% +are to the top of the barrier and how + + + align:start position:0% +are to the top of the barrier and how +wide it is then you start seeing effects + + align:start position:0% +wide it is then you start seeing effects + + + align:start position:0% +wide it is then you start seeing effects +and then this term is going to give + + align:start position:0% +and then this term is going to give + + + align:start position:0% +and then this term is going to give +nonsense but there's a domain of + + align:start position:0% +nonsense but there's a domain of + + + align:start position:0% +nonsense but there's a domain of +goodness where you you don't have to + + align:start position:0% +goodness where you you don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +goodness where you you don't have to +worry about that okay so we have this + + align:start position:0% +worry about that okay so we have this + + + align:start position:0% +worry about that okay so we have this +and then we have the rotational constant + + align:start position:0% +and then we have the rotational constant + + + align:start position:0% +and then we have the rotational constant +contributing to the effective potential + + align:start position:0% +contributing to the effective potential + + + align:start position:0% +contributing to the effective potential +which is HC d r j j plus 1 now here I've + + align:start position:0% +which is HC d r j j plus 1 now here I've + + + align:start position:0% +which is HC d r j j plus 1 now here I've +got here I have coordinates have quantum + + align:start position:0% +got here I have coordinates have quantum + + + align:start position:0% +got here I have coordinates have quantum +numbers how can I do that it's because + + align:start position:0% +numbers how can I do that it's because + + + align:start position:0% +numbers how can I do that it's because +central force problems can be + + align:start position:0% +central force problems can be + + + align:start position:0% +central force problems can be +represented in a universal form and so + + align:start position:0% +represented in a universal form and so + + + align:start position:0% +represented in a universal form and so +we we can just integrate over the + + align:start position:0% +we we can just integrate over the + + + align:start position:0% +we we can just integrate over the +angular part of the problem and so now + + align:start position:0% +angular part of the problem and so now + + + align:start position:0% +angular part of the problem and so now +we have a mixed representation but this + + align:start position:0% +we have a mixed representation but this + + + align:start position:0% +we have a mixed representation but this +guy is still a function of R or q and so + + align:start position:0% +guy is still a function of R or q and so + + + align:start position:0% +guy is still a function of R or q and so +this B of R is an operator it's not just + + align:start position:0% +this B of R is an operator it's not just + + + align:start position:0% +this B of R is an operator it's not just +a constant some people call it the + + align:start position:0% +a constant some people call it the + + + align:start position:0% +a constant some people call it the +rotational constant operator kind of + + align:start position:0% +rotational constant operator kind of + + + align:start position:0% +rotational constant operator kind of +stupid and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so our job is now to figure out how to + + align:start position:0% +so our job is now to figure out how to + + + align:start position:0% +so our job is now to figure out how to +get from this parameterised potential to + + align:start position:0% +get from this parameterised potential to + + + align:start position:0% +get from this parameterised potential to +the energy levels of course we start + + align:start position:0% +the energy levels of course we start + + + align:start position:0% +the energy levels of course we start +with the energy levels and we're going + + align:start position:0% +with the energy levels and we're going + + + align:start position:0% +with the energy levels and we're going +to want to determine the parameters in + + align:start position:0% +to want to determine the parameters in + + + align:start position:0% +to want to determine the parameters in +the potential but you know you've got to + + align:start position:0% +the potential but you know you've got to + + + align:start position:0% +the potential but you know you've got to +have that connection so this rotational + + align:start position:0% +have that connection so this rotational + + + align:start position:0% +have that connection so this rotational +operator has some constants in front of + + align:start position:0% +operator has some constants in front of + + + align:start position:0% +operator has some constants in front of +it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and this is in wave number units because + + align:start position:0% +and this is in wave number units because + + + align:start position:0% +and this is in wave number units because +I'm a spectroscopy and we have the + + align:start position:0% +I'm a spectroscopy and we have the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm a spectroscopy and we have the +vibrational frequency 1 over 2 pi ok are + + align:start position:0% +vibrational frequency 1 over 2 pi ok are + + + align:start position:0% +vibrational frequency 1 over 2 pi ok are +you also in wave number units now the + + align:start position:0% +you also in wave number units now the + + + align:start position:0% +you also in wave number units now the +first problem is we don't like our + + align:start position:0% +first problem is we don't like our + + + align:start position:0% +first problem is we don't like our +because harmonic oscillators are + + align:start position:0% +because harmonic oscillators are + + + align:start position:0% +because harmonic oscillators are +expressed in terms of displacement from + + align:start position:0% +expressed in terms of displacement from + + + align:start position:0% +expressed in terms of displacement from +equilibrium and so we we know that Q is + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium and so we we know that Q is + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium and so we we know that Q is +equal to R but it's our e or R is equal + + align:start position:0% +equal to R but it's our e or R is equal + + + align:start position:0% +equal to R but it's our e or R is equal +to Q plus re so we want to replace this + + align:start position:0% +to Q plus re so we want to replace this + + + align:start position:0% +to Q plus re so we want to replace this +operator R by this an operator plus a + + align:start position:0% +operator R by this an operator plus a + + + align:start position:0% +operator R by this an operator plus a +constant so 1 over R squared can be + + align:start position:0% +constant so 1 over R squared can be + + + align:start position:0% +constant so 1 over R squared can be +expressed as one of our East squared the + + align:start position:0% +expressed as one of our East squared the + + + align:start position:0% +expressed as one of our East squared the +equal you inter nucleus plus 1 over Q + + align:start position:0% +equal you inter nucleus plus 1 over Q + + + align:start position:0% +equal you inter nucleus plus 1 over Q +over R e that's x squared so this is a + + align:start position:0% +over R e that's x squared so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +over R e that's x squared so this is a +power series expansion but we only keep + + align:start position:0% +power series expansion but we only keep + + + align:start position:0% +power series expansion but we only keep +the first term generally and so now + + align:start position:0% +the first term generally and so now + + + align:start position:0% +the first term generally and so now +we're ready to go to work and we can say + + align:start position:0% +we're ready to go to work and we can say + + + align:start position:0% +we're ready to go to work and we can say +we have B as a function of Q is equal to + + align:start position:0% +we have B as a function of Q is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +we have B as a function of Q is equal to +B sub e the equilibrium value 1 minus 2 + + align:start position:0% +B sub e the equilibrium value 1 minus 2 + + + align:start position:0% +B sub e the equilibrium value 1 minus 2 +Q or re + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +3q squared over re bird and there's more + + align:start position:0% +3q squared over re bird and there's more + + + align:start position:0% +3q squared over re bird and there's more +terms but this is enough you bet it's + + align:start position:0% +terms but this is enough you bet it's + + + align:start position:0% +terms but this is enough you bet it's +enough and by the time this lecture is + + align:start position:0% +enough and by the time this lecture is + + + align:start position:0% +enough and by the time this lecture is +over you're going to want to not ever + + align:start position:0% +over you're going to want to not ever + + + align:start position:0% +over you're going to want to not ever +see this stuff again okay + + align:start position:0% +see this stuff again okay + + + align:start position:0% +see this stuff again okay +so we have now a representation of the + + align:start position:0% +so we have now a representation of the + + + align:start position:0% +so we have now a representation of the +rotational operator in terms of a + + align:start position:0% +rotational operator in terms of a + + + align:start position:0% +rotational operator in terms of a +constant term a linear term and a + + align:start position:0% +constant term a linear term and a + + + align:start position:0% +constant term a linear term and a +squared term in queue and we know how to + + align:start position:0% +squared term in queue and we know how to + + + align:start position:0% +squared term in queue and we know how to +do matrix elements of cubes right so we + + align:start position:0% +do matrix elements of cubes right so we + + + align:start position:0% +do matrix elements of cubes right so we +know we're in business and we have the + + align:start position:0% +know we're in business and we have the + + + align:start position:0% +know we're in business and we have the +potential as another power series and + + align:start position:0% +potential as another power series and + + + align:start position:0% +potential as another power series and +Q's so everything is going to come + + align:start position:0% +Q's so everything is going to come + + + align:start position:0% +Q's so everything is going to come +together it's just going to be we'll the + + align:start position:0% +together it's just going to be we'll the + + + align:start position:0% +together it's just going to be we'll the +migraine we wipe wipe out your ability + + align:start position:0% +migraine we wipe wipe out your ability + + + align:start position:0% +migraine we wipe wipe out your ability +to pay any attention to this after their + + align:start position:0% +to pay any attention to this after their + + + align:start position:0% +to pay any attention to this after their +job okay so I don't want to cover that + + align:start position:0% +job okay so I don't want to cover that + + + align:start position:0% +job okay so I don't want to cover that +up yet so we know that this displacement + + align:start position:0% +up yet so we know that this displacement + + + align:start position:0% +up yet so we know that this displacement +operator can be replaced by the creation + + align:start position:0% +operator can be replaced by the creation + + + align:start position:0% +operator can be replaced by the creation +annihilation operators and so we have 4 + + align:start position:0% +annihilation operators and so we have 4 + + + align:start position:0% +annihilation operators and so we have 4 +by C mu Yi square root Hey plus a dagger + + align:start position:0% +by C mu Yi square root Hey plus a dagger + + + align:start position:0% +by C mu Yi square root Hey plus a dagger +our friends these guys you know we + + align:start position:0% +our friends these guys you know we + + + align:start position:0% +our friends these guys you know we +hardly need to take a deep breath to + + align:start position:0% +hardly need to take a deep breath to + + + align:start position:0% +hardly need to take a deep breath to +know what to do with with those and and + + align:start position:0% +know what to do with with those and and + + + align:start position:0% +know what to do with with those and and +so we're going to want to express all of + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to want to express all of + + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to want to express all of +the all of the actors here these guys + + align:start position:0% +the all of the actors here these guys + + + align:start position:0% +the all of the actors here these guys +and those guys in terms of expressions + + align:start position:0% +and those guys in terms of expressions + + + align:start position:0% +and those guys in terms of expressions +in in the creation annihilation + + align:start position:0% +in in the creation annihilation + + + align:start position:0% +in in the creation annihilation +operators so for the rotational constant + + align:start position:0% +operators so for the rotational constant + + + align:start position:0% +operators so for the rotational constant +expansion we're going to need something + + align:start position:0% +expansion we're going to need something + + + align:start position:0% +expansion we're going to need something +like 2q over re and that after a little + + align:start position:0% +like 2q over re and that after a little + + + align:start position:0% +like 2q over re and that after a little +bit of algebra is for de over Omega + + align:start position:0% +bit of algebra is for de over Omega + + + align:start position:0% +bit of algebra is for de over Omega +square root times a plus a dagger and we + + align:start position:0% +square root times a plus a dagger and we + + + align:start position:0% +square root times a plus a dagger and we +need three q squared over re squared + + align:start position:0% +need three q squared over re squared + + + align:start position:0% +need three q squared over re squared +and that's great to be 3ve + + align:start position:0% +and that's great to be 3ve + + + align:start position:0% +and that's great to be 3ve +over Omega T a plus a dagger squared so + + align:start position:0% +over Omega T a plus a dagger squared so + + + align:start position:0% +over Omega T a plus a dagger squared so +ever all of the terms can be expressed + + align:start position:0% +ever all of the terms can be expressed + + + align:start position:0% +ever all of the terms can be expressed +it can be reduced to constants that we + + align:start position:0% +it can be reduced to constants that we + + + align:start position:0% +it can be reduced to constants that we +care about or that are easily measured + + align:start position:0% +care about or that are easily measured + + + align:start position:0% +care about or that are easily measured +and these powers of A's and a daggers + + align:start position:0% +and these powers of A's and a daggers + + + align:start position:0% +and these powers of A's and a daggers +now this is you have notes the printed + + align:start position:0% +now this is you have notes the printed + + + align:start position:0% +now this is you have notes the printed +notes and I'm following them pretty well + + align:start position:0% +notes and I'm following them pretty well + + + align:start position:0% +notes and I'm following them pretty well +although there are a few typos which I + + align:start position:0% +although there are a few typos which I + + + align:start position:0% +although there are a few typos which I +hope to correct and and so we do a + + align:start position:0% +hope to correct and and so we do a + + + align:start position:0% +hope to correct and and so we do a +similar thing for the the the terms here + + align:start position:0% +similar thing for the the the terms here + + + align:start position:0% +similar thing for the the the terms here +and we're only going to keep we're only + + align:start position:0% +and we're only going to keep we're only + + + align:start position:0% +and we're only going to keep we're only +going to look at this we're not going to + + align:start position:0% +going to look at this we're not going to + + + align:start position:0% +going to look at this we're not going to +go to Q forth but this is bad enough + + align:start position:0% +go to Q forth but this is bad enough + + + align:start position:0% +go to Q forth but this is bad enough +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and this is part of the zero order + + align:start position:0% +and this is part of the zero order + + + align:start position:0% +and this is part of the zero order +Hamiltonian so we're going to have + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian so we're going to have + + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian so we're going to have +another term and that's going to be one + + align:start position:0% +another term and that's going to be one + + + align:start position:0% +another term and that's going to be one +sixth little a Q cubed okay so that's + + align:start position:0% +sixth little a Q cubed okay so that's + + + align:start position:0% +sixth little a Q cubed okay so that's +little a is the anomaly and harmonicity + + align:start position:0% +little a is the anomaly and harmonicity + + + align:start position:0% +little a is the anomaly and harmonicity +parameter and what is it sine can we + + align:start position:0% +parameter and what is it sine can we + + + align:start position:0% +parameter and what is it sine can we +know its sign from experiment you said + + align:start position:0% +know its sign from experiment you said + + + align:start position:0% +know its sign from experiment you said +yes why do you say yes I'm sorry the + + align:start position:0% +yes why do you say yes I'm sorry the + + + align:start position:0% +yes why do you say yes I'm sorry the +only way you know the sine of an off + + align:start position:0% +only way you know the sine of an off + + + align:start position:0% +only way you know the sine of an off +diagonal matrix element is I'm sorry is + + align:start position:0% +diagonal matrix element is I'm sorry is + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal matrix element is I'm sorry is +if there is a diagonal element of it + + align:start position:0% +if there is a diagonal element of it + + + align:start position:0% +if there is a diagonal element of it +that can be put into the E or the first + + align:start position:0% +that can be put into the E or the first + + + align:start position:0% +that can be put into the E or the first +order correction to the energy as soon + + align:start position:0% +order correction to the energy as soon + + + align:start position:0% +order correction to the energy as soon +as you have to square it when you do + + align:start position:0% +as you have to square it when you do + + + align:start position:0% +as you have to square it when you do +second-order perturbation Theory you've + + align:start position:0% +second-order perturbation Theory you've + + + align:start position:0% +second-order perturbation Theory you've +lost the sign but here we know the sign + + align:start position:0% +lost the sign but here we know the sign + + + align:start position:0% +lost the sign but here we know the sign +because of physical insight we know that + + align:start position:0% +because of physical insight we know that + + + align:start position:0% +because of physical insight we know that +this kind of a potential would be + + align:start position:0% +this kind of a potential would be + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of a potential would be +nonsense + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we know that a has a sign and it's + + align:start position:0% +so we know that a has a sign and it's + + + align:start position:0% +so we know that a has a sign and it's +negative okay so we have a over six + + align:start position:0% +negative okay so we have a over six + + + align:start position:0% +negative okay so we have a over six +times our favorite parameter here to the + + align:start position:0% +times our favorite parameter here to the + + + align:start position:0% +times our favorite parameter here to the +three halves power times a plus a dagger + + align:start position:0% +three halves power times a plus a dagger + + + align:start position:0% +three halves power times a plus a dagger +cubed now this is something what you you + + align:start position:0% +cubed now this is something what you you + + + align:start position:0% +cubed now this is something what you you +do the operator algebra before you + + align:start position:0% +do the operator algebra before you + + + align:start position:0% +do the operator algebra before you +launch into a horrible calculation and + + align:start position:0% +launch into a horrible calculation and + + + align:start position:0% +launch into a horrible calculation and +so we know how to do this in principle + + align:start position:0% +so we know how to do this in principle + + + align:start position:0% +so we know how to do this in principle +to reduce this to a simple expression + + align:start position:0% +to reduce this to a simple expression + + + align:start position:0% +to reduce this to a simple expression +and now we take this part this thing and + + align:start position:0% +and now we take this part this thing and + + + align:start position:0% +and now we take this part this thing and +we're just going to call it capital a + + align:start position:0% +we're just going to call it capital a + + + align:start position:0% +we're just going to call it capital a +because we we want it we don't want to + + align:start position:0% +because we we want it we don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +because we we want it we don't want to +clutter up but it's going to be a + + align:start position:0% +clutter up but it's going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +clutter up but it's going to be a +terrible thing anyway and we can always + + align:start position:0% +terrible thing anyway and we can always + + + align:start position:0% +terrible thing anyway and we can always +you know convert back to the little a at + + align:start position:0% +you know convert back to the little a at + + + align:start position:0% +you know convert back to the little a at +the end if we need to okay so now I've + + align:start position:0% +the end if we need to okay so now I've + + + align:start position:0% +the end if we need to okay so now I've +I've set the stage I'll leave this for a + + align:start position:0% +I've set the stage I'll leave this for a + + + align:start position:0% +I've set the stage I'll leave this for a +while I really as you know I really love + + align:start position:0% +while I really as you know I really love + + + align:start position:0% +while I really as you know I really love +perturbation theory because it's the + + align:start position:0% +perturbation theory because it's the + + + align:start position:0% +perturbation theory because it's the +tool that I use all the time and it's + + align:start position:0% +tool that I use all the time and it's + + + align:start position:0% +tool that I use all the time and it's +it's a psychological condition that is + + align:start position:0% +it's a psychological condition that is + + + align:start position:0% +it's a psychological condition that is +not curable all right so what do we want + + align:start position:0% +not curable all right so what do we want + + + align:start position:0% +not curable all right so what do we want +we want easy row as a function of V and + + align:start position:0% +we want easy row as a function of V and + + + align:start position:0% +we want easy row as a function of V and +J and that's just the j 0 j and we know + + align:start position:0% +J and that's just the j 0 j and we know + + + align:start position:0% +J and that's just the j 0 j and we know +that's HZ omega e be plus 1/2 plus h CB + + align:start position:0% +that's HZ omega e be plus 1/2 plus h CB + + + align:start position:0% +that's HZ omega e be plus 1/2 plus h CB +j j plus 1 okay + + align:start position:0% +j j plus 1 okay + + + align:start position:0% +j j plus 1 okay +well this goes in the energy + + align:start position:0% +well this goes in the energy + + + align:start position:0% +well this goes in the energy +denominators and + + align:start position:0% +denominators and + + + align:start position:0% +denominators and +that's good because we need energy + + align:start position:0% +that's good because we need energy + + + align:start position:0% +that's good because we need energy +denominators as well as the zero order + + align:start position:0% +denominators as well as the zero order + + + align:start position:0% +denominators as well as the zero order +energies now we need to know the the bad + + align:start position:0% +energies now we need to know the the bad + + + align:start position:0% +energies now we need to know the the bad +stuff the the the thing that's outside + + align:start position:0% +stuff the the the thing that's outside + + + align:start position:0% +stuff the the the thing that's outside +of the zero order Hamiltonian which is + + align:start position:0% +of the zero order Hamiltonian which is + + + align:start position:0% +of the zero order Hamiltonian which is +everything and so we have this is h c + + align:start position:0% +everything and so we have this is h c + + + align:start position:0% +everything and so we have this is h c +times beta1 times I'm sorry I have to + + align:start position:0% +times beta1 times I'm sorry I have to + + + align:start position:0% +times beta1 times I'm sorry I have to +erase this - B / 4b e / Omega T where + + align:start position:0% +erase this - B / 4b e / Omega T where + + + align:start position:0% +erase this - B / 4b e / Omega T where +what times a plus a dagger plus 3b 3b e + + align:start position:0% +what times a plus a dagger plus 3b 3b e + + + align:start position:0% +what times a plus a dagger plus 3b 3b e +/ Omega e times a plus a dagger going to + + align:start position:0% +/ Omega e times a plus a dagger going to + + + align:start position:0% +/ Omega e times a plus a dagger going to +be squared so that's the rotational part + + align:start position:0% +be squared so that's the rotational part + + + align:start position:0% +be squared so that's the rotational part +and then we have the vibrational part + + align:start position:0% +and then we have the vibrational part + + + align:start position:0% +and then we have the vibrational part +which we have a a plus a dagger cubed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so now we look at this thing and we + + align:start position:0% +okay so now we look at this thing and we + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now we look at this thing and we +say oh well this has matrix elements + + align:start position:0% +say oh well this has matrix elements + + + align:start position:0% +say oh well this has matrix elements +Delta V equals plus or minus one and + + align:start position:0% +Delta V equals plus or minus one and + + + align:start position:0% +Delta V equals plus or minus one and +this has Delta V equals plus or minus + + align:start position:0% +this has Delta V equals plus or minus + + + align:start position:0% +this has Delta V equals plus or minus +two and zero and this has Delta V equals + + align:start position:0% +two and zero and this has Delta V equals + + + align:start position:0% +two and zero and this has Delta V equals +plus and minus three plus and minus one + + align:start position:0% +plus and minus three plus and minus one + + + align:start position:0% +plus and minus three plus and minus one +we always want to sort things according + + align:start position:0% +we always want to sort things according + + + align:start position:0% +we always want to sort things according +to the selection rules because we always + + align:start position:0% +to the selection rules because we always + + + align:start position:0% +to the selection rules because we always +combine the things with the same + + align:start position:0% +combine the things with the same + + + align:start position:0% +combine the things with the same +selection rules and it's best to do that + + align:start position:0% +selection rules and it's best to do that + + + align:start position:0% +selection rules and it's best to do that +at the beginning rather than somehow + + align:start position:0% +at the beginning rather than somehow + + + align:start position:0% +at the beginning rather than somehow +trying to do it at the end because if + + align:start position:0% +trying to do it at the end because if + + + align:start position:0% +trying to do it at the end because if +you have the same selection rule you + + align:start position:0% +you have the same selection rule you + + + align:start position:0% +you have the same selection rule you +have cross terms + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and that's really important the cross + + align:start position:0% +and that's really important the cross + + + align:start position:0% +and that's really important the cross +terms are where a lot of good stuff + + align:start position:0% +terms are where a lot of good stuff + + + align:start position:0% +terms are where a lot of good stuff +happens okay so so we know e zero and we + + align:start position:0% +happens okay so so we know e zero and we + + + align:start position:0% +happens okay so so we know e zero and we +would know e one if there are any off + + align:start position:0% +would know e one if there are any off + + + align:start position:0% +would know e one if there are any off +there there are any diagonal matrix + + align:start position:0% +there there are any diagonal matrix + + + align:start position:0% +there there are any diagonal matrix +elements of this operator this should be + + align:start position:0% +elements of this operator this should be + + + align:start position:0% +elements of this operator this should be +a plus as well + + align:start position:0% +a plus as well + + + align:start position:0% +a plus as well +so this is H one and this doesn't have + + align:start position:0% +so this is H one and this doesn't have + + + align:start position:0% +so this is H one and this doesn't have +any diagonal elements and this doesn't + + align:start position:0% +any diagonal elements and this doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +any diagonal elements and this doesn't +have any diagonal elements but this one + + align:start position:0% +have any diagonal elements but this one + + + align:start position:0% +have any diagonal elements but this one +does and it's actually something you you + + align:start position:0% +does and it's actually something you you + + + align:start position:0% +does and it's actually something you you +encountered I think on exam two I'm not + + align:start position:0% +encountered I think on exam two I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +encountered I think on exam two I'm not +sure but you've certainly encountered + + align:start position:0% +sure but you've certainly encountered + + + align:start position:0% +sure but you've certainly encountered +the diagonal element of this and so if + + align:start position:0% +the diagonal element of this and so if + + + align:start position:0% +the diagonal element of this and so if +we look at a plus a dagger squared we + + align:start position:0% +we look at a plus a dagger squared we + + + align:start position:0% +we look at a plus a dagger squared we +get a squared plus a dagger squared plus + + align:start position:0% +get a squared plus a dagger squared plus + + + align:start position:0% +get a squared plus a dagger squared plus +two number operator plus one and that's + + align:start position:0% +two number operator plus one and that's + + + align:start position:0% +two number operator plus one and that's +tacular so we have a diagonal element + + align:start position:0% +tacular so we have a diagonal element + + + align:start position:0% +tacular so we have a diagonal element +and that gives us e 1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so e1 a V and J is H c6 b squared over + + align:start position:0% +so e1 a V and J is H c6 b squared over + + + align:start position:0% +so e1 a V and J is H c6 b squared over +omega times j j plus 1 D plus 1/2 okay + + align:start position:0% +omega times j j plus 1 D plus 1/2 okay + + + align:start position:0% +omega times j j plus 1 D plus 1/2 okay +well that looks pretty good because this + + align:start position:0% +well that looks pretty good because this + + + align:start position:0% +well that looks pretty good because this +is the coefficient of we have an + + align:start position:0% +is the coefficient of we have an + + + align:start position:0% +is the coefficient of we have an +expression for the energy levels which + + align:start position:0% +expression for the energy levels which + + + align:start position:0% +expression for the energy levels which +includes be e minus alpha e be plus 1/2 + + align:start position:0% +includes be e minus alpha e be plus 1/2 + + + align:start position:0% +includes be e minus alpha e be plus 1/2 +times J plus 1 so we have a term that + + align:start position:0% +times J plus 1 so we have a term that + + + align:start position:0% +times J plus 1 so we have a term that +involves V plus 1/2 and j j plus 1 and + + align:start position:0% +involves V plus 1/2 and j j plus 1 and + + + align:start position:0% +involves V plus 1/2 and j j plus 1 and +as a named alpha minus alpha and here we + + align:start position:0% +as a named alpha minus alpha and here we + + + align:start position:0% +as a named alpha minus alpha and here we +have a term which has those that quantum + + align:start position:0% +have a term which has those that quantum + + + align:start position:0% +have a term which has those that quantum +number dependence and it has a value and + + align:start position:0% +number dependence and it has a value and + + + align:start position:0% +number dependence and it has a value and +so it's telling us that alpha e and I'll + + align:start position:0% +so it's telling us that alpha e and I'll + + + align:start position:0% +so it's telling us that alpha e and I'll +put on this harmonic oscillator is equal + + align:start position:0% +put on this harmonic oscillator is equal + + + align:start position:0% +put on this harmonic oscillator is equal +to minus HC 6 V squared over Omega E 1 + + align:start position:0% +to minus HC 6 V squared over Omega E 1 + + + align:start position:0% +to minus HC 6 V squared over Omega E 1 +constant now it's also telling you that + + align:start position:0% +constant now it's also telling you that + + + align:start position:0% +constant now it's also telling you that +the V increases with V and for a + + align:start position:0% +the V increases with V and for a + + + align:start position:0% +the V increases with V and for a +harmonic oscillator you have an equal + + align:start position:0% +harmonic oscillator you have an equal + + + align:start position:0% +harmonic oscillator you have an equal +lobe + + align:start position:0% +lobe + + + align:start position:0% +lobe +Eddie's turning point they're the + + align:start position:0% +Eddie's turning point they're the + + + align:start position:0% +Eddie's turning point they're the +largest lobe but they're equal in + + align:start position:0% +largest lobe but they're equal in + + + align:start position:0% +largest lobe but they're equal in +magnitude so one can ask at the inner + + align:start position:0% +magnitude so one can ask at the inner + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude so one can ask at the inner +turning point is the change in the + + align:start position:0% +turning point is the change in the + + + align:start position:0% +turning point is the change in the +rotational operator or the is it larger + + align:start position:0% +rotational operator or the is it larger + + + align:start position:0% +rotational operator or the is it larger +is this this change in B + + align:start position:0% +is this this change in B + + + align:start position:0% +is this this change in B +a larger relative to the equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +a larger relative to the equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +a larger relative to the equilibrium +value or is this larger and the answer + + align:start position:0% +value or is this larger and the answer + + + align:start position:0% +value or is this larger and the answer +is we're talking about one over R + + align:start position:0% +is we're talking about one over R + + + align:start position:0% +is we're talking about one over R +squared and one over R squared gets + + align:start position:0% +squared and one over R squared gets + + + align:start position:0% +squared and one over R squared gets +really large at small R as opposed to + + align:start position:0% +really large at small R as opposed to + + + align:start position:0% +really large at small R as opposed to +getting smaller as large R and the + + align:start position:0% +getting smaller as large R and the + + + align:start position:0% +getting smaller as large R and the +amount of change is much greater at + + align:start position:0% +amount of change is much greater at + + + align:start position:0% +amount of change is much greater at +small R and so that causes the effective + + align:start position:0% +small R and so that causes the effective + + + align:start position:0% +small R and so that causes the effective +rotational constant to increase but we + + align:start position:0% +rotational constant to increase but we + + + align:start position:0% +rotational constant to increase but we +know for harmonica for an an harmonic + + align:start position:0% +know for harmonica for an an harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +know for harmonica for an an harmonic +oscillator we have a small lobe here and + + align:start position:0% +oscillator we have a small lobe here and + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator we have a small lobe here and +a big lobe here and so we expect that + + align:start position:0% +a big lobe here and so we expect that + + + align:start position:0% +a big lobe here and so we expect that +there's going to be a battle between the + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be a battle between the + + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be a battle between the +harmonic contribution to alpha and the + + align:start position:0% +harmonic contribution to alpha and the + + + align:start position:0% +harmonic contribution to alpha and the +aunt harmonic contribution and we expect + + align:start position:0% +aunt harmonic contribution and we expect + + + align:start position:0% +aunt harmonic contribution and we expect +that this is going to win why because + + align:start position:0% +that this is going to win why because + + + align:start position:0% +that this is going to win why because +every time anybody measures alpha it's a + + align:start position:0% +every time anybody measures alpha it's a + + + align:start position:0% +every time anybody measures alpha it's a +positive number and that's why it was + + align:start position:0% +positive number and that's why it was + + + align:start position:0% +positive number and that's why it was +expressed in the in a formula which I've + + align:start position:0% +expressed in the in a formula which I've + + + align:start position:0% +expressed in the in a formula which I've +concealed with a negative sign to take + + align:start position:0% +concealed with a negative sign to take + + + align:start position:0% +concealed with a negative sign to take +it take into account that alpha is + + align:start position:0% +it take into account that alpha is + + + align:start position:0% +it take into account that alpha is +always the the contribution is always + + align:start position:0% +always the the contribution is always + + + align:start position:0% +always the the contribution is always +negative so alpha is always positive you + + align:start position:0% +negative so alpha is always positive you + + + align:start position:0% +negative so alpha is always positive you +know these things are you it's + + align:start position:0% +know these things are you it's + + + align:start position:0% +know these things are you it's +historical but anyway so we have a + + align:start position:0% +historical but anyway so we have a + + + align:start position:0% +historical but anyway so we have a +contribution which has the wrong sign + + align:start position:0% +contribution which has the wrong sign + + + align:start position:0% +contribution which has the wrong sign +and we know we're going to get another + + align:start position:0% +and we know we're going to get another + + + align:start position:0% +and we know we're going to get another +contribution from the interaction + + align:start position:0% +contribution from the interaction + + + align:start position:0% +contribution from the interaction +between the rotation and the vibration + + align:start position:0% +between the rotation and the vibration + + + align:start position:0% +between the rotation and the vibration +and that this is going to make things + + align:start position:0% +and that this is going to make things + + + align:start position:0% +and that this is going to make things +okay and it comes from a cross term okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +there's no way I can make this simpler + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +just have to bear with me and I will + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we have Delta V equal specimens one + + align:start position:0% +so we have Delta V equal specimens one + + + align:start position:0% +so we have Delta V equal specimens one +matrix elements from both the A plus a + + align:start position:0% +matrix elements from both the A plus a + + + align:start position:0% +matrix elements from both the A plus a +dagger and the a plus a dagger cubed + + align:start position:0% +dagger and the a plus a dagger cubed + + + align:start position:0% +dagger and the a plus a dagger cubed +terms and we have well we have this in + + align:start position:0% +terms and we have well we have this in + + + align:start position:0% +terms and we have well we have this in +both the an harmonic expression and in + + align:start position:0% +both the an harmonic expression and in + + + align:start position:0% +both the an harmonic expression and in +the rotational constant operator we know + + align:start position:0% +the rotational constant operator we know + + + align:start position:0% +the rotational constant operator we know +what these how these things work out and + + align:start position:0% +what these how these things work out and + + + align:start position:0% +what these how these things work out and +so the V equals plus and minus 1 terms + + align:start position:0% +so the V equals plus and minus 1 terms + + + align:start position:0% +so the V equals plus and minus 1 terms +from the a plus a dagger cubed V plus 1 + + align:start position:0% +from the a plus a dagger cubed V plus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +from the a plus a dagger cubed V plus 1 +V minus 1 so we can work these things + + align:start position:0% +V minus 1 so we can work these things + + + align:start position:0% +V minus 1 so we can work these things +out and this one is 3 3 plus 1/2 to the + + align:start position:0% +out and this one is 3 3 plus 1/2 to the + + + align:start position:0% +out and this one is 3 3 plus 1/2 to the +three-halves and this is 3 V Plus V to + + align:start position:0% +three-halves and this is 3 V Plus V to + + + align:start position:0% +three-halves and this is 3 V Plus V to +the 3x so all of this stuff you want to + + align:start position:0% +the 3x so all of this stuff you want to + + + align:start position:0% +the 3x so all of this stuff you want to +simplify it as you go but it you know + + align:start position:0% +simplify it as you go but it you know + + + align:start position:0% +simplify it as you go but it you know +and these come from the a term the a a a + + align:start position:0% +and these come from the a term the a a a + + + align:start position:0% +and these come from the a term the a a a +dagger cubed term we don't have a term + + align:start position:0% +dagger cubed term we don't have a term + + + align:start position:0% +dagger cubed term we don't have a term +that's linear in a plus a dagger from + + align:start position:0% +that's linear in a plus a dagger from + + + align:start position:0% +that's linear in a plus a dagger from +the anomalisa T but we do and we we do + + align:start position:0% +the anomalisa T but we do and we we do + + + align:start position:0% +the anomalisa T but we do and we we do +have a squared term but that's the + + align:start position:0% +have a squared term but that's the + + + align:start position:0% +have a squared term but that's the +harmonic direction so we start here with + + align:start position:0% +harmonic direction so we start here with + + + align:start position:0% +harmonic direction so we start here with +a plus a dagger cubed and then we're + + align:start position:0% +a plus a dagger cubed and then we're + + + align:start position:0% +a plus a dagger cubed and then we're +going to want to look at the Delta V + + align:start position:0% +going to want to look at the Delta V + + + align:start position:0% +going to want to look at the Delta V +equals plus or minus 2 and Delta V + + align:start position:0% +equals plus or minus 2 and Delta V + + + align:start position:0% +equals plus or minus 2 and Delta V +equals plus or minus 3 terms and there's + + align:start position:0% +equals plus or minus 3 terms and there's + + + align:start position:0% +equals plus or minus 3 terms and there's +lots of algebra you can do all these + + align:start position:0% +lots of algebra you can do all these + + + align:start position:0% +lots of algebra you can do all these +things there's nothing challenging here + + align:start position:0% +things there's nothing challenging here + + + align:start position:0% +things there's nothing challenging here +it's just how do you keep the stuff that + + align:start position:0% +it's just how do you keep the stuff that + + + align:start position:0% +it's just how do you keep the stuff that +you do + + align:start position:0% +you do + + + align:start position:0% +you do +that you're gonna need in a place that + + align:start position:0% +that you're gonna need in a place that + + + align:start position:0% +that you're gonna need in a place that +you can find it again because the pages + + align:start position:0% +you can find it again because the pages + + + align:start position:0% +you can find it again because the pages +just get filled with garbage okay so the + + align:start position:0% +just get filled with garbage okay so the + + + align:start position:0% +just get filled with garbage okay so the +best way for me to do this is to write + + align:start position:0% +best way for me to do this is to write + + + align:start position:0% +best way for me to do this is to write +the results in the next of the final + + align:start position:0% +the results in the next of the final + + + align:start position:0% +the results in the next of the final +step and then in the final step and so + + align:start position:0% +step and then in the final step and so + + + align:start position:0% +step and then in the final step and so +what goes to what so the second order + + align:start position:0% +what goes to what so the second order + + + align:start position:0% +what goes to what so the second order +correction is a function of EJ we're + + align:start position:0% +correction is a function of EJ we're + + + align:start position:0% +correction is a function of EJ we're +going to have terms that involve the the + + align:start position:0% +going to have terms that involve the the + + + align:start position:0% +going to have terms that involve the the +Delta V equals plus the minus one and + + align:start position:0% +Delta V equals plus the minus one and + + + align:start position:0% +Delta V equals plus the minus one and +we're going to get that from the cubic + + align:start position:0% +we're going to get that from the cubic + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to get that from the cubic +correction to the harmonic oscillator + + align:start position:0% +correction to the harmonic oscillator + + + align:start position:0% +correction to the harmonic oscillator +and the linear correction to the + + align:start position:0% +and the linear correction to the + + + align:start position:0% +and the linear correction to the +rotational constant so we're going to + + align:start position:0% +rotational constant so we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +rotational constant so we're going to +get an expression that looks like this B + + align:start position:0% +get an expression that looks like this B + + + align:start position:0% +get an expression that looks like this B +squared minus 2 a B plus a squared so + + align:start position:0% +squared minus 2 a B plus a squared so + + + align:start position:0% +squared minus 2 a B plus a squared so +this is a B term this is the an harmonic + + align:start position:0% +this is a B term this is the an harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +this is a B term this is the an harmonic +term and we have a cross term they're + + align:start position:0% +term and we have a cross term they're + + + align:start position:0% +term and we have a cross term they're +gonna be three three terms in this + + align:start position:0% +gonna be three three terms in this + + + align:start position:0% +gonna be three three terms in this +expression okay and so let's do that how + + align:start position:0% +expression okay and so let's do that how + + + align:start position:0% +expression okay and so let's do that how +much time I have not very much time well + + align:start position:0% +much time I have not very much time well + + + align:start position:0% +much time I have not very much time well +that's good because you won't have to + + align:start position:0% +that's good because you won't have to + + + align:start position:0% +that's good because you won't have to +watch much more of this okay so we have + + align:start position:0% +watch much more of this okay so we have + + + align:start position:0% +watch much more of this okay so we have +thcbe j j plus 1 and this guy is squared + + align:start position:0% +thcbe j j plus 1 and this guy is squared + + + align:start position:0% +thcbe j j plus 1 and this guy is squared +because we're doing second-order + + align:start position:0% +because we're doing second-order + + + align:start position:0% +because we're doing second-order +perturbation theory this is just the B + + align:start position:0% +perturbation theory this is just the B + + + align:start position:0% +perturbation theory this is just the B +term squared and then we have 4b e over + + align:start position:0% +term squared and then we have 4b e over + + + align:start position:0% +term squared and then we have 4b e over +Omega e and then we have the Delta V of + + align:start position:0% +Omega e and then we have the Delta V of + + + align:start position:0% +Omega e and then we have the Delta V of +1 and minus 1 matrix elements B plus 1 + + align:start position:0% +1 and minus 1 matrix elements B plus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +1 and minus 1 matrix elements B plus 1 +over minus HC Omega and V Plus V over 8 + + align:start position:0% +over minus HC Omega and V Plus V over 8 + + + align:start position:0% +over minus HC Omega and V Plus V over 8 +cm + + align:start position:0% +cm + + + align:start position:0% +cm +we have the energy denominators - energy + + align:start position:0% +we have the energy denominators - energy + + + align:start position:0% +we have the energy denominators - energy +denominators of opposite sign and + + align:start position:0% +denominators of opposite sign and + + + align:start position:0% +denominators of opposite sign and +similar identical magnitude and we + + align:start position:0% +similar identical magnitude and we + + + align:start position:0% +similar identical magnitude and we +always do that because then the algebra + + align:start position:0% +always do that because then the algebra + + + align:start position:0% +always do that because then the algebra +is simple if we do we fail to do that + + align:start position:0% +is simple if we do we fail to do that + + + align:start position:0% +is simple if we do we fail to do that +you might as well just go to a booby + + align:start position:0% +you might as well just go to a booby + + + align:start position:0% +you might as well just go to a booby +hatch right away because there's just no + + align:start position:0% +hatch right away because there's just no + + + align:start position:0% +hatch right away because there's just no +way you're going to retain your sanity + + align:start position:0% +way you're going to retain your sanity + + + align:start position:0% +way you're going to retain your sanity +if you don't combine the terms of delta + + align:start position:0% +if you don't combine the terms of delta + + + align:start position:0% +if you don't combine the terms of delta +v + 1 and delta v minus 1 ok and this is + + align:start position:0% +v + 1 and delta v minus 1 ok and this is + + + align:start position:0% +v + 1 and delta v minus 1 ok and this is +the first term and there there's the + + align:start position:0% +the first term and there there's the + + + align:start position:0% +the first term and there there's the +next term in this sum which is the a b + + align:start position:0% +next term in this sum which is the a b + + + align:start position:0% +next term in this sum which is the a b +term and so we have a minus 2 times h CB + + align:start position:0% +term and so we have a minus 2 times h CB + + + align:start position:0% +term and so we have a minus 2 times h CB +j j + 1 and it's not squared because + + align:start position:0% +j j + 1 and it's not squared because + + + align:start position:0% +j j + 1 and it's not squared because +it's 1b in 1a and and so we get or the e + + align:start position:0% +it's 1b in 1a and and so we get or the e + + + align:start position:0% +it's 1b in 1a and and so we get or the e +/ omega e + + align:start position:0% +/ omega e + + + align:start position:0% +/ omega e +square root and then the a part and we + + align:start position:0% +square root and then the a part and we + + + align:start position:0% +square root and then the a part and we +get 3 v plus 1/2 to the three-halves + + align:start position:0% +get 3 v plus 1/2 to the three-halves + + + align:start position:0% +get 3 v plus 1/2 to the three-halves +times V plus 1/2 the 1/2 or minus HC + + align:start position:0% +times V plus 1/2 the 1/2 or minus HC + + + align:start position:0% +times V plus 1/2 the 1/2 or minus HC +Omega E and then the other term which is + + align:start position:0% +Omega E and then the other term which is + + + align:start position:0% +Omega E and then the other term which is +3v to the three-halves v to the 1/2 over + + align:start position:0% +3v to the three-halves v to the 1/2 over + + + align:start position:0% +3v to the three-halves v to the 1/2 over +HC omega e we have to combine these two + + align:start position:0% +HC omega e we have to combine these two + + + align:start position:0% +HC omega e we have to combine these two +terms and the combination is easy and + + align:start position:0% +terms and the combination is easy and + + + align:start position:0% +terms and the combination is easy and +then there's and so this is term number + + align:start position:0% +then there's and so this is term number + + + align:start position:0% +then there's and so this is term number +2 and number 3 is the squared and + + align:start position:0% +2 and number 3 is the squared and + + + align:start position:0% +2 and number 3 is the squared and +harmonic term so I'm gonna skip since + + align:start position:0% +harmonic term so I'm gonna skip since + + + align:start position:0% +harmonic term so I'm gonna skip since +I'm basically done there's just a lot of + + align:start position:0% +I'm basically done there's just a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +I'm basically done there's just a lot of +garbage like this and at the end we have + + align:start position:0% +garbage like this and at the end we have + + + align:start position:0% +garbage like this and at the end we have +an expression term by term which + + align:start position:0% +an expression term by term which + + + align:start position:0% +an expression term by term which +simplifies and we get the same + + align:start position:0% +simplifies and we get the same + + + align:start position:0% +simplifies and we get the same +correction to the energy VJ is equal to + + align:start position:0% +correction to the energy VJ is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +correction to the energy VJ is equal to +minus 8 CD e cubed over HC Omega + + align:start position:0% +minus 8 CD e cubed over HC Omega + + + align:start position:0% +minus 8 CD e cubed over HC Omega +no not HC just over Omega squared times + + align:start position:0% +no not HC just over Omega squared times + + + align:start position:0% +no not HC just over Omega squared times +J J plus 1 squared well this is nice + + align:start position:0% +J J plus 1 squared well this is nice + + + align:start position:0% +J J plus 1 squared well this is nice +because we have a term that just + + align:start position:0% +because we have a term that just + + + align:start position:0% +because we have a term that just +involves J and it's negative it says as + + align:start position:0% +involves J and it's negative it says as + + + align:start position:0% +involves J and it's negative it says as +the molecule rotates the the molecule + + align:start position:0% +the molecule rotates the the molecule + + + align:start position:0% +the molecule rotates the the molecule +stretches the rotational constant + + align:start position:0% +stretches the rotational constant + + + align:start position:0% +stretches the rotational constant +decreases this is called centrifugal + + align:start position:0% +decreases this is called centrifugal + + + align:start position:0% +decreases this is called centrifugal +Distortion and this is a very famous + + align:start position:0% +Distortion and this is a very famous + + + align:start position:0% +Distortion and this is a very famous +expression that de is equal to + + align:start position:0% +expression that de is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +expression that de is equal to +Kamiya to 4b e cubed over Omega squared + + align:start position:0% +Kamiya to 4b e cubed over Omega squared + + + align:start position:0% +Kamiya to 4b e cubed over Omega squared +I left out of 4 so this is the Kratzer + + align:start position:0% +I left out of 4 so this is the Kratzer + + + align:start position:0% +I left out of 4 so this is the Kratzer +relationship and that turns out to be + + align:start position:0% +relationship and that turns out to be + + + align:start position:0% +relationship and that turns out to be +one of the most valuable ones because + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the centrifugal distortion constant is + + align:start position:0% +the centrifugal distortion constant is + + + align:start position:0% +the centrifugal distortion constant is +us is extremely sensitive to contagion + + align:start position:0% +us is extremely sensitive to contagion + + + align:start position:0% +us is extremely sensitive to contagion +if there's a perturbation if there's + + align:start position:0% +if there's a perturbation if there's + + + align:start position:0% +if there's a perturbation if there's +something missing + + align:start position:0% +something missing + + + align:start position:0% +something missing +this centrifugal distortion constant + + align:start position:0% +this centrifugal distortion constant + + + align:start position:0% +this centrifugal distortion constant +will have a not crazy value and if it + + align:start position:0% +will have a not crazy value and if it + + + align:start position:0% +will have a not crazy value and if it +doesn't ever if there's nothing wrong + + align:start position:0% +doesn't ever if there's nothing wrong + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't ever if there's nothing wrong +then it will say well ok I can if I if I + + align:start position:0% +then it will say well ok I can if I if I + + + align:start position:0% +then it will say well ok I can if I if I +know something about being in omega I + + align:start position:0% +know something about being in omega I + + + align:start position:0% +know something about being in omega I +can determine how the rotational energy + + align:start position:0% +can determine how the rotational energy + + + align:start position:0% +can determine how the rotational energy +levels get closer together as you go up + + align:start position:0% +levels get closer together as you go up + + + align:start position:0% +levels get closer together as you go up +in V and if you have only a pure + + align:start position:0% +in V and if you have only a pure + + + align:start position:0% +in V and if you have only a pure +rotation spectrum then you actually + + align:start position:0% +rotation spectrum then you actually + + + align:start position:0% +rotation spectrum then you actually +where you're not sampling anything + + align:start position:0% +where you're not sampling anything + + + align:start position:0% +where you're not sampling anything +having to do with vibration you actually + + align:start position:0% +having to do with vibration you actually + + + align:start position:0% +having to do with vibration you actually +can determine the vibrational constant + + align:start position:0% +can determine the vibrational constant + + + align:start position:0% +can determine the vibrational constant +from the centrifugal assertion and I + + align:start position:0% +from the centrifugal assertion and I + + + align:start position:0% +from the centrifugal assertion and I +should tell you that spectroscopy has + + align:start position:0% +should tell you that spectroscopy has + + + align:start position:0% +should tell you that spectroscopy has +come in families or they used to pure + + align:start position:0% +come in families or they used to pure + + + align:start position:0% +come in families or they used to pure +rotation + + align:start position:0% +rotation + + + align:start position:0% +rotation +infrared vibration rotation electronic + + align:start position:0% +infrared vibration rotation electronic + + + align:start position:0% +infrared vibration rotation electronic +vibration rotation electronic and so the + + align:start position:0% +vibration rotation electronic and so the + + + align:start position:0% +vibration rotation electronic and so the +microwaves really have only rotation to + + align:start position:0% +microwaves really have only rotation to + + + align:start position:0% +microwaves really have only rotation to +look at our kind of deprived and they + + align:start position:0% +look at our kind of deprived and they + + + align:start position:0% +look at our kind of deprived and they +they they they Destin don't know + + align:start position:0% +they they they Destin don't know + + + align:start position:0% +they they they Destin don't know +anything about electronic degrees of + + align:start position:0% +anything about electronic degrees of + + + align:start position:0% +anything about electronic degrees of +freedom but they know how to get the + + align:start position:0% +freedom but they know how to get the + + + align:start position:0% +freedom but they know how to get the +vibrational frequency from the + + align:start position:0% +vibrational frequency from the + + + align:start position:0% +vibrational frequency from the +rotational spectrum which is kind of + + align:start position:0% +rotational spectrum which is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +rotational spectrum which is kind of +nice gives them something to do and + + align:start position:0% +nice gives them something to do and + + + align:start position:0% +nice gives them something to do and +there's more terms and we're really done + + align:start position:0% +there's more terms and we're really done + + + align:start position:0% +there's more terms and we're really done +but it's all in the notes and so what we + + align:start position:0% +but it's all in the notes and so what we + + + align:start position:0% +but it's all in the notes and so what we +get is for the constant o AG XE and + + align:start position:0% +get is for the constant o AG XE and + + + align:start position:0% +get is for the constant o AG XE and +central distortion and alpha E and beta + + align:start position:0% +central distortion and alpha E and beta + + + align:start position:0% +central distortion and alpha E and beta +which is the the vibrational distortion + + align:start position:0% +which is the the vibrational distortion + + + align:start position:0% +which is the the vibrational distortion +of the centrifugal distortion constant + + align:start position:0% +of the centrifugal distortion constant + + + align:start position:0% +of the centrifugal distortion constant +we get all these in terms of Omega and B + + align:start position:0% +we get all these in terms of Omega and B + + + align:start position:0% +we get all these in terms of Omega and B +so it's a nice closed set where you get + + align:start position:0% +so it's a nice closed set where you get + + + align:start position:0% +so it's a nice closed set where you get +the you're able to predict how certain + + align:start position:0% +the you're able to predict how certain + + + align:start position:0% +the you're able to predict how certain +constants depend on the most fundamental + + align:start position:0% +constants depend on the most fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +constants depend on the most fundamental +ones Omega T and V E that's kind of neat + + align:start position:0% +ones Omega T and V E that's kind of neat + + + align:start position:0% +ones Omega T and V E that's kind of neat +and it's both a way of extending your + + align:start position:0% +and it's both a way of extending your + + + align:start position:0% +and it's both a way of extending your +observations and telling well there's + + align:start position:0% +observations and telling well there's + + + align:start position:0% +observations and telling well there's +something missing because these + + align:start position:0% +something missing because these + + + align:start position:0% +something missing because these +constants aren't coming out right it's + + align:start position:0% +constants aren't coming out right it's + + + align:start position:0% +constants aren't coming out right it's +also a subject of great consternation + + align:start position:0% +also a subject of great consternation + + + align:start position:0% +also a subject of great consternation +because if your are quantum chemists + + align:start position:0% +because if your are quantum chemists + + + align:start position:0% +because if your are quantum chemists +what you do is you determine a lot of + + align:start position:0% +what you do is you determine a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +what you do is you determine a lot of +stuff by derivatives at equilibrium the + + align:start position:0% +stuff by derivatives at equilibrium the + + + align:start position:0% +stuff by derivatives at equilibrium the +derivatives of the potential at + + align:start position:0% +derivatives of the potential at + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives of the potential at +equilibrium are basically telling you + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium are basically telling you + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium are basically telling you +the shape of the potential had + + align:start position:0% +the shape of the potential had + + + align:start position:0% +the shape of the potential had +moderately low energy and it also turns + + align:start position:0% +moderately low energy and it also turns + + + align:start position:0% +moderately low energy and it also turns +out to be something with modern quantum + + align:start position:0% +out to be something with modern quantum + + + align:start position:0% +out to be something with modern quantum +chemistry you can get all these + + align:start position:0% +chemistry you can get all these + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry you can get all these +derivatives pretty accurately the + + align:start position:0% +derivatives pretty accurately the + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives pretty accurately the +trouble is measuring derivatives here + + align:start position:0% +trouble is measuring derivatives here + + + align:start position:0% +trouble is measuring derivatives here +and using the energetic formulas gives + + align:start position:0% +and using the energetic formulas gives + + + align:start position:0% +and using the energetic formulas gives +you slightly different values ones from + + align:start position:0% +you slightly different values ones from + + + align:start position:0% +you slightly different values ones from +what you get from perturbation theory so + + align:start position:0% +what you get from perturbation theory so + + + align:start position:0% +what you get from perturbation theory so +what we have is two communities who are + + align:start position:0% +what we have is two communities who are + + + align:start position:0% +what we have is two communities who are +very + + align:start position:0% +very + + + align:start position:0% +very +sophisticated using the same names for + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated using the same names for + + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated using the same names for +different quantities it's dangerous and + + align:start position:0% +different quantities it's dangerous and + + + align:start position:0% +different quantities it's dangerous and +it's also not understood by the the two + + align:start position:0% +it's also not understood by the the two + + + align:start position:0% +it's also not understood by the the two +communities and so people are struggling + + align:start position:0% +communities and so people are struggling + + + align:start position:0% +communities and so people are struggling +and struggling to get agreement between + + align:start position:0% +and struggling to get agreement between + + + align:start position:0% +and struggling to get agreement between +experiment and theory and it's apples + + align:start position:0% +experiment and theory and it's apples + + + align:start position:0% +experiment and theory and it's apples +and oranges but it's a subtle thing okay + + align:start position:0% +and oranges but it's a subtle thing okay + + + align:start position:0% +and oranges but it's a subtle thing okay +so that's basically all I want to say + + align:start position:0% +so that's basically all I want to say + + + align:start position:0% +so that's basically all I want to say +about perturbation theory I will have + + align:start position:0% +about perturbation theory I will have + + + align:start position:0% +about perturbation theory I will have +one more lecture dealing with + + align:start position:0% +one more lecture dealing with + + + align:start position:0% +one more lecture dealing with +perturbation theory and that lecture is + + align:start position:0% +perturbation theory and that lecture is + + + align:start position:0% +perturbation theory and that lecture is +on van der Waals interactions between + + align:start position:0% +on van der Waals interactions between + + + align:start position:0% +on van der Waals interactions between +all molecules and why we get liquids + + align:start position:0% +all molecules and why we get liquids + + + align:start position:0% +all molecules and why we get liquids +okay \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/ZWKnK9LIETA.txt b/ZWKnK9LIETA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7eb88c9090b141f7377660e64cbc029d27b29917 --- /dev/null +++ b/ZWKnK9LIETA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14306 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open +courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu last time when we met we saw + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu last time when we met we saw + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu last time when we met we saw +that the yield curve was somewhere at + + align:start position:0% +that the yield curve was somewhere at + + + align:start position:0% +that the yield curve was somewhere at +the short end was somewhere at the + + align:start position:0% +the short end was somewhere at the + + + align:start position:0% +the short end was somewhere at the +uh 30 to 40 basis point level and let's + + align:start position:0% +uh 30 to 40 basis point level and let's + + + align:start position:0% +uh 30 to 40 basis point level and let's +see where it is today the yield on a + + align:start position:0% +see where it is today the yield on a + + + align:start position:0% +see where it is today the yield on a +3month treasury bill uh according to + + align:start position:0% +3month treasury bill uh according to + + + align:start position:0% +3month treasury bill uh according to +this is at uh 71 to 72 basis points so + + align:start position:0% +this is at uh 71 to 72 basis points so + + + align:start position:0% +this is at uh 71 to 72 basis points so +that's pretty good that's better than it + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty good that's better than it + + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty good that's better than it +was last week it's uh there was a point + + align:start position:0% +was last week it's uh there was a point + + + align:start position:0% +was last week it's uh there was a point +actually uh earlier this morning uh that + + align:start position:0% +actually uh earlier this morning uh that + + + align:start position:0% +actually uh earlier this morning uh that +the yield curve was the short end was + + align:start position:0% +the yield curve was the short end was + + + align:start position:0% +the yield curve was the short end was +slightly above 1% uh but it's now come + + align:start position:0% +slightly above 1% uh but it's now come + + + align:start position:0% +slightly above 1% uh but it's now come +back down uh because of additional + + align:start position:0% +back down uh because of additional + + + align:start position:0% +back down uh because of additional +trading and and demand for these + + align:start position:0% +trading and and demand for these + + + align:start position:0% +trading and and demand for these +Securities but that suggests that at + + align:start position:0% +Securities but that suggests that at + + + align:start position:0% +Securities but that suggests that at +least the Panic uh is not as severe as + + align:start position:0% +least the Panic uh is not as severe as + + + align:start position:0% +least the Panic uh is not as severe as +it was last week things are getting a + + align:start position:0% +it was last week things are getting a + + + align:start position:0% +it was last week things are getting a +bit better and not surprisingly the + + align:start position:0% +bit better and not surprisingly the + + + align:start position:0% +bit better and not surprisingly the +reason they're getting a bit better is + + align:start position:0% +reason they're getting a bit better is + + + align:start position:0% +reason they're getting a bit better is +because there's more certainty now that + + align:start position:0% +because there's more certainty now that + + + align:start position:0% +because there's more certainty now that +something was going to happen when we + + align:start position:0% +something was going to happen when we + + + align:start position:0% +something was going to happen when we +met last uh it seemed as if there was a + + align:start position:0% +met last uh it seemed as if there was a + + + align:start position:0% +met last uh it seemed as if there was a +possibility that this wasn't going to + + align:start position:0% +possibility that this wasn't going to + + + align:start position:0% +possibility that this wasn't going to +happen at all that there was going to be + + align:start position:0% +happen at all that there was going to be + + + align:start position:0% +happen at all that there was going to be +some breakdown between Democrats and + + align:start position:0% +some breakdown between Democrats and + + + align:start position:0% +some breakdown between Democrats and +Republicans and that there was an impass + + align:start position:0% +Republicans and that there was an impass + + + align:start position:0% +Republicans and that there was an impass +fortunately that got resolved over the + + align:start position:0% +fortunately that got resolved over the + + + align:start position:0% +fortunately that got resolved over the +weekend uh at least it seems to be it's + + align:start position:0% +weekend uh at least it seems to be it's + + + align:start position:0% +weekend uh at least it seems to be it's +going to be voted on as we speak + + align:start position:0% +going to be voted on as we speak + + + align:start position:0% +going to be voted on as we speak +actually so hopefully we'll find out by + + align:start position:0% +actually so hopefully we'll find out by + + + align:start position:0% +actually so hopefully we'll find out by +the end of class uh or the end of today + + align:start position:0% +the end of class uh or the end of today + + + align:start position:0% +the end of class uh or the end of today +whether or not it happens if it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +whether or not it happens if it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not it happens if it doesn't +happen what do you think is going to + + align:start position:0% +happen what do you think is going to + + + align:start position:0% +happen what do you think is going to +happen to the three + + align:start position:0% +happen to the three + + + align:start position:0% +happen to the three +month yeah I mean so you can actually + + align:start position:0% +month yeah I mean so you can actually + + + align:start position:0% +month yeah I mean so you can actually +look at this as a thermometer check the + + align:start position:0% +look at this as a thermometer check the + + + align:start position:0% +look at this as a thermometer check the +temperature of our economy it's it's + + align:start position:0% +temperature of our economy it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +temperature of our economy it's it's +pretty amazing isn't it it tells you + + align:start position:0% +pretty amazing isn't it it tells you + + + align:start position:0% +pretty amazing isn't it it tells you +that financial markets uh are very + + align:start position:0% +that financial markets uh are very + + + align:start position:0% +that financial markets uh are very +Dynamic and that you actually can learn + + align:start position:0% +Dynamic and that you actually can learn + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamic and that you actually can learn +a lot from market prices again our + + align:start position:0% +a lot from market prices again our + + + align:start position:0% +a lot from market prices again our +market prices is correct no there's no + + align:start position:0% +market prices is correct no there's no + + + align:start position:0% +market prices is correct no there's no +such thing as correct I want you to get + + align:start position:0% +such thing as correct I want you to get + + + align:start position:0% +such thing as correct I want you to get +away from that notion of correct there + + align:start position:0% +away from that notion of correct there + + + align:start position:0% +away from that notion of correct there +is a market price that reflects the + + align:start position:0% +is a market price that reflects the + + + align:start position:0% +is a market price that reflects the +aggregate sentiment of the economy and + + align:start position:0% +aggregate sentiment of the economy and + + + align:start position:0% +aggregate sentiment of the economy and +the participants on a given day at a + + align:start position:0% +the participants on a given day at a + + + align:start position:0% +the participants on a given day at a +given point in time with a certain set + + align:start position:0% +given point in time with a certain set + + + align:start position:0% +given point in time with a certain set +of market conditions and then you have + + align:start position:0% +of market conditions and then you have + + + align:start position:0% +of market conditions and then you have +to decide whether or not that set of + + align:start position:0% +to decide whether or not that set of + + + align:start position:0% +to decide whether or not that set of +prices is something that you would like + + align:start position:0% +prices is something that you would like + + + align:start position:0% +prices is something that you would like +to use in your own calculations okay so + + align:start position:0% +to use in your own calculations okay so + + + align:start position:0% +to use in your own calculations okay so +right now these are the prices that + + align:start position:0% +right now these are the prices that + + + align:start position:0% +right now these are the prices that +reflect what's going on in the economy + + align:start position:0% +reflect what's going on in the economy + + + align:start position:0% +reflect what's going on in the economy +by the way at the long end last time we + + align:start position:0% +by the way at the long end last time we + + + align:start position:0% +by the way at the long end last time we +saw that two weeks ago the long end of + + align:start position:0% +saw that two weeks ago the long end of + + + align:start position:0% +saw that two weeks ago the long end of +the yield curve was pretty high uh + + align:start position:0% +the yield curve was pretty high uh + + + align:start position:0% +the yield curve was pretty high uh +because of concerns that there was going + + align:start position:0% +because of concerns that there was going + + + align:start position:0% +because of concerns that there was going +to be inflation and then last week we + + align:start position:0% +to be inflation and then last week we + + + align:start position:0% +to be inflation and then last week we +saw that it went down what is it now + + align:start position:0% +saw that it went down what is it now + + + align:start position:0% +saw that it went down what is it now +well if you take a look at the 30-year + + align:start position:0% +well if you take a look at the 30-year + + + align:start position:0% +well if you take a look at the 30-year +the yield is at 422 that's slightly + + align:start position:0% +the yield is at 422 that's slightly + + + align:start position:0% +the yield is at 422 that's slightly +lower not by much but it's slightly + + align:start position:0% +lower not by much but it's slightly + + + align:start position:0% +lower not by much but it's slightly +lower than what we saw last time and + + align:start position:0% +lower than what we saw last time and + + + align:start position:0% +lower than what we saw last time and +certainly lower than what it was two + + align:start position:0% +certainly lower than what it was two + + + align:start position:0% +certainly lower than what it was two +weeks ago so the concerns about + + align:start position:0% +weeks ago so the concerns about + + + align:start position:0% +weeks ago so the concerns about +inflation while they're still there at + + align:start position:0% +inflation while they're still there at + + + align:start position:0% +inflation while they're still there at +least from the data here it looks like + + align:start position:0% +least from the data here it looks like + + + align:start position:0% +least from the data here it looks like +they're a little bit less so + + align:start position:0% +they're a little bit less so + + + align:start position:0% +they're a little bit less so +are people right today and were wrong + + align:start position:0% +are people right today and were wrong + + + align:start position:0% +are people right today and were wrong +last week who knows the point is that + + align:start position:0% +last week who knows the point is that + + + align:start position:0% +last week who knows the point is that +this reflects what the current market + + align:start position:0% +this reflects what the current market + + + align:start position:0% +this reflects what the current market +sentiment is and so at every point in + + align:start position:0% +sentiment is and so at every point in + + + align:start position:0% +sentiment is and so at every point in +time when you look at market prices what + + align:start position:0% +time when you look at market prices what + + + align:start position:0% +time when you look at market prices what +you're getting is a window on current + + align:start position:0% +you're getting is a window on current + + + align:start position:0% +you're getting is a window on current +expectations and current information and + + align:start position:0% +expectations and current information and + + + align:start position:0% +expectations and current information and +you have to make the best of + + align:start position:0% +you have to make the best of + + + align:start position:0% +you have to make the best of +that okay any other questions y I sort + + align:start position:0% +that okay any other questions y I sort + + + align:start position:0% +that okay any other questions y I sort +of two questions one is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that yeah um you said just a couple + + align:start position:0% +that yeah um you said just a couple + + + align:start position:0% +that yeah um you said just a couple +basis points yeah why why would you just + + align:start position:0% +basis points yeah why why would you just + + + align:start position:0% +basis points yeah why why would you just +short those because don't you have to + + align:start position:0% +short those because don't you have to + + + align:start position:0% +short those because don't you have to +find they can't go above zero right yeah + + align:start position:0% +find they can't go above zero right yeah + + + align:start position:0% +find they can't go above zero right yeah +so you have a couple basis points + + align:start position:0% +so you have a couple basis points + + + align:start position:0% +so you have a couple basis points +downside yeah and more Bas points upside + + align:start position:0% +downside yeah and more Bas points upside + + + align:start position:0% +downside yeah and more Bas points upside +that's right you could have shorted them + + align:start position:0% +that's right you could have shorted them + + + align:start position:0% +that's right you could have shorted them +Andy do you want to answer uh I'm I'm + + align:start position:0% +Andy do you want to answer uh I'm I'm + + + align:start position:0% +Andy do you want to answer uh I'm I'm +not sure I agree that you can short them + + align:start position:0% +not sure I agree that you can short them + + + align:start position:0% +not sure I agree that you can short them +okay why not uh because shorting going + + align:start position:0% +okay why not uh because shorting going + + + align:start position:0% +okay why not uh because shorting going +short that means you want to borrow + + align:start position:0% +short that means you want to borrow + + + align:start position:0% +short that means you want to borrow +money at three basis points for three + + align:start position:0% +money at three basis points for three + + + align:start position:0% +money at three basis points for three +months yeah but you're not the US + + align:start position:0% +months yeah but you're not the US + + + align:start position:0% +months yeah but you're not the US +government right so no one will no one + + align:start position:0% +government right so no one will no one + + + align:start position:0% +government right so no one will no one +will allow you to do that well it it + + align:start position:0% +will allow you to do that well it it + + + align:start position:0% +will allow you to do that well it it +would be hard to borrow the Securities + + align:start position:0% +would be hard to borrow the Securities + + + align:start position:0% +would be hard to borrow the Securities +and then sell them right and + + align:start position:0% +and then sell them right and + + + align:start position:0% +and then sell them right and +unfortunately you can't manufacture the + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately you can't manufacture the + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately you can't manufacture the +pieces of paper the way the US + + align:start position:0% +pieces of paper the way the US + + + align:start position:0% +pieces of paper the way the US +Government Can right it's kind of hard + + align:start position:0% +Government Can right it's kind of hard + + + align:start position:0% +Government Can right it's kind of hard +to do the printing press in just the + + align:start position:0% +to do the printing press in just the + + + align:start position:0% +to do the printing press in just the +same way uh in fact I think it may even + + align:start position:0% +same way uh in fact I think it may even + + + align:start position:0% +same way uh in fact I think it may even +be illegal + + align:start position:0% +be illegal + + + align:start position:0% +be illegal +uh but but you're right that if if it's + + align:start position:0% +uh but but you're right that if if it's + + + align:start position:0% +uh but but you're right that if if it's +such a such a low level what you would + + align:start position:0% +such a such a low level what you would + + + align:start position:0% +such a such a low level what you would +like to be able to do is You' like to be + + align:start position:0% +like to be able to do is You' like to be + + + align:start position:0% +like to be able to do is You' like to be +able to issue that stuff and by the way + + align:start position:0% +able to issue that stuff and by the way + + + align:start position:0% +able to issue that stuff and by the way +the US government did take the + + align:start position:0% +the US government did take the + + + align:start position:0% +the US government did take the +opportunity to issue some paper last + + align:start position:0% +opportunity to issue some paper last + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity to issue some paper last +week to take advantage of this it's a + + align:start position:0% +week to take advantage of this it's a + + + align:start position:0% +week to take advantage of this it's a +great way to do it right you borrow + + align:start position:0% +great way to do it right you borrow + + + align:start position:0% +great way to do it right you borrow +money at virtually zero interest rate + + align:start position:0% +money at virtually zero interest rate + + + align:start position:0% +money at virtually zero interest rate +because you are the US government and + + align:start position:0% +because you are the US government and + + + align:start position:0% +because you are the US government and +all you need to do is to print up these + + align:start position:0% +all you need to do is to print up these + + + align:start position:0% +all you need to do is to print up these +wonderful certificates but I think the + + align:start position:0% +wonderful certificates but I think the + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful certificates but I think the +issue is exactly right if you wanted to + + align:start position:0% +issue is exactly right if you wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +issue is exactly right if you wanted to +short it you've got to be able to borrow + + align:start position:0% +short it you've got to be able to borrow + + + align:start position:0% +short it you've got to be able to borrow +it from somebody else and then short it + + align:start position:0% +it from somebody else and then short it + + + align:start position:0% +it from somebody else and then short it +and they have to let you borrow it from + + align:start position:0% +and they have to let you borrow it from + + + align:start position:0% +and they have to let you borrow it from +them at at appropriate uh premium so + + align:start position:0% +them at at appropriate uh premium so + + + align:start position:0% +them at at appropriate uh premium so +there's a risk for in a price for that + + align:start position:0% +there's a risk for in a price for that + + + align:start position:0% +there's a risk for in a price for that +but if you could do it it's it was it + + align:start position:0% +but if you could do it it's it was it + + + align:start position:0% +but if you could do it it's it was it +was a a pretty good trade on the other + + align:start position:0% +was a a pretty good trade on the other + + + align:start position:0% +was a a pretty good trade on the other +hand think about what you're saying what + + align:start position:0% +hand think about what you're saying what + + + align:start position:0% +hand think about what you're saying what +you're saying is that you would like to + + align:start position:0% +you're saying is that you would like to + + + align:start position:0% +you're saying is that you would like to +be able to allow people who want + + align:start position:0% +be able to allow people who want + + + align:start position:0% +be able to allow people who want +liquidity to have liquidity you would + + align:start position:0% +liquidity to have liquidity you would + + + align:start position:0% +liquidity to have liquidity you would +like to provide them with that kind of a + + align:start position:0% +like to provide them with that kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +like to provide them with that kind of a +liquidity if everybody is panicking and + + align:start position:0% +liquidity if everybody is panicking and + + + align:start position:0% +liquidity if everybody is panicking and +wanting liquidity then that might be a + + align:start position:0% +wanting liquidity then that might be a + + + align:start position:0% +wanting liquidity then that might be a +very good strategy because when markets + + align:start position:0% +very good strategy because when markets + + + align:start position:0% +very good strategy because when markets +calm down eventually you will do quite + + align:start position:0% +calm down eventually you will do quite + + + align:start position:0% +calm down eventually you will do quite +well in effect that's what the US + + align:start position:0% +well in effect that's what the US + + + align:start position:0% +well in effect that's what the US +government is hoping to do with this + + align:start position:0% +government is hoping to do with this + + + align:start position:0% +government is hoping to do with this +so-called bailout package which is what + + align:start position:0% +so-called bailout package which is what + + + align:start position:0% +so-called bailout package which is what +I mentioned last week that bailout is + + align:start position:0% +I mentioned last week that bailout is + + + align:start position:0% +I mentioned last week that bailout is +probably not the right term it's a + + align:start position:0% +probably not the right term it's a + + + align:start position:0% +probably not the right term it's a +rescue package undoubtedly but whether + + align:start position:0% +rescue package undoubtedly but whether + + + align:start position:0% +rescue package undoubtedly but whether +or not it's a bailout or a very Savvy + + align:start position:0% +or not it's a bailout or a very Savvy + + + align:start position:0% +or not it's a bailout or a very Savvy +investment depends simply on the price + + align:start position:0% +investment depends simply on the price + + + align:start position:0% +investment depends simply on the price +on the price that you can get it at and + + align:start position:0% +on the price that you can get it at and + + + align:start position:0% +on the price that you can get it at and +the price that you ultimately sell it + + align:start position:0% +the price that you ultimately sell it + + + align:start position:0% +the price that you ultimately sell it +for so that remains to be seen other + + align:start position:0% +for so that remains to be seen other + + + align:start position:0% +for so that remains to be seen other +questions yeah I I don't know the + + align:start position:0% +questions yeah I I don't know the + + + align:start position:0% +questions yeah I I don't know the +details of + + align:start position:0% +details of + + + align:start position:0% +details of +the I'm wondering like this + + align:start position:0% +the I'm wondering like this + + + align:start position:0% +the I'm wondering like this +crisis is based on uh there the whole + + align:start position:0% +crisis is based on uh there the whole + + + align:start position:0% +crisis is based on uh there the whole +economy's leverage on on some assets + + align:start position:0% +economy's leverage on on some assets + + + align:start position:0% +economy's leverage on on some assets +that are not really worthy or are worth + + align:start position:0% +that are not really worthy or are worth + + + align:start position:0% +that are not really worthy or are worth +less than they were supposed + + align:start position:0% +less than they were supposed + + + align:start position:0% +less than they were supposed +to and I wonder at the end like with the + + align:start position:0% +to and I wonder at the end like with the + + + align:start position:0% +to and I wonder at the end like with the +people that have credit like bad credit + + align:start position:0% +people that have credit like bad credit + + + align:start position:0% +people that have credit like bad credit +suffer will they take their homes or not + + align:start position:0% +suffer will they take their homes or not + + + align:start position:0% +suffer will they take their homes or not +like I don't see how I mean because the + + align:start position:0% +like I don't see how I mean because the + + + align:start position:0% +like I don't see how I mean because the +only way I see for this to be corrected + + align:start position:0% +only way I see for this to be corrected + + + align:start position:0% +only way I see for this to be corrected +is to go to the fundamentals that's + + align:start position:0% +is to go to the fundamentals that's + + + align:start position:0% +is to go to the fundamentals that's +there's a lot of people leverage that + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of people leverage that + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of people leverage that +are not can't pay so how will this get + + align:start position:0% +are not can't pay so how will this get + + + align:start position:0% +are not can't pay so how will this get +to am I explaining that I I I think so I + + align:start position:0% +to am I explaining that I I I think so I + + + align:start position:0% +to am I explaining that I I I think so I +think so I think I think you're + + align:start position:0% +think so I think I think you're + + + align:start position:0% +think so I think I think you're +expressing the same kind of concern and + + align:start position:0% +expressing the same kind of concern and + + + align:start position:0% +expressing the same kind of concern and +confusion that the American public has + + align:start position:0% +confusion that the American public has + + + align:start position:0% +confusion that the American public has +expressed at the bailout package because + + align:start position:0% +expressed at the bailout package because + + + align:start position:0% +expressed at the bailout package because +it doesn't seem like the uh bailout is + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't seem like the uh bailout is + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't seem like the uh bailout is +really applying to the ultimate root + + align:start position:0% +really applying to the ultimate root + + + align:start position:0% +really applying to the ultimate root +cause of this which is the + + align:start position:0% +cause of this which is the + + + align:start position:0% +cause of this which is the +homeowners uh the politician Ians would + + align:start position:0% +homeowners uh the politician Ians would + + + align:start position:0% +homeowners uh the politician Ians would +say that you're bailing out Wall Street + + align:start position:0% +say that you're bailing out Wall Street + + + align:start position:0% +say that you're bailing out Wall Street +when you should really be bailing out + + align:start position:0% +when you should really be bailing out + + + align:start position:0% +when you should really be bailing out +Main Street uh let me hold off on + + align:start position:0% +Main Street uh let me hold off on + + + align:start position:0% +Main Street uh let me hold off on +answering that because it turns out that + + align:start position:0% +answering that because it turns out that + + + align:start position:0% +answering that because it turns out that +this Thursday uh October 2nd from 5:30 + + align:start position:0% +this Thursday uh October 2nd from 5:30 + + + align:start position:0% +this Thursday uh October 2nd from 5:30 +to 7: the Sloan school will be + + align:start position:0% +to 7: the Sloan school will be + + + align:start position:0% +to 7: the Sloan school will be +organizing a panel discussion of the + + align:start position:0% +organizing a panel discussion of the + + + align:start position:0% +organizing a panel discussion of the +bailout as well as the root causes of + + align:start position:0% +bailout as well as the root causes of + + + align:start position:0% +bailout as well as the root causes of +some of these issues so rather than take + + align:start position:0% +some of these issues so rather than take + + + align:start position:0% +some of these issues so rather than take +up any more class time let me defer that + + align:start position:0% +up any more class time let me defer that + + + align:start position:0% +up any more class time let me defer that +question to that Thursday panel and then + + align:start position:0% +question to that Thursday panel and then + + + align:start position:0% +question to that Thursday panel and then +we I'd be happy to talk about it + + align:start position:0% +we I'd be happy to talk about it + + + align:start position:0% +we I'd be happy to talk about it +afterwards but but I'd rather make sure + + align:start position:0% +afterwards but but I'd rather make sure + + + align:start position:0% +afterwards but but I'd rather make sure +that we stay on track with our + + align:start position:0% +that we stay on track with our + + + align:start position:0% +that we stay on track with our +curriculum and just use this as an + + align:start position:0% +curriculum and just use this as an + + + align:start position:0% +curriculum and just use this as an +illustration but let me give you the + + align:start position:0% +illustration but let me give you the + + + align:start position:0% +illustration but let me give you the +short answer to the question the short + + align:start position:0% +short answer to the question the short + + + align:start position:0% +short answer to the question the short +answer is that the idea is that you have + + align:start position:0% +answer is that the idea is that you have + + + align:start position:0% +answer is that the idea is that you have +to deal with the current crisis right + + align:start position:0% +to deal with the current crisis right + + + align:start position:0% +to deal with the current crisis right +now so it's sort of like having a + + align:start position:0% +now so it's sort of like having a + + + align:start position:0% +now so it's sort of like having a +patient come into the emergency room uh + + align:start position:0% +patient come into the emergency room uh + + + align:start position:0% +patient come into the emergency room uh +and uh you know they're they're they're + + align:start position:0% +and uh you know they're they're they're + + + align:start position:0% +and uh you know they're they're they're +bleeding out uh and it turns out that + + align:start position:0% +bleeding out uh and it turns out that + + + align:start position:0% +bleeding out uh and it turns out that +the reason they're bleeding out is + + align:start position:0% +the reason they're bleeding out is + + + align:start position:0% +the reason they're bleeding out is +they've abused drugs and they've done + + align:start position:0% +they've abused drugs and they've done + + + align:start position:0% +they've abused drugs and they've done +all sorts of bad things uh to their diet + + align:start position:0% +all sorts of bad things uh to their diet + + + align:start position:0% +all sorts of bad things uh to their diet +and health now at that time you probably + + align:start position:0% +and health now at that time you probably + + + align:start position:0% +and health now at that time you probably +don't want to give a lecture on good + + align:start position:0% +don't want to give a lecture on good + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to give a lecture on good +nutrition and you know the dangers of + + align:start position:0% +nutrition and you know the dangers of + + + align:start position:0% +nutrition and you know the dangers of +recreational + + align:start position:0% +recreational + + + align:start position:0% +recreational +Pharmaceuticals uh you got to stop the + + align:start position:0% +Pharmaceuticals uh you got to stop the + + + align:start position:0% +Pharmaceuticals uh you got to stop the +bleeding and then over the course of the + + align:start position:0% +bleeding and then over the course of the + + + align:start position:0% +bleeding and then over the course of the +next few weeks and months you try to + + align:start position:0% +next few weeks and months you try to + + + align:start position:0% +next few weeks and months you try to +rehabilitate the patient so what the + + align:start position:0% +rehabilitate the patient so what the + + + align:start position:0% +rehabilitate the patient so what the +package is meant to do first of all is + + align:start position:0% +package is meant to do first of all is + + + align:start position:0% +package is meant to do first of all is +to stop the bleeding uh and then over + + align:start position:0% +to stop the bleeding uh and then over + + + align:start position:0% +to stop the bleeding uh and then over +time we're going to have to address + + align:start position:0% +time we're going to have to address + + + align:start position:0% +time we're going to have to address +exactly the issues that you raised and + + align:start position:0% +exactly the issues that you raised and + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the issues that you raised and +that's part of what the proposal uh was + + align:start position:0% +that's part of what the proposal uh was + + + align:start position:0% +that's part of what the proposal uh was +trying to do that's why it took them + + align:start position:0% +trying to do that's why it took them + + + align:start position:0% +trying to do that's why it took them +time to uh to put it together it's easy + + align:start position:0% +time to uh to put it together it's easy + + + align:start position:0% +time to uh to put it together it's easy +to figure out how to stop the bleeding + + align:start position:0% +to figure out how to stop the bleeding + + + align:start position:0% +to figure out how to stop the bleeding +money will stop the bleeding uh but the + + align:start position:0% +money will stop the bleeding uh but the + + + align:start position:0% +money will stop the bleeding uh but the +problem is that throwing money good + + align:start position:0% +problem is that throwing money good + + + align:start position:0% +problem is that throwing money good +money at Bad Assets is not necessarily + + align:start position:0% +money at Bad Assets is not necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +money at Bad Assets is not necessarily +the long run solution you have to figure + + align:start position:0% +the long run solution you have to figure + + + align:start position:0% +the long run solution you have to figure +out what the ultimate causes are dealing + + align:start position:0% +out what the ultimate causes are dealing + + + align:start position:0% +out what the ultimate causes are dealing +with foreclosures dealing with all of + + align:start position:0% +with foreclosures dealing with all of + + + align:start position:0% +with foreclosures dealing with all of +these uh very complex Securities + + align:start position:0% +these uh very complex Securities + + + align:start position:0% +these uh very complex Securities +figuring out how to Value them coming up + + align:start position:0% +figuring out how to Value them coming up + + + align:start position:0% +figuring out how to Value them coming up +with proper Insurance uh agreements to + + align:start position:0% +with proper Insurance uh agreements to + + + align:start position:0% +with proper Insurance uh agreements to +be able to create stability across the + + align:start position:0% +be able to create stability across the + + + align:start position:0% +be able to create stability across the +entire market and that's what the + + align:start position:0% +entire market and that's what the + + + align:start position:0% +entire market and that's what the +various aspects of the bailout package + + align:start position:0% +various aspects of the bailout package + + + align:start position:0% +various aspects of the bailout package +are designed to do so so we'll talk + + align:start position:0% +are designed to do so so we'll talk + + + align:start position:0% +are designed to do so so we'll talk +about it on Thursday and I would + + align:start position:0% +about it on Thursday and I would + + + align:start position:0% +about it on Thursday and I would +encourage all of you who are interested + + align:start position:0% +encourage all of you who are interested + + + align:start position:0% +encourage all of you who are interested +to come to that session we've got a + + align:start position:0% +to come to that session we've got a + + + align:start position:0% +to come to that session we've got a +number of uh of economists and + + align:start position:0% +number of uh of economists and + + + align:start position:0% +number of uh of economists and +accounting faculty uh and uh other folks + + align:start position:0% +accounting faculty uh and uh other folks + + + align:start position:0% +accounting faculty uh and uh other folks +who are going to be there to uh to + + align:start position:0% +who are going to be there to uh to + + + align:start position:0% +who are going to be there to uh to +present you'll get a notice about that + + align:start position:0% +present you'll get a notice about that + + + align:start position:0% +present you'll get a notice about that +uh in probably later this afternoon yeah + + align:start position:0% +uh in probably later this afternoon yeah + + + align:start position:0% +uh in probably later this afternoon yeah +one thing on the W deal yes um what's + + align:start position:0% +one thing on the W deal yes um what's + + + align:start position:0% +one thing on the W deal yes um what's +going to happen with with the bank and + + align:start position:0% +going to happen with with the bank and + + + align:start position:0% +going to happen with with the bank and +going to continue the same or well uh + + align:start position:0% +going to continue the same or well uh + + + align:start position:0% +going to continue the same or well uh +obviously that's a work in progress um + + align:start position:0% +obviously that's a work in progress um + + + align:start position:0% +obviously that's a work in progress um +it looks like most of the units of + + align:start position:0% +it looks like most of the units of + + + align:start position:0% +it looks like most of the units of +wacovia will be sold off uh to City + + align:start position:0% +wacovia will be sold off uh to City + + + align:start position:0% +wacovia will be sold off uh to City +group but there are a few units of + + align:start position:0% +group but there are a few units of + + + align:start position:0% +group but there are a few units of +wacovia including AG Edwards which is a + + align:start position:0% +wacovia including AG Edwards which is a + + + align:start position:0% +wacovia including AG Edwards which is a +broker dealer and Evergreen which is + + align:start position:0% +broker dealer and Evergreen which is + + + align:start position:0% +broker dealer and Evergreen which is +another broker dealer that will remain + + align:start position:0% +another broker dealer that will remain + + + align:start position:0% +another broker dealer that will remain +separate and will be freestanding so + + align:start position:0% +separate and will be freestanding so + + + align:start position:0% +separate and will be freestanding so +that will not be acquired by City group + + align:start position:0% +that will not be acquired by City group + + + align:start position:0% +that will not be acquired by City group +but apart from that all the other units + + align:start position:0% +but apart from that all the other units + + + align:start position:0% +but apart from that all the other units +of wov will be taken on by City group + + align:start position:0% +of wov will be taken on by City group + + + align:start position:0% +of wov will be taken on by City group +and that there'll be a back stop + + align:start position:0% +and that there'll be a back stop + + + align:start position:0% +and that there'll be a back stop +provided by the FDIC in case the losses + + align:start position:0% +provided by the FDIC in case the losses + + + align:start position:0% +provided by the FDIC in case the losses +exceed more than $40 billion so City + + align:start position:0% +exceed more than $40 billion so City + + + align:start position:0% +exceed more than $40 billion so City +Group will be able to take that onto its + + align:start position:0% +Group will be able to take that onto its + + + align:start position:0% +Group will be able to take that onto its +balance sheets and in exchange for + + align:start position:0% +balance sheets and in exchange for + + + align:start position:0% +balance sheets and in exchange for +taking on all of these bad debts and + + align:start position:0% +taking on all of these bad debts and + + + align:start position:0% +taking on all of these bad debts and +other problems City Group gets the + + align:start position:0% +other problems City Group gets the + + + align:start position:0% +other problems City Group gets the +retail access to all of the various + + align:start position:0% +retail access to all of the various + + + align:start position:0% +retail access to all of the various +different channels that w Kia has set up + + align:start position:0% +different channels that w Kia has set up + + + align:start position:0% +different channels that w Kia has set up +so now City group has the ability to + + align:start position:0% +so now City group has the ability to + + + align:start position:0% +so now City group has the ability to +compete uh head-to-head with maril Lynch + + align:start position:0% +compete uh head-to-head with maril Lynch + + + align:start position:0% +compete uh head-to-head with maril Lynch +uh having been acquired by Bank of + + align:start position:0% +uh having been acquired by Bank of + + + align:start position:0% +uh having been acquired by Bank of +America whereas before they wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +America whereas before they wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +America whereas before they wouldn't +have been able to do that so you see + + align:start position:0% +have been able to do that so you see + + + align:start position:0% +have been able to do that so you see +this is what I was saying last time that + + align:start position:0% +this is what I was saying last time that + + + align:start position:0% +this is what I was saying last time that +that with every kind of crisis with + + align:start position:0% +that with every kind of crisis with + + + align:start position:0% +that with every kind of crisis with +every kind of dislocation there are + + align:start position:0% +every kind of dislocation there are + + + align:start position:0% +every kind of dislocation there are +opportunities that are created and so + + align:start position:0% +opportunities that are created and so + + + align:start position:0% +opportunities that are created and so +when when you have one door closing + + align:start position:0% +when when you have one door closing + + + align:start position:0% +when when you have one door closing +three other doors open for opportunities + + align:start position:0% +three other doors open for opportunities + + + align:start position:0% +three other doors open for opportunities +that can be taken advantage of and by + + align:start position:0% +that can be taken advantage of and by + + + align:start position:0% +that can be taken advantage of and by +the way let me mention this is also true + + align:start position:0% +the way let me mention this is also true + + + align:start position:0% +the way let me mention this is also true +for your careers you might be + + align:start position:0% +for your careers you might be + + + align:start position:0% +for your careers you might be +discouraged about financial services I + + align:start position:0% +discouraged about financial services I + + + align:start position:0% +discouraged about financial services I +would argue just the opposite right now + + align:start position:0% +would argue just the opposite right now + + + align:start position:0% +would argue just the opposite right now +all of you are in an excellent position + + align:start position:0% +all of you are in an excellent position + + + align:start position:0% +all of you are in an excellent position +as first year students because first of + + align:start position:0% +as first year students because first of + + + align:start position:0% +as first year students because first of +all you're here in school wait waiting + + align:start position:0% +all you're here in school wait waiting + + + align:start position:0% +all you're here in school wait waiting +out the uh passage of the storm and when + + align:start position:0% +out the uh passage of the storm and when + + + align:start position:0% +out the uh passage of the storm and when +the storm passes believe me there going + + align:start position:0% +the storm passes believe me there going + + + align:start position:0% +the storm passes believe me there going +to be tons of opportunities in fact + + align:start position:0% +to be tons of opportunities in fact + + + align:start position:0% +to be tons of opportunities in fact +typically the largest growth period for + + align:start position:0% +typically the largest growth period for + + + align:start position:0% +typically the largest growth period for +jobs is not at business cycle Peaks but + + align:start position:0% +jobs is not at business cycle Peaks but + + + align:start position:0% +jobs is not at business cycle Peaks but +it's exactly after these kinds of + + align:start position:0% +it's exactly after these kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +it's exactly after these kinds of +troughs that occur So within the next 6 + + align:start position:0% +troughs that occur So within the next 6 + + + align:start position:0% +troughs that occur So within the next 6 +to 12 months there's going to be tons of + + align:start position:0% +to 12 months there's going to be tons of + + + align:start position:0% +to 12 months there's going to be tons of +career opportunities in fact for those + + align:start position:0% +career opportunities in fact for those + + + align:start position:0% +career opportunities in fact for those +of you who are interested in going to + + align:start position:0% +of you who are interested in going to + + + align:start position:0% +of you who are interested in going to +the New York banking day you really + + align:start position:0% +the New York banking day you really + + + align:start position:0% +the New York banking day you really +should if you're interested in a career + + align:start position:0% +should if you're interested in a career + + + align:start position:0% +should if you're interested in a career +and finance my guess is if you visit + + align:start position:0% +and finance my guess is if you visit + + + align:start position:0% +and finance my guess is if you visit +Goldman Sachs Morgan Stanley as + + align:start position:0% +Goldman Sachs Morgan Stanley as + + + align:start position:0% +Goldman Sachs Morgan Stanley as +difficult as a set of circumstances + + align:start position:0% +difficult as a set of circumstances + + + align:start position:0% +difficult as a set of circumstances +they're in right now my guesses every + + align:start position:0% +they're in right now my guesses every + + + align:start position:0% +they're in right now my guesses every +single one of these firms will be hiring + + align:start position:0% +single one of these firms will be hiring + + + align:start position:0% +single one of these firms will be hiring +and the reason they're going to be + + align:start position:0% +and the reason they're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +and the reason they're going to be +hiring is because they want to take + + align:start position:0% +hiring is because they want to take + + + align:start position:0% +hiring is because they want to take +advantage of the opportunity to cut + + align:start position:0% +advantage of the opportunity to cut + + + align:start position:0% +advantage of the opportunity to cut +costs and to hire younger more energetic + + align:start position:0% +costs and to hire younger more energetic + + + align:start position:0% +costs and to hire younger more energetic +employees uh to be able to you know + + align:start position:0% +employees uh to be able to you know + + + align:start position:0% +employees uh to be able to you know +really beef up their future generations + + align:start position:0% +really beef up their future generations + + + align:start position:0% +really beef up their future generations +of uh of uh you know human capital so + + align:start position:0% +of uh of uh you know human capital so + + + align:start position:0% +of uh of uh you know human capital so +they're going to making an investment in + + align:start position:0% +they're going to making an investment in + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to making an investment in +that so I think that's a good example of + + align:start position:0% +that so I think that's a good example of + + + align:start position:0% +that so I think that's a good example of +how it's true that you're going to have + + align:start position:0% +how it's true that you're going to have + + + align:start position:0% +how it's true that you're going to have +consolidation so now after this there's + + align:start position:0% +consolidation so now after this there's + + + align:start position:0% +consolidation so now after this there's +going to be three major Money Center + + align:start position:0% +going to be three major Money Center + + + align:start position:0% +going to be three major Money Center +Banks JP Morgan Chase uh Bank of America + + align:start position:0% +Banks JP Morgan Chase uh Bank of America + + + align:start position:0% +Banks JP Morgan Chase uh Bank of America +and uh City Group which is astonishing + + align:start position:0% +and uh City Group which is astonishing + + + align:start position:0% +and uh City Group which is astonishing +because just a few months ago there are + + align:start position:0% +because just a few months ago there are + + + align:start position:0% +because just a few months ago there are +quite a few others so the landscape has + + align:start position:0% +quite a few others so the landscape has + + + align:start position:0% +quite a few others so the landscape has +changed but the competitive landscape + + align:start position:0% +changed but the competitive landscape + + + align:start position:0% +changed but the competitive landscape +changing means that opportunities get + + align:start position:0% +changing means that opportunities get + + + align:start position:0% +changing means that opportunities get +created uh along the way + + align:start position:0% +created uh along the way + + + align:start position:0% +created uh along the way +yeah saying why is it better to have the + + align:start position:0% +yeah saying why is it better to have the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah saying why is it better to have the +banking industry consed in in that + + align:start position:0% +banking industry consed in in that + + + align:start position:0% +banking industry consed in in that +wouldn't it have been better to let I + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't it have been better to let I + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't it have been better to let I +mean I'm guessing let theia fail and let + + align:start position:0% +mean I'm guessing let theia fail and let + + + align:start position:0% +mean I'm guessing let theia fail and let +the regional players pick up this + + align:start position:0% +the regional players pick up this + + + align:start position:0% +the regional players pick up this +SL now having you know literally JP BFA + + align:start position:0% +SL now having you know literally JP BFA + + + align:start position:0% +SL now having you know literally JP BFA +and uh City Group dominate the entire + + align:start position:0% +and uh City Group dominate the entire + + + align:start position:0% +and uh City Group dominate the entire +labc and be in a position to monop you + + align:start position:0% +labc and be in a position to monop you + + + align:start position:0% +labc and be in a position to monop you +know be sort of going forward + + align:start position:0% +know be sort of going forward + + + align:start position:0% +know be sort of going forward +well so um you know that's an + + align:start position:0% +well so um you know that's an + + + align:start position:0% +well so um you know that's an +interesting thought um letting wacovia + + align:start position:0% +interesting thought um letting wacovia + + + align:start position:0% +interesting thought um letting wacovia +fail um obviously you're not a wacovia + + align:start position:0% +fail um obviously you're not a wacovia + + + align:start position:0% +fail um obviously you're not a wacovia +uh customer + + align:start position:0% +uh customer + + + align:start position:0% +uh customer +uh you know I think that what's + + align:start position:0% +uh you know I think that what's + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know I think that what's +happening right now is that uh there's a + + align:start position:0% +happening right now is that uh there's a + + + align:start position:0% +happening right now is that uh there's a +great deal of sensitivity uh not only on + + align:start position:0% +great deal of sensitivity uh not only on + + + align:start position:0% +great deal of sensitivity uh not only on +the part of of Wall Street but + + align:start position:0% +the part of of Wall Street but + + + align:start position:0% +the part of of Wall Street but +Regulators to stem the tide of a mass + + align:start position:0% +Regulators to stem the tide of a mass + + + align:start position:0% +Regulators to stem the tide of a mass +Financial Panic uh we talked a bit about + + align:start position:0% +Financial Panic uh we talked a bit about + + + align:start position:0% +Financial Panic uh we talked a bit about +that last time the reason that + + align:start position:0% +that last time the reason that + + + align:start position:0% +that last time the reason that +regulators and the government sprang + + align:start position:0% +regulators and the government sprang + + + align:start position:0% +regulators and the government sprang +into action was not because Lon went + + align:start position:0% +into action was not because Lon went + + + align:start position:0% +into action was not because Lon went +under or AIG went under or any of these + + align:start position:0% +under or AIG went under or any of these + + + align:start position:0% +under or AIG went under or any of these +other large organizations the reason + + align:start position:0% +other large organizations the reason + + + align:start position:0% +other large organizations the reason +that finally got them over the edge of + + align:start position:0% +that finally got them over the edge of + + + align:start position:0% +that finally got them over the edge of +moving uh to do something substantial is + + align:start position:0% +moving uh to do something substantial is + + + align:start position:0% +moving uh to do something substantial is +because the reserve fund a retail money + + align:start position:0% +because the reserve fund a retail money + + + align:start position:0% +because the reserve fund a retail money +market fund broke the buck and if that + + align:start position:0% +market fund broke the buck and if that + + + align:start position:0% +market fund broke the buck and if that +happens on a regular basis Beyond The + + align:start position:0% +happens on a regular basis Beyond The + + + align:start position:0% +happens on a regular basis Beyond The +Reserve fund you will have a very very + + align:start position:0% +Reserve fund you will have a very very + + + align:start position:0% +Reserve fund you will have a very very +significant financial Market dislocation + + align:start position:0% +significant financial Market dislocation + + + align:start position:0% +significant financial Market dislocation +it turns out that wacovia is part of + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that wacovia is part of + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that wacovia is part of +that retail Network and if you let + + align:start position:0% +that retail Network and if you let + + + align:start position:0% +that retail Network and if you let +wacovia fail you uh risk igniting + + align:start position:0% +wacovia fail you uh risk igniting + + + align:start position:0% +wacovia fail you uh risk igniting +further uh uh problems in that retail + + align:start position:0% +further uh uh problems in that retail + + + align:start position:0% +further uh uh problems in that retail +sector uh City group is perfectly happy + + align:start position:0% +sector uh City group is perfectly happy + + + align:start position:0% +sector uh City group is perfectly happy +to take them over and are able to given + + align:start position:0% +to take them over and are able to given + + + align:start position:0% +to take them over and are able to given +their balance sheet are able to manage + + align:start position:0% +their balance sheet are able to manage + + + align:start position:0% +their balance sheet are able to manage +that without any problem so that seemed + + align:start position:0% +that without any problem so that seemed + + + align:start position:0% +that without any problem so that seemed +like an ideal solution from everybody's + + align:start position:0% +like an ideal solution from everybody's + + + align:start position:0% +like an ideal solution from everybody's +perspective because if you allow wovi to + + align:start position:0% +perspective because if you allow wovi to + + + align:start position:0% +perspective because if you allow wovi to +fail remember the FDIC is on the hook to + + align:start position:0% +fail remember the FDIC is on the hook to + + + align:start position:0% +fail remember the FDIC is on the hook to +pay all the deposit itors their FDIC + + align:start position:0% +pay all the deposit itors their FDIC + + + align:start position:0% +pay all the deposit itors their FDIC +Deposit Insurance up to $100,000 per + + align:start position:0% +Deposit Insurance up to $100,000 per + + + align:start position:0% +Deposit Insurance up to $100,000 per +name per account that could be a very + + align:start position:0% +name per account that could be a very + + + align:start position:0% +name per account that could be a very +substantial number by letting the bank + + align:start position:0% +substantial number by letting the bank + + + align:start position:0% +substantial number by letting the bank +fail and by having all of its value + + align:start position:0% +fail and by having all of its value + + + align:start position:0% +fail and by having all of its value +completely lost this way they actually + + align:start position:0% +completely lost this way they actually + + + align:start position:0% +completely lost this way they actually +preserve a fair amount of value because + + align:start position:0% +preserve a fair amount of value because + + + align:start position:0% +preserve a fair amount of value because +as an ongoing concern W kovia has you + + align:start position:0% +as an ongoing concern W kovia has you + + + align:start position:0% +as an ongoing concern W kovia has you +know quite a lot of good business so it + + align:start position:0% +know quite a lot of good business so it + + + align:start position:0% +know quite a lot of good business so it +actually is the cost minimizing solution + + align:start position:0% +actually is the cost minimizing solution + + + align:start position:0% +actually is the cost minimizing solution +but at the same time it also preserves + + align:start position:0% +but at the same time it also preserves + + + align:start position:0% +but at the same time it also preserves +the the current fragile Integrity of fin + + align:start position:0% +the the current fragile Integrity of fin + + + align:start position:0% +the the current fragile Integrity of fin +markets at least until the the bailout U + + align:start position:0% +markets at least until the the bailout U + + + align:start position:0% +markets at least until the the bailout U +fund is set my guess is that in about + + align:start position:0% +fund is set my guess is that in about + + + align:start position:0% +fund is set my guess is that in about +three or four weeks if we have banks + + align:start position:0% +three or four weeks if we have banks + + + align:start position:0% +three or four weeks if we have banks +that uh end up not being able to make + + align:start position:0% +that uh end up not being able to make + + + align:start position:0% +that uh end up not being able to make +their commitments they are going to be + + align:start position:0% +their commitments they are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +their commitments they are going to be +allowed to fail because at that point + + align:start position:0% +allowed to fail because at that point + + + align:start position:0% +allowed to fail because at that point +those failures won't jeopardize the + + align:start position:0% +those failures won't jeopardize the + + + align:start position:0% +those failures won't jeopardize the +entire Financial system they'll be dealt + + align:start position:0% +entire Financial system they'll be dealt + + + align:start position:0% +entire Financial system they'll be dealt +with by this uh this bailout + + align:start position:0% +with by this uh this bailout + + + align:start position:0% +with by this uh this bailout +organization so I think that that's the + + align:start position:0% +organization so I think that that's the + + + align:start position:0% +organization so I think that that's the +logic yeah last question let's move on + + align:start position:0% +logic yeah last question let's move on + + + align:start position:0% +logic yeah last question let's move on +is that the same process AST mutuals + + align:start position:0% +is that the same process AST mutuals + + + align:start position:0% +is that the same process AST mutuals +failure and + + align:start position:0% +failure and + + + align:start position:0% +failure and +well that's right and uh but the + + align:start position:0% +well that's right and uh but the + + + align:start position:0% +well that's right and uh but the +difference there is that Washington + + align:start position:0% +difference there is that Washington + + + align:start position:0% +difference there is that Washington +Mutual has much bigger exposure uh to + + align:start position:0% +Mutual has much bigger exposure uh to + + + align:start position:0% +Mutual has much bigger exposure uh to +these subprime loans and so I think in + + align:start position:0% +these subprime loans and so I think in + + + align:start position:0% +these subprime loans and so I think in +that case there really wasn't much of a + + align:start position:0% +that case there really wasn't much of a + + + align:start position:0% +that case there really wasn't much of a +choice and uh very much so transferring + + align:start position:0% +choice and uh very much so transferring + + + align:start position:0% +choice and uh very much so transferring +the business units that are able to be + + align:start position:0% +the business units that are able to be + + + align:start position:0% +the business units that are able to be +moved over to JP Morgan Chase uh would + + align:start position:0% +moved over to JP Morgan Chase uh would + + + align:start position:0% +moved over to JP Morgan Chase uh would +make make a fair bit of sense right so + + align:start position:0% +make make a fair bit of sense right so + + + align:start position:0% +make make a fair bit of sense right so +there's a lot of consolidation going on + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of consolidation going on + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of consolidation going on +in this industry but once again + + align:start position:0% +in this industry but once again + + + align:start position:0% +in this industry but once again +consolidation while it seems like you + + align:start position:0% +consolidation while it seems like you + + + align:start position:0% +consolidation while it seems like you +know it's a a big upheaval uh and it is + + align:start position:0% +know it's a a big upheaval uh and it is + + + align:start position:0% +know it's a a big upheaval uh and it is +the people that are at these + + align:start position:0% +the people that are at these + + + align:start position:0% +the people that are at these +organizations it's very disruptive the + + align:start position:0% +organizations it's very disruptive the + + + align:start position:0% +organizations it's very disruptive the +fact is that these kind of disruptions + + align:start position:0% +fact is that these kind of disruptions + + + align:start position:0% +fact is that these kind of disruptions +are part and parcel of how businesses + + align:start position:0% +are part and parcel of how businesses + + + align:start position:0% +are part and parcel of how businesses +grow and develop and uh morph over time + + align:start position:0% +grow and develop and uh morph over time + + + align:start position:0% +grow and develop and uh morph over time +uh in fact if you went back to the + + align:start position:0% +uh in fact if you went back to the + + + align:start position:0% +uh in fact if you went back to the +1960s and you looked at a Wall Street + + align:start position:0% +1960s and you looked at a Wall Street + + + align:start position:0% +1960s and you looked at a Wall Street +Journal on micro fish I happen to do + + align:start position:0% +Journal on micro fish I happen to do + + + align:start position:0% +Journal on micro fish I happen to do +that just you know for because I was + + align:start position:0% +that just you know for because I was + + + align:start position:0% +that just you know for because I was +looking for a particular citation at one + + align:start position:0% +looking for a particular citation at one + + + align:start position:0% +looking for a particular citation at one +point if you look at the advertisements + + align:start position:0% +point if you look at the advertisements + + + align:start position:0% +point if you look at the advertisements +in the 1960s or even even 15 years ago + + align:start position:0% +in the 1960s or even even 15 years ago + + + align:start position:0% +in the 1960s or even even 15 years ago +you look at the advertisements in the + + align:start position:0% +you look at the advertisements in the + + + align:start position:0% +you look at the advertisements in the +Wall Street Journal in those days there + + align:start position:0% +Wall Street Journal in those days there + + + align:start position:0% +Wall Street Journal in those days there +are names of financial institutions that + + align:start position:0% +are names of financial institutions that + + + align:start position:0% +are names of financial institutions that +you've never heard of that were really + + align:start position:0% +you've never heard of that were really + + + align:start position:0% +you've never heard of that were really +big institutions back then so it's rare + + align:start position:0% +big institutions back then so it's rare + + + align:start position:0% +big institutions back then so it's rare +that we have institutions that survive + + align:start position:0% +that we have institutions that survive + + + align:start position:0% +that we have institutions that survive +for you know 50 75 100 years it's part + + align:start position:0% +for you know 50 75 100 years it's part + + + align:start position:0% +for you know 50 75 100 years it's part +and parcel of how businesses develop and + + align:start position:0% +and parcel of how businesses develop and + + + align:start position:0% +and parcel of how businesses develop and +the key is to focus on the the the the + + align:start position:0% +the key is to focus on the the the the + + + align:start position:0% +the key is to focus on the the the the +process by which businesses change so + + align:start position:0% +process by which businesses change so + + + align:start position:0% +process by which businesses change so +you know when we start talking about + + align:start position:0% +you know when we start talking about + + + align:start position:0% +you know when we start talking about +Equity valuation we're going to see that + + align:start position:0% +Equity valuation we're going to see that + + + align:start position:0% +Equity valuation we're going to see that +by looking at income statements and + + align:start position:0% +by looking at income statements and + + + align:start position:0% +by looking at income statements and +balance sheets together we can see not + + align:start position:0% +balance sheets together we can see not + + + align:start position:0% +balance sheets together we can see not +only what's a good business what a bad + + align:start position:0% +only what's a good business what a bad + + + align:start position:0% +only what's a good business what a bad +business but we can also see how + + align:start position:0% +business but we can also see how + + + align:start position:0% +business but we can also see how +businesses evolve over time and it's + + align:start position:0% +businesses evolve over time and it's + + + align:start position:0% +businesses evolve over time and it's +that Evolution that we hope to try to + + align:start position:0% +that Evolution that we hope to try to + + + align:start position:0% +that Evolution that we hope to try to +bring across to you in this course I + + align:start position:0% +bring across to you in this course I + + + align:start position:0% +bring across to you in this course I +want I want to show you how it is that + + align:start position:0% +want I want to show you how it is that + + + align:start position:0% +want I want to show you how it is that +you can understand the Dynamics of + + align:start position:0% +you can understand the Dynamics of + + + align:start position:0% +you can understand the Dynamics of +changes in business conditions because + + align:start position:0% +changes in business conditions because + + + align:start position:0% +changes in business conditions because +that really is is I think the key to uh + + align:start position:0% +that really is is I think the key to uh + + + align:start position:0% +that really is is I think the key to uh +a lot of what you can use in your own + + align:start position:0% +a lot of what you can use in your own + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of what you can use in your own +careers okay I know there are more + + align:start position:0% +careers okay I know there are more + + + align:start position:0% +careers okay I know there are more +questions but let me uh hold off on + + align:start position:0% +questions but let me uh hold off on + + + align:start position:0% +questions but let me uh hold off on +those and start on uh uh the lecture + + align:start position:0% +those and start on uh uh the lecture + + + align:start position:0% +those and start on uh uh the lecture +today and then we can cover those those + + align:start position:0% +today and then we can cover those those + + + align:start position:0% +today and then we can cover those those +a little bit later on after we've made + + align:start position:0% +a little bit later on after we've made + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit later on after we've made +some + + align:start position:0% +some + + + align:start position:0% +some +progress so this is a continuation of uh + + align:start position:0% +progress so this is a continuation of uh + + + align:start position:0% +progress so this is a continuation of uh +last lecture where we were talking about + + align:start position:0% +last lecture where we were talking about + + + align:start position:0% +last lecture where we were talking about +convexity and duration as two measures + + align:start position:0% +convexity and duration as two measures + + + align:start position:0% +convexity and duration as two measures +of the riskiness of a bond portfolio and + + align:start position:0% +of the riskiness of a bond portfolio and + + + align:start position:0% +of the riskiness of a bond portfolio and +I uh concluded last lecture by talking + + align:start position:0% +I uh concluded last lecture by talking + + + align:start position:0% +I uh concluded last lecture by talking +about the fact that if you think about a + + align:start position:0% +about the fact that if you think about a + + + align:start position:0% +about the fact that if you think about a +Bond as a function of the underlying + + align:start position:0% +Bond as a function of the underlying + + + align:start position:0% +Bond as a function of the underlying +yield then you can use a an + + align:start position:0% +yield then you can use a an + + + align:start position:0% +yield then you can use a an +approximation result that says that the + + align:start position:0% +approximation result that says that the + + + align:start position:0% +approximation result that says that the +bond price as a function of yield is + + align:start position:0% +bond price as a function of yield is + + + align:start position:0% +bond price as a function of yield is +approximately going to be given by a + + align:start position:0% +approximately going to be given by a + + + align:start position:0% +approximately going to be given by a +linear function of its duration and a + + align:start position:0% +linear function of its duration and a + + + align:start position:0% +linear function of its duration and a +quadratic function of its convexity so + + align:start position:0% +quadratic function of its convexity so + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic function of its convexity so +we have an approximation that says that + + align:start position:0% +we have an approximation that says that + + + align:start position:0% +we have an approximation that says that +the price of the bond at a yield y Prime + + align:start position:0% +the price of the bond at a yield y Prime + + + align:start position:0% +the price of the bond at a yield y Prime +is going to be equal to the price of the + + align:start position:0% +is going to be equal to the price of the + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be equal to the price of the +bond at a yield y multiplied by this uh + + align:start position:0% +bond at a yield y multiplied by this uh + + + align:start position:0% +bond at a yield y multiplied by this uh +linear quadratic expression and really + + align:start position:0% +linear quadratic expression and really + + + align:start position:0% +linear quadratic expression and really +the purpose of this is just to give you + + align:start position:0% +the purpose of this is just to give you + + + align:start position:0% +the purpose of this is just to give you +a way of thinking about how changes in + + align:start position:0% +a way of thinking about how changes in + + + align:start position:0% +a way of thinking about how changes in +the the + + align:start position:0% +the the + + + align:start position:0% +the the +fluctuations of a bond portfolio as well + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations of a bond portfolio as well + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations of a bond portfolio as well +as the curvature of that Bond portfolio + + align:start position:0% +as the curvature of that Bond portfolio + + + align:start position:0% +as the curvature of that Bond portfolio +will affect its value and therefore its + + align:start position:0% +will affect its value and therefore its + + + align:start position:0% +will affect its value and therefore its +riskiness okay these are just two + + align:start position:0% +riskiness okay these are just two + + + align:start position:0% +riskiness okay these are just two +measures that will allow you to capture + + align:start position:0% +measures that will allow you to capture + + + align:start position:0% +measures that will allow you to capture +the risk of a bond portfolio so I have a + + align:start position:0% +the risk of a bond portfolio so I have a + + + align:start position:0% +the risk of a bond portfolio so I have a +numerical example here that you can take + + align:start position:0% +numerical example here that you can take + + + align:start position:0% +numerical example here that you can take +a look at and work out and you can see + + align:start position:0% +a look at and work out and you can see + + + align:start position:0% +a look at and work out and you can see +how good that approximation is uh you + + align:start position:0% +how good that approximation is uh you + + + align:start position:0% +how good that approximation is uh you +know this is an approximate result that + + align:start position:0% +know this is an approximate result that + + + align:start position:0% +know this is an approximate result that +the the price at a yield of 8% is going + + align:start position:0% +the the price at a yield of 8% is going + + + align:start position:0% +the the price at a yield of 8% is going +to be given H as a function of the price + + align:start position:0% +to be given H as a function of the price + + + align:start position:0% +to be given H as a function of the price +of the bond at a yield of 6% multiplied + + align:start position:0% +of the bond at a yield of 6% multiplied + + + align:start position:0% +of the bond at a yield of 6% multiplied +by this linear quadratic expression and + + align:start position:0% +by this linear quadratic expression and + + + align:start position:0% +by this linear quadratic expression and +the actual result of the bond price now + + align:start position:0% +the actual result of the bond price now + + + align:start position:0% +the actual result of the bond price now +that we have uh high-speed digital + + align:start position:0% +that we have uh high-speed digital + + + align:start position:0% +that we have uh high-speed digital +computers that can calculate all of this + + align:start position:0% +computers that can calculate all of this + + + align:start position:0% +computers that can calculate all of this +at a moment's notice you can see the + + align:start position:0% +at a moment's notice you can see the + + + align:start position:0% +at a moment's notice you can see the +difference it differs basically by about + + align:start position:0% +difference it differs basically by about + + + align:start position:0% +difference it differs basically by about +a penny uh a penny is not a big deal but + + align:start position:0% +a penny uh a penny is not a big deal but + + + align:start position:0% +a penny uh a penny is not a big deal but +when you're dealing with billions of + + align:start position:0% +when you're dealing with billions of + + + align:start position:0% +when you're dealing with billions of +dollars is actually a penny uh is a + + align:start position:0% +dollars is actually a penny uh is a + + + align:start position:0% +dollars is actually a penny uh is a +pretty significant amount so what you + + align:start position:0% +pretty significant amount so what you + + + align:start position:0% +pretty significant amount so what you +want to do is to make sure that you use + + align:start position:0% +want to do is to make sure that you use + + + align:start position:0% +want to do is to make sure that you use +the right formula to calculate it I + + align:start position:0% +the right formula to calculate it I + + + align:start position:0% +the right formula to calculate it I +wouldn't argue that you should use + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't argue that you should use + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't argue that you should use +convexity and duration to do any kind of + + align:start position:0% +convexity and duration to do any kind of + + + align:start position:0% +convexity and duration to do any kind of +bond pricing analysis but for a quick + + align:start position:0% +bond pricing analysis but for a quick + + + align:start position:0% +bond pricing analysis but for a quick +and dirty uh method for getting + + align:start position:0% +and dirty uh method for getting + + + align:start position:0% +and dirty uh method for getting +intuition about how risky a bond + + align:start position:0% +intuition about how risky a bond + + + align:start position:0% +intuition about how risky a bond +portfolio is the two questions you ought + + align:start position:0% +portfolio is the two questions you ought + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio is the two questions you ought +to ask somebody is what's the + + align:start position:0% +to ask somebody is what's the + + + align:start position:0% +to ask somebody is what's the +duration and what's the convexity and + + align:start position:0% +duration and what's the convexity and + + + align:start position:0% +duration and what's the convexity and +with those two numbers you can develop + + align:start position:0% +with those two numbers you can develop + + + align:start position:0% +with those two numbers you can develop +kind of intuition for how the bond price + + align:start position:0% +kind of intuition for how the bond price + + + align:start position:0% +kind of intuition for how the bond price +is going to move in response to + + align:start position:0% +is going to move in response to + + + align:start position:0% +is going to move in response to +underlying changes in the yield curve + + align:start position:0% +underlying changes in the yield curve + + + align:start position:0% +underlying changes in the yield curve +and right now we you we see that the + + align:start position:0% +and right now we you we see that the + + + align:start position:0% +and right now we you we see that the +yields are changing pretty rapidly the + + align:start position:0% +yields are changing pretty rapidly the + + + align:start position:0% +yields are changing pretty rapidly the +treasury yield curve at least at the + + align:start position:0% +treasury yield curve at least at the + + + align:start position:0% +treasury yield curve at least at the +short end is bouncing around depending + + align:start position:0% +short end is bouncing around depending + + + align:start position:0% +short end is bouncing around depending +on what happens every day in Washington + + align:start position:0% +on what happens every day in Washington + + + align:start position:0% +on what happens every day in Washington +and so if you have that sense of the + + align:start position:0% +and so if you have that sense of the + + + align:start position:0% +and so if you have that sense of the +short-term yields changing by looking at + + align:start position:0% +short-term yields changing by looking at + + + align:start position:0% +short-term yields changing by looking at +convexity and duration you can get a + + align:start position:0% +convexity and duration you can get a + + + align:start position:0% +convexity and duration you can get a +sense of how sensitive your portfolio + + align:start position:0% +sense of how sensitive your portfolio + + + align:start position:0% +sense of how sensitive your portfolio +might be to those kinds of exposures + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay the last topic I'm going to take on + + align:start position:0% +okay the last topic I'm going to take on + + + align:start position:0% +okay the last topic I'm going to take on +is now corporate bonds up until this + + align:start position:0% +is now corporate bonds up until this + + + align:start position:0% +is now corporate bonds up until this +point the only thing that we focused on + + align:start position:0% +point the only thing that we focused on + + + align:start position:0% +point the only thing that we focused on +has been default-free Securities namely + + align:start position:0% +has been default-free Securities namely + + + align:start position:0% +has been default-free Securities namely +government uh Securities because + + align:start position:0% +government uh Securities because + + + align:start position:0% +government uh Securities because +governments can always print money and + + align:start position:0% +governments can always print money and + + + align:start position:0% +governments can always print money and +therefore they can always make good on + + align:start position:0% +therefore they can always make good on + + + align:start position:0% +therefore they can always make good on +the claim that they will pay you a face + + align:start position:0% +the claim that they will pay you a face + + + align:start position:0% +the claim that they will pay you a face +value of ,000 in 27 years right there's + + align:start position:0% +value of ,000 in 27 years right there's + + + align:start position:0% +value of ,000 in 27 years right there's +no risk that they can't run those + + align:start position:0% +no risk that they can't run those + + + align:start position:0% +no risk that they can't run those +printing presses what I want to turn to + + align:start position:0% +printing presses what I want to turn to + + + align:start position:0% +printing presses what I want to turn to +now is risky + + align:start position:0% +now is risky + + + align:start position:0% +now is risky +debt and in particular I want to point + + align:start position:0% +debt and in particular I want to point + + + align:start position:0% +debt and in particular I want to point +out that risky debt is fundamentally + + align:start position:0% +out that risky debt is fundamentally + + + align:start position:0% +out that risky debt is fundamentally +different in the sense that there's a + + align:start position:0% +different in the sense that there's a + + + align:start position:0% +different in the sense that there's a +chance that you don't get paid back so + + align:start position:0% +chance that you don't get paid back so + + + align:start position:0% +chance that you don't get paid back so +one of the most significant concerns of + + align:start position:0% +one of the most significant concerns of + + + align:start position:0% +one of the most significant concerns of +pricing corporate bonds is default risk + + align:start position:0% +pricing corporate bonds is default risk + + + align:start position:0% +pricing corporate bonds is default risk +and the market has created its own + + align:start position:0% +and the market has created its own + + + align:start position:0% +and the market has created its own +mechanism for trying to get a sense of + + align:start position:0% +mechanism for trying to get a sense of + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism for trying to get a sense of +what the default risk really is namely + + align:start position:0% +what the default risk really is namely + + + align:start position:0% +what the default risk really is namely +credit rating these are ratings put out + + align:start position:0% +credit rating these are ratings put out + + + align:start position:0% +credit rating these are ratings put out +by a variety of services uh the services + + align:start position:0% +by a variety of services uh the services + + + align:start position:0% +by a variety of services uh the services +that are most popular are Moody's S&P + + align:start position:0% +that are most popular are Moody's S&P + + + align:start position:0% +that are most popular are Moody's S&P +and fit and these services do analyses + + align:start position:0% +and fit and these services do analyses + + + align:start position:0% +and fit and these services do analyses +on various companies and then they issue + + align:start position:0% +on various companies and then they issue + + + align:start position:0% +on various companies and then they issue +reports and ultimately ratings on those + + align:start position:0% +reports and ultimately ratings on those + + + align:start position:0% +reports and ultimately ratings on those +companies they'll say you know this + + align:start position:0% +companies they'll say you know this + + + align:start position:0% +companies they'll say you know this +company is rated AAA triaa being the + + align:start position:0% +company is rated AAA triaa being the + + + align:start position:0% +company is rated AAA triaa being the +highest category and uh I've listed the + + align:start position:0% +highest category and uh I've listed the + + + align:start position:0% +highest category and uh I've listed the +different ratings categories for the the + + align:start position:0% +different ratings categories for the the + + + align:start position:0% +different ratings categories for the the +three different agencies here so you can + + align:start position:0% +three different agencies here so you can + + + align:start position:0% +three different agencies here so you can +get a sense of how they compare + + align:start position:0% +get a sense of how they compare + + + align:start position:0% +get a sense of how they compare +typically these ratings are grouped into + + align:start position:0% +typically these ratings are grouped into + + + align:start position:0% +typically these ratings are grouped into +two two categories investment grade and + + align:start position:0% +two two categories investment grade and + + + align:start position:0% +two two categories investment grade and +non-investment grade and really the + + align:start position:0% +non-investment grade and really the + + + align:start position:0% +non-investment grade and really the +difference is just the nature of the + + align:start position:0% +difference is just the nature of the + + + align:start position:0% +difference is just the nature of the +default risk or the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +speculatively investment grade are ones + + align:start position:0% +speculatively investment grade are ones + + + align:start position:0% +speculatively investment grade are ones +that are appropriate for + + align:start position:0% +that are appropriate for + + + align:start position:0% +that are appropriate for +uh prudent and conservative Investments + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah oh sorry about that um yeah thank + + align:start position:0% +yeah oh sorry about that um yeah thank + + + align:start position:0% +yeah oh sorry about that um yeah thank +you yeah that's + + align:start position:0% +you yeah that's + + + align:start position:0% +you yeah that's +better so um investment grade for + + align:start position:0% +better so um investment grade for + + + align:start position:0% +better so um investment grade for +Moody's is uh AAA high quality is double + + align:start position:0% +Moody's is uh AAA high quality is double + + + align:start position:0% +Moody's is uh AAA high quality is double +a upper uh medium quality is single a + + align:start position:0% +a upper uh medium quality is single a + + + align:start position:0% +a upper uh medium quality is single a +and then medium grade is baa and then + + align:start position:0% +and then medium grade is baa and then + + + align:start position:0% +and then medium grade is baa and then +anything below baa is considered + + align:start position:0% +anything below baa is considered + + + align:start position:0% +anything below baa is considered +non-investment grade now the one thing + + align:start position:0% +non-investment grade now the one thing + + + align:start position:0% +non-investment grade now the one thing +you have to keep in mind about fixed + + align:start position:0% +you have to keep in mind about fixed + + + align:start position:0% +you have to keep in mind about fixed +income securities is that apart from + + align:start position:0% +income securities is that apart from + + + align:start position:0% +income securities is that apart from +some of the more esoteric strategies + + align:start position:0% +some of the more esoteric strategies + + + align:start position:0% +some of the more esoteric strategies +that we talked about last time like + + align:start position:0% +that we talked about last time like + + + align:start position:0% +that we talked about last time like +fixed income Arbitrage this idea of + + align:start position:0% +fixed income Arbitrage this idea of + + + align:start position:0% +fixed income Arbitrage this idea of +taking a bunch of bonds and figuring out + + align:start position:0% +taking a bunch of bonds and figuring out + + + align:start position:0% +taking a bunch of bonds and figuring out +which ones are mispriced and trading + + align:start position:0% +which ones are mispriced and trading + + + align:start position:0% +which ones are mispriced and trading +them apart from those + + align:start position:0% +them apart from those + + + align:start position:0% +them apart from those +strategies most people invest in + + align:start position:0% +strategies most people invest in + + + align:start position:0% +strategies most people invest in +bonds not because they want exciting + + align:start position:0% +bonds not because they want exciting + + + align:start position:0% +bonds not because they want exciting +returns all right if you want exciting + + align:start position:0% +returns all right if you want exciting + + + align:start position:0% +returns all right if you want exciting +returns you put your money in the stock + + align:start position:0% +returns you put your money in the stock + + + align:start position:0% +returns you put your money in the stock +market or real estate or private Equity + + align:start position:0% +market or real estate or private Equity + + + align:start position:0% +market or real estate or private Equity +or other kinds of exciting Ventures + + align:start position:0% +or other kinds of exciting Ventures + + + align:start position:0% +or other kinds of exciting Ventures +bonds are supposed to be boring okay you + + align:start position:0% +bonds are supposed to be boring okay you + + + align:start position:0% +bonds are supposed to be boring okay you +put your money in and five years later + + align:start position:0% +put your money in and five years later + + + align:start position:0% +put your money in and five years later +you get your money out with a little + + align:start position:0% +you get your money out with a little + + + align:start position:0% +you get your money out with a little +extra that's what bonds are supposed to + + align:start position:0% +extra that's what bonds are supposed to + + + align:start position:0% +extra that's what bonds are supposed to +do and it wasn't until the + + align:start position:0% +do and it wasn't until the + + + align:start position:0% +do and it wasn't until the +1970s when the era of junk bonds came on + + align:start position:0% +1970s when the era of junk bonds came on + + + align:start position:0% +1970s when the era of junk bonds came on +the scene 70s and 80s with Michael milin + + align:start position:0% +the scene 70s and 80s with Michael milin + + + align:start position:0% +the scene 70s and 80s with Michael milin +and Drexel Burnham lber that you really + + align:start position:0% +and Drexel Burnham lber that you really + + + align:start position:0% +and Drexel Burnham lber that you really +had a very different face of fixed + + align:start position:0% +had a very different face of fixed + + + align:start position:0% +had a very different face of fixed +income markets by and large fixed income + + align:start position:0% +income markets by and large fixed income + + + align:start position:0% +income markets by and large fixed income +markets dwarf Equity markets but the + + align:start position:0% +markets dwarf Equity markets but the + + + align:start position:0% +markets dwarf Equity markets but the +reason that they're so large is because + + align:start position:0% +reason that they're so large is because + + + align:start position:0% +reason that they're so large is because +most people use them as a kind of a safe + + align:start position:0% +most people use them as a kind of a safe + + + align:start position:0% +most people use them as a kind of a safe +haven and as you get riskier and riskier + + align:start position:0% +haven and as you get riskier and riskier + + + align:start position:0% +haven and as you get riskier and riskier +it starts to look less like bonds and + + align:start position:0% +it starts to look less like bonds and + + + align:start position:0% +it starts to look less like bonds and +more like Equity right in fact if you + + align:start position:0% +more like Equity right in fact if you + + + align:start position:0% +more like Equity right in fact if you +think about the bankruptcy process if + + align:start position:0% +think about the bankruptcy process if + + + align:start position:0% +think about the bankruptcy process if +you've got a risky corporate bond you're + + align:start position:0% +you've got a risky corporate bond you're + + + align:start position:0% +you've got a risky corporate bond you're +the bond holder and the company declares + + align:start position:0% +the bond holder and the company declares + + + align:start position:0% +the bond holder and the company declares +bankruptcy they can't pay your interest + + align:start position:0% +bankruptcy they can't pay your interest + + + align:start position:0% +bankruptcy they can't pay your interest +payments that are due to + + align:start position:0% +payments that are due to + + + align:start position:0% +payments that are due to +you when they declare bankruptcy then at + + align:start position:0% +you when they declare bankruptcy then at + + + align:start position:0% +you when they declare bankruptcy then at +least from a theoretical + + align:start position:0% +least from a theoretical + + + align:start position:0% +least from a theoretical +perspective you the bond holder now + + align:start position:0% +perspective you the bond holder now + + + align:start position:0% +perspective you the bond holder now +become Equity holders you own the assets + + align:start position:0% +become Equity holders you own the assets + + + align:start position:0% +become Equity holders you own the assets +because they can't pay you so they're + + align:start position:0% +because they can't pay you so they're + + + align:start position:0% +because they can't pay you so they're +obligated to give you control of their + + align:start position:0% +obligated to give you control of their + + + align:start position:0% +obligated to give you control of their +company right so as bonds become more + + align:start position:0% +company right so as bonds become more + + + align:start position:0% +company right so as bonds become more +risky they start to look more and more + + align:start position:0% +risky they start to look more and more + + + align:start position:0% +risky they start to look more and more +not like debt but like Equity that is + + align:start position:0% +not like debt but like Equity that is + + + align:start position:0% +not like debt but like Equity that is +the returns are random and you don't + + align:start position:0% +the returns are random and you don't + + + align:start position:0% +the returns are random and you don't +know what you're GNA get it's sort of a + + align:start position:0% +know what you're GNA get it's sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +know what you're GNA get it's sort of a +a surprise every day it's a gift that + + align:start position:0% +a surprise every day it's a gift that + + + align:start position:0% +a surprise every day it's a gift that +keeps on giving + + align:start position:0% +keeps on giving + + + align:start position:0% +keeps on giving +right the the mo but for the most part + + align:start position:0% +right the the mo but for the most part + + + align:start position:0% +right the the mo but for the most part +investors that are invested in bonds + + align:start position:0% +investors that are invested in bonds + + + align:start position:0% +investors that are invested in bonds +aren't looking for that they're looking + + align:start position:0% +aren't looking for that they're looking + + + align:start position:0% +aren't looking for that they're looking +for safe + + align:start position:0% +for safe + + + align:start position:0% +for safe +returns and they're looking for the + + align:start position:0% +returns and they're looking for the + + + align:start position:0% +returns and they're looking for the +highest yield that is a safe return so + + align:start position:0% +highest yield that is a safe return so + + + align:start position:0% +highest yield that is a safe return so +investment grade is the category that + + align:start position:0% +investment grade is the category that + + + align:start position:0% +investment grade is the category that +typically Pension funds endowments and + + align:start position:0% +typically Pension funds endowments and + + + align:start position:0% +typically Pension funds endowments and +other Rel relatively conservative + + align:start position:0% +other Rel relatively conservative + + + align:start position:0% +other Rel relatively conservative +institutions look to within that + + align:start position:0% +institutions look to within that + + + align:start position:0% +institutions look to within that +category they would like to get as much + + align:start position:0% +category they would like to get as much + + + align:start position:0% +category they would like to get as much +yield as possible so which of these + + align:start position:0% +yield as possible so which of these + + + align:start position:0% +yield as possible so which of these +different grades do you think offers the + + align:start position:0% +different grades do you think offers the + + + align:start position:0% +different grades do you think offers the +highest + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yield why is that yes you're right why + + align:start position:0% +yield why is that yes you're right why + + + align:start position:0% +yield why is that yes you're right why +is that what's the logic for + + align:start position:0% +is that what's the logic for + + + align:start position:0% +is that what's the logic for +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah exactly given that it's lower rated + + align:start position:0% +yeah exactly given that it's lower rated + + + align:start position:0% +yeah exactly given that it's lower rated +that means it's got a higher probability + + align:start position:0% +that means it's got a higher probability + + + align:start position:0% +that means it's got a higher probability +of default you got to pay investors a + + align:start position:0% +of default you got to pay investors a + + + align:start position:0% +of default you got to pay investors a +little bit of extra for them to bear + + align:start position:0% +little bit of extra for them to bear + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of extra for them to bear +that risk okay simple as that so the + + align:start position:0% +that risk okay simple as that so the + + + align:start position:0% +that risk okay simple as that so the +reason that there are multiple + + align:start position:0% +reason that there are multiple + + + align:start position:0% +reason that there are multiple +categories even in investment grade is + + align:start position:0% +categories even in investment grade is + + + align:start position:0% +categories even in investment grade is +that there are different levels of risk + + align:start position:0% +that there are different levels of risk + + + align:start position:0% +that there are different levels of risk +aversion that investors want to take on + + align:start position:0% +aversion that investors want to take on + + + align:start position:0% +aversion that investors want to take on +some investors are highly risk averse + + align:start position:0% +some investors are highly risk averse + + + align:start position:0% +some investors are highly risk averse +and for the very very risk averse + + align:start position:0% +and for the very very risk averse + + + align:start position:0% +and for the very very risk averse +investors they're going to take on + + align:start position:0% +investors they're going to take on + + + align:start position:0% +investors they're going to take on +triaa and for those that are a little + + align:start position:0% +triaa and for those that are a little + + + align:start position:0% +triaa and for those that are a little +bit more adventurous they'll take on + + align:start position:0% +bit more adventurous they'll take on + + + align:start position:0% +bit more adventurous they'll take on +lower grade and for those hedge funds + + align:start position:0% +lower grade and for those hedge funds + + + align:start position:0% +lower grade and for those hedge funds +who are looking for lots of risk and + + align:start position:0% +who are looking for lots of risk and + + + align:start position:0% +who are looking for lots of risk and +lots of return they're the ones that are + + align:start position:0% +lots of return they're the ones that are + + + align:start position:0% +lots of return they're the ones that are +dealing in the non-investment grade + + align:start position:0% +dealing in the non-investment grade + + + align:start position:0% +dealing in the non-investment grade +issues right those are the ones where + + align:start position:0% +issues right those are the ones where + + + align:start position:0% +issues right those are the ones where +you have relatively large returns 15 or + + align:start position:0% +you have relatively large returns 15 or + + + align:start position:0% +you have relatively large returns 15 or +20% returns you didn't think you can get + + align:start position:0% +20% returns you didn't think you can get + + + align:start position:0% +20% returns you didn't think you can get +a return of 15 to 20% for bonds but you + + align:start position:0% +a return of 15 to 20% for bonds but you + + + align:start position:0% +a return of 15 to 20% for bonds but you +can if there's a five or 10% chance that + + align:start position:0% +can if there's a five or 10% chance that + + + align:start position:0% +can if there's a five or 10% chance that +you won't get anything right so when you + + align:start position:0% +you won't get anything right so when you + + + align:start position:0% +you won't get anything right so when you +do get paid you get paid well but you + + align:start position:0% +do get paid you get paid well but you + + + align:start position:0% +do get paid you get paid well but you +don't always get + + align:start position:0% +don't always get + + + align:start position:0% +don't always get +paid so that's the categories that are + + align:start position:0% +paid so that's the categories that are + + + align:start position:0% +paid so that's the categories that are +developed by the ious different ratings + + align:start position:0% +developed by the ious different ratings + + + align:start position:0% +developed by the ious different ratings +institutions and once you get a rating + + align:start position:0% +institutions and once you get a rating + + + align:start position:0% +institutions and once you get a rating +uh that allows you to approach investors + + align:start position:0% +uh that allows you to approach investors + + + align:start position:0% +uh that allows you to approach investors +and say okay this is what I'm uh looking + + align:start position:0% +and say okay this is what I'm uh looking + + + align:start position:0% +and say okay this is what I'm uh looking +to uh to get uh for my uh uh corporate + + align:start position:0% +to uh to get uh for my uh uh corporate + + + align:start position:0% +to uh to get uh for my uh uh corporate +bond and uh the what I'm hoping to get + + align:start position:0% +bond and uh the what I'm hoping to get + + + align:start position:0% +bond and uh the what I'm hoping to get +is commensurate with the risks that + + align:start position:0% +is commensurate with the risks that + + + align:start position:0% +is commensurate with the risks that +we're + + align:start position:0% +we're + + + align:start position:0% +we're +bearing here's a little history of the + + align:start position:0% +bearing here's a little history of the + + + align:start position:0% +bearing here's a little history of the +yields on Moody's baaa bonds minus the + + align:start position:0% +yields on Moody's baaa bonds minus the + + + align:start position:0% +yields on Moody's baaa bonds minus the +US 10-year treasury yield so this spread + + align:start position:0% +US 10-year treasury yield so this spread + + + align:start position:0% +US 10-year treasury yield so this spread +tells you what the difference is between + + align:start position:0% +tells you what the difference is between + + + align:start position:0% +tells you what the difference is between +a very safe asset and a baa asset which + + align:start position:0% +a very safe asset and a baa asset which + + + align:start position:0% +a very safe asset and a baa asset which +in this category is just above + + align:start position:0% +in this category is just above + + + align:start position:0% +in this category is just above +non-investment grade so it's the it's + + align:start position:0% +non-investment grade so it's the it's + + + align:start position:0% +non-investment grade so it's the it's +the lowest grade that you can get and uh + + align:start position:0% +the lowest grade that you can get and uh + + + align:start position:0% +the lowest grade that you can get and uh +and still be passing you know this is + + align:start position:0% +and still be passing you know this is + + + align:start position:0% +and still be passing you know this is +sort of like the the 65 or something of + + align:start position:0% +sort of like the the 65 or something of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of like the the 65 or something of +uh junior high school in high school so + + align:start position:0% +uh junior high school in high school so + + + align:start position:0% +uh junior high school in high school so +that spread between baaa and US + + align:start position:0% +that spread between baaa and US + + + align:start position:0% +that spread between baaa and US +treasuries is an indication + + align:start position:0% +treasuries is an indication + + + align:start position:0% +treasuries is an indication +of the risk premium implicit in the + + align:start position:0% +of the risk premium implicit in the + + + align:start position:0% +of the risk premium implicit in the +default potential of a baaa bond and + + align:start position:0% +default potential of a baaa bond and + + + align:start position:0% +default potential of a baaa bond and +look at how it's changed in the + + align:start position:0% +look at how it's changed in the + + + align:start position:0% +look at how it's changed in the +1930s this spread was about seven and a + + align:start position:0% +1930s this spread was about seven and a + + + align:start position:0% +1930s this spread was about seven and a +half percentage + + align:start position:0% +half percentage + + + align:start position:0% +half percentage +points that's a big spread by today's + + align:start position:0% +points that's a big spread by today's + + + align:start position:0% +points that's a big spread by today's +standards now of course by today's + + align:start position:0% +standards now of course by today's + + + align:start position:0% +standards now of course by today's +standards literally today things are + + align:start position:0% +standards literally today things are + + + align:start position:0% +standards literally today things are +different and you know we may be getting + + align:start position:0% +different and you know we may be getting + + + align:start position:0% +different and you know we may be getting +up there soon but let's take a look at + + align:start position:0% +up there soon but let's take a look at + + + align:start position:0% +up there soon but let's take a look at +where we were at least as when the data + + align:start position:0% +where we were at least as when the data + + + align:start position:0% +where we were at least as when the data +ended which is uh back in + + align:start position:0% +ended which is uh back in + + + align:start position:0% +ended which is uh back in +2005 at the end of this data set the + + align:start position:0% +2005 at the end of this data set the + + + align:start position:0% +2005 at the end of this data set the +credit spread was maybe 1 and a half to + + align:start position:0% +credit spread was maybe 1 and a half to + + + align:start position:0% +credit spread was maybe 1 and a half to +2% that's at a a near historic low now + + align:start position:0% +2% that's at a a near historic low now + + + align:start position:0% +2% that's at a a near historic low now +you can see that there are a little bit + + align:start position:0% +you can see that there are a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +you can see that there are a little bit +of a blip every once in a while December + + align:start position:0% +of a blip every once in a while December + + + align:start position:0% +of a blip every once in a while December +1987 this is after the uh stock market + + align:start position:0% +1987 this is after the uh stock market + + + align:start position:0% +1987 this is after the uh stock market +crash of October 87 right you see a big + + align:start position:0% +crash of October 87 right you see a big + + + align:start position:0% +crash of October 87 right you see a big +blip going up and September of 1998 + + align:start position:0% +blip going up and September of 1998 + + + align:start position:0% +blip going up and September of 1998 +after ltcm that goes up and then of + + align:start position:0% +after ltcm that goes up and then of + + + align:start position:0% +after ltcm that goes up and then of +course credit spreads widen over here + + align:start position:0% +course credit spreads widen over here + + + align:start position:0% +course credit spreads widen over here +September 11th was happened uh 2001 over + + align:start position:0% +September 11th was happened uh 2001 over + + + align:start position:0% +September 11th was happened uh 2001 over +here and so credit spreads got as high + + align:start position:0% +here and so credit spreads got as high + + + align:start position:0% +here and so credit spreads got as high +as something like 3 three and a half% + + align:start position:0% +as something like 3 three and a half% + + + align:start position:0% +as something like 3 three and a half% +and now prior to what's happened over + + align:start position:0% +and now prior to what's happened over + + + align:start position:0% +and now prior to what's happened over +the last several weeks credit spreads + + align:start position:0% +the last several weeks credit spreads + + + align:start position:0% +the last several weeks credit spreads +were at a close to all-time low what + + align:start position:0% +were at a close to all-time low what + + + align:start position:0% +were at a close to all-time low what +does it mean when credit spreads are + + align:start position:0% +does it mean when credit spreads are + + + align:start position:0% +does it mean when credit spreads are +really low what does that tell + + align:start position:0% +really low what does that tell + + + align:start position:0% +really low what does that tell +you what is it saying + + align:start position:0% +you what is it saying + + + align:start position:0% +you what is it saying +yeah perceiv by the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +market right that that's one + + align:start position:0% +market right that that's one + + + align:start position:0% +market right that that's one +interpretation that the market is + + align:start position:0% +interpretation that the market is + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation that the market is +perceiving the default risk as not as + + align:start position:0% +perceiving the default risk as not as + + + align:start position:0% +perceiving the default risk as not as +significant as it used to be another way + + align:start position:0% +significant as it used to be another way + + + align:start position:0% +significant as it used to be another way +of interpreting that is that uh the + + align:start position:0% +of interpreting that is that uh the + + + align:start position:0% +of interpreting that is that uh the +investment population is less concerned + + align:start position:0% +investment population is less concerned + + + align:start position:0% +investment population is less concerned +about default risk than back in the + + align:start position:0% +about default risk than back in the + + + align:start position:0% +about default risk than back in the +1930s not surprisingly something did + + align:start position:0% +1930s not surprisingly something did + + + align:start position:0% +1930s not surprisingly something did +happen in the 1930s right that was kind + + align:start position:0% +happen in the 1930s right that was kind + + + align:start position:0% +happen in the 1930s right that was kind +of significant what was that + + align:start position:0% +of significant what was that + + + align:start position:0% +of significant what was that +the crash of 29 and then the depression + + align:start position:0% +the crash of 29 and then the depression + + + align:start position:0% +the crash of 29 and then the depression +that led to that from that + + align:start position:0% +that led to that from that + + + align:start position:0% +that led to that from that +crash so what that tells you that at + + align:start position:0% +crash so what that tells you that at + + + align:start position:0% +crash so what that tells you that at +least at the end of 2005 beginning of + + align:start position:0% +least at the end of 2005 beginning of + + + align:start position:0% +least at the end of 2005 beginning of +2006 people were less risk averse at + + align:start position:0% +2006 people were less risk averse at + + + align:start position:0% +2006 people were less risk averse at +least on on paper what this shows what + + align:start position:0% +least on on paper what this shows what + + + align:start position:0% +least on on paper what this shows what +else does it tell you about the + + align:start position:0% +else does it tell you about the + + + align:start position:0% +else does it tell you about the +availability of + + align:start position:0% +availability of + + + align:start position:0% +availability of +credit + + align:start position:0% +credit + + + align:start position:0% +credit +yeah exactly lots of money another way + + align:start position:0% +yeah exactly lots of money another way + + + align:start position:0% +yeah exactly lots of money another way +of interpreting this is that there's + + align:start position:0% +of interpreting this is that there's + + + align:start position:0% +of interpreting this is that there's +lots of money out there lots of money + + align:start position:0% +lots of money out there lots of money + + + align:start position:0% +lots of money out there lots of money +willing to be lent out to all sorts of + + align:start position:0% +willing to be lent out to all sorts of + + + align:start position:0% +willing to be lent out to all sorts of +risky + + align:start position:0% +risky + + + align:start position:0% +risky +Ventures without much in the way of + + align:start position:0% +Ventures without much in the way of + + + align:start position:0% +Ventures without much in the way of +expectation that they should get paid a + + align:start position:0% +expectation that they should get paid a + + + align:start position:0% +expectation that they should get paid a +much larger + + align:start position:0% +much larger + + + align:start position:0% +much larger +premium okay so those two + + align:start position:0% +premium okay so those two + + + align:start position:0% +premium okay so those two +interpretations are likely to be both + + align:start position:0% +interpretations are likely to be both + + + align:start position:0% +interpretations are likely to be both +true that is the population of investors + + align:start position:0% +true that is the population of investors + + + align:start position:0% +true that is the population of investors +did seem less risk averse and there's + + align:start position:0% +did seem less risk averse and there's + + + align:start position:0% +did seem less risk averse and there's +empirical evidence to support that but + + align:start position:0% +empirical evidence to support that but + + + align:start position:0% +empirical evidence to support that but +on top of that it also suggests that + + align:start position:0% +on top of that it also suggests that + + + align:start position:0% +on top of that it also suggests that +there's tons of money out there being + + align:start position:0% +there's tons of money out there being + + + align:start position:0% +there's tons of money out there being +lent to various different projects and + + align:start position:0% +lent to various different projects and + + + align:start position:0% +lent to various different projects and +because there's so much money there's + + align:start position:0% +because there's so much money there's + + + align:start position:0% +because there's so much money there's +such an increase in supply of + + align:start position:0% +such an increase in supply of + + + align:start position:0% +such an increase in supply of +funds the extra premium that is + + align:start position:0% +funds the extra premium that is + + + align:start position:0% +funds the extra premium that is +commanded by those funds could not be + + align:start position:0% +commanded by those funds could not be + + + align:start position:0% +commanded by those funds could not be +that great simply because of the + + align:start position:0% +that great simply because of the + + + align:start position:0% +that great simply because of the +competition to supply funds to these + + align:start position:0% +competition to supply funds to these + + + align:start position:0% +competition to supply funds to these +various risky Ventures so if you wanted + + align:start position:0% +various risky Ventures so if you wanted + + + align:start position:0% +various risky Ventures so if you wanted +to do a startup the time to have done it + + align:start position:0% +to do a startup the time to have done it + + + align:start position:0% +to do a startup the time to have done it +was in 2006 uh because you would have + + align:start position:0% +was in 2006 uh because you would have + + + align:start position:0% +was in 2006 uh because you would have +gotten great deals since there was so + + align:start position:0% +gotten great deals since there was so + + + align:start position:0% +gotten great deals since there was so +much Capital out out + + align:start position:0% +much Capital out out + + + align:start position:0% +much Capital out out +there and that's changed but part of the + + align:start position:0% +there and that's changed but part of the + + + align:start position:0% +there and that's changed but part of the +reason it's changed part of the reason + + align:start position:0% +reason it's changed part of the reason + + + align:start position:0% +reason it's changed part of the reason +that we're in the current financial + + align:start position:0% +that we're in the current financial + + + align:start position:0% +that we're in the current financial +difficulties that we're in is because + + align:start position:0% +difficulties that we're in is because + + + align:start position:0% +difficulties that we're in is because +there was too much money chasing too few + + align:start position:0% +there was too much money chasing too few + + + align:start position:0% +there was too much money chasing too few +genuinely good opportunities and so + + align:start position:0% +genuinely good opportunities and so + + + align:start position:0% +genuinely good opportunities and so +we're seeing now the after effects of + + align:start position:0% +we're seeing now the after effects of + + + align:start position:0% +we're seeing now the after effects of +some of those poorer Investments uh in + + align:start position:0% +some of those poorer Investments uh in + + + align:start position:0% +some of those poorer Investments uh in +those + + align:start position:0% +those + + + align:start position:0% +those +opportunities so this this kind of + + align:start position:0% +opportunities so this this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +opportunities so this this kind of +credit spread uh picture can give you a + + align:start position:0% +credit spread uh picture can give you a + + + align:start position:0% +credit spread uh picture can give you a +sense of the Dynamics of money flows + + align:start position:0% +sense of the Dynamics of money flows + + + align:start position:0% +sense of the Dynamics of money flows +within the economy and uh definitely + + align:start position:0% +within the economy and uh definitely + + + align:start position:0% +within the economy and uh definitely +worth uh worth keeping track of now + + align:start position:0% +worth uh worth keeping track of now + + + align:start position:0% +worth uh worth keeping track of now +there are a number of things that are in + + align:start position:0% +there are a number of things that are in + + + align:start position:0% +there are a number of things that are in +that spread in that premium obviously + + align:start position:0% +that spread in that premium obviously + + + align:start position:0% +that spread in that premium obviously +there's an expected default loss but + + align:start position:0% +there's an expected default loss but + + + align:start position:0% +there's an expected default loss but +there's also tax effects there's also + + align:start position:0% +there's also tax effects there's also + + + align:start position:0% +there's also tax effects there's also +some other kind of systematic risk + + align:start position:0% +some other kind of systematic risk + + + align:start position:0% +some other kind of systematic risk +premium that has to do with aggregate + + align:start position:0% +premium that has to do with aggregate + + + align:start position:0% +premium that has to do with aggregate +risk + + align:start position:0% +risk + + + align:start position:0% +risk +exposure and a variety of of academic + + align:start position:0% +exposure and a variety of of academic + + + align:start position:0% +exposure and a variety of of academic +studies have been done to + + align:start position:0% +studies have been done to + + + align:start position:0% +studies have been done to +decompose that spread into different + + align:start position:0% +decompose that spread into different + + + align:start position:0% +decompose that spread into different +components uh graphically you can see + + align:start position:0% +components uh graphically you can see + + + align:start position:0% +components uh graphically you can see +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +um if you look at uh let me just yeah if + + align:start position:0% +um if you look at uh let me just yeah if + + + align:start position:0% +um if you look at uh let me just yeah if +you take a look at the decomposition of + + align:start position:0% +you take a look at the decomposition of + + + align:start position:0% +you take a look at the decomposition of +that premium you can show that part of + + align:start position:0% +that premium you can show that part of + + + align:start position:0% +that premium you can show that part of +it is due to + + align:start position:0% +it is due to + + + align:start position:0% +it is due to +default part of it is due to the + + align:start position:0% +default part of it is due to the + + + align:start position:0% +default part of it is due to the +riskiness of the particular investment + + align:start position:0% +riskiness of the particular investment + + + align:start position:0% +riskiness of the particular investment +and then the other part is simply the + + align:start position:0% +and then the other part is simply the + + + align:start position:0% +and then the other part is simply the +default free that's the part that we've + + align:start position:0% +default free that's the part that we've + + + align:start position:0% +default free that's the part that we've +studied up until today + + align:start position:0% +studied up until today + + + align:start position:0% +studied up until today +so the other two parts the other extra + + align:start position:0% +so the other two parts the other extra + + + align:start position:0% +so the other two parts the other extra +risk premium is really decomposed into a + + align:start position:0% +risk premium is really decomposed into a + + + align:start position:0% +risk premium is really decomposed into a +default risk premium but also a market + + align:start position:0% +default risk premium but also a market + + + align:start position:0% +default risk premium but also a market +risk premium that is just general + + align:start position:0% +risk premium that is just general + + + align:start position:0% +risk premium that is just general +riskiness and price fluctuation people + + align:start position:0% +riskiness and price fluctuation people + + + align:start position:0% +riskiness and price fluctuation people +don't like that kind of risk and they're + + align:start position:0% +don't like that kind of risk and they're + + + align:start position:0% +don't like that kind of risk and they're +going to have to be compensated for that + + align:start position:0% +going to have to be compensated for that + + + align:start position:0% +going to have to be compensated for that +risk irrespective of default just the + + align:start position:0% +risk irrespective of default just the + + + align:start position:0% +risk irrespective of default just the +fact that prices move around will + + align:start position:0% +fact that prices move around will + + + align:start position:0% +fact that prices move around will +require you to reward investors for + + align:start position:0% +require you to reward investors for + + + align:start position:0% +require you to reward investors for +holding these kind of instruments and in + + align:start position:0% +holding these kind of instruments and in + + + align:start position:0% +holding these kind of instruments and in +the slides I give you some citations for + + align:start position:0% +the slides I give you some citations for + + + align:start position:0% +the slides I give you some citations for +study + + align:start position:0% +study + + + align:start position:0% +study +on how you might go about decomposing + + align:start position:0% +on how you might go about decomposing + + + align:start position:0% +on how you might go about decomposing +those kind of risk premiums so you can + + align:start position:0% +those kind of risk premiums so you can + + + align:start position:0% +those kind of risk premiums so you can +take a look at that on your own but the + + align:start position:0% +take a look at that on your own but the + + + align:start position:0% +take a look at that on your own but the +last topic that I want to turn to in + + align:start position:0% +last topic that I want to turn to in + + + align:start position:0% +last topic that I want to turn to in +just a few minutes today before we move + + align:start position:0% +just a few minutes today before we move + + + align:start position:0% +just a few minutes today before we move +on to the pricing of equity Securities + + align:start position:0% +on to the pricing of equity Securities + + + align:start position:0% +on to the pricing of equity Securities +the last topic I want to turn to is + + align:start position:0% +the last topic I want to turn to is + + + align:start position:0% +the last topic I want to turn to is +directly related to the problem of + + align:start position:0% +directly related to the problem of + + + align:start position:0% +directly related to the problem of +subprime mortgages I promised you that I + + align:start position:0% +subprime mortgages I promised you that I + + + align:start position:0% +subprime mortgages I promised you that I +would touch upon this I'm not going to + + align:start position:0% +would touch upon this I'm not going to + + + align:start position:0% +would touch upon this I'm not going to +go through it in detail because this is + + align:start position:0% +go through it in detail because this is + + + align:start position:0% +go through it in detail because this is +the kind of material that we will go + + align:start position:0% +the kind of material that we will go + + + align:start position:0% +the kind of material that we will go +through uh in other sessions on the uh + + align:start position:0% +through uh in other sessions on the uh + + + align:start position:0% +through uh in other sessions on the uh +The Current financial crisis + + align:start position:0% +The Current financial crisis + + + align:start position:0% +The Current financial crisis +but I want to at least tell you about + + align:start position:0% +but I want to at least tell you about + + + align:start position:0% +but I want to at least tell you about +one aspect of bond markets that's been + + align:start position:0% +one aspect of bond markets that's been + + + align:start position:0% +one aspect of bond markets that's been +really important over the last 10 years + + align:start position:0% +really important over the last 10 years + + + align:start position:0% +really important over the last 10 years +and that is + + align:start position:0% +and that is + + + align:start position:0% +and that is +securitization now when you want to + + align:start position:0% +securitization now when you want to + + + align:start position:0% +securitization now when you want to +issue a risky Bond as a corporation or + + align:start position:0% +issue a risky Bond as a corporation or + + + align:start position:0% +issue a risky Bond as a corporation or +even as an individual you have to deal + + align:start position:0% +even as an individual you have to deal + + + align:start position:0% +even as an individual you have to deal +with a counterparty A Bank typically + + align:start position:0% +with a counterparty A Bank typically + + + align:start position:0% +with a counterparty A Bank typically +Banks were the traditional means of + + align:start position:0% +Banks were the traditional means of + + + align:start position:0% +Banks were the traditional means of +borrowing and lending for most of the + + align:start position:0% +borrowing and lending for most of the + + + align:start position:0% +borrowing and lending for most of the +20th century uh and up until the last 10 + + align:start position:0% +20th century uh and up until the last 10 + + + align:start position:0% +20th century uh and up until the last 10 +years + + align:start position:0% +years + + + align:start position:0% +years +but about 10 years ago an + + align:start position:0% +but about 10 years ago an + + + align:start position:0% +but about 10 years ago an +innovation was really uh uh created + + align:start position:0% +innovation was really uh uh created + + + align:start position:0% +innovation was really uh uh created +actually it wasn't created 10 years ago + + align:start position:0% +actually it wasn't created 10 years ago + + + align:start position:0% +actually it wasn't created 10 years ago +but it really took off 10 years ago + + align:start position:0% +but it really took off 10 years ago + + + align:start position:0% +but it really took off 10 years ago +where instead of borrowing from + + align:start position:0% +where instead of borrowing from + + + align:start position:0% +where instead of borrowing from +financial institutions like + + align:start position:0% +financial institutions like + + + align:start position:0% +financial institutions like +Banks you were able to tap into the + + align:start position:0% +Banks you were able to tap into the + + + align:start position:0% +Banks you were able to tap into the +borrowing power of financial markets + + align:start position:0% +borrowing power of financial markets + + + align:start position:0% +borrowing power of financial markets +this is what's often called this + + align:start position:0% +this is what's often called this + + + align:start position:0% +this is what's often called this +intermediation banks are considered + + align:start position:0% +intermediation banks are considered + + + align:start position:0% +intermediation banks are considered +intermediaries they serve as a conduit + + align:start position:0% +intermediaries they serve as a conduit + + + align:start position:0% +intermediaries they serve as a conduit +between us the retail investor and + + align:start position:0% +between us the retail investor and + + + align:start position:0% +between us the retail investor and +financial markets or other + + align:start position:0% +financial markets or other + + + align:start position:0% +financial markets or other +counterparties right they stand in the + + align:start position:0% +counterparties right they stand in the + + + align:start position:0% +counterparties right they stand in the +middle they take money from us put it in + + align:start position:0% +middle they take money from us put it in + + + align:start position:0% +middle they take money from us put it in +deposits they take those deposits lend + + align:start position:0% +deposits they take those deposits lend + + + align:start position:0% +deposits they take those deposits lend +it out to corporations and they take + + align:start position:0% +it out to corporations and they take + + + align:start position:0% +it out to corporations and they take +money from corporations and bring it + + align:start position:0% +money from corporations and bring it + + + align:start position:0% +money from corporations and bring it +into their bank and lend it to us in the + + align:start position:0% +into their bank and lend it to us in the + + + align:start position:0% +into their bank and lend it to us in the +form of mortgage payments uh mortgages + + align:start position:0% +form of mortgage payments uh mortgages + + + align:start position:0% +form of mortgage payments uh mortgages +so that we can buy our + + align:start position:0% +so that we can buy our + + + align:start position:0% +so that we can buy our +house about 10 years ago + + align:start position:0% +house about 10 years ago + + + align:start position:0% +house about 10 years ago +intermediation started to unwind because + + align:start position:0% +intermediation started to unwind because + + + align:start position:0% +intermediation started to unwind because +of innov ations in + + align:start position:0% +of innov ations in + + + align:start position:0% +of innov ations in +securization the idea being that we are + + align:start position:0% +securization the idea being that we are + + + align:start position:0% +securization the idea being that we are +going to instead of dealing directly + + align:start position:0% +going to instead of dealing directly + + + align:start position:0% +going to instead of dealing directly +with banks tap into the power of + + align:start position:0% +with banks tap into the power of + + + align:start position:0% +with banks tap into the power of +financial markets in borrowing and + + align:start position:0% +financial markets in borrowing and + + + align:start position:0% +financial markets in borrowing and +lending and so I want to give you an + + align:start position:0% +lending and so I want to give you an + + + align:start position:0% +lending and so I want to give you an +example of how that works something that + + align:start position:0% +example of how that works something that + + + align:start position:0% +example of how that works something that +I I went over uh in uh in the Pro + + align:start position:0% +I I went over uh in uh in the Pro + + + align:start position:0% +I I went over uh in uh in the Pro +seminar but for those of you who didn't + + align:start position:0% +seminar but for those of you who didn't + + + align:start position:0% +seminar but for those of you who didn't +attend I want to show it to you because + + align:start position:0% +attend I want to show it to you because + + + align:start position:0% +attend I want to show it to you because +it's such an important idea and this is + + align:start position:0% +it's such an important idea and this is + + + align:start position:0% +it's such an important idea and this is +an idea that uh is best done through a + + align:start position:0% +an idea that uh is best done through a + + + align:start position:0% +an idea that uh is best done through a +very simple numer iCal example + + align:start position:0% +very simple numer iCal example + + + align:start position:0% +very simple numer iCal example +okay so in about 10 or 15 minutes I'm + + align:start position:0% +okay so in about 10 or 15 minutes I'm + + + align:start position:0% +okay so in about 10 or 15 minutes I'm +going to illustrate to all of you the + + align:start position:0% +going to illustrate to all of you the + + + align:start position:0% +going to illustrate to all of you the +nature of problems in the subprime + + align:start position:0% +nature of problems in the subprime + + + align:start position:0% +nature of problems in the subprime +mortgage Market that's all it'll take to + + align:start position:0% +mortgage Market that's all it'll take to + + + align:start position:0% +mortgage Market that's all it'll take to +get to the bottom of it could take years + + align:start position:0% +get to the bottom of it could take years + + + align:start position:0% +get to the bottom of it could take years +but uh at least to understand what's + + align:start position:0% +but uh at least to understand what's + + + align:start position:0% +but uh at least to understand what's +going on I'm going to do this very + + align:start position:0% +going on I'm going to do this very + + + align:start position:0% +going on I'm going to do this very +simple + + align:start position:0% +simple + + + align:start position:0% +simple +example suppose that + + align:start position:0% +example suppose that + + + align:start position:0% +example suppose that +uh I have a a bond which is a risky Bond + + align:start position:0% +uh I have a a bond which is a risky Bond + + + align:start position:0% +uh I have a a bond which is a risky Bond +it's an IOU That Pays ,000 uh if it pays + + align:start position:0% +it's an IOU That Pays ,000 uh if it pays + + + align:start position:0% +it's an IOU That Pays ,000 uh if it pays +off at all so the face value of this + + align:start position:0% +off at all so the face value of this + + + align:start position:0% +off at all so the face value of this +bond is + + align:start position:0% +bond is + + + align:start position:0% +bond is +$11,000 but this is a risky bond in the + + align:start position:0% +$11,000 but this is a risky bond in the + + + align:start position:0% +$11,000 but this is a risky bond in the +sense that it pays off $1,000 with a + + align:start position:0% +sense that it pays off $1,000 with a + + + align:start position:0% +sense that it pays off $1,000 with a +certain probability and it pays off + + align:start position:0% +certain probability and it pays off + + + align:start position:0% +certain probability and it pays off +nothing with another probability let's + + align:start position:0% +nothing with another probability let's + + + align:start position:0% +nothing with another probability let's +say + + align:start position:0% +say + + + align:start position:0% +say + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the simple expected value of + + align:start position:0% +okay so the simple expected value of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the simple expected value of +this is + + align:start position:0% +this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is +$900 right and so you might think that + + align:start position:0% +$900 right and so you might think that + + + align:start position:0% +$900 right and so you might think that +that should + + align:start position:0% +that should + + + align:start position:0% +that should +be a proxy for the market price and in + + align:start position:0% +be a proxy for the market price and in + + + align:start position:0% +be a proxy for the market price and in +fact that would be a pretty good + + align:start position:0% +fact that would be a pretty good + + + align:start position:0% +fact that would be a pretty good +approximation now right there is an + + align:start position:0% +approximation now right there is an + + + align:start position:0% +approximation now right there is an +interesting insight into the pricing of + + align:start position:0% +interesting insight into the pricing of + + + align:start position:0% +interesting insight into the pricing of +risky bonds because if we have a a a + + align:start position:0% +risky bonds because if we have a a a + + + align:start position:0% +risky bonds because if we have a a a +security that has a $1,000 face + + align:start position:0% +security that has a $1,000 face + + + align:start position:0% +security that has a $1,000 face +value but it's got a probability of + + align:start position:0% +value but it's got a probability of + + + align:start position:0% +value but it's got a probability of +default and you compute the current + + align:start position:0% +default and you compute the current + + + align:start position:0% +default and you compute the current +value as + + align:start position:0% +value as + + + align:start position:0% +value as +$900 then that gives you an implicit + + align:start position:0% +$900 then that gives you an implicit + + + align:start position:0% +$900 then that gives you an implicit +yield for the bond right + + align:start position:0% +yield for the bond right + + + align:start position:0% +yield for the bond right +what yield is it it's whatever number + + align:start position:0% +what yield is it it's whatever number + + + align:start position:0% +what yield is it it's whatever number +one point one point something multipli + + align:start position:0% +one point one point something multipli + + + align:start position:0% +one point one point something multipli +by 900 gives you + + align:start position:0% +by 900 gives you + + + align:start position:0% +by 900 gives you +$1,000 so the very fact that it defaults + + align:start position:0% +$1,000 so the very fact that it defaults + + + align:start position:0% +$1,000 so the very fact that it defaults +now allows us to compute a yield without + + align:start position:0% +now allows us to compute a yield without + + + align:start position:0% +now allows us to compute a yield without +reference to the time value of money the + + align:start position:0% +reference to the time value of money the + + + align:start position:0% +reference to the time value of money the +time value of money can add an + + align:start position:0% +time value of money can add an + + + align:start position:0% +time value of money can add an +additional piece into this calculation I + + align:start position:0% +additional piece into this calculation I + + + align:start position:0% +additional piece into this calculation I +I decide to ignore it just for + + align:start position:0% +I decide to ignore it just for + + + align:start position:0% +I decide to ignore it just for +Simplicity but suppose the interest rate + + align:start position:0% +Simplicity but suppose the interest rate + + + align:start position:0% +Simplicity but suppose the interest rate +was 5% the risk-free interest rate was + + align:start position:0% +was 5% the risk-free interest rate was + + + align:start position:0% +was 5% the risk-free interest rate was +5% then I might do is to say okay $900 + + align:start position:0% +5% then I might do is to say okay $900 + + + align:start position:0% +5% then I might do is to say okay $900 +is what I expect to get out of the bond + + align:start position:0% +is what I expect to get out of the bond + + + align:start position:0% +is what I expect to get out of the bond +I'm going to take that $900 and discount + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to take that $900 and discount + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to take that $900 and discount +it back a year by + + align:start position:0% +it back a year by + + + align:start position:0% +it back a year by +1.05 and that will give me a number such + + align:start position:0% +1.05 and that will give me a number such + + + align:start position:0% +1.05 and that will give me a number such +that when I compute the yield on that + + align:start position:0% +that when I compute the yield on that + + + align:start position:0% +that when I compute the yield on that +number relative to + + align:start position:0% +number relative to + + + align:start position:0% +number relative to +$1,000 it will have the total yield of + + align:start position:0% +$1,000 it will have the total yield of + + + align:start position:0% +$1,000 it will have the total yield of +this Bond 5% of which is the risk-free + + align:start position:0% +this Bond 5% of which is the risk-free + + + align:start position:0% +this Bond 5% of which is the risk-free +part and the other part is the default + + align:start position:0% +part and the other part is the default + + + align:start position:0% +part and the other part is the default +part okay but I want to keep this + + align:start position:0% +part okay but I want to keep this + + + align:start position:0% +part okay but I want to keep this +example simple so let's just assume that + + align:start position:0% +example simple so let's just assume that + + + align:start position:0% +example simple so let's just assume that +the risk-free rate of interest is zero + + align:start position:0% +the risk-free rate of interest is zero + + + align:start position:0% +the risk-free rate of interest is zero +okay so I've got my bond that pays off + + align:start position:0% +okay so I've got my bond that pays off + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I've got my bond that pays off +$1,000 Next Period uh with probability + + align:start position:0% +$1,000 Next Period uh with probability + + + align:start position:0% +$1,000 Next Period uh with probability +90% so the expected value is 0.9 time + + align:start position:0% +90% so the expected value is 0.9 time + + + align:start position:0% +90% so the expected value is 0.9 time +1,000 plus 10 times nothing $900 for + + align:start position:0% +1,000 plus 10 times nothing $900 for + + + align:start position:0% +1,000 plus 10 times nothing $900 for +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +Bond now let's suppose that I have not + + align:start position:0% +Bond now let's suppose that I have not + + + align:start position:0% +Bond now let's suppose that I have not +just one of these bonds but I have two + + align:start position:0% +just one of these bonds but I have two + + + align:start position:0% +just one of these bonds but I have two +of them and they're absolutely identical + + align:start position:0% +of them and they're absolutely identical + + + align:start position:0% +of them and they're absolutely identical +in every respect they're just two of the + + align:start position:0% +in every respect they're just two of the + + + align:start position:0% +in every respect they're just two of the +same + + align:start position:0% +same + + + align:start position:0% +same +bonds + + align:start position:0% +bonds + + + align:start position:0% +bonds +okay for each of the bonds you might + + align:start position:0% +okay for each of the bonds you might + + + align:start position:0% +okay for each of the bonds you might +think that it's not that easy to find a + + align:start position:0% +think that it's not that easy to find a + + + align:start position:0% +think that it's not that easy to find a +buyer and you're right because a 10% + + align:start position:0% +buyer and you're right because a 10% + + + align:start position:0% +buyer and you're right because a 10% +default rate is pretty + + align:start position:0% +default rate is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +default rate is pretty +risky in a minute I'll show you how + + align:start position:0% +risky in a minute I'll show you how + + + align:start position:0% +risky in a minute I'll show you how +risky when we look at the default rates + + align:start position:0% +risky when we look at the default rates + + + align:start position:0% +risky when we look at the default rates +historical default rates of bonds with + + align:start position:0% +historical default rates of bonds with + + + align:start position:0% +historical default rates of bonds with +various different credit ratings but + + align:start position:0% +various different credit ratings but + + + align:start position:0% +various different credit ratings but +right now with a 10% rating this Bond + + align:start position:0% +right now with a 10% rating this Bond + + + align:start position:0% +right now with a 10% rating this Bond +would be rated below baaa it would be + + align:start position:0% +would be rated below baaa it would be + + + align:start position:0% +would be rated below baaa it would be +below investment grade okay so you're + + align:start position:0% +below investment grade okay so you're + + + align:start position:0% +below investment grade okay so you're +not going to get a lot of people that + + align:start position:0% +not going to get a lot of people that + + + align:start position:0% +not going to get a lot of people that +want to buy one in fact we can auction + + align:start position:0% +want to buy one in fact we can auction + + + align:start position:0% +want to buy one in fact we can auction +it off in this class right now to figure + + align:start position:0% +it off in this class right now to figure + + + align:start position:0% +it off in this class right now to figure +out what the price is my guess is that I + + align:start position:0% +out what the price is my guess is that I + + + align:start position:0% +out what the price is my guess is that I +I may not even get $900 for that in this + + align:start position:0% +I may not even get $900 for that in this + + + align:start position:0% +I may not even get $900 for that in this +class given your current mood and uh + + align:start position:0% +class given your current mood and uh + + + align:start position:0% +class given your current mood and uh +liquidity + + align:start position:0% +liquidity + + + align:start position:0% +liquidity +issues okay + + align:start position:0% +issues okay + + + align:start position:0% +issues okay +but I'm going to show you some + + align:start position:0% +but I'm going to show you some + + + align:start position:0% +but I'm going to show you some +magic that will make this incredibly + + align:start position:0% +magic that will make this incredibly + + + align:start position:0% +magic that will make this incredibly +interesting in to a large number of + + align:start position:0% +interesting in to a large number of + + + align:start position:0% +interesting in to a large number of +investors including all of you I'm going + + align:start position:0% +investors including all of you I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +investors including all of you I'm going +to take these two bonds and put them + + align:start position:0% +to take these two bonds and put them + + + align:start position:0% +to take these two bonds and put them +together in a + + align:start position:0% +together in a + + + align:start position:0% +together in a +portfolio now what exactly does that + + align:start position:0% +portfolio now what exactly does that + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio now what exactly does that +mean so far I've said nothing I've drawn + + align:start position:0% +mean so far I've said nothing I've drawn + + + align:start position:0% +mean so far I've said nothing I've drawn +a circle around the bonds okay by + + align:start position:0% +a circle around the bonds okay by + + + align:start position:0% +a circle around the bonds okay by +portfolio I mean that I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +portfolio I mean that I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio I mean that I'm going to +create an entity a corporation whose + + align:start position:0% +create an entity a corporation whose + + + align:start position:0% +create an entity a corporation whose +sole purpose it is to buy these two + + align:start position:0% +sole purpose it is to buy these two + + + align:start position:0% +sole purpose it is to buy these two +bonds and therefore the fortunes of the + + align:start position:0% +bonds and therefore the fortunes of the + + + align:start position:0% +bonds and therefore the fortunes of the +corporation are tied not to the + + align:start position:0% +corporation are tied not to the + + + align:start position:0% +corporation are tied not to the +performance of any one or two bonds but + + align:start position:0% +performance of any one or two bonds but + + + align:start position:0% +performance of any one or two bonds but +to the performance of the collective + + align:start position:0% +to the performance of the collective + + + align:start position:0% +to the performance of the collective +portfolio of bonds so that's what I mean + + align:start position:0% +portfolio of bonds so that's what I mean + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio of bonds so that's what I mean +when I say form a portfolio I mean + + align:start position:0% +when I say form a portfolio I mean + + + align:start position:0% +when I say form a portfolio I mean +consider a single entity that will hold + + align:start position:0% +consider a single entity that will hold + + + align:start position:0% +consider a single entity that will hold +both of these bonds okay and let's + + align:start position:0% +both of these bonds okay and let's + + + align:start position:0% +both of these bonds okay and let's +assume for the sake of argument that the + + align:start position:0% +assume for the sake of argument that the + + + align:start position:0% +assume for the sake of argument that the +default of these two + + align:start position:0% +default of these two + + + align:start position:0% +default of these two +bonds is + + align:start position:0% +bonds is + + + align:start position:0% +bonds is +uncorrelated in fact I'm going to assume + + align:start position:0% +uncorrelated in fact I'm going to assume + + + align:start position:0% +uncorrelated in fact I'm going to assume +that these are two separate coin flips + + align:start position:0% +that these are two separate coin flips + + + align:start position:0% +that these are two separate coin flips +and they're different coins + + align:start position:0% +and they're different coins + + + align:start position:0% +and they're different coins +they have the same probability of coming + + align:start position:0% +they have the same probability of coming + + + align:start position:0% +they have the same probability of coming +up heads 90% 10% Tails but they're + + align:start position:0% +up heads 90% 10% Tails but they're + + + align:start position:0% +up heads 90% 10% Tails but they're +different coins they have nothing to do + + align:start position:0% +different coins they have nothing to do + + + align:start position:0% +different coins they have nothing to do +with each other so they're independent + + align:start position:0% +with each other so they're independent + + + align:start position:0% +with each other so they're independent +whether or not one Bond fails has + + align:start position:0% +whether or not one Bond fails has + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not one Bond fails has +nothing to do with the other + + align:start position:0% +nothing to do with the other + + + align:start position:0% +nothing to do with the other +Bond okay when I put this into a + + align:start position:0% +Bond okay when I put this into a + + + align:start position:0% +Bond okay when I put this into a +portfolio how does the portfolio behave + + align:start position:0% +portfolio how does the portfolio behave + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio how does the portfolio behave +looking at it as a single entity there + + align:start position:0% +looking at it as a single entity there + + + align:start position:0% +looking at it as a single entity there +are three possible + + align:start position:0% +are three possible + + + align:start position:0% +are three possible +outcomes actually there are four but + + align:start position:0% +outcomes actually there are four but + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes actually there are four but +only three of them are really distinct + + align:start position:0% +only three of them are really distinct + + + align:start position:0% +only three of them are really distinct +both bonds will pay + + align:start position:0% +both bonds will pay + + + align:start position:0% +both bonds will pay +off or both bonds will default or one + + align:start position:0% +off or both bonds will default or one + + + align:start position:0% +off or both bonds will default or one +Bond pays off and the other defaults + + align:start position:0% +Bond pays off and the other defaults + + + align:start position:0% +Bond pays off and the other defaults +those are the only three outcomes that + + align:start position:0% +those are the only three outcomes that + + + align:start position:0% +those are the only three outcomes that +are possible and the payoffs and + + align:start position:0% +are possible and the payoffs and + + + align:start position:0% +are possible and the payoffs and +probabilities assuming that they are + + align:start position:0% +probabilities assuming that they are + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities assuming that they are +separate and independent coin tosses is + + align:start position:0% +separate and independent coin tosses is + + + align:start position:0% +separate and independent coin tosses is +given in that table $2,000 if they both + + align:start position:0% +given in that table $2,000 if they both + + + align:start position:0% +given in that table $2,000 if they both +pay off and the probability of that is + + align:start position:0% +pay off and the probability of that is + + + align:start position:0% +pay off and the probability of that is +81% right 0.9 time9 + + align:start position:0% +81% right 0.9 time9 + + + align:start position:0% +81% right 0.9 time9 +and I'm multiplying because I'm assuming + + align:start position:0% +and I'm multiplying because I'm assuming + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm multiplying because I'm assuming +they're + + align:start position:0% +they're + + + align:start position:0% +they're +independent the probability that they + + align:start position:0% +independent the probability that they + + + align:start position:0% +independent the probability that they +both don't pay off in which case my + + align:start position:0% +both don't pay off in which case my + + + align:start position:0% +both don't pay off in which case my +portfolio is worth + + align:start position:0% +portfolio is worth + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio is worth +nothing is 1% right 10% time 10% and + + align:start position:0% +nothing is 1% right 10% time 10% and + + + align:start position:0% +nothing is 1% right 10% time 10% and +then whatever left whatever's left over + + align:start position:0% +then whatever left whatever's left over + + + align:start position:0% +then whatever left whatever's left over +is in the middle that is there's a + + align:start position:0% +is in the middle that is there's a + + + align:start position:0% +is in the middle that is there's a +chance that one of them pays off but the + + align:start position:0% +chance that one of them pays off but the + + + align:start position:0% +chance that one of them pays off but the +other one doesn't then the portfolio is + + align:start position:0% +other one doesn't then the portfolio is + + + align:start position:0% +other one doesn't then the portfolio is +worth $1,000 and there's an 18% chance + + align:start position:0% +worth $1,000 and there's an 18% chance + + + align:start position:0% +worth $1,000 and there's an 18% chance +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +that so here's the stroke of Genius the + + align:start position:0% +that so here's the stroke of Genius the + + + align:start position:0% +that so here's the stroke of Genius the +stroke of Genius is to say I've got + + align:start position:0% +stroke of Genius is to say I've got + + + align:start position:0% +stroke of Genius is to say I've got +these two Securities that are not + + align:start position:0% +these two Securities that are not + + + align:start position:0% +these two Securities that are not +particularly popular on their own what + + align:start position:0% +particularly popular on their own what + + + align:start position:0% +particularly popular on their own what +I'm going to do is to stick them in a + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do is to stick them in a + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do is to stick them in a +portfolio and then I'm going to issue + + align:start position:0% +portfolio and then I'm going to issue + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio and then I'm going to issue +two new pieces of + + align:start position:0% +two new pieces of + + + align:start position:0% +two new pieces of +paper each with $1,000 face value so + + align:start position:0% +paper each with $1,000 face value so + + + align:start position:0% +paper each with $1,000 face value so +they're just like the old pieces of + + align:start position:0% +they're just like the old pieces of + + + align:start position:0% +they're just like the old pieces of +paper but there's one difference they + + align:start position:0% +paper but there's one difference they + + + align:start position:0% +paper but there's one difference they +have different priority meaning there's + + align:start position:0% +have different priority meaning there's + + + align:start position:0% +have different priority meaning there's +a senior piece of paper and there's a + + align:start position:0% +a senior piece of paper and there's a + + + align:start position:0% +a senior piece of paper and there's a +junior piece of paper the senior piece + + align:start position:0% +junior piece of paper the senior piece + + + align:start position:0% +junior piece of paper the senior piece +of paper gets paid first and the junior + + align:start position:0% +of paper gets paid first and the junior + + + align:start position:0% +of paper gets paid first and the junior +paper only gets paid if and when the + + align:start position:0% +paper only gets paid if and when the + + + align:start position:0% +paper only gets paid if and when the +senior paper gets paid so I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +senior paper gets paid so I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +senior paper gets paid so I'm going to +issue two pieces of paper the blue is + + align:start position:0% +issue two pieces of paper the blue is + + + align:start position:0% +issue two pieces of paper the blue is +the senior and the red is the junior the + + align:start position:0% +the senior and the red is the junior the + + + align:start position:0% +the senior and the red is the junior the +senior paper I'm going to call the + + align:start position:0% +senior paper I'm going to call the + + + align:start position:0% +senior paper I'm going to call the +senior tranch tranch I believe is the + + align:start position:0% +senior tranch tranch I believe is the + + + align:start position:0% +senior tranch tranch I believe is the +French word for Trench which seems much + + align:start position:0% +French word for Trench which seems much + + + align:start position:0% +French word for Trench which seems much +more appropriate today than it did + + align:start position:0% +more appropriate today than it did + + + align:start position:0% +more appropriate today than it did +before we're digging our own trenches + + align:start position:0% +before we're digging our own trenches + + + align:start position:0% +before we're digging our own trenches +here um the the senior + + align:start position:0% +here um the the senior + + + align:start position:0% +here um the the senior +paper is going to have first dibs on + + align:start position:0% +paper is going to have first dibs on + + + align:start position:0% +paper is going to have first dibs on +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +portfolio and the junior paper will only + + align:start position:0% +portfolio and the junior paper will only + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio and the junior paper will only +get paid after the senior paper gets + + align:start position:0% +get paid after the senior paper gets + + + align:start position:0% +get paid after the senior paper gets +paid and so let's see what happens with + + align:start position:0% +paid and so let's see what happens with + + + align:start position:0% +paid and so let's see what happens with +that remember they're both $1,000 face + + align:start position:0% +that remember they're both $1,000 face + + + align:start position:0% +that remember they're both $1,000 face +values so on paper I've done nothing in + + align:start position:0% +values so on paper I've done nothing in + + + align:start position:0% +values so on paper I've done nothing in +terms of creating or destroying the + + align:start position:0% +terms of creating or destroying the + + + align:start position:0% +terms of creating or destroying the +total claims on the asset pool right the + + align:start position:0% +total claims on the asset pool right the + + + align:start position:0% +total claims on the asset pool right the +portfolio has claims on $2,000 of face + + align:start position:0% +portfolio has claims on $2,000 of face + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio has claims on $2,000 of face +value and my new Securities has claims + + align:start position:0% +value and my new Securities has claims + + + align:start position:0% +value and my new Securities has claims +on $2,000 of face value but all I've + + align:start position:0% +on $2,000 of face value but all I've + + + align:start position:0% +on $2,000 of face value but all I've +done is to change the order the priority + + align:start position:0% +done is to change the order the priority + + + align:start position:0% +done is to change the order the priority +of the payout here's the table I have + + align:start position:0% +of the payout here's the table I have + + + align:start position:0% +of the payout here's the table I have +three values for my portfolio $2,000 + + align:start position:0% +three values for my portfolio $2,000 + + + align:start position:0% +three values for my portfolio $2,000 +$1,000 and nothing right now let's see + + align:start position:0% +$1,000 and nothing right now let's see + + + align:start position:0% +$1,000 and nothing right now let's see +what happens to each of those two claims + + align:start position:0% +what happens to each of those two claims + + + align:start position:0% +what happens to each of those two claims +the senior claim and the junior claim of + + align:start position:0% +the senior claim and the junior claim of + + + align:start position:0% +the senior claim and the junior claim of +my new Securities that I've issued the + + align:start position:0% +my new Securities that I've issued the + + + align:start position:0% +my new Securities that I've issued the +senior claim gets paid $1,000 do if both + + align:start position:0% +senior claim gets paid $1,000 do if both + + + align:start position:0% +senior claim gets paid $1,000 do if both +Bonds in my portfolio pay off but the + + align:start position:0% +Bonds in my portfolio pay off but the + + + align:start position:0% +Bonds in my portfolio pay off but the +senior claim also gets paid $1,000 if + + align:start position:0% +senior claim also gets paid $1,000 if + + + align:start position:0% +senior claim also gets paid $1,000 if +only one of those bonds pays off so two + + align:start position:0% +only one of those bonds pays off so two + + + align:start position:0% +only one of those bonds pays off so two +out of the three + + align:start position:0% +out of the three + + + align:start position:0% +out of the three +outcomes are good news for the senior + + align:start position:0% +outcomes are good news for the senior + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes are good news for the senior +debt and in the third case where both of + + align:start position:0% +debt and in the third case where both of + + + align:start position:0% +debt and in the third case where both of +them don't pay off then the senior paper + + align:start position:0% +them don't pay off then the senior paper + + + align:start position:0% +them don't pay off then the senior paper +is out of luck + + align:start position:0% +is out of luck + + + align:start position:0% +is out of luck +now the junior paper is exactly the + + align:start position:0% +now the junior paper is exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +now the junior paper is exactly the +reverse the junior paper only will get + + align:start position:0% +reverse the junior paper only will get + + + align:start position:0% +reverse the junior paper only will get +paid if both bonds pay off because in + + align:start position:0% +paid if both bonds pay off because in + + + align:start position:0% +paid if both bonds pay off because in +that case the senior guy gets paid and + + align:start position:0% +that case the senior guy gets paid and + + + align:start position:0% +that case the senior guy gets paid and +then there's money left for the junior + + align:start position:0% +then there's money left for the junior + + + align:start position:0% +then there's money left for the junior +guy in the latter two cases if only one + + align:start position:0% +guy in the latter two cases if only one + + + align:start position:0% +guy in the latter two cases if only one +Bond fails or both bonds fail then the + + align:start position:0% +Bond fails or both bonds fail then the + + + align:start position:0% +Bond fails or both bonds fail then the +junior claim gets paid + + align:start position:0% +junior claim gets paid + + + align:start position:0% +junior claim gets paid +nothing + + align:start position:0% +nothing + + + align:start position:0% +nothing +right so what I've done is to take two + + align:start position:0% +right so what I've done is to take two + + + align:start position:0% +right so what I've done is to take two +identical + + align:start position:0% +identical + + + align:start position:0% +identical +bonds and I've created two + + align:start position:0% +bonds and I've created two + + + align:start position:0% +bonds and I've created two +nonidentical + + align:start position:0% +nonidentical + + + align:start position:0% +nonidentical +claims such that one is a lot safer than + + align:start position:0% +claims such that one is a lot safer than + + + align:start position:0% +claims such that one is a lot safer than +the other how much safer well the bond + + align:start position:0% +the other how much safer well the bond + + + align:start position:0% +the other how much safer well the bond +that is senior has a 1% chance of + + align:start position:0% +that is senior has a 1% chance of + + + align:start position:0% +that is senior has a 1% chance of +default 1% because both bonds have to + + align:start position:0% +default 1% because both bonds have to + + + align:start position:0% +default 1% because both bonds have to +fail before the senior guy doesn't get + + align:start position:0% +fail before the senior guy doesn't get + + + align:start position:0% +fail before the senior guy doesn't get +paid 1% what was it before it was 10% + + align:start position:0% +paid 1% what was it before it was 10% + + + align:start position:0% +paid 1% what was it before it was 10% +for both bonds but because I stuck it + + align:start position:0% +for both bonds but because I stuck it + + + align:start position:0% +for both bonds but because I stuck it +into a portfolio and I changed the + + align:start position:0% +into a portfolio and I changed the + + + align:start position:0% +into a portfolio and I changed the +priority of payouts the senior claim now + + align:start position:0% +priority of payouts the senior claim now + + + align:start position:0% +priority of payouts the senior claim now +looks a lot + + align:start position:0% +looks a lot + + + align:start position:0% +looks a lot +safer but that's not a free lunch + + align:start position:0% +safer but that's not a free lunch + + + align:start position:0% +safer but that's not a free lunch +because the junior claim is a heck of a + + align:start position:0% +because the junior claim is a heck of a + + + align:start position:0% +because the junior claim is a heck of a +lot riskier the junior claim now loses + + align:start position:0% +lot riskier the junior claim now loses + + + align:start position:0% +lot riskier the junior claim now loses +money 19% of the + + align:start position:0% +money 19% of the + + + align:start position:0% +money 19% of the +time right it used to be the case that + + align:start position:0% +time right it used to be the case that + + + align:start position:0% +time right it used to be the case that +one of these bonds had a 10% default + + align:start position:0% +one of these bonds had a 10% default + + + align:start position:0% +one of these bonds had a 10% default +rate but the junior claim has a 19% + + align:start position:0% +rate but the junior claim has a 19% + + + align:start position:0% +rate but the junior claim has a 19% +default rate 18% plus 1 % from those two + + align:start position:0% +default rate 18% plus 1 % from those two + + + align:start position:0% +default rate 18% plus 1 % from those two +outcomes okay as long as investors know + + align:start position:0% +outcomes okay as long as investors know + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes okay as long as investors know +the structure nobody's getting a good + + align:start position:0% +the structure nobody's getting a good + + + align:start position:0% +the structure nobody's getting a good +deal or a bad deal there's no cheating + + align:start position:0% +deal or a bad deal there's no cheating + + + align:start position:0% +deal or a bad deal there's no cheating +going on right we explain this to + + align:start position:0% +going on right we explain this to + + + align:start position:0% +going on right we explain this to +investors so you all see these + + align:start position:0% +investors so you all see these + + + align:start position:0% +investors so you all see these +probabilities and now let's calculate + + align:start position:0% +probabilities and now let's calculate + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities and now let's calculate +what the expected values are for the + + align:start position:0% +what the expected values are for the + + + align:start position:0% +what the expected values are for the +payouts the expected values oh wait + + align:start position:0% +payouts the expected values oh wait + + + align:start position:0% +payouts the expected values oh wait +before I do that let me comment on + + align:start position:0% +before I do that let me comment on + + + align:start position:0% +before I do that let me comment on +default rates so a 1% default rate seems + + align:start position:0% +default rates so a 1% default rate seems + + + align:start position:0% +default rates so a 1% default rate seems +like a small number and then 19% default + + align:start position:0% +like a small number and then 19% default + + + align:start position:0% +like a small number and then 19% default +rate seems like a large number well + + align:start position:0% +rate seems like a large number well + + + align:start position:0% +rate seems like a large number well +let's take a look at the empirical + + align:start position:0% +let's take a look at the empirical + + + align:start position:0% +let's take a look at the empirical +evidence given debt ratings these are + + align:start position:0% +evidence given debt ratings these are + + + align:start position:0% +evidence given debt ratings these are +historical default rates for bonds from + + align:start position:0% +historical default rates for bonds from + + + align:start position:0% +historical default rates for bonds from +1920 to 1999 so I've got almost an + + align:start position:0% +1920 to 1999 so I've got almost an + + + align:start position:0% +1920 to 1999 so I've got almost an +80-year record of bonds that have been + + align:start position:0% +80-year record of bonds that have been + + + align:start position:0% +80-year record of bonds that have been +issued by corporations and that have + + align:start position:0% +issued by corporations and that have + + + align:start position:0% +issued by corporations and that have +been stamped by Moody with their ratings + + align:start position:0% +been stamped by Moody with their ratings + + + align:start position:0% +been stamped by Moody with their ratings +and the different bars correspond to how + + align:start position:0% +and the different bars correspond to how + + + align:start position:0% +and the different bars correspond to how +long the bonds have been issued issued + + align:start position:0% +long the bonds have been issued issued + + + align:start position:0% +long the bonds have been issued issued +and are outstanding because obviously + + align:start position:0% +and are outstanding because obviously + + + align:start position:0% +and are outstanding because obviously +the longer the bond is out there the + + align:start position:0% +the longer the bond is out there the + + + align:start position:0% +the longer the bond is out there the +more likely it is that it will default + + align:start position:0% +more likely it is that it will default + + + align:start position:0% +more likely it is that it will default +right so you have to separate them by + + align:start position:0% +right so you have to separate them by + + + align:start position:0% +right so you have to separate them by +their the years out in the uh in the + + align:start position:0% +their the years out in the uh in the + + + align:start position:0% +their the years out in the uh in the +market if you take a look at a five-year + + align:start position:0% +market if you take a look at a five-year + + + align:start position:0% +market if you take a look at a five-year +period That's the um the bars all the + + align:start position:0% +period That's the um the bars all the + + + align:start position:0% +period That's the um the bars all the +way to the extreme left of each rating + + align:start position:0% +way to the extreme left of each rating + + + align:start position:0% +way to the extreme left of each rating +category you see that for a fiveyear + + align:start position:0% +category you see that for a fiveyear + + + align:start position:0% +category you see that for a fiveyear +periods the default rate of AAA + + align:start position:0% +periods the default rate of AAA + + + align:start position:0% +periods the default rate of AAA +Securities is + + align:start position:0% +Securities is + + + align:start position:0% +Securities is +well well below 1% it's measured in + + align:start position:0% +well well below 1% it's measured in + + + align:start position:0% +well well below 1% it's measured in +basis points that + + align:start position:0% +basis points that + + + align:start position:0% +basis points that +probability if you wait 20 years for AAA + + align:start position:0% +probability if you wait 20 years for AAA + + + align:start position:0% +probability if you wait 20 years for AAA +bonds the default rate goes up to maybe + + align:start position:0% +bonds the default rate goes up to maybe + + + align:start position:0% +bonds the default rate goes up to maybe +two or 3% so that means that when AAA + + align:start position:0% +two or 3% so that means that when AAA + + + align:start position:0% +two or 3% so that means that when AAA +bonds are issued and you wait for 20 + + align:start position:0% +bonds are issued and you wait for 20 + + + align:start position:0% +bonds are issued and you wait for 20 +years to see what happens to them it's a + + align:start position:0% +years to see what happens to them it's a + + + align:start position:0% +years to see what happens to them it's a +very very small group that ends up + + align:start position:0% +very very small group that ends up + + + align:start position:0% +very very small group that ends up +defaulting if they have a AAA rating on + + align:start position:0% +defaulting if they have a AAA rating on + + + align:start position:0% +defaulting if they have a AAA rating on +average triaa bonds default maybe 1% of + + align:start position:0% +average triaa bonds default maybe 1% of + + + align:start position:0% +average triaa bonds default maybe 1% of +the time or less okay on the other hand + + align:start position:0% +the time or less okay on the other hand + + + align:start position:0% +the time or less okay on the other hand +if you take a look at below investment + + align:start position:0% +if you take a look at below investment + + + align:start position:0% +if you take a look at below investment +grade so baaa is uh just at the + + align:start position:0% +grade so baaa is uh just at the + + + align:start position:0% +grade so baaa is uh just at the +borderline of investment grade + + align:start position:0% +borderline of investment grade + + + align:start position:0% +borderline of investment grade +right and if you take a look at the + + align:start position:0% +right and if you take a look at the + + + align:start position:0% +right and if you take a look at the +default rates here lots higher but by + + align:start position:0% +default rates here lots higher but by + + + align:start position:0% +default rates here lots higher but by +Lots higher we're talking about 5 to + + align:start position:0% +Lots higher we're talking about 5 to + + + align:start position:0% +Lots higher we're talking about 5 to +10% 5 to + + align:start position:0% +10% 5 to + + + align:start position:0% +10% 5 to +10% Okay so what based upon these + + align:start position:0% +10% Okay so what based upon these + + + align:start position:0% +10% Okay so what based upon these +categorizations we can now rate our own + + align:start position:0% +categorizations we can now rate our own + + + align:start position:0% +categorizations we can now rate our own +bonds what I just decided to issue with + + align:start position:0% +bonds what I just decided to issue with + + + align:start position:0% +bonds what I just decided to issue with +these Securities + + align:start position:0% +these Securities + + + align:start position:0% +these Securities +right the senior tranch is rated AAA and + + align:start position:0% +right the senior tranch is rated AAA and + + + align:start position:0% +right the senior tranch is rated AAA and +what would you rate the junior + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tranch ba maybe baa at the best but + + align:start position:0% +tranch ba maybe baa at the best but + + + align:start position:0% +tranch ba maybe baa at the best but +probably more like + + align:start position:0% +probably more like + + + align:start position:0% +probably more like +ba so the senior tranch looks pretty + + align:start position:0% +ba so the senior tranch looks pretty + + + align:start position:0% +ba so the senior tranch looks pretty +good and the junior tranch looks pretty + + align:start position:0% +good and the junior tranch looks pretty + + + align:start position:0% +good and the junior tranch looks pretty +bad bad but you know what their ratings + + align:start position:0% +bad bad but you know what their ratings + + + align:start position:0% +bad bad but you know what their ratings +are and therefore go ahead and price + + align:start position:0% +are and therefore go ahead and price + + + align:start position:0% +are and therefore go ahead and price +them accordingly so let's do that if you + + align:start position:0% +them accordingly so let's do that if you + + + align:start position:0% +them accordingly so let's do that if you +price them accordingly what happens is + + align:start position:0% +price them accordingly what happens is + + + align:start position:0% +price them accordingly what happens is +that the senior tranch gets priced at + + align:start position:0% +that the senior tranch gets priced at + + + align:start position:0% +that the senior tranch gets priced at +$990 and the junior tranch gets priced + + align:start position:0% +$990 and the junior tranch gets priced + + + align:start position:0% +$990 and the junior tranch gets priced +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +810 now this is very different from + + align:start position:0% +810 now this is very different from + + + align:start position:0% +810 now this is very different from +what the price was before the price for + + align:start position:0% +what the price was before the price for + + + align:start position:0% +what the price was before the price for +both bonds was 900 right the expected + + align:start position:0% +both bonds was 900 right the expected + + + align:start position:0% +both bonds was 900 right the expected +value of the + + align:start position:0% +value of the + + + align:start position:0% +value of the +payout and the expected value of each + + align:start position:0% +payout and the expected value of each + + + align:start position:0% +payout and the expected value of each +bond is 900 when you add them up you get + + align:start position:0% +bond is 900 when you add them up you get + + + align:start position:0% +bond is 900 when you add them up you get +1,800 here when you add up these two + + align:start position:0% +1,800 here when you add up these two + + + align:start position:0% +1,800 here when you add up these two +bonds you also get 1,800 so I have + + align:start position:0% +bonds you also get 1,800 so I have + + + align:start position:0% +bonds you also get 1,800 so I have +neither created nor destroyed value all + + align:start position:0% +neither created nor destroyed value all + + + align:start position:0% +neither created nor destroyed value all +I've done is to reallocate that value + + align:start position:0% +I've done is to reallocate that value + + + align:start position:0% +I've done is to reallocate that value +I've given the senior Bond holders lower + + align:start position:0% +I've given the senior Bond holders lower + + + align:start position:0% +I've given the senior Bond holders lower +default r risk and therefore higher + + align:start position:0% +default r risk and therefore higher + + + align:start position:0% +default r risk and therefore higher +return uh rather higher uh likelihood of + + align:start position:0% +return uh rather higher uh likelihood of + + + align:start position:0% +return uh rather higher uh likelihood of +getting their money back therefore a + + align:start position:0% +getting their money back therefore a + + + align:start position:0% +getting their money back therefore a +lower yield is necessary in order to + + align:start position:0% +lower yield is necessary in order to + + + align:start position:0% +lower yield is necessary in order to +sell that Bond on the other hand that + + align:start position:0% +sell that Bond on the other hand that + + + align:start position:0% +sell that Bond on the other hand that +extra benefit that we've given to the + + align:start position:0% +extra benefit that we've given to the + + + align:start position:0% +extra benefit that we've given to the +senior claimants comes from the junior + + align:start position:0% +senior claimants comes from the junior + + + align:start position:0% +senior claimants comes from the junior +claimants and therefore they get a lower + + align:start position:0% +claimants and therefore they get a lower + + + align:start position:0% +claimants and therefore they get a lower +price or they have to be given a higher + + align:start position:0% +price or they have to be given a higher + + + align:start position:0% +price or they have to be given a higher +yield to entice them to bear that kind + + align:start position:0% +yield to entice them to bear that kind + + + align:start position:0% +yield to entice them to bear that kind +of risk all right + + align:start position:0% +of risk all right + + + align:start position:0% +of risk all right +right now why is this such a stroke of + + align:start position:0% +right now why is this such a stroke of + + + align:start position:0% +right now why is this such a stroke of +Genius it's because what we've done is + + align:start position:0% +Genius it's because what we've done is + + + align:start position:0% +Genius it's because what we've done is +take two identical Securities that + + align:start position:0% +take two identical Securities that + + + align:start position:0% +take two identical Securities that +nobody was particularly excited + + align:start position:0% +nobody was particularly excited + + + align:start position:0% +nobody was particularly excited +about and we've created by this + + align:start position:0% +about and we've created by this + + + align:start position:0% +about and we've created by this +securitization process we've created two + + align:start position:0% +securitization process we've created two + + + align:start position:0% +securitization process we've created two +other + + align:start position:0% +other + + + align:start position:0% +other +Securities that actually a number of + + align:start position:0% +Securities that actually a number of + + + align:start position:0% +Securities that actually a number of +communities are very excited about for + + align:start position:0% +communities are very excited about for + + + align:start position:0% +communities are very excited about for +example example the Pension funds + + align:start position:0% +example example the Pension funds + + + align:start position:0% +example example the Pension funds +endowments foundations all of the very + + align:start position:0% +endowments foundations all of the very + + + align:start position:0% +endowments foundations all of the very +conservative investors that want a very + + align:start position:0% +conservative investors that want a very + + + align:start position:0% +conservative investors that want a very +boring Bond portfolio no excitement no + + align:start position:0% +boring Bond portfolio no excitement no + + + align:start position:0% +boring Bond portfolio no excitement no +headline risk they just want their money + + align:start position:0% +headline risk they just want their money + + + align:start position:0% +headline risk they just want their money +back with a reasonable rate of return + + align:start position:0% +back with a reasonable rate of return + + + align:start position:0% +back with a reasonable rate of return +they've got it with the senior trunch + + align:start position:0% +they've got it with the senior trunch + + + align:start position:0% +they've got it with the senior trunch +and by the way if they're even nervous + + align:start position:0% +and by the way if they're even nervous + + + align:start position:0% +and by the way if they're even nervous +about this very very safe + + align:start position:0% +about this very very safe + + + align:start position:0% +about this very very safe +structure let's let's ensure it let's + + align:start position:0% +structure let's let's ensure it let's + + + align:start position:0% +structure let's let's ensure it let's +get a large stable Insurance Company oh + + align:start position:0% +get a large stable Insurance Company oh + + + align:start position:0% +get a large stable Insurance Company oh +I don't know maybe uh AIG and let's get + + align:start position:0% +I don't know maybe uh AIG and let's get + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know maybe uh AIG and let's get +them to ensure that these won't default + + align:start position:0% +them to ensure that these won't default + + + align:start position:0% +them to ensure that these won't default +because if they do AIG will pay an extra + + align:start position:0% +because if they do AIG will pay an extra + + + align:start position:0% +because if they do AIG will pay an extra +premium on top of that so then they're + + align:start position:0% +premium on top of that so then they're + + + align:start position:0% +premium on top of that so then they're +called super senior Securities super + + align:start position:0% +called super senior Securities super + + + align:start position:0% +called super senior Securities super +senior trunch security because they've + + align:start position:0% +senior trunch security because they've + + + align:start position:0% +senior trunch security because they've +got guarantees on top of the + + align:start position:0% +got guarantees on top of the + + + align:start position:0% +got guarantees on top of the +securitization + + align:start position:0% +securitization + + + align:start position:0% +securitization +features Pension funds love this they + + align:start position:0% +features Pension funds love this they + + + align:start position:0% +features Pension funds love this they +bought this in large large + + align:start position:0% +bought this in large large + + + align:start position:0% +bought this in large large +quantities now what about the the + + align:start position:0% +quantities now what about the the + + + align:start position:0% +quantities now what about the the +so-called toxic waste the the junior + + align:start position:0% +so-called toxic waste the the junior + + + align:start position:0% +so-called toxic waste the the junior +tranch well we know it's toxic waste + + align:start position:0% +tranch well we know it's toxic waste + + + align:start position:0% +tranch well we know it's toxic waste +we've priced it as if it were toxic + + align:start position:0% +we've priced it as if it were toxic + + + align:start position:0% +we've priced it as if it were toxic +waste and so those investors that are + + align:start position:0% +waste and so those investors that are + + + align:start position:0% +waste and so those investors that are +looking for 15 or 20% + + align:start position:0% +looking for 15 or 20% + + + align:start position:0% +looking for 15 or 20% +returns that are not looking for boring + + align:start position:0% +returns that are not looking for boring + + + align:start position:0% +returns that are not looking for boring +safe assets they will go for the junior + + align:start position:0% +safe assets they will go for the junior + + + align:start position:0% +safe assets they will go for the junior +trunch namely the hedge funds and as + + align:start position:0% +trunch namely the hedge funds and as + + + align:start position:0% +trunch namely the hedge funds and as +many of you know hedge funds have grown + + align:start position:0% +many of you know hedge funds have grown + + + align:start position:0% +many of you know hedge funds have grown +by Leaps and Bounds over just the last + + align:start position:0% +by Leaps and Bounds over just the last + + + align:start position:0% +by Leaps and Bounds over just the last +10 years they've increased their assets + + align:start position:0% +10 years they've increased their assets + + + align:start position:0% +10 years they've increased their assets +under management by a factor of 10 to 20 + + align:start position:0% +under management by a factor of 10 to 20 + + + align:start position:0% +under management by a factor of 10 to 20 +and that money is looking for a home and + + align:start position:0% +and that money is looking for a home and + + + align:start position:0% +and that money is looking for a home and +boring safe Investments that earn six + + align:start position:0% +boring safe Investments that earn six + + + align:start position:0% +boring safe Investments that earn six +seven 8% that's not for hedge funds they + + align:start position:0% +seven 8% that's not for hedge funds they + + + align:start position:0% +seven 8% that's not for hedge funds they +looking for 15 20 30 40% and they get + + align:start position:0% +looking for 15 20 30 40% and they get + + + align:start position:0% +looking for 15 20 30 40% and they get +that with that Junior tranch right + + align:start position:0% +that with that Junior tranch right + + + align:start position:0% +that with that Junior tranch right +that's why the market over the last 10 + + align:start position:0% +that's why the market over the last 10 + + + align:start position:0% +that's why the market over the last 10 +years has exploded it's it's twofold + + align:start position:0% +years has exploded it's it's twofold + + + align:start position:0% +years has exploded it's it's twofold +it's because money has comeing from + + align:start position:0% +it's because money has comeing from + + + align:start position:0% +it's because money has comeing from +Pension funds for the senior debt money + + align:start position:0% +Pension funds for the senior debt money + + + align:start position:0% +Pension funds for the senior debt money +has comeing from the pen for for the + + align:start position:0% +has comeing from the pen for for the + + + align:start position:0% +has comeing from the pen for for the +hedge funds for that Junior debt and + + align:start position:0% +hedge funds for that Junior debt and + + + align:start position:0% +hedge funds for that Junior debt and +together they've brought much much more + + align:start position:0% +together they've brought much much more + + + align:start position:0% +together they've brought much much more +money into this business than ever + + align:start position:0% +money into this business than ever + + + align:start position:0% +money into this business than ever +before and the question is how do you + + align:start position:0% +before and the question is how do you + + + align:start position:0% +before and the question is how do you +take that money and push it out to + + align:start position:0% +take that money and push it out to + + + align:start position:0% +take that money and push it out to +people well it turns out that because + + align:start position:0% +people well it turns out that because + + + align:start position:0% +people well it turns out that because +housing markets are going up that was a + + align:start position:0% +housing markets are going up that was a + + + align:start position:0% +housing markets are going up that was a +perfect way to get these this money out + + align:start position:0% +perfect way to get these this money out + + + align:start position:0% +perfect way to get these this money out +to investors yes um this model is based + + align:start position:0% +to investors yes um this model is based + + + align:start position:0% +to investors yes um this model is based +on the probability of the moodies I have + + align:start position:0% +on the probability of the moodies I have + + + align:start position:0% +on the probability of the moodies I have +a question um is there any way investors + + align:start position:0% +a question um is there any way investors + + + align:start position:0% +a question um is there any way investors +can estimate this probability by + + align:start position:0% +can estimate this probability by + + + align:start position:0% +can estimate this probability by +themselves instead of relying on + + align:start position:0% +themselves instead of relying on + + + align:start position:0% +themselves instead of relying on +standards b or moodies it's very + + align:start position:0% +standards b or moodies it's very + + + align:start position:0% +standards b or moodies it's very +difficult for investors to estimate the + + align:start position:0% +difficult for investors to estimate the + + + align:start position:0% +difficult for investors to estimate the +probabilities themselves because they + + align:start position:0% +probabilities themselves because they + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities themselves because they +don't have access to the same data that + + align:start position:0% +don't have access to the same data that + + + align:start position:0% +don't have access to the same data that +Moody's and S&P and Fitch do typically + + align:start position:0% +Moody's and S&P and Fitch do typically + + + align:start position:0% +Moody's and S&P and Fitch do typically +when you estimate the probabilities you + + align:start position:0% +when you estimate the probabilities you + + + align:start position:0% +when you estimate the probabilities you +need data in terms of the underlying + + align:start position:0% +need data in terms of the underlying + + + align:start position:0% +need data in terms of the underlying +portfolio and the riskiness as a typical + + align:start position:0% +portfolio and the riskiness as a typical + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio and the riskiness as a typical +investor certainly as a pension fund + + align:start position:0% +investor certainly as a pension fund + + + align:start position:0% +investor certainly as a pension fund +investor you would not be given access + + align:start position:0% +investor you would not be given access + + + align:start position:0% +investor you would not be given access +and even if you were given access you + + align:start position:0% +and even if you were given access you + + + align:start position:0% +and even if you were given access you +don't have the staff that can actually + + align:start position:0% +don't have the staff that can actually + + + align:start position:0% +don't have the staff that can actually +Analyze This so if moodies or standard + + align:start position:0% +Analyze This so if moodies or standard + + + align:start position:0% +Analyze This so if moodies or standard +makes made mistake then every every + + align:start position:0% +makes made mistake then every every + + + align:start position:0% +makes made mistake then every every +pension fund or other investor Will Made + + align:start position:0% +pension fund or other investor Will Made + + + align:start position:0% +pension fund or other investor Will Made +same mistake the mistakes can carry over + + align:start position:0% +same mistake the mistakes can carry over + + + align:start position:0% +same mistake the mistakes can carry over +that's right there is no way for Pension + + align:start position:0% +that's right there is no way for Pension + + + align:start position:0% +that's right there is no way for Pension +funds endowments and Foundations or + + align:start position:0% +funds endowments and Foundations or + + + align:start position:0% +funds endowments and Foundations or +retail investors to do their own kind of + + align:start position:0% +retail investors to do their own kind of + + + align:start position:0% +retail investors to do their own kind of +due diligence they're relying on those + + align:start position:0% +due diligence they're relying on those + + + align:start position:0% +due diligence they're relying on those +managers of the Pension funds to do that + + align:start position:0% +managers of the Pension funds to do that + + + align:start position:0% +managers of the Pension funds to do that +and by the way it wasn't just Pension + + align:start position:0% +and by the way it wasn't just Pension + + + align:start position:0% +and by the way it wasn't just Pension +funds that did this there were some + + align:start position:0% +funds that did this there were some + + + align:start position:0% +funds that did this there were some +mutual funds that did this too and not + + align:start position:0% +mutual funds that did this too and not + + + align:start position:0% +mutual funds that did this too and not +only mutual funds + + align:start position:0% +only mutual funds + + + align:start position:0% +only mutual funds +but there are also some money market + + align:start position:0% +but there are also some money market + + + align:start position:0% +but there are also some money market +funds that did this now money market + + align:start position:0% +funds that did this now money market + + + align:start position:0% +funds that did this now money market +funds you say why why would money market + + align:start position:0% +funds you say why why would money market + + + align:start position:0% +funds you say why why would money market +funds get invested in this well remember + + align:start position:0% +funds get invested in this well remember + + + align:start position:0% +funds get invested in this well remember +money market funds are supposed to be + + align:start position:0% +money market funds are supposed to be + + + align:start position:0% +money market funds are supposed to be +putting money into shortterm fixed + + align:start position:0% +putting money into shortterm fixed + + + align:start position:0% +putting money into shortterm fixed +income + + align:start position:0% +income + + + align:start position:0% +income +instruments well these could be + + align:start position:0% +instruments well these could be + + + align:start position:0% +instruments well these could be +shortterm and these are fixed income + + align:start position:0% +shortterm and these are fixed income + + + align:start position:0% +shortterm and these are fixed income +instruments and if you add some + + align:start position:0% +instruments and if you add some + + + align:start position:0% +instruments and if you add some +insurance on top of that they're even + + align:start position:0% +insurance on top of that they're even + + + align:start position:0% +insurance on top of that they're even +safer on paper anyway than many of the + + align:start position:0% +safer on paper anyway than many of the + + + align:start position:0% +safer on paper anyway than many of the +other traditional + + align:start position:0% +other traditional + + + align:start position:0% +other traditional +instruments so you can see now how a + + align:start position:0% +instruments so you can see now how a + + + align:start position:0% +instruments so you can see now how a +wonderful idea and this really is + + align:start position:0% +wonderful idea and this really is + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful idea and this really is +wonderful because it it dramatically + + align:start position:0% +wonderful because it it dramatically + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful because it it dramatically +increased the risk bearing capacity of + + align:start position:0% +increased the risk bearing capacity of + + + align:start position:0% +increased the risk bearing capacity of +the economy and by the way it made a lot + + align:start position:0% +the economy and by the way it made a lot + + + align:start position:0% +the economy and by the way it made a lot +of lot of people better off so right now + + align:start position:0% +of lot of people better off so right now + + + align:start position:0% +of lot of people better off so right now +we're in the midst of a financial crisis + + align:start position:0% +we're in the midst of a financial crisis + + + align:start position:0% +we're in the midst of a financial crisis +and we're focusing on the + + align:start position:0% +and we're focusing on the + + + align:start position:0% +and we're focusing on the +negatives but let's not be too quick to + + align:start position:0% +negatives but let's not be too quick to + + + align:start position:0% +negatives but let's not be too quick to +forget that these kinds of + + align:start position:0% +forget that these kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +forget that these kinds of +securitization uh processes brought in + + align:start position:0% +securitization uh processes brought in + + + align:start position:0% +securitization uh processes brought in +huge amounts of money that ultimately + + align:start position:0% +huge amounts of money that ultimately + + + align:start position:0% +huge amounts of money that ultimately +went homeowners to be able to buy homes + + align:start position:0% +went homeowners to be able to buy homes + + + align:start position:0% +went homeowners to be able to buy homes +that they otherwise couldn't have + + align:start position:0% +that they otherwise couldn't have + + + align:start position:0% +that they otherwise couldn't have +afforded and maybe you would argue they + + align:start position:0% +afforded and maybe you would argue they + + + align:start position:0% +afforded and maybe you would argue they +shouldn't have afforded but there are + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't have afforded but there are + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't have afforded but there are +still many many homeowners out there + + align:start position:0% +still many many homeowners out there + + + align:start position:0% +still many many homeowners out there +that have subprime loans that are paying + + align:start position:0% +that have subprime loans that are paying + + + align:start position:0% +that have subprime loans that are paying +their mortgage payments that are + + align:start position:0% +their mortgage payments that are + + + align:start position:0% +their mortgage payments that are +perfectly happy living in their homes + + align:start position:0% +perfectly happy living in their homes + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly happy living in their homes +and otherwise couldn't have afforded it + + align:start position:0% +and otherwise couldn't have afforded it + + + align:start position:0% +and otherwise couldn't have afforded it +without it and moreover there are a + + align:start position:0% +without it and moreover there are a + + + align:start position:0% +without it and moreover there are a +whole host of individuals that made tons + + align:start position:0% +whole host of individuals that made tons + + + align:start position:0% +whole host of individuals that made tons +of money because of the real estate boom + + align:start position:0% +of money because of the real estate boom + + + align:start position:0% +of money because of the real estate boom +and because they were able to leverage + + align:start position:0% +and because they were able to leverage + + + align:start position:0% +and because they were able to leverage +using these kinds of of funds y example + + align:start position:0% +using these kinds of of funds y example + + + align:start position:0% +using these kinds of of funds y example +the ones doing the packaging of us is + + align:start position:0% +the ones doing the packaging of us is + + + align:start position:0% +the ones doing the packaging of us is +that like women brothers are those the + + align:start position:0% +that like women brothers are those the + + + align:start position:0% +that like women brothers are those the +companies that's right so an example + + align:start position:0% +companies that's right so an example + + + align:start position:0% +companies that's right so an example +would be some of the investment Banks as + + align:start position:0% +would be some of the investment Banks as + + + align:start position:0% +would be some of the investment Banks as +well as some of the commercial Banks now + + align:start position:0% +well as some of the commercial Banks now + + + align:start position:0% +well as some of the commercial Banks now +in a minute I'm going to tell you what + + align:start position:0% +in a minute I'm going to tell you what + + + align:start position:0% +in a minute I'm going to tell you what +went wrong with all of this so far the + + align:start position:0% +went wrong with all of this so far the + + + align:start position:0% +went wrong with all of this so far the +story is great right this is really an + + align:start position:0% +story is great right this is really an + + + align:start position:0% +story is great right this is really an +innovation in financial uh engineering + + align:start position:0% +innovation in financial uh engineering + + + align:start position:0% +innovation in financial uh engineering +because by securitization by repackaging + + align:start position:0% +because by securitization by repackaging + + + align:start position:0% +because by securitization by repackaging +we've done nothing dishonest we've told + + align:start position:0% +we've done nothing dishonest we've told + + + align:start position:0% +we've done nothing dishonest we've told +people exactly what we're doing we've + + align:start position:0% +people exactly what we're doing we've + + + align:start position:0% +people exactly what we're doing we've +given them transparency and we've given + + align:start position:0% +given them transparency and we've given + + + align:start position:0% +given them transparency and we've given +the safer assets to the community that + + align:start position:0% +the safer assets to the community that + + + align:start position:0% +the safer assets to the community that +wants safer assets and we've given the + + align:start position:0% +wants safer assets and we've given the + + + align:start position:0% +wants safer assets and we've given the +very exciting assets to those who want + + align:start position:0% +very exciting assets to those who want + + + align:start position:0% +very exciting assets to those who want +the exciting + + align:start position:0% +the exciting + + + align:start position:0% +the exciting +Assets Now where does this go + + align:start position:0% +Assets Now where does this go + + + align:start position:0% +Assets Now where does this go +wrong oh question before we do that the + + align:start position:0% +wrong oh question before we do that the + + + align:start position:0% +wrong oh question before we do that the +Assumption you made in this is that + + align:start position:0% +Assumption you made in this is that + + + align:start position:0% +Assumption you made in this is that +they're not coordinated is itely that + + align:start position:0% +they're not coordinated is itely that + + + align:start position:0% +they're not coordinated is itely that +one pH I mean isn't there more + + align:start position:0% +one pH I mean isn't there more + + + align:start position:0% +one pH I mean isn't there more +likeliness of coordination between so + + align:start position:0% +likeliness of coordination between so + + + align:start position:0% +likeliness of coordination between so +there's always somebody that's ready to + + align:start position:0% +there's always somebody that's ready to + + + align:start position:0% +there's always somebody that's ready to +spoil the party for the rest of + + align:start position:0% +spoil the party for the rest of + + + align:start position:0% +spoil the party for the rest of +us you're absolutely right + + align:start position:0% +us you're absolutely right + + + align:start position:0% +us you're absolutely right +that's where the story gets + + align:start position:0% +that's where the story gets + + + align:start position:0% +that's where the story gets +interesting I've assumed that these two + + align:start position:0% +interesting I've assumed that these two + + + align:start position:0% +interesting I've assumed that these two +bonds are Inc + + align:start position:0% +bonds are Inc + + + align:start position:0% +bonds are Inc +correlated what if that assumption is + + align:start position:0% +correlated what if that assumption is + + + align:start position:0% +correlated what if that assumption is +wrong in fact what + + align:start position:0% +wrong in fact what + + + align:start position:0% +wrong in fact what +happens if not only are they + + align:start position:0% +happens if not only are they + + + align:start position:0% +happens if not only are they +uncorrelated but what happens if the + + align:start position:0% +uncorrelated but what happens if the + + + align:start position:0% +uncorrelated but what happens if the +bonds are perfectly + + align:start position:0% +bonds are perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +bonds are perfectly +correlated let's work that out that's a + + align:start position:0% +correlated let's work that out that's a + + + align:start position:0% +correlated let's work that out that's a +numerical example that's not hard to do + + align:start position:0% +numerical example that's not hard to do + + + align:start position:0% +numerical example that's not hard to do +if the bonds are perfectly correlated + + align:start position:0% +if the bonds are perfectly correlated + + + align:start position:0% +if the bonds are perfectly correlated +that means they default at the same time + + align:start position:0% +that means they default at the same time + + + align:start position:0% +that means they default at the same time +and they pay off at the same time then + + align:start position:0% +and they pay off at the same time then + + + align:start position:0% +and they pay off at the same time then +instead of three + + align:start position:0% +instead of three + + + align:start position:0% +instead of three +outcomes we only have two outcomes + + align:start position:0% +outcomes we only have two outcomes + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes we only have two outcomes +either we get paid $22,000 in the + + align:start position:0% +either we get paid $22,000 in the + + + align:start position:0% +either we get paid $22,000 in the +portfolio or we get paid nothing in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +portfolio now what happens to the senior + + align:start position:0% +portfolio now what happens to the senior + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio now what happens to the senior +and Junior tranches + + align:start position:0% +and Junior tranches + + + align:start position:0% +and Junior tranches +well now the senior trunch the trunch + + align:start position:0% +well now the senior trunch the trunch + + + align:start position:0% +well now the senior trunch the trunch +that was AAA the trunch that had less + + align:start position:0% +that was AAA the trunch that had less + + + align:start position:0% +that was AAA the trunch that had less +than 1% probability of default the + + align:start position:0% +than 1% probability of default the + + + align:start position:0% +than 1% probability of default the +tranch That was supposed to be so safe + + align:start position:0% +tranch That was supposed to be so safe + + + align:start position:0% +tranch That was supposed to be so safe +that all sorts of very conservative + + align:start position:0% +that all sorts of very conservative + + + align:start position:0% +that all sorts of very conservative +institutions could take it on that + + align:start position:0% +institutions could take it on that + + + align:start position:0% +institutions could take it on that +trunch has now increased in riskiness by + + align:start position:0% +trunch has now increased in riskiness by + + + align:start position:0% +trunch has now increased in riskiness by +a factor of + + align:start position:0% +a factor of + + + align:start position:0% +a factor of +10 the probability default has gone from + + align:start position:0% +10 the probability default has gone from + + + align:start position:0% +10 the probability default has gone from +1% to + + align:start position:0% +1% to + + + align:start position:0% +1% to +10% and the junior tranch the tranch + + align:start position:0% +10% and the junior tranch the tranch + + + align:start position:0% +10% and the junior tranch the tranch +That was supposed to be toxic waste and + + align:start position:0% +That was supposed to be toxic waste and + + + align:start position:0% +That was supposed to be toxic waste and +that had a 19% default rate now + + align:start position:0% +that had a 19% default rate now + + + align:start position:0% +that had a 19% default rate now +it looks incredibly good because it's + + align:start position:0% +it looks incredibly good because it's + + + align:start position:0% +it looks incredibly good because it's +gone up in terms of its quality it's + + align:start position:0% +gone up in terms of its quality it's + + + align:start position:0% +gone up in terms of its quality it's +gone down in terms of its default + + align:start position:0% +gone down in terms of its default + + + align:start position:0% +gone down in terms of its default +probability from + + align:start position:0% +probability from + + + align:start position:0% +probability from +19% to 10% so if you look at the pricing + + align:start position:0% +19% to 10% so if you look at the pricing + + + align:start position:0% +19% to 10% so if you look at the pricing +now the pricing of these two things of + + align:start position:0% +now the pricing of these two things of + + + align:start position:0% +now the pricing of these two things of +course is + + align:start position:0% +course is + + + align:start position:0% +course is +$900 if they're perfectly correlated + + align:start position:0% +$900 if they're perfectly correlated + + + align:start position:0% +$900 if they're perfectly correlated +then securitization does nothing all + + align:start position:0% +then securitization does nothing all + + + align:start position:0% +then securitization does nothing all +you've done is to take two pieces of + + align:start position:0% +you've done is to take two pieces of + + + align:start position:0% +you've done is to take two pieces of +paper and slice them up into two + + align:start position:0% +paper and slice them up into two + + + align:start position:0% +paper and slice them up into two +identical pieces of + + align:start position:0% +identical pieces of + + + align:start position:0% +identical pieces of +paper that's what happens if they're + + align:start position:0% +paper that's what happens if they're + + + align:start position:0% +paper that's what happens if they're +perfectly correlated so + + align:start position:0% +perfectly correlated so + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly correlated so +now why would why would they become + + align:start position:0% +now why would why would they become + + + align:start position:0% +now why would why would they become +perfectly + + align:start position:0% +perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly +correlated well this has to do with what + + align:start position:0% +correlated well this has to do with what + + + align:start position:0% +correlated well this has to do with what +happened in the housing market when the + + align:start position:0% +happened in the housing market when the + + + align:start position:0% +happened in the housing market when the +housing market turned down as it did + + align:start position:0% +housing market turned down as it did + + + align:start position:0% +housing market turned down as it did +shortly after June of + + align:start position:0% +shortly after June of + + + align:start position:0% +shortly after June of +2006 that created uh a huge dislocation + + align:start position:0% +2006 that created uh a huge dislocation + + + align:start position:0% +2006 that created uh a huge dislocation +in these credit markets because what was + + align:start position:0% +in these credit markets because what was + + + align:start position:0% +in these credit markets because what was +uncorrelated all of a sudden became + + align:start position:0% +uncorrelated all of a sudden became + + + align:start position:0% +uncorrelated all of a sudden became +highly correlated it's as if an + + align:start position:0% +highly correlated it's as if an + + + align:start position:0% +highly correlated it's as if an +insurance company that was ensuring uh + + align:start position:0% +insurance company that was ensuring uh + + + align:start position:0% +insurance company that was ensuring uh +Property and Casualty across the country + + align:start position:0% +Property and Casualty across the country + + + align:start position:0% +Property and Casualty across the country +all of a sudden experienced earthquakes + + align:start position:0% +all of a sudden experienced earthquakes + + + align:start position:0% +all of a sudden experienced earthquakes +in every one of the 50 states all at + + align:start position:0% +in every one of the 50 states all at + + + align:start position:0% +in every one of the 50 states all at +once an insurance company cannot + + align:start position:0% +once an insurance company cannot + + + align:start position:0% +once an insurance company cannot +withstand that kind of an event unless + + align:start position:0% +withstand that kind of an event unless + + + align:start position:0% +withstand that kind of an event unless +of course it's prepared for it and + + align:start position:0% +of course it's prepared for it and + + + align:start position:0% +of course it's prepared for it and +earthquake insurers prepare for it by + + align:start position:0% +earthquake insurers prepare for it by + + + align:start position:0% +earthquake insurers prepare for it by +ensuring not just earthquakes but + + align:start position:0% +ensuring not just earthquakes but + + + align:start position:0% +ensuring not just earthquakes but +hurricanes fires and other natural + + align:start position:0% +hurricanes fires and other natural + + + align:start position:0% +hurricanes fires and other natural +disasters which rarely come all of the + + align:start position:0% +disasters which rarely come all of the + + + align:start position:0% +disasters which rarely come all of the +the same time and all in the same + + align:start position:0% +the same time and all in the same + + + align:start position:0% +the same time and all in the same +place we weren't prepared for this the + + align:start position:0% +place we weren't prepared for this the + + + align:start position:0% +place we weren't prepared for this the +people that sold these Securities that + + align:start position:0% +people that sold these Securities that + + + align:start position:0% +people that sold these Securities that +held them weren't prepared in fact I + + align:start position:0% +held them weren't prepared in fact I + + + align:start position:0% +held them weren't prepared in fact I +skipped over a quote at the very + + align:start position:0% +skipped over a quote at the very + + + align:start position:0% +skipped over a quote at the very +beginning of this section this is a + + align:start position:0% +beginning of this section this is a + + + align:start position:0% +beginning of this section this is a +quote that was uh that appeared in The + + align:start position:0% +quote that was uh that appeared in The + + + align:start position:0% +quote that was uh that appeared in The +Economist + + align:start position:0% +Economist + + + align:start position:0% +Economist +magazine um anonymously and it was the + + align:start position:0% +magazine um anonymously and it was the + + + align:start position:0% +magazine um anonymously and it was the +chief risk officer of a major financial + + align:start position:0% +chief risk officer of a major financial + + + align:start position:0% +chief risk officer of a major financial +institution and uh the uh risk manager + + align:start position:0% +institution and uh the uh risk manager + + + align:start position:0% +institution and uh the uh risk manager +wrote in the first part of the + + align:start position:0% +wrote in the first part of the + + + align:start position:0% +wrote in the first part of the +article like most banks we owned a + + align:start position:0% +article like most banks we owned a + + + align:start position:0% +article like most banks we owned a +portfolio of different tranches of + + align:start position:0% +portfolio of different tranches of + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio of different tranches of +collateralized debt obligations that's + + align:start position:0% +collateralized debt obligations that's + + + align:start position:0% +collateralized debt obligations that's +what the securitized set of uh of + + align:start position:0% +what the securitized set of uh of + + + align:start position:0% +what the securitized set of uh of +obligations are called which are + + align:start position:0% +obligations are called which are + + + align:start position:0% +obligations are called which are +packages of asset back Securities our + + align:start position:0% +packages of asset back Securities our + + + align:start position:0% +packages of asset back Securities our +business and risk strategy was to buy + + align:start position:0% +business and risk strategy was to buy + + + align:start position:0% +business and risk strategy was to buy +pools of assets mainly bonds Warehouse + + align:start position:0% +pools of assets mainly bonds Warehouse + + + align:start position:0% +pools of assets mainly bonds Warehouse +them on our own balance sheet meaning + + align:start position:0% +them on our own balance sheet meaning + + + align:start position:0% +them on our own balance sheet meaning +put them in a portfolio you know in in + + align:start position:0% +put them in a portfolio you know in in + + + align:start position:0% +put them in a portfolio you know in in +our company and structure them into cdos + + align:start position:0% +our company and structure them into cdos + + + align:start position:0% +our company and structure them into cdos +and finally distribute them to end + + align:start position:0% +and finally distribute them to end + + + align:start position:0% +and finally distribute them to end +investors issue the pieces of paper to + + align:start position:0% +investors issue the pieces of paper to + + + align:start position:0% +investors issue the pieces of paper to +the different investors we were most + + align:start position:0% +the different investors we were most + + + align:start position:0% +the different investors we were most +eager to sell the non-investment grade + + align:start position:0% +eager to sell the non-investment grade + + + align:start position:0% +eager to sell the non-investment grade +tranches the toxic waste and our risk + + align:start position:0% +tranches the toxic waste and our risk + + + align:start position:0% +tranches the toxic waste and our risk +approvals were conditional on reducing + + align:start position:0% +approvals were conditional on reducing + + + align:start position:0% +approvals were conditional on reducing +these to zero so they were very very + + align:start position:0% +these to zero so they were very very + + + align:start position:0% +these to zero so they were very very +careful to get rid of all that toxic + + align:start position:0% +careful to get rid of all that toxic + + + align:start position:0% +careful to get rid of all that toxic +waste we would allow positions however + + align:start position:0% +waste we would allow positions however + + + align:start position:0% +waste we would allow positions however +of the top rated AAA and super senior + + align:start position:0% +of the top rated AAA and super senior + + + align:start position:0% +of the top rated AAA and super senior +even better than AAA tranches to be held + + align:start position:0% +even better than AAA tranches to be held + + + align:start position:0% +even better than AAA tranches to be held +on our own balance sheets as the default + + align:start position:0% +on our own balance sheets as the default + + + align:start position:0% +on our own balance sheets as the default +was deemed to be well protected by all + + align:start position:0% +was deemed to be well protected by all + + + align:start position:0% +was deemed to be well protected by all +the lower tranches which would have to + + align:start position:0% +the lower tranches which would have to + + + align:start position:0% +the lower tranches which would have to +absorb any prior + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +losses in May of 2005 we held AAA + + align:start position:0% +losses in May of 2005 we held AAA + + + align:start position:0% +losses in May of 2005 we held AAA +tranches expecting them to rise in value + + align:start position:0% +tranches expecting them to rise in value + + + align:start position:0% +tranches expecting them to rise in value +and sold non-investment grade tranches + + align:start position:0% +and sold non-investment grade tranches + + + align:start position:0% +and sold non-investment grade tranches +expecting them to go down they were long + + align:start position:0% +expecting them to go down they were long + + + align:start position:0% +expecting them to go down they were long +the seniors short the Juniors right + + align:start position:0% +the seniors short the Juniors right + + + align:start position:0% +the seniors short the Juniors right +that's a strategy from a risk management + + align:start position:0% +that's a strategy from a risk management + + + align:start position:0% +that's a strategy from a risk management +point of view this was perfect have a + + align:start position:0% +point of view this was perfect have a + + + align:start position:0% +point of view this was perfect have a +long position in the lowrisk asset and + + align:start position:0% +long position in the lowrisk asset and + + + align:start position:0% +long position in the lowrisk asset and +have a short one in the higher risk + + align:start position:0% +have a short one in the higher risk + + + align:start position:0% +have a short one in the higher risk +asset but the reverse happened of what + + align:start position:0% +asset but the reverse happened of what + + + align:start position:0% +asset but the reverse happened of what +we had expected AAA tranches went down + + align:start position:0% +we had expected AAA tranches went down + + + align:start position:0% +we had expected AAA tranches went down +in price and non-investment gr tranches + + align:start position:0% +in price and non-investment gr tranches + + + align:start position:0% +in price and non-investment gr tranches +went up resulting in losses as we marked + + align:start position:0% +went up resulting in losses as we marked + + + align:start position:0% +went up resulting in losses as we marked +the positions in Market to Market and + + align:start position:0% +the positions in Market to Market and + + + align:start position:0% +the positions in Market to Market and +then the risk manager this Chief risk + + align:start position:0% +then the risk manager this Chief risk + + + align:start position:0% +then the risk manager this Chief risk +officer of a major financial + + align:start position:0% +officer of a major financial + + + align:start position:0% +officer of a major financial +institution said the following this was + + align:start position:0% +institution said the following this was + + + align:start position:0% +institution said the following this was +entirely + + align:start position:0% +entirely + + + align:start position:0% +entirely +counterintuitive explanations of why + + align:start position:0% +counterintuitive explanations of why + + + align:start position:0% +counterintuitive explanations of why +this had happened were confusing and + + align:start position:0% +this had happened were confusing and + + + align:start position:0% +this had happened were confusing and +focused on complicated crosscorrelations + + align:start position:0% +focused on complicated crosscorrelations + + + align:start position:0% +focused on complicated crosscorrelations +between tranches in essence it turned + + align:start position:0% +between tranches in essence it turned + + + align:start position:0% +between tranches in essence it turned +out that there had been a short squeeze + + align:start position:0% +out that there had been a short squeeze + + + align:start position:0% +out that there had been a short squeeze +in non-investment grade tranches driving + + align:start position:0% +in non-investment grade tranches driving + + + align:start position:0% +in non-investment grade tranches driving +up prices and generally selling of all + + align:start position:0% +up prices and generally selling of all + + + align:start position:0% +up prices and generally selling of all +the most senior even the very best AA + + align:start position:0% +the most senior even the very best AA + + + align:start position:0% +the most senior even the very best AA +ones he still doesn't get it the + + align:start position:0% +ones he still doesn't get it the + + + align:start position:0% +ones he still doesn't get it the +numerical example that I just showed you + + align:start position:0% +numerical example that I just showed you + + + align:start position:0% +numerical example that I just showed you +explains what happened right what + + align:start position:0% +explains what happened right what + + + align:start position:0% +explains what happened right what +happened is the correlations that were + + align:start position:0% +happened is the correlations that were + + + align:start position:0% +happened is the correlations that were +assumed to be zero turn turned out not + + align:start position:0% +assumed to be zero turn turned out not + + + align:start position:0% +assumed to be zero turn turned out not +to be zero and when things change when + + align:start position:0% +to be zero and when things change when + + + align:start position:0% +to be zero and when things change when +the correlations change that changes the + + align:start position:0% +the correlations change that changes the + + + align:start position:0% +the correlations change that changes the +risk and when you change the risk it + + align:start position:0% +risk and when you change the risk it + + + align:start position:0% +risk and when you change the risk it +changes the valuation because the + + align:start position:0% +changes the valuation because the + + + align:start position:0% +changes the valuation because the +markets are not stupid people realize + + align:start position:0% +markets are not stupid people realize + + + align:start position:0% +markets are not stupid people realize +wow I assume they were uncorrelated but + + align:start position:0% +wow I assume they were uncorrelated but + + + align:start position:0% +wow I assume they were uncorrelated but +now these things are very correlated I + + align:start position:0% +now these things are very correlated I + + + align:start position:0% +now these things are very correlated I +better recalculate my model and see what + + align:start position:0% +better recalculate my model and see what + + + align:start position:0% +better recalculate my model and see what +it tells me and it tells me that the AAA + + align:start position:0% +it tells me and it tells me that the AAA + + + align:start position:0% +it tells me and it tells me that the AAA +is not AAA any longer and it tells me + + align:start position:0% +is not AAA any longer and it tells me + + + align:start position:0% +is not AAA any longer and it tells me +that the ba is actually now + + align:start position:0% +that the ba is actually now + + + align:start position:0% +that the ba is actually now +baa so what he experienced is what every + + align:start position:0% +baa so what he experienced is what every + + + align:start position:0% +baa so what he experienced is what every +major financial institution dealing with + + align:start position:0% +major financial institution dealing with + + + align:start position:0% +major financial institution dealing with +this stuff experienced over the last + + align:start position:0% +this stuff experienced over the last + + + align:start position:0% +this stuff experienced over the last +couple of years it's that kind of a + + align:start position:0% +couple of years it's that kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +couple of years it's that kind of a +double whammy uh because of the default + + align:start position:0% +double whammy uh because of the default + + + align:start position:0% +double whammy uh because of the default +rates changing uh in a way that was + + align:start position:0% +rates changing uh in a way that was + + + align:start position:0% +rates changing uh in a way that was +never expected given the historical + + align:start position:0% +never expected given the historical + + + align:start position:0% +never expected given the historical +behavior of US housing market yeah + + align:start position:0% +behavior of US housing market yeah + + + align:start position:0% +behavior of US housing market yeah +bet + + align:start position:0% +bet + + + align:start position:0% +bet +superiores um with insurance was the + + align:start position:0% +superiores um with insurance was the + + + align:start position:0% +superiores um with insurance was the +relationship with the insurance + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +agents it was typically through the + + align:start position:0% +agents it was typically through the + + + align:start position:0% +agents it was typically through the +banks so the banks actually arranged + + align:start position:0% +banks so the banks actually arranged + + + align:start position:0% +banks so the banks actually arranged +with the insurance companies to insure + + align:start position:0% +with the insurance companies to insure + + + align:start position:0% +with the insurance companies to insure +those assets and then they would sell it + + align:start position:0% +those assets and then they would sell it + + + align:start position:0% +those assets and then they would sell it +to the end investor the end investor + + align:start position:0% +to the end investor the end investor + + + align:start position:0% +to the end investor the end investor +wasn't the one engaging in these + + align:start position:0% +wasn't the one engaging in these + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't the one engaging in these +although under certain circumstances + + align:start position:0% +although under certain circumstances + + + align:start position:0% +although under certain circumstances +certain Pension funds were so risk + + align:start position:0% +certain Pension funds were so risk + + + align:start position:0% +certain Pension funds were so risk +averse that they ultimately ended up + + align:start position:0% +averse that they ultimately ended up + + + align:start position:0% +averse that they ultimately ended up +buying extra insurance in the form of + + align:start position:0% +buying extra insurance in the form of + + + align:start position:0% +buying extra insurance in the form of +credit default swaps on these kinds of + + align:start position:0% +credit default swaps on these kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +credit default swaps on these kinds of +contracts with other counterparties so + + align:start position:0% +contracts with other counterparties so + + + align:start position:0% +contracts with other counterparties so +it in many cases some of the insurance + + align:start position:0% +it in many cases some of the insurance + + + align:start position:0% +it in many cases some of the insurance +companies actually did have + + align:start position:0% +companies actually did have + + + align:start position:0% +companies actually did have +relationships with the end investors as + + align:start position:0% +relationships with the end investors as + + + align:start position:0% +relationships with the end investors as +as well as with the investment + + align:start position:0% +as well as with the investment + + + align:start position:0% +as well as with the investment +Banks yeah Maria two questions rela to + + align:start position:0% +Banks yeah Maria two questions rela to + + + align:start position:0% +Banks yeah Maria two questions rela to +the rating agencies the is how do they + + align:start position:0% +the rating agencies the is how do they + + + align:start position:0% +the rating agencies the is how do they +work do they downgrade the the + + align:start position:0% +work do they downgrade the the + + + align:start position:0% +work do they downgrade the the +bonds I I think that this after the + + align:start position:0% +bonds I I think that this after the + + + align:start position:0% +bonds I I think that this after the +market + + align:start position:0% +market + + + align:start position:0% +market +has got the prices then they go and they + + align:start position:0% +has got the prices then they go and they + + + align:start position:0% +has got the prices then they go and they +they do they they do downgrade these + + align:start position:0% +they do they they do downgrade these + + + align:start position:0% +they do they they do downgrade these +absolutely and in fact not only do they + + align:start position:0% +absolutely and in fact not only do they + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely and in fact not only do they +downgrade the bonds but they also + + align:start position:0% +downgrade the bonds but they also + + + align:start position:0% +downgrade the bonds but they also +downgrade the equity of the companies + + align:start position:0% +downgrade the equity of the companies + + + align:start position:0% +downgrade the equity of the companies +that are issuing the bonds so for + + align:start position:0% +that are issuing the bonds so for + + + align:start position:0% +that are issuing the bonds so for +example AIG uh was downgraded uh you + + align:start position:0% +example AIG uh was downgraded uh you + + + align:start position:0% +example AIG uh was downgraded uh you +know because there was concern of + + align:start position:0% +know because there was concern of + + + align:start position:0% +know because there was concern of +whether or not it could meet its + + align:start position:0% +whether or not it could meet its + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not it could meet its +obligations and because of that + + align:start position:0% +obligations and because of that + + + align:start position:0% +obligations and because of that +downgrade that triggered a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +downgrade that triggered a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +downgrade that triggered a bunch of +other uh + + align:start position:0% +other uh + + + align:start position:0% +other uh +transactions and the other question is + + align:start position:0% +transactions and the other question is + + + align:start position:0% +transactions and the other question is +are they independent or are + + align:start position:0% +are they independent or are + + + align:start position:0% +are they independent or are +they really objective when they are well + + align:start position:0% +they really objective when they are well + + + align:start position:0% +they really objective when they are well +so those are two separate questions are + + align:start position:0% +so those are two separate questions are + + + align:start position:0% +so those are two separate questions are +they independent and are they objective + + align:start position:0% +they independent and are they objective + + + align:start position:0% +they independent and are they objective +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +yes they are independent strictly + + align:start position:0% +yes they are independent strictly + + + align:start position:0% +yes they are independent strictly +speaking in the sense that S&P and + + align:start position:0% +speaking in the sense that S&P and + + + align:start position:0% +speaking in the sense that S&P and +Moody's and Fitch are not owned by any + + align:start position:0% +Moody's and Fitch are not owned by any + + + align:start position:0% +Moody's and Fitch are not owned by any +of the companies that are being rated uh + + align:start position:0% +of the companies that are being rated uh + + + align:start position:0% +of the companies that are being rated uh +number one are they objective that's a + + align:start position:0% +number one are they objective that's a + + + align:start position:0% +number one are they objective that's a +different question because remember that + + align:start position:0% +different question because remember that + + + align:start position:0% +different question because remember that +S&P Moody and fit are businesses and + + align:start position:0% +S&P Moody and fit are businesses and + + + align:start position:0% +S&P Moody and fit are businesses and +businesses generally try to make money + + align:start position:0% +businesses generally try to make money + + + align:start position:0% +businesses generally try to make money +and in order to make money you have to + + align:start position:0% +and in order to make money you have to + + + align:start position:0% +and in order to make money you have to +get revenues and in order to get + + align:start position:0% +get revenues and in order to get + + + align:start position:0% +get revenues and in order to get +revenues you have to have lots of + + align:start position:0% +revenues you have to have lots of + + + align:start position:0% +revenues you have to have lots of +customers and and so the question is did + + align:start position:0% +customers and and so the question is did + + + align:start position:0% +customers and and so the question is did +they ultimately end up giving ratings + + align:start position:0% +they ultimately end up giving ratings + + + align:start position:0% +they ultimately end up giving ratings +out too easily that they shouldn't have + + align:start position:0% +out too easily that they shouldn't have + + + align:start position:0% +out too easily that they shouldn't have +because they wanted to get more business + + align:start position:0% +because they wanted to get more business + + + align:start position:0% +because they wanted to get more business +I don't know the answer to that but + + align:start position:0% +I don't know the answer to that but + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know the answer to that but +there's going to be a lot of people + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be a lot of people + + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be a lot of people +particularly lawyers asking those + + align:start position:0% +particularly lawyers asking those + + + align:start position:0% +particularly lawyers asking those +questions in the coming months so the + + align:start position:0% +questions in the coming months so the + + + align:start position:0% +questions in the coming months so the +rating agencies have definitely been + + align:start position:0% +rating agencies have definitely been + + + align:start position:0% +rating agencies have definitely been +under Fire by a number of different + + align:start position:0% +under Fire by a number of different + + + align:start position:0% +under Fire by a number of different +organizations I don't know where that's + + align:start position:0% +organizations I don't know where that's + + + align:start position:0% +organizations I don't know where that's +going to come out and I don't know the + + align:start position:0% +going to come out and I don't know the + + + align:start position:0% +going to come out and I don't know the +details of how they actually conducted + + align:start position:0% +details of how they actually conducted + + + align:start position:0% +details of how they actually conducted +the ratings but there's definitely an + + align:start position:0% +the ratings but there's definitely an + + + align:start position:0% +the ratings but there's definitely an +issue because what is AAA should not + + align:start position:0% +issue because what is AAA should not + + + align:start position:0% +issue because what is AAA should not +default more than 1 or 2% over the life + + align:start position:0% +default more than 1 or 2% over the life + + + align:start position:0% +default more than 1 or 2% over the life +of the particular uh uh loan and clearly + + align:start position:0% +of the particular uh uh loan and clearly + + + align:start position:0% +of the particular uh uh loan and clearly +with these Securities they've defaulted + + align:start position:0% +with these Securities they've defaulted + + + align:start position:0% +with these Securities they've defaulted +at a much higher + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rate the worldi on only three companies + + align:start position:0% +rate the worldi on only three companies + + + align:start position:0% +rate the worldi on only three companies +yes that's right they only RI on three + + align:start position:0% +yes that's right they only RI on three + + + align:start position:0% +yes that's right they only RI on three +companies and actually it's very + + align:start position:0% +companies and actually it's very + + + align:start position:0% +companies and actually it's very +difficult to start a rating agency now + + align:start position:0% +difficult to start a rating agency now + + + align:start position:0% +difficult to start a rating agency now +because the regulatory authorities + + align:start position:0% +because the regulatory authorities + + + align:start position:0% +because the regulatory authorities +require certain kinds of standards to be + + align:start position:0% +require certain kinds of standards to be + + + align:start position:0% +require certain kinds of standards to be +met that are virtually impossible for a + + align:start position:0% +met that are virtually impossible for a + + + align:start position:0% +met that are virtually impossible for a +startup to be able to uh to do so you're + + align:start position:0% +startup to be able to uh to do so you're + + + align:start position:0% +startup to be able to uh to do so you're +right that investors relied on this uh + + align:start position:0% +right that investors relied on this uh + + + align:start position:0% +right that investors relied on this uh +and they ultimately were U Were badly uh + + align:start position:0% +and they ultimately were U Were badly uh + + + align:start position:0% +and they ultimately were U Were badly uh +misled but you know the argument that + + align:start position:0% +misled but you know the argument that + + + align:start position:0% +misled but you know the argument that +S&P Moody's and Fitch would make is that + + align:start position:0% +S&P Moody's and Fitch would make is that + + + align:start position:0% +S&P Moody's and Fitch would make is that +we were doing the best we could we + + align:start position:0% +we were doing the best we could we + + + align:start position:0% +we were doing the best we could we +looked at historical default rates of + + align:start position:0% +looked at historical default rates of + + + align:start position:0% +looked at historical default rates of +mortgages and we made very conservative + + align:start position:0% +mortgages and we made very conservative + + + align:start position:0% +mortgages and we made very conservative +assumptions in fact if you assume that + + align:start position:0% +assumptions in fact if you assume that + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions in fact if you assume that +they were zero correlation but instead + + align:start position:0% +they were zero correlation but instead + + + align:start position:0% +they were zero correlation but instead +you tried to be concer conservative and + + align:start position:0% +you tried to be concer conservative and + + + align:start position:0% +you tried to be concer conservative and +you said okay the correlation maybe is + + align:start position:0% +you said okay the correlation maybe is + + + align:start position:0% +you said okay the correlation maybe is +not zero but let's make it oh I don't + + align:start position:0% +not zero but let's make it oh I don't + + + align:start position:0% +not zero but let's make it oh I don't +know 25% even though historically the + + align:start position:0% +know 25% even though historically the + + + align:start position:0% +know 25% even though historically the +the the correlation is maybe you know + + align:start position:0% +the the correlation is maybe you know + + + align:start position:0% +the the correlation is maybe you know +much much less than that if you just + + align:start position:0% +much much less than that if you just + + + align:start position:0% +much much less than that if you just +used an artificial number like 25% or + + align:start position:0% +used an artificial number like 25% or + + + align:start position:0% +used an artificial number like 25% or +30% you would still not have had the + + align:start position:0% +30% you would still not have had the + + + align:start position:0% +30% you would still not have had the +kind of dislocation that we saw over the + + align:start position:0% +kind of dislocation that we saw over the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of dislocation that we saw over the +last couple of years because the + + align:start position:0% +last couple of years because the + + + align:start position:0% +last couple of years because the +correlation actually has gone much much + + align:start position:0% +correlation actually has gone much much + + + align:start position:0% +correlation actually has gone much much +higher than that particularly for the + + align:start position:0% +higher than that particularly for the + + + align:start position:0% +higher than that particularly for the +subprime mortgages as you know because + + align:start position:0% +subprime mortgages as you know because + + + align:start position:0% +subprime mortgages as you know because +the housing markets turned down and and + + align:start position:0% +the housing markets turned down and and + + + align:start position:0% +the housing markets turned down and and +a lot of this is triggered by this + + align:start position:0% +a lot of this is triggered by this + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of this is triggered by this +decline in housing which has been a very + + align:start position:0% +decline in housing which has been a very + + + align:start position:0% +decline in housing which has been a very +very sharp decline uh and over the last + + align:start position:0% +very sharp decline uh and over the last + + + align:start position:0% +very sharp decline uh and over the last +30 years the housing market in the + + align:start position:0% +30 years the housing market in the + + + align:start position:0% +30 years the housing market in the +United States has really never gone down + + align:start position:0% +United States has really never gone down + + + align:start position:0% +United States has really never gone down +by more than one or two% in a year never + + align:start position:0% +by more than one or two% in a year never + + + align:start position:0% +by more than one or two% in a year never +mind going down 10% over the last uh + + align:start position:0% +mind going down 10% over the last uh + + + align:start position:0% +mind going down 10% over the last uh +over the last 12 months that's a a + + align:start position:0% +over the last 12 months that's a a + + + align:start position:0% +over the last 12 months that's a a +really big shock to the + + align:start position:0% +really big shock to the + + + align:start position:0% +really big shock to the +system + + align:start position:0% +system + + + align:start position:0% +system +yeah one of the sub problem is like your + + align:start position:0% +yeah one of the sub problem is like your + + + align:start position:0% +yeah one of the sub problem is like your +example maybe the gap between Juni right + + align:start position:0% +example maybe the gap between Juni right + + + align:start position:0% +example maybe the gap between Juni right +but what if they + + align:start position:0% +but what if they + + + align:start position:0% +but what if they +made they made with the junior TR they + + align:start position:0% +made they made with the junior TR they + + + align:start position:0% +made they made with the junior TR they +made the same thing again and again + + align:start position:0% +made the same thing again and again + + + align:start position:0% +made the same thing again and again +again if they make lots of the trans + + align:start position:0% +again if they make lots of the trans + + + align:start position:0% +again if they make lots of the trans +then maybe we can distribute the risk to + + align:start position:0% +then maybe we can distribute the risk to + + + align:start position:0% +then maybe we can distribute the risk to +the whole market + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +work well in fact they have done that in + + align:start position:0% +work well in fact they have done that in + + + align:start position:0% +work well in fact they have done that in +the sense that they've actually chopped + + align:start position:0% +the sense that they've actually chopped + + + align:start position:0% +the sense that they've actually chopped +up these kinds of security into five + + align:start position:0% +up these kinds of security into five + + + align:start position:0% +up these kinds of security into five +different tranches and they've done it + + align:start position:0% +different tranches and they've done it + + + align:start position:0% +different tranches and they've done it +they've spread it out very very broadly + + align:start position:0% +they've spread it out very very broadly + + + align:start position:0% +they've spread it out very very broadly +that's how the US housing market was + + align:start position:0% +that's how the US housing market was + + + align:start position:0% +that's how the US housing market was +able to grow as quickly as it has over + + align:start position:0% +able to grow as quickly as it has over + + + align:start position:0% +able to grow as quickly as it has over +the last 10 years it's because they + + align:start position:0% +the last 10 years it's because they + + + align:start position:0% +the last 10 years it's because they +brought in huge amounts of money + + align:start position:0% +brought in huge amounts of money + + + align:start position:0% +brought in huge amounts of money +unprecedented amounts of money through + + align:start position:0% +unprecedented amounts of money through + + + align:start position:0% +unprecedented amounts of money through +this mechanism right and and all of the + + align:start position:0% +this mechanism right and and all of the + + + align:start position:0% +this mechanism right and and all of the +investors invested based upon these + + align:start position:0% +investors invested based upon these + + + align:start position:0% +investors invested based upon these +ratings as well as their sense of how + + align:start position:0% +ratings as well as their sense of how + + + align:start position:0% +ratings as well as their sense of how +secure these markets were and in each + + align:start position:0% +secure these markets were and in each + + + align:start position:0% +secure these markets were and in each +case there is going to be dislocation + + align:start position:0% +case there is going to be dislocation + + + align:start position:0% +case there is going to be dislocation +perhaps other than perhaps in the Middle + + align:start position:0% +perhaps other than perhaps in the Middle + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps other than perhaps in the Middle +tranch where you know it hits exactly + + align:start position:0% +tranch where you know it hits exactly + + + align:start position:0% +tranch where you know it hits exactly +right and you don't get any kind of uh + + align:start position:0% +right and you don't get any kind of uh + + + align:start position:0% +right and you don't get any kind of uh +of dislocation but that's not the + + align:start position:0% +of dislocation but that's not the + + + align:start position:0% +of dislocation but that's not the +biggest tranch the biggest tranch was by + + align:start position:0% +biggest tranch the biggest tranch was by + + + align:start position:0% +biggest tranch the biggest tranch was by +far the most senior one because that's + + align:start position:0% +far the most senior one because that's + + + align:start position:0% +far the most senior one because that's +the one that has the largest amounts of + + align:start position:0% +the one that has the largest amounts of + + + align:start position:0% +the one that has the largest amounts of +money waiting to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +invested you mean that if the problem is + + align:start position:0% +invested you mean that if the problem is + + + align:start position:0% +invested you mean that if the problem is +that the STS from the AAA the Senor + + align:start position:0% +that the STS from the AAA the Senor + + + align:start position:0% +that the STS from the AAA the Senor +Trump that means that some some guys + + align:start position:0% +Trump that means that some some guys + + + align:start position:0% +Trump that means that some some guys +earn the + + align:start position:0% +earn the + + + align:start position:0% +earn the +money I I mean because they lost the + + align:start position:0% +money I I mean because they lost the + + + align:start position:0% +money I I mean because they lost the +money and and some the hedge fund will + + align:start position:0% +money and and some the hedge fund will + + + align:start position:0% +money and and some the hedge fund will +earn the money even even nowaday AB + + align:start position:0% +earn the money even even nowaday AB + + + align:start position:0% +earn the money even even nowaday AB +money oh yes absolutely yes absolutely + + align:start position:0% +money oh yes absolutely yes absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +money oh yes absolutely yes absolutely +hedge fund managers uh have profited + + align:start position:0% +hedge fund managers uh have profited + + + align:start position:0% +hedge fund managers uh have profited +greatly from this because they bought + + align:start position:0% +greatly from this because they bought + + + align:start position:0% +greatly from this because they bought +the toxic waste that nobody else wanted + + align:start position:0% +the toxic waste that nobody else wanted + + + align:start position:0% +the toxic waste that nobody else wanted +and and you know the value has gone up + + align:start position:0% +and and you know the value has gone up + + + align:start position:0% +and and you know the value has gone up +dramatically because of these kind of + + align:start position:0% +dramatically because of these kind of + + + align:start position:0% +dramatically because of these kind of +increases in default rates because they + + align:start position:0% +increases in default rates because they + + + align:start position:0% +increases in default rates because they +were priced to be much worse than they + + align:start position:0% +were priced to be much worse than they + + + align:start position:0% +were priced to be much worse than they +ultimately ended up + + align:start position:0% +ultimately ended up + + + align:start position:0% +ultimately ended up +being so it's absolutely the case that + + align:start position:0% +being so it's absolutely the case that + + + align:start position:0% +being so it's absolutely the case that +the money has not appeared Into Thin Air + + align:start position:0% +the money has not appeared Into Thin Air + + + align:start position:0% +the money has not appeared Into Thin Air +it's gone from the senior to the junior + + align:start position:0% +it's gone from the senior to the junior + + + align:start position:0% +it's gone from the senior to the junior +it's a a wealth transfer in a way yeah + + align:start position:0% +it's a a wealth transfer in a way yeah + + + align:start position:0% +it's a a wealth transfer in a way yeah +sorry Kim and just a comment on the uh + + align:start position:0% +sorry Kim and just a comment on the uh + + + align:start position:0% +sorry Kim and just a comment on the uh +on why M maybe R these things the way + + align:start position:0% +on why M maybe R these things the way + + + align:start position:0% +on why M maybe R these things the way +they did yeah at least in in my my + + align:start position:0% +they did yeah at least in in my my + + + align:start position:0% +they did yeah at least in in my my +experience my collection what would + + align:start position:0% +experience my collection what would + + + align:start position:0% +experience my collection what would +happen was the structuring teams would + + align:start position:0% +happen was the structuring teams would + + + align:start position:0% +happen was the structuring teams would +meet the people who were going to rap + + align:start position:0% +meet the people who were going to rap + + + align:start position:0% +meet the people who were going to rap +rap or rap security explain to them hey + + align:start position:0% +rap or rap security explain to them hey + + + align:start position:0% +rap or rap security explain to them hey +this is what did this is why it makes + + align:start position:0% +this is what did this is why it makes + + + align:start position:0% +this is what did this is why it makes +sense and essentially convinced that so + + align:start position:0% +sense and essentially convinced that so + + + align:start position:0% +sense and essentially convinced that so +to answer questions mentioned earlier + + align:start position:0% +to answer questions mentioned earlier + + + align:start position:0% +to answer questions mentioned earlier +that may part of the reason why fly + + align:start position:0% +that may part of the reason why fly + + + align:start position:0% +that may part of the reason why fly +Moody and actually have these + + align:start position:0% +Moody and actually have these + + + align:start position:0% +Moody and actually have these +things oh sure I mean you know there's a + + align:start position:0% +things oh sure I mean you know there's a + + + align:start position:0% +things oh sure I mean you know there's a +lot of research that goes on in other + + align:start position:0% +lot of research that goes on in other + + + align:start position:0% +lot of research that goes on in other +words Moody's S&P and fit just doesn't + + align:start position:0% +words Moody's S&P and fit just doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +words Moody's S&P and fit just doesn't +just decide you know based upon how they + + align:start position:0% +just decide you know based upon how they + + + align:start position:0% +just decide you know based upon how they +feel that day whether it should get + + align:start position:0% +feel that day whether it should get + + + align:start position:0% +feel that day whether it should get +Triple A or not they do a fair amount of + + align:start position:0% +Triple A or not they do a fair amount of + + + align:start position:0% +Triple A or not they do a fair amount of +research and they go through the details + + align:start position:0% +research and they go through the details + + + align:start position:0% +research and they go through the details +of the portfolio they look at the + + align:start position:0% +of the portfolio they look at the + + + align:start position:0% +of the portfolio they look at the +seniority of the claims look at the + + align:start position:0% +seniority of the claims look at the + + + align:start position:0% +seniority of the claims look at the +legal documents they look at the + + align:start position:0% +legal documents they look at the + + + align:start position:0% +legal documents they look at the +historical record they they go back and + + align:start position:0% +historical record they they go back and + + + align:start position:0% +historical record they they go back and +and go back 30 40 50 years and take a + + align:start position:0% +and go back 30 40 50 years and take a + + + align:start position:0% +and go back 30 40 50 years and take a +look at the data so that's why I said + + align:start position:0% +look at the data so that's why I said + + + align:start position:0% +look at the data so that's why I said +they they actually have a case for + + align:start position:0% +they they actually have a case for + + + align:start position:0% +they they actually have a case for +making the ratings as they did how they + + align:start position:0% +making the ratings as they did how they + + + align:start position:0% +making the ratings as they did how they +could have gone so far wrong is a + + align:start position:0% +could have gone so far wrong is a + + + align:start position:0% +could have gone so far wrong is a +question that we're going to debate for + + align:start position:0% +question that we're going to debate for + + + align:start position:0% +question that we're going to debate for +the next several years and ultimately I + + align:start position:0% +the next several years and ultimately I + + + align:start position:0% +the next several years and ultimately I +think we're going to learn that uh we + + align:start position:0% +think we're going to learn that uh we + + + align:start position:0% +think we're going to learn that uh we +need to make our models more + + align:start position:0% +need to make our models more + + + align:start position:0% +need to make our models more +sophisticated we need to have parameters + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated we need to have parameters + + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated we need to have parameters +that are time varying that we need to + + align:start position:0% +that are time varying that we need to + + + align:start position:0% +that are time varying that we need to +have a different approach to how we do + + align:start position:0% +have a different approach to how we do + + + align:start position:0% +have a different approach to how we do +quantitative analysis for these kind + + align:start position:0% +quantitative analysis for these kind + + + align:start position:0% +quantitative analysis for these kind +kind of markets but that is an open + + align:start position:0% +kind of markets but that is an open + + + align:start position:0% +kind of markets but that is an open +question that I think will have to be + + align:start position:0% +question that I think will have to be + + + align:start position:0% +question that I think will have to be +examined much more depth yeah anyone com + + align:start position:0% +examined much more depth yeah anyone com + + + align:start position:0% +examined much more depth yeah anyone com +you can say uh someone is making money + + align:start position:0% +you can say uh someone is making money + + + align:start position:0% +you can say uh someone is making money +in this + + align:start position:0% +in this + + + align:start position:0% +in this +situation sorry I mean someone enying + + align:start position:0% +situation sorry I mean someone enying + + + align:start position:0% +situation sorry I mean someone enying +this situation to make money in this + + align:start position:0% +this situation to make money in this + + + align:start position:0% +this situation to make money in this +situation like like you said has has + + align:start position:0% +situation like like you said has has + + + align:start position:0% +situation like like you said has has +made the money the money + + align:start position:0% +made the money the money + + + align:start position:0% +made the money the money +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +in current + + align:start position:0% +in current + + + align:start position:0% +in current +situation someone can make money oh in + + align:start position:0% +situation someone can make money oh in + + + align:start position:0% +situation someone can make money oh in +the current situation can somebody make + + align:start position:0% +the current situation can somebody make + + + align:start position:0% +the current situation can somebody make +money absolutely absolutely this is why + + align:start position:0% +money absolutely absolutely this is why + + + align:start position:0% +money absolutely absolutely this is why +I was saying at the very start of this + + align:start position:0% +I was saying at the very start of this + + + align:start position:0% +I was saying at the very start of this +crisis that times of Crisis are Al times + + align:start position:0% +crisis that times of Crisis are Al times + + + align:start position:0% +crisis that times of Crisis are Al times +of opportunity you can absolutely make + + align:start position:0% +of opportunity you can absolutely make + + + align:start position:0% +of opportunity you can absolutely make +money because these Securities now are + + align:start position:0% +money because these Securities now are + + + align:start position:0% +money because these Securities now are +priced all over the place some way too + + align:start position:0% +priced all over the place some way too + + + align:start position:0% +priced all over the place some way too +high some way too low and if you + + align:start position:0% +high some way too low and if you + + + align:start position:0% +high some way too low and if you +understand these models better better + + align:start position:0% +understand these models better better + + + align:start position:0% +understand these models better better +than the next person + + align:start position:0% +than the next person + + + align:start position:0% +than the next person +you will make money uh one of the + + align:start position:0% +you will make money uh one of the + + + align:start position:0% +you will make money uh one of the +largest payouts that has occurred in + + align:start position:0% +largest payouts that has occurred in + + + align:start position:0% +largest payouts that has occurred in +hedge fund history occurred last year to + + align:start position:0% +hedge fund history occurred last year to + + + align:start position:0% +hedge fund history occurred last year to +a hedge fund manager in New York named + + align:start position:0% +a hedge fund manager in New York named + + + align:start position:0% +a hedge fund manager in New York named +John + + align:start position:0% +John + + + align:start position:0% +John +Paulson I think he was paid it's in the + + align:start position:0% +Paulson I think he was paid it's in the + + + align:start position:0% +Paulson I think he was paid it's in the +Wall Street Journal so you can look it + + align:start position:0% +Wall Street Journal so you can look it + + + align:start position:0% +Wall Street Journal so you can look it +up I think he was paid uh something like + + align:start position:0% +up I think he was paid uh something like + + + align:start position:0% +up I think he was paid uh something like +three or four billion doar was it4 + + align:start position:0% +three or four billion doar was it4 + + + align:start position:0% +three or four billion doar was it4 +billion that was his take-home pay last + + align:start position:0% +billion that was his take-home pay last + + + align:start position:0% +billion that was his take-home pay last +year okay that was on his W2 that was + + align:start position:0% +year okay that was on his W2 that was + + + align:start position:0% +year okay that was on his W2 that was +not wealth that was + + align:start position:0% +not wealth that was + + + align:start position:0% +not wealth that was +income and he did it by betting on + + align:start position:0% +income and he did it by betting on + + + align:start position:0% +income and he did it by betting on +certain movements in these markets + + align:start position:0% +certain movements in these markets + + + align:start position:0% +certain movements in these markets +including these kinds of Securities so + + align:start position:0% +including these kinds of Securities so + + + align:start position:0% +including these kinds of Securities so +there's a lot of money to be made + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of money to be made + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of money to be made +there's a lot of opportunity out there + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of opportunity out there + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of opportunity out there +but it requires an + + align:start position:0% +but it requires an + + + align:start position:0% +but it requires an +edge so you really have to you know + + align:start position:0% +edge so you really have to you know + + + align:start position:0% +edge so you really have to you know +spend some time trying to understand + + align:start position:0% +spend some time trying to understand + + + align:start position:0% +spend some time trying to understand +these Securities and you know what we've + + align:start position:0% +these Securities and you know what we've + + + align:start position:0% +these Securities and you know what we've +done today this relatively simple + + align:start position:0% +done today this relatively simple + + + align:start position:0% +done today this relatively simple +analysis is an analysis that apparently + + align:start position:0% +analysis is an analysis that apparently + + + align:start position:0% +analysis is an analysis that apparently +eluded this Chief risk officer uh + + align:start position:0% +eluded this Chief risk officer uh + + + align:start position:0% +eluded this Chief risk officer uh +because I think they're focusing at a + + align:start position:0% +because I think they're focusing at a + + + align:start position:0% +because I think they're focusing at a +very very detailed level on models that + + align:start position:0% +very very detailed level on models that + + + align:start position:0% +very very detailed level on models that +are probably not as relevant for the the + + align:start position:0% +are probably not as relevant for the the + + + align:start position:0% +are probably not as relevant for the the +macroscopic picture + + align:start position:0% +macroscopic picture + + + align:start position:0% +macroscopic picture +yeah uh no one able to determine the + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh no one able to determine the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh no one able to determine the +right price for these things how's the + + align:start position:0% +right price for these things how's the + + + align:start position:0% +right price for these things how's the +government going to use the 700 billion + + align:start position:0% +government going to use the 700 billion + + + align:start position:0% +government going to use the 700 billion +to buy these things how's it going to + + align:start position:0% +to buy these things how's it going to + + + align:start position:0% +to buy these things how's it going to +well that's a great question that's one + + align:start position:0% +well that's a great question that's one + + + align:start position:0% +well that's a great question that's one +of the reasons why there's so much + + align:start position:0% +of the reasons why there's so much + + + align:start position:0% +of the reasons why there's so much +debate it's because the view is that if + + align:start position:0% +debate it's because the view is that if + + + align:start position:0% +debate it's because the view is that if +the very best Minds on Wall Street + + align:start position:0% +the very best Minds on Wall Street + + + align:start position:0% +the very best Minds on Wall Street +couldn't get this right what makes us + + align:start position:0% +couldn't get this right what makes us + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't get this right what makes us +think that the treasury can get it right + + align:start position:0% +think that the treasury can get it right + + + align:start position:0% +think that the treasury can get it right +which is a little scary uh I I agree + + align:start position:0% +which is a little scary uh I I agree + + + align:start position:0% +which is a little scary uh I I agree +there are a couple of things that are + + align:start position:0% +there are a couple of things that are + + + align:start position:0% +there are a couple of things that are +being done to address that one is that + + align:start position:0% +being done to address that one is that + + + align:start position:0% +being done to address that one is that +as part of The Proposal they plan to set + + align:start position:0% +as part of The Proposal they plan to set + + + align:start position:0% +as part of The Proposal they plan to set +up an Advisory Board of people that are + + align:start position:0% +up an Advisory Board of people that are + + + align:start position:0% +up an Advisory Board of people that are +in the industry seasoned veterans that + + align:start position:0% +in the industry seasoned veterans that + + + align:start position:0% +in the industry seasoned veterans that +are engaged in these transactions to + + align:start position:0% +are engaged in these transactions to + + + align:start position:0% +are engaged in these transactions to +help the government price these things + + align:start position:0% +help the government price these things + + + align:start position:0% +help the government price these things +that's one the second approach is that + + align:start position:0% +that's one the second approach is that + + + align:start position:0% +that's one the second approach is that +they plan to uh you know engage in + + align:start position:0% +they plan to uh you know engage in + + + align:start position:0% +they plan to uh you know engage in +equity ownership as a possible outcome + + align:start position:0% +equity ownership as a possible outcome + + + align:start position:0% +equity ownership as a possible outcome +for this so in other words it's a + + align:start position:0% +for this so in other words it's a + + + align:start position:0% +for this so in other words it's a +bailout if you buy for $100 what is + + align:start position:0% +bailout if you buy for $100 what is + + + align:start position:0% +bailout if you buy for $100 what is +really worth + + align:start position:0% +really worth + + + align:start position:0% +really worth +60 but it's not nearly as much of a + + align:start position:0% +60 but it's not nearly as much of a + + + align:start position:0% +60 but it's not nearly as much of a +bailout if you buy for 50 what's 60 and + + align:start position:0% +bailout if you buy for 50 what's 60 and + + + align:start position:0% +bailout if you buy for 50 what's 60 and +it can actually be quite profitable if + + align:start position:0% +it can actually be quite profitable if + + + align:start position:0% +it can actually be quite profitable if +not only do you buy for 50 what's worth + + align:start position:0% +not only do you buy for 50 what's worth + + + align:start position:0% +not only do you buy for 50 what's worth +60 but you also get to own 80% of the + + align:start position:0% +60 but you also get to own 80% of the + + + align:start position:0% +60 but you also get to own 80% of the +company in the process which is kind of + + align:start position:0% +company in the process which is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +company in the process which is kind of +like the deal that uh AIG has struck and + + align:start position:0% +like the deal that uh AIG has struck and + + + align:start position:0% +like the deal that uh AIG has struck and +not that different from uh you know some + + align:start position:0% +not that different from uh you know some + + + align:start position:0% +not that different from uh you know some +of the discussions that Warren Buffett + + align:start position:0% +of the discussions that Warren Buffett + + + align:start position:0% +of the discussions that Warren Buffett +has had with uh with Goldman Sachs so + + align:start position:0% +has had with uh with Goldman Sachs so + + + align:start position:0% +has had with uh with Goldman Sachs so +the idea behind the current proposal is + + align:start position:0% +the idea behind the current proposal is + + + align:start position:0% +the idea behind the current proposal is +that there would be additional + + align:start position:0% +that there would be additional + + + align:start position:0% +that there would be additional +protections to allow the government to + + align:start position:0% +protections to allow the government to + + + align:start position:0% +protections to allow the government to +benefit from the upside of these + + align:start position:0% +benefit from the upside of these + + + align:start position:0% +benefit from the upside of these +Securities and to be able to get the + + align:start position:0% +Securities and to be able to get the + + + align:start position:0% +Securities and to be able to get the +expertise needed to price them and there + + align:start position:0% +expertise needed to price them and there + + + align:start position:0% +expertise needed to price them and there +are other protections that would require + + align:start position:0% +are other protections that would require + + + align:start position:0% +are other protections that would require +industry to pay up for additional + + align:start position:0% +industry to pay up for additional + + + align:start position:0% +industry to pay up for additional +Insurance on these portfolios and + + align:start position:0% +Insurance on these portfolios and + + + align:start position:0% +Insurance on these portfolios and +ultimately to allow legislation to + + align:start position:0% +ultimately to allow legislation to + + + align:start position:0% +ultimately to allow legislation to +recoup some of the losses if at the end + + align:start position:0% +recoup some of the losses if at the end + + + align:start position:0% +recoup some of the losses if at the end +of five or 10 years the government ends + + align:start position:0% +of five or 10 years the government ends + + + align:start position:0% +of five or 10 years the government ends +up losing money on these kind of + + align:start position:0% +up losing money on these kind of + + + align:start position:0% +up losing money on these kind of +transactions okay let me stop here and + + align:start position:0% +transactions okay let me stop here and + + + align:start position:0% +transactions okay let me stop here and +uh we'll see you on Wednesday we'll talk + + align:start position:0% +uh we'll see you on Wednesday we'll talk + + + align:start position:0% +uh we'll see you on Wednesday we'll talk +about uh uh common + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stock \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/ZbIpjf0QEPI.txt b/ZbIpjf0QEPI.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..232c7915ed0f2e59d70fb5f9680a34111ae4760a --- /dev/null +++ b/ZbIpjf0QEPI.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2047 @@ +OPERATOR: The following content +is provided under a + +Creative Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to + +offer high quality educational +resources for free. + +To make a donation, or view +additional materials from + +hundreds of MIT courses, visit +MIT OpenCourseWare at + +ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: OK, we're now, kind +of on the home stretch, and + +we're entering the part of the +course, that's actually my + +favorite part of the course. + +I can't promise it will be +your favorite part of the + +course, but I hope so, at +least for many of you. + +Throughout the term, we've been +talking about ways to + +solve problems using +computation. + +And one of the key lessons that +I hope you're beginning + +to absorb is that we might use +a completely different way to + +solve a problem with the +computer than we would have + +used if we didn't have +a computer handy. + +In particular, we might often +use brute force, which you've + +never use with a pencil and +paper, we might not do the + +mental gyrations required to +try and formulate a closed + +form solution, but just guess +a bunch of answers using + +successive approximation +until we got there. + +A number of different +techniques. + +And that's really what we're +going to be doing for the rest + +of the term now. + +Except we won't be talking about +algorithms per se, or + +not very much. + +Instead we'll be talking about +more general techniques for + +using computers to solve +problems that + +are actually hard. + +They don't just look +hard, they in many + +cases really are hard. + +The plan of the next set of +lectures is, I want to start + +with a simple example to +give you a flavor of + +some of these issues. + +In the course of going through +that example, I'll illustrate + +some both thinking tools and +some software tools that can + +be used for tackling +the example. + +Then abstract from the example +to try and put in a more + +general framework. + +And then, dive back down and use +that framework to tackle a + +series of other interesting +problems. + +Some things I would like you do +think about learning along + +the way, is moving from an +informal problem description + +to a more formal problem +statement. + +So that's, in part, what we +did with the optimization + +problems, right? + +We looked at an informal +description about optimizing + +your way through the MIT +curriculum, and then could + +formulate it using sigmas and +other bizarre notation to try + +and formalize what we were +really trying to do. + +And we did that as a preamble +to writing any code. + +First understand the problem, +formally, and then + +move on to the code. + +And we won't always +be totally formal. + +I often like to use the word +rigorous instead of formal. + +Implying that it won't look like +math, per se, but it'll + +be precise and relatively +unambiguous. + +So that will be one thing that +I want you to think about as + +we go through these problems. + +Another thing is inventing +computational models. + +Almost every meaningful program +we write is in some + +sense modeling the +actual world. + +For writing a program to figure +out how to keep a + +bridge from falling down, we're +modeling the physics of + +bridges and wind and +things like that. + +If we're writing a program to +try and help us decide what + +stocks to buy or sell, we're +trying to model the stock + +market in some sense. + +If we're trying to figure out +who's going to win the Super + +Bowl, we're modeling football +teams. But almost every + +problem, you build a piece of +software, and you hope that it + +has some ability to +mimic the actual + +situation you care about. + +And it's not the program we care +about, per se, it's the + +world, and the program is merely +a mechanism to help us + +understand the world better. + +And so we're going to ask the +question, have we built a good + +model, in the computation, +that gives us + +insight into the world? + +As we do this, we'll see that +we'll be dealing with and + +exploiting randomness. + +Depending upon your outlook of +life, one of the sad things in + +the world or one of the happy +things in the world, is that + +it's unpredictable. + +And things happen either at +random or seemingly at random. + +It may be that if we had a deep +enough understanding at + +the level of single atoms of +the way the world works, we + +could model the weather and +discover that, in fact, the + +weather patterns are not +random but entirely + +predictable. + +Since we can't do that, we +have to assume that they + +really are random, and we build +models of the weather + +that assume a certain amount +of randomness in it. + +Maybe if we understood the stock +market well enough, we + +could have predicted the +collapse in October. + +But since nobody does understand +it well enough, + +when people model the stock +market they assume that + +there's a certain amount of +randomness, certain amount of + +stochastic things. + +So, as far as we can observe +the world, almost every + +interesting part of the world +has randomness in it. + +And so when we build models, we +will have to build models + +that are, if we want to be +formal, we'll talk about a + +stochastic, which is just a +fancy way of saying they + +incorporate randomness. + +So we haven't yet done that +this semester, but almost + +everything we do from here on +in, we will deal with a + +certain amount of randomness. + +What else are we going +to be looking at? + +We'll be looking at the notion +of making sense of data. + +As we look at, again, modeling +the world, what we discover, + +there's a lot of +data out there. + +If you work at Walmart and +you're trying to decide what + +to stock on the shelves, you're +building a model of + +what the customers might buy +under certain circumstances, + +and that model is going to +take account the entire + +history of what customer's have +bought in the past. And + +that's, if you're Walmart, +a lot of data. + +And so given that you have a +lot of data about what's + +happened in the past, how can +we interpret that, for + +example, to get insight +into the future? + +And we do a lot of that. + +And so we will, for example, +look at how can we draw + +pictures that help us visualize +what's going on with + +the data, rather than trying to +read say, a million numbers + +and inferring something +from them. + +This is a big part of what +people do with computers, is + +try and figure out +how to understand + +large amounts of data. + +And then finally, as we go +through this last third of the + +course, I want to spend +time in evaluating + +the quality of answers. + +It's easy to write a program +that spits out a number, or + +string, or anything else. + +What's hard is to convince +yourself that what it's + +spitting out is actually +telling you the truth. + +And so we're going to look at +the question about, you've + +written a program to do +something relatively + +complicated, you get +an answer out. + +You wouldn't have written the +program if you knew what the + +answer was in advance, right? + +This is not like a high school +physics experiment where you + +know what the answer +should be. + +Here you went to the trouble of +writing the program because + +you didn't know what +the answer was. + +Now the program gives you an +answer, should you believe it, + +or shouldn't you believe it? + +There are people who say, well, +that's what the computer + +said, it must be true. + +By now you all have enough +experience with programs that + +lie to know that's +not the case. + +And so we'll be talking about +how do you go about looking at + +the results, and deciding +whether to + +believe them or not. + +This is a lot of stuff, and +we'll be coming back to this. + +I'll be skipping around +from topic this topic. + +It may seem a little bit random, +but there's actually a + +method to my madness. + +Part of it is, I believe that +repeated exposure to some of + +these things is a good +way to learn it. + +And so I'll be revisiting the +same topic in more and more + +depth as we go, rather +than taking a topic + +and exhausting it. + +So if you think about searches, +this is more of a + +breadth first search than +a depth first search. + +All right. + +Think about these things +as we now go through + +the next set of lectures. + +So, on for the first example. + +Consider the following +situation: a seriously drunken + +university student, and I +emphasize university as + +opposed to institute here, +is standing in + +the middle of a field. + +Every second, he takes a step in +some direction or another, + +but, you know, just sort of +pretty random, because he's + +really out of it. + +But the field is constrained +that for the moment we'll + +assume that, well, we'll +come back to that. + +Now I'm going to ask you +just a question. + +So you've got this student who, +every second or so, takes + +a step in some direction +or another. + +If the student did this for 500 +seconds or 1000 seconds, + +how far do you expect +the student would be + +from where he started? + +And I say he because +most of the drunks + +are, of course, males. + +Anybody want to, what +do you think? + +STUDENT: Back where +he started. + +PROFESSOR: So we have a thing +that, on average, and of + +course since there's randomness +it won't be the + +same every time. + +Pretty much where he started. + +Let me ask a question. + +So if you believe that, you +believe he'd be probably the + +same distance in 1000 seconds +as in 500 seconds. + +Anyone want to posit the +counterposition? + +That in fact, the longer the +clock runs, the further the + +student will be from +where he started? + +Nobody? + +All right, what do you think? + +STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: All right, that's +a good answer. + +So the answer there was, well, +if you asked for your best + +guess of where the student was, +the best guess is where + +the student started. + +On the other hand, if you ask +how far was the student from + +where he started, the best +guess wouldn't be zero. + +That's a great answer, because +it addresses the fact that you + +have to be very careful what +question you're asking. + +And there are subtle differences +between those two + +questions, and they might have +very different answers. + +So that's part of that first +step, going from an informal + +description, to trying to +formalize it or be more + +rigorous about what is +exactly the problem + +you're trying to solve. + +All right, we'll take a vote. + +And everyone has to vote here, +because it's not a democracy + +where you're allowed +to not vote. + +And the question I'm asking +is, is the expected + +difference, does the expected +distance from the origin grow + +over time, or remain +constant, roughly? + +Who thinks it grows over time? + +Who thinks it remains +constant? + +Well, the constants have it. + +But just because that's the +way most people vote, it + +doesn't make it true. + +Now let's find out what +the actual truth is. + +All right. + +So let's start by sketching a +simple model of the situation. + +And, one of the things I want +to stress as we do these + +things, in developing anything +of this nature, start simple. + +So start with some simple + +approximation to the real problem. + +Check that out, and then, if it +turns out not to be a good + +enough model of the world, add +some complications, but don't + +start with the complicated +model. + +Always start with the +simple model. + +So I'm going to start with +the simple model. + +And I'm going to assume, as +we've seen before, that we + +have Cartesian coordinates and +that the player is, or the + +drunk is, standing on a field +that has been cut to resemble + +a piece of graph paper. + +They got the groundskeeper from +Fenway Park or something, + +there, and it looks like a +beautiful piece of paper. + +Furthermore, I'm going to assume +for simplicity, that + +the student can only go in one +of four directions: north, + +south, east, or west. OK, we +could certainly generalize + +that, and we will, to something +more complicated, + +but for now we'll +keep it simple. + +And we'll try and go +to the board and + +draw what might happen. + +So the student starts here and +takes a step in one direction + +or another. + +So as the mathematicians say, +without loss of generality, + +let's just assume that the +first step is here. + +Well what we know for sure, is +after one step the student is + +further from the origin +than at the start. + +But, that doesn't +tell us a lot. + +What happens after +the second step? + +Well, the student could come +back to the origin and be + +closer, that's one possibility, +the student could + +go up here, in which case the +student is a little further, + +the student could go down +here, in which case the + +student is a little further, or +the student could go over + +here, in which case the student +is twice as far. + +So we see for the second step, +three times out of four you + +get further away. + +What happens in the +third step? + +So let's look at this one. + +Well, the student could come +here, which is closer, could + +come here, which is closer, +could go there, which is + +further, or could go there, +which is further. + +So the third step, with equal +probability, the student is + +further or closer if the +student is here. + +And we could continue. + +So as you can see, it gets +pretty complicated, as you + +project how far out it +could always get. + +All right, and this is symmetric +to this, but this is + +yet a different case. + +So, this sort of says, OK, I'm +going to get tired of drawing + +things on the board. + +So, being who I am, I +say, let's write a + +program to do this. + +And in fact, what I'm going to +write a program to do, is + +simulate what is called +a random walk. + +And these will be two themes +we're going to spend + +a lot of time on. + +Simulation, where we try and +build the model that pretends + +it's the real world and +simulates what goes on, and a + +random walk. + +Now, I'm giving you the classic +story about a random + +walk which you can visualize, at +least I hope, but as we'll + +see, random walks are very +general, and are used to + +address a lot of real problems. +So we'll write this + +program, and I want to start +by thinking about designing + +the structure of the solution. + +Because one of the things I'm +trying to do in this next set + +of lectures is bring together +a lot of the things we have + +talked about over the course of +the semester, about how we + +go about designing and building +programs. Trying to + +give you a case study, +if you will. + +So let's begin in line with what +Professor Grimson talked + +about, about thinking about what +might be the appropriate + +data abstractions. + +Well, so, I think it would be +good to have a location, since + +after all the whole problem +talks about + +where the drunk is. + +I decided I also wanted to +introduce an abstraction + +called compass point to capture +the notion that the + +student is going north, south, +east, or west. And later, + +maybe I'll decide that needs +to be more complicated and + +that the student can go north +by northwest, or maybe all + +sorts of things. + +But that it would probably pay +to separate the notion of + +direction, which is what +this is, from location. + +Maybe I should have called +this direction instead of + +compass point, but I didn't. + +But, I thought about the problem +and said, well, these + +things really are separate +locations. + +Where you are and where you +might head from there are not + +the same, so let's +separate them. + +Then I said, well of course, +there is this notion that the + +person is in the field, so maybe +I want to have field as + +a separate thing. + +So think of that as the whole +Cartesian plain, as opposed to + +a point in the plane, which +is what the location is. + +And finally, I better have a +drunk, because after all this + +problem is all about drunks. + +All right, so we're now going +to look at some code. + +I made this code as simple as +I could to illustrate the + +points I wanted to illustrate. + +This means I left out a lot +of things that ought to be + +included in a good program. + +So I want to just warn you. + +So for example, I've already +told you that when I build + +data abstractions, I always put +in an underbar underbar + +str function so that I can print +them when I'm debugging. + +Well, you won't see that in this +code, because I felt it + +just cluttered the code +up to make the points. + +You'll see less defensive +programming than I would + +normally use. + +But again I wanted to sort of +pare things down to the + +essence, since the essence is, +all by itself, probably + +confusing enough. + +All right. + +So let's look at it. + +You have this on your +double-sided handout. + +This is on side 1one So at the +top, you'll see that I'm + +importing three things. + +Well, math you've heard about. + +And I'm importing that +because I'm going to + +need a square root. + +Random, you haven't +heard about. + +This is a package that lets me +choose things at random, and + +I'll show you some of the ways +we can use it, but it actually + +provides something that +technically is pseudo-random. + +Which means that as far as we +can tell, it's behaving + +randomly, but since the computer +is in itself a + +deterministic machine, it's +not really random. + +But it's so close to random that +we might as well pretend + +it is, you can't tell +that it isn't. + +So we'll import random. + +That will let us make random +guesses of things like, give + +me a random number +between 0 and 1. + +And it will give you +a random number. + +And finally something +called Pylab. + +Anyone here use Matlab? + +All right, well then, you'll +find Pylab kind of comforting. + +Pylab brings into Python a lot +of the features of Matlab And + +if you haven't used Matlab, +don't worry, because we'll + +explain everything. + +For the purposes of this set +of lectures, the next few + +lectures, at least, the only +thing we're going to get out + +of this is a bunch of tools +for drawing pretty graphs. + +And we won't get to those today, +probably, so don't + +worry about it. + +But it's a nice package, which +you'll be glad to learn. + +OK, now let's move on to the +code, which has got things + +that should look familiar +to you. + +And I know there used +to be a laser -- ah, + +here's the laser pointer. + +So we'll see at the top +location, it is a class. + +By now you've gotten as familiar +as you want to be in + +many senses, with classes. + +It's got an underbar underbar +init that gives me, + +essentially, a point with +an x-coordinate and a + +y-coordinate. + +It's got get coords, the third +function, or method, and what + +you can see what that does +is it's returning a + +tuple of two values. + +I could have had it get x and +get y, but it turned out, in + +fact, my first iteration of this +it did have a get x and + +get y, and when I looked at the +code that was using it, I + +realized whenever I got one, +I wanted both, and it just + +seemed kind of silly, so I did +something that made the using + +code a little bit better. + +It's got get distance, +the last method. + +You saw this in Professor +Grimson's lecture, where he + +used the Pythagorean theorem +to basically compute the + +distance on a hypotenuse, to +tell you how far a point was + +from the origin. + +That's why I wanted math. + +And then the one thing it has +that it's unlike the example + +you saw from Professor +Grimson, was + +up here, this move. + +And this basically takes a +point, a location, and an x- + +and a y- coordinate, and returns +another location, in + +which I've incremented the +x and the y, perhaps + +incrementing by 0. + +And so now you can see how I'm +going to be able to mimic 1 + +step or any number of steps +by using this move. + +Any questions about this? + +Great, all right. + +The next one you'll see +is compass point. + +Remember, this was the +abstraction that was going to + +let me conveniently deal +with directions. + +The first thing you'll see is, +there's a global variable in + +the sense that it's external +to any of the methods, and + +you'll note it's not self dot +possibles, but just possibles. + +Because I don't want +a new copy of + +this for every instance. + +And this tells me the possible +directions, which I've + +abbreviated as n, s, e, and w. + +And I leave it to you to +figure out what those + +abbreviations stand for. + +Then I've got init, which takes +a point and it first + +checks to see if the point +is in self dot possibles. + +Should I have bothered +saying self? + +Do I need to write self there? + +This is a test of classes. + +It'll work. + +What do you think? + +Who thinks I need to write self, +and who thinks I don't? + +Who thinks I need to write +self, raise your hand? + +Who thinks I don't need +to write self? + +The don't needs have it. + +So in an act of intense bravery, +since I have not run + +it without this, we'll see what +happens when it comes + +time to run the program. + +So if point is in possibles, it +will take self dot p t will + +be assigned p t. + +Otherwise, I'll raise +a value error. + +And this is a little piece of +programming, and what I + +typically do at a minimum, when +I raise these exceptions, + +is make sure that it says +where it's coming from. + +So this says it's gonna raise +this value error in the method + +compass point dot underbar +underbar + +init, underbar underbar. + +This is so when I run the +program, and I see a message, + +I don't have to scratch my head +figuring out where did + +things go wrong? + +So just a convention +I follow a lot. + +And then I've got move here. + +And I'll move self some +distance, and you can + +see what I'm doing. + +If self is north, I'm going +to return 0 in distance. + +So I'm now getting a tuple, +which will basically be used + +to say, all right, we're going +to implement x by 0 and y by + +distance, which is +what you think of + +about moving due north. + +And if it's south, we'll +increment x by 0, and + +increment y by minus distance, +heading down the graph. + +And similarly for east and west. +And in the sad event I + +call this with something that's +not north, south, east, + +or west, again I'll raise +an exception. + +OK, little bit at a time. + +So I hope that nothing here +looks complicated. + +In fact, it should all +look kind of boring. + +Now we'll get to field, +which should look + +a little less boring. + +So now I've got a field. + +And, well, before I get to +field, I want to go back to + +something about the first 2 +abstractions: compass point + +and location. + +Whenever we design one of these +abstractions, we're + +making some things possible and +some things impossible. + +We're making decisions, and +so what decisions are + +encapsulated in these +first two classes? + +Well, one decision is that it's +a 2-dimensional space. + +I basically said we've +got x and y and + +that's all we've got. + +This student cannot fly. + +The student cannot dig a hole +and go into the ground, we're + +only moving in 2 dimensions, +so that's fixed. + +The other decision I made is +that this student can only + +move in 1 of 4 directions. + +So, couple of good +things here. + +One, I've simplified the world, +which will make it + +easier for us to see +what's going on. + +But two, I know where I've +made those decisions, and + +later if I want to go back and +say, you know it'd be fun if + +the student could fly, let's +say we're a drunken pigeon + +instead of a drunken student. + +Or it would be a good idea to +realize that, in fact, they + +might head off at +any weird angle. + +I know what code I +have to change. + +It's encapsulated in +a single place. + +So that's why possibles is part +of compass point, rather + +than scattered throughout +the program. + +So this is nice way +to think about it. + +All right, let's move on +and look at field. + +So field, it's got an init, it +takes a self, a drunk, and a + +location, and puts the drunk in +the field at that location. + +It can move. + +So let's look at what happens +when we try and move self in + +some direction, in +some distance. + +We say the old location is the +current location, and then x c + +and y c, think of that as +x-change and y-change, get c p + +dot move of dist. Where is it +gonna find c p dot move? + +It's going to use compass point +dot move, because as + +we'll see, c p is an object of +type, of class, compass point. + +So this is a normal and typical +way we structure + +things with classes. + +The move of one class is defined +using the move of + +another class. + +This gives us the modularity +we so prize. + +And then I'll say self dot +location is old loc dot move + +of x c and x c. + +Now this is oldloc dot move is +going to get the move from + +class location. + +And you'll remember, that was +the thing that just added + +appropriate values to x and y. + +So I'll use compass point to +get those values, and then + +oldloc to get the +new location. + +Then I'll be able to get +the loc and I'll be + +able to get the drunk. + +So, let me ask the same question +about field I've + +asked about the others? + +What interesting decisions, if +any, have I embodied in the + +way I've designed and +implemented this abstraction? + +There's at least one pretty +interesting decision here. + +Just interesting to me because +my first version was far more + +complicated. + +Well, how many drunks can I +have in a field at a time? + +We have an answer which will +not be recorded, because it + +was merely raising a finger, +but it happened to be the + +correct number of +fingers: one. + +And it was this finger that +got pointed at me. + +We've embodied the fact that +you can have one drunk, + +exactly one drunk +in the field. + +This is a solitary alcoholic. + +Later we might say, well, it +would be fun to put a whole + +bunch of drunken students in +and watch what happens when + +they bump into each other. + +And we'll actually later give +you a problem set, not with + +students, but with other things +where there might be + +more than one in a field. + +But here, I've made +that decision. + +But again, I know where I've +made it, and if later I go + +back and say let's put a bunch +of them in, I don't have to + +change compass point, I don't +have to change location, I + +only have to change field. + +And we'll also see, I don't +have to change drunk. + +So again, it's very nice that +the class structure, the + +modularity let's us have +decisions in exactly one place + +in our code. + +Usually important. + +All right, now let's +look at drunk. + +So the drunk has a name. + +And, like everything else, +a move operation. + +This is the most complicated +and interesting move. + +Because here is where I'm +encapsulating the decisions + +about what the drunk +actually does. + +That the drunk, for example, +doesn't head north and just + +keep on going. + +So, let's look at what +happens here. + +It's got three parameters: self, +the field the drunk is + +moving in, and time. + +How long the drunk +is going to move. + +And you may notice something +that you haven't seen before, + +at least some of you, +time equals one + +is sitting up there. + +There. + +Python allows us to have what +are called default values for + +parameters. + +What this says is that if I call +this method without that + +last argument, rather than +getting an error message + +saying it expects three +arguments it only got two, it + +chooses the default value, +in this case one + +for the third argument. + +This is actually a pretty useful +programming paradigm, + +because there's often a +very sensible default. + +And it can simplify things. + +It's not an intrinsically +interesting or important part + +of what I'm showing you here. + +The reason I'm showing it is, +you'll be getting a problem + +set in which default values are +there because we're using + +some other things. + +And as you bring in libraries +and modules from elsewhere, + +you'll find that there are +a lot of these things. + +And in fact a lot of the +functions you've already been + +using for the built-in types +happen to have default values. + +For example, when you look at +things in the init part of a + +range, it's actually choosing, +say, 0 as a start. + +But don't worry about it. + +This just says if you don't +pass it a time, use 1. + +And then what it does, is it +says, if field dot get drunk + +is not equal to self, +raise an exception. + +OK, you've asked me to move a +drunk, it doesn't happen to be + +in the field. + +That's not very interesting. + +But now we come to the +interesting part. + +For i in range time, here by +the way range does have a + +default value of 0, +and since I didn't + +supply it, it used it. + +Point equals compass point, +and here's the most + +interesting thing, random +dot choice of + +compass point dot possibles. + +Random dot choice is a function +in the random module + +which we've imported and it +takes as an argument a + +sequence, a list of some sort, +a container, and it picks a + +random element out of that. + +So here we're passing it in, +four possible values, and it's + +just going to pick one +of them at random. + +So you can see by my having +encapsulated the possibles + +array in compass point, I don't +have to worry in drunk + +about how many possible +directions this person could + +head off in. + +And then it calls field dot +move, with the resultant + +point, and in this case one. + +All right? + +We've now finished all of this +sort of groundwork that we + +need to go and actually build +the simulation that will model + +our problem. + +So let's look at how +we use all of this. + +I've now got a function perform +trial, which will take + +a time in a field. + +So I'll get a starting point of +f dot getloc, wherever the + +drunk happens to be at this +point in time in the field. + +And then for t in range 1 to +time plus 1, I'm going to call + +field dot get drunk, that will +give me the drunk that's in + +the field, and then +I'll get the move + +function for that drunk. + +So what you see here is I can +actually, in this dot + +notation, take advantage of the +fact, where are we, we're + +down here, I've got to get +far enough away that + +I can see it -- + +Where was I? + +STUDENT: You were in +the right place + +right there, down slightly. + +PROFESSOR: -- down slightly, +here, right. + +I've called the function, which +has returned an object, + +f dot get drunk returns an +object of class drunk. + +And then I can select the method +associated with that + +object, the move method, +and move the drunk. + +This gets back to a point that +we've emphasized before, that + +these objects are first class +citizens in Python. + +You can use functions and +methods to generate them, and + +use them just as if +you'd typed them. + +So that will get me that, and +then I'll call the move of + +that drunk with the field. + +Then I'll get the location, +the new location, and then + +I'll say, distance equals new +loc dot get distance of start, + +how far is the new location +from wherever the starting + +location was? + +I'll append it to a list, +and then I'll return it. + +So now I have a list, and in the +list I have how far away + +the drunk is after +each time step. + +I'm just collecting the +list of distances. + +So I don't have a list of +locations, I don't know where, + +I can't plot the trajectory, but +I can plot the distances. + +OK, now, let's put +it all together. + +So I'll say the drunk is equal +to, is drunk of Homer Simpson. + +I had thought about using the +name of someone on campus and + +decided that, since it was +going to be taped for + +OpenCourseWare, I didn't +want to go there. + +Sometimes I lack courage. + +Then for i in range 3, and all +this says is I'm going to + +test, I'm going to run the +simulation three different + +times, f is equal to field of +drunk and location 0, 0, + +starting in the middle +of the field. + +Distances equal perform trial +500, 500 steps on that field, + +and the rest of it is magic you +don't need to understand + +because we'll come back to next +lecture, which is, how do + +I put all this in a +pretty picture? + +So ignore all of that for now, +and that's just the Pylab + +stuff for plotting +the pictures. + +All right, we're there, +let's run it. + +Huh. + +Remember the change we made? + +Guess what? + +Well, we know how to fix that. + +And we'll come back to +it and ask what's + +really going on here. + +What does self refer to here? + +It refers to the class compass +point, rather than an instance + +of the class. + +Again, driving home the point +that classes are objects just + +like everything else. + +STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: Oh, sorry. + +Thank you. + +It did it have in here, right. + +All right, now let's run +it, see what we get. + +We get a picture. + +Well, so we see that, at least +for these three tests, the + +majority of the public +was wrong. + +It seems that the longer we run +it, the further from the + +origin Homer seems +to be getting. + +Well, let's try it again. + +Maybe we just got unlucky +three times. + +You can see from the divergence +here, that, of + +course, a lot of things go on. + +I hope you can also see the +advantage of being able to + +plot it rather than having +to look at those arrays. + +Well, we get different answers, +but you know what? + +The trend still seems +pretty clear. + +It does seem over time, that +we wander further away. + +I know, further away. + +So, looks at least for +the moment, that + +perhaps we were wrong. + +Well, this is rather silly for +me to keep running it over and + +over again. + +So clearly what I ought +to do is, do it in a + +more organized way. + +So now if we go back, and see +the, kind of the right way to + +do it, I'm going to get rid of +this stuff here, which was + +used just to stop the previous +computation. + +I'm going to write a function +called perform sim. + +And what that does, is it takes +the time and the number + +of trials that we +wanted to do. + +It takes distlist equals the +empty list in this case, to + +start with, and then it is +basically going to call + +perform trial, the function we +already looked at over and + +over again. + +And get a whole bunch of +lists back, a list each + +time it calls it. + +And then, compute an average. + +Well, not yet, so it says, it +says d equals drunk, field + +start in zero, distances equals +perform trial, append + +the new list, and what +it does, is it + +returns a list of lists. + +Where each list is what we had +for the previous trials. + +Make sense? + +And then I'm going to +have 1 more function + +call, answer a question. + +Which takes the maximum time and +the number of trials, and + +it's going to do +some statistics + +on all of the lists. + +We'll come back to this +a week from today. + +If you are, have absolutely +nothing to do for the next + +week, I'll give you a hint. + +I have salted a bug here in +this latest code, and you + +might have some fun looking +at what that bug is. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_4u9W1xOuts.txt b/_4u9W1xOuts.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..20b93810fac56a43d22389e8fe9c94a338e3291f --- /dev/null +++ b/_4u9W1xOuts.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14707 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or to view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +my name is Joe Lovett my group members + + align:start position:0% +my name is Joe Lovett my group members + + + align:start position:0% +my name is Joe Lovett my group members +have been eaten just not when harvest + + align:start position:0% +have been eaten just not when harvest + + + align:start position:0% +have been eaten just not when harvest +rate Barnwell in sample and so and we're + + align:start position:0% +rate Barnwell in sample and so and we're + + + align:start position:0% +rate Barnwell in sample and so and we're +gonna introduce you to the topic of your + + align:start position:0% +gonna introduce you to the topic of your + + + align:start position:0% +gonna introduce you to the topic of your +mental pathway listed on the screen now + + align:start position:0% +mental pathway listed on the screen now + + + align:start position:0% +mental pathway listed on the screen now +or just some of the references we use in + + align:start position:0% +or just some of the references we use in + + + align:start position:0% +or just some of the references we use in +putting together this lecture the top + + align:start position:0% +putting together this lecture the top + + + align:start position:0% +putting together this lecture the top +three are the main reference issues in + + align:start position:0% +three are the main reference issues in + + + align:start position:0% +three are the main reference issues in +developing our material on the D + + align:start position:0% +developing our material on the D + + + align:start position:0% +developing our material on the D +Starlite algorithm but also take note of + + align:start position:0% +Starlite algorithm but also take note of + + + align:start position:0% +Starlite algorithm but also take note of +the bottom reference which is a paper + + align:start position:0% +the bottom reference which is a paper + + + align:start position:0% +the bottom reference which is a paper +done within professor Williams group + + align:start position:0% +done within professor Williams group + + + align:start position:0% +done within professor Williams group +here at MIT that talks about all pairs + + align:start position:0% +here at MIT that talks about all pairs + + + align:start position:0% +here at MIT that talks about all pairs +shortest paths in metals search method + + align:start position:0% +shortest paths in metals search method + + + align:start position:0% +shortest paths in metals search method +so if you're looking for more + + align:start position:0% +so if you're looking for more + + + align:start position:0% +so if you're looking for more +incremental search methods and those + + align:start position:0% +incremental search methods and those + + + align:start position:0% +incremental search methods and those +we're going to talk about today please + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about today please + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about today please +get into this especially if you're gonna + + align:start position:0% +get into this especially if you're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +get into this especially if you're gonna +go ahead and do our piece set these + + align:start position:0% +go ahead and do our piece set these + + + align:start position:0% +go ahead and do our piece set these +references will be very helpful to you + + align:start position:0% +references will be very helpful to you + + + align:start position:0% +references will be very helpful to you +so today we're going to first motivate + + align:start position:0% +so today we're going to first motivate + + + align:start position:0% +so today we're going to first motivate +the problem then we're going to + + align:start position:0% +the problem then we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +the problem then we're going to +introduce the idea of incremental search + + align:start position:0% +introduce the idea of incremental search + + + align:start position:0% +introduce the idea of incremental search +then we're gonna go into detail on the D + + align:start position:0% +then we're gonna go into detail on the D + + + align:start position:0% +then we're gonna go into detail on the D +starlight algorithm which is a type of + + align:start position:0% +starlight algorithm which is a type of + + + align:start position:0% +starlight algorithm which is a type of +incremental path planning or algorithm + + align:start position:0% +incremental path planning or algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +incremental path planning or algorithm +use for a mountain path planning run + + align:start position:0% +use for a mountain path planning run + + + align:start position:0% +use for a mountain path planning run +through an example of D starlight talked + + align:start position:0% +through an example of D starlight talked + + + align:start position:0% +through an example of D starlight talked +about when it is good to use internal + + align:start position:0% +about when it is good to use internal + + + align:start position:0% +about when it is good to use internal +path planning when other path learners + + align:start position:0% +path planning when other path learners + + + align:start position:0% +path planning when other path learners +might be better and then I go into some + + align:start position:0% +might be better and then I go into some + + + align:start position:0% +might be better and then I go into some +algorithm extensions and related topics + + align:start position:0% +algorithm extensions and related topics + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm extensions and related topics +and some applications of mobile device + + align:start position:0% +and some applications of mobile device + + + align:start position:0% +and some applications of mobile device +so in order to motivate the problem + + align:start position:0% +so in order to motivate the problem + + + align:start position:0% +so in order to motivate the problem +we're going to use a robot living in a + + align:start position:0% +we're going to use a robot living in a + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to use a robot living in a +grid world it's at a start location + + align:start position:0% +grid world it's at a start location + + + align:start position:0% +grid world it's at a start location +trying to get to a goal location it can + + align:start position:0% +trying to get to a goal location it can + + + align:start position:0% +trying to get to a goal location it can +move up down left or right or diagonally + + align:start position:0% +move up down left or right or diagonally + + + align:start position:0% +move up down left or right or diagonally +and it can only see the eight cells + + align:start position:0% +and it can only see the eight cells + + + align:start position:0% +and it can only see the eight cells +around it as it's moving through this + + align:start position:0% +around it as it's moving through this + + + align:start position:0% +around it as it's moving through this +grid world and we're going to give it + + align:start position:0% +grid world and we're going to give it + + + align:start position:0% +grid world and we're going to give it +some predefined map of the world this is + + align:start position:0% +some predefined map of the world this is + + + align:start position:0% +some predefined map of the world this is +the map it has of the world before it + + align:start position:0% +the map it has of the world before it + + + align:start position:0% +the map it has of the world before it +starts moving and as possible as it's + + align:start position:0% +starts moving and as possible as it's + + + align:start position:0% +starts moving and as possible as it's +moving through that some of these new + + align:start position:0% +moving through that some of these new + + + align:start position:0% +moving through that some of these new +obstacles can appear or obstacles could + + align:start position:0% +obstacles can appear or obstacles could + + + align:start position:0% +obstacles can appear or obstacles could +go away + + align:start position:0% +go away + + + align:start position:0% +go away +the idea is that it's going to make + + align:start position:0% +the idea is that it's going to make + + + align:start position:0% +the idea is that it's going to make +observations as it's moving through this + + align:start position:0% +observations as it's moving through this + + + align:start position:0% +observations as it's moving through this +world and update its plan to get to the + + align:start position:0% +world and update its plan to get to the + + + align:start position:0% +world and update its plan to get to the +goal based on what it sees as it's + + align:start position:0% +goal based on what it sees as it's + + + align:start position:0% +goal based on what it sees as it's +moving along so I must correct myself + + align:start position:0% +moving along so I must correct myself + + + align:start position:0% +moving along so I must correct myself +sorry the map that you're seeing now is + + align:start position:0% +sorry the map that you're seeing now is + + + align:start position:0% +sorry the map that you're seeing now is +the map that the robot has ahead of time + + align:start position:0% +the map that the robot has ahead of time + + + align:start position:0% +the map that the robot has ahead of time +the previous map is what the environment + + align:start position:0% +the previous map is what the environment + + + align:start position:0% +the previous map is what the environment +actually looks like so as it starts + + align:start position:0% +actually looks like so as it starts + + + align:start position:0% +actually looks like so as it starts +moving it's gonna it's going to make a + + align:start position:0% +moving it's gonna it's going to make a + + + align:start position:0% +moving it's gonna it's going to make a +plan to get from the start to the goal + + align:start position:0% +plan to get from the start to the goal + + + align:start position:0% +plan to get from the start to the goal +that's what we wanted to do and it's + + align:start position:0% +that's what we wanted to do and it's + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we wanted to do and it's +going to move to the next position and + + align:start position:0% +going to move to the next position and + + + align:start position:0% +going to move to the next position and +then realize that there's an obstacle in + + align:start position:0% +then realize that there's an obstacle in + + + align:start position:0% +then realize that there's an obstacle in +the path that previously planned and now + + align:start position:0% +the path that previously planned and now + + + align:start position:0% +the path that previously planned and now +most replan in order to find a valid + + align:start position:0% +most replan in order to find a valid + + + align:start position:0% +most replan in order to find a valid +path to the goal and so now it replants + + align:start position:0% +path to the goal and so now it replants + + + align:start position:0% +path to the goal and so now it replants +and continues to move on the new plan + + align:start position:0% +and continues to move on the new plan + + + align:start position:0% +and continues to move on the new plan +and now it finds another obstacle that + + align:start position:0% +and now it finds another obstacle that + + + align:start position:0% +and now it finds another obstacle that +has to read plan around and does the + + align:start position:0% +has to read plan around and does the + + + align:start position:0% +has to read plan around and does the +same thing and then continues to walk + + align:start position:0% +same thing and then continues to walk + + + align:start position:0% +same thing and then continues to walk +through until it gets to a point where + + align:start position:0% +through until it gets to a point where + + + align:start position:0% +through until it gets to a point where +we have a change in the environment and + + align:start position:0% +we have a change in the environment and + + + align:start position:0% +we have a change in the environment and +change is represented by these two cells + + align:start position:0% +change is represented by these two cells + + + align:start position:0% +change is represented by these two cells +going black here and now it's original + + align:start position:0% +going black here and now it's original + + + align:start position:0% +going black here and now it's original +plan is no longer valid again and what + + align:start position:0% +plan is no longer valid again and what + + + align:start position:0% +plan is no longer valid again and what +we wanted to do is to replan to find a + + align:start position:0% +we wanted to do is to replan to find a + + + align:start position:0% +we wanted to do is to replan to find a +new valid optimal path to the goal this + + align:start position:0% +new valid optimal path to the goal this + + + align:start position:0% +new valid optimal path to the goal this +is just showing here what happened to + + align:start position:0% +is just showing here what happened to + + + align:start position:0% +is just showing here what happened to +our environment and as it and then we + + align:start position:0% +our environment and as it and then we + + + align:start position:0% +our environment and as it and then we +robot any plans and continues to march + + align:start position:0% +robot any plans and continues to march + + + align:start position:0% +robot any plans and continues to march +towards the goal so this is the behavior + + align:start position:0% +towards the goal so this is the behavior + + + align:start position:0% +towards the goal so this is the behavior +we want from a local robot whether it's + + align:start position:0% +we want from a local robot whether it's + + + align:start position:0% +we want from a local robot whether it's +a two dimensional path planning problem + + align:start position:0% +a two dimensional path planning problem + + + align:start position:0% +a two dimensional path planning problem +when we're talking about multi + + align:start position:0% +when we're talking about multi + + + align:start position:0% +when we're talking about multi +dimensional robot arms of planning + + align:start position:0% +dimensional robot arms of planning + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional robot arms of planning +working with humans on a manufacturing + + align:start position:0% +working with humans on a manufacturing + + + align:start position:0% +working with humans on a manufacturing +environment or an activity planning + + align:start position:0% +environment or an activity planning + + + align:start position:0% +environment or an activity planning +process the idea is that we want the + + align:start position:0% +process the idea is that we want the + + + align:start position:0% +process the idea is that we want the +robot to build account for new obstacles + + align:start position:0% +robot to build account for new obstacles + + + align:start position:0% +robot to build account for new obstacles +or changes in its representation of the + + align:start position:0% +or changes in its representation of the + + + align:start position:0% +or changes in its representation of the +environment and continue to plan on the + + align:start position:0% +environment and continue to plan on the + + + align:start position:0% +environment and continue to plan on the +fight quickly and optimally so there's + + align:start position:0% +fight quickly and optimally so there's + + + align:start position:0% +fight quickly and optimally so there's +methods that accomplish this one one + + align:start position:0% +methods that accomplish this one one + + + align:start position:0% +methods that accomplish this one one +method used impact planning is rapidly + + align:start position:0% +method used impact planning is rapidly + + + align:start position:0% +method used impact planning is rapidly +exploring random treaties or our our T's + + align:start position:0% +exploring random treaties or our our T's + + + align:start position:0% +exploring random treaties or our our T's +our T's are basically going to plan + + align:start position:0% +our T's are basically going to plan + + + align:start position:0% +our T's are basically going to plan +replan on every time step based on + + align:start position:0% +replan on every time step based on + + + align:start position:0% +replan on every time step based on +changes in the environment and one + + align:start position:0% +changes in the environment and one + + + align:start position:0% +changes in the environment and one +problem might experience here those that + + align:start position:0% +problem might experience here those that + + + align:start position:0% +problem might experience here those that +are T's are are suboptimal + + align:start position:0% +are T's are are suboptimal + + + align:start position:0% +are T's are are suboptimal +even though fast + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so here you see the robot has come up + + align:start position:0% +so here you see the robot has come up + + + align:start position:0% +so here you see the robot has come up +with a plan and seeing new obstacles the + + align:start position:0% +with a plan and seeing new obstacles the + + + align:start position:0% +with a plan and seeing new obstacles the +table in front of it the coffee cup and + + align:start position:0% +table in front of it the coffee cup and + + + align:start position:0% +table in front of it the coffee cup and +it's playing for those things that the + + align:start position:0% +it's playing for those things that the + + + align:start position:0% +it's playing for those things that the +planet came up with is clearly not + + align:start position:0% +planet came up with is clearly not + + + align:start position:0% +planet came up with is clearly not +optimal so we can perform some + + align:start position:0% +optimal so we can perform some + + + align:start position:0% +optimal so we can perform some +additional computation we can use a + + align:start position:0% +additional computation we can use a + + + align:start position:0% +additional computation we can use a +method that builds upon the RT RT star + + align:start position:0% +method that builds upon the RT RT star + + + align:start position:0% +method that builds upon the RT RT star +that finds an optimal path but that + + align:start position:0% +that finds an optimal path but that + + + align:start position:0% +that finds an optimal path but that +requires a pretty significant amount of + + align:start position:0% +requires a pretty significant amount of + + + align:start position:0% +requires a pretty significant amount of +offline computation time and then you + + align:start position:0% +offline computation time and then you + + + align:start position:0% +offline computation time and then you +can accomplish something that looks a + + align:start position:0% +can accomplish something that looks a + + + align:start position:0% +can accomplish something that looks a +little more normal but again we have to + + align:start position:0% +little more normal but again we have to + + + align:start position:0% +little more normal but again we have to +a lot of robots perform a lot of + + align:start position:0% +a lot of robots perform a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of robots perform a lot of +computation offline + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so how do we accomplish what we want to + + align:start position:0% +so how do we accomplish what we want to + + + align:start position:0% +so how do we accomplish what we want to +we want to compute quickly we want to + + align:start position:0% +we want to compute quickly we want to + + + align:start position:0% +we want to compute quickly we want to +compute optimally and then have the + + align:start position:0% +compute optimally and then have the + + + align:start position:0% +compute optimally and then have the +robot continue to move as it's receiving + + align:start position:0% +robot continue to move as it's receiving + + + align:start position:0% +robot continue to move as it's receiving +the information from its environment so + + align:start position:0% +the information from its environment so + + + align:start position:0% +the information from its environment so +problems are facing there's changing + + align:start position:0% +problems are facing there's changing + + + align:start position:0% +problems are facing there's changing +environmental conditions we have sensor + + align:start position:0% +environmental conditions we have sensor + + + align:start position:0% +environmental conditions we have sensor +limitations you might not be able to see + + align:start position:0% +limitations you might not be able to see + + + align:start position:0% +limitations you might not be able to see +everything in the environment around you + + align:start position:0% +everything in the environment around you + + + align:start position:0% +everything in the environment around you +and then we live in a computation time + + align:start position:0% +and then we live in a computation time + + + align:start position:0% +and then we live in a computation time +and the solution that we're going to + + align:start position:0% +and the solution that we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +and the solution that we're going to +explore here is to reuse data from the + + align:start position:0% +explore here is to reuse data from the + + + align:start position:0% +explore here is to reuse data from the +previous search in order to speed up the + + align:start position:0% +previous search in order to speed up the + + + align:start position:0% +previous search in order to speed up the +search process and continue to plan + + align:start position:0% +search process and continue to plan + + + align:start position:0% +search process and continue to plan +optimally in the method we're going to + + align:start position:0% +optimally in the method we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +optimally in the method we're going to +use to accomplish this incremental + + align:start position:0% +use to accomplish this incremental + + + align:start position:0% +use to accomplish this incremental +search so now we're going to talk a + + align:start position:0% +search so now we're going to talk a + + + align:start position:0% +search so now we're going to talk a +little bit about what your metal search + + align:start position:0% +little bit about what your metal search + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about what your metal search +means first to show you kind of how + + align:start position:0% +means first to show you kind of how + + + align:start position:0% +means first to show you kind of how +powerful incremental search can be this + + align:start position:0% +powerful incremental search can be this + + + align:start position:0% +powerful incremental search can be this +is one example of an internal search + + align:start position:0% +is one example of an internal search + + + align:start position:0% +is one example of an internal search +method incremental all pair shortest + + align:start position:0% +method incremental all pair shortest + + + align:start position:0% +method incremental all pair shortest +paths which allows you to online and + + align:start position:0% +paths which allows you to online and + + + align:start position:0% +paths which allows you to online and +compute paths between any goal start and + + align:start position:0% +compute paths between any goal start and + + + align:start position:0% +compute paths between any goal start and +goal location the idea is that you have + + align:start position:0% +goal location the idea is that you have + + + align:start position:0% +goal location the idea is that you have +a robot that's trying to move around one + + align:start position:0% +a robot that's trying to move around one + + + align:start position:0% +a robot that's trying to move around one +obstacle that's what you see in the + + align:start position:0% +obstacle that's what you see in the + + + align:start position:0% +obstacle that's what you see in the +upper sequence of events there and then + + align:start position:0% +upper sequence of events there and then + + + align:start position:0% +upper sequence of events there and then +another obstacle is added and now it has + + align:start position:0% +another obstacle is added and now it has + + + align:start position:0% +another obstacle is added and now it has +to plan around this new obstacle and + + align:start position:0% +to plan around this new obstacle and + + + align:start position:0% +to plan around this new obstacle and +using this algorithm you have a + + align:start position:0% +using this algorithm you have a + + + align:start position:0% +using this algorithm you have a +significant increase in performance in + + align:start position:0% +significant increase in performance in + + + align:start position:0% +significant increase in performance in +computation time using the all pair + + align:start position:0% +computation time using the all pair + + + align:start position:0% +computation time using the all pair +shortest paths versus an RT RT Connect + + align:start position:0% +shortest paths versus an RT RT Connect + + + align:start position:0% +shortest paths versus an RT RT Connect +is another version of our RT where + + align:start position:0% +is another version of our RT where + + + align:start position:0% +is another version of our RT where +you're playing basically from political + + align:start position:0% +you're playing basically from political + + + align:start position:0% +you're playing basically from political +and start and connecting your your paths + + align:start position:0% +and start and connecting your your paths + + + align:start position:0% +and start and connecting your your paths +it sits on the order of what you get + + align:start position:0% +it sits on the order of what you get + + + align:start position:0% +it sits on the order of what you get +with our RT but this RT connects + + align:start position:0% +with our RT but this RT connects + + + align:start position:0% +with our RT but this RT connects +algorithm is not doesn't give you an + + align:start position:0% +algorithm is not doesn't give you an + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm is not doesn't give you an +optimal result and then it's even faster + + align:start position:0% +optimal result and then it's even faster + + + align:start position:0% +optimal result and then it's even faster +than another another algorithm + + align:start position:0% +than another another algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +than another another algorithm +probabilistic road mapping + + align:start position:0% +probabilistic road mapping + + + align:start position:0% +probabilistic road mapping +randomly sampling the environment + + align:start position:0% +randomly sampling the environment + + + align:start position:0% +randomly sampling the environment +connecting connecting points to produce + + align:start position:0% +connecting connecting points to produce + + + align:start position:0% +connecting connecting points to produce +a path so so the idea here is that we + + align:start position:0% +a path so so the idea here is that we + + + align:start position:0% +a path so so the idea here is that we +can really leverage this idea of reusing + + align:start position:0% +can really leverage this idea of reusing + + + align:start position:0% +can really leverage this idea of reusing +results from previous searches to + + align:start position:0% +results from previous searches to + + + align:start position:0% +results from previous searches to +accomplish fast replanting online so the + + align:start position:0% +accomplish fast replanting online so the + + + align:start position:0% +accomplish fast replanting online so the +whole idea of incremental search is that + + align:start position:0% +whole idea of incremental search is that + + + align:start position:0% +whole idea of incremental search is that +we're gonna form a normal graph search + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna form a normal graph search + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna form a normal graph search +just like anybody's used to and then + + align:start position:0% +just like anybody's used to and then + + + align:start position:0% +just like anybody's used to and then +we're going to repeat as the robot moves + + align:start position:0% +we're going to repeat as the robot moves + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to repeat as the robot moves +through the environment or you're + + align:start position:0% +through the environment or you're + + + align:start position:0% +through the environment or you're +executing your plan + + align:start position:0% +executing your plan + + + align:start position:0% +executing your plan +you're gonna execute the next point in + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna execute the next point in + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna execute the next point in +the plan or the next action in the plan + + align:start position:0% +the plan or the next action in the plan + + + align:start position:0% +the plan or the next action in the plan +we're going to receive changes from the + + align:start position:0% +we're going to receive changes from the + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to receive changes from the +environment either through our sensors + + align:start position:0% +environment either through our sensors + + + align:start position:0% +environment either through our sensors +or information provided from the outside + + align:start position:0% +or information provided from the outside + + + align:start position:0% +or information provided from the outside +and then we're going to use that + + align:start position:0% +and then we're going to use that + + + align:start position:0% +and then we're going to use that +information to update our previous + + align:start position:0% +information to update our previous + + + align:start position:0% +information to update our previous +search results instead of completely + + align:start position:0% +search results instead of completely + + + align:start position:0% +search results instead of completely +replanting and then continue to perform + + align:start position:0% +replanting and then continue to perform + + + align:start position:0% +replanting and then continue to perform +that loop until you reach your goal so + + align:start position:0% +that loop until you reach your goal so + + + align:start position:0% +that loop until you reach your goal so +before we get into too many of the + + align:start position:0% +before we get into too many of the + + + align:start position:0% +before we get into too many of the +details of how we're going to accomplish + + align:start position:0% +details of how we're going to accomplish + + + align:start position:0% +details of how we're going to accomplish +this first we want to review the graph + + align:start position:0% +this first we want to review the graph + + + align:start position:0% +this first we want to review the graph +search problem so a graph search you + + align:start position:0% +search problem so a graph search you + + + align:start position:0% +search problem so a graph search you +have a graph consisting of vertices or + + align:start position:0% +have a graph consisting of vertices or + + + align:start position:0% +have a graph consisting of vertices or +notice we're going to use notes + + align:start position:0% +notice we're going to use notes + + + align:start position:0% +notice we're going to use notes +throughout this lecture to talk about + + align:start position:0% +throughout this lecture to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +throughout this lecture to talk about +the vertices or nodes in the graph + + align:start position:0% +the vertices or nodes in the graph + + + align:start position:0% +the vertices or nodes in the graph +they're connected by edges and then + + align:start position:0% +they're connected by edges and then + + + align:start position:0% +they're connected by edges and then +there's an edge weighting function that + + align:start position:0% +there's an edge weighting function that + + + align:start position:0% +there's an edge weighting function that +describes the cost going from one node + + align:start position:0% +describes the cost going from one node + + + align:start position:0% +describes the cost going from one node +to another and then a heuristic function + + align:start position:0% +to another and then a heuristic function + + + align:start position:0% +to another and then a heuristic function +describes the cost or is an estimate of + + align:start position:0% +describes the cost or is an estimate of + + + align:start position:0% +describes the cost or is an estimate of +the cost to get from a current node to + + align:start position:0% +the cost to get from a current node to + + + align:start position:0% +the cost to get from a current node to +the goal node and then we have to start + + align:start position:0% +the goal node and then we have to start + + + align:start position:0% +the goal node and then we have to start +vertex in the goal vertex in the graph + + align:start position:0% +vertex in the goal vertex in the graph + + + align:start position:0% +vertex in the goal vertex in the graph +search problem we're also gonna have + + align:start position:0% +search problem we're also gonna have + + + align:start position:0% +search problem we're also gonna have +this idea of a G value or a cost so far + + align:start position:0% +this idea of a G value or a cost so far + + + align:start position:0% +this idea of a G value or a cost so far +we're going to use the term G value + + align:start position:0% +we're going to use the term G value + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to use the term G value +which is essentially the cost that is + + align:start position:0% +which is essentially the cost that is + + + align:start position:0% +which is essentially the cost that is +taking to get to some predecessor node + + align:start position:0% +taking to get to some predecessor node + + + align:start position:0% +taking to get to some predecessor node +plus the costs of the node that you're + + align:start position:0% +plus the costs of the node that you're + + + align:start position:0% +plus the costs of the node that you're +actually expanding so from you would + + align:start position:0% +actually expanding so from you would + + + align:start position:0% +actually expanding so from you would +have this w start to s1 cost to get from + + align:start position:0% +have this w start to s1 cost to get from + + + align:start position:0% +have this w start to s1 cost to get from +start s1 and then the G value for s goal + + align:start position:0% +start s1 and then the G value for s goal + + + align:start position:0% +start s1 and then the G value for s goal +would be the weight from s1 of the goal + + align:start position:0% +would be the weight from s1 of the goal + + + align:start position:0% +would be the weight from s1 of the goal +plus the s-1 street value and then dirt + + align:start position:0% +plus the s-1 street value and then dirt + + + align:start position:0% +plus the s-1 street value and then dirt +yes but it what is w W is the weighting + + align:start position:0% +yes but it what is w W is the weighting + + + align:start position:0% +yes but it what is w W is the weighting +function that I talked about previously + + align:start position:0% +function that I talked about previously + + + align:start position:0% +function that I talked about previously +here so this the weighting function + + align:start position:0% +here so this the weighting function + + + align:start position:0% +here so this the weighting function +describes the cost to get from + + align:start position:0% +describes the cost to get from + + + align:start position:0% +describes the cost to get from +one note to another along in the edge in + + align:start position:0% +one note to another along in the edge in + + + align:start position:0% +one note to another along in the edge in +the graph and then when you use those + + align:start position:0% +the graph and then when you use those + + + align:start position:0% +the graph and then when you use those +weighting functions to develop the idea + + align:start position:0% +weighting functions to develop the idea + + + align:start position:0% +weighting functions to develop the idea +of the G value so W is just the cost + + align:start position:0% +of the G value so W is just the cost + + + align:start position:0% +of the G value so W is just the cost +that we there at the edge edge cost and + + align:start position:0% +that we there at the edge edge cost and + + + align:start position:0% +that we there at the edge edge cost and +then our heuristic value like we use our + + align:start position:0% +then our heuristic value like we use our + + + align:start position:0% +then our heuristic value like we use our +ears that function to establish a + + align:start position:0% +ears that function to establish a + + + align:start position:0% +ears that function to establish a +heuristic value from one goal to a now + + align:start position:0% +heuristic value from one goal to a now + + + align:start position:0% +heuristic value from one goal to a now +and we're going to call that our H value + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to call that our H value + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to call that our H value +or H and then the total estimated cost + + align:start position:0% +or H and then the total estimated cost + + + align:start position:0% +or H and then the total estimated cost +to get from a node that we're currently + + align:start position:0% +to get from a node that we're currently + + + align:start position:0% +to get from a node that we're currently +expanding and a graph cedar tree is f + + align:start position:0% +expanding and a graph cedar tree is f + + + align:start position:0% +expanding and a graph cedar tree is f +which is your cost so far plus the your + + align:start position:0% +which is your cost so far plus the your + + + align:start position:0% +which is your cost so far plus the your +estimated cost to go I think I might've + + align:start position:0% +estimated cost to go I think I might've + + + align:start position:0% +estimated cost to go I think I might've +messed up in there caught G value + + align:start position:0% +messed up in there caught G value + + + align:start position:0% +messed up in there caught G value +associated cost so far not cost to go + + align:start position:0% +associated cost so far not cost to go + + + align:start position:0% +associated cost so far not cost to go +and then H is an estimate of cost again + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so in order to reason about a real-world + + align:start position:0% +so in order to reason about a real-world + + + align:start position:0% +so in order to reason about a real-world +environment we first have to take that + + align:start position:0% +environment we first have to take that + + + align:start position:0% +environment we first have to take that +environment and convert it to a graph so + + align:start position:0% +environment and convert it to a graph so + + + align:start position:0% +environment and convert it to a graph so +we can form graph search and then do + + align:start position:0% +we can form graph search and then do + + + align:start position:0% +we can form graph search and then do +everything we're talking about some of + + align:start position:0% +everything we're talking about some of + + + align:start position:0% +everything we're talking about some of +the examples we're going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +the examples we're going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +the examples we're going to talk about +some of the ones you've already talked + + align:start position:0% +some of the ones you've already talked + + + align:start position:0% +some of the ones you've already talked +about we're using this notion of a great + + align:start position:0% +about we're using this notion of a great + + + align:start position:0% +about we're using this notion of a great +world you can have a four connected + + align:start position:0% +world you can have a four connected + + + align:start position:0% +world you can have a four connected +graph or grid where a robot can move up + + align:start position:0% +graph or grid where a robot can move up + + + align:start position:0% +graph or grid where a robot can move up +down left to right basically the X or Y + + align:start position:0% +down left to right basically the X or Y + + + align:start position:0% +down left to right basically the X or Y +directions or any connected graph we can + + align:start position:0% +directions or any connected graph we can + + + align:start position:0% +directions or any connected graph we can +also move along the diagonals and then + + align:start position:0% +also move along the diagonals and then + + + align:start position:0% +also move along the diagonals and then +here we just show the grass associated + + align:start position:0% +here we just show the grass associated + + + align:start position:0% +here we just show the grass associated +with those with the nodes and edges and + + align:start position:0% +with those with the nodes and edges and + + + align:start position:0% +with those with the nodes and edges and +then you would have an Associated + + align:start position:0% +then you would have an Associated + + + align:start position:0% +then you would have an Associated +admissible heuristic with those + + align:start position:0% +admissible heuristic with those + + + align:start position:0% +admissible heuristic with those +performing heuristic search so just know + + align:start position:0% +performing heuristic search so just know + + + align:start position:0% +performing heuristic search so just know +upfront that anytime we're we're moving + + align:start position:0% +upfront that anytime we're we're moving + + + align:start position:0% +upfront that anytime we're we're moving +from a real world environment that we're + + align:start position:0% +from a real world environment that we're + + + align:start position:0% +from a real world environment that we're +trying to reason about these search + + align:start position:0% +trying to reason about these search + + + align:start position:0% +trying to reason about these search +methods we have to develop an Associated + + align:start position:0% +methods we have to develop an Associated + + + align:start position:0% +methods we have to develop an Associated +graph and one more thing that is + + align:start position:0% +graph and one more thing that is + + + align:start position:0% +graph and one more thing that is +important as far as understanding + + align:start position:0% +important as far as understanding + + + align:start position:0% +important as far as understanding +incremental searches the notion or idea + + align:start position:0% +incremental searches the notion or idea + + + align:start position:0% +incremental searches the notion or idea +of relaxation we're going to use thanks + + align:start position:0% +of relaxation we're going to use thanks + + + align:start position:0% +of relaxation we're going to use thanks +there's algorithm everybody here + + align:start position:0% +there's algorithm everybody here + + + align:start position:0% +there's algorithm everybody here +familiar with Dijkstra's algorithm I've + + align:start position:0% +familiar with Dijkstra's algorithm I've + + + align:start position:0% +familiar with Dijkstra's algorithm I've +seen in the past we're going to use + + align:start position:0% +seen in the past we're going to use + + + align:start position:0% +seen in the past we're going to use +Dijkstra's algorithm to kind of + + align:start position:0% +Dijkstra's algorithm to kind of + + + align:start position:0% +Dijkstra's algorithm to kind of +illustrate the idea of relaxation and + + align:start position:0% +illustrate the idea of relaxation and + + + align:start position:0% +illustrate the idea of relaxation and +remind everybody of what that + + align:start position:0% +remind everybody of what that + + + align:start position:0% +remind everybody of what that +because it's an important concept when + + align:start position:0% +because it's an important concept when + + + align:start position:0% +because it's an important concept when +we're talking about incremental search + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about incremental search + + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about incremental search +algorithms so essentially in Dijkstra's + + align:start position:0% +algorithms so essentially in Dijkstra's + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms so essentially in Dijkstra's +algorithm as a single source shortest + + align:start position:0% +algorithm as a single source shortest + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm as a single source shortest +path algorithm a best first search so + + align:start position:0% +path algorithm a best first search so + + + align:start position:0% +path algorithm a best first search so +we're going to be spending notice + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be spending notice + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be spending notice +according to their best G value or cost + + align:start position:0% +according to their best G value or cost + + + align:start position:0% +according to their best G value or cost +so far and we have our start node + + align:start position:0% +so far and we have our start node + + + align:start position:0% +so far and we have our start node +initialized to a zero cost so far + + align:start position:0% +initialized to a zero cost so far + + + align:start position:0% +initialized to a zero cost so far +because Erica got your start node + + align:start position:0% +because Erica got your start node + + + align:start position:0% +because Erica got your start node +haven't occurred any cost and then every + + align:start position:0% +haven't occurred any cost and then every + + + align:start position:0% +haven't occurred any cost and then every +other no it's going to be initialized to + + align:start position:0% +other no it's going to be initialized to + + + align:start position:0% +other no it's going to be initialized to +infinity and the idea is we're going to + + align:start position:0% +infinity and the idea is we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +infinity and the idea is we're going to +find the shortest distance to all of the + + align:start position:0% +find the shortest distance to all of the + + + align:start position:0% +find the shortest distance to all of the +other nodes by relaxing the cost to + + align:start position:0% +other nodes by relaxing the cost to + + + align:start position:0% +other nodes by relaxing the cost to +those nodes from infinity down to their + + align:start position:0% +those nodes from infinity down to their + + + align:start position:0% +those nodes from infinity down to their +actual shortest or lowest cost value so + + align:start position:0% +actual shortest or lowest cost value so + + + align:start position:0% +actual shortest or lowest cost value so +we start with by expanding the start + + align:start position:0% +we start with by expanding the start + + + align:start position:0% +we start with by expanding the start +node and then you find the cost to go or + + align:start position:0% +node and then you find the cost to go or + + + align:start position:0% +node and then you find the cost to go or +cost apart each of the children nodes of + + align:start position:0% +cost apart each of the children nodes of + + + align:start position:0% +cost apart each of the children nodes of +the start node so you have an edge + + align:start position:0% +the start node so you have an edge + + + align:start position:0% +the start node so you have an edge +weight at one and see how the node of + + align:start position:0% +weight at one and see how the node of + + + align:start position:0% +weight at one and see how the node of +the bottom has a value of one similarly + + align:start position:0% +the bottom has a value of one similarly + + + align:start position:0% +the bottom has a value of one similarly +for the middle node at five and the top + + align:start position:0% +for the middle node at five and the top + + + align:start position:0% +for the middle node at five and the top +node for three now the next node we're + + align:start position:0% +node for three now the next node we're + + + align:start position:0% +node for three now the next node we're +going to expand you may tell me wasn't + + align:start position:0% +going to expand you may tell me wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +going to expand you may tell me wasn't +that the next one we're going to expand + + align:start position:0% +that the next one we're going to expand + + + align:start position:0% +that the next one we're going to expand +based on forming best first search here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +genome one yes so the node labeled one + + align:start position:0% +genome one yes so the node labeled one + + + align:start position:0% +genome one yes so the node labeled one +here that has a G value of one is the + + align:start position:0% +here that has a G value of one is the + + + align:start position:0% +here that has a G value of one is the +lowest out of one three and five + + align:start position:0% +lowest out of one three and five + + + align:start position:0% +lowest out of one three and five +infinity so we're going to go ahead and + + align:start position:0% +infinity so we're going to go ahead and + + + align:start position:0% +infinity so we're going to go ahead and +expand one next and now we find that + + align:start position:0% +expand one next and now we find that + + + align:start position:0% +expand one next and now we find that +using this value of one plus three + + align:start position:0% +using this value of one plus three + + + align:start position:0% +using this value of one plus three +equals 4 which is less than what we + + align:start position:0% +equals 4 which is less than what we + + + align:start position:0% +equals 4 which is less than what we +previously had here is four so now the + + align:start position:0% +previously had here is four so now the + + + align:start position:0% +previously had here is four so now the +center node has been relaxed from a + + align:start position:0% +center node has been relaxed from a + + + align:start position:0% +center node has been relaxed from a +million to four so now the lowest are + + align:start position:0% +million to four so now the lowest are + + + align:start position:0% +million to four so now the lowest are +the shortest paths we found of the + + align:start position:0% +the shortest paths we found of the + + + align:start position:0% +the shortest paths we found of the +center node is four and we're going to + + align:start position:0% +center node is four and we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +center node is four and we're going to +continue to perform this through by + + align:start position:0% +continue to perform this through by + + + align:start position:0% +continue to perform this through by +going through each node in order in + + align:start position:0% +going through each node in order in + + + align:start position:0% +going through each node in order in +lowest cost and similarly you saw how + + align:start position:0% +lowest cost and similarly you saw how + + + align:start position:0% +lowest cost and similarly you saw how +the top node was relaxed to six by going + + align:start position:0% +the top node was relaxed to six by going + + + align:start position:0% +the top node was relaxed to six by going +through one three and two whereas + + align:start position:0% +through one three and two whereas + + + align:start position:0% +through one three and two whereas +previously we had the lowest cost of + + align:start position:0% +previously we had the lowest cost of + + + align:start position:0% +previously we had the lowest cost of +seven going through three and four and + + align:start position:0% +seven going through three and four and + + + align:start position:0% +seven going through three and four and +if we form that through the whole graph + + align:start position:0% +if we form that through the whole graph + + + align:start position:0% +if we form that through the whole graph +until all notes have been expanded then + + align:start position:0% +until all notes have been expanded then + + + align:start position:0% +until all notes have been expanded then +we've relaxed every node in the graph to + + align:start position:0% +we've relaxed every node in the graph to + + + align:start position:0% +we've relaxed every node in the graph to +its shortest + + align:start position:0% +its shortest + + + align:start position:0% +its shortest +value and then we can just do a greedy + + align:start position:0% +value and then we can just do a greedy + + + align:start position:0% +value and then we can just do a greedy +search from a chosen goal known back + + align:start position:0% +search from a chosen goal known back + + + align:start position:0% +search from a chosen goal known back +through the graph to find the shortest + + align:start position:0% +through the graph to find the shortest + + + align:start position:0% +through the graph to find the shortest +path this is the term relaxation + + align:start position:0% +path this is the term relaxation + + + align:start position:0% +path this is the term relaxation +standard or because it seems to me the + + align:start position:0% +standard or because it seems to me the + + + align:start position:0% +standard or because it seems to me the +fact that you're greedy numbers from + + align:start position:0% +fact that you're greedy numbers from + + + align:start position:0% +fact that you're greedy numbers from +infinity Delta choose small value sounds + + align:start position:0% +infinity Delta choose small value sounds + + + align:start position:0% +infinity Delta choose small value sounds +more like tightening as opposed to + + align:start position:0% +more like tightening as opposed to + + + align:start position:0% +more like tightening as opposed to +relaxation so I was just wondering in + + align:start position:0% +relaxation so I was just wondering in + + + align:start position:0% +relaxation so I was just wondering in +people yeah this is like standard I'm + + align:start position:0% +people yeah this is like standard I'm + + + align:start position:0% +people yeah this is like standard I'm +not sure if it is in all areas but in I + + align:start position:0% +not sure if it is in all areas but in I + + + align:start position:0% +not sure if it is in all areas but in I +have seen in multiple places that when + + align:start position:0% +have seen in multiple places that when + + + align:start position:0% +have seen in multiple places that when +you're talking about graph search + + align:start position:0% +you're talking about graph search + + + align:start position:0% +you're talking about graph search +specifically with respect to Dijkstra's + + align:start position:0% +specifically with respect to Dijkstra's + + + align:start position:0% +specifically with respect to Dijkstra's +algorithm this concept reality that is + + align:start position:0% +algorithm this concept reality that is + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm this concept reality that is +where the term relaxation is used and + + align:start position:0% +where the term relaxation is used and + + + align:start position:0% +where the term relaxation is used and +we're gonna use that as we go throughout + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna use that as we go throughout + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna use that as we go throughout +talk about incremental search and then + + align:start position:0% +talk about incremental search and then + + + align:start position:0% +talk about incremental search and then +we're kind of repairing the results + + align:start position:0% +we're kind of repairing the results + + + align:start position:0% +we're kind of repairing the results +because of new edge weights and things + + align:start position:0% +because of new edge weights and things + + + align:start position:0% +because of new edge weights and things +like that we're gonna figure out what + + align:start position:0% +like that we're gonna figure out what + + + align:start position:0% +like that we're gonna figure out what +you knows we have to relax back down to + + align:start position:0% +you knows we have to relax back down to + + + align:start position:0% +you knows we have to relax back down to +their shortest value to be able to find + + align:start position:0% +their shortest value to be able to find + + + align:start position:0% +their shortest value to be able to find +that than the new shortest path so + + align:start position:0% +that than the new shortest path so + + + align:start position:0% +that than the new shortest path so +that's the term we're gonna use here if + + align:start position:0% +that's the term we're gonna use here if + + + align:start position:0% +that's the term we're gonna use here if +it's not used universally I can't say + + align:start position:0% +it's not used universally I can't say + + + align:start position:0% +it's not used universally I can't say +for certain but we will use relaxation + + align:start position:0% +for certain but we will use relaxation + + + align:start position:0% +for certain but we will use relaxation +to talk about reducing it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +to talk about reducing it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +to talk about reducing it's kind of +related to thing about like attention + + align:start position:0% +related to thing about like attention + + + align:start position:0% +related to thing about like attention +spring as you have it as you reduce the + + align:start position:0% +spring as you have it as you reduce the + + + align:start position:0% +spring as you have it as you reduce the +constraints on it it will slowly relax - + + align:start position:0% +constraints on it it will slowly relax - + + + align:start position:0% +constraints on it it will slowly relax - +it's a completely relaxed position + + align:start position:0% +it's a completely relaxed position + + + align:start position:0% +it's a completely relaxed position +that's kind of the idea here so now that + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of the idea here so now that + + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of the idea here so now that +we have talked about the ideas of + + align:start position:0% +we have talked about the ideas of + + + align:start position:0% +we have talked about the ideas of +relaxation and graph search how do we + + align:start position:0% +relaxation and graph search how do we + + + align:start position:0% +relaxation and graph search how do we +reuse the results from a previous search + + align:start position:0% +reuse the results from a previous search + + + align:start position:0% +reuse the results from a previous search +and a new search tool to do this employ + + align:start position:0% +and a new search tool to do this employ + + + align:start position:0% +and a new search tool to do this employ +an incremental search method where you + + align:start position:0% +an incremental search method where you + + + align:start position:0% +an incremental search method where you +have done a search you found shores + + align:start position:0% +have done a search you found shores + + + align:start position:0% +have done a search you found shores +paths and now you have some changes to + + align:start position:0% +paths and now you have some changes to + + + align:start position:0% +paths and now you have some changes to +your graph and you want to use the + + align:start position:0% +your graph and you want to use the + + + align:start position:0% +your graph and you want to use the +previous results to come + + align:start position:0% +previous results to come + + + align:start position:0% +previous results to come +so what we're going to do that is we're + + align:start position:0% +so what we're going to do that is we're + + + align:start position:0% +so what we're going to do that is we're +going to store our optimal results from + + align:start position:0% +going to store our optimal results from + + + align:start position:0% +going to store our optimal results from +the previous path from a previous search + + align:start position:0% +the previous path from a previous search + + + align:start position:0% +the previous path from a previous search +this can be done in every number of ways + + align:start position:0% +this can be done in every number of ways + + + align:start position:0% +this can be done in every number of ways +it's going to depend on the algorithm + + align:start position:0% +it's going to depend on the algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to depend on the algorithm +but now you can soar like a list of + + align:start position:0% +but now you can soar like a list of + + + align:start position:0% +but now you can soar like a list of +shortest paths as an incremental all + + align:start position:0% +shortest paths as an incremental all + + + align:start position:0% +shortest paths as an incremental all +pair shortest path problem the one we're + + align:start position:0% +pair shortest path problem the one we're + + + align:start position:0% +pair shortest path problem the one we're +going to talk most about is storing G + + align:start position:0% +going to talk most about is storing G + + + align:start position:0% +going to talk most about is storing G +values and that's about what's done in + + align:start position:0% +values and that's about what's done in + + + align:start position:0% +values and that's about what's done in +the D Starlite algorithm where you're + + align:start position:0% +the D Starlite algorithm where you're + + + align:start position:0% +the D Starlite algorithm where you're +finding the shortest distance from any + + align:start position:0% +finding the shortest distance from any + + + align:start position:0% +finding the shortest distance from any +given node to that you've expanded so + + align:start position:0% +given node to that you've expanded so + + + align:start position:0% +given node to that you've expanded so +far and your search to a goal node and + + align:start position:0% +far and your search to a goal node and + + + align:start position:0% +far and your search to a goal node and +then you'll use that data to find out + + align:start position:0% +then you'll use that data to find out + + + align:start position:0% +then you'll use that data to find out +find your shortest path and then when + + align:start position:0% +find your shortest path and then when + + + align:start position:0% +find your shortest path and then when +you go to form your next iteration + + align:start position:0% +you go to form your next iteration + + + align:start position:0% +you go to form your next iteration +you'll look for inconsistencies in that + + align:start position:0% +you'll look for inconsistencies in that + + + align:start position:0% +you'll look for inconsistencies in that +graph and then in order to find a new + + align:start position:0% +graph and then in order to find a new + + + align:start position:0% +graph and then in order to find a new +shortest path will leverage that + + align:start position:0% +shortest path will leverage that + + + align:start position:0% +shortest path will leverage that +previous data and inconsistencies form + + align:start position:0% +previous data and inconsistencies form + + + align:start position:0% +previous data and inconsistencies form +relaxations to come up with a new + + align:start position:0% +relaxations to come up with a new + + + align:start position:0% +relaxations to come up with a new +optimal solution and that's all we're + + align:start position:0% +optimal solution and that's all we're + + + align:start position:0% +optimal solution and that's all we're +showing here on the right side of these + + align:start position:0% +showing here on the right side of these + + + align:start position:0% +showing here on the right side of these +three graphics is you have the initial + + align:start position:0% +three graphics is you have the initial + + + align:start position:0% +three graphics is you have the initial +search you have an obstacle that is now + + align:start position:0% +search you have an obstacle that is now + + + align:start position:0% +search you have an obstacle that is now +in a place that was wasn't there + + align:start position:0% +in a place that was wasn't there + + + align:start position:0% +in a place that was wasn't there +previously which causes you to update + + align:start position:0% +previously which causes you to update + + + align:start position:0% +previously which causes you to update +edge weights and a graph associated with + + align:start position:0% +edge weights and a graph associated with + + + align:start position:0% +edge weights and a graph associated with +this grid world and then using these + + align:start position:0% +this grid world and then using these + + + align:start position:0% +this grid world and then using these +values which represent the G values in + + align:start position:0% +values which represent the G values in + + + align:start position:0% +values which represent the G values in +the graph search you update the ones + + align:start position:0% +the graph search you update the ones + + + align:start position:0% +the graph search you update the ones +they meet up only update the ones who + + align:start position:0% +they meet up only update the ones who + + + align:start position:0% +they meet up only update the ones who +need the update to find any optimal path + + align:start position:0% +need the update to find any optimal path + + + align:start position:0% +need the update to find any optimal path +instead of completely be performing our + + align:start position:0% +instead of completely be performing our + + + align:start position:0% +instead of completely be performing our +search so what do you promote search + + align:start position:0% +search so what do you promote search + + + align:start position:0% +search so what do you promote search +methods exist we've kind of talked about + + align:start position:0% +methods exist we've kind of talked about + + + align:start position:0% +methods exist we've kind of talked about +what they are and what we can do with + + align:start position:0% +what they are and what we can do with + + + align:start position:0% +what they are and what we can do with +them so the whole idea of this slide + + align:start position:0% +them so the whole idea of this slide + + + align:start position:0% +them so the whole idea of this slide +here is to show you that the incremental + + align:start position:0% +here is to show you that the incremental + + + align:start position:0% +here is to show you that the incremental +search can be used across many domains + + align:start position:0% +search can be used across many domains + + + align:start position:0% +search can be used across many domains +it's not just specific to path planning + + align:start position:0% +it's not just specific to path planning + + + align:start position:0% +it's not just specific to path planning +it's used in temporal planning to the + + align:start position:0% +it's used in temporal planning to the + + + align:start position:0% +it's used in temporal planning to the +term temporal consistency that can be + + align:start position:0% +term temporal consistency that can be + + + align:start position:0% +term temporal consistency that can be +used in propositional satisfiability to + + align:start position:0% +used in propositional satisfiability to + + + align:start position:0% +used in propositional satisfiability to +- instead of every time you're trying to + + align:start position:0% +- instead of every time you're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +- instead of every time you're trying to +determine updating another algorithm you + + align:start position:0% +determine updating another algorithm you + + + align:start position:0% +determine updating another algorithm you +can use your previous results and one + + align:start position:0% +can use your previous results and one + + + align:start position:0% +can use your previous results and one +we're going to focus on today is D + + align:start position:0% +we're going to focus on today is D + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to focus on today is D +starlight which is specific to mobile + + align:start position:0% +starlight which is specific to mobile + + + align:start position:0% +starlight which is specific to mobile +robots and the idea is in concepts we're + + align:start position:0% +robots and the idea is in concepts we're + + + align:start position:0% +robots and the idea is in concepts we're +going to talk about there are applicable + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about there are applicable + + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about there are applicable +elsewhere you can use to help you learn + + align:start position:0% +elsewhere you can use to help you learn + + + align:start position:0% +elsewhere you can use to help you learn +about and expand your knowledge in other + + align:start position:0% +about and expand your knowledge in other + + + align:start position:0% +about and expand your knowledge in other +areas incremental search so the D star + + align:start position:0% +areas incremental search so the D star + + + align:start position:0% +areas incremental search so the D star +incremental path playing approach the + + align:start position:0% +incremental path playing approach the + + + align:start position:0% +incremental path playing approach the +whole idea behind it is that we're going + + align:start position:0% +whole idea behind it is that we're going + + + align:start position:0% +whole idea behind it is that we're going +to take the idea of incremental search + + align:start position:0% +to take the idea of incremental search + + + align:start position:0% +to take the idea of incremental search +that we just talked about and we're + + align:start position:0% +that we just talked about and we're + + + align:start position:0% +that we just talked about and we're +going to combine it with your wrist + + align:start position:0% +going to combine it with your wrist + + + align:start position:0% +going to combine it with your wrist +exert which gives us an optimal solution + + align:start position:0% +exert which gives us an optimal solution + + + align:start position:0% +exert which gives us an optimal solution +and the idea is that these two things + + align:start position:0% +and the idea is that these two things + + + align:start position:0% +and the idea is that these two things +are something sitting there orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +are something sitting there orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +are something sitting there orthogonal +so that we can combine them and then we + + align:start position:0% +so that we can combine them and then we + + + align:start position:0% +so that we can combine them and then we +can form efficient incremental path + + align:start position:0% +can form efficient incremental path + + + align:start position:0% +can form efficient incremental path +playing getting a pose an optimal result + + align:start position:0% +playing getting a pose an optimal result + + + align:start position:0% +playing getting a pose an optimal result +and quickly getting a new path when + + align:start position:0% +and quickly getting a new path when + + + align:start position:0% +and quickly getting a new path when +things change in the environment without + + align:start position:0% +things change in the environment without + + + align:start position:0% +things change in the environment without +having to completely replant and so what + + align:start position:0% +having to completely replant and so what + + + align:start position:0% +having to completely replant and so what +that looks like if we have a grid world + + align:start position:0% +that looks like if we have a grid world + + + align:start position:0% +that looks like if we have a grid world +which is shown in four instances here up + + align:start position:0% +which is shown in four instances here up + + + align:start position:0% +which is shown in four instances here up +on the board and we're trying to plan + + align:start position:0% +on the board and we're trying to plan + + + align:start position:0% +on the board and we're trying to plan +from a start node to a goal node and + + align:start position:0% +from a start node to a goal node and + + + align:start position:0% +from a start node to a goal node and +shown in each of these sections and in + + align:start position:0% +shown in each of these sections and in + + + align:start position:0% +shown in each of these sections and in +the upper left or on the left axis we + + align:start position:0% +the upper left or on the left axis we + + + align:start position:0% +the upper left or on the left axis we +have the weather we're forming a + + align:start position:0% +have the weather we're forming a + + + align:start position:0% +have the weather we're forming a +complete search or incremental search + + align:start position:0% +complete search or incremental search + + + align:start position:0% +complete search or incremental search +and on the horizontal axis whether it's + + align:start position:0% +and on the horizontal axis whether it's + + + align:start position:0% +and on the horizontal axis whether it's +an uninformed search or a heuristic + + align:start position:0% +an uninformed search or a heuristic + + + align:start position:0% +an uninformed search or a heuristic +search so the upper left is a complete + + align:start position:0% +search so the upper left is a complete + + + align:start position:0% +search so the upper left is a complete +search just using breadth-first search + + align:start position:0% +search just using breadth-first search + + + align:start position:0% +search just using breadth-first search +no heuristics and we're showing these + + align:start position:0% +no heuristics and we're showing these + + + align:start position:0% +no heuristics and we're showing these +all the nodes that are expanded and + + align:start position:0% +all the nodes that are expanded and + + + align:start position:0% +all the nodes that are expanded and +trying to find a path in the start of + + align:start position:0% +trying to find a path in the start of + + + align:start position:0% +trying to find a path in the start of +the goal and the upper right is a + + align:start position:0% +the goal and the upper right is a + + + align:start position:0% +the goal and the upper right is a +heuristic search a star with employing + + align:start position:0% +heuristic search a star with employing + + + align:start position:0% +heuristic search a star with employing +the Harris that we're able to collapse + + align:start position:0% +the Harris that we're able to collapse + + + align:start position:0% +the Harris that we're able to collapse +the number of nodes expanded by quite a + + align:start position:0% +the number of nodes expanded by quite a + + + align:start position:0% +the number of nodes expanded by quite a +bit in the bottom left is a incremental + + align:start position:0% +bit in the bottom left is a incremental + + + align:start position:0% +bit in the bottom left is a incremental +search method that's using uninformed + + align:start position:0% +search method that's using uninformed + + + align:start position:0% +search method that's using uninformed +search or breadth-first search as an + + align:start position:0% +search or breadth-first search as an + + + align:start position:0% +search or breadth-first search as an +underlying search algorithm so it's + + align:start position:0% +underlying search algorithm so it's + + + align:start position:0% +underlying search algorithm so it's +going to expand the same notes as the + + align:start position:0% +going to expand the same notes as the + + + align:start position:0% +going to expand the same notes as the +breadth-first search and then in the + + align:start position:0% +breadth-first search and then in the + + + align:start position:0% +breadth-first search and then in the +bottom right you see a incremental + + align:start position:0% +bottom right you see a incremental + + + align:start position:0% +bottom right you see a incremental +heuristic search the life log planning + + align:start position:0% +heuristic search the life log planning + + + align:start position:0% +heuristic search the life log planning +a-star algorithm which is kind of a + + align:start position:0% +a-star algorithm which is kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +a-star algorithm which is kind of a +baseline for the D star layout + + align:start position:0% +baseline for the D star layout + + + align:start position:0% +baseline for the D star layout +talk about that on the initial search + + align:start position:0% +talk about that on the initial search + + + align:start position:0% +talk about that on the initial search +will expand the same notes as the + + align:start position:0% +will expand the same notes as the + + + align:start position:0% +will expand the same notes as the +Earth's exertion sits using a star at + + align:start position:0% +Earth's exertion sits using a star at + + + align:start position:0% +Earth's exertion sits using a star at +this baseline then so now say the robot + + align:start position:0% +this baseline then so now say the robot + + + align:start position:0% +this baseline then so now say the robot +moves we get an update to the + + align:start position:0% +moves we get an update to the + + + align:start position:0% +moves we get an update to the +environment there's a bunch of change + + align:start position:0% +environment there's a bunch of change + + + align:start position:0% +environment there's a bunch of change +edges and now breadth-first search as + + align:start position:0% +edges and now breadth-first search as + + + align:start position:0% +edges and now breadth-first search as +you can see is gonna have to expand + + align:start position:0% +you can see is gonna have to expand + + + align:start position:0% +you can see is gonna have to expand +pretty much the same number if not more + + align:start position:0% +pretty much the same number if not more + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much the same number if not more +nodes than pre-dinner on-screen research + + align:start position:0% +nodes than pre-dinner on-screen research + + + align:start position:0% +nodes than pre-dinner on-screen research +and a start also is going to expand + + align:start position:0% +and a start also is going to expand + + + align:start position:0% +and a start also is going to expand +about the same number notice that + + align:start position:0% +about the same number notice that + + + align:start position:0% +about the same number notice that +previously the incremental search method + + align:start position:0% +previously the incremental search method + + + align:start position:0% +previously the incremental search method +using breadth-first search by using the + + align:start position:0% +using breadth-first search by using the + + + align:start position:0% +using breadth-first search by using the +previous results reduces significantly + + align:start position:0% +previous results reduces significantly + + + align:start position:0% +previous results reduces significantly +the number of nodes that needs to be + + align:start position:0% +the number of nodes that needs to be + + + align:start position:0% +the number of nodes that needs to be +expanded and then a lifelong planning a + + align:start position:0% +expanded and then a lifelong planning a + + + align:start position:0% +expanded and then a lifelong planning a +star the incremental search plus the + + align:start position:0% +star the incremental search plus the + + + align:start position:0% +star the incremental search plus the +heuristic search reduces that number by + + align:start position:0% +heuristic search reduces that number by + + + align:start position:0% +heuristic search reduces that number by +even more so you only have a very few + + align:start position:0% +even more so you only have a very few + + + align:start position:0% +even more so you only have a very few +even way of those quite a few changes in + + align:start position:0% +even way of those quite a few changes in + + + align:start position:0% +even way of those quite a few changes in +the environment you have very few nodes + + align:start position:0% +the environment you have very few nodes + + + align:start position:0% +the environment you have very few nodes +you need to expand on the next search in + + align:start position:0% +you need to expand on the next search in + + + align:start position:0% +you need to expand on the next search in +order to find a new optimal path that + + align:start position:0% +order to find a new optimal path that + + + align:start position:0% +order to find a new optimal path that +I'll turn over to Ben to talk about the + + align:start position:0% +I'll turn over to Ben to talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +I'll turn over to Ben to talk about the +G star like ever thanks so hope you all + + align:start position:0% +G star like ever thanks so hope you all + + + align:start position:0% +G star like ever thanks so hope you all +can use food if you start by algorithm + + align:start position:0% +can use food if you start by algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +can use food if you start by algorithm +today + + align:start position:0% +today + + + align:start position:0% +today +now I started emphasizing that the + + align:start position:0% +now I started emphasizing that the + + + align:start position:0% +now I started emphasizing that the +star's light is not the only incremental + + align:start position:0% +star's light is not the only incremental + + + align:start position:0% +star's light is not the only incremental +algorithm as we mentioned previously but + + align:start position:0% +algorithm as we mentioned previously but + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm as we mentioned previously but +it is of why is it used incremental + + align:start position:0% +it is of why is it used incremental + + + align:start position:0% +it is of why is it used incremental +algorithm and it's quite efficient what + + align:start position:0% +algorithm and it's quite efficient what + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm and it's quite efficient what +it does D start light is an algorithm + + align:start position:0% +it does D start light is an algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +it does D start light is an algorithm +that searches from a single spot node to + + align:start position:0% +that searches from a single spot node to + + + align:start position:0% +that searches from a single spot node to +a single goal node but as we see changes + + align:start position:0% +a single goal node but as we see changes + + + align:start position:0% +a single goal node but as we see changes +that occur in the path along the way + + align:start position:0% +that occur in the path along the way + + + align:start position:0% +that occur in the path along the way +we'll adjust them so it's nice to think + + align:start position:0% +we'll adjust them so it's nice to think + + + align:start position:0% +we'll adjust them so it's nice to think +about D star light from two perspectives + + align:start position:0% +about D star light from two perspectives + + + align:start position:0% +about D star light from two perspectives +wants to think about it as a + + align:start position:0% +wants to think about it as a + + + align:start position:0% +wants to think about it as a +modification of the principle space now + + align:start position:0% +modification of the principle space now + + + align:start position:0% +modification of the principle space now +you'll see that these starlight in its + + align:start position:0% +you'll see that these starlight in its + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see that these starlight in its +first iteration or expression run + + align:start position:0% +first iteration or expression run + + + align:start position:0% +first iteration or expression run +through before any modifications behaves + + align:start position:0% +through before any modifications behaves + + + align:start position:0% +through before any modifications behaves +very similar to a star and that's where + + align:start position:0% +very similar to a star and that's where + + + align:start position:0% +very similar to a star and that's where +it's nice to keep that momentum and + + align:start position:0% +it's nice to keep that momentum and + + + align:start position:0% +it's nice to keep that momentum and +you'll see that in the example further + + align:start position:0% +you'll see that in the example further + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see that in the example further +along with the second perspective to + + align:start position:0% +along with the second perspective to + + + align:start position:0% +along with the second perspective to +look at a start with is from the + + align:start position:0% +look at a start with is from the + + + align:start position:0% +look at a start with is from the +perspective of Dijkstra's + + align:start position:0% +perspective of Dijkstra's + + + align:start position:0% +perspective of Dijkstra's +from which we see many of the principles + + align:start position:0% +from which we see many of the principles + + + align:start position:0% +from which we see many of the principles +of relaxation that we covered before and + + align:start position:0% +of relaxation that we covered before and + + + align:start position:0% +of relaxation that we covered before and +from this perspective we see that when + + align:start position:0% +from this perspective we see that when + + + align:start position:0% +from this perspective we see that when +we do reparations to the growth or + + align:start position:0% +we do reparations to the growth or + + + align:start position:0% +we do reparations to the growth or +changes to the growth our our methods of + + align:start position:0% +changes to the growth our our methods of + + + align:start position:0% +changes to the growth our our methods of +repairing the craft is essentially to + + align:start position:0% +repairing the craft is essentially to + + + align:start position:0% +repairing the craft is essentially to +relax down our change in pitch weights + + align:start position:0% +relax down our change in pitch weights + + + align:start position:0% +relax down our change in pitch weights +until they reach their truth now where + + align:start position:0% +until they reach their truth now where + + + align:start position:0% +until they reach their truth now where +we differ from Dijkstra's algorithm with + + align:start position:0% +we differ from Dijkstra's algorithm with + + + align:start position:0% +we differ from Dijkstra's algorithm with +something like the T star light is + + align:start position:0% +something like the T star light is + + + align:start position:0% +something like the T star light is +selecting only the nodes that we want to + + align:start position:0% +selecting only the nodes that we want to + + + align:start position:0% +selecting only the nodes that we want to +hit efficiently so whereas D star might + + align:start position:0% +hit efficiently so whereas D star might + + + align:start position:0% +hit efficiently so whereas D star might +travel forwards Dijkstra's algorithm + + align:start position:0% +travel forwards Dijkstra's algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +travel forwards Dijkstra's algorithm +trying to be the entire graph we only + + align:start position:0% +trying to be the entire graph we only + + + align:start position:0% +trying to be the entire graph we only +want to travel from a single star + + align:start position:0% +want to travel from a single star + + + align:start position:0% +want to travel from a single star +noticing your goal mode and so D star + + align:start position:0% +noticing your goal mode and so D star + + + align:start position:0% +noticing your goal mode and so D star +light behaves like Dijkstra's but of + + align:start position:0% +light behaves like Dijkstra's but of + + + align:start position:0% +light behaves like Dijkstra's but of +guided textures so I'd like to just + + align:start position:0% +guided textures so I'd like to just + + + align:start position:0% +guided textures so I'd like to just +remind you of several concepts from a + + align:start position:0% +remind you of several concepts from a + + + align:start position:0% +remind you of several concepts from a +start first because it's easier to + + align:start position:0% +start first because it's easier to + + + align:start position:0% +start first because it's easier to +introduce them in that context and then + + align:start position:0% +introduce them in that context and then + + + align:start position:0% +introduce them in that context and then +we'll modify them a little bit so Gemma + + align:start position:0% +we'll modify them a little bit so Gemma + + + align:start position:0% +we'll modify them a little bit so Gemma +should before that for a star we're + + align:start position:0% +should before that for a star we're + + + align:start position:0% +should before that for a star we're +searching from a goal start node to a + + align:start position:0% +searching from a goal start node to a + + + align:start position:0% +searching from a goal start node to a +goal node we're sorting the nodes in our + + align:start position:0% +goal node we're sorting the nodes in our + + + align:start position:0% +goal node we're sorting the nodes in our +queue by total cost which is the sum of + + align:start position:0% +queue by total cost which is the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +queue by total cost which is the sum of +what we're calling G which are safar + + align:start position:0% +what we're calling G which are safar + + + align:start position:0% +what we're calling G which are safar +cost to go or cost to get to a single + + align:start position:0% +cost to go or cost to get to a single + + + align:start position:0% +cost to go or cost to get to a single +node and then our heuristic which is a + + align:start position:0% +node and then our heuristic which is a + + + align:start position:0% +node and then our heuristic which is a +cost to get from a node s to the gulf + + align:start position:0% +cost to get from a node s to the gulf + + + align:start position:0% +cost to get from a node s to the gulf +node here s now what we don't usually + + align:start position:0% +node here s now what we don't usually + + + align:start position:0% +node here s now what we don't usually +consider with a star that is very + + align:start position:0% +consider with a star that is very + + + align:start position:0% +consider with a star that is very +important for D stars how we distinguish + + align:start position:0% +important for D stars how we distinguish + + + align:start position:0% +important for D stars how we distinguish +between ties when two different notes on + + align:start position:0% +between ties when two different notes on + + + align:start position:0% +between ties when two different notes on +the search cube have the same total cost + + align:start position:0% +the search cube have the same total cost + + + align:start position:0% +the search cube have the same total cost +so here what we're doing is we're + + align:start position:0% +so here what we're doing is we're + + + align:start position:0% +so here what we're doing is we're +introducing a couplet which consists of + + align:start position:0% +introducing a couplet which consists of + + + align:start position:0% +introducing a couplet which consists of +two values the first which I'm calling + + align:start position:0% +two values the first which I'm calling + + + align:start position:0% +two values the first which I'm calling +f1 here for any given state it's the + + align:start position:0% +f1 here for any given state it's the + + + align:start position:0% +f1 here for any given state it's the +same as what we're usually used to it's + + align:start position:0% +same as what we're usually used to it's + + + align:start position:0% +same as what we're usually used to it's +the linear combination of your cost to + + align:start position:0% +the linear combination of your cost to + + + align:start position:0% +the linear combination of your cost to +reach encode node and your state + + align:start position:0% +reach encode node and your state + + + align:start position:0% +reach encode node and your state +function but we also introduced a second + + align:start position:0% +function but we also introduced a second + + + align:start position:0% +function but we also introduced a second +value for this couplet that's used in + + align:start position:0% +value for this couplet that's used in + + + align:start position:0% +value for this couplet that's used in +the case where only those two draw and + + align:start position:0% +the case where only those two draw and + + + align:start position:0% +the case where only those two draw and +that is simply the cost to go that G + + align:start position:0% +that is simply the cost to go that G + + + align:start position:0% +that is simply the cost to go that G +value so in order of expansion of nodes + + align:start position:0% +value so in order of expansion of nodes + + + align:start position:0% +value so in order of expansion of nodes +from the Q will order them in terms of + + align:start position:0% +from the Q will order them in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +from the Q will order them in terms of +f1 first and then if two nodes at the + + align:start position:0% +f1 first and then if two nodes at the + + + align:start position:0% +f1 first and then if two nodes at the +front of the queue tie in terms their f1 + + align:start position:0% +front of the queue tie in terms their f1 + + + align:start position:0% +front of the queue tie in terms their f1 +value we select the node with the lowest + + align:start position:0% +value we select the node with the lowest + + + align:start position:0% +value we select the node with the lowest +G value so looking at our drop down here + + align:start position:0% +G value so looking at our drop down here + + + align:start position:0% +G value so looking at our drop down here +we're looking at our + + align:start position:0% +we're looking at our + + + align:start position:0% +we're looking at our +it's s 1 here and s 2 here can anyone + + align:start position:0% +it's s 1 here and s 2 here can anyone + + + align:start position:0% +it's s 1 here and s 2 here can anyone +tell me the total cost for our state our + + align:start position:0% +tell me the total cost for our state our + + + align:start position:0% +tell me the total cost for our state our +note s 1 which remember is a couple of + + align:start position:0% +note s 1 which remember is a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +note s 1 which remember is a couple of +two different values + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +five three so five yes is our cost to + + align:start position:0% +five three so five yes is our cost to + + + align:start position:0% +five three so five yes is our cost to +reach this node 1 plus the heuristic + + align:start position:0% +reach this node 1 plus the heuristic + + + align:start position:0% +reach this node 1 plus the heuristic +which is 2 here and also 3 is our second + + align:start position:0% +which is 2 here and also 3 is our second + + + align:start position:0% +which is 2 here and also 3 is our second +value because it's phoning our chief + + align:start position:0% +value because it's phoning our chief + + + align:start position:0% +value because it's phoning our chief +value there and so what would the value + + align:start position:0% +value there and so what would the value + + + align:start position:0% +value there and so what would the value +be by the same logic for s 2 nephi thank + + align:start position:0% +be by the same logic for s 2 nephi thank + + + align:start position:0% +be by the same logic for s 2 nephi thank +you I - that's exactly right and so + + align:start position:0% +you I - that's exactly right and so + + + align:start position:0% +you I - that's exactly right and so +bearing in mind what I told you before + + align:start position:0% +bearing in mind what I told you before + + + align:start position:0% +bearing in mind what I told you before +we should we take off the queue first + + align:start position:0% +we should we take off the queue first + + + align:start position:0% +we should we take off the queue first +that's - that's exactly right because + + align:start position:0% +that's - that's exactly right because + + + align:start position:0% +that's - that's exactly right because +the first value f1 for these two noses + + align:start position:0% +the first value f1 for these two noses + + + align:start position:0% +the first value f1 for these two noses +exactly the same but the second value is + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same but the second value is + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same but the second value is +lower for FF Institute I'd also like to + + align:start position:0% +lower for FF Institute I'd also like to + + + align:start position:0% +lower for FF Institute I'd also like to +introduce the concept of successors and + + align:start position:0% +introduce the concept of successors and + + + align:start position:0% +introduce the concept of successors and +predecessors of any node in general a + + align:start position:0% +predecessors of any node in general a + + + align:start position:0% +predecessors of any node in general a +graph consists of directed edges and we + + align:start position:0% +graph consists of directed edges and we + + + align:start position:0% +graph consists of directed edges and we +can have a graphic undirected edges that + + align:start position:0% +can have a graphic undirected edges that + + + align:start position:0% +can have a graphic undirected edges that +we can think of that as just any edge + + align:start position:0% +we can think of that as just any edge + + + align:start position:0% +we can think of that as just any edge +being directed in both directions so + + align:start position:0% +being directed in both directions so + + + align:start position:0% +being directed in both directions so +here we define the concept of the + + align:start position:0% +here we define the concept of the + + + align:start position:0% +here we define the concept of the +successor of a note which is every node + + align:start position:0% +successor of a note which is every node + + + align:start position:0% +successor of a note which is every node +that can be reached from a given node + + align:start position:0% +that can be reached from a given node + + + align:start position:0% +that can be reached from a given node +along edges that can apply so the + + align:start position:0% +along edges that can apply so the + + + align:start position:0% +along edges that can apply so the +successors of this given read node of + + align:start position:0% +successors of this given read node of + + + align:start position:0% +successors of this given read node of +these two blue colors here we also + + align:start position:0% +these two blue colors here we also + + + align:start position:0% +these two blue colors here we also +introduced the concept of predecessors + + align:start position:0% +introduced the concept of predecessors + + + align:start position:0% +introduced the concept of predecessors +which is every node from which that the + + align:start position:0% +which is every node from which that the + + + align:start position:0% +which is every node from which that the +road can be reached + + align:start position:0% +road can be reached + + + align:start position:0% +road can be reached +meaning notice from which we can follow + + align:start position:0% +meaning notice from which we can follow + + + align:start position:0% +meaning notice from which we can follow +a directed edge to our node so for our + + align:start position:0% +a directed edge to our node so for our + + + align:start position:0% +a directed edge to our node so for our +read node the predecessors are these + + align:start position:0% +read node the predecessors are these + + + align:start position:0% +read node the predecessors are these +students what I'd like to emphasize here + + align:start position:0% +students what I'd like to emphasize here + + + align:start position:0% +students what I'd like to emphasize here +is comparing the two that this node here + + align:start position:0% +is comparing the two that this node here + + + align:start position:0% +is comparing the two that this node here +was both the predecessor and a successor + + align:start position:0% +was both the predecessor and a successor + + + align:start position:0% +was both the predecessor and a successor +of our read node and that's fine that + + align:start position:0% +of our read node and that's fine that + + + align:start position:0% +of our read node and that's fine that +occurs when we have undirected edges or + + align:start position:0% +occurs when we have undirected edges or + + + align:start position:0% +occurs when we have undirected edges or +edges the directions in both directions + + align:start position:0% +edges the directions in both directions + + + align:start position:0% +edges the directions in both directions +so think about D star light in the sense + + align:start position:0% +so think about D star light in the sense + + + align:start position:0% +so think about D star light in the sense +that it is a repeated best-first search + + align:start position:0% +that it is a repeated best-first search + + + align:start position:0% +that it is a repeated best-first search +which is where the a-star principles + + align:start position:0% +which is where the a-star principles + + + align:start position:0% +which is where the a-star principles +come in turn off with changing edge + + align:start position:0% +come in turn off with changing edge + + + align:start position:0% +come in turn off with changing edge +weights as that graph is reversed + + align:start position:0% +weights as that graph is reversed + + + align:start position:0% +weights as that graph is reversed +meaning that as we travel from our start + + align:start position:0% +meaning that as we travel from our start + + + align:start position:0% +meaning that as we travel from our start +node to our goal node along a path that + + align:start position:0% +node to our goal node along a path that + + + align:start position:0% +node to our goal node along a path that +we've planning we can see that edge + + align:start position:0% +we've planning we can see that edge + + + align:start position:0% +we've planning we can see that edge +weights are changing and in this example + + align:start position:0% +weights are changing and in this example + + + align:start position:0% +weights are changing and in this example +I'm modeling a obstacle coming in play + + align:start position:0% +I'm modeling a obstacle coming in play + + + align:start position:0% +I'm modeling a obstacle coming in play +between this note here in the gold mode + + align:start position:0% +between this note here in the gold mode + + + align:start position:0% +between this note here in the gold mode +which means that we have removed that + + align:start position:0% +which means that we have removed that + + + align:start position:0% +which means that we have removed that +edge and that's aseptically the same as + + align:start position:0% +edge and that's aseptically the same as + + + align:start position:0% +edge and that's aseptically the same as +changing an edge weight + + align:start position:0% +changing an edge weight + + + align:start position:0% +changing an edge weight +we're just modeling it as changing this + + align:start position:0% +we're just modeling it as changing this + + + align:start position:0% +we're just modeling it as changing this +edge way to infinity which means that + + align:start position:0% +edge way to infinity which means that + + + align:start position:0% +edge way to infinity which means that +age copied travel and as I mentioned + + align:start position:0% +age copied travel and as I mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +age copied travel and as I mentioned +before we can also view this as + + align:start position:0% +before we can also view this as + + + align:start position:0% +before we can also view this as +replanting through relaxation so once we + + align:start position:0% +replanting through relaxation so once we + + + align:start position:0% +replanting through relaxation so once we +have moved to this point how do we find + + align:start position:0% +have moved to this point how do we find + + + align:start position:0% +have moved to this point how do we find +the path from here to here when this + + align:start position:0% +the path from here to here when this + + + align:start position:0% +the path from here to here when this +edge has been removed essentially so we + + align:start position:0% +edge has been removed essentially so we + + + align:start position:0% +edge has been removed essentially so we +want to make these starlight efficient + + align:start position:0% +want to make these starlight efficient + + + align:start position:0% +want to make these starlight efficient +and it's repeated search through the + + align:start position:0% +and it's repeated search through the + + + align:start position:0% +and it's repeated search through the +graph as we traverse it so you'll see + + align:start position:0% +graph as we traverse it so you'll see + + + align:start position:0% +graph as we traverse it so you'll see +that since we're using these G values if + + align:start position:0% +that since we're using these G values if + + + align:start position:0% +that since we're using these G values if +we maintain a if we maintain a + + align:start position:0% +we maintain a if we maintain a + + + align:start position:0% +we maintain a if we maintain a +formulation where we're measuring the + + align:start position:0% +formulation where we're measuring the + + + align:start position:0% +formulation where we're measuring the +distance to go or to reach a node from + + align:start position:0% +distance to go or to reach a node from + + + align:start position:0% +distance to go or to reach a node from +our start node this is not preserved + + align:start position:0% +our start node this is not preserved + + + align:start position:0% +our start node this is not preserved +when we move our start node and we move + + align:start position:0% +when we move our start node and we move + + + align:start position:0% +when we move our start node and we move +our start node when we're updating the + + align:start position:0% +our start node when we're updating the + + + align:start position:0% +our start node when we're updating the +position of our vehicle so I see we show + + align:start position:0% +position of our vehicle so I see we show + + + align:start position:0% +position of our vehicle so I see we show +duster an example here the G value our + + align:start position:0% +duster an example here the G value our + + + align:start position:0% +duster an example here the G value our +cost to get from our start node to our + + align:start position:0% +cost to get from our start node to our + + + align:start position:0% +cost to get from our start node to our +cart notice here is the combination of + + align:start position:0% +cart notice here is the combination of + + + align:start position:0% +cart notice here is the combination of +these two edges and so it sums to for + + align:start position:0% +these two edges and so it sums to for + + + align:start position:0% +these two edges and so it sums to for +now that we move along that though we'll + + align:start position:0% +now that we move along that though we'll + + + align:start position:0% +now that we move along that though we'll +move along that path that we've planned + + align:start position:0% +move along that path that we've planned + + + align:start position:0% +move along that path that we've planned +to this next node the G value to get to + + align:start position:0% +to this next node the G value to get to + + + align:start position:0% +to this next node the G value to get to +that same node is here too so this isn't + + align:start position:0% +that same node is here too so this isn't + + + align:start position:0% +that same node is here too so this isn't +preserved and that means that we'd have + + align:start position:0% +preserved and that means that we'd have + + + align:start position:0% +preserved and that means that we'd have +to potentially reformulate things on our + + align:start position:0% +to potentially reformulate things on our + + + align:start position:0% +to potentially reformulate things on our +queue which would be very inefficient so + + align:start position:0% +queue which would be very inefficient so + + + align:start position:0% +queue which would be very inefficient so +what we do is we reformulate our search + + align:start position:0% +what we do is we reformulate our search + + + align:start position:0% +what we do is we reformulate our search +and is perfectly valid to reformulate + + align:start position:0% +and is perfectly valid to reformulate + + + align:start position:0% +and is perfectly valid to reformulate +our search to search in the opposite + + align:start position:0% +our search to search in the opposite + + + align:start position:0% +our search to search in the opposite +direction we're essentially measuring + + align:start position:0% +direction we're essentially measuring + + + align:start position:0% +direction we're essentially measuring +for our G values now the cost to reach + + align:start position:0% +for our G values now the cost to reach + + + align:start position:0% +for our G values now the cost to reach +the goal from a specific node and + + align:start position:0% +the goal from a specific node and + + + align:start position:0% +the goal from a specific node and +instead of heuristics then measure B + + align:start position:0% +instead of heuristics then measure B + + + align:start position:0% +instead of heuristics then measure B +costs to get from the specific node or + + align:start position:0% +costs to get from the specific node or + + + align:start position:0% +costs to get from the specific node or +to get from the start node to our + + align:start position:0% +to get from the start node to our + + + align:start position:0% +to get from the start node to our +specific and so we search from the goal + + align:start position:0% +specific and so we search from the goal + + + align:start position:0% +specific and so we search from the goal +backwards to DeGraaf in this case we see + + align:start position:0% +backwards to DeGraaf in this case we see + + + align:start position:0% +backwards to DeGraaf in this case we see +that regardless of whether our start + + align:start position:0% +that regardless of whether our start + + + align:start position:0% +that regardless of whether our start +node is we preserve our G values or our + + align:start position:0% +node is we preserve our G values or our + + + align:start position:0% +node is we preserve our G values or our +cost to travel from this to that that's + + align:start position:0% +cost to travel from this to that that's + + + align:start position:0% +cost to travel from this to that that's +what we like and we will keep that + + align:start position:0% +what we like and we will keep that + + + align:start position:0% +what we like and we will keep that +reformulation to maximize efficiency so + + align:start position:0% +reformulation to maximize efficiency so + + + align:start position:0% +reformulation to maximize efficiency so +here I want to give you a kind of + + align:start position:0% +here I want to give you a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +here I want to give you a kind of +overall understanding of the D star like + + align:start position:0% +overall understanding of the D star like + + + align:start position:0% +overall understanding of the D star like +a bird before we dive into the specifics + + align:start position:0% +a bird before we dive into the specifics + + + align:start position:0% +a bird before we dive into the specifics +of what it's doing firstly we want to + + align:start position:0% +of what it's doing firstly we want to + + + align:start position:0% +of what it's doing firstly we want to +initialize all notes is unexpanded and + + align:start position:0% +initialize all notes is unexpanded and + + + align:start position:0% +initialize all notes is unexpanded and +what exactly it means expand a note + + align:start position:0% +what exactly it means expand a note + + + align:start position:0% +what exactly it means expand a note +lighten it up cover and then we're doing + + align:start position:0% +lighten it up cover and then we're doing + + + align:start position:0% +lighten it up cover and then we're doing +a best first search from the goal node + + align:start position:0% +a best first search from the goal node + + + align:start position:0% +a best first search from the goal node +to the start node until the start node + + align:start position:0% +to the start node until the start node + + + align:start position:0% +to the start node until the start node +is consistent with its neighbors and + + align:start position:0% +is consistent with its neighbors and + + + align:start position:0% +is consistent with its neighbors and +I'll again say what that means later we + + align:start position:0% +I'll again say what that means later we + + + align:start position:0% +I'll again say what that means later we +then move our start node to the next + + align:start position:0% +then move our start node to the next + + + align:start position:0% +then move our start node to the next +best vertex essentially moving along the + + align:start position:0% +best vertex essentially moving along the + + + align:start position:0% +best vertex essentially moving along the +plan or no moving along the plan that we + + align:start position:0% +plan or no moving along the plan that we + + + align:start position:0% +plan or no moving along the plan that we +created and then we have to see if any + + align:start position:0% +created and then we have to see if any + + + align:start position:0% +created and then we have to see if any +of those edge costs change + + align:start position:0% +of those edge costs change + + + align:start position:0% +of those edge costs change +we tracked our heuristics change and + + align:start position:0% +we tracked our heuristics change and + + + align:start position:0% +we tracked our heuristics change and +then we update the source notes of those + + align:start position:0% +then we update the source notes of those + + + align:start position:0% +then we update the source notes of those +change edges and we essentially repeat + + align:start position:0% +change edges and we essentially repeat + + + align:start position:0% +change edges and we essentially repeat +this process until again we've converged + + align:start position:0% +this process until again we've converged + + + align:start position:0% +this process until again we've converged +to a solution we keep moving + + align:start position:0% +to a solution we keep moving + + + align:start position:0% +to a solution we keep moving +so this best first search the a + + align:start position:0% +so this best first search the a + + + align:start position:0% +so this best first search the a +star-like part of the algorithm is where + + align:start position:0% +star-like part of the algorithm is where + + + align:start position:0% +star-like part of the algorithm is where +most of the computation is going to be + + align:start position:0% +most of the computation is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +most of the computation is going to be +occurring + + align:start position:0% +occurring + + + align:start position:0% +occurring +however the incremental component is + + align:start position:0% +however the incremental component is + + + align:start position:0% +however the incremental component is +actually how we adjust our edge costs to + + align:start position:0% +actually how we adjust our edge costs to + + + align:start position:0% +actually how we adjust our edge costs to +make sure that we're using most of the + + align:start position:0% +make sure that we're using most of the + + + align:start position:0% +make sure that we're using most of the +information that we've previously + + align:start position:0% +information that we've previously + + + align:start position:0% +information that we've previously +gathered as efficiently as possible so + + align:start position:0% +gathered as efficiently as possible so + + + align:start position:0% +gathered as efficiently as possible so +I'm going to walk you through various + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to walk you through various + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to walk you through various +steps of this but first I'd like to walk + + align:start position:0% +steps of this but first I'd like to walk + + + align:start position:0% +steps of this but first I'd like to walk +you through this step of moving to the + + align:start position:0% +you through this step of moving to the + + + align:start position:0% +you through this step of moving to the +next best vertex just so you understand + + align:start position:0% +next best vertex just so you understand + + + align:start position:0% +next best vertex just so you understand +that well so we can extract a path given + + align:start position:0% +that well so we can extract a path given + + + align:start position:0% +that well so we can extract a path given +the path cost that we have through this + + align:start position:0% +the path cost that we have through this + + + align:start position:0% +the path cost that we have through this +simple argument which says that we map + + align:start position:0% +simple argument which says that we map + + + align:start position:0% +simple argument which says that we map +the successor by which I mean we re + + align:start position:0% +the successor by which I mean we re + + + align:start position:0% +the successor by which I mean we re +state what the start node is because + + align:start position:0% +state what the start node is because + + + align:start position:0% +state what the start node is because +we're moving from one state to the next + + align:start position:0% +we're moving from one state to the next + + + align:start position:0% +we're moving from one state to the next +state which becomes the new start node + + align:start position:0% +state which becomes the new start node + + + align:start position:0% +state which becomes the new start node +by this formula which essentially says + + align:start position:0% +by this formula which essentially says + + + align:start position:0% +by this formula which essentially says +that we're taking the best path in the + + align:start position:0% +that we're taking the best path in the + + + align:start position:0% +that we're taking the best path in the +sense that we're minimizing the total + + align:start position:0% +sense that we're minimizing the total + + + align:start position:0% +sense that we're minimizing the total +cost that would be gained traveling by + + align:start position:0% +cost that would be gained traveling by + + + align:start position:0% +cost that would be gained traveling by +that path to this node so in essence the + + align:start position:0% +that path to this node so in essence the + + + align:start position:0% +that path to this node so in essence the +G value to get to this node from both to + + align:start position:0% +G value to get to this node from both to + + + align:start position:0% +G value to get to this node from both to +the red node from the green or call + + align:start position:0% +the red node from the green or call + + + align:start position:0% +the red node from the green or call +we're searching back through the graph + + align:start position:0% +we're searching back through the graph + + + align:start position:0% +we're searching back through the graph +by this path here is 7 but to get to + + align:start position:0% +by this path here is 7 but to get to + + + align:start position:0% +by this path here is 7 but to get to +this node from the lower No + + align:start position:0% +this node from the lower No + + + align:start position:0% +this node from the lower No +is ten and so our G value that is + + align:start position:0% +is ten and so our G value that is + + + align:start position:0% +is ten and so our G value that is +optimal is seven in this case a note + + align:start position:0% +optimal is seven in this case a note + + + align:start position:0% +optimal is seven in this case a note +that we picked the successor is the Cree + + align:start position:0% +that we picked the successor is the Cree + + + align:start position:0% +that we picked the successor is the Cree +note up here so now to walk through some + + align:start position:0% +note up here so now to walk through some + + + align:start position:0% +note up here so now to walk through some +principles that appear in both of these + + align:start position:0% +principles that appear in both of these + + + align:start position:0% +principles that appear in both of these +steps I want to show how we have a + + align:start position:0% +steps I want to show how we have a + + + align:start position:0% +steps I want to show how we have a +weight changes locally and we do this + + align:start position:0% +weight changes locally and we do this + + + align:start position:0% +weight changes locally and we do this +because we don't want to track weight + + align:start position:0% +because we don't want to track weight + + + align:start position:0% +because we don't want to track weight +changes throughout the entire graph you + + align:start position:0% +changes throughout the entire graph you + + + align:start position:0% +changes throughout the entire graph you +want to handle this efficiently and + + align:start position:0% +want to handle this efficiently and + + + align:start position:0% +want to handle this efficiently and +separate them so we're going to need to + + align:start position:0% +separate them so we're going to need to + + + align:start position:0% +separate them so we're going to need to +handle the changes that really impact a + + align:start position:0% +handle the changes that really impact a + + + align:start position:0% +handle the changes that really impact a +problem so this is the same formula that + + align:start position:0% +problem so this is the same formula that + + + align:start position:0% +problem so this is the same formula that +defines our successive our G values for + + align:start position:0% +defines our successive our G values for + + + align:start position:0% +defines our successive our G values for +a given note but we can see that this + + align:start position:0% +a given note but we can see that this + + + align:start position:0% +a given note but we can see that this +may no longer hold when edge weights + + align:start position:0% +may no longer hold when edge weights + + + align:start position:0% +may no longer hold when edge weights +change the example that I have here is + + align:start position:0% +change the example that I have here is + + + align:start position:0% +change the example that I have here is +that I've changed this edge body cost + + align:start position:0% +that I've changed this edge body cost + + + align:start position:0% +that I've changed this edge body cost +from 6 to 1 and so now we can reach the + + align:start position:0% +from 6 to 1 and so now we can reach the + + + align:start position:0% +from 6 to 1 and so now we can reach the +red node searching back to the graph by + + align:start position:0% +red node searching back to the graph by + + + align:start position:0% +red node searching back to the graph by +a new optimal path coming down from this + + align:start position:0% +a new optimal path coming down from this + + + align:start position:0% +a new optimal path coming down from this +node here which would make our new T + + align:start position:0% +node here which would make our new T + + + align:start position:0% +node here which would make our new T +value 5 instead so this hasn't been + + align:start position:0% +value 5 instead so this hasn't been + + + align:start position:0% +value 5 instead so this hasn't been +preserved and then these changes then + + align:start position:0% +preserved and then these changes then + + + align:start position:0% +preserved and then these changes then +propagate to our six predecessors + + align:start position:0% +propagate to our six predecessors + + + align:start position:0% +propagate to our six predecessors +because the costs for the predecessors + + align:start position:0% +because the costs for the predecessors + + + align:start position:0% +because the costs for the predecessors +are each dependent on the G value for + + align:start position:0% +are each dependent on the G value for + + + align:start position:0% +are each dependent on the G value for +America successor and so when we hit a + + align:start position:0% +America successor and so when we hit a + + + align:start position:0% +America successor and so when we hit a +node you have to propagate that change + + align:start position:0% +node you have to propagate that change + + + align:start position:0% +node you have to propagate that change +all the way back through the crumbs so + + align:start position:0% +all the way back through the crumbs so + + + align:start position:0% +all the way back through the crumbs so +to do this efficiently we take a name + + align:start position:0% +to do this efficiently we take a name + + + align:start position:0% +to do this efficiently we take a name +star like approach where we update the + + align:start position:0% +star like approach where we update the + + + align:start position:0% +star like approach where we update the +lowest cost it's perfect no its first + + align:start position:0% +lowest cost it's perfect no its first + + + align:start position:0% +lowest cost it's perfect no its first +and we don't expand a node until it is + + align:start position:0% +and we don't expand a node until it is + + + align:start position:0% +and we don't expand a node until it is +the next lowest cost to help us do this + + align:start position:0% +the next lowest cost to help us do this + + + align:start position:0% +the next lowest cost to help us do this +we're going to store an additional + + align:start position:0% +we're going to store an additional + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to store an additional +family we'll call this our HS now the + + align:start position:0% +family we'll call this our HS now the + + + align:start position:0% +family we'll call this our HS now the +meaning behind our HS it comes from the + + align:start position:0% +meaning behind our HS it comes from the + + + align:start position:0% +meaning behind our HS it comes from the +term right hand side which in the paper + + align:start position:0% +term right hand side which in the paper + + + align:start position:0% +term right hand side which in the paper +where it was first introduced made more + + align:start position:0% +where it was first introduced made more + + + align:start position:0% +where it was first introduced made more +sense than it does so here what you can + + align:start position:0% +sense than it does so here what you can + + + align:start position:0% +sense than it does so here what you can +think of your RHS value as is + + align:start position:0% +think of your RHS value as is + + + align:start position:0% +think of your RHS value as is +essentially your corrected G costs when + + align:start position:0% +essentially your corrected G costs when + + + align:start position:0% +essentially your corrected G costs when +at which when H cos change how G a + + align:start position:0% +at which when H cos change how G a + + + align:start position:0% +at which when H cos change how G a +should be signed so that is correct for + + align:start position:0% +should be signed so that is correct for + + + align:start position:0% +should be signed so that is correct for +you at least when your RHS value is not + + align:start position:0% +you at least when your RHS value is not + + + align:start position:0% +you at least when your RHS value is not +equal to your G value that means that we + + align:start position:0% +equal to your G value that means that we + + + align:start position:0% +equal to your G value that means that we +have what is called a local + + align:start position:0% +have what is called a local + + + align:start position:0% +have what is called a local +consistance so given the logic that your + + align:start position:0% +consistance so given the logic that your + + + align:start position:0% +consistance so given the logic that your +RHS value should be what your G value + + align:start position:0% +RHS value should be what your G value + + + align:start position:0% +RHS value should be what your G value +would be corrected to be what was your + + align:start position:0% +would be corrected to be what was your + + + align:start position:0% +would be corrected to be what was your +RHS value be for this craft + + align:start position:0% +RHS value be for this craft + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hi yes so that is this is the same + + align:start position:0% +hi yes so that is this is the same + + + align:start position:0% +hi yes so that is this is the same +graph that I presented previously and I + + align:start position:0% +graph that I presented previously and I + + + align:start position:0% +graph that I presented previously and I +walked through how much II should be 5 + + align:start position:0% +walked through how much II should be 5 + + + align:start position:0% +walked through how much II should be 5 +our chest should be 5 here and what + + align:start position:0% +our chest should be 5 here and what + + + align:start position:0% +our chest should be 5 here and what +we're tracking is our ages and chief + + align:start position:0% +we're tracking is our ages and chief + + + align:start position:0% +we're tracking is our ages and chief +dick so geez what it should be but we + + align:start position:0% +dick so geez what it should be but we + + + align:start position:0% +dick so geez what it should be but we +haven't updated G to be 5 yet so we have + + align:start position:0% +haven't updated G to be 5 yet so we have + + + align:start position:0% +haven't updated G to be 5 yet so we have +two different types of local + + align:start position:0% +two different types of local + + + align:start position:0% +two different types of local +inconsistencies that we distinguish + + align:start position:0% +inconsistencies that we distinguish + + + align:start position:0% +inconsistencies that we distinguish +between we have what we call them local + + align:start position:0% +between we have what we call them local + + + align:start position:0% +between we have what we call them local +/ consistency where G is greater than + + align:start position:0% +/ consistency where G is greater than + + + align:start position:0% +/ consistency where G is greater than +your RHS value this is going to behave + + align:start position:0% +your RHS value this is going to behave + + + align:start position:0% +your RHS value this is going to behave +more similarly to Dijkstra's algorithm + + align:start position:0% +more similarly to Dijkstra's algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +more similarly to Dijkstra's algorithm +where you're the value that we're + + align:start position:0% +where you're the value that we're + + + align:start position:0% +where you're the value that we're +associating to every given note now is + + align:start position:0% +associating to every given note now is + + + align:start position:0% +associating to every given note now is +higher than it should be and we're + + align:start position:0% +higher than it should be and we're + + + align:start position:0% +higher than it should be and we're +relaxing down to the true value however + + align:start position:0% +relaxing down to the true value however + + + align:start position:0% +relaxing down to the true value however +we have a locally under consistent case + + align:start position:0% +we have a locally under consistent case + + + align:start position:0% +we have a locally under consistent case +that we have handles let me do something + + align:start position:0% +that we have handles let me do something + + + align:start position:0% +that we have handles let me do something +so now we're going to look through + + align:start position:0% +so now we're going to look through + + + align:start position:0% +so now we're going to look through +updating and expanding notice well I + + align:start position:0% +updating and expanding notice well I + + + align:start position:0% +updating and expanding notice well I +mean like updating a note is recomputing + + align:start position:0% +mean like updating a note is recomputing + + + align:start position:0% +mean like updating a note is recomputing +the RHS value and then placing that note + + align:start position:0% +the RHS value and then placing that note + + + align:start position:0% +the RHS value and then placing that note +on the priority queue if that note is + + align:start position:0% +on the priority queue if that note is + + + align:start position:0% +on the priority queue if that note is +locally inconsistent so to give an + + align:start position:0% +locally inconsistent so to give an + + + align:start position:0% +locally inconsistent so to give an +example here I've changed this valley + + align:start position:0% +example here I've changed this valley + + + align:start position:0% +example here I've changed this valley +moving from 6 at the bottom to 1 and + + align:start position:0% +moving from 6 at the bottom to 1 and + + + align:start position:0% +moving from 6 at the bottom to 1 and +recomputing RHS as we did beforehand now + + align:start position:0% +recomputing RHS as we did beforehand now + + + align:start position:0% +recomputing RHS as we did beforehand now +we see that the note is locally + + align:start position:0% +we see that the note is locally + + + align:start position:0% +we see that the note is locally +inconsistent in this case is locally + + align:start position:0% +inconsistent in this case is locally + + + align:start position:0% +inconsistent in this case is locally +under consistent and so we placed that + + align:start position:0% +under consistent and so we placed that + + + align:start position:0% +under consistent and so we placed that +on the priority queue the priority queue + + align:start position:0% +on the priority queue the priority queue + + + align:start position:0% +on the priority queue the priority queue +values based on this new formula this + + align:start position:0% +values based on this new formula this + + + align:start position:0% +values based on this new formula this +new formula essentially handles how we + + align:start position:0% +new formula essentially handles how we + + + align:start position:0% +new formula essentially handles how we +see G and oranges in essence we want to + + align:start position:0% +see G and oranges in essence we want to + + + align:start position:0% +see G and oranges in essence we want to +take the minimal value off of one of + + align:start position:0% +take the minimal value off of one of + + + align:start position:0% +take the minimal value off of one of +these so that we can handle it the first + + align:start position:0% +these so that we can handle it the first + + + align:start position:0% +these so that we can handle it the first +time that it'll cause changes that + + align:start position:0% +time that it'll cause changes that + + + align:start position:0% +time that it'll cause changes that +propagate through the graph and so this + + align:start position:0% +propagate through the graph and so this + + + align:start position:0% +propagate through the graph and so this +is essentially are ordering on our + + align:start position:0% +is essentially are ordering on our + + + align:start position:0% +is essentially are ordering on our +priority queue which is essentially the + + align:start position:0% +priority queue which is essentially the + + + align:start position:0% +priority queue which is essentially the +same coupling that we saw for a star but + + align:start position:0% +same coupling that we saw for a star but + + + align:start position:0% +same coupling that we saw for a star but +here we just had G of s replaced by the + + align:start position:0% +here we just had G of s replaced by the + + + align:start position:0% +here we just had G of s replaced by the +minimum of G of s and RHS events + + align:start position:0% +minimum of G of s and RHS events + + + align:start position:0% +minimum of G of s and RHS events +and so here your minimum of G and our HS + + align:start position:0% +and so here your minimum of G and our HS + + + align:start position:0% +and so here your minimum of G and our HS +is five plus a heuristic please - total + + align:start position:0% +is five plus a heuristic please - total + + + align:start position:0% +is five plus a heuristic please - total +cost associated with this node of nine + + align:start position:0% +cost associated with this node of nine + + + align:start position:0% +cost associated with this node of nine +file so we expand up our moves by then + + align:start position:0% +file so we expand up our moves by then + + + align:start position:0% +file so we expand up our moves by then +taking them off of the priority queue + + align:start position:0% +taking them off of the priority queue + + + align:start position:0% +taking them off of the priority queue +and changing gene now I said here that + + align:start position:0% +and changing gene now I said here that + + + align:start position:0% +and changing gene now I said here that +have we had a locally implemented + + align:start position:0% +have we had a locally implemented + + + align:start position:0% +have we had a locally implemented +consistently and so we update this in + + align:start position:0% +consistently and so we update this in + + + align:start position:0% +consistently and so we update this in +much the way that we would expect your G + + align:start position:0% +much the way that we would expect your G + + + align:start position:0% +much the way that we would expect your G +values are relaxing down to your RHS + + align:start position:0% +values are relaxing down to your RHS + + + align:start position:0% +values are relaxing down to your RHS +values and so we just set G to be equal + + align:start position:0% +values and so we just set G to be equal + + + align:start position:0% +values and so we just set G to be equal +to purchase in this case our node is now + + align:start position:0% +to purchase in this case our node is now + + + align:start position:0% +to purchase in this case our node is now +locally consistent and it's been stay + + align:start position:0% +locally consistent and it's been stay + + + align:start position:0% +locally consistent and it's been stay +that way so can anyone think of some + + align:start position:0% +that way so can anyone think of some + + + align:start position:0% +that way so can anyone think of some +good reasons why I go through the + + align:start position:0% +good reasons why I go through the + + + align:start position:0% +good reasons why I go through the +process of changing RHS and keeping + + align:start position:0% +process of changing RHS and keeping + + + align:start position:0% +process of changing RHS and keeping +track of that new value I'll need to put + + align:start position:0% +track of that new value I'll need to put + + + align:start position:0% +track of that new value I'll need to put +that on the queue and then take it off + + align:start position:0% +that on the queue and then take it off + + + align:start position:0% +that on the queue and then take it off +again instead of just recomputing much + + align:start position:0% +again instead of just recomputing much + + + align:start position:0% +again instead of just recomputing much +here that should be in the first place + + align:start position:0% +here that should be in the first place + + + align:start position:0% +here that should be in the first place +so do I have any ideas + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +what you can think of is that you're + + align:start position:0% +what you can think of is that you're + + + align:start position:0% +what you can think of is that you're +putting something on the on the queue + + align:start position:0% +putting something on the on the queue + + + align:start position:0% +putting something on the on the queue +but if we update that value immediately + + align:start position:0% +but if we update that value immediately + + + align:start position:0% +but if we update that value immediately +there are multiple nodes that could + + align:start position:0% +there are multiple nodes that could + + + align:start position:0% +there are multiple nodes that could +change the same note that we've just + + align:start position:0% +change the same note that we've just + + + align:start position:0% +change the same note that we've just +considered by which I mean more changes + + align:start position:0% +considered by which I mean more changes + + + align:start position:0% +considered by which I mean more changes +as they propagate back through the drop + + align:start position:0% +as they propagate back through the drop + + + align:start position:0% +as they propagate back through the drop +could lead to changes in the RHS value + + align:start position:0% +could lead to changes in the RHS value + + + align:start position:0% +could lead to changes in the RHS value +of that specific node and so what we + + align:start position:0% +of that specific node and so what we + + + align:start position:0% +of that specific node and so what we +would need to do if we can recompute a G + + align:start position:0% +would need to do if we can recompute a G + + + align:start position:0% +would need to do if we can recompute a G +of s every time is put it on the queue + + align:start position:0% +of s every time is put it on the queue + + + align:start position:0% +of s every time is put it on the queue +take it or I don't think you just signal + + align:start position:0% +take it or I don't think you just signal + + + align:start position:0% +take it or I don't think you just signal +that where your recomputing to you this + + align:start position:0% +that where your recomputing to you this + + + align:start position:0% +that where your recomputing to you this +and do that + + align:start position:0% +and do that + + + align:start position:0% +and do that +cut pre-computation and then new changes + + align:start position:0% +cut pre-computation and then new changes + + + align:start position:0% +cut pre-computation and then new changes +could come perform that again do that + + align:start position:0% +could come perform that again do that + + + align:start position:0% +could come perform that again do that +again and again and again and again we + + align:start position:0% +again and again and again and again we + + + align:start position:0% +again and again and again and again we +want to avoid that situation so what + + align:start position:0% +want to avoid that situation so what + + + align:start position:0% +want to avoid that situation so what +we're going to do is we're gonna keep + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do is we're gonna keep + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do is we're gonna keep +our HS is essentially a temp value that + + align:start position:0% +our HS is essentially a temp value that + + + align:start position:0% +our HS is essentially a temp value that +can be adjusted when it's in the queue + + align:start position:0% +can be adjusted when it's in the queue + + + align:start position:0% +can be adjusted when it's in the queue +so when something is on the Hewitt's on + + align:start position:0% +so when something is on the Hewitt's on + + + align:start position:0% +so when something is on the Hewitt's on +there once and it can be updating taken + + align:start position:0% +there once and it can be updating taken + + + align:start position:0% +there once and it can be updating taken +off but we know when it's been taken off + + align:start position:0% +off but we know when it's been taken off + + + align:start position:0% +off but we know when it's been taken off +that it's been taken off at the correct + + align:start position:0% +that it's been taken off at the correct + + + align:start position:0% +that it's been taken off at the correct +time I wouldn't need to be handled again + + align:start position:0% +time I wouldn't need to be handled again + + + align:start position:0% +time I wouldn't need to be handled again +so um Trender senate version so present + + align:start position:0% +so um Trender senate version so present + + + align:start position:0% +so um Trender senate version so present +if you had a single edge cost any weight + + align:start position:0% +if you had a single edge cost any weight + + + align:start position:0% +if you had a single edge cost any weight +change then you could just do whatever + + align:start position:0% +change then you could just do whatever + + + align:start position:0% +change then you could just do whatever +wasn't just said in terms like you could + + align:start position:0% +wasn't just said in terms like you could + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't just said in terms like you could +just update a thing in it then probably + + align:start position:0% +just update a thing in it then probably + + + align:start position:0% +just update a thing in it then probably +each of the precess early yeah so if you + + align:start position:0% +each of the precess early yeah so if you + + + align:start position:0% +each of the precess early yeah so if you +knew for sure that nothing else was + + align:start position:0% +knew for sure that nothing else was + + + align:start position:0% +knew for sure that nothing else was +coming back to town okay then we could + + align:start position:0% +coming back to town okay then we could + + + align:start position:0% +coming back to town okay then we could +just do that change and propagate to all + + align:start position:0% +just do that change and propagate to all + + + align:start position:0% +just do that change and propagate to all +the predecessors because nothing + + align:start position:0% +the predecessors because nothing + + + align:start position:0% +the predecessors because nothing +upstream of that notice that vector so + + align:start position:0% +upstream of that notice that vector so + + + align:start position:0% +upstream of that notice that vector so +if I understand you correctly so if + + align:start position:0% +if I understand you correctly so if + + + align:start position:0% +if I understand you correctly so if +you're basically running that in a + + align:start position:0% +you're basically running that in a + + + align:start position:0% +you're basically running that in a +programming so that because we are you + + align:start position:0% +programming so that because we are you + + + align:start position:0% +programming so that because we are you +are you keeping the cost you go into the + + align:start position:0% +are you keeping the cost you go into the + + + align:start position:0% +are you keeping the cost you go into the +bowl and then while your gene is every + + align:start position:0% +bowl and then while your gene is every + + + align:start position:0% +bowl and then while your gene is every +time you have an edge that changes chill + + align:start position:0% +time you have an edge that changes chill + + + align:start position:0% +time you have an edge that changes chill +value that could potentially make that + + align:start position:0% +value that could potentially make that + + + align:start position:0% +value that could potentially make that +note better than it was before so even + + align:start position:0% +note better than it was before so even + + + align:start position:0% +note better than it was before so even +changes the value of the node just + + align:start position:0% +changes the value of the node just + + + align:start position:0% +changes the value of the node just +something better than it was before yeah + + align:start position:0% +something better than it was before yeah + + + align:start position:0% +something better than it was before yeah +basically + + align:start position:0% +basically + + + align:start position:0% +basically +so you + + align:start position:0% +so you + + + align:start position:0% +so you +you would change that node and then + + align:start position:0% +you would change that node and then + + + align:start position:0% +you would change that node and then +propagate every and then queue all the + + align:start position:0% +propagate every and then queue all the + + + align:start position:0% +propagate every and then queue all the +previous a sirs of it because those + + align:start position:0% +previous a sirs of it because those + + + align:start position:0% +previous a sirs of it because those +could be changing as well yes + + align:start position:0% +could be changing as well yes + + + align:start position:0% +could be changing as well yes +and then I mean if those if those gnomes + + align:start position:0% +and then I mean if those if those gnomes + + + align:start position:0% +and then I mean if those if those gnomes +do not change you you don't do anything + + align:start position:0% +do not change you you don't do anything + + + align:start position:0% +do not change you you don't do anything +that you removed it from the queue if + + align:start position:0% +that you removed it from the queue if + + + align:start position:0% +that you removed it from the queue if +they also change your that that wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +they also change your that that wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +they also change your that that wouldn't +probably Indians you have nothing else + + align:start position:0% +probably Indians you have nothing else + + + align:start position:0% +probably Indians you have nothing else +your proper true yeah but we only do the + + align:start position:0% +your proper true yeah but we only do the + + + align:start position:0% +your proper true yeah but we only do the +propagation or we Q changes that occur + + align:start position:0% +propagation or we Q changes that occur + + + align:start position:0% +propagation or we Q changes that occur +earlier in the graph but we only + + align:start position:0% +earlier in the graph but we only + + + align:start position:0% +earlier in the graph but we only +actually perform the change resetting + + align:start position:0% +actually perform the change resetting + + + align:start position:0% +actually perform the change resetting +the G value when it's expected obviously + + align:start position:0% +the G value when it's expected obviously + + + align:start position:0% +the G value when it's expected obviously +and then the reason and the reason for + + align:start position:0% +and then the reason and the reason for + + + align:start position:0% +and then the reason and the reason for +that is is for efficiency when you have + + align:start position:0% +that is is for efficiency when you have + + + align:start position:0% +that is is for efficiency when you have +more than one edge changing you could + + align:start position:0% +more than one edge changing you could + + + align:start position:0% +more than one edge changing you could +basically have multiple paths affecting + + align:start position:0% +basically have multiple paths affecting + + + align:start position:0% +basically have multiple paths affecting +this thing node yes and in this + + align:start position:0% +this thing node yes and in this + + + align:start position:0% +this thing node yes and in this +situation so if you actually allow your + + align:start position:0% +situation so if you actually allow your + + + align:start position:0% +situation so if you actually allow your +changes to occur and multiple edges + + align:start position:0% +changes to occur and multiple edges + + + align:start position:0% +changes to occur and multiple edges +that's when the importance of the queue + + align:start position:0% +that's when the importance of the queue + + + align:start position:0% +that's when the importance of the queue +comes that's exactly that exactly + + align:start position:0% +comes that's exactly that exactly + + + align:start position:0% +comes that's exactly that exactly +prevents you from redoing the same work + + align:start position:0% +prevents you from redoing the same work + + + align:start position:0% +prevents you from redoing the same work +over and that's exactly right because if + + align:start position:0% +over and that's exactly right because if + + + align:start position:0% +over and that's exactly right because if +another change came through then you put + + align:start position:0% +another change came through then you put + + + align:start position:0% +another change came through then you put +all the predecessors back on this you + + align:start position:0% +all the predecessors back on this you + + + align:start position:0% +all the predecessors back on this you +again we do updates plan as well because + + align:start position:0% +again we do updates plan as well because + + + align:start position:0% +again we do updates plan as well because +we're avoiding that process and the + + align:start position:0% +we're avoiding that process and the + + + align:start position:0% +we're avoiding that process and the +queue also ensures that we're only + + align:start position:0% +queue also ensures that we're only + + + align:start position:0% +queue also ensures that we're only +updating the but I think that'll cover + + align:start position:0% +updating the but I think that'll cover + + + align:start position:0% +updating the but I think that'll cover +but in the main route which we terminate + + align:start position:0% +but in the main route which we terminate + + + align:start position:0% +but in the main route which we terminate +we don't necessarily we only expand + + align:start position:0% +we don't necessarily we only expand + + + align:start position:0% +we don't necessarily we only expand +every node in the queue we only expand + + align:start position:0% +every node in the queue we only expand + + + align:start position:0% +every node in the queue we only expand +those we need an order to find the + + align:start position:0% +those we need an order to find the + + + align:start position:0% +those we need an order to find the +shortest path and then we retain the + + align:start position:0% +shortest path and then we retain the + + + align:start position:0% +shortest path and then we retain the +queue for the next search in case we + + align:start position:0% +queue for the next search in case we + + + align:start position:0% +queue for the next search in case we +need to update those Thanks the next + + align:start position:0% +need to update those Thanks the next + + + align:start position:0% +need to update those Thanks the next +round of the search right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I have to correct a mistake my + + align:start position:0% +so I have to correct a mistake my + + + align:start position:0% +so I have to correct a mistake my +language that I said before I said that + + align:start position:0% +language that I said before I said that + + + align:start position:0% +language that I said before I said that +the note in my examples that I gave + + align:start position:0% +the note in my examples that I gave + + + align:start position:0% +the note in my examples that I gave +before was under consistent but it + + align:start position:0% +before was under consistent but it + + + align:start position:0% +before was under consistent but it +wasn't consistent I apologize about + + align:start position:0% +wasn't consistent I apologize about + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't consistent I apologize about +mistake our consistency is the easiness + + align:start position:0% +mistake our consistency is the easiness + + + align:start position:0% +mistake our consistency is the easiness +that we're handling here where when we + + align:start position:0% +that we're handling here where when we + + + align:start position:0% +that we're handling here where when we +expand that note we have to take G + + align:start position:0% +expand that note we have to take G + + + align:start position:0% +expand that note we have to take G +earnest and set that to be equal to the + + align:start position:0% +earnest and set that to be equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +earnest and set that to be equal to the +RHS value for expansion and then we + + align:start position:0% +RHS value for expansion and then we + + + align:start position:0% +RHS value for expansion and then we +propagate that effect to all the + + align:start position:0% +propagate that effect to all the + + + align:start position:0% +propagate that effect to all the +predecessors at that point which means + + align:start position:0% +predecessors at that point which means + + + align:start position:0% +predecessors at that point which means +we update predecessors and put those on + + align:start position:0% +we update predecessors and put those on + + + align:start position:0% +we update predecessors and put those on +the queue if the pet has an impact on + + align:start position:0% +the queue if the pet has an impact on + + + align:start position:0% +the queue if the pet has an impact on +them this means that the note is not + + align:start position:0% +them this means that the note is not + + + align:start position:0% +them this means that the note is not +locally consistent and it's going to + + align:start position:0% +locally consistent and it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +locally consistent and it's going to +remain in that way in that fashion the + + align:start position:0% +remain in that way in that fashion the + + + align:start position:0% +remain in that way in that fashion the +under consistent case which was the + + align:start position:0% +under consistent case which was the + + + align:start position:0% +under consistent case which was the +opposite of what I showed it's the more + + align:start position:0% +opposite of what I showed it's the more + + + align:start position:0% +opposite of what I showed it's the more +difficult case in this case the old path + + align:start position:0% +difficult case in this case the old path + + + align:start position:0% +difficult case in this case the old path +cost was better than the new RHS value + + align:start position:0% +cost was better than the new RHS value + + + align:start position:0% +cost was better than the new RHS value +largest value has increased to above + + align:start position:0% +largest value has increased to above + + + align:start position:0% +largest value has increased to above +fortunately in this case we can no + + align:start position:0% +fortunately in this case we can no + + + align:start position:0% +fortunately in this case we can no +longer relax down to that G value from + + align:start position:0% +longer relax down to that G value from + + + align:start position:0% +longer relax down to that G value from +our Dijkstra's algorithm perspective so + + align:start position:0% +our Dijkstra's algorithm perspective so + + + align:start position:0% +our Dijkstra's algorithm perspective so +we have to think of a new way to handle + + align:start position:0% +we have to think of a new way to handle + + + align:start position:0% +we have to think of a new way to handle +this what we do is we essentially set + + align:start position:0% +this what we do is we essentially set + + + align:start position:0% +this what we do is we essentially set +our G value to be equal to infinity and + + align:start position:0% +our G value to be equal to infinity and + + + align:start position:0% +our G value to be equal to infinity and +this is an extra step that's going to + + align:start position:0% +this is an extra step that's going to + + + align:start position:0% +this is an extra step that's going to +cause all the node to go back on the + + align:start position:0% +cause all the node to go back on the + + + align:start position:0% +cause all the node to go back on the +queue an additional time but what does + + align:start position:0% +queue an additional time but what does + + + align:start position:0% +queue an additional time but what does +make in this image assures is that that + + align:start position:0% +make in this image assures is that that + + + align:start position:0% +make in this image assures is that that +node goes back on the queue at most one + + align:start position:0% +node goes back on the queue at most one + + + align:start position:0% +node goes back on the queue at most one +additional which means that for D star + + align:start position:0% +additional which means that for D star + + + align:start position:0% +additional which means that for D star +light we only ever examine any node and + + align:start position:0% +light we only ever examine any node and + + + align:start position:0% +light we only ever examine any node and +most twice on the queue once we've sent + + align:start position:0% +most twice on the queue once we've sent + + + align:start position:0% +most twice on the queue once we've sent +G of s to be equal to infinity then we + + align:start position:0% +G of s to be equal to infinity then we + + + align:start position:0% +G of s to be equal to infinity then we +can essentially relax down to the RHS + + align:start position:0% +can essentially relax down to the RHS + + + align:start position:0% +can essentially relax down to the RHS +value from the perspective that we had + + align:start position:0% +value from the perspective that we had + + + align:start position:0% +value from the perspective that we had +before so we reset G of s to be equal to + + align:start position:0% +before so we reset G of s to be equal to + + + align:start position:0% +before so we reset G of s to be equal to +infinity and we update all the + + align:start position:0% +infinity and we update all the + + + align:start position:0% +infinity and we update all the +predecessors of the head + + align:start position:0% +predecessors of the head + + + align:start position:0% +predecessors of the head +and as itself this time as I was saying + + align:start position:0% +and as itself this time as I was saying + + + align:start position:0% +and as itself this time as I was saying +before we need to put that in there back + + align:start position:0% +before we need to put that in there back + + + align:start position:0% +before we need to put that in there back +on the cube so that we handle it when + + align:start position:0% +on the cube so that we handle it when + + + align:start position:0% +on the cube so that we handle it when +RHS hits minimum value and this means + + align:start position:0% +RHS hits minimum value and this means + + + align:start position:0% +RHS hits minimum value and this means +that that note is now going to be + + align:start position:0% +that that note is now going to be + + + align:start position:0% +that that note is now going to be +locally consistent or over consistent + + align:start position:0% +locally consistent or over consistent + + + align:start position:0% +locally consistent or over consistent +and we handle over consistency in the + + align:start position:0% +and we handle over consistency in the + + + align:start position:0% +and we handle over consistency in the +case that we showed before so to give + + align:start position:0% +case that we showed before so to give + + + align:start position:0% +case that we showed before so to give +you an idea of how exactly this works + + align:start position:0% +you an idea of how exactly this works + + + align:start position:0% +you an idea of how exactly this works +I'm giving you I'm showing an example + + align:start position:0% +I'm giving you I'm showing an example + + + align:start position:0% +I'm giving you I'm showing an example +here we start off with this broth and we + + align:start position:0% +here we start off with this broth and we + + + align:start position:0% +here we start off with this broth and we +introduce two changes we have increased + + align:start position:0% +introduce two changes we have increased + + + align:start position:0% +introduce two changes we have increased +this NH costs to five and so RHS has now + + align:start position:0% +this NH costs to five and so RHS has now + + + align:start position:0% +this NH costs to five and so RHS has now +increased to a total of ten but it also + + align:start position:0% +increased to a total of ten but it also + + + align:start position:0% +increased to a total of ten but it also +changed a value here for edges that you + + align:start position:0% +changed a value here for edges that you + + + align:start position:0% +changed a value here for edges that you +can't see but assume that the RHS value + + align:start position:0% +can't see but assume that the RHS value + + + align:start position:0% +can't see but assume that the RHS value +of this note has also changed to him so + + align:start position:0% +of this note has also changed to him so + + + align:start position:0% +of this note has also changed to him so +now we can put all of these nodes under + + align:start position:0% +now we can put all of these nodes under + + + align:start position:0% +now we can put all of these nodes under +general ordered in this way computing + + align:start position:0% +general ordered in this way computing + + + align:start position:0% +general ordered in this way computing +communities in the formula that we've + + align:start position:0% +communities in the formula that we've + + + align:start position:0% +communities in the formula that we've +seen before we expand the node s1 first + + align:start position:0% +seen before we expand the node s1 first + + + align:start position:0% +seen before we expand the node s1 first +and because it's under consistent we set + + align:start position:0% +and because it's under consistent we set + + + align:start position:0% +and because it's under consistent we set +G to be equal to infinity then we + + align:start position:0% +G to be equal to infinity then we + + + align:start position:0% +G to be equal to infinity then we +propagate to all predecessors and put + + align:start position:0% +propagate to all predecessors and put + + + align:start position:0% +propagate to all predecessors and put +and we propagate all predecessors and s1 + + align:start position:0% +and we propagate all predecessors and s1 + + + align:start position:0% +and we propagate all predecessors and s1 +itself meaning those who are back on the + + align:start position:0% +itself meaning those who are back on the + + + align:start position:0% +itself meaning those who are back on the +queue now assuming that no changes of + + align:start position:0% +queue now assuming that no changes of + + + align:start position:0% +queue now assuming that no changes of +any relevance happened in these notes we + + align:start position:0% +any relevance happened in these notes we + + + align:start position:0% +any relevance happened in these notes we +recompute the cost for s1 which has now + + align:start position:0% +recompute the cost for s1 which has now + + + align:start position:0% +recompute the cost for s1 which has now +changed to 1410 because we're using the + + align:start position:0% +changed to 1410 because we're using the + + + align:start position:0% +changed to 1410 because we're using the +minimum of infinity and 10 which is 10 + + align:start position:0% +minimum of infinity and 10 which is 10 + + + align:start position:0% +minimum of infinity and 10 which is 10 +plus 414 going behind the node s2 next + + align:start position:0% +plus 414 going behind the node s2 next + + + align:start position:0% +plus 414 going behind the node s2 next +we expand this node s2 and because that + + align:start position:0% +we expand this node s2 and because that + + + align:start position:0% +we expand this node s2 and because that +was an other consistent case we can just + + align:start position:0% +was an other consistent case we can just + + + align:start position:0% +was an other consistent case we can just +send G to be equal to our HS value we + + align:start position:0% +send G to be equal to our HS value we + + + align:start position:0% +send G to be equal to our HS value we +then have to propagate that to its + + align:start position:0% +then have to propagate that to its + + + align:start position:0% +then have to propagate that to its +predecessors which includes s1 which is + + align:start position:0% +predecessors which includes s1 which is + + + align:start position:0% +predecessors which includes s1 which is +updated as RHS value so if we didn't do + + align:start position:0% +updated as RHS value so if we didn't do + + + align:start position:0% +updated as RHS value so if we didn't do +this we would have we wouldn't have if + + align:start position:0% +this we would have we wouldn't have if + + + align:start position:0% +this we would have we wouldn't have if +it handled this effect correctly when we + + align:start position:0% +it handled this effect correctly when we + + + align:start position:0% +it handled this effect correctly when we +set our RHS value here we then have to + + align:start position:0% +set our RHS value here we then have to + + + align:start position:0% +set our RHS value here we then have to +put this node back on the queue and so + + align:start position:0% +put this node back on the queue and so + + + align:start position:0% +put this node back on the queue and so +previously + + align:start position:0% +previously + + + align:start position:0% +previously +a swan is already on the queue but the + + align:start position:0% +a swan is already on the queue but the + + + align:start position:0% +a swan is already on the queue but the +effect has to be propagated to this node + + align:start position:0% +effect has to be propagated to this node + + + align:start position:0% +effect has to be propagated to this node +which puts it on the queue again which + + align:start position:0% +which puts it on the queue again which + + + align:start position:0% +which puts it on the queue again which +would mean adjusting the values because + + align:start position:0% +would mean adjusting the values because + + + align:start position:0% +would mean adjusting the values because +RHS has been reduced by one both the + + align:start position:0% +RHS has been reduced by one both the + + + align:start position:0% +RHS has been reduced by one both the +costs here have been reduced by the one + + align:start position:0% +costs here have been reduced by the one + + + align:start position:0% +costs here have been reduced by the one +ten ways to expand that node we have an + + align:start position:0% +ten ways to expand that node we have an + + + align:start position:0% +ten ways to expand that node we have an +over consistent case we're sending G to + + align:start position:0% +over consistent case we're sending G to + + + align:start position:0% +over consistent case we're sending G to +be equal to RHS and finally we've + + align:start position:0% +be equal to RHS and finally we've + + + align:start position:0% +be equal to RHS and finally we've +completed our graph search problem so + + align:start position:0% +completed our graph search problem so + + + align:start position:0% +completed our graph search problem so +now what we have to handle is an + + align:start position:0% +now what we have to handle is an + + + align:start position:0% +now what we have to handle is an +additional complication that occurs + + align:start position:0% +additional complication that occurs + + + align:start position:0% +additional complication that occurs +between several steps tracking + + align:start position:0% +between several steps tracking + + + align:start position:0% +between several steps tracking +characteristics have changed so we need + + align:start position:0% +characteristics have changed so we need + + + align:start position:0% +characteristics have changed so we need +to we want to carry over our priority + + align:start position:0% +to we want to carry over our priority + + + align:start position:0% +to we want to carry over our priority +queue which is what was mentioned + + align:start position:0% +queue which is what was mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +queue which is what was mentioned +previously between our different + + align:start position:0% +previously between our different + + + align:start position:0% +previously between our different +searches as our start node moves but the + + align:start position:0% +searches as our start node moves but the + + + align:start position:0% +searches as our start node moves but the +problem is that we're moving from our + + align:start position:0% +problem is that we're moving from our + + + align:start position:0% +problem is that we're moving from our +start node to a different point we're + + align:start position:0% +start node to a different point we're + + + align:start position:0% +start node to a different point we're +called the Newark heuristic value is + + align:start position:0% +called the Newark heuristic value is + + + align:start position:0% +called the Newark heuristic value is +measured from any given node to the + + align:start position:0% +measured from any given node to the + + + align:start position:0% +measured from any given node to the +start node so when our start node has + + align:start position:0% +start node so when our start node has + + + align:start position:0% +start node so when our start node has +changed the heuristic value is not going + + align:start position:0% +changed the heuristic value is not going + + + align:start position:0% +changed the heuristic value is not going +to be the same value to the new stock + + align:start position:0% +to be the same value to the new stock + + + align:start position:0% +to be the same value to the new stock +hood so we want what's already on the + + align:start position:0% +hood so we want what's already on the + + + align:start position:0% +hood so we want what's already on the +queue to be comparable to what is being + + align:start position:0% +queue to be comparable to what is being + + + align:start position:0% +queue to be comparable to what is being +computed for our new values we can use + + align:start position:0% +computed for our new values we can use + + + align:start position:0% +computed for our new values we can use +the math in the algebra that we've + + align:start position:0% +the math in the algebra that we've + + + align:start position:0% +the math in the algebra that we've +already do so how we handle this is we + + align:start position:0% +already do so how we handle this is we + + + align:start position:0% +already do so how we handle this is we +introduced to something called the key + + align:start position:0% +introduced to something called the key + + + align:start position:0% +introduced to something called the key +modifier when we move from the previous + + align:start position:0% +modifier when we move from the previous + + + align:start position:0% +modifier when we move from the previous +stock node which here I indicated is s + + align:start position:0% +stock node which here I indicated is s + + + align:start position:0% +stock node which here I indicated is s +last to the new start mode all the + + align:start position:0% +last to the new start mode all the + + + align:start position:0% +last to the new start mode all the +heuristics for an admissible heuristic + + align:start position:0% +heuristics for an admissible heuristic + + + align:start position:0% +heuristics for an admissible heuristic +lowered by a most the heuristic from the + + align:start position:0% +lowered by a most the heuristic from the + + + align:start position:0% +lowered by a most the heuristic from the +last start node to the new segment so + + align:start position:0% +last start node to the new segment so + + + align:start position:0% +last start node to the new segment so +now when we add new notes to the queue + + align:start position:0% +now when we add new notes to the queue + + + align:start position:0% +now when we add new notes to the queue +instead of subtracting that value from + + align:start position:0% +instead of subtracting that value from + + + align:start position:0% +instead of subtracting that value from +everything that's already on the queue + + align:start position:0% +everything that's already on the queue + + + align:start position:0% +everything that's already on the queue +what we do is we just increase for all + + align:start position:0% +what we do is we just increase for all + + + align:start position:0% +what we do is we just increase for all +nodes but on the queue their values by + + align:start position:0% +nodes but on the queue their values by + + + align:start position:0% +nodes but on the queue their values by +this new modified because essentially + + align:start position:0% +this new modified because essentially + + + align:start position:0% +this new modified because essentially +when we're taking things off of the + + align:start position:0% +when we're taking things off of the + + + align:start position:0% +when we're taking things off of the +queue all that matters is the relative + + align:start position:0% +queue all that matters is the relative + + + align:start position:0% +queue all that matters is the relative +differences between the two and so + + align:start position:0% +differences between the two and so + + + align:start position:0% +differences between the two and so +instead of subtracting a value from + + align:start position:0% +instead of subtracting a value from + + + align:start position:0% +instead of subtracting a value from +everything on the queue adding that + + align:start position:0% +everything on the queue adding that + + + align:start position:0% +everything on the queue adding that +value to all the new values that are put + + align:start position:0% +value to all the new values that are put + + + align:start position:0% +value to all the new values that are put +on the queue will achieve the same + + align:start position:0% +on the queue will achieve the same + + + align:start position:0% +on the queue will achieve the same +purpose and so our key modifier is + + align:start position:0% +purpose and so our key modifier is + + + align:start position:0% +purpose and so our key modifier is +initialized to zero that's an art of the + + align:start position:0% +initialized to zero that's an art of the + + + align:start position:0% +initialized to zero that's an art of the +algorithm and is increased every time + + align:start position:0% +algorithm and is increased every time + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm and is increased every time +that we update our start by this new + + align:start position:0% +that we update our start by this new + + + align:start position:0% +that we update our start by this new +by the heuristic between a lot of star + + align:start position:0% +by the heuristic between a lot of star + + + align:start position:0% +by the heuristic between a lot of star +no the new stock note and then we update + + align:start position:0% +no the new stock note and then we update + + + align:start position:0% +no the new stock note and then we update +our total cost to include the addition + + align:start position:0% +our total cost to include the addition + + + align:start position:0% +our total cost to include the addition +of the key modifier for our f1 turn so + + align:start position:0% +of the key modifier for our f1 turn so + + + align:start position:0% +of the key modifier for our f1 turn so +now we've covered all of the d starlight + + align:start position:0% +now we've covered all of the d starlight + + + align:start position:0% +now we've covered all of the d starlight +algorithm basics and we can essentially + + align:start position:0% +algorithm basics and we can essentially + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm basics and we can essentially +walk through the slide that I showed + + align:start position:0% +walk through the slide that I showed + + + align:start position:0% +walk through the slide that I showed +before with the math so when we start we + + align:start position:0% +before with the math so when we start we + + + align:start position:0% +before with the math so when we start we +initialize all of our G values to be + + align:start position:0% +initialize all of our G values to be + + + align:start position:0% +initialize all of our G values to be +equal to infinity and all of our RHS + + align:start position:0% +equal to infinity and all of our RHS + + + align:start position:0% +equal to infinity and all of our RHS +values to be equal to infinity except at + + align:start position:0% +values to be equal to infinity except at + + + align:start position:0% +values to be equal to infinity except at +the goal node and that's to ensure that + + align:start position:0% +the goal node and that's to ensure that + + + align:start position:0% +the goal node and that's to ensure that +we always have a note to start from our + + align:start position:0% +we always have a note to start from our + + + align:start position:0% +we always have a note to start from our +search we best first search until from + + align:start position:0% +search we best first search until from + + + align:start position:0% +search we best first search until from +the goal node to the star node until + + align:start position:0% +the goal node to the star node until + + + align:start position:0% +the goal node to the star node until +that's locally consistent and expanded + + align:start position:0% +that's locally consistent and expanded + + + align:start position:0% +that's locally consistent and expanded +we should now know what that means and + + align:start position:0% +we should now know what that means and + + + align:start position:0% +we should now know what that means and +that signal that we have found our best + + align:start position:0% +that signal that we have found our best + + + align:start position:0% +that signal that we have found our best +path we move according to our movement + + align:start position:0% +path we move according to our movement + + + align:start position:0% +path we move according to our movement +rule and then if any of our H costs have + + align:start position:0% +rule and then if any of our H costs have + + + align:start position:0% +rule and then if any of our H costs have +changed we update our team on fire and + + align:start position:0% +changed we update our team on fire and + + + align:start position:0% +changed we update our team on fire and +update our RHS and Q positions for the + + align:start position:0% +update our RHS and Q positions for the + + + align:start position:0% +update our RHS and Q positions for the +source nodes of change the edge costs + + align:start position:0% +source nodes of change the edge costs + + + align:start position:0% +source nodes of change the edge costs +meaning the nose from which those edges + + align:start position:0% +meaning the nose from which those edges + + + align:start position:0% +meaning the nose from which those edges +originate and then we simply repeat from + + align:start position:0% +originate and then we simply repeat from + + + align:start position:0% +originate and then we simply repeat from +to following best first search through + + align:start position:0% +to following best first search through + + + align:start position:0% +to following best first search through +the principles that I that I walked you + + align:start position:0% +the principles that I that I walked you + + + align:start position:0% +the principles that I that I walked you +through for over consistent under + + align:start position:0% +through for over consistent under + + + align:start position:0% +through for over consistent under +consistent notes and as a reminder down + + align:start position:0% +consistent notes and as a reminder down + + + align:start position:0% +consistent notes and as a reminder down +here we always search a by or sort by + + align:start position:0% +here we always search a by or sort by + + + align:start position:0% +here we always search a by or sort by +this very long couplet of two matters so + + align:start position:0% +this very long couplet of two matters so + + + align:start position:0% +this very long couplet of two matters so +now we're going to walk through an + + align:start position:0% +now we're going to walk through an + + + align:start position:0% +now we're going to walk through an +example if you start like this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so getting here's the pseudocode that + + align:start position:0% +so so getting here's the pseudocode that + + + align:start position:0% +so so getting here's the pseudocode that +Ben was just presenting we're going to + + align:start position:0% +Ben was just presenting we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +Ben was just presenting we're going to +go through a quick example with five + + align:start position:0% +go through a quick example with five + + + align:start position:0% +go through a quick example with five +nodes so this isn't going to show all of + + align:start position:0% +nodes so this isn't going to show all of + + + align:start position:0% +nodes so this isn't going to show all of +the properties of why you would want to + + align:start position:0% +the properties of why you would want to + + + align:start position:0% +the properties of why you would want to +use incremental path planning because + + align:start position:0% +use incremental path planning because + + + align:start position:0% +use incremental path planning because +when you have only five nodes you're + + align:start position:0% +when you have only five nodes you're + + + align:start position:0% +when you have only five nodes you're +gonna end up updating a lot of them a + + align:start position:0% +gonna end up updating a lot of them a + + + align:start position:0% +gonna end up updating a lot of them a +lot of the time but after the example + + align:start position:0% +lot of the time but after the example + + + align:start position:0% +lot of the time but after the example +you'll see how it makes more of a + + align:start position:0% +you'll see how it makes more of a + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see how it makes more of a +difference on a larger graph so in this + + align:start position:0% +difference on a larger graph so in this + + + align:start position:0% +difference on a larger graph so in this +graph we're gonna have five nodes label + + align:start position:0% +graph we're gonna have five nodes label + + + align:start position:0% +graph we're gonna have five nodes label +ABCD and G is our goal node the robot + + align:start position:0% +ABCD and G is our goal node the robot + + + align:start position:0% +ABCD and G is our goal node the robot +will start at node a it's goal is to + + align:start position:0% +will start at node a it's goal is to + + + align:start position:0% +will start at node a it's goal is to +find the shortest path to note G except + + align:start position:0% +find the shortest path to note G except + + + align:start position:0% +find the shortest path to note G except +that the graph might change as the robot + + align:start position:0% +that the graph might change as the robot + + + align:start position:0% +that the graph might change as the robot +goes through the robot might gain new + + align:start position:0% +goes through the robot might gain new + + + align:start position:0% +goes through the robot might gain new +information so initially the robot + + align:start position:0% +information so initially the robot + + + align:start position:0% +information so initially the robot +thinks that every node is a is available + + align:start position:0% +thinks that every node is a is available + + + align:start position:0% +thinks that every node is a is available +and it knows that the path plates are + + align:start position:0% +and it knows that the path plates are + + + align:start position:0% +and it knows that the path plates are +all one except for from D to G and the + + align:start position:0% +all one except for from D to G and the + + + align:start position:0% +all one except for from D to G and the +path length is 10 so this is a + + align:start position:0% +path length is 10 so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +path length is 10 so this is a +bi-directional graph every edge goes + + align:start position:0% +bi-directional graph every edge goes + + + align:start position:0% +bi-directional graph every edge goes +both directions and the heuristic as + + align:start position:0% +both directions and the heuristic as + + + align:start position:0% +both directions and the heuristic as +then described will be the will be with + + align:start position:0% +then described will be the will be with + + + align:start position:0% +then described will be the will be with +with respect to the start node in this + + align:start position:0% +with respect to the start node in this + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to the start node in this +case we'll just say that the heuristic + + align:start position:0% +case we'll just say that the heuristic + + + align:start position:0% +case we'll just say that the heuristic +is the number of nodes to the start node + + align:start position:0% +is the number of nodes to the start node + + + align:start position:0% +is the number of nodes to the start node +so we're ignoring the fact that + + align:start position:0% +so we're ignoring the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +so we're ignoring the fact that +essentially at this time + + align:start position:0% +essentially at this time + + + align:start position:0% +essentially at this time +so first we'll initialize all the GnRH s + + align:start position:0% +so first we'll initialize all the GnRH s + + + align:start position:0% +so first we'll initialize all the GnRH s +values so we have infinity at every node + + align:start position:0% +values so we have infinity at every node + + + align:start position:0% +values so we have infinity at every node +except for the goal node which has an + + align:start position:0% +except for the goal node which has an + + + align:start position:0% +except for the goal node which has an +RHS value of zero so this means that all + + align:start position:0% +RHS value of zero so this means that all + + + align:start position:0% +RHS value of zero so this means that all +of the notes are currently locally + + align:start position:0% +of the notes are currently locally + + + align:start position:0% +of the notes are currently locally +consistent because their D and RHS + + align:start position:0% +consistent because their D and RHS + + + align:start position:0% +consistent because their D and RHS +values are the same except the goal node + + align:start position:0% +values are the same except the goal node + + + align:start position:0% +values are the same except the goal node +so we put the goal node on the queue + + align:start position:0% +so we put the goal node on the queue + + + align:start position:0% +so we put the goal node on the queue +using the formula that was on Ben's + + align:start position:0% +using the formula that was on Ben's + + + align:start position:0% +using the formula that was on Ben's +wanted we don't put here for reference + + align:start position:0% +wanted we don't put here for reference + + + align:start position:0% +wanted we don't put here for reference +so the the key + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's going to be these two terms first + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be these two terms first + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be these two terms first +we have the minimum of GnRH F's plus the + + align:start position:0% +we have the minimum of GnRH F's plus the + + + align:start position:0% +we have the minimum of GnRH F's plus the +heuristic value plus the key modifier + + align:start position:0% +heuristic value plus the key modifier + + + align:start position:0% +heuristic value plus the key modifier +which is initially zero and then we have + + align:start position:0% +which is initially zero and then we have + + + align:start position:0% +which is initially zero and then we have +the second term which is just the + + align:start position:0% +the second term which is just the + + + align:start position:0% +the second term which is just the +minimum of G and RHS so you can see how + + align:start position:0% +minimum of G and RHS so you can see how + + + align:start position:0% +minimum of G and RHS so you can see how +we would get three zero here because the + + align:start position:0% +we would get three zero here because the + + + align:start position:0% +we would get three zero here because the +three comes from the heuristic and + + align:start position:0% +three comes from the heuristic and + + + align:start position:0% +three comes from the heuristic and +everything else is zeros are just adding + + align:start position:0% +everything else is zeros are just adding + + + align:start position:0% +everything else is zeros are just adding +a bunch of zeros so that's everything + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of zeros so that's everything + + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of zeros so that's everything +what happens for the initialization and + + align:start position:0% +what happens for the initialization and + + + align:start position:0% +what happens for the initialization and +now we have one note on the queue so + + align:start position:0% +now we have one note on the queue so + + + align:start position:0% +now we have one note on the queue so +what did we do Q first the one note on + + align:start position:0% +what did we do Q first the one note on + + + align:start position:0% +what did we do Q first the one note on +the Q sorry dqg so we're going to update + + align:start position:0% +the Q sorry dqg so we're going to update + + + align:start position:0% +the Q sorry dqg so we're going to update +its p-value so I sense that the RHS + + align:start position:0% +its p-value so I sense that the RHS + + + align:start position:0% +its p-value so I sense that the RHS +value is sort of a look ahead you can + + align:start position:0% +value is sort of a look ahead you can + + + align:start position:0% +value is sort of a look ahead you can +also think of RHS as being as being the + + align:start position:0% +also think of RHS as being as being the + + + align:start position:0% +also think of RHS as being as being the +shortest path that we found so far and G + + align:start position:0% +shortest path that we found so far and G + + + align:start position:0% +shortest path that we found so far and G +is the guaranteed shortest path to know + + align:start position:0% +is the guaranteed shortest path to know + + + align:start position:0% +is the guaranteed shortest path to know +it so this one is trivial the shortest + + align:start position:0% +it so this one is trivial the shortest + + + align:start position:0% +it so this one is trivial the shortest +path from this node to itself has length + + align:start position:0% +path from this node to itself has length + + + align:start position:0% +path from this node to itself has length +0 because it's the same node so now + + align:start position:0% +0 because it's the same node so now + + + align:start position:0% +0 because it's the same node so now +we're going to update the RHS values of + + align:start position:0% +we're going to update the RHS values of + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to update the RHS values of +its neighbors so it has two neighbors C + + align:start position:0% +its neighbors so it has two neighbors C + + + align:start position:0% +its neighbors so it has two neighbors C +and D and in each case the RHS value + + align:start position:0% +and D and in each case the RHS value + + + align:start position:0% +and D and in each case the RHS value +will be the minimum this is not actual + + align:start position:0% +will be the minimum this is not actual + + + align:start position:0% +will be the minimum this is not actual +math but it's the minimum of the edge + + align:start position:0% +math but it's the minimum of the edge + + + align:start position:0% +math but it's the minimum of the edge +cost with the G value of a neighbor plus + + align:start position:0% +cost with the G value of a neighbor plus + + + align:start position:0% +cost with the G value of a neighbor plus +the edge cost + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which is the same thing as the edge + + align:start position:0% +which is the same thing as the edge + + + align:start position:0% +which is the same thing as the edge +weight or the weight W so we have our HS + + align:start position:0% +weight or the weight W so we have our HS + + + align:start position:0% +weight or the weight W so we have our HS +is 10 here because it's the distance + + align:start position:0% +is 10 here because it's the distance + + + align:start position:0% +is 10 here because it's the distance +from Geo D and then it's 1 which is G to + + align:start position:0% +from Geo D and then it's 1 which is G to + + + align:start position:0% +from Geo D and then it's 1 which is G to +C so again we can calculate keys for + + align:start position:0% +C so again we can calculate keys for + + + align:start position:0% +C so again we can calculate keys for +those so now we'll teach you another + + align:start position:0% +those so now we'll teach you another + + + align:start position:0% +those so now we'll teach you another +move up to be DQ next C because it has a + + align:start position:0% +move up to be DQ next C because it has a + + + align:start position:0% +move up to be DQ next C because it has a +smaller key so ridiculous G value so + + align:start position:0% +smaller key so ridiculous G value so + + + align:start position:0% +smaller key so ridiculous G value so +this is saying now we know that the + + align:start position:0% +this is saying now we know that the + + + align:start position:0% +this is saying now we know that the +shortest path to see how actually has + + align:start position:0% +shortest path to see how actually has + + + align:start position:0% +shortest path to see how actually has +length 1 and we can also compare this to + + align:start position:0% +length 1 and we can also compare this to + + + align:start position:0% +length 1 and we can also compare this to +a star algorithm by drawing a search + + align:start position:0% +a star algorithm by drawing a search + + + align:start position:0% +a star algorithm by drawing a search +tree so in the beginning we had lose our + + align:start position:0% +tree so in the beginning we had lose our + + + align:start position:0% +tree so in the beginning we had lose our +a star in the beginning we just had no G + + align:start position:0% +a star in the beginning we just had no G + + + align:start position:0% +a star in the beginning we just had no G +because we're searching from G backward + + align:start position:0% +because we're searching from G backward + + + align:start position:0% +because we're searching from G backward +through the goal and then we expanded + + align:start position:0% +through the goal and then we expanded + + + align:start position:0% +through the goal and then we expanded +that to get C and deep and in a star + + align:start position:0% +that to get C and deep and in a star + + + align:start position:0% +that to get C and deep and in a star +would keep track of the path length to + + align:start position:0% +would keep track of the path length to + + + align:start position:0% +would keep track of the path length to +that node plus the heuristic I need to + + align:start position:0% +that node plus the heuristic I need to + + + align:start position:0% +that node plus the heuristic I need to +know and so the pathway is to C was 1 + + align:start position:0% +know and so the pathway is to C was 1 + + + align:start position:0% +know and so the pathway is to C was 1 +plus the heuristic is to give us a value + + align:start position:0% +plus the heuristic is to give us a value + + + align:start position:0% +plus the heuristic is to give us a value +of 3 so if we go back and what you can + + align:start position:0% +of 3 so if we go back and what you can + + + align:start position:0% +of 3 so if we go back and what you can +see so you can see that this 3 is the + + align:start position:0% +see so you can see that this 3 is the + + + align:start position:0% +see so you can see that this 3 is the +same as the person 2013 and the pathway + + align:start position:0% +same as the person 2013 and the pathway + + + align:start position:0% +same as the person 2013 and the pathway +is 1 is the same as the second part of + + align:start position:0% +is 1 is the same as the second part of + + + align:start position:0% +is 1 is the same as the second part of +the key and then similarly at D we have + + align:start position:0% +the key and then similarly at D we have + + + align:start position:0% +the key and then similarly at D we have +the path length which is 10 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the dearest to us 12 so this 12 is it + + align:start position:0% +the dearest to us 12 so this 12 is it + + + align:start position:0% +the dearest to us 12 so this 12 is it +wealthier than the text of that and so + + align:start position:0% +wealthier than the text of that and so + + + align:start position:0% +wealthier than the text of that and so +you can see how if we were doing this to + + align:start position:0% +you can see how if we were doing this to + + + align:start position:0% +you can see how if we were doing this to +a star away you would also do QC next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +okay so now we DQC and we're going to + + align:start position:0% +okay so now we DQC and we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now we DQC and we're going to +update the RHS and its neighbors so it B + + align:start position:0% +update the RHS and its neighbors so it B + + + align:start position:0% +update the RHS and its neighbors so it B +is pretty simple previously a direct + + align:start position:0% +is pretty simple previously a direct + + + align:start position:0% +is pretty simple previously a direct +jess was infinity now the shortest path + + align:start position:0% +jess was infinity now the shortest path + + + align:start position:0% +jess was infinity now the shortest path +to B and we found so far has length 2 so + + align:start position:0% +to B and we found so far has length 2 so + + + align:start position:0% +to B and we found so far has length 2 so +here we have B with a path length of 2 + + align:start position:0% +here we have B with a path length of 2 + + + align:start position:0% +here we have B with a path length of 2 +plus a heuristic of 1 gives us 3 but + + align:start position:0% +plus a heuristic of 1 gives us 3 but + + + align:start position:0% +plus a heuristic of 1 gives us 3 but +what about D previously it's all right + + align:start position:0% +what about D previously it's all right + + + align:start position:0% +what about D previously it's all right +Jess value is 10 but do we now have a + + align:start position:0% +Jess value is 10 but do we now have a + + + align:start position:0% +Jess value is 10 but do we now have a +shorter path to D given that we're + + align:start position:0% +shorter path to D given that we're + + + align:start position:0% +shorter path to D given that we're +expanding see it was 10 and still the + + align:start position:0% +expanding see it was 10 and still the + + + align:start position:0% +expanding see it was 10 and still the +shortest path there was a choice yeah so + + align:start position:0% +shortest path there was a choice yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +shortest path there was a choice yeah so +now that we're expanding C we see that + + align:start position:0% +now that we're expanding C we see that + + + align:start position:0% +now that we're expanding C we see that +you can actually get to D in only two + + align:start position:0% +you can actually get to D in only two + + + align:start position:0% +you can actually get to D in only two +units instead of time unit so that's + + align:start position:0% +units instead of time unit so that's + + + align:start position:0% +units instead of time unit so that's +better so update the RHS value to 2 and + + align:start position:0% +better so update the RHS value to 2 and + + + align:start position:0% +better so update the RHS value to 2 and +that means that we're going to change + + align:start position:0% +that means that we're going to change + + + align:start position:0% +that means that we're going to change +change DS keep these key accordingly and + + align:start position:0% +change DS keep these key accordingly and + + + align:start position:0% +change DS keep these key accordingly and +the way that maps to a star is so here + + align:start position:0% +the way that maps to a star is so here + + + align:start position:0% +the way that maps to a star is so here +we have the path length is 2 plus the + + align:start position:0% +we have the path length is 2 plus the + + + align:start position:0% +we have the path length is 2 plus the +heuristic is 2 gives us 4 and the fact + + align:start position:0% +heuristic is 2 gives us 4 and the fact + + + align:start position:0% +heuristic is 2 gives us 4 and the fact +that we're changing the key to 4 2 means + + align:start position:0% +that we're changing the key to 4 2 means + + + align:start position:0% +that we're changing the key to 4 2 means +that we're never going to expand this D + + align:start position:0% +that we're never going to expand this D + + + align:start position:0% +that we're never going to expand this D +because a star uses an extended set so + + align:start position:0% +because a star uses an extended set so + + + align:start position:0% +because a star uses an extended set so +it would always expend expand this D + + align:start position:0% +it would always expend expand this D + + + align:start position:0% +it would always expend expand this D +with the shorter cost before this one + + align:start position:0% +with the shorter cost before this one + + + align:start position:0% +with the shorter cost before this one +so that's indicated by remove by + + align:start position:0% +so that's indicated by remove by + + + align:start position:0% +so that's indicated by remove by +changing the key on the Q so what do we + + align:start position:0% +changing the key on the Q so what do we + + + align:start position:0% +changing the key on the Q so what do we +do next which node do a DQ + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +beep yeah it has a smaller key so we'll + + align:start position:0% +beep yeah it has a smaller key so we'll + + + align:start position:0% +beep yeah it has a smaller key so we'll +dqp will update its G value which is + + align:start position:0% +dqp will update its G value which is + + + align:start position:0% +dqp will update its G value which is +again saying that we know now that the + + align:start position:0% +again saying that we know now that the + + + align:start position:0% +again saying that we know now that the +shortest path to B is 2 so you d cubed B + + align:start position:0% +shortest path to B is 2 so you d cubed B + + + align:start position:0% +shortest path to B is 2 so you d cubed B +and then we expand it how many neighbors + + align:start position:0% +and then we expand it how many neighbors + + + align:start position:0% +and then we expand it how many neighbors +does B have three so we're actually + + align:start position:0% +does B have three so we're actually + + + align:start position:0% +does B have three so we're actually +expanding to all three of those + + align:start position:0% +expanding to all three of those + + + align:start position:0% +expanding to all three of those +neighbors we have a C and D can you + + align:start position:0% +neighbors we have a C and D can you + + + align:start position:0% +neighbors we have a C and D can you +still see this so a it's pretty simple + + align:start position:0% +still see this so a it's pretty simple + + + align:start position:0% +still see this so a it's pretty simple +we have the orange s values to be + + align:start position:0% +we have the orange s values to be + + + align:start position:0% +we have the orange s values to be +because if the shortest path through GCB + + align:start position:0% +because if the shortest path through GCB + + + align:start position:0% +because if the shortest path through GCB +two eggs so that's three D plus the here + + align:start position:0% +two eggs so that's three D plus the here + + + align:start position:0% +two eggs so that's three D plus the here +at six zero + + align:start position:0% +at six zero + + + align:start position:0% +at six zero +it's three what about C it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +it's three what about C it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +it's three what about C it doesn't +change because the you could go through + + align:start position:0% +change because the you could go through + + + align:start position:0% +change because the you could go through +B and back to see but OC should actually + + align:start position:0% +B and back to see but OC should actually + + + align:start position:0% +B and back to see but OC should actually +be on here sorry she should be on here + + align:start position:0% +be on here sorry she should be on here + + + align:start position:0% +be on here sorry she should be on here +because we don't want to loop in our + + align:start position:0% +because we don't want to loop in our + + + align:start position:0% +because we don't want to loop in our +path okay so at D can we do better than + + align:start position:0% +path okay so at D can we do better than + + + align:start position:0% +path okay so at D can we do better than +this path length of 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no because what happened was originally + + align:start position:0% +no because what happened was originally + + + align:start position:0% +no because what happened was originally +we had the path length of 10 through G + + align:start position:0% +we had the path length of 10 through G + + + align:start position:0% +we had the path length of 10 through G +and then we had the path length of 2 + + align:start position:0% +and then we had the path length of 2 + + + align:start position:0% +and then we had the path length of 2 +through C and this path through B is not + + align:start position:0% +through C and this path through B is not + + + align:start position:0% +through C and this path through B is not +as good so we're gonna keep the same re + + align:start position:0% +as good so we're gonna keep the same re + + + align:start position:0% +as good so we're gonna keep the same re +just fell you and ki at D and we can see + + align:start position:0% +just fell you and ki at D and we can see + + + align:start position:0% +just fell you and ki at D and we can see +that see that analog in a star where we + + align:start position:0% +that see that analog in a star where we + + + align:start position:0% +that see that analog in a star where we +would have if we did do GC b DV we would + + align:start position:0% +would have if we did do GC b DV we would + + + align:start position:0% +would have if we did do GC b DV we would +have a path length of 3 plus this here a + + align:start position:0% +have a path length of 3 plus this here a + + + align:start position:0% +have a path length of 3 plus this here a +stick of 2 is 5 but we would never + + align:start position:0% +stick of 2 is 5 but we would never + + + align:start position:0% +stick of 2 is 5 but we would never +actually want to expand that D because + + align:start position:0% +actually want to expand that D because + + + align:start position:0% +actually want to expand that D because +it's not as good as this one ok so now + + align:start position:0% +it's not as good as this one ok so now + + + align:start position:0% +it's not as good as this one ok so now +what radicchio looks like we have two + + align:start position:0% +what radicchio looks like we have two + + + align:start position:0% +what radicchio looks like we have two +nodes in our queue currently hey so e DQ + + align:start position:0% +nodes in our queue currently hey so e DQ + + + align:start position:0% +nodes in our queue currently hey so e DQ +a that's where we're trying to get to + + align:start position:0% +a that's where we're trying to get to + + + align:start position:0% +a that's where we're trying to get to +because that's the current start node so + + align:start position:0% +because that's the current start node so + + + align:start position:0% +because that's the current start node so +we set the G value to 3 which means that + + align:start position:0% +we set the G value to 3 which means that + + + align:start position:0% +we set the G value to 3 which means that +that's actually the shortest path and + + align:start position:0% +that's actually the shortest path and + + + align:start position:0% +that's actually the shortest path and +we're done we found the shortest path + + align:start position:0% +we're done we found the shortest path + + + align:start position:0% +we're done we found the shortest path +well we're done except that the path + + align:start position:0% +well we're done except that the path + + + align:start position:0% +well we're done except that the path +might have to change so one thing to + + align:start position:0% +might have to change so one thing to + + + align:start position:0% +might have to change so one thing to +notice here is that we never had to + + align:start position:0% +notice here is that we never had to + + + align:start position:0% +notice here is that we never had to +actually set DS to G value so it's + + align:start position:0% +actually set DS to G value so it's + + + align:start position:0% +actually set DS to G value so it's +possible maybe there's still a shortest + + align:start position:0% +possible maybe there's still a shortest + + + align:start position:0% +possible maybe there's still a shortest +path a shorter path to do but it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +path a shorter path to do but it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +path a shorter path to do but it doesn't +matter so now the robot will move to the + + align:start position:0% +matter so now the robot will move to the + + + align:start position:0% +matter so now the robot will move to the +next best place which is B and we'll + + align:start position:0% +next best place which is B and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +next best place which is B and we'll +update this year 6 accordingly because + + align:start position:0% +update this year 6 accordingly because + + + align:start position:0% +update this year 6 accordingly because +this is our new start node so now we see + + align:start position:0% +this is our new start node so now we see + + + align:start position:0% +this is our new start node so now we see +our heuristic is the number of nodes + + align:start position:0% +our heuristic is the number of nodes + + + align:start position:0% +our heuristic is the number of nodes +away from that green node and we're + + align:start position:0% +away from that green node and we're + + + align:start position:0% +away from that green node and we're +keeping the same items on the queue from + + align:start position:0% +keeping the same items on the queue from + + + align:start position:0% +keeping the same items on the queue from +before but we also have to update that a + + align:start position:0% +before but we also have to update that a + + + align:start position:0% +before but we also have to update that a +key modifier so now happens as an + + align:start position:0% +key modifier so now happens as an + + + align:start position:0% +key modifier so now happens as an +obstacle appears so there's an obstacle + + align:start position:0% +obstacle appears so there's an obstacle + + + align:start position:0% +obstacle appears so there's an obstacle +let's see that the robot cannot see + + align:start position:0% +let's see that the robot cannot see + + + align:start position:0% +let's see that the robot cannot see +because it's moved closer to know the + + align:start position:0% +because it's moved closer to know the + + + align:start position:0% +because it's moved closer to know the +seat but it couldn't see it before so + + align:start position:0% +seat but it couldn't see it before so + + + align:start position:0% +seat but it couldn't see it before so +now we're going to we're going to + + align:start position:0% +now we're going to we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +now we're going to we're going to +indicate that by keeping all the edges + + align:start position:0% +indicate that by keeping all the edges + + + align:start position:0% +indicate that by keeping all the edges +but changing their weights to infinity + + align:start position:0% +but changing their weights to infinity + + + align:start position:0% +but changing their weights to infinity +and that means that the robot could try + + align:start position:0% +and that means that the robot could try + + + align:start position:0% +and that means that the robot could try +to get to see but it won't ever get + + align:start position:0% +to get to see but it won't ever get + + + align:start position:0% +to get to see but it won't ever get +there so we do next in the algorithm is + + align:start position:0% +there so we do next in the algorithm is + + + align:start position:0% +there so we do next in the algorithm is +we're going to update all the artists + + align:start position:0% +we're going to update all the artists + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to update all the artists +values associated with the source nodes + + align:start position:0% +values associated with the source nodes + + + align:start position:0% +values associated with the source nodes +of these edges and in this case the + + align:start position:0% +of these edges and in this case the + + + align:start position:0% +of these edges and in this case the +edges go both directions so it's all + + align:start position:0% +edges go both directions so it's all + + + align:start position:0% +edges go both directions so it's all +four of these nodes + + align:start position:0% +four of these nodes + + + align:start position:0% +four of these nodes +and by the infinities so let's start + + align:start position:0% +and by the infinities so let's start + + + align:start position:0% +and by the infinities so let's start +with note C what would be its new RHS + + align:start position:0% +with note C what would be its new RHS + + + align:start position:0% +with note C what would be its new RHS +value driven that are just as the + + align:start position:0% +value driven that are just as the + + + align:start position:0% +value driven that are just as the +minimum thought one of its neighbors to + + align:start position:0% +minimum thought one of its neighbors to + + + align:start position:0% +minimum thought one of its neighbors to +it of the gu+ I trust infinity because + + align:start position:0% +it of the gu+ I trust infinity because + + + align:start position:0% +it of the gu+ I trust infinity because +all the edge costs going to see are + + align:start position:0% +all the edge costs going to see are + + + align:start position:0% +all the edge costs going to see are +infinity so what would be the key + + align:start position:0% +infinity so what would be the key + + + align:start position:0% +infinity so what would be the key +the tricky part here is the first part + + align:start position:0% +the tricky part here is the first part + + + align:start position:0% +the tricky part here is the first part +of the key is the minimum of G and RHS + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +so the minimum of Gir jess is 1 so means + + align:start position:0% +so the minimum of Gir jess is 1 so means + + + align:start position:0% +so the minimum of Gir jess is 1 so means +3 yeah yeah 3 1 because the minimum of + + align:start position:0% +3 yeah yeah 3 1 because the minimum of + + + align:start position:0% +3 yeah yeah 3 1 because the minimum of +gnrh s is G which is 1 the heuristic is + + align:start position:0% +gnrh s is G which is 1 the heuristic is + + + align:start position:0% +gnrh s is G which is 1 the heuristic is +1 and the key modify tourism okay how + + align:start position:0% +1 and the key modify tourism okay how + + + align:start position:0% +1 and the key modify tourism okay how +about node B what's the new I RHS value + + align:start position:0% +about node B what's the new I RHS value + + + align:start position:0% +about node B what's the new I RHS value +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +so it has a neighbor here with G is + + align:start position:0% +so it has a neighbor here with G is + + + align:start position:0% +so it has a neighbor here with G is +infinity and neighbor here with G is 1 + + align:start position:0% +infinity and neighbor here with G is 1 + + + align:start position:0% +infinity and neighbor here with G is 1 +except the edge length is infinity and + + align:start position:0% +except the edge length is infinity and + + + align:start position:0% +except the edge length is infinity and +then this guy with G is 3 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for yeah because currently we still + + align:start position:0% +for yeah because currently we still + + + align:start position:0% +for yeah because currently we still +think that you can get to a into B unit + + align:start position:0% +think that you can get to a into B unit + + + align:start position:0% +think that you can get to a into B unit +so this is actually gonna be four so + + align:start position:0% +so this is actually gonna be four so + + + align:start position:0% +so this is actually gonna be four so +this is one of the earlier things that D + + align:start position:0% +this is one of the earlier things that D + + + align:start position:0% +this is one of the earlier things that D +star does but luckily it doesn't do this + + align:start position:0% +star does but luckily it doesn't do this + + + align:start position:0% +star does but luckily it doesn't do this +very much so it doesn't actually really + + align:start position:0% +very much so it doesn't actually really + + + align:start position:0% +very much so it doesn't actually really +cost you much time and then how about D + + align:start position:0% +cost you much time and then how about D + + + align:start position:0% +cost you much time and then how about D +would be the new RHS value + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +five 300 HS so we can't so it has three + + align:start position:0% +five 300 HS so we can't so it has three + + + align:start position:0% +five 300 HS so we can't so it has three +neighbors this edge length is infinity + + align:start position:0% +neighbors this edge length is infinity + + + align:start position:0% +neighbors this edge length is infinity +so that's useless + + align:start position:0% +so that's useless + + + align:start position:0% +so that's useless +this one has G 0 plus 10 would be 10 yes + + align:start position:0% +this one has G 0 plus 10 would be 10 yes + + + align:start position:0% +this one has G 0 plus 10 would be 10 yes +so this is the best one G is 2 plus edge + + align:start position:0% +so this is the best one G is 2 plus edge + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the best one G is 2 plus edge +length of 1 so it would give us 3 so now + + align:start position:0% +length of 1 so it would give us 3 so now + + + align:start position:0% +length of 1 so it would give us 3 so now +drink DQ see this is one of those + + align:start position:0% +drink DQ see this is one of those + + + align:start position:0% +drink DQ see this is one of those +tiebreaking cases where both of them + + align:start position:0% +tiebreaking cases where both of them + + + align:start position:0% +tiebreaking cases where both of them +have the first value is 3 but she has a + + align:start position:0% +have the first value is 3 but she has a + + + align:start position:0% +have the first value is 3 but she has a +better second volume in this key so did + + align:start position:0% +better second volume in this key so did + + + align:start position:0% +better second volume in this key so did +you see is this over-under consistent so + + align:start position:0% +you see is this over-under consistent so + + + align:start position:0% +you see is this over-under consistent so +the definition of the over-under + + align:start position:0% +the definition of the over-under + + + align:start position:0% +the definition of the over-under +consistent that we had earlier we had if + + align:start position:0% +consistent that we had earlier we had if + + + align:start position:0% +consistent that we had earlier we had if +G is greater than our HS the meds over + + align:start position:0% +G is greater than our HS the meds over + + + align:start position:0% +G is greater than our HS the meds over +consistent and we set G equalled rhs + + align:start position:0% +consistent and we set G equalled rhs + + + align:start position:0% +consistent and we set G equalled rhs +when were updating G so that was the + + align:start position:0% +when were updating G so that was the + + + align:start position:0% +when were updating G so that was the +case that we've seen so far but that if + + align:start position:0% +case that we've seen so far but that if + + + align:start position:0% +case that we've seen so far but that if +G is less than RHS it's under consistent + + align:start position:0% +G is less than RHS it's under consistent + + + align:start position:0% +G is less than RHS it's under consistent +and we set G to infinity so what is this + + align:start position:0% +and we set G to infinity so what is this + + + align:start position:0% +and we set G to infinity so what is this +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +under consistent so the reason + + align:start position:0% +under consistent so the reason + + + align:start position:0% +under consistent so the reason +intuitively why we're going to set G to + + align:start position:0% +intuitively why we're going to set G to + + + align:start position:0% +intuitively why we're going to set G to +infinity is because we're saying there's + + align:start position:0% +infinity is because we're saying there's + + + align:start position:0% +infinity is because we're saying there's +some sort of contradiction here this one + + align:start position:0% +some sort of contradiction here this one + + + align:start position:0% +some sort of contradiction here this one +doesn't make any sense it's less than + + align:start position:0% +doesn't make any sense it's less than + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't make any sense it's less than +the RHS value so we're going to just + + align:start position:0% +the RHS value so we're going to just + + + align:start position:0% +the RHS value so we're going to just +reset G and start to sort of start over + + align:start position:0% +reset G and start to sort of start over + + + align:start position:0% +reset G and start to sort of start over +with this node so we set that to + + align:start position:0% +with this node so we set that to + + + align:start position:0% +with this node so we set that to +infinity and in this case we don't + + align:start position:0% +infinity and in this case we don't + + + align:start position:0% +infinity and in this case we don't +actually need to add the node back onto + + align:start position:0% +actually need to add the node back onto + + + align:start position:0% +actually need to add the node back onto +the queue because it's now consistent + + align:start position:0% +the queue because it's now consistent + + + align:start position:0% +the queue because it's now consistent +but it's not locally consistent so next + + align:start position:0% +but it's not locally consistent so next + + + align:start position:0% +but it's not locally consistent so next +we'll DQ the one with the smallest key + + align:start position:0% +we'll DQ the one with the smallest key + + + align:start position:0% +we'll DQ the one with the smallest key +which is V V is also under consistent so + + align:start position:0% +which is V V is also under consistent so + + + align:start position:0% +which is V V is also under consistent so +we're going to set its G value back to + + align:start position:0% +we're going to set its G value back to + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to set its G value back to +infinity so this is sort of resetting + + align:start position:0% +infinity so this is sort of resetting + + + align:start position:0% +infinity so this is sort of resetting +the weird thing we did earlier + + align:start position:0% +the weird thing we did earlier + + + align:start position:0% +the weird thing we did earlier +make any sense we're going to update in + + align:start position:0% +make any sense we're going to update in + + + align:start position:0% +make any sense we're going to update in +its neighbors RHS values so it would be + + align:start position:0% +its neighbors RHS values so it would be + + + align:start position:0% +its neighbors RHS values so it would be +the new RHS value for painting now that + + align:start position:0% +the new RHS value for painting now that + + + align:start position:0% +the new RHS value for painting now that +we know that you can't actually we don't + + align:start position:0% +we know that you can't actually we don't + + + align:start position:0% +we know that you can't actually we don't +actually have a path to the infinite + + align:start position:0% +actually have a path to the infinite + + + align:start position:0% +actually have a path to the infinite +yeah and then how about our desks value + + align:start position:0% +yeah and then how about our desks value + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and then how about our desks value +to deke is currently do you got it sorry + + align:start position:0% +to deke is currently do you got it sorry + + + align:start position:0% +to deke is currently do you got it sorry +just tell you by going from A to B to D + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Ken yeah it's not the only way our + + align:start position:0% +Ken yeah it's not the only way our + + + align:start position:0% +Ken yeah it's not the only way our +Jess's 10 the key would have that one + + align:start position:0% +Jess's 10 the key would have that one + + + align:start position:0% +Jess's 10 the key would have that one +also so that right yeah because + + align:start position:0% +also so that right yeah because + + + align:start position:0% +also so that right yeah because +currently the best path to 2d and + + align:start position:0% +currently the best path to 2d and + + + align:start position:0% +currently the best path to 2d and +actually the best path to D you can see + + align:start position:0% +actually the best path to D you can see + + + align:start position:0% +actually the best path to D you can see +is from G to D because you can't go + + align:start position:0% +is from G to D because you can't go + + + align:start position:0% +is from G to D because you can't go +through C anymore so now we'll DQ note a + + align:start position:0% +through C anymore so now we'll DQ note a + + + align:start position:0% +through C anymore so now we'll DQ note a +because it has the smallest key it was + + align:start position:0% +because it has the smallest key it was + + + align:start position:0% +because it has the smallest key it was +also under consistent so we reset G to + + align:start position:0% +also under consistent so we reset G to + + + align:start position:0% +also under consistent so we reset G to +infinity so will propagate that to its + + align:start position:0% +infinity so will propagate that to its + + + align:start position:0% +infinity so will propagate that to its +neighbors and if we continue doing this + + align:start position:0% +neighbors and if we continue doing this + + + align:start position:0% +neighbors and if we continue doing this +then we find eventually we DQ this node + + align:start position:0% +then we find eventually we DQ this node + + + align:start position:0% +then we find eventually we DQ this node +and in this case we had to DQ everything + + align:start position:0% +and in this case we had to DQ everything + + + align:start position:0% +and in this case we had to DQ everything +so now all the nodes are locally + + align:start position:0% +so now all the nodes are locally + + + align:start position:0% +so now all the nodes are locally +consistent so what's the best path that + + align:start position:0% +consistent so what's the best path that + + + align:start position:0% +consistent so what's the best path that +we found from Beachley goal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +B D G B D G and it's also the only + + align:start position:0% +B D G B D G and it's also the only + + + align:start position:0% +B D G B D G and it's also the only +passing in this case oh we had to update + + align:start position:0% +passing in this case oh we had to update + + + align:start position:0% +passing in this case oh we had to update +these neighbors okay so here's our new + + align:start position:0% +these neighbors okay so here's our new + + + align:start position:0% +these neighbors okay so here's our new +shortest path so now the robot will move + + align:start position:0% +shortest path so now the robot will move + + + align:start position:0% +shortest path so now the robot will move +to node D but now what's gonna happen + + align:start position:0% +to node D but now what's gonna happen + + + align:start position:0% +to node D but now what's gonna happen +we're getting we update our heuristics + + align:start position:0% +we're getting we update our heuristics + + + align:start position:0% +we're getting we update our heuristics +but now what happens is it turns out + + align:start position:0% +but now what happens is it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +but now what happens is it turns out +it's a moving obstacle and it starts + + align:start position:0% +it's a moving obstacle and it starts + + + align:start position:0% +it's a moving obstacle and it starts +following the robot so now the obstacles + + align:start position:0% +following the robot so now the obstacles + + + align:start position:0% +following the robot so now the obstacles +move to there so as humans we can see + + align:start position:0% +move to there so as humans we can see + + + align:start position:0% +move to there so as humans we can see +that obviously the shortest path is + + align:start position:0% +that obviously the shortest path is + + + align:start position:0% +that obviously the shortest path is +through C but the algorithm doesn't know + + align:start position:0% +through C but the algorithm doesn't know + + + align:start position:0% +through C but the algorithm doesn't know +this yet so what would we do next so we + + align:start position:0% +this yet so what would we do next so we + + + align:start position:0% +this yet so what would we do next so we +just updated our edge weights so now all + + align:start position:0% +just updated our edge weights so now all + + + align:start position:0% +just updated our edge weights so now all +the edges to be are infinity but some of + + align:start position:0% +the edges to be are infinity but some of + + + align:start position:0% +the edges to be are infinity but some of +the edges to C are no longer infinity so + + align:start position:0% +the edges to C are no longer infinity so + + + align:start position:0% +the edges to C are no longer infinity so +we need to update the RHS values + + align:start position:0% +we need to update the RHS values + + + align:start position:0% +we need to update the RHS values +accordingly so update all of the RHS + + align:start position:0% +accordingly so update all of the RHS + + + align:start position:0% +accordingly so update all of the RHS +values that were affected by this change + + align:start position:0% +values that were affected by this change + + + align:start position:0% +values that were affected by this change +in this case G's RHS value never changes + + align:start position:0% +in this case G's RHS value never changes + + + align:start position:0% +in this case G's RHS value never changes +because the distance from you itself is + + align:start position:0% +because the distance from you itself is + + + align:start position:0% +because the distance from you itself is +always zero and this one doesn't change + + align:start position:0% +always zero and this one doesn't change + + + align:start position:0% +always zero and this one doesn't change +because it's we still use the G value + + align:start position:0% +because it's we still use the G value + + + align:start position:0% +because it's we still use the G value +here okay so now again we can start D + + align:start position:0% +here okay so now again we can start D + + + align:start position:0% +here okay so now again we can start D +queuing and planning a new path so we'll + + align:start position:0% +queuing and planning a new path so we'll + + + align:start position:0% +queuing and planning a new path so we'll +DQ this node will propagate to its + + align:start position:0% +DQ this node will propagate to its + + + align:start position:0% +DQ this node will propagate to its +neighbors DQ that one update the RHS + + align:start position:0% +neighbors DQ that one update the RHS + + + align:start position:0% +neighbors DQ that one update the RHS +values but in this case we don't let me + + align:start position:0% +values but in this case we don't let me + + + align:start position:0% +values but in this case we don't let me +go back to step so we detain this node + + align:start position:0% +go back to step so we detain this node + + + align:start position:0% +go back to step so we detain this node +only updated its G value but we don't + + align:start position:0% +only updated its G value but we don't + + + align:start position:0% +only updated its G value but we don't +actually need to continue D queuing + + align:start position:0% +actually need to continue D queuing + + + align:start position:0% +actually need to continue D queuing +things we should know this re just value + + align:start position:0% +things we should know this re just value + + + align:start position:0% +things we should know this re just value +should be updated oh it is updated why + + align:start position:0% +should be updated oh it is updated why + + + align:start position:0% +should be updated oh it is updated why +is this Ari just infinity College is a + + align:start position:0% +is this Ari just infinity College is a + + + align:start position:0% +is this Ari just infinity College is a +tutoring thing yeah all edges into it + + align:start position:0% +tutoring thing yeah all edges into it + + + align:start position:0% +tutoring thing yeah all edges into it +are infinity you can't get there but we + + align:start position:0% +are infinity you can't get there but we + + + align:start position:0% +are infinity you can't get there but we +don't actually have to bother bother + + align:start position:0% +don't actually have to bother bother + + + align:start position:0% +don't actually have to bother bother +extending B because we've already found + + align:start position:0% +extending B because we've already found + + + align:start position:0% +extending B because we've already found +the shortest path so this uses sort of a + + align:start position:0% +the shortest path so this uses sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +the shortest path so this uses sort of a +hint at when D star might be efficient + + align:start position:0% +hint at when D star might be efficient + + + align:start position:0% +hint at when D star might be efficient +because even if there were a whole bunch + + align:start position:0% +because even if there were a whole bunch + + + align:start position:0% +because even if there were a whole bunch +of nodes over + + align:start position:0% +of nodes over + + + align:start position:0% +of nodes over +wouldn't need to consider them because + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't need to consider them because + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't need to consider them because +we found a shortest path so now the + + align:start position:0% +we found a shortest path so now the + + + align:start position:0% +we found a shortest path so now the +robot can move up to see and let's say + + align:start position:0% +robot can move up to see and let's say + + + align:start position:0% +robot can move up to see and let's say +the obstacle chases the robot again do + + align:start position:0% +the obstacle chases the robot again do + + + align:start position:0% +the obstacle chases the robot again do +we need to plan a new path no so + + align:start position:0% +we need to plan a new path no so + + + align:start position:0% +we need to plan a new path no so +intuitively we don't biggest obstacle is + + align:start position:0% +intuitively we don't biggest obstacle is + + + align:start position:0% +intuitively we don't biggest obstacle is +not in the way of our current best path + + align:start position:0% +not in the way of our current best path + + + align:start position:0% +not in the way of our current best path +but we can also see algorithmically why + + align:start position:0% +but we can also see algorithmically why + + + align:start position:0% +but we can also see algorithmically why +that's the case + + align:start position:0% +that's the case + + + align:start position:0% +that's the case +so first we'll update all of our RHS + + align:start position:0% +so first we'll update all of our RHS + + + align:start position:0% +so first we'll update all of our RHS +values accordingly because we've changed + + align:start position:0% +values accordingly because we've changed + + + align:start position:0% +values accordingly because we've changed +all the edge weights but the reason why + + align:start position:0% +all the edge weights but the reason why + + + align:start position:0% +all the edge weights but the reason why +we arithmetical II need to consider any + + align:start position:0% +we arithmetical II need to consider any + + + align:start position:0% +we arithmetical II need to consider any +of these change values is because this + + align:start position:0% +of these change values is because this + + + align:start position:0% +of these change values is because this +node has the smallest key which means + + align:start position:0% +node has the smallest key which means + + + align:start position:0% +node has the smallest key which means +that this is a node that has the + + align:start position:0% +that this is a node that has the + + + align:start position:0% +that this is a node that has the +shortest path to G anyway well this it + + align:start position:0% +shortest path to G anyway well this it + + + align:start position:0% +shortest path to G anyway well this it +has a smaller key than all of the other + + align:start position:0% +has a smaller key than all of the other + + + align:start position:0% +has a smaller key than all of the other +nodes that are on the queue so D queuing + + align:start position:0% +nodes that are on the queue so D queuing + + + align:start position:0% +nodes that are on the queue so D queuing +things would actually help us find the + + align:start position:0% +things would actually help us find the + + + align:start position:0% +things would actually help us find the +shorter path so the robot can move to + + align:start position:0% +shorter path so the robot can move to + + + align:start position:0% +shorter path so the robot can move to +the goal and we've succeeded any + + align:start position:0% +the goal and we've succeeded any + + + align:start position:0% +the goal and we've succeeded any +questions on that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so now I will talk about sometimes + + align:start position:0% +okay so now I will talk about sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now I will talk about sometimes +when you would want to use incremental + + align:start position:0% +when you would want to use incremental + + + align:start position:0% +when you would want to use incremental +path planning okay then this five node + + align:start position:0% +path planning okay then this five node + + + align:start position:0% +path planning okay then this five node +graph Thanks so as Jess said there are + + align:start position:0% +graph Thanks so as Jess said there are + + + align:start position:0% +graph Thanks so as Jess said there are +sometimes good reasons to use + + align:start position:0% +sometimes good reasons to use + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes good reasons to use +incremental paths but they're also good + + align:start position:0% +incremental paths but they're also good + + + align:start position:0% +incremental paths but they're also good +reasons not to in certain circumstances + + align:start position:0% +reasons not to in certain circumstances + + + align:start position:0% +reasons not to in certain circumstances +in certain circumstances we can actually + + align:start position:0% +in certain circumstances we can actually + + + align:start position:0% +in certain circumstances we can actually +formulate graph problems where the + + align:start position:0% +formulate graph problems where the + + + align:start position:0% +formulate graph problems where the +problem is worse by using incremental + + align:start position:0% +problem is worse by using incremental + + + align:start position:0% +problem is worse by using incremental +planning remember that I said that D + + align:start position:0% +planning remember that I said that D + + + align:start position:0% +planning remember that I said that D +Starlite puts any node on the queue at + + align:start position:0% +Starlite puts any node on the queue at + + + align:start position:0% +Starlite puts any node on the queue at +most twice and so we can compare that to + + align:start position:0% +most twice and so we can compare that to + + + align:start position:0% +most twice and so we can compare that to +a star or something like that + + align:start position:0% +a star or something like that + + + align:start position:0% +a star or something like that +it does foolery planning whenever a + + align:start position:0% +it does foolery planning whenever a + + + align:start position:0% +it does foolery planning whenever a +search occurs that puts every node on + + align:start position:0% +search occurs that puts every node on + + + align:start position:0% +search occurs that puts every node on +the search queue at most once so if you + + align:start position:0% +the search queue at most once so if you + + + align:start position:0% +the search queue at most once so if you +start light is most beneficial when + + align:start position:0% +start light is most beneficial when + + + align:start position:0% +start light is most beneficial when +putting nodes on the queue potentially + + align:start position:0% +putting nodes on the queue potentially + + + align:start position:0% +putting nodes on the queue potentially +more than once means - that's less nodes + + align:start position:0% +more than once means - that's less nodes + + + align:start position:0% +more than once means - that's less nodes +being examined overall so here this is + + align:start position:0% +being examined overall so here this is + + + align:start position:0% +being examined overall so here this is +essentially what I just said so a star + + align:start position:0% +essentially what I just said so a star + + + align:start position:0% +essentially what I just said so a star +might perform better for certain + + align:start position:0% +might perform better for certain + + + align:start position:0% +might perform better for certain +problems if we only have to consider a + + align:start position:0% +problems if we only have to consider a + + + align:start position:0% +problems if we only have to consider a +small amount of nodes + + align:start position:0% +small amount of nodes + + + align:start position:0% +small amount of nodes +anyway so putting knows on day four off + + align:start position:0% +anyway so putting knows on day four off + + + align:start position:0% +anyway so putting knows on day four off +twice would actually lead to more + + align:start position:0% +twice would actually lead to more + + + align:start position:0% +twice would actually lead to more +expansions and so to get a in intuition + + align:start position:0% +expansions and so to get a in intuition + + + align:start position:0% +expansions and so to get a in intuition +behind why that might occur if changes + + align:start position:0% +behind why that might occur if changes + + + align:start position:0% +behind why that might occur if changes +are close to the start node I want to + + align:start position:0% +are close to the start node I want to + + + align:start position:0% +are close to the start node I want to +show you an example here so here we're + + align:start position:0% +show you an example here so here we're + + + align:start position:0% +show you an example here so here we're +actually showing an example that's + + align:start position:0% +actually showing an example that's + + + align:start position:0% +actually showing an example that's +derived from LTS book so we're searching + + align:start position:0% +derived from LTS book so we're searching + + + align:start position:0% +derived from LTS book so we're searching +for words here from the start node to + + align:start position:0% +for words here from the start node to + + + align:start position:0% +for words here from the start node to +the code that's just a different + + align:start position:0% +the code that's just a different + + + align:start position:0% +the code that's just a different +reformulation so don't let that confuse + + align:start position:0% +reformulation so don't let that confuse + + + align:start position:0% +reformulation so don't let that confuse +me too much when we walk forward through + + align:start position:0% +me too much when we walk forward through + + + align:start position:0% +me too much when we walk forward through +a star with a good heuristic we might + + align:start position:0% +a star with a good heuristic we might + + + align:start position:0% +a star with a good heuristic we might +move directly from the start node to the + + align:start position:0% +move directly from the start node to the + + + align:start position:0% +move directly from the start node to the +goal and find that path now if a change + + align:start position:0% +goal and find that path now if a change + + + align:start position:0% +goal and find that path now if a change +occurs somewhere upstream of the start + + align:start position:0% +occurs somewhere upstream of the start + + + align:start position:0% +occurs somewhere upstream of the start +node when we're replanting we + + align:start position:0% +node when we're replanting we + + + align:start position:0% +node when we're replanting we +essentially have to replant the sections + + align:start position:0% +essentially have to replant the sections + + + align:start position:0% +essentially have to replant the sections +that are beyond the changes occur + + align:start position:0% +that are beyond the changes occur + + + align:start position:0% +that are beyond the changes occur +so everything that's here to an extent + + align:start position:0% +so everything that's here to an extent + + + align:start position:0% +so everything that's here to an extent +it's relatively insensitive to this + + align:start position:0% +it's relatively insensitive to this + + + align:start position:0% +it's relatively insensitive to this +change it could occur that if we would + + align:start position:0% +change it could occur that if we would + + + align:start position:0% +change it could occur that if we would +have to take it entirely different route + + align:start position:0% +have to take it entirely different route + + + align:start position:0% +have to take it entirely different route +but for the most part it's likely that + + align:start position:0% +but for the most part it's likely that + + + align:start position:0% +but for the most part it's likely that +changes are going to couple to our + + align:start position:0% +changes are going to couple to our + + + align:start position:0% +changes are going to couple to our +existing and so forth and so we have an + + align:start position:0% +existing and so forth and so we have an + + + align:start position:0% +existing and so forth and so we have an +efficient search that will just go + + align:start position:0% +efficient search that will just go + + + align:start position:0% +efficient search that will just go +around from the from the pot that we've + + align:start position:0% +around from the from the pot that we've + + + align:start position:0% +around from the from the pot that we've +already planned to our goal node and so + + align:start position:0% +already planned to our goal node and so + + + align:start position:0% +already planned to our goal node and so +in this sense we have an example where + + align:start position:0% +in this sense we have an example where + + + align:start position:0% +in this sense we have an example where +incremental funding would be fairly + + align:start position:0% +incremental funding would be fairly + + + align:start position:0% +incremental funding would be fairly +efficient in this case which is a + + align:start position:0% +efficient in this case which is a + + + align:start position:0% +efficient in this case which is a +different one we introduced an obstacle + + align:start position:0% +different one we introduced an obstacle + + + align:start position:0% +different one we introduced an obstacle +very near our start node now this means + + align:start position:0% +very near our start node now this means + + + align:start position:0% +very near our start node now this means +that most of our existing path is + + align:start position:0% +that most of our existing path is + + + align:start position:0% +that most of our existing path is +discharged so when we search out from + + align:start position:0% +discharged so when we search out from + + + align:start position:0% +discharged so when we search out from +our from our start node to our goal node + + align:start position:0% +our from our start node to our goal node + + + align:start position:0% +our from our start node to our goal node +we have to do a lot of recomputation + + align:start position:0% +we have to do a lot of recomputation + + + align:start position:0% +we have to do a lot of recomputation +from scratch and so in parental path + + align:start position:0% +from scratch and so in parental path + + + align:start position:0% +from scratch and so in parental path +searching algorithm is going to have to + + align:start position:0% +searching algorithm is going to have to + + + align:start position:0% +searching algorithm is going to have to +undo all the search that we've already + + align:start position:0% +undo all the search that we've already + + + align:start position:0% +undo all the search that we've already +done and then search through almost the + + align:start position:0% +done and then search through almost the + + + align:start position:0% +done and then search through almost the +entirety of the graph again so + + align:start position:0% +entirety of the graph again so + + + align:start position:0% +entirety of the graph again so +intuitively in this case just restarted + + align:start position:0% +intuitively in this case just restarted + + + align:start position:0% +intuitively in this case just restarted +with a start from a blank slate which + + align:start position:0% +with a start from a blank slate which + + + align:start position:0% +with a start from a blank slate which +works search directly down to the goal + + align:start position:0% +works search directly down to the goal + + + align:start position:0% +works search directly down to the goal +instead of doing reparations that would + + align:start position:0% +instead of doing reparations that would + + + align:start position:0% +instead of doing reparations that would +send us in the wrong path would be a + + align:start position:0% +send us in the wrong path would be a + + + align:start position:0% +send us in the wrong path would be a +better idea in this case so since we're + + align:start position:0% +better idea in this case so since we're + + + align:start position:0% +better idea in this case so since we're +piling from the start to the goal in + + align:start position:0% +piling from the start to the goal in + + + align:start position:0% +piling from the start to the goal in +this example that we're showing it's + + align:start position:0% +this example that we're showing it's + + + align:start position:0% +this example that we're showing it's +worse to use incremental cost planning + + align:start position:0% +worse to use incremental cost planning + + + align:start position:0% +worse to use incremental cost planning +algorithms when your changes happen near + + align:start position:0% +algorithms when your changes happen near + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms when your changes happen near +your start from something like D stuff + + align:start position:0% +your start from something like D stuff + + + align:start position:0% +your start from something like D stuff +light we search back from the gold look + + align:start position:0% +light we search back from the gold look + + + align:start position:0% +light we search back from the gold look +to the start node it's better it changes + + align:start position:0% +to the start node it's better it changes + + + align:start position:0% +to the start node it's better it changes +a curtain nearer to the start node which + + align:start position:0% +a curtain nearer to the start node which + + + align:start position:0% +a curtain nearer to the start node which +for our vehicles that we normally see + + align:start position:0% +for our vehicles that we normally see + + + align:start position:0% +for our vehicles that we normally see +that have limited sensor Horizons is + + align:start position:0% +that have limited sensor Horizons is + + + align:start position:0% +that have limited sensor Horizons is +what's going to occur in the most case + + align:start position:0% +what's going to occur in the most case + + + align:start position:0% +what's going to occur in the most case +so in those type of situations in kernel + + align:start position:0% +so in those type of situations in kernel + + + align:start position:0% +so in those type of situations in kernel +top climbing it's going to be very + + align:start position:0% +top climbing it's going to be very + + + align:start position:0% +top climbing it's going to be very +efficient so I understand could be a + + align:start position:0% +efficient so I understand could be a + + + align:start position:0% +efficient so I understand could be a +problem for LP a star D star light or + + align:start position:0% +problem for LP a star D star light or + + + align:start position:0% +problem for LP a star D star light or +we're finding a single path + + align:start position:0% +we're finding a single path + + + align:start position:0% +we're finding a single path +where you have like a single source you + + align:start position:0% +where you have like a single source you + + + align:start position:0% +where you have like a single source you +know destination or something like that + + align:start position:0% +know destination or something like that + + + align:start position:0% +know destination or something like that +but what if what if it's like + + align:start position:0% +but what if what if it's like + + + align:start position:0% +but what if what if it's like +incremental all pair shortest paths + + align:start position:0% +incremental all pair shortest paths + + + align:start position:0% +incremental all pair shortest paths +where you've computed what would you be + + align:start position:0% +where you've computed what would you be + + + align:start position:0% +where you've computed what would you be +would you I assume you want to + + align:start position:0% +would you I assume you want to + + + align:start position:0% +would you I assume you want to +experience the same problem if your + + align:start position:0% +experience the same problem if your + + + align:start position:0% +experience the same problem if your +algorithm is computing shortest paths + + align:start position:0% +algorithm is computing shortest paths + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm is computing shortest paths +between all pairs of nodes emitted oh + + align:start position:0% +between all pairs of nodes emitted oh + + + align:start position:0% +between all pairs of nodes emitted oh +yeah it already exists well that depends + + align:start position:0% +yeah it already exists well that depends + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it already exists well that depends +I mean in when you're redoing the + + align:start position:0% +I mean in when you're redoing the + + + align:start position:0% +I mean in when you're redoing the +recomputation between all nodes in the + + align:start position:0% +recomputation between all nodes in the + + + align:start position:0% +recomputation between all nodes in the +path depends if our obstacle has changed + + align:start position:0% +path depends if our obstacle has changed + + + align:start position:0% +path depends if our obstacle has changed +the neighbors of the dirt that we want + + align:start position:0% +the neighbors of the dirt that we want + + + align:start position:0% +the neighbors of the dirt that we want +to consider and by that I mean imagine + + align:start position:0% +to consider and by that I mean imagine + + + align:start position:0% +to consider and by that I mean imagine +in this graph we've computed the edge + + align:start position:0% +in this graph we've computed the edge + + + align:start position:0% +in this graph we've computed the edge +the deposits and the path cost to get + + align:start position:0% +the deposits and the path cost to get + + + align:start position:0% +the deposits and the path cost to get +from every single node to every single + + align:start position:0% +from every single node to every single + + + align:start position:0% +from every single node to every single +other notice now if introducing an + + align:start position:0% +other notice now if introducing an + + + align:start position:0% +other notice now if introducing an +obstacle here only changed the path cost + + align:start position:0% +obstacle here only changed the path cost + + + align:start position:0% +obstacle here only changed the path cost +to get from there start no to our goal + + align:start position:0% +to get from there start no to our goal + + + align:start position:0% +to get from there start no to our goal +node from example then re-planning that + + align:start position:0% +node from example then re-planning that + + + align:start position:0% +node from example then re-planning that +specific pair of paths from start node + + align:start position:0% +specific pair of paths from start node + + + align:start position:0% +specific pair of paths from start node +to the goal node would use data that + + align:start position:0% +to the goal node would use data that + + + align:start position:0% +to the goal node would use data that +already exists from the other notes to + + align:start position:0% +already exists from the other notes to + + + align:start position:0% +already exists from the other notes to +the goal node we already have that but + + align:start position:0% +the goal node we already have that but + + + align:start position:0% +the goal node we already have that but +if introducing an obstacle would cause + + align:start position:0% +if introducing an obstacle would cause + + + align:start position:0% +if introducing an obstacle would cause +changes throughout the entire graph and + + align:start position:0% +changes throughout the entire graph and + + + align:start position:0% +changes throughout the entire graph and +we can potentially create what would + + align:start position:0% +we can potentially create what would + + + align:start position:0% +we can potentially create what would +have to be a very well connected cross + + align:start position:0% +have to be a very well connected cross + + + align:start position:0% +have to be a very well connected cross +where again incremental hotline would + + align:start position:0% +where again incremental hotline would + + + align:start position:0% +where again incremental hotline would +perform worse than that yeah right yeah + + align:start position:0% +perform worse than that yeah right yeah + + + align:start position:0% +perform worse than that yeah right yeah +so you could still end up in the same + + align:start position:0% +so you could still end up in the same + + + align:start position:0% +so you could still end up in the same +situation now these numbers is very + + align:start position:0% +situation now these numbers is very + + + align:start position:0% +situation now these numbers is very +interesting because they allow for some + + align:start position:0% +interesting because they allow for some + + + align:start position:0% +interesting because they allow for some +extensions that allow us to do some very + + align:start position:0% +extensions that allow us to do some very + + + align:start position:0% +extensions that allow us to do some very +different things quite easily + + align:start position:0% +different things quite easily + + + align:start position:0% +different things quite easily +one example is greedy mapping in terms + + align:start position:0% +one example is greedy mapping in terms + + + align:start position:0% +one example is greedy mapping in terms +of how can we design an algorithm using + + align:start position:0% +of how can we design an algorithm using + + + align:start position:0% +of how can we design an algorithm using +what we know about incremental cuts + + align:start position:0% +what we know about incremental cuts + + + align:start position:0% +what we know about incremental cuts +planning to hit every single node on our + + align:start position:0% +planning to hit every single node on our + + + align:start position:0% +planning to hit every single node on our +graph and what we do is that we + + align:start position:0% +graph and what we do is that we + + + align:start position:0% +graph and what we do is that we +introduce a foe gold hook essentially a + + align:start position:0% +introduce a foe gold hook essentially a + + + align:start position:0% +introduce a foe gold hook essentially a +note that doesn't exist that we can + + align:start position:0% +note that doesn't exist that we can + + + align:start position:0% +note that doesn't exist that we can +never reach and we add we add to our + + align:start position:0% +never reach and we add we add to our + + + align:start position:0% +never reach and we add we add to our +initial beliefs they are our initial + + align:start position:0% +initial beliefs they are our initial + + + align:start position:0% +initial beliefs they are our initial +understanding of the graph connections + + align:start position:0% +understanding of the graph connections + + + align:start position:0% +understanding of the graph connections +between all nodes + + align:start position:0% +between all nodes + + + align:start position:0% +between all nodes +government now it's false in the sense + + align:start position:0% +government now it's false in the sense + + + align:start position:0% +government now it's false in the sense +that whenever we move our start node to + + align:start position:0% +that whenever we move our start node to + + + align:start position:0% +that whenever we move our start node to +one of the notes that we've examined + + align:start position:0% +one of the notes that we've examined + + + align:start position:0% +one of the notes that we've examined +before what happens in terms of the + + align:start position:0% +before what happens in terms of the + + + align:start position:0% +before what happens in terms of the +changes of the edge costs is removing + + align:start position:0% +changes of the edge costs is removing + + + align:start position:0% +changes of the edge costs is removing +that edge that connected that note to + + align:start position:0% +that edge that connected that note to + + + align:start position:0% +that edge that connected that note to +the goal node so what this means in + + align:start position:0% +the goal node so what this means in + + + align:start position:0% +the goal node so what this means in +principle is that our vehicle a park + + align:start position:0% +principle is that our vehicle a park + + + align:start position:0% +principle is that our vehicle a park +vehicle can never reach the low mode in + + align:start position:0% +vehicle can never reach the low mode in + + + align:start position:0% +vehicle can never reach the low mode in +whenever it reaches a note that it + + align:start position:0% +whenever it reaches a note that it + + + align:start position:0% +whenever it reaches a note that it +thinks they can get to the goal node + + align:start position:0% +thinks they can get to the goal node + + + align:start position:0% +thinks they can get to the goal node +from that path disappears but what that + + align:start position:0% +from that path disappears but what that + + + align:start position:0% +from that path disappears but what that +causes it to do is when it's replanting + + align:start position:0% +causes it to do is when it's replanting + + + align:start position:0% +causes it to do is when it's replanting +it finds a path to a node that we + + align:start position:0% +it finds a path to a node that we + + + align:start position:0% +it finds a path to a node that we +haven't visited before because it thinks + + align:start position:0% +haven't visited before because it thinks + + + align:start position:0% +haven't visited before because it thinks +it buries that pot that leads from that + + align:start position:0% +it buries that pot that leads from that + + + align:start position:0% +it buries that pot that leads from that +node to the goal node and so this means + + align:start position:0% +node to the goal node and so this means + + + align:start position:0% +node to the goal node and so this means +that it's efficiently re planning a + + align:start position:0% +that it's efficiently re planning a + + + align:start position:0% +that it's efficiently re planning a +route from its current understanding to + + align:start position:0% +route from its current understanding to + + + align:start position:0% +route from its current understanding to +a node that it has an examiner for and + + align:start position:0% +a node that it has an examiner for and + + + align:start position:0% +a node that it has an examiner for and +so we can apply something like D star + + align:start position:0% +so we can apply something like D star + + + align:start position:0% +so we can apply something like D star +light or LP a star with this formalism + + align:start position:0% +light or LP a star with this formalism + + + align:start position:0% +light or LP a star with this formalism +in order to search through the graph in + + align:start position:0% +in order to search through the graph in + + + align:start position:0% +in order to search through the graph in +its entirety and make sure that in a + + align:start position:0% +its entirety and make sure that in a + + + align:start position:0% +its entirety and make sure that in a +greedily efficient manner we hit every + + align:start position:0% +greedily efficient manner we hit every + + + align:start position:0% +greedily efficient manner we hit every +single node in the graph this absurdly + + align:start position:0% +single node in the graph this absurdly + + + align:start position:0% +single node in the graph this absurdly +relation should indeed TSB probably the + + align:start position:0% +relation should indeed TSB probably the + + + align:start position:0% +relation should indeed TSB probably the +trebling citizens problem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you try to be you're traveling City man + + align:start position:0% +you try to be you're traveling City man + + + align:start position:0% +you try to be you're traveling City man +you try to cover all the cities are + + align:start position:0% +you try to cover all the cities are + + + align:start position:0% +you try to cover all the cities are +trying to come up with a route that is + + align:start position:0% +trying to come up with a route that is + + + align:start position:0% +trying to come up with a route that is +the most efficient oh you try to visit + + align:start position:0% +the most efficient oh you try to visit + + + align:start position:0% +the most efficient oh you try to visit +every room every seat at once okay then + + align:start position:0% +every room every seat at once okay then + + + align:start position:0% +every room every seat at once okay then +in that case yes it's not going to be + + align:start position:0% +in that case yes it's not going to be + + + align:start position:0% +in that case yes it's not going to be +globally efficient as you said it's + + align:start position:0% +globally efficient as you said it's + + + align:start position:0% +globally efficient as you said it's +going to be an approximation for it in a + + align:start position:0% +going to be an approximation for it in a + + + align:start position:0% +going to be an approximation for it in a +sense from each note that you visited + + align:start position:0% +sense from each note that you visited + + + align:start position:0% +sense from each note that you visited +you're searching + + align:start position:0% +you're searching + + + align:start position:0% +you're searching +the next best choice so it's possible + + align:start position:0% +the next best choice so it's possible + + + align:start position:0% +the next best choice so it's possible +you can coordinate yourself but it's a + + align:start position:0% +you can coordinate yourself but it's a + + + align:start position:0% +you can coordinate yourself but it's a +way that we use what we've already + + align:start position:0% +way that we use what we've already + + + align:start position:0% +way that we use what we've already +implemented and the methods that we've + + align:start position:0% +implemented and the methods that we've + + + align:start position:0% +implemented and the methods that we've +already established to tackle a + + align:start position:0% +already established to tackle a + + + align:start position:0% +already established to tackle a +different economic and how does it is + + align:start position:0% +different economic and how does it is + + + align:start position:0% +different economic and how does it is +usually if you have a strategy which is + + align:start position:0% +usually if you have a strategy which is + + + align:start position:0% +usually if you have a strategy which is +isn't the closest unvisited know instead + + align:start position:0% +isn't the closest unvisited know instead + + + align:start position:0% +isn't the closest unvisited know instead +of I'm making this wholly criminal pet + + align:start position:0% +of I'm making this wholly criminal pet + + + align:start position:0% +of I'm making this wholly criminal pet +bunny stuff you just if your policy is + + align:start position:0% +bunny stuff you just if your policy is + + + align:start position:0% +bunny stuff you just if your policy is +always go to the closest unvisited them + + align:start position:0% +always go to the closest unvisited them + + + align:start position:0% +always go to the closest unvisited them +follow powers does that get comparable I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +think it would behave quite similarly + + align:start position:0% +think it would behave quite similarly + + + align:start position:0% +think it would behave quite similarly +what we're just trying to show here is + + align:start position:0% +what we're just trying to show here is + + + align:start position:0% +what we're just trying to show here is +that we can implement that problem as an + + align:start position:0% +that we can implement that problem as an + + + align:start position:0% +that we can implement that problem as an +extension like this ever there may be an + + align:start position:0% +extension like this ever there may be an + + + align:start position:0% +extension like this ever there may be an +inefficient way to do it or whether you + + align:start position:0% +inefficient way to do it or whether you + + + align:start position:0% +inefficient way to do it or whether you +probably like to see exactly what for + + align:start position:0% +probably like to see exactly what for + + + align:start position:0% +probably like to see exactly what for +also if you're just going to the nearest + + align:start position:0% +also if you're just going to the nearest + + + align:start position:0% +also if you're just going to the nearest +connected note if you corner yourself as + + align:start position:0% +connected note if you corner yourself as + + + align:start position:0% +connected note if you corner yourself as +we show here then you could potentially + + align:start position:0% +we show here then you could potentially + + + align:start position:0% +we show here then you could potentially +run to issues if your algorithm doesn't + + align:start position:0% +run to issues if your algorithm doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +run to issues if your algorithm doesn't +then do an extended search for words if + + align:start position:0% +then do an extended search for words if + + + align:start position:0% +then do an extended search for words if +it only considers notes it's immediately + + align:start position:0% +it only considers notes it's immediately + + + align:start position:0% +it only considers notes it's immediately +heard that hasn't visited once it course + + align:start position:0% +heard that hasn't visited once it course + + + align:start position:0% +heard that hasn't visited once it course +itself it doesn't know where to go but + + align:start position:0% +itself it doesn't know where to go but + + + align:start position:0% +itself it doesn't know where to go but +just keep combing through the graph + + align:start position:0% +just keep combing through the graph + + + align:start position:0% +just keep combing through the graph +until you hit the next I'm committed + + align:start position:0% +until you hit the next I'm committed + + + align:start position:0% +until you hit the next I'm committed +them assuming how do you know how many + + align:start position:0% +them assuming how do you know how many + + + align:start position:0% +them assuming how do you know how many +locations you have you didn't feel like + + align:start position:0% +locations you have you didn't feel like + + + align:start position:0% +locations you have you didn't feel like +the random walk type approach well + + align:start position:0% +the random walk type approach well + + + align:start position:0% +the random walk type approach well +you've got I didn't agree to version of + + align:start position:0% +you've got I didn't agree to version of + + + align:start position:0% +you've got I didn't agree to version of +it you kind of let you start from a node + + align:start position:0% +it you kind of let you start from a node + + + align:start position:0% +it you kind of let you start from a node +and then you keep searching you see what + + align:start position:0% +and then you keep searching you see what + + + align:start position:0% +and then you keep searching you see what +is the next unlimited node and you make + + align:start position:0% +is the next unlimited node and you make + + + align:start position:0% +is the next unlimited node and you make +that come like so and you feel like + + align:start position:0% +that come like so and you feel like + + + align:start position:0% +that come like so and you feel like +someone optimization see it'll be dead + + align:start position:0% +someone optimization see it'll be dead + + + align:start position:0% +someone optimization see it'll be dead +you see why do you have covered you see + + align:start position:0% +you see why do you have covered you see + + + align:start position:0% +you see why do you have covered you see +what's the next best move you make that + + align:start position:0% +what's the next best move you make that + + + align:start position:0% +what's the next best move you make that +move and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but it doesn't want the objective here + + align:start position:0% +but it doesn't want the objective here + + + align:start position:0% +but it doesn't want the objective here +is essentially someone for an assistant + + align:start position:0% +is essentially someone for an assistant + + + align:start position:0% +is essentially someone for an assistant +you don't have to mention gays so you + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to mention gays so you + + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to mention gays so you +probably don't have this in DI cheese so + + align:start position:0% +probably don't have this in DI cheese so + + + align:start position:0% +probably don't have this in DI cheese so +it probably isn't me but since you're + + align:start position:0% +it probably isn't me but since you're + + + align:start position:0% +it probably isn't me but since you're +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's like yeah basic features you're + + align:start position:0% +it's like yeah basic features you're + + + align:start position:0% +it's like yeah basic features you're +gonna find the shortest path to the back + + align:start position:0% +gonna find the shortest path to the back + + + align:start position:0% +gonna find the shortest path to the back +to the visited yes we also can use these + + align:start position:0% +to the visited yes we also can use these + + + align:start position:0% +to the visited yes we also can use these +incremental planning algorithms for + + align:start position:0% +incremental planning algorithms for + + + align:start position:0% +incremental planning algorithms for +anytime planners and the the benefit of + + align:start position:0% +anytime planners and the the benefit of + + + align:start position:0% +anytime planners and the the benefit of +an anytime planner is that we quickly + + align:start position:0% +an anytime planner is that we quickly + + + align:start position:0% +an anytime planner is that we quickly +reach a plan which is suboptimal and + + align:start position:0% +reach a plan which is suboptimal and + + + align:start position:0% +reach a plan which is suboptimal and +then from there we are repairing this + + align:start position:0% +then from there we are repairing this + + + align:start position:0% +then from there we are repairing this +plan to a prototype technology and this + + align:start position:0% +plan to a prototype technology and this + + + align:start position:0% +plan to a prototype technology and this +is useful in the real world where you + + align:start position:0% +is useful in the real world where you + + + align:start position:0% +is useful in the real world where you +want to get a solution that comes out + + align:start position:0% +want to get a solution that comes out + + + align:start position:0% +want to get a solution that comes out +quickly and we want to start along our + + align:start position:0% +quickly and we want to start along our + + + align:start position:0% +quickly and we want to start along our +solution and then repair it as we go on + + align:start position:0% +solution and then repair it as we go on + + + align:start position:0% +solution and then repair it as we go on +once we started moving to save some more + + align:start position:0% +once we started moving to save some more + + + align:start position:0% +once we started moving to save some more +time if your reparations might lead to + + align:start position:0% +time if your reparations might lead to + + + align:start position:0% +time if your reparations might lead to +small changes with that type of thing + + align:start position:0% +small changes with that type of thing + + + align:start position:0% +small changes with that type of thing +and this can be handled quite + + align:start position:0% +and this can be handled quite + + + align:start position:0% +and this can be handled quite +efficiently using an incremental + + align:start position:0% +efficiently using an incremental + + + align:start position:0% +efficiently using an incremental +planning so what happens is we apply it + + align:start position:0% +planning so what happens is we apply it + + + align:start position:0% +planning so what happens is we apply it +something idea called inflated + + align:start position:0% +something idea called inflated + + + align:start position:0% +something idea called inflated +heuristics and so these inflated + + align:start position:0% +heuristics and so these inflated + + + align:start position:0% +heuristics and so these inflated +heuristics are essentially increasing + + align:start position:0% +heuristics are essentially increasing + + + align:start position:0% +heuristics are essentially increasing +our heuristic values that exist on our + + align:start position:0% +our heuristic values that exist on our + + + align:start position:0% +our heuristic values that exist on our +graph in our trigger off by a constant + + align:start position:0% +graph in our trigger off by a constant + + + align:start position:0% +graph in our trigger off by a constant +factor and this is typically very large + + align:start position:0% +factor and this is typically very large + + + align:start position:0% +factor and this is typically very large +so differences in heuristics become very + + align:start position:0% +so differences in heuristics become very + + + align:start position:0% +so differences in heuristics become very +lucky this means that once we start + + align:start position:0% +lucky this means that once we start + + + align:start position:0% +lucky this means that once we start +pulling a path we continue along it and + + align:start position:0% +pulling a path we continue along it and + + + align:start position:0% +pulling a path we continue along it and +that causes us to very quickly find the + + align:start position:0% +that causes us to very quickly find the + + + align:start position:0% +that causes us to very quickly find the +first path that actually works then we + + align:start position:0% +first path that actually works then we + + + align:start position:0% +first path that actually works then we +can view reducing those heuristics back + + align:start position:0% +can view reducing those heuristics back + + + align:start position:0% +can view reducing those heuristics back +into their original values as + + align:start position:0% +into their original values as + + + align:start position:0% +into their original values as +essentially a form of changing our + + align:start position:0% +essentially a form of changing our + + + align:start position:0% +essentially a form of changing our +eighth way consoles or saris the form of + + align:start position:0% +eighth way consoles or saris the form of + + + align:start position:0% +eighth way consoles or saris the form of +replay and then by applying the + + align:start position:0% +replay and then by applying the + + + align:start position:0% +replay and then by applying the +principles of an incremental planner we + + align:start position:0% +principles of an incremental planner we + + + align:start position:0% +principles of an incremental planner we +can efficiently use the data that we've + + align:start position:0% +can efficiently use the data that we've + + + align:start position:0% +can efficiently use the data that we've +already have in order to perform this + + align:start position:0% +already have in order to perform this + + + align:start position:0% +already have in order to perform this +search and repair our solution as we go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +finally we want to make explicit to you + + align:start position:0% +finally we want to make explicit to you + + + align:start position:0% +finally we want to make explicit to you +guys how we can actually apply these + + align:start position:0% +guys how we can actually apply these + + + align:start position:0% +guys how we can actually apply these +algorithms + + align:start position:0% +algorithms + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms +- mobile replies because it may not + + align:start position:0% +- mobile replies because it may not + + + align:start position:0% +- mobile replies because it may not +immediately be clear how we go from a + + align:start position:0% +immediately be clear how we go from a + + + align:start position:0% +immediately be clear how we go from a +full space to over Jerry touched on this + + align:start position:0% +full space to over Jerry touched on this + + + align:start position:0% +full space to over Jerry touched on this +kind of briefly when we talked about how + + align:start position:0% +kind of briefly when we talked about how + + + align:start position:0% +kind of briefly when we talked about how +we might discretize the word but we want + + align:start position:0% +we might discretize the word but we want + + + align:start position:0% +we might discretize the word but we want +to give you guys some ideas of how we + + align:start position:0% +to give you guys some ideas of how we + + + align:start position:0% +to give you guys some ideas of how we +might do this cleverly so in order to + + align:start position:0% +might do this cleverly so in order to + + + align:start position:0% +might do this cleverly so in order to +build a graph system out of our world + + align:start position:0% +build a graph system out of our world + + + align:start position:0% +build a graph system out of our world +state we differentiate between all the + + align:start position:0% +state we differentiate between all the + + + align:start position:0% +state we differentiate between all the +non existence and non polynomial systems + + align:start position:0% +non existence and non polynomial systems + + + align:start position:0% +non existence and non polynomial systems +which their difference is just in terms + + align:start position:0% +which their difference is just in terms + + + align:start position:0% +which their difference is just in terms +of whether your constraints of + + align:start position:0% +of whether your constraints of + + + align:start position:0% +of whether your constraints of +differential or names are long then + + align:start position:0% +differential or names are long then + + + align:start position:0% +differential or names are long then +we're going to helpline three methods + + align:start position:0% +we're going to helpline three methods + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to helpline three methods +here very briefly cell decomposition + + align:start position:0% +here very briefly cell decomposition + + + align:start position:0% +here very briefly cell decomposition +using a visibility graph and sampling + + align:start position:0% +using a visibility graph and sampling + + + align:start position:0% +using a visibility graph and sampling +basic construction methods so for cell + + align:start position:0% +basic construction methods so for cell + + + align:start position:0% +basic construction methods so for cell +decomposition methods we might do what + + align:start position:0% +decomposition methods we might do what + + + align:start position:0% +decomposition methods we might do what +you would expect a take the free space + + align:start position:0% +you would expect a take the free space + + + align:start position:0% +you would expect a take the free space +in this region and split it up into + + align:start position:0% +in this region and split it up into + + + align:start position:0% +in this region and split it up into +various different cells and each of + + align:start position:0% +various different cells and each of + + + align:start position:0% +various different cells and each of +those cells is going to represent a node + + align:start position:0% +those cells is going to represent a node + + + align:start position:0% +those cells is going to represent a node +in our graph and how we can do this is + + align:start position:0% +in our graph and how we can do this is + + + align:start position:0% +in our graph and how we can do this is +we split the region up based on each of + + align:start position:0% +we split the region up based on each of + + + align:start position:0% +we split the region up based on each of +the vertices of our students so we draw + + align:start position:0% +the vertices of our students so we draw + + + align:start position:0% +the vertices of our students so we draw +a line horizontal bar vertically sorry + + align:start position:0% +a line horizontal bar vertically sorry + + + align:start position:0% +a line horizontal bar vertically sorry +from each of our vertices that goes in + + align:start position:0% +from each of our vertices that goes in + + + align:start position:0% +from each of our vertices that goes in +the direction away from the obstacle so + + align:start position:0% +the direction away from the obstacle so + + + align:start position:0% +the direction away from the obstacle so +the top here it's going up and out of + + align:start position:0% +the top here it's going up and out of + + + align:start position:0% +the top here it's going up and out of +the obstacle but in the lower left + + align:start position:0% +the obstacle but in the lower left + + + align:start position:0% +the obstacle but in the lower left +corner they're both up and down don't + + align:start position:0% +corner they're both up and down don't + + + align:start position:0% +corner they're both up and down don't +intersect the obstacles we draw them in + + align:start position:0% +intersect the obstacles we draw them in + + + align:start position:0% +intersect the obstacles we draw them in +this entirety so we can continue this + + align:start position:0% +this entirety so we can continue this + + + align:start position:0% +this entirety so we can continue this +throughout the entirety of the state + + align:start position:0% +throughout the entirety of the state + + + align:start position:0% +throughout the entirety of the state +space and then we can attribute to each + + align:start position:0% +space and then we can attribute to each + + + align:start position:0% +space and then we can attribute to each +essentially cell that we've defined + + align:start position:0% +essentially cell that we've defined + + + align:start position:0% +essentially cell that we've defined +through these regions a single point + + align:start position:0% +through these regions a single point + + + align:start position:0% +through these regions a single point +that represents the midpoint of that + + align:start position:0% +that represents the midpoint of that + + + align:start position:0% +that represents the midpoint of that +cell which is going to be our broth node + + align:start position:0% +cell which is going to be our broth node + + + align:start position:0% +cell which is going to be our broth node +because we attribute a single set of + + align:start position:0% +because we attribute a single set of + + + align:start position:0% +because we attribute a single set of +coordinates to each of our graph nodes + + align:start position:0% +coordinates to each of our graph nodes + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates to each of our graph nodes +and we also to make sure that our + + align:start position:0% +and we also to make sure that our + + + align:start position:0% +and we also to make sure that our +transitions between these cells are + + align:start position:0% +transitions between these cells are + + + align:start position:0% +transitions between these cells are +consistent and additional nodes at the + + align:start position:0% +consistent and additional nodes at the + + + align:start position:0% +consistent and additional nodes at the +midpoint of each of these lines that + + align:start position:0% +midpoint of each of these lines that + + + align:start position:0% +midpoint of each of these lines that +we've drawn where we make the + + align:start position:0% +we've drawn where we make the + + + align:start position:0% +we've drawn where we make the +distinction that from here we've + + align:start position:0% +distinction that from here we've + + + align:start position:0% +distinction that from here we've +actually drawn two + + align:start position:0% +actually drawn two + + + align:start position:0% +actually drawn two +so we're on the midpoint between all of + + align:start position:0% +so we're on the midpoint between all of + + + align:start position:0% +so we're on the midpoint between all of +those this allows us to essentially + + align:start position:0% +those this allows us to essentially + + + align:start position:0% +those this allows us to essentially +create a graph throughout the entire + + align:start position:0% +create a graph throughout the entire + + + align:start position:0% +create a graph throughout the entire +system and we connect each central or + + align:start position:0% +system and we connect each central or + + + align:start position:0% +system and we connect each central or +each node at the center of need even + + align:start position:0% +each node at the center of need even + + + align:start position:0% +each node at the center of need even +cell to the notes that are on the + + align:start position:0% +cell to the notes that are on the + + + align:start position:0% +cell to the notes that are on the +boundary we're going to get in itself + + align:start position:0% +boundary we're going to get in itself + + + align:start position:0% +boundary we're going to get in itself +this allows us to create a full graph + + align:start position:0% +this allows us to create a full graph + + + align:start position:0% +this allows us to create a full graph +through the system that we can move + + align:start position:0% +through the system that we can move + + + align:start position:0% +through the system that we can move +through guaranteeing that none of these + + align:start position:0% +through guaranteeing that none of these + + + align:start position:0% +through guaranteeing that none of these +paths if we follow them exactly collide + + align:start position:0% +paths if we follow them exactly collide + + + align:start position:0% +paths if we follow them exactly collide +with the intervals now this works in + + align:start position:0% +with the intervals now this works in + + + align:start position:0% +with the intervals now this works in +environments where the obstacles are 2d + + align:start position:0% +environments where the obstacles are 2d + + + align:start position:0% +environments where the obstacles are 2d +polygons and the path is far from + + align:start position:0% +polygons and the path is far from + + + align:start position:0% +polygons and the path is far from +optimal as we can see but we can plan an + + align:start position:0% +optimal as we can see but we can plan an + + + align:start position:0% +optimal as we can see but we can plan an +optimal part over the growth that we + + align:start position:0% +optimal part over the growth that we + + + align:start position:0% +optimal part over the growth that we +have defined and this only works on + + align:start position:0% +have defined and this only works on + + + align:start position:0% +have defined and this only works on +calling on new systems we can also + + align:start position:0% +calling on new systems we can also + + + align:start position:0% +calling on new systems we can also +define what's called a disability + + align:start position:0% +define what's called a disability + + + align:start position:0% +define what's called a disability +browser + + align:start position:0% +browser + + + align:start position:0% +browser +we are essentially drawing boundary + + align:start position:0% +we are essentially drawing boundary + + + align:start position:0% +we are essentially drawing boundary +between both our vehicle down there and + + align:start position:0% +between both our vehicle down there and + + + align:start position:0% +between both our vehicle down there and +the bone left and boundaries around our + + align:start position:0% +the bone left and boundaries around our + + + align:start position:0% +the bone left and boundaries around our +obstacles these boundaries are + + align:start position:0% +obstacles these boundaries are + + + align:start position:0% +obstacles these boundaries are +sufficiently sized so that if the center + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently sized so that if the center + + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently sized so that if the center +of the of the vehicle that we're + + align:start position:0% +of the of the vehicle that we're + + + align:start position:0% +of the of the vehicle that we're +defining is along the extended edge of + + align:start position:0% +defining is along the extended edge of + + + align:start position:0% +defining is along the extended edge of +the obstacle that the vehicle will not + + align:start position:0% +the obstacle that the vehicle will not + + + align:start position:0% +the obstacle that the vehicle will not +collide with that obstacle then for each + + align:start position:0% +collide with that obstacle then for each + + + align:start position:0% +collide with that obstacle then for each +of the vertices of the extended boundary + + align:start position:0% +of the vertices of the extended boundary + + + align:start position:0% +of the vertices of the extended boundary +that we've defined we add in a new node + + align:start position:0% +that we've defined we add in a new node + + + align:start position:0% +that we've defined we add in a new node +and we draw all lines between all nodes + + align:start position:0% +and we draw all lines between all nodes + + + align:start position:0% +and we draw all lines between all nodes +which can be connected without + + align:start position:0% +which can be connected without + + + align:start position:0% +which can be connected without +intersecting the extended obstacles + + align:start position:0% +intersecting the extended obstacles + + + align:start position:0% +intersecting the extended obstacles +which we've drunk you and this leads to + + align:start position:0% +which we've drunk you and this leads to + + + align:start position:0% +which we've drunk you and this leads to +a graph that we can again plan over this + + align:start position:0% +a graph that we can again plan over this + + + align:start position:0% +a graph that we can again plan over this +again works in environments where they + + align:start position:0% +again works in environments where they + + + align:start position:0% +again works in environments where they +also caused our 2d polling loss what was + + align:start position:0% +also caused our 2d polling loss what was + + + align:start position:0% +also caused our 2d polling loss what was +nice about this system is that we do get + + align:start position:0% +nice about this system is that we do get + + + align:start position:0% +nice about this system is that we do get +an optimal path provided that we assume + + align:start position:0% +an optimal path provided that we assume + + + align:start position:0% +an optimal path provided that we assume +that our extension of the robot itself + + align:start position:0% +that our extension of the robot itself + + + align:start position:0% +that our extension of the robot itself +is is valid or doesn't mean too much + + align:start position:0% +is is valid or doesn't mean too much + + + align:start position:0% +is is valid or doesn't mean too much +isn't too excessive for constraint + + align:start position:0% +isn't too excessive for constraint + + + align:start position:0% +isn't too excessive for constraint +finally going back to some of the random + + align:start position:0% +finally going back to some of the random + + + align:start position:0% +finally going back to some of the random +sampling methods that we mentioned at + + align:start position:0% +sampling methods that we mentioned at + + + align:start position:0% +sampling methods that we mentioned at +the very beginning of this lecture we + + align:start position:0% +the very beginning of this lecture we + + + align:start position:0% +the very beginning of this lecture we +can introduce sampling base fragment + + align:start position:0% +can introduce sampling base fragment + + + align:start position:0% +can introduce sampling base fragment +construction wherein we choose nodes + + align:start position:0% +construction wherein we choose nodes + + + align:start position:0% +construction wherein we choose nodes +randomly or deterministically throughout + + align:start position:0% +randomly or deterministically throughout + + + align:start position:0% +randomly or deterministically throughout +our environment the difference here + + align:start position:0% +our environment the difference here + + + align:start position:0% +our environment the difference here +though is that we then create the broth + + align:start position:0% +though is that we then create the broth + + + align:start position:0% +though is that we then create the broth +out of this system and then we reason + + align:start position:0% +out of this system and then we reason + + + align:start position:0% +out of this system and then we reason +over that graph using something like an + + align:start position:0% +over that graph using something like an + + + align:start position:0% +over that graph using something like an +incremental number and so when we create + + align:start position:0% +incremental number and so when we create + + + align:start position:0% +incremental number and so when we create +that graph after we've sampled we can + + align:start position:0% +that graph after we've sampled we can + + + align:start position:0% +that graph after we've sampled we can +use the K nearest neighbors of each node + + align:start position:0% +use the K nearest neighbors of each node + + + align:start position:0% +use the K nearest neighbors of each node +or we can connect each node to every + + align:start position:0% +or we can connect each node to every + + + align:start position:0% +or we can connect each node to every +node within a certain radius which is + + align:start position:0% +node within a certain radius which is + + + align:start position:0% +node within a certain radius which is +what we've drawn here finally in order + + align:start position:0% +what we've drawn here finally in order + + + align:start position:0% +what we've drawn here finally in order +to actually move between nodes we need + + align:start position:0% +to actually move between nodes we need + + + align:start position:0% +to actually move between nodes we need +to have some knowledge about the + + align:start position:0% +to have some knowledge about the + + + align:start position:0% +to have some knowledge about the +dynamics of the vehicle which is what + + align:start position:0% +dynamics of the vehicle which is what + + + align:start position:0% +dynamics of the vehicle which is what +we're discussing here and one method + + align:start position:0% +we're discussing here and one method + + + align:start position:0% +we're discussing here and one method +that we can do this for non holonomic + + align:start position:0% +that we can do this for non holonomic + + + align:start position:0% +that we can do this for non holonomic +systems is we can distinguish between + + align:start position:0% +systems is we can distinguish between + + + align:start position:0% +systems is we can distinguish between +different paths that use turning right + + align:start position:0% +different paths that use turning right + + + align:start position:0% +different paths that use turning right +turning life and traveling in straight + + align:start position:0% +turning life and traveling in straight + + + align:start position:0% +turning life and traveling in straight +lines it turns out that the shortest + + align:start position:0% +lines it turns out that the shortest + + + align:start position:0% +lines it turns out that the shortest +path between two points can be defined + + align:start position:0% +path between two points can be defined + + + align:start position:0% +path between two points can be defined +using one of these systems and so we + + align:start position:0% +using one of these systems and so we + + + align:start position:0% +using one of these systems and so we +just have to search a refine a number of + + align:start position:0% +just have to search a refine a number of + + + align:start position:0% +just have to search a refine a number of +options in order to find the best path + + align:start position:0% +options in order to find the best path + + + align:start position:0% +options in order to find the best path +that can connect any two nodes hopefully + + align:start position:0% +that can connect any two nodes hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +that can connect any two nodes hopefully +that is giving you some some intuition + + align:start position:0% +that is giving you some some intuition + + + align:start position:0% +that is giving you some some intuition +to how you can apply these these systems + + align:start position:0% +to how you can apply these these systems + + + align:start position:0% +to how you can apply these these systems +an incremental path planning to some of + + align:start position:0% +an incremental path planning to some of + + + align:start position:0% +an incremental path planning to some of +your systems are there any questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_sUVXHfUVsY.txt b/_sUVXHfUVsY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..627c2efdadbc5f462159d8e10d4a4888d56f9c5f --- /dev/null +++ b/_sUVXHfUVsY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1147 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu in this demo we're going to + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu in this demo we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu in this demo we're going to +show how we can rotate the plane of + + align:start position:0% +show how we can rotate the plane of + + + align:start position:0% +show how we can rotate the plane of +polarization of light using a halfwave + + align:start position:0% +polarization of light using a halfwave + + + align:start position:0% +polarization of light using a halfwave +plate + + align:start position:0% +plate + + + align:start position:0% +plate +we're going to use this setup we have a + + align:start position:0% +we're going to use this setup we have a + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to use this setup we have a +helium neon laser you can see the output + + align:start position:0% +helium neon laser you can see the output + + + align:start position:0% +helium neon laser you can see the output +of the laser is + + align:start position:0% +of the laser is + + + align:start position:0% +of the laser is +here and then we're going to reflect the + + align:start position:0% +here and then we're going to reflect the + + + align:start position:0% +here and then we're going to reflect the +laser off this + + align:start position:0% +laser off this + + + align:start position:0% +laser off this +mirror and then reflect it again off + + align:start position:0% +mirror and then reflect it again off + + + align:start position:0% +mirror and then reflect it again off +this mirror pass it through this + + align:start position:0% +this mirror pass it through this + + + align:start position:0% +this mirror pass it through this +polarizer here and then let the light + + align:start position:0% +polarizer here and then let the light + + + align:start position:0% +polarizer here and then let the light +fall onto the + + align:start position:0% +fall onto the + + + align:start position:0% +fall onto the +screen the polarizer here establishes + + align:start position:0% +screen the polarizer here establishes + + + align:start position:0% +screen the polarizer here establishes +the state of polarization of light + + align:start position:0% +the state of polarization of light + + + align:start position:0% +the state of polarization of light +regardless of what what the state was + + align:start position:0% +regardless of what what the state was + + + align:start position:0% +regardless of what what the state was +before and the little arrow here is the + + align:start position:0% +before and the little arrow here is the + + + align:start position:0% +before and the little arrow here is the +axis the transmission axis of the + + align:start position:0% +axis the transmission axis of the + + + align:start position:0% +axis the transmission axis of the +polarizer so the light here is then the + + align:start position:0% +polarizer so the light here is then the + + + align:start position:0% +polarizer so the light here is then the +polarization of it is established by the + + align:start position:0% +polarization of it is established by the + + + align:start position:0% +polarization of it is established by the +transmission axis of this polarizer + + align:start position:0% +transmission axis of this polarizer + + + align:start position:0% +transmission axis of this polarizer +now before we rotate the plane of + + align:start position:0% +now before we rotate the plane of + + + align:start position:0% +now before we rotate the plane of +polarization we want to First analyze + + align:start position:0% +polarization we want to First analyze + + + align:start position:0% +polarization we want to First analyze +the the state of polarization of the + + align:start position:0% +the the state of polarization of the + + + align:start position:0% +the the state of polarization of the +light so we have a means of of checking + + align:start position:0% +light so we have a means of of checking + + + align:start position:0% +light so we have a means of of checking +on what we're doing to the state of + + align:start position:0% +on what we're doing to the state of + + + align:start position:0% +on what we're doing to the state of +polarization we do this we do this with + + align:start position:0% +polarization we do this we do this with + + + align:start position:0% +polarization we do this we do this with +this polarizer acting so-called + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +analyzer again the + + align:start position:0% +analyzer again the + + + align:start position:0% +analyzer again the +arrow labels the transmission axis of + + align:start position:0% +arrow labels the transmission axis of + + + align:start position:0% +arrow labels the transmission axis of +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +polarizer and to establish that indeed + + align:start position:0% +polarizer and to establish that indeed + + + align:start position:0% +polarizer and to establish that indeed +the polarization coming in of the light + + align:start position:0% +the polarization coming in of the light + + + align:start position:0% +the polarization coming in of the light +is is plain polarized + + align:start position:0% +is is plain polarized + + + align:start position:0% +is is plain polarized +we get a + + align:start position:0% +we get a + + + align:start position:0% +we get a +null when the arrow is in the horizontal + + align:start position:0% +null when the arrow is in the horizontal + + + align:start position:0% +null when the arrow is in the horizontal +Direction which means that the light is + + align:start position:0% +Direction which means that the light is + + + align:start position:0% +Direction which means that the light is +coming in is plain polarized and also + + align:start position:0% +coming in is plain polarized and also + + + align:start position:0% +coming in is plain polarized and also +that its axis it's its axis polarization + + align:start position:0% +that its axis it's its axis polarization + + + align:start position:0% +that its axis it's its axis polarization +axis is perpendicular to the horizontal + + align:start position:0% +axis is perpendicular to the horizontal + + + align:start position:0% +axis is perpendicular to the horizontal +which means it's along the vertical so + + align:start position:0% +which means it's along the vertical so + + + align:start position:0% +which means it's along the vertical so +now if we look on the screen we can get + + align:start position:0% +now if we look on the screen we can get + + + align:start position:0% +now if we look on the screen we can get +maximum transmission around vertical and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +close to zero around horizontal so now + + align:start position:0% +close to zero around horizontal so now + + + align:start position:0% +close to zero around horizontal so now +we've established the the plane of + + align:start position:0% +we've established the the plane of + + + align:start position:0% +we've established the the plane of +polarization of of the light here now we + + align:start position:0% +polarization of of the light here now we + + + align:start position:0% +polarization of of the light here now we +would like to rotate the plane of + + align:start position:0% +would like to rotate the plane of + + + align:start position:0% +would like to rotate the plane of +polarization using a halfwave + + align:start position:0% +polarization using a halfwave + + + align:start position:0% +polarization using a halfwave +plate here is the halfwave plate which + + align:start position:0% +plate here is the halfwave plate which + + + align:start position:0% +plate here is the halfwave plate which +we now will place right in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here and as we know halfwave plates have + + align:start position:0% +here and as we know halfwave plates have + + + align:start position:0% +here and as we know halfwave plates have +two principal axes and if the light + + align:start position:0% +two principal axes and if the light + + + align:start position:0% +two principal axes and if the light +propagates along either principal axis + + align:start position:0% +propagates along either principal axis + + + align:start position:0% +propagates along either principal axis +the the polarization of the light is + + align:start position:0% +the the polarization of the light is + + + align:start position:0% +the the polarization of the light is +unaffected that means there's no + + align:start position:0% +unaffected that means there's no + + + align:start position:0% +unaffected that means there's no +rotation of the plane of polarization so + + align:start position:0% +rotation of the plane of polarization so + + + align:start position:0% +rotation of the plane of polarization so +let's let's check on that let's first + + align:start position:0% +let's let's check on that let's first + + + align:start position:0% +let's let's check on that let's first +place this Arrow which is lined up with + + align:start position:0% +place this Arrow which is lined up with + + + align:start position:0% +place this Arrow which is lined up with +the one of the principal axes of the of + + align:start position:0% +the one of the principal axes of the of + + + align:start position:0% +the one of the principal axes of the of +the half wve plate and let's check + + align:start position:0% +the half wve plate and let's check + + + align:start position:0% +the half wve plate and let's check +indeed with the analyzer that indeed + + align:start position:0% +indeed with the analyzer that indeed + + + align:start position:0% +indeed with the analyzer that indeed +that the polarization has not is not + + align:start position:0% +that the polarization has not is not + + + align:start position:0% +that the polarization has not is not +rotated when when we are aligned along + + align:start position:0% +rotated when when we are aligned along + + + align:start position:0% +rotated when when we are aligned along +the principal axis again let's rotate it + + align:start position:0% +the principal axis again let's rotate it + + + align:start position:0% +the principal axis again let's rotate it +to find null and here is null and you + + align:start position:0% +to find null and here is null and you + + + align:start position:0% +to find null and here is null and you +can see that null is again when the + + align:start position:0% +can see that null is again when the + + + align:start position:0% +can see that null is again when the +arrow of the analyzer shows + + align:start position:0% +arrow of the analyzer shows + + + align:start position:0% +arrow of the analyzer shows +horizontal which means that the the + + align:start position:0% +horizontal which means that the the + + + align:start position:0% +horizontal which means that the the +plane of polarization is really uh + + align:start position:0% +plane of polarization is really uh + + + align:start position:0% +plane of polarization is really uh +vertical now let's check while we're + + align:start position:0% +vertical now let's check while we're + + + align:start position:0% +vertical now let's check while we're +here let's check on the other PR + + align:start position:0% +here let's check on the other PR + + + align:start position:0% +here let's check on the other PR +propagation along the other principal + + align:start position:0% +propagation along the other principal + + + align:start position:0% +propagation along the other principal +axis which is 90° away from this one so + + align:start position:0% +axis which is 90° away from this one so + + + align:start position:0% +axis which is 90° away from this one so +let's go find horizontal let's say it's + + align:start position:0% +let's go find horizontal let's say it's + + + align:start position:0% +let's go find horizontal let's say it's +around here here let's check again where + + align:start position:0% +around here here let's check again where + + + align:start position:0% +around here here let's check again where +null is and you can see that null is + + align:start position:0% +null is and you can see that null is + + + align:start position:0% +null is and you can see that null is +again in the in the same place when the + + align:start position:0% +again in the in the same place when the + + + align:start position:0% +again in the in the same place when the +analyze is showing horizontal which + + align:start position:0% +analyze is showing horizontal which + + + align:start position:0% +analyze is showing horizontal which +again means that the plan of + + align:start position:0% +again means that the plan of + + + align:start position:0% +again means that the plan of +polarization is in the vertical + + align:start position:0% +polarization is in the vertical + + + align:start position:0% +polarization is in the vertical +Direction all right so we' established + + align:start position:0% +Direction all right so we' established + + + align:start position:0% +Direction all right so we' established +that there's no rotation when + + align:start position:0% +that there's no rotation when + + + align:start position:0% +that there's no rotation when +propagating along principal the two + + align:start position:0% +propagating along principal the two + + + align:start position:0% +propagating along principal the two +principal axes of the halfwave plate now + + align:start position:0% +principal axes of the halfwave plate now + + + align:start position:0% +principal axes of the halfwave plate now +let's demonstrate rotation of the + + align:start position:0% +let's demonstrate rotation of the + + + align:start position:0% +let's demonstrate rotation of the +polarization using using uh this halfway + + align:start position:0% +polarization using using uh this halfway + + + align:start position:0% +polarization using using uh this halfway +plate so let me now uh set it at let's + + align:start position:0% +plate so let me now uh set it at let's + + + align:start position:0% +plate so let me now uh set it at let's +say around + + align:start position:0% +say around + + + align:start position:0% +say around +45° or so with respect to uh the + + align:start position:0% +45° or so with respect to uh the + + + align:start position:0% +45° or so with respect to uh the +vertical axis let's now go to the + + align:start position:0% +vertical axis let's now go to the + + + align:start position:0% +vertical axis let's now go to the +analyzer and see what happened to the + + align:start position:0% +analyzer and see what happened to the + + + align:start position:0% +analyzer and see what happened to the +state of + + align:start position:0% +state of + + + align:start position:0% +state of +polarization again let's track the null + + align:start position:0% +polarization again let's track the null + + + align:start position:0% +polarization again let's track the null +and I keep I'll keep rotating the + + align:start position:0% +and I keep I'll keep rotating the + + + align:start position:0% +and I keep I'll keep rotating the +analyzer until I find find null here it + + align:start position:0% +analyzer until I find find null here it + + + align:start position:0% +analyzer until I find find null here it +is here it comes here's null now what + + align:start position:0% +is here it comes here's null now what + + + align:start position:0% +is here it comes here's null now what +does that mean it means that the light + + align:start position:0% +does that mean it means that the light + + + align:start position:0% +does that mean it means that the light +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +after the halfway plate is PL polarized + + align:start position:0% +after the halfway plate is PL polarized + + + align:start position:0% +after the halfway plate is PL polarized +and that indeed the plane of + + align:start position:0% +and that indeed the plane of + + + align:start position:0% +and that indeed the plane of +polarization is along the horizontal + + align:start position:0% +polarization is along the horizontal + + + align:start position:0% +polarization is along the horizontal +Direction because the block Axis or the + + align:start position:0% +Direction because the block Axis or the + + + align:start position:0% +Direction because the block Axis or the +null axis is is vertical so it means + + align:start position:0% +null axis is is vertical so it means + + + align:start position:0% +null axis is is vertical so it means +that we've rotated the plane of + + align:start position:0% +that we've rotated the plane of + + + align:start position:0% +that we've rotated the plane of +polarization from the original one which + + align:start position:0% +polarization from the original one which + + + align:start position:0% +polarization from the original one which +was along here to to the horizontal one + + align:start position:0% +was along here to to the horizontal one + + + align:start position:0% +was along here to to the horizontal one +which means by + + align:start position:0% +which means by + + + align:start position:0% +which means by +90° using the halfwave + + align:start position:0% +90° using the halfwave + + + align:start position:0% +90° using the halfwave +plate so the thing that you want to + + align:start position:0% +plate so the thing that you want to + + + align:start position:0% +plate so the thing that you want to +notice is that when the halfwave plate + + align:start position:0% +notice is that when the halfwave plate + + + align:start position:0% +notice is that when the halfwave plate +is rotated by + + align:start position:0% +is rotated by + + + align:start position:0% +is rotated by +45° the the polarization the state of + + align:start position:0% +45° the the polarization the state of + + + align:start position:0% +45° the the polarization the state of +polarization is the plane of + + align:start position:0% +polarization is the plane of + + + align:start position:0% +polarization is the plane of +polarization is rotated by twice that by + + align:start position:0% +polarization is rotated by twice that by + + + align:start position:0% +polarization is rotated by twice that by +90° and the interesting thing about the + + align:start position:0% +90° and the interesting thing about the + + + align:start position:0% +90° and the interesting thing about the +halfwave plate using a halfwave plate is + + align:start position:0% +halfwave plate using a halfwave plate is + + + align:start position:0% +halfwave plate using a halfwave plate is +that the peak intensity and now let me + + align:start position:0% +that the peak intensity and now let me + + + align:start position:0% +that the peak intensity and now let me +get the peak intensity here the peak + + align:start position:0% +get the peak intensity here the peak + + + align:start position:0% +get the peak intensity here the peak +intensity does not + + align:start position:0% +intensity does not + + + align:start position:0% +intensity does not +drop with rotation of polarization for + + align:start position:0% +drop with rotation of polarization for + + + align:start position:0% +drop with rotation of polarization for +example if I decide to rotate by uh by a + + align:start position:0% +example if I decide to rotate by uh by a + + + align:start position:0% +example if I decide to rotate by uh by a +smaller amount like this the again let's + + align:start position:0% +smaller amount like this the again let's + + + align:start position:0% +smaller amount like this the again let's +establish the state of polarization + + align:start position:0% +establish the state of polarization + + + align:start position:0% +establish the state of polarization +again null now is no longer uh uh + + align:start position:0% +again null now is no longer uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +again null now is no longer uh uh +pointing below but it's pointing at at + + align:start position:0% +pointing below but it's pointing at at + + + align:start position:0% +pointing below but it's pointing at at +this angle here which means that the + + align:start position:0% +this angle here which means that the + + + align:start position:0% +this angle here which means that the +plane of polarization is is is different + + align:start position:0% +plane of polarization is is is different + + + align:start position:0% +plane of polarization is is is different +and and and then we go see what the peak + + align:start position:0% +and and and then we go see what the peak + + + align:start position:0% +and and and then we go see what the peak +value of the transmitted light is which + + align:start position:0% +value of the transmitted light is which + + + align:start position:0% +value of the transmitted light is which +is around here somewhere you can see + + align:start position:0% +is around here somewhere you can see + + + align:start position:0% +is around here somewhere you can see +that the peak value has not + + align:start position:0% +that the peak value has not + + + align:start position:0% +that the peak value has not +dropped so the conclusion of this is + + align:start position:0% +dropped so the conclusion of this is + + + align:start position:0% +dropped so the conclusion of this is +that a halfwave plate or at least a good + + align:start position:0% +that a halfwave plate or at least a good + + + align:start position:0% +that a halfwave plate or at least a good +halfwave plate can rotate the plane of + + align:start position:0% +halfwave plate can rotate the plane of + + + align:start position:0% +halfwave plate can rotate the plane of +polarization from 0 to + + align:start position:0% +polarization from 0 to + + + align:start position:0% +polarization from 0 to +90° without any loss of intensity \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/aUF23ZJnN9M.txt b/aUF23ZJnN9M.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7162981d1607ce73f2042fe41d0b98d56cf208b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/aUF23ZJnN9M.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3112 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu this next demonstration is + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu this next demonstration is + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu this next demonstration is +about the laser line width or the + + align:start position:0% +about the laser line width or the + + + align:start position:0% +about the laser line width or the +spectral width of the laser + + align:start position:0% +spectral width of the laser + + + align:start position:0% +spectral width of the laser +radiation now Theory + + align:start position:0% +radiation now Theory + + + align:start position:0% +radiation now Theory +predicts that the line width of a laser + + align:start position:0% +predicts that the line width of a laser + + + align:start position:0% +predicts that the line width of a laser +should be very very + + align:start position:0% +should be very very + + + align:start position:0% +should be very very +narrow much narrower than a fraction of + + align:start position:0% +narrow much narrower than a fraction of + + + align:start position:0% +narrow much narrower than a fraction of +a Hertz in fact of the order of 10us 3 + + align:start position:0% +a Hertz in fact of the order of 10us 3 + + + align:start position:0% +a Hertz in fact of the order of 10us 3 +10-4 Hertz or even + + align:start position:0% +10-4 Hertz or even + + + align:start position:0% +10-4 Hertz or even +smaller in practice we don't see that in + + align:start position:0% +smaller in practice we don't see that in + + + align:start position:0% +smaller in practice we don't see that in +practice if you measure the laser line + + align:start position:0% +practice if you measure the laser line + + + align:start position:0% +practice if you measure the laser line +width you find sometimes it's hundreds + + align:start position:0% +width you find sometimes it's hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +width you find sometimes it's hundreds +of kilohertz megahertz and even tens or + + align:start position:0% +of kilohertz megahertz and even tens or + + + align:start position:0% +of kilohertz megahertz and even tens or +hundreds of megahertz + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of megahertz + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of megahertz +so what is really going on here then + + align:start position:0% +so what is really going on here then + + + align:start position:0% +so what is really going on here then +what's the discrepancy between Theory + + align:start position:0% +what's the discrepancy between Theory + + + align:start position:0% +what's the discrepancy between Theory +and and + + align:start position:0% +and and + + + align:start position:0% +and and +practice in order to explain what's + + align:start position:0% +practice in order to explain what's + + + align:start position:0% +practice in order to explain what's +going on I'm going to review some + + align:start position:0% +going on I'm going to review some + + + align:start position:0% +going on I'm going to review some +fundamentals about lasers here is here's + + align:start position:0% +fundamentals about lasers here is here's + + + align:start position:0% +fundamentals about lasers here is here's +a laser simple + + align:start position:0% +a laser simple + + + align:start position:0% +a laser simple +laser it's made up of a helium neon + + align:start position:0% +laser it's made up of a helium neon + + + align:start position:0% +laser it's made up of a helium neon +discharge tube and the discharge tube is + + align:start position:0% +discharge tube and the discharge tube is + + + align:start position:0% +discharge tube and the discharge tube is +terminated by two mirrors and there's + + align:start position:0% +terminated by two mirrors and there's + + + align:start position:0% +terminated by two mirrors and there's +nothing else inside the cavity besides + + align:start position:0% +nothing else inside the cavity besides + + + align:start position:0% +nothing else inside the cavity besides +the discharge tu tu + + align:start position:0% +the discharge tu tu + + + align:start position:0% +the discharge tu tu +and the and the two two + + align:start position:0% +and the and the two two + + + align:start position:0% +and the and the two two +mirrors now the cavity resonance + + align:start position:0% +mirrors now the cavity resonance + + + align:start position:0% +mirrors now the cavity resonance +associated with this length cavity then + + align:start position:0% +associated with this length cavity then + + + align:start position:0% +associated with this length cavity then +is certainly determined by the length of + + align:start position:0% +is certainly determined by the length of + + + align:start position:0% +is certainly determined by the length of +the cavity and the refractive index of + + align:start position:0% +the cavity and the refractive index of + + + align:start position:0% +the cavity and the refractive index of +the medium between between the two two + + align:start position:0% +the medium between between the two two + + + align:start position:0% +the medium between between the two two +mirrors so that if we have a cavity + + align:start position:0% +mirrors so that if we have a cavity + + + align:start position:0% +mirrors so that if we have a cavity +resonance within the bandwidth of the + + align:start position:0% +resonance within the bandwidth of the + + + align:start position:0% +resonance within the bandwidth of the +helium neon amplifier + + align:start position:0% +helium neon amplifier + + + align:start position:0% +helium neon amplifier +then and then we have of course gain + + align:start position:0% +then and then we have of course gain + + + align:start position:0% +then and then we have of course gain +that's bigger than than the losses in + + align:start position:0% +that's bigger than than the losses in + + + align:start position:0% +that's bigger than than the losses in +the cavity then we'll have oscillation + + align:start position:0% +the cavity then we'll have oscillation + + + align:start position:0% +the cavity then we'll have oscillation +at the cavity resonance so then the + + align:start position:0% +at the cavity resonance so then the + + + align:start position:0% +at the cavity resonance so then the +frequency of the laser is determined by + + align:start position:0% +frequency of the laser is determined by + + + align:start position:0% +frequency of the laser is determined by +the cavity resonance that is within the + + align:start position:0% +the cavity resonance that is within the + + + align:start position:0% +the cavity resonance that is within the +bandwidth of the + + align:start position:0% +bandwidth of the + + + align:start position:0% +bandwidth of the +amplifier so the frequency then will + + align:start position:0% +amplifier so the frequency then will + + + align:start position:0% +amplifier so the frequency then will +fluctuate if the optical length of the + + align:start position:0% +fluctuate if the optical length of the + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuate if the optical length of the +cavity will + + align:start position:0% +cavity will + + + align:start position:0% +cavity will +fluctuate due to let's say due to + + align:start position:0% +fluctuate due to let's say due to + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuate due to let's say due to +temperature + + align:start position:0% +temperature + + + align:start position:0% +temperature +vibrations fluctuations in the power + + align:start position:0% +vibrations fluctuations in the power + + + align:start position:0% +vibrations fluctuations in the power +supply that changes the refractive index + + align:start position:0% +supply that changes the refractive index + + + align:start position:0% +supply that changes the refractive index +and so on so in practice then the laser + + align:start position:0% +and so on so in practice then the laser + + + align:start position:0% +and so on so in practice then the laser +frequency will just move all over the + + align:start position:0% +frequency will just move all over the + + + align:start position:0% +frequency will just move all over the +place depending on the design the + + align:start position:0% +place depending on the design the + + + align:start position:0% +place depending on the design the +mechanical design of the of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +laser so that if you want to + + align:start position:0% +laser so that if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +laser so that if you want to +measure this line width this practical + + align:start position:0% +measure this line width this practical + + + align:start position:0% +measure this line width this practical +line width + + align:start position:0% +line width + + + align:start position:0% +line width +of a laser then you take one way of + + align:start position:0% +of a laser then you take one way of + + + align:start position:0% +of a laser then you take one way of +doing it is to take two two such lasers + + align:start position:0% +doing it is to take two two such lasers + + + align:start position:0% +doing it is to take two two such lasers +oscillating at a single + + align:start position:0% +oscillating at a single + + + align:start position:0% +oscillating at a single +frequency in each one of them and then + + align:start position:0% +frequency in each one of them and then + + + align:start position:0% +frequency in each one of them and then +you beat them and you look at the beat + + align:start position:0% +you beat them and you look at the beat + + + align:start position:0% +you beat them and you look at the beat +on a spectrum electronic Spectrum + + align:start position:0% +on a spectrum electronic Spectrum + + + align:start position:0% +on a spectrum electronic Spectrum +analyze and you'll find that that beat + + align:start position:0% +analyze and you'll find that that beat + + + align:start position:0% +analyze and you'll find that that beat +is as I mentioned before can vary + + align:start position:0% +is as I mentioned before can vary + + + align:start position:0% +is as I mentioned before can vary +anywhere from hundreds of megahertz down + + align:start position:0% +anywhere from hundreds of megahertz down + + + align:start position:0% +anywhere from hundreds of megahertz down +to to uh few Kilz depending again on the + + align:start position:0% +to to uh few Kilz depending again on the + + + align:start position:0% +to to uh few Kilz depending again on the +design of of the + + align:start position:0% +design of of the + + + align:start position:0% +design of of the +lasers in order to + + align:start position:0% +lasers in order to + + + align:start position:0% +lasers in order to +measure or observe the intrinsic + + align:start position:0% +measure or observe the intrinsic + + + align:start position:0% +measure or observe the intrinsic +linewidth this is the linewidth that's + + align:start position:0% +linewidth this is the linewidth that's + + + align:start position:0% +linewidth this is the linewidth that's +predicted by shalow on towns many many + + align:start position:0% +predicted by shalow on towns many many + + + align:start position:0% +predicted by shalow on towns many many +years ago this line width is of the + + align:start position:0% +years ago this line width is of the + + + align:start position:0% +years ago this line width is of the +order of as I said before 10 the minus 3 + + align:start position:0% +order of as I said before 10 the minus 3 + + + align:start position:0% +order of as I said before 10 the minus 3 +10 Theus 4 Hertz for a 1 mwatt + + align:start position:0% +10 Theus 4 Hertz for a 1 mwatt + + + align:start position:0% +10 Theus 4 Hertz for a 1 mwatt +laser this width is due to fundamental + + align:start position:0% +laser this width is due to fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +laser this width is due to fundamental +noise sources such as spontaneous + + align:start position:0% +noise sources such as spontaneous + + + align:start position:0% +noise sources such as spontaneous +emission and it doesn't depend on any + + align:start position:0% +emission and it doesn't depend on any + + + align:start position:0% +emission and it doesn't depend on any +length of the of the cavity and the + + align:start position:0% +length of the of the cavity and the + + + align:start position:0% +length of the of the cavity and the +optical length of the cavity here we + + align:start position:0% +optical length of the cavity here we + + + align:start position:0% +optical length of the cavity here we +assume that everything else is fixed but + + align:start position:0% +assume that everything else is fixed but + + + align:start position:0% +assume that everything else is fixed but +uh but only the spontaneous emission is + + align:start position:0% +uh but only the spontaneous emission is + + + align:start position:0% +uh but only the spontaneous emission is +giving us the residual line + + align:start position:0% +giving us the residual line + + + align:start position:0% +giving us the residual line +with in order to to measure this + + align:start position:0% +with in order to to measure this + + + align:start position:0% +with in order to to measure this +fundamental linewidth it's very + + align:start position:0% +fundamental linewidth it's very + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental linewidth it's very +difficult to do it by using two two + + align:start position:0% +difficult to do it by using two two + + + align:start position:0% +difficult to do it by using two two +lasers because it's very difficult to to + + align:start position:0% +lasers because it's very difficult to to + + + align:start position:0% +lasers because it's very difficult to to +stabilize the length of the of the + + align:start position:0% +stabilize the length of the of the + + + align:start position:0% +stabilize the length of the of the +cavities in each in each layer + + align:start position:0% +cavities in each in each layer + + + align:start position:0% +cavities in each in each layer +there are techniques using whiteband uh + + align:start position:0% +there are techniques using whiteband uh + + + align:start position:0% +there are techniques using whiteband uh +feedback stabilization Loops uh to + + align:start position:0% +feedback stabilization Loops uh to + + + align:start position:0% +feedback stabilization Loops uh to +reduce the vibrations and the and the + + align:start position:0% +reduce the vibrations and the and the + + + align:start position:0% +reduce the vibrations and the and the +drift of a of a laser cavity but still + + align:start position:0% +drift of a of a laser cavity but still + + + align:start position:0% +drift of a of a laser cavity but still +it still would be difficult to reach the + + align:start position:0% +it still would be difficult to reach the + + + align:start position:0% +it still would be difficult to reach the +fundamental + + align:start position:0% +fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental +linewidth so in this demonstration we're + + align:start position:0% +linewidth so in this demonstration we're + + + align:start position:0% +linewidth so in this demonstration we're +going to give you a feel for how small + + align:start position:0% +going to give you a feel for how small + + + align:start position:0% +going to give you a feel for how small +the laser linewidth can be using some + + align:start position:0% +the laser linewidth can be using some + + + align:start position:0% +the laser linewidth can be using some +simple Concepts before I go on to + + align:start position:0% +simple Concepts before I go on to + + + align:start position:0% +simple Concepts before I go on to +describe what we're going to do I'm + + align:start position:0% +describe what we're going to do I'm + + + align:start position:0% +describe what we're going to do I'm +going to show you what an ideal way of + + align:start position:0% +going to show you what an ideal way of + + + align:start position:0% +going to show you what an ideal way of +of uh measuring or observing the laser + + align:start position:0% +of uh measuring or observing the laser + + + align:start position:0% +of uh measuring or observing the laser +linewidth + + align:start position:0% +linewidth + + + align:start position:0% +linewidth +is here is + + align:start position:0% +is here is + + + align:start position:0% +is here is +a a ring + + align:start position:0% +a a ring + + + align:start position:0% +a a ring +cavity made up of of three mirrors + + align:start position:0% +cavity made up of of three mirrors + + + align:start position:0% +cavity made up of of three mirrors +here's one mirror another mirror another + + align:start position:0% +here's one mirror another mirror another + + + align:start position:0% +here's one mirror another mirror another +mirror it's a triangular cavity here's + + align:start position:0% +mirror it's a triangular cavity here's + + + align:start position:0% +mirror it's a triangular cavity here's +the cathode and there are two two anodes + + align:start position:0% +the cathode and there are two two anodes + + + align:start position:0% +the cathode and there are two two anodes +one over here and one over here so we + + align:start position:0% +one over here and one over here so we + + + align:start position:0% +one over here and one over here so we +have say helium neon discharge Within + + align:start position:0% +have say helium neon discharge Within + + + align:start position:0% +have say helium neon discharge Within +the the resonator because it's a ring + + align:start position:0% +the the resonator because it's a ring + + + align:start position:0% +the the resonator because it's a ring +we're going to get two laser + + align:start position:0% +we're going to get two laser + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to get two laser +oscillations one in the clockwise + + align:start position:0% +oscillations one in the clockwise + + + align:start position:0% +oscillations one in the clockwise +Direction and the other one in the + + align:start position:0% +Direction and the other one in the + + + align:start position:0% +Direction and the other one in the +counterclockwise direction if we take + + align:start position:0% +counterclockwise direction if we take + + + align:start position:0% +counterclockwise direction if we take +the two outputs and and we beat + + align:start position:0% +the two outputs and and we beat + + + align:start position:0% +the two outputs and and we beat +them then the beat frequency will give + + align:start position:0% +them then the beat frequency will give + + + align:start position:0% +them then the beat frequency will give +us the the uh essentially the the sum of + + align:start position:0% +us the the uh essentially the the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +us the the uh essentially the the sum of +the two uh individual uh spectral widths + + align:start position:0% +the two uh individual uh spectral widths + + + align:start position:0% +the two uh individual uh spectral widths +of the of the two laser frequencies now + + align:start position:0% +of the of the two laser frequencies now + + + align:start position:0% +of the of the two laser frequencies now +because the cavity is common to both and + + align:start position:0% +because the cavity is common to both and + + + align:start position:0% +because the cavity is common to both and +the refractive index variations are + + align:start position:0% +the refractive index variations are + + + align:start position:0% +the refractive index variations are +common to both frequencies then this + + align:start position:0% +common to both frequencies then this + + + align:start position:0% +common to both frequencies then this +would give you probably about the best + + align:start position:0% +would give you probably about the best + + + align:start position:0% +would give you probably about the best +measurement of the of the true line + + align:start position:0% +measurement of the of the true line + + + align:start position:0% +measurement of the of the true line +width or the intrinsic line width of the + + align:start position:0% +width or the intrinsic line width of the + + + align:start position:0% +width or the intrinsic line width of the +laser but that's not what we're going to + + align:start position:0% +laser but that's not what we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +laser but that's not what we're going to +demonstrate + + align:start position:0% +demonstrate + + + align:start position:0% +demonstrate +here what we're going to use we're going + + align:start position:0% +here what we're going to use we're going + + + align:start position:0% +here what we're going to use we're going +to use our simple laser here and uh + + align:start position:0% +to use our simple laser here and uh + + + align:start position:0% +to use our simple laser here and uh +because of the length of this of this + + align:start position:0% +because of the length of this of this + + + align:start position:0% +because of the length of this of this +cavity we get two modes two cavity modes + + align:start position:0% +cavity we get two modes two cavity modes + + + align:start position:0% +cavity we get two modes two cavity modes +that are within the bandwidth of the + + align:start position:0% +that are within the bandwidth of the + + + align:start position:0% +that are within the bandwidth of the +helium neon + + align:start position:0% +helium neon + + + align:start position:0% +helium neon +amplifier and the since the cavity is + + align:start position:0% +amplifier and the since the cavity is + + + align:start position:0% +amplifier and the since the cavity is +common to both modes except that the + + align:start position:0% +common to both modes except that the + + + align:start position:0% +common to both modes except that the +fact that that they are separated by C + + align:start position:0% +fact that that they are separated by C + + + align:start position:0% +fact that that they are separated by C +over 2L where C is the velocity of light + + align:start position:0% +over 2L where C is the velocity of light + + + align:start position:0% +over 2L where C is the velocity of light +and uh and L is the optical length of + + align:start position:0% +and uh and L is the optical length of + + + align:start position:0% +and uh and L is the optical length of +the cavity other than that the + + align:start position:0% +the cavity other than that the + + + align:start position:0% +the cavity other than that the +fluctuations and the drift of the C + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations and the drift of the C + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations and the drift of the C +should be common then to both so by then + + align:start position:0% +should be common then to both so by then + + + align:start position:0% +should be common then to both so by then +beating the two + + align:start position:0% +beating the two + + + align:start position:0% +beating the two +outputs associate with these two modes + + align:start position:0% +outputs associate with these two modes + + + align:start position:0% +outputs associate with these two modes +in this + + align:start position:0% +in this + + + align:start position:0% +in this +laser and on a on a electronic Spectrum + + align:start position:0% +laser and on a on a electronic Spectrum + + + align:start position:0% +laser and on a on a electronic Spectrum +analyzer then the the line width then + + align:start position:0% +analyzer then the the line width then + + + align:start position:0% +analyzer then the the line width then +that we'll measure with the electronic + + align:start position:0% +that we'll measure with the electronic + + + align:start position:0% +that we'll measure with the electronic +Spectrum analyzer will give us a measure + + align:start position:0% +Spectrum analyzer will give us a measure + + + align:start position:0% +Spectrum analyzer will give us a measure +of the of the uh how narrow the spectral + + align:start position:0% +of the of the uh how narrow the spectral + + + align:start position:0% +of the of the uh how narrow the spectral +width of the Las of the individual laser + + align:start position:0% +width of the Las of the individual laser + + + align:start position:0% +width of the Las of the individual laser +is the setup we're going to use is over + + align:start position:0% +is the setup we're going to use is over + + + align:start position:0% +is the setup we're going to use is over +here now in this box I have a laser just + + align:start position:0% +here now in this box I have a laser just + + + align:start position:0% +here now in this box I have a laser just +like just like this the reason why we + + align:start position:0% +like just like this the reason why we + + + align:start position:0% +like just like this the reason why we +use this box is to keep the environment + + align:start position:0% +use this box is to keep the environment + + + align:start position:0% +use this box is to keep the environment +at a constant temperature close to + + align:start position:0% +at a constant temperature close to + + + align:start position:0% +at a constant temperature close to +constant temperature as possible and + + align:start position:0% +constant temperature as possible and + + + align:start position:0% +constant temperature as possible and +also to isolate against vibrations so + + align:start position:0% +also to isolate against vibrations so + + + align:start position:0% +also to isolate against vibrations so +that the the uh laser cavity is not + + align:start position:0% +that the the uh laser cavity is not + + + align:start position:0% +that the the uh laser cavity is not +shaking too + + align:start position:0% +shaking too + + + align:start position:0% +shaking too +much the the output from the laser goes + + align:start position:0% +much the the output from the laser goes + + + align:start position:0% +much the the output from the laser goes +through a polarizer now since this + + align:start position:0% +through a polarizer now since this + + + align:start position:0% +through a polarizer now since this +cavity is made up of internal mirror + + align:start position:0% +cavity is made up of internal mirror + + + align:start position:0% +cavity is made up of internal mirror +internal mirrors there's nothing else + + align:start position:0% +internal mirrors there's nothing else + + + align:start position:0% +internal mirrors there's nothing else +between the two mirrors except for the + + align:start position:0% +between the two mirrors except for the + + + align:start position:0% +between the two mirrors except for the +discharge tube the two modes that will + + align:start position:0% +discharge tube the two modes that will + + + align:start position:0% +discharge tube the two modes that will +oscillate will have orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +oscillate will have orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +oscillate will have orthogonal +polarization so that by using a + + align:start position:0% +polarization so that by using a + + + align:start position:0% +polarization so that by using a +polarizer like this I can + + align:start position:0% +polarizer like this I can + + + align:start position:0% +polarizer like this I can +select either polar either frequency or + + align:start position:0% +select either polar either frequency or + + + align:start position:0% +select either polar either frequency or +if I put it + + align:start position:0% +if I put it + + + align:start position:0% +if I put it +45° I can select uh both both the laser + + align:start position:0% +45° I can select uh both both the laser + + + align:start position:0% +45° I can select uh both both the laser +frequencies so after the polarizer then + + align:start position:0% +frequencies so after the polarizer then + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies so after the polarizer then +I reflect the light by this mirror and + + align:start position:0% +I reflect the light by this mirror and + + + align:start position:0% +I reflect the light by this mirror and +then this mirror onto an optical + + align:start position:0% +then this mirror onto an optical + + + align:start position:0% +then this mirror onto an optical +Spectrum + + align:start position:0% +Spectrum + + + align:start position:0% +Spectrum +analyzer the which is a scanning fabric + + align:start position:0% +analyzer the which is a scanning fabric + + + align:start position:0% +analyzer the which is a scanning fabric +perometer now the the length of this + + align:start position:0% +perometer now the the length of this + + + align:start position:0% +perometer now the the length of this +scanning fabric Paro is about 10 cm + + align:start position:0% +scanning fabric Paro is about 10 cm + + + align:start position:0% +scanning fabric Paro is about 10 cm +which means that the free spectral range + + align:start position:0% +which means that the free spectral range + + + align:start position:0% +which means that the free spectral range +is about 1 and2 + + align:start position:0% +is about 1 and2 + + + align:start position:0% +is about 1 and2 +GHz so now we're ready to look at the + + align:start position:0% +GHz so now we're ready to look at the + + + align:start position:0% +GHz so now we're ready to look at the +out output of this spectrum analyzer on + + align:start position:0% +out output of this spectrum analyzer on + + + align:start position:0% +out output of this spectrum analyzer on +on the oscilloscope over here we see the + + align:start position:0% +on the oscilloscope over here we see the + + + align:start position:0% +on the oscilloscope over here we see the +output when we have the polarizer + + align:start position:0% +output when we have the polarizer + + + align:start position:0% +output when we have the polarizer +adjusted so that only one laser + + align:start position:0% +adjusted so that only one laser + + + align:start position:0% +adjusted so that only one laser +frequency is allowed to be observed by + + align:start position:0% +frequency is allowed to be observed by + + + align:start position:0% +frequency is allowed to be observed by +the scanning fabri Pro into perometer + + align:start position:0% +the scanning fabri Pro into perometer + + + align:start position:0% +the scanning fabri Pro into perometer +what we're seeing is the free spectral + + align:start position:0% +what we're seeing is the free spectral + + + align:start position:0% +what we're seeing is the free spectral +range of the scanning fabric Pro which + + align:start position:0% +range of the scanning fabric Pro which + + + align:start position:0% +range of the scanning fabric Pro which +is 1 and a 12 GHz so as you can see + + align:start position:0% +is 1 and a 12 GHz so as you can see + + + align:start position:0% +is 1 and a 12 GHz so as you can see +eight big boxes then corresponds to 1 + + align:start position:0% +eight big boxes then corresponds to 1 + + + align:start position:0% +eight big boxes then corresponds to 1 +and A2 GHz and the laser is oscillating + + align:start position:0% +and A2 GHz and the laser is oscillating + + + align:start position:0% +and A2 GHz and the laser is oscillating +at a single + + align:start position:0% +at a single + + + align:start position:0% +at a single +frequency now let me adjust the + + align:start position:0% +frequency now let me adjust the + + + align:start position:0% +frequency now let me adjust the +polarizer so that I bring up the other + + align:start position:0% +polarizer so that I bring up the other + + + align:start position:0% +polarizer so that I bring up the other +mode as observed by the scanning fabri + + align:start position:0% +mode as observed by the scanning fabri + + + align:start position:0% +mode as observed by the scanning fabri +Pro now you can see that the other laser + + align:start position:0% +Pro now you can see that the other laser + + + align:start position:0% +Pro now you can see that the other laser +frequency is about three big boxes away + + align:start position:0% +frequency is about three big boxes away + + + align:start position:0% +frequency is about three big boxes away +from here from this mode which means + + align:start position:0% +from here from this mode which means + + + align:start position:0% +from here from this mode which means +that the separation if you do your + + align:start position:0% +that the separation if you do your + + + align:start position:0% +that the separation if you do your +arithmetic since eight boxes correspond + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic since eight boxes correspond + + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic since eight boxes correspond +to 1 and half GHz and three will + + align:start position:0% +to 1 and half GHz and three will + + + align:start position:0% +to 1 and half GHz and three will +correspond to about 550 + + align:start position:0% +correspond to about 550 + + + align:start position:0% +correspond to about 550 +MHz now if I rotate the polarizer even + + align:start position:0% +MHz now if I rotate the polarizer even + + + align:start position:0% +MHz now if I rotate the polarizer even +more to to block out the the the first + + align:start position:0% +more to to block out the the the first + + + align:start position:0% +more to to block out the the the first +uh laser frequency I showed you + + align:start position:0% +uh laser frequency I showed you + + + align:start position:0% +uh laser frequency I showed you +before I can I end up with only + + align:start position:0% +before I can I end up with only + + + align:start position:0% +before I can I end up with only +this frequency of the laser over + + align:start position:0% +this frequency of the laser over + + + align:start position:0% +this frequency of the laser over +here there we + + align:start position:0% +here there we + + + align:start position:0% +here there we +are so then again just it's a matter of + + align:start position:0% +are so then again just it's a matter of + + + align:start position:0% +are so then again just it's a matter of +adjusting then the polarizer to to have + + align:start position:0% +adjusting then the polarizer to to have + + + align:start position:0% +adjusting then the polarizer to to have +either one frequency go to the fabri + + align:start position:0% +either one frequency go to the fabri + + + align:start position:0% +either one frequency go to the fabri +Paro or or or the two or the two + + align:start position:0% +Paro or or or the two or the two + + + align:start position:0% +Paro or or or the two or the two +frequencies simultaneously right now we + + align:start position:0% +frequencies simultaneously right now we + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies simultaneously right now we +have both of them simultaneously + + align:start position:0% +have both of them simultaneously + + + align:start position:0% +have both of them simultaneously +incident on the fabri perometer again as + + align:start position:0% +incident on the fabri perometer again as + + + align:start position:0% +incident on the fabri perometer again as +you can see the the separation is 550 + + align:start position:0% +you can see the the separation is 550 + + + align:start position:0% +you can see the the separation is 550 +MHz now the width that you see here is + + align:start position:0% +MHz now the width that you see here is + + + align:start position:0% +MHz now the width that you see here is +nothing to do with the laser line width + + align:start position:0% +nothing to do with the laser line width + + + align:start position:0% +nothing to do with the laser line width +is determined by the width of the + + align:start position:0% +is determined by the width of the + + + align:start position:0% +is determined by the width of the +scanning fabric Pro into + + align:start position:0% +scanning fabric Pro into + + + align:start position:0% +scanning fabric Pro into +perometer of course if the laser Jitters + + align:start position:0% +perometer of course if the laser Jitters + + + align:start position:0% +perometer of course if the laser Jitters +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +lot uh then you would would see the the + + align:start position:0% +lot uh then you would would see the the + + + align:start position:0% +lot uh then you would would see the the +width of the laser here but right now + + align:start position:0% +width of the laser here but right now + + + align:start position:0% +width of the laser here but right now +the width of the scanning fabric proo is + + align:start position:0% +the width of the scanning fabric proo is + + + align:start position:0% +the width of the scanning fabric proo is +is much bigger than the width of the + + align:start position:0% +is much bigger than the width of the + + + align:start position:0% +is much bigger than the width of the +individual uh laser + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oscillations now we're ready to look at + + align:start position:0% +oscillations now we're ready to look at + + + align:start position:0% +oscillations now we're ready to look at +the beat frequency between these two + + align:start position:0% +the beat frequency between these two + + + align:start position:0% +the beat frequency between these two +modes so we need for this we need a + + align:start position:0% +modes so we need for this we need a + + + align:start position:0% +modes so we need for this we need a +whiteband detector that can can can + + align:start position:0% +whiteband detector that can can can + + + align:start position:0% +whiteband detector that can can can +measure a beat Noe much bigger than + + align:start position:0% +measure a beat Noe much bigger than + + + align:start position:0% +measure a beat Noe much bigger than +uh or at least as big as 550 MHz the + + align:start position:0% +uh or at least as big as 550 MHz the + + + align:start position:0% +uh or at least as big as 550 MHz the +setup is uh is over here here is the + + align:start position:0% +setup is uh is over here here is the + + + align:start position:0% +setup is uh is over here here is the +laser again and the output of the laser + + align:start position:0% +laser again and the output of the laser + + + align:start position:0% +laser again and the output of the laser +then again passes through the polarizer + + align:start position:0% +then again passes through the polarizer + + + align:start position:0% +then again passes through the polarizer +and then we take a little bit of the + + align:start position:0% +and then we take a little bit of the + + + align:start position:0% +and then we take a little bit of the +light through this beam splitter here + + align:start position:0% +light through this beam splitter here + + + align:start position:0% +light through this beam splitter here +and reflect it by this mirror and onto + + align:start position:0% +and reflect it by this mirror and onto + + + align:start position:0% +and reflect it by this mirror and onto +this lens and this lens here will focus + + align:start position:0% +this lens and this lens here will focus + + + align:start position:0% +this lens and this lens here will focus +the light onto this fast + + align:start position:0% +the light onto this fast + + + align:start position:0% +the light onto this fast +detector and that's how we're going to + + align:start position:0% +detector and that's how we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +detector and that's how we're going to +going to measure the the beat frequency + + align:start position:0% +going to measure the the beat frequency + + + align:start position:0% +going to measure the the beat frequency +between between the two lasers so now + + align:start position:0% +between between the two lasers so now + + + align:start position:0% +between between the two lasers so now +let's look at the output of the + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the output of the + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the output of the +electronic Spectrum analyzer uh here on + + align:start position:0% +electronic Spectrum analyzer uh here on + + + align:start position:0% +electronic Spectrum analyzer uh here on +on the scope now on your screen you see + + align:start position:0% +on the scope now on your screen you see + + + align:start position:0% +on the scope now on your screen you see +the in the lower part of the screen you + + align:start position:0% +the in the lower part of the screen you + + + align:start position:0% +the in the lower part of the screen you +see the output of the scanning fabri Pro + + align:start position:0% +see the output of the scanning fabri Pro + + + align:start position:0% +see the output of the scanning fabri Pro +into perometer where we show you the two + + align:start position:0% +into perometer where we show you the two + + + align:start position:0% +into perometer where we show you the two +frequencies of the laser separated by + + align:start position:0% +frequencies of the laser separated by + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies of the laser separated by +550 mahz and in the upper part is the + + align:start position:0% +550 mahz and in the upper part is the + + + align:start position:0% +550 mahz and in the upper part is the +output of the electronic Spectrum + + align:start position:0% +output of the electronic Spectrum + + + align:start position:0% +output of the electronic Spectrum +analyzer where the + + align:start position:0% +analyzer where the + + + align:start position:0% +analyzer where the +scale uh is 20 khz uh per box and the + + align:start position:0% +scale uh is 20 khz uh per box and the + + + align:start position:0% +scale uh is 20 khz uh per box and the +center frequency over here is + + align:start position:0% +center frequency over here is + + + align:start position:0% +center frequency over here is +557 megaherz which is close to what we + + align:start position:0% +557 megaherz which is close to what we + + + align:start position:0% +557 megaherz which is close to what we +estimated from the scanning fabric proo + + align:start position:0% +estimated from the scanning fabric proo + + + align:start position:0% +estimated from the scanning fabric proo +the resolution here is uh 3 + + align:start position:0% +the resolution here is uh 3 + + + align:start position:0% +the resolution here is uh 3 +khz all right so now what I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +khz all right so now what I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +khz all right so now what I'm going to +do just make sure that indeed this this + + align:start position:0% +do just make sure that indeed this this + + + align:start position:0% +do just make sure that indeed this this +this beat output is coming from the + + align:start position:0% +this beat output is coming from the + + + align:start position:0% +this beat output is coming from the +laser what I'm going to do now is rotate + + align:start position:0% +laser what I'm going to do now is rotate + + + align:start position:0% +laser what I'm going to do now is rotate +the polarizer and uh to get only one + + align:start position:0% +the polarizer and uh to get only one + + + align:start position:0% +the polarizer and uh to get only one +frequency and see if we can extinguish + + align:start position:0% +frequency and see if we can extinguish + + + align:start position:0% +frequency and see if we can extinguish +the uh the beat so as you see on this + + align:start position:0% +the uh the beat so as you see on this + + + align:start position:0% +the uh the beat so as you see on this +screen + + align:start position:0% +screen + + + align:start position:0% +screen +here see I'm going to be then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +extinguishing + + align:start position:0% +extinguishing + + + align:start position:0% +extinguishing +this one of the modes that enters the + + align:start position:0% +this one of the modes that enters the + + + align:start position:0% +this one of the modes that enters the +the fast detector and also the scanning + + align:start position:0% +the fast detector and also the scanning + + + align:start position:0% +the fast detector and also the scanning +fabric Paro and as we watch over here + + align:start position:0% +fabric Paro and as we watch over here + + + align:start position:0% +fabric Paro and as we watch over here +the output of the elect onic Spectrum + + align:start position:0% +the output of the elect onic Spectrum + + + align:start position:0% +the output of the elect onic Spectrum +analyzer you and see it gets smaller and + + align:start position:0% +analyzer you and see it gets smaller and + + + align:start position:0% +analyzer you and see it gets smaller and +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +smaller until we have nothing at all so + + align:start position:0% +smaller until we have nothing at all so + + + align:start position:0% +smaller until we have nothing at all so +here we are there's only one frequency + + align:start position:0% +here we are there's only one frequency + + + align:start position:0% +here we are there's only one frequency +oscillating in the laser and there is no + + align:start position:0% +oscillating in the laser and there is no + + + align:start position:0% +oscillating in the laser and there is no +beat all right so now let me bring up + + align:start position:0% +beat all right so now let me bring up + + + align:start position:0% +beat all right so now let me bring up +the other + + align:start position:0% +the other + + + align:start position:0% +the other +frequency now we have two of them then + + align:start position:0% +frequency now we have two of them then + + + align:start position:0% +frequency now we have two of them then +going into the detector and into the + + align:start position:0% +going into the detector and into the + + + align:start position:0% +going into the detector and into the +scanning fabric + + align:start position:0% +scanning fabric + + + align:start position:0% +scanning fabric +row and we get back out our beat + + align:start position:0% +row and we get back out our beat + + + align:start position:0% +row and we get back out our beat +frequency sented on 5 + + align:start position:0% +frequency sented on 5 + + + align:start position:0% +frequency sented on 5 + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +mahz all right now this resolution is + + align:start position:0% +mahz all right now this resolution is + + + align:start position:0% +mahz all right now this resolution is +not so wonderful and it's limited by the + + align:start position:0% +not so wonderful and it's limited by the + + + align:start position:0% +not so wonderful and it's limited by the +uh the setting that I have uh used on + + align:start position:0% +uh the setting that I have uh used on + + + align:start position:0% +uh the setting that I have uh used on +the electronic Spectrum analyzer what + + align:start position:0% +the electronic Spectrum analyzer what + + + align:start position:0% +the electronic Spectrum analyzer what +I'm going to do now is I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do now is I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do now is I'm going to +change to our highest uh + + align:start position:0% +change to our highest uh + + + align:start position:0% +change to our highest uh +resolution of 200 Hertz per box with a + + align:start position:0% +resolution of 200 Hertz per box with a + + + align:start position:0% +resolution of 200 Hertz per box with a +uh resolution limit of 30 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Hertz here we are now we have 200 Herz + + align:start position:0% +Hertz here we are now we have 200 Herz + + + align:start position:0% +Hertz here we are now we have 200 Herz +per box and a resolution of 30 HZ which + + align:start position:0% +per box and a resolution of 30 HZ which + + + align:start position:0% +per box and a resolution of 30 HZ which +I hope you can see now I'm going to have + + align:start position:0% +I hope you can see now I'm going to have + + + align:start position:0% +I hope you can see now I'm going to have +single sweep scans to look at the look + + align:start position:0% +single sweep scans to look at the look + + + align:start position:0% +single sweep scans to look at the look +at the spectral width of the two lasers + + align:start position:0% +at the spectral width of the two lasers + + + align:start position:0% +at the spectral width of the two lasers +so here we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so here we + + align:start position:0% +so here we + + + align:start position:0% +so here we +are we can see that again with the with + + align:start position:0% +are we can see that again with the with + + + align:start position:0% +are we can see that again with the with +a scale of 200 htz per box and uh the + + align:start position:0% +a scale of 200 htz per box and uh the + + + align:start position:0% +a scale of 200 htz per box and uh the +resolution is uh 30 htz we see that the + + align:start position:0% +resolution is uh 30 htz we see that the + + + align:start position:0% +resolution is uh 30 htz we see that the +spectrum that we can observe is indeed + + align:start position:0% +spectrum that we can observe is indeed + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum that we can observe is indeed +very close to the uh to the instrumental + + align:start position:0% +very close to the uh to the instrumental + + + align:start position:0% +very close to the uh to the instrumental +uh line width of 30 + + align:start position:0% +uh line width of 30 + + + align:start position:0% +uh line width of 30 +HZ so we have demonstrated that the + + align:start position:0% +HZ so we have demonstrated that the + + + align:start position:0% +HZ so we have demonstrated that the +intrinsic line width fundamental line + + align:start position:0% +intrinsic line width fundamental line + + + align:start position:0% +intrinsic line width fundamental line +width of a + + align:start position:0% +width of a + + + align:start position:0% +width of a +laser must be pretty small certainly + + align:start position:0% +laser must be pretty small certainly + + + align:start position:0% +laser must be pretty small certainly +smaller quite a bit smaller than uh than + + align:start position:0% +smaller quite a bit smaller than uh than + + + align:start position:0% +smaller quite a bit smaller than uh than +30 HZ so remember here is the beat we + + align:start position:0% +30 HZ so remember here is the beat we + + + align:start position:0% +30 HZ so remember here is the beat we +looked at the spectral width of uh of + + align:start position:0% +looked at the spectral width of uh of + + + align:start position:0% +looked at the spectral width of uh of +the beat note of two lasers so each one + + align:start position:0% +the beat note of two lasers so each one + + + align:start position:0% +the beat note of two lasers so each one +must be uh quite a bit smaller than than + + align:start position:0% +must be uh quite a bit smaller than than + + + align:start position:0% +must be uh quite a bit smaller than than +30 HZ if we had a a better technique for + + align:start position:0% +30 HZ if we had a a better technique for + + + align:start position:0% +30 HZ if we had a a better technique for +doing the Spectrum analysis we would + + align:start position:0% +doing the Spectrum analysis we would + + + align:start position:0% +doing the Spectrum analysis we would +have shown you uh an even narrower uh + + align:start position:0% +have shown you uh an even narrower uh + + + align:start position:0% +have shown you uh an even narrower uh +spectral width now now just as a + + align:start position:0% +spectral width now now just as a + + + align:start position:0% +spectral width now now just as a +footnote what I like to do is is + + align:start position:0% +footnote what I like to do is is + + + align:start position:0% +footnote what I like to do is is +calibrate the electronic Spectrum + + align:start position:0% +calibrate the electronic Spectrum + + + align:start position:0% +calibrate the electronic Spectrum +analyzer for you by bringing in a good + + align:start position:0% +analyzer for you by bringing in a good + + + align:start position:0% +analyzer for you by bringing in a good +stable oscillator around + + align:start position:0% +stable oscillator around + + + align:start position:0% +stable oscillator around +557 megaherz or so and indeed + + align:start position:0% +557 megaherz or so and indeed + + + align:start position:0% +557 megaherz or so and indeed +demonstrate that the 30 HZ is really the + + align:start position:0% +demonstrate that the 30 HZ is really the + + + align:start position:0% +demonstrate that the 30 HZ is really the +the resolution limit of the electronic + + align:start position:0% +the resolution limit of the electronic + + + align:start position:0% +the resolution limit of the electronic +Spectrum analyzer so when we come back + + align:start position:0% +Spectrum analyzer so when we come back + + + align:start position:0% +Spectrum analyzer so when we come back +we'll have that set up for + + align:start position:0% +we'll have that set up for + + + align:start position:0% +we'll have that set up for +you so here is the stable oscillator + + align:start position:0% +you so here is the stable oscillator + + + align:start position:0% +you so here is the stable oscillator +over here it's an HP stable oscillator + + align:start position:0% +over here it's an HP stable oscillator + + + align:start position:0% +over here it's an HP stable oscillator +and the output at + + align:start position:0% +and the output at + + + align:start position:0% +and the output at +557 megahertz or so we're going to feed + + align:start position:0% +557 megahertz or so we're going to feed + + + align:start position:0% +557 megahertz or so we're going to feed +it into the electronic Spectrum analyzer + + align:start position:0% +it into the electronic Spectrum analyzer + + + align:start position:0% +it into the electronic Spectrum analyzer +uh to see the what the width is so here + + align:start position:0% +uh to see the what the width is so here + + + align:start position:0% +uh to see the what the width is so here +I press the single sweep + + align:start position:0% +I press the single sweep + + + align:start position:0% +I press the single sweep +button and here is the output and you + + align:start position:0% +button and here is the output and you + + + align:start position:0% +button and here is the output and you +can see that the width here is very + + align:start position:0% +can see that the width here is very + + + align:start position:0% +can see that the width here is very +similar to what we saw for the beat + + align:start position:0% +similar to what we saw for the beat + + + align:start position:0% +similar to what we saw for the beat +between the two laser frequencies and + + align:start position:0% +between the two laser frequencies and + + + align:start position:0% +between the two laser frequencies and +this shows that indeed the the + + align:start position:0% +this shows that indeed the the + + + align:start position:0% +this shows that indeed the the +resolution limit is this uh 30 htz for + + align:start position:0% +resolution limit is this uh 30 htz for + + + align:start position:0% +resolution limit is this uh 30 htz for +of the of the electronic Spectrum + + align:start position:0% +of the of the electronic Spectrum + + + align:start position:0% +of the of the electronic Spectrum +analyzer so in summary the laser + + align:start position:0% +analyzer so in summary the laser + + + align:start position:0% +analyzer so in summary the laser +spectral width depends on the stability + + align:start position:0% +spectral width depends on the stability + + + align:start position:0% +spectral width depends on the stability +of the laser + + align:start position:0% +of the laser + + + align:start position:0% +of the laser +cavity if the laser cavity Jitters and + + align:start position:0% +cavity if the laser cavity Jitters and + + + align:start position:0% +cavity if the laser cavity Jitters and +shakes or the refractive index + + align:start position:0% +shakes or the refractive index + + + align:start position:0% +shakes or the refractive index +fluctuates then we would expect that the + + align:start position:0% +fluctuates then we would expect that the + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuates then we would expect that the +laser spectral width would be quite + + align:start position:0% +laser spectral width would be quite + + + align:start position:0% +laser spectral width would be quite +broad so in order to reduce the laser + + align:start position:0% +broad so in order to reduce the laser + + + align:start position:0% +broad so in order to reduce the laser +spectral WI wi we need to design a + + align:start position:0% +spectral WI wi we need to design a + + + align:start position:0% +spectral WI wi we need to design a +stable laser + + align:start position:0% +stable laser + + + align:start position:0% +stable laser +cavity now terms of typical numbers a + + align:start position:0% +cavity now terms of typical numbers a + + + align:start position:0% +cavity now terms of typical numbers a +simple helium neon laser like the one we + + align:start position:0% +simple helium neon laser like the one we + + + align:start position:0% +simple helium neon laser like the one we +used in this + + align:start position:0% +used in this + + + align:start position:0% +used in this +demonstration the line width would be + + align:start position:0% +demonstration the line width would be + + + align:start position:0% +demonstration the line width would be +around 50 khz or + + align:start position:0% +around 50 khz or + + + align:start position:0% +around 50 khz or +so the recently developed CW neodimium + + align:start position:0% +so the recently developed CW neodimium + + + align:start position:0% +so the recently developed CW neodimium +yag lasers have aligned with of the + + align:start position:0% +yag lasers have aligned with of the + + + align:start position:0% +yag lasers have aligned with of the +order of 1 khz but other lasers like + + align:start position:0% +order of 1 khz but other lasers like + + + align:start position:0% +order of 1 khz but other lasers like +semiconductor lasers D lasers and what + + align:start position:0% +semiconductor lasers D lasers and what + + + align:start position:0% +semiconductor lasers D lasers and what +have you can have have line widths of + + align:start position:0% +have you can have have line widths of + + + align:start position:0% +have you can have have line widths of +many many + + align:start position:0% +many many + + + align:start position:0% +many many +megahertz now remember the intrinsic + + align:start position:0% +megahertz now remember the intrinsic + + + align:start position:0% +megahertz now remember the intrinsic +line width is only a small fraction of a + + align:start position:0% +line width is only a small fraction of a + + + align:start position:0% +line width is only a small fraction of a +Hertz or as I mentioned before of the + + align:start position:0% +Hertz or as I mentioned before of the + + + align:start position:0% +Hertz or as I mentioned before of the +order 10us 3 10 minus 4 or even smaller + + align:start position:0% +order 10us 3 10 minus 4 or even smaller + + + align:start position:0% +order 10us 3 10 minus 4 or even smaller +now they are not many applications that + + align:start position:0% +now they are not many applications that + + + align:start position:0% +now they are not many applications that +require such narrow + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +linewidth except one and that is the + + align:start position:0% +linewidth except one and that is the + + + align:start position:0% +linewidth except one and that is the +ring laser gyroscope that's used for + + align:start position:0% +ring laser gyroscope that's used for + + + align:start position:0% +ring laser gyroscope that's used for +navigation now for this application + + align:start position:0% +navigation now for this application + + + align:start position:0% +navigation now for this application +the intrinsic linewidth of the laser is + + align:start position:0% +the intrinsic linewidth of the laser is + + + align:start position:0% +the intrinsic linewidth of the laser is +at present the limit on the ability of + + align:start position:0% +at present the limit on the ability of + + + align:start position:0% +at present the limit on the ability of +this device to measure inertial rotation + + align:start position:0% +this device to measure inertial rotation + + + align:start position:0% +this device to measure inertial rotation +but many other applications at present + + align:start position:0% +but many other applications at present + + + align:start position:0% +but many other applications at present +do not require that super narrow + + align:start position:0% +do not require that super narrow + + + align:start position:0% +do not require that super narrow +spectral width that is inherent in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +laser \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/aXFbBcabaQA.txt b/aXFbBcabaQA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..76faacd57f70ec802e0aff08399c8dd798de0531 --- /dev/null +++ b/aXFbBcabaQA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1467 @@ +align:start position:0% + +we will now go through an example that + + align:start position:0% +we will now go through an example that + + + align:start position:0% +we will now go through an example that +brings together all of the concepts that + + align:start position:0% +brings together all of the concepts that + + + align:start position:0% +brings together all of the concepts that +we have introduced we have a stick of + + align:start position:0% +we have introduced we have a stick of + + + align:start position:0% +we have introduced we have a stick of +length L and we break that stick at some + + align:start position:0% +length L and we break that stick at some + + + align:start position:0% +length L and we break that stick at some +random location which corresponds to a + + align:start position:0% +random location which corresponds to a + + + align:start position:0% +random location which corresponds to a +random variable capital X and we assume + + align:start position:0% +random variable capital X and we assume + + + align:start position:0% +random variable capital X and we assume +that this random variable is uniform + + align:start position:0% +that this random variable is uniform + + + align:start position:0% +that this random variable is uniform +over the length of the stick so its PDF + + align:start position:0% +over the length of the stick so its PDF + + + align:start position:0% +over the length of the stick so its PDF +has this particular shape and for the + + align:start position:0% +has this particular shape and for the + + + align:start position:0% +has this particular shape and for the +PDF to integrate to one the height of + + align:start position:0% +PDF to integrate to one the height of + + + align:start position:0% +PDF to integrate to one the height of +this PDF must be equal to one over L + + align:start position:0% +this PDF must be equal to one over L + + + align:start position:0% +this PDF must be equal to one over L +then we take the piece of the stick that + + align:start position:0% +then we take the piece of the stick that + + + align:start position:0% +then we take the piece of the stick that +we are left with which has length X and + + align:start position:0% +we are left with which has length X and + + + align:start position:0% +we are left with which has length X and +we break it at a random location which + + align:start position:0% +we break it at a random location which + + + align:start position:0% +we break it at a random location which +we call Y and we assume that this + + align:start position:0% +we call Y and we assume that this + + + align:start position:0% +we call Y and we assume that this +location Y is uniformly distributed over + + align:start position:0% +location Y is uniformly distributed over + + + align:start position:0% +location Y is uniformly distributed over +the length of the stick that we were + + align:start position:0% +the length of the stick that we were + + + align:start position:0% +the length of the stick that we were +left with what does this assumption mean + + align:start position:0% +left with what does this assumption mean + + + align:start position:0% +left with what does this assumption mean +it means that if the first break was at + + align:start position:0% +it means that if the first break was at + + + align:start position:0% +it means that if the first break was at +some particular value little X then the + + align:start position:0% +some particular value little X then the + + + align:start position:0% +some particular value little X then the +random variable Y has a conditional + + align:start position:0% +random variable Y has a conditional + + + align:start position:0% +random variable Y has a conditional +distribution which is uniform over the + + align:start position:0% +distribution which is uniform over the + + + align:start position:0% +distribution which is uniform over the +interval from zero to X so the + + align:start position:0% +interval from zero to X so the + + + align:start position:0% +interval from zero to X so the +conditional PDF is uniform a conditional + + align:start position:0% +conditional PDF is uniform a conditional + + + align:start position:0% +conditional PDF is uniform a conditional +PDF like any other PDF must integrate to + + align:start position:0% +PDF like any other PDF must integrate to + + + align:start position:0% +PDF like any other PDF must integrate to +one so the height of this conditional + + align:start position:0% +one so the height of this conditional + + + align:start position:0% +one so the height of this conditional +PDF is equal to one over x our x and y + + align:start position:0% +PDF is equal to one over x our x and y + + + align:start position:0% +PDF is equal to one over x our x and y +independent no one way to see it is that + + align:start position:0% +independent no one way to see it is that + + + align:start position:0% +independent no one way to see it is that +if you change little X the conditional + + align:start position:0% +if you change little X the conditional + + + align:start position:0% +if you change little X the conditional +PDF of Y would have been something + + align:start position:0% +PDF of Y would have been something + + + align:start position:0% +PDF of Y would have been something +different whereas if we have + + align:start position:0% +different whereas if we have + + + align:start position:0% +different whereas if we have +independence all the conditional PDFs + + align:start position:0% +independence all the conditional PDFs + + + align:start position:0% +independence all the conditional PDFs +have to be the same when you change the + + align:start position:0% +have to be the same when you change the + + + align:start position:0% +have to be the same when you change the +value of little x another way to see it + + align:start position:0% +value of little x another way to see it + + + align:start position:0% +value of little x another way to see it +is that if I tell you that X is 0.5 this + + align:start position:0% +is that if I tell you that X is 0.5 this + + + align:start position:0% +is that if I tell you that X is 0.5 this +gives you lots of information about Y it + + align:start position:0% +gives you lots of information about Y it + + + align:start position:0% +gives you lots of information about Y it +tells you that Y has to be less than or + + align:start position:0% +tells you that Y has to be less than or + + + align:start position:0% +tells you that Y has to be less than or +equal to 0.5 so the value of the random + + align:start position:0% +equal to 0.5 so the value of the random + + + align:start position:0% +equal to 0.5 so the value of the random +variable X gives you plenty of + + align:start position:0% +variable X gives you plenty of + + + align:start position:0% +variable X gives you plenty of +information about the other random + + align:start position:0% +information about the other random + + + align:start position:0% +information about the other random +variable and so we do not have + + align:start position:0% +variable and so we do not have + + + align:start position:0% +variable and so we do not have +independence notice that in this example + + align:start position:0% +independence notice that in this example + + + align:start position:0% +independence notice that in this example +instead of starting with a full + + align:start position:0% +instead of starting with a full + + + align:start position:0% +instead of starting with a full +description of the random + + align:start position:0% +description of the random + + + align:start position:0% +description of the random +variables in terms of a joint PDF we use + + align:start position:0% +variables in terms of a joint PDF we use + + + align:start position:0% +variables in terms of a joint PDF we use +a marginal PDF and then a conditional + + align:start position:0% +a marginal PDF and then a conditional + + + align:start position:0% +a marginal PDF and then a conditional +PDF to construct our model of course + + align:start position:0% +PDF to construct our model of course + + + align:start position:0% +PDF to construct our model of course +with these two pieces of information we + + align:start position:0% +with these two pieces of information we + + + align:start position:0% +with these two pieces of information we +can reconstruct the joint PDF using the + + align:start position:0% +can reconstruct the joint PDF using the + + + align:start position:0% +can reconstruct the joint PDF using the +multiplication rule the marginal is 1 + + align:start position:0% +multiplication rule the marginal is 1 + + + align:start position:0% +multiplication rule the marginal is 1 +over L the conditional is 1 over X so + + align:start position:0% +over L the conditional is 1 over X so + + + align:start position:0% +over L the conditional is 1 over X so +the joint is equal to 1 over L X but for + + align:start position:0% +the joint is equal to 1 over L X but for + + + align:start position:0% +the joint is equal to 1 over L X but for +which values of x and y is this the + + align:start position:0% +which values of x and y is this the + + + align:start position:0% +which values of x and y is this the +correct expression it is correct only + + align:start position:0% +correct expression it is correct only + + + align:start position:0% +correct expression it is correct only +for those values that are possible so 0 + + align:start position:0% +for those values that are possible so 0 + + + align:start position:0% +for those values that are possible so 0 +has to be less than y less than X less + + align:start position:0% +has to be less than y less than X less + + + align:start position:0% +has to be less than y less than X less +than L this is the range of values that + + align:start position:0% +than L this is the range of values that + + + align:start position:0% +than L this is the range of values that +are possible in this particular + + align:start position:0% +are possible in this particular + + + align:start position:0% +are possible in this particular +experiment and we can visualize those + + align:start position:0% +experiment and we can visualize those + + + align:start position:0% +experiment and we can visualize those +values they are those that correspond to + + align:start position:0% +values they are those that correspond to + + + align:start position:0% +values they are those that correspond to +this shaded triangle here x and y are + + align:start position:0% +this shaded triangle here x and y are + + + align:start position:0% +this shaded triangle here x and y are +less than or equal to L and y has to be + + align:start position:0% +less than or equal to L and y has to be + + + align:start position:0% +less than or equal to L and y has to be +less than or equal to X if you try to + + align:start position:0% +less than or equal to X if you try to + + + align:start position:0% +less than or equal to X if you try to +visualize the joint PDF notice that + + align:start position:0% +visualize the joint PDF notice that + + + align:start position:0% +visualize the joint PDF notice that +since it only depends on X not on Y if + + align:start position:0% +since it only depends on X not on Y if + + + align:start position:0% +since it only depends on X not on Y if +you fix a value of x and you look at the + + align:start position:0% +you fix a value of x and you look at the + + + align:start position:0% +you fix a value of x and you look at the +slice of the joint PDF the value of the + + align:start position:0% +slice of the joint PDF the value of the + + + align:start position:0% +slice of the joint PDF the value of the +joint PDF is going to be a constant on + + align:start position:0% +joint PDF is going to be a constant on + + + align:start position:0% +joint PDF is going to be a constant on +that slice on this slice it's going to + + align:start position:0% +that slice on this slice it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +that slice on this slice it's going to +be another constant actually a bigger + + align:start position:0% +be another constant actually a bigger + + + align:start position:0% +be another constant actually a bigger +one when that slice an even bigger + + align:start position:0% +one when that slice an even bigger + + + align:start position:0% +one when that slice an even bigger +constant and actually this constant is + + align:start position:0% +constant and actually this constant is + + + align:start position:0% +constant and actually this constant is +bigger and bigger and goes to infinity + + align:start position:0% +bigger and bigger and goes to infinity + + + align:start position:0% +bigger and bigger and goes to infinity +and as we approach 0 of course the fact + + align:start position:0% +and as we approach 0 of course the fact + + + align:start position:0% +and as we approach 0 of course the fact +that the slice is constant is just a + + align:start position:0% +that the slice is constant is just a + + + align:start position:0% +that the slice is constant is just a +reflection of the fact that the + + align:start position:0% +reflection of the fact that the + + + align:start position:0% +reflection of the fact that the +conditional PDF is constant over the + + align:start position:0% +conditional PDF is constant over the + + + align:start position:0% +conditional PDF is constant over the +range of values that the random variable + + align:start position:0% +range of values that the random variable + + + align:start position:0% +range of values that the random variable +can take let us now continue with some + + align:start position:0% +can take let us now continue with some + + + align:start position:0% +can take let us now continue with some +calculations let us find the marginal + + align:start position:0% +calculations let us find the marginal + + + align:start position:0% +calculations let us find the marginal +PDF of Y how do we do it since we have + + align:start position:0% +PDF of Y how do we do it since we have + + + align:start position:0% +PDF of Y how do we do it since we have +in our hands the joint PDF we can find + + align:start position:0% +in our hands the joint PDF we can find + + + align:start position:0% +in our hands the joint PDF we can find +the marginal by integrating the joint + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and in our case the joint is equal to + + align:start position:0% +and in our case the joint is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +and in our case the joint is equal to +one over L X and we integrate over all + + align:start position:0% +one over L X and we integrate over all + + + align:start position:0% +one over L X and we integrate over all +X's now what is the range of the + + align:start position:0% +X's now what is the range of the + + + align:start position:0% +X's now what is the range of the +integration if we fix a certain value of + + align:start position:0% +integration if we fix a certain value of + + + align:start position:0% +integration if we fix a certain value of +y the joint PDF is actually 0 in this + + align:start position:0% +y the joint PDF is actually 0 in this + + + align:start position:0% +y the joint PDF is actually 0 in this +region and in that region so we should + + align:start position:0% +region and in that region so we should + + + align:start position:0% +region and in that region so we should +only integrate over X's that corresponds + + align:start position:0% +only integrate over X's that corresponds + + + align:start position:0% +only integrate over X's that corresponds +to this interval + + align:start position:0% +to this interval + + + align:start position:0% +to this interval +what is that interval it's the interval + + align:start position:0% +what is that interval it's the interval + + + align:start position:0% +what is that interval it's the interval +that ends at L and because this is a + + align:start position:0% +that ends at L and because this is a + + + align:start position:0% +that ends at L and because this is a +line slope 1 this value here is also y + + align:start position:0% +line slope 1 this value here is also y + + + align:start position:0% +line slope 1 this value here is also y +so we integrate over an interval where X + + align:start position:0% +so we integrate over an interval where X + + + align:start position:0% +so we integrate over an interval where X +ranges from Y to L in fact this is just + + align:start position:0% +ranges from Y to L in fact this is just + + + align:start position:0% +ranges from Y to L in fact this is just +the range of X's that are possible for a + + align:start position:0% +the range of X's that are possible for a + + + align:start position:0% +the range of X's that are possible for a +given value of y x must always be larger + + align:start position:0% +given value of y x must always be larger + + + align:start position:0% +given value of y x must always be larger +than or equal to Y now the integral of 1 + + align:start position:0% +than or equal to Y now the integral of 1 + + + align:start position:0% +than or equal to Y now the integral of 1 +over X is a logarithm and using this + + align:start position:0% +over X is a logarithm and using this + + + align:start position:0% +over X is a logarithm and using this +fact we can evaluate this integral and + + align:start position:0% +fact we can evaluate this integral and + + + align:start position:0% +fact we can evaluate this integral and +it's 1 over L times the logarithm of L + + align:start position:0% +it's 1 over L times the logarithm of L + + + align:start position:0% +it's 1 over L times the logarithm of L +over Y for what Y's is this a correct + + align:start position:0% +over Y for what Y's is this a correct + + + align:start position:0% +over Y for what Y's is this a correct +expression well it makes sense only for + + align:start position:0% +expression well it makes sense only for + + + align:start position:0% +expression well it makes sense only for +those Y's that are possible in this + + align:start position:0% +those Y's that are possible in this + + + align:start position:0% +those Y's that are possible in this +experiment and that's the range from 0 + + align:start position:0% +experiment and that's the range from 0 + + + align:start position:0% +experiment and that's the range from 0 +to L when y is equal to L we have the + + align:start position:0% +to L when y is equal to L we have the + + + align:start position:0% +to L when y is equal to L we have the +logarithm of 1 which is equal to 0 so + + align:start position:0% +logarithm of 1 which is equal to 0 so + + + align:start position:0% +logarithm of 1 which is equal to 0 so +the value of the PDF is 0 here and as Y + + align:start position:0% +the value of the PDF is 0 here and as Y + + + align:start position:0% +the value of the PDF is 0 here and as Y +decreases this ratio increases and goes + + align:start position:0% +decreases this ratio increases and goes + + + align:start position:0% +decreases this ratio increases and goes +to infinity so the log of that also + + align:start position:0% +to infinity so the log of that also + + + align:start position:0% +to infinity so the log of that also +blows up to infinity and we get a shape + + align:start position:0% +blows up to infinity and we get a shape + + + align:start position:0% +blows up to infinity and we get a shape +of this form where the function that + + align:start position:0% +of this form where the function that + + + align:start position:0% +of this form where the function that +we're dealing with goes to infinity as + + align:start position:0% +we're dealing with goes to infinity as + + + align:start position:0% +we're dealing with goes to infinity as +we approach 0 is this a problem having a + + align:start position:0% +we approach 0 is this a problem having a + + + align:start position:0% +we approach 0 is this a problem having a +PDF that blows up to infinity not really + + align:start position:0% +PDF that blows up to infinity not really + + + align:start position:0% +PDF that blows up to infinity not really +as long as the area under this PDF is + + align:start position:0% +as long as the area under this PDF is + + + align:start position:0% +as long as the area under this PDF is +equal to 1 it's still a legitimate PDF + + align:start position:0% +equal to 1 it's still a legitimate PDF + + + align:start position:0% +equal to 1 it's still a legitimate PDF +and blowing up to infinity is not an + + align:start position:0% +and blowing up to infinity is not an + + + align:start position:0% +and blowing up to infinity is not an +issue let us now calculate the expected + + align:start position:0% +issue let us now calculate the expected + + + align:start position:0% +issue let us now calculate the expected +value of y one way of doing this is by + + align:start position:0% +value of y one way of doing this is by + + + align:start position:0% +value of y one way of doing this is by +using + + align:start position:0% +using + + + align:start position:0% +using +definition of the expectation it's the + + align:start position:0% +definition of the expectation it's the + + + align:start position:0% +definition of the expectation it's the +integral of Y times the density of Y + + align:start position:0% +integral of Y times the density of Y + + + align:start position:0% +integral of Y times the density of Y +which is one over L times the log of L + + align:start position:0% +which is one over L times the log of L + + + align:start position:0% +which is one over L times the log of L +over Y and the range of the integration + + align:start position:0% +over Y and the range of the integration + + + align:start position:0% +over Y and the range of the integration +has to be those values for which we have + + align:start position:0% +has to be those values for which we have + + + align:start position:0% +has to be those values for which we have +a nonzero density so integrate from zero + + align:start position:0% +a nonzero density so integrate from zero + + + align:start position:0% +a nonzero density so integrate from zero +twelve which are the possible values of + + align:start position:0% +twelve which are the possible values of + + + align:start position:0% +twelve which are the possible values of +the random variable Y this is an + + align:start position:0% +the random variable Y this is an + + + align:start position:0% +the random variable Y this is an +integral that's pretty messy one can + + align:start position:0% +integral that's pretty messy one can + + + align:start position:0% +integral that's pretty messy one can +actually integrate it using integration + + align:start position:0% +actually integrate it using integration + + + align:start position:0% +actually integrate it using integration +by parts but the calculation is a bit + + align:start position:0% +by parts but the calculation is a bit + + + align:start position:0% +by parts but the calculation is a bit +tedious so let us look for an + + align:start position:0% +tedious so let us look for an + + + align:start position:0% +tedious so let us look for an +alternative and more clever approach the + + align:start position:0% +alternative and more clever approach the + + + align:start position:0% +alternative and more clever approach the +idea is to divide and conquer we're + + align:start position:0% +idea is to divide and conquer we're + + + align:start position:0% +idea is to divide and conquer we're +going to use the total expectation + + align:start position:0% +going to use the total expectation + + + align:start position:0% +going to use the total expectation +theorem where we're going to condition + + align:start position:0% +theorem where we're going to condition + + + align:start position:0% +theorem where we're going to condition +on X the total expectation theorem tells + + align:start position:0% +on X the total expectation theorem tells + + + align:start position:0% +on X the total expectation theorem tells +us that the expected value of y is the + + align:start position:0% +us that the expected value of y is the + + + align:start position:0% +us that the expected value of y is the +integral over all possible values of the + + align:start position:0% +integral over all possible values of the + + + align:start position:0% +integral over all possible values of the +random variable X which is from 0 to L + + align:start position:0% +random variable X which is from 0 to L + + + align:start position:0% +random variable X which is from 0 to L +the density of X which is 1 over L times + + align:start position:0% +the density of X which is 1 over L times + + + align:start position:0% +the density of X which is 1 over L times +the conditional expectation of Y given + + align:start position:0% +the conditional expectation of Y given + + + align:start position:0% +the conditional expectation of Y given +that X is equal to some little X and we + + align:start position:0% +that X is equal to some little X and we + + + align:start position:0% +that X is equal to some little X and we +integrate over all X's why is this + + align:start position:0% +integrate over all X's why is this + + + align:start position:0% +integrate over all X's why is this +simpler when we conditioned on X taking + + align:start position:0% +simpler when we conditioned on X taking + + + align:start position:0% +simpler when we conditioned on X taking +a specific value Y has a uniform + + align:start position:0% +a specific value Y has a uniform + + + align:start position:0% +a specific value Y has a uniform +distribution between 0 and X and + + align:start position:0% +distribution between 0 and X and + + + align:start position:0% +distribution between 0 and X and +therefore this conditional expectation + + align:start position:0% +therefore this conditional expectation + + + align:start position:0% +therefore this conditional expectation +is the expectation of a uniform which is + + align:start position:0% +is the expectation of a uniform which is + + + align:start position:0% +is the expectation of a uniform which is +1/2 the range of that uniform so we + + align:start position:0% +1/2 the range of that uniform so we + + + align:start position:0% +1/2 the range of that uniform so we +obtain the integral from 0 12 1 over L + + align:start position:0% +obtain the integral from 0 12 1 over L + + + align:start position:0% +obtain the integral from 0 12 1 over L +times x over 2 DX and finally that's an + + align:start position:0% +times x over 2 DX and finally that's an + + + align:start position:0% +times x over 2 DX and finally that's an +integral that we can evaluate easily or + + align:start position:0% +integral that we can evaluate easily or + + + align:start position:0% +integral that we can evaluate easily or +we can think even in a simpler way this + + align:start position:0% +we can think even in a simpler way this + + + align:start position:0% +we can think even in a simpler way this +expression here is the density of X this + + align:start position:0% +expression here is the density of X this + + + align:start position:0% +expression here is the density of X this +is X itself so the integral of this + + align:start position:0% +is X itself so the integral of this + + + align:start position:0% +is X itself so the integral of this +times X gives us the expected value of X + + align:start position:0% +times X gives us the expected value of X + + + align:start position:0% +times X gives us the expected value of X +and there's only a factor of 1/2 that's + + align:start position:0% +and there's only a factor of 1/2 that's + + + align:start position:0% +and there's only a factor of 1/2 that's +less + + align:start position:0% +less + + + align:start position:0% +less +out there so we obtain 1/2 the expected + + align:start position:0% +out there so we obtain 1/2 the expected + + + align:start position:0% +out there so we obtain 1/2 the expected +value of X but now X itself is uniform + + align:start position:0% +value of X but now X itself is uniform + + + align:start position:0% +value of X but now X itself is uniform +on an interval that has length L and + + align:start position:0% +on an interval that has length L and + + + align:start position:0% +on an interval that has length L and +therefore the expected value of x is L + + align:start position:0% +therefore the expected value of x is L + + + align:start position:0% +therefore the expected value of x is L +over 2 and so we get a final answer + + align:start position:0% +over 2 and so we get a final answer + + + align:start position:0% +over 2 and so we get a final answer +which is 1/2 times L over 2 which is L + + align:start position:0% +which is 1/2 times L over 2 which is L + + + align:start position:0% +which is 1/2 times L over 2 which is L +over 4 this answer makes intuitive sense + + align:start position:0% +over 4 this answer makes intuitive sense + + + align:start position:0% +over 4 this answer makes intuitive sense +if we break a stick once the expected + + align:start position:0% +if we break a stick once the expected + + + align:start position:0% +if we break a stick once the expected +value of what we're left with is half of + + align:start position:0% +value of what we're left with is half of + + + align:start position:0% +value of what we're left with is half of +what we started with but if we break it + + align:start position:0% +what we started with but if we break it + + + align:start position:0% +what we started with but if we break it +once more then we expect it on the + + align:start position:0% +once more then we expect it on the + + + align:start position:0% +once more then we expect it on the +average to be cut by a factor again of + + align:start position:0% +average to be cut by a factor again of + + + align:start position:0% +average to be cut by a factor again of +1/2 and so we expect to be left with a + + align:start position:0% +1/2 and so we expect to be left with a + + + align:start position:0% +1/2 and so we expect to be left with a +stick that has length 1/4 of what we + + align:start position:0% +stick that has length 1/4 of what we + + + align:start position:0% +stick that has length 1/4 of what we +started with so this example is a + + align:start position:0% +started with so this example is a + + + align:start position:0% +started with so this example is a +particularly nice one because we used + + align:start position:0% +particularly nice one because we used + + + align:start position:0% +particularly nice one because we used +all of the concepts that we have + + align:start position:0% +all of the concepts that we have + + + align:start position:0% +all of the concepts that we have +introduced marginal pdfs joint PDFs + + align:start position:0% +introduced marginal pdfs joint PDFs + + + align:start position:0% +introduced marginal pdfs joint PDFs +conditional PDFs and the relations + + align:start position:0% +conditional PDFs and the relations + + + align:start position:0% +conditional PDFs and the relations +between them as well as expectations + + align:start position:0% +between them as well as expectations + + + align:start position:0% +between them as well as expectations +calculations of expectations and + + align:start position:0% +calculations of expectations and + + + align:start position:0% +calculations of expectations and +conditional expectations as well as the + + align:start position:0% +conditional expectations as well as the + + + align:start position:0% +conditional expectations as well as the +total probability theorem \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/bESVLOTvijk.txt b/bESVLOTvijk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ef0963b600ca2f865888cd1420436e5ff0d0a33f --- /dev/null +++ b/bESVLOTvijk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10803 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu a brief recap of the last + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu a brief recap of the last + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu a brief recap of the last +lecture uh what do we talk talk about is + + align:start position:0% +lecture uh what do we talk talk about is + + + align:start position:0% +lecture uh what do we talk talk about is +uh the wave ler wave particle duality + + align:start position:0% +uh the wave ler wave particle duality + + + align:start position:0% +uh the wave ler wave particle duality +starting from plank Einstein relations + + align:start position:0% +starting from plank Einstein relations + + + align:start position:0% +starting from plank Einstein relations +energy is related to + + align:start position:0% +energy is related to + + + align:start position:0% +energy is related to +frequency uh momentum is related to the + + align:start position:0% +frequency uh momentum is related to the + + + align:start position:0% +frequency uh momentum is related to the +wavelength of the particle and that uh + + align:start position:0% +wavelength of the particle and that uh + + + align:start position:0% +wavelength of the particle and that uh +laid the foundation for the wave + + align:start position:0% +laid the foundation for the wave + + + align:start position:0% +laid the foundation for the wave +particle duality although Einstein + + align:start position:0% +particle duality although Einstein + + + align:start position:0% +particle duality although Einstein +focused on his effort on the photons and + + align:start position:0% +focused on his effort on the photons and + + + align:start position:0% +focused on his effort on the photons and +later on uh this was extended to uh the + + align:start position:0% +later on uh this was extended to uh the + + + align:start position:0% +later on uh this was extended to uh the +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +say the material waves and for material + + align:start position:0% +say the material waves and for material + + + align:start position:0% +say the material waves and for material +waves we have uh different ways to + + align:start position:0% +waves we have uh different ways to + + + align:start position:0% +waves we have uh different ways to +describe it there different approaches U + + align:start position:0% +describe it there different approaches U + + + align:start position:0% +describe it there different approaches U +metrix approach uh the uh operator + + align:start position:0% +metrix approach uh the uh operator + + + align:start position:0% +metrix approach uh the uh operator +approach but the one that uh I use here + + align:start position:0% +approach but the one that uh I use here + + + align:start position:0% +approach but the one that uh I use here +is the uh shary + + align:start position:0% +is the uh shary + + + align:start position:0% +is the uh shary +equation that says they uh describe this + + align:start position:0% +equation that says they uh describe this + + + align:start position:0% +equation that says they uh describe this +wave function which is a function of + + align:start position:0% +wave function which is a function of + + + align:start position:0% +wave function which is a function of +time and space and the wave function on + + align:start position:0% +time and space and the wave function on + + + align:start position:0% +time and space and the wave function on +the left hand side essentially this is + + align:start position:0% +the left hand side essentially this is + + + align:start position:0% +the left hand side essentially this is +like your kinetic energy this is your + + align:start position:0% +like your kinetic energy this is your + + + align:start position:0% +like your kinetic energy this is your +potential energy and the right hand side + + align:start position:0% +potential energy and the right hand side + + + align:start position:0% +potential energy and the right hand side +uh is a Time dependent term and uh the + + align:start position:0% +uh is a Time dependent term and uh the + + + align:start position:0% +uh is a Time dependent term and uh the +solution as we will see in today's + + align:start position:0% +solution as we will see in today's + + + align:start position:0% +solution as we will see in today's +lecture of this uh equation will give + + align:start position:0% +lecture of this uh equation will give + + + align:start position:0% +lecture of this uh equation will give +you a wave type of + + align:start position:0% +you a wave type of + + + align:start position:0% +you a wave type of +solution and uh uh what's interesting is + + align:start position:0% +solution and uh uh what's interesting is + + + align:start position:0% +solution and uh uh what's interesting is +the meaning of this wave function was + + align:start position:0% +the meaning of this wave function was + + + align:start position:0% +the meaning of this wave function was +not clear uh I time uh that this + + align:start position:0% +not clear uh I time uh that this + + + align:start position:0% +not clear uh I time uh that this +equation was written down so the it + + align:start position:0% +equation was written down so the it + + + align:start position:0% +equation was written down so the it +turns out that the explanation correct + + align:start position:0% +turns out that the explanation correct + + + align:start position:0% +turns out that the explanation correct +explanation of the uh weave function uh + + align:start position:0% +explanation of the uh weave function uh + + + align:start position:0% +explanation of the uh weave function uh +we function itself uh is a a complex + + align:start position:0% +we function itself uh is a a complex + + + align:start position:0% +we function itself uh is a a complex +number doesn't have physical meaning but + + align:start position:0% +number doesn't have physical meaning but + + + align:start position:0% +number doesn't have physical meaning but +the uh we function times complex + + align:start position:0% +the uh we function times complex + + + align:start position:0% +the uh we function times complex +conjugate will give a real number and + + align:start position:0% +conjugate will give a real number and + + + align:start position:0% +conjugate will give a real number and +this gives the probability of finding + + align:start position:0% +this gives the probability of finding + + + align:start position:0% +this gives the probability of finding +this material wave a certain time time + + align:start position:0% +this material wave a certain time time + + + align:start position:0% +this material wave a certain time time +and location so this is the uh uh + + align:start position:0% +and location so this is the uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +and location so this is the uh uh +explanation given by Bourne and that + + align:start position:0% +explanation given by Bourne and that + + + align:start position:0% +explanation given by Bourne and that +create a lot of trouble because that + + align:start position:0% +create a lot of trouble because that + + + align:start position:0% +create a lot of trouble because that +means everything is uncertain in the + + align:start position:0% +means everything is uncertain in the + + + align:start position:0% +means everything is uncertain in the +quantum World there probability so there + + align:start position:0% +quantum World there probability so there + + + align:start position:0% +quantum World there probability so there +is expectation value the uh the mean + + align:start position:0% +is expectation value the uh the mean + + + align:start position:0% +is expectation value the uh the mean +value and there's also standard + + align:start position:0% +value and there's also standard + + + align:start position:0% +value and there's also standard +deviation and that standard deviation to + + align:start position:0% +deviation and that standard deviation to + + + align:start position:0% +deviation and that standard deviation to +uh the Heisenberg uncertainty principle + + align:start position:0% +uh the Heisenberg uncertainty principle + + + align:start position:0% +uh the Heisenberg uncertainty principle +we commented uh in the uh last lecture + + align:start position:0% +we commented uh in the uh last lecture + + + align:start position:0% +we commented uh in the uh last lecture +and uh uh um then we did a little bit + + align:start position:0% +and uh uh um then we did a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +and uh uh um then we did a little bit +Mass we say okay let's do a separation + + align:start position:0% +Mass we say okay let's do a separation + + + align:start position:0% +Mass we say okay let's do a separation +of variable because this we function is + + align:start position:0% +of variable because this we function is + + + align:start position:0% +of variable because this we function is +a function of time and space as long as + + align:start position:0% +a function of time and space as long as + + + align:start position:0% +a function of time and space as long as +this U potential energy that constrain + + align:start position:0% +this U potential energy that constrain + + + align:start position:0% +this U potential energy that constrain +this material wave so the equation is if + + align:start position:0% +this material wave so the equation is if + + + align:start position:0% +this material wave so the equation is if +you look at this the first term is a + + align:start position:0% +you look at this the first term is a + + + align:start position:0% +you look at this the first term is a +kinetic energy and second term is a + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy and second term is a + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy and second term is a +potential energy and what's differ for + + align:start position:0% +potential energy and what's differ for + + + align:start position:0% +potential energy and what's differ for +each problem is really this potential + + align:start position:0% +each problem is really this potential + + + align:start position:0% +each problem is really this potential +energy that constraints + + align:start position:0% +energy that constraints + + + align:start position:0% +energy that constraints +different so if U is not dependent on + + align:start position:0% +different so if U is not dependent on + + + align:start position:0% +different so if U is not dependent on +time then we can do separation variable + + align:start position:0% +time then we can do separation variable + + + align:start position:0% +time then we can do separation variable +to separate the wave function into a + + align:start position:0% +to separate the wave function into a + + + align:start position:0% +to separate the wave function into a +space part and the time part time part + + align:start position:0% +space part and the time part time part + + + align:start position:0% +space part and the time part time part +was easy you can easily solve it and + + align:start position:0% +was easy you can easily solve it and + + + align:start position:0% +was easy you can easily solve it and +turns out that separation of variable + + align:start position:0% +turns out that separation of variable + + + align:start position:0% +turns out that separation of variable +constant e has a physical meaning and + + align:start position:0% +constant e has a physical meaning and + + + align:start position:0% +constant e has a physical meaning and +that meaning is the uh energy of the + + align:start position:0% +that meaning is the uh energy of the + + + align:start position:0% +that meaning is the uh energy of the +system and uh with that we substitute + + align:start position:0% +system and uh with that we substitute + + + align:start position:0% +system and uh with that we substitute +into from this time dependent equation + + align:start position:0% +into from this time dependent equation + + + align:start position:0% +into from this time dependent equation +we can get the steady state equation uh + + align:start position:0% +we can get the steady state equation uh + + + align:start position:0% +we can get the steady state equation uh +where uh the stady state the space + + align:start position:0% +where uh the stady state the space + + + align:start position:0% +where uh the stady state the space +dependent path of the W function can be + + align:start position:0% +dependent path of the W function can be + + + align:start position:0% +dependent path of the W function can be +determined and you'll see that this is + + align:start position:0% +determined and you'll see that this is + + + align:start position:0% +determined and you'll see that this is +actually a IG value equation it's here + + align:start position:0% +actually a IG value equation it's here + + + align:start position:0% +actually a IG value equation it's here +here on the right hand side zero so uh + + align:start position:0% +here on the right hand side zero so uh + + + align:start position:0% +here on the right hand side zero so uh +what you actually use is not only find + + align:start position:0% +what you actually use is not only find + + + align:start position:0% +what you actually use is not only find +the weave function but also find the IG + + align:start position:0% +the weave function but also find the IG + + + align:start position:0% +the weave function but also find the IG +value the energy of the system so this + + align:start position:0% +value the energy of the system so this + + + align:start position:0% +value the energy of the system so this +will put a constraint on the possible + + align:start position:0% +will put a constraint on the possible + + + align:start position:0% +will put a constraint on the possible +energy of the system that's where the + + align:start position:0% +energy of the system that's where the + + + align:start position:0% +energy of the system that's where the +energy quantization were naturally came + + align:start position:0% +energy quantization were naturally came + + + align:start position:0% +energy quantization were naturally came +up so this is uh uh where we were in the + + align:start position:0% +up so this is uh uh where we were in the + + + align:start position:0% +up so this is uh uh where we were in the +last lecture and today uh we will use + + align:start position:0% +last lecture and today uh we will use + + + align:start position:0% +last lecture and today uh we will use +this equation and give a few Simple + + align:start position:0% +this equation and give a few Simple + + + align:start position:0% +this equation and give a few Simple +Solutions so uh today what we're + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +going uh first we'll give example + + align:start position:0% +going uh first we'll give example + + + align:start position:0% +going uh first we'll give example +Solutions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and uh if you recall uh in the first two + + align:start position:0% +and uh if you recall uh in the first two + + + align:start position:0% +and uh if you recall uh in the first two +lectures we talk about what's the energy + + align:start position:0% +lectures we talk about what's the energy + + + align:start position:0% +lectures we talk about what's the energy +of a molecule right we have kinetic + + align:start position:0% +of a molecule right we have kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +of a molecule right we have kinetic +energy we have vibrational energy + + align:start position:0% +energy we have vibrational energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy we have vibrational energy +rotational energy electronic energy and + + align:start position:0% +rotational energy electronic energy and + + + align:start position:0% +rotational energy electronic energy and +uh I'm going to use the quantum mechan + + align:start position:0% +uh I'm going to use the quantum mechan + + + align:start position:0% +uh I'm going to use the quantum mechan +the Shing equation to see what are the + + align:start position:0% +the Shing equation to see what are the + + + align:start position:0% +the Shing equation to see what are the +Shing equation the quantum mechan impose + + align:start position:0% +Shing equation the quantum mechan impose + + + align:start position:0% +Shing equation the quantum mechan impose +on this energy forms and the + + align:start position:0% +on this energy forms and the + + + align:start position:0% +on this energy forms and the +quantization and then uh uh from this we + + align:start position:0% +quantization and then uh uh from this we + + + align:start position:0% +quantization and then uh uh from this we +will see the important one some + + align:start position:0% +will see the important one some + + + align:start position:0% +will see the important one some +important concept what is a Quantum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +State and what are the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +degenerates and if you um recall that we + + align:start position:0% +degenerates and if you um recall that we + + + align:start position:0% +degenerates and if you um recall that we +talked about the uh um the counting + + align:start position:0% +talked about the uh um the counting + + + align:start position:0% +talked about the uh um the counting +right we see okay how many particles we + + align:start position:0% +right we see okay how many particles we + + + align:start position:0% +right we see okay how many particles we +have and uh this degeneracy is an + + align:start position:0% +have and uh this degeneracy is an + + + align:start position:0% +have and uh this degeneracy is an +important step in doing the correct + + align:start position:0% +important step in doing the correct + + + align:start position:0% +important step in doing the correct +counting when we later on do the + + align:start position:0% +counting when we later on do the + + + align:start position:0% +counting when we later on do the +transport problems or count how much + + align:start position:0% +transport problems or count how much + + + align:start position:0% +transport problems or count how much +energy the system really has so uh let's + + align:start position:0% +energy the system really has so uh let's + + + align:start position:0% +energy the system really has so uh let's +start with uh uh the uh example + + align:start position:0% +start with uh uh the uh example + + + align:start position:0% +start with uh uh the uh example +Solutions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and uh we said the difference for each + + align:start position:0% +and uh we said the difference for each + + + align:start position:0% +and uh we said the difference for each +problem is really that potential U right + + align:start position:0% +problem is really that potential U right + + + align:start position:0% +problem is really that potential U right +the first part is kinetic energy uh is + + align:start position:0% +the first part is kinetic energy uh is + + + align:start position:0% +the first part is kinetic energy uh is +say once you know the mass that's the + + align:start position:0% +say once you know the mass that's the + + + align:start position:0% +say once you know the mass that's the +term you have and each problem each + + align:start position:0% +term you have and each problem each + + + align:start position:0% +term you have and each problem each +particle is constrained by different + + align:start position:0% +particle is constrained by different + + + align:start position:0% +particle is constrained by different +potentials + + align:start position:0% +potentials + + + align:start position:0% +potentials +right a air molecule in this room a + + align:start position:0% +right a air molecule in this room a + + + align:start position:0% +right a air molecule in this room a +electron in a film or the vibration + + align:start position:0% +electron in a film or the vibration + + + align:start position:0% +electron in a film or the vibration +energy those are different potential + + align:start position:0% +energy those are different potential + + + align:start position:0% +energy those are different potential +constraints right so let's look at the + + align:start position:0% +constraints right so let's look at the + + + align:start position:0% +constraints right so let's look at the +first the simplest one there's no + + align:start position:0% +first the simplest one there's no + + + align:start position:0% +first the simplest one there's no +potential no constraint a free particle + + align:start position:0% +potential no constraint a free particle + + + align:start position:0% +potential no constraint a free particle +right complete free and let's look at 1 + + align:start position:0% +right complete free and let's look at 1 + + + align:start position:0% +right complete free and let's look at 1 +D so we don't need to write the three + + align:start position:0% +D so we don't need to write the three + + + align:start position:0% +D so we don't need to write the three +dimension so 1 d3e particle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what does that tell + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you so uh we have already the time + + align:start position:0% +you so uh we have already the time + + + align:start position:0% +you so uh we have already the time +dependent + + align:start position:0% +dependent + + + align:start position:0% +dependent +term right and uh so we only need to go + + align:start position:0% +term right and uh so we only need to go + + + align:start position:0% +term right and uh so we only need to go +to find out from the static State the + + align:start position:0% +to find out from the static State the + + + align:start position:0% +to find out from the static State the +space dependent term by combined + + align:start position:0% +space dependent term by combined + + + align:start position:0% +space dependent term by combined +together we know what's the weave + + align:start position:0% +together we know what's the weave + + + align:start position:0% +together we know what's the weave +function and if it's a free there's no + + align:start position:0% +function and if it's a free there's no + + + align:start position:0% +function and if it's a free there's no +constraint this U + + align:start position:0% +constraint this U + + + align:start position:0% +constraint this U +potential energy is zero + + align:start position:0% +potential energy is zero + + + align:start position:0% +potential energy is zero +everywhere and so my uh steady state + + align:start position:0% +everywhere and so my uh steady state + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere and so my uh steady state +equation if you copy that into 1D is + + align:start position:0% +equation if you copy that into 1D is + + + align:start position:0% +equation if you copy that into 1D is +umus H bar S 2 m + + align:start position:0% +umus H bar S 2 m + + + align:start position:0% +umus H bar S 2 m +d + + align:start position:0% +d + + + align:start position:0% +d +DX minus uh + + align:start position:0% +DX minus uh + + + align:start position:0% +DX minus uh +e plus i = z e is the energy of this + + align:start position:0% +e plus i = z e is the energy of this + + + align:start position:0% +e plus i = z e is the energy of this +particle right the I + + align:start position:0% +particle right the I + + + align:start position:0% +particle right the I +uh value of the problem and uh now this + + align:start position:0% +uh value of the problem and uh now this + + + align:start position:0% +uh value of the problem and uh now this +equation I think you can all solve it + + align:start position:0% +equation I think you can all solve it + + + align:start position:0% +equation I think you can all solve it +let's go one more step I put them + + align:start position:0% +let's go one more step I put them + + + align:start position:0% +let's go one more step I put them +together uh this constants so what I + + align:start position:0% +together uh this constants so what I + + + align:start position:0% +together uh this constants so what I +have is a k squ + i = z well this K + + align:start position:0% +have is a k squ + i = z well this K + + + align:start position:0% +have is a k squ + i = z well this K +square is uh 2 + + align:start position:0% +square is uh 2 + + + align:start position:0% +square is uh 2 +m + + align:start position:0% +m + + + align:start position:0% +m +e/ H+ Square + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right it's just a rotation for my K and + + align:start position:0% +right it's just a rotation for my K and + + + align:start position:0% +right it's just a rotation for my K and +I solve this equation second + + align:start position:0% +I solve this equation second + + + align:start position:0% +I solve this equation second +order differential equation with the + + align:start position:0% +order differential equation with the + + + align:start position:0% +order differential equation with the +constant coefficients + + align:start position:0% +constant coefficients + + + align:start position:0% +constant coefficients +K not a space dependent term right + + align:start position:0% +K not a space dependent term right + + + align:start position:0% +K not a space dependent term right +that's the easy one so you find the + + align:start position:0% +that's the easy one so you find the + + + align:start position:0% +that's the easy one so you find the +characteristic root of this + + align:start position:0% +characteristic root of this + + + align:start position:0% +characteristic root of this +characteristic equation that's plus + + align:start position:0% +characteristic equation that's plus + + + align:start position:0% +characteristic equation that's plus +minus K so what we have is + + align:start position:0% +minus K so what we have is + + + align:start position:0% +minus K so what we have is +theni X is a e i k K X plus b e+ i KX do + + align:start position:0% +theni X is a e i k K X plus b e+ i KX do + + + align:start position:0% +theni X is a e i k K X plus b e+ i KX do +you agree that's the + + align:start position:0% +you agree that's the + + + align:start position:0% +you agree that's the +solution right now we + + align:start position:0% +solution right now we + + + align:start position:0% +solution right now we +combine this space dependent solution + + align:start position:0% +combine this space dependent solution + + + align:start position:0% +combine this space dependent solution +with the time dependent + + align:start position:0% +with the time dependent + + + align:start position:0% +with the time dependent +solution minus i e h bar see that's the + + align:start position:0% +solution minus i e h bar see that's the + + + align:start position:0% +solution minus i e h bar see that's the +time dependent right and E I say it's I + + align:start position:0% +time dependent right and E I say it's I + + + align:start position:0% +time dependent right and E I say it's I +say is the energy e equal H new so I + + align:start position:0% +say is the energy e equal H new so I + + + align:start position:0% +say is the energy e equal H new so I +could write + + align:start position:0% +could write + + + align:start position:0% +could write +this right + + align:start position:0% +this right + + + align:start position:0% +this right +so the wave function as a function of + + align:start position:0% +so the wave function as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +so the wave function as a function of +time and space could be then written as + + align:start position:0% +time and space could be then written as + + + align:start position:0% +time and space could be then written as +exponential Mass I Omega + + align:start position:0% +exponential Mass I Omega + + + align:start position:0% +exponential Mass I Omega +t uh plus + + align:start position:0% +t uh plus + + + align:start position:0% +t uh plus +KX plus b exponential minus I Omega t - + + align:start position:0% +KX plus b exponential minus I Omega t - + + + align:start position:0% +KX plus b exponential minus I Omega t - +KX + + align:start position:0% +KX + + + align:start position:0% +KX +well this E equals H bar Omega H bar is + + align:start position:0% +well this E equals H bar Omega H bar is + + + align:start position:0% +well this E equals H bar Omega H bar is +H over 2 + + align:start position:0% +H over 2 + + + align:start position:0% +H over 2 +pi so this is + + align:start position:0% +pi so this is + + + align:start position:0% +pi so this is +angular uh frequency rather than new new + + align:start position:0% +angular uh frequency rather than new new + + + align:start position:0% +angular uh frequency rather than new new +omega is 2 pi new right so that's the uh + + align:start position:0% +omega is 2 pi new right so that's the uh + + + align:start position:0% +omega is 2 pi new right so that's the uh +solution for this pre part free + + align:start position:0% +solution for this pre part free + + + align:start position:0% +solution for this pre part free +particle in space from minus infinite to + + align:start position:0% +particle in space from minus infinite to + + + align:start position:0% +particle in space from minus infinite to +plus infinite what you can say is this + + align:start position:0% +plus infinite what you can say is this + + + align:start position:0% +plus infinite what you can say is this +solution tells you the particle is a + + align:start position:0% +solution tells you the particle is a + + + align:start position:0% +solution tells you the particle is a +wave this is typical wave + + align:start position:0% +wave this is typical wave + + + align:start position:0% +wave this is typical wave +right this is a wave propagating into + + align:start position:0% +right this is a wave propagating into + + + align:start position:0% +right this is a wave propagating into +which + + align:start position:0% +which + + + align:start position:0% +which +direction negative Direction X direction + + align:start position:0% +direction negative Direction X direction + + + align:start position:0% +direction negative Direction X direction +right Omega ktus KX here is Omega t plus + + align:start position:0% +right Omega ktus KX here is Omega t plus + + + align:start position:0% +right Omega ktus KX here is Omega t plus +KX so you have two counterpropagating + + align:start position:0% +KX so you have two counterpropagating + + + align:start position:0% +KX so you have two counterpropagating +waves in free + + align:start position:0% +waves in free + + + align:start position:0% +waves in free +space and that's go from minus infinite + + align:start position:0% +space and that's go from minus infinite + + + align:start position:0% +space and that's go from minus infinite +to plus infinite the parer is + + align:start position:0% +to plus infinite the parer is + + + align:start position:0% +to plus infinite the parer is +everywhere right this is the + + align:start position:0% +everywhere right this is the + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere right this is the +uncertainty uh for pre particle you can + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty uh for pre particle you can + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty uh for pre particle you can +pinpoint where it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +okay and uh so that's the um free + + align:start position:0% +okay and uh so that's the um free + + + align:start position:0% +okay and uh so that's the um free +pole and basically it tells us the wave + + align:start position:0% +pole and basically it tells us the wave + + + align:start position:0% +pole and basically it tells us the wave +and if you look at this K is the wave + + align:start position:0% +and if you look at this K is the wave + + + align:start position:0% +and if you look at this K is the wave +Vector + + align:start position:0% +Vector + + + align:start position:0% +Vector +right if you look at this wave K is wave + + align:start position:0% +right if you look at this wave K is wave + + + align:start position:0% +right if you look at this wave K is wave +vector and if I go to combine and write + + align:start position:0% +vector and if I go to combine and write + + + align:start position:0% +vector and if I go to combine and write +a uh + + align:start position:0% +a uh + + + align:start position:0% +a uh +energy what's the energy of this + + align:start position:0% +energy what's the energy of this + + + align:start position:0% +energy what's the energy of this +particle is H bar Square K Square / by 2 + + align:start position:0% +particle is H bar Square K Square / by 2 + + + align:start position:0% +particle is H bar Square K Square / by 2 +m right here this is my definition for k + + align:start position:0% +m right here this is my definition for k + + + align:start position:0% +m right here this is my definition for k +k is a w + + align:start position:0% +k is a w + + + align:start position:0% +k is a w +Vector okay I write the energy and H bar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +k go back to the Einstein relation here + + align:start position:0% +k go back to the Einstein relation here + + + align:start position:0% +k go back to the Einstein relation here +P equal H Lambda is H bar k + + align:start position:0% +P equal H Lambda is H bar k + + + align:start position:0% +P equal H Lambda is H bar k +that's the + + align:start position:0% +that's the + + + align:start position:0% +that's the +momentum so it comes back to essentially + + align:start position:0% +momentum so it comes back to essentially + + + align:start position:0% +momentum so it comes back to essentially +the p² 2 m that's the kinetic energy + + align:start position:0% +the p² 2 m that's the kinetic energy + + + align:start position:0% +the p² 2 m that's the kinetic energy +free particle right kinetic energy uh + + align:start position:0% +free particle right kinetic energy uh + + + align:start position:0% +free particle right kinetic energy uh +momentum energy + + align:start position:0% +momentum energy + + + align:start position:0% +momentum energy +relation energy equal 12 m² right so + + align:start position:0% +relation energy equal 12 m² right so + + + align:start position:0% +relation energy equal 12 m² right so +this is the um 1D fre particle and now + + align:start position:0% +this is the um 1D fre particle and now + + + align:start position:0% +this is the um 1D fre particle and now +let's put a constraint on it right so uh + + align:start position:0% +let's put a constraint on it right so uh + + + align:start position:0% +let's put a constraint on it right so uh +1D Quantum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well and we already went to the web and + + align:start position:0% +well and we already went to the web and + + + align:start position:0% +well and we already went to the web and +look at the people actually work on + + align:start position:0% +look at the people actually work on + + + align:start position:0% +look at the people actually work on +Quantum Wells they deposit th + + align:start position:0% +Quantum Wells they deposit th + + + align:start position:0% +Quantum Wells they deposit th +films and uh in that case your electron + + align:start position:0% +films and uh in that case your electron + + + align:start position:0% +films and uh in that case your electron +in the film is subject to the constraint + + align:start position:0% +in the film is subject to the constraint + + + align:start position:0% +in the film is subject to the constraint +because outside the film is a vacuum or + + align:start position:0% +because outside the film is a vacuum or + + + align:start position:0% +because outside the film is a vacuum or +another + + align:start position:0% +another + + + align:start position:0% +another +material right so now we give the + + align:start position:0% +material right so now we give the + + + align:start position:0% +material right so now we give the +simplest potential form for uh uh uh say + + align:start position:0% +simplest potential form for uh uh uh say + + + align:start position:0% +simplest potential form for uh uh uh say +constraint simp simple constraint so + + align:start position:0% +constraint simp simple constraint so + + + align:start position:0% +constraint simp simple constraint so +here is the + + align:start position:0% +here is the + + + align:start position:0% +here is the +potential let's say this is + + align:start position:0% +potential let's say this is + + + align:start position:0% +potential let's say this is +the uh Al this is the film If I deposit + + align:start position:0% +the uh Al this is the film If I deposit + + + align:start position:0% +the uh Al this is the film If I deposit +a solid film and this is the thickness + + align:start position:0% +a solid film and this is the thickness + + + align:start position:0% +a solid film and this is the thickness +is 0 to + + align:start position:0% +is 0 to + + + align:start position:0% +is 0 to +d right and potential let's say I take + + align:start position:0% +d right and potential let's say I take + + + align:start position:0% +d right and potential let's say I take +this as Z Z this as + + align:start position:0% +this as Z Z this as + + + align:start position:0% +this as Z Z this as +infinite right so that's a + + align:start position:0% +infinite right so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +infinite right so that's a +simplification the real time real case + + align:start position:0% +simplification the real time real case + + + align:start position:0% +simplification the real time real case +vacuum may not be the difference between + + align:start position:0% +vacuum may not be the difference between + + + align:start position:0% +vacuum may not be the difference between +vacuum and the film The energy is a + + align:start position:0% +vacuum and the film The energy is a + + + align:start position:0% +vacuum and the film The energy is a +pretty much the work function of the + + align:start position:0% +pretty much the work function of the + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much the work function of the +electron we said before right that's a + + align:start position:0% +electron we said before right that's a + + + align:start position:0% +electron we said before right that's a +few electron volt it's not zero to + + align:start position:0% +few electron volt it's not zero to + + + align:start position:0% +few electron volt it's not zero to +infinite but uh for + + align:start position:0% +infinite but uh for + + + align:start position:0% +infinite but uh for +Simplicity of my solution here I say + + align:start position:0% +Simplicity of my solution here I say + + + align:start position:0% +Simplicity of my solution here I say +here is zero potential here is infinite + + align:start position:0% +here is zero potential here is infinite + + + align:start position:0% +here is zero potential here is infinite +potential + + align:start position:0% +potential + + + align:start position:0% +potential +okay so what is the energy of a electron + + align:start position:0% +okay so what is the energy of a electron + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what is the energy of a electron +or if it's say a atom somehow I + + align:start position:0% +or if it's say a atom somehow I + + + align:start position:0% +or if it's say a atom somehow I +constraint the atom between two parallel + + align:start position:0% +constraint the atom between two parallel + + + align:start position:0% +constraint the atom between two parallel +plates right What's the allowable + + align:start position:0% +plates right What's the allowable + + + align:start position:0% +plates right What's the allowable +energy if you + + align:start position:0% +energy if you + + + align:start position:0% +energy if you +recall uh two lecture ago we actually + + align:start position:0% +recall uh two lecture ago we actually + + + align:start position:0% +recall uh two lecture ago we actually +give a solution without solving short + + align:start position:0% +give a solution without solving short + + + align:start position:0% +give a solution without solving short +equation we say you have standing waves + + align:start position:0% +equation we say you have standing waves + + + align:start position:0% +equation we say you have standing waves +right so we have half wavelength full + + align:start position:0% +right so we have half wavelength full + + + align:start position:0% +right so we have half wavelength full +wav length with that we found the energy + + align:start position:0% +wav length with that we found the energy + + + align:start position:0% +wav length with that we found the energy +before and what we're going to do next + + align:start position:0% +before and what we're going to do next + + + align:start position:0% +before and what we're going to do next +is using the short equation and to + + align:start position:0% +is using the short equation and to + + + align:start position:0% +is using the short equation and to +derive the same result so here energy + + align:start position:0% +derive the same result so here energy + + + align:start position:0% +derive the same result so here energy +is and here EO is zero so for the Zero + + align:start position:0% +is and here EO is zero so for the Zero + + + align:start position:0% +is and here EO is zero so for the Zero +part let's suppose I take my + + align:start position:0% +part let's suppose I take my + + + align:start position:0% +part let's suppose I take my +coordinate X between zero and D so + + align:start position:0% +coordinate X between zero and D so + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate X between zero and D so +between + + align:start position:0% +between + + + align:start position:0% +between +zero and D if you look at the sh + + align:start position:0% +zero and D if you look at the sh + + + align:start position:0% +zero and D if you look at the sh +equation is essentially the same + + align:start position:0% +equation is essentially the same + + + align:start position:0% +equation is essentially the same +equation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right right because the potential is + + align:start position:0% +right right because the potential is + + + align:start position:0% +right right because the potential is +zero and then outside this region + + align:start position:0% +zero and then outside this region + + + align:start position:0% +zero and then outside this region +because potential is infinite so what's + + align:start position:0% +because potential is infinite so what's + + + align:start position:0% +because potential is infinite so what's +the wave function value this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +infinite this has to be zero right so my + + align:start position:0% +infinite this has to be zero right so my + + + align:start position:0% +infinite this has to be zero right so my +boundary condition essentially at this + + align:start position:0% +boundary condition essentially at this + + + align:start position:0% +boundary condition essentially at this +two point with function + + align:start position:0% +two point with function + + + align:start position:0% +two point with function +zero and in between my solution is + + align:start position:0% +zero and in between my solution is + + + align:start position:0% +zero and in between my solution is +here so I'm going to use this boundary + + align:start position:0% +here so I'm going to use this boundary + + + align:start position:0% +here so I'm going to use this boundary +condition use the solution uh we have uh + + align:start position:0% +condition use the solution uh we have uh + + + align:start position:0% +condition use the solution uh we have uh +uh so we have the solutions here I'm + + align:start position:0% +uh so we have the solutions here I'm + + + align:start position:0% +uh so we have the solutions here I'm +going to not to repeat that solution and + + align:start position:0% +going to not to repeat that solution and + + + align:start position:0% +going to not to repeat that solution and +in this case we have xal Zer wave + + align:start position:0% +in this case we have xal Zer wave + + + align:start position:0% +in this case we have xal Zer wave +function should be zero and that tells + + align:start position:0% +function should be zero and that tells + + + align:start position:0% +function should be zero and that tells +me here when x = 0 this is zero this is + + align:start position:0% +me here when x = 0 this is zero this is + + + align:start position:0% +me here when x = 0 this is zero this is +uh this is one this is one a + b = 1 so + + align:start position:0% +uh this is one this is one a + b = 1 so + + + align:start position:0% +uh this is one this is one a + b = 1 so +I have a + + + align:start position:0% +I have a + + + + align:start position:0% +I have a + +b = 1 that's the + + align:start position:0% +b = 1 that's the + + + align:start position:0% +b = 1 that's the +first uh oh zero sorry A plus b = z + + align:start position:0% +first uh oh zero sorry A plus b = z + + + align:start position:0% +first uh oh zero sorry A plus b = z +thank + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +y and x s to d uh we + + align:start position:0% +y and x s to d uh we + + + align:start position:0% +y and x s to d uh we +function is zero again so I have a + + align:start position:0% +function is zero again so I have a + + + align:start position:0% +function is zero again so I have a +uh a exponential Mass ik + + align:start position:0% +uh a exponential Mass ik + + + align:start position:0% +uh a exponential Mass ik +KX plus uh d ik k + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +d plus b + + align:start position:0% +d plus b + + + align:start position:0% +d plus b +exponential plus ik + + align:start position:0% +exponential plus ik + + + align:start position:0% +exponential plus ik +KD equal Z right so a = minus B so if + + align:start position:0% +KD equal Z right so a = minus B so if + + + align:start position:0% +KD equal Z right so a = minus B so if +AAL minus B I substitute in this what I + + align:start position:0% +AAL minus B I substitute in this what I + + + align:start position:0% +AAL minus B I substitute in this what I +have uh I take that out I will + + align:start position:0% +have uh I take that out I will + + + align:start position:0% +have uh I take that out I will +have uh negative + + align:start position:0% +have uh negative + + + align:start position:0% +have uh negative +2 a i + + align:start position:0% +2 a i + + + align:start position:0% +2 a i +sin uh + + align:start position:0% +sin uh + + + align:start position:0% +sin uh +KD equals + + align:start position:0% +KD equals + + + align:start position:0% +KD equals +z right after I substitute the first AAL + + align:start position:0% +z right after I substitute the first AAL + + + align:start position:0% +z right after I substitute the first AAL +minus B that's what I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have Okay so so I cannot have a = z Bal + + align:start position:0% +have Okay so so I cannot have a = z Bal + + + align:start position:0% +have Okay so so I cannot have a = z Bal +0 if I have that my w function is zero I + + align:start position:0% +0 if I have that my w function is zero I + + + align:start position:0% +0 if I have that my w function is zero I +have nothing + + align:start position:0% +have nothing + + + align:start position:0% +have nothing +there right so my only way to have this + + align:start position:0% +there right so my only way to have this + + + align:start position:0% +there right so my only way to have this +meaning for is sin + + align:start position:0% +meaning for is sin + + + align:start position:0% +meaning for is sin +KD equals z and that means K * D now has + + align:start position:0% +KD equals z and that means K * D now has + + + align:start position:0% +KD equals z and that means K * D now has +to be integer say right sin KD equal Z + + align:start position:0% +to be integer say right sin KD equal Z + + + align:start position:0% +to be integer say right sin KD equal Z +those are Pi 2 pi + + align:start position:0% +those are Pi 2 pi + + + align:start position:0% +those are Pi 2 pi +right every two every Pi so I have now I + + align:start position:0% +right every two every Pi so I have now I + + + align:start position:0% +right every two every Pi so I have now I +have to put a subscript and because this + + align:start position:0% +have to put a subscript and because this + + + align:start position:0% +have to put a subscript and because this +is n * pi and N could be Z + - 1 + - 2 + + align:start position:0% +is n * pi and N could be Z + - 1 + - 2 + + + align:start position:0% +is n * pi and N could be Z + - 1 + - 2 +so those are the mathematical + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Solutions + + align:start position:0% +Solutions + + + align:start position:0% +Solutions +okay and uh this mathematical solution + + align:start position:0% +okay and uh this mathematical solution + + + align:start position:0% +okay and uh this mathematical solution +uh tells me K N now is + + align:start position:0% +uh tells me K N now is + + + align:start position:0% +uh tells me K N now is +quti right + + align:start position:0% +quti right + + + align:start position:0% +quti right +KNN is n pi/ d and that KNN is 2 m n h + + align:start position:0% +KNN is n pi/ d and that KNN is 2 m n h + + + align:start position:0% +KNN is n pi/ d and that KNN is 2 m n h +bar Square so 2 m e + + align:start position:0% +bar Square so 2 m e + + + align:start position:0% +bar Square so 2 m e +n HR squ so my energy becomes + + align:start position:0% +n HR squ so my energy becomes + + + align:start position:0% +n HR squ so my energy becomes +discret right so from here I solve for + + align:start position:0% +discret right so from here I solve for + + + align:start position:0% +discret right so from here I solve for +the energy of this particle equals + + align:start position:0% +the energy of this particle equals + + + align:start position:0% +the energy of this particle equals +um oh uh should I yeah square root + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +12 and I square that so it's a pi Square + + align:start position:0% +12 and I square that so it's a pi Square + + + align:start position:0% +12 and I square that so it's a pi Square +n square and HB square and uh uh 2 m d + + align:start position:0% +n square and HB square and uh uh 2 m d + + + align:start position:0% +n square and HB square and uh uh 2 m d +squ so this is the energy solution for + + align:start position:0% +squ so this is the energy solution for + + + align:start position:0% +squ so this is the energy solution for +the particle in the uh uh in the old + + align:start position:0% +the particle in the uh uh in the old + + + align:start position:0% +the particle in the uh uh in the old +days it was called Paran box in that one + + align:start position:0% +days it was called Paran box in that one + + + align:start position:0% +days it was called Paran box in that one +dimensional box right and this as a + + align:start position:0% +dimensional box right and this as a + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional box right and this as a +comment before was the simplest quantize + + align:start position:0% +comment before was the simplest quantize + + + align:start position:0% +comment before was the simplest quantize +solution and it was simply a + + align:start position:0% +solution and it was simply a + + + align:start position:0% +solution and it was simply a +homework right the first possible + + align:start position:0% +homework right the first possible + + + align:start position:0% +homework right the first possible +mathematical demonstration the simplest + + align:start position:0% +mathematical demonstration the simplest + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical demonstration the simplest +one and uh but say in the 70s people + + align:start position:0% +one and uh but say in the 70s people + + + align:start position:0% +one and uh but say in the 70s people +starting actually name down atomically + + align:start position:0% +starting actually name down atomically + + + align:start position:0% +starting actually name down atomically +flat film + + align:start position:0% +flat film + + + align:start position:0% +flat film +and to realize those Simple Solutions + + align:start position:0% +and to realize those Simple Solutions + + + align:start position:0% +and to realize those Simple Solutions +and now it become say very standard as + + align:start position:0% +and now it become say very standard as + + + align:start position:0% +and now it become say very standard as +you can uh you say from the uh last time + + align:start position:0% +you can uh you say from the uh last time + + + align:start position:0% +you can uh you say from the uh last time +we show from website a lot of people + + align:start position:0% +we show from website a lot of people + + + align:start position:0% +we show from website a lot of people +doing this Quantum well using this + + align:start position:0% +doing this Quantum well using this + + + align:start position:0% +doing this Quantum well using this +energy quantization to make lasers + + align:start position:0% +energy quantization to make lasers + + + align:start position:0% +energy quantization to make lasers +particularly okay and if you substitute + + align:start position:0% +particularly okay and if you substitute + + + align:start position:0% +particularly okay and if you substitute +because last time we we use H so if you + + align:start position:0% +because last time we we use H so if you + + + align:start position:0% +because last time we we use H so if you +substitute H equals uh H byal H2 pi or 2 + + align:start position:0% +substitute H equals uh H byal H2 pi or 2 + + + align:start position:0% +substitute H equals uh H byal H2 pi or 2 +pi you'll find that solution is + + align:start position:0% +pi you'll find that solution is + + + align:start position:0% +pi you'll find that solution is +identical to what we gave before so the + + align:start position:0% +identical to what we gave before so the + + + align:start position:0% +identical to what we gave before so the +last time I solve this problem we said + + align:start position:0% +last time I solve this problem we said + + + align:start position:0% +last time I solve this problem we said +energy quantization without any uh uh + + align:start position:0% +energy quantization without any uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +energy quantization without any uh uh +real say solving the equation and now we + + align:start position:0% +real say solving the equation and now we + + + align:start position:0% +real say solving the equation and now we +solve the equation we show that's the + + align:start position:0% +solve the equation we show that's the + + + align:start position:0% +solve the equation we show that's the +identical so this is the I + + align:start position:0% +identical so this is the I + + + align:start position:0% +identical so this is the I +value and of course uh with the I value + + align:start position:0% +value and of course uh with the I value + + + align:start position:0% +value and of course uh with the I value +uh we can also to go to say + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh for each n there is also a + + align:start position:0% +uh for each n there is also a + + + align:start position:0% +uh for each n there is also a +corresponding uh five + + align:start position:0% +corresponding uh five + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding uh five +n the wave + + align:start position:0% +n the wave + + + align:start position:0% +n the wave +function + + align:start position:0% +function + + + align:start position:0% +function +right and uh it's important I carry this + + align:start position:0% +right and uh it's important I carry this + + + align:start position:0% +right and uh it's important I carry this +n number the quantize the uh the quantum + + align:start position:0% +n number the quantize the uh the quantum + + + align:start position:0% +n number the quantize the uh the quantum +number and uh so here 5n you substitute + + align:start position:0% +number and uh so here 5n you substitute + + + align:start position:0% +number and uh so here 5n you substitute +back into uh the solution here A = Min B + + align:start position:0% +back into uh the solution here A = Min B + + + align:start position:0% +back into uh the solution here A = Min B +what we have is - 2 I A and + + align:start position:0% +what we have is - 2 I A and + + + align:start position:0% +what we have is - 2 I A and +S N pi x over + + align:start position:0% +S N pi x over + + + align:start position:0% +S N pi x over +D okay and from this you will say n + + align:start position:0% +D okay and from this you will say n + + + align:start position:0% +D okay and from this you will say n +should not be zero if n is zero again + + align:start position:0% +should not be zero if n is zero again + + + align:start position:0% +should not be zero if n is zero again +wave function is everywhere is zero + + align:start position:0% +wave function is everywhere is zero + + + align:start position:0% +wave function is everywhere is zero +there's no parle + + align:start position:0% +there's no parle + + + align:start position:0% +there's no parle +there right and the Symmetry also tells + + align:start position:0% +there right and the Symmetry also tells + + + align:start position:0% +there right and the Symmetry also tells +me what really uh uh is Meaningful is n + + align:start position:0% +me what really uh uh is Meaningful is n + + + align:start position:0% +me what really uh uh is Meaningful is n +equal positive 1 2 3 so that's the uh uh + + align:start position:0% +equal positive 1 2 3 so that's the uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +equal positive 1 2 3 so that's the uh uh +see the + + align:start position:0% +see the + + + align:start position:0% +see the +um uh the quantum l + + align:start position:0% +um uh the quantum l + + + align:start position:0% +um uh the quantum l +n and how to determine this + + align:start position:0% +n and how to determine this + + + align:start position:0% +n and how to determine this +a the normalization right so because + + align:start position:0% +a the normalization right so because + + + align:start position:0% +a the normalization right so because +this is a probability so the probability + + align:start position:0% +this is a probability so the probability + + + align:start position:0% +this is a probability so the probability +of finding the particle between Z to D + + align:start position:0% +of finding the particle between Z to D + + + align:start position:0% +of finding the particle between Z to D +is what because that's the outside is + + align:start position:0% +is what because that's the outside is + + + align:start position:0% +is what because that's the outside is +zero and inside must be some + + align:start position:0% +zero and inside must be some + + + align:start position:0% +zero and inside must be some +so my normalization is 0 to + + align:start position:0% +so my normalization is 0 to + + + align:start position:0% +so my normalization is 0 to +dine n * cosine n complex conjugate DX + + align:start position:0% +dine n * cosine n complex conjugate DX + + + align:start position:0% +dine n * cosine n complex conjugate DX +that should be equal to one I'm not + + align:start position:0% +that should be equal to one I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +that should be equal to one I'm not +going through the math you can find that + + align:start position:0% +going through the math you can find that + + + align:start position:0% +going through the math you can find that +a equals + + align:start position:0% +a equals + + + align:start position:0% +a equals +I 1 / 2D and that means the wave + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function equals 2/ d s i m pi x / + + align:start position:0% +function equals 2/ d s i m pi x / + + + align:start position:0% +function equals 2/ d s i m pi x / +D okay so if you go to read the book uh + + align:start position:0% +D okay so if you go to read the book uh + + + align:start position:0% +D okay so if you go to read the book uh +the example given in the book take this + + align:start position:0% +the example given in the book take this + + + align:start position:0% +the example given in the book take this +we + + align:start position:0% +we + + + align:start position:0% +we +function go to calculate what's the + + align:start position:0% +function go to calculate what's the + + + align:start position:0% +function go to calculate what's the +average momentum what's the uncertainty + + align:start position:0% +average momentum what's the uncertainty + + + align:start position:0% +average momentum what's the uncertainty +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +momentum and what's the position of the + + align:start position:0% +momentum and what's the position of the + + + align:start position:0% +momentum and what's the position of the +particle what's the uncertainty of the + + align:start position:0% +particle what's the uncertainty of the + + + align:start position:0% +particle what's the uncertainty of the +position of the particle right because + + align:start position:0% +position of the particle right because + + + align:start position:0% +position of the particle right because +uh in the in the example which I'm not + + align:start position:0% +uh in the in the example which I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +uh in the in the example which I'm not +going through you will say from that you + + align:start position:0% +going through you will say from that you + + + align:start position:0% +going through you will say from that you +can actually show this Heisenberg + + align:start position:0% +can actually show this Heisenberg + + + align:start position:0% +can actually show this Heisenberg +uncertainty + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty +principle uh is uh indeed the case uh of + + align:start position:0% +principle uh is uh indeed the case uh of + + + align:start position:0% +principle uh is uh indeed the case uh of +course it should be uh in those + + align:start position:0% +course it should be uh in those + + + align:start position:0% +course it should be uh in those +examples okay so you can take any of + + align:start position:0% +examples okay so you can take any of + + + align:start position:0% +examples okay so you can take any of +those n values and do + + align:start position:0% +those n values and do + + + align:start position:0% +those n values and do +that okay so uh what I want to emphasize + + align:start position:0% +that okay so uh what I want to emphasize + + + align:start position:0% +that okay so uh what I want to emphasize +this is a ond problem onedimensional + + align:start position:0% +this is a ond problem onedimensional + + + align:start position:0% +this is a ond problem onedimensional +problem + + align:start position:0% +problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem +and One D problem I get a one quantum + + align:start position:0% +and One D problem I get a one quantum + + + align:start position:0% +and One D problem I get a one quantum +number + + align:start position:0% +number + + + align:start position:0% +number +n and uh what I'm going to Le show you + + align:start position:0% +n and uh what I'm going to Le show you + + + align:start position:0% +n and uh what I'm going to Le show you +is if I go to a two- dimensional + + align:start position:0% +is if I go to a two- dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +is if I go to a two- dimensional +problem I'll get two quantum + + align:start position:0% +problem I'll get two quantum + + + align:start position:0% +problem I'll get two quantum +numbers okay so I'm doing a simpler + + align:start position:0% +numbers okay so I'm doing a simpler + + + align:start position:0% +numbers okay so I'm doing a simpler +simple extension of the same problem + + align:start position:0% +simple extension of the same problem + + + align:start position:0% +simple extension of the same problem +here is a film right and uh next is a + + align:start position:0% +here is a film right and uh next is a + + + align:start position:0% +here is a film right and uh next is a +wire this is a lot of people doing all + + align:start position:0% +wire this is a lot of people doing all + + + align:start position:0% +wire this is a lot of people doing all +nanot technology from film to wire to + + align:start position:0% +nanot technology from film to wire to + + + align:start position:0% +nanot technology from film to wire to +dots is 1D 2D and 3D 3D is actually Zer + + align:start position:0% +dots is 1D 2D and 3D 3D is actually Zer + + + align:start position:0% +dots is 1D 2D and 3D 3D is actually Zer +D because when you constraint three + + align:start position:0% +D because when you constraint three + + + align:start position:0% +D because when you constraint three +dimension normally we have 3D right uh + + align:start position:0% +dimension normally we have 3D right uh + + + align:start position:0% +dimension normally we have 3D right uh +bulk material but if you constraint in + + align:start position:0% +bulk material but if you constraint in + + + align:start position:0% +bulk material but if you constraint in +three dimension becomes a zero D problem + + align:start position:0% +three dimension becomes a zero D problem + + + align:start position:0% +three dimension becomes a zero D problem +so let's do a 2d + + align:start position:0% +so let's do a 2d + + + align:start position:0% +so let's do a 2d +problem 2D + + align:start position:0% +problem 2D + + + align:start position:0% +problem 2D +particle or quantum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +wire right so + + align:start position:0% +wire right so + + + align:start position:0% +wire right so +again I do a square and uh if you want + + align:start position:0% +again I do a square and uh if you want + + + align:start position:0% +again I do a square and uh if you want +do a cylinder you have to go to + + align:start position:0% +do a cylinder you have to go to + + + align:start position:0% +do a cylinder you have to go to +cylindrical coordinate right I'm not + + align:start position:0% +cylindrical coordinate right I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +cylindrical coordinate right I'm not +going to spending much time on math I + + align:start position:0% +going to spending much time on math I + + + align:start position:0% +going to spending much time on math I +want to just tell you the concept so um + + align:start position:0% +want to just tell you the concept so um + + + align:start position:0% +want to just tell you the concept so um +uh let's say this is a uh z d I can do a + + align:start position:0% +uh let's say this is a uh z d I can do a + + + align:start position:0% +uh let's say this is a uh z d I can do a +square wire you can also do rectangular + + align:start position:0% +square wire you can also do rectangular + + + align:start position:0% +square wire you can also do rectangular +wire whatever and + + align:start position:0% +wire whatever and + + + align:start position:0% +wire whatever and +outside + + align:start position:0% +outside + + + align:start position:0% +outside +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +potential yo is again infinite inside + + align:start position:0% +potential yo is again infinite inside + + + align:start position:0% +potential yo is again infinite inside +potential yo is + + align:start position:0% +potential yo is + + + align:start position:0% +potential yo is +zero right so what's the energy of a + + align:start position:0% +zero right so what's the energy of a + + + align:start position:0% +zero right so what's the energy of a +particle now inside this + + align:start position:0% +particle now inside this + + + align:start position:0% +particle now inside this +wire right and uh we can go back and + + align:start position:0% +wire right and uh we can go back and + + + align:start position:0% +wire right and uh we can go back and +write down the short angle equation + + align:start position:0% +write down the short angle equation + + + align:start position:0% +write down the short angle equation +stady state short angle + + align:start position:0% +stady state short angle + + + align:start position:0% +stady state short angle +equation outside this wire because the + + align:start position:0% +equation outside this wire because the + + + align:start position:0% +equation outside this wire because the +potential is infinite we function is + + align:start position:0% +potential is infinite we function is + + + align:start position:0% +potential is infinite we function is +infinite is zero we function is zero and + + align:start position:0% +infinite is zero we function is zero and + + + align:start position:0% +infinite is zero we function is zero and +inside U is zero so I have 2D problem so + + align:start position:0% +inside U is zero so I have 2D problem so + + + align:start position:0% +inside U is zero so I have 2D problem so +I'm going to write down the + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to write down the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to write down the +2D differential equation right so I have + + align:start position:0% +2D differential equation right so I have + + + align:start position:0% +2D differential equation right so I have +a partial differential equation again + + align:start position:0% +a partial differential equation again + + + align:start position:0% +a partial differential equation again +let me move this H bar Square 2 m + + align:start position:0% +let me move this H bar Square 2 m + + + align:start position:0% +let me move this H bar Square 2 m +combine with e to get a k + + align:start position:0% +combine with e to get a k + + + align:start position:0% +combine with e to get a k +Square so I'm jumping One Step I'm going + + align:start position:0% +Square so I'm jumping One Step I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +Square so I'm jumping One Step I'm going +to write the partial differential + + align:start position:0% +to write the partial differential + + + align:start position:0% +to write the partial differential +equation in 2D stat State part + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is so this is my x coordinate this is my + + align:start position:0% +is so this is my x coordinate this is my + + + align:start position:0% +is so this is my x coordinate this is my +y coordinate um equals k s+ i = z and + + align:start position:0% +y coordinate um equals k s+ i = z and + + + align:start position:0% +y coordinate um equals k s+ i = z and +this k squ is again is 2 m e / H bar + + align:start position:0% +this k squ is again is 2 m e / H bar + + + align:start position:0% +this k squ is again is 2 m e / H bar +Square that's the consequence I move + + align:start position:0% +Square that's the consequence I move + + + align:start position:0% +Square that's the consequence I move +this to + + align:start position:0% +this to + + + align:start position:0% +this to +here this is the equation + + align:start position:0% +here this is the equation + + + align:start position:0% +here this is the equation +inside this region and the boundary with + + align:start position:0% +inside this region and the boundary with + + + align:start position:0% +inside this region and the boundary with +functions are + + align:start position:0% +functions are + + + align:start position:0% +functions are +zero + + align:start position:0% +zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero +right so for this partial differential + + align:start position:0% +right so for this partial differential + + + align:start position:0% +right so for this partial differential +equation again your find that K include + + align:start position:0% +equation again your find that K include + + + align:start position:0% +equation again your find that K include +energy energy will be Lal I value of the + + align:start position:0% +energy energy will be Lal I value of the + + + align:start position:0% +energy energy will be Lal I value of the +solution + + align:start position:0% +solution + + + align:start position:0% +solution +process and because a two dimensional + + align:start position:0% +process and because a two dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +process and because a two dimensional +partial differential and the way I do + + align:start position:0% +partial differential and the way I do + + + align:start position:0% +partial differential and the way I do +it separation + + align:start position:0% +it separation + + + align:start position:0% +it separation +variable right so uh I do want to go + + align:start position:0% +variable right so uh I do want to go + + + align:start position:0% +variable right so uh I do want to go +through it to show you get two quantum + + align:start position:0% +through it to show you get two quantum + + + align:start position:0% +through it to show you get two quantum +numbers so this is counting the quantum + + align:start position:0% +numbers so this is counting the quantum + + + align:start position:0% +numbers so this is counting the quantum +States what is the Quantum + + align:start position:0% +States what is the Quantum + + + align:start position:0% +States what is the Quantum +state that + + align:start position:0% +state that + + + align:start position:0% +state that +concept so now I say okay my wave + + align:start position:0% +concept so now I say okay my wave + + + align:start position:0% +concept so now I say okay my wave +function is a function of X and Y and uh + + align:start position:0% +function is a function of X and Y and uh + + + align:start position:0% +function is a function of X and Y and uh +I do separation of variable so I + + align:start position:0% +I do separation of variable so I + + + align:start position:0% +I do separation of variable so I +separate it + + align:start position:0% +separate it + + + align:start position:0% +separate it +into uh a function x a function + + align:start position:0% +into uh a function x a function + + + align:start position:0% +into uh a function x a function +y and if I substitute + + align:start position:0% +y and if I substitute + + + align:start position:0% +y and if I substitute +into the original differential equation + + align:start position:0% +into the original differential equation + + + align:start position:0% +into the original differential equation +I will + + align:start position:0% +I will + + + align:start position:0% +I will +get this is substitute the in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X + + align:start position:0% +X + + + align:start position:0% +X +DX + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plus + + align:start position:0% +plus + + + align:start position:0% +plus +y d y + + align:start position:0% +y d y + + + align:start position:0% +y d y +s+ k + + align:start position:0% +s+ k + + + align:start position:0% +s+ k +s equals z right this is after you + + align:start position:0% +s equals z right this is after you + + + align:start position:0% +s equals z right this is after you +substitute the wave function into here + + align:start position:0% +substitute the wave function into here + + + align:start position:0% +substitute the wave function into here +you divide both sides by this wave + + align:start position:0% +you divide both sides by this wave + + + align:start position:0% +you divide both sides by this wave +function and you'll say because this is + + align:start position:0% +function and you'll say because this is + + + align:start position:0% +function and you'll say because this is +a function of X only so this a function + + align:start position:0% +a function of X only so this a function + + + align:start position:0% +a function of X only so this a function +y only this is a k is separation + + align:start position:0% +y only this is a k is separation + + + align:start position:0% +y only this is a k is separation +variable + + align:start position:0% +variable + + + align:start position:0% +variable +constant right so your only way is this + + align:start position:0% +constant right so your only way is this + + + align:start position:0% +constant right so your only way is this +is a constant this a + + align:start position:0% +is a constant this a + + + align:start position:0% +is a constant this a +constant so that they add up because + + align:start position:0% +constant so that they add up because + + + align:start position:0% +constant so that they add up because +this a function of Y this a function of + + align:start position:0% +this a function of Y this a function of + + + align:start position:0% +this a function of Y this a function of +X this a + + align:start position:0% +X this a + + + align:start position:0% +X this a +constant so this each of this term has + + align:start position:0% +constant so this each of this term has + + + align:start position:0% +constant so this each of this term has +to be a + + align:start position:0% +to be a + + + align:start position:0% +to be a +constant right so my location is I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have DX + + align:start position:0% +have DX + + + align:start position:0% +have DX +x² = - K x² so this is - KX s - K y² add + + align:start position:0% +x² = - K x² so this is - KX s - K y² add + + + align:start position:0% +x² = - K x² so this is - KX s - K y² add +up together that gives me K + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +squ okay so I have the first and uh uh + + align:start position:0% +squ okay so I have the first and uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +squ okay so I have the first and uh uh +if you look at the my boundary condition + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the my boundary condition + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the my boundary condition +what are my boundary + + align:start position:0% +what are my boundary + + + align:start position:0% +what are my boundary +condition right at the X = + + align:start position:0% +condition right at the X = + + + align:start position:0% +condition right at the X = +0 plus I = 0 that also + + align:start position:0% +0 plus I = 0 that also + + + align:start position:0% +0 plus I = 0 that also +means this at zero must be zero because + + align:start position:0% +means this at zero must be zero because + + + align:start position:0% +means this at zero must be zero because +Y is any value + + align:start position:0% +Y is any value + + + align:start position:0% +Y is any value +right and same I say x s + + align:start position:0% +right and same I say x s + + + align:start position:0% +right and same I say x s +d I + + align:start position:0% +d I + + + align:start position:0% +d I +have D = 0 and you can write y = z this + + align:start position:0% +have D = 0 and you can write y = z this + + + align:start position:0% +have D = 0 and you can write y = z this +same argument that will say y0 is + + align:start position:0% +same argument that will say y0 is + + + align:start position:0% +same argument that will say y0 is +zero y d is zero and this problem now if + + align:start position:0% +zero y d is zero and this problem now if + + + align:start position:0% +zero y d is zero and this problem now if +you check with this two boundary + + align:start position:0% +you check with this two boundary + + + align:start position:0% +you check with this two boundary +condition this equation is + + align:start position:0% +condition this equation is + + + align:start position:0% +condition this equation is +identical to the uh to what we had + + align:start position:0% +identical to the uh to what we had + + + align:start position:0% +identical to the uh to what we had +before I didn't right it's really you go + + align:start position:0% +before I didn't right it's really you go + + + align:start position:0% +before I didn't right it's really you go +to look at this solution with the same + + align:start position:0% +to look at this solution with the same + + + align:start position:0% +to look at this solution with the same +boundary condition your your solution is + + align:start position:0% +boundary condition your your solution is + + + align:start position:0% +boundary condition your your solution is +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +same so what we have based on this + + align:start position:0% +same so what we have based on this + + + align:start position:0% +same so what we have based on this +boundary condition I'll get sin k x * d + + align:start position:0% +boundary condition I'll get sin k x * d + + + align:start position:0% +boundary condition I'll get sin k x * d +equals + + align:start position:0% +equals + + + align:start position:0% +equals +z that's what we uh uh written down for + + align:start position:0% +z that's what we uh uh written down for + + + align:start position:0% +z that's what we uh uh written down for +1D problem sign k d equal Z in this 1D + + align:start position:0% +1D problem sign k d equal Z in this 1D + + + align:start position:0% +1D problem sign k d equal Z in this 1D +now is a K in the X Direction + + align:start position:0% +now is a K in the X Direction + + + align:start position:0% +now is a K in the X Direction +zero and similarly in the y + + align:start position:0% +zero and similarly in the y + + + align:start position:0% +zero and similarly in the y +direction y direction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +apply the same you will get a + + align:start position:0% +apply the same you will get a + + + align:start position:0% +apply the same you will get a +s k y * D equal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Z okay so those are the solution + + align:start position:0% +Z okay so those are the solution + + + align:start position:0% +Z okay so those are the solution +requirement that impose my KX + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +KY okay so I'm going to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +find + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the what we have now is k + + align:start position:0% +the what we have now is k + + + align:start position:0% +the what we have now is k +x uh n that's my quantization number + + align:start position:0% +x uh n that's my quantization number + + + align:start position:0% +x uh n that's my quantization number +quantum + + align:start position:0% +quantum + + + align:start position:0% +quantum +number + + align:start position:0% +number + + + align:start position:0% +number +equals uh n Pi uh Dy by D and this is + + align:start position:0% +equals uh n Pi uh Dy by D and this is + + + align:start position:0% +equals uh n Pi uh Dy by D and this is +again Z + - + + align:start position:0% +again Z + - + + + align:start position:0% +again Z + - +one and K Y I don't use the same + + align:start position:0% +one and K Y I don't use the same + + + align:start position:0% +one and K Y I don't use the same +n because the two directions are + + align:start position:0% +n because the two directions are + + + align:start position:0% +n because the two directions are +independent right I use a different + + align:start position:0% +independent right I use a different + + + align:start position:0% +independent right I use a different +integer L let's + + align:start position:0% +integer L let's + + + align:start position:0% +integer L let's +say and that's l pi/ d and this L = 0 + + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one so so after I substitute back into + + align:start position:0% +one so so after I substitute back into + + + align:start position:0% +one so so after I substitute back into +uh kx2 + k y² = k squ what I have K + + align:start position:0% +uh kx2 + k y² = k squ what I have K + + + align:start position:0% +uh kx2 + k y² = k squ what I have K +square is 2 m e now e is a the quantum + + align:start position:0% +square is 2 m e now e is a the quantum + + + align:start position:0% +square is 2 m e now e is a the quantum +number including both n and + + align:start position:0% +number including both n and + + + align:start position:0% +number including both n and +L h² that should equal KX squ is M Pi / + + align:start position:0% +L h² that should equal KX squ is M Pi / + + + align:start position:0% +L h² that should equal KX squ is M Pi / +D squ plus L pi over d + + align:start position:0% +D squ plus L pi over d + + + align:start position:0% +D squ plus L pi over d +s so now you can say I have two quantum + + align:start position:0% +s so now you can say I have two quantum + + + align:start position:0% +s so now you can say I have two quantum +number n and L because I have two + + align:start position:0% +number n and L because I have two + + + align:start position:0% +number n and L because I have two +direction two degrees of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +freedom + + align:start position:0% +freedom + + + align:start position:0% +freedom +okay and uh uh corresponding to this two + + align:start position:0% +okay and uh uh corresponding to this two + + + align:start position:0% +okay and uh uh corresponding to this two +quantum number I will also + + align:start position:0% +quantum number I will also + + + align:start position:0% +quantum number I will also +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +um pign wave function Ln equals a + + align:start position:0% +um pign wave function Ln equals a + + + align:start position:0% +um pign wave function Ln equals a +constant C Ln and + + align:start position:0% +constant C Ln and + + + align:start position:0% +constant C Ln and +S N pi x / + + align:start position:0% +S N pi x / + + + align:start position:0% +S N pi x / +d + + align:start position:0% +d + + + align:start position:0% +d +s l Pi y/ + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +D okay and again you can use the + + align:start position:0% +D okay and again you can use the + + + align:start position:0% +D okay and again you can use the +larization condition to find the + + align:start position:0% +larization condition to find the + + + align:start position:0% +larization condition to find the +coefficient that's not + + align:start position:0% +coefficient that's not + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient that's not +important what is + + align:start position:0% +important what is + + + align:start position:0% +important what is +important is now to + + align:start position:0% +important is now to + + + align:start position:0% +important is now to +recognize that uh each set L and N right + + align:start position:0% +recognize that uh each set L and N right + + + align:start position:0% +recognize that uh each set L and N right +when l = 1 n = 2 so when l = 1 that's a + + align:start position:0% +when l = 1 n = 2 so when l = 1 that's a + + + align:start position:0% +when l = 1 n = 2 so when l = 1 that's a +half wve in the X + + align:start position:0% +half wve in the X + + + align:start position:0% +half wve in the X +direction or another Ln I should do NL + + align:start position:0% +direction or another Ln I should do NL + + + align:start position:0% +direction or another Ln I should do NL +to be + + align:start position:0% +to be + + + align:start position:0% +to be +consistent okay so when n = 1 that's a + + align:start position:0% +consistent okay so when n = 1 that's a + + + align:start position:0% +consistent okay so when n = 1 that's a +half W in X Direction L = 2 that's a + + align:start position:0% +half W in X Direction L = 2 that's a + + + align:start position:0% +half W in X Direction L = 2 that's a +full wave right full period in the y + + align:start position:0% +full wave right full period in the y + + + align:start position:0% +full wave right full period in the y +direction and now if I do n = + + align:start position:0% +direction and now if I do n = + + + align:start position:0% +direction and now if I do n = +2 that is a uh full period in the X + + align:start position:0% +2 that is a uh full period in the X + + + align:start position:0% +2 that is a uh full period in the X +Direction and Lal Y is the high period + + align:start position:0% +Direction and Lal Y is the high period + + + align:start position:0% +Direction and Lal Y is the high period +in the y direction so there are two + + align:start position:0% +in the y direction so there are two + + + align:start position:0% +in the y direction so there are two +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +forms right two different Quantum + + align:start position:0% +forms right two different Quantum + + + align:start position:0% +forms right two different Quantum +State however the energy doesn't care + + align:start position:0% +State however the energy doesn't care + + + align:start position:0% +State however the energy doesn't care +Nal one + + align:start position:0% +Nal one + + + align:start position:0% +Nal one +L = 2 or Nal 2 Lal + + align:start position:0% +L = 2 or Nal 2 Lal + + + align:start position:0% +L = 2 or Nal 2 Lal +1 right so this two Quantum + + align:start position:0% +1 right so this two Quantum + + + align:start position:0% +1 right so this two Quantum +state have the same + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +energy okay this is the degeneracy that + + align:start position:0% +energy okay this is the degeneracy that + + + align:start position:0% +energy okay this is the degeneracy that +Quantum this energy level is + + align:start position:0% +Quantum this energy level is + + + align:start position:0% +Quantum this energy level is +degenerate so we have now the concept + + align:start position:0% +degenerate so we have now the concept + + + align:start position:0% +degenerate so we have now the concept +that say what is a Quantum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +state right each wave function here is a + + align:start position:0% +state right each wave function here is a + + + align:start position:0% +state right each wave function here is a +Quantum State and then say some Quantum + + align:start position:0% +Quantum State and then say some Quantum + + + align:start position:0% +Quantum State and then say some Quantum +State I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +degenerate when they have different + + align:start position:0% +degenerate when they have different + + + align:start position:0% +degenerate when they have different +Quantum uh lbers but same energy + + align:start position:0% +Quantum uh lbers but same energy + + + align:start position:0% +Quantum uh lbers but same energy +level okay and some of you are familiar + + align:start position:0% +level okay and some of you are familiar + + + align:start position:0% +level okay and some of you are familiar +with the density of states and this is + + align:start position:0% +with the density of states and this is + + + align:start position:0% +with the density of states and this is +the origin of density of states just + + align:start position:0% +the origin of density of states just + + + align:start position:0% +the origin of density of states just +when we have many we we we count that uh + + align:start position:0% +when we have many we we we count that uh + + + align:start position:0% +when we have many we we we count that uh +more in the terms of den sub States + + align:start position:0% +more in the terms of den sub States + + + align:start position:0% +more in the terms of den sub States +rather than + + align:start position:0% +rather than + + + align:start position:0% +rather than +degenera + + align:start position:0% +degenera + + + align:start position:0% +degenera +okay so uh these are the all this + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh these are the all this + + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh these are the all this +mathematics I'm going to use the rest of + + align:start position:0% +mathematics I'm going to use the rest of + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics I'm going to use the rest of +the solution I'm going to give you right + + align:start position:0% +the solution I'm going to give you right + + + align:start position:0% +the solution I'm going to give you right +because say you have more partial + + align:start position:0% +because say you have more partial + + + align:start position:0% +because say you have more partial +differential more involved solution of + + align:start position:0% +differential more involved solution of + + + align:start position:0% +differential more involved solution of +partial differ + + align:start position:0% +partial differ + + + align:start position:0% +partial differ +equations uh but also I'm going to show + + align:start position:0% +equations uh but also I'm going to show + + + align:start position:0% +equations uh but also I'm going to show +you my way of doing it without solving + + align:start position:0% +you my way of doing it without solving + + + align:start position:0% +you my way of doing it without solving +the equation I can do that uh pretty + + align:start position:0% +the equation I can do that uh pretty + + + align:start position:0% +the equation I can do that uh pretty +much for all the + + align:start position:0% +much for all the + + + align:start position:0% +much for all the +problems so I say that's my contribution + + align:start position:0% +problems so I say that's my contribution + + + align:start position:0% +problems so I say that's my contribution +to Quantum Mechanics because + + align:start position:0% +to Quantum Mechanics because + + + align:start position:0% +to Quantum Mechanics because +of okay uh so let's look at some other + + align:start position:0% +of okay uh so let's look at some other + + + align:start position:0% +of okay uh so let's look at some other +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problems we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +see this one you can say is a particle + + align:start position:0% +see this one you can say is a particle + + + align:start position:0% +see this one you can say is a particle +in a box uh you can say it's a Quantum + + align:start position:0% +in a box uh you can say it's a Quantum + + + align:start position:0% +in a box uh you can say it's a Quantum +well Quantum wire Quantum dots or it's a + + align:start position:0% +well Quantum wire Quantum dots or it's a + + + align:start position:0% +well Quantum wire Quantum dots or it's a +mod it's a atom right it's a + + align:start position:0% +mod it's a atom right it's a + + + align:start position:0% +mod it's a atom right it's a +translational energy so the is the say + + align:start position:0% +translational energy so the is the say + + + align:start position:0% +translational energy so the is the say +uh kinetic energy part is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +quantized and let's look at other + + align:start position:0% +quantized and let's look at other + + + align:start position:0% +quantized and let's look at other +examples + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh we talked about before if I have a + + align:start position:0% +uh we talked about before if I have a + + + align:start position:0% +uh we talked about before if I have a +diatomic atom like a hydrogen atom a + + align:start position:0% +diatomic atom like a hydrogen atom a + + + align:start position:0% +diatomic atom like a hydrogen atom a +hydrogen molecule right diatomic + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen molecule right diatomic + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen molecule right diatomic +molecule then you have a vibrational + + align:start position:0% +molecule then you have a vibrational + + + align:start position:0% +molecule then you have a vibrational +part of the energy you have rotational + + align:start position:0% +part of the energy you have rotational + + + align:start position:0% +part of the energy you have rotational +part of energy right so let's first look + + align:start position:0% +part of energy right so let's first look + + + align:start position:0% +part of energy right so let's first look +at the vibrational + + align:start position:0% +at the vibrational + + + align:start position:0% +at the vibrational +part if you have a mass Sprint + + align:start position:0% +part if you have a mass Sprint + + + align:start position:0% +part if you have a mass Sprint +system right the uh + + align:start position:0% +system right the uh + + + align:start position:0% +system right the uh +force in + + align:start position:0% +force in + + + align:start position:0% +force in +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um harmonic Sprint picture we have say + + align:start position:0% +um harmonic Sprint picture we have say + + + align:start position:0% +um harmonic Sprint picture we have say +Force linear proportional to + + align:start position:0% +Force linear proportional to + + + align:start position:0% +Force linear proportional to +displacement right and we say the + + align:start position:0% +displacement right and we say the + + + align:start position:0% +displacement right and we say the +problem each problem is different is + + align:start position:0% +problem each problem is different is + + + align:start position:0% +problem each problem is different is +because potential so we need to find the + + align:start position:0% +because potential so we need to find the + + + align:start position:0% +because potential so we need to find the +potential and the potential + + align:start position:0% +potential and the potential + + + align:start position:0% +potential and the potential +energy is the uh derivative + + align:start position:0% +energy is the uh derivative + + + align:start position:0% +energy is the uh derivative +force is the derivative of the + + align:start position:0% +force is the derivative of the + + + align:start position:0% +force is the derivative of the +potential that's always + + align:start position:0% +potential that's always + + + align:start position:0% +potential that's always +true right so from here I say the + + align:start position:0% +true right so from here I say the + + + align:start position:0% +true right so from here I say the +potential + + align:start position:0% +potential + + + align:start position:0% +potential +energy is 12 K x² so this is the one + + align:start position:0% +energy is 12 K x² so this is the one + + + align:start position:0% +energy is 12 K x² so this is the one +that you should put in the stat State + + align:start position:0% +that you should put in the stat State + + + align:start position:0% +that you should put in the stat State +theing + + align:start position:0% +theing + + + align:start position:0% +theing +equation that's your potential + + align:start position:0% +equation that's your potential + + + align:start position:0% +equation that's your potential +now you go to solve that equation now + + align:start position:0% +now you go to solve that equation now + + + align:start position:0% +now you go to solve that equation now +you can see it's complicated + + align:start position:0% +you can see it's complicated + + + align:start position:0% +you can see it's complicated +because my potential is function of X my + + align:start position:0% +because my potential is function of X my + + + align:start position:0% +because my potential is function of X my +coefficient is no longer constant so + + align:start position:0% +coefficient is no longer constant so + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient is no longer constant so +solving this equation actually is a lot + + align:start position:0% +solving this equation actually is a lot + + + align:start position:0% +solving this equation actually is a lot +of effort you have to go uh say a lot + + align:start position:0% +of effort you have to go uh say a lot + + + align:start position:0% +of effort you have to go uh say a lot +more uh math than the one that we uh + + align:start position:0% +more uh math than the one that we uh + + + align:start position:0% +more uh math than the one that we uh +talked + + align:start position:0% +talked + + + align:start position:0% +talked +before and uh uh but see what the end + + align:start position:0% +before and uh uh but see what the end + + + align:start position:0% +before and uh uh but see what the end +result right it's a onedimensional + + align:start position:0% +result right it's a onedimensional + + + align:start position:0% +result right it's a onedimensional +problem right the variable is X + + align:start position:0% +problem right the variable is X + + + align:start position:0% +problem right the variable is X +only so from that I have one quantum + + align:start position:0% +only so from that I have one quantum + + + align:start position:0% +only so from that I have one quantum +number okay one degree of Freedom one + + align:start position:0% +number okay one degree of Freedom one + + + align:start position:0% +number okay one degree of Freedom one +quantum number and the energy it turns + + align:start position:0% +quantum number and the energy it turns + + + align:start position:0% +quantum number and the energy it turns +out quantization uh one quantum number + + align:start position:0% +out quantization uh one quantum number + + + align:start position:0% +out quantization uh one quantum number +equals H + + align:start position:0% +equals H + + + align:start position:0% +equals H +new m + + + align:start position:0% +new m + + + + align:start position:0% +new m + +12 and this new is not different from + + align:start position:0% +12 and this new is not different from + + + align:start position:0% +12 and this new is not different from +classical oscillator if you have Sprint + + align:start position:0% +classical oscillator if you have Sprint + + + align:start position:0% +classical oscillator if you have Sprint +Mass system what's the Frequency + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +square root of k/ M and 2 pi so you + + align:start position:0% +square root of k/ M and 2 pi so you + + + align:start position:0% +square root of k/ M and 2 pi so you +could of course write this H bar Omega m + + align:start position:0% +could of course write this H bar Omega m + + + align:start position:0% +could of course write this H bar Omega m ++ 12 so you can see now the difference + + align:start position:0% ++ 12 so you can see now the difference + + + align:start position:0% ++ 12 so you can see now the difference +between a Quantum and classical system + + align:start position:0% +between a Quantum and classical system + + + align:start position:0% +between a Quantum and classical system +is that say in a classical system your + + align:start position:0% +is that say in a classical system your + + + align:start position:0% +is that say in a classical system your +energy is just arbitrarily determined by + + align:start position:0% +energy is just arbitrarily determined by + + + align:start position:0% +energy is just arbitrarily determined by +the displacement amplitude of + + align:start position:0% +the displacement amplitude of + + + align:start position:0% +the displacement amplitude of +displacement in the quantum the energy + + align:start position:0% +displacement in the quantum the energy + + + align:start position:0% +displacement in the quantum the energy +has to be multiple + + align:start position:0% +has to be multiple + + + align:start position:0% +has to be multiple +of this H + + align:start position:0% +of this H + + + align:start position:0% +of this H +new right that's the vibrational energy + + align:start position:0% +new right that's the vibrational energy + + + align:start position:0% +new right that's the vibrational energy +quanta and this + + align:start position:0% +quanta and this + + + align:start position:0% +quanta and this +one2 is a 0 point + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +energy okay 0 point energy and uh um it + + align:start position:0% +energy okay 0 point energy and uh um it + + + align:start position:0% +energy okay 0 point energy and uh um it +turns out say this oscill + + align:start position:0% +turns out say this oscill + + + align:start position:0% +turns out say this oscill +is also valid for the lattice when we + + align:start position:0% +is also valid for the lattice when we + + + align:start position:0% +is also valid for the lattice when we +have a lot of atoms in the + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of atoms in the + + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of atoms in the +solid and when we have electromagnetic + + align:start position:0% +solid and when we have electromagnetic + + + align:start position:0% +solid and when we have electromagnetic +wave it's also oscillator + + align:start position:0% +wave it's also oscillator + + + align:start position:0% +wave it's also oscillator +electromagnetic field oscillator all the + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic field oscillator all the + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic field oscillator all the +energy is this form H by Omega n plus 12 + + align:start position:0% +energy is this form H by Omega n plus 12 + + + align:start position:0% +energy is this form H by Omega n plus 12 +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +this2 is a a reflection of the + + align:start position:0% +this2 is a a reflection of the + + + align:start position:0% +this2 is a a reflection of the +uncertainty + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty +principle okay and uh it's very + + align:start position:0% +principle okay and uh it's very + + + align:start position:0% +principle okay and uh it's very +interesting this 0 point energy is also + + align:start position:0% +interesting this 0 point energy is also + + + align:start position:0% +interesting this 0 point energy is also +something that uh related to uh the + + align:start position:0% +something that uh related to uh the + + + align:start position:0% +something that uh related to uh the +wandar + + align:start position:0% +wandar + + + align:start position:0% +wandar +force and uh some people say even also + + align:start position:0% +force and uh some people say even also + + + align:start position:0% +force and uh some people say even also +relate to the missing mass of the + + align:start position:0% +relate to the missing mass of the + + + align:start position:0% +relate to the missing mass of the +universe okay and uh this there there + + align:start position:0% +universe okay and uh this there there + + + align:start position:0% +universe okay and uh this there there +there uh I can I'll comment more on this + + align:start position:0% +there uh I can I'll comment more on this + + + align:start position:0% +there uh I can I'll comment more on this +later so we have this is the uh + + align:start position:0% +later so we have this is the uh + + + align:start position:0% +later so we have this is the uh +harmonical + + align:start position:0% +harmonical + + + align:start position:0% +harmonical +oscillator and uh the next one is is a + + align:start position:0% +oscillator and uh the next one is is a + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator and uh the next one is is a +rigal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rotor so what what I'm trying to deal + + align:start position:0% +rotor so what what I'm trying to deal + + + align:start position:0% +rotor so what what I'm trying to deal +with is for example Is two hydrogen atom + + align:start position:0% +with is for example Is two hydrogen atom + + + align:start position:0% +with is for example Is two hydrogen atom +for a molecule right I say one mold of + + align:start position:0% +for a molecule right I say one mold of + + + align:start position:0% +for a molecule right I say one mold of +energy stor energy is this atom vibrate + + align:start position:0% +energy stor energy is this atom vibrate + + + align:start position:0% +energy stor energy is this atom vibrate +relative to each other that's + + align:start position:0% +relative to each other that's + + + align:start position:0% +relative to each other that's +vibrational that's harmonic + + align:start position:0% +vibrational that's harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +vibrational that's harmonic +oscillator and the other way of storing + + align:start position:0% +oscillator and the other way of storing + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator and the other way of storing +the energy is the by rotation of the + + align:start position:0% +the energy is the by rotation of the + + + align:start position:0% +the energy is the by rotation of the +molecule + + align:start position:0% +molecule + + + align:start position:0% +molecule +right and uh uh so in that case I say + + align:start position:0% +right and uh uh so in that case I say + + + align:start position:0% +right and uh uh so in that case I say +rigid rotor say just decompos the + + align:start position:0% +rigid rotor say just decompos the + + + align:start position:0% +rigid rotor say just decompos the +problem as a fix the distance between + + align:start position:0% +problem as a fix the distance between + + + align:start position:0% +problem as a fix the distance between +the atom they will + + align:start position:0% +the atom they will + + + align:start position:0% +the atom they will +rotate and uh how many degrees of + + align:start position:0% +rotate and uh how many degrees of + + + align:start position:0% +rotate and uh how many degrees of +freedom + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here right the distance is fixed so R is + + align:start position:0% +here right the distance is fixed so R is + + + align:start position:0% +here right the distance is fixed so R is +fixed and there only Theta 5 in space so + + align:start position:0% +fixed and there only Theta 5 in space so + + + align:start position:0% +fixed and there only Theta 5 in space so +I have two degrees of + + align:start position:0% +I have two degrees of + + + align:start position:0% +I have two degrees of +freedom right so for uh + + align:start position:0% +freedom right so for uh + + + align:start position:0% +freedom right so for uh +region rotor when I have uh a mass M1 M2 + + align:start position:0% +region rotor when I have uh a mass M1 M2 + + + align:start position:0% +region rotor when I have uh a mass M1 M2 +and I fix the distance and the rotation + + align:start position:0% +and I fix the distance and the rotation + + + align:start position:0% +and I fix the distance and the rotation +is related the uh moment of inertia + + align:start position:0% +is related the uh moment of inertia + + + align:start position:0% +is related the uh moment of inertia +which is M1 M2 and R + + align:start position:0% +which is M1 M2 and R + + + align:start position:0% +which is M1 M2 and R +squar + + align:start position:0% +squar + + + align:start position:0% +squar +r0 squar so that's a separation between + + align:start position:0% +r0 squar so that's a separation between + + + align:start position:0% +r0 squar so that's a separation between +the uh + + align:start position:0% +the uh + + + align:start position:0% +the uh +atoms M1 + + + align:start position:0% +atoms M1 + + + + align:start position:0% +atoms M1 + +M2 okay okay and uh uh + + align:start position:0% +M2 okay okay and uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +M2 okay okay and uh uh +now in terms of degree Freedom we + + align:start position:0% +now in terms of degree Freedom we + + + align:start position:0% +now in terms of degree Freedom we +function because it has two degree of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Freedom the wave function is l m this m + + align:start position:0% +Freedom the wave function is l m this m + + + align:start position:0% +Freedom the wave function is l m this m +is not mass when I use a subscript here + + align:start position:0% +is not mass when I use a subscript here + + + align:start position:0% +is not mass when I use a subscript here +it's a + + align:start position:0% +it's a + + + align:start position:0% +it's a +integer okay everybody use it so uh you + + align:start position:0% +integer okay everybody use it so uh you + + + align:start position:0% +integer okay everybody use it so uh you +have to distinguish yourself so LM are + + align:start position:0% +have to distinguish yourself so LM are + + + align:start position:0% +have to distinguish yourself so LM are +integers and uh of course we have two + + align:start position:0% +integers and uh of course we have two + + + align:start position:0% +integers and uh of course we have two +because I have CA 5 two + + align:start position:0% +because I have CA 5 two + + + align:start position:0% +because I have CA 5 two +degrees of freedom right and uh I'm not + + align:start position:0% +degrees of freedom right and uh I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +degrees of freedom right and uh I'm not +going to write this is a a spherical + + align:start position:0% +going to write this is a a spherical + + + align:start position:0% +going to write this is a a spherical +coordinate problem and the solution uh + + align:start position:0% +coordinate problem and the solution uh + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate problem and the solution uh +is pretty complicated but later on you + + align:start position:0% +is pretty complicated but later on you + + + align:start position:0% +is pretty complicated but later on you +you'll say the I'll go to website and + + align:start position:0% +you'll say the I'll go to website and + + + align:start position:0% +you'll say the I'll go to website and +show you it's much better than I draw on + + align:start position:0% +show you it's much better than I draw on + + + align:start position:0% +show you it's much better than I draw on +the board and uh so because of the wave + + align:start position:0% +the board and uh so because of the wave + + + align:start position:0% +the board and uh so because of the wave +function two Quantum L uh I have also + + align:start position:0% +function two Quantum L uh I have also + + + align:start position:0% +function two Quantum L uh I have also +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +energy but now the energy is degenerate + + align:start position:0% +energy but now the energy is degenerate + + + align:start position:0% +energy but now the energy is degenerate +so I'm not using the concept adjust it + + align:start position:0% +so I'm not using the concept adjust it + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm not using the concept adjust it +turns out + + align:start position:0% +turns out + + + align:start position:0% +turns out +for uh I have a several combination of l + + align:start position:0% +for uh I have a several combination of l + + + align:start position:0% +for uh I have a several combination of l +and m that can give you the same energy + + align:start position:0% +and m that can give you the same energy + + + align:start position:0% +and m that can give you the same energy +e l energy only depends on L which + + align:start position:0% +e l energy only depends on L which + + + align:start position:0% +e l energy only depends on L which +function has two Quantum l + + align:start position:0% +function has two Quantum l + + + align:start position:0% +function has two Quantum l +and so uh e l + + align:start position:0% +and so uh e l + + + align:start position:0% +and so uh e l +m and you see doesn't depend on to i l l + + align:start position:0% +m and you see doesn't depend on to i l l + + + align:start position:0% +m and you see doesn't depend on to i l l ++ one doesn't depend on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +M rotational energy + + align:start position:0% +M rotational energy + + + align:start position:0% +M rotational energy +level right and uh this Quantum L L + + align:start position:0% +level right and uh this Quantum L L + + + align:start position:0% +level right and uh this Quantum L L +equal 0 1 2 and that's a solution of the + + align:start position:0% +equal 0 1 2 and that's a solution of the + + + align:start position:0% +equal 0 1 2 and that's a solution of the +uh uh Shing equation in fact in this + + align:start position:0% +uh uh Shing equation in fact in this + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh Shing equation in fact in this +case is angular momentum and M + + align:start position:0% +case is angular momentum and M + + + align:start position:0% +case is angular momentum and M +constraint is the absolute value is less + + align:start position:0% +constraint is the absolute value is less + + + align:start position:0% +constraint is the absolute value is less +than + + align:start position:0% +than + + + align:start position:0% +than +L less equal to + + align:start position:0% +L less equal to + + + align:start position:0% +L less equal to +l okay so uh What uh uh does it have is + + align:start position:0% +l okay so uh What uh uh does it have is + + + align:start position:0% +l okay so uh What uh uh does it have is +if you have wave function z0 Lal z m is + + align:start position:0% +if you have wave function z0 Lal z m is + + + align:start position:0% +if you have wave function z0 Lal z m is +only + + align:start position:0% +only + + + align:start position:0% +only +zero right now if W function l = 1 then + + align:start position:0% +zero right now if W function l = 1 then + + + align:start position:0% +zero right now if W function l = 1 then +m is one 0 + + + align:start position:0% +m is one 0 + + + + align:start position:0% +m is one 0 + +1 right l = 1 1 sign 1 0 sign 1 1 you + + align:start position:0% +1 right l = 1 1 sign 1 0 sign 1 1 you + + + align:start position:0% +1 right l = 1 1 sign 1 0 sign 1 1 you +say this three wave function have the + + align:start position:0% +say this three wave function have the + + + align:start position:0% +say this three wave function have the +same + + align:start position:0% +same + + + align:start position:0% +same +energy and to just give you a heads up + + align:start position:0% +energy and to just give you a heads up + + + align:start position:0% +energy and to just give you a heads up +what this W function look like is a + + align:start position:0% +what this W function look like is a + + + align:start position:0% +what this W function look like is a +dumbell + + align:start position:0% +dumbell + + + align:start position:0% +dumbell +shap okay and uh uh so now we have the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +degeneracy of any energy level L quantum + + align:start position:0% +degeneracy of any energy level L quantum + + + align:start position:0% +degeneracy of any energy level L quantum +number is 2 L + 1 because here m is 2 L + + align:start position:0% +number is 2 L + 1 because here m is 2 L + + + align:start position:0% +number is 2 L + 1 because here m is 2 L ++ 1 right for any L I give m is 2 L + 1 + + align:start position:0% ++ 1 right for any L I give m is 2 L + 1 + + + align:start position:0% ++ 1 right for any L I give m is 2 L + 1 +that's my + + align:start position:0% +that's my + + + align:start position:0% +that's my +degeneracy so now I'm counting the + + align:start position:0% +degeneracy so now I'm counting the + + + align:start position:0% +degeneracy so now I'm counting the +quantum state and the degenerates for + + align:start position:0% +quantum state and the degenerates for + + + align:start position:0% +quantum state and the degenerates for +energy + + align:start position:0% +energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy +levels + + align:start position:0% +levels + + + align:start position:0% +levels +okay and this is the uh rotation we said + + align:start position:0% +okay and this is the uh rotation we said + + + align:start position:0% +okay and this is the uh rotation we said +that okay first one is translation + + align:start position:0% +that okay first one is translation + + + align:start position:0% +that okay first one is translation +vibration rotation right if you think + + align:start position:0% +vibration rotation right if you think + + + align:start position:0% +vibration rotation right if you think +about atom there's another one that's + + align:start position:0% +about atom there's another one that's + + + align:start position:0% +about atom there's another one that's +electronic okay so let's uh go to the + + align:start position:0% +electronic okay so let's uh go to the + + + align:start position:0% +electronic okay so let's uh go to the +electronic energy level + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the simp electronic uh picture is I + + align:start position:0% +and the simp electronic uh picture is I + + + align:start position:0% +and the simp electronic uh picture is I +have uh hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +have uh hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +have uh hydrogen +atom right one uh uh say proton one + + align:start position:0% +atom right one uh uh say proton one + + + align:start position:0% +atom right one uh uh say proton one +electron so we + + align:start position:0% +electron so we + + + align:start position:0% +electron so we +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +one nuclear uh we nuclear is much more + + align:start position:0% +one nuclear uh we nuclear is much more + + + align:start position:0% +one nuclear uh we nuclear is much more +heavier than electron so it can be + + align:start position:0% +heavier than electron so it can be + + + align:start position:0% +heavier than electron so it can be +considered as + + align:start position:0% +considered as + + + align:start position:0% +considered as +stationary and now uh the electron will + + align:start position:0% +stationary and now uh the electron will + + + align:start position:0% +stationary and now uh the electron will +orbit around the + + align:start position:0% +orbit around the + + + align:start position:0% +orbit around the +nucle right so uh before we say the + + align:start position:0% +nucle right so uh before we say the + + + align:start position:0% +nucle right so uh before we say the +force between two charge what's the + + align:start position:0% +force between two charge what's the + + + align:start position:0% +force between two charge what's the +force Kum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +force force between two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +charge okay so + + align:start position:0% +charge okay so + + + align:start position:0% +charge okay so +q1 + + align:start position:0% +q1 + + + align:start position:0% +q1 +Q2 q1 + + align:start position:0% +Q2 q1 + + + align:start position:0% +Q2 q1 +Q2 and 4 Pi Epsilon that's a D Electric + + align:start position:0% +Q2 and 4 Pi Epsilon that's a D Electric + + + align:start position:0% +Q2 and 4 Pi Epsilon that's a D Electric +constant R squ right so here is the + + align:start position:0% +constant R squ right so here is the + + + align:start position:0% +constant R squ right so here is the +separation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and of course again if you integrate + + align:start position:0% +and of course again if you integrate + + + align:start position:0% +and of course again if you integrate +this you get the potential right the + + align:start position:0% +this you get the potential right the + + + align:start position:0% +this you get the potential right the +potential is the force derivative what + + align:start position:0% +potential is the force derivative what + + + align:start position:0% +potential is the force derivative what +we written there right so the potential + + align:start position:0% +we written there right so the potential + + + align:start position:0% +we written there right so the potential +for this problem y as a function of r is + + align:start position:0% +for this problem y as a function of r is + + + align:start position:0% +for this problem y as a function of r is +um minus C1 R because the charge is + + align:start position:0% +um minus C1 R because the charge is + + + align:start position:0% +um minus C1 R because the charge is +opposite so that's I say and then + + align:start position:0% +opposite so that's I say and then + + + align:start position:0% +opposite so that's I say and then +there's a negative sign in the potential + + align:start position:0% +there's a negative sign in the potential + + + align:start position:0% +there's a negative sign in the potential +so uh when they bond very close they go + + align:start position:0% +so uh when they bond very close they go + + + align:start position:0% +so uh when they bond very close they go +to lower + + align:start position:0% +to lower + + + align:start position:0% +to lower +potential right so that's the direction + + align:start position:0% +potential right so that's the direction + + + align:start position:0% +potential right so that's the direction +there given this + + align:start position:0% +there given this + + + align:start position:0% +there given this +potential if you look at this + + align:start position:0% +potential if you look at this + + + align:start position:0% +potential if you look at this +problem One D or 3D + + align:start position:0% +problem One D or 3D + + + align:start position:0% +problem One D or 3D +problems electron moving around the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +nucle + + align:start position:0% +nucle + + + align:start position:0% +nucle +huh it's R it could be + + align:start position:0% +huh it's R it could be + + + align:start position:0% +huh it's R it could be +angular right so you have three degrees + + align:start position:0% +angular right so you have three degrees + + + align:start position:0% +angular right so you have three degrees +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +freedom and + + align:start position:0% +freedom and + + + align:start position:0% +freedom and +my wave function is a function of r is + + align:start position:0% +my wave function is a function of r is + + + align:start position:0% +my wave function is a function of r is +function of theta and function of five + + align:start position:0% +function of theta and function of five + + + align:start position:0% +function of theta and function of five +spherical coordinate threedimensional + + align:start position:0% +spherical coordinate threedimensional + + + align:start position:0% +spherical coordinate threedimensional +and then I'm expecting three quantum + + align:start position:0% +and then I'm expecting three quantum + + + align:start position:0% +and then I'm expecting three quantum +numbers so I'm expecting three quantum + + align:start position:0% +numbers so I'm expecting three quantum + + + align:start position:0% +numbers so I'm expecting three quantum +number and L + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +M okay + + align:start position:0% +M okay + + + align:start position:0% +M okay +so now I have uh the three quantum + + align:start position:0% +so now I have uh the three quantum + + + align:start position:0% +so now I have uh the three quantum +number and each set each combination + + align:start position:0% +number and each set each combination + + + align:start position:0% +number and each set each combination +quantum number give me one Quantum + + align:start position:0% +quantum number give me one Quantum + + + align:start position:0% +quantum number give me one Quantum +state but if you go to solve the problem + + align:start position:0% +state but if you go to solve the problem + + + align:start position:0% +state but if you go to solve the problem +for energy I value you find that depends + + align:start position:0% +for energy I value you find that depends + + + align:start position:0% +for energy I value you find that depends +n + + align:start position:0% +n + + + align:start position:0% +n +Only so although I have many Quantum + + align:start position:0% +Only so although I have many Quantum + + + align:start position:0% +Only so although I have many Quantum +State and my energy e n is a function so + + align:start position:0% +State and my energy e n is a function so + + + align:start position:0% +State and my energy e n is a function so +n LM but it's doesn't it doesn't depend + + align:start position:0% +n LM but it's doesn't it doesn't depend + + + align:start position:0% +n LM but it's doesn't it doesn't depend +on uh the uh LM so what I have is the + + align:start position:0% +on uh the uh LM so what I have is the + + + align:start position:0% +on uh the uh LM so what I have is the +mass of the electron C1 + + align:start position:0% +mass of the electron C1 + + + align:start position:0% +mass of the electron C1 +square and 2 H bar square n² and if you + + align:start position:0% +square and 2 H bar square n² and if you + + + align:start position:0% +square and 2 H bar square n² and if you +plug in the L you find this one is + + align:start position:0% +plug in the L you find this one is + + + align:start position:0% +plug in the L you find this one is +13.6 electron volt / by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n² so this is the uh energy depends + + align:start position:0% +n² so this is the uh energy depends + + + align:start position:0% +n² so this is the uh energy depends +on n Only + + align:start position:0% +on n Only + + + align:start position:0% +on n Only +say the W function has three quantum + + align:start position:0% +say the W function has three quantum + + + align:start position:0% +say the W function has three quantum +number and what are the constraints for + + align:start position:0% +number and what are the constraints for + + + align:start position:0% +number and what are the constraints for +those quantum numbers um here I have n + + align:start position:0% +those quantum numbers um here I have n + + + align:start position:0% +those quantum numbers um here I have n +integer one + + align:start position:0% +integer one + + + align:start position:0% +integer one +two and uh L has to + + align:start position:0% +two and uh L has to + + + align:start position:0% +two and uh L has to +be L has to be uh less than + + align:start position:0% +be L has to be uh less than + + + align:start position:0% +be L has to be uh less than +n has to be + + align:start position:0% +n has to be + + + align:start position:0% +n has to be +positive so when n = + + align:start position:0% +positive so when n = + + + align:start position:0% +positive so when n = +1 L equal + + align:start position:0% +1 L equal + + + align:start position:0% +1 L equal +Z okay m is the same constraint I have + + align:start position:0% +Z okay m is the same constraint I have + + + align:start position:0% +Z okay m is the same constraint I have +for this + + align:start position:0% +for this + + + align:start position:0% +for this +problem so uh + + align:start position:0% +problem so uh + + + align:start position:0% +problem so uh +m is equal or less than + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +L okay so this is the energy level and + + align:start position:0% +L okay so this is the energy level and + + + align:start position:0% +L okay so this is the energy level and +uh um uh if we look at the W function n + + align:start position:0% +uh um uh if we look at the W function n + + + align:start position:0% +uh um uh if we look at the W function n +equal uh equals 1 and then I have L = + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +0 1 0 + + align:start position:0% +0 1 0 + + + align:start position:0% +0 1 0 +0 right n = + + align:start position:0% +0 right n = + + + align:start position:0% +0 right n = +1 and then when I + + align:start position:0% +1 and then when I + + + align:start position:0% +1 and then when I +have uh uh n equals + + align:start position:0% +have uh uh n equals + + + align:start position:0% +have uh uh n equals +2 L could be zero in that case m is + + align:start position:0% +2 L could be zero in that case m is + + + align:start position:0% +2 L could be zero in that case m is +zero + + align:start position:0% +zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero +right or I can have W function = 2 Lal + + align:start position:0% +right or I can have W function = 2 Lal + + + align:start position:0% +right or I can have W function = 2 Lal +one because when in two I have + + align:start position:0% +one because when in two I have + + + align:start position:0% +one because when in two I have +01 and then in that case I + + align:start position:0% +01 and then in that case I + + + align:start position:0% +01 and then in that case I +have 2 one + + align:start position:0% +have 2 one + + + align:start position:0% +have 2 one +0 21 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1 okay so the de generate say GN for + + align:start position:0% +1 okay so the de generate say GN for + + + align:start position:0% +1 okay so the de generate say GN for +any I say n value is n squ n = 1 is a + + align:start position:0% +any I say n value is n squ n = 1 is a + + + align:start position:0% +any I say n value is n squ n = 1 is a +one wave function n = 2 that's a four + + align:start position:0% +one wave function n = 2 that's a four + + + align:start position:0% +one wave function n = 2 that's a four +wave + + align:start position:0% +wave + + + align:start position:0% +wave +functions right but say n two I have one + + align:start position:0% +functions right but say n two I have one + + + align:start position:0% +functions right but say n two I have one +energy uh I have with four wave function + + align:start position:0% +energy uh I have with four wave function + + + align:start position:0% +energy uh I have with four wave function +have the same + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +energy okay so + + align:start position:0% +energy okay so + + + align:start position:0% +energy okay so +um almost I'm almost there un + + align:start position:0% +um almost I'm almost there un + + + align:start position:0% +um almost I'm almost there un +counting but before I do that I want to + + align:start position:0% +counting but before I do that I want to + + + align:start position:0% +counting but before I do that I want to +say my way of solving the shorting + + align:start position:0% +say my way of solving the shorting + + + align:start position:0% +say my way of solving the shorting +equation I didn't solve it right so now + + align:start position:0% +equation I didn't solve it right so now + + + align:start position:0% +equation I didn't solve it right so now +I'm going to show my hand waving way of + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to show my hand waving way of + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to show my hand waving way of +solving + + align:start position:0% +solving + + + align:start position:0% +solving +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +it I give you one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example and you can do the others + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +probably I + + align:start position:0% +probably I + + + align:start position:0% +probably I +said that uh in the pre + + align:start position:0% +said that uh in the pre + + + align:start position:0% +said that uh in the pre +previously when we do + + align:start position:0% +previously when we do + + + align:start position:0% +previously when we do +the uh Quantum + + align:start position:0% +the uh Quantum + + + align:start position:0% +the uh Quantum +Wells the wave is either a half wave or + + align:start position:0% +Wells the wave is either a half wave or + + + align:start position:0% +Wells the wave is either a half wave or +full wave that's my boundary condition + + align:start position:0% +full wave that's my boundary condition + + + align:start position:0% +full wave that's my boundary condition +to form standing waves + + align:start position:0% +to form standing waves + + + align:start position:0% +to form standing waves +right so this one we already gone + + align:start position:0% +right so this one we already gone + + + align:start position:0% +right so this one we already gone +through and we said that's consistent + + align:start position:0% +through and we said that's consistent + + + align:start position:0% +through and we said that's consistent +just a based on uh the standing W + + align:start position:0% +just a based on uh the standing W + + + align:start position:0% +just a based on uh the standing W +requirement uh when we do the oscillator + + align:start position:0% +requirement uh when we do the oscillator + + + align:start position:0% +requirement uh when we do the oscillator +my potential is like this right 12 KX + + align:start position:0% +my potential is like this right 12 KX + + + align:start position:0% +my potential is like this right 12 KX +s that's my potential we said that each + + align:start position:0% +s that's my potential we said that each + + + align:start position:0% +s that's my potential we said that each +problem what distinguish the problem of + + align:start position:0% +problem what distinguish the problem of + + + align:start position:0% +problem what distinguish the problem of +energy is really this potential and it's + + align:start position:0% +energy is really this potential and it's + + + align:start position:0% +energy is really this potential and it's +corresponding boundary + + align:start position:0% +corresponding boundary + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding boundary +conditions right because the other terms + + align:start position:0% +conditions right because the other terms + + + align:start position:0% +conditions right because the other terms +look same in the throating + + align:start position:0% +look same in the throating + + + align:start position:0% +look same in the throating +equation so now I look at my this is my + + align:start position:0% +equation so now I look at my this is my + + + align:start position:0% +equation so now I look at my this is my +X this is my potential + + align:start position:0% +X this is my potential + + + align:start position:0% +X this is my potential +yo I say what would be the wave function + + align:start position:0% +yo I say what would be the wave function + + + align:start position:0% +yo I say what would be the wave function +under this constraint the potential + + align:start position:0% +under this constraint the potential + + + align:start position:0% +under this constraint the potential +constraint again I'm going to make this + + align:start position:0% +constraint again I'm going to make this + + + align:start position:0% +constraint again I'm going to make this +hand waving standing wave requirement I + + align:start position:0% +hand waving standing wave requirement I + + + align:start position:0% +hand waving standing wave requirement I +don't even know at the boundary it has + + align:start position:0% +don't even know at the boundary it has + + + align:start position:0% +don't even know at the boundary it has +to be zero in fact it's not exactly zero + + align:start position:0% +to be zero in fact it's not exactly zero + + + align:start position:0% +to be zero in fact it's not exactly zero +so my solution will not be exactly + + align:start position:0% +so my solution will not be exactly + + + align:start position:0% +so my solution will not be exactly +correct but I'll just say now I still + + align:start position:0% +correct but I'll just say now I still + + + align:start position:0% +correct but I'll just say now I still +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +my standing half half wave + + align:start position:0% +my standing half half wave + + + align:start position:0% +my standing half half wave +a full W + + align:start position:0% +a full W + + + align:start position:0% +a full W +right and this is at the + + align:start position:0% +right and this is at the + + + align:start position:0% +right and this is at the +boundary here this is my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +xn and now you see 2xn is halfway must + + align:start position:0% +xn and now you see 2xn is halfway must + + + align:start position:0% +xn and now you see 2xn is halfway must +be multiple those noots of the wave + + align:start position:0% +be multiple those noots of the wave + + + align:start position:0% +be multiple those noots of the wave +right the the end point where a clamp is + + align:start position:0% +right the the end point where a clamp is + + + align:start position:0% +right the the end point where a clamp is +at the boundary constraint has to uh so + + align:start position:0% +at the boundary constraint has to uh so + + + align:start position:0% +at the boundary constraint has to uh so +here I have uh 2 + + align:start position:0% +here I have uh 2 + + + align:start position:0% +here I have uh 2 +xn right so that's the wdth must be + + align:start position:0% +xn right so that's the wdth must be + + + align:start position:0% +xn right so that's the wdth must be +Lambda * 2 * n multiple of half + + align:start position:0% +Lambda * 2 * n multiple of half + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda * 2 * n multiple of half +waves that's my uh uh um requirement and + + align:start position:0% +waves that's my uh uh um requirement and + + + align:start position:0% +waves that's my uh uh um requirement and +what does the it tells me it tells me uh + + align:start position:0% +what does the it tells me it tells me uh + + + align:start position:0% +what does the it tells me it tells me uh +xn equals 4/ n h bar uh H over X n uh no + + align:start position:0% +xn equals 4/ n h bar uh H over X n uh no + + + align:start position:0% +xn equals 4/ n h bar uh H over X n uh no +x h over um P because uh Lambda is H + + align:start position:0% +x h over um P because uh Lambda is H + + + align:start position:0% +x h over um P because uh Lambda is H +orp right I change a wavelength into + + align:start position:0% +orp right I change a wavelength into + + + align:start position:0% +orp right I change a wavelength into +momentum okay and now I have the um from + + align:start position:0% +momentum okay and now I have the um from + + + align:start position:0% +momentum okay and now I have the um from +here I have the P so p in terms of xn I + + align:start position:0% +here I have the P so p in terms of xn I + + + align:start position:0% +here I have the P so p in terms of xn I +I will just argue that the kinetic + + align:start position:0% +I will just argue that the kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +I will just argue that the kinetic +energy of this Poore in the oscillator + + align:start position:0% +energy of this Poore in the oscillator + + + align:start position:0% +energy of this Poore in the oscillator +equals potential + + align:start position:0% +equals potential + + + align:start position:0% +equals potential +energy okay so that's a what's the + + align:start position:0% +energy okay so that's a what's the + + + align:start position:0% +energy okay so that's a what's the +kinetic energy is + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy is + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy is +p² 2 m equals potential energy 12 k x + + align:start position:0% +p² 2 m equals potential energy 12 k x + + + align:start position:0% +p² 2 m equals potential energy 12 k x +squ right kxn squ P I have the here in + + align:start position:0% +squ right kxn squ P I have the here in + + + align:start position:0% +squ right kxn squ P I have the here in +terms of + + align:start position:0% +terms of + + + align:start position:0% +terms of +xn and uh uh from there I can uh find + + align:start position:0% +xn and uh uh from there I can uh find + + + align:start position:0% +xn and uh uh from there I can uh find +out from this I substitute the P into + + align:start position:0% +out from this I substitute the P into + + + align:start position:0% +out from this I substitute the P into +here I can find the xn so xn s + + align:start position:0% +here I can find the xn so xn s + + + align:start position:0% +here I can find the xn so xn s +equals + + align:start position:0% +equals + + + align:start position:0% +equals +MK and + + align:start position:0% +MK and + + + align:start position:0% +MK and +NH over + + align:start position:0% +NH over + + + align:start position:0% +NH over +4 and now I go because my this is my xn + + align:start position:0% +4 and now I go because my this is my xn + + + align:start position:0% +4 and now I go because my this is my xn +my + + align:start position:0% +my + + + align:start position:0% +my +n energy is a kinetic energy plus + + align:start position:0% +n energy is a kinetic energy plus + + + align:start position:0% +n energy is a kinetic energy plus +potential + + align:start position:0% +potential + + + align:start position:0% +potential +energy right I say they equal so the d n + + align:start position:0% +energy right I say they equal so the d n + + + align:start position:0% +energy right I say they equal so the d n += kxn + + align:start position:0% += kxn + + + align:start position:0% += kxn +s okay so equals K xn s and you + + align:start position:0% +s okay so equals K xn s and you + + + align:start position:0% +s okay so equals K xn s and you +substitute the in and what I have is 4 + + align:start position:0% +substitute the in and what I have is 4 + + + align:start position:0% +substitute the in and what I have is 4 +NH k/ + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +M and per and my format is pretty close + + align:start position:0% +M and per and my format is pretty close + + + align:start position:0% +M and per and my format is pretty close +right if you look at the harmonic + + align:start position:0% +right if you look at the harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +right if you look at the harmonic +oscillator the real + + align:start position:0% +oscillator the real + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator the real +solution is n is H new times n so the + + align:start position:0% +solution is n is H new times n so the + + + align:start position:0% +solution is n is H new times n so the +point is this quantum number is a + + align:start position:0% +point is this quantum number is a + + + align:start position:0% +point is this quantum number is a +linear proportion to + + align:start position:0% +linear proportion to + + + align:start position:0% +linear proportion to +right you see + + align:start position:0% +right you see + + + align:start position:0% +right you see +there my potential because of potential + + align:start position:0% +there my potential because of potential + + + align:start position:0% +there my potential because of potential +constraint it changed my Quantum + + align:start position:0% +constraint it changed my Quantum + + + align:start position:0% +constraint it changed my Quantum +quantization is proportional to n and in + + align:start position:0% +quantization is proportional to n and in + + + align:start position:0% +quantization is proportional to n and in +the case of a Quantum well this one you + + align:start position:0% +the case of a Quantum well this one you + + + align:start position:0% +the case of a Quantum well this one you +say is proportional to n + + align:start position:0% +say is proportional to n + + + align:start position:0% +say is proportional to n +square right you go back to look at your + + align:start position:0% +square right you go back to look at your + + + align:start position:0% +square right you go back to look at your +is proportional n Square in this shape + + align:start position:0% +is proportional n Square in this shape + + + align:start position:0% +is proportional n Square in this shape +the change into + + align:start position:0% +the change into + + + align:start position:0% +the change into +n and in the uh electronic + + align:start position:0% +n and in the uh electronic + + + align:start position:0% +n and in the uh electronic +potential that we just covered here here + + align:start position:0% +potential that we just covered here here + + + align:start position:0% +potential that we just covered here here +is 1 / + + align:start position:0% +is 1 / + + + align:start position:0% +is 1 / +R it change or n into the denominator + + align:start position:0% +R it change or n into the denominator + + + align:start position:0% +R it change or n into the denominator +Square so my point is all this problem + + align:start position:0% +Square so my point is all this problem + + + align:start position:0% +Square so my point is all this problem +are really defined by the + + align:start position:0% +are really defined by the + + + align:start position:0% +are really defined by the +potential of the parle that's the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constraint okay and in fact I tried the + + align:start position:0% +constraint okay and in fact I tried the + + + align:start position:0% +constraint okay and in fact I tried the +electronic I can also make the same kind + + align:start position:0% +electronic I can also make the same kind + + + align:start position:0% +electronic I can also make the same kind +we argument I get a one/ n Square I + + align:start position:0% +we argument I get a one/ n Square I + + + align:start position:0% +we argument I get a one/ n Square I +can't get that + + align:start position:0% +can't get that + + + align:start position:0% +can't get that +13.6 correct but I can get 1/ n s I + + align:start position:0% +13.6 correct but I can get 1/ n s I + + + align:start position:0% +13.6 correct but I can get 1/ n s I +haven't found out how I do this + + align:start position:0% +haven't found out how I do this + + + align:start position:0% +haven't found out how I do this +spherical problem get L plus L * L + one + + align:start position:0% +spherical problem get L plus L * L + one + + + align:start position:0% +spherical problem get L plus L * L + one +maybe someone can figure it out that's a + + align:start position:0% +maybe someone can figure it out that's a + + + align:start position:0% +maybe someone can figure it out that's a +angular momentum + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum + + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum +problem okay + + align:start position:0% +problem okay + + + align:start position:0% +problem okay +so uh now we have + + align:start position:0% +so uh now we have + + + align:start position:0% +so uh now we have +solution for + + align:start position:0% +solution for + + + align:start position:0% +solution for +translation we have vibration rotation + + align:start position:0% +translation we have vibration rotation + + + align:start position:0% +translation we have vibration rotation +electronic for atoms so we almost have + + align:start position:0% +electronic for atoms so we almost have + + + align:start position:0% +electronic for atoms so we almost have +everything right but I have one thing + + align:start position:0% +everything right but I have one thing + + + align:start position:0% +everything right but I have one thing +that's not even in classical + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mechanics and this is the + + align:start position:0% +mechanics and this is the + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics and this is the +spin it's not even in theordinary + + align:start position:0% +spin it's not even in theordinary + + + align:start position:0% +spin it's not even in theordinary +equation you have to go to relativistic + + align:start position:0% +equation you have to go to relativistic + + + align:start position:0% +equation you have to go to relativistic +consideration to get that additional + + align:start position:0% +consideration to get that additional + + + align:start position:0% +consideration to get that additional +spin so I'm not going into spin in + + align:start position:0% +spin so I'm not going into spin in + + + align:start position:0% +spin so I'm not going into spin in +detail it took me actually a long time + + align:start position:0% +detail it took me actually a long time + + + align:start position:0% +detail it took me actually a long time +to have some idea of + + align:start position:0% +to have some idea of + + + align:start position:0% +to have some idea of +spin complete + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Quantum + + align:start position:0% +Quantum + + + align:start position:0% +Quantum +okay so I have le is spin + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so when we solve a problem like a + + align:start position:0% +right so when we solve a problem like a + + + align:start position:0% +right so when we solve a problem like a +rigid rotor we the rotor is rotating + + align:start position:0% +rigid rotor we the rotor is rotating + + + align:start position:0% +rigid rotor we the rotor is rotating +rotating about a certain axis right + + align:start position:0% +rotating about a certain axis right + + + align:start position:0% +rotating about a certain axis right +that's a angular rotation that's the + + align:start position:0% +that's a angular rotation that's the + + + align:start position:0% +that's a angular rotation that's the +classical you have classical analogy + + align:start position:0% +classical you have classical analogy + + + align:start position:0% +classical you have classical analogy +right but see there is a intrinsic + + align:start position:0% +right but see there is a intrinsic + + + align:start position:0% +right but see there is a intrinsic +property of any particles material waves + + align:start position:0% +property of any particles material waves + + + align:start position:0% +property of any particles material waves +there and that's a intrinsic say angular + + align:start position:0% +there and that's a intrinsic say angular + + + align:start position:0% +there and that's a intrinsic say angular +momentum + + align:start position:0% +momentum + + + align:start position:0% +momentum +and that angular momentum is + + align:start position:0% +and that angular momentum is + + + align:start position:0% +and that angular momentum is +characterized by the Spin and turns out + + align:start position:0% +characterized by the Spin and turns out + + + align:start position:0% +characterized by the Spin and turns out +spin of + + align:start position:0% +spin of + + + align:start position:0% +spin of +electrons and photons Fons they are + + align:start position:0% +electrons and photons Fons they are + + + align:start position:0% +electrons and photons Fons they are +different uh electron has a half Spin + + align:start position:0% +different uh electron has a half Spin + + + align:start position:0% +different uh electron has a half Spin +and photons Fons have integral spin and + + align:start position:0% +and photons Fons have integral spin and + + + align:start position:0% +and photons Fons have integral spin and +because of this difference they obey + + align:start position:0% +because of this difference they obey + + + align:start position:0% +because of this difference they obey +very different + + align:start position:0% +very different + + + align:start position:0% +very different +rules okay so uh uh let's say electron + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Spin and uh the quantum number for + + align:start position:0% +Spin and uh the quantum number for + + + align:start position:0% +Spin and uh the quantum number for +electron SP we use S and there are only + + align:start position:0% +electron SP we use S and there are only + + + align:start position:0% +electron SP we use S and there are only +two one positive one2 negative one2 so + + align:start position:0% +two one positive one2 negative one2 so + + + align:start position:0% +two one positive one2 negative one2 so +those two quantum + + align:start position:0% +those two quantum + + + align:start position:0% +those two quantum +numbers you can't get + + align:start position:0% +numbers you can't get + + + align:start position:0% +numbers you can't get +it you cannot get it from Sol string + + align:start position:0% +it you cannot get it from Sol string + + + align:start position:0% +it you cannot get it from Sol string +equation so I'll just + + align:start position:0% +equation so I'll just + + + align:start position:0% +equation so I'll just +artificially add into the wave function + + align:start position:0% +artificially add into the wave function + + + align:start position:0% +artificially add into the wave function +that we say uh for example when we + + align:start position:0% +that we say uh for example when we + + + align:start position:0% +that we say uh for example when we +consider any we function quantum number + + align:start position:0% +consider any we function quantum number + + + align:start position:0% +consider any we function quantum number +we'll add s + + align:start position:0% +we'll add s + + + align:start position:0% +we'll add s +here okay that's important for me to + + align:start position:0% +here okay that's important for me to + + + align:start position:0% +here okay that's important for me to +count and uh for uh photons and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Fons and later on Fons s is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +integral integer one okay xal + + align:start position:0% +integral integer one okay xal + + + align:start position:0% +integral integer one okay xal +1 okay and uh it turns out for the half + + align:start position:0% +1 okay and uh it turns out for the half + + + align:start position:0% +1 okay and uh it turns out for the half +spin uh + + align:start position:0% +spin uh + + + align:start position:0% +spin uh +particles the statistics is a very + + align:start position:0% +particles the statistics is a very + + + align:start position:0% +particles the statistics is a very +different than the uh integer spin H + + align:start position:0% +different than the uh integer spin H + + + align:start position:0% +different than the uh integer spin H +parles and for the half spin parle we + + align:start position:0% +parles and for the half spin parle we + + + align:start position:0% +parles and for the half spin parle we +have poly Exclusion Principle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so now if you go to say my Quantum state + + align:start position:0% +so now if you go to say my Quantum state + + + align:start position:0% +so now if you go to say my Quantum state +for that the electron right we just + + align:start position:0% +for that the electron right we just + + + align:start position:0% +for that the electron right we just +considered the electron uh problem uh + + align:start position:0% +considered the electron uh problem uh + + + align:start position:0% +considered the electron uh problem uh +the electron I have n l m and now I add + + align:start position:0% +the electron I have n l m and now I add + + + align:start position:0% +the electron I have n l m and now I add +s s = + 12 or minus 12 so I already + + align:start position:0% +s s = + 12 or minus 12 so I already + + + align:start position:0% +s s = + 12 or minus 12 so I already +originally for nlm that's a g n Square + + align:start position:0% +originally for nlm that's a g n Square + + + align:start position:0% +originally for nlm that's a g n Square +degeneracy now because of s I have two n + + align:start position:0% +degeneracy now because of s I have two n + + + align:start position:0% +degeneracy now because of s I have two n +sare + + align:start position:0% +sare + + + align:start position:0% +sare +degenerates okay so uh this one uh what + + align:start position:0% +degenerates okay so uh this one uh what + + + align:start position:0% +degenerates okay so uh this one uh what +the power Exclusion Principle say is + + align:start position:0% +the power Exclusion Principle say is + + + align:start position:0% +the power Exclusion Principle say is +each Quantum state for this half + + align:start position:0% +each Quantum state for this half + + + align:start position:0% +each Quantum state for this half +spin each Quantum + + align:start position:0% +spin each Quantum + + + align:start position:0% +spin each Quantum +State can have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +maximum one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +particle okay so that's the say it + + align:start position:0% +particle okay so that's the say it + + + align:start position:0% +particle okay so that's the say it +doesn't apply to Fon doesn't apply to + + align:start position:0% +doesn't apply to Fon doesn't apply to + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't apply to Fon doesn't apply to +Photon because they have IND spin but + + align:start position:0% +Photon because they have IND spin but + + + align:start position:0% +Photon because they have IND spin but +apply to electron each Quantum State you + + align:start position:0% +apply to electron each Quantum State you + + + align:start position:0% +apply to electron each Quantum State you +can only have maximum one so because of + + align:start position:0% +can only have maximum one so because of + + + align:start position:0% +can only have maximum one so because of +this photons + + align:start position:0% +this photons + + + align:start position:0% +this photons +electrons they behave very differently + + align:start position:0% +electrons they behave very differently + + + align:start position:0% +electrons they behave very differently +and this electrons is a + + align:start position:0% +and this electrons is a + + + align:start position:0% +and this electrons is a +firon from + + align:start position:0% +firon from + + + align:start position:0% +firon from +firy and photons are Bon from + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +B electron don't like each + + align:start position:0% +B electron don't like each + + + align:start position:0% +B electron don't like each +other and photons + + align:start position:0% +other and photons + + + align:start position:0% +other and photons +Fons you can take as many as when one + + align:start position:0% +Fons you can take as many as when one + + + align:start position:0% +Fons you can take as many as when one +Quantum + + align:start position:0% +Quantum + + + align:start position:0% +Quantum +State Okay so this gives me for the case + + align:start position:0% +State Okay so this gives me for the case + + + align:start position:0% +State Okay so this gives me for the case +of here right a particle say electron + + align:start position:0% +of here right a particle say electron + + + align:start position:0% +of here right a particle say electron +you can say the degeneration now is GN + + align:start position:0% +you can say the degeneration now is GN + + + align:start position:0% +you can say the degeneration now is GN +equal 2 n² it doesn't change the energy + + align:start position:0% +equal 2 n² it doesn't change the energy + + + align:start position:0% +equal 2 n² it doesn't change the energy +level because of the spin unless you go + + align:start position:0% +level because of the spin unless you go + + + align:start position:0% +level because of the spin unless you go +to very very detail but that's fine but + + align:start position:0% +to very very detail but that's fine but + + + align:start position:0% +to very very detail but that's fine but +just 2 N Square that's a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +degeneration okay now I've have gone + + align:start position:0% +degeneration okay now I've have gone + + + align:start position:0% +degeneration okay now I've have gone +through all this you see what's the use + + align:start position:0% +through all this you see what's the use + + + align:start position:0% +through all this you see what's the use +why you going through this right so what + + align:start position:0% +why you going through this right so what + + + align:start position:0% +why you going through this right so what +we what we say start with is this + + align:start position:0% +we what we say start with is this + + + align:start position:0% +we what we say start with is this +lecture we want to understand at least + + align:start position:0% +lecture we want to understand at least + + + align:start position:0% +lecture we want to understand at least +appreciate the + + align:start position:0% +appreciate the + + + align:start position:0% +appreciate the +energy AC quantized in the material + + align:start position:0% +energy AC quantized in the material + + + align:start position:0% +energy AC quantized in the material +waves right electrons translation energy + + align:start position:0% +waves right electrons translation energy + + + align:start position:0% +waves right electrons translation energy +vibrational energy rotational energy + + align:start position:0% +vibrational energy rotational energy + + + align:start position:0% +vibrational energy rotational energy +electronic all those are quants right + + align:start position:0% +electronic all those are quants right + + + align:start position:0% +electronic all those are quants right +they become + + align:start position:0% +they become + + + align:start position:0% +they become +discrete and we also emphasize that + + align:start position:0% +discrete and we also emphasize that + + + align:start position:0% +discrete and we also emphasize that +depend on the degree of + + align:start position:0% +depend on the degree of + + + align:start position:0% +depend on the degree of +Freedom right we have quantum numbers + + align:start position:0% +Freedom right we have quantum numbers + + + align:start position:0% +Freedom right we have quantum numbers +and Quantum State could be degenerate if + + align:start position:0% +and Quantum State could be degenerate if + + + align:start position:0% +and Quantum State could be degenerate if +their energy is the same but they are + + align:start position:0% +their energy is the same but they are + + + align:start position:0% +their energy is the same but they are +actually different Quantum States they + + align:start position:0% +actually different Quantum States they + + + align:start position:0% +actually different Quantum States they +have the same energy + + align:start position:0% +have the same energy + + + align:start position:0% +have the same energy +levels okay so let's go to uh real world + + align:start position:0% +levels okay so let's go to uh real world + + + align:start position:0% +levels okay so let's go to uh real world +say where uh we observe those Quantum + + align:start position:0% +say where uh we observe those Quantum + + + align:start position:0% +say where uh we observe those Quantum +effects and uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if + + align:start position:0% +if + + + align:start position:0% +if +you look at say the how the quantum + + align:start position:0% +you look at say the how the quantum + + + align:start position:0% +you look at say the how the quantum +mechanics + + align:start position:0% +mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics +started was actually from uh a black + + align:start position:0% +started was actually from uh a black + + + align:start position:0% +started was actually from uh a black +body + + align:start position:0% +body + + + align:start position:0% +body +radiation and also explaining the + + align:start position:0% +radiation and also explaining the + + + align:start position:0% +radiation and also explaining the +hydrogen Spectrum right so uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +observations okay and very clearly + + align:start position:0% +observations okay and very clearly + + + align:start position:0% +observations okay and very clearly +because energy levels in the matter is + + align:start position:0% +because energy levels in the matter is + + + align:start position:0% +because energy levels in the matter is +discrete and when it interact with other + + align:start position:0% +discrete and when it interact with other + + + align:start position:0% +discrete and when it interact with other +particles for example a + + align:start position:0% +particles for example a + + + align:start position:0% +particles for example a +photon interact with the molecular + + align:start position:0% +photon interact with the molecular + + + align:start position:0% +photon interact with the molecular +electronic energy level right and let's + + align:start position:0% +electronic energy level right and let's + + + align:start position:0% +electronic energy level right and let's +say the solution we have for the + + align:start position:0% +say the solution we have for the + + + align:start position:0% +say the solution we have for the +electronic energy level is uh + + align:start position:0% +electronic energy level is uh + + + align:start position:0% +electronic energy level is uh +-3.6 n² electron volts right so Nal 1 + + align:start position:0% +-3.6 n² electron volts right so Nal 1 + + + align:start position:0% +-3.6 n² electron volts right so Nal 1 +that's one energy level Nal 2 is higher + + align:start position:0% +that's one energy level Nal 2 is higher + + + align:start position:0% +that's one energy level Nal 2 is higher +so let's say this is n one this is n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two right n in + + align:start position:0% +two right n in + + + align:start position:0% +two right n in +two and uh so when a photon whether a + + align:start position:0% +two and uh so when a photon whether a + + + align:start position:0% +two and uh so when a photon whether a +photon interact or not depends on the + + align:start position:0% +photon interact or not depends on the + + + align:start position:0% +photon interact or not depends on the +photon energy match to this energy level + + align:start position:0% +photon energy match to this energy level + + + align:start position:0% +photon energy match to this energy level +or not because when a electron in + + align:start position:0% +or not because when a electron in + + + align:start position:0% +or not because when a electron in +hydrogen the first in the lowest energy + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen the first in the lowest energy + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen the first in the lowest energy +level right and the photon energy if it + + align:start position:0% +level right and the photon energy if it + + + align:start position:0% +level right and the photon energy if it +comes uh to match so that it goes to the + + align:start position:0% +comes uh to match so that it goes to the + + + align:start position:0% +comes uh to match so that it goes to the +next level it gets + + align:start position:0% +next level it gets + + + align:start position:0% +next level it gets +absorbed right if it's in between it + + align:start position:0% +absorbed right if it's in between it + + + align:start position:0% +absorbed right if it's in between it +doesn't get absorbed if it's too high + + align:start position:0% +doesn't get absorbed if it's too high + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't get absorbed if it's too high +doesn't get absorbed so what I'll say is + + align:start position:0% +doesn't get absorbed so what I'll say is + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't get absorbed so what I'll say is +you say discrete absorption + + align:start position:0% +you say discrete absorption + + + align:start position:0% +you say discrete absorption +lines right and uh in fact if you go to + + align:start position:0% +lines right and uh in fact if you go to + + + align:start position:0% +lines right and uh in fact if you go to +check the solar Spectrum + + align:start position:0% +check the solar Spectrum + + + align:start position:0% +check the solar Spectrum +of the sunlight going through the + + align:start position:0% +of the sunlight going through the + + + align:start position:0% +of the sunlight going through the +atmosphere you see many discrete + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere you see many discrete + + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere you see many discrete +lines and that's because the atoms have + + align:start position:0% +lines and that's because the atoms have + + + align:start position:0% +lines and that's because the atoms have +discrete energy and they absorb Photon + + align:start position:0% +discrete energy and they absorb Photon + + + align:start position:0% +discrete energy and they absorb Photon +of different + + align:start position:0% +of different + + + align:start position:0% +of different +energies okay so uh uh that's one + + align:start position:0% +energies okay so uh uh that's one + + + align:start position:0% +energies okay so uh uh that's one +example and what I want to do go next is + + align:start position:0% +example and what I want to do go next is + + + align:start position:0% +example and what I want to do go next is +go to the uh website and then let's look + + align:start position:0% +go to the uh website and then let's look + + + align:start position:0% +go to the uh website and then let's look +at this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +online and uh also periodic + + align:start position:0% +online and uh also periodic + + + align:start position:0% +online and uh also periodic +table that's fully + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +prior absorption + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so uh let's start the First with + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh let's start the First with + + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh let's start the First with +the solar Spectrum maybe this is a good + + align:start position:0% +the solar Spectrum maybe this is a good + + + align:start position:0% +the solar Spectrum maybe this is a good +picture we see + + align:start position:0% +picture we see + + + align:start position:0% +picture we see +how good it is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay here you can + + align:start position:0% +okay here you can + + + align:start position:0% +okay here you can +see uh this is a uh sunlight the I think + + align:start position:0% +see uh this is a uh sunlight the I think + + + align:start position:0% +see uh this is a uh sunlight the I think +the uh this is black body from the + + align:start position:0% +the uh this is black body from the + + + align:start position:0% +the uh this is black body from the +equivalent and the yellow is outside the + + align:start position:0% +equivalent and the yellow is outside the + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent and the yellow is outside the +atmosphere right and once it go through + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere right and once it go through + + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere right and once it go through +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +atmosphere it become very + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere it become very + + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere it become very +discrete and uh in this short wavelength + + align:start position:0% +discrete and uh in this short wavelength + + + align:start position:0% +discrete and uh in this short wavelength +so now you have to learn how to convert + + align:start position:0% +so now you have to learn how to convert + + + align:start position:0% +so now you have to learn how to convert +the wavelength into + + align:start position:0% +the wavelength into + + + align:start position:0% +the wavelength into +energy and uh wavelength times frequency + + align:start position:0% +energy and uh wavelength times frequency + + + align:start position:0% +energy and uh wavelength times frequency +equal speed of + + align:start position:0% +equal speed of + + + align:start position:0% +equal speed of +light right so if you know wavelength + + align:start position:0% +light right so if you know wavelength + + + align:start position:0% +light right so if you know wavelength +you know frequency and frequency is H + + align:start position:0% +you know frequency and frequency is H + + + align:start position:0% +you know frequency and frequency is H +new energy energy if you convert further + + align:start position:0% +new energy energy if you convert further + + + align:start position:0% +new energy energy if you convert further +into electron + + align:start position:0% +into electron + + + align:start position:0% +into electron +volts and uh uh one electron volt is + + align:start position:0% +volts and uh uh one electron volt is + + + align:start position:0% +volts and uh uh one electron volt is +equivalent to 1.24 + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to 1.24 + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to 1.24 +Micron okay so that's the so here is + + align:start position:0% +Micron okay so that's the so here is + + + align:start position:0% +Micron okay so that's the so here is +about 1.24 that's where one electron + + align:start position:0% +about 1.24 that's where one electron + + + align:start position:0% +about 1.24 that's where one electron +volt shorter higher energy of photon ler + + align:start position:0% +volt shorter higher energy of photon ler + + + align:start position:0% +volt shorter higher energy of photon ler +lower energy right so here you go to + + align:start position:0% +lower energy right so here you go to + + + align:start position:0% +lower energy right so here you go to +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +part it's + + align:start position:0% +part it's + + + align:start position:0% +part it's +electronic cuz vibrational energy + + align:start position:0% +electronic cuz vibrational energy + + + align:start position:0% +electronic cuz vibrational energy +rotational energy don't have the high + + align:start position:0% +rotational energy don't have the high + + + align:start position:0% +rotational energy don't have the high +energy to interact with Photon so it's + + align:start position:0% +energy to interact with Photon so it's + + + align:start position:0% +energy to interact with Photon so it's +it's really the + + align:start position:0% +it's really the + + + align:start position:0% +it's really the +electrons in the molecule or atom absorb + + align:start position:0% +electrons in the molecule or atom absorb + + + align:start position:0% +electrons in the molecule or atom absorb +the photon once you go to here on this + + align:start position:0% +the photon once you go to here on this + + + align:start position:0% +the photon once you go to here on this +side it's rotation and vibration + + align:start position:0% +side it's rotation and vibration + + + align:start position:0% +side it's rotation and vibration +rotation is actually very small + + align:start position:0% +rotation is actually very small + + + align:start position:0% +rotation is actually very small +energy and uh uh vibration uh is higher + + align:start position:0% +energy and uh uh vibration uh is higher + + + align:start position:0% +energy and uh uh vibration uh is higher +energy so actually what the what the + + align:start position:0% +energy so actually what the what the + + + align:start position:0% +energy so actually what the what the +molecule do for for example uh it's when + + align:start position:0% +molecule do for for example uh it's when + + + align:start position:0% +molecule do for for example uh it's when +it vibrate also + + align:start position:0% +it vibrate also + + + align:start position:0% +it vibrate also +rotate so that's why actually it's a + + align:start position:0% +rotate so that's why actually it's a + + + align:start position:0% +rotate so that's why actually it's a +depends on your resolution equipment if + + align:start position:0% +depends on your resolution equipment if + + + align:start position:0% +depends on your resolution equipment if +you do very high resolution you can + + align:start position:0% +you do very high resolution you can + + + align:start position:0% +you do very high resolution you can +actually say discrete lines of rotation + + align:start position:0% +actually say discrete lines of rotation + + + align:start position:0% +actually say discrete lines of rotation +vibration okay and uh uh there are many + + align:start position:0% +vibration okay and uh uh there are many + + + align:start position:0% +vibration okay and uh uh there are many +many lines and there are many species in + + align:start position:0% +many lines and there are many species in + + + align:start position:0% +many lines and there are many species in +the atmosphere they + + align:start position:0% +the atmosphere they + + + align:start position:0% +the atmosphere they +overlap with each other so you can say + + align:start position:0% +overlap with each other so you can say + + + align:start position:0% +overlap with each other so you can say +that's a it's the quantum mechanic + + align:start position:0% +that's a it's the quantum mechanic + + + align:start position:0% +that's a it's the quantum mechanic +doesn't have to be going into + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have to be going into + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have to be going into +nrow and it's actually in + + align:start position:0% +nrow and it's actually in + + + align:start position:0% +nrow and it's actually in +everything and uh let's go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um first I want to show those are the + + align:start position:0% +um first I want to show those are the + + + align:start position:0% +um first I want to show those are the +solutions + + align:start position:0% +solutions + + + align:start position:0% +solutions +for uh the wave function how the wave + + align:start position:0% +for uh the wave function how the wave + + + align:start position:0% +for uh the wave function how the wave +function pide and when you do p Pai uh + + align:start position:0% +function pide and when you do p Pai uh + + + align:start position:0% +function pide and when you do p Pai uh +complex conjugate what they really look + + align:start position:0% +complex conjugate what they really look + + + align:start position:0% +complex conjugate what they really look +like Nal 1 is a + + align:start position:0% +like Nal 1 is a + + + align:start position:0% +like Nal 1 is a +sphere right Nal 2 you can say it's like + + align:start position:0% +sphere right Nal 2 you can say it's like + + + align:start position:0% +sphere right Nal 2 you can say it's like +a d Bell two half + + align:start position:0% +a d Bell two half + + + align:start position:0% +a d Bell two half +blobs right and uh uh this is a uh when + + align:start position:0% +blobs right and uh uh this is a uh when + + + align:start position:0% +blobs right and uh uh this is a uh when +uh L equals + + align:start position:0% +uh L equals + + + align:start position:0% +uh L equals +zero it's a spherical when L equals z m + + align:start position:0% +zero it's a spherical when L equals z m + + + align:start position:0% +zero it's a spherical when L equals z m +has to be zero right n + + align:start position:0% +has to be zero right n + + + align:start position:0% +has to be zero right n +z0 that's the only so and then plus spin + + align:start position:0% +z0 that's the only so and then plus spin + + + align:start position:0% +z0 that's the only so and then plus spin +you have two states right speak s if if + + align:start position:0% +you have two states right speak s if if + + + align:start position:0% +you have two states right speak s if if +I think about + + align:start position:0% +I think about + + + align:start position:0% +I think about +electron going into anyal 1 then Nal 1 + + align:start position:0% +electron going into anyal 1 then Nal 1 + + + align:start position:0% +electron going into anyal 1 then Nal 1 +can have two Quantum State s = plusus 12 + + align:start position:0% +can have two Quantum State s = plusus 12 + + + align:start position:0% +can have two Quantum State s = plusus 12 +that it hasn't + + align:start position:0% +that it hasn't + + + align:start position:0% +that it hasn't +considered right so uh uh this could be + + align:start position:0% +considered right so uh uh this could be + + + align:start position:0% +considered right so uh uh this could be +two spin two states Nal 1 Nal + + align:start position:0% +two spin two states Nal 1 Nal + + + align:start position:0% +two spin two states Nal 1 Nal +2 is uh I say if I add spin is 2 n² so + + align:start position:0% +2 is uh I say if I add spin is 2 n² so + + + align:start position:0% +2 is uh I say if I add spin is 2 n² so +equals 8 right Nal 2 so each of this + + align:start position:0% +equals 8 right Nal 2 so each of this + + + align:start position:0% +equals 8 right Nal 2 so each of this +wave function sphere that's a Lal Z Now + + align:start position:0% +wave function sphere that's a Lal Z Now + + + align:start position:0% +wave function sphere that's a Lal Z Now +Lal 1 that's p orbital that's the atomic + + align:start position:0% +Lal 1 that's p orbital that's the atomic + + + align:start position:0% +Lal 1 that's p orbital that's the atomic +orbital p + + align:start position:0% +orbital p + + + align:start position:0% +orbital p +orbital and uh when Nal three I have p + + align:start position:0% +orbital and uh when Nal three I have p + + + align:start position:0% +orbital and uh when Nal three I have p +orbital + + align:start position:0% +orbital + + + align:start position:0% +orbital +here and in s is say and 3 z0 + + align:start position:0% +here and in s is say and 3 z0 + + + align:start position:0% +here and in s is say and 3 z0 +that's a s orbital a + + align:start position:0% +that's a s orbital a + + + align:start position:0% +that's a s orbital a +spheric okay p orbital and then I have D + + align:start position:0% +spheric okay p orbital and then I have D + + + align:start position:0% +spheric okay p orbital and then I have D +orbital D orbital you can say it has a + + align:start position:0% +orbital D orbital you can say it has a + + + align:start position:0% +orbital D orbital you can say it has a +five wave + + align:start position:0% +five wave + + + align:start position:0% +five wave +functions 5 * + + align:start position:0% +functions 5 * + + + align:start position:0% +functions 5 * +2 is a 10 right so there are + + align:start position:0% +2 is a 10 right so there are + + + align:start position:0% +2 is a 10 right so there are +10 uh possible Quantum + + align:start position:0% +10 uh possible Quantum + + + align:start position:0% +10 uh possible Quantum +States for the D + + align:start position:0% +States for the D + + + align:start position:0% +States for the D +orbital and uh uh + + align:start position:0% +orbital and uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +orbital and uh uh +six here two here so what the what what + + align:start position:0% +six here two here so what the what what + + + align:start position:0% +six here two here so what the what what +this bring you to this brings you to the + + align:start position:0% +this bring you to this brings you to the + + + align:start position:0% +this bring you to this brings you to the +periodic table now let's look at + + align:start position:0% +periodic table now let's look at + + + align:start position:0% +periodic table now let's look at +periodic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +table right you come to my office you + + align:start position:0% +table right you come to my office you + + + align:start position:0% +table right you come to my office you +should come to my office I look at that + + align:start position:0% +should come to my office I look at that + + + align:start position:0% +should come to my office I look at that +every day and most of the time we feel + + align:start position:0% +every day and most of the time we feel + + + align:start position:0% +every day and most of the time we feel +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +should be more atoms there can't find it + + align:start position:0% +should be more atoms there can't find it + + + align:start position:0% +should be more atoms there can't find it +right so start from uh + + align:start position:0% +right so start from uh + + + align:start position:0% +right so start from uh +hydrogen right one Nal + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen right one Nal + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen right one Nal +one helium Nal one there are two spin up + + align:start position:0% +one helium Nal one there are two spin up + + + align:start position:0% +one helium Nal one there are two spin up +spin down okay so now let's look at the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fing right so n + + align:start position:0% +fing right so n + + + align:start position:0% +fing right so n +one I have hydrogen will be spin up will + + align:start position:0% +one I have hydrogen will be spin up will + + + align:start position:0% +one I have hydrogen will be spin up will +spin down n 2 is helium now the Le + + align:start position:0% +spin down n 2 is helium now the Le + + + align:start position:0% +spin down n 2 is helium now the Le +n is + + align:start position:0% +n is + + + align:start position:0% +n is +13.6 / 4 so it's higher a few electron + + align:start position:0% +13.6 / 4 so it's higher a few electron + + + align:start position:0% +13.6 / 4 so it's higher a few electron +volts higher right so now I have lithium + + align:start position:0% +volts higher right so now I have lithium + + + align:start position:0% +volts higher right so now I have lithium +electron inas two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now right bar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ium so now 2 + + align:start position:0% +ium so now 2 + + + align:start position:0% +ium so now 2 +N uh uh say s equs s s orbital field + + align:start position:0% +N uh uh say s equs s s orbital field + + + align:start position:0% +N uh uh say s equs s s orbital field +right and now I go to boron carbon so I + + align:start position:0% +right and now I go to boron carbon so I + + + align:start position:0% +right and now I go to boron carbon so I +have Boron common the P + + align:start position:0% +have Boron common the P + + + align:start position:0% +have Boron common the P +orbitals three p + + align:start position:0% +orbitals three p + + + align:start position:0% +orbitals three p +orbitals so I can hold the six more + + align:start position:0% +orbitals so I can hold the six more + + + align:start position:0% +orbitals so I can hold the six more +atoms so now you go to here go to heum + + align:start position:0% +atoms so now you go to here go to heum + + + align:start position:0% +atoms so now you go to here go to heum +so between why why uh say uh uh between + + align:start position:0% +so between why why uh say uh uh between + + + align:start position:0% +so between why why uh say uh uh between +neon why helium is so + + align:start position:0% +neon why helium is so + + + align:start position:0% +neon why helium is so +stable because between here and here is + + align:start position:0% +stable because between here and here is + + + align:start position:0% +stable because between here and here is +few electron + + align:start position:0% +few electron + + + align:start position:0% +few electron +volts right that's a large energy + + align:start position:0% +volts right that's a large energy + + + align:start position:0% +volts right that's a large energy +remember KT is 26 M electron volts + + align:start position:0% +remember KT is 26 M electron volts + + + align:start position:0% +remember KT is 26 M electron volts +mil right so it it's not active because + + align:start position:0% +mil right so it it's not active because + + + align:start position:0% +mil right so it it's not active because +it takes a lot of energy for the charge + + align:start position:0% +it takes a lot of energy for the charge + + + align:start position:0% +it takes a lot of energy for the charge +to go to the next level it's a fully + + align:start position:0% +to go to the next level it's a fully + + + align:start position:0% +to go to the next level it's a fully +taken + + align:start position:0% +taken + + + align:start position:0% +taken +there okay so you continue so angle + + align:start position:0% +there okay so you continue so angle + + + align:start position:0% +there okay so you continue so angle +three angle three I should have a uh say + + align:start position:0% +three angle three I should have a uh say + + + align:start position:0% +three angle three I should have a uh say +I have angle three I have P I should + + align:start position:0% +I have angle three I have P I should + + + align:start position:0% +I have angle three I have P I should +have d + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right but things start to change because + + align:start position:0% +right but things start to change because + + + align:start position:0% +right but things start to change because +rather than D rather than if you do + + align:start position:0% +rather than D rather than if you do + + + align:start position:0% +rather than D rather than if you do +potassium rather than going + + align:start position:0% +potassium rather than going + + + align:start position:0% +potassium rather than going +here it started with the the last one + + align:start position:0% +here it started with the the last one + + + align:start position:0% +here it started with the the last one +the increas + + align:start position:0% +the increas + + + align:start position:0% +the increas +four what happens is say uh well the + + align:start position:0% +four what happens is say uh well the + + + align:start position:0% +four what happens is say uh well the +solution I gave is one charge one + + align:start position:0% +solution I gave is one charge one + + + align:start position:0% +solution I gave is one charge one +nuclear one charge right and when you + + align:start position:0% +nuclear one charge right and when you + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear one charge right and when you +have a lot of electron they will + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of electron they will + + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of electron they will +interact that potential will + + align:start position:0% +interact that potential will + + + align:start position:0% +interact that potential will +change so the solution will split they + + align:start position:0% +change so the solution will split they + + + align:start position:0% +change so the solution will split they +are not exactly they are not going + + align:start position:0% +are not exactly they are not going + + + align:start position:0% +are not exactly they are not going +exactly to be equal to each other there + + align:start position:0% +exactly to be equal to each other there + + + align:start position:0% +exactly to be equal to each other there +are small difference between those P and + + align:start position:0% +are small difference between those P and + + + align:start position:0% +are small difference between those P and +D levels and in fact that they uh uh it + + align:start position:0% +D levels and in fact that they uh uh it + + + align:start position:0% +D levels and in fact that they uh uh it +turns out the + + align:start position:0% +turns out the + + + align:start position:0% +turns out the +3D which + + align:start position:0% +3D which + + + align:start position:0% +3D which +here this is + + align:start position:0% +here this is + + + align:start position:0% +here this is +3D is less uh say energy than uh uh say + + align:start position:0% +3D is less uh say energy than uh uh say + + + align:start position:0% +3D is less uh say energy than uh uh say +say the higher energy than uh four n s + + align:start position:0% +say the higher energy than uh four n s + + + align:start position:0% +say the higher energy than uh four n s +orbitals so the charge always goes to + + align:start position:0% +orbitals so the charge always goes to + + + align:start position:0% +orbitals so the charge always goes to +lowest orbital + + align:start position:0% +lowest orbital + + + align:start position:0% +lowest orbital +first right and uh uh so that's the this + + align:start position:0% +first right and uh uh so that's the this + + + align:start position:0% +first right and uh uh so that's the this +is those transitional Metals those are + + align:start position:0% +is those transitional Metals those are + + + align:start position:0% +is those transitional Metals those are +the transitional metal + + align:start position:0% +the transitional metal + + + align:start position:0% +the transitional metal +are the uh D orbital and once you go + + align:start position:0% +are the uh D orbital and once you go + + + align:start position:0% +are the uh D orbital and once you go +through here the F orbital comes + + align:start position:0% +through here the F orbital comes + + + align:start position:0% +through here the F orbital comes +in okay very complicated once you go all + + align:start position:0% +in okay very complicated once you go all + + + align:start position:0% +in okay very complicated once you go all +those uh say wave function complic wave + + align:start position:0% +those uh say wave function complic wave + + + align:start position:0% +those uh say wave function complic wave +functions if you do catalysis that this + + align:start position:0% +functions if you do catalysis that this + + + align:start position:0% +functions if you do catalysis that this +is a let say some electrics people look + + align:start position:0% +is a let say some electrics people look + + + align:start position:0% +is a let say some electrics people look +into this all the + + align:start position:0% +into this all the + + + align:start position:0% +into this all the +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +okay so uh we'll stop here and pretty + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh we'll stop here and pretty + + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh we'll stop here and pretty +much is this true lecture I went through + + align:start position:0% +much is this true lecture I went through + + + align:start position:0% +much is this true lecture I went through +the quantum mechanics \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/bFGiQEEvh18.txt b/bFGiQEEvh18.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..192a63f233af29759a1c5c84f64f88d8c3207a3c --- /dev/null +++ b/bFGiQEEvh18.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8491 @@ +align:start position:0% + +good afternoon and welcome to physics 8 + + align:start position:0% +good afternoon and welcome to physics 8 + + + align:start position:0% +good afternoon and welcome to physics 8 +to 24 exploring black holes + + align:start position:0% +to 24 exploring black holes + + + align:start position:0% +to 24 exploring black holes +I'm Professor ed Bertschinger and I'll + + align:start position:0% +I'm Professor ed Bertschinger and I'll + + + align:start position:0% +I'm Professor ed Bertschinger and I'll +be teaching this along with dr. Edwin + + align:start position:0% +be teaching this along with dr. Edwin + + + align:start position:0% +be teaching this along with dr. Edwin +Taylor and our teaching assistant is on + + align:start position:0% +Taylor and our teaching assistant is on + + + align:start position:0% +Taylor and our teaching assistant is on +c4corey seated in the back this is an + + align:start position:0% +c4corey seated in the back this is an + + + align:start position:0% +c4corey seated in the back this is an +unusual class in a number of respects + + align:start position:0% +unusual class in a number of respects + + + align:start position:0% +unusual class in a number of respects +that we'll be discussing at the + + align:start position:0% +that we'll be discussing at the + + + align:start position:0% +that we'll be discussing at the +beginning here but the first thing is + + align:start position:0% +beginning here but the first thing is + + + align:start position:0% +beginning here but the first thing is +I'd like to let you know that this 1 and + + align:start position:0% +I'd like to let you know that this 1 and + + + align:start position:0% +I'd like to let you know that this 1 and +a half hour recitation is being + + align:start position:0% +a half hour recitation is being + + + align:start position:0% +a half hour recitation is being +videotaped for the benefit of MIT alumni + + align:start position:0% +videotaped for the benefit of MIT alumni + + + align:start position:0% +videotaped for the benefit of MIT alumni +who are watching the class and will be + + align:start position:0% +who are watching the class and will be + + + align:start position:0% +who are watching the class and will be +participating in the class from a + + align:start position:0% +participating in the class from a + + + align:start position:0% +participating in the class from a +distance so welcome alumni let me start + + align:start position:0% +distance so welcome alumni let me start + + + align:start position:0% +distance so welcome alumni let me start +with a little bit of the structure of + + align:start position:0% +with a little bit of the structure of + + + align:start position:0% +with a little bit of the structure of +the class we have a weekly recitation + + align:start position:0% +the class we have a weekly recitation + + + align:start position:0% +the class we have a weekly recitation +section that we'll meet at this time + + align:start position:0% +section that we'll meet at this time + + + align:start position:0% +section that we'll meet at this time +usually not in this room our normal + + align:start position:0% +usually not in this room our normal + + + align:start position:0% +usually not in this room our normal +meeting place is in building 1 however + + align:start position:0% +meeting place is in building 1 however + + + align:start position:0% +meeting place is in building 1 however +this room gives us the capability for + + align:start position:0% +this room gives us the capability for + + + align:start position:0% +this room gives us the capability for +videotaping and having special video + + align:start position:0% +videotaping and having special video + + + align:start position:0% +videotaping and having special video +displays that's why we're meeting here + + align:start position:0% +displays that's why we're meeting here + + + align:start position:0% +displays that's why we're meeting here +for the for the first classroom meeting + + align:start position:0% +for the for the first classroom meeting + + + align:start position:0% +for the for the first classroom meeting +we also have an evening seminar that + + align:start position:0% +we also have an evening seminar that + + + align:start position:0% +we also have an evening seminar that +meets Monday evenings from 7 to 8:30 + + align:start position:0% +meets Monday evenings from 7 to 8:30 + + + align:start position:0% +meets Monday evenings from 7 to 8:30 +this seminar doesn't replace or is not a + + align:start position:0% +this seminar doesn't replace or is not a + + + align:start position:0% +this seminar doesn't replace or is not a +direct substitute for the traditional + + align:start position:0% +direct substitute for the traditional + + + align:start position:0% +direct substitute for the traditional +MIT lecture instead it's a kind of an + + align:start position:0% +MIT lecture instead it's a kind of an + + + align:start position:0% +MIT lecture instead it's a kind of an +undergraduate seminar almost like an + + align:start position:0% +undergraduate seminar almost like an + + + align:start position:0% +undergraduate seminar almost like an +undergraduate colloquium where experts + + align:start position:0% +undergraduate colloquium where experts + + + align:start position:0% +undergraduate colloquium where experts +working on black holes and astrophysics + + align:start position:0% +working on black holes and astrophysics + + + align:start position:0% +working on black holes and astrophysics +come and speak about the research work + + align:start position:0% +come and speak about the research work + + + align:start position:0% +come and speak about the research work +and discoveries that they're making + + align:start position:0% +and discoveries that they're making + + + align:start position:0% +and discoveries that they're making +allowing you to see how the classroom + + align:start position:0% +allowing you to see how the classroom + + + align:start position:0% +allowing you to see how the classroom +studies that we have are being + + align:start position:0% +studies that we have are being + + + align:start position:0% +studies that we have are being +translated into and transformed by these + + align:start position:0% +translated into and transformed by these + + + align:start position:0% +translated into and transformed by these +exciting discoveries let me give a + + align:start position:0% +exciting discoveries let me give a + + + align:start position:0% +exciting discoveries let me give a +little more of an introduction based on + + align:start position:0% +little more of an introduction based on + + + align:start position:0% +little more of an introduction based on +our past website this is a web-based + + align:start position:0% +our past website this is a web-based + + + align:start position:0% +our past website this is a web-based +class although not entirely but we make + + align:start position:0% +class although not entirely but we make + + + align:start position:0% +class although not entirely but we make +extensive use of the web we expect you + + align:start position:0% +extensive use of the web we expect you + + + align:start position:0% +extensive use of the web we expect you +to have access to the websites and in + + align:start position:0% +to have access to the websites and in + + + align:start position:0% +to have access to the websites and in +fact if you go to the MIT websites + + align:start position:0% +fact if you go to the MIT websites + + + align:start position:0% +fact if you go to the MIT websites +registration page + + align:start position:0% +registration page + + + align:start position:0% +registration page +and look at the online subject listing + + align:start position:0% +and look at the online subject listing + + + align:start position:0% +and look at the online subject listing +online course catalog for the MIT + + align:start position:0% +online course catalog for the MIT + + + align:start position:0% +online course catalog for the MIT +subjects you'll find a link to the + + align:start position:0% +subjects you'll find a link to the + + + align:start position:0% +subjects you'll find a link to the +webpage for this class the one I'm + + align:start position:0% +webpage for this class the one I'm + + + align:start position:0% +webpage for this class the one I'm +displaying now is actually last year's + + align:start position:0% +displaying now is actually last year's + + + align:start position:0% +displaying now is actually last year's +webpage but you see that there is a + + align:start position:0% +webpage but you see that there is a + + + align:start position:0% +webpage but you see that there is a +little pointer here which says that the + + align:start position:0% +little pointer here which says that the + + + align:start position:0% +little pointer here which says that the +class has moved so when you go to the + + align:start position:0% +class has moved so when you go to the + + + align:start position:0% +class has moved so when you go to the +MIT website for the class you'll get a + + align:start position:0% +MIT website for the class you'll get a + + + align:start position:0% +MIT website for the class you'll get a +little dialog box like this and this is + + align:start position:0% +little dialog box like this and this is + + + align:start position:0% +little dialog box like this and this is +a certificates box you may have + + align:start position:0% +a certificates box you may have + + + align:start position:0% +a certificates box you may have +certificates enabled in your web browser + + align:start position:0% +certificates enabled in your web browser + + + align:start position:0% +certificates enabled in your web browser +you might not but you can learn how to + + align:start position:0% +you might not but you can learn how to + + + align:start position:0% +you might not but you can learn how to +do that when you go to the stellar to + + align:start position:0% +do that when you go to the stellar to + + + align:start position:0% +do that when you go to the stellar to +the web page so I'm going to enter my + + align:start position:0% +the web page so I'm going to enter my + + + align:start position:0% +the web page so I'm going to enter my +password didn't enter it right I guess + + align:start position:0% +password didn't enter it right I guess + + + align:start position:0% +password didn't enter it right I guess +try that again and good and I will click + + align:start position:0% +try that again and good and I will click + + + align:start position:0% +try that again and good and I will click +on the student view and so we'll see the + + align:start position:0% +on the student view and so we'll see the + + + align:start position:0% +on the student view and so we'll see the +website as you would be seeing it when + + align:start position:0% +website as you would be seeing it when + + + align:start position:0% +website as you would be seeing it when +you enter through this system eventually + + align:start position:0% +you enter through this system eventually + + + align:start position:0% +you enter through this system eventually +this website is part of MIT s online + + align:start position:0% +this website is part of MIT s online + + + align:start position:0% +this website is part of MIT s online +classroom a technology called stellar + + align:start position:0% +classroom a technology called stellar + + + align:start position:0% +classroom a technology called stellar +this is a project of MIT information + + align:start position:0% +this is a project of MIT information + + + align:start position:0% +this is a project of MIT information +systems it provides hosting for class + + align:start position:0% +systems it provides hosting for class + + + align:start position:0% +systems it provides hosting for class +webpages discussion boards and a lot of + + align:start position:0% +webpages discussion boards and a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +webpages discussion boards and a lot of +other features that that you'll be + + align:start position:0% +other features that that you'll be + + + align:start position:0% +other features that that you'll be +learning about as you take take our + + align:start position:0% +learning about as you take take our + + + align:start position:0% +learning about as you take take our +class and one of the first things you + + align:start position:0% +class and one of the first things you + + + align:start position:0% +class and one of the first things you +ought to do then in taking this class is + + align:start position:0% +ought to do then in taking this class is + + + align:start position:0% +ought to do then in taking this class is +to go to stellar find this website and + + align:start position:0% +to go to stellar find this website and + + + align:start position:0% +to go to stellar find this website and +try logging on + + align:start position:0% +try logging on + + + align:start position:0% +try logging on +if you've pre registered for the class + + align:start position:0% +if you've pre registered for the class + + + align:start position:0% +if you've pre registered for the class +as an MIT student then we have you + + align:start position:0% +as an MIT student then we have you + + + align:start position:0% +as an MIT student then we have you +already entered into the database so + + align:start position:0% +already entered into the database so + + + align:start position:0% +already entered into the database so +that you can access not only the public + + align:start position:0% +that you can access not only the public + + + align:start position:0% +that you can access not only the public +parts of our web page but also the + + align:start position:0% +parts of our web page but also the + + + align:start position:0% +parts of our web page but also the +discussion boards containing internal + + align:start position:0% +discussion boards containing internal + + + align:start position:0% +discussion boards containing internal +discussions question-and-answer with you + + align:start position:0% +discussions question-and-answer with you + + + align:start position:0% +discussions question-and-answer with you +with the Alumni with with the course + + align:start position:0% +with the Alumni with with the course + + + align:start position:0% +with the Alumni with with the course +staff if you haven't registered for the + + align:start position:0% +staff if you haven't registered for the + + + align:start position:0% +staff if you haven't registered for the +class and we don't know that you're + + align:start position:0% +class and we don't know that you're + + + align:start position:0% +class and we don't know that you're +taking it then please send me or dr. + + align:start position:0% +taking it then please send me or dr. + + + align:start position:0% +taking it then please send me or dr. +Taylor an email so that we + + align:start position:0% +Taylor an email so that we + + + align:start position:0% +Taylor an email so that we +can add you to a list of students in the + + align:start position:0% +can add you to a list of students in the + + + align:start position:0% +can add you to a list of students in the +class the alumni at now let me say say a + + align:start position:0% +class the alumni at now let me say say a + + + align:start position:0% +class the alumni at now let me say say a +few words about the alumni participation + + align:start position:0% +few words about the alumni participation + + + align:start position:0% +few words about the alumni participation +we first taught this class a year and a + + align:start position:0% +we first taught this class a year and a + + + align:start position:0% +we first taught this class a year and a +half ago in the fall of 2001 as a kind + + align:start position:0% +half ago in the fall of 2001 as a kind + + + align:start position:0% +half ago in the fall of 2001 as a kind +of an educational experiment with + + align:start position:0% +of an educational experiment with + + + align:start position:0% +of an educational experiment with +support from the d'arbeloff fund for + + align:start position:0% +support from the d'arbeloff fund for + + + align:start position:0% +support from the d'arbeloff fund for +excellence in education at MIT the + + align:start position:0% +excellence in education at MIT the + + + align:start position:0% +excellence in education at MIT the +d'arbeloff fund supports innovative + + align:start position:0% +d'arbeloff fund supports innovative + + + align:start position:0% +d'arbeloff fund supports innovative +teaching methods so we were one of the + + align:start position:0% +teaching methods so we were one of the + + + align:start position:0% +teaching methods so we were one of the +courses that receive support and part of + + align:start position:0% +courses that receive support and part of + + + align:start position:0% +courses that receive support and part of +our innovation was to involve alumni + + align:start position:0% +our innovation was to involve alumni + + + align:start position:0% +our innovation was to involve alumni +taking the course at a distance this + + align:start position:0% +taking the course at a distance this + + + align:start position:0% +taking the course at a distance this +year we're again including alumni but + + align:start position:0% +year we're again including alumni but + + + align:start position:0% +year we're again including alumni but +the exact role that the alumni play and + + align:start position:0% +the exact role that the alumni play and + + + align:start position:0% +the exact role that the alumni play and +indeed that that you have in the course + + align:start position:0% +indeed that that you have in the course + + + align:start position:0% +indeed that that you have in the course +is changed from last year not all of + + align:start position:0% +is changed from last year not all of + + + align:start position:0% +is changed from last year not all of +those changes are reflected in the + + align:start position:0% +those changes are reflected in the + + + align:start position:0% +those changes are reflected in the +online course catalog description for + + align:start position:0% +online course catalog description for + + + align:start position:0% +online course catalog description for +example if you go to websites and read + + align:start position:0% +example if you go to websites and read + + + align:start position:0% +example if you go to websites and read +about this class you'll find it says + + align:start position:0% +about this class you'll find it says + + + align:start position:0% +about this class you'll find it says +that homework is to be submitted + + align:start position:0% +that homework is to be submitted + + + align:start position:0% +that homework is to be submitted +electronically actually that's not the + + align:start position:0% +electronically actually that's not the + + + align:start position:0% +electronically actually that's not the +case now you're perfectly welcome to + + align:start position:0% +case now you're perfectly welcome to + + + align:start position:0% +case now you're perfectly welcome to +submit handwritten homework and we will + + align:start position:0% +submit handwritten homework and we will + + + align:start position:0% +submit handwritten homework and we will +have traditional problem sets in this + + align:start position:0% +have traditional problem sets in this + + + align:start position:0% +have traditional problem sets in this +class and there are other changes that + + align:start position:0% +class and there are other changes that + + + align:start position:0% +class and there are other changes that +you'll hear about as we as we go through + + align:start position:0% +you'll hear about as we as we go through + + + align:start position:0% +you'll hear about as we as we go through +this discussion at this time I think + + align:start position:0% +this discussion at this time I think + + + align:start position:0% +this discussion at this time I think +I'll pass it over to dr. Taylor to talk + + align:start position:0% +I'll pass it over to dr. Taylor to talk + + + align:start position:0% +I'll pass it over to dr. Taylor to talk +more about what's listed at the website + + align:start position:0% +more about what's listed at the website + + + align:start position:0% +more about what's listed at the website +and the structure of the course + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thank you I'd like to talk a bit about + + align:start position:0% +thank you I'd like to talk a bit about + + + align:start position:0% +thank you I'd like to talk a bit about +the textbooks that we're going to use + + align:start position:0% +the textbooks that we're going to use + + + align:start position:0% +the textbooks that we're going to use +there's two one is called black hole + + align:start position:0% +there's two one is called black hole + + + align:start position:0% +there's two one is called black hole +black introduction to black exploring + + align:start position:0% +black introduction to black exploring + + + align:start position:0% +black introduction to black exploring +black holes introduction to general + + align:start position:0% +black holes introduction to general + + + align:start position:0% +black holes introduction to general +relativity that I wrote with one of the + + align:start position:0% +relativity that I wrote with one of the + + + align:start position:0% +relativity that I wrote with one of the +grand old men of general relativity + + align:start position:0% +grand old men of general relativity + + + align:start position:0% +grand old men of general relativity +named John Wheeler this is a book which + + align:start position:0% +named John Wheeler this is a book which + + + align:start position:0% +named John Wheeler this is a book which +can you give me this here unfortunately + + align:start position:0% +can you give me this here unfortunately + + + align:start position:0% +can you give me this here unfortunately +this doesn't reproduce the small type + + align:start position:0% +this doesn't reproduce the small type + + + align:start position:0% +this doesn't reproduce the small type +here but on the back of this book it + + align:start position:0% +here but on the back of this book it + + + align:start position:0% +here but on the back of this book it +explains what what the book does and + + align:start position:0% +explains what what the book does and + + + align:start position:0% +explains what what the book does and +what it doesn't do the governing + + align:start position:0% +what it doesn't do the governing + + + align:start position:0% +what it doesn't do the governing +equations in general relativity are + + align:start position:0% +equations in general relativity are + + + align:start position:0% +equations in general relativity are +Einsteins field equations and they deal + + align:start position:0% +Einsteins field equations and they deal + + + align:start position:0% +Einsteins field equations and they deal +with what the book talks about but also + + align:start position:0% +with what the book talks about but also + + + align:start position:0% +with what the book talks about but also +the formation of galaxies Suns neutron + + align:start position:0% +the formation of galaxies Suns neutron + + + align:start position:0% +the formation of galaxies Suns neutron +stars and black holes also gravitational + + align:start position:0% +stars and black holes also gravitational + + + align:start position:0% +stars and black holes also gravitational +waves and cosmology but what we do is to + + align:start position:0% +waves and cosmology but what we do is to + + + align:start position:0% +waves and cosmology but what we do is to +talk about stationary structures it can + + align:start position:0% +talk about stationary structures it can + + + align:start position:0% +talk about stationary structures it can +be a black hole it can be the Sun it can + + align:start position:0% +be a black hole it can be the Sun it can + + + align:start position:0% +be a black hole it can be the Sun it can +be the earth it can be a spinning black + + align:start position:0% +be the earth it can be a spinning black + + + align:start position:0% +be the earth it can be a spinning black +hole but they are structures that don't + + align:start position:0% +hole but they are structures that don't + + + align:start position:0% +hole but they are structures that don't +change with time and for such structures + + align:start position:0% +change with time and for such structures + + + align:start position:0% +change with time and for such structures +the field equations allow you to derive + + align:start position:0% +the field equations allow you to derive + + + align:start position:0% +the field equations allow you to derive +what are called a metric and we use two + + align:start position:0% +what are called a metric and we use two + + + align:start position:0% +what are called a metric and we use two +things in this class the metric and + + align:start position:0% +things in this class the metric and + + + align:start position:0% +things in this class the metric and +what's called the principle of maximal + + align:start position:0% +what's called the principle of maximal + + + align:start position:0% +what's called the principle of maximal +aging those two things are the two big + + align:start position:0% +aging those two things are the two big + + + align:start position:0% +aging those two things are the two big +ideas in this class but because we start + + align:start position:0% +ideas in this class but because we start + + + align:start position:0% +ideas in this class but because we start +with a metric you don't have to have + + align:start position:0% +with a metric you don't have to have + + + align:start position:0% +with a metric you don't have to have +tensors you don't have to have + + align:start position:0% +tensors you don't have to have + + + align:start position:0% +tensors you don't have to have +differential forms and unfortunately we + + align:start position:0% +differential forms and unfortunately we + + + align:start position:0% +differential forms and unfortunately we +don't talk much about the field + + align:start position:0% +don't talk much about the field + + + align:start position:0% +don't talk much about the field +equations the way the book is organized + + align:start position:0% +equations the way the book is organized + + + align:start position:0% +equations the way the book is organized +is again I apologize for the fuzziness + + align:start position:0% +is again I apologize for the fuzziness + + + align:start position:0% +is again I apologize for the fuzziness +there are five chapters the first + + align:start position:0% +there are five chapters the first + + + align:start position:0% +there are five chapters the first +chapter is called speeding it's about + + align:start position:0% +chapter is called speeding it's about + + + align:start position:0% +chapter is called speeding it's about +special relativity the next one about + + align:start position:0% +special relativity the next one about + + + align:start position:0% +special relativity the next one about +curving which talks about the curvature + + align:start position:0% +curving which talks about the curvature + + + align:start position:0% +curving which talks about the curvature +of space-time plunging talks about + + align:start position:0% +of space-time plunging talks about + + + align:start position:0% +of space-time plunging talks about +falling directly into a spherically + + align:start position:0% +falling directly into a spherically + + + align:start position:0% +falling directly into a spherically +symmetric structure such as a black hole + + align:start position:0% +symmetric structure such as a black hole + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric structure such as a black hole +one is orbiting which is orbits around + + align:start position:0% +one is orbiting which is orbits around + + + align:start position:0% +one is orbiting which is orbits around +such a structure and one is how light + + align:start position:0% +such a structure and one is how light + + + align:start position:0% +such a structure and one is how light +moves in that kind of curved space-time + + align:start position:0% +moves in that kind of curved space-time + + + align:start position:0% +moves in that kind of curved space-time +then around it our what are called + + align:start position:0% +then around it our what are called + + + align:start position:0% +then around it our what are called +projects and what + + align:start position:0% +projects and what + + + align:start position:0% +projects and what +going to happen is many of these will be + + align:start position:0% +going to happen is many of these will be + + + align:start position:0% +going to happen is many of these will be +opportunities for you at the end of the + + align:start position:0% +opportunities for you at the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +opportunities for you at the end of the +class to do a much more thorough job + + align:start position:0% +class to do a much more thorough job + + + align:start position:0% +class to do a much more thorough job +than is presented in this book we're + + align:start position:0% +than is presented in this book we're + + + align:start position:0% +than is presented in this book we're +going to do two projects as part of the + + align:start position:0% +going to do two projects as part of the + + + align:start position:0% +going to do two projects as part of the +class itself this will be one one per + + align:start position:0% +class itself this will be one one per + + + align:start position:0% +class itself this will be one one per +week and an early one includes the + + align:start position:0% +week and an early one includes the + + + align:start position:0% +week and an early one includes the +global positioning system which allows + + align:start position:0% +global positioning system which allows + + + align:start position:0% +global positioning system which allows +you to orient yourself anywhere on earth + + align:start position:0% +you to orient yourself anywhere on earth + + + align:start position:0% +you to orient yourself anywhere on earth +within a few meters and is absolutely + + align:start position:0% +within a few meters and is absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +within a few meters and is absolutely +useless without general relativity + + align:start position:0% +useless without general relativity + + + align:start position:0% +useless without general relativity +there's also one this is called the + + align:start position:0% +there's also one this is called the + + + align:start position:0% +there's also one this is called the +Friedman universe but we're going to + + align:start position:0% +Friedman universe but we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +Friedman universe but we're going to +have one of the weeks we'll talk about + + align:start position:0% +have one of the weeks we'll talk about + + + align:start position:0% +have one of the weeks we'll talk about +cosmology there'll be a project that's a + + align:start position:0% +cosmology there'll be a project that's a + + + align:start position:0% +cosmology there'll be a project that's a +replacement for this so those are the + + align:start position:0% +replacement for this so those are the + + + align:start position:0% +replacement for this so those are the +that's the part of the book that that's + + align:start position:0% +that's the part of the book that that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's the part of the book that that's +the you might say the formal part we're + + align:start position:0% +the you might say the formal part we're + + + align:start position:0% +the you might say the formal part we're +also supplementing this with a book by + + align:start position:0% +also supplementing this with a book by + + + align:start position:0% +also supplementing this with a book by +Kip Thorne called black holes and time + + align:start position:0% +Kip Thorne called black holes and time + + + align:start position:0% +Kip Thorne called black holes and time +warps I'm Stan's outrageous legacy this + + align:start position:0% +warps I'm Stan's outrageous legacy this + + + align:start position:0% +warps I'm Stan's outrageous legacy this +has got a lot of physics in it Kip + + align:start position:0% +has got a lot of physics in it Kip + + + align:start position:0% +has got a lot of physics in it Kip +Thorne is also John Wheeler student and + + align:start position:0% +Thorne is also John Wheeler student and + + + align:start position:0% +Thorne is also John Wheeler student and +he's kind of the Guru for the LIGO + + align:start position:0% +he's kind of the Guru for the LIGO + + + align:start position:0% +he's kind of the Guru for the LIGO +project the gravitational wave project + + align:start position:0% +project the gravitational wave project + + + align:start position:0% +project the gravitational wave project +that's just getting underway he's a real + + align:start position:0% +that's just getting underway he's a real + + + align:start position:0% +that's just getting underway he's a real +general relevancy writes beautifully and + + align:start position:0% +general relevancy writes beautifully and + + + align:start position:0% +general relevancy writes beautifully and +this is in part a story about the people + + align:start position:0% +this is in part a story about the people + + + align:start position:0% +this is in part a story about the people +John Wheeler himself Einstein and so + + align:start position:0% +John Wheeler himself Einstein and so + + + align:start position:0% +John Wheeler himself Einstein and so +forth so you get the human story in this + + align:start position:0% +forth so you get the human story in this + + + align:start position:0% +forth so you get the human story in this +as well as a popularized presentation of + + align:start position:0% +as well as a popularized presentation of + + + align:start position:0% +as well as a popularized presentation of +general relativity but it supplements to + + align:start position:0% +general relativity but it supplements to + + + align:start position:0% +general relativity but it supplements to +my mind perfectly this other treatment + + align:start position:0% +my mind perfectly this other treatment + + + align:start position:0% +my mind perfectly this other treatment +which isn't historical it just goes + + align:start position:0% +which isn't historical it just goes + + + align:start position:0% +which isn't historical it just goes +through the techniques and the story of + + align:start position:0% +through the techniques and the story of + + + align:start position:0% +through the techniques and the story of +general relativity itself well do you + + align:start position:0% +general relativity itself well do you + + + align:start position:0% +general relativity itself well do you +want me to talk about some of the later + + align:start position:0% +want me to talk about some of the later + + + align:start position:0% +want me to talk about some of the later +things on this list like because we have + + align:start position:0% +things on this list like because we have + + + align:start position:0% +things on this list like because we have +a public website we have to be careful + + align:start position:0% +a public website we have to be careful + + + align:start position:0% +a public website we have to be careful +about privacy and we want you to have a + + align:start position:0% +about privacy and we want you to have a + + + align:start position:0% +about privacy and we want you to have a +thorough understanding and on the + + align:start position:0% +thorough understanding and on the + + + align:start position:0% +thorough understanding and on the +website is a fuller documentation of + + align:start position:0% +website is a fuller documentation of + + + align:start position:0% +website is a fuller documentation of +what's going to happen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +first of all most parts of the website + + align:start position:0% +first of all most parts of the website + + + align:start position:0% +first of all most parts of the website +is available to everybody in the world + + align:start position:0% +is available to everybody in the world + + + align:start position:0% +is available to everybody in the world +they have to log on as guests and + + align:start position:0% +they have to log on as guests and + + + align:start position:0% +they have to log on as guests and +there's various horsing around + + align:start position:0% +there's various horsing around + + + align:start position:0% +there's various horsing around +there that's available however portions + + align:start position:0% +there that's available however portions + + + align:start position:0% +there that's available however portions +of it are available to you but not to + + align:start position:0% +of it are available to you but not to + + + align:start position:0% +of it are available to you but not to +anybody else the discussion board for + + align:start position:0% +anybody else the discussion board for + + + align:start position:0% +anybody else the discussion board for +example will be only available to you + + align:start position:0% +example will be only available to you + + + align:start position:0% +example will be only available to you +and the alumni who are in the class + + align:start position:0% +and the alumni who are in the class + + + align:start position:0% +and the alumni who are in the class +we're going your first assignment is to + + align:start position:0% +we're going your first assignment is to + + + align:start position:0% +we're going your first assignment is to +write our one or two pages about the + + align:start position:0% +write our one or two pages about the + + + align:start position:0% +write our one or two pages about the +description of a project that you might + + align:start position:0% +description of a project that you might + + + align:start position:0% +description of a project that you might +be interested in it does not commit you + + align:start position:0% +be interested in it does not commit you + + + align:start position:0% +be interested in it does not commit you +to do that project but gets you going + + align:start position:0% +to do that project but gets you going + + + align:start position:0% +to do that project but gets you going +and those descriptions which you submit + + align:start position:0% +and those descriptions which you submit + + + align:start position:0% +and those descriptions which you submit +will be available only to people in the + + align:start position:0% +will be available only to people in the + + + align:start position:0% +will be available only to people in the +class not outside because we want you to + + align:start position:0% +class not outside because we want you to + + + align:start position:0% +class not outside because we want you to +feel relaxed about not doing a public + + align:start position:0% +feel relaxed about not doing a public + + + align:start position:0% +feel relaxed about not doing a public +presentation at that point the class + + align:start position:0% +presentation at that point the class + + + align:start position:0% +presentation at that point the class +list is also not available to anybody + + align:start position:0% +list is also not available to anybody + + + align:start position:0% +list is also not available to anybody +but you and us there may be a private + + align:start position:0% +but you and us there may be a private + + + align:start position:0% +but you and us there may be a private +archive where we'll put the solutions to + + align:start position:0% +archive where we'll put the solutions to + + + align:start position:0% +archive where we'll put the solutions to +the homework we don't want those on the + + align:start position:0% +the homework we don't want those on the + + + align:start position:0% +the homework we don't want those on the +public website and the homework + + align:start position:0% +public website and the homework + + + align:start position:0% +public website and the homework +submission and grades and the homework + + align:start position:0% +submission and grades and the homework + + + align:start position:0% +submission and grades and the homework +solutions may go on a private archive + + align:start position:0% +solutions may go on a private archive + + + align:start position:0% +solutions may go on a private archive +then available only to us is homework + + align:start position:0% +then available only to us is homework + + + align:start position:0% +then available only to us is homework +submissions and the class grades now the + + align:start position:0% +submissions and the class grades now the + + + align:start position:0% +submissions and the class grades now the +evening seminars are being digitized and + + align:start position:0% +evening seminars are being digitized and + + + align:start position:0% +evening seminars are being digitized and +made available and anyone in the world + + align:start position:0% +made available and anyone in the world + + + align:start position:0% +made available and anyone in the world +who wants to log on can view them and if + + align:start position:0% +who wants to log on can view them and if + + + align:start position:0% +who wants to log on can view them and if +you don't want to be on the camera we'll + + align:start position:0% +you don't want to be on the camera we'll + + + align:start position:0% +you don't want to be on the camera we'll +try to keep you off it the final + + align:start position:0% +try to keep you off it the final + + + align:start position:0% +try to keep you off it the final +practice is still part of the privacy + + align:start position:0% +practice is still part of the privacy + + + align:start position:0% +practice is still part of the privacy +policy the final projects will take + + align:start position:0% +policy the final projects will take + + + align:start position:0% +policy the final projects will take +about a third of the class and you will + + align:start position:0% +about a third of the class and you will + + + align:start position:0% +about a third of the class and you will +work in a small group and that will + + align:start position:0% +work in a small group and that will + + + align:start position:0% +work in a small group and that will +include both MIT students and alumni on + + align:start position:0% +include both MIT students and alumni on + + + align:start position:0% +include both MIT students and alumni on +a project of your choice we consider + + align:start position:0% +a project of your choice we consider + + + align:start position:0% +a project of your choice we consider +this a publication so that at the end + + align:start position:0% +this a publication so that at the end + + + align:start position:0% +this a publication so that at the end +we're going to make the projects which + + align:start position:0% +we're going to make the projects which + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to make the projects which +will one part of which will be to + + align:start position:0% +will one part of which will be to + + + align:start position:0% +will one part of which will be to +produce a web page that'll be public + + align:start position:0% +produce a web page that'll be public + + + align:start position:0% +produce a web page that'll be public +every anyone can look at it and your + + align:start position:0% +every anyone can look at it and your + + + align:start position:0% +every anyone can look at it and your +name will be on it now if you want don't + + align:start position:0% +name will be on it now if you want don't + + + align:start position:0% +name will be on it now if you want don't +want your name on the project at the + + align:start position:0% +want your name on the project at the + + + align:start position:0% +want your name on the project at the +last minute you can talk to Professor + + align:start position:0% +last minute you can talk to Professor + + + align:start position:0% +last minute you can talk to Professor +birching or about it but we consider + + align:start position:0% +birching or about it but we consider + + + align:start position:0% +birching or about it but we consider +that a kind of publication that'll be + + align:start position:0% +that a kind of publication that'll be + + + align:start position:0% +that a kind of publication that'll be +available for a month after the course + + align:start position:0% +available for a month after the course + + + align:start position:0% +available for a month after the course +is over and then it will be eliminated + + align:start position:0% +is over and then it will be eliminated + + + align:start position:0% +is over and then it will be eliminated +now you may know about the + + align:start position:0% +now you may know about the + + + align:start position:0% +now you may know about the +OpenCourseWare initiative at MIT this is + + align:start position:0% +OpenCourseWare initiative at MIT this is + + + align:start position:0% +OpenCourseWare initiative at MIT this is +not directly a part of that they're + + align:start position:0% +not directly a part of that they're + + + align:start position:0% +not directly a part of that they're +actually providing a little of the + + align:start position:0% +actually providing a little of the + + + align:start position:0% +actually providing a little of the +funding + + align:start position:0% +funding + + + align:start position:0% +funding +for this digitization that we're doing + + align:start position:0% +for this digitization that we're doing + + + align:start position:0% +for this digitization that we're doing +it may be that next that after the class + + align:start position:0% +it may be that next that after the class + + + align:start position:0% +it may be that next that after the class +is over the class materials will be + + align:start position:0% +is over the class materials will be + + + align:start position:0% +is over the class materials will be +transferred to the OpenCourseWare site + + align:start position:0% +transferred to the OpenCourseWare site + + + align:start position:0% +transferred to the OpenCourseWare site +where anyone in the world can access it + + align:start position:0% +where anyone in the world can access it + + + align:start position:0% +where anyone in the world can access it +and look at it but there won't be any + + align:start position:0% +and look at it but there won't be any + + + align:start position:0% +and look at it but there won't be any +class lists no grades no discussion no + + align:start position:0% +class lists no grades no discussion no + + + align:start position:0% +class lists no grades no discussion no +homework submissions and by then the pot + + align:start position:0% +homework submissions and by then the pot + + + align:start position:0% +homework submissions and by then the pot +projects will not be public now there is + + align:start position:0% +projects will not be public now there is + + + align:start position:0% +projects will not be public now there is +as you can see on the sheet here a woman + + align:start position:0% +as you can see on the sheet here a woman + + + align:start position:0% +as you can see on the sheet here a woman +named Cindy tourbillon who is a member + + align:start position:0% +named Cindy tourbillon who is a member + + + align:start position:0% +named Cindy tourbillon who is a member +of the MIT teaching and learning lab she + + align:start position:0% +of the MIT teaching and learning lab she + + + align:start position:0% +of the MIT teaching and learning lab she +did a careful evaluation of our last + + align:start position:0% +did a careful evaluation of our last + + + align:start position:0% +did a careful evaluation of our last +presentation of this class and this year + + align:start position:0% +presentation of this class and this year + + + align:start position:0% +presentation of this class and this year +may sit in on occasionally we put her + + align:start position:0% +may sit in on occasionally we put her + + + align:start position:0% +may sit in on occasionally we put her +email and you can send her any comments + + align:start position:0% +email and you can send her any comments + + + align:start position:0% +email and you can send her any comments +you have on the class and she will + + align:start position:0% +you have on the class and she will + + + align:start position:0% +you have on the class and she will +solicit those comments she will not tell + + align:start position:0% +solicit those comments she will not tell + + + align:start position:0% +solicit those comments she will not tell +us who makes comments but she may they + + align:start position:0% +us who makes comments but she may they + + + align:start position:0% +us who makes comments but she may they +may be useful to her in seeing how we + + align:start position:0% +may be useful to her in seeing how we + + + align:start position:0% +may be useful to her in seeing how we +might want to change it in the future + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the grading policy is this 25% on the + + align:start position:0% +the grading policy is this 25% on the + + + align:start position:0% +the grading policy is this 25% on the +homework which Anzhi fukui will be + + align:start position:0% +homework which Anzhi fukui will be + + + align:start position:0% +homework which Anzhi fukui will be +grading there's a mid there's a midterm + + align:start position:0% +grading there's a mid there's a midterm + + + align:start position:0% +grading there's a mid there's a midterm +exam which actually occurs after the + + align:start position:0% +exam which actually occurs after the + + + align:start position:0% +exam which actually occurs after the +midterm after we've gotten through the + + align:start position:0% +midterm after we've gotten through the + + + align:start position:0% +midterm after we've gotten through the +five chapters in the book the final + + align:start position:0% +five chapters in the book the final + + + align:start position:0% +five chapters in the book the final +project will be important and then we + + align:start position:0% +project will be important and then we + + + align:start position:0% +project will be important and then we +want your attention to the last two + + align:start position:0% +want your attention to the last two + + + align:start position:0% +want your attention to the last two +items but it's not the main point there + + align:start position:0% +items but it's not the main point there + + + align:start position:0% +items but it's not the main point there +will be a series of deadlines about the + + align:start position:0% +will be a series of deadlines about the + + + align:start position:0% +will be a series of deadlines about the +project so that everything doesn't get + + align:start position:0% +project so that everything doesn't get + + + align:start position:0% +project so that everything doesn't get +put off till the last minute and we we + + align:start position:0% +put off till the last minute and we we + + + align:start position:0% +put off till the last minute and we we +will be giving quiz grey quizzes in the + + align:start position:0% +will be giving quiz grey quizzes in the + + + align:start position:0% +will be giving quiz grey quizzes in the +recitation mostly concerning the reading + + align:start position:0% +recitation mostly concerning the reading + + + align:start position:0% +recitation mostly concerning the reading +and those those plus the participation + + align:start position:0% +and those those plus the participation + + + align:start position:0% +and those those plus the participation +and online discussion will be an + + align:start position:0% +and online discussion will be an + + + align:start position:0% +and online discussion will be an +increment to the to the grade is there + + align:start position:0% +increment to the to the grade is there + + + align:start position:0% +increment to the to the grade is there +any question about anything I've said so + + align:start position:0% +any question about anything I've said so + + + align:start position:0% +any question about anything I've said so +far + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well I'm now making it up you're welcome + + align:start position:0% +well I'm now making it up you're welcome + + + align:start position:0% +well I'm now making it up you're welcome +to collaborate on homework we expect + + align:start position:0% +to collaborate on homework we expect + + + align:start position:0% +to collaborate on homework we expect +what you submit is your work and that + + align:start position:0% +what you submit is your work and that + + + align:start position:0% +what you submit is your work and that +you take responsibility for it but + + align:start position:0% +you take responsibility for it but + + + align:start position:0% +you take responsibility for it but +there's not a problem if you're talking + + align:start position:0% +there's not a problem if you're talking + + + align:start position:0% +there's not a problem if you're talking +to each other about things am i correct + + align:start position:0% +to each other about things am i correct + + + align:start position:0% +to each other about things am i correct +about that he's nodding his head how + + align:start position:0% +about that he's nodding his head how + + + align:start position:0% +about that he's nodding his head how +about getting help I put my name first + + align:start position:0% +about getting help I put my name first + + + align:start position:0% +about getting help I put my name first +in the getting help for the following + + align:start position:0% +in the getting help for the following + + + align:start position:0% +in the getting help for the following +reason this is my only MIT + + align:start position:0% +reason this is my only MIT + + + align:start position:0% +reason this is my only MIT +responsibility I work at home there's + + align:start position:0% +responsibility I work at home there's + + + align:start position:0% +responsibility I work at home there's +sin dieter Bohlen who just walked in I + + align:start position:0% +sin dieter Bohlen who just walked in I + + + align:start position:0% +sin dieter Bohlen who just walked in I +call myself an author I'm not a general + + align:start position:0% +call myself an author I'm not a general + + + align:start position:0% +call myself an author I'm not a general +relativist I'm not a cosmologists I just + + align:start position:0% +relativist I'm not a cosmologists I just + + + align:start position:0% +relativist I'm not a cosmologists I just +write textbooks in general relativity + + align:start position:0% +write textbooks in general relativity + + + align:start position:0% +write textbooks in general relativity +and cosmology with the help of the + + align:start position:0% +and cosmology with the help of the + + + align:start position:0% +and cosmology with the help of the +professionals I'm available at home + + align:start position:0% +professionals I'm available at home + + + align:start position:0% +professionals I'm available at home +almost all the time almost every day so + + align:start position:0% +almost all the time almost every day so + + + align:start position:0% +almost all the time almost every day so +you can email me at birching ER and I + + align:start position:0% +you can email me at birching ER and I + + + align:start position:0% +you can email me at birching ER and I +how many of you use online chat not as + + align:start position:0% +how many of you use online chat not as + + + align:start position:0% +how many of you use online chat not as +many as I well half a o L a little more + + align:start position:0% +many as I well half a o L a little more + + + align:start position:0% +many as I well half a o L a little more +than half we're not used to that we've + + align:start position:0% +than half we're not used to that we've + + + align:start position:0% +than half we're not used to that we've +just become participants and this is our + + align:start position:0% +just become participants and this is our + + + align:start position:0% +just become participants and this is our +little personal contribution to the + + align:start position:0% +little personal contribution to the + + + align:start position:0% +little personal contribution to the +advanced technology of this class I mean + + align:start position:0% +advanced technology of this class I mean + + + align:start position:0% +advanced technology of this class I mean +I'm personally nervous about chat + + align:start position:0% +I'm personally nervous about chat + + + align:start position:0% +I'm personally nervous about chat +because if you send me a message I've + + align:start position:0% +because if you send me a message I've + + + align:start position:0% +because if you send me a message I've +got to answer right away and I like to + + align:start position:0% +got to answer right away and I like to + + + align:start position:0% +got to answer right away and I like to +think and I often have to think however + + align:start position:0% +think and I often have to think however + + + align:start position:0% +think and I often have to think however +we're going to give this a try if you + + align:start position:0% +we're going to give this a try if you + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to give this a try if you +want to send me an instant message go + + align:start position:0% +want to send me an instant message go + + + align:start position:0% +want to send me an instant message go +ahead we're not sure about the Cape's + + align:start position:0% +ahead we're not sure about the Cape's + + + align:start position:0% +ahead we're not sure about the Cape's +but that's my moniker I'm available day + + align:start position:0% +but that's my moniker I'm available day + + + align:start position:0% +but that's my moniker I'm available day +times I go to bed early and I get up + + align:start position:0% +times I go to bed early and I get up + + + align:start position:0% +times I go to bed early and I get up +early so I know you don't go to I mean + + align:start position:0% +early so I know you don't go to I mean + + + align:start position:0% +early so I know you don't go to I mean +I'm in bed by 9:00 I know you don't + + align:start position:0% +I'm in bed by 9:00 I know you don't + + + align:start position:0% +I'm in bed by 9:00 I know you don't +begin your work till 11:00 so what I + + align:start position:0% +begin your work till 11:00 so what I + + + align:start position:0% +begin your work till 11:00 so what I +recommend is that you'll get stuck on + + align:start position:0% +recommend is that you'll get stuck on + + + align:start position:0% +recommend is that you'll get stuck on +something send me an email and then go + + align:start position:0% +something send me an email and then go + + + align:start position:0% +something send me an email and then go +on and in the morning long before you're + + align:start position:0% +on and in the morning long before you're + + + align:start position:0% +on and in the morning long before you're +out of bed I will have had a chance to + + align:start position:0% +out of bed I will have had a chance to + + + align:start position:0% +out of bed I will have had a chance to +answer it now ed Bertschinger is + + align:start position:0% +answer it now ed Bertschinger is + + + align:start position:0% +answer it now ed Bertschinger is +definitely not retired he is a general + + align:start position:0% +definitely not retired he is a general + + + align:start position:0% +definitely not retired he is a general +that's the good news is he's a general + + align:start position:0% +that's the good news is he's a general + + + align:start position:0% +that's the good news is he's a general +relativist and cosmologists the bad news + + align:start position:0% +relativist and cosmologists the bad news + + + align:start position:0% +relativist and cosmologists the bad news +is he does a million things he's + + align:start position:0% +is he does a million things he's + + + align:start position:0% +is he does a million things he's +teaching another class he runs a Center + + align:start position:0% +teaching another class he runs a Center + + + align:start position:0% +teaching another class he runs a Center +for a cosmology and astrophysics and so + + align:start position:0% +for a cosmology and astrophysics and so + + + align:start position:0% +for a cosmology and astrophysics and so +forth so it's going to be a little + + align:start position:0% +forth so it's going to be a little + + + align:start position:0% +forth so it's going to be a little +harder to get home + + align:start position:0% +harder to get home + + + align:start position:0% +harder to get home +of him in general I'm supposed to know + + align:start position:0% +of him in general I'm supposed to know + + + align:start position:0% +of him in general I'm supposed to know +everything in this book so that anything + + align:start position:0% +everything in this book so that anything + + + align:start position:0% +everything in this book so that anything +here you can ask me about if it's + + align:start position:0% +here you can ask me about if it's + + + align:start position:0% +here you can ask me about if it's +something that I don't I know a few + + align:start position:0% +something that I don't I know a few + + + align:start position:0% +something that I don't I know a few +other things too but if there's + + align:start position:0% +other things too but if there's + + + align:start position:0% +other things too but if there's +something I really don't know we'll kick + + align:start position:0% +something I really don't know we'll kick + + + align:start position:0% +something I really don't know we'll kick +it upstairs to a professor birching ER + + align:start position:0% +it upstairs to a professor birching ER + + + align:start position:0% +it upstairs to a professor birching ER +and I think you will learn as the + + align:start position:0% +and I think you will learn as the + + + align:start position:0% +and I think you will learn as the +semester goes by where is the best place + + align:start position:0% +semester goes by where is the best place + + + align:start position:0% +semester goes by where is the best place +to push to get help I'd like to talk a + + align:start position:0% +to push to get help I'd like to talk a + + + align:start position:0% +to push to get help I'd like to talk a +little bit about the alumni MIT prides + + align:start position:0% +little bit about the alumni MIT prides + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about the alumni MIT prides +itself on innovation and there are + + align:start position:0% +itself on innovation and there are + + + align:start position:0% +itself on innovation and there are +several innovations in this class for + + align:start position:0% +several innovations in this class for + + + align:start position:0% +several innovations in this class for +one thing although we meet twice a week + + align:start position:0% +one thing although we meet twice a week + + + align:start position:0% +one thing although we meet twice a week +there are no lectures no regular + + align:start position:0% +there are no lectures no regular + + + align:start position:0% +there are no lectures no regular +lectures for another a lot of the stuffs + + align:start position:0% +lectures for another a lot of the stuffs + + + align:start position:0% +lectures for another a lot of the stuffs +online a third is the participation of + + align:start position:0% +online a third is the participation of + + + align:start position:0% +online a third is the participation of +the alumni alumni are very eager they're + + align:start position:0% +the alumni alumni are very eager they're + + + align:start position:0% +the alumni alumni are very eager they're +very interested in this subject last + + align:start position:0% +very interested in this subject last + + + align:start position:0% +very interested in this subject last +time we offered the course we asked for + + align:start position:0% +time we offered the course we asked for + + + align:start position:0% +time we offered the course we asked for +volunteers among the alumni we got a + + align:start position:0% +volunteers among the alumni we got a + + + align:start position:0% +volunteers among the alumni we got a +hundred and twenty applicants for twelve + + align:start position:0% +hundred and twenty applicants for twelve + + + align:start position:0% +hundred and twenty applicants for twelve +places shows you their enthusiasm for it + + align:start position:0% +places shows you their enthusiasm for it + + + align:start position:0% +places shows you their enthusiasm for it +we chose twelve this time we chose + + align:start position:0% +we chose twelve this time we chose + + + align:start position:0% +we chose twelve this time we chose +seventeen more so there's approximately + + align:start position:0% +seventeen more so there's approximately + + + align:start position:0% +seventeen more so there's approximately +the same number of alumni as there are + + align:start position:0% +the same number of alumni as there are + + + align:start position:0% +the same number of alumni as there are +undergraduates these alumni are very + + align:start position:0% +undergraduates these alumni are very + + + align:start position:0% +undergraduates these alumni are very +interested in hooking up with the + + align:start position:0% +interested in hooking up with the + + + align:start position:0% +interested in hooking up with the +Institute again they'd like to know what + + align:start position:0% +Institute again they'd like to know what + + + align:start position:0% +Institute again they'd like to know what +MIT life is like and only you can tell + + align:start position:0% +MIT life is like and only you can tell + + + align:start position:0% +MIT life is like and only you can tell +them that on the opposite they know + + align:start position:0% +them that on the opposite they know + + + align:start position:0% +them that on the opposite they know +about life after MIT and there really is + + align:start position:0% +about life after MIT and there really is + + + align:start position:0% +about life after MIT and there really is +life after MIT and they can tell you + + align:start position:0% +life after MIT and they can tell you + + + align:start position:0% +life after MIT and they can tell you +about that right if you go online and + + align:start position:0% +about that right if you go online and + + + align:start position:0% +about that right if you go online and +look at the discussions now we've + + align:start position:0% +look at the discussions now we've + + + align:start position:0% +look at the discussions now we've +invited all of you them included to make + + align:start position:0% +invited all of you them included to make + + + align:start position:0% +invited all of you them included to make +a self introduction and I'm always + + align:start position:0% +a self introduction and I'm always + + + align:start position:0% +a self introduction and I'm always +stunned by the range of technical + + align:start position:0% +stunned by the range of technical + + + align:start position:0% +stunned by the range of technical +professions that these people are in + + align:start position:0% +professions that these people are in + + + align:start position:0% +professions that these people are in +often a single person will have several + + align:start position:0% +often a single person will have several + + + align:start position:0% +often a single person will have several +what I would call several professions in + + align:start position:0% +what I would call several professions in + + + align:start position:0% +what I would call several professions in +a row so these are people that are + + align:start position:0% +a row so these are people that are + + + align:start position:0% +a row so these are people that are +well-acquainted with the technical + + align:start position:0% +well-acquainted with the technical + + + align:start position:0% +well-acquainted with the technical +professional world outside and they're + + align:start position:0% +professional world outside and they're + + + align:start position:0% +professional world outside and they're +going there very we chose people who are + + align:start position:0% +going there very we chose people who are + + + align:start position:0% +going there very we chose people who are +very well-read in general relativity and + + align:start position:0% +very well-read in general relativity and + + + align:start position:0% +very well-read in general relativity and +cosmology and they'll bring an entirely + + align:start position:0% +cosmology and they'll bring an entirely + + + align:start position:0% +cosmology and they'll bring an entirely +new slant to our discussions which I + + align:start position:0% +new slant to our discussions which I + + + align:start position:0% +new slant to our discussions which I +think will enrich them it'll be + + align:start position:0% +think will enrich them it'll be + + + align:start position:0% +think will enrich them it'll be +different than I would say or at + + align:start position:0% +different than I would say or at + + + align:start position:0% +different than I would say or at +birching or with + + align:start position:0% +birching or with + + + align:start position:0% +birching or with +and perhaps you would say there's two + + align:start position:0% +and perhaps you would say there's two + + + align:start position:0% +and perhaps you would say there's two +primary ways that you will interact with + + align:start position:0% +primary ways that you will interact with + + + align:start position:0% +primary ways that you will interact with +the Alumni if you choose one is on the + + align:start position:0% +the Alumni if you choose one is on the + + + align:start position:0% +the Alumni if you choose one is on the +discussion board where you ask questions + + align:start position:0% +discussion board where you ask questions + + + align:start position:0% +discussion board where you ask questions +they ask questions you can talk about + + align:start position:0% +they ask questions you can talk about + + + align:start position:0% +they ask questions you can talk about +your life they can talk about theirs and + + align:start position:0% +your life they can talk about theirs and + + + align:start position:0% +your life they can talk about theirs and +in the projects now these alumni are + + align:start position:0% +in the projects now these alumni are + + + align:start position:0% +in the projects now these alumni are +used to collaboration professionally so + + align:start position:0% +used to collaboration professionally so + + + align:start position:0% +used to collaboration professionally so +they do this so to speak as part of + + align:start position:0% +they do this so to speak as part of + + + align:start position:0% +they do this so to speak as part of +their profession and so this they'll + + align:start position:0% +their profession and so this they'll + + + align:start position:0% +their profession and so this they'll +bring this professional skill of + + align:start position:0% +bring this professional skill of + + + align:start position:0% +bring this professional skill of +collaboration to the projects when you + + align:start position:0% +collaboration to the projects when you + + + align:start position:0% +collaboration to the projects when you +work on them together so basically + + align:start position:0% +work on them together so basically + + + align:start position:0% +work on them together so basically +you're part of an educational innovation + + align:start position:0% +you're part of an educational innovation + + + align:start position:0% +you're part of an educational innovation +whose main feature is a tremendous + + align:start position:0% +whose main feature is a tremendous + + + align:start position:0% +whose main feature is a tremendous +widening of the community of people that + + align:start position:0% +widening of the community of people that + + + align:start position:0% +widening of the community of people that +are working together on the subject on + + align:start position:0% +are working together on the subject on + + + align:start position:0% +are working together on the subject on +the subject of the universe and there + + align:start position:0% +the subject of the universe and there + + + align:start position:0% +the subject of the universe and there +isn't any bigger subject than the + + align:start position:0% +isn't any bigger subject than the + + + align:start position:0% +isn't any bigger subject than the +universe okay do you want to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay thank you very much Edwin for + + align:start position:0% +okay thank you very much Edwin for + + + align:start position:0% +okay thank you very much Edwin for +covering the technical aspects of this + + align:start position:0% +covering the technical aspects of this + + + align:start position:0% +covering the technical aspects of this +class the only thing I would add is that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +don't put me too far away from the + + align:start position:0% +don't put me too far away from the + + + align:start position:0% +don't put me too far away from the +students I'd love to have email or if + + align:start position:0% +students I'd love to have email or if + + + align:start position:0% +students I'd love to have email or if +you are on a I am some time and you have + + align:start position:0% +you are on a I am some time and you have + + + align:start position:0% +you are on a I am some time and you have +a question about relativity I hope you + + align:start position:0% +a question about relativity I hope you + + + align:start position:0% +a question about relativity I hope you +put me on your buddy list I've already + + align:start position:0% +put me on your buddy list I've already + + + align:start position:0% +put me on your buddy list I've already +set up an 8 to 24 group on messenger for + + align:start position:0% +set up an 8 to 24 group on messenger for + + + align:start position:0% +set up an 8 to 24 group on messenger for +myself so I'm hoping that some of you + + align:start position:0% +myself so I'm hoping that some of you + + + align:start position:0% +myself so I'm hoping that some of you +will take advantage of our online access + + align:start position:0% +will take advantage of our online access + + + align:start position:0% +will take advantage of our online access +that way to ask questions and this + + align:start position:0% +that way to ask questions and this + + + align:start position:0% +that way to ask questions and this +applies equally to the alumni who are + + align:start position:0% +applies equally to the alumni who are + + + align:start position:0% +applies equally to the alumni who are +watching this and participating in our + + align:start position:0% +watching this and participating in our + + + align:start position:0% +watching this and participating in our +class are there any questions about the + + align:start position:0% +class are there any questions about the + + + align:start position:0% +class are there any questions about the +formal structure of the class or + + align:start position:0% +formal structure of the class or + + + align:start position:0% +formal structure of the class or +material that dr. Taylor presented are + + align:start position:0% +material that dr. Taylor presented are + + + align:start position:0% +material that dr. Taylor presented are +you ready for a different experience in + + align:start position:0% +you ready for a different experience in + + + align:start position:0% +you ready for a different experience in +MIT classes all right well let's see + + align:start position:0% +MIT classes all right well let's see + + + align:start position:0% +MIT classes all right well let's see +we're going to switch over now to a + + align:start position:0% +we're going to switch over now to a + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to switch over now to a +discussion of the final projects for the + + align:start position:0% +discussion of the final projects for the + + + align:start position:0% +discussion of the final projects for the +last bit of this recitation as dr. + + align:start position:0% +last bit of this recitation as dr. + + + align:start position:0% +last bit of this recitation as dr. +Taylor mentioned roughly one third of + + align:start position:0% +Taylor mentioned roughly one third of + + + align:start position:0% +Taylor mentioned roughly one third of +the class credit will be based on your + + align:start position:0% +the class credit will be based on your + + + align:start position:0% +the class credit will be based on your +collaborative work in putting together a + + align:start position:0% +collaborative work in putting together a + + + align:start position:0% +collaborative work in putting together a +webpage and also in giving a + + align:start position:0% +webpage and also in giving a + + + align:start position:0% +webpage and also in giving a +presentation to the rest of the class + + align:start position:0% +presentation to the rest of the class + + + align:start position:0% +presentation to the rest of the class +it's like being a research student + + align:start position:0% +it's like being a research student + + + align:start position:0% +it's like being a research student +giving a presentation in a conference + + align:start position:0% +giving a presentation in a conference + + + align:start position:0% +giving a presentation in a conference +you'll do a little bit of work for those + + align:start position:0% +you'll do a little bit of work for those + + + align:start position:0% +you'll do a little bit of work for those +last few weeks of the class give the + + align:start position:0% +last few weeks of the class give the + + + align:start position:0% +last few weeks of the class give the +presentation put together put together a + + align:start position:0% +presentation put together put together a + + + align:start position:0% +presentation put together put together a +webpage that's for the last third of the + + align:start position:0% +webpage that's for the last third of the + + + align:start position:0% +webpage that's for the last third of the +class but even before that time you'll + + align:start position:0% +class but even before that time you'll + + + align:start position:0% +class but even before that time you'll +be selecting a project refining it + + align:start position:0% +be selecting a project refining it + + + align:start position:0% +be selecting a project refining it +submitting an outline joining together + + align:start position:0% +submitting an outline joining together + + + align:start position:0% +submitting an outline joining together +in groups to begin formulating your + + align:start position:0% +in groups to begin formulating your + + + align:start position:0% +in groups to begin formulating your +project having some email or chat + + align:start position:0% +project having some email or chat + + + align:start position:0% +project having some email or chat +exchanges with the alumni at a distance + + align:start position:0% +exchanges with the alumni at a distance + + + align:start position:0% +exchanges with the alumni at a distance +and so that projects will become an + + align:start position:0% +and so that projects will become an + + + align:start position:0% +and so that projects will become an +integral part of this class early on + + align:start position:0% +integral part of this class early on + + + align:start position:0% +integral part of this class early on +dr. Taylor and I have have given some + + align:start position:0% +dr. Taylor and I have have given some + + + align:start position:0% +dr. Taylor and I have have given some +thought to + + align:start position:0% +thought to + + + align:start position:0% +thought to +a set of possible projects for you + + align:start position:0% +a set of possible projects for you + + + align:start position:0% +a set of possible projects for you +astrophysics and relativity are + + align:start position:0% +astrophysics and relativity are + + + align:start position:0% +astrophysics and relativity are +tremendously exciting fields their + + align:start position:0% +tremendously exciting fields their + + + align:start position:0% +tremendously exciting fields their +discoveries being made weekly that are + + align:start position:0% +discoveries being made weekly that are + + + align:start position:0% +discoveries being made weekly that are +written up in the in the newspapers and + + align:start position:0% +written up in the in the newspapers and + + + align:start position:0% +written up in the in the newspapers and +from these it's very easy for us and for + + align:start position:0% +from these it's very easy for us and for + + + align:start position:0% +from these it's very easy for us and for +you to select some topics that could be + + align:start position:0% +you to select some topics that could be + + + align:start position:0% +you to select some topics that could be +of interest so I'll run through a few + + align:start position:0% +of interest so I'll run through a few + + + align:start position:0% +of interest so I'll run through a few +and I should add that this material as + + align:start position:0% +and I should add that this material as + + + align:start position:0% +and I should add that this material as +well as the handouts or the policies + + align:start position:0% +well as the handouts or the policies + + + align:start position:0% +well as the handouts or the policies +that dr. Taylor presented are available + + align:start position:0% +that dr. Taylor presented are available + + + align:start position:0% +that dr. Taylor presented are available +at the stellar website this presentation + + align:start position:0% +at the stellar website this presentation + + + align:start position:0% +at the stellar website this presentation +isn't yet there but it will be it will + + align:start position:0% +isn't yet there but it will be it will + + + align:start position:0% +isn't yet there but it will be it will +be soon so you'll have all of this + + align:start position:0% +be soon so you'll have all of this + + + align:start position:0% +be soon so you'll have all of this +online at your fingertips searching for + + align:start position:0% +online at your fingertips searching for + + + align:start position:0% +online at your fingertips searching for +black holes the title of the textbook is + + align:start position:0% +black holes the title of the textbook is + + + align:start position:0% +black holes the title of the textbook is +exploring black holes but astronomers + + align:start position:0% +exploring black holes but astronomers + + + align:start position:0% +exploring black holes but astronomers +actually one of the most active areas of + + align:start position:0% +actually one of the most active areas of + + + align:start position:0% +actually one of the most active areas of +research now is searching for black + + align:start position:0% +research now is searching for black + + + align:start position:0% +research now is searching for black +holes identifying the evidence for black + + align:start position:0% +holes identifying the evidence for black + + + align:start position:0% +holes identifying the evidence for black +holes and then we have to ask how can we + + align:start position:0% +holes and then we have to ask how can we + + + align:start position:0% +holes and then we have to ask how can we +see the black holes if they're if + + align:start position:0% +see the black holes if they're if + + + align:start position:0% +see the black holes if they're if +they're black we'll learn about that in + + align:start position:0% +they're black we'll learn about that in + + + align:start position:0% +they're black we'll learn about that in +this class the masses of the black holes + + align:start position:0% +this class the masses of the black holes + + + align:start position:0% +this class the masses of the black holes +other properties what do they have how + + align:start position:0% +other properties what do they have how + + + align:start position:0% +other properties what do they have how +do the black holes form and a question I + + align:start position:0% +do the black holes form and a question I + + + align:start position:0% +do the black holes form and a question I +don't ask just metaphorically but rather + + align:start position:0% +don't ask just metaphorically but rather + + + align:start position:0% +don't ask just metaphorically but rather +importantly how can you search for them + + align:start position:0% +importantly how can you search for them + + + align:start position:0% +importantly how can you search for them +while at MIT if you want to because + + align:start position:0% +while at MIT if you want to because + + + align:start position:0% +while at MIT if you want to because +there are a lot of MIT researchers doing + + align:start position:0% +there are a lot of MIT researchers doing + + + align:start position:0% +there are a lot of MIT researchers doing +this work you could get a UROP working + + align:start position:0% +this work you could get a UROP working + + + align:start position:0% +this work you could get a UROP working +with a group that is searching for and + + align:start position:0% +with a group that is searching for and + + + align:start position:0% +with a group that is searching for and +discovering black holes this topic is + + align:start position:0% +discovering black holes this topic is + + + align:start position:0% +discovering black holes this topic is +really an important one for the whole + + align:start position:0% +really an important one for the whole + + + align:start position:0% +really an important one for the whole +field of physics and that importance was + + align:start position:0% +field of physics and that importance was + + + align:start position:0% +field of physics and that importance was +recognized with half of the 2002 physics + + align:start position:0% +recognized with half of the 2002 physics + + + align:start position:0% +recognized with half of the 2002 physics +nobel prize awarded to this man riccardo + + align:start position:0% +nobel prize awarded to this man riccardo + + + align:start position:0% +nobel prize awarded to this man riccardo +giacconi who started his life as a + + align:start position:0% +giacconi who started his life as a + + + align:start position:0% +giacconi who started his life as a +researcher working with an MIT physicist + + align:start position:0% +researcher working with an MIT physicist + + + align:start position:0% +researcher working with an MIT physicist +professor Bruno Rossi in the late 1950s + + align:start position:0% +professor Bruno Rossi in the late 1950s + + + align:start position:0% +professor Bruno Rossi in the late 1950s +Ciccone and Rossi and others invented + + align:start position:0% +Ciccone and Rossi and others invented + + + align:start position:0% +Ciccone and Rossi and others invented +essentially the subject of x-ray + + align:start position:0% +essentially the subject of x-ray + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the subject of x-ray +astronomy which is the study of the + + align:start position:0% +astronomy which is the study of the + + + align:start position:0% +astronomy which is the study of the +universe not through visible light but + + align:start position:0% +universe not through visible light but + + + align:start position:0% +universe not through visible light but +through x-rays x-rays are absorbed by + + align:start position:0% +through x-rays x-rays are absorbed by + + + align:start position:0% +through x-rays x-rays are absorbed by +the ABS atmosphere so they only can be + + align:start position:0% +the ABS atmosphere so they only can be + + + align:start position:0% +the ABS atmosphere so they only can be +seen from space + + align:start position:0% +seen from space + + + align:start position:0% +seen from space +and in the citation from the Nobel + + align:start position:0% +and in the citation from the Nobel + + + align:start position:0% +and in the citation from the Nobel +Committee which you see here following + + align:start position:0% +Committee which you see here following + + + align:start position:0% +Committee which you see here following +that there is a little elaboration some + + align:start position:0% +that there is a little elaboration some + + + align:start position:0% +that there is a little elaboration some +elaboration of the contributions that + + align:start position:0% +elaboration of the contributions that + + + align:start position:0% +elaboration of the contributions that +Professor giacconi made and you see at + + align:start position:0% +Professor giacconi made and you see at + + + align:start position:0% +Professor giacconi made and you see at +the bottom there the mention that he + + align:start position:0% +the bottom there the mention that he + + + align:start position:0% +the bottom there the mention that he +detected sources of x-rays that most + + align:start position:0% +detected sources of x-rays that most + + + align:start position:0% +detected sources of x-rays that most +astronomers now consider to contain + + align:start position:0% +astronomers now consider to contain + + + align:start position:0% +astronomers now consider to contain +black holes so black holes were featured + + align:start position:0% +black holes so black holes were featured + + + align:start position:0% +black holes so black holes were featured +in the nobel prize awarded just a few + + align:start position:0% +in the nobel prize awarded just a few + + + align:start position:0% +in the nobel prize awarded just a few +months ago the spinning black hole the + + align:start position:0% +months ago the spinning black hole the + + + align:start position:0% +months ago the spinning black hole the +simplest black hole is a spherically + + align:start position:0% +simplest black hole is a spherically + + + align:start position:0% +simplest black hole is a spherically +symmetric one but if the black hole + + align:start position:0% +symmetric one but if the black hole + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric one but if the black hole +formed from matter that spins that has + + align:start position:0% +formed from matter that spins that has + + + align:start position:0% +formed from matter that spins that has +angular momentum the black hole itself + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum the black hole itself + + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum the black hole itself +will have an aspect to its spatial + + align:start position:0% +will have an aspect to its spatial + + + align:start position:0% +will have an aspect to its spatial +geometry at space-time geometry + + align:start position:0% +geometry at space-time geometry + + + align:start position:0% +geometry at space-time geometry +reflecting that intrinsic spin and so + + align:start position:0% +reflecting that intrinsic spin and so + + + align:start position:0% +reflecting that intrinsic spin and so +we'll study briefly in this class and + + align:start position:0% +we'll study briefly in this class and + + + align:start position:0% +we'll study briefly in this class and +you may study more as a project how the + + align:start position:0% +you may study more as a project how the + + + align:start position:0% +you may study more as a project how the +spin of the black hole affects the + + align:start position:0% +spin of the black hole affects the + + + align:start position:0% +spin of the black hole affects the +space-time around the black hole do + + align:start position:0% +space-time around the black hole do + + + align:start position:0% +space-time around the black hole do +particles get sucked into the + + align:start position:0% +particles get sucked into the + + + align:start position:0% +particles get sucked into the +tornado-like swirl of space-time around + + align:start position:0% +tornado-like swirl of space-time around + + + align:start position:0% +tornado-like swirl of space-time around +a black hole can the spin be tapped the + + align:start position:0% +a black hole can the spin be tapped the + + + align:start position:0% +a black hole can the spin be tapped the +answers to these questions are + + align:start position:0% +answers to these questions are + + + align:start position:0% +answers to these questions are +fascinating and we think they're not + + align:start position:0% +fascinating and we think they're not + + + align:start position:0% +fascinating and we think they're not +only theoretical questions but they're + + align:start position:0% +only theoretical questions but they're + + + align:start position:0% +only theoretical questions but they're +related very much to the astronomical + + align:start position:0% +related very much to the astronomical + + + align:start position:0% +related very much to the astronomical +discoveries of black holes being made + + align:start position:0% +discoveries of black holes being made + + + align:start position:0% +discoveries of black holes being made +here's just an illustrative slide of + + align:start position:0% +here's just an illustrative slide of + + + align:start position:0% +here's just an illustrative slide of +some of the features of the rotating + + align:start position:0% +some of the features of the rotating + + + align:start position:0% +some of the features of the rotating +black hole on the left a diagram of the + + align:start position:0% +black hole on the left a diagram of the + + + align:start position:0% +black hole on the left a diagram of the +three-dimensional spatial geometry + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional spatial geometry + + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional spatial geometry +around a spinning black hole one of the + + align:start position:0% +around a spinning black hole one of the + + + align:start position:0% +around a spinning black hole one of the +oddities of this so-called kerr solution + + align:start position:0% +oddities of this so-called kerr solution + + + align:start position:0% +oddities of this so-called kerr solution +after its Discoverer is that the + + align:start position:0% +after its Discoverer is that the + + + align:start position:0% +after its Discoverer is that the +singularity the place where the matter + + align:start position:0% +singularity the place where the matter + + + align:start position:0% +singularity the place where the matter +and the curvature become infinitely + + align:start position:0% +and the curvature become infinitely + + + align:start position:0% +and the curvature become infinitely +dense the curvature becomes infinitely + + align:start position:0% +dense the curvature becomes infinitely + + + align:start position:0% +dense the curvature becomes infinitely +dense is not a point but a ring and + + align:start position:0% +dense is not a point but a ring and + + + align:start position:0% +dense is not a point but a ring and +what's more if you fall into a curved + + align:start position:0% +what's more if you fall into a curved + + + align:start position:0% +what's more if you fall into a curved +black hole and have a rocket so that you + + align:start position:0% +black hole and have a rocket so that you + + + align:start position:0% +black hole and have a rocket so that you +can navigate your way through and pass + + align:start position:0% +can navigate your way through and pass + + + align:start position:0% +can navigate your way through and pass +through that ring you might be able to + + align:start position:0% +through that ring you might be able to + + + align:start position:0% +through that ring you might be able to +use it to travel to another universe + + align:start position:0% +use it to travel to another universe + + + align:start position:0% +use it to travel to another universe +this diagram on the right hand side + + align:start position:0% +this diagram on the right hand side + + + align:start position:0% +this diagram on the right hand side +shows something quite different a + + align:start position:0% +shows something quite different a + + + align:start position:0% +shows something quite different a +spacetime diagram of the structure of + + align:start position:0% +spacetime diagram of the structure of + + + align:start position:0% +spacetime diagram of the structure of +the black hole we're moving vertically + + align:start position:0% +the black hole we're moving vertically + + + align:start position:0% +the black hole we're moving vertically +is moving forward in time moving + + align:start position:0% +is moving forward in time moving + + + align:start position:0% +is moving forward in time moving +horizontally + + align:start position:0% +horizontally + + + align:start position:0% +horizontally +is moving in space and it is possible + + align:start position:0% +is moving in space and it is possible + + + align:start position:0% +is moving in space and it is possible +theoretically to travel through the + + align:start position:0% +theoretically to travel through the + + + align:start position:0% +theoretically to travel through the +black hole starting in our universe and + + align:start position:0% +black hole starting in our universe and + + + align:start position:0% +black hole starting in our universe and +to emerge emerge in another one that + + align:start position:0% +to emerge emerge in another one that + + + align:start position:0% +to emerge emerge in another one that +would be a fascinating project for + + align:start position:0% +would be a fascinating project for + + + align:start position:0% +would be a fascinating project for +someone to explore make science-fiction + + align:start position:0% +someone to explore make science-fiction + + + align:start position:0% +someone to explore make science-fiction +become real at least at the level of the + + align:start position:0% +become real at least at the level of the + + + align:start position:0% +become real at least at the level of the +mathematics so far I've heard no reports + + align:start position:0% +mathematics so far I've heard no reports + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics so far I've heard no reports +of anyone actually traveling this way + + align:start position:0% +of anyone actually traveling this way + + + align:start position:0% +of anyone actually traveling this way +cosmology the study of the universe just + + align:start position:0% +cosmology the study of the universe just + + + align:start position:0% +cosmology the study of the universe just +in the last few years this has become + + align:start position:0% +in the last few years this has become + + + align:start position:0% +in the last few years this has become +tremendously exciting as we begin to + + align:start position:0% +tremendously exciting as we begin to + + + align:start position:0% +tremendously exciting as we begin to +learn about the structure and geometry + + align:start position:0% +learn about the structure and geometry + + + align:start position:0% +learn about the structure and geometry +the evolution of the universe we now + + align:start position:0% +the evolution of the universe we now + + + align:start position:0% +the evolution of the universe we now +have evidence that the universe not only + + align:start position:0% +have evidence that the universe not only + + + align:start position:0% +have evidence that the universe not only +is expanding but its expansion is + + align:start position:0% +is expanding but its expansion is + + + align:start position:0% +is expanding but its expansion is +accelerating and will continue forever + + align:start position:0% +accelerating and will continue forever + + + align:start position:0% +accelerating and will continue forever +so this too is a tremendously rich + + align:start position:0% +so this too is a tremendously rich + + + align:start position:0% +so this too is a tremendously rich +ground for investigation some of which + + align:start position:0% +ground for investigation some of which + + + align:start position:0% +ground for investigation some of which +we'll do in this class as part of our + + align:start position:0% +we'll do in this class as part of our + + + align:start position:0% +we'll do in this class as part of our +weekly material but you might make + + align:start position:0% +weekly material but you might make + + + align:start position:0% +weekly material but you might make +extensions of it through through your + + align:start position:0% +extensions of it through through your + + + align:start position:0% +extensions of it through through your +own research in this class we'll be + + align:start position:0% +own research in this class we'll be + + + align:start position:0% +own research in this class we'll be +talking about the diagram on the left + + align:start position:0% +talking about the diagram on the left + + + align:start position:0% +talking about the diagram on the left +which plots two quantities called Omega + + align:start position:0% +which plots two quantities called Omega + + + align:start position:0% +which plots two quantities called Omega +Omega sub M for matter Omega with the + + align:start position:0% +Omega sub M for matter Omega with the + + + align:start position:0% +Omega sub M for matter Omega with the +Greek letter lambda for Einsteins + + align:start position:0% +Greek letter lambda for Einsteins + + + align:start position:0% +Greek letter lambda for Einsteins +cosmological constant you'll be learning + + align:start position:0% +cosmological constant you'll be learning + + + align:start position:0% +cosmological constant you'll be learning +about that in this class and these two + + align:start position:0% +about that in this class and these two + + + align:start position:0% +about that in this class and these two +parameters measure the amount of matter + + align:start position:0% +parameters measure the amount of matter + + + align:start position:0% +parameters measure the amount of matter +in the universe and the strength of this + + align:start position:0% +in the universe and the strength of this + + + align:start position:0% +in the universe and the strength of this +amazing substance called the + + align:start position:0% +amazing substance called the + + + align:start position:0% +amazing substance called the +cosmological constant or dark energy a + + align:start position:0% +cosmological constant or dark energy a + + + align:start position:0% +cosmological constant or dark energy a +few years ago astronomers and physicists + + align:start position:0% +few years ago astronomers and physicists + + + align:start position:0% +few years ago astronomers and physicists +had really no idea where to put the + + align:start position:0% +had really no idea where to put the + + + align:start position:0% +had really no idea where to put the +universe on this diagram or I should + + align:start position:0% +universe on this diagram or I should + + + align:start position:0% +universe on this diagram or I should +rather say that each different + + align:start position:0% +rather say that each different + + + align:start position:0% +rather say that each different +astronomer had a different idea about + + align:start position:0% +astronomer had a different idea about + + + align:start position:0% +astronomer had a different idea about +where to put the universe on this + + align:start position:0% +where to put the universe on this + + + align:start position:0% +where to put the universe on this +diagram but just in the last four or + + align:start position:0% +diagram but just in the last four or + + + align:start position:0% +diagram but just in the last four or +five years we're beginning to converge + + align:start position:0% +five years we're beginning to converge + + + align:start position:0% +five years we're beginning to converge +to a solution in this cross-hatched area + + align:start position:0% +to a solution in this cross-hatched area + + + align:start position:0% +to a solution in this cross-hatched area +which suggests that the universe is + + align:start position:0% +which suggests that the universe is + + + align:start position:0% +which suggests that the universe is +accelerating and will expand to infinity + + align:start position:0% +accelerating and will expand to infinity + + + align:start position:0% +accelerating and will expand to infinity +and as you'll find in this class much of + + align:start position:0% +and as you'll find in this class much of + + + align:start position:0% +and as you'll find in this class much of +the evidence for this comes from study + + align:start position:0% +the evidence for this comes from study + + + align:start position:0% +the evidence for this comes from study +of the microwave radiation permeating + + align:start position:0% +of the microwave radiation permeating + + + align:start position:0% +of the microwave radiation permeating +the universe left over from the Big Bang + + align:start position:0% +the universe left over from the Big Bang + + + align:start position:0% +the universe left over from the Big Bang +about ten years ago a map of the sky was + + align:start position:0% +about ten years ago a map of the sky was + + + align:start position:0% +about ten years ago a map of the sky was +made by a NASA satellite called Kobe + + align:start position:0% +made by a NASA satellite called Kobe + + + align:start position:0% +made by a NASA satellite called Kobe +cosmic background Explorer like this + + align:start position:0% +cosmic background Explorer like this + + + align:start position:0% +cosmic background Explorer like this +this is unfolding the celestial sphere + + align:start position:0% +this is unfolding the celestial sphere + + + align:start position:0% +this is unfolding the celestial sphere +onto the flat plane with the coordinates + + align:start position:0% +onto the flat plane with the coordinates + + + align:start position:0% +onto the flat plane with the coordinates +arranged so that the Milky the disk of + + align:start position:0% +arranged so that the Milky the disk of + + + align:start position:0% +arranged so that the Milky the disk of +the Milky Way galaxy goes right through + + align:start position:0% +the Milky Way galaxy goes right through + + + align:start position:0% +the Milky Way galaxy goes right through +the middle and the Milky Way shines in + + align:start position:0% +the middle and the Milky Way shines in + + + align:start position:0% +the middle and the Milky Way shines in +microwaves that's why we see this + + align:start position:0% +microwaves that's why we see this + + + align:start position:0% +microwaves that's why we see this +emission these are false colors the + + align:start position:0% +emission these are false colors the + + + align:start position:0% +emission these are false colors the +actual radiation is in the microwave + + align:start position:0% +actual radiation is in the microwave + + + align:start position:0% +actual radiation is in the microwave +range about the frequencies that your + + align:start position:0% +range about the frequencies that your + + + align:start position:0% +range about the frequencies that your +microwave oven puts out now for the last + + align:start position:0% +microwave oven puts out now for the last + + + align:start position:0% +microwave oven puts out now for the last +two years or year and a half or so NASA + + align:start position:0% +two years or year and a half or so NASA + + + align:start position:0% +two years or year and a half or so NASA +hasn't had another orbiting satellite + + align:start position:0% +hasn't had another orbiting satellite + + + align:start position:0% +hasn't had another orbiting satellite +called map a microwave anisotropy probe + + align:start position:0% +called map a microwave anisotropy probe + + + align:start position:0% +called map a microwave anisotropy probe +they are going to have a press + + align:start position:0% +they are going to have a press + + + align:start position:0% +they are going to have a press +conference next week I believe + + align:start position:0% +conference next week I believe + + + align:start position:0% +conference next week I believe +announcing their results their discovery + + align:start position:0% +announcing their results their discovery + + + align:start position:0% +announcing their results their discovery +and making a map of the sky there's a + + align:start position:0% +and making a map of the sky there's a + + + align:start position:0% +and making a map of the sky there's a +pun there that might look like the one + + align:start position:0% +pun there that might look like the one + + + align:start position:0% +pun there that might look like the one +on the bottom I hope it does or maybe I + + align:start position:0% +on the bottom I hope it does or maybe I + + + align:start position:0% +on the bottom I hope it does or maybe I +should rather say I hope it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +should rather say I hope it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +should rather say I hope it doesn't +because either way will be tremendously + + align:start position:0% +because either way will be tremendously + + + align:start position:0% +because either way will be tremendously +exciting either it will affirm our basic + + align:start position:0% +exciting either it will affirm our basic + + + align:start position:0% +exciting either it will affirm our basic +understanding of the universe or open up + + align:start position:0% +understanding of the universe or open up + + + align:start position:0% +understanding of the universe or open up +the subject for whole-new the need of + + align:start position:0% +the subject for whole-new the need of + + + align:start position:0% +the subject for whole-new the need of +whole new theories and developments and + + align:start position:0% +whole new theories and developments and + + + align:start position:0% +whole new theories and developments and +that's just next week the global + + align:start position:0% +that's just next week the global + + + align:start position:0% +that's just next week the global +positioning system and dr. Taylor + + align:start position:0% +positioning system and dr. Taylor + + + align:start position:0% +positioning system and dr. Taylor +mentioned that that's part of our + + align:start position:0% +mentioned that that's part of our + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned that that's part of our +curriculum that we'll be covering in the + + align:start position:0% +curriculum that we'll be covering in the + + + align:start position:0% +curriculum that we'll be covering in the +book but one can go into that in more + + align:start position:0% +book but one can go into that in more + + + align:start position:0% +book but one can go into that in more +depth global positioning system depends + + align:start position:0% +depth global positioning system depends + + + align:start position:0% +depth global positioning system depends +on general relativity for its correct + + align:start position:0% +on general relativity for its correct + + + align:start position:0% +on general relativity for its correct +functioning the global positioning + + align:start position:0% +functioning the global positioning + + + align:start position:0% +functioning the global positioning +system is a set of satellites orbiting + + align:start position:0% +system is a set of satellites orbiting + + + align:start position:0% +system is a set of satellites orbiting +the earth in this type of a + + align:start position:0% +the earth in this type of a + + + align:start position:0% +the earth in this type of a +configuration and on the right panel + + align:start position:0% +configuration and on the right panel + + + align:start position:0% +configuration and on the right panel +here is is a photograph of one of the + + align:start position:0% +here is is a photograph of one of the + + + align:start position:0% +here is is a photograph of one of the +advanced generation of GPS satellites + + align:start position:0% +advanced generation of GPS satellites + + + align:start position:0% +advanced generation of GPS satellites +under construction this set of candy + + align:start position:0% +under construction this set of candy + + + align:start position:0% +under construction this set of candy +canes on the top our set of antennas + + align:start position:0% +canes on the top our set of antennas + + + align:start position:0% +canes on the top our set of antennas +that can phase their emission so as to + + align:start position:0% +that can phase their emission so as to + + + align:start position:0% +that can phase their emission so as to +beam the GPS signals to specific + + align:start position:0% +beam the GPS signals to specific + + + align:start position:0% +beam the GPS signals to specific +locations on the Earth's surface + + align:start position:0% +locations on the Earth's surface + + + align:start position:0% +locations on the Earth's surface +I suppose putting + + align:start position:0% +I suppose putting + + + align:start position:0% +I suppose putting +signals where people want them and + + align:start position:0% +signals where people want them and + + + align:start position:0% +signals where people want them and +keeping them away from where they don't + + align:start position:0% +keeping them away from where they don't + + + align:start position:0% +keeping them away from where they don't +want them to go inside the black hole + + align:start position:0% +want them to go inside the black hole + + + align:start position:0% +want them to go inside the black hole +horizon the black hole is a unique + + align:start position:0% +horizon the black hole is a unique + + + align:start position:0% +horizon the black hole is a unique +object it's got a singularity where the + + align:start position:0% +object it's got a singularity where the + + + align:start position:0% +object it's got a singularity where the +laws of physics break down in the middle + + align:start position:0% +laws of physics break down in the middle + + + align:start position:0% +laws of physics break down in the middle +either at a point or in a ring depending + + align:start position:0% +either at a point or in a ring depending + + + align:start position:0% +either at a point or in a ring depending +on whether the black hole rotates or not + + align:start position:0% +on whether the black hole rotates or not + + + align:start position:0% +on whether the black hole rotates or not +but that singularity is enshrouded by a + + align:start position:0% +but that singularity is enshrouded by a + + + align:start position:0% +but that singularity is enshrouded by a +surface called the horizon if you cross + + align:start position:0% +surface called the horizon if you cross + + + align:start position:0% +surface called the horizon if you cross +the horizon it's impossible to return to + + align:start position:0% +the horizon it's impossible to return to + + + align:start position:0% +the horizon it's impossible to return to +our universe it may be possible to exit + + align:start position:0% +our universe it may be possible to exit + + + align:start position:0% +our universe it may be possible to exit +into another one so you can explore what + + align:start position:0% +into another one so you can explore what + + + align:start position:0% +into another one so you can explore what +happens in principle if one crosses the + + align:start position:0% +happens in principle if one crosses the + + + align:start position:0% +happens in principle if one crosses the +horizon in this class we'll be studying + + align:start position:0% +horizon in this class we'll be studying + + + align:start position:0% +horizon in this class we'll be studying +the properties of the geometry of space + + align:start position:0% +the properties of the geometry of space + + + align:start position:0% +the properties of the geometry of space +and this will involve coordinates + + align:start position:0% +and this will involve coordinates + + + align:start position:0% +and this will involve coordinates +coordinates behave in bizarre ways when + + align:start position:0% +coordinates behave in bizarre ways when + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates behave in bizarre ways when +you cross the horizon of the black hole + + align:start position:0% +you cross the horizon of the black hole + + + align:start position:0% +you cross the horizon of the black hole +and we will study that here's a + + align:start position:0% +and we will study that here's a + + + align:start position:0% +and we will study that here's a +fascinating question I often get asked + + align:start position:0% +fascinating question I often get asked + + + align:start position:0% +fascinating question I often get asked +this could we be inside a black hole + + align:start position:0% +this could we be inside a black hole + + + align:start position:0% +this could we be inside a black hole +right now your report on that would be + + align:start position:0% +right now your report on that would be + + + align:start position:0% +right now your report on that would be +of great interest to us here's a little + + align:start position:0% +of great interest to us here's a little + + + align:start position:0% +of great interest to us here's a little +schematic on the left of the space-time + + align:start position:0% +schematic on the left of the space-time + + + align:start position:0% +schematic on the left of the space-time +geometry of a star collapsing to a black + + align:start position:0% +geometry of a star collapsing to a black + + + align:start position:0% +geometry of a star collapsing to a black +hole these things that look like little + + align:start position:0% +hole these things that look like little + + + align:start position:0% +hole these things that look like little +flashlight cones are the light cones of + + align:start position:0% +flashlight cones are the light cones of + + + align:start position:0% +flashlight cones are the light cones of +special relativity showing the direction + + align:start position:0% +special relativity showing the direction + + + align:start position:0% +special relativity showing the direction +of light rays emitted say from a + + align:start position:0% +of light rays emitted say from a + + + align:start position:0% +of light rays emitted say from a +flashlight flashlight where time is + + align:start position:0% +flashlight flashlight where time is + + + align:start position:0% +flashlight flashlight where time is +forward that is vertical means forward + + align:start position:0% +forward that is vertical means forward + + + align:start position:0% +forward that is vertical means forward +in time and the conical shape reflects + + align:start position:0% +in time and the conical shape reflects + + + align:start position:0% +in time and the conical shape reflects +motion in the X direction in the Y + + align:start position:0% +motion in the X direction in the Y + + + align:start position:0% +motion in the X direction in the Y +direction two directions in space one in + + align:start position:0% +direction two directions in space one in + + + align:start position:0% +direction two directions in space one in +time one of the problems with general + + align:start position:0% +time one of the problems with general + + + align:start position:0% +time one of the problems with general +relativity's it's hard to present the + + align:start position:0% +relativity's it's hard to present the + + + align:start position:0% +relativity's it's hard to present the +all the four dimensions three of space + + align:start position:0% +all the four dimensions three of space + + + align:start position:0% +all the four dimensions three of space +and one of time on a single diagram and + + align:start position:0% +and one of time on a single diagram and + + + align:start position:0% +and one of time on a single diagram and +so we make compromises like this what is + + align:start position:0% +so we make compromises like this what is + + + align:start position:0% +so we make compromises like this what is +it like in the center of a black hole + + align:start position:0% +it like in the center of a black hole + + + align:start position:0% +it like in the center of a black hole +well I found a poem by the poet EE + + align:start position:0% +well I found a poem by the poet EE + + + align:start position:0% +well I found a poem by the poet EE +Cummings that might give a clue I was + + align:start position:0% +Cummings that might give a clue I was + + + align:start position:0% +Cummings that might give a clue I was +considering how within the Knights loose + + align:start position:0% +considering how within the Knights loose + + + align:start position:0% +considering how within the Knights loose +sack a star's nibbling in the NIT tests + + align:start position:0% +sack a star's nibbling in the NIT tests + + + align:start position:0% +sack a star's nibbling in the NIT tests +in the lead devours the darkness + + align:start position:0% +in the lead devours the darkness + + + align:start position:0% +in the lead devours the darkness +the hungry star which II then to lead + + align:start position:0% +the hungry star which II then to lead + + + align:start position:0% +the hungry star which II then to lead +jiggle the bait of dawn and be jerked + + align:start position:0% +jiggle the bait of dawn and be jerked + + + align:start position:0% +jiggle the bait of dawn and be jerked +into eternity when over my head a + + align:start position:0% +into eternity when over my head a + + + align:start position:0% +into eternity when over my head a +shooting star bursts into a stale shriek + + align:start position:0% +shooting star bursts into a stale shriek + + + align:start position:0% +shooting star bursts into a stale shriek +like an alarm clock maybe that is the + + align:start position:0% +like an alarm clock maybe that is the + + + align:start position:0% +like an alarm clock maybe that is the +poet's rendition of the spacetime + + align:start position:0% +poet's rendition of the spacetime + + + align:start position:0% +poet's rendition of the spacetime +diagram there are more down to earth or + + align:start position:0% +diagram there are more down to earth or + + + align:start position:0% +diagram there are more down to earth or +down to solar system phenomena that + + align:start position:0% +down to solar system phenomena that + + + align:start position:0% +down to solar system phenomena that +we'll be studying that you might + + align:start position:0% +we'll be studying that you might + + + align:start position:0% +we'll be studying that you might +investigate the orbits of the point of + + align:start position:0% +investigate the orbits of the point of + + + align:start position:0% +investigate the orbits of the point of +the planets in the solar system know + + align:start position:0% +the planets in the solar system know + + + align:start position:0% +the planets in the solar system know +about general relativity well we learned + + align:start position:0% +about general relativity well we learned + + + align:start position:0% +about general relativity well we learned +in high school I did and I'm sure you + + align:start position:0% +in high school I did and I'm sure you + + + align:start position:0% +in high school I did and I'm sure you +did that orbits are of planets around + + align:start position:0% +did that orbits are of planets around + + + align:start position:0% +did that orbits are of planets around +the Sun are ellipses or they could be + + align:start position:0% +the Sun are ellipses or they could be + + + align:start position:0% +the Sun are ellipses or they could be +parabola or hyperbole depending on + + align:start position:0% +parabola or hyperbole depending on + + + align:start position:0% +parabola or hyperbole depending on +whether the planets or objects are bound + + align:start position:0% +whether the planets or objects are bound + + + align:start position:0% +whether the planets or objects are bound +but Einstein proved that's not so with + + align:start position:0% +but Einstein proved that's not so with + + + align:start position:0% +but Einstein proved that's not so with +the actual gravity produced in + + align:start position:0% +the actual gravity produced in + + + align:start position:0% +the actual gravity produced in +relativity how did he do that and what + + align:start position:0% +relativity how did he do that and what + + + align:start position:0% +relativity how did he do that and what +did he find + + align:start position:0% +did he find + + + align:start position:0% +did he find +well the title perihelion advance of + + align:start position:0% +well the title perihelion advance of + + + align:start position:0% +well the title perihelion advance of +mercury shows that what Einstein found + + align:start position:0% +mercury shows that what Einstein found + + + align:start position:0% +mercury shows that what Einstein found +is that the orbits are not closed + + align:start position:0% +is that the orbits are not closed + + + align:start position:0% +is that the orbits are not closed +ellipses but there are almost closed + + align:start position:0% +ellipses but there are almost closed + + + align:start position:0% +ellipses but there are almost closed +ellipses whose orientation whose long + + align:start position:0% +ellipses whose orientation whose long + + + align:start position:0% +ellipses whose orientation whose long +axis slowly changes with time grossly + + align:start position:0% +axis slowly changes with time grossly + + + align:start position:0% +axis slowly changes with time grossly +exaggerated here for the orbit of + + align:start position:0% +exaggerated here for the orbit of + + + align:start position:0% +exaggerated here for the orbit of +mercury mercury is the innermost planet + + align:start position:0% +mercury mercury is the innermost planet + + + align:start position:0% +mercury mercury is the innermost planet +in the solar system and these effects of + + align:start position:0% +in the solar system and these effects of + + + align:start position:0% +in the solar system and these effects of +relativity fall off with distance from + + align:start position:0% +relativity fall off with distance from + + + align:start position:0% +relativity fall off with distance from +the Sun they're strongest for the + + align:start position:0% +the Sun they're strongest for the + + + align:start position:0% +the Sun they're strongest for the +planets that move the fastest mercury + + align:start position:0% +planets that move the fastest mercury + + + align:start position:0% +planets that move the fastest mercury +being the closest to the Sun moves the + + align:start position:0% +being the closest to the Sun moves the + + + align:start position:0% +being the closest to the Sun moves the +fastest this is a very small effect + + align:start position:0% +fastest this is a very small effect + + + align:start position:0% +fastest this is a very small effect +within the solar system but astronomers + + align:start position:0% +within the solar system but astronomers + + + align:start position:0% +within the solar system but astronomers +study other objects in space where it + + align:start position:0% +study other objects in space where it + + + align:start position:0% +study other objects in space where it +can be a large effect because perhaps + + align:start position:0% +can be a large effect because perhaps + + + align:start position:0% +can be a large effect because perhaps +two neutron stars are closely orbiting + + align:start position:0% +two neutron stars are closely orbiting + + + align:start position:0% +two neutron stars are closely orbiting +or a neutron star close to a black hole + + align:start position:0% +or a neutron star close to a black hole + + + align:start position:0% +or a neutron star close to a black hole +or a swirling accretion disk of matter + + align:start position:0% +or a swirling accretion disk of matter + + + align:start position:0% +or a swirling accretion disk of matter +orbiting a black hole and then it + + align:start position:0% +orbiting a black hole and then it + + + align:start position:0% +orbiting a black hole and then it +becomes really interesting to ask can we + + align:start position:0% +becomes really interesting to ask can we + + + align:start position:0% +becomes really interesting to ask can we +detect this precession effect from the + + align:start position:0% +detect this precession effect from the + + + align:start position:0% +detect this precession effect from the +data light itself is modified by gravity + + align:start position:0% +data light itself is modified by gravity + + + align:start position:0% +data light itself is modified by gravity +the motion of light in particular light + + align:start position:0% +the motion of light in particular light + + + align:start position:0% +the motion of light in particular light +is slowed down as it passes near the Sun + + align:start position:0% +is slowed down as it passes near the Sun + + + align:start position:0% +is slowed down as it passes near the Sun +and this has been studied in our solar + + align:start position:0% +and this has been studied in our solar + + + align:start position:0% +and this has been studied in our solar +system first extensively with the Viking + + align:start position:0% +system first extensively with the Viking + + + align:start position:0% +system first extensively with the Viking +spacecraft in the 1970s and 80s through + + align:start position:0% +spacecraft in the 1970s and 80s through + + + align:start position:0% +spacecraft in the 1970s and 80s through +the pioneering work of professor Irwin + + align:start position:0% +the pioneering work of professor Irwin + + + align:start position:0% +the pioneering work of professor Irwin +Shapiro who at the time was a the time + + align:start position:0% +Shapiro who at the time was a the time + + + align:start position:0% +Shapiro who at the time was a the time +he came up with with this theory and + + align:start position:0% +he came up with with this theory and + + + align:start position:0% +he came up with with this theory and +proposed a test of relativity he was a + + align:start position:0% +proposed a test of relativity he was a + + + align:start position:0% +proposed a test of relativity he was a +research scientist at MIT Lincoln + + align:start position:0% +research scientist at MIT Lincoln + + + align:start position:0% +research scientist at MIT Lincoln +Laboratory and his work was brilliant + + align:start position:0% +Laboratory and his work was brilliant + + + align:start position:0% +Laboratory and his work was brilliant +phenomenal and he became very quickly a + + align:start position:0% +phenomenal and he became very quickly a + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenal and he became very quickly a +professor of Earth atmospheric and + + align:start position:0% +professor of Earth atmospheric and + + + align:start position:0% +professor of Earth atmospheric and +Planetary Sciences and started an + + align:start position:0% +Planetary Sciences and started an + + + align:start position:0% +Planetary Sciences and started an +important way the development of + + align:start position:0% +important way the development of + + + align:start position:0% +important way the development of +planetary radar astronomy at MIT + + align:start position:0% +planetary radar astronomy at MIT + + + align:start position:0% +planetary radar astronomy at MIT +eventually he moved to Harvard where he + + align:start position:0% +eventually he moved to Harvard where he + + + align:start position:0% +eventually he moved to Harvard where he +heads the harvard-smithsonian Center for + + align:start position:0% +heads the harvard-smithsonian Center for + + + align:start position:0% +heads the harvard-smithsonian Center for +Astrophysics I found a cute little + + align:start position:0% +Astrophysics I found a cute little + + + align:start position:0% +Astrophysics I found a cute little +animation on the web that illustrates + + align:start position:0% +animation on the web that illustrates + + + align:start position:0% +animation on the web that illustrates +this Shapiro time delay imagine that the + + align:start position:0% +this Shapiro time delay imagine that the + + + align:start position:0% +this Shapiro time delay imagine that the +earth goes around the Sun Mars goes + + align:start position:0% +earth goes around the Sun Mars goes + + + align:start position:0% +earth goes around the Sun Mars goes +around the Sun and light signal is sent + + align:start position:0% +around the Sun and light signal is sent + + + align:start position:0% +around the Sun and light signal is sent +from Mars to the earth by one of the + + align:start position:0% +from Mars to the earth by one of the + + + align:start position:0% +from Mars to the earth by one of the +spacecraft on Mars well if the path of + + align:start position:0% +spacecraft on Mars well if the path of + + + align:start position:0% +spacecraft on Mars well if the path of +the light passes close to the Sun then + + align:start position:0% +the light passes close to the Sun then + + + align:start position:0% +the light passes close to the Sun then +the light takes a little longer + + align:start position:0% +the light takes a little longer + + + align:start position:0% +the light takes a little longer +not very much much less than one second + + align:start position:0% +not very much much less than one second + + + align:start position:0% +not very much much less than one second +but that's enough of it + + align:start position:0% +but that's enough of it + + + align:start position:0% +but that's enough of it +lengthening to be very easily measured + + align:start position:0% +lengthening to be very easily measured + + + align:start position:0% +lengthening to be very easily measured +and used as a fourth test of general + + align:start position:0% +and used as a fourth test of general + + + align:start position:0% +and used as a fourth test of general +relativity you'll learn about the other + + align:start position:0% +relativity you'll learn about the other + + + align:start position:0% +relativity you'll learn about the other +three tests in our class + + align:start position:0% +three tests in our class + + + align:start position:0% +three tests in our class +Einstein rings another effect of the + + align:start position:0% +Einstein rings another effect of the + + + align:start position:0% +Einstein rings another effect of the +propagation of light imagine that you've + + align:start position:0% +propagation of light imagine that you've + + + align:start position:0% +propagation of light imagine that you've +got a star and a black hole in + + align:start position:0% +got a star and a black hole in + + + align:start position:0% +got a star and a black hole in +foreground what do you see well you + + align:start position:0% +foreground what do you see well you + + + align:start position:0% +foreground what do you see well you +might think you don't see the star + + align:start position:0% +might think you don't see the star + + + align:start position:0% +might think you don't see the star +because it's obstructed by the horizon + + align:start position:0% +because it's obstructed by the horizon + + + align:start position:0% +because it's obstructed by the horizon +of the black hole but the black hole not + + align:start position:0% +of the black hole but the black hole not + + + align:start position:0% +of the black hole but the black hole not +only changes the light travel time it + + align:start position:0% +only changes the light travel time it + + + align:start position:0% +only changes the light travel time it +deflects the path of light the gravity + + align:start position:0% +deflects the path of light the gravity + + + align:start position:0% +deflects the path of light the gravity +of a black hole or of any gravitating + + align:start position:0% +of a black hole or of any gravitating + + + align:start position:0% +of a black hole or of any gravitating +mass will bend the path of the light so + + align:start position:0% +mass will bend the path of the light so + + + align:start position:0% +mass will bend the path of the light so +if you've got the perfect alignment star + + align:start position:0% +if you've got the perfect alignment star + + + align:start position:0% +if you've got the perfect alignment star +black hole and you you'll see light + + align:start position:0% +black hole and you you'll see light + + + align:start position:0% +black hole and you you'll see light +deflected around the black + + align:start position:0% +deflected around the black + + + align:start position:0% +deflected around the black +Cole from all directions forming what we + + align:start position:0% +Cole from all directions forming what we + + + align:start position:0% +Cole from all directions forming what we +call an Einstein ring this effect called + + align:start position:0% +call an Einstein ring this effect called + + + align:start position:0% +call an Einstein ring this effect called +gravitational lensing has been seen in + + align:start position:0% +gravitational lensing has been seen in + + + align:start position:0% +gravitational lensing has been seen in +the universe in a couple of beautiful + + align:start position:0% +the universe in a couple of beautiful + + + align:start position:0% +the universe in a couple of beautiful +examples here at the top is a photograph + + align:start position:0% +examples here at the top is a photograph + + + align:start position:0% +examples here at the top is a photograph +made with the Hubble Space Telescope + + align:start position:0% +made with the Hubble Space Telescope + + + align:start position:0% +made with the Hubble Space Telescope +these luminous yellow glowing objects + + align:start position:0% +these luminous yellow glowing objects + + + align:start position:0% +these luminous yellow glowing objects +are galaxies containing billions of + + align:start position:0% +are galaxies containing billions of + + + align:start position:0% +are galaxies containing billions of +stars in a cluster called a belt 2218 + + align:start position:0% +stars in a cluster called a belt 2218 + + + align:start position:0% +stars in a cluster called a belt 2218 +and you can see also in this picture + + align:start position:0% +and you can see also in this picture + + + align:start position:0% +and you can see also in this picture +some bizarrely shaped blueish arcs blue + + align:start position:0% +some bizarrely shaped blueish arcs blue + + + align:start position:0% +some bizarrely shaped blueish arcs blue +galaxies those are behind the cluster + + align:start position:0% +galaxies those are behind the cluster + + + align:start position:0% +galaxies those are behind the cluster +very far behind the cluster the cluster + + align:start position:0% +very far behind the cluster the cluster + + + align:start position:0% +very far behind the cluster the cluster +is not a black hole but it's mass has a + + align:start position:0% +is not a black hole but it's mass has a + + + align:start position:0% +is not a black hole but it's mass has a +similar effect of bending the pass of + + align:start position:0% +similar effect of bending the pass of + + + align:start position:0% +similar effect of bending the pass of +light rates so that we get in this case + + align:start position:0% +light rates so that we get in this case + + + align:start position:0% +light rates so that we get in this case +partial arcs not perfect ones because + + align:start position:0% +partial arcs not perfect ones because + + + align:start position:0% +partial arcs not perfect ones because +there's not the perfect alignment needed + + align:start position:0% +there's not the perfect alignment needed + + + align:start position:0% +there's not the perfect alignment needed +to give this exact circular symmetry the + + align:start position:0% +to give this exact circular symmetry the + + + align:start position:0% +to give this exact circular symmetry the +Einstein ring phenomenon was first + + align:start position:0% +Einstein ring phenomenon was first + + + align:start position:0% +Einstein ring phenomenon was first +discovered from the radio radiation of + + align:start position:0% +discovered from the radio radiation of + + + align:start position:0% +discovered from the radio radiation of +this bizarre galaxy which has not only + + align:start position:0% +this bizarre galaxy which has not only + + + align:start position:0% +this bizarre galaxy which has not only +been split into a ring but part of the + + align:start position:0% +been split into a ring but part of the + + + align:start position:0% +been split into a ring but part of the +emission from that galaxy separated into + + align:start position:0% +emission from that galaxy separated into + + + align:start position:0% +emission from that galaxy separated into +two bright spots this discovery was made + + align:start position:0% +two bright spots this discovery was made + + + align:start position:0% +two bright spots this discovery was made +by Jackie Hewitt was now a professor of + + align:start position:0% +by Jackie Hewitt was now a professor of + + + align:start position:0% +by Jackie Hewitt was now a professor of +physics at MIT and she continues in this + + align:start position:0% +physics at MIT and she continues in this + + + align:start position:0% +physics at MIT and she continues in this +research gravitational radiation light + + align:start position:0% +research gravitational radiation light + + + align:start position:0% +research gravitational radiation light +travels at the speed of light the + + align:start position:0% +travels at the speed of light the + + + align:start position:0% +travels at the speed of light the +effects of gravity gravitational + + align:start position:0% +effects of gravity gravitational + + + align:start position:0% +effects of gravity gravitational +radiation a travel at the speed of light + + align:start position:0% +radiation a travel at the speed of light + + + align:start position:0% +radiation a travel at the speed of light +that is how general relativity + + align:start position:0% +that is how general relativity + + + align:start position:0% +that is how general relativity +reconciles gravity with the finite speed + + align:start position:0% +reconciles gravity with the finite speed + + + align:start position:0% +reconciles gravity with the finite speed +that information can propagate how do we + + align:start position:0% +that information can propagate how do we + + + align:start position:0% +that information can propagate how do we +represent gravitational waves what is a + + align:start position:0% +represent gravitational waves what is a + + + align:start position:0% +represent gravitational waves what is a +gravitational wave that's a beautiful + + align:start position:0% +gravitational wave that's a beautiful + + + align:start position:0% +gravitational wave that's a beautiful +subject to study how are physicists now + + align:start position:0% +subject to study how are physicists now + + + align:start position:0% +subject to study how are physicists now +at this moment searching for + + align:start position:0% +at this moment searching for + + + align:start position:0% +at this moment searching for +gravitational waves there's an + + align:start position:0% +gravitational waves there's an + + + align:start position:0% +gravitational waves there's an +instrument called LIGO laser + + align:start position:0% +instrument called LIGO laser + + + align:start position:0% +instrument called LIGO laser +interferometric gravitational wave + + align:start position:0% +interferometric gravitational wave + + + align:start position:0% +interferometric gravitational wave +observatory that Caltech and MIT + + align:start position:0% +observatory that Caltech and MIT + + + align:start position:0% +observatory that Caltech and MIT +are jointly operating and will study it + + align:start position:0% +are jointly operating and will study it + + + align:start position:0% +are jointly operating and will study it +in this class it uses light to search + + align:start position:0% +in this class it uses light to search + + + align:start position:0% +in this class it uses light to search +for gravity or for gravity waves and it + + align:start position:0% +for gravity or for gravity waves and it + + + align:start position:0% +for gravity or for gravity waves and it +has this arrangement of mirrors and + + align:start position:0% +has this arrangement of mirrors and + + + align:start position:0% +has this arrangement of mirrors and +laser beams that are very sensitive to + + align:start position:0% +laser beams that are very sensitive to + + + align:start position:0% +laser beams that are very sensitive to +any changes in the lengths between these + + align:start position:0% +any changes in the lengths between these + + + align:start position:0% +any changes in the lengths between these +pairs of mirrors now if we have two + + align:start position:0% +pairs of mirrors now if we have two + + + align:start position:0% +pairs of mirrors now if we have two +massive objects like two neutron stars + + align:start position:0% +massive objects like two neutron stars + + + align:start position:0% +massive objects like two neutron stars +or black holes orbiting close together + + align:start position:0% +or black holes orbiting close together + + + align:start position:0% +or black holes orbiting close together +somewhere in space they will cause + + align:start position:0% +somewhere in space they will cause + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere in space they will cause +ripples in the fabric of space-time + + align:start position:0% +ripples in the fabric of space-time + + + align:start position:0% +ripples in the fabric of space-time +something like this spiral pattern at + + align:start position:0% +something like this spiral pattern at + + + align:start position:0% +something like this spiral pattern at +the top traveling away from that binary + + align:start position:0% +the top traveling away from that binary + + + align:start position:0% +the top traveling away from that binary +star system at the speed of light + + align:start position:0% +star system at the speed of light + + + align:start position:0% +star system at the speed of light +perhaps impinging on the instrument the + + align:start position:0% +perhaps impinging on the instrument the + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps impinging on the instrument the +LIGO type detectors and if so the effect + + align:start position:0% +LIGO type detectors and if so the effect + + + align:start position:0% +LIGO type detectors and if so the effect +will be to change slightly the lengths + + align:start position:0% +will be to change slightly the lengths + + + align:start position:0% +will be to change slightly the lengths +of the arms which can then be recorded + + align:start position:0% +of the arms which can then be recorded + + + align:start position:0% +of the arms which can then be recorded +in the output of this instrument this is + + align:start position:0% +in the output of this instrument this is + + + align:start position:0% +in the output of this instrument this is +a simple schematic but actually building + + align:start position:0% +a simple schematic but actually building + + + align:start position:0% +a simple schematic but actually building +and making one of these interferometers + + align:start position:0% +and making one of these interferometers + + + align:start position:0% +and making one of these interferometers +is not a small task nor are these + + align:start position:0% +is not a small task nor are these + + + align:start position:0% +is not a small task nor are these +interferometer small there are two of + + align:start position:0% +interferometer small there are two of + + + align:start position:0% +interferometer small there are two of +them in the US whose arm lengths where + + align:start position:0% +them in the US whose arm lengths where + + + align:start position:0% +them in the US whose arm lengths where +the light travels are 4,000 meters four + + align:start position:0% +the light travels are 4,000 meters four + + + align:start position:0% +the light travels are 4,000 meters four +kilometers of high vacuum through which + + align:start position:0% +kilometers of high vacuum through which + + + align:start position:0% +kilometers of high vacuum through which +lasers travel and measure the geometry + + align:start position:0% +lasers travel and measure the geometry + + + align:start position:0% +lasers travel and measure the geometry +of space in this semester we'll hear the + + align:start position:0% +of space in this semester we'll hear the + + + align:start position:0% +of space in this semester we'll hear the +first announcement of limits on the + + align:start position:0% +first announcement of limits on the + + + align:start position:0% +first announcement of limits on the +strength of gravity waves measured by + + align:start position:0% +strength of gravity waves measured by + + + align:start position:0% +strength of gravity waves measured by +LIGO instrument probably in April I + + align:start position:0% +LIGO instrument probably in April I + + + align:start position:0% +LIGO instrument probably in April I +mentioned that if two stars massive + + align:start position:0% +mentioned that if two stars massive + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned that if two stars massive +stars are orbiting close together they + + align:start position:0% +stars are orbiting close together they + + + align:start position:0% +stars are orbiting close together they +make this spiral pattern in space-time + + align:start position:0% +make this spiral pattern in space-time + + + align:start position:0% +make this spiral pattern in space-time +well there are such stars neutron stars + + align:start position:0% +well there are such stars neutron stars + + + align:start position:0% +well there are such stars neutron stars +have been known for more than 30 years + + align:start position:0% +have been known for more than 30 years + + + align:start position:0% +have been known for more than 30 years +now and a pair of them were studied + + align:start position:0% +now and a pair of them were studied + + + align:start position:0% +now and a pair of them were studied +carefully by Joe Taylor and Russell + + align:start position:0% +carefully by Joe Taylor and Russell + + + align:start position:0% +carefully by Joe Taylor and Russell +Holtz who discovered that the orbit is + + align:start position:0% +Holtz who discovered that the orbit is + + + align:start position:0% +Holtz who discovered that the orbit is +shrinking in a way that can only be + + align:start position:0% +shrinking in a way that can only be + + + align:start position:0% +shrinking in a way that can only be +accounted for by the emission of + + align:start position:0% +accounted for by the emission of + + + align:start position:0% +accounted for by the emission of +gravitational waves + + align:start position:0% +gravitational waves + + + align:start position:0% +gravitational waves +now those gravitational waves haven't + + align:start position:0% +now those gravitational waves haven't + + + align:start position:0% +now those gravitational waves haven't +directly been discovered but their + + align:start position:0% +directly been discovered but their + + + align:start position:0% +directly been discovered but their +effects show up in the energy loss from + + align:start position:0% +effects show up in the energy loss from + + + align:start position:0% +effects show up in the energy loss from +this binary star + + align:start position:0% +this binary star + + + align:start position:0% +this binary star +and for that discovery Taylor and Hulse + + align:start position:0% +and for that discovery Taylor and Hulse + + + align:start position:0% +and for that discovery Taylor and Hulse +won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1993 + + align:start position:0% +won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1993 + + + align:start position:0% +won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1993 +here's just a schematic of how they + + align:start position:0% +here's just a schematic of how they + + + align:start position:0% +here's just a schematic of how they +looked at the Stars rotating neutron + + align:start position:0% +looked at the Stars rotating neutron + + + align:start position:0% +looked at the Stars rotating neutron +stars emitting radio waves like a + + align:start position:0% +stars emitting radio waves like a + + + align:start position:0% +stars emitting radio waves like a +lighthouse that's called a pulsar and + + align:start position:0% +lighthouse that's called a pulsar and + + + align:start position:0% +lighthouse that's called a pulsar and +then one of those neutron stars emits + + align:start position:0% +then one of those neutron stars emits + + + align:start position:0% +then one of those neutron stars emits +light radio waves that we see on earth + + align:start position:0% +light radio waves that we see on earth + + + align:start position:0% +light radio waves that we see on earth +the other one is invisible we don't know + + align:start position:0% +the other one is invisible we don't know + + + align:start position:0% +the other one is invisible we don't know +why maybe it's also emitting a + + align:start position:0% +why maybe it's also emitting a + + + align:start position:0% +why maybe it's also emitting a +lighthouse pulse of radiation that just + + align:start position:0% +lighthouse pulse of radiation that just + + + align:start position:0% +lighthouse pulse of radiation that just +doesn't happen to cross our line of + + align:start position:0% +doesn't happen to cross our line of + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't happen to cross our line of +sight but you can read about this + + align:start position:0% +sight but you can read about this + + + align:start position:0% +sight but you can read about this +discovery at the Nobel foundation + + align:start position:0% +discovery at the Nobel foundation + + + align:start position:0% +discovery at the Nobel foundation +website gamma-ray burster z-- universe + + align:start position:0% +website gamma-ray burster z-- universe + + + align:start position:0% +website gamma-ray burster z-- universe +is full of wonderful and amazing things + + align:start position:0% +is full of wonderful and amazing things + + + align:start position:0% +is full of wonderful and amazing things +and one of them that we're just starting + + align:start position:0% +and one of them that we're just starting + + + align:start position:0% +and one of them that we're just starting +to get a handle on in the last year or + + align:start position:0% +to get a handle on in the last year or + + + align:start position:0% +to get a handle on in the last year or +two are the very bright brightest + + align:start position:0% +two are the very bright brightest + + + align:start position:0% +two are the very bright brightest +sources in the universe called gamma-ray + + align:start position:0% +sources in the universe called gamma-ray + + + align:start position:0% +sources in the universe called gamma-ray +burst for a few seconds a star something + + align:start position:0% +burst for a few seconds a star something + + + align:start position:0% +burst for a few seconds a star something +that appears to be a star anyway puts + + align:start position:0% +that appears to be a star anyway puts + + + align:start position:0% +that appears to be a star anyway puts +out so much radiation that it's brighter + + align:start position:0% +out so much radiation that it's brighter + + + align:start position:0% +out so much radiation that it's brighter +or comparable to in brightness all the + + align:start position:0% +or comparable to in brightness all the + + + align:start position:0% +or comparable to in brightness all the +other stars in the whole universe + + align:start position:0% +other stars in the whole universe + + + align:start position:0% +other stars in the whole universe +combine just for a few seconds + + align:start position:0% +combine just for a few seconds + + + align:start position:0% +combine just for a few seconds +absolutely astonishing + + align:start position:0% +absolutely astonishing + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely astonishing +we think that maybe these events signal + + align:start position:0% +we think that maybe these events signal + + + align:start position:0% +we think that maybe these events signal +the formation of a black hole and they + + align:start position:0% +the formation of a black hole and they + + + align:start position:0% +the formation of a black hole and they +happen about once a day in the universe + + align:start position:0% +happen about once a day in the universe + + + align:start position:0% +happen about once a day in the universe +someplace look at the bottom left for a + + align:start position:0% +someplace look at the bottom left for a + + + align:start position:0% +someplace look at the bottom left for a +moment this is a map again of the whole + + align:start position:0% +moment this is a map again of the whole + + + align:start position:0% +moment this is a map again of the whole +sky in gamma rays the Milky Way galaxy + + align:start position:0% +sky in gamma rays the Milky Way galaxy + + + align:start position:0% +sky in gamma rays the Milky Way galaxy +emits some gamma rays from the stars and + + align:start position:0% +emits some gamma rays from the stars and + + + align:start position:0% +emits some gamma rays from the stars and +gas in its plane and here out beyond our + + align:start position:0% +gas in its plane and here out beyond our + + + align:start position:0% +gas in its plane and here out beyond our +galaxy is a spot of light which in 10 + + align:start position:0% +galaxy is a spot of light which in 10 + + + align:start position:0% +galaxy is a spot of light which in 10 +seconds brightens up and for a brief + + align:start position:0% +seconds brightens up and for a brief + + + align:start position:0% +seconds brightens up and for a brief +moment again in the gamma rays becomes + + align:start position:0% +moment again in the gamma rays becomes + + + align:start position:0% +moment again in the gamma rays becomes +brighter than all other celestial + + align:start position:0% +brighter than all other celestial + + + align:start position:0% +brighter than all other celestial +gamma-ray sources combined absolutely + + align:start position:0% +gamma-ray sources combined absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +gamma-ray sources combined absolutely +astonishing light output and here you + + align:start position:0% +astonishing light output and here you + + + align:start position:0% +astonishing light output and here you +can see the trace of counts per second + + align:start position:0% +can see the trace of counts per second + + + align:start position:0% +can see the trace of counts per second +in the gamma rays made by an orbiting + + align:start position:0% +in the gamma rays made by an orbiting + + + align:start position:0% +in the gamma rays made by an orbiting +satellite we're starting to understand + + align:start position:0% +satellite we're starting to understand + + + align:start position:0% +satellite we're starting to understand +to unravel the nature of these bizarre + + align:start position:0% +to unravel the nature of these bizarre + + + align:start position:0% +to unravel the nature of these bizarre +explosions and one way is by finding + + align:start position:0% +explosions and one way is by finding + + + align:start position:0% +explosions and one way is by finding +radiation from them in the optical + + align:start position:0% +radiation from them in the optical + + + align:start position:0% +radiation from them in the optical +and radio wavelengths MIT plays a very + + align:start position:0% +and radio wavelengths MIT plays a very + + + align:start position:0% +and radio wavelengths MIT plays a very +important role in that in that work mit + + align:start position:0% +important role in that in that work mit + + + align:start position:0% +important role in that in that work mit +has a gamma-ray satellite called Hetty 2 + + align:start position:0% +has a gamma-ray satellite called Hetty 2 + + + align:start position:0% +has a gamma-ray satellite called Hetty 2 +that discovers these gamma-ray bursts + + align:start position:0% +that discovers these gamma-ray bursts + + + align:start position:0% +that discovers these gamma-ray bursts +and very quickly informs astronomers all + + align:start position:0% +and very quickly informs astronomers all + + + align:start position:0% +and very quickly informs astronomers all +around the world that a gamma-ray burst + + align:start position:0% +around the world that a gamma-ray burst + + + align:start position:0% +around the world that a gamma-ray burst +has just gone off and giving the + + align:start position:0% +has just gone off and giving the + + + align:start position:0% +has just gone off and giving the +direction just a couple of months ago + + align:start position:0% +direction just a couple of months ago + + + align:start position:0% +direction just a couple of months ago +the Hetty satellite got a localization + + align:start position:0% +the Hetty satellite got a localization + + + align:start position:0% +the Hetty satellite got a localization +on the sky of this one gamma-ray burst + + align:start position:0% +on the sky of this one gamma-ray burst + + + align:start position:0% +on the sky of this one gamma-ray burst +very quickly so that about one minute + + align:start position:0% +very quickly so that about one minute + + + align:start position:0% +very quickly so that about one minute +later one minute after the gamma rays + + align:start position:0% +later one minute after the gamma rays + + + align:start position:0% +later one minute after the gamma rays +flashed this was seen with optical + + align:start position:0% +flashed this was seen with optical + + + align:start position:0% +flashed this was seen with optical +telescopes and boy it was a lucky thing + + align:start position:0% +telescopes and boy it was a lucky thing + + + align:start position:0% +telescopes and boy it was a lucky thing +that that the identification was made so + + align:start position:0% +that that the identification was made so + + + align:start position:0% +that that the identification was made so +quickly because you can see that the + + align:start position:0% +quickly because you can see that the + + + align:start position:0% +quickly because you can see that the +optical object on the left next to an + + align:start position:0% +optical object on the left next to an + + + align:start position:0% +optical object on the left next to an +ordinary galaxy and just nine minutes + + align:start position:0% +ordinary galaxy and just nine minutes + + + align:start position:0% +ordinary galaxy and just nine minutes +later it had faded and was invisible in + + align:start position:0% +later it had faded and was invisible in + + + align:start position:0% +later it had faded and was invisible in +the optical but the information we have + + align:start position:0% +the optical but the information we have + + + align:start position:0% +the optical but the information we have +from those few minutes is helping us to + + align:start position:0% +from those few minutes is helping us to + + + align:start position:0% +from those few minutes is helping us to +understand how these gamma-ray bursts + + align:start position:0% +understand how these gamma-ray bursts + + + align:start position:0% +understand how these gamma-ray bursts +work supermassive black holes some black + + align:start position:0% +work supermassive black holes some black + + + align:start position:0% +work supermassive black holes some black +holes reside in the Centers of galaxies + + align:start position:0% +holes reside in the Centers of galaxies + + + align:start position:0% +holes reside in the Centers of galaxies +and weigh millions to billions of times + + align:start position:0% +and weigh millions to billions of times + + + align:start position:0% +and weigh millions to billions of times +as much as our Sun other black holes + + align:start position:0% +as much as our Sun other black holes + + + align:start position:0% +as much as our Sun other black holes +appear to form from the collapse of + + align:start position:0% +appear to form from the collapse of + + + align:start position:0% +appear to form from the collapse of +stars and weigh maybe 10 times the mass + + align:start position:0% +stars and weigh maybe 10 times the mass + + + align:start position:0% +stars and weigh maybe 10 times the mass +of the Sun they have different they + + align:start position:0% +of the Sun they have different they + + + align:start position:0% +of the Sun they have different they +cause different phenomena you may have + + align:start position:0% +cause different phenomena you may have + + + align:start position:0% +cause different phenomena you may have +heard of quasars very luminous sources + + align:start position:0% +heard of quasars very luminous sources + + + align:start position:0% +heard of quasars very luminous sources +of optical and x-ray radiation we think + + align:start position:0% +of optical and x-ray radiation we think + + + align:start position:0% +of optical and x-ray radiation we think +they're powered by supermassive black + + align:start position:0% +they're powered by supermassive black + + + align:start position:0% +they're powered by supermassive black +holes there's one in the center of our + + align:start position:0% +holes there's one in the center of our + + + align:start position:0% +holes there's one in the center of our +galaxy about a black hole that is called + + align:start position:0% +galaxy about a black hole that is called + + + align:start position:0% +galaxy about a black hole that is called +Sagittarius a star in the constellation + + align:start position:0% +Sagittarius a star in the constellation + + + align:start position:0% +Sagittarius a star in the constellation +of Sagittarius + + align:start position:0% +of Sagittarius + + + align:start position:0% +of Sagittarius +center of our galaxy are we in danger of + + align:start position:0% +center of our galaxy are we in danger of + + + align:start position:0% +center of our galaxy are we in danger of +falling into it is the presence of a 2 + + align:start position:0% +falling into it is the presence of a 2 + + + align:start position:0% +falling into it is the presence of a 2 +million solar mass black hole something + + align:start position:0% +million solar mass black hole something + + + align:start position:0% +million solar mass black hole something +that we need to worry about in our + + align:start position:0% +that we need to worry about in our + + + align:start position:0% +that we need to worry about in our +galaxy well I wonder the way these are + + align:start position:0% +galaxy well I wonder the way these are + + + align:start position:0% +galaxy well I wonder the way these are +found in quasars and active galaxies is + + align:start position:0% +found in quasars and active galaxies is + + + align:start position:0% +found in quasars and active galaxies is +through the tremendous beams of + + align:start position:0% +through the tremendous beams of + + + align:start position:0% +through the tremendous beams of +radiation that spit out from we think + + align:start position:0% +radiation that spit out from we think + + + align:start position:0% +radiation that spit out from we think +the spin axis of rotating black holes + + align:start position:0% +the spin axis of rotating black holes + + + align:start position:0% +the spin axis of rotating black holes +shooting out relativistic particle beams + + align:start position:0% +shooting out relativistic particle beams + + + align:start position:0% +shooting out relativistic particle beams +that may + + align:start position:0% +that may + + + align:start position:0% +that may +these beautiful worlds of plasma out in + + align:start position:0% +these beautiful worlds of plasma out in + + + align:start position:0% +these beautiful worlds of plasma out in +interstellar intergalactic space this + + align:start position:0% +interstellar intergalactic space this + + + align:start position:0% +interstellar intergalactic space this +picture at the top is not an artist + + align:start position:0% +picture at the top is not an artist + + + align:start position:0% +picture at the top is not an artist +rendition it's an actual radio image of + + align:start position:0% +rendition it's an actual radio image of + + + align:start position:0% +rendition it's an actual radio image of +that radiation emanating from the black + + align:start position:0% +that radiation emanating from the black + + + align:start position:0% +that radiation emanating from the black +hole impinging on the medium around it + + align:start position:0% +hole impinging on the medium around it + + + align:start position:0% +hole impinging on the medium around it +actually radiation from the hot plasma + + align:start position:0% +actually radiation from the hot plasma + + + align:start position:0% +actually radiation from the hot plasma +the relativistic plasma produced by the + + align:start position:0% +the relativistic plasma produced by the + + + align:start position:0% +the relativistic plasma produced by the +black hole and on the right a + + align:start position:0% +black hole and on the right a + + + align:start position:0% +black hole and on the right a +tantalizing image of the accretion disk + + align:start position:0% +tantalizing image of the accretion disk + + + align:start position:0% +tantalizing image of the accretion disk +matters swirling around one of these + + align:start position:0% +matters swirling around one of these + + + align:start position:0% +matters swirling around one of these +supermassive black holes + + align:start position:0% +supermassive black holes + + + align:start position:0% +supermassive black holes +again at the center of a nearby galaxy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the black holes we discuss well we will + + align:start position:0% +the black holes we discuss well we will + + + align:start position:0% +the black holes we discuss well we will +focus in this class on classical general + + align:start position:0% +focus in this class on classical general + + + align:start position:0% +focus in this class on classical general +relativity just Einstein's theory of + + align:start position:0% +relativity just Einstein's theory of + + + align:start position:0% +relativity just Einstein's theory of +gravity but one of the great quests for + + align:start position:0% +gravity but one of the great quests for + + + align:start position:0% +gravity but one of the great quests for +the last century + + align:start position:0% +the last century + + + align:start position:0% +the last century +ever since Einstein s work has been to + + align:start position:0% +ever since Einstein s work has been to + + + align:start position:0% +ever since Einstein s work has been to +try and unify general relativity and + + align:start position:0% +try and unify general relativity and + + + align:start position:0% +try and unify general relativity and +quantum mechanics there's a successful + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics there's a successful + + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics there's a successful +unification of those two without gravity + + align:start position:0% +unification of those two without gravity + + + align:start position:0% +unification of those two without gravity +quantum field theory combines relativity + + align:start position:0% +quantum field theory combines relativity + + + align:start position:0% +quantum field theory combines relativity +and all the other laws of physics except + + align:start position:0% +and all the other laws of physics except + + + align:start position:0% +and all the other laws of physics except +for gravity but gravity has proven very + + align:start position:0% +for gravity but gravity has proven very + + + align:start position:0% +for gravity but gravity has proven very +challenging to quantize now one step in + + align:start position:0% +challenging to quantize now one step in + + + align:start position:0% +challenging to quantize now one step in +that direction was made almost thirty + + align:start position:0% +that direction was made almost thirty + + + align:start position:0% +that direction was made almost thirty +years ago by Stephen Hawking the famous + + align:start position:0% +years ago by Stephen Hawking the famous + + + align:start position:0% +years ago by Stephen Hawking the famous +British physicist who gave a lecture I'm + + align:start position:0% +British physicist who gave a lecture I'm + + + align:start position:0% +British physicist who gave a lecture I'm +not long ago as part of the Cambridge + + align:start position:0% +not long ago as part of the Cambridge + + + align:start position:0% +not long ago as part of the Cambridge +MIT Institute here and he discovered + + align:start position:0% +MIT Institute here and he discovered + + + align:start position:0% +MIT Institute here and he discovered +that theoretically that black holes + + align:start position:0% +that theoretically that black holes + + + align:start position:0% +that theoretically that black holes +wouldn't live forever but might + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't live forever but might + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't live forever but might +evaporate they could evaporate and the + + align:start position:0% +evaporate they could evaporate and the + + + align:start position:0% +evaporate they could evaporate and the +way this happens is through a process + + align:start position:0% +way this happens is through a process + + + align:start position:0% +way this happens is through a process +called quantum tunneling that can + + align:start position:0% +called quantum tunneling that can + + + align:start position:0% +called quantum tunneling that can +produce even in the vacuum of space a + + align:start position:0% +produce even in the vacuum of space a + + + align:start position:0% +produce even in the vacuum of space a +particle antiparticle pair the + + align:start position:0% +particle antiparticle pair the + + + align:start position:0% +particle antiparticle pair the +physicists vacuum today is nothing like + + align:start position:0% +physicists vacuum today is nothing like + + + align:start position:0% +physicists vacuum today is nothing like +what we thought the vacuum was just + + align:start position:0% +what we thought the vacuum was just + + + align:start position:0% +what we thought the vacuum was just +empty space hundreds of years ago there + + align:start position:0% +empty space hundreds of years ago there + + + align:start position:0% +empty space hundreds of years ago there +are particles flitting into existence + + align:start position:0% +are particles flitting into existence + + + align:start position:0% +are particles flitting into existence +and in and out of existence all the time + + align:start position:0% +and in and out of existence all the time + + + align:start position:0% +and in and out of existence all the time +in the vacuum and if this happens to + + align:start position:0% +in the vacuum and if this happens to + + + align:start position:0% +in the vacuum and if this happens to +take place very close to the horizon of + + align:start position:0% +take place very close to the horizon of + + + align:start position:0% +take place very close to the horizon of +a black hole particle may fall in or an + + align:start position:0% +a black hole particle may fall in or an + + + align:start position:0% +a black hole particle may fall in or an +antiparticle lead + + align:start position:0% +antiparticle lead + + + align:start position:0% +antiparticle lead +the other to escape and the effect would + + align:start position:0% +the other to escape and the effect would + + + align:start position:0% +the other to escape and the effect would +be a reduction of mass of the black hole + + align:start position:0% +be a reduction of mass of the black hole + + + align:start position:0% +be a reduction of mass of the black hole +there are a lot of questions remaining + + align:start position:0% +there are a lot of questions remaining + + + align:start position:0% +there are a lot of questions remaining +about this process and some of the most + + align:start position:0% +about this process and some of the most + + + align:start position:0% +about this process and some of the most +profound questions about quantum gravity + + align:start position:0% +profound questions about quantum gravity + + + align:start position:0% +profound questions about quantum gravity +could be addressed by super string + + align:start position:0% +could be addressed by super string + + + align:start position:0% +could be addressed by super string +theory a theory may be of the 22nd + + align:start position:0% +theory a theory may be of the 22nd + + + align:start position:0% +theory a theory may be of the 22nd +century that we're trying to study now + + align:start position:0% +century that we're trying to study now + + + align:start position:0% +century that we're trying to study now +in the 21st well we look forward to + + align:start position:0% +in the 21st well we look forward to + + + align:start position:0% +in the 21st well we look forward to +working with you and the alumni as well + + align:start position:0% +working with you and the alumni as well + + + align:start position:0% +working with you and the alumni as well +in these and other exciting projects are + + align:start position:0% +in these and other exciting projects are + + + align:start position:0% +in these and other exciting projects are +there any questions on on this + + align:start position:0% +there any questions on on this + + + align:start position:0% +there any questions on on this +presentation of the projects okay just + + align:start position:0% +presentation of the projects okay just + + + align:start position:0% +presentation of the projects okay just +to return to the structure of this class + + align:start position:0% +to return to the structure of this class + + + align:start position:0% +to return to the structure of this class +we have our Monday evening seminar + + align:start position:0% +we have our Monday evening seminar + + + align:start position:0% +we have our Monday evening seminar +series some of these topics that I + + align:start position:0% +series some of these topics that I + + + align:start position:0% +series some of these topics that I +presented will be gone over in more + + align:start position:0% +presented will be gone over in more + + + align:start position:0% +presented will be gone over in more +detail by the evening seminar speakers + + align:start position:0% +detail by the evening seminar speakers + + + align:start position:0% +detail by the evening seminar speakers +on Monday this coming Monday will meet + + align:start position:0% +on Monday this coming Monday will meet + + + align:start position:0% +on Monday this coming Monday will meet +in this room 9 - 151 the seminars will + + align:start position:0% +in this room 9 - 151 the seminars will + + + align:start position:0% +in this room 9 - 151 the seminars will +be videotaped and at that time I'll be + + align:start position:0% +be videotaped and at that time I'll be + + + align:start position:0% +be videotaped and at that time I'll be +leading a presentation together with dr. + + align:start position:0% +leading a presentation together with dr. + + + align:start position:0% +leading a presentation together with dr. +Taylor where we just have fun going + + align:start position:0% +Taylor where we just have fun going + + + align:start position:0% +Taylor where we just have fun going +through some of the fun and curious + + align:start position:0% +through some of the fun and curious + + + align:start position:0% +through some of the fun and curious +questions that you might have about + + align:start position:0% +questions that you might have about + + + align:start position:0% +questions that you might have about +black holes so please come we look + + align:start position:0% +black holes so please come we look + + + align:start position:0% +black holes so please come we look +forward to your participation in this + + align:start position:0% +forward to your participation in this + + + align:start position:0% +forward to your participation in this +class thank you very much see you on + + align:start position:0% +class thank you very much see you on + + + align:start position:0% +class thank you very much see you on +Monday \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/bX-k26w-tsU.txt b/bX-k26w-tsU.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..170e3caefa985869f45ae92c8e3478e521369094 --- /dev/null +++ b/bX-k26w-tsU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,923 @@ +align:start position:0% + +we can write however J left as J of a - + + align:start position:0% +we can write however J left as J of a - + + + align:start position:0% +we can write however J left as J of a - +J of B / J of a would be H Bar K over m + + align:start position:0% +J of B / J of a would be H Bar K over m + + + align:start position:0% +J of B / J of a would be H Bar K over m +a squared and J of B would be H Bar K + + align:start position:0% +a squared and J of B would be H Bar K + + + align:start position:0% +a squared and J of B would be H Bar K +over m B squared you see the current + + align:start position:0% +over m B squared you see the current + + + align:start position:0% +over m B squared you see the current +that this exists to the left of the + + align:start position:0% +that this exists to the left of the + + + align:start position:0% +that this exists to the left of the +barrier has two components and it's very + + align:start position:0% +barrier has two components and it's very + + + align:start position:0% +barrier has two components and it's very +intuitive it's the current that would + + align:start position:0% +intuitive it's the current that would + + + align:start position:0% +intuitive it's the current that would +have been brought alone by the incoming + + align:start position:0% +have been brought alone by the incoming + + + align:start position:0% +have been brought alone by the incoming +a wave mine has the current that would + + align:start position:0% +a wave mine has the current that would + + + align:start position:0% +a wave mine has the current that would +have existed alone from the reflected B + + align:start position:0% +have existed alone from the reflected B + + + align:start position:0% +have existed alone from the reflected B +wave B is the reflected wave so that's + + align:start position:0% +wave B is the reflected wave so that's + + + align:start position:0% +wave B is the reflected wave so that's +very nice there's no interference + + align:start position:0% +very nice there's no interference + + + align:start position:0% +very nice there's no interference +between this two term you can really + + align:start position:0% +between this two term you can really + + + align:start position:0% +between this two term you can really +think of a current that is associated to + + align:start position:0% +think of a current that is associated to + + + align:start position:0% +think of a current that is associated to +the incoming wave and a current + + align:start position:0% +the incoming wave and a current + + + align:start position:0% +the incoming wave and a current +associated with a reflected wave so this + + align:start position:0% +associated with a reflected wave so this + + + align:start position:0% +associated with a reflected wave so this +suggests how you should define a + + align:start position:0% +suggests how you should define a + + + align:start position:0% +suggests how you should define a +reflection coefficient flexion + + align:start position:0% +reflection coefficient flexion + + + align:start position:0% +reflection coefficient flexion +coefficient R would give me the amount + + align:start position:0% +coefficient R would give me the amount + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient R would give me the amount +of current I get reflected compared to + + align:start position:0% +of current I get reflected compared to + + + align:start position:0% +of current I get reflected compared to +the amount of current that there is + + align:start position:0% +the amount of current that there is + + + align:start position:0% +the amount of current that there is +incident you see the incident current is + + align:start position:0% +incident you see the incident current is + + + align:start position:0% +incident you see the incident current is +going to be partially reflected and + + align:start position:0% +going to be partially reflected and + + + align:start position:0% +going to be partially reflected and +partially transmitted so an idea of a + + align:start position:0% +partially transmitted so an idea of a + + + align:start position:0% +partially transmitted so an idea of a +reflection is the value of the reflected + + align:start position:0% +reflection is the value of the reflected + + + align:start position:0% +reflection is the value of the reflected +current divided by the incident current + + align:start position:0% +current divided by the incident current + + + align:start position:0% +current divided by the incident current +it's a definition but it's a reasonable + + align:start position:0% +it's a definition but it's a reasonable + + + align:start position:0% +it's a definition but it's a reasonable +definition and then if if it is this + + align:start position:0% +definition and then if if it is this + + + align:start position:0% +definition and then if if it is this +ratio because of these expressions it + + align:start position:0% +ratio because of these expressions it + + + align:start position:0% +ratio because of these expressions it +happened + + align:start position:0% +happened + + + align:start position:0% +happened +to be B over a squared and that's an + + align:start position:0% +to be B over a squared and that's an + + + align:start position:0% +to be B over a squared and that's an +interesting number now there's some + + align:start position:0% +interesting number now there's some + + + align:start position:0% +interesting number now there's some +physics in it it tells me what how much + + align:start position:0% +physics in it it tells me what how much + + + align:start position:0% +physics in it it tells me what how much +of the probability gets reflected as a + + align:start position:0% +of the probability gets reflected as a + + + align:start position:0% +of the probability gets reflected as a +function of the probability is incident + + align:start position:0% +function of the probability is incident + + + align:start position:0% +function of the probability is incident +so that's a good measure if you get a + + align:start position:0% +so that's a good measure if you get a + + + align:start position:0% +so that's a good measure if you get a +reflection coefficient of 1/10 then you + + align:start position:0% +reflection coefficient of 1/10 then you + + + align:start position:0% +reflection coefficient of 1/10 then you +will expect the tenth of the particles + + align:start position:0% +will expect the tenth of the particles + + + align:start position:0% +will expect the tenth of the particles +to be reflected now we don't have + + align:start position:0% +to be reflected now we don't have + + + align:start position:0% +to be reflected now we don't have +particles yet this is a not normalizable + + align:start position:0% +particles yet this is a not normalizable + + + align:start position:0% +particles yet this is a not normalizable +solution but still this will be the + + align:start position:0% +solution but still this will be the + + + align:start position:0% +solution but still this will be the +inclusion very soon now we could have a + + align:start position:0% +inclusion very soon now we could have a + + + align:start position:0% +inclusion very soon now we could have a +transmission coefficient as well and + + align:start position:0% +transmission coefficient as well and + + + align:start position:0% +transmission coefficient as well and +here is something that we sometimes make + + align:start position:0% +here is something that we sometimes make + + + align:start position:0% +here is something that we sometimes make +a mistake T is going to be a + + align:start position:0% +a mistake T is going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +a mistake T is going to be a +transmission coefficient mention + + align:start position:0% +transmission coefficient mention + + + align:start position:0% +transmission coefficient mention +coefficient and how should we define it + + align:start position:0% +coefficient and how should we define it + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient and how should we define it +there is a temptation to define it well + + align:start position:0% +there is a temptation to define it well + + + align:start position:0% +there is a temptation to define it well +the coefficient B over a gives me this + + align:start position:0% +the coefficient B over a gives me this + + + align:start position:0% +the coefficient B over a gives me this +that maybe should it be C over a but + + align:start position:0% +that maybe should it be C over a but + + + align:start position:0% +that maybe should it be C over a but +actually while C over a gives you some + + align:start position:0% +actually while C over a gives you some + + + align:start position:0% +actually while C over a gives you some +idea of how big is the wave to the right + + align:start position:0% +idea of how big is the wave to the right + + + align:start position:0% +idea of how big is the wave to the right +compared to the wave to the left that's + + align:start position:0% +compared to the wave to the left that's + + + align:start position:0% +compared to the wave to the left that's +not what we should call a reflection + + align:start position:0% +not what we should call a reflection + + + align:start position:0% +not what we should call a reflection +coefficient and the reason is that I + + align:start position:0% +coefficient and the reason is that I + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient and the reason is that I +will call this current JC and that's the + + align:start position:0% +will call this current JC and that's the + + + align:start position:0% +will call this current JC and that's the +amount of probability because it's a + + align:start position:0% +amount of probability because it's a + + + align:start position:0% +amount of probability because it's a +current associated to the wave C and + + align:start position:0% +current associated to the wave C and + + + align:start position:0% +current associated to the wave C and +that's the amount of probability that is + + align:start position:0% +that's the amount of probability that is + + + align:start position:0% +that's the amount of probability that is +being carried by the transmitted wave + + align:start position:0% +being carried by the transmitted wave + + + align:start position:0% +being carried by the transmitted wave +that is the probability not necessarily + + align:start position:0% +that is the probability not necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +that is the probability not necessarily +C over a so transmission coefficient + + align:start position:0% +C over a so transmission coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +C over a so transmission coefficient +will be defined to be JC divided by j eh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then JC / j a JC has an H Bar K bar + + align:start position:0% +and then JC / j a JC has an H Bar K bar + + + align:start position:0% +and then JC / j a JC has an H Bar K bar +and J a has a K so this is not equal to + + align:start position:0% +and J a has a K so this is not equal to + + + align:start position:0% +and J a has a K so this is not equal to +this ratio but it's actually K bar / k c + + align:start position:0% +this ratio but it's actually K bar / k c + + + align:start position:0% +this ratio but it's actually K bar / k c +/ a so it's not just this number the + + align:start position:0% +/ a so it's not just this number the + + + align:start position:0% +/ a so it's not just this number the +reflection coffee and transmission + + align:start position:0% +reflection coffee and transmission + + + align:start position:0% +reflection coffee and transmission +coefficients really originated from + + align:start position:0% +coefficients really originated from + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients really originated from +probabilities and the probabilities for + + align:start position:0% +probabilities and the probabilities for + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities and the probabilities for +this current and therefore there's no it + + align:start position:0% +this current and therefore there's no it + + + align:start position:0% +this current and therefore there's no it +would have been a very hand wavy and + + align:start position:0% +would have been a very hand wavy and + + + align:start position:0% +would have been a very hand wavy and +actually wrong to think it's C over a + + align:start position:0% +actually wrong to think it's C over a + + + align:start position:0% +actually wrong to think it's C over a +and these definitions because after all + + align:start position:0% +and these definitions because after all + + + align:start position:0% +and these definitions because after all +this is a definition make some nice + + align:start position:0% +this is a definition make some nice + + + align:start position:0% +this is a definition make some nice +sense because you have J L we set this + + align:start position:0% +sense because you have J L we set this + + + align:start position:0% +sense because you have J L we set this +equal to J right but JL is J a minus JB + + align:start position:0% +equal to J right but JL is J a minus JB + + + align:start position:0% +equal to J right but JL is J a minus JB +is equal to JC and therefore R plus T + + align:start position:0% +is equal to JC and therefore R plus T + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to JC and therefore R plus T +the reflection coefficient plus the + + align:start position:0% +the reflection coefficient plus the + + + align:start position:0% +the reflection coefficient plus the +transmission coefficient which is JB / a + + align:start position:0% +transmission coefficient which is JB / a + + + align:start position:0% +transmission coefficient which is JB / a +/ j a + JC / j a is equal to jb + JC / j + + align:start position:0% +/ j a + JC / j a is equal to jb + JC / j + + + align:start position:0% +/ j a + JC / j a is equal to jb + JC / j +a and you see here that j a + JC is you + + align:start position:0% +a and you see here that j a + JC is you + + + align:start position:0% +a and you see here that j a + JC is you +need equal to j be um a - i'm sorry i + + align:start position:0% +need equal to j be um a - i'm sorry i + + + align:start position:0% +need equal to j be um a - i'm sorry i +got this wrong oh yes where is the + + align:start position:0% +got this wrong oh yes where is the + + + align:start position:0% +got this wrong oh yes where is the +eraser i should have passed the B to the + + align:start position:0% +eraser i should have passed the B to the + + + align:start position:0% +eraser i should have passed the B to the +other side + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this person plus J ei equals JB + JC and + + align:start position:0% +this person plus J ei equals JB + JC and + + + align:start position:0% +this person plus J ei equals JB + JC and +this ratio is equal to 1 which is + + align:start position:0% +this ratio is equal to 1 which is + + + align:start position:0% +this ratio is equal to 1 which is +something you usually want when you + + align:start position:0% +something you usually want when you + + + align:start position:0% +something you usually want when you +define reflection and transmission + + align:start position:0% +define reflection and transmission + + + align:start position:0% +define reflection and transmission +coefficients they should add up to 1 so + + align:start position:0% +coefficients they should add up to 1 so + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients they should add up to 1 so +now we got an idea yes with this + + align:start position:0% +now we got an idea yes with this + + + align:start position:0% +now we got an idea yes with this +solution I can understand the reflection + + align:start position:0% +solution I can understand the reflection + + + align:start position:0% +solution I can understand the reflection +and transmission coefficient but do this + + align:start position:0% +and transmission coefficient but do this + + + align:start position:0% +and transmission coefficient but do this +apply two particles well the good news + + align:start position:0% +apply two particles well the good news + + + align:start position:0% +apply two particles well the good news +that it roughly applied to particles as + + align:start position:0% +that it roughly applied to particles as + + + align:start position:0% +that it roughly applied to particles as +we will see with a wave packet soon if + + align:start position:0% +we will see with a wave packet soon if + + + align:start position:0% +we will see with a wave packet soon if +you send a wave packet it's going to + + align:start position:0% +you send a wave packet it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +you send a wave packet it's going to +have some uncertainty in momentum it's + + align:start position:0% +have some uncertainty in momentum it's + + + align:start position:0% +have some uncertainty in momentum it's +going to have some uncertainty in energy + + align:start position:0% +going to have some uncertainty in energy + + + align:start position:0% +going to have some uncertainty in energy +but for some energy suppose the wave + + align:start position:0% +but for some energy suppose the wave + + + align:start position:0% +but for some energy suppose the wave +packet doesn't have that much + + align:start position:0% +packet doesn't have that much + + + align:start position:0% +packet doesn't have that much +uncertainty basically the probability of + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty basically the probability of + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty basically the probability of +the wave packet bounces it is the + + align:start position:0% +the wave packet bounces it is the + + + align:start position:0% +the wave packet bounces it is the +reflection at that energy that is the + + align:start position:0% +reflection at that energy that is the + + + align:start position:0% +reflection at that energy that is the +main energy of the wave packet sense if + + align:start position:0% +main energy of the wave packet sense if + + + align:start position:0% +main energy of the wave packet sense if +your wave packet is very broad over + + align:start position:0% +your wave packet is very broad over + + + align:start position:0% +your wave packet is very broad over +energies well then it's a more + + align:start position:0% +energies well then it's a more + + + align:start position:0% +energies well then it's a more +complicated thing but as long as the + + align:start position:0% +complicated thing but as long as the + + + align:start position:0% +complicated thing but as long as the +wave packet is such that it basically + + align:start position:0% +wave packet is such that it basically + + + align:start position:0% +wave packet is such that it basically +has one narrow band of energies the + + align:start position:0% +has one narrow band of energies the + + + align:start position:0% +has one narrow band of energies the +reflection coefficient associated to + + align:start position:0% +reflection coefficient associated to + + + align:start position:0% +reflection coefficient associated to +this calculation is the reflection + + align:start position:0% +this calculation is the reflection + + + align:start position:0% +this calculation is the reflection +coefficient of reflection probability + + align:start position:0% +coefficient of reflection probability + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient of reflection probability +for the wave packet that you're sending + + align:start position:0% +for the wave packet that you're sending + + + align:start position:0% +for the wave packet that you're sending +in \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/bhk8Wtgpb1w.txt b/bhk8Wtgpb1w.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a2f7f7a193c973b61afcce18f0f3e6e9db111ee --- /dev/null +++ b/bhk8Wtgpb1w.txt @@ -0,0 +1,987 @@ +align:start position:0% + +I'm Sarah velli um I'm the development + + align:start position:0% +I'm Sarah velli um I'm the development + + + align:start position:0% +I'm Sarah velli um I'm the development +director at the MIT game lab um I came I + + align:start position:0% +director at the MIT game lab um I came I + + + align:start position:0% +director at the MIT game lab um I came I +came to the game lab from the game + + align:start position:0% +came to the game lab from the game + + + align:start position:0% +came to the game lab from the game +industry where I've worked as a producer + + align:start position:0% +industry where I've worked as a producer + + + align:start position:0% +industry where I've worked as a producer +and a game designer and a QA person um + + align:start position:0% +and a game designer and a QA person um + + + align:start position:0% +and a game designer and a QA person um +I've kind of done an awful lot of I've + + align:start position:0% +I've kind of done an awful lot of I've + + + align:start position:0% +I've kind of done an awful lot of I've +done an awful lot of jobs and seats um + + align:start position:0% +done an awful lot of jobs and seats um + + + align:start position:0% +done an awful lot of jobs and seats um +I've worked on I worked on thief thief 1 + + align:start position:0% +I've worked on I worked on thief thief 1 + + + align:start position:0% +I've worked on I worked on thief thief 1 +and two flight ultimate I worked at I + + align:start position:0% +and two flight ultimate I worked at I + + + align:start position:0% +and two flight ultimate I worked at I +started at Looking Glass and that's + + align:start position:0% +started at Looking Glass and that's + + + align:start position:0% +started at Looking Glass and that's +actually where most of my work was done + + align:start position:0% +actually where most of my work was done + + + align:start position:0% +actually where most of my work was done +I then worked at IR rational for a while + + align:start position:0% +I then worked at IR rational for a while + + + align:start position:0% +I then worked at IR rational for a while +and that's when I moved to the game lab + + align:start position:0% +and that's when I moved to the game lab + + + align:start position:0% +and that's when I moved to the game lab +I came on to be a specialist in + + align:start position:0% +I came on to be a specialist in + + + align:start position:0% +I came on to be a specialist in +production production management and QA + + align:start position:0% +production production management and QA + + + align:start position:0% +production production management and QA +testing um and those Remain the areas + + align:start position:0% +testing um and those Remain the areas + + + align:start position:0% +testing um and those Remain the areas +that I teach in in the course + + align:start position:0% +that I teach in in the course + + + align:start position:0% +that I teach in in the course +specifically um I I also help I also I + + align:start position:0% +specifically um I I also help I also I + + + align:start position:0% +specifically um I I also help I also I +we we all do a little bit of everything + + align:start position:0% +we we all do a little bit of everything + + + align:start position:0% +we we all do a little bit of everything +but I lead the lectures on agile and + + align:start position:0% +but I lead the lectures on agile and + + + align:start position:0% +but I lead the lectures on agile and +organizing your team and keeping it + + align:start position:0% +organizing your team and keeping it + + + align:start position:0% +organizing your team and keeping it +running and I also do a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +running and I also do a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +running and I also do a lot of the +testing lectures and focus testing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lectures what am I playing now right now + + align:start position:0% +lectures what am I playing now right now + + + align:start position:0% +lectures what am I playing now right now +I am not playing but I'm hoping to play + + align:start position:0% +I am not playing but I'm hoping to play + + + align:start position:0% +I am not playing but I'm hoping to play +soon is the newest release of Minecraft + + align:start position:0% +soon is the newest release of Minecraft + + + align:start position:0% +soon is the newest release of Minecraft +which has bunnies in it which both I and + + align:start position:0% +which has bunnies in it which both I and + + + align:start position:0% +which has bunnies in it which both I and +my daughters are very excited about so + + align:start position:0% +my daughters are very excited about so + + + align:start position:0% +my daughters are very excited about so +I'm I'm hoping that tonight I will be + + align:start position:0% +I'm I'm hoping that tonight I will be + + + align:start position:0% +I'm I'm hoping that tonight I will be +able to actually go home and arrange for + + align:start position:0% +able to actually go home and arrange for + + + align:start position:0% +able to actually go home and arrange for +a play session of Minecraft with them um + + align:start position:0% +a play session of Minecraft with them um + + + align:start position:0% +a play session of Minecraft with them um +I'm also playing a fair a bit of + + align:start position:0% +I'm also playing a fair a bit of + + + align:start position:0% +I'm also playing a fair a bit of +Sentinels of the Multiverse and most + + align:start position:0% +Sentinels of the Multiverse and most + + + align:start position:0% +Sentinels of the Multiverse and most +recently we've been tackling the + + align:start position:0% +recently we've been tackling the + + + align:start position:0% +recently we've been tackling the +Pathfinders card game which is almost a + + align:start position:0% +Pathfinders card game which is almost a + + + align:start position:0% +Pathfinders card game which is almost a +way to play an RPG in a short amount of + + align:start position:0% +way to play an RPG in a short amount of + + + align:start position:0% +way to play an RPG in a short amount of +time except that it takes almost as long + + align:start position:0% +time except that it takes almost as long + + + align:start position:0% +time except that it takes almost as long +as a full session of playing a sit down + + align:start position:0% +as a full session of playing a sit down + + + align:start position:0% +as a full session of playing a sit down +RPG so far we'll see if we can get it + + align:start position:0% +RPG so far we'll see if we can get it + + + align:start position:0% +RPG so far we'll see if we can get it +faster um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah right now I'm not actually working + + align:start position:0% +yeah right now I'm not actually working + + + align:start position:0% +yeah right now I'm not actually working +on any games um I'm was working on a + + align:start position:0% +on any games um I'm was working on a + + + align:start position:0% +on any games um I'm was working on a +climate change game um I'm moving away + + align:start position:0% +climate change game um I'm moving away + + + align:start position:0% +climate change game um I'm moving away +from that and trying to think about more + + align:start position:0% +from that and trying to think about more + + + align:start position:0% +from that and trying to think about more +what is a more in problem to work on um + + align:start position:0% +what is a more in problem to work on um + + + align:start position:0% +what is a more in problem to work on um +sort of in the area + + align:start position:0% +sort of in the area + + + align:start position:0% +sort of in the area +of not just teaching game design but + + align:start position:0% +of not just teaching game design but + + + align:start position:0% +of not just teaching game design but +using Game design using people learning + + align:start position:0% +using Game design using people learning + + + align:start position:0% +using Game design using people learning +game design to learn other subjects as + + align:start position:0% +game design to learn other subjects as + + + align:start position:0% +game design to learn other subjects as +well so you can tie two things together + + align:start position:0% +well so you can tie two things together + + + align:start position:0% +well so you can tie two things together +and that's sort of I'm I'm playing + + align:start position:0% +and that's sort of I'm I'm playing + + + align:start position:0% +and that's sort of I'm I'm playing +around with how do you teach that how + + align:start position:0% +around with how do you teach that how + + + align:start position:0% +around with how do you teach that how +would you how do you structure a course + + align:start position:0% +would you how do you structure a course + + + align:start position:0% +would you how do you structure a course +that would do something like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that I'm actually really excited to + + align:start position:0% +that I'm actually really excited to + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm actually really excited to +having a specific a specific sort of + + align:start position:0% +having a specific a specific sort of + + + align:start position:0% +having a specific a specific sort of +design question that we're asking the + + align:start position:0% +design question that we're asking the + + + align:start position:0% +design question that we're asking the +kid the students to look more deeply + + align:start position:0% +kid the students to look more deeply + + + align:start position:0% +kid the students to look more deeply +into into making decisions for the + + align:start position:0% +into into making decisions for the + + + align:start position:0% +into into making decisions for the +player and making meaningful decisions + + align:start position:0% +player and making meaningful decisions + + + align:start position:0% +player and making meaningful decisions +cuz that's a part of games that the + + align:start position:0% +cuz that's a part of games that the + + + align:start position:0% +cuz that's a part of games that the +simpler your game is the harder it is to + + align:start position:0% +simpler your game is the harder it is to + + + align:start position:0% +simpler your game is the harder it is to +invite your player to make meaningful + + align:start position:0% +invite your player to make meaningful + + + align:start position:0% +invite your player to make meaningful +decisions and to set up situations where + + align:start position:0% +decisions and to set up situations where + + + align:start position:0% +decisions and to set up situations where +they they are making those but that + + align:start position:0% +they they are making those but that + + + align:start position:0% +they they are making those but that +tends to be the part of games that I at + + align:start position:0% +tends to be the part of games that I at + + + align:start position:0% +tends to be the part of games that I at +least find the most interesting the + + align:start position:0% +least find the most interesting the + + + align:start position:0% +least find the most interesting the +places where I'm making choices and I + + align:start position:0% +places where I'm making choices and I + + + align:start position:0% +places where I'm making choices and I +can see how my choices have completely + + align:start position:0% +can see how my choices have completely + + + align:start position:0% +can see how my choices have completely +sunk my ship or enabled me to win the + + align:start position:0% +sunk my ship or enabled me to win the + + + align:start position:0% +sunk my ship or enabled me to win the +game um I like knowing that I I have + + align:start position:0% +game um I like knowing that I I have + + + align:start position:0% +game um I like knowing that I I have +control of my destiny um and so getting + + align:start position:0% +control of my destiny um and so getting + + + align:start position:0% +control of my destiny um and so getting +the students to get to explore that + + align:start position:0% +the students to get to explore that + + + align:start position:0% +the students to get to explore that +aspect of games better and more deeper I + + align:start position:0% +aspect of games better and more deeper I + + + align:start position:0% +aspect of games better and more deeper I +think is really + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +nice I'm currently also working on + + align:start position:0% +nice I'm currently also working on + + + align:start position:0% +nice I'm currently also working on +creating a game with the step lab um + + align:start position:0% +creating a game with the step lab um + + + align:start position:0% +creating a game with the step lab um +introduction to game design on MIT ATX + + align:start position:0% +introduction to game design on MIT ATX + + + align:start position:0% +introduction to game design on MIT ATX +um I think it's 11.12 Sixx is the number + + align:start position:0% +um I think it's 11.12 Sixx is the number + + + align:start position:0% +um I think it's 11.12 Sixx is the number +I believe um I spent so much time making + + align:start position:0% +I believe um I spent so much time making + + + align:start position:0% +I believe um I spent so much time making +the game that I have not been making the + + align:start position:0% +the game that I have not been making the + + + align:start position:0% +the game that I have not been making the +course that I have not been looking into + + align:start position:0% +course that I have not been looking into + + + align:start position:0% +course that I have not been looking into +all the administra Via Tac to do it but + + align:start position:0% +all the administra Via Tac to do it but + + + align:start position:0% +all the administra Via Tac to do it but +working on that trying to condense a + + align:start position:0% +working on that trying to condense a + + + align:start position:0% +working on that trying to condense a +game course into 6 weeks has been really + + align:start position:0% +game course into 6 weeks has been really + + + align:start position:0% +game course into 6 weeks has been really +hard and has made me really stop and + + align:start position:0% +hard and has made me really stop and + + + align:start position:0% +hard and has made me really stop and +think about what is the actual important + + align:start position:0% +think about what is the actual important + + + align:start position:0% +think about what is the actual important +things of game + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +design I would like games to go they've + + align:start position:0% +design I would like games to go they've + + + align:start position:0% +design I would like games to go they've +already gone some of the places I want + + align:start position:0% +already gone some of the places I want + + + align:start position:0% +already gone some of the places I want +them to go um games that are looking at + + align:start position:0% +them to go um games that are looking at + + + align:start position:0% +them to go um games that are looking at +more social integrating more social + + align:start position:0% +more social integrating more social + + + align:start position:0% +more social integrating more social +experiences games that aren't just um in + + align:start position:0% +experiences games that aren't just um in + + + align:start position:0% +experiences games that aren't just um in +board games where you're not just me + + align:start position:0% +board games where you're not just me + + + align:start position:0% +board games where you're not just me +playing against everyone else but you're + + align:start position:0% +playing against everyone else but you're + + + align:start position:0% +playing against everyone else but you're +playing as a team and you're playing + + align:start position:0% +playing as a team and you're playing + + + align:start position:0% +playing as a team and you're playing +Cooper atively um and video games are + + align:start position:0% +Cooper atively um and video games are + + + align:start position:0% +Cooper atively um and video games are +also doing that I mean they've been + + align:start position:0% +also doing that I mean they've been + + + align:start position:0% +also doing that I mean they've been +doing that for years in thing in the + + align:start position:0% +doing that for years in thing in the + + + align:start position:0% +doing that for years in thing in the +massive multiplayer games and things + + align:start position:0% +massive multiplayer games and things + + + align:start position:0% +massive multiplayer games and things +like that but um seeing video games go + + align:start position:0% +like that but um seeing video games go + + + align:start position:0% +like that but um seeing video games go +more for how do we work together how do + + align:start position:0% +more for how do we work together how do + + + align:start position:0% +more for how do we work together how do +we make this a more social experience + + align:start position:0% +we make this a more social experience + + + align:start position:0% +we make this a more social experience +and what I'd really love to see is games + + align:start position:0% +and what I'd really love to see is games + + + align:start position:0% +and what I'd really love to see is games +getting the point where players get to + + align:start position:0% +getting the point where players get to + + + align:start position:0% +getting the point where players get to +affect the games back especially in the + + align:start position:0% +affect the games back especially in the + + + align:start position:0% +affect the games back especially in the +RPG space where if I'm a big enough + + align:start position:0% +RPG space where if I'm a big enough + + + align:start position:0% +RPG space where if I'm a big enough +player and I can now defeat everything + + align:start position:0% +player and I can now defeat everything + + + align:start position:0% +player and I can now defeat everything +in the game trivially can I go in and + + align:start position:0% +in the game trivially can I go in and + + + align:start position:0% +in the game trivially can I go in and +change the game to make it more + + align:start position:0% +change the game to make it more + + + align:start position:0% +change the game to make it more +interesting for other players can I take + + align:start position:0% +interesting for other players can I take + + + align:start position:0% +interesting for other players can I take +some of that and then that actually goes + + align:start position:0% +some of that and then that actually goes + + + align:start position:0% +some of that and then that actually goes +all the way back that was already being + + align:start position:0% +all the way back that was already being + + + align:start position:0% +all the way back that was already being +done back in muds right this is + + align:start position:0% +done back in muds right this is + + + align:start position:0% +done back in muds right this is +something this is not actually A New + + align:start position:0% +something this is not actually A New + + + align:start position:0% +something this is not actually A New +Concept it's just that production + + align:start position:0% +Concept it's just that production + + + align:start position:0% +Concept it's just that production +quality has gotten so high that you + + align:start position:0% +quality has gotten so high that you + + + align:start position:0% +quality has gotten so high that you +can't do that anymore well with all the + + align:start position:0% +can't do that anymore well with all the + + + align:start position:0% +can't do that anymore well with all the +tools coming online can we start of can + + align:start position:0% +tools coming online can we start of can + + + align:start position:0% +tools coming online can we start of can +we bring that really neat players giving + + align:start position:0% +we bring that really neat players giving + + + align:start position:0% +we bring that really neat players giving +back into the game and creating + + align:start position:0% +back into the game and creating + + + align:start position:0% +back into the game and creating +experiences for other players maybe we + + align:start position:0% +experiences for other players maybe we + + + align:start position:0% +experiences for other players maybe we +can start bringing it back into the + + align:start position:0% +can start bringing it back into the + + + align:start position:0% +can start bringing it back into the +high-end games too \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/bnEPjrsCaYg.txt b/bnEPjrsCaYg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f75f5df8adc90b151eb1735cd008785d206198e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/bnEPjrsCaYg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13811 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or to view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I just want to go back through class + + align:start position:0% +so I just want to go back through class + + + align:start position:0% +so I just want to go back through class +five because it's kind of foundational + + align:start position:0% +five because it's kind of foundational + + + align:start position:0% +five because it's kind of foundational +for the ideas that come up in this class + + align:start position:0% +for the ideas that come up in this class + + + align:start position:0% +for the ideas that come up in this class +so just very quickly David Hart taught + + align:start position:0% +so just very quickly David Hart taught + + + align:start position:0% +so just very quickly David Hart taught +us about the ideologies behind us + + align:start position:0% +us about the ideologies behind us + + + align:start position:0% +us about the ideologies behind us +innovation and he takes a look at really + + align:start position:0% +innovation and he takes a look at really + + + align:start position:0% +innovation and he takes a look at really +in the 1920s ideology around science and + + align:start position:0% +in the 1920s ideology around science and + + + align:start position:0% +in the 1920s ideology around science and +technology policy and you know as we + + align:start position:0% +technology policy and you know as we + + + align:start position:0% +technology policy and you know as we +discussed the same debates are with us + + align:start position:0% +discussed the same debates are with us + + + align:start position:0% +discussed the same debates are with us +and that the leading theologies we could + + align:start position:0% +and that the leading theologies we could + + + align:start position:0% +and that the leading theologies we could +call them are the Association lists + + align:start position:0% +call them are the Association lists + + + align:start position:0% +call them are the Association lists +which we would now transfer to translate + + align:start position:0% +which we would now transfer to translate + + + align:start position:0% +which we would now transfer to translate +as public/private collaborations versus + + align:start position:0% +as public/private collaborations versus + + + align:start position:0% +as public/private collaborations versus +conservative which is you know there is + + align:start position:0% +conservative which is you know there is + + + align:start position:0% +conservative which is you know there is +no federal governmental role except in + + align:start position:0% +no federal governmental role except in + + + align:start position:0% +no federal governmental role except in +the national security territory and then + + align:start position:0% +the national security territory and then + + + align:start position:0% +the national security territory and then +the national security rationale which I + + align:start position:0% +the national security rationale which I + + + align:start position:0% +the national security rationale which I +would argue is do whatever it takes to + + align:start position:0% +would argue is do whatever it takes to + + + align:start position:0% +would argue is do whatever it takes to +establish national security based + + align:start position:0% +establish national security based + + + align:start position:0% +establish national security based +technologies these ideologies fit the + + align:start position:0% +technologies these ideologies fit the + + + align:start position:0% +technologies these ideologies fit the +u.s. then honestly fit other countries + + align:start position:0% +u.s. then honestly fit other countries + + + align:start position:0% +u.s. then honestly fit other countries +but they are a significant part of the + + align:start position:0% +but they are a significant part of the + + + align:start position:0% +but they are a significant part of the +story about how policy is involved in + + align:start position:0% +story about how policy is involved in + + + align:start position:0% +story about how policy is involved in +science and technology then we had a + + align:start position:0% +science and technology then we had a + + + align:start position:0% +science and technology then we had a +long you know dissertation on Alfred + + align:start position:0% +long you know dissertation on Alfred + + + align:start position:0% +long you know dissertation on Alfred +Loomis and the beginning of the rad lab + + align:start position:0% +Loomis and the beginning of the rad lab + + + align:start position:0% +Loomis and the beginning of the rad lab +at MIT which we argued was really a + + align:start position:0% +at MIT which we argued was really a + + + align:start position:0% +at MIT which we argued was really a +foundational model for how the US R&D + + align:start position:0% +foundational model for how the US R&D + + + align:start position:0% +foundational model for how the US R&D +system is going to get organized so + + align:start position:0% +system is going to get organized so + + + align:start position:0% +system is going to get organized so +that's taking place right here and + + align:start position:0% +that's taking place right here and + + + align:start position:0% +that's taking place right here and +Loomis really designs a system that you + + align:start position:0% +Loomis really designs a system that you + + + align:start position:0% +Loomis really designs a system that you +know tells us that that teaches us a lot + + align:start position:0% +know tells us that that teaches us a lot + + + align:start position:0% +know tells us that that teaches us a lot +about how we're gonna organize R&D so + + align:start position:0% +about how we're gonna organize R&D so + + + align:start position:0% +about how we're gonna organize R&D so +flat non-hierarchical team-based very + + align:start position:0% +flat non-hierarchical team-based very + + + align:start position:0% +flat non-hierarchical team-based very +cross-disciplinary collaborative keep + + align:start position:0% +cross-disciplinary collaborative keep + + + align:start position:0% +cross-disciplinary collaborative keep +R&D out of uniform and out of uniform + + align:start position:0% +R&D out of uniform and out of uniform + + + align:start position:0% +R&D out of uniform and out of uniform +bureaucracies keep it out of the civil + + align:start position:0% +bureaucracies keep it out of the civil + + + align:start position:0% +bureaucracies keep it out of the civil +service you know create a kind of flat + + align:start position:0% +service you know create a kind of flat + + + align:start position:0% +service you know create a kind of flat +non hierarchical system that enables + + align:start position:0% +non hierarchical system that enables + + + align:start position:0% +non hierarchical system that enables +maximum exchange of ideas + + align:start position:0% +maximum exchange of ideas + + + align:start position:0% +maximum exchange of ideas +the neighbor Bush at the end of the war + + align:start position:0% +the neighbor Bush at the end of the war + + + align:start position:0% +the neighbor Bush at the end of the war +writes the endless frontier and you know + + align:start position:0% +writes the endless frontier and you know + + + align:start position:0% +writes the endless frontier and you know +that's the foundational document for us + + align:start position:0% +that's the foundational document for us + + + align:start position:0% +that's the foundational document for us +Rd and what he's concerned about at the + + align:start position:0% +Rd and what he's concerned about at the + + + align:start position:0% +Rd and what he's concerned about at the +end of the war is salvaging some federal + + align:start position:0% +end of the war is salvaging some federal + + + align:start position:0% +end of the war is salvaging some federal +role in science the the growth of the + + align:start position:0% +role in science the the growth of the + + + align:start position:0% +role in science the the growth of the +federal role in science and of course of + + align:start position:0% +federal role in science and of course of + + + align:start position:0% +federal role in science and of course of +World War two was profound as I + + align:start position:0% +World War two was profound as I + + + align:start position:0% +World War two was profound as I +mentioned you know in class five MIT + + align:start position:0% +mentioned you know in class five MIT + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned you know in class five MIT +receives eighty times more federal + + align:start position:0% +receives eighty times more federal + + + align:start position:0% +receives eighty times more federal +funding in the course of War two than in + + align:start position:0% +funding in the course of War two than in + + + align:start position:0% +funding in the course of War two than in +a dozen in all its previous 80 years of + + align:start position:0% +a dozen in all its previous 80 years of + + + align:start position:0% +a dozen in all its previous 80 years of +history and that story is not unique + + align:start position:0% +history and that story is not unique + + + align:start position:0% +history and that story is not unique +other universities are having comparable + + align:start position:0% +other universities are having comparable + + + align:start position:0% +other universities are having comparable +experiences so that's when the federally + + align:start position:0% +experiences so that's when the federally + + + align:start position:0% +experiences so that's when the federally +funded research university begins right + + align:start position:0% +funded research university begins right + + + align:start position:0% +funded research university begins right +and that's obviously a foundational + + align:start position:0% +and that's obviously a foundational + + + align:start position:0% +and that's obviously a foundational +model in the u.s. system the neither + + align:start position:0% +model in the u.s. system the neither + + + align:start position:0% +model in the u.s. system the neither +Bush wants to salvage it so in the midst + + align:start position:0% +Bush wants to salvage it so in the midst + + + align:start position:0% +Bush wants to salvage it so in the midst +of a you know kind of a huge rapid scale + + align:start position:0% +of a you know kind of a huge rapid scale + + + align:start position:0% +of a you know kind of a huge rapid scale +down of the defense establishment at the + + align:start position:0% +down of the defense establishment at the + + + align:start position:0% +down of the defense establishment at the +end of World War two where everything is + + align:start position:0% +end of World War two where everything is + + + align:start position:0% +end of World War two where everything is +being canceled he works with Franklin + + align:start position:0% +being canceled he works with Franklin + + + align:start position:0% +being canceled he works with Franklin +Roosevelt to keep a federal government + + align:start position:0% +Roosevelt to keep a federal government + + + align:start position:0% +Roosevelt to keep a federal government +research focus in basic research Peter + + align:start position:0% +research focus in basic research Peter + + + align:start position:0% +research focus in basic research Peter +Singer reminded us of how productive + + align:start position:0% +Singer reminded us of how productive + + + align:start position:0% +Singer reminded us of how productive +that system has been so his paper on 22 + + align:start position:0% +that system has been so his paper on 22 + + + align:start position:0% +that system has been so his paper on 22 +examples of federal R&D that translated + + align:start position:0% +examples of federal R&D that translated + + + align:start position:0% +examples of federal R&D that translated +into major technology sectors so you + + align:start position:0% +into major technology sectors so you + + + align:start position:0% +into major technology sectors so you +know Peter Peter argues that that basic + + align:start position:0% +know Peter Peter argues that that basic + + + align:start position:0% +know Peter Peter argues that that basic +R&D model has in fact yielded enormous + + align:start position:0% +R&D model has in fact yielded enormous + + + align:start position:0% +R&D model has in fact yielded enormous +technology development that's not an + + align:start position:0% +technology development that's not an + + + align:start position:0% +technology development that's not an +easy thing to trace what are the + + align:start position:0% +easy thing to trace what are the + + + align:start position:0% +easy thing to trace what are the +originating scientific advances in a + + align:start position:0% +originating scientific advances in a + + + align:start position:0% +originating scientific advances in a +20-year project towards technology + + align:start position:0% +20-year project towards technology + + + align:start position:0% +20-year project towards technology +advanced or perhaps longer + + align:start position:0% +advanced or perhaps longer + + + align:start position:0% +advanced or perhaps longer +but Peter kind of did what we called + + align:start position:0% +but Peter kind of did what we called + + + align:start position:0% +but Peter kind of did what we called +genealogical research to figure out what + + align:start position:0% +genealogical research to figure out what + + + align:start position:0% +genealogical research to figure out what +the core elements were but it's there so + + align:start position:0% +the core elements were but it's there so + + + align:start position:0% +the core elements were but it's there so +it's not that veneer Bush's basic + + align:start position:0% +it's not that veneer Bush's basic + + + align:start position:0% +it's not that veneer Bush's basic +research model in itself is bad or wrong + + align:start position:0% +research model in itself is bad or wrong + + + align:start position:0% +research model in itself is bad or wrong +right but it's an important one and + + align:start position:0% +right but it's an important one and + + + align:start position:0% +right but it's an important one and +William black peed told us the story of + + align:start position:0% +William black peed told us the story of + + + align:start position:0% +William black peed told us the story of +NSF so the second maneuver Bush story + + align:start position:0% +NSF so the second maneuver Bush story + + + align:start position:0% +NSF so the second maneuver Bush story +one story want to support basic research + + align:start position:0% +one story want to support basic research + + + align:start position:0% +one story want to support basic research +story - how are you going to organize + + align:start position:0% +story - how are you going to organize + + + align:start position:0% +story - how are you going to organize +science in the federal government and + + align:start position:0% +science in the federal government and + + + align:start position:0% +science in the federal government and +his vision was there was going to be one + + align:start position:0% +his vision was there was going to be one + + + align:start position:0% +his vision was there was going to be one +tent and science was gonna fit under one + + align:start position:0% +tent and science was gonna fit under one + + + align:start position:0% +tent and science was gonna fit under one +tent you wouldn't have a multitude of + + align:start position:0% +tent you wouldn't have a multitude of + + + align:start position:0% +tent you wouldn't have a multitude of +agencies he was not successful in + + align:start position:0% +agencies he was not successful in + + + align:start position:0% +agencies he was not successful in +pushing that argument remember because + + align:start position:0% +pushing that argument remember because + + + align:start position:0% +pushing that argument remember because +Harry Truman Veta the National Science + + align:start position:0% +Harry Truman Veta the National Science + + + align:start position:0% +Harry Truman Veta the National Science +Foundation law that he proposed + + align:start position:0% +Foundation law that he proposed + + + align:start position:0% +Foundation law that he proposed +because Miniver Bush wanted scientists + + align:start position:0% +because Miniver Bush wanted scientists + + + align:start position:0% +because Miniver Bush wanted scientists +alone to control science science and + + align:start position:0% +alone to control science science and + + + align:start position:0% +alone to control science science and +left out a significant role for the + + align:start position:0% +left out a significant role for the + + + align:start position:0% +left out a significant role for the +executive branch so it got vetoed and + + align:start position:0% +executive branch so it got vetoed and + + + align:start position:0% +executive branch so it got vetoed and +therefore NSF didn't really get stood up + + align:start position:0% +therefore NSF didn't really get stood up + + + align:start position:0% +therefore NSF didn't really get stood up +for another five years so other agencies + + align:start position:0% +for another five years so other agencies + + + align:start position:0% +for another five years so other agencies +pop up and the void so that in turn met + + align:start position:0% +pop up and the void so that in turn met + + + align:start position:0% +pop up and the void so that in turn met +this this kind of funny accident of time + + align:start position:0% +this this kind of funny accident of time + + + align:start position:0% +this this kind of funny accident of time +meant that the US was going to have a + + align:start position:0% +meant that the US was going to have a + + + align:start position:0% +meant that the US was going to have a +very decentralized system of a multitude + + align:start position:0% +very decentralized system of a multitude + + + align:start position:0% +very decentralized system of a multitude +of agencies working on on science and + + align:start position:0% +of agencies working on on science and + + + align:start position:0% +of agencies working on on science and +research right that's how it happened + + align:start position:0% +research right that's how it happened + + + align:start position:0% +research right that's how it happened +and Blanc peed lays out that debate for + + align:start position:0% +and Blanc peed lays out that debate for + + + align:start position:0% +and Blanc peed lays out that debate for +us we then looked at donald stokes as + + align:start position:0% +us we then looked at donald stokes as + + + align:start position:0% +us we then looked at donald stokes as +the kind of closing reading last week + + align:start position:0% +the kind of closing reading last week + + + align:start position:0% +the kind of closing reading last week +and Stokes's book Pasteur's quadrant is + + align:start position:0% +and Stokes's book Pasteur's quadrant is + + + align:start position:0% +and Stokes's book Pasteur's quadrant is +something of a classic in a science + + align:start position:0% +something of a classic in a science + + + align:start position:0% +something of a classic in a science +policy literature and Stokes argues that + + align:start position:0% +policy literature and Stokes argues that + + + align:start position:0% +policy literature and Stokes argues that +the Niebuhr Bush saddled the country + + align:start position:0% +the Niebuhr Bush saddled the country + + + align:start position:0% +the Niebuhr Bush saddled the country +with a disconnected system all very well + + align:start position:0% +with a disconnected system all very well + + + align:start position:0% +with a disconnected system all very well +and good but he missed a crucial + + align:start position:0% +and good but he missed a crucial + + + align:start position:0% +and good but he missed a crucial +quadrant + + align:start position:0% +quadrant + + + align:start position:0% +quadrant +he missed the quadrant of use based + + align:start position:0% +he missed the quadrant of use based + + + align:start position:0% +he missed the quadrant of use based +fundamental research right in other + + align:start position:0% +fundamental research right in other + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental research right in other +words you have an idea about what you + + align:start position:0% +words you have an idea about what you + + + align:start position:0% +words you have an idea about what you +want to achieve but you use basic + + align:start position:0% +want to achieve but you use basic + + + align:start position:0% +want to achieve but you use basic +research to get there he argues that + + align:start position:0% +research to get there he argues that + + + align:start position:0% +research to get there he argues that +that Pasteur's quadrant because pasture + + align:start position:0% +that Pasteur's quadrant because pasture + + + align:start position:0% +that Pasteur's quadrant because pasture +is out to save kids in France from dead + + align:start position:0% +is out to save kids in France from dead + + + align:start position:0% +is out to save kids in France from dead +milk he knows what he wants but he goes + + align:start position:0% +milk he knows what he wants but he goes + + + align:start position:0% +milk he knows what he wants but he goes +back and develops you know microbiology + + align:start position:0% +back and develops you know microbiology + + + align:start position:0% +back and develops you know microbiology +to get there right so Stokes his + + align:start position:0% +to get there right so Stokes his + + + align:start position:0% +to get there right so Stokes his +argument is fever Bush focuses us on + + align:start position:0% +argument is fever Bush focuses us on + + + align:start position:0% +argument is fever Bush focuses us on +curiosity-driven basic research he + + align:start position:0% +curiosity-driven basic research he + + + align:start position:0% +curiosity-driven basic research he +missed you space-based basic research + + align:start position:0% +missed you space-based basic research + + + align:start position:0% +missed you space-based basic research +and that was a big gap in the system + + align:start position:0% +and that was a big gap in the system + + + align:start position:0% +and that was a big gap in the system +so what that meant in the u.s. was that + + align:start position:0% +so what that meant in the u.s. was that + + + align:start position:0% +so what that meant in the u.s. was that +we would be good at the basic research + + align:start position:0% +we would be good at the basic research + + + align:start position:0% +we would be good at the basic research +we would have a disconnected system it + + align:start position:0% +we would have a disconnected system it + + + align:start position:0% +we would have a disconnected system it +would be hard to the due to the + + align:start position:0% +would be hard to the due to the + + + align:start position:0% +would be hard to the due to the +implementation stages to achieve the + + align:start position:0% +implementation stages to achieve the + + + align:start position:0% +implementation stages to achieve the +technology advances here and we have + + align:start position:0% +technology advances here and we have + + + align:start position:0% +technology advances here and we have +seen that again and again the US would + + align:start position:0% +seen that again and again the US would + + + align:start position:0% +seen that again and again the US would +often originate the foundational + + align:start position:0% +often originate the foundational + + + align:start position:0% +often originate the foundational +technologies I was just working on + + align:start position:0% +technologies I was just working on + + + align:start position:0% +technologies I was just working on +lithium-ion batteries a lot of those + + align:start position:0% +lithium-ion batteries a lot of those + + + align:start position:0% +lithium-ion batteries a lot of those +early advances came out of the u.s. it + + align:start position:0% +early advances came out of the u.s. it + + + align:start position:0% +early advances came out of the u.s. it +was not commercialized here so the + + align:start position:0% +was not commercialized here so the + + + align:start position:0% +was not commercialized here so the +neighbor but I mean boniva Bush of + + align:start position:0% +neighbor but I mean boniva Bush of + + + align:start position:0% +neighbor but I mean boniva Bush of +course understood connected science + + align:start position:0% +course understood connected science + + + align:start position:0% +course understood connected science +because he created that in war too + + align:start position:0% +because he created that in war too + + + align:start position:0% +because he created that in war too +Brenly connected model I would argue + + align:start position:0% +Brenly connected model I would argue + + + align:start position:0% +Brenly connected model I would argue +that what he was trying to do is salvage + + align:start position:0% +that what he was trying to do is salvage + + + align:start position:0% +that what he was trying to do is salvage +what he could at the end of the war but + + align:start position:0% +what he could at the end of the war but + + + align:start position:0% +what he could at the end of the war but +Stokes critiques him and you know + + align:start position:0% +Stokes critiques him and you know + + + align:start position:0% +Stokes critiques him and you know +essentially argues that we we got a + + align:start position:0% +essentially argues that we we got a + + + align:start position:0% +essentially argues that we we got a +disconnected system out of this and that + + align:start position:0% +disconnected system out of this and that + + + align:start position:0% +disconnected system out of this and that +was very problematic for the ability of + + align:start position:0% +was very problematic for the ability of + + + align:start position:0% +was very problematic for the ability of +the u.s. to stand up so I was going to + + align:start position:0% +the u.s. to stand up so I was going to + + + align:start position:0% +the u.s. to stand up so I was going to +follow on technology advances and we've + + align:start position:0% +follow on technology advances and we've + + + align:start position:0% +follow on technology advances and we've +seen that again and again so that's a + + align:start position:0% +seen that again and again so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +seen that again and again so that's a +look at some of the foundational issues + + align:start position:0% +look at some of the foundational issues + + + align:start position:0% +look at some of the foundational issues +on how we organize science and Ardie in + + align:start position:0% +on how we organize science and Ardie in + + + align:start position:0% +on how we organize science and Ardie in +our system and today we're gonna take a + + align:start position:0% +our system and today we're gonna take a + + + align:start position:0% +our system and today we're gonna take a +really deep look at what we could call + + align:start position:0% +really deep look at what we could call + + + align:start position:0% +really deep look at what we could call +the valley of death problem though it's + + align:start position:0% +the valley of death problem though it's + + + align:start position:0% +the valley of death problem though it's +it's precisely this problem that Stokes + + align:start position:0% +it's precisely this problem that Stokes + + + align:start position:0% +it's precisely this problem that Stokes +talked about the disconnect between the + + align:start position:0% +talked about the disconnect between the + + + align:start position:0% +talked about the disconnect between the +research stage and late stage + + align:start position:0% +research stage and late stage + + + align:start position:0% +research stage and late stage +development okay and we're gonna the + + align:start position:0% +development okay and we're gonna the + + + align:start position:0% +development okay and we're gonna the +branch command hours while reading will + + align:start position:0% +branch command hours while reading will + + + align:start position:0% +branch command hours while reading will +lay that valley of death problem out and + + align:start position:0% +lay that valley of death problem out and + + + align:start position:0% +lay that valley of death problem out and +then we'll talk about actually how the + + align:start position:0% +then we'll talk about actually how the + + + align:start position:0% +then we'll talk about actually how the +u.s. is actually on the side running all + + align:start position:0% +u.s. is actually on the side running all + + + align:start position:0% +u.s. is actually on the side running all +parallel universe of much more connected + + align:start position:0% +parallel universe of much more connected + + + align:start position:0% +parallel universe of much more connected +defense research it's a very different + + align:start position:0% +defense research it's a very different + + + align:start position:0% +defense research it's a very different +system so we have two very different + + align:start position:0% +system so we have two very different + + + align:start position:0% +system so we have two very different +innovation systems that the federal + + align:start position:0% +innovation systems that the federal + + + align:start position:0% +innovation systems that the federal +government is supporting and we'll go + + align:start position:0% +government is supporting and we'll go + + + align:start position:0% +government is supporting and we'll go +through those two models so who's got + + align:start position:0% +through those two models so who's got + + + align:start position:0% +through those two models so who's got +what who's got branchman auerswald which + + align:start position:0% +what who's got branchman auerswald which + + + align:start position:0% +what who's got branchman auerswald which +of you three Matthew got it okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's Lube ransom a you know noted + + align:start position:0% +that's Lube ransom a you know noted + + + align:start position:0% +that's Lube ransom a you know noted +professor at the Kennedy School + + align:start position:0% +professor at the Kennedy School + + + align:start position:0% +professor at the Kennedy School +now emeritus he was vice president chief + + align:start position:0% +now emeritus he was vice president chief + + + align:start position:0% +now emeritus he was vice president chief +scientists at IBM he was a director of + + align:start position:0% +scientists at IBM he was a director of + + + align:start position:0% +scientists at IBM he was a director of +NIST a noted physicist you know working + + align:start position:0% +NIST a noted physicist you know working + + + align:start position:0% +NIST a noted physicist you know working +in the atomic molecular fields he won + + align:start position:0% +in the atomic molecular fields he won + + + align:start position:0% +in the atomic molecular fields he won +the National Science Foundation's venire + + align:start position:0% +the National Science Foundation's venire + + + align:start position:0% +the National Science Foundation's venire +Bush award appropriately enough which is + + align:start position:0% +Bush award appropriately enough which is + + + align:start position:0% +Bush award appropriately enough which is +its top award a remarkable and lovely + + align:start position:0% +its top award a remarkable and lovely + + + align:start position:0% +its top award a remarkable and lovely +and wonderful guy and a real kind of + + align:start position:0% +and wonderful guy and a real kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and wonderful guy and a real kind of +state's person of science who you know + + align:start position:0% +state's person of science who you know + + + align:start position:0% +state's person of science who you know +used to help young kids like me and help + + align:start position:0% +used to help young kids like me and help + + + align:start position:0% +used to help young kids like me and help +us learn the system and his colleague + + align:start position:0% +us learn the system and his colleague + + + align:start position:0% +us learn the system and his colleague +Phil auerswald is now on his third third + + align:start position:0% +Phil auerswald is now on his third third + + + align:start position:0% +Phil auerswald is now on his third third +or fourth book and you know has gone + + align:start position:0% +or fourth book and you know has gone + + + align:start position:0% +or fourth book and you know has gone +into the field of innovation policy in a + + align:start position:0% +into the field of innovation policy in a + + + align:start position:0% +into the field of innovation policy in a +deep way and as a real contributor in + + align:start position:0% +deep way and as a real contributor in + + + align:start position:0% +deep way and as a real contributor in +that field as well so Phil's a spokesman + + align:start position:0% +that field as well so Phil's a spokesman + + + align:start position:0% +that field as well so Phil's a spokesman +in his own right at this point he + + align:start position:0% +in his own right at this point he + + + align:start position:0% +in his own right at this point he +teaches at George Mason University which + + align:start position:0% +teaches at George Mason University which + + + align:start position:0% +teaches at George Mason University which +has a strong Science and Technology + + align:start position:0% +has a strong Science and Technology + + + align:start position:0% +has a strong Science and Technology +Policy group so those are our authors + + align:start position:0% +Policy group so those are our authors + + + align:start position:0% +Policy group so those are our authors +and let me just go to the charts this is + + align:start position:0% +and let me just go to the charts this is + + + align:start position:0% +and let me just go to the charts this is +a chart that was used in the House + + align:start position:0% +a chart that was used in the House + + + align:start position:0% +a chart that was used in the House +Science Committee and it wasn't the term + + align:start position:0% +Science Committee and it wasn't the term + + + align:start position:0% +Science Committee and it wasn't the term +valley of death between again research + + align:start position:0% +valley of death between again research + + + align:start position:0% +valley of death between again research +and later stage development that wasn't + + align:start position:0% +and later stage development that wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +and later stage development that wasn't +a term that that Brandt's command + + align:start position:0% +a term that that Brandt's command + + + align:start position:0% +a term that that Brandt's command +auerswald invented it kind of came into + + align:start position:0% +auerswald invented it kind of came into + + + align:start position:0% +auerswald invented it kind of came into +currency however you know in the in the + + align:start position:0% +currency however you know in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +currency however you know in the in the +time period in which they're writing and + + align:start position:0% +time period in which they're writing and + + + align:start position:0% +time period in which they're writing and +the idea here is it's a very simple one + + align:start position:0% +the idea here is it's a very simple one + + + align:start position:0% +the idea here is it's a very simple one +that you've got one set of institutions + + align:start position:0% +that you've got one set of institutions + + + align:start position:0% +that you've got one set of institutions +working on basic research you've got + + align:start position:0% +working on basic research you've got + + + align:start position:0% +working on basic research you've got +another set of institutions working on + + align:start position:0% +another set of institutions working on + + + align:start position:0% +another set of institutions working on +the later stage + + align:start position:0% +the later stage + + + align:start position:0% +the later stage +you know applied side later stage + + align:start position:0% +you know applied side later stage + + + align:start position:0% +you know applied side later stage +development in particular and there are + + align:start position:0% +development in particular and there are + + + align:start position:0% +development in particular and there are +very few bridging mechanisms in our + + align:start position:0% +very few bridging mechanisms in our + + + align:start position:0% +very few bridging mechanisms in our +system across this gap between the two + + align:start position:0% +system across this gap between the two + + + align:start position:0% +system across this gap between the two +so as we tried to understand innovation + + align:start position:0% +so as we tried to understand innovation + + + align:start position:0% +so as we tried to understand innovation +20 years ago this was the major idea in + + align:start position:0% +20 years ago this was the major idea in + + + align:start position:0% +20 years ago this was the major idea in +the system + + align:start position:0% +the system + + + align:start position:0% +the system +and it comes right out of Stokes is + + align:start position:0% +and it comes right out of Stokes is + + + align:start position:0% +and it comes right out of Stokes is +thinking right we're seeing this and + + align:start position:0% +thinking right we're seeing this and + + + align:start position:0% +thinking right we're seeing this and +what's happening at the time is that + + align:start position:0% +what's happening at the time is that + + + align:start position:0% +what's happening at the time is that +Japan has created this brilliant quality + + align:start position:0% +Japan has created this brilliant quality + + + align:start position:0% +Japan has created this brilliant quality +manufacturing system it amounts to a + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing system it amounts to a + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing system it amounts to a +real innovation wave in itself + + align:start position:0% +real innovation wave in itself + + + align:start position:0% +real innovation wave in itself +the u.s. misses it and then loses + + align:start position:0% +the u.s. misses it and then loses + + + align:start position:0% +the u.s. misses it and then loses +leadership on to huge industrial sectors + + align:start position:0% +leadership on to huge industrial sectors + + + align:start position:0% +leadership on to huge industrial sectors +autos and consumer electronics as a + + align:start position:0% +autos and consumer electronics as a + + + align:start position:0% +autos and consumer electronics as a +result of getting this wrong right so + + align:start position:0% +result of getting this wrong right so + + + align:start position:0% +result of getting this wrong right so +this is another chart of the same thing + + align:start position:0% +this is another chart of the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +this is another chart of the same thing +right this is a more of a pipeline chart + + align:start position:0% +right this is a more of a pipeline chart + + + align:start position:0% +right this is a more of a pipeline chart +and arguably the neva Bush set up the + + align:start position:0% +and arguably the neva Bush set up the + + + align:start position:0% +and arguably the neva Bush set up the +pipeline model where the federal role + + align:start position:0% +pipeline model where the federal role + + + align:start position:0% +pipeline model where the federal role +was going to be dumped basic research + + align:start position:0% +was going to be dumped basic research + + + align:start position:0% +was going to be dumped basic research +into the end of this innovation pipeline + + align:start position:0% +into the end of this innovation pipeline + + + align:start position:0% +into the end of this innovation pipeline +mysterious things will occur great + + align:start position:0% +mysterious things will occur great + + + align:start position:0% +mysterious things will occur great +products will emerge at the end right + + align:start position:0% +products will emerge at the end right + + + align:start position:0% +products will emerge at the end right +that's essentially the organizational + + align:start position:0% +that's essentially the organizational + + + align:start position:0% +that's essentially the organizational +model for the US civilian R&D okay this + + align:start position:0% +model for the US civilian R&D okay this + + + align:start position:0% +model for the US civilian R&D okay this +is a way to try and understand what's + + align:start position:0% +is a way to try and understand what's + + + align:start position:0% +is a way to try and understand what's +going on within that pipeline and who + + align:start position:0% +going on within that pipeline and who + + + align:start position:0% +going on within that pipeline and who +the actors are that can influence + + align:start position:0% +the actors are that can influence + + + align:start position:0% +the actors are that can influence +different stages who can do the bridging + + align:start position:0% +different stages who can do the bridging + + + align:start position:0% +different stages who can do the bridging +right and what brands come in hours + + align:start position:0% +right and what brands come in hours + + + align:start position:0% +right and what brands come in hours +we'll set out is you know this basic + + align:start position:0% +we'll set out is you know this basic + + + align:start position:0% +we'll set out is you know this basic +research there's the proof of concept + + align:start position:0% +research there's the proof of concept + + + align:start position:0% +research there's the proof of concept +invention stage then there's technology + + align:start position:0% +invention stage then there's technology + + + align:start position:0% +invention stage then there's technology +development then you move on to product + + align:start position:0% +development then you move on to product + + + align:start position:0% +development then you move on to product +development and production and marketing + + align:start position:0% +development and production and marketing + + + align:start position:0% +development and production and marketing +and then helping at these different + + align:start position:0% +and then helping at these different + + + align:start position:0% +and then helping at these different +stages are different actors so the basic + + align:start position:0% +stages are different actors so the basic + + + align:start position:0% +stages are different actors so the basic +research agencies here maybe they'll + + align:start position:0% +research agencies here maybe they'll + + + align:start position:0% +research agencies here maybe they'll +help you get to the proof of concept + + align:start position:0% +help you get to the proof of concept + + + align:start position:0% +help you get to the proof of concept +stage but they're not going to reach + + align:start position:0% +stage but they're not going to reach + + + align:start position:0% +stage but they're not going to reach +beyond that but then angel investors + + align:start position:0% +beyond that but then angel investors + + + align:start position:0% +beyond that but then angel investors +sometimes corporate allies sometimes the + + align:start position:0% +sometimes corporate allies sometimes the + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes corporate allies sometimes the +small business innovation a research + + align:start position:0% +small business innovation a research + + + align:start position:0% +small business innovation a research +program that we've talked about that + + align:start position:0% +program that we've talked about that + + + align:start position:0% +program that we've talked about that +might help you move from here to here + + align:start position:0% +might help you move from here to here + + + align:start position:0% +might help you move from here to here +right venture capital they point out + + align:start position:0% +right venture capital they point out + + + align:start position:0% +right venture capital they point out +doesn't really come to bear in this + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really come to bear in this + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really come to bear in this +stage venture capital as we talked about + + align:start position:0% +stage venture capital as we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +stage venture capital as we talked about +in the first class is really only + + align:start position:0% +in the first class is really only + + + align:start position:0% +in the first class is really only +interested in supporting your technology + + align:start position:0% +interested in supporting your technology + + + align:start position:0% +interested in supporting your technology +if it's only about two years away from + + align:start position:0% +if it's only about two years away from + + + align:start position:0% +if it's only about two years away from +actual production right so they're not + + align:start position:0% +actual production right so they're not + + + align:start position:0% +actual production right so they're not +going to help you by and large with the + + align:start position:0% +going to help you by and large with the + + + align:start position:0% +going to help you by and large with the +exception of the biotech area bridge + + align:start position:0% +exception of the biotech area bridge + + + align:start position:0% +exception of the biotech area bridge +across this kind of gap territory + + align:start position:0% +across this kind of gap territory + + + align:start position:0% +across this kind of gap territory +you know when you get to here this + + align:start position:0% +you know when you get to here this + + + align:start position:0% +you know when you get to here this +corporate venture and equity and + + align:start position:0% +corporate venture and equity and + + + align:start position:0% +corporate venture and equity and +commercial debt that will help you but + + align:start position:0% +commercial debt that will help you but + + + align:start position:0% +commercial debt that will help you but +they argue that this is the gap in the + + align:start position:0% +they argue that this is the gap in the + + + align:start position:0% +they argue that this is the gap in the +system but they also note it's not a + + align:start position:0% +system but they also note it's not a + + + align:start position:0% +system but they also note it's not a +pipeline it's much more complicated and + + align:start position:0% +pipeline it's much more complicated and + + + align:start position:0% +pipeline it's much more complicated and +they in in the end they adopt as phrase + + align:start position:0% +they in in the end they adopt as phrase + + + align:start position:0% +they in in the end they adopt as phrase +a Darwinian sea between a struggle for + + align:start position:0% +a Darwinian sea between a struggle for + + + align:start position:0% +a Darwinian sea between a struggle for +life and a sea of technical and + + align:start position:0% +life and a sea of technical and + + + align:start position:0% +life and a sea of technical and +entrepreneurship risk because things + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurship risk because things + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurship risk because things +don't move smoothly down the pipeline + + align:start position:0% +don't move smoothly down the pipeline + + + align:start position:0% +don't move smoothly down the pipeline +right there often you'll get the proof + + align:start position:0% +right there often you'll get the proof + + + align:start position:0% +right there often you'll get the proof +of concept stage and realize you got to + + align:start position:0% +of concept stage and realize you got to + + + align:start position:0% +of concept stage and realize you got to +rethink it you go back here and then + + align:start position:0% +rethink it you go back here and then + + + align:start position:0% +rethink it you go back here and then +maybe you get to here and then you + + align:start position:0% +maybe you get to here and then you + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you get to here and then you +realize well I'm not gonna be able to + + align:start position:0% +realize well I'm not gonna be able to + + + align:start position:0% +realize well I'm not gonna be able to +get the product development I've got to + + align:start position:0% +get the product development I've got to + + + align:start position:0% +get the product development I've got to +go back to an earth in other words it's + + align:start position:0% +go back to an earth in other words it's + + + align:start position:0% +go back to an earth in other words it's +a much more convoluted process with a + + align:start position:0% +a much more convoluted process with a + + + align:start position:0% +a much more convoluted process with a +lot of iterations and feedback in that + + align:start position:0% +lot of iterations and feedback in that + + + align:start position:0% +lot of iterations and feedback in that +system so they argue in the end it's + + align:start position:0% +system so they argue in the end it's + + + align:start position:0% +system so they argue in the end it's +more like this the innovation and new + + align:start position:0% +more like this the innovation and new + + + align:start position:0% +more like this the innovation and new +business on one side research and + + align:start position:0% +business on one side research and + + + align:start position:0% +business on one side research and +invention on the other and this kind of + + align:start position:0% +invention on the other and this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +invention on the other and this kind of +struggle in a Darwinian sense going on + + align:start position:0% +struggle in a Darwinian sense going on + + + align:start position:0% +struggle in a Darwinian sense going on +between the two but frankly a pipeline + + align:start position:0% +between the two but frankly a pipeline + + + align:start position:0% +between the two but frankly a pipeline +model is much more convenient and easy + + align:start position:0% +model is much more convenient and easy + + + align:start position:0% +model is much more convenient and easy +to understand even though we should all + + align:start position:0% +to understand even though we should all + + + align:start position:0% +to understand even though we should all +know that it overstates the model right + + align:start position:0% +know that it overstates the model right + + + align:start position:0% +know that it overstates the model right +that it's really more like a Darwinian + + align:start position:0% +that it's really more like a Darwinian + + + align:start position:0% +that it's really more like a Darwinian +sea so that's and then they they go + + align:start position:0% +sea so that's and then they they go + + + align:start position:0% +sea so that's and then they they go +through what are the funding sources and + + align:start position:0% +through what are the funding sources and + + + align:start position:0% +through what are the funding sources and +note really pretty limited funding + + align:start position:0% +note really pretty limited funding + + + align:start position:0% +note really pretty limited funding +sources that are available for that + + align:start position:0% +sources that are available for that + + + align:start position:0% +sources that are available for that +bridge over the valley of death it's a + + align:start position:0% +bridge over the valley of death it's a + + + align:start position:0% +bridge over the valley of death it's a +pretty limited panoply so why don't we + + align:start position:0% +pretty limited panoply so why don't we + + + align:start position:0% +pretty limited panoply so why don't we +leave that there and I'll turn it over + + align:start position:0% +leave that there and I'll turn it over + + + align:start position:0% +leave that there and I'll turn it over +to you Matthew I think the Sun relays + + align:start position:0% +to you Matthew I think the Sun relays + + + align:start position:0% +to you Matthew I think the Sun relays +pretty comprehensive so I mean most of + + align:start position:0% +pretty comprehensive so I mean most of + + + align:start position:0% +pretty comprehensive so I mean most of +the questions that I had really focused + + align:start position:0% +the questions that I had really focused + + + align:start position:0% +the questions that I had really focused +on that stage 3 that early stage + + align:start position:0% +on that stage 3 that early stage + + + align:start position:0% +on that stage 3 that early stage +technology development it's the + + align:start position:0% +technology development it's the + + + align:start position:0% +technology development it's the +Darwinian sea or the valley of death + + align:start position:0% +Darwinian sea or the valley of death + + + align:start position:0% +Darwinian sea or the valley of death +and I don't wanted the one of the + + align:start position:0% +and I don't wanted the one of the + + + align:start position:0% +and I don't wanted the one of the +questions I wanted to ask here was we + + align:start position:0% +questions I wanted to ask here was we + + + align:start position:0% +questions I wanted to ask here was we +saw a lot previously about metrics to + + align:start position:0% +saw a lot previously about metrics to + + + align:start position:0% +saw a lot previously about metrics to +measure how much we're putting into + + align:start position:0% +measure how much we're putting into + + + align:start position:0% +measure how much we're putting into +basic research and then we also have all + + align:start position:0% +basic research and then we also have all + + + align:start position:0% +basic research and then we also have all +the economic indicators on the other + + align:start position:0% +the economic indicators on the other + + + align:start position:0% +the economic indicators on the other +side right now is there any good way to + + align:start position:0% +side right now is there any good way to + + + align:start position:0% +side right now is there any good way to +measure just how effective a country is + + align:start position:0% +measure just how effective a country is + + + align:start position:0% +measure just how effective a country is +and actually translating technologies + + align:start position:0% +and actually translating technologies + + + align:start position:0% +and actually translating technologies +that are being developed into + + align:start position:0% +that are being developed into + + + align:start position:0% +that are being developed into +commercialize products + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sure yeah so I mean you imagine any any + + align:start position:0% +sure yeah so I mean you imagine any any + + + align:start position:0% +sure yeah so I mean you imagine any any +good way to or any good metric to + + align:start position:0% +good way to or any good metric to + + + align:start position:0% +good way to or any good metric to +measure just how effective or wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +measure just how effective or wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +measure just how effective or wouldn't +even make sense to measure how effective + + align:start position:0% +even make sense to measure how effective + + + align:start position:0% +even make sense to measure how effective +a country is kind of traversing that + + align:start position:0% +a country is kind of traversing that + + + align:start position:0% +a country is kind of traversing that +that value of that because there's a lot + + align:start position:0% +that value of that because there's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +that value of that because there's a lot +of metrics in terms of just how much + + align:start position:0% +of metrics in terms of just how much + + + align:start position:0% +of metrics in terms of just how much +we're spending on one side on the other + + align:start position:0% +we're spending on one side on the other + + + align:start position:0% +we're spending on one side on the other +side you have and how many they're able + + align:start position:0% +side you have and how many they're able + + + align:start position:0% +side you have and how many they're able +to actually produce and percentage of + + align:start position:0% +to actually produce and percentage of + + + align:start position:0% +to actually produce and percentage of +make it through first year five year ten + + align:start position:0% +make it through first year five year ten + + + align:start position:0% +make it through first year five year ten +year and I think it would be for an AUSA + + align:start position:0% +year and I think it would be for an AUSA + + + align:start position:0% +year and I think it would be for an AUSA +to measure how much of that value you + + align:start position:0% +to measure how much of that value you + + + align:start position:0% +to measure how much of that value you +actually captures the country yep I + + align:start position:0% +actually captures the country yep I + + + align:start position:0% +actually captures the country yep I +choose like URL where you have tons and + + align:start position:0% +choose like URL where you have tons and + + + align:start position:0% +choose like URL where you have tons and +tons of startups but they all end up + + align:start position:0% +tons of startups but they all end up + + + align:start position:0% +tons of startups but they all end up +getting exported oh and stay in the + + align:start position:0% +getting exported oh and stay in the + + + align:start position:0% +getting exported oh and stay in the +country because all the venture + + align:start position:0% +country because all the venture + + + align:start position:0% +country because all the venture +financings in the US there's another + + align:start position:0% +financings in the US there's another + + + align:start position:0% +financings in the US there's another +possible measure to use probably on your + + align:start position:0% +possible measure to use probably on your + + + align:start position:0% +possible measure to use probably on your +list patents and patents have to list + + align:start position:0% +list patents and patents have to list + + + align:start position:0% +list patents and patents have to list +the scientific research on which on + + align:start position:0% +the scientific research on which on + + + align:start position:0% +the scientific research on which on +which they draw so you can actually go + + align:start position:0% +which they draw so you can actually go + + + align:start position:0% +which they draw so you can actually go +into the patent literature and + + align:start position:0% +into the patent literature and + + + align:start position:0% +into the patent literature and +understand the scientific advances + + align:start position:0% +understand the scientific advances + + + align:start position:0% +understand the scientific advances +behind the patent application but of + + align:start position:0% +behind the patent application but of + + + align:start position:0% +behind the patent application but of +course many patents sit completely + + align:start position:0% +course many patents sit completely + + + align:start position:0% +course many patents sit completely +unused + + align:start position:0% +unused + + + align:start position:0% +unused +they go on the shelf so it's just the + + align:start position:0% +they go on the shelf so it's just the + + + align:start position:0% +they go on the shelf so it's just the +total number of patents doesn't + + align:start position:0% +total number of patents doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +total number of patents doesn't +necessarily tell you much yeah but it + + align:start position:0% +necessarily tell you much yeah but it + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily tell you much yeah but it +does tell you what the early-stage + + align:start position:0% +does tell you what the early-stage + + + align:start position:0% +does tell you what the early-stage +research was often that's behind them + + align:start position:0% +research was often that's behind them + + + align:start position:0% +research was often that's behind them +and look that amount of early-stage + + align:start position:0% +and look that amount of early-stage + + + align:start position:0% +and look that amount of early-stage +research that's being excited in public + + align:start position:0% +research that's being excited in public + + + align:start position:0% +research that's being excited in public +patent + + align:start position:0% +patent + + + align:start position:0% +patent +applications is now has been growing + + align:start position:0% +applications is now has been growing + + + align:start position:0% +applications is now has been growing +profoundly so we know that some of this + + align:start position:0% +profoundly so we know that some of this + + + align:start position:0% +profoundly so we know that some of this +research is getting out of the left hand + + align:start position:0% +research is getting out of the left hand + + + align:start position:0% +research is getting out of the left hand +side of the pipeline you know out the at + + align:start position:0% +side of the pipeline you know out the at + + + align:start position:0% +side of the pipeline you know out the at +the end of it so it's important from + + align:start position:0% +the end of it so it's important from + + + align:start position:0% +the end of it so it's important from +that perspective other indicators + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I think there's also something to say + + align:start position:0% +I think there's also something to say + + + align:start position:0% +I think there's also something to say +for maybe the economic impact per capita + + align:start position:0% +for maybe the economic impact per capita + + + align:start position:0% +for maybe the economic impact per capita +like really assessing how much does the + + align:start position:0% +like really assessing how much does the + + + align:start position:0% +like really assessing how much does the +innovation end up impacting the + + align:start position:0% +innovation end up impacting the + + + align:start position:0% +innovation end up impacting the +country's well-being and how do it + + align:start position:0% +country's well-being and how do it + + + align:start position:0% +country's well-being and how do it +whether or not individuals benefit from + + align:start position:0% +whether or not individuals benefit from + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not individuals benefit from +it who are regular citizens rather than + + align:start position:0% +it who are regular citizens rather than + + + align:start position:0% +it who are regular citizens rather than +just industry capture than that profit I + + align:start position:0% +just industry capture than that profit I + + + align:start position:0% +just industry capture than that profit I +think there's something to be said about + + align:start position:0% +think there's something to be said about + + + align:start position:0% +think there's something to be said about +establishing the metric for impact as + + align:start position:0% +establishing the metric for impact as + + + align:start position:0% +establishing the metric for impact as +well that's based specifically on per + + align:start position:0% +well that's based specifically on per + + + align:start position:0% +well that's based specifically on per +capita our person in order to make it + + align:start position:0% +capita our person in order to make it + + + align:start position:0% +capita our person in order to make it +sort of comfortable to other countries + + align:start position:0% +sort of comfortable to other countries + + + align:start position:0% +sort of comfortable to other countries +and the resources that they have + + align:start position:0% +and the resources that they have + + + align:start position:0% +and the resources that they have +available to them or not monetary + + align:start position:0% +available to them or not monetary + + + align:start position:0% +available to them or not monetary +Versalles + + align:start position:0% +Versalles + + + align:start position:0% +Versalles +I think they can be monetary so it's - I + + align:start position:0% +I think they can be monetary so it's - I + + + align:start position:0% +I think they can be monetary so it's - I +mean the live the regression analysis is + + align:start position:0% +mean the live the regression analysis is + + + align:start position:0% +mean the live the regression analysis is +going to be even more complicated but I + + align:start position:0% +going to be even more complicated but I + + + align:start position:0% +going to be even more complicated but I +feel like a few two measures of + + align:start position:0% +feel like a few two measures of + + + align:start position:0% +feel like a few two measures of +well-being both on economic impact and + + align:start position:0% +well-being both on economic impact and + + + align:start position:0% +well-being both on economic impact and +also with well-being sort of statistical + + align:start position:0% +also with well-being sort of statistical + + + align:start position:0% +also with well-being sort of statistical +measurements on sailing I mean I know + + align:start position:0% +measurements on sailing I mean I know + + + align:start position:0% +measurements on sailing I mean I know +people measure happiness now that could + + align:start position:0% +people measure happiness now that could + + + align:start position:0% +people measure happiness now that could +be a really interesting in fact I know + + align:start position:0% +be a really interesting in fact I know + + + align:start position:0% +be a really interesting in fact I know +that you could do that for example the + + align:start position:0% +that you could do that for example the + + + align:start position:0% +that you could do that for example the +people who are impacting they feel like + + align:start position:0% +people who are impacting they feel like + + + align:start position:0% +people who are impacting they feel like +their lives are not better this result + + align:start position:0% +their lives are not better this result + + + align:start position:0% +their lives are not better this result +so very much in addition to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the issue here is that often that social + + align:start position:0% +the issue here is that often that social + + + align:start position:0% +the issue here is that often that social +impact is going to take a very long time + + align:start position:0% +impact is going to take a very long time + + + align:start position:0% +impact is going to take a very long time +to evolve at scale right so if you're + + align:start position:0% +to evolve at scale right so if you're + + + align:start position:0% +to evolve at scale right so if you're +willing to take a long term look right + + align:start position:0% +willing to take a long term look right + + + align:start position:0% +willing to take a long term look right +to reach a level of a reasonable + + align:start position:0% +to reach a level of a reasonable + + + align:start position:0% +to reach a level of a reasonable +assessment it's going to be very + + align:start position:0% +assessment it's going to be very + + + align:start position:0% +assessment it's going to be very +extended period what metric do you have + + align:start position:0% +extended period what metric do you have + + + align:start position:0% +extended period what metric do you have +for measuring it too because you can say + + align:start position:0% +for measuring it too because you can say + + + align:start position:0% +for measuring it too because you can say +oh I have an X amount of Apple stock and + + align:start position:0% +oh I have an X amount of Apple stock and + + + align:start position:0% +oh I have an X amount of Apple stock and +I've made X amount of dollars and that's + + align:start position:0% +I've made X amount of dollars and that's + + + align:start position:0% +I've made X amount of dollars and that's +improved my assets over this many years + + align:start position:0% +improved my assets over this many years + + + align:start position:0% +improved my assets over this many years +but well you're driving you're driving a + + align:start position:0% +but well you're driving you're driving a + + + align:start position:0% +but well you're driving you're driving a +societal impact right but then how do + + align:start position:0% +societal impact right but then how do + + + align:start position:0% +societal impact right but then how do +you measure specifically a technical + + align:start position:0% +you measure specifically a technical + + + align:start position:0% +you measure specifically a technical +advances and I would say necessarily + + align:start position:0% +advances and I would say necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +advances and I would say necessarily +like from the investment standpoint that + + align:start position:0% +like from the investment standpoint that + + + align:start position:0% +like from the investment standpoint that +I would then I would care so much about + + align:start position:0% +I would then I would care so much about + + + align:start position:0% +I would then I would care so much about +the happiness of the stakeholder the + + align:start position:0% +the happiness of the stakeholder the + + + align:start position:0% +the happiness of the stakeholder the +shareholders it's right that I said I + + align:start position:0% +shareholders it's right that I said I + + + align:start position:0% +shareholders it's right that I said I +was gonna go on to say how do I measure + + align:start position:0% +was gonna go on to say how do I measure + + + align:start position:0% +was gonna go on to say how do I measure +how much this has improved my life you + + align:start position:0% +how much this has improved my life you + + + align:start position:0% +how much this has improved my life you +know we can two issues with measurement + + align:start position:0% +know we can two issues with measurement + + + align:start position:0% +know we can two issues with measurement +complicated when it comes to measurement + + align:start position:0% +complicated when it comes to measurement + + + align:start position:0% +complicated when it comes to measurement +like I don't like you have the best + + align:start position:0% +like I don't like you have the best + + + align:start position:0% +like I don't like you have the best +invest if you don't you know + + align:start position:0% +invest if you don't you know + + + align:start position:0% +invest if you don't you know +you could go home it was really great + + align:start position:0% +you could go home it was really great + + + align:start position:0% +you could go home it was really great +but if you're not a great executioner + + align:start position:0% +but if you're not a great executioner + + + align:start position:0% +but if you're not a great executioner +like for Fitbit I meant the guy who now + + align:start position:0% +like for Fitbit I meant the guy who now + + + align:start position:0% +like for Fitbit I meant the guy who now +works for Google X and he he created + + align:start position:0% +works for Google X and he he created + + + align:start position:0% +works for Google X and he he created +like the fitness of way better and had + + align:start position:0% +like the fitness of way better and had + + + align:start position:0% +like the fitness of way better and had +way more customers but we said they + + align:start position:0% +way more customers but we said they + + + align:start position:0% +way more customers but we said they +didn't trace around the funding before + + align:start position:0% +didn't trace around the funding before + + + align:start position:0% +didn't trace around the funding before +the economic collapse that the product + + align:start position:0% +the economic collapse that the product + + + align:start position:0% +the economic collapse that the product +ever got to market so it might just be + + align:start position:0% +ever got to market so it might just be + + + align:start position:0% +ever got to market so it might just be +kind of chance it's the drug we can see + + align:start position:0% +kind of chance it's the drug we can see + + + align:start position:0% +kind of chance it's the drug we can see +is a good example but I don't know if + + align:start position:0% +is a good example but I don't know if + + + align:start position:0% +is a good example but I don't know if +like your research to be really good it + + align:start position:0% +like your research to be really good it + + + align:start position:0% +like your research to be really good it +could be really compelling it could be a + + align:start position:0% +could be really compelling it could be a + + + align:start position:0% +could be really compelling it could be a +great team but like there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +great team but like there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +great team but like there's a lot of +other factors that we don't take it took + + align:start position:0% +other factors that we don't take it took + + + align:start position:0% +other factors that we don't take it took +up a lot of hidden variables how about + + align:start position:0% +up a lot of hidden variables how about + + + align:start position:0% +up a lot of hidden variables how about +another question Matthew yeah actually + + align:start position:0% +another question Matthew yeah actually + + + align:start position:0% +another question Matthew yeah actually +one thing that I kind of a lot of people + + align:start position:0% +one thing that I kind of a lot of people + + + align:start position:0% +one thing that I kind of a lot of people +caught on to it so brands come and + + align:start position:0% +caught on to it so brands come and + + + align:start position:0% +caught on to it so brands come and +knowledge for all day they detailed + + align:start position:0% +knowledge for all day they detailed + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge for all day they detailed +three main challenges to cross another + + align:start position:0% +three main challenges to cross another + + + align:start position:0% +three main challenges to cross another +death and the three challenges were + + align:start position:0% +death and the three challenges were + + + align:start position:0% +death and the three challenges were +motivation on the R&D side to reducing + + align:start position:0% +motivation on the R&D side to reducing + + + align:start position:0% +motivation on the R&D side to reducing +that to practice trust between the + + align:start position:0% +that to practice trust between the + + + align:start position:0% +that to practice trust between the +technologists and the business manager + + align:start position:0% +technologists and the business manager + + + align:start position:0% +technologists and the business manager +and then the third is the the sources of + + align:start position:0% +and then the third is the the sources of + + + align:start position:0% +and then the third is the the sources of +funding for for entrepreneurs and + + align:start position:0% +funding for for entrepreneurs and + + + align:start position:0% +funding for for entrepreneurs and +focusing in on that trust our + + align:start position:0% +focusing in on that trust our + + + align:start position:0% +focusing in on that trust our +understanding even between the + + align:start position:0% +understanding even between the + + + align:start position:0% +understanding even between the +technologists and the business manager + + align:start position:0% +technologists and the business manager + + + align:start position:0% +technologists and the business manager +someone asked you know it's they're + + align:start position:0% +someone asked you know it's they're + + + align:start position:0% +someone asked you know it's they're +about you and maybe changing the way we + + align:start position:0% +about you and maybe changing the way we + + + align:start position:0% +about you and maybe changing the way we +educate people or having more joint + + align:start position:0% +educate people or having more joint + + + align:start position:0% +educate people or having more joint +technology and business degrees or + + align:start position:0% +technology and business degrees or + + + align:start position:0% +technology and business degrees or +courses of study to help bridge that gap + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm nothing I can give you a hint he + + align:start position:0% +I'm nothing I can give you a hint he + + + align:start position:0% +I'm nothing I can give you a hint he +could ask the person who wrote the + + align:start position:0% +could ask the person who wrote the + + + align:start position:0% +could ask the person who wrote the +question to respond like double major + + align:start position:0% +question to respond like double major + + + align:start position:0% +question to respond like double major +which one of the students who wrote who + + align:start position:0% +which one of the students who wrote who + + + align:start position:0% +which one of the students who wrote who +wrote the question that you're drawing + + align:start position:0% +wrote the question that you're drawing + + + align:start position:0% +wrote the question that you're drawing +on you can call on those a lot at once + + align:start position:0% +on you can call on those a lot at once + + + align:start position:0% +on you can call on those a lot at once +yeah so what do you think the value + + align:start position:0% +yeah so what do you think the value + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so what do you think the value +would be in maybe restructuring the way + + align:start position:0% +would be in maybe restructuring the way + + + align:start position:0% +would be in maybe restructuring the way +we do education are offering more into + + align:start position:0% +we do education are offering more into + + + align:start position:0% +we do education are offering more into +discipline a bee say science engineering + + align:start position:0% +discipline a bee say science engineering + + + align:start position:0% +discipline a bee say science engineering +and business to help bridge that gap I + + align:start position:0% +and business to help bridge that gap I + + + align:start position:0% +and business to help bridge that gap I +mean I was looking to the top like most + + align:start position:0% +mean I was looking to the top like most + + + align:start position:0% +mean I was looking to the top like most +successful technologists right now so + + align:start position:0% +successful technologists right now so + + + align:start position:0% +successful technologists right now so +I'm Zuckerberg with psychology and + + align:start position:0% +I'm Zuckerberg with psychology and + + + align:start position:0% +I'm Zuckerberg with psychology and +computer science I think Larry Ellison + + align:start position:0% +computer science I think Larry Ellison + + + align:start position:0% +computer science I think Larry Ellison +was he was medicine of any switched into + + align:start position:0% +was he was medicine of any switched into + + + align:start position:0% +was he was medicine of any switched into +what's Logan Valley Elon Musk's with + + align:start position:0% +what's Logan Valley Elon Musk's with + + + align:start position:0% +what's Logan Valley Elon Musk's with +economics and physics + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so apparently that's it you're in + + align:start position:0% +so apparently that's it you're in + + + align:start position:0% +so apparently that's it you're in +support of it a lot of these people that + + align:start position:0% +support of it a lot of these people that + + + align:start position:0% +support of it a lot of these people that +were successful of course correlations + + align:start position:0% +were successful of course correlations + + + align:start position:0% +were successful of course correlations +not imply causation so just because they + + align:start position:0% +not imply causation so just because they + + + align:start position:0% +not imply causation so just because they +happen to know to have they happen to + + align:start position:0% +happen to know to have they happen to + + + align:start position:0% +happen to know to have they happen to +know Mark Zuckerberg happen to do + + align:start position:0% +know Mark Zuckerberg happen to do + + + align:start position:0% +know Mark Zuckerberg happen to do +computer science and psychology + + align:start position:0% +computer science and psychology + + + align:start position:0% +computer science and psychology +discussion but we go further education + + align:start position:0% +discussion but we go further education + + + align:start position:0% +discussion but we go further education +compose like is there a bit of like a + + align:start position:0% +compose like is there a bit of like a + + + align:start position:0% +compose like is there a bit of like a +really really great like technologist + + align:start position:0% +really really great like technologist + + + align:start position:0% +really really great like technologist +who's just pure science they're like + + align:start position:0% +who's just pure science they're like + + + align:start position:0% +who's just pure science they're like +just what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I think like during the transistor era + + align:start position:0% +I think like during the transistor era + + + align:start position:0% +I think like during the transistor era +there's a lot of great technology stuff + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of great technology stuff + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of great technology stuff +could execute well in 14 Shockley and + + align:start position:0% +could execute well in 14 Shockley and + + + align:start position:0% +could execute well in 14 Shockley and +that's where insulin shot yeah I mean + + align:start position:0% +that's where insulin shot yeah I mean + + + align:start position:0% +that's where insulin shot yeah I mean +you take the credit but still there + + align:start position:0% +you take the credit but still there + + + align:start position:0% +you take the credit but still there +well that's next week's story all right + + align:start position:0% +well that's next week's story all right + + + align:start position:0% +well that's next week's story all right +two weeks from now story no next week + + align:start position:0% +two weeks from now story no next week + + + align:start position:0% +two weeks from now story no next week +right sorry Louie how you asked that + + align:start position:0% +right sorry Louie how you asked that + + + align:start position:0% +right sorry Louie how you asked that +question so do you want to oppose you + + align:start position:0% +question so do you want to oppose you + + + align:start position:0% +question so do you want to oppose you +want to give us an answer + + align:start position:0% +want to give us an answer + + + align:start position:0% +want to give us an answer +the American system is more flexible and + + align:start position:0% +the American system is more flexible and + + + align:start position:0% +the American system is more flexible and +he asks you to take cross-disciplinary + + align:start position:0% +he asks you to take cross-disciplinary + + + align:start position:0% +he asks you to take cross-disciplinary +courses but from my home University like + + align:start position:0% +courses but from my home University like + + + align:start position:0% +courses but from my home University like +England is really kind of narrowed + + align:start position:0% +England is really kind of narrowed + + + align:start position:0% +England is really kind of narrowed +choices for each student so you will see + + align:start position:0% +choices for each student so you will see + + + align:start position:0% +choices for each student so you will see +less students choose like a double + + align:start position:0% +less students choose like a double + + + align:start position:0% +less students choose like a double +degree or like double major courses I do + + align:start position:0% +degree or like double major courses I do + + + align:start position:0% +degree or like double major courses I do +think that plays like an important role + + align:start position:0% +think that plays like an important role + + + align:start position:0% +think that plays like an important role +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +innovations new policies + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +design cross I mean as you all know + + align:start position:0% +design cross I mean as you all know + + + align:start position:0% +design cross I mean as you all know +there's lots of MIT students who are + + align:start position:0% +there's lots of MIT students who are + + + align:start position:0% +there's lots of MIT students who are +doing business minors and you know + + align:start position:0% +doing business minors and you know + + + align:start position:0% +doing business minors and you know +engineering or science degrees and lots + + align:start position:0% +engineering or science degrees and lots + + + align:start position:0% +engineering or science degrees and lots +of entrepreneurial entrepreneurship + + align:start position:0% +of entrepreneurial entrepreneurship + + + align:start position:0% +of entrepreneurial entrepreneurship +courses that people from both sides are + + align:start position:0% +courses that people from both sides are + + + align:start position:0% +courses that people from both sides are +taking so this I think it's a + + align:start position:0% +taking so this I think it's a + + + align:start position:0% +taking so this I think it's a +development that's starting to occur + + align:start position:0% +development that's starting to occur + + + align:start position:0% +development that's starting to occur +Matthew Nava closing thought on Brandt's + + align:start position:0% +Matthew Nava closing thought on Brandt's + + + align:start position:0% +Matthew Nava closing thought on Brandt's +command auerswald for us I can give a + + align:start position:0% +command auerswald for us I can give a + + + align:start position:0% +command auerswald for us I can give a +personnel please + + align:start position:0% +personnel please + + + align:start position:0% +personnel please +I actually am and I do AG you think it's + + align:start position:0% +I actually am and I do AG you think it's + + + align:start position:0% +I actually am and I do AG you think it's +really valuable at the same time I think + + align:start position:0% +really valuable at the same time I think + + + align:start position:0% +really valuable at the same time I think +specialization is important to keep + + align:start position:0% +specialization is important to keep + + + align:start position:0% +specialization is important to keep +because I know like I'll never take as + + align:start position:0% +because I know like I'll never take as + + + align:start position:0% +because I know like I'll never take as +in-depth mechanical engineering classes + + align:start position:0% +in-depth mechanical engineering classes + + + align:start position:0% +in-depth mechanical engineering classes +as people would just study math + + align:start position:0% +as people would just study math + + + align:start position:0% +as people would just study math +throughout their four years here but I + + align:start position:0% +throughout their four years here but I + + + align:start position:0% +throughout their four years here but I +do think having more people with emeriti + + align:start position:0% +do think having more people with emeriti + + + align:start position:0% +do think having more people with emeriti +degrees can help help transition that + + align:start position:0% +degrees can help help transition that + + + align:start position:0% +degrees can help help transition that +gap right thank you all right so we're + + align:start position:0% +gap right thank you all right so we're + + + align:start position:0% +gap right thank you all right so we're +gonna push along to our next reading + + align:start position:0% +gonna push along to our next reading + + + align:start position:0% +gonna push along to our next reading +here and Vernon Rutan is another one of + + align:start position:0% +here and Vernon Rutan is another one of + + + align:start position:0% +here and Vernon Rutan is another one of +our great growth economists Rutten + + align:start position:0% +our great growth economists Rutten + + + align:start position:0% +our great growth economists Rutten +taught at the University of Minnesota + + align:start position:0% +taught at the University of Minnesota + + + align:start position:0% +taught at the University of Minnesota +and he really develops the whole concept + + align:start position:0% +and he really develops the whole concept + + + align:start position:0% +and he really develops the whole concept +of induced innovation in other words how + + align:start position:0% +of induced innovation in other words how + + + align:start position:0% +of induced innovation in other words how +does industry innovate is really the + + align:start position:0% +does industry innovate is really the + + + align:start position:0% +does industry innovate is really the +problem he's looking at obviously it's + + align:start position:0% +problem he's looking at obviously it's + + + align:start position:0% +problem he's looking at obviously it's +not just government agencies for sure + + align:start position:0% +not just government agencies for sure + + + align:start position:0% +not just government agencies for sure +industry does the great bulk of the + + align:start position:0% +industry does the great bulk of the + + + align:start position:0% +industry does the great bulk of the +innovation so he studies induced + + align:start position:0% +innovation so he studies induced + + + align:start position:0% +innovation so he studies induced +innovation through his whole career and + + align:start position:0% +innovation through his whole career and + + + align:start position:0% +innovation through his whole career and +develops all set of thinking about that + + align:start position:0% +develops all set of thinking about that + + + align:start position:0% +develops all set of thinking about that +doctrine and then towards the end of his + + align:start position:0% +doctrine and then towards the end of his + + + align:start position:0% +doctrine and then towards the end of his +life because he dies only a couple of + + align:start position:0% +life because he dies only a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +life because he dies only a couple of +years after writing this book he goes + + align:start position:0% +years after writing this book he goes + + + align:start position:0% +years after writing this book he goes +back and looks at the defense innovation + + align:start position:0% +back and looks at the defense innovation + + + align:start position:0% +back and looks at the defense innovation +system so he's looking at where these + + align:start position:0% +system so he's looking at where these + + + align:start position:0% +system so he's looking at where these +big strands of the American economy come + + align:start position:0% +big strands of the American economy come + + + align:start position:0% +big strands of the American economy come +from things like you know aviation space + + align:start position:0% +from things like you know aviation space + + + align:start position:0% +from things like you know aviation space +electronics nuclear power computing the + + align:start position:0% +electronics nuclear power computing the + + + align:start position:0% +electronics nuclear power computing the +Internet + + align:start position:0% +Internet + + + align:start position:0% +Internet +and he I wouldn't say stumbles but he + + align:start position:0% +and he I wouldn't say stumbles but he + + + align:start position:0% +and he I wouldn't say stumbles but he +focuses on the defense innovation system + + align:start position:0% +focuses on the defense innovation system + + + align:start position:0% +focuses on the defense innovation system +and starts to lay out for us what that's + + align:start position:0% +and starts to lay out for us what that's + + + align:start position:0% +and starts to lay out for us what that's +like so we've just talked about the + + align:start position:0% +like so we've just talked about the + + + align:start position:0% +like so we've just talked about the +venire Bush basic research only + + align:start position:0% +venire Bush basic research only + + + align:start position:0% +venire Bush basic research only +peer-reviewed basic science agency model + + align:start position:0% +peer-reviewed basic science agency model + + + align:start position:0% +peer-reviewed basic science agency model +that we tend to think of when we think + + align:start position:0% +that we tend to think of when we think + + + align:start position:0% +that we tend to think of when we think +about us Rd that's the dominant model + + align:start position:0% +about us Rd that's the dominant model + + + align:start position:0% +about us Rd that's the dominant model +certainly on the civilian side but then + + align:start position:0% +certainly on the civilian side but then + + + align:start position:0% +certainly on the civilian side but then +there's this whole parallel universe + + align:start position:0% +there's this whole parallel universe + + + align:start position:0% +there's this whole parallel universe +that's organized in a very different way + + align:start position:0% +that's organized in a very different way + + + align:start position:0% +that's organized in a very different way +and he goes back and traces the history + + align:start position:0% +and he goes back and traces the history + + + align:start position:0% +and he goes back and traces the history +and has this very provocative title is + + align:start position:0% +and has this very provocative title is + + + align:start position:0% +and has this very provocative title is +war necessary for economic growth + + align:start position:0% +war necessary for economic growth + + + align:start position:0% +war necessary for economic growth +because the big innovation waves of the + + align:start position:0% +because the big innovation waves of the + + + align:start position:0% +because the big innovation waves of the +latter part of the 20th century frankly + + align:start position:0% +latter part of the 20th century frankly + + + align:start position:0% +latter part of the 20th century frankly +came out of that defense innovation + + align:start position:0% +came out of that defense innovation + + + align:start position:0% +came out of that defense innovation +system those are the big waves that I + + align:start position:0% +system those are the big waves that I + + + align:start position:0% +system those are the big waves that I +just listed so what's going on here and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rutan oh and toes a very interesting + + align:start position:0% +rutan oh and toes a very interesting + + + align:start position:0% +rutan oh and toes a very interesting +story that this is not this didn't + + align:start position:0% +story that this is not this didn't + + + align:start position:0% +story that this is not this didn't +happen yesterday he tells the story of + + align:start position:0% +happen yesterday he tells the story of + + + align:start position:0% +happen yesterday he tells the story of +the development of interchangeable + + align:start position:0% +the development of interchangeable + + + align:start position:0% +the development of interchangeable +machine-made parts which is you all know + + align:start position:0% +machine-made parts which is you all know + + + align:start position:0% +machine-made parts which is you all know +is the core initial step towards mass + + align:start position:0% +is the core initial step towards mass + + + align:start position:0% +is the core initial step towards mass +production and that gets developed in + + align:start position:0% +production and that gets developed in + + + align:start position:0% +production and that gets developed in +the united states and how does it get + + align:start position:0% +the united states and how does it get + + + align:start position:0% +the united states and how does it get +developed it gets developed at the War + + align:start position:0% +developed it gets developed at the War + + + align:start position:0% +developed it gets developed at the War +Department and the War Department is + + align:start position:0% +Department and the War Department is + + + align:start position:0% +Department and the War Department is +essentially you know you think of the + + align:start position:0% +essentially you know you think of the + + + align:start position:0% +essentially you know you think of the +early 19th century muskets are made by + + align:start position:0% +early 19th century muskets are made by + + + align:start position:0% +early 19th century muskets are made by +hand they're made by you know + + align:start position:0% +hand they're made by you know + + + align:start position:0% +hand they're made by you know +blacksmiths armors they were called and + + align:start position:0% +blacksmiths armors they were called and + + + align:start position:0% +blacksmiths armors they were called and +every army had to bring along a whole + + align:start position:0% +every army had to bring along a whole + + + align:start position:0% +every army had to bring along a whole +group of armors to constantly keep its + + align:start position:0% +group of armors to constantly keep its + + + align:start position:0% +group of armors to constantly keep its +muskets repaired and every time a part + + align:start position:0% +muskets repaired and every time a part + + + align:start position:0% +muskets repaired and every time a part +would break down they'd have to make a + + align:start position:0% +would break down they'd have to make a + + + align:start position:0% +would break down they'd have to make a +new part so they'd have to pull out + + align:start position:0% +new part so they'd have to pull out + + + align:start position:0% +new part so they'd have to pull out +their Forge and their anvils and their + + align:start position:0% +their Forge and their anvils and their + + + align:start position:0% +their Forge and their anvils and their +hammers and then model that part exactly + + align:start position:0% +hammers and then model that part exactly + + + align:start position:0% +hammers and then model that part exactly +so would actually fit because no two + + align:start position:0% +so would actually fit because no two + + + align:start position:0% +so would actually fit because no two +parts were the same right they were not + + align:start position:0% +parts were the same right they were not + + + align:start position:0% +parts were the same right they were not +interchangeable so Eli Whitney has a + + align:start position:0% +interchangeable so Eli Whitney has a + + + align:start position:0% +interchangeable so Eli Whitney has a +vision for interchangeable machine but + + align:start position:0% +vision for interchangeable machine but + + + align:start position:0% +vision for interchangeable machine but +parts why you like Whitney what's you + + align:start position:0% +parts why you like Whitney what's you + + + align:start position:0% +parts why you like Whitney what's you +know you've heard of the cotton gin of + + align:start position:0% +know you've heard of the cotton gin of + + + align:start position:0% +know you've heard of the cotton gin of +course one of the + + align:start position:0% +course one of the + + + align:start position:0% +course one of the +key early 19th century simple machines + + align:start position:0% +key early 19th century simple machines + + + align:start position:0% +key early 19th century simple machines +that launched the industrial economy in + + align:start position:0% +that launched the industrial economy in + + + align:start position:0% +that launched the industrial economy in +the United States but Whitney's got a + + align:start position:0% +the United States but Whitney's got a + + + align:start position:0% +the United States but Whitney's got a +big problem with the cotton gin anybody + + align:start position:0% +big problem with the cotton gin anybody + + + align:start position:0% +big problem with the cotton gin anybody +can make one you can see this thing and + + align:start position:0% +can make one you can see this thing and + + + align:start position:0% +can make one you can see this thing and +any decent mechanic all over the country + + align:start position:0% +any decent mechanic all over the country + + + align:start position:0% +any decent mechanic all over the country +could essentially replicate it so he's + + align:start position:0% +could essentially replicate it so he's + + + align:start position:0% +could essentially replicate it so he's +faced with massive patent violations and + + align:start position:0% +faced with massive patent violations and + + + align:start position:0% +faced with massive patent violations and +he's handling lawsuits all over the + + align:start position:0% +he's handling lawsuits all over the + + + align:start position:0% +he's handling lawsuits all over the +country can't manage this so he has this + + align:start position:0% +country can't manage this so he has this + + + align:start position:0% +country can't manage this so he has this +remarkable invention but he can't + + align:start position:0% +remarkable invention but he can't + + + align:start position:0% +remarkable invention but he can't +capture any revenue off it so you know + + align:start position:0% +capture any revenue off it so you know + + + align:start position:0% +capture any revenue off it so you know +being a good US industrialist what do + + align:start position:0% +being a good US industrialist what do + + + align:start position:0% +being a good US industrialist what do +you do the War Department bailout I mean + + align:start position:0% +you do the War Department bailout I mean + + + align:start position:0% +you do the War Department bailout I mean +that's what you do right so he goes to + + align:start position:0% +that's what you do right so he goes to + + + align:start position:0% +that's what you do right so he goes to +his friends and colleagues in the war + + align:start position:0% +his friends and colleagues in the war + + + align:start position:0% +his friends and colleagues in the war +department and paints this vision + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +why make muskets by hand + + align:start position:0% +why make muskets by hand + + + align:start position:0% +why make muskets by hand +I'll give you interchange of machine + + align:start position:0% +I'll give you interchange of machine + + + align:start position:0% +I'll give you interchange of machine +made parts will drive the cost through + + align:start position:0% +made parts will drive the cost through + + + align:start position:0% +made parts will drive the cost through +the floor right and you won't have to + + align:start position:0% +the floor right and you won't have to + + + align:start position:0% +the floor right and you won't have to +have these are more trains dragging down + + align:start position:0% +have these are more trains dragging down + + + align:start position:0% +have these are more trains dragging down +the speed of your armies we'll just have + + align:start position:0% +the speed of your armies we'll just have + + + align:start position:0% +the speed of your armies we'll just have +a bunch of parts in a you know in boxes + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of parts in a you know in boxes + + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of parts in a you know in boxes +and you just snap them in and they'll be + + align:start position:0% +and you just snap them in and they'll be + + + align:start position:0% +and you just snap them in and they'll be +interchangeable it's a wonderful vision + + align:start position:0% +interchangeable it's a wonderful vision + + + align:start position:0% +interchangeable it's a wonderful vision +and he sells it to the War Department + + align:start position:0% +and he sells it to the War Department + + + align:start position:0% +and he sells it to the War Department +and guess what he gets something that's + + align:start position:0% +and guess what he gets something that's + + + align:start position:0% +and guess what he gets something that's +the equivalent of a cost-plus contract + + align:start position:0% +the equivalent of a cost-plus contract + + + align:start position:0% +the equivalent of a cost-plus contract +every industrialists dream + + align:start position:0% +every industrialists dream + + + align:start position:0% +every industrialists dream +whatever you need to spend you know + + align:start position:0% +whatever you need to spend you know + + + align:start position:0% +whatever you need to spend you know +spend it it's it's a it's consistent + + align:start position:0% +spend it it's it's a it's consistent + + + align:start position:0% +spend it it's it's a it's consistent +with our contract terms so he turns his + + align:start position:0% +with our contract terms so he turns his + + + align:start position:0% +with our contract terms so he turns his +factory in North Haven Connecticut just + + align:start position:0% +factory in North Haven Connecticut just + + + align:start position:0% +factory in North Haven Connecticut just +north of New Haven into an attempt to + + align:start position:0% +north of New Haven into an attempt to + + + align:start position:0% +north of New Haven into an attempt to +develop interchange of machine made + + align:start position:0% +develop interchange of machine made + + + align:start position:0% +develop interchange of machine made +parts + + align:start position:0% +parts + + + align:start position:0% +parts +it doesn't quite get there this requires + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't quite get there this requires + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't quite get there this requires +really creating the whole first + + align:start position:0% +really creating the whole first + + + align:start position:0% +really creating the whole first +generation of machine tools and he isn't + + align:start position:0% +generation of machine tools and he isn't + + + align:start position:0% +generation of machine tools and he isn't +quite able to pull it off you have a + + align:start position:0% +quite able to pull it off you have a + + + align:start position:0% +quite able to pull it off you have a +whole new way of organizing the + + align:start position:0% +whole new way of organizing the + + + align:start position:0% +whole new way of organizing the +workforce around division of labor and + + align:start position:0% +workforce around division of labor and + + + align:start position:0% +workforce around division of labor and +around specific differentiated tasks for + + align:start position:0% +around specific differentiated tasks for + + + align:start position:0% +around specific differentiated tasks for +the workforce so it carries all kinds of + + align:start position:0% +the workforce so it carries all kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +the workforce so it carries all kinds of +organizational implications with it so + + align:start position:0% +organizational implications with it so + + + align:start position:0% +organizational implications with it so +that each part of the labor force is + + align:start position:0% +that each part of the labor force is + + + align:start position:0% +that each part of the labor force is +mastering one set of tasks related to a + + align:start position:0% +mastering one set of tasks related to a + + + align:start position:0% +mastering one set of tasks related to a +production system all these things are + + align:start position:0% +production system all these things are + + + align:start position:0% +production system all these things are +starting to happen in that North Hey + + align:start position:0% +starting to happen in that North Hey + + + align:start position:0% +starting to happen in that North Hey +than facility of his and there's now a + + align:start position:0% +than facility of his and there's now a + + + align:start position:0% +than facility of his and there's now a +you know a museum setting that's around + + align:start position:0% +you know a museum setting that's around + + + align:start position:0% +you know a museum setting that's around +this so you can go the sites where + + align:start position:0% +this so you can go the sites where + + + align:start position:0% +this so you can go the sites where +all this was happening in North Haven + + align:start position:0% +all this was happening in North Haven + + + align:start position:0% +all this was happening in North Haven +but he doesn't quite pull it off but + + align:start position:0% +but he doesn't quite pull it off but + + + align:start position:0% +but he doesn't quite pull it off but +meanwhile there's two armories you know + + align:start position:0% +meanwhile there's two armories you know + + + align:start position:0% +meanwhile there's two armories you know +one in a Harpers Ferry West Virginia and + + align:start position:0% +one in a Harpers Ferry West Virginia and + + + align:start position:0% +one in a Harpers Ferry West Virginia and +the other in Springfield Massachusetts + + align:start position:0% +the other in Springfield Massachusetts + + + align:start position:0% +the other in Springfield Massachusetts +and these are Murray's are pursuing the + + align:start position:0% +and these are Murray's are pursuing the + + + align:start position:0% +and these are Murray's are pursuing the +same project because it's so key to the + + align:start position:0% +same project because it's so key to the + + + align:start position:0% +same project because it's so key to the +War Department it's absolutely critical + + align:start position:0% +War Department it's absolutely critical + + + align:start position:0% +War Department it's absolutely critical +technology capability the War Department + + align:start position:0% +technology capability the War Department + + + align:start position:0% +technology capability the War Department +needs and the story that that route and + + align:start position:0% +needs and the story that that route and + + + align:start position:0% +needs and the story that that route and +picks up is the story of John Hall who + + align:start position:0% +picks up is the story of John Hall who + + + align:start position:0% +picks up is the story of John Hall who +runs the Harpers Ferry Arsenal and over + + align:start position:0% +runs the Harpers Ferry Arsenal and over + + + align:start position:0% +runs the Harpers Ferry Arsenal and over +an extended period of time over many + + align:start position:0% +an extended period of time over many + + + align:start position:0% +an extended period of time over many +many years + + align:start position:0% +many years + + + align:start position:0% +many years +he eventually perfects the machine tools + + align:start position:0% +he eventually perfects the machine tools + + + align:start position:0% +he eventually perfects the machine tools +that will enable the creation of these + + align:start position:0% +that will enable the creation of these + + + align:start position:0% +that will enable the creation of these +interchangeable machine made parts and + + align:start position:0% +interchangeable machine made parts and + + + align:start position:0% +interchangeable machine made parts and +it's you know it's a remarkable story + + align:start position:0% +it's you know it's a remarkable story + + + align:start position:0% +it's you know it's a remarkable story +and only the long-term patience and + + align:start position:0% +and only the long-term patience and + + + align:start position:0% +and only the long-term patience and +capital of a government agency is going + + align:start position:0% +capital of a government agency is going + + + align:start position:0% +capital of a government agency is going +to tolerate this kind of 20-year project + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +interesting the minute he gets it done + + align:start position:0% +interesting the minute he gets it done + + + align:start position:0% +interesting the minute he gets it done +other industrialists understand what + + align:start position:0% +other industrialists understand what + + + align:start position:0% +other industrialists understand what +they what the accomplishment is so + + align:start position:0% +they what the accomplishment is so + + + align:start position:0% +they what the accomplishment is so +Congress forces hall and the army to + + align:start position:0% +Congress forces hall and the army to + + + align:start position:0% +Congress forces hall and the army to +throw the patent essentially into the + + align:start position:0% +throw the patent essentially into the + + + align:start position:0% +throw the patent essentially into the +Commons and be accessible to others so + + align:start position:0% +Commons and be accessible to others so + + + align:start position:0% +Commons and be accessible to others so +that's stands up the whole early + + align:start position:0% +that's stands up the whole early + + + align:start position:0% +that's stands up the whole early +industrial economy of New England + + align:start position:0% +industrial economy of New England + + + align:start position:0% +industrial economy of New England +building these simple machines so you + + align:start position:0% +building these simple machines so you + + + align:start position:0% +building these simple machines so you +can go to Connecticut towns + + align:start position:0% +can go to Connecticut towns + + + align:start position:0% +can go to Connecticut towns +Massachusetts towns which are blessed + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts towns which are blessed + + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts towns which are blessed +with fairly small slow-moving water + + align:start position:0% +with fairly small slow-moving water + + + align:start position:0% +with fairly small slow-moving water +power because that's the power source + + align:start position:0% +power because that's the power source + + + align:start position:0% +power because that's the power source +right that moves fairly steadily it + + align:start position:0% +right that moves fairly steadily it + + + align:start position:0% +right that moves fairly steadily it +doesn't flood a lot this is an ideal + + align:start position:0% +doesn't flood a lot this is an ideal + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't flood a lot this is an ideal +region for water powered energy to do + + align:start position:0% +region for water powered energy to do + + + align:start position:0% +region for water powered energy to do +that do the building here to power the + + align:start position:0% +that do the building here to power the + + + align:start position:0% +that do the building here to power the +mills + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Jonathan C's and John Hall goes and + + align:start position:0% +Jonathan C's and John Hall goes and + + + align:start position:0% +Jonathan C's and John Hall goes and +makes the UH the patents well the + + align:start position:0% +makes the UH the patents well the + + + align:start position:0% +makes the UH the patents well the +Congress forced Congress's passes + + align:start position:0% +Congress forced Congress's passes + + + align:start position:0% +Congress forced Congress's passes +legislation that precludes the Army in + + align:start position:0% +legislation that precludes the Army in + + + align:start position:0% +legislation that precludes the Army in +halt from having the patents in effect + + align:start position:0% +halt from having the patents in effect + + + align:start position:0% +halt from having the patents in effect +they make them available to others that + + align:start position:0% +they make them available to others that + + + align:start position:0% +they make them available to others that +turns out to be of great benefit because + + align:start position:0% +turns out to be of great benefit because + + + align:start position:0% +turns out to be of great benefit because +then this interchange machine made parts + + align:start position:0% +then this interchange machine made parts + + + align:start position:0% +then this interchange machine made parts +of the model can get picked up with it + + align:start position:0% +of the model can get picked up with it + + + align:start position:0% +of the model can get picked up with it +by everybody would give someone a pretty + + align:start position:0% +by everybody would give someone a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +by everybody would give someone a pretty +strong incentive not to spend twenty + + align:start position:0% +strong incentive not to spend twenty + + + align:start position:0% +strong incentive not to spend twenty +years of their lives working on this + + align:start position:0% +years of their lives working on this + + + align:start position:0% +years of their lives working on this +stuff yes but of course he is working + + align:start position:0% +stuff yes but of course he is working + + + align:start position:0% +stuff yes but of course he is working +for the military so it's not as if he + + align:start position:0% +for the military so it's not as if he + + + align:start position:0% +for the military so it's not as if he +would capitalize alone on this but + + align:start position:0% +would capitalize alone on this but + + + align:start position:0% +would capitalize alone on this but +overall it's a positive and the power of + + align:start position:0% +overall it's a positive and the power of + + + align:start position:0% +overall it's a positive and the power of +those you know New England companies to + + align:start position:0% +those you know New England companies to + + + align:start position:0% +those you know New England companies to +get their congressional delegation that + + align:start position:0% +get their congressional delegation that + + + align:start position:0% +get their congressional delegation that +kind of take that patent away and put it + + align:start position:0% +kind of take that patent away and put it + + + align:start position:0% +kind of take that patent away and put it +out it's it's an important political + + align:start position:0% +out it's it's an important political + + + align:start position:0% +out it's it's an important political +lesson it was just too valuable for the + + align:start position:0% +lesson it was just too valuable for the + + + align:start position:0% +lesson it was just too valuable for the +army to own it right so this creates the + + align:start position:0% +army to own it right so this creates the + + + align:start position:0% +army to own it right so this creates the +Connecticut River Valley right of all + + align:start position:0% +Connecticut River Valley right of all + + + align:start position:0% +Connecticut River Valley right of all +these small simple machine industries + + align:start position:0% +these small simple machine industries + + + align:start position:0% +these small simple machine industries +clocks are famous to New England muskets + + align:start position:0% +clocks are famous to New England muskets + + + align:start position:0% +clocks are famous to New England muskets +are famous up and down the Connecticut + + align:start position:0% +are famous up and down the Connecticut + + + align:start position:0% +are famous up and down the Connecticut +River Valley all these kind of early + + align:start position:0% +River Valley all these kind of early + + + align:start position:0% +River Valley all these kind of early +fairly simple machines get built here + + align:start position:0% +fairly simple machines get built here + + + align:start position:0% +fairly simple machines get built here +and that's the New England industrial + + align:start position:0% +and that's the New England industrial + + + align:start position:0% +and that's the New England industrial +economy right that is the that first + + align:start position:0% +economy right that is the that first + + + align:start position:0% +economy right that is the that first +place in the US to really I mean + + align:start position:0% +place in the US to really I mean + + + align:start position:0% +place in the US to really I mean +obviously textiles are developing and + + align:start position:0% +obviously textiles are developing and + + + align:start position:0% +obviously textiles are developing and +parallel including in Massachusetts but + + align:start position:0% +parallel including in Massachusetts but + + + align:start position:0% +parallel including in Massachusetts but +this system of other hard technologies + + align:start position:0% +this system of other hard technologies + + + align:start position:0% +this system of other hard technologies +and simpler machines starts to take off + + align:start position:0% +and simpler machines starts to take off + + + align:start position:0% +and simpler machines starts to take off +you know pretty explosively so the + + align:start position:0% +you know pretty explosively so the + + + align:start position:0% +you know pretty explosively so the +lesson here that routine is pointing us + + align:start position:0% +lesson here that routine is pointing us + + + align:start position:0% +lesson here that routine is pointing us +towards is how the military can operate + + align:start position:0% +towards is how the military can operate + + + align:start position:0% +towards is how the military can operate +and the private sector can operate the + + align:start position:0% +and the private sector can operate the + + + align:start position:0% +and the private sector can operate the +military is willing to take a couple of + + align:start position:0% +military is willing to take a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +military is willing to take a couple of +decades long effort and spend whatever + + align:start position:0% +decades long effort and spend whatever + + + align:start position:0% +decades long effort and spend whatever +is needed to get that technology + + align:start position:0% +is needed to get that technology + + + align:start position:0% +is needed to get that technology +perfected because they really need it + + align:start position:0% +perfected because they really need it + + + align:start position:0% +perfected because they really need it +those risks are too high and the cost is + + align:start position:0% +those risks are too high and the cost is + + + align:start position:0% +those risks are too high and the cost is +too high for the private sector to + + align:start position:0% +too high for the private sector to + + + align:start position:0% +too high for the private sector to +manage right so that's his underlying + + align:start position:0% +manage right so that's his underlying + + + align:start position:0% +manage right so that's his underlying +point here that the military is going to + + align:start position:0% +point here that the military is going to + + + align:start position:0% +point here that the military is going to +be able to do things that the civilian + + align:start position:0% +be able to do things that the civilian + + + align:start position:0% +be able to do things that the civilian +sector is not going to be able to do in + + align:start position:0% +sector is not going to be able to do in + + + align:start position:0% +sector is not going to be able to do in +the in the technology stand up process + + align:start position:0% +the in the technology stand up process + + + align:start position:0% +the in the technology stand up process +us we skipped time right + + align:start position:0% +us we skipped time right + + + align:start position:0% +us we skipped time right +so we oh I always try to provide some + + align:start position:0% +so we oh I always try to provide some + + + align:start position:0% +so we oh I always try to provide some +MIT material in the class and this is + + align:start position:0% +MIT material in the class and this is + + + align:start position:0% +MIT material in the class and this is +whirlwind right and there had been + + align:start position:0% +whirlwind right and there had been + + + align:start position:0% +whirlwind right and there had been +mainframe computers have been created by + + align:start position:0% +mainframe computers have been created by + + + align:start position:0% +mainframe computers have been created by +the late 40s early 50s so there are a + + align:start position:0% +the late 40s early 50s so there are a + + + align:start position:0% +the late 40s early 50s so there are a +number he can number him on one hand but + + align:start position:0% +number he can number him on one hand but + + + align:start position:0% +number he can number him on one hand but +there's a number being stood up around + + align:start position:0% +there's a number being stood up around + + + align:start position:0% +there's a number being stood up around +the country particularly coming out of + + align:start position:0% +the country particularly coming out of + + + align:start position:0% +the country particularly coming out of +naturally an Eckerd at in the in the + + align:start position:0% +naturally an Eckerd at in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +naturally an Eckerd at in the in the +UNIVAC generation machines came out of + + align:start position:0% +UNIVAC generation machines came out of + + + align:start position:0% +UNIVAC generation machines came out of +the university of pennsylvania + + align:start position:0% +the university of pennsylvania + + + align:start position:0% +the university of pennsylvania +engineering school but MIT of course + + align:start position:0% +engineering school but MIT of course + + + align:start position:0% +engineering school but MIT of course +wants to play in this game so Jay + + align:start position:0% +wants to play in this game so Jay + + + align:start position:0% +wants to play in this game so Jay +Forrester a great MIT technologist + + align:start position:0% +Forrester a great MIT technologist + + + align:start position:0% +Forrester a great MIT technologist +persuades the Navy to developed a + + align:start position:0% +persuades the Navy to developed a + + + align:start position:0% +persuades the Navy to developed a +mainframe flight simulator now the + + align:start position:0% +mainframe flight simulator now the + + + align:start position:0% +mainframe flight simulator now the +problem with having a flight simulator + + align:start position:0% +problem with having a flight simulator + + + align:start position:0% +problem with having a flight simulator +is that it has to operate in real time + + align:start position:0% +is that it has to operate in real time + + + align:start position:0% +is that it has to operate in real time +so the other mainframes tended to be + + align:start position:0% +so the other mainframes tended to be + + + align:start position:0% +so the other mainframes tended to be +gigantic calculators this thing is + + align:start position:0% +gigantic calculators this thing is + + + align:start position:0% +gigantic calculators this thing is +different and to operate in real time + + align:start position:0% +different and to operate in real time + + + align:start position:0% +different and to operate in real time +you have to have memory and force turn + + align:start position:0% +you have to have memory and force turn + + + align:start position:0% +you have to have memory and force turn +one of his graduate students create the + + align:start position:0% +one of his graduate students create the + + + align:start position:0% +one of his graduate students create the +magnetic core memory that's part of this + + align:start position:0% +magnetic core memory that's part of this + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic core memory that's part of this +whirlwind system now this is a time also + + align:start position:0% +whirlwind system now this is a time also + + + align:start position:0% +whirlwind system now this is a time also +of Defense cutbacks so the Navy actually + + align:start position:0% +of Defense cutbacks so the Navy actually + + + align:start position:0% +of Defense cutbacks so the Navy actually +pulls the contract on the war wind + + align:start position:0% +pulls the contract on the war wind + + + align:start position:0% +pulls the contract on the war wind +system but also at MIT is a professor + + align:start position:0% +system but also at MIT is a professor + + + align:start position:0% +system but also at MIT is a professor +named George Valley and George Valley + + align:start position:0% +named George Valley and George Valley + + + align:start position:0% +named George Valley and George Valley +was a veteran of the rad lab in war 2 + + align:start position:0% +was a veteran of the rad lab in war 2 + + + align:start position:0% +was a veteran of the rad lab in war 2 +teaching at MIT and he comes to the + + align:start position:0% +teaching at MIT and he comes to the + + + align:start position:0% +teaching at MIT and he comes to the +realization that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the Soviet Union has developed a bomber + + align:start position:0% +the Soviet Union has developed a bomber + + + align:start position:0% +the Soviet Union has developed a bomber +fleet of sufficient long-range that they + + align:start position:0% +fleet of sufficient long-range that they + + + align:start position:0% +fleet of sufficient long-range that they +could undertake a first strike with + + align:start position:0% +could undertake a first strike with + + + align:start position:0% +could undertake a first strike with +atomic weapons because they developed an + + align:start position:0% +atomic weapons because they developed an + + + align:start position:0% +atomic weapons because they developed an +atomic bomb in 1949 and there was + + align:start position:0% +atomic bomb in 1949 and there was + + + align:start position:0% +atomic bomb in 1949 and there was +nothing nothing standing in their way we + + align:start position:0% +nothing nothing standing in their way we + + + align:start position:0% +nothing nothing standing in their way we +would have no idea that we're coming + + align:start position:0% +would have no idea that we're coming + + + align:start position:0% +would have no idea that we're coming +until it was too late + + align:start position:0% +until it was too late + + + align:start position:0% +until it was too late +so Valley is an advisor to the Air Force + + align:start position:0% +so Valley is an advisor to the Air Force + + + align:start position:0% +so Valley is an advisor to the Air Force +and he gets the Air Force and + + align:start position:0% +and he gets the Air Force and + + + align:start position:0% +and he gets the Air Force and +particularly really concerned about this + + align:start position:0% +particularly really concerned about this + + + align:start position:0% +particularly really concerned about this +problem and boy is it a real problem + + align:start position:0% +problem and boy is it a real problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem and boy is it a real problem +it's a real problem + + align:start position:0% +it's a real problem + + + align:start position:0% +it's a real problem +so Valley persuades the Air Force that + + align:start position:0% +so Valley persuades the Air Force that + + + align:start position:0% +so Valley persuades the Air Force that +they're gonna have to stand up a whole + + align:start position:0% +they're gonna have to stand up a whole + + + align:start position:0% +they're gonna have to stand up a whole +new airborne warning defense system + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what's he gonna do it's an incredibly + + align:start position:0% +what's he gonna do it's an incredibly + + + align:start position:0% +what's he gonna do it's an incredibly +complex network it's gonna have to get + + align:start position:0% +complex network it's gonna have to get + + + align:start position:0% +complex network it's gonna have to get +stood up all across like the Arctic + + align:start position:0% +stood up all across like the Arctic + + + align:start position:0% +stood up all across like the Arctic +right and out into the North Atlantic on + + align:start position:0% +right and out into the North Atlantic on + + + align:start position:0% +right and out into the North Atlantic on +ships and there's gonna have to be + + align:start position:0% +ships and there's gonna have to be + + + align:start position:0% +ships and there's gonna have to be +planes with radar systems flying and + + align:start position:0% +planes with radar systems flying and + + + align:start position:0% +planes with radar systems flying and +it's gonna have to be radar + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna have to be radar + + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna have to be radar +installations all over you know northern + + align:start position:0% +installations all over you know northern + + + align:start position:0% +installations all over you know northern +Canada in effect they're gonna have to + + align:start position:0% +Canada in effect they're gonna have to + + + align:start position:0% +Canada in effect they're gonna have to +build and radar interception Network and + + align:start position:0% +build and radar interception Network and + + + align:start position:0% +build and radar interception Network and +then these varying messages are all + + align:start position:0% +then these varying messages are all + + + align:start position:0% +then these varying messages are all +going to have to come to a single place + + align:start position:0% +going to have to come to a single place + + + align:start position:0% +going to have to come to a single place +and you don't have a lot of time here + + align:start position:0% +and you don't have a lot of time here + + + align:start position:0% +and you don't have a lot of time here +and the messages have got to be + + align:start position:0% +and the messages have got to be + + + align:start position:0% +and the messages have got to be +understood and then transmitted to + + align:start position:0% +understood and then transmitted to + + + align:start position:0% +understood and then transmitted to +decision makers to make a decision on + + align:start position:0% +decision makers to make a decision on + + + align:start position:0% +decision makers to make a decision on +what they do right it's a really + + align:start position:0% +what they do right it's a really + + + align:start position:0% +what they do right it's a really +complicated problem so Valley realizes + + align:start position:0% +complicated problem so Valley realizes + + + align:start position:0% +complicated problem so Valley realizes +I'm gonna need a computer right it's + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna need a computer right it's + + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna need a computer right it's +walking around MIT where else but the + + align:start position:0% +walking around MIT where else but the + + + align:start position:0% +walking around MIT where else but the +infinite corridor and he bumps into + + align:start position:0% +infinite corridor and he bumps into + + + align:start position:0% +infinite corridor and he bumps into +Forrester and discovers Forrester is + + align:start position:0% +Forrester and discovers Forrester is + + + align:start position:0% +Forrester and discovers Forrester is +actually building a big computer the + + align:start position:0% +actually building a big computer the + + + align:start position:0% +actually building a big computer the +world went and Valley said we need it + + align:start position:0% +world went and Valley said we need it + + + align:start position:0% +world went and Valley said we need it +right for this new early warning defense + + align:start position:0% +right for this new early warning defense + + + align:start position:0% +right for this new early warning defense +system and he enlists Forrester who's + + align:start position:0% +system and he enlists Forrester who's + + + align:start position:0% +system and he enlists Forrester who's +let's see over here and you start to see + + align:start position:0% +let's see over here and you start to see + + + align:start position:0% +let's see over here and you start to see +what some of it because it's real-time + + align:start position:0% +what some of it because it's real-time + + + align:start position:0% +what some of it because it's real-time +computing it's different right it's not + + align:start position:0% +computing it's different right it's not + + + align:start position:0% +computing it's different right it's not +just a big calculator + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +look at this lady sitting in front of a + + align:start position:0% +look at this lady sitting in front of a + + + align:start position:0% +look at this lady sitting in front of a +keyboard with the cathode ray tube + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's this that's this thing right + + align:start position:0% +that's this that's this thing right + + + align:start position:0% +that's this that's this thing right +that's not a standard mainframe from + + align:start position:0% +that's not a standard mainframe from + + + align:start position:0% +that's not a standard mainframe from +Antioch or UNIVAC that's this thing + + align:start position:0% +Antioch or UNIVAC that's this thing + + + align:start position:0% +Antioch or UNIVAC that's this thing +right that's what they stumble onto and + + align:start position:0% +right that's what they stumble onto and + + + align:start position:0% +right that's what they stumble onto and +look at this right here's an airforce + + align:start position:0% +look at this right here's an airforce + + + align:start position:0% +look at this right here's an airforce +corporal sitting in front of the cathode + + align:start position:0% +corporal sitting in front of the cathode + + + align:start position:0% +corporal sitting in front of the cathode +ray tube signaling is coming in you + + align:start position:0% +ray tube signaling is coming in you + + + align:start position:0% +ray tube signaling is coming in you +guessed it signals across telephone + + align:start position:0% +guessed it signals across telephone + + + align:start position:0% +guessed it signals across telephone +lines okay so the radar signals are + + align:start position:0% +lines okay so the radar signals are + + + align:start position:0% +lines okay so the radar signals are +being sent to a central location across + + align:start position:0% +being sent to a central location across + + + align:start position:0% +being sent to a central location across +telephone lines he's got this kind of + + align:start position:0% +telephone lines he's got this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +telephone lines he's got this kind of +gun in his hand it's like an electronic + + align:start position:0% +gun in his hand it's like an electronic + + + align:start position:0% +gun in his hand it's like an electronic +gun it's the mouse that's what it is + + align:start position:0% +gun it's the mouse that's what it is + + + align:start position:0% +gun it's the mouse that's what it is +you point on it you get us a readout of + + align:start position:0% +you point on it you get us a readout of + + + align:start position:0% +you point on it you get us a readout of +what the signal means so here it is like + + align:start position:0% +what the signal means so here it is like + + + align:start position:0% +what the signal means so here it is like +in the early 50s at this + + align:start position:0% +in the early 50s at this + + + align:start position:0% +in the early 50s at this +that's whirlwind that sage Lincoln lab + + align:start position:0% +that's whirlwind that sage Lincoln lab + + + align:start position:0% +that's whirlwind that sage Lincoln lab +has to get created to really drive the + + align:start position:0% +has to get created to really drive the + + + align:start position:0% +has to get created to really drive the +research because it's not just gonna + + align:start position:0% +research because it's not just gonna + + + align:start position:0% +research because it's not just gonna +happen in professors labs in MIT then + + align:start position:0% +happen in professors labs in MIT then + + + align:start position:0% +happen in professors labs in MIT then +somebody's gonna make MIT starts to make + + align:start position:0% +somebody's gonna make MIT starts to make + + + align:start position:0% +somebody's gonna make MIT starts to make +these computers and decides we don't + + align:start position:0% +these computers and decides we don't + + + align:start position:0% +these computers and decides we don't +want to be in the computer business so + + align:start position:0% +want to be in the computer business so + + + align:start position:0% +want to be in the computer business so +the contract is given to IBM to make the + + align:start position:0% +the contract is given to IBM to make the + + + align:start position:0% +the contract is given to IBM to make the +computers and that becomes IBM 700 + + align:start position:0% +computers and that becomes IBM 700 + + + align:start position:0% +computers and that becomes IBM 700 +series it's first really big important + + align:start position:0% +series it's first really big important + + + align:start position:0% +series it's first really big important +set of computers so you begin to get an + + align:start position:0% +set of computers so you begin to get an + + + align:start position:0% +set of computers so you begin to get an +idea the ramifications of pursuing this + + align:start position:0% +idea the ramifications of pursuing this + + + align:start position:0% +idea the ramifications of pursuing this +defense project at the scale that the + + align:start position:0% +defense project at the scale that the + + + align:start position:0% +defense project at the scale that the +Air Force is willing to pursue it at + + align:start position:0% +Air Force is willing to pursue it at + + + align:start position:0% +Air Force is willing to pursue it at +I'll just tell you one more story the + + align:start position:0% +I'll just tell you one more story the + + + align:start position:0% +I'll just tell you one more story the +end of World War two there's two + + align:start position:0% +end of World War two there's two + + + align:start position:0% +end of World War two there's two +countries that are making a lot of + + align:start position:0% +countries that are making a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +countries that are making a lot of +progress on computing right the British + + align:start position:0% +progress on computing right the British + + + align:start position:0% +progress on computing right the British +have made a lot of progress at Benchley + + align:start position:0% +have made a lot of progress at Benchley + + + align:start position:0% +have made a lot of progress at Benchley +Park on computing because they have to + + align:start position:0% +Park on computing because they have to + + + align:start position:0% +Park on computing because they have to +cope with the u-boat threat and they + + align:start position:0% +cope with the u-boat threat and they + + + align:start position:0% +cope with the u-boat threat and they +have to decipher + + align:start position:0% +have to decipher + + + align:start position:0% +have to decipher +he's incredibly complex and nygma's + + align:start position:0% +he's incredibly complex and nygma's + + + align:start position:0% +he's incredibly complex and nygma's +signals that the German communication + + align:start position:0% +signals that the German communication + + + align:start position:0% +signals that the German communication +system relies on it's you know really + + align:start position:0% +system relies on it's you know really + + + align:start position:0% +system relies on it's you know really +quite capable cryptography and they + + align:start position:0% +quite capable cryptography and they + + + align:start position:0% +quite capable cryptography and they +developed computers to be able to break + + align:start position:0% +developed computers to be able to break + + + align:start position:0% +developed computers to be able to break +those signals down so the British are + + align:start position:0% +those signals down so the British are + + + align:start position:0% +those signals down so the British are +going well and they share a lot of that + + align:start position:0% +going well and they share a lot of that + + + align:start position:0% +going well and they share a lot of that +information with us and we develop + + align:start position:0% +information with us and we develop + + + align:start position:0% +information with us and we develop +comparable encryption capability and of + + align:start position:0% +comparable encryption capability and of + + + align:start position:0% +comparable encryption capability and of +war - britain dismantles its war machine + + align:start position:0% +war - britain dismantles its war machine + + + align:start position:0% +war - britain dismantles its war machine +cancels it's you know nascent computing + + align:start position:0% +cancels it's you know nascent computing + + + align:start position:0% +cancels it's you know nascent computing +operations there is one company in + + align:start position:0% +operations there is one company in + + + align:start position:0% +operations there is one company in +Britain that picks up computing it's a + + align:start position:0% +Britain that picks up computing it's a + + + align:start position:0% +Britain that picks up computing it's a +tea biscuit company getting you know + + align:start position:0% +tea biscuit company getting you know + + + align:start position:0% +tea biscuit company getting you know +four o'clock everybody's got to get tea + + align:start position:0% +four o'clock everybody's got to get tea + + + align:start position:0% +four o'clock everybody's got to get tea +right and at four o'clock everybody's + + align:start position:0% +right and at four o'clock everybody's + + + align:start position:0% +right and at four o'clock everybody's +got to have fresh tea biscuits you know + + align:start position:0% +got to have fresh tea biscuits you know + + + align:start position:0% +got to have fresh tea biscuits you know +right there in the tea shop right it's a + + align:start position:0% +right there in the tea shop right it's a + + + align:start position:0% +right there in the tea shop right it's a +very complicated problem it involves + + align:start position:0% +very complicated problem it involves + + + align:start position:0% +very complicated problem it involves +incredibly complex railroad time + + align:start position:0% +incredibly complex railroad time + + + align:start position:0% +incredibly complex railroad time +schedules and you know analysis of delay + + align:start position:0% +schedules and you know analysis of delay + + + align:start position:0% +schedules and you know analysis of delay +and delay factors and they need a + + align:start position:0% +and delay factors and they need a + + + align:start position:0% +and delay factors and they need a +computer so they take the wartime + + align:start position:0% +computer so they take the wartime + + + align:start position:0% +computer so they take the wartime +computers the British have been + + align:start position:0% +computers the British have been + + + align:start position:0% +computers the British have been +developing and they developed this whole + + align:start position:0% +developing and they developed this whole + + + align:start position:0% +developing and they developed this whole +computing system for getting tea + + align:start position:0% +computing system for getting tea + + + align:start position:0% +computing system for getting tea +biscuits throughout the British Isles at + + align:start position:0% +biscuits throughout the British Isles at + + + align:start position:0% +biscuits throughout the British Isles at +four o'clock and they have to know all + + align:start position:0% +four o'clock and they have to know all + + + align:start position:0% +four o'clock and they have to know all +the tea shops + + align:start position:0% +the tea shops + + + align:start position:0% +the tea shops +that's one development project the other + + align:start position:0% +that's one development project the other + + + align:start position:0% +that's one development project the other +development project on the other side of + + align:start position:0% +development project on the other side of + + + align:start position:0% +development project on the other side of +the Atlantic is the United States Air + + align:start position:0% +the Atlantic is the United States Air + + + align:start position:0% +the Atlantic is the United States Air +Force right they're beginning to develop + + align:start position:0% +Force right they're beginning to develop + + + align:start position:0% +Force right they're beginning to develop +missile technology and ballistic missile + + align:start position:0% +missile technology and ballistic missile + + + align:start position:0% +missile technology and ballistic missile +technology and boy does that require + + align:start position:0% +technology and boy does that require + + + align:start position:0% +technology and boy does that require +computing getting those trajectories + + align:start position:0% +computing getting those trajectories + + + align:start position:0% +computing getting those trajectories +right really requires computing who does + + align:start position:0% +right really requires computing who does + + + align:start position:0% +right really requires computing who does +the IT revolution the tea company of the + + align:start position:0% +the IT revolution the tea company of the + + + align:start position:0% +the IT revolution the tea company of the +US Air Force who wins right you can only + + align:start position:0% +US Air Force who wins right you can only + + + align:start position:0% +US Air Force who wins right you can only +guess right so that's how these things + + align:start position:0% +guess right so that's how these things + + + align:start position:0% +guess right so that's how these things +happen it's really there's often + + align:start position:0% +happen it's really there's often + + + align:start position:0% +happen it's really there's often +foundational stories they're pretty key + + align:start position:0% +foundational stories they're pretty key + + + align:start position:0% +foundational stories they're pretty key +here but you get that rough comparison + + align:start position:0% +here but you get that rough comparison + + + align:start position:0% +here but you get that rough comparison +of what you're up against to hear the + + align:start position:0% +of what you're up against to hear the + + + align:start position:0% +of what you're up against to hear the +British tea company trying to develop + + align:start position:0% +British tea company trying to develop + + + align:start position:0% +British tea company trying to develop +computing versus the US Air Force the US + + align:start position:0% +computing versus the US Air Force the US + + + align:start position:0% +computing versus the US Air Force the US +Air Force is doing this stuff right + + align:start position:0% +Air Force is doing this stuff right + + + align:start position:0% +Air Force is doing this stuff right +magnetic core memory the mouse the + + align:start position:0% +magnetic core memory the mouse the + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic core memory the mouse the +cathode ripped I mean they're putting + + align:start position:0% +cathode ripped I mean they're putting + + + align:start position:0% +cathode ripped I mean they're putting +all these pieces together that became + + align:start position:0% +all these pieces together that became + + + align:start position:0% +all these pieces together that became +foundational so I'm gonna kind of the + + align:start position:0% +foundational so I'm gonna kind of the + + + align:start position:0% +foundational so I'm gonna kind of the +the whirlwind project becomes the sage + + align:start position:0% +the whirlwind project becomes the sage + + + align:start position:0% +the whirlwind project becomes the sage +project + + align:start position:0% +project + + + align:start position:0% +project +right and that becomes really critical + + align:start position:0% +right and that becomes really critical + + + align:start position:0% +right and that becomes really critical +for a lot of early computing + + align:start position:0% +for a lot of early computing + + + align:start position:0% +for a lot of early computing +particularly real-time computing the + + align:start position:0% +particularly real-time computing the + + + align:start position:0% +particularly real-time computing the +Defense Department goes on to + + align:start position:0% +Defense Department goes on to + + + align:start position:0% +Defense Department goes on to +semiconductors it goes on to with key + + align:start position:0% +semiconductors it goes on to with key + + + align:start position:0% +semiconductors it goes on to with key +work and a host all kinds of + + align:start position:0% +work and a host all kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +work and a host all kinds of +semiconductor technologies goes on as + + align:start position:0% +semiconductor technologies goes on as + + + align:start position:0% +semiconductor technologies goes on as +supercomputing leading that all kinds of + + align:start position:0% +supercomputing leading that all kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +supercomputing leading that all kinds of +advances and software well when we talk + + align:start position:0% +advances and software well when we talk + + + align:start position:0% +advances and software well when we talk +about DARPA we'll talk about the + + align:start position:0% +about DARPA we'll talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +about DARPA we'll talk about the +development of personal computing in the + + align:start position:0% +development of personal computing in the + + + align:start position:0% +development of personal computing in the +network and the internet but it's a + + align:start position:0% +network and the internet but it's a + + + align:start position:0% +network and the internet but it's a +powerful story of this defense + + align:start position:0% +powerful story of this defense + + + align:start position:0% +powerful story of this defense +innovation system and the role that it + + align:start position:0% +innovation system and the role that it + + + align:start position:0% +innovation system and the role that it +plays in the US economy in the second + + align:start position:0% +plays in the US economy in the second + + + align:start position:0% +plays in the US economy in the second +half of 20th century so which of you has + + align:start position:0% +half of 20th century so which of you has + + + align:start position:0% +half of 20th century so which of you has +got Matthew again all right you're up + + align:start position:0% +got Matthew again all right you're up + + + align:start position:0% +got Matthew again all right you're up +there definitely a lot of examples piece + + align:start position:0% +there definitely a lot of examples piece + + + align:start position:0% +there definitely a lot of examples piece +it was that maybe these technologies of + + align:start position:0% +it was that maybe these technologies of + + + align:start position:0% +it was that maybe these technologies of +its what have happened anyway but that + + align:start position:0% +its what have happened anyway but that + + + align:start position:0% +its what have happened anyway but that +urgency of war made these happen off + + align:start position:0% +urgency of war made these happen off + + + align:start position:0% +urgency of war made these happen off +faster and see the DoD was coming and is + + align:start position:0% +faster and see the DoD was coming and is + + + align:start position:0% +faster and see the DoD was coming and is +as the the major organization that's + + align:start position:0% +as the the major organization that's + + + align:start position:0% +as the the major organization that's +kind of funding this technological + + align:start position:0% +kind of funding this technological + + + align:start position:0% +kind of funding this technological +development I think one question we need + + align:start position:0% +development I think one question we need + + + align:start position:0% +development I think one question we need +to ask is is why this is hairy more + + align:start position:0% +to ask is is why this is hairy more + + + align:start position:0% +to ask is is why this is hairy more +economic growth perfect that would be + + align:start position:0% +economic growth perfect that would be + + + align:start position:0% +economic growth perfect that would be +the foundational question yeah that's a + + align:start position:0% +the foundational question yeah that's a + + + align:start position:0% +the foundational question yeah that's a +great question I mean it's a great + + align:start position:0% +great question I mean it's a great + + + align:start position:0% +great question I mean it's a great +question + + align:start position:0% +question + + + align:start position:0% +question +oh I have counterplay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +funny because it's not I mean throughout + + align:start position:0% +funny because it's not I mean throughout + + + align:start position:0% +funny because it's not I mean throughout +a lot of this granted there was a lot of + + align:start position:0% +a lot of this granted there was a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of this granted there was a lot of +Cold War paranoia that was fueling this + + align:start position:0% +Cold War paranoia that was fueling this + + + align:start position:0% +Cold War paranoia that was fueling this +and there was food in advances but you + + align:start position:0% +and there was food in advances but you + + + align:start position:0% +and there was food in advances but you +could still paint a lot of problems that + + align:start position:0% +could still paint a lot of problems that + + + align:start position:0% +could still paint a lot of problems that +face us today as national security risks + + align:start position:0% +face us today as national security risks + + + align:start position:0% +face us today as national security risks +and then you could get faced and we + + align:start position:0% +and then you could get faced and we + + + align:start position:0% +and then you could get faced and we +level emergency even though we're not + + align:start position:0% +level emergency even though we're not + + + align:start position:0% +level emergency even though we're not +technically in a war with say the + + align:start position:0% +technically in a war with say the + + + align:start position:0% +technically in a war with say the +climate can't really shoot that so and + + align:start position:0% +climate can't really shoot that so and + + + align:start position:0% +climate can't really shoot that so and +you kind of need to live so maybe it's + + align:start position:0% +you kind of need to live so maybe it's + + + align:start position:0% +you kind of need to live so maybe it's +less about war and more just the six + + align:start position:0% +less about war and more just the six + + + align:start position:0% +less about war and more just the six +priorities I think that's a really good + + align:start position:0% +priorities I think that's a really good + + + align:start position:0% +priorities I think that's a really good +point I mean every presidential debate + + align:start position:0% +point I mean every presidential debate + + + align:start position:0% +point I mean every presidential debate +I've ever watched there's always the + + align:start position:0% +I've ever watched there's always the + + + align:start position:0% +I've ever watched there's always the +essential question they ask where + + align:start position:0% +essential question they ask where + + + align:start position:0% +essential question they ask where +they're like oh what's the biggest risk + + align:start position:0% +they're like oh what's the biggest risk + + + align:start position:0% +they're like oh what's the biggest risk +that you think it's takes in our nation + + align:start position:0% +that you think it's takes in our nation + + + align:start position:0% +that you think it's takes in our nation +today + + align:start position:0% +today + + + align:start position:0% +today +climate change something that might be a + + align:start position:0% +climate change something that might be a + + + align:start position:0% +climate change something that might be a +really key part of rephrasing iron a + + align:start position:0% +really key part of rephrasing iron a + + + align:start position:0% +really key part of rephrasing iron a +reorient in our perspective to maybe + + align:start position:0% +reorient in our perspective to maybe + + + align:start position:0% +reorient in our perspective to maybe +start pre allocating funding towards + + align:start position:0% +start pre allocating funding towards + + + align:start position:0% +start pre allocating funding towards +what is necessary for the welfare of the + + align:start position:0% +what is necessary for the welfare of the + + + align:start position:0% +what is necessary for the welfare of the +nation that might not always + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah I think he used it as a provocative + + align:start position:0% +yeah I think he used it as a provocative + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I think he used it as a provocative +title but should have actually been + + align:start position:0% +title but should have actually been + + + align:start position:0% +title but should have actually been +called is the threat of war necessary + + align:start position:0% +called is the threat of war necessary + + + align:start position:0% +called is the threat of war necessary +for economic growth because I think + + align:start position:0% +for economic growth because I think + + + align:start position:0% +for economic growth because I think +there's a stronger argument for that + + align:start position:0% +there's a stronger argument for that + + + align:start position:0% +there's a stronger argument for that +yeah threat is makes us put funding into + + align:start position:0% +yeah threat is makes us put funding into + + + align:start position:0% +yeah threat is makes us put funding into +national security technologies also + + align:start position:0% +national security technologies also + + + align:start position:0% +national security technologies also +we've talked a bit about Japan's + + align:start position:0% +we've talked a bit about Japan's + + + align:start position:0% +we've talked a bit about Japan's +manufacturing innovation and I don't + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing innovation and I don't + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing innovation and I don't +think that was spurred by war the threat + + align:start position:0% +think that was spurred by war the threat + + + align:start position:0% +think that was spurred by war the threat +of war so know its caveats yeah Willy + + align:start position:0% +of war so know its caveats yeah Willy + + + align:start position:0% +of war so know its caveats yeah Willy +make an important point here too which + + align:start position:0% +make an important point here too which + + + align:start position:0% +make an important point here too which +is the u.s. is pretty unique in putting + + align:start position:0% +is the u.s. is pretty unique in putting + + + align:start position:0% +is the u.s. is pretty unique in putting +national security at the center of its + + align:start position:0% +national security at the center of its + + + align:start position:0% +national security at the center of its +innovation system right other countries + + align:start position:0% +innovation system right other countries + + + align:start position:0% +innovation system right other countries +don't do that for sure Japan doesn't for + + align:start position:0% +don't do that for sure Japan doesn't for + + + align:start position:0% +don't do that for sure Japan doesn't for +sure Germany does not at this stage so + + align:start position:0% +sure Germany does not at this stage so + + + align:start position:0% +sure Germany does not at this stage so +other countries have other + + align:start position:0% +other countries have other + + + align:start position:0% +other countries have other +organizational motivations then as you + + align:start position:0% +organizational motivations then as you + + + align:start position:0% +organizational motivations then as you +put it the threat of war but it's a + + align:start position:0% +put it the threat of war but it's a + + + align:start position:0% +put it the threat of war but it's a +powerful one in our country point I + + align:start position:0% +powerful one in our country point I + + + align:start position:0% +powerful one in our country point I +wanted to make is that I think Ratan was + + align:start position:0% +wanted to make is that I think Ratan was + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to make is that I think Ratan was +very the United States centric just + + align:start position:0% +very the United States centric just + + + align:start position:0% +very the United States centric just +throughout his entire or entire reading + + align:start position:0% +throughout his entire or entire reading + + + align:start position:0% +throughout his entire or entire reading +so with that in mind is there anything + + align:start position:0% +so with that in mind is there anything + + + align:start position:0% +so with that in mind is there anything +to worry about the fifty four billion + + align:start position:0% +to worry about the fifty four billion + + + align:start position:0% +to worry about the fifty four billion +dollar increase our cut science and + + align:start position:0% +dollar increase our cut science and + + + align:start position:0% +dollar increase our cut science and +basic science research and reallocating + + align:start position:0% +basic science research and reallocating + + + align:start position:0% +basic science research and reallocating +that towards national security of + + align:start position:0% +that towards national security of + + + align:start position:0% +that towards national security of +defense if that's going to go to the DoD + + align:start position:0% +defense if that's going to go to the DoD + + + align:start position:0% +defense if that's going to go to the DoD +anyway I don't think billion will + + align:start position:0% +anyway I don't think billion will + + + align:start position:0% +anyway I don't think billion will +necessarily go into defense R&D right + + align:start position:0% +necessarily go into defense R&D right + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily go into defense R&D right +and obviously the entire 54 didn't come + + align:start position:0% +and obviously the entire 54 didn't come + + + align:start position:0% +and obviously the entire 54 didn't come +out of the domestic side either but + + align:start position:0% +out of the domestic side either but + + + align:start position:0% +out of the domestic side either but +there are very significant cuts to US + + align:start position:0% +there are very significant cuts to US + + + align:start position:0% +there are very significant cuts to US +science on the civilian side I don't + + align:start position:0% +science on the civilian side I don't + + + align:start position:0% +science on the civilian side I don't +think they're gonna be offset by + + align:start position:0% +think they're gonna be offset by + + + align:start position:0% +think they're gonna be offset by +corresponding increases on the defense + + align:start position:0% +corresponding increases on the defense + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding increases on the defense +side we should be so lucky + + align:start position:0% +side we should be so lucky + + + align:start position:0% +side we should be so lucky +but I think Matthew you're driving in an + + align:start position:0% +but I think Matthew you're driving in an + + + align:start position:0% +but I think Matthew you're driving in an +interesting point I suppose there's no + + align:start position:0% +interesting point I suppose there's no + + + align:start position:0% +interesting point I suppose there's no +war right + + align:start position:0% +war right + + + align:start position:0% +war right +what's the motivator we're gonna use to + + align:start position:0% +what's the motivator we're gonna use to + + + align:start position:0% +what's the motivator we're gonna use to +drive a technology advance + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I think one person mentioned their + + align:start position:0% +I think one person mentioned their + + + align:start position:0% +I think one person mentioned their +question if maybe international + + align:start position:0% +question if maybe international + + + align:start position:0% +question if maybe international +competition could replace kind of that + + align:start position:0% +competition could replace kind of that + + + align:start position:0% +competition could replace kind of that +sense of urgency yeah + + align:start position:0% +sense of urgency yeah + + + align:start position:0% +sense of urgency yeah +I think it's just a question of what are + + align:start position:0% +I think it's just a question of what are + + + align:start position:0% +I think it's just a question of what are +your priorities at the current moment + + align:start position:0% +your priorities at the current moment + + + align:start position:0% +your priorities at the current moment +and what key make urgent enough just to + + align:start position:0% +and what key make urgent enough just to + + + align:start position:0% +and what key make urgent enough just to +justify of large scale huge not just + + align:start position:0% +justify of large scale huge not just + + + align:start position:0% +justify of large scale huge not just +funding but sort of reorganization + + align:start position:0% +funding but sort of reorganization + + + align:start position:0% +funding but sort of reorganization +around the computers or sort of key + + align:start position:0% +around the computers or sort of key + + + align:start position:0% +around the computers or sort of key +principles and so in this case I guess + + align:start position:0% +principles and so in this case I guess + + + align:start position:0% +principles and so in this case I guess +it was a threaded floor but you could + + align:start position:0% +it was a threaded floor but you could + + + align:start position:0% +it was a threaded floor but you could +probably argue around the time of and + + align:start position:0% +probably argue around the time of and + + + align:start position:0% +probably argue around the time of and +I'm forgetting but it's probably like + + align:start position:0% +I'm forgetting but it's probably like + + + align:start position:0% +I'm forgetting but it's probably like +some public health epidemic the argue + + align:start position:0% +some public health epidemic the argue + + + align:start position:0% +some public health epidemic the argue +would have spurred massive kind of bio + + align:start position:0% +would have spurred massive kind of bio + + + align:start position:0% +would have spurred massive kind of bio +research in that area and I think that + + align:start position:0% +research in that area and I think that + + + align:start position:0% +research in that area and I think that +can also happen internationally so you + + align:start position:0% +can also happen internationally so you + + + align:start position:0% +can also happen internationally so you +think maybe the development of an + + align:start position:0% +think maybe the development of an + + + align:start position:0% +think maybe the development of an +epidemic in a different country but also + + align:start position:0% +epidemic in a different country but also + + + align:start position:0% +epidemic in a different country but also +spurred by out research in other + + align:start position:0% +spurred by out research in other + + + align:start position:0% +spurred by out research in other +countries just sort of cut the line or + + align:start position:0% +countries just sort of cut the line or + + + align:start position:0% +countries just sort of cut the line or +help and so I think we can't even + + align:start position:0% +help and so I think we can't even + + + align:start position:0% +help and so I think we can't even +generalize even further and just say is + + align:start position:0% +generalize even further and just say is + + + align:start position:0% +generalize even further and just say is +threat necessary for economic growth I + + align:start position:0% +threat necessary for economic growth I + + + align:start position:0% +threat necessary for economic growth I +think the big point about war is that + + align:start position:0% +think the big point about war is that + + + align:start position:0% +think the big point about war is that +you're kind of centralizing everyone + + align:start position:0% +you're kind of centralizing everyone + + + align:start position:0% +you're kind of centralizing everyone +towards a common cause so I think a lot + + align:start position:0% +towards a common cause so I think a lot + + + align:start position:0% +towards a common cause so I think a lot +of the initiatives nowadays like the + + align:start position:0% +of the initiatives nowadays like the + + + align:start position:0% +of the initiatives nowadays like the +cancer moon shoot or even the push + + align:start position:0% +cancer moon shoot or even the push + + + align:start position:0% +cancer moon shoot or even the push +around getting a drug out there for CF + + align:start position:0% +around getting a drug out there for CF + + + align:start position:0% +around getting a drug out there for CF +like those kind of targeted initiatives + + align:start position:0% +like those kind of targeted initiatives + + + align:start position:0% +like those kind of targeted initiatives +towards like a certain cause I think + + align:start position:0% +towards like a certain cause I think + + + align:start position:0% +towards like a certain cause I think +those could be one way to kind of target + + align:start position:0% +those could be one way to kind of target + + + align:start position:0% +those could be one way to kind of target +the need for development in a certain + + align:start position:0% +the need for development in a certain + + + align:start position:0% +the need for development in a certain +area without you know in times of peace + + align:start position:0% +area without you know in times of peace + + + align:start position:0% +area without you know in times of peace +where you don't have or impending one + + align:start position:0% +where you don't have or impending one + + + align:start position:0% +where you don't have or impending one +thing I thought was interesting + + align:start position:0% +thing I thought was interesting + + + align:start position:0% +thing I thought was interesting +especially when people were discussing + + align:start position:0% +especially when people were discussing + + + align:start position:0% +especially when people were discussing +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +despite the fact that we're not really + + align:start position:0% +despite the fact that we're not really + + + align:start position:0% +despite the fact that we're not really +in a new era of war + + align:start position:0% +in a new era of war + + + align:start position:0% +in a new era of war +I've noticed that how much of MIT is + + align:start position:0% +I've noticed that how much of MIT is + + + align:start position:0% +I've noticed that how much of MIT is +funding is DoD like half right close so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes that makes sense I don't know it's + + align:start position:0% +yes that makes sense I don't know it's + + + align:start position:0% +yes that makes sense I don't know it's +like an 18 percent range of federal + + align:start position:0% +like an 18 percent range of federal + + + align:start position:0% +like an 18 percent range of federal +research funding so NIH and DOD are just + + align:start position:0% +research funding so NIH and DOD are just + + + align:start position:0% +research funding so NIH and DOD are just +about equal in MIT at MIT in terms of + + align:start position:0% +about equal in MIT at MIT in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +about equal in MIT at MIT in terms of +originating research funding for the + + align:start position:0% +originating research funding for the + + + align:start position:0% +originating research funding for the +university mit tends to be somewhat + + align:start position:0% +university mit tends to be somewhat + + + align:start position:0% +university mit tends to be somewhat +higher in Defense Research than most + + align:start position:0% +higher in Defense Research than most + + + align:start position:0% +higher in Defense Research than most +universities but it's still you know + + align:start position:0% +universities but it's still you know + + + align:start position:0% +universities but it's still you know +it's not close to have I'm sure that a + + align:start position:0% +it's not close to have I'm sure that a + + + align:start position:0% +it's not close to have I'm sure that a +lot of DoD money is spent on things that + + align:start position:0% +lot of DoD money is spent on things that + + + align:start position:0% +lot of DoD money is spent on things that +don't necessarily have applications and + + align:start position:0% +don't necessarily have applications and + + + align:start position:0% +don't necessarily have applications and +say building a better tank or a better + + align:start position:0% +say building a better tank or a better + + + align:start position:0% +say building a better tank or a better +miss anything like that + + align:start position:0% +miss anything like that + + + align:start position:0% +miss anything like that +so just because some things have the + + align:start position:0% +so just because some things have the + + + align:start position:0% +so just because some things have the +label and are under to the Department of + + align:start position:0% +label and are under to the Department of + + + align:start position:0% +label and are under to the Department of +Defense it does not necessarily mean + + align:start position:0% +Defense it does not necessarily mean + + + align:start position:0% +Defense it does not necessarily mean +that they're going strictly toward + + align:start position:0% +that they're going strictly toward + + + align:start position:0% +that they're going strictly toward +learning how to fight a new enemy I'm + + align:start position:0% +learning how to fight a new enemy I'm + + + align:start position:0% +learning how to fight a new enemy I'm +just curious + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well so MIT doesn't really we don't + + align:start position:0% +well so MIT doesn't really we don't + + + align:start position:0% +well so MIT doesn't really we don't +really research building the better guns + + align:start position:0% +really research building the better guns + + + align:start position:0% +really research building the better guns +and bombs right correct so and we don't + + align:start position:0% +and bombs right correct so and we don't + + + align:start position:0% +and bombs right correct so and we don't +do classified research yeah so just + + align:start position:0% +do classified research yeah so just + + + align:start position:0% +do classified research yeah so just +because we have a lot of deity funding + + align:start position:0% +because we have a lot of deity funding + + + align:start position:0% +because we have a lot of deity funding +coming our way that does not necessarily + + align:start position:0% +coming our way that does not necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +coming our way that does not necessarily +mean that we're researching better ways + + align:start position:0% +mean that we're researching better ways + + + align:start position:0% +mean that we're researching better ways +to kill people or to keep ourselves from + + align:start position:0% +to kill people or to keep ourselves from + + + align:start position:0% +to kill people or to keep ourselves from +being killed just definitely my tu + + align:start position:0% +being killed just definitely my tu + + + align:start position:0% +being killed just definitely my tu +Institute or Lincoln lab as part of it + + align:start position:0% +Institute or Lincoln lab as part of it + + + align:start position:0% +Institute or Lincoln lab as part of it +so Lincoln lab is a separate entity from + + align:start position:0% +so Lincoln lab is a separate entity from + + + align:start position:0% +so Lincoln lab is a separate entity from +MIT and in fact undertakes a lot of + + align:start position:0% +MIT and in fact undertakes a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +MIT and in fact undertakes a lot of +defense work but it is much more + + align:start position:0% +defense work but it is much more + + + align:start position:0% +defense work but it is much more +different it is defense not offense it's + + align:start position:0% +different it is defense not offense it's + + + align:start position:0% +different it is defense not offense it's +kind of a general rule that they apply + + align:start position:0% +kind of a general rule that they apply + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a general rule that they apply +doesn't go to I'm not counting like in + + align:start position:0% +doesn't go to I'm not counting like in + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't go to I'm not counting like in +lab + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that our worship + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so Maxon are in our reading of Glenn + + align:start position:0% +so Maxon are in our reading of Glenn + + + align:start position:0% +so Maxon are in our reading of Glenn +Fong which I think comes next + + align:start position:0% +Fong which I think comes next + + + align:start position:0% +Fong which I think comes next +we're actually going to derive after + + align:start position:0% +we're actually going to derive after + + + align:start position:0% +we're actually going to derive after +this exact point so we can really lay + + align:start position:0% +this exact point so we can really lay + + + align:start position:0% +this exact point so we can really lay +out some of those nuances when we look + + align:start position:0% +out some of those nuances when we look + + + align:start position:0% +out some of those nuances when we look +at his piece so Matthew to have a + + align:start position:0% +at his piece so Matthew to have a + + + align:start position:0% +at his piece so Matthew to have a +closing thought for us on Vernon routine + + align:start position:0% +closing thought for us on Vernon routine + + + align:start position:0% +closing thought for us on Vernon routine +I think I've I thought very similar it's + + align:start position:0% +I think I've I thought very similar it's + + + align:start position:0% +I think I've I thought very similar it's +a lot of people here that I mean it + + align:start position:0% +a lot of people here that I mean it + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of people here that I mean it +seems more than more itself a sense of + + align:start position:0% +seems more than more itself a sense of + + + align:start position:0% +seems more than more itself a sense of +urgency a threat whether it's military + + align:start position:0% +urgency a threat whether it's military + + + align:start position:0% +urgency a threat whether it's military +or health-related that that's really + + align:start position:0% +or health-related that that's really + + + align:start position:0% +or health-related that that's really +what drives right and that'll drive a + + align:start position:0% +what drives right and that'll drive a + + + align:start position:0% +what drives right and that'll drive a +societal scaled up effort those kinds of + + align:start position:0% +societal scaled up effort those kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +societal scaled up effort those kinds of +concerns I think you're absolutely right + + align:start position:0% +concerns I think you're absolutely right + + + align:start position:0% +concerns I think you're absolutely right +concern with this piece was like you're + + align:start position:0% +concern with this piece was like you're + + + align:start position:0% +concern with this piece was like you're +overspending to move very quickly which + + align:start position:0% +overspending to move very quickly which + + + align:start position:0% +overspending to move very quickly which +is really great but also the like right + + align:start position:0% +is really great but also the like right + + + align:start position:0% +is really great but also the like right +after like once your addition isn't done + + align:start position:0% +after like once your addition isn't done + + + align:start position:0% +after like once your addition isn't done +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +that's like saying yeah I'm gonna died + + align:start position:0% +that's like saying yeah I'm gonna died + + + align:start position:0% +that's like saying yeah I'm gonna died +up until Friday right like right after + + align:start position:0% +up until Friday right like right after + + + align:start position:0% +up until Friday right like right after +like you kind of like go all out so I + + align:start position:0% +like you kind of like go all out so I + + + align:start position:0% +like you kind of like go all out so I +don't wonder if like these things even + + align:start position:0% +don't wonder if like these things even + + + align:start position:0% +don't wonder if like these things even +with a science quarter very quickly and + + align:start position:0% +with a science quarter very quickly and + + + align:start position:0% +with a science quarter very quickly and +then like people just kind of dropped it + + align:start position:0% +then like people just kind of dropped it + + + align:start position:0% +then like people just kind of dropped it +after so this is kind of lost cause and + + align:start position:0% +after so this is kind of lost cause and + + + align:start position:0% +after so this is kind of lost cause and +they don't advance it cuz also like for + + align:start position:0% +they don't advance it cuz also like for + + + align:start position:0% +they don't advance it cuz also like for +most acknowledges like we can't use + + align:start position:0% +most acknowledges like we can't use + + + align:start position:0% +most acknowledges like we can't use +their technologies that we put up with + + align:start position:0% +their technologies that we put up with + + + align:start position:0% +their technologies that we put up with +able to do 50 years ago because the + + align:start position:0% +able to do 50 years ago because the + + + align:start position:0% +able to do 50 years ago because the +experts in that kind of thinking + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +operations they bill when it comes to + + align:start position:0% +operations they bill when it comes to + + + align:start position:0% +operations they bill when it comes to +increasing R&D funding for agencies like + + align:start position:0% +increasing R&D funding for agencies like + + + align:start position:0% +increasing R&D funding for agencies like +DoD is it the Congress people insiders + + align:start position:0% +DoD is it the Congress people insiders + + + align:start position:0% +DoD is it the Congress people insiders +acting sort of in an executive capacity + + align:start position:0% +acting sort of in an executive capacity + + + align:start position:0% +acting sort of in an executive capacity +for their districts or is there pressure + + align:start position:0% +for their districts or is there pressure + + + align:start position:0% +for their districts or is there pressure +from the district to sort of increase + + align:start position:0% +from the district to sort of increase + + + align:start position:0% +from the district to sort of increase +the policymaking for that in terms of + + align:start position:0% +the policymaking for that in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +the policymaking for that in terms of +national defense so that's a nice team + + align:start position:0% +national defense so that's a nice team + + + align:start position:0% +national defense so that's a nice team +are our legislators acting autonomously + + align:start position:0% +are our legislators acting autonomously + + + align:start position:0% +are our legislators acting autonomously +in defense of the country or is there + + align:start position:0% +in defense of the country or is there + + + align:start position:0% +in defense of the country or is there +pressure coming from their districts as + + align:start position:0% +pressure coming from their districts as + + + align:start position:0% +pressure coming from their districts as +well so members of Congress tend to be + + align:start position:0% +well so members of Congress tend to be + + + align:start position:0% +well so members of Congress tend to be +much more concerned about defense + + align:start position:0% +much more concerned about defense + + + align:start position:0% +much more concerned about defense +spending that's part of big acquisition + + align:start position:0% +spending that's part of big acquisition + + + align:start position:0% +spending that's part of big acquisition +programs right who's gonna get the next + + align:start position:0% +programs right who's gonna get the next + + + align:start position:0% +programs right who's gonna get the next +award for you know the next Air Force + + align:start position:0% +award for you know the next Air Force + + + align:start position:0% +award for you know the next Air Force +aircraft right that's significant scale + + align:start position:0% +aircraft right that's significant scale + + + align:start position:0% +aircraft right that's significant scale +R&D spending tends to be at a much more + + align:start position:0% +R&D spending tends to be at a much more + + + align:start position:0% +R&D spending tends to be at a much more +modest scale and Congress itself has + + align:start position:0% +modest scale and Congress itself has + + + align:start position:0% +modest scale and Congress itself has +eliminated the appropriations earmarking + + align:start position:0% +eliminated the appropriations earmarking + + + align:start position:0% +eliminated the appropriations earmarking +system so memories can no longer go into + + align:start position:0% +system so memories can no longer go into + + + align:start position:0% +system so memories can no longer go into +bills and stick money in for you know + + align:start position:0% +bills and stick money in for you know + + + align:start position:0% +bills and stick money in for you know +projects in their district that you know + + align:start position:0% +projects in their district that you know + + + align:start position:0% +projects in their district that you know +that system has really been + + align:start position:0% +that system has really been + + + align:start position:0% +that system has really been +significantly I wouldn't say it's been + + align:start position:0% +significantly I wouldn't say it's been + + + align:start position:0% +significantly I wouldn't say it's been +eliminated but it's been significantly + + align:start position:0% +eliminated but it's been significantly + + + align:start position:0% +eliminated but it's been significantly +reduced so the Congress itself to some + + align:start position:0% +reduced so the Congress itself to some + + + align:start position:0% +reduced so the Congress itself to some +extent has reformed itself now the + + align:start position:0% +extent has reformed itself now the + + + align:start position:0% +extent has reformed itself now the +problem for that is that it gives + + align:start position:0% +problem for that is that it gives + + + align:start position:0% +problem for that is that it gives +members much less of a stake in federal + + align:start position:0% +members much less of a stake in federal + + + align:start position:0% +members much less of a stake in federal +expenditures right if they can't affect + + align:start position:0% +expenditures right if they can't affect + + + align:start position:0% +expenditures right if they can't affect +what's going on in their own district + + align:start position:0% +what's going on in their own district + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on in their own district +why should they care what federal + + align:start position:0% +why should they care what federal + + + align:start position:0% +why should they care what federal +appropriations levels are right so it + + align:start position:0% +appropriations levels are right so it + + + align:start position:0% +appropriations levels are right so it +it's a two-edged sword here but by and + + align:start position:0% +it's a two-edged sword here but by and + + + align:start position:0% +it's a two-edged sword here but by and +large members of Congress have stayed + + align:start position:0% +large members of Congress have stayed + + + align:start position:0% +large members of Congress have stayed +out of R&D right they don't really touch + + align:start position:0% +out of R&D right they don't really touch + + + align:start position:0% +out of R&D right they don't really touch +DARPA they certainly don't touch NSF + + align:start position:0% +DARPA they certainly don't touch NSF + + + align:start position:0% +DARPA they certainly don't touch NSF +they don't touch NIH and and part of + + align:start position:0% +they don't touch NIH and and part of + + + align:start position:0% +they don't touch NIH and and part of +this is that the amount of funding + + align:start position:0% +this is that the amount of funding + + + align:start position:0% +this is that the amount of funding +awards for a research project are + + align:start position:0% +awards for a research project are + + + align:start position:0% +awards for a research project are +relatively modest and really don't + + align:start position:0% +relatively modest and really don't + + + align:start position:0% +relatively modest and really don't +affect anything at scale what they worry + + align:start position:0% +affect anything at scale what they worry + + + align:start position:0% +affect anything at scale what they worry +about of these larger acquisition + + align:start position:0% +about of these larger acquisition + + + align:start position:0% +about of these larger acquisition +projects + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm not sure I follow you was it pre pre + + align:start position:0% +I'm not sure I follow you was it pre pre + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not sure I follow you was it pre pre +tear mark era no the ear marker is only + + align:start position:0% +tear mark era no the ear marker is only + + + align:start position:0% +tear mark era no the ear marker is only +ended right your mark here is only in it + + align:start position:0% +ended right your mark here is only in it + + + align:start position:0% +ended right your mark here is only in it +in the last four or five years yeah but + + align:start position:0% +in the last four or five years yeah but + + + align:start position:0% +in the last four or five years yeah but +again there wasn't very much earmarking + + align:start position:0% +again there wasn't very much earmarking + + + align:start position:0% +again there wasn't very much earmarking +of R&D funding right which is really + + align:start position:0% +of R&D funding right which is really + + + align:start position:0% +of R&D funding right which is really +what he's focused on the innovation + + align:start position:0% +what he's focused on the innovation + + + align:start position:0% +what he's focused on the innovation +system okay so Glenn Fong and you know + + align:start position:0% +system okay so Glenn Fong and you know + + + align:start position:0% +system okay so Glenn Fong and you know +he starts his piece with a quote from a + + align:start position:0% +he starts his piece with a quote from a + + + align:start position:0% +he starts his piece with a quote from a +former White House chief of staff John + + align:start position:0% +former White House chief of staff John + + + align:start position:0% +former White House chief of staff John +Sununu of New Hampshire who states we + + align:start position:0% +Sununu of New Hampshire who states we + + + align:start position:0% +Sununu of New Hampshire who states we +don't do industrial policy in the US and + + align:start position:0% +don't do industrial policy in the US and + + + align:start position:0% +don't do industrial policy in the US and +Glenn takes that line on and essentially + + align:start position:0% +Glenn takes that line on and essentially + + + align:start position:0% +Glenn takes that line on and essentially +proves otherwise right that we actually + + align:start position:0% +proves otherwise right that we actually + + + align:start position:0% +proves otherwise right that we actually +are operating at least through the + + align:start position:0% +are operating at least through the + + + align:start position:0% +are operating at least through the +defense sector with what can only be + + align:start position:0% +defense sector with what can only be + + + align:start position:0% +defense sector with what can only be +viewed as a pretty significant + + align:start position:0% +viewed as a pretty significant + + + align:start position:0% +viewed as a pretty significant +industrial policy so he does case + + align:start position:0% +industrial policy so he does case + + + align:start position:0% +industrial policy so he does case +studies of you know various agencies is + + align:start position:0% +studies of you know various agencies is + + + align:start position:0% +studies of you know various agencies is +not all defense he also looks at + + align:start position:0% +not all defense he also looks at + + + align:start position:0% +not all defense he also looks at +Commerce stand NIST but you know he + + align:start position:0% +Commerce stand NIST but you know he + + + align:start position:0% +Commerce stand NIST but you know he +concludes that the significance of the + + align:start position:0% +concludes that the significance of the + + + align:start position:0% +concludes that the significance of the +governmental role particularly the + + align:start position:0% +governmental role particularly the + + + align:start position:0% +governmental role particularly the +defense side is really quite strong and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that because of the volume of the + + align:start position:0% +that because of the volume of the + + + align:start position:0% +that because of the volume of the +spending in particular that's + + align:start position:0% +spending in particular that's + + + align:start position:0% +spending in particular that's +particularly powerful on the defense + + align:start position:0% +particularly powerful on the defense + + + align:start position:0% +particularly powerful on the defense +side and he argues that there's they're + + align:start position:0% +side and he argues that there's they're + + + align:start position:0% +side and he argues that there's they're +about four models to drive it the + + align:start position:0% +about four models to drive it the + + + align:start position:0% +about four models to drive it the +question max you were asking about + + align:start position:0% +question max you were asking about + + + align:start position:0% +question max you were asking about +there's about four models by which DoD + + align:start position:0% +there's about four models by which DoD + + + align:start position:0% +there's about four models by which DoD +undertakes its spending that happened to + + align:start position:0% +undertakes its spending that happened to + + + align:start position:0% +undertakes its spending that happened to +have spillover effects into the civilian + + align:start position:0% +have spillover effects into the civilian + + + align:start position:0% +have spillover effects into the civilian +sector + + align:start position:0% +sector + + + align:start position:0% +sector +so one model is what he calls the + + align:start position:0% +so one model is what he calls the + + + align:start position:0% +so one model is what he calls the +byproduct model military R&D will have + + align:start position:0% +byproduct model military R&D will have + + + align:start position:0% +byproduct model military R&D will have +unintended spill overs into the + + align:start position:0% +unintended spill overs into the + + + align:start position:0% +unintended spill overs into the +commercial sector and he cites rpe + + align:start position:0% +commercial sector and he cites rpe + + + align:start position:0% +commercial sector and he cites rpe +I mean excuse me ARPANET excuse me as an + + align:start position:0% +I mean excuse me ARPANET excuse me as an + + + align:start position:0% +I mean excuse me ARPANET excuse me as an +example of this in other words when DoD + + align:start position:0% +example of this in other words when DoD + + + align:start position:0% +example of this in other words when DoD +is setting up the Internet the ARPANET + + align:start position:0% +is setting up the Internet the ARPANET + + + align:start position:0% +is setting up the Internet the ARPANET +for its own internal purposes it's a + + align:start position:0% +for its own internal purposes it's a + + + align:start position:0% +for its own internal purposes it's a +defense communication system and a + + align:start position:0% +defense communication system and a + + + align:start position:0% +defense communication system and a +communication system between the early + + align:start position:0% +communication system between the early + + + align:start position:0% +communication system between the early +computer science departments that DARPA + + align:start position:0% +computer science departments that DARPA + + + align:start position:0% +computer science departments that DARPA +has been supporting it's a way for them + + align:start position:0% +has been supporting it's a way for them + + + align:start position:0% +has been supporting it's a way for them +to communicate and transfer data amongst + + align:start position:0% +to communicate and transfer data amongst + + + align:start position:0% +to communicate and transfer data amongst +themselves they're not envisioning that + + align:start position:0% +themselves they're not envisioning that + + + align:start position:0% +themselves they're not envisioning that +this is going to be the standard form of + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be the standard form of + + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be the standard form of +communication in the 21st century they + + align:start position:0% +communication in the 21st century they + + + align:start position:0% +communication in the 21st century they +were thinking about a much more + + align:start position:0% +were thinking about a much more + + + align:start position:0% +were thinking about a much more +immediate problem so this is but the + + align:start position:0% +immediate problem so this is but the + + + align:start position:0% +immediate problem so this is but the +byproduct is that we create this massive + + align:start position:0% +byproduct is that we create this massive + + + align:start position:0% +byproduct is that we create this massive +economic sector then there's an + + align:start position:0% +economic sector then there's an + + + align:start position:0% +economic sector then there's an +intentional spin off model so commercial + + align:start position:0% +intentional spin off model so commercial + + + align:start position:0% +intentional spin off model so commercial +spin-offs + + align:start position:0% +spin-offs + + + align:start position:0% +spin-offs +get expressly contemplated during the + + align:start position:0% +get expressly contemplated during the + + + align:start position:0% +get expressly contemplated during the +program planning around an R&D + + align:start position:0% +program planning around an R&D + + + align:start position:0% +program planning around an R&D +initiative right and Eastside strategic + + align:start position:0% +initiative right and Eastside strategic + + + align:start position:0% +initiative right and Eastside strategic +computing and BHS I see as examples + + align:start position:0% +computing and BHS I see as examples + + + align:start position:0% +computing and BHS I see as examples +where DARPA knew that what it was going + + align:start position:0% +where DARPA knew that what it was going + + + align:start position:0% +where DARPA knew that what it was going +to create in the computing sector was + + align:start position:0% +to create in the computing sector was + + + align:start position:0% +to create in the computing sector was +going to benefit all parts the community + + align:start position:0% +going to benefit all parts the community + + + align:start position:0% +going to benefit all parts the community +sector not simply DoD but the gains were + + align:start position:0% +sector not simply DoD but the gains were + + + align:start position:0% +sector not simply DoD but the gains were +significant enough for DoD that it was + + align:start position:0% +significant enough for DoD that it was + + + align:start position:0% +significant enough for DoD that it was +really important to pursue this and in + + align:start position:0% +really important to pursue this and in + + + align:start position:0% +really important to pursue this and in +fact DARPA and the IT revolution in + + align:start position:0% +fact DARPA and the IT revolution in + + + align:start position:0% +fact DARPA and the IT revolution in +general consciously worked on standing + + align:start position:0% +general consciously worked on standing + + + align:start position:0% +general consciously worked on standing +up a lot of these technologies in the + + align:start position:0% +up a lot of these technologies in the + + + align:start position:0% +up a lot of these technologies in the +civilian sector why is that because the + + align:start position:0% +civilian sector why is that because the + + + align:start position:0% +civilian sector why is that because the +Defense Department is often quite good + + align:start position:0% +Defense Department is often quite good + + + align:start position:0% +Defense Department is often quite good +it's standing up the early prototypes of + + align:start position:0% +it's standing up the early prototypes of + + + align:start position:0% +it's standing up the early prototypes of +a pretty radical set of technologies but + + align:start position:0% +a pretty radical set of technologies but + + + align:start position:0% +a pretty radical set of technologies but +they don't have the follow-on capital + + align:start position:0% +they don't have the follow-on capital + + + align:start position:0% +they don't have the follow-on capital +that's a civilian sector can muster big + + align:start position:0% +that's a civilian sector can muster big + + + align:start position:0% +that's a civilian sector can muster big +financing following capability so DARPA + + align:start position:0% +financing following capability so DARPA + + + align:start position:0% +financing following capability so DARPA +consciously understood this realized + + align:start position:0% +consciously understood this realized + + + align:start position:0% +consciously understood this realized +there was going to be huge incremental + + align:start position:0% +there was going to be huge incremental + + + align:start position:0% +there was going to be huge incremental +advances and the technologies that was + + align:start position:0% +advances and the technologies that was + + + align:start position:0% +advances and the technologies that was +standing up it would help create the + + align:start position:0% +standing up it would help create the + + + align:start position:0% +standing up it would help create the +model make it available in civilian + + align:start position:0% +model make it available in civilian + + + align:start position:0% +model make it available in civilian +sector on the assumption that a rising + + align:start position:0% +sector on the assumption that a rising + + + align:start position:0% +sector on the assumption that a rising +IT sector and financial support system + + align:start position:0% +IT sector and financial support system + + + align:start position:0% +IT sector and financial support system +would come + + align:start position:0% +would come + + + align:start position:0% +would come +and scale this up it would radically + + align:start position:0% +and scale this up it would radically + + + align:start position:0% +and scale this up it would radically +drive the price down enabling DoD to buy + + align:start position:0% +drive the price down enabling DoD to buy + + + align:start position:0% +drive the price down enabling DoD to buy +the technologies back at a fraction of + + align:start position:0% +the technologies back at a fraction of + + + align:start position:0% +the technologies back at a fraction of +the cost and with much greater + + align:start position:0% +the cost and with much greater + + + align:start position:0% +the cost and with much greater +capability than their own system would + + align:start position:0% +capability than their own system would + + + align:start position:0% +capability than their own system would +be able to do this so DARPA decision to + + align:start position:0% +be able to do this so DARPA decision to + + + align:start position:0% +be able to do this so DARPA decision to +stand up a lot of the IT revolution + + align:start position:0% +stand up a lot of the IT revolution + + + align:start position:0% +stand up a lot of the IT revolution +around computing on the civilian side + + align:start position:0% +around computing on the civilian side + + + align:start position:0% +around computing on the civilian side +comes from you know a pretty conscious + + align:start position:0% +comes from you know a pretty conscious + + + align:start position:0% +comes from you know a pretty conscious +effort to understand the dynamics so how + + align:start position:0% +effort to understand the dynamics so how + + + align:start position:0% +effort to understand the dynamics so how +this what was going to be and they all + + align:start position:0% +this what was going to be and they all + + + align:start position:0% +this what was going to be and they all +understood it to be a very large + + align:start position:0% +understood it to be a very large + + + align:start position:0% +understood it to be a very large +potential economic sector and how DoD + + align:start position:0% +potential economic sector and how DoD + + + align:start position:0% +potential economic sector and how DoD +could be the initiator and then leverage + + align:start position:0% +could be the initiator and then leverage + + + align:start position:0% +could be the initiator and then leverage +off what we're going to be much higher + + align:start position:0% +off what we're going to be much higher + + + align:start position:0% +off what we're going to be much higher +investments on the civilian side so for + + align:start position:0% +investments on the civilian side so for + + + align:start position:0% +investments on the civilian side so for +example for a long period of time DoD + + align:start position:0% +example for a long period of time DoD + + + align:start position:0% +example for a long period of time DoD +would be the initial market so when we + + align:start position:0% +would be the initial market so when we + + + align:start position:0% +would be the initial market so when we +talked about how kill be a noise + + align:start position:0% +talked about how kill be a noise + + + align:start position:0% +talked about how kill be a noise +developed the integrated circuit you + + align:start position:0% +developed the integrated circuit you + + + align:start position:0% +developed the integrated circuit you +know lead coorporate through technology + + align:start position:0% +know lead coorporate through technology + + + align:start position:0% +know lead coorporate through technology +and semiconductors and really in + + align:start position:0% +and semiconductors and really in + + + align:start position:0% +and semiconductors and really in +computing the the customer the only + + align:start position:0% +computing the the customer the only + + + align:start position:0% +computing the the customer the only +customer for the first four years were + + align:start position:0% +customer for the first four years were + + + align:start position:0% +customer for the first four years were +the Defense Department and NASA right so + + align:start position:0% +the Defense Department and NASA right so + + + align:start position:0% +the Defense Department and NASA right so +the defense Foreman carried all those + + align:start position:0% +the defense Foreman carried all those + + + align:start position:0% +the defense Foreman carried all those +advances through the first four years of + + align:start position:0% +advances through the first four years of + + + align:start position:0% +advances through the first four years of +new generations of advances for + + align:start position:0% +new generations of advances for + + + align:start position:0% +new generations of advances for +integrated circuits it wasn't until four + + align:start position:0% +integrated circuits it wasn't until four + + + align:start position:0% +integrated circuits it wasn't until four +years later that a civilian sector + + align:start position:0% +years later that a civilian sector + + + align:start position:0% +years later that a civilian sector +started to evolve so DoD can play this + + align:start position:0% +started to evolve so DoD can play this + + + align:start position:0% +started to evolve so DoD can play this +initiator model and what Glenn Fong is + + align:start position:0% +initiator model and what Glenn Fong is + + + align:start position:0% +initiator model and what Glenn Fong is +driving out here is that's an + + align:start position:0% +driving out here is that's an + + + align:start position:0% +driving out here is that's an +intentional spin-off model that works + + align:start position:0% +intentional spin-off model that works + + + align:start position:0% +intentional spin-off model that works +well for DoD also DoD has an explicit + + align:start position:0% +well for DoD also DoD has an explicit + + + align:start position:0% +well for DoD also DoD has an explicit +dual use model so a defense project + + align:start position:0% +dual use model so a defense project + + + align:start position:0% +dual use model so a defense project +could have the explicit goal of + + align:start position:0% +could have the explicit goal of + + + align:start position:0% +could have the explicit goal of +developing a military technology and a + + align:start position:0% +developing a military technology and a + + + align:start position:0% +developing a military technology and a +civilian technology in parallel and + + align:start position:0% +civilian technology in parallel and + + + align:start position:0% +civilian technology in parallel and +advances in lithography and summing in + + align:start position:0% +advances in lithography and summing in + + + align:start position:0% +advances in lithography and summing in +semiconductor itching are a pretty good + + align:start position:0% +semiconductor itching are a pretty good + + + align:start position:0% +semiconductor itching are a pretty good +example of that high-performance + + align:start position:0% +example of that high-performance + + + align:start position:0% +example of that high-performance +computing which Al Gore helped to + + align:start position:0% +computing which Al Gore helped to + + + align:start position:0% +computing which Al Gore helped to +originate and pass the original + + align:start position:0% +originate and pass the original + + + align:start position:0% +originate and pass the original +legislation before these were gonna have + + align:start position:0% +legislation before these were gonna have + + + align:start position:0% +legislation before these were gonna have +benefits in the military side big time + + align:start position:0% +benefits in the military side big time + + + align:start position:0% +benefits in the military side big time +but obviously corresponding big benefits + + align:start position:0% +but obviously corresponding big benefits + + + align:start position:0% +but obviously corresponding big benefits +on the civilian side and then the kind + + align:start position:0% +on the civilian side and then the kind + + + align:start position:0% +on the civilian side and then the kind +of the fourth model Glenn points out for + + align:start position:0% +of the fourth model Glenn points out for + + + align:start position:0% +of the fourth model Glenn points out for +how DoD thinks about its role in the + + align:start position:0% +how DoD thinks about its role in the + + + align:start position:0% +how DoD thinks about its role in the +economy is + + align:start position:0% +economy is + + + align:start position:0% +economy is +and intervenes in the economy and has in + + align:start position:0% +and intervenes in the economy and has in + + + align:start position:0% +and intervenes in the economy and has in +effect an industrial policy is what he + + align:start position:0% +effect an industrial policy is what he + + + align:start position:0% +effect an industrial policy is what he +calls the industrial based model + + align:start position:0% +calls the industrial based model + + + align:start position:0% +calls the industrial based model +so sometimes DoD is going to decide that + + align:start position:0% +so sometimes DoD is going to decide that + + + align:start position:0% +so sometimes DoD is going to decide that +it must have an industrial base in a + + align:start position:0% +it must have an industrial base in a + + + align:start position:0% +it must have an industrial base in a +particular sector and will consciously + + align:start position:0% +particular sector and will consciously + + + align:start position:0% +particular sector and will consciously +support the development of an industrial + + align:start position:0% +support the development of an industrial + + + align:start position:0% +support the development of an industrial +base in the civilian sector the best + + align:start position:0% +base in the civilian sector the best + + + align:start position:0% +base in the civilian sector the best +example of this I know of is that both + + align:start position:0% +example of this I know of is that both + + + align:start position:0% +example of this I know of is that both +the Navy and the Army in the early days + + align:start position:0% +the Navy and the Army in the early days + + + align:start position:0% +the Navy and the Army in the early days +of aviation in the 1920s and 30s are + + align:start position:0% +of aviation in the 1920s and 30s are + + + align:start position:0% +of aviation in the 1920s and 30s are +consciously attempting to create a very + + align:start position:0% +consciously attempting to create a very + + + align:start position:0% +consciously attempting to create a very +strong civilian industrial base in + + align:start position:0% +strong civilian industrial base in + + + align:start position:0% +strong civilian industrial base in +aviation because they know how powerful + + align:start position:0% +aviation because they know how powerful + + + align:start position:0% +aviation because they know how powerful +and important that's going to be so + + align:start position:0% +and important that's going to be so + + + align:start position:0% +and important that's going to be so +Admiral Moffett who is leading the + + align:start position:0% +Admiral Moffett who is leading the + + + align:start position:0% +Admiral Moffett who is leading the +Navy's early aviation program carefully + + align:start position:0% +Navy's early aviation program carefully + + + align:start position:0% +Navy's early aviation program carefully +make sure in the appropriations process + + align:start position:0% +make sure in the appropriations process + + + align:start position:0% +make sure in the appropriations process +the congressional appropriations process + + align:start position:0% +the congressional appropriations process + + + align:start position:0% +the congressional appropriations process +that there are a multitude of projects + + align:start position:0% +that there are a multitude of projects + + + align:start position:0% +that there are a multitude of projects +for engine makers for airframe makers + + align:start position:0% +for engine makers for airframe makers + + + align:start position:0% +for engine makers for airframe makers +for different types of aircraft so that + + align:start position:0% +for different types of aircraft so that + + + align:start position:0% +for different types of aircraft so that +he's gonna start to stand up a whole + + align:start position:0% +he's gonna start to stand up a whole + + + align:start position:0% +he's gonna start to stand up a whole +industrial base in aviation it's done + + align:start position:0% +industrial base in aviation it's done + + + align:start position:0% +industrial base in aviation it's done +very consciously right I think that's + + align:start position:0% +very consciously right I think that's + + + align:start position:0% +very consciously right I think that's +the best example but there are other + + align:start position:0% +the best example but there are other + + + align:start position:0% +the best example but there are other +examples like that too including in the + + align:start position:0% +examples like that too including in the + + + align:start position:0% +examples like that too including in the +IT side such as SEMATECH when Japan came + + align:start position:0% +IT side such as SEMATECH when Japan came + + + align:start position:0% +IT side such as SEMATECH when Japan came +very close to capturing leadership in a + + align:start position:0% +very close to capturing leadership in a + + + align:start position:0% +very close to capturing leadership in a +semiconductor sector and we talked about + + align:start position:0% +semiconductor sector and we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +semiconductor sector and we talked about +this in the manufacturing class DoD + + align:start position:0% +this in the manufacturing class DoD + + + align:start position:0% +this in the manufacturing class DoD +intervenes so under President Reagan + + align:start position:0% +intervenes so under President Reagan + + + align:start position:0% +intervenes so under President Reagan +DARPA jumps in here and cost shares the + + align:start position:0% +DARPA jumps in here and cost shares the + + + align:start position:0% +DARPA jumps in here and cost shares the +development of new advanced + + align:start position:0% +development of new advanced + + + align:start position:0% +development of new advanced +manufacturing approaches in + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing approaches in + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing approaches in +semiconductors so that the US could get + + align:start position:0% +semiconductors so that the US could get + + + align:start position:0% +semiconductors so that the US could get +back into that game Japan had figured + + align:start position:0% +back into that game Japan had figured + + + align:start position:0% +back into that game Japan had figured +out better processes better production + + align:start position:0% +out better processes better production + + + align:start position:0% +out better processes better production +systems more efficiency higher quality + + align:start position:0% +systems more efficiency higher quality + + + align:start position:0% +systems more efficiency higher quality +and semiconductor fabrication the US had + + align:start position:0% +and semiconductor fabrication the US had + + + align:start position:0% +and semiconductor fabrication the US had +missed these this is a conscious attempt + + align:start position:0% +missed these this is a conscious attempt + + + align:start position:0% +missed these this is a conscious attempt +to keep up because the Defense + + align:start position:0% +to keep up because the Defense + + + align:start position:0% +to keep up because the Defense +Department felt it had to have an + + align:start position:0% +Department felt it had to have an + + + align:start position:0% +Department felt it had to have an +industrial base in semiconductors so + + align:start position:0% +industrial base in semiconductors so + + + align:start position:0% +industrial base in semiconductors so +these are four ways by which DoD is + + align:start position:0% +these are four ways by which DoD is + + + align:start position:0% +these are four ways by which DoD is +willing to intervene it will not + + align:start position:0% +willing to intervene it will not + + + align:start position:0% +willing to intervene it will not +intervene just for straight economic + + align:start position:0% +intervene just for straight economic + + + align:start position:0% +intervene just for straight economic +competitive + + align:start position:0% +competitive + + + align:start position:0% +competitive +reasons right it's so getting back to + + align:start position:0% +reasons right it's so getting back to + + + align:start position:0% +reasons right it's so getting back to +our conversation earlier max it's not + + align:start position:0% +our conversation earlier max it's not + + + align:start position:0% +our conversation earlier max it's not +going to do something just because it + + align:start position:0% +going to do something just because it + + + align:start position:0% +going to do something just because it +will help us competitiveness it will + + align:start position:0% +will help us competitiveness it will + + + align:start position:0% +will help us competitiveness it will +only do it if it can find one of these + + align:start position:0% +only do it if it can find one of these + + + align:start position:0% +only do it if it can find one of these +very close military needs associated + + align:start position:0% +very close military needs associated + + + align:start position:0% +very close military needs associated +with it + + align:start position:0% +with it + + + align:start position:0% +with it +and these are the kind of foreign models + + align:start position:0% +and these are the kind of foreign models + + + align:start position:0% +and these are the kind of foreign models +they use so I'm gonna who's got the Q&A + + align:start position:0% +they use so I'm gonna who's got the Q&A + + + align:start position:0% +they use so I'm gonna who's got the Q&A +on this Chris I think we're through yeah + + align:start position:0% +on this Chris I think we're through yeah + + + align:start position:0% +on this Chris I think we're through yeah +we're through this why don't you lead us + + align:start position:0% +we're through this why don't you lead us + + + align:start position:0% +we're through this why don't you lead us +off in some Q&A and Max has got a + + align:start position:0% +off in some Q&A and Max has got a + + + align:start position:0% +off in some Q&A and Max has got a +question - sure so as we just went + + align:start position:0% +question - sure so as we just went + + + align:start position:0% +question - sure so as we just went +through pretty briefly he mentions a lot + + align:start position:0% +through pretty briefly he mentions a lot + + + align:start position:0% +through pretty briefly he mentions a lot +of different models and different kind + + align:start position:0% +of different models and different kind + + + align:start position:0% +of different models and different kind +of agency projects that have been kind + + align:start position:0% +of agency projects that have been kind + + + align:start position:0% +of agency projects that have been kind +of key Studies opportunities that the + + align:start position:0% +of key Studies opportunities that the + + + align:start position:0% +of key Studies opportunities that the +DoD largely has used to advance kind of + + align:start position:0% +DoD largely has used to advance kind of + + + align:start position:0% +DoD largely has used to advance kind of +technical technological innovation some + + align:start position:0% +technical technological innovation some + + + align:start position:0% +technical technological innovation some +why kind of indirectly so maybe we could + + align:start position:0% +why kind of indirectly so maybe we could + + + align:start position:0% +why kind of indirectly so maybe we could +start off by discussing which model do + + align:start position:0% +start off by discussing which model do + + + align:start position:0% +start off by discussing which model do +you guys think is most effective do you + + align:start position:0% +you guys think is most effective do you + + + align:start position:0% +you guys think is most effective do you +think it changes when you consider + + align:start position:0% +think it changes when you consider + + + align:start position:0% +think it changes when you consider +different industries or different + + align:start position:0% +different industries or different + + + align:start position:0% +different industries or different +focuses and like how applicable is this + + align:start position:0% +focuses and like how applicable is this + + + align:start position:0% +focuses and like how applicable is this +kind of structure to present-day + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I think what's really cool about all + + align:start position:0% +I think what's really cool about all + + + align:start position:0% +I think what's really cool about all +these is they're separated by intent + + align:start position:0% +these is they're separated by intent + + + align:start position:0% +these is they're separated by intent +really so if you're intending to sort of + + align:start position:0% +really so if you're intending to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +really so if you're intending to sort of +have a sort of dual use it's probably + + align:start position:0% +have a sort of dual use it's probably + + + align:start position:0% +have a sort of dual use it's probably +easy to see the bottom two then the + + align:start position:0% +easy to see the bottom two then the + + + align:start position:0% +easy to see the bottom two then the +first one but the dual use and the + + align:start position:0% +first one but the dual use and the + + + align:start position:0% +first one but the dual use and the +intentional spin-off are pretty strong + + align:start position:0% +intentional spin-off are pretty strong + + + align:start position:0% +intentional spin-off are pretty strong +arguments for like how government + + align:start position:0% +arguments for like how government + + + align:start position:0% +arguments for like how government +projects could be effective in useful + + align:start position:0% +projects could be effective in useful + + + align:start position:0% +projects could be effective in useful +that lie should advocate for them it'd + + align:start position:0% +that lie should advocate for them it'd + + + align:start position:0% +that lie should advocate for them it'd +be pretty hard to do the bribe by + + align:start position:0% +be pretty hard to do the bribe by + + + align:start position:0% +be pretty hard to do the bribe by +product model with that sort of intent + + align:start position:0% +product model with that sort of intent + + + align:start position:0% +product model with that sort of intent +for spin-off just as you have actually + + align:start position:0% +for spin-off just as you have actually + + + align:start position:0% +for spin-off just as you have actually +no idea of how that Senate's route but + + align:start position:0% +no idea of how that Senate's route but + + + align:start position:0% +no idea of how that Senate's route but +because they're separated by intent I + + align:start position:0% +because they're separated by intent I + + + align:start position:0% +because they're separated by intent I +think it's pretty fair to say that + + align:start position:0% +think it's pretty fair to say that + + + align:start position:0% +think it's pretty fair to say that +depending on what sort of project you're + + align:start position:0% +depending on what sort of project you're + + + align:start position:0% +depending on what sort of project you're +looking at you're gonna see which model + + align:start position:0% +looking at you're gonna see which model + + + align:start position:0% +looking at you're gonna see which model +is gonna be better and you and it's nice + + align:start position:0% +is gonna be better and you and it's nice + + + align:start position:0% +is gonna be better and you and it's nice +that you can do that sort of from the + + align:start position:0% +that you can do that sort of from the + + + align:start position:0% +that you can do that sort of from the +get-go when you start the project can + + align:start position:0% +get-go when you start the project can + + + align:start position:0% +get-go when you start the project can +kind of see where that is so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so like just personally it seems like + + align:start position:0% +so like just personally it seems like + + + align:start position:0% +so like just personally it seems like +some of these might be hard to kind of + + align:start position:0% +some of these might be hard to kind of + + + align:start position:0% +some of these might be hard to kind of +create a project around oh I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +create a project around oh I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +create a project around oh I'm going to +have unintended spillovers into the + + align:start position:0% +have unintended spillovers into the + + + align:start position:0% +have unintended spillovers into the +commercial side note-- directed fellow + + align:start position:0% +commercial side note-- directed fellow + + + align:start position:0% +commercial side note-- directed fellow +it's nonsense to me it seems like a like + + align:start position:0% +it's nonsense to me it seems like a like + + + align:start position:0% +it's nonsense to me it seems like a like +a post classification of what has been + + align:start position:0% +a post classification of what has been + + + align:start position:0% +a post classification of what has been +done so I'm like thinking about like the + + align:start position:0% +done so I'm like thinking about like the + + + align:start position:0% +done so I'm like thinking about like the +DoD as they're trying to fund projects + + align:start position:0% +DoD as they're trying to fund projects + + + align:start position:0% +DoD as they're trying to fund projects +what do you think are their main + + align:start position:0% +what do you think are their main + + + align:start position:0% +what do you think are their main +priorities in terms of like you know + + align:start position:0% +priorities in terms of like you know + + + align:start position:0% +priorities in terms of like you know +potential commercialization and + + align:start position:0% +potential commercialization and + + + align:start position:0% +potential commercialization and +potential you know kind of benefits that + + align:start position:0% +potential you know kind of benefits that + + + align:start position:0% +potential you know kind of benefits that +way and also kind of benefiting their + + align:start position:0% +way and also kind of benefiting their + + + align:start position:0% +way and also kind of benefiting their +military efforts what do you think is + + align:start position:0% +military efforts what do you think is + + + align:start position:0% +military efforts what do you think is +that balance and what kind of you know + + align:start position:0% +that balance and what kind of you know + + + align:start position:0% +that balance and what kind of you know +characteristics would they be looking + + align:start position:0% +characteristics would they be looking + + + align:start position:0% +characteristics would they be looking +for and maybe a funding proposal + + align:start position:0% +for and maybe a funding proposal + + + align:start position:0% +for and maybe a funding proposal +well I'd see one of the one + + align:start position:0% +well I'd see one of the one + + + align:start position:0% +well I'd see one of the one +characteristic that they look like + + align:start position:0% +characteristic that they look like + + + align:start position:0% +characteristic that they look like +definitely emphasize would be security + + align:start position:0% +definitely emphasize would be security + + + align:start position:0% +definitely emphasize would be security +over other countries who are working in + + align:start position:0% +over other countries who are working in + + + align:start position:0% +over other countries who are working in +similar field + + align:start position:0% +similar field + + + align:start position:0% +similar field +so like the semiconductor thing at the + + align:start position:0% +so like the semiconductor thing at the + + + align:start position:0% +so like the semiconductor thing at the +moment they saw a Japan's doing this + + align:start position:0% +moment they saw a Japan's doing this + + + align:start position:0% +moment they saw a Japan's doing this +they're like oh no okay now we need to + + align:start position:0% +they're like oh no okay now we need to + + + align:start position:0% +they're like oh no okay now we need to +get on this and then even if what was + + align:start position:0% +get on this and then even if what was + + + align:start position:0% +get on this and then even if what was +the direct application that was my + + align:start position:0% +the direct application that was my + + + align:start position:0% +the direct application that was my +question by the way + + align:start position:0% +question by the way + + + align:start position:0% +question by the way +so semiconductors yeah like you said + + align:start position:0% +so semiconductors yeah like you said + + + align:start position:0% +so semiconductors yeah like you said +there's literally computers okay + + align:start position:0% +there's literally computers okay + + + align:start position:0% +there's literally computers okay +because you said the DoD does not + + align:start position:0% +because you said the DoD does not + + + align:start position:0% +because you said the DoD does not +support different industries unless it + + align:start position:0% +support different industries unless it + + + align:start position:0% +support different industries unless it +has a direct credential security + + align:start position:0% +has a direct credential security + + + align:start position:0% +has a direct credential security +application so I guess I'm just trying + + align:start position:0% +application so I guess I'm just trying + + + align:start position:0% +application so I guess I'm just trying +to figure out how we could implement + + align:start position:0% +to figure out how we could implement + + + align:start position:0% +to figure out how we could implement +these ideas today so that we could + + align:start position:0% +these ideas today so that we could + + + align:start position:0% +these ideas today so that we could +I guess boost our current animation + + align:start position:0% +I guess boost our current animation + + + align:start position:0% +I guess boost our current animation +system I don't know if you'd be military + + align:start position:0% +system I don't know if you'd be military + + + align:start position:0% +system I don't know if you'd be military +base but use finger focus quite have + + align:start position:0% +base but use finger focus quite have + + + align:start position:0% +base but use finger focus quite have +that kind of like military ideology of + + align:start position:0% +that kind of like military ideology of + + + align:start position:0% +that kind of like military ideology of +like we need to get here by X amount of + + align:start position:0% +like we need to get here by X amount of + + + align:start position:0% +like we need to get here by X amount of +time and once both these efforts and try + + align:start position:0% +time and once both these efforts and try + + + align:start position:0% +time and once both these efforts and try +to think as a system in terms of rather + + align:start position:0% +to think as a system in terms of rather + + + align:start position:0% +to think as a system in terms of rather +the different departments but you could + + align:start position:0% +the different departments but you could + + + align:start position:0% +the different departments but you could +initiatives a lot of like in private + + align:start position:0% +initiatives a lot of like in private + + + align:start position:0% +initiatives a lot of like in private +capital that's been happening recently + + align:start position:0% +capital that's been happening recently + + + align:start position:0% +capital that's been happening recently +like farms are further made a private + + align:start position:0% +like farms are further made a private + + + align:start position:0% +like farms are further made a private +initiative to like cancer and certain + + align:start position:0% +initiative to like cancer and certain + + + align:start position:0% +initiative to like cancer and certain +diseases but if you have like a national + + align:start position:0% +diseases but if you have like a national + + + align:start position:0% +diseases but if you have like a national +effort I think I wasn't alive during + + align:start position:0% +effort I think I wasn't alive during + + + align:start position:0% +effort I think I wasn't alive during +this but I think three was 70s during + + align:start position:0% +this but I think three was 70s during + + + align:start position:0% +this but I think three was 70s during +the Cold War there's like huge + + align:start position:0% +the Cold War there's like huge + + + align:start position:0% +the Cold War there's like huge +initiative for science and like Rockets + + align:start position:0% +initiative for science and like Rockets + + + align:start position:0% +initiative for science and like Rockets +you probably know later reading today + + align:start position:0% +you probably know later reading today + + + align:start position:0% +you probably know later reading today +definitely have these strong national + + align:start position:0% +definitely have these strong national + + + align:start position:0% +definitely have these strong national +interests but not just financial + + align:start position:0% +interests but not just financial + + + align:start position:0% +interests but not just financial +incentives just from a management + + align:start position:0% +incentives just from a management + + + align:start position:0% +incentives just from a management +perspective people have different ideas + + align:start position:0% +perspective people have different ideas + + + align:start position:0% +perspective people have different ideas +on what's good and what they want out of + + align:start position:0% +on what's good and what they want out of + + + align:start position:0% +on what's good and what they want out of +life is how I do like financial + + align:start position:0% +life is how I do like financial + + + align:start position:0% +life is how I do like financial +incentives social incentives in terms of + + align:start position:0% +incentives social incentives in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +incentives social incentives in terms of +you know you solve this problem you're a + + align:start position:0% +you know you solve this problem you're a + + + align:start position:0% +you know you solve this problem you're a +superstar like kind of like an Einstein + + align:start position:0% +superstar like kind of like an Einstein + + + align:start position:0% +superstar like kind of like an Einstein +get a good chunk TV and then also like + + align:start position:0% +get a good chunk TV and then also like + + + align:start position:0% +get a good chunk TV and then also like +educational in terms of like oh these + + align:start position:0% +educational in terms of like oh these + + + align:start position:0% +educational in terms of like oh these +are our star students like four five + + align:start position:0% +are our star students like four five + + + align:start position:0% +are our star students like four five +years old 12 years old 15 years old so + + align:start position:0% +years old 12 years old 15 years old so + + + align:start position:0% +years old 12 years old 15 years old so +it's part of the community and getting + + align:start position:0% +it's part of the community and getting + + + align:start position:0% +it's part of the community and getting +rid of ego is like finding a way to do + + align:start position:0% +rid of ego is like finding a way to do + + + align:start position:0% +rid of ego is like finding a way to do +that in a system that's how but I'm + + align:start position:0% +that in a system that's how but I'm + + + align:start position:0% +that in a system that's how but I'm +interested in like what policy people + + align:start position:0% +interested in like what policy people + + + align:start position:0% +interested in like what policy people +think + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +those are possible at a cost + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but have there been policies in the past + + align:start position:0% +but have there been policies in the past + + + align:start position:0% +but have there been policies in the past +and you apparently + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well Martine I you're laying on a whole + + align:start position:0% +well Martine I you're laying on a whole + + + align:start position:0% +well Martine I you're laying on a whole +new set of initiative drivers here and + + align:start position:0% +new set of initiative drivers here and + + + align:start position:0% +new set of initiative drivers here and +it's an interesting list and in fact we + + align:start position:0% +it's an interesting list and in fact we + + + align:start position:0% +it's an interesting list and in fact we +do see in the spudding Guerra which + + align:start position:0% +do see in the spudding Guerra which + + + align:start position:0% +do see in the spudding Guerra which +we'll talk about in a little bit we do + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about in a little bit we do + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about in a little bit we do +see a tremendous focus on education for + + align:start position:0% +see a tremendous focus on education for + + + align:start position:0% +see a tremendous focus on education for +example and training and you know the + + align:start position:0% +example and training and you know the + + + align:start position:0% +example and training and you know the +importance of being a scientist those + + align:start position:0% +importance of being a scientist those + + + align:start position:0% +importance of being a scientist those +all come to the forefront and for a + + align:start position:0% +all come to the forefront and for a + + + align:start position:0% +all come to the forefront and for a +reasonable period of time because + + align:start position:0% +reasonable period of time because + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable period of time because +advertise as much perhaps that's why + + align:start position:0% +advertise as much perhaps that's why + + + align:start position:0% +advertise as much perhaps that's why +maybe we sent some investing our laurels + + align:start position:0% +maybe we sent some investing our laurels + + + align:start position:0% +maybe we sent some investing our laurels +from the 70s or whatever and and maybe + + align:start position:0% +from the 70s or whatever and and maybe + + + align:start position:0% +from the 70s or whatever and and maybe +that's why we're starting to were + + align:start position:0% +that's why we're starting to were + + + align:start position:0% +that's why we're starting to were +progressing less quickly than other + + align:start position:0% +progressing less quickly than other + + + align:start position:0% +progressing less quickly than other +places + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Franky's essentially shows where each of + + align:start position:0% +Franky's essentially shows where each of + + + align:start position:0% +Franky's essentially shows where each of +these fit on the models and I like this + + align:start position:0% +these fit on the models and I like this + + + align:start position:0% +these fit on the models and I like this +trendline sort of was in between + + align:start position:0% +trendline sort of was in between + + + align:start position:0% +trendline sort of was in between +intentional spin-offs and explicit + + align:start position:0% +intentional spin-offs and explicit + + + align:start position:0% +intentional spin-offs and explicit +dual-use and I appreciate that in + + align:start position:0% +dual-use and I appreciate that in + + + align:start position:0% +dual-use and I appreciate that in +purchase there because I think it really + + align:start position:0% +purchase there because I think it really + + + align:start position:0% +purchase there because I think it really +highlights and even within the context + + align:start position:0% +highlights and even within the context + + + align:start position:0% +highlights and even within the context +of him choosing those as teen studies + + align:start position:0% +of him choosing those as teen studies + + + align:start position:0% +of him choosing those as teen studies +the point that he had made towards the + + align:start position:0% +the point that he had made towards the + + + align:start position:0% +the point that he had made towards the +beginning on structural attributes of + + align:start position:0% +beginning on structural attributes of + + + align:start position:0% +beginning on structural attributes of +the United States and he argues + + align:start position:0% +the United States and he argues + + + align:start position:0% +the United States and he argues +something along the lines of structural + + align:start position:0% +something along the lines of structural + + + align:start position:0% +something along the lines of structural +attributes determine industrial policy + + align:start position:0% +attributes determine industrial policy + + + align:start position:0% +attributes determine industrial policy +making capabilities and the US has + + align:start position:0% +making capabilities and the US has + + + align:start position:0% +making capabilities and the US has +deficiencies an industrial policy making + + align:start position:0% +deficiencies an industrial policy making + + + align:start position:0% +deficiencies an industrial policy making +because we don't care but rather because + + align:start position:0% +because we don't care but rather because + + + align:start position:0% +because we don't care but rather because +we don't put an emphasis on creating + + align:start position:0% +we don't put an emphasis on creating + + + align:start position:0% +we don't put an emphasis on creating +that policy explicitly and I guess a + + align:start position:0% +that policy explicitly and I guess a + + + align:start position:0% +that policy explicitly and I guess a +question how much of that is I guess a + + align:start position:0% +question how much of that is I guess a + + + align:start position:0% +question how much of that is I guess a +cultural barrier almost that we have a + + align:start position:0% +cultural barrier almost that we have a + + + align:start position:0% +cultural barrier almost that we have a +protection barrier more so than a + + align:start position:0% +protection barrier more so than a + + + align:start position:0% +protection barrier more so than a +policymaking barrier because if + + align:start position:0% +policymaking barrier because if + + + align:start position:0% +policymaking barrier because if +policymakers don't conceive of + + align:start position:0% +policymakers don't conceive of + + + align:start position:0% +policymakers don't conceive of +themselves as change agents moving was + + align:start position:0% +themselves as change agents moving was + + + align:start position:0% +themselves as change agents moving was +that was there reading in this classroom + + align:start position:0% +that was there reading in this classroom + + + align:start position:0% +that was there reading in this classroom +this week that context it was eight + + align:start position:0% +this week that context it was eight + + + align:start position:0% +this week that context it was eight +years ago + + align:start position:0% +years ago + + + align:start position:0% +years ago +the fifth reading yeah they talked about + + align:start position:0% +the fifth reading yeah they talked about + + + align:start position:0% +the fifth reading yeah they talked about +change agents and policy makers to + + align:start position:0% +change agents and policy makers to + + + align:start position:0% +change agents and policy makers to +themselves as change agents within the + + align:start position:0% +themselves as change agents within the + + + align:start position:0% +themselves as change agents within the +economic context and they feel like that + + align:start position:0% +economic context and they feel like that + + + align:start position:0% +economic context and they feel like that +should be left up to private markets + + align:start position:0% +should be left up to private markets + + + align:start position:0% +should be left up to private markets +then they might not feel like it was + + align:start position:0% +then they might not feel like it was + + + align:start position:0% +then they might not feel like it was +their position working even something in + + align:start position:0% +their position working even something in + + + align:start position:0% +their position working even something in +their area of expertise to promote + + align:start position:0% +their area of expertise to promote + + + align:start position:0% +their area of expertise to promote +industrial policy making as it seemed to + + align:start position:0% +industrial policy making as it seemed to + + + align:start position:0% +industrial policy making as it seemed to +economic growth but if I get someone + + align:start position:0% +economic growth but if I get someone + + + align:start position:0% +economic growth but if I get someone +were to articulate or maybe build on + + align:start position:0% +were to articulate or maybe build on + + + align:start position:0% +were to articulate or maybe build on +this you know maybe that was your + + align:start position:0% +this you know maybe that was your + + + align:start position:0% +this you know maybe that was your +position in the Senate right there's + + align:start position:0% +position in the Senate right there's + + + align:start position:0% +position in the Senate right there's +someone who is clearly articulating the + + align:start position:0% +someone who is clearly articulating the + + + align:start position:0% +someone who is clearly articulating the +link between industrial policy making + + align:start position:0% +link between industrial policy making + + + align:start position:0% +link between industrial policy making +economic growth so I think that's where + + align:start position:0% +economic growth so I think that's where + + + align:start position:0% +economic growth so I think that's where +that ring that he draws is really + + align:start position:0% +that ring that he draws is really + + + align:start position:0% +that ring that he draws is really +important in establishing that trend + + align:start position:0% +important in establishing that trend + + + align:start position:0% +important in establishing that trend +link between intentional spin-off + + align:start position:0% +link between intentional spin-off + + + align:start position:0% +link between intentional spin-off +momineen specifically use model because + + align:start position:0% +momineen specifically use model because + + + align:start position:0% +momineen specifically use model because +then it's perhaps precisely + + align:start position:0% +then it's perhaps precisely + + + align:start position:0% +then it's perhaps precisely +trending towards exclusive dual use that + + align:start position:0% +trending towards exclusive dual use that + + + align:start position:0% +trending towards exclusive dual use that +you can convince policymakers to invest + + align:start position:0% +you can convince policymakers to invest + + + align:start position:0% +you can convince policymakers to invest +in R&D and know where you know not in + + align:start position:0% +in R&D and know where you know not in + + + align:start position:0% +in R&D and know where you know not in +basic research and not explicitly at the + + align:start position:0% +basic research and not explicitly at the + + + align:start position:0% +basic research and not explicitly at the +hands + + align:start position:0% +hands + + + align:start position:0% +hands +market first you want to react I'll say + + align:start position:0% +market first you want to react I'll say + + + align:start position:0% +market first you want to react I'll say +just couple words then rashidun endless + + align:start position:0% +just couple words then rashidun endless + + + align:start position:0% +just couple words then rashidun endless +you know Industrial Policy is a negative + + align:start position:0% +you know Industrial Policy is a negative + + + align:start position:0% +you know Industrial Policy is a negative +term in the United States and what it's + + align:start position:0% +term in the United States and what it's + + + align:start position:0% +term in the United States and what it's +come to suggest is that the government + + align:start position:0% +come to suggest is that the government + + + align:start position:0% +come to suggest is that the government +is playing a role intervening in the + + align:start position:0% +is playing a role intervening in the + + + align:start position:0% +is playing a role intervening in the +marketplace to pick as the phrase goes + + align:start position:0% +marketplace to pick as the phrase goes + + + align:start position:0% +marketplace to pick as the phrase goes +winners and losers in other words who's + + align:start position:0% +winners and losers in other words who's + + + align:start position:0% +winners and losers in other words who's +gonna be the successful firms and who's + + align:start position:0% +gonna be the successful firms and who's + + + align:start position:0% +gonna be the successful firms and who's +not right and what Glenn is arguing is + + align:start position:0% +not right and what Glenn is arguing is + + + align:start position:0% +not right and what Glenn is arguing is +like it or not as the military moves + + align:start position:0% +like it or not as the military moves + + + align:start position:0% +like it or not as the military moves +into these very applied areas in the IT + + align:start position:0% +into these very applied areas in the IT + + + align:start position:0% +into these very applied areas in the IT +revolution it is playing an industrial + + align:start position:0% +revolution it is playing an industrial + + + align:start position:0% +revolution it is playing an industrial +policy industrial organizational kind of + + align:start position:0% +policy industrial organizational kind of + + + align:start position:0% +policy industrial organizational kind of +role like it or not and even though we + + align:start position:0% +role like it or not and even though we + + + align:start position:0% +role like it or not and even though we +deny we have Industrial Policy in the + + align:start position:0% +deny we have Industrial Policy in the + + + align:start position:0% +deny we have Industrial Policy in the +United States Glenn is arguing look as a + + align:start position:0% +United States Glenn is arguing look as a + + + align:start position:0% +United States Glenn is arguing look as a +practical matter the Defense Department + + align:start position:0% +practical matter the Defense Department + + + align:start position:0% +practical matter the Defense Department +is definitely mu has tendencies in this + + align:start position:0% +is definitely mu has tendencies in this + + + align:start position:0% +is definitely mu has tendencies in this +direction so it this is a debate about + + align:start position:0% +direction so it this is a debate about + + + align:start position:0% +direction so it this is a debate about +pros and cons of industrial policy I + + align:start position:0% +pros and cons of industrial policy I + + + align:start position:0% +pros and cons of industrial policy I +think Glenn is arguing you want to see + + align:start position:0% +think Glenn is arguing you want to see + + + align:start position:0% +think Glenn is arguing you want to see +these technologies stood up you're going + + align:start position:0% +these technologies stood up you're going + + + align:start position:0% +these technologies stood up you're going +to have to think about how you're + + align:start position:0% +to have to think about how you're + + + align:start position:0% +to have to think about how you're +actually organizing to your right we + + align:start position:0% +actually organizing to your right we + + + align:start position:0% +actually organizing to your right we +invent a lot of phrases to not use that + + align:start position:0% +invent a lot of phrases to not use that + + + align:start position:0% +invent a lot of phrases to not use that +term you know for example in the + + align:start position:0% +term you know for example in the + + + align:start position:0% +term you know for example in the +civilian research side when the advanced + + align:start position:0% +civilian research side when the advanced + + + align:start position:0% +civilian research side when the advanced +technology program is being put together + + align:start position:0% +technology program is being put together + + + align:start position:0% +technology program is being put together +that funds industry Applied Research + + align:start position:0% +that funds industry Applied Research + + + align:start position:0% +that funds industry Applied Research +Projects the argument is this is not + + align:start position:0% +Projects the argument is this is not + + + align:start position:0% +Projects the argument is this is not +industrial policy we are funding pre + + align:start position:0% +industrial policy we are funding pre + + + align:start position:0% +industrial policy we are funding pre +competitive research which is going to + + align:start position:0% +competitive research which is going to + + + align:start position:0% +competitive research which is going to +land and be of accessible to a number of + + align:start position:0% +land and be of accessible to a number of + + + align:start position:0% +land and be of accessible to a number of +firms right so we're not particularly + + align:start position:0% +firms right so we're not particularly + + + align:start position:0% +firms right so we're not particularly +picking one firm as opposed to another + + align:start position:0% +picking one firm as opposed to another + + + align:start position:0% +picking one firm as opposed to another +we're funding pre competitive research + + align:start position:0% +we're funding pre competitive research + + + align:start position:0% +we're funding pre competitive research +that will benefit + + align:start position:0% +that will benefit + + + align:start position:0% +that will benefit +and that's not a bad theory I mean + + align:start position:0% +and that's not a bad theory I mean + + + align:start position:0% +and that's not a bad theory I mean +that's a that's there are issues as + + align:start position:0% +that's a that's there are issues as + + + align:start position:0% +that's a that's there are issues as +Charles Schulz taught us about + + align:start position:0% +Charles Schulz taught us about + + + align:start position:0% +Charles Schulz taught us about +governmental intervention and industrial + + align:start position:0% +governmental intervention and industrial + + + align:start position:0% +governmental intervention and industrial +policy this is not a simple landscape + + align:start position:0% +policy this is not a simple landscape + + + align:start position:0% +policy this is not a simple landscape +there's it's rife with problems we'll + + align:start position:0% +there's it's rife with problems we'll + + + align:start position:0% +there's it's rife with problems we'll +get 2 into Q tell as soon as we take a + + align:start position:0% +get 2 into Q tell as soon as we take a + + + align:start position:0% +get 2 into Q tell as soon as we take a +break but that's the ultimate + + align:start position:0% +break but that's the ultimate + + + align:start position:0% +break but that's the ultimate +interventionist you know governmental + + align:start position:0% +interventionist you know governmental + + + align:start position:0% +interventionist you know governmental +mechanism but rashid i go ahead you've + + align:start position:0% +mechanism but rashid i go ahead you've + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism but rashid i go ahead you've +got a point there are two things for a + + align:start position:0% +got a point there are two things for a + + + align:start position:0% +got a point there are two things for a +separate i think one very quickly is + + align:start position:0% +separate i think one very quickly is + + + align:start position:0% +separate i think one very quickly is +DARPA + + align:start position:0% +DARPA + + + align:start position:0% +DARPA +I think it was in one of the readings + + align:start position:0% +I think it was in one of the readings + + + align:start position:0% +I think it was in one of the readings +they do actually at each stage of their + + align:start position:0% +they do actually at each stage of their + + + align:start position:0% +they do actually at each stage of their +kind of project development they sort of + + align:start position:0% +kind of project development they sort of + + + align:start position:0% +kind of project development they sort of +kind of have you hash out just like a + + align:start position:0% +kind of have you hash out just like a + + + align:start position:0% +kind of have you hash out just like a +white paper identifying like what would + + align:start position:0% +white paper identifying like what would + + + align:start position:0% +white paper identifying like what would +be the potential commercial impacts of + + align:start position:0% +be the potential commercial impacts of + + + align:start position:0% +be the potential commercial impacts of +this research if it were to go to market + + align:start position:0% +this research if it were to go to market + + + align:start position:0% +this research if it were to go to market +so they have sort of stage places + + align:start position:0% +so they have sort of stage places + + + align:start position:0% +so they have sort of stage places +whether thinking about how are we going + + align:start position:0% +whether thinking about how are we going + + + align:start position:0% +whether thinking about how are we going +to transition in toward light to this + + align:start position:0% +to transition in toward light to this + + + align:start position:0% +to transition in toward light to this +like by-product intentional spin-off and + + align:start position:0% +like by-product intentional spin-off and + + + align:start position:0% +like by-product intentional spin-off and +explicit dual use because they realize + + align:start position:0% +explicit dual use because they realize + + + align:start position:0% +explicit dual use because they realize +like yeah we're doing research that's + + align:start position:0% +like yeah we're doing research that's + + + align:start position:0% +like yeah we're doing research that's +great for a possible like obviously this + + align:start position:0% +great for a possible like obviously this + + + align:start position:0% +great for a possible like obviously this +is gonna have benefits elsewhere but I + + align:start position:0% +is gonna have benefits elsewhere but I + + + align:start position:0% +is gonna have benefits elsewhere but I +think what's important in start but + + align:start position:0% +think what's important in start but + + + align:start position:0% +think what's important in start but +actually has stages where they identify + + align:start position:0% +actually has stages where they identify + + + align:start position:0% +actually has stages where they identify +and they make you sort of write it out + + align:start position:0% +and they make you sort of write it out + + + align:start position:0% +and they make you sort of write it out +and it's not you know punitive or + + align:start position:0% +and it's not you know punitive or + + + align:start position:0% +and it's not you know punitive or +binding but they say that they're + + align:start position:0% +binding but they say that they're + + + align:start position:0% +binding but they say that they're +thinking about how are we gonna actually + + align:start position:0% +thinking about how are we gonna actually + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about how are we gonna actually +transition this defense research into + + align:start position:0% +transition this defense research into + + + align:start position:0% +transition this defense research into +commercial applications and that's + + align:start position:0% +commercial applications and that's + + + align:start position:0% +commercial applications and that's +really important and what because + + align:start position:0% +really important and what because + + + align:start position:0% +really important and what because +they're like kind of speeding through a + + align:start position:0% +they're like kind of speeding through a + + + align:start position:0% +they're like kind of speeding through a +lot of steps here in this sort of R&D + + align:start position:0% +lot of steps here in this sort of R&D + + + align:start position:0% +lot of steps here in this sort of R&D +space by like putting so much money in + + align:start position:0% +space by like putting so much money in + + + align:start position:0% +space by like putting so much money in +doing these high-risk sort of high-risk + + align:start position:0% +doing these high-risk sort of high-risk + + + align:start position:0% +doing these high-risk sort of high-risk +high-reward opportunities but they're + + align:start position:0% +high-reward opportunities but they're + + + align:start position:0% +high-reward opportunities but they're +thinking actively about how they're + + align:start position:0% +thinking actively about how they're + + + align:start position:0% +thinking actively about how they're +gonna benefit the consumer and + + align:start position:0% +gonna benefit the consumer and + + + align:start position:0% +gonna benefit the consumer and +commercial efforts and then too I think + + align:start position:0% +commercial efforts and then too I think + + + align:start position:0% +commercial efforts and then too I think +policymakers as change agents was pretty + + align:start position:0% +policymakers as change agents was pretty + + + align:start position:0% +policymakers as change agents was pretty +key and Martine and Steph kind of hit on + + align:start position:0% +key and Martine and Steph kind of hit on + + + align:start position:0% +key and Martine and Steph kind of hit on +it a little bit but it's just I think + + align:start position:0% +it a little bit but it's just I think + + + align:start position:0% +it a little bit but it's just I think +it's just a different way of thinking + + align:start position:0% +it's just a different way of thinking + + + align:start position:0% +it's just a different way of thinking +maybe it's just calling it like it is + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's just calling it like it is + + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's just calling it like it is +maybe it's just saying Industrial Policy + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's just saying Industrial Policy + + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's just saying Industrial Policy +they're kind of adopting these methods + + align:start position:0% +they're kind of adopting these methods + + + align:start position:0% +they're kind of adopting these methods +without kind of so adopting the best of + + align:start position:0% +without kind of so adopting the best of + + + align:start position:0% +without kind of so adopting the best of +what we like about a neutral policy + + align:start position:0% +what we like about a neutral policy + + + align:start position:0% +what we like about a neutral policy +which is like this by-product model and + + align:start position:0% +which is like this by-product model and + + + align:start position:0% +which is like this by-product model and +all these things without really getting + + align:start position:0% +all these things without really getting + + + align:start position:0% +all these things without really getting +into picking winners and losers sort of + + align:start position:0% +into picking winners and losers sort of + + + align:start position:0% +into picking winners and losers sort of +the sink you tell kind of mechanism here + + align:start position:0% +the sink you tell kind of mechanism here + + + align:start position:0% +the sink you tell kind of mechanism here +I think it might be a little bit easier + + align:start position:0% +I think it might be a little bit easier + + + align:start position:0% +I think it might be a little bit easier +to decide what we like about Industrial + + align:start position:0% +to decide what we like about Industrial + + + align:start position:0% +to decide what we like about Industrial +Policy if we just call the Industrial + + align:start position:0% +Policy if we just call the Industrial + + + align:start position:0% +Policy if we just call the Industrial +Policy instead of just avoiding market + + align:start position:0% +Policy instead of just avoiding market + + + align:start position:0% +Policy instead of just avoiding market +intervention as a term entirely like + + align:start position:0% +intervention as a term entirely like + + + align:start position:0% +intervention as a term entirely like +you just decided yes it's a marketer + + align:start position:0% +you just decided yes it's a marketer + + + align:start position:0% +you just decided yes it's a marketer +dimension and yes we're doing Industrial + + align:start position:0% +dimension and yes we're doing Industrial + + + align:start position:0% +dimension and yes we're doing Industrial +Policy but we want to do this kind of + + align:start position:0% +Policy but we want to do this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +Policy but we want to do this kind of +market intervention and this kind of + + align:start position:0% +market intervention and this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +market intervention and this kind of +industrial policy instead of kind of + + align:start position:0% +industrial policy instead of kind of + + + align:start position:0% +industrial policy instead of kind of +masking it with ambiguous terms things + + align:start position:0% +masking it with ambiguous terms things + + + align:start position:0% +masking it with ambiguous terms things +might get a little easier and then third + + align:start position:0% +might get a little easier and then third + + + align:start position:0% +might get a little easier and then third +I think the call for things is a nice + + align:start position:0% +I think the call for things is a nice + + + align:start position:0% +I think the call for things is a nice +way to get around this so I think + + align:start position:0% +way to get around this so I think + + + align:start position:0% +way to get around this so I think +there's a lot of examples about the + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of examples about the + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of examples about the +government putting out calls and shaves + + align:start position:0% +government putting out calls and shaves + + + align:start position:0% +government putting out calls and shaves +in the new dark what kind of does this + + align:start position:0% +in the new dark what kind of does this + + + align:start position:0% +in the new dark what kind of does this +where they initiate calls they say we + + align:start position:0% +where they initiate calls they say we + + + align:start position:0% +where they initiate calls they say we +like we'd like to do research sort of in + + align:start position:0% +like we'd like to do research sort of in + + + align:start position:0% +like we'd like to do research sort of in +this particular area or they'd like to + + align:start position:0% +this particular area or they'd like to + + + align:start position:0% +this particular area or they'd like to +solve this particular problem and it's + + align:start position:0% +solve this particular problem and it's + + + align:start position:0% +solve this particular problem and it's +not a way to sort of incentivize and + + align:start position:0% +not a way to sort of incentivize and + + + align:start position:0% +not a way to sort of incentivize and +it's not a way to sort of pick these + + align:start position:0% +it's not a way to sort of pick these + + + align:start position:0% +it's not a way to sort of pick these +winners and losers and decide who does + + align:start position:0% +winners and losers and decide who does + + + align:start position:0% +winners and losers and decide who does +it but like he who comes up I'm the + + align:start position:0% +it but like he who comes up I'm the + + + align:start position:0% +it but like he who comes up I'm the +person who comes up with sort of the + + align:start position:0% +person who comes up with sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +person who comes up with sort of the +best proposal and confer that they can + + align:start position:0% +best proposal and confer that they can + + + align:start position:0% +best proposal and confer that they can +you know meet these stage deadlines we + + align:start position:0% +you know meet these stage deadlines we + + + align:start position:0% +you know meet these stage deadlines we +win in the end and it's like a pretty + + align:start position:0% +win in the end and it's like a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +win in the end and it's like a pretty +tried-and-true method you see and things + + align:start position:0% +tried-and-true method you see and things + + + align:start position:0% +tried-and-true method you see and things +like that but it's just like are we + + align:start position:0% +like that but it's just like are we + + + align:start position:0% +like that but it's just like are we +giving room for policy makers to sort of + + align:start position:0% +giving room for policy makers to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +giving room for policy makers to sort of +make the same judgments and kind of put + + align:start position:0% +make the same judgments and kind of put + + + align:start position:0% +make the same judgments and kind of put +up these calls for advancements in you + + align:start position:0% +up these calls for advancements in you + + + align:start position:0% +up these calls for advancements in you +know R&D funding and all these other + + align:start position:0% +know R&D funding and all these other + + + align:start position:0% +know R&D funding and all these other +things would fight these stage metrics + + align:start position:0% +things would fight these stage metrics + + + align:start position:0% +things would fight these stage metrics +so Chris do you want to give us some + + align:start position:0% +so Chris do you want to give us some + + + align:start position:0% +so Chris do you want to give us some +closing thoughts on Glenn phones work is + + align:start position:0% +closing thoughts on Glenn phones work is + + + align:start position:0% +closing thoughts on Glenn phones work is +the general theme that we've been + + align:start position:0% +the general theme that we've been + + + align:start position:0% +the general theme that we've been +talking about is that industrial policy + + align:start position:0% +talking about is that industrial policy + + + align:start position:0% +talking about is that industrial policy +in the u.s. is kind of obscured or + + align:start position:0% +in the u.s. is kind of obscured or + + + align:start position:0% +in the u.s. is kind of obscured or +hidden behind you know these programs by + + align:start position:0% +hidden behind you know these programs by + + + align:start position:0% +hidden behind you know these programs by +the DoD and kind of they're only + + align:start position:0% +the DoD and kind of they're only + + + align:start position:0% +the DoD and kind of they're only +manifested when innovations are really + + align:start position:0% +manifested when innovations are really + + + align:start position:0% +manifested when innovations are really +pushed towards that explicit competitive + + align:start position:0% +pushed towards that explicit competitive + + + align:start position:0% +pushed towards that explicit competitive +competitiveness and she claims that + + align:start position:0% +competitiveness and she claims that + + + align:start position:0% +competitiveness and she claims that +increasing us capacity to undertake + + align:start position:0% +increasing us capacity to undertake + + + align:start position:0% +increasing us capacity to undertake +these programs is directly relevant to + + align:start position:0% +these programs is directly relevant to + + + align:start position:0% +these programs is directly relevant to +economic competitiveness and which is + + align:start position:0% +economic competitiveness and which is + + + align:start position:0% +economic competitiveness and which is +interesting because this is kind of in + + align:start position:0% +interesting because this is kind of in + + + align:start position:0% +interesting because this is kind of in +direct contrast to what we've been + + align:start position:0% +direct contrast to what we've been + + + align:start position:0% +direct contrast to what we've been +talking about in some of the past + + align:start position:0% +talking about in some of the past + + + align:start position:0% +talking about in some of the past +lectures that there's it's like this + + align:start position:0% +lectures that there's it's like this + + + align:start position:0% +lectures that there's it's like this +post-war paradigm that they're focusing + + align:start position:0% +post-war paradigm that they're focusing + + + align:start position:0% +post-war paradigm that they're focusing +government R&D to you know + + align:start position:0% +government R&D to you know + + + align:start position:0% +government R&D to you know +research or I believe he calls it like + + align:start position:0% +research or I believe he calls it like + + + align:start position:0% +research or I believe he calls it like +mission of the agency so I think this is + + align:start position:0% +mission of the agency so I think this is + + + align:start position:0% +mission of the agency so I think this is +a pretty interesting reading and also I + + align:start position:0% +a pretty interesting reading and also I + + + align:start position:0% +a pretty interesting reading and also I +guess a side point was that one thing + + align:start position:0% +guess a side point was that one thing + + + align:start position:0% +guess a side point was that one thing +that came up for me was this kind of + + align:start position:0% +that came up for me was this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +that came up for me was this kind of +conflict between a focus on economic + + align:start position:0% +conflict between a focus on economic + + + align:start position:0% +conflict between a focus on economic +competitiveness and kind of more I guess + + align:start position:0% +competitiveness and kind of more I guess + + + align:start position:0% +competitiveness and kind of more I guess +social impacts and ramifications that + + align:start position:0% +social impacts and ramifications that + + + align:start position:0% +social impacts and ramifications that +could result like he mentions a couple + + align:start position:0% +could result like he mentions a couple + + + align:start position:0% +could result like he mentions a couple +times that like like welfare policies + + align:start position:0% +times that like like welfare policies + + + align:start position:0% +times that like like welfare policies +and stuff like aren't considered like + + align:start position:0% +and stuff like aren't considered like + + + align:start position:0% +and stuff like aren't considered like +economic competitiveness and like those + + align:start position:0% +economic competitiveness and like those + + + align:start position:0% +economic competitiveness and like those +using those as metrics like isn't + + align:start position:0% +using those as metrics like isn't + + + align:start position:0% +using those as metrics like isn't +exactly a good way to look at like + + align:start position:0% +exactly a good way to look at like + + + align:start position:0% +exactly a good way to look at like +competitiveness and I think thought that + + align:start position:0% +competitiveness and I think thought that + + + align:start position:0% +competitiveness and I think thought that +was a really interesting way to kind of + + align:start position:0% +was a really interesting way to kind of + + + align:start position:0% +was a really interesting way to kind of +segregate I guess the impact of these + + align:start position:0% +segregate I guess the impact of these + + + align:start position:0% +segregate I guess the impact of these +kind of programs and obviously there are + + align:start position:0% +kind of programs and obviously there are + + + align:start position:0% +kind of programs and obviously there are +two very different things and DoD + + align:start position:0% +two very different things and DoD + + + align:start position:0% +two very different things and DoD +probably has to you know stay out of it + + align:start position:0% +probably has to you know stay out of it + + + align:start position:0% +probably has to you know stay out of it +and just like we've been mentioning + + align:start position:0% +and just like we've been mentioning + + + align:start position:0% +and just like we've been mentioning +can't really pick winners and losers but + + align:start position:0% +can't really pick winners and losers but + + + align:start position:0% +can't really pick winners and losers but +yeah I thought that was another + + align:start position:0% +yeah I thought that was another + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I thought that was another +interesting kind of subtext + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/btZ-VFW4wpY.txt b/btZ-VFW4wpY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4a801ed91920f7e8762989399db4c53cae4b7f9e --- /dev/null +++ b/btZ-VFW4wpY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,987 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +i want to tell you a thing though + + align:start position:0% +i want to tell you a thing though + + + align:start position:0% +i want to tell you a thing though +because here's the thing + + align:start position:0% +because here's the thing + + + align:start position:0% +because here's the thing +when you know goodie bags are it's a + + align:start position:0% +when you know goodie bags are it's a + + + align:start position:0% +when you know goodie bags are it's a +little bit of what's going on here it's + + align:start position:0% +little bit of what's going on here it's + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of what's going on here it's +a lecture class why are we getting + + align:start position:0% +a lecture class why are we getting + + + align:start position:0% +a lecture class why are we getting +goodie bags + + align:start position:0% +goodie bags + + + align:start position:0% +goodie bags +right um and it's because + + align:start position:0% +right um and it's because + + + align:start position:0% +right um and it's because +i believe in the soul of mit + + align:start position:0% +i believe in the soul of mit + + + align:start position:0% +i believe in the soul of mit +i believe in the soul of mit and that is + + align:start position:0% +i believe in the soul of mit and that is + + + align:start position:0% +i believe in the soul of mit and that is +that we learn best by thinking and doing + + align:start position:0% +that we learn best by thinking and doing + + + align:start position:0% +that we learn best by thinking and doing +by thinking and doing and even though + + align:start position:0% +by thinking and doing and even though + + + align:start position:0% +by thinking and doing and even though +this is a lecture class i still want you + + align:start position:0% +this is a lecture class i still want you + + + align:start position:0% +this is a lecture class i still want you +to do + + align:start position:0% +to do + + + align:start position:0% +to do +i want you to have stuff in your hands + + align:start position:0% +i want you to have stuff in your hands + + + align:start position:0% +i want you to have stuff in your hands +so that you can play with the chemistry + + align:start position:0% +so that you can play with the chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +so that you can play with the chemistry +that we're learning about + + align:start position:0% +that we're learning about + + + align:start position:0% +that we're learning about +um now this goes back + + align:start position:0% +um now this goes back + + + align:start position:0% +um now this goes back +i said the soul of mit what do i mean + + align:start position:0% +i said the soul of mit what do i mean + + + align:start position:0% +i said the soul of mit what do i mean +this goes back + + align:start position:0% +this goes back + + + align:start position:0% +this goes back +all the way back to before mit was born + + align:start position:0% +all the way back to before mit was born + + + align:start position:0% +all the way back to before mit was born +1850s you got a group of really smart + + align:start position:0% +1850s you got a group of really smart + + + align:start position:0% +1850s you got a group of really smart +people + + align:start position:0% +people + + + align:start position:0% +people +they're getting together and they're + + align:start position:0% +they're getting together and they're + + + align:start position:0% +they're getting together and they're +meeting and they're saying okay we're + + align:start position:0% +meeting and they're saying okay we're + + + align:start position:0% +meeting and they're saying okay we're +going to start up a new university + + align:start position:0% +going to start up a new university + + + align:start position:0% +going to start up a new university +what should we do and they wrote out a + + align:start position:0% +what should we do and they wrote out a + + + align:start position:0% +what should we do and they wrote out a +plan + + align:start position:0% +plan + + + align:start position:0% +plan +they wrote out a plan and it's called + + align:start position:0% +they wrote out a plan and it's called + + + align:start position:0% +they wrote out a plan and it's called +the institute plan that makes sense + + align:start position:0% +the institute plan that makes sense + + + align:start position:0% +the institute plan that makes sense +1860. + + align:start position:0% +1860. + + + align:start position:0% +1860. +it's a great read and but i want to pull + + align:start position:0% +it's a great read and but i want to pull + + + align:start position:0% +it's a great read and but i want to pull +out one part that's really important + + align:start position:0% +out one part that's really important + + + align:start position:0% +out one part that's really important +that what they wanted to do with this + + align:start position:0% +that what they wanted to do with this + + + align:start position:0% +that what they wanted to do with this +great new institution + + align:start position:0% +great new institution + + + align:start position:0% +great new institution +was was to to do something + + align:start position:0% +was was to to do something + + + align:start position:0% +was was to to do something +that would serve the interests of the + + align:start position:0% +that would serve the interests of the + + + align:start position:0% +that would serve the interests of the +commerce and the arts + + align:start position:0% +commerce and the arts + + + align:start position:0% +commerce and the arts +as well as of general education call for + + align:start position:0% +as well as of general education call for + + + align:start position:0% +as well as of general education call for +the most earnest cooperation of + + align:start position:0% +the most earnest cooperation of + + + align:start position:0% +the most earnest cooperation of +intelligent culture + + align:start position:0% +intelligent culture + + + align:start position:0% +intelligent culture +with industrial pursuits intelligent + + align:start position:0% +with industrial pursuits intelligent + + + align:start position:0% +with industrial pursuits intelligent +culture industrial pursuits + + align:start position:0% +culture industrial pursuits + + + align:start position:0% +culture industrial pursuits +that is men's emanus that + + align:start position:0% +that is men's emanus that + + + align:start position:0% +that is men's emanus that +is men's imanus right mind and hand + + align:start position:0% +is men's imanus right mind and hand + + + align:start position:0% +is men's imanus right mind and hand +it's so important to mit that we put it + + align:start position:0% +it's so important to mit that we put it + + + align:start position:0% +it's so important to mit that we put it +on our logo we put it on our logo that's + + align:start position:0% +on our logo we put it on our logo that's + + + align:start position:0% +on our logo we put it on our logo that's +how important it is + + align:start position:0% +how important it is + + + align:start position:0% +how important it is +we don't put some animal on our logo + + align:start position:0% +we don't put some animal on our logo + + + align:start position:0% +we don't put some animal on our logo +we put what matters men's + + align:start position:0% +we put what matters men's + + + align:start position:0% +we put what matters men's +and manos we don't put the word + + align:start position:0% +and manos we don't put the word + + + align:start position:0% +and manos we don't put the word +truth + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +veritas veritas i mean i'm not going to + + align:start position:0% +veritas veritas i mean i'm not going to + + + align:start position:0% +veritas veritas i mean i'm not going to +name names + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +harvard but i mean + + align:start position:0% +harvard but i mean + + + align:start position:0% +harvard but i mean +isn't that setting the bar kind of low + + align:start position:0% +isn't that setting the bar kind of low + + + align:start position:0% +isn't that setting the bar kind of low +like you know + + align:start position:0% +like you know + + + align:start position:0% +like you know +you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +were they lying before + + align:start position:0% +were they lying before + + + align:start position:0% +were they lying before +i don't know i'm not i look + + align:start position:0% +i don't know i'm not i look + + + align:start position:0% +i don't know i'm not i look +honestly i don't know i don't know but + + align:start position:0% +honestly i don't know i don't know but + + + align:start position:0% +honestly i don't know i don't know but +what i know is that what we know + + align:start position:0% +what i know is that what we know + + + align:start position:0% +what i know is that what we know +is that of course the goal is truth the + + align:start position:0% +is that of course the goal is truth the + + + align:start position:0% +is that of course the goal is truth the +difference is we know how to get it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +men's imanus is how to get it let me ask + + align:start position:0% +men's imanus is how to get it let me ask + + + align:start position:0% +men's imanus is how to get it let me ask +you a question + + align:start position:0% +you a question + + + align:start position:0% +you a question +why are you here not not + + align:start position:0% +why are you here not not + + + align:start position:0% +why are you here not not +not here in this classroom i know you're + + align:start position:0% +not here in this classroom i know you're + + + align:start position:0% +not here in this classroom i know you're +here in the classroom because you've + + align:start position:0% +here in the classroom because you've + + + align:start position:0% +here in the classroom because you've +signed up for it + + align:start position:0% +signed up for it + + + align:start position:0% +signed up for it +why are you at mit why are you here at + + align:start position:0% +why are you at mit why are you here at + + + align:start position:0% +why are you at mit why are you here at +mit + + align:start position:0% +mit + + + align:start position:0% +mit +right i can tell you you are here + + align:start position:0% +right i can tell you you are here + + + align:start position:0% +right i can tell you you are here +because you are some of the brightest + + align:start position:0% +because you are some of the brightest + + + align:start position:0% +because you are some of the brightest +most gifted most talented students on + + align:start position:0% +most gifted most talented students on + + + align:start position:0% +most gifted most talented students on +the planet + + align:start position:0% +the planet + + + align:start position:0% +the planet +right thank you whoever said that + + align:start position:0% +right thank you whoever said that + + + align:start position:0% +right thank you whoever said that +agreement + + align:start position:0% +agreement + + + align:start position:0% +agreement +that was like a like online the but + + align:start position:0% +that was like a like online the but + + + align:start position:0% +that was like a like online the but +you are here because you want to use + + align:start position:0% +you are here because you want to use + + + align:start position:0% +you are here because you want to use +those talents to make the world a better + + align:start position:0% +those talents to make the world a better + + + align:start position:0% +those talents to make the world a better +place right + + align:start position:0% +place right + + + align:start position:0% +place right +you are here because you know how to + + align:start position:0% +you are here because you know how to + + + align:start position:0% +you are here because you know how to +answer + + align:start position:0% +answer + + + align:start position:0% +answer +any question but you are also here + + align:start position:0% +any question but you are also here + + + align:start position:0% +any question but you are also here +because you are going to experience a + + align:start position:0% +because you are going to experience a + + + align:start position:0% +because you are going to experience a +transition + + align:start position:0% +transition + + + align:start position:0% +transition +you are going to experience a transition + + align:start position:0% +you are going to experience a transition + + + align:start position:0% +you are going to experience a transition +here you are going to make the + + align:start position:0% +here you are going to make the + + + align:start position:0% +here you are going to make the +transition + + align:start position:0% +transition + + + align:start position:0% +transition +from knowing how to answer any question + + align:start position:0% +from knowing how to answer any question + + + align:start position:0% +from knowing how to answer any question +to knowing which question to ask and + + align:start position:0% +to knowing which question to ask and + + + align:start position:0% +to knowing which question to ask and +that is the transition + + align:start position:0% +that is the transition + + + align:start position:0% +that is the transition +from student to scholar that is + + align:start position:0% +from student to scholar that is + + + align:start position:0% +from student to scholar that is +mit that's men's and manus right + + align:start position:0% +mit that's men's and manus right + + + align:start position:0% +mit that's men's and manus right +now uh it's not easy + + align:start position:0% +now uh it's not easy + + + align:start position:0% +now uh it's not easy +you don't come here nobody comes to mit + + align:start position:0% +you don't come here nobody comes to mit + + + align:start position:0% +you don't come here nobody comes to mit +to phone it in + + align:start position:0% +to phone it in + + + align:start position:0% +to phone it in +right if if universities were + + align:start position:0% +right if if universities were + + + align:start position:0% +right if if universities were +restaurants + + align:start position:0% +restaurants + + + align:start position:0% +restaurants +this wouldn't be that fancy one where + + align:start position:0% +this wouldn't be that fancy one where + + + align:start position:0% +this wouldn't be that fancy one where +you go in and you order + + align:start position:0% +you go in and you order + + + align:start position:0% +you go in and you order +and then somebody cooks and brings your + + align:start position:0% +and then somebody cooks and brings your + + + align:start position:0% +and then somebody cooks and brings your +food this would be the one where we all + + align:start position:0% +food this would be the one where we all + + + align:start position:0% +food this would be the one where we all +go back into the kitchen + + align:start position:0% +go back into the kitchen + + + align:start position:0% +go back into the kitchen +and together we make the best meal we've + + align:start position:0% +and together we make the best meal we've + + + align:start position:0% +and together we make the best meal we've +ever had + + align:start position:0% +ever had + + + align:start position:0% +ever had +that's the mit way that's the mit way + + align:start position:0% +that's the mit way that's the mit way + + + align:start position:0% +that's the mit way that's the mit way +and it's not about you don't you don't + + align:start position:0% +and it's not about you don't you don't + + + align:start position:0% +and it's not about you don't you don't +roam the halls here + + align:start position:0% +roam the halls here + + + align:start position:0% +roam the halls here +and you know bask in this reputation + + align:start position:0% +and you know bask in this reputation + + + align:start position:0% +and you know bask in this reputation +and think of it as some privilege to be + + align:start position:0% +and think of it as some privilege to be + + + align:start position:0% +and think of it as some privilege to be +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +because uh you are mit's reputation + + align:start position:0% +because uh you are mit's reputation + + + align:start position:0% +because uh you are mit's reputation +freshmen raise your hand yeah + + align:start position:0% +freshmen raise your hand yeah + + + align:start position:0% +freshmen raise your hand yeah +starting there's a few of you starting + + align:start position:0% +starting there's a few of you starting + + + align:start position:0% +starting there's a few of you starting +today + + align:start position:0% +today + + + align:start position:0% +today +you are mit's reputation starting today + + align:start position:0% +you are mit's reputation starting today + + + align:start position:0% +you are mit's reputation starting today +it's on you so we don't we don't walk + + align:start position:0% +it's on you so we don't we don't walk + + + align:start position:0% +it's on you so we don't we don't walk +around + + align:start position:0% +around + + + align:start position:0% +around +these great halls and feel privileged we + + align:start position:0% +these great halls and feel privileged we + + + align:start position:0% +these great halls and feel privileged we +feel responsibility + + align:start position:0% +feel responsibility + + + align:start position:0% +feel responsibility +that's what it means to be here okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right good \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/bzwf2tgC23E.txt b/bzwf2tgC23E.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c8f93d74fcdb64e28f21dc4f510fd2c855aa29a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/bzwf2tgC23E.txt @@ -0,0 +1,153 @@ +JOANNE STUBBE: When I went +to graduate school, which + +was in the late +1960s, I didn't even + +know what an enzyme was, +because back in those days + +I'd never had a biology course. + +They didn't do biochemistry +back in those days. + +And I think I heard a lecture +by Van Tamelen at Stanford. + +He was interested in +steroid structures, steroids + +that have four rings and it's +the basis for sex hormones + +and for cholesterol +biosynthesis. + +They're all sort of made through +a common biosynthetic pathway + +that we don't really talk about. + +These are these +five carbon units + +to form carbon-carbon bonds +that I mentioned earlier. + +Anyhow, what he +showed was you could + +take 30 carbon strung +together in a linear form. + +And then somehow +these 30 carbons + +folded up with one enzyme +to form these four rings, + +putting in eight asymmetric +centers in a single step at pH7 + +in 100% yield. + +Once I saw that, I said man +I don't want to be a chemist. + +If you could see how +nature designed this, + +and what is the basis for being +able to make these molecules, + +it was sort of mind +boggling to me. + +And I think enzymes +are like that. + +What they do is they've +evolved for billions of years + +to accelerate rates of reactions +by factors as much as 10 + +to the 20th. + +So that's really fast, +like a bat out of hell. + +And so nature has figured out +how to control all of this. + +But again, she has +a limited repertoire + +of reactions that she catalyzes, +but she's extremely good at it. + +And so understanding people +have studied enzymes forever + +because I'd like to understand +the basic principles + +of catalysis. + +And then if you +understood those, + +can the chemist then +take this understanding + +and translate it into +the bigger repertoire + +of the periodic table +you have to be able to do + +these transformations? + +So the mechanisms of +rate acceleration, + +which we talk about in some +detail in a lecture, what + +causes these catalysts +to work, and the way you + +describe how these +catalysts work. + +It doesn't matter +whether you're using + +a small inorganic molecule +or small organic molecules + +or a protein, the +basic principles + +and thinking about catalysis is +exactly the same, except nature + +has figured out how to do this +better than anything man can + +do. + +But again, she's +limited in terms. + +She's had a billions of years +to evolve these catalysts, + +but then she's limited in +the repertoire of reactions + +that she needs to catalyze. + +So how can you not +think enzymes are cool? \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/cDlbEQz1PQk.txt b/cDlbEQz1PQk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9eb8da74478cd53614dda1db77810aac649c3f3f --- /dev/null +++ b/cDlbEQz1PQk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13051 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu all right uh let's see we're + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu all right uh let's see we're + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu all right uh let's see we're +going to start today with a wrapup of uh + + align:start position:0% +going to start today with a wrapup of uh + + + align:start position:0% +going to start today with a wrapup of uh +our discussion of Univar time series + + align:start position:0% +our discussion of Univar time series + + + align:start position:0% +our discussion of Univar time series +analysis and last time we went through + + align:start position:0% +analysis and last time we went through + + + align:start position:0% +analysis and last time we went through +the uh wall representation theorem which + + align:start position:0% +the uh wall representation theorem which + + + align:start position:0% +the uh wall representation theorem which +applies to covariant stationary + + align:start position:0% +applies to covariant stationary + + + align:start position:0% +applies to covariant stationary +processes very powerful theorem and uh + + align:start position:0% +processes very powerful theorem and uh + + + align:start position:0% +processes very powerful theorem and uh +implementations of the covariant + + align:start position:0% +implementations of the covariant + + + align:start position:0% +implementations of the covariant +stationary processor with Arma models um + + align:start position:0% +stationary processor with Arma models um + + + align:start position:0% +stationary processor with Arma models um +and we discussed uh estimation of those + + align:start position:0% +and we discussed uh estimation of those + + + align:start position:0% +and we discussed uh estimation of those +models with uh uh uh maximum likelihood + + align:start position:0% +models with uh uh uh maximum likelihood + + + align:start position:0% +models with uh uh uh maximum likelihood +and here in this slide I just wanted to + + align:start position:0% +and here in this slide I just wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +and here in this slide I just wanted to +uh highlight how when we estimate models + + align:start position:0% +uh highlight how when we estimate models + + + align:start position:0% +uh highlight how when we estimate models +with maximum likelihood we need to have + + align:start position:0% +with maximum likelihood we need to have + + + align:start position:0% +with maximum likelihood we need to have +an assumption of a probability + + align:start position:0% +an assumption of a probability + + + align:start position:0% +an assumption of a probability +distribution for what's random and in + + align:start position:0% +distribution for what's random and in + + + align:start position:0% +distribution for what's random and in +the Arma structure uh we consider the + + align:start position:0% +the Arma structure uh we consider the + + + align:start position:0% +the Arma structure uh we consider the +simple case where the Innovations the ad + + align:start position:0% +simple case where the Innovations the ad + + + align:start position:0% +simple case where the Innovations the ad +are uh normally distributed white noise + + align:start position:0% +are uh normally distributed white noise + + + align:start position:0% +are uh normally distributed white noise +so they're independent and identically + + align:start position:0% +so they're independent and identically + + + align:start position:0% +so they're independent and identically +distributed normal random + + align:start position:0% +distributed normal random + + + align:start position:0% +distributed normal random +variables and the likelihood function + + align:start position:0% +variables and the likelihood function + + + align:start position:0% +variables and the likelihood function +can be + + align:start position:0% +can be + + + align:start position:0% +can be +maximized at the maximum likid + + align:start position:0% +maximized at the maximum likid + + + align:start position:0% +maximized at the maximum likid +parameters and uh there are + + align:start position:0% +parameters and uh there are + + + align:start position:0% +parameters and uh there are +uh it's simple to implement the limited + + align:start position:0% +uh it's simple to implement the limited + + + align:start position:0% +uh it's simple to implement the limited +information maximum likelihood where one + + align:start position:0% +information maximum likelihood where one + + + align:start position:0% +information maximum likelihood where one +conditions on the first few observations + + align:start position:0% +conditions on the first few observations + + + align:start position:0% +conditions on the first few observations +in the time series um if you look at the + + align:start position:0% +in the time series um if you look at the + + + align:start position:0% +in the time series um if you look at the +likelihood structure uh for Arma models + + align:start position:0% +likelihood structure uh for Arma models + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood structure uh for Arma models +the likelihoods of or the density of an + + align:start position:0% +the likelihoods of or the density of an + + + align:start position:0% +the likelihoods of or the density of an +outcome at a given time Point depends on + + align:start position:0% +outcome at a given time Point depends on + + + align:start position:0% +outcome at a given time Point depends on +lags of that dependent variable so if + + align:start position:0% +lags of that dependent variable so if + + + align:start position:0% +lags of that dependent variable so if +those are unavailable then that can be a + + align:start position:0% +those are unavailable then that can be a + + + align:start position:0% +those are unavailable then that can be a +problem uh one can implement limited + + align:start position:0% +problem uh one can implement limited + + + align:start position:0% +problem uh one can implement limited +information maximum likelihood where + + align:start position:0% +information maximum likelihood where + + + align:start position:0% +information maximum likelihood where +you're just conditioning on those + + align:start position:0% +you're just conditioning on those + + + align:start position:0% +you're just conditioning on those +initial values or there are full + + align:start position:0% +initial values or there are full + + + align:start position:0% +initial values or there are full +information maximum likelihood methods + + align:start position:0% +information maximum likelihood methods + + + align:start position:0% +information maximum likelihood methods +that you can apply as well uh generally + + align:start position:0% +that you can apply as well uh generally + + + align:start position:0% +that you can apply as well uh generally +though the uh limited information uh + + align:start position:0% +though the uh limited information uh + + + align:start position:0% +though the uh limited information uh +case uh is is what's + + align:start position:0% +case uh is is what's + + + align:start position:0% +case uh is is what's +applied then the issue is model + + align:start position:0% +applied then the issue is model + + + align:start position:0% +applied then the issue is model +selection and uh with uh model selection + + align:start position:0% +selection and uh with uh model selection + + + align:start position:0% +selection and uh with uh model selection +the issues that arise with time series + + align:start position:0% +the issues that arise with time series + + + align:start position:0% +the issues that arise with time series +are issues that arise in fitting any + + align:start position:0% +are issues that arise in fitting any + + + align:start position:0% +are issues that arise in fitting any +kind of statistical model uh ordinarily + + align:start position:0% +kind of statistical model uh ordinarily + + + align:start position:0% +kind of statistical model uh ordinarily +one will have multiple candidates for + + align:start position:0% +one will have multiple candidates for + + + align:start position:0% +one will have multiple candidates for +the model you want to fit to data and + + align:start position:0% +the model you want to fit to data and + + + align:start position:0% +the model you want to fit to data and +the issue is how do you judge which ones + + align:start position:0% +the issue is how do you judge which ones + + + align:start position:0% +the issue is how do you judge which ones +are better than others why would you + + align:start position:0% +are better than others why would you + + + align:start position:0% +are better than others why would you +prefer one over the other and uh if + + align:start position:0% +prefer one over the other and uh if + + + align:start position:0% +prefer one over the other and uh if +we're considering a collection of + + align:start position:0% +we're considering a collection of + + + align:start position:0% +we're considering a collection of +different Arma models then we could say + + align:start position:0% +different Arma models then we could say + + + align:start position:0% +different Arma models then we could say +fit all Arma models of order PQ with p + + align:start position:0% +fit all Arma models of order PQ with p + + + align:start position:0% +fit all Arma models of order PQ with p +and Q varying over some range P from + + align:start position:0% +and Q varying over some range P from + + + align:start position:0% +and Q varying over some range P from +zero up to PX Q from Q up to Q Max and + + align:start position:0% +zero up to PX Q from Q up to Q Max and + + + align:start position:0% +zero up to PX Q from Q up to Q Max and +evaluate those different PQ two + + align:start position:0% +evaluate those different PQ two + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate those different PQ two +different models um and if we consider + + align:start position:0% +different models um and if we consider + + + align:start position:0% +different models um and if we consider +Sigma Tilda square of PQ being the mle + + align:start position:0% +Sigma Tilda square of PQ being the mle + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma Tilda square of PQ being the mle +of the eror + + align:start position:0% +of the eror + + + align:start position:0% +of the eror +variance then there are these model + + align:start position:0% +variance then there are these model + + + align:start position:0% +variance then there are these model +selection criteria that are very popular + + align:start position:0% +selection criteria that are very popular + + + align:start position:0% +selection criteria that are very popular +akik information criteria and Bas + + align:start position:0% +akik information criteria and Bas + + + align:start position:0% +akik information criteria and Bas +information criteria and Hann and Quinn + + align:start position:0% +information criteria and Hann and Quinn + + + align:start position:0% +information criteria and Hann and Quinn +now these criteria + + align:start position:0% +now these criteria + + + align:start position:0% +now these criteria +all have the same term log of the mle of + + align:start position:0% +all have the same term log of the mle of + + + align:start position:0% +all have the same term log of the mle of +the air + + align:start position:0% +the air + + + align:start position:0% +the air +variance so these criteria don't vary at + + align:start position:0% +variance so these criteria don't vary at + + + align:start position:0% +variance so these criteria don't vary at +all with that they just vary with this + + align:start position:0% +all with that they just vary with this + + + align:start position:0% +all with that they just vary with this +second term but let's focus first on the + + align:start position:0% +second term but let's focus first on the + + + align:start position:0% +second term but let's focus first on the +AIC + + align:start position:0% +AIC + + + align:start position:0% +AIC +Criterion a given model is going to be + + align:start position:0% +Criterion a given model is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +Criterion a given model is going to be +better if the log of the mle for the + + align:start position:0% +better if the log of the mle for the + + + align:start position:0% +better if the log of the mle for the +error variance is smaller now is that a + + align:start position:0% +error variance is smaller now is that a + + + align:start position:0% +error variance is smaller now is that a +good + + align:start position:0% +good + + + align:start position:0% +good +thing uh meaning you know what is the + + align:start position:0% +thing uh meaning you know what is the + + + align:start position:0% +thing uh meaning you know what is the +interpretation of that practically when + + align:start position:0% +interpretation of that practically when + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation of that practically when +you're fitting different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +models well it the Practical + + align:start position:0% +models well it the Practical + + + align:start position:0% +models well it the Practical +interpretation is the variabil ility of + + align:start position:0% +interpretation is the variabil ility of + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation is the variabil ility of +the model uh about where you're + + align:start position:0% +the model uh about where you're + + + align:start position:0% +the model uh about where you're +predicting things our estimate of the + + align:start position:0% +predicting things our estimate of the + + + align:start position:0% +predicting things our estimate of the +error variance is smaller so we have + + align:start position:0% +error variance is smaller so we have + + + align:start position:0% +error variance is smaller so we have +essentially a model with a smaller error + + align:start position:0% +essentially a model with a smaller error + + + align:start position:0% +essentially a model with a smaller error +variance is better so we're trying to + + align:start position:0% +variance is better so we're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +variance is better so we're trying to +minimize the log of that variance + + align:start position:0% +minimize the log of that variance + + + align:start position:0% +minimize the log of that variance +minimizing that is a good thing now what + + align:start position:0% +minimizing that is a good thing now what + + + align:start position:0% +minimizing that is a good thing now what +happens uh when you have many sort of + + align:start position:0% +happens uh when you have many sort of + + + align:start position:0% +happens uh when you have many sort of +independent variables to include in a + + align:start position:0% +independent variables to include in a + + + align:start position:0% +independent variables to include in a +model well you know if you were doing a + + align:start position:0% +model well you know if you were doing a + + + align:start position:0% +model well you know if you were doing a +tailor series approximation of a + + align:start position:0% +tailor series approximation of a + + + align:start position:0% +tailor series approximation of a +continuous function you know eventually + + align:start position:0% +continuous function you know eventually + + + align:start position:0% +continuous function you know eventually +you sort of get to probably the smooth + + align:start position:0% +you sort of get to probably the smooth + + + align:start position:0% +you sort of get to probably the smooth +function with enough terms but um + + align:start position:0% +function with enough terms but um + + + align:start position:0% +function with enough terms but um +suppose that the actual model it does + + align:start position:0% +suppose that the actual model it does + + + align:start position:0% +suppose that the actual model it does +have a finite number of parameters and + + align:start position:0% +have a finite number of parameters and + + + align:start position:0% +have a finite number of parameters and +you're considering new factors new lags + + align:start position:0% +you're considering new factors new lags + + + align:start position:0% +you're considering new factors new lags +of independent variables you know in the + + align:start position:0% +of independent variables you know in the + + + align:start position:0% +of independent variables you know in the +auto + + align:start position:0% +auto + + + align:start position:0% +auto +regressions um as you add more and more + + align:start position:0% +regressions um as you add more and more + + + align:start position:0% +regressions um as you add more and more +variables well the uh there really + + align:start position:0% +variables well the uh there really + + + align:start position:0% +variables well the uh there really +should be a penalty for adding extra + + align:start position:0% +should be a penalty for adding extra + + + align:start position:0% +should be a penalty for adding extra +variables that aren't adding real value + + align:start position:0% +variables that aren't adding real value + + + align:start position:0% +variables that aren't adding real value +to the model in terms of reducing the + + align:start position:0% +to the model in terms of reducing the + + + align:start position:0% +to the model in terms of reducing the +error variance so the Aki confirmation + + align:start position:0% +error variance so the Aki confirmation + + + align:start position:0% +error variance so the Aki confirmation +Criterion is penalizing different models + + align:start position:0% +Criterion is penalizing different models + + + align:start position:0% +Criterion is penalizing different models +by a factor that depends on the size of + + align:start position:0% +by a factor that depends on the size of + + + align:start position:0% +by a factor that depends on the size of +the model in terms of the dimensionality + + align:start position:0% +the model in terms of the dimensionality + + + align:start position:0% +the model in terms of the dimensionality +of the uh model parameters so P plus Q + + align:start position:0% +of the uh model parameters so P plus Q + + + align:start position:0% +of the uh model parameters so P plus Q +is the dimensionality of the auto + + align:start position:0% +is the dimensionality of the auto + + + align:start position:0% +is the dimensionality of the auto +regression uh + + align:start position:0% +regression uh + + + align:start position:0% +regression uh +model um so uh now with + + align:start position:0% +model um so uh now with + + + align:start position:0% +model um so uh now with +um let's see with the Bic + + align:start position:0% +um let's see with the Bic + + + align:start position:0% +um let's see with the Bic +Criterion the difference between that + + align:start position:0% +Criterion the difference between that + + + align:start position:0% +Criterion the difference between that +and the AIC Criterion is that this + + align:start position:0% +and the AIC Criterion is that this + + + align:start position:0% +and the AIC Criterion is that this +Factor two is replaced by log + + align:start position:0% +Factor two is replaced by log + + + align:start position:0% +Factor two is replaced by log +n so rather than having a sort of unit + + align:start position:0% +n so rather than having a sort of unit + + + align:start position:0% +n so rather than having a sort of unit +increment of penalty for adding an extra + + align:start position:0% +increment of penalty for adding an extra + + + align:start position:0% +increment of penalty for adding an extra +parameter the Bas information Criterion + + align:start position:0% +parameter the Bas information Criterion + + + align:start position:0% +parameter the Bas information Criterion +is adding a login penalty times the + + align:start position:0% +is adding a login penalty times the + + + align:start position:0% +is adding a login penalty times the +number of parameters and so as the + + align:start position:0% +number of parameters and so as the + + + align:start position:0% +number of parameters and so as the +sample size gets larger and larger that + + align:start position:0% +sample size gets larger and larger that + + + align:start position:0% +sample size gets larger and larger that +penalty gets higher and higher now the + + align:start position:0% +penalty gets higher and higher now the + + + align:start position:0% +penalty gets higher and higher now the +uh practical interpretation of the a + + align:start position:0% +uh practical interpretation of the a + + + align:start position:0% +uh practical interpretation of the a +information Criterion is that it is very + + align:start position:0% +information Criterion is that it is very + + + align:start position:0% +information Criterion is that it is very +similar to + + align:start position:0% +similar to + + + align:start position:0% +similar to +applying a rule which says we're going + + align:start position:0% +applying a rule which says we're going + + + align:start position:0% +applying a rule which says we're going +to include variables in our + + align:start position:0% +to include variables in our + + + align:start position:0% +to include variables in our +model if the square of the T statistic + + align:start position:0% +model if the square of the T statistic + + + align:start position:0% +model if the square of the T statistic +for estimating the additional parameter + + align:start position:0% +for estimating the additional parameter + + + align:start position:0% +for estimating the additional parameter +in the model is greater than two or + + align:start position:0% +in the model is greater than two or + + + align:start position:0% +in the model is greater than two or +not so in terms of you know when does + + align:start position:0% +not so in terms of you know when does + + + align:start position:0% +not so in terms of you know when does +the AI information + + align:start position:0% +the AI information + + + align:start position:0% +the AI information +Criterion uh become lower from adding + + align:start position:0% +Criterion uh become lower from adding + + + align:start position:0% +Criterion uh become lower from adding +additional terms to a model uh if you're + + align:start position:0% +additional terms to a model uh if you're + + + align:start position:0% +additional terms to a model uh if you're +considering two models that differ by + + align:start position:0% +considering two models that differ by + + + align:start position:0% +considering two models that differ by +just one uh factor it's basically if the + + align:start position:0% +just one uh factor it's basically if the + + + align:start position:0% +just one uh factor it's basically if the +T statistic for the coefficient model + + align:start position:0% +T statistic for the coefficient model + + + align:start position:0% +T statistic for the coefficient model +coefficient on that factor uh is a + + align:start position:0% +coefficient on that factor uh is a + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient on that factor uh is a +squared value greater than two or not + + align:start position:0% +squared value greater than two or not + + + align:start position:0% +squared value greater than two or not +now you know many of you uh who have + + align:start position:0% +now you know many of you uh who have + + + align:start position:0% +now you know many of you uh who have +seen regression models before and + + align:start position:0% +seen regression models before and + + + align:start position:0% +seen regression models before and +applied them in particular applications + + align:start position:0% +applied them in particular applications + + + align:start position:0% +applied them in particular applications +would probably say I I really don't + + align:start position:0% +would probably say I I really don't + + + align:start position:0% +would probably say I I really don't +believe in the value of an additional + + align:start position:0% +believe in the value of an additional + + + align:start position:0% +believe in the value of an additional +Factor unless the T statistic is greater + + align:start position:0% +Factor unless the T statistic is greater + + + align:start position:0% +Factor unless the T statistic is greater +than 1.96 or two or something uh but the + + align:start position:0% +than 1.96 or two or something uh but the + + + align:start position:0% +than 1.96 or two or something uh but the +AI confirmation Criterion says the T + + align:start position:0% +AI confirmation Criterion says the T + + + align:start position:0% +AI confirmation Criterion says the T +statistic should be greater than the + + align:start position:0% +statistic should be greater than the + + + align:start position:0% +statistic should be greater than the +square root of two so it's it's sort of + + align:start position:0% +square root of two so it's it's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +square root of two so it's it's sort of +a weaker constraint for adding variables + + align:start position:0% +a weaker constraint for adding variables + + + align:start position:0% +a weaker constraint for adding variables +into the model and uh now why is it + + align:start position:0% +into the model and uh now why is it + + + align:start position:0% +into the model and uh now why is it +called an information Criterion I won't + + align:start position:0% +called an information Criterion I won't + + + align:start position:0% +called an information Criterion I won't +go into this in the lecture I'm happy to + + align:start position:0% +go into this in the lecture I'm happy to + + + align:start position:0% +go into this in the lecture I'm happy to +go into it during office hours but um + + align:start position:0% +go into it during office hours but um + + + align:start position:0% +go into it during office hours but um +there's Notions of information Theory + + align:start position:0% +there's Notions of information Theory + + + align:start position:0% +there's Notions of information Theory +and coolback lier information of the + + align:start position:0% +and coolback lier information of the + + + align:start position:0% +and coolback lier information of the +model versus the true model and trying + + align:start position:0% +model versus the true model and trying + + + align:start position:0% +model versus the true model and trying +to uh basically maximize the closeness + + align:start position:0% +to uh basically maximize the closeness + + + align:start position:0% +to uh basically maximize the closeness +of our fitted model to that now the Han + + align:start position:0% +of our fitted model to that now the Han + + + align:start position:0% +of our fitted model to that now the Han +and Quin Criterion let's just look at + + align:start position:0% +and Quin Criterion let's just look at + + + align:start position:0% +and Quin Criterion let's just look at +how that differs well that is uh + + align:start position:0% +how that differs well that is uh + + + align:start position:0% +how that differs well that is uh +basically has a penalty midway between + + align:start position:0% +basically has a penalty midway between + + + align:start position:0% +basically has a penalty midway between +the log in and two it's two log + + align:start position:0% +the log in and two it's two log + + + align:start position:0% +the log in and two it's two log +login so this has a penalty that's + + align:start position:0% +login so this has a penalty that's + + + align:start position:0% +login so this has a penalty that's +increasing with size n but not as fast + + align:start position:0% +increasing with size n but not as fast + + + align:start position:0% +increasing with size n but not as fast +as log + + align:start position:0% +as log + + + align:start position:0% +as log +in this becomes relevant when we have + + align:start position:0% +in this becomes relevant when we have + + + align:start position:0% +in this becomes relevant when we have +models that get to be very large because + + align:start position:0% +models that get to be very large because + + + align:start position:0% +models that get to be very large because +we have a lot of data basically the more + + align:start position:0% +we have a lot of data basically the more + + + align:start position:0% +we have a lot of data basically the more +data you have the more parameters you + + align:start position:0% +data you have the more parameters you + + + align:start position:0% +data you have the more parameters you +should be able to incorporate in the + + align:start position:0% +should be able to incorporate in the + + + align:start position:0% +should be able to incorporate in the +model if they're sort of statistically + + align:start position:0% +model if they're sort of statistically + + + align:start position:0% +model if they're sort of statistically +valid factors important factors um and + + align:start position:0% +valid factors important factors um and + + + align:start position:0% +valid factors important factors um and +the Han and Quinn Criterion uh basically + + align:start position:0% +the Han and Quinn Criterion uh basically + + + align:start position:0% +the Han and Quinn Criterion uh basically +allows for modeling processes where + + align:start position:0% +allows for modeling processes where + + + align:start position:0% +allows for modeling processes where +really an infinite number of variables + + align:start position:0% +really an infinite number of variables + + + align:start position:0% +really an infinite number of variables +might be appropriate but you need larger + + align:start position:0% +might be appropriate but you need larger + + + align:start position:0% +might be appropriate but you need larger +and larger sample sizes to effectively + + align:start position:0% +and larger sample sizes to effectively + + + align:start position:0% +and larger sample sizes to effectively +estimate + + align:start position:0% +estimate + + + align:start position:0% +estimate +those um so those are the uh criteria uh + + align:start position:0% +those um so those are the uh criteria uh + + + align:start position:0% +those um so those are the uh criteria uh +that can be applied with um uh time + + align:start position:0% +that can be applied with um uh time + + + align:start position:0% +that can be applied with um uh time +series models and I should point out + + align:start position:0% +series models and I should point out + + + align:start position:0% +series models and I should point out +that um let's see if you took sort of + + align:start position:0% +that um let's see if you took sort of + + + align:start position:0% +that um let's see if you took sort of +this Factor 2 over n and inverted it to + + align:start position:0% +this Factor 2 over n and inverted it to + + + align:start position:0% +this Factor 2 over n and inverted it to +n/2 log Sigma 2 that term is a basically + + align:start position:0% +n/2 log Sigma 2 that term is a basically + + + align:start position:0% +n/2 log Sigma 2 that term is a basically +one of the terms in the likelihood + + align:start position:0% +one of the terms in the likelihood + + + align:start position:0% +one of the terms in the likelihood +function of the fided model so you can + + align:start position:0% +function of the fided model so you can + + + align:start position:0% +function of the fided model so you can +see how this Criterion is basically + + align:start position:0% +see how this Criterion is basically + + + align:start position:0% +see how this Criterion is basically +manipulating the maximum likelihood uh + + align:start position:0% +manipulating the maximum likelihood uh + + + align:start position:0% +manipulating the maximum likelihood uh +value uh by adjusting it for a penalty + + align:start position:0% +value uh by adjusting it for a penalty + + + align:start position:0% +value uh by adjusting it for a penalty +for extra + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +parameters um the + + align:start position:0% +parameters um the + + + align:start position:0% +parameters um the +uh let's see okay next topic is just + + align:start position:0% +uh let's see okay next topic is just + + + align:start position:0% +uh let's see okay next topic is just +tests for stationerity and + + align:start position:0% +tests for stationerity and + + + align:start position:0% +tests for stationerity and +non-stationarity um there's a uh famous + + align:start position:0% +non-stationarity um there's a uh famous + + + align:start position:0% +non-stationarity um there's a uh famous +test called the dicky Fuller test uh + + align:start position:0% +test called the dicky Fuller test uh + + + align:start position:0% +test called the dicky Fuller test uh +which is essentially to + + align:start position:0% +which is essentially to + + + align:start position:0% +which is essentially to +evaluate the time series uh to see if + + align:start position:0% +evaluate the time series uh to see if + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate the time series uh to see if +it's consistent with a random walk we + + align:start position:0% +it's consistent with a random walk we + + + align:start position:0% +it's consistent with a random walk we +know that we've been discussing sort of + + align:start position:0% +know that we've been discussing sort of + + + align:start position:0% +know that we've been discussing sort of +lecture after lecture how simple random + + align:start position:0% +lecture after lecture how simple random + + + align:start position:0% +lecture after lecture how simple random +walks are + + align:start position:0% +walks are + + + align:start position:0% +walks are +non-stationary and uh the simple random + + align:start position:0% +non-stationary and uh the simple random + + + align:start position:0% +non-stationary and uh the simple random +walk + + align:start position:0% +walk + + + align:start position:0% +walk +is given by the model up here xtal F XT + + align:start position:0% +is given by the model up here xtal F XT + + + align:start position:0% +is given by the model up here xtal F XT +- 1 + a to T if f is equal to + + align:start position:0% +- 1 + a to T if f is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +- 1 + a to T if f is equal to +1 right that is a non-stationary process + + align:start position:0% +1 right that is a non-stationary process + + + align:start position:0% +1 right that is a non-stationary process +well if we can in the dicky Fuller test + + align:start position:0% +well if we can in the dicky Fuller test + + + align:start position:0% +well if we can in the dicky Fuller test +we want to test whether f equals 1 or + + align:start position:0% +we want to test whether f equals 1 or + + + align:start position:0% +we want to test whether f equals 1 or +not um and uh so we can fit the ar1 + + align:start position:0% +not um and uh so we can fit the ar1 + + + align:start position:0% +not um and uh so we can fit the ar1 +model by Le squares and Define the test + + align:start position:0% +model by Le squares and Define the test + + + align:start position:0% +model by Le squares and Define the test +statistic to be uh the estimate of Fe + + align:start position:0% +statistic to be uh the estimate of Fe + + + align:start position:0% +statistic to be uh the estimate of Fe +minus one over its standard + + align:start position:0% +minus one over its standard + + + align:start position:0% +minus one over its standard +error where fee is the least squares + + align:start position:0% +error where fee is the least squares + + + align:start position:0% +error where fee is the least squares +estimate and the standard error you know + + align:start position:0% +estimate and the standard error you know + + + align:start position:0% +estimate and the standard error you know +is the least squares estimate the + + align:start position:0% +is the least squares estimate the + + + align:start position:0% +is the least squares estimate the +standard error of that um if our + + align:start position:0% +standard error of that um if our + + + align:start position:0% +standard error of that um if our +coefficient fee is less than one in + + align:start position:0% +coefficient fee is less than one in + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient fee is less than one in +modulus so this really is a stationary + + align:start position:0% +modulus so this really is a stationary + + + align:start position:0% +modulus so this really is a stationary +series then the + + align:start position:0% +series then the + + + align:start position:0% +series then the +uh estimate fee converges in + + align:start position:0% +uh estimate fee converges in + + + align:start position:0% +uh estimate fee converges in +distribution to a normal 01 minus V + + align:start position:0% +distribution to a normal 01 minus V + + + align:start position:0% +distribution to a normal 01 minus V +^2 um and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and let's + + align:start position:0% +and let's + + + align:start position:0% +and let's +see but if V is equal to + + align:start position:0% +see but if V is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +see but if V is equal to +one so okay so just to recap that last + + align:start position:0% +one so okay so just to recap that last + + + align:start position:0% +one so okay so just to recap that last +second to last bullet point is basically + + align:start position:0% +second to last bullet point is basically + + + align:start position:0% +second to last bullet point is basically +the property that when Norm fee is less + + align:start position:0% +the property that when Norm fee is less + + + align:start position:0% +the property that when Norm fee is less +than one then our Le squares estimates + + align:start position:0% +than one then our Le squares estimates + + + align:start position:0% +than one then our Le squares estimates +are uh ASM totically normally + + align:start position:0% +are uh ASM totically normally + + + align:start position:0% +are uh ASM totically normally +distributed with mean zero if we + + align:start position:0% +distributed with mean zero if we + + + align:start position:0% +distributed with mean zero if we +normalize by the True Value and 1us V + + align:start position:0% +normalize by the True Value and 1us V + + + align:start position:0% +normalize by the True Value and 1us V +squ if f is equal to + + align:start position:0% +squ if f is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +squ if f is equal to +one then it turns out that fat is super + + align:start position:0% +one then it turns out that fat is super + + + align:start position:0% +one then it turns out that fat is super +consistent with rate one overt now uh + + align:start position:0% +consistent with rate one overt now uh + + + align:start position:0% +consistent with rate one overt now uh +this super + + align:start position:0% +this super + + + align:start position:0% +this super +consistency um is an issue of is related + + align:start position:0% +consistency um is an issue of is related + + + align:start position:0% +consistency um is an issue of is related +to you know uh statistics converging to + + align:start position:0% +to you know uh statistics converging to + + + align:start position:0% +to you know uh statistics converging to +some + + align:start position:0% +some + + + align:start position:0% +some +value and uh what is the rate of + + align:start position:0% +value and uh what is the rate of + + + align:start position:0% +value and uh what is the rate of +convergence of those statistics to + + align:start position:0% +convergence of those statistics to + + + align:start position:0% +convergence of those statistics to +different values so um in uh + + align:start position:0% +different values so um in uh + + + align:start position:0% +different values so um in uh +normal + + align:start position:0% +normal + + + align:start position:0% +normal +samples we can estimate sort of the mean + + align:start position:0% +samples we can estimate sort of the mean + + + align:start position:0% +samples we can estimate sort of the mean +by the sample mean and that will + + align:start position:0% +by the sample mean and that will + + + align:start position:0% +by the sample mean and that will +converge to the true mean uh at rate uh + + align:start position:0% +converge to the true mean uh at rate uh + + + align:start position:0% +converge to the true mean uh at rate uh +sort of root + + align:start position:0% +sort of root + + + align:start position:0% +sort of root +n uh or one over root n um with a uh + + align:start position:0% +n uh or one over root n um with a uh + + + align:start position:0% +n uh or one over root n um with a uh +when we have a a stationary or + + align:start position:0% +when we have a a stationary or + + + align:start position:0% +when we have a a stationary or +non-stationary random walk the + + align:start position:0% +non-stationary random walk the + + + align:start position:0% +non-stationary random walk the +independent variables + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Matrix is such that that X transpose + + align:start position:0% +Matrix is such that that X transpose + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix is such that that X transpose +X sort of grow over n grows without + + align:start position:0% +X sort of grow over n grows without + + + align:start position:0% +X sort of grow over n grows without +bound so um if we have you know Y is + + align:start position:0% +bound so um if we have you know Y is + + + align:start position:0% +bound so um if we have you know Y is +equal to X beta plus Epsilon and beta + + align:start position:0% +equal to X beta plus Epsilon and beta + + + align:start position:0% +equal to X beta plus Epsilon and beta +hat is equal to X transpose X + + align:start position:0% +hat is equal to X transpose X + + + align:start position:0% +hat is equal to X transpose X +inverse X transpose + + align:start position:0% +inverse X transpose + + + align:start position:0% +inverse X transpose +y + + align:start position:0% +y + + + align:start position:0% +y +um the uh the problem is well and and + + align:start position:0% +um the uh the problem is well and and + + + align:start position:0% +um the uh the problem is well and and +beta hat is distributed as uh + + align:start position:0% +beta hat is distributed as uh + + + align:start position:0% +beta hat is distributed as uh +ultimately uh normal with mean beta and + + align:start position:0% +ultimately uh normal with mean beta and + + + align:start position:0% +ultimately uh normal with mean beta and +variant Sigma 2 x transpose X + + align:start position:0% +variant Sigma 2 x transpose X + + + align:start position:0% +variant Sigma 2 x transpose X +inverse this x transpose X inverse + + align:start position:0% +inverse this x transpose X inverse + + + align:start position:0% +inverse this x transpose X inverse +Matrix when the process is uh + + align:start position:0% +Matrix when the process is uh + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix when the process is uh +non-stationary random walk it grows + + align:start position:0% +non-stationary random walk it grows + + + align:start position:0% +non-stationary random walk it grows +infinitely um it uh X transpose X over n + + align:start position:0% +infinitely um it uh X transpose X over n + + + align:start position:0% +infinitely um it uh X transpose X over n +actually grows to + + align:start position:0% +actually grows to + + + align:start position:0% +actually grows to +Infinity in magnitude just because it + + align:start position:0% +Infinity in magnitude just because it + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity in magnitude just because it +becomes unbounded whereas X transpose X + + align:start position:0% +becomes unbounded whereas X transpose X + + + align:start position:0% +becomes unbounded whereas X transpose X +over n when it's stationary is bounded + + align:start position:0% +over n when it's stationary is bounded + + + align:start position:0% +over n when it's stationary is bounded +so so anyway so that leads to the uh + + align:start position:0% +so so anyway so that leads to the uh + + + align:start position:0% +so so anyway so that leads to the uh +super consistency meaning that it + + align:start position:0% +super consistency meaning that it + + + align:start position:0% +super consistency meaning that it +converges to the value much faster and + + align:start position:0% +converges to the value much faster and + + + align:start position:0% +converges to the value much faster and +so this normal distribution isn't + + align:start position:0% +so this normal distribution isn't + + + align:start position:0% +so this normal distribution isn't +appropriate and it turns out there's a + + align:start position:0% +appropriate and it turns out there's a + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate and it turns out there's a +Dicky Fuller distribution for this test + + align:start position:0% +Dicky Fuller distribution for this test + + + align:start position:0% +Dicky Fuller distribution for this test +statistic which is based on integrals of + + align:start position:0% +statistic which is based on integrals of + + + align:start position:0% +statistic which is based on integrals of +diffusions and one can read about that + + align:start position:0% +diffusions and one can read about that + + + align:start position:0% +diffusions and one can read about that +in the literature on unit routs and uh + + align:start position:0% +in the literature on unit routs and uh + + + align:start position:0% +in the literature on unit routs and uh +uh test for uh non-stationarity so + + align:start position:0% +uh test for uh non-stationarity so + + + align:start position:0% +uh test for uh non-stationarity so +there's a very rich literature on this + + align:start position:0% +there's a very rich literature on this + + + align:start position:0% +there's a very rich literature on this +problem if you're uh into econometrics + + align:start position:0% +problem if you're uh into econometrics + + + align:start position:0% +problem if you're uh into econometrics +these you know basically uh a lot of + + align:start position:0% +these you know basically uh a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +these you know basically uh a lot of +time has been spent in that field on + + align:start position:0% +time has been spent in that field on + + + align:start position:0% +time has been spent in that field on +this topic um and uh the the mathematics + + align:start position:0% +this topic um and uh the the mathematics + + + align:start position:0% +this topic um and uh the the mathematics +gets very very uh involved and uh but uh + + align:start position:0% +gets very very uh involved and uh but uh + + + align:start position:0% +gets very very uh involved and uh but uh +good results are + + align:start position:0% +good results are + + + align:start position:0% +good results are +available so let's uh see an appli + + align:start position:0% +available so let's uh see an appli + + + align:start position:0% +available so let's uh see an appli +of some of these time series methods let + + align:start position:0% +of some of these time series methods let + + + align:start position:0% +of some of these time series methods let +me go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to let me go to the desktop here if I + + align:start position:0% +to let me go to the desktop here if I + + + align:start position:0% +to let me go to the desktop here if I +can in this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh supplemental material that would be + + align:start position:0% +uh supplemental material that would be + + + align:start position:0% +uh supplemental material that would be +on the website I just wanted you to uh + + align:start position:0% +on the website I just wanted you to uh + + + align:start position:0% +on the website I just wanted you to uh +be able to work with time series Real + + align:start position:0% +be able to work with time series Real + + + align:start position:0% +be able to work with time series Real +Time series and Implement these uh + + align:start position:0% +Time series and Implement these uh + + + align:start position:0% +Time series and Implement these uh +autograph of moving average fits and + + align:start position:0% +autograph of moving average fits and + + + align:start position:0% +autograph of moving average fits and +understand um basically how things work + + align:start position:0% +understand um basically how things work + + + align:start position:0% +understand um basically how things work +so uh in this it um introduces loading + + align:start position:0% +so uh in this it um introduces loading + + + align:start position:0% +so uh in this it um introduces loading +the r libraries and Federal Reserve data + + align:start position:0% +the r libraries and Federal Reserve data + + + align:start position:0% +the r libraries and Federal Reserve data +into R uh basically collecting it off + + align:start position:0% +into R uh basically collecting it off + + + align:start position:0% +into R uh basically collecting it off +the web creating weekly and monthly time + + align:start position:0% +the web creating weekly and monthly time + + + align:start position:0% +the web creating weekly and monthly time +series from a daily + + align:start position:0% +series from a daily + + + align:start position:0% +series from a daily +series um and it's a trivial thing to do + + align:start position:0% +series um and it's a trivial thing to do + + + align:start position:0% +series um and it's a trivial thing to do +but when you sit down and try to do it + + align:start position:0% +but when you sit down and try to do it + + + align:start position:0% +but when you sit down and try to do it +um you know it gets involved so there's + + align:start position:0% +um you know it gets involved so there's + + + align:start position:0% +um you know it gets involved so there's +some nice tools that are available + + align:start position:0% +some nice tools that are available + + + align:start position:0% +some nice tools that are available +there's the auto there's the ACF and the + + align:start position:0% +there's the auto there's the ACF and the + + + align:start position:0% +there's the auto there's the ACF and the +pacf which is the autocorrelation + + align:start position:0% +pacf which is the autocorrelation + + + align:start position:0% +pacf which is the autocorrelation +function and the partial autocorrelation + + align:start position:0% +function and the partial autocorrelation + + + align:start position:0% +function and the partial autocorrelation +function which are uh uh used for + + align:start position:0% +function which are uh uh used for + + + align:start position:0% +function which are uh uh used for +interpreting series then uh we conduct + + align:start position:0% +interpreting series then uh we conduct + + + align:start position:0% +interpreting series then uh we conduct +Dicky Fuller test for unit + + align:start position:0% +Dicky Fuller test for unit + + + align:start position:0% +Dicky Fuller test for unit +routes um and determine uh evaluate + + align:start position:0% +routes um and determine uh evaluate + + + align:start position:0% +routes um and determine uh evaluate +stationerity non-stationarity of of the + + align:start position:0% +stationerity non-stationarity of of the + + + align:start position:0% +stationerity non-stationarity of of the +10year yield and then uh we uh evaluate + + align:start position:0% +10year yield and then uh we uh evaluate + + + align:start position:0% +10year yield and then uh we uh evaluate +stationerity and cyclicality in the + + align:start position:0% +stationerity and cyclicality in the + + + align:start position:0% +stationerity and cyclicality in the +fitted uh autor regressive model of + + align:start position:0% +fitted uh autor regressive model of + + + align:start position:0% +fitted uh autor regressive model of +order two to monthly data um and + + align:start position:0% +order two to monthly data um and + + + align:start position:0% +order two to monthly data um and +actually 1.7 there that uh cyclicality + + align:start position:0% +actually 1.7 there that uh cyclicality + + + align:start position:0% +actually 1.7 there that uh cyclicality +issue relates to one of the problems on + + align:start position:0% +issue relates to one of the problems on + + + align:start position:0% +issue relates to one of the problems on +the problem set for time series which is + + align:start position:0% +the problem set for time series which is + + + align:start position:0% +the problem set for time series which is +uh looking at with second order Auto + + align:start position:0% +uh looking at with second order Auto + + + align:start position:0% +uh looking at with second order Auto +regressive models um you know is there + + align:start position:0% +regressive models um you know is there + + + align:start position:0% +regressive models um you know is there +cyclicality in the uh in the process and + + align:start position:0% +cyclicality in the uh in the process and + + + align:start position:0% +cyclicality in the uh in the process and +then finally looking at uh identifying + + align:start position:0% +then finally looking at uh identifying + + + align:start position:0% +then finally looking at uh identifying +the best autor regressive model using + + align:start position:0% +the best autor regressive model using + + + align:start position:0% +the best autor regressive model using +the AIC + + align:start position:0% +the AIC + + + align:start position:0% +the AIC +Criterion so let me uh just page through + + align:start position:0% +Criterion so let me uh just page through + + + align:start position:0% +Criterion so let me uh just page through +and show you a couple of plots here okay + + align:start position:0% +and show you a couple of plots here okay + + + align:start position:0% +and show you a couple of plots here okay +well there's the original uh 10year + + align:start position:0% +well there's the original uh 10year + + + align:start position:0% +well there's the original uh 10year +yield collected directly from the + + align:start position:0% +yield collected directly from the + + + align:start position:0% +yield collected directly from the +Federal Reserve website + + align:start position:0% +Federal Reserve website + + + align:start position:0% +Federal Reserve website +over a 10year + + align:start position:0% +over a 10year + + + align:start position:0% +over a 10year +period and oh here we go this is nice + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay okay um let's see this section 1.4 + + align:start position:0% +okay okay um let's see this section 1.4 + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay um let's see this section 1.4 +conducts the dicky Fuller uh + + align:start position:0% +conducts the dicky Fuller uh + + + align:start position:0% +conducts the dicky Fuller uh +test and it basically determines that um + + align:start position:0% +test and it basically determines that um + + + align:start position:0% +test and it basically determines that um +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +uh I okay the p value for + + align:start position:0% +uh I okay the p value for + + + align:start position:0% +uh I okay the p value for +uh St for non-stationarity is is not + + align:start position:0% +uh St for non-stationarity is is not + + + align:start position:0% +uh St for non-stationarity is is not +rejected and so um let's see with uh the + + align:start position:0% +rejected and so um let's see with uh the + + + align:start position:0% +rejected and so um let's see with uh the +augmented Dicky Fuller test the test + + align:start position:0% +augmented Dicky Fuller test the test + + + align:start position:0% +augmented Dicky Fuller test the test +statistics is computed its significance + + align:start position:0% +statistics is computed its significance + + + align:start position:0% +statistics is computed its significance +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +evaluated uh by the distribution for + + align:start position:0% +evaluated uh by the distribution for + + + align:start position:0% +evaluated uh by the distribution for +that statistic and the P value tells you + + align:start position:0% +that statistic and the P value tells you + + + align:start position:0% +that statistic and the P value tells you +how extreme the value of the test + + align:start position:0% +how extreme the value of the test + + + align:start position:0% +how extreme the value of the test +statistic is meaning how unusual is it + + align:start position:0% +statistic is meaning how unusual is it + + + align:start position:0% +statistic is meaning how unusual is it +the smaller the P value the more + + align:start position:0% +the smaller the P value the more + + + align:start position:0% +the smaller the P value the more +unlikely the value is the P value is + + align:start position:0% +unlikely the value is the P value is + + + align:start position:0% +unlikely the value is the P value is +what's the likelihood of getting as + + align:start position:0% +what's the likelihood of getting as + + + align:start position:0% +what's the likelihood of getting as +extreme or more extreme of value of the + + align:start position:0% +extreme or more extreme of value of the + + + align:start position:0% +extreme or more extreme of value of the +test statistic and the test statistic is + + align:start position:0% +test statistic and the test statistic is + + + align:start position:0% +test statistic and the test statistic is +evidence against the null hypothesis so + + align:start position:0% +evidence against the null hypothesis so + + + align:start position:0% +evidence against the null hypothesis so +in this case uh the P values uh range + + align:start position:0% +in this case uh the P values uh range + + + align:start position:0% +in this case uh the P values uh range +you basically 2726 for the monthly data + + align:start position:0% +you basically 2726 for the monthly data + + + align:start position:0% +you basically 2726 for the monthly data +uh which says that um basically uh this + + align:start position:0% +uh which says that um basically uh this + + + align:start position:0% +uh which says that um basically uh this +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +a uh + + align:start position:0% +a uh + + + align:start position:0% +a uh +or there is evidence of of a unit roote + + align:start position:0% +or there is evidence of of a unit roote + + + align:start position:0% +or there is evidence of of a unit roote +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +process + + align:start position:0% +process + + + align:start position:0% +process +um let's + + align:start position:0% +um let's + + + align:start position:0% +um let's +see okay there's a section on + + align:start position:0% +see okay there's a section on + + + align:start position:0% +see okay there's a section on +understanding partial autocorrelation + + align:start position:0% +understanding partial autocorrelation + + + align:start position:0% +understanding partial autocorrelation +coefficients + + align:start position:0% +coefficients + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients +um and uh let me just State what the + + align:start position:0% +um and uh let me just State what the + + + align:start position:0% +um and uh let me just State what the +partial correlation coefficients are you + + align:start position:0% +partial correlation coefficients are you + + + align:start position:0% +partial correlation coefficients are you +have the autocorrelation functions which + + align:start position:0% +have the autocorrelation functions which + + + align:start position:0% +have the autocorrelation functions which +are simply the correlations of the time + + align:start position:0% +are simply the correlations of the time + + + align:start position:0% +are simply the correlations of the time +series with lags of its values the + + align:start position:0% +series with lags of its values the + + + align:start position:0% +series with lags of its values the +partial autocorrelation coefficient is + + align:start position:0% +partial autocorrelation coefficient is + + + align:start position:0% +partial autocorrelation coefficient is +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +correlation that's uh between the time + + align:start position:0% +correlation that's uh between the time + + + align:start position:0% +correlation that's uh between the time +series and say it's p flag that is not + + align:start position:0% +series and say it's p flag that is not + + + align:start position:0% +series and say it's p flag that is not +explained by all lags lower than P so + + align:start position:0% +explained by all lags lower than P so + + + align:start position:0% +explained by all lags lower than P so +it's basically the incremental + + align:start position:0% +it's basically the incremental + + + align:start position:0% +it's basically the incremental +correlation of the time series variable + + align:start position:0% +correlation of the time series variable + + + align:start position:0% +correlation of the time series variable +with the p flag after controlling for + + align:start position:0% +with the p flag after controlling for + + + align:start position:0% +with the p flag after controlling for +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +others and then uh let's see with this + + align:start position:0% +others and then uh let's see with this + + + align:start position:0% +others and then uh let's see with this +in in Section 8 here uh there's a + + align:start position:0% +in in Section 8 here uh there's a + + + align:start position:0% +in in Section 8 here uh there's a +function in R called a for auto + + align:start position:0% +function in R called a for auto + + + align:start position:0% +function in R called a for auto +regressive which uh basically will fit + + align:start position:0% +regressive which uh basically will fit + + + align:start position:0% +regressive which uh basically will fit +all autor regressive models up to a + + align:start position:0% +all autor regressive models up to a + + + align:start position:0% +all autor regressive models up to a +given order and provide diagnostic + + align:start position:0% +given order and provide diagnostic + + + align:start position:0% +given order and provide diagnostic +statistics for that and here is a plot + + align:start position:0% +statistics for that and here is a plot + + + align:start position:0% +statistics for that and here is a plot +of the relative AIC statistic for models + + align:start position:0% +of the relative AIC statistic for models + + + align:start position:0% +of the relative AIC statistic for models +of the monthly data and you can see that + + align:start position:0% +of the monthly data and you can see that + + + align:start position:0% +of the monthly data and you can see that +basically it it takes all the AIC + + align:start position:0% +basically it it takes all the AIC + + + align:start position:0% +basically it it takes all the AIC +statistics and subtracts the smallest + + align:start position:0% +statistics and subtracts the smallest + + + align:start position:0% +statistics and subtracts the smallest +one from the others so one can see that + + align:start position:0% +one from the others so one can see that + + + align:start position:0% +one from the others so one can see that +uh according to the AIC statistic a + + align:start position:0% +uh according to the AIC statistic a + + + align:start position:0% +uh according to the AIC statistic a +model of order seven is suggested for + + align:start position:0% +model of order seven is suggested for + + + align:start position:0% +model of order seven is suggested for +this uh treasury yield + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +data + + align:start position:0% +data + + + align:start position:0% +data +okay then finally because um these autor + + align:start position:0% +okay then finally because um these autor + + + align:start position:0% +okay then finally because um these autor +regressive models are implemented with + + align:start position:0% +regressive models are implemented with + + + align:start position:0% +regressive models are implemented with +regression models one can apply uh + + align:start position:0% +regression models one can apply uh + + + align:start position:0% +regression models one can apply uh +regression Diagnostics that we had in + + align:start position:0% +regression Diagnostics that we had in + + + align:start position:0% +regression Diagnostics that we had in +introduced earlier to to look at those + + align:start position:0% +introduced earlier to to look at those + + + align:start position:0% +introduced earlier to to look at those +data as + + align:start position:0% +data as + + + align:start position:0% +data as +well all + + align:start position:0% +well all + + + align:start position:0% +well all +right so + + align:start position:0% +right so + + + align:start position:0% +right so +let's go down + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +to an next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +you full screen here we + + align:start position:0% +you full screen here we + + + align:start position:0% +you full screen here we +go all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so let's move on + + align:start position:0% +right so let's move on + + + align:start position:0% +right so let's move on +to the topic of volatility + + align:start position:0% +to the topic of volatility + + + align:start position:0% +to the topic of volatility +modeling + + align:start position:0% +modeling + + + align:start position:0% +modeling +um the uh discussion in this uh section + + align:start position:0% +um the uh discussion in this uh section + + + align:start position:0% +um the uh discussion in this uh section +is going to begin with just defining + + align:start position:0% +is going to begin with just defining + + + align:start position:0% +is going to begin with just defining +volatility so we know what we're talking + + align:start position:0% +volatility so we know what we're talking + + + align:start position:0% +volatility so we know what we're talking +about um and then measuring volatility + + align:start position:0% +about um and then measuring volatility + + + align:start position:0% +about um and then measuring volatility +with historical data uh where we don't + + align:start position:0% +with historical data uh where we don't + + + align:start position:0% +with historical data uh where we don't +really apply sort of statistical models + + align:start position:0% +really apply sort of statistical models + + + align:start position:0% +really apply sort of statistical models +so much but we're concerned with just + + align:start position:0% +so much but we're concerned with just + + + align:start position:0% +so much but we're concerned with just +historical measures of volatility and + + align:start position:0% +historical measures of volatility and + + + align:start position:0% +historical measures of volatility and +their and their prediction then their + + align:start position:0% +their and their prediction then their + + + align:start position:0% +their and their prediction then their +formal models will introduce geometric + + align:start position:0% +formal models will introduce geometric + + + align:start position:0% +formal models will introduce geometric +Brown motion of course you know that's + + align:start position:0% +Brown motion of course you know that's + + + align:start position:0% +Brown motion of course you know that's +the one of the standard models in in + + align:start position:0% +the one of the standard models in in + + + align:start position:0% +the one of the standard models in in +finance but also Pon jump diffusions + + align:start position:0% +finance but also Pon jump diffusions + + + align:start position:0% +finance but also Pon jump diffusions +which is an extension of uh geometric + + align:start position:0% +which is an extension of uh geometric + + + align:start position:0% +which is an extension of uh geometric +brownan motion to allow for + + align:start position:0% +brownan motion to allow for + + + align:start position:0% +brownan motion to allow for +discontinuities and then um there's a + + align:start position:0% +discontinuities and then um there's a + + + align:start position:0% +discontinuities and then um there's a +property of these brownan MO and jump + + align:start position:0% +property of these brownan MO and jump + + + align:start position:0% +property of these brownan MO and jump +diffusion models which is models with + + align:start position:0% +diffusion models which is models with + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion models which is models with +independent increments basically uh you + + align:start position:0% +independent increments basically uh you + + + align:start position:0% +independent increments basically uh you +have different increments of the process + + align:start position:0% +have different increments of the process + + + align:start position:0% +have different increments of the process +o o over um or disjoint increments of + + align:start position:0% +o o over um or disjoint increments of + + + align:start position:0% +o o over um or disjoint increments of +the process basically are independent of + + align:start position:0% +the process basically are independent of + + + align:start position:0% +the process basically are independent of +each other which is a key property with + + align:start position:0% +each other which is a key property with + + + align:start position:0% +each other which is a key property with +uh when there's time dependence in the + + align:start position:0% +uh when there's time dependence in the + + + align:start position:0% +uh when there's time dependence in the +models there can be time dependence + + align:start position:0% +models there can be time dependence + + + align:start position:0% +models there can be time dependence +actually in the volatility and Arch + + align:start position:0% +actually in the volatility and Arch + + + align:start position:0% +actually in the volatility and Arch +models were introduced initially to try + + align:start position:0% +models were introduced initially to try + + + align:start position:0% +models were introduced initially to try +and capture that and were extended to + + align:start position:0% +and capture that and were extended to + + + align:start position:0% +and capture that and were extended to +Gar models and these are the uh sort of + + align:start position:0% +Gar models and these are the uh sort of + + + align:start position:0% +Gar models and these are the uh sort of +simplest cases of uh time dependent + + align:start position:0% +simplest cases of uh time dependent + + + align:start position:0% +simplest cases of uh time dependent +volatility models that we can work with + + align:start position:0% +volatility models that we can work with + + + align:start position:0% +volatility models that we can work with +and introduce um and in all of these the + + align:start position:0% +and introduce um and in all of these the + + + align:start position:0% +and introduce um and in all of these the +uh the sort of mathematical framework + + align:start position:0% +uh the sort of mathematical framework + + + align:start position:0% +uh the sort of mathematical framework +for defining these models and the + + align:start position:0% +for defining these models and the + + + align:start position:0% +for defining these models and the +statistical framework for estimating + + align:start position:0% +statistical framework for estimating + + + align:start position:0% +statistical framework for estimating +their parameters is going to be + + align:start position:0% +their parameters is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +their parameters is going to be +highlighted and uh while it's a very + + align:start position:0% +highlighted and uh while it's a very + + + align:start position:0% +highlighted and uh while it's a very +simple setting in terms of what these + + align:start position:0% +simple setting in terms of what these + + + align:start position:0% +simple setting in terms of what these +models are uh these issues that we'll be + + align:start position:0% +models are uh these issues that we'll be + + + align:start position:0% +models are uh these issues that we'll be +covering relate to uh virtually all uh + + align:start position:0% +covering relate to uh virtually all uh + + + align:start position:0% +covering relate to uh virtually all uh +statistical modeling as well so let's + + align:start position:0% +statistical modeling as well so let's + + + align:start position:0% +statistical modeling as well so let's +define volatility um okay in finance uh + + align:start position:0% +define volatility um okay in finance uh + + + align:start position:0% +define volatility um okay in finance uh +is defined as the annualized standard + + align:start position:0% +is defined as the annualized standard + + + align:start position:0% +is defined as the annualized standard +deviation of the change in price or + + align:start position:0% +deviation of the change in price or + + + align:start position:0% +deviation of the change in price or +value of a financial security or an + + align:start position:0% +value of a financial security or an + + + align:start position:0% +value of a financial security or an +index so we're interested in the + + align:start position:0% +index so we're interested in the + + + align:start position:0% +index so we're interested in the +variability of this uh process a price + + align:start position:0% +variability of this uh process a price + + + align:start position:0% +variability of this uh process a price +process or value process and we consider + + align:start position:0% +process or value process and we consider + + + align:start position:0% +process or value process and we consider +it on an annualized time scale now + + align:start position:0% +it on an annualized time scale now + + + align:start position:0% +it on an annualized time scale now +because of that it's when when you talk + + align:start position:0% +because of that it's when when you talk + + + align:start position:0% +because of that it's when when you talk +about volatilities it really is + + align:start position:0% +about volatilities it really is + + + align:start position:0% +about volatilities it really is +Meaningful to uh communicate you know + + align:start position:0% +Meaningful to uh communicate you know + + + align:start position:0% +Meaningful to uh communicate you know +levels of 10% you know um you know if + + align:start position:0% +levels of 10% you know um you know if + + + align:start position:0% +levels of 10% you know um you know if +you think of uh you know at what level + + align:start position:0% +you think of uh you know at what level + + + align:start position:0% +you think of uh you know at what level +do uh sort of absolute bond yields vary + + align:start position:0% +do uh sort of absolute bond yields vary + + + align:start position:0% +do uh sort of absolute bond yields vary +over a year you know is it uh probably + + align:start position:0% +over a year you know is it uh probably + + + align:start position:0% +over a year you know is it uh probably +is probably less than 5% you know Bond + + align:start position:0% +is probably less than 5% you know Bond + + + align:start position:0% +is probably less than 5% you know Bond +you don't when you think of currencies + + align:start position:0% +you don't when you think of currencies + + + align:start position:0% +you don't when you think of currencies +how much does those vary over a + + align:start position:0% +how much does those vary over a + + + align:start position:0% +how much does those vary over a +year maybe + + align:start position:0% +year maybe + + + align:start position:0% +year maybe +10% with Equity markets you how do those + + align:start position:0% +10% with Equity markets you how do those + + + align:start position:0% +10% with Equity markets you how do those +vary well maybe 30 40% more um with uh + + align:start position:0% +vary well maybe 30 40% more um with uh + + + align:start position:0% +vary well maybe 30 40% more um with uh +the uh estimation and prediction + + align:start position:0% +the uh estimation and prediction + + + align:start position:0% +the uh estimation and prediction +approaches okay these are uh what we'll + + align:start position:0% +approaches okay these are uh what we'll + + + align:start position:0% +approaches okay these are uh what we'll +be discussing it's different cases so + + align:start position:0% +be discussing it's different cases so + + + align:start position:0% +be discussing it's different cases so +let's go on to historical + + align:start position:0% +let's go on to historical + + + align:start position:0% +let's go on to historical +volatility um in terms of computing the + + align:start position:0% +volatility um in terms of computing the + + + align:start position:0% +volatility um in terms of computing the +historical volatility will be + + align:start position:0% +historical volatility will be + + + align:start position:0% +historical volatility will be +considering basically a a price series + + align:start position:0% +considering basically a a price series + + + align:start position:0% +considering basically a a price series +of t+1 points and then we can get t + + align:start position:0% +of t+1 points and then we can get t + + + align:start position:0% +of t+1 points and then we can get t +period returns for those corresponding + + align:start position:0% +period returns for those corresponding + + + align:start position:0% +period returns for those corresponding +to those prices which is simply the log + + align:start position:0% +to those prices which is simply the log + + + align:start position:0% +to those prices which is simply the log +of or the difference in the logs of the + + align:start position:0% +of or the difference in the logs of the + + + align:start position:0% +of or the difference in the logs of the +prices or the log of the price relatives + + align:start position:0% +prices or the log of the price relatives + + + align:start position:0% +prices or the log of the price relatives +so RT is going to be the return for the + + align:start position:0% +so RT is going to be the return for the + + + align:start position:0% +so RT is going to be the return for the +asset um and uh you know one could use + + align:start position:0% +asset um and uh you know one could use + + + align:start position:0% +asset um and uh you know one could use +other definitions like sort of the + + align:start position:0% +other definitions like sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +other definitions like sort of the +absolute return not take logs um it's + + align:start position:0% +absolute return not take logs um it's + + + align:start position:0% +absolute return not take logs um it's +convenient in much + + align:start position:0% +convenient in much + + + align:start position:0% +convenient in much +empirical analysis I guess to work with + + align:start position:0% +empirical analysis I guess to work with + + + align:start position:0% +empirical analysis I guess to work with +the logs uh because if you sum logs you + + align:start position:0% +the logs uh because if you sum logs you + + + align:start position:0% +the logs uh because if you sum logs you +get the sort of log of the product and + + align:start position:0% +get the sort of log of the product and + + + align:start position:0% +get the sort of log of the product and +so total cumulative returns uh can be + + align:start position:0% +so total cumulative returns uh can be + + + align:start position:0% +so total cumulative returns uh can be +computed easily with sums of logs uh but + + align:start position:0% +computed easily with sums of logs uh but + + + align:start position:0% +computed easily with sums of logs uh but +anyway we'll work with that scale for + + align:start position:0% +anyway we'll work with that scale for + + + align:start position:0% +anyway we'll work with that scale for +now um the okay now the process RT uh + + align:start position:0% +now um the okay now the process RT uh + + + align:start position:0% +now um the okay now the process RT uh +the return series process is going to be + + align:start position:0% +the return series process is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +the return series process is going to be +assumed to be covariant + + align:start position:0% +assumed to be covariant + + + align:start position:0% +assumed to be covariant +stationary meaning that it does have a + + align:start position:0% +stationary meaning that it does have a + + + align:start position:0% +stationary meaning that it does have a +finite + + align:start position:0% +finite + + + align:start position:0% +finite +variance and uh the uh sample estimate + + align:start position:0% +variance and uh the uh sample estimate + + + align:start position:0% +variance and uh the uh sample estimate +of that is just given by uh you know the + + align:start position:0% +of that is just given by uh you know the + + + align:start position:0% +of that is just given by uh you know the +square root of the sample variance so + + align:start position:0% +square root of the sample variance so + + + align:start position:0% +square root of the sample variance so +we're basically and we're also + + align:start position:0% +we're basically and we're also + + + align:start position:0% +we're basically and we're also +considering an unbiased estimate of that + + align:start position:0% +considering an unbiased estimate of that + + + align:start position:0% +considering an unbiased estimate of that +um and if we want to + + align:start position:0% +um and if we want to + + + align:start position:0% +um and if we want to +um basically convert these to annualized + + align:start position:0% +um basically convert these to annualized + + + align:start position:0% +um basically convert these to annualized +values so that we're dealing with a + + align:start position:0% +values so that we're dealing with a + + + align:start position:0% +values so that we're dealing with a +volatility then if we have daily prices + + align:start position:0% +volatility then if we have daily prices + + + align:start position:0% +volatility then if we have daily prices +of which in financial markets they're + + align:start position:0% +of which in financial markets they're + + + align:start position:0% +of which in financial markets they're +usually in the US they're open roughly + + align:start position:0% +usually in the US they're open roughly + + + align:start position:0% +usually in the US they're open roughly +252 days a year on average we multiply + + align:start position:0% +252 days a year on average we multiply + + + align:start position:0% +252 days a year on average we multiply +that Sigma Hat by 252 root and for + + align:start position:0% +that Sigma Hat by 252 root and for + + + align:start position:0% +that Sigma Hat by 252 root and for +weekly Route 52 and Route 12 for monthly + + align:start position:0% +weekly Route 52 and Route 12 for monthly + + + align:start position:0% +weekly Route 52 and Route 12 for monthly +data so so depend regardless of uh this + + align:start position:0% +data so so depend regardless of uh this + + + align:start position:0% +data so so depend regardless of uh this +the periodicity of our original data we + + align:start position:0% +the periodicity of our original data we + + + align:start position:0% +the periodicity of our original data we +can get them onto that uh volatility + + align:start position:0% +can get them onto that uh volatility + + + align:start position:0% +can get them onto that uh volatility +scale um the uh now + + align:start position:0% +scale um the uh now + + + align:start position:0% +scale um the uh now +in terms of prediction methods that um + + align:start position:0% +in terms of prediction methods that um + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of prediction methods that um +uh one can make with historical + + align:start position:0% +uh one can make with historical + + + align:start position:0% +uh one can make with historical +volatility and there's a lot of um work + + align:start position:0% +volatility and there's a lot of um work + + + align:start position:0% +volatility and there's a lot of um work +done in finance by people who aren't + + align:start position:0% +done in finance by people who aren't + + + align:start position:0% +done in finance by people who aren't +sort of trained as econometricians or + + align:start position:0% +sort of trained as econometricians or + + + align:start position:0% +sort of trained as econometricians or +statisticians you know they basically + + align:start position:0% +statisticians you know they basically + + + align:start position:0% +statisticians you know they basically +just work with the data and uh there's + + align:start position:0% +just work with the data and uh there's + + + align:start position:0% +just work with the data and uh there's +uh a a standard for risk analysis called + + align:start position:0% +uh a a standard for risk analysis called + + + align:start position:0% +uh a a standard for risk analysis called +the risk metrics uh approach where um + + align:start position:0% +the risk metrics uh approach where um + + + align:start position:0% +the risk metrics uh approach where um +the approach defines volatility and + + align:start position:0% +the approach defines volatility and + + + align:start position:0% +the approach defines volatility and +volatility estimates historical + + align:start position:0% +volatility estimates historical + + + align:start position:0% +volatility estimates historical +estimates just using simple + + align:start position:0% +estimates just using simple + + + align:start position:0% +estimates just using simple +methodologies and so let let's just go + + align:start position:0% +methodologies and so let let's just go + + + align:start position:0% +methodologies and so let let's just go +through what those are here um one can + + align:start position:0% +through what those are here um one can + + + align:start position:0% +through what those are here um one can +uh basically + + align:start position:0% +uh basically + + + align:start position:0% +uh basically +for a period for any period t one can + + align:start position:0% +for a period for any period t one can + + + align:start position:0% +for a period for any period t one can +Define the sample + + align:start position:0% +Define the sample + + + align:start position:0% +Define the sample +volatility just to be um the sample + + align:start position:0% +volatility just to be um the sample + + + align:start position:0% +volatility just to be um the sample +standard deviation of the period T + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation of the period T + + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation of the period T +returns and so with daily data that + + align:start position:0% +returns and so with daily data that + + + align:start position:0% +returns and so with daily data that +might just be the square of that daily + + align:start position:0% +might just be the square of that daily + + + align:start position:0% +might just be the square of that daily +return with monthly data it could be the + + align:start position:0% +return with monthly data it could be the + + + align:start position:0% +return with monthly data it could be the +sample standard deviation of the returns + + align:start position:0% +sample standard deviation of the returns + + + align:start position:0% +sample standard deviation of the returns +over the month and with yearly it would + + align:start position:0% +over the month and with yearly it would + + + align:start position:0% +over the month and with yearly it would +be the sample over over the year also + + align:start position:0% +be the sample over over the year also + + + align:start position:0% +be the sample over over the year also +with intraday data it could be the + + align:start position:0% +with intraday data it could be the + + + align:start position:0% +with intraday data it could be the +sample standard deviation over intraday + + align:start position:0% +sample standard deviation over intraday + + + align:start position:0% +sample standard deviation over intraday +uh periods of say uh half hours or hours + + align:start position:0% +uh periods of say uh half hours or hours + + + align:start position:0% +uh periods of say uh half hours or hours +or and um the historical average um is + + align:start position:0% +or and um the historical average um is + + + align:start position:0% +or and um the historical average um is +simply the mean of those those + + align:start position:0% +simply the mean of those those + + + align:start position:0% +simply the mean of those those +estimates um which uses all the + + align:start position:0% +estimates um which uses all the + + + align:start position:0% +estimates um which uses all the +available data one can consider the + + align:start position:0% +available data one can consider the + + + align:start position:0% +available data one can consider the +simple moving average of these realized + + align:start position:0% +simple moving average of these realized + + + align:start position:0% +simple moving average of these realized +volatilities and so um that basically is + + align:start position:0% +volatilities and so um that basically is + + + align:start position:0% +volatilities and so um that basically is +using the last M for some finite M + + align:start position:0% +using the last M for some finite M + + + align:start position:0% +using the last M for some finite M +values to average and uh one could also + + align:start position:0% +values to average and uh one could also + + + align:start position:0% +values to average and uh one could also +uh consider an exponential moving + + align:start position:0% +uh consider an exponential moving + + + align:start position:0% +uh consider an exponential moving +average of these uh sample volatilities + + align:start position:0% +average of these uh sample volatilities + + + align:start position:0% +average of these uh sample volatilities +where we have have our estimate the of + + align:start position:0% +where we have have our estimate the of + + + align:start position:0% +where we have have our estimate the of +the volatility is 1 minus beta times the + + align:start position:0% +the volatility is 1 minus beta times the + + + align:start position:0% +the volatility is 1 minus beta times the +current period volatility plus beta + + align:start position:0% +current period volatility plus beta + + + align:start position:0% +current period volatility plus beta +times the previous estimate and these + + align:start position:0% +times the previous estimate and these + + + align:start position:0% +times the previous estimate and these +exponential moving averages are really + + align:start position:0% +exponential moving averages are really + + + align:start position:0% +exponential moving averages are really +very nice + + align:start position:0% +very nice + + + align:start position:0% +very nice +uh ways to estimate processes that + + align:start position:0% +uh ways to estimate processes that + + + align:start position:0% +uh ways to estimate processes that +change over time and they're able to + + align:start position:0% +change over time and they're able to + + + align:start position:0% +change over time and they're able to +track uh the changes quite well and they + + align:start position:0% +track uh the changes quite well and they + + + align:start position:0% +track uh the changes quite well and they +they will tend to come up again and + + align:start position:0% +they will tend to come up again and + + + align:start position:0% +they will tend to come up again and +again um this exponential moving average + + align:start position:0% +again um this exponential moving average + + + align:start position:0% +again um this exponential moving average +actually uses all available data um and + + align:start position:0% +actually uses all available data um and + + + align:start position:0% +actually uses all available data um and +there can be discrete versions of those + + align:start position:0% +there can be discrete versions of those + + + align:start position:0% +there can be discrete versions of those +where you say well let's use not an + + align:start position:0% +where you say well let's use not an + + + align:start position:0% +where you say well let's use not an +equal weighted average like the simple + + align:start position:0% +equal weighted average like the simple + + + align:start position:0% +equal weighted average like the simple +moving average but let's use an a + + align:start position:0% +moving average but let's use an a + + + align:start position:0% +moving average but let's use an a +geometric average of the last M values + + align:start position:0% +geometric average of the last M values + + + align:start position:0% +geometric average of the last M values +in an exponential way and that's the + + align:start position:0% +in an exponential way and that's the + + + align:start position:0% +in an exponential way and that's the +exponential weighted moving average that + + align:start position:0% +exponential weighted moving average that + + + align:start position:0% +exponential weighted moving average that +uses the last + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +M okay there we + + align:start position:0% +M okay there we + + + align:start position:0% +M okay there we +go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay well with these different measures + + align:start position:0% +okay well with these different measures + + + align:start position:0% +okay well with these different measures +of uh sample volatility uh one can + + align:start position:0% +of uh sample volatility uh one can + + + align:start position:0% +of uh sample volatility uh one can +basically uh build models to estimate + + align:start position:0% +basically uh build models to estimate + + + align:start position:0% +basically uh build models to estimate +them um with regression models and + + align:start position:0% +them um with regression models and + + + align:start position:0% +them um with regression models and +uh evaluate in terms of the risk metrics + + align:start position:0% +uh evaluate in terms of the risk metrics + + + align:start position:0% +uh evaluate in terms of the risk metrics +Benchmark they consider a variety of + + align:start position:0% +Benchmark they consider a variety of + + + align:start position:0% +Benchmark they consider a variety of +different methodologies for estimating + + align:start position:0% +different methodologies for estimating + + + align:start position:0% +different methodologies for estimating +volatility and sort of determined what + + align:start position:0% +volatility and sort of determined what + + + align:start position:0% +volatility and sort of determined what +methods are best for different kinds of + + align:start position:0% +methods are best for different kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +methods are best for different kinds of +financial instruments uh and uh + + align:start position:0% +financial instruments uh and uh + + + align:start position:0% +financial instruments uh and uh +different Financial indexes um and there + + align:start position:0% +different Financial indexes um and there + + + align:start position:0% +different Financial indexes um and there +are different performance measures one + + align:start position:0% +are different performance measures one + + + align:start position:0% +are different performance measures one +can apply sort of mean squared error of + + align:start position:0% +can apply sort of mean squared error of + + + align:start position:0% +can apply sort of mean squared error of +prediction mean absolute error of + + align:start position:0% +prediction mean absolute error of + + + align:start position:0% +prediction mean absolute error of +prediction uh mean absolute prediction + + align:start position:0% +prediction uh mean absolute prediction + + + align:start position:0% +prediction uh mean absolute prediction +error and so forth to uh evaluate + + align:start position:0% +error and so forth to uh evaluate + + + align:start position:0% +error and so forth to uh evaluate +different methodologies and uh on the + + align:start position:0% +different methodologies and uh on the + + + align:start position:0% +different methodologies and uh on the +web you can actually look at the + + align:start position:0% +web you can actually look at the + + + align:start position:0% +web you can actually look at the +technical documents for risk metrics and + + align:start position:0% +technical documents for risk metrics and + + + align:start position:0% +technical documents for risk metrics and +they go through these analyses and if + + align:start position:0% +they go through these analyses and if + + + align:start position:0% +they go through these analyses and if +your interest is in a particular area of + + align:start position:0% +your interest is in a particular area of + + + align:start position:0% +your interest is in a particular area of +Finance you know whether it's fixed + + align:start position:0% +Finance you know whether it's fixed + + + align:start position:0% +Finance you know whether it's fixed +income or equities Commodities or + + align:start position:0% +income or equities Commodities or + + + align:start position:0% +income or equities Commodities or +currencies uh reviewing their work there + + align:start position:0% +currencies uh reviewing their work there + + + align:start position:0% +currencies uh reviewing their work there +is very interesting because it does uh + + align:start position:0% +is very interesting because it does uh + + + align:start position:0% +is very interesting because it does uh +highlight different aspects of those + + align:start position:0% +highlight different aspects of those + + + align:start position:0% +highlight different aspects of those +markets um and uh it turns out that uh + + align:start position:0% +markets um and uh it turns out that uh + + + align:start position:0% +markets um and uh it turns out that uh +basically the exponential moving average + + align:start position:0% +basically the exponential moving average + + + align:start position:0% +basically the exponential moving average +is is generally a very good good method + + align:start position:0% +is is generally a very good good method + + + align:start position:0% +is is generally a very good good method +for many instruments and uh the uh sort + + align:start position:0% +for many instruments and uh the uh sort + + + align:start position:0% +for many instruments and uh the uh sort +of discounting of the uh values over + + align:start position:0% +of discounting of the uh values over + + + align:start position:0% +of discounting of the uh values over +time corresponds to having roughly + + align:start position:0% +time corresponds to having roughly + + + align:start position:0% +time corresponds to having roughly +between I guess a a 45 and a 90day + + align:start position:0% +between I guess a a 45 and a 90day + + + align:start position:0% +between I guess a a 45 and a 90day +period in estimating your + + align:start position:0% +period in estimating your + + + align:start position:0% +period in estimating your +volatility um and in these approaches + + align:start position:0% +volatility um and in these approaches + + + align:start position:0% +volatility um and in these approaches +which are uh I guess um they're they're + + align:start position:0% +which are uh I guess um they're they're + + + align:start position:0% +which are uh I guess um they're they're +a bit ad hoc um you know there's the + + align:start position:0% +a bit ad hoc um you know there's the + + + align:start position:0% +a bit ad hoc um you know there's the +formalism in defining them is just you + + align:start position:0% +formalism in defining them is just you + + + align:start position:0% +formalism in defining them is just you +know basically just empiric Aly what + + align:start position:0% +know basically just empiric Aly what + + + align:start position:0% +know basically just empiric Aly what +what has worked in the past um the uh + + align:start position:0% +what has worked in the past um the uh + + + align:start position:0% +what has worked in the past um the uh +um let's see the the uh um you know + + align:start position:0% +um let's see the the uh um you know + + + align:start position:0% +um let's see the the uh um you know +while these things are are at hoc they + + align:start position:0% +while these things are are at hoc they + + + align:start position:0% +while these things are are at hoc they +actually have have been very very + + align:start position:0% +actually have have been very very + + + align:start position:0% +actually have have been very very +effective so let's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh let's move on to formal uh + + align:start position:0% +uh let's move on to formal uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh let's move on to formal uh +statistical models of uh volatility and + + align:start position:0% +statistical models of uh volatility and + + + align:start position:0% +statistical models of uh volatility and +the first classes uh model is is the + + align:start position:0% +the first classes uh model is is the + + + align:start position:0% +the first classes uh model is is the +geometric Brownian motion so um here we + + align:start position:0% +geometric Brownian motion so um here we + + + align:start position:0% +geometric Brownian motion so um here we +have uh basically a stochastic + + align:start position:0% +have uh basically a stochastic + + + align:start position:0% +have uh basically a stochastic +differential equation defining the model + + align:start position:0% +differential equation defining the model + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation defining the model +for a geometric brownan motion and uh + + align:start position:0% +for a geometric brownan motion and uh + + + align:start position:0% +for a geometric brownan motion and uh +chungong will be going in some detail + + align:start position:0% +chungong will be going in some detail + + + align:start position:0% +chungong will be going in some detail +about uh stochastic differential rep uh + + align:start position:0% +about uh stochastic differential rep uh + + + align:start position:0% +about uh stochastic differential rep uh +equations and uh stochastic calculus for + + align:start position:0% +equations and uh stochastic calculus for + + + align:start position:0% +equations and uh stochastic calculus for +representing different processes + + align:start position:0% +representing different processes + + + align:start position:0% +representing different processes +continuous processes um and uh the form + + align:start position:0% +continuous processes um and uh the form + + + align:start position:0% +continuous processes um and uh the form +formulation is um basically looking at + + align:start position:0% +formulation is um basically looking at + + + align:start position:0% +formulation is um basically looking at +increments of the price process s is + + align:start position:0% +increments of the price process s is + + + align:start position:0% +increments of the price process s is +equal to a uh basically a mu sft s a + + align:start position:0% +equal to a uh basically a mu sft s a + + + align:start position:0% +equal to a uh basically a mu sft s a +drift term uh plus a sigma s of t a + + align:start position:0% +drift term uh plus a sigma s of t a + + + align:start position:0% +drift term uh plus a sigma s of t a +multiple of DW of T where uh Sigma is + + align:start position:0% +multiple of DW of T where uh Sigma is + + + align:start position:0% +multiple of DW of T where uh Sigma is +the volatility of the security price mu + + align:start position:0% +the volatility of the security price mu + + + align:start position:0% +the volatility of the security price mu +is the mean return per unit time DW of T + + align:start position:0% +is the mean return per unit time DW of T + + + align:start position:0% +is the mean return per unit time DW of T +is the increment of a standard Brownian + + align:start position:0% +is the increment of a standard Brownian + + + align:start position:0% +is the increment of a standard Brownian +motion uh process or Wier process and + + align:start position:0% +motion uh process or Wier process and + + + align:start position:0% +motion uh process or Wier process and +this DW proc this W process is such that + + align:start position:0% +this DW proc this W process is such that + + + align:start position:0% +this DW proc this W process is such that +its + + align:start position:0% +its + + + align:start position:0% +its +increments basically the change in value + + align:start position:0% +increments basically the change in value + + + align:start position:0% +increments basically the change in value +of the process over between two time + + align:start position:0% +of the process over between two time + + + align:start position:0% +of the process over between two time +points is normally + + align:start position:0% +points is normally + + + align:start position:0% +points is normally +distributed with mean zero and variance + + align:start position:0% +distributed with mean zero and variance + + + align:start position:0% +distributed with mean zero and variance +uh proportional or variance equal to the + + align:start position:0% +uh proportional or variance equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +uh proportional or variance equal to the +length of the + + align:start position:0% +length of the + + + align:start position:0% +length of the +interval um and increments on disjoint + + align:start position:0% +interval um and increments on disjoint + + + align:start position:0% +interval um and increments on disjoint +time intervals are independent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um and if if you + + align:start position:0% +um and if if you + + + align:start position:0% +um and if if you +uh divide the uh well if you divide both + + align:start position:0% +uh divide the uh well if you divide both + + + align:start position:0% +uh divide the uh well if you divide both +sides of that equation by S of + + align:start position:0% +sides of that equation by S of + + + align:start position:0% +sides of that equation by S of +T then you have DS of T over s of T is + + align:start position:0% +T then you have DS of T over s of T is + + + align:start position:0% +T then you have DS of T over s of T is +equal to MDT plus Sigma DW of T and so + + align:start position:0% +equal to MDT plus Sigma DW of T and so + + + align:start position:0% +equal to MDT plus Sigma DW of T and so +the increments d s oft normalized by S + + align:start position:0% +the increments d s oft normalized by S + + + align:start position:0% +the increments d s oft normalized by S +oft are a standard brownie motion with + + align:start position:0% +oft are a standard brownie motion with + + + align:start position:0% +oft are a standard brownie motion with +drift mu and volatility + + align:start position:0% +drift mu and volatility + + + align:start position:0% +drift mu and volatility +Sigma + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um now uh with uh sample data uh from + + align:start position:0% +um now uh with uh sample data uh from + + + align:start position:0% +um now uh with uh sample data uh from +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +process um suppose we have prices + + align:start position:0% +process um suppose we have prices + + + align:start position:0% +process um suppose we have prices +observed at times T up to TN and for now + + align:start position:0% +observed at times T up to TN and for now + + + align:start position:0% +observed at times T up to TN and for now +uh we're not going to make any + + align:start position:0% +uh we're not going to make any + + + align:start position:0% +uh we're not going to make any +assumptions about what those time + + align:start position:0% +assumptions about what those time + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions about what those time +increments are are what those times are + + align:start position:0% +increments are are what those times are + + + align:start position:0% +increments are are what those times are +they could they could be equally spaced + + align:start position:0% +they could they could be equally spaced + + + align:start position:0% +they could they could be equally spaced +they could be unequally + + align:start position:0% +they could be unequally + + + align:start position:0% +they could be unequally +spaced um the + + align:start position:0% +spaced um the + + + align:start position:0% +spaced um the +returns the uh log of the price relative + + align:start position:0% +returns the uh log of the price relative + + + align:start position:0% +returns the uh log of the price relative +uh price change from uh time TJ minus + + align:start position:0% +uh price change from uh time TJ minus + + + align:start position:0% +uh price change from uh time TJ minus +one to TJ uh are independent random + + align:start position:0% +one to TJ uh are independent random + + + align:start position:0% +one to TJ uh are independent random +variables and they are in independent + + align:start position:0% +variables and they are in independent + + + align:start position:0% +variables and they are in independent +they are their distribution is normally + + align:start position:0% +they are their distribution is normally + + + align:start position:0% +they are their distribution is normally +distributed with mean given by mu times + + align:start position:0% +distributed with mean given by mu times + + + align:start position:0% +distributed with mean given by mu times +the length of the time increment and + + align:start position:0% +the length of the time increment and + + + align:start position:0% +the length of the time increment and +variance Sigma squar times the length of + + align:start position:0% +variance Sigma squar times the length of + + + align:start position:0% +variance Sigma squar times the length of +the increment and this these properties + + align:start position:0% +the increment and this these properties + + + align:start position:0% +the increment and this these properties +will be covered by Chung boom uh in some + + align:start position:0% +will be covered by Chung boom uh in some + + + align:start position:0% +will be covered by Chung boom uh in some +later lectures uh so for now we can just + + align:start position:0% +later lectures uh so for now we can just + + + align:start position:0% +later lectures uh so for now we can just +uh know that this is true and apply this + + align:start position:0% +uh know that this is true and apply this + + + align:start position:0% +uh know that this is true and apply this +result uh if we can if we fix various uh + + align:start position:0% +result uh if we can if we fix various uh + + + align:start position:0% +result uh if we can if we fix various uh +time points for the observation and + + align:start position:0% +time points for the observation and + + + align:start position:0% +time points for the observation and +compute returns this way if it's a + + align:start position:0% +compute returns this way if it's a + + + align:start position:0% +compute returns this way if it's a +geometric Brown motion we know that this + + align:start position:0% +geometric Brown motion we know that this + + + align:start position:0% +geometric Brown motion we know that this +is the distribution of those the + + align:start position:0% +is the distribution of those the + + + align:start position:0% +is the distribution of those the +returns now with that knowing that that + + align:start position:0% +returns now with that knowing that that + + + align:start position:0% +returns now with that knowing that that +distribution we can now engage in + + align:start position:0% +distribution we can now engage in + + + align:start position:0% +distribution we can now engage in +maximum likelihood + + align:start position:0% +maximum likelihood + + + align:start position:0% +maximum likelihood +estimation okay if uh the increments are + + align:start position:0% +estimation okay if uh the increments are + + + align:start position:0% +estimation okay if uh the increments are +all just equal to one so we're think of + + align:start position:0% +all just equal to one so we're think of + + + align:start position:0% +all just equal to one so we're think of +daily data say or then the maximum + + align:start position:0% +daily data say or then the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +daily data say or then the maximum +likelihood estimates are simple it's + + align:start position:0% +likelihood estimates are simple it's + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood estimates are simple it's +basically the sample mean and the sample + + align:start position:0% +basically the sample mean and the sample + + + align:start position:0% +basically the sample mean and the sample +variance uh with one over n instead of 1 + + align:start position:0% +variance uh with one over n instead of 1 + + + align:start position:0% +variance uh with one over n instead of 1 +over n minus one of the ml if Delta J + + align:start position:0% +over n minus one of the ml if Delta J + + + align:start position:0% +over n minus one of the ml if Delta J +varies then uh well that's actually case + + align:start position:0% +varies then uh well that's actually case + + + align:start position:0% +varies then uh well that's actually case +for um in the exercises now + + align:start position:0% +for um in the exercises now + + + align:start position:0% +for um in the exercises now +um let see does anyone in terms of um + + align:start position:0% +um let see does anyone in terms of um + + + align:start position:0% +um let see does anyone in terms of um +well in in the class exercise + + align:start position:0% +well in in the class exercise + + + align:start position:0% +well in in the class exercise +um the uh the issue that is important to + + align:start position:0% +um the uh the issue that is important to + + + align:start position:0% +um the uh the issue that is important to +think about is if you + + align:start position:0% +think about is if you + + + align:start position:0% +think about is if you +consider um a given interval of time + + align:start position:0% +consider um a given interval of time + + + align:start position:0% +consider um a given interval of time +over which we're observing this + + align:start position:0% +over which we're observing this + + + align:start position:0% +over which we're observing this +geometric brotion process + + align:start position:0% +geometric brotion process + + + align:start position:0% +geometric brotion process +if we increase the um the sampling rate + + align:start position:0% +if we increase the um the sampling rate + + + align:start position:0% +if we increase the um the sampling rate +of prices over a given interval how does + + align:start position:0% +of prices over a given interval how does + + + align:start position:0% +of prices over a given interval how does +that change the properties of our uh + + align:start position:0% +that change the properties of our uh + + + align:start position:0% +that change the properties of our uh +estimates basically do we obtain more + + align:start position:0% +estimates basically do we obtain more + + + align:start position:0% +estimates basically do we obtain more +accurate estimates of the underlying + + align:start position:0% +accurate estimates of the underlying + + + align:start position:0% +accurate estimates of the underlying +parameters and uh as you increase the + + align:start position:0% +parameters and uh as you increase the + + + align:start position:0% +parameters and uh as you increase the +sampling + + align:start position:0% +sampling + + + align:start position:0% +sampling +frequency um it it turns out that some + + align:start position:0% +frequency um it it turns out that some + + + align:start position:0% +frequency um it it turns out that some +parameters are estimated much much + + align:start position:0% +parameters are estimated much much + + + align:start position:0% +parameters are estimated much much +better and you get uh uh basically much + + align:start position:0% +better and you get uh uh basically much + + + align:start position:0% +better and you get uh uh basically much +uh lower standard errors on on those + + align:start position:0% +uh lower standard errors on on those + + + align:start position:0% +uh lower standard errors on on those +estimates with other parameters you + + align:start position:0% +estimates with other parameters you + + + align:start position:0% +estimates with other parameters you +don't necessarily and and the exercise + + align:start position:0% +don't necessarily and and the exercise + + + align:start position:0% +don't necessarily and and the exercise +is is to evaluate that now another issue + + align:start position:0% +is is to evaluate that now another issue + + + align:start position:0% +is is to evaluate that now another issue +that's important is the issue of sort of + + align:start position:0% +that's important is the issue of sort of + + + align:start position:0% +that's important is the issue of sort of +what is the + + align:start position:0% +what is the + + + align:start position:0% +what is the +appropriate time scale + + align:start position:0% +appropriate time scale + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate time scale +for uh geometric Brum motion I right now + + align:start position:0% +for uh geometric Brum motion I right now + + + align:start position:0% +for uh geometric Brum motion I right now +we're thinking of you know you collect + + align:start position:0% +we're thinking of you know you collect + + + align:start position:0% +we're thinking of you know you collect +data whatever the periodicity is of the + + align:start position:0% +data whatever the periodicity is of the + + + align:start position:0% +data whatever the periodicity is of the +DAT is you think that's your period for + + align:start position:0% +DAT is you think that's your period for + + + align:start position:0% +DAT is you think that's your period for +your brown motion let's evaluate that um + + align:start position:0% +your brown motion let's evaluate that um + + + align:start position:0% +your brown motion let's evaluate that um +let let me uh go to + + align:start position:0% +let let me uh go to + + + align:start position:0% +let let me uh go to +another + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um let's see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +yep okay let's go control minus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here okay all right + + align:start position:0% +here okay all right + + + align:start position:0% +here okay all right +um let's see with + + align:start position:0% +um let's see with + + + align:start position:0% +um let's see with +uh let's see with with the second case + + align:start position:0% +uh let's see with with the second case + + + align:start position:0% +uh let's see with with the second case +study there was uh data on exchange + + align:start position:0% +study there was uh data on exchange + + + align:start position:0% +study there was uh data on exchange +rates um looking for ex uh regime + + align:start position:0% +rates um looking for ex uh regime + + + align:start position:0% +rates um looking for ex uh regime +changes in exchange rate uh + + align:start position:0% +changes in exchange rate uh + + + align:start position:0% +changes in exchange rate uh +relationships and so we have data from + + align:start position:0% +relationships and so we have data from + + + align:start position:0% +relationships and so we have data from +that case study on different uh foreign + + align:start position:0% +that case study on different uh foreign + + + align:start position:0% +that case study on different uh foreign +exchange rates and here um in the top + + align:start position:0% +exchange rates and here um in the top + + + align:start position:0% +exchange rates and here um in the top +panel I've graphed the uh uh euro dollar + + align:start position:0% +panel I've graphed the uh uh euro dollar + + + align:start position:0% +panel I've graphed the uh uh euro dollar +exchange rate uh from the beginning of + + align:start position:0% +exchange rate uh from the beginning of + + + align:start position:0% +exchange rate uh from the beginning of +1999 through uh just you know a few + + align:start position:0% +1999 through uh just you know a few + + + align:start position:0% +1999 through uh just you know a few +months ago and uh this second panel is a + + align:start position:0% +months ago and uh this second panel is a + + + align:start position:0% +months ago and uh this second panel is a +plot of the daily returns for that + + align:start position:0% +plot of the daily returns for that + + + align:start position:0% +plot of the daily returns for that +series and here is a uh histogram of + + align:start position:0% +series and here is a uh histogram of + + + align:start position:0% +series and here is a uh histogram of +those daily returns and a fit of the + + align:start position:0% +those daily returns and a fit of the + + + align:start position:0% +those daily returns and a fit of the +gaussian distribution + + align:start position:0% +gaussian distribution + + + align:start position:0% +gaussian distribution +for the daily returns if our sort of + + align:start position:0% +for the daily returns if our sort of + + + align:start position:0% +for the daily returns if our sort of +time scale is correct basically daily + + align:start position:0% +time scale is correct basically daily + + + align:start position:0% +time scale is correct basically daily +returns are normally distributed they're + + align:start position:0% +returns are normally distributed they're + + + align:start position:0% +returns are normally distributed they're +all equally days are disjoint in terms + + align:start position:0% +all equally days are disjoint in terms + + + align:start position:0% +all equally days are disjoint in terms +of you know the price change um and uh + + align:start position:0% +of you know the price change um and uh + + + align:start position:0% +of you know the price change um and uh +so they're independent and identically + + align:start position:0% +so they're independent and identically + + + align:start position:0% +so they're independent and identically +distributed under the model um and they + + align:start position:0% +distributed under the model um and they + + + align:start position:0% +distributed under the model um and they +all have the same normal distribution + + align:start position:0% +all have the same normal distribution + + + align:start position:0% +all have the same normal distribution +with mean mu and variant Sigma + + align:start position:0% +with mean mu and variant Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +with mean mu and variant Sigma +squar um okay this analysis is imp + + align:start position:0% +squar um okay this analysis is imp + + + align:start position:0% +squar um okay this analysis is imp +assumes basically that we're dealing + + align:start position:0% +assumes basically that we're dealing + + + align:start position:0% +assumes basically that we're dealing +with trading days for the appropriate + + align:start position:0% +with trading days for the appropriate + + + align:start position:0% +with trading days for the appropriate +time scale that you Meed BR the motion + + align:start position:0% +time scale that you Meed BR the motion + + + align:start position:0% +time scale that you Meed BR the motion +um one can + + align:start position:0% +um one can + + + align:start position:0% +um one can +uh let's see one can ask you know well + + align:start position:0% +uh let's see one can ask you know well + + + align:start position:0% +uh let's see one can ask you know well +what + + align:start position:0% +what + + + align:start position:0% +what +if uh trading dayses really isn't the + + align:start position:0% +if uh trading dayses really isn't the + + + align:start position:0% +if uh trading dayses really isn't the +right time scale but it's more calendar + + align:start position:0% +right time scale but it's more calendar + + + align:start position:0% +right time scale but it's more calendar +time I mean you know the price the + + align:start position:0% +time I mean you know the price the + + + align:start position:0% +time I mean you know the price the +change in value over the weekends maybe + + align:start position:0% +change in value over the weekends maybe + + + align:start position:0% +change in value over the weekends maybe +correspond to price changes or value + + align:start position:0% +correspond to price changes or value + + + align:start position:0% +correspond to price changes or value +changes over a long longer period of + + align:start position:0% +changes over a long longer period of + + + align:start position:0% +changes over a long longer period of +time and uh so so this model really + + align:start position:0% +time and uh so so this model really + + + align:start position:0% +time and uh so so this model really +needs to be adjusted for for that time + + align:start position:0% +needs to be adjusted for for that time + + + align:start position:0% +needs to be adjusted for for that time +scale um the uh + + align:start position:0% +scale um the uh + + + align:start position:0% +scale um the uh +exercise + + align:start position:0% +exercise + + + align:start position:0% +exercise +um that allows you to consider different + + align:start position:0% +um that allows you to consider different + + + align:start position:0% +um that allows you to consider different +Delta T's is is you know shows you what + + align:start position:0% +Delta T's is is you know shows you what + + + align:start position:0% +Delta T's is is you know shows you what +the maximum likelihood estimates you'll + + align:start position:0% +the maximum likelihood estimates you'll + + + align:start position:0% +the maximum likelihood estimates you'll +be deriving maximum likelihood estimates + + align:start position:0% +be deriving maximum likelihood estimates + + + align:start position:0% +be deriving maximum likelihood estimates +if we have different definitions of time + + align:start position:0% +if we have different definitions of time + + + align:start position:0% +if we have different definitions of time +scale there um but if you + + align:start position:0% +scale there um but if you + + + align:start position:0% +scale there um but if you +apply + + align:start position:0% +apply + + + align:start position:0% +apply +the calendar time scale to this uh Euro + + align:start position:0% +the calendar time scale to this uh Euro + + + align:start position:0% +the calendar time scale to this uh Euro +let me just show you what the different + + align:start position:0% +let me just show you what the different + + + align:start position:0% +let me just show you what the different +estimates are of the mean uh annualized + + align:start position:0% +estimates are of the mean uh annualized + + + align:start position:0% +estimates are of the mean uh annualized +mean return and the annualized + + align:start position:0% +mean return and the annualized + + + align:start position:0% +mean return and the annualized +volatility so if we consider trading + + align:start position:0% +volatility so if we consider trading + + + align:start position:0% +volatility so if we consider trading +days for Euro it's + + align:start position:0% +days for Euro it's + + + align:start position:0% +days for Euro it's +10.25% or + + align:start position:0% +10.25% or + + + align:start position:0% +10.25% or +0.125 if you consider uh clock time it's + + align:start position:0% +0.125 if you consider uh clock time it's + + + align:start position:0% +0.125 if you consider uh clock time it's +actually turns out to be + + align:start position:0% +actually turns out to be + + + align:start position:0% +actually turns out to be +12.2% so depending on how you specify + + align:start position:0% +12.2% so depending on how you specify + + + align:start position:0% +12.2% so depending on how you specify +the model you'll get a different + + align:start position:0% +the model you'll get a different + + + align:start position:0% +the model you'll get a different +definition of volatility here um and uh + + align:start position:0% +definition of volatility here um and uh + + + align:start position:0% +definition of volatility here um and uh +it's uh important to um basically + + align:start position:0% +it's uh important to um basically + + + align:start position:0% +it's uh important to um basically +understand sort of what the um + + align:start position:0% +understand sort of what the um + + + align:start position:0% +understand sort of what the um +assumptions are of your model and + + align:start position:0% +assumptions are of your model and + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions are of your model and +whether um you know perhaps uh things + + align:start position:0% +whether um you know perhaps uh things + + + align:start position:0% +whether um you know perhaps uh things +ought ought to be different um with uh + + align:start position:0% +ought ought to be different um with uh + + + align:start position:0% +ought ought to be different um with uh +in in in statist or stochastic modeling + + align:start position:0% +in in in statist or stochastic modeling + + + align:start position:0% +in in in statist or stochastic modeling +there's an + + align:start position:0% +there's an + + + align:start position:0% +there's an +area uh called subordinated stochastic + + align:start position:0% +area uh called subordinated stochastic + + + align:start position:0% +area uh called subordinated stochastic +processes + + align:start position:0% +processes + + + align:start position:0% +processes +and uh this is a basically the idea is + + align:start position:0% +and uh this is a basically the idea is + + + align:start position:0% +and uh this is a basically the idea is +um if you have a stochastic process like + + align:start position:0% +um if you have a stochastic process like + + + align:start position:0% +um if you have a stochastic process like +geometric brownie motion or simple + + align:start position:0% +geometric brownie motion or simple + + + align:start position:0% +geometric brownie motion or simple +browni and motion um maybe you're + + align:start position:0% +browni and motion um maybe you're + + + align:start position:0% +browni and motion um maybe you're +observing that on uh the wrong time + + align:start position:0% +observing that on uh the wrong time + + + align:start position:0% +observing that on uh the wrong time +scale you know you may fit the geom + + align:start position:0% +scale you know you may fit the geom + + + align:start position:0% +scale you know you may fit the geom +brary motion model and it doesn't look + + align:start position:0% +brary motion model and it doesn't look + + + align:start position:0% +brary motion model and it doesn't look +right but it could be that there's a + + align:start position:0% +right but it could be that there's a + + + align:start position:0% +right but it could be that there's a +different time scale that's appropriate + + align:start position:0% +different time scale that's appropriate + + + align:start position:0% +different time scale that's appropriate +and it's really Browning motion on that + + align:start position:0% +and it's really Browning motion on that + + + align:start position:0% +and it's really Browning motion on that +other time scale and so one can uh + + align:start position:0% +other time scale and so one can uh + + + align:start position:0% +other time scale and so one can uh +formally it's called a subordinated + + align:start position:0% +formally it's called a subordinated + + + align:start position:0% +formally it's called a subordinated +stochastic process you have a different + + align:start position:0% +stochastic process you have a different + + + align:start position:0% +stochastic process you have a different +time function for how to model the uh + + align:start position:0% +time function for how to model the uh + + + align:start position:0% +time function for how to model the uh +stochastic process and uh uh the sub the + + align:start position:0% +stochastic process and uh uh the sub the + + + align:start position:0% +stochastic process and uh uh the sub the +evaluation of subordinated stochastic + + align:start position:0% +evaluation of subordinated stochastic + + + align:start position:0% +evaluation of subordinated stochastic +processes leads to consideration of + + align:start position:0% +processes leads to consideration of + + + align:start position:0% +processes leads to consideration of +different time scales with u say Equity + + align:start position:0% +different time scales with u say Equity + + + align:start position:0% +different time scales with u say Equity +markets uh and Futures markets sort the + + align:start position:0% +markets uh and Futures markets sort the + + + align:start position:0% +markets uh and Futures markets sort the +volume of trading sort of cumulative + + align:start position:0% +volume of trading sort of cumulative + + + align:start position:0% +volume of trading sort of cumulative +volume of trading might be really an + + align:start position:0% +volume of trading might be really an + + + align:start position:0% +volume of trading might be really an +appropriate measure of the real time + + align:start position:0% +appropriate measure of the real time + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate measure of the real time +scale because that's a measure of in a + + align:start position:0% +scale because that's a measure of in a + + + align:start position:0% +scale because that's a measure of in a +sense + + align:start position:0% +sense + + + align:start position:0% +sense +information flow coming into the market + + align:start position:0% +information flow coming into the market + + + align:start position:0% +information flow coming into the market +through the level of + + align:start position:0% +through the level of + + + align:start position:0% +through the level of +activity um so anyway I I wanted to + + align:start position:0% +activity um so anyway I I wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +activity um so anyway I I wanted to +highlight how uh with different time + + align:start position:0% +highlight how uh with different time + + + align:start position:0% +highlight how uh with different time +scales you can get different results and + + align:start position:0% +scales you can get different results and + + + align:start position:0% +scales you can get different results and +uh so that's thing to be evaluated in + + align:start position:0% +uh so that's thing to be evaluated in + + + align:start position:0% +uh so that's thing to be evaluated in +looking at these different models okay + + align:start position:0% +looking at these different models okay + + + align:start position:0% +looking at these different models okay +these first few graphs here show the fit + + align:start position:0% +these first few graphs here show the fit + + + align:start position:0% +these first few graphs here show the fit +of the normal model with the trading uh + + align:start position:0% +of the normal model with the trading uh + + + align:start position:0% +of the normal model with the trading uh +day time scale + + align:start position:0% +day time scale + + + align:start position:0% +day time scale +um let's see those of you who' have ever + + align:start position:0% +um let's see those of you who' have ever + + + align:start position:0% +um let's see those of you who' have ever +taken a statistics class before or an + + align:start position:0% +taken a statistics class before or an + + + align:start position:0% +taken a statistics class before or an +apply system may know about normal QQ + + align:start position:0% +apply system may know about normal QQ + + + align:start position:0% +apply system may know about normal QQ +plots um basically if you consider uh if + + align:start position:0% +plots um basically if you consider uh if + + + align:start position:0% +plots um basically if you consider uh if +you want to evaluate the consistency of + + align:start position:0% +you want to evaluate the consistency of + + + align:start position:0% +you want to evaluate the consistency of +the uh returns here with a a gaussian + + align:start position:0% +the uh returns here with a a gaussian + + + align:start position:0% +the uh returns here with a a gaussian +distribution what we can do is uh plot + + align:start position:0% +distribution what we can do is uh plot + + + align:start position:0% +distribution what we can do is uh plot +The observed ordered sorted returns + + align:start position:0% +The observed ordered sorted returns + + + align:start position:0% +The observed ordered sorted returns +against what we would expect the sorted + + align:start position:0% +against what we would expect the sorted + + + align:start position:0% +against what we would expect the sorted +returns to be if it were from a gaussian + + align:start position:0% +returns to be if it were from a gaussian + + + align:start position:0% +returns to be if it were from a gaussian +sample so under the geometric Browning + + align:start position:0% +sample so under the geometric Browning + + + align:start position:0% +sample so under the geometric Browning +motion model the daily returns + + align:start position:0% +motion model the daily returns + + + align:start position:0% +motion model the daily returns +are a sample independent identically + + align:start position:0% +are a sample independent identically + + + align:start position:0% +are a sample independent identically +distributed random baral sampled from a + + align:start position:0% +distributed random baral sampled from a + + + align:start position:0% +distributed random baral sampled from a +gaussing distribution so the smallest + + align:start position:0% +gaussing distribution so the smallest + + + align:start position:0% +gaussing distribution so the smallest +return should be consistent with the + + align:start position:0% +return should be consistent with the + + + align:start position:0% +return should be consistent with the +smallest of a sample size + + align:start position:0% +smallest of a sample size + + + align:start position:0% +smallest of a sample size +n and what's being plotted here is the + + align:start position:0% +n and what's being plotted here is the + + + align:start position:0% +n and what's being plotted here is the +theoretical quantiles or percentiles + + align:start position:0% +theoretical quantiles or percentiles + + + align:start position:0% +theoretical quantiles or percentiles +versus the actual ones and one would + + align:start position:0% +versus the actual ones and one would + + + align:start position:0% +versus the actual ones and one would +expect that to lie along a straight line + + align:start position:0% +expect that to lie along a straight line + + + align:start position:0% +expect that to lie along a straight line +if the theoretical quantiles were uh + + align:start position:0% +if the theoretical quantiles were uh + + + align:start position:0% +if the theoretical quantiles were uh +well predicting the actual extreme + + align:start position:0% +well predicting the actual extreme + + + align:start position:0% +well predicting the actual extreme +values what what we see here is that as + + align:start position:0% +values what what we see here is that as + + + align:start position:0% +values what what we see here is that as +the theoretical quantiles get uh high + + align:start position:0% +the theoretical quantiles get uh high + + + align:start position:0% +the theoretical quantiles get uh high +and it's in units of standard deviation + + align:start position:0% +and it's in units of standard deviation + + + align:start position:0% +and it's in units of standard deviation +units the realized sample uh returns are + + align:start position:0% +units the realized sample uh returns are + + + align:start position:0% +units the realized sample uh returns are +in fact much higher than would be + + align:start position:0% +in fact much higher than would be + + + align:start position:0% +in fact much higher than would be +predicted by the gaussin + + align:start position:0% +predicted by the gaussin + + + align:start position:0% +predicted by the gaussin +distribution and similarly on on the lwh + + align:start position:0% +distribution and similarly on on the lwh + + + align:start position:0% +distribution and similarly on on the lwh +hand side um so so there's a normal QQ + + align:start position:0% +hand side um so so there's a normal QQ + + + align:start position:0% +hand side um so so there's a normal QQ +plot that's used often in the + + align:start position:0% +plot that's used often in the + + + align:start position:0% +plot that's used often in the +Diagnostics of of these of these models + + align:start position:0% +Diagnostics of of these of these models + + + align:start position:0% +Diagnostics of of these of these models +then down here uh I've actually uh + + align:start position:0% +then down here uh I've actually uh + + + align:start position:0% +then down here uh I've actually uh +plotted a fitted percentile distribution + + align:start position:0% +plotted a fitted percentile distribution + + + align:start position:0% +plotted a fitted percentile distribution +now um what's been done here + + align:start position:0% +now um what's been done here + + + align:start position:0% +now um what's been done here +is if we model these series as a series + + align:start position:0% +is if we model these series as a series + + + align:start position:0% +is if we model these series as a series +of uh gaussing random variables then we + + align:start position:0% +of uh gaussing random variables then we + + + align:start position:0% +of uh gaussing random variables then we +can um estimate or or we can evaluate + + align:start position:0% +can um estimate or or we can evaluate + + + align:start position:0% +can um estimate or or we can evaluate +the percentile of the fitted I + + align:start position:0% +the percentile of the fitted I + + + align:start position:0% +the percentile of the fitted I +distribution that was realized by every + + align:start position:0% +distribution that was realized by every + + + align:start position:0% +distribution that was realized by every +point so if we have a return of say you + + align:start position:0% +point so if we have a return of say you + + + align:start position:0% +point so if we have a return of say you +know + + align:start position:0% +know + + + align:start position:0% +know +-2% um you know what percentile is the + + align:start position:0% +-2% um you know what percentile is the + + + align:start position:0% +-2% um you know what percentile is the +normal fit of + + align:start position:0% +normal fit of + + + align:start position:0% +normal fit of +that and you can just invert the normal + + align:start position:0% +that and you can just invert the normal + + + align:start position:0% +that and you can just invert the normal +uh curve to uh or or you can evaluate + + align:start position:0% +uh curve to uh or or you can evaluate + + + align:start position:0% +uh curve to uh or or you can evaluate +the uh the the cumulative distribution + + align:start position:0% +the uh the the cumulative distribution + + + align:start position:0% +the uh the the cumulative distribution +function of the fitted model at that + + align:start position:0% +function of the fitted model at that + + + align:start position:0% +function of the fitted model at that +value to get that point and um what + + align:start position:0% +value to get that point and um what + + + align:start position:0% +value to get that point and um what +should the distribution of percentiles + + align:start position:0% +should the distribution of percentiles + + + align:start position:0% +should the distribution of percentiles +be for fitted percentiles if we have a + + align:start position:0% +be for fitted percentiles if we have a + + + align:start position:0% +be for fitted percentiles if we have a +really good + + align:start position:0% +really good + + + align:start position:0% +really good +model okay how many uh well okay let's + + align:start position:0% +model okay how many uh well okay let's + + + align:start position:0% +model okay how many uh well okay let's +think at the if you consider the 50th + + align:start position:0% +think at the if you consider the 50th + + + align:start position:0% +think at the if you consider the 50th +percentile um you would expect I guess + + align:start position:0% +percentile um you would expect I guess + + + align:start position:0% +percentile um you would expect I guess +50% of the data to lie above the 50th + + align:start position:0% +50% of the data to lie above the 50th + + + align:start position:0% +50% of the data to lie above the 50th +percentile and 50% to lie below the 50th + + align:start position:0% +percentile and 50% to lie below the 50th + + + align:start position:0% +percentile and 50% to lie below the 50th +percentile right okay let's consider + + align:start position:0% +percentile right okay let's consider + + + align:start position:0% +percentile right okay let's consider +here I divided up into 100 uh bins + + align:start position:0% +here I divided up into 100 uh bins + + + align:start position:0% +here I divided up into 100 uh bins +between zero and one so so this bin is + + align:start position:0% +between zero and one so so this bin is + + + align:start position:0% +between zero and one so so this bin is +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +99th + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +percentile how many + + align:start position:0% +percentile how many + + + align:start position:0% +percentile how many +uh or how many observations would you + + align:start position:0% +uh or how many observations would you + + + align:start position:0% +uh or how many observations would you +expect to find in you know that uh + + align:start position:0% +expect to find in you know that uh + + + align:start position:0% +expect to find in you know that uh +between the 99th and 100th + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +percentile this is an easy question or + + align:start position:0% +percentile this is an easy question or + + + align:start position:0% +percentile this is an easy question or +1% right and so in any of these bins we + + align:start position:0% +1% right and so in any of these bins we + + + align:start position:0% +1% right and so in any of these bins we +would expect to see one + + align:start position:0% +would expect to see one + + + align:start position:0% +would expect to see one +% um if the gaussian model were fitting + + align:start position:0% +% um if the gaussian model were fitting + + + align:start position:0% +% um if the gaussian model were fitting +and what we see is that well at the + + align:start position:0% +and what we see is that well at the + + + align:start position:0% +and what we see is that well at the +extremes there are more extreme values + + align:start position:0% +extremes there are more extreme values + + + align:start position:0% +extremes there are more extreme values +and actually inside there are some uh + + align:start position:0% +and actually inside there are some uh + + + align:start position:0% +and actually inside there are some uh +fewer values and actually this is is + + align:start position:0% +fewer values and actually this is is + + + align:start position:0% +fewer values and actually this is is +exhibiting a lepto kurtic distribution + + align:start position:0% +exhibiting a lepto kurtic distribution + + + align:start position:0% +exhibiting a lepto kurtic distribution +for the actual real life samples + + align:start position:0% +for the actual real life samples + + + align:start position:0% +for the actual real life samples +basically the the middle of the + + align:start position:0% +basically the the middle of the + + + align:start position:0% +basically the the middle of the +distribution is a little thinner and + + align:start position:0% +distribution is a little thinner and + + + align:start position:0% +distribution is a little thinner and +it's compensated for by fatter tails + + align:start position:0% +it's compensated for by fatter tails + + + align:start position:0% +it's compensated for by fatter tails +um but um but with this particular model + + align:start position:0% +um but um but with this particular model + + + align:start position:0% +um but um but with this particular model +we can basically expect to see uh a + + align:start position:0% +we can basically expect to see uh a + + + align:start position:0% +we can basically expect to see uh a +uniform distribution of percentiles + + align:start position:0% +uniform distribution of percentiles + + + align:start position:0% +uniform distribution of percentiles +across this uh in this graph the uh if + + align:start position:0% +across this uh in this graph the uh if + + + align:start position:0% +across this uh in this graph the uh if +you we compare this with a fit of + + align:start position:0% +you we compare this with a fit of + + + align:start position:0% +you we compare this with a fit of +um the uh clock time we + + align:start position:0% +um the uh clock time we + + + align:start position:0% +um the uh clock time we +actually see that clock time does a bit + + align:start position:0% +actually see that clock time does a bit + + + align:start position:0% +actually see that clock time does a bit +of a better job at getting the + + align:start position:0% +of a better job at getting the + + + align:start position:0% +of a better job at getting the +extreme values closer to what we would + + align:start position:0% +extreme values closer to what we would + + + align:start position:0% +extreme values closer to what we would +expect them to be so in terms of being a + + align:start position:0% +expect them to be so in terms of being a + + + align:start position:0% +expect them to be so in terms of being a +better model + + align:start position:0% +better model + + + align:start position:0% +better model +for the uh uh returns process if we're + + align:start position:0% +for the uh uh returns process if we're + + + align:start position:0% +for the uh uh returns process if we're +concerned with these extreme values + + align:start position:0% +concerned with these extreme values + + + align:start position:0% +concerned with these extreme values +we're actually getting a slightly better + + align:start position:0% +we're actually getting a slightly better + + + align:start position:0% +we're actually getting a slightly better +value um with those so um all right um + + align:start position:0% +value um with those so um all right um + + + align:start position:0% +value um with those so um all right um +let's move on back to the + + align:start position:0% +let's move on back to the + + + align:start position:0% +let's move on back to the +notes and talk about + + align:start position:0% +notes and talk about + + + align:start position:0% +notes and talk about +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +the Garmin class estimator so let + + align:start position:0% +the Garmin class estimator so let + + + align:start position:0% +the Garmin class estimator so let +me do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this all right view full + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +screen + + align:start position:0% +screen + + + align:start position:0% +screen +okay all right all right so uh okay the + + align:start position:0% +okay all right all right so uh okay the + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right all right so uh okay the +Garmin class estimator is one where we + + align:start position:0% +Garmin class estimator is one where we + + + align:start position:0% +Garmin class estimator is one where we +consider the situation where we actually + + align:start position:0% +consider the situation where we actually + + + align:start position:0% +consider the situation where we actually +have much much more information than + + align:start position:0% +have much much more information than + + + align:start position:0% +have much much more information than +simply sort of closing prices at + + align:start position:0% +simply sort of closing prices at + + + align:start position:0% +simply sort of closing prices at +different intervals um you know + + align:start position:0% +different intervals um you know + + + align:start position:0% +different intervals um you know +basically uh transa all transaction data + + align:start position:0% +basically uh transa all transaction data + + + align:start position:0% +basically uh transa all transaction data +is collected in financial market so + + align:start position:0% +is collected in financial market so + + + align:start position:0% +is collected in financial market so +there's really we have virtually all the + + align:start position:0% +there's really we have virtually all the + + + align:start position:0% +there's really we have virtually all the +data available if we want it or can pay + + align:start position:0% +data available if we want it or can pay + + + align:start position:0% +data available if we want it or can pay +for it uh but um let's consider a case + + align:start position:0% +for it uh but um let's consider a case + + + align:start position:0% +for it uh but um let's consider a case +where we expand upon just having closing + + align:start position:0% +where we expand upon just having closing + + + align:start position:0% +where we expand upon just having closing +prices to having additional information + + align:start position:0% +prices to having additional information + + + align:start position:0% +prices to having additional information +over increments of time that include the + + align:start position:0% +over increments of time that include the + + + align:start position:0% +over increments of time that include the +uh open High high and low price over the + + align:start position:0% +uh open High high and low price over the + + + align:start position:0% +uh open High high and low price over the +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +periods um when you uh so so those of + + align:start position:0% +periods um when you uh so so those of + + + align:start position:0% +periods um when you uh so so those of +you are familiar with bar data graphs + + align:start position:0% +you are familiar with bar data graphs + + + align:start position:0% +you are familiar with bar data graphs +that you see whenever you plot uh you + + align:start position:0% +that you see whenever you plot uh you + + + align:start position:0% +that you see whenever you plot uh you +know stock prices over over periods of + + align:start position:0% +know stock prices over over periods of + + + align:start position:0% +know stock prices over over periods of +uh weeks or or or months um you'll be + + align:start position:0% +uh weeks or or or months um you'll be + + + align:start position:0% +uh weeks or or or months um you'll be +familiar with with having seen those U + + align:start position:0% +familiar with with having seen those U + + + align:start position:0% +familiar with with having seen those U +now the Garmin class uh paper addressed + + align:start position:0% +now the Garmin class uh paper addressed + + + align:start position:0% +now the Garmin class uh paper addressed +you know how can we exploit this + + align:start position:0% +you know how can we exploit this + + + align:start position:0% +you know how can we exploit this +additional information to improve upon + + align:start position:0% +additional information to improve upon + + + align:start position:0% +additional information to improve upon +our estimates of uh the close to close + + align:start position:0% +our estimates of uh the close to close + + + align:start position:0% +our estimates of uh the close to close +and so uh we'll just use this notation + + align:start position:0% +and so uh we'll just use this notation + + + align:start position:0% +and so uh we'll just use this notation +well let's make some assumptions and + + align:start position:0% +well let's make some assumptions and + + + align:start position:0% +well let's make some assumptions and +notation so we'll assume that mu is + + align:start position:0% +notation so we'll assume that mu is + + + align:start position:0% +notation so we'll assume that mu is +equal to zero in our geometric PR of + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero in our geometric PR of + + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero in our geometric PR of +motion model so we don't have to worry + + align:start position:0% +motion model so we don't have to worry + + + align:start position:0% +motion model so we don't have to worry +about the mean we're just concerned with + + align:start position:0% +about the mean we're just concerned with + + + align:start position:0% +about the mean we're just concerned with +volatility we'll assume that uh the + + align:start position:0% +volatility we'll assume that uh the + + + align:start position:0% +volatility we'll assume that uh the +increments are one for daily + + align:start position:0% +increments are one for daily + + + align:start position:0% +increments are one for daily +corresponding to + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to +daily and we'll let little F between + + align:start position:0% +daily and we'll let little F between + + + align:start position:0% +daily and we'll let little F between +zero and one correspond to the + + align:start position:0% +zero and one correspond to the + + + align:start position:0% +zero and one correspond to the +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +opening the time of day at which uh the + + align:start position:0% +opening the time of day at which uh the + + + align:start position:0% +opening the time of day at which uh the +market open so so over a day from Day + + align:start position:0% +market open so so over a day from Day + + + align:start position:0% +market open so so over a day from Day +Zero to day one at F we assume that the + + align:start position:0% +Zero to day one at F we assume that the + + + align:start position:0% +Zero to day one at F we assume that the +uh the Market + + align:start position:0% +uh the Market + + + align:start position:0% +uh the Market +opens and uh basically the geometric + + align:start position:0% +opens and uh basically the geometric + + + align:start position:0% +opens and uh basically the geometric +Brown motion process might have closed + + align:start position:0% +Brown motion process might have closed + + + align:start position:0% +Brown motion process might have closed +on day zero here so this would be + + align:start position:0% +on day zero here so this would be + + + align:start position:0% +on day zero here so this would be +c0 and it may have opened on day one at + + align:start position:0% +c0 and it may have opened on day one at + + + align:start position:0% +c0 and it may have opened on day one at +this value so this would be + + align:start position:0% +this value so this would be + + + align:start position:0% +this value so this would be +01 might have gone up then down and then + + align:start position:0% +01 might have gone up then down and then + + + align:start position:0% +01 might have gone up then down and then +closed + + align:start position:0% +closed + + + align:start position:0% +closed +here with the uh Brum motion process + + align:start position:0% +here with the uh Brum motion process + + + align:start position:0% +here with the uh Brum motion process +okay this value here would correspond to + + align:start position:0% +okay this value here would correspond to + + + align:start position:0% +okay this value here would correspond to +the high + + align:start position:0% +the high + + + align:start position:0% +the high +value this value here would correspond + + align:start position:0% +value this value here would correspond + + + align:start position:0% +value this value here would correspond +to the low value on day one and then the + + align:start position:0% +to the low value on day one and then the + + + align:start position:0% +to the low value on day one and then the +closing value here would + + align:start position:0% +closing value here would + + + align:start position:0% +closing value here would +be + + align:start position:0% +be + + + align:start position:0% +be +C1 so there's a the model is we have + + align:start position:0% +C1 so there's a the model is we have + + + align:start position:0% +C1 so there's a the model is we have +this underlying Brown motion process is + + align:start position:0% +this underlying Brown motion process is + + + align:start position:0% +this underlying Brown motion process is +actually working over continuous time + + align:start position:0% +actually working over continuous time + + + align:start position:0% +actually working over continuous time +but we just observe it over the time + + align:start position:0% +but we just observe it over the time + + + align:start position:0% +but we just observe it over the time +when the Market's open and so it can + + align:start position:0% +when the Market's open and so it can + + + align:start position:0% +when the Market's open and so it can +move between when the market closes and + + align:start position:0% +move between when the market closes and + + + align:start position:0% +move between when the market closes and +opens on any given day and uh we have + + align:start position:0% +opens on any given day and uh we have + + + align:start position:0% +opens on any given day and uh we have +the additional information instead of + + align:start position:0% +the additional information instead of + + + align:start position:0% +the additional information instead of +just the close we also have the high and + + align:start position:0% +just the close we also have the high and + + + align:start position:0% +just the close we also have the high and +low + + align:start position:0% +low + + + align:start position:0% +low +so let's look at how we might uh exploit + + align:start position:0% +so let's look at how we might uh exploit + + + align:start position:0% +so let's look at how we might uh exploit +that information to estimate + + align:start position:0% +that information to estimate + + + align:start position:0% +that information to estimate +volatility um okay using data uh from + + align:start position:0% +volatility um okay using data uh from + + + align:start position:0% +volatility um okay using data uh from +the first period as we've graphed here + + align:start position:0% +the first period as we've graphed here + + + align:start position:0% +the first period as we've graphed here +let's first just highlight what + + align:start position:0% +let's first just highlight what + + + align:start position:0% +let's first just highlight what +the close to close + + align:start position:0% +the close to close + + + align:start position:0% +the close to close +return uh is and that basically is an + + align:start position:0% +return uh is and that basically is an + + + align:start position:0% +return uh is and that basically is an +estimate of the one period variance and + + align:start position:0% +estimate of the one period variance and + + + align:start position:0% +estimate of the one period variance and +so Sigma hat not squar is the you know a + + align:start position:0% +so Sigma hat not squar is the you know a + + + align:start position:0% +so Sigma hat not squar is the you know a +single period squared + + align:start position:0% +single period squared + + + align:start position:0% +single period squared +return C1 minus + + align:start position:0% +return C1 minus + + + align:start position:0% +return C1 minus +C has a distribution which is normal + + align:start position:0% +C has a distribution which is normal + + + align:start position:0% +C has a distribution which is normal +with mean zero and variance Sigma + + align:start position:0% +with mean zero and variance Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +with mean zero and variance Sigma +squar and um if we consider + + align:start position:0% +squar and um if we consider + + + align:start position:0% +squar and um if we consider +um squaring + + align:start position:0% +um squaring + + + align:start position:0% +um squaring +that what's the distribution of that + + align:start position:0% +that what's the distribution of that + + + align:start position:0% +that what's the distribution of that +that's the square of a normal random + + align:start position:0% +that's the square of a normal random + + + align:start position:0% +that's the square of a normal random +variable which is ki^ squ but it's a + + align:start position:0% +variable which is ki^ squ but it's a + + + align:start position:0% +variable which is ki^ squ but it's a +multiple of a Ki squ it's Sig squ * a + + align:start position:0% +multiple of a Ki squ it's Sig squ * a + + + align:start position:0% +multiple of a Ki squ it's Sig squ * a +ki^ 2 one random variable + + align:start position:0% +ki^ 2 one random variable + + + align:start position:0% +ki^ 2 one random variable +and with a Ki squar random variable the + + align:start position:0% +and with a Ki squar random variable the + + + align:start position:0% +and with a Ki squar random variable the +expected value is one the variance of a + + align:start position:0% +expected value is one the variance of a + + + align:start position:0% +expected value is one the variance of a +Kai squared uh random + + align:start position:0% +Kai squared uh random + + + align:start position:0% +Kai squared uh random +variable is equal to two so just knowing + + align:start position:0% +variable is equal to two so just knowing + + + align:start position:0% +variable is equal to two so just knowing +those facts gives us the uh fact that we + + align:start position:0% +those facts gives us the uh fact that we + + + align:start position:0% +those facts gives us the uh fact that we +have an unbiased estimate of the V of + + align:start position:0% +have an unbiased estimate of the V of + + + align:start position:0% +have an unbiased estimate of the V of +the volatility parameter Sigma and uh + + align:start position:0% +the volatility parameter Sigma and uh + + + align:start position:0% +the volatility parameter Sigma and uh +the variance is uh 2 Sigma to the + + align:start position:0% +the variance is uh 2 Sigma to the + + + align:start position:0% +the variance is uh 2 Sigma to the +4th so that's the vola that's basically + + align:start position:0% +4th so that's the vola that's basically + + + align:start position:0% +4th so that's the vola that's basically +the uh Precision of of uh Clos to close + + align:start position:0% +the uh Precision of of uh Clos to close + + + align:start position:0% +the uh Precision of of uh Clos to close +returns if we look at let's look at two + + align:start position:0% +returns if we look at let's look at two + + + align:start position:0% +returns if we look at let's look at two +other estimates the + + align:start position:0% +other estimates the + + + align:start position:0% +other estimates the +uh basically the open to close return + + align:start position:0% +uh basically the open to close return + + + align:start position:0% +uh basically the open to close return +Sigma 1^ + + align:start position:0% +Sigma 1^ + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma 1^ +s normalized by F the length of the + + align:start position:0% +s normalized by F the length of the + + + align:start position:0% +s normalized by F the length of the +interval F so we have + + align:start position:0% +interval F so we have + + + align:start position:0% +interval F so we have +uh Sigma + + align:start position:0% +uh Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +uh Sigma +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +is equal to o1 minus + + align:start position:0% +is equal to o1 minus + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to o1 minus +c^ + + align:start position:0% +c^ + + + align:start position:0% +c^ +squared + + align:start position:0% +squared + + + align:start position:0% +squared +okay okay um actually why don't I just + + align:start position:0% +okay okay um actually why don't I just + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay um actually why don't I just +do this I'll just write down a few facts + + align:start position:0% +do this I'll just write down a few facts + + + align:start position:0% +do this I'll just write down a few facts +and then you can see that the results + + align:start position:0% +and then you can see that the results + + + align:start position:0% +and then you can see that the results +are clear basically um o1 minus C 0 is + + align:start position:0% +are clear basically um o1 minus C 0 is + + + align:start position:0% +are clear basically um o1 minus C 0 is +distributed normal with mean 0 and + + align:start position:0% +distributed normal with mean 0 and + + + align:start position:0% +distributed normal with mean 0 and +variance F Sigma s and C1 minus o1 is + + align:start position:0% +variance F Sigma s and C1 minus o1 is + + + align:start position:0% +variance F Sigma s and C1 minus o1 is +distributed normal with mean z variance + + align:start position:0% +distributed normal with mean z variance + + + align:start position:0% +distributed normal with mean z variance +1 - F Sigma squ okay this is simply + + align:start position:0% +1 - F Sigma squ okay this is simply + + + align:start position:0% +1 - F Sigma squ okay this is simply +using the properties of the diffusion + + align:start position:0% +using the properties of the diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +using the properties of the diffusion +process over different periods of time + + align:start position:0% +process over different periods of time + + + align:start position:0% +process over different periods of time +so if we normalize the squared values by + + align:start position:0% +so if we normalize the squared values by + + + align:start position:0% +so if we normalize the squared values by +the length of the interval we get + + align:start position:0% +the length of the interval we get + + + align:start position:0% +the length of the interval we get +estimates of the + + align:start position:0% +estimates of the + + + align:start position:0% +estimates of the +volatility and what's particularly uh + + align:start position:0% +volatility and what's particularly uh + + + align:start position:0% +volatility and what's particularly uh +significant about these uh estimates one + + align:start position:0% +significant about these uh estimates one + + + align:start position:0% +significant about these uh estimates one +and two is that they're + + align:start position:0% +and two is that they're + + + align:start position:0% +and two is that they're +independent so we actually have two + + align:start position:0% +independent so we actually have two + + + align:start position:0% +independent so we actually have two +estimates of the same underlying + + align:start position:0% +estimates of the same underlying + + + align:start position:0% +estimates of the same underlying +parameter which are + + align:start position:0% +parameter which are + + + align:start position:0% +parameter which are +independent and + + align:start position:0% +independent and + + + align:start position:0% +independent and +actually they're both have the same mean + + align:start position:0% +actually they're both have the same mean + + + align:start position:0% +actually they're both have the same mean +and they both have the same + + align:start position:0% +and they both have the same + + + align:start position:0% +and they both have the same +variance so if we + + align:start position:0% +variance so if we + + + align:start position:0% +variance so if we +consider a new estimate which is + + align:start position:0% +consider a new estimate which is + + + align:start position:0% +consider a new estimate which is +basically averaging those + + align:start position:0% +basically averaging those + + + align:start position:0% +basically averaging those +two then this new estimate has is has + + align:start position:0% +two then this new estimate has is has + + + align:start position:0% +two then this new estimate has is has +the same is unbiased as well but its + + align:start position:0% +the same is unbiased as well but its + + + align:start position:0% +the same is unbiased as well but its +variance is basically the Vari of this + + align:start position:0% +variance is basically the Vari of this + + + align:start position:0% +variance is basically the Vari of this +sum so it's a half SAR time this + + align:start position:0% +sum so it's a half SAR time this + + + align:start position:0% +sum so it's a half SAR time this +variance plus a half squ time this + + align:start position:0% +variance plus a half squ time this + + + align:start position:0% +variance plus a half squ time this +variance which is a half of the variance + + align:start position:0% +variance which is a half of the variance + + + align:start position:0% +variance which is a half of the variance +of each them so this estimate has lower + + align:start position:0% +of each them so this estimate has lower + + + align:start position:0% +of each them so this estimate has lower +variance than our Clos to + + align:start position:0% +variance than our Clos to + + + align:start position:0% +variance than our Clos to +close and um we can Define the + + align:start position:0% +close and um we can Define the + + + align:start position:0% +close and um we can Define the +efficiency of this particular estimate + + align:start position:0% +efficiency of this particular estimate + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency of this particular estimate +relative to the Clos to close estimate + + align:start position:0% +relative to the Clos to close estimate + + + align:start position:0% +relative to the Clos to close estimate +as two basically uh we we get double the + + align:start position:0% +as two basically uh we we get double the + + + align:start position:0% +as two basically uh we we get double the +Precision + + align:start position:0% +Precision + + + align:start position:0% +Precision +um now how many days would you know + + align:start position:0% +um now how many days would you know + + + align:start position:0% +um now how many days would you know +suppose you had the Open high close for + + align:start position:0% +suppose you had the Open high close for + + + align:start position:0% +suppose you had the Open high close for +one day how many days of Clos to close + + align:start position:0% +one day how many days of Clos to close + + + align:start position:0% +one day how many days of Clos to close +data would you need to have the same + + align:start position:0% +data would you need to have the same + + + align:start position:0% +data would you need to have the same +variance as this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +estimate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no no no that's uh anyone + + align:start position:0% +no no no that's uh anyone + + + align:start position:0% +no no no that's uh anyone +else one more four okay basically if if + + align:start position:0% +else one more four okay basically if if + + + align:start position:0% +else one more four okay basically if if +the variance uh is is a is a half yeah + + align:start position:0% +the variance uh is is a is a half yeah + + + align:start position:0% +the variance uh is is a is a half yeah +basically if you uh you know to get the + + align:start position:0% +basically if you uh you know to get the + + + align:start position:0% +basically if you uh you know to get the +standard deviation are are the variance + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation are are the variance + + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation are are the variance +to be uh I'm sorry the the the ratio of + + align:start position:0% +to be uh I'm sorry the the the ratio of + + + align:start position:0% +to be uh I'm sorry the the the ratio of +the variance is two so no so it actually + + align:start position:0% +the variance is two so no so it actually + + + align:start position:0% +the variance is two so no so it actually +is is close to two um + + align:start position:0% +is is close to two um + + + align:start position:0% +is is close to two um +I let's see or one over n is the is so + + align:start position:0% +I let's see or one over n is the is so + + + align:start position:0% +I let's see or one over n is the is so +it actually is too okay I was thinking + + align:start position:0% +it actually is too okay I was thinking + + + align:start position:0% +it actually is too okay I was thinking +standard deviation units instead of + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation units instead of + + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation units instead of +squared units so I I was uh uh being + + align:start position:0% +squared units so I I was uh uh being + + + align:start position:0% +squared units so I I was uh uh being +trying to be too too clever there so it + + align:start position:0% +trying to be too too clever there so it + + + align:start position:0% +trying to be too too clever there so it +actually is um basically two days so uh + + align:start position:0% +actually is um basically two days so uh + + + align:start position:0% +actually is um basically two days so uh +sampling this with this information + + align:start position:0% +sampling this with this information + + + align:start position:0% +sampling this with this information +gives you as much as two days worth of + + align:start position:0% +gives you as much as two days worth of + + + align:start position:0% +gives you as much as two days worth of +information so what does that mean well + + align:start position:0% +information so what does that mean well + + + align:start position:0% +information so what does that mean well +if you want something that's as + + align:start position:0% +if you want something that's as + + + align:start position:0% +if you want something that's as +efficient as daily estimates you only + + align:start position:0% +efficient as daily estimates you only + + + align:start position:0% +efficient as daily estimates you only +need to look back one day instead of two + + align:start position:0% +need to look back one day instead of two + + + align:start position:0% +need to look back one day instead of two +days uh to get the same efficiency with + + align:start position:0% +days uh to get the same efficiency with + + + align:start position:0% +days uh to get the same efficiency with +the estimate all right uh + + align:start position:0% +the estimate all right uh + + + align:start position:0% +the estimate all right uh +there's the motivation for the Garment + + align:start position:0% +there's the motivation for the Garment + + + align:start position:0% +there's the motivation for the Garment +class paper was actually um a uh a paper + + align:start position:0% +class paper was actually um a uh a paper + + + align:start position:0% +class paper was actually um a uh a paper +written by Parkinson in + + align:start position:0% +written by Parkinson in + + + align:start position:0% +written by Parkinson in +1976 which dealt with using the extremes + + align:start position:0% +1976 which dealt with using the extremes + + + align:start position:0% +1976 which dealt with using the extremes +of a Brownian motion to estimate the + + align:start position:0% +of a Brownian motion to estimate the + + + align:start position:0% +of a Brownian motion to estimate the +underlying parameters and uh when Chung + + align:start position:0% +underlying parameters and uh when Chung + + + align:start position:0% +underlying parameters and uh when Chung +buom talks about Brown em motion a bit + + align:start position:0% +buom talks about Brown em motion a bit + + + align:start position:0% +buom talks about Brown em motion a bit +later I don't know if you'll derive this + + align:start position:0% +later I don't know if you'll derive this + + + align:start position:0% +later I don't know if you'll derive this +result but in courses on stochastic + + align:start position:0% +result but in courses on stochastic + + + align:start position:0% +result but in courses on stochastic +processes one does derive properties of + + align:start position:0% +processes one does derive properties of + + + align:start position:0% +processes one does derive properties of +the maximum of a Brownian motion over a + + align:start position:0% +the maximum of a Brownian motion over a + + + align:start position:0% +the maximum of a Brownian motion over a +given interval and the minimum and uh it + + align:start position:0% +given interval and the minimum and uh it + + + align:start position:0% +given interval and the minimum and uh it +turns out that if you look at the + + align:start position:0% +turns out that if you look at the + + + align:start position:0% +turns out that if you look at the +difference between the high and and low + + align:start position:0% +difference between the high and and low + + + align:start position:0% +difference between the high and and low +squar / 4 log 2 um you know this is an + + align:start position:0% +squar / 4 log 2 um you know this is an + + + align:start position:0% +squar / 4 log 2 um you know this is an +estimate of the volatility of the + + align:start position:0% +estimate of the volatility of the + + + align:start position:0% +estimate of the volatility of the +process and the efficiency of this + + align:start position:0% +process and the efficiency of this + + + align:start position:0% +process and the efficiency of this +estimate turns out to be + + align:start position:0% +estimate turns out to be + + + align:start position:0% +estimate turns out to be +5.2 which is uh better yet well garment + + align:start position:0% +5.2 which is uh better yet well garment + + + align:start position:0% +5.2 which is uh better yet well garment +and class were excited by that and and + + align:start position:0% +and class were excited by that and and + + + align:start position:0% +and class were excited by that and and +wanted to find even better ones so uh + + align:start position:0% +wanted to find even better ones so uh + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to find even better ones so uh +they wrote a paper that uh uh evaluated + + align:start position:0% +they wrote a paper that uh uh evaluated + + + align:start position:0% +they wrote a paper that uh uh evaluated +all different kinds of estimates and I + + align:start position:0% +all different kinds of estimates and I + + + align:start position:0% +all different kinds of estimates and I +encourage you to you know Google that + + align:start position:0% +encourage you to you know Google that + + + align:start position:0% +encourage you to you know Google that +paper and read it because it's very + + align:start position:0% +paper and read it because it's very + + + align:start position:0% +paper and read it because it's very +accessible and it sort of highlights the + + align:start position:0% +accessible and it sort of highlights the + + + align:start position:0% +accessible and it sort of highlights the +you know statistical and probability + + align:start position:0% +you know statistical and probability + + + align:start position:0% +you know statistical and probability +issues associated with these problems + + align:start position:0% +issues associated with these problems + + + align:start position:0% +issues associated with these problems +but uh what they did was they derived + + align:start position:0% +but uh what they did was they derived + + + align:start position:0% +but uh what they did was they derived +the best analytic scale and variant + + align:start position:0% +the best analytic scale and variant + + + align:start position:0% +the best analytic scale and variant +estimator which has + + align:start position:0% +estimator which has + + + align:start position:0% +estimator which has +this sort of bizarre combination of uh + + align:start position:0% +this sort of bizarre combination of uh + + + align:start position:0% +this sort of bizarre combination of uh +uh different terms but basically we're + + align:start position:0% +uh different terms but basically we're + + + align:start position:0% +uh different terms but basically we're +using normalized values of the high low + + align:start position:0% +using normalized values of the high low + + + align:start position:0% +using normalized values of the high low +close normalized by the open and they're + + align:start position:0% +close normalized by the open and they're + + + align:start position:0% +close normalized by the open and they're +able to get an efficiency of 7.4 + + align:start position:0% +able to get an efficiency of 7.4 + + + align:start position:0% +able to get an efficiency of 7.4 +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +this uh combination now scale and + + align:start position:0% +this uh combination now scale and + + + align:start position:0% +this uh combination now scale and +variant estimates um in in statistics in + + align:start position:0% +variant estimates um in in statistics in + + + align:start position:0% +variant estimates um in in statistics in +uh statistical Theory there there are + + align:start position:0% +uh statistical Theory there there are + + + align:start position:0% +uh statistical Theory there there are +different principles that guide the uh + + align:start position:0% +different principles that guide the uh + + + align:start position:0% +different principles that guide the uh +development of different methodologies + + align:start position:0% +development of different methodologies + + + align:start position:0% +development of different methodologies +and one one kind of principle is issues + + align:start position:0% +and one one kind of principle is issues + + + align:start position:0% +and one one kind of principle is issues +of scale + + align:start position:0% +of scale + + + align:start position:0% +of scale +invariance you know if you're estimating + + align:start position:0% +invariance you know if you're estimating + + + align:start position:0% +invariance you know if you're estimating +a scale parameter and in this case + + align:start position:0% +a scale parameter and in this case + + + align:start position:0% +a scale parameter and in this case +volatility is telling you essentially + + align:start position:0% +volatility is telling you essentially + + + align:start position:0% +volatility is telling you essentially +how large is the variability of this + + align:start position:0% +how large is the variability of this + + + align:start position:0% +how large is the variability of this +product proc if you were to say multiply + + align:start position:0% +product proc if you were to say multiply + + + align:start position:0% +product proc if you were to say multiply +your original data all by a given + + align:start position:0% +your original data all by a given + + + align:start position:0% +your original data all by a given +constant then a scale and variant + + align:start position:0% +constant then a scale and variant + + + align:start position:0% +constant then a scale and variant +estimator should be such that your + + align:start position:0% +estimator should be such that your + + + align:start position:0% +estimator should be such that your +estimator changes in that case only by + + align:start position:0% +estimator changes in that case only by + + + align:start position:0% +estimator changes in that case only by +that same scale factor so it sort of the + + align:start position:0% +that same scale factor so it sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +that same scale factor so it sort of the +estimator is is doesn't depend on how + + align:start position:0% +estimator is is doesn't depend on how + + + align:start position:0% +estimator is is doesn't depend on how +you scale the data so uh that's the + + align:start position:0% +you scale the data so uh that's the + + + align:start position:0% +you scale the data so uh that's the +notion of scale and + + align:start position:0% +notion of scale and + + + align:start position:0% +notion of scale and +variance um the uh paper garment class + + align:start position:0% +variance um the uh paper garment class + + + align:start position:0% +variance um the uh paper garment class +paper actually you know goes goes to the + + align:start position:0% +paper actually you know goes goes to the + + + align:start position:0% +paper actually you know goes goes to the +degree and actually finds a particular + + align:start position:0% +degree and actually finds a particular + + + align:start position:0% +degree and actually finds a particular +estimator that has an efficiency of + + align:start position:0% +estimator that has an efficiency of + + + align:start position:0% +estimator that has an efficiency of +8.4 uh which is really highly + + align:start position:0% +8.4 uh which is really highly + + + align:start position:0% +8.4 uh which is really highly +significant so you know if you are + + align:start position:0% +significant so you know if you are + + + align:start position:0% +significant so you know if you are +working with + + align:start position:0% +working with + + + align:start position:0% +working with +um uh modeling processes where you + + align:start position:0% +um uh modeling processes where you + + + align:start position:0% +um uh modeling processes where you +believe that the underlying parameters + + align:start position:0% +believe that the underlying parameters + + + align:start position:0% +believe that the underlying parameters +may + + align:start position:0% +may + + + align:start position:0% +may +be uh reasonably assumed to be constant + + align:start position:0% +be uh reasonably assumed to be constant + + + align:start position:0% +be uh reasonably assumed to be constant +over short periods of time well you'll + + align:start position:0% +over short periods of time well you'll + + + align:start position:0% +over short periods of time well you'll +over those short periods of time if you + + align:start position:0% +over those short periods of time if you + + + align:start position:0% +over those short periods of time if you +use these extended estimators like this + + align:start position:0% +use these extended estimators like this + + + align:start position:0% +use these extended estimators like this +uh you'll get much more precise measures + + align:start position:0% +uh you'll get much more precise measures + + + align:start position:0% +uh you'll get much more precise measures +of the underlying parameters than from + + align:start position:0% +of the underlying parameters than from + + + align:start position:0% +of the underlying parameters than from +just using simple Clos to close + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +data all right let's uh introduce Pon + + align:start position:0% +data all right let's uh introduce Pon + + + align:start position:0% +data all right let's uh introduce Pon +jump diffusions um + + align:start position:0% +jump diffusions um + + + align:start position:0% +jump diffusions um +with Pon jump + + align:start position:0% +with Pon jump + + + align:start position:0% +with Pon jump +diffusions we have a basically a + + align:start position:0% +diffusions we have a basically a + + + align:start position:0% +diffusions we have a basically a +stochastic differential uh equation for + + align:start position:0% +stochastic differential uh equation for + + + align:start position:0% +stochastic differential uh equation for +representing this model and it's just + + align:start position:0% +representing this model and it's just + + + align:start position:0% +representing this model and it's just +like the geometric brownan motion model + + align:start position:0% +like the geometric brownan motion model + + + align:start position:0% +like the geometric brownan motion model +except we have this additional term + + align:start position:0% +except we have this additional term + + + align:start position:0% +except we have this additional term +Gamma Sigma z d Pi of T now there's a + + align:start position:0% +Gamma Sigma z d Pi of T now there's a + + + align:start position:0% +Gamma Sigma z d Pi of T now there's a +lot of different variables but um + + align:start position:0% +lot of different variables but um + + + align:start position:0% +lot of different variables but um +essentially what we're thinking about + + align:start position:0% +essentially what we're thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +essentially what we're thinking about +is over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time there's a browni and motion process + + align:start position:0% +time there's a browni and motion process + + + align:start position:0% +time there's a browni and motion process +is fully + + align:start position:0% +is fully + + + align:start position:0% +is fully +continuous there are basically no jumps + + align:start position:0% +continuous there are basically no jumps + + + align:start position:0% +continuous there are basically no jumps +in this Brum motion process in order + + align:start position:0% +in this Brum motion process in order + + + align:start position:0% +in this Brum motion process in order +order to allow for jumps we assume that + + align:start position:0% +order to allow for jumps we assume that + + + align:start position:0% +order to allow for jumps we assume that +there's some process Pi of T which is a + + align:start position:0% +there's some process Pi of T which is a + + + align:start position:0% +there's some process Pi of T which is a +placant process it's a counting process + + align:start position:0% +placant process it's a counting process + + + align:start position:0% +placant process it's a counting process +that counts when uh jumps occur how many + + align:start position:0% +that counts when uh jumps occur how many + + + align:start position:0% +that counts when uh jumps occur how many +jumps have occurred so that might start + + align:start position:0% +jumps have occurred so that might start + + + align:start position:0% +jumps have occurred so that might start +at zero at the value zero then if + + align:start position:0% +at zero at the value zero then if + + + align:start position:0% +at zero at the value zero then if +there's a jump here it goes up by + + align:start position:0% +there's a jump here it goes up by + + + align:start position:0% +there's a jump here it goes up by +one and then if there's another jump + + align:start position:0% +one and then if there's another jump + + + align:start position:0% +one and then if there's another jump +here it goes up by one and so forth um + + align:start position:0% +here it goes up by one and so forth um + + + align:start position:0% +here it goes up by one and so forth um +and so the uh panum diffusion model + + align:start position:0% +and so the uh panum diffusion model + + + align:start position:0% +and so the uh panum diffusion model +says we're going to this this diffusion + + align:start position:0% +says we're going to this this diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +says we're going to this this diffusion +process is actually going to experience + + align:start position:0% +process is actually going to experience + + + align:start position:0% +process is actually going to experience +some shocks to it those shocks are going + + align:start position:0% +some shocks to it those shocks are going + + + align:start position:0% +some shocks to it those shocks are going +to be arriving according to a Pon + + align:start position:0% +to be arriving according to a Pon + + + align:start position:0% +to be arriving according to a Pon +process if you've taken stochastic + + align:start position:0% +process if you've taken stochastic + + + align:start position:0% +process if you've taken stochastic +modeling you know that that's a um a + + align:start position:0% +modeling you know that that's a um a + + + align:start position:0% +modeling you know that that's a um a +sort of a purely random process um + + align:start position:0% +sort of a purely random process um + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a purely random process um +basically exponential arrival rate of of + + align:start position:0% +basically exponential arrival rate of of + + + align:start position:0% +basically exponential arrival rate of of +shocks occurring you can't predict + + align:start position:0% +shocks occurring you can't predict + + + align:start position:0% +shocks occurring you can't predict +them and when those + + align:start position:0% +them and when those + + + align:start position:0% +them and when those +occur D Pi of T is going to change from + + align:start position:0% +occur D Pi of T is going to change from + + + align:start position:0% +occur D Pi of T is going to change from +zero up to the unit increment so D Pi of + + align:start position:0% +zero up to the unit increment so D Pi of + + + align:start position:0% +zero up to the unit increment so D Pi of +T is one and then we'll realize Gamma + + align:start position:0% +T is one and then we'll realize Gamma + + + align:start position:0% +T is one and then we'll realize Gamma +Sigma Z of T so at this point we're + + align:start position:0% +Sigma Z of T so at this point we're + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma Z of T so at this point we're +going to have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +shocks here this is going to be Gamma + + align:start position:0% +shocks here this is going to be Gamma + + + align:start position:0% +shocks here this is going to be Gamma +Sigma + + align:start position:0% +Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma +Z1 and at this point maybe it's a + + align:start position:0% +Z1 and at this point maybe it's a + + + align:start position:0% +Z1 and at this point maybe it's a +negative shock + + align:start position:0% +negative shock + + + align:start position:0% +negative shock +gamma Sigma + + align:start position:0% +gamma Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +gamma Sigma +Z2 if this is zero and so with this + + align:start position:0% +Z2 if this is zero and so with this + + + align:start position:0% +Z2 if this is zero and so with this +overall process we basically have a + + align:start position:0% +overall process we basically have a + + + align:start position:0% +overall process we basically have a +shift in the diffusion up or down + + align:start position:0% +shift in the diffusion up or down + + + align:start position:0% +shift in the diffusion up or down +according to this the these values and + + align:start position:0% +according to this the these values and + + + align:start position:0% +according to this the these values and +so this model allows for the arrival of + + align:start position:0% +so this model allows for the arrival of + + + align:start position:0% +so this model allows for the arrival of +these processes to be random according + + align:start position:0% +these processes to be random according + + + align:start position:0% +these processes to be random according +to the pon distribution and for the + + align:start position:0% +to the pon distribution and for the + + + align:start position:0% +to the pon distribution and for the +magnitude of the shocks to be uh random + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of the shocks to be uh random + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of the shocks to be uh random +as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well now like the uh geometric Brown + + align:start position:0% +well now like the uh geometric Brown + + + align:start position:0% +well now like the uh geometric Brown +motion mod this process of has uh + + align:start position:0% +motion mod this process of has uh + + + align:start position:0% +motion mod this process of has uh +independent + + align:start position:0% +independent + + + align:start position:0% +independent +increments which um helps with this uh + + align:start position:0% +increments which um helps with this uh + + + align:start position:0% +increments which um helps with this uh +estimation um one can estimate this + + align:start position:0% +estimation um one can estimate this + + + align:start position:0% +estimation um one can estimate this +model by maximum + + align:start position:0% +model by maximum + + + align:start position:0% +model by maximum +likelihood uh but it does get tricky and + + align:start position:0% +likelihood uh but it does get tricky and + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood uh but it does get tricky and +that um basically over different + + align:start position:0% +that um basically over different + + + align:start position:0% +that um basically over different +increments of time the change in the + + align:start position:0% +increments of time the change in the + + + align:start position:0% +increments of time the change in the +process corresponds to the diffusion + + align:start position:0% +process corresponds to the diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +process corresponds to the diffusion +increment plus the sum of the jumps that + + align:start position:0% +increment plus the sum of the jumps that + + + align:start position:0% +increment plus the sum of the jumps that +have occurred over that in same + + align:start position:0% +have occurred over that in same + + + align:start position:0% +have occurred over that in same +increment and so uh the model ultimately + + align:start position:0% +increment and so uh the model ultimately + + + align:start position:0% +increment and so uh the model ultimately +is a pant mixture of gausian + + align:start position:0% +is a pant mixture of gausian + + + align:start position:0% +is a pant mixture of gausian +distributions um and in order to uh + + align:start position:0% +distributions um and in order to uh + + + align:start position:0% +distributions um and in order to uh +evaluate this model uh model's + + align:start position:0% +evaluate this model uh model's + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate this model uh model's +properties moment generating functions + + align:start position:0% +properties moment generating functions + + + align:start position:0% +properties moment generating functions +can be computed rather directly with + + align:start position:0% +can be computed rather directly with + + + align:start position:0% +can be computed rather directly with +that and uh soone can understand how the + + align:start position:0% +that and uh soone can understand how the + + + align:start position:0% +that and uh soone can understand how the +moments of the process vary with these + + align:start position:0% +moments of the process vary with these + + + align:start position:0% +moments of the process vary with these +different model parameters the + + align:start position:0% +different model parameters the + + + align:start position:0% +different model parameters the +likelihood function is + + align:start position:0% +likelihood function is + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood function is +a product of Pon sums and there's a + + align:start position:0% +a product of Pon sums and there's a + + + align:start position:0% +a product of Pon sums and there's a +closed form for the EM algorithm which + + align:start position:0% +closed form for the EM algorithm which + + + align:start position:0% +closed form for the EM algorithm which +uh can be used to implement the + + align:start position:0% +uh can be used to implement the + + + align:start position:0% +uh can be used to implement the +estimation of the unknown parameters and + + align:start position:0% +estimation of the unknown parameters and + + + align:start position:0% +estimation of the unknown parameters and +um if um if you think about uh + + align:start position:0% +um if um if you think about uh + + + align:start position:0% +um if um if you think about uh +observing a pan jump diffusion process + + align:start position:0% +observing a pan jump diffusion process + + + align:start position:0% +observing a pan jump diffusion process +if you + + align:start position:0% +if you + + + align:start position:0% +if you +knew that there was there were you know + + align:start position:0% +knew that there was there were you know + + + align:start position:0% +knew that there was there were you know +where the jumps occurred so you knew how + + align:start position:0% +where the jumps occurred so you knew how + + + align:start position:0% +where the jumps occurred so you knew how +where the jumps occurred and how many + + align:start position:0% +where the jumps occurred and how many + + + align:start position:0% +where the jumps occurred and how many +there were per increment in your data + + align:start position:0% +there were per increment in your data + + + align:start position:0% +there were per increment in your data +then you could actually the maximum + + align:start position:0% +then you could actually the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +then you could actually the maximum +likod estimation would all be very very + + align:start position:0% +likod estimation would all be very very + + + align:start position:0% +likod estimation would all be very very +simple and uh because there sort of as a + + align:start position:0% +simple and uh because there sort of as a + + + align:start position:0% +simple and uh because there sort of as a +separation of the estimation of the + + align:start position:0% +separation of the estimation of the + + + align:start position:0% +separation of the estimation of the +gaussian parameters from the pon + + align:start position:0% +gaussian parameters from the pon + + + align:start position:0% +gaussian parameters from the pon +parameters um when you have haven't + + align:start position:0% +parameters um when you have haven't + + + align:start position:0% +parameters um when you have haven't +observed those values then you need to + + align:start position:0% +observed those values then you need to + + + align:start position:0% +observed those values then you need to +deal with uh um method methods + + align:start position:0% +deal with uh um method methods + + + align:start position:0% +deal with uh um method methods +appropriate for missing data and the EM + + align:start position:0% +appropriate for missing data and the EM + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate for missing data and the EM +algorithm is a very famous algorithm + + align:start position:0% +algorithm is a very famous algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm is a very famous algorithm +developed by the people up at har + + align:start position:0% +developed by the people up at har + + + align:start position:0% +developed by the people up at har +uh uh Reuben layered and dumpster um + + align:start position:0% +uh uh Reuben layered and dumpster um + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh Reuben layered and dumpster um +which um deals with uh + + align:start position:0% +which um deals with uh + + + align:start position:0% +which um deals with uh +basically if if the problem is much + + align:start position:0% +basically if if the problem is much + + + align:start position:0% +basically if if the problem is much +simpler if if you could uh posit there + + align:start position:0% +simpler if if you could uh posit there + + + align:start position:0% +simpler if if you could uh posit there +being um unobserved variables that you + + align:start position:0% +being um unobserved variables that you + + + align:start position:0% +being um unobserved variables that you +would observe then you uh sort of expand + + align:start position:0% +would observe then you uh sort of expand + + + align:start position:0% +would observe then you uh sort of expand +the problem to include your observed + + align:start position:0% +the problem to include your observed + + + align:start position:0% +the problem to include your observed +data plus the missing data in this case + + align:start position:0% +data plus the missing data in this case + + + align:start position:0% +data plus the missing data in this case +where the jumps have occurred and you + + align:start position:0% +where the jumps have occurred and you + + + align:start position:0% +where the jumps have occurred and you +then do + + align:start position:0% +then do + + + align:start position:0% +then do +conditional expectations of th + + align:start position:0% +conditional expectations of th + + + align:start position:0% +conditional expectations of th +estimating those jumps and then assuming + + align:start position:0% +estimating those jumps and then assuming + + + align:start position:0% +estimating those jumps and then assuming +that those jumps had those uh occur with + + align:start position:0% +that those jumps had those uh occur with + + + align:start position:0% +that those jumps had those uh occur with +those frequencies uh estimating the + + align:start position:0% +those frequencies uh estimating the + + + align:start position:0% +those frequencies uh estimating the +underlying parameters so the EM + + align:start position:0% +underlying parameters so the EM + + + align:start position:0% +underlying parameters so the EM +algorithm is very powerful and has a + + align:start position:0% +algorithm is very powerful and has a + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm is very powerful and has a +extensive uh applications in all kinds + + align:start position:0% +extensive uh applications in all kinds + + + align:start position:0% +extensive uh applications in all kinds +of different models um I'll put up on + + align:start position:0% +of different models um I'll put up on + + + align:start position:0% +of different models um I'll put up on +the website a paper that um I wrote uh + + align:start position:0% +the website a paper that um I wrote uh + + + align:start position:0% +the website a paper that um I wrote uh +with David Pickard and his student uh + + align:start position:0% +with David Pickard and his student uh + + + align:start position:0% +with David Pickard and his student uh +Arad Zakaria which um goes through the + + align:start position:0% +Arad Zakaria which um goes through the + + + align:start position:0% +Arad Zakaria which um goes through the +uh maximum likelihood methodology for + + align:start position:0% +uh maximum likelihood methodology for + + + align:start position:0% +uh maximum likelihood methodology for +this but looking at that you can see how + + align:start position:0% +this but looking at that you can see how + + + align:start position:0% +this but looking at that you can see how +upon know with an extended model um how + + align:start position:0% +upon know with an extended model um how + + + align:start position:0% +upon know with an extended model um how +maximum likelihood gets implemented and + + align:start position:0% +maximum likelihood gets implemented and + + + align:start position:0% +maximum likelihood gets implemented and +uh I I think that that's useful to see + + align:start position:0% +uh I I think that that's useful to see + + + align:start position:0% +uh I I think that that's useful to see +all right so let's uh turn next to um + + align:start position:0% +all right so let's uh turn next to um + + + align:start position:0% +all right so let's uh turn next to um +Arch models and + + align:start position:0% +Arch models and + + + align:start position:0% +Arch models and +um okay just as a bit of motivation um + + align:start position:0% +um okay just as a bit of motivation um + + + align:start position:0% +um okay just as a bit of motivation um +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh geometric Brown motion model and also + + align:start position:0% +uh geometric Brown motion model and also + + + align:start position:0% +uh geometric Brown motion model and also +the pon jump diffusion model are models + + align:start position:0% +the pon jump diffusion model are models + + + align:start position:0% +the pon jump diffusion model are models +which assume that volatility over time + + align:start position:0% +which assume that volatility over time + + + align:start position:0% +which assume that volatility over time +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +essentially + + align:start position:0% +essentially + + + align:start position:0% +essentially +stationary + + align:start position:0% +stationary + + + align:start position:0% +stationary +and um with the sort of independent + + align:start position:0% +and um with the sort of independent + + + align:start position:0% +and um with the sort of independent +increments of those processes the + + align:start position:0% +increments of those processes the + + + align:start position:0% +increments of those processes the +volatility over different increments is + + align:start position:0% +volatility over different increments is + + + align:start position:0% +volatility over different increments is +essentially the same so so um the uh + + align:start position:0% +essentially the same so so um the uh + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the same so so um the uh +Arch models were introduced to + + align:start position:0% +Arch models were introduced to + + + align:start position:0% +Arch models were introduced to +accommodate the possibility that there's + + align:start position:0% +accommodate the possibility that there's + + + align:start position:0% +accommodate the possibility that there's +time dependence and + + align:start position:0% +time dependence and + + + align:start position:0% +time dependence and +volatility um + + align:start position:0% +volatility um + + + align:start position:0% +volatility um +and and so um let's see if we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh let's see let me + + align:start position:0% +uh let's see let me + + + align:start position:0% +uh let's see let me +go okay I'll at the very end I'll I'll + + align:start position:0% +go okay I'll at the very end I'll I'll + + + align:start position:0% +go okay I'll at the very end I'll I'll +I'll go through an example showing that + + align:start position:0% +I'll go through an example showing that + + + align:start position:0% +I'll go through an example showing that +time dependence um and + + align:start position:0% +time dependence um and + + + align:start position:0% +time dependence um and +uh you know with with our euro dollar + + align:start position:0% +uh you know with with our euro dollar + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know with with our euro dollar +exchange rates + + align:start position:0% +exchange rates + + + align:start position:0% +exchange rates +so so the setup for this model is um + + align:start position:0% +so so the setup for this model is um + + + align:start position:0% +so so the setup for this model is um +basically we look at the log of the + + align:start position:0% +basically we look at the log of the + + + align:start position:0% +basically we look at the log of the +price relatives + + align:start position:0% +price relatives + + + align:start position:0% +price relatives +YT and um we model the residuals to not + + align:start position:0% +YT and um we model the residuals to not + + + align:start position:0% +YT and um we model the residuals to not +be a + + align:start position:0% +be a + + + align:start position:0% +be a +constant of constant volatility + + align:start position:0% +constant of constant volatility + + + align:start position:0% +constant of constant volatility +but to be multiples of sort of uh White + + align:start position:0% +but to be multiples of sort of uh White + + + align:start position:0% +but to be multiples of sort of uh White +Noise with mean zero and variance one + + align:start position:0% +Noise with mean zero and variance one + + + align:start position:0% +Noise with mean zero and variance one +where Sig is given by + + align:start position:0% +where Sig is given by + + + align:start position:0% +where Sig is given by +this essentially Arch function which is + + align:start position:0% +this essentially Arch function which is + + + align:start position:0% +this essentially Arch function which is +says that the volatility at a given + + align:start position:0% +says that the volatility at a given + + + align:start position:0% +says that the volatility at a given +period T is a weighted average of the + + align:start position:0% +period T is a weighted average of the + + + align:start position:0% +period T is a weighted average of the +squared residuals over the last P lags + + align:start position:0% +squared residuals over the last P lags + + + align:start position:0% +squared residuals over the last P lags +and so if there's a large resist + + align:start position:0% +and so if there's a large resist + + + align:start position:0% +and so if there's a large resist +residual then that could persist uh and + + align:start position:0% +residual then that could persist uh and + + + align:start position:0% +residual then that could persist uh and +make the next uh observation have a + + align:start position:0% +make the next uh observation have a + + + align:start position:0% +make the next uh observation have a +large variance and so uh this this + + align:start position:0% +large variance and so uh this this + + + align:start position:0% +large variance and so uh this this +accommodates some uh time dependence now + + align:start position:0% +accommodates some uh time dependence now + + + align:start position:0% +accommodates some uh time dependence now +um with this model + + align:start position:0% +um with this model + + + align:start position:0% +um with this model +um this model actually has parameter + + align:start position:0% +um this model actually has parameter + + + align:start position:0% +um this model actually has parameter +constraints which are never a nice thing + + align:start position:0% +constraints which are never a nice thing + + + align:start position:0% +constraints which are never a nice thing +to have when you're fitting models um + + align:start position:0% +to have when you're fitting models um + + + align:start position:0% +to have when you're fitting models um +in this case the parameters alpha 1 + + align:start position:0% +in this case the parameters alpha 1 + + + align:start position:0% +in this case the parameters alpha 1 +through Alpha P all have to be positive + + align:start position:0% +through Alpha P all have to be positive + + + align:start position:0% +through Alpha P all have to be positive +and um why do they have to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +positive right variance is positive so + + align:start position:0% +positive right variance is positive so + + + align:start position:0% +positive right variance is positive so +if if any of these Alphas were negative + + align:start position:0% +if if any of these Alphas were negative + + + align:start position:0% +if if any of these Alphas were negative +then there would be a possibility under + + align:start position:0% +then there would be a possibility under + + + align:start position:0% +then there would be a possibility under +this model that you could have negative + + align:start position:0% +this model that you could have negative + + + align:start position:0% +this model that you could have negative +volatility which you can't so we want to + + align:start position:0% +volatility which you can't so we want to + + + align:start position:0% +volatility which you can't so we want to +estimate these + + align:start position:0% +estimate these + + + align:start position:0% +estimate these +parameters with a we need to if we + + align:start position:0% +parameters with a we need to if we + + + align:start position:0% +parameters with a we need to if we +estimate this model to estimate them + + align:start position:0% +estimate this model to estimate them + + + align:start position:0% +estimate this model to estimate them +with the constraint that all those these + + align:start position:0% +with the constraint that all those these + + + align:start position:0% +with the constraint that all those these +parameter values are are non- negative + + align:start position:0% +parameter values are are non- negative + + + align:start position:0% +parameter values are are non- negative +um so that does complicate + + align:start position:0% +um so that does complicate + + + align:start position:0% +um so that does complicate +the estimation a bit um in terms of + + align:start position:0% +the estimation a bit um in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +the estimation a bit um in terms of +understanding how this process works + + align:start position:0% +understanding how this process works + + + align:start position:0% +understanding how this process works +um one can actually see how the arch + + align:start position:0% +um one can actually see how the arch + + + align:start position:0% +um one can actually see how the arch +model implies an autor regressive model + + align:start position:0% +model implies an autor regressive model + + + align:start position:0% +model implies an autor regressive model +for the squared residuals which um turns + + align:start position:0% +for the squared residuals which um turns + + + align:start position:0% +for the squared residuals which um turns +out to be useful so the Top Line there + + align:start position:0% +out to be useful so the Top Line there + + + align:start position:0% +out to be useful so the Top Line there +is the arch model saying that the + + align:start position:0% +is the arch model saying that the + + + align:start position:0% +is the arch model saying that the +variance of the t period return is this + + align:start position:0% +variance of the t period return is this + + + align:start position:0% +variance of the t period return is this +weighted average of the past + + align:start position:0% +weighted average of the past + + + align:start position:0% +weighted average of the past +residuals and then if we simply + + align:start position:0% +residuals and then if we simply + + + align:start position:0% +residuals and then if we simply +add a new variable + + align:start position:0% +add a new variable + + + align:start position:0% +add a new variable +UT which + + align:start position:0% +UT which + + + align:start position:0% +UT which +is our squared residual minus its + + align:start position:0% +is our squared residual minus its + + + align:start position:0% +is our squared residual minus its +variance to both + + align:start position:0% +variance to both + + + align:start position:0% +variance to both +sides we get the next line we which says + + align:start position:0% +sides we get the next line we which says + + + align:start position:0% +sides we get the next line we which says +that Epsilon t^2 is basically an auto + + align:start position:0% +that Epsilon t^2 is basically an auto + + + align:start position:0% +that Epsilon t^2 is basically an auto +regression follows an auto regression on + + align:start position:0% +regression follows an auto regression on + + + align:start position:0% +regression follows an auto regression on +itself with the + + align:start position:0% +itself with the + + + align:start position:0% +itself with the +UT value + + align:start position:0% +UT value + + + align:start position:0% +UT value +being the disturbance in that auto + + align:start position:0% +being the disturbance in that auto + + + align:start position:0% +being the disturbance in that auto +regression now UT which is Epsilon t^2 + + align:start position:0% +regression now UT which is Epsilon t^2 + + + align:start position:0% +regression now UT which is Epsilon t^2 +minus Sigma 2 + + align:start position:0% +minus Sigma 2 + + + align:start position:0% +minus Sigma 2 +T what is the mean of + + align:start position:0% +T what is the mean of + + + align:start position:0% +T what is the mean of +that the mean is + + align:start position:0% +that the mean is + + + align:start position:0% +that the mean is +zero so it's almost white noise but its + + align:start position:0% +zero so it's almost white noise but its + + + align:start position:0% +zero so it's almost white noise but its +variance is maybe going to change over + + align:start position:0% +variance is maybe going to change over + + + align:start position:0% +variance is maybe going to change over +time so it's not sort of standard white + + align:start position:0% +time so it's not sort of standard white + + + align:start position:0% +time so it's not sort of standard white +noise but it's it's + + align:start position:0% +noise but it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +noise but it's it's +certainly uh basically has expectation + + align:start position:0% +certainly uh basically has expectation + + + align:start position:0% +certainly uh basically has expectation +zero it's also uh conditional + + align:start position:0% +zero it's also uh conditional + + + align:start position:0% +zero it's also uh conditional +Independence but there's some possible + + align:start position:0% +Independence but there's some possible + + + align:start position:0% +Independence but there's some possible +variability there but what this implies + + align:start position:0% +variability there but what this implies + + + align:start position:0% +variability there but what this implies +is that there basically is an auto + + align:start position:0% +is that there basically is an auto + + + align:start position:0% +is that there basically is an auto +regressive model where we just have time + + align:start position:0% +regressive model where we just have time + + + align:start position:0% +regressive model where we just have time +varying uh variances in in the underline + + align:start position:0% +varying uh variances in in the underline + + + align:start position:0% +varying uh variances in in the underline +process now because of that one can sort + + align:start position:0% +process now because of that one can sort + + + align:start position:0% +process now because of that one can sort +of quickly evaluate whether there's Arch + + align:start position:0% +of quickly evaluate whether there's Arch + + + align:start position:0% +of quickly evaluate whether there's Arch +structure in data by simply fitting an + + align:start position:0% +structure in data by simply fitting an + + + align:start position:0% +structure in data by simply fitting an +autog regressive model to the squared + + align:start position:0% +autog regressive model to the squared + + + align:start position:0% +autog regressive model to the squared +residuals and testing whether that + + align:start position:0% +residuals and testing whether that + + + align:start position:0% +residuals and testing whether that +regression is significant or not and uh + + align:start position:0% +regression is significant or not and uh + + + align:start position:0% +regression is significant or not and uh +that formally is a lrange multiplier + + align:start position:0% +that formally is a lrange multiplier + + + align:start position:0% +that formally is a lrange multiplier +test some of the original papers by + + align:start position:0% +test some of the original papers by + + + align:start position:0% +test some of the original papers by +angle go through that analysis um and uh + + align:start position:0% +angle go through that analysis um and uh + + + align:start position:0% +angle go through that analysis um and uh +the uh the test statistic turns out to + + align:start position:0% +the uh the test statistic turns out to + + + align:start position:0% +the uh the test statistic turns out to +just be the uh multiple of the r squ for + + align:start position:0% +just be the uh multiple of the r squ for + + + align:start position:0% +just be the uh multiple of the r squ for +that uh for that regression fit and um + + align:start position:0% +that uh for that regression fit and um + + + align:start position:0% +that uh for that regression fit and um +basically under the hypothesis that uh + + align:start position:0% +basically under the hypothesis that uh + + + align:start position:0% +basically under the hypothesis that uh +there's there's under a say a null + + align:start position:0% +there's there's under a say a null + + + align:start position:0% +there's there's under a say a null +hypothesis that there isn't any Arch + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis that there isn't any Arch + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis that there isn't any Arch +structure then this regression model + + align:start position:0% +structure then this regression model + + + align:start position:0% +structure then this regression model +should have no + + align:start position:0% +should have no + + + align:start position:0% +should have no +predictability this Arch model in the + + align:start position:0% +predictability this Arch model in the + + + align:start position:0% +predictability this Arch model in the +residuals basically if there's no time + + align:start position:0% +residuals basically if there's no time + + + align:start position:0% +residuals basically if there's no time +dependence in those residuals U that's + + align:start position:0% +dependence in those residuals U that's + + + align:start position:0% +dependence in those residuals U that's +evidence of + + align:start position:0% +evidence of + + + align:start position:0% +evidence of +uh there being an absence of arch + + align:start position:0% +uh there being an absence of arch + + + align:start position:0% +uh there being an absence of arch +structure and so under the null + + align:start position:0% +structure and so under the null + + + align:start position:0% +structure and so under the null +hypothesis of no Arch structure uh that + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis of no Arch structure uh that + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis of no Arch structure uh that +R squ uh statistic should be small turns + + align:start position:0% +R squ uh statistic should be small turns + + + align:start position:0% +R squ uh statistic should be small turns +out that sort of n times the r s + + align:start position:0% +out that sort of n times the r s + + + align:start position:0% +out that sort of n times the r s +statistic with P variables + + align:start position:0% +statistic with P variables + + + align:start position:0% +statistic with P variables +is ASM totically A Ki squ distribution + + align:start position:0% +is ASM totically A Ki squ distribution + + + align:start position:0% +is ASM totically A Ki squ distribution +with P degrees of freedom so so that's + + align:start position:0% +with P degrees of freedom so so that's + + + align:start position:0% +with P degrees of freedom so so that's +where that uh Model come comes in where + + align:start position:0% +where that uh Model come comes in where + + + align:start position:0% +where that uh Model come comes in where +that test statistic comes into play um + + align:start position:0% +that test statistic comes into play um + + + align:start position:0% +that test statistic comes into play um +and uh the in in implementing this the + + align:start position:0% +and uh the in in implementing this the + + + align:start position:0% +and uh the in in implementing this the +fact that uh we were applying + + align:start position:0% +fact that uh we were applying + + + align:start position:0% +fact that uh we were applying +essentially lease squares with the auto + + align:start position:0% +essentially lease squares with the auto + + + align:start position:0% +essentially lease squares with the auto +regression to implement this likelihood + + align:start position:0% +regression to implement this likelihood + + + align:start position:0% +regression to implement this likelihood +r or lrange multiplier test um but we + + align:start position:0% +r or lrange multiplier test um but we + + + align:start position:0% +r or lrange multiplier test um but we +were assuming well we're not assuming + + align:start position:0% +were assuming well we're not assuming + + + align:start position:0% +were assuming well we're not assuming +we're implicitly assuming the + + align:start position:0% +we're implicitly assuming the + + + align:start position:0% +we're implicitly assuming the +assumptions of gaus marov and fitting + + align:start position:0% +assumptions of gaus marov and fitting + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions of gaus marov and fitting +that um this corresponds to uh the + + align:start position:0% +that um this corresponds to uh the + + + align:start position:0% +that um this corresponds to uh the +notion of Quasi maximum likelihood + + align:start position:0% +notion of Quasi maximum likelihood + + + align:start position:0% +notion of Quasi maximum likelihood +estimates for under for unknown + + align:start position:0% +estimates for under for unknown + + + align:start position:0% +estimates for under for unknown +parameters and quasi um maximum + + align:start position:0% +parameters and quasi um maximum + + + align:start position:0% +parameters and quasi um maximum +likelihood estimates um are used are + + align:start position:0% +likelihood estimates um are used are + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood estimates um are used are +extensively in uh some stochastic + + align:start position:0% +extensively in uh some stochastic + + + align:start position:0% +extensively in uh some stochastic +volatility models and it's essentially + + align:start position:0% +volatility models and it's essentially + + + align:start position:0% +volatility models and it's essentially +situations where you sort of use the + + align:start position:0% +situations where you sort of use the + + + align:start position:0% +situations where you sort of use the +normal + + align:start position:0% +normal + + + align:start position:0% +normal +approximation uh or the second order + + align:start position:0% +approximation uh or the second order + + + align:start position:0% +approximation uh or the second order +approximation uh to get your estimates + + align:start position:0% +approximation uh to get your estimates + + + align:start position:0% +approximation uh to get your estimates +and they turn out to be consistent and + + align:start position:0% +and they turn out to be consistent and + + + align:start position:0% +and they turn out to be consistent and +efficient uh or not efficient but + + align:start position:0% +efficient uh or not efficient but + + + align:start position:0% +efficient uh or not efficient but +consistent and uh uh decent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so all right the uh let let's go to + + align:start position:0% +so all right the uh let let's go to + + + align:start position:0% +so all right the uh let let's go to +maximum likelihood estimation okay + + align:start position:0% +maximum likelihood estimation okay + + + align:start position:0% +maximum likelihood estimation okay +maximum likelihood + + align:start position:0% +maximum likelihood + + + align:start position:0% +maximum likelihood +estimation basically + + align:start position:0% +estimation basically + + + align:start position:0% +estimation basically +involves the hard part is defining the + + align:start position:0% +involves the hard part is defining the + + + align:start position:0% +involves the hard part is defining the +likelihood function which is the uh + + align:start position:0% +likelihood function which is the uh + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood function which is the uh +density of the data given the unknown + + align:start position:0% +density of the data given the unknown + + + align:start position:0% +density of the data given the unknown +parameters in this case the data are + + align:start position:0% +parameters in this case the data are + + + align:start position:0% +parameters in this case the data are +conditionally independent every + + align:start position:0% +conditionally independent every + + + align:start position:0% +conditionally independent every +observation is conditionally independent + + align:start position:0% +observation is conditionally independent + + + align:start position:0% +observation is conditionally independent +of the + + align:start position:0% +of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the +uh uh or E let's say each or the joint + + align:start position:0% +uh uh or E let's say each or the joint + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh or E let's say each or the joint +density is the product of the density of + + align:start position:0% +density is the product of the density of + + + align:start position:0% +density is the product of the density of +YT given the information at T minus one + + align:start position:0% +YT given the information at T minus one + + + align:start position:0% +YT given the information at T minus one +so the basically the joint probability + + align:start position:0% +so the basically the joint probability + + + align:start position:0% +so the basically the joint probability +density is the density of each time + + align:start position:0% +density is the density of each time + + + align:start position:0% +density is the density of each time +Point conditional on the past and then + + align:start position:0% +Point conditional on the past and then + + + align:start position:0% +Point conditional on the past and then +density times the density the next time + + align:start position:0% +density times the density the next time + + + align:start position:0% +density times the density the next time +Point conditional on the past and those + + align:start position:0% +Point conditional on the past and those + + + align:start position:0% +Point conditional on the past and those +are all normal random variable so these + + align:start position:0% +are all normal random variable so these + + + align:start position:0% +are all normal random variable so these +are the normal uh PDFs coming into play + + align:start position:0% +are the normal uh PDFs coming into play + + + align:start position:0% +are the normal uh PDFs coming into play +here and so what we want to do is + + align:start position:0% +here and so what we want to do is + + + align:start position:0% +here and so what we want to do is +basically maximize this likelihood + + align:start position:0% +basically maximize this likelihood + + + align:start position:0% +basically maximize this likelihood +function subject to these + + align:start position:0% +function subject to these + + + align:start position:0% +function subject to these +constraints um and we already went + + align:start position:0% +constraints um and we already went + + + align:start position:0% +constraints um and we already went +through the fact that the alpha have to + + align:start position:0% +through the fact that the alpha have to + + + align:start position:0% +through the fact that the alpha have to +be greater than zero and the uh it turns + + align:start position:0% +be greater than zero and the uh it turns + + + align:start position:0% +be greater than zero and the uh it turns +out you also have to have that the sum + + align:start position:0% +out you also have to have that the sum + + + align:start position:0% +out you also have to have that the sum +of the alphas is less than + + align:start position:0% +of the alphas is less than + + + align:start position:0% +of the alphas is less than +one now what would happen if the sum of + + align:start position:0% +one now what would happen if the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +one now what would happen if the sum of +the alphas was not less than + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one right and you basically could have + + align:start position:0% +one right and you basically could have + + + align:start position:0% +one right and you basically could have +the process start diverging um basically + + align:start position:0% +the process start diverging um basically + + + align:start position:0% +the process start diverging um basically +these uh Auto regressions um you know + + align:start position:0% +these uh Auto regressions um you know + + + align:start position:0% +these uh Auto regressions um you know +can explode so let's go through and see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um let's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +see actually we're going to go to Arch + + align:start position:0% +see actually we're going to go to Arch + + + align:start position:0% +see actually we're going to go to Arch +models garch models next okay um let's + + align:start position:0% +models garch models next okay um let's + + + align:start position:0% +models garch models next okay um let's +see the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh let me just go back here a second + + align:start position:0% +uh let me just go back here a second + + + align:start position:0% +uh let me just go back here a second +okay very good okay uh remaining few + + align:start position:0% +okay very good okay uh remaining few + + + align:start position:0% +okay very good okay uh remaining few +minutes let me just introduce you to the + + align:start position:0% +minutes let me just introduce you to the + + + align:start position:0% +minutes let me just introduce you to the +uh uh garch models um when um well okay + + align:start position:0% +uh uh garch models um when um well okay + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh garch models um when um well okay +the issue with with um okay the garch + + align:start position:0% +the issue with with um okay the garch + + + align:start position:0% +the issue with with um okay the garch +models + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +basically add a s basically a series of + + align:start position:0% +basically add a s basically a series of + + + align:start position:0% +basically add a s basically a series of +past values of the squared volatilities + + align:start position:0% +past values of the squared volatilities + + + align:start position:0% +past values of the squared volatilities +basically that the Q sum of uh you know + + align:start position:0% +basically that the Q sum of uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +basically that the Q sum of uh you know +past squared volatilities + + align:start position:0% +past squared volatilities + + + align:start position:0% +past squared volatilities +um to the for the equation for the the + + align:start position:0% +um to the for the equation for the the + + + align:start position:0% +um to the for the equation for the the +volatility Sigma t^2 and so + + align:start position:0% +volatility Sigma t^2 and so + + + align:start position:0% +volatility Sigma t^2 and so +um you know it may be that very high + + align:start position:0% +um you know it may be that very high + + + align:start position:0% +um you know it may be that very high +order Arch models are actually + + align:start position:0% +order Arch models are actually + + + align:start position:0% +order Arch models are actually +important um are are um um very high + + align:start position:0% +important um are are um um very high + + + align:start position:0% +important um are are um um very high +order Arch terms are found to be + + align:start position:0% +order Arch terms are found to be + + + align:start position:0% +order Arch terms are found to be +significant when you fit Arch models um + + align:start position:0% +significant when you fit Arch models um + + + align:start position:0% +significant when you fit Arch models um +it could be that um much of that uh need + + align:start position:0% +it could be that um much of that uh need + + + align:start position:0% +it could be that um much of that uh need +is explained by adding these gar terms + + align:start position:0% +is explained by adding these gar terms + + + align:start position:0% +is explained by adding these gar terms +and so let's just consider a simple + + align:start position:0% +and so let's just consider a simple + + + align:start position:0% +and so let's just consider a simple +garch model where we have only a first + + align:start position:0% +garch model where we have only a first + + + align:start position:0% +garch model where we have only a first +order Arch term and a uh first order gar + + align:start position:0% +order Arch term and a uh first order gar + + + align:start position:0% +order Arch term and a uh first order gar +term so U we're basically saying that + + align:start position:0% +term so U we're basically saying that + + + align:start position:0% +term so U we're basically saying that +this is a weighted average of the + + align:start position:0% +this is a weighted average of the + + + align:start position:0% +this is a weighted average of the +previous volatility the new squared + + align:start position:0% +previous volatility the new squared + + + align:start position:0% +previous volatility the new squared +residual and this uh is a very + + align:start position:0% +residual and this uh is a very + + + align:start position:0% +residual and this uh is a very +parsimonious uh representation that + + align:start position:0% +parsimonious uh representation that + + + align:start position:0% +parsimonious uh representation that +actually ends up fitting data quite + + align:start position:0% +actually ends up fitting data quite + + + align:start position:0% +actually ends up fitting data quite +quite well and + + align:start position:0% +quite well and + + + align:start position:0% +quite well and +um there are various properties of this + + align:start position:0% +um there are various properties of this + + + align:start position:0% +um there are various properties of this +garch model which + + align:start position:0% +garch model which + + + align:start position:0% +garch model which +um we'll go through next time but I want + + align:start position:0% +um we'll go through next time but I want + + + align:start position:0% +um we'll go through next time but I want +to just close this lecture by showing + + align:start position:0% +to just close this lecture by showing + + + align:start position:0% +to just close this lecture by showing +you fits of the arch models and of this + + align:start position:0% +you fits of the arch models and of this + + + align:start position:0% +you fits of the arch models and of this +garch model to the uh euro dollar uh + + align:start position:0% +garch model to the uh euro dollar uh + + + align:start position:0% +garch model to the uh euro dollar uh +exchange rate process so let's just look + + align:start position:0% +exchange rate process so let's just look + + + align:start position:0% +exchange rate process so let's just look +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay okay with the euro dollar exchange + + align:start position:0% +okay okay with the euro dollar exchange + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay with the euro dollar exchange +rate actually um there's a graph here + + align:start position:0% +rate actually um there's a graph here + + + align:start position:0% +rate actually um there's a graph here +which shows the autocorrelation function + + align:start position:0% +which shows the autocorrelation function + + + align:start position:0% +which shows the autocorrelation function +and the partial autocorrelation fun + + align:start position:0% +and the partial autocorrelation fun + + + align:start position:0% +and the partial autocorrelation fun +function of the squared + + align:start position:0% +function of the squared + + + align:start position:0% +function of the squared +returns so is there dependence in this + + align:start position:0% +returns so is there dependence in this + + + align:start position:0% +returns so is there dependence in this +you know these daily uh + + align:start position:0% +you know these daily uh + + + align:start position:0% +you know these daily uh +volatilities and basically there's these + + align:start position:0% +volatilities and basically there's these + + + align:start position:0% +volatilities and basically there's these +blue lines are plus or minus two + + align:start position:0% +blue lines are plus or minus two + + + align:start position:0% +blue lines are plus or minus two +standard deviations of the uh uh + + align:start position:0% +standard deviations of the uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +standard deviations of the uh uh +correlation coefficient basically we + + align:start position:0% +correlation coefficient basically we + + + align:start position:0% +correlation coefficient basically we +have highly + + align:start position:0% +have highly + + + align:start position:0% +have highly +significant Auto or correlations and + + align:start position:0% +significant Auto or correlations and + + + align:start position:0% +significant Auto or correlations and +very highly significant partial + + align:start position:0% +very highly significant partial + + + align:start position:0% +very highly significant partial +autocorrelations which suggests if + + align:start position:0% +autocorrelations which suggests if + + + align:start position:0% +autocorrelations which suggests if +you're familiar with Arma process that + + align:start position:0% +you're familiar with Arma process that + + + align:start position:0% +you're familiar with Arma process that +you would need a very high order Arma + + align:start position:0% +you would need a very high order Arma + + + align:start position:0% +you would need a very high order Arma +process to fit this uh this squared + + align:start position:0% +process to fit this uh this squared + + + align:start position:0% +process to fit this uh this squared +residuals um but this you know + + align:start position:0% +residuals um but this you know + + + align:start position:0% +residuals um but this you know +highlights how with the statistical + + align:start position:0% +highlights how with the statistical + + + align:start position:0% +highlights how with the statistical +tools you can you you can actually uh + + align:start position:0% +tools you can you you can actually uh + + + align:start position:0% +tools you can you you can actually uh +identify this uh time dependence quite + + align:start position:0% +identify this uh time dependence quite + + + align:start position:0% +identify this uh time dependence quite +quickly and um here's a plot of the arch + + align:start position:0% +quickly and um here's a plot of the arch + + + align:start position:0% +quickly and um here's a plot of the arch +order one model and the arch order two + + align:start position:0% +order one model and the arch order two + + + align:start position:0% +order one model and the arch order two +model and on each of these I've actually + + align:start position:0% +model and on each of these I've actually + + + align:start position:0% +model and on each of these I've actually +drawn a solid line where the sort of + + align:start position:0% +drawn a solid line where the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +drawn a solid line where the sort of +constant variance model would be so Arch + + align:start position:0% +constant variance model would be so Arch + + + align:start position:0% +constant variance model would be so Arch +is saying that we have a lot of + + align:start position:0% +is saying that we have a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +is saying that we have a lot of +variability uh about that constant mean + + align:start position:0% +variability uh about that constant mean + + + align:start position:0% +variability uh about that constant mean +um and a property I guess of these Arch + + align:start position:0% +um and a property I guess of these Arch + + + align:start position:0% +um and a property I guess of these Arch +models is that you know they all have + + align:start position:0% +models is that you know they all have + + + align:start position:0% +models is that you know they all have +sort of a a minimum value for the + + align:start position:0% +sort of a a minimum value for the + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a a minimum value for the +volatility that they're + + align:start position:0% +volatility that they're + + + align:start position:0% +volatility that they're +estimating you know if you look at the + + align:start position:0% +estimating you know if you look at the + + + align:start position:0% +estimating you know if you look at the +arch function that Alpha + + align:start position:0% +arch function that Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +arch function that Alpha +not now is the constant term is + + align:start position:0% +not now is the constant term is + + + align:start position:0% +not now is the constant term is +basically the the minimum value um which + + align:start position:0% +basically the the minimum value um which + + + align:start position:0% +basically the the minimum value um which +that can be uh so There's a constraint + + align:start position:0% +that can be uh so There's a constraint + + + align:start position:0% +that can be uh so There's a constraint +sort of on the lower + + align:start position:0% +sort of on the lower + + + align:start position:0% +sort of on the lower +value um then here's an arch 10 fit + + align:start position:0% +value um then here's an arch 10 fit + + + align:start position:0% +value um then here's an arch 10 fit +which + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +actually is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh you know basically looks it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +uh you know basically looks it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know basically looks it doesn't +look like it sort of has quite as much + + align:start position:0% +look like it sort of has quite as much + + + align:start position:0% +look like it sort of has quite as much +of a uniform lower Bound in it but one + + align:start position:0% +of a uniform lower Bound in it but one + + + align:start position:0% +of a uniform lower Bound in it but one +could go on and on with higher order + + align:start position:0% +could go on and on with higher order + + + align:start position:0% +could go on and on with higher order +Arch terms but rather than doing that + + align:start position:0% +Arch terms but rather than doing that + + + align:start position:0% +Arch terms but rather than doing that +one can also fit just a garch one1 model + + align:start position:0% +one can also fit just a garch one1 model + + + align:start position:0% +one can also fit just a garch one1 model +and this is what it looks + + align:start position:0% +and this is what it looks + + + align:start position:0% +and this is what it looks +like so um basically the time varying + + align:start position:0% +like so um basically the time varying + + + align:start position:0% +like so um basically the time varying +volatility in this process is captured + + align:start position:0% +volatility in this process is captured + + + align:start position:0% +volatility in this process is captured +really really well with just this two + + align:start position:0% +really really well with just this two + + + align:start position:0% +really really well with just this two +parameter garch model as compared with a + + align:start position:0% +parameter garch model as compared with a + + + align:start position:0% +parameter garch model as compared with a +high order Auto regressive model and and + + align:start position:0% +high order Auto regressive model and and + + + align:start position:0% +high order Auto regressive model and and +this sort of highlights the issu with + + align:start position:0% +this sort of highlights the issu with + + + align:start position:0% +this sort of highlights the issu with +the wall decompos position where you + + align:start position:0% +the wall decompos position where you + + + align:start position:0% +the wall decompos position where you +know a potentially infinite order + + align:start position:0% +know a potentially infinite order + + + align:start position:0% +know a potentially infinite order +autoregressive model will effectively + + align:start position:0% +autoregressive model will effectively + + + align:start position:0% +autoregressive model will effectively +fit most time series well that's nice to + + align:start position:0% +fit most time series well that's nice to + + + align:start position:0% +fit most time series well that's nice to +know but it's nice to have a + + align:start position:0% +know but it's nice to have a + + + align:start position:0% +know but it's nice to have a +parsimonious way of defining that + + align:start position:0% +parsimonious way of defining that + + + align:start position:0% +parsimonious way of defining that +infinite collection of parameters and + + align:start position:0% +infinite collection of parameters and + + + align:start position:0% +infinite collection of parameters and +with the garch model a couple of + + align:start position:0% +with the garch model a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +with the garch model a couple of +parameters do a good job and then + + align:start position:0% +parameters do a good job and then + + + align:start position:0% +parameters do a good job and then +finally here's just a simultaneous plot + + align:start position:0% +finally here's just a simultaneous plot + + + align:start position:0% +finally here's just a simultaneous plot +of all those volatility estimates on the + + align:start position:0% +of all those volatility estimates on the + + + align:start position:0% +of all those volatility estimates on the +same graph and so one can see the + + align:start position:0% +same graph and so one can see the + + + align:start position:0% +same graph and so one can see the +flexibility increased flexibility uh + + align:start position:0% +flexibility increased flexibility uh + + + align:start position:0% +flexibility increased flexibility uh +basic of the garch models compared to + + align:start position:0% +basic of the garch models compared to + + + align:start position:0% +basic of the garch models compared to +the arch models for capturing uh time + + align:start position:0% +the arch models for capturing uh time + + + align:start position:0% +the arch models for capturing uh time +varying + + align:start position:0% +varying + + + align:start position:0% +varying +volatility so all right I'll stop there + + align:start position:0% +volatility so all right I'll stop there + + + align:start position:0% +volatility so all right I'll stop there +for today and uh let's see next Tuesday + + align:start position:0% +for today and uh let's see next Tuesday + + + align:start position:0% +for today and uh let's see next Tuesday +is a uh presentation for Morgan Stanley + + align:start position:0% +is a uh presentation for Morgan Stanley + + + align:start position:0% +is a uh presentation for Morgan Stanley +so and today is the last day to sign up + + align:start position:0% +so and today is the last day to sign up + + + align:start position:0% +so and today is the last day to sign up +for a field trip yeah \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/cF6he3JbWbs.txt b/cF6he3JbWbs.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5b567037d4ac2d6964a7e1166501cf6c06991ed0 --- /dev/null +++ b/cF6he3JbWbs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1539 @@ +align:start position:0% + +there's something + + align:start position:0% +there's something + + + align:start position:0% +there's something +important about this title and + + align:start position:0% +important about this title and + + + align:start position:0% +important about this title and +it is that i'm talking about preferred + + align:start position:0% +it is that i'm talking about preferred + + + align:start position:0% +it is that i'm talking about preferred +projects + + align:start position:0% +projects + + + align:start position:0% +projects +i'm not talking about best projects + + align:start position:0% +i'm not talking about best projects + + + align:start position:0% +i'm not talking about best projects +and there is a this is not a + + align:start position:0% +and there is a this is not a + + + align:start position:0% +and there is a this is not a +this is very much on purpose + + align:start position:0% +this is very much on purpose + + + align:start position:0% +this is very much on purpose +basically what i'm thinking when i + + align:start position:0% +basically what i'm thinking when i + + + align:start position:0% +basically what i'm thinking when i +when we think about a system a system + + align:start position:0% +when we think about a system a system + + + align:start position:0% +when we think about a system a system +which has + + align:start position:0% +which has + + + align:start position:0% +which has +lots of different performance + + align:start position:0% +lots of different performance + + + align:start position:0% +lots of different performance +characteristics which has numbers of + + align:start position:0% +characteristics which has numbers of + + + align:start position:0% +characteristics which has numbers of +stakeholders who are thinking about + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders who are thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders who are thinking about +there's a financial side there's a + + align:start position:0% +there's a financial side there's a + + + align:start position:0% +there's a financial side there's a +technological side there's a + + align:start position:0% +technological side there's a + + + align:start position:0% +technological side there's a +human relations side there's + + align:start position:0% +human relations side there's + + + align:start position:0% +human relations side there's +environmental sides etc different + + align:start position:0% +environmental sides etc different + + + align:start position:0% +environmental sides etc different +criteria before performance + + align:start position:0% +criteria before performance + + + align:start position:0% +criteria before performance +it is basically conceptually impossible + + align:start position:0% +it is basically conceptually impossible + + + align:start position:0% +it is basically conceptually impossible +to talk about the best + + align:start position:0% +to talk about the best + + + align:start position:0% +to talk about the best +we may talk about what we think is that + + align:start position:0% +we may talk about what we think is that + + + align:start position:0% +we may talk about what we think is that +our preferred choice what is in some + + align:start position:0% +our preferred choice what is in some + + + align:start position:0% +our preferred choice what is in some +ways or in our minds the best but in + + align:start position:0% +ways or in our minds the best but in + + + align:start position:0% +ways or in our minds the best but in +terms of an optimization it's difficult + + align:start position:0% +terms of an optimization it's difficult + + + align:start position:0% +terms of an optimization it's difficult +and i think that we ought to recognize + + align:start position:0% +and i think that we ought to recognize + + + align:start position:0% +and i think that we ought to recognize +that and + + align:start position:0% +that and + + + align:start position:0% +that and +use optimization techniques to sort + + align:start position:0% +use optimization techniques to sort + + + align:start position:0% +use optimization techniques to sort +through dominated solutions a concept + + align:start position:0% +through dominated solutions a concept + + + align:start position:0% +through dominated solutions a concept +i'll come to them + + align:start position:0% +i'll come to them + + + align:start position:0% +i'll come to them +by the end of the class + + align:start position:0% +by the end of the class + + + align:start position:0% +by the end of the class +but really focus on that we're not going + + align:start position:0% +but really focus on that we're not going + + + align:start position:0% +but really focus on that we're not going +to be able to optimize our systems + + align:start position:0% +to be able to optimize our systems + + + align:start position:0% +to be able to optimize our systems +overall + + align:start position:0% +overall + + + align:start position:0% +overall +we can find we can think about the + + align:start position:0% +we can find we can think about the + + + align:start position:0% +we can find we can think about the +alternatives and ultimately we're going + + align:start position:0% +alternatives and ultimately we're going + + + align:start position:0% +alternatives and ultimately we're going +to have what i'd like to think about as + + align:start position:0% +to have what i'd like to think about as + + + align:start position:0% +to have what i'd like to think about as +a preferred + + align:start position:0% +a preferred + + + align:start position:0% +a preferred +project there's one that has a balance + + align:start position:0% +project there's one that has a balance + + + align:start position:0% +project there's one that has a balance +but the trade-off between the different + + align:start position:0% +but the trade-off between the different + + + align:start position:0% +but the trade-off between the different +elements between the different + + align:start position:0% +elements between the different + + + align:start position:0% +elements between the different +stakeholders and we agree is what we're + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders and we agree is what we're + + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders and we agree is what we're +going to do and we think it is the + + align:start position:0% +going to do and we think it is the + + + align:start position:0% +going to do and we think it is the +preferred solution although + + align:start position:0% +preferred solution although + + + align:start position:0% +preferred solution although +it is not a mathematically speaking an + + align:start position:0% +it is not a mathematically speaking an + + + align:start position:0% +it is not a mathematically speaking an +optimal + + align:start position:0% +optimal + + + align:start position:0% +optimal +let's go into that just a little bit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +so the fundamental question i'll start + + align:start position:0% +so the fundamental question i'll start + + + align:start position:0% +so the fundamental question i'll start +off with + + align:start position:0% +off with + + + align:start position:0% +off with +is this is it meaningful to look for the + + align:start position:0% +is this is it meaningful to look for the + + + align:start position:0% +is this is it meaningful to look for the +best + + align:start position:0% +best + + + align:start position:0% +best +what can we expect to do + + align:start position:0% +what can we expect to do + + + align:start position:0% +what can we expect to do +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +then to think about all right if we're + + align:start position:0% +then to think about all right if we're + + + align:start position:0% +then to think about all right if we're +going to think about a goodness of sort + + align:start position:0% +going to think about a goodness of sort + + + align:start position:0% +going to think about a goodness of sort +on some sort we have to talk about value + + align:start position:0% +on some sort we have to talk about value + + + align:start position:0% +on some sort we have to talk about value +i mean and we have to think about what + + align:start position:0% +i mean and we have to think about what + + + align:start position:0% +i mean and we have to think about what +it means to evaluate things uh where we + + align:start position:0% +it means to evaluate things uh where we + + + align:start position:0% +it means to evaluate things uh where we +have different elements of it we have + + align:start position:0% +have different elements of it we have + + + align:start position:0% +have different elements of it we have +different characteristic of it we have + + align:start position:0% +different characteristic of it we have + + + align:start position:0% +different characteristic of it we have +performance technically we have + + align:start position:0% +performance technically we have + + + align:start position:0% +performance technically we have +performance in terms of environmentally + + align:start position:0% +performance in terms of environmentally + + + align:start position:0% +performance in terms of environmentally +we have performance alternative + + align:start position:0% +we have performance alternative + + + align:start position:0% +we have performance alternative +financially and we need to have a way to + + align:start position:0% +financially and we need to have a way to + + + align:start position:0% +financially and we need to have a way to +translate each of those performing + + align:start position:0% +translate each of those performing + + + align:start position:0% +translate each of those performing +indices + + align:start position:0% +indices + + + align:start position:0% +indices +into some value function i'll + + align:start position:0% +into some value function i'll + + + align:start position:0% +into some value function i'll +refer to it generally + + align:start position:0% +refer to it generally + + + align:start position:0% +refer to it generally +and a value function by the way from a + + align:start position:0% +and a value function by the way from a + + + align:start position:0% +and a value function by the way from a +technical point of view is + + align:start position:0% +technical point of view is + + + align:start position:0% +technical point of view is +not the same as utility function but it + + align:start position:0% +not the same as utility function but it + + + align:start position:0% +not the same as utility function but it +is the same kind of uh idea in a general + + align:start position:0% +is the same kind of uh idea in a general + + + align:start position:0% +is the same kind of uh idea in a general +language form but technically there's a + + align:start position:0% +language form but technically there's a + + + align:start position:0% +language form but technically there's a +great difference between value and + + align:start position:0% +great difference between value and + + + align:start position:0% +great difference between value and +utility of the sort that utility + + align:start position:0% +utility of the sort that utility + + + align:start position:0% +utility of the sort that utility +uh requires a lot of different + + align:start position:0% +uh requires a lot of different + + + align:start position:0% +uh requires a lot of different +assumptions and is + + align:start position:0% +assumptions and is + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions and is +very difficult to design + + align:start position:0% +very difficult to design + + + align:start position:0% +very difficult to design +then having + + align:start position:0% +then having + + + align:start position:0% +then having +sort of set the scene in this way i + + align:start position:0% +sort of set the scene in this way i + + + align:start position:0% +sort of set the scene in this way i +won't talk about the several methods i'd + + align:start position:0% +won't talk about the several methods i'd + + + align:start position:0% +won't talk about the several methods i'd +like to suggest to you + + align:start position:0% +like to suggest to you + + + align:start position:0% +like to suggest to you +that we can use to evaluate and choose + + align:start position:0% +that we can use to evaluate and choose + + + align:start position:0% +that we can use to evaluate and choose +between + + align:start position:0% +between + + + align:start position:0% +between +different solutions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +let's go down to think about what is it + + align:start position:0% +let's go down to think about what is it + + + align:start position:0% +let's go down to think about what is it +meaningful to optimize in a sense to + + align:start position:0% +meaningful to optimize in a sense to + + + align:start position:0% +meaningful to optimize in a sense to +have a mathematical search for the best + + align:start position:0% +have a mathematical search for the best + + + align:start position:0% +have a mathematical search for the best +well what defines best + + align:start position:0% +well what defines best + + + align:start position:0% +well what defines best +well as we know it's the extreme the + + align:start position:0% +well as we know it's the extreme the + + + align:start position:0% +well as we know it's the extreme the +high or the low of all possibilities + + align:start position:0% +high or the low of all possibilities + + + align:start position:0% +high or the low of all possibilities +so to be able to know whether you're the + + align:start position:0% +so to be able to know whether you're the + + + align:start position:0% +so to be able to know whether you're the +highest or lowest you have to have a + + align:start position:0% +highest or lowest you have to have a + + + align:start position:0% +highest or lowest you have to have a +metric of performance if i'm looking at + + align:start position:0% +metric of performance if i'm looking at + + + align:start position:0% +metric of performance if i'm looking at +altitude i can calculate something is at + + align:start position:0% +altitude i can calculate something is at + + + align:start position:0% +altitude i can calculate something is at +a thousand feet two thousand feet three + + align:start position:0% +a thousand feet two thousand feet three + + + align:start position:0% +a thousand feet two thousand feet three +thousand feet i can know which one is + + align:start position:0% +thousand feet i can know which one is + + + align:start position:0% +thousand feet i can know which one is +the highest + + align:start position:0% +the highest + + + align:start position:0% +the highest +let's say it's mount everest + + align:start position:0% +let's say it's mount everest + + + align:start position:0% +let's say it's mount everest +or or if we can't have a single measure + + align:start position:0% +or or if we can't have a single measure + + + align:start position:0% +or or if we can't have a single measure +we have some way of saying + + align:start position:0% +we have some way of saying + + + align:start position:0% +we have some way of saying +that all right we have uh different + + align:start position:0% +that all right we have uh different + + + align:start position:0% +that all right we have uh different +levels of performance take a hospital + + align:start position:0% +levels of performance take a hospital + + + align:start position:0% +levels of performance take a hospital +say that it is + + align:start position:0% +say that it is + + + align:start position:0% +say that it is +uh i want to be able to uh reduce + + align:start position:0% +uh i want to be able to uh reduce + + + align:start position:0% +uh i want to be able to uh reduce +fatalities i want to provide the + + align:start position:0% +fatalities i want to provide the + + + align:start position:0% +fatalities i want to provide the +best service uh to uh cancer trait uh + + align:start position:0% +best service uh to uh cancer trait uh + + + align:start position:0% +best service uh to uh cancer trait uh +patients that they have the less + + align:start position:0% +patients that they have the less + + + align:start position:0% +patients that they have the less +after consequences i want to make sure + + align:start position:0% +after consequences i want to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +after consequences i want to make sure +that etc there are various measures of + + align:start position:0% +that etc there are various measures of + + + align:start position:0% +that etc there are various measures of +performance of it and it might have + + align:start position:0% +performance of it and it might have + + + align:start position:0% +performance of it and it might have +economic efficiency put in there + + align:start position:0% +economic efficiency put in there + + + align:start position:0% +economic efficiency put in there +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +to be able to talk about the optimum + + align:start position:0% +to be able to talk about the optimum + + + align:start position:0% +to be able to talk about the optimum +from a mathematical way we have to put + + align:start position:0% +from a mathematical way we have to put + + + align:start position:0% +from a mathematical way we have to put +these metrics into a single scale like + + align:start position:0% +these metrics into a single scale like + + + align:start position:0% +these metrics into a single scale like +so many + + align:start position:0% +so many + + + align:start position:0% +so many +deaths saved are equivalent to so many + + align:start position:0% +deaths saved are equivalent to so many + + + align:start position:0% +deaths saved are equivalent to so many +dollars are equivalent to so many uh + + align:start position:0% +dollars are equivalent to so many uh + + + align:start position:0% +dollars are equivalent to so many uh +reduced cancer treatments whatever + + align:start position:0% +reduced cancer treatments whatever + + + align:start position:0% +reduced cancer treatments whatever +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +the basic question is + + align:start position:0% +the basic question is + + + align:start position:0% +the basic question is +is either one surrealistic or too + + align:start position:0% +is either one surrealistic or too + + + align:start position:0% +is either one surrealistic or too +realistic is it really possible that + + align:start position:0% +realistic is it really possible that + + + align:start position:0% +realistic is it really possible that +we're going to have a single metric of + + align:start position:0% +we're going to have a single metric of + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to have a single metric of +performance for + + align:start position:0% +performance for + + + align:start position:0% +performance for +any of our systems and is it even + + align:start position:0% +any of our systems and is it even + + + align:start position:0% +any of our systems and is it even +possible that + + align:start position:0% +possible that + + + align:start position:0% +possible that +if we don't have a single metric that's + + align:start position:0% +if we don't have a single metric that's + + + align:start position:0% +if we don't have a single metric that's +realistic to put everything on a single + + align:start position:0% +realistic to put everything on a single + + + align:start position:0% +realistic to put everything on a single +scale in a way that's um + + align:start position:0% +scale in a way that's um + + + align:start position:0% +scale in a way that's um +that's ex acceptable + + align:start position:0% +that's ex acceptable + + + align:start position:0% +that's ex acceptable +um are we gonna put one life is equal to + + align:start position:0% +um are we gonna put one life is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +um are we gonna put one life is equal to +three thousand eight hundred and twenty + + align:start position:0% +three thousand eight hundred and twenty + + + align:start position:0% +three thousand eight hundred and twenty +two dollars or ten times as much + + align:start position:0% +two dollars or ten times as much + + + align:start position:0% +two dollars or ten times as much +whatever it may be is that kind of + + align:start position:0% +whatever it may be is that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +whatever it may be is that kind of +analysis awaiting + + align:start position:0% +analysis awaiting + + + align:start position:0% +analysis awaiting +possible just think about that for a + + align:start position:0% +possible just think about that for a + + + align:start position:0% +possible just think about that for a +moment + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in some ways you'd say well + + align:start position:0% +in some ways you'd say well + + + align:start position:0% +in some ways you'd say well +yeah of course not we don't really know + + align:start position:0% +yeah of course not we don't really know + + + align:start position:0% +yeah of course not we don't really know +what a life is worth or or how we how we + + align:start position:0% +what a life is worth or or how we how we + + + align:start position:0% +what a life is worth or or how we how we +have years of schooling translated into + + align:start position:0% +have years of schooling translated into + + + align:start position:0% +have years of schooling translated into +dollars or or whatever um + + align:start position:0% +dollars or or whatever um + + + align:start position:0% +dollars or or whatever um +but the fact is if you look through the + + align:start position:0% +but the fact is if you look through the + + + align:start position:0% +but the fact is if you look through the +literature there are all kinds of ways + + align:start position:0% +literature there are all kinds of ways + + + align:start position:0% +literature there are all kinds of ways +to say yes we can do it we can have + + align:start position:0% +to say yes we can do it we can have + + + align:start position:0% +to say yes we can do it we can have +multi-objective optimization which means + + align:start position:0% +multi-objective optimization which means + + + align:start position:0% +multi-objective optimization which means +that we have some kind of weight + + align:start position:0% +that we have some kind of weight + + + align:start position:0% +that we have some kind of weight +on factor one and another kind of weight + + align:start position:0% +on factor one and another kind of weight + + + align:start position:0% +on factor one and another kind of weight +on factor two and another kind of weight + + align:start position:0% +on factor two and another kind of weight + + + align:start position:0% +on factor two and another kind of weight +of factor three and if we accept that + + align:start position:0% +of factor three and if we accept that + + + align:start position:0% +of factor three and if we accept that +those weights for those different + + align:start position:0% +those weights for those different + + + align:start position:0% +those weights for those different +factors uh which are basically relative + + align:start position:0% +factors uh which are basically relative + + + align:start position:0% +factors uh which are basically relative +values between one the other + + align:start position:0% +values between one the other + + + align:start position:0% +values between one the other +if we accept those then yes we can think + + align:start position:0% +if we accept those then yes we can think + + + align:start position:0% +if we accept those then yes we can think +about multi-objective evaluation + + align:start position:0% +about multi-objective evaluation + + + align:start position:0% +about multi-objective evaluation +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +uh it isn't a + + align:start position:0% +uh it isn't a + + + align:start position:0% +uh it isn't a +thing that we can go through and say + + align:start position:0% +thing that we can go through and say + + + align:start position:0% +thing that we can go through and say +well those weights are sacred we really + + align:start position:0% +well those weights are sacred we really + + + align:start position:0% +well those weights are sacred we really +know what they are there are assumptions + + align:start position:0% +know what they are there are assumptions + + + align:start position:0% +know what they are there are assumptions +and even if they + + align:start position:0% +and even if they + + + align:start position:0% +and even if they +are locally reasonably acceptable + + align:start position:0% +are locally reasonably acceptable + + + align:start position:0% +are locally reasonably acceptable +locally in terms of over a certain range + + align:start position:0% +locally in terms of over a certain range + + + align:start position:0% +locally in terms of over a certain range +at summit they're probably non-linear + + align:start position:0% +at summit they're probably non-linear + + + align:start position:0% +at summit they're probably non-linear +waiting functions so that um + + align:start position:0% +waiting functions so that um + + + align:start position:0% +waiting functions so that um +a person's function in terms of having + + align:start position:0% +a person's function in terms of having + + + align:start position:0% +a person's function in terms of having +enough to eat and a enough shelter on + + align:start position:0% +enough to eat and a enough shelter on + + + align:start position:0% +enough to eat and a enough shelter on +them uh presumably a first order + + align:start position:0% +them uh presumably a first order + + + align:start position:0% +them uh presumably a first order +consideration is to have enough eat and + + align:start position:0% +consideration is to have enough eat and + + + align:start position:0% +consideration is to have enough eat and +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +when they have enough eat it's not so + + align:start position:0% +when they have enough eat it's not so + + + align:start position:0% +when they have enough eat it's not so +important to have more but it's more + + align:start position:0% +important to have more but it's more + + + align:start position:0% +important to have more but it's more +important to have better shelter so + + align:start position:0% +important to have better shelter so + + + align:start position:0% +important to have better shelter so +there's a continuum of changes in what + + align:start position:0% +there's a continuum of changes in what + + + align:start position:0% +there's a continuum of changes in what +these weights are + + align:start position:0% +these weights are + + + align:start position:0% +these weights are +so what i'd like you to consider and i'm + + align:start position:0% +so what i'd like you to consider and i'm + + + align:start position:0% +so what i'd like you to consider and i'm +happy to discuss with you + + align:start position:0% +happy to discuss with you + + + align:start position:0% +happy to discuss with you +but the + + align:start position:0% +but the + + + align:start position:0% +but the +the issue is that it's unrealistic + + align:start position:0% +the issue is that it's unrealistic + + + align:start position:0% +the issue is that it's unrealistic +to suppose that we can have either a + + align:start position:0% +to suppose that we can have either a + + + align:start position:0% +to suppose that we can have either a +single metric of performance + + align:start position:0% +single metric of performance + + + align:start position:0% +single metric of performance +or that we can put all the other metrics + + align:start position:0% +or that we can put all the other metrics + + + align:start position:0% +or that we can put all the other metrics +onto a single scale that's acceptable + + align:start position:0% +onto a single scale that's acceptable + + + align:start position:0% +onto a single scale that's acceptable +and therefore we can talk about a + + align:start position:0% +and therefore we can talk about a + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore we can talk about a +mathematical optimization to find the + + align:start position:0% +mathematical optimization to find the + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical optimization to find the +extreme high or low of all the + + align:start position:0% +extreme high or low of all the + + + align:start position:0% +extreme high or low of all the +possibilities + + align:start position:0% +possibilities + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities +that is a fundamental thought i'd like + + align:start position:0% +that is a fundamental thought i'd like + + + align:start position:0% +that is a fundamental thought i'd like +you to keep in mind \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/cadbtBS5qf4.txt b/cadbtBS5qf4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5ab24604ce406cc9f5f809e80bd179aca3206bb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/cadbtBS5qf4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,155 @@ +align:start position:0% + +in many problems throughout this class + + align:start position:0% +in many problems throughout this class + + + align:start position:0% +in many problems throughout this class +we will find it useful to consider how + + align:start position:0% +we will find it useful to consider how + + + align:start position:0% +we will find it useful to consider how +the mass of an object is distributed + + align:start position:0% +the mass of an object is distributed + + + align:start position:0% +the mass of an object is distributed +throughout the object to do this we will + + align:start position:0% +throughout the object to do this we will + + + align:start position:0% +throughout the object to do this we will +define a small piece of that object and + + align:start position:0% +define a small piece of that object and + + + align:start position:0% +define a small piece of that object and +then consider the mass that's contained + + align:start position:0% +then consider the mass that's contained + + + align:start position:0% +then consider the mass that's contained +within that small piece for an object in + + align:start position:0% +within that small piece for an object in + + + align:start position:0% +within that small piece for an object in +one dimension the differential element + + align:start position:0% +one dimension the differential element + + + align:start position:0% +one dimension the differential element +of length is Delta L and that length + + align:start position:0% +of length is Delta L and that length + + + align:start position:0% +of length is Delta L and that length +contains a certain amount of mass Delta + + align:start position:0% +contains a certain amount of mass Delta + + + align:start position:0% +contains a certain amount of mass Delta +M we could also have a linear object in + + align:start position:0% +M we could also have a linear object in + + + align:start position:0% +M we could also have a linear object in +the shape of an arc or just an arbitrary + + align:start position:0% +the shape of an arc or just an arbitrary + + + align:start position:0% +the shape of an arc or just an arbitrary +path for an object in two dimensions we + + align:start position:0% +path for an object in two dimensions we + + + align:start position:0% +path for an object in two dimensions we +have an area element Delta a that + + align:start position:0% +have an area element Delta a that + + + align:start position:0% +have an area element Delta a that +contains a mass Delta M for a volume we + + align:start position:0% +contains a mass Delta M for a volume we + + + align:start position:0% +contains a mass Delta M for a volume we +have a volume element Delta V which + + align:start position:0% +have a volume element Delta V which + + + align:start position:0% +have a volume element Delta V which +contains a certain amount of mass in + + align:start position:0% +contains a certain amount of mass in + + + align:start position:0% +contains a certain amount of mass in +this case we can write the volume + + align:start position:0% +this case we can write the volume + + + align:start position:0% +this case we can write the volume +element Delta V as the area a times this + + align:start position:0% +element Delta V as the area a times this + + + align:start position:0% +element Delta V as the area a times this +Delta X \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/cpIVTXNC2s8.txt b/cpIVTXNC2s8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4662ad68130301398a0b3443c7dc6033a7c5654d --- /dev/null +++ b/cpIVTXNC2s8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2323 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu in this demonstration we're + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu in this demonstration we're + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu in this demonstration we're +going to look at multiple beam + + align:start position:0% +going to look at multiple beam + + + align:start position:0% +going to look at multiple beam +interference we'll use a plain parallel + + align:start position:0% +interference we'll use a plain parallel + + + align:start position:0% +interference we'll use a plain parallel +cavity at the beginning and and then + + align:start position:0% +cavity at the beginning and and then + + + align:start position:0% +cavity at the beginning and and then +we'll go on to a cavity using spherical + + align:start position:0% +we'll go on to a cavity using spherical + + + align:start position:0% +we'll go on to a cavity using spherical +mirrors the setup is here we have a + + align:start position:0% +mirrors the setup is here we have a + + + align:start position:0% +mirrors the setup is here we have a +laser helium neon laser and here's the + + align:start position:0% +laser helium neon laser and here's the + + + align:start position:0% +laser helium neon laser and here's the +output from the laser then we reflect + + align:start position:0% +output from the laser then we reflect + + + align:start position:0% +output from the laser then we reflect +the beam from the laser into an optical + + align:start position:0% +the beam from the laser into an optical + + + align:start position:0% +the beam from the laser into an optical +isolator it's made up of a polarizer and + + align:start position:0% +isolator it's made up of a polarizer and + + + align:start position:0% +isolator it's made up of a polarizer and +a quarter wave plate and the output from + + align:start position:0% +a quarter wave plate and the output from + + + align:start position:0% +a quarter wave plate and the output from +the isolator is over here is then + + align:start position:0% +the isolator is over here is then + + + align:start position:0% +the isolator is over here is then +reflected by this mirror into the uh + + align:start position:0% +reflected by this mirror into the uh + + + align:start position:0% +reflected by this mirror into the uh +plain mirror cavity so now if we take a + + align:start position:0% +plain mirror cavity so now if we take a + + + align:start position:0% +plain mirror cavity so now if we take a +CL close look at the the + + align:start position:0% +CL close look at the the + + + align:start position:0% +CL close look at the the +cavity you can see that it's made up of + + align:start position:0% +cavity you can see that it's made up of + + + align:start position:0% +cavity you can see that it's made up of +two plain mirrors here's one of them and + + align:start position:0% +two plain mirrors here's one of them and + + + align:start position:0% +two plain mirrors here's one of them and +here's the other the spacing between + + align:start position:0% +here's the other the spacing between + + + align:start position:0% +here's the other the spacing between +them is only about 3 and 1 12 millim or + + align:start position:0% +them is only about 3 and 1 12 millim or + + + align:start position:0% +them is only about 3 and 1 12 millim or +so and one of the mirrors is attached to + + align:start position:0% +so and one of the mirrors is attached to + + + align:start position:0% +so and one of the mirrors is attached to +a p Electric Crystal over here so that + + align:start position:0% +a p Electric Crystal over here so that + + + align:start position:0% +a p Electric Crystal over here so that +we can change the length of the C cavity + + align:start position:0% +we can change the length of the C cavity + + + align:start position:0% +we can change the length of the C cavity +by simply applying a voltage to the p + + align:start position:0% +by simply applying a voltage to the p + + + align:start position:0% +by simply applying a voltage to the p +Electric + + align:start position:0% +Electric + + + align:start position:0% +Electric +Crystal the + + align:start position:0% +Crystal the + + + align:start position:0% +Crystal the +mounts as you see the mounts are pretty + + align:start position:0% +mounts as you see the mounts are pretty + + + align:start position:0% +mounts as you see the mounts are pretty +hefty to make sure that the cavity is + + align:start position:0% +hefty to make sure that the cavity is + + + align:start position:0% +hefty to make sure that the cavity is +stable and adjustments can be + + align:start position:0% +stable and adjustments can be + + + align:start position:0% +stable and adjustments can be +made uh to the cavity by by using the + + align:start position:0% +made uh to the cavity by by using the + + + align:start position:0% +made uh to the cavity by by using the +knobs over + + align:start position:0% +knobs over + + + align:start position:0% +knobs over +here the output of the + + align:start position:0% +here the output of the + + + align:start position:0% +here the output of the +cavity as you can see will be then + + align:start position:0% +cavity as you can see will be then + + + align:start position:0% +cavity as you can see will be then +displayed on the screen over + + align:start position:0% +displayed on the screen over + + + align:start position:0% +displayed on the screen over +there now now if we bring in the + + align:start position:0% +there now now if we bring in the + + + align:start position:0% +there now now if we bring in the +screen as a as an + + align:start position:0% +screen as a as an + + + align:start position:0% +screen as a as an +insert we can + + align:start position:0% +insert we can + + + align:start position:0% +insert we can +see that we have many uh many dots and + + align:start position:0% +see that we have many uh many dots and + + + align:start position:0% +see that we have many uh many dots and +each + + align:start position:0% +each + + + align:start position:0% +each +dot represents a reflection by the pair + + align:start position:0% +dot represents a reflection by the pair + + + align:start position:0% +dot represents a reflection by the pair +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +mirrors and you can see as I misalign + + align:start position:0% +mirrors and you can see as I misalign + + + align:start position:0% +mirrors and you can see as I misalign +the mirrors I can separate out the + + align:start position:0% +the mirrors I can separate out the + + + align:start position:0% +the mirrors I can separate out the +individual spots as I come in close to + + align:start position:0% +individual spots as I come in close to + + + align:start position:0% +individual spots as I come in close to +alignment I can uh fact now let me go + + align:start position:0% +alignment I can uh fact now let me go + + + align:start position:0% +alignment I can uh fact now let me go +the other side show that I can spread + + align:start position:0% +the other side show that I can spread + + + align:start position:0% +the other side show that I can spread +the dot the other way and then if I + + align:start position:0% +the dot the other way and then if I + + + align:start position:0% +the dot the other way and then if I +change the vertical alignment I can move + + align:start position:0% +change the vertical alignment I can move + + + align:start position:0% +change the vertical alignment I can move +them all over the place now I'm ready to + + align:start position:0% +them all over the place now I'm ready to + + + align:start position:0% +them all over the place now I'm ready to +bring them all in so that they can + + align:start position:0% +bring them all in so that they can + + + align:start position:0% +bring them all in so that they can +interfere with each other when they + + align:start position:0% +interfere with each other when they + + + align:start position:0% +interfere with each other when they +separated of course they can't interfere + + align:start position:0% +separated of course they can't interfere + + + align:start position:0% +separated of course they can't interfere +with each other now they merging + + align:start position:0% +with each other now they merging + + + align:start position:0% +with each other now they merging +together and then very soon we'll see + + align:start position:0% +together and then very soon we'll see + + + align:start position:0% +together and then very soon we'll see +we'll see them interfering you can see + + align:start position:0% +we'll see them interfering you can see + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see them interfering you can see +already they're interfering and now it's + + align:start position:0% +already they're interfering and now it's + + + align:start position:0% +already they're interfering and now it's +dark now I can press on the mirror here + + align:start position:0% +dark now I can press on the mirror here + + + align:start position:0% +dark now I can press on the mirror here +you'll see that I + + align:start position:0% +you'll see that I + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see that I +can change the intensity from Bright to + + align:start position:0% +can change the intensity from Bright to + + + align:start position:0% +can change the intensity from Bright to +dark and in order to see it a little + + align:start position:0% +dark and in order to see it a little + + + align:start position:0% +dark and in order to see it a little +bit more clearly on the control + + align:start position:0% +bit more clearly on the control + + + align:start position:0% +bit more clearly on the control +condition I'm going to turn on a + + align:start position:0% +condition I'm going to turn on a + + + align:start position:0% +condition I'm going to turn on a +sweep voltage to the p Electric Crystal + + align:start position:0% +sweep voltage to the p Electric Crystal + + + align:start position:0% +sweep voltage to the p Electric Crystal +so maybe I can tweak the alignment a + + align:start position:0% +so maybe I can tweak the alignment a + + + align:start position:0% +so maybe I can tweak the alignment a +little bit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +better now you can see it going between + + align:start position:0% +better now you can see it going between + + + align:start position:0% +better now you can see it going between +dark and and bright very nicely when the + + align:start position:0% +dark and and bright very nicely when the + + + align:start position:0% +dark and and bright very nicely when the +beams interfere now let + + align:start position:0% +beams interfere now let + + + align:start position:0% +beams interfere now let +me separate out the beams the + + align:start position:0% +me separate out the beams the + + + align:start position:0% +me separate out the beams the +interference + + align:start position:0% +interference + + + align:start position:0% +interference +stops then as I bring + + align:start position:0% +stops then as I bring + + + align:start position:0% +stops then as I bring +them back in when I + + align:start position:0% +them back in when I + + + align:start position:0% +them back in when I +have pretty close to perfect alignment + + align:start position:0% +have pretty close to perfect alignment + + + align:start position:0% +have pretty close to perfect alignment +you can see how they all interfere + + align:start position:0% +you can see how they all interfere + + + align:start position:0% +you can see how they all interfere +together and the intensity goes from + + align:start position:0% +together and the intensity goes from + + + align:start position:0% +together and the intensity goes from +Bright to almost dark now in the in the + + align:start position:0% +Bright to almost dark now in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +Bright to almost dark now in the in the +next part of the demonstration I'm going + + align:start position:0% +next part of the demonstration I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +next part of the demonstration I'm going +to put a detector on the output and uh + + align:start position:0% +to put a detector on the output and uh + + + align:start position:0% +to put a detector on the output and uh +and see what we see with the + + align:start position:0% +and see what we see with the + + + align:start position:0% +and see what we see with the +detector I have now added the detector + + align:start position:0% +detector I have now added the detector + + + align:start position:0% +detector I have now added the detector +so that we can look at the output of the + + align:start position:0% +so that we can look at the output of the + + + align:start position:0% +so that we can look at the output of the +cavity both on the detector as well as + + align:start position:0% +cavity both on the detector as well as + + + align:start position:0% +cavity both on the detector as well as +directly on the screen so here is where + + align:start position:0% +directly on the screen so here is where + + + align:start position:0% +directly on the screen so here is where +I put the detector the output of the + + align:start position:0% +I put the detector the output of the + + + align:start position:0% +I put the detector the output of the +beam is reflected by the beam splitter + + align:start position:0% +beam is reflected by the beam splitter + + + align:start position:0% +beam is reflected by the beam splitter +here onto the detector and the output of + + align:start position:0% +here onto the detector and the output of + + + align:start position:0% +here onto the detector and the output of +the detector then goes onto the into an + + align:start position:0% +the detector then goes onto the into an + + + align:start position:0% +the detector then goes onto the into an +oscilloscope also the since this is a + + align:start position:0% +oscilloscope also the since this is a + + + align:start position:0% +oscilloscope also the since this is a +beam splitter the uh the D output of the + + align:start position:0% +beam splitter the uh the D output of the + + + align:start position:0% +beam splitter the uh the D output of the +cavity can still be uh monitored on the + + align:start position:0% +cavity can still be uh monitored on the + + + align:start position:0% +cavity can still be uh monitored on the +screen now let's look at the screen of + + align:start position:0% +screen now let's look at the screen of + + + align:start position:0% +screen now let's look at the screen of +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oscilloscope as you can see we we have + + align:start position:0% +oscilloscope as you can see we we have + + + align:start position:0% +oscilloscope as you can see we we have +two + + align:start position:0% +two + + + align:start position:0% +two +resonances but let's forget about one of + + align:start position:0% +resonances but let's forget about one of + + + align:start position:0% +resonances but let's forget about one of +them let's just concentrate on on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one what this represents is the + + align:start position:0% +one what this represents is the + + + align:start position:0% +one what this represents is the +intensity transmitted through the cavity + + align:start position:0% +intensity transmitted through the cavity + + + align:start position:0% +intensity transmitted through the cavity +as a function of path length + + align:start position:0% +as a function of path length + + + align:start position:0% +as a function of path length +difference and the path length + + align:start position:0% +difference and the path length + + + align:start position:0% +difference and the path length +difference is being scanned by the p + + align:start position:0% +difference is being scanned by the p + + + align:start position:0% +difference is being scanned by the p +Electric Crystal I mentioned before you + + align:start position:0% +Electric Crystal I mentioned before you + + + align:start position:0% +Electric Crystal I mentioned before you +can see if I block the + + align:start position:0% +can see if I block the + + + align:start position:0% +can see if I block the +light if I block the light then that's + + align:start position:0% +light if I block the light then that's + + + align:start position:0% +light if I block the light then that's +where the zero is and when the uh light + + align:start position:0% +where the zero is and when the uh light + + + align:start position:0% +where the zero is and when the uh light +is unblocked you can see that the I get + + align:start position:0% +is unblocked you can see that the I get + + + align:start position:0% +is unblocked you can see that the I get +a peak intensity due to the interference + + align:start position:0% +a peak intensity due to the interference + + + align:start position:0% +a peak intensity due to the interference +of the multiple beams and then to very + + align:start position:0% +of the multiple beams and then to very + + + align:start position:0% +of the multiple beams and then to very +little intensity due to again + + align:start position:0% +little intensity due to again + + + align:start position:0% +little intensity due to again +destructive interference of the two of + + align:start position:0% +destructive interference of the two of + + + align:start position:0% +destructive interference of the two of +the many of the multiple beams now let + + align:start position:0% +the many of the multiple beams now let + + + align:start position:0% +the many of the multiple beams now let +me bring in + + align:start position:0% +me bring in + + + align:start position:0% +me bring in +the the other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +resonance and the other resonance is due + + align:start position:0% +resonance and the other resonance is due + + + align:start position:0% +resonance and the other resonance is due +to the fact that every time the uh + + align:start position:0% +to the fact that every time the uh + + + align:start position:0% +to the fact that every time the uh +cavity is changed by the cavity length + + align:start position:0% +cavity is changed by the cavity length + + + align:start position:0% +cavity is changed by the cavity length +is changed by a half wavelength of light + + align:start position:0% +is changed by a half wavelength of light + + + align:start position:0% +is changed by a half wavelength of light +then we see another another resonance + + align:start position:0% +then we see another another resonance + + + align:start position:0% +then we see another another resonance +the spacing between the two resonances + + align:start position:0% +the spacing between the two resonances + + + align:start position:0% +the spacing between the two resonances +is given by the velocity of light C + + align:start position:0% +is given by the velocity of light C + + + align:start position:0% +is given by the velocity of light C +divided by twice the length of the + + align:start position:0% +divided by twice the length of the + + + align:start position:0% +divided by twice the length of the +cavity or C over + + align:start position:0% +cavity or C over + + + align:start position:0% +cavity or C over +2L another interesting thing that you + + align:start position:0% +2L another interesting thing that you + + + align:start position:0% +2L another interesting thing that you +want to observe is the quality Factor + + align:start position:0% +want to observe is the quality Factor + + + align:start position:0% +want to observe is the quality Factor +so-called the + + align:start position:0% +so-called the + + + align:start position:0% +so-called the +Finesse of the of the cavity and the + + align:start position:0% +Finesse of the of the cavity and the + + + align:start position:0% +Finesse of the of the cavity and the +Finesse of the cavity is is defined as + + align:start position:0% +Finesse of the cavity is is defined as + + + align:start position:0% +Finesse of the cavity is is defined as +the free spectral range which is the + + align:start position:0% +the free spectral range which is the + + + align:start position:0% +the free spectral range which is the +separation between these two resonances + + align:start position:0% +separation between these two resonances + + + align:start position:0% +separation between these two resonances +divided by the width of of the resonance + + align:start position:0% +divided by the width of of the resonance + + + align:start position:0% +divided by the width of of the resonance +in this case the Finesse is about 30 or + + align:start position:0% +in this case the Finesse is about 30 or + + + align:start position:0% +in this case the Finesse is about 30 or +sometimes I can adjust it to about 50 or + + align:start position:0% +sometimes I can adjust it to about 50 or + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes I can adjust it to about 50 or +so because my mirrors have 95% + + align:start position:0% +so because my mirrors have 95% + + + align:start position:0% +so because my mirrors have 95% +reflectivity so the uh what I'd like to + + align:start position:0% +reflectivity so the uh what I'd like to + + + align:start position:0% +reflectivity so the uh what I'd like to +do now is + + align:start position:0% +do now is + + + align:start position:0% +do now is +show what happens as I misalign the the + + align:start position:0% +show what happens as I misalign the the + + + align:start position:0% +show what happens as I misalign the the +cavity as you can see every time I just + + align:start position:0% +cavity as you can see every time I just + + + align:start position:0% +cavity as you can see every time I just +touch I just have to touch the cavity + + align:start position:0% +touch I just have to touch the cavity + + + align:start position:0% +touch I just have to touch the cavity +and the resonances + + align:start position:0% +and the resonances + + + align:start position:0% +and the resonances +move now you can see now as it start + + align:start position:0% +move now you can see now as it start + + + align:start position:0% +move now you can see now as it start +misaligning just by turning the knob + + align:start position:0% +misaligning just by turning the knob + + + align:start position:0% +misaligning just by turning the knob +just slightly you can see that the s + + align:start position:0% +just slightly you can see that the s + + + align:start position:0% +just slightly you can see that the s +goes way down because of the + + align:start position:0% +goes way down because of the + + + align:start position:0% +goes way down because of the +misalignment now as I try to peek it and + + align:start position:0% +misalignment now as I try to peek it and + + + align:start position:0% +misalignment now as I try to peek it and +I hope I can do it on + + align:start position:0% +I hope I can do it on + + + align:start position:0% +I hope I can do it on +camera and here we + + align:start position:0% +camera and here we + + + align:start position:0% +camera and here we +are I can almost bring it + + align:start position:0% +are I can almost bring it + + + align:start position:0% +are I can almost bring it +back where I was before and you can see + + align:start position:0% +back where I was before and you can see + + + align:start position:0% +back where I was before and you can see +if I just tap if I just tap on it I + + align:start position:0% +if I just tap if I just tap on it I + + + align:start position:0% +if I just tap if I just tap on it I +can move the reses all over the + + align:start position:0% +can move the reses all over the + + + align:start position:0% +can move the reses all over the +place now let's look at the the spot on + + align:start position:0% +place now let's look at the the spot on + + + align:start position:0% +place now let's look at the the spot on +the on the + + align:start position:0% +the on the + + + align:start position:0% +the on the +screen at the same time as we look at + + align:start position:0% +screen at the same time as we look at + + + align:start position:0% +screen at the same time as we look at +the output of the detector on the + + align:start position:0% +the output of the detector on the + + + align:start position:0% +the output of the detector on the +oscilloscope so the spot on the screen + + align:start position:0% +oscilloscope so the spot on the screen + + + align:start position:0% +oscilloscope so the spot on the screen +then is going to appear in the + + align:start position:0% +then is going to appear in the + + + align:start position:0% +then is going to appear in the +insert and uh and you can see that if I + + align:start position:0% +insert and uh and you can see that if I + + + align:start position:0% +insert and uh and you can see that if I +misalign let me do the misalignment + + align:start position:0% +misalign let me do the misalignment + + + align:start position:0% +misalign let me do the misalignment +again you can see that you can also + + align:start position:0% +again you can see that you can also + + + align:start position:0% +again you can see that you can also +notice it on + + align:start position:0% +notice it on + + + align:start position:0% +notice it on +the on the screen also that the spot is + + align:start position:0% +the on the screen also that the spot is + + + align:start position:0% +the on the screen also that the spot is +is misalign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let me see if I can get it + + align:start position:0% +let me see if I can get it + + + align:start position:0% +let me see if I can get it +again here we are now I'm going to take + + align:start position:0% +again here we are now I'm going to take + + + align:start position:0% +again here we are now I'm going to take +the automatic scanning out and instead + + align:start position:0% +the automatic scanning out and instead + + + align:start position:0% +the automatic scanning out and instead +I'll do the scanning by + + align:start position:0% +I'll do the scanning by + + + align:start position:0% +I'll do the scanning by +hand so let's look at at the spot now + + align:start position:0% +hand so let's look at at the spot now + + + align:start position:0% +hand so let's look at at the spot now +you can see I can uh vary the intensity + + align:start position:0% +you can see I can uh vary the intensity + + + align:start position:0% +you can see I can uh vary the intensity +from Bright and dark by just + + align:start position:0% +from Bright and dark by just + + + align:start position:0% +from Bright and dark by just +simply leaning on the mirror to change + + align:start position:0% +simply leaning on the mirror to change + + + align:start position:0% +simply leaning on the mirror to change +the length by very little bit then if we + + align:start position:0% +the length by very little bit then if we + + + align:start position:0% +the length by very little bit then if we +can now look at the oscilloscope + + align:start position:0% +can now look at the oscilloscope + + + align:start position:0% +can now look at the oscilloscope +output we can see that that + + align:start position:0% +output we can see that that + + + align:start position:0% +output we can see that that +when when the spot is is is pretty dark + + align:start position:0% +when when the spot is is is pretty dark + + + align:start position:0% +when when the spot is is is pretty dark +there's not much output and then as I + + align:start position:0% +there's not much output and then as I + + + align:start position:0% +there's not much output and then as I +play with the cavity here I can make the + + align:start position:0% +play with the cavity here I can make the + + + align:start position:0% +play with the cavity here I can make the +output of the + + align:start position:0% +output of the + + + align:start position:0% +output of the +detector + + align:start position:0% +detector + + + align:start position:0% +detector +go big and then to uh to nothing now so + + align:start position:0% +go big and then to uh to nothing now so + + + align:start position:0% +go big and then to uh to nothing now so +far we only looked at the light trans + + align:start position:0% +far we only looked at the light trans + + + align:start position:0% +far we only looked at the light trans +mitted through the cavity as a result of + + align:start position:0% +mitted through the cavity as a result of + + + align:start position:0% +mitted through the cavity as a result of +multiple beam interference we did not + + align:start position:0% +multiple beam interference we did not + + + align:start position:0% +multiple beam interference we did not +look at all at the light reflected back + + align:start position:0% +look at all at the light reflected back + + + align:start position:0% +look at all at the light reflected back +from the cavity as a result of multiple + + align:start position:0% +from the cavity as a result of multiple + + + align:start position:0% +from the cavity as a result of multiple +beam interference I need to modify the + + align:start position:0% +beam interference I need to modify the + + + align:start position:0% +beam interference I need to modify the +setup just a little bit so that we can + + align:start position:0% +setup just a little bit so that we can + + + align:start position:0% +setup just a little bit so that we can +observe the light reflected back from + + align:start position:0% +observe the light reflected back from + + + align:start position:0% +observe the light reflected back from +the cavity and when we do that we'll see + + align:start position:0% +the cavity and when we do that we'll see + + + align:start position:0% +the cavity and when we do that we'll see +that we can learn a lot from + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it now the setup has been modified so + + align:start position:0% +it now the setup has been modified so + + + align:start position:0% +it now the setup has been modified so +that we can observe the light reflected + + align:start position:0% +that we can observe the light reflected + + + align:start position:0% +that we can observe the light reflected +from the + + align:start position:0% +from the + + + align:start position:0% +from the +interferometer here's the modification + + align:start position:0% +interferometer here's the modification + + + align:start position:0% +interferometer here's the modification +all we've done is added a beam splitter + + align:start position:0% +all we've done is added a beam splitter + + + align:start position:0% +all we've done is added a beam splitter +over here so that the light reflected + + align:start position:0% +over here so that the light reflected + + + align:start position:0% +over here so that the light reflected +from the + + align:start position:0% +from the + + + align:start position:0% +from the +interferometer will be sampled here it + + align:start position:0% +interferometer will be sampled here it + + + align:start position:0% +interferometer will be sampled here it +is and then we pass it onto this mirror + + align:start position:0% +is and then we pass it onto this mirror + + + align:start position:0% +is and then we pass it onto this mirror +over here reflected onto this beam + + align:start position:0% +over here reflected onto this beam + + + align:start position:0% +over here reflected onto this beam +splitter here and then into detector + + align:start position:0% +splitter here and then into detector + + + align:start position:0% +splitter here and then into detector +number two since this is a beam spitter + + align:start position:0% +number two since this is a beam spitter + + + align:start position:0% +number two since this is a beam spitter +we can also observe the reflected light + + align:start position:0% +we can also observe the reflected light + + + align:start position:0% +we can also observe the reflected light +onto the screen by here it is left hand + + align:start position:0% +onto the screen by here it is left hand + + + align:start position:0% +onto the screen by here it is left hand +spot the spot on the right is of is + + align:start position:0% +spot the spot on the right is of is + + + align:start position:0% +spot the spot on the right is of is +our ref transmitted + + align:start position:0% +our ref transmitted + + + align:start position:0% +our ref transmitted +beam uh as you can see if I misalign the + + align:start position:0% +beam uh as you can see if I misalign the + + + align:start position:0% +beam uh as you can see if I misalign the +cavity you can see that both of them + + align:start position:0% +cavity you can see that both of them + + + align:start position:0% +cavity you can see that both of them +will will misalign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right now what I'm going to do I'm + + align:start position:0% +all right now what I'm going to do I'm + + + align:start position:0% +all right now what I'm going to do I'm +going to take the scan + + align:start position:0% +going to take the scan + + + align:start position:0% +going to take the scan +off and do the scanning by hand now if + + align:start position:0% +off and do the scanning by hand now if + + + align:start position:0% +off and do the scanning by hand now if +you watch both spots you'll see that the + + align:start position:0% +you watch both spots you'll see that the + + + align:start position:0% +you watch both spots you'll see that the +one on the right that we've seen before + + align:start position:0% +one on the right that we've seen before + + + align:start position:0% +one on the right that we've seen before +flashes which means the + + align:start position:0% +flashes which means the + + + align:start position:0% +flashes which means the +intensity goes very high and then very + + align:start position:0% +intensity goes very high and then very + + + align:start position:0% +intensity goes very high and then very +low but the spot on the left doesn't + + align:start position:0% +low but the spot on the left doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +low but the spot on the left doesn't +seem to do + + align:start position:0% +seem to do + + + align:start position:0% +seem to do +anything question is is there anything + + align:start position:0% +anything question is is there anything + + + align:start position:0% +anything question is is there anything +Happ + + align:start position:0% +Happ + + + align:start position:0% +Happ +happening with the spot on the left when + + align:start position:0% +happening with the spot on the left when + + + align:start position:0% +happening with the spot on the left when +the transmitted beam is going + + align:start position:0% +the transmitted beam is going + + + align:start position:0% +the transmitted beam is going +through high peaks and and low valleys + + align:start position:0% +through high peaks and and low valleys + + + align:start position:0% +through high peaks and and low valleys +in order to do this we should look at + + align:start position:0% +in order to do this we should look at + + + align:start position:0% +in order to do this we should look at +the oscilloscope which is the output + + align:start position:0% +the oscilloscope which is the output + + + align:start position:0% +the oscilloscope which is the output +which represents the output of the two + + align:start position:0% +which represents the output of the two + + + align:start position:0% +which represents the output of the two +detectors now let me put the scan back + + align:start position:0% +detectors now let me put the scan back + + + align:start position:0% +detectors now let me put the scan back +on again and let's look at the + + align:start position:0% +on again and let's look at the + + + align:start position:0% +on again and let's look at the +oscilloscope + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the lower Trace is the transmitted + + align:start position:0% +the lower Trace is the transmitted + + + align:start position:0% +the lower Trace is the transmitted +light as we've seen + + align:start position:0% +light as we've seen + + + align:start position:0% +light as we've seen +before the zero is here and the peak + + align:start position:0% +before the zero is here and the peak + + + align:start position:0% +before the zero is here and the peak +transmission is over here the upper + + align:start position:0% +transmission is over here the upper + + + align:start position:0% +transmission is over here the upper +Trace is the one associated with the + + align:start position:0% +Trace is the one associated with the + + + align:start position:0% +Trace is the one associated with the +light reflected from the cavity the + + align:start position:0% +light reflected from the cavity the + + + align:start position:0% +light reflected from the cavity the +zero if I + + align:start position:0% +zero if I + + + align:start position:0% +zero if I +block the reflected beam into to the + + align:start position:0% +block the reflected beam into to the + + + align:start position:0% +block the reflected beam into to the +detector that you can see that the zero + + align:start position:0% +detector that you can see that the zero + + + align:start position:0% +detector that you can see that the zero +is is over here which is in line with + + align:start position:0% +is is over here which is in line with + + + align:start position:0% +is is over here which is in line with +that little marker let's do it again + + align:start position:0% +that little marker let's do it again + + + align:start position:0% +that little marker let's do it again +here's the zero and when we have no + + align:start position:0% +here's the zero and when we have no + + + align:start position:0% +here's the zero and when we have no +light + + align:start position:0% +light + + + align:start position:0% +light +transmitted there's a lot of light + + align:start position:0% +transmitted there's a lot of light + + + align:start position:0% +transmitted there's a lot of light +reflected when we have a lot of light + + align:start position:0% +reflected when we have a lot of light + + + align:start position:0% +reflected when we have a lot of light +transmitted which is the peak of the + + align:start position:0% +transmitted which is the peak of the + + + align:start position:0% +transmitted which is the peak of the +transmission + + align:start position:0% +transmission + + + align:start position:0% +transmission +resonance we have certainly less light + + align:start position:0% +resonance we have certainly less light + + + align:start position:0% +resonance we have certainly less light +being reflected but not quite zero + + align:start position:0% +being reflected but not quite zero + + + align:start position:0% +being reflected but not quite zero +remember zero is over here + + align:start position:0% +remember zero is over here + + + align:start position:0% +remember zero is over here +and the reason why we don't dip all the + + align:start position:0% +and the reason why we don't dip all the + + + align:start position:0% +and the reason why we don't dip all the +way to + + align:start position:0% +way to + + + align:start position:0% +way to +zero is + + align:start position:0% +zero is + + + align:start position:0% +zero is +because the interference is not complete + + align:start position:0% +because the interference is not complete + + + align:start position:0% +because the interference is not complete +and maybe you want to think about that + + align:start position:0% +and maybe you want to think about that + + + align:start position:0% +and maybe you want to think about that +now let's see what happens when I + + align:start position:0% +now let's see what happens when I + + + align:start position:0% +now let's see what happens when I +misalign the + + align:start position:0% +misalign the + + + align:start position:0% +misalign the +cavity let look on the screen again the + + align:start position:0% +cavity let look on the screen again the + + + align:start position:0% +cavity let look on the screen again the +upper Trace as we say is the reflected + + align:start position:0% +upper Trace as we say is the reflected + + + align:start position:0% +upper Trace as we say is the reflected +beam and the lower Trace is transmitted + + align:start position:0% +beam and the lower Trace is transmitted + + + align:start position:0% +beam and the lower Trace is transmitted +beam now as I + + align:start position:0% +beam now as I + + + align:start position:0% +beam now as I +misalign first you see that + + align:start position:0% +misalign first you see that + + + align:start position:0% +misalign first you see that +that the length of the cavity changes + + align:start position:0% +that the length of the cavity changes + + + align:start position:0% +that the length of the cavity changes +all we need is Lambda by two and and we + + align:start position:0% +all we need is Lambda by two and and we + + + align:start position:0% +all we need is Lambda by two and and we +get a change but then as I'm misaligned + + align:start position:0% +get a change but then as I'm misaligned + + + align:start position:0% +get a change but then as I'm misaligned +some more you can see that the + + align:start position:0% +some more you can see that the + + + align:start position:0% +some more you can see that the +Finesse uh drops or the width of the + + align:start position:0% +Finesse uh drops or the width of the + + + align:start position:0% +Finesse uh drops or the width of the +resonance grows and then as I + + align:start position:0% +resonance grows and then as I + + + align:start position:0% +resonance grows and then as I +Reign indeed both of them are affected + + align:start position:0% +Reign indeed both of them are affected + + + align:start position:0% +Reign indeed both of them are affected +essentially in the same the same way so + + align:start position:0% +essentially in the same the same way so + + + align:start position:0% +essentially in the same the same way so +when we have Peak Transmission in the + + align:start position:0% +when we have Peak Transmission in the + + + align:start position:0% +when we have Peak Transmission in the +transmitted light the reflected light + + align:start position:0% +transmitted light the reflected light + + + align:start position:0% +transmitted light the reflected light +goes through goes through a minimum + + align:start position:0% +goes through goes through a minimum + + + align:start position:0% +goes through goes through a minimum +ideally it would go through zero but we + + align:start position:0% +ideally it would go through zero but we + + + align:start position:0% +ideally it would go through zero but we +don't have an ideal + + align:start position:0% +don't have an ideal + + + align:start position:0% +don't have an ideal +setup in the next part of the + + align:start position:0% +setup in the next part of the + + + align:start position:0% +setup in the next part of the +demonstration we're going to show what + + align:start position:0% +demonstration we're going to show what + + + align:start position:0% +demonstration we're going to show what +happens when the beam going into the + + align:start position:0% +happens when the beam going into the + + + align:start position:0% +happens when the beam going into the +cavity is not a columnated beam in this + + align:start position:0% +cavity is not a columnated beam in this + + + align:start position:0% +cavity is not a columnated beam in this +setup so far the beam going into the + + align:start position:0% +setup so far the beam going into the + + + align:start position:0% +setup so far the beam going into the +cavity was reasonably + + align:start position:0% +cavity was reasonably + + + align:start position:0% +cavity was reasonably +columnated so what we'll do we'll put a + + align:start position:0% +columnated so what we'll do we'll put a + + + align:start position:0% +columnated so what we'll do we'll put a +lens and we will then generate an + + align:start position:0% +lens and we will then generate an + + + align:start position:0% +lens and we will then generate an +expanding beam that enters the cavity so + + align:start position:0% +expanding beam that enters the cavity so + + + align:start position:0% +expanding beam that enters the cavity so +let's see what happens when we have such + + align:start position:0% +let's see what happens when we have such + + + align:start position:0% +let's see what happens when we have such +a beam going into the cavity \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/ctxnYDAIDO4.txt b/ctxnYDAIDO4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b1ff9e31931f0410cdd4de41dc324f784758618f --- /dev/null +++ b/ctxnYDAIDO4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13595 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open +courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu all right today we start a + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu all right today we start a + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu all right today we start a +uh we're going to take a little break + + align:start position:0% +uh we're going to take a little break + + + align:start position:0% +uh we're going to take a little break +from parameterized complexity and talk + + align:start position:0% +from parameterized complexity and talk + + + align:start position:0% +from parameterized complexity and talk +about uh something called the + + align:start position:0% +about uh something called the + + + align:start position:0% +about uh something called the +exponential time hypothesis which I've + + align:start position:0% +exponential time hypothesis which I've + + + align:start position:0% +exponential time hypothesis which I've +mentioned a few times uh but we haven't + + align:start position:0% +mentioned a few times uh but we haven't + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned a few times uh but we haven't +really talked + + align:start position:0% +really talked + + + align:start position:0% +really talked +about it's many cool + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +consequences uh I'll abbreviate it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +eth uh and the idea is uh think about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +threat and the claim is it has no uh two + + align:start position:0% +threat and the claim is it has no uh two + + + align:start position:0% +threat and the claim is it has no uh two +so the little o of + + align:start position:0% +so the little o of + + + align:start position:0% +so the little o of +n time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +algorithm so uh of course you could make + + align:start position:0% +algorithm so uh of course you could make + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm so uh of course you could make +analogous assumptions about Kat for + + align:start position:0% +analogous assumptions about Kat for + + + align:start position:0% +analogous assumptions about Kat for +various K uh but in general the the + + align:start position:0% +various K uh but in general the the + + + align:start position:0% +various K uh but in general the the +hypothesis is that for any fixed K there + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis is that for any fixed K there + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis is that for any fixed K there +is no 2 little o of n time algorithm so + + align:start position:0% +is no 2 little o of n time algorithm so + + + align:start position:0% +is no 2 little o of n time algorithm so +three stat is the smallest one where + + align:start position:0% +three stat is the smallest one where + + + align:start position:0% +three stat is the smallest one where +that should hold two St of course is + + align:start position:0% +that should hold two St of course is + + + align:start position:0% +that should hold two St of course is +easy uh this is not the maximization + + align:start position:0% +easy uh this is not the maximization + + + align:start position:0% +easy uh this is not the maximization +version uh and our evidence for this is + + align:start position:0% +version uh and our evidence for this is + + + align:start position:0% +version uh and our evidence for this is +merely that we haven't been able to find + + align:start position:0% +merely that we haven't been able to find + + + align:start position:0% +merely that we haven't been able to find +such an algorithm um there are better + + align:start position:0% +such an algorithm um there are better + + + align:start position:0% +such an algorithm um there are better +than two to the 2 to the N algorithms + + align:start position:0% +than two to the 2 to the N algorithms + + + align:start position:0% +than two to the 2 to the N algorithms +the obvious algorithm is 2 to the N try + + align:start position:0% +the obvious algorithm is 2 to the N try + + + align:start position:0% +the obvious algorithm is 2 to the N try +all uh possible assignments times n but + + align:start position:0% +all uh possible assignments times n but + + + align:start position:0% +all uh possible assignments times n but +we won't worry about the the + + align:start position:0% +we won't worry about the the + + + align:start position:0% +we won't worry about the the +non-exponential part um the best + + align:start position:0% +non-exponential part um the best + + + align:start position:0% +non-exponential part um the best +algorithm to date is a + + align:start position:0% +algorithm to date is a + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm to date is a +1.31 to the N uh that's just from three + + align:start position:0% +1.31 to the N uh that's just from three + + + align:start position:0% +1.31 to the N uh that's just from three +years ago so this it's an active area of + + align:start position:0% +years ago so this it's an active area of + + + align:start position:0% +years ago so this it's an active area of +research many people have tried to find + + align:start position:0% +research many people have tried to find + + + align:start position:0% +research many people have tried to find +better S algorithms but conjectures you + + align:start position:0% +better S algorithms but conjectures you + + + align:start position:0% +better S algorithms but conjectures you +cannot get like two to the square root + + align:start position:0% +cannot get like two to the square root + + + align:start position:0% +cannot get like two to the square root +of n though some NP complete problems + + align:start position:0% +of n though some NP complete problems + + + align:start position:0% +of n though some NP complete problems +have two to the squ root of n time + + align:start position:0% +have two to the squ root of n time + + + align:start position:0% +have two to the squ root of n time +algorithms we'll see some today I'll + + align:start position:0% +algorithms we'll see some today I'll + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms we'll see some today I'll +mention some uh but seems like two to + + align:start position:0% +mention some uh but seems like two to + + + align:start position:0% +mention some uh but seems like two to +some constant time n or some constant to + + align:start position:0% +some constant time n or some constant to + + + align:start position:0% +some constant time n or some constant to +the N power uh equivalently is the right + + align:start position:0% +the N power uh equivalently is the right + + + align:start position:0% +the N power uh equivalently is the right +answer for thre set um now one issue uh + + align:start position:0% +answer for thre set um now one issue uh + + + align:start position:0% +answer for thre set um now one issue uh +to talk about very briefly it won't + + align:start position:0% +to talk about very briefly it won't + + + align:start position:0% +to talk about very briefly it won't +actually matter is what is n normally n + + align:start position:0% +actually matter is what is n normally n + + + align:start position:0% +actually matter is what is n normally n +is the entire problem size which be the + + align:start position:0% +is the entire problem size which be the + + + align:start position:0% +is the entire problem size which be the +number of uh Clauses essentially because + + align:start position:0% +number of uh Clauses essentially because + + + align:start position:0% +number of uh Clauses essentially because +each Clause has three variables uh but + + align:start position:0% +each Clause has three variables uh but + + + align:start position:0% +each Clause has three variables uh but +the the usual assumption is to say this + + align:start position:0% +the the usual assumption is to say this + + + align:start position:0% +the the usual assumption is to say this +is the number of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +variables and M is the number of Clauses + + align:start position:0% +variables and M is the number of Clauses + + + align:start position:0% +variables and M is the number of Clauses +uh but these turn out to be the same + + align:start position:0% +uh but these turn out to be the same + + + align:start position:0% +uh but these turn out to be the same +thing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so one assumption is equivalent to the + + align:start position:0% +so one assumption is equivalent to the + + + align:start position:0% +so one assumption is equivalent to the +other assumption so henceforth we don't + + align:start position:0% +other assumption so henceforth we don't + + + align:start position:0% +other assumption so henceforth we don't +need to worry about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this in general m is at most n cubed + + align:start position:0% +this in general m is at most n cubed + + + align:start position:0% +this in general m is at most n cubed +because each variable each Clause can + + align:start position:0% +because each variable each Clause can + + + align:start position:0% +because each variable each Clause can +have three different variables so + + align:start position:0% +have three different variables so + + + align:start position:0% +have three different variables so +there's only n cubed possible Clauses uh + + align:start position:0% +there's only n cubed possible Clauses uh + + + align:start position:0% +there's only n cubed possible Clauses uh +but when we're worried about this little + + align:start position:0% +but when we're worried about this little + + + align:start position:0% +but when we're worried about this little +o thing we actually care about + + align:start position:0% +o thing we actually care about + + + align:start position:0% +o thing we actually care about +polinomial and because we're in the + + align:start position:0% +polinomial and because we're in the + + + align:start position:0% +polinomial and because we're in the +exponent uh so it turns out you can sort + + align:start position:0% +exponent uh so it turns out you can sort + + + align:start position:0% +exponent uh so it turns out you can sort +of think of M and N as being linearly + + align:start position:0% +of think of M and N as being linearly + + + align:start position:0% +of think of M and N as being linearly +related that's okay by something called + + align:start position:0% +related that's okay by something called + + + align:start position:0% +related that's okay by something called +sparsification LMA says that if you have + + align:start position:0% +sparsification LMA says that if you have + + + align:start position:0% +sparsification LMA says that if you have +a formula with a with a super linear + + align:start position:0% +a formula with a with a super linear + + + align:start position:0% +a formula with a with a super linear +number of Clauses you can convert it + + align:start position:0% +number of Clauses you can convert it + + + align:start position:0% +number of Clauses you can convert it +into some vaguely reasonable number of + + align:start position:0% +into some vaguely reasonable number of + + + align:start position:0% +into some vaguely reasonable number of +formulas with a uh linear number of + + align:start position:0% +formulas with a uh linear number of + + + align:start position:0% +formulas with a uh linear number of +Clauses uh it's like 2 to the Epsilon n + + align:start position:0% +Clauses uh it's like 2 to the Epsilon n + + + align:start position:0% +Clauses uh it's like 2 to the Epsilon n +different formulas each with a linear + + align:start position:0% +different formulas each with a linear + + + align:start position:0% +different formulas each with a linear +number of Clauses and so the end effect + + align:start position:0% +number of Clauses and so the end effect + + + align:start position:0% +number of Clauses and so the end effect +what we need to know is that these two + + align:start position:0% +what we need to know is that these two + + + align:start position:0% +what we need to know is that these two +are equivalent we can think of + + align:start position:0% +are equivalent we can think of + + + align:start position:0% +are equivalent we can think of +situations where Clauses and variables + + align:start position:0% +situations where Clauses and variables + + + align:start position:0% +situations where Clauses and variables +are linearly related so that's the + + align:start position:0% +are linearly related so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +are linearly related so that's the +hypothesis of course we don't know how + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis of course we don't know how + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis of course we don't know how +to prove it if we proved it it would + + align:start position:0% +to prove it if we proved it it would + + + align:start position:0% +to prove it if we proved it it would +imply P does not equal NP this is sort + + align:start position:0% +imply P does not equal NP this is sort + + + align:start position:0% +imply P does not equal NP this is sort +of a strong form of P does not equal NP + + align:start position:0% +of a strong form of P does not equal NP + + + align:start position:0% +of a strong form of P does not equal NP +from the SAT perspective because we have + + align:start position:0% +from the SAT perspective because we have + + + align:start position:0% +from the SAT perspective because we have +so many reductions from sat uh you can + + align:start position:0% +so many reductions from sat uh you can + + + align:start position:0% +so many reductions from sat uh you can +turn this kind of lower bound if you + + align:start position:0% +turn this kind of lower bound if you + + + align:start position:0% +turn this kind of lower bound if you +assume this lower bound about sat you + + align:start position:0% +assume this lower bound about sat you + + + align:start position:0% +assume this lower bound about sat you +can prove corresponding lower bounds + + align:start position:0% +can prove corresponding lower bounds + + + align:start position:0% +can prove corresponding lower bounds +about other problems we've + + align:start position:0% +about other problems we've + + + align:start position:0% +about other problems we've +seen uh while I'm here let me just tell + + align:start position:0% +seen uh while I'm here let me just tell + + + align:start position:0% +seen uh while I'm here let me just tell +you another version of eth called strong + + align:start position:0% +you another version of eth called strong + + + align:start position:0% +you another version of eth called strong +eth uh which is + + align:start position:0% +eth uh which is + + + align:start position:0% +eth uh which is +that CNF + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +set has + + align:start position:0% +set has + + + align:start position:0% +set has +no uh two minus Epsilon to the N + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +algorithm so the the idea is there's + + align:start position:0% +algorithm so the the idea is there's + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm so the the idea is there's +some ideal constant to the nend for each + + align:start position:0% +some ideal constant to the nend for each + + + align:start position:0% +some ideal constant to the nend for each +Kat but as K goes to Infinity that + + align:start position:0% +Kat but as K goes to Infinity that + + + align:start position:0% +Kat but as K goes to Infinity that +constant goes to + + align:start position:0% +constant goes to + + + align:start position:0% +constant goes to +so if you have really large Clauses you + + align:start position:0% +so if you have really large Clauses you + + + align:start position:0% +so if you have really large Clauses you +can't beat two to the N + + align:start position:0% +can't beat two to the N + + + align:start position:0% +can't beat two to the N +roughly this is for all Epsilon greater + + align:start position:0% +roughly this is for all Epsilon greater + + + align:start position:0% +roughly this is for all Epsilon greater +than + + align:start position:0% +than + + + align:start position:0% +than +zero uh so I won't talk about anything + + align:start position:0% +zero uh so I won't talk about anything + + + align:start position:0% +zero uh so I won't talk about anything +that needs this assumption but there is + + align:start position:0% +that needs this assumption but there is + + + align:start position:0% +that needs this assumption but there is +some work on you can get very specific + + align:start position:0% +some work on you can get very specific + + + align:start position:0% +some work on you can get very specific +bounds on what the constant should be if + + align:start position:0% +bounds on what the constant should be if + + + align:start position:0% +bounds on what the constant should be if +you assume strong + + align:start position:0% +you assume strong + + + align:start position:0% +you assume strong +atth okay uh so let me tell you uh let's + + align:start position:0% +atth okay uh so let me tell you uh let's + + + align:start position:0% +atth okay uh so let me tell you uh let's +let's take a review of past reductions + + align:start position:0% +let's take a review of past reductions + + + align:start position:0% +let's take a review of past reductions +um and I'm going to start with three + + align:start position:0% +um and I'm going to start with three + + + align:start position:0% +um and I'm going to start with three +coloring a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +graph over here so uh this was our proof + + align:start position:0% +graph over here so uh this was our proof + + + align:start position:0% +graph over here so uh this was our proof +that three coloring was hard there was a + + align:start position:0% +that three coloring was hard there was a + + + align:start position:0% +that three coloring was hard there was a +clause Gadget variable Gadget this thing + + align:start position:0% +clause Gadget variable Gadget this thing + + + align:start position:0% +clause Gadget variable Gadget this thing +of constant size and the point is if I + + align:start position:0% +of constant size and the point is if I + + + align:start position:0% +of constant size and the point is if I +start with uh some threat this is a + + align:start position:0% +start with uh some threat this is a + + + align:start position:0% +start with uh some threat this is a +reduction from thread if I start with a + + align:start position:0% +reduction from thread if I start with a + + + align:start position:0% +reduction from thread if I start with a +three side instance that has n variables + + align:start position:0% +three side instance that has n variables + + + align:start position:0% +three side instance that has n variables +and M Clauses uh the number of of + + align:start position:0% +and M Clauses uh the number of of + + + align:start position:0% +and M Clauses uh the number of of +vertices and edges over here will be uh + + align:start position:0% +vertices and edges over here will be uh + + + align:start position:0% +vertices and edges over here will be uh +some constant time n + + + align:start position:0% +some constant time n + + + + align:start position:0% +some constant time n + +m okay so three coloring we get uh order + + align:start position:0% +m okay so three coloring we get uh order + + + align:start position:0% +m okay so three coloring we get uh order +n + + + align:start position:0% +n + + + + align:start position:0% +n + +m uh vertices and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +edges so what does that give me in terms + + align:start position:0% +edges so what does that give me in terms + + + align:start position:0% +edges so what does that give me in terms +of a lower bound well if I assume eth + + align:start position:0% +of a lower bound well if I assume eth + + + align:start position:0% +of a lower bound well if I assume eth +that there's no 2 the little low of N + + align:start position:0% +that there's no 2 the little low of N + + + align:start position:0% +that there's no 2 the little low of N +and no 2 the little low of M um time + + align:start position:0% +and no 2 the little low of M um time + + + align:start position:0% +and no 2 the little low of M um time +algorithm for threat then I get a + + align:start position:0% +algorithm for threat then I get a + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm for threat then I get a +corresponding thing that there's + + align:start position:0% +corresponding thing that there's + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding thing that there's +no 2 to the little of n time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +algorithm uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for graphs + + align:start position:0% +for graphs + + + align:start position:0% +for graphs +with uh number vertices and number of + + align:start position:0% +with uh number vertices and number of + + + align:start position:0% +with uh number vertices and number of +edges linear in N so I stated this way + + align:start position:0% +edges linear in N so I stated this way + + + align:start position:0% +edges linear in N so I stated this way +because for graphs again there's the + + align:start position:0% +because for graphs again there's the + + + align:start position:0% +because for graphs again there's the +issue of sparse versus dense graphs I + + align:start position:0% +issue of sparse versus dense graphs I + + + align:start position:0% +issue of sparse versus dense graphs I +could just say for sparse graphs here + + align:start position:0% +could just say for sparse graphs here + + + align:start position:0% +could just say for sparse graphs here +where which have a linear number of + + align:start position:0% +where which have a linear number of + + + align:start position:0% +where which have a linear number of +edges uh so this is uh I should say + + align:start position:0% +edges uh so this is uh I should say + + + align:start position:0% +edges uh so this is uh I should say +eth implies + + align:start position:0% +eth implies + + + align:start position:0% +eth implies +this so uh well I thoroughly believe P + + align:start position:0% +this so uh well I thoroughly believe P + + + align:start position:0% +this so uh well I thoroughly believe P +does not equal NP P does not equal NP + + align:start position:0% +does not equal NP P does not equal NP + + + align:start position:0% +does not equal NP P does not equal NP +eth is a little bit more uh unknown so + + align:start position:0% +eth is a little bit more uh unknown so + + + align:start position:0% +eth is a little bit more uh unknown so +I'm going to explicitly mention eth + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to explicitly mention eth + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to explicitly mention eth +every time I use + + align:start position:0% +every time I use + + + align:start position:0% +every time I use +it uh and more generally if we look at + + align:start position:0% +it uh and more generally if we look at + + + align:start position:0% +it uh and more generally if we look at +various P reductions all we need to + + align:start position:0% +various P reductions all we need to + + + align:start position:0% +various P reductions all we need to +measure is something called size blow + + align:start position:0% +measure is something called size blow + + + align:start position:0% +measure is something called size blow +up remember an NP reduction carp style + + align:start position:0% +up remember an NP reduction carp style + + + align:start position:0% +up remember an NP reduction carp style +you start with some instance X you make + + align:start position:0% +you start with some instance X you make + + + align:start position:0% +you start with some instance X you make +an in instance X Prime and X Prime the + + align:start position:0% +an in instance X Prime and X Prime the + + + align:start position:0% +an in instance X Prime and X Prime the +size of X + + align:start position:0% +size of X + + + align:start position:0% +size of X +Prime this was a a reduction F uh the + + align:start position:0% +Prime this was a a reduction F uh the + + + align:start position:0% +Prime this was a a reduction F uh the +size of X Prime should be polinomial in + + align:start position:0% +size of X Prime should be polinomial in + + + align:start position:0% +size of X Prime should be polinomial in +the size of X what's that polinomial + + align:start position:0% +the size of X what's that polinomial + + + align:start position:0% +the size of X what's that polinomial +that's your blowup so if we have uh n + + align:start position:0% +that's your blowup so if we have uh n + + + align:start position:0% +that's your blowup so if we have uh n +which is size of X over here and N Prime + + align:start position:0% +which is size of X over here and N Prime + + + align:start position:0% +which is size of X over here and N Prime +which is the size of X + + align:start position:0% +which is the size of X + + + align:start position:0% +which is the size of X +Prime this was uh + + align:start position:0% +Prime this was uh + + + align:start position:0% +Prime this was uh +polinomial in + + align:start position:0% +polinomial in + + + align:start position:0% +polinomial in +N uh and that is the size blow + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +up and so in particular if we have + + align:start position:0% +up and so in particular if we have + + + align:start position:0% +up and so in particular if we have +linear + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +blowup uh like in this example of three + + align:start position:0% +blowup uh like in this example of three + + + align:start position:0% +blowup uh like in this example of three +coloring then we preserve the + + align:start position:0% +coloring then we preserve the + + + align:start position:0% +coloring then we preserve the +uh the kind of eth + + align:start position:0% +uh the kind of eth + + + align:start position:0% +uh the kind of eth +statement uh no to to the little of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n time algorithm meaning uh if there was + + align:start position:0% +n time algorithm meaning uh if there was + + + align:start position:0% +n time algorithm meaning uh if there was +no to little o of n algorithm for + + align:start position:0% +no to little o of n algorithm for + + + align:start position:0% +no to little o of n algorithm for +problem a then there will be no to + + align:start position:0% +problem a then there will be no to + + + align:start position:0% +problem a then there will be no to +little L of n algorithm for problem B + + align:start position:0% +little L of n algorithm for problem B + + + align:start position:0% +little L of n algorithm for problem B +because you could just uh convert to B + + align:start position:0% +because you could just uh convert to B + + + align:start position:0% +because you could just uh convert to B +run only get a linear size blow up run + + align:start position:0% +run only get a linear size blow up run + + + align:start position:0% +run only get a linear size blow up run +that algorithm if if there was a two to + + align:start position:0% +that algorithm if if there was a two to + + + align:start position:0% +that algorithm if if there was a two to +little low of n algorithm and then that + + align:start position:0% +little low of n algorithm and then that + + + align:start position:0% +little low of n algorithm and then that +solves a in two to little low of n time + + align:start position:0% +solves a in two to little low of n time + + + align:start position:0% +solves a in two to little low of n time +so the usual argument but now we're + + align:start position:0% +so the usual argument but now we're + + + align:start position:0% +so the usual argument but now we're +giving explicit bounds on the running + + align:start position:0% +giving explicit bounds on the running + + + align:start position:0% +giving explicit bounds on the running +time uh more generally if you don't have + + align:start position:0% +time uh more generally if you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +time uh more generally if you don't have +linear blow up let's call this function + + align:start position:0% +linear blow up let's call this function + + + align:start position:0% +linear blow up let's call this function +uh B of n let's say X size of X Prime is + + align:start position:0% +uh B of n let's say X size of X Prime is + + + align:start position:0% +uh B of n let's say X size of X Prime is +always at most Su function B of n b for + + align:start position:0% +always at most Su function B of n b for + + + align:start position:0% +always at most Su function B of n b for +blow up uh + + align:start position:0% +blow up uh + + + align:start position:0% +blow up uh +then if there's no 2 little o of n + + align:start position:0% +then if there's no 2 little o of n + + + align:start position:0% +then if there's no 2 little o of n +algorithm for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a then there will be no 2 to the little + + align:start position:0% +a then there will be no 2 to the little + + + align:start position:0% +a then there will be no 2 to the little +of B inverse of + + align:start position:0% +of B inverse of + + + align:start position:0% +of B inverse of +n algorithm for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +B uh so for example if you have + + align:start position:0% +B uh so for example if you have + + + align:start position:0% +B uh so for example if you have +quadratic blowout B of n is n s then you + + align:start position:0% +quadratic blowout B of n is n s then you + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic blowout B of n is n s then you +will say that there's no two to the + + align:start position:0% +will say that there's no two to the + + + align:start position:0% +will say that there's no two to the +square root of n no two to the little of + + align:start position:0% +square root of n no two to the little of + + + align:start position:0% +square root of n no two to the little of +of square root of n + + align:start position:0% +of square root of n + + + align:start position:0% +of square root of n +algorithm okay and that and can imagine + + align:start position:0% +algorithm okay and that and can imagine + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm okay and that and can imagine +how that + + align:start position:0% +how that + + + align:start position:0% +how that +goes so um here are some nice examples + + align:start position:0% +goes so um here are some nice examples + + + align:start position:0% +goes so um here are some nice examples +of reductions we've seen this one was + + align:start position:0% +of reductions we've seen this one was + + + align:start position:0% +of reductions we've seen this one was +from lecture seven um then from lecture + + align:start position:0% +from lecture seven um then from lecture + + + align:start position:0% +from lecture seven um then from lecture +10 we had dominating set oh sorry uh + + align:start position:0% +10 we had dominating set oh sorry uh + + + align:start position:0% +10 we had dominating set oh sorry uh +have one more before dominating Set uh + + align:start position:0% +have one more before dominating Set uh + + + align:start position:0% +have one more before dominating Set uh +this was in the context of proving + + align:start position:0% +this was in the context of proving + + + align:start position:0% +this was in the context of proving +planer vertex cover was hard first + + align:start position:0% +planer vertex cover was hard first + + + align:start position:0% +planer vertex cover was hard first +planer three set was hard and then a + + align:start position:0% +planer three set was hard and then a + + + align:start position:0% +planer three set was hard and then a +reduction from threet but ignore the + + align:start position:0% +reduction from threet but ignore the + + + align:start position:0% +reduction from threet but ignore the +planer issue because things are are + + align:start position:0% +planer issue because things are are + + + align:start position:0% +planer issue because things are are +going to be a little different for + + align:start position:0% +going to be a little different for + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a little different for +planer graphs um but for General graphs + + align:start position:0% +planer graphs um but for General graphs + + + align:start position:0% +planer graphs um but for General graphs +this was a reduction from three Set uh + + align:start position:0% +this was a reduction from three Set uh + + + align:start position:0% +this was a reduction from three Set uh +and it's been there are a constant + + align:start position:0% +and it's been there are a constant + + + align:start position:0% +and it's been there are a constant +number of uh vertices and edges for each + + align:start position:0% +number of uh vertices and edges for each + + + align:start position:0% +number of uh vertices and edges for each +clause and then also here we had to make + + align:start position:0% +clause and then also here we had to make + + + align:start position:0% +clause and then also here we had to make +a copy of variable for each occurrence + + align:start position:0% +a copy of variable for each occurrence + + + align:start position:0% +a copy of variable for each occurrence +the total number of occurrences of all + + align:start position:0% +the total number of occurrences of all + + + align:start position:0% +the total number of occurrences of all +variables is linear because there's only + + align:start position:0% +variables is linear because there's only + + + align:start position:0% +variables is linear because there's only +uh three occurrences per CLA so uh the + + align:start position:0% +uh three occurrences per CLA so uh the + + + align:start position:0% +uh three occurrences per CLA so uh the +number of total number of vertices in + + align:start position:0% +number of total number of vertices in + + + align:start position:0% +number of total number of vertices in +these variable gadgets is also linear so + + align:start position:0% +these variable gadgets is also linear so + + + align:start position:0% +these variable gadgets is also linear so +whole thing is linear size blow up is + + align:start position:0% +whole thing is linear size blow up is + + + align:start position:0% +whole thing is linear size blow up is +linear and so vertex cover + + align:start position:0% +linear and so vertex cover + + + align:start position:0% +linear and so vertex cover +is another + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example of this type of result assuming + + align:start position:0% +example of this type of result assuming + + + align:start position:0% +example of this type of result assuming +eth there is no too little low algorithm + + align:start position:0% +eth there is no too little low algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +eth there is no too little low algorithm +for graphs whose number of vertices and + + align:start position:0% +for graphs whose number of vertices and + + + align:start position:0% +for graphs whose number of vertices and +edges is order n is there a name for + + align:start position:0% +edges is order n is there a name for + + + align:start position:0% +edges is order n is there a name for +that a class uh that should have a class + + align:start position:0% +that a class uh that should have a class + + + align:start position:0% +that a class uh that should have a class +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +but uh I uh I can make one up if you + + align:start position:0% +but uh I uh I can make one up if you + + + align:start position:0% +but uh I uh I can make one up if you +want we could call it an eth style graph + + align:start position:0% +want we could call it an eth style graph + + + align:start position:0% +want we could call it an eth style graph +problem uh say sparse graphs no to the + + align:start position:0% +problem uh say sparse graphs no to the + + + align:start position:0% +problem uh say sparse graphs no to the +little o and assuming e so it's sort of + + align:start position:0% +little o and assuming e so it's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +little o and assuming e so it's sort of +saying it's linearly related to SAT but + + align:start position:0% +saying it's linearly related to SAT but + + + align:start position:0% +saying it's linearly related to SAT but +as far as I know it doesn't have a + + align:start position:0% +as far as I know it doesn't have a + + + align:start position:0% +as far as I know it doesn't have a +proper name + + align:start position:0% +proper name + + + align:start position:0% +proper name +should because I had to write it many + + align:start position:0% +should because I had to write it many + + + align:start position:0% +should because I had to write it many +times in my notes um okay another one + + align:start position:0% +times in my notes um okay another one + + + align:start position:0% +times in my notes um okay another one +was uh dominating set I don't have a + + align:start position:0% +was uh dominating set I don't have a + + + align:start position:0% +was uh dominating set I don't have a +slide for this CU there never was one uh + + align:start position:0% +slide for this CU there never was one uh + + + align:start position:0% +slide for this CU there never was one uh +because the reduction was so simple it + + align:start position:0% +because the reduction was so simple it + + + align:start position:0% +because the reduction was so simple it +was if you have an edge in the vertex + + align:start position:0% +was if you have an edge in the vertex + + + align:start position:0% +was if you have an edge in the vertex +cover instance you convert it into uh a + + align:start position:0% +cover instance you convert it into uh a + + + align:start position:0% +cover instance you convert it into uh a +subdivided Edge and the original Edge uh + + align:start position:0% +subdivided Edge and the original Edge uh + + + align:start position:0% +subdivided Edge and the original Edge uh +for dominating + + align:start position:0% +for dominating + + + align:start position:0% +for dominating +set and then you have the same problem + + align:start position:0% +set and then you have the same problem + + + align:start position:0% +set and then you have the same problem +it's the domination does the same thing + + align:start position:0% +it's the domination does the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +it's the domination does the same thing +as vertex cover you never want to put + + align:start position:0% +as vertex cover you never want to put + + + align:start position:0% +as vertex cover you never want to put +this thing in a dominating set you might + + align:start position:0% +this thing in a dominating set you might + + + align:start position:0% +this thing in a dominating set you might +as well move to one of the neighbors uh + + align:start position:0% +as well move to one of the neighbors uh + + + align:start position:0% +as well move to one of the neighbors uh +so that's again a linear size blow up + + align:start position:0% +so that's again a linear size blow up + + + align:start position:0% +so that's again a linear size blow up +and so dominating set is also in this + + align:start position:0% +and so dominating set is also in this + + + align:start position:0% +and so dominating set is also in this +class who shall remain nameless um and + + align:start position:0% +class who shall remain nameless um and + + + align:start position:0% +class who shall remain nameless um and +another one is hamiltonicity we saw a + + align:start position:0% +another one is hamiltonicity we saw a + + + align:start position:0% +another one is hamiltonicity we saw a +couple of different proofs this one is + + align:start position:0% +couple of different proofs this one is + + + align:start position:0% +couple of different proofs this one is +from lecture 7 uh this was ostensibly + + align:start position:0% +from lecture 7 uh this was ostensibly + + + align:start position:0% +from lecture 7 uh this was ostensibly +for director though it also uh claims to + + align:start position:0% +for director though it also uh claims to + + + align:start position:0% +for director though it also uh claims to +work for undirected graphs uh linear + + align:start position:0% +work for undirected graphs uh linear + + + align:start position:0% +work for undirected graphs uh linear +um maybe I'll jump to the next one + + align:start position:0% +um maybe I'll jump to the next one + + + align:start position:0% +um maybe I'll jump to the next one +because it's a bit of a stronger result + + align:start position:0% +because it's a bit of a stronger result + + + align:start position:0% +because it's a bit of a stronger result +uh this was maximum degree 3 + + align:start position:0% +uh this was maximum degree 3 + + + align:start position:0% +uh this was maximum degree 3 +hamiltonicity directed this was lecture + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonicity directed this was lecture + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonicity directed this was lecture +eight um it's also linear you have to I + + align:start position:0% +eight um it's also linear you have to I + + + align:start position:0% +eight um it's also linear you have to I +mean the main diagram is this it's + + align:start position:0% +mean the main diagram is this it's + + + align:start position:0% +mean the main diagram is this it's +linear if you're non- aiming for planer + + align:start position:0% +linear if you're non- aiming for planer + + + align:start position:0% +linear if you're non- aiming for planer +graphs uh and then there's no crossover + + align:start position:0% +graphs uh and then there's no crossover + + + align:start position:0% +graphs uh and then there's no crossover +Gadget here and so the total complexity + + align:start position:0% +Gadget here and so the total complexity + + + align:start position:0% +Gadget here and so the total complexity +of all these things is linear so that's + + align:start position:0% +of all these things is linear so that's + + + align:start position:0% +of all these things is linear so that's +cool so uh hamiltonicity is another + + align:start position:0% +cool so uh hamiltonicity is another + + + align:start position:0% +cool so uh hamiltonicity is another +example a graph problem with no two to + + align:start position:0% +example a graph problem with no two to + + + align:start position:0% +example a graph problem with no two to +little algorithm assuming + + align:start position:0% +little algorithm assuming + + + align:start position:0% +little algorithm assuming +eth uh and from this proof this was for + + align:start position:0% +eth uh and from this proof this was for + + + align:start position:0% +eth uh and from this proof this was for +directed Max degree 3 then uh and it was + + align:start position:0% +directed Max degree 3 then uh and it was + + + align:start position:0% +directed Max degree 3 then uh and it was +also + + align:start position:0% +also + + + align:start position:0% +also +bipartite uh and then we reduced that to + + align:start position:0% +bipartite uh and then we reduced that to + + + align:start position:0% +bipartite uh and then we reduced that to +undirected uh sorry uh we reduced from + + align:start position:0% +undirected uh sorry uh we reduced from + + + align:start position:0% +undirected uh sorry uh we reduced from +planer directed Max degreee 3 to planer + + align:start position:0% +planer directed Max degreee 3 to planer + + + align:start position:0% +planer directed Max degreee 3 to planer +bipartite undirected Max degree 3 + + align:start position:0% +bipartite undirected Max degree 3 + + + align:start position:0% +bipartite undirected Max degree 3 +uh and that's of course also linear so + + align:start position:0% +uh and that's of course also linear so + + + align:start position:0% +uh and that's of course also linear so +all these things we get for free um we + + align:start position:0% +all these things we get for free um we + + + align:start position:0% +all these things we get for free um we +did them in different context that was + + align:start position:0% +did them in different context that was + + + align:start position:0% +did them in different context that was +for planer graphs this one was for apx + + align:start position:0% +for planer graphs this one was for apx + + + align:start position:0% +for planer graphs this one was for apx +hardness for independent Set uh but we + + align:start position:0% +hardness for independent Set uh but we + + + align:start position:0% +hardness for independent Set uh but we +use the same proof and we have this by + + align:start position:0% +use the same proof and we have this by + + + align:start position:0% +use the same proof and we have this by +Clique for the variable now here you + + align:start position:0% +Clique for the variable now here you + + + align:start position:0% +Clique for the variable now here you +start to worry this could be quadratic + + align:start position:0% +start to worry this could be quadratic + + + align:start position:0% +start to worry this could be quadratic +blowup um but uh this was actually + + align:start position:0% +blowup um but uh this was actually + + + align:start position:0% +blowup um but uh this was actually +reduction from three set three so that + + align:start position:0% +reduction from three set three so that + + + align:start position:0% +reduction from three set three so that +we didn't have a very large click there + + align:start position:0% +we didn't have a very large click there + + + align:start position:0% +we didn't have a very large click there +it's actually only three nodes in it so + + align:start position:0% +it's actually only three nodes in it so + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually only three nodes in it so +it's more like a uh two edges um but in + + align:start position:0% +it's more like a uh two edges um but in + + + align:start position:0% +it's more like a uh two edges um but in +general three set any constant would + + align:start position:0% +general three set any constant would + + + align:start position:0% +general three set any constant would +suffice for that proof you also have to + + align:start position:0% +suffice for that proof you also have to + + + align:start position:0% +suffice for that proof you also have to +check that this reduction from threat to + + align:start position:0% +check that this reduction from threat to + + + align:start position:0% +check that this reduction from threat to +3at 3 is okay but it's again linear + + align:start position:0% +3at 3 is okay but it's again linear + + + align:start position:0% +3at 3 is okay but it's again linear +blowup because the total number of + + align:start position:0% +blowup because the total number of + + + align:start position:0% +blowup because the total number of +occurrences of all variables is linear + + align:start position:0% +occurrences of all variables is linear + + + align:start position:0% +occurrences of all variables is linear +so that was a whole bunch of free + + align:start position:0% +so that was a whole bunch of free + + + align:start position:0% +so that was a whole bunch of free +results uh independent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Set uh three set three it's not a graph + + align:start position:0% +Set uh three set three it's not a graph + + + align:start position:0% +Set uh three set three it's not a graph +problem so I won't write it in this list + + align:start position:0% +problem so I won't write it in this list + + + align:start position:0% +problem so I won't write it in this list +but uh now normally independent set is + + align:start position:0% +but uh now normally independent set is + + + align:start position:0% +but uh now normally independent set is +the same thing as click in this universe + + align:start position:0% +the same thing as click in this universe + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing as click in this universe +that's not quite right because we're + + align:start position:0% +that's not quite right because we're + + + align:start position:0% +that's not quite right because we're +talking about sparse graphs for click um + + align:start position:0% +talking about sparse graphs for click um + + + align:start position:0% +talking about sparse graphs for click um +it's still the case that there's no two + + align:start position:0% +it's still the case that there's no two + + + align:start position:0% +it's still the case that there's no two +to the little of number of vertices + + align:start position:0% +to the little of number of vertices + + + align:start position:0% +to the little of number of vertices +algorithm but the number of edges become + + align:start position:0% +algorithm but the number of edges become + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm but the number of edges become +used to be linear for independent set + + align:start position:0% +used to be linear for independent set + + + align:start position:0% +used to be linear for independent set +and it becomes quadratic for click so + + align:start position:0% +and it becomes quadratic for click so + + + align:start position:0% +and it becomes quadratic for click so +you have to be a little careful with + + align:start position:0% +you have to be a little careful with + + + align:start position:0% +you have to be a little careful with +click + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay uh so all is good as long as we're + + align:start position:0% +okay uh so all is good as long as we're + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh so all is good as long as we're +talking about noner graphs what about + + align:start position:0% +talking about noner graphs what about + + + align:start position:0% +talking about noner graphs what about +planer + + align:start position:0% +planer + + + align:start position:0% +planer +graphs um well this is not true for + + align:start position:0% +graphs um well this is not true for + + + align:start position:0% +graphs um well this is not true for +planer graphs in general you tend to get + + align:start position:0% +planer graphs in general you tend to get + + + align:start position:0% +planer graphs in general you tend to get +two to the square root of n algorithms + + align:start position:0% +two to the square root of n algorithms + + + align:start position:0% +two to the square root of n algorithms +and that's tight assuming eth so for + + align:start position:0% +and that's tight assuming eth so for + + + align:start position:0% +and that's tight assuming eth so for +example uh planer threat we had a + + align:start position:0% +example uh planer threat we had a + + + align:start position:0% +example uh planer threat we had a +crossover Gadget and in the worst case + + align:start position:0% +crossover Gadget and in the worst case + + + align:start position:0% +crossover Gadget and in the worst case +there are quadratic number of + + align:start position:0% +there are quadratic number of + + + align:start position:0% +there are quadratic number of +Crossings uh and so the blow up in our + + align:start position:0% +Crossings uh and so the blow up in our + + + align:start position:0% +Crossings uh and so the blow up in our +problem size because we spend some + + align:start position:0% +problem size because we spend some + + + align:start position:0% +problem size because we spend some +constant number of vertices per + + align:start position:0% +constant number of vertices per + + + align:start position:0% +constant number of vertices per +crossover the blowup is + + align:start position:0% +crossover the blowup is + + + align:start position:0% +crossover the blowup is +quadratic and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we say um planer + + align:start position:0% +so we say um planer + + + align:start position:0% +so we say um planer +eth sorry planer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +threet eth + + align:start position:0% +threet eth + + + align:start position:0% +threet eth +implies no to to the little o of + + align:start position:0% +implies no to to the little o of + + + align:start position:0% +implies no to to the little o of +n or 2 to the little o of M + + align:start position:0% +n or 2 to the little o of M + + + align:start position:0% +n or 2 to the little o of M +algorithm sorry with square + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +root so with three s it's a little + + align:start position:0% +root so with three s it's a little + + + align:start position:0% +root so with three s it's a little +annoying because we have to think about + + align:start position:0% +annoying because we have to think about + + + align:start position:0% +annoying because we have to think about +variables and clauses separately so the + + align:start position:0% +variables and clauses separately so the + + + align:start position:0% +variables and clauses separately so the +size blow up is not quite as uniquely + + align:start position:0% +size blow up is not quite as uniquely + + + align:start position:0% +size blow up is not quite as uniquely +defined but uh just applying analyzing + + align:start position:0% +defined but uh just applying analyzing + + + align:start position:0% +defined but uh just applying analyzing +number of variables number of Clauses + + align:start position:0% +number of variables number of Clauses + + + align:start position:0% +number of variables number of Clauses +separately the blowup is quadratic in + + align:start position:0% +separately the blowup is quadratic in + + + align:start position:0% +separately the blowup is quadratic in +both so uh that's the lower bound we get + + align:start position:0% +both so uh that's the lower bound we get + + + align:start position:0% +both so uh that's the lower bound we get +um and then I have + + align:start position:0% +um and then I have + + + align:start position:0% +um and then I have +planer uh three + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coloring vertex cover dominating set + + align:start position:0% +coloring vertex cover dominating set + + + align:start position:0% +coloring vertex cover dominating set +hamiltonicity + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonicity + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonicity +independent + + align:start position:0% +independent + + + align:start position:0% +independent +Set uh all of them have the property + + align:start position:0% +Set uh all of them have the property + + + align:start position:0% +Set uh all of them have the property +that eth + + align:start position:0% +that eth + + + align:start position:0% +that eth +implies uh no 2 to little o of square Ro + + align:start position:0% +implies uh no 2 to little o of square Ro + + + align:start position:0% +implies uh no 2 to little o of square Ro +TK of n + + align:start position:0% +TK of n + + + align:start position:0% +TK of n +algorithm for planer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +graphs now planer graphs are always + + align:start position:0% +graphs now planer graphs are always + + + align:start position:0% +graphs now planer graphs are always +sparse so I don't need to uh worry about + + align:start position:0% +sparse so I don't need to uh worry about + + + align:start position:0% +sparse so I don't need to uh worry about +how many edges versus vertices n is uh + + align:start position:0% +how many edges versus vertices n is uh + + + align:start position:0% +how many edges versus vertices n is uh +within a constant of + + align:start position:0% +within a constant of + + + align:start position:0% +within a constant of +both how do you prove that uh exactly + + align:start position:0% +both how do you prove that uh exactly + + + align:start position:0% +both how do you prove that uh exactly +the same proofs that we just looked at + + align:start position:0% +the same proofs that we just looked at + + + align:start position:0% +the same proofs that we just looked at +they were all actually proofs for the + + align:start position:0% +they were all actually proofs for the + + + align:start position:0% +they were all actually proofs for the +planer problem uh but they all had some + + align:start position:0% +planer problem uh but they all had some + + + align:start position:0% +planer problem uh but they all had some +kind of crossover either they started + + align:start position:0% +kind of crossover either they started + + + align:start position:0% +kind of crossover either they started +from planer threet in which case they + + align:start position:0% +from planer threet in which case they + + + align:start position:0% +from planer threet in which case they +were already quadratic and like + + align:start position:0% +were already quadratic and like + + + align:start position:0% +were already quadratic and like +um this one was from planer thre set and + + align:start position:0% +um this one was from planer thre set and + + + align:start position:0% +um this one was from planer thre set and +it was a linear blowup from that so it's + + align:start position:0% +it was a linear blowup from that so it's + + + align:start position:0% +it was a linear blowup from that so it's +only quadratic overall uh this one was + + align:start position:0% +only quadratic overall uh this one was + + + align:start position:0% +only quadratic overall uh this one was +again from planer thre set and linear + + align:start position:0% +again from planer thre set and linear + + + align:start position:0% +again from planer thre set and linear +after that uh this one was from threat + + align:start position:0% +after that uh this one was from threat + + + align:start position:0% +after that uh this one was from threat +and then there was a custom crossover + + align:start position:0% +and then there was a custom crossover + + + align:start position:0% +and then there was a custom crossover +Gadget which I don't have the slide for + + align:start position:0% +Gadget which I don't have the slide for + + + align:start position:0% +Gadget which I don't have the slide for +here but for each of these crossovers we + + align:start position:0% +here but for each of these crossovers we + + + align:start position:0% +here but for each of these crossovers we +paid something so we get quadratic from + + align:start position:0% +paid something so we get quadratic from + + + align:start position:0% +paid something so we get quadratic from +threet uh and that's linear of course + + align:start position:0% +threet uh and that's linear of course + + + align:start position:0% +threet uh and that's linear of course +and uh + + align:start position:0% +and uh + + + align:start position:0% +and uh +this is not a planer independent set + + align:start position:0% +this is not a planer independent set + + + align:start position:0% +this is not a planer independent set +reduction so I I don't have one here you + + align:start position:0% +reduction so I I don't have one here you + + + align:start position:0% +reduction so I I don't have one here you +have to fill in your + + align:start position:0% +have to fill in your + + + align:start position:0% +have to fill in your +own um and one other one was coloring we + + align:start position:0% +own um and one other one was coloring we + + + align:start position:0% +own um and one other one was coloring we +did the planer three coloring Gadget + + align:start position:0% +did the planer three coloring Gadget + + + align:start position:0% +did the planer three coloring Gadget +again you pay constant for each Crossing + + align:start position:0% +again you pay constant for each Crossing + + + align:start position:0% +again you pay constant for each Crossing +so quadratic reduction from three set + + align:start position:0% +so quadratic reduction from three set + + + align:start position:0% +so quadratic reduction from three set +all of them end up being quadratic + + align:start position:0% +all of them end up being quadratic + + + align:start position:0% +all of them end up being quadratic +overall independent set the only one I + + align:start position:0% +overall independent set the only one I + + + align:start position:0% +overall independent set the only one I +haven't shown you and uh cool so this is + + align:start position:0% +haven't shown you and uh cool so this is + + + align:start position:0% +haven't shown you and uh cool so this is +a sense in which even though the planer + + align:start position:0% +a sense in which even though the planer + + + align:start position:0% +a sense in which even though the planer +problems are empty hard they're a little + + align:start position:0% +problems are empty hard they're a little + + + align:start position:0% +problems are empty hard they're a little +bit easy here question so you mentioned + + align:start position:0% +bit easy here question so you mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +bit easy here question so you mentioned +that was tight is + + align:start position:0% +that was tight is + + + align:start position:0% +that was tight is +that uh yeah so I think I should double + + align:start position:0% +that uh yeah so I think I should double + + + align:start position:0% +that uh yeah so I think I should double +check I'm pretty sure all of these + + align:start position:0% +check I'm pretty sure all of these + + + align:start position:0% +check I'm pretty sure all of these +problems have two uh to theun of n time + + align:start position:0% +problems have two uh to theun of n time + + + align:start position:0% +problems have two uh to theun of n time +algorithms I'm confident enough I will + + align:start position:0% +algorithms I'm confident enough I will + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms I'm confident enough I will +write it down um I think the general + + align:start position:0% +write it down um I think the general + + + align:start position:0% +write it down um I think the general +approach is lift and tge and + + align:start position:0% +approach is lift and tge and + + + align:start position:0% +approach is lift and tge and +separator but that's about the level of + + align:start position:0% +separator but that's about the level of + + + align:start position:0% +separator but that's about the level of +detail I + + align:start position:0% +detail I + + + align:start position:0% +detail I +remember uh oh oh yeah also all planner + + align:start position:0% +remember uh oh oh yeah also all planner + + + align:start position:0% +remember uh oh oh yeah also all planner +graphs have tree width order squar of N + + align:start position:0% +graphs have tree width order squar of N + + + align:start position:0% +graphs have tree width order squar of N +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +generally that will give you such an + + align:start position:0% +generally that will give you such an + + + align:start position:0% +generally that will give you such an +algorithm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cool all right so that was question are + + align:start position:0% +cool all right so that was question are + + + align:start position:0% +cool all right so that was question are +there any of these problems that you can + + align:start position:0% +there any of these problems that you can + + + align:start position:0% +there any of these problems that you can +in a sense preserve uh the difficulty in + + align:start position:0% +in a sense preserve uh the difficulty in + + + align:start position:0% +in a sense preserve uh the difficulty in +a planer + + align:start position:0% +a planer + + + align:start position:0% +a planer +graph uh like need + + align:start position:0% +graph uh like need + + + align:start position:0% +graph uh like need +of yeah it's a good question + + align:start position:0% +of yeah it's a good question + + + align:start position:0% +of yeah it's a good question +um we might get to + + align:start position:0% +um we might get to + + + align:start position:0% +um we might get to +some I'm about to shift gears into + + align:start position:0% +some I'm about to shift gears into + + + align:start position:0% +some I'm about to shift gears into +parameterized complexity and in that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +setting I would say generally no but uh + + align:start position:0% +setting I would say generally no but uh + + + align:start position:0% +setting I would say generally no but uh +there are certainly some exceptions + + align:start position:0% +there are certainly some exceptions + + + align:start position:0% +there are certainly some exceptions +where you can encode a non-plan problem + + align:start position:0% +where you can encode a non-plan problem + + + align:start position:0% +where you can encode a non-plan problem +into a planer structure um but most + + align:start position:0% +into a planer structure um but most + + + align:start position:0% +into a planer structure um but most +natural problems tend to be like + + align:start position:0% +natural problems tend to be like + + + align:start position:0% +natural problems tend to be like +this but they're definitely our examples + + align:start position:0% +this but they're definitely our examples + + + align:start position:0% +this but they're definitely our examples +we might even see + + align:start position:0% +we might even see + + + align:start position:0% +we might even see +one um this is sort of a this could have + + align:start position:0% +one um this is sort of a this could have + + + align:start position:0% +one um this is sort of a this could have +been in lecture two and maybe it should + + align:start position:0% +been in lecture two and maybe it should + + + align:start position:0% +been in lecture two and maybe it should +have been but uh it's eth is nice + + align:start position:0% +have been but uh it's eth is nice + + + align:start position:0% +have been but uh it's eth is nice +because it gives you a bit more of a + + align:start position:0% +because it gives you a bit more of a + + + align:start position:0% +because it gives you a bit more of a +quantitative sense of how much running + + align:start position:0% +quantitative sense of how much running + + + align:start position:0% +quantitative sense of how much running +time you should expect out of your + + align:start position:0% +time you should expect out of your + + + align:start position:0% +time you should expect out of your +algorithms it gives you a motivation for + + align:start position:0% +algorithms it gives you a motivation for + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms it gives you a motivation for +going for linear blow up when possible + + align:start position:0% +going for linear blow up when possible + + + align:start position:0% +going for linear blow up when possible +or at least minimizing your blowup and + + align:start position:0% +or at least minimizing your blowup and + + + align:start position:0% +or at least minimizing your blowup and +lets you distinguish between planer and + + align:start position:0% +lets you distinguish between planer and + + + align:start position:0% +lets you distinguish between planer and +non-planar problems uh but we're in the + + align:start position:0% +non-planar problems uh but we're in the + + + align:start position:0% +non-planar problems uh but we're in the +middle of parameterized complexity and I + + align:start position:0% +middle of parameterized complexity and I + + + align:start position:0% +middle of parameterized complexity and I +mention all this in particular because + + align:start position:0% +mention all this in particular because + + + align:start position:0% +mention all this in particular because +it has an even bigger impact on + + align:start position:0% +it has an even bigger impact on + + + align:start position:0% +it has an even bigger impact on +parameterized complexity + + align:start position:0% +parameterized complexity + + + align:start position:0% +parameterized complexity +so let's shift over to that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +world now first of all we get two uh + + align:start position:0% +world now first of all we get two uh + + + align:start position:0% +world now first of all we get two uh +sort of + + align:start position:0% +sort of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of +trivial consequences just from these + + align:start position:0% +trivial consequences just from these + + + align:start position:0% +trivial consequences just from these +statements + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh they're trivial but in some cases + + align:start position:0% +uh they're trivial but in some cases + + + align:start position:0% +uh they're trivial but in some cases +they're actually interesting so they're + + align:start position:0% +they're actually interesting so they're + + + align:start position:0% +they're actually interesting so they're +easy to prove but actually give tight + + align:start position:0% +easy to prove but actually give tight + + + align:start position:0% +easy to prove but actually give tight +answers for a few problems + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so for the parameterized the natural + + align:start position:0% +so for the parameterized the natural + + + align:start position:0% +so for the parameterized the natural +parameterizations of vertex cover is a + + align:start position:0% +parameterizations of vertex cover is a + + + align:start position:0% +parameterizations of vertex cover is a +vertex cover size of most K longest path + + align:start position:0% +vertex cover size of most K longest path + + + align:start position:0% +vertex cover size of most K longest path +which is the optimization version of + + align:start position:0% +which is the optimization version of + + + align:start position:0% +which is the optimization version of +hamiltonicity is their path in the + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonicity is their path in the + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonicity is their path in the +parameterized version is their path of + + align:start position:0% +parameterized version is their path of + + + align:start position:0% +parameterized version is their path of +length at least K dominating set of size + + align:start position:0% +length at least K dominating set of size + + + align:start position:0% +length at least K dominating set of size +K independent set of size K uh upper + + align:start position:0% +K independent set of size K uh upper + + + align:start position:0% +K independent set of size K uh upper +bound and lower bound + + align:start position:0% +bound and lower bound + + + align:start position:0% +bound and lower bound +um in particular there can't be a 2 the + + align:start position:0% +um in particular there can't be a 2 the + + + align:start position:0% +um in particular there can't be a 2 the +little of K * polinomial in N algorithm + + align:start position:0% +little of K * polinomial in N algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +little of K * polinomial in N algorithm +because there's no two to the little low + + align:start position:0% +because there's no two to the little low + + + align:start position:0% +because there's no two to the little low +of n algorithm this is assuming + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +eth because in particular K could be n + + align:start position:0% +eth because in particular K could be n + + + align:start position:0% +eth because in particular K could be n +now it's not exactly what we care about + + align:start position:0% +now it's not exactly what we care about + + + align:start position:0% +now it's not exactly what we care about +what we care about is whether there's an + + align:start position:0% +what we care about is whether there's an + + + align:start position:0% +what we care about is whether there's an +F of K time polinomial algorithm but + + align:start position:0% +F of K time polinomial algorithm but + + + align:start position:0% +F of K time polinomial algorithm but +this at least gives you a lower bound on + + align:start position:0% +this at least gives you a lower bound on + + + align:start position:0% +this at least gives you a lower bound on +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +F so in particular uh for dominating set + + align:start position:0% +F so in particular uh for dominating set + + + align:start position:0% +F so in particular uh for dominating set +and independent set this is not a very + + align:start position:0% +and independent set this is not a very + + + align:start position:0% +and independent set this is not a very +interesting result because in fact we + + align:start position:0% +interesting result because in fact we + + + align:start position:0% +interesting result because in fact we +will show assuming eth these do not have + + align:start position:0% +will show assuming eth these do not have + + + align:start position:0% +will show assuming eth these do not have +fpt algorithms at all there's nothing of + + align:start position:0% +fpt algorithms at all there's nothing of + + + align:start position:0% +fpt algorithms at all there's nothing of +that form but for vertex cover it's + + align:start position:0% +that form but for vertex cover it's + + + align:start position:0% +that form but for vertex cover it's +interesting because that is fpt and + + align:start position:0% +interesting because that is fpt and + + + align:start position:0% +interesting because that is fpt and +there is a constant to the K time + + align:start position:0% +there is a constant to the K time + + + align:start position:0% +there is a constant to the K time +polinomial in N algorithm we saw a 2 to + + align:start position:0% +polinomial in N algorithm we saw a 2 to + + + align:start position:0% +polinomial in N algorithm we saw a 2 to +the N time n algorithm uh and this shows + + align:start position:0% +the N time n algorithm uh and this shows + + + align:start position:0% +the N time n algorithm uh and this shows +that that's tight so there's no better + + align:start position:0% +that that's tight so there's no better + + + align:start position:0% +that that's tight so there's no better +it gives you a bound on F for vertex + + align:start position:0% +it gives you a bound on F for vertex + + + align:start position:0% +it gives you a bound on F for vertex +cover C to the K is the right answer for + + align:start position:0% +cover C to the K is the right answer for + + + align:start position:0% +cover C to the K is the right answer for +some constant C and if you assume strong + + align:start position:0% +some constant C and if you assume strong + + + align:start position:0% +some constant C and if you assume strong +eth you can actually figure out what the + + align:start position:0% +eth you can actually figure out what the + + + align:start position:0% +eth you can actually figure out what the +con well you could try to prove what the + + align:start position:0% +con well you could try to prove what the + + + align:start position:0% +con well you could try to prove what the +the constant is we don't know the right + + align:start position:0% +the constant is we don't know the right + + + align:start position:0% +the constant is we don't know the right +answer for for text cover some of these + + align:start position:0% +answer for for text cover some of these + + + align:start position:0% +answer for for text cover some of these +problems we do uh longest path same deal + + align:start position:0% +problems we do uh longest path same deal + + + align:start position:0% +problems we do uh longest path same deal +there is a it's + + align:start position:0% +there is a it's + + + align:start position:0% +there is a it's +fpt uh so for it's easy to find short + + align:start position:0% +fpt uh so for it's easy to find short + + + align:start position:0% +fpt uh so for it's easy to find short +paths um + + align:start position:0% +paths um + + + align:start position:0% +paths um +and uh the algorithm is like two to the + + align:start position:0% +and uh the algorithm is like two to the + + + align:start position:0% +and uh the algorithm is like two to the +order K * polinomial in + + align:start position:0% +order K * polinomial in + + + align:start position:0% +order K * polinomial in +N uh and similarly for planer problems + + align:start position:0% +N uh and similarly for planer problems + + + align:start position:0% +N uh and similarly for planer problems +if we have + + align:start position:0% +if we have + + + align:start position:0% +if we have +eth uh there's no 2 little of < TK of K + + align:start position:0% +eth uh there's no 2 little of < TK of K + + + align:start position:0% +eth uh there's no 2 little of < TK of K +time polinomial + + align:start position:0% +time polinomial + + + align:start position:0% +time polinomial +n for those same problems on planer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +graphs for click actually this Al this + + align:start position:0% +graphs for click actually this Al this + + + align:start position:0% +graphs for click actually this Al this +should also work I + + align:start position:0% +should also work I + + + align:start position:0% +should also work I +see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh click is okay because K is the number + + align:start position:0% +uh click is okay because K is the number + + + align:start position:0% +uh click is okay because K is the number +of vertices in the click and so even + + align:start position:0% +of vertices in the click and so even + + + align:start position:0% +of vertices in the click and so even +though the number of edges is quadratic + + align:start position:0% +though the number of edges is quadratic + + + align:start position:0% +though the number of edges is quadratic +this would still hold uh for planer C of + + align:start position:0% +this would still hold uh for planer C of + + + align:start position:0% +this would still hold uh for planer C of +course it's polinomial so can't put + + align:start position:0% +course it's polinomial so can't put + + + align:start position:0% +course it's polinomial so can't put +cleck down + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here because there's maximum cck size is + + align:start position:0% +here because there's maximum cck size is + + + align:start position:0% +here because there's maximum cck size is +four so there's an nend to the four + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +algorithm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cool uh again this is interesting + + align:start position:0% +cool uh again this is interesting + + + align:start position:0% +cool uh again this is interesting +because for dominating set independent + + align:start position:0% +because for dominating set independent + + + align:start position:0% +because for dominating set independent +set vertex + + align:start position:0% +set vertex + + + align:start position:0% +set vertex +cover and longest path there are 2 to + + align:start position:0% +cover and longest path there are 2 to + + + align:start position:0% +cover and longest path there are 2 to +theun of K * polinomial and N algorithms + + align:start position:0% +theun of K * polinomial and N algorithms + + + align:start position:0% +theun of K * polinomial and N algorithms +so this is actually a tightness + + align:start position:0% +so this is actually a tightness + + + align:start position:0% +so this is actually a tightness +result uh there exists to to the + + align:start position:0% +result uh there exists to to the + + + align:start position:0% +result uh there exists to to the +order uh square root of + + align:start position:0% +order uh square root of + + + align:start position:0% +order uh square root of +k n the order one algorithms for planer + + align:start position:0% +k n the order one algorithms for planer + + + align:start position:0% +k n the order one algorithms for planer +graphs for those problems this is uh + + align:start position:0% +graphs for those problems this is uh + + + align:start position:0% +graphs for those problems this is uh +called subexponential fixed parameter + + align:start position:0% +called subexponential fixed parameter + + + align:start position:0% +called subexponential fixed parameter +tractability and there were a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +tractability and there were a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +tractability and there were a bunch of +those results in the early 2000s and + + align:start position:0% +those results in the early 2000s and + + + align:start position:0% +those results in the early 2000s and +then there's a theory called B + + align:start position:0% +then there's a theory called B + + + align:start position:0% +then there's a theory called B +dimensionality it kind of characterizes + + align:start position:0% +dimensionality it kind of characterizes + + + align:start position:0% +dimensionality it kind of characterizes +when it's possible or gives you a big + + align:start position:0% +when it's possible or gives you a big + + + align:start position:0% +when it's possible or gives you a big +set of examples where it is possible but + + align:start position:0% +set of examples where it is possible but + + + align:start position:0% +set of examples where it is possible but +that's algorithm so we're not covering + + align:start position:0% +that's algorithm so we're not covering + + + align:start position:0% +that's algorithm so we're not covering +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +uh so all well and good but uh and so + + align:start position:0% +uh so all well and good but uh and so + + + align:start position:0% +uh so all well and good but uh and so +for planer dominating set that's + + align:start position:0% +for planer dominating set that's + + + align:start position:0% +for planer dominating set that's +interesting but for General dominating + + align:start position:0% +interesting but for General dominating + + + align:start position:0% +interesting but for General dominating +set we know dominating set is W2 + + align:start position:0% +set we know dominating set is W2 + + + align:start position:0% +set we know dominating set is W2 +complete we think that means there's no + + align:start position:0% +complete we think that means there's no + + + align:start position:0% +complete we think that means there's no +fbt algorithm uh independent set and we + + align:start position:0% +fbt algorithm uh independent set and we + + + align:start position:0% +fbt algorithm uh independent set and we +our W1 complete we also think that means + + align:start position:0% +our W1 complete we also think that means + + + align:start position:0% +our W1 complete we also think that means +no no fpt algorithm assuming atth we can + + align:start position:0% +no no fpt algorithm assuming atth we can + + + align:start position:0% +no no fpt algorithm assuming atth we can +actually prove that + + align:start position:0% +actually prove that + + + align:start position:0% +actually prove that +so uh let's say there's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no fbt + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +algorithm uh + + align:start position:0% +algorithm uh + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm uh +for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +click independent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Set uh assuming + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +eth so that's a theorem we will prove uh + + align:start position:0% +eth so that's a theorem we will prove uh + + + align:start position:0% +eth so that's a theorem we will prove uh +if you believe in eth then W1 these + + align:start position:0% +if you believe in eth then W1 these + + + align:start position:0% +if you believe in eth then W1 these +problems are complete for W1 W1 does not + + align:start position:0% +problems are complete for W1 W1 does not + + + align:start position:0% +problems are complete for W1 W1 does not +equal fpt these are the fpt problems uh + + align:start position:0% +equal fpt these are the fpt problems uh + + + align:start position:0% +equal fpt these are the fpt problems uh +and in fact we can prove a much stronger + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bound very non FP uh these algorithms + + align:start position:0% +bound very non FP uh these algorithms + + + align:start position:0% +bound very non FP uh these algorithms +generally have an end to the order K + + align:start position:0% +generally have an end to the order K + + + align:start position:0% +generally have an end to the order K +algorithm or uh if they're in XP then + + align:start position:0% +algorithm or uh if they're in XP then + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm or uh if they're in XP then +they have some end to some end to the K + + align:start position:0% +they have some end to some end to the K + + + align:start position:0% +they have some end to some end to the K +to some constant algorithm but we can't + + align:start position:0% +to some constant algorithm but we can't + + + align:start position:0% +to some constant algorithm but we can't +even reduce that exponent below k for + + align:start position:0% +even reduce that exponent below k for + + + align:start position:0% +even reduce that exponent below k for +any uh for click and independent set + + align:start position:0% +any uh for click and independent set + + + align:start position:0% +any uh for click and independent set +let's + + align:start position:0% +let's + + + align:start position:0% +let's +say um and if you reduce click and + + align:start position:0% +say um and if you reduce click and + + + align:start position:0% +say um and if you reduce click and +independent set to some other problem + + align:start position:0% +independent set to some other problem + + + align:start position:0% +independent set to some other problem +you can just like we've been doing over + + align:start position:0% +you can just like we've been doing over + + + align:start position:0% +you can just like we've been doing over +here you can keep track of the parameter + + align:start position:0% +here you can keep track of the parameter + + + align:start position:0% +here you can keep track of the parameter +blowup and if it's a quadratic blowup + + align:start position:0% +blowup and if it's a quadratic blowup + + + align:start position:0% +blowup and if it's a quadratic blowup +then you'd get that there's no n to the + + align:start position:0% +then you'd get that there's no n to the + + + align:start position:0% +then you'd get that there's no n to the +square root of K algorithm we'll + + align:start position:0% +square root of K algorithm we'll + + + align:start position:0% +square root of K algorithm we'll +actually do that in a moment for planer + + align:start position:0% +actually do that in a moment for planer + + + align:start position:0% +actually do that in a moment for planer +graph problems but for General graphs + + align:start position:0% +graph problems but for General graphs + + + align:start position:0% +graph problems but for General graphs +click and independent set no F of K for + + align:start position:0% +click and independent set no F of K for + + + align:start position:0% +click and independent set no F of K for +any computable function f times n to the + + align:start position:0% +any computable function f times n to the + + + align:start position:0% +any computable function f times n to the +little of K algorithm so this is much + + align:start position:0% +little of K algorithm so this is much + + + align:start position:0% +little of K algorithm so this is much +stronger than uh fpt does not equal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +W1 and uh this is a result from 2006 a + + align:start position:0% +W1 and uh this is a result from 2006 a + + + align:start position:0% +W1 and uh this is a result from 2006 a +fairly + + align:start position:0% +fairly + + + align:start position:0% +fairly +recent by Chen at all + + align:start position:0% +recent by Chen at all + + + align:start position:0% +recent by Chen at all +so let's prove it um it is essentially a + + align:start position:0% +so let's prove it um it is essentially a + + + align:start position:0% +so let's prove it um it is essentially a +reduction from three + + align:start position:0% +reduction from three + + + align:start position:0% +reduction from three +coloring but it's unlike most reductions + + align:start position:0% +coloring but it's unlike most reductions + + + align:start position:0% +coloring but it's unlike most reductions +we think about + + align:start position:0% +we think about + + + align:start position:0% +we think about +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +uh well it's unlike parameterized + + align:start position:0% +uh well it's unlike parameterized + + + align:start position:0% +uh well it's unlike parameterized +reductions is a question yeah sorry so + + align:start position:0% +reductions is a question yeah sorry so + + + align:start position:0% +reductions is a question yeah sorry so +is this C St from claiming that that's + + align:start position:0% +is this C St from claiming that that's + + + align:start position:0% +is this C St from claiming that that's +XP hard these problems yeah xph hard is + + align:start position:0% +XP hard these problems yeah xph hard is + + + align:start position:0% +XP hard these problems yeah xph hard is +really way up there none of the problems + + align:start position:0% +really way up there none of the problems + + + align:start position:0% +really way up there none of the problems +we've talked about are xph hard unless + + align:start position:0% +we've talked about are xph hard unless + + + align:start position:0% +we've talked about are xph hard unless +something happens with P versus NP + + align:start position:0% +something happens with P versus NP + + + align:start position:0% +something happens with P versus NP +actually problems that you have these + + align:start position:0% +actually problems that you have these + + + align:start position:0% +actually problems that you have these +are in + + align:start position:0% +are in + + + align:start position:0% +are in +XP uh but they're also in uh these + + align:start position:0% +XP uh but they're also in uh these + + + align:start position:0% +XP uh but they're also in uh these +problems are actually in W1 which is + + align:start position:0% +problems are actually in W1 which is + + + align:start position:0% +problems are actually in W1 which is +much smaller than XP + + align:start position:0% +much smaller than XP + + + align:start position:0% +much smaller than XP +yeah uh yeah I was I mentioned XP + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh yeah I was I mentioned XP + + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh yeah I was I mentioned XP +because the N to the K to the some + + align:start position:0% +because the N to the K to the some + + + align:start position:0% +because the N to the K to the some +constant is related in the same vicinity + + align:start position:0% +constant is related in the same vicinity + + + align:start position:0% +constant is related in the same vicinity +but it's not directly about + + align:start position:0% +but it's not directly about + + + align:start position:0% +but it's not directly about +XP okay so normally when we do + + align:start position:0% +XP okay so normally when we do + + + align:start position:0% +XP okay so normally when we do +parameterized reduction we start from a + + align:start position:0% +parameterized reduction we start from a + + + align:start position:0% +parameterized reduction we start from a +parameterized problem and we reduce to a + + align:start position:0% +parameterized problem and we reduce to a + + + align:start position:0% +parameterized problem and we reduce to a +parameterized problem here we are + + align:start position:0% +parameterized problem here we are + + + align:start position:0% +parameterized problem here we are +reducing from an unparameterized problem + + align:start position:0% +reducing from an unparameterized problem + + + align:start position:0% +reducing from an unparameterized problem +three coloring has no parameter uh and + + align:start position:0% +three coloring has no parameter uh and + + + align:start position:0% +three coloring has no parameter uh and +we are going to reduce to click which + + align:start position:0% +we are going to reduce to click which + + + align:start position:0% +we are going to reduce to click which +has a parameter namely the size of the + + align:start position:0% +has a parameter namely the size of the + + + align:start position:0% +has a parameter namely the size of the +click so it's a little weird um but you + + align:start position:0% +click so it's a little weird um but you + + + align:start position:0% +click so it's a little weird um but you +got to get started + + align:start position:0% +got to get started + + + align:start position:0% +got to get started +somehow so uh we're going to introduce a + + align:start position:0% +somehow so uh we're going to introduce a + + + align:start position:0% +somehow so uh we're going to introduce a +quantity k and set it how we want + + align:start position:0% +quantity k and set it how we want + + + align:start position:0% +quantity k and set it how we want +to um so here's the idea + + align:start position:0% +to um so here's the idea + + + align:start position:0% +to um so here's the idea +we are given an instance of three + + align:start position:0% +we are given an instance of three + + + align:start position:0% +we are given an instance of three +coloring given a graph we're going to + + align:start position:0% +coloring given a graph we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +coloring given a graph we're going to +split the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +vertices + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +into uh K + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +groups each of n/ K vertices + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and remember we know that three coloring + + align:start position:0% +and remember we know that three coloring + + + align:start position:0% +and remember we know that three coloring +has no to the little o of n time + + align:start position:0% +has no to the little o of n time + + + align:start position:0% +has no to the little o of n time +algorithm that's what I just erased + + align:start position:0% +algorithm that's what I just erased + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm that's what I just erased +assuming + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +eth uh so uh I'm going to choose K in a + + align:start position:0% +eth uh so uh I'm going to choose K in a + + + align:start position:0% +eth uh so uh I'm going to choose K in a +little bit but let me first tell you the + + align:start position:0% +little bit but let me first tell you the + + + align:start position:0% +little bit but let me first tell you the +reduction um so we're going to create a + + align:start position:0% +reduction um so we're going to create a + + + align:start position:0% +reduction um so we're going to create a +new + + align:start position:0% +new + + + align:start position:0% +new +graph let's call it g + + align:start position:0% +graph let's call it g + + + align:start position:0% +graph let's call it g +Prime uh with + + align:start position:0% +Prime uh with + + + align:start position:0% +Prime uh with +with K + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +groups of not n/ K but 3 to the N / K + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +vertices uh y 3 because we are going to + + align:start position:0% +vertices uh y 3 because we are going to + + + align:start position:0% +vertices uh y 3 because we are going to +think about all possible three colorings + + align:start position:0% +think about all possible three colorings + + + align:start position:0% +think about all possible three colorings +of those n overk vertices so it's + + align:start position:0% +of those n overk vertices so it's + + + align:start position:0% +of those n overk vertices so it's +corresponding for every group up here + + align:start position:0% +corresponding for every group up here + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding for every group up here +we're going to just write down every + + align:start position:0% +we're going to just write down every + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to just write down every +possible three coloring so obviously n + + align:start position:0% +possible three coloring so obviously n + + + align:start position:0% +possible three coloring so obviously n +over K has to be quite small + + align:start position:0% +over K has to be quite small + + + align:start position:0% +over K has to be quite small +uh every possible three coloring of + + align:start position:0% +uh every possible three coloring of + + + align:start position:0% +uh every possible three coloring of +those n over K + + align:start position:0% +those n over K + + + align:start position:0% +those n over K +vertices uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so okay the intent is that in our um + + align:start position:0% +so okay the intent is that in our um + + + align:start position:0% +so okay the intent is that in our um +click problem that we want to choose + + align:start position:0% +click problem that we want to choose + + + align:start position:0% +click problem that we want to choose +exactly one vertex from each of these + + align:start position:0% +exactly one vertex from each of these + + + align:start position:0% +exactly one vertex from each of these +groups so + + align:start position:0% +groups so + + + align:start position:0% +groups so +K is supposed to be the size of our + + align:start position:0% +K is supposed to be the size of our + + + align:start position:0% +K is supposed to be the size of our +click that's why I wrote it this + + align:start position:0% +click that's why I wrote it this + + + align:start position:0% +click that's why I wrote it this +way + + align:start position:0% +way + + + align:start position:0% +way +uh cool and then uh so at the moment I + + align:start position:0% +uh cool and then uh so at the moment I + + + align:start position:0% +uh cool and then uh so at the moment I +have vertices but I have no edges um + + align:start position:0% +have vertices but I have no edges um + + + align:start position:0% +have vertices but I have no edges um +each of the groups is going to be an + + align:start position:0% +each of the groups is going to be an + + + align:start position:0% +each of the groups is going to be an +independent set so uh that means you can + + align:start position:0% +independent set so uh that means you can + + + align:start position:0% +independent set so uh that means you can +only choose at most one vertex from each + + align:start position:0% +only choose at most one vertex from each + + + align:start position:0% +only choose at most one vertex from each +group and to make a click and we are + + align:start position:0% +group and to make a click and we are + + + align:start position:0% +group and to make a click and we are +going to connect two colorings if they + + align:start position:0% +going to connect two colorings if they + + + align:start position:0% +going to connect two colorings if they +are compatible + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +by an + + align:start position:0% +by an + + + align:start position:0% +by an +edge and G + + align:start position:0% +edge and G + + + align:start position:0% +edge and G +Prime if + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +compatible so the idea is here's one + + align:start position:0% +compatible so the idea is here's one + + + align:start position:0% +compatible so the idea is here's one +group size n over + + align:start position:0% +group size n over + + + align:start position:0% +group size n over +K uh here is another group of size n/ K + + align:start position:0% +K uh here is another group of size n/ K + + + align:start position:0% +K uh here is another group of size n/ K +and if you color these vertices you know + + align:start position:0% +and if you color these vertices you know + + + align:start position:0% +and if you color these vertices you know +some some colors and you color I'm only + + align:start position:0% +some some colors and you color I'm only + + + align:start position:0% +some some colors and you color I'm only +using one color but um and you color + + align:start position:0% +using one color but um and you color + + + align:start position:0% +using one color but um and you color +some colors over here now we it's a + + align:start position:0% +some colors over here now we it's a + + + align:start position:0% +some colors over here now we it's a +coloring within the group but there are + + align:start position:0% +coloring within the group but there are + + + align:start position:0% +coloring within the group but there are +some cross edges between here uh which + + align:start position:0% +some cross edges between here uh which + + + align:start position:0% +some cross edges between here uh which +may be incorrect they may be + + align:start position:0% +may be incorrect they may be + + + align:start position:0% +may be incorrect they may be +monochromatic and so we check whether + + align:start position:0% +monochromatic and so we check whether + + + align:start position:0% +monochromatic and so we check whether +the coloring of this and the coloring of + + align:start position:0% +the coloring of this and the coloring of + + + align:start position:0% +the coloring of this and the coloring of +this is consistent with all the cross + + align:start position:0% +this is consistent with all the cross + + + align:start position:0% +this is consistent with all the cross +edges between those two groups if it is + + align:start position:0% +edges between those two groups if it is + + + align:start position:0% +edges between those two groups if it is +compatible if it's a valid coloring of + + align:start position:0% +compatible if it's a valid coloring of + + + align:start position:0% +compatible if it's a valid coloring of +both groups we connect them by an edge + + align:start position:0% +both groups we connect them by an edge + + + align:start position:0% +both groups we connect them by an edge +the this coloring corresponds to a + + align:start position:0% +the this coloring corresponds to a + + + align:start position:0% +the this coloring corresponds to a +single vertex and G Prime and this + + align:start position:0% +single vertex and G Prime and this + + + align:start position:0% +single vertex and G Prime and this +coloring corresponds to a single vertex + + align:start position:0% +coloring corresponds to a single vertex + + + align:start position:0% +coloring corresponds to a single vertex +in G Prime and we add an edge if it's + + align:start position:0% +in G Prime and we add an edge if it's + + + align:start position:0% +in G Prime and we add an edge if it's +okay we don't add the edge if it's not + + align:start position:0% +okay we don't add the edge if it's not + + + align:start position:0% +okay we don't add the edge if it's not +okay and if we're looking for a click + + align:start position:0% +okay and if we're looking for a click + + + align:start position:0% +okay and if we're looking for a click +that means we need to choose a coloring + + align:start position:0% +that means we need to choose a coloring + + + align:start position:0% +that means we need to choose a coloring +for each of the groups that where + + align:start position:0% +for each of the groups that where + + + align:start position:0% +for each of the groups that where +everything is powerwise compatible and + + align:start position:0% +everything is powerwise compatible and + + + align:start position:0% +everything is powerwise compatible and +that represents all the edges every Edge + + align:start position:0% +that represents all the edges every Edge + + + align:start position:0% +that represents all the edges every Edge +is either within a group in which case + + align:start position:0% +is either within a group in which case + + + align:start position:0% +is either within a group in which case +it was taken care of at this + + align:start position:0% +it was taken care of at this + + + align:start position:0% +it was taken care of at this +stage uh I guess I should say there's at + + align:start position:0% +stage uh I guess I should say there's at + + + align:start position:0% +stage uh I guess I should say there's at +most 3 to the N over K I only want valid + + align:start position:0% +most 3 to the N over K I only want valid + + + align:start position:0% +most 3 to the N over K I only want valid +three + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +colorings uh or there's or the edge + + align:start position:0% +colorings uh or there's or the edge + + + align:start position:0% +colorings uh or there's or the edge +crosses between two groups and then will + + align:start position:0% +crosses between two groups and then will + + + align:start position:0% +crosses between two groups and then will +be considered when we think about + + align:start position:0% +be considered when we think about + + + align:start position:0% +be considered when we think about +whether there's an edge in a click there + + align:start position:0% +whether there's an edge in a click there + + + align:start position:0% +whether there's an edge in a click there +are par wise edges and so everything is + + align:start position:0% +are par wise edges and so everything is + + + align:start position:0% +are par wise edges and so everything is +par wise + + align:start position:0% +par wise + + + align:start position:0% +par wise +compatible so never mind the claim you + + align:start position:0% +compatible so never mind the claim you + + + align:start position:0% +compatible so never mind the claim you +should be convinced this is a valid + + align:start position:0% +should be convinced this is a valid + + + align:start position:0% +should be convinced this is a valid +reduction in terms of a correctness + + align:start position:0% +reduction in terms of a correctness + + + align:start position:0% +reduction in terms of a correctness +standpoint from three coloring to K cck + + align:start position:0% +standpoint from three coloring to K cck + + + align:start position:0% +standpoint from three coloring to K cck +for any K the construction depends on + + align:start position:0% +for any K the construction depends on + + + align:start position:0% +for any K the construction depends on +K + + align:start position:0% +K + + + align:start position:0% +K +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh that's nice + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um so what do we set K + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to here is a setting for K that will + + align:start position:0% +to here is a setting for K that will + + + align:start position:0% +to here is a setting for K that will +work I don't have a ton of intuition for + + align:start position:0% +work I don't have a ton of intuition for + + + align:start position:0% +work I don't have a ton of intuition for +this other than the algebra + + align:start position:0% +this other than the algebra + + + align:start position:0% +this other than the algebra +Works uh essentially we need to set it + + align:start position:0% +Works uh essentially we need to set it + + + align:start position:0% +Works uh essentially we need to set it +to just a we want to set K to like a + + align:start position:0% +to just a we want to set K to like a + + + align:start position:0% +to just a we want to set K to like a +tiny super constant thing so um + + align:start position:0% +tiny super constant thing so um + + + align:start position:0% +tiny super constant thing so um +just a little bit little Omega of + + align:start position:0% +just a little bit little Omega of + + + align:start position:0% +just a little bit little Omega of +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +and uh we need to I need to give that + + align:start position:0% +and uh we need to I need to give that + + + align:start position:0% +and uh we need to I need to give that +little of k a name so I'm going to say + + align:start position:0% +little of k a name so I'm going to say + + + align:start position:0% +little of k a name so I'm going to say +uh let's + + align:start position:0% +uh let's + + + align:start position:0% +uh let's +say k + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +click + + align:start position:0% +click + + + align:start position:0% +click +uh could be + + align:start position:0% +uh could be + + + align:start position:0% +uh could be +solved in F of + + align:start position:0% +solved in F of + + + align:start position:0% +solved in F of +K time + + align:start position:0% +K time + + + align:start position:0% +K time +n to the + + align:start position:0% +n to the + + + align:start position:0% +n to the +k s of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +K + + align:start position:0% +K + + + align:start position:0% +K +time um where s of K is + + align:start position:0% +time um where s of K is + + + align:start position:0% +time um where s of K is +some + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +monotone + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +increasing and unbounded + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function I need that s goes to Infinity + + align:start position:0% +function I need that s goes to Infinity + + + align:start position:0% +function I need that s goes to Infinity +that's the meaning of little o of K is + + align:start position:0% +that's the meaning of little o of K is + + + align:start position:0% +that's the meaning of little o of K is +that you can divide by something and you + + align:start position:0% +that you can divide by something and you + + + align:start position:0% +that you can divide by something and you +can assume without loss of generality + + align:start position:0% +can assume without loss of generality + + + align:start position:0% +can assume without loss of generality +the something is monoton increasing but + + align:start position:0% +the something is monoton increasing but + + + align:start position:0% +the something is monoton increasing but +in particular it should go to Infinity + + align:start position:0% +in particular it should go to Infinity + + + align:start position:0% +in particular it should go to Infinity +as K goes to Infinity might go the very + + align:start position:0% +as K goes to Infinity might go the very + + + align:start position:0% +as K goes to Infinity might go the very +slowly could be like one over two to the + + align:start position:0% +slowly could be like one over two to the + + + align:start position:0% +slowly could be like one over two to the +N or one over two to the k or something + + align:start position:0% +N or one over two to the k or something + + + align:start position:0% +N or one over two to the k or something +uh but something little + + align:start position:0% +uh but something little + + + align:start position:0% +uh but something little +L uh s is little Omega of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one but now I have this quantity s and + + align:start position:0% +one but now I have this quantity s and + + + align:start position:0% +one but now I have this quantity s and +I'm going to set + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to set + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to set +K uh as large as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +possible so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that uh F of K is at most + + align:start position:0% +that uh F of K is at most + + + align:start position:0% +that uh F of K is at most +n and K to the K Over s of K is at most + + align:start position:0% +n and K to the K Over s of K is at most + + + align:start position:0% +n and K to the K Over s of K is at most +n uh my goal here is to make k a + + align:start position:0% +n uh my goal here is to make k a + + + align:start position:0% +n uh my goal here is to make k a +function of n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh and so one choice of K is basically F + + align:start position:0% +uh and so one choice of K is basically F + + + align:start position:0% +uh and so one choice of K is basically F +inverse of n so F remember was the + + align:start position:0% +inverse of n so F remember was the + + + align:start position:0% +inverse of n so F remember was the +dependence on K so here um this will + + align:start position:0% +dependence on K so here um this will + + + align:start position:0% +dependence on K so here um this will +turn out to work so uh you can think of + + align:start position:0% +turn out to work so uh you can think of + + + align:start position:0% +turn out to work so uh you can think of +K just being F inverse of n but there's + + align:start position:0% +K just being F inverse of n but there's + + + align:start position:0% +K just being F inverse of n but there's +actually another constraint it's another + + align:start position:0% +actually another constraint it's another + + + align:start position:0% +actually another constraint it's another +inverse thing uh I want K to be uh at + + align:start position:0% +inverse thing uh I want K to be uh at + + + align:start position:0% +inverse thing uh I want K to be uh at +most the inverse of this relation okay + + align:start position:0% +most the inverse of this relation okay + + + align:start position:0% +most the inverse of this relation okay +so I'm basically taking the Min of these + + align:start position:0% +so I'm basically taking the Min of these + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm basically taking the Min of these +two functions of n that will be a + + align:start position:0% +two functions of n that will be a + + + align:start position:0% +two functions of n that will be a +function of n which is + + align:start position:0% +function of n which is + + + align:start position:0% +function of n which is +growing uh why I mean you can check if + + align:start position:0% +growing uh why I mean you can check if + + + align:start position:0% +growing uh why I mean you can check if +you set K to be a constant of course + + align:start position:0% +you set K to be a constant of course + + + align:start position:0% +you set K to be a constant of course +this is true if you set K to be a + + align:start position:0% +this is true if you set K to be a + + + align:start position:0% +this is true if you set K to be a +constant of course this is true so you + + align:start position:0% +constant of course this is true so you + + + align:start position:0% +constant of course this is true so you +can set it a little bit super constant + + align:start position:0% +can set it a little bit super constant + + + align:start position:0% +can set it a little bit super constant +by inverting this relation that gives + + align:start position:0% +by inverting this relation that gives + + + align:start position:0% +by inverting this relation that gives +you some value of K that would satisfy + + align:start position:0% +you some value of K that would satisfy + + + align:start position:0% +you some value of K that would satisfy +this some value some function k equals K + + align:start position:0% +this some value some function k equals K + + + align:start position:0% +this some value some function k equals K +of n that would satisfy this uh and I + + align:start position:0% +of n that would satisfy this uh and I + + + align:start position:0% +of n that would satisfy this uh and I +want to take the Min of those two still + + align:start position:0% +want to take the Min of those two still + + + align:start position:0% +want to take the Min of those two still +a growing function of + + align:start position:0% +a growing function of + + + align:start position:0% +a growing function of +n we'll need that in a moment moment uh + + align:start position:0% +n we'll need that in a moment moment uh + + + align:start position:0% +n we'll need that in a moment moment uh +and I I get these two + + align:start position:0% +and I I get these two + + + align:start position:0% +and I I get these two +inequalities okay now it is just a + + align:start position:0% +inequalities okay now it is just a + + + align:start position:0% +inequalities okay now it is just a +computation + + align:start position:0% +computation + + + align:start position:0% +computation +so of how much running time I have so I + + align:start position:0% +so of how much running time I have so I + + + align:start position:0% +so of how much running time I have so I +want to plug this algorithm this was an + + align:start position:0% +want to plug this algorithm this was an + + + align:start position:0% +want to plug this algorithm this was an +algorithm for K Clique I have this + + align:start position:0% +algorithm for K Clique I have this + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm for K Clique I have this +instance of K Clique which looks a + + align:start position:0% +instance of K Clique which looks a + + + align:start position:0% +instance of K Clique which looks a +little weird because it's got + + align:start position:0% +little weird because it's got + + + align:start position:0% +little weird because it's got +potentially a lot of vertices I'm just + + align:start position:0% +potentially a lot of vertices I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +potentially a lot of vertices I'm just +going to plug that in this is my um n + + align:start position:0% +going to plug that in this is my um n + + + align:start position:0% +going to plug that in this is my um n +Prime the new well the number of + + align:start position:0% +Prime the new well the number of + + + align:start position:0% +Prime the new well the number of +vertices is this time K because they're + + align:start position:0% +vertices is this time K because they're + + + align:start position:0% +vertices is this time K because they're +K groups so number of vertices in G + + align:start position:0% +K groups so number of vertices in G + + + align:start position:0% +K groups so number of vertices in G +Prime is K time 3 n/ k at + + align:start position:0% +Prime is K time 3 n/ k at + + + align:start position:0% +Prime is K time 3 n/ k at +most so we just plug that into this + + align:start position:0% +most so we just plug that into this + + + align:start position:0% +most so we just plug that into this +running + + align:start position:0% +running + + + align:start position:0% +running +time and we get F of K time that number + + align:start position:0% +time and we get F of K time that number + + + align:start position:0% +time and we get F of K time that number +of vertices K * 3 n/ k at most so I + + align:start position:0% +of vertices K * 3 n/ k at most so I + + + align:start position:0% +of vertices K * 3 n/ k at most so I +guess less than equal to uh to the power + + align:start position:0% +guess less than equal to uh to the power + + + align:start position:0% +guess less than equal to uh to the power +K Over s of + + align:start position:0% +K Over s of + + + align:start position:0% +K Over s of +K and now we do some manipulation we + + align:start position:0% +K and now we do some manipulation we + + + align:start position:0% +K and now we do some manipulation we +know that F of K is at most n that will + + align:start position:0% +know that F of K is at most n that will + + + align:start position:0% +know that F of K is at most n that will +be enough for this term this is at most + + align:start position:0% +be enough for this term this is at most + + + align:start position:0% +be enough for this term this is at most +n times I'm going to split this apart so + + align:start position:0% +n times I'm going to split this apart so + + + align:start position:0% +n times I'm going to split this apart so +we have K to the K Over s of K + + align:start position:0% +we have K to the K Over s of K + + + align:start position:0% +we have K to the K Over s of K +power and then separately we have 3 to + + align:start position:0% +power and then separately we have 3 to + + + align:start position:0% +power and then separately we have 3 to +the N / K to the K Over s of + + align:start position:0% +the N / K to the K Over s of + + + align:start position:0% +the N / K to the K Over s of +K okay again K to the K Over s of K + + align:start position:0% +K okay again K to the K Over s of K + + + align:start position:0% +K okay again K to the K Over s of K +that's something I get to assume is less + + align:start position:0% +that's something I get to assume is less + + + align:start position:0% +that's something I get to assume is less +than equal to n so this is less than + + align:start position:0% +than equal to n so this is less than + + + align:start position:0% +than equal to n so this is less than +equal to + + align:start position:0% +equal to + + + align:start position:0% +equal to +n^2 and then the some color the K's + + align:start position:0% +n^2 and then the some color the K's + + + align:start position:0% +n^2 and then the some color the K's +cancel and we're left with 3 to the N + + align:start position:0% +cancel and we're left with 3 to the N + + + align:start position:0% +cancel and we're left with 3 to the N +over s of K I'm going to remind you K is + + align:start position:0% +over s of K I'm going to remind you K is + + + align:start position:0% +over s of K I'm going to remind you K is +a function of n that is unbounded and + + align:start position:0% +a function of n that is unbounded and + + + align:start position:0% +a function of n that is unbounded and +monotone + + align:start position:0% +monotone + + + align:start position:0% +monotone +increasing uh so this + + align:start position:0% +increasing uh so this + + + align:start position:0% +increasing uh so this +is um 3 to the little n also known as 2 + + align:start position:0% +is um 3 to the little n also known as 2 + + + align:start position:0% +is um 3 to the little n also known as 2 +to the little o of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n + + align:start position:0% +n + + + align:start position:0% +n +cool uh so I just needed to choose K to + + align:start position:0% +cool uh so I just needed to choose K to + + + align:start position:0% +cool uh so I just needed to choose K to +be slightly super constant and I wanted + + align:start position:0% +be slightly super constant and I wanted + + + align:start position:0% +be slightly super constant and I wanted +to get rid of these terms so I made them + + align:start position:0% +to get rid of these terms so I made them + + + align:start position:0% +to get rid of these terms so I made them +at most n and took those inverses took + + align:start position:0% +at most n and took those inverses took + + + align:start position:0% +at most n and took those inverses took +them in and boom we get a contradiction + + align:start position:0% +them in and boom we get a contradiction + + + align:start position:0% +them in and boom we get a contradiction +uh this contradicts uh eth this implies + + align:start position:0% +uh this contradicts uh eth this implies + + + align:start position:0% +uh this contradicts uh eth this implies +eth is + + align:start position:0% +eth is + + + align:start position:0% +eth is +false so if you assume eth running + + align:start position:0% +false so if you assume eth running + + + align:start position:0% +false so if you assume eth running +backward you get that kle cannot be + + align:start position:0% +backward you get that kle cannot be + + + align:start position:0% +backward you get that kle cannot be +solved in such a running time and so we + + align:start position:0% +solved in such a running time and so we + + + align:start position:0% +solved in such a running time and so we +get this very strong lower bound there's + + align:start position:0% +get this very strong lower bound there's + + + align:start position:0% +get this very strong lower bound there's +no F of K * n little low of K algorithm + + align:start position:0% +no F of K * n little low of K algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +no F of K * n little low of K algorithm +for K Clique so in particular K Clique + + align:start position:0% +for K Clique so in particular K Clique + + + align:start position:0% +for K Clique so in particular K Clique +is not fixed parameter + + align:start position:0% +is not fixed parameter + + + align:start position:0% +is not fixed parameter +tractable I think that's pretty neat + + align:start position:0% +tractable I think that's pretty neat + + + align:start position:0% +tractable I think that's pretty neat +um and henceforth you care about + + align:start position:0% +um and henceforth you care about + + + align:start position:0% +um and henceforth you care about +parameter blowup I mentioned it briefly + + align:start position:0% +parameter blowup I mentioned it briefly + + + align:start position:0% +parameter blowup I mentioned it briefly +last class uh but in general you map + + align:start position:0% +last class uh but in general you map + + + align:start position:0% +last class uh but in general you map +some function or suit problem x with + + align:start position:0% +some function or suit problem x with + + + align:start position:0% +some function or suit problem x with +parameter K into a new instance X Prime + + align:start position:0% +parameter K into a new instance X Prime + + + align:start position:0% +parameter K into a new instance X Prime +with parameter K Prime and K Prime just + + align:start position:0% +with parameter K Prime and K Prime just + + + align:start position:0% +with parameter K Prime and K Prime just +has to be bounded by any function any + + align:start position:0% +has to be bounded by any function any + + + align:start position:0% +has to be bounded by any function any +computable function of K but if it's a + + align:start position:0% +computable function of K but if it's a + + + align:start position:0% +computable function of K but if it's a +linear function you preserve this strong + + align:start position:0% +linear function you preserve this strong + + + align:start position:0% +linear function you preserve this strong +bound if it's quadratic function then + + align:start position:0% +bound if it's quadratic function then + + + align:start position:0% +bound if it's quadratic function then +you get there's no F of K times n to the + + align:start position:0% +you get there's no F of K times n to the + + + align:start position:0% +you get there's no F of K times n to the +little o of square root of K if it's an + + align:start position:0% +little o of square root of K if it's an + + + align:start position:0% +little o of square root of K if it's an +exponential function which is fair game + + align:start position:0% +exponential function which is fair game + + + align:start position:0% +exponential function which is fair game +here you get a weaker bound you still + + align:start position:0% +here you get a weaker bound you still + + + align:start position:0% +here you get a weaker bound you still +get that there's no fpt algorithm but uh + + align:start position:0% +get that there's no fpt algorithm but uh + + + align:start position:0% +get that there's no fpt algorithm but uh +you don't get a nice not a very + + align:start position:0% +you don't get a nice not a very + + + align:start position:0% +you don't get a nice not a very +impressive bound terms of n on the + + align:start position:0% +impressive bound terms of n on the + + + align:start position:0% +impressive bound terms of n on the +right okay is there a name for this type + + align:start position:0% +right okay is there a name for this type + + + align:start position:0% +right okay is there a name for this type +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +reduction I don't have + + align:start position:0% +reduction I don't have + + + align:start position:0% +reduction I don't have +one uh there's only one that I know of + + align:start position:0% +one uh there's only one that I know of + + + align:start position:0% +one uh there's only one that I know of +so I don't think I I will try to come up + + align:start position:0% +so I don't think I I will try to come up + + + align:start position:0% +so I don't think I I will try to come up +with a + + align:start position:0% +with a + + + align:start position:0% +with a +name uh once you have this uh you can I + + align:start position:0% +name uh once you have this uh you can I + + + align:start position:0% +name uh once you have this uh you can I +wean last class we reduced uh K Clique + + align:start position:0% +wean last class we reduced uh K Clique + + + align:start position:0% +wean last class we reduced uh K Clique +to all sorts of things and so we get a + + align:start position:0% +to all sorts of things and so we get a + + + align:start position:0% +to all sorts of things and so we get a +lot of so and for now you just reduce + + align:start position:0% +lot of so and for now you just reduce + + + align:start position:0% +lot of so and for now you just reduce +from click or Vari + + align:start position:0% +from click or Vari + + + align:start position:0% +from click or Vari +um and so you get lots of good stuff + + align:start position:0% +um and so you get lots of good stuff + + + align:start position:0% +um and so you get lots of good stuff +um what do you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +get uh last time we covered a reduction + + align:start position:0% +get uh last time we covered a reduction + + + align:start position:0% +get uh last time we covered a reduction +uh from click to multicolored + + align:start position:0% +uh from click to multicolored + + + align:start position:0% +uh from click to multicolored +click uh an independent + + align:start position:0% +click uh an independent + + + align:start position:0% +click uh an independent +set and if you look at that + + align:start position:0% +set and if you look at that + + + align:start position:0% +set and if you look at that +proof uh K Prime equal K we had a + + align:start position:0% +proof uh K Prime equal K we had a + + + align:start position:0% +proof uh K Prime equal K we had a +quadratic blow up in the problem size uh + + align:start position:0% +quadratic blow up in the problem size uh + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic blow up in the problem size uh +but the um parameter didn't change at + + align:start position:0% +but the um parameter didn't change at + + + align:start position:0% +but the um parameter didn't change at +all so this is good news that means uh + + align:start position:0% +all so this is good news that means uh + + + align:start position:0% +all so this is good news that means uh +this problem or these two problems uh + + align:start position:0% +this problem or these two problems uh + + + align:start position:0% +this problem or these two problems uh +has + + align:start position:0% +has + + + align:start position:0% +has +no + + align:start position:0% +no + + + align:start position:0% +no +s there's no uh F of K time n to the + + align:start position:0% +s there's no uh F of K time n to the + + + align:start position:0% +s there's no uh F of K time n to the +little of K + + align:start position:0% +little of K + + + align:start position:0% +little of K +algorithm and also so we covered a + + align:start position:0% +algorithm and also so we covered a + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm and also so we covered a +reduction to dominating set even though + + align:start position:0% +reduction to dominating set even though + + + align:start position:0% +reduction to dominating set even though +dominating set was W2 + + align:start position:0% +dominating set was W2 + + + align:start position:0% +dominating set was W2 +hard uh we still reduced from multicolor + + align:start position:0% +hard uh we still reduced from multicolor + + + align:start position:0% +hard uh we still reduced from multicolor +cck to dominating set and then for + + align:start position:0% +cck to dominating set and then for + + + align:start position:0% +cck to dominating set and then for +dominating set we could reduce to set + + align:start position:0% +dominating set we could reduce to set + + + align:start position:0% +dominating set we could reduce to set +cover all of these reductions preserve K + + align:start position:0% +cover all of these reductions preserve K + + + align:start position:0% +cover all of these reductions preserve K +exactly all we need is that they + + align:start position:0% +exactly all we need is that they + + + align:start position:0% +exactly all we need is that they +preserve it linearly uh but then we get + + align:start position:0% +preserve it linearly uh but then we get + + + align:start position:0% +preserve it linearly uh but then we get +this kind of result for all of those + + align:start position:0% +this kind of result for all of those + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of result for all of those +problems um we covered a + + align:start position:0% +problems um we covered a + + + align:start position:0% +problems um we covered a +reduction for partial vertex cover + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh but I think the reduction we covered + + align:start position:0% +uh but I think the reduction we covered + + + align:start position:0% +uh but I think the reduction we covered +was not linear but there is one so I'll + + align:start position:0% +was not linear but there is one so I'll + + + align:start position:0% +was not linear but there is one so I'll +just State this as a result but this is + + align:start position:0% +just State this as a result but this is + + + align:start position:0% +just State this as a result but this is +another one where we covered a reduction + + align:start position:0% +another one where we covered a reduction + + + align:start position:0% +another one where we covered a reduction +but it wasn't the most efficient one I + + align:start position:0% +but it wasn't the most efficient one I + + + align:start position:0% +but it wasn't the most efficient one I +think we lost a quadratic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +amount + + align:start position:0% +amount + + + align:start position:0% +amount +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um any questions yeah so do we happen to + + align:start position:0% +um any questions yeah so do we happen to + + + align:start position:0% +um any questions yeah so do we happen to +know if fpt and W1 are separated + + align:start position:0% +know if fpt and W1 are separated + + + align:start position:0% +know if fpt and W1 are separated +assuming only P not equal NP and not + + align:start position:0% +assuming only P not equal NP and not + + + align:start position:0% +assuming only P not equal NP and not +assuming we do do not know + + align:start position:0% +assuming we do do not know + + + align:start position:0% +assuming we do do not know +that yeah the best classical assumption + + align:start position:0% +that yeah the best classical assumption + + + align:start position:0% +that yeah the best classical assumption +is eth implies W1 does not equal + + align:start position:0% +is eth implies W1 does not equal + + + align:start position:0% +is eth implies W1 does not equal +fpt + + align:start position:0% +fpt + + + align:start position:0% +fpt +uh I also don't know off hand whether + + align:start position:0% +uh I also don't know off hand whether + + + align:start position:0% +uh I also don't know off hand whether +fpt does not equal W1 implies P does not + + align:start position:0% +fpt does not equal W1 implies P does not + + + align:start position:0% +fpt does not equal W1 implies P does not +equal NP I think there's this result + + align:start position:0% +equal NP I think there's this result + + + align:start position:0% +equal NP I think there's this result +along those lines but I'm not sure if + + align:start position:0% +along those lines but I'm not sure if + + + align:start position:0% +along those lines but I'm not sure if +that's literally true so yeah + + align:start position:0% +that's literally true so yeah + + + align:start position:0% +that's literally true so yeah +intuitively it's stronger + + align:start position:0% +intuitively it's stronger + + + align:start position:0% +intuitively it's stronger +but other questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay um so this is a strictly better + + align:start position:0% +okay um so this is a strictly better + + + align:start position:0% +okay um so this is a strictly better +lower bound than those over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there uh right good question so before + + align:start position:0% +there uh right good question so before + + + align:start position:0% +there uh right good question so before +we switched to parameterize land we said + + align:start position:0% +we switched to parameterize land we said + + + align:start position:0% +we switched to parameterize land we said +uh like over here we had there was no + + align:start position:0% +uh like over here we had there was no + + + align:start position:0% +uh like over here we had there was no +two to the little o of n algorithm here + + align:start position:0% +two to the little o of n algorithm here + + + align:start position:0% +two to the little o of n algorithm here +we're getting that there's no F of K * n + + align:start position:0% +we're getting that there's no F of K * n + + + align:start position:0% +we're getting that there's no F of K * n +to the little o of K algorithm uh I + + align:start position:0% +to the little o of K algorithm uh I + + + align:start position:0% +to the little o of K algorithm uh I +think that is stronger than the old + + align:start position:0% +think that is stronger than the old + + + align:start position:0% +think that is stronger than the old +bound uh although I guess you have to + + align:start position:0% +bound uh although I guess you have to + + + align:start position:0% +bound uh although I guess you have to +think about it Problem by problem it's + + align:start position:0% +think about it Problem by problem it's + + + align:start position:0% +think about it Problem by problem it's +not it depends on how K could relate to + + align:start position:0% +not it depends on how K could relate to + + + align:start position:0% +not it depends on how K could relate to +n in general I think for these problems + + align:start position:0% +n in general I think for these problems + + + align:start position:0% +n in general I think for these problems +though it is a stronger + + align:start position:0% +though it is a stronger + + + align:start position:0% +though it is a stronger +result + + align:start position:0% +result + + + align:start position:0% +result +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah because K is a most to + + align:start position:0% +yeah because K is a most to + + + align:start position:0% +yeah because K is a most to +n and K can be close to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +N okay + + align:start position:0% +N okay + + + align:start position:0% +N okay +um so uh the next topic just taking a + + align:start position:0% +um so uh the next topic just taking a + + + align:start position:0% +um so uh the next topic just taking a +little breather uh this is all good for + + align:start position:0% +little breather uh this is all good for + + + align:start position:0% +little breather uh this is all good for +non-planar graphs uh for planer graphs + + align:start position:0% +non-planar graphs uh for planer graphs + + + align:start position:0% +non-planar graphs uh for planer graphs +we actually haven't seen any W1 hardness + + align:start position:0% +we actually haven't seen any W1 hardness + + + align:start position:0% +we actually haven't seen any W1 hardness +results yet and that's because a lot of + + align:start position:0% +results yet and that's because a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +results yet and that's because a lot of +planer problems are fpt there are in + + align:start position:0% +planer problems are fpt there are in + + + align:start position:0% +planer problems are fpt there are in +fact two to the sare root of K times + + align:start position:0% +fact two to the sare root of K times + + + align:start position:0% +fact two to the sare root of K times +polinomial and N algorithms for a ton of + + align:start position:0% +polinomial and N algorithms for a ton of + + + align:start position:0% +polinomial and N algorithms for a ton of +planer graph problems but there are some + + align:start position:0% +planer graph problems but there are some + + + align:start position:0% +planer graph problems but there are some +that are hard some that are W1 hard and + + align:start position:0% +that are hard some that are W1 hard and + + + align:start position:0% +that are hard some that are W1 hard and +as you might expect uh this K becomes a + + align:start position:0% +as you might expect uh this K becomes a + + + align:start position:0% +as you might expect uh this K becomes a +square root of K because we get a + + align:start position:0% +square root of K because we get a + + + align:start position:0% +square root of K because we get a +quadratic blowup for some problems not + + align:start position:0% +quadratic blowup for some problems not + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic blowup for some problems not +quite all of them so this comes back to + + align:start position:0% +quite all of them so this comes back to + + + align:start position:0% +quite all of them so this comes back to +Jason's question uh and maybe I'll go up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here let me sorry let me briefly mention + + align:start position:0% +here let me sorry let me briefly mention + + + align:start position:0% +here let me sorry let me briefly mention +in general um if K + + align:start position:0% +in general um if K + + + align:start position:0% +in general um if K +Prime of X Prime is at most some G of K + + align:start position:0% +Prime of X Prime is at most some G of K + + + align:start position:0% +Prime of X Prime is at most some G of K +of X this was part of our this is the in + + align:start position:0% +of X this was part of our this is the in + + + align:start position:0% +of X this was part of our this is the in +the definition of parameter reduction + + align:start position:0% +the definition of parameter reduction + + + align:start position:0% +the definition of parameter reduction +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +uh if there's no F of + + align:start position:0% +uh if there's no F of + + + align:start position:0% +uh if there's no F of +k n to the little o of + + align:start position:0% +k n to the little o of + + + align:start position:0% +k n to the little o of +K + + align:start position:0% +K + + + align:start position:0% +K +algorithm for problem + + align:start position:0% +algorithm for problem + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm for problem +a then there is + + align:start position:0% +a then there is + + + align:start position:0% +a then there is +no uh F Prime of K Prime * n to the L of + + align:start position:0% +no uh F Prime of K Prime * n to the L of + + + align:start position:0% +no uh F Prime of K Prime * n to the L of +G inverse of + + align:start position:0% +G inverse of + + + align:start position:0% +G inverse of +K + + align:start position:0% +K + + + align:start position:0% +K +Prime algorithm for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +B so I think the analogous statement was + + align:start position:0% +B so I think the analogous statement was + + + align:start position:0% +B so I think the analogous statement was +up here for size blow up and regular NP + + align:start position:0% +up here for size blow up and regular NP + + + align:start position:0% +up here for size blow up and regular NP +reductions but for parameterized + + align:start position:0% +reductions but for parameterized + + + align:start position:0% +reductions but for parameterized +reductions I mean the dependence on K is + + align:start position:0% +reductions I mean the dependence on K is + + + align:start position:0% +reductions I mean the dependence on K is +just an arbitrary computable function so + + align:start position:0% +just an arbitrary computable function so + + + align:start position:0% +just an arbitrary computable function so +that doesn't change but the exponent + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't change but the exponent + + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't change but the exponent +changes correspondingly so if you square + + align:start position:0% +changes correspondingly so if you square + + + align:start position:0% +changes correspondingly so if you square +K you get a square root in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exponent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +okay so let's do some planer problems + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um I'm pretty sure all of the W1 + + align:start position:0% +um I'm pretty sure all of the W1 + + + align:start position:0% +um I'm pretty sure all of the W1 +hardness results for planer problems are + + align:start position:0% +hardness results for planer problems are + + + align:start position:0% +hardness results for planer problems are +within the last like uh five years so + + align:start position:0% +within the last like uh five years so + + + align:start position:0% +within the last like uh five years so +it's a pretty recent + + align:start position:0% +it's a pretty recent + + + align:start position:0% +it's a pretty recent +Direction and the key Insight is a + + align:start position:0% +Direction and the key Insight is a + + + align:start position:0% +Direction and the key Insight is a +problem called grid + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tiling which I have slide + + align:start position:0% +tiling which I have slide + + + align:start position:0% +tiling which I have slide +four uh so this is a problem invented by + + align:start position:0% +four uh so this is a problem invented by + + + align:start position:0% +four uh so this is a problem invented by +Daniel Marks um and 20 + + align:start position:0% +Daniel Marks um and 20 + + + align:start position:0% +Daniel Marks um and 20 +7 um and so the input looks like this + + align:start position:0% +7 um and so the input looks like this + + + align:start position:0% +7 um and so the input looks like this +and the output looks like + + align:start position:0% +and the output looks like + + + align:start position:0% +and the output looks like +that uh so in general you're given a k + + align:start position:0% +that uh so in general you're given a k + + + align:start position:0% +that uh so in general you're given a k +byk Matrix of sets each set has some + + align:start position:0% +byk Matrix of sets each set has some + + + align:start position:0% +byk Matrix of sets each set has some +number of 2D coordinates these + + align:start position:0% +number of 2D coordinates these + + + align:start position:0% +number of 2D coordinates these +coordinates range between 1 and N so + + align:start position:0% +coordinates range between 1 and N so + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates range between 1 and N so +it's K by K small Matrix but each cell + + align:start position:0% +it's K by K small Matrix but each cell + + + align:start position:0% +it's K by K small Matrix but each cell +has a ton of stuff in it up up to + + align:start position:0% +has a ton of stuff in it up up to + + + align:start position:0% +has a ton of stuff in it up up to +n^2 uh + + align:start position:0% +n^2 uh + + + align:start position:0% +n^2 uh +pairs okay and your goal is to in this + + align:start position:0% +pairs okay and your goal is to in this + + + align:start position:0% +pairs okay and your goal is to in this +case in this example all the numbers are + + align:start position:0% +case in this example all the numbers are + + + align:start position:0% +case in this example all the numbers are +between one and five so n equals 5 and + + align:start position:0% +between one and five so n equals 5 and + + + align:start position:0% +between one and five so n equals 5 and +it's 3x 3 so k equals + + align:start position:0% +it's 3x 3 so k equals + + + align:start position:0% +it's 3x 3 so k equals +3 uh your goal is to choose exactly one + + align:start position:0% +3 uh your goal is to choose exactly one + + + align:start position:0% +3 uh your goal is to choose exactly one +uh element from these + + align:start position:0% +uh element from these + + + align:start position:0% +uh element from these +sets such that if you look in any column + + align:start position:0% +sets such that if you look in any column + + + align:start position:0% +sets such that if you look in any column +the first coordinates are all the same + + align:start position:0% +the first coordinates are all the same + + + align:start position:0% +the first coordinates are all the same +here first coordinates are all one here + + align:start position:0% +here first coordinates are all one here + + + align:start position:0% +here first coordinates are all one here +first coordinates are all two + + align:start position:0% +first coordinates are all two + + + align:start position:0% +first coordinates are all two +and in any row the second coordinate is + + align:start position:0% +and in any row the second coordinate is + + + align:start position:0% +and in any row the second coordinate is +the same here they're all four here + + align:start position:0% +the same here they're all four here + + + align:start position:0% +the same here they're all four here +they're all two here they're all three + + align:start position:0% +they're all two here they're all three + + + align:start position:0% +they're all two here they're all three +okay so that's a valid solution as you + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's a valid solution as you + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's a valid solution as you +might expect this is MP complete um H + + align:start position:0% +might expect this is MP complete um H + + + align:start position:0% +might expect this is MP complete um H +but furthermore it's W1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +heart + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I should say uh SI J just gives you + + align:start position:0% +so I should say uh SI J just gives you + + + align:start position:0% +so I should say uh SI J just gives you +some notation is a subset of 1 up to N + + align:start position:0% +some notation is a subset of 1 up to N + + + align:start position:0% +some notation is a subset of 1 up to N +squared for all I and J in one up to K + + align:start position:0% +squared for all I and J in one up to K + + + align:start position:0% +squared for all I and J in one up to K +that's what the input looks + + align:start position:0% +that's what the input looks + + + align:start position:0% +that's what the input looks +like uh the squared means you have + + align:start position:0% +like uh the squared means you have + + + align:start position:0% +like uh the squared means you have +ordered + + align:start position:0% +ordered + + + align:start position:0% +ordered +pairs uh and then your goal is to choose + + align:start position:0% +pairs uh and then your goal is to choose + + + align:start position:0% +pairs uh and then your goal is to choose +an XI J out of each SI J so that in any + + align:start position:0% +an XI J out of each SI J so that in any + + + align:start position:0% +an XI J out of each SI J so that in any +Row the first coordinates match any + + align:start position:0% +Row the first coordinates match any + + + align:start position:0% +Row the first coordinates match any +column the sorry in any Row the second + + align:start position:0% +column the sorry in any Row the second + + + align:start position:0% +column the sorry in any Row the second +Co coordinates match and in any column + + align:start position:0% +Co coordinates match and in any column + + + align:start position:0% +Co coordinates match and in any column +the first coordinates + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +match uh so claim is this is W1 hard and + + align:start position:0% +match uh so claim is this is W1 hard and + + + align:start position:0% +match uh so claim is this is W1 hard and +also now we know W1 hardness is not the + + align:start position:0% +also now we know W1 hardness is not the + + + align:start position:0% +also now we know W1 hardness is not the +most we could hope for we also want to + + align:start position:0% +most we could hope for we also want to + + + align:start position:0% +most we could hope for we also want to +know what the parameter blowup is and + + align:start position:0% +know what the parameter blowup is and + + + align:start position:0% +know what the parameter blowup is and +how we can relate it back to + + align:start position:0% +how we can relate it back to + + + align:start position:0% +how we can relate it back to +eth so um here we will get the same + + align:start position:0% +eth so um here we will get the same + + + align:start position:0% +eth so um here we will get the same +bound there's no F of K * n the little + + align:start position:0% +bound there's no F of K * n the little + + + align:start position:0% +bound there's no F of K * n the little +of K algorithm assuming e so here we + + align:start position:0% +of K algorithm assuming e so here we + + + align:start position:0% +of K algorithm assuming e so here we +will not lose a quadratic but notice + + align:start position:0% +will not lose a quadratic but notice + + + align:start position:0% +will not lose a quadratic but notice +that this thing is K by K so it's + + align:start position:0% +that this thing is K by K so it's + + + align:start position:0% +that this thing is K by K so it's +uh uh while we Define the parameter to + + align:start position:0% +uh uh while we Define the parameter to + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh while we Define the parameter to +be K there's kind of a quadratic amount + + align:start position:0% +be K there's kind of a quadratic amount + + + align:start position:0% +be K there's kind of a quadratic amount +of stuff going on you're selecting K + + align:start position:0% +of stuff going on you're selecting K + + + align:start position:0% +of stuff going on you're selecting K +Square different things in a solution + + align:start position:0% +Square different things in a solution + + + align:start position:0% +Square different things in a solution +that's still okay I mean k is still the + + align:start position:0% +that's still okay I mean k is still the + + + align:start position:0% +that's still okay I mean k is still the +the number of rows or Columns of the + + align:start position:0% +the number of rows or Columns of the + + + align:start position:0% +the number of rows or Columns of the +Matrix um but typically the reason this + + align:start position:0% +Matrix um but typically the reason this + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix um but typically the reason this +problem is interesting this is like a + + align:start position:0% +problem is interesting this is like a + + + align:start position:0% +problem is interesting this is like a +starting point for planer graph problems + + align:start position:0% +starting point for planer graph problems + + + align:start position:0% +starting point for planer graph problems +because you can replace each of these uh + + align:start position:0% +because you can replace each of these uh + + + align:start position:0% +because you can replace each of these uh +cells of the m mat with a gadget that + + align:start position:0% +cells of the m mat with a gadget that + + + align:start position:0% +cells of the m mat with a gadget that +somehow represents all the things in + + align:start position:0% +somehow represents all the things in + + + align:start position:0% +somehow represents all the things in +that set but now the uh these + + align:start position:0% +that set but now the uh these + + + align:start position:0% +that set but now the uh these +constraints that all the things in the + + align:start position:0% +constraints that all the things in the + + + align:start position:0% +constraints that all the things in the +column agree on the first coordinate you + + align:start position:0% +column agree on the first coordinate you + + + align:start position:0% +column agree on the first coordinate you +can think of as a local constraint + + align:start position:0% +can think of as a local constraint + + + align:start position:0% +can think of as a local constraint +because really you just need that the + + align:start position:0% +because really you just need that the + + + align:start position:0% +because really you just need that the +guy that you select here has the same + + align:start position:0% +guy that you select here has the same + + + align:start position:0% +guy that you select here has the same +first coordinate as the guy you select + + align:start position:0% +first coordinate as the guy you select + + + align:start position:0% +first coordinate as the guy you select +here you only need to constrain adjacent + + align:start position:0% +here you only need to constrain adjacent + + + align:start position:0% +here you only need to constrain adjacent +cells because if adjacent cells are + + align:start position:0% +cells because if adjacent cells are + + + align:start position:0% +cells because if adjacent cells are +equal then the whole column will be + + align:start position:0% +equal then the whole column will be + + + align:start position:0% +equal then the whole column will be +equal and if adjacent rows have equal + + align:start position:0% +equal and if adjacent rows have equal + + + align:start position:0% +equal and if adjacent rows have equal +second coordinates then the whole column + + align:start position:0% +second coordinates then the whole column + + + align:start position:0% +second coordinates then the whole column +will have equal second coordinates so if + + align:start position:0% +will have equal second coordinates so if + + + align:start position:0% +will have equal second coordinates so if +as long as you can build gadgets that + + align:start position:0% +as long as you can build gadgets that + + + align:start position:0% +as long as you can build gadgets that +just check with their neighbors that + + align:start position:0% +just check with their neighbors that + + + align:start position:0% +just check with their neighbors that +will give you a kind of planer graph + + align:start position:0% +will give you a kind of planer graph + + + align:start position:0% +will give you a kind of planer graph +structure or a 2d geometry structure if + + align:start position:0% +structure or a 2d geometry structure if + + + align:start position:0% +structure or a 2d geometry structure if +you're doing a geometric problem um and + + align:start position:0% +you're doing a geometric problem um and + + + align:start position:0% +you're doing a geometric problem um and +it lets you work with things kind of + + align:start position:0% +it lets you work with things kind of + + + align:start position:0% +it lets you work with things kind of +locally but when you do that of course + + align:start position:0% +locally but when you do that of course + + + align:start position:0% +locally but when you do that of course +typically K becomes K squ and that's + + align:start position:0% +typically K becomes K squ and that's + + + align:start position:0% +typically K becomes K squ and that's +where you get the square root of K up + + align:start position:0% +where you get the square root of K up + + + align:start position:0% +where you get the square root of K up +here but it won't disappear + + align:start position:0% +here but it won't disappear + + + align:start position:0% +here but it won't disappear +yet okay so uh how do we prove this + + align:start position:0% +yet okay so uh how do we prove this + + + align:start position:0% +yet okay so uh how do we prove this +we're going to reduce from click + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because that is our + + align:start position:0% +because that is our + + + align:start position:0% +because that is our +favorite W1 hard + + align:start position:0% +favorite W1 hard + + + align:start position:0% +favorite W1 hard +problem and it has this kind of bound + + align:start position:0% +problem and it has this kind of bound + + + align:start position:0% +problem and it has this kind of bound +and so it's going to be a linear + + align:start position:0% +and so it's going to be a linear + + + align:start position:0% +and so it's going to be a linear +reduction in fact K Prime will equal K + + align:start position:0% +reduction in fact K Prime will equal K + + + align:start position:0% +reduction in fact K Prime will equal K +and N Prime will equal + + align:start position:0% +and N Prime will equal + + + align:start position:0% +and N Prime will equal +n n here is the maximum coordinate + + align:start position:0% +n n here is the maximum coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +n n here is the maximum coordinate +values in the original problem and Prime + + align:start position:0% +values in the original problem and Prime + + + align:start position:0% +values in the original problem and Prime +is the number of vertices in the + + align:start position:0% +is the number of vertices in the + + + align:start position:0% +is the number of vertices in the +click uh + + align:start position:0% +click uh + + + align:start position:0% +click uh +and yeah I'm going to write down the + + align:start position:0% +and yeah I'm going to write down the + + + align:start position:0% +and yeah I'm going to write down the +reduction and then show you a + + align:start position:0% +reduction and then show you a + + + align:start position:0% +reduction and then show you a +picture it's hard to actually draw the + + align:start position:0% +picture it's hard to actually draw the + + + align:start position:0% +picture it's hard to actually draw the +full reduction it's easier to write it + + align:start position:0% +full reduction it's easier to write it + + + align:start position:0% +full reduction it's easier to write it +down + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +generically and then show you kind of a + + align:start position:0% +generically and then show you kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +generically and then show you kind of a +little slice of a real example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh it's a little bit confusing because + + align:start position:0% +uh it's a little bit confusing because + + + align:start position:0% +uh it's a little bit confusing because +there are four parameters lying around + + align:start position:0% +there are four parameters lying around + + + align:start position:0% +there are four parameters lying around +there's which cell are you in which I'm + + align:start position:0% +there's which cell are you in which I'm + + + align:start position:0% +there's which cell are you in which I'm +denoting by i j i is the which row + + align:start position:0% +denoting by i j i is the which row + + + align:start position:0% +denoting by i j i is the which row +you're in J is which column you're in so + + align:start position:0% +you're in J is which column you're in so + + + align:start position:0% +you're in J is which column you're in so +this is the set of things at row I + + align:start position:0% +this is the set of things at row I + + + align:start position:0% +this is the set of things at row I +column J but then um separately you know + + align:start position:0% +column J but then um separately you know + + + align:start position:0% +column J but then um separately you know +there are the coordinates that are + + align:start position:0% +there are the coordinates that are + + + align:start position:0% +there are the coordinates that are +inside the cell and here I'm denoting + + align:start position:0% +inside the cell and here I'm denoting + + + align:start position:0% +inside the cell and here I'm denoting +that by + + align:start position:0% +that by + + + align:start position:0% +that by +vertices uh because for us uh the + + align:start position:0% +vertices uh because for us uh the + + + align:start position:0% +vertices uh because for us uh the +vertices this what this says is that the + + align:start position:0% +vertices this what this says is that the + + + align:start position:0% +vertices this what this says is that the +vertices map one to one with um with uh + + align:start position:0% +vertices map one to one with um with uh + + + align:start position:0% +vertices map one to one with um with uh +coordinate + + align:start position:0% +coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate +values okay but these coordinate values + + align:start position:0% +values okay but these coordinate values + + + align:start position:0% +values okay but these coordinate values +are different from the IJ coordinate + + align:start position:0% +are different from the IJ coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +are different from the IJ coordinate +values JS are always between one and K + + align:start position:0% +values JS are always between one and K + + + align:start position:0% +values JS are always between one and K +these coordinate values are between one + + align:start position:0% +these coordinate values are between one + + + align:start position:0% +these coordinate values are between one +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +N probably should have a term for those + + align:start position:0% +N probably should have a term for those + + + align:start position:0% +N probably should have a term for those +that distinction but such as it is I J + + align:start position:0% +that distinction but such as it is I J + + + align:start position:0% +that distinction but such as it is I J +is between 1 and K V and W are between 1 + + align:start position:0% +is between 1 and K V and W are between 1 + + + align:start position:0% +is between 1 and K V and W are between 1 +and N so uh there's two types of cells + + align:start position:0% +and N so uh there's two types of cells + + + align:start position:0% +and N so uh there's two types of cells +there's cells on the diagonal of the + + align:start position:0% +there's cells on the diagonal of the + + + align:start position:0% +there's cells on the diagonal of the +Matrix and cells off the diagonal this + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and cells off the diagonal this + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and cells off the diagonal this +is for I not equal to J on the diagonal + + align:start position:0% +is for I not equal to J on the diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +is for I not equal to J on the diagonal +um you just have pairs of the form VV so + + align:start position:0% +um you just have pairs of the form VV so + + + align:start position:0% +um you just have pairs of the form VV so +that's supposed to represent the vertex + + align:start position:0% +that's supposed to represent the vertex + + + align:start position:0% +that's supposed to represent the vertex +and so basically what you choose on the + + align:start position:0% +and so basically what you choose on the + + + align:start position:0% +and so basically what you choose on the +diagonal is going to correspond to the + + align:start position:0% +diagonal is going to correspond to the + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal is going to correspond to the +click that you + + align:start position:0% +click that you + + + align:start position:0% +click that you +want okay because the diagonal has size + + align:start position:0% +want okay because the diagonal has size + + + align:start position:0% +want okay because the diagonal has size +K and so each diagonal item is going to + + align:start position:0% +K and so each diagonal item is going to + + + align:start position:0% +K and so each diagonal item is going to +have to choose a Vertex it's going to + + align:start position:0% +have to choose a Vertex it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +have to choose a Vertex it's going to +turn out that vertex will be in a click + + align:start position:0% +turn out that vertex will be in a click + + + align:start position:0% +turn out that vertex will be in a click +why will it be in a click um because the + + align:start position:0% +why will it be in a click um because the + + + align:start position:0% +why will it be in a click um because the +off diagonal entries are going to force + + align:start position:0% +off diagonal entries are going to force + + + align:start position:0% +off diagonal entries are going to force +that there are edges between + + align:start position:0% +that there are edges between + + + align:start position:0% +that there are edges between +corresponding vertices uh so the off + + align:start position:0% +corresponding vertices uh so the off + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding vertices uh so the off +diagonal entries will have for every + + align:start position:0% +diagonal entries will have for every + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal entries will have for every +Edge uh and we're assuming no Loops here + + align:start position:0% +Edge uh and we're assuming no Loops here + + + align:start position:0% +Edge uh and we're assuming no Loops here +uh for every Edge we put + + align:start position:0% +uh for every Edge we put + + + align:start position:0% +uh for every Edge we put +um VW as an item in the set of pairs + + align:start position:0% +um VW as an item in the set of pairs + + + align:start position:0% +um VW as an item in the set of pairs +okay if this is an undirected graph + + align:start position:0% +okay if this is an undirected graph + + + align:start position:0% +okay if this is an undirected graph +we'll put VW and + + align:start position:0% +we'll put VW and + + + align:start position:0% +we'll put VW and +WV uh and so in fact all of the off off + + align:start position:0% +WV uh and so in fact all of the off off + + + align:start position:0% +WV uh and so in fact all of the off off +diagonal entries look the + + align:start position:0% +diagonal entries look the + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal entries look the +same I guess uh and all of the diagonal + + align:start position:0% +same I guess uh and all of the diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +same I guess uh and all of the diagonal +entries look the same in terms of the S + + align:start position:0% +entries look the same in terms of the S + + + align:start position:0% +entries look the same in terms of the S +sets so let's look at an example uh + + align:start position:0% +sets so let's look at an example uh + + + align:start position:0% +sets so let's look at an example uh +suppose you choose uh this 22 uh + + align:start position:0% +suppose you choose uh this 22 uh + + + align:start position:0% +suppose you choose uh this 22 uh +diagonal entry to be vertex I didn't + + align:start position:0% +diagonal entry to be vertex I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal entry to be vertex I didn't +assume very much um but from the + + align:start position:0% +assume very much um but from the + + + align:start position:0% +assume very much um but from the +constraints of the grid tiling problem + + align:start position:0% +constraints of the grid tiling problem + + + align:start position:0% +constraints of the grid tiling problem +we know that the whole row here has the + + align:start position:0% +we know that the whole row here has the + + + align:start position:0% +we know that the whole row here has the +same uh second coordinate and the whole + + align:start position:0% +same uh second coordinate and the whole + + + align:start position:0% +same uh second coordinate and the whole +column here has the same first + + align:start position:0% +column here has the same first + + + align:start position:0% +column here has the same first +coordinate so if you choose vertex I + + align:start position:0% +coordinate so if you choose vertex I + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate so if you choose vertex I +here that forces I to be to appear + + align:start position:0% +here that forces I to be to appear + + + align:start position:0% +here that forces I to be to appear +throughout there and if you look at some + + align:start position:0% +throughout there and if you look at some + + + align:start position:0% +throughout there and if you look at some +other vertex uh + + align:start position:0% +other vertex uh + + + align:start position:0% +other vertex uh +VJ uh on the diagonal then same thing + + align:start position:0% +VJ uh on the diagonal then same thing + + + align:start position:0% +VJ uh on the diagonal then same thing +happens you have uh J second coordinate + + align:start position:0% +happens you have uh J second coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +happens you have uh J second coordinate +here and uh J first coordinate there and + + align:start position:0% +here and uh J first coordinate there and + + + align:start position:0% +here and uh J first coordinate there and +I see there's a slight typo in these + + align:start position:0% +I see there's a slight typo in these + + + align:start position:0% +I see there's a slight typo in these +slides this should be a j that should be + + align:start position:0% +slides this should be a j that should be + + + align:start position:0% +slides this should be a j that should be +an i I uh the colors are right though so + + align:start position:0% +an i I uh the colors are right though so + + + align:start position:0% +an i I uh the colors are right though so +just look at the colors um cool so uh + + align:start position:0% +just look at the colors um cool so uh + + + align:start position:0% +just look at the colors um cool so uh +now for this to be in the set there must + + align:start position:0% +now for this to be in the set there must + + + align:start position:0% +now for this to be in the set there must +be an edge between VI and VJ and this is + + align:start position:0% +be an edge between VI and VJ and this is + + + align:start position:0% +be an edge between VI and VJ and this is +true for all I andj therefore you have a + + align:start position:0% +true for all I andj therefore you have a + + + align:start position:0% +true for all I andj therefore you have a +click now one thing that's important is + + align:start position:0% +click now one thing that's important is + + + align:start position:0% +click now one thing that's important is +that VI is distinct from VJ otherwise + + align:start position:0% +that VI is distinct from VJ otherwise + + + align:start position:0% +that VI is distinct from VJ otherwise +you could just put VI in all the + + align:start position:0% +you could just put VI in all the + + + align:start position:0% +you could just put VI in all the +diagonal entries and everything is vi + + align:start position:0% +diagonal entries and everything is vi + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal entries and everything is vi +vi but uh because we said uh V does not + + align:start position:0% +vi but uh because we said uh V does not + + + align:start position:0% +vi but uh because we said uh V does not +w for these sets uh the fact that there + + align:start position:0% +w for these sets uh the fact that there + + + align:start position:0% +w for these sets uh the fact that there +is a valid Choice here the fact that uh + + align:start position:0% +is a valid Choice here the fact that uh + + + align:start position:0% +is a valid Choice here the fact that uh +vij is a valid thing in this item uh + + align:start position:0% +vij is a valid thing in this item uh + + + align:start position:0% +vij is a valid thing in this item uh +means that uh VI does not equal + + align:start position:0% +means that uh VI does not equal + + + align:start position:0% +means that uh VI does not equal +VJ so these are all distinct vertices + + align:start position:0% +VJ so these are all distinct vertices + + + align:start position:0% +VJ so these are all distinct vertices +there's exactly K of them and so this + + align:start position:0% +there's exactly K of them and so this + + + align:start position:0% +there's exactly K of them and so this +problem has a solution if and only if + + align:start position:0% +problem has a solution if and only if + + + align:start position:0% +problem has a solution if and only if +there was a k click in the original + + align:start position:0% +there was a k click in the original + + + align:start position:0% +there was a k click in the original +graph clear I guess these entries are + + align:start position:0% +graph clear I guess these entries are + + + align:start position:0% +graph clear I guess these entries are +technically correct if you view these as + + align:start position:0% +technically correct if you view these as + + + align:start position:0% +technically correct if you view these as +unordered pairs uh and because we're in + + align:start position:0% +unordered pairs uh and because we're in + + + align:start position:0% +unordered pairs uh and because we're in +an undirected graph everything is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +flippable all + + align:start position:0% +flippable all + + + align:start position:0% +flippable all +right so that proves that grid tiling is + + align:start position:0% +right so that proves that grid tiling is + + + align:start position:0% +right so that proves that grid tiling is +as hard as click and it was a linear + + align:start position:0% +as hard as click and it was a linear + + + align:start position:0% +as hard as click and it was a linear +reduction we started with value K we + + align:start position:0% +reduction we started with value K we + + + align:start position:0% +reduction we started with value K we +ended up with a thing whose parameter + + align:start position:0% +ended up with a thing whose parameter + + + align:start position:0% +ended up with a thing whose parameter +was + + align:start position:0% +was + + + align:start position:0% +was +K say something again why it it just + + align:start position:0% +K say something again why it it just + + + align:start position:0% +K say something again why it it just +seems like you've just + + align:start position:0% +seems like you've just + + + align:start position:0% +seems like you've just +redefined your n and K to be square root + + align:start position:0% +redefined your n and K to be square root + + + align:start position:0% +redefined your n and K to be square root +of what you might normally uh yeah so if + + align:start position:0% +of what you might normally uh yeah so if + + + align:start position:0% +of what you might normally uh yeah so if +if you prefer you could Define k to be + + align:start position:0% +if you prefer you could Define k to be + + + align:start position:0% +if you prefer you could Define k to be +the number of cells in The Matrix and + + align:start position:0% +the number of cells in The Matrix and + + + align:start position:0% +the number of cells in The Matrix and +then what you would get here is there's + + align:start position:0% +then what you would get here is there's + + + align:start position:0% +then what you would get here is there's +no F of k n to the little o of square + + align:start position:0% +no F of k n to the little o of square + + + align:start position:0% +no F of k n to the little o of square +root of + + align:start position:0% +root of + + + align:start position:0% +root of +K uh algorithm assuming eth um it's just + + align:start position:0% +K uh algorithm assuming eth um it's just + + + align:start position:0% +K uh algorithm assuming eth um it's just +a matter of what you define K to be + + align:start position:0% +a matter of what you define K to be + + + align:start position:0% +a matter of what you define K to be +you're going to either lose the square + + align:start position:0% +you're going to either lose the square + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to either lose the square +here or later um and I + + align:start position:0% +here or later um and I + + + align:start position:0% +here or later um and I +think uh so I'll show you why in a + + align:start position:0% +think uh so I'll show you why in a + + + align:start position:0% +think uh so I'll show you why in a +moment why you might Define it this way + + align:start position:0% +moment why you might Define it this way + + + align:start position:0% +moment why you might Define it this way +because uh here's going to be a planer + + align:start position:0% +because uh here's going to be a planer + + + align:start position:0% +because uh here's going to be a planer +graph problem kind of that uh does not + + align:start position:0% +graph problem kind of that uh does not + + + align:start position:0% +graph problem kind of that uh does not +blow up k at all turns out sometimes you + + align:start position:0% +blow up k at all turns out sometimes you + + + align:start position:0% +blow up k at all turns out sometimes you +don't have to blow up this K turns out + + align:start position:0% +don't have to blow up this K turns out + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to blow up this K turns out +to be the correct K so uh let's do that + + align:start position:0% +to be the correct K so uh let's do that + + + align:start position:0% +to be the correct K so uh let's do that +example um it's called K outer planer + + align:start position:0% +example um it's called K outer planer + + + align:start position:0% +example um it's called K outer planer +list coloring this there's two things I + + align:start position:0% +list coloring this there's two things I + + + align:start position:0% +list coloring this there's two things I +need to Define list coloring and outer + + align:start position:0% +need to Define list coloring and outer + + + align:start position:0% +need to Define list coloring and outer +planer so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's start with list coloring + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so in list coloring given a graph and + + align:start position:0% +so in list coloring given a graph and + + + align:start position:0% +so in list coloring given a graph and +for every vertex you're given a list of + + align:start position:0% +for every vertex you're given a list of + + + align:start position:0% +for every vertex you're given a list of +valid + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +colors and your goal is to color the + + align:start position:0% +colors and your goal is to color the + + + align:start position:0% +colors and your goal is to color the +graph again no Edge should be + + align:start position:0% +graph again no Edge should be + + + align:start position:0% +graph again no Edge should be +monochromatic and the color you choose + + align:start position:0% +monochromatic and the color you choose + + + align:start position:0% +monochromatic and the color you choose +for vertex V must be on the list l + + align:start position:0% +for vertex V must be on the list l + + + align:start position:0% +for vertex V must be on the list l +v uh so this is a generalization of K + + align:start position:0% +v uh so this is a generalization of K + + + align:start position:0% +v uh so this is a generalization of K +coloring K coloring is the case where LV + + align:start position:0% +coloring K coloring is the case where LV + + + align:start position:0% +coloring K coloring is the case where LV +equals 1 through k for all vertices U + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 through k for all vertices U + + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 through k for all vertices U +this is of course a harder problem and + + align:start position:0% +this is of course a harder problem and + + + align:start position:0% +this is of course a harder problem and +uh turns out it's quite + + align:start position:0% +uh turns out it's quite + + + align:start position:0% +uh turns out it's quite +hard um for + + align:start position:0% +hard um for + + + align:start position:0% +hard um for +example it's empty hard for planer + + align:start position:0% +example it's empty hard for planer + + + align:start position:0% +example it's empty hard for planer +graphs that's not surprising because + + align:start position:0% +graphs that's not surprising because + + + align:start position:0% +graphs that's not surprising because +three coloring is going be hard for + + align:start position:0% +three coloring is going be hard for + + + align:start position:0% +three coloring is going be hard for +planer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +graphs um + + align:start position:0% +graphs um + + + align:start position:0% +graphs um +and size of LV is less equal to three + + align:start position:0% +and size of LV is less equal to three + + + align:start position:0% +and size of LV is less equal to three +for allv that by the hardness of planer + + align:start position:0% +for allv that by the hardness of planer + + + align:start position:0% +for allv that by the hardness of planer +three colorin gives you that um so + + align:start position:0% +three colorin gives you that um so + + + align:start position:0% +three colorin gives you that um so +there's also no natural parameter here + + align:start position:0% +there's also no natural parameter here + + + align:start position:0% +there's also no natural parameter here +because you can't parameterize by like + + align:start position:0% +because you can't parameterize by like + + + align:start position:0% +because you can't parameterize by like +the number of colors you have because + + align:start position:0% +the number of colors you have because + + + align:start position:0% +the number of colors you have because +even when it's three this problem is + + align:start position:0% +even when it's three this problem is + + + align:start position:0% +even when it's three this problem is +hard so uh we're going to parameterize + + align:start position:0% +hard so uh we're going to parameterize + + + align:start position:0% +hard so uh we're going to parameterize +by something + + align:start position:0% +by something + + + align:start position:0% +by something +else namely a quantity called outer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +planarity if you know what uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tree width is you can think tree width + + align:start position:0% +tree width is you can think tree width + + + align:start position:0% +tree width is you can think tree width +but uh tree width is a bit messy to + + align:start position:0% +but uh tree width is a bit messy to + + + align:start position:0% +but uh tree width is a bit messy to +Define so I'll stick to Outer planarity + + align:start position:0% +Define so I'll stick to Outer planarity + + + align:start position:0% +Define so I'll stick to Outer planarity +which for planer graphs is within a + + align:start position:0% +which for planer graphs is within a + + + align:start position:0% +which for planer graphs is within a +constant Factor so uh outer planarity if + + align:start position:0% +constant Factor so uh outer planarity if + + + align:start position:0% +constant Factor so uh outer planarity if +you if you have a planer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +graph uh this would be an example of a + + align:start position:0% +graph uh this would be an example of a + + + align:start position:0% +graph uh this would be an example of a +graph of outer planarity 2 uh let me + + align:start position:0% +graph of outer planarity 2 uh let me + + + align:start position:0% +graph of outer planarity 2 uh let me +draw you an example of a graph of outer + + align:start position:0% +draw you an example of a graph of outer + + + align:start position:0% +draw you an example of a graph of outer +planarity one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +suppose all of the vertices are on the + + align:start position:0% +suppose all of the vertices are on the + + + align:start position:0% +suppose all of the vertices are on the +outside face of your planer graph or all + + align:start position:0% +outside face of your planer graph or all + + + align:start position:0% +outside face of your planer graph or all +the vertices are on one + + align:start position:0% +the vertices are on one + + + align:start position:0% +the vertices are on one +face um then that's an outer planer + + align:start position:0% +face um then that's an outer planer + + + align:start position:0% +face um then that's an outer planer +graph or one outer planer graph if you + + align:start position:0% +graph or one outer planer graph if you + + + align:start position:0% +graph or one outer planer graph if you +have a graph where um there are vertices + + align:start position:0% +have a graph where um there are vertices + + + align:start position:0% +have a graph where um there are vertices +on the outside face and if you remove + + align:start position:0% +on the outside face and if you remove + + + align:start position:0% +on the outside face and if you remove +all of those vertices from the outside + + align:start position:0% +all of those vertices from the outside + + + align:start position:0% +all of those vertices from the outside +face the remaining vertices are all on + + align:start position:0% +face the remaining vertices are all on + + + align:start position:0% +face the remaining vertices are all on +the outside face this is two outer + + align:start position:0% +the outside face this is two outer + + + align:start position:0% +the outside face this is two outer +planer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in general if you have to remove the out + + align:start position:0% +in general if you have to remove the out + + + align:start position:0% +in general if you have to remove the out +the vertices on the outside face K times + + align:start position:0% +the vertices on the outside face K times + + + align:start position:0% +the vertices on the outside face K times +before you're left with no vertices then + + align:start position:0% +before you're left with no vertices then + + + align:start position:0% +before you're left with no vertices then +your graph is K outer planer and that K + + align:start position:0% +your graph is K outer planer and that K + + + align:start position:0% +your graph is K outer planer and that K +is your outer + + align:start position:0% +is your outer + + + align:start position:0% +is your outer +planarity okay so uh this is an example + + align:start position:0% +planarity okay so uh this is an example + + + align:start position:0% +planarity okay so uh this is an example +of a problem that's there's no natural + + align:start position:0% +of a problem that's there's no natural + + + align:start position:0% +of a problem that's there's no natural +parameterization because it's not an + + align:start position:0% +parameterization because it's not an + + + align:start position:0% +parameterization because it's not an +optimization problem so we're going to + + align:start position:0% +optimization problem so we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +optimization problem so we're going to +throw in a parameterization that often + + align:start position:0% +throw in a parameterization that often + + + align:start position:0% +throw in a parameterization that often +works out quite well usually if you take + + align:start position:0% +works out quite well usually if you take + + + align:start position:0% +works out quite well usually if you take +planer graphs parameterized by outer + + align:start position:0% +planer graphs parameterized by outer + + + align:start position:0% +planer graphs parameterized by outer +planarity they are fixed parameter + + align:start position:0% +planarity they are fixed parameter + + + align:start position:0% +planarity they are fixed parameter +tractor + + align:start position:0% +tractor + + + align:start position:0% +tractor +for example uh K coloring with uh + + align:start position:0% +for example uh K coloring with uh + + + align:start position:0% +for example uh K coloring with uh +parameterized by outer planarity is fpt + + align:start position:0% +parameterized by outer planarity is fpt + + + align:start position:0% +parameterized by outer planarity is fpt +but list coloring is not question + + align:start position:0% +but list coloring is not question + + + align:start position:0% +but list coloring is not question +doesn't the outer depend on the + + align:start position:0% +doesn't the outer depend on the + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't the outer depend on the +embedding it depends only slightly on + + align:start position:0% +embedding it depends only slightly on + + + align:start position:0% +embedding it depends only slightly on +the the embedding uh I think only by an + + align:start position:0% +the the embedding uh I think only by an + + + align:start position:0% +the the embedding uh I think only by an +additive one or + + align:start position:0% +additive one or + + + align:start position:0% +additive one or +something yeah so it won't matter from a + + align:start position:0% +something yeah so it won't matter from a + + + align:start position:0% +something yeah so it won't matter from a +parameterization perspective definitely + + align:start position:0% +parameterization perspective definitely + + + align:start position:0% +parameterization perspective definitely +within a constant Factor yeah good + + align:start position:0% +within a constant Factor yeah good + + + align:start position:0% +within a constant Factor yeah good +question + + align:start position:0% +question + + + align:start position:0% +question +okay uh so what we're going to show is + + align:start position:0% +okay uh so what we're going to show is + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh so what we're going to show is +that this problem parameterized by outer + + align:start position:0% +that this problem parameterized by outer + + + align:start position:0% +that this problem parameterized by outer +planarity uh so one note is it is in XP + + align:start position:0% +planarity uh so one note is it is in XP + + + align:start position:0% +planarity uh so one note is it is in XP +there is + + align:start position:0% +there is + + + align:start position:0% +there is +a an N to the outer planarity n to the K + + align:start position:0% +a an N to the outer planarity n to the K + + + align:start position:0% +a an N to the outer planarity n to the K +algorithm um using the bound of tree + + align:start position:0% +algorithm um using the bound of tree + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm um using the bound of tree +withth algorithms which I won't go into + + align:start position:0% +withth algorithms which I won't go into + + + align:start position:0% +withth algorithms which I won't go into +but we will show that is W1 hard and + + align:start position:0% +but we will show that is W1 hard and + + + align:start position:0% +but we will show that is W1 hard and +assuming + + align:start position:0% +assuming + + + align:start position:0% +assuming +ath there is no F of K and little K + + align:start position:0% +ath there is no F of K and little K + + + align:start position:0% +ath there is no F of K and little K +algorithm so here is an example of a + + align:start position:0% +algorithm so here is an example of a + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm so here is an example of a +planer graph problem where we do not get + + align:start position:0% +planer graph problem where we do not get + + + align:start position:0% +planer graph problem where we do not get +square root of K which I think would + + align:start position:0% +square root of K which I think would + + + align:start position:0% +square root of K which I think would +also answer your earlier + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question and this is the reduction it's + + align:start position:0% +question and this is the reduction it's + + + align:start position:0% +question and this is the reduction it's +a reduction from grid + + align:start position:0% +a reduction from grid + + + align:start position:0% +a reduction from grid +tiling uh so the idea is if you have a k + + align:start position:0% +tiling uh so the idea is if you have a k + + + align:start position:0% +tiling uh so the idea is if you have a k +byk grid we're going to make something + + align:start position:0% +byk grid we're going to make something + + + align:start position:0% +byk grid we're going to make something +like a k byk grid graph now we have to + + align:start position:0% +like a k byk grid graph now we have to + + + align:start position:0% +like a k byk grid graph now we have to +represent uh the choice here um we're + + align:start position:0% +represent uh the choice here um we're + + + align:start position:0% +represent uh the choice here um we're +given a set of pairs + + align:start position:0% +given a set of pairs + + + align:start position:0% +given a set of pairs +for each of these grid cells which we're + + align:start position:0% +for each of these grid cells which we're + + + align:start position:0% +for each of these grid cells which we're +now representing as a vertex and so + + align:start position:0% +now representing as a vertex and so + + + align:start position:0% +now representing as a vertex and so +we're going to uh but conveniently we + + align:start position:0% +we're going to uh but conveniently we + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to uh but conveniently we +have a choice aspect here so this is not + + align:start position:0% +have a choice aspect here so this is not + + + align:start position:0% +have a choice aspect here so this is not +a this is a thin VE for grid tiling um + + align:start position:0% +a this is a thin VE for grid tiling um + + + align:start position:0% +a this is a thin VE for grid tiling um +we have this list lV for each vertex of + + align:start position:0% +we have this list lV for each vertex of + + + align:start position:0% +we have this list lV for each vertex of +valid choices you can make for that + + align:start position:0% +valid choices you can make for that + + + align:start position:0% +valid choices you can make for that +vertex so we're going to let uh L UI + + align:start position:0% +vertex so we're going to let uh L UI + + + align:start position:0% +vertex so we're going to let uh L UI +J uh so this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reduction from grid tiling + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh L sub UI + + align:start position:0% +uh L sub UI + + + align:start position:0% +uh L sub UI +J equals SI J okay so that's the choice + + align:start position:0% +J equals SI J okay so that's the choice + + + align:start position:0% +J equals SI J okay so that's the choice +that happens for every vertex we have to + + align:start position:0% +that happens for every vertex we have to + + + align:start position:0% +that happens for every vertex we have to +choose one color that MX the fact that + + align:start position:0% +choose one color that MX the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +choose one color that MX the fact that +every grid cell on The Matrix we have to + + align:start position:0% +every grid cell on The Matrix we have to + + + align:start position:0% +every grid cell on The Matrix we have to +choose one item from SI J so most of our + + align:start position:0% +choose one item from SI J so most of our + + + align:start position:0% +choose one item from SI J so most of our +work is already done uh now we have to + + align:start position:0% +work is already done uh now we have to + + + align:start position:0% +work is already done uh now we have to +constrain if you look at two adjacent + + align:start position:0% +constrain if you look at two adjacent + + + align:start position:0% +constrain if you look at two adjacent +vertices + + align:start position:0% +vertices + + + align:start position:0% +vertices +um if they're adjacent in a row then + + align:start position:0% +um if they're adjacent in a row then + + + align:start position:0% +um if they're adjacent in a row then +they must have the + + align:start position:0% +they must have the + + + align:start position:0% +they must have the +same first coordinate I can never + + align:start position:0% +same first coordinate I can never + + + align:start position:0% +same first coordinate I can never +remember um they should have the same + + align:start position:0% +remember um they should have the same + + + align:start position:0% +remember um they should have the same +second coordinate sorry if they're in + + align:start position:0% +second coordinate sorry if they're in + + + align:start position:0% +second coordinate sorry if they're in +the same row and if they're in the same + + align:start position:0% +the same row and if they're in the same + + + align:start position:0% +the same row and if they're in the same +column they should have the same first + + align:start position:0% +column they should have the same first + + + align:start position:0% +column they should have the same first +coordinate so these vertices uh which + + align:start position:0% +coordinate so these vertices uh which + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate so these vertices uh which +are called V for the vertical + + align:start position:0% +are called V for the vertical + + + align:start position:0% +are called V for the vertical +connections and H for the horizontal + + align:start position:0% +connections and H for the horizontal + + + align:start position:0% +connections and H for the horizontal +connections are going to achieve + + align:start position:0% +connections are going to achieve + + + align:start position:0% +connections are going to achieve +that and it's a little bit tedious to + + align:start position:0% +that and it's a little bit tedious to + + + align:start position:0% +that and it's a little bit tedious to +write down + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um basically + + align:start position:0% +um basically + + + align:start position:0% +um basically +uh let's say + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +between UI + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +J and UI + 1 J so two vertically + + align:start position:0% +J and UI + 1 J so two vertically + + + align:start position:0% +J and UI + 1 J so two vertically +adjacent uh vertices we're going to add + + align:start position:0% +adjacent uh vertices we're going to add + + + align:start position:0% +adjacent uh vertices we're going to add +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +Vertex uh v i j + + align:start position:0% +Vertex uh v i j + + + align:start position:0% +Vertex uh v i j +c d for two colors C and D + + align:start position:0% +c d for two colors C and D + + + align:start position:0% +c d for two colors C and D +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +list of size 2 C comma + + align:start position:0% +list of size 2 C comma + + + align:start position:0% +list of size 2 C comma +D um for all + + align:start position:0% +D um for all + + + align:start position:0% +D um for all +colors + + align:start position:0% +colors + + + align:start position:0% +colors +not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +agreeing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +on first coordinate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay again this is hard to draw on the + + align:start position:0% +okay again this is hard to draw on the + + + align:start position:0% +okay again this is hard to draw on the +figure but uh easier to write down so + + align:start position:0% +figure but uh easier to write down so + + + align:start position:0% +figure but uh easier to write down so +um there's a lot of these vertices in + + align:start position:0% +um there's a lot of these vertices in + + + align:start position:0% +um there's a lot of these vertices in +between two adjacent UI vertices uh is + + align:start position:0% +between two adjacent UI vertices uh is + + + align:start position:0% +between two adjacent UI vertices uh is +going to be a bunch they're + + align:start position:0% +going to be a bunch they're + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a bunch they're +parameterized by two color CD remember + + align:start position:0% +parameterized by two color CD remember + + + align:start position:0% +parameterized by two color CD remember +colors are pairs of things but uh you + + align:start position:0% +colors are pairs of things but uh you + + + align:start position:0% +colors are pairs of things but uh you +know colors correspond to the items that + + align:start position:0% +know colors correspond to the items that + + + align:start position:0% +know colors correspond to the items that +are in the SS but but uh don't worry + + align:start position:0% +are in the SS but but uh don't worry + + + align:start position:0% +are in the SS but but uh don't worry +about that so much here except there are + + align:start position:0% +about that so much here except there are + + + align:start position:0% +about that so much here except there are +colors that are compatible that they + + align:start position:0% +colors that are compatible that they + + + align:start position:0% +colors that are compatible that they +have the same first coordinate and their + + align:start position:0% +have the same first coordinate and their + + + align:start position:0% +have the same first coordinate and their +colors that are incompatible for any two + + align:start position:0% +colors that are incompatible for any two + + + align:start position:0% +colors that are incompatible for any two +incompatible colors which is most of + + align:start position:0% +incompatible colors which is most of + + + align:start position:0% +incompatible colors which is most of +them the ones that don't agree on the + + align:start position:0% +them the ones that don't agree on the + + + align:start position:0% +them the ones that don't agree on the +first coordinate we are going to add one + + align:start position:0% +first coordinate we are going to add one + + + align:start position:0% +first coordinate we are going to add one +of these vertices whose list is exactly + + align:start position:0% +of these vertices whose list is exactly + + + align:start position:0% +of these vertices whose list is exactly +CD the two incompatible colors what that + + align:start position:0% +CD the two incompatible colors what that + + + align:start position:0% +CD the two incompatible colors what that +means is suppose this vertex chooses + + align:start position:0% +means is suppose this vertex chooses + + + align:start position:0% +means is suppose this vertex chooses +C well then there's a Vertex here uh + + align:start position:0% +C well then there's a Vertex here uh + + + align:start position:0% +C well then there's a Vertex here uh +with uh list CD it cannot choose C + + align:start position:0% +with uh list CD it cannot choose C + + + align:start position:0% +with uh list CD it cannot choose C +because then that edge would be + + align:start position:0% +because then that edge would be + + + align:start position:0% +because then that edge would be +monochromatic so it must choose D which + + align:start position:0% +monochromatic so it must choose D which + + + align:start position:0% +monochromatic so it must choose D which +means this vertex cannot choose D so + + align:start position:0% +means this vertex cannot choose D so + + + align:start position:0% +means this vertex cannot choose D so +overall what this means is that these + + align:start position:0% +overall what this means is that these + + + align:start position:0% +overall what this means is that these +two vertices must choose a compatible + + align:start position:0% +two vertices must choose a compatible + + + align:start position:0% +two vertices must choose a compatible +color because we rule out all the + + align:start position:0% +color because we rule out all the + + + align:start position:0% +color because we rule out all the +incompatible pairs so this is of list + + align:start position:0% +incompatible pairs so this is of list + + + align:start position:0% +incompatible pairs so this is of list +coloring you can do a lot but in + + align:start position:0% +coloring you can do a lot but in + + + align:start position:0% +coloring you can do a lot but in +particular we can simulate grid coloring + + align:start position:0% +particular we can simulate grid coloring + + + align:start position:0% +particular we can simulate grid coloring +so we're or sorry grid tiling we're not + + align:start position:0% +so we're or sorry grid tiling we're not + + + align:start position:0% +so we're or sorry grid tiling we're not +exploiting a ton of the structure grid + + align:start position:0% +exploiting a ton of the structure grid + + + align:start position:0% +exploiting a ton of the structure grid +tiling but we get an a result here and + + align:start position:0% +tiling but we get an a result here and + + + align:start position:0% +tiling but we get an a result here and +it's tight I didn't write down what you + + align:start position:0% +it's tight I didn't write down what you + + + align:start position:0% +it's tight I didn't write down what you +do for the horizontal but it's symmetric + + align:start position:0% +do for the horizontal but it's symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +do for the horizontal but it's symmetric +so that's nice um this is a one of the + + align:start position:0% +so that's nice um this is a one of the + + + align:start position:0% +so that's nice um this is a one of the +few planer problems where you don't get + + align:start position:0% +few planer problems where you don't get + + + align:start position:0% +few planer problems where you don't get +a square + + align:start position:0% +a square + + + align:start position:0% +a square +root uh the next two you will get a + + align:start position:0% +root uh the next two you will get a + + + align:start position:0% +root uh the next two you will get a +square root but before uh I get to the + + align:start position:0% +square root but before uh I get to the + + + align:start position:0% +square root but before uh I get to the +actual problem here's a variation of + + align:start position:0% +actual problem here's a variation of + + + align:start position:0% +actual problem here's a variation of +grid tiling which is a little tricky to + + align:start position:0% +grid tiling which is a little tricky to + + + align:start position:0% +grid tiling which is a little tricky to +prove hard but is just as hard as grid + + align:start position:0% +prove hard but is just as hard as grid + + + align:start position:0% +prove hard but is just as hard as grid +tiling uh here we need that in every row + + align:start position:0% +tiling uh here we need that in every row + + + align:start position:0% +tiling uh here we need that in every row +uh well here's the input here's the + + align:start position:0% +uh well here's the input here's the + + + align:start position:0% +uh well here's the input here's the +output easier to look at the output um + + align:start position:0% +output easier to look at the output um + + + align:start position:0% +output easier to look at the output um +in any row + + align:start position:0% +in any row + + + align:start position:0% +in any row +sorry that's a column in any column the + + align:start position:0% +sorry that's a column in any column the + + + align:start position:0% +sorry that's a column in any column the +first coordinate is monotonically + + align:start position:0% +first coordinate is monotonically + + + align:start position:0% +first coordinate is monotonically +increasing doesn't have to strictly + + align:start position:0% +increasing doesn't have to strictly + + + align:start position:0% +increasing doesn't have to strictly +increase but you have a less than equal + + align:start position:0% +increase but you have a less than equal + + + align:start position:0% +increase but you have a less than equal +to constraint this is less or equal to + + align:start position:0% +to constraint this is less or equal to + + + align:start position:0% +to constraint this is less or equal to +this less or equal to this 4 4 4 okay + + align:start position:0% +this less or equal to this 4 4 4 okay + + + align:start position:0% +this less or equal to this 4 4 4 okay +here they happen to be equal 2 3 three + + align:start position:0% +here they happen to be equal 2 3 three + + + align:start position:0% +here they happen to be equal 2 3 three +here they increase a little bit and + + align:start position:0% +here they increase a little bit and + + + align:start position:0% +here they increase a little bit and +similarly in every row uh 2 three five + + align:start position:0% +similarly in every row uh 2 three five + + + align:start position:0% +similarly in every row uh 2 three five +they're monotonically increasing 1 two + + align:start position:0% +they're monotonically increasing 1 two + + + align:start position:0% +they're monotonically increasing 1 two +two 2 two 3 so this is a valid solution + + align:start position:0% +two 2 two 3 so this is a valid solution + + + align:start position:0% +two 2 two 3 so this is a valid solution +to grid tiling with less than or equal + + align:start position:0% +to grid tiling with less than or equal + + + align:start position:0% +to grid tiling with less than or equal +to that's how it's called + + align:start position:0% +to that's how it's called + + + align:start position:0% +to that's how it's called +um I will not prove that this is W1 hard + + align:start position:0% +um I will not prove that this is W1 hard + + + align:start position:0% +um I will not prove that this is W1 hard +I do have a figure for it um it's it + + align:start position:0% +I do have a figure for it um it's it + + + align:start position:0% +I do have a figure for it um it's it +turns out to be linear expansion if you + + align:start position:0% +turns out to be linear expansion if you + + + align:start position:0% +turns out to be linear expansion if you +have a k byk grid we're going to end up + + align:start position:0% +have a k byk grid we're going to end up + + + align:start position:0% +have a k byk grid we're going to end up +with a 4K by 4K grid that part is + + align:start position:0% +with a 4K by 4K grid that part is + + + align:start position:0% +with a 4K by 4K grid that part is +important so we we get the same kind of + + align:start position:0% +important so we we get the same kind of + + + align:start position:0% +important so we we get the same kind of +hardness result no F of K and little o + + align:start position:0% +hardness result no F of K and little o + + + align:start position:0% +hardness result no F of K and little o +of K because we only expand K by a + + align:start position:0% +of K because we only expand K by a + + + align:start position:0% +of K because we only expand K by a +factor of four and there are some this + + align:start position:0% +factor of four and there are some this + + + align:start position:0% +factor of four and there are some this +is a description of what the sets are + + align:start position:0% +is a description of what the sets are + + + align:start position:0% +is a description of what the sets are +it's kind of messy but it effectively + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of messy but it effectively + + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of messy but it effectively +forces that the choice on the left is + + align:start position:0% +forces that the choice on the left is + + + align:start position:0% +forces that the choice on the left is +actually equal to the choice on the + + align:start position:0% +actually equal to the choice on the + + + align:start position:0% +actually equal to the choice on the +right even though it only has the + + align:start position:0% +right even though it only has the + + + align:start position:0% +right even though it only has the +ability to specify less than or equal to + + align:start position:0% +ability to specify less than or equal to + + + align:start position:0% +ability to specify less than or equal to +um but you equal is something like + + align:start position:0% +um but you equal is something like + + + align:start position:0% +um but you equal is something like +modulo capital N where n is some really + + align:start position:0% +modulo capital N where n is some really + + + align:start position:0% +modulo capital N where n is some really +large number like 10 time little n + + align:start position:0% +large number like 10 time little n + + + align:start position:0% +large number like 10 time little n +something like that uh the details are + + align:start position:0% +something like that uh the details are + + + align:start position:0% +something like that uh the details are +kind of messy so I will instead I mean + + align:start position:0% +kind of messy so I will instead I mean + + + align:start position:0% +kind of messy so I will instead I mean +we we can just take this as given this + + align:start position:0% +we we can just take this as given this + + + align:start position:0% +we we can just take this as given this +is like a core problem to start with and + + align:start position:0% +is like a core problem to start with and + + + align:start position:0% +is like a core problem to start with and +you can use it to represent lots of nice + + align:start position:0% +you can use it to represent lots of nice + + + align:start position:0% +you can use it to represent lots of nice +uh planer graph problems s and 2D + + align:start position:0% +uh planer graph problems s and 2D + + + align:start position:0% +uh planer graph problems s and 2D +problems so I have one example of each + + align:start position:0% +problems so I have one example of each + + + align:start position:0% +problems so I have one example of each +um these are all from this uh upcoming + + align:start position:0% +um these are all from this uh upcoming + + + align:start position:0% +um these are all from this uh upcoming +book on fixed paramet tractability so + + align:start position:0% +book on fixed paramet tractability so + + + align:start position:0% +book on fixed paramet tractability so +you saw it here first um this book will + + align:start position:0% +you saw it here first um this book will + + + align:start position:0% +you saw it here first um this book will +come out early next year so uh here's a + + align:start position:0% +come out early next year so uh here's a + + + align:start position:0% +come out early next year so uh here's a +problem it's called scattered set this + + align:start position:0% +problem it's called scattered set this + + + align:start position:0% +problem it's called scattered set this +is uh a generalization in some sense of + + align:start position:0% +is uh a generalization in some sense of + + + align:start position:0% +is uh a generalization in some sense of +independent set so let me Define it over + + align:start position:0% +independent set so let me Define it over + + + align:start position:0% +independent set so let me Define it over +here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um I would also naturally call it D + + align:start position:0% +um I would also naturally call it D + + + align:start position:0% +um I would also naturally call it D +independent + + align:start position:0% +independent + + + align:start position:0% +independent +set might even be called that in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +literature uh so in this problem you're + + align:start position:0% +literature uh so in this problem you're + + + align:start position:0% +literature uh so in this problem you're +given a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +graph and and you're given uh two + + align:start position:0% +graph and and you're given uh two + + + align:start position:0% +graph and and you're given uh two +numbers two natural numbers K and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +d and you want + + align:start position:0% +d and you want + + + align:start position:0% +d and you want +to find K + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +vertices with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pairwise + + align:start position:0% +pairwise + + + align:start position:0% +pairwise +distances greater than equal to + + align:start position:0% +distances greater than equal to + + + align:start position:0% +distances greater than equal to +k Sorry greater than equal to + + align:start position:0% +k Sorry greater than equal to + + + align:start position:0% +k Sorry greater than equal to +D okay so if D equals 2 two this is + + align:start position:0% +D okay so if D equals 2 two this is + + + align:start position:0% +D okay so if D equals 2 two this is +independent set independent set says the + + align:start position:0% +independent set independent set says the + + + align:start position:0% +independent set independent set says the +distance between any pair of chosen + + align:start position:0% +distance between any pair of chosen + + + align:start position:0% +distance between any pair of chosen +vertices should be at least two there's + + align:start position:0% +vertices should be at least two there's + + + align:start position:0% +vertices should be at least two there's +no adjacent ones of distance one tals 1 + + align:start position:0% +no adjacent ones of distance one tals 1 + + + align:start position:0% +no adjacent ones of distance one tals 1 +is not interesting T equals 2 is when + + align:start position:0% +is not interesting T equals 2 is when + + + align:start position:0% +is not interesting T equals 2 is when +this problem becomes hard um now + + align:start position:0% +this problem becomes hard um now + + + align:start position:0% +this problem becomes hard um now +interestingly there are fpt + + align:start position:0% +interestingly there are fpt + + + align:start position:0% +interestingly there are fpt +algorithms uh with respect + + align:start position:0% +algorithms uh with respect + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms uh with respect +to K and D so if K and D are small this + + align:start position:0% +to K and D so if K and D are small this + + + align:start position:0% +to K and D so if K and D are small this +problem is easy and for planer graphs + + align:start position:0% +problem is easy and for planer graphs + + + align:start position:0% +problem is easy and for planer graphs +there's a subx exponential fbt algorithm + + align:start position:0% +there's a subx exponential fbt algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +there's a subx exponential fbt algorithm +as well + + align:start position:0% +as well + + + align:start position:0% +as well +uh but when D is unbounded if it's not a + + align:start position:0% +uh but when D is unbounded if it's not a + + + align:start position:0% +uh but when D is unbounded if it's not a +parameter only K is then this problem is + + align:start position:0% +parameter only K is then this problem is + + + align:start position:0% +parameter only K is then this problem is +hard even for planer + + align:start position:0% +hard even for planer + + + align:start position:0% +hard even for planer +graphs okay so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +planer is W1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hard with respect to K only when D can + + align:start position:0% +hard with respect to K only when D can + + + align:start position:0% +hard with respect to K only when D can +be part of the input arbitrarily large + + align:start position:0% +be part of the input arbitrarily large + + + align:start position:0% +be part of the input arbitrarily large +function of + + align:start position:0% +function of + + + align:start position:0% +function of +um and also + + align:start position:0% +um and also + + + align:start position:0% +um and also +eth + + align:start position:0% +eth + + + align:start position:0% +eth +implies there's no planer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +algorithm uh with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time two sorry F of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +k n to little o of square < TK of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +K and in fact for scattered set there is + + align:start position:0% +K and in fact for scattered set there is + + + align:start position:0% +K and in fact for scattered set there is +an end to the bigo of square root of K + + align:start position:0% +an end to the bigo of square root of K + + + align:start position:0% +an end to the bigo of square root of K +algorithm I don't think it's been + + align:start position:0% +algorithm I don't think it's been + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm I don't think it's been +published but it's mentioned in the book + + align:start position:0% +published but it's mentioned in the book + + + align:start position:0% +published but it's mentioned in the book +um and there is this is tight it says + + align:start position:0% +um and there is this is tight it says + + + align:start position:0% +um and there is this is tight it says +there is no n the little o of square + + align:start position:0% +there is no n the little o of square + + + align:start position:0% +there is no n the little o of square +root of K algorithm even when you get an + + align:start position:0% +root of K algorithm even when you get an + + + align:start position:0% +root of K algorithm even when you get an +arbitrary computable function f of K in + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary computable function f of K in + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary computable function f of K in +front uh so this is nice we we're planer + + align:start position:0% +front uh so this is nice we we're planer + + + align:start position:0% +front uh so this is nice we we're planer +so we lose the square aspect but uh it's + + align:start position:0% +so we lose the square aspect but uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +so we lose the square aspect but uh it's +actually a pretty easy reduction + + align:start position:0% +actually a pretty easy reduction + + + align:start position:0% +actually a pretty easy reduction +from grid tile with less than or equal + + align:start position:0% +from grid tile with less than or equal + + + align:start position:0% +from grid tile with less than or equal +to so uh you can see the grid here k + + align:start position:0% +to so uh you can see the grid here k + + + align:start position:0% +to so uh you can see the grid here k +equals 3 in this + + align:start position:0% +equals 3 in this + + + align:start position:0% +equals 3 in this +example uh and here n equals 5 just like + + align:start position:0% +example uh and here n equals 5 just like + + + align:start position:0% +example uh and here n equals 5 just like +our earlier example in fact all the + + align:start position:0% +our earlier example in fact all the + + + align:start position:0% +our earlier example in fact all the +information is here as represented by + + align:start position:0% +information is here as represented by + + + align:start position:0% +information is here as represented by +these little red sticks so we have a 3X3 + + align:start position:0% +these little red sticks so we have a 3X3 + + + align:start position:0% +these little red sticks so we have a 3X3 +Matrix in each Matrix cell we have a set + + align:start position:0% +Matrix in each Matrix cell we have a set + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix in each Matrix cell we have a set +of items in this case there are two + + align:start position:0% +of items in this case there are two + + + align:start position:0% +of items in this case there are two +items in this case there are three items + + align:start position:0% +items in this case there are three items + + + align:start position:0% +items in this case there are three items +the items are encoded by where the red + + align:start position:0% +the items are encoded by where the red + + + align:start position:0% +the items are encoded by where the red +sticks are in this subgrid this is an N + + align:start position:0% +sticks are in this subgrid this is an N + + + align:start position:0% +sticks are in this subgrid this is an N +byn subgrid within a k byk + + align:start position:0% +byn subgrid within a k byk + + + align:start position:0% +byn subgrid within a k byk +Matrix okay so for every present pair in + + align:start position:0% +Matrix okay so for every present pair in + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix okay so for every present pair in +this set SI J we just add a stick now + + align:start position:0% +this set SI J we just add a stick now + + + align:start position:0% +this set SI J we just add a stick now +the stick is a really long path uh it's + + align:start position:0% +the stick is a really long path uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +the stick is a really long path uh it's +100 * + + align:start position:0% +100 * + + + align:start position:0% +100 * +n okay so we have this n byn grid and + + align:start position:0% +n okay so we have this n byn grid and + + + align:start position:0% +n okay so we have this n byn grid and +then we have these 100 n paths now this + + align:start position:0% +then we have these 100 n paths now this + + + align:start position:0% +then we have these 100 n paths now this +is still planer because you can put that + + align:start position:0% +is still planer because you can put that + + + align:start position:0% +is still planer because you can put that +path in there um and also this red path + + align:start position:0% +path in there um and also this red path + + + align:start position:0% +path in there um and also this red path +is 100 and these are length one black + + align:start position:0% +is 100 and these are length one black + + + align:start position:0% +is 100 and these are length one black +edges are length + + align:start position:0% +edges are length + + + align:start position:0% +edges are length +one so uh what's shown here is actually + + align:start position:0% +one so uh what's shown here is actually + + + align:start position:0% +one so uh what's shown here is actually +a satisfying assignment where I I choose + + align:start position:0% +a satisfying assignment where I I choose + + + align:start position:0% +a satisfying assignment where I I choose +one of these vertices um in scattered + + align:start position:0% +one of these vertices um in scattered + + + align:start position:0% +one of these vertices um in scattered +set our goal is to choose vertices that + + align:start position:0% +set our goal is to choose vertices that + + + align:start position:0% +set our goal is to choose vertices that +are very far away from each other how + + align:start position:0% +are very far away from each other how + + + align:start position:0% +are very far away from each other how +far how + + align:start position:0% +far how + + + align:start position:0% +far how +far is 301 * n + + + align:start position:0% +far is 301 * n + + + + align:start position:0% +far is 301 * n + +1 uh roughly three red + + align:start position:0% +1 uh roughly three red + + + align:start position:0% +1 uh roughly three red +sticks plus uh uh one traversal of a + + align:start position:0% +sticks plus uh uh one traversal of a + + + align:start position:0% +sticks plus uh uh one traversal of a +subgrid plus + + align:start position:0% +subgrid plus + + + align:start position:0% +subgrid plus +one roughly three red sticks so uh if I + + align:start position:0% +one roughly three red sticks so uh if I + + + align:start position:0% +one roughly three red sticks so uh if I +choose this + + align:start position:0% +choose this + + + align:start position:0% +choose this +vertex and I want to choose one in here + + align:start position:0% +vertex and I want to choose one in here + + + align:start position:0% +vertex and I want to choose one in here +it's got to be three at least three red + + align:start position:0% +it's got to be three at least three red + + + align:start position:0% +it's got to be three at least three red +sticks away so I'm going to get one red + + align:start position:0% +sticks away so I'm going to get one red + + + align:start position:0% +sticks away so I'm going to get one red +stick here one red stick here and one + + align:start position:0% +stick here one red stick here and one + + + align:start position:0% +stick here one red stick here and one +red stick + + align:start position:0% +red stick + + + align:start position:0% +red stick +there so that's good uh but that just + + align:start position:0% +there so that's good uh but that just + + + align:start position:0% +there so that's good uh but that just +says I choose exactly one out of each of + + align:start position:0% +says I choose exactly one out of each of + + + align:start position:0% +says I choose exactly one out of each of +these things once I choose one of these + + align:start position:0% +these things once I choose one of these + + + align:start position:0% +these things once I choose one of these +end points certainly can't choose + + align:start position:0% +end points certainly can't choose + + + align:start position:0% +end points certainly can't choose +another one because it's only two red + + align:start position:0% +another one because it's only two red + + + align:start position:0% +another one because it's only two red +sticks away uh I can only choose one per + + align:start position:0% +sticks away uh I can only choose one per + + + align:start position:0% +sticks away uh I can only choose one per +subgrid then also I want the less than + + align:start position:0% +subgrid then also I want the less than + + + align:start position:0% +subgrid then also I want the less than +or equal to constraint and that's the uh + + align:start position:0% +or equal to constraint and that's the uh + + + align:start position:0% +or equal to constraint and that's the uh +plus n over here so I have three red + + align:start position:0% +plus n over here so I have three red + + + align:start position:0% +plus n over here so I have three red +sticks plus n that's the + + align:start position:0% +sticks plus n that's the + + + align:start position:0% +sticks plus n that's the +one because I have plus n n is the the + + align:start position:0% +one because I have plus n n is the the + + + align:start position:0% +one because I have plus n n is the the +width let's say these guys so once I + + align:start position:0% +width let's say these guys so once I + + + align:start position:0% +width let's say these guys so once I +choose this guy uh I have to be three + + align:start position:0% +choose this guy uh I have to be three + + + align:start position:0% +choose this guy uh I have to be three +red sticks one two three red sticks away + + align:start position:0% +red sticks one two three red sticks away + + + align:start position:0% +red sticks one two three red sticks away +but I also need to be an addition n away + + align:start position:0% +but I also need to be an addition n away + + + align:start position:0% +but I also need to be an addition n away +and here I am that because I have 1 + + align:start position:0% +and here I am that because I have 1 + + + align:start position:0% +and here I am that because I have 1 +2 uh 3 4 5 six away I'm actually one + + align:start position:0% +2 uh 3 4 5 six away I'm actually one + + + align:start position:0% +2 uh 3 4 5 six away I'm actually one +more + + align:start position:0% +more + + + align:start position:0% +more +than uh n away and that's there's a plus + + align:start position:0% +than uh n away and that's there's a plus + + + align:start position:0% +than uh n away and that's there's a plus +one over there so that's good I'm six + + align:start position:0% +one over there so that's good I'm six + + + align:start position:0% +one over there so that's good I'm six +away I need to be six away and that + + align:start position:0% +away I need to be six away and that + + + align:start position:0% +away I need to be six away and that +corresponds to this being in the fourth + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to this being in the fourth + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to this being in the fourth +column and this being in the fourth + + align:start position:0% +column and this being in the fourth + + + align:start position:0% +column and this being in the fourth +column in other words it corresponds to + + align:start position:0% +column in other words it corresponds to + + + align:start position:0% +column in other words it corresponds to +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +uh second coordinate of this guy being + + align:start position:0% +uh second coordinate of this guy being + + + align:start position:0% +uh second coordinate of this guy being +less than or equal to the second + + align:start position:0% +less than or equal to the second + + + align:start position:0% +less than or equal to the second +coordinate of this guy okay so it's + + align:start position:0% +coordinate of this guy okay so it's + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate of this guy okay so it's +exactly the grid tiling with less than + + align:start position:0% +exactly the grid tiling with less than + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the grid tiling with less than +equal to constraint horizontally and + + align:start position:0% +equal to constraint horizontally and + + + align:start position:0% +equal to constraint horizontally and +symmetrically vertically because the + + align:start position:0% +symmetrically vertically because the + + + align:start position:0% +symmetrically vertically because the +distance between a point here to point + + align:start position:0% +distance between a point here to point + + + align:start position:0% +distance between a point here to point +here is going to be go straight down + + align:start position:0% +here is going to be go straight down + + + align:start position:0% +here is going to be go straight down +jump use the Red Stick and then go uh + + align:start position:0% +jump use the Red Stick and then go uh + + + align:start position:0% +jump use the Red Stick and then go uh +teleport left right and then go straight + + align:start position:0% +teleport left right and then go straight + + + align:start position:0% +teleport left right and then go straight +down from + + align:start position:0% +down from + + + align:start position:0% +down from +there so uh that distance corresponds to + + align:start position:0% +there so uh that distance corresponds to + + + align:start position:0% +there so uh that distance corresponds to +exactly when all the ler equal to + + align:start position:0% +exactly when all the ler equal to + + + align:start position:0% +exactly when all the ler equal to +constraints are satisfied it's an if + + align:start position:0% +constraints are satisfied it's an if + + + align:start position:0% +constraints are satisfied it's an if +only if so this is a reduction from + + align:start position:0% +only if so this is a reduction from + + + align:start position:0% +only if so this is a reduction from +cring with less equal to to scattered + + align:start position:0% +cring with less equal to to scattered + + + align:start position:0% +cring with less equal to to scattered +set therefore it's W1 hard now here + + align:start position:0% +set therefore it's W1 hard now here + + + align:start position:0% +set therefore it's W1 hard now here +notice K Prime is k s because we are + + align:start position:0% +notice K Prime is k s because we are + + + align:start position:0% +notice K Prime is k s because we are +choosing one vertex per uh Matrix cell + + align:start position:0% +choosing one vertex per uh Matrix cell + + + align:start position:0% +choosing one vertex per uh Matrix cell +and they're K squ cells so here we are + + align:start position:0% +and they're K squ cells so here we are + + + align:start position:0% +and they're K squ cells so here we are +losing + + align:start position:0% +losing + + + align:start position:0% +losing +the uh quadratic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +blowup + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions one more similar example um + + align:start position:0% +questions one more similar example um + + + align:start position:0% +questions one more similar example um +there aren't a ton of hard results here + + align:start position:0% +there aren't a ton of hard results here + + + align:start position:0% +there aren't a ton of hard results here +so not a lot to choose from there are + + align:start position:0% +so not a lot to choose from there are + + + align:start position:0% +so not a lot to choose from there are +some multi-way cut and other things but + + align:start position:0% +some multi-way cut and other things but + + + align:start position:0% +some multi-way cut and other things but +among simple examples here's another + + align:start position:0% +among simple examples here's another + + + align:start position:0% +among simple examples here's another +simple example very similar looking uh + + align:start position:0% +simple example very similar looking uh + + + align:start position:0% +simple example very similar looking uh +this is a graph in 2D + + align:start position:0% +this is a graph in 2D + + + align:start position:0% +this is a graph in 2D +plane so to speak you can also think of + + align:start position:0% +plane so to speak you can also think of + + + align:start position:0% +plane so to speak you can also think of +it as a a unit disk graph problem so uh + + align:start position:0% +it as a a unit disk graph problem so uh + + + align:start position:0% +it as a a unit disk graph problem so uh +unit disc graph + + align:start position:0% +unit disc graph + + + align:start position:0% +unit disc graph +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +I take some verticy some points in the + + align:start position:0% +I take some verticy some points in the + + + align:start position:0% +I take some verticy some points in the +plane 2D coordinates let's say given by + + align:start position:0% +plane 2D coordinates let's say given by + + + align:start position:0% +plane 2D coordinates let's say given by +rational values X and Y coordinates are + + align:start position:0% +rational values X and Y coordinates are + + + align:start position:0% +rational values X and Y coordinates are +given by rationals and if I look at any + + align:start position:0% +given by rationals and if I look at any + + + align:start position:0% +given by rationals and if I look at any +two vertices if they live if they're the + + align:start position:0% +two vertices if they live if they're the + + + align:start position:0% +two vertices if they live if they're the +distance between them is less than or + + align:start position:0% +distance between them is less than or + + + align:start position:0% +distance between them is less than or +equal to one then I add an edge so here + + align:start position:0% +equal to one then I add an edge so here + + + align:start position:0% +equal to one then I add an edge so here +I might have a graph this going to be a + + align:start position:0% +I might have a graph this going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +I might have a graph this going to be a +lot of edges with that notion of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one you can have big clicks in a unit + + align:start position:0% +one you can have big clicks in a unit + + + align:start position:0% +one you can have big clicks in a unit +disc graph but it's kind of planer + + align:start position:0% +disc graph but it's kind of planer + + + align:start position:0% +disc graph but it's kind of planer +is um especially if you have dist are + + align:start position:0% +is um especially if you have dist are + + + align:start position:0% +is um especially if you have dist are +not going to be connected so you have + + align:start position:0% +not going to be connected so you have + + + align:start position:0% +not going to be connected so you have +these local clicks but they're kind of + + align:start position:0% +these local clicks but they're kind of + + + align:start position:0% +these local clicks but they're kind of +connected in a planer like + + align:start position:0% +connected in a planer like + + + align:start position:0% +connected in a planer like +way definition clear you have an edge if + + align:start position:0% +way definition clear you have an edge if + + + align:start position:0% +way definition clear you have an edge if +and only if distance at most one so uh + + align:start position:0% +and only if distance at most one so uh + + + align:start position:0% +and only if distance at most one so uh +what about independent set in unit disc + + align:start position:0% +what about independent set in unit disc + + + align:start position:0% +what about independent set in unit disc +graphs we know independent set in + + align:start position:0% +graphs we know independent set in + + + align:start position:0% +graphs we know independent set in +general is hard independent set in unit + + align:start position:0% +general is hard independent set in unit + + + align:start position:0% +general is hard independent set in unit +dis graphs is almost as hard again + + align:start position:0% +dis graphs is almost as hard again + + + align:start position:0% +dis graphs is almost as hard again +there's a quadratic loss in the + + align:start position:0% +there's a quadratic loss in the + + + align:start position:0% +there's a quadratic loss in the +parameter uh but problem is W1 hard and + + align:start position:0% +parameter uh but problem is W1 hard and + + + align:start position:0% +parameter uh but problem is W1 hard and +has the same kind of hardness as + + align:start position:0% +has the same kind of hardness as + + + align:start position:0% +has the same kind of hardness as +scattered set by similar kind ofuure + + align:start position:0% +scattered set by similar kind ofuure + + + align:start position:0% +scattered set by similar kind ofuure +structure here I'm actually giving you + + align:start position:0% +structure here I'm actually giving you + + + align:start position:0% +structure here I'm actually giving you +the grid tiling with less than equal to + + align:start position:0% +the grid tiling with less than equal to + + + align:start position:0% +the grid tiling with less than equal to +um probably also corresponds to the last + + align:start position:0% +um probably also corresponds to the last + + + align:start position:0% +um probably also corresponds to the last +example but here it is in the + + align:start position:0% +example but here it is in the + + + align:start position:0% +example but here it is in the +independent set unit disc problem + + align:start position:0% +independent set unit disc problem + + + align:start position:0% +independent set unit disc problem +independent set in the unit dis is the + + align:start position:0% +independent set in the unit dis is the + + + align:start position:0% +independent set in the unit dis is the +same thing as choosing some vertices uh + + align:start position:0% +same thing as choosing some vertices uh + + + align:start position:0% +same thing as choosing some vertices uh +like this one as the center of a radius + + align:start position:0% +like this one as the center of a radius + + + align:start position:0% +like this one as the center of a radius +1/2 disc and then those radius 1/2 discs + + align:start position:0% +1/2 disc and then those radius 1/2 discs + + + align:start position:0% +1/2 disc and then those radius 1/2 discs +should not intersect each other because + + align:start position:0% +should not intersect each other because + + + align:start position:0% +should not intersect each other because +these two things will have distance at + + align:start position:0% +these two things will have distance at + + + align:start position:0% +these two things will have distance at +least one if and only if a radius 1/ + + align:start position:0% +least one if and only if a radius 1/ + + + align:start position:0% +least one if and only if a radius 1/ +half disc and a radius 1/2 disc here do + + align:start position:0% +half disc and a radius 1/2 disc here do + + + align:start position:0% +half disc and a radius 1/2 disc here do +not intersect okay so it's really about + + align:start position:0% +not intersect okay so it's really about + + + align:start position:0% +not intersect okay so it's really about +choosing centers for these discs that + + align:start position:0% +choosing centers for these discs that + + + align:start position:0% +choosing centers for these discs that +don't hit and so again what we're going + + align:start position:0% +don't hit and so again what we're going + + + align:start position:0% +don't hit and so again what we're going +to do is imagine a an N byn subgrid + + align:start position:0% +to do is imagine a an N byn subgrid + + + align:start position:0% +to do is imagine a an N byn subgrid +within each cell of the + + align:start position:0% +within each cell of the + + + align:start position:0% +within each cell of the +Matrix um but not all of those points + + align:start position:0% +Matrix um but not all of those points + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix um but not all of those points +are actually in the set only the ones + + align:start position:0% +are actually in the set only the ones + + + align:start position:0% +are actually in the set only the ones +that are in in this case S11 uh these + + align:start position:0% +that are in in this case S11 uh these + + + align:start position:0% +that are in in this case S11 uh these +pairs of guys as written here so 1 one + + align:start position:0% +pairs of guys as written here so 1 one + + + align:start position:0% +pairs of guys as written here so 1 one +is in there I guess that's that guy uh + + align:start position:0% +is in there I guess that's that guy uh + + + align:start position:0% +is in there I guess that's that guy uh +25 is this guy 33 is that guy those + + align:start position:0% +25 is this guy 33 is that guy those + + + align:start position:0% +25 is this guy 33 is that guy those +points will actually put in the problem + + align:start position:0% +points will actually put in the problem + + + align:start position:0% +points will actually put in the problem +these uh tiny dots are just Place + + align:start position:0% +these uh tiny dots are just Place + + + align:start position:0% +these uh tiny dots are just Place +markers there's no actual point there + + align:start position:0% +markers there's no actual point there + + + align:start position:0% +markers there's no actual point there +then we construct the unit dis graph on + + align:start position:0% +then we construct the unit dis graph on + + + align:start position:0% +then we construct the unit dis graph on +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +structure and again if we set the unit + + align:start position:0% +structure and again if we set the unit + + + align:start position:0% +structure and again if we set the unit +right and these are super + + align:start position:0% +right and these are super + + + align:start position:0% +right and these are super +tiny uh you know the same way that we + + align:start position:0% +tiny uh you know the same way that we + + + align:start position:0% +tiny uh you know the same way that we +had the red edges which were like a 100 + + align:start position:0% +had the red edges which were like a 100 + + + align:start position:0% +had the red edges which were like a 100 +times longer than the Small Things uh + + align:start position:0% +times longer than the Small Things uh + + + align:start position:0% +times longer than the Small Things uh +over here we're going to have uh let's + + align:start position:0% +over here we're going to have uh let's + + + align:start position:0% +over here we're going to have uh let's +say this thing is 100 times smaller than + + align:start position:0% +say this thing is 100 times smaller than + + + align:start position:0% +say this thing is 100 times smaller than +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +distance enough so that these circles + + align:start position:0% +distance enough so that these circles + + + align:start position:0% +distance enough so that these circles +are act kind of like + + align:start position:0% +are act kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +are act kind of like +squares um if you look away if you look + + align:start position:0% +squares um if you look away if you look + + + align:start position:0% +squares um if you look away if you look +very close to here this looks straight + + align:start position:0% +very close to here this looks straight + + + align:start position:0% +very close to here this looks straight +so uh if these are very compressed so + + align:start position:0% +so uh if these are very compressed so + + + align:start position:0% +so uh if these are very compressed so +it's probably going to be more like a + + align:start position:0% +it's probably going to be more like a + + + align:start position:0% +it's probably going to be more like a +factor of n smaller um then uh these are + + align:start position:0% +factor of n smaller um then uh these are + + + align:start position:0% +factor of n smaller um then uh these are +effectively act like squares it's just a + + align:start position:0% +effectively act like squares it's just a + + + align:start position:0% +effectively act like squares it's just a +matter of whether the horizontal extent + + align:start position:0% +matter of whether the horizontal extent + + + align:start position:0% +matter of whether the horizontal extent +of this disc hits the horizontal extent + + align:start position:0% +of this disc hits the horizontal extent + + + align:start position:0% +of this disc hits the horizontal extent +of this disc and that is a less than or + + align:start position:0% +of this disc and that is a less than or + + + align:start position:0% +of this disc and that is a less than or +equal to constraint once you choose + + align:start position:0% +equal to constraint once you choose + + + align:start position:0% +equal to constraint once you choose +something in column two here every the + + align:start position:0% +something in column two here every the + + + align:start position:0% +something in column two here every the +next one has to be column at least two + + align:start position:0% +next one has to be column at least two + + + align:start position:0% +next one has to be column at least two +here there there's a gap because we + + align:start position:0% +here there there's a gap because we + + + align:start position:0% +here there there's a gap because we +chose column three here there's a gap + + align:start position:0% +chose column three here there's a gap + + + align:start position:0% +chose column three here there's a gap +because we chose column five but for + + align:start position:0% +because we chose column five but for + + + align:start position:0% +because we chose column five but for +example here we chose column two and + + align:start position:0% +example here we chose column two and + + + align:start position:0% +example here we chose column two and +column two and these guys are almost + + align:start position:0% +column two and these guys are almost + + + align:start position:0% +column two and these guys are almost +touching uh but barely not touching and + + align:start position:0% +touching uh but barely not touching and + + + align:start position:0% +touching uh but barely not touching and +as long as you have the less than equal + + align:start position:0% +as long as you have the less than equal + + + align:start position:0% +as long as you have the less than equal +to constraint on the columns then you'll + + align:start position:0% +to constraint on the columns then you'll + + + align:start position:0% +to constraint on the columns then you'll +be okay uh that just won't intersect and + + align:start position:0% +be okay uh that just won't intersect and + + + align:start position:0% +be okay uh that just won't intersect and +it's an if and only if so again we + + align:start position:0% +it's an if and only if so again we + + + align:start position:0% +it's an if and only if so again we +represent G in with us for equal to in + + align:start position:0% +represent G in with us for equal to in + + + align:start position:0% +represent G in with us for equal to in +independent set or dis packing problem + + align:start position:0% +independent set or dis packing problem + + + align:start position:0% +independent set or dis packing problem +in the plane it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +in the plane it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +in the plane it's kind of +cool + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions all right well um oh more fun + + align:start position:0% +questions all right well um oh more fun + + + align:start position:0% +questions all right well um oh more fun +facts so uh we + + align:start position:0% +facts so uh we + + + align:start position:0% +facts so uh we +have for uh independent set in unit dis + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +graphs we we have that there is no F of + + align:start position:0% +graphs we we have that there is no F of + + + align:start position:0% +graphs we we have that there is no F of +k n the little o of squ Ro of K uh + + align:start position:0% +k n the little o of squ Ro of K uh + + + align:start position:0% +k n the little o of squ Ro of K uh +algorithm there actually is an N to the + + align:start position:0% +algorithm there actually is an N to the + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm there actually is an N to the +bigo of square Ro of K uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +algorithm uh we also get and I won't go + + align:start position:0% +algorithm uh we also get and I won't go + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm uh we also get and I won't go +through this I think it's pretty trivial + + align:start position:0% +through this I think it's pretty trivial + + + align:start position:0% +through this I think it's pretty trivial +based on what I said last class uh but + + align:start position:0% +based on what I said last class uh but + + + align:start position:0% +based on what I said last class uh but +we get that there's no efficient P task + + align:start position:0% +we get that there's no efficient P task + + + align:start position:0% +we get that there's no efficient P task +for this problem unless uh + + align:start position:0% +for this problem unless uh + + + align:start position:0% +for this problem unless uh +well oh sorry this we definitely get + + align:start position:0% +well oh sorry this we definitely get + + + align:start position:0% +well oh sorry this we definitely get +from last + + align:start position:0% +from last + + + align:start position:0% +from last +lecture uh I said if you if you're W1 + + align:start position:0% +lecture uh I said if you if you're W1 + + + align:start position:0% +lecture uh I said if you if you're W1 +hard or fbt yeah if you're W1 hard and + + align:start position:0% +hard or fbt yeah if you're W1 hard and + + + align:start position:0% +hard or fbt yeah if you're W1 hard and +fpt does not equal W1 then you are not + + align:start position:0% +fpt does not equal W1 then you are not + + + align:start position:0% +fpt does not equal W1 then you are not +fpt if you're not fpt there's no + + align:start position:0% +fpt if you're not fpt there's no + + + align:start position:0% +fpt if you're not fpt there's no +efficient P test no F of one over + + align:start position:0% +efficient P test no F of one over + + + align:start position:0% +efficient P test no F of one over +Epsilon time n to some constant in fact + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon time n to some constant in fact + + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon time n to some constant in fact +if you assume eth you get a even + + align:start position:0% +if you assume eth you get a even + + + align:start position:0% +if you assume eth you get a even +stronger form of that and in this + + align:start position:0% +stronger form of that and in this + + + align:start position:0% +stronger form of that and in this +example we get that there is no 2 to the + + align:start position:0% +example we get that there is no 2 to the + + + align:start position:0% +example we get that there is no 2 to the +one over + + align:start position:0% +one over + + + align:start position:0% +one over +Epsilon to the 1 - Delta power * n to + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon to the 1 - Delta power * n to + + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon to the 1 - Delta power * n to +the order 1 uh 1 plus Epsilon + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +approximation this is the original + + align:start position:0% +approximation this is the original + + + align:start position:0% +approximation this is the original +result from the uh Daniel Mark's paper + + align:start position:0% +result from the uh Daniel Mark's paper + + + align:start position:0% +result from the uh Daniel Mark's paper +that introduced this was his motivation + + align:start position:0% +that introduced this was his motivation + + + align:start position:0% +that introduced this was his motivation +for introducing grid tiling so again you + + align:start position:0% +for introducing grid tiling so again you + + + align:start position:0% +for introducing grid tiling so again you +get out of all these lower bounds you + + align:start position:0% +get out of all these lower bounds you + + + align:start position:0% +get out of all these lower bounds you +also get results about inapproximability + + align:start position:0% +also get results about inapproximability + + + align:start position:0% +also get results about inapproximability +which is another reason to care uh even + + align:start position:0% +which is another reason to care uh even + + + align:start position:0% +which is another reason to care uh even +if you don't care about parameterized + + align:start position:0% +if you don't care about parameterized + + + align:start position:0% +if you don't care about parameterized +complexity these are the only ways to + + align:start position:0% +complexity these are the only ways to + + + align:start position:0% +complexity these are the only ways to +known to prove lower bounds and how slow + + align:start position:0% +known to prove lower bounds and how slow + + + align:start position:0% +known to prove lower bounds and how slow +your pest has to be because there are P + + align:start position:0% +your pest has to be because there are P + + + align:start position:0% +your pest has to be because there are P +tases for these problems but only so + + align:start position:0% +tases for these problems but only so + + + align:start position:0% +tases for these problems but only so +efficient cool uh that's it for fixed + + align:start position:0% +efficient cool uh that's it for fixed + + + align:start position:0% +efficient cool uh that's it for fixed +parameter + + align:start position:0% +parameter + + + align:start position:0% +parameter +tractability next class we'll do + + align:start position:0% +tractability next class we'll do + + + align:start position:0% +tractability next class we'll do +something completely different \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/d44SDevJYR0.txt b/d44SDevJYR0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f23e0674185790086aac4b242496d028d1fce3df --- /dev/null +++ b/d44SDevJYR0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15899 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or to view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let's get to let's get to work the + + align:start position:0% +so let's get to let's get to work the + + + align:start position:0% +so let's get to let's get to work the +v-model + + align:start position:0% +v-model + + + align:start position:0% +v-model +well I believe it or not but we've + + align:start position:0% +well I believe it or not but we've + + + align:start position:0% +well I believe it or not but we've +arrived today at the bottom of it the + + align:start position:0% +arrived today at the bottom of it the + + + align:start position:0% +arrived today at the bottom of it the +pointy part of the V we're arriving at + + align:start position:0% +pointy part of the V we're arriving at + + + align:start position:0% +pointy part of the V we're arriving at +the bottom of it + + align:start position:0% +the bottom of it + + + align:start position:0% +the bottom of it +and the bottom of it is basically you + + align:start position:0% +and the bottom of it is basically you + + + align:start position:0% +and the bottom of it is basically you +driving down the design and all its + + align:start position:0% +driving down the design and all its + + + align:start position:0% +driving down the design and all its +glory in all its details and we we call + + align:start position:0% +glory in all its details and we we call + + + align:start position:0% +glory in all its details and we we call +this design definition and then I want + + align:start position:0% +this design definition and then I want + + + align:start position:0% +this design definition and then I want +to talk about multidisciplinary + + align:start position:0% +to talk about multidisciplinary + + + align:start position:0% +to talk about multidisciplinary +optimization including what happens at + + align:start position:0% +optimization including what happens at + + + align:start position:0% +optimization including what happens at +the CDR the critical design review yep + + align:start position:0% +the CDR the critical design review yep + + + align:start position:0% +the CDR the critical design review yep +go ahead sorry I do have a quick + + align:start position:0% +go ahead sorry I do have a quick + + + align:start position:0% +go ahead sorry I do have a quick +question about a four viz to this do you + + align:start position:0% +question about a four viz to this do you + + + align:start position:0% +question about a four viz to this do you +want a CAD drawing or hand drawing I'm + + align:start position:0% +want a CAD drawing or hand drawing I'm + + + align:start position:0% +want a CAD drawing or hand drawing I'm +fine with it with a nice dimension hand + + align:start position:0% +fine with it with a nice dimension hand + + + align:start position:0% +fine with it with a nice dimension hand +drawing but we're gonna talk about CAD + + align:start position:0% +drawing but we're gonna talk about CAD + + + align:start position:0% +drawing but we're gonna talk about CAD +next weekend so next week so I do think + + align:start position:0% +next weekend so next week so I do think + + + align:start position:0% +next weekend so next week so I do think +if it would be good to have a CAD + + align:start position:0% +if it would be good to have a CAD + + + align:start position:0% +if it would be good to have a CAD +drawing and but you know CAD drawings + + align:start position:0% +drawing and but you know CAD drawings + + + align:start position:0% +drawing and but you know CAD drawings +can come in very different levels of + + align:start position:0% +can come in very different levels of + + + align:start position:0% +can come in very different levels of +detail right so I think it would be good + + align:start position:0% +detail right so I think it would be good + + + align:start position:0% +detail right so I think it would be good +to have an idea at the PDR package + + align:start position:0% +to have an idea at the PDR package + + + align:start position:0% +to have an idea at the PDR package +most of the PDR packages that you see + + align:start position:0% +most of the PDR packages that you see + + + align:start position:0% +most of the PDR packages that you see +that have been submitted in prior years + + align:start position:0% +that have been submitted in prior years + + + align:start position:0% +that have been submitted in prior years +at can set they do have a CAD drawing in + + align:start position:0% +at can set they do have a CAD drawing in + + + align:start position:0% +at can set they do have a CAD drawing in +therefore they're sort of suggested + + align:start position:0% +therefore they're sort of suggested + + + align:start position:0% +therefore they're sort of suggested +configuration and you know it is useful + + align:start position:0% +configuration and you know it is useful + + + align:start position:0% +configuration and you know it is useful +because you get to see whether the + + align:start position:0% +because you get to see whether the + + + align:start position:0% +because you get to see whether the +packaging concept really works you know + + align:start position:0% +packaging concept really works you know + + + align:start position:0% +packaging concept really works you know +the sketching you can get away with with + + align:start position:0% +the sketching you can get away with with + + + align:start position:0% +the sketching you can get away with with +a lot just sketching so I my answer + + align:start position:0% +a lot just sketching so I my answer + + + align:start position:0% +a lot just sketching so I my answer +would tend to be yes but if you know if + + align:start position:0% +would tend to be yes but if you know if + + + align:start position:0% +would tend to be yes but if you know if +absolutely you don't feel like you need + + align:start position:0% +absolutely you don't feel like you need + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely you don't feel like you need +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +or you don't want to do it then a nice + + align:start position:0% +or you don't want to do it then a nice + + + align:start position:0% +or you don't want to do it then a nice +hand drawing with dimensions will do as + + align:start position:0% +hand drawing with dimensions will do as + + + align:start position:0% +hand drawing with dimensions will do as +well okay so let's let's talk about the + + align:start position:0% +well okay so let's let's talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +well okay so let's let's talk about the +bottom of the V so the other the other + + align:start position:0% +bottom of the V so the other the other + + + align:start position:0% +bottom of the V so the other the other +thing I'm going to cover today is this + + align:start position:0% +thing I'm going to cover today is this + + + align:start position:0% +thing I'm going to cover today is this +idea of multidisciplinary design + + align:start position:0% +idea of multidisciplinary design + + + align:start position:0% +idea of multidisciplinary design +optimization and so where does that fit + + align:start position:0% +optimization and so where does that fit + + + align:start position:0% +optimization and so where does that fit +in so you remember we talked about + + align:start position:0% +in so you remember we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +in so you remember we talked about +concept synthesis concept generation + + align:start position:0% +concept synthesis concept generation + + + align:start position:0% +concept synthesis concept generation +screening and selection and then at the + + align:start position:0% +screening and selection and then at the + + + align:start position:0% +screening and selection and then at the +PDR stage we picked you know we picked + + align:start position:0% +PDR stage we picked you know we picked + + + align:start position:0% +PDR stage we picked you know we picked +one architecture so today's topic is + + align:start position:0% +one architecture so today's topic is + + + align:start position:0% +one architecture so today's topic is +really how do you get this architecture + + align:start position:0% +really how do you get this architecture + + + align:start position:0% +really how do you get this architecture +which is shown as this square here to an + + align:start position:0% +which is shown as this square here to an + + + align:start position:0% +which is shown as this square here to an +optimal and I put optimal in quotes here + + align:start position:0% +optimal and I put optimal in quotes here + + + align:start position:0% +optimal and I put optimal in quotes here +because we're gonna argue what that + + align:start position:0% +because we're gonna argue what that + + + align:start position:0% +because we're gonna argue what that +means but you've refined the design + + align:start position:0% +means but you've refined the design + + + align:start position:0% +means but you've refined the design +such that you can go present it at the + + align:start position:0% +such that you can go present it at the + + + align:start position:0% +such that you can go present it at the +CDR so you take this box here which is + + align:start position:0% +CDR so you take this box here which is + + + align:start position:0% +CDR so you take this box here which is +your concept and you open the box you + + align:start position:0% +your concept and you open the box you + + + align:start position:0% +your concept and you open the box you +can see this on the right and you really + + align:start position:0% +can see this on the right and you really + + + align:start position:0% +can see this on the right and you really +dive into the details of the various + + align:start position:0% +dive into the details of the various + + + align:start position:0% +dive into the details of the various +subsystems and components and how + + align:start position:0% +subsystems and components and how + + + align:start position:0% +subsystems and components and how +they're connected and what you're trying + + align:start position:0% +they're connected and what you're trying + + + align:start position:0% +they're connected and what you're trying +to do is fine tune your design so this + + align:start position:0% +to do is fine tune your design so this + + + align:start position:0% +to do is fine tune your design so this +is shown here schematically let's say + + align:start position:0% +is shown here schematically let's say + + + align:start position:0% +is shown here schematically let's say +there's a design variable x1 and you + + align:start position:0% +there's a design variable x1 and you + + + align:start position:0% +there's a design variable x1 and you +want to find where's the optimal point + + align:start position:0% +want to find where's the optimal point + + + align:start position:0% +want to find where's the optimal point +this point here seems to be optimal to + + align:start position:0% +this point here seems to be optimal to + + + align:start position:0% +this point here seems to be optimal to +minimize metric 3 and and that's the + + align:start position:0% +minimize metric 3 and and that's the + + + align:start position:0% +minimize metric 3 and and that's the +design that you're going to propose so + + align:start position:0% +design that you're going to propose so + + + align:start position:0% +design that you're going to propose so +today's topic really is about + + align:start position:0% +today's topic really is about + + + align:start position:0% +today's topic really is about +fine-tuning the design and coming up + + align:start position:0% +fine-tuning the design and coming up + + + align:start position:0% +fine-tuning the design and coming up +with a CDR level design that's what we + + align:start position:0% +with a CDR level design that's what we + + + align:start position:0% +with a CDR level design that's what we +want to talk about and so what I'll + + align:start position:0% +want to talk about and so what I'll + + + align:start position:0% +want to talk about and so what I'll +cover is our different topics so first + + align:start position:0% +cover is our different topics so first + + + align:start position:0% +cover is our different topics so first +of all the NASA view of this it's called + + align:start position:0% +of all the NASA view of this it's called + + + align:start position:0% +of all the NASA view of this it's called +the design definition process then I'll + + align:start position:0% +the design definition process then I'll + + + align:start position:0% +the design definition process then I'll +talk about MDO + + align:start position:0% +talk about MDO + + + align:start position:0% +talk about MDO +multidisciplinary design optimization + + align:start position:0% +multidisciplinary design optimization + + + align:start position:0% +multidisciplinary design optimization +the use of so called CDF's concurrent + + align:start position:0% +the use of so called CDF's concurrent + + + align:start position:0% +the use of so called CDF's concurrent +design facilities and then finally what + + align:start position:0% +design facilities and then finally what + + + align:start position:0% +design facilities and then finally what +happens at CDR so the the general idea + + align:start position:0% +happens at CDR so the the general idea + + + align:start position:0% +happens at CDR so the the general idea +of the the design solution definition + + align:start position:0% +of the the design solution definition + + + align:start position:0% +of the the design solution definition +process is that you start with something + + align:start position:0% +process is that you start with something + + + align:start position:0% +process is that you start with something +like this on the left this is a product + + align:start position:0% +like this on the left this is a product + + + align:start position:0% +like this on the left this is a product +breakdown structure essentially your + + align:start position:0% +breakdown structure essentially your + + + align:start position:0% +breakdown structure essentially your +system architecture your system + + align:start position:0% +system architecture your system + + + align:start position:0% +system architecture your system +decomposition and on the right side you + + align:start position:0% +decomposition and on the right side you + + + align:start position:0% +decomposition and on the right side you +then translate this to a detailed design + + align:start position:0% +then translate this to a detailed design + + + align:start position:0% +then translate this to a detailed design +okay so for a launch vehicle we have you + + align:start position:0% +okay so for a launch vehicle we have you + + + align:start position:0% +okay so for a launch vehicle we have you +know the flight segment this is what + + align:start position:0% +know the flight segment this is what + + + align:start position:0% +know the flight segment this is what +actually it's going to fly and has a + + align:start position:0% +actually it's going to fly and has a + + + align:start position:0% +actually it's going to fly and has a +payload element the spacecraft bus and + + align:start position:0% +payload element the spacecraft bus and + + + align:start position:0% +payload element the spacecraft bus and +then the launch and the launch + + align:start position:0% +then the launch and the launch + + + align:start position:0% +then the launch and the launch +accommodation so that's the general + + align:start position:0% +accommodation so that's the general + + + align:start position:0% +accommodation so that's the general +ideas you have high-level breakdown but + + align:start position:0% +ideas you have high-level breakdown but + + + align:start position:0% +ideas you have high-level breakdown but +then you need to design every piece you + + align:start position:0% +then you need to design every piece you + + + align:start position:0% +then you need to design every piece you +need to have chosen your materials you + + align:start position:0% +need to have chosen your materials you + + + align:start position:0% +need to have chosen your materials you +need to have chosen the dimensions you + + align:start position:0% +need to have chosen the dimensions you + + + align:start position:0% +need to have chosen the dimensions you +need to understand the interfaces and + + align:start position:0% +need to understand the interfaces and + + + align:start position:0% +need to understand the interfaces and +for every part you also need to decide + + align:start position:0% +for every part you also need to decide + + + align:start position:0% +for every part you also need to decide +what what's a big desk def decision that + + align:start position:0% +what what's a big desk def decision that + + + align:start position:0% +what what's a big desk def decision that +you need to make when you go to the + + align:start position:0% +you need to make when you go to the + + + align:start position:0% +you need to make when you go to the +detail design beside you know material + + align:start position:0% +detail design beside you know material + + + align:start position:0% +detail design beside you know material +dimensions software what is always a big + + align:start position:0% +dimensions software what is always a big + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions software what is always a big +decision to make when you when you when + + align:start position:0% +decision to make when you when you when + + + align:start position:0% +decision to make when you when you when +you do a detailed + + align:start position:0% +you do a detailed + + + align:start position:0% +you do a detailed +design go ahead + + align:start position:0% +design go ahead + + + align:start position:0% +design go ahead +maybe the interfaces between the two + + align:start position:0% +maybe the interfaces between the two + + + align:start position:0% +maybe the interfaces between the two +yeah interfaces all right what I'm + + align:start position:0% +yeah interfaces all right what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +yeah interfaces all right what I'm +trying to get at is cots who knows who + + align:start position:0% +trying to get at is cots who knows who + + + align:start position:0% +trying to get at is cots who knows who +knows this acronym cots let's see it the + + align:start position:0% +knows this acronym cots let's see it the + + + align:start position:0% +knows this acronym cots let's see it the +EPFL anybody know cots what does it mean + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I think we can't hear you right now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +commercial off-the-shelf so you have to + + align:start position:0% +commercial off-the-shelf so you have to + + + align:start position:0% +commercial off-the-shelf so you have to +decide in the detailed design are you + + align:start position:0% +decide in the detailed design are you + + + align:start position:0% +decide in the detailed design are you +going to pick components from a catalog + + align:start position:0% +going to pick components from a catalog + + + align:start position:0% +going to pick components from a catalog +or are you going to custom design these + + align:start position:0% +or are you going to custom design these + + + align:start position:0% +or are you going to custom design these +components right and so one of the + + align:start position:0% +components right and so one of the + + + align:start position:0% +components right and so one of the +things at the CDR that I always ask the + + align:start position:0% +things at the CDR that I always ask the + + + align:start position:0% +things at the CDR that I always ask the +question so you present your CDR design + + align:start position:0% +question so you present your CDR design + + + align:start position:0% +question so you present your CDR design +what percentage what fraction of your + + align:start position:0% +what percentage what fraction of your + + + align:start position:0% +what percentage what fraction of your +parts at the lowest level are cots and + + align:start position:0% +parts at the lowest level are cots and + + + align:start position:0% +parts at the lowest level are cots and +what what fraction did you custom design + + align:start position:0% +what what fraction did you custom design + + + align:start position:0% +what what fraction did you custom design +Mike let's you're you've done a lot of + + align:start position:0% +Mike let's you're you've done a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +Mike let's you're you've done a lot of +these unmanned aerial vehicles and so + + align:start position:0% +these unmanned aerial vehicles and so + + + align:start position:0% +these unmanned aerial vehicles and so +forth can you talk a little bit about + + align:start position:0% +forth can you talk a little bit about + + + align:start position:0% +forth can you talk a little bit about +you know what's the typical fraction of + + align:start position:0% +you know what's the typical fraction of + + + align:start position:0% +you know what's the typical fraction of +cots and how do you make that decision + + align:start position:0% +cots and how do you make that decision + + + align:start position:0% +cots and how do you make that decision +when you design you know a flying thing + + align:start position:0% +when you design you know a flying thing + + + align:start position:0% +when you design you know a flying thing +it really depends on the scale and how + + align:start position:0% +it really depends on the scale and how + + + align:start position:0% +it really depends on the scale and how +robust the the promised cost to the + + align:start position:0% +robust the the promised cost to the + + + align:start position:0% +robust the the promised cost to the +unmanned world is that you can easily go + + align:start position:0% +unmanned world is that you can easily go + + + align:start position:0% +unmanned world is that you can easily go +to hobby grade parts and so if you want + + align:start position:0% +to hobby grade parts and so if you want + + + align:start position:0% +to hobby grade parts and so if you want +to get into more the commercial kind of + + align:start position:0% +to get into more the commercial kind of + + + align:start position:0% +to get into more the commercial kind of +more robust almost like you know almost + + align:start position:0% +more robust almost like you know almost + + + align:start position:0% +more robust almost like you know almost +more like defense kind of like + + align:start position:0% +more like defense kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +more like defense kind of like +robustness and you know durability you + + align:start position:0% +robustness and you know durability you + + + align:start position:0% +robustness and you know durability you +really have to start going into custom + + align:start position:0% +really have to start going into custom + + + align:start position:0% +really have to start going into custom +design parts because you know the hosts + + align:start position:0% +design parts because you know the hosts + + + align:start position:0% +design parts because you know the hosts +if you can do a whole design in space of + + align:start position:0% +if you can do a whole design in space of + + + align:start position:0% +if you can do a whole design in space of +you know all the cots parts but you know + + align:start position:0% +you know all the cots parts but you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know all the cots parts but you know +they're always kind of you know Chinese + + align:start position:0% +they're always kind of you know Chinese + + + align:start position:0% +they're always kind of you know Chinese +made electric motors and batteries and + + align:start position:0% +made electric motors and batteries and + + + align:start position:0% +made electric motors and batteries and +none of them that are performed to like + + align:start position:0% +none of them that are performed to like + + + align:start position:0% +none of them that are performed to like +you know commercial spec but if your + + align:start position:0% +you know commercial spec but if your + + + align:start position:0% +you know commercial spec but if your +depends what you need from the vehicle + + align:start position:0% +depends what you need from the vehicle + + + align:start position:0% +depends what you need from the vehicle +so what what you're saying is there's a + + align:start position:0% +so what what you're saying is there's a + + + align:start position:0% +so what what you're saying is there's a +gap there you can get a lot of cots + + align:start position:0% +gap there you can get a lot of cots + + + align:start position:0% +gap there you can get a lot of cots +stuff at the hobby shop level right + + align:start position:0% +stuff at the hobby shop level right + + + align:start position:0% +stuff at the hobby shop level right +they're pretty affordable but low + + align:start position:0% +they're pretty affordable but low + + + align:start position:0% +they're pretty affordable but low +reliability or you have really high-end + + align:start position:0% +reliability or you have really high-end + + + align:start position:0% +reliability or you have really high-end +or expensive low part you know Lowe + + align:start position:0% +or expensive low part you know Lowe + + + align:start position:0% +or expensive low part you know Lowe +products again like traditional airspace + + align:start position:0% +products again like traditional airspace + + + align:start position:0% +products again like traditional airspace +grade right but there's not much in the + + align:start position:0% +grade right but there's not much in the + + + align:start position:0% +grade right but there's not much in the +middle yeah is that what you're saying + + align:start position:0% +middle yeah is that what you're saying + + + align:start position:0% +middle yeah is that what you're saying +essentially for sure okay good so you + + align:start position:0% +essentially for sure okay good so you + + + align:start position:0% +essentially for sure okay good so you +know that's that's the reality of + + align:start position:0% +know that's that's the reality of + + + align:start position:0% +know that's that's the reality of +detailed design that you're gonna face + + align:start position:0% +detailed design that you're gonna face + + + align:start position:0% +detailed design that you're gonna face +and surprisingly in kind of the formal + + align:start position:0% +and surprisingly in kind of the formal + + + align:start position:0% +and surprisingly in kind of the formal +system engineering methodology there's + + align:start position:0% +system engineering methodology there's + + + align:start position:0% +system engineering methodology there's +not a lot of guidance on this there's + + align:start position:0% +not a lot of guidance on this there's + + + align:start position:0% +not a lot of guidance on this there's +not a lot of you know guidance to say + + align:start position:0% +not a lot of you know guidance to say + + + align:start position:0% +not a lot of you know guidance to say +what's the optimal fraction of + + align:start position:0% +what's the optimal fraction of + + + align:start position:0% +what's the optimal fraction of +commercial off-the-shelf parts this is + + align:start position:0% +commercial off-the-shelf parts this is + + + align:start position:0% +commercial off-the-shelf parts this is +really something you have to work out + + align:start position:0% +really something you have to work out + + + align:start position:0% +really something you have to work out +yourself and depending on what you know + + align:start position:0% +yourself and depending on what you know + + + align:start position:0% +yourself and depending on what you know +whether you're in aerospace or medical + + align:start position:0% +whether you're in aerospace or medical + + + align:start position:0% +whether you're in aerospace or medical +devices or automotive or making + + align:start position:0% +devices or automotive or making + + + align:start position:0% +devices or automotive or making +toothpaste there's actually yesterday + + align:start position:0% +toothpaste there's actually yesterday + + + align:start position:0% +toothpaste there's actually yesterday +that was also a big case study on + + align:start position:0% +that was also a big case study on + + + align:start position:0% +that was also a big case study on +diapers diapers is a three billion + + align:start position:0% +diapers diapers is a three billion + + + align:start position:0% +diapers diapers is a three billion +dollar business believe it or not and + + align:start position:0% +dollar business believe it or not and + + + align:start position:0% +dollar business believe it or not and +they they were going for their solution + + align:start position:0% +they they were going for their solution + + + align:start position:0% +they they were going for their solution +a was to go for a cots solution you know + + align:start position:0% +a was to go for a cots solution you know + + + align:start position:0% +a was to go for a cots solution you know +a lot of vendors and then they said no + + align:start position:0% +a lot of vendors and then they said no + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of vendors and then they said no +it's just gonna give us sort of average + + align:start position:0% +it's just gonna give us sort of average + + + align:start position:0% +it's just gonna give us sort of average +mediocre performance we want something + + align:start position:0% +mediocre performance we want something + + + align:start position:0% +mediocre performance we want something +much better so they went for a much + + align:start position:0% +much better so they went for a much + + + align:start position:0% +much better so they went for a much +higher custom-designed solution took him + + align:start position:0% +higher custom-designed solution took him + + + align:start position:0% +higher custom-designed solution took him +took him a while to do it but but it was + + align:start position:0% +took him a while to do it but but it was + + + align:start position:0% +took him a while to do it but but it was +worth it in the end so this is a big + + align:start position:0% +worth it in the end so this is a big + + + align:start position:0% +worth it in the end so this is a big +decision you have to make so that the + + align:start position:0% +decision you have to make so that the + + + align:start position:0% +decision you have to make so that the +point here being at the end you have a + + align:start position:0% +point here being at the end you have a + + + align:start position:0% +point here being at the end you have a +very detailed design you have blueprints + + align:start position:0% +very detailed design you have blueprints + + + align:start position:0% +very detailed design you have blueprints +you have something you can actually + + align:start position:0% +you have something you can actually + + + align:start position:0% +you have something you can actually +build so you know this is a list of all + + align:start position:0% +build so you know this is a list of all + + + align:start position:0% +build so you know this is a list of all +the things you need to do that you + + align:start position:0% +the things you need to do that you + + + align:start position:0% +the things you need to do that you +define the solution space to develop + + align:start position:0% +define the solution space to develop + + + align:start position:0% +define the solution space to develop +your alternatives all the things we've + + align:start position:0% +your alternatives all the things we've + + + align:start position:0% +your alternatives all the things we've +already talked about at the conceptual + + align:start position:0% +already talked about at the conceptual + + + align:start position:0% +already talked about at the conceptual +level but you do this at every you know + + align:start position:0% +level but you do this at every you know + + + align:start position:0% +level but you do this at every you know +do it at the subsystem level and even at + + align:start position:0% +do it at the subsystem level and even at + + + align:start position:0% +do it at the subsystem level and even at +the component level what are the + + align:start position:0% +the component level what are the + + + align:start position:0% +the component level what are the +alternate designs cost performance and + + align:start position:0% +alternate designs cost performance and + + + align:start position:0% +alternate designs cost performance and +schedule select your design solution + + align:start position:0% +schedule select your design solution + + + align:start position:0% +schedule select your design solution +drive it down to the lowest level of + + align:start position:0% +drive it down to the lowest level of + + + align:start position:0% +drive it down to the lowest level of +detail and then identify the enabling + + align:start position:0% +detail and then identify the enabling + + + align:start position:0% +detail and then identify the enabling +products which would be like support + + align:start position:0% +products which would be like support + + + align:start position:0% +products which would be like support +equipment and things like this so the + + align:start position:0% +equipment and things like this so the + + + align:start position:0% +equipment and things like this so the +best illustration I can give you why + + align:start position:0% +best illustration I can give you why + + + align:start position:0% +best illustration I can give you why +this matters is these two pictures I'm + + align:start position:0% +this matters is these two pictures I'm + + + align:start position:0% +this matters is these two pictures I'm +going to show you the top picture that + + align:start position:0% +going to show you the top picture that + + + align:start position:0% +going to show you the top picture that +you see here this is a picture that was + + align:start position:0% +you see here this is a picture that was + + + align:start position:0% +you see here this is a picture that was +drawn in the seven + + align:start position:0% +drawn in the seven + + + align:start position:0% +drawn in the seven +to sell the space shuttle program to US + + align:start position:0% +to sell the space shuttle program to US + + + align:start position:0% +to sell the space shuttle program to US +Congress this was the vision right this + + align:start position:0% +Congress this was the vision right this + + + align:start position:0% +Congress this was the vision right this +is the orbiter and you can see it's + + align:start position:0% +is the orbiter and you can see it's + + + align:start position:0% +is the orbiter and you can see it's +sitting there in this in this pristine + + align:start position:0% +sitting there in this in this pristine + + + align:start position:0% +sitting there in this in this pristine +hangar right very clean shiny floors + + align:start position:0% +hangar right very clean shiny floors + + + align:start position:0% +hangar right very clean shiny floors +maybe four or five people the payload + + align:start position:0% +maybe four or five people the payload + + + align:start position:0% +maybe four or five people the payload +Bay is open there's like one or two + + align:start position:0% +Bay is open there's like one or two + + + align:start position:0% +Bay is open there's like one or two +carts of ground support equipment you + + align:start position:0% +carts of ground support equipment you + + + align:start position:0% +carts of ground support equipment you +just load up your new satellite close + + align:start position:0% +just load up your new satellite close + + + align:start position:0% +just load up your new satellite close +the doors and off you go for your next + + align:start position:0% +the doors and off you go for your next + + + align:start position:0% +the doors and off you go for your next +mission + + align:start position:0% +mission + + + align:start position:0% +mission +that's a reusable vehicle that's what we + + align:start position:0% +that's a reusable vehicle that's what we + + + align:start position:0% +that's a reusable vehicle that's what we +wanted and then what we actually got is + + align:start position:0% +wanted and then what we actually got is + + + align:start position:0% +wanted and then what we actually got is +this you can't even see the orbiter + + align:start position:0% +this you can't even see the orbiter + + + align:start position:0% +this you can't even see the orbiter +right it's but I promise you it's in + + align:start position:0% +right it's but I promise you it's in + + + align:start position:0% +right it's but I promise you it's in +there it's it's hidden in that + + align:start position:0% +there it's it's hidden in that + + + align:start position:0% +there it's it's hidden in that +scaffolding so this was the it's retired + + align:start position:0% +scaffolding so this was the it's retired + + + align:start position:0% +scaffolding so this was the it's retired +now but this was the orbiter processing + + align:start position:0% +now but this was the orbiter processing + + + align:start position:0% +now but this was the orbiter processing +facility at the NASA Kennedy Space + + align:start position:0% +facility at the NASA Kennedy Space + + + align:start position:0% +facility at the NASA Kennedy Space +Center and the reality was that to turn + + align:start position:0% +Center and the reality was that to turn + + + align:start position:0% +Center and the reality was that to turn +around an orbiter between flights was + + align:start position:0% +around an orbiter between flights was + + + align:start position:0% +around an orbiter between flights was +almost like rebuilding it and the two + + align:start position:0% +almost like rebuilding it and the two + + + align:start position:0% +almost like rebuilding it and the two +subsystems that that required the most + + align:start position:0% +subsystems that that required the most + + + align:start position:0% +subsystems that that required the most +person hours of work were the main + + align:start position:0% +person hours of work were the main + + + align:start position:0% +person hours of work were the main +engine the main engine basically had to + + align:start position:0% +engine the main engine basically had to + + + align:start position:0% +engine the main engine basically had to +be disassembled and inspected and so + + align:start position:0% +be disassembled and inspected and so + + + align:start position:0% +be disassembled and inspected and so +forth and what was the other system + + align:start position:0% +forth and what was the other system + + + align:start position:0% +forth and what was the other system +what's that you shield the heat shield + + align:start position:0% +what's that you shield the heat shield + + + align:start position:0% +what's that you shield the heat shield +the TPS thermal protection system if + + align:start position:0% +the TPS thermal protection system if + + + align:start position:0% +the TPS thermal protection system if +you've ever seen who it was seen the + + align:start position:0% +you've ever seen who it was seen the + + + align:start position:0% +you've ever seen who it was seen the +shuttle close-up okay about half half + + align:start position:0% +shuttle close-up okay about half half + + + align:start position:0% +shuttle close-up okay about half half +here at EPFL who's had a chance to see + + align:start position:0% +here at EPFL who's had a chance to see + + + align:start position:0% +here at EPFL who's had a chance to see +the space shuttle the orbiter close-up + + align:start position:0% +the space shuttle the orbiter close-up + + + align:start position:0% +the space shuttle the orbiter close-up +anybody go ahead one or two one or two + + align:start position:0% +anybody go ahead one or two one or two + + + align:start position:0% +anybody go ahead one or two one or two +so those of you that have seen it what + + align:start position:0% +so those of you that have seen it what + + + align:start position:0% +so those of you that have seen it what +did you notice about the heat shield did + + align:start position:0% +did you notice about the heat shield did + + + align:start position:0% +did you notice about the heat shield did +you notice anything about the protection + + align:start position:0% +you notice anything about the protection + + + align:start position:0% +you notice anything about the protection +that a thermal protection system who's + + align:start position:0% +that a thermal protection system who's + + + align:start position:0% +that a thermal protection system who's +seen it we didn't we do not hear we're + + align:start position:0% +seen it we didn't we do not hear we're + + + align:start position:0% +seen it we didn't we do not hear we're +very well here you don't you can't hear + + align:start position:0% +very well here you don't you can't hear + + + align:start position:0% +very well here you don't you can't hear +me so so the the the point I want to + + align:start position:0% +me so so the the the point I want to + + + align:start position:0% +me so so the the the point I want to +make here is that the thermal protection + + align:start position:0% +make here is that the thermal protection + + + align:start position:0% +make here is that the thermal protection +system every tile is different + + align:start position:0% +system every tile is different + + + align:start position:0% +system every tile is different +every tile is a different shape a + + align:start position:0% +every tile is a different shape a + + + align:start position:0% +every tile is a different shape a +different curvature and and there were + + align:start position:0% +different curvature and and there were + + + align:start position:0% +different curvature and and there were +good thermodynamic reasons + + align:start position:0% +good thermodynamic reasons + + + align:start position:0% +good thermodynamic reasons +aerothermodynamic reasons for that but + + align:start position:0% +aerothermodynamic reasons for that but + + + align:start position:0% +aerothermodynamic reasons for that but +in terms of actually designing + + align:start position:0% +in terms of actually designing + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of actually designing +manufacturing and turning around the + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing and turning around the + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing and turning around the +vehicle it was a nightmare right so that + + align:start position:0% +vehicle it was a nightmare right so that + + + align:start position:0% +vehicle it was a nightmare right so that +it turned out to be not a very reusable + + align:start position:0% +it turned out to be not a very reusable + + + align:start position:0% +it turned out to be not a very reusable +vehicle in the end and why because a lot + + align:start position:0% +vehicle in the end and why because a lot + + + align:start position:0% +vehicle in the end and why because a lot +of the detailed design decisions ended + + align:start position:0% +of the detailed design decisions ended + + + align:start position:0% +of the detailed design decisions ended +up being critical in terms of not really + + align:start position:0% +up being critical in terms of not really + + + align:start position:0% +up being critical in terms of not really +giving you what or not really giving us + + align:start position:0% +giving you what or not really giving us + + + align:start position:0% +giving you what or not really giving us +what we wanted in terms of macro level + + align:start position:0% +what we wanted in terms of macro level + + + align:start position:0% +what we wanted in terms of macro level +properties of the vehicle so detailed + + align:start position:0% +properties of the vehicle so detailed + + + align:start position:0% +properties of the vehicle so detailed +design really matters did you get that + + align:start position:0% +design really matters did you get that + + + align:start position:0% +design really matters did you get that +point at EPFL is it clear it okay thank + + align:start position:0% +point at EPFL is it clear it okay thank + + + align:start position:0% +point at EPFL is it clear it okay thank +you so here's some I'm gonna not going + + align:start position:0% +you so here's some I'm gonna not going + + + align:start position:0% +you so here's some I'm gonna not going +to go through this in detail but here's + + align:start position:0% +to go through this in detail but here's + + + align:start position:0% +to go through this in detail but here's +some flow diagrams plazas process flow + + align:start position:0% +some flow diagrams plazas process flow + + + align:start position:0% +some flow diagrams plazas process flow +diagrams from the system engineering + + align:start position:0% +diagrams from the system engineering + + + align:start position:0% +diagrams from the system engineering +handbook that essentially describe you + + align:start position:0% +handbook that essentially describe you + + + align:start position:0% +handbook that essentially describe you +know how this works so you your inputs + + align:start position:0% +know how this works so you your inputs + + + align:start position:0% +know how this works so you your inputs +are your baseline logical decomposition + + align:start position:0% +are your baseline logical decomposition + + + align:start position:0% +are your baseline logical decomposition +models which is essentially your system + + align:start position:0% +models which is essentially your system + + + align:start position:0% +models which is essentially your system +architecture right and then your your + + align:start position:0% +architecture right and then your your + + + align:start position:0% +architecture right and then your your +baseline derived your detailed technical + + align:start position:0% +baseline derived your detailed technical + + + align:start position:0% +baseline derived your detailed technical +requirements you go through all these + + align:start position:0% +requirements you go through all these + + + align:start position:0% +requirements you go through all these +processes through all these steps and + + align:start position:0% +processes through all these steps and + + + align:start position:0% +processes through all these steps and +then you end up with a whole bunch of + + align:start position:0% +then you end up with a whole bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +then you end up with a whole bunch of +outputs which are more detailed + + align:start position:0% +outputs which are more detailed + + + align:start position:0% +outputs which are more detailed +requirements the specifications you + + align:start position:0% +requirements the specifications you + + + align:start position:0% +requirements the specifications you +remember we teased apart requirements + + align:start position:0% +remember we teased apart requirements + + + align:start position:0% +remember we teased apart requirements +and specifications requirements are what + + align:start position:0% +and specifications requirements are what + + + align:start position:0% +and specifications requirements are what +the system should do requirement + + align:start position:0% +the system should do requirement + + + align:start position:0% +the system should do requirement +specifications are how the system's + + align:start position:0% +specifications are how the system's + + + align:start position:0% +specifications are how the system's +actually been designed right blueprints + + align:start position:0% +actually been designed right blueprints + + + align:start position:0% +actually been designed right blueprints +so that's specifications at the + + align:start position:0% +so that's specifications at the + + + align:start position:0% +so that's specifications at the +subsystem level and then you get other + + align:start position:0% +subsystem level and then you get other + + + align:start position:0% +subsystem level and then you get other +things like a verification validation + + align:start position:0% +things like a verification validation + + + align:start position:0% +things like a verification validation +plan and then logistics and operating + + align:start position:0% +plan and then logistics and operating + + + align:start position:0% +plan and then logistics and operating +procedures so very very detailed work + + align:start position:0% +procedures so very very detailed work + + + align:start position:0% +procedures so very very detailed work +the other thing that's important is all + + align:start position:0% +the other thing that's important is all + + + align:start position:0% +the other thing that's important is all +the design considerations that go into + + align:start position:0% +the design considerations that go into + + + align:start position:0% +the design considerations that go into +making detailed design decisions so + + align:start position:0% +making detailed design decisions so + + + align:start position:0% +making detailed design decisions so +here's a fairly long list of them and + + align:start position:0% +here's a fairly long list of them and + + + align:start position:0% +here's a fairly long list of them and +you can group them into performance + + align:start position:0% +you can group them into performance + + + align:start position:0% +you can group them into performance +availability this is more related to + + align:start position:0% +availability this is more related to + + + align:start position:0% +availability this is more related to +reliability so you could have a system + + align:start position:0% +reliability so you could have a system + + + align:start position:0% +reliability so you could have a system +that height is high nominal performance + + align:start position:0% +that height is high nominal performance + + + align:start position:0% +that height is high nominal performance +but is poor + + align:start position:0% +but is poor + + + align:start position:0% +but is poor +right so it's not available very much + + align:start position:0% +right so it's not available very much + + + align:start position:0% +right so it's not available very much +that's not good we want high performance + + align:start position:0% +that's not good we want high performance + + + align:start position:0% +that's not good we want high performance +and high availability that gives you + + align:start position:0% +and high availability that gives you + + + align:start position:0% +and high availability that gives you +your technical effectiveness and then + + align:start position:0% +your technical effectiveness and then + + + align:start position:0% +your technical effectiveness and then +how do you actually operate the system + + align:start position:0% +how do you actually operate the system + + + align:start position:0% +how do you actually operate the system +so operations maintenance logistics so + + align:start position:0% +so operations maintenance logistics so + + + align:start position:0% +so operations maintenance logistics so +that's process efficiency together that + + align:start position:0% +that's process efficiency together that + + + align:start position:0% +that's process efficiency together that +gives you system effectiveness and then + + align:start position:0% +gives you system effectiveness and then + + + align:start position:0% +gives you system effectiveness and then +of course you have the total cost of + + align:start position:0% +of course you have the total cost of + + + align:start position:0% +of course you have the total cost of +operating the system lifecycle costs + + align:start position:0% +operating the system lifecycle costs + + + align:start position:0% +operating the system lifecycle costs +total ownership cost and then system + + align:start position:0% +total ownership cost and then system + + + align:start position:0% +total ownership cost and then system +effectiveness and cost together give you + + align:start position:0% +effectiveness and cost together give you + + + align:start position:0% +effectiveness and cost together give you +what's called here affordable + + align:start position:0% +what's called here affordable + + + align:start position:0% +what's called here affordable +operational effectiveness so I would + + align:start position:0% +operational effectiveness so I would + + + align:start position:0% +operational effectiveness so I would +argue in terms of the space shuttle + + align:start position:0% +argue in terms of the space shuttle + + + align:start position:0% +argue in terms of the space shuttle +program it had high system performance + + align:start position:0% +program it had high system performance + + + align:start position:0% +program it had high system performance +it had okay system availability they had + + align:start position:0% +it had okay system availability they had + + + align:start position:0% +it had okay system availability they had +definitely were some reliability issues + + align:start position:0% +definitely were some reliability issues + + + align:start position:0% +definitely were some reliability issues +but it was manageable anybody had very + + align:start position:0% +but it was manageable anybody had very + + + align:start position:0% +but it was manageable anybody had very +poor process efficiency operations + + align:start position:0% +poor process efficiency operations + + + align:start position:0% +poor process efficiency operations +maintenance logistics very very + + align:start position:0% +maintenance logistics very very + + + align:start position:0% +maintenance logistics very very +difficult so a system effectiveness + + align:start position:0% +difficult so a system effectiveness + + + align:start position:0% +difficult so a system effectiveness +wasn't that high and as a result the + + align:start position:0% +wasn't that high and as a result the + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't that high and as a result the +lifecycle cost was also very high + + align:start position:0% +lifecycle cost was also very high + + + align:start position:0% +lifecycle cost was also very high +there's a very famous paper where after + + align:start position:0% +there's a very famous paper where after + + + align:start position:0% +there's a very famous paper where after +the shuttle program was ended a life + + align:start position:0% +the shuttle program was ended a life + + + align:start position:0% +the shuttle program was ended a life +cycle cost analysis was done and it was + + align:start position:0% +cycle cost analysis was done and it was + + + align:start position:0% +cycle cost analysis was done and it was +it turned out that one launch cost about + + align:start position:0% +it turned out that one launch cost about + + + align:start position:0% +it turned out that one launch cost about +1.5 billion dollars so during the + + align:start position:0% +1.5 billion dollars so during the + + + align:start position:0% +1.5 billion dollars so during the +program people would say oh one launch + + align:start position:0% +program people would say oh one launch + + + align:start position:0% +program people would say oh one launch +is maybe 500 million there you know the + + align:start position:0% +is maybe 500 million there you know the + + + align:start position:0% +is maybe 500 million there you know the +variable cost and the rest is fixed cost + + align:start position:0% +variable cost and the rest is fixed cost + + + align:start position:0% +variable cost and the rest is fixed cost +but once the program is done it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +but once the program is done it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +but once the program is done it doesn't +matter anymore whether it was fixed or + + align:start position:0% +matter anymore whether it was fixed or + + + align:start position:0% +matter anymore whether it was fixed or +variable cost all you know is what was + + align:start position:0% +variable cost all you know is what was + + + align:start position:0% +variable cost all you know is what was +the total cost of the program how many + + align:start position:0% +the total cost of the program how many + + + align:start position:0% +the total cost of the program how many +launches did we actually do and you just + + align:start position:0% +launches did we actually do and you just + + + align:start position:0% +launches did we actually do and you just +take the ratio and it was 1.5 billion + + align:start position:0% +take the ratio and it was 1.5 billion + + + align:start position:0% +take the ratio and it was 1.5 billion +dollars per launch of the shuttle and so + + align:start position:0% +dollars per launch of the shuttle and so + + + align:start position:0% +dollars per launch of the shuttle and so +I would come I would say that's way off + + align:start position:0% +I would come I would say that's way off + + + align:start position:0% +I would come I would say that's way off +from what the original target was yeah + + align:start position:0% +from what the original target was yeah + + + align:start position:0% +from what the original target was yeah +Veronica does that number account for + + align:start position:0% +Veronica does that number account for + + + align:start position:0% +Veronica does that number account for +for crew and crew training it's it's a + + align:start position:0% +for crew and crew training it's it's a + + + align:start position:0% +for crew and crew training it's it's a +good question I think so I think it + + align:start position:0% +good question I think so I think it + + + align:start position:0% +good question I think so I think it +basically whatever was appropriated by + + align:start position:0% +basically whatever was appropriated by + + + align:start position:0% +basically whatever was appropriated by +Congress for the shuttle program and I + + align:start position:0% +Congress for the shuttle program and I + + + align:start position:0% +Congress for the shuttle program and I +think that would include crew operations + + align:start position:0% +think that would include crew operations + + + align:start position:0% +think that would include crew operations +as well yeah so I'm happy to point you + + align:start position:0% +as well yeah so I'm happy to point you + + + align:start position:0% +as well yeah so I'm happy to point you +to that paper actually yes it also + + align:start position:0% +to that paper actually yes it also + + + align:start position:0% +to that paper actually yes it also +accounted for R&D costs as well right + + align:start position:0% +accounted for R&D costs as well right + + + align:start position:0% +accounted for R&D costs as well right +yes that's correct it includes + + align:start position:0% +yes that's correct it includes + + + align:start position:0% +yes that's correct it includes +everything all in R&D cost R&D took + + align:start position:0% +everything all in R&D cost R&D took + + + align:start position:0% +everything all in R&D cost R&D took +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +ten years and then operations was about + + align:start position:0% +ten years and then operations was about + + + align:start position:0% +ten years and then operations was about +30 years okay so you see in and of + + align:start position:0% +30 years okay so you see in and of + + + align:start position:0% +30 years okay so you see in and of +course you know within within these are + + align:start position:0% +course you know within within these are + + + align:start position:0% +course you know within within these are +budget limits so part of the reason why + + align:start position:0% +budget limits so part of the reason why + + + align:start position:0% +budget limits so part of the reason why +the shuttle didn't have that high + + align:start position:0% +the shuttle didn't have that high + + + align:start position:0% +the shuttle didn't have that high +process efficiency was because the R&D + + align:start position:0% +process efficiency was because the R&D + + + align:start position:0% +process efficiency was because the R&D +budget was capped pretty tightly so + + align:start position:0% +budget was capped pretty tightly so + + + align:start position:0% +budget was capped pretty tightly so +rather than optimizing you know for + + align:start position:0% +rather than optimizing you know for + + + align:start position:0% +rather than optimizing you know for +maintainability and turnaround they they + + align:start position:0% +maintainability and turnaround they they + + + align:start position:0% +maintainability and turnaround they they +said we need to have the system + + align:start position:0% +said we need to have the system + + + align:start position:0% +said we need to have the system +performance we need to have reasonable + + align:start position:0% +performance we need to have reasonable + + + align:start position:0% +performance we need to have reasonable +system availability and then the rest + + align:start position:0% +system availability and then the rest + + + align:start position:0% +system availability and then the rest +basically is we're gonna deal with it + + align:start position:0% +basically is we're gonna deal with it + + + align:start position:0% +basically is we're gonna deal with it +later so that what effectively happened + + align:start position:0% +later so that what effectively happened + + + align:start position:0% +later so that what effectively happened +is they capped R&D cost and as a result + + align:start position:0% +is they capped R&D cost and as a result + + + align:start position:0% +is they capped R&D cost and as a result +the life cycle cost ballooned I would + + align:start position:0% +the life cycle cost ballooned I would + + + align:start position:0% +the life cycle cost ballooned I would +argue if they had spent you know two or + + align:start position:0% +argue if they had spent you know two or + + + align:start position:0% +argue if they had spent you know two or +three more years optimizing you know + + align:start position:0% +three more years optimizing you know + + + align:start position:0% +three more years optimizing you know +maintenance and turnaround really making + + align:start position:0% +maintenance and turnaround really making + + + align:start position:0% +maintenance and turnaround really making +it reusable the lifecycle cost could + + align:start position:0% +it reusable the lifecycle cost could + + + align:start position:0% +it reusable the lifecycle cost could +have been much better but that was not + + align:start position:0% +have been much better but that was not + + + align:start position:0% +have been much better but that was not +that's not how it worked so you have a + + align:start position:0% +that's not how it worked so you have a + + + align:start position:0% +that's not how it worked so you have a +lot of these competing requirements and + + align:start position:0% +lot of these competing requirements and + + + align:start position:0% +lot of these competing requirements and +so I want to just ask you this this is + + align:start position:0% +so I want to just ask you this this is + + + align:start position:0% +so I want to just ask you this this is +the first concept question today okay so + + align:start position:0% +the first concept question today okay so + + + align:start position:0% +the first concept question today okay so +imagine you're this is a very detailed + + align:start position:0% +imagine you're this is a very detailed + + + align:start position:0% +imagine you're this is a very detailed +design this is of just just a bracket + + align:start position:0% +design this is of just just a bracket + + + align:start position:0% +design this is of just just a bracket +here okay and this this bracket was + + align:start position:0% +here okay and this this bracket was + + + align:start position:0% +here okay and this this bracket was +designed so it has like a tip load think + + align:start position:0% +designed so it has like a tip load think + + + align:start position:0% +designed so it has like a tip load think +of this as a as a cantilever beam so + + align:start position:0% +of this as a as a cantilever beam so + + + align:start position:0% +of this as a as a cantilever beam so +it's attached on the right side or left + + align:start position:0% +it's attached on the right side or left + + + align:start position:0% +it's attached on the right side or left +side here you have a load and then this + + align:start position:0% +side here you have a load and then this + + + align:start position:0% +side here you have a load and then this +is your displacement under a given load + + align:start position:0% +is your displacement under a given load + + + align:start position:0% +is your displacement under a given load +and these three brackets all have the + + align:start position:0% +and these three brackets all have the + + + align:start position:0% +and these three brackets all have the +same mass they use the same amount of + + align:start position:0% +same mass they use the same amount of + + + align:start position:0% +same mass they use the same amount of +material okay so if we if you can think + + align:start position:0% +material okay so if we if you can think + + + align:start position:0% +material okay so if we if you can think +of this as you get from this very simple + + align:start position:0% +of this as you get from this very simple + + + align:start position:0% +of this as you get from this very simple +design to the more intricate design you + + align:start position:0% +design to the more intricate design you + + + align:start position:0% +design to the more intricate design you +have more design freedom so you get + + align:start position:0% +have more design freedom so you get + + + align:start position:0% +have more design freedom so you get +better performance you see the + + align:start position:0% +better performance you see the + + + align:start position:0% +better performance you see the +displacement goes down but you also have + + align:start position:0% +displacement goes down but you also have + + + align:start position:0% +displacement goes down but you also have +more complexity so it's more difficult + + align:start position:0% +more complexity so it's more difficult + + + align:start position:0% +more complexity so it's more difficult +to optimize it's more difficult to + + align:start position:0% +to optimize it's more difficult to + + + align:start position:0% +to optimize it's more difficult to +manufacture and so forth and so we can + + align:start position:0% +manufacture and so forth and so we can + + + align:start position:0% +manufacture and so forth and so we can +actually show these three choices here + + align:start position:0% +actually show these three choices here + + + align:start position:0% +actually show these three choices here +on a manufacturing cost per unit cost + + align:start position:0% +on a manufacturing cost per unit cost + + + align:start position:0% +on a manufacturing cost per unit cost +versus the displacement structural + + align:start position:0% +versus the displacement structural + + + align:start position:0% +versus the displacement structural +displacement under load chart + + align:start position:0% +displacement under load chart + + + align:start position:0% +displacement under load chart +so our simple design our one bar design + + align:start position:0% +so our simple design our one bar design + + + align:start position:0% +so our simple design our one bar design +has a + + align:start position:0% +has a + + + align:start position:0% +has a +displacement of 2.5 millimeters under + + align:start position:0% +displacement of 2.5 millimeters under + + + align:start position:0% +displacement of 2.5 millimeters under +load and it costs about $2 to make the + + align:start position:0% +load and it costs about $2 to make the + + + align:start position:0% +load and it costs about $2 to make the +tube our design has much better + + align:start position:0% +tube our design has much better + + + align:start position:0% +tube our design has much better +performance like 0.75 or something like + + align:start position:0% +performance like 0.75 or something like + + + align:start position:0% +performance like 0.75 or something like +that costs about $3 to make and then + + align:start position:0% +that costs about $3 to make and then + + + align:start position:0% +that costs about $3 to make and then +this 17 bar intricate design has 0.6 + + align:start position:0% +this 17 bar intricate design has 0.6 + + + align:start position:0% +this 17 bar intricate design has 0.6 +millimeters so the best structural + + align:start position:0% +millimeters so the best structural + + + align:start position:0% +millimeters so the best structural +performance but its cost is about $8 per + + align:start position:0% +performance but its cost is about $8 per + + + align:start position:0% +performance but its cost is about $8 per +piece so my question to you is which of + + align:start position:0% +piece so my question to you is which of + + + align:start position:0% +piece so my question to you is which of +these three designs would you select and + + align:start position:0% +these three designs would you select and + + + align:start position:0% +these three designs would you select and +why so you could go to two to that link + + align:start position:0% +why so you could go to two to that link + + + align:start position:0% +why so you could go to two to that link +enter your answer and then we'll look at + + align:start position:0% +enter your answer and then we'll look at + + + align:start position:0% +enter your answer and then we'll look at +the look at the distribution so we have + + align:start position:0% +the look at the distribution so we have + + + align:start position:0% +the look at the distribution so we have +39 responses that's good + + align:start position:0% +39 responses that's good + + + align:start position:0% +39 responses that's good +interesting okay so one of you said + + align:start position:0% +interesting okay so one of you said + + + align:start position:0% +interesting okay so one of you said +you're gonna go for the super-duper 17 + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna go for the super-duper 17 + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna go for the super-duper 17 +bar design most of you 74% said the 2 + + align:start position:0% +bar design most of you 74% said the 2 + + + align:start position:0% +bar design most of you 74% said the 2 +bar design and one of you said one bar + + align:start position:0% +bar design and one of you said one bar + + + align:start position:0% +bar design and one of you said one bar +and then eight of you 20% said you're + + align:start position:0% +and then eight of you 20% said you're + + + align:start position:0% +and then eight of you 20% said you're +not sure I guess you need more + + align:start position:0% +not sure I guess you need more + + + align:start position:0% +not sure I guess you need more +information right so who picked who + + align:start position:0% +information right so who picked who + + + align:start position:0% +information right so who picked who +picked the 1 bar design the simple + + align:start position:0% +picked the 1 bar design the simple + + + align:start position:0% +picked the 1 bar design the simple +design ok so please explain why you + + align:start position:0% +design ok so please explain why you + + + align:start position:0% +design ok so please explain why you +picked that well for my application I'm + + align:start position:0% +picked that well for my application I'm + + + align:start position:0% +picked that well for my application I'm +planning on mass producing them and it's + + align:start position:0% +planning on mass producing them and it's + + + align:start position:0% +planning on mass producing them and it's +for something that doesn't need the + + align:start position:0% +for something that doesn't need the + + + align:start position:0% +for something that doesn't need the +degree of displacement that the other + + align:start position:0% +degree of displacement that the other + + + align:start position:0% +degree of displacement that the other +ones are doing and so I'm really only + + align:start position:0% +ones are doing and so I'm really only + + + align:start position:0% +ones are doing and so I'm really only +seeking to minimize manufacturing cost + + align:start position:0% +seeking to minimize manufacturing cost + + + align:start position:0% +seeking to minimize manufacturing cost +and the one bar is the easiest to + + align:start position:0% +and the one bar is the easiest to + + + align:start position:0% +and the one bar is the easiest to +manufacture and also it gives me room + + align:start position:0% +manufacture and also it gives me room + + + align:start position:0% +manufacture and also it gives me room +down the road to iterate if it's not + + align:start position:0% +down the road to iterate if it's not + + + align:start position:0% +down the road to iterate if it's not +working so so what would be an example + + align:start position:0% +working so so what would be an example + + + align:start position:0% +working so so what would be an example +industry your application like a + + align:start position:0% +industry your application like a + + + align:start position:0% +industry your application like a +children's toy perhaps where you don't + + align:start position:0% +children's toy perhaps where you don't + + + align:start position:0% +children's toy perhaps where you don't +need a very strict requirements on + + align:start position:0% +need a very strict requirements on + + + align:start position:0% +need a very strict requirements on +displacement something that your mass + + align:start position:0% +displacement something that your mass + + + align:start position:0% +displacement something that your mass +producing something mass-produced + + align:start position:0% +producing something mass-produced + + + align:start position:0% +producing something mass-produced +you know for sort of low low sort of + + align:start position:0% +you know for sort of low low sort of + + + align:start position:0% +you know for sort of low low sort of +requirement lower requirements okay I + + align:start position:0% +requirement lower requirements okay I + + + align:start position:0% +requirement lower requirements okay I +think that's a valid answer most of you + + align:start position:0% +think that's a valid answer most of you + + + align:start position:0% +think that's a valid answer most of you +said the to bar design so who said 2 + + align:start position:0% +said the to bar design so who said 2 + + + align:start position:0% +said the to bar design so who said 2 +bars let's see at EPFL anybody who + + align:start position:0% +bars let's see at EPFL anybody who + + + align:start position:0% +bars let's see at EPFL anybody who +pick the toolbar design sure it gives + + align:start position:0% +pick the toolbar design sure it gives + + + align:start position:0% +pick the toolbar design sure it gives +you the biggest biggest bang for your + + align:start position:0% +you the biggest biggest bang for your + + + align:start position:0% +you the biggest biggest bang for your +buck so basically for not that much more + + align:start position:0% +buck so basically for not that much more + + + align:start position:0% +buck so basically for not that much more +cost you get much more sturdy design and + + align:start position:0% +cost you get much more sturdy design and + + + align:start position:0% +cost you get much more sturdy design and +as compared for the for the 17 bar one + + align:start position:0% +as compared for the for the 17 bar one + + + align:start position:0% +as compared for the for the 17 bar one +really it's still pretty sturdy but + + align:start position:0% +really it's still pretty sturdy but + + + align:start position:0% +really it's still pretty sturdy but +you're paying much less so it seemed + + align:start position:0% +you're paying much less so it seemed + + + align:start position:0% +you're paying much less so it seemed +optimal yeah so sense right I mean + + align:start position:0% +optimal yeah so sense right I mean + + + align:start position:0% +optimal yeah so sense right I mean +they're all popping but this one is all + + align:start position:0% +they're all popping but this one is all + + + align:start position:0% +they're all popping but this one is all +at the knee of the curve right so you're + + align:start position:0% +at the knee of the curve right so you're + + + align:start position:0% +at the knee of the curve right so you're +getting you said bang for your buck or + + align:start position:0% +getting you said bang for your buck or + + + align:start position:0% +getting you said bang for your buck or +value or you know if you if you did like + + align:start position:0% +value or you know if you if you did like + + + align:start position:0% +value or you know if you if you did like +a displacement or one over displacement + + align:start position:0% +a displacement or one over displacement + + + align:start position:0% +a displacement or one over displacement +I guess + + align:start position:0% +I guess + + + align:start position:0% +I guess +per manufacturing cost this one would do + + align:start position:0% +per manufacturing cost this one would do + + + align:start position:0% +per manufacturing cost this one would do +pretty well so that's that's a also very + + align:start position:0% +pretty well so that's that's a also very + + + align:start position:0% +pretty well so that's that's a also very +sensible answer who picked the 17 bar + + align:start position:0% +sensible answer who picked the 17 bar + + + align:start position:0% +sensible answer who picked the 17 bar +design a really intricate one who picked + + align:start position:0% +design a really intricate one who picked + + + align:start position:0% +design a really intricate one who picked +that oh I think I might have picked that + + align:start position:0% +that oh I think I might have picked that + + + align:start position:0% +that oh I think I might have picked that +when I did when I tried out the form I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +think so I can't remember now it's been + + align:start position:0% +think so I can't remember now it's been + + + align:start position:0% +think so I can't remember now it's been +it's been already a while ago so so if + + align:start position:0% +it's been already a while ago so so if + + + align:start position:0% +it's been already a while ago so so if +indeed I was the one so how would I + + align:start position:0% +indeed I was the one so how would I + + + align:start position:0% +indeed I was the one so how would I +justify this okay so here this this + + align:start position:0% +justify this okay so here this this + + + align:start position:0% +justify this okay so here this this +bracket will go on a on the Mars rover + + align:start position:0% +bracket will go on a on the Mars rover + + + align:start position:0% +bracket will go on a on the Mars rover +this this will go on the Mars 2020 Rover + + align:start position:0% +this this will go on the Mars 2020 Rover + + + align:start position:0% +this this will go on the Mars 2020 Rover +and we need to be the rover will see a + + align:start position:0% +and we need to be the rover will see a + + + align:start position:0% +and we need to be the rover will see a +lot of different thermal gradients you + + align:start position:0% +lot of different thermal gradients you + + + align:start position:0% +lot of different thermal gradients you +know it's gonna it has to be very + + align:start position:0% +know it's gonna it has to be very + + + align:start position:0% +know it's gonna it has to be very +precise because it holds scientific + + align:start position:0% +precise because it holds scientific + + + align:start position:0% +precise because it holds scientific +instruments that need to be you know + + align:start position:0% +instruments that need to be you know + + + align:start position:0% +instruments that need to be you know +pointing very accurately and even though + + align:start position:0% +pointing very accurately and even though + + + align:start position:0% +pointing very accurately and even though +the mass here is identical but I think + + align:start position:0% +the mass here is identical but I think + + + align:start position:0% +the mass here is identical but I think +we could shrink this you know we we get + + align:start position:0% +we could shrink this you know we we get + + + align:start position:0% +we could shrink this you know we we get +the best performance structurally for + + align:start position:0% +the best performance structurally for + + + align:start position:0% +the best performance structurally for +the mass constraint that we were + + align:start position:0% +the mass constraint that we were + + + align:start position:0% +the mass constraint that we were +allocated and cost you know this is all + + align:start position:0% +allocated and cost you know this is all + + + align:start position:0% +allocated and cost you know this is all +taxpayer dollars so well this is a + + align:start position:0% +taxpayer dollars so well this is a + + + align:start position:0% +taxpayer dollars so well this is a +government program so we can spend the + + align:start position:0% +government program so we can spend the + + + align:start position:0% +government program so we can spend the +money of course I don't I don't mean + + align:start position:0% +money of course I don't I don't mean + + + align:start position:0% +money of course I don't I don't mean +that really but but it is it is a + + align:start position:0% +that really but but it is it is a + + + align:start position:0% +that really but but it is it is a +high-performance application therefore + + align:start position:0% +high-performance application therefore + + + align:start position:0% +high-performance application therefore +even though the benefit is only small + + align:start position:0% +even though the benefit is only small + + + align:start position:0% +even though the benefit is only small +that small benefit is worth it when you + + align:start position:0% +that small benefit is worth it when you + + + align:start position:0% +that small benefit is worth it when you +look at the whole mission so we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +look at the whole mission so we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +look at the whole mission so we're gonna +pay we're going to pay for that and + + align:start position:0% +pay we're going to pay for that and + + + align:start position:0% +pay we're going to pay for that and +we're going to go for the + + align:start position:0% +we're going to go for the + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to go for the +high-performance design you see how that + + align:start position:0% +high-performance design you see how that + + + align:start position:0% +high-performance design you see how that +works so I'm the the right answer and I + + align:start position:0% +works so I'm the the right answer and I + + + align:start position:0% +works so I'm the the right answer and I +think most a lot of you said you know I + + align:start position:0% +think most a lot of you said you know I + + + align:start position:0% +think most a lot of you said you know I +you're not sure and it's because who + + align:start position:0% +you're not sure and it's because who + + + align:start position:0% +you're not sure and it's because who +said you're not sure Nathan I said not + + align:start position:0% +said you're not sure Nathan I said not + + + align:start position:0% +said you're not sure Nathan I said not +sure could you don't know all the + + align:start position:0% +sure could you don't know all the + + + align:start position:0% +sure could you don't know all the +specifications or what the tolerances + + align:start position:0% +specifications or what the tolerances + + + align:start position:0% +specifications or what the tolerances +are or any other information that would + + align:start position:0% +are or any other information that would + + + align:start position:0% +are or any other information that would +lead you to make that decision right so + + align:start position:0% +lead you to make that decision right so + + + align:start position:0% +lead you to make that decision right so +you know what are the requirements right + + align:start position:0% +you know what are the requirements right + + + align:start position:0% +you know what are the requirements right +we don't know the requirements here + + align:start position:0% +we don't know the requirements here + + + align:start position:0% +we don't know the requirements here +requirements shall or should + + align:start position:0% +requirements shall or should + + + align:start position:0% +requirements shall or should +requirements if it's a shall requirement + + align:start position:0% +requirements if it's a shall requirement + + + align:start position:0% +requirements if it's a shall requirement +what it means is there would be some + + align:start position:0% +what it means is there would be some + + + align:start position:0% +what it means is there would be some +hard limit here right the the the + + align:start position:0% +hard limit here right the the the + + + align:start position:0% +hard limit here right the the the +displacement shall be less than one + + align:start position:0% +displacement shall be less than one + + + align:start position:0% +displacement shall be less than one +millimeter if that's a hard requirement + + align:start position:0% +millimeter if that's a hard requirement + + + align:start position:0% +millimeter if that's a hard requirement +then this does this solution falls out + + align:start position:0% +then this does this solution falls out + + + align:start position:0% +then this does this solution falls out +does not satisfy and if it's a should + + align:start position:0% +does not satisfy and if it's a should + + + align:start position:0% +does not satisfy and if it's a should +requirement then it's a goal that you're + + align:start position:0% +requirement then it's a goal that you're + + + align:start position:0% +requirement then it's a goal that you're +gonna trade off the point I want to make + + align:start position:0% +gonna trade off the point I want to make + + + align:start position:0% +gonna trade off the point I want to make +here this this lecture is about detailed + + align:start position:0% +here this this lecture is about detailed + + + align:start position:0% +here this this lecture is about detailed +design this is detailed design right and + + align:start position:0% +design this is detailed design right and + + + align:start position:0% +design this is detailed design right and +you're gonna make hundreds or thousands + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna make hundreds or thousands + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna make hundreds or thousands +of detailed design decisions just like + + align:start position:0% +of detailed design decisions just like + + + align:start position:0% +of detailed design decisions just like +this bracket and together they're gonna + + align:start position:0% +this bracket and together they're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +this bracket and together they're gonna +give you you know the performance cost + + align:start position:0% +give you you know the performance cost + + + align:start position:0% +give you you know the performance cost +of your over your whole system and and + + align:start position:0% +of your over your whole system and and + + + align:start position:0% +of your over your whole system and and +so every detailed design decision you + + align:start position:0% +so every detailed design decision you + + + align:start position:0% +so every detailed design decision you +make needs to be informed by the + + align:start position:0% +make needs to be informed by the + + + align:start position:0% +make needs to be informed by the +requirements but also the trade-offs + + align:start position:0% +requirements but also the trade-offs + + + align:start position:0% +requirements but also the trade-offs +between these these properties does that + + align:start position:0% +between these these properties does that + + + align:start position:0% +between these these properties does that +make sense okay so and that leads us and + + align:start position:0% +make sense okay so and that leads us and + + + align:start position:0% +make sense okay so and that leads us and +so you you want to make sure you + + align:start position:0% +so you you want to make sure you + + + align:start position:0% +so you you want to make sure you +optimize your system you want to make + + align:start position:0% +optimize your system you want to make + + + align:start position:0% +optimize your system you want to make +sure you get and I liked Katya the way + + align:start position:0% +sure you get and I liked Katya the way + + + align:start position:0% +sure you get and I liked Katya the way +you said it get the bang for your buck + + align:start position:0% +you said it get the bang for your buck + + + align:start position:0% +you said it get the bang for your buck +right you want to make sure you don't + + align:start position:0% +right you want to make sure you don't + + + align:start position:0% +right you want to make sure you don't +leave you don't have a lot of + + align:start position:0% +leave you don't have a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +leave you don't have a lot of +inefficiencies in your design so that's + + align:start position:0% +inefficiencies in your design so that's + + + align:start position:0% +inefficiencies in your design so that's +what M do is about so let me let me go + + align:start position:0% +what M do is about so let me let me go + + + align:start position:0% +what M do is about so let me let me go +to M do here what it is so there's a + + align:start position:0% +to M do here what it is so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +to M do here what it is so there's a +Technical Committee in in AI double-a + + align:start position:0% +Technical Committee in in AI double-a + + + align:start position:0% +Technical Committee in in AI double-a +the American Institute for astronautics + + align:start position:0% +the American Institute for astronautics + + + align:start position:0% +the American Institute for astronautics +and Aeronautics and Astronautics that + + align:start position:0% +and Aeronautics and Astronautics that + + + align:start position:0% +and Aeronautics and Astronautics that +founder was founded about 20 years ago + + align:start position:0% +founder was founded about 20 years ago + + + align:start position:0% +founder was founded about 20 years ago +so it's defined as an evolving + + align:start position:0% +so it's defined as an evolving + + + align:start position:0% +so it's defined as an evolving +methodology a body of methods techniques + + align:start position:0% +methodology a body of methods techniques + + + align:start position:0% +methodology a body of methods techniques +algorithms and related application + + align:start position:0% +algorithms and related application + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms and related application +practices for the design of engineering + + align:start position:0% +practices for the design of engineering + + + align:start position:0% +practices for the design of engineering +systems coupled by physical phenomena + + align:start position:0% +systems coupled by physical phenomena + + + align:start position:0% +systems coupled by physical phenomena +and involving many interacting + + align:start position:0% +and involving many interacting + + + align:start position:0% +and involving many interacting +subsystems and parts so the main things + + align:start position:0% +subsystems and parts so the main things + + + align:start position:0% +subsystems and parts so the main things +you need to do M do are a mathematical + + align:start position:0% +you need to do M do are a mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +you need to do M do are a mathematical +model of the system + + align:start position:0% +model of the system + + + align:start position:0% +model of the system +analysis capability and in some cases + + align:start position:0% +analysis capability and in some cases + + + align:start position:0% +analysis capability and in some cases +approximation concepts so what that + + align:start position:0% +approximation concepts so what that + + + align:start position:0% +approximation concepts so what that +means is not if you pulled all this + + align:start position:0% +means is not if you pulled all this + + + align:start position:0% +means is not if you pulled all this +together it could be very very slow and + + align:start position:0% +together it could be very very slow and + + + align:start position:0% +together it could be very very slow and +computationally heavy so you might + + align:start position:0% +computationally heavy so you might + + + align:start position:0% +computationally heavy so you might +approximate some of these things and + + align:start position:0% +approximate some of these things and + + + align:start position:0% +approximate some of these things and +I'll explain a couple examples + + align:start position:0% +I'll explain a couple examples + + + align:start position:0% +I'll explain a couple examples +sensitivity analysis optimal + + align:start position:0% +sensitivity analysis optimal + + + align:start position:0% +sensitivity analysis optimal +optimization processes and a human + + align:start position:0% +optimization processes and a human + + + align:start position:0% +optimization processes and a human +interface those are the main ingredients + + align:start position:0% +interface those are the main ingredients + + + align:start position:0% +interface those are the main ingredients +of nvo who's seen this chart before okay + + align:start position:0% +of nvo who's seen this chart before okay + + + align:start position:0% +of nvo who's seen this chart before okay +about three or four of you who's seen + + align:start position:0% +about three or four of you who's seen + + + align:start position:0% +about three or four of you who's seen +this chart before at EPFL this + + align:start position:0% +this chart before at EPFL this + + + align:start position:0% +this chart before at EPFL this +particular graphic anybody seen this + + align:start position:0% +particular graphic anybody seen this + + + align:start position:0% +particular graphic anybody seen this +before apparently no one okay so let me + + align:start position:0% +before apparently no one okay so let me + + + align:start position:0% +before apparently no one okay so let me +explain this is a cartoon okay and I've + + align:start position:0% +explain this is a cartoon okay and I've + + + align:start position:0% +explain this is a cartoon okay and I've +experienced this myself + + align:start position:0% +experienced this myself + + + align:start position:0% +experienced this myself +working at McDonnell Douglas in the 90s + + align:start position:0% +working at McDonnell Douglas in the 90s + + + align:start position:0% +working at McDonnell Douglas in the 90s +so each of these airplanes shown here is + + align:start position:0% +so each of these airplanes shown here is + + + align:start position:0% +so each of these airplanes shown here is +what the airplane would look like if + + align:start position:0% +what the airplane would look like if + + + align:start position:0% +what the airplane would look like if +that particular discipline or group + + align:start position:0% +that particular discipline or group + + + align:start position:0% +that particular discipline or group +could call all the shots + + align:start position:0% +could call all the shots + + + align:start position:0% +could call all the shots +okay so let's look at a couple of these + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's look at a couple of these + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's look at a couple of these +so the the controls group is all about + + align:start position:0% +so the the controls group is all about + + + align:start position:0% +so the the controls group is all about +controllability so you see that the + + align:start position:0% +controllability so you see that the + + + align:start position:0% +controllability so you see that the +flight control surfaces are very big now + + align:start position:0% +flight control surfaces are very big now + + + align:start position:0% +flight control surfaces are very big now +the problem is the linkages you know + + align:start position:0% +the problem is the linkages you know + + + align:start position:0% +the problem is the linkages you know +these control linkages on the outside + + align:start position:0% +these control linkages on the outside + + + align:start position:0% +these control linkages on the outside +that's really bad for aerodynamics but + + align:start position:0% +that's really bad for aerodynamics but + + + align:start position:0% +that's really bad for aerodynamics but +the controls people say that's not my I + + align:start position:0% +the controls people say that's not my I + + + align:start position:0% +the controls people say that's not my I +don't care about drag that's I'm just + + align:start position:0% +don't care about drag that's I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +don't care about drag that's I'm just +I'm we can make sure my my control + + align:start position:0% +I'm we can make sure my my control + + + align:start position:0% +I'm we can make sure my my control +surfaces are deflecting appropriately + + align:start position:0% +surfaces are deflecting appropriately + + + align:start position:0% +surfaces are deflecting appropriately +here's the hydraulics group right it's + + align:start position:0% +here's the hydraulics group right it's + + + align:start position:0% +here's the hydraulics group right it's +all about the hydraulic pump the filters + + align:start position:0% +all about the hydraulic pump the filters + + + align:start position:0% +all about the hydraulic pump the filters +and and getting hydraulic pressure to + + align:start position:0% +and and getting hydraulic pressure to + + + align:start position:0% +and and getting hydraulic pressure to +all the different subsystems you know + + align:start position:0% +all the different subsystems you know + + + align:start position:0% +all the different subsystems you know +the big engine here the powerplant group + + align:start position:0% +the big engine here the powerplant group + + + align:start position:0% +the big engine here the powerplant group +the engine is the most important thing + + align:start position:0% +the engine is the most important thing + + + align:start position:0% +the engine is the most important thing +the loft group loft means lofting is + + align:start position:0% +the loft group loft means lofting is + + + align:start position:0% +the loft group loft means lofting is +surfaces you're dealing with the shape + + align:start position:0% +surfaces you're dealing with the shape + + + align:start position:0% +surfaces you're dealing with the shape +of surfaces so let's keep this simple so + + align:start position:0% +of surfaces so let's keep this simple so + + + align:start position:0% +of surfaces so let's keep this simple so +we have a little you know balsa airplane + + align:start position:0% +we have a little you know balsa airplane + + + align:start position:0% +we have a little you know balsa airplane +with little straight surfaces very easy + + align:start position:0% +with little straight surfaces very easy + + + align:start position:0% +with little straight surfaces very easy +for loft production is kind of similar + + align:start position:0% +for loft production is kind of similar + + + align:start position:0% +for loft production is kind of similar +the aerodynamics group wants a very nice + + align:start position:0% +the aerodynamics group wants a very nice + + + align:start position:0% +the aerodynamics group wants a very nice +high aspect ratio wing very thin very + + align:start position:0% +high aspect ratio wing very thin very + + + align:start position:0% +high aspect ratio wing very thin very +low drag problem is there's no room + + align:start position:0% +low drag problem is there's no room + + + align:start position:0% +low drag problem is there's no room +for passengers or cargo here you see + + align:start position:0% +for passengers or cargo here you see + + + align:start position:0% +for passengers or cargo here you see +this the stress group they have a nice + + align:start position:0% +this the stress group they have a nice + + + align:start position:0% +this the stress group they have a nice +wing here in the shape of an i-beam I + + align:start position:0% +wing here in the shape of an i-beam I + + + align:start position:0% +wing here in the shape of an i-beam I +beams are great you know this is good if + + align:start position:0% +beams are great you know this is good if + + + align:start position:0% +beams are great you know this is good if +you're a civil engineer but not so much + + align:start position:0% +you're a civil engineer but not so much + + + align:start position:0% +you're a civil engineer but not so much +this none of these things would work on + + align:start position:0% +this none of these things would work on + + + align:start position:0% +this none of these things would work on +their own so what we really want is + + align:start position:0% +their own so what we really want is + + + align:start position:0% +their own so what we really want is +something like this right where all + + align:start position:0% +something like this right where all + + + align:start position:0% +something like this right where all +these considerations are blended and + + align:start position:0% +these considerations are blended and + + + align:start position:0% +these considerations are blended and +optimized so we get a high performance + + align:start position:0% +optimized so we get a high performance + + + align:start position:0% +optimized so we get a high performance +system not just high performance + + align:start position:0% +system not just high performance + + + align:start position:0% +system not just high performance +subsystem said another way a a high + + align:start position:0% +subsystem said another way a a high + + + align:start position:0% +subsystem said another way a a high +performance system is not the same as + + align:start position:0% +performance system is not the same as + + + align:start position:0% +performance system is not the same as +just a sum of individually optimized + + align:start position:0% +just a sum of individually optimized + + + align:start position:0% +just a sum of individually optimized +subsystems that's the in a nutshell what + + align:start position:0% +subsystems that's the in a nutshell what + + + align:start position:0% +subsystems that's the in a nutshell what +MBO is about so one of the readings for + + align:start position:0% +MBO is about so one of the readings for + + + align:start position:0% +MBO is about so one of the readings for +today post readings is this paper 6a and + + align:start position:0% +today post readings is this paper 6a and + + + align:start position:0% +today post readings is this paper 6a and +this is based on a big workshop we had + + align:start position:0% +this is based on a big workshop we had + + + align:start position:0% +this is based on a big workshop we had +in Germany about five years ago that's + + align:start position:0% +in Germany about five years ago that's + + + align:start position:0% +in Germany about five years ago that's +actually longer it's probably seven + + align:start position:0% +actually longer it's probably seven + + + align:start position:0% +actually longer it's probably seven +years ago by now but the paper came out + + align:start position:0% +years ago by now but the paper came out + + + align:start position:0% +years ago by now but the paper came out +five years ago called M do assessment + + align:start position:0% +five years ago called M do assessment + + + align:start position:0% +five years ago called M do assessment +and direction for advancement and this + + align:start position:0% +and direction for advancement and this + + + align:start position:0% +and direction for advancement and this +is a pretty international group that put + + align:start position:0% +is a pretty international group that put + + + align:start position:0% +is a pretty international group that put +this together and what we do in the + + align:start position:0% +this together and what we do in the + + + align:start position:0% +this together and what we do in the +paper we describe the history of + + align:start position:0% +paper we describe the history of + + + align:start position:0% +paper we describe the history of +multidisciplinary optimization where it + + align:start position:0% +multidisciplinary optimization where it + + + align:start position:0% +multidisciplinary optimization where it +is today where it's heading and some of + + align:start position:0% +is today where it's heading and some of + + + align:start position:0% +is today where it's heading and some of +the key milestones so what you see this + + align:start position:0% +the key milestones so what you see this + + + align:start position:0% +the key milestones so what you see this +chart is essentially a kind of history + + align:start position:0% +chart is essentially a kind of history + + + align:start position:0% +chart is essentially a kind of history +of M do I'm just gonna point out a few + + align:start position:0% +of M do I'm just gonna point out a few + + + align:start position:0% +of M do I'm just gonna point out a few +things the roots of M do are in + + align:start position:0% +things the roots of M do are in + + + align:start position:0% +things the roots of M do are in +structural optimization so that you saw + + align:start position:0% +structural optimization so that you saw + + + align:start position:0% +structural optimization so that you saw +the the bracket with all those so + + align:start position:0% +the the bracket with all those so + + + align:start position:0% +the the bracket with all those so +there's actually a field called + + align:start position:0% +there's actually a field called + + + align:start position:0% +there's actually a field called +structural optimization or topology + + align:start position:0% +structural optimization or topology + + + align:start position:0% +structural optimization or topology +optimization and it's very mature now so + + align:start position:0% +optimization and it's very mature now so + + + align:start position:0% +optimization and it's very mature now so +you can buy in some of the CAD packages + + align:start position:0% +you can buy in some of the CAD packages + + + align:start position:0% +you can buy in some of the CAD packages +there's some specialized tools for + + align:start position:0% +there's some specialized tools for + + + align:start position:0% +there's some specialized tools for +optimizing structures and when you look + + align:start position:0% +optimizing structures and when you look + + + align:start position:0% +optimizing structures and when you look +at it it looks like Swiss cheese with + + align:start position:0% +at it it looks like Swiss cheese with + + + align:start position:0% +at it it looks like Swiss cheese with +big holes Emmentaler big holes you don't + + align:start position:0% +big holes Emmentaler big holes you don't + + + align:start position:0% +big holes Emmentaler big holes you don't +need a lot of structure that doesn't do + + align:start position:0% +need a lot of structure that doesn't do + + + align:start position:0% +need a lot of structure that doesn't do +work for you so it looks a lot of these + + align:start position:0% +work for you so it looks a lot of these + + + align:start position:0% +work for you so it looks a lot of these +structures look like webs and and the + + align:start position:0% +structures look like webs and and the + + + align:start position:0% +structures look like webs and and the +reason is because the load path has been + + align:start position:0% +reason is because the load path has been + + + align:start position:0% +reason is because the load path has been +highly optimized for example if you look + + align:start position:0% +highly optimized for example if you look + + + align:start position:0% +highly optimized for example if you look +at the a380 I don't have a picture right + + align:start position:0% +at the a380 I don't have a picture right + + + align:start position:0% +at the a380 I don't have a picture right +here but you can look at an a380 wing + + align:start position:0% +here but you can look at an a380 wing + + + align:start position:0% +here but you can look at an a380 wing +wing spars and and different structures + + align:start position:0% +wing spars and and different structures + + + align:start position:0% +wing spars and and different structures +there they're very very they have whole + + align:start position:0% +there they're very very they have whole + + + align:start position:0% +there they're very very they have whole +there have more holes than structure + + align:start position:0% +there have more holes than structure + + + align:start position:0% +there have more holes than structure +because they've been highly optimized so + + align:start position:0% +because they've been highly optimized so + + + align:start position:0% +because they've been highly optimized so +that's the roots of em do starting in + + align:start position:0% +that's the roots of em do starting in + + + align:start position:0% +that's the roots of em do starting in +the 1960s then I would say in the 80s + + align:start position:0% +the 1960s then I would say in the 80s + + + align:start position:0% +the 1960s then I would say in the 80s +mid 80s we started having more complex + + align:start position:0% +mid 80s we started having more complex + + + align:start position:0% +mid 80s we started having more complex +decomposition techniques and I will + + align:start position:0% +decomposition techniques and I will + + + align:start position:0% +decomposition techniques and I will +describe one of these to you today + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +optimization algorithms were started to + + align:start position:0% +optimization algorithms were started to + + + align:start position:0% +optimization algorithms were started to +be built into mainstream programs like + + align:start position:0% +be built into mainstream programs like + + + align:start position:0% +be built into mainstream programs like +Excel matlab mathematica and then more + + align:start position:0% +Excel matlab mathematica and then more + + + align:start position:0% +Excel matlab mathematica and then more +recently you know in the 2000s we had + + align:start position:0% +recently you know in the 2000s we had + + + align:start position:0% +recently you know in the 2000s we had +commercialization of multi-level + + align:start position:0% +commercialization of multi-level + + + align:start position:0% +commercialization of multi-level +algorithms and the one that I'll + + align:start position:0% +algorithms and the one that I'll + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms and the one that I'll +describe to you is called bliss so let's + + align:start position:0% +describe to you is called bliss so let's + + + align:start position:0% +describe to you is called bliss so let's +talk through a very specific example and + + align:start position:0% +talk through a very specific example and + + + align:start position:0% +talk through a very specific example and +then one of those techniques so here's + + align:start position:0% +then one of those techniques so here's + + + align:start position:0% +then one of those techniques so here's +the example of designing a wing and in + + align:start position:0% +the example of designing a wing and in + + + align:start position:0% +the example of designing a wing and in +designing a wing the two main + + align:start position:0% +designing a wing the two main + + + align:start position:0% +designing a wing the two main +considerations are structural and + + align:start position:0% +considerations are structural and + + + align:start position:0% +considerations are structural and +aerodynamic so here's here's a + + align:start position:0% +aerodynamic so here's here's a + + + align:start position:0% +aerodynamic so here's here's a +simplified wing it has a wing area it + + align:start position:0% +simplified wing it has a wing area it + + + align:start position:0% +simplified wing it has a wing area it +has a sweep angle it has an aspect ratio + + align:start position:0% +has a sweep angle it has an aspect ratio + + + align:start position:0% +has a sweep angle it has an aspect ratio +and so forth and there's loads acting on + + align:start position:0% +and so forth and there's loads acting on + + + align:start position:0% +and so forth and there's loads acting on +the wing as you're flying because of the + + align:start position:0% +the wing as you're flying because of the + + + align:start position:0% +the wing as you're flying because of the +pressure differential between the upper + + align:start position:0% +pressure differential between the upper + + + align:start position:0% +pressure differential between the upper +and lower surface so there's some net + + align:start position:0% +and lower surface so there's some net + + + align:start position:0% +and lower surface so there's some net +force P acting on this wing and as a + + align:start position:0% +force P acting on this wing and as a + + + align:start position:0% +force P acting on this wing and as a +result of that the wing will warp so you + + align:start position:0% +result of that the wing will warp so you + + + align:start position:0% +result of that the wing will warp so you +will have some twist angle in the wing + + align:start position:0% +will have some twist angle in the wing + + + align:start position:0% +will have some twist angle in the wing +and that's just due to the structural + + align:start position:0% +and that's just due to the structural + + + align:start position:0% +and that's just due to the structural +deformation so that that twist angle and + + align:start position:0% +deformation so that that twist angle and + + + align:start position:0% +deformation so that that twist angle and +the displacements in turn will change + + align:start position:0% +the displacements in turn will change + + + align:start position:0% +the displacements in turn will change +the drag that the wing experiences so + + align:start position:0% +the drag that the wing experiences so + + + align:start position:0% +the drag that the wing experiences so +the lift and drag of the wing will + + align:start position:0% +the lift and drag of the wing will + + + align:start position:0% +the lift and drag of the wing will +change as a function of twist angle but + + align:start position:0% +change as a function of twist angle but + + + align:start position:0% +change as a function of twist angle but +as as the lift and drag change the loads + + align:start position:0% +as as the lift and drag change the loads + + + align:start position:0% +as as the lift and drag change the loads +of course then change as well and it + + align:start position:0% +of course then change as well and it + + + align:start position:0% +of course then change as well and it +feeds back into the structure and in + + align:start position:0% +feeds back into the structure and in + + + align:start position:0% +feeds back into the structure and in +this case what we're looking for is + + align:start position:0% +this case what we're looking for is + + + align:start position:0% +this case what we're looking for is +maximum range we want to maximize the + + align:start position:0% +maximum range we want to maximize the + + + align:start position:0% +maximum range we want to maximize the +range of the airplane and + + align:start position:0% +range of the airplane and + + + align:start position:0% +range of the airplane and +is the very famous this is a sort of + + align:start position:0% +is the very famous this is a sort of + + + align:start position:0% +is the very famous this is a sort of +simplified version of the range equation + + align:start position:0% +simplified version of the range equation + + + align:start position:0% +simplified version of the range equation +the so called breguet range equation and + + align:start position:0% +the so called breguet range equation and + + + align:start position:0% +the so called breguet range equation and +you can see that that the structure + + align:start position:0% +you can see that that the structure + + + align:start position:0% +you can see that that the structure +influences the range in two ways + + align:start position:0% +influences the range in two ways + + + align:start position:0% +influences the range in two ways +directly by weight you know the actual + + align:start position:0% +directly by weight you know the actual + + + align:start position:0% +directly by weight you know the actual +weight of the structure enters here + + align:start position:0% +weight of the structure enters here + + + align:start position:0% +weight of the structure enters here +twice in the range equation and then + + align:start position:0% +twice in the range equation and then + + + align:start position:0% +twice in the range equation and then +indirectly through its stiffness right + + align:start position:0% +indirectly through its stiffness right + + + align:start position:0% +indirectly through its stiffness right +the softer it is the more displacements + + align:start position:0% +the softer it is the more displacements + + + align:start position:0% +the softer it is the more displacements +the more you affect the drag so what's + + align:start position:0% +the more you affect the drag so what's + + + align:start position:0% +the more you affect the drag so what's +it's not so clear then what what is an + + align:start position:0% +it's not so clear then what what is an + + + align:start position:0% +it's not so clear then what what is an +optimal wing is it the lightest wing + + align:start position:0% +optimal wing is it the lightest wing + + + align:start position:0% +optimal wing is it the lightest wing +possible but the lightest wing possible + + align:start position:0% +possible but the lightest wing possible + + + align:start position:0% +possible but the lightest wing possible +will have a larger twist and may have + + align:start position:0% +will have a larger twist and may have + + + align:start position:0% +will have a larger twist and may have +more drag which will reduce your range + + align:start position:0% +more drag which will reduce your range + + + align:start position:0% +more drag which will reduce your range +right so should you optimize the wing + + align:start position:0% +right so should you optimize the wing + + + align:start position:0% +right so should you optimize the wing +for for lightness or for this minimum + + align:start position:0% +for for lightness or for this minimum + + + align:start position:0% +for for lightness or for this minimum +displacement or some combination or mix + + align:start position:0% +displacement or some combination or mix + + + align:start position:0% +displacement or some combination or mix +of the two and the answer of course is + + align:start position:0% +of the two and the answer of course is + + + align:start position:0% +of the two and the answer of course is +it's a mix of the two there will be a + + align:start position:0% +it's a mix of the two there will be a + + + align:start position:0% +it's a mix of the two there will be a +sweet spot somewhere you know between a + + align:start position:0% +sweet spot somewhere you know between a + + + align:start position:0% +sweet spot somewhere you know between a +very stiff and very heavy wing and a + + align:start position:0% +very stiff and very heavy wing and a + + + align:start position:0% +very stiff and very heavy wing and a +very very flexible lightweight wing + + align:start position:0% +very very flexible lightweight wing + + + align:start position:0% +very very flexible lightweight wing +there will be some optimal mix of the + + align:start position:0% +there will be some optimal mix of the + + + align:start position:0% +there will be some optimal mix of the +two and that's that's the key here + + align:start position:0% +two and that's that's the key here + + + align:start position:0% +two and that's that's the key here +so let me discuss with you briefly this + + align:start position:0% +so let me discuss with you briefly this + + + align:start position:0% +so let me discuss with you briefly this +this this is just one of the methods + + align:start position:0% +this this is just one of the methods + + + align:start position:0% +this this is just one of the methods +there are several methods for doing + + align:start position:0% +there are several methods for doing + + + align:start position:0% +there are several methods for doing +multidisciplinary design optimization + + align:start position:0% +multidisciplinary design optimization + + + align:start position:0% +multidisciplinary design optimization +but this is one of them called bliss + + align:start position:0% +but this is one of them called bliss + + + align:start position:0% +but this is one of them called bliss +bi-level integrated system synthesis and + + align:start position:0% +bi-level integrated system synthesis and + + + align:start position:0% +bi-level integrated system synthesis and +the general idea here is in this method + + align:start position:0% +the general idea here is in this method + + + align:start position:0% +the general idea here is in this method +is that we have a lower level + + align:start position:0% +is that we have a lower level + + + align:start position:0% +is that we have a lower level +optimization of each subsystem but it's + + align:start position:0% +optimization of each subsystem but it's + + + align:start position:0% +optimization of each subsystem but it's +coupled through a system level + + align:start position:0% +coupled through a system level + + + align:start position:0% +coupled through a system level +optimization and what you want is you + + align:start position:0% +optimization and what you want is you + + + align:start position:0% +optimization and what you want is you +know an optimal design at the system + + align:start position:0% +know an optimal design at the system + + + align:start position:0% +know an optimal design at the system +level not just optimal subsystems so the + + align:start position:0% +level not just optimal subsystems so the + + + align:start position:0% +level not just optimal subsystems so the +context here is we're going to design a + + align:start position:0% +context here is we're going to design a + + + align:start position:0% +context here is we're going to design a +a high speed a supersonic business jet + + align:start position:0% +a high speed a supersonic business jet + + + align:start position:0% +a high speed a supersonic business jet +it's kind of shown in this gray picture + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of shown in this gray picture + + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of shown in this gray picture +and we have four major subsystems we're + + align:start position:0% +and we have four major subsystems we're + + + align:start position:0% +and we have four major subsystems we're +going to consider propulsion + + align:start position:0% +going to consider propulsion + + + align:start position:0% +going to consider propulsion +aerodynamics structures and then the + + align:start position:0% +aerodynamics structures and then the + + + align:start position:0% +aerodynamics structures and then the +performance which in this case is range + + align:start position:0% +performance which in this case is range + + + align:start position:0% +performance which in this case is range +okay and what's important here in + + align:start position:0% +okay and what's important here in + + + align:start position:0% +okay and what's important here in +decomposing the problem is the X's and + + align:start position:0% +decomposing the problem is the X's and + + + align:start position:0% +decomposing the problem is the X's and +the Y's now the X's are the design + + align:start position:0% +the Y's now the X's are the design + + + align:start position:0% +the Y's now the X's are the design +variables remember we talked about the + + align:start position:0% +variables remember we talked about the + + + align:start position:0% +variables remember we talked about the +design + + align:start position:0% +design + + + align:start position:0% +design +Abel's the knobs you can turn as a + + align:start position:0% +Abel's the knobs you can turn as a + + + align:start position:0% +Abel's the knobs you can turn as a +designer and so these here are the upper + + align:start position:0% +designer and so these here are the upper + + + align:start position:0% +designer and so these here are the upper +ones we call them local design variables + + align:start position:0% +ones we call them local design variables + + + align:start position:0% +ones we call them local design variables +you know like the throttle setting the + + align:start position:0% +you know like the throttle setting the + + + align:start position:0% +you know like the throttle setting the +tail sweep the wing moment arm the + + align:start position:0% +tail sweep the wing moment arm the + + + align:start position:0% +tail sweep the wing moment arm the +thickness of your different of the wings + + align:start position:0% +thickness of your different of the wings + + + align:start position:0% +thickness of your different of the wings +the taper ratio so the idea of a local + + align:start position:0% +the taper ratio so the idea of a local + + + align:start position:0% +the taper ratio so the idea of a local +design bearable is that design variable + + align:start position:0% +design bearable is that design variable + + + align:start position:0% +design bearable is that design variable +only is used in one of the subsystems + + align:start position:0% +only is used in one of the subsystems + + + align:start position:0% +only is used in one of the subsystems +it's local to that subsystem so it's in + + align:start position:0% +it's local to that subsystem so it's in + + + align:start position:0% +it's local to that subsystem so it's in +what you basically can can choose that + + align:start position:0% +what you basically can can choose that + + + align:start position:0% +what you basically can can choose that +in each of the subsystems and it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +in each of the subsystems and it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +in each of the subsystems and it doesn't +really affect directly any of the other + + align:start position:0% +really affect directly any of the other + + + align:start position:0% +really affect directly any of the other +subsystems indirectly yes but not + + align:start position:0% +subsystems indirectly yes but not + + + align:start position:0% +subsystems indirectly yes but not +directly and then we have the Y's here + + align:start position:0% +directly and then we have the Y's here + + + align:start position:0% +directly and then we have the Y's here +the Y's are the outputs from one + + align:start position:0% +the Y's are the outputs from one + + + align:start position:0% +the Y's are the outputs from one +subsystem to another so drag lift and Z + + align:start position:0% +subsystem to another so drag lift and Z + + + align:start position:0% +subsystem to another so drag lift and Z +is your maximum load factor your range + + align:start position:0% +is your maximum load factor your range + + + align:start position:0% +is your maximum load factor your range +your specific fuel consumption your wing + + align:start position:0% +your specific fuel consumption your wing + + + align:start position:0% +your specific fuel consumption your wing +twist and so forth so those are outputs + + align:start position:0% +twist and so forth so those are outputs + + + align:start position:0% +twist and so forth so those are outputs +from a subsystem or discipline that + + align:start position:0% +from a subsystem or discipline that + + + align:start position:0% +from a subsystem or discipline that +either matter at the system level or are + + align:start position:0% +either matter at the system level or are + + + align:start position:0% +either matter at the system level or are +required as inputs by another subsystem + + align:start position:0% +required as inputs by another subsystem + + + align:start position:0% +required as inputs by another subsystem +and then finally the the last group here + + align:start position:0% +and then finally the the last group here + + + align:start position:0% +and then finally the the last group here +are these are known as the shared design + + align:start position:0% +are these are known as the shared design + + + align:start position:0% +are these are known as the shared design +variables so the wing aspect ratio the + + align:start position:0% +variables so the wing aspect ratio the + + + align:start position:0% +variables so the wing aspect ratio the +altitude Mach number wing sweep those + + align:start position:0% +altitude Mach number wing sweep those + + + align:start position:0% +altitude Mach number wing sweep those +are those are basically required by more + + align:start position:0% +are those are basically required by more + + + align:start position:0% +are those are basically required by more +than one subsystem so two three or four + + align:start position:0% +than one subsystem so two three or four + + + align:start position:0% +than one subsystem so two three or four +in this case then then they're + + align:start position:0% +in this case then then they're + + + align:start position:0% +in this case then then they're +considered as shared variables and they + + align:start position:0% +considered as shared variables and they + + + align:start position:0% +considered as shared variables and they +would be treated they would be + + align:start position:0% +would be treated they would be + + + align:start position:0% +would be treated they would be +considered system level variables + + align:start position:0% +considered system level variables + + + align:start position:0% +considered system level variables +because they matter for more than one + + align:start position:0% +because they matter for more than one + + + align:start position:0% +because they matter for more than one +subsystem so this particular what this + + align:start position:0% +subsystem so this particular what this + + + align:start position:0% +subsystem so this particular what this +particular method does is essentially + + align:start position:0% +particular method does is essentially + + + align:start position:0% +particular method does is essentially +decompose the problem into the various + + align:start position:0% +decompose the problem into the various + + + align:start position:0% +decompose the problem into the various +subsystems so in this case again + + align:start position:0% +subsystems so in this case again + + + align:start position:0% +subsystems so in this case again +aerodynamics propulsion structures in + + align:start position:0% +aerodynamics propulsion structures in + + + align:start position:0% +aerodynamics propulsion structures in +range and these subsystems are sending + + align:start position:0% +range and these subsystems are sending + + + align:start position:0% +range and these subsystems are sending +this information to each other and are + + align:start position:0% +this information to each other and are + + + align:start position:0% +this information to each other and are +all tied together at the highest level + + align:start position:0% +all tied together at the highest level + + + align:start position:0% +all tied together at the highest level +through the shared variables the shared + + align:start position:0% +through the shared variables the shared + + + align:start position:0% +through the shared variables the shared +design variables that are that are + + align:start position:0% +design variables that are that are + + + align:start position:0% +design variables that are that are +shared by at least two subsystems + + align:start position:0% +shared by at least two subsystems + + + align:start position:0% +shared by at least two subsystems +so again local variables are only unique + + align:start position:0% +so again local variables are only unique + + + align:start position:0% +so again local variables are only unique +to a specific sub system and then for + + align:start position:0% +to a specific sub system and then for + + + align:start position:0% +to a specific sub system and then for +the Y's these outputs internal outputs + + align:start position:0% +the Y's these outputs internal outputs + + + align:start position:0% +the Y's these outputs internal outputs +there's a + + align:start position:0% +there's a + + + align:start position:0% +there's a +in between the the Y stars which are + + align:start position:0% +in between the the Y stars which are + + + align:start position:0% +in between the the Y stars which are +coupling variables that are input to a + + align:start position:0% +coupling variables that are input to a + + + align:start position:0% +coupling variables that are input to a +particular subsystem and then the Y hats + + align:start position:0% +particular subsystem and then the Y hats + + + align:start position:0% +particular subsystem and then the Y hats +are coupling variables that are output + + align:start position:0% +are coupling variables that are output + + + align:start position:0% +are coupling variables that are output +from a particular subsystem so let's + + align:start position:0% +from a particular subsystem so let's + + + align:start position:0% +from a particular subsystem so let's +focus in let's zoom in now on just one + + align:start position:0% +focus in let's zoom in now on just one + + + align:start position:0% +focus in let's zoom in now on just one +of the subsystems let's say aerodynamics + + align:start position:0% +of the subsystems let's say aerodynamics + + + align:start position:0% +of the subsystems let's say aerodynamics +and see how this works so here was + + align:start position:0% +and see how this works so here was + + + align:start position:0% +and see how this works so here was +zooming in on one subsystem and that's + + align:start position:0% +zooming in on one subsystem and that's + + + align:start position:0% +zooming in on one subsystem and that's +the aerodynamics and the idea that you + + align:start position:0% +the aerodynamics and the idea that you + + + align:start position:0% +the aerodynamics and the idea that you +can actually optimize just the + + align:start position:0% +can actually optimize just the + + + align:start position:0% +can actually optimize just the +aerodynamic subsystem by itself so what + + align:start position:0% +aerodynamic subsystem by itself so what + + + align:start position:0% +aerodynamic subsystem by itself so what +are the inputs into it we have a aspect + + align:start position:0% +are the inputs into it we have a aspect + + + align:start position:0% +are the inputs into it we have a aspect +ratio wing twist and and W so what is w + + align:start position:0% +ratio wing twist and and W so what is w + + + align:start position:0% +ratio wing twist and and W so what is w +WR and this is the key to this + + align:start position:0% +WR and this is the key to this + + + align:start position:0% +WR and this is the key to this +particular method the W are the weights + + align:start position:0% +particular method the W are the weights + + + align:start position:0% +particular method the W are the weights +the weights that you give to the outputs + + align:start position:0% +the weights that you give to the outputs + + + align:start position:0% +the weights that you give to the outputs +so what you're optimizing here is some + + align:start position:0% +so what you're optimizing here is some + + + align:start position:0% +so what you're optimizing here is some +objective function f shown here below + + align:start position:0% +objective function f shown here below + + + align:start position:0% +objective function f shown here below +which is w 1 y 1 plus w 2 y 2 plus W 3 y + + align:start position:0% +which is w 1 y 1 plus w 2 y 2 plus W 3 y + + + align:start position:0% +which is w 1 y 1 plus w 2 y 2 plus W 3 y +3 that's what so you either maximizing + + align:start position:0% +3 that's what so you either maximizing + + + align:start position:0% +3 that's what so you either maximizing +or minimizing that and what is this here + + align:start position:0% +or minimizing that and what is this here + + + align:start position:0% +or minimizing that and what is this here +it's lift drag and the lifted drag ratio + + align:start position:0% +it's lift drag and the lifted drag ratio + + + align:start position:0% +it's lift drag and the lifted drag ratio +so what's really cool about this method + + align:start position:0% +so what's really cool about this method + + + align:start position:0% +so what's really cool about this method +is that in addition what it essentially + + align:start position:0% +is that in addition what it essentially + + + align:start position:0% +is that in addition what it essentially +is telling the subsystem is how to + + align:start position:0% +is telling the subsystem is how to + + + align:start position:0% +is telling the subsystem is how to +properly weight these different outputs + + align:start position:0% +properly weight these different outputs + + + align:start position:0% +properly weight these different outputs +in order to optimize the subsystem + + align:start position:0% +in order to optimize the subsystem + + + align:start position:0% +in order to optimize the subsystem +taking into account the system level + + align:start position:0% +taking into account the system level + + + align:start position:0% +taking into account the system level +objective so the weights are not + + align:start position:0% +objective so the weights are not + + + align:start position:0% +objective so the weights are not +predefined but the weights themselves + + align:start position:0% +predefined but the weights themselves + + + align:start position:0% +predefined but the weights themselves +are a design variable and so you can see + + align:start position:0% +are a design variable and so you can see + + + align:start position:0% +are a design variable and so you can see +the formulation on the right side so + + align:start position:0% +the formulation on the right side so + + + align:start position:0% +the formulation on the right side so +given given Q which is your shared + + align:start position:0% +given given Q which is your shared + + + align:start position:0% +given given Q which is your shared +variables the Y stars which are the + + align:start position:0% +variables the Y stars which are the + + + align:start position:0% +variables the Y stars which are the +inputs from the other subsystems and the + + align:start position:0% +inputs from the other subsystems and the + + + align:start position:0% +inputs from the other subsystems and the +weights minimize your objective function + + align:start position:0% +weights minimize your objective function + + + align:start position:0% +weights minimize your objective function +by varying your local design variables + + align:start position:0% +by varying your local design variables + + + align:start position:0% +by varying your local design variables +subject to a bunch of constraints okay + + align:start position:0% +subject to a bunch of constraints okay + + + align:start position:0% +subject to a bunch of constraints okay +and so what is what is one of the + + align:start position:0% +and so what is what is one of the + + + align:start position:0% +and so what is what is one of the +consequences of being able to formulate + + align:start position:0% +consequences of being able to formulate + + + align:start position:0% +consequences of being able to formulate +the problem this way so this could be a + + align:start position:0% +the problem this way so this could be a + + + align:start position:0% +the problem this way so this could be a +very high fidelity right aerodynamics + + align:start position:0% +very high fidelity right aerodynamics + + + align:start position:0% +very high fidelity right aerodynamics +model compute computational fluid + + align:start position:0% +model compute computational fluid + + + align:start position:0% +model compute computational fluid +Amyx or it could be what or it could be + + align:start position:0% +Amyx or it could be what or it could be + + + align:start position:0% +Amyx or it could be what or it could be +a lower fidelity code right you can + + align:start position:0% +a lower fidelity code right you can + + + align:start position:0% +a lower fidelity code right you can +actually as long as the inputs and the + + align:start position:0% +actually as long as the inputs and the + + + align:start position:0% +actually as long as the inputs and the +outputs are the same you can now plug in + + align:start position:0% +outputs are the same you can now plug in + + + align:start position:0% +outputs are the same you can now plug in +you know different fidelity levels of + + align:start position:0% +you know different fidelity levels of + + + align:start position:0% +you know different fidelity levels of +analysis you know something something + + align:start position:0% +analysis you know something something + + + align:start position:0% +analysis you know something something +simple or something based on + + align:start position:0% +simple or something based on + + + align:start position:0% +simple or something based on +experimental results + + align:start position:0% +experimental results + + + align:start position:0% +experimental results +you know panel method very high fidelity + + align:start position:0% +you know panel method very high fidelity + + + align:start position:0% +you know panel method very high fidelity +CFD this becomes very modular the other + + align:start position:0% +CFD this becomes very modular the other + + + align:start position:0% +CFD this becomes very modular the other +thing you can do is you can pre-compute + + align:start position:0% +thing you can do is you can pre-compute + + + align:start position:0% +thing you can do is you can pre-compute +a lot of these responses right so for + + align:start position:0% +a lot of these responses right so for + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of these responses right so for +given set of inputs you can pre-compute + + align:start position:0% +given set of inputs you can pre-compute + + + align:start position:0% +given set of inputs you can pre-compute +over a whole range of input variables + + align:start position:0% +over a whole range of input variables + + + align:start position:0% +over a whole range of input variables +what the response of that susta + + align:start position:0% +what the response of that susta + + + align:start position:0% +what the response of that susta +subsystem will be and you can store that + + align:start position:0% +subsystem will be and you can store that + + + align:start position:0% +subsystem will be and you can store that +information and then use what are known + + align:start position:0% +information and then use what are known + + + align:start position:0% +information and then use what are known +approximation methods like response + + align:start position:0% +approximation methods like response + + + align:start position:0% +approximation methods like response +surface models to save that information + + align:start position:0% +surface models to save that information + + + align:start position:0% +surface models to save that information +such that when the OP when you do the + + align:start position:0% +such that when the OP when you do the + + + align:start position:0% +such that when the OP when you do the +full system optimization you don't have + + align:start position:0% +full system optimization you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +full system optimization you don't have +to rerun you know the detailed codes + + align:start position:0% +to rerun you know the detailed codes + + + align:start position:0% +to rerun you know the detailed codes +every time you can just pull from the + + align:start position:0% +every time you can just pull from the + + + align:start position:0% +every time you can just pull from the +approximation + + align:start position:0% +approximation + + + align:start position:0% +approximation +you've pre computed already so that's + + align:start position:0% +you've pre computed already so that's + + + align:start position:0% +you've pre computed already so that's +that's one of the really powerful things + + align:start position:0% +that's one of the really powerful things + + + align:start position:0% +that's one of the really powerful things +about this method so and that's what's + + align:start position:0% +about this method so and that's what's + + + align:start position:0% +about this method so and that's what's +shown here is you use substitute you + + align:start position:0% +shown here is you use substitute you + + + align:start position:0% +shown here is you use substitute you +have a series of approximation models + + align:start position:0% +have a series of approximation models + + + align:start position:0% +have a series of approximation models +one for each of the outputs of the + + align:start position:0% +one for each of the outputs of the + + + align:start position:0% +one for each of the outputs of the +system you see that so these these + + align:start position:0% +system you see that so these these + + + align:start position:0% +system you see that so these these +little Wiggly things here are + + align:start position:0% +little Wiggly things here are + + + align:start position:0% +little Wiggly things here are +essentially an approximation of that + + align:start position:0% +essentially an approximation of that + + + align:start position:0% +essentially an approximation of that +real input-output relationship at the + + align:start position:0% +real input-output relationship at the + + + align:start position:0% +real input-output relationship at the +subsystem level it could be an empirical + + align:start position:0% +subsystem level it could be an empirical + + + align:start position:0% +subsystem level it could be an empirical +function a neural network a response + + align:start position:0% +function a neural network a response + + + align:start position:0% +function a neural network a response +surface method or you know simplified + + align:start position:0% +surface method or you know simplified + + + align:start position:0% +surface method or you know simplified +engineering analysis so you you do a lot + + align:start position:0% +engineering analysis so you you do a lot + + + align:start position:0% +engineering analysis so you you do a lot +of this work offline ahead of time for + + align:start position:0% +of this work offline ahead of time for + + + align:start position:0% +of this work offline ahead of time for +each of the subsystems does that does + + align:start position:0% +each of the subsystems does that does + + + align:start position:0% +each of the subsystems does that does +that make sense and any questions at + + align:start position:0% +that make sense and any questions at + + + align:start position:0% +that make sense and any questions at +EPFL is that is that clear how this + + align:start position:0% +EPFL is that is that clear how this + + + align:start position:0% +EPFL is that is that clear how this +works at least in theory everything ix + + align:start position:0% +works at least in theory everything ix + + + align:start position:0% +works at least in theory everything ix +thank you okay so then so what we have + + align:start position:0% +thank you okay so then so what we have + + + align:start position:0% +thank you okay so then so what we have +now is essentially these subsystem + + align:start position:0% +now is essentially these subsystem + + + align:start position:0% +now is essentially these subsystem +approximations and now we can use them + + align:start position:0% +approximations and now we can use them + + + align:start position:0% +approximations and now we can use them +for system level optimization so now + + align:start position:0% +for system level optimization so now + + + align:start position:0% +for system level optimization so now +let's look at the system level + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the system level + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the system level +optimization so that's essentially given + + align:start position:0% +optimization so that's essentially given + + + align:start position:0% +optimization so that's essentially given +approximation models for optimized + + align:start position:0% +approximation models for optimized + + + align:start position:0% +approximation models for optimized +subsystem outputs we want to minimize + + align:start position:0% +subsystem outputs we want to minimize + + + align:start position:0% +subsystem outputs we want to minimize +some objective function so f here in + + align:start position:0% +some objective function so f here in + + + align:start position:0% +some objective function so f here in +this case which is a function of our + + align:start position:0% +this case which is a function of our + + + align:start position:0% +this case which is a function of our +shared variables our relevant outputs y + + align:start position:0% +shared variables our relevant outputs y + + + align:start position:0% +shared variables our relevant outputs y +star and the weighting factors right + + align:start position:0% +star and the weighting factors right + + + align:start position:0% +star and the weighting factors right +that will make the the not the Omegas + + align:start position:0% +that will make the the not the Omegas + + + align:start position:0% +that will make the the not the Omegas +the W's which are the weighting factors + + align:start position:0% +the W's which are the weighting factors + + + align:start position:0% +the W's which are the weighting factors +given to each of the subsystems and we + + align:start position:0% +given to each of the subsystems and we + + + align:start position:0% +given to each of the subsystems and we +of course have to satisfy constraints at + + align:start position:0% +of course have to satisfy constraints at + + + align:start position:0% +of course have to satisfy constraints at +the system level so let me show you a + + align:start position:0% +the system level so let me show you a + + + align:start position:0% +the system level so let me show you a +example then of what this looks like so + + align:start position:0% +example then of what this looks like so + + + align:start position:0% +example then of what this looks like so +here's here's our supersonic jet this is + + align:start position:0% +here's here's our supersonic jet this is + + + align:start position:0% +here's here's our supersonic jet this is +our cycle 0 our initial condition here's + + align:start position:0% +our cycle 0 our initial condition here's + + + align:start position:0% +our cycle 0 our initial condition here's +the planned form of the jet and I'm + + align:start position:0% +the planned form of the jet and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the planned form of the jet and I'm +gonna show you down here range and just + + align:start position:0% +gonna show you down here range and just + + + align:start position:0% +gonna show you down here range and just +one of the design variables or set of + + align:start position:0% +one of the design variables or set of + + + align:start position:0% +one of the design variables or set of +design variables which is our wing box + + align:start position:0% +design variables which is our wing box + + + align:start position:0% +design variables which is our wing box +sheet thickness so you go through this + + align:start position:0% +sheet thickness so you go through this + + + align:start position:0% +sheet thickness so you go through this +and it converges after 10 cycles already + + align:start position:0% +and it converges after 10 cycles already + + + align:start position:0% +and it converges after 10 cycles already +so this is what our our business jet + + align:start position:0% +so this is what our our business jet + + + align:start position:0% +so this is what our our business jet +looks like after 10 cycles and you know + + align:start position:0% +looks like after 10 cycles and you know + + + align:start position:0% +looks like after 10 cycles and you know +that you see there's a pretty big + + align:start position:0% +that you see there's a pretty big + + + align:start position:0% +that you see there's a pretty big +difference so the fuselage is much + + align:start position:0% +difference so the fuselage is much + + + align:start position:0% +difference so the fuselage is much +longer this by the way is this is same + + align:start position:0% +longer this by the way is this is same + + + align:start position:0% +longer this by the way is this is same +in ships right your speed that you can + + align:start position:0% +in ships right your speed that you can + + + align:start position:0% +in ships right your speed that you can +reach as your max speed is driven by + + align:start position:0% +reach as your max speed is driven by + + + align:start position:0% +reach as your max speed is driven by +your fuselage length your water length + + align:start position:0% +your fuselage length your water length + + + align:start position:0% +your fuselage length your water length +you can see the wings have a pretty high + + align:start position:0% +you can see the wings have a pretty high + + + align:start position:0% +you can see the wings have a pretty high +sweep angle this is a this is a + + align:start position:0% +sweep angle this is a this is a + + + align:start position:0% +sweep angle this is a this is a +supersonic jet and if we look at the + + align:start position:0% +supersonic jet and if we look at the + + + align:start position:0% +supersonic jet and if we look at the +details we see that the range here the + + align:start position:0% +details we see that the range here the + + + align:start position:0% +details we see that the range here the +range is about 3,000 nautical miles and + + align:start position:0% +range is about 3,000 nautical miles and + + + align:start position:0% +range is about 3,000 nautical miles and +what you see is that it's the exact + + align:start position:0% +what you see is that it's the exact + + + align:start position:0% +what you see is that it's the exact +range that can be achieved and the + + align:start position:0% +range that can be achieved and the + + + align:start position:0% +range that can be achieved and the +approximate range merged so the the + + align:start position:0% +approximate range merged so the the + + + align:start position:0% +approximate range merged so the the +approximation models that you have in + + align:start position:0% +approximation models that you have in + + + align:start position:0% +approximation models that you have in +this method are only approximate there's + + align:start position:0% +this method are only approximate there's + + + align:start position:0% +this method are only approximate there's +some error and you know as you run the + + align:start position:0% +some error and you know as you run the + + + align:start position:0% +some error and you know as you run the +model several times several iterations + + align:start position:0% +model several times several iterations + + + align:start position:0% +model several times several iterations +the difference between the approximation + + align:start position:0% +the difference between the approximation + + + align:start position:0% +the difference between the approximation +and the actual high fidelity result gets + + align:start position:0% +and the actual high fidelity result gets + + + align:start position:0% +and the actual high fidelity result gets +less and less so that it's actually a + + align:start position:0% +less and less so that it's actually a + + + align:start position:0% +less and less so that it's actually a +feasible design and then over here we + + align:start position:0% +feasible design and then over here we + + + align:start position:0% +feasible design and then over here we +see the different + + align:start position:0% +see the different + + + align:start position:0% +see the different +thicknesses for the inner wing box the + + align:start position:0% +thicknesses for the inner wing box the + + + align:start position:0% +thicknesses for the inner wing box the +mid-span wing box and the outer wing box + + align:start position:0% +mid-span wing box and the outer wing box + + + align:start position:0% +mid-span wing box and the outer wing box +and you can see that early on and the + + align:start position:0% +and you can see that early on and the + + + align:start position:0% +and you can see that early on and the +first four five six iterations things + + align:start position:0% +first four five six iterations things + + + align:start position:0% +first four five six iterations things +are kind of moving around but then + + align:start position:0% +are kind of moving around but then + + + align:start position:0% +are kind of moving around but then +they're settling out and so for this + + align:start position:0% +they're settling out and so for this + + + align:start position:0% +they're settling out and so for this +maximum objective of range you can see + + align:start position:0% +maximum objective of range you can see + + + align:start position:0% +maximum objective of range you can see +that the inner mid and outer wings wing + + align:start position:0% +that the inner mid and outer wings wing + + + align:start position:0% +that the inner mid and outer wings wing +box thicknesses are quite different so + + align:start position:0% +box thicknesses are quite different so + + + align:start position:0% +box thicknesses are quite different so +that's the general idea here is that + + align:start position:0% +that's the general idea here is that + + + align:start position:0% +that's the general idea here is that +this result this detail this is a fairly + + align:start position:0% +this result this detail this is a fairly + + + align:start position:0% +this result this detail this is a fairly +detailed design was produced based on on + + align:start position:0% +detailed design was produced based on on + + + align:start position:0% +detailed design was produced based on on +a system level optimization that + + align:start position:0% +a system level optimization that + + + align:start position:0% +a system level optimization that +included consideration of aerodynamic + + align:start position:0% +included consideration of aerodynamic + + + align:start position:0% +included consideration of aerodynamic +structures propulsion and so forth so + + align:start position:0% +structures propulsion and so forth so + + + align:start position:0% +structures propulsion and so forth so +that's and there's several other methods + + align:start position:0% +that's and there's several other methods + + + align:start position:0% +that's and there's several other methods +but this is just one of the methods that + + align:start position:0% +but this is just one of the methods that + + + align:start position:0% +but this is just one of the methods that +that's been actually quite quite helpful + + align:start position:0% +that's been actually quite quite helpful + + + align:start position:0% +that's been actually quite quite helpful +the the challenge is now in M do in this + + align:start position:0% +the the challenge is now in M do in this + + + align:start position:0% +the the challenge is now in M do in this +multidisciplinary optimization are + + align:start position:0% +multidisciplinary optimization are + + + align:start position:0% +multidisciplinary optimization are +different trade-offs so one trade-off is + + align:start position:0% +different trade-offs so one trade-off is + + + align:start position:0% +different trade-offs so one trade-off is +between fidelity versus how expensive is + + align:start position:0% +between fidelity versus how expensive is + + + align:start position:0% +between fidelity versus how expensive is +it computationally so fidelity is over + + align:start position:0% +it computationally so fidelity is over + + + align:start position:0% +it computationally so fidelity is over +here so high fidelity means you know + + align:start position:0% +here so high fidelity means you know + + + align:start position:0% +here so high fidelity means you know +three 3d finite element model analysis + + align:start position:0% +three 3d finite element model analysis + + + align:start position:0% +three 3d finite element model analysis +computational fluid dynamics then you + + align:start position:0% +computational fluid dynamics then you + + + align:start position:0% +computational fluid dynamics then you +have sort of intermediate fidelity or + + align:start position:0% +have sort of intermediate fidelity or + + + align:start position:0% +have sort of intermediate fidelity or +low fidelity empirical models and then + + align:start position:0% +low fidelity empirical models and then + + + align:start position:0% +low fidelity empirical models and then +on this axis we have just doing trade + + align:start position:0% +on this axis we have just doing trade + + + align:start position:0% +on this axis we have just doing trade +studies meaning you have sort of a + + align:start position:0% +studies meaning you have sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +studies meaning you have sort of a +baseline design and you just explore + + align:start position:0% +baseline design and you just explore + + + align:start position:0% +baseline design and you just explore +from that baseline design you do limited + + align:start position:0% +from that baseline design you do limited + + + align:start position:0% +from that baseline design you do limited +optimization or iteration or full mdo + + align:start position:0% +optimization or iteration or full mdo + + + align:start position:0% +optimization or iteration or full mdo +exploring the full space and + + align:start position:0% +exploring the full space and + + + align:start position:0% +exploring the full space and +traditionally you have to choose am I + + align:start position:0% +traditionally you have to choose am I + + + align:start position:0% +traditionally you have to choose am I +gonna use a high fidelity models but + + align:start position:0% +gonna use a high fidelity models but + + + align:start position:0% +gonna use a high fidelity models but +then I can only look at a few points so + + align:start position:0% +then I can only look at a few points so + + + align:start position:0% +then I can only look at a few points so +then the question is can you do better + + align:start position:0% +then the question is can you do better + + + align:start position:0% +then the question is can you do better +is there a better solution out there or + + align:start position:0% +is there a better solution out there or + + + align:start position:0% +is there a better solution out there or +you can do lower fidelity models and + + align:start position:0% +you can do lower fidelity models and + + + align:start position:0% +you can do lower fidelity models and +explore the design space very widely and + + align:start position:0% +explore the design space very widely and + + + align:start position:0% +explore the design space very widely and +then the question is can you believe the + + align:start position:0% +then the question is can you believe the + + + align:start position:0% +then the question is can you believe the +results because you've done this with + + align:start position:0% +results because you've done this with + + + align:start position:0% +results because you've done this with +with approximate models so the real + + align:start position:0% +with approximate models so the real + + + align:start position:0% +with approximate models so the real +challenge here is we would like to do + + align:start position:0% +challenge here is we would like to do + + + align:start position:0% +challenge here is we would like to do +high fidelity and explore the the full + + align:start position:0% +high fidelity and explore the the full + + + align:start position:0% +high fidelity and explore the the full +design space so that's one of the big + + align:start position:0% +design space so that's one of the big + + + align:start position:0% +design space so that's one of the big +research areas in MDO is high fidelity + + align:start position:0% +research areas in MDO is high fidelity + + + align:start position:0% +research areas in MDO is high fidelity +but also very computationally efficient + + align:start position:0% +but also very computationally efficient + + + align:start position:0% +but also very computationally efficient +and then the other the other challenge + + align:start position:0% +and then the other the other challenge + + + align:start position:0% +and then the other the other challenge +is quite similar + + align:start position:0% +is quite similar + + + align:start position:0% +is quite similar +so it's again the fidelity here but then + + align:start position:0% +so it's again the fidelity here but then + + + align:start position:0% +so it's again the fidelity here but then +should you just focus on one subsystem + + align:start position:0% +should you just focus on one subsystem + + + align:start position:0% +should you just focus on one subsystem +how many of the subsystems including you + + align:start position:0% +how many of the subsystems including you + + + align:start position:0% +how many of the subsystems including you +know the financial operations + + align:start position:0% +know the financial operations + + + align:start position:0% +know the financial operations +manufacturing considerations so how many + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing considerations so how many + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing considerations so how many +of those subsystems do you include in + + align:start position:0% +of those subsystems do you include in + + + align:start position:0% +of those subsystems do you include in +your in your optimization and so you + + align:start position:0% +your in your optimization and so you + + + align:start position:0% +your in your optimization and so you +know ideally you'd like to do the + + align:start position:0% +know ideally you'd like to do the + + + align:start position:0% +know ideally you'd like to do the +complete system but then you you may + + align:start position:0% +complete system but then you you may + + + align:start position:0% +complete system but then you you may +have to sacrifice on some of the + + align:start position:0% +have to sacrifice on some of the + + + align:start position:0% +have to sacrifice on some of the +fidelity so that's the the breadth + + align:start position:0% +fidelity so that's the the breadth + + + align:start position:0% +fidelity so that's the the breadth +versus depth trade-off okay so any any + + align:start position:0% +versus depth trade-off okay so any any + + + align:start position:0% +versus depth trade-off okay so any any +questions about MD I know this was very + + align:start position:0% +questions about MD I know this was very + + + align:start position:0% +questions about MD I know this was very +fast I do not expect you by the way for + + align:start position:0% +fast I do not expect you by the way for + + + align:start position:0% +fast I do not expect you by the way for +for for assignment four or five to do M + + align:start position:0% +for for assignment four or five to do M + + + align:start position:0% +for for assignment four or five to do M +do on your can set this is really more + + align:start position:0% +do on your can set this is really more + + + align:start position:0% +do on your can set this is really more +to give you a feeling for you know how + + align:start position:0% +to give you a feeling for you know how + + + align:start position:0% +to give you a feeling for you know how +far things have come and some of the + + align:start position:0% +far things have come and some of the + + + align:start position:0% +far things have come and some of the +computational frameworks that exist to + + align:start position:0% +computational frameworks that exist to + + + align:start position:0% +computational frameworks that exist to +get you to a really fine-tuned optimized + + align:start position:0% +get you to a really fine-tuned optimized + + + align:start position:0% +get you to a really fine-tuned optimized +design if you're interested in this you + + align:start position:0% +design if you're interested in this you + + + align:start position:0% +design if you're interested in this you +know we have the full spring class and + + align:start position:0% +know we have the full spring class and + + + align:start position:0% +know we have the full spring class and +you know I I haven't offered this class + + align:start position:0% +you know I I haven't offered this class + + + align:start position:0% +you know I I haven't offered this class +at EPFL in the past but we actually do + + align:start position:0% +at EPFL in the past but we actually do + + + align:start position:0% +at EPFL in the past but we actually do +offer a distance version with the SDM + + align:start position:0% +offer a distance version with the SDM + + + align:start position:0% +offer a distance version with the SDM +program so there may be an option to do + + align:start position:0% +program so there may be an option to do + + + align:start position:0% +program so there may be an option to do +this at a distance as well well we'll + + align:start position:0% +this at a distance as well well we'll + + + align:start position:0% +this at a distance as well well we'll +discuss it but any questions about em do + + align:start position:0% +discuss it but any questions about em do + + + align:start position:0% +discuss it but any questions about em do +what it is how it works at least in + + align:start position:0% +what it is how it works at least in + + + align:start position:0% +what it is how it works at least in +principle and it has anybody had done + + align:start position:0% +principle and it has anybody had done + + + align:start position:0% +principle and it has anybody had done +and do kind of work Sam go ahead I just + + align:start position:0% +and do kind of work Sam go ahead I just + + + align:start position:0% +and do kind of work Sam go ahead I just +had one question about it if so here + + align:start position:0% +had one question about it if so here + + + align:start position:0% +had one question about it if so here +we're looking at optimizing on one + + align:start position:0% +we're looking at optimizing on one + + + align:start position:0% +we're looking at optimizing on one +attribute so it's range but if we have + + align:start position:0% +attribute so it's range but if we have + + + align:start position:0% +attribute so it's range but if we have +to look at if we have multiple + + align:start position:0% +to look at if we have multiple + + + align:start position:0% +to look at if we have multiple +attributes it's still up to us someone + + align:start position:0% +attributes it's still up to us someone + + + align:start position:0% +attributes it's still up to us someone +to decide how important those attributes + + align:start position:0% +to decide how important those attributes + + + align:start position:0% +to decide how important those attributes +are in the end that's correct that is + + align:start position:0% +are in the end that's correct that is + + + align:start position:0% +are in the end that's correct that is +exactly right unless you have a way to + + align:start position:0% +exactly right unless you have a way to + + + align:start position:0% +exactly right unless you have a way to +combine all these into into one + + align:start position:0% +combine all these into into one + + + align:start position:0% +combine all these into into one +objective function and to be blatant + + align:start position:0% +objective function and to be blatant + + + align:start position:0% +objective function and to be blatant +about it to be you know in in the + + align:start position:0% +about it to be you know in in the + + + align:start position:0% +about it to be you know in in the +commercial world that's actually clear + + align:start position:0% +commercial world that's actually clear + + + align:start position:0% +commercial world that's actually clear +its profit or net present value so if + + align:start position:0% +its profit or net present value so if + + + align:start position:0% +its profit or net present value so if +you're designing a commercial product in + + align:start position:0% +you're designing a commercial product in + + + align:start position:0% +you're designing a commercial product in +a competitive industry you can actually + + align:start position:0% +a competitive industry you can actually + + + align:start position:0% +a competitive industry you can actually +pretty easily combine all this into a + + align:start position:0% +pretty easily combine all this into a + + + align:start position:0% +pretty easily combine all this into a +long you know as long as you + + align:start position:0% +long you know as long as you + + + align:start position:0% +long you know as long as you +include sort of the key drivers of you + + align:start position:0% +include sort of the key drivers of you + + + align:start position:0% +include sort of the key drivers of you +know your manufacturing costs if the + + align:start position:0% +know your manufacturing costs if the + + + align:start position:0% +know your manufacturing costs if the +product is not as optimal and not as + + align:start position:0% +product is not as optimal and not as + + + align:start position:0% +product is not as optimal and not as +performant well probably you're not + + align:start position:0% +performant well probably you're not + + + align:start position:0% +performant well probably you're not +going to be as successful your market + + align:start position:0% +going to be as successful your market + + + align:start position:0% +going to be as successful your market +share might be lower so in the + + align:start position:0% +share might be lower so in the + + + align:start position:0% +share might be lower so in the +commercial world people are doing em do + + align:start position:0% +commercial world people are doing em do + + + align:start position:0% +commercial world people are doing em do +with profitability as the ultimate + + align:start position:0% +with profitability as the ultimate + + + align:start position:0% +with profitability as the ultimate +objective function now for for + + align:start position:0% +objective function now for for + + + align:start position:0% +objective function now for for +situations where where you can't it's + + align:start position:0% +situations where where you can't it's + + + align:start position:0% +situations where where you can't it's +not about profit necessarily but it's + + align:start position:0% +not about profit necessarily but it's + + + align:start position:0% +not about profit necessarily but it's +about a bunch of other considerations + + align:start position:0% +about a bunch of other considerations + + + align:start position:0% +about a bunch of other considerations +and you can't easily combine it you can + + align:start position:0% +and you can't easily combine it you can + + + align:start position:0% +and you can't easily combine it you can +still do utility you can do a utility + + align:start position:0% +still do utility you can do a utility + + + align:start position:0% +still do utility you can do a utility +you know combine it in utility but I + + align:start position:0% +you know combine it in utility but I + + + align:start position:0% +you know combine it in utility but I +agree with you I I think a good practice + + align:start position:0% +agree with you I I think a good practice + + + align:start position:0% +agree with you I I think a good practice +is then in that case to do the multi + + align:start position:0% +is then in that case to do the multi + + + align:start position:0% +is then in that case to do the multi +objective and then you're going to have + + align:start position:0% +objective and then you're going to have + + + align:start position:0% +objective and then you're going to have +a bunch of solutions that are all non + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of solutions that are all non + + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of solutions that are all non +dominated right and then it's a human + + align:start position:0% +dominated right and then it's a human + + + align:start position:0% +dominated right and then it's a human +decision-making process to pick among + + align:start position:0% +decision-making process to pick among + + + align:start position:0% +decision-making process to pick among +those any any other questions or + + align:start position:0% +those any any other questions or + + + align:start position:0% +those any any other questions or +comments + + align:start position:0% +comments + + + align:start position:0% +comments +what about at EPFL M do anybody have + + align:start position:0% +what about at EPFL M do anybody have + + + align:start position:0% +what about at EPFL M do anybody have +experience with this before a + + align:start position:0% +experience with this before a + + + align:start position:0% +experience with this before a +multidisciplinary dissolving + + align:start position:0% +multidisciplinary dissolving + + + align:start position:0% +multidisciplinary dissolving +organization okay no I'm gonna get okay + + align:start position:0% +organization okay no I'm gonna get okay + + + align:start position:0% +organization okay no I'm gonna get okay +that's alright so just just to tell you + + align:start position:0% +that's alright so just just to tell you + + + align:start position:0% +that's alright so just just to tell you +this is really a big deal in practice so + + align:start position:0% +this is really a big deal in practice so + + + align:start position:0% +this is really a big deal in practice so +that you know the structural + + align:start position:0% +that you know the structural + + + align:start position:0% +that you know the structural +optimization has been around that's + + align:start position:0% +optimization has been around that's + + + align:start position:0% +optimization has been around that's +pretty standard practice and you know + + align:start position:0% +pretty standard practice and you know + + + align:start position:0% +pretty standard practice and you know +optimizing control systems so we've + + align:start position:0% +optimizing control systems so we've + + + align:start position:0% +optimizing control systems so we've +optimized individual subsystems for a + + align:start position:0% +optimized individual subsystems for a + + + align:start position:0% +optimized individual subsystems for a +long time now at least two or three + + align:start position:0% +long time now at least two or three + + + align:start position:0% +long time now at least two or three +decades but optimizing at the system + + align:start position:0% +decades but optimizing at the system + + + align:start position:0% +decades but optimizing at the system +level is relatively new and I think the + + align:start position:0% +level is relatively new and I think the + + + align:start position:0% +level is relatively new and I think the +the best companies the best + + align:start position:0% +the best companies the best + + + align:start position:0% +the best companies the best +organizations that are out there they're + + align:start position:0% +organizations that are out there they're + + + align:start position:0% +organizations that are out there they're +really investing in this technology and + + align:start position:0% +really investing in this technology and + + + align:start position:0% +really investing in this technology and +and they're quite good at it and and + + align:start position:0% +and they're quite good at it and and + + + align:start position:0% +and they're quite good at it and and +that's where you can really distinguish + + align:start position:0% +that's where you can really distinguish + + + align:start position:0% +that's where you can really distinguish +yourself from the competition oh let's + + align:start position:0% +yourself from the competition oh let's + + + align:start position:0% +yourself from the competition oh let's +talk about concurrent design facilities + + align:start position:0% +talk about concurrent design facilities + + + align:start position:0% +talk about concurrent design facilities +and so I'm actually going to use some + + align:start position:0% +and so I'm actually going to use some + + + align:start position:0% +and so I'm actually going to use some +material here from epfl because they + + align:start position:0% +material here from epfl because they + + + align:start position:0% +material here from epfl because they +have a very nice CDF and I want to give + + align:start position:0% +have a very nice CDF and I want to give + + + align:start position:0% +have a very nice CDF and I want to give +credit here to dr. Anton Ivanov at the + + align:start position:0% +credit here to dr. Anton Ivanov at the + + + align:start position:0% +credit here to dr. Anton Ivanov at the +Swiss Space Center for some of this + + align:start position:0% +Swiss Space Center for some of this + + + align:start position:0% +Swiss Space Center for some of this +material and actually one of the papers + + align:start position:0% +material and actually one of the papers + + + align:start position:0% +material and actually one of the papers +is also related to this Anton used to be + + align:start position:0% +is also related to this Anton used to be + + + align:start position:0% +is also related to this Anton used to be +at JPL he worked + + align:start position:0% +at JPL he worked + + + align:start position:0% +at JPL he worked +JPL for close to a decade before going + + align:start position:0% +JPL for close to a decade before going + + + align:start position:0% +JPL for close to a decade before going +to EPFL so what is a cdf a concurrent + + align:start position:0% +to EPFL so what is a cdf a concurrent + + + align:start position:0% +to EPFL so what is a cdf a concurrent +designed facility it's essentially an + + align:start position:0% +designed facility it's essentially an + + + align:start position:0% +designed facility it's essentially an +environment where engineers at different + + align:start position:0% +environment where engineers at different + + + align:start position:0% +environment where engineers at different +disciplines come together to perform you + + align:start position:0% +disciplines come together to perform you + + + align:start position:0% +disciplines come together to perform you +know a system engineering study for a + + align:start position:0% +know a system engineering study for a + + + align:start position:0% +know a system engineering study for a +project key elements that you need is + + align:start position:0% +project key elements that you need is + + + align:start position:0% +project key elements that you need is +the team the process the physical + + align:start position:0% +the team the process the physical + + + align:start position:0% +the team the process the physical +environment which includes the a/v and + + align:start position:0% +environment which includes the a/v and + + + align:start position:0% +environment which includes the a/v and +the software and then also some way to + + align:start position:0% +the software and then also some way to + + + align:start position:0% +the software and then also some way to +do knowledge management meaning + + align:start position:0% +do knowledge management meaning + + + align:start position:0% +do knowledge management meaning +capturing the results of prior studies + + align:start position:0% +capturing the results of prior studies + + + align:start position:0% +capturing the results of prior studies +and ongoing studies and i'll show you + + align:start position:0% +and ongoing studies and i'll show you + + + align:start position:0% +and ongoing studies and i'll show you +some examples of CDF's we also do this + + align:start position:0% +some examples of CDF's we also do this + + + align:start position:0% +some examples of CDF's we also do this +in academia there's challenges for doing + + align:start position:0% +in academia there's challenges for doing + + + align:start position:0% +in academia there's challenges for doing +this in academia a short learning curve + + align:start position:0% +this in academia a short learning curve + + + align:start position:0% +this in academia a short learning curve +you know synchronizing this with the + + align:start position:0% +you know synchronizing this with the + + + align:start position:0% +you know synchronizing this with the +academic schedule and then a lot of + + align:start position:0% +academic schedule and then a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +academic schedule and then a lot of +turnover of course as students graduate + + align:start position:0% +turnover of course as students graduate + + + align:start position:0% +turnover of course as students graduate +and so forth so there's challenges and + + align:start position:0% +and so forth so there's challenges and + + + align:start position:0% +and so forth so there's challenges and +in practice what we essentially have is + + align:start position:0% +in practice what we essentially have is + + + align:start position:0% +in practice what we essentially have is +in a CDF we have a set of models that + + align:start position:0% +in a CDF we have a set of models that + + + align:start position:0% +in a CDF we have a set of models that +are linked to each other and these + + align:start position:0% +are linked to each other and these + + + align:start position:0% +are linked to each other and these +models can be for example here's some + + align:start position:0% +models can be for example here's some + + + align:start position:0% +models can be for example here's some +Simulink models shown here there are + + align:start position:0% +Simulink models shown here there are + + + align:start position:0% +Simulink models shown here there are +some excel models you can you can have + + align:start position:0% +some excel models you can you can have + + + align:start position:0% +some excel models you can you can have +cad and one of the tricks is you know to + + align:start position:0% +cad and one of the tricks is you know to + + + align:start position:0% +cad and one of the tricks is you know to +link this together in a way that you can + + align:start position:0% +link this together in a way that you can + + + align:start position:0% +link this together in a way that you can +quickly execute different designs and + + align:start position:0% +quickly execute different designs and + + + align:start position:0% +quickly execute different designs and +look at the results from that so in + + align:start position:0% +look at the results from that so in + + + align:start position:0% +look at the results from that so in +industrial settings probably the most + + align:start position:0% +industrial settings probably the most + + + align:start position:0% +industrial settings probably the most +famous cdf is the one at JPL at the Jet + + align:start position:0% +famous cdf is the one at JPL at the Jet + + + align:start position:0% +famous cdf is the one at JPL at the Jet +Propulsion Laboratory called Team X Team + + align:start position:0% +Propulsion Laboratory called Team X Team + + + align:start position:0% +Propulsion Laboratory called Team X Team +X has been around for about 20 years and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they just had their there one they just + + align:start position:0% +they just had their there one they just + + + align:start position:0% +they just had their there one they just +had a bursary where they celebrated + + align:start position:0% +had a bursary where they celebrated + + + align:start position:0% +had a bursary where they celebrated +their 1,000th study that was done at + + align:start position:0% +their 1,000th study that was done at + + + align:start position:0% +their 1,000th study that was done at +Team X a typical team X study is about a + + align:start position:0% +Team X a typical team X study is about a + + + align:start position:0% +Team X a typical team X study is about a +week so you something you do a little + + align:start position:0% +week so you something you do a little + + + align:start position:0% +week so you something you do a little +bit of preparation but people work + + align:start position:0% +bit of preparation but people work + + + align:start position:0% +bit of preparation but people work +together in the facility for about a + + align:start position:0% +together in the facility for about a + + + align:start position:0% +together in the facility for about a +week and at the end of the week you have + + align:start position:0% +week and at the end of the week you have + + + align:start position:0% +week and at the end of the week you have +a basically a conceptual design pretty + + align:start position:0% +a basically a conceptual design pretty + + + align:start position:0% +a basically a conceptual design pretty +well worked out and the results have + + align:start position:0% +well worked out and the results have + + + align:start position:0% +well worked out and the results have +been impressive so studies have shown + + align:start position:0% +been impressive so studies have shown + + + align:start position:0% +been impressive so studies have shown +that the cost estimates that team X came + + align:start position:0% +that the cost estimates that team X came + + + align:start position:0% +that the cost estimates that team X came +up with + + align:start position:0% +up with + + + align:start position:0% +up with +within 10% of final mission cost for + + align:start position:0% +within 10% of final mission cost for + + + align:start position:0% +within 10% of final mission cost for +those missions that were actually built + + align:start position:0% +those missions that were actually built + + + align:start position:0% +those missions that were actually built +and flown so of the thousand studies + + align:start position:0% +and flown so of the thousand studies + + + align:start position:0% +and flown so of the thousand studies +that Team X did a handful of them actual + + align:start position:0% +that Team X did a handful of them actual + + + align:start position:0% +that Team X did a handful of them actual +flight missions but every proposal every + + align:start position:0% +flight missions but every proposal every + + + align:start position:0% +flight missions but every proposal every +proposal that is written + + align:start position:0% +proposal that is written + + + align:start position:0% +proposal that is written +starts now as a team X study so it's + + align:start position:0% +starts now as a team X study so it's + + + align:start position:0% +starts now as a team X study so it's +it's really a big deal the European + + align:start position:0% +it's really a big deal the European + + + align:start position:0% +it's really a big deal the European +Space Agency s Tech has a similar + + align:start position:0% +Space Agency s Tech has a similar + + + align:start position:0% +Space Agency s Tech has a similar +facility in in Noordwijk in in the + + align:start position:0% +facility in in Noordwijk in in the + + + align:start position:0% +facility in in Noordwijk in in the +Netherlands and as well all the ISA + + align:start position:0% +Netherlands and as well all the ISA + + + align:start position:0% +Netherlands and as well all the ISA +projects are going through through their + + align:start position:0% +projects are going through through their + + + align:start position:0% +projects are going through through their +CDF so one of these is K ops which is a + + align:start position:0% +CDF so one of these is K ops which is a + + + align:start position:0% +CDF so one of these is K ops which is a +observe space-based Observatory that + + align:start position:0% +observe space-based Observatory that + + + align:start position:0% +observe space-based Observatory that +EPFL is involved in that project that + + align:start position:0% +EPFL is involved in that project that + + + align:start position:0% +EPFL is involved in that project that +went through the CDF as well most NASA + + align:start position:0% +went through the CDF as well most NASA + + + align:start position:0% +went through the CDF as well most NASA +centers commit and then commercial + + align:start position:0% +centers commit and then commercial + + + align:start position:0% +centers commit and then commercial +applications in medical devices painting + + align:start position:0% +applications in medical devices painting + + + align:start position:0% +applications in medical devices painting +shipbuilding and like I mentioned in my + + align:start position:0% +shipbuilding and like I mentioned in my + + + align:start position:0% +shipbuilding and like I mentioned in my +introduction even consumer packaged + + align:start position:0% +introduction even consumer packaged + + + align:start position:0% +introduction even consumer packaged +goods are now building their version of + + align:start position:0% +goods are now building their version of + + + align:start position:0% +goods are now building their version of +a CDF such that they can you know very + + align:start position:0% +a CDF such that they can you know very + + + align:start position:0% +a CDF such that they can you know very +quickly within a couple weeks come up + + align:start position:0% +quickly within a couple weeks come up + + + align:start position:0% +quickly within a couple weeks come up +with a new proposal for a product and + + align:start position:0% +with a new proposal for a product and + + + align:start position:0% +with a new proposal for a product and +all the major aspects you know the + + align:start position:0% +all the major aspects you know the + + + align:start position:0% +all the major aspects you know the +underlying physics and chemistry the + + align:start position:0% +underlying physics and chemistry the + + + align:start position:0% +underlying physics and chemistry the +packaging the business case everything + + align:start position:0% +packaging the business case everything + + + align:start position:0% +packaging the business case everything +is is considered at the same time yes I + + align:start position:0% +is is considered at the same time yes I + + + align:start position:0% +is is considered at the same time yes I +was wondering why how what makes the + + align:start position:0% +was wondering why how what makes the + + + align:start position:0% +was wondering why how what makes the +cost estimate so accurate with this + + align:start position:0% +cost estimate so accurate with this + + + align:start position:0% +cost estimate so accurate with this +method so there there there are three + + align:start position:0% +method so there there there are three + + + align:start position:0% +method so there there there are three +major ways of doing Oh Veronica should + + align:start position:0% +major ways of doing Oh Veronica should + + + align:start position:0% +major ways of doing Oh Veronica should +answer that question since she's getting + + align:start position:0% +answer that question since she's getting + + + align:start position:0% +answer that question since she's getting +launched launching on on cost modeling + + align:start position:0% +launched launching on on cost modeling + + + align:start position:0% +launched launching on on cost modeling +for her research there are three major + + align:start position:0% +for her research there are three major + + + align:start position:0% +for her research there are three major +there are three major cost estimation + + align:start position:0% +there are three major cost estimation + + + align:start position:0% +there are three major cost estimation +methods one is bottom-up you know you + + align:start position:0% +methods one is bottom-up you know you + + + align:start position:0% +methods one is bottom-up you know you +have the product decomposition you add + + align:start position:0% +have the product decomposition you add + + + align:start position:0% +have the product decomposition you add +the costs one is called costing by + + align:start position:0% +the costs one is called costing by + + + align:start position:0% +the costs one is called costing by +analogy where you look at a prior + + align:start position:0% +analogy where you look at a prior + + + align:start position:0% +analogy where you look at a prior +mission or a prior product and then you + + align:start position:0% +mission or a prior product and then you + + + align:start position:0% +mission or a prior product and then you +look at the deltas and then the third + + align:start position:0% +look at the deltas and then the third + + + align:start position:0% +look at the deltas and then the third +one is based on so-called CERs cost + + align:start position:0% +one is based on so-called CERs cost + + + align:start position:0% +one is based on so-called CERs cost +estimation relationships it's a + + align:start position:0% +estimation relationships it's a + + + align:start position:0% +estimation relationships it's a +parametric method you can also blend + + align:start position:0% +parametric method you can also blend + + + align:start position:0% +parametric method you can also blend +these and you know I think one of the + + align:start position:0% +these and you know I think one of the + + + align:start position:0% +these and you know I think one of the +reasons why it's accurate is because + + align:start position:0% +reasons why it's accurate is because + + + align:start position:0% +reasons why it's accurate is because +there are two reasons why I would say is + + align:start position:0% +there are two reasons why I would say is + + + align:start position:0% +there are two reasons why I would say is +you so you always have a cost chair one + + align:start position:0% +you so you always have a cost chair one + + + align:start position:0% +you so you always have a cost chair one +of the subsystems is costing so you have + + align:start position:0% +of the subsystems is costing so you have + + + align:start position:0% +of the subsystems is costing so you have +really people who + + align:start position:0% +really people who + + + align:start position:0% +really people who +I've been doing this for a while they + + align:start position:0% +I've been doing this for a while they + + + align:start position:0% +I've been doing this for a while they +know these models and so there's there's + + align:start position:0% +know these models and so there's there's + + + align:start position:0% +know these models and so there's there's +some legacy information and the more + + align:start position:0% +some legacy information and the more + + + align:start position:0% +some legacy information and the more +missions we fly right the more products + + align:start position:0% +missions we fly right the more products + + + align:start position:0% +missions we fly right the more products +we make the the more robust essentially + + align:start position:0% +we make the the more robust essentially + + + align:start position:0% +we make the the more robust essentially +these cost estimates become and then the + + align:start position:0% +these cost estimates become and then the + + + align:start position:0% +these cost estimates become and then the +second I think is because people that + + align:start position:0% +second I think is because people that + + + align:start position:0% +second I think is because people that +typically work in a CDF their non + + align:start position:0% +typically work in a CDF their non + + + align:start position:0% +typically work in a CDF their non +advocates meaning it's kind of neutral + + align:start position:0% +advocates meaning it's kind of neutral + + + align:start position:0% +advocates meaning it's kind of neutral +ground + + align:start position:0% +ground + + + align:start position:0% +ground +so rather than pushing a particular idea + + align:start position:0% +so rather than pushing a particular idea + + + align:start position:0% +so rather than pushing a particular idea +or trying to be overly optimistic you + + align:start position:0% +or trying to be overly optimistic you + + + align:start position:0% +or trying to be overly optimistic you +know usually in a CDF the the + + align:start position:0% +know usually in a CDF the the + + + align:start position:0% +know usually in a CDF the the +calculations that are done are pretty + + align:start position:0% +calculations that are done are pretty + + + align:start position:0% +calculations that are done are pretty +non biased and that's not always the + + align:start position:0% +non biased and that's not always the + + + align:start position:0% +non biased and that's not always the +case so that's one of the advantages of + + align:start position:0% +case so that's one of the advantages of + + + align:start position:0% +case so that's one of the advantages of +the CDF as you're getting you know + + align:start position:0% +the CDF as you're getting you know + + + align:start position:0% +the CDF as you're getting you know +people are trying to say but really + + align:start position:0% +people are trying to say but really + + + align:start position:0% +people are trying to say but really +let's make it look a little better no no + + align:start position:0% +let's make it look a little better no no + + + align:start position:0% +let's make it look a little better no no +we can't do this because the model says + + align:start position:0% +we can't do this because the model says + + + align:start position:0% +we can't do this because the model says +you know it is gonna cost two hundred + + align:start position:0% +you know it is gonna cost two hundred + + + align:start position:0% +you know it is gonna cost two hundred +and eighty million dollars to do the + + align:start position:0% +and eighty million dollars to do the + + + align:start position:0% +and eighty million dollars to do the +satellite and that's based on you know + + align:start position:0% +satellite and that's based on you know + + + align:start position:0% +satellite and that's based on you know +within prior models and if you overlay + + align:start position:0% +within prior models and if you overlay + + + align:start position:0% +within prior models and if you overlay +different models you know with with some + + align:start position:0% +different models you know with with some + + + align:start position:0% +different models you know with with some +error or confidence that's the right + + align:start position:0% +error or confidence that's the right + + + align:start position:0% +error or confidence that's the right +answer so it's it's these two reasons + + align:start position:0% +answer so it's it's these two reasons + + + align:start position:0% +answer so it's it's these two reasons +there's experience there's data and non + + align:start position:0% +there's experience there's data and non + + + align:start position:0% +there's experience there's data and non +advocacy really are taking a kind of + + align:start position:0% +advocacy really are taking a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +advocacy really are taking a kind of +neutral unbiased position so benefits + + align:start position:0% +neutral unbiased position so benefits + + + align:start position:0% +neutral unbiased position so benefits +are you know improvements of quality + + align:start position:0% +are you know improvements of quality + + + align:start position:0% +are you know improvements of quality +quick turnaround for ideas better cost + + align:start position:0% +quick turnaround for ideas better cost + + + align:start position:0% +quick turnaround for ideas better cost +estimates and then increased creativity + + align:start position:0% +estimates and then increased creativity + + + align:start position:0% +estimates and then increased creativity +and productivity in a company so let me + + align:start position:0% +and productivity in a company so let me + + + align:start position:0% +and productivity in a company so let me +give you a couple examples here this is + + align:start position:0% +give you a couple examples here this is + + + align:start position:0% +give you a couple examples here this is +a CubeSat so this is the ability to + + align:start position:0% +a CubeSat so this is the ability to + + + align:start position:0% +a CubeSat so this is the ability to +design quickly new cube sets this + + align:start position:0% +design quickly new cube sets this + + + align:start position:0% +design quickly new cube sets this +picture here I'm showing you is the + + align:start position:0% +picture here I'm showing you is the + + + align:start position:0% +picture here I'm showing you is the +Swiss cube that was launched in 2009 + + align:start position:0% +Swiss cube that was launched in 2009 + + + align:start position:0% +Swiss cube that was launched in 2009 +still operating I think it's the longest + + align:start position:0% +still operating I think it's the longest + + + align:start position:0% +still operating I think it's the longest +operating continuously operating CubeSat + + align:start position:0% +operating continuously operating CubeSat + + + align:start position:0% +operating continuously operating CubeSat +so far there's like over six years of + + align:start position:0% +so far there's like over six years of + + + align:start position:0% +so far there's like over six years of +operational data now and so you know for + + align:start position:0% +operational data now and so you know for + + + align:start position:0% +operational data now and so you know for +the next generation which is shown here + + align:start position:0% +the next generation which is shown here + + + align:start position:0% +the next generation which is shown here +how would you do a CubeSat in in a such + + align:start position:0% +how would you do a CubeSat in in a such + + + align:start position:0% +how would you do a CubeSat in in a such +a facility and there's three steps you + + align:start position:0% +a facility and there's three steps you + + + align:start position:0% +a facility and there's three steps you +define your decomposition level so you + + align:start position:0% +define your decomposition level so you + + + align:start position:0% +define your decomposition level so you +have your system level your subsystem + + align:start position:0% +have your system level your subsystem + + + align:start position:0% +have your system level your subsystem +level and then at the lowest level it's + + align:start position:0% +level and then at the lowest level it's + + + align:start position:0% +level and then at the lowest level it's +called equipment these are the actual + + align:start position:0% +called equipment these are the actual + + + align:start position:0% +called equipment these are the actual +components and you have your product + + align:start position:0% +components and you have your product + + + align:start position:0% +components and you have your product +decomposition here and then for each of + + align:start position:0% +decomposition here and then for each of + + + align:start position:0% +decomposition here and then for each of +these components you have different + + align:start position:0% +these components you have different + + + align:start position:0% +these components you have different +that give you either component choices + + align:start position:0% +that give you either component choices + + + align:start position:0% +that give you either component choices +or give you different parameters like + + align:start position:0% +or give you different parameters like + + + align:start position:0% +or give you different parameters like +mass power with margins that allow you + + align:start position:0% +mass power with margins that allow you + + + align:start position:0% +mass power with margins that allow you +to then choose from this like a menu and + + align:start position:0% +to then choose from this like a menu and + + + align:start position:0% +to then choose from this like a menu and +pull together your overall design so + + align:start position:0% +pull together your overall design so + + + align:start position:0% +pull together your overall design so +that's that's a CubeSat example but I + + align:start position:0% +that's that's a CubeSat example but I + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's a CubeSat example but I +want to talk you a little bit in more + + align:start position:0% +want to talk you a little bit in more + + + align:start position:0% +want to talk you a little bit in more +detail through a design of a suborbital + + align:start position:0% +detail through a design of a suborbital + + + align:start position:0% +detail through a design of a suborbital +space plane that was done in in that CDF + + align:start position:0% +space plane that was done in in that CDF + + + align:start position:0% +space plane that was done in in that CDF +and this was a project known as k1000 so + + align:start position:0% +and this was a project known as k1000 so + + + align:start position:0% +and this was a project known as k1000 so +some of you may have heard of the Hermes + + align:start position:0% +some of you may have heard of the Hermes + + + align:start position:0% +some of you may have heard of the Hermes +the Hermes space plane this was a + + align:start position:0% +the Hermes space plane this was a + + + align:start position:0% +the Hermes space plane this was a +project that European Space Agency had + + align:start position:0% +project that European Space Agency had + + + align:start position:0% +project that European Space Agency had +starting even in the 80s and it wasn't + + align:start position:0% +starting even in the 80s and it wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +starting even in the 80s and it wasn't +built but there was a lot of studies + + align:start position:0% +built but there was a lot of studies + + + align:start position:0% +built but there was a lot of studies +done and this is essentially a Hermes + + align:start position:0% +done and this is essentially a Hermes + + + align:start position:0% +done and this is essentially a Hermes +like vehicle but for space tourism + + align:start position:0% +like vehicle but for space tourism + + + align:start position:0% +like vehicle but for space tourism +that's the basic application and so you + + align:start position:0% +that's the basic application and so you + + + align:start position:0% +that's the basic application and so you +know how would you design a space + + align:start position:0% +know how would you design a space + + + align:start position:0% +know how would you design a space +tourism vehicle in a CDF well you have + + align:start position:0% +tourism vehicle in a CDF well you have + + + align:start position:0% +tourism vehicle in a CDF well you have +to start with requirements right without + + align:start position:0% +to start with requirements right without + + + align:start position:0% +to start with requirements right without +requirements you're just it's like you + + align:start position:0% +requirements you're just it's like you + + + align:start position:0% +requirements you're just it's like you +know setting up my analogy for designing + + align:start position:0% +know setting up my analogy for designing + + + align:start position:0% +know setting up my analogy for designing +without requirements is like taking your + + align:start position:0% +without requirements is like taking your + + + align:start position:0% +without requirements is like taking your +ship and going out to sea without a map + + align:start position:0% +ship and going out to sea without a map + + + align:start position:0% +ship and going out to sea without a map +without a chart with no destination port + + align:start position:0% +without a chart with no destination port + + + align:start position:0% +without a chart with no destination port +in mind you're just drifting in the + + align:start position:0% +in mind you're just drifting in the + + + align:start position:0% +in mind you're just drifting in the +ocean you got to have requirements so + + align:start position:0% +ocean you got to have requirements so + + + align:start position:0% +ocean you got to have requirements so +here the high level requirements for + + align:start position:0% +here the high level requirements for + + + align:start position:0% +here the high level requirements for +this particular vehicle level one + + align:start position:0% +this particular vehicle level one + + + align:start position:0% +this particular vehicle level one +requirements you have to reach an + + align:start position:0% +requirements you have to reach an + + + align:start position:0% +requirements you have to reach an +altitude of at least a hundred + + align:start position:0% +altitude of at least a hundred + + + align:start position:0% +altitude of at least a hundred +kilometers over sea level why is that + + align:start position:0% +kilometers over sea level why is that + + + align:start position:0% +kilometers over sea level why is that +where does the hundred kilometers come + + align:start position:0% +where does the hundred kilometers come + + + align:start position:0% +where does the hundred kilometers come +from why is it not 80 or 90 or 150 + + align:start position:0% +from why is it not 80 or 90 or 150 + + + align:start position:0% +from why is it not 80 or 90 or 150 +that's where space is defined right and + + align:start position:0% +that's where space is defined right and + + + align:start position:0% +that's where space is defined right and +and what happens to people who go above + + align:start position:0% +and what happens to people who go above + + + align:start position:0% +and what happens to people who go above +100 kilometers they get their astronaut + + align:start position:0% +100 kilometers they get their astronaut + + + align:start position:0% +100 kilometers they get their astronaut +wings they get their weight there get + + align:start position:0% +wings they get their weight there get + + + align:start position:0% +wings they get their weight there get +your considered you have gone to space + + align:start position:0% +your considered you have gone to space + + + align:start position:0% +your considered you have gone to space +and you get like you know you can claim + + align:start position:0% +and you get like you know you can claim + + + align:start position:0% +and you get like you know you can claim +that you've gone to space if you go + + align:start position:0% +that you've gone to space if you go + + + align:start position:0% +that you've gone to space if you go +above 100 if you don't if you order 80 + + align:start position:0% +above 100 if you don't if you order 80 + + + align:start position:0% +above 100 if you don't if you order 80 +or 90 you don't that's kind of + + align:start position:0% +or 90 you don't that's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +or 90 you don't that's kind of +internationally accepted so that's + + align:start position:0% +internationally accepted so that's + + + align:start position:0% +internationally accepted so that's +really where that requirement comes from + + align:start position:0% +really where that requirement comes from + + + align:start position:0% +really where that requirement comes from +the second one is zero-g phase you + + align:start position:0% +the second one is zero-g phase you + + + align:start position:0% +the second one is zero-g phase you +should experience weightlessness for at + + align:start position:0% +should experience weightlessness for at + + + align:start position:0% +should experience weightlessness for at +least several minutes justo + + align:start position:0% +least several minutes justo + + + align:start position:0% +least several minutes justo +a parabolic flight before here the + + align:start position:0% +a parabolic flight before here the + + + align:start position:0% +a parabolic flight before here the +zero-g you know the Vomit Comet anybody + + align:start position:0% +zero-g you know the Vomit Comet anybody + + + align:start position:0% +zero-g you know the Vomit Comet anybody +well we have to get you guys out there + + align:start position:0% +well we have to get you guys out there + + + align:start position:0% +well we have to get you guys out there +at EPFL are you still with us we are as + + align:start position:0% +at EPFL are you still with us we are as + + + align:start position:0% +at EPFL are you still with us we are as +anybody doesn't but has anybody done + + align:start position:0% +anybody doesn't but has anybody done + + + align:start position:0% +anybody doesn't but has anybody done +parabolic flights of you I know there's + + align:start position:0% +parabolic flights of you I know there's + + + align:start position:0% +parabolic flights of you I know there's +a flight campaign coming up right in + + align:start position:0% +a flight campaign coming up right in + + + align:start position:0% +a flight campaign coming up right in +Switzerland later this year yeah it will + + align:start position:0% +Switzerland later this year yeah it will + + + align:start position:0% +Switzerland later this year yeah it will +be next year I guess but unfortunately + + align:start position:0% +be next year I guess but unfortunately + + + align:start position:0% +be next year I guess but unfortunately +no one has done this right now yeah all + + align:start position:0% +no one has done this right now yeah all + + + align:start position:0% +no one has done this right now yeah all +right guy we have to fix this this is + + align:start position:0% +right guy we have to fix this this is + + + align:start position:0% +right guy we have to fix this this is +unacceptable + + align:start position:0% +unacceptable + + + align:start position:0% +unacceptable +I mean this we we have to work on this + + align:start position:0% +I mean this we we have to work on this + + + align:start position:0% +I mean this we we have to work on this +it's so it's very cool to do these + + align:start position:0% +it's so it's very cool to do these + + + align:start position:0% +it's so it's very cool to do these +parabolic flights but you only get about + + align:start position:0% +parabolic flights but you only get about + + + align:start position:0% +parabolic flights but you only get about +20 seconds right 20 seconds at the top + + align:start position:0% +20 seconds right 20 seconds at the top + + + align:start position:0% +20 seconds right 20 seconds at the top +it's like riding a big roller coaster + + align:start position:0% +it's like riding a big roller coaster + + + align:start position:0% +it's like riding a big roller coaster +basically and then you go down and then + + align:start position:0% +basically and then you go down and then + + + align:start position:0% +basically and then you go down and then +you suffer you know 1.7 G's or whatever + + align:start position:0% +you suffer you know 1.7 G's or whatever + + + align:start position:0% +you suffer you know 1.7 G's or whatever +then you come back up but we want + + align:start position:0% +then you come back up but we want + + + align:start position:0% +then you come back up but we want +several minutes and then and then the + + align:start position:0% +several minutes and then and then the + + + align:start position:0% +several minutes and then and then the +the next requirement is that the + + align:start position:0% +the next requirement is that the + + + align:start position:0% +the next requirement is that the +passengers that carries there should be + + align:start position:0% +passengers that carries there should be + + + align:start position:0% +passengers that carries there should be +six passengers carried on this vehicle + + align:start position:0% +six passengers carried on this vehicle + + + align:start position:0% +six passengers carried on this vehicle +those are the top level one requirement + + align:start position:0% +those are the top level one requirement + + + align:start position:0% +those are the top level one requirement +lower level level two requirement safety + + align:start position:0% +lower level level two requirement safety + + + align:start position:0% +lower level level two requirement safety +don't exceed six G+ six GS the vehicle + + align:start position:0% +don't exceed six G+ six GS the vehicle + + + align:start position:0% +don't exceed six G+ six GS the vehicle +must be controllable at all times so + + align:start position:0% +must be controllable at all times so + + + align:start position:0% +must be controllable at all times so +when you're out of the atmosphere you + + align:start position:0% +when you're out of the atmosphere you + + + align:start position:0% +when you're out of the atmosphere you +have to be able to control the vehicle + + align:start position:0% +have to be able to control the vehicle + + + align:start position:0% +have to be able to control the vehicle +that has certain implications the + + align:start position:0% +that has certain implications the + + + align:start position:0% +that has certain implications the +customer experience you should be able + + align:start position:0% +customer experience you should be able + + + align:start position:0% +customer experience you should be able +to see the Earth's curvature and + + align:start position:0% +to see the Earth's curvature and + + + align:start position:0% +to see the Earth's curvature and +atmosphere that thin layer at all times + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere that thin layer at all times + + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere that thin layer at all times +the spacecraft's impact on the + + align:start position:0% +the spacecraft's impact on the + + + align:start position:0% +the spacecraft's impact on the +environment should be as small as + + align:start position:0% +environment should be as small as + + + align:start position:0% +environment should be as small as +possible and then the mass budget the + + align:start position:0% +possible and then the mass budget the + + + align:start position:0% +possible and then the mass budget the +spacecraft mass should not exceed 11.6 + + align:start position:0% +spacecraft mass should not exceed 11.6 + + + align:start position:0% +spacecraft mass should not exceed 11.6 +tonnes with propellants what do you + + align:start position:0% +tonnes with propellants what do you + + + align:start position:0% +tonnes with propellants what do you +think that comes from what kind of a + + align:start position:0% +think that comes from what kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +think that comes from what kind of a +requirement is that what flavor of + + align:start position:0% +requirement is that what flavor of + + + align:start position:0% +requirement is that what flavor of +requirement is that you know right so in + + align:start position:0% +requirement is that you know right so in + + + align:start position:0% +requirement is that you know right so in +this case it's actually a piggyback + + align:start position:0% +this case it's actually a piggyback + + + align:start position:0% +this case it's actually a piggyback +right you're you're either either have a + + align:start position:0% +right you're you're either either have a + + + align:start position:0% +right you're you're either either have a +vertical launch and that or you're you + + align:start position:0% +vertical launch and that or you're you + + + align:start position:0% +vertical launch and that or you're you +have a first stage a vehicle plane from + + align:start position:0% +have a first stage a vehicle plane from + + + align:start position:0% +have a first stage a vehicle plane from +which you're dropped right so that's + + align:start position:0% +which you're dropped right so that's + + + align:start position:0% +which you're dropped right so that's +sort of an interface requirement okay so + + align:start position:0% +sort of an interface requirement okay so + + + align:start position:0% +sort of an interface requirement okay so +once you know your requirements you can + + align:start position:0% +once you know your requirements you can + + + align:start position:0% +once you know your requirements you can +really start developing your model + + align:start position:0% +really start developing your model + + + align:start position:0% +really start developing your model +so here's a here's a model of the + + align:start position:0% +so here's a here's a model of the + + + align:start position:0% +so here's a here's a model of the +essentially the kinematics of the of the + + align:start position:0% +essentially the kinematics of the of the + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the kinematics of the of the +vehicle so you have your environment + + align:start position:0% +vehicle so you have your environment + + + align:start position:0% +vehicle so you have your environment +your atmospheric model atmospheric + + align:start position:0% +your atmospheric model atmospheric + + + align:start position:0% +your atmospheric model atmospheric +density pressure Mach number speed of + + align:start position:0% +density pressure Mach number speed of + + + align:start position:0% +density pressure Mach number speed of +sound a gravity model then computing the + + align:start position:0% +sound a gravity model then computing the + + + align:start position:0% +sound a gravity model then computing the +forces and torques acting on the on the + + align:start position:0% +forces and torques acting on the on the + + + align:start position:0% +forces and torques acting on the on the +vehicle itself looking at the + + align:start position:0% +vehicle itself looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +vehicle itself looking at the +derivatives integrating that this is + + align:start position:0% +derivatives integrating that this is + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives integrating that this is +essentially the equations of motion of + + align:start position:0% +essentially the equations of motion of + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the equations of motion of +the vehicle in its environment right + + align:start position:0% +the vehicle in its environment right + + + align:start position:0% +the vehicle in its environment right +that it's operating in and then updating + + align:start position:0% +that it's operating in and then updating + + + align:start position:0% +that it's operating in and then updating +that with with a certain time step + + align:start position:0% +that with with a certain time step + + + align:start position:0% +that with with a certain time step +delta-t so if you can you can zoom in on + + align:start position:0% +delta-t so if you can you can zoom in on + + + align:start position:0% +delta-t so if you can you can zoom in on +one of these for example this force + + align:start position:0% +one of these for example this force + + + align:start position:0% +one of these for example this force +model computation of the forces and and + + align:start position:0% +model computation of the forces and and + + + align:start position:0% +model computation of the forces and and +there's two frames right there's the + + align:start position:0% +there's two frames right there's the + + + align:start position:0% +there's two frames right there's the +earth reference frame and then there's + + align:start position:0% +earth reference frame and then there's + + + align:start position:0% +earth reference frame and then there's +the body centric frame of the vehicle + + align:start position:0% +the body centric frame of the vehicle + + + align:start position:0% +the body centric frame of the vehicle +itself so you have in this case the + + align:start position:0% +itself so you have in this case the + + + align:start position:0% +itself so you have in this case the +aerodynamic coefficients you have the + + align:start position:0% +aerodynamic coefficients you have the + + + align:start position:0% +aerodynamic coefficients you have the +forces lift drag pitching moment and + + align:start position:0% +forces lift drag pitching moment and + + + align:start position:0% +forces lift drag pitching moment and +then you have the actuation this is + + align:start position:0% +then you have the actuation this is + + + align:start position:0% +then you have the actuation this is +assume you know the pilots are here in + + align:start position:0% +assume you know the pilots are here in + + + align:start position:0% +assume you know the pilots are here in +control the rocket engine itself + + align:start position:0% +control the rocket engine itself + + + align:start position:0% +control the rocket engine itself +secondary propulsion the rudders and + + align:start position:0% +secondary propulsion the rudders and + + + align:start position:0% +secondary propulsion the rudders and +then attitude thrusters you need those + + align:start position:0% +then attitude thrusters you need those + + + align:start position:0% +then attitude thrusters you need those +especially in you know once you're out + + align:start position:0% +especially in you know once you're out + + + align:start position:0% +especially in you know once you're out +of the atmosphere the rudders the the + + align:start position:0% +of the atmosphere the rudders the the + + + align:start position:0% +of the atmosphere the rudders the the +aerodynamic surfaces are no longer + + align:start position:0% +aerodynamic surfaces are no longer + + + align:start position:0% +aerodynamic surfaces are no longer +effective and we knew this in the 60s + + align:start position:0% +effective and we knew this in the 60s + + + align:start position:0% +effective and we knew this in the 60s +vehicles like the x-15 is very famous + + align:start position:0% +vehicles like the x-15 is very famous + + + align:start position:0% +vehicles like the x-15 is very famous +well it had thrusters that you could you + + align:start position:0% +well it had thrusters that you could you + + + align:start position:0% +well it had thrusters that you could you +could actuate once you're out of the + + align:start position:0% +could actuate once you're out of the + + + align:start position:0% +could actuate once you're out of the +atmosphere so you know you can go pretty + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere so you know you can go pretty + + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere so you know you can go pretty +detailed in this so here's a you know + + align:start position:0% +detailed in this so here's a you know + + + align:start position:0% +detailed in this so here's a you know +you you would then design the vehicle in + + align:start position:0% +you you would then design the vehicle in + + + align:start position:0% +you you would then design the vehicle in +a particular way you know particular + + align:start position:0% +a particular way you know particular + + + align:start position:0% +a particular way you know particular +engine wing dimensions aspect ratio a + + align:start position:0% +engine wing dimensions aspect ratio a + + + align:start position:0% +engine wing dimensions aspect ratio a +particular flight profile and and then + + align:start position:0% +particular flight profile and and then + + + align:start position:0% +particular flight profile and and then +that would be a typical result that you + + align:start position:0% +that would be a typical result that you + + + align:start position:0% +that would be a typical result that you +would get in the CDF there's two curves + + align:start position:0% +would get in the CDF there's two curves + + + align:start position:0% +would get in the CDF there's two curves +shown here the blue curve is essentially + + align:start position:0% +shown here the blue curve is essentially + + + align:start position:0% +shown here the blue curve is essentially +altitude in kilometers so you see + + align:start position:0% +altitude in kilometers so you see + + + align:start position:0% +altitude in kilometers so you see +there's the hundred kilometers we need + + align:start position:0% +there's the hundred kilometers we need + + + align:start position:0% +there's the hundred kilometers we need +to get above this right this was our + + align:start position:0% +to get above this right this was our + + + align:start position:0% +to get above this right this was our +requirement so we go above a hundred + + align:start position:0% +requirement so we go above a hundred + + + align:start position:0% +requirement so we go above a hundred +that's good we satisfy that requirement + + align:start position:0% +that's good we satisfy that requirement + + + align:start position:0% +that's good we satisfy that requirement +so it looks like a parabola and then we + + align:start position:0% +so it looks like a parabola and then we + + + align:start position:0% +so it looks like a parabola and then we +have a we glide here essentially to the + + align:start position:0% +have a we glide here essentially to the + + + align:start position:0% +have a we glide here essentially to the +ground the whole mission takes it + + align:start position:0% +ground the whole mission takes it + + + align:start position:0% +ground the whole mission takes it +900 seconds 15 minutes and then the + + align:start position:0% +900 seconds 15 minutes and then the + + + align:start position:0% +900 seconds 15 minutes and then the +yellow curve here is your load factor + + align:start position:0% +yellow curve here is your load factor + + + align:start position:0% +yellow curve here is your load factor +your NZ your vertical load factor and + + align:start position:0% +your NZ your vertical load factor and + + + align:start position:0% +your NZ your vertical load factor and +you can see that's a little noisier as a + + align:start position:0% +you can see that's a little noisier as a + + + align:start position:0% +you can see that's a little noisier as a +curve so we have higher acceleration as + + align:start position:0% +curve so we have higher acceleration as + + + align:start position:0% +curve so we have higher acceleration as +we accelerate to altitude and you can + + align:start position:0% +we accelerate to altitude and you can + + + align:start position:0% +we accelerate to altitude and you can +see that roughly here roughly in the + + align:start position:0% +see that roughly here roughly in the + + + align:start position:0% +see that roughly here roughly in the +middle of the parabola the load factor + + align:start position:0% +middle of the parabola the load factor + + + align:start position:0% +middle of the parabola the load factor +starts to you're basically in freefall + + align:start position:0% +starts to you're basically in freefall + + + align:start position:0% +starts to you're basically in freefall +you're basically ballistic and the the + + align:start position:0% +you're basically ballistic and the the + + + align:start position:0% +you're basically ballistic and the the +peak acceleration is about four point + + align:start position:0% +peak acceleration is about four point + + + align:start position:0% +peak acceleration is about four point +three g's here so we satisfy that + + align:start position:0% +three g's here so we satisfy that + + + align:start position:0% +three g's here so we satisfy that +requirement and the whole reason we're + + align:start position:0% +requirement and the whole reason we're + + + align:start position:0% +requirement and the whole reason we're +doing it is for this period here that + + align:start position:0% +doing it is for this period here that + + + align:start position:0% +doing it is for this period here that +zero-g experience so when the when the + + align:start position:0% +zero-g experience so when the when the + + + align:start position:0% +zero-g experience so when the when the +load factor goes to zero or near zero + + align:start position:0% +load factor goes to zero or near zero + + + align:start position:0% +load factor goes to zero or near zero +that's when you get weightlessness and + + align:start position:0% +that's when you get weightlessness and + + + align:start position:0% +that's when you get weightlessness and +it turns out for this particular flight + + align:start position:0% +it turns out for this particular flight + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out for this particular flight +profile we would experience 184 seconds + + align:start position:0% +profile we would experience 184 seconds + + + align:start position:0% +profile we would experience 184 seconds +excuse me 184 seconds about three + + align:start position:0% +excuse me 184 seconds about three + + + align:start position:0% +excuse me 184 seconds about three +minutes of weightlessness this is pretty + + align:start position:0% +minutes of weightlessness this is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +minutes of weightlessness this is pretty +similar to the flight profile that + + align:start position:0% +similar to the flight profile that + + + align:start position:0% +similar to the flight profile that +Virgin Galactic is pursuing by the way + + align:start position:0% +Virgin Galactic is pursuing by the way + + + align:start position:0% +Virgin Galactic is pursuing by the way +so at you know looking at looking at + + align:start position:0% +so at you know looking at looking at + + + align:start position:0% +so at you know looking at looking at +this result you would say well I don't + + align:start position:0% +this result you would say well I don't + + + align:start position:0% +this result you would say well I don't +know about the mass here but from from + + align:start position:0% +know about the mass here but from from + + + align:start position:0% +know about the mass here but from from +you know reaching a hundred kilometres + + align:start position:0% +you know reaching a hundred kilometres + + + align:start position:0% +you know reaching a hundred kilometres +keeping keeping accelerations below 6g + + align:start position:0% +keeping keeping accelerations below 6g + + + align:start position:0% +keeping keeping accelerations below 6g +this looks like a feasible profile of + + align:start position:0% +this looks like a feasible profile of + + + align:start position:0% +this looks like a feasible profile of +course the other thing that we care + + align:start position:0% +course the other thing that we care + + + align:start position:0% +course the other thing that we care +about is the view right since this is + + align:start position:0% +about is the view right since this is + + + align:start position:0% +about is the view right since this is +for space tourism we want to make sure + + align:start position:0% +for space tourism we want to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +for space tourism we want to make sure +that you know that the experience is is + + align:start position:0% +that you know that the experience is is + + + align:start position:0% +that you know that the experience is is +great not just from experiencing + + align:start position:0% +great not just from experiencing + + + align:start position:0% +great not just from experiencing +weightlessness which you can do in a + + align:start position:0% +weightlessness which you can do in a + + + align:start position:0% +weightlessness which you can do in a +closed can but you actually see + + align:start position:0% +closed can but you actually see + + + align:start position:0% +closed can but you actually see +something so this was essentially + + align:start position:0% +something so this was essentially + + + align:start position:0% +something so this was essentially +coupled with a with a virtual reality + + align:start position:0% +coupled with a with a virtual reality + + + align:start position:0% +coupled with a with a virtual reality +visualization so you can see the you + + align:start position:0% +visualization so you can see the you + + + align:start position:0% +visualization so you can see the you +know the landing here you can see you + + align:start position:0% +know the landing here you can see you + + + align:start position:0% +know the landing here you can see you +can see these three views here and you + + align:start position:0% +can see these three views here and you + + + align:start position:0% +can see these three views here and you +can see the vehicle itself has so the + + align:start position:0% +can see the vehicle itself has so the + + + align:start position:0% +can see the vehicle itself has so the +pilots are up front and then here's our + + align:start position:0% +pilots are up front and then here's our + + + align:start position:0% +pilots are up front and then here's our +six passengers every one of the + + align:start position:0% +six passengers every one of the + + + align:start position:0% +six passengers every one of the +passengers gets their own window + + align:start position:0% +passengers gets their own window + + + align:start position:0% +passengers gets their own window +so this is the view that you would get + + align:start position:0% +so this is the view that you would get + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the view that you would get +from the the front window this is the + + align:start position:0% +from the the front window this is the + + + align:start position:0% +from the the front window this is the +view from the middle window and then + + align:start position:0% +view from the middle window and then + + + align:start position:0% +view from the middle window and then +this is the view from the back window + + align:start position:0% +this is the view from the back window + + + align:start position:0% +this is the view from the back window +okay from that last window here which is + + align:start position:0% +okay from that last window here which is + + + align:start position:0% +okay from that last window here which is +closer to to the back to the engines so + + align:start position:0% +closer to to the back to the engines so + + + align:start position:0% +closer to to the back to the engines so +what would you looking at these pictures + + align:start position:0% +what would you looking at these pictures + + + align:start position:0% +what would you looking at these pictures +you know this comes directly out of the + + align:start position:0% +you know this comes directly out of the + + + align:start position:0% +you know this comes directly out of the +simulation in the CDF what what's what + + align:start position:0% +simulation in the CDF what what's what + + + align:start position:0% +simulation in the CDF what what's what +would you say looking at this anything + + align:start position:0% +would you say looking at this anything + + + align:start position:0% +would you say looking at this anything +you notice EPFL anything you guys notice + + align:start position:0% +you notice EPFL anything you guys notice + + + align:start position:0% +you notice EPFL anything you guys notice +look at the view from the front the + + align:start position:0% +look at the view from the front the + + + align:start position:0% +look at the view from the front the +middle and the back window from the + + align:start position:0% +middle and the back window from the + + + align:start position:0% +middle and the back window from the +front looks better and yes it will be + + align:start position:0% +front looks better and yes it will be + + + align:start position:0% +front looks better and yes it will be +more expensive at the end for the + + align:start position:0% +more expensive at the end for the + + + align:start position:0% +more expensive at the end for the +customer yeah so that's that's exactly + + align:start position:0% +customer yeah so that's that's exactly + + + align:start position:0% +customer yeah so that's that's exactly +what I was what I was asking so it looks + + align:start position:0% +what I was what I was asking so it looks + + + align:start position:0% +what I was what I was asking so it looks +like either either you need to redesign + + align:start position:0% +like either either you need to redesign + + + align:start position:0% +like either either you need to redesign +the vehicle so that the view is the same + + align:start position:0% +the vehicle so that the view is the same + + + align:start position:0% +the vehicle so that the view is the same +more or less from every window or you + + align:start position:0% +more or less from every window or you + + + align:start position:0% +more or less from every window or you +need to start charging differential + + align:start position:0% +need to start charging differential + + + align:start position:0% +need to start charging differential +prices because clearly right from the + + align:start position:0% +prices because clearly right from the + + + align:start position:0% +prices because clearly right from the +back window your view as half your view + + align:start position:0% +back window your view as half your view + + + align:start position:0% +back window your view as half your view +is obstructed by the wing structure + + align:start position:0% +is obstructed by the wing structure + + + align:start position:0% +is obstructed by the wing structure +right did you agree with that would you + + align:start position:0% +right did you agree with that would you + + + align:start position:0% +right did you agree with that would you +charge different ticket prices for this + + align:start position:0% +charge different ticket prices for this + + + align:start position:0% +charge different ticket prices for this +ride depending on what which seat you + + align:start position:0% +ride depending on what which seat you + + + align:start position:0% +ride depending on what which seat you +get I get that offer and demand supply + + align:start position:0% +get I get that offer and demand supply + + + align:start position:0% +get I get that offer and demand supply +and demand yes that's right go ahead + + align:start position:0% +and demand yes that's right go ahead + + + align:start position:0% +and demand yes that's right go ahead +I could also merit a change in flight + + align:start position:0% +I could also merit a change in flight + + + align:start position:0% +I could also merit a change in flight +plan if your structure blocks the + + align:start position:0% +plan if your structure blocks the + + + align:start position:0% +plan if your structure blocks the +downward view you might want to consider + + align:start position:0% +downward view you might want to consider + + + align:start position:0% +downward view you might want to consider +flipping over if like the earth and is + + align:start position:0% +flipping over if like the earth and is + + + align:start position:0% +flipping over if like the earth and is +what you're trying to see from above so + + align:start position:0% +what you're trying to see from above so + + + align:start position:0% +what you're trying to see from above so +it may have broader implications for the + + align:start position:0% +it may have broader implications for the + + + align:start position:0% +it may have broader implications for the +mission okay so me so the the point here + + align:start position:0% +mission okay so me so the the point here + + + align:start position:0% +mission okay so me so the the point here +is is there wait so operationally + + align:start position:0% +is is there wait so operationally + + + align:start position:0% +is is there wait so operationally +improve the experience keeping the + + align:start position:0% +improve the experience keeping the + + + align:start position:0% +improve the experience keeping the +vehicle designed the same absolutely but + + align:start position:0% +vehicle designed the same absolutely but + + + align:start position:0% +vehicle designed the same absolutely but +that what that means is you would have + + align:start position:0% +that what that means is you would have + + + align:start position:0% +that what that means is you would have +to put the operational so the + + align:start position:0% +to put the operational so the + + + align:start position:0% +to put the operational so the +orientation of the vehicle you'd have to + + align:start position:0% +orientation of the vehicle you'd have to + + + align:start position:0% +orientation of the vehicle you'd have to +put that into your design vector right + + align:start position:0% +put that into your design vector right + + + align:start position:0% +put that into your design vector right +if you want to change it okay so I I + + align:start position:0% +if you want to change it okay so I I + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to change it okay so I I +don't know I I think this is pretty cool + + align:start position:0% +don't know I I think this is pretty cool + + + align:start position:0% +don't know I I think this is pretty cool +so you can actually do a lot in this + + align:start position:0% +so you can actually do a lot in this + + + align:start position:0% +so you can actually do a lot in this +kind of CDF type setting + + align:start position:0% +kind of CDF type setting + + + align:start position:0% +kind of CDF type setting +and by the way one of the one of the + + align:start position:0% +and by the way one of the one of the + + + align:start position:0% +and by the way one of the one of the +things that spun out of this project is + + align:start position:0% +things that spun out of this project is + + + align:start position:0% +things that spun out of this project is +this company called s3 their + + align:start position:0% +this company called s3 their + + + align:start position:0% +this company called s3 their +headquarters are in in PI Aran and + + align:start position:0% +headquarters are in in PI Aran and + + + align:start position:0% +headquarters are in in PI Aran and +Switzerland this is actually I did a lot + + align:start position:0% +Switzerland this is actually I did a lot + + + align:start position:0% +Switzerland this is actually I did a lot +of my military service at that airport + + align:start position:0% +of my military service at that airport + + + align:start position:0% +of my military service at that airport +their goal is not space tourism you see + + align:start position:0% +their goal is not space tourism you see + + + align:start position:0% +their goal is not space tourism you see +there's no windows on this vehicle but + + align:start position:0% +there's no windows on this vehicle but + + + align:start position:0% +there's no windows on this vehicle but +deployment of small satellites custom + + align:start position:0% +deployment of small satellites custom + + + align:start position:0% +deployment of small satellites custom +deployment for small satellites with a + + align:start position:0% +deployment for small satellites with a + + + align:start position:0% +deployment for small satellites with a +reusable vehicle so it's you know I + + align:start position:0% +reusable vehicle so it's you know I + + + align:start position:0% +reusable vehicle so it's you know I +think it's a very interesting concept + + align:start position:0% +think it's a very interesting concept + + + align:start position:0% +think it's a very interesting concept +but the question is is it feasible right + + align:start position:0% +but the question is is it feasible right + + + align:start position:0% +but the question is is it feasible right +is it feasible the aerodynamics the + + align:start position:0% +is it feasible the aerodynamics the + + + align:start position:0% +is it feasible the aerodynamics the +economics structurally engine reuse + + align:start position:0% +economics structurally engine reuse + + + align:start position:0% +economics structurally engine reuse +there's allotted this is a great picture + + align:start position:0% +there's allotted this is a great picture + + + align:start position:0% +there's allotted this is a great picture +but you know the devil is in the details + + align:start position:0% +but you know the devil is in the details + + + align:start position:0% +but you know the devil is in the details +so really working out the details of + + align:start position:0% +so really working out the details of + + + align:start position:0% +so really working out the details of +such a design that's what a CDF is for + + align:start position:0% +such a design that's what a CDF is for + + + align:start position:0% +such a design that's what a CDF is for +and you can really go deep ok so any + + align:start position:0% +and you can really go deep ok so any + + + align:start position:0% +and you can really go deep ok so any +questions about this I'd like to do a + + align:start position:0% +questions about this I'd like to do a + + + align:start position:0% +questions about this I'd like to do a +little partner exercise here any + + align:start position:0% +little partner exercise here any + + + align:start position:0% +little partner exercise here any +questions so let's do a partner exercise + + align:start position:0% +questions so let's do a partner exercise + + + align:start position:0% +questions so let's do a partner exercise +and I want to the question is what are + + align:start position:0% +and I want to the question is what are + + + align:start position:0% +and I want to the question is what are +your experiences with concurrent design + + align:start position:0% +your experiences with concurrent design + + + align:start position:0% +your experiences with concurrent design +facilities so far whether you've you + + align:start position:0% +facilities so far whether you've you + + + align:start position:0% +facilities so far whether you've you +know done an internship at ISA or JPL or + + align:start position:0% +know done an internship at ISA or JPL or + + + align:start position:0% +know done an internship at ISA or JPL or +some other place that has a facility + + align:start position:0% +some other place that has a facility + + + align:start position:0% +some other place that has a facility +like this or even if you if you haven't + + align:start position:0% +like this or even if you if you haven't + + + align:start position:0% +like this or even if you if you haven't +been there kind of speculate and discuss + + align:start position:0% +been there kind of speculate and discuss + + + align:start position:0% +been there kind of speculate and discuss +what it would be like you know which may + + align:start position:0% +what it would be like you know which may + + + align:start position:0% +what it would be like you know which may +be you know what would be your favorite + + align:start position:0% +be you know what would be your favorite + + + align:start position:0% +be you know what would be your favorite +chair would you pick propulsion or + + align:start position:0% +chair would you pick propulsion or + + + align:start position:0% +chair would you pick propulsion or +costing or or flight trajectory you know + + align:start position:0% +costing or or flight trajectory you know + + + align:start position:0% +costing or or flight trajectory you know +just sort of speculate and discuss with + + align:start position:0% +just sort of speculate and discuss with + + + align:start position:0% +just sort of speculate and discuss with +your partner so for which project or + + align:start position:0% +your partner so for which project or + + + align:start position:0% +your partner so for which project or +application did you use it what went + + align:start position:0% +application did you use it what went + + + align:start position:0% +application did you use it what went +well what did not well what could be + + align:start position:0% +well what did not well what could be + + + align:start position:0% +well what did not well what could be +improved and if again if you don't have + + align:start position:0% +improved and if again if you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +improved and if again if you don't have +much experiences just think ahead what + + align:start position:0% +much experiences just think ahead what + + + align:start position:0% +much experiences just think ahead what +it would be like what would you like to + + align:start position:0% +it would be like what would you like to + + + align:start position:0% +it would be like what would you like to +get out of it if you have no experience + + align:start position:0% +get out of it if you have no experience + + + align:start position:0% +get out of it if you have no experience +in it so there is it either a concurrent + + align:start position:0% +in it so there is it either a concurrent + + + align:start position:0% +in it so there is it either a concurrent +design facility and I was talking with + + align:start position:0% +design facility and I was talking with + + + align:start position:0% +design facility and I was talking with +katie a-- that maybe also united nations + + align:start position:0% +katie a-- that maybe also united nations + + + align:start position:0% +katie a-- that maybe also united nations +can be considered like the the the + + align:start position:0% +can be considered like the the the + + + align:start position:0% +can be considered like the the the +facilities there can be considered a + + align:start position:0% +facilities there can be considered a + + + align:start position:0% +facilities there can be considered a +current design facility I don't know if + + align:start position:0% +current design facility I don't know if + + + align:start position:0% +current design facility I don't know if +it works this approach do you mean in + + align:start position:0% +it works this approach do you mean in + + + align:start position:0% +it works this approach do you mean in +Geneva United Nations in Geneva or + + align:start position:0% +Geneva United Nations in Geneva or + + + align:start position:0% +Geneva United Nations in Geneva or +London or New York yeah I mean in + + align:start position:0% +London or New York yeah I mean in + + + align:start position:0% +London or New York yeah I mean in +general + + align:start position:0% +general + + + align:start position:0% +general +exactly but do they actually have a + + align:start position:0% +exactly but do they actually have a + + + align:start position:0% +exactly but do they actually have a +physical facility with models and + + align:start position:0% +physical facility with models and + + + align:start position:0% +physical facility with models and +screens and are you are you saying this + + align:start position:0% +screens and are you are you saying this + + + align:start position:0% +screens and are you are you saying this +more metaphorically what metaphorically + + align:start position:0% +more metaphorically what metaphorically + + + align:start position:0% +more metaphorically what metaphorically +more okay but you know I think go ahead + + align:start position:0% +more okay but you know I think go ahead + + + align:start position:0% +more okay but you know I think go ahead +and we're referring to the layout to the + + align:start position:0% +and we're referring to the layout to the + + + align:start position:0% +and we're referring to the layout to the +to the fact we were looking at the ISA + + align:start position:0% +to the fact we were looking at the ISA + + + align:start position:0% +to the fact we were looking at the ISA +layout you have one big room where you + + align:start position:0% +layout you have one big room where you + + + align:start position:0% +layout you have one big room where you +have all the people coming together all + + align:start position:0% +have all the people coming together all + + + align:start position:0% +have all the people coming together all +the different models coming together so + + align:start position:0% +the different models coming together so + + + align:start position:0% +the different models coming together so +that's like all the different experts we + + align:start position:0% +that's like all the different experts we + + + align:start position:0% +that's like all the different experts we +have sub rooms for different project + + align:start position:0% +have sub rooms for different project + + + align:start position:0% +have sub rooms for different project +rooms and then you have like a big + + align:start position:0% +rooms and then you have like a big + + + align:start position:0% +rooms and then you have like a big +conference room it's kind of the + + align:start position:0% +conference room it's kind of the + + + align:start position:0% +conference room it's kind of the +structure of the layout of the facility + + align:start position:0% +structure of the layout of the facility + + + align:start position:0% +structure of the layout of the facility +but you know maybe a place like the UN + + align:start position:0% +but you know maybe a place like the UN + + + align:start position:0% +but you know maybe a place like the UN +could really benefit right when they + + align:start position:0% +could really benefit right when they + + + align:start position:0% +could really benefit right when they +when they deal with a refugee crisis or + + align:start position:0% +when they deal with a refugee crisis or + + + align:start position:0% +when they deal with a refugee crisis or +with you know a change negotiations it's + + align:start position:0% +with you know a change negotiations it's + + + align:start position:0% +with you know a change negotiations it's +I like this idea + + align:start position:0% +I like this idea + + + align:start position:0% +I like this idea +great great suggestion what about here + + align:start position:0% +great great suggestion what about here + + + align:start position:0% +great great suggestion what about here +at MIT any any experiences thoughts yep + + align:start position:0% +at MIT any any experiences thoughts yep + + + align:start position:0% +at MIT any any experiences thoughts yep +please go ahead yeah AFRL we have a + + align:start position:0% +please go ahead yeah AFRL we have a + + + align:start position:0% +please go ahead yeah AFRL we have a +rapid innovation officer he's like a + + align:start position:0% +rapid innovation officer he's like a + + + align:start position:0% +rapid innovation officer he's like a +general equivalent as a civilian Alok + + align:start position:0% +general equivalent as a civilian Alok + + + align:start position:0% +general equivalent as a civilian Alok +das and he basically is cast with + + align:start position:0% +das and he basically is cast with + + + align:start position:0% +das and he basically is cast with +breaking all the rules in AFRL whereas + + align:start position:0% +breaking all the rules in AFRL whereas + + + align:start position:0% +breaking all the rules in AFRL whereas +most projects take years to complete he + + align:start position:0% +most projects take years to complete he + + + align:start position:0% +most projects take years to complete he +fields questions from the field from the + + align:start position:0% +fields questions from the field from the + + + align:start position:0% +fields questions from the field from the +theater from war fighters and they have + + align:start position:0% +theater from war fighters and they have + + + align:start position:0% +theater from war fighters and they have +an urgent need and he gets them a + + align:start position:0% +an urgent need and he gets them a + + + align:start position:0% +an urgent need and he gets them a +solution in under 12 months so he pulls + + align:start position:0% +solution in under 12 months so he pulls + + + align:start position:0% +solution in under 12 months so he pulls +in all these experts from industry + + align:start position:0% +in all these experts from industry + + + align:start position:0% +in all these experts from industry +academia wherever he'll lock them in a + + align:start position:0% +academia wherever he'll lock them in a + + + align:start position:0% +academia wherever he'll lock them in a +room and they don't leave until they + + align:start position:0% +room and they don't leave until they + + + align:start position:0% +room and they don't leave until they +come up with a solution and he has the + + align:start position:0% +come up with a solution and he has the + + + align:start position:0% +come up with a solution and he has the +money and the influence the backing by + + align:start position:0% +money and the influence the backing by + + + align:start position:0% +money and the influence the backing by +the AFRL commander to get it done and + + align:start position:0% +the AFRL commander to get it done and + + + align:start position:0% +the AFRL commander to get it done and +what does that I mean if you can share + + align:start position:0% +what does that I mean if you can share + + + align:start position:0% +what does that I mean if you can share +roughly what does that facility look + + align:start position:0% +roughly what does that facility look + + + align:start position:0% +roughly what does that facility look +like roughly does it have like models + + align:start position:0% +like roughly does it have like models + + + align:start position:0% +like roughly does it have like models +and computers and screens or nothing + + align:start position:0% +and computers and screens or nothing + + + align:start position:0% +and computers and screens or nothing +just white walls + + align:start position:0% +just white walls + + + align:start position:0% +just white walls +what like the white board walls and they + + align:start position:0% +what like the white board walls and they + + + align:start position:0% +what like the white board walls and they +will just be covered with everybody's + + align:start position:0% +will just be covered with everybody's + + + align:start position:0% +will just be covered with everybody's +ideas by the time they leave there oh I + + align:start position:0% +ideas by the time they leave there oh I + + + align:start position:0% +ideas by the time they leave there oh I +say so it's it's not as much a + + align:start position:0% +say so it's it's not as much a + + + align:start position:0% +say so it's it's not as much a +computationally supported it's more of a + + align:start position:0% +computationally supported it's more of a + + + align:start position:0% +computationally supported it's more of a +human process + + align:start position:0% +human process + + + align:start position:0% +human process +cool okay great interesting any other + + align:start position:0% +cool okay great interesting any other + + + align:start position:0% +cool okay great interesting any other +other experiences anybody been at JPL or + + align:start position:0% +other experiences anybody been at JPL or + + + align:start position:0% +other experiences anybody been at JPL or +seen a commercial facility in a + + align:start position:0% +seen a commercial facility in a + + + align:start position:0% +seen a commercial facility in a +commercial company that does this kind + + align:start position:0% +commercial company that does this kind + + + align:start position:0% +commercial company that does this kind +of work please go ahead yes well it's + + align:start position:0% +of work please go ahead yes well it's + + + align:start position:0% +of work please go ahead yes well it's +less than the commercial I was working + + align:start position:0% +less than the commercial I was working + + + align:start position:0% +less than the commercial I was working +at I was interning at the Aerospace + + align:start position:0% +at I was interning at the Aerospace + + + align:start position:0% +at I was interning at the Aerospace +Corporation this past summer and I was + + align:start position:0% +Corporation this past summer and I was + + + align:start position:0% +Corporation this past summer and I was +working in there concurrent design + + align:start position:0% +working in there concurrent design + + + align:start position:0% +working in there concurrent design +center and it uses a similar a similar + + align:start position:0% +center and it uses a similar a similar + + + align:start position:0% +center and it uses a similar a similar +laid out layout as JPL team X is design + + align:start position:0% +laid out layout as JPL team X is design + + + align:start position:0% +laid out layout as JPL team X is design +where it's basically using models that + + align:start position:0% +where it's basically using models that + + + align:start position:0% +where it's basically using models that +they have like a group of engineers who + + align:start position:0% +they have like a group of engineers who + + + align:start position:0% +they have like a group of engineers who +sit at desks and there's multiple + + align:start position:0% +sit at desks and there's multiple + + + align:start position:0% +sit at desks and there's multiple +engineers per subsystem and they just + + align:start position:0% +engineers per subsystem and they just + + + align:start position:0% +engineers per subsystem and they just +discuss they're given a mission + + align:start position:0% +discuss they're given a mission + + + align:start position:0% +discuss they're given a mission +objective and they discuss how they can + + align:start position:0% +objective and they discuss how they can + + + align:start position:0% +objective and they discuss how they can +best design the system based on that and + + align:start position:0% +best design the system based on that and + + + align:start position:0% +best design the system based on that and +they model it and optimize it in the + + align:start position:0% +they model it and optimize it in the + + + align:start position:0% +they model it and optimize it in the +subsystem and then they feed it back to + + align:start position:0% +subsystem and then they feed it back to + + + align:start position:0% +subsystem and then they feed it back to +a systems level did you participate in + + align:start position:0% +a systems level did you participate in + + + align:start position:0% +a systems level did you participate in +that oh yeah so what was what what did + + align:start position:0% +that oh yeah so what was what what did + + + align:start position:0% +that oh yeah so what was what what did +you think of it it uh a lot it's a lot + + align:start position:0% +you think of it it uh a lot it's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +you think of it it uh a lot it's a lot +to take in at first just I'm trying to + + align:start position:0% +to take in at first just I'm trying to + + + align:start position:0% +to take in at first just I'm trying to +understand how each of the models work + + align:start position:0% +understand how each of the models work + + + align:start position:0% +understand how each of the models work +um you're not necessarily supposed to + + align:start position:0% +um you're not necessarily supposed to + + + align:start position:0% +um you're not necessarily supposed to +work for each model and use my each + + align:start position:0% +work for each model and use my each + + + align:start position:0% +work for each model and use my each +model but as an intern they wanted me to + + align:start position:0% +model but as an intern they wanted me to + + + align:start position:0% +model but as an intern they wanted me to +like kind of see what each of the models + + align:start position:0% +like kind of see what each of the models + + + align:start position:0% +like kind of see what each of the models +would do and how the not necessarily + + align:start position:0% +would do and how the not necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +would do and how the not necessarily +exactly how the optimization techniques + + align:start position:0% +exactly how the optimization techniques + + + align:start position:0% +exactly how the optimization techniques +work because I didn't necessarily + + align:start position:0% +work because I didn't necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +work because I didn't necessarily +understand it but just more of have an + + align:start position:0% +understand it but just more of have an + + + align:start position:0% +understand it but just more of have an +idea of how it actually works as a whole + + align:start position:0% +idea of how it actually works as a whole + + + align:start position:0% +idea of how it actually works as a whole +okay good + + align:start position:0% +okay good + + + align:start position:0% +okay good +anybody else at EPFL want to share any + + align:start position:0% +anybody else at EPFL want to share any + + + align:start position:0% +anybody else at EPFL want to share any +experiences apparently not but it just + + align:start position:0% +experiences apparently not but it just + + + align:start position:0% +experiences apparently not but it just +just a problem with the Sun we didn't + + align:start position:0% +just a problem with the Sun we didn't + + + align:start position:0% +just a problem with the Sun we didn't +hear anything on what the game before + + align:start position:0% +hear anything on what the game before + + + align:start position:0% +hear anything on what the game before +just told us okay did you push the mic + + align:start position:0% +just told us okay did you push the mic + + + align:start position:0% +just told us okay did you push the mic +okay so basically he worked let me try + + align:start position:0% +okay so basically he worked let me try + + + align:start position:0% +okay so basically he worked let me try +to summarize he worked at the Aerospace + + align:start position:0% +to summarize he worked at the Aerospace + + + align:start position:0% +to summarize he worked at the Aerospace +Corporation he interned at the Aerospace + + align:start position:0% +Corporation he interned at the Aerospace + + + align:start position:0% +Corporation he interned at the Aerospace +Corporation was it in Virginia or + + align:start position:0% +Corporation was it in Virginia or + + + align:start position:0% +Corporation was it in Virginia or +California California in California and + + align:start position:0% +California California in California and + + + align:start position:0% +California California in California and +Aerospace Corporation is like a think + + align:start position:0% +Aerospace Corporation is like a think + + + align:start position:0% +Aerospace Corporation is like a think +tank and it was it was very similar set + + align:start position:0% +tank and it was it was very similar set + + + align:start position:0% +tank and it was it was very similar set +up with different subsystem experts + + align:start position:0% +up with different subsystem experts + + + align:start position:0% +up with different subsystem experts +different models and justice was saying + + align:start position:0% +different models and justice was saying + + + align:start position:0% +different models and justice was saying +one of the big challenges is so much + + align:start position:0% +one of the big challenges is so much + + + align:start position:0% +one of the big challenges is so much +information right taking it all in and + + align:start position:0% +information right taking it all in and + + + align:start position:0% +information right taking it all in and +understanding all the models and + + align:start position:0% +understanding all the models and + + + align:start position:0% +understanding all the models and +coupling and so forth so it and and I + + align:start position:0% +coupling and so forth so it and and I + + + align:start position:0% +coupling and so forth so it and and I +agree it takes a while + + align:start position:0% +agree it takes a while + + + align:start position:0% +agree it takes a while +if you haven't been working in this + + align:start position:0% +if you haven't been working in this + + + align:start position:0% +if you haven't been working in this +environment it takes a while to really + + align:start position:0% +environment it takes a while to really + + + align:start position:0% +environment it takes a while to really +get used to it + + align:start position:0% +get used to it + + + align:start position:0% +get used to it +so the last thing I'll say here is that + + align:start position:0% +so the last thing I'll say here is that + + + align:start position:0% +so the last thing I'll say here is that +we well two things one is when they're + + align:start position:0% +we well two things one is when they're + + + align:start position:0% +we well two things one is when they're +linked one is that these CDF's are not + + align:start position:0% +linked one is that these CDF's are not + + + align:start position:0% +linked one is that these CDF's are not +cheap if you really want a high + + align:start position:0% +cheap if you really want a high + + + align:start position:0% +cheap if you really want a high +functioning cdf you have to have people + + align:start position:0% +functioning cdf you have to have people + + + align:start position:0% +functioning cdf you have to have people +that are dedicated to this you know the + + align:start position:0% +that are dedicated to this you know the + + + align:start position:0% +that are dedicated to this you know the +software licenses expire the the + + align:start position:0% +software licenses expire the the + + + align:start position:0% +software licenses expire the the +technology gets old + + align:start position:0% +technology gets old + + + align:start position:0% +technology gets old +you need to cannot just use it but you + + align:start position:0% +you need to cannot just use it but you + + + align:start position:0% +you need to cannot just use it but you +need to constantly refresh a CDF keep it + + align:start position:0% +need to constantly refresh a CDF keep it + + + align:start position:0% +need to constantly refresh a CDF keep it +up to date + + align:start position:0% +up to date + + + align:start position:0% +up to date +and it just doesn't happen automatically + + align:start position:0% +and it just doesn't happen automatically + + + align:start position:0% +and it just doesn't happen automatically +you got to have budget for that you have + + align:start position:0% +you got to have budget for that you have + + + align:start position:0% +you got to have budget for that you have +to have people who are dedicated to + + align:start position:0% +to have people who are dedicated to + + + align:start position:0% +to have people who are dedicated to +updating the models updating the + + align:start position:0% +updating the models updating the + + + align:start position:0% +updating the models updating the +facility and so forth so it's it's + + align:start position:0% +facility and so forth so it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +facility and so forth so it's it's +definitely something that that needs to + + align:start position:0% +definitely something that that needs to + + + align:start position:0% +definitely something that that needs to +be invested in on a regular basis so + + align:start position:0% +be invested in on a regular basis so + + + align:start position:0% +be invested in on a regular basis so +what happened to us here at MIT in air + + align:start position:0% +what happened to us here at MIT in air + + + align:start position:0% +what happened to us here at MIT in air +Astro when I you know when I first eve + + align:start position:0% +Astro when I you know when I first eve + + + align:start position:0% +Astro when I you know when I first eve +actually went out when I was sitting + + align:start position:0% +actually went out when I was sitting + + + align:start position:0% +actually went out when I was sitting +where you were sitting as a grad student + + align:start position:0% +where you were sitting as a grad student + + + align:start position:0% +where you were sitting as a grad student +we had we created a CDF in the mid-90s + + align:start position:0% +we had we created a CDF in the mid-90s + + + align:start position:0% +we had we created a CDF in the mid-90s +and you know it was just like the one at + + align:start position:0% +and you know it was just like the one at + + + align:start position:0% +and you know it was just like the one at +JPL we had desktops you know with labels + + align:start position:0% +JPL we had desktops you know with labels + + + align:start position:0% +JPL we had desktops you know with labels +thermal propulsion and we used it quite + + align:start position:0% +thermal propulsion and we used it quite + + + align:start position:0% +thermal propulsion and we used it quite +actively for maybe five six seven years + + align:start position:0% +actively for maybe five six seven years + + + align:start position:0% +actively for maybe five six seven years +but we didn't put the budget into it + + align:start position:0% +but we didn't put the budget into it + + + align:start position:0% +but we didn't put the budget into it +every year we didn't have a dedicated + + align:start position:0% +every year we didn't have a dedicated + + + align:start position:0% +every year we didn't have a dedicated +person who was really looking after it + + align:start position:0% +person who was really looking after it + + + align:start position:0% +person who was really looking after it +so what happened to our CDF is that + + align:start position:0% +so what happened to our CDF is that + + + align:start position:0% +so what happened to our CDF is that +entropy took over right and it sort of + + align:start position:0% +entropy took over right and it sort of + + + align:start position:0% +entropy took over right and it sort of +got more and more dated and when you go + + align:start position:0% +got more and more dated and when you go + + + align:start position:0% +got more and more dated and when you go +and look in this room now it kind of + + align:start position:0% +and look in this room now it kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and look in this room now it kind of +looks like a regular conference room so + + align:start position:0% +looks like a regular conference room so + + + align:start position:0% +looks like a regular conference room so +all the desktops that we had are gone I + + align:start position:0% +all the desktops that we had are gone I + + + align:start position:0% +all the desktops that we had are gone I +guess they'd be pretty old by now and + + align:start position:0% +guess they'd be pretty old by now and + + + align:start position:0% +guess they'd be pretty old by now and +there has been a pretty strong debate + + align:start position:0% +there has been a pretty strong debate + + + align:start position:0% +there has been a pretty strong debate +among the faculty whether actually we + + align:start position:0% +among the faculty whether actually we + + + align:start position:0% +among the faculty whether actually we +need this should we recreate one and the + + align:start position:0% +need this should we recreate one and the + + + align:start position:0% +need this should we recreate one and the +argument goes as follows the proponents + + align:start position:0% +argument goes as follows the proponents + + + align:start position:0% +argument goes as follows the proponents +say that a CDF is really something + + align:start position:0% +say that a CDF is really something + + + align:start position:0% +say that a CDF is really something +special it's everybody when you enter in + + align:start position:0% +special it's everybody when you enter in + + + align:start position:0% +special it's everybody when you enter in +the CDF you know this is a special place + + align:start position:0% +the CDF you know this is a special place + + + align:start position:0% +the CDF you know this is a special place +this is a facility that's designed + + align:start position:0% +this is a facility that's designed + + + align:start position:0% +this is a facility that's designed +specifically for doing rapid studies all + + align:start position:0% +specifically for doing rapid studies all + + + align:start position:0% +specifically for doing rapid studies all +the information you need is there the + + align:start position:0% +the information you need is there the + + + align:start position:0% +the information you need is there the +walls are plaster + + align:start position:0% +walls are plaster + + + align:start position:0% +walls are plaster +with reference information you know it's + + align:start position:0% +with reference information you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +with reference information you know it's +it's a it's it's really that's what it's + + align:start position:0% +it's a it's it's really that's what it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's a it's it's really that's what it's +for the counter-argument is that this is + + align:start position:0% +for the counter-argument is that this is + + + align:start position:0% +for the counter-argument is that this is +no longer the mid-90s now everybody has + + align:start position:0% +no longer the mid-90s now everybody has + + + align:start position:0% +no longer the mid-90s now everybody has +laptops everybody does mobile computing + + align:start position:0% +laptops everybody does mobile computing + + + align:start position:0% +laptops everybody does mobile computing +all the models and data should be on the + + align:start position:0% +all the models and data should be on the + + + align:start position:0% +all the models and data should be on the +cloud right not sitting anymore in a + + align:start position:0% +cloud right not sitting anymore in a + + + align:start position:0% +cloud right not sitting anymore in a +dedicated server facility but it's + + align:start position:0% +dedicated server facility but it's + + + align:start position:0% +dedicated server facility but it's +sitting on the cloud and therefore you + + align:start position:0% +sitting on the cloud and therefore you + + + align:start position:0% +sitting on the cloud and therefore you +know physically a facility that's + + align:start position:0% +know physically a facility that's + + + align:start position:0% +know physically a facility that's +dedicated is no longer needed + + align:start position:0% +dedicated is no longer needed + + + align:start position:0% +dedicated is no longer needed +what you do is you get together in a + + align:start position:0% +what you do is you get together in a + + + align:start position:0% +what you do is you get together in a +more kind of flexible ad-hoc way + + align:start position:0% +more kind of flexible ad-hoc way + + + align:start position:0% +more kind of flexible ad-hoc way +everybody everybody brings their laptops + + align:start position:0% +everybody everybody brings their laptops + + + align:start position:0% +everybody everybody brings their laptops +you have the big white walls like you + + align:start position:0% +you have the big white walls like you + + + align:start position:0% +you have the big white walls like you +said and you can just create a CDF + + align:start position:0% +said and you can just create a CDF + + + align:start position:0% +said and you can just create a CDF +on-the-fly right everybody brings their + + align:start position:0% +on-the-fly right everybody brings their + + + align:start position:0% +on-the-fly right everybody brings their +computing resources stuff is on the + + align:start position:0% +computing resources stuff is on the + + + align:start position:0% +computing resources stuff is on the +cloud and therefore and then you get a + + align:start position:0% +cloud and therefore and then you get a + + + align:start position:0% +cloud and therefore and then you get a +lot done and then you disband again you + + align:start position:0% +lot done and then you disband again you + + + align:start position:0% +lot done and then you disband again you +clean the whiteboards and you're done + + align:start position:0% +clean the whiteboards and you're done + + + align:start position:0% +clean the whiteboards and you're done +therefore no longer needed a dedicated + + align:start position:0% +therefore no longer needed a dedicated + + + align:start position:0% +therefore no longer needed a dedicated +CDF those are the to counter kind of + + align:start position:0% +CDF those are the to counter kind of + + + align:start position:0% +CDF those are the to counter kind of +veiling countervailing opinions right + + align:start position:0% +veiling countervailing opinions right + + + align:start position:0% +veiling countervailing opinions right +now my view is I think a CDF still has + + align:start position:0% +now my view is I think a CDF still has + + + align:start position:0% +now my view is I think a CDF still has +value today I think it is it is valuable + + align:start position:0% +value today I think it is it is valuable + + + align:start position:0% +value today I think it is it is valuable +for as a dedicated facility but it needs + + align:start position:0% +for as a dedicated facility but it needs + + + align:start position:0% +for as a dedicated facility but it needs +to be updated + + align:start position:0% +to be updated + + + align:start position:0% +to be updated +so yes the models should be on the cloud + + align:start position:0% +so yes the models should be on the cloud + + + align:start position:0% +so yes the models should be on the cloud +yes you can bring your laptops but it is + + align:start position:0% +yes you can bring your laptops but it is + + + align:start position:0% +yes you can bring your laptops but it is +still valuable to have dedicated + + align:start position:0% +still valuable to have dedicated + + + align:start position:0% +still valuable to have dedicated +computing resources again so I I now + + align:start position:0% +computing resources again so I I now + + + align:start position:0% +computing resources again so I I now +think a hybrid model is actually the + + align:start position:0% +think a hybrid model is actually the + + + align:start position:0% +think a hybrid model is actually the +right way to go so we'll see where it + + align:start position:0% +right way to go so we'll see where it + + + align:start position:0% +right way to go so we'll see where it +goes but it's an it's a pretty active + + align:start position:0% +goes but it's an it's a pretty active + + + align:start position:0% +goes but it's an it's a pretty active +debate they've also been you know theses + + align:start position:0% +debate they've also been you know theses + + + align:start position:0% +debate they've also been you know theses +written on CD f's comparing different CD + + align:start position:0% +written on CD f's comparing different CD + + + align:start position:0% +written on CD f's comparing different CD +f's and so forth so take a look at at + + align:start position:0% +f's and so forth so take a look at at + + + align:start position:0% +f's and so forth so take a look at at +the on tone even off paper in the + + align:start position:0% +the on tone even off paper in the + + + align:start position:0% +the on tone even off paper in the +reading and and just think about this + + align:start position:0% +reading and and just think about this + + + align:start position:0% +reading and and just think about this +this is I think this is a big deal and + + align:start position:0% +this is I think this is a big deal and + + + align:start position:0% +this is I think this is a big deal and +it's it's going to be even more + + align:start position:0% +it's it's going to be even more + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's going to be even more +important in the future whether you're + + align:start position:0% +important in the future whether you're + + + align:start position:0% +important in the future whether you're +doing space missions Aeronautics whether + + align:start position:0% +doing space missions Aeronautics whether + + + align:start position:0% +doing space missions Aeronautics whether +you're designing commercial products you + + align:start position:0% +you're designing commercial products you + + + align:start position:0% +you're designing commercial products you +know or in the military these facilities + + align:start position:0% +know or in the military these facilities + + + align:start position:0% +know or in the military these facilities +that allow you to make these design + + align:start position:0% +that allow you to make these design + + + align:start position:0% +that allow you to make these design +decisions in a very interactive very + + align:start position:0% +decisions in a very interactive very + + + align:start position:0% +decisions in a very interactive very +quick way are going to be + + align:start position:0% +quick way are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +quick way are going to be +more important than the future and this + + align:start position:0% +more important than the future and this + + + align:start position:0% +more important than the future and this +is this is a big part of system + + align:start position:0% +is this is a big part of system + + + align:start position:0% +is this is a big part of system +engineering any any final thoughts on + + align:start position:0% +engineering any any final thoughts on + + + align:start position:0% +engineering any any final thoughts on +this before we move on okay so lesson + + align:start position:0% +this before we move on okay so lesson + + + align:start position:0% +this before we move on okay so lesson +here's some lessons learned from the EPF + + align:start position:0% +here's some lessons learned from the EPF + + + align:start position:0% +here's some lessons learned from the EPF +if EPFL CDF so this is a particularly in + + align:start position:0% +if EPFL CDF so this is a particularly in + + + align:start position:0% +if EPFL CDF so this is a particularly in +the university environment so you know + + align:start position:0% +the university environment so you know + + + align:start position:0% +the university environment so you know +giving access to a wide body of students + + align:start position:0% +giving access to a wide body of students + + + align:start position:0% +giving access to a wide body of students +you need to adapt this to the University + + align:start position:0% +you need to adapt this to the University + + + align:start position:0% +you need to adapt this to the University +schedule the learning curves the analogy + + align:start position:0% +schedule the learning curves the analogy + + + align:start position:0% +schedule the learning curves the analogy +of a smoke-filled room or war room + + align:start position:0% +of a smoke-filled room or war room + + + align:start position:0% +of a smoke-filled room or war room +optimal team size you know a CDF with 50 + + align:start position:0% +optimal team size you know a CDF with 50 + + + align:start position:0% +optimal team size you know a CDF with 50 +people on it is not as effective as one + + align:start position:0% +people on it is not as effective as one + + + align:start position:0% +people on it is not as effective as one +with you know seven plus or minus two + + align:start position:0% +with you know seven plus or minus two + + + align:start position:0% +with you know seven plus or minus two +and then distributed CDF's + + align:start position:0% +and then distributed CDF's + + + align:start position:0% +and then distributed CDF's +they don't typically work as well so I + + align:start position:0% +they don't typically work as well so I + + + align:start position:0% +they don't typically work as well so I +almost wore my I have I have a shirt + + align:start position:0% +almost wore my I have I have a shirt + + + align:start position:0% +almost wore my I have I have a shirt +that's almost the same this is anybody + + align:start position:0% +that's almost the same this is anybody + + + align:start position:0% +that's almost the same this is anybody +know who this is or where this is from + + align:start position:0% +know who this is or where this is from + + + align:start position:0% +know who this is or where this is from +this is Sheldon Cooper right and the Big + + align:start position:0% +this is Sheldon Cooper right and the Big + + + align:start position:0% +this is Sheldon Cooper right and the Big +Bang Theory his virtual reality presence + + align:start position:0% +Bang Theory his virtual reality presence + + + align:start position:0% +Bang Theory his virtual reality presence +so the point here is that virtual + + align:start position:0% +so the point here is that virtual + + + align:start position:0% +so the point here is that virtual +reality is is okay so you can come you + + align:start position:0% +reality is is okay so you can come you + + + align:start position:0% +reality is is okay so you can come you +know you can you can imagine a CDF where + + align:start position:0% +know you can you can imagine a CDF where + + + align:start position:0% +know you can you can imagine a CDF where +half the people are in the room and half + + align:start position:0% +half the people are in the room and half + + + align:start position:0% +half the people are in the room and half +the people are dialing in remotely but + + align:start position:0% +the people are dialing in remotely but + + + align:start position:0% +the people are dialing in remotely but +it's never quite as good as everybody is + + align:start position:0% +it's never quite as good as everybody is + + + align:start position:0% +it's never quite as good as everybody is +is there physically so human interaction + + align:start position:0% +is there physically so human interaction + + + align:start position:0% +is there physically so human interaction +is critical okay the last last thing I + + align:start position:0% +is critical okay the last last thing I + + + align:start position:0% +is critical okay the last last thing I +want to talk about today is the CDR this + + align:start position:0% +want to talk about today is the CDR this + + + align:start position:0% +want to talk about today is the CDR this +is a big big milestone this is a very + + align:start position:0% +is a big big milestone this is a very + + + align:start position:0% +is a big big milestone this is a very +big deal the critical design review the + + align:start position:0% +big deal the critical design review the + + + align:start position:0% +big deal the critical design review the +main purpose of it is to approve the + + align:start position:0% +main purpose of it is to approve the + + + align:start position:0% +main purpose of it is to approve the +final design in all its glory in all its + + align:start position:0% +final design in all its glory in all its + + + align:start position:0% +final design in all its glory in all its +details so generally the way we talk + + align:start position:0% +details so generally the way we talk + + + align:start position:0% +details so generally the way we talk +about it is if you pass the CDR you got + + align:start position:0% +about it is if you pass the CDR you got + + + align:start position:0% +about it is if you pass the CDR you got +the green light to quote endquote cut + + align:start position:0% +the green light to quote endquote cut + + + align:start position:0% +the green light to quote endquote cut +metal of course you know our our systems + + align:start position:0% +metal of course you know our our systems + + + align:start position:0% +metal of course you know our our systems +have software and hardware and so the + + align:start position:0% +have software and hardware and so the + + + align:start position:0% +have software and hardware and so the +the cut metal is a is essentially a + + align:start position:0% +the cut metal is a is essentially a + + + align:start position:0% +the cut metal is a is essentially a +euphemism for you can go ahead and + + align:start position:0% +euphemism for you can go ahead and + + + align:start position:0% +euphemism for you can go ahead and +manufacture the system now CD ARS are + + align:start position:0% +manufacture the system now CD ARS are + + + align:start position:0% +manufacture the system now CD ARS are +typically the biggest review the most + + align:start position:0% +typically the biggest review the most + + + align:start position:0% +typically the biggest review the most +largest number of people you will have + + align:start position:0% +largest number of people you will have + + + align:start position:0% +largest number of people you will have +at the CDR you know if you have + + align:start position:0% +at the CDR you know if you have + + + align:start position:0% +at the CDR you know if you have +if you had 10 people at the SRR and and + + align:start position:0% +if you had 10 people at the SRR and and + + + align:start position:0% +if you had 10 people at the SRR and and +20 people at the PDR you're going to + + align:start position:0% +20 people at the PDR you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +20 people at the PDR you're going to +have fifty or a hundred people at the + + align:start position:0% +have fifty or a hundred people at the + + + align:start position:0% +have fifty or a hundred people at the +CDR because any question that comes up + + align:start position:0% +CDR because any question that comes up + + + align:start position:0% +CDR because any question that comes up +on any of the parts say is this really + + align:start position:0% +on any of the parts say is this really + + + align:start position:0% +on any of the parts say is this really +right well what are the impact of this + + align:start position:0% +right well what are the impact of this + + + align:start position:0% +right well what are the impact of this +detail on the rest of the system + + align:start position:0% +detail on the rest of the system + + + align:start position:0% +detail on the rest of the system +somebody should be there who designed + + align:start position:0% +somebody should be there who designed + + + align:start position:0% +somebody should be there who designed +that part or who can answer the question + + align:start position:0% +that part or who can answer the question + + + align:start position:0% +that part or who can answer the question +at least so and CDRs are typically + + align:start position:0% +at least so and CDRs are typically + + + align:start position:0% +at least so and CDRs are typically +longer than one day in fact for a big + + align:start position:0% +longer than one day in fact for a big + + + align:start position:0% +longer than one day in fact for a big +project a CDR can be a whole week of + + align:start position:0% +project a CDR can be a whole week of + + + align:start position:0% +project a CDR can be a whole week of +review so people it's you get really + + align:start position:0% +review so people it's you get really + + + align:start position:0% +review so people it's you get really +tired + + align:start position:0% +tired + + + align:start position:0% +tired +big CDR czar very very detailed you + + align:start position:0% +big CDR czar very very detailed you + + + align:start position:0% +big CDR czar very very detailed you +really have to drink lots of coffee and + + align:start position:0% +really have to drink lots of coffee and + + + align:start position:0% +really have to drink lots of coffee and +stay awake so here's the description of + + align:start position:0% +stay awake so here's the description of + + + align:start position:0% +stay awake so here's the description of +what a CDR is one of the guidelines is + + align:start position:0% +what a CDR is one of the guidelines is + + + align:start position:0% +what a CDR is one of the guidelines is +that approximately 90% of the + + align:start position:0% +that approximately 90% of the + + + align:start position:0% +that approximately 90% of the +engineering drawings are approved and + + align:start position:0% +engineering drawings are approved and + + + align:start position:0% +engineering drawings are approved and +released so it's okay to have a CDR if + + align:start position:0% +released so it's okay to have a CDR if + + + align:start position:0% +released so it's okay to have a CDR if +you have not a hundred percent of + + align:start position:0% +you have not a hundred percent of + + + align:start position:0% +you have not a hundred percent of +everything done but you need to have at + + align:start position:0% +everything done but you need to have at + + + align:start position:0% +everything done but you need to have at +least 90 90 percent complete you can't + + align:start position:0% +least 90 90 percent complete you can't + + + align:start position:0% +least 90 90 percent complete you can't +do a CDR with you know half the drawings + + align:start position:0% +do a CDR with you know half the drawings + + + align:start position:0% +do a CDR with you know half the drawings +done and it happens at the end of phase + + align:start position:0% +done and it happens at the end of phase + + + align:start position:0% +done and it happens at the end of phase +C the final design phase C for very + + align:start position:0% +C the final design phase C for very + + + align:start position:0% +C the final design phase C for very +large projects you can have sub CDRs so + + align:start position:0% +large projects you can have sub CDRs so + + + align:start position:0% +large projects you can have sub CDRs so +those major subsystems you'll have a + + align:start position:0% +those major subsystems you'll have a + + + align:start position:0% +those major subsystems you'll have a +system level CDR and then you can have + + align:start position:0% +system level CDR and then you can have + + + align:start position:0% +system level CDR and then you can have +sub CDRs for every major subsystem in + + align:start position:0% +sub CDRs for every major subsystem in + + + align:start position:0% +sub CDRs for every major subsystem in +your in your project so an example I put + + align:start position:0% +your in your project so an example I put + + + align:start position:0% +your in your project so an example I put +a link here this is from late 2014 the + + align:start position:0% +a link here this is from late 2014 the + + + align:start position:0% +a link here this is from late 2014 the +CDR for the James Webb Space Telescope + + align:start position:0% +CDR for the James Webb Space Telescope + + + align:start position:0% +CDR for the James Webb Space Telescope +that I mentioned earlier they passed the + + align:start position:0% +that I mentioned earlier they passed the + + + align:start position:0% +that I mentioned earlier they passed the +last major element level critical design + + align:start position:0% +last major element level critical design + + + align:start position:0% +last major element level critical design +review which was which was a big deal so + + align:start position:0% +review which was which was a big deal so + + + align:start position:0% +review which was which was a big deal so +launches is planned for 2018 but it + + align:start position:0% +launches is planned for 2018 but it + + + align:start position:0% +launches is planned for 2018 but it +doesn't for big projects what I'm trying + + align:start position:0% +doesn't for big projects what I'm trying + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't for big projects what I'm trying +to say is there may be more than one CDR + + align:start position:0% +to say is there may be more than one CDR + + + align:start position:0% +to say is there may be more than one CDR +then maybe the master CDR for the whole + + align:start position:0% +then maybe the master CDR for the whole + + + align:start position:0% +then maybe the master CDR for the whole +thing and then subsea dr's for different + + align:start position:0% +thing and then subsea dr's for different + + + align:start position:0% +thing and then subsea dr's for different +subsystems now if you don't well let me + + align:start position:0% +subsystems now if you don't well let me + + + align:start position:0% +subsystems now if you don't well let me +get to this on the next chart yeah go + + align:start position:0% +get to this on the next chart yeah go + + + align:start position:0% +get to this on the next chart yeah go +ahead + + align:start position:0% +ahead + + + align:start position:0% +ahead +oh the like CDR slides for NASA projects + + align:start position:0% +oh the like CDR slides for NASA projects + + + align:start position:0% +oh the like CDR slides for NASA projects +it was available anywhere as a public + + align:start position:0% +it was available anywhere as a public + + + align:start position:0% +it was available anywhere as a public +entity or in + + align:start position:0% +entity or in + + + align:start position:0% +entity or in +can get access mmm it depends it depends + + align:start position:0% +can get access mmm it depends it depends + + + align:start position:0% +can get access mmm it depends it depends +you not always because especially if + + align:start position:0% +you not always because especially if + + + align:start position:0% +you not always because especially if +commercial companies like you know + + align:start position:0% +commercial companies like you know + + + align:start position:0% +commercial companies like you know +Lockheed Martin or somebody is is doing + + align:start position:0% +Lockheed Martin or somebody is is doing + + + align:start position:0% +Lockheed Martin or somebody is is doing +like the spacecraft bus they would + + align:start position:0% +like the spacecraft bus they would + + + align:start position:0% +like the spacecraft bus they would +consider those details proprietary so in + + align:start position:0% +consider those details proprietary so in + + + align:start position:0% +consider those details proprietary so in +general I would say no but four four can + + align:start position:0% +general I would say no but four four can + + + align:start position:0% +general I would say no but four four can +sap actually you can four can't you + + align:start position:0% +sap actually you can four can't you + + + align:start position:0% +sap actually you can four can't you +probably already found them four can set + + align:start position:0% +probably already found them four can set + + + align:start position:0% +probably already found them four can set +you can actually find a lot of this so + + align:start position:0% +you can actually find a lot of this so + + + align:start position:0% +you can actually find a lot of this so +prior PD ours and CD ours + + align:start position:0% +prior PD ours and CD ours + + + align:start position:0% +prior PD ours and CD ours +you can you can see that I I encourage + + align:start position:0% +you can you can see that I I encourage + + + align:start position:0% +you can you can see that I I encourage +you not to look too much you know you + + align:start position:0% +you not to look too much you know you + + + align:start position:0% +you not to look too much you know you +kind of want to come up with your own + + align:start position:0% +kind of want to come up with your own + + + align:start position:0% +kind of want to come up with your own +thing but you know for for projects that + + align:start position:0% +thing but you know for for projects that + + + align:start position:0% +thing but you know for for projects that +don't have a commercial interest or + + align:start position:0% +don't have a commercial interest or + + + align:start position:0% +don't have a commercial interest or +proprietary technology it's often + + align:start position:0% +proprietary technology it's often + + + align:start position:0% +proprietary technology it's often +available so he to show you just this is + + align:start position:0% +available so he to show you just this is + + + align:start position:0% +available so he to show you just this is +a table from the handbook page 178 this + + align:start position:0% +a table from the handbook page 178 this + + + align:start position:0% +a table from the handbook page 178 this +is the entrance criteria and the exit + + align:start position:0% +is the entrance criteria and the exit + + + align:start position:0% +is the entrance criteria and the exit +criteria for CDR so entrance criteria + + align:start position:0% +criteria for CDR so entrance criteria + + + align:start position:0% +criteria for CDR so entrance criteria +means what do you have to have in order + + align:start position:0% +means what do you have to have in order + + + align:start position:0% +means what do you have to have in order +to be allowed to go forward with a CDR + + align:start position:0% +to be allowed to go forward with a CDR + + + align:start position:0% +to be allowed to go forward with a CDR +and that's mainly three things + + align:start position:0% +and that's mainly three things + + + align:start position:0% +and that's mainly three things +successful completion of the PDR and + + align:start position:0% +successful completion of the PDR and + + + align:start position:0% +successful completion of the PDR and +responses made to all the PDR rfas and + + align:start position:0% +responses made to all the PDR rfas and + + + align:start position:0% +responses made to all the PDR rfas and +rids our phase and rids are essentially + + align:start position:0% +rids our phase and rids are essentially + + + align:start position:0% +rids our phase and rids are essentially +deficiencies open items that came up in + + align:start position:0% +deficiencies open items that came up in + + + align:start position:0% +deficiencies open items that came up in +the PDR so you have to close them out a + + align:start position:0% +the PDR so you have to close them out a + + + align:start position:0% +the PDR so you have to close them out a +CDR agenda and then number three is all + + align:start position:0% +CDR agenda and then number three is all + + + align:start position:0% +CDR agenda and then number three is all +the technical work packages and so we + + align:start position:0% +the technical work packages and so we + + + align:start position:0% +the technical work packages and so we +see it's a huge list here baseline + + align:start position:0% +see it's a huge list here baseline + + + align:start position:0% +see it's a huge list here baseline +document specification fabrication + + align:start position:0% +document specification fabrication + + + align:start position:0% +document specification fabrication +assembly and integration technical data + + align:start position:0% +assembly and integration technical data + + + align:start position:0% +assembly and integration technical data +package acceptance criteria verification + + align:start position:0% +package acceptance criteria verification + + + align:start position:0% +package acceptance criteria verification +and validation plan launch site + + align:start position:0% +and validation plan launch site + + + align:start position:0% +and validation plan launch site +selection and operations plan super + + align:start position:0% +selection and operations plan super + + + align:start position:0% +selection and operations plan super +super super detailed this is a lot of + + align:start position:0% +super super detailed this is a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +super super detailed this is a lot of +information and at the CDR you're going + + align:start position:0% +information and at the CDR you're going + + + align:start position:0% +information and at the CDR you're going +to go through all this so you can + + align:start position:0% +to go through all this so you can + + + align:start position:0% +to go through all this so you can +imagine what that means and then success + + align:start position:0% +imagine what that means and then success + + + align:start position:0% +imagine what that means and then success +criteria on the right is you know you + + align:start position:0% +criteria on the right is you know you + + + align:start position:0% +criteria on the right is you know you +this in order to successfully pass the + + align:start position:0% +this in order to successfully pass the + + + align:start position:0% +this in order to successfully pass the +CDR these are all the things that you + + align:start position:0% +CDR these are all the things that you + + + align:start position:0% +CDR these are all the things that you +have to basically have + + align:start position:0% +have to basically have + + + align:start position:0% +have to basically have +you have to have approval for all these + + align:start position:0% +you have to have approval for all these + + + align:start position:0% +you have to have approval for all these +things now in reality just like at the + + align:start position:0% +things now in reality just like at the + + + align:start position:0% +things now in reality just like at the +PDR at a CDR there will things things + + align:start position:0% +PDR at a CDR there will things things + + + align:start position:0% +PDR at a CDR there will things things +will come up that you missed or that + + align:start position:0% +will come up that you missed or that + + + align:start position:0% +will come up that you missed or that +people have concerns about and so you + + align:start position:0% +people have concerns about and so you + + + align:start position:0% +people have concerns about and so you +will you will make a list of those and + + align:start position:0% +will you will make a list of those and + + + align:start position:0% +will you will make a list of those and +then you have to address these action + + align:start position:0% +then you have to address these action + + + align:start position:0% +then you have to address these action +items coming out of a CDR if if those + + align:start position:0% +items coming out of a CDR if if those + + + align:start position:0% +items coming out of a CDR if if those +action items are serious and if they're + + align:start position:0% +action items are serious and if they're + + + align:start position:0% +action items are serious and if they're +really serious + + align:start position:0% +really serious + + + align:start position:0% +really serious +you could fail the CDR and say you know + + align:start position:0% +you could fail the CDR and say you know + + + align:start position:0% +you could fail the CDR and say you know +with this this is not going to work you + + align:start position:0% +with this this is not going to work you + + + align:start position:0% +with this this is not going to work you +you this looks it's we should not + + align:start position:0% +you this looks it's we should not + + + align:start position:0% +you this looks it's we should not +proceed and they send you back or they + + align:start position:0% +proceed and they send you back or they + + + align:start position:0% +proceed and they send you back or they +cancel the project that's happened also + + align:start position:0% +cancel the project that's happened also + + + align:start position:0% +cancel the project that's happened also +more likely is that they'll ask you to + + align:start position:0% +more likely is that they'll ask you to + + + align:start position:0% +more likely is that they'll ask you to +do a so-called Delta CDR so they'll + + align:start position:0% +do a so-called Delta CDR so they'll + + + align:start position:0% +do a so-called Delta CDR so they'll +they'll have you you know it's like we + + align:start position:0% +they'll have you you know it's like we + + + align:start position:0% +they'll have you you know it's like we +taking an exam or something they'll have + + align:start position:0% +taking an exam or something they'll have + + + align:start position:0% +taking an exam or something they'll have +you come back and you'll have to do a + + align:start position:0% +you come back and you'll have to do a + + + align:start position:0% +you come back and you'll have to do a +CDR again but only on the Delta the + + align:start position:0% +CDR again but only on the Delta the + + + align:start position:0% +CDR again but only on the Delta the +portion that that raised concerns at the + + align:start position:0% +portion that that raised concerns at the + + + align:start position:0% +portion that that raised concerns at the +main CDR you don't have to do everything + + align:start position:0% +main CDR you don't have to do everything + + + align:start position:0% +main CDR you don't have to do everything +again that's called a Delta CDR ok any + + align:start position:0% +again that's called a Delta CDR ok any + + + align:start position:0% +again that's called a Delta CDR ok any +questions about CDR this is really the + + align:start position:0% +questions about CDR this is really the + + + align:start position:0% +questions about CDR this is really the +this is the big one + + align:start position:0% +this is the big one + + + align:start position:0% +this is the big one +this is the big milestone and obviously + + align:start position:0% +this is the big milestone and obviously + + + align:start position:0% +this is the big milestone and obviously +if you know you're the concept or the + + align:start position:0% +if you know you're the concept or the + + + align:start position:0% +if you know you're the concept or the +architecture you chose at the PDR + + align:start position:0% +architecture you chose at the PDR + + + align:start position:0% +architecture you chose at the PDR +turns out not to be a good one it's very + + align:start position:0% +turns out not to be a good one it's very + + + align:start position:0% +turns out not to be a good one it's very +difficult to make changes to that here + + align:start position:0% +difficult to make changes to that here + + + align:start position:0% +difficult to make changes to that here +right this you're kind of locked in to + + align:start position:0% +right this you're kind of locked in to + + + align:start position:0% +right this you're kind of locked in to +whatever a design or architecture you + + align:start position:0% +whatever a design or architecture you + + + align:start position:0% +whatever a design or architecture you +chose at PDR that's why PDR is also so + + align:start position:0% +chose at PDR that's why PDR is also so + + + align:start position:0% +chose at PDR that's why PDR is also so +important even though you have less + + align:start position:0% +important even though you have less + + + align:start position:0% +important even though you have less +detail yep Sam go ahead do you have to + + align:start position:0% +detail yep Sam go ahead do you have to + + + align:start position:0% +detail yep Sam go ahead do you have to +have contracts in place already for the + + align:start position:0% +have contracts in place already for the + + + align:start position:0% +have contracts in place already for the +like manufacturing and operations and + + align:start position:0% +like manufacturing and operations and + + + align:start position:0% +like manufacturing and operations and +absolutely active I mean basically + + align:start position:0% +absolutely active I mean basically + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely active I mean basically +greenlight CDR the next day you start + + align:start position:0% +greenlight CDR the next day you start + + + align:start position:0% +greenlight CDR the next day you start +manufacturing so you know every portion + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing so you know every portion + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing so you know every portion +of your all the components all the + + align:start position:0% +of your all the components all the + + + align:start position:0% +of your all the components all the +manufacturing all of that has been a bid + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing all of that has been a bid + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing all of that has been a bid +selected contracted everything's in + + align:start position:0% +selected contracted everything's in + + + align:start position:0% +selected contracted everything's in +place contractually absolutely ok any + + align:start position:0% +place contractually absolutely ok any + + + align:start position:0% +place contractually absolutely ok any +any questions at EPFL about CDR who has + + align:start position:0% +any questions at EPFL about CDR who has + + + align:start position:0% +any questions at EPFL about CDR who has +actually gone through a CDR on your end + + align:start position:0% +actually gone through a CDR on your end + + + align:start position:0% +actually gone through a CDR on your end +has anybody done a CDR for any of the + + align:start position:0% +has anybody done a CDR for any of the + + + align:start position:0% +has anybody done a CDR for any of the +projects okay go ahead I did also a CDR + + align:start position:0% +projects okay go ahead I did also a CDR + + + align:start position:0% +projects okay go ahead I did also a CDR +because I had + + align:start position:0% +because I had + + + align:start position:0% +because I had +DR last time at the Rex asbestos program + + align:start position:0% +DR last time at the Rex asbestos program + + + align:start position:0% +DR last time at the Rex asbestos program +and one comment I want to make so if the + + align:start position:0% +and one comment I want to make so if the + + + align:start position:0% +and one comment I want to make so if the +teams were allowed to fail the PDR and + + align:start position:0% +teams were allowed to fail the PDR and + + + align:start position:0% +teams were allowed to fail the PDR and +still fly if they fail the CDR then they + + align:start position:0% +still fly if they fail the CDR then they + + + align:start position:0% +still fly if they fail the CDR then they +didn't fly at all so it was very strict + + align:start position:0% +didn't fly at all so it was very strict + + + align:start position:0% +didn't fly at all so it was very strict +and demanding yeah so would you say that + + align:start position:0% +and demanding yeah so would you say that + + + align:start position:0% +and demanding yeah so would you say that +the CDR is more strict than the PDR the + + align:start position:0% +the CDR is more strict than the PDR the + + + align:start position:0% +the CDR is more strict than the PDR the +CDR is more strict yes I agree I agree + + align:start position:0% +CDR is more strict yes I agree I agree + + + align:start position:0% +CDR is more strict yes I agree I agree +definitely okay any anybody else is it + + align:start position:0% +definitely okay any anybody else is it + + + align:start position:0% +definitely okay any anybody else is it +are any of you working in in systems + + align:start position:0% +are any of you working in in systems + + + align:start position:0% +are any of you working in in systems +other than aerospace like I don't know + + align:start position:0% +other than aerospace like I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +other than aerospace like I don't know +medical devices or you know scientific + + align:start position:0% +medical devices or you know scientific + + + align:start position:0% +medical devices or you know scientific +instruments so so the reason I bring + + align:start position:0% +instruments so so the reason I bring + + + align:start position:0% +instruments so so the reason I bring +this up is because in you know medical + + align:start position:0% +this up is because in you know medical + + + align:start position:0% +this up is because in you know medical +devices medical devices have to be + + align:start position:0% +devices medical devices have to be + + + align:start position:0% +devices medical devices have to be +approved by in here in the US it's the + + align:start position:0% +approved by in here in the US it's the + + + align:start position:0% +approved by in here in the US it's the +FDA the Food and Drug Administration and + + align:start position:0% +FDA the Food and Drug Administration and + + + align:start position:0% +FDA the Food and Drug Administration and +then in Europe there's equivalent you + + align:start position:0% +then in Europe there's equivalent you + + + align:start position:0% +then in Europe there's equivalent you +know European level thing it's it's very + + align:start position:0% +know European level thing it's it's very + + + align:start position:0% +know European level thing it's it's very +very detailed it's really not that + + align:start position:0% +very detailed it's really not that + + + align:start position:0% +very detailed it's really not that +different so presenting your medical + + align:start position:0% +different so presenting your medical + + + align:start position:0% +different so presenting your medical +device design to a panel of experts + + align:start position:0% +device design to a panel of experts + + + align:start position:0% +device design to a panel of experts +doctors you know people in systems in + + align:start position:0% +doctors you know people in systems in + + + align:start position:0% +doctors you know people in systems in +medical safety regulators it's it is + + align:start position:0% +medical safety regulators it's it is + + + align:start position:0% +medical safety regulators it's it is +like a CDR you basically are going + + align:start position:0% +like a CDR you basically are going + + + align:start position:0% +like a CDR you basically are going +through a CDR when you're trying to get + + align:start position:0% +through a CDR when you're trying to get + + + align:start position:0% +through a CDR when you're trying to get +your medical device approved for sale + + align:start position:0% +your medical device approved for sale + + + align:start position:0% +your medical device approved for sale +and use so it's not not often called a + + align:start position:0% +and use so it's not not often called a + + + align:start position:0% +and use so it's not not often called a +CDR but it effectively is a CDR so this + + align:start position:0% +CDR but it effectively is a CDR so this + + + align:start position:0% +CDR but it effectively is a CDR so this +this is this is in especially in + + align:start position:0% +this is this is in especially in + + + align:start position:0% +this is this is in especially in +industries where there's a lot of money + + align:start position:0% +industries where there's a lot of money + + + align:start position:0% +industries where there's a lot of money +at stake and people you know safety + + align:start position:0% +at stake and people you know safety + + + align:start position:0% +at stake and people you know safety +people's health is at stake this is this + + align:start position:0% +people's health is at stake this is this + + + align:start position:0% +people's health is at stake this is this +is common practice okay so let me + + align:start position:0% +is common practice okay so let me + + + align:start position:0% +is common practice okay so let me +summarize here so this is the detailed + + align:start position:0% +summarize here so this is the detailed + + + align:start position:0% +summarize here so this is the detailed +design phase we discussed it's it's very + + align:start position:0% +design phase we discussed it's it's very + + + align:start position:0% +design phase we discussed it's it's very +important basically you take your PDR + + align:start position:0% +important basically you take your PDR + + + align:start position:0% +important basically you take your PDR +level design and you go define all the + + align:start position:0% +level design and you go define all the + + + align:start position:0% +level design and you go define all the +details in full maturity you create + + align:start position:0% +details in full maturity you create + + + align:start position:0% +details in full maturity you create +design documents and models and you know + + align:start position:0% +design documents and models and you know + + + align:start position:0% +design documents and models and you know +as we talked about last time + + align:start position:0% +as we talked about last time + + + align:start position:0% +as we talked about last time +there's we're sort of in this transition + + align:start position:0% +there's we're sort of in this transition + + + align:start position:0% +there's we're sort of in this transition +phase of producing documents verse + + align:start position:0% +phase of producing documents verse + + + align:start position:0% +phase of producing documents verse +producing models typically we have both + + align:start position:0% +producing models typically we have both + + + align:start position:0% +producing models typically we have both +now examples would be detailed bill of + + align:start position:0% +now examples would be detailed bill of + + + align:start position:0% +now examples would be detailed bill of +materials computer-aided design files + + align:start position:0% +materials computer-aided design files + + + align:start position:0% +materials computer-aided design files +we'll talk about CAD next week + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about CAD next week + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about CAD next week +computer-aided design software in + + align:start position:0% +computer-aided design software in + + + align:start position:0% +computer-aided design software in +control system definition user + + align:start position:0% +control system definition user + + + align:start position:0% +control system definition user +interfaces etc etc etc multidisciplinary + + align:start position:0% +interfaces etc etc etc multidisciplinary + + + align:start position:0% +interfaces etc etc etc multidisciplinary +design optimization is is is a very + + align:start position:0% +design optimization is is is a very + + + align:start position:0% +design optimization is is is a very +powerful concept to optimize at the + + align:start position:0% +powerful concept to optimize at the + + + align:start position:0% +powerful concept to optimize at the +system and the subsystem level and + + align:start position:0% +system and the subsystem level and + + + align:start position:0% +system and the subsystem level and +trade-off between disciplines and + + align:start position:0% +trade-off between disciplines and + + + align:start position:0% +trade-off between disciplines and +objectives the CDF's are the concurrent + + align:start position:0% +objectives the CDF's are the concurrent + + + align:start position:0% +objectives the CDF's are the concurrent +design facilities and they've now become + + align:start position:0% +design facilities and they've now become + + + align:start position:0% +design facilities and they've now become +standard practice both in aerospace and + + align:start position:0% +standard practice both in aerospace and + + + align:start position:0% +standard practice both in aerospace and +product product design companies if you + + align:start position:0% +product product design companies if you + + + align:start position:0% +product product design companies if you +have not had the chance to experience + + align:start position:0% +have not had the chance to experience + + + align:start position:0% +have not had the chance to experience +and work in a CDF I really encourage you + + align:start position:0% +and work in a CDF I really encourage you + + + align:start position:0% +and work in a CDF I really encourage you +to do this it's I think it's a + + align:start position:0% +to do this it's I think it's a + + + align:start position:0% +to do this it's I think it's a +life-changing experience it really it's + + align:start position:0% +life-changing experience it really it's + + + align:start position:0% +life-changing experience it really it's +it's not easy because like you know + + align:start position:0% +it's not easy because like you know + + + align:start position:0% +it's not easy because like you know +justice said there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +justice said there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +justice said there's a lot of +information to absorb but once you've + + align:start position:0% +information to absorb but once you've + + + align:start position:0% +information to absorb but once you've +done this and experienced it you realize + + align:start position:0% +done this and experienced it you realize + + + align:start position:0% +done this and experienced it you realize +if you don't have a CDF if you don't + + align:start position:0% +if you don't have a CDF if you don't + + + align:start position:0% +if you don't have a CDF if you don't +design products this way you really + + align:start position:0% +design products this way you really + + + align:start position:0% +design products this way you really +should and then CDR is the big milestone + + align:start position:0% +should and then CDR is the big milestone + + + align:start position:0% +should and then CDR is the big milestone +the last gate before quote endquote + + align:start position:0% +the last gate before quote endquote + + + align:start position:0% +the last gate before quote endquote +cutting metal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/dHMGV_WOG7w.txt b/dHMGV_WOG7w.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8abcbf2690453bac6d7b65bddfc956d83ca0750d --- /dev/null +++ b/dHMGV_WOG7w.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1331 @@ +align:start position:0% + +one of our classic problems to analyze + + align:start position:0% +one of our classic problems to analyze + + + align:start position:0% +one of our classic problems to analyze +using Newton's second law is the motion + + align:start position:0% +using Newton's second law is the motion + + + align:start position:0% +using Newton's second law is the motion +of two blocks with a rope that's wrapped + + align:start position:0% +of two blocks with a rope that's wrapped + + + align:start position:0% +of two blocks with a rope that's wrapped +around a pulley so imagine we have a + + align:start position:0% +around a pulley so imagine we have a + + + align:start position:0% +around a pulley so imagine we have a +pulley peak and we hang from that block + + align:start position:0% +pulley peak and we hang from that block + + + align:start position:0% +pulley peak and we hang from that block +one and we hang from that block to the + + align:start position:0% +one and we hang from that block to the + + + align:start position:0% +one and we hang from that block to the +pulley is suspended by another rope and + + align:start position:0% +pulley is suspended by another rope and + + + align:start position:0% +pulley is suspended by another rope and +it's attached to a wall and let's now + + align:start position:0% +it's attached to a wall and let's now + + + align:start position:0% +it's attached to a wall and let's now +try to use Newton's second law to + + align:start position:0% +try to use Newton's second law to + + + align:start position:0% +try to use Newton's second law to +analyze this motion now going back to + + align:start position:0% +analyze this motion now going back to + + + align:start position:0% +analyze this motion now going back to +our methodology the first thing we want + + align:start position:0% +our methodology the first thing we want + + + align:start position:0% +our methodology the first thing we want +to ask ourselves is to identify what are + + align:start position:0% +to ask ourselves is to identify what are + + + align:start position:0% +to ask ourselves is to identify what are +all the moving pieces so I'm gonna make + + align:start position:0% +all the moving pieces so I'm gonna make + + + align:start position:0% +all the moving pieces so I'm gonna make +my first assumption here that the Rope + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pulley surface so that's right here is + + align:start position:0% +pulley surface so that's right here is + + + align:start position:0% +pulley surface so that's right here is +frictionless now what that assumption + + align:start position:0% +frictionless now what that assumption + + + align:start position:0% +frictionless now what that assumption +means is that the pulley will remain at + + align:start position:0% +means is that the pulley will remain at + + + align:start position:0% +means is that the pulley will remain at +rest and therefore when we want to break + + align:start position:0% +rest and therefore when we want to break + + + align:start position:0% +rest and therefore when we want to break +this problem down our first question our + + align:start position:0% +this problem down our first question our + + + align:start position:0% +this problem down our first question our +first question is is to identify all the + + align:start position:0% +first question is is to identify all the + + + align:start position:0% +first question is is to identify all the +moving objects and so we really have + + align:start position:0% +moving objects and so we really have + + + align:start position:0% +moving objects and so we really have +three we have mass which we labeled by + + align:start position:0% +three we have mass which we labeled by + + + align:start position:0% +three we have mass which we labeled by +one two and the rope so our goal now is + + align:start position:0% +one two and the rope so our goal now is + + + align:start position:0% +one two and the rope so our goal now is +to identify all the moving objects and + + align:start position:0% +to identify all the moving objects and + + + align:start position:0% +to identify all the moving objects and +to draw Freebody force diagrams + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for each moving object now one of the + + align:start position:0% +for each moving object now one of the + + + align:start position:0% +for each moving object now one of the +things that I'm especially interested in + + align:start position:0% +things that I'm especially interested in + + + align:start position:0% +things that I'm especially interested in +talking about is to keep in mind to + + align:start position:0% +talking about is to keep in mind to + + + align:start position:0% +talking about is to keep in mind to +identify action-reaction pairs so as I + + align:start position:0% +identify action-reaction pairs so as I + + + align:start position:0% +identify action-reaction pairs so as I +go through and draw these Freebody + + align:start position:0% +go through and draw these Freebody + + + align:start position:0% +go through and draw these Freebody +diagrams we want to ask ourselves what + + align:start position:0% +diagrams we want to ask ourselves what + + + align:start position:0% +diagrams we want to ask ourselves what +forces form Newton's third law + + align:start position:0% +forces form Newton's third law + + + align:start position:0% +forces form Newton's third law +action-reaction pairs so what I'll do is + + align:start position:0% +action-reaction pairs so what I'll do is + + + align:start position:0% +action-reaction pairs so what I'll do is +I'll start with object one + + align:start position:0% +I'll start with object one + + + align:start position:0% +I'll start with object one +now object one has a gravitational force + + align:start position:0% +now object one has a gravitational force + + + align:start position:0% +now object one has a gravitational force +m1 G and the Rope is pulling object one + + align:start position:0% +m1 G and the Rope is pulling object one + + + align:start position:0% +m1 G and the Rope is pulling object one +up with the tension at the end of the + + align:start position:0% +up with the tension at the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +up with the tension at the end of the +rope T rope one so the action reaction + + align:start position:0% +rope T rope one so the action reaction + + + align:start position:0% +rope T rope one so the action reaction +pair to m1 G is the earth is the force + + align:start position:0% +pair to m1 G is the earth is the force + + + align:start position:0% +pair to m1 G is the earth is the force +of this mass on the earth which we're + + align:start position:0% +of this mass on the earth which we're + + + align:start position:0% +of this mass on the earth which we're +not considering what about the rope + + align:start position:0% +not considering what about the rope + + + align:start position:0% +not considering what about the rope +so now let's draw a picture of our rope + + align:start position:0% +so now let's draw a picture of our rope + + + align:start position:0% +so now let's draw a picture of our rope +and mass this object here is pulling the + + align:start position:0% +and mass this object here is pulling the + + + align:start position:0% +and mass this object here is pulling the +rope down and so we have on the rope + + align:start position:0% +rope down and so we have on the rope + + + align:start position:0% +rope down and so we have on the rope +object one pulling it down and this is + + align:start position:0% +object one pulling it down and this is + + + align:start position:0% +object one pulling it down and this is +our action reaction pair what are the + + align:start position:0% +our action reaction pair what are the + + + align:start position:0% +our action reaction pair what are the +other forces on the rope well over here + + align:start position:0% +other forces on the rope well over here + + + align:start position:0% +other forces on the rope well over here +object to t2 is pulling the rope down + + align:start position:0% +object to t2 is pulling the rope down + + + align:start position:0% +object to t2 is pulling the rope down +with the tension at the end of that rope + + align:start position:0% +with the tension at the end of that rope + + + align:start position:0% +with the tension at the end of that rope +now also the pulley is exerting a force + + align:start position:0% +now also the pulley is exerting a force + + + align:start position:0% +now also the pulley is exerting a force +on the rope upwards because we have that + + align:start position:0% +on the rope upwards because we have that + + + align:start position:0% +on the rope upwards because we have that +force and so these are the force + + align:start position:0% +force and so these are the force + + + align:start position:0% +force and so these are the force +diagrams on the rope now what about the + + align:start position:0% +diagrams on the rope now what about the + + + align:start position:0% +diagrams on the rope now what about the +action reaction pair to t2 rope well + + align:start position:0% +action reaction pair to t2 rope well + + + align:start position:0% +action reaction pair to t2 rope well +let's continue and draw two we have + + align:start position:0% +let's continue and draw two we have + + + align:start position:0% +let's continue and draw two we have +again gravitational force on to the + + align:start position:0% +again gravitational force on to the + + + align:start position:0% +again gravitational force on to the +earth is the action reaction pair the + + align:start position:0% +earth is the action reaction pair the + + + align:start position:0% +earth is the action reaction pair the +force of two on the earth upwards is + + align:start position:0% +force of two on the earth upwards is + + + align:start position:0% +force of two on the earth upwards is +equal to m2 G of the earth downwards + + align:start position:0% +equal to m2 G of the earth downwards + + + align:start position:0% +equal to m2 G of the earth downwards +we're not drawing the earth in this + + align:start position:0% +we're not drawing the earth in this + + + align:start position:0% +we're not drawing the earth in this +picture so we don't show it now here is + + align:start position:0% +picture so we don't show it now here is + + + align:start position:0% +picture so we don't show it now here is +the force of the rope on two and there + + align:start position:0% +the force of the rope on two and there + + + align:start position:0% +the force of the rope on two and there +is our other action reaction pair + + align:start position:0% +is our other action reaction pair + + + align:start position:0% +is our other action reaction pair +so these are the Newton's third law + + align:start position:0% +so these are the Newton's third law + + + align:start position:0% +so these are the Newton's third law +pairs in this object now now that we + + align:start position:0% +pairs in this object now now that we + + + align:start position:0% +pairs in this object now now that we +have identified all the forces we want + + align:start position:0% +have identified all the forces we want + + + align:start position:0% +have identified all the forces we want +to apply Newton's third law second law + + align:start position:0% +to apply Newton's third law second law + + + align:start position:0% +to apply Newton's third law second law +to each of these objects so that are + + align:start position:0% +to each of these objects so that are + + + align:start position:0% +to each of these objects so that are +moving so let's begin by remembering + + align:start position:0% +moving so let's begin by remembering + + + align:start position:0% +moving so let's begin by remembering +that if our rope our next assumption + + align:start position:0% +that if our rope our next assumption + + + align:start position:0% +that if our rope our next assumption +here it's assumed that the mass of the + + align:start position:0% +here it's assumed that the mass of the + + + align:start position:0% +here it's assumed that the mass of the +Rope is very light and then the tension + + align:start position:0% +Rope is very light and then the tension + + + align:start position:0% +Rope is very light and then the tension +in the rope is constant and the + + align:start position:0% +in the rope is constant and the + + + align:start position:0% +in the rope is constant and the +implication of that is T to R equals t1 + + align:start position:0% +implication of that is T to R equals t1 + + + align:start position:0% +implication of that is T to R equals t1 +R and that's why we can now identify + + align:start position:0% +R and that's why we can now identify + + + align:start position:0% +R and that's why we can now identify +this as T and that as T a little bit + + align:start position:0% +this as T and that as T a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +this as T and that as T a little bit +later on when we talk about pulleys that + + align:start position:0% +later on when we talk about pulleys that + + + align:start position:0% +later on when we talk about pulleys that +have mass with friction between them the + + align:start position:0% +have mass with friction between them the + + + align:start position:0% +have mass with friction between them the +tension on the two sides of the pulley + + align:start position:0% +tension on the two sides of the pulley + + + align:start position:0% +tension on the two sides of the pulley +will not be the same but for the moment + + align:start position:0% +will not be the same but for the moment + + + align:start position:0% +will not be the same but for the moment +we've made these assumptions and that + + align:start position:0% +we've made these assumptions and that + + + align:start position:0% +we've made these assumptions and that +holds and now we just really have + + align:start position:0% +holds and now we just really have + + + align:start position:0% +holds and now we just really have +objects one and object two to analyze + + align:start position:0% +objects one and object two to analyze + + + align:start position:0% +objects one and object two to analyze +and so one of the things that helps a + + align:start position:0% +and so one of the things that helps a + + + align:start position:0% +and so one of the things that helps a +lot is we need to choose unit vectors in + + align:start position:0% +lot is we need to choose unit vectors in + + + align:start position:0% +lot is we need to choose unit vectors in +order to write down the vector equations + + align:start position:0% +order to write down the vector equations + + + align:start position:0% +order to write down the vector equations +for Newton's second law so let's just + + align:start position:0% +for Newton's second law so let's just + + + align:start position:0% +for Newton's second law so let's just +here assume for ourselves that M 1 is + + align:start position:0% +here assume for ourselves that M 1 is + + + align:start position:0% +here assume for ourselves that M 1 is +greater than m 2 this gives us some + + align:start position:0% +greater than m 2 this gives us some + + + align:start position:0% +greater than m 2 this gives us some +feeling for how the system moves I like + + align:start position:0% +feeling for how the system moves I like + + + align:start position:0% +feeling for how the system moves I like +to do this because it gives me a way to + + align:start position:0% +to do this because it gives me a way to + + + align:start position:0% +to do this because it gives me a way to +choose my unit vectors to make all the + + align:start position:0% +choose my unit vectors to make all the + + + align:start position:0% +choose my unit vectors to make all the +acceleration is positive so I when M 1 + + align:start position:0% +acceleration is positive so I when M 1 + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration is positive so I when M 1 +is bigger than M 2 I expect and one to + + align:start position:0% +is bigger than M 2 I expect and one to + + + align:start position:0% +is bigger than M 2 I expect and one to +go down and two to go up and that's how + + align:start position:0% +go down and two to go up and that's how + + + align:start position:0% +go down and two to go up and that's how +I'm gonna choose unit vectors J hat 1 + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna choose unit vectors J hat 1 + + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna choose unit vectors J hat 1 +now here is the very interesting thing + + align:start position:0% +now here is the very interesting thing + + + align:start position:0% +now here is the very interesting thing +we choose a separate coordinate system + + align:start position:0% +we choose a separate coordinate system + + + align:start position:0% +we choose a separate coordinate system +for each object so I'm gonna write that + + align:start position:0% +for each object so I'm gonna write that + + + align:start position:0% +for each object so I'm gonna write that +down + + align:start position:0% +down + + + align:start position:0% +down +we want to choose separate unit vectors + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for each object and our accelerations + + align:start position:0% +for each object and our accelerations + + + align:start position:0% +for each object and our accelerations +will be with respect to those unit + + align:start position:0% +will be with respect to those unit + + + align:start position:0% +will be with respect to those unit +vectors this is where a lot of people + + align:start position:0% +vectors this is where a lot of people + + + align:start position:0% +vectors this is where a lot of people +get tripped up so here I'm choosing J + + align:start position:0% +get tripped up so here I'm choosing J + + + align:start position:0% +get tripped up so here I'm choosing J +hat too and when I choose that I expect + + align:start position:0% +hat too and when I choose that I expect + + + align:start position:0% +hat too and when I choose that I expect +a 2 to be positive because 2 is going up + + align:start position:0% +a 2 to be positive because 2 is going up + + + align:start position:0% +a 2 to be positive because 2 is going up +in the direction of J hat and here I + + align:start position:0% +in the direction of J hat and here I + + + align:start position:0% +in the direction of J hat and here I +expect a 1 to be positive + + align:start position:0% +expect a 1 to be positive + + + align:start position:0% +expect a 1 to be positive +also because 1 is going down now I can + + align:start position:0% +also because 1 is going down now I can + + + align:start position:0% +also because 1 is going down now I can +draw Newton's second law on 1 so I have + + align:start position:0% +draw Newton's second law on 1 so I have + + + align:start position:0% +draw Newton's second law on 1 so I have +F 1 equals m1 a1 and now I analyze my + + align:start position:0% +F 1 equals m1 a1 and now I analyze my + + + align:start position:0% +F 1 equals m1 a1 and now I analyze my +forces m1 G is in the positive J hat + + align:start position:0% +forces m1 G is in the positive J hat + + + align:start position:0% +forces m1 G is in the positive J hat +direction T is in the negative J hat + + align:start position:0% +direction T is in the negative J hat + + + align:start position:0% +direction T is in the negative J hat +direction so I have m1 G minus T equals + + align:start position:0% +direction so I have m1 G minus T equals + + + align:start position:0% +direction so I have m1 G minus T equals +m1 a1 which I'm expecting to be positive + + align:start position:0% +m1 a1 which I'm expecting to be positive + + + align:start position:0% +m1 a1 which I'm expecting to be positive +and in the same way on to f2 equals m2 + + align:start position:0% +and in the same way on to f2 equals m2 + + + align:start position:0% +and in the same way on to f2 equals m2 +a2 I look at my force diagram now notice + + align:start position:0% +a2 I look at my force diagram now notice + + + align:start position:0% +a2 I look at my force diagram now notice +J hat is up so T is positive m2 G is - + + align:start position:0% +J hat is up so T is positive m2 G is - + + + align:start position:0% +J hat is up so T is positive m2 G is - +my direction m2 G equals m2 a2 so I now + + align:start position:0% +my direction m2 G equals m2 a2 so I now + + + align:start position:0% +my direction m2 G equals m2 a2 so I now +have two equations but when I look at + + align:start position:0% +have two equations but when I look at + + + align:start position:0% +have two equations but when I look at +these equations I see that I have three + + align:start position:0% +these equations I see that I have three + + + align:start position:0% +these equations I see that I have three +unknowns I have T a1 and a2 but I have a + + align:start position:0% +unknowns I have T a1 and a2 but I have a + + + align:start position:0% +unknowns I have T a1 and a2 but I have a +constraint because these objects are + + align:start position:0% +constraint because these objects are + + + align:start position:0% +constraint because these objects are +moving together and the way I've chosen + + align:start position:0% +moving together and the way I've chosen + + + align:start position:0% +moving together and the way I've chosen +the coordinate systems a 1 is equal to + + align:start position:0% +the coordinate systems a 1 is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +the coordinate systems a 1 is equal to +plus a 2 both are positive + + align:start position:0% +plus a 2 both are positive + + + align:start position:0% +plus a 2 both are positive +with respect to my choice of coordinate + + align:start position:0% +with respect to my choice of coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to my choice of coordinate +systems and so these two A's are the + + align:start position:0% +systems and so these two A's are the + + + align:start position:0% +systems and so these two A's are the +same and now I can solve my equations + + align:start position:0% +same and now I can solve my equations + + + align:start position:0% +same and now I can solve my equations +for T and a and let's quickly do that m1 + + align:start position:0% +for T and a and let's quickly do that m1 + + + align:start position:0% +for T and a and let's quickly do that m1 +G minus T equals m1 a and over here + + align:start position:0% +G minus T equals m1 a and over here + + + align:start position:0% +G minus T equals m1 a and over here +let's solve for the tension for the + + align:start position:0% +let's solve for the tension for the + + + align:start position:0% +let's solve for the tension for the +accelerations here T is equal to m2 a + + align:start position:0% +accelerations here T is equal to m2 a + + + align:start position:0% +accelerations here T is equal to m2 a +plus + + align:start position:0% +plus + + + align:start position:0% +plus +m2g and when I substitute the tea into + + align:start position:0% +m2g and when I substitute the tea into + + + align:start position:0% +m2g and when I substitute the tea into +that equation we'll find some space for + + align:start position:0% +that equation we'll find some space for + + + align:start position:0% +that equation we'll find some space for +that will write that as if I put in the + + align:start position:0% +that will write that as if I put in the + + + align:start position:0% +that will write that as if I put in the +m2 minus m2 a minus m2 G and bring the + + align:start position:0% +m2 minus m2 a minus m2 G and bring the + + + align:start position:0% +m2 minus m2 a minus m2 G and bring the +m2 a to the other side then it's a + + align:start position:0% +m2 a to the other side then it's a + + + align:start position:0% +m2 a to the other side then it's a +little bit of algebra but I think you'll + + align:start position:0% +little bit of algebra but I think you'll + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of algebra but I think you'll +trust me that this is m1 minus m2 G over + + align:start position:0% +trust me that this is m1 minus m2 G over + + + align:start position:0% +trust me that this is m1 minus m2 G over +m1 plus m2 now we're almost done we need + + align:start position:0% +m1 plus m2 now we're almost done we need + + + align:start position:0% +m1 plus m2 now we're almost done we need +to check our answers first off does it + + align:start position:0% +to check our answers first off does it + + + align:start position:0% +to check our answers first off does it +have the dimensions of acceleration + + align:start position:0% +have the dimensions of acceleration + + + align:start position:0% +have the dimensions of acceleration +answer yes mass divided by mass G has + + align:start position:0% +answer yes mass divided by mass G has + + + align:start position:0% +answer yes mass divided by mass G has +the dimensions of acceleration so I + + align:start position:0% +the dimensions of acceleration so I + + + align:start position:0% +the dimensions of acceleration so I +that's my first check always with my + + align:start position:0% +that's my first check always with my + + + align:start position:0% +that's my first check always with my +algebra second check what if m1 is equal + + align:start position:0% +algebra second check what if m1 is equal + + + align:start position:0% +algebra second check what if m1 is equal +to m2 then the acceleration is zero I + + align:start position:0% +to m2 then the acceleration is zero I + + + align:start position:0% +to m2 then the acceleration is zero I +expect them to be balanced I've said + + align:start position:0% +expect them to be balanced I've said + + + align:start position:0% +expect them to be balanced I've said +that M 1 is greater than m2 positive + + align:start position:0% +that M 1 is greater than m2 positive + + + align:start position:0% +that M 1 is greater than m2 positive +sign my a is positive that's how I set + + align:start position:0% +sign my a is positive that's how I set + + + align:start position:0% +sign my a is positive that's how I set +up my coordinate system so I expect that + + align:start position:0% +up my coordinate system so I expect that + + + align:start position:0% +up my coordinate system so I expect that +to by the way our symbol a was equal to + + align:start position:0% +to by the way our symbol a was equal to + + + align:start position:0% +to by the way our symbol a was equal to +those and so I'm pretty confident that + + align:start position:0% +those and so I'm pretty confident that + + + align:start position:0% +those and so I'm pretty confident that +my result is correct and that's how we + + align:start position:0% +my result is correct and that's how we + + + align:start position:0% +my result is correct and that's how we +apply Newton's second law to the pulley + + align:start position:0% +apply Newton's second law to the pulley + + + align:start position:0% +apply Newton's second law to the pulley +with some several assumptions + + align:start position:0% +with some several assumptions + + + align:start position:0% +with some several assumptions +frictionless surface massless rope and + + align:start position:0% +frictionless surface massless rope and + + + align:start position:0% +frictionless surface massless rope and +think about how we chose our unit + + align:start position:0% +think about how we chose our unit + + + align:start position:0% +think about how we chose our unit +vectors each object gets its separate + + align:start position:0% +vectors each object gets its separate + + + align:start position:0% +vectors each object gets its separate +coordinate system I'm not using the same + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system I'm not using the same + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system I'm not using the same +coordinate system for each object I + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system for each object I + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system for each object I +could have but then there would be a + + align:start position:0% +could have but then there would be a + + + align:start position:0% +could have but then there would be a +subtlety to this condition the + + align:start position:0% +subtlety to this condition the + + + align:start position:0% +subtlety to this condition the +accelerations would be opposite in sign \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/df0jCMI04WU.txt b/df0jCMI04WU.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d8267c0e32fdccedc12b20705090409f303b48a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/df0jCMI04WU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12635 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay good morning it will take us a + + align:start position:0% +okay good morning it will take us a + + + align:start position:0% +okay good morning it will take us a +couple of U lectures I guess to cover + + align:start position:0% +couple of U lectures I guess to cover + + + align:start position:0% +couple of U lectures I guess to cover +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +um uh in uh in some + + align:start position:0% +um uh in uh in some + + + align:start position:0% +um uh in uh in some +details and it is + + align:start position:0% +details and it is + + + align:start position:0% +details and it is +um we want to + + align:start position:0% +um we want to + + + align:start position:0% +um we want to +extend what we know about heat transfer + + align:start position:0% +extend what we know about heat transfer + + + align:start position:0% +extend what we know about heat transfer +to e and mass transfer and charge + + align:start position:0% +to e and mass transfer and charge + + + align:start position:0% +to e and mass transfer and charge +transfer and we want to do it uh in in + + align:start position:0% +transfer and we want to do it uh in in + + + align:start position:0% +transfer and we want to do it uh in in +in a way that uh exhibits the the logic + + align:start position:0% +in a way that uh exhibits the the logic + + + align:start position:0% +in a way that uh exhibits the the logic +of the construction so um this is why I + + align:start position:0% +of the construction so um this is why I + + + align:start position:0% +of the construction so um this is why I +am going to restart I mean start again + + align:start position:0% +am going to restart I mean start again + + + align:start position:0% +am going to restart I mean start again +from what we have already seen because + + align:start position:0% +from what we have already seen because + + + align:start position:0% +from what we have already seen because +it already contains that + + align:start position:0% +it already contains that + + + align:start position:0% +it already contains that +logic uh actually parallel logic between + + align:start position:0% +logic uh actually parallel logic between + + + align:start position:0% +logic uh actually parallel logic between +the what we've done in chemical kinetics + + align:start position:0% +the what we've done in chemical kinetics + + + align:start position:0% +the what we've done in chemical kinetics +and what we've done in in in our simple + + align:start position:0% +and what we've done in in in our simple + + + align:start position:0% +and what we've done in in in our simple +review of the heat transfer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Basics and because this contains what we + + align:start position:0% +Basics and because this contains what we + + + align:start position:0% +Basics and because this contains what we +want to develop item by item with some + + align:start position:0% +want to develop item by item with some + + + align:start position:0% +want to develop item by item with some +care uh and and other details uh in in + + align:start position:0% +care uh and and other details uh in in + + + align:start position:0% +care uh and and other details uh in in +the rest of this uh lecture or + + align:start position:0% +the rest of this uh lecture or + + + align:start position:0% +the rest of this uh lecture or +two so in chemical kinetics let's start + + align:start position:0% +two so in chemical kinetics let's start + + + align:start position:0% +two so in chemical kinetics let's start +with because we did this first so let's + + align:start position:0% +with because we did this first so let's + + + align:start position:0% +with because we did this first so let's +start with this first + + align:start position:0% +start with this first + + + align:start position:0% +start with this first +we when we when we consider the closed + + align:start position:0% +we when we when we consider the closed + + + align:start position:0% +we when we when we consider the closed +systems uh we considered that like the + + align:start position:0% +systems uh we considered that like the + + + align:start position:0% +systems uh we considered that like the +energy balance it was implicit that the + + align:start position:0% +energy balance it was implicit that the + + + align:start position:0% +energy balance it was implicit that the +energy remains constant if the system is + + align:start position:0% +energy remains constant if the system is + + + align:start position:0% +energy remains constant if the system is +isolated and this is the entropy balance + + align:start position:0% +isolated and this is the entropy balance + + + align:start position:0% +isolated and this is the entropy balance +that says that the rate of + + align:start position:0% +that says that the rate of + + + align:start position:0% +that says that the rate of +entropy uh change is equal to the + + align:start position:0% +entropy uh change is equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +entropy uh change is equal to the +entropy produced by irreversibility + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +um we this is not a balance of of of of + + align:start position:0% +um we this is not a balance of of of of + + + align:start position:0% +um we this is not a balance of of of of +particles but you could view the + + align:start position:0% +particles but you could view the + + + align:start position:0% +particles but you could view the +proportionality relations as as a sort + + align:start position:0% +proportionality relations as as a sort + + + align:start position:0% +proportionality relations as as a sort +of a balance in the sense that uh they + + align:start position:0% +of a balance in the sense that uh they + + + align:start position:0% +of a balance in the sense that uh they +account for uh the rate of change of the + + align:start position:0% +account for uh the rate of change of the + + + align:start position:0% +account for uh the rate of change of the +number of of particles in your in your + + align:start position:0% +number of of particles in your in your + + + align:start position:0% +number of of particles in your in your +mixture and so that + + align:start position:0% +mixture and so that + + + align:start position:0% +mixture and so that +is another ingredient + + align:start position:0% +is another ingredient + + + align:start position:0% +is another ingredient +plus we have assumed something about + + align:start position:0% +plus we have assumed something about + + + align:start position:0% +plus we have assumed something about +equilibrium near + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium near + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium near +equilibrium uh situation in which we uh + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium uh situation in which we uh + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium uh situation in which we uh +if it weren't for the uh chemical + + align:start position:0% +if it weren't for the uh chemical + + + align:start position:0% +if it weren't for the uh chemical +reactions that are changing the + + align:start position:0% +reactions that are changing the + + + align:start position:0% +reactions that are changing the +composition our system in our model uh + + align:start position:0% +composition our system in our model uh + + + align:start position:0% +composition our system in our model uh +um so far is + + align:start position:0% +um so far is + + + align:start position:0% +um so far is +um very close to what it would be if it + + align:start position:0% +um very close to what it would be if it + + + align:start position:0% +um very close to what it would be if it +were in equilibrium in a stable + + align:start position:0% +were in equilibrium in a stable + + + align:start position:0% +were in equilibrium in a stable +equilibrium State we without the + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium State we without the + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium State we without the +reactions + + align:start position:0% +reactions + + + align:start position:0% +reactions +on and + + align:start position:0% +on and + + + align:start position:0% +on and +that allows us so this relation here + + align:start position:0% +that allows us so this relation here + + + align:start position:0% +that allows us so this relation here +allows us to evaluate uh the uh rate of + + align:start position:0% +allows us to evaluate uh the uh rate of + + + align:start position:0% +allows us to evaluate uh the uh rate of +change of the entropy which is needed + + align:start position:0% +change of the entropy which is needed + + + align:start position:0% +change of the entropy which is needed +for the entropy balance so we evaluate + + align:start position:0% +for the entropy balance so we evaluate + + + align:start position:0% +for the entropy balance so we evaluate +that and when we do the that rate of + + align:start position:0% +that and when we do the that rate of + + + align:start position:0% +that and when we do the that rate of +change uh since s depends the only thing + + align:start position:0% +change uh since s depends the only thing + + + align:start position:0% +change uh since s depends the only thing +that is changing here is n through the + + align:start position:0% +that is changing here is n through the + + + align:start position:0% +that is changing here is n through the +proportionality relation so you have to + + align:start position:0% +proportionality relation so you have to + + + align:start position:0% +proportionality relation so you have to +take the partial of s with respect to n + + align:start position:0% +take the partial of s with respect to n + + + align:start position:0% +take the partial of s with respect to n +times n the rate of change of + + align:start position:0% +times n the rate of change of + + + align:start position:0% +times n the rate of change of +N and then uh you keep going and we you + + align:start position:0% +N and then uh you keep going and we you + + + align:start position:0% +N and then uh you keep going and we you +you single out the affinities of the + + align:start position:0% +you single out the affinities of the + + + align:start position:0% +you single out the affinities of the +reaction and um you bring in the + + align:start position:0% +reaction and um you bring in the + + + align:start position:0% +reaction and um you bring in the +reaction rate + + align:start position:0% +reaction rate + + + align:start position:0% +reaction rate +rates so you combine + + align:start position:0% +rates so you combine + + + align:start position:0% +rates so you combine +them this balance equation with the + + align:start position:0% +them this balance equation with the + + + align:start position:0% +them this balance equation with the +energy balance which is Trivial in this + + align:start position:0% +energy balance which is Trivial in this + + + align:start position:0% +energy balance which is Trivial in this +case and you obtain an expression for + + align:start position:0% +case and you obtain an expression for + + + align:start position:0% +case and you obtain an expression for +the entropy produced by reversibility + + align:start position:0% +the entropy produced by reversibility + + + align:start position:0% +the entropy produced by reversibility +which is this product of U uh rates and + + align:start position:0% +which is this product of U uh rates and + + + align:start position:0% +which is this product of U uh rates and +affinities that we interpreted as + + align:start position:0% +affinities that we interpreted as + + + align:start position:0% +affinities that we interpreted as +degrees of this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equilibrium and then we assumed um a law + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium and then we assumed um a law + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium and then we assumed um a law +that relates how the + + align:start position:0% +that relates how the + + + align:start position:0% +that relates how the +rates uh relates the rates to the uh + + align:start position:0% +rates uh relates the rates to the uh + + + align:start position:0% +rates uh relates the rates to the uh +affinities and this law is a nonlinear + + align:start position:0% +affinities and this law is a nonlinear + + + align:start position:0% +affinities and this law is a nonlinear +law but in the near equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +law but in the near equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +law but in the near equilibrium +limit we have linearized + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it here's the parallel structure and + + align:start position:0% +it here's the parallel structure and + + + align:start position:0% +it here's the parallel structure and +parallel logic that we followed when we + + align:start position:0% +parallel logic that we followed when we + + + align:start position:0% +parallel logic that we followed when we +derived when we did the heat transfer + + align:start position:0% +derived when we did the heat transfer + + + align:start position:0% +derived when we did the heat transfer +basis we write the energy balance + + align:start position:0% +basis we write the energy balance + + + align:start position:0% +basis we write the energy balance +it takes this form we will return to why + + align:start position:0% +it takes this form we will return to why + + + align:start position:0% +it takes this form we will return to why +it takes this form for the moment just + + align:start position:0% +it takes this form for the moment just + + + align:start position:0% +it takes this form for the moment just +uh uh believe believe + + align:start position:0% +uh uh believe believe + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh believe believe +it so that's the energy balance this is + + align:start position:0% +it so that's the energy balance this is + + + align:start position:0% +it so that's the energy balance this is +the entropy balance also of course we'll + + align:start position:0% +the entropy balance also of course we'll + + + align:start position:0% +the entropy balance also of course we'll +return on + + align:start position:0% +return on + + + align:start position:0% +return on +this there is we're talking about a + + align:start position:0% +this there is we're talking about a + + + align:start position:0% +this there is we're talking about a +solid so there a pure solid there's no + + align:start position:0% +solid so there a pure solid there's no + + + align:start position:0% +solid so there a pure solid there's no +changing composition so the the the rate + + align:start position:0% +changing composition so the the the rate + + + align:start position:0% +changing composition so the the the rate +of change of composition is + + align:start position:0% +of change of composition is + + + align:start position:0% +of change of composition is +zero then we assume like we did here we + + align:start position:0% +zero then we assume like we did here we + + + align:start position:0% +zero then we assume like we did here we +assume something about the local + + align:start position:0% +assume something about the local + + + align:start position:0% +assume something about the local +equilibrium we assume local + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equilibrium so that there is a + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium so that there is a + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium so that there is a +fundamental relation we can write the + + align:start position:0% +fundamental relation we can write the + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental relation we can write the +Gibs relation for between this the + + align:start position:0% +Gibs relation for between this the + + + align:start position:0% +Gibs relation for between this the +properties and this is a way to write + + align:start position:0% +properties and this is a way to write + + + align:start position:0% +properties and this is a way to write +the Gibs relation in order to uh + + align:start position:0% +the Gibs relation in order to uh + + + align:start position:0% +the Gibs relation in order to uh +um we will also see this in more detail + + align:start position:0% +um we will also see this in more detail + + + align:start position:0% +um we will also see this in more detail +later + + align:start position:0% +later + + + align:start position:0% +later +um this is in order to get rid of the + + align:start position:0% +um this is in order to get rid of the + + + align:start position:0% +um this is in order to get rid of the +pressure here and push the pressure in + + align:start position:0% +pressure here and push the pressure in + + + align:start position:0% +pressure here and push the pressure in +the Gibs DM um independent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equation the Gibs relation can be + + align:start position:0% +equation the Gibs relation can be + + + align:start position:0% +equation the Gibs relation can be +used to combine the left hand sides of + + align:start position:0% +used to combine the left hand sides of + + + align:start position:0% +used to combine the left hand sides of +the balance + + align:start position:0% +the balance + + + align:start position:0% +the balance +equations so you substitute the various + + align:start position:0% +equations so you substitute the various + + + align:start position:0% +equations so you substitute the various +balance equations into this Gibs + + align:start position:0% +balance equations into this Gibs + + + align:start position:0% +balance equations into this Gibs +relation + + align:start position:0% +relation + + + align:start position:0% +relation +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +obtain an expression like here for the + + align:start position:0% +obtain an expression like here for the + + + align:start position:0% +obtain an expression like here for the +entropy produced by + + align:start position:0% +entropy produced by + + + align:start position:0% +entropy produced by +reversibility of course we will do the + + align:start position:0% +reversibility of course we will do the + + + align:start position:0% +reversibility of course we will do the +details also because here I'm I'm uh + + align:start position:0% +details also because here I'm I'm uh + + + align:start position:0% +details also because here I'm I'm uh +I've changed the the notation a bit but + + align:start position:0% +I've changed the the notation a bit but + + + align:start position:0% +I've changed the the notation a bit but +as you know for heat transfer uh the + + align:start position:0% +as you know for heat transfer uh the + + + align:start position:0% +as you know for heat transfer uh the +energy flux is just qou Prime and the + + align:start position:0% +energy flux is just qou Prime and the + + + align:start position:0% +energy flux is just qou Prime and the +entropy flux is Q Prime over T that's + + align:start position:0% +entropy flux is Q Prime over T that's + + + align:start position:0% +entropy flux is Q Prime over T that's +the heat interaction + + align:start position:0% +the heat interaction + + + align:start position:0% +the heat interaction +and when we do we do these substitutions + + align:start position:0% +and when we do we do these substitutions + + + align:start position:0% +and when we do we do these substitutions +you can rewrite the Divergence of + + align:start position:0% +you can rewrite the Divergence of + + + align:start position:0% +you can rewrite the Divergence of +JS uh in as a sum of two terms the first + + align:start position:0% +JS uh in as a sum of two terms the first + + + align:start position:0% +JS uh in as a sum of two terms the first +one cancels with the the one that comes + + align:start position:0% +one cancels with the the one that comes + + + align:start position:0% +one cancels with the the one that comes +from the Divergence of the energy flux + + align:start position:0% +from the Divergence of the energy flux + + + align:start position:0% +from the Divergence of the energy flux +and you are left with this final result + + align:start position:0% +and you are left with this final result + + + align:start position:0% +and you are left with this final result +that says that the entropy produced by + + align:start position:0% +that says that the entropy produced by + + + align:start position:0% +that says that the entropy produced by +reversibility and here we're talking + + align:start position:0% +reversibility and here we're talking + + + align:start position:0% +reversibility and here we're talking +about entropy per unit produced per + + align:start position:0% +about entropy per unit produced per + + + align:start position:0% +about entropy per unit produced per +unit uh + + align:start position:0% +unit uh + + + align:start position:0% +unit uh +volume is equal + + align:start position:0% +volume is equal + + + align:start position:0% +volume is equal +to uh the heat flux times the gradient + + align:start position:0% +to uh the heat flux times the gradient + + + align:start position:0% +to uh the heat flux times the gradient +in uh the inverse temperature which we + + align:start position:0% +in uh the inverse temperature which we + + + align:start position:0% +in uh the inverse temperature which we +can interpret as the degree of dise + + align:start position:0% +can interpret as the degree of dise + + + align:start position:0% +can interpret as the degree of dise +equilibrium for the heat + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transfer and then if we assume a linear + + align:start position:0% +transfer and then if we assume a linear + + + align:start position:0% +transfer and then if we assume a linear +law then we get uh + + align:start position:0% +law then we get uh + + + align:start position:0% +law then we get uh +forier in other words if you by looking + + align:start position:0% +forier in other words if you by looking + + + align:start position:0% +forier in other words if you by looking +at this expression here if knowing that + + align:start position:0% +at this expression here if knowing that + + + align:start position:0% +at this expression here if knowing that +the entropy produced by reversibility + + align:start position:0% +the entropy produced by reversibility + + + align:start position:0% +the entropy produced by reversibility +must be + + align:start position:0% +must be + + + align:start position:0% +must be +negative um the simple way is to assume + + align:start position:0% +negative um the simple way is to assume + + + align:start position:0% +negative um the simple way is to assume +that Q uh is that the + + align:start position:0% +that Q uh is that the + + + align:start position:0% +that Q uh is that the +flux is proportional to the gradient + + align:start position:0% +flux is proportional to the gradient + + + align:start position:0% +flux is proportional to the gradient +through a a positive constant of + + align:start position:0% +through a a positive constant of + + + align:start position:0% +through a a positive constant of +proportionality which could and actually + + align:start position:0% +proportionality which could and actually + + + align:start position:0% +proportionality which could and actually +since it is a a vector the most General + + align:start position:0% +since it is a a vector the most General + + + align:start position:0% +since it is a a vector the most General +linear relation between two vectors is + + align:start position:0% +linear relation between two vectors is + + + align:start position:0% +linear relation between two vectors is +through a tensor so we take a positive + + align:start position:0% +through a tensor so we take a positive + + + align:start position:0% +through a tensor so we take a positive +tensor in between here which assures + + align:start position:0% +tensor in between here which assures + + + align:start position:0% +tensor in between here which assures +assures that the the sigma is going to + + align:start position:0% +assures that the the sigma is going to + + + align:start position:0% +assures that the the sigma is going to +be non- + + align:start position:0% +be non- + + + align:start position:0% +be non- +negative and then uh so we get for LA + + align:start position:0% +negative and then uh so we get for LA + + + align:start position:0% +negative and then uh so we get for LA +and also we we have seen that if we + + align:start position:0% +and also we we have seen that if we + + + align:start position:0% +and also we we have seen that if we +accept onager + + align:start position:0% +accept onager + + + align:start position:0% +accept onager +reciprocity uh theorem that um that + + align:start position:0% +reciprocity uh theorem that um that + + + align:start position:0% +reciprocity uh theorem that um that +tensor not only needs to be positive + + align:start position:0% +tensor not only needs to be positive + + + align:start position:0% +tensor not only needs to be positive +definite but or non negative definite + + align:start position:0% +definite but or non negative definite + + + align:start position:0% +definite but or non negative definite +but it also needs to be + + align:start position:0% +but it also needs to be + + + align:start position:0% +but it also needs to be +symmetric you can also invert it and + + align:start position:0% +symmetric you can also invert it and + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric you can also invert it and +therefore the the + + align:start position:0% +therefore the the + + + align:start position:0% +therefore the the +entropy uh production becomes a + + align:start position:0% +entropy uh production becomes a + + + align:start position:0% +entropy uh production becomes a +quadratic + + align:start position:0% +quadratic + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic +form in the degrees of dise equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +form in the degrees of dise equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +form in the degrees of dise equilibrium +or equivalently a quadratic form in in + + align:start position:0% +or equivalently a quadratic form in in + + + align:start position:0% +or equivalently a quadratic form in in +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +flues okay + + align:start position:0% +flues okay + + + align:start position:0% +flues okay +so the ingredients are write the energy + + align:start position:0% +so the ingredients are write the energy + + + align:start position:0% +so the ingredients are write the energy +balance uh do something about the um + + align:start position:0% +balance uh do something about the um + + + align:start position:0% +balance uh do something about the um +Gibs relation or write the Gibs relation + + align:start position:0% +Gibs relation or write the Gibs relation + + + align:start position:0% +Gibs relation or write the Gibs relation +in this form so that you can combine + + align:start position:0% +in this form so that you can combine + + + align:start position:0% +in this form so that you can combine +these balances in in a proper + + align:start position:0% +these balances in in a proper + + + align:start position:0% +these balances in in a proper +way make an assumption about the kind of + + align:start position:0% +way make an assumption about the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +way make an assumption about the kind of +interaction that is + + align:start position:0% +interaction that is + + + align:start position:0% +interaction that is +intercurrent between uh the + + align:start position:0% +intercurrent between uh the + + + align:start position:0% +intercurrent between uh the +various Parcels or elements of your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Continuum and then assume if you want to + + align:start position:0% +Continuum and then assume if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +Continuum and then assume if you want to +be near equilibrium you can assume a + + align:start position:0% +be near equilibrium you can assume a + + + align:start position:0% +be near equilibrium you can assume a +linear uh + + align:start position:0% +linear uh + + + align:start position:0% +linear uh +relation um and uh if you want to + + align:start position:0% +relation um and uh if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +relation um and uh if you want to +discuss uh uh non equ more non + + align:start position:0% +discuss uh uh non equ more non + + + align:start position:0% +discuss uh uh non equ more non +equilibrium I mean not not near equil + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium I mean not not near equil + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium I mean not not near equil +far from + + align:start position:0% +far from + + + align:start position:0% +far from +equilibrium uh + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium uh + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium uh +then you need to develop some more + + align:start position:0% +then you need to develop some more + + + align:start position:0% +then you need to develop some more +elaborate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +theories and also + + align:start position:0% +theories and also + + + align:start position:0% +theories and also +here there is space as we have seen for + + align:start position:0% +here there is space as we have seen for + + + align:start position:0% +here there is space as we have seen for +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +katano + + align:start position:0% +katano + + + align:start position:0% +katano +um correction to + + align:start position:0% +um correction to + + + align:start position:0% +um correction to +foro there is space to uh account also + + align:start position:0% +foro there is space to uh account also + + + align:start position:0% +foro there is space to uh account also +to solve some of the problems of of the + + align:start position:0% +to solve some of the problems of of the + + + align:start position:0% +to solve some of the problems of of the +felo the the infinite speed of + + align:start position:0% +felo the the infinite speed of + + + align:start position:0% +felo the the infinite speed of +propagation that is + + align:start position:0% +propagation that is + + + align:start position:0% +propagation that is +uh implied by this + + align:start position:0% +uh implied by this + + + align:start position:0% +uh implied by this +expression so let's + + align:start position:0% +expression so let's + + + align:start position:0% +expression so let's +start we take them one by one + + align:start position:0% +start we take them one by one + + + align:start position:0% +start we take them one by one +so we have to be patient but uh there is + + align:start position:0% +so we have to be patient but uh there is + + + align:start position:0% +so we have to be patient but uh there is +and this will give us also some + + align:start position:0% +and this will give us also some + + + align:start position:0% +and this will give us also some +opportunity + + align:start position:0% +opportunity + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity +to uh + + align:start position:0% +to uh + + + align:start position:0% +to uh +highlight a few of the details this + + align:start position:0% +highlight a few of the details this + + + align:start position:0% +highlight a few of the details this +procedure that I am + + align:start position:0% +procedure that I am + + + align:start position:0% +procedure that I am +describing + + align:start position:0% +describing + + + align:start position:0% +describing +um varies depending on the field of + + align:start position:0% +um varies depending on the field of + + + align:start position:0% +um varies depending on the field of +application in particular I need to + + align:start position:0% +application in particular I need to + + + align:start position:0% +application in particular I need to +mention but I'm not going to follow uh + + align:start position:0% +mention but I'm not going to follow uh + + + align:start position:0% +mention but I'm not going to follow uh +precisely or but there is strong + + align:start position:0% +precisely or but there is strong + + + align:start position:0% +precisely or but there is strong +connections with a famous procedure + + align:start position:0% +connections with a famous procedure + + + align:start position:0% +connections with a famous procedure +called under the names of col Colman and + + align:start position:0% +called under the names of col Colman and + + + align:start position:0% +called under the names of col Colman and +null uh which is a uh um + + align:start position:0% +null uh which is a uh um + + + align:start position:0% +null uh which is a uh um +used more in the by the the community of + + align:start position:0% +used more in the by the the community of + + + align:start position:0% +used more in the by the the community of +solid + + align:start position:0% +solid + + + align:start position:0% +solid +mechanics uh people that study um + + align:start position:0% +mechanics uh people that study um + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics uh people that study um +plasticity Vis + + align:start position:0% +plasticity Vis + + + align:start position:0% +plasticity Vis +elasticity uh + + align:start position:0% +elasticity uh + + + align:start position:0% +elasticity uh +um for + + align:start position:0% +um for + + + align:start position:0% +um for +example not to go too far if you go to + + align:start position:0% +example not to go too far if you go to + + + align:start position:0% +example not to go too far if you go to +Professor lit Anand in the this + + align:start position:0% +Professor lit Anand in the this + + + align:start position:0% +Professor lit Anand in the this +department he has written books and he's + + align:start position:0% +department he has written books and he's + + + align:start position:0% +department he has written books and he's +renowned for that + + align:start position:0% +renowned for that + + + align:start position:0% +renowned for that +procedure + + align:start position:0% +procedure + + + align:start position:0% +procedure +um I am more inclined since I have + + align:start position:0% +um I am more inclined since I have + + + align:start position:0% +um I am more inclined since I have +studied with um people in uh in the + + align:start position:0% +studied with um people in uh in the + + + align:start position:0% +studied with um people in uh in the +fluid mechanics + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +area I I'm more uh inclined to describe + + align:start position:0% +area I I'm more uh inclined to describe + + + align:start position:0% +area I I'm more uh inclined to describe +the procedure that applies for fluid + + align:start position:0% +the procedure that applies for fluid + + + align:start position:0% +the procedure that applies for fluid +mechanics kind of + + align:start position:0% +mechanics kind of + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics kind of +applications but the the Logics are very + + align:start position:0% +applications but the the Logics are very + + + align:start position:0% +applications but the the Logics are very +similar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +except when it comes to this + + align:start position:0% +except when it comes to this + + + align:start position:0% +except when it comes to this +generalization of the heat interaction + + align:start position:0% +generalization of the heat interaction + + + align:start position:0% +generalization of the heat interaction +that instead is peculiar of course of of + + align:start position:0% +that instead is peculiar of course of of + + + align:start position:0% +that instead is peculiar of course of of +our course here because + + align:start position:0% +our course here because + + + align:start position:0% +our course here because +uh because also the definition of heat + + align:start position:0% +uh because also the definition of heat + + + align:start position:0% +uh because also the definition of heat +is peculiar to to our + + align:start position:0% +is peculiar to to our + + + align:start position:0% +is peculiar to to our +course not yet uh uh very widespread in + + align:start position:0% +course not yet uh uh very widespread in + + + align:start position:0% +course not yet uh uh very widespread in +the textbooks uh or other scientific + + align:start position:0% +the textbooks uh or other scientific + + + align:start position:0% +the textbooks uh or other scientific +papers + + align:start position:0% +papers + + + align:start position:0% +papers +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so let's start with this uh + + align:start position:0% +so let's start with this uh + + + align:start position:0% +so let's start with this uh +simple take a piece of + + align:start position:0% +simple take a piece of + + + align:start position:0% +simple take a piece of +material fluid + + align:start position:0% +material fluid + + + align:start position:0% +material fluid +element see already the fact that I call + + align:start position:0% +element see already the fact that I call + + + align:start position:0% +element see already the fact that I call +it fluid uh means it shows you my + + align:start position:0% +it fluid uh means it shows you my + + + align:start position:0% +it fluid uh means it shows you my +inclination + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um and as you know U this department has + + align:start position:0% +um and as you know U this department has + + + align:start position:0% +um and as you know U this department has +had a very + + align:start position:0% +had a very + + + align:start position:0% +had a very +um influential + + align:start position:0% +um influential + + + align:start position:0% +um influential +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +professors in um fluid mechanics and he + + align:start position:0% +professors in um fluid mechanics and he + + + align:start position:0% +professors in um fluid mechanics and he +transferred Rosen now uh Shapiro + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sonin just to mention a + + align:start position:0% +sonin just to mention a + + + align:start position:0% +sonin just to mention a +few + + align:start position:0% +few + + + align:start position:0% +few +so I have this uh onedimensional piece + + align:start position:0% +so I have this uh onedimensional piece + + + align:start position:0% +so I have this uh onedimensional piece +of of fluid and it's subjected to + + align:start position:0% +of of fluid and it's subjected to + + + align:start position:0% +of of fluid and it's subjected to +interactions on one side and on the + + align:start position:0% +interactions on one side and on the + + + align:start position:0% +interactions on one side and on the +other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +side and when we did the heat transfer + + align:start position:0% +side and when we did the heat transfer + + + align:start position:0% +side and when we did the heat transfer +we were considering only uh energy and + + align:start position:0% +we were considering only uh energy and + + + align:start position:0% +we were considering only uh energy and +entropy now here we're going to + + align:start position:0% +entropy now here we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +entropy now here we're going to +introduce also uh flux of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +particles + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and uh and also here you have a the flux + + align:start position:0% +and uh and also here you have a the flux + + + align:start position:0% +and uh and also here you have a the flux +the flux this is a component the X + + align:start position:0% +the flux this is a component the X + + + align:start position:0% +the flux this is a component the X +component because we are one dimensional + + align:start position:0% +component because we are one dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +component because we are one dimensional +of the flux and it changes as you move + + align:start position:0% +of the flux and it changes as you move + + + align:start position:0% +of the flux and it changes as you move +from uh face at X and face at X Plus DX + + align:start position:0% +from uh face at X and face at X Plus DX + + + align:start position:0% +from uh face at X and face at X Plus DX +and the area of exchange between the + + align:start position:0% +and the area of exchange between the + + + align:start position:0% +and the area of exchange between the +adjacent uh between this fluid element + + align:start position:0% +adjacent uh between this fluid element + + + align:start position:0% +adjacent uh between this fluid element +and the uh the one to its right is a and + + align:start position:0% +and the uh the one to its right is a and + + + align:start position:0% +and the uh the one to its right is a and +also + + align:start position:0% +also + + + align:start position:0% +also +uh the area on the other side of course + + align:start position:0% +uh the area on the other side of course + + + align:start position:0% +uh the area on the other side of course +is again + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a we we want to make a general energy + + align:start position:0% +a we we want to make a general energy + + + align:start position:0% +a we we want to make a general energy +balance so we're not going to assume + + align:start position:0% +balance so we're not going to assume + + + align:start position:0% +balance so we're not going to assume +steady + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +state so we call the energy of uh + + align:start position:0% +state so we call the energy of uh + + + align:start position:0% +state so we call the energy of uh +the fluid in this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lamina Delta e why Delta because it's + + align:start position:0% +lamina Delta e why Delta because it's + + + align:start position:0% +lamina Delta e why Delta because it's +infinitesimal since the thickness is + + align:start position:0% +infinitesimal since the thickness is + + + align:start position:0% +infinitesimal since the thickness is +infinitesimal it's from X to D X Plus DX + + align:start position:0% +infinitesimal it's from X to D X Plus DX + + + align:start position:0% +infinitesimal it's from X to D X Plus DX +so that is is an infinite asmal amount + + align:start position:0% +so that is is an infinite asmal amount + + + align:start position:0% +so that is is an infinite asmal amount +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +energy uh related to the fact that it + + align:start position:0% +energy uh related to the fact that it + + + align:start position:0% +energy uh related to the fact that it +has an infinitesimal amount of volume + + align:start position:0% +has an infinitesimal amount of volume + + + align:start position:0% +has an infinitesimal amount of volume +which is the given by the area times the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X and uh the specific energy per unit + + align:start position:0% +X and uh the specific energy per unit + + + align:start position:0% +X and uh the specific energy per unit +volume you can write it as we know like + + align:start position:0% +volume you can write it as we know like + + + align:start position:0% +volume you can write it as we know like +uh row times U and U here is is really U + + align:start position:0% +uh row times U and U here is is really U + + + align:start position:0% +uh row times U and U here is is really U +star what we call it's the energy per + + align:start position:0% +star what we call it's the energy per + + + align:start position:0% +star what we call it's the energy per +unit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Mass all right so you you write it un + + align:start position:0% +Mass all right so you you write it un + + + align:start position:0% +Mass all right so you you write it un +need volume and then you we we can also + + align:start position:0% +need volume and then you we we can also + + + align:start position:0% +need volume and then you we we can also +substitute the volume for a * + + align:start position:0% +substitute the volume for a * + + + align:start position:0% +substitute the volume for a * +DX the same + + align:start position:0% +DX the same + + + align:start position:0% +DX the same +uh Al I mean this system has Al uh + + align:start position:0% +uh Al I mean this system has Al uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh Al I mean this system has Al uh +entropy and here's the entropy also + + align:start position:0% +entropy and here's the entropy also + + + align:start position:0% +entropy and here's the entropy also +infinitesimal because it's an + + align:start position:0% +infinitesimal because it's an + + + align:start position:0% +infinitesimal because it's an +infinitesimal amount of of + + align:start position:0% +infinitesimal amount of of + + + align:start position:0% +infinitesimal amount of of +material and it's it stays like that so + + align:start position:0% +material and it's it stays like that so + + + align:start position:0% +material and it's it stays like that so +uh it's the the volume times the + + align:start position:0% +uh it's the the volume times the + + + align:start position:0% +uh it's the the volume times the +specific entrop entropy per unit volume + + align:start position:0% +specific entrop entropy per unit volume + + + align:start position:0% +specific entrop entropy per unit volume +which is row times s + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +star and also the amounts they are + + align:start position:0% +star and also the amounts they are + + + align:start position:0% +star and also the amounts they are +infinitesimal + + align:start position:0% +infinitesimal + + + align:start position:0% +infinitesimal +and the amount per unit volume is the + + align:start position:0% +and the amount per unit volume is the + + + align:start position:0% +and the amount per unit volume is the +concentration so you can write that as + + align:start position:0% +concentration so you can write that as + + + align:start position:0% +concentration so you can write that as +concentration times the volume + + align:start position:0% +concentration times the volume + + + align:start position:0% +concentration times the volume +okay now + + align:start position:0% +okay now + + + align:start position:0% +okay now +inside this uh + + align:start position:0% +inside this uh + + + align:start position:0% +inside this uh +element we have also some um volume + + align:start position:0% +element we have also some um volume + + + align:start position:0% +element we have also some um volume +effects for example chemical reactions + + align:start position:0% +effects for example chemical reactions + + + align:start position:0% +effects for example chemical reactions +that are occurring inside in the + + align:start position:0% +that are occurring inside in the + + + align:start position:0% +that are occurring inside in the +interior + + align:start position:0% +interior + + + align:start position:0% +interior +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +therefore uh the proportionality + + align:start position:0% +therefore uh the proportionality + + + align:start position:0% +therefore uh the proportionality +relations are governed by these uh um + + align:start position:0% +relations are governed by these uh um + + + align:start position:0% +relations are governed by these uh um +Epsilon Epsilon dots which are the the + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon Epsilon dots which are the the + + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon Epsilon dots which are the the +rate of uh advancement of the reaction + + align:start position:0% +rate of uh advancement of the reaction + + + align:start position:0% +rate of uh advancement of the reaction +coordinate we can write also that as the + + align:start position:0% +coordinate we can write also that as the + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate we can write also that as the +volume times a reaction rate per unit + + align:start position:0% +volume times a reaction rate per unit + + + align:start position:0% +volume times a reaction rate per unit +volume which which is typically called + + align:start position:0% +volume which which is typically called + + + align:start position:0% +volume which which is typically called +R without the DOT + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then the other is the entropy + + align:start position:0% +and then the other is the entropy + + + align:start position:0% +and then the other is the entropy +production due to + + align:start position:0% +production due to + + + align:start position:0% +production due to +irreversibility which + + align:start position:0% +irreversibility which + + + align:start position:0% +irreversibility which +occurs uh throughout the the volume of + + align:start position:0% +occurs uh throughout the the volume of + + + align:start position:0% +occurs uh throughout the the volume of +that uh of the + + align:start position:0% +that uh of the + + + align:start position:0% +that uh of the +system and that to we like to write in + + align:start position:0% +system and that to we like to write in + + + align:start position:0% +system and that to we like to write in +terms of uh per unit volume so we have + + align:start position:0% +terms of uh per unit volume so we have + + + align:start position:0% +terms of uh per unit volume so we have +Define this Syle s dot rate of entropy + + align:start position:0% +Define this Syle s dot rate of entropy + + + align:start position:0% +Define this Syle s dot rate of entropy +production triple means per unit volume + + align:start position:0% +production triple means per unit volume + + + align:start position:0% +production triple means per unit volume +and soon + + align:start position:0% +and soon + + + align:start position:0% +and soon +uh we have al already started calling + + align:start position:0% +uh we have al already started calling + + + align:start position:0% +uh we have al already started calling +this thing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Sigma all right + + align:start position:0% +Sigma all right + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma all right +so here is the energy + + align:start position:0% +so here is the energy + + + align:start position:0% +so here is the energy +balance it says the rate of change of + + align:start position:0% +balance it says the rate of change of + + + align:start position:0% +balance it says the rate of change of +the energy of our + + align:start position:0% +the energy of our + + + align:start position:0% +the energy of our +system is equal to the + + align:start position:0% +system is equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +system is equal to the +net energy it + + align:start position:0% +net energy it + + + align:start position:0% +net energy it +exchanges through uh the intera + + align:start position:0% +exchanges through uh the intera + + + align:start position:0% +exchanges through uh the intera +actions and here it has interactions uh + + align:start position:0% +actions and here it has interactions uh + + + align:start position:0% +actions and here it has interactions uh +on the left and on the right and the net + + align:start position:0% +on the left and on the right and the net + + + align:start position:0% +on the left and on the right and the net +is the + + align:start position:0% +is the + + + align:start position:0% +is the +difference and you have to take it with + + align:start position:0% +difference and you have to take it with + + + align:start position:0% +difference and you have to take it with +a minus sign if it goes out so if this + + align:start position:0% +a minus sign if it goes out so if this + + + align:start position:0% +a minus sign if it goes out so if this +one is greater than that one the + + align:start position:0% +one is greater than that one the + + + align:start position:0% +one is greater than that one the +difference is is this term + + align:start position:0% +difference is is this term + + + align:start position:0% +difference is is this term +here and that is per unit area and then + + align:start position:0% +here and that is per unit area and then + + + align:start position:0% +here and that is per unit area and then +you have to multiply by uh the area + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and that is it because energy is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +conserved let's go to entropy the + + align:start position:0% +conserved let's go to entropy the + + + align:start position:0% +conserved let's go to entropy the +entropy balance says the rate of change + + align:start position:0% +entropy balance says the rate of change + + + align:start position:0% +entropy balance says the rate of change +of the entropy of our fluid + + align:start position:0% +of the entropy of our fluid + + + align:start position:0% +of the entropy of our fluid +element is equal to the net entropy + + align:start position:0% +element is equal to the net entropy + + + align:start position:0% +element is equal to the net entropy +flux the + + align:start position:0% +flux the + + + align:start position:0% +flux the +interaction so here I have again left + + align:start position:0% +interaction so here I have again left + + + align:start position:0% +interaction so here I have again left +and right the the + + align:start position:0% +and right the the + + + align:start position:0% +and right the the +difference uh is this term here and with + + align:start position:0% +difference uh is this term here and with + + + align:start position:0% +difference uh is this term here and with +the negative sign because if it is + + align:start position:0% +the negative sign because if it is + + + align:start position:0% +the negative sign because if it is +positive it's you have more entropy + + align:start position:0% +positive it's you have more entropy + + + align:start position:0% +positive it's you have more entropy +going out than coming + + align:start position:0% +going out than coming + + + align:start position:0% +going out than coming +in and that's this term + + align:start position:0% +in and that's this term + + + align:start position:0% +in and that's this term +here I think there is a an error here + + align:start position:0% +here I think there is a an error here + + + align:start position:0% +here I think there is a an error here +because I need also an + + align:start position:0% +because I need also an + + + align:start position:0% +because I need also an +area like like here I need to multiply + + align:start position:0% +area like like here I need to multiply + + + align:start position:0% +area like like here I need to multiply +by a + + align:start position:0% +by a + + + align:start position:0% +by a +I need to correct + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that that's that doesn't finish the + + align:start position:0% +that that's that doesn't finish the + + + align:start position:0% +that that's that doesn't finish the +entropy balance because you also have + + align:start position:0% +entropy balance because you also have + + + align:start position:0% +entropy balance because you also have +the ENT to account for the entropy + + align:start position:0% +the ENT to account for the entropy + + + align:start position:0% +the ENT to account for the entropy +generation inside the element due to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reversibility okay now what we do is + + align:start position:0% +reversibility okay now what we do is + + + align:start position:0% +reversibility okay now what we do is +simply + + align:start position:0% +simply + + + align:start position:0% +simply +divide by the + + align:start position:0% +divide by the + + + align:start position:0% +divide by the +volume Delta + + align:start position:0% +volume Delta + + + align:start position:0% +volume Delta +V left and right of these equations and + + align:start position:0% +V left and right of these equations and + + + align:start position:0% +V left and right of these equations and +here is how you what you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +get so these are the balance + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equations so now I want to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +open a little uh degression that uh is + + align:start position:0% +open a little uh degression that uh is + + + align:start position:0% +open a little uh degression that uh is +nevertheless uh + + align:start position:0% +nevertheless uh + + + align:start position:0% +nevertheless uh +important uh regarding how we um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +describe uh the properties of a + + align:start position:0% +describe uh the properties of a + + + align:start position:0% +describe uh the properties of a +Continuum in particular the extensive + + align:start position:0% +Continuum in particular the extensive + + + align:start position:0% +Continuum in particular the extensive +properties like uh energy + + align:start position:0% +properties like uh energy + + + align:start position:0% +properties like uh energy +Mass uh + + align:start position:0% +Mass uh + + + align:start position:0% +Mass uh +entropy and a bunch of others that I'll + + align:start position:0% +entropy and a bunch of others that I'll + + + align:start position:0% +entropy and a bunch of others that I'll +I'll have in a summary table so in so + + align:start position:0% +I'll have in a summary table so in so + + + align:start position:0% +I'll have in a summary table so in so +let's + + align:start position:0% +let's + + + align:start position:0% +let's +consider uh like uh we typically do in + + align:start position:0% +consider uh like uh we typically do in + + + align:start position:0% +consider uh like uh we typically do in +in mechanics we + + align:start position:0% +in mechanics we + + + align:start position:0% +in mechanics we +consider a + + align:start position:0% +consider a + + + align:start position:0% +consider a +volume call it Sigma M so it's material + + align:start position:0% +volume call it Sigma M so it's material + + + align:start position:0% +volume call it Sigma M so it's material +volume so certain I select at a certain + + align:start position:0% +volume so certain I select at a certain + + + align:start position:0% +volume so certain I select at a certain +instant of time a certain bunch of + + align:start position:0% +instant of time a certain bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +instant of time a certain bunch of +particles contained inside this + + align:start position:0% +particles contained inside this + + + align:start position:0% +particles contained inside this +volume and I + + align:start position:0% +volume and I + + + align:start position:0% +volume and I +denote uh the surface of that as uh + + align:start position:0% +denote uh the surface of that as uh + + + align:start position:0% +denote uh the surface of that as uh +uh partial of Sigma m m stands for uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +material of course when uh the fluid + + align:start position:0% +material of course when uh the fluid + + + align:start position:0% +material of course when uh the fluid +moves + + align:start position:0% +moves + + + align:start position:0% +moves +uh you need to if you want to follow the + + align:start position:0% +uh you need to if you want to follow the + + + align:start position:0% +uh you need to if you want to follow the +material volume in know this problem is + + align:start position:0% +material volume in know this problem is + + + align:start position:0% +material volume in know this problem is +that uh you need to track all the + + align:start position:0% +that uh you need to track all the + + + align:start position:0% +that uh you need to track all the +particles that are inside here at uh + + align:start position:0% +particles that are inside here at uh + + + align:start position:0% +particles that are inside here at uh +times say T1 and then at time T2 you + + align:start position:0% +times say T1 and then at time T2 you + + + align:start position:0% +times say T1 and then at time T2 you +need to see where all those particles + + align:start position:0% +need to see where all those particles + + + align:start position:0% +need to see where all those particles +have gone and consider another volume + + align:start position:0% +have gone and consider another volume + + + align:start position:0% +have gone and consider another volume +that contains only those + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +particles and so this would be the grent + + align:start position:0% +particles and so this would be the grent + + + align:start position:0% +particles and so this would be the grent +point of view and uh it's it's + + align:start position:0% +point of view and uh it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +point of view and uh it's it's +complicated so that's why in fluid + + align:start position:0% +complicated so that's why in fluid + + + align:start position:0% +complicated so that's why in fluid +mechanics you introduce control volumes + + align:start position:0% +mechanics you introduce control volumes + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics you introduce control volumes +and all and thean point of but that's + + align:start position:0% +and all and thean point of but that's + + + align:start position:0% +and all and thean point of but that's +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +uh not going control volumes here they + + align:start position:0% +uh not going control volumes here they + + + align:start position:0% +uh not going control volumes here they +they do them in FL mechanics but what + + align:start position:0% +they do them in FL mechanics but what + + + align:start position:0% +they do them in FL mechanics but what +I'm doing here is just uh uh the balance + + align:start position:0% +I'm doing here is just uh uh the balance + + + align:start position:0% +I'm doing here is just uh uh the balance +equations and in particular I want to uh + + align:start position:0% +equations and in particular I want to uh + + + align:start position:0% +equations and in particular I want to uh +obtain from the balance equation written + + align:start position:0% +obtain from the balance equation written + + + align:start position:0% +obtain from the balance equation written +for the material volume the balance + + align:start position:0% +for the material volume the balance + + + align:start position:0% +for the material volume the balance +equation written for the infinitesimal + + align:start position:0% +equation written for the infinitesimal + + + align:start position:0% +equation written for the infinitesimal +element of that volume so in other words + + align:start position:0% +element of that volume so in other words + + + align:start position:0% +element of that volume so in other words +something uh what we are usually called + + align:start position:0% +something uh what we are usually called + + + align:start position:0% +something uh what we are usually called +the uh + + align:start position:0% +the uh + + + align:start position:0% +the uh +indefinite balance equations that are uh + + align:start position:0% +indefinite balance equations that are uh + + + align:start position:0% +indefinite balance equations that are uh +what holds Point by Point uh in in our + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Continuum so first of all let's call the + + align:start position:0% +Continuum so first of all let's call the + + + align:start position:0% +Continuum so first of all let's call the +generic property think of energy but + + align:start position:0% +generic property think of energy but + + + align:start position:0% +generic property think of energy but +then it could be also entropy let's call + + align:start position:0% +then it could be also entropy let's call + + + align:start position:0% +then it could be also entropy let's call +it a capital A or even Mass + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +even + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +volume and we call it extensive if you + + align:start position:0% +volume and we call it extensive if you + + + align:start position:0% +volume and we call it extensive if you +can say if there is a if you can if you + + align:start position:0% +can say if there is a if you can if you + + + align:start position:0% +can say if there is a if you can if you +can assign to that property a a local + + align:start position:0% +can assign to that property a a local + + + align:start position:0% +can assign to that property a a local +field little + + align:start position:0% +field little + + + align:start position:0% +field little +a and field means it's defined at every + + align:start position:0% +a and field means it's defined at every + + + align:start position:0% +a and field means it's defined at every +point in in in Space X is X and Y X Y Z + + align:start position:0% +point in in in Space X is X and Y X Y Z + + + align:start position:0% +point in in in Space X is X and Y X Y Z +and T is time so this is the the + + align:start position:0% +and T is time so this is the the + + + align:start position:0% +and T is time so this is the the +field like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +density so you want to you are assuming + + align:start position:0% +density so you want to you are assuming + + + align:start position:0% +density so you want to you are assuming +uh that you can + + align:start position:0% +uh that you can + + + align:start position:0% +uh that you can +define density field + + align:start position:0% +define density field + + + align:start position:0% +define density field +X density is a function of position and + + align:start position:0% +X density is a function of position and + + + align:start position:0% +X density is a function of position and +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +time so + + align:start position:0% +time so + + + align:start position:0% +time so +that you can write the overall property + + align:start position:0% +that you can write the overall property + + + align:start position:0% +that you can write the overall property +for uh the material volume as the uh the + + align:start position:0% +for uh the material volume as the uh the + + + align:start position:0% +for uh the material volume as the uh the +sum of contributions for all the parts + + align:start position:0% +sum of contributions for all the parts + + + align:start position:0% +sum of contributions for all the parts +so in other words uh the integral of + + align:start position:0% +so in other words uh the integral of + + + align:start position:0% +so in other words uh the integral of +that property per unit volume times the + + align:start position:0% +that property per unit volume times the + + + align:start position:0% +that property per unit volume times the +volume okay so row times + + align:start position:0% +volume okay so row times + + + align:start position:0% +volume okay so row times +a is property a per unit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +volume + + align:start position:0% +volume + + + align:start position:0% +volume +okay once you have that as you have seen + + align:start position:0% +okay once you have that as you have seen + + + align:start position:0% +okay once you have that as you have seen +in the balance equations for for example + + align:start position:0% +in the balance equations for for example + + + align:start position:0% +in the balance equations for for example +the left hand side of the energy balance + + align:start position:0% +the left hand side of the energy balance + + + align:start position:0% +the left hand side of the energy balance +or the entropy balance you need to take + + align:start position:0% +or the entropy balance you need to take + + + align:start position:0% +or the entropy balance you need to take +the rate of + + align:start position:0% +the rate of + + + align:start position:0% +the rate of +change of the energy of your system or + + align:start position:0% +change of the energy of your system or + + + align:start position:0% +change of the energy of your system or +of the entropy of your + + align:start position:0% +of the entropy of your + + + align:start position:0% +of the entropy of your +system so we need to take the rate of + + align:start position:0% +system so we need to take the rate of + + + align:start position:0% +system so we need to take the rate of +change d by DT of this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +integral to compute the left hand side + + align:start position:0% +integral to compute the left hand side + + + align:start position:0% +integral to compute the left hand side +of the balance + + align:start position:0% +of the balance + + + align:start position:0% +of the balance +equations and + + align:start position:0% +equations and + + + align:start position:0% +equations and +since the material volume + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +moves uh you cannot just take uh the + + align:start position:0% +moves uh you cannot just take uh the + + + align:start position:0% +moves uh you cannot just take uh the +derivative inside the integral yes you + + align:start position:0% +derivative inside the integral yes you + + + align:start position:0% +derivative inside the integral yes you +can you take that does part of the + + align:start position:0% +can you take that does part of the + + + align:start position:0% +can you take that does part of the +contribution but there is another part + + align:start position:0% +contribution but there is another part + + + align:start position:0% +contribution but there is another part +which is due to the fact that the limit + + align:start position:0% +which is due to the fact that the limit + + + align:start position:0% +which is due to the fact that the limit +of integration namely this surface that + + align:start position:0% +of integration namely this surface that + + + align:start position:0% +of integration namely this surface that +follows the the the particles as they + + align:start position:0% +follows the the the particles as they + + + align:start position:0% +follows the the the particles as they +move moves and therefore + + align:start position:0% +move moves and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +move moves and therefore +you have to write a surface integral so + + align:start position:0% +you have to write a surface integral so + + + align:start position:0% +you have to write a surface integral so +an integral over the + + align:start position:0% +an integral over the + + + align:start position:0% +an integral over the +surface of the takes into + + align:start position:0% +surface of the takes into + + + align:start position:0% +surface of the takes into +account uh for each of these um + + align:start position:0% +account uh for each of these um + + + align:start position:0% +account uh for each of these um +surface + + align:start position:0% +surface + + + align:start position:0% +surface +positions you have to take into account + + align:start position:0% +positions you have to take into account + + + align:start position:0% +positions you have to take into account +first of all you you assign a a unit uh + + align:start position:0% +first of all you you assign a a unit uh + + + align:start position:0% +first of all you you assign a a unit uh +vector and by convention I usually typic + + align:start position:0% +vector and by convention I usually typic + + + align:start position:0% +vector and by convention I usually typic +typically choose positive if + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +outward and then uh I have to see how uh + + align:start position:0% +outward and then uh I have to see how uh + + + align:start position:0% +outward and then uh I have to see how uh +the molecules on this point of the + + align:start position:0% +the molecules on this point of the + + + align:start position:0% +the molecules on this point of the +surface move and that I call the + + align:start position:0% +surface move and that I call the + + + align:start position:0% +surface move and that I call the +velocity uh V + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +subm which will we will call soon the + + align:start position:0% +subm which will we will call soon the + + + align:start position:0% +subm which will we will call soon the +bicentric uh veloc + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because in fact before I call it visam + + align:start position:0% +because in fact before I call it visam + + + align:start position:0% +because in fact before I call it visam +it should it simply should be the + + align:start position:0% +it should it simply should be the + + + align:start position:0% +it should it simply should be the +velocity assigned to the surface of the + + align:start position:0% +velocity assigned to the surface of the + + + align:start position:0% +velocity assigned to the surface of the +uh material volume and then it turns out + + align:start position:0% +uh material volume and then it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +uh material volume and then it turns out +that since the volume is a material + + align:start position:0% +that since the volume is a material + + + align:start position:0% +that since the volume is a material +volume so it's made of particles uh that + + align:start position:0% +volume so it's made of particles uh that + + + align:start position:0% +volume so it's made of particles uh that +part of the surface moves with the + + align:start position:0% +part of the surface moves with the + + + align:start position:0% +part of the surface moves with the +velocity of the particles that are + + align:start position:0% +velocity of the particles that are + + + align:start position:0% +velocity of the particles that are +there and the velocity of the particles + + align:start position:0% +there and the velocity of the particles + + + align:start position:0% +there and the velocity of the particles +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +VM so the net so since the + + align:start position:0% +VM so the net so since the + + + align:start position:0% +VM so the net so since the +velocity uh may have a different + + align:start position:0% +velocity uh may have a different + + + align:start position:0% +velocity uh may have a different +direction as the normal uh to the + + align:start position:0% +direction as the normal uh to the + + + align:start position:0% +direction as the normal uh to the +surface what brings + + align:start position:0% +surface what brings + + + align:start position:0% +surface what brings +a uh + + align:start position:0% +a uh + + + align:start position:0% +a uh +particles say out of this + + align:start position:0% +particles say out of this + + + align:start position:0% +particles say out of this +volume uh and contribute to that surface + + align:start position:0% +volume uh and contribute to that surface + + + align:start position:0% +volume uh and contribute to that surface +integral or contribute to to changing + + align:start position:0% +integral or contribute to to changing + + + align:start position:0% +integral or contribute to to changing +the surface integral is only the + + align:start position:0% +the surface integral is only the + + + align:start position:0% +the surface integral is only the +component that is in the direction of + + align:start position:0% +component that is in the direction of + + + align:start position:0% +component that is in the direction of +the normal so that's why you take the + + align:start position:0% +the normal so that's why you take the + + + align:start position:0% +the normal so that's why you take the +scalar product of v and N to get the the + + align:start position:0% +scalar product of v and N to get the the + + + align:start position:0% +scalar product of v and N to get the the +normal component that + + align:start position:0% +normal component that + + + align:start position:0% +normal component that +contributes to moving uh stuff out of + + align:start position:0% +contributes to moving uh stuff out of + + + align:start position:0% +contributes to moving uh stuff out of +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +U say energy out of that surface + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then you convert by using the + + align:start position:0% +and then you convert by using the + + + align:start position:0% +and then you convert by using the +Divergence + + align:start position:0% +Divergence + + + align:start position:0% +Divergence +Theorem a surface integral of this form + + align:start position:0% +Theorem a surface integral of this form + + + align:start position:0% +Theorem a surface integral of this form +something dotted into + + align:start position:0% +something dotted into + + + align:start position:0% +something dotted into +n uh is equal to the integral of of the + + align:start position:0% +n uh is equal to the integral of of the + + + align:start position:0% +n uh is equal to the integral of of the +volume the volume integral of the + + align:start position:0% +volume the volume integral of the + + + align:start position:0% +volume the volume integral of the +Divergence of whatever is dotted into + + align:start position:0% +Divergence of whatever is dotted into + + + align:start position:0% +Divergence of whatever is dotted into +n and so you get this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um so we transformed this rate of change + + align:start position:0% +um so we transformed this rate of change + + + align:start position:0% +um so we transformed this rate of change +in an integral in a volume integral of + + align:start position:0% +in an integral in a volume integral of + + + align:start position:0% +in an integral in a volume integral of +two contributions the partial with + + align:start position:0% +two contributions the partial with + + + align:start position:0% +two contributions the partial with +respect to T and the Divergence of row + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +AVM this will be called the + + align:start position:0% +AVM this will be called the + + + align:start position:0% +AVM this will be called the +convective uh flux in a in in moment + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because that uh property that is + + align:start position:0% +because that uh property that is + + + align:start position:0% +because that uh property that is +exchanged + + align:start position:0% +exchanged + + + align:start position:0% +exchanged +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay uh okay we talking about property a + + align:start position:0% +okay uh okay we talking about property a + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh okay we talking about property a +so property a like um say heat or I mean + + align:start position:0% +so property a like um say heat or I mean + + + align:start position:0% +so property a like um say heat or I mean +energy uh if you have a a heat + + align:start position:0% +energy uh if you have a a heat + + + align:start position:0% +energy uh if you have a a heat +interaction uh happening on the surface + + align:start position:0% +interaction uh happening on the surface + + + align:start position:0% +interaction uh happening on the surface +of this control + + align:start position:0% +of this control + + + align:start position:0% +of this control +volume so you have + + align:start position:0% +volume so you have + + + align:start position:0% +volume so you have +say + + align:start position:0% +say + + + align:start position:0% +say +h another Vector here which would be qou + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +prime + + align:start position:0% +prime + + + align:start position:0% +prime +that is important in your energy balance + + align:start position:0% +that is important in your energy balance + + + align:start position:0% +that is important in your energy balance +because even if it is true that the U + + align:start position:0% +because even if it is true that the U + + + align:start position:0% +because even if it is true that the U +surface for follows the the particles so + + align:start position:0% +surface for follows the the particles so + + + align:start position:0% +surface for follows the the particles so +the particles don't go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +out but if there is heat interaction + + align:start position:0% +out but if there is heat interaction + + + align:start position:0% +out but if there is heat interaction +between those particles inside your + + align:start position:0% +between those particles inside your + + + align:start position:0% +between those particles inside your +material volume and those outside then + + align:start position:0% +material volume and those outside then + + + align:start position:0% +material volume and those outside then +there is energy transfer between the two + + align:start position:0% +there is energy transfer between the two + + + align:start position:0% +there is energy transfer between the two +and the energy transfer is represented + + align:start position:0% +and the energy transfer is represented + + + align:start position:0% +and the energy transfer is represented +by this Vector here and there is also of + + align:start position:0% +by this Vector here and there is also of + + + align:start position:0% +by this Vector here and there is also of +course + + align:start position:0% +course + + + align:start position:0% +course +entropy uh transfer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in the same directions if it is a heat + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +interaction so what we Define as a + + align:start position:0% +interaction so what we Define as a + + + align:start position:0% +interaction so what we Define as a +flux because these are fluxes so it's + + align:start position:0% +flux because these are fluxes so it's + + + align:start position:0% +flux because these are fluxes so it's +energy per unit area per unit time + + align:start position:0% +energy per unit area per unit time + + + align:start position:0% +energy per unit area per unit time +energy exchanged per unit area per unit + + align:start position:0% +energy exchanged per unit area per unit + + + align:start position:0% +energy exchanged per unit area per unit +time and we we give that uh the generic + + align:start position:0% +time and we we give that uh the generic + + + align:start position:0% +time and we we give that uh the generic +symbol J sub a or actually j z sub + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a and it's it's + + align:start position:0% +a and it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +a and it's it's +defined this way + + align:start position:0% +defined this way + + + align:start position:0% +defined this way +and once I have defined that I can also + + align:start position:0% +and once I have defined that I can also + + + align:start position:0% +and once I have defined that I can also +assign a sort of a velocity + + align:start position:0% +assign a sort of a velocity + + + align:start position:0% +assign a sort of a velocity +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +transfer of that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +quantity so I have flux to which is + + align:start position:0% +quantity so I have flux to which is + + + align:start position:0% +quantity so I have flux to which is +assigned the velocity of + + align:start position:0% +assigned the velocity of + + + align:start position:0% +assigned the velocity of +transfer uh by dividing the flux by the + + align:start position:0% +transfer uh by dividing the flux by the + + + align:start position:0% +transfer uh by dividing the flux by the +property per unit volume so if I take Q + + align:start position:0% +property per unit volume so if I take Q + + + align:start position:0% +property per unit volume so if I take Q +double Prime and divided by row + + align:start position:0% +double Prime and divided by row + + + align:start position:0% +double Prime and divided by row +U qou Prime divided by row + + align:start position:0% +U qou Prime divided by row + + + align:start position:0% +U qou Prime divided by row +U that gives me a velocity we could call + + align:start position:0% +U that gives me a velocity we could call + + + align:start position:0% +U that gives me a velocity we could call +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +velocity um the + + align:start position:0% +velocity um the + + + align:start position:0% +velocity um the +transport the heat transport velocity so + + align:start position:0% +transport the heat transport velocity so + + + align:start position:0% +transport the heat transport velocity so +speak and also you could have q Prime + + align:start position:0% +speak and also you could have q Prime + + + align:start position:0% +speak and also you could have q Prime +over T which is the entropy divided by + + align:start position:0% +over T which is the entropy divided by + + + align:start position:0% +over T which is the entropy divided by +row + + align:start position:0% +row + + + align:start position:0% +row +s and that would + + align:start position:0% +s and that would + + + align:start position:0% +s and that would +be um + + align:start position:0% +be um + + + align:start position:0% +be um +the transport transport velocity for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +entropy the transport velocity for + + align:start position:0% +entropy the transport velocity for + + + align:start position:0% +entropy the transport velocity for +momentum is the bicentric + + align:start position:0% +momentum is the bicentric + + + align:start position:0% +momentum is the bicentric +velocity the velocity that you typically + + align:start position:0% +velocity the velocity that you typically + + + align:start position:0% +velocity the velocity that you typically +use in fluid + + align:start position:0% +use in fluid + + + align:start position:0% +use in fluid +mechanics I say fluid has a velocity + + align:start position:0% +mechanics I say fluid has a velocity + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics I say fluid has a velocity +field d + + align:start position:0% +field d + + + align:start position:0% +field d +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +mean this uh velocity or is the mass + + align:start position:0% +mean this uh velocity or is the mass + + + align:start position:0% +mean this uh velocity or is the mass +transfer + + align:start position:0% +transfer + + + align:start position:0% +transfer +velocity so it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +JM which is the the flux of + + align:start position:0% +JM which is the the flux of + + + align:start position:0% +JM which is the the flux of +mass uh divided by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +row and because row is the uh uh mass + + align:start position:0% +row and because row is the uh uh mass + + + align:start position:0% +row and because row is the uh uh mass +per unit volume and that + + align:start position:0% +per unit volume and that + + + align:start position:0% +per unit volume and that +is the bicentric that is velocity of + + align:start position:0% +is the bicentric that is velocity of + + + align:start position:0% +is the bicentric that is velocity of +food + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mechanics okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now so this V velocity this flux with + + align:start position:0% +now so this V velocity this flux with + + + align:start position:0% +now so this V velocity this flux with +the zero on + + align:start position:0% +the zero on + + + align:start position:0% +the zero on +top is in + + align:start position:0% +top is in + + + align:start position:0% +top is in +terms of a reference + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +frame yeah okay reference frame that you + + align:start position:0% +frame yeah okay reference frame that you + + + align:start position:0% +frame yeah okay reference frame that you +have like the laboratory reference frame + + align:start position:0% +have like the laboratory reference frame + + + align:start position:0% +have like the laboratory reference frame +with respect to which you measure + + align:start position:0% +with respect to which you measure + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to which you measure +velocities of your fluid elements + + align:start position:0% +velocities of your fluid elements + + + align:start position:0% +velocities of your fluid elements +okay however you could also consider a + + align:start position:0% +okay however you could also consider a + + + align:start position:0% +okay however you could also consider a +local reference frame to your fluid + + align:start position:0% +local reference frame to your fluid + + + align:start position:0% +local reference frame to your fluid +element that moves with the velocity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +VM so you + + align:start position:0% +VM so you + + + align:start position:0% +VM so you +move with your fluid + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +element well actually the fluid + + align:start position:0% +element well actually the fluid + + + align:start position:0% +element well actually the fluid +element uh is made up of many particles + + align:start position:0% +element uh is made up of many particles + + + align:start position:0% +element uh is made up of many particles +so so you have you're not moving with + + align:start position:0% +so so you have you're not moving with + + + align:start position:0% +so so you have you're not moving with +velocity of one particular particle but + + align:start position:0% +velocity of one particular particle but + + + align:start position:0% +velocity of one particular particle but +with uh a weighted average of the + + align:start position:0% +with uh a weighted average of the + + + align:start position:0% +with uh a weighted average of the +Velocity which which is the bicentric + + align:start position:0% +Velocity which which is the bicentric + + + align:start position:0% +Velocity which which is the bicentric +velocity of those + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +particles so relative to that if I take + + align:start position:0% +particles so relative to that if I take + + + align:start position:0% +particles so relative to that if I take +the the the velocity of + + align:start position:0% +the the the velocity of + + + align:start position:0% +the the the velocity of +transport of this uh property a and + + align:start position:0% +transport of this uh property a and + + + align:start position:0% +transport of this uh property a and +I view it from that reference frame so + + align:start position:0% +I view it from that reference frame so + + + align:start position:0% +I view it from that reference frame so +the relative velocity is VA minus + + align:start position:0% +the relative velocity is VA minus + + + align:start position:0% +the relative velocity is VA minus +VM so I Define + + align:start position:0% +VM so I Define + + + align:start position:0% +VM so I Define +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +flux and + + align:start position:0% +flux and + + + align:start position:0% +flux and +uh we call it the diffusive + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +flux so it's the flux relative to the + + align:start position:0% +flux so it's the flux relative to the + + + align:start position:0% +flux so it's the flux relative to the +local body Centric + + align:start position:0% +local body Centric + + + align:start position:0% +local body Centric +velocity this is the most + + align:start position:0% +velocity this is the most + + + align:start position:0% +velocity this is the most +uh uh practically used and what appears + + align:start position:0% +uh uh practically used and what appears + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh practically used and what appears +in typically in the balance equation but + + align:start position:0% +in typically in the balance equation but + + + align:start position:0% +in typically in the balance equation but +also this other one appears so you have + + align:start position:0% +also this other one appears so you have + + + align:start position:0% +also this other one appears so you have +to be careful if you are in this + + align:start position:0% +to be careful if you are in this + + + align:start position:0% +to be careful if you are in this +business and you + + align:start position:0% +business and you + + + align:start position:0% +business and you +see balance + + align:start position:0% +see balance + + + align:start position:0% +see balance +equations + + align:start position:0% +equations + + + align:start position:0% +equations +uh you have to be careful whether + + align:start position:0% +uh you have to be careful whether + + + align:start position:0% +uh you have to be careful whether +because sometimes people don't put the + + align:start position:0% +because sometimes people don't put the + + + align:start position:0% +because sometimes people don't put the +not actually almost never put the the + + align:start position:0% +not actually almost never put the the + + + align:start position:0% +not actually almost never put the the +the distinction they just pick one um + + align:start position:0% +the distinction they just pick one um + + + align:start position:0% +the distinction they just pick one um +way of of describing plaxis and then + + align:start position:0% +way of of describing plaxis and then + + + align:start position:0% +way of of describing plaxis and then +keep going and uh presume that from the + + align:start position:0% +keep going and uh presume that from the + + + align:start position:0% +keep going and uh presume that from the +context of the paper you can understand + + align:start position:0% +context of the paper you can understand + + + align:start position:0% +context of the paper you can understand +which one which is it which is + + align:start position:0% +which one which is it which is + + + align:start position:0% +which one which is it which is +one now the same concept of of flux + + align:start position:0% +one now the same concept of of flux + + + align:start position:0% +one now the same concept of of flux +applies also as you know to uh vectors + + align:start position:0% +applies also as you know to uh vectors + + + align:start position:0% +applies also as you know to uh vectors +so you can transfer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +momentum and so uh the the moment the if + + align:start position:0% +momentum and so uh the the moment the if + + + align:start position:0% +momentum and so uh the the moment the if +you define the diffusive + + align:start position:0% +you define the diffusive + + + align:start position:0% +you define the diffusive +flux where uh the property a is moment M + + align:start position:0% +flux where uh the property a is moment M + + + align:start position:0% +flux where uh the property a is moment M +um actually so little a + + align:start position:0% +um actually so little a + + + align:start position:0% +um actually so little a +is the bicentric + + align:start position:0% +is the bicentric + + + align:start position:0% +is the bicentric +velocity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +itself + + align:start position:0% +itself + + + align:start position:0% +itself +then you obtain uh the diffusion + + align:start position:0% +then you obtain uh the diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +then you obtain uh the diffusion +momentum diffusion + + align:start position:0% +momentum diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +momentum diffusion +flux which is the negative of the stress + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tensor also called the pressure tensor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and typically the stress + + align:start position:0% +and typically the stress + + + align:start position:0% +and typically the stress +tensor is H split into two parts an + + align:start position:0% +tensor is H split into two parts an + + + align:start position:0% +tensor is H split into two parts an +isotropic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +part + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +with Delta is like like a tensor is one + + align:start position:0% +with Delta is like like a tensor is one + + + align:start position:0% +with Delta is like like a tensor is one +one one on the diagonal zero diagonal + + align:start position:0% +one one on the diagonal zero diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +one one on the diagonal zero diagonal +and uh that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um so the + + align:start position:0% +um so the + + + align:start position:0% +um so the +trace of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the PM is the the trace of the stress + + align:start position:0% +the PM is the the trace of the stress + + + align:start position:0% +the PM is the the trace of the stress +tensor oh I'm sorry of the pressure + + align:start position:0% +tensor oh I'm sorry of the pressure + + + align:start position:0% +tensor oh I'm sorry of the pressure +tensor and divided by three and it is + + align:start position:0% +tensor and divided by three and it is + + + align:start position:0% +tensor and divided by three and it is +called the + + align:start position:0% +called the + + + align:start position:0% +called the +mechanical + + align:start position:0% +mechanical + + + align:start position:0% +mechanical +energy which is not + + align:start position:0% +energy which is not + + + align:start position:0% +energy which is not +necessarily equal to the thermodynamic + + align:start position:0% +necessarily equal to the thermodynamic + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily equal to the thermodynamic +uh uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pressure okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what we instead call convective + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +flux is the flux of that property which + + align:start position:0% +flux is the flux of that property which + + + align:start position:0% +flux is the flux of that property which +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +transported by the simple translation + + align:start position:0% +transported by the simple translation + + + align:start position:0% +transported by the simple translation +of the uh transl not translation + + align:start position:0% +of the uh transl not translation + + + align:start position:0% +of the uh transl not translation +translation translation transl I don't + + align:start position:0% +translation translation transl I don't + + + align:start position:0% +translation translation transl I don't +know the fact that the fluid element + + align:start position:0% +know the fact that the fluid element + + + align:start position:0% +know the fact that the fluid element +moves it brings with itself the + + align:start position:0% +moves it brings with itself the + + + align:start position:0% +moves it brings with itself the +properties that it has inside so that + + align:start position:0% +properties that it has inside so that + + + align:start position:0% +properties that it has inside so that +produces a flux move movement of the + + align:start position:0% +produces a flux move movement of the + + + align:start position:0% +produces a flux move movement of the +property if if there is energy in that + + align:start position:0% +property if if there is energy in that + + + align:start position:0% +property if if there is energy in that +box uh and you move the Box you're + + align:start position:0% +box uh and you move the Box you're + + + align:start position:0% +box uh and you move the Box you're +moving energy okay okay so that is + + align:start position:0% +moving energy okay okay so that is + + + align:start position:0% +moving energy okay okay so that is +convection convection and it's the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +difference uh between uh this and the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +diffusive or if you want you can + + align:start position:0% +diffusive or if you want you can + + + align:start position:0% +diffusive or if you want you can +write uh the flux with respect to the + + align:start position:0% +write uh the flux with respect to the + + + align:start position:0% +write uh the flux with respect to the +reference + + align:start position:0% +reference + + + align:start position:0% +reference +frame as a sum of the diffusive plus the + + align:start position:0% +frame as a sum of the diffusive plus the + + + align:start position:0% +frame as a sum of the diffusive plus the +convective + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +flux + + align:start position:0% +flux + + + align:start position:0% +flux +okay so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the the + + align:start position:0% +the the + + + align:start position:0% +the the +convective uh + + align:start position:0% +convective uh + + + align:start position:0% +convective uh +momentum + + align:start position:0% +momentum + + + align:start position:0% +momentum +flux is the fact + + align:start position:0% +flux is the fact + + + align:start position:0% +flux is the fact +that this fluid + + align:start position:0% +that this fluid + + + align:start position:0% +that this fluid +element since it's moving it has M + + align:start position:0% +element since it's moving it has M + + + align:start position:0% +element since it's moving it has M +momentum and the momentum per unit + + align:start position:0% +momentum and the momentum per unit + + + align:start position:0% +momentum and the momentum per unit +volume is Row V + + align:start position:0% +volume is Row V + + + align:start position:0% +volume is Row V +and since it's moving with velocity V + + align:start position:0% +and since it's moving with velocity V + + + align:start position:0% +and since it's moving with velocity V +you're transporting momentum by simple + + align:start position:0% +you're transporting momentum by simple + + + align:start position:0% +you're transporting momentum by simple +uh motion so it's not diffusion it's + + align:start position:0% +uh motion so it's not diffusion it's + + + align:start position:0% +uh motion so it's not diffusion it's +just uh due to the fact that the thing + + align:start position:0% +just uh due to the fact that the thing + + + align:start position:0% +just uh due to the fact that the thing +is moving and that is convective + + align:start position:0% +is moving and that is convective + + + align:start position:0% +is moving and that is convective +momentum transport + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now in U inside your material volume + + align:start position:0% +now in U inside your material volume + + + align:start position:0% +now in U inside your material volume +inside that fluid + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +element there are certain um things that + + align:start position:0% +element there are certain um things that + + + align:start position:0% +element there are certain um things that +happen for example per unit volume for + + align:start position:0% +happen for example per unit volume for + + + align:start position:0% +happen for example per unit volume for +example the entropy produced by + + align:start position:0% +example the entropy produced by + + + align:start position:0% +example the entropy produced by +reversibility is locally produced so + + align:start position:0% +reversibility is locally produced so + + + align:start position:0% +reversibility is locally produced so +it's it's uh it's some something that + + align:start position:0% +it's it's uh it's some something that + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's uh it's some something that +when you want to account + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it you want to account for it you have + + align:start position:0% +it you want to account for it you have + + + align:start position:0% +it you want to account for it you have +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +um take it multiply by the volume and + + align:start position:0% +um take it multiply by the volume and + + + align:start position:0% +um take it multiply by the volume and +then uh + + align:start position:0% +then uh + + + align:start position:0% +then uh +integrate so these are s you can view it + + align:start position:0% +integrate so these are s you can view it + + + align:start position:0% +integrate so these are s you can view it +as a source term I mean for the entropy + + align:start position:0% +as a source term I mean for the entropy + + + align:start position:0% +as a source term I mean for the entropy +balance it's a source term it cannot be + + align:start position:0% +balance it's a source term it cannot be + + + align:start position:0% +balance it's a source term it cannot be +a sync because it would violate the + + align:start position:0% +a sync because it would violate the + + + align:start position:0% +a sync because it would violate the +principle of entropy non + + align:start position:0% +principle of entropy non + + + align:start position:0% +principle of entropy non +decrease but uh in other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +models for example often in heat + + align:start position:0% +models for example often in heat + + + align:start position:0% +models for example often in heat +transfer you you use terms like uh you + + align:start position:0% +transfer you you use terms like uh you + + + align:start position:0% +transfer you you use terms like uh you +add a term to the balance equation you + + align:start position:0% +add a term to the balance equation you + + + align:start position:0% +add a term to the balance equation you +call it triple triple prime Q it's the + + align:start position:0% +call it triple triple prime Q it's the + + + align:start position:0% +call it triple triple prime Q it's the +entropy uh I'm sorry the the the energy + + align:start position:0% +entropy uh I'm sorry the the the energy + + + align:start position:0% +entropy uh I'm sorry the the the energy +um internal energy deposited locally for + + align:start position:0% +um internal energy deposited locally for + + + align:start position:0% +um internal energy deposited locally for +example by Jewel effect if you have a + + align:start position:0% +example by Jewel effect if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +example by Jewel effect if you have a +a conductor electricity conductor by + + align:start position:0% +a conductor electricity conductor by + + + align:start position:0% +a conductor electricity conductor by +jeel effect that + + align:start position:0% +jeel effect that + + + align:start position:0% +jeel effect that +dissipates electrical energy and + + align:start position:0% +dissipates electrical energy and + + + align:start position:0% +dissipates electrical energy and +transforms it into internal energy so if + + align:start position:0% +transforms it into internal energy so if + + + align:start position:0% +transforms it into internal energy so if +you if you make a balance of internal + + align:start position:0% +you if you make a balance of internal + + + align:start position:0% +you if you make a balance of internal +energy you will find a source term and + + align:start position:0% +energy you will find a source term and + + + align:start position:0% +energy you will find a source term and +that Source term is a source per unit uh + + align:start position:0% +that Source term is a source per unit uh + + + align:start position:0% +that Source term is a source per unit uh +volume so it's like a + + align:start position:0% +volume so it's like a + + + align:start position:0% +volume so it's like a +sigma of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +energy and usually you can distinguish + + align:start position:0% +energy and usually you can distinguish + + + align:start position:0% +energy and usually you can distinguish +between those that + + align:start position:0% +between those that + + + align:start position:0% +between those that +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +uh produced by local effects like the + + align:start position:0% +uh produced by local effects like the + + + align:start position:0% +uh produced by local effects like the +jewel effect is a local + + align:start position:0% +jewel effect is a local + + + align:start position:0% +jewel effect is a local +effect + + align:start position:0% +effect + + + align:start position:0% +effect +or a + + align:start position:0% +or a + + + align:start position:0% +or a +collision uh produced effects including + + align:start position:0% +collision uh produced effects including + + + align:start position:0% +collision uh produced effects including +uh chemical reactions that that + + align:start position:0% +uh chemical reactions that that + + + align:start position:0% +uh chemical reactions that that +essentially uh chemical reactions you + + align:start position:0% +essentially uh chemical reactions you + + + align:start position:0% +essentially uh chemical reactions you +can consider it as a as a as a source of + + align:start position:0% +can consider it as a as a as a source of + + + align:start position:0% +can consider it as a as a as a source of +products of the reaction and the sync + + align:start position:0% +products of the reaction and the sync + + + align:start position:0% +products of the reaction and the sync +for the uh reactants of the reaction and + + align:start position:0% +for the uh reactants of the reaction and + + + align:start position:0% +for the uh reactants of the reaction and +and which occurs uh locally in in in + + align:start position:0% +and which occurs uh locally in in in + + + align:start position:0% +and which occurs uh locally in in in +your + + align:start position:0% +your + + + align:start position:0% +your +volume and so this I you would call it + + align:start position:0% +volume and so this I you would call it + + + align:start position:0% +volume and so this I you would call it +with a superscript i to be distinguished + + align:start position:0% +with a superscript i to be distinguished + + + align:start position:0% +with a superscript i to be distinguished +with the externally generated for + + align:start position:0% +with the externally generated for + + + align:start position:0% +with the externally generated for +example + + align:start position:0% +example + + + align:start position:0% +example +um uh if uh this fluid element lives in + + align:start position:0% +um uh if uh this fluid element lives in + + + align:start position:0% +um uh if uh this fluid element lives in +a gravitational field + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +field G and of course it has + + align:start position:0% +field G and of course it has + + + align:start position:0% +field G and of course it has +mass so it also has a potential energy + + align:start position:0% +mass so it also has a potential energy + + + align:start position:0% +mass so it also has a potential energy +and the fact that it + + align:start position:0% +and the fact that it + + + align:start position:0% +and the fact that it +moves makes that potential energy + + align:start position:0% +moves makes that potential energy + + + align:start position:0% +moves makes that potential energy +change and that's not due to a local + + align:start position:0% +change and that's not due to a local + + + align:start position:0% +change and that's not due to a local +effect it's due to an externally applied + + align:start position:0% +effect it's due to an externally applied + + + align:start position:0% +effect it's due to an externally applied +field the same if you had charges there + + align:start position:0% +field the same if you had charges there + + + align:start position:0% +field the same if you had charges there +and uh uh uh you had an electric field + + align:start position:0% +and uh uh uh you had an electric field + + + align:start position:0% +and uh uh uh you had an electric field +say an electric field + + align:start position:0% +say an electric field + + + align:start position:0% +say an electric field +like like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh and then you move the charges uh + + align:start position:0% +uh and then you move the charges uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh and then you move the charges uh +those that so the the the electrical + + align:start position:0% +those that so the the the electrical + + + align:start position:0% +those that so the the the electrical +electrostatic energy of your uh fluid + + align:start position:0% +electrostatic energy of your uh fluid + + + align:start position:0% +electrostatic energy of your uh fluid +element + + align:start position:0% +element + + + align:start position:0% +element +changes uh and and that gets into this + + align:start position:0% +changes uh and and that gets into this + + + align:start position:0% +changes uh and and that gets into this +volume term it's could be up or down so + + align:start position:0% +volume term it's could be up or down so + + + align:start position:0% +volume term it's could be up or down so +it could be a sync or a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +source so this in principle for various + + align:start position:0% +source so this in principle for various + + + align:start position:0% +source so this in principle for various +properties could be positive or + + align:start position:0% +properties could be positive or + + + align:start position:0% +properties could be positive or +negative it's only for the entropy + + align:start position:0% +negative it's only for the entropy + + + align:start position:0% +negative it's only for the entropy +production that you know uh precisely + + align:start position:0% +production that you know uh precisely + + + align:start position:0% +production that you know uh precisely +which sign it must + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +okay so finally we've all those + + align:start position:0% +okay so finally we've all those + + + align:start position:0% +okay so finally we've all those +ingredients you can write the balance + + align:start position:0% +ingredients you can write the balance + + + align:start position:0% +ingredients you can write the balance +equations for this extensive property a + + align:start position:0% +equations for this extensive property a + + + align:start position:0% +equations for this extensive property a +and it says the rate of + + align:start position:0% +and it says the rate of + + + align:start position:0% +and it says the rate of +change of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +property inside your material volume is + + align:start position:0% +property inside your material volume is + + + align:start position:0% +property inside your material volume is +equal to the amount of proper the + + align:start position:0% +equal to the amount of proper the + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the amount of proper the +amount the contribution of these sync + + align:start position:0% +amount the contribution of these sync + + + align:start position:0% +amount the contribution of these sync +Source terms integrated of course over + + align:start position:0% +Source terms integrated of course over + + + align:start position:0% +Source terms integrated of course over +the volume + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +H minus the amount that leaves the + + align:start position:0% +H minus the amount that leaves the + + + align:start position:0% +H minus the amount that leaves the +volume through the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +surface and so that amount that leaves + + align:start position:0% +surface and so that amount that leaves + + + align:start position:0% +surface and so that amount that leaves +is equal to the the velocity associated + + align:start position:0% +is equal to the the velocity associated + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to the the velocity associated +with with the flux of that + + align:start position:0% +with with the flux of that + + + align:start position:0% +with with the flux of that +property relative to the + + align:start position:0% +property relative to the + + + align:start position:0% +property relative to the +velocity of the surface of your uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of your material + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +volume + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay H + + align:start position:0% +okay H + + + align:start position:0% +okay H +times the property per unit one and also + + align:start position:0% +times the property per unit one and also + + + align:start position:0% +times the property per unit one and also +here you see something multi multiply + + align:start position:0% +here you see something multi multiply + + + align:start position:0% +here you see something multi multiply +dotted into n and integrated over a + + align:start position:0% +dotted into n and integrated over a + + + align:start position:0% +dotted into n and integrated over a +surface you can use the + + align:start position:0% +surface you can use the + + + align:start position:0% +surface you can use the +Divergence Theorem and transform it into + + align:start position:0% +Divergence Theorem and transform it into + + + align:start position:0% +Divergence Theorem and transform it into +the uh + + align:start position:0% +the uh + + + align:start position:0% +the uh +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +Divergence of whatever is uh uh dotted + + align:start position:0% +Divergence of whatever is uh uh dotted + + + align:start position:0% +Divergence of whatever is uh uh dotted +into the uh normal outward normal to the + + align:start position:0% +into the uh normal outward normal to the + + + align:start position:0% +into the uh normal outward normal to the +surface and you may recognize here that + + align:start position:0% +surface and you may recognize here that + + + align:start position:0% +surface and you may recognize here that +since this velocity is + + align:start position:0% +since this velocity is + + + align:start position:0% +since this velocity is +VM VA minus v a m time row a is uh the + + align:start position:0% +VM VA minus v a m time row a is uh the + + + align:start position:0% +VM VA minus v a m time row a is uh the +diffusive plux we defined it uh in the + + align:start position:0% +diffusive plux we defined it uh in the + + + align:start position:0% +diffusive plux we defined it uh in the +previous slide that's why I get that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is say the the right hand side of the + + align:start position:0% +is say the the right hand side of the + + + align:start position:0% +is say the the right hand side of the +balance + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equation and the left hand side we + + align:start position:0% +equation and the left hand side we + + + align:start position:0% +equation and the left hand side we +already wrote in a couple of slides + + align:start position:0% +already wrote in a couple of slides + + + align:start position:0% +already wrote in a couple of slides +ago we wrote it in this form + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so this is the general form of a + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is the general form of a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is the general form of a +balance + + align:start position:0% +balance + + + align:start position:0% +balance +equation for property a for an extensive + + align:start position:0% +equation for property a for an extensive + + + align:start position:0% +equation for property a for an extensive +property + + align:start position:0% +property + + + align:start position:0% +property +a I think I'll repeat + + align:start position:0% +a I think I'll repeat + + + align:start position:0% +a I think I'll repeat +it in the next slide because we need to + + align:start position:0% +it in the next slide because we need to + + + align:start position:0% +it in the next slide because we need to +here it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is okay + + align:start position:0% +is okay + + + align:start position:0% +is okay +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +since uh that equation balance equation + + align:start position:0% +since uh that equation balance equation + + + align:start position:0% +since uh that equation balance equation +must hold for a + + align:start position:0% +must hold for a + + + align:start position:0% +must hold for a +uh whatever material volume large small + + align:start position:0% +uh whatever material volume large small + + + align:start position:0% +uh whatever material volume large small +and so on + + align:start position:0% +and so on + + + align:start position:0% +and so on +arbitrary the only way that these + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary the only way that these + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary the only way that these +equation can hold for arbitrary volumes + + align:start position:0% +equation can hold for arbitrary volumes + + + align:start position:0% +equation can hold for arbitrary volumes +is that the arguments of the integrals + + align:start position:0% +is that the arguments of the integrals + + + align:start position:0% +is that the arguments of the integrals +be equal and therefore you you can cross + + align:start position:0% +be equal and therefore you you can cross + + + align:start position:0% +be equal and therefore you you can cross +away the integrals and keep the equality + + align:start position:0% +away the integrals and keep the equality + + + align:start position:0% +away the integrals and keep the equality +between the integrant and that's your + + align:start position:0% +between the integrant and that's your + + + align:start position:0% +between the integrant and that's your +for indefinite balance equation for + + align:start position:0% +for indefinite balance equation for + + + align:start position:0% +for indefinite balance equation for +property + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a remember that we said that the + + align:start position:0% +a remember that we said that the + + + align:start position:0% +a remember that we said that the +diffusive + + align:start position:0% +diffusive + + + align:start position:0% +diffusive +flux is the lran flux minus the + + align:start position:0% +flux is the lran flux minus the + + + align:start position:0% +flux is the lran flux minus the +convective flux of that property so we + + align:start position:0% +convective flux of that property so we + + + align:start position:0% +convective flux of that property so we +can + + align:start position:0% +can + + + align:start position:0% +can +uh combine + + align:start position:0% +uh combine + + + align:start position:0% +uh combine +these two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equations and and therefore rewrite it + + align:start position:0% +equations and and therefore rewrite it + + + align:start position:0% +equations and and therefore rewrite it +in either this form or that form so + + align:start position:0% +in either this form or that form so + + + align:start position:0% +in either this form or that form so +there are two equivalent ways to write + + align:start position:0% +there are two equivalent ways to write + + + align:start position:0% +there are two equivalent ways to write +the balance + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equation but the important thing is that + + align:start position:0% +equation but the important thing is that + + + align:start position:0% +equation but the important thing is that +in this left hand + + align:start position:0% +in this left hand + + + align:start position:0% +in this left hand +side you get + + align:start position:0% +side you get + + + align:start position:0% +side you get +j0 whereas here you get + + align:start position:0% +j0 whereas here you get + + + align:start position:0% +j0 whereas here you get +J and this combination of uh partial + + align:start position:0% +J and this combination of uh partial + + + align:start position:0% +J and this combination of uh partial +derivative and the bicentric velocity + + align:start position:0% +derivative and the bicentric velocity + + + align:start position:0% +derivative and the bicentric velocity +times the gradient of property a which + + align:start position:0% +times the gradient of property a which + + + align:start position:0% +times the gradient of property a which +comes in when you substitute this into + + align:start position:0% +comes in when you substitute this into + + + align:start position:0% +comes in when you substitute this into +there uh as you know is called the + + align:start position:0% +there uh as you know is called the + + + align:start position:0% +there uh as you know is called the +material + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +derivative and it + + align:start position:0% +derivative and it + + + align:start position:0% +derivative and it +represents how things change as a + + align:start position:0% +represents how things change as a + + + align:start position:0% +represents how things change as a +function of time as viewed from the + + align:start position:0% +function of time as viewed from the + + + align:start position:0% +function of time as viewed from the +fluid element by as Mo by moving + + align:start position:0% +fluid element by as Mo by moving + + + align:start position:0% +fluid element by as Mo by moving +together with the fluid element at the + + align:start position:0% +together with the fluid element at the + + + align:start position:0% +together with the fluid element at the +bicentric + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +velocity and following therefore the + + align:start position:0% +velocity and following therefore the + + + align:start position:0% +velocity and following therefore the +fluid element that's why it it follows + + align:start position:0% +fluid element that's why it it follows + + + align:start position:0% +fluid element that's why it it follows +the trajectory that is called the path + + align:start position:0% +the trajectory that is called the path + + + align:start position:0% +the trajectory that is called the path +line in FL + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mechanics + + align:start position:0% +mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics +okay so these are the balance equations + + align:start position:0% +okay so these are the balance equations + + + align:start position:0% +okay so these are the balance equations +we are going + + align:start position:0% +we are going + + + align:start position:0% +we are going +to I think we are going to use uh + + align:start position:0% +to I think we are going to use uh + + + align:start position:0% +to I think we are going to use uh +well either one probably more this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one so if you do that what we have done + + align:start position:0% +one so if you do that what we have done + + + align:start position:0% +one so if you do that what we have done +for the one dimensional problem if you + + align:start position:0% +for the one dimensional problem if you + + + align:start position:0% +for the one dimensional problem if you +do it for the three-dimensional uh I + + align:start position:0% +do it for the three-dimensional uh I + + + align:start position:0% +do it for the three-dimensional uh I +mean for the full dimensional + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stuff uh you can write uh the mass + + align:start position:0% +stuff uh you can write uh the mass + + + align:start position:0% +stuff uh you can write uh the mass +balance equation in this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +way you can write uh the energy + + align:start position:0% +way you can write uh the energy + + + align:start position:0% +way you can write uh the energy +balance in this way in terms of the + + align:start position:0% +balance in this way in terms of the + + + align:start position:0% +balance in this way in terms of the +diffusive FL + + align:start position:0% +diffusive FL + + + align:start position:0% +diffusive FL +flaxes H the entropy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +balance but also you can write the + + align:start position:0% +balance but also you can write the + + + align:start position:0% +balance but also you can write the +momentum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +balance and of course the material + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh actually + + align:start position:0% +uh actually + + + align:start position:0% +uh actually +these two + + align:start position:0% +these two + + + align:start position:0% +these two +are U related to one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +another because what you would need to + + align:start position:0% +another because what you would need to + + + align:start position:0% +another because what you would need to +do is to write a balance equation for + + align:start position:0% +do is to write a balance equation for + + + align:start position:0% +do is to write a balance equation for +each kind of particle each type like + + align:start position:0% +each kind of particle each type like + + + align:start position:0% +each kind of particle each type like +each I uh and then once you have it you + + align:start position:0% +each I uh and then once you have it you + + + align:start position:0% +each I uh and then once you have it you +can express it in terms of mole specific + + align:start position:0% +can express it in terms of mole specific + + + align:start position:0% +can express it in terms of mole specific +or mass specific and so on and you can + + align:start position:0% +or mass specific and so on and you can + + + align:start position:0% +or mass specific and so on and you can +write it for example here this symbol + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or C is the mass fraction other in other + + align:start position:0% +or C is the mass fraction other in other + + + align:start position:0% +or C is the mass fraction other in other +places actually probably in the next + + align:start position:0% +places actually probably in the next + + + align:start position:0% +places actually probably in the next +slide um I call that same mass fraction + + align:start position:0% +slide um I call that same mass fraction + + + align:start position:0% +slide um I call that same mass fraction +with the symbol + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X so here's the definition of the + + align:start position:0% +X so here's the definition of the + + + align:start position:0% +X so here's the definition of the +bicentric Velocity that we that I + + align:start position:0% +bicentric Velocity that we that I + + + align:start position:0% +bicentric Velocity that we that I +mentioned and here is the expression for + + align:start position:0% +mentioned and here is the expression for + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned and here is the expression for +the flux of uh the + + align:start position:0% +the flux of uh the + + + align:start position:0% +the flux of uh the +mass flux + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in laboratory + + align:start position:0% +in laboratory + + + align:start position:0% +in laboratory +frame it's row * + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +B and it's related to the masses to the + + align:start position:0% +B and it's related to the masses to the + + + align:start position:0% +B and it's related to the masses to the +velocities of the vales and this + + align:start position:0% +velocities of the vales and this + + + align:start position:0% +velocities of the vales and this +table I'm not describing it but simply + + align:start position:0% +table I'm not describing it but simply + + + align:start position:0% +table I'm not describing it but simply +is is there it's useful just to mention + + align:start position:0% +is is there it's useful just to mention + + + align:start position:0% +is is there it's useful just to mention +how many different ways you have to do + + align:start position:0% +how many different ways you have to do + + + align:start position:0% +how many different ways you have to do +the accounting and depending on what + + align:start position:0% +the accounting and depending on what + + + align:start position:0% +the accounting and depending on what +your application or depending on your + + align:start position:0% +your application or depending on your + + + align:start position:0% +your application or depending on your +community + + align:start position:0% +community + + + align:start position:0% +community +uh people use uh um mole fractions Mass + + align:start position:0% +uh people use uh um mole fractions Mass + + + align:start position:0% +uh people use uh um mole fractions Mass +fractions uh + + align:start position:0% +fractions uh + + + align:start position:0% +fractions uh +concentrations and so on and so these + + align:start position:0% +concentrations and so on and so these + + + align:start position:0% +concentrations and so on and so these +are the inter relations + + align:start position:0% +are the inter relations + + + align:start position:0% +are the inter relations +that uh inter Cur between these + + align:start position:0% +that uh inter Cur between these + + + align:start position:0% +that uh inter Cur between these +various + + align:start position:0% +various + + + align:start position:0% +various +properties so I leave it there just for + + align:start position:0% +properties so I leave it there just for + + + align:start position:0% +properties so I leave it there just for +reference and also this slide provides a + + align:start position:0% +reference and also this slide provides a + + + align:start position:0% +reference and also this slide provides a +list + + align:start position:0% +list + + + align:start position:0% +list +of example + + align:start position:0% +of example + + + align:start position:0% +of example +the main + + align:start position:0% +the main + + + align:start position:0% +the main +examples for those extensive properties + + align:start position:0% +examples for those extensive properties + + + align:start position:0% +examples for those extensive properties +that we have written the balance + + align:start position:0% +that we have written the balance + + + align:start position:0% +that we have written the balance +equations + + align:start position:0% +equations + + + align:start position:0% +equations +for and for which we can + + align:start position:0% +for and for which we can + + + align:start position:0% +for and for which we can +Define convective fluxes and diffusive + + align:start position:0% +Define convective fluxes and diffusive + + + align:start position:0% +Define convective fluxes and diffusive +fluxes and so you the number of moles + + align:start position:0% +fluxes and so you the number of moles + + + align:start position:0% +fluxes and so you the number of moles +the total mole + + align:start position:0% +the total mole + + + align:start position:0% +the total mole +and the mass + + align:start position:0% +and the mass + + + align:start position:0% +and the mass +uh of particles of a certain type the + + align:start position:0% +uh of particles of a certain type the + + + align:start position:0% +uh of particles of a certain type the +total mass the charge of particles of a + + align:start position:0% +total mass the charge of particles of a + + + align:start position:0% +total mass the charge of particles of a +certain type the total charge the energy + + align:start position:0% +certain type the total charge the energy + + + align:start position:0% +certain type the total charge the energy +the entropy the kinetic energy the + + align:start position:0% +the entropy the kinetic energy the + + + align:start position:0% +the entropy the kinetic energy the +potential gravitational energy the + + align:start position:0% +potential gravitational energy the + + + align:start position:0% +potential gravitational energy the +potential electrical energy and + + align:start position:0% +potential electrical energy and + + + align:start position:0% +potential electrical energy and +momentum for each one of these you can + + align:start position:0% +momentum for each one of these you can + + + align:start position:0% +momentum for each one of these you can +write balance equations of the form that + + align:start position:0% +write balance equations of the form that + + + align:start position:0% +write balance equations of the form that +of the generic form that we have uh + + align:start position:0% +of the generic form that we have uh + + + align:start position:0% +of the generic form that we have uh +discussed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so that is + + align:start position:0% +okay so that is + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that is +uh the balance equation now as just a + + align:start position:0% +uh the balance equation now as just a + + + align:start position:0% +uh the balance equation now as just a +small regression about the fact that we + + align:start position:0% +small regression about the fact that we + + + align:start position:0% +small regression about the fact that we +are dealing in in this model so far uh + + align:start position:0% +are dealing in in this model so far uh + + + align:start position:0% +are dealing in in this model so far uh +and all that we have done we are dealing + + align:start position:0% +and all that we have done we are dealing + + + align:start position:0% +and all that we have done we are dealing +with the idea of a Continuum the fact + + align:start position:0% +with the idea of a Continuum the fact + + + align:start position:0% +with the idea of a Continuum the fact +that you can assign to and position in + + align:start position:0% +that you can assign to and position in + + + align:start position:0% +that you can assign to and position in +space and the time + + align:start position:0% +space and the time + + + align:start position:0% +space and the time +uh for example + + align:start position:0% +uh for example + + + align:start position:0% +uh for example +density it + + align:start position:0% +density it + + + align:start position:0% +density it +means uh that you have uh enough + + align:start position:0% +means uh that you have uh enough + + + align:start position:0% +means uh that you have uh enough +um uh uh particles in your uh uh in your + + align:start position:0% +um uh uh particles in your uh uh in your + + + align:start position:0% +um uh uh particles in your uh uh in your +volume so that you can + + align:start position:0% +volume so that you can + + + align:start position:0% +volume so that you can +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +uh so that you can assume that all the + + align:start position:0% +uh so that you can assume that all the + + + align:start position:0% +uh so that you can assume that all the +particles are uh are + + align:start position:0% +particles are uh are + + + align:start position:0% +particles are uh are +um so that you can take the the mass of + + align:start position:0% +um so that you can take the the mass of + + + align:start position:0% +um so that you can take the the mass of +the particle and consider it as + + align:start position:0% +the particle and consider it as + + + align:start position:0% +the particle and consider it as +uniformly spread into the in that + + align:start position:0% +uniformly spread into the in that + + + align:start position:0% +uniformly spread into the in that +volume and that you can do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +only of course that is the limit of the + + align:start position:0% +only of course that is the limit of the + + + align:start position:0% +only of course that is the limit of the +traditional food + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mechanics and you can do it only if the + + align:start position:0% +mechanics and you can do it only if the + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics and you can do it only if the +um the nsen number the nsen number is + + align:start position:0% +um the nsen number the nsen number is + + + align:start position:0% +um the nsen number the nsen number is +the ratio between the mean free + + align:start position:0% +the ratio between the mean free + + + align:start position:0% +the ratio between the mean free +path mean PR free path is the is the is + + align:start position:0% +path mean PR free path is the is the is + + + align:start position:0% +path mean PR free path is the is the is +the the travel distance that on average + + align:start position:0% +the the travel distance that on average + + + align:start position:0% +the the travel distance that on average +particles + + align:start position:0% +particles + + + align:start position:0% +particles +uh travel for between one collision and + + align:start position:0% +uh travel for between one collision and + + + align:start position:0% +uh travel for between one collision and +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +next so that is Lambda and the + + align:start position:0% +next so that is Lambda and the + + + align:start position:0% +next so that is Lambda and the +denominator is l l is the typical size + + align:start position:0% +denominator is l l is the typical size + + + align:start position:0% +denominator is l l is the typical size +of your fluid mechanics uh so it's the + + align:start position:0% +of your fluid mechanics uh so it's the + + + align:start position:0% +of your fluid mechanics uh so it's the +length scale of your mean fluid + + align:start position:0% +length scale of your mean fluid + + + align:start position:0% +length scale of your mean fluid +mechanics + + align:start position:0% +mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics +problem could be the the boundary layer + + align:start position:0% +problem could be the the boundary layer + + + align:start position:0% +problem could be the the boundary layer +uh thickness could be uh the diameter of + + align:start position:0% +uh thickness could be uh the diameter of + + + align:start position:0% +uh thickness could be uh the diameter of +your pipe if you are in pipe + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +flow + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so not + + align:start position:0% +so not + + + align:start position:0% +so not +always the nen this nen + + align:start position:0% +always the nen this nen + + + align:start position:0% +always the nen this nen +number is + + align:start position:0% +number is + + + align:start position:0% +number is +smaller than one if smaller than much + + align:start position:0% +smaller than one if smaller than much + + + align:start position:0% +smaller than one if smaller than much +smaller than one + + align:start position:0% +smaller than one + + + align:start position:0% +smaller than one +so typically one would say if it is less + + align:start position:0% +so typically one would say if it is less + + + align:start position:0% +so typically one would say if it is less +than 1% then you can apply uh the + + align:start position:0% +than 1% then you can apply uh the + + + align:start position:0% +than 1% then you can apply uh the +Continuum hypothesis if it is + + align:start position:0% +Continuum hypothesis if it is + + + align:start position:0% +Continuum hypothesis if it is +not then you have to be careful because + + align:start position:0% +not then you have to be careful because + + + align:start position:0% +not then you have to be careful because +the results that you are obtaining may + + align:start position:0% +the results that you are obtaining may + + + align:start position:0% +the results that you are obtaining may +not correspond to the physical reality + + align:start position:0% +not correspond to the physical reality + + + align:start position:0% +not correspond to the physical reality +so you can always do that the the model + + align:start position:0% +so you can always do that the the model + + + align:start position:0% +so you can always do that the the model +but the results are not providing V + + align:start position:0% +but the results are not providing V + + + align:start position:0% +but the results are not providing V +valid descriptions of + + align:start position:0% +valid descriptions of + + + align:start position:0% +valid descriptions of +reality for example this table gives for + + align:start position:0% +reality for example this table gives for + + + align:start position:0% +reality for example this table gives for +air at sea level for dry air at 25 C1 + + align:start position:0% +air at sea level for dry air at 25 C1 + + + align:start position:0% +air at sea level for dry air at 25 C1 +atmosphere the mean free + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +path it's about uh + + align:start position:0% +path it's about uh + + + align:start position:0% +path it's about uh +67 nanometers + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this condition uh is is guaranteed + + align:start position:0% +so this condition uh is is guaranteed + + + align:start position:0% +so this condition uh is is guaranteed +when you see the green so if I have a + + align:start position:0% +when you see the green so if I have a + + + align:start position:0% +when you see the green so if I have a +device that is uh + + align:start position:0% +device that is uh + + + align:start position:0% +device that is uh +large small even pretty small like 70 + + align:start position:0% +large small even pretty small like 70 + + + align:start position:0% +large small even pretty small like 70 +microns is pretty + + align:start position:0% +microns is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +microns is pretty +small + + align:start position:0% +small + + + align:start position:0% +small +uh you still can apply fluid + + align:start position:0% +uh you still can apply fluid + + + align:start position:0% +uh you still can apply fluid +mechanics When It Go when your device + + align:start position:0% +mechanics When It Go when your device + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics When It Go when your device +gets smaller see the denominator of the + + align:start position:0% +gets smaller see the denominator of the + + + align:start position:0% +gets smaller see the denominator of the +n and number uh gets smaller so the N + + align:start position:0% +n and number uh gets smaller so the N + + + align:start position:0% +n and number uh gets smaller so the N +number becomes larger and so for small + + align:start position:0% +number becomes larger and so for small + + + align:start position:0% +number becomes larger and so for small +devices you cannot + + align:start position:0% +devices you cannot + + + align:start position:0% +devices you cannot +U we cannot uh we cannot use food + + align:start position:0% +U we cannot uh we cannot use food + + + align:start position:0% +U we cannot uh we cannot use food +mechanics or the Continuum + + align:start position:0% +mechanics or the Continuum + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics or the Continuum +assumption and uh well even for air if + + align:start position:0% +assumption and uh well even for air if + + + align:start position:0% +assumption and uh well even for air if +you go at the this + + align:start position:0% +you go at the this + + + align:start position:0% +you go at the this +position 100 kilometers altitude is + + align:start position:0% +position 100 kilometers altitude is + + + align:start position:0% +position 100 kilometers altitude is +called the kman line there the + + align:start position:0% +called the kman line there the + + + align:start position:0% +called the kman line there the +temperature is is is is minus 80 degrees + + align:start position:0% +temperature is is is is minus 80 degrees + + + align:start position:0% +temperature is is is is minus 80 degrees +C and the and the pressure is hundreds + + align:start position:0% +C and the and the pressure is hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +C and the and the pressure is hundreds +of an + + align:start position:0% +of an + + + align:start position:0% +of an +atmosphere the meanf free + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere the meanf free + + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere the meanf free +path is uh about + + align:start position:0% +path is uh about + + + align:start position:0% +path is uh about +uh what is it uh 100 times 50 times + + align:start position:0% +uh what is it uh 100 times 50 times + + + align:start position:0% +uh what is it uh 100 times 50 times +uh uh larger + + align:start position:0% +uh uh larger + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh larger +then at C + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Level so + + align:start position:0% +Level so + + + align:start position:0% +Level so +there it's the Lambda that is + + align:start position:0% +there it's the Lambda that is + + + align:start position:0% +there it's the Lambda that is +high so even for standard + + align:start position:0% +high so even for standard + + + align:start position:0% +high so even for standard +devices for + + align:start position:0% +devices for + + + align:start position:0% +devices for +example a typical problem where uh where + + align:start position:0% +example a typical problem where uh where + + + align:start position:0% +example a typical problem where uh where +the nuon number fails and you cannot + + align:start position:0% +the nuon number fails and you cannot + + + align:start position:0% +the nuon number fails and you cannot +apply for the mechanics is in the + + align:start position:0% +apply for the mechanics is in the + + + align:start position:0% +apply for the mechanics is in the +boundary uh layer of uh the uh uh space + + align:start position:0% +boundary uh layer of uh the uh uh space + + + align:start position:0% +boundary uh layer of uh the uh uh space +vehicles that have to come back to to + + align:start position:0% +vehicles that have to come back to to + + + align:start position:0% +vehicles that have to come back to to +the atmosphere in the upper layers of uh + + align:start position:0% +the atmosphere in the upper layers of uh + + + align:start position:0% +the atmosphere in the upper layers of uh +of the atmospheres the the the Lambda is + + align:start position:0% +of the atmospheres the the the Lambda is + + + align:start position:0% +of the atmospheres the the the Lambda is +so small + + align:start position:0% +so small + + + align:start position:0% +so small +that uh the nuton number is of the order + + align:start position:0% +that uh the nuton number is of the order + + + align:start position:0% +that uh the nuton number is of the order +say + + align:start position:0% +say + + + align:start position:0% +say +one uh + + align:start position:0% +one uh + + + align:start position:0% +one uh +even even for relatively uh large + + align:start position:0% +even even for relatively uh large + + + align:start position:0% +even even for relatively uh large +thicknesses and + + align:start position:0% +thicknesses and + + + align:start position:0% +thicknesses and +therefore that was in fact one of the + + align:start position:0% +therefore that was in fact one of the + + + align:start position:0% +therefore that was in fact one of the +problems when they were studying the + + align:start position:0% +problems when they were studying the + + + align:start position:0% +problems when they were studying the +re-entry problem of the the space + + align:start position:0% +re-entry problem of the the space + + + align:start position:0% +re-entry problem of the the space +shutle and not only also + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the the other vehicles that that to + + align:start position:0% +the the other vehicles that that to + + + align:start position:0% +the the other vehicles that that to +reenter through the + + align:start position:0% +reenter through the + + + align:start position:0% +reenter through the +atmosphere + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere + + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere +okay so remember that um + + align:start position:0% +okay so remember that um + + + align:start position:0% +okay so remember that um +what we are + + align:start position:0% +what we are + + + align:start position:0% +what we are +doing uh refers to a Continuum so there + + align:start position:0% +doing uh refers to a Continuum so there + + + align:start position:0% +doing uh refers to a Continuum so there +are limitations to + + align:start position:0% +are limitations to + + + align:start position:0% +are limitations to +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +uh at the end one of the final lectures + + align:start position:0% +uh at the end one of the final lectures + + + align:start position:0% +uh at the end one of the final lectures +we mention what we need to do uh when + + align:start position:0% +we mention what we need to do uh when + + + align:start position:0% +we mention what we need to do uh when +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fails okay + + align:start position:0% +fails okay + + + align:start position:0% +fails okay +now we are in the part that we have to + + align:start position:0% +now we are in the part that we have to + + + align:start position:0% +now we are in the part that we have to +in order to assemble the energy balance + + align:start position:0% +in order to assemble the energy balance + + + align:start position:0% +in order to assemble the energy balance +entropy balance constituents balance we + + align:start position:0% +entropy balance constituents balance we + + + align:start position:0% +entropy balance constituents balance we +need to use a Gibs relation uh to + + align:start position:0% +need to use a Gibs relation uh to + + + align:start position:0% +need to use a Gibs relation uh to +combine + + align:start position:0% +combine + + + align:start position:0% +combine +them which which is an assumption of + + align:start position:0% +them which which is an assumption of + + + align:start position:0% +them which which is an assumption of +local equilibrium which goes together + + align:start position:0% +local equilibrium which goes together + + + align:start position:0% +local equilibrium which goes together +with the Continuum uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +assumption so remember you you have the + + align:start position:0% +assumption so remember you you have the + + + align:start position:0% +assumption so remember you you have the +Gibs + + align:start position:0% +Gibs + + + align:start position:0% +Gibs +relation with we are talking about large + + align:start position:0% +relation with we are talking about large + + + align:start position:0% +relation with we are talking about large +uh number of particles so we assume the + + align:start position:0% +uh number of particles so we assume the + + + align:start position:0% +uh number of particles so we assume the +oiler relation and also the GS and so + + align:start position:0% +oiler relation and also the GS and so + + + align:start position:0% +oiler relation and also the GS and so +from the two we get the GS do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +relation okay now here there are a + + align:start position:0% +relation okay now here there are a + + + align:start position:0% +relation okay now here there are a +couple of um okay so that that is the + + align:start position:0% +couple of um okay so that that is the + + + align:start position:0% +couple of um okay so that that is the +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +basics then of course you we + + align:start position:0% +basics then of course you we + + + align:start position:0% +basics then of course you we +need to remember what the definitions + + align:start position:0% +need to remember what the definitions + + + align:start position:0% +need to remember what the definitions +are chemical potentials + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um we've seen it so many times the + + align:start position:0% +um we've seen it so many times the + + + align:start position:0% +um we've seen it so many times the +differential of the chemical + + align:start position:0% +differential of the chemical + + + align:start position:0% +differential of the chemical +potential if you remember uh when we + + align:start position:0% +potential if you remember uh when we + + + align:start position:0% +potential if you remember uh when we +started doing mixtures we wrote this + + align:start position:0% +started doing mixtures we wrote this + + + align:start position:0% +started doing mixtures we wrote this +expression + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here a new way uh that is used often is + + align:start position:0% +here a new way uh that is used often is + + + align:start position:0% +here a new way uh that is used often is +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +one U you collect the part of the + + align:start position:0% +one U you collect the part of the + + + align:start position:0% +one U you collect the part of the +differential that is not related to + + align:start position:0% +differential that is not related to + + + align:start position:0% +differential that is not related to +changes + + align:start position:0% +changes + + + align:start position:0% +changes +temperature and instead of writing it um + + align:start position:0% +temperature and instead of writing it um + + + align:start position:0% +temperature and instead of writing it um +all the times explicitly you write it + + align:start position:0% +all the times explicitly you write it + + + align:start position:0% +all the times explicitly you write it +as the differential of the part of the + + align:start position:0% +as the differential of the part of the + + + align:start position:0% +as the differential of the part of the +differential of new that you would that + + align:start position:0% +differential of new that you would that + + + align:start position:0% +differential of new that you would that +would survive if you keep the + + align:start position:0% +would survive if you keep the + + + align:start position:0% +would survive if you keep the +temperature constant with this symbol + + align:start position:0% +temperature constant with this symbol + + + align:start position:0% +temperature constant with this symbol +here so uh it Chang the chemical + + align:start position:0% +here so uh it Chang the chemical + + + align:start position:0% +here so uh it Chang the chemical +potential by changing the + + align:start position:0% +potential by changing the + + + align:start position:0% +potential by changing the +temperature and uh so the specific I'm + + align:start position:0% +temperature and uh so the specific I'm + + + align:start position:0% +temperature and uh so the specific I'm +sorry the the the partial entropy + + align:start position:0% +sorry the the the partial entropy + + + align:start position:0% +sorry the the the partial entropy +appears + + align:start position:0% +appears + + + align:start position:0% +appears +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +or and you call the rest + + align:start position:0% +or and you call the rest + + + align:start position:0% +or and you call the rest +is which relates to changing pressure + + align:start position:0% +is which relates to changing pressure + + + align:start position:0% +is which relates to changing pressure +and composition + + align:start position:0% +and composition + + + align:start position:0% +and composition +you you put it together in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +then another item that we do because we + + align:start position:0% +then another item that we do because we + + + align:start position:0% +then another item that we do because we +are making balances for example of + + align:start position:0% +are making balances for example of + + + align:start position:0% +are making balances for example of +energy not of internal energy yes you + + align:start position:0% +energy not of internal energy yes you + + + align:start position:0% +energy not of internal energy yes you +could also make a balance over internal + + align:start position:0% +could also make a balance over internal + + + align:start position:0% +could also make a balance over internal +energy but uh usually the meaningful one + + align:start position:0% +energy but uh usually the meaningful one + + + align:start position:0% +energy but uh usually the meaningful one +is the energy balance and so in the + + align:start position:0% +is the energy balance and so in the + + + align:start position:0% +is the energy balance and so in the +energy + + align:start position:0% +energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy +balance we typically use this um uh + + align:start position:0% +balance we typically use this um uh + + + align:start position:0% +balance we typically use this um uh +bulkow bulk flow like uh expression of + + align:start position:0% +bulkow bulk flow like uh expression of + + + align:start position:0% +bulkow bulk flow like uh expression of +the energy in which we recognize an + + align:start position:0% +the energy in which we recognize an + + + align:start position:0% +the energy in which we recognize an +internal energy and then some + + align:start position:0% +internal energy and then some + + + align:start position:0% +internal energy and then some +mechanical addenda that uh + + align:start position:0% +mechanical addenda that uh + + + align:start position:0% +mechanical addenda that uh +bringing the kinetic energy uh the the + + align:start position:0% +bringing the kinetic energy uh the the + + + align:start position:0% +bringing the kinetic energy uh the the +gravitational potential energy the + + align:start position:0% +gravitational potential energy the + + + align:start position:0% +gravitational potential energy the +electrostatic uh um potential energy and + + align:start position:0% +electrostatic uh um potential energy and + + + align:start position:0% +electrostatic uh um potential energy and +U the even the centrifugal potential + + align:start position:0% +U the even the centrifugal potential + + + align:start position:0% +U the even the centrifugal potential +energy with the negative sign that we + + align:start position:0% +energy with the negative sign that we + + + align:start position:0% +energy with the negative sign that we +have seen when we did the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stratification okay and you remember + + align:start position:0% +stratification okay and you remember + + + align:start position:0% +stratification okay and you remember +that therefore the chemical + + align:start position:0% +that therefore the chemical + + + align:start position:0% +that therefore the chemical +potential gets + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in it's only a part of the expression of + + align:start position:0% +in it's only a part of the expression of + + + align:start position:0% +in it's only a part of the expression of +the partial of the energy with respect + + align:start position:0% +the partial of the energy with respect + + + align:start position:0% +the partial of the energy with respect +to the amounts which we have called the + + align:start position:0% +to the amounts which we have called the + + + align:start position:0% +to the amounts which we have called the +total potential and there are these + + align:start position:0% +total potential and there are these + + + align:start position:0% +total potential and there are these +other contributions that need to be uh + + align:start position:0% +other contributions that need to be uh + + + align:start position:0% +other contributions that need to be uh +taken care + + align:start position:0% +taken care + + + align:start position:0% +taken care +of uh there is some there is some + + align:start position:0% +of uh there is some there is some + + + align:start position:0% +of uh there is some there is some +fishy uh this + + align:start position:0% +fishy uh this + + + align:start position:0% +fishy uh this +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +DQ + + align:start position:0% +DQ + + + align:start position:0% +DQ +um this DQ shouldn't be here + + align:start position:0% +um this DQ shouldn't be here + + + align:start position:0% +um this DQ shouldn't be here +yeah it's from from cut and paste from + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's from from cut and paste from + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's from from cut and paste from +this expression where I take this one I + + align:start position:0% +this expression where I take this one I + + + align:start position:0% +this expression where I take this one I +take the differential + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then you take the total potential is the + + align:start position:0% +then you take the total potential is the + + + align:start position:0% +then you take the total potential is the +partial of the energy while you keep + + align:start position:0% +partial of the energy while you keep + + + align:start position:0% +partial of the energy while you keep +fixed the entropy the volume the other + + align:start position:0% +fixed the entropy the volume the other + + + align:start position:0% +fixed the entropy the volume the other +amounts and then you have to keep fixed + + align:start position:0% +amounts and then you have to keep fixed + + + align:start position:0% +amounts and then you have to keep fixed +uh for example the ventric velocity the + + align:start position:0% +uh for example the ventric velocity the + + + align:start position:0% +uh for example the ventric velocity the +height in the potential uh the value of + + align:start position:0% +height in the potential uh the value of + + + align:start position:0% +height in the potential uh the value of +the gravitational I'm sorry of the + + align:start position:0% +the gravitational I'm sorry of the + + + align:start position:0% +the gravitational I'm sorry of the +electrostatic field uh the angular + + align:start position:0% +electrostatic field uh the angular + + + align:start position:0% +electrostatic field uh the angular +Mo speed and the location uh so you you + + align:start position:0% +Mo speed and the location uh so you you + + + align:start position:0% +Mo speed and the location uh so you you +keep all this fix and and and change + + align:start position:0% +keep all this fix and and and change + + + align:start position:0% +keep all this fix and and and change +only the amount of that particular + + align:start position:0% +only the amount of that particular + + + align:start position:0% +only the amount of that particular +constituent in order to get the total + + align:start position:0% +constituent in order to get the total + + + align:start position:0% +constituent in order to get the total +potential + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and these last lines are just a summary + + align:start position:0% +and these last lines are just a summary + + + align:start position:0% +and these last lines are just a summary +of uh the fact that you can write + + align:start position:0% +of uh the fact that you can write + + + align:start position:0% +of uh the fact that you can write +properties specific properties per mole + + align:start position:0% +properties specific properties per mole + + + align:start position:0% +properties specific properties per mole +per unit Mass with the star or per unit + + align:start position:0% +per unit Mass with the star or per unit + + + align:start position:0% +per unit Mass with the star or per unit +volume okay for unit volume you could + + align:start position:0% +volume okay for unit volume you could + + + align:start position:0% +volume okay for unit volume you could +write it as row U star or also c times + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +U so this is sort of uh summary of + + align:start position:0% +U so this is sort of uh summary of + + + align:start position:0% +U so this is sort of uh summary of +what's + + align:start position:0% +what's + + + align:start position:0% +what's +needed so we have worked so far + + align:start position:0% +needed so we have worked so far + + + align:start position:0% +needed so we have worked so far +using molar specific + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +properties and the Gibbs DM relation has + + align:start position:0% +properties and the Gibbs DM relation has + + + align:start position:0% +properties and the Gibbs DM relation has +been always written this + + align:start position:0% +been always written this + + + align:start position:0% +been always written this +way and with this new notation of + + align:start position:0% +way and with this new notation of + + + align:start position:0% +way and with this new notation of +the differential of the chemical + + align:start position:0% +the differential of the chemical + + + align:start position:0% +the differential of the chemical +potential at fixed uh + + align:start position:0% +potential at fixed uh + + + align:start position:0% +potential at fixed uh +temperature uh it takes this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +form and uh since that + + align:start position:0% +form and uh since that + + + align:start position:0% +form and uh since that +differential means any changes of the + + align:start position:0% +differential means any changes of the + + + align:start position:0% +differential means any changes of the +property if you change only in the + + align:start position:0% +property if you change only in the + + + align:start position:0% +property if you change only in the +property by moving in space at a given + + align:start position:0% +property by moving in space at a given + + + align:start position:0% +property by moving in space at a given +instant of time that + + align:start position:0% +instant of time that + + + align:start position:0% +instant of time that +becomes uh you can substitute + + align:start position:0% +becomes uh you can substitute + + + align:start position:0% +becomes uh you can substitute +essentially the D with the nabla with + + align:start position:0% +essentially the D with the nabla with + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the D with the nabla with +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +gradient so so you have an expression + + align:start position:0% +gradient so so you have an expression + + + align:start position:0% +gradient so so you have an expression +here that uh comes from the Gibs D and + + align:start position:0% +here that uh comes from the Gibs D and + + + align:start position:0% +here that uh comes from the Gibs D and +gives you the gradient in pressure and + + align:start position:0% +gives you the gradient in pressure and + + + align:start position:0% +gives you the gradient in pressure and +how it is related to the gradients in uh + + align:start position:0% +how it is related to the gradients in uh + + + align:start position:0% +how it is related to the gradients in uh +the chemical + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +potentials so they're not + + align:start position:0% +potentials so they're not + + + align:start position:0% +potentials so they're not +independent is just is another phase of + + align:start position:0% +independent is just is another phase of + + + align:start position:0% +independent is just is another phase of +the Gibs phase + + align:start position:0% +the Gibs phase + + + align:start position:0% +the Gibs phase +rule you may also write it in terms of + + align:start position:0% +rule you may also write it in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +rule you may also write it in terms of +mass specific specific properties and + + align:start position:0% +mass specific specific properties and + + + align:start position:0% +mass specific specific properties and +I'm not staying too much on this you can + + align:start position:0% +I'm not staying too much on this you can + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not staying too much on this you can +just but I'm staying more on this other + + align:start position:0% +just but I'm staying more on this other + + + align:start position:0% +just but I'm staying more on this other +one uh volume specific + + align:start position:0% +one uh volume specific + + + align:start position:0% +one uh volume specific +properties because if I write the GBS + + align:start position:0% +properties because if I write the GBS + + + align:start position:0% +properties because if I write the GBS +relation the oil relation and the Gibs + + align:start position:0% +relation the oil relation and the Gibs + + + align:start position:0% +relation the oil relation and the Gibs +relation in terms of uh these volume + + align:start position:0% +relation in terms of uh these volume + + + align:start position:0% +relation in terms of uh these volume +specific + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +properties what I already said uh is + + align:start position:0% +properties what I already said uh is + + + align:start position:0% +properties what I already said uh is +that uh you can + + align:start position:0% +that uh you can + + + align:start position:0% +that uh you can +show that the + + align:start position:0% +show that the + + + align:start position:0% +show that the +pressure disappears from the uh gives a + + align:start position:0% +pressure disappears from the uh gives a + + + align:start position:0% +pressure disappears from the uh gives a +relation not that you get rid of it + + align:start position:0% +relation not that you get rid of it + + + align:start position:0% +relation not that you get rid of it +but in terms of these volume specific + + align:start position:0% +but in terms of these volume specific + + + align:start position:0% +but in terms of these volume specific +properties you decouple the the the Gibs + + align:start position:0% +properties you decouple the the the Gibs + + + align:start position:0% +properties you decouple the the the Gibs +relation from the Gibs Doom relation and + + align:start position:0% +relation from the Gibs Doom relation and + + + align:start position:0% +relation from the Gibs Doom relation and +you can so um forget about pressure and + + align:start position:0% +you can so um forget about pressure and + + + align:start position:0% +you can so um forget about pressure and +then when when you need it you can use + + align:start position:0% +then when when you need it you can use + + + align:start position:0% +then when when you need it you can use +the Gibs do and relation as a as + + align:start position:0% +the Gibs do and relation as a as + + + align:start position:0% +the Gibs do and relation as a as +a as an additional + + align:start position:0% +a as an additional + + + align:start position:0% +a as an additional +independent equation that gives you uh + + align:start position:0% +independent equation that gives you uh + + + align:start position:0% +independent equation that gives you uh +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +pressure so the gradient in pressure is + + align:start position:0% +pressure so the gradient in pressure is + + + align:start position:0% +pressure so the gradient in pressure is +the weighted sum of the gradients in the + + align:start position:0% +the weighted sum of the gradients in the + + + align:start position:0% +the weighted sum of the gradients in the +chemical potentials the the the constant + + align:start position:0% +chemical potentials the the the constant + + + align:start position:0% +chemical potentials the the the constant +temperature + + align:start position:0% +temperature + + + align:start position:0% +temperature +part uh weighted on the concentrations + + align:start position:0% +part uh weighted on the concentrations + + + align:start position:0% +part uh weighted on the concentrations +of the various things + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this gives uh + + align:start position:0% +so this gives uh + + + align:start position:0% +so this gives uh +relation you can it you can write it + + align:start position:0% +relation you can it you can write it + + + align:start position:0% +relation you can it you can write it +this time we are interested in the + + align:start position:0% +this time we are interested in the + + + align:start position:0% +this time we are interested in the +change with respect to the time uh + + align:start position:0% +change with respect to the time uh + + + align:start position:0% +change with respect to the time uh +variable while uh keeping sort of the + + align:start position:0% +variable while uh keeping sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +variable while uh keeping sort of the +position variables of these fields + + align:start position:0% +position variables of these fields + + + align:start position:0% +position variables of these fields +constant so you say you may substitute + + align:start position:0% +constant so you say you may substitute + + + align:start position:0% +constant so you say you may substitute +the D with the partial with respect to T + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that gives relation becomes this + + align:start position:0% +so that gives relation becomes this + + + align:start position:0% +so that gives relation becomes this +one or gives this relation between the + + align:start position:0% +one or gives this relation between the + + + align:start position:0% +one or gives this relation between the +partial properties and as you notice + + align:start position:0% +partial properties and as you notice + + + align:start position:0% +partial properties and as you notice +these are the left hand + + align:start position:0% +these are the left hand + + + align:start position:0% +these are the left hand +sides of the balance equations this is + + align:start position:0% +sides of the balance equations this is + + + align:start position:0% +sides of the balance equations this is +the left hand side of the energy balance + + align:start position:0% +the left hand side of the energy balance + + + align:start position:0% +the left hand side of the energy balance +left hand side of the entropy balance + + align:start position:0% +left hand side of the entropy balance + + + align:start position:0% +left hand side of the entropy balance +left hand side of the uh constituent + + align:start position:0% +left hand side of the uh constituent + + + align:start position:0% +left hand side of the uh constituent +balance + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +now we need to + + align:start position:0% +now we need to + + + align:start position:0% +now we need to +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +generalize the idea of heat interaction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh and we do it um in a way similar to + + align:start position:0% +uh and we do it um in a way similar to + + + align:start position:0% +uh and we do it um in a way similar to +the way we have done the heat + + align:start position:0% +the way we have done the heat + + + align:start position:0% +the way we have done the heat +interaction so uh simply here it's a um + + align:start position:0% +interaction so uh simply here it's a um + + + align:start position:0% +interaction so uh simply here it's a um +drawn in different + + align:start position:0% +drawn in different + + + align:start position:0% +drawn in different +way remember we took uh two systems that + + align:start position:0% +way remember we took uh two systems that + + + align:start position:0% +way remember we took uh two systems that +uh are a different + + align:start position:0% +uh are a different + + + align:start position:0% +uh are a different +temperature and we allow them to + + align:start position:0% +temperature and we allow them to + + + align:start position:0% +temperature and we allow them to +exchange energy and entropy and then we + + align:start position:0% +exchange energy and entropy and then we + + + align:start position:0% +exchange energy and entropy and then we +run a test um can we ident + + align:start position:0% +run a test um can we ident + + + align:start position:0% +run a test um can we ident +identify part of U that energy that is + + align:start position:0% +identify part of U that energy that is + + + align:start position:0% +identify part of U that energy that is +transferred between the + + align:start position:0% +transferred between the + + + align:start position:0% +transferred between the +two uh as work if yes we don't call it a + + align:start position:0% +two uh as work if yes we don't call it a + + + align:start position:0% +two uh as work if yes we don't call it a +heat if no yes that's the condition for + + align:start position:0% +heat if no yes that's the condition for + + + align:start position:0% +heat if no yes that's the condition for +a heat + + align:start position:0% +a heat + + + align:start position:0% +a heat +interaction so in order to analyze this + + align:start position:0% +interaction so in order to analyze this + + + align:start position:0% +interaction so in order to analyze this +problem you run an energy balance an + + align:start position:0% +problem you run an energy balance an + + + align:start position:0% +problem you run an energy balance an +entropy balance for system a same for + + align:start position:0% +entropy balance for system a same for + + + align:start position:0% +entropy balance for system a same for +system B same for the uh + + align:start position:0% +system B same for the uh + + + align:start position:0% +system B same for the uh +Machinery + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here we use the Gibs relation for system + + align:start position:0% +here we use the Gibs relation for system + + + align:start position:0% +here we use the Gibs relation for system +a we use the Gibs relation for system + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +B and out comes that the work the + + align:start position:0% +B and out comes that the work the + + + align:start position:0% +B and out comes that the work the +maximum work so we set the entropy + + align:start position:0% +maximum work so we set the entropy + + + align:start position:0% +maximum work so we set the entropy +generation equal to zero the maximum + + align:start position:0% +generation equal to zero the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +generation equal to zero the maximum +work you can get is given by the uh the + + align:start position:0% +work you can get is given by the uh the + + + align:start position:0% +work you can get is given by the uh the +Carno coeff + + align:start position:0% +Carno coeff + + + align:start position:0% +Carno coeff +multiplying the energy that is being + + align:start position:0% +multiplying the energy that is being + + + align:start position:0% +multiplying the energy that is being +transferred and so that says that yes a + + align:start position:0% +transferred and so that says that yes a + + + align:start position:0% +transferred and so that says that yes a +a good fraction of that energy can be + + align:start position:0% +a good fraction of that energy can be + + + align:start position:0% +a good fraction of that energy can be +recognized as work unless the Carno + + align:start position:0% +recognized as work unless the Carno + + + align:start position:0% +recognized as work unless the Carno +coefficient is equal to zero and that is + + align:start position:0% +coefficient is equal to zero and that is + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient is equal to zero and that is +why we Define heat only when the two + + align:start position:0% +why we Define heat only when the two + + + align:start position:0% +why we Define heat only when the two +temperatures ta and TB are uh their + + align:start position:0% +temperatures ta and TB are uh their + + + align:start position:0% +temperatures ta and TB are uh their +difference vanishes so they're + + align:start position:0% +difference vanishes so they're + + + align:start position:0% +difference vanishes so they're +approaching each other + + align:start position:0% +approaching each other + + + align:start position:0% +approaching each other +and also in addition to this + + align:start position:0% +and also in addition to this + + + align:start position:0% +and also in addition to this +result you remember + + align:start position:0% +result you remember + + + align:start position:0% +result you remember +that in a set of inequalities that says + + align:start position:0% +that in a set of inequalities that says + + + align:start position:0% +that in a set of inequalities that says +that the entropy + + align:start position:0% +that the entropy + + + align:start position:0% +that the entropy +exchanged is bound as an upper bound and + + align:start position:0% +exchanged is bound as an upper bound and + + + align:start position:0% +exchanged is bound as an upper bound and +a lower bound related to the initial + + align:start position:0% +a lower bound related to the initial + + + align:start position:0% +a lower bound related to the initial +temperatures of the two objects and only + + align:start position:0% +temperatures of the two objects and only + + + align:start position:0% +temperatures of the two objects and only +in the limit in which the two + + align:start position:0% +in the limit in which the two + + + align:start position:0% +in the limit in which the two +temperatures are equal to one another + + align:start position:0% +temperatures are equal to one another + + + align:start position:0% +temperatures are equal to one another +that uh range of value + + align:start position:0% +that uh range of value + + + align:start position:0% +that uh range of value +results in a in single definite relation + + align:start position:0% +results in a in single definite relation + + + align:start position:0% +results in a in single definite relation +between the entropy transferred and the + + align:start position:0% +between the entropy transferred and the + + + align:start position:0% +between the entropy transferred and the +energy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transfer which is this + + align:start position:0% +transfer which is this + + + align:start position:0% +transfer which is this +relation + + align:start position:0% +relation + + + align:start position:0% +relation +Q or Delta Q because then we call that + + align:start position:0% +Q or Delta Q because then we call that + + + align:start position:0% +Q or Delta Q because then we call that +heat uh is equal to T times the entropy + + align:start position:0% +heat uh is equal to T times the entropy + + + align:start position:0% +heat uh is equal to T times the entropy +exchanged + + align:start position:0% +exchanged + + + align:start position:0% +exchanged +now if + + align:start position:0% +now if + + + align:start position:0% +now if +we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +divide uh by the + + align:start position:0% +divide uh by the + + + align:start position:0% +divide uh by the +area of contact between the two uh + + align:start position:0% +area of contact between the two uh + + + align:start position:0% +area of contact between the two uh +objects so a here represents the area + + align:start position:0% +objects so a here represents the area + + + align:start position:0% +objects so a here represents the area +not system a and DT is uh the unit the + + align:start position:0% +not system a and DT is uh the unit the + + + align:start position:0% +not system a and DT is uh the unit the +amount of time that the interaction + + align:start position:0% +amount of time that the interaction + + + align:start position:0% +amount of time that the interaction +occurred you obtain the flux so you may + + align:start position:0% +occurred you obtain the flux so you may + + + align:start position:0% +occurred you obtain the flux so you may +rewrite this expression as saying that + + align:start position:0% +rewrite this expression as saying that + + + align:start position:0% +rewrite this expression as saying that +for a heat + + align:start position:0% +for a heat + + + align:start position:0% +for a heat +interaction the energy flux and the + + align:start position:0% +interaction the energy flux and the + + + align:start position:0% +interaction the energy flux and the +entropy flux are related by the + + align:start position:0% +entropy flux are related by the + + + align:start position:0% +entropy flux are related by the +temperature which + + align:start position:0% +temperature which + + + align:start position:0% +temperature which +is uh which is this this expression + + align:start position:0% +is uh which is this this expression + + + align:start position:0% +is uh which is this this expression +here and actually for this particular + + align:start position:0% +here and actually for this particular + + + align:start position:0% +here and actually for this particular +one we could even write Q + + align:start position:0% +one we could even write Q + + + align:start position:0% +one we could even write Q +Prime the symbol Q Prime for + + align:start position:0% +Prime the symbol Q Prime for + + + align:start position:0% +Prime the symbol Q Prime for +heat okay now I do the + + align:start position:0% +heat okay now I do the + + + align:start position:0% +heat okay now I do the +same but with with the new um U fact + + align:start position:0% +same but with with the new um U fact + + + align:start position:0% +same but with with the new um U fact +that the two + + align:start position:0% +that the two + + + align:start position:0% +that the two +systems the two think of them them as as + + align:start position:0% +systems the two think of them them as as + + + align:start position:0% +systems the two think of them them as as +the adjacent fluid elements that uh for + + align:start position:0% +the adjacent fluid elements that uh for + + + align:start position:0% +the adjacent fluid elements that uh for +which we're making balance so so but in + + align:start position:0% +which we're making balance so so but in + + + align:start position:0% +which we're making balance so so but in +general these two systems exchange not + + align:start position:0% +general these two systems exchange not + + + align:start position:0% +general these two systems exchange not +only energy and entropy but + + align:start position:0% +only energy and entropy but + + + align:start position:0% +only energy and entropy but +also a given amount of each of the + + align:start position:0% +also a given amount of each of the + + + align:start position:0% +also a given amount of each of the +constituents + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +procedure is the same you you have to + + align:start position:0% +procedure is the same you you have to + + + align:start position:0% +procedure is the same you you have to +write energy and entropy balances for + + align:start position:0% +write energy and entropy balances for + + + align:start position:0% +write energy and entropy balances for +system a for system B and for the uh + + align:start position:0% +system a for system B and for the uh + + + align:start position:0% +system a for system B and for the uh +Machinery + + align:start position:0% +Machinery + + + align:start position:0% +Machinery +here and you need to use the Gibs + + align:start position:0% +here and you need to use the Gibs + + + align:start position:0% +here and you need to use the Gibs +relation for system a and the Gibs + + align:start position:0% +relation for system a and the Gibs + + + align:start position:0% +relation for system a and the Gibs +relation for system B + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's a bit improper how I'm doing it + + align:start position:0% +it's a bit improper how I'm doing it + + + align:start position:0% +it's a bit improper how I'm doing it +here because the + + align:start position:0% +here because the + + + align:start position:0% +here because the +pressure uh there should be a pressure + + align:start position:0% +pressure uh there should be a pressure + + + align:start position:0% +pressure uh there should be a pressure +term there if we are not uh using + + align:start position:0% +term there if we are not uh using + + + align:start position:0% +term there if we are not uh using +um properties per unit volume but anyway + + align:start position:0% +um properties per unit volume but anyway + + + align:start position:0% +um properties per unit volume but anyway +uh the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +idea is uh is still okay and then as a + + align:start position:0% +idea is uh is still okay and then as a + + + align:start position:0% +idea is uh is still okay and then as a +result of this balance equations you get + + align:start position:0% +result of this balance equations you get + + + align:start position:0% +result of this balance equations you get +uh this + + align:start position:0% +uh this + + + align:start position:0% +uh this +expression so the question is always the + + align:start position:0% +expression so the question is always the + + + align:start position:0% +expression so the question is always the +same can we recognize as part of uh the + + align:start position:0% +same can we recognize as part of uh the + + + align:start position:0% +same can we recognize as part of uh the +energy that is being exchanged here part + + align:start position:0% +energy that is being exchanged here part + + + align:start position:0% +energy that is being exchanged here part +of work well now we have two ways in + + align:start position:0% +of work well now we have two ways in + + + align:start position:0% +of work well now we have two ways in +which it we + + align:start position:0% +which it we + + + align:start position:0% +which it we +could if the carau coefficient is + + align:start position:0% +could if the carau coefficient is + + + align:start position:0% +could if the carau coefficient is +different than zero then good fraction + + align:start position:0% +different than zero then good fraction + + + align:start position:0% +different than zero then good fraction +yes could be work but also + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if this other + + align:start position:0% +if this other + + + align:start position:0% +if this other +coefficient uh don't know what the name + + align:start position:0% +coefficient uh don't know what the name + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient uh don't know what the name +is but if it is different than + + align:start position:0% +is but if it is different than + + + align:start position:0% +is but if it is different than +zero + + align:start position:0% +zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero +then even the temp if the temperatures + + align:start position:0% +then even the temp if the temperatures + + + align:start position:0% +then even the temp if the temperatures +are equal uh you you could have some + + align:start position:0% +are equal uh you you could have some + + + align:start position:0% +are equal uh you you could have some +work so in order to + + align:start position:0% +work so in order to + + + align:start position:0% +work so in order to +have uh to extend the idea of heat + + align:start position:0% +have uh to extend the idea of heat + + + align:start position:0% +have uh to extend the idea of heat +interaction and we are going to call + + align:start position:0% +interaction and we are going to call + + + align:start position:0% +interaction and we are going to call +this new interaction heat and diffusion + + align:start position:0% +this new interaction heat and diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +this new interaction heat and diffusion +inter ction with with the the ENT that + + align:start position:0% +inter ction with with the the ENT that + + + align:start position:0% +inter ction with with the the ENT that +joins them for for lack of better names + + align:start position:0% +joins them for for lack of better names + + + align:start position:0% +joins them for for lack of better names +we call it heat and + + align:start position:0% +we call it heat and + + + align:start position:0% +we call it heat and +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +diffusion you + + align:start position:0% +diffusion you + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion you +need uh the limit that the temperatures + + align:start position:0% +need uh the limit that the temperatures + + + align:start position:0% +need uh the limit that the temperatures +be equal but also the chemical + + align:start position:0% +be equal but also the chemical + + + align:start position:0% +be equal but also the chemical +potentials of each of the constituents + + align:start position:0% +potentials of each of the constituents + + + align:start position:0% +potentials of each of the constituents +of two uh interacting systems be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equal and of course by the same uh + + align:start position:0% +equal and of course by the same uh + + + align:start position:0% +equal and of course by the same uh +way that we prove that uh inequality you + + align:start position:0% +way that we prove that uh inequality you + + + align:start position:0% +way that we prove that uh inequality you +could prove this inequality here that + + align:start position:0% +could prove this inequality here that + + + align:start position:0% +could prove this inequality here that +the entropy exchanged is G uh limited by + + align:start position:0% +the entropy exchanged is G uh limited by + + + align:start position:0% +the entropy exchanged is G uh limited by +two an upper bound and a lower + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bound which in that uh + + align:start position:0% +bound which in that uh + + + align:start position:0% +bound which in that uh +limit become the same value and in that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +limit so for a heat and diffusion + + align:start position:0% +limit so for a heat and diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +limit so for a heat and diffusion +interaction you have a definite relation + + align:start position:0% +interaction you have a definite relation + + + align:start position:0% +interaction you have a definite relation +between the energy that is transferred + + align:start position:0% +between the energy that is transferred + + + align:start position:0% +between the energy that is transferred +the entropy that is transferred and the + + align:start position:0% +the entropy that is transferred and the + + + align:start position:0% +the entropy that is transferred and the +amounts of constituents that are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transfer and if you divide by DT and the + + align:start position:0% +transfer and if you divide by DT and the + + + align:start position:0% +transfer and if you divide by DT and the +area the various transfers you get the + + align:start position:0% +area the various transfers you get the + + + align:start position:0% +area the various transfers you get the +fluxes a transfer per unit area per unit + + align:start position:0% +fluxes a transfer per unit area per unit + + + align:start position:0% +fluxes a transfer per unit area per unit +time and so this is the + + align:start position:0% +time and so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +time and so this is the +relation that characterizes it's the + + align:start position:0% +relation that characterizes it's the + + + align:start position:0% +relation that characterizes it's the +equivalent of of Q over t + + align:start position:0% +equivalent of of Q over t + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent of of Q over t +uh but you see here that it's a it + + align:start position:0% +uh but you see here that it's a it + + + align:start position:0% +uh but you see here that it's a it +contains also this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +part so this is a very important uh + + align:start position:0% +part so this is a very important uh + + + align:start position:0% +part so this is a very important uh +uh new independent uh equation that we + + align:start position:0% +uh new independent uh equation that we + + + align:start position:0% +uh new independent uh equation that we +need in order to uh like we needed the Q + + align:start position:0% +need in order to uh like we needed the Q + + + align:start position:0% +need in order to uh like we needed the Q +overt in order to combine the energy and + + align:start position:0% +overt in order to combine the energy and + + + align:start position:0% +overt in order to combine the energy and +entropy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +balances here here it is so we start + + align:start position:0% +balances here here it is so we start + + + align:start position:0% +balances here here it is so we start +from + + align:start position:0% +from + + + align:start position:0% +from +that the question now + + align:start position:0% +that the question now + + + align:start position:0% +that the question now +is I say something fishy with this slide + + align:start position:0% +is I say something fishy with this slide + + + align:start position:0% +is I say something fishy with this slide +but in any + + align:start position:0% +but in any + + + align:start position:0% +but in any +case the question is + + align:start position:0% +case the question is + + + align:start position:0% +case the question is +um I'm + + align:start position:0% +um I'm + + + align:start position:0% +um I'm +sorry the question is + + align:start position:0% +sorry the question is + + + align:start position:0% +sorry the question is +can we still + + align:start position:0% +can we still + + + align:start position:0% +can we still +call heat the energy that is transferred + + align:start position:0% +call heat the energy that is transferred + + + align:start position:0% +call heat the energy that is transferred +in a heat and diffusion interaction the + + align:start position:0% +in a heat and diffusion interaction the + + + align:start position:0% +in a heat and diffusion interaction the +answer is no only part of the energy + + align:start position:0% +answer is no only part of the energy + + + align:start position:0% +answer is no only part of the energy +transferred can be called + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +heat now how do we identify + + align:start position:0% +heat now how do we identify + + + align:start position:0% +heat now how do we identify +that okay remember okay this we start + + align:start position:0% +that okay remember okay this we start + + + align:start position:0% +that okay remember okay this we start +from this relation between the flues + + align:start position:0% +from this relation between the flues + + + align:start position:0% +from this relation between the flues +that characterizes the Heat and + + align:start position:0% +that characterizes the Heat and + + + align:start position:0% +that characterizes the Heat and +diffusion + + align:start position:0% +diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion +interaction the chemical potential + + align:start position:0% +interaction the chemical potential + + + align:start position:0% +interaction the chemical potential +appears in it remember that the chemical + + align:start position:0% +appears in it remember that the chemical + + + align:start position:0% +appears in it remember that the chemical +potential can always be + + align:start position:0% +potential can always be + + + align:start position:0% +potential can always be +written as the + + align:start position:0% +written as the + + + align:start position:0% +written as the +partial enthalpy minus t times the + + align:start position:0% +partial enthalpy minus t times the + + + align:start position:0% +partial enthalpy minus t times the +partial + + align:start position:0% +partial + + + align:start position:0% +partial +entropy for each of the constituents + + align:start position:0% +entropy for each of the constituents + + + align:start position:0% +entropy for each of the constituents +this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +General so substitute + + align:start position:0% +General so substitute + + + align:start position:0% +General so substitute +that and then take on the left hand side + + align:start position:0% +that and then take on the left hand side + + + align:start position:0% +that and then take on the left hand side +the stuff that is not multiplied by T + + align:start position:0% +the stuff that is not multiplied by T + + + align:start position:0% +the stuff that is not multiplied by T +and on the right hand side the stuff + + align:start position:0% +and on the right hand side the stuff + + + align:start position:0% +and on the right hand side the stuff +that is multiplied by + + align:start position:0% +that is multiplied by + + + align:start position:0% +that is multiplied by +T so now you have found some a part of + + align:start position:0% +T so now you have found some a part of + + + align:start position:0% +T so now you have found some a part of +the energy transfer of the energy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +flux the total minus this part which is + + align:start position:0% +flux the total minus this part which is + + + align:start position:0% +flux the total minus this part which is +related to a part of the entropy flux + + align:start position:0% +related to a part of the entropy flux + + + align:start position:0% +related to a part of the entropy flux +via the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +temperature so we are going to call that + + align:start position:0% +temperature so we are going to call that + + + align:start position:0% +temperature so we are going to call that +energy part of the energy flux uh qou + + align:start position:0% +energy part of the energy flux uh qou + + + align:start position:0% +energy part of the energy flux uh qou +Prime that is what we call the heat + + align:start position:0% +Prime that is what we call the heat + + + align:start position:0% +Prime that is what we call the heat +flux that so we call + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +heat only the difference between these + + align:start position:0% +heat only the difference between these + + + align:start position:0% +heat only the difference between these +and the uh the flux + + align:start position:0% +and the uh the flux + + + align:start position:0% +and the uh the flux +of uh constituents each multiplied by + + align:start position:0% +of uh constituents each multiplied by + + + align:start position:0% +of uh constituents each multiplied by +the partial enthalpy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you can think of this term that we are + + align:start position:0% +you can think of this term that we are + + + align:start position:0% +you can think of this term that we are +subtracting + + align:start position:0% +subtracting + + + align:start position:0% +subtracting +away + + align:start position:0% +away + + + align:start position:0% +away +as the + + align:start position:0% +as the + + + align:start position:0% +as the +energy that is carried by the particles + + align:start position:0% +energy that is carried by the particles + + + align:start position:0% +energy that is carried by the particles +that diffuse because JN is the diffusion + + align:start position:0% +that diffuse because JN is the diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +that diffuse because JN is the diffusion +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +particles uh of type I this + + align:start position:0% +particles uh of type I this + + + align:start position:0% +particles uh of type I this +particles uh diffuse and therefore + + align:start position:0% +particles uh diffuse and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +particles uh diffuse and therefore +uh carry with them like in in their + + align:start position:0% +uh carry with them like in in their + + + align:start position:0% +uh carry with them like in in their +backpack they have the partial enthalpy + + align:start position:0% +backpack they have the partial enthalpy + + + align:start position:0% +backpack they have the partial enthalpy +and the partial entropy they actually + + align:start position:0% +and the partial entropy they actually + + + align:start position:0% +and the partial entropy they actually +have the partial energy and the + + align:start position:0% +have the partial energy and the + + + align:start position:0% +have the partial energy and the +partial entropy + + align:start position:0% +partial entropy + + + align:start position:0% +partial entropy +and but in order to + + align:start position:0% +and but in order to + + + align:start position:0% +and but in order to +overcome uh the to to to move in a in a + + align:start position:0% +overcome uh the to to to move in a in a + + + align:start position:0% +overcome uh the to to to move in a in a +in a pressure field they have to uh + + align:start position:0% +in a pressure field they have to uh + + + align:start position:0% +in a pressure field they have to uh +that's why the you get the enalia and + + align:start position:0% +that's why the you get the enalia and + + + align:start position:0% +that's why the you get the enalia and +not the energies like in bul flow you + + align:start position:0% +not the energies like in bul flow you + + + align:start position:0% +not the energies like in bul flow you +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +the pulsion work now this is Pion work + + align:start position:0% +the pulsion work now this is Pion work + + + align:start position:0% +the pulsion work now this is Pion work +against the partial pressure but it's + + align:start position:0% +against the partial pressure but it's + + + align:start position:0% +against the partial pressure but it's +still uh something that takes you from + + align:start position:0% +still uh something that takes you from + + + align:start position:0% +still uh something that takes you from +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +energy plus the little the work uh that + + align:start position:0% +energy plus the little the work uh that + + + align:start position:0% +energy plus the little the work uh that +is needed to uh overcome the these uh + + align:start position:0% +is needed to uh overcome the these uh + + + align:start position:0% +is needed to uh overcome the these uh +two the pulsion work the partial pulsion + + align:start position:0% +two the pulsion work the partial pulsion + + + align:start position:0% +two the pulsion work the partial pulsion +work okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the overall energy + + align:start position:0% +so the overall energy + + + align:start position:0% +so the overall energy +flux is therefore now given by this that + + align:start position:0% +flux is therefore now given by this that + + + align:start position:0% +flux is therefore now given by this that +we will call + + align:start position:0% +we will call + + + align:start position:0% +we will call +heat plus this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transported + + align:start position:0% +transported + + + align:start position:0% +transported +enthalpy uh due to the flux of particles + + align:start position:0% +enthalpy uh due to the flux of particles + + + align:start position:0% +enthalpy uh due to the flux of particles +and also the entropy flux is given by Q + + align:start position:0% +and also the entropy flux is given by Q + + + align:start position:0% +and also the entropy flux is given by Q +overt so that's proper of a hea the + + align:start position:0% +overt so that's proper of a hea the + + + align:start position:0% +overt so that's proper of a hea the +characteristic of the heat interaction + + align:start position:0% +characteristic of the heat interaction + + + align:start position:0% +characteristic of the heat interaction +plus the entropy that is carried in the + + align:start position:0% +plus the entropy that is carried in the + + + align:start position:0% +plus the entropy that is carried in the +backpack by these particles that are + + align:start position:0% +backpack by these particles that are + + + align:start position:0% +backpack by these particles that are +diffused so other words so we call by + + align:start position:0% +diffused so other words so we call by + + + align:start position:0% +diffused so other words so we call by +calling this Q double Prime essentially + + align:start position:0% +calling this Q double Prime essentially + + + align:start position:0% +calling this Q double Prime essentially +we + + align:start position:0% +we + + + align:start position:0% +we +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +are transforming this single equation + + align:start position:0% +are transforming this single equation + + + align:start position:0% +are transforming this single equation +into two equations with the Q Prime in + + align:start position:0% +into two equations with the Q Prime in + + + align:start position:0% +into two equations with the Q Prime in +it and so we have these two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sets in H we call it Q + + align:start position:0% +sets in H we call it Q + + + align:start position:0% +sets in H we call it Q +Prime in um in this typical business of + + align:start position:0% +Prime in um in this typical business of + + + align:start position:0% +Prime in um in this typical business of +non equilibrium thermodynamics this is + + align:start position:0% +non equilibrium thermodynamics this is + + + align:start position:0% +non equilibrium thermodynamics this is +called the measurable heat flux + + align:start position:0% +called the measurable heat flux + + + align:start position:0% +called the measurable heat flux +particularly introduced by this + + align:start position:0% +particularly introduced by this + + + align:start position:0% +particularly introduced by this +famous bible of the subject which is the + + align:start position:0% +famous bible of the subject which is the + + + align:start position:0% +famous bible of the subject which is the +book by the growth and mazour + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if the + + align:start position:0% +if the + + + align:start position:0% +if the +particles carry also + + align:start position:0% +particles carry also + + + align:start position:0% +particles carry also +charge + + align:start position:0% +charge + + + align:start position:0% +charge +then we do exactly the same so the + + align:start position:0% +then we do exactly the same so the + + + align:start position:0% +then we do exactly the same so the +relation that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +defines uh + + align:start position:0% +defines uh + + + align:start position:0% +defines uh +the the Heat and diffusion uh uh + + align:start position:0% +the the Heat and diffusion uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +the the Heat and diffusion uh uh +interaction + + align:start position:0% +interaction + + + align:start position:0% +interaction +is like this except that you have to + + align:start position:0% +is like this except that you have to + + + align:start position:0% +is like this except that you have to +substitute the chemical potential with + + align:start position:0% +substitute the chemical potential with + + + align:start position:0% +substitute the chemical potential with +the total potential so it becomes like + + align:start position:0% +the total potential so it becomes like + + + align:start position:0% +the total potential so it becomes like +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +one and remember that the total + + align:start position:0% +one and remember that the total + + + align:start position:0% +one and remember that the total +potential when you have particles uh is + + align:start position:0% +potential when you have particles uh is + + + align:start position:0% +potential when you have particles uh is +given by this it's the chemical + + align:start position:0% +given by this it's the chemical + + + align:start position:0% +given by this it's the chemical +potential plus uh the electrostatic + + align:start position:0% +potential plus uh the electrostatic + + + align:start position:0% +potential plus uh the electrostatic +potential times the uh charge or the + + align:start position:0% +potential times the uh charge or the + + + align:start position:0% +potential times the uh charge or the +unit charge of + + align:start position:0% +unit charge of + + + align:start position:0% +unit charge of +the of your particles + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so you can write it this way still in + + align:start position:0% +so you can write it this way still in + + + align:start position:0% +so you can write it this way still in +terms of the chemical potential so now + + align:start position:0% +terms of the chemical potential so now + + + align:start position:0% +terms of the chemical potential so now +you can + + align:start position:0% +you can + + + align:start position:0% +you can +U + + align:start position:0% +U + + + align:start position:0% +U +uh still use the fact that the chemical + + align:start position:0% +uh still use the fact that the chemical + + + align:start position:0% +uh still use the fact that the chemical +potential is hi minus + + align:start position:0% +potential is hi minus + + + align:start position:0% +potential is hi minus +TSI and then you can + + align:start position:0% +TSI and then you can + + + align:start position:0% +TSI and then you can +also remember that uh or + + align:start position:0% +also remember that uh or + + + align:start position:0% +also remember that uh or +Define if you take the Flux Of of + + align:start position:0% +Define if you take the Flux Of of + + + align:start position:0% +Define if you take the Flux Of of +particles and these particles carry this + + align:start position:0% +particles and these particles carry this + + + align:start position:0% +particles and these particles carry this +much uh charge this flux of charge is + + align:start position:0% +much uh charge this flux of charge is + + + align:start position:0% +much uh charge this flux of charge is +what we call current + + align:start position:0% +what we call current + + + align:start position:0% +what we call current +density charge current + + align:start position:0% +density charge current + + + align:start position:0% +density charge current +or electrical charge current + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +density so take this one or this one and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +substitute uh as as before and not + + align:start position:0% +substitute uh as as before and not + + + align:start position:0% +substitute uh as as before and not +substitute and move left hand side the + + align:start position:0% +substitute and move left hand side the + + + align:start position:0% +substitute and move left hand side the +stuff that is not multiplied by T and on + + align:start position:0% +stuff that is not multiplied by T and on + + + align:start position:0% +stuff that is not multiplied by T and on +right hand side stuff that is multiplied + + align:start position:0% +right hand side stuff that is multiplied + + + align:start position:0% +right hand side stuff that is multiplied +by T then you + + align:start position:0% +by T then you + + + align:start position:0% +by T then you +recognize um you then you call Define + + align:start position:0% +recognize um you then you call Define + + + align:start position:0% +recognize um you then you call Define +qou prime the measurable heat flux as + + align:start position:0% +qou prime the measurable heat flux as + + + align:start position:0% +qou prime the measurable heat flux as +this term here and you get two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equations so now the energy flux is due + + align:start position:0% +equations so now the energy flux is due + + + align:start position:0% +equations so now the energy flux is due +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +heat the energy transported by the + + align:start position:0% +heat the energy transported by the + + + align:start position:0% +heat the energy transported by the +diffusion of particles through the + + align:start position:0% +diffusion of particles through the + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion of particles through the +enthalpy the internal energy plus dep + + align:start position:0% +enthalpy the internal energy plus dep + + + align:start position:0% +enthalpy the internal energy plus dep +Pion work and the electrical energy + + align:start position:0% +Pion work and the electrical energy + + + align:start position:0% +Pion work and the electrical energy +carried by uh the uh the charge + + align:start position:0% +carried by uh the uh the charge + + + align:start position:0% +carried by uh the uh the charge +carriers and for the entropy flux the + + align:start position:0% +carriers and for the entropy flux the + + + align:start position:0% +carriers and for the entropy flux the +same there is no contribution by the + + align:start position:0% +same there is no contribution by the + + + align:start position:0% +same there is no contribution by the +electric charge + + align:start position:0% +electric charge + + + align:start position:0% +electric charge +current okay so with these ingredients + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah we're almost we're out of time but + + align:start position:0% +yeah we're almost we're out of time but + + + align:start position:0% +yeah we're almost we're out of time but +um yeah we can + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um well yeah one + + align:start position:0% +um well yeah one + + + align:start position:0% +um well yeah one +one let say one one way one thing that + + align:start position:0% +one let say one one way one thing that + + + align:start position:0% +one let say one one way one thing that +from which we will start next time is + + align:start position:0% +from which we will start next time is + + + align:start position:0% +from which we will start next time is +that uh you can rewrite that expression + + align:start position:0% +that uh you can rewrite that expression + + + align:start position:0% +that uh you can rewrite that expression +that defines + + align:start position:0% +that defines + + + align:start position:0% +that defines +uh the relation between uh energy + + align:start position:0% +uh the relation between uh energy + + + align:start position:0% +uh the relation between uh energy +entropy and materials + + align:start position:0% +entropy and materials + + + align:start position:0% +entropy and materials +flux u in an entropy form instead of an + + align:start position:0% +flux u in an entropy form instead of an + + + align:start position:0% +flux u in an entropy form instead of an +energy form uh in terms of new variables + + align:start position:0% +energy form uh in terms of new variables + + + align:start position:0% +energy form uh in terms of new variables +like the inverse of the temperature and + + align:start position:0% +like the inverse of the temperature and + + + align:start position:0% +like the inverse of the temperature and +the chemical potential the total + + align:start position:0% +the chemical potential the total + + + align:start position:0% +the chemical potential the total +potential divided by the + + align:start position:0% +potential divided by the + + + align:start position:0% +potential divided by the +temperature but let's do that next time + + align:start position:0% +temperature but let's do that next time + + + align:start position:0% +temperature but let's do that next time +because we're out of time now \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/dnuZx9fZHsU.txt b/dnuZx9fZHsU.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3ec72387c316977647ac15c84e0de3e17fb8581d --- /dev/null +++ b/dnuZx9fZHsU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1592 @@ +align:start position:0% + +this is uh + + align:start position:0% +this is uh + + + align:start position:0% +this is uh +Louie l o u i + + align:start position:0% +Louie l o u i + + + align:start position:0% +Louie l o u i +s d + + align:start position:0% +s d + + + align:start position:0% +s d +e + + align:start position:0% +e + + + align:start position:0% +e +brog and this is not hyphenated nor + + align:start position:0% +brog and this is not hyphenated nor + + + align:start position:0% +brog and this is not hyphenated nor +together they're separate and the D is + + align:start position:0% +together they're separate and the D is + + + align:start position:0% +together they're separate and the D is +NOT capitalized apparently too and uh + + align:start position:0% +NOT capitalized apparently too and uh + + + align:start position:0% +NOT capitalized apparently too and uh +it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +Photon as a particle is + + align:start position:0% +Photon as a particle is + + + align:start position:0% +Photon as a particle is +clear and the photon is also a + + align:start position:0% +clear and the photon is also a + + + align:start position:0% +clear and the photon is also a +wave and uh Lou de brogley + + align:start position:0% +wave and uh Lou de brogley + + + align:start position:0% +wave and uh Lou de brogley +basically had a great Insight in which + + align:start position:0% +basically had a great Insight in which + + + align:start position:0% +basically had a great Insight in which +he said that uh if this is supposed to + + align:start position:0% +he said that uh if this is supposed to + + + align:start position:0% +he said that uh if this is supposed to +be a universal or a real basic physical + + align:start position:0% +be a universal or a real basic physical + + + align:start position:0% +be a universal or a real basic physical +property that photons are waves and + + align:start position:0% +property that photons are waves and + + + align:start position:0% +property that photons are waves and +particles we knew them as waves and now + + align:start position:0% +particles we knew them as waves and now + + + align:start position:0% +particles we knew them as waves and now +we know they're particles but if they + + align:start position:0% +we know they're particles but if they + + + align:start position:0% +we know they're particles but if they +are dueled with respect to each other + + align:start position:0% +are dueled with respect to each other + + + align:start position:0% +are dueled with respect to each other +they both descriptions are in different + + align:start position:0% +they both descriptions are in different + + + align:start position:0% +they both descriptions are in different +regimes and in a sense the particle at + + align:start position:0% +regimes and in a sense the particle at + + + align:start position:0% +regimes and in a sense the particle at +the end of the day has wave attributes + + align:start position:0% +the end of the day has wave attributes + + + align:start position:0% +the end of the day has wave attributes +and particle attributes wave attributes + + align:start position:0% +and particle attributes wave attributes + + + align:start position:0% +and particle attributes wave attributes +because it interferes and is described + + align:start position:0% +because it interferes and is described + + + align:start position:0% +because it interferes and is described +by waves and particle attributes is + + align:start position:0% +by waves and particle attributes is + + + align:start position:0% +by waves and particle attributes is +because it has a definite amount of + + align:start position:0% +because it has a definite amount of + + + align:start position:0% +because it has a definite amount of +energy it comes in pocket + + align:start position:0% +energy it comes in pocket + + + align:start position:0% +energy it comes in pocket +they cannot be broken into other things + + align:start position:0% +they cannot be broken into other things + + + align:start position:0% +they cannot be broken into other things +uh this could be a more general + + align:start position:0% +uh this could be a more general + + + align:start position:0% +uh this could be a more general +property and uh in a sense you could say + + align:start position:0% +property and uh in a sense you could say + + + align:start position:0% +property and uh in a sense you could say +that the + + align:start position:0% +that the + + + align:start position:0% +that the +Broly did a fundamental step almost as + + align:start position:0% +Broly did a fundamental step almost as + + + align:start position:0% +Broly did a fundamental step almost as +important as shinger when he claimed + + align:start position:0% +important as shinger when he claimed + + + align:start position:0% +important as shinger when he claimed +that all matter particles behave as + + align:start position:0% +that all matter particles behave as + + + align:start position:0% +that all matter particles behave as +waves as well not just the photon that's + + align:start position:0% +waves as well not just the photon that's + + + align:start position:0% +waves as well not just the photon that's +one example but every body does so + + align:start position:0% +one example but every body does so + + + align:start position:0% +one example but every body does so +Associated + + align:start position:0% +Associated + + + align:start position:0% +Associated +to every matter particle there is a wave + + align:start position:0% +to every matter particle there is a wave + + + align:start position:0% +to every matter particle there is a wave +but that uh is quite interesting + + align:start position:0% +but that uh is quite interesting + + + align:start position:0% +but that uh is quite interesting +because in quantum mechanics you have + + align:start position:0% +because in quantum mechanics you have + + + align:start position:0% +because in quantum mechanics you have +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +photon and it's a particle but it's + + align:start position:0% +photon and it's a particle but it's + + + align:start position:0% +photon and it's a particle but it's +Associated to a wave and if you are a + + align:start position:0% +Associated to a wave and if you are a + + + align:start position:0% +Associated to a wave and if you are a +little quick you say sure the + + align:start position:0% +little quick you say sure the + + + align:start position:0% +little quick you say sure the +electromagnetic wave but no in quantum + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic wave but no in quantum + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic wave but no in quantum +mechanics is the probability amplitude + + align:start position:0% +mechanics is the probability amplitude + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics is the probability amplitude +to be somewhere those are the numbers we + + align:start position:0% +to be somewhere those are the numbers we + + + align:start position:0% +to be somewhere those are the numbers we +tracked in the max sender interferometer + + align:start position:0% +tracked in the max sender interferometer + + + align:start position:0% +tracked in the max sender interferometer +the probability to be somewhere we + + align:start position:0% +the probability to be somewhere we + + + align:start position:0% +the probability to be somewhere we +didn't track the waves for a single + + align:start position:0% +didn't track the waves for a single + + + align:start position:0% +didn't track the waves for a single +Photon the wave was a wave of + + align:start position:0% +Photon the wave was a wave of + + + align:start position:0% +Photon the wave was a wave of +probability amplitude something they + + align:start position:0% +probability amplitude something they + + + align:start position:0% +probability amplitude something they +didn't know at all about yet at that + + align:start position:0% +didn't know at all about yet at that + + + align:start position:0% +didn't know at all about yet at that +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +so the Broly says just like + + align:start position:0% +so the Broly says just like + + + align:start position:0% +so the Broly says just like +the like the photons have properties of + + align:start position:0% +the like the photons have properties of + + + align:start position:0% +the like the photons have properties of +particles and properties of waves every + + align:start position:0% +particles and properties of waves every + + + align:start position:0% +particles and properties of waves every +particle has properties of waves as well + + align:start position:0% +particle has properties of waves as well + + + align:start position:0% +particle has properties of waves as well +and every wave has a property of + + align:start position:0% +and every wave has a property of + + + align:start position:0% +and every wave has a property of +particles um but what is left UNS said + + align:start position:0% +particles um but what is left UNS said + + + align:start position:0% +particles um but what is left UNS said +here is yes you have a wave but a wave + + align:start position:0% +here is yes you have a wave but a wave + + + align:start position:0% +here is yes you have a wave but a wave +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +what and we've already told you a little + + align:start position:0% +what and we've already told you a little + + + align:start position:0% +what and we've already told you a little +bit the answer has to do with + + align:start position:0% +bit the answer has to do with + + + align:start position:0% +bit the answer has to do with +probability waves so it's very strange + + align:start position:0% +probability waves so it's very strange + + + align:start position:0% +probability waves so it's very strange +that the fundamental equation for a wave + + align:start position:0% +that the fundamental equation for a wave + + + align:start position:0% +that the fundamental equation for a wave +that represents a particle is not an + + align:start position:0% +that represents a particle is not an + + + align:start position:0% +that represents a particle is not an +electric field or a sound wave or this + + align:start position:0% +electric field or a sound wave or this + + + align:start position:0% +electric field or a sound wave or this +is for all of them is a probability + + align:start position:0% +is for all of them is a probability + + + align:start position:0% +is for all of them is a probability +wave very very surprising but that's + + align:start position:0% +wave very very surprising but that's + + + align:start position:0% +wave very very surprising but that's +what the Broly as ideas led to so if you + + align:start position:0% +what the Broly as ideas led to so if you + + + align:start position:0% +what the Broly as ideas led to so if you +had a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +photon you would say it's a + + align:start position:0% +photon you would say it's a + + + align:start position:0% +photon you would say it's a +particle and when you think of it as a + + align:start position:0% +particle and when you think of it as a + + + align:start position:0% +particle and when you think of it as a +particle you would say it's a bundle of + + align:start position:0% +particle you would say it's a bundle of + + + align:start position:0% +particle you would say it's a bundle of +some energy and some + + align:start position:0% +some energy and some + + + align:start position:0% +some energy and some +momentum and if you think of it as a + + align:start position:0% +momentum and if you think of it as a + + + align:start position:0% +momentum and if you think of it as a +wave you would say it has a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +frequency and that's a particle wave + + align:start position:0% +frequency and that's a particle wave + + + align:start position:0% +frequency and that's a particle wave +Duality or in some sense uh particle + + align:start position:0% +Duality or in some sense uh particle + + + align:start position:0% +Duality or in some sense uh particle +wave of + + align:start position:0% +wave of + + + align:start position:0% +wave of +description of this object you have a + + align:start position:0% +description of this object you have a + + + align:start position:0% +description of this object you have a +particle and a wave at the same time + + align:start position:0% +particle and a wave at the same time + + + align:start position:0% +particle and a wave at the same time +when we have this we have a particle + + align:start position:0% +when we have this we have a particle + + + align:start position:0% +when we have this we have a particle +wave Duality and uh the Broly said that + + align:start position:0% +wave Duality and uh the Broly said that + + + align:start position:0% +wave Duality and uh the Broly said that +this is universal for all + + align:start position:0% +this is universal for all + + + align:start position:0% +this is universal for all +particles + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Universal + + align:start position:0% +Universal + + + align:start position:0% +Universal +and it appeared the name of matter + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +waves these are the matter waves that + + align:start position:0% +waves these are the matter waves that + + + align:start position:0% +waves these are the matter waves that +we're going to try to discuss these are + + align:start position:0% +we're going to try to discuss these are + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to try to discuss these are +the waves of something that are + + align:start position:0% +the waves of something that are + + + align:start position:0% +the waves of something that are +probability amplitudes we're going to + + align:start position:0% +probability amplitudes we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +probability amplitudes we're going to +try to discuss so you could say waves of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what + + align:start position:0% +what + + + align:start position:0% +what +what and that comes later but the answer + + align:start position:0% +what and that comes later but the answer + + + align:start position:0% +what and that comes later but the answer +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +probability + + align:start position:0% +probability + + + align:start position:0% +probability +amplitudes those complex numbers who + + align:start position:0% +amplitudes those complex numbers who + + + align:start position:0% +amplitudes those complex numbers who +squares uh are + + align:start position:0% +squares uh are + + + align:start position:0% +squares uh are +probabilities so just like we had for a + + align:start position:0% +probabilities so just like we had for a + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities so just like we had for a +photon the Broly's idea was that we + + align:start position:0% +photon the Broly's idea was that we + + + align:start position:0% +photon the Broly's idea was that we +would associate to a particle a wave + + align:start position:0% +would associate to a particle a wave + + + align:start position:0% +would associate to a particle a wave +that depends on the + + align:start position:0% +that depends on the + + + align:start position:0% +that depends on the +momentum so remember uh the Compton + + align:start position:0% +momentum so remember uh the Compton + + + align:start position:0% +momentum so remember uh the Compton +wavelength was a univers for any + + align:start position:0% +wavelength was a univers for any + + + align:start position:0% +wavelength was a univers for any +particle the Compton wavelength is just + + align:start position:0% +particle the Compton wavelength is just + + + align:start position:0% +particle the Compton wavelength is just +one number but just for photons the + + align:start position:0% +one number but just for photons the + + + align:start position:0% +one number but just for photons the +wavelength depends on the momentum so in + + align:start position:0% +wavelength depends on the momentum so in + + + align:start position:0% +wavelength depends on the momentum so in +general it should be dependent on the + + align:start position:0% +general it should be dependent on the + + + align:start position:0% +general it should be dependent on the +momentum so we say that for a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +particle of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +momentum p + + align:start position:0% +momentum p + + + align:start position:0% +momentum p +we associate a + + align:start position:0% +we associate a + + + align:start position:0% +we associate a +wave a plane wave in fact a plane wave + + align:start position:0% +wave a plane wave in fact a plane wave + + + align:start position:0% +wave a plane wave in fact a plane wave +so we're getting a little more + + align:start position:0% +so we're getting a little more + + + align:start position:0% +so we're getting a little more +technical with of Lambda equal H over P + + align:start position:0% +technical with of Lambda equal H over P + + + align:start position:0% +technical with of Lambda equal H over P +which is the de brogi + + align:start position:0% +which is the de brogi + + + align:start position:0% +which is the de brogi +wavelength de + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +brogly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +wavelength + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so it's a pretty daring statement was + + align:start position:0% +so it's a pretty daring statement was + + + align:start position:0% +so it's a pretty daring statement was +his PhD thesis and uh there was no + + align:start position:0% +his PhD thesis and uh there was no + + + align:start position:0% +his PhD thesis and uh there was no +experimental evidence for + + align:start position:0% +experimental evidence for + + + align:start position:0% +experimental evidence for +it it was a very natural conjecture + + align:start position:0% +it it was a very natural conjecture + + + align:start position:0% +it it was a very natural conjecture +we'll discuss it a lot more next + + align:start position:0% +we'll discuss it a lot more next + + + align:start position:0% +we'll discuss it a lot more next +lecture but + + align:start position:0% +lecture but + + + align:start position:0% +lecture but +uh very little evidence for it so + + align:start position:0% +uh very little evidence for it so + + + align:start position:0% +uh very little evidence for it so +experiment + + align:start position:0% +experiment + + + align:start position:0% +experiment +came a few years + + align:start position:0% +came a few years + + + align:start position:0% +came a few years +later and uh people saw that you could + + align:start position:0% +later and uh people saw that you could + + + align:start position:0% +later and uh people saw that you could +interfere or defract + + align:start position:0% +interfere or defract + + + align:start position:0% +interfere or defract +electrons they would behave colliding + + align:start position:0% +electrons they would behave colliding + + + align:start position:0% +electrons they would behave colliding +into laes like waves uh and those are + + align:start position:0% +into laes like waves uh and those are + + + align:start position:0% +into laes like waves uh and those are +rather famous experiments of Davidson + + align:start position:0% +rather famous experiments of Davidson + + + align:start position:0% +rather famous experiments of Davidson +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +germer so particles just like you do as + + align:start position:0% +germer so particles just like you do as + + + align:start position:0% +germer so particles just like you do as +an interference effect a two slit + + align:start position:0% +an interference effect a two slit + + + align:start position:0% +an interference effect a two slit +interference effect in which you have a + + align:start position:0% +interference effect in which you have a + + + align:start position:0% +interference effect in which you have a +screen a slit and a screen and you shine + + align:start position:0% +screen a slit and a screen and you shine + + + align:start position:0% +screen a slit and a screen and you shine +photons and then you get uh an + + align:start position:0% +photons and then you get uh an + + + align:start position:0% +photons and then you get uh an +interference effect over here because of + + align:start position:0% +interference effect over here because of + + + align:start position:0% +interference effect over here because of +the wave nature of photons or in quantum + + align:start position:0% +the wave nature of photons or in quantum + + + align:start position:0% +the wave nature of photons or in quantum +mechanics you would say because there + + align:start position:0% +mechanics you would say because there + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics you would say because there +probability amplitudes that are complex + + align:start position:0% +probability amplitudes that are complex + + + align:start position:0% +probability amplitudes that are complex +numbers that have to be interfere + + align:start position:0% +numbers that have to be interfere + + + align:start position:0% +numbers that have to be interfere +between the possibilities of the two + + align:start position:0% +between the possibilities of the two + + + align:start position:0% +between the possibilities of the two +power paths because every Photon goes + + align:start position:0% +power paths because every Photon goes + + + align:start position:0% +power paths because every Photon goes +through both paths at the same time + + align:start position:0% +through both paths at the same time + + + align:start position:0% +through both paths at the same time +um this experiments of interference or + + align:start position:0% +um this experiments of interference or + + + align:start position:0% +um this experiments of interference or +def or two slit interference were done + + align:start position:0% +def or two slit interference were done + + + align:start position:0% +def or two slit interference were done +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +electrons and then eventually they've + + align:start position:0% +electrons and then eventually they've + + + align:start position:0% +electrons and then eventually they've +been done for bigger and bigger + + align:start position:0% +been done for bigger and bigger + + + align:start position:0% +been done for bigger and bigger +particles so that it's not just + + align:start position:0% +particles so that it's not just + + + align:start position:0% +particles so that it's not just +something that you do with Elementary + + align:start position:0% +something that you do with Elementary + + + align:start position:0% +something that you do with Elementary +particles now there's experiments uh + + align:start position:0% +particles now there's experiments uh + + + align:start position:0% +particles now there's experiments uh +done uh about 3 years ago G leads I will + + align:start position:0% +done uh about 3 years ago G leads I will + + + align:start position:0% +done uh about 3 years ago G leads I will +put on the website or on the notes some + + align:start position:0% +put on the website or on the notes some + + + align:start position:0% +put on the website or on the notes some +of these things so that you can see them + + align:start position:0% +of these things so that you can see them + + + align:start position:0% +of these things so that you can see them +but now you can throw in molecules here + + align:start position:0% +but now you can throw in molecules here + + + align:start position:0% +but now you can throw in molecules here +molecules that have a weight of now + + align:start position:0% +molecules that have a weight of now + + + align:start position:0% +molecules that have a weight of now +10,000 atomic mass units like 10,000 + + align:start position:0% +10,000 atomic mass units like 10,000 + + + align:start position:0% +10,000 atomic mass units like 10,000 +protons like hundreds of 430 atom + + align:start position:0% +protons like hundreds of 430 atom + + + align:start position:0% +protons like hundreds of 430 atom +molecules and you can get an + + align:start position:0% +molecules and you can get an + + + align:start position:0% +molecules and you can get an +interference pattern so it's pretty + + align:start position:0% +interference pattern so it's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +interference pattern so it's pretty +ridiculous it's almost like you one day + + align:start position:0% +ridiculous it's almost like you one day + + + align:start position:0% +ridiculous it's almost like you one day +you say you throw a baseball and you're + + align:start position:0% +you say you throw a baseball and you're + + + align:start position:0% +you say you throw a baseball and you're +going to see an interference power but + + align:start position:0% +going to see an interference power but + + + align:start position:0% +going to see an interference power but +you know we've gotten to things with + + align:start position:0% +you know we've gotten to things with + + + align:start position:0% +you know we've gotten to things with +about 10 uh 10,000 hydrogen atoms and + + align:start position:0% +about 10 uh 10,000 hydrogen atoms and + + + align:start position:0% +about 10 uh 10,000 hydrogen atoms and +the Broly wavelengths of one picometer + + align:start position:0% +the Broly wavelengths of one picometer + + + align:start position:0% +the Broly wavelengths of one picometer +which are pretty pretty + + align:start position:0% +which are pretty pretty + + + align:start position:0% +which are pretty pretty +unbelievable so the experiments are done + + align:start position:0% +unbelievable so the experiments are done + + + align:start position:0% +unbelievable so the experiments are done +with those particles and in fact with + + align:start position:0% +with those particles and in fact with + + + align:start position:0% +with those particles and in fact with +electrons people do those experiment + + align:start position:0% +electrons people do those experiment + + + align:start position:0% +electrons people do those experiment +expent and and there are very beautiful + + align:start position:0% +expent and and there are very beautiful + + + align:start position:0% +expent and and there are very beautiful +movies in which you see those electrons + + align:start position:0% +movies in which you see those electrons + + + align:start position:0% +movies in which you see those electrons +hitting on the screen and then um I I'll + + align:start position:0% +hitting on the screen and then um I I'll + + + align:start position:0% +hitting on the screen and then um I I'll +give you some length so you can find + + align:start position:0% +give you some length so you can find + + + align:start position:0% +give you some length so you can find +them as well and you see one electron + + align:start position:0% +them as well and you see one electron + + + align:start position:0% +them as well and you see one electron +Falls here and it gets detected on two + + align:start position:0% +Falls here and it gets detected on two + + + align:start position:0% +Falls here and it gets detected on two +electrons three electrons four electrons + + align:start position:0% +electrons three electrons four electrons + + + align:start position:0% +electrons three electrons four electrons +five electrons six electrons by the time + + align:start position:0% +five electrons six electrons by the time + + + align:start position:0% +five electrons six electrons by the time +you get 10,000 electrons you see lots of + + align:start position:0% +you get 10,000 electrons you see lots of + + + align:start position:0% +you get 10,000 electrons you see lots of +electrons here very little here lot lots + + align:start position:0% +electrons here very little here lot lots + + + align:start position:0% +electrons here very little here lot lots +of electrons here and the whole + + align:start position:0% +of electrons here and the whole + + + align:start position:0% +of electrons here and the whole +interference pattern is created by + + align:start position:0% +interference pattern is created by + + + align:start position:0% +interference pattern is created by +sending one electron at a time in an + + align:start position:0% +sending one electron at a time in an + + + align:start position:0% +sending one electron at a time in an +experiment that takes several hours and + + align:start position:0% +experiment that takes several hours and + + + align:start position:0% +experiment that takes several hours and +it's reduced to a movie of about 1 + + align:start position:0% +it's reduced to a movie of about 1 + + + align:start position:0% +it's reduced to a movie of about 1 +minute so particles big particles + + align:start position:0% +minute so particles big particles + + + align:start position:0% +minute so particles big particles +interfere not just photons interfere so + + align:start position:0% +interfere not just photons interfere so + + + align:start position:0% +interfere not just photons interfere so +those particles have some waves some + + align:start position:0% +those particles have some waves some + + + align:start position:0% +those particles have some waves some +matter waves discovered by the broley + + align:start position:0% +matter waves discovered by the broley + + + align:start position:0% +matter waves discovered by the broley +and next lecture we're going to track + + align:start position:0% +and next lecture we're going to track + + + align:start position:0% +and next lecture we're going to track +the St + + align:start position:0% +the St + + + align:start position:0% +the St +from the Broly to the shredding equation + + align:start position:0% +from the Broly to the shredding equation + + + align:start position:0% +from the Broly to the shredding equation +where the nature of the wave suddenly + + align:start position:0% +where the nature of the wave suddenly + + + align:start position:0% +where the nature of the wave suddenly +becomes clear \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/e4L9pdUIDnc.txt b/e4L9pdUIDnc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..853913f82bae49b2c446ff124fcc3ed28ad525ee --- /dev/null +++ b/e4L9pdUIDnc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9891 @@ +align:start position:0% + +you've seen that there's more technical + + align:start position:0% +you've seen that there's more technical + + + align:start position:0% +you've seen that there's more technical +problems than a standard class and that + + align:start position:0% +problems than a standard class and that + + + align:start position:0% +problems than a standard class and that +means you're in the right place if + + align:start position:0% +means you're in the right place if + + + align:start position:0% +means you're in the right place if +you're here for a computational class + + align:start position:0% +you're here for a computational class + + + align:start position:0% +you're here for a computational class +right um this is 21m 383 computational + + align:start position:0% +right um this is 21m 383 computational + + + align:start position:0% +right um this is 21m 383 computational +music theory and Analysis or I can't + + align:start position:0% +music theory and Analysis or I can't + + + align:start position:0% +music theory and Analysis or I can't +remember if I call it analysis and + + align:start position:0% +remember if I call it analysis and + + + align:start position:0% +remember if I call it analysis and +Theory don't hold it against me um I'm + + align:start position:0% +Theory don't hold it against me um I'm + + + align:start position:0% +Theory don't hold it against me um I'm +Michael Cuthbert I'm the professor of + + align:start position:0% +Michael Cuthbert I'm the professor of + + + align:start position:0% +Michael Cuthbert I'm the professor of +the class I'm a professor of Music in + + align:start position:0% +the class I'm a professor of Music in + + + align:start position:0% +the class I'm a professor of Music in +music and Theater Arts and um do some + + align:start position:0% +music and Theater Arts and um do some + + + align:start position:0% +music and Theater Arts and um do some +work with computational analysis so what + + align:start position:0% +work with computational analysis so what + + + align:start position:0% +work with computational analysis so what +I want to start with oh and just that's + + align:start position:0% +I want to start with oh and just that's + + + align:start position:0% +I want to start with oh and just that's +who I am I'm going to get to know who + + align:start position:0% +who I am I'm going to get to know who + + + align:start position:0% +who I am I'm going to get to know who +you guys are on Friday and next + + align:start position:0% +you guys are on Friday and next + + + align:start position:0% +you guys are on Friday and next +Wednesday um it's very important to me I + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday um it's very important to me I + + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday um it's very important to me I +want to really quickly be able to learn + + align:start position:0% +want to really quickly be able to learn + + + align:start position:0% +want to really quickly be able to learn +Everybody by name but on the first class + + align:start position:0% +Everybody by name but on the first class + + + align:start position:0% +Everybody by name but on the first class +I think you're all here to figure out if + + align:start position:0% +I think you're all here to figure out if + + + align:start position:0% +I think you're all here to figure out if +this is the place you want to be before + + align:start position:0% +this is the place you want to be before + + + align:start position:0% +this is the place you want to be before +we get to know everybody else so that's + + align:start position:0% +we get to know everybody else so that's + + + align:start position:0% +we get to know everybody else so that's +why I'm not going to be going around and + + align:start position:0% +why I'm not going to be going around and + + + align:start position:0% +why I'm not going to be going around and +asking everybody today but I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +asking everybody today but I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +asking everybody today but I'm going to +I really want to know that soon so the + + align:start position:0% +I really want to know that soon so the + + + align:start position:0% +I really want to know that soon so the +big question for this class the whole + + align:start position:0% +big question for this class the whole + + + align:start position:0% +big question for this class the whole +semester is going to be how do computers + + align:start position:0% +semester is going to be how do computers + + + align:start position:0% +semester is going to be how do computers +hear + + align:start position:0% +hear + + + align:start position:0% +hear +music what does that even mean um I'm + + align:start position:0% +music what does that even mean um I'm + + + align:start position:0% +music what does that even mean um I'm +going to give you an answer if you care + + align:start position:0% +going to give you an answer if you care + + + align:start position:0% +going to give you an answer if you care +about answers like this that you can uh + + align:start position:0% +about answers like this that you can uh + + + align:start position:0% +about answers like this that you can uh +read absorb pack up and go home and uh + + align:start position:0% +read absorb pack up and go home and uh + + + align:start position:0% +read absorb pack up and go home and uh +uh you no need for this class if this is + + align:start position:0% +uh you no need for this class if this is + + + align:start position:0% +uh you no need for this class if this is +satisfactory computers hear music by + + align:start position:0% +satisfactory computers hear music by + + + align:start position:0% +satisfactory computers hear music by +using a microphone connected to an + + align:start position:0% +using a microphone connected to an + + + align:start position:0% +using a microphone connected to an +analog to digital converter connected to + + align:start position:0% +analog to digital converter connected to + + + align:start position:0% +analog to digital converter connected to +a microprocessor where then specialized + + align:start position:0% +a microprocessor where then specialized + + + align:start position:0% +a microprocessor where then specialized +codec I can never remember what that + + align:start position:0% +codec I can never remember what that + + + align:start position:0% +codec I can never remember what that +really means um to quantize the sound + + align:start position:0% +really means um to quantize the sound + + + align:start position:0% +really means um to quantize the sound +into a wave file or AAC or something + + align:start position:0% +into a wave file or AAC or something + + + align:start position:0% +into a wave file or AAC or something +else file that we store on a magnetic or + + align:start position:0% +else file that we store on a magnetic or + + + align:start position:0% +else file that we store on a magnetic or +solid state disc or we store on the + + align:start position:0% +solid state disc or we store on the + + + align:start position:0% +solid state disc or we store on the +cloud and store on somebody else's + + align:start position:0% +cloud and store on somebody else's + + + align:start position:0% +cloud and store on somebody else's +magnetic solid state disc right um not a + + align:start position:0% +magnetic solid state disc right um not a + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic solid state disc right um not a +very very useful um answer so what I + + align:start position:0% +very very useful um answer so what I + + + align:start position:0% +very very useful um answer so what I +think we more want to know is the + + align:start position:0% +think we more want to know is the + + + align:start position:0% +think we more want to know is the +computers are hearing music but are they + + align:start position:0% +computers are hearing music but are they + + + align:start position:0% +computers are hearing music but are they +actually + + align:start position:0% +actually + + + align:start position:0% +actually +listening and U these two terms hear + + align:start position:0% +listening and U these two terms hear + + + align:start position:0% +listening and U these two terms hear +versus listen uh in different contexts + + align:start position:0% +versus listen uh in different contexts + + + align:start position:0% +versus listen uh in different contexts +one of them has higher priority than the + + align:start position:0% +one of them has higher priority than the + + + align:start position:0% +one of them has higher priority than the +other and implies a more deep um deep + + align:start position:0% +other and implies a more deep um deep + + + align:start position:0% +other and implies a more deep um deep +understanding like um you know Mom or + + align:start position:0% +understanding like um you know Mom or + + + align:start position:0% +understanding like um you know Mom or +Dad ever tell you I know you heard me + + align:start position:0% +Dad ever tell you I know you heard me + + + align:start position:0% +Dad ever tell you I know you heard me +but did you listen to me right we have + + align:start position:0% +but did you listen to me right we have + + + align:start position:0% +but did you listen to me right we have +that kind of distinction built in so we + + align:start position:0% +that kind of distinction built in so we + + + align:start position:0% +that kind of distinction built in so we +want to know is um when computers hear + + align:start position:0% +want to know is um when computers hear + + + align:start position:0% +want to know is um when computers hear +music what kinds of understanding might + + align:start position:0% +music what kinds of understanding might + + + align:start position:0% +music what kinds of understanding might +they have might might um might be + + align:start position:0% +they have might might um might be + + + align:start position:0% +they have might might um might be +encoded in that as if you feel + + align:start position:0% +encoded in that as if you feel + + + align:start position:0% +encoded in that as if you feel +uncomfortable with the notion of + + align:start position:0% +uncomfortable with the notion of + + + align:start position:0% +uncomfortable with the notion of +computers you know having their own + + align:start position:0% +computers you know having their own + + + align:start position:0% +computers you know having their own +autonomy or something like that and + + align:start position:0% +autonomy or something like that and + + + align:start position:0% +autonomy or something like that and +um the only reason I really care about + + align:start position:0% +um the only reason I really care about + + + align:start position:0% +um the only reason I really care about +this question is that by understanding + + align:start position:0% +this question is that by understanding + + + align:start position:0% +this question is that by understanding +how how a computer hears it might change + + align:start position:0% +how how a computer hears it might change + + + align:start position:0% +how how a computer hears it might change +how we hear or it might open up new + + align:start position:0% +how we hear or it might open up new + + + align:start position:0% +how we hear or it might open up new +pieces for us to listen to that we + + align:start position:0% +pieces for us to listen to that we + + + align:start position:0% +pieces for us to listen to that we +didn't already know and most importantly + + align:start position:0% +didn't already know and most importantly + + + align:start position:0% +didn't already know and most importantly +it might answer questions about what + + align:start position:0% +it might answer questions about what + + + align:start position:0% +it might answer questions about what +it's like for us to be humans any + + align:start position:0% +it's like for us to be humans any + + + align:start position:0% +it's like for us to be humans any +Androids here okay uh what it's like for + + align:start position:0% +Androids here okay uh what it's like for + + + align:start position:0% +Androids here okay uh what it's like for +us to be humans who are listening to + + align:start position:0% +us to be humans who are listening to + + + align:start position:0% +us to be humans who are listening to +music so here are any six big unknowns + + align:start position:0% +music so here are any six big unknowns + + + align:start position:0% +music so here are any six big unknowns +for me that I want to know the answer to + + align:start position:0% +for me that I want to know the answer to + + + align:start position:0% +for me that I want to know the answer to +I'll just say uh you turn in on Friday + + align:start position:0% +I'll just say uh you turn in on Friday + + + align:start position:0% +I'll just say uh you turn in on Friday +the correct answer to any of these six + + align:start position:0% +the correct answer to any of these six + + + align:start position:0% +the correct answer to any of these six +questions you get an A+ and you don't + + align:start position:0% +questions you get an A+ and you don't + + + align:start position:0% +questions you get an A+ and you don't +have to take the class but I don't know + + align:start position:0% +have to take the class but I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +have to take the class but I don't know +them so why do we listen to music I why + + align:start position:0% +them so why do we listen to music I why + + + align:start position:0% +them so why do we listen to music I why +kind of you know we don't go around all + + align:start position:0% +kind of you know we don't go around all + + + align:start position:0% +kind of you know we don't go around all +day you know I have my um different + + align:start position:0% +day you know I have my um different + + + align:start position:0% +day you know I have my um different +scents that I smell all day or it's I we + + align:start position:0% +scents that I smell all day or it's I we + + + align:start position:0% +scents that I smell all day or it's I we +don't you know there all kinds of things + + align:start position:0% +don't you know there all kinds of things + + + align:start position:0% +don't you know there all kinds of things +that are enjoyable but that seem to be + + align:start position:0% +that are enjoyable but that seem to be + + + align:start position:0% +that are enjoyable but that seem to be +different that we don't do all day long + + align:start position:0% +different that we don't do all day long + + + align:start position:0% +different that we don't do all day long +nowadays um why do people choose what + + align:start position:0% +nowadays um why do people choose what + + + align:start position:0% +nowadays um why do people choose what +musical styles they like how does your + + align:start position:0% +musical styles they like how does your + + + align:start position:0% +musical styles they like how does your +musical tastes or our whole culture's + + align:start position:0% +musical tastes or our whole culture's + + + align:start position:0% +musical tastes or our whole culture's +musical taste change over time and some + + align:start position:0% +musical taste change over time and some + + + align:start position:0% +musical taste change over time and some +of us will be from different cultures + + align:start position:0% +of us will be from different cultures + + + align:start position:0% +of us will be from different cultures +and have different musical tastes what's + + align:start position:0% +and have different musical tastes what's + + + align:start position:0% +and have different musical tastes what's +the difference between a great piece of + + align:start position:0% +the difference between a great piece of + + + align:start position:0% +the difference between a great piece of +music and a mediocre or a bad one or do + + align:start position:0% +music and a mediocre or a bad one or do + + + align:start position:0% +music and a mediocre or a bad one or do +those terms even really exist um what + + align:start position:0% +those terms even really exist um what + + + align:start position:0% +those terms even really exist um what +makes a piece of music beautiful or + + align:start position:0% +makes a piece of music beautiful or + + + align:start position:0% +makes a piece of music beautiful or +ugly and let's not forget about the + + align:start position:0% +ugly and let's not forget about the + + + align:start position:0% +ugly and let's not forget about the +physical why do I want to dance or move + + align:start position:0% +physical why do I want to dance or move + + + align:start position:0% +physical why do I want to dance or move +move when I hear some music and other + + align:start position:0% +move when I hear some music and other + + + align:start position:0% +move when I hear some music and other +ones I just want to sit and cry um so + + align:start position:0% +ones I just want to sit and cry um so + + + align:start position:0% +ones I just want to sit and cry um so +these are the questions that if you + + align:start position:0% +these are the questions that if you + + + align:start position:0% +these are the questions that if you +answer them I mean that would just be + + align:start position:0% +answer them I mean that would just be + + + align:start position:0% +answer them I mean that would just be +astounding I think however that a one + + align:start position:0% +astounding I think however that a one + + + align:start position:0% +astounding I think however that a one +semester twice a week um U you know + + align:start position:0% +semester twice a week um U you know + + + align:start position:0% +semester twice a week um U you know +class we're not going to get the + + align:start position:0% +class we're not going to get the + + + align:start position:0% +class we're not going to get the +defintive answer to them so I like to + + align:start position:0% +defintive answer to them so I like to + + + align:start position:0% +defintive answer to them so I like to +break these questions into slightly + + align:start position:0% +break these questions into slightly + + + align:start position:0% +break these questions into slightly +smaller unknowns that helped to answer + + align:start position:0% +smaller unknowns that helped to answer + + + align:start position:0% +smaller unknowns that helped to answer +these questions and that we might be + + align:start position:0% +these questions and that we might be + + + align:start position:0% +these questions and that we might be +able to start making progress + + align:start position:0% +able to start making progress + + + align:start position:0% +able to start making progress +on um what particular musical + + align:start position:0% +on um what particular musical + + + align:start position:0% +on um what particular musical +characteristics distinguish a folk song + + align:start position:0% +characteristics distinguish a folk song + + + align:start position:0% +characteristics distinguish a folk song +from one part of the world from one in + + align:start position:0% +from one part of the world from one in + + + align:start position:0% +from one part of the world from one in +another how does the look of a band its + + align:start position:0% +another how does the look of a band its + + + align:start position:0% +another how does the look of a band its +costume age its racial composition + + align:start position:0% +costume age its racial composition + + + align:start position:0% +costume age its racial composition +affect the makeup of the audience I mean + + align:start position:0% +affect the makeup of the audience I mean + + + align:start position:0% +affect the makeup of the audience I mean +you you know I'm not about to be a heavy + + align:start position:0% +you you know I'm not about to be a heavy + + + align:start position:0% +you you know I'm not about to be a heavy +metal star the way I'm currently dressed + + align:start position:0% +metal star the way I'm currently dressed + + + align:start position:0% +metal star the way I'm currently dressed +right what what does that mean maybe + + align:start position:0% +right what what does that mean maybe + + + align:start position:0% +right what what does that mean maybe +maybe I'm okay at the piano um I'm + + align:start position:0% +maybe I'm okay at the piano um I'm + + + align:start position:0% +maybe I'm okay at the piano um I'm +actually better at metal than the Pian + + align:start position:0% +actually better at metal than the Pian + + + align:start position:0% +actually better at metal than the Pian +you'll hear but that's okay I'm pretty + + align:start position:0% +you'll hear but that's okay I'm pretty + + + align:start position:0% +you'll hear but that's okay I'm pretty +bad at at both um what sorts of cord + + align:start position:0% +bad at at both um what sorts of cord + + + align:start position:0% +bad at at both um what sorts of cord +are used for relaxation for rest for + + align:start position:0% +are used for relaxation for rest for + + + align:start position:0% +are used for relaxation for rest for +stop in music today and how is this + + align:start position:0% +stop in music today and how is this + + + align:start position:0% +stop in music today and how is this +different in different centuries or + + align:start position:0% +different in different centuries or + + + align:start position:0% +different in different centuries or +different parts of the world um and what + + align:start position:0% +different parts of the world um and what + + + align:start position:0% +different parts of the world um and what +do the lyrics of top selling songs have + + align:start position:0% +do the lyrics of top selling songs have + + + align:start position:0% +do the lyrics of top selling songs have +in common with those of worst selling + + align:start position:0% +in common with those of worst selling + + + align:start position:0% +in common with those of worst selling +songs or don't have in common um and you + + align:start position:0% +songs or don't have in common um and you + + + align:start position:0% +songs or don't have in common um and you +know the that's a question that um you + + align:start position:0% +know the that's a question that um you + + + align:start position:0% +know the that's a question that um you +know I know that there are people at the + + align:start position:0% +know I know that there are people at the + + + align:start position:0% +know I know that there are people at the +big record labels trying to answer that + + align:start position:0% +big record labels trying to answer that + + + align:start position:0% +big record labels trying to answer that +um because there's money + + align:start position:0% +um because there's money + + + align:start position:0% +um because there's money +involved what rhythms or instruments a + + align:start position:0% +involved what rhythms or instruments a + + + align:start position:0% +involved what rhythms or instruments a +company texts about sadness or death + + align:start position:0% +company texts about sadness or death + + + align:start position:0% +company texts about sadness or death +that appear less often in moments of + + align:start position:0% +that appear less often in moments of + + + align:start position:0% +that appear less often in moments of +Happiness right that's kind of related + + align:start position:0% +Happiness right that's kind of related + + + align:start position:0% +Happiness right that's kind of related +to the why does some music make me cry + + align:start position:0% +to the why does some music make me cry + + + align:start position:0% +to the why does some music make me cry +so on so five good questions that might + + align:start position:0% +so on so five good questions that might + + + align:start position:0% +so on so five good questions that might +help us answer a big + + align:start position:0% +help us answer a big + + + align:start position:0% +help us answer a big +unknown what I'm going to do is I'm + + align:start position:0% +unknown what I'm going to do is I'm + + + align:start position:0% +unknown what I'm going to do is I'm +going to leave three up and take two + + align:start position:0% +going to leave three up and take two + + + align:start position:0% +going to leave three up and take two +off and say that these three questions + + align:start position:0% +off and say that these three questions + + + align:start position:0% +off and say that these three questions +in particular musical characteristics + + align:start position:0% +in particular musical characteristics + + + align:start position:0% +in particular musical characteristics +distinguishing X from y chords used at + + align:start position:0% +distinguishing X from y chords used at + + + align:start position:0% +distinguishing X from y chords used at +certain points and change over time + + align:start position:0% +certain points and change over time + + + align:start position:0% +certain points and change over time +rhythms about and connections to emotion + + align:start position:0% +rhythms about and connections to emotion + + + align:start position:0% +rhythms about and connections to emotion +these all might be questions that having + + align:start position:0% +these all might be questions that having + + + align:start position:0% +these all might be questions that having +a representation of a musical score + + align:start position:0% +a representation of a musical score + + + align:start position:0% +a representation of a musical score +whether it's more modern with + + align:start position:0% +whether it's more modern with + + + align:start position:0% +whether it's more modern with +handwritten ancient these are questions + + align:start position:0% +handwritten ancient these are questions + + + align:start position:0% +handwritten ancient these are questions +that might help + + align:start position:0% +that might help + + + align:start position:0% +that might help +answer so let's just kind of recap what + + align:start position:0% +answer so let's just kind of recap what + + + align:start position:0% +answer so let's just kind of recap what +are some of the things the computer's + + align:start position:0% +are some of the things the computer's + + + align:start position:0% +are some of the things the computer's +good at with + + align:start position:0% +good at with + + + align:start position:0% +good at with +music I mean kind of old slides you'll + + align:start position:0% +music I mean kind of old slides you'll + + + align:start position:0% +music I mean kind of old slides you'll +see it's pretty out but that we you know + + align:start position:0% +see it's pretty out but that we you know + + + align:start position:0% +see it's pretty out but that we you know +we make a lot of music with computer we + + align:start position:0% +we make a lot of music with computer we + + + align:start position:0% +we make a lot of music with computer we +mix it we um you know we we sort of uh + + align:start position:0% +mix it we um you know we we sort of uh + + + align:start position:0% +mix it we um you know we we sort of uh +do re-editing with + + align:start position:0% +do re-editing with + + + align:start position:0% +do re-editing with +it computers are absolutely changed how + + align:start position:0% +it computers are absolutely changed how + + + align:start position:0% +it computers are absolutely changed how +we distribute music how we get it how we + + align:start position:0% +we distribute music how we get it how we + + + align:start position:0% +we distribute music how we get it how we +access it um and then very cool you know + + align:start position:0% +access it um and then very cool you know + + + align:start position:0% +access it um and then very cool you know +apps and algorithms developed at places + + align:start position:0% +apps and algorithms developed at places + + + align:start position:0% +apps and algorithms developed at places +like this can tell you know what kind of + + align:start position:0% +like this can tell you know what kind of + + + align:start position:0% +like this can tell you know what kind of +what song particularly is some drunken + + align:start position:0% +what song particularly is some drunken + + + align:start position:0% +what song particularly is some drunken +jerk singing in a bar + + align:start position:0% +jerk singing in a bar + + + align:start position:0% +jerk singing in a bar +that's me um + + align:start position:0% +that's me um + + + align:start position:0% +that's me um +but but until about the last decade and + + align:start position:0% +but but until about the last decade and + + + align:start position:0% +but but until about the last decade and +a half uh little had changed since the + + align:start position:0% +a half uh little had changed since the + + + align:start position:0% +a half uh little had changed since the +70s and 80s in how computers could be + + align:start position:0% +70s and 80s in how computers could be + + + align:start position:0% +70s and 80s in how computers could be +used to analyze scores um and so things + + align:start position:0% +used to analyze scores um and so things + + + align:start position:0% +used to analyze scores um and so things +are changing now but let me say you know + + align:start position:0% +are changing now but let me say you know + + + align:start position:0% +are changing now but let me say you know +where things were um what what people + + align:start position:0% +where things were um what what people + + + align:start position:0% +where things were um what what people +already had for let's say text that's + + align:start position:0% +already had for let's say text that's + + + align:start position:0% +already had for let's say text that's +that's different from + + align:start position:0% +that's different from + + + align:start position:0% +that's different from +music so if you load a text you know + + align:start position:0% +music so if you load a text you know + + + align:start position:0% +music so if you load a text you know +we're all Compu Geeks at least to a + + align:start position:0% +we're all Compu Geeks at least to a + + + align:start position:0% +we're all Compu Geeks at least to a +little bit is I consider that as a term + + align:start position:0% +little bit is I consider that as a term + + + align:start position:0% +little bit is I consider that as a term +of endearment for myself but hope that's + + align:start position:0% +of endearment for myself but hope that's + + + align:start position:0% +of endearment for myself but hope that's +okay we're all computer people and um + + align:start position:0% +okay we're all computer people and um + + + align:start position:0% +okay we're all computer people and um +you know so we can look at a a I can use + + align:start position:0% +you know so we can look at a a I can use + + + align:start position:0% +you know so we can look at a a I can use +the term string right we can look at a + + align:start position:0% +the term string right we can look at a + + + align:start position:0% +the term string right we can look at a +string of text like this and you can ask + + align:start position:0% +string of text like this and you can ask + + + align:start position:0% +string of text like this and you can ask +various um algorithms already exist in + + align:start position:0% +various um algorithms already exist in + + + align:start position:0% +various um algorithms already exist in +any programming language to be able to + + align:start position:0% +any programming language to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +any programming language to be able to +identify the spaces right split or + + align:start position:0% +identify the spaces right split or + + + align:start position:0% +identify the spaces right split or +what's a foreign diacritic cast it to + + align:start position:0% +what's a foreign diacritic cast it to + + + align:start position:0% +what's a foreign diacritic cast it to +aski and see what crash is um what's + + align:start position:0% +aski and see what crash is um what's + + + align:start position:0% +aski and see what crash is um what's +punctuation and then if you have uh you + + align:start position:0% +punctuation and then if you have uh you + + + align:start position:0% +punctuation and then if you have uh you +know some kind of font rendering you'll + + align:start position:0% +know some kind of font rendering you'll + + + align:start position:0% +know some kind of font rendering you'll +know what's going below the line and so + + align:start position:0% +know what's going below the line and so + + + align:start position:0% +know what's going below the line and so +on what's a capital letter all these + + align:start position:0% +on what's a capital letter all these + + + align:start position:0% +on what's a capital letter all these +things and this level of lowl + + align:start position:0% +things and this level of lowl + + + align:start position:0% +things and this level of lowl +information about text really helped to + + align:start position:0% +information about text really helped to + + + align:start position:0% +information about text really helped to +build the next level of information + + align:start position:0% +build the next level of information + + + align:start position:0% +build the next level of information +about text sentence diagramming + + align:start position:0% +about text sentence diagramming + + + align:start position:0% +about text sentence diagramming +understanding from letters to a sentence + + align:start position:0% +understanding from letters to a sentence + + + align:start position:0% +understanding from letters to a sentence +level understanding and this kind of + + align:start position:0% +level understanding and this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +level understanding and this kind of +builtup knowledge has helped to make to + + align:start position:0% +builtup knowledge has helped to make to + + + align:start position:0% +builtup knowledge has helped to make to +the next level which we might be arguing + + align:start position:0% +the next level which we might be arguing + + + align:start position:0% +the next level which we might be arguing +today about whether or not there there + + align:start position:0% +today about whether or not there there + + + align:start position:0% +today about whether or not there there +is an actual meaning involved I'm hungry + + align:start position:0% +is an actual meaning involved I'm hungry + + + align:start position:0% +is an actual meaning involved I'm hungry +I'm spam um so can we build these + + align:start position:0% +I'm spam um so can we build these + + + align:start position:0% +I'm spam um so can we build these +Technologies for musical scores + + align:start position:0% +Technologies for musical scores + + + align:start position:0% +Technologies for musical scores +maybe maybe but not yet today so this is + + align:start position:0% +maybe maybe but not yet today so this is + + + align:start position:0% +maybe maybe but not yet today so this is +a class that I hope people five six 7 10 + + align:start position:0% +a class that I hope people five six 7 10 + + + align:start position:0% +a class that I hope people five six 7 10 +years from now hopefully less hopefully + + align:start position:0% +years from now hopefully less hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +years from now hopefully less hopefully +not 30 50 um that what you do in this + + align:start position:0% +not 30 50 um that what you do in this + + + align:start position:0% +not 30 50 um that what you do in this +class will help get to that level of of + + align:start position:0% +class will help get to that level of of + + + align:start position:0% +class will help get to that level of of +understanding um I think put it + + align:start position:0% +understanding um I think put it + + + align:start position:0% +understanding um I think put it +somewhere um this is a unique really + + align:start position:0% +somewhere um this is a unique really + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere um this is a unique really +unique class um I think that there's + + align:start position:0% +unique class um I think that there's + + + align:start position:0% +unique class um I think that there's +about three other classes that are + + align:start position:0% +about three other classes that are + + + align:start position:0% +about three other classes that are +something like computational music + + align:start position:0% +something like computational music + + + align:start position:0% +something like computational music +theory uh offered in the world today the + + align:start position:0% +theory uh offered in the world today the + + + align:start position:0% +theory uh offered in the world today the +other ones are all doctoral seminars or + + align:start position:0% +other ones are all doctoral seminars or + + + align:start position:0% +other ones are all doctoral seminars or +graduate + + align:start position:0% +graduate + + + align:start position:0% +graduate +seminars this is a class that because of + + align:start position:0% +seminars this is a class that because of + + + align:start position:0% +seminars this is a class that because of +mit's unique ability to merge the Arts + + align:start position:0% +mit's unique ability to merge the Arts + + + align:start position:0% +mit's unique ability to merge the Arts +and programming a deep knowledge of + + align:start position:0% +and programming a deep knowledge of + + + align:start position:0% +and programming a deep knowledge of +music and and a great culture of + + align:start position:0% +music and and a great culture of + + + align:start position:0% +music and and a great culture of +collaboration in um in solving problems + + align:start position:0% +collaboration in um in solving problems + + + align:start position:0% +collaboration in um in solving problems +we can do this at the undergraduate + + align:start position:0% +we can do this at the undergraduate + + + align:start position:0% +we can do this at the undergraduate +level and if you're a graduate student + + align:start position:0% +level and if you're a graduate student + + + align:start position:0% +level and if you're a graduate student +we can do even more uh with yall on that + + align:start position:0% +we can do even more uh with yall on that + + + align:start position:0% +we can do even more uh with yall on that +so what are some of the Technologies we + + align:start position:0% +so what are some of the Technologies we + + + align:start position:0% +so what are some of the Technologies we +need to build um well here's some simple + + align:start position:0% +need to build um well here's some simple + + + align:start position:0% +need to build um well here's some simple +things that a computer has to know to do + + align:start position:0% +things that a computer has to know to do + + + align:start position:0% +things that a computer has to know to do +anything with scores start off with + + align:start position:0% +anything with scores start off with + + + align:start position:0% +anything with scores start off with +DFG what's the next + + align:start position:0% +DFG what's the next + + + align:start position:0% +DFG what's the next +note + + align:start position:0% +note + + + align:start position:0% +note +a not H right not even the Germans who + + align:start position:0% +a not H right not even the Germans who + + + align:start position:0% +a not H right not even the Germans who +have H would would go on from that so + + align:start position:0% +have H would would go on from that so + + + align:start position:0% +have H would would go on from that so +you need to know about these cyclic + + align:start position:0% +you need to know about these cyclic + + + align:start position:0% +you need to know about these cyclic +little things um take a look at this + + align:start position:0% +little things um take a look at this + + + align:start position:0% +little things um take a look at this +next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +slide yeah okay we got some squirmers in + + align:start position:0% +slide yeah okay we got some squirmers in + + + align:start position:0% +slide yeah okay we got some squirmers in +the room right right that 3 four this + + align:start position:0% +the room right right that 3 four this + + + align:start position:0% +the room right right that 3 four this +does not compute um so we need to have + + align:start position:0% +does not compute um so we need to have + + + align:start position:0% +does not compute um so we need to have +an idea of meter and things and then + + align:start position:0% +an idea of meter and things and then + + + align:start position:0% +an idea of meter and things and then +from there building up you know which of + + align:start position:0% +from there building up you know which of + + + align:start position:0% +from there building up you know which of +these two scores is more consonant and + + align:start position:0% +these two scores is more consonant and + + + align:start position:0% +these two scores is more consonant and +which is more dissonant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we need a concept of consonants + + align:start position:0% +so we need a concept of consonants + + + align:start position:0% +so we need a concept of consonants +dissonance and how to bring this with + + align:start position:0% +dissonance and how to bring this with + + + align:start position:0% +dissonance and how to bring this with +score so we're going to need to step + + align:start position:0% +score so we're going to need to step + + + align:start position:0% +score so we're going to need to step +back from some of even the middle siize + + align:start position:0% +back from some of even the middle siize + + + align:start position:0% +back from some of even the middle siize +questions and go to even smaller things + + align:start position:0% +questions and go to even smaller things + + + align:start position:0% +questions and go to even smaller things +so for instance let's say this is the um + + align:start position:0% +so for instance let's say this is the um + + + align:start position:0% +so for instance let's say this is the um +chovsky uh 1812 Overture and let's see + + align:start position:0% +chovsky uh 1812 Overture and let's see + + + align:start position:0% +chovsky uh 1812 Overture and let's see +if um we wanted to understand how the + + align:start position:0% +if um we wanted to understand how the + + + align:start position:0% +if um we wanted to understand how the +key relations work how we move from one + + align:start position:0% +key relations work how we move from one + + + align:start position:0% +key relations work how we move from one +uh key to another and how this builds up + + align:start position:0% +uh key to another and how this builds up + + + align:start position:0% +uh key to another and how this builds up +the form and the tension and the power + + align:start position:0% +the form and the tension and the power + + + align:start position:0% +the form and the tension and the power +of the piece well in order to do this we + + align:start position:0% +of the piece well in order to do this we + + + align:start position:0% +of the piece well in order to do this we +need to know where all the key changes + + align:start position:0% +need to know where all the key changes + + + align:start position:0% +need to know where all the key changes +are right so we have to be able to cut + + align:start position:0% +are right so we have to be able to cut + + + align:start position:0% +are right so we have to be able to cut +the score into smaller pieces and + + align:start position:0% +the score into smaller pieces and + + + align:start position:0% +the score into smaller pieces and +identify that now how might you identify + + align:start position:0% +identify that now how might you identify + + + align:start position:0% +identify that now how might you identify +a key change well you might say Well it + + align:start position:0% +a key change well you might say Well it + + + align:start position:0% +a key change well you might say Well it +starts off with a Cadence in one key and + + align:start position:0% +starts off with a Cadence in one key and + + + align:start position:0% +starts off with a Cadence in one key and +then it ends in a Cadence in another key + + align:start position:0% +then it ends in a Cadence in another key + + + align:start position:0% +then it ends in a Cadence in another key +oh so now we need to be able to identify + + align:start position:0% +oh so now we need to be able to identify + + + align:start position:0% +oh so now we need to be able to identify +cadences so we need something that can + + align:start position:0% +cadences so we need something that can + + + align:start position:0% +cadences so we need something that can +do that well well this chord moves and + + align:start position:0% +do that well well this chord moves and + + + align:start position:0% +do that well well this chord moves and +you know five moves to one so that's a + + align:start position:0% +you know five moves to one so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +you know five moves to one so that's a +particular type of cadence + + align:start position:0% +particular type of cadence + + + align:start position:0% +particular type of cadence +that term when I say five moves to one + + align:start position:0% +that term when I say five moves to one + + + align:start position:0% +that term when I say five moves to one +are people hearing Roman numerals in + + align:start position:0% +are people hearing Roman numerals in + + + align:start position:0% +are people hearing Roman numerals in +your head and visualizing it uh these + + align:start position:0% +your head and visualizing it uh these + + + align:start position:0% +your head and visualizing it uh these +are the levels of musical knowledge that + + align:start position:0% +are the levels of musical knowledge that + + + align:start position:0% +are the levels of musical knowledge that +we're going to be using a lot here and + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be using a lot here and + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be using a lot here and +so in order to figure out if a chord is + + align:start position:0% +so in order to figure out if a chord is + + + align:start position:0% +so in order to figure out if a chord is +a five chord or one chord or what's in + + align:start position:0% +a five chord or one chord or what's in + + + align:start position:0% +a five chord or one chord or what's in +the chord at all if it's major or minor + + align:start position:0% +the chord at all if it's major or minor + + + align:start position:0% +the chord at all if it's major or minor +we need a representation of chords and + + align:start position:0% +we need a representation of chords and + + + align:start position:0% +we need a representation of chords and +notes and pitches so some of what we're + + align:start position:0% +notes and pitches so some of what we're + + + align:start position:0% +notes and pitches so some of what we're +going to be doing at the beginning of + + align:start position:0% +going to be doing at the beginning of + + + align:start position:0% +going to be doing at the beginning of +the class is recreating some of these + + align:start position:0% +the class is recreating some of these + + + align:start position:0% +the class is recreating some of these +tools and then we'll see what other + + align:start position:0% +tools and then we'll see what other + + + align:start position:0% +tools and then we'll see what other +people have done and go further from + + align:start position:0% +people have done and go further from + + + align:start position:0% +people have done and go further from +that so the notion that um that we don't + + align:start position:0% +that so the notion that um that we don't + + + align:start position:0% +that so the notion that um that we don't +have all these things is kind of + + align:start position:0% +have all these things is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +have all these things is kind of +surprising because there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +surprising because there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +surprising because there's a lot of +money a lot of work that's been out + + align:start position:0% +money a lot of work that's been out + + + align:start position:0% +money a lot of work that's been out +there taking some sort of representation + + align:start position:0% +there taking some sort of representation + + + align:start position:0% +there taking some sort of representation +musical score whether notation or midi + + align:start position:0% +musical score whether notation or midi + + + align:start position:0% +musical score whether notation or midi +or something like that some sort of a + + align:start position:0% +or something like that some sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +or something like that some sort of a +score and playing it really nicely on + + align:start position:0% +score and playing it really nicely on + + + align:start position:0% +score and playing it really nicely on +speakers and things like that gr all + + align:start position:0% +speakers and things like that gr all + + + align:start position:0% +speakers and things like that gr all +those things or um if you've used not + + align:start position:0% +those things or um if you've used not + + + align:start position:0% +those things or um if you've used not +flight finale sellus Doro something that + + align:start position:0% +flight finale sellus Doro something that + + + align:start position:0% +flight finale sellus Doro something that +flat IO you know that we can take a + + align:start position:0% +flat IO you know that we can take a + + + align:start position:0% +flat IO you know that we can take a +representation of notes and turn them + + align:start position:0% +representation of notes and turn them + + + align:start position:0% +representation of notes and turn them +into some sort of musical score so I + + align:start position:0% +into some sort of musical score so I + + + align:start position:0% +into some sort of musical score so I +think of that as kind of output uh it's + + align:start position:0% +think of that as kind of output uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +think of that as kind of output uh it's +like a printer and then um a lot of uh + + align:start position:0% +like a printer and then um a lot of uh + + + align:start position:0% +like a printer and then um a lot of uh +work especially in research Labs on + + align:start position:0% +work especially in research Labs on + + + align:start position:0% +work especially in research Labs on +taking sound in and converting it into + + align:start position:0% +taking sound in and converting it into + + + align:start position:0% +taking sound in and converting it into +that kind of digital representation + + align:start position:0% +that kind of digital representation + + + align:start position:0% +that kind of digital representation +that's useful for search things but once + + align:start position:0% +that's useful for search things but once + + + align:start position:0% +that's useful for search things but once +you have a digital representation of a + + align:start position:0% +you have a digital representation of a + + + align:start position:0% +you have a digital representation of a +score already in your computer what do + + align:start position:0% +score already in your computer what do + + + align:start position:0% +score already in your computer what do +you do with it how do you analyze it how + + align:start position:0% +you do with it how do you analyze it how + + + align:start position:0% +you do with it how do you analyze it how +do you work with it and there's been a + + align:start position:0% +do you work with it and there's been a + + + align:start position:0% +do you work with it and there's been a +lot less research on this so it's like + + align:start position:0% +lot less research on this so it's like + + + align:start position:0% +lot less research on this so it's like +we've been spending all our time + + align:start position:0% +we've been spending all our time + + + align:start position:0% +we've been spending all our time +building printers and I don't know how + + align:start position:0% +building printers and I don't know how + + + align:start position:0% +building printers and I don't know how +do we get things in Scanners and much + + align:start position:0% +do we get things in Scanners and much + + + align:start position:0% +do we get things in Scanners and much +much less time building our actual CPUs + + align:start position:0% +much less time building our actual CPUs + + + align:start position:0% +much less time building our actual CPUs +nobody has a CPU that looks like that + + align:start position:0% +nobody has a CPU that looks like that + + + align:start position:0% +nobody has a CPU that looks like that +anymore time to update your slides Prof + + align:start position:0% +anymore time to update your slides Prof + + + align:start position:0% +anymore time to update your slides Prof +um okay so one of the things that um + + align:start position:0% +um okay so one of the things that um + + + align:start position:0% +um okay so one of the things that um +we're going to be using a lot in this + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be using a lot in this + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be using a lot in this +class is the toolkit that I and many + + align:start position:0% +class is the toolkit that I and many + + + align:start position:0% +class is the toolkit that I and many +other people at MIT have used um to do + + align:start position:0% +other people at MIT have used um to do + + + align:start position:0% +other people at MIT have used um to do +these kind of manipulations and um it's + + align:start position:0% +these kind of manipulations and um it's + + + align:start position:0% +these kind of manipulations and um it's +think it's correct to say it's the most + + align:start position:0% +think it's correct to say it's the most + + + align:start position:0% +think it's correct to say it's the most +used toolkit in the world for working + + align:start position:0% +used toolkit in the world for working + + + align:start position:0% +used toolkit in the world for working +with musical scores uh it's python free + + align:start position:0% +with musical scores uh it's python free + + + align:start position:0% +with musical scores uh it's python free +and open source and um sometime over the + + align:start position:0% +and open source and um sometime over the + + + align:start position:0% +and open source and um sometime over the +next couple days you're going to be + + align:start position:0% +next couple days you're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +next couple days you're going to be +installing it um with Pip + + align:start position:0% +installing it um with Pip + + + align:start position:0% +installing it um with Pip +stall so music 21 really works from the + + align:start position:0% +stall so music 21 really works from the + + + align:start position:0% +stall so music 21 really works from the +notion that um first we're going to + + align:start position:0% +notion that um first we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +notion that um first we're going to +encode a lot of groundup Concepts about + + align:start position:0% +encode a lot of groundup Concepts about + + + align:start position:0% +encode a lot of groundup Concepts about +music so that um when you have a chord + + align:start position:0% +music so that um when you have a chord + + + align:start position:0% +music so that um when you have a chord +is that going yep we'll just generate a + + align:start position:0% +is that going yep we'll just generate a + + + align:start position:0% +is that going yep we'll just generate a +chord obviously not obviously otherwise + + align:start position:0% +chord obviously not obviously otherwise + + + align:start position:0% +chord obviously not obviously otherwise +you need this class but you're going to + + align:start position:0% +you need this class but you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +you need this class but you're going to +have a representation of how to + + align:start position:0% +have a representation of how to + + + align:start position:0% +have a representation of how to +represent pitches middle C E G and then + + align:start position:0% +represent pitches middle C E G and then + + + align:start position:0% +represent pitches middle C E G and then +all the different things once you have + + align:start position:0% +all the different things once you have + + + align:start position:0% +all the different things once you have +that chord that you might be able to do + + align:start position:0% +that chord that you might be able to do + + + align:start position:0% +that chord that you might be able to do +you might get its lyrics I don't know + + align:start position:0% +you might get its lyrics I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +you might get its lyrics I don't know +it's going by really fast um get its + + align:start position:0% +it's going by really fast um get its + + + align:start position:0% +it's going by really fast um get its +volume is it is it a diminished Triad so + + align:start position:0% +volume is it is it a diminished Triad so + + + align:start position:0% +volume is it is it a diminished Triad so +you can do that and hopefully any good + + align:start position:0% +you can do that and hopefully any good + + + align:start position:0% +you can do that and hopefully any good +computer program seeing ceg for is + + align:start position:0% +computer program seeing ceg for is + + + align:start position:0% +computer program seeing ceg for is +diminish Triad will return no no false + + align:start position:0% +diminish Triad will return no no false + + + align:start position:0% +diminish Triad will return no no false +anything like that zero right yep + + align:start position:0% +anything like that zero right yep + + + align:start position:0% +anything like that zero right yep +good um so in the amount of time it + + align:start position:0% +good um so in the amount of time it + + + align:start position:0% +good um so in the amount of time it +takes to write computer program that can + + align:start position:0% +takes to write computer program that can + + + align:start position:0% +takes to write computer program that can +tell whether ceg is a diminished Triad + + align:start position:0% +tell whether ceg is a diminished Triad + + + align:start position:0% +tell whether ceg is a diminished Triad +uh you all can hear it instantly right + + align:start position:0% +uh you all can hear it instantly right + + + align:start position:0% +uh you all can hear it instantly right +so why have a computer do things and + + align:start position:0% +so why have a computer do things and + + + align:start position:0% +so why have a computer do things and +it's really so that we can listen to + + align:start position:0% +it's really so that we can listen to + + + align:start position:0% +it's really so that we can listen to +music faster than we can ever listen + + align:start position:0% +music faster than we can ever listen + + + align:start position:0% +music faster than we can ever listen +with our ears so this this is a + + align:start position:0% +with our ears so this this is a + + + align:start position:0% +with our ears so this this is a +particular example of code in music 21 + + align:start position:0% +particular example of code in music 21 + + + align:start position:0% +particular example of code in music 21 +similar code in other toolkits that will + + align:start position:0% +similar code in other toolkits that will + + + align:start position:0% +similar code in other toolkits that will +take uh Corral by Johan Sebastian Bach + + align:start position:0% +take uh Corral by Johan Sebastian Bach + + + align:start position:0% +take uh Corral by Johan Sebastian Bach +um his 11th canata 6th movement encoded + + align:start position:0% +um his 11th canata 6th movement encoded + + + align:start position:0% +um his 11th canata 6th movement encoded +as a file called music XML store it as a + + align:start position:0% +as a file called music XML store it as a + + + align:start position:0% +as a file called music XML store it as a +variable get the Alto part out of it + + align:start position:0% +variable get the Alto part out of it + + + align:start position:0% +variable get the Alto part out of it +store it as alto get measures 13 to 20 + + align:start position:0% +store it as alto get measures 13 to 20 + + + align:start position:0% +store it as alto get measures 13 to 20 +as excerpt do a particular analysis + + align:start position:0% +as excerpt do a particular analysis + + + align:start position:0% +as excerpt do a particular analysis +where we're going to put all these stars + + align:start position:0% +where we're going to put all these stars + + + align:start position:0% +where we're going to put all these stars +on according to how um how strongly + + align:start position:0% +on according to how um how strongly + + + align:start position:0% +on according to how um how strongly +accented something might be metrically + + align:start position:0% +accented something might be metrically + + + align:start position:0% +accented something might be metrically +and show + + align:start position:0% +and show + + + align:start position:0% +and show +it and really any music analyst in the + + align:start position:0% +it and really any music analyst in the + + + align:start position:0% +it and really any music analyst in the +amount of time I took to do this could + + align:start position:0% +amount of time I took to do this could + + + align:start position:0% +amount of time I took to do this could +have done it herself or himself or + + align:start position:0% +have done it herself or himself or + + + align:start position:0% +have done it herself or himself or +theirselves but what's the great three + + align:start position:0% +theirselves but what's the great three + + + align:start position:0% +theirselves but what's the great three +letter is it preposition preposition + + align:start position:0% +letter is it preposition preposition + + + align:start position:0% +letter is it preposition preposition +that makes computers really + + align:start position:0% +that makes computers really + + + align:start position:0% +that makes computers really +powerful begins with + + align:start position:0% +powerful begins with + + + align:start position:0% +powerful begins with +f oh four four yeah so we just put a for + + align:start position:0% +f oh four four yeah so we just put a for + + + align:start position:0% +f oh four four yeah so we just put a for +Loop in and suddenly we're looking at + + align:start position:0% +Loop in and suddenly we're looking at + + + align:start position:0% +Loop in and suddenly we're looking at +every Corral that Bach wrote getting its + + align:start position:0% +every Corral that Bach wrote getting its + + + align:start position:0% +every Corral that Bach wrote getting its +alart measure 13 to 20 doing the same + + align:start position:0% +alart measure 13 to 20 doing the same + + + align:start position:0% +alart measure 13 to 20 doing the same +thing and of course why just do that + + align:start position:0% +thing and of course why just do that + + + align:start position:0% +thing and of course why just do that +little excerpt why just do the Alto part + + align:start position:0% +little excerpt why just do the Alto part + + + align:start position:0% +little excerpt why just do the Alto part +let's grab every Corral four Loops + + align:start position:0% +let's grab every Corral four Loops + + + align:start position:0% +let's grab every Corral four Loops +within four Loops don't over optimize + + align:start position:0% +within four Loops don't over optimize + + + align:start position:0% +within four Loops don't over optimize +first figure out if you can do this um + + align:start position:0% +first figure out if you can do this um + + + align:start position:0% +first figure out if you can do this um +in the time it takes you to get a cup of + + align:start position:0% +in the time it takes you to get a cup of + + + align:start position:0% +in the time it takes you to get a cup of +coffee right um yeah uh we'll come back + + align:start position:0% +coffee right um yeah uh we'll come back + + + align:start position:0% +coffee right um yeah uh we'll come back +to that theme in the class A lot um in + + align:start position:0% +to that theme in the class A lot um in + + + align:start position:0% +to that theme in the class A lot um in +your computer science intro classes you + + align:start position:0% +your computer science intro classes you + + + align:start position:0% +your computer science intro classes you +you're going to early on be thinking a + + align:start position:0% +you're going to early on be thinking a + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to early on be thinking a +lot about is this O big O of n s is this + + align:start position:0% +lot about is this O big O of n s is this + + + align:start position:0% +lot about is this O big O of n s is this +n cubed is this n log n all these terms + + align:start position:0% +n cubed is this n log n all these terms + + + align:start position:0% +n cubed is this n log n all these terms +we're going to talk about that from time + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about that from time + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about that from time +to time here but for the first part + + align:start position:0% +to time here but for the first part + + + align:start position:0% +to time here but for the first part +we're going to build tools that work in + + align:start position:0% +we're going to build tools that work in + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to build tools that work in +an acceptable to us amount of time + + align:start position:0% +an acceptable to us amount of time + + + align:start position:0% +an acceptable to us amount of time +you're going to hear me use this term a + + align:start position:0% +you're going to hear me use this term a + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to hear me use this term a +lot when we have a really big research + + align:start position:0% +lot when we have a really big research + + + align:start position:0% +lot when we have a really big research +question about oh I don't know um 15th + + align:start position:0% +question about oh I don't know um 15th + + + align:start position:0% +question about oh I don't know um 15th +century musical styles and we'll say + + align:start position:0% +century musical styles and we'll say + + + align:start position:0% +century musical styles and we'll say +people have waited 500 years for this + + align:start position:0% +people have waited 500 years for this + + + align:start position:0% +people have waited 500 years for this +answer 10 minutes isn't so bad right um + + align:start position:0% +answer 10 minutes isn't so bad right um + + + align:start position:0% +answer 10 minutes isn't so bad right um +and then then later you know you can you + + align:start position:0% +and then then later you know you can you + + + align:start position:0% +and then then later you know you can you +can go back and make it a three minute + + align:start position:0% +can go back and make it a three minute + + + align:start position:0% +can go back and make it a three minute +problem something like + + align:start position:0% +problem something like + + + align:start position:0% +problem something like +that some of the questions we might ask + + align:start position:0% +that some of the questions we might ask + + + align:start position:0% +that some of the questions we might ask +that come up um that these kinds of + + align:start position:0% +that come up um that these kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +that come up um that these kinds of +toolkits are built to solve are higher + + align:start position:0% +toolkits are built to solve are higher + + + align:start position:0% +toolkits are built to solve are higher +notes + + align:start position:0% +notes + + + align:start position:0% +notes +louder we many of us perceive them as + + align:start position:0% +louder we many of us perceive them as + + + align:start position:0% +louder we many of us perceive them as +louder are they given louder Dynamics so + + align:start position:0% +louder are they given louder Dynamics so + + + align:start position:0% +louder are they given louder Dynamics so +we can plot um pitch everyone know + + align:start position:0% +we can plot um pitch everyone know + + + align:start position:0% +we can plot um pitch everyone know +octave numbers middle C C4 is the + + align:start position:0% +octave numbers middle C C4 is the + + + align:start position:0% +octave numbers middle C C4 is the +standard American representation today + + align:start position:0% +standard American representation today + + + align:start position:0% +standard American representation today +and the cello doesn't really go up that + + align:start position:0% +and the cello doesn't really go up that + + + align:start position:0% +and the cello doesn't really go up that +high I don't know is sportando really + + align:start position:0% +high I don't know is sportando really + + + align:start position:0% +high I don't know is sportando really +somewhere between Forte who knows these + + align:start position:0% +somewhere between Forte who knows these + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere between Forte who knows these +are kind of slightly arbitrary but + + align:start position:0% +are kind of slightly arbitrary but + + + align:start position:0% +are kind of slightly arbitrary but +doesn't look like it to me um now this + + align:start position:0% +doesn't look like it to me um now this + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't look like it to me um now this +is one little graph probably want to do + + align:start position:0% +is one little graph probably want to do + + + align:start position:0% +is one little graph probably want to do +this on a couple thousand pieces run + + align:start position:0% +this on a couple thousand pieces run + + + align:start position:0% +this on a couple thousand pieces run +some regression lines all the things we + + align:start position:0% +some regression lines all the things we + + + align:start position:0% +some regression lines all the things we +can do but we can start answering those + + align:start position:0% +can do but we can start answering those + + + align:start position:0% +can do but we can start answering those +questions how does Robert Schuman use + + align:start position:0% +questions how does Robert Schuman use + + + align:start position:0% +questions how does Robert Schuman use +notes differently from Fredick + + align:start position:0% +notes differently from Fredick + + + align:start position:0% +notes differently from Fredick +chopan and I plotted this in plotting + + align:start position:0% +chopan and I plotted this in plotting + + + align:start position:0% +chopan and I plotted this in plotting +the pitch usage of Schuman I can see how + + align:start position:0% +the pitch usage of Schuman I can see how + + + align:start position:0% +the pitch usage of Schuman I can see how +beautiful it's a really nice bell curve + + align:start position:0% +beautiful it's a really nice bell curve + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful it's a really nice bell curve +really great uh chopan on the other hand + + align:start position:0% +really great uh chopan on the other hand + + + align:start position:0% +really great uh chopan on the other hand +looks I don't know kind of like one of + + align:start position:0% +looks I don't know kind of like one of + + + align:start position:0% +looks I don't know kind of like one of +these cities with no planning laws like + + align:start position:0% +these cities with no planning laws like + + + align:start position:0% +these cities with no planning laws like +here's I say ABI dbby with a gigantic + + align:start position:0% +here's I say ABI dbby with a gigantic + + + align:start position:0% +here's I say ABI dbby with a gigantic +skyscraper when chopan likes a gsh it's + + align:start position:0% +skyscraper when chopan likes a gsh it's + + + align:start position:0% +skyscraper when chopan likes a gsh it's +not just any GP it's this gsh is just + + align:start position:0% +not just any GP it's this gsh is just + + + align:start position:0% +not just any GP it's this gsh is just +going to keep playing it forever so so + + align:start position:0% +going to keep playing it forever so so + + + align:start position:0% +going to keep playing it forever so so +these are some of the ways you can do + + align:start position:0% +these are some of the ways you can do + + + align:start position:0% +these are some of the ways you can do +this uh any Robert schiman experts out + + align:start position:0% +this uh any Robert schiman experts out + + + align:start position:0% +this uh any Robert schiman experts out +there no some some hands almost went up + + align:start position:0% +there no some some hands almost went up + + + align:start position:0% +there no some some hands almost went up +some people like Robert Shuman garbage + + align:start position:0% +some people like Robert Shuman garbage + + + align:start position:0% +some people like Robert Shuman garbage +in garbage + + align:start position:0% +in garbage + + + align:start position:0% +in garbage +out this particular piece by shiman is a + + align:start position:0% +out this particular piece by shiman is a + + + align:start position:0% +out this particular piece by shiman is a +string + + align:start position:0% +string + + + align:start position:0% +string +quartet this piece by shopan is a piano + + align:start position:0% +quartet this piece by shopan is a piano + + + align:start position:0% +quartet this piece by shopan is a piano +when you have a string quartet of course + + align:start position:0% +when you have a string quartet of course + + + align:start position:0% +when you have a string quartet of course +you're going to have more instruments + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have more instruments + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have more instruments +with notes in the + + align:start position:0% +with notes in the + + + align:start position:0% +with notes in the +middle so I did this once I thought I + + align:start position:0% +middle so I did this once I thought I + + + align:start position:0% +middle so I did this once I thought I +had compared Apples to Apples and I + + align:start position:0% +had compared Apples to Apples and I + + + align:start position:0% +had compared Apples to Apples and I +realized I compared apples to oranges so + + align:start position:0% +realized I compared apples to oranges so + + + align:start position:0% +realized I compared apples to oranges so +we're going to think a lot about user + + align:start position:0% +we're going to think a lot about user + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to think a lot about user +error also in how we make + + align:start position:0% +error also in how we make + + + align:start position:0% +error also in how we make +things + + align:start position:0% +things + + + align:start position:0% +things +um visualization of music is a big part + + align:start position:0% +um visualization of music is a big part + + + align:start position:0% +um visualization of music is a big part +of what we're doing these kinds of + + align:start position:0% +of what we're doing these kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +of what we're doing these kinds of +visualized graphs can make understanding + + align:start position:0% +visualized graphs can make understanding + + + align:start position:0% +visualized graphs can make understanding +a piece very easy uh you can also use 3D + + align:start position:0% +a piece very easy uh you can also use 3D + + + align:start position:0% +a piece very easy uh you can also use 3D +graphs which don't make it easy at all + + align:start position:0% +graphs which don't make it easy at all + + + align:start position:0% +graphs which don't make it easy at all +to understand anything but they look + + align:start position:0% +to understand anything but they look + + + align:start position:0% +to understand anything but they look +really cool if you need like donors and + + align:start position:0% +really cool if you need like donors and + + + align:start position:0% +really cool if you need like donors and +funding and stuff so so always make them + + align:start position:0% +funding and stuff so so always make them + + + align:start position:0% +funding and stuff so so always make them +when you when you need that but + + align:start position:0% +when you when you need that but + + + align:start position:0% +when you when you need that but +otherwise I can't really read + + align:start position:0% +otherwise I can't really read + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise I can't really read +that we could combine different fields + + align:start position:0% +that we could combine different fields + + + align:start position:0% +that we could combine different fields +so for instance geographic information + + align:start position:0% +so for instance geographic information + + + align:start position:0% +so for instance geographic information +and plotting with musical + + align:start position:0% +and plotting with musical + + + align:start position:0% +and plotting with musical +characteristics so this is one of my fun + + align:start position:0% +characteristics so this is one of my fun + + + align:start position:0% +characteristics so this is one of my fun +things I found um comparing the + + align:start position:0% +things I found um comparing the + + + align:start position:0% +things I found um comparing the +distribution of large intervals these + + align:start position:0% +distribution of large intervals these + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of large intervals these +are intervals close to what would be + + align:start position:0% +are intervals close to what would be + + + align:start position:0% +are intervals close to what would be +Western 7ths but obviously they're not + + align:start position:0% +Western 7ths but obviously they're not + + + align:start position:0% +Western 7ths but obviously they're not +exactly that because different cultures + + align:start position:0% +exactly that because different cultures + + + align:start position:0% +exactly that because different cultures +use different intervals but looking at + + align:start position:0% +use different intervals but looking at + + + align:start position:0% +use different intervals but looking at +the folk songs differing and you can see + + align:start position:0% +the folk songs differing and you can see + + + align:start position:0% +the folk songs differing and you can see +a large difference um as we move + + align:start position:0% +a large difference um as we move + + + align:start position:0% +a large difference um as we move +northward and a little bit as you move + + align:start position:0% +northward and a little bit as you move + + + align:start position:0% +northward and a little bit as you move +Inland in China in the increase of large + + align:start position:0% +Inland in China in the increase of large + + + align:start position:0% +Inland in China in the increase of large +intervals that are not octaves in folk + + align:start position:0% +intervals that are not octaves in folk + + + align:start position:0% +intervals that are not octaves in folk +songs and um we'll look at certain point + + align:start position:0% +songs and um we'll look at certain point + + + align:start position:0% +songs and um we'll look at certain point +over the semester at a very cool um + + align:start position:0% +over the semester at a very cool um + + + align:start position:0% +over the semester at a very cool um +paper that kind of shows how a + + align:start position:0% +paper that kind of shows how a + + + align:start position:0% +paper that kind of shows how a +particular mountain range divides folk + + align:start position:0% +particular mountain range divides folk + + + align:start position:0% +particular mountain range divides folk +songs that are very different um on + + align:start position:0% +songs that are very different um on + + + align:start position:0% +songs that are very different um on +either side of that range + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you're looking for particular + + align:start position:0% +if you're looking for particular + + + align:start position:0% +if you're looking for particular +fingerprints that might tell you who a + + align:start position:0% +fingerprints that might tell you who a + + + align:start position:0% +fingerprints that might tell you who a +composer was maybe there's these small + + align:start position:0% +composer was maybe there's these small + + + align:start position:0% +composer was maybe there's these small +moments you might find there's one + + align:start position:0% +moments you might find there's one + + + align:start position:0% +moments you might find there's one +moment in this um piece from around + + align:start position:0% +moment in this um piece from around + + + align:start position:0% +moment in this um piece from around +1500 that is feels like it might be in a + + align:start position:0% +1500 that is feels like it might be in a + + + align:start position:0% +1500 that is feels like it might be in a +modern composition where you just smash + + align:start position:0% +modern composition where you just smash + + + align:start position:0% +modern composition where you just smash +your hand down on a piano was very hard + + align:start position:0% +your hand down on a piano was very hard + + + align:start position:0% +your hand down on a piano was very hard +to see here but with a computer what can + + align:start position:0% +to see here but with a computer what can + + + align:start position:0% +to see here but with a computer what can +do is we can take all of the notes and + + align:start position:0% +do is we can take all of the notes and + + + align:start position:0% +do is we can take all of the notes and +put them into singular chords here + + align:start position:0% +put them into singular chords here + + + align:start position:0% +put them into singular chords here +reduce them all so that they're in + + align:start position:0% +reduce them all so that they're in + + + align:start position:0% +reduce them all so that they're in +closed position everyone remember that + + align:start position:0% +closed position everyone remember that + + + align:start position:0% +closed position everyone remember that +from music theory class as close + + align:start position:0% +from music theory class as close + + + align:start position:0% +from music theory class as close +together as you can make it annotate the + + align:start position:0% +together as you can make it annotate the + + + align:start position:0% +together as you can make it annotate the +intervals and suddenly this one little + + align:start position:0% +intervals and suddenly this one little + + + align:start position:0% +intervals and suddenly this one little +moment jumps out as very strange then + + align:start position:0% +moment jumps out as very strange then + + + align:start position:0% +moment jumps out as very strange then +you can go back and figure out how did + + align:start position:0% +you can go back and figure out how did + + + align:start position:0% +you can go back and figure out how did +the music create + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this over the course of the semester we + + align:start position:0% +this over the course of the semester we + + + align:start position:0% +this over the course of the semester we +looking at um changes in music over time + + align:start position:0% +looking at um changes in music over time + + + align:start position:0% +looking at um changes in music over time +so this is um and we're also going to be + + align:start position:0% +so this is um and we're also going to be + + + align:start position:0% +so this is um and we're also going to be +looking at various things that were done + + align:start position:0% +looking at various things that were done + + + align:start position:0% +looking at various things that were done +by people either in this class or who + + align:start position:0% +by people either in this class or who + + + align:start position:0% +by people either in this class or who +had worked in um the lab that um helps + + align:start position:0% +had worked in um the lab that um helps + + + align:start position:0% +had worked in um the lab that um helps +create music 21 um so Beth Hadley was a + + align:start position:0% +create music 21 um so Beth Hadley was a + + + align:start position:0% +create music 21 um so Beth Hadley was a +gra somebody who graduated from this + + align:start position:0% +gra somebody who graduated from this + + + align:start position:0% +gra somebody who graduated from this +program who did this analysis and + + align:start position:0% +program who did this analysis and + + + align:start position:0% +program who did this analysis and +looking at a lot of rock um popular + + align:start position:0% +looking at a lot of rock um popular + + + align:start position:0% +looking at a lot of rock um popular +music songs the 1950s and 60s see the + + align:start position:0% +music songs the 1950s and 60s see the + + + align:start position:0% +music songs the 1950s and 60s see the +base moves quite often by five semit + + align:start position:0% +base moves quite often by five semit + + + align:start position:0% +base moves quite often by five semit +Tunes up or down which corresponds to + + align:start position:0% +Tunes up or down which corresponds to + + + align:start position:0% +Tunes up or down which corresponds to +sort of a movement of 1 to four or 5 to + + align:start position:0% +sort of a movement of 1 to four or 5 to + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a movement of 1 to four or 5 to +one things like that um and then + + align:start position:0% +one things like that um and then + + + align:start position:0% +one things like that um and then +occasionally up by two semmit tones + + align:start position:0% +occasionally up by two semmit tones + + + align:start position:0% +occasionally up by two semmit tones +what's that in the 1451 + + align:start position:0% +what's that in the 1451 + + + align:start position:0% +what's that in the 1451 +progression four going to five to one + + align:start position:0% +progression four going to five to one + + + align:start position:0% +progression four going to five to one +and so you can see how this really + + align:start position:0% +and so you can see how this really + + + align:start position:0% +and so you can see how this really +dominates at that go yeah at the time + + align:start position:0% +dominates at that go yeah at the time + + + align:start position:0% +dominates at that go yeah at the time +most data set it says post 1980 it + + align:start position:0% +most data set it says post 1980 it + + + align:start position:0% +most data set it says post 1980 it +should say 1980 to 2000 data set and you + + align:start position:0% +should say 1980 to 2000 data set and you + + + align:start position:0% +should say 1980 to 2000 data set and you +can kind of see if we go back and forth + + align:start position:0% +can kind of see if we go back and forth + + + align:start position:0% +can kind of see if we go back and forth +how it's still these fives and twos that + + align:start position:0% +how it's still these fives and twos that + + + align:start position:0% +how it's still these fives and twos that +the main thing but + + align:start position:0% +the main thing but + + + align:start position:0% +the main thing but +um these other + + align:start position:0% +um these other + + + align:start position:0% +um these other +intervals are continuing to move up and + + align:start position:0% +intervals are continuing to move up and + + + align:start position:0% +intervals are continuing to move up and +becoming more and more important love to + + align:start position:0% +becoming more and more important love to + + + align:start position:0% +becoming more and more important love to +see an analysis we now have another full + + align:start position:0% +see an analysis we now have another full + + + align:start position:0% +see an analysis we now have another full +20 years 22 and a quarter years by the + + align:start position:0% +20 years 22 and a quarter years by the + + + align:start position:0% +20 years 22 and a quarter years by the +time the semester is done um worth of + + align:start position:0% +time the semester is done um worth of + + + align:start position:0% +time the semester is done um worth of +music after 2000 to see if this trend + + align:start position:0% +music after 2000 to see if this trend + + + align:start position:0% +music after 2000 to see if this trend +continues or stopped + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh anybody youall have taken either some + + align:start position:0% +uh anybody youall have taken either some + + + align:start position:0% +uh anybody youall have taken either some +sort of a theory class so at some point + + align:start position:0% +sort of a theory class so at some point + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a theory class so at some point +who has written a parallel fifth in this + + align:start position:0% +who has written a parallel fifth in this + + + align:start position:0% +who has written a parallel fifth in this +class accidentally yes okay wow some + + align:start position:0% +class accidentally yes okay wow some + + + align:start position:0% +class accidentally yes okay wow some +people have never written a parallel + + align:start position:0% +people have never written a parallel + + + align:start position:0% +people have never written a parallel +fifth that's amazing or you you always + + align:start position:0% +fifth that's amazing or you you always + + + align:start position:0% +fifth that's amazing or you you always +did it on purpose just to annoy your + + align:start position:0% +did it on purpose just to annoy your + + + align:start position:0% +did it on purpose just to annoy your +teacher right so we can find next time + + align:start position:0% +teacher right so we can find next time + + + align:start position:0% +teacher right so we can find next time +you you've given that you can generate + + align:start position:0% +you you've given that you can generate + + + align:start position:0% +you you've given that you can generate +your own list of every single time that + + align:start position:0% +your own list of every single time that + + + align:start position:0% +your own list of every single time that +Yan Sebastian Bach wrote a parallel + + align:start position:0% +Yan Sebastian Bach wrote a parallel + + + align:start position:0% +Yan Sebastian Bach wrote a parallel +fifth or an octave so that you can give + + align:start position:0% +fifth or an octave so that you can give + + + align:start position:0% +fifth or an octave so that you can give +it to your teacher and say yeah that was + + align:start position:0% +it to your teacher and say yeah that was + + + align:start position:0% +it to your teacher and say yeah that was +a parallel fifth but it's exactly like + + align:start position:0% +a parallel fifth but it's exactly like + + + align:start position:0% +a parallel fifth but it's exactly like +what Bach + + align:start position:0% +what Bach + + + align:start position:0% +what Bach +wrote once you've written a program that + + align:start position:0% +wrote once you've written a program that + + + align:start position:0% +wrote once you've written a program that +does a particular type of analysis on a + + align:start position:0% +does a particular type of analysis on a + + + align:start position:0% +does a particular type of analysis on a +particular Corpus of Music a collection + + align:start position:0% +particular Corpus of Music a collection + + + align:start position:0% +particular Corpus of Music a collection +of Music an analysis it's easy to swap + + align:start position:0% +of Music an analysis it's easy to swap + + + align:start position:0% +of Music an analysis it's easy to swap +one or the other so that once you have + + align:start position:0% +one or the other so that once you have + + + align:start position:0% +one or the other so that once you have +something that finds all parallel fifths + + align:start position:0% +something that finds all parallel fifths + + + align:start position:0% +something that finds all parallel fifths +in Johan Sebastian Bach then we can put + + align:start position:0% +in Johan Sebastian Bach then we can put + + + align:start position:0% +in Johan Sebastian Bach then we can put +it into cladium monity and find the same + + align:start position:0% +it into cladium monity and find the same + + + align:start position:0% +it into cladium monity and find the same +analysis and do different things so each + + align:start position:0% +analysis and do different things so each + + + align:start position:0% +analysis and do different things so each +of our tools can work on what what is it + + align:start position:0% +of our tools can work on what what is it + + + align:start position:0% +of our tools can work on what what is it +if most of our tools I'll say not all of + + align:start position:0% +if most of our tools I'll say not all of + + + align:start position:0% +if most of our tools I'll say not all of +them most of our tools can work on any + + align:start position:0% +them most of our tools can work on any + + + align:start position:0% +them most of our tools can work on any +Corpus and any Corpus can apply to + + align:start position:0% +Corpus and any Corpus can apply to + + + align:start position:0% +Corpus and any Corpus can apply to +multiple tools so this is a place where + + align:start position:0% +multiple tools so this is a place where + + + align:start position:0% +multiple tools so this is a place where +you get sort of a squared um increase in + + align:start position:0% +you get sort of a squared um increase in + + + align:start position:0% +you get sort of a squared um increase in +power by using the computer over if you + + align:start position:0% +power by using the computer over if you + + + align:start position:0% +power by using the computer over if you +wanted to do this U by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hand I'm trained primarily as a + + align:start position:0% +hand I'm trained primarily as a + + + align:start position:0% +hand I'm trained primarily as a +musicologist that is a a music historian + + align:start position:0% +musicologist that is a a music historian + + + align:start position:0% +musicologist that is a a music historian +somebody first trained to do things um + + align:start position:0% +somebody first trained to do things um + + + align:start position:0% +somebody first trained to do things um +by hand and look at history and look at + + align:start position:0% +by hand and look at history and look at + + + align:start position:0% +by hand and look at history and look at +context and come to conclusion + + align:start position:0% +context and come to conclusion + + + align:start position:0% +context and come to conclusion +I did a lot of computer things and um + + align:start position:0% +I did a lot of computer things and um + + + align:start position:0% +I did a lot of computer things and um +for a little while I kind of these were + + align:start position:0% +for a little while I kind of these were + + + align:start position:0% +for a little while I kind of these were +slightly separate worlds I'm trying to + + align:start position:0% +slightly separate worlds I'm trying to + + + align:start position:0% +slightly separate worlds I'm trying to +move them more and more together so that + + align:start position:0% +move them more and more together so that + + + align:start position:0% +move them more and more together so that +when we answer a particular question we + + align:start position:0% +when we answer a particular question we + + + align:start position:0% +when we answer a particular question we +think about which of those big questions + + align:start position:0% +think about which of those big questions + + + align:start position:0% +think about which of those big questions +what bigger answer might we have come to + + align:start position:0% +what bigger answer might we have come to + + + align:start position:0% +what bigger answer might we have come to +so this was a particular demonstration + + align:start position:0% +so this was a particular demonstration + + + align:start position:0% +so this was a particular demonstration +program I wrote early in um early in my + + align:start position:0% +program I wrote early in um early in my + + + align:start position:0% +program I wrote early in um early in my +development that I was like oh cool I + + align:start position:0% +development that I was like oh cool I + + + align:start position:0% +development that I was like oh cool I +have um you're going to see well we'll + + align:start position:0% +have um you're going to see well we'll + + + align:start position:0% +have um you're going to see well we'll +talk about why JS spx's coming up a lot + + align:start position:0% +talk about why JS spx's coming up a lot + + + align:start position:0% +talk about why JS spx's coming up a lot +um but I have all these pieces by Bach + + align:start position:0% +um but I have all these pieces by Bach + + + align:start position:0% +um but I have all these pieces by Bach +let's go through and I know that Bach + + align:start position:0% +let's go through and I know that Bach + + + align:start position:0% +let's go through and I know that Bach +when he um when he writes a piece that's + + align:start position:0% +when he um when he writes a piece that's + + + align:start position:0% +when he um when he writes a piece that's +in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +minor how's it going to end generally + + align:start position:0% +minor how's it going to end generally + + + align:start position:0% +minor how's it going to end generally +anybody + + align:start position:0% +anybody + + + align:start position:0% +anybody +know in the c major + + align:start position:0% +know in the c major + + + align:start position:0% +know in the c major +chord yeah this kind of I call it picity + + align:start position:0% +chord yeah this kind of I call it picity + + + align:start position:0% +chord yeah this kind of I call it picity +third so usually when he's in minor he + + align:start position:0% +third so usually when he's in minor he + + + align:start position:0% +third so usually when he's in minor he +ends in major I TR to find every + + align:start position:0% +ends in major I TR to find every + + + align:start position:0% +ends in major I TR to find every +exception to that in his uh Coral + + align:start position:0% +exception to that in his uh Coral + + + align:start position:0% +exception to that in his uh Coral +composition great um + + align:start position:0% +composition great um + + + align:start position:0% +composition great um +so pretty easy find all these places and + + align:start position:0% +so pretty easy find all these places and + + + align:start position:0% +so pretty easy find all these places and +then I was pretty happy that I found + + align:start position:0% +then I was pretty happy that I found + + + align:start position:0% +then I was pretty happy that I found +that there's exactly uh eight of them + + align:start position:0% +that there's exactly uh eight of them + + + align:start position:0% +that there's exactly uh eight of them +and I thought that was that was kind of + + align:start position:0% +and I thought that was that was kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and I thought that was that was kind of +neat until one day I was a little bit + + align:start position:0% +neat until one day I was a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +neat until one day I was a little bit +bored and I started looking at what + + align:start position:0% +bored and I started looking at what + + + align:start position:0% +bored and I started looking at what +these pieces were what pieces went with + + align:start position:0% +these pieces were what pieces went with + + + align:start position:0% +these pieces were what pieces went with +these weird numbers and I looked at the + + align:start position:0% +these weird numbers and I looked at the + + + align:start position:0% +these weird numbers and I looked at the +first one um piece 20 48 in box catalog + + align:start position:0% +first one um piece 20 48 in box catalog + + + align:start position:0% +first one um piece 20 48 in box catalog +and I saw oh that one's wrong the + + align:start position:0% +and I saw oh that one's wrong the + + + align:start position:0% +and I saw oh that one's wrong the +computer didn't get it I didn't expand + + align:start position:0% +computer didn't get it I didn't expand + + + align:start position:0% +computer didn't get it I didn't expand +all the repeats so the final bar in the + + align:start position:0% +all the repeats so the final bar in the + + + align:start position:0% +all the repeats so the final bar in the +piece then said Doo wait which way's + + align:start position:0% +piece then said Doo wait which way's + + + align:start position:0% +piece then said Doo wait which way's +right for you yeah Dapo Aline so go back + + align:start position:0% +right for you yeah Dapo Aline so go back + + + align:start position:0% +right for you yeah Dapo Aline so go back +there and the actual end was in the + + align:start position:0% +there and the actual end was in the + + + align:start position:0% +there and the actual end was in the +middle and that one was in major so + + align:start position:0% +middle and that one was in major so + + + align:start position:0% +middle and that one was in major so +followed that then I looked at these + + align:start position:0% +followed that then I looked at these + + + align:start position:0% +followed that then I looked at these +other pieces I saw there something some + + align:start position:0% +other pieces I saw there something some + + + align:start position:0% +other pieces I saw there something some +people call orphan Corrals there're ones + + align:start position:0% +people call orphan Corrals there're ones + + + align:start position:0% +people call orphan Corrals there're ones +that um jsbx son CPE box said Dad wrote + + align:start position:0% +that um jsbx son CPE box said Dad wrote + + + align:start position:0% +that um jsbx son CPE box said Dad wrote +and published them but we have no other + + align:start position:0% +and published them but we have no other + + + align:start position:0% +and published them but we have no other +evidence that Dad wrote them and the + + align:start position:0% +evidence that Dad wrote them and the + + + align:start position:0% +evidence that Dad wrote them and the +only time this ever happens is in those + + align:start position:0% +only time this ever happens is in those + + + align:start position:0% +only time this ever happens is in those +collections so some people have been + + align:start position:0% +collections so some people have been + + + align:start position:0% +collections so some people have been +arguing maybe these pieces aren't really + + align:start position:0% +arguing maybe these pieces aren't really + + + align:start position:0% +arguing maybe these pieces aren't really +by Bach or they've been edited heavily + + align:start position:0% +by Bach or they've been edited heavily + + + align:start position:0% +by Bach or they've been edited heavily +this seems to give us some of the + + align:start position:0% +this seems to give us some of the + + + align:start position:0% +this seems to give us some of the +evidence that that might be true so + + align:start position:0% +evidence that that might be true so + + + align:start position:0% +evidence that that might be true so +always remember that the computer is not + + align:start position:0% +always remember that the computer is not + + + align:start position:0% +always remember that the computer is not +substituting for analysis it's a tool to + + align:start position:0% +substituting for analysis it's a tool to + + + align:start position:0% +substituting for analysis it's a tool to +make the kind of analytical questions + + align:start position:0% +make the kind of analytical questions + + + align:start position:0% +make the kind of analytical questions +you might already have more + + align:start position:0% +you might already have more + + + align:start position:0% +you might already have more +efficient that's why yep that's what you + + align:start position:0% +efficient that's why yep that's what you + + + align:start position:0% +efficient that's why yep that's what you +know the first couple of things that + + align:start position:0% +know the first couple of things that + + + align:start position:0% +know the first couple of things that +we're going to be looking at in this + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be looking at in this + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be looking at in this +class are how we represent music what + + align:start position:0% +class are how we represent music what + + + align:start position:0% +class are how we represent music what +kinds of scores are happening and so on + + align:start position:0% +kinds of scores are happening and so on + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of scores are happening and so on +um and we'll get into why you might do + + align:start position:0% +um and we'll get into why you might do + + + align:start position:0% +um and we'll get into why you might do +one representation or another um one of + + align:start position:0% +one representation or another um one of + + + align:start position:0% +one representation or another um one of +the first things we'll look at is music + + align:start position:0% +the first things we'll look at is music + + + align:start position:0% +the first things we'll look at is music +as a series of boxes of Russian nesting + + align:start position:0% +as a series of boxes of Russian nesting + + + align:start position:0% +as a series of boxes of Russian nesting +dolls whatever you want to call it box + + align:start position:0% +dolls whatever you want to call it box + + + align:start position:0% +dolls whatever you want to call it box +within a box within a box so we have a + + align:start position:0% +within a box within a box so we have a + + + align:start position:0% +within a box within a box so we have a +score inside that box we have some parts + + align:start position:0% +score inside that box we have some parts + + + align:start position:0% +score inside that box we have some parts +inside those boxes we might have + + align:start position:0% +inside those boxes we might have + + + align:start position:0% +inside those boxes we might have +measures um we might have voices two + + align:start position:0% +measures um we might have voices two + + + align:start position:0% +measures um we might have voices two +different independent voices within a + + align:start position:0% +different independent voices within a + + + align:start position:0% +different independent voices within a +measure something like that so we'll + + align:start position:0% +measure something like that so we'll + + + align:start position:0% +measure something like that so we'll +call those kind of part-based containers + + align:start position:0% +call those kind of part-based containers + + + align:start position:0% +call those kind of part-based containers +we going even put the score into a + + align:start position:0% +we going even put the score into a + + + align:start position:0% +we going even put the score into a +bigger box with like the Opus all the + + align:start position:0% +bigger box with like the Opus all the + + + align:start position:0% +bigger box with like the Opus all the +works by in a + + align:start position:0% +works by in a + + + align:start position:0% +works by in a +collection and then our second box we + + align:start position:0% +collection and then our second box we + + + align:start position:0% +collection and then our second box we +might have um is everything that happens + + align:start position:0% +might have um is everything that happens + + + align:start position:0% +might have um is everything that happens +at a certain point in in time so + + align:start position:0% +at a certain point in in time so + + + align:start position:0% +at a certain point in in time so +everything that happens here everything + + align:start position:0% +everything that happens here everything + + + align:start position:0% +everything that happens here everything +that happens here here and we'll be + + align:start position:0% +that happens here here and we'll be + + + align:start position:0% +that happens here here and we'll be +looking at and trying to identify when + + align:start position:0% +looking at and trying to identify when + + + align:start position:0% +looking at and trying to identify when +one representation might be better and + + align:start position:0% +one representation might be better and + + + align:start position:0% +one representation might be better and +when another representation might be + + align:start position:0% +when another representation might be + + + align:start position:0% +when another representation might be +better and how you might use write tools + + align:start position:0% +better and how you might use write tools + + + align:start position:0% +better and how you might use write tools +to move from one representation to + + align:start position:0% +to move from one representation to + + + align:start position:0% +to move from one representation to +another from a box based to a moment + + align:start position:0% +another from a box based to a moment + + + align:start position:0% +another from a box based to a moment +based you'll see we sometimes call this + + align:start position:0% +based you'll see we sometimes call this + + + align:start position:0% +based you'll see we sometimes call this +slamy spacing like you just chop the + + align:start position:0% +slamy spacing like you just chop the + + + align:start position:0% +slamy spacing like you just chop the +thing like a like a slamy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a really important moment and this is I + + align:start position:0% +a really important moment and this is I + + + align:start position:0% +a really important moment and this is I +alluded to with the the bo there is to + + align:start position:0% +alluded to with the the bo there is to + + + align:start position:0% +alluded to with the the bo there is to +try to make sure that the conclusions + + align:start position:0% +try to make sure that the conclusions + + + align:start position:0% +try to make sure that the conclusions +that we're making apply to more music + + align:start position:0% +that we're making apply to more music + + + align:start position:0% +that we're making apply to more music +that's out there and that's only + + align:start position:0% +that's out there and that's only + + + align:start position:0% +that's out there and that's only +possible if we have a lot of music and + + align:start position:0% +possible if we have a lot of music and + + + align:start position:0% +possible if we have a lot of music and +that music is representative of people + + align:start position:0% +that music is representative of people + + + align:start position:0% +that music is representative of people +who create + + align:start position:0% +who create + + + align:start position:0% +who create +music here's some of my favorite + + align:start position:0% +music here's some of my favorite + + + align:start position:0% +music here's some of my favorite +composers out there uh we have lud Von + + align:start position:0% +composers out there uh we have lud Von + + + align:start position:0% +composers out there uh we have lud Von +bet + + align:start position:0% +bet + + + align:start position:0% +bet +we have uh Joseph Buon chalier s George + + align:start position:0% +we have uh Joseph Buon chalier s George + + + align:start position:0% +we have uh Joseph Buon chalier s George +Kate soer friend of this music + + align:start position:0% +Kate soer friend of this music + + + align:start position:0% +Kate soer friend of this music +department uh Amy Beach fogner Rickard + + align:start position:0% +department uh Amy Beach fogner Rickard + + + align:start position:0% +department uh Amy Beach fogner Rickard +Vagner jsbach uh Scott Joplin Queen Lily + + align:start position:0% +Vagner jsbach uh Scott Joplin Queen Lily + + + align:start position:0% +Vagner jsbach uh Scott Joplin Queen Lily +ulani I spent part of my year in Hawai + + align:start position:0% +ulani I spent part of my year in Hawai + + + align:start position:0% +ulani I spent part of my year in Hawai +very important + + align:start position:0% +very important + + + align:start position:0% +very important +composer um Yamada Kos uh Wolf Gang + + align:start position:0% +composer um Yamada Kos uh Wolf Gang + + + align:start position:0% +composer um Yamada Kos uh Wolf Gang +Mozart we got Dolly Parton and the + + align:start position:0% +Mozart we got Dolly Parton and the + + + align:start position:0% +Mozart we got Dolly Parton and the +Beatles so these are people that I would + + align:start position:0% +Beatles so these are people that I would + + + align:start position:0% +Beatles so these are people that I would +really love to do my work on so I go and + + align:start position:0% +really love to do my work on so I go and + + + align:start position:0% +really love to do my work on so I go and +I start doing the work and of course um + + align:start position:0% +I start doing the work and of course um + + + align:start position:0% +I start doing the work and of course um +I don't want to encode all of this music + + align:start position:0% +I don't want to encode all of this music + + + align:start position:0% +I don't want to encode all of this music +in so I go with what other people have + + align:start position:0% +in so I go with what other people have + + + align:start position:0% +in so I go with what other people have +encoded and that lets me work on this + + align:start position:0% +encoded and that lets me work on this + + + align:start position:0% +encoded and that lets me work on this +subset of Music very representative + + align:start position:0% +subset of Music very representative + + + align:start position:0% +subset of Music very representative +subset of of the people who were up + + align:start position:0% +subset of of the people who were up + + + align:start position:0% +subset of of the people who were up +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +before no not at all we have Boven Bach + + align:start position:0% +before no not at all we have Boven Bach + + + align:start position:0% +before no not at all we have Boven Bach +Vagner + + align:start position:0% +Vagner + + + align:start position:0% +Vagner +Mozart um all great composers long dead + + align:start position:0% +Mozart um all great composers long dead + + + align:start position:0% +Mozart um all great composers long dead +white males of copyright and then still + + align:start position:0% +white males of copyright and then still + + + align:start position:0% +white males of copyright and then still +in copyright of white meil group The + + align:start position:0% +in copyright of white meil group The + + + align:start position:0% +in copyright of white meil group The +Beatles that somehow there's just always + + align:start position:0% +Beatles that somehow there's just always + + + align:start position:0% +Beatles that somehow there's just always +Beatles everywhere um you can almost + + align:start position:0% +Beatles everywhere um you can almost + + + align:start position:0% +Beatles everywhere um you can almost +always get that so this was a state of + + align:start position:0% +always get that so this was a state of + + + align:start position:0% +always get that so this was a state of +Music we something it's called Corpus + + align:start position:0% +Music we something it's called Corpus + + + align:start position:0% +Music we something it's called Corpus +research work on large collections of + + align:start position:0% +research work on large collections of + + + align:start position:0% +research work on large collections of +scores a corpus body a large body or + + align:start position:0% +scores a corpus body a large body or + + + align:start position:0% +scores a corpus body a large body or +Repertory of scores um when I started + + align:start position:0% +Repertory of scores um when I started + + + align:start position:0% +Repertory of scores um when I started +going into + + align:start position:0% +going into + + + align:start position:0% +going into +this thankfully the situation is getting + + align:start position:0% +this thankfully the situation is getting + + + align:start position:0% +this thankfully the situation is getting +a little little better we now have the + + align:start position:0% +a little little better we now have the + + + align:start position:0% +a little little better we now have the +complete piano Rags of Scott Joplin who + + align:start position:0% +complete piano Rags of Scott Joplin who + + + align:start position:0% +complete piano Rags of Scott Joplin who +wrote the Entertainer Maple Leaf Rag if + + align:start position:0% +wrote the Entertainer Maple Leaf Rag if + + + align:start position:0% +wrote the Entertainer Maple Leaf Rag if +you don't think you know his name play + + align:start position:0% +you don't think you know his name play + + + align:start position:0% +you don't think you know his name play +some we'll play some of his music and be + + align:start position:0% +some we'll play some of his music and be + + + align:start position:0% +some we'll play some of his music and be +oh yeah I know that music so very + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah I know that music so very + + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah I know that music so very +important composer we're starting to get + + align:start position:0% +important composer we're starting to get + + + align:start position:0% +important composer we're starting to get +in and individuals and groups are + + align:start position:0% +in and individuals and groups are + + + align:start position:0% +in and individuals and groups are +starting to create collections like um + + align:start position:0% +starting to create collections like um + + + align:start position:0% +starting to create collections like um +this collection of a couple hundred + + align:start position:0% +this collection of a couple hundred + + + align:start position:0% +this collection of a couple hundred +scores by women and non-white + + align:start position:0% +scores by women and non-white + + + align:start position:0% +scores by women and non-white +composers I hope that this class at some + + align:start position:0% +composers I hope that this class at some + + + align:start position:0% +composers I hope that this class at some +point we will all contribute on to + + align:start position:0% +point we will all contribute on to + + + align:start position:0% +point we will all contribute on to +improving uh the situation uh just a bit + + align:start position:0% +improving uh the situation uh just a bit + + + align:start position:0% +improving uh the situation uh just a bit +and try to make it so + + align:start position:0% +and try to make it so + + + align:start position:0% +and try to make it so +eventually what is represented is our in + + align:start position:0% +eventually what is represented is our in + + + align:start position:0% +eventually what is represented is our in +our representations looks like the world + + align:start position:0% +our representations looks like the world + + + align:start position:0% +our representations looks like the world +we want to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in so um we're going you have in front + + align:start position:0% +in so um we're going you have in front + + + align:start position:0% +in so um we're going you have in front +of you somewhere uh a syllabus so I'll U + + align:start position:0% +of you somewhere uh a syllabus so I'll U + + + align:start position:0% +of you somewhere uh a syllabus so I'll U +so grab grab the syllabus we're not + + align:start position:0% +so grab grab the syllabus we're not + + + align:start position:0% +so grab grab the syllabus we're not +going to go through it line by line and + + align:start position:0% +going to go through it line by line and + + + align:start position:0% +going to go through it line by line and +line in fact I haven't even given you + + align:start position:0% +line in fact I haven't even given you + + + align:start position:0% +line in fact I haven't even given you +yet um the longer one that's going to + + align:start position:0% +yet um the longer one that's going to + + + align:start position:0% +yet um the longer one that's going to +tell you day by day what we're going to + + align:start position:0% +tell you day by day what we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +tell you day by day what we're going to +do cuz part of that depended on how many + + align:start position:0% +do cuz part of that depended on how many + + + align:start position:0% +do cuz part of that depended on how many +of y'all showed up today and it's a good + + align:start position:0% +of y'all showed up today and it's a good + + + align:start position:0% +of y'all showed up today and it's a good +good crowd uh everybody comfortable um a + + align:start position:0% +good crowd uh everybody comfortable um a + + + align:start position:0% +good crowd uh everybody comfortable um a +little bit little bit not over there but + + align:start position:0% +little bit little bit not over there but + + + align:start position:0% +little bit little bit not over there but +um but we'll we'll somehow make this + + align:start position:0% +um but we'll we'll somehow make this + + + align:start position:0% +um but we'll we'll somehow make this +make this happen Okay um you'll be happy + + align:start position:0% +make this happen Okay um you'll be happy + + + align:start position:0% +make this happen Okay um you'll be happy +that this class um there's nothing to + + align:start position:0% +that this class um there's nothing to + + + align:start position:0% +that this class um there's nothing to +buy that you unless you don't happen to + + align:start position:0% +buy that you unless you don't happen to + + + align:start position:0% +buy that you unless you don't happen to +have some of these things earlier we'll + + align:start position:0% +have some of these things earlier we'll + + + align:start position:0% +have some of these things earlier we'll +use as a textbook the music 20 the sort + + align:start position:0% +use as a textbook the music 20 the sort + + + align:start position:0% +use as a textbook the music 20 the sort +of standard textbook the music 21 users + + align:start position:0% +of standard textbook the music 21 users + + + align:start position:0% +of standard textbook the music 21 users +guide um probably get to maybe chapter + + align:start position:0% +guide um probably get to maybe chapter + + + align:start position:0% +guide um probably get to maybe chapter +25 I always say 1 to 30 but we might not + + align:start position:0% +25 I always say 1 to 30 but we might not + + + align:start position:0% +25 I always say 1 to 30 but we might not +get there um and we can't go too much + + align:start position:0% +get there um and we can't go too much + + + align:start position:0% +get there um and we can't go too much +past 30 because it just kind of trails + + align:start position:0% +past 30 because it just kind of trails + + + align:start position:0% +past 30 because it just kind of trails +off it's still being written uh you can + + align:start position:0% +off it's still being written uh you can + + + align:start position:0% +off it's still being written uh you can +always write some more of it if you want + + align:start position:0% +always write some more of it if you want + + + align:start position:0% +always write some more of it if you want +as part of a project + + align:start position:0% +as part of a project + + + align:start position:0% +as part of a project +um you're required for me to support you + + align:start position:0% +um you're required for me to support you + + + align:start position:0% +um you're required for me to support you +for me to be a help to have a Windows or + + align:start position:0% +for me to be a help to have a Windows or + + + align:start position:0% +for me to be a help to have a Windows or +Mac OS laptop we're going to install um + + align:start position:0% +Mac OS laptop we're going to install um + + + align:start position:0% +Mac OS laptop we're going to install um +the latest version of Music 21 which is + + align:start position:0% +the latest version of Music 21 which is + + + align:start position:0% +the latest version of Music 21 which is +I believe + + align:start position:0% +I believe + + + align:start position:0% +I believe +8.1 um the hope the plan the bags under + + align:start position:0% +8.1 um the hope the plan the bags under + + + align:start position:0% +8.1 um the hope the plan the bags under +my eyes right now was to get Version 9 + + align:start position:0% +my eyes right now was to get Version 9 + + + align:start position:0% +my eyes right now was to get Version 9 +released before today uh it's not out it + + align:start position:0% +released before today uh it's not out it + + + align:start position:0% +released before today uh it's not out it +has some of the U near features that + + align:start position:0% +has some of the U near features that + + + align:start position:0% +has some of the U near features that +we'll be using uh we'll get um I'll + + align:start position:0% +we'll be using uh we'll get um I'll + + + align:start position:0% +we'll be using uh we'll get um I'll +probably get that out within a week or + + align:start position:0% +probably get that out within a week or + + + align:start position:0% +probably get that out within a week or +two now you all are my focus um and then + + align:start position:0% +two now you all are my focus um and then + + + align:start position:0% +two now you all are my focus um and then +we'll put that on so at some point we'll + + align:start position:0% +we'll put that on so at some point we'll + + + align:start position:0% +we'll put that on so at some point we'll +I'll upgrade to that um music 21 version + + align:start position:0% +I'll upgrade to that um music 21 version + + + align:start position:0% +I'll upgrade to that um music 21 version +8 runs on python 3.8 Version 9 runs on + + align:start position:0% +8 runs on python 3.8 Version 9 runs on + + + align:start position:0% +8 runs on python 3.8 Version 9 runs on +310 so uh install of python 310 you'll + + align:start position:0% +310 so uh install of python 310 you'll + + + align:start position:0% +310 so uh install of python 310 you'll +be very happy with that or + + align:start position:0% +be very happy with that or + + + align:start position:0% +be very happy with that or +311 probably want to get some staff + + align:start position:0% +311 probably want to get some staff + + + align:start position:0% +311 probably want to get some staff +paper and a pencil because at various + + align:start position:0% +paper and a pencil because at various + + + align:start position:0% +paper and a pencil because at various +points um unless if you're using a + + align:start position:0% +points um unless if you're using a + + + align:start position:0% +points um unless if you're using a +tablet you're probably fine but um it's + + align:start position:0% +tablet you're probably fine but um it's + + + align:start position:0% +tablet you're probably fine but um it's +concise hard if you're taking notes on + + align:start position:0% +concise hard if you're taking notes on + + + align:start position:0% +concise hard if you're taking notes on +laptop and we'll some point be using + + align:start position:0% +laptop and we'll some point be using + + + align:start position:0% +laptop and we'll some point be using +that staff a lot there's four + + align:start position:0% +that staff a lot there's four + + + align:start position:0% +that staff a lot there's four +recommended books I love them but + + align:start position:0% +recommended books I love them but + + + align:start position:0% +recommended books I love them but +they're all ebooks but you might + + align:start position:0% +they're all ebooks but you might + + + align:start position:0% +they're all ebooks but you might +consider buying them um Le Le the first + + align:start position:0% +consider buying them um Le Le the first + + + align:start position:0% +consider buying them um Le Le the first +two were pretty cheap and things but we + + align:start position:0% +two were pretty cheap and things but we + + + align:start position:0% +two were pretty cheap and things but we +don't really need to talk about that + + align:start position:0% +don't really need to talk about that + + + align:start position:0% +don't really need to talk about that +more okayy we're we're making great um + + align:start position:0% +more okayy we're we're making great um + + + align:start position:0% +more okayy we're we're making great um +time the typical week we're going to on + + align:start position:0% +time the typical week we're going to on + + + align:start position:0% +time the typical week we're going to on +Wednesday um introduce a particularly + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday um introduce a particularly + + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday um introduce a particularly +new topic this is just sort of middle of + + align:start position:0% +new topic this is just sort of middle of + + + align:start position:0% +new topic this is just sort of middle of +the semester right and then you're going + + align:start position:0% +the semester right and then you're going + + + align:start position:0% +the semester right and then you're going +to get some readings to do for IT some + + align:start position:0% +to get some readings to do for IT some + + + align:start position:0% +to get some readings to do for IT some +of them will probably be for by Friday + + align:start position:0% +of them will probably be for by Friday + + + align:start position:0% +of them will probably be for by Friday +we'll try to make Wednesday to Friday I + + align:start position:0% +we'll try to make Wednesday to Friday I + + + align:start position:0% +we'll try to make Wednesday to Friday I +mean kind of a a time more for reading + + align:start position:0% +mean kind of a a time more for reading + + + align:start position:0% +mean kind of a a time more for reading +and reflection and things on Friday so + + align:start position:0% +and reflection and things on Friday so + + + align:start position:0% +and reflection and things on Friday so +maybe the topic is oh I let me not be + + align:start position:0% +maybe the topic is oh I let me not be + + + align:start position:0% +maybe the topic is oh I let me not be +hypothetical what is topic three it's + + align:start position:0% +hypothetical what is topic three it's + + + align:start position:0% +hypothetical what is topic three it's +written here somewhere uh okay + + align:start position:0% +written here somewhere uh okay + + + align:start position:0% +written here somewhere uh okay +containers we just talked about this how + + align:start position:0% +containers we just talked about this how + + + align:start position:0% +containers we just talked about this how +to represent as containers what are the + + align:start position:0% +to represent as containers what are the + + + align:start position:0% +to represent as containers what are the +various ways working through that so + + align:start position:0% +various ways working through that so + + + align:start position:0% +various ways working through that so +we'll just sort of introduce like we did + + align:start position:0% +we'll just sort of introduce like we did + + + align:start position:0% +we'll just sort of introduce like we did +now a new topic and think about it a bit + + align:start position:0% +now a new topic and think about it a bit + + + align:start position:0% +now a new topic and think about it a bit +on Friday we'll get to some of the + + align:start position:0% +on Friday we'll get to some of the + + + align:start position:0% +on Friday we'll get to some of the +nitty-gritty difficult things um + + align:start position:0% +nitty-gritty difficult things um + + + align:start position:0% +nitty-gritty difficult things um +discussion of why this representation + + align:start position:0% +discussion of why this representation + + + align:start position:0% +discussion of why this representation +work why this doesn't why you might make + + align:start position:0% +work why this doesn't why you might make + + + align:start position:0% +work why this doesn't why you might make +this choice and we'll do some inclass + + align:start position:0% +this choice and we'll do some inclass + + + align:start position:0% +this choice and we'll do some inclass +work on that and then usually on Fridays + + align:start position:0% +work on that and then usually on Fridays + + + align:start position:0% +work on that and then usually on Fridays +you'll get a problem set so you'll get + + align:start position:0% +you'll get a problem set so you'll get + + + align:start position:0% +you'll get a problem set so you'll get +that on work on it but over the weekend + + align:start position:0% +that on work on it but over the weekend + + + align:start position:0% +that on work on it but over the weekend +um you'll also be getting um a little + + align:start position:0% +um you'll also be getting um a little + + + align:start position:0% +um you'll also be getting um a little +bit of asynchronous content so what + + align:start position:0% +bit of asynchronous content so what + + + align:start position:0% +bit of asynchronous content so what +happened was um nobody really cares + + align:start position:0% +happened was um nobody really cares + + + align:start position:0% +happened was um nobody really cares +about the history of your class but I'm + + align:start position:0% +about the history of your class but I'm + + + align:start position:0% +about the history of your class but I'm +going to tell it anyway um we started + + align:start position:0% +going to tell it anyway um we started + + + align:start position:0% +going to tell it anyway um we started +this class it was an hour and a half + + align:start position:0% +this class it was an hour and a half + + + align:start position:0% +this class it was an hour and a half +twice a week and then Co hit and + + align:start position:0% +twice a week and then Co hit and + + + align:start position:0% +twice a week and then Co hit and +suddenly a lot of things went online and + + align:start position:0% +suddenly a lot of things went online and + + + align:start position:0% +suddenly a lot of things went online and +I did a lot of video Rec recording um + + align:start position:0% +I did a lot of video Rec recording um + + + align:start position:0% +I did a lot of video Rec recording um +partially because my wife and I were + + align:start position:0% +partially because my wife and I were + + + align:start position:0% +partially because my wife and I were +teaching at the exact same time in a one + + align:start position:0% +teaching at the exact same time in a one + + + align:start position:0% +teaching at the exact same time in a one +bedroom house that had no um you know no + + align:start position:0% +bedroom house that had no um you know no + + + align:start position:0% +bedroom house that had no um you know no +way for us to to teach so we did some + + align:start position:0% +way for us to to teach so we did some + + + align:start position:0% +way for us to to teach so we did some +asynchronous things and a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +asynchronous things and a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +asynchronous things and a lot of the +asynchronous content I'm so glad you + + align:start position:0% +asynchronous content I'm so glad you + + + align:start position:0% +asynchronous content I'm so glad you +will never have to see again it was so + + align:start position:0% +will never have to see again it was so + + + align:start position:0% +will never have to see again it was so +you you all W live through that right + + align:start position:0% +you you all W live through that right + + + align:start position:0% +you you all W live through that right +but some of it was actually better than + + align:start position:0% +but some of it was actually better than + + + align:start position:0% +but some of it was actually better than +in class because + + align:start position:0% +in class because + + + align:start position:0% +in class because +sometimes every once in a while there's + + align:start position:0% +sometimes every once in a while there's + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes every once in a while there's +something that I can teach you a + + align:start position:0% +something that I can teach you a + + + align:start position:0% +something that I can teach you a +particular technique and then if it was + + align:start position:0% +particular technique and then if it was + + + align:start position:0% +particular technique and then if it was +in class I'd say great so now you know + + align:start position:0% +in class I'd say great so now you know + + + align:start position:0% +in class I'd say great so now you know +how to do that and let's go on and + + align:start position:0% +how to do that and let's go on and + + + align:start position:0% +how to do that and let's go on and +here's another technique and let's go on + + align:start position:0% +here's another technique and let's go on + + + align:start position:0% +here's another technique and let's go on +and you haven't had any chance to + + align:start position:0% +and you haven't had any chance to + + + align:start position:0% +and you haven't had any chance to +practice any of them so there's some + + align:start position:0% +practice any of them so there's some + + + align:start position:0% +practice any of them so there's some +things that are useful about the Susi + + align:start position:0% +things that are useful about the Susi + + + align:start position:0% +things that are useful about the Susi +street style of here's a particular + + align:start position:0% +street style of here's a particular + + + align:start position:0% +street style of here's a particular +thing that takes me about five minutes + + align:start position:0% +thing that takes me about five minutes + + + align:start position:0% +thing that takes me about five minutes +to present and then you work on it for + + align:start position:0% +to present and then you work on it for + + + align:start position:0% +to present and then you work on it for +10 minutes then here's another 5 minutes + + align:start position:0% +10 minutes then here's another 5 minutes + + + align:start position:0% +10 minutes then here's another 5 minutes +to work on a 10 before you know it + + align:start position:0% +to work on a 10 before you know it + + + align:start position:0% +to work on a 10 before you know it +you've had one hour of lecture and + + align:start position:0% +you've had one hour of lecture and + + + align:start position:0% +you've had one hour of lecture and +you've had about three hours of a + + align:start position:0% +you've had about three hours of a + + + align:start position:0% +you've had about three hours of a +problem set you've done problem by + + align:start position:0% +problem set you've done problem by + + + align:start position:0% +problem set you've done problem by +problem so those ones are still there + + align:start position:0% +problem so those ones are still there + + + align:start position:0% +problem so those ones are still there +there's about uh seven of times during + + align:start position:0% +there's about uh seven of times during + + + align:start position:0% +there's about uh seven of times during +the semester and and um I just guarantee + + align:start position:0% +the semester and and um I just guarantee + + + align:start position:0% +the semester and and um I just guarantee +I wouldn't be doing that if I didn't + + align:start position:0% +I wouldn't be doing that if I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +I wouldn't be doing that if I didn't +think that that was a better way to do + + align:start position:0% +think that that was a better way to do + + + align:start position:0% +think that that was a better way to do +things so you'll do some of that work + + align:start position:0% +things so you'll do some of that work + + + align:start position:0% +things so you'll do some of that work +there on Wednesday and this will be um + + align:start position:0% +there on Wednesday and this will be um + + + align:start position:0% +there on Wednesday and this will be um +at least four or five hours before class + + align:start position:0% +at least four or five hours before class + + + align:start position:0% +at least four or five hours before class +so I can do a quick spot check that's a + + align:start position:0% +so I can do a quick spot check that's a + + + align:start position:0% +so I can do a quick spot check that's a +great part about doing um things all + + align:start position:0% +great part about doing um things all + + + align:start position:0% +great part about doing um things all +online turn in the problem + + align:start position:0% +online turn in the problem + + + align:start position:0% +online turn in the problem +set and then we'll um unlock the tools + + align:start position:0% +set and then we'll um unlock the tools + + + align:start position:0% +set and then we'll um unlock the tools +what does that mean means if you're + + align:start position:0% +what does that mean means if you're + + + align:start position:0% +what does that mean means if you're +working on something let's say we're + + align:start position:0% +working on something let's say we're + + + align:start position:0% +working on something let's say we're +doing something with chords + + align:start position:0% +doing something with chords + + + align:start position:0% +doing something with chords +I'm going to ask you to to figure out + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to ask you to to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to ask you to to figure out +certain of the algorithms for how to + + align:start position:0% +certain of the algorithms for how to + + + align:start position:0% +certain of the algorithms for how to +solve some difficult problems with + + align:start position:0% +solve some difficult problems with + + + align:start position:0% +solve some difficult problems with +chords and some of most of the things + + align:start position:0% +chords and some of most of the things + + + align:start position:0% +chords and some of most of the things +that you're going to be doing somebody + + align:start position:0% +that you're going to be doing somebody + + + align:start position:0% +that you're going to be doing somebody +in the world has solved I hope that's + + align:start position:0% +in the world has solved I hope that's + + + align:start position:0% +in the world has solved I hope that's +not too disappointing most of what we do + + align:start position:0% +not too disappointing most of what we do + + + align:start position:0% +not too disappointing most of what we do +in most of our classes instructural + + align:start position:0% +in most of our classes instructural + + + align:start position:0% +in most of our classes instructural +engineering saying somebody has solved + + align:start position:0% +engineering saying somebody has solved + + + align:start position:0% +engineering saying somebody has solved +it we're learning to do it + + align:start position:0% +it we're learning to do it + + + align:start position:0% +it we're learning to do it +ourselves so at that point we're going + + align:start position:0% +ourselves so at that point we're going + + + align:start position:0% +ourselves so at that point we're going +to show you some of the tools that are + + align:start position:0% +to show you some of the tools that are + + + align:start position:0% +to show you some of the tools that are +already out there to do this and they + + align:start position:0% +already out there to do this and they + + + align:start position:0% +already out there to do this and they +will become unlocked to you that is to + + align:start position:0% +will become unlocked to you that is to + + + align:start position:0% +will become unlocked to you that is to +say you can keep doing using using the + + align:start position:0% +say you can keep doing using using the + + + align:start position:0% +say you can keep doing using using the +tools that you built or you can use um + + align:start position:0% +tools that you built or you can use um + + + align:start position:0% +tools that you built or you can use um +the standardized chord manipulation + + align:start position:0% +the standardized chord manipulation + + + align:start position:0% +the standardized chord manipulation +tools and then we'll introduce the next + + align:start position:0% +tools and then we'll introduce the next + + + align:start position:0% +tools and then we'll introduce the next +topic and keep going over here it does + + align:start position:0% +topic and keep going over here it does + + + align:start position:0% +topic and keep going over here it does +mean that you're sometimes going to have + + align:start position:0% +mean that you're sometimes going to have + + + align:start position:0% +mean that you're sometimes going to have +two topics going simultaneously and I + + align:start position:0% +two topics going simultaneously and I + + + align:start position:0% +two topics going simultaneously and I +hope that's not too weird I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +hope that's not too weird I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +hope that's not too weird I'm going to +try to make that as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ready to go when when it all + + align:start position:0% +ready to go when when it all + + + align:start position:0% +ready to go when when it all +loads go to runtime run + + align:start position:0% +loads go to runtime run + + + align:start position:0% +loads go to runtime run +all and then stop that will probably + + align:start position:0% +all and then stop that will probably + + + align:start position:0% +all and then stop that will probably +take like two to three minutes okay so + + align:start position:0% +take like two to three minutes okay so + + + align:start position:0% +take like two to three minutes okay so +we'll go on from that and I'll just talk + + align:start position:0% +we'll go on from that and I'll just talk + + + align:start position:0% +we'll go on from that and I'll just talk +a little bit about final projects while + + align:start position:0% +a little bit about final projects while + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit about final projects while +that's going which way are we there we + + align:start position:0% +that's going which way are we there we + + + align:start position:0% +that's going which way are we there we +are okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +great so what we're going to do at the + + align:start position:0% +great so what we're going to do at the + + + align:start position:0% +great so what we're going to do at the +end of the semester is have final + + align:start position:0% +end of the semester is have final + + + align:start position:0% +end of the semester is have final +projects we're a little bit big class + + align:start position:0% +projects we're a little bit big class + + + align:start position:0% +projects we're a little bit big class +I'm probably going to let anybody who + + align:start position:0% +I'm probably going to let anybody who + + + align:start position:0% +I'm probably going to let anybody who +wants to have a group of three um do + + align:start position:0% +wants to have a group of three um do + + + align:start position:0% +wants to have a group of three um do +that because of the number of people + + align:start position:0% +that because of the number of people + + + align:start position:0% +that because of the number of people +here but generally two works really + + align:start position:0% +here but generally two works really + + + align:start position:0% +here but generally two works really +really well um solo groups are really + + align:start position:0% +really well um solo groups are really + + + align:start position:0% +really well um solo groups are really +hard and I found that groups bigger than + + align:start position:0% +hard and I found that groups bigger than + + + align:start position:0% +hard and I found that groups bigger than +three have almost always um had some + + align:start position:0% +three have almost always um had some + + + align:start position:0% +three have almost always um had some +problems so we're going to do a final + + align:start position:0% +problems so we're going to do a final + + + align:start position:0% +problems so we're going to do a final +project we and I used to say any Topic + + align:start position:0% +project we and I used to say any Topic + + + align:start position:0% +project we and I used to say any Topic +in computational music U or music theory + + align:start position:0% +in computational music U or music theory + + + align:start position:0% +in computational music U or music theory +and Analysis or composition types things + + align:start position:0% +and Analysis or composition types things + + + align:start position:0% +and Analysis or composition types things +as long as it involves representations + + align:start position:0% +as long as it involves representations + + + align:start position:0% +as long as it involves representations +of scores of the computer I now have one + + align:start position:0% +of scores of the computer I now have one + + + align:start position:0% +of scores of the computer I now have one +exception I've um a lot of a AI deep + + align:start position:0% +exception I've um a lot of a AI deep + + + align:start position:0% +exception I've um a lot of a AI deep +learning for composition projects have + + align:start position:0% +learning for composition projects have + + + align:start position:0% +learning for composition projects have +tended not to do as well as the students + + align:start position:0% +tended not to do as well as the students + + + align:start position:0% +tended not to do as well as the students +who ran them were doing in the class so + + align:start position:0% +who ran them were doing in the class so + + + align:start position:0% +who ran them were doing in the class so +I'm going to not allow that for this + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to not allow that for this + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to not allow that for this +semester um to try to figure out um how + + align:start position:0% +semester um to try to figure out um how + + + align:start position:0% +semester um to try to figure out um how +we can do that a little bit better so + + align:start position:0% +we can do that a little bit better so + + + align:start position:0% +we can do that a little bit better so +that's just to um just me learning from + + align:start position:0% +that's just to um just me learning from + + + align:start position:0% +that's just to um just me learning from +experience you're going to spend some + + align:start position:0% +experience you're going to spend some + + + align:start position:0% +experience you're going to spend some +time researching um a topic that you + + align:start position:0% +time researching um a topic that you + + + align:start position:0% +time researching um a topic that you +work on programming the tools needed to + + align:start position:0% +work on programming the tools needed to + + + align:start position:0% +work on programming the tools needed to +do it reading about what what mistakes + + align:start position:0% +do it reading about what what mistakes + + + align:start position:0% +do it reading about what what mistakes +you might have done and just think about + + align:start position:0% +you might have done and just think about + + + align:start position:0% +you might have done and just think about +it then what I want from you is you're + + align:start position:0% +it then what I want from you is you're + + + align:start position:0% +it then what I want from you is you're +then you're going to be making a video + + align:start position:0% +then you're going to be making a video + + + align:start position:0% +then you're going to be making a video +about your project five minutes um I + + align:start position:0% +about your project five minutes um I + + + align:start position:0% +about your project five minutes um I +know I'm a hard Professor I could have + + align:start position:0% +know I'm a hard Professor I could have + + + align:start position:0% +know I'm a hard Professor I could have +made it 10 minutes and it would have + + align:start position:0% +made it 10 minutes and it would have + + + align:start position:0% +made it 10 minutes and it would have +been a lot easier but five minutes you + + align:start position:0% +been a lot easier but five minutes you + + + align:start position:0% +been a lot easier but five minutes you +have to you know kind of be on toes so + + align:start position:0% +have to you know kind of be on toes so + + + align:start position:0% +have to you know kind of be on toes so +what I want a couple days before that is + + align:start position:0% +what I want a couple days before that is + + + align:start position:0% +what I want a couple days before that is +just a draft of your script it can I + + align:start position:0% +just a draft of your script it can I + + + align:start position:0% +just a draft of your script it can I +don't care how messy it is I just want + + align:start position:0% +don't care how messy it is I just want + + + align:start position:0% +don't care how messy it is I just want +to see that um that I'm not going to get + + align:start position:0% +to see that um that I'm not going to get + + + align:start position:0% +to see that um that I'm not going to get +a frantic phone call at 11:30 p.m. that + + align:start position:0% +a frantic phone call at 11:30 p.m. that + + + align:start position:0% +a frantic phone call at 11:30 p.m. that +none of our software works or something + + align:start position:0% +none of our software works or something + + + align:start position:0% +none of our software works or something +like that and then um you record and + + align:start position:0% +like that and then um you record and + + + align:start position:0% +like that and then um you record and +edit a 5 minute video so let's get back + + align:start position:0% +edit a 5 minute video so let's get back + + + align:start position:0% +edit a 5 minute video so let's get back +to that live + + align:start position:0% +to that live + + + align:start position:0% +to that live +code and somewhere on here this one + + align:start position:0% +code and somewhere on here this one + + + align:start position:0% +code and somewhere on here this one +we're all up + + align:start position:0% +we're all up + + + align:start position:0% +we're all up +and where do I have it I have mine here + + align:start position:0% +and where do I have it I have mine here + + + align:start position:0% +and where do I have it I have mine here +let me make this bigger in three + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ways every anybody not get a note here + + align:start position:0% +ways every anybody not get a note here + + + align:start position:0% +ways every anybody not get a note here +and maybe this one sometimes doesn't + + align:start position:0% +and maybe this one sometimes doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +and maybe this one sometimes doesn't +work for a lot of people so don't worry + + align:start position:0% +work for a lot of people so don't worry + + + align:start position:0% +work for a lot of people so don't worry +if that doesn't work for you but um give + + align:start position:0% +if that doesn't work for you but um give + + + align:start position:0% +if that doesn't work for you but um give +me a thumbs up we got it okay cool so + + align:start position:0% +me a thumbs up we got it okay cool so + + + align:start position:0% +me a thumbs up we got it okay cool so +let's let's start with um me finding my + + align:start position:0% +let's let's start with um me finding my + + + align:start position:0% +let's let's start with um me finding my +script great so let's do um some of the + + align:start position:0% +script great so let's do um some of the + + + align:start position:0% +script great so let's do um some of the +things we can + + align:start position:0% +things we can + + + align:start position:0% +things we can +do if you don't care about polluting + + align:start position:0% +do if you don't care about polluting + + + align:start position:0% +do if you don't care about polluting +your code base sorry I got to move this + + align:start position:0% +your code base sorry I got to move this + + + align:start position:0% +your code base sorry I got to move this +a little bit um go ahead and import um + + align:start position:0% +a little bit um go ahead and import um + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit um go ahead and import um +from music 21 import Star it should + + align:start position:0% +from music 21 import Star it should + + + align:start position:0% +from music 21 import Star it should +already be in there you'll know this who + + align:start position:0% +already be in there you'll know this who + + + align:start position:0% +already be in there you'll know this who +has anybody not used a Jupiter notebook + + align:start position:0% +has anybody not used a Jupiter notebook + + + align:start position:0% +has anybody not used a Jupiter notebook +or anything like that please give who + + align:start position:0% +or anything like that please give who + + + align:start position:0% +or anything like that please give who +has used one give me okay so don't need + + align:start position:0% +has used one give me okay so don't need + + + align:start position:0% +has used one give me okay so don't need +to do too much but we can yeah we'll + + align:start position:0% +to do too much but we can yeah we'll + + + align:start position:0% +to do too much but we can yeah we'll +enter in a new code thing move it down + + align:start position:0% +enter in a new code thing move it down + + + align:start position:0% +enter in a new code thing move it down +so go ahead enter a new code Brank and + + align:start position:0% +so go ahead enter a new code Brank and + + + align:start position:0% +so go ahead enter a new code Brank and +let's just make sure that if I type + + align:start position:0% +let's just make sure that if I type + + + align:start position:0% +let's just make sure that if I type +chord and hit shift enter something like + + align:start position:0% +chord and hit shift enter something like + + + align:start position:0% +chord and hit shift enter something like +that comes + + align:start position:0% +that comes + + + align:start position:0% +that comes +out cool okay great so let's grab um + + align:start position:0% +out cool okay great so let's grab um + + + align:start position:0% +out cool okay great so let's grab um +there's a particular piece by Bach that + + align:start position:0% +there's a particular piece by Bach that + + + align:start position:0% +there's a particular piece by Bach that +we'll use quite often in this class I'm + + align:start position:0% +we'll use quite often in this class I'm + + + align:start position:0% +we'll use quite often in this class I'm +going to use it less often this year + + align:start position:0% +going to use it less often this year + + + align:start position:0% +going to use it less often this year +because we have more Alternatives now to + + align:start position:0% +because we have more Alternatives now to + + + align:start position:0% +because we have more Alternatives now to +this and we don't want to perpetuate the + + align:start position:0% +this and we don't want to perpetuate the + + + align:start position:0% +this and we don't want to perpetuate the +B is everything stereotype but this one + + align:start position:0% +B is everything stereotype but this one + + + align:start position:0% +B is everything stereotype but this one +we'll use a lot so we'll assign to the + + align:start position:0% +we'll use a lot so we'll assign to the + + + align:start position:0% +we'll use a lot so we'll assign to the +variable bo something from the music 21 + + align:start position:0% +variable bo something from the music 21 + + + align:start position:0% +variable bo something from the music 21 +Corpus calling the method parse on it + + align:start position:0% +Corpus calling the method parse on it + + + align:start position:0% +Corpus calling the method parse on it +and we can just type + + align:start position:0% +and we can just type + + + align:start position:0% +and we can just type +bwv 66.6 + + align:start position:0% +bwv 66.6 + + + align:start position:0% +bwv 66.6 +um I am not uh devil worshipper or + + align:start position:0% +um I am not uh devil worshipper or + + + align:start position:0% +um I am not uh devil worshipper or +something 666 happens to be the shortest + + align:start position:0% +something 666 happens to be the shortest + + + align:start position:0% +something 666 happens to be the shortest +Corral that b ever wrote so it's a nice + + align:start position:0% +Corral that b ever wrote so it's a nice + + + align:start position:0% +Corral that b ever wrote so it's a nice +one for us to work with here and shift + + align:start position:0% +one for us to work with here and shift + + + align:start position:0% +one for us to work with here and shift +enter and that should load um if you + + align:start position:0% +enter and that should load um if you + + + align:start position:0% +enter and that should load um if you +ever if something doesn't work um this + + align:start position:0% +ever if something doesn't work um this + + + align:start position:0% +ever if something doesn't work um this +is the time to cheat and look off your + + align:start position:0% +is the time to cheat and look off your + + + align:start position:0% +is the time to cheat and look off your +neighbor and see see if maybe you + + align:start position:0% +neighbor and see see if maybe you + + + align:start position:0% +neighbor and see see if maybe you +mistype something or or tap them on + + align:start position:0% +mistype something or or tap them on + + + align:start position:0% +mistype something or or tap them on +we're all in class we're all here always + + align:start position:0% +we're all in class we're all here always + + + align:start position:0% +we're all in class we're all here always +just to help each other right we we feel + + align:start position:0% +just to help each other right we we feel + + + align:start position:0% +just to help each other right we we feel +that you're going to do that people + + align:start position:0% +that you're going to do that people + + + align:start position:0% +that you're going to do that people +around you good okay so let's show it + + align:start position:0% +around you good okay so let's show it + + + align:start position:0% +around you good okay so let's show it +the first time you run show it's always + + align:start position:0% +the first time you run show it's always + + + align:start position:0% +the first time you run show it's always +a lot slower than every other time + + align:start position:0% +a lot slower than every other time + + + align:start position:0% +a lot slower than every other time +hopefully it won't take too long you + + align:start position:0% +hopefully it won't take too long you + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully it won't take too long you +should get a score up there + + align:start position:0% +should get a score up there + + + align:start position:0% +should get a score up there +somewhere good uh right now you're only + + align:start position:0% +somewhere good uh right now you're only + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere good uh right now you're only +going to get the first page of the score + + align:start position:0% +going to get the first page of the score + + + align:start position:0% +going to get the first page of the score +um though this that's why I use this one + + align:start position:0% +um though this that's why I use this one + + + align:start position:0% +um though this that's why I use this one +because it's only one page long uh soon + + align:start position:0% +because it's only one page long uh soon + + + align:start position:0% +because it's only one page long uh soon +you'll get the whole score okay um so + + align:start position:0% +you'll get the whole score okay um so + + + align:start position:0% +you'll get the whole score okay um so +let's go ahead and let's get that Alto + + align:start position:0% +let's go ahead and let's get that Alto + + + align:start position:0% +let's go ahead and let's get that Alto +part so we'll say Alto equals Bach Parts + + align:start position:0% +part so we'll say Alto equals Bach Parts + + + align:start position:0% +part so we'll say Alto equals Bach Parts +is a way of getting something out + + align:start position:0% +is a way of getting something out + + + align:start position:0% +is a way of getting something out +Alto and then Alto + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +doow I see something + + align:start position:0% +doow I see something + + + align:start position:0% +doow I see something +looks like this Alto part's always a + + align:start position:0% +looks like this Alto part's always a + + + align:start position:0% +looks like this Alto part's always a +little + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +something like that on your page good um + + align:start position:0% +something like that on your page good um + + + align:start position:0% +something like that on your page good um +you can also get a part by um doing it + + align:start position:0% +you can also get a part by um doing it + + + align:start position:0% +you can also get a part by um doing it +numerically + + align:start position:0% +numerically + + + align:start position:0% +numerically +so anybody know in a course what are the + + align:start position:0% +so anybody know in a course what are the + + + align:start position:0% +so anybody know in a course what are the +four parts highest to lowest soprano + + align:start position:0% +four parts highest to lowest soprano + + + align:start position:0% +four parts highest to lowest soprano +soprano Alto ten come on participation + + align:start position:0% +soprano Alto ten come on participation + + + align:start position:0% +soprano Alto ten come on participation +grade let's already get our things + + align:start position:0% +grade let's already get our things + + + align:start position:0% +grade let's already get our things +soprano Alto tenor base great so if we + + align:start position:0% +soprano Alto tenor base great so if we + + + align:start position:0% +soprano Alto tenor base great so if we +can do it by numeric order we want to + + align:start position:0% +can do it by numeric order we want to + + + align:start position:0% +can do it by numeric order we want to +get the alto that's what number part two + + align:start position:0% +get the alto that's what number part two + + + align:start position:0% +get the alto that's what number part two +two one yes zero index python so one of + + align:start position:0% +two one yes zero index python so one of + + + align:start position:0% +two one yes zero index python so one of +the things you'll get and so that should + + align:start position:0% +the things you'll get and so that should + + + align:start position:0% +the things you'll get and so that should +be the same Part Parts one good good + + align:start position:0% +be the same Part Parts one good good + + + align:start position:0% +be the same Part Parts one good good +guesses good wrong guesses I love I love + + align:start position:0% +guesses good wrong guesses I love I love + + + align:start position:0% +guesses good wrong guesses I love I love +great wrong guess is better than great + + align:start position:0% +great wrong guess is better than great + + + align:start position:0% +great wrong guess is better than great +uh than even uh getting it right on the + + align:start position:0% +uh than even uh getting it right on the + + + align:start position:0% +uh than even uh getting it right on the +first time one of the things you'll find + + align:start position:0% +first time one of the things you'll find + + + align:start position:0% +first time one of the things you'll find +is if something is in computer speak we + + align:start position:0% +is if something is in computer speak we + + + align:start position:0% +is if something is in computer speak we +leave it alone so uh we don't tend to + + align:start position:0% +leave it alone so uh we don't tend to + + + align:start position:0% +leave it alone so uh we don't tend to +number the parts in the orchestra hey + + align:start position:0% +number the parts in the orchestra hey + + + align:start position:0% +number the parts in the orchestra hey +instrument 17 do this no so when we do + + align:start position:0% +instrument 17 do this no so when we do + + + align:start position:0% +instrument 17 do this no so when we do +that we leave it in computer speak and + + align:start position:0% +that we leave it in computer speak and + + + align:start position:0% +that we leave it in computer speak and +make it um make it sort of uh you know + + align:start position:0% +make it um make it sort of uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +make it um make it sort of uh you know +zero index when we leave things that um + + align:start position:0% +zero index when we leave things that um + + + align:start position:0% +zero index when we leave things that um +that musicians might know however we + + align:start position:0% +that musicians might know however we + + + align:start position:0% +that musicians might know however we +tend to use the um the the musicians uh + + align:start position:0% +tend to use the um the the musicians uh + + + align:start position:0% +tend to use the um the the musicians uh +things so let's get the soprano part + + align:start position:0% +things so let's get the soprano part + + + align:start position:0% +things so let's get the soprano part +part zero here + + align:start position:0% +part zero here + + + align:start position:0% +part zero here +and let's get measures 4 through six so + + align:start position:0% +and let's get measures 4 through six so + + + align:start position:0% +and let's get measures 4 through six so +do measures 4 comma 6 do show and in + + align:start position:0% +do measures 4 comma 6 do show and in + + + align:start position:0% +do measures 4 comma 6 do show and in +Python that should get you the fifth + + align:start position:0% +Python that should get you the fifth + + + align:start position:0% +Python that should get you the fifth +measure through the SE through the sixth + + align:start position:0% +measure through the SE through the sixth + + + align:start position:0% +measure through the SE through the sixth +measure because of the way zero indexed + + align:start position:0% +measure because of the way zero indexed + + + align:start position:0% +measure because of the way zero indexed +however measure numbers measure numbers + + align:start position:0% +however measure numbers measure numbers + + + align:start position:0% +however measure numbers measure numbers +something that human musicians talk + + align:start position:0% +something that human musicians talk + + + align:start position:0% +something that human musicians talk +about yeah yeah you've you've heard of + + align:start position:0% +about yeah yeah you've you've heard of + + + align:start position:0% +about yeah yeah you've you've heard of +that great we'll save time Always by + + align:start position:0% +that great we'll save time Always by + + + align:start position:0% +that great we'll save time Always by +just being being Fearless at shouting + + align:start position:0% +just being being Fearless at shouting + + + align:start position:0% +just being being Fearless at shouting +out when I ask a rhetorical question + + align:start position:0% +out when I ask a rhetorical question + + + align:start position:0% +out when I ask a rhetorical question +like measureing numbers we know + + align:start position:0% +like measureing numbers we know + + + align:start position:0% +like measureing numbers we know +musicians yeah good good that that to + + align:start position:0% +musicians yeah good good that that to + + + align:start position:0% +musicians yeah good good that that to +save time in the class um so yeah since + + align:start position:0% +save time in the class um so yeah since + + + align:start position:0% +save time in the class um so yeah since +musicians know what measure four is + + align:start position:0% +musicians know what measure four is + + + align:start position:0% +musicians know what measure four is +we'll use measure four that way so + + align:start position:0% +we'll use measure four that way so + + + align:start position:0% +we'll use measure four that way so +that's measure four through six um great + + align:start position:0% +that's measure four through six um great + + + align:start position:0% +that's measure four through six um great +so let's start manipulating the score + + align:start position:0% +so let's start manipulating the score + + + align:start position:0% +so let's start manipulating the score +let's say that + + align:start position:0% +let's say that + + + align:start position:0% +let's say that +the 5 ah thank you that is measure that + + align:start position:0% +the 5 ah thank you that is measure that + + + align:start position:0% +the 5 ah thank you that is measure that +is whatever a musician thinks measure 4 + + align:start position:0% +is whatever a musician thinks measure 4 + + + align:start position:0% +is whatever a musician thinks measure 4 +is so in this particular piece let's go + + align:start position:0% +is so in this particular piece let's go + + + align:start position:0% +is so in this particular piece let's go +up to the beginning of the piece + + align:start position:0% +up to the beginning of the piece + + + align:start position:0% +up to the beginning of the piece +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +yeah what measure is this that the mouse + + align:start position:0% +yeah what measure is this that the mouse + + + align:start position:0% +yeah what measure is this that the mouse +is on + + align:start position:0% +is on + + + align:start position:0% +is on +zero yeah pickup is what a musician + + align:start position:0% +zero yeah pickup is what a musician + + + align:start position:0% +zero yeah pickup is what a musician +would say we got to give it a number so + + align:start position:0% +would say we got to give it a number so + + + align:start position:0% +would say we got to give it a number so +what number do we like here zero so + + align:start position:0% +what number do we like here zero so + + + align:start position:0% +what number do we like here zero so +there can be a measure zero if there's a + + align:start position:0% +there can be a measure zero if there's a + + + align:start position:0% +there can be a measure zero if there's a +pickup but measure one will always be + + align:start position:0% +pickup but measure one will always be + + + align:start position:0% +pickup but measure one will always be +whatever humans uh musicians think + + align:start position:0% +whatever humans uh musicians think + + + align:start position:0% +whatever humans uh musicians think +measure one should should be so let's we + + align:start position:0% +measure one should should be so let's we + + + align:start position:0% +measure one should should be so let's we +can play um some other things let's + + align:start position:0% +can play um some other things let's + + + align:start position:0% +can play um some other things let's +let's just play around with the score a + + align:start position:0% +let's just play around with the score a + + + align:start position:0% +let's just play around with the score a +little bit we'll take the soprano get + + align:start position:0% +little bit we'll take the soprano get + + + align:start position:0% +little bit we'll take the soprano get +measure five you'll also see some of our + + align:start position:0% +measure five you'll also see some of our + + + align:start position:0% +measure five you'll also see some of our +display things don't know how to display + + align:start position:0% +display things don't know how to display + + + align:start position:0% +display things don't know how to display +the the right number um if you're on + + align:start position:0% +the the right number um if you're on + + + align:start position:0% +the the right number um if you're on +mcore 4 it now displays the actual + + align:start position:0% +mcore 4 it now displays the actual + + + align:start position:0% +mcore 4 it now displays the actual +correct number um but let's get um let's + + align:start position:0% +correct number um but let's get um let's + + + align:start position:0% +correct number um but let's get um let's +make so this measures four through five + + align:start position:0% +make so this measures four through five + + + align:start position:0% +make so this measures four through five +let's make the + + align:start position:0% +let's make the + + + align:start position:0% +let's make the +formada red so what number if I'm + + align:start position:0% +formada red so what number if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +formada red so what number if I'm +getting notes I'm going to get it index + + align:start position:0% +getting notes I'm going to get it index + + + align:start position:0% +getting notes I'm going to get it index +by number so we're going to get measure + + align:start position:0% +by number so we're going to get measure + + + align:start position:0% +by number so we're going to get measure +five and get a particular number on that + + align:start position:0% +five and get a particular number on that + + + align:start position:0% +five and get a particular number on that +what what what note number is the + + align:start position:0% +what what what note number is the + + + align:start position:0% +what what what note number is the +formada shout it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +out two in this case musicians don't + + align:start position:0% +out two in this case musicians don't + + + align:start position:0% +out two in this case musicians don't +tend to talk about I guess we do say the + + align:start position:0% +tend to talk about I guess we do say the + + + align:start position:0% +tend to talk about I guess we do say the +second note yeah yeah that's really + + align:start position:0% +second note yeah yeah that's really + + + align:start position:0% +second note yeah yeah that's really +confusing so in this case uh basically + + align:start position:0% +confusing so in this case uh basically + + + align:start position:0% +confusing so in this case uh basically +when we're using the bracket square + + align:start position:0% +when we're using the bracket square + + + align:start position:0% +when we're using the bracket square +bracket notation I'll make this a little + + align:start position:0% +bracket notation I'll make this a little + + + align:start position:0% +bracket notation I'll make this a little +bit bigger does that help a bit yeah um + + align:start position:0% +bit bigger does that help a bit yeah um + + + align:start position:0% +bit bigger does that help a bit yeah um +we'll think of it computer so we'll say + + align:start position:0% +we'll think of it computer so we'll say + + + align:start position:0% +we'll think of it computer so we'll say +um C I should I should call it C Shar + + align:start position:0% +um C I should I should call it C Shar + + + align:start position:0% +um C I should I should call it C Shar +equals but then you just get what + + align:start position:0% +equals but then you just get what + + + align:start position:0% +equals but then you just get what +comments for the rest of the line so + + align:start position:0% +comments for the rest of the line so + + + align:start position:0% +comments for the rest of the line so +we'll just call it C even though it's a + + align:start position:0% +we'll just call it C even though it's a + + + align:start position:0% +we'll just call it C even though it's a +c c + + align:start position:0% +c c + + + align:start position:0% +c c +style I think I can just check nope that + + align:start position:0% +style I think I can just check nope that + + + align:start position:0% +style I think I can just check nope that +doesn't give me autocomplete equs + + align:start position:0% +doesn't give me autocomplete equs + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't give me autocomplete equs +red and soprano + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +show we got the soprano I'll scroll back + + align:start position:0% +show we got the soprano I'll scroll back + + + align:start position:0% +show we got the soprano I'll scroll back +up again so you can + + align:start position:0% +up again so you can + + + align:start position:0% +up again so you can +see we already got the soprano we take a + + align:start position:0% +see we already got the soprano we take a + + + align:start position:0% +see we already got the soprano we take a +particular note the third note indexed + + align:start position:0% +particular note the third note indexed + + + align:start position:0% +particular note the third note indexed +by two from measure five which is + + align:start position:0% +by two from measure five which is + + + align:start position:0% +by two from measure five which is +actually five and and assign it + + align:start position:0% +actually five and and assign it + + + align:start position:0% +actually five and and assign it +here probably we could have made + + align:start position:0% +here probably we could have made + + + align:start position:0% +here probably we could have made +different decisions on how we number + + align:start position:0% +different decisions on how we number + + + align:start position:0% +different decisions on how we number +things right um if for version two but + + align:start position:0% +things right um if for version two but + + + align:start position:0% +things right um if for version two but +whatever and then we'll set the style of + + align:start position:0% +whatever and then we'll set the style of + + + align:start position:0% +whatever and then we'll set the style of +that notes color to red and then show + + align:start position:0% +that notes color to red and then show + + + align:start position:0% +that notes color to red and then show +the entire soprano line and we get + + align:start position:0% +the entire soprano line and we get + + + align:start position:0% +the entire soprano line and we get +something over + + align:start position:0% +something over + + + align:start position:0% +something over +here I'm half color blind is there + + align:start position:0% +here I'm half color blind is there + + + align:start position:0% +here I'm half color blind is there +actually a red note up there okay good + + align:start position:0% +actually a red note up there okay good + + + align:start position:0% +actually a red note up there okay good +good good where is it it's over here + + align:start position:0% +good good where is it it's over here + + + align:start position:0% +good good where is it it's over here +we'll emphasize that for the camera um + + align:start position:0% +we'll emphasize that for the camera um + + + align:start position:0% +we'll emphasize that for the camera um +sh a laser on it becomes more red um + + align:start position:0% +sh a laser on it becomes more red um + + + align:start position:0% +sh a laser on it becomes more red um +okay now um yeah that's kind of fun play + + align:start position:0% +okay now um yeah that's kind of fun play + + + align:start position:0% +okay now um yeah that's kind of fun play +around things + + align:start position:0% +around things + + + align:start position:0% +around things +um something we might actually want to + + align:start position:0% +um something we might actually want to + + + align:start position:0% +um something we might actually want to +do let's take the whole piece we called + + align:start position:0% +do let's take the whole piece we called + + + align:start position:0% +do let's take the whole piece we called +it B + + align:start position:0% +it B + + + align:start position:0% +it B +right zero index yeah Bo a score object + + align:start position:0% +right zero index yeah Bo a score object + + + align:start position:0% +right zero index yeah Bo a score object +let's analyze its + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +key analyze is a method so we call it + + align:start position:0% +key analyze is a method so we call it + + + align:start position:0% +key analyze is a method so we call it +like this parentheses parth score key if + + align:start position:0% +like this parentheses parth score key if + + + align:start position:0% +like this parentheses parth score key if +you so let me say if you're following + + align:start position:0% +you so let me say if you're following + + + align:start position:0% +you so let me say if you're following +along at 80% but you just would I would + + align:start position:0% +along at 80% but you just would I would + + + align:start position:0% +along at 80% but you just would I would +go a little little bit slower and then + + align:start position:0% +go a little little bit slower and then + + + align:start position:0% +go a little little bit slower and then +you'd be able to have it it's going to + + align:start position:0% +you'd be able to have it it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +you'd be able to have it it's going to +be fine because U most of the time we're + + align:start position:0% +be fine because U most of the time we're + + + align:start position:0% +be fine because U most of the time we're +going to go slower than this this is + + align:start position:0% +going to go slower than this this is + + + align:start position:0% +going to go slower than this this is +just the sort of the fun beginning of + + align:start position:0% +just the sort of the fun beginning of + + + align:start position:0% +just the sort of the fun beginning of +the semester uh if you've never seen a + + align:start position:0% +the semester uh if you've never seen a + + + align:start position:0% +the semester uh if you've never seen a +parenthesis or a square parentheses uh + + align:start position:0% +parenthesis or a square parentheses uh + + + align:start position:0% +parenthesis or a square parentheses uh +this might be a class to take next year + + align:start position:0% +this might be a class to take next year + + + align:start position:0% +this might be a class to take next year +or next semester uh after doing a little + + align:start position:0% +or next semester uh after doing a little + + + align:start position:0% +or next semester uh after doing a little +bit more programming um and that's + + align:start position:0% +bit more programming um and that's + + + align:start position:0% +bit more programming um and that's +probably more for the camera people + + align:start position:0% +probably more for the camera people + + + align:start position:0% +probably more for the camera people +watching at home let's make sure that we + + align:start position:0% +watching at home let's make sure that we + + + align:start position:0% +watching at home let's make sure that we +um that we just need a little bit + + align:start position:0% +um that we just need a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +um that we just need a little bit +programming before we're going to go + + align:start position:0% +programming before we're going to go + + + align:start position:0% +programming before we're going to go +forward okay so the piece as a whole F + + align:start position:0% +forward okay so the piece as a whole F + + + align:start position:0% +forward okay so the piece as a whole F +minor what do we do now I've tried to + + align:start position:0% +minor what do we do now I've tried to + + + align:start position:0% +minor what do we do now I've tried to +emphasize it early on but we're going to + + align:start position:0% +emphasize it early on but we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +emphasize it early on but we're going to +make this a habit in the class we always + + align:start position:0% +make this a habit in the class we always + + + align:start position:0% +make this a habit in the class we always +check our BS meter right says the piece + + align:start position:0% +check our BS meter right says the piece + + + align:start position:0% +check our BS meter right says the piece +is in F + + align:start position:0% +is in F + + + align:start position:0% +is in F +minor is that at all plausible looking + + align:start position:0% +minor is that at all plausible looking + + + align:start position:0% +minor is that at all plausible looking +at this piece uh let's just look at the + + align:start position:0% +at this piece uh let's just look at the + + + align:start position:0% +at this piece uh let's just look at the +base it's easier it looks like an a I + + align:start position:0% +base it's easier it looks like an a I + + + align:start position:0% +base it's easier it looks like an a I +mean it's three Sharps Maybe + + align:start position:0% +mean it's three Sharps Maybe + + + align:start position:0% +mean it's three Sharps Maybe +maybe the + + align:start position:0% +maybe the + + + align:start position:0% +maybe the +end + + align:start position:0% +end + + + align:start position:0% +end +f a Shar oh looks like it ends at F + + align:start position:0% +f a Shar oh looks like it ends at F + + + align:start position:0% +f a Shar oh looks like it ends at F +major but then maybe the rest of the + + align:start position:0% +major but then maybe the rest of the + + + align:start position:0% +major but then maybe the rest of the +piece is in minor and then this is just + + align:start position:0% +piece is in minor and then this is just + + + align:start position:0% +piece is in minor and then this is just +the bo ending thing so it to me it + + align:start position:0% +the bo ending thing so it to me it + + + align:start position:0% +the bo ending thing so it to me it +passes the smell test it might be other + + align:start position:0% +passes the smell test it might be other + + + align:start position:0% +passes the smell test it might be other +things but one of the other things we + + align:start position:0% +things but one of the other things we + + + align:start position:0% +things but one of the other things we +can do is let's analyze measures oops we + + align:start position:0% +can do is let's analyze measures oops we + + + align:start position:0% +can do is let's analyze measures oops we +get Buck dot + + align:start position:0% +get Buck dot + + + align:start position:0% +get Buck dot +measures zero I haven't uh spoken out + + align:start position:0% +measures zero I haven't uh spoken out + + + align:start position:0% +measures zero I haven't uh spoken out +loud while I type for a while 0a 2 so + + align:start position:0% +loud while I type for a while 0a 2 so + + + align:start position:0% +loud while I type for a while 0a 2 so +we'll just get the pickup and the first + + align:start position:0% +we'll just get the pickup and the first + + + align:start position:0% +we'll just get the pickup and the first +two measures and we'll analyze the key + + align:start position:0% +two measures and we'll analyze the key + + + align:start position:0% +two measures and we'll analyze the key +of this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +opening ah a major that that feels more + + align:start position:0% +opening ah a major that that feels more + + + align:start position:0% +opening ah a major that that feels more +right for the opening so we know that + + align:start position:0% +right for the opening so we know that + + + align:start position:0% +right for the opening so we know that +the piece as a whole isn't F minor or at + + align:start position:0% +the piece as a whole isn't F minor or at + + + align:start position:0% +the piece as a whole isn't F minor or at +least the computer thinks so if the + + align:start position:0% +least the computer thinks so if the + + + align:start position:0% +least the computer thinks so if the +computer got it right and it opens an a + + align:start position:0% +computer got it right and it opens an a + + + align:start position:0% +computer got it right and it opens an a +major a logical thing that we might play + + align:start position:0% +major a logical thing that we might play + + + align:start position:0% +major a logical thing that we might play +with next is where does it change can we + + align:start position:0% +with next is where does it change can we + + + align:start position:0% +with next is where does it change can we +do that can we analyze where key changes + + align:start position:0% +do that can we analyze where key changes + + + align:start position:0% +do that can we analyze where key changes +are we're not going to do that well um + + align:start position:0% +are we're not going to do that well um + + + align:start position:0% +are we're not going to do that well um +let's let's get some easy thing so we + + align:start position:0% +let's let's get some easy thing so we + + + align:start position:0% +let's let's get some easy thing so we +said that not notes I use to get a + + align:start position:0% +said that not notes I use to get a + + + align:start position:0% +said that not notes I use to get a +particular note so let's see how + + align:start position:0% +particular note so let's see how + + + align:start position:0% +particular note so let's see how +many notes there are in this piece Len + + align:start position:0% +many notes there are in this piece Len + + + align:start position:0% +many notes there are in this piece Len +um any other language would be length + + align:start position:0% +um any other language would be length + + + align:start position:0% +um any other language would be length +but you know Len f. notes and how many + + align:start position:0% +but you know Len f. notes and how many + + + align:start position:0% +but you know Len f. notes and how many +notes take a + + align:start position:0% +notes take a + + + align:start position:0% +notes take a +prediction oh zero there are no notes in + + align:start position:0% +prediction oh zero there are no notes in + + + align:start position:0% +prediction oh zero there are no notes in +this piece it is the we started with + + align:start position:0% +this piece it is the we started with + + + align:start position:0% +this piece it is the we started with +cage 433 and we end with Bach 433 now + + align:start position:0% +cage 433 and we end with Bach 433 now + + + align:start position:0% +cage 433 and we end with Bach 433 now +why are there no notes it's because B is + + align:start position:0% +why are there no notes it's because B is + + + align:start position:0% +why are there no notes it's because B is +a score this is all about the + + align:start position:0% +a score this is all about the + + + align:start position:0% +a score this is all about the +representation we're currently in box + + align:start position:0% +representation we're currently in box + + + align:start position:0% +representation we're currently in box +within box within box there are no notes + + align:start position:0% +within box within box there are no notes + + + align:start position:0% +within box within box there are no notes +in the score there are notes within + + align:start position:0% +in the score there are notes within + + + align:start position:0% +in the score there are notes within +Parts no there are no notes within the + + align:start position:0% +Parts no there are no notes within the + + + align:start position:0% +Parts no there are no notes within the +parts parts have measures there are + + align:start position:0% +parts parts have measures there are + + + align:start position:0% +parts parts have measures there are +notes in measures so what we'll need to + + align:start position:0% +notes in measures so what we'll need to + + + align:start position:0% +notes in measures so what we'll need to +do is we'll + + align:start position:0% +do is we'll + + + align:start position:0% +do is we'll +say take the Bo and let's run recurse go + + align:start position:0% +say take the Bo and let's run recurse go + + + align:start position:0% +say take the Bo and let's run recurse go +into every box like like a child at + + align:start position:0% +into every box like like a child at + + + align:start position:0% +into every box like like a child at +Christmas open every single box and find + + align:start position:0% +Christmas open every single box and find + + + align:start position:0% +Christmas open every single box and find +every single note in + + align:start position:0% +every single note in + + + align:start position:0% +every single note in +there so we'll say we can take a score + + align:start position:0% +there so we'll say we can take a score + + + align:start position:0% +there so we'll say we can take a score +we can say open up every box and to + + align:start position:0% +we can say open up every box and to + + + align:start position:0% +we can say open up every box and to +every box get me the notes and 165 let + + align:start position:0% +every box get me the notes and 165 let + + + align:start position:0% +every box get me the notes and 165 let +pass the smell test let's scroll up + + align:start position:0% +pass the smell test let's scroll up + + + align:start position:0% +pass the smell test let's scroll up +don't ask anybody ever to count this but + + align:start position:0% +don't ask anybody ever to count this but + + + align:start position:0% +don't ask anybody ever to count this but +that look like about 165 notes to you + + align:start position:0% +that look like about 165 notes to you + + + align:start position:0% +that look like about 165 notes to you +yeah just order of magnitude if it said + + align:start position:0% +yeah just order of magnitude if it said + + + align:start position:0% +yeah just order of magnitude if it said +1 million notes would something be wrong + + align:start position:0% +1 million notes would something be wrong + + + align:start position:0% +1 million notes would something be wrong +if it said zero notes you knew it was + + align:start position:0% +if it said zero notes you knew it was + + + align:start position:0% +if it said zero notes you knew it was +something wrong so we'll always try to + + align:start position:0% +something wrong so we'll always try to + + + align:start position:0% +something wrong so we'll always try to +do these kind of smell tests before we + + align:start position:0% +do these kind of smell tests before we + + + align:start position:0% +do these kind of smell tests before we +go on and the last thing I'm going to do + + align:start position:0% +go on and the last thing I'm going to do + + + align:start position:0% +go on and the last thing I'm going to do +because I'm looking at the time and and + + align:start position:0% +because I'm looking at the time and and + + + align:start position:0% +because I'm looking at the time and and +I I have only one good habit as a + + align:start position:0% +I I have only one good habit as a + + + align:start position:0% +I I have only one good habit as a +professor I really am allergic to + + align:start position:0% +professor I really am allergic to + + + align:start position:0% +professor I really am allergic to +keeping you over so we're not going to + + align:start position:0% +keeping you over so we're not going to + + + align:start position:0% +keeping you over so we're not going to +do this but we'll do just for fun bu. + + align:start position:0% +do this but we'll do just for fun bu. + + + align:start position:0% +do this but we'll do just for fun bu. +cify + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +doow now we've switched the entire thing + + align:start position:0% +doow now we've switched the entire thing + + + align:start position:0% +doow now we've switched the entire thing +into salami slice + + align:start position:0% +into salami slice + + + align:start position:0% +into salami slice +mode so these are some of the things + + align:start position:0% +mode so these are some of the things + + + align:start position:0% +mode so these are some of the things +we're going to be + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be +doing hopefully that was good professor + + align:start position:0% +doing hopefully that was good professor + + + align:start position:0% +doing hopefully that was good professor +mode now here's really evil Professor + + align:start position:0% +mode now here's really evil Professor + + + align:start position:0% +mode now here's really evil Professor +mode you're going to forget every tool + + align:start position:0% +mode you're going to forget every tool + + + align:start position:0% +mode you're going to forget every tool +that you've just been given analyze key + + align:start position:0% +that you've just been given analyze key + + + align:start position:0% +that you've just been given analyze key +is not available to you I I'll call it + + align:start position:0% +is not available to you I I'll call it + + + align:start position:0% +is not available to you I I'll call it +locking it it's locked in this little + + align:start position:0% +locking it it's locked in this little + + + align:start position:0% +locking it it's locked in this little +cabinet here when you write your own + + align:start position:0% +cabinet here when you write your own + + + align:start position:0% +cabinet here when you write your own +pretty decent key analysis algorithm you + + align:start position:0% +pretty decent key analysis algorithm you + + + align:start position:0% +pretty decent key analysis algorithm you +can unlock this one yours might be + + align:start position:0% +can unlock this one yours might be + + + align:start position:0% +can unlock this one yours might be +better um I might ask for a license to + + align:start position:0% +better um I might ask for a license to + + + align:start position:0% +better um I might ask for a license to +hey can we use that one there this is a + + align:start position:0% +hey can we use that one there this is a + + + align:start position:0% +hey can we use that one there this is a +pretty decent one but you might write a + + align:start position:0% +pretty decent one but you might write a + + + align:start position:0% +pretty decent one but you might write a +better one when you write your own + + align:start position:0% +better one when you write your own + + + align:start position:0% +better one when you write your own +certification algorithm then cify will + + align:start position:0% +certification algorithm then cify will + + + align:start position:0% +certification algorithm then cify will +be opened for you um we'll give you some + + align:start position:0% +be opened for you um we'll give you some + + + align:start position:0% +be opened for you um we'll give you some +tools uh extracting things particular + + align:start position:0% +tools uh extracting things particular + + + align:start position:0% +tools uh extracting things particular +measures um that was a lot of work but + + align:start position:0% +measures um that was a lot of work but + + + align:start position:0% +measures um that was a lot of work but +that kind of sounds boring boring in + + align:start position:0% +that kind of sounds boring boring in + + + align:start position:0% +that kind of sounds boring boring in +terms of our intellectual development + + align:start position:0% +terms of our intellectual development + + + align:start position:0% +terms of our intellectual development +but coming up with the tools to be able + + align:start position:0% +but coming up with the tools to be able + + + align:start position:0% +but coming up with the tools to be able +to cify a score um um we'll see how many + + align:start position:0% +to cify a score um um we'll see how many + + + align:start position:0% +to cify a score um um we'll see how many +difficult things that come from that um + + align:start position:0% +difficult things that come from that um + + + align:start position:0% +difficult things that come from that um +and not the time's about up so we'll + + align:start position:0% +and not the time's about up so we'll + + + align:start position:0% +and not the time's about up so we'll +talk about that in other classes as I + + align:start position:0% +talk about that in other classes as I + + + align:start position:0% +talk about that in other classes as I +said on Friday I want to get to know you + + align:start position:0% +said on Friday I want to get to know you + + + align:start position:0% +said on Friday I want to get to know you +guys I want you guys to be able to talk + + align:start position:0% +guys I want you guys to be able to talk + + + align:start position:0% +guys I want you guys to be able to talk +more but I wanted today just to blab + + align:start position:0% +more but I wanted today just to blab + + + align:start position:0% +more but I wanted today just to blab +about what we might do in this semester + + align:start position:0% +about what we might do in this semester + + + align:start position:0% +about what we might do in this semester +and I'm happy to have you here the + + align:start position:0% +and I'm happy to have you here the + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm happy to have you here the +numbers look great uh you all come back + + align:start position:0% +numbers look great uh you all come back + + + align:start position:0% +numbers look great uh you all come back +Friday you all make sure that you're + + align:start position:0% +Friday you all make sure that you're + + + align:start position:0% +Friday you all make sure that you're +registered and I'm glad to have everyone + + align:start position:0% +registered and I'm glad to have everyone + + + align:start position:0% +registered and I'm glad to have everyone +in this class \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/e548hRYcXlg.txt b/e548hRYcXlg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fc34f8b1fbd2efb99e63738de583c5eb320616b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/e548hRYcXlg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,379 @@ +align:start position:0% + +let's try to find the center of mass of + + align:start position:0% +let's try to find the center of mass of + + + align:start position:0% +let's try to find the center of mass of +a uniform object like a uniform rod and + + align:start position:0% +a uniform object like a uniform rod and + + + align:start position:0% +a uniform object like a uniform rod and +let's assume this rod is length L and we + + align:start position:0% +let's assume this rod is length L and we + + + align:start position:0% +let's assume this rod is length L and we +want to find the center of mass now + + align:start position:0% +want to find the center of mass now + + + align:start position:0% +want to find the center of mass now +before I begin this calculation you can + + align:start position:0% +before I begin this calculation you can + + + align:start position:0% +before I begin this calculation you can +probably already guess that it's going + + align:start position:0% +probably already guess that it's going + + + align:start position:0% +probably already guess that it's going +to be exactly in the middle and we'll + + align:start position:0% +to be exactly in the middle and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +to be exactly in the middle and we'll +verify that but let's first define what + + align:start position:0% +verify that but let's first define what + + + align:start position:0% +verify that but let's first define what +we mean by our center of mass for + + align:start position:0% +we mean by our center of mass for + + + align:start position:0% +we mean by our center of mass for +discrete particles recall if this was a + + align:start position:0% +discrete particles recall if this was a + + + align:start position:0% +discrete particles recall if this was a +sum over all the particles in the system + + align:start position:0% +sum over all the particles in the system + + + align:start position:0% +sum over all the particles in the system +so we'll take a label j goes from 1 to n + + align:start position:0% +so we'll take a label j goes from 1 to n + + + align:start position:0% +so we'll take a label j goes from 1 to n +and it was not it was the mass of that j + + align:start position:0% +and it was not it was the mass of that j + + + align:start position:0% +and it was not it was the mass of that j +particle times the position vector of + + align:start position:0% +particle times the position vector of + + + align:start position:0% +particle times the position vector of +that j the particle with respect to some + + align:start position:0% +that j the particle with respect to some + + + align:start position:0% +that j the particle with respect to some +origin and we're dividing that by j goes + + align:start position:0% +origin and we're dividing that by j goes + + + align:start position:0% +origin and we're dividing that by j goes +from 1 to n of the total mass in the + + align:start position:0% +from 1 to n of the total mass in the + + + align:start position:0% +from 1 to n of the total mass in the +system now how do we translate this + + align:start position:0% +system now how do we translate this + + + align:start position:0% +system now how do we translate this +equation for a continuous system and let + + align:start position:0% +equation for a continuous system and let + + + align:start position:0% +equation for a continuous system and let +me just again show that we had chosen an + + align:start position:0% +me just again show that we had chosen an + + + align:start position:0% +me just again show that we had chosen an +origin here was our jate particle of + + align:start position:0% +origin here was our jate particle of + + + align:start position:0% +origin here was our jate particle of +mass m j + rj so what we want to do is + + align:start position:0% +mass m j + rj so what we want to do is + + + align:start position:0% +mass m j + rj so what we want to do is +draw the analogy and here's how it works + + align:start position:0% +draw the analogy and here's how it works + + + align:start position:0% +draw the analogy and here's how it works +that for each discrete particle we're + + align:start position:0% +that for each discrete particle we're + + + align:start position:0% +that for each discrete particle we're +going to look at that as some mass + + align:start position:0% +going to look at that as some mass + + + align:start position:0% +going to look at that as some mass +element Delta M J our vector RJ will go + + align:start position:0% +element Delta M J our vector RJ will go + + + align:start position:0% +element Delta M J our vector RJ will go +to a vector for this mass element I'll + + align:start position:0% +to a vector for this mass element I'll + + + align:start position:0% +to a vector for this mass element I'll +just write it Delta M and our sum from j + + align:start position:0% +just write it Delta M and our sum from j + + + align:start position:0% +just write it Delta M and our sum from j +goes from 1 to n is actually going to go + + align:start position:0% +goes from 1 to n is actually going to go + + + align:start position:0% +goes from 1 to n is actually going to go +to an integral over the body so let's + + align:start position:0% +to an integral over the body so let's + + + align:start position:0% +to an integral over the body so let's +see how that looks + + align:start position:0% +see how that looks + + + align:start position:0% +see how that looks +so first we'll do it with the total mass + + align:start position:0% +so first we'll do it with the total mass + + + align:start position:0% +so first we'll do it with the total mass +M here we're summing over j from 1 to n + + align:start position:0% +M here we're summing over j from 1 to n + + + align:start position:0% +M here we're summing over j from 1 to n +of M J that goes to the integral over + + align:start position:0% +of M J that goes to the integral over + + + align:start position:0% +of M J that goes to the integral over +the body now the Delta M when we take + + align:start position:0% +the body now the Delta M when we take + + + align:start position:0% +the body now the Delta M when we take +limits because that's what an integral + + align:start position:0% +limits because that's what an integral + + + align:start position:0% +limits because that's what an integral +goes we'll write that as DM so that + + align:start position:0% +goes we'll write that as DM so that + + + align:start position:0% +goes we'll write that as DM so that +becomes a limit over the body and + + align:start position:0% +becomes a limit over the body and + + + align:start position:0% +becomes a limit over the body and +likewise our sum J + + align:start position:0% +likewise our sum J + + + align:start position:0% +likewise our sum J +goes from 1 to n of MJ RJ goes to an + + align:start position:0% +goes from 1 to n of MJ RJ goes to an + + + align:start position:0% +goes from 1 to n of MJ RJ goes to an +integral over the body of DM vector are + + align:start position:0% +integral over the body of DM vector are + + + align:start position:0% +integral over the body of DM vector are +going to that element so we can say in + + align:start position:0% +going to that element so we can say in + + + align:start position:0% +going to that element so we can say in +the limit that this becomes our going to + + align:start position:0% +the limit that this becomes our going to + + + align:start position:0% +the limit that this becomes our going to +that element now that means that our + + align:start position:0% +that element now that means that our + + + align:start position:0% +that element now that means that our +continuous expression for the continuous + + align:start position:0% +continuous expression for the continuous + + + align:start position:0% +continuous expression for the continuous +object is an integral over the body of + + align:start position:0% +object is an integral over the body of + + + align:start position:0% +object is an integral over the body of +DM are to that element DM divided by an + + align:start position:0% +DM are to that element DM divided by an + + + align:start position:0% +DM are to that element DM divided by an +integral over the body of DM \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eDCS197EzU8.txt b/eDCS197EzU8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1e87e24d6be982dd00abc86b154400b1f3817f11 --- /dev/null +++ b/eDCS197EzU8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2528 @@ +PROFESSOR: Why don't +we get started. + +Good afternoon-- + +to stretch the literal meaning +of the word considerably. + +What a miserable +day out there. + +I get to and from the boonies +via the commuter rail. + +And this morning, we sat there +for an hour part way in + +because a tree had fallen across +the railroad track. + +I don't know who went out to do +it, but somebody had to get + +a saw and saw the tree up and +take it off the tracks before + +we could proceed into Boston. + +Even with that, I was +sort of reluctant + +to get off the train. + +I saw how it was pouring +outside. + +So I am highly flattered that +you decided to trudge through + +the puddles and show +up this afternoon. + +All right, this is a momentous +occasion because we are + +exactly at this point, halfway +through the term. + +And this is when we are about +to change gears from our + +discussion of symmetry theory +and switch over to physical + +properties of crystals and the +way in which symmetry impacts + +on those properties. + +What I wanted to do primarily +today, though, is to say a + +little bit in a very fast and +very simple way about the + +nature of crystal structures +because that is one of the + +primary uses of symmetry +theory. + +It's to describe the periodic +arrangements and symmetrical + +arrangements of atoms +in crystals. + +So it's the language that's +necessary to describe such + +arrangements, particularly when +they're beyond the red + +balls at the corner of the cube +and black balls in the + +middle of the faces level +of structure. + +Let me first, for your amusement +and edification, + +pass out another problem set. + +This has only two +problems on it. + +You are not really equipped to +do it yet because we haven't + +talked about space groups. + +So don't worry about +doing that now. + +But I wanted to get it in +your hand so that you + +could look it over. + +It's a good problem set on which +to end this part of the + +discussion-- + +but there's another +one that I'll be + +passing out next week-- + +because this is an example of +how you can use the notions of + +symmetry that we have +established to say some fairly + +profound and non-obvious things +about the nature of + +atomic arrangements. + +So that's the purpose +of this problem set. + +It is to give you an opportunity +to see the + +surprising things that can fall +out of our material that + +we now have at our disposal. + +Let me begin by telling you +where we left off last time. + +We had completed deriving the +so-called Bravais lattices, + +the three-dimensional +space lattices. + +The process by which we did +this was to take our + +two-dimensional space groups, +the plane groups, and say + +that, if we add a third +translation, we will have + +generated a space lattice. + +But these different nets in +the base of the cell are + +special and determined by the +fact that there are symmetry + +in these nets. + +So if we take, for example, a +net that is exactly square-- + +it's square because there's +a fourfold axis there. + +And that fourfold axis, in a +space lattice, pokes not only + +into the base of the cell but +extends up through space. + +So you must pick a third +translation such that the + +symmetry elements line up. + +We would take each of the +crystallographic plane groups + +and pick a third translation. + +You end up with almost all of +the lattices that you're going + +to get except for the ones that +involve cubic symmetries + +that are inherently +three-dimensional. + +And the reason for that is +that the more complex + +three-dimensional point groups +are, for the most part, + +obtained by adding inversion to +the simple symmetries that + +exist in two dimensions. + +But inversion doesn't require +anything of a lattice. + +So you can immediately say that +2M and 2/M are compatible + +with the same sort of space +lattice because the symmetry + +2/M is nothing more than what +you get when you add inversion + +to either a twofold axis +or a mirror plane. + +And, finally, another way of +classifying crystals, and a + +broader way of classifying +them, is according to the + +coordinate systems that +are necessary to + +describe the lattices. + +And these are called the +crystal systems. + +And, as a mnemonic device for +keeping straight what the + +crystal systems are as opposed +to the crystal classes, which + +is another word that we haven't +used but it's another + +word for the point groups, the +crystal systems goes with + +coordinate systems. + +And it's simply a word to +describe the shape of the + +lattices, family of lattices, +that we've described. + +And we distributed a handout +last time that gave the names + +of these systems and the +relations that exist between + +the edges of the unit cell, +which we use as the basis for + +our coordinate system +and also the labels + +that we put on them. + +I have another sheet, which +I'll pass around, which is + +nothing new. + +It just assembles-- + +I'll give you two sheets, +which I'll pass around. + +The first is an assembly of +the crystallographic point + +groups in a somewhat neater and +tidier way than we had on + +the sheet that we passed +around last time. + +So this is a picture of all +32 of the point groups. + +Again, beware of the fact that +mirror planes and guides to + +the eye that split things up +into 90 degree segments or 60 + +degree segments come +out deceptively + +similar on these sheets. + +But there with the +representative pattern are the + +arrangements of symmetry +elements, a representative + +pattern of motifs, and the +international and [INAUDIBLE] + +symbol for all 32 of the + +three-dimensional point groups. + +And then the next sheet I'll +pass around takes the point + +groups and groups them together +with the lattices + +that can accommodate them and +the crystal system that + +describes the arrangement +of axes in the lattice. + +So this is, in a nutshell, +everything that we've covered + +up to this point. + +And, at this point, I have +to say that there is some + +disagreement on how many +crystal systems exist. + +And even though people who +work with symmetry and + +mathematics are usually +rational, almost to a fault + +logical individuals, there are +several junctures as you build + +up a body of knowledge where +you could go either way or + +adopt either convention. + +You sort of got to pay your +money and take your choice. + +And this occurs in our +arrangement of point groups + +and lattices among the +crystal systems. + +This occurs in the hexagonal +crystal system. + +Symmetry 3 and the other point +groups that can be derived + +from it can be placed either in +a hexagonal lattice, that + +is to say, a third translation +C that is exactly at right + +angles to a pair of +translations, A1 and A2, which + +are 120 degrees apart. + +Or a three-fold symmetry can go +into this funny double-body + +centered hexagonal lattice, +which could be defined, if we + +were masochistic and enjoyed +working in an oblique + +coordinate system, could be +defined instead in terms of a + +rhombohedral lattice, which +had the special + +characteristics that three +translations are identical by + +symmetry, called therefore A1, +A2, and A3; and the angles + +between the more equal alpha 1, +alpha 2, alpha 3; and they + +could be anything we wished. + +So that is a unique sort of +crystal system and unique sort + +of coordinate system. + +There are those who would say +that if this is the case, we + +really have seven crystal +systems-- + +triclinic; monoclinic; +orthorhombic; tetragonal; + +hexagonal; and then this one +that is compatible only with a + +three-fold axis and that is +called the trigonal system or, + +by some folks, the rhombohedral +system; and then, + +finally, the cubic. + +Well isn't that a rational +and logical thing to do? + +Yeah, question at this point? + +AUDIENCE: Do you have any extra +copies of the sheet + +[INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: Oh, yes. + +There should be more than +enough floating around. + +This one here? + +[? AUDIENCE: The ?] + +[? chart ?] + +AUDIENCE: Yeah, [? not the ?] + +[? chart ?]. + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +I'll give you-- + +I think there are +more back there. + +But why don't you take +one for now? + +Yeah, so it's a perfectly +reasonable thing to do is to + +set up the trigonal system as +a separate coordinate system + +to describe the rhombohedral +lattice. + +The problem that creates, +however, is that if you do + +this, there is no longer any +one to one correspondence + +between the point groups and +the crystal systems. + +A crystal with symmetry 3, for +example, can fit into it + +either in a hexagonal lattice +or a trigonal lattice. + +US So sometimes a crystal with +point group 3 would have to be + +called a hexagonal crystal, +sometimes a trigonal system. + +But which is it? + +Well it can be either. + +So admitting the trigonal system +as a separate crystal + +system breaks down the one to +one correspondence between + +point groups and crystal +systems. + +The very pragmatic reason for +not admitting the trigonal + +system as a separate +crystal system + +is that, although you can in +this funny triple hexagonal + +cell define a primitive trigonal +cell that has a + +special geometry, nobody in +their right mind, as I + +indicated earlier, would +want to work in such + +a coordinate system. + +Better to take the triple +cell, pay the price of + +three-fold redundancy, and yet +have two interaxial angles + +that are 90 degrees and one +that's specialized at 120. + +That's a much more convenient +reference system for our + +description of crystal +properties. + +One final thing I'll comment +on but won't say anything + +about very much-- + +I always do that. + +I say I won't say anything about +it but, and then launch + +into a 10 minute digression. + +Off in the right hand corner is +something called the Laue + +group of which there are 11. + +The Laue groups are those of the +point groups that contain + +the operation of inversion. + +And the reason they're called +the Laue groups is that one of + +the primary ways, other than +looking at crystal morphology + +to determine the symmetries of +a crystal, is to look at the + +way it diffracts x-rays. + +So if we had, for example a +tetragonal crystal and there + +were lattice planes in here that +were related by 90 degree + +rotations, then if we brought +in an x-ray beam at such an + +angle to satisfy Bragg's law and +saw some sort of intensity + +that came off, if we rotated the +x-ray beam 90 degrees, we + +ought to see diffraction at +the same angle and with + +exactly the same intensity. + +So either by moving the x-ray +beam, or simpler thing would + +be to leave the x-ray beam +fixed, since it's attached to + +an x-ray generator that weighs +a ton or more, instead move + +the crystal relative +to the x-ray beam. + +Now what would you do in this +way of thinking to determine + +whether a crystal had the +operation of inversion in it? + +If this is the set of planes +with indices HKL, you, again, + +would bring in an x-ray beam +at an angle theta, in out. + +Look at the intensity from +the set of points HKL. + +And then look at diffraction, +both in terms of the Bragg + +angle theta and in terms +of the intensity. + +Look at that diffraction from +the planes that were related + +to HKL by symmetry. + +Well what plane is related +to HKL by symmetry? + +It's these planes down here +which have indices minus H, + +minus K, minus L. + +So if we did the corresponding +experiment to what I did to + +the left, we'd bring in an +x-ray beam like this. + +It would be diffracted +at some angle theta. + +And we'd look at the intensity +for the set of planes minus H, + +minus K, minus L. + +Is that going to be +any different? + +No. + +Right-minded person would +say, why should this + +intensity be different? + +All we're doing is bouncing +the x-ray beam off the + +opposite side of one in the same +set of lattice planes. + +So why should the intensity +be any different? + +In this case, clearly if the +set of lattice points is + +rotated by some finite angle, +we are not going to see + +equivalent diffraction +from planes that + +are 90 degrees apart. + +So the upshot is that the +diffraction symmetry of a + +crystal, the way in which planes +with indices that are + +related by symmetry diffract +in terms of position of the + +beam and intensity, the +diffraction symmetry of a + +crystal always looks as though +that crystal possessed an + +inversion center. + +So, therefore, to-- + +and I qualify this by saying, +to a good approximation-- + +the only point groups that +you could determine and + +distinguish from one another by +x-ray diffraction are the + +point groups that contain +an inversion center. + +Almost, but not quite. + +If we look a little more closely +at what is doing the + +scattering, it is not +the Bragg planes. + +These are imaginary, shimmering, +absolutely planar + +things that are constructs that +we use to interpret the + +process called diffraction. + +Inside the crystal what is +actually doing the diffraction + +is a collection of atoms, each +of which are scattering the + +x-radiation. + +And that physically is what +causes the diffraction. + +And the resultant intensity is +the addition of all the little + +wavelets scattered by these +separate atoms. + +So in terms of the atomistics +of what is involved, to look + +at diffraction from the set of +planes HKL and contrast that + +with the diffraction for the set +of planes minus H, minus + +K, minus L, we're coming in +from opposite directions. + +And here the beam would hit-- + +let's call the atoms, if I did +not do so already, let's call + +them A and B. A for +a and b for big. + +Diffraction from the set of +points HKL would pass through + +the sheets of A atoms first +and then impinge on the B + +atoms, whereas in the opposite +direction, the x-ray beams + +would impinge upon the +B atoms first and + +then hit the A atoms. + +Does that make a difference? + +Aha. + +Believe it or not, it does. + +And I can't explain why without +going into a very + +detailed discussion +of diffraction. + +But if you compare the +intensities that are scattered + +by these two sets of planes, +which are related by inversion + +and therefore just opposite +sides of one another, it does + +make a difference which +atom the x-ray + +beam encounters first. + +And the difference in intensity +is on the order of + +3% to 5%, although by picking a +radiation appropriately for + +the particular chemical species +in the crystal, you + +could increase this perhaps +to 10% or 12%. + +But that is something that you +could not do until synchrotron + +radiation came along, which +could actually tune the + +wavelength to a particular value +that you wish to use and + +not use something that was +spewed out by an x-ray tube + +that had a target such as +molybdenum or copper or + +chromium, perhaps. + +OK, so you can with this +careful measurement of + +intensity distinguished between +the opposite sides of + +the given set of Bragg planes, +unless, of course, the crystal + +did have inversion in it. + +And then there would be +no difference at all. + +It requires a very careful +experiment, though, because + +there are many things +that could make + +the intensities different. + +For example, absorption +by the crystal. + +If the crystal has an +irregular shape, the + +absorption, which can easily +be factors 10, 20, or even + +more, the absorption would be +different for x-ray beams + +coming in those two +orientations. + +So in any case, as I say, I +won't say anything about it. + +But 10 minutes later, +that's the + +meaning of the Laue groups. + +These are the point groups that +have inversion in them. + +That effect that I just +described, by the way, is + +called anomalous scattering +or anomalous dispersion. + +There's really nothing anomalous +about at all. + +It has to do with the way +electromagnetic radiation + +interacts with the clouds of +electrons that are distributed + +about the nucleus +of each atom. + +Where we will go from here to +finish up symmetry theory will + +be to now take the 32 +crystallographic point groups + +and to drop those point groups +into each of the distinct 14 + +Bravais lattices. + +And then we'll need combination +theorems to deduce + +where the additional symmetry +elements arrive. + +And when we go through that +process, if we were to do this + +exhaustively, we would find that +there are 230 distinct + +three-dimensional symmetries +that involve point group + +symmetry operations +and lattice type. + +I saw several faces blanch. + +Don't worry. + +We're not going to do that. + +What we will do next time is +do a small handful and then + +conclude by showing you how this +information is tabulated + +in the international tables. + +And the quick, immediate answer +to that question is + +that the problem set that I +passed around has two pages + +for two different point groups +that show the way that this + +information is tabulated in +the international tables. + +So that's where we'll end up. + +And we'll come pretty close to +completing that when we meet + +on Thursday. + +I heard no sighs of relief. + +I heard no cheers. + +So you are presumably +still engaged in + +this material somewhat. + +I have two things I +would like to do. + +We talked about crystal systems +and point groups. + +And let me now ask, do you think +there is a crystal known + +for every one of the +point groups? + +Think so? + +I saw some skeptical +shakes of the head. + +The answer is yes, but +just barely for some + +of the point groups. + +One of the very rare point +groups, in terms of structures + +that populate it, is our high +symmetries but which lack + +inversion or mirror planes. + +One very, very rare point +group is 432-- + +just axes arranged in a cubic +arrangement with no mirror + +planes or inversion centers. + +And my rationalization of that +is that if an arrangement of + +atoms has to conform to all of +these rotational symmetries, + +it's pretty hard for it to do it +and have that assemblage of + +atoms assume the lowest possible +energy state if it + +doesn't pick up in the process +inversion or mirror planes as + +additional symmetry element. + +Sort of satisfying for me. + +But that's not a rigorous +argument. + +OK, let me now take a poll. + +Do you think, using the broader +cut of the crystal + +systems, do you think there's +a crystal known for every + +crystal system? + +Are there triclinic, monoclinic, +orthorhombic, + +tetragonal, trigonal, +hexagonal, + +cubic crystals known? + +Yeah. + +That's a pretty realistic +expectation. + +And that is indeed the case. + +But now let me cut this +a little finer. + +Which do you think is the most +popular crystal systems for + +real materials and which do +you think is the rarest? + +OK. + +Who thinks triclinic crystals +are the most common? + +OK, there are pessimists. + +What is the definition +of a pessimist? + +The pessimist is somebody you +should borrow money from + +because they'll never expect +to be paid back. + +Who would say cubic crystals? + +There are naive [? optimists. ?] + +Now I will reveal all. + +The answer is, it depends. + +Depends upon whether you're +talking about, interestingly, + +inorganic materials or whether +you're talking + +about organic materials. + +If you look at inorganic +materials, the most popular + +crystal systems are-- + +and the results are, first +of all, cubic. + +Is this not a benign world +in which we live. + +Most inorganic materials-- + +if you're a material scientist +who works with metals and with + +ceramics, you're going to work +with cubic materials, thank + +God, most of the time. + +The second most popular-- + +by a considerable margin but +there are still a lot of + +them-- is orthorhombic. + +And the third most popular, +shortly behind orthorhombic + +and almost in a tie, monoclinic +and tetragonal. + +We'll launch into a quick +overview of crystal symmetry. + +And we'll see why inorganic +materials have high symmetry. + +It's true, in particular, when +the material is held together + +by ionic bonding. + +If the bonding is ionic, it's +non-directional and atoms of + +opposite charge will therefore +try to get as close as + +possible to the atoms +of opposite charge. + +And because atoms of like charge +repel one another, the + +surrounding atoms will +try to be as widely + +separated as possible. + +And this grouping of atoms, +positive around negative, + +tends to have a lot +of symmetry. + +And, therefore, the way in which +these groups are linked + +together has a lot +of symmetry. + +OK, I said organic materials. + +And I'll pass around some +actual numbers that were + +assembled a long time ago but +are still, in terms of + +proportion, still valid. + +The organic compounds are broken +down into whether these + +are compounds based on rings or + +extended, lopsided molecules. + +And the numbers are very +different depending on that. + +But, for organic molecules +[? material, ?] + +monoclinic is the most common, +then orthorhombic. + +And shortly after orthorhombic +comes way, way behind is + +tetragonal and triclinic, +which are almost tied. + +And I think I can rationalize +this observation, as well. + +Organic materials contain +discrete molecules. + +And if we've got something-- and +I'm going to, since I know + +I'm among friends, display +my abysmal + +ignorance of organic chemistry. + +I am unapologetically and +unabashedly inorganic and even + +non-metallic in my research +interests. + +So let's suppose we have +something that's composed of + +various strange rings with +little side groups sticking + +off like this, another one off +like this, and then maybe + +another ring up like this. + +That, to me, looks like a +reasonable molecule in terms + +of my ignorance of organic +chemistry. + +So if there are these finite +groups and you're going to put + +them together in a crystal, +what are you + +going to try to do? + +They're going to be held +together by very weak van der + +Waals forces, which are +non-directional. + +So think of the outline of this +molecule as being some + +ugly thing like a ham hock. + +And then your problem, if the +forces between these molecules + +are non-directional, how do +you close pack ham hocks? + +The way you would do it would +be to put down a row of them + +in a close-packed sequence. + +So we'll put down things +that look like this. + +And then, maybe to make them fit +together, dovetail another + +one in here. + +And maybe something like that. + +And then for the next row down, +and you would maybe put + +the nose of one in here. + +And then put the other one in +here, the nose of one here, + +and something like that-- + +being very schematic. + +The lattice that describes this +packing is not going to + +be orthogonal. + +It's not going to be square +with high symmetry or even + +have two orthogonal +translations. + +It's going to be something that +has this as translations. + +There's going to be an A +and a B that is not at + +right angles to it. + +And the B translation will have +different links, simply + +because the thing that you're +putting together in close + +packing has a very +irregular shape. + +So I think that is the reason +why molecules, discrete + +molecules that try to achieve +something that is as close + +packed as possible, will have +translations in them that are + +of unequal length and making +arbitrary angles with respect + +to one another. + +So having kept you guessing for +so long, let me pass out + +another sheet. + +This was a compilation that +was done a long time ago. + +And there were only 9,000 +crystals for which complete + +crystallographic data +had been obtained. + +This was way back in 1967. + +As I say, there's much +more data now, + +easily in order of magnitude. + +But I don't think +the proportions + +will change very much. + +They'll stay about the same. + +Let me pass out these sheets. + +So make sure you memorize them +because the first question on + +the next quiz is, how many +out of 8,759 crystals + +are actually triclinic? + +I would never do that. + +All right, any comments +or questions? + +Yes, sir. + +AUDIENCE: Why would organic +molecules of such odd shapes + +even be crystalline +to begin with? + +Why wouldn't they just +be amorphous? + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +Clearly the interatomic +forces are very + +directional and very strong. + +And that's going to hold the +molecule into a fixed + +configuration. + +AUDIENCE: Didn't you say there +were van der Waals forces? + +PROFESSOR: But they're these-- + +even for something that is not +ionic or metallic, there still + +are weak attractive forces +between these molecules. + +Why? + +Well, the charges are not +uniformly distributed over + +these molecules. + +So there are going to be some +van der Waals forces that tend + +to hold them together. + +And a van der Waals force is +essentially non-directional. + +So if you have this weak force, +you're going to be able + +to squish the crystal +into something + +amorphous very easily. + +And organic materials are +usually very subject to + +plastic deformation. + +But if you assemble the +molecules carefully from + +solution, or by vaporization, +condensation, they're going to + +want the order if they are +solidified with enough + +mobility to rearrange themselves +in the lowest + +energy configuration. + +I think what you're saying is +these are not going to be very + +strongly bonded crystals. + +They're going to melt +at low temperatures. + +But, nevertheless, prepare them +properly, and the lowest + +energy state will be ordered. + +AUDIENCE: I'm sure +[? they're ordered. ?] + +But would it be such that you +have [? translational ?] + +symmetry? + +Who's to say it's going to have +a definite pattern that + +will repeat itself? + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, if there +are attractive forces-- + +let me again use a hand-waving +argument. + +If you've got a bunch of +particles and they aggregate + +here in the lowest energy +configuration, that is going + +to be the lowest energy +configuration. + +And a similar group of +atoms will want to do + +the same thing here. + +And if there are interactions +between these groups, they're + +going to arrange themselves +in an order configuration. + +That is simply saying-- + +this is a very weak qualitative +argument-- says if + +you have a configuration which +is the lowest energy + +arrangement here, any other +place in the system where + +those atoms get together and +congeal are going to assume + +that same configuration. + +OK? + +Other comments or questions? + +This is all very qualitative but +actually concerns matters + +that we are describing a +language to describe. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +Yes, there are. + +If you look at this table that +came around, if you look at + +cubic organic materials +out of-- + +there-- + +what is the number? + +117 out of what looks to +be several thousand. + +Yes, there are cubic +organic crystals, + +but very few in number. + +Hexagonal-- + +56 out of a rather +large number. + +All right, when we took a poll +a week and a half or so ago + +and said, how many of you had +seen any material and crystal + +chemistry in solid state +chemistry in a previous class + +on structure and bonding or +crystal chemistry, and only a + +few people tentatively twitched +a hand slightly. + +So what I'd like to do for the +rest of this session, since + +this is what symmetry theory is +developed to describe, I'd + +like to say something about +structures and why they form + +the way they do to give some +qualitative insight. + +This is a fat pack of notes. + +And I'll go over it quickly with +you and lead you by the + +hand through it. + +But this is not material +for which I'll hold you + +responsible. + +In fact, I'll turn my back and +those who want to get home + +early because of the rain +can tiptoe out. + +And I won't even notice who you +are unless everybody goes. + +And then I'll feel very hurt +because I wrote these out. + +And it took a lot of trouble. + +All right. + +I have to apologize and say that +most of what is described + +in these notes applies to ionic +bonding and, to a lesser + +extent but still in large +measure, to metallic + +structures. + +And what is the reason +for that? + +It's because the metallic bond, +to a fair approximation, + +an ionic bond rigorously, if you +believe Coulomb's law, is + +a non-directional +sort of bonding. + +So the structures that are +assumed, the structures that + +are the lowest energy +configuration turn out to be + +determined by interatomic +distances and ionic or + +metallic sizes. + +The Coulombic interaction that +holds ionic compounds together + +is a central force. + +And one of the features of +electromagnetism is that, if + +you have some distribution of +charge about center and + +another distribution of charge +of a different sort about a + +another center, the cohesive +force between, let's say, a + +positive ion and a negative ion +is, along a line, joining + +their centers. + +And, secondly, you can take, +once you're outside the + +distribution of charge, you +can clump all the charge + +together at the center +of the distribution. + +So that's what makes the +ionic bond so simple. + +And that's why everybody who +talks about bonding and + +structure discusses ionic +bonding because organic + +chemistry is just too complex +in comparison. + +So let's look at +a given cation. + +And cations generally tend to be +smaller than anions because + +you've removed electrons from +the outer configuration. + +We'll look at some effective +sizes of ions in just a bit. + +But you've stripped electrons +off to make a positively + +charged ion. + +You've added electrons on to +make a negatively charged ion. + +So when you add electrons, the +ion functions has [? always ?] + +had a larger radius. + +So let's bring up a B minus +ion as a neighbor. + +And for those two species, +there will be, if we put + +energy as a function of +separation D, there's going to + +be a Coulombic attractive +force that goes as 1/D. + +But when the electron +configurations get in to close + +proximity, at small separations, +the electrons + +will start to push one another, +beginning with the + +outer electrons first, into +higher energy states. + +And the energy of interaction, +due to the interaction of + +orbitals, will increase the +energy of the system. + +And the result then is that +the net potential, as a + +function of distance for +an isolated ion pair-- + +I was looking for some colored +chalk and it's gone-- is + +something that rises steeply +at low separations and then + +levels out more gradually +at larger separations. + +So this then would be an +equilibrium separation, D0, + +for that ionic pair. + +If we got energy out, and for +that isolated ionic pair it'll + +be just exactly this +much energy, E0. + +If it weren't for +a pair of ions-- + +let's take another A and bring +it into the system. + +And there's a lot of room to +put still another A around. + +And we can add that +to the system. + +And every time we bring up an +additional neighbor, we get + +approximately this much energy +out of the system. + +But not quite because there +will also be repulsive + +interactions between the +ions of like charge. + +OK? + +But to a good approximation +to within about 10% to be + +quantitatively, every time we +bring up another neighbor, we + +get out the same amount +of energy again by + +forming this group. + +And all that works splendidly +until-- + +let me now look at the +arrangement of anions about + +the little cation because +they will have to + +have a shell as well. + +So if we have a small cation +and we bring up a big fat + +anion, there will be, first +of all, two consequences. + +These ions of like charge will +interact repulsively. + +So the lowest energy situation +is going to be one in which + +these neighboring ions arrange +themselves so that the + +repulsive energy is minimized. + +And we're going to get the +maximum separation between all + +of these anions and get the +minimum energy when they + +arrange themselves on the +corners of a regular + +polyhedron. + +And that's where symmetry +starts to come in to the + +importance of ionic +structures. + +That, for this particular +configuration of anions, the B + +ions might be on the corners. + +And I am not drawing them in +contact now just so it'll be + +easier to draw. + +The B ions will be equidistant +and tend to arrange themselves + +on the corner of the +regular polyhedron. + +If we got energy up by bringing +up extra neighbors, + +we will reach a point where the +B ions will essentially be + +in contact. + +And the A ion is rattling +around in a hole. + +It can touch perhaps +two neighbors. + +And we will get the full +amount of energy on. + +But for the other two neighbors, +we're going to be + +out here on this curve. + +And we won't get nearly +as much energy out. + +But at the same time, we're +paying the price energetically + +of all of these repulsive +interactions between the + +surrounding neighbors +of like charge. + +So the second consideration is +that, as we said, first of + +all, this group of atoms, which +is referred to as a + +coordination polyhedron, +it first + +of all will be symmetric. + +And then the number of +neighbors, the number of ions + +of one charge that are +coordinating the others-- + +and that's something called +the coordination number, + +introduce some jargon-- + +has an upper limit that is going +to be determined by the + +size of the ions. + +So these are the two +basic tenets of + +ionic crystal chemistry. + +So having established those +points, we can do some + +geometry and assume that the +ions are hard spheres or at + +least elastic spheres with some +stiffness because it's + +going to take energy to perturb +the orbitals of the + +electrons and, just in terms of +simple geometry, calculate + +the range of radius ratios RA/RB +where A is the central + +ion in the polyhedron and B is +the surrounding ion, and do + +this for different coordination +numbers, picking + +polyhedra in which the +surrounding ions of like + +charge are as widely separated +as possible. + +So starting at the beginning, +coordination number one would + +be a pair of ions. + +Obviously no constraints +whatsoever on + +the relative sizes. + +RA/RB can be anywhere it likes +between zero and infinity. + +For coordination number two, +again the surrounding ions + +want to be as widely separated +as possible. + +So it'll be a linear chain. + +But, again, the central ion +can become as small or as + +large as it like. + +So the range of radii is between +zero and infinity. + +For coordination number three, +the polyhedron will be an + +equilateral triangle. + +And if you calculate the +geometry, when the B ions are + +exactly in contact, you have a +little 30, 60, 90 triangle in + +which one edge of the triangle +is RB and the + +other is RA plus RB. + +And you can manipulate that into +the form where you can + +show that there will be a lower +limit RA/RB, which is 2 + +over the square root +of 3 minus 1. + +And that turns out to be +a magic number, 0.155. + +Going to coordination number +four, you'd say, aha. + +That's going to be +square group. + +No, a square group would not +keep the surrounding ions of + +like charge as widely separated +as possible. + +And the geometry which would +keep them as widely separated + +as possible but yet in contact +with the central sphere would + +be a tetrahedron. + +The Bs would be arranged +on alternating + +vertices of a cube. + +The magic number there turns +out to be 0.225. + +Coordination five-- + +very, very rare. + +Five is a crystallographic +abomination because five-fold + +symmetry does not conform +to a lattice. + +But there would be, +in principle, + +one five-fold group. + +And that would be a trigonal +prism where you have three Bs + +arranged on an equilateral +triangle about the central A. + +And then you have one A up here, +another B up here, and + +another B down here. + +So this, then, is a bipyramid, +a triangular bipyramid. + +And you can derive a range of +radius ratios for this. + +And this is a dandy problem +to give on a problem set. + +But you find that the range of +radius ratios RA/RB is the + +same as for six-fold +coordination, which is the + +next one considered +on the handout. + +So we six coordination with +the corners on a regular + +arrangement would be +an octahedron. + +And the permitted range there +is 0.732 to infinity. + +Five coordination, the trigonal +prism, leads to + +exactly the same +range of radii. + +And the reason is, if you look +at the geometries, this + +triangle here is the same +for both an octahedral + +coordination and a trigonal +pyramidal coordination. + +Notice as we chug on that the +lower limit to the radius + +ratio is gradually increasing. + +And if we go to coordination +number eight, cubic + +coordination, it goes +up to 1 to infinity. + +And for coordination number +12, RA/RB has to + +be exactly 1 period. + +And that would be what +you achieved in the + +close-packed number. + +OK, turning the page. + +There is also going to be a +range of radius ratios that's + +determined by the number of As +that can be packed around a + +central B. And doing exactly the +same calculation, if, for + +example, four-fold coordination +permitted in + +terms of RA/RB, the range +is 0.225 to infinity. + +If we want to know the limits +for packing of A around B with + +tetrahedral coordination, this +would give us numbers RA/RB + +that were exactly the same range +of numbers because we've + +just changed the labels. + +If we want to put everything on +the same basis, in terms of + +one particular radius ratio, +if we do anion to cation + +radius ratio, the range would +be 0.225 to infinity. + +If we take the reciprocals of +these numbers for four-fold + +coordination of B, this +would be 1 over + +0.225 to 1 over infinity. + +So this will give us-- + +this is zero. + +This is infinity. + +So there'll be a range of radius +ratios, 0.225 less than + +RA/RB, less than 1 over 0.225, +which turns out to be 4.44. + +So this would be the range of +permitted radius ratios for + +CNA equals 4 and CNB equals +the same thing, 4. + +So there's going to be an upper +limit that's imposed by + +the packing of As around B and +a lower limit that's imposed + +by the packing of Bs around A. + +But what are going to +be the coordination + +numbers of A and B? + +Let me finish this up. + +And then we can take +our break. + +I'm going to now restrict things +rather drastically. + +I'm going to consider binary +compounds in which all cations + +have the same coordination and +all anions with the same + +coordination. + +And the implication there is +there's only one type of + +coordination number for both. + +And that's not always +true in compounds. + +Sometimes you find a given +species that has two different + +coordination numbers in a +more complex compound. + +If that's the case, if this is +the A ion and this is the B + +ion, let me consider +the chemical + +composition of a bond. + +And that's going to translate +into the same + +thing as the compound. + +So let's suppose there's a +number of Bs around the As, + +which is, by definition, the +coordination number of A, and + +a number of As around a B and +that is, by definition, the + +coordination number of B. So let +me look at a wedge that's + +associated with this bond. + +And this is an amount of an A +atom, which is 1 over the + +coordination number of A. + +And if I do the same thing for +the B ion the part of the B + +ion associated with one bond +is going to be 1 over the + +coordination number of B. So +we can say then that the + +composition of a bond is going +to be A subscript 1 over the + +coordination number of A, B, 1 +over the coordination number + +of B. + +The chemists abhor fractional +subscripts on a chemical + +composition. + +So let's multiply this by +the product of the two + +coordination numbers. + +And what we'll find is that the +formula of the compound + +with integer subscripts is going +to be A, C, and B; B + +coordination number of A. And +that is a subject to a very + +drastic set of assumptions that +each species A and B has + +just one coordination number. + +OK, so doing this in terms of +composition, just turning this + +result around. + +And then we'll quit and +take a stretch. + +This says that if we look at a +particular composition, AnBm, + +something like TiO2 or Al2O3, +then the coordination number + +of A in proportion to the +coordination number of B is + +going to be equal to the +ratio of M to N. + +And the more ions of one charge +that we can pack around + +the other, the lower +the energy will be. + +And, therefore, the coordination +numbers will be + +the maximum permitted values of +CNA and CNB, subject to the + +constraints of radius ratio. + +In other words, to conclude very +quickly with one specific + +example, if we look at a +compound like Al2O3, an + +important ceramic and a +gemstone, this says that the + +coordination number of Al to the +coordination number of the + +oxygen has to be equal +to three to two. + +So possible structures might be +aluminum with coordination + +number three, oxygen +with coordination + +number equal to two. + +Or aluminum could have +six coordination. + +The oxygen could have +four coordination. + +Or the aluminum could have +12 coordination. + +And the oxygen could have +eight coordination. + +Those three possibilities. + +Next we have to use the ionic +sizes to see what constraints + +there are that are going to +limit the maximum coordination + +numbers because the greater the +number of neighbors, the + +lower the energy. + +And, in the case of aluminum +oxide, it turns out that it's + +six to four. + +And this is determined +by the radius ratio. + +And you know what? + +If we used the ionic radii for +Al3 plus and O2 minus, we were + +right one the nose. + +That is the nature of the +structure of aluminum oxide-- + +aluminum with octahedral +coordination by oxygen and + +oxygen with a tetrahedral +coordination of aluminum. + +And that is the actual +structure. + +The three-dimensional linkage +would have to be such that + +ions of like charge have the +maximum possible separation. + +And to keep you beyond your +patience for just a little + +bit, what is that going to be? + +We can use very simple +considerations there. + +If we have coordination +polyhedra and we want to join + +them together, the worst +possible situation is to have + +them share edges because the +central ions then had minimum + +separation. + +The better situation would be to +have to the polyhedra share + +corners and have the ions in the +center of these triangles + +form a straight line with +the shared ions. + +For a three-dimensional +polyhedron, the sequence of + +increasing repulsive energy +would be shared faces for + +something like cubes, +shared edges-- + +that would be lower energy but +not the best you could do. + +Shared corners would be the +best possible arrangement. + +As you make each of those +transitions, you take the + +central ion and keep the +separation between the + +neighboring ion of like charge +as low as possible. + +The interaction energy would +be as low as possible. + +All right, so let +me stop there. + +I think we're probably about +halfway through. + +We can then determine ranges +of radius ratio for various + +stoichiometries. + +And all this is just a fantasy +unless we can say, do ions + +have sizes that are the same +from compound to compound? + +And, if so, how do we +determine them? + +I hope that intriguing pair of +questions will keep you here, + +dry and warm, rather than +heading off early. + +OK, so let's take our usual +10-minute break and resume to + +wrap this up. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eJeMOEiHv8c.txt b/eJeMOEiHv8c.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..79a4d6288edaa728ea02adee73b58ad32e8be93b --- /dev/null +++ b/eJeMOEiHv8c.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8427 @@ +align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well yesterday was easy you learned all + + align:start position:0% +well yesterday was easy you learned all + + + align:start position:0% +well yesterday was easy you learned all +of the rules of programming and lists + + align:start position:0% +of the rules of programming and lists + + + align:start position:0% +of the rules of programming and lists +almost all of them and so at this point + + align:start position:0% +almost all of them and so at this point + + + align:start position:0% +almost all of them and so at this point +you're now certified programmers however + + align:start position:0% +you're now certified programmers however + + + align:start position:0% +you're now certified programmers however +I suppose what we did is we sort of we + + align:start position:0% +I suppose what we did is we sort of we + + + align:start position:0% +I suppose what we did is we sort of we +sort of got you a little bit of into an + + align:start position:0% +sort of got you a little bit of into an + + + align:start position:0% +sort of got you a little bit of into an +easy state here you believe you still + + align:start position:0% +easy state here you believe you still + + + align:start position:0% +easy state here you believe you still +believe it's possible you know that this + + align:start position:0% +believe it's possible you know that this + + + align:start position:0% +believe it's possible you know that this +might be programming in basic or Pascal + + align:start position:0% +might be programming in basic or Pascal + + + align:start position:0% +might be programming in basic or Pascal +with just a funny syntax today that + + align:start position:0% +with just a funny syntax today that + + + align:start position:0% +with just a funny syntax today that +illusion or you can no longer support + + align:start position:0% +illusion or you can no longer support + + + align:start position:0% +illusion or you can no longer support +that belief + + align:start position:0% +that belief + + + align:start position:0% +that belief +we're going to do today is going to + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do today is going to + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do today is going to +completely smash that so let's start out + + align:start position:0% +completely smash that so let's start out + + + align:start position:0% +completely smash that so let's start out +by writing a few programs on the + + align:start position:0% +by writing a few programs on the + + + align:start position:0% +by writing a few programs on the +blackboard that have a lot in common + + align:start position:0% +blackboard that have a lot in common + + + align:start position:0% +blackboard that have a lot in common +with each other what we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +with each other what we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +with each other what we're going to do +is try to make some abstractions that + + align:start position:0% +is try to make some abstractions that + + + align:start position:0% +is try to make some abstractions that +are not ones that are easy to make in + + align:start position:0% +are not ones that are easy to make in + + + align:start position:0% +are not ones that are easy to make in +most languages start with some very + + align:start position:0% +most languages start with some very + + + align:start position:0% +most languages start with some very +simple ones that you can make in most + + align:start position:0% +simple ones that you can make in most + + + align:start position:0% +simple ones that you can make in most +languages supposing I want to write the + + align:start position:0% +languages supposing I want to write the + + + align:start position:0% +languages supposing I want to write the +mathematical expression which adds up a + + align:start position:0% +mathematical expression which adds up a + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical expression which adds up a +bunch of integers so if I want it write + + align:start position:0% +bunch of integers so if I want it write + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of integers so if I want it write +down say the sum from I equal a now you + + align:start position:0% +down say the sum from I equal a now you + + + align:start position:0% +down say the sum from I equal a now you +know that's an easy thing to compute a + + align:start position:0% +know that's an easy thing to compute a + + + align:start position:0% +know that's an easy thing to compute a +closed form for and I'm not interested + + align:start position:0% +closed form for and I'm not interested + + + align:start position:0% +closed form for and I'm not interested +in that but I'm gonna write a program + + align:start position:0% +in that but I'm gonna write a program + + + align:start position:0% +in that but I'm gonna write a program +that adds up those integers well that's + + align:start position:0% +that adds up those integers well that's + + + align:start position:0% +that adds up those integers well that's +rather easy to do they say define the + + align:start position:0% +rather easy to do they say define the + + + align:start position:0% +rather easy to do they say define the +sum of the integers + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +from A to B to B well it's falling to + + align:start position:0% +from A to B to B well it's falling to + + + align:start position:0% +from A to B to B well it's falling to +possibility yes a is greater than B well + + align:start position:0% +possibility yes a is greater than B well + + + align:start position:0% +possibility yes a is greater than B well +then there's nothing to be done in the + + align:start position:0% +then there's nothing to be done in the + + + align:start position:0% +then there's nothing to be done in the +answer is zero how you're going to have + + align:start position:0% +answer is zero how you're going to have + + + align:start position:0% +answer is zero how you're going to have +to think recursively and they say if I + + align:start position:0% +to think recursively and they say if I + + + align:start position:0% +to think recursively and they say if I +have an easy case that I know the answer + + align:start position:0% +have an easy case that I know the answer + + + align:start position:0% +have an easy case that I know the answer +to just write it down otherwise I'm + + align:start position:0% +to just write it down otherwise I'm + + + align:start position:0% +to just write it down otherwise I'm +going to try to reduce this problem to a + + align:start position:0% +going to try to reduce this problem to a + + + align:start position:0% +going to try to reduce this problem to a +simpler problem and maybe in this case + + align:start position:0% +simpler problem and maybe in this case + + + align:start position:0% +simpler problem and maybe in this case +I'm going to make a sub problem as a + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to make a sub problem as a + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to make a sub problem as a +simpler problem and then do something to + + align:start position:0% +simpler problem and then do something to + + + align:start position:0% +simpler problem and then do something to +the result so the way the easiest way to + + align:start position:0% +the result so the way the easiest way to + + + align:start position:0% +the result so the way the easiest way to +do this is say that I'm going to add add + + align:start position:0% +do this is say that I'm going to add add + + + align:start position:0% +do this is say that I'm going to add add +the index which in this case is a to the + + align:start position:0% +the index which in this case is a to the + + + align:start position:0% +the index which in this case is a to the +result of adding up the integers from a + + align:start position:0% +result of adding up the integers from a + + + align:start position:0% +result of adding up the integers from a +plus 1 to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now at this point you should have no + + align:start position:0% +now at this point you should have no + + + align:start position:0% +now at this point you should have no +trouble looking at such a definition any + + align:start position:0% +trouble looking at such a definition any + + + align:start position:0% +trouble looking at such a definition any +indeed coming up with such a thing might + + align:start position:0% +indeed coming up with such a thing might + + + align:start position:0% +indeed coming up with such a thing might +be a little hard the synthesis but be + + align:start position:0% +be a little hard the synthesis but be + + + align:start position:0% +be a little hard the synthesis but be +able to read at this point should be + + align:start position:0% +able to read at this point should be + + + align:start position:0% +able to read at this point should be +easy and what it says to you is well + + align:start position:0% +easy and what it says to you is well + + + align:start position:0% +easy and what it says to you is well +here is the subproblem i'm going to + + align:start position:0% +here is the subproblem i'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +here is the subproblem i'm going to +solve + + align:start position:0% +solve + + + align:start position:0% +solve +i'm going to try to add up the integers + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to try to add up the integers + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to try to add up the integers +one fewer integer then I added up for + + align:start position:0% +one fewer integer then I added up for + + + align:start position:0% +one fewer integer then I added up for +the whole problem I am Annie up in one + + align:start position:0% +the whole problem I am Annie up in one + + + align:start position:0% +the whole problem I am Annie up in one +fewer one and that subproblem once I + + align:start position:0% +fewer one and that subproblem once I + + + align:start position:0% +fewer one and that subproblem once I +solved it I'm gonna add a to that okay + + align:start position:0% +solved it I'm gonna add a to that okay + + + align:start position:0% +solved it I'm gonna add a to that okay +and that will be the answer to this + + align:start position:0% +and that will be the answer to this + + + align:start position:0% +and that will be the answer to this +problem + + align:start position:0% +problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem +and in the simplest case I don't have to + + align:start position:0% +and in the simplest case I don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +and in the simplest case I don't have to +do any work now I'm also gonna write + + align:start position:0% +do any work now I'm also gonna write + + + align:start position:0% +do any work now I'm also gonna write +down another simple simple one just like + + align:start position:0% +down another simple simple one just like + + + align:start position:0% +down another simple simple one just like +this which is the mathematical + + align:start position:0% +this which is the mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +this which is the mathematical +expression the sum of the square from + + align:start position:0% +expression the sum of the square from + + + align:start position:0% +expression the sum of the square from +are equal a to be and again very simple + + align:start position:0% +are equal a to be and again very simple + + + align:start position:0% +are equal a to be and again very simple +programs + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and Dida starts the same way if a is + + align:start position:0% +and Dida starts the same way if a is + + + align:start position:0% +and Dida starts the same way if a is +later than B then the answer is zero and + + align:start position:0% +later than B then the answer is zero and + + + align:start position:0% +later than B then the answer is zero and +of course we're beginning to see that + + align:start position:0% +of course we're beginning to see that + + + align:start position:0% +of course we're beginning to see that +there's something wrong with me writing + + align:start position:0% +there's something wrong with me writing + + + align:start position:0% +there's something wrong with me writing +this down again Thanks it's the same + + align:start position:0% +this down again Thanks it's the same + + + align:start position:0% +this down again Thanks it's the same +program it's the sum of the square of a + + align:start position:0% +program it's the sum of the square of a + + + align:start position:0% +program it's the sum of the square of a +and the sum of the squares the increment + + align:start position:0% +and the sum of the squares the increment + + + align:start position:0% +and the sum of the squares the increment +and B + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now if you look at these things these + + align:start position:0% +now if you look at these things these + + + align:start position:0% +now if you look at these things these +programs are almost identical okay + + align:start position:0% +programs are almost identical okay + + + align:start position:0% +programs are almost identical okay +there's not there's not much to + + align:start position:0% +there's not there's not much to + + + align:start position:0% +there's not there's not much to +distinguish them they have the same + + align:start position:0% +distinguish them they have the same + + + align:start position:0% +distinguish them they have the same +first Clause of the conditional and same + + align:start position:0% +first Clause of the conditional and same + + + align:start position:0% +first Clause of the conditional and same +predicate in the same consequent and the + + align:start position:0% +predicate in the same consequent and the + + + align:start position:0% +predicate in the same consequent and the +alternatives are very similar to they + + align:start position:0% +alternatives are very similar to they + + + align:start position:0% +alternatives are very similar to they +only differ by the fact that whereas + + align:start position:0% +only differ by the fact that whereas + + + align:start position:0% +only differ by the fact that whereas +here I have a here I have the square of + + align:start position:0% +here I have a here I have the square of + + + align:start position:0% +here I have a here I have the square of +a the only other difference but this one + + align:start position:0% +a the only other difference but this one + + + align:start position:0% +a the only other difference but this one +is sort of uh nacelle is the name of + + align:start position:0% +is sort of uh nacelle is the name of + + + align:start position:0% +is sort of uh nacelle is the name of +this procedure is some int whereas the + + align:start position:0% +this procedure is some int whereas the + + + align:start position:0% +this procedure is some int whereas the +name of this procedure is some square so + + align:start position:0% +name of this procedure is some square so + + + align:start position:0% +name of this procedure is some square so +the things that vary between these two + + align:start position:0% +the things that vary between these two + + + align:start position:0% +the things that vary between these two +are very small now wherever you see + + align:start position:0% +are very small now wherever you see + + + align:start position:0% +are very small now wherever you see +yourself writing the same thing down + + align:start position:0% +yourself writing the same thing down + + + align:start position:0% +yourself writing the same thing down +more than once there's something wrong + + align:start position:0% +more than once there's something wrong + + + align:start position:0% +more than once there's something wrong +and you shouldn't be doing it and the + + align:start position:0% +and you shouldn't be doing it and the + + + align:start position:0% +and you shouldn't be doing it and the +reason is not because it's a waste of + + align:start position:0% +reason is not because it's a waste of + + + align:start position:0% +reason is not because it's a waste of +time to write something down more than + + align:start position:0% +time to write something down more than + + + align:start position:0% +time to write something down more than +once it's because there's some idea here + + align:start position:0% +once it's because there's some idea here + + + align:start position:0% +once it's because there's some idea here +a very simple idea which has to do with + + align:start position:0% +a very simple idea which has to do with + + + align:start position:0% +a very simple idea which has to do with +the Sigma notation this much not + + align:start position:0% +the Sigma notation this much not + + + align:start position:0% +the Sigma notation this much not +depending upon what it is I'm adding up + + align:start position:0% +depending upon what it is I'm adding up + + + align:start position:0% +depending upon what it is I'm adding up +and I would like to be able to always + + align:start position:0% +and I would like to be able to always + + + align:start position:0% +and I would like to be able to always +whenever trying to make complicated + + align:start position:0% +whenever trying to make complicated + + + align:start position:0% +whenever trying to make complicated +systems and understand them it's crucial + + align:start position:0% +systems and understand them it's crucial + + + align:start position:0% +systems and understand them it's crucial +to divide the things up into as many + + align:start position:0% +to divide the things up into as many + + + align:start position:0% +to divide the things up into as many +pieces as I can each of which I + + align:start position:0% +pieces as I can each of which I + + + align:start position:0% +pieces as I can each of which I +understand separately + + align:start position:0% +understand separately + + + align:start position:0% +understand separately +I would like to understand the way of + + align:start position:0% +I would like to understand the way of + + + align:start position:0% +I would like to understand the way of +adding things up independently of what + + align:start position:0% +adding things up independently of what + + + align:start position:0% +adding things up independently of what +it is I'm adding up so that I can use + + align:start position:0% +it is I'm adding up so that I can use + + + align:start position:0% +it is I'm adding up so that I can use +that having debugged at one understood + + align:start position:0% +that having debugged at one understood + + + align:start position:0% +that having debugged at one understood +at once and having being able to share + + align:start position:0% +at once and having being able to share + + + align:start position:0% +at once and having being able to share +that among many different many different + + align:start position:0% +that among many different many different + + + align:start position:0% +that among many different many different +uses of it here we have another example + + align:start position:0% +uses of it here we have another example + + + align:start position:0% +uses of it here we have another example +if I what this is we leaving it leave + + align:start position:0% +if I what this is we leaving it leave + + + align:start position:0% +if I what this is we leaving it leave +this is formula for finding pi over + + align:start position:0% +this is formula for finding pi over + + + align:start position:0% +this is formula for finding pi over +eight and say a funny ugly mess what is + + align:start position:0% +eight and say a funny ugly mess what is + + + align:start position:0% +eight and say a funny ugly mess what is +it something like 1 over 1 times 3 plus + + align:start position:0% +it something like 1 over 1 times 3 plus + + + align:start position:0% +it something like 1 over 1 times 3 plus +1 over 5 times 7 plus 1 over 9 times 11 + + align:start position:0% +1 over 5 times 7 plus 1 over 9 times 11 + + + align:start position:0% +1 over 5 times 7 plus 1 over 9 times 11 +well and for some reason things like + + align:start position:0% +well and for some reason things like + + + align:start position:0% +well and for some reason things like +this tend to + + align:start position:0% +this tend to + + + align:start position:0% +this tend to +tend to have interesting values like pi + + align:start position:0% +tend to have interesting values like pi + + + align:start position:0% +tend to have interesting values like pi +over eight but what do we see here it's + + align:start position:0% +over eight but what do we see here it's + + + align:start position:0% +over eight but what do we see here it's +the same program or almost the same + + align:start position:0% +the same program or almost the same + + + align:start position:0% +the same program or almost the same +program it's a sum okay so we're seeing + + align:start position:0% +program it's a sum okay so we're seeing + + + align:start position:0% +program it's a sum okay so we're seeing +the Sigma notation although over here + + align:start position:0% +the Sigma notation although over here + + + align:start position:0% +the Sigma notation although over here +we're dealing with with incrementing by + + align:start position:0% +we're dealing with with incrementing by + + + align:start position:0% +we're dealing with with incrementing by +four that's a slightly different problem + + align:start position:0% +four that's a slightly different problem + + + align:start position:0% +four that's a slightly different problem +which means that over here I have to + + align:start position:0% +which means that over here I have to + + + align:start position:0% +which means that over here I have to +change a by four as you see right over + + align:start position:0% +change a by four as you see right over + + + align:start position:0% +change a by four as you see right over +here it's not by one the other thing of + + align:start position:0% +here it's not by one the other thing of + + + align:start position:0% +here it's not by one the other thing of +course is that the thing that's + + align:start position:0% +course is that the thing that's + + + align:start position:0% +course is that the thing that's +represented by square in the previous + + align:start position:0% +represented by square in the previous + + + align:start position:0% +represented by square in the previous +sum of squares or a when I'm adding up + + align:start position:0% +sum of squares or a when I'm adding up + + + align:start position:0% +sum of squares or a when I'm adding up +the integers well here I have a + + align:start position:0% +the integers well here I have a + + + align:start position:0% +the integers well here I have a +different thing I'm adding up a + + align:start position:0% +different thing I'm adding up a + + + align:start position:0% +different thing I'm adding up a +different term which is one over a well + + align:start position:0% +different term which is one over a well + + + align:start position:0% +different term which is one over a well +vert one over a times a plus two but the + + align:start position:0% +vert one over a times a plus two but the + + + align:start position:0% +vert one over a times a plus two but the +rest of this program is identical well + + align:start position:0% +rest of this program is identical well + + + align:start position:0% +rest of this program is identical well +anytime we have a bunch of things like + + align:start position:0% +anytime we have a bunch of things like + + + align:start position:0% +anytime we have a bunch of things like +this that are identical we're gonna have + + align:start position:0% +this that are identical we're gonna have + + + align:start position:0% +this that are identical we're gonna have +to come up with some sort of abstraction + + align:start position:0% +to come up with some sort of abstraction + + + align:start position:0% +to come up with some sort of abstraction +to cover them you think about this what + + align:start position:0% +to cover them you think about this what + + + align:start position:0% +to cover them you think about this what +you've learned so far is the rules of + + align:start position:0% +you've learned so far is the rules of + + + align:start position:0% +you've learned so far is the rules of +some language some primitives + + align:start position:0% +some language some primitives + + + align:start position:0% +some language some primitives +some needs of combination almost all of + + align:start position:0% +some needs of combination almost all of + + + align:start position:0% +some needs of combination almost all of +them the needs of abstraction almost all + + align:start position:0% +them the needs of abstraction almost all + + + align:start position:0% +them the needs of abstraction almost all +of them but what you haven't learned is + + align:start position:0% +of them but what you haven't learned is + + + align:start position:0% +of them but what you haven't learned is +common patterns of usage now most of the + + align:start position:0% +common patterns of usage now most of the + + + align:start position:0% +common patterns of usage now most of the +time you learn idioms when learning a + + align:start position:0% +time you learn idioms when learning a + + + align:start position:0% +time you learn idioms when learning a +language there's a common patterns that + + align:start position:0% +language there's a common patterns that + + + align:start position:0% +language there's a common patterns that +mean things that are useful to know at a + + align:start position:0% +mean things that are useful to know at a + + + align:start position:0% +mean things that are useful to know at a +flash and if you build up a great number + + align:start position:0% +flash and if you build up a great number + + + align:start position:0% +flash and if you build up a great number +of them if you're a Fortran programmer + + align:start position:0% +of them if you're a Fortran programmer + + + align:start position:0% +of them if you're a Fortran programmer +of course everybody knows how to what do + + align:start position:0% +of course everybody knows how to what do + + + align:start position:0% +of course everybody knows how to what do +you do for example to get to get an + + align:start position:0% +you do for example to get to get an + + + align:start position:0% +you do for example to get to get an +integer which is the biggest integer in + + align:start position:0% +integer which is the biggest integer in + + + align:start position:0% +integer which is the biggest integer in +something okay it's a classic thing + + align:start position:0% +something okay it's a classic thing + + + align:start position:0% +something okay it's a classic thing +every Fortran programmer knows how to do + + align:start position:0% +every Fortran programmer knows how to do + + + align:start position:0% +every Fortran programmer knows how to do +that and if you don't know that you're + + align:start position:0% +that and if you don't know that you're + + + align:start position:0% +that and if you don't know that you're +in real hot water it could take a long + + align:start position:0% +in real hot water it could take a long + + + align:start position:0% +in real hot water it could take a long +time to think it out + + align:start position:0% +time to think it out + + + align:start position:0% +time to think it out +however one of the things you can do in + + align:start position:0% +however one of the things you can do in + + + align:start position:0% +however one of the things you can do in +this language that we're showing you is + + align:start position:0% +this language that we're showing you is + + + align:start position:0% +this language that we're showing you is +not only to you know something like that + + align:start position:0% +not only to you know something like that + + + align:start position:0% +not only to you know something like that +but you get gives the knowledge of that + + align:start position:0% +but you get gives the knowledge of that + + + align:start position:0% +but you get gives the knowledge of that +a name and so that's what we're going to + + align:start position:0% +a name and so that's what we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +a name and so that's what we're going to +be going after right now okay well let's + + align:start position:0% +be going after right now okay well let's + + + align:start position:0% +be going after right now okay well let's +see what these things have in common + + align:start position:0% +see what these things have in common + + + align:start position:0% +see what these things have in common +okay right over here we have what + + align:start position:0% +okay right over here we have what + + + align:start position:0% +okay right over here we have what +appears to be a general pattern a + + align:start position:0% +appears to be a general pattern a + + + align:start position:0% +appears to be a general pattern a +general pattern which covers all of the + + align:start position:0% +general pattern which covers all of the + + + align:start position:0% +general pattern which covers all of the +cases we've seen so far + + align:start position:0% +cases we've seen so far + + + align:start position:0% +cases we've seen so far +there is a some Exige er which is being + + align:start position:0% +there is a some Exige er which is being + + + align:start position:0% +there is a some Exige er which is being +defined it has two arguments which are a + + align:start position:0% +defined it has two arguments which are a + + + align:start position:0% +defined it has two arguments which are a +lower bound in an upper bound the lower + + align:start position:0% +lower bound in an upper bound the lower + + + align:start position:0% +lower bound in an upper bound the lower +bound is tested to be greater than the + + align:start position:0% +bound is tested to be greater than the + + + align:start position:0% +bound is tested to be greater than the +upper bound in it and if it is greater + + align:start position:0% +upper bound in it and if it is greater + + + align:start position:0% +upper bound in it and if it is greater +than the result is zero otherwise we're + + align:start position:0% +than the result is zero otherwise we're + + + align:start position:0% +than the result is zero otherwise we're +going to do something to the lower bound + + align:start position:0% +going to do something to the lower bound + + + align:start position:0% +going to do something to the lower bound +which is the index of the computation + + align:start position:0% +which is the index of the computation + + + align:start position:0% +which is the index of the computation +and add that result to the result of + + align:start position:0% +and add that result to the result of + + + align:start position:0% +and add that result to the result of +calling the procedure recursively on the + + align:start position:0% +calling the procedure recursively on the + + + align:start position:0% +calling the procedure recursively on the +our lower bound incremented by some next + + align:start position:0% +our lower bound incremented by some next + + + align:start position:0% +our lower bound incremented by some next +operation with the same upper bound as I + + align:start position:0% +operation with the same upper bound as I + + + align:start position:0% +operation with the same upper bound as I +had before so this is a this is a + + align:start position:0% +had before so this is a this is a + + + align:start position:0% +had before so this is a this is a +general pattern and what I'd like to do + + align:start position:0% +general pattern and what I'd like to do + + + align:start position:0% +general pattern and what I'd like to do +is be able to name this general pattern + + align:start position:0% +is be able to name this general pattern + + + align:start position:0% +is be able to name this general pattern +a bit we're not sort of easy because one + + align:start position:0% +a bit we're not sort of easy because one + + + align:start position:0% +a bit we're not sort of easy because one +of those things I'm going to do right + + align:start position:0% +of those things I'm going to do right + + + align:start position:0% +of those things I'm going to do right +now is there's nothing very special + + align:start position:0% +now is there's nothing very special + + + align:start position:0% +now is there's nothing very special +about numbers numbers are just one kind + + align:start position:0% +about numbers numbers are just one kind + + + align:start position:0% +about numbers numbers are just one kind +of data it seems to me perfectly + + align:start position:0% +of data it seems to me perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +of data it seems to me perfectly +reasonable to give all sorts of names to + + align:start position:0% +reasonable to give all sorts of names to + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable to give all sorts of names to +to all kinds of data for example + + align:start position:0% +to all kinds of data for example + + + align:start position:0% +to all kinds of data for example +procedures and now many languages allow + + align:start position:0% +procedures and now many languages allow + + + align:start position:0% +procedures and now many languages allow +you to have procedural arguments and + + align:start position:0% +you to have procedural arguments and + + + align:start position:0% +you to have procedural arguments and +right now we're going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +right now we're going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +right now we're going to talk about +procedural arguments very easy to deal + + align:start position:0% +procedural arguments very easy to deal + + + align:start position:0% +procedural arguments very easy to deal +with and shortly we will do some + + align:start position:0% +with and shortly we will do some + + + align:start position:0% +with and shortly we will do some +remarkable things that are not like + + align:start position:0% +remarkable things that are not like + + + align:start position:0% +remarkable things that are not like +procedural arguments so here we'll + + align:start position:0% +procedural arguments so here we'll + + + align:start position:0% +procedural arguments so here we'll +define + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +our Sigma notation this is called summer + + align:start position:0% +our Sigma notation this is called summer + + + align:start position:0% +our Sigma notation this is called summer +and it takes a term and a a nectar and B + + align:start position:0% +and it takes a term and a a nectar and B + + + align:start position:0% +and it takes a term and a a nectar and B +as argument so takes four arguments and + + align:start position:0% +as argument so takes four arguments and + + + align:start position:0% +as argument so takes four arguments and +there was nothing particularly special + + align:start position:0% +there was nothing particularly special + + + align:start position:0% +there was nothing particularly special +about me writing this in lowercase + + align:start position:0% +about me writing this in lowercase + + + align:start position:0% +about me writing this in lowercase +I hope that it doesn't confuse you too + + align:start position:0% +I hope that it doesn't confuse you too + + + align:start position:0% +I hope that it doesn't confuse you too +all right an uppercase right now machine + + align:start position:0% +all right an uppercase right now machine + + + align:start position:0% +all right an uppercase right now machine +doesn't care but these two arguments are + + align:start position:0% +doesn't care but these two arguments are + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't care but these two arguments are +different these are not numbers these + + align:start position:0% +different these are not numbers these + + + align:start position:0% +different these are not numbers these +are going to be procedures for computing + + align:start position:0% +are going to be procedures for computing + + + align:start position:0% +are going to be procedures for computing +something given a number term will be a + + align:start position:0% +something given a number term will be a + + + align:start position:0% +something given a number term will be a +procedure which when take a given an + + align:start position:0% +procedure which when take a given an + + + align:start position:0% +procedure which when take a given an +index will proceed to produce the value + + align:start position:0% +index will proceed to produce the value + + + align:start position:0% +index will proceed to produce the value +of the term for that index next which + + align:start position:0% +of the term for that index next which + + + align:start position:0% +of the term for that index next which +will be given an index will produce the + + align:start position:0% +will be given an index will produce the + + + align:start position:0% +will be given an index will produce the +next index this will be used for + + align:start position:0% +next index this will be used for + + + align:start position:0% +next index this will be used for +counting and it's just very simple it's + + align:start position:0% +counting and it's just very simple it's + + + align:start position:0% +counting and it's just very simple it's +the exactly what you see if a is greater + + align:start position:0% +the exactly what you see if a is greater + + + align:start position:0% +the exactly what you see if a is greater +than B then the result is 0 otherwise + + align:start position:0% +than B then the result is 0 otherwise + + + align:start position:0% +than B then the result is 0 otherwise +biess the thumb of terms applied to a + + align:start position:0% +biess the thumb of terms applied to a + + + align:start position:0% +biess the thumb of terms applied to a +and the sum of term + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +next index right this way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now I'd like you to see some thirst + + align:start position:0% +now I'd like you to see some thirst + + + align:start position:0% +now I'd like you to see some thirst +think first of all I was writing here + + align:start position:0% +think first of all I was writing here + + + align:start position:0% +think first of all I was writing here +and I ran out of space what I did is I + + align:start position:0% +and I ran out of space what I did is I + + + align:start position:0% +and I ran out of space what I did is I +started indenting according to the + + align:start position:0% +started indenting according to the + + + align:start position:0% +started indenting according to the +pretty printing rule which says I align + + align:start position:0% +pretty printing rule which says I align + + + align:start position:0% +pretty printing rule which says I align +all of the arguments of the procedure so + + align:start position:0% +all of the arguments of the procedure so + + + align:start position:0% +all of the arguments of the procedure so +that I can see which which ones go + + align:start position:0% +that I can see which which ones go + + + align:start position:0% +that I can see which which ones go +together and this is just something I do + + align:start position:0% +together and this is just something I do + + + align:start position:0% +together and this is just something I do +automatically and I want you to learn + + align:start position:0% +automatically and I want you to learn + + + align:start position:0% +automatically and I want you to learn +how to do that too so your programs can + + align:start position:0% +how to do that too so your programs can + + + align:start position:0% +how to do that too so your programs can +be read and understood however what do + + align:start position:0% +be read and understood however what do + + + align:start position:0% +be read and understood however what do +we have here + + align:start position:0% +we have here + + + align:start position:0% +we have here +we have four arguments the procedure the + + align:start position:0% +we have four arguments the procedure the + + + align:start position:0% +we have four arguments the procedure the +lower index lower bound index the way to + + align:start position:0% +lower index lower bound index the way to + + + align:start position:0% +lower index lower bound index the way to +get the next index and the upper bound + + align:start position:0% +get the next index and the upper bound + + + align:start position:0% +get the next index and the upper bound +was passed along on the recursive call + + align:start position:0% +was passed along on the recursive call + + + align:start position:0% +was passed along on the recursive call +is indeed the same procedure because I'm + + align:start position:0% +is indeed the same procedure because I'm + + + align:start position:0% +is indeed the same procedure because I'm +going to need it again okay the next + + align:start position:0% +going to need it again okay the next + + + align:start position:0% +going to need it again okay the next +index which is using the next procedure + + align:start position:0% +index which is using the next procedure + + + align:start position:0% +index which is using the next procedure +to compute it the procedure for + + align:start position:0% +to compute it the procedure for + + + align:start position:0% +to compute it the procedure for +computing next which I also have that + + align:start position:0% +computing next which I also have that + + + align:start position:0% +computing next which I also have that +separately and that's different the + + align:start position:0% +separately and that's different the + + + align:start position:0% +separately and that's different the +procedure for computing next is + + align:start position:0% +procedure for computing next is + + + align:start position:0% +procedure for computing next is +different from the next index which is + + align:start position:0% +different from the next index which is + + + align:start position:0% +different from the next index which is +the result of using next on the last + + align:start position:0% +the result of using next on the last + + + align:start position:0% +the result of using next on the last +index and I also have to pass along the + + align:start position:0% +index and I also have to pass along the + + + align:start position:0% +index and I also have to pass along the +upper bound so this captures both of + + align:start position:0% +upper bound so this captures both of + + + align:start position:0% +upper bound so this captures both of +these and the other and the other nice + + align:start position:0% +these and the other and the other nice + + + align:start position:0% +these and the other and the other nice +nice program that we were playing with + + align:start position:0% +nice program that we were playing with + + + align:start position:0% +nice program that we were playing with +so using this we can write down the + + align:start position:0% +so using this we can write down the + + + align:start position:0% +so using this we can write down the +original programs as instances of some + + align:start position:0% +original programs as instances of some + + + align:start position:0% +original programs as instances of some +very simply + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and big Ramallah need an identity for + + align:start position:0% +and big Ramallah need an identity for + + + align:start position:0% +and big Ramallah need an identity for +the procedure here because ah the sum of + + align:start position:0% +the procedure here because ah the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +the procedure here because ah the sum of +the integers requires me to in this case + + align:start position:0% +the integers requires me to in this case + + + align:start position:0% +the integers requires me to in this case +quote compute a term for every integer + + align:start position:0% +quote compute a term for every integer + + + align:start position:0% +quote compute a term for every integer +but the term procedure doesn't want to + + align:start position:0% +but the term procedure doesn't want to + + + align:start position:0% +but the term procedure doesn't want to +do anything to that integer so the + + align:start position:0% +do anything to that integer so the + + + align:start position:0% +do anything to that integer so the +identity procedure on a is a or X or + + align:start position:0% +identity procedure on a is a or X or + + + align:start position:0% +identity procedure on a is a or X or +whatever and I want to say the son of + + align:start position:0% +whatever and I want to say the son of + + + align:start position:0% +whatever and I want to say the son of +using identity as a term procedure and + + align:start position:0% +using identity as a term procedure and + + + align:start position:0% +using identity as a term procedure and +using a as the initial index and the + + align:start position:0% +using a as the initial index and the + + + align:start position:0% +using a as the initial index and the +incrementer being being the way to get + + align:start position:0% +incrementer being being the way to get + + + align:start position:0% +incrementer being being the way to get +the next index and B being the release + + align:start position:0% +the next index and B being the release + + + align:start position:0% +the next index and B being the release +the hive of the high bound the upper + + align:start position:0% +the hive of the high bound the upper + + + align:start position:0% +the hive of the high bound the upper +bound this procedure does exactly the + + align:start position:0% +bound this procedure does exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +bound this procedure does exactly the +same as the sum of the integers over + + align:start position:0% +same as the sum of the integers over + + + align:start position:0% +same as the sum of the integers over +here it computes the same answer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now one thing you should see of course + + align:start position:0% +now one thing you should see of course + + + align:start position:0% +now one thing you should see of course +is that there is nothing very special + + align:start position:0% +is that there is nothing very special + + + align:start position:0% +is that there is nothing very special +over here about what I used as the + + align:start position:0% +over here about what I used as the + + + align:start position:0% +over here about what I used as the +formal parameter I could have for + + align:start position:0% +formal parameter I could have for + + + align:start position:0% +formal parameter I could have for +example written as X and it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +example written as X and it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +example written as X and it doesn't +matter I just wanted you to see that + + align:start position:0% +matter I just wanted you to see that + + + align:start position:0% +matter I just wanted you to see that +this this name does not seem conflicted + + align:start position:0% +this this name does not seem conflicted + + + align:start position:0% +this this name does not seem conflicted +this one at all he's an internal name so + + align:start position:0% +this one at all he's an internal name so + + + align:start position:0% +this one at all he's an internal name so +the second procedure here the sum of the + + align:start position:0% +the second procedure here the sum of the + + + align:start position:0% +the second procedure here the sum of the +squares it's even a little bit easier + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and what we have to do nothing more than + + align:start position:0% +and what we have to do nothing more than + + + align:start position:0% +and what we have to do nothing more than +add up the squares and this is the + + align:start position:0% +add up the squares and this is the + + + align:start position:0% +add up the squares and this is the +procedure that each index will be given + + align:start position:0% +procedure that each index will be given + + + align:start position:0% +procedure that each index will be given +will be given each in yes each index + + align:start position:0% +will be given each in yes each index + + + align:start position:0% +will be given each in yes each index +will have this done to it to get the + + align:start position:0% +will have this done to it to get the + + + align:start position:0% +will have this done to it to get the +term yeah that's the thing that map's + + align:start position:0% +term yeah that's the thing that map's + + + align:start position:0% +term yeah that's the thing that map's +against term over here then I have a is + + align:start position:0% +against term over here then I have a is + + + align:start position:0% +against term over here then I have a is +the lower bound the incrementer as the + + align:start position:0% +the lower bound the incrementer as the + + + align:start position:0% +the lower bound the incrementer as the +next term method and B is the upper + + align:start position:0% +next term method and B is the upper + + + align:start position:0% +next term method and B is the upper +bound + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and finally just for the thing that we + + align:start position:0% +and finally just for the thing that we + + + align:start position:0% +and finally just for the thing that we +did about pythons my sons are sort of + + align:start position:0% +did about pythons my sons are sort of + + + align:start position:0% +did about pythons my sons are sort of +well it's even easier to think about + + align:start position:0% +well it's even easier to think about + + + align:start position:0% +well it's even easier to think about +them this way because I don't have to + + align:start position:0% +them this way because I don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +them this way because I don't have to +think what I'm doing is separating the + + align:start position:0% +think what I'm doing is separating the + + + align:start position:0% +think what I'm doing is separating the +thing I'm adding up from the method of + + align:start position:0% +thing I'm adding up from the method of + + + align:start position:0% +thing I'm adding up from the method of +doing the addition and so we have here + + align:start position:0% +doing the addition and so we have here + + + align:start position:0% +doing the addition and so we have here +for example try some ad all to some of + + align:start position:0% +for example try some ad all to some of + + + align:start position:0% +for example try some ad all to some of +things I'm going to write the terms + + align:start position:0% +things I'm going to write the terms + + + align:start position:0% +things I'm going to write the terms +procedure here explicitly without giving + + align:start position:0% +procedure here explicitly without giving + + + align:start position:0% +procedure here explicitly without giving +it a name and this is an anima Slee I + + align:start position:0% +it a name and this is an anima Slee I + + + align:start position:0% +it a name and this is an anima Slee I +don't necessarily have to give a name to + + align:start position:0% +don't necessarily have to give a name to + + + align:start position:0% +don't necessarily have to give a name to +something if I just want to use it once + + align:start position:0% +something if I just want to use it once + + + align:start position:0% +something if I just want to use it once +and of course I can write sort of a + + align:start position:0% +and of course I can write sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +and of course I can write sort of a +expression that we that produces a + + align:start position:0% +expression that we that produces a + + + align:start position:0% +expression that we that produces a +procedure I'm going to write lambda as + + align:start position:0% +procedure I'm going to write lambda as + + + align:start position:0% +procedure I'm going to write lambda as +the greek lambs a letter here instead of + + align:start position:0% +the greek lambs a letter here instead of + + + align:start position:0% +the greek lambs a letter here instead of +la MBDA in general to avoid taking up a + + align:start position:0% +la MBDA in general to avoid taking up a + + + align:start position:0% +la MBDA in general to avoid taking up a +lot of space on blackboards but + + align:start position:0% +lot of space on blackboards but + + + align:start position:0% +lot of space on blackboards but +unfortunately we don't have lambda keys + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately we don't have lambda keys + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately we don't have lambda keys +on our keyboard maybe we can convince + + align:start position:0% +on our keyboard maybe we can convince + + + align:start position:0% +on our keyboard maybe we can convince +our friends of the computer industry + + align:start position:0% +our friends of the computer industry + + + align:start position:0% +our friends of the computer industry +that this would be important lambda Arai + + align:start position:0% +that this would be important lambda Arai + + + align:start position:0% +that this would be important lambda Arai +it's the quotient of one and the product + + align:start position:0% +it's the quotient of one and the product + + + align:start position:0% +it's the quotient of one and the product +of I and the sum of I 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +starting at a with the way of the way of + + align:start position:0% +starting at a with the way of the way of + + + align:start position:0% +starting at a with the way of the way of +incrementing being that procedure of an + + align:start position:0% +incrementing being that procedure of an + + + align:start position:0% +incrementing being that procedure of an +index I which adds I to four and B being + + align:start position:0% +index I which adds I to four and B being + + + align:start position:0% +index I which adds I to four and B being +the the upper bound so we can see that + + align:start position:0% +the the upper bound so we can see that + + + align:start position:0% +the the upper bound so we can see that +this notation the invention of the + + align:start position:0% +this notation the invention of the + + + align:start position:0% +this notation the invention of the +procedure that takes a procedure alarm + + align:start position:0% +procedure that takes a procedure alarm + + + align:start position:0% +procedure that takes a procedure alarm +n't allows us to compress a lot of these + + align:start position:0% +n't allows us to compress a lot of these + + + align:start position:0% +n't allows us to compress a lot of these +procedures into one thing this this + + align:start position:0% +procedures into one thing this this + + + align:start position:0% +procedures into one thing this this +procedure some covers a whole bunch of + + align:start position:0% +procedure some covers a whole bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +procedure some covers a whole bunch of +ideas now just why is this important + + align:start position:0% +ideas now just why is this important + + + align:start position:0% +ideas now just why is this important +I tried to say before that it helps us + + align:start position:0% +I tried to say before that it helps us + + + align:start position:0% +I tried to say before that it helps us +divide it from a problem into two pieces + + align:start position:0% +divide it from a problem into two pieces + + + align:start position:0% +divide it from a problem into two pieces +and indeed it does for example if + + align:start position:0% +and indeed it does for example if + + + align:start position:0% +and indeed it does for example if +someone came up with a different way of + + align:start position:0% +someone came up with a different way of + + + align:start position:0% +someone came up with a different way of +implementing this which of course one + + align:start position:0% +implementing this which of course one + + + align:start position:0% +implementing this which of course one +might since for example is iterative + + align:start position:0% +might since for example is iterative + + + align:start position:0% +might since for example is iterative +implementation of some iterative + + align:start position:0% +implementation of some iterative + + + align:start position:0% +implementation of some iterative +implementation for some reasons might be + + align:start position:0% +implementation for some reasons might be + + + align:start position:0% +implementation for some reasons might be +better than the recursive implementation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but the important thing is it's + + align:start position:0% +but the important thing is it's + + + align:start position:0% +but the important thing is it's +different now supposing I had written my + + align:start position:0% +different now supposing I had written my + + + align:start position:0% +different now supposing I had written my +programs this way that you see on the + + align:start position:0% +programs this way that you see on the + + + align:start position:0% +programs this way that you see on the +blackboard on the left it's correct the + + align:start position:0% +blackboard on the left it's correct the + + + align:start position:0% +blackboard on the left it's correct the +left well then if I want to change the + + align:start position:0% +left well then if I want to change the + + + align:start position:0% +left well then if I want to change the +method of addition then I have to change + + align:start position:0% +method of addition then I have to change + + + align:start position:0% +method of addition then I have to change +each of these whereas if I write them + + align:start position:0% +each of these whereas if I write them + + + align:start position:0% +each of these whereas if I write them +like this that you see here then the + + align:start position:0% +like this that you see here then the + + + align:start position:0% +like this that you see here then the +method by which I did the addition is + + align:start position:0% +method by which I did the addition is + + + align:start position:0% +method by which I did the addition is +encapsulated in the procedure some the + + align:start position:0% +encapsulated in the procedure some the + + + align:start position:0% +encapsulated in the procedure some the +decomposition allows me to independently + + align:start position:0% +decomposition allows me to independently + + + align:start position:0% +decomposition allows me to independently +change one part of the program and + + align:start position:0% +change one part of the program and + + + align:start position:0% +change one part of the program and +improve it perhaps without without + + align:start position:0% +improve it perhaps without without + + + align:start position:0% +improve it perhaps without without +changing the other part that was written + + align:start position:0% +changing the other part that was written + + + align:start position:0% +changing the other part that was written +for some other cases + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thank you were there any questions yes + + align:start position:0% +thank you were there any questions yes + + + align:start position:0% +thank you were there any questions yes +sir yes it's the same problem I'm sure + + align:start position:0% +sir yes it's the same problem I'm sure + + + align:start position:0% +sir yes it's the same problem I'm sure +you guys this is gonna you're gonna have + + align:start position:0% +you guys this is gonna you're gonna have + + + align:start position:0% +you guys this is gonna you're gonna have +to work on this this is hard and the + + align:start position:0% +to work on this this is hard and the + + + align:start position:0% +to work on this this is hard and the +first time you've ever seen something + + align:start position:0% +first time you've ever seen something + + + align:start position:0% +first time you've ever seen something +like this + + align:start position:0% +like this + + + align:start position:0% +like this +what I have here is a procedures can be + + align:start position:0% +what I have here is a procedures can be + + + align:start position:0% +what I have here is a procedures can be +names of AI variables procedures are not + + align:start position:0% +names of AI variables procedures are not + + + align:start position:0% +names of AI variables procedures are not +special actually some square is a + + align:start position:0% +special actually some square is a + + + align:start position:0% +special actually some square is a +variable which has gotten a value which + + align:start position:0% +variable which has gotten a value which + + + align:start position:0% +variable which has gotten a value which +is a procedure + + align:start position:0% +is a procedure + + + align:start position:0% +is a procedure +this is define some squares to be lambda + + align:start position:0% +this is define some squares to be lambda + + + align:start position:0% +this is define some squares to be lambda +of a and B something so the procedure + + align:start position:0% +of a and B something so the procedure + + + align:start position:0% +of a and B something so the procedure +could be named therefore they can be + + align:start position:0% +could be named therefore they can be + + + align:start position:0% +could be named therefore they can be +passed to one from one to another one + + align:start position:0% +passed to one from one to another one + + + align:start position:0% +passed to one from one to another one +procedure to another as arguments what + + align:start position:0% +procedure to another as arguments what + + + align:start position:0% +procedure to another as arguments what +we're doing here is we're passing the + + align:start position:0% +we're doing here is we're passing the + + + align:start position:0% +we're doing here is we're passing the +procedure term as an argument to some + + align:start position:0% +procedure term as an argument to some + + + align:start position:0% +procedure term as an argument to some +just so that we get it around in the + + align:start position:0% +just so that we get it around in the + + + align:start position:0% +just so that we get it around in the +next in the next recursion here we're + + align:start position:0% +next in the next recursion here we're + + + align:start position:0% +next in the next recursion here we're +passing next as the procedure next as as + + align:start position:0% +passing next as the procedure next as as + + + align:start position:0% +passing next as the procedure next as as +an argument also however here were using + + align:start position:0% +an argument also however here were using + + + align:start position:0% +an argument also however here were using +the procedure next that's what the + + align:start position:0% +the procedure next that's what the + + + align:start position:0% +the procedure next that's what the +parentheses mean we're applying next to + + align:start position:0% +parentheses mean we're applying next to + + + align:start position:0% +parentheses mean we're applying next to +a to get the next value of a if you look + + align:start position:0% +a to get the next value of a if you look + + + align:start position:0% +a to get the next value of a if you look +at what next is mapped against you see + + align:start position:0% +at what next is mapped against you see + + + align:start position:0% +at what next is mapped against you see +remember that the way you think about + + align:start position:0% +remember that the way you think about + + + align:start position:0% +remember that the way you think about +this is that you substitute the + + align:start position:0% +this is that you substitute the + + + align:start position:0% +this is that you substitute the +arguments for the formal parameters in + + align:start position:0% +arguments for the formal parameters in + + + align:start position:0% +arguments for the formal parameters in +the body that's what if you're ever + + align:start position:0% +the body that's what if you're ever + + + align:start position:0% +the body that's what if you're ever +confused think what that's how to think + + align:start position:0% +confused think what that's how to think + + + align:start position:0% +confused think what that's how to think +of that thing that way well over here in + + align:start position:0% +of that thing that way well over here in + + + align:start position:0% +of that thing that way well over here in +the sum of the integers I substitute + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the integers I substitute + + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the integers I substitute +identity for term and 1 plus the + + align:start position:0% +identity for term and 1 plus the + + + align:start position:0% +identity for term and 1 plus the +incrementer for next in the body + + align:start position:0% +incrementer for next in the body + + + align:start position:0% +incrementer for next in the body +well the identity procedure on a is what + + align:start position:0% +well the identity procedure on a is what + + + align:start position:0% +well the identity procedure on a is what +I get here the density is being passed + + align:start position:0% +I get here the density is being passed + + + align:start position:0% +I get here the density is being passed +along and here I have increment 1 plus + + align:start position:0% +along and here I have increment 1 plus + + + align:start position:0% +along and here I have increment 1 plus +being applied to a and 1 plus is being + + align:start position:0% +being applied to a and 1 plus is being + + + align:start position:0% +being applied to a and 1 plus is being +passed along if that clarifies the + + align:start position:0% +passed along if that clarifies the + + + align:start position:0% +passed along if that clarifies the +situation we could also define + + align:start position:0% +situation we could also define + + + align:start position:0% +situation we could also define +what like those two functions oh yeah + + align:start position:0% +what like those two functions oh yeah + + + align:start position:0% +what like those two functions oh yeah +sure we could test what we could do is + + align:start position:0% +sure we could test what we could do is + + + align:start position:0% +sure we could test what we could do is +we could have given names to them just + + align:start position:0% +we could have given names to them just + + + align:start position:0% +we could have given names to them just +like I did here that's I gave you + + align:start position:0% +like I did here that's I gave you + + + align:start position:0% +like I did here that's I gave you +various ways so you could see it a + + align:start position:0% +various ways so you could see it a + + + align:start position:0% +various ways so you could see it a +variety I mean here I defined a thing + + align:start position:0% +variety I mean here I defined a thing + + + align:start position:0% +variety I mean here I defined a thing +which I passed the name of I guess I I + + align:start position:0% +which I passed the name of I guess I I + + + align:start position:0% +which I passed the name of I guess I I +referenced it by its name okay but the + + align:start position:0% +referenced it by its name okay but the + + + align:start position:0% +referenced it by its name okay but the +thing was in fact that procedure of one + + align:start position:0% +thing was in fact that procedure of one + + + align:start position:0% +thing was in fact that procedure of one +argument X which is X may be a 1030 + + align:start position:0% +argument X which is X may be a 1030 + + + align:start position:0% +argument X which is X may be a 1030 +procedure is just lambda of X X and + + align:start position:0% +procedure is just lambda of X X and + + + align:start position:0% +procedure is just lambda of X X and +that's that's what you're seeing here + + align:start position:0% +that's that's what you're seeing here + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's what you're seeing here +that's here often - just right right + + align:start position:0% +that's here often - just right right + + + align:start position:0% +that's here often - just right right +right it's canonical name there for you + + align:start position:0% +right it's canonical name there for you + + + align:start position:0% +right it's canonical name there for you +to say + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well who take our five-minute break + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +as I said computers to make people happy + + align:start position:0% +as I said computers to make people happy + + + align:start position:0% +as I said computers to make people happy +not people to make computers happy and + + align:start position:0% +not people to make computers happy and + + + align:start position:0% +not people to make computers happy and +for the most part the reason why we + + align:start position:0% +for the most part the reason why we + + + align:start position:0% +for the most part the reason why we +introduce all the subtraction stuff is + + align:start position:0% +introduce all the subtraction stuff is + + + align:start position:0% +introduce all the subtraction stuff is +to make it so that programs can be more + + align:start position:0% +to make it so that programs can be more + + + align:start position:0% +to make it so that programs can be more +easily written and more easily read + + align:start position:0% +easily written and more easily read + + + align:start position:0% +easily written and more easily read +let's try to understand what's the most + + align:start position:0% +let's try to understand what's the most + + + align:start position:0% +let's try to understand what's the most +complicated program we've seen so far + + align:start position:0% +complicated program we've seen so far + + + align:start position:0% +complicated program we've seen so far +using a little bit of of this + + align:start position:0% +using a little bit of of this + + + align:start position:0% +using a little bit of of this +abstraction stuff you can look at the + + align:start position:0% +abstraction stuff you can look at the + + + align:start position:0% +abstraction stuff you can look at the +the slide this is the Heron of + + align:start position:0% +the slide this is the Heron of + + + align:start position:0% +the slide this is the Heron of +Alexandria's method of computing square + + align:start position:0% +Alexandria's method of computing square + + + align:start position:0% +Alexandria's method of computing square +roots that we saw that we saw yesterday + + align:start position:0% +roots that we saw that we saw yesterday + + + align:start position:0% +roots that we saw that we saw yesterday +and let's see well in any case this + + align:start position:0% +and let's see well in any case this + + + align:start position:0% +and let's see well in any case this +program is a little complicated and the + + align:start position:0% +program is a little complicated and the + + + align:start position:0% +program is a little complicated and the +current state of your thinking you just + + align:start position:0% +current state of your thinking you just + + + align:start position:0% +current state of your thinking you just +can't look at that and say oh this + + align:start position:0% +can't look at that and say oh this + + + align:start position:0% +can't look at that and say oh this +obviously means something very very + + align:start position:0% +obviously means something very very + + + align:start position:0% +obviously means something very very +clear it's not obvious from leader + + align:start position:0% +clear it's not obvious from leader + + + align:start position:0% +clear it's not obvious from leader +looking at the program what it's + + align:start position:0% +looking at the program what it's + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the program what it's +computing there's there's some loop here + + align:start position:0% +computing there's there's some loop here + + + align:start position:0% +computing there's there's some loop here +inside try and the loop does something + + align:start position:0% +inside try and the loop does something + + + align:start position:0% +inside try and the loop does something +about trying the improvement of why + + align:start position:0% +about trying the improvement of why + + + align:start position:0% +about trying the improvement of why +there's something called improve which + + align:start position:0% +there's something called improve which + + + align:start position:0% +there's something called improve which +does some averaging and quotient thing + + align:start position:0% +does some averaging and quotient thing + + + align:start position:0% +does some averaging and quotient thing +and things like that but what's the real + + align:start position:0% +and things like that but what's the real + + + align:start position:0% +and things like that but what's the real +idea can we make it clear what the idea + + align:start position:0% +idea can we make it clear what the idea + + + align:start position:0% +idea can we make it clear what the idea +is well I think we can I think we can + + align:start position:0% +is well I think we can I think we can + + + align:start position:0% +is well I think we can I think we can +use abstraction that we have learned + + align:start position:0% +use abstraction that we have learned + + + align:start position:0% +use abstraction that we have learned +about so far to to clarify what's going + + align:start position:0% +about so far to to clarify what's going + + + align:start position:0% +about so far to to clarify what's going +on now what we have mathematically is a + + align:start position:0% +on now what we have mathematically is a + + + align:start position:0% +on now what we have mathematically is a +procedure for improving a guest for + + align:start position:0% +procedure for improving a guest for + + + align:start position:0% +procedure for improving a guest for +square roots and if Y is guest for a + + align:start position:0% +square roots and if Y is guest for a + + + align:start position:0% +square roots and if Y is guest for a +square root then what we want to get + + align:start position:0% +square root then what we want to get + + + align:start position:0% +square root then what we want to get +will call a function f this is the means + + align:start position:0% +will call a function f this is the means + + + align:start position:0% +will call a function f this is the means +of improvement I want to get y plus X + + align:start position:0% +of improvement I want to get y plus X + + + align:start position:0% +of improvement I want to get y plus X +over Y over 2 it's the average of Y and + + align:start position:0% +over Y over 2 it's the average of Y and + + + align:start position:0% +over Y over 2 it's the average of Y and +X divided by Y as the improved value for + + align:start position:0% +X divided by Y as the improved value for + + + align:start position:0% +X divided by Y as the improved value for +the square root of x such that one thing + + align:start position:0% +the square root of x such that one thing + + + align:start position:0% +the square root of x such that one thing +you can notice about this function f + + align:start position:0% +you can notice about this function f + + + align:start position:0% +you can notice about this function f +is that F of the square root of X is in + + align:start position:0% +is that F of the square root of X is in + + + align:start position:0% +is that F of the square root of X is in +fact the square root of x there was if I + + align:start position:0% +fact the square root of x there was if I + + + align:start position:0% +fact the square root of x there was if I +take the square root of x and + + align:start position:0% +take the square root of x and + + + align:start position:0% +take the square root of x and +substituted for y here I see the square + + align:start position:0% +substituted for y here I see the square + + + align:start position:0% +substituted for y here I see the square +root of x plus X divided by the square + + align:start position:0% +root of x plus X divided by the square + + + align:start position:0% +root of x plus X divided by the square +root of x which is the square root of x + + align:start position:0% +root of x which is the square root of x + + + align:start position:0% +root of x which is the square root of x +that's two times the square root of x + + align:start position:0% +that's two times the square root of x + + + align:start position:0% +that's two times the square root of x +divided by two is the square root of x + + align:start position:0% +divided by two is the square root of x + + + align:start position:0% +divided by two is the square root of x +so in fact what we're really looking for + + align:start position:0% +so in fact what we're really looking for + + + align:start position:0% +so in fact what we're really looking for +is we're looking for a fixed point a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fixed point of the function f a fixed + + align:start position:0% +fixed point of the function f a fixed + + + align:start position:0% +fixed point of the function f a fixed +point is a place which has the property + + align:start position:0% +point is a place which has the property + + + align:start position:0% +point is a place which has the property +that if you put it into the function you + + align:start position:0% +that if you put it into the function you + + + align:start position:0% +that if you put it into the function you +get the same value out now I suppose if + + align:start position:0% +get the same value out now I suppose if + + + align:start position:0% +get the same value out now I suppose if +I were giving some nice boring lecture + + align:start position:0% +I were giving some nice boring lecture + + + align:start position:0% +I were giving some nice boring lecture +and you happen to have in front of you + + align:start position:0% +and you happen to have in front of you + + + align:start position:0% +and you happen to have in front of you +a hp-35 desk calculator like I used to + + align:start position:0% +a hp-35 desk calculator like I used to + + + align:start position:0% +a hp-35 desk calculator like I used to +have when I went to boring lectures and + + align:start position:0% +have when I went to boring lectures and + + + align:start position:0% +have when I went to boring lectures and +you think it's really boring you put + + align:start position:0% +you think it's really boring you put + + + align:start position:0% +you think it's really boring you put +into you put it into radians mode and + + align:start position:0% +into you put it into radians mode and + + + align:start position:0% +into you put it into radians mode and +hit cosine and then hit cosine and hit + + align:start position:0% +hit cosine and then hit cosine and hit + + + align:start position:0% +hit cosine and then hit cosine and hit +cosine and eventually you end up with + + align:start position:0% +cosine and eventually you end up with + + + align:start position:0% +cosine and eventually you end up with +0.7 3 4 or something like that point 7 4 + + align:start position:0% +0.7 3 4 or something like that point 7 4 + + + align:start position:0% +0.7 3 4 or something like that point 7 4 +3 I don't remember what exactly it gets + + align:start position:0% +3 I don't remember what exactly it gets + + + align:start position:0% +3 I don't remember what exactly it gets +closer and closer to that some functions + + align:start position:0% +closer and closer to that some functions + + + align:start position:0% +closer and closer to that some functions +have the property that you can find + + align:start position:0% +have the property that you can find + + + align:start position:0% +have the property that you can find +their fixed point by iterating the + + align:start position:0% +their fixed point by iterating the + + + align:start position:0% +their fixed point by iterating the +function and that's essentially what's + + align:start position:0% +function and that's essentially what's + + + align:start position:0% +function and that's essentially what's +happening in the square root program by + + align:start position:0% +happening in the square root program by + + + align:start position:0% +happening in the square root program by +here Ahn's method so let's see if we can + + align:start position:0% +here Ahn's method so let's see if we can + + + align:start position:0% +here Ahn's method so let's see if we can +write that down that idea now I'm not + + align:start position:0% +write that down that idea now I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +write that down that idea now I'm not +going to say how I compute fixed points + + align:start position:0% +going to say how I compute fixed points + + + align:start position:0% +going to say how I compute fixed points +yet there might be more than one way but + + align:start position:0% +yet there might be more than one way but + + + align:start position:0% +yet there might be more than one way but +the first thing to do is I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +the first thing to do is I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +the first thing to do is I'm going to +say say what I just said I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +say say what I just said I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +say say what I just said I'm going to +say it in it specifically the square + + align:start position:0% +say it in it specifically the square + + + align:start position:0% +say it in it specifically the square +root + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the square root of x is the fixed point + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of that procedure which takes an + + align:start position:0% +of that procedure which takes an + + + align:start position:0% +of that procedure which takes an +argument Y and averages X divided by Y + + align:start position:0% +argument Y and averages X divided by Y + + + align:start position:0% +argument Y and averages X divided by Y +with Y and I'm going to start up with an + + align:start position:0% +with Y and I'm going to start up with an + + + align:start position:0% +with Y and I'm going to start up with an +initial guess for the fixed point of 1 + + align:start position:0% +initial guess for the fixed point of 1 + + + align:start position:0% +initial guess for the fixed point of 1 +doesn't matter where it starts a theorem + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter where it starts a theorem + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter where it starts a theorem +having to do with square roots so what + + align:start position:0% +having to do with square roots so what + + + align:start position:0% +having to do with square roots so what +you're seeing here is I'm just trying to + + align:start position:0% +you're seeing here is I'm just trying to + + + align:start position:0% +you're seeing here is I'm just trying to +write out by wishful thinking I don't + + align:start position:0% +write out by wishful thinking I don't + + + align:start position:0% +write out by wishful thinking I don't +know how I'm gonna make fixed-point + + align:start position:0% +know how I'm gonna make fixed-point + + + align:start position:0% +know how I'm gonna make fixed-point +happen worry about that later + + align:start position:0% +happen worry about that later + + + align:start position:0% +happen worry about that later +but it's somehow I had a way of writing + + align:start position:0% +but it's somehow I had a way of writing + + + align:start position:0% +but it's somehow I had a way of writing +the fixed point of the function computed + + align:start position:0% +the fixed point of the function computed + + + align:start position:0% +the fixed point of the function computed +by this procedure then I would have that + + align:start position:0% +by this procedure then I would have that + + + align:start position:0% +by this procedure then I would have that +would be this square root that I'm + + align:start position:0% +would be this square root that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +would be this square root that I'm +looking for ok well now let's see how + + align:start position:0% +looking for ok well now let's see how + + + align:start position:0% +looking for ok well now let's see how +we're gonna write how we're gonna come + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna write how we're gonna come + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna write how we're gonna come +up with 6 points well it's very simple + + align:start position:0% +up with 6 points well it's very simple + + + align:start position:0% +up with 6 points well it's very simple +actually I'm gonna write an abbreviated + + align:start position:0% +actually I'm gonna write an abbreviated + + + align:start position:0% +actually I'm gonna write an abbreviated +version here just so we understand it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm gonna find the fixed point of a + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna find the fixed point of a + + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna find the fixed point of a +function f actually the fixed point of + + align:start position:0% +function f actually the fixed point of + + + align:start position:0% +function f actually the fixed point of +the function computed by the procedure + + align:start position:0% +the function computed by the procedure + + + align:start position:0% +the function computed by the procedure +whose name will be F in this procedure + + align:start position:0% +whose name will be F in this procedure + + + align:start position:0% +whose name will be F in this procedure +how's that long sentence starting with a + + align:start position:0% +how's that long sentence starting with a + + + align:start position:0% +how's that long sentence starting with a +particular starting value well I'm going + + align:start position:0% +particular starting value well I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +particular starting value well I'm going +to have a little loop inside here which + + align:start position:0% +to have a little loop inside here which + + + align:start position:0% +to have a little loop inside here which +is going to push the button on the + + align:start position:0% +is going to push the button on the + + + align:start position:0% +is going to push the button on the +calculator repeatedly hoping that will + + align:start position:0% +calculator repeatedly hoping that will + + + align:start position:0% +calculator repeatedly hoping that will +eventually converge and we will say here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +internal loops are written by defining + + align:start position:0% +internal loops are written by defining + + + align:start position:0% +internal loops are written by defining +internal procedures well one thing I'm + + align:start position:0% +internal procedures well one thing I'm + + + align:start position:0% +internal procedures well one thing I'm +gonna have to do is I'm gonna have to + + align:start position:0% +gonna have to do is I'm gonna have to + + + align:start position:0% +gonna have to do is I'm gonna have to +say whether I'm done and the way I'm + + align:start position:0% +say whether I'm done and the way I'm + + + align:start position:0% +say whether I'm done and the way I'm +gonna decide when I'm done is when the + + align:start position:0% +gonna decide when I'm done is when the + + + align:start position:0% +gonna decide when I'm done is when the +old value and the new value are close + + align:start position:0% +old value and the new value are close + + + align:start position:0% +old value and the new value are close +enough so I can't distinguish them + + align:start position:0% +enough so I can't distinguish them + + + align:start position:0% +enough so I can't distinguish them +anymore that's the standard thing you do + + align:start position:0% +anymore that's the standard thing you do + + + align:start position:0% +anymore that's the standard thing you do +on the calculator unless you look at + + align:start position:0% +on the calculator unless you look at + + + align:start position:0% +on the calculator unless you look at +more precision and eventually you run + + align:start position:0% +more precision and eventually you run + + + align:start position:0% +more precision and eventually you run +out of precision so an old value and the + + align:start position:0% +out of precision so an old value and the + + + align:start position:0% +out of precision so an old value and the +new value and I'm going to say here if I + + align:start position:0% +new value and I'm going to say here if I + + + align:start position:0% +new value and I'm going to say here if I +can't distinguish them if they're close + + align:start position:0% +can't distinguish them if they're close + + + align:start position:0% +can't distinguish them if they're close +enough you will have to worry about with + + align:start position:0% +enough you will have to worry about with + + + align:start position:0% +enough you will have to worry about with +that in soon the old value a new value + + align:start position:0% +that in soon the old value a new value + + + align:start position:0% +that in soon the old value a new value +of close enough to each other and let's + + align:start position:0% +of close enough to each other and let's + + + align:start position:0% +of close enough to each other and let's +pick the new value of the answer + + align:start position:0% +pick the new value of the answer + + + align:start position:0% +pick the new value of the answer +otherwise I'm going to iterate around + + align:start position:0% +otherwise I'm going to iterate around + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise I'm going to iterate around +again with the next value of old being + + align:start position:0% +again with the next value of old being + + + align:start position:0% +again with the next value of old being +the current value of new and the next + + align:start position:0% +the current value of new and the next + + + align:start position:0% +the current value of new and the next +value of new being the result of calling + + align:start position:0% +value of new being the result of calling + + + align:start position:0% +value of new being the result of calling +F on new + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mm-hmm and so this is my this is my + + align:start position:0% +mm-hmm and so this is my this is my + + + align:start position:0% +mm-hmm and so this is my this is my +iteration loop that pushes the button on + + align:start position:0% +iteration loop that pushes the button on + + + align:start position:0% +iteration loop that pushes the button on +the calculator I basically think of it + + align:start position:0% +the calculator I basically think of it + + + align:start position:0% +the calculator I basically think of it +as having two registers in the + + align:start position:0% +as having two registers in the + + + align:start position:0% +as having two registers in the +calculator old and new and each step new + + align:start position:0% +calculator old and new and each step new + + + align:start position:0% +calculator old and new and each step new +becomes old and new becomes gets F of + + align:start position:0% +becomes old and new becomes gets F of + + + align:start position:0% +becomes old and new becomes gets F of +new so this is the thing where I'm + + align:start position:0% +new so this is the thing where I'm + + + align:start position:0% +new so this is the thing where I'm +getting the next value and now I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +getting the next value and now I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +getting the next value and now I'm gonna +start this thing up by giving two values + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now I wrote that on the blackboard to be + + align:start position:0% +now I wrote that on the blackboard to be + + + align:start position:0% +now I wrote that on the blackboard to be +slow so you could see this this is the + + align:start position:0% +slow so you could see this this is the + + + align:start position:0% +slow so you could see this this is the +first time you've seen something quite + + align:start position:0% +first time you've seen something quite + + + align:start position:0% +first time you've seen something quite +this complicated I think however we + + align:start position:0% +this complicated I think however we + + + align:start position:0% +this complicated I think however we +might want to see the whole thing over + + align:start position:0% +might want to see the whole thing over + + + align:start position:0% +might want to see the whole thing over +here in this in this transparency or + + align:start position:0% +here in this in this transparency or + + + align:start position:0% +here in this in this transparency or +slide or whatever what we have is a is + + align:start position:0% +slide or whatever what we have is a is + + + align:start position:0% +slide or whatever what we have is a is +all of the details that are required to + + align:start position:0% +all of the details that are required to + + + align:start position:0% +all of the details that are required to +make this thing work I have a way of + + align:start position:0% +make this thing work I have a way of + + + align:start position:0% +make this thing work I have a way of +giving a tolerance for a close enough + + align:start position:0% +giving a tolerance for a close enough + + + align:start position:0% +giving a tolerance for a close enough +procedure which we see here the close + + align:start position:0% +procedure which we see here the close + + + align:start position:0% +procedure which we see here the close +enough procedure it tests whether you + + align:start position:0% +enough procedure it tests whether you + + + align:start position:0% +enough procedure it tests whether you +would be are close enough by seeing if + + align:start position:0% +would be are close enough by seeing if + + + align:start position:0% +would be are close enough by seeing if +the absolute value of the difference in + + align:start position:0% +the absolute value of the difference in + + + align:start position:0% +the absolute value of the difference in +U and V is less than the given tolerance + + align:start position:0% +U and V is less than the given tolerance + + + align:start position:0% +U and V is less than the given tolerance +okay and here's the iteration loop that + + align:start position:0% +okay and here's the iteration loop that + + + align:start position:0% +okay and here's the iteration loop that +I just wrote on the blackboard and the + + align:start position:0% +I just wrote on the blackboard and the + + + align:start position:0% +I just wrote on the blackboard and the +initialization for it which is right + + align:start position:0% +initialization for it which is right + + + align:start position:0% +initialization for it which is right +there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's very simple + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but let's see I haven't told you enough + + align:start position:0% +but let's see I haven't told you enough + + + align:start position:0% +but let's see I haven't told you enough +it's actually easier than this there's + + align:start position:0% +it's actually easier than this there's + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually easier than this there's +more structure to this problem than I've + + align:start position:0% +more structure to this problem than I've + + + align:start position:0% +more structure to this problem than I've +already told you like why should this + + align:start position:0% +already told you like why should this + + + align:start position:0% +already told you like why should this +work why should it converge when there's + + align:start position:0% +work why should it converge when there's + + + align:start position:0% +work why should it converge when there's +a Harry theorem of mathematics isn't + + align:start position:0% +a Harry theorem of mathematics isn't + + + align:start position:0% +a Harry theorem of mathematics isn't +tied up and what I've written here why + + align:start position:0% +tied up and what I've written here why + + + align:start position:0% +tied up and what I've written here why +is it that I should assume that by + + align:start position:0% +is it that I should assume that by + + + align:start position:0% +is it that I should assume that by +iterating averaging the quotient of x + + align:start position:0% +iterating averaging the quotient of x + + + align:start position:0% +iterating averaging the quotient of x +and y and Y that I should get the right + + align:start position:0% +and y and Y that I should get the right + + + align:start position:0% +and y and Y that I should get the right +answer + + align:start position:0% +answer + + + align:start position:0% +answer +it isn't so obvious I mean surely there + + align:start position:0% +it isn't so obvious I mean surely there + + + align:start position:0% +it isn't so obvious I mean surely there +are other things other things other + + align:start position:0% +are other things other things other + + + align:start position:0% +are other things other things other +procedures which compute functions whose + + align:start position:0% +procedures which compute functions whose + + + align:start position:0% +procedures which compute functions whose +fixed points would also be the square + + align:start position:0% +fixed points would also be the square + + + align:start position:0% +fixed points would also be the square +root for example the obvious one the + + align:start position:0% +root for example the obvious one the + + + align:start position:0% +root for example the obvious one the +obvious one would be a new function G + + align:start position:0% +obvious one would be a new function G + + + align:start position:0% +obvious one would be a new function G +which maps Y to X over Y that's even + + align:start position:0% +which maps Y to X over Y that's even + + + align:start position:0% +which maps Y to X over Y that's even +simpler the fixed point of G is surely + + align:start position:0% +simpler the fixed point of G is surely + + + align:start position:0% +simpler the fixed point of G is surely +the square root also and it's a simpler + + align:start position:0% +the square root also and it's a simpler + + + align:start position:0% +the square root also and it's a simpler +procedure why am I not using it well I + + align:start position:0% +procedure why am I not using it well I + + + align:start position:0% +procedure why am I not using it well I +suppose we know supposing X is 2 and I + + align:start position:0% +suppose we know supposing X is 2 and I + + + align:start position:0% +suppose we know supposing X is 2 and I +start out with 1 I'm gonna fry divide 1 + + align:start position:0% +start out with 1 I'm gonna fry divide 1 + + + align:start position:0% +start out with 1 I'm gonna fry divide 1 +into 2 I get 2 and then if I divide 2 + + align:start position:0% +into 2 I get 2 and then if I divide 2 + + + align:start position:0% +into 2 I get 2 and then if I divide 2 +into 2 I get 1 and forget divide 1 into + + align:start position:0% +into 2 I get 1 and forget divide 1 into + + + align:start position:0% +into 2 I get 1 and forget divide 1 into +2 I get 2 and 2 into 2 I get 1 and I + + align:start position:0% +2 I get 2 and 2 into 2 I get 1 and I + + + align:start position:0% +2 I get 2 and 2 into 2 I get 1 and I +never get any closer to the square root + + align:start position:0% +never get any closer to the square root + + + align:start position:0% +never get any closer to the square root +its oscillates that's what we have is + + align:start position:0% +its oscillates that's what we have is + + + align:start position:0% +its oscillates that's what we have is +this a signal processing system an + + align:start position:0% +this a signal processing system an + + + align:start position:0% +this a signal processing system an +electrical circuit which is oscillating + + align:start position:0% +electrical circuit which is oscillating + + + align:start position:0% +electrical circuit which is oscillating +and I want to damp out these + + align:start position:0% +and I want to damp out these + + + align:start position:0% +and I want to damp out these +oscillations well I can do that see what + + align:start position:0% +oscillations well I can do that see what + + + align:start position:0% +oscillations well I can do that see what +I really doing here when I'm taking my + + align:start position:0% +I really doing here when I'm taking my + + + align:start position:0% +I really doing here when I'm taking my +average the average is averaging the + + align:start position:0% +average the average is averaging the + + + align:start position:0% +average the average is averaging the +last two values of something which + + align:start position:0% +last two values of something which + + + align:start position:0% +last two values of something which +oscillates getting something in between + + align:start position:0% +oscillates getting something in between + + + align:start position:0% +oscillates getting something in between +a classic way of damping out + + align:start position:0% +a classic way of damping out + + + align:start position:0% +a classic way of damping out +oscillations in a signal processing + + align:start position:0% +oscillations in a signal processing + + + align:start position:0% +oscillations in a signal processing +system so why don't we write down a + + align:start position:0% +system so why don't we write down a + + + align:start position:0% +system so why don't we write down a +strategy that I just said in a more in a + + align:start position:0% +strategy that I just said in a more in a + + + align:start position:0% +strategy that I just said in a more in a +more clear way well it's easy enough + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm going to the square root of x to be + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to the square root of x to be + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to the square root of x to be +a fixed point of the procedure resulting + + align:start position:0% +a fixed point of the procedure resulting + + + align:start position:0% +a fixed point of the procedure resulting +from average damping now Kenny so I have + + align:start position:0% +from average damping now Kenny so I have + + + align:start position:0% +from average damping now Kenny so I have +a procedure resulting from average damp + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the procedure that procedure of Y which + + align:start position:0% +the procedure that procedure of Y which + + + align:start position:0% +the procedure that procedure of Y which +divides X by Y starting out at 1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ah but average damp is a special + + align:start position:0% +ah but average damp is a special + + + align:start position:0% +ah but average damp is a special +procedure that's going to take a + + align:start position:0% +procedure that's going to take a + + + align:start position:0% +procedure that's going to take a +procedures its argument and return a + + align:start position:0% +procedures its argument and return a + + + align:start position:0% +procedures its argument and return a +procedure as its value it's a + + align:start position:0% +procedure as its value it's a + + + align:start position:0% +procedure as its value it's a +generalization that says give it a + + align:start position:0% +generalization that says give it a + + + align:start position:0% +generalization that says give it a +procedure it's the thing which produces + + align:start position:0% +procedure it's the thing which produces + + + align:start position:0% +procedure it's the thing which produces +a procedure which averages the last the + + align:start position:0% +a procedure which averages the last the + + + align:start position:0% +a procedure which averages the last the +last value and the the value before and + + align:start position:0% +last value and the the value before and + + + align:start position:0% +last value and the the value before and +after running the procedure you can use + + align:start position:0% +after running the procedure you can use + + + align:start position:0% +after running the procedure you can use +it for anything if you want to damp out + + align:start position:0% +it for anything if you want to damp out + + + align:start position:0% +it for anything if you want to damp out +oscillations so let's write that down + + align:start position:0% +oscillations so let's write that down + + + align:start position:0% +oscillations so let's write that down +it's very easy and stylistically here + + align:start position:0% +it's very easy and stylistically here + + + align:start position:0% +it's very easy and stylistically here +I'm going to use lambda notation because + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to use lambda notation because + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to use lambda notation because +it's much easier to think when you're + + align:start position:0% +it's much easier to think when you're + + + align:start position:0% +it's much easier to think when you're +dealing with procedures that nipply + + align:start position:0% +dealing with procedures that nipply + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with procedures that nipply +proceed just to understand that the + + align:start position:0% +proceed just to understand that the + + + align:start position:0% +proceed just to understand that the +procedures are the objects I'm dealing + + align:start position:0% +procedures are the objects I'm dealing + + + align:start position:0% +procedures are the objects I'm dealing +with something to use lambda notation + + align:start position:0% +with something to use lambda notation + + + align:start position:0% +with something to use lambda notation +here not always I don't always use it + + align:start position:0% +here not always I don't always use it + + + align:start position:0% +here not always I don't always use it +but very specifically here to expand on + + align:start position:0% +but very specifically here to expand on + + + align:start position:0% +but very specifically here to expand on +that idea to make it to elucidate it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well average damp is a procedure which + + align:start position:0% +well average damp is a procedure which + + + align:start position:0% +well average damp is a procedure which +takes a procedure is its argument which + + align:start position:0% +takes a procedure is its argument which + + + align:start position:0% +takes a procedure is its argument which +we will call F and what does it produce + + align:start position:0% +we will call F and what does it produce + + + align:start position:0% +we will call F and what does it produce +it produces out its value the body of + + align:start position:0% +it produces out its value the body of + + + align:start position:0% +it produces out its value the body of +this procedure is a thing which produces + + align:start position:0% +this procedure is a thing which produces + + + align:start position:0% +this procedure is a thing which produces +a procedure the constructor for + + align:start position:0% +a procedure the constructor for + + + align:start position:0% +a procedure the constructor for +procedures right here of one argument X + + align:start position:0% +procedures right here of one argument X + + + align:start position:0% +procedures right here of one argument X +which averages + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +f of X with X + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is a very special thing I think for + + align:start position:0% +this is a very special thing I think for + + + align:start position:0% +this is a very special thing I think for +the first time you're seeing a procedure + + align:start position:0% +the first time you're seeing a procedure + + + align:start position:0% +the first time you're seeing a procedure +which produces a procedure as its value + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this procedure takes the procedure F and + + align:start position:0% +this procedure takes the procedure F and + + + align:start position:0% +this procedure takes the procedure F and +does something to it to produce a new + + align:start position:0% +does something to it to produce a new + + + align:start position:0% +does something to it to produce a new +procedure of one argument X which + + align:start position:0% +procedure of one argument X which + + + align:start position:0% +procedure of one argument X which +averages f this F applied to X and X + + align:start position:0% +averages f this F applied to X and X + + + align:start position:0% +averages f this F applied to X and X +itself used in the context here I'm + + align:start position:0% +itself used in the context here I'm + + + align:start position:0% +itself used in the context here I'm +applying to the procedure which is just + + align:start position:0% +applying to the procedure which is just + + + align:start position:0% +applying to the procedure which is just +divides X by Y it's a division okay + + align:start position:0% +divides X by Y it's a division okay + + + align:start position:0% +divides X by Y it's a division okay +and finally the fixed point of that and + + align:start position:0% +and finally the fixed point of that and + + + align:start position:0% +and finally the fixed point of that and +that's a clearer way of writing down + + align:start position:0% +that's a clearer way of writing down + + + align:start position:0% +that's a clearer way of writing down +what I write wrote down over here + + align:start position:0% +what I write wrote down over here + + + align:start position:0% +what I write wrote down over here +wherever it was here because it tells + + align:start position:0% +wherever it was here because it tells + + + align:start position:0% +wherever it was here because it tells +why I'm writing this down + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I suppose this to some extent really + + align:start position:0% +I suppose this to some extent really + + + align:start position:0% +I suppose this to some extent really +clarifies what here on of Alexandria was + + align:start position:0% +clarifies what here on of Alexandria was + + + align:start position:0% +clarifies what here on of Alexandria was +up to I suppose we'll stop now are there + + align:start position:0% +up to I suppose we'll stop now are there + + + align:start position:0% +up to I suppose we'll stop now are there +any questions we need to find average + + align:start position:0% +any questions we need to find average + + + align:start position:0% +any questions we need to find average +damp was and here we're having again + + align:start position:0% +damp was and here we're having again + + + align:start position:0% +damp was and here we're having again +you've got to learn about the syntax the + + align:start position:0% +you've got to learn about the syntax the + + + align:start position:0% +you've got to learn about the syntax the +question was when defining average damp + + align:start position:0% +question was when defining average damp + + + align:start position:0% +question was when defining average damp +don't you have to have a variable + + align:start position:0% +don't you have to have a variable + + + align:start position:0% +don't you have to have a variable +defined with F what you are asking about + + align:start position:0% +defined with F what you are asking about + + + align:start position:0% +defined with F what you are asking about +is the formal parameter of F okay the + + align:start position:0% +is the formal parameter of F okay the + + + align:start position:0% +is the formal parameter of F okay the +formal parameter of F is here okay the + + align:start position:0% +formal parameter of F is here okay the + + + align:start position:0% +formal parameter of F is here okay the +formal parameter of F parameter of + + align:start position:0% +formal parameter of F parameter of + + + align:start position:0% +formal parameter of F parameter of +average can f is being used to apply to + + align:start position:0% +average can f is being used to apply to + + + align:start position:0% +average can f is being used to apply to +an argument right that's indeed true + + align:start position:0% +an argument right that's indeed true + + + align:start position:0% +an argument right that's indeed true +that F must have a formal parameter + + align:start position:0% +that F must have a formal parameter + + + align:start position:0% +that F must have a formal parameter +let's find out what F formal parameter + + align:start position:0% +let's find out what F formal parameter + + + align:start position:0% +let's find out what F formal parameter +is the formal parameter of average damn + + align:start position:0% +is the formal parameter of average damn + + + align:start position:0% +is the formal parameter of average damn +Oh F is the formal parameter of average + + align:start position:0% +Oh F is the formal parameter of average + + + align:start position:0% +Oh F is the formal parameter of average +damp I'm sorry you're just confusing a + + align:start position:0% +damp I'm sorry you're just confusing a + + + align:start position:0% +damp I'm sorry you're just confusing a +syntactic thing I could have written + + align:start position:0% +syntactic thing I could have written + + + align:start position:0% +syntactic thing I could have written +this the other way I said I didn't + + align:start position:0% +this the other way I said I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +this the other way I said I didn't +understand your question okay of course + + align:start position:0% +understand your question okay of course + + + align:start position:0% +understand your question okay of course +I could have written it this other way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +those are identical notations this is a + + align:start position:0% +those are identical notations this is a + + + align:start position:0% +those are identical notations this is a +different way of writing this you're + + align:start position:0% +different way of writing this you're + + + align:start position:0% +different way of writing this you're +gonna have to get used to lambda + + align:start position:0% +gonna have to get used to lambda + + + align:start position:0% +gonna have to get used to lambda +notation because I'm going to use it + + align:start position:0% +notation because I'm going to use it + + + align:start position:0% +notation because I'm going to use it +okay what it says here I'm defining the + + align:start position:0% +okay what it says here I'm defining the + + + align:start position:0% +okay what it says here I'm defining the +name average damp to name the procedure + + align:start position:0% +name average damp to name the procedure + + + align:start position:0% +name average damp to name the procedure +who's of one argument F that's the + + align:start position:0% +who's of one argument F that's the + + + align:start position:0% +who's of one argument F that's the +formal parameter of the procedure + + align:start position:0% +formal parameter of the procedure + + + align:start position:0% +formal parameter of the procedure +average damp what this is define does is + + align:start position:0% +average damp what this is define does is + + + align:start position:0% +average damp what this is define does is +it says give this give the name this + + align:start position:0% +it says give this give the name this + + + align:start position:0% +it says give this give the name this +name a value here is the value for it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that there happens to be a funny syntax + + align:start position:0% +that there happens to be a funny syntax + + + align:start position:0% +that there happens to be a funny syntax +to make that easier in some cases it's + + align:start position:0% +to make that easier in some cases it's + + + align:start position:0% +to make that easier in some cases it's +purely convenience but a reason why I + + align:start position:0% +purely convenience but a reason why I + + + align:start position:0% +purely convenience but a reason why I +wrote it this way here is to emphasize + + align:start position:0% +wrote it this way here is to emphasize + + + align:start position:0% +wrote it this way here is to emphasize +now I'm dealing with a procedure that + + align:start position:0% +now I'm dealing with a procedure that + + + align:start position:0% +now I'm dealing with a procedure that +takes a procedure as its argument and + + align:start position:0% +takes a procedure as its argument and + + + align:start position:0% +takes a procedure as its argument and +produces a procedure as its value don't + + align:start position:0% +produces a procedure as its value don't + + + align:start position:0% +produces a procedure as its value don't +understand why you use them that choice + + align:start position:0% +understand why you use them that choice + + + align:start position:0% +understand why you use them that choice +can you just use one lambda take two + + align:start position:0% +can you just use one lambda take two + + + align:start position:0% +can you just use one lambda take two +arguments F and X no no no that would be + + align:start position:0% +arguments F and X no no no that would be + + + align:start position:0% +arguments F and X no no no that would be +a different thing if I were to write the + + align:start position:0% +a different thing if I were to write the + + + align:start position:0% +a different thing if I were to write the +procedure lambda of F and X the average + + align:start position:0% +procedure lambda of F and X the average + + + align:start position:0% +procedure lambda of F and X the average +of f of X and X that would not be + + align:start position:0% +of f of X and X that would not be + + + align:start position:0% +of f of X and X that would not be +something which would be allowed to take + + align:start position:0% +something which would be allowed to take + + + align:start position:0% +something which would be allowed to take +a procedure as an argument and produce a + + align:start position:0% +a procedure as an argument and produce a + + + align:start position:0% +a procedure as an argument and produce a +procedure as its value that would be a + + align:start position:0% +procedure as its value that would be a + + + align:start position:0% +procedure as its value that would be a +thing that takes a procedure as its + + align:start position:0% +thing that takes a procedure as its + + + align:start position:0% +thing that takes a procedure as its +argument and number as its argument and + + align:start position:0% +argument and number as its argument and + + + align:start position:0% +argument and number as its argument and +produces a new number but what I'm + + align:start position:0% +produces a new number but what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +produces a new number but what I'm +producing here is a procedure to fit in + + align:start position:0% +producing here is a procedure to fit in + + + align:start position:0% +producing here is a procedure to fit in +the procedure slot over here + + align:start position:0% +the procedure slot over here + + + align:start position:0% +the procedure slot over here +which is going to be used over here so + + align:start position:0% +which is going to be used over here so + + + align:start position:0% +which is going to be used over here so +the number has to come from here this is + + align:start position:0% +the number has to come from here this is + + + align:start position:0% +the number has to come from here this is +the thing that's going to eventually end + + align:start position:0% +the thing that's going to eventually end + + + align:start position:0% +the thing that's going to eventually end +up in the X and if you're confused you + + align:start position:0% +up in the X and if you're confused you + + + align:start position:0% +up in the X and if you're confused you +should do some substitution and seeing + + align:start position:0% +should do some substitution and seeing + + + align:start position:0% +should do some substitution and seeing +for yourself + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes and would you please show the + + align:start position:0% +yes and would you please show the + + + align:start position:0% +yes and would you please show the +definition for average damp without + + align:start position:0% +definition for average damp without + + + align:start position:0% +definition for average damp without +using lambda notation oh I can't make a + + align:start position:0% +using lambda notation oh I can't make a + + + align:start position:0% +using lambda notation oh I can't make a +very simple one like that let me do it + + align:start position:0% +very simple one like that let me do it + + + align:start position:0% +very simple one like that let me do it +for you though okay I can get rid of + + align:start position:0% +for you though okay I can get rid of + + + align:start position:0% +for you though okay I can get rid of +this lamb to easily I don't want to be + + align:start position:0% +this lamb to easily I don't want to be + + + align:start position:0% +this lamb to easily I don't want to be +okay actually I'm lying to you I don't + + align:start position:0% +okay actually I'm lying to you I don't + + + align:start position:0% +okay actually I'm lying to you I don't +want to do I don't want to do what you + + align:start position:0% +want to do I don't want to do what you + + + align:start position:0% +want to do I don't want to do what you +want okay because I think it's more + + align:start position:0% +want okay because I think it's more + + + align:start position:0% +want okay because I think it's more +confusing than you think I'm not going + + align:start position:0% +confusing than you think I'm not going + + + align:start position:0% +confusing than you think I'm not going +to write what you want + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +got to give it a name foo X to B of f of + + align:start position:0% +got to give it a name foo X to B of f of + + + align:start position:0% +got to give it a name foo X to B of f of +X and X and returned as the value of + + align:start position:0% +X and X and returned as the value of + + + align:start position:0% +X and X and returned as the value of +food this is equivalent but I have it to + + align:start position:0% +food this is equivalent but I have it to + + + align:start position:0% +food this is equivalent but I have it to +make an arbitrary name up this is + + align:start position:0% +make an arbitrary name up this is + + + align:start position:0% +make an arbitrary name up this is +equivalent to this without any Landis + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to this without any Landis + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to this without any Landis +okay since lambda is very convenient for + + align:start position:0% +okay since lambda is very convenient for + + + align:start position:0% +okay since lambda is very convenient for +your naming for naming anonymous + + align:start position:0% +your naming for naming anonymous + + + align:start position:0% +your naming for naming anonymous +procedures it's the anonymous name of + + align:start position:0% +procedures it's the anonymous name of + + + align:start position:0% +procedures it's the anonymous name of +something now if you really want to know + + align:start position:0% +something now if you really want to know + + + align:start position:0% +something now if you really want to know +a cute way of doing this we'll talk + + align:start position:0% +a cute way of doing this we'll talk + + + align:start position:0% +a cute way of doing this we'll talk +about it later where you don't have to + + align:start position:0% +about it later where you don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +about it later where you don't have to +define the anonymous procedure any other + + align:start position:0% +define the anonymous procedure any other + + + align:start position:0% +define the anonymous procedure any other +questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's where we go for our break again + + align:start position:0% +that's where we go for our break again + + + align:start position:0% +that's where we go for our break again +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so now we've seen how to use high order + + align:start position:0% +so now we've seen how to use high order + + + align:start position:0% +so now we've seen how to use high order +procedures they're called that's + + align:start position:0% +procedures they're called that's + + + align:start position:0% +procedures they're called that's +procedures that take procedural + + align:start position:0% +procedures that take procedural + + + align:start position:0% +procedures that take procedural +arguments and produce procedural values + + align:start position:0% +arguments and produce procedural values + + + align:start position:0% +arguments and produce procedural values +to help us clarify and abstract some + + align:start position:0% +to help us clarify and abstract some + + + align:start position:0% +to help us clarify and abstract some +otherwise complicated processes + + align:start position:0% +otherwise complicated processes + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise complicated processes +I suppose what I'd like to do now is + + align:start position:0% +I suppose what I'd like to do now is + + + align:start position:0% +I suppose what I'd like to do now is +have a bit of fun with that and sort of + + align:start position:0% +have a bit of fun with that and sort of + + + align:start position:0% +have a bit of fun with that and sort of +a little practice as well so let's play + + align:start position:0% +a little practice as well so let's play + + + align:start position:0% +a little practice as well so let's play +with this square root they even more + + align:start position:0% +with this square root they even more + + + align:start position:0% +with this square root they even more +let's elaborate it and understand what's + + align:start position:0% +let's elaborate it and understand what's + + + align:start position:0% +let's elaborate it and understand what's +going on and make use of this kind of of + + align:start position:0% +going on and make use of this kind of of + + + align:start position:0% +going on and make use of this kind of of +programming style the one thing that's + + align:start position:0% +programming style the one thing that's + + + align:start position:0% +programming style the one thing that's +you might know is that there is a + + align:start position:0% +you might know is that there is a + + + align:start position:0% +you might know is that there is a +general method called Newton's method + + align:start position:0% +general method called Newton's method + + + align:start position:0% +general method called Newton's method +for the purpose of which is to find the + + align:start position:0% +for the purpose of which is to find the + + + align:start position:0% +for the purpose of which is to find the +roots that's the zeros of functions so + + align:start position:0% +roots that's the zeros of functions so + + + align:start position:0% +roots that's the zeros of functions so +for example to find a y and y such that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +f of y equals zero we start with some + + align:start position:0% +f of y equals zero we start with some + + + align:start position:0% +f of y equals zero we start with some +guess this is Newton's method + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the guests we start with will call + + align:start position:0% +and the guests we start with will call + + + align:start position:0% +and the guests we start with will call +y0 and then we will iterate the + + align:start position:0% +y0 and then we will iterate the + + + align:start position:0% +y0 and then we will iterate the +following the followings expression YN + + align:start position:0% +following the followings expression YN + + + align:start position:0% +following the followings expression YN +plus 1 this is a difference equation is + + align:start position:0% +plus 1 this is a difference equation is + + + align:start position:0% +plus 1 this is a difference equation is +yn minus F of yn over the derivative + + align:start position:0% +yn minus F of yn over the derivative + + + align:start position:0% +yn minus F of yn over the derivative +with respect to Y of F evaluated at y + + align:start position:0% +with respect to Y of F evaluated at y + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to Y of F evaluated at y +equal yn very strange notation I must + + align:start position:0% +equal yn very strange notation I must + + + align:start position:0% +equal yn very strange notation I must +say ugh ok the derivative of F with + + align:start position:0% +say ugh ok the derivative of F with + + + align:start position:0% +say ugh ok the derivative of F with +respect to Y is a function I'm having a + + align:start position:0% +respect to Y is a function I'm having a + + + align:start position:0% +respect to Y is a function I'm having a +little bit of unhappiness with that but + + align:start position:0% +little bit of unhappiness with that but + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of unhappiness with that but +that's alright + + align:start position:0% +that's alright + + + align:start position:0% +that's alright +turns out the programming language world + + align:start position:0% +turns out the programming language world + + + align:start position:0% +turns out the programming language world +notation is much clearer now what is + + align:start position:0% +notation is much clearer now what is + + + align:start position:0% +notation is much clearer now what is +this this will call Newton's method it's + + align:start position:0% +this this will call Newton's method it's + + + align:start position:0% +this this will call Newton's method it's +a method for finding the roots of the of + + align:start position:0% +a method for finding the roots of the of + + + align:start position:0% +a method for finding the roots of the of +the function f and of course sometimes + + align:start position:0% +the function f and of course sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +the function f and of course sometimes +converges and what it does does so very + + align:start position:0% +converges and what it does does so very + + + align:start position:0% +converges and what it does does so very +fast and sometimes it doesn't converge + + align:start position:0% +fast and sometimes it doesn't converge + + + align:start position:0% +fast and sometimes it doesn't converge +and oh well we have to do something else + + align:start position:0% +and oh well we have to do something else + + + align:start position:0% +and oh well we have to do something else +but let's talk about square root by + + align:start position:0% +but let's talk about square root by + + + align:start position:0% +but let's talk about square root by +Newton's method well that's rather + + align:start position:0% +Newton's method well that's rather + + + align:start position:0% +Newton's method well that's rather +interesting let's do exactly the same + + align:start position:0% +interesting let's do exactly the same + + + align:start position:0% +interesting let's do exactly the same +thing we did last time a bit of wishful + + align:start position:0% +thing we did last time a bit of wishful + + + align:start position:0% +thing we did last time a bit of wishful +thinking and we will apply Newton's + + align:start position:0% +thinking and we will apply Newton's + + + align:start position:0% +thinking and we will apply Newton's +method + + align:start position:0% +method + + + align:start position:0% +method +assuming we knew how to do it we don't + + align:start position:0% +assuming we knew how to do it we don't + + + align:start position:0% +assuming we knew how to do it we don't +know how to do it yet well let's go + + align:start position:0% +know how to do it yet well let's go + + + align:start position:0% +know how to do it yet well let's go +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +what do I have here the square root of x + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's Newton's method applied to a + + align:start position:0% +it's Newton's method applied to a + + + align:start position:0% +it's Newton's method applied to a +procedure which will represent that + + align:start position:0% +procedure which will represent that + + + align:start position:0% +procedure which will represent that +function of Y which computes that + + align:start position:0% +function of Y which computes that + + + align:start position:0% +function of Y which computes that +function of Y well that procedure is + + align:start position:0% +function of Y well that procedure is + + + align:start position:0% +function of Y well that procedure is +that procedure of Y which is the + + align:start position:0% +that procedure of Y which is the + + + align:start position:0% +that procedure of Y which is the +difference between X and the square of Y + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +indeed if I had a value of y for which + + align:start position:0% +indeed if I had a value of y for which + + + align:start position:0% +indeed if I had a value of y for which +this was zero then Y would be the square + + align:start position:0% +this was zero then Y would be the square + + + align:start position:0% +this was zero then Y would be the square +root of x see that ok I'm going to start + + align:start position:0% +root of x see that ok I'm going to start + + + align:start position:0% +root of x see that ok I'm going to start +this out searching at one again + + align:start position:0% +this out searching at one again + + + align:start position:0% +this out searching at one again +completely arbitrary property of square + + align:start position:0% +completely arbitrary property of square + + + align:start position:0% +completely arbitrary property of square +roots that I can do that now how am I + + align:start position:0% +roots that I can do that now how am I + + + align:start position:0% +roots that I can do that now how am I +going to compute Newton's method + + align:start position:0% +going to compute Newton's method + + + align:start position:0% +going to compute Newton's method +well news's method I have it right here + + align:start position:0% +well news's method I have it right here + + + align:start position:0% +well news's method I have it right here +in fact what I'm doing is looking for a + + align:start position:0% +in fact what I'm doing is looking for a + + + align:start position:0% +in fact what I'm doing is looking for a +fixed point of some product of some of + + align:start position:0% +fixed point of some product of some of + + + align:start position:0% +fixed point of some product of some of +some procedure this procedure involves + + align:start position:0% +some procedure this procedure involves + + + align:start position:0% +some procedure this procedure involves +some complicated expressions in terms of + + align:start position:0% +some complicated expressions in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +some complicated expressions in terms of +other complicated things but I'm trying + + align:start position:0% +other complicated things but I'm trying + + + align:start position:0% +other complicated things but I'm trying +to find the fix point of this I want to + + align:start position:0% +to find the fix point of this I want to + + + align:start position:0% +to find the fix point of this I want to +find the values of Y which if I put Y in + + align:start position:0% +find the values of Y which if I put Y in + + + align:start position:0% +find the values of Y which if I put Y in +here I get the same value out here up to + + align:start position:0% +here I get the same value out here up to + + + align:start position:0% +here I get the same value out here up to +some degree of accuracy well I already + + align:start position:0% +some degree of accuracy well I already + + + align:start position:0% +some degree of accuracy well I already +have a fixed point process around to do + + align:start position:0% +have a fixed point process around to do + + + align:start position:0% +have a fixed point process around to do +that and so let's just define Newton's + + align:start position:0% +that and so let's just define Newton's + + + align:start position:0% +that and so let's just define Newton's +method over here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I see a procedure which computes a + + align:start position:0% +I see a procedure which computes a + + + align:start position:0% +I see a procedure which computes a +function and a guess initial guess now + + align:start position:0% +function and a guess initial guess now + + + align:start position:0% +function and a guess initial guess now +I'm going to have to do something here + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to have to do something here + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to have to do something here +I'm going to need the derivative of the + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to need the derivative of the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to need the derivative of the +function I'm going to need a procedure + + align:start position:0% +function I'm going to need a procedure + + + align:start position:0% +function I'm going to need a procedure +which computes the derivative of the + + align:start position:0% +which computes the derivative of the + + + align:start position:0% +which computes the derivative of the +function computed by the given front of + + align:start position:0% +function computed by the given front of + + + align:start position:0% +function computed by the given front of +your f I'm trying to be very careful + + align:start position:0% +your f I'm trying to be very careful + + + align:start position:0% +your f I'm trying to be very careful +about what I say I don't want to mix up + + align:start position:0% +about what I say I don't want to mix up + + + align:start position:0% +about what I say I don't want to mix up +the word procedure and function + + align:start position:0% +the word procedure and function + + + align:start position:0% +the word procedure and function +functions a mathematical word says a + + align:start position:0% +functions a mathematical word says a + + + align:start position:0% +functions a mathematical word says a +mapping from from value from values to + + align:start position:0% +mapping from from value from values to + + + align:start position:0% +mapping from from value from values to +other values set of ordered pairs okay + + align:start position:0% +other values set of ordered pairs okay + + + align:start position:0% +other values set of ordered pairs okay +but but sometimes I will accidentally + + align:start position:0% +but but sometimes I will accidentally + + + align:start position:0% +but but sometimes I will accidentally +mix those up their procedures compute + + align:start position:0% +mix those up their procedures compute + + + align:start position:0% +mix those up their procedures compute +functions so I'm going to define the + + align:start position:0% +functions so I'm going to define the + + + align:start position:0% +functions so I'm going to define the +derivative of F to be by wishful + + align:start position:0% +derivative of F to be by wishful + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of F to be by wishful +thinking again I don't know how I'm + + align:start position:0% +thinking again I don't know how I'm + + + align:start position:0% +thinking again I don't know how I'm +going to do it + + align:start position:0% +going to do it + + + align:start position:0% +going to do it +let's worry about that later so if f is + + align:start position:0% +let's worry about that later so if f is + + + align:start position:0% +let's worry about that later so if f is +a procedure which happens to be this one + + align:start position:0% +a procedure which happens to be this one + + + align:start position:0% +a procedure which happens to be this one +over here for a square root then DF will + + align:start position:0% +over here for a square root then DF will + + + align:start position:0% +over here for a square root then DF will +be the derivative of it which is also + + align:start position:0% +be the derivative of it which is also + + + align:start position:0% +be the derivative of it which is also +well the derivative of the function + + align:start position:0% +well the derivative of the function + + + align:start position:0% +well the derivative of the function +computed by that procedure DF will be a + + align:start position:0% +computed by that procedure DF will be a + + + align:start position:0% +computed by that procedure DF will be a +procedure that is computes the + + align:start position:0% +procedure that is computes the + + + align:start position:0% +procedure that is computes the +derivative of that can function computed + + align:start position:0% +derivative of that can function computed + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of that can function computed +by the procedure F and then given that I + + align:start position:0% +by the procedure F and then given that I + + + align:start position:0% +by the procedure F and then given that I +will just go for looking for a fixed + + align:start position:0% +will just go for looking for a fixed + + + align:start position:0% +will just go for looking for a fixed +point + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what is the prefix point I'm looking for + + align:start position:0% +what is the prefix point I'm looking for + + + align:start position:0% +what is the prefix point I'm looking for +it's the one for that procedure of one + + align:start position:0% +it's the one for that procedure of one + + + align:start position:0% +it's the one for that procedure of one +argument X which I do Bute by + + align:start position:0% +argument X which I do Bute by + + + align:start position:0% +argument X which I do Bute by +subtracting X a field that's the yn here + + align:start position:0% +subtracting X a field that's the yn here + + + align:start position:0% +subtracting X a field that's the yn here +the quotient of f of X and the f of X + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +starting out with the original guess + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's all very simple now I have one + + align:start position:0% +that's all very simple now I have one + + + align:start position:0% +that's all very simple now I have one +part left and I haven't written and I + + align:start position:0% +part left and I haven't written and I + + + align:start position:0% +part left and I haven't written and I +want you to see the process by which I + + align:start position:0% +want you to see the process by which I + + + align:start position:0% +want you to see the process by which I +write these things because this is + + align:start position:0% +write these things because this is + + + align:start position:0% +write these things because this is +really true I start out with some + + align:start position:0% +really true I start out with some + + + align:start position:0% +really true I start out with some +mathematical idea perhaps by wishful + + align:start position:0% +mathematical idea perhaps by wishful + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical idea perhaps by wishful +thinking I assume that my son magic I + + align:start position:0% +thinking I assume that my son magic I + + + align:start position:0% +thinking I assume that my son magic I +can do something that I have a name for + + align:start position:0% +can do something that I have a name for + + + align:start position:0% +can do something that I have a name for +I'm not gonna worry about how I do it + + align:start position:0% +I'm not gonna worry about how I do it + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not gonna worry about how I do it +yet then I go walking down here and say + + align:start position:0% +yet then I go walking down here and say + + + align:start position:0% +yet then I go walking down here and say +well by some magic I'm something I'm + + align:start position:0% +well by some magic I'm something I'm + + + align:start position:0% +well by some magic I'm something I'm +gonna figure out how to do that but I'm + + align:start position:0% +gonna figure out how to do that but I'm + + + align:start position:0% +gonna figure out how to do that but I'm +gonna write my program anyway wishful + + align:start position:0% +gonna write my program anyway wishful + + + align:start position:0% +gonna write my program anyway wishful +thinking essential to good engineering + + align:start position:0% +thinking essential to good engineering + + + align:start position:0% +thinking essential to good engineering +and certainly essential to good computer + + align:start position:0% +and certainly essential to good computer + + + align:start position:0% +and certainly essential to good computer +science okay so anyway how many of you + + align:start position:0% +science okay so anyway how many of you + + + align:start position:0% +science okay so anyway how many of you +wish that your computer read faster yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well but derivative isn't so bad either + + align:start position:0% +well but derivative isn't so bad either + + + align:start position:0% +well but derivative isn't so bad either +it's sort of like average damping + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +derivative is a procedure that takes a + + align:start position:0% +derivative is a procedure that takes a + + + align:start position:0% +derivative is a procedure that takes a +procedure that computes a function as + + align:start position:0% +procedure that computes a function as + + + align:start position:0% +procedure that computes a function as +its argument and it produces a procedure + + align:start position:0% +its argument and it produces a procedure + + + align:start position:0% +its argument and it produces a procedure +that computes a function which needs one + + align:start position:0% +that computes a function which needs one + + + align:start position:0% +that computes a function which needs one +argument X but we all know this + + align:start position:0% +argument X but we all know this + + + align:start position:0% +argument X but we all know this +definition its f of X plus Delta X minus + + align:start position:0% +definition its f of X plus Delta X minus + + + align:start position:0% +definition its f of X plus Delta X minus +f X over Delta X right for some small + + align:start position:0% +f X over Delta X right for some small + + + align:start position:0% +f X over Delta X right for some small +Delta X so that's the quotient of the + + align:start position:0% +Delta X so that's the quotient of the + + + align:start position:0% +Delta X so that's the quotient of the +difference of F of the sum of X and DX + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +minus F like X + + align:start position:0% +minus F like X + + + align:start position:0% +minus F like X +/ TX + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I think the thing was lighting up + + align:start position:0% +I think the thing was lighting up + + + align:start position:0% +I think the thing was lighting up +correctly when I bounced the parentheses + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now I want you to look at this just look + + align:start position:0% +now I want you to look at this just look + + + align:start position:0% +now I want you to look at this just look +I suppose I haven't told you what the X + + align:start position:0% +I suppose I haven't told you what the X + + + align:start position:0% +I suppose I haven't told you what the X +is some words and the world I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +is some words and the world I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +is some words and the world I'm gonna +have to write down or something like + + align:start position:0% +have to write down or something like + + + align:start position:0% +have to write down or something like +that I'm not interested this is a + + align:start position:0% +that I'm not interested this is a + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm not interested this is a +procedure which takes a procedure and + + align:start position:0% +procedure which takes a procedure and + + + align:start position:0% +procedure which takes a procedure and +produces an approximation for a + + align:start position:0% +produces an approximation for a + + + align:start position:0% +produces an approximation for a +procedure that computes an approximation + + align:start position:0% +procedure that computes an approximation + + + align:start position:0% +procedure that computes an approximation +the derivative of the function computed + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of the function computed + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of the function computed +by the procedure given by the standard + + align:start position:0% +by the procedure given by the standard + + + align:start position:0% +by the procedure given by the standard +methods that you all know and love now + + align:start position:0% +methods that you all know and love now + + + align:start position:0% +methods that you all know and love now +it may not be the case that doing this + + align:start position:0% +it may not be the case that doing this + + + align:start position:0% +it may not be the case that doing this +operation is such a good way of + + align:start position:0% +operation is such a good way of + + + align:start position:0% +operation is such a good way of +approximating a derivative the numerical + + align:start position:0% +approximating a derivative the numerical + + + align:start position:0% +approximating a derivative the numerical +analysis here analysts here should jump + + align:start position:0% +analysis here analysts here should jump + + + align:start position:0% +analysis here analysts here should jump +on me and say don't do that computing + + align:start position:0% +on me and say don't do that computing + + + align:start position:0% +on me and say don't do that computing +derivatives produces noisy answers which + + align:start position:0% +derivatives produces noisy answers which + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives produces noisy answers which +is true okay however this again is for + + align:start position:0% +is true okay however this again is for + + + align:start position:0% +is true okay however this again is for +the sake of understanding look what + + align:start position:0% +the sake of understanding look what + + + align:start position:0% +the sake of understanding look what +we've got we've started out with what + + align:start position:0% +we've got we've started out with what + + + align:start position:0% +we've got we've started out with what +it's apparently a mathematically complex + + align:start position:0% +it's apparently a mathematically complex + + + align:start position:0% +it's apparently a mathematically complex +thing and in a few black words full + + align:start position:0% +thing and in a few black words full + + + align:start position:0% +thing and in a few black words full +we've managed to decompose the problem + + align:start position:0% +we've managed to decompose the problem + + + align:start position:0% +we've managed to decompose the problem +of computing square roots by the way you + + align:start position:0% +of computing square roots by the way you + + + align:start position:0% +of computing square roots by the way you +were taught in your college calculus + + align:start position:0% +were taught in your college calculus + + + align:start position:0% +were taught in your college calculus +class Newton's method so that it can be + + align:start position:0% +class Newton's method so that it can be + + + align:start position:0% +class Newton's method so that it can be +understood it's clear let's look at the + + align:start position:0% +understood it's clear let's look at the + + + align:start position:0% +understood it's clear let's look at the +structure of what it is we've got let's + + align:start position:0% +structure of what it is we've got let's + + + align:start position:0% +structure of what it is we've got let's +look at this slide this is a is a + + align:start position:0% +look at this slide this is a is a + + + align:start position:0% +look at this slide this is a is a +diagram of the machine described by the + + align:start position:0% +diagram of the machine described by the + + + align:start position:0% +diagram of the machine described by the +the program on the blackboard as a + + align:start position:0% +the program on the blackboard as a + + + align:start position:0% +the program on the blackboard as a +machine described here and what have I + + align:start position:0% +machine described here and what have I + + + align:start position:0% +machine described here and what have I +got over here is the Newton's method + + align:start position:0% +got over here is the Newton's method + + + align:start position:0% +got over here is the Newton's method +Newton's method function f that we have + + align:start position:0% +Newton's method function f that we have + + + align:start position:0% +Newton's method function f that we have +on the leftmost blackboard okay it's a + + align:start position:0% +on the leftmost blackboard okay it's a + + + align:start position:0% +on the leftmost blackboard okay it's a +thing that takes an argument called Y + + align:start position:0% +thing that takes an argument called Y + + + align:start position:0% +thing that takes an argument called Y +and puts out and puts out the difference + + align:start position:0% +and puts out and puts out the difference + + + align:start position:0% +and puts out and puts out the difference +between X and the square of Y where X is + + align:start position:0% +between X and the square of Y where X is + + + align:start position:0% +between X and the square of Y where X is +some sort of free variable that comes in + + align:start position:0% +some sort of free variable that comes in + + + align:start position:0% +some sort of free variable that comes in +from the outside by some magic so the + + align:start position:0% +from the outside by some magic so the + + + align:start position:0% +from the outside by some magic so the +square root routine picks up an X + + align:start position:0% +square root routine picks up an X + + + align:start position:0% +square root routine picks up an X +picks up an X and builds this procedure + + align:start position:0% +picks up an X and builds this procedure + + + align:start position:0% +picks up an X and builds this procedure +which has the X rolled up in it by + + align:start position:0% +which has the X rolled up in it by + + + align:start position:0% +which has the X rolled up in it by +substitution now this procedure in the + + align:start position:0% +substitution now this procedure in the + + + align:start position:0% +substitution now this procedure in the +cloud is fed in as the F okay into the + + align:start position:0% +cloud is fed in as the F okay into the + + + align:start position:0% +cloud is fed in as the F okay into the +Newton's method which is here this box + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the F is is fanned out part of it goes + + align:start position:0% +the F is is fanned out part of it goes + + + align:start position:0% +the F is is fanned out part of it goes +into something else and the other part + + align:start position:0% +into something else and the other part + + + align:start position:0% +into something else and the other part +of it goes through a derivative process + + align:start position:0% +of it goes through a derivative process + + + align:start position:0% +of it goes through a derivative process +into something else to produce a + + align:start position:0% +into something else to produce a + + + align:start position:0% +into something else to produce a +procedure which computes the function + + align:start position:0% +procedure which computes the function + + + align:start position:0% +procedure which computes the function +which is the iteration function of + + align:start position:0% +which is the iteration function of + + + align:start position:0% +which is the iteration function of +Newton's method when we use a fixed + + align:start position:0% +Newton's method when we use a fixed + + + align:start position:0% +Newton's method when we use a fixed +point method so this this procedure + + align:start position:0% +point method so this this procedure + + + align:start position:0% +point method so this this procedure +which King contains in it by + + align:start position:0% +which King contains in it by + + + align:start position:0% +which King contains in it by +substitution remember Newton's method + + align:start position:0% +substitution remember Newton's method + + + align:start position:0% +substitution remember Newton's method +over here Newton's method builds this + + align:start position:0% +over here Newton's method builds this + + + align:start position:0% +over here Newton's method builds this +procedure and Newton's method has in it + + align:start position:0% +procedure and Newton's method has in it + + + align:start position:0% +procedure and Newton's method has in it +defined F and DF so those are captured + + align:start position:0% +defined F and DF so those are captured + + + align:start position:0% +defined F and DF so those are captured +over here F and DF starting with this + + align:start position:0% +over here F and DF starting with this + + + align:start position:0% +over here F and DF starting with this +procedure + + align:start position:0% +procedure + + + align:start position:0% +procedure +I can now feed this to the fixed point + + align:start position:0% +I can now feed this to the fixed point + + + align:start position:0% +I can now feed this to the fixed point +process with an initial gas coming out + + align:start position:0% +process with an initial gas coming out + + + align:start position:0% +process with an initial gas coming out +from the outside from square root to + + align:start position:0% +from the outside from square root to + + + align:start position:0% +from the outside from square root to +produce the square root of x + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what we've built is a very powerful + + align:start position:0% +so what we've built is a very powerful + + + align:start position:0% +so what we've built is a very powerful +engine which allows us to make nice + + align:start position:0% +engine which allows us to make nice + + + align:start position:0% +engine which allows us to make nice +things like this now I want to I want to + + align:start position:0% +things like this now I want to I want to + + + align:start position:0% +things like this now I want to I want to +end this with basically an idea of Chris + + align:start position:0% +end this with basically an idea of Chris + + + align:start position:0% +end this with basically an idea of Chris +stretchy one of the grandfather's of + + align:start position:0% +stretchy one of the grandfather's of + + + align:start position:0% +stretchy one of the grandfather's of +computer science is logician who lived + + align:start position:0% +computer science is logician who lived + + + align:start position:0% +computer science is logician who lived +in the I suppose about 10 years ago or + + align:start position:0% +in the I suppose about 10 years ago or + + + align:start position:0% +in the I suppose about 10 years ago or +15 years ago he died I don't remember + + align:start position:0% +15 years ago he died I don't remember + + + align:start position:0% +15 years ago he died I don't remember +exactly when he was one of the inventors + + align:start position:0% +exactly when he was one of the inventors + + + align:start position:0% +exactly when he was one of the inventors +of something called denotational + + align:start position:0% +of something called denotational + + + align:start position:0% +of something called denotational +semantics he was a great advocate of + + align:start position:0% +semantics he was a great advocate of + + + align:start position:0% +semantics he was a great advocate of +making making procedures or functions + + align:start position:0% +making making procedures or functions + + + align:start position:0% +making making procedures or functions +first-class citizens in a programming + + align:start position:0% +first-class citizens in a programming + + + align:start position:0% +first-class citizens in a programming +language so here's the rights and + + align:start position:0% +language so here's the rights and + + + align:start position:0% +language so here's the rights and +privileges of first-class citizens in a + + align:start position:0% +privileges of first-class citizens in a + + + align:start position:0% +privileges of first-class citizens in a +programming language allows you to make + + align:start position:0% +programming language allows you to make + + + align:start position:0% +programming language allows you to make +any abstraction you like if you have + + align:start position:0% +any abstraction you like if you have + + + align:start position:0% +any abstraction you like if you have +these if you have functions as + + align:start position:0% +these if you have functions as + + + align:start position:0% +these if you have functions as +first-class citizens they must be the + + align:start position:0% +first-class citizens they must be the + + + align:start position:0% +first-class citizens they must be the +first-class citizens must be able to be + + align:start position:0% +first-class citizens must be able to be + + + align:start position:0% +first-class citizens must be able to be +named by variables and you're seeing me + + align:start position:0% +named by variables and you're seeing me + + + align:start position:0% +named by variables and you're seeing me +doing that all the time + + align:start position:0% +doing that all the time + + + align:start position:0% +doing that all the time +I'm here's a nice variable which names a + + align:start position:0% +I'm here's a nice variable which names a + + + align:start position:0% +I'm here's a nice variable which names a +procedure which computes something okay + + align:start position:0% +procedure which computes something okay + + + align:start position:0% +procedure which computes something okay +there's a they have to be passed as + + align:start position:0% +there's a they have to be passed as + + + align:start position:0% +there's a they have to be passed as +arguments to procedures well you've + + align:start position:0% +arguments to procedures well you've + + + align:start position:0% +arguments to procedures well you've +certainly seen that we have to be able + + align:start position:0% +certainly seen that we have to be able + + + align:start position:0% +certainly seen that we have to be able +to return them as values from procedures + + align:start position:0% +to return them as values from procedures + + + align:start position:0% +to return them as values from procedures +and I suppose we've seen that we haven't + + align:start position:0% +and I suppose we've seen that we haven't + + + align:start position:0% +and I suppose we've seen that we haven't +yet seen anything about data structures + + align:start position:0% +yet seen anything about data structures + + + align:start position:0% +yet seen anything about data structures +we will soon but it's also the case that + + align:start position:0% +we will soon but it's also the case that + + + align:start position:0% +we will soon but it's also the case that +in order to have a first-class citizen + + align:start position:0% +in order to have a first-class citizen + + + align:start position:0% +in order to have a first-class citizen +in the programming language the object + + align:start position:0% +in the programming language the object + + + align:start position:0% +in the programming language the object +has to be allowed to be part of a data + + align:start position:0% +has to be allowed to be part of a data + + + align:start position:0% +has to be allowed to be part of a data +structure we're going to see that soon + + align:start position:0% +structure we're going to see that soon + + + align:start position:0% +structure we're going to see that soon +so let's want to close with this and say + + align:start position:0% +so let's want to close with this and say + + + align:start position:0% +so let's want to close with this and say +this having things like procedures as + + align:start position:0% +this having things like procedures as + + + align:start position:0% +this having things like procedures as +first-class data structures first-class + + align:start position:0% +first-class data structures first-class + + + align:start position:0% +first-class data structures first-class +data allows one to make powerful + + align:start position:0% +data allows one to make powerful + + + align:start position:0% +data allows one to make powerful +abstractions which encode general + + align:start position:0% +abstractions which encode general + + + align:start position:0% +abstractions which encode general +methods like Newton's method in a very + + align:start position:0% +methods like Newton's method in a very + + + align:start position:0% +methods like Newton's method in a very +clear way are there any questions yes + + align:start position:0% +clear way are there any questions yes + + + align:start position:0% +clear way are there any questions yes +derivative DF Direct mean + + align:start position:0% +derivative DF Direct mean + + + align:start position:0% +derivative DF Direct mean +oh sure yes I could have put derivative + + align:start position:0% +oh sure yes I could have put derivative + + + align:start position:0% +oh sure yes I could have put derivative +that right here no question mm-hmm + + align:start position:0% +that right here no question mm-hmm + + + align:start position:0% +that right here no question mm-hmm +anytime you see something defined you + + align:start position:0% +anytime you see something defined you + + + align:start position:0% +anytime you see something defined you +could put the thing that the definition + + align:start position:0% +could put the thing that the definition + + + align:start position:0% +could put the thing that the definition +is there and you should get the same + + align:start position:0% +is there and you should get the same + + + align:start position:0% +is there and you should get the same +result in fact that what that would look + + align:start position:0% +result in fact that what that would look + + + align:start position:0% +result in fact that what that would look +like it's an interest mm-hmm the lambda + + align:start position:0% +like it's an interest mm-hmm the lambda + + + align:start position:0% +like it's an interest mm-hmm the lambda +expression in there I could also put + + align:start position:0% +expression in there I could also put + + + align:start position:0% +expression in there I could also put +that I could also put derivative F here + + align:start position:0% +that I could also put derivative F here + + + align:start position:0% +that I could also put derivative F here +okay it would look interesting because + + align:start position:0% +okay it would look interesting because + + + align:start position:0% +okay it would look interesting because +it would be open paren open paren + + align:start position:0% +it would be open paren open paren + + + align:start position:0% +it would be open paren open paren +derivative F close paren on X now that + + align:start position:0% +derivative F close paren on X now that + + + align:start position:0% +derivative F close paren on X now that +would have the bad property of computing + + align:start position:0% +would have the bad property of computing + + + align:start position:0% +would have the bad property of computing +the derivative many times because every + + align:start position:0% +the derivative many times because every + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative many times because every +time I would run this procedure I would + + align:start position:0% +time I would run this procedure I would + + + align:start position:0% +time I would run this procedure I would +compute the derivative again however the + + align:start position:0% +compute the derivative again however the + + + align:start position:0% +compute the derivative again however the +two open parens here both would be + + align:start position:0% +two open parens here both would be + + + align:start position:0% +two open parens here both would be +meaningful I want you understand + + align:start position:0% +meaningful I want you understand + + + align:start position:0% +meaningful I want you understand +syntactically that that's a sensible + + align:start position:0% +syntactically that that's a sensible + + + align:start position:0% +syntactically that that's a sensible +thing which if I were to rewrite this + + align:start position:0% +thing which if I were to rewrite this + + + align:start position:0% +thing which if I were to rewrite this +program and I should do it right here + + align:start position:0% +program and I should do it right here + + + align:start position:0% +program and I should do it right here +just tell you see because that's a good + + align:start position:0% +just tell you see because that's a good + + + align:start position:0% +just tell you see because that's a good +question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +F and guess to be fixed point + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of that procedure of one argument X + + align:start position:0% +of that procedure of one argument X + + + align:start position:0% +of that procedure of one argument X +which subtracts from X the quotient of F + + align:start position:0% +which subtracts from X the quotient of F + + + align:start position:0% +which subtracts from X the quotient of F +applied to X and the derivative + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +applied to X + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this guess okay this is a perfectly + + align:start position:0% +this guess okay this is a perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +this guess okay this is a perfectly +legitimate program because what I have + + align:start position:0% +legitimate program because what I have + + + align:start position:0% +legitimate program because what I have +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +remember the evaluation rule the + + align:start position:0% +remember the evaluation rule the + + + align:start position:0% +remember the evaluation rule the +evaluation rule is evaluate all of the + + align:start position:0% +evaluation rule is evaluate all of the + + + align:start position:0% +evaluation rule is evaluate all of the +parts of the combination the operator + + align:start position:0% +parts of the combination the operator + + + align:start position:0% +parts of the combination the operator +and the operands this is the operator of + + align:start position:0% +and the operands this is the operator of + + + align:start position:0% +and the operands this is the operator of +this combination evaluating this + + align:start position:0% +this combination evaluating this + + + align:start position:0% +this combination evaluating this +operator role of course produce the + + align:start position:0% +operator role of course produce the + + + align:start position:0% +operator role of course produce the +derivative of F + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +get eat one step further you could put + + align:start position:0% +get eat one step further you could put + + + align:start position:0% +get eat one step further you could put +I'm the expression that of course right + + align:start position:0% +I'm the expression that of course right + + + align:start position:0% +I'm the expression that of course right +anytime I take something which is + + align:start position:0% +anytime I take something which is + + + align:start position:0% +anytime I take something which is +defined I could put the thing it's + + align:start position:0% +defined I could put the thing it's + + + align:start position:0% +defined I could put the thing it's +defined to be in the place where the + + align:start position:0% +defined to be in the place where the + + + align:start position:0% +defined to be in the place where the +thing to find is I can't remember which + + align:start position:0% +thing to find is I can't remember which + + + align:start position:0% +thing to find is I can't remember which +is different definitions and which is + + align:start position:0% +is different definitions and which is + + + align:start position:0% +is different definitions and which is +definitely in the eye when I'm trying to + + align:start position:0% +definitely in the eye when I'm trying to + + + align:start position:0% +definitely in the eye when I'm trying to +figure out how to give a lecture about + + align:start position:0% +figure out how to give a lecture about + + + align:start position:0% +figure out how to give a lecture about +this in a freshman class I use such + + align:start position:0% +this in a freshman class I use such + + + align:start position:0% +this in a freshman class I use such +words and and tell everybody it's fun to + + align:start position:0% +words and and tell everybody it's fun to + + + align:start position:0% +words and and tell everybody it's fun to +tell their friends ok I think that's it + + align:start position:0% +tell their friends ok I think that's it + + + align:start position:0% +tell their friends ok I think that's it +[Music] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eRZDD6Ypdc0.txt b/eRZDD6Ypdc0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8ddf87948dddaf95eda575afe032ee9be86e1682 --- /dev/null +++ b/eRZDD6Ypdc0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2411 @@ +align:start position:0% + +here you see + + align:start position:0% +here you see + + + align:start position:0% +here you see +a circuit powered by a battery and + + align:start position:0% +a circuit powered by a battery and + + + align:start position:0% +a circuit powered by a battery and +connected through a light bulb + + align:start position:0% +connected through a light bulb + + + align:start position:0% +connected through a light bulb +this section of the circuit is made from + + align:start position:0% +this section of the circuit is made from + + + align:start position:0% +this section of the circuit is made from +copper foil + + align:start position:0% +copper foil + + + align:start position:0% +copper foil +we can put a cut into the foil to make + + align:start position:0% +we can put a cut into the foil to make + + + align:start position:0% +we can put a cut into the foil to make +this circuit incomplete + + align:start position:0% +this circuit incomplete + + + align:start position:0% +this circuit incomplete +taking advantage of the thermal + + align:start position:0% +taking advantage of the thermal + + + align:start position:0% +taking advantage of the thermal +expansion properties of copper + + align:start position:0% +expansion properties of copper + + + align:start position:0% +expansion properties of copper +we can place some candles under the foil + + align:start position:0% +we can place some candles under the foil + + + align:start position:0% +we can place some candles under the foil +to provide enough heat to expand the + + align:start position:0% +to provide enough heat to expand the + + + align:start position:0% +to provide enough heat to expand the +foil and complete the circuit again many + + align:start position:0% +foil and complete the circuit again many + + + align:start position:0% +foil and complete the circuit again many +materials like metals + + align:start position:0% +materials like metals + + + align:start position:0% +materials like metals +expand when you heat them but other + + align:start position:0% +expand when you heat them but other + + + align:start position:0% +expand when you heat them but other +materials + + align:start position:0% +materials + + + align:start position:0% +materials +like polymers shrink when heated + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the difference in the macroscopic + + align:start position:0% +the difference in the macroscopic + + + align:start position:0% +the difference in the macroscopic +behavior of these two materials + + align:start position:0% +behavior of these two materials + + + align:start position:0% +behavior of these two materials +is determined by very different + + align:start position:0% +is determined by very different + + + align:start position:0% +is determined by very different +microscopic structures + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +statistical mechanics is the method used + + align:start position:0% +statistical mechanics is the method used + + + align:start position:0% +statistical mechanics is the method used +to describe and predict + + align:start position:0% +to describe and predict + + + align:start position:0% +to describe and predict +behavior at the macro scale based on + + align:start position:0% +behavior at the macro scale based on + + + align:start position:0% +behavior at the macro scale based on +statistical models + + align:start position:0% +statistical models + + + align:start position:0% +statistical models +of microscopic behavior the first step + + align:start position:0% +of microscopic behavior the first step + + + align:start position:0% +of microscopic behavior the first step +to understanding the power + + align:start position:0% +to understanding the power + + + align:start position:0% +to understanding the power +of statistical mechanics is to use this + + align:start position:0% +of statistical mechanics is to use this + + + align:start position:0% +of statistical mechanics is to use this +method to define + + align:start position:0% +method to define + + + align:start position:0% +method to define +and understand temperature in terms of + + align:start position:0% +and understand temperature in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +and understand temperature in terms of +macro state parameters + + align:start position:0% +macro state parameters + + + align:start position:0% +macro state parameters +the notion of equilibrium will also + + align:start position:0% +the notion of equilibrium will also + + + align:start position:0% +the notion of equilibrium will also +prove to be useful + + align:start position:0% +prove to be useful + + + align:start position:0% +prove to be useful +in this exercise this video is part of + + align:start position:0% +in this exercise this video is part of + + + align:start position:0% +in this exercise this video is part of +the equilibrium video series + + align:start position:0% +the equilibrium video series + + + align:start position:0% +the equilibrium video series +it is often important to determine + + align:start position:0% +it is often important to determine + + + align:start position:0% +it is often important to determine +whether or not a system is + + align:start position:0% +whether or not a system is + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not a system is +at equilibrium to do this we must + + align:start position:0% +at equilibrium to do this we must + + + align:start position:0% +at equilibrium to do this we must +understand how a system's equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +understand how a system's equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +understand how a system's equilibrium +state + + align:start position:0% +state + + + align:start position:0% +state +is constrained by its boundary and + + align:start position:0% +is constrained by its boundary and + + + align:start position:0% +is constrained by its boundary and +surroundings + + align:start position:0% +surroundings + + + align:start position:0% +surroundings +hi my name is jeff grossman and i'm a + + align:start position:0% +hi my name is jeff grossman and i'm a + + + align:start position:0% +hi my name is jeff grossman and i'm a +professor in the mit department of + + align:start position:0% +professor in the mit department of + + + align:start position:0% +professor in the mit department of +materials science + + align:start position:0% +materials science + + + align:start position:0% +materials science +and engineering before watching this + + align:start position:0% +and engineering before watching this + + + align:start position:0% +and engineering before watching this +video + + align:start position:0% +video + + + align:start position:0% +video +you should be familiar with the second + + align:start position:0% +you should be familiar with the second + + + align:start position:0% +you should be familiar with the second +law of thermodynamics + + align:start position:0% +law of thermodynamics + + + align:start position:0% +law of thermodynamics +and the definitions of microstate + + align:start position:0% +and the definitions of microstate + + + align:start position:0% +and the definitions of microstate +macrostate and entropy + + align:start position:0% +macrostate and entropy + + + align:start position:0% +macrostate and entropy +after watching this video you will be + + align:start position:0% +after watching this video you will be + + + align:start position:0% +after watching this video you will be +able to explain + + align:start position:0% +able to explain + + + align:start position:0% +able to explain +how the definition of temperature arises + + align:start position:0% +how the definition of temperature arises + + + align:start position:0% +how the definition of temperature arises +as a derivative of entropy + + align:start position:0% +as a derivative of entropy + + + align:start position:0% +as a derivative of entropy +with respect to energy + + align:start position:0% +with respect to energy + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to energy +consider an isolated insulated box of + + align:start position:0% +consider an isolated insulated box of + + + align:start position:0% +consider an isolated insulated box of +non-interacting particles + + align:start position:0% +non-interacting particles + + + align:start position:0% +non-interacting particles +we can characterize this box + + align:start position:0% +we can characterize this box + + + align:start position:0% +we can characterize this box +macroscopically + + align:start position:0% +macroscopically + + + align:start position:0% +macroscopically +by three parameters the volume of the + + align:start position:0% +by three parameters the volume of the + + + align:start position:0% +by three parameters the volume of the +box + + align:start position:0% +box + + + align:start position:0% +box +the number of particles in the box + + align:start position:0% +the number of particles in the box + + + align:start position:0% +the number of particles in the box +measured in moles + + align:start position:0% +measured in moles + + + align:start position:0% +measured in moles +and the total energy the volume of the + + align:start position:0% +and the total energy the volume of the + + + align:start position:0% +and the total energy the volume of the +box + + align:start position:0% +box + + + align:start position:0% +box +and the number of particles and the + + align:start position:0% +and the number of particles and the + + + align:start position:0% +and the number of particles and the +total energy in this box + + align:start position:0% +total energy in this box + + + align:start position:0% +total energy in this box +are fixed thus a microstate that + + align:start position:0% +are fixed thus a microstate that + + + align:start position:0% +are fixed thus a microstate that +corresponds to such a macrostate is the + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to such a macrostate is the + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to such a macrostate is the +velocity and position + + align:start position:0% +velocity and position + + + align:start position:0% +velocity and position +of each particle in the box with this + + align:start position:0% +of each particle in the box with this + + + align:start position:0% +of each particle in the box with this +information + + align:start position:0% +information + + + align:start position:0% +information +we can determine the movement and + + align:start position:0% +we can determine the movement and + + + align:start position:0% +we can determine the movement and +position of every particle in the box + + align:start position:0% +position of every particle in the box + + + align:start position:0% +position of every particle in the box +and we obtain the total energy as + + align:start position:0% +and we obtain the total energy as + + + align:start position:0% +and we obtain the total energy as +one-half mv squared summed over all + + align:start position:0% +one-half mv squared summed over all + + + align:start position:0% +one-half mv squared summed over all +particles + + align:start position:0% +particles + + + align:start position:0% +particles +as you can imagine measuring changes in + + align:start position:0% +as you can imagine measuring changes in + + + align:start position:0% +as you can imagine measuring changes in +the system + + align:start position:0% +the system + + + align:start position:0% +the system +by tracking each and every microstate + + align:start position:0% +by tracking each and every microstate + + + align:start position:0% +by tracking each and every microstate +would be a computational nightmare + + align:start position:0% +would be a computational nightmare + + + align:start position:0% +would be a computational nightmare +instead we consider omega the number of + + align:start position:0% +instead we consider omega the number of + + + align:start position:0% +instead we consider omega the number of +microstates that correspond + + align:start position:0% +microstates that correspond + + + align:start position:0% +microstates that correspond +to a system with macro parameters e + + align:start position:0% +to a system with macro parameters e + + + align:start position:0% +to a system with macro parameters e +n and v now let's consider an isolated + + align:start position:0% +n and v now let's consider an isolated + + + align:start position:0% +n and v now let's consider an isolated +system comprised of two boxes of + + align:start position:0% +system comprised of two boxes of + + + align:start position:0% +system comprised of two boxes of +non-interacting particles + + align:start position:0% +non-interacting particles + + + align:start position:0% +non-interacting particles +the wall separating the two boxes allows + + align:start position:0% +the wall separating the two boxes allows + + + align:start position:0% +the wall separating the two boxes allows +the transfer + + align:start position:0% +the transfer + + + align:start position:0% +the transfer +of energy but does not allow particles + + align:start position:0% +of energy but does not allow particles + + + align:start position:0% +of energy but does not allow particles +to cross it + + align:start position:0% +to cross it + + + align:start position:0% +to cross it +what changes in macrostate parameters do + + align:start position:0% +what changes in macrostate parameters do + + + align:start position:0% +what changes in macrostate parameters do +we observe in our system + + align:start position:0% +we observe in our system + + + align:start position:0% +we observe in our system +pause the video here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the volume and number of particles in + + align:start position:0% +the volume and number of particles in + + + align:start position:0% +the volume and number of particles in +each box is fixed and + + align:start position:0% +each box is fixed and + + + align:start position:0% +each box is fixed and +unchanging because energy in the form of + + align:start position:0% +unchanging because energy in the form of + + + align:start position:0% +unchanging because energy in the form of +heat + + align:start position:0% +heat + + + align:start position:0% +heat +can be transferred through the wall e1 + + align:start position:0% +can be transferred through the wall e1 + + + align:start position:0% +can be transferred through the wall e1 +and e2 can change + + align:start position:0% +and e2 can change + + + align:start position:0% +and e2 can change +but of course the total energy e equals + + align:start position:0% +but of course the total energy e equals + + + align:start position:0% +but of course the total energy e equals +e1 plus e2 + + align:start position:0% +e1 plus e2 + + + align:start position:0% +e1 plus e2 +stays the same because the two box + + align:start position:0% +stays the same because the two box + + + align:start position:0% +stays the same because the two box +system is thermally isolated + + align:start position:0% +system is thermally isolated + + + align:start position:0% +system is thermally isolated +let's count the total number of + + align:start position:0% +let's count the total number of + + + align:start position:0% +let's count the total number of +microstates that the composite system + + align:start position:0% +microstates that the composite system + + + align:start position:0% +microstates that the composite system +can have + + align:start position:0% +can have + + + align:start position:0% +can have +which correspond to a total system + + align:start position:0% +which correspond to a total system + + + align:start position:0% +which correspond to a total system +energy e + + align:start position:0% +energy e + + + align:start position:0% +energy e +the easiest way to do this is to first + + align:start position:0% +the easiest way to do this is to first + + + align:start position:0% +the easiest way to do this is to first +find a new function + + align:start position:0% +find a new function + + + align:start position:0% +find a new function +f of e1 which is the number of + + align:start position:0% +f of e1 which is the number of + + + align:start position:0% +f of e1 which is the number of +microstates + + align:start position:0% +microstates + + + align:start position:0% +microstates +of the composite system when box one has + + align:start position:0% +of the composite system when box one has + + + align:start position:0% +of the composite system when box one has +energy + + align:start position:0% +energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy +e1 to do this we count the number of + + align:start position:0% +e1 to do this we count the number of + + + align:start position:0% +e1 to do this we count the number of +microstates where box one has + + align:start position:0% +microstates where box one has + + + align:start position:0% +microstates where box one has +some energy e1 and multiply this by the + + align:start position:0% +some energy e1 and multiply this by the + + + align:start position:0% +some energy e1 and multiply this by the +number of microstates where box 2 + + align:start position:0% +number of microstates where box 2 + + + align:start position:0% +number of microstates where box 2 +has energy e minus e1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then to find the total number of + + align:start position:0% +then to find the total number of + + + align:start position:0% +then to find the total number of +microstates for the composite system + + align:start position:0% +microstates for the composite system + + + align:start position:0% +microstates for the composite system +we need to sum the function f over all + + align:start position:0% +we need to sum the function f over all + + + align:start position:0% +we need to sum the function f over all +ways we could have selected + + align:start position:0% +ways we could have selected + + + align:start position:0% +ways we could have selected +e1 we want to understand more about this + + align:start position:0% +e1 we want to understand more about this + + + align:start position:0% +e1 we want to understand more about this +function f + + align:start position:0% +function f + + + align:start position:0% +function f +because it is key to defining omega + + align:start position:0% +because it is key to defining omega + + + align:start position:0% +because it is key to defining omega +let's look at a typical example to see + + align:start position:0% +let's look at a typical example to see + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at a typical example to see +what f looks like + + align:start position:0% +what f looks like + + + align:start position:0% +what f looks like +we can explore the function f by + + align:start position:0% +we can explore the function f by + + + align:start position:0% +we can explore the function f by +considering a simple case + + align:start position:0% +considering a simple case + + + align:start position:0% +considering a simple case +where each particle can only exist in + + align:start position:0% +where each particle can only exist in + + + align:start position:0% +where each particle can only exist in +one of two + + align:start position:0% +one of two + + + align:start position:0% +one of two +allowable energy states one with energy + + align:start position:0% +allowable energy states one with energy + + + align:start position:0% +allowable energy states one with energy +zero + + align:start position:0% +zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero +and the other with one + + align:start position:0% +and the other with one + + + align:start position:0% +and the other with one +suppose i have fifty particles in box + + align:start position:0% +suppose i have fifty particles in box + + + align:start position:0% +suppose i have fifty particles in box +one and one hundred particles in box two + + align:start position:0% +one and one hundred particles in box two + + + align:start position:0% +one and one hundred particles in box two +and the total energy of the system is + + align:start position:0% +and the total energy of the system is + + + align:start position:0% +and the total energy of the system is +fixed at say eighty + + align:start position:0% +fixed at say eighty + + + align:start position:0% +fixed at say eighty +in order to reach this total energy the + + align:start position:0% +in order to reach this total energy the + + + align:start position:0% +in order to reach this total energy the +energy e1 + + align:start position:0% +energy e1 + + + align:start position:0% +energy e1 +in box 1 can range from 0 to 50. + + align:start position:0% +in box 1 can range from 0 to 50. + + + align:start position:0% +in box 1 can range from 0 to 50. +this is the graph for the number of + + align:start position:0% +this is the graph for the number of + + + align:start position:0% +this is the graph for the number of +microstates with total energy e + + align:start position:0% +microstates with total energy e + + + align:start position:0% +microstates with total energy e +having a given e1 we get this graph + + align:start position:0% +having a given e1 we get this graph + + + align:start position:0% +having a given e1 we get this graph +by looking at all ways to assign every + + align:start position:0% +by looking at all ways to assign every + + + align:start position:0% +by looking at all ways to assign every +particle + + align:start position:0% +particle + + + align:start position:0% +particle +a zero or one state such that the energy + + align:start position:0% +a zero or one state such that the energy + + + align:start position:0% +a zero or one state such that the energy +in box one is + + align:start position:0% +in box one is + + + align:start position:0% +in box one is +e1 and the energy in box two is e minus + + align:start position:0% +e1 and the energy in box two is e minus + + + align:start position:0% +e1 and the energy in box two is e minus +e1 we can imagine that the sum that + + align:start position:0% +e1 we can imagine that the sum that + + + align:start position:0% +e1 we can imagine that the sum that +defines omega + + align:start position:0% +defines omega + + + align:start position:0% +defines omega +is the area under this graph + + align:start position:0% +is the area under this graph + + + align:start position:0% +is the area under this graph +look at how peaked this graph is + + align:start position:0% +look at how peaked this graph is + + + align:start position:0% +look at how peaked this graph is +with increasing number of particles the + + align:start position:0% +with increasing number of particles the + + + align:start position:0% +with increasing number of particles the +graph becomes + + align:start position:0% +graph becomes + + + align:start position:0% +graph becomes +more and more strongly peaked + + align:start position:0% +more and more strongly peaked + + + align:start position:0% +more and more strongly peaked +remember in a realistic situation the + + align:start position:0% +remember in a realistic situation the + + + align:start position:0% +remember in a realistic situation the +number of particles is going to be on + + align:start position:0% +number of particles is going to be on + + + align:start position:0% +number of particles is going to be on +the order of + + align:start position:0% +the order of + + + align:start position:0% +the order of +avogadro's number which means the + + align:start position:0% +avogadro's number which means the + + + align:start position:0% +avogadro's number which means the +distribution of energies will be highly + + align:start position:0% +distribution of energies will be highly + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of energies will be highly +peaked + + align:start position:0% +peaked + + + align:start position:0% +peaked +with a very small standard deviation + + align:start position:0% +with a very small standard deviation + + + align:start position:0% +with a very small standard deviation +statistically this means as the number + + align:start position:0% +statistically this means as the number + + + align:start position:0% +statistically this means as the number +of particles becomes larger + + align:start position:0% +of particles becomes larger + + + align:start position:0% +of particles becomes larger +the energy in box 1 is almost always + + align:start position:0% +the energy in box 1 is almost always + + + align:start position:0% +the energy in box 1 is almost always +very close to this peak value + + align:start position:0% +very close to this peak value + + + align:start position:0% +very close to this peak value +let's define e m to be the box one + + align:start position:0% +let's define e m to be the box one + + + align:start position:0% +let's define e m to be the box one +energy corresponding to the peak value + + align:start position:0% +energy corresponding to the peak value + + + align:start position:0% +energy corresponding to the peak value +of f + + align:start position:0% +of f + + + align:start position:0% +of f +so how do we find e m pause the video + + align:start position:0% +so how do we find e m pause the video + + + align:start position:0% +so how do we find e m pause the video +and think about it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to find em we want to maximize the + + align:start position:0% +to find em we want to maximize the + + + align:start position:0% +to find em we want to maximize the +function f + + align:start position:0% +function f + + + align:start position:0% +function f +with respect to e1 since the volume + + align:start position:0% +with respect to e1 since the volume + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to e1 since the volume +number and total energy of the system + + align:start position:0% +number and total energy of the system + + + align:start position:0% +number and total energy of the system +are fixed differentiate + + align:start position:0% +are fixed differentiate + + + align:start position:0% +are fixed differentiate +f with respect to e1 the maximum occurs + + align:start position:0% +f with respect to e1 the maximum occurs + + + align:start position:0% +f with respect to e1 the maximum occurs +when this derivative is zero + + align:start position:0% +when this derivative is zero + + + align:start position:0% +when this derivative is zero +take a moment to carry out this + + align:start position:0% +take a moment to carry out this + + + align:start position:0% +take a moment to carry out this +derivative and check your solution with + + align:start position:0% +derivative and check your solution with + + + align:start position:0% +derivative and check your solution with +ours + + align:start position:0% +ours + + + align:start position:0% +ours +pause the video + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we obtain the following expression + + align:start position:0% +we obtain the following expression + + + align:start position:0% +we obtain the following expression +thus the energy em that leads to the + + align:start position:0% +thus the energy em that leads to the + + + align:start position:0% +thus the energy em that leads to the +greatest number of composite system + + align:start position:0% +greatest number of composite system + + + align:start position:0% +greatest number of composite system +microstates + + align:start position:0% +microstates + + + align:start position:0% +microstates +is defined by this elegant condition + + align:start position:0% +is defined by this elegant condition + + + align:start position:0% +is defined by this elegant condition +so let's define a new macro parameter s + + align:start position:0% +so let's define a new macro parameter s + + + align:start position:0% +so let's define a new macro parameter s +called entropy the kb is boltzmann's + + align:start position:0% +called entropy the kb is boltzmann's + + + align:start position:0% +called entropy the kb is boltzmann's +constant + + align:start position:0% +constant + + + align:start position:0% +constant +we'll explain why we include it later by + + align:start position:0% +we'll explain why we include it later by + + + align:start position:0% +we'll explain why we include it later by +defining this new term + + align:start position:0% +defining this new term + + + align:start position:0% +defining this new term +entropy our condition above occurs + + align:start position:0% +entropy our condition above occurs + + + align:start position:0% +entropy our condition above occurs +when the derivative of the entropy of + + align:start position:0% +when the derivative of the entropy of + + + align:start position:0% +when the derivative of the entropy of +box one with respect to the energy of + + align:start position:0% +box one with respect to the energy of + + + align:start position:0% +box one with respect to the energy of +box one + + align:start position:0% +box one + + + align:start position:0% +box one +is equal to the derivative of the + + align:start position:0% +is equal to the derivative of the + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to the derivative of the +entropy of box two + + align:start position:0% +entropy of box two + + + align:start position:0% +entropy of box two +with respect to the energy of box 2. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so on average we expect the energy of + + align:start position:0% +so on average we expect the energy of + + + align:start position:0% +so on average we expect the energy of +box 1 to be + + align:start position:0% +box 1 to be + + + align:start position:0% +box 1 to be +very close to em + + align:start position:0% +very close to em + + + align:start position:0% +very close to em +but what happens if box one starts with + + align:start position:0% +but what happens if box one starts with + + + align:start position:0% +but what happens if box one starts with +some different energy + + align:start position:0% +some different energy + + + align:start position:0% +some different energy +maybe an energy significantly different + + align:start position:0% +maybe an energy significantly different + + + align:start position:0% +maybe an energy significantly different +from em + + align:start position:0% +from em + + + align:start position:0% +from em +statistically because such a state is so + + align:start position:0% +statistically because such a state is so + + + align:start position:0% +statistically because such a state is so +much less likely + + align:start position:0% +much less likely + + + align:start position:0% +much less likely +when contact between the boxes is made + + align:start position:0% +when contact between the boxes is made + + + align:start position:0% +when contact between the boxes is made +the energy will redistribute + + align:start position:0% +the energy will redistribute + + + align:start position:0% +the energy will redistribute +over time towards the most likely state + + align:start position:0% +over time towards the most likely state + + + align:start position:0% +over time towards the most likely state +where box one + + align:start position:0% +where box one + + + align:start position:0% +where box one +has energy em this process of + + align:start position:0% +has energy em this process of + + + align:start position:0% +has energy em this process of +energy redistribution is called + + align:start position:0% +energy redistribution is called + + + align:start position:0% +energy redistribution is called +equilibration + + align:start position:0% +equilibration + + + align:start position:0% +equilibration +and the state with the highest + + align:start position:0% +and the state with the highest + + + align:start position:0% +and the state with the highest +likelihood is called equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +likelihood is called equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood is called equilibrium +how do we know we've landed in an + + align:start position:0% +how do we know we've landed in an + + + align:start position:0% +how do we know we've landed in an +equilibrium state + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium state + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium state +if the derivative condition we found + + align:start position:0% +if the derivative condition we found + + + align:start position:0% +if the derivative condition we found +earlier evaluated at the average energy + + align:start position:0% +earlier evaluated at the average energy + + + align:start position:0% +earlier evaluated at the average energy +of each box is held + + align:start position:0% +of each box is held + + + align:start position:0% +of each box is held +it indicates that we are at equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +it indicates that we are at equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +it indicates that we are at equilibrium +note that in the simple example scenario + + align:start position:0% +note that in the simple example scenario + + + align:start position:0% +note that in the simple example scenario +we considered + + align:start position:0% +we considered + + + align:start position:0% +we considered +earlier it was not the case that the + + align:start position:0% +earlier it was not the case that the + + + align:start position:0% +earlier it was not the case that the +energy of each box was the same + + align:start position:0% +energy of each box was the same + + + align:start position:0% +energy of each box was the same +it is the derivative of entropy with + + align:start position:0% +it is the derivative of entropy with + + + align:start position:0% +it is the derivative of entropy with +respect to energy for each box + + align:start position:0% +respect to energy for each box + + + align:start position:0% +respect to energy for each box +evaluated at the energy number and + + align:start position:0% +evaluated at the energy number and + + + align:start position:0% +evaluated at the energy number and +volume of each box + + align:start position:0% +volume of each box + + + align:start position:0% +volume of each box +that must be equal at equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +that must be equal at equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +that must be equal at equilibrium +this suggests that we should define the + + align:start position:0% +this suggests that we should define the + + + align:start position:0% +this suggests that we should define the +derivative of entropy + + align:start position:0% +derivative of entropy + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of entropy +with respect to energy to be a new + + align:start position:0% +with respect to energy to be a new + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to energy to be a new +system variable but what would this + + align:start position:0% +system variable but what would this + + + align:start position:0% +system variable but what would this +variable represent + + align:start position:0% +variable represent + + + align:start position:0% +variable represent +physically to figure out what it should + + align:start position:0% +physically to figure out what it should + + + align:start position:0% +physically to figure out what it should +be + + align:start position:0% +be + + + align:start position:0% +be +think about our composite system + + align:start position:0% +think about our composite system + + + align:start position:0% +think about our composite system +the volume of each box is constant as + + align:start position:0% +the volume of each box is constant as + + + align:start position:0% +the volume of each box is constant as +is the number of particles in each box + + align:start position:0% +is the number of particles in each box + + + align:start position:0% +is the number of particles in each box +the wall between the two boxes allows + + align:start position:0% +the wall between the two boxes allows + + + align:start position:0% +the wall between the two boxes allows +energy + + align:start position:0% +energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy +to transfer over time + + align:start position:0% +to transfer over time + + + align:start position:0% +to transfer over time +what parameter will eventually be the + + align:start position:0% +what parameter will eventually be the + + + align:start position:0% +what parameter will eventually be the +same for both boxes + + align:start position:0% +same for both boxes + + + align:start position:0% +same for both boxes +pause the video and discuss our + + align:start position:0% +pause the video and discuss our + + + align:start position:0% +pause the video and discuss our +experience tells us that once two + + align:start position:0% +experience tells us that once two + + + align:start position:0% +experience tells us that once two +subsystems are brought into thermal + + align:start position:0% +subsystems are brought into thermal + + + align:start position:0% +subsystems are brought into thermal +contact + + align:start position:0% +contact + + + align:start position:0% +contact +we expect the composite system will + + align:start position:0% +we expect the composite system will + + + align:start position:0% +we expect the composite system will +eventually evolve + + align:start position:0% +eventually evolve + + + align:start position:0% +eventually evolve +so that each box has the same + + align:start position:0% +so that each box has the same + + + align:start position:0% +so that each box has the same +temperature + + align:start position:0% +temperature + + + align:start position:0% +temperature +but at equilibrium the derivative of + + align:start position:0% +but at equilibrium the derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +but at equilibrium the derivative of +entropy with respect to energy of each + + align:start position:0% +entropy with respect to energy of each + + + align:start position:0% +entropy with respect to energy of each +box + + align:start position:0% +box + + + align:start position:0% +box +is also equal this tells us that this + + align:start position:0% +is also equal this tells us that this + + + align:start position:0% +is also equal this tells us that this +derivative should be some function + + align:start position:0% +derivative should be some function + + + align:start position:0% +derivative should be some function +of temperature in fact + + align:start position:0% +of temperature in fact + + + align:start position:0% +of temperature in fact +the derivative of entropy with respect + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of entropy with respect + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of entropy with respect +to energy is exactly equal + + align:start position:0% +to energy is exactly equal + + + align:start position:0% +to energy is exactly equal +to the reciprocal of temperature + + align:start position:0% +to the reciprocal of temperature + + + align:start position:0% +to the reciprocal of temperature +this tells us that when we are measuring + + align:start position:0% +this tells us that when we are measuring + + + align:start position:0% +this tells us that when we are measuring +temperature of a system + + align:start position:0% +temperature of a system + + + align:start position:0% +temperature of a system +we are not measuring the energy of a + + align:start position:0% +we are not measuring the energy of a + + + align:start position:0% +we are not measuring the energy of a +system we are measuring + + align:start position:0% +system we are measuring + + + align:start position:0% +system we are measuring +this derivative there are specific units + + align:start position:0% +this derivative there are specific units + + + align:start position:0% +this derivative there are specific units +determined by the typical way we measure + + align:start position:0% +determined by the typical way we measure + + + align:start position:0% +determined by the typical way we measure +temperature + + align:start position:0% +temperature + + + align:start position:0% +temperature +this is why boltzmann's constant was + + align:start position:0% +this is why boltzmann's constant was + + + align:start position:0% +this is why boltzmann's constant was +introduced into the definition of + + align:start position:0% +introduced into the definition of + + + align:start position:0% +introduced into the definition of +entropy + + align:start position:0% +entropy + + + align:start position:0% +entropy +the constant is introduced precisely so + + align:start position:0% +the constant is introduced precisely so + + + align:start position:0% +the constant is introduced precisely so +that the derivative of entropy + + align:start position:0% +that the derivative of entropy + + + align:start position:0% +that the derivative of entropy +with respect to energy has dimension of + + align:start position:0% +with respect to energy has dimension of + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to energy has dimension of +1 over the temperature + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in this video we've seen that entropy is + + align:start position:0% +in this video we've seen that entropy is + + + align:start position:0% +in this video we've seen that entropy is +a natural + + align:start position:0% +a natural + + + align:start position:0% +a natural +macrostate parameter and statistically a + + align:start position:0% +macrostate parameter and statistically a + + + align:start position:0% +macrostate parameter and statistically a +system's microstates evolve + + align:start position:0% +system's microstates evolve + + + align:start position:0% +system's microstates evolve +to exist within the maximum entropy + + align:start position:0% +to exist within the maximum entropy + + + align:start position:0% +to exist within the maximum entropy +state + + align:start position:0% +state + + + align:start position:0% +state +this is called equilibrium temperature + + align:start position:0% +this is called equilibrium temperature + + + align:start position:0% +this is called equilibrium temperature +is naturally defined as the derivative + + align:start position:0% +is naturally defined as the derivative + + + align:start position:0% +is naturally defined as the derivative +of entropy + + align:start position:0% +of entropy + + + align:start position:0% +of entropy +with respect to energy for a system and + + align:start position:0% +with respect to energy for a system and + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to energy for a system and +this definition + + align:start position:0% +this definition + + + align:start position:0% +this definition +allows us to understand how temperature + + align:start position:0% +allows us to understand how temperature + + + align:start position:0% +allows us to understand how temperature +and entropy + + align:start position:0% +and entropy + + + align:start position:0% +and entropy +are related at equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +are related at equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +are related at equilibrium +now you've seen the power of statistical + + align:start position:0% +now you've seen the power of statistical + + + align:start position:0% +now you've seen the power of statistical +mechanics which although complicated + + align:start position:0% +mechanics which although complicated + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics which although complicated +is incredibly useful we've seen how it + + align:start position:0% +is incredibly useful we've seen how it + + + align:start position:0% +is incredibly useful we've seen how it +was able to explain temperature + + align:start position:0% +was able to explain temperature + + + align:start position:0% +was able to explain temperature +which is something you feel and possibly + + align:start position:0% +which is something you feel and possibly + + + align:start position:0% +which is something you feel and possibly +even check every day + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/ewd7Lf2dr5Q.txt b/ewd7Lf2dr5Q.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..017704f006ce6271cf770536a9adc6d23677090d --- /dev/null +++ b/ewd7Lf2dr5Q.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3049 @@ +ANNOUNCER: Open content is +provided under a creative + +commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to + +offer high-quality educational +resources for free. + +To make a donation, or view +additional materials from + +hundreds of MIT courses, visit +MIT OpenCourseWare at + +ocw.mit.edu . + +PROFESSOR ERIC GRIMSON: Last +time, we ended up, we sort of + +did this tag team thing, +Professor Guttag did the first + +half, I did the second half of +the lecture, and the second + +half of the lecture, we +started talking about + +complexity. + +Efficiency. + +Orders of growth. + +And that's what we're going to +spend today on, is talking + +about that topic. + +I'm going to use it +to build over the + +next couple of lectures. + +I want to remind you that we +were talking at a fairly high + +level about complexity. + +We're going to get down into +the weeds in a second here. + +But the things we were trying +to stress were that it's an + +important design decision, when +you are coming up with a + +piece of code, as to what kind +of efficiency your code has. + +And the second thing that we +talked about is this idea that + +we want you to in fact learn +how to relate a choice you + +make about a piece of +code to what the + +efficiency is going to be. + +So in fact, over the next thirty +or forty minutes, we're + +going to show you a set of +examples of sort of canonical + +algorithms, and the different +classes of complexity. + +Because one of the things that +you want to do as a good + +designer is to basically +map a new problem + +into a known domain. + +You want to take a new problem +and say, what does + +this most look like? + +What is the class of algorithm +that's-- that probably applies + +to this, and how do I pull +something out of that, if you + +like, a briefcase of possible +algorithms to solve? + +All right, having said that, +let's do some examples. + +I'm going to show you a sequence +of algorithms, + +they're mostly simple +algorithms, that's OK. + +But I want you to take away from +this how we reason about + +the complexity of these +algorithms. And I'll remind + +you, we said we're going to +mostly talk about time. + +We're going to be counting the +number of basic steps it takes + +to solve the problem. + +So here's the first example +I want to do. + +I'm going to write a function +to compute integer power + +exponents. a to the b where +b is an integer. + +And I'm going to do it only +using multiplication and + +addition and some simple tests. + +All right? + +And yeah, I know it comes built +in, that's OK, what we + +want to do is use it as an +example to look at it. + +So I'm going to build something +that's going to do + +iterative exponentiation. + +OK? + +And in fact, if you look at the +code up here, and it's on + +your handout, the very first +one, x 1, right here-- if I + +could ask you to look at it-- +is a piece of code to do it. + +And I'm less interested in the +code than how we're going to + +analyze it, but let's look +at it for a second. + +All right, you can see that +this little piece of code, + +it's got a loop in there, +and what's it doing? + +It's basically cycling +through the loop, + +multiplying by a each time. + +So first time through the +loop, the answer is 1. + +Second time it-- sorry, as it +enters the loop, at the time + +it enter-- exits, +the answer is a. + +Next time through the loop +it goes to a squared. + +Next time through the loop +it goes to a cubed. + +And it's just gathering together +the multiplications + +while counting down +the exponent. + +And you can see it when we get +down to the end test here, + +we're going to pop out of +there and we're going to + +return the answer. + +I could run it, it'll +do the right thing. + +What I want to think about +though, is, how much + +time does this take? + +How many steps does it take +for this function to run? + +Well, you can kind of +look at it, right? + +The key part of that +is that WHILE loop. + +And what are the steps +I want to count? + +They're inside that loop-- + +I've got the wrong glasses so +I'm going to have to squint-- + +and we've got one test which +is a comparison, we've got + +another test which is a +multiplication-- sorry, not a + +test, we've got another step +which is a multiplication-- + +and another step that +is a subtraction. + +So each time through the loop, +I'm doing three steps. + +Three basic operations. + +How many times do I go +through the loop? + +Somebody help me out. + +Hand up? + +Sorry. b times. + +You're right. + +Because I keep counting down +each time around-- mostly I've + +got to unload this candy, which +is driving me nuts, so-- + +thank you. b times. + +So I've got to go 3 b steps. + +All right, I've got to go +through the loop b times, I've + +got three steps each time, and +then when I pop out of the + +loop, I've got two more steps. + +All right, I've got the +initiation of answer and the + +return of it. + +So I take 2 plus 3 b steps +to go through this loop. + +OK. + +So if b is 300, it takes 902 +steps. b is 3000, it takes + +9002 steps. b is 30,000 +you get the point, it + +takes 90,002 steps. + +OK. + +So the point here is, first of +all, I can count these things, + +but the second thing you can +see is, as the size of the + +problems get larger, that +additive constant, that 2, + +really doesn't matter. + +All right? + +The difference between 90,000 +steps and 90,002 steps, who + +cares about the 2, right? + +So, and typically, we're not +going to worry about those + +additive constants. + +The second one is, this +multiplicative constant here + +is 3, in some sense also +isn't all that crucial. + +Does it really matter to you +whether your code is going to + +take 300 years or 900 +years to run? + +Problem is, how big +is that number? + +So we're going to typically +also not worry about the + +multiplicative constants. + +This factor here. + +What we really want to worry +about is, as the size of the + +problem gets larger, how +does this thing grow? + +How does the cost go up? + +And so what we're going to +primarily talk about as a + +consequence is the rate of +growth as the size of the + +problem grows. + +If it was, how much bigger does +this get as I make the + +problem bigger? + +And what that really says is, +that we're going to use this + +using something we're +going to just + +call asymptotic notation-- + +I love spelling this word-- +meaning, as in the limit as + +the size of the problem gets +bigger, how do I characterize + +this growth? + +All right? + +You'll find out, if you go on +to some of the other classes + +in course 6, there are a lot of +different ways that you can + +measure this. + +The most common one, and the +one we're going to use, is + +what's often called +big Oh notation. + +This isn't big Oh as in, oh my +God I'm shocked the markets + +are collapsing, This is called +big Oh because we use the + +Greek letter, capital letter, +omicron to represent it. + +And the way we're going to do +this, or what this represents, + +let me write this carefully for +you, big Oh notation is + +basically going to be an upper +limit to the growth of a + +function as the input grow-- +as the input gets large. + +Now we're going to see a bunch +of examples, and I know those + +are words, let me give +you an example. + +I would write f of x is in +big Oh of n squared. + +And what does it say? + +It says that function, f of x, +is bounded above, there's an + +upper limit on it, that this +grows no faster than quadratic + +in n, n squared. + +OK. + +And first of all, you say, +wait a minute, x and n? + +Well, one of the things we're +going to see is x is the input + +to this particular problem, n is +a measure of the size of x. + +And we're going to talk about +how we come up with that. n + +measures the size of x. + +OK. + +In this example I'd use b. + +All right, as b get-- b is the +thing that's changing as I go + +along here, but it could be +things like, how many elements + +are there in a list if the input +is a list, could be how + +many digits are there in a +string if the input's a + +string, it could be the size of +the integer as we go along. + +All right.? + +And what we want to do then, is +we want to basically come + +up with, how do we characterize +the growth-- + +God bless you-- of this problem +in terms of this + +quadra-- sorry, terms of +this exponential growth + +Now, one last piece of math. + +I could cheat. + +I said I just want +an upper bound. + +I could get a really big upper +bound, this thing grows + +exponentially. + +That doesn't help me much. + +Usually what I want to talk +about is what's the smallest + +size class in which this +function grows? + +With all of that, what that +says, is that this we would + +write is order b. + +That algorithm is linear. + +You can see it. + +I've said the product +was is 2 plus 3 b. + +As I make b really large, how +does this thing grow? + +It grows as b. + +The 3 doesn't matter, it's +just a constant, + +it's growing linearly. + +Another way of saying it is, +if I, for example, increase + +the size of the input by +10, the amount of time + +increases by 10. + +And that's a sign that +it's linear. + +OK. + +So there's one quick example. + +Let's look at another example. + +If you look at x 2, this one +right here in your handout. + +OK. + +This is another way of doing +exponentiation, but this one's + +a recursive function. + +All right? + +So again, let's look at it. + +What does it say to do? + +Well, it's basically saying +a similar thing. + +It says, if I am in the base +case, if b is equal to 1, the + +answer is just a. + +I could have used if b is equal +to 0, the answer is 1, + +that would have also worked. + +Otherwise, what do I say? + +I say, ah, I'm in a nice +recursive way, a to the b is + +the same as a times a +to the b minus 1. + +And I've just reduced that +problem to a simpler version + +of the same problem. + +OK, and you can see that this +thing ought to unwrap, it's + +going to keep extending out +those multiplications until + +gets down to the base +case, going to + +collapse them all together. + +OK. + +Now I want to know what's the +order of growth here? + +What's the complexity of this? + +Well, gee. + +It looks like it's pretty +straightforward, right? + +I've got one test there, and +then I've just got one thing + +to do here, which has got +a subtraction and a + +multiplication. + +Oh, but how do I know how +long it takes to do x 2? + +All right, we were counting +basic steps. + +We don't know how long +it takes to do x 2. + +So I'm going to show you +a little trick for + +figuring that out. + +And in particular, I'm going to +cheat slightly, I'm going + +to use a little bit of abusive +mathematics, but I'm going to + +show you a trick to +figure it out. + +In the case of a recursive +exponentiator, I'm going to do + +the following trick. + +I'm going to let t of b be the +number of steps it takes to + +solve the problem of size b. + +OK, and I can figure this out. + +I've got one test, I've got +a subtraction, I've got a + +multiplication, that's three +steps, plus whatever number of + +steps it takes to solve a +problem of size b minus 1. + +All right, this is what's called +a recurrence relation, + +there are actually cool +ways to solve them. + +We can kind of eyeball it. + +In particular, how would I +write an expression for + +t of b minus 1? + +Well the same way. + +This is 3 plus 3 plus +t of b minus 2. + +Right? + +I'm using exactly the same +form to reduce this. + +You know, you can see what's +going to happen. + +If I reduce that, it would be +3 plus t of b minus 3, so in + +general, this is 3 k plus +t of b minus k. + +OK. + +I'm just expanding it out. + +When am I done? + +How do I stop this? + +Any suggestions? + +Don't you hate it when +professors ask questions? + +Yeah. + +Actually, I think I want +b minus k equal to 1. + +Right? + +When this gets down to t of +1, I'm in the base case. + +So I'm done when b minus +k equals 1, or k + +equals b minus 1. + +Right, that gets me down to the +base case, I'm solving a + +problem with size 1, and in that +case, I've got two more + +operations to do, so I plug this +all back in, I-- t of b + +is I'm going to put k for b +minus 1 I get 3 b minus 1 plus + +t of 1, so t of 1 is 2, so this +is 3 b minus 1 plus 2, or + +3 b minus 1. + +OK. + +A whole lot of work +to basically say, + +again, order b is linear. + +But that's also nice, it lets +you see how the recursive + +thing is simply unwrapping but +the complexity in terms of the + +amount of time it takes is +going to be the same. + +I owe you a candy. + +Thank you. + +OK. + +At this point, if we stop, +you'll think all algorithms + +are linear. + +This is really boring. + +But they're not. + +OK? + +So let me show you another way +I could do exponentiation. + +Taking an advantage +of a trick. + +I want to solve a to the b. + +Here's another way +I could do that. + +OK. + +If b is even, then a to the b +is the same as a squared all + +to the b over 2. + +All right, just move +the 2's around. + +It's the same thing. + +You're saying, OK, so what? + +Well gee, notice. + +This is a primitive operation. + +That's a primitive operation. + +But in one step, I've reduced +this problem in half. + +I didn't just make +it one smaller, I + +made it a half smaller. + +That's a nice deal. + +OK. + +But I'm not always going +to have b as even. + +If b is odd, what do I do? + +Well, go back to what +I did before. + +Multiply a by a to +the b minus 1. + +You know, that's nice, right? + +Because if b was odd, then b +minus one is even, which means + +on the next step, I can cut +the problem in half again. + +OK? + +All right. x 3, as you can see +right here, does exactly that. + +OK? + +You can take a quick look at +it, even with the wrong + +glasses on, it says if a-- +sorry, b is equal to 1, I'm + +just going to return a. + +Otherwise there's that funky +little test. I'll do the + +remainder multiplied by 2, +because these are integers, + +that gives me back an integer, +I just check to see if it's + +equal to b, that tells me +whether it's even or odd. + +And in the even case, I'd +square, divide by half, call + +this again: in the odd case, +I go b minus 1 and + +then multiply by a. + +I'll let you chase it through, +it does work. + +What I want to look +at is, what's the + +order of growth here? + +This is a little different, +right? + +It's going to take a little bit +more work, so let's see if + +we can do it. + +In the b even case, again I'm +going to let t of b be the + +number of steps I want +to go through. + +And we can kind of eyeball +this thing, right? + +If b is even, I've got a test to +see if b is equal to 1, and + +then I've got to do the +remainder, the multiplication, + +and the test, I'm up to four. + +And then in the even case, I've +got to do a square and + +the divide. + +So I've got six steps, plus +whatever it takes to solve the + +problem size b over 2, right? + +Because that's the recursive +call. b as odd, well I can go + +through the same +kind of thing. + +I've got the same first four +steps, I've got a check to see + +is it 1, I got a check to see if +it's even, and then in the + +odd case, I've got to subtract 1 +from b, that's a fifth step, + +I've got to go off and solve +the recursive problem, and + +then I'm going to do one more +multiplication, so it's 6 + +plus, in this case, +t of b minus 1. + +Because it's now solving +a one-smaller problem. + +On the next step though, this, +we get substituted by that. + +Right, on the next step, I'm +back in the even case, it's + +going to take six more steps, +plus t of b minus 1. + +Oops, sorry about +that, over 2. + +Because b minus 1 is now even. + +Don't sweat the details here, +I just want you to see the + +reason it goes through it. + +What I now have, though, +is a nice thing. + +It says, in either case, in +general, t of b-- and this is + +where I'm going to abuse +notation a little bit-- but I + +can basically bound it by t, 12 +steps plus t of b over 2. + +And the abuse is, you know, +it's not quite right, it + +depends upon whether it's all +ready, but you can see in + +either case, after 12 steps, 2 +runs through this and down to + +a problem size b over 2. + +Why's that nice? + +Well, that then says after +another 12 steps, we're down + +to a problem with size +t of b over 4. + +And if I pull it out one more +level, it's 12 plus 12 plus t + +of b over 8, which in general is +going to be, after k steps, + +12 k because I'll have 12 of +those to add up, plus t of b + +over 2 to the k. + +When am I done? + +When do I get down +to the base case? + +Somebody help me out. + +What am I looking for? + +Yeah. + +You're jumping slightly ahead of +me, but basically, I'm done + +when this is equal +to 1, right? + +Because I get down to the base +case, so I'm done when b u is + +over 2 to the k is equal to 1, +and you're absolutely right, + +that's when k is log +base 2 of b. + +You're sitting a long ways back, +I have no idea if I'll + +make it this far or not. + +Thank you. + +OK. + +There's some constants +in there, but this + +is order log b. + +Logarithmic. + +This matters. + +This matters a lot. + +And I'm going to show you an +example in a second, just to + +drive this home, but notice +the characteristics. + +In the first two cases, +the problem reduced + +by 1 at each step. + +Whether it was recursive +or iterative. + +That's a sign that it's +probably linear. + +This case, I reduced the size +of the problem in half. + +It's a good sign that this is +logarithmic, and I'm going to + +come back in a second to why +logs are a great thing. + +Let me show you one more class, +though, about-- sorry, + +let me show you two more classes +of algorithms. Let's + +look at the next one g-- and +there's a bug in your handout, + +it should be g of n and m, I +apologize for that, I changed + +it partway through and +didn't catch it. + +OK. + +Order of growth here. + +Anybody want to volunteer +a guess? + +Other than the TAs, who know? + +OK. + +Let's think it through. + +I've got two loops. + +All right? + +We already saw with one of the +loops, you know, it looked + +like it might be linear, +depending on what's inside of + +it, but let's think +about this. + +I got two loops with g. + +What's g do? + +I've got an initialization of +x, and then I say, for i in + +the range, so that's basically +from 0 up to n minus + +1, what do I do? + +Well, inside of there, I've got +another loop, for j in the + +range from 0 up to m minus 1. + +What's the complexity +of that inner loop? + +Sorry? + +OK. + +You're doing the whole +thing for me. + +What's the complexity just +of this inner loop here? + +Just this piece. + +How many times do I go +through that loop? m. + +Right? + +I'm going to get back to your +answer in a second, because + +you're heading in the +right direction. + +The inner loop, this part +here, I do m times. + +There's one step inside of it. + +Right? + +How many times do I go +through that loop? + +Ah, n times, because for each +value of i, I'm going to do + +that m thing, so that is, close +to what you said, right? + +The order complexity here, if +I actually write it, would + +be-- sorry, order n times m, and +if m was equal to n, that + +would be order n squared, +and this is quadratic. + +And that's a different +behavior. + +OK. + +What am I doing? + +Building up examples of +algorithms. Again, I want you + +to start seeing how to map the +characteristics of the code-- + +the characteristics of the +algorithm, let's not call it + +the code-- to the complexity. + +I'm going to come back to that +in a second with that, but I + +need to do one more example, +and I've got to use my + +high-tech really expensive +props. + +Right. + +So here's the fourth or fifth, +whatever we're up to, I guess + +fifth example. + +This is an example of a problem + +called Towers of Hanoi. + +Anybody heard about +this problem? + +A few tentative hands. + +OK. + +Here's the story as +I am told it. + +There's a temple in the +middle of Hanoi. + +In that temple, there +are three very large + +diamond-encrusted posts, and on +those posts are sixty-four + +disks, all of a different +size. + +And they're, you know, covered +with jewels and all sorts of + +other really neat stuff. + +There are a set of priests in +that temple, and their task is + +to move the entire stack of +sixty-four disks from one post + +to a second post. When they do +this, you know, the universe + +ends or they solve the financial +crisis in Washington + +or something like that actually +good happens, right? + +Boy, none of you have 401k's, +you're not even wincing at + +that thing. + +All right. + +The rules, though, are, they +can only move one disk at a + +time, and they can never cover +up a smaller disk with a + +larger disk. + +OK. + +Otherwise you'd just move the +whole darn stack, OK? + +So we want to solve +that problem. + +We want to write a piece of +code that helps these guys + +out, so I'm going to show +you an example. + +Let's see if we can figure +out how to do this. + +So, we'll start with +the easy one. + +Moving a disk of size 1. + +OK, that's not so bad. + +Moving a stack of size 2, if I +want to go there, I need to + +put this one temporarily over +here so I can move the bottom + +one before I move it over. + +Moving a stack of size 3, again, +if I want to go over + +there, I need to make sure I +can put the spare one over + +here before I move the bottom +one, I can't cover up any of + +the smaller ones with +the larger one, but + +I can get it there. + +Stack of size 4, again I'm going +there, so I'm going to + +do this initially, no I'm not, +I'm going to start again. + +I'm going to go there initially, +so I can move this + +over here, so I can get the base +part of that over there, + +I want to put that one there +before I put this over here, + +finally I get to the point where +I can move the bottom + +one over, now I've got to be +really careful to make sure + +that I don't cover up the bottom +one in the wrong way + +before I get to the stage where +I wish they were posts + +and there you go. + +All right? + +[APPLAUSE] + +I mean, I can make money at +Harvard Square doing this + +stuff, right? + +All right, you ready +to do five? + +Got the solution? + +Not so easy to see. + +All right, but this is actually +a great one of those + +educational moments. + +This is a great example +to think recursively. + +If I wanted to think about this +problem recursively-- + +what do I mean by thinking +recursively? + +How do I reduce this to a +smaller-size problem in the + +same instant? + +And so, if I do that, this +now becomes really easy. + +If I want to move this stack +here, I'm going to take a + +stack of size n minus 1, move +it to the spare spot, now I + +can move the base disk over, +and then I'm going to move + +that stack of size n +minus 1 to there. + +That's literally +what I did, OK? + +So there's the code. + +Called towers. + +I'm just going to have you-- +let you take a look at it. + +I'm giving it an argument, +which is the size of the + +stack, and then just labels +for the three posts. + +A from, a to, and a spare. + +And in fact, if we look at +this-- let me just pop it over + +to the other side-- + +OK, I can move a tower, I'll say +of size 2, from, to, and + +spare, and that was +what I did. + +And if I want to move towers, +let's say, size 5, from, to, + +and spare, there are +the instructions + +for how to move it. + +We ain't going to +do sixty-four. + +OK. + +All right. + +So it's fun, and I got a little +bit of applause out of + +it, which is always nice for me, +but I also showed you how + +to think about it recursively. + +Once you hear that description, +it's easy to + +write the code, in fact. + +This is a place where the +recursive version of it is + +much easier to think about +than the iterative one. + +But what I really want to talk +about is, what's the order of + +growth here? + +What's the complexity +of this algorithm? + +And again, I'm going to do it +with a little bit of abusive + +notation, and it's a little more +complicated, but we can + +kind of look at. + +All right? + +Given the code up there, if I +want to move a tower of size + +n, what do I have to do? + +I've got to test to see if I'm +in the base case, and if I'm + +not, then I need to move a tower +of size n minus 1, I + +need to move a tower of size +1, and I need to move a + +second-- sorry about that-- +a second tower of + +size n minus 1. + +OK. t of 1 I can also reduce. + +In the case of a tower of size +1, basically there are two + +things to do, right? + +I've got to do the test, and +then I just do the move. + +So the general formula is that. + +Now. + +You might look at that and say, +well that's just a lot + +like what we had over here. + +Right? + +We had some additive constant +plus a simpler version of the + +same problem reduced +in size by 1. + +But that two matters. + +So let's look at it. + +How do I rea-- replace the +expression FOR t of n minus 1? + +Substitute it in again. t +of n minus 1 is 3 plus 2 + +t of n minus 2. + +So this is 3, plus 2 times +3, plus 4 t minus 2. + +OK. + +And if I substitute it again, I +get 3 plus 2 times 3 plus 4 + +times 3 plus 8 t n minus 3. + +This is going by a little +fast. I'm just + +substituting in. + +I'm going to skip some steps. + +But basically if I do this, I +end up with 3 times 1 plus 2 + +plus 4 to 2 to the k +minus 1 for all of + +those terms, plus 2-- + +I want to do this right, 2 to +the k, sorry-- t of n minus k. + +OK. + +Don't sweat the details, I'm +just expanding it out. + +What I want you to see is, +because I've got two versions + +of that problem. + +The next time down I've +got four versions. + +Next time down I've got +eight versions. + +And in fact, if I substitute, I +can solve for this, I'm done + +when this is equal to 1. + +If you substitute it all +in, you get basically + +order 2 to the n. + +Exponential. + +That's a problem. + +Now, it's also the case that +this is fundamentally what + +class this algorithm falls +into, it is going to take + +exponential amount of time. + +But it grows pretty rapidly, as +n goes up, and I'm going to + +show you an example +in a second. + +Again, what I want you +to see is, notice the + +characteristic of that. + +That this recursive call had two +sub-problems of a smaller + +size, not one. + +And that makes a +big difference. + +So just to show you how big a +difference it makes, let's run + +a couple of numbers. + +Let's suppose n is 1000, +and we're running + +at nanosecond speed. + +We have seen log, linear, +quadratic, and exponential. + +So, again, there could be +constants in here, but just to + +give you a sense of this. + +If I'm running at nanosecond +speed, n, the size of the + +problem, whatever it is, is +1000, and I've got a log + +algorithm, it takes 10 +nanoseconds to complete. + +If you blink, you miss it. + +If I'm running a linear +algorithm, it'll take one + +microsecond to complete. + +If I'm running a quadratic +algorithm, it'll take one + +millisecond to complete. + +And if I'm running +an exponential + +algorithm, any guesses? + +I hope Washington doesn't take +this long to fix my 401k plan. + +All right? + +10 to the 284 years. + +As Emeril would say, pow! + +That's a some spicy whatever. + +All right. + +Bad jokes aside, what's +the point? + +You see, these classes have +really different performance. + +Now this is a little +misleading. + +These are all really fast, so +just to give you another set + +of examples, I'm not +going to do the-- + +If I had a problem where the log +one took ten milliseconds, + +then the linear one would take +a second, the quadratic one + +would take 16 minutes. + +So you can see, even the +quadratic ones can + +blow up in a hurry. + +And this goes back to +the point I tried + +to make last time. + +Yes, the computers are really +fast. But the problems can + +grow much faster than you can +get a performance boost out of + +the computer. + +And you really, wherever +possible, want to avoid that + +exponential algorithm, because +that's really deadly. + +Yes. + +All right. + +The question is, is there a +point where it'll quit. + +Yeah, when the power goes out, +or-- so let me not answer it + +quite so facetiously. + +We'd be mostly talking +about time. + +In fact, if I ran one of these +things, it would just keep + +crunching away. + +It will probably quit at some +point because of space issues, + +unless I'm writing an algorithm +that is using no + +additional space. + +Right. + +Those things are going to stack +up, and eventually it's + +going to run out of space. + +And that's more likely to +happen, but, you know. + +The algorithm doesn't know that +it's going to take this + +long to compute, it's just busy +crunching away, trying to + +see if it can make it happen. + +OK. + +Good question, thank you. + +All right. + +I want to do one more extended +example here., because we've + +got another piece to do, but I +want to capture this, because + +it's important, so let me +again try and say it the + +following way. + +I want you to recognize classes +of algorithms and + +match what you see in the +performance of the algorithm + +to the complexity of +that algorithm. + +All right? + +Linear algorithms tend to +be things where, at one + +pass-through, you reduce +the problem by a + +constant amount, by one. + +If you reduce it by two, it's +going to be the same thing. + +Where you go from problem of +size n to a problem of + +size n minus 1. + +A log algorithm typically is one +where you cut the size of + +the problem down by some +multiplicative factor. + +You reduce it in half. + +You reduce it in third. + +All right? + +Quadratic algorithms +tend to have this-- + +I was about to say additive, +wrong term-- but + +doubly-nested, triply-nested +things are likely to be + +quadratic or cubic algorithms, +all right, because you know-- + +let me not confuse things-- +double-loop quadratic + +algorithm, because you're doing +one set of things and + +you're doing it some other +number of times, and that's a + +typical signal that that's +what you have there. + +OK. + +And then the exponentials, as +you saw is when typically I + +reduce the problem of one size +into two or more sub-problems + +of a smaller size. + +And you can imagine this gets +complex and there's lots of + +interesting things to do to +look to the real form, but + +those are the things that +you should see. + +Now. + +Two other things, before we +do this last example. + +One is, I'll remind you, what +we're interested in is + +asymptotic growth. + +How does this thing grow as I +make the problem size big? + +And I'll also remind you, and +we're going to see this in the + +next example, we talked +about looking at + +the worst case behavior. + +In these cases there's no best +case worst case, it's just + +doing one computation. + +We're going to see an example +of that in a second. + +What we really want to worry +about, what's the worst case + +that happens. + +And the third thing I want you +to keep in mind is, remember + +these are orders of growth. + +It is certainly possible, for +example, that a quadratic + +algorithm could run faster +than a linear algorithm. + +It depends on what the input is, +it depends on, you know, + +what the particular cases are. + +So it is not the case that, +on every input, a linear + +algorithm is always +going to be better + +than a quadratic algorithm. + +It is just in general that's +going to hold true, and that's + +what I want you to see. + +OK. + +I want to do one last example. + +I'm going to take a little bit +more time on it, because it's + +going to both reinforce these +ideas, but it's also going to + +show us how we have to think +about what's a primitive + +step., and in a particular, +how do data structures + +interact with this analysis? + +Here I've just been running +integers, it's pretty simple, + +but if I have a data structure, +I'm going to have + +to worry about that +a little bit more. + +So let's look at that. + +And the example I want to look +at is, suppose I want to + +search a list that I know is +sorted, to see if an element's + +in the list. OK? + +So the example I'm going to +do, I'm going to search a + +sorted list. All right. + +If you flip to the second side +of your handout, you'll see + +that I have a piece of code +there, that does this-- let + +me, ah, I didn't want to +do that, let me back up + +slightly-- this is the algorithm +called search. + +And let's take a look at it. + +OK? + +Basic idea, before I even look +at the code, is pretty simple. + +If I've got a list that is +sorted, in let's call it, just + +in increasing order, and I +haven't said what's in the + +list, could be numbers, could +be other things, for now, + +we're going to just assume +they're integers. + +The easy thing to do would be +the following: start at the + +front end of the list, check +the first element. + +If it's the thing I'm looking +for, I'm done. + +It's there. + +If not, move on to +the next element. + +And keep doing that. + +But if, at any point, I get to +a place in the list where the + +thing I'm looking for is smaller +than the element in + +the list, I know everything else +in the rest of the list + +has to be bigger than that, +I don't have to + +bother looking anymore. + +It says the element's +not there. + +I can just stop. + +OK. + +So that's what this piece +of code does here. + +Right.? + +I'm going to set up a variable +to say, what's the answer I + +want to return, is +it there or not. + +Initially it's got that +funny value none. + +I'm going to set up an index, +which is going to tell me + +where to look, starting at the +first part of the list, right? + +And then, when I got-- + +I'm also going to count how many +comparisons I do, just so + +I can see how much work +I do here, and then + +notice what it does. + +It says while the index is +smaller than the size of the + +list, I'm not at the end of the +list, and I don't have an + +answer yet, check. + +So I'm going to check to see +if-- really can't read that + +thing, let me do it this way-- +right, I'm going to increase + +the number of compares, and I'm +going to check to say, is + +the thing I'm looking for at +the i'th spot in the list? + +Right, so s of i saying, given +the list, look at the i'th + +element, is it the same thing? + +If it is, OK. + +Set the answer to true. + +Which means, next time through +the loop, that's going to pop + +out and return an answer. + +If it's not, then check to see, +is it smaller than that + +element in the current +spot of the list? + +And if that's true, it says +again, everything else in the + +list has to be bigger than this, +thing can't possibly be + +in the list, I'm taking +advantage of the ordering, I + +can set the answer to false, +change i to go to the next + +one, and next time through the +loop, I'm going to pop out and + +print it out. + +OK? + +Right. + +Order of growth here. + +What do you think? + +Even with these glasses on, +I can see no hands up, any + +suggestions? + +Somebody help me out. + +What do you think the order +of growth is here? + +I've got a list, walk you +through it an element at a + +time, do I look at each +element of the + +list more than once? + +Don't think so, right? + +So, what does this suggest? + +Sorry? + +Constant. + +Ooh, constant says, no matter +what the length of the list + +is, I'm going to take the +same amount of time. + +And I don't think that's +true, right? + +If I have a list ten times +longer, it's going to take me + +more time, so-- not a +bad guess, I'm still + +reward you, thank you. + +Somebody else. + +Yeah. + +Linear. + +Why? + +You're right, by the +way, but why? + +Yeah. + +All right, so the answer was +it's linear, which is + +absolutely right. + +Although for a reason +we're going to + +come back in a second. + +Oh, thank you, I hope your +friends help you out with + +that, thank you. + +Right? + +You can see that this +ought to be linear, + +because what am I doing? + +I'm walking down the list. So +one of the things I didn't + +say, it's sort of implicit here, +is what is the thing I + +measuring the size of +the problem in? + +What's the size of the list? + +And if I'm walking down the +list, this is probably order + +of the length of the list s, +because I'm looking at each + +element once. + +Now you might say, +wait a minute. + +Thing's ordered, if I stop part +way through and I throw + +away half the list, doesn't +that help me? + +And the answer is yes, but it +doesn't change the complexity. + +Because what did we say? + +We're measuring the +worst case. + +The worst case here is, the +things not in the list, in + +which case I've got to go all +the way through the list to + +get to the end. + +OK. + +Now, having said that, and I've +actually got a subtlety + +I'm going to come back to in a +second, there ought to be a + +better way to do this. + +OK? + +And here's the better +way to think about. + +I'll just draw out sort of a +funny representation of a + +list. These are sort of the +cells, if you like, in memory + +that are holding the elements +of the list. What we've been + +saying is, I start +here and look. + +If it's there, I'm done. + +If not, I go there. + +If it's there, I'm done, if not, +I keep walking down, and + +I only stop when I get to a +place where the element I'm + +looking for is smaller than +the value in the list., in + +which case I know the +rest of this is too + +big and I can stop. + +But I still have to go +through the list. + +There's a better way to think +about this, and in fact + +Professor Guttag has already +hinted at this in the last + +couple of lectures. + +The better way to think about +this is, suppose, rather than + +starting at the beginning, I +just grabbed some spot at + +random, like this one. + +And I look at that value. + +If it's the value I'm looking +for, boy, I ought to go to + +Vegas, I'm really lucky. + +And I'm done, right? + +If not, what could I do? + +Well, I could look at the value +here, and compare it to + +the value I'm trying to find, +and say the following; if the + +value I'm looking for is bigger +than this value, where + +do I need to look? + +Just here. + +All right? + +Can't possibly be there, +because I know + +this thing is over. + +On the other hand, if the value +I'm looking for here-- + +sorry, the value I'm looking for +is smaller than the value + +I see here, I just need +to look here. + +All right? + +Having done that, I could do the +same thing, so I suppose I + +take this branch, I can pick a +spot like, say, this one, and + +look there. + +Because there, I'm done, +if not, I'm either + +looking here or there. + +And I keep cutting +the problem down. + +OK. + +Now, having said that, where +should I pick to + +look in this list? + +I'm sorry? + +Halfway. + +Why? + +You're right, but why? + +Yeah. + +So the answer, in case you +didn't hear it, was, again, if + +I'm a gambling person, I could +start like a way down here. + +All right? + +If I'm gambling, I'm saying, +gee, if I'm really lucky, + +it'll be only on this side, and +I've got a little bit of + +work to do, but if I'm unlucky, +I'm scrawed, the past + +pluperfect of screwed, OK., +or a Boston fish. + +I'll look at the rest of that +big chunk of the list, and + +that's a pain. + +So halfway is the right thing +to do, because at each step, + +I'm guaranteed to throw away at +least half the list. Right? + +And that's nice. + +OK. + +What would you guess the order +of growth here is? + +Yeah. + +Why? + +Good. + +Exactly. + +Right? + +Again, if you didn't hear it, +the answer was it's log. + +Because I'm cutting down the +problem in half at each time. + +You're right, but there's +something we have to do to add + +to that, and that's the last +thing I want to pick up on. + +OK. + +Let's look at the code-- +actually, let's test this out + +first before we do it. + +So I've added, as Professor +Guttag did-- ah, should have + +said it this way, let's write +the code for it first, sorry + +about that-- + +OK, I'm going to write a little +thing called b search. + +I'm going to call it down here +with search, which is simply + +going to call it, and then +print an answer out. + +In binary search-- ah, there's +that wonderful phrase, this is + +called a version of binary +search, just like you saw + +bin-- or bi-section methods, +when we were doing numerical + +things-- in binary search, I +need to keep track of the + +starting point and the +ending point of the + +list I'm looking at. + +Initially, it's the beginning +and the end of it. + +And when I do this test, what I +want to do, is say I'm going + +to pick the middle spot, and +depending on the test, if I + +know it's in the upper half, I'm +going to set my start at + +the mid point and the end stays +the same, if it's in the + +front half I'm going to keep +the front the same and I'm + +going to change the endpoint. + +And you can see that +in this code here. + +Right? + +What does it say to do? + +It says, well I'm going to print +out first and last, just + +so you can see it, and then I +say, gee, if last minus first + +is less than 2, that is, if +there's no more than two + +elements left in the list, then +I can just check those + +two elements, and return +the answer. + +Otherwise, we find +the midpoint, and + +notice what it does. + +First, it's pointing to the +beginning of the list, which + +initially might be down here at +0 but after a while, might + +be part way through. + +And to that, I simply +add a halfway + +point, and then I check. + +If it's at that point, I'm done, +if not, if it's greater + +than the value I'm looking +for, I either take + +one half or the other. + +OK. + +You can see that thing is +cutting down the problem in + +half each time, which is good, +but there's one more thing I + +need to deal with. + +So let's step through this +with a little more care. + +And I keep saying, before +we do it, let's just + +actually try it out. + +So I'm going to go over +here, and I'm going + +to type test search-- + +I can type-- and if you look at +your handout, it's just a + +sequence of tests that +I'm going to do. + +OK. + +So initially, I'm going to set +up the list to be the first + +million integers. + +Yeah, it's kind of simple, but +it gives me an ordered list of + +these things, And let's run it. + +OK. + +So I'm first going to look for +something that's not in the + +list, I'm going to see, is minus +1 in this list, so it's + +going to be at the far end, +and if I do that in + +the basic case, bam. + +Done. + +All right? + +The basic, that primary search, +because it looks at + +the first element, says +it's smaller than + +everything else, I'm done. + +If I look in the binary case, +takes a little longer. + +Notice the printout here. + +The printout is simply telling +me, what are the + +ranges of the search. + +And you can see it wrapping its +way down, cutting in half + +at each time until it +gets there, but it + +takes a while to find. + +All right. + +Let's search to see though now +if a million is in this list, + +or 10 million, whichever way +I did this, it must be a + +million, right? + +In the basic case, oh, +took a little while. + +Right, in the binary +case, bam. + +In fact, it took the same number +of steps as it did in + +the other case, because +each time I'm cutting + +it down by a half. + +OK. + +That's nice. + +Now, let's do the following; +if you look right here, I'm + +going to set this now to-- + +I'm going to change my range +to 10 million, I'm going to + +first say, gee, is a +million in there, + +using the basic search. + +It is. + +Now, I'm going to say, is 10 +million in this, using the + +basic search. + +We may test your hypothesis, +about how long does it take, + +if I time this really well, I +ought to be able to end when + +it finds it, which should +be right about now. + +That was pure luck. + +But notice how much +longer it took. + +On the other hand, watch what +happens with binary. + +Is the partway one there? + +Yeah. + +Is the last one there? + +Wow. + +I think it took one more step. + +Man, that's exactly what +logs should do, right? + +I make the problem ten times +bigger, it takes one + +more step to do it. + +Whereas in the linear case, I +make it ten times bigger, it + +takes ten times longer to run. + +OK. + +So I keep saying I've got one +thing hanging, it's the last + +thing I want to do, but I wanted +you see how much of a + +difference this makes. + +But let's look a little more +carefully at the code for + +binary search-- for search 1. + +What's the complexity +of search 1? + +Well, you might say it's +constant, right? + +It's only got two things to do, +except what it really says + +is, that the complexity of +search 1 is the same as the + +complexity of b search, +because that's + +the call it's doing. + +So let's look at b search. + +All right? + +We've got the code for +b search up there. + +First step, constant, right? + +Nothing to do. + +Second step, hm. + +That also looks constant, +you think? + +Oh but wait a minute. + +I'm accessing s. + +I'm accessing a list. How long +does it take for me to get the + +nth element of a list? + +That might not be a +primitive step. + +And in fact, it depends +on how I store a list. + +So, for example, in this case, +I had lists that I knew were + +made out of integers. + +As a consequence, I have +a list of ints. + +I might know, for example, +that it takes four memory + +chunks to represent one +int, just for example. + +And to find the i'th element, +I'm simply going to take the + +starting point, that point at +the beginning of memory where + +the list is, plus 4 times i, +that would tell me how many + +units over to go, and that's the +memory location I want to + +look for the i'th element +of the list. + +And remember, we said we're +going to assume a random + +access model, which says, as +long as I know the location, + +it takes a constant amount of +time to get to that point. + +So if the-- if I knew the +lists were made of just + +integers, it'd be really +easy to figure it out. + +Another way of saying it is, +this takes constant amount of + +time to figure out where to +look, it takes constant amount + +of time to get there, so in fact +I could treat indexing + +into a list as being +a basic operation. + +But we know lists can be +composed of anything. + +Could be ints, could be floats, +could be a combination + +of things, some ints, some +floats, some lists, some + +strings, some lists of +lists, whatever. + +And in that case, in general +lists, I need to figure out + +what's the access time. + +And here I've got a choice. + +OK, one of the ways I could +do would be the following. + +I could have a pointer to the +beginning of the list where + +the first element here is the +actual value, and this would + +point to the next element in +the list. Or another way of + +saying it is, the first part +of the cell could be some + +encoding of how many cells do +I need to have to store the + +value, and then I've got some +way of telling me where to get + +the next element of the list. +And this would point to value, + +and this would point off +someplace in memory. + +Here's the problem with that +technique, and by the way, a + +number of programming +languages use + +this, including Lisp. + +The problem with that technique, +while it's very + +general, is how long does it +take me to find the i'th + +element of the list? + +Oh fudge knuckle. + +OK. + +I've got to go to the first +place, figure out how far over + +to skip, go to the next place, +figure out how far over to + +skip, eventually I'll +be out the door. + +I've got to count my way down, +which means that the access + +would be linear in the length +of the list to find the i'th + +element of the list, and that's +going to increase the + +complexity. + +There's an alternative, which +is the last point I want to + +make, which is instead what I +could do, I should have said + +these things are called linked +lists, we'll come back to + +those, another way to do it, +is to have the start of the + +list be at some point in memory, +and to have each one + +of the successive cells +in memory point off + +to the actual value. + +Which may take up some arbitrary +amount of memory. + +In that case, I'm back +to this problem. + +And as a consequence, access +time in the list is constant, + +which is what I want. + +Now, to my knowledge, most +implementations of Python use + +this way of storing lists, +whereas Lisp + +and Scheme do not. + +The message I'm trying to get +to here, because I'm running + +you right up against time, is +I have to be careful about + +what's a primitive step. + +With this, if I can assume +that accessing the i'th + +element of a list is constant, +then you can't see that the + +rest of that analysis looks just +like the log analysis I + +did before, and each step, no +matter which branch I'm + +taking, I'm cutting the +problem down in half. + +And as a consequence, +it is log. + +And the last piece of this, is +as said, I have to make sure I + +know what my primitive elements +are, in terms of + +operations. + +Summary: I want you to recognize +different classes of + +algorithms. I'm not going +to repeat them. + +We've seen log, we've seen +linear, we've seen quadratic, + +we've seen exponential. + +One of the things you should +begin to do, is to recognize + +what identifies those classes of +algorithms, so you can map + +your problems into +those ranges. + +And with that, good +luck on Thursday. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/fyQFGf2z4gQ.txt b/fyQFGf2z4gQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f658d2ad210e58d5a6bffe2c33adf936b703d027 --- /dev/null +++ b/fyQFGf2z4gQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7419 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this let me go through the second set of + + align:start position:0% +this let me go through the second set of + + + align:start position:0% +this let me go through the second set of +papers with you which deal with today's + + align:start position:0% +papers with you which deal with today's + + + align:start position:0% +papers with you which deal with today's +gloss on the first page his diagram two + + align:start position:0% +gloss on the first page his diagram two + + + align:start position:0% +gloss on the first page his diagram two +diagrams of Ferris + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if London what would have major features + + align:start position:0% +if London what would have major features + + + align:start position:0% +if London what would have major features +of London that we discussed on Tuesday + + align:start position:0% +of London that we discussed on Tuesday + + + align:start position:0% +of London that we discussed on Tuesday +the rights of citizens to control their + + align:start position:0% +the rights of citizens to control their + + + align:start position:0% +the rights of citizens to control their +land for the story of Christopher + + align:start position:0% +land for the story of Christopher + + + align:start position:0% +land for the story of Christopher +Lorena's Charles the second secondly the + + align:start position:0% +Lorena's Charles the second secondly the + + + align:start position:0% +Lorena's Charles the second secondly the +decision to make transportation public + + align:start position:0% +decision to make transportation public + + + align:start position:0% +decision to make transportation public +transportation a fundamental aspect of + + align:start position:0% +transportation a fundamental aspect of + + + align:start position:0% +transportation a fundamental aspect of +the organization of the city leading to + + align:start position:0% +the organization of the city leading to + + + align:start position:0% +the organization of the city leading to +amongst others to lower density thirdly + + align:start position:0% +amongst others to lower density thirdly + + + align:start position:0% +amongst others to lower density thirdly +the presence of aristocracy in the + + align:start position:0% +the presence of aristocracy in the + + + align:start position:0% +the presence of aristocracy in the +center of the city subdividing to take + + align:start position:0% +center of the city subdividing to take + + + align:start position:0% +center of the city subdividing to take +care of a rising middle income middle + + align:start position:0% +care of a rising middle income middle + + + align:start position:0% +care of a rising middle income middle +class race the details the fire and the + + align:start position:0% +class race the details the fire and the + + + align:start position:0% +class race the details the fire and the +plague + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this disasters which which brought about + + align:start position:0% +this disasters which which brought about + + + align:start position:0% +this disasters which which brought about +certain fundamental changes such as the + + align:start position:0% +certain fundamental changes such as the + + + align:start position:0% +certain fundamental changes such as the +imposition of the new sewage system + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Paris is a very different city you've + + align:start position:0% +Paris is a very different city you've + + + align:start position:0% +Paris is a very different city you've +all been to Paris see you know what I'm + + align:start position:0% +all been to Paris see you know what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +all been to Paris see you know what I'm +talking about + + align:start position:0% +talking about + + + align:start position:0% +talking about +I hope for reasons which are not clear + + align:start position:0% +I hope for reasons which are not clear + + + align:start position:0% +I hope for reasons which are not clear +to me in the 18th century already in + + align:start position:0% +to me in the 18th century already in + + + align:start position:0% +to me in the 18th century already in +1750 there was a competition held by + + align:start position:0% +1750 there was a competition held by + + + align:start position:0% +1750 there was a competition held by +three the fifteenth who was really + + align:start position:0% +three the fifteenth who was really + + + align:start position:0% +three the fifteenth who was really +safely ensconced in Versailles eighteen + + align:start position:0% +safely ensconced in Versailles eighteen + + + align:start position:0% +safely ensconced in Versailles eighteen +miles from the center Paris this is not + + align:start position:0% +miles from the center Paris this is not + + + align:start position:0% +miles from the center Paris this is not +a place to eat + + align:start position:0% +a place to eat + + + align:start position:0% +a place to eat +I'm sorry Micaela it's difficult to have + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry Micaela it's difficult to have + + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry Micaela it's difficult to have +classes at lunchtime but it's okay is it + + align:start position:0% +classes at lunchtime but it's okay is it + + + align:start position:0% +classes at lunchtime but it's okay is it +curled or art it's not lost there was a + + align:start position:0% +curled or art it's not lost there was a + + + align:start position:0% +curled or art it's not lost there was a +competition for to make the center of + + align:start position:0% +competition for to make the center of + + + align:start position:0% +competition for to make the center of +Paris resemble marks a Versailles + + align:start position:0% +Paris resemble marks a Versailles + + + align:start position:0% +Paris resemble marks a Versailles +it was won by man called pate PA TTE now + + align:start position:0% +it was won by man called pate PA TTE now + + + align:start position:0% +it was won by man called pate PA TTE now +shall the plan the elements of the plan + + align:start position:0% +shall the plan the elements of the plan + + + align:start position:0% +shall the plan the elements of the plan +establish numbers and fundamentals first + + align:start position:0% +establish numbers and fundamentals first + + + align:start position:0% +establish numbers and fundamentals first +of all their walls look at the number of + + align:start position:0% +of all their walls look at the number of + + + align:start position:0% +of all their walls look at the number of +walls that encompassed the city from + + align:start position:0% +walls that encompassed the city from + + + align:start position:0% +walls that encompassed the city from +over the nine hundred years but even + + align:start position:0% +over the nine hundred years but even + + + align:start position:0% +over the nine hundred years but even +more than the nine hundred years of the + + align:start position:0% +more than the nine hundred years of the + + + align:start position:0% +more than the nine hundred years of the +kingdom the first Ward in 1250 the first + + align:start position:0% +kingdom the first Ward in 1250 the first + + + align:start position:0% +kingdom the first Ward in 1250 the first +one in AD 250 that was a Roman wall the + + align:start position:0% +one in AD 250 that was a Roman wall the + + + align:start position:0% +one in AD 250 that was a Roman wall the +Romans left more and more least 500 AD + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the subsequent wards of the 12th 12th + + align:start position:0% +the subsequent wards of the 12th 12th + + + align:start position:0% +the subsequent wards of the 12th 12th +century war the 14th century war the + + align:start position:0% +century war the 14th century war the + + + align:start position:0% +century war the 14th century war the +17th century war the 18th century war + + align:start position:0% +17th century war the 18th century war + + + align:start position:0% +17th century war the 18th century war +the 19th century war the periphery + + align:start position:0% +the 19th century war the periphery + + + align:start position:0% +the 19th century war the periphery +you'll notice that whenever an enclosing + + align:start position:0% +you'll notice that whenever an enclosing + + + align:start position:0% +you'll notice that whenever an enclosing +wall hits a main axis in this case the + + align:start position:0% +wall hits a main axis in this case the + + + align:start position:0% +wall hits a main axis in this case the +showers Alizee there's an important + + align:start position:0% +showers Alizee there's an important + + + align:start position:0% +showers Alizee there's an important +place there twirl that Proxmire + + align:start position:0% +place there twirl that Proxmire + + + align:start position:0% +place there twirl that Proxmire +the Place de la Concorde Paris has built + + align:start position:0% +the Place de la Concorde Paris has built + + + align:start position:0% +the Place de la Concorde Paris has built +out of three fundamentals streets walls + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and there were three one is escaping for + + align:start position:0% +and there were three one is escaping for + + + align:start position:0% +and there were three one is escaping for +the moment let's just continue through + + align:start position:0% +the moment let's just continue through + + + align:start position:0% +the moment let's just continue through +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the next page is the the final step in + + align:start position:0% +the next page is the the final step in + + + align:start position:0% +the next page is the the final step in +the transformation of the center of + + align:start position:0% +the transformation of the center of + + + align:start position:0% +the transformation of the center of +Paris by the work of Houseman from about + + align:start position:0% +Paris by the work of Houseman from about + + + align:start position:0% +Paris by the work of Houseman from about +1850 to 1872 1872 marks the the end of + + align:start position:0% +1850 to 1872 1872 marks the the end of + + + align:start position:0% +1850 to 1872 1872 marks the the end of +the kingdoms of Paris which start with + + align:start position:0% +the kingdoms of Paris which start with + + + align:start position:0% +the kingdoms of Paris which start with +in a 987 ad under said of the components + + align:start position:0% +in a 987 ad under said of the components + + + align:start position:0% +in a 987 ad under said of the components +that I was going to mention war monument + + align:start position:0% +that I was going to mention war monument + + + align:start position:0% +that I was going to mention war monument +prime or example of a monument which + + align:start position:0% +prime or example of a monument which + + + align:start position:0% +prime or example of a monument which +persists from the beginning on the the + + align:start position:0% +persists from the beginning on the the + + + align:start position:0% +persists from the beginning on the the +12th century added to and transformed + + align:start position:0% +12th century added to and transformed + + + align:start position:0% +12th century added to and transformed +over time by Kings and the Queen's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +giving it its final shape so the work of + + align:start position:0% +giving it its final shape so the work of + + + align:start position:0% +giving it its final shape so the work of +learning of Napoleon the third and then + + align:start position:0% +learning of Napoleon the third and then + + + align:start position:0% +learning of Napoleon the third and then +finally the Arctic I'll sell the center + + align:start position:0% +finally the Arctic I'll sell the center + + + align:start position:0% +finally the Arctic I'll sell the center +point being the work of an American + + align:start position:0% +point being the work of an American + + + align:start position:0% +point being the work of an American +architect the diagram below is from work + + align:start position:0% +architect the diagram below is from work + + + align:start position:0% +architect the diagram below is from work +and writing by guida ball which argues + + align:start position:0% +and writing by guida ball which argues + + + align:start position:0% +and writing by guida ball which argues +guida ball and Oscar yarn and the + + align:start position:0% +guida ball and Oscar yarn and the + + + align:start position:0% +guida ball and Oscar yarn and the +constant all participants in a movement + + align:start position:0% +constant all participants in a movement + + + align:start position:0% +constant all participants in a movement +called the Situationists Situationists + + align:start position:0% +called the Situationists Situationists + + + align:start position:0% +called the Situationists Situationists +believed in something they called + + align:start position:0% +believed in something they called + + + align:start position:0% +believed in something they called +psychogeography that was the system of + + align:start position:0% +psychogeography that was the system of + + + align:start position:0% +psychogeography that was the system of +which have experience of cities which + + align:start position:0% +which have experience of cities which + + + align:start position:0% +which have experience of cities which +was not delimited by simple boundaries + + align:start position:0% +was not delimited by simple boundaries + + + align:start position:0% +was not delimited by simple boundaries +this diagram indicates that the + + align:start position:0% +this diagram indicates that the + + + align:start position:0% +this diagram indicates that the +experience of Paris + + align:start position:0% +experience of Paris + + + align:start position:0% +experience of Paris +is much to be mad not through the + + align:start position:0% +is much to be mad not through the + + + align:start position:0% +is much to be mad not through the +compartments design administrative + + align:start position:0% +compartments design administrative + + + align:start position:0% +compartments design administrative +components designed by Hofmann but as a + + align:start position:0% +components designed by Hofmann but as a + + + align:start position:0% +components designed by Hofmann but as a +free system of movement much like a taxi + + align:start position:0% +free system of movement much like a taxi + + + align:start position:0% +free system of movement much like a taxi +ride moved through a city independent of + + align:start position:0% +ride moved through a city independent of + + + align:start position:0% +ride moved through a city independent of +boundaries there's a film which they + + align:start position:0% +boundaries there's a film which they + + + align:start position:0% +boundaries there's a film which they +refer to which I can't remember the film + + align:start position:0% +refer to which I can't remember the film + + + align:start position:0% +refer to which I can't remember the film +a French prostitute who works really in + + align:start position:0% +a French prostitute who works really in + + + align:start position:0% +a French prostitute who works really in +the city I tried I can't remember the + + align:start position:0% +the city I tried I can't remember the + + + align:start position:0% +the city I tried I can't remember the +next page indicates another use of the + + align:start position:0% +next page indicates another use of the + + + align:start position:0% +next page indicates another use of the +streets 1848 the two revolutions of 1848 + + align:start position:0% +streets 1848 the two revolutions of 1848 + + + align:start position:0% +streets 1848 the two revolutions of 1848 +and 1871 the idea of the street is a + + align:start position:0% +and 1871 the idea of the street is a + + + align:start position:0% +and 1871 the idea of the street is a +system of barricades the next page is a + + align:start position:0% +system of barricades the next page is a + + + align:start position:0% +system of barricades the next page is a +section through the boulevard house this + + align:start position:0% +section through the boulevard house this + + + align:start position:0% +section through the boulevard house this +is a typical section in a hospital + + align:start position:0% +is a typical section in a hospital + + + align:start position:0% +is a typical section in a hospital +evasion one two three four five floors + + align:start position:0% +evasion one two three four five floors + + + align:start position:0% +evasion one two three four five floors +the fifth law being in the roof there + + align:start position:0% +the fifth law being in the roof there + + + align:start position:0% +the fifth law being in the roof there +being a there's a pharmacy on the ground + + align:start position:0% +being a there's a pharmacy on the ground + + + align:start position:0% +being a there's a pharmacy on the ground +floor some commercial activity the first + + align:start position:0% +floor some commercial activity the first + + + align:start position:0% +floor some commercial activity the first +and second and third floors of + + align:start position:0% +and second and third floors of + + + align:start position:0% +and second and third floors of +middle-class apartments and the tough + + align:start position:0% +middle-class apartments and the tough + + + align:start position:0% +middle-class apartments and the tough +floors where the artists I la bohème and + + align:start position:0% +floors where the artists I la bohème and + + + align:start position:0% +floors where the artists I la bohème and +La Traviata and so on happen in the top + + align:start position:0% +La Traviata and so on happen in the top + + + align:start position:0% +La Traviata and so on happen in the top +floor this construction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is it is one of the keys to the density + + align:start position:0% +is it is one of the keys to the density + + + align:start position:0% +is it is one of the keys to the density +of Paris Paris has always been dense + + align:start position:0% +of Paris Paris has always been dense + + + align:start position:0% +of Paris Paris has always been dense +it's attracted enormous amount it was + + align:start position:0% +it's attracted enormous amount it was + + + align:start position:0% +it's attracted enormous amount it was +the greatest manufacturing city in the + + align:start position:0% +the greatest manufacturing city in the + + + align:start position:0% +the greatest manufacturing city in the +second half of the 19th century and + + align:start position:0% +second half of the 19th century and + + + align:start position:0% +second half of the 19th century and +attracted immigrants not nationally and + + align:start position:0% +attracted immigrants not nationally and + + + align:start position:0% +attracted immigrants not nationally and +not extra national immigrants Patrol + + align:start position:0% +not extra national immigrants Patrol + + + align:start position:0% +not extra national immigrants Patrol +immigrants to the city between the + + align:start position:0% +immigrants to the city between the + + + align:start position:0% +immigrants to the city between the +period of 18 will April get there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay I think that's the that's the loss + + align:start position:0% +okay I think that's the that's the loss + + + align:start position:0% +okay I think that's the that's the loss +of the pages + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the walls are interesting for a number + + align:start position:0% +the walls are interesting for a number + + + align:start position:0% +the walls are interesting for a number +of reasons they consume capital the last + + align:start position:0% +of reasons they consume capital the last + + + align:start position:0% +of reasons they consume capital the last +19th century war created a large space + + align:start position:0% +19th century war created a large space + + + align:start position:0% +19th century war created a large space +north of the Kandahar and city today 2 + + align:start position:0% +north of the Kandahar and city today 2 + + + align:start position:0% +north of the Kandahar and city today 2 +million people live in the center of + + align:start position:0% +million people live in the center of + + + align:start position:0% +million people live in the center of +Paris and 6 million people live in the + + align:start position:0% +Paris and 6 million people live in the + + + align:start position:0% +Paris and 6 million people live in the +ban layer which is the suburban sprawl + + align:start position:0% +ban layer which is the suburban sprawl + + + align:start position:0% +ban layer which is the suburban sprawl +condition which the competition of star + + align:start position:0% +condition which the competition of star + + + align:start position:0% +condition which the competition of star +causes competition of 19 what do we for + + align:start position:0% +causes competition of 19 what do we for + + + align:start position:0% +causes competition of 19 what do we for +2008 which some example we'll go through + + align:start position:0% +2008 which some example we'll go through + + + align:start position:0% +2008 which some example we'll go through +some examples from this competition + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so essentially the other interesting + + align:start position:0% +so essentially the other interesting + + + align:start position:0% +so essentially the other interesting +aspect of the war was the paid brought + + align:start position:0% +aspect of the war was the paid brought + + + align:start position:0% +aspect of the war was the paid brought +in a lot of money to harshman's capacity + + align:start position:0% +in a lot of money to harshman's capacity + + + align:start position:0% +in a lot of money to harshman's capacity +to engage in loans from banks to pay for + + align:start position:0% +to engage in loans from banks to pay for + + + align:start position:0% +to engage in loans from banks to pay for +the extra for the for the purchase of + + align:start position:0% +the extra for the for the purchase of + + + align:start position:0% +the extra for the for the purchase of +land in order to divert divest his new + + align:start position:0% +land in order to divert divest his new + + + align:start position:0% +land in order to divert divest his new +road systems the octroi OCT roi was a + + align:start position:0% +road systems the octroi OCT roi was a + + + align:start position:0% +road systems the octroi OCT roi was a +major source of income wine food was + + align:start position:0% +major source of income wine food was + + + align:start position:0% +major source of income wine food was +taxed at the gate this is a device which + + align:start position:0% +taxed at the gate this is a device which + + + align:start position:0% +taxed at the gate this is a device which +is still common Robert Moses used the + + align:start position:0% +is still common Robert Moses used the + + + align:start position:0% +is still common Robert Moses used the +income piece he controlled the taxation + + align:start position:0% +income piece he controlled the taxation + + + align:start position:0% +income piece he controlled the taxation +system of transportation intermittent + + align:start position:0% +system of transportation intermittent + + + align:start position:0% +system of transportation intermittent +into New York through the bridges and + + align:start position:0% +into New York through the bridges and + + + align:start position:0% +into New York through the bridges and +the tunnels in Boston we have the same + + align:start position:0% +the tunnels in Boston we have the same + + + align:start position:0% +the tunnels in Boston we have the same +silliness we still pay tactiles + + align:start position:0% +silliness we still pay tactiles + + + align:start position:0% +silliness we still pay tactiles +to them to the authority which runs the + + align:start position:0% +to them to the authority which runs the + + + align:start position:0% +to them to the authority which runs the +Seaport badly and the airport is an old + + align:start position:0% +Seaport badly and the airport is an old + + + align:start position:0% +Seaport badly and the airport is an old +system + + align:start position:0% +system + + + align:start position:0% +system +paying at the gate so we want to look at + + align:start position:0% +paying at the gate so we want to look at + + + align:start position:0% +paying at the gate so we want to look at +nine hundred years of history and I'm + + align:start position:0% +nine hundred years of history and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +nine hundred years of history and I'm +just gonna pick out some aspects of it + + align:start position:0% +just gonna pick out some aspects of it + + + align:start position:0% +just gonna pick out some aspects of it +was really one this is an enormous topic + + align:start position:0% +was really one this is an enormous topic + + + align:start position:0% +was really one this is an enormous topic +and I want to constant concentrate on + + align:start position:0% +and I want to constant concentrate on + + + align:start position:0% +and I want to constant concentrate on +the spatial environmental issues and + + align:start position:0% +the spatial environmental issues and + + + align:start position:0% +the spatial environmental issues and +relate them back historically so for + + align:start position:0% +relate them back historically so for + + + align:start position:0% +relate them back historically so for +instance Henry the fourth one of the + + align:start position:0% +instance Henry the fourth one of the + + + align:start position:0% +instance Henry the fourth one of the +great kings of Paris + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +15:33 to 1610 hello + + align:start position:0% +15:33 to 1610 hello + + + align:start position:0% +15:33 to 1610 hello +had a second wife called Marie de Medici + + align:start position:0% +had a second wife called Marie de Medici + + + align:start position:0% +had a second wife called Marie de Medici +there were two Medici women who are + + align:start position:0% +there were two Medici women who are + + + align:start position:0% +there were two Medici women who are +important and in these years in Paris + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +she introduced another idea into the + + align:start position:0% +she introduced another idea into the + + + align:start position:0% +she introduced another idea into the +street system + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in Florence + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +streets were closed so people could play + + align:start position:0% +streets were closed so people could play + + + align:start position:0% +streets were closed so people could play +games the games were called in Italian + + align:start position:0% +games the games were called in Italian + + + align:start position:0% +games the games were called in Italian +Mallory to hit la Paulo a ball right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Mallory molly-o is a hammer isn't it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Molly Ariela Paula is the phrase which + + align:start position:0% +Molly Ariela Paula is the phrase which + + + align:start position:0% +Molly Ariela Paula is the phrase which +is used to describe the games that play + + align:start position:0% +is used to describe the games that play + + + align:start position:0% +is used to describe the games that play +like croquet with hitting a ball the + + align:start position:0% +like croquet with hitting a ball the + + + align:start position:0% +like croquet with hitting a ball the +versions of this game obviously + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the area run Buckingham Palace where + + align:start position:0% +the area run Buckingham Palace where + + + align:start position:0% +the area run Buckingham Palace where +Eaton streets going through Piccadilly + + align:start position:0% +Eaton streets going through Piccadilly + + + align:start position:0% +Eaton streets going through Piccadilly +Circus runs into the crown ear tail area + + align:start position:0% +Circus runs into the crown ear tail area + + + align:start position:0% +Circus runs into the crown ear tail area +is called Pall Mall the place where + + align:start position:0% +is called Pall Mall the place where + + + align:start position:0% +is called Pall Mall the place where +American teenagers meet is a mall + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Mazzarella Paula Pall Mall mall Ricola + + align:start position:0% +Mazzarella Paula Pall Mall mall Ricola + + + align:start position:0% +Mazzarella Paula Pall Mall mall Ricola +in in Paris became as Marie de Medici + + align:start position:0% +in in Paris became as Marie de Medici + + + align:start position:0% +in in Paris became as Marie de Medici +built it who was responsible for the + + align:start position:0% +built it who was responsible for the + + + align:start position:0% +built it who was responsible for the +construction became a place where French + + align:start position:0% +construction became a place where French + + + align:start position:0% +construction became a place where French +could meet in their carriages and have + + align:start position:0% +could meet in their carriages and have + + + align:start position:0% +could meet in their carriages and have +flirtations with other members of either + + align:start position:0% +flirtations with other members of either + + + align:start position:0% +flirtations with other members of either +the same sex or the opposite sex + + align:start position:0% +the same sex or the opposite sex + + + align:start position:0% +the same sex or the opposite sex +essentially preserve it + + align:start position:0% +essentially preserve it + + + align:start position:0% +essentially preserve it +it took an idea of street is an + + align:start position:0% +it took an idea of street is an + + + align:start position:0% +it took an idea of street is an +environment for play and transformed it + + align:start position:0% +environment for play and transformed it + + + align:start position:0% +environment for play and transformed it +into another version of the same idea so + + align:start position:0% +into another version of the same idea so + + + align:start position:0% +into another version of the same idea so +the streets of Paris played almost every + + align:start position:0% +the streets of Paris played almost every + + + align:start position:0% +the streets of Paris played almost every +role you can imagine this is an + + align:start position:0% +role you can imagine this is an + + + align:start position:0% +role you can imagine this is an +linguistically and interesting reach + + align:start position:0% +linguistically and interesting reach + + + align:start position:0% +linguistically and interesting reach +from closing a street in Florence to + + align:start position:0% +from closing a street in Florence to + + + align:start position:0% +from closing a street in Florence to +play a game to use the same word + + align:start position:0% +play a game to use the same word + + + align:start position:0% +play a game to use the same word +etymologically now being used for to + + align:start position:0% +etymologically now being used for to + + + align:start position:0% +etymologically now being used for to +describe an American shopping centre any + + align:start position:0% +describe an American shopping centre any + + + align:start position:0% +describe an American shopping centre any +connection + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I don't know never seen this explained + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +perhaps the mall became a general term + + align:start position:0% +perhaps the mall became a general term + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps the mall became a general term +and the Americans picked it up and + + align:start position:0% +and the Americans picked it up and + + + align:start position:0% +and the Americans picked it up and +applied it indiscriminantly of its + + align:start position:0% +applied it indiscriminantly of its + + + align:start position:0% +applied it indiscriminantly of its +origin absolutely but the Romans crossed + + align:start position:0% +origin absolutely but the Romans crossed + + + align:start position:0% +origin absolutely but the Romans crossed +the river as they did in London but + + align:start position:0% +the river as they did in London but + + + align:start position:0% +the river as they did in London but +found an island for twenty acres large + + align:start position:0% +found an island for twenty acres large + + + align:start position:0% +found an island for twenty acres large +in the centre lava which became the + + align:start position:0% +in the centre lava which became the + + + align:start position:0% +in the centre lava which became the +foundation of the city of Paris the + + align:start position:0% +foundation of the city of Paris the + + + align:start position:0% +foundation of the city of Paris the +Romans stayed on to loot about the fifth + + align:start position:0% +Romans stayed on to loot about the fifth + + + align:start position:0% +Romans stayed on to loot about the fifth +century one of the governors of the + + align:start position:0% +century one of the governors of the + + + align:start position:0% +century one of the governors of the +Romans was my head my name he was a + + align:start position:0% +Romans was my head my name he was a + + + align:start position:0% +Romans was my head my name he was a +cousin he was a nephew of the Emperor + + align:start position:0% +cousin he was a nephew of the Emperor + + + align:start position:0% +cousin he was a nephew of the Emperor +Constantine he then became the last of + + align:start position:0% +Constantine he then became the last of + + + align:start position:0% +Constantine he then became the last of +the Roman emperors who's killed wise and + + align:start position:0% +the Roman emperors who's killed wise and + + + align:start position:0% +the Roman emperors who's killed wise and +troops because he was unlike his uncle + + align:start position:0% +troops because he was unlike his uncle + + + align:start position:0% +troops because he was unlike his uncle +not a Christian he believed instead + + align:start position:0% +not a Christian he believed instead + + + align:start position:0% +not a Christian he believed instead +stemming the Christian epidemic and want + + align:start position:0% +stemming the Christian epidemic and want + + + align:start position:0% +stemming the Christian epidemic and want +to draw him to remain in touch with the + + align:start position:0% +to draw him to remain in touch with the + + + align:start position:0% +to draw him to remain in touch with the +Mathurin rights and multi gods and + + align:start position:0% +Mathurin rights and multi gods and + + + align:start position:0% +Mathurin rights and multi gods and +systems religion which was being + + align:start position:0% +systems religion which was being + + + align:start position:0% +systems religion which was being +sabotaged by Christianity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm just going to go through some of the + + align:start position:0% +I'm just going to go through some of the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm just going to go through some of the +aspects of this special system as put + + align:start position:0% +aspects of this special system as put + + + align:start position:0% +aspects of this special system as put +into place Philippe Auguste 1182 1223 + + align:start position:0% +into place Philippe Auguste 1182 1223 + + + align:start position:0% +into place Philippe Auguste 1182 1223 +built on the elder CTA the island he + + align:start position:0% +built on the elder CTA the island he + + + align:start position:0% +built on the elder 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position:0% +lay Sol today which an hour an +underground shopping center you have to + + align:start position:0% +underground shopping center you have to + + + align:start position:0% +underground shopping center you have to +think back to understand that it was a + + align:start position:0% +think back to understand that it was a + + + align:start position:0% +think back to understand that it was a +land from which Jews were expelled in + + align:start position:0% +land from which Jews were expelled in + + + align:start position:0% +land from which Jews were expelled in +England at the same time Jews had to + + align:start position:0% +England at the same time Jews had to + + + align:start position:0% +England at the same time Jews had to +wear a badge to share themselves was + + align:start position:0% +wear a badge to share themselves was + + + align:start position:0% +wear a badge to share themselves was +different from ordinary people there to + + align:start position:0% 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the 12th century so + + align:start position:0% +padam was built in the 12th century so + + + align:start position:0% +padam was built in the 12th century so +centered his Paris in the geography of + + align:start position:0% +centered his Paris in the geography of + + + align:start position:0% +centered his Paris in the geography of +France that even today all measurements + + align:start position:0% +France that even today all measurements + + + align:start position:0% +France that even today all measurements +in France measured from North Adam + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there isn't that sense of centrality in + + align:start position:0% +there isn't that sense of centrality in + + + align:start position:0% +there isn't that sense of centrality in +the London there were crowds gathered to + + align:start position:0% +the London there were crowds gathered to + + + align:start position:0% +the London there were crowds gathered to +watch a hanging but nothing like the + + align:start position:0% +watch a hanging but nothing like the + + + align:start position:0% +watch a hanging but nothing like the +crowds were to gathered to watch the + + align:start position:0% +crowds were to gathered to watch the + + + align:start position:0% +crowds were to gathered to watch the +gear routine and to watch people be + + align:start position:0% +gear routine and to watch people be + + + align:start position:0% +gear routine and to watch people be +headed towards cats being fried + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the Great King Henry the fourth or 16th + + align:start position:0% +the Great King Henry the fourth or 16th + + + align:start position:0% +the Great King Henry the fourth or 16th +century King the second wife Marie de + + align:start position:0% +century King the second wife Marie de + + + align:start position:0% +century King the second wife Marie de +Medici I've mentioned already in + + align:start position:0% +Medici I've mentioned already in + + + align:start position:0% +Medici I've mentioned already in +relational coal oven + + align:start position:0% +relational coal oven + + + align:start position:0% +relational coal oven +he built a large section of the central + + align:start position:0% +he built a large section of the central + + + align:start position:0% +he built a large section of the central +part of Paris bridges palaces churches + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Gardens + + align:start position:0% +Gardens + + + align:start position:0% +Gardens +he built the Pont Neuf he also built the + + align:start position:0% +he built the Pont Neuf he also built the + + + align:start position:0% +he built the Pont Neuf he also built the +place for y'all + + align:start position:0% +place for y'all + + + align:start position:0% +place for y'all +which is the largest residential square + + align:start position:0% +which is the largest residential square + + + align:start position:0% +which is the largest residential square +in Europe and the predictor of the + + align:start position:0% +in Europe and the predictor of the + + + align:start position:0% +in Europe and the predictor of the +Covent Garden model the Kula ring at + + align:start position:0% +Covent Garden model the Kula ring at + + + align:start position:0% +Covent Garden model the Kula ring at +least the plus oh yeah which now the + + align:start position:0% +least the plus oh yeah which now the + + + align:start position:0% +least the plus oh yeah which now the +plasti Forge is 140 meters if I remember + + align:start position:0% +plasti Forge is 140 meters if I remember + + + align:start position:0% +plasti Forge is 140 meters if I remember +correctly 140 meters 140 meters it's the + + align:start position:0% +correctly 140 meters 140 meters it's the + + + align:start position:0% +correctly 140 meters 140 meters it's the +largest residential public space in + + align:start position:0% +largest residential public space in + + + align:start position:0% +largest residential public space in +Europe both + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hasn't the raisins for royalty and + + align:start position:0% +hasn't the raisins for royalty and + + + align:start position:0% +hasn't the raisins for royalty and +aristocracy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a number of attributes of the street + + align:start position:0% +a number of attributes of the street + + + align:start position:0% +a number of attributes of the street +system were reinforced limited + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +want the correct quotation on April 10th + + align:start position:0% +want the correct quotation on April 10th + + + align:start position:0% +want the correct quotation on April 10th +1780 see the first royal declaration of + + align:start position:0% +1780 see the first royal declaration of + + + align:start position:0% +1780 see the first royal declaration of +a known policy was promulgated it was + + align:start position:0% +a known policy was promulgated it was + + + align:start position:0% +a known policy was promulgated it was +worth noting that it followed an + + align:start position:0% +worth noting that it followed an + + + align:start position:0% +worth noting that it followed an +accurate map till though they made the + + align:start position:0% +accurate map till though they made the + + + align:start position:0% +accurate map till though they made the +first correct map of Paris it was + + align:start position:0% +first correct map of Paris it was + + + align:start position:0% +first correct map of Paris it was +correct in the sense that it was more + + align:start position:0% +correct in the sense that it was more + + + align:start position:0% +correct in the sense that it was more +accurate than a typical perspective view + + align:start position:0% 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position:0% + +took accurate measurements during the + + align:start position:0% +took accurate measurements during the + + + align:start position:0% +took accurate measurements during the +day in the crowded Paris streets his + + align:start position:0% +day in the crowded Paris streets his + + + align:start position:0% +day in the crowded Paris streets his +ground observations were corrected by + + align:start position:0% +ground observations were corrected by + + + align:start position:0% +ground observations were corrected by +triangulation to determine the + + align:start position:0% +triangulation to determine the + + + align:start position:0% +triangulation to determine the +elevations of the city in 1783 here's an + + align:start position:0% +elevations of the city in 1783 here's an + + + align:start position:0% +elevations of the city in 1783 here's an +interesting connection between the + + align:start position:0% +interesting connection between the + + + align:start 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to the free and easy passage of + + + align:start position:0% +barriers to the free and easy passage of +vehicles and pedestrians they further + + align:start position:0% +vehicles and pedestrians they further + + + align:start position:0% +vehicles and pedestrians they further +says said that that overly tall runnings + + align:start position:0% +says said that that overly tall runnings + + + align:start position:0% +says said that that overly tall runnings +from prejudicial to clean in a city as + + align:start position:0% +from prejudicial to clean in a city as + + + align:start position:0% +from prejudicial to clean in a city as +populous as Paris as well as contrary to + + align:start position:0% +populous as Paris as well as contrary to + + + align:start position:0% +populous as Paris as well as contrary to +public safety in France a fire or aid in + + align:start position:0% +public safety in France a fire or aid in + + + align:start position:0% +public safety in France a fire or aid in +1783 there was + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not only the ability to demarcate space + + align:start position:0% +not only the ability to demarcate space + + + align:start position:0% +not only the ability to demarcate space +accurately because of an accurate map + + align:start position:0% +accurately because of an accurate map + + + align:start position:0% +accurately because of an accurate map +but the capacity to put into place + + align:start position:0% +but the capacity to put into place + + + align:start position:0% +but the capacity to put into place +regulations which decided what the + + align:start position:0% +regulations which decided what the + + + align:start position:0% +regulations which decided what the +dimensions of a street were and also the + + align:start position:0% +dimensions of a street were and also the + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions of a street were and also the +ruling which has lasted in central Paris + + align:start position:0% +ruling which has lasted in central Paris + + + align:start position:0% +ruling which has lasted in central Paris +ever since and that is not allowed tall + + align:start position:0% +ever since and that is not allowed tall + + + align:start position:0% +ever since and that is not allowed tall +buildings + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +whilst the spatial idea of having as + + align:start position:0% +whilst the spatial idea of having as + + + align:start position:0% +whilst the spatial idea of having as +direct as direct the distance between + + align:start position:0% +direct as direct the distance between + + + align:start position:0% +direct as direct the distance between +two monumental points was an idea which + + align:start position:0% +two monumental points was an idea which + + + align:start position:0% +two monumental points was an idea which +had been around in French landscape for + + align:start position:0% +had been around in French landscape for + + + align:start position:0% +had been around in French landscape for +a long time there was nobody really who + + align:start position:0% +a long time there was nobody really who + + + align:start position:0% +a long time there was nobody really who +could articulate that idea in practice + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the street system was not any for play + + align:start position:0% +the street system was not any for play + + + align:start position:0% +the street system was not any for play +it was for rapid movement denied by the + + align:start position:0% +it was for rapid movement denied by the + + + align:start position:0% +it was for rapid movement denied by the +building of barricades the street system + + align:start position:0% +building of barricades the street system + + + align:start position:0% +building of barricades the street system +was also a sequence of connected + + align:start position:0% +was also a sequence of connected + + + align:start position:0% +was also a sequence of connected +connectivity between various aspects of + + align:start position:0% +connectivity between various aspects of + + + align:start position:0% +connectivity between various aspects of +the city already early on the French + + align:start position:0% +the city already early on the French + + + align:start position:0% +the city already early on the French +King decided that the university would + + align:start position:0% +King decided that the university would + + + align:start position:0% +King decided that the university would +be on the left bank and commerce would + + align:start position:0% +be on the left bank and commerce would + + + align:start position:0% +be on the left bank and commerce would +be on the right bank but instead of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +developing these as these cell elements + + align:start position:0% +developing these as these cell elements + + + align:start position:0% +developing these as these cell elements +of the space a system of avenues which + + align:start position:0% +of the space a system of avenues which + + + align:start position:0% +of the space a system of avenues which +connected the important points often + + align:start position:0% +connected the important points often + + + align:start position:0% +connected the important points often +monuments reticulated and made a + + align:start position:0% +monuments reticulated and made a + + + align:start position:0% +monuments reticulated and made a +multi-dimensional space in this case a + + align:start position:0% +multi-dimensional space in this case a + + + align:start position:0% +multi-dimensional space in this case a +box space of limited height but a + + align:start position:0% +box space of limited height but a + + + align:start position:0% +box space of limited height but a +compressed space now of two million + + align:start position:0% +compressed space now of two million + + + align:start position:0% +compressed space now of two million +people all articulated by the rulings + + align:start position:0% +people all articulated by the rulings + + + align:start position:0% +people all articulated by the rulings +about Street Hoffmann who became prefect + + align:start position:0% +about Street Hoffmann who became prefect + + + align:start position:0% +about Street Hoffmann who became prefect +in 1851 was + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +very responsible for being the first + + align:start position:0% +very responsible for being the first + + + align:start position:0% +very responsible for being the first +urban manager in this any city in + + align:start position:0% +urban manager in this any city in + + + align:start position:0% +urban manager in this any city in +relatively recent times what he did was + + align:start position:0% +relatively recent times what he did was + + + align:start position:0% +relatively recent times what he did was +take an idea which was in the DNA of the + + align:start position:0% +take an idea which was in the DNA of the + + + align:start position:0% +take an idea which was in the DNA of the +French Parisian system of streets and + + align:start position:0% +French Parisian system of streets and + + + align:start position:0% +French Parisian system of streets and +make it possible + + align:start position:0% +make it possible + + + align:start position:0% +make it possible +Paris was an unruly medieval city it was + + align:start position:0% +Paris was an unruly medieval city it was + + + align:start position:0% +Paris was an unruly medieval city it was +you reached and dialed who talks about + + align:start position:0% +you reached and dialed who talks about + + + align:start position:0% +you reached and dialed who talks about +the mud in the streets and the thoth in + + align:start position:0% +the mud in the streets and the thoth in + + + align:start position:0% +the mud in the streets and the thoth in +the street it was no different from most + + align:start position:0% +the street it was no different from most + + + align:start position:0% +the street it was no different from most +cities at that time in you know it also + + align:start position:0% +cities at that time in you know it also + + + align:start position:0% +cities at that time in you know it also +was the site of cholera they were great + + align:start position:0% +was the site of cholera they were great + + + align:start position:0% +was the site of cholera they were great +cholera epidemics in 1839 1842 they will + + align:start position:0% +cholera epidemics in 1839 1842 they will + + + align:start position:0% +cholera epidemics in 1839 1842 they will +work as riots regularly in 1830s 1840s + + align:start position:0% +work as riots regularly in 1830s 1840s + + + align:start position:0% +work as riots regularly in 1830s 1840s +this following their a great revolution + + align:start position:0% +this following their a great revolution + + + align:start position:0% +this following their a great revolution +of a 1789 Houseman arrived after the + + align:start position:0% +of a 1789 Houseman arrived after the + + + align:start position:0% +of a 1789 Houseman arrived after the +failure of the last second lost king to + + align:start position:0% +failure of the last second lost king to + + + align:start position:0% +failure of the last second lost king to +maintain his position and he was + + align:start position:0% +maintain his position and he was + + + align:start position:0% +maintain his position and he was +replaced by Louie Napoleon Lina polian + + align:start position:0% +replaced by Louie Napoleon Lina polian + + + align:start position:0% +replaced by Louie Napoleon Lina polian +had been in exile and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there are stories of him being in Durgan + + align:start position:0% +there are stories of him being in Durgan + + + align:start position:0% +there are stories of him being in Durgan +parking or the restaurant in Boston + + align:start position:0% +parking or the restaurant in Boston + + + align:start position:0% +parking or the restaurant in Boston +talking about this great near city that + + align:start position:0% +talking about this great near city that + + + align:start position:0% +talking about this great near city that +he was gonna build when he went back to + + align:start position:0% +he was gonna build when he went back to + + + align:start position:0% +he was gonna build when he went back to +Paris he had watched Regent Street in + + align:start position:0% +Paris he had watched Regent Street in + + + align:start position:0% +Paris he had watched Regent Street in +London and was a great admiration for + + align:start position:0% +London and was a great admiration for + + + align:start position:0% +London and was a great admiration for +the for the what what wilt Regent Street + + align:start position:0% +the for the what what wilt Regent Street + + + align:start position:0% +the for the what what wilt Regent Street +in London a compact included permission + + align:start position:0% +in London a compact included permission + + + align:start position:0% +in London a compact included permission +by the Parliament a million pounds of + + align:start position:0% +by the Parliament a million pounds of + + + align:start position:0% +by the Parliament a million pounds of +money from a bank and the right to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +purchase property in order that the + + align:start position:0% +purchase property in order that the + + + align:start position:0% +purchase property in order that the +property may be transformed according to + + align:start position:0% +property may be transformed according to + + + align:start position:0% +property may be transformed according to +a street system during Napoleon was + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +obsessed with this idea that he could + + align:start position:0% +obsessed with this idea that he could + + + align:start position:0% +obsessed with this idea that he could +rebuild Paris he happens to be in the + + align:start position:0% +rebuild Paris he happens to be in the + + + align:start position:0% +rebuild Paris he happens to be in the +last king in the history of Paris he + + align:start position:0% +last king in the history of Paris he + + + align:start position:0% +last king in the history of Paris he +made a bad decision to start a war with + + align:start position:0% +made a bad decision to start a war with + + + align:start position:0% +made a bad decision to start a war with +the Prussians and Paris was bombarded + + align:start position:0% +the Prussians and Paris was bombarded + + + align:start position:0% +the Prussians and Paris was bombarded +and the court moved to Versailles and + + align:start position:0% +and the court moved to Versailles and + + + align:start position:0% +and the court moved to Versailles and +Republic was established off to the war + + align:start position:0% +Republic was established off to the war + + + align:start position:0% +Republic was established off to the war +so Hoffman's + + align:start position:0% +so Hoffman's + + + align:start position:0% +so Hoffman's +20 years are 20 years at the end of nine + + align:start position:0% +20 years are 20 years at the end of nine + + + align:start position:0% +20 years are 20 years at the end of nine +hundred years of royal regime in Paris + + align:start position:0% +hundred years of royal regime in Paris + + + align:start position:0% +hundred years of royal regime in Paris +you cannot account for a similar set of + + align:start position:0% +you cannot account for a similar set of + + + align:start position:0% +you cannot account for a similar set of +circumstances in London or in Vienna or + + align:start position:0% +circumstances in London or in Vienna or + + + align:start position:0% +circumstances in London or in Vienna or +near near Berlin or any of the great + + align:start position:0% +near near Berlin or any of the great + + + align:start position:0% +near near Berlin or any of the great +European cities Houseman + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it was a maniac for a number of things + + align:start position:0% +it was a maniac for a number of things + + + align:start position:0% +it was a maniac for a number of things +spatially I don't know what his personal + + align:start position:0% +spatially I don't know what his personal + + + align:start position:0% +spatially I don't know what his personal +life here that's not a story altogether + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah what he wanted absolute control he + + align:start position:0% +yeah what he wanted absolute control he + + + align:start position:0% +yeah what he wanted absolute control he +says to the Emperor when they have a + + align:start position:0% +says to the Emperor when they have a + + + align:start position:0% +says to the Emperor when they have a +first meeting of the town Planning + + align:start position:0% +first meeting of the town Planning + + + align:start position:0% +first meeting of the town Planning +Commission there lots of speeches and + + align:start position:0% +Commission there lots of speeches and + + + align:start position:0% +Commission there lots of speeches and +everybody's sitting around he talks to + + align:start position:0% +everybody's sitting around he talks to + + + align:start position:0% +everybody's sitting around he talks to +them for after the meeting and says what + + align:start position:0% +them for after the meeting and says what + + + align:start position:0% +them for after the meeting and says what +a waste of time all these people like + + align:start position:0% +a waste of time all these people like + + + align:start position:0% +a waste of time all these people like +big speeches and nothing happened we + + align:start position:0% +big speeches and nothing happened we + + + align:start position:0% +big speeches and nothing happened we +don't get any work done the Empress's + + align:start position:0% +don't get any work done the Empress's + + + align:start position:0% +don't get any work done the Empress's +were our big to the Commission after B + + align:start position:0% +were our big to the Commission after B + + + align:start position:0% +were our big to the Commission after B +it says well the Emperor you would have + + align:start position:0% +it says well the Emperor you would have + + + align:start position:0% +it says well the Emperor you would have +to be there and I have to be there and I + + align:start position:0% +to be there and I have to be there and I + + + align:start position:0% +to be there and I have to be there and I +can't think of anybody else the + + align:start position:0% +can't think of anybody else the + + + align:start position:0% +can't think of anybody else the +Empress's sounds like a good plan to me + + align:start position:0% +Empress's sounds like a good plan to me + + + align:start position:0% +Empress's sounds like a good plan to me +so the Commission becomes one man the + + align:start position:0% +so the Commission becomes one man the + + + align:start position:0% +so the Commission becomes one man the +prefect of the sin ROM butoh the prefect + + align:start position:0% +prefect of the sin ROM butoh the prefect + + + align:start position:0% +prefect of the sin ROM butoh the prefect +of the sin before him there were a + + align:start position:0% +of the sin before him there were a + + + align:start position:0% +of the sin before him there were a +number of others Berger and Cassini and + + align:start position:0% +number of others Berger and Cassini and + + + align:start position:0% +number of others Berger and Cassini and +so on but Ram Bhutto tried to extend the + + align:start position:0% +so on but Ram Bhutto tried to extend the + + + align:start position:0% +so on but Ram Bhutto tried to extend the +east-west access to the Bastille as + + align:start position:0% +east-west access to the Bastille as + + + align:start position:0% +east-west access to the Bastille as +Napoleon tried to do but failed he + + align:start position:0% +Napoleon tried to do but failed he + + + align:start position:0% +Napoleon tried to do but failed he +proposed there were Street which as his + + align:start position:0% +proposed there were Street which as his + + + align:start position:0% +proposed there were Street which as his +name the whole arm Bhutto but could only + + align:start position:0% +name the whole arm Bhutto but could only + + + align:start position:0% +name the whole arm Bhutto but could only +afford to build it out of the budget of + + align:start position:0% +afford to build it out of the budget of + + + align:start position:0% +afford to build it out of the budget of +the city he could build one mile and he + + align:start position:0% +the city he could build one mile and he + + + align:start position:0% +the city he could build one mile and he +was allowed to make it he was only any + + align:start position:0% +was allowed to make it he was only any + + + align:start position:0% +was allowed to make it he was only any +arts for 13 meters width he was a lot + + align:start position:0% +arts for 13 meters width he was a lot + + + align:start position:0% +arts for 13 meters width he was a lot +twenty meters the story of Humberto is + + align:start position:0% +twenty meters the story of Humberto is + + + align:start position:0% +twenty meters the story of Humberto is +the story of the fact that you cannot do + + align:start position:0% +the story of the fact that you cannot do + + + align:start position:0% +the story of the fact that you cannot do +a major reconstruction of a city out of + + align:start position:0% +a major reconstruction of a city out of + + + align:start position:0% +a major reconstruction of a city out of +the capital budget of the city what the + + align:start position:0% +the capital budget of the city what the + + + align:start position:0% +the capital budget of the city what the +greatest invention of Hoffman it was not + + align:start position:0% +greatest invention of Hoffman it was not + + + align:start position:0% +greatest invention of Hoffman it was not +easy arrangement but economists like + + align:start position:0% +easy arrangement but economists like + + + align:start position:0% +easy arrangement but economists like +saucy more constructed the idea that if + + align:start position:0% +saucy more constructed the idea that if + + + align:start position:0% +saucy more constructed the idea that if +you improved if you really improved an + + align:start position:0% +you improved if you really improved an + + + align:start position:0% +you improved if you really improved an +asset it's worth no matter how much you + + align:start position:0% +asset it's worth no matter how much you + + + align:start position:0% +asset it's worth no matter how much you +invest + + align:start position:0% +invest + + + align:start position:0% +invest +in the improvement it's worth in the end + + align:start position:0% +in the improvement it's worth in the end + + + align:start position:0% +in the improvement it's worth in the end +is going to pay it back many times it's + + align:start position:0% +is going to pay it back many times it's + + + align:start position:0% +is going to pay it back many times it's +called deficit spending today and harren + + align:start position:0% +called deficit spending today and harren + + + align:start position:0% +called deficit spending today and harren +understood that in order to rebuild + + align:start position:0% +understood that in order to rebuild + + + align:start position:0% +understood that in order to rebuild +Paris from being a medieval slum to a + + align:start position:0% +Paris from being a medieval slum to a + + + align:start position:0% +Paris from being a medieval slum to a +modern city you needed to develop more + + align:start position:0% +modern city you needed to develop more + + + align:start position:0% +modern city you needed to develop more +capital than the ordinary taxation + + align:start position:0% +capital than the ordinary taxation + + + align:start position:0% +capital than the ordinary taxation +system in the city can do so he took the + + align:start position:0% +system in the city can do so he took the + + + align:start position:0% +system in the city can do so he took the +money from the octroi system borrowed + + align:start position:0% +money from the octroi system borrowed + + + align:start position:0% +money from the octroi system borrowed +money expropriated land in 1783 + + align:start position:0% +money expropriated land in 1783 + + + align:start position:0% +money expropriated land in 1783 +now slowly in the 18th century the + + align:start position:0% +now slowly in the 18th century the + + + align:start position:0% +now slowly in the 18th century the +control of Paris by the Kings diminished + + align:start position:0% +control of Paris by the Kings diminished + + + align:start position:0% +control of Paris by the Kings diminished +and when the rule after the Revolution + + align:start position:0% +and when the rule after the Revolution + + + align:start position:0% +and when the rule after the Revolution +of course there were no Kings until + + align:start position:0% +of course there were no Kings until + + + align:start position:0% +of course there were no Kings until +Louis Philippe and Louis Napoleon the + + align:start position:0% +Louis Philippe and Louis Napoleon the + + + align:start position:0% +Louis Philippe and Louis Napoleon the +notion that you could move people out of + + align:start position:0% +notion that you could move people out of + + + align:start position:0% +notion that you could move people out of +their domains rebuild the premises in + + align:start position:0% +their domains rebuild the premises in + + + align:start position:0% +their domains rebuild the premises in +which they lived and not care for them + + align:start position:0% +which they lived and not care for them + + + align:start position:0% +which they lived and not care for them +through replacement accommodation and so + + align:start position:0% +through replacement accommodation and so + + + align:start position:0% +through replacement accommodation and so +on took hold under Hoffman Hoffman in 20 + + align:start position:0% +on took hold under Hoffman Hoffman in 20 + + + align:start position:0% +on took hold under Hoffman Hoffman in 20 +years rebuilt Paris in ways which were + + align:start position:0% +years rebuilt Paris in ways which were + + + align:start position:0% +years rebuilt Paris in ways which were +part of the DNA street system of Paris + + align:start position:0% +part of the DNA street system of Paris + + + align:start position:0% +part of the DNA street system of Paris +and made possible in modern times by + + align:start position:0% +and made possible in modern times by + + + align:start position:0% +and made possible in modern times by +deficit spending the lands which has + + align:start position:0% +deficit spending the lands which has + + + align:start position:0% +deficit spending the lands which has +been accumulated in the 20 years were + + align:start position:0% +been accumulated in the 20 years were + + + align:start position:0% +been accumulated in the 20 years were +only repaid in 1929 but Paris was an + + align:start position:0% +only repaid in 1929 but Paris was an + + + align:start position:0% +only repaid in 1929 but Paris was an +immensely more valuable City in 1929 + + align:start position:0% +immensely more valuable City in 1929 + + + align:start position:0% +immensely more valuable City in 1929 +that it was in 1850 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we have the introduction into the + + align:start position:0% +so we have the introduction into the + + + align:start position:0% +so we have the introduction into the +urban system of a business model of a + + align:start position:0% +urban system of a business model of a + + + align:start position:0% +urban system of a business model of a +management model Hoffman had his own + + align:start position:0% +management model Hoffman had his own + + + align:start position:0% +management model Hoffman had his own +predilections he did not believe that + + align:start position:0% +predilections he did not believe that + + + align:start position:0% +predilections he did not believe that +the individual buildings were important + + align:start position:0% +the individual buildings were important + + + align:start position:0% +the individual buildings were important +he believes that the systems of building + + align:start position:0% +he believes that the systems of building + + + align:start position:0% +he believes that the systems of building +were important he'd he hated + + align:start position:0% +were important he'd he hated + + + align:start position:0% +were important he'd he hated +idiosyncrasy all the buildings had to be + + align:start position:0% +idiosyncrasy all the buildings had to be + + + align:start position:0% +idiosyncrasy all the buildings had to be +the same height this is a image in what + + align:start position:0% +the same height this is a image in what + + + align:start position:0% +the same height this is a image in what +I gave you + + align:start position:0% +I gave you + + + align:start position:0% +I gave you +there is a photograph of a street in + + align:start position:0% +there is a photograph of a street in + + + align:start position:0% +there is a photograph of a street in +Paris where he forces the property on + + align:start position:0% +Paris where he forces the property on + + + align:start position:0% +Paris where he forces the property on +the left to shift its turret to the + + align:start position:0% +the left to shift its turret to the + + + align:start position:0% +the left to shift its turret to the +street in order that it balance the + + align:start position:0% +street in order that it balance the + + + align:start position:0% +street in order that it balance the +building on the opposite side of the + + align:start position:0% +building on the opposite side of the + + + align:start position:0% +building on the opposite side of the +street what else this is an enormously + + align:start position:0% +street what else this is an enormously + + + align:start position:0% +street what else this is an enormously +long story but I'm giving you the banns + + align:start position:0% +long story but I'm giving you the banns + + + align:start position:0% +long story but I'm giving you the banns +of it if you're interested in this good + + align:start position:0% +of it if you're interested in this good + + + align:start position:0% +of it if you're interested in this good +literature on the history of Paris and + + align:start position:0% +literature on the history of Paris and + + + align:start position:0% +literature on the history of Paris and +certainly the period of 1850 to 1870 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what else can I say before we look at + + align:start position:0% +what else can I say before we look at + + + align:start position:0% +what else can I say before we look at +somebody images this is about his bare + + align:start position:0% +somebody images this is about his bare + + + align:start position:0% +somebody images this is about his bare +description of Paris's I can imagine but + + align:start position:0% +description of Paris's I can imagine but + + + align:start position:0% +description of Paris's I can imagine but +the extraordinary capacity for the + + align:start position:0% +the extraordinary capacity for the + + + align:start position:0% +the extraordinary capacity for the +street system to be the major + + align:start position:0% +street system to be the major + + + align:start position:0% +street system to be the major +articulator of movement of war of play + + align:start position:0% +articulator of movement of war of play + + + align:start position:0% +articulator of movement of war of play +of distribution of psychogeography + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Houseman felt that if you look down an + + align:start position:0% +Houseman felt that if you look down an + + + align:start position:0% +Houseman felt that if you look down an +avenue you had to have ever closed Vista + + align:start position:0% +avenue you had to have ever closed Vista + + + align:start position:0% +avenue you had to have ever closed Vista +you had to be led to something which was + + align:start position:0% +you had to be led to something which was + + + align:start position:0% +you had to be led to something which was +an important place in Washington which + + align:start position:0% +an important place in Washington which + + + align:start position:0% +an important place in Washington which +has a kind of Parisian kind of plan the + + align:start position:0% +has a kind of Parisian kind of plan the + + + align:start position:0% +has a kind of Parisian kind of plan the +intersections of the diagonal avenues + + align:start position:0% +intersections of the diagonal avenues + + + align:start position:0% +intersections of the diagonal avenues +where they meet each other + + align:start position:0% +where they meet each other + + + align:start position:0% +where they meet each other +produced nothing in Paris there's always + + align:start position:0% +produced nothing in Paris there's always + + + align:start position:0% +produced nothing in Paris there's always +an important square or monument when + + align:start position:0% +an important square or monument when + + + align:start position:0% +an important square or monument when +Hofmann decides that we that the city + + align:start position:0% +Hofmann decides that we that the city + + + align:start position:0% +Hofmann decides that we that the city +needs an opera he builds the hood opera + + align:start position:0% +needs an opera he builds the hood opera + + + align:start position:0% +needs an opera he builds the hood opera +and in the Opera itself the Opera has an + + align:start position:0% +and in the Opera itself the Opera has an + + + align:start position:0% +and in the Opera itself the Opera has an +is an extraordinary interior adding to + + align:start position:0% +is an extraordinary interior adding to + + + align:start position:0% +is an extraordinary interior adding to +the complexity of the spatial + + align:start position:0% +the complexity of the spatial + + + align:start position:0% +the complexity of the spatial +relationship of access to the Opera the + + align:start position:0% +relationship of access to the Opera the + + + align:start position:0% +relationship of access to the Opera the +facade of the Opera as a monument + + align:start position:0% +facade of the Opera as a monument + + + align:start position:0% +facade of the Opera as a monument +standing freely in space and then the + + align:start position:0% +standing freely in space and then the + + + align:start position:0% +standing freely in space and then the +entrance and interior a fantastic + + align:start position:0% +entrance and interior a fantastic + + + align:start position:0% +entrance and interior a fantastic +interior as well so there's what what + + align:start position:0% +interior as well so there's what what + + + align:start position:0% +interior as well so there's what what +you have in this house murnian system is + + align:start position:0% +you have in this house murnian system is + + + align:start position:0% +you have in this house murnian system is +a state set of multi functional + + align:start position:0% +a state set of multi functional + + + align:start position:0% +a state set of multi functional +connectors tying decentralized a + + align:start position:0% +connectors tying decentralized a + + + align:start position:0% +connectors tying decentralized a +Spector's these knots enter to paris the + + align:start position:0% +Spector's these knots enter to paris the + + + align:start position:0% +Spector's these knots enter to paris the +many centers + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you have as you'll see in some of the + + align:start position:0% +you have as you'll see in some of the + + + align:start position:0% +you have as you'll see in some of the +slides passage is connecting with + + align:start position:0% +slides passage is connecting with + + + align:start position:0% +slides passage is connecting with +covered roofs in between boulevards you + + align:start position:0% +covered roofs in between boulevards you + + + align:start position:0% +covered roofs in between boulevards you +have an articulate and very elementary + + align:start position:0% +have an articulate and very elementary + + + align:start position:0% +have an articulate and very elementary +system based as I say on the DNA of + + align:start position:0% +system based as I say on the DNA of + + + align:start position:0% +system based as I say on the DNA of +Paris since the 15th century why the + + align:start position:0% +Paris since the 15th century why the + + + align:start position:0% +Paris since the 15th century why the +French articulated their space around + + align:start position:0% +French articulated their space around + + + align:start position:0% +French articulated their space around +the idea of minimizing distance between + + align:start position:0% +the idea of minimizing distance between + + + align:start position:0% +the idea of minimizing distance between +points and being articular about their + + align:start position:0% +points and being articular about their + + + align:start position:0% +points and being articular about their +distance and the experience of their + + align:start position:0% +distance and the experience of their + + + align:start position:0% +distance and the experience of their +distance he still to me unclear but it's + + align:start position:0% +distance he still to me unclear but it's + + + align:start position:0% +distance he still to me unclear but it's +absolutely different from the case of + + align:start position:0% +absolutely different from the case of + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely different from the case of +London where we have one Street Regent + + align:start position:0% +London where we have one Street Regent + + + align:start position:0% +London where we have one Street Regent +Street Art effected in a similar pathway + + align:start position:0% +Street Art effected in a similar pathway + + + align:start position:0% +Street Art effected in a similar pathway +as a stranded at the scale of a city + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +nassif is anything else i should say + + align:start position:0% +nassif is anything else i should say + + + align:start position:0% +nassif is anything else i should say +anique any questions like the idea + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well I I don't know as you'll see in the + + align:start position:0% +well I I don't know as you'll see in the + + + align:start position:0% +well I I don't know as you'll see in the +second slide I will show you an image of + + align:start position:0% +second slide I will show you an image of + + + align:start position:0% +second slide I will show you an image of +streets in 15th century its latest + + align:start position:0% +streets in 15th century its latest + + + align:start position:0% +streets in 15th century its latest +probably 17th century Paris you will see + + align:start position:0% +probably 17th century Paris you will see + + + align:start position:0% +probably 17th century Paris you will see +diagonal route systems in this rural + + align:start position:0% +diagonal route systems in this rural + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal route systems in this rural +areas around Paris as well as in some in + + align:start position:0% +areas around Paris as well as in some in + + + align:start position:0% +areas around Paris as well as in some in +Paris itself when I talk about the DNA + + align:start position:0% +Paris itself when I talk about the DNA + + + align:start position:0% +Paris itself when I talk about the DNA +of a city I don't know exactly what I'm + + align:start position:0% +of a city I don't know exactly what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +of a city I don't know exactly what I'm +saying + + align:start position:0% +saying + + + align:start position:0% +saying +it's a biological explanation assuming + + align:start position:0% +it's a biological explanation assuming + + + align:start position:0% +it's a biological explanation assuming +that they are repetitive elements + + align:start position:0% +that they are repetitive elements + + + align:start position:0% +that they are repetitive elements +signaling a significant elements in a + + align:start position:0% +signaling a significant elements in a + + + align:start position:0% +signaling a significant elements in a +culture which repeat often we don't + + align:start position:0% +culture which repeat often we don't + + + align:start position:0% +culture which repeat often we don't +quite know why I often think that the + + align:start position:0% +quite know why I often think that the + + + align:start position:0% +quite know why I often think that the +French are probably more direct than + + align:start position:0% +French are probably more direct than + + + align:start position:0% +French are probably more direct than +anybody else philosophically and + + align:start position:0% +anybody else philosophically and + + + align:start position:0% +anybody else philosophically and +probably he's decided like placemark did + + align:start position:0% +probably he's decided like placemark did + + + align:start position:0% +probably he's decided like placemark did +that the way to fight it war is to go in + + align:start position:0% +that the way to fight it war is to go in + + + align:start position:0% +that the way to fight it war is to go in +the straight line because you'll find + + align:start position:0% +the straight line because you'll find + + + align:start position:0% +the straight line because you'll find +every else on the straight line + + align:start position:0% +every else on the straight line + + + align:start position:0% +every else on the straight line +everybody else is facing around all over + + align:start position:0% +everybody else is facing around all over + + + align:start position:0% +everybody else is facing around all over +the place it's the direct avenue to + + align:start position:0% +the place it's the direct avenue to + + + align:start position:0% +the place it's the direct avenue to +accomplish the friction of distance I + + align:start position:0% +accomplish the friction of distance I + + + align:start position:0% +accomplish the friction of distance I +can't I wish I could answer it you know + + align:start position:0% +can't I wish I could answer it you know + + + align:start position:0% +can't I wish I could answer it you know +you I'm sure a French where a French + + align:start position:0% +you I'm sure a French where a French + + + align:start position:0% +you I'm sure a French where a French +scholar a Frenchie story and there may + + align:start position:0% +scholar a Frenchie story and there may + + + align:start position:0% +scholar a Frenchie story and there may +be I've often looked for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and answer but I haven't found it it's + + align:start position:0% +and answer but I haven't found it it's + + + align:start position:0% +and answer but I haven't found it it's +interesting to raise that question + + align:start position:0% +interesting to raise that question + + + align:start position:0% +interesting to raise that question +because now two million people are + + align:start position:0% +because now two million people are + + + align:start position:0% +because now two million people are +living in this precious construction and + + align:start position:0% +living in this precious construction and + + + align:start position:0% +living in this precious construction and +six million people are living in + + align:start position:0% +six million people are living in + + + align:start position:0% +six million people are living in +bungalows in public housing because + + align:start position:0% +bungalows in public housing because + + + align:start position:0% +bungalows in public housing because +public housing was not asserted as an + + align:start position:0% +public housing was not asserted as an + + + align:start position:0% +public housing was not asserted as an +element to be incorporated into the + + align:start position:0% +element to be incorporated into the + + + align:start position:0% +element to be incorporated into the +osmani and puzzle the city now has this + + align:start position:0% +osmani and puzzle the city now has this + + + align:start position:0% +osmani and puzzle the city now has this +empty sprawl which everybody dislikes + + align:start position:0% +empty sprawl which everybody dislikes + + + align:start position:0% +empty sprawl which everybody dislikes +and Sarkozy says I need to do something + + align:start position:0% +and Sarkozy says I need to do something + + + align:start position:0% +and Sarkozy says I need to do something +about it I don't if you follow this + + align:start position:0% +about it I don't if you follow this + + + align:start position:0% +about it I don't if you follow this +competition did you did you see the + + align:start position:0% +competition did you did you see the + + + align:start position:0% +competition did you did you see the +results are trees which I'm I don't know + + align:start position:0% +results are trees which I'm I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +results are trees which I'm I don't know +it is a book of the entrance now + + align:start position:0% +it is a book of the entrance now + + + align:start position:0% +it is a book of the entrance now +available but it was subject to a lot of + + align:start position:0% +available but it was subject to a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +available but it was subject to a lot of +publicity at the time and the images + + align:start position:0% +publicity at the time and the images + + + align:start position:0% +publicity at the time and the images +I've just gathered here are taken from + + align:start position:0% +I've just gathered here are taken from + + + align:start position:0% +I've just gathered here are taken from +some of the publicity at the time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the number of things one wants to say + + align:start position:0% +the number of things one wants to say + + + align:start position:0% +the number of things one wants to say +about this everybody acknowledges that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the way to enlarge not to enlarge to + + align:start position:0% +the way to enlarge not to enlarge to + + + align:start position:0% +the way to enlarge not to enlarge to +fill the space empty space around the + + align:start position:0% +fill the space empty space around the + + + align:start position:0% +fill the space empty space around the +concentrated city is not to expand the + + align:start position:0% +concentrated city is not to expand the + + + align:start position:0% +concentrated city is not to expand the +city itself then none of the ten entries + + align:start position:0% +city itself then none of the ten entries + + + align:start position:0% +city itself then none of the ten entries +in the competition which use streets + + align:start position:0% +in the competition which use streets + + + align:start position:0% +in the competition which use streets +avenues diagonalized systems as an + + align:start position:0% +avenues diagonalized systems as an + + + align:start position:0% +avenues diagonalized systems as an +extension of us money and grid + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there are many attempts to do to do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +strong constructions strong + + align:start position:0% +strong constructions strong + + + align:start position:0% +strong constructions strong +constructions meaning constructions + + align:start position:0% +constructions meaning constructions + + + align:start position:0% +constructions meaning constructions +which have a strong physical spatial + + align:start position:0% +which have a strong physical spatial + + + align:start position:0% +which have a strong physical spatial +dimension + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for instance Grumbach proposes that + + align:start position:0% +for instance Grumbach proposes that + + + align:start position:0% +for instance Grumbach proposes that +Paris we extend itself westward along + + align:start position:0% +Paris we extend itself westward along + + + align:start position:0% +Paris we extend itself westward along +the Seine to accommodate something like + + align:start position:0% +the Seine to accommodate something like + + + align:start position:0% +the Seine to accommodate something like +16 million people arguing with every + + align:start position:0% +16 million people arguing with every + + + align:start position:0% +16 million people arguing with every +great city in the world as a port city + + align:start position:0% +great city in the world as a port city + + + align:start position:0% +great city in the world as a port city +in Paris should become a port city a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +linear city of 16 miles of 16 million + + align:start position:0% +linear city of 16 miles of 16 million + + + align:start position:0% +linear city of 16 miles of 16 million +people would take about an hour by + + align:start position:0% +people would take about an hour by + + + align:start position:0% +people would take about an hour by +public transit a fast train from Paris + + align:start position:0% +public transit a fast train from Paris + + + align:start position:0% +public transit a fast train from Paris +to of all and it's a strong idea you can + + align:start position:0% +to of all and it's a strong idea you can + + + align:start position:0% +to of all and it's a strong idea you can +imagine a city like this following this + + align:start position:0% +imagine a city like this following this + + + align:start position:0% +imagine a city like this following this +pattern and developing interesting + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +relationships in public transportation + + align:start position:0% +relationships in public transportation + + + align:start position:0% +relationships in public transportation +along the water and many aspects of it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what will have what will stop it from + + align:start position:0% +what will have what will stop it from + + + align:start position:0% +what will have what will stop it from +developing the same condition of straw + + align:start position:0% +developing the same condition of straw + + + align:start position:0% +developing the same condition of straw +as now exists I don't know he doesn't + + align:start position:0% +as now exists I don't know he doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +as now exists I don't know he doesn't +detail very much about anything other + + align:start position:0% +detail very much about anything other + + + align:start position:0% +detail very much about anything other +than the concept itself there are some + + align:start position:0% +than the concept itself there are some + + + align:start position:0% +than the concept itself there are some +crazy propositions the one is to take + + align:start position:0% +crazy propositions the one is to take + + + align:start position:0% +crazy propositions the one is to take +this close the garden alt and shift the + + align:start position:0% +this close the garden alt and shift the + + + align:start position:0% +this close the garden alt and shift the +garden not into the bond ear and have it + + align:start position:0% +garden not into the bond ear and have it + + + align:start position:0% +garden not into the bond ear and have it +as the premier railway station in Europe + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +richard rogers the british architect has + + align:start position:0% +richard rogers the british architect has + + + align:start position:0% +richard rogers the british architect has +a modest proposal he's really interested + + align:start position:0% +a modest proposal he's really interested + + + align:start position:0% +a modest proposal he's really interested +in the product the politics of all of + + align:start position:0% +in the product the politics of all of + + + align:start position:0% +in the product the politics of all of +the groups in the Bunya and how they + + align:start position:0% +the groups in the Bunya and how they + + + align:start position:0% +the groups in the Bunya and how they +could be brought together he extends + + align:start position:0% +could be brought together he extends + + + align:start position:0% +could be brought together he extends +some of the radial system but covers + + align:start position:0% +some of the radial system but covers + + + align:start position:0% +some of the radial system but covers +them with green remember that the + + align:start position:0% +them with green remember that the + + + align:start position:0% +them with green remember that the +competition was called called for + + align:start position:0% +competition was called called for + + + align:start position:0% +competition was called called for +post-kyoto resolution first Kyoto mean + + align:start position:0% +post-kyoto resolution first Kyoto mean + + + align:start position:0% +post-kyoto resolution first Kyoto mean +that the ecological consequences of the + + align:start position:0% +that the ecological consequences of the + + + align:start position:0% +that the ecological consequences of the +plan were important Jean Nouvel for + + align:start position:0% +plan were important Jean Nouvel for + + + align:start position:0% +plan were important Jean Nouvel for +instance many of the competitors + + align:start position:0% +instance many of the competitors + + + align:start position:0% +instance many of the competitors +proposed to cover all the buildings with + + align:start position:0% +proposed to cover all the buildings with + + + align:start position:0% +proposed to cover all the buildings with +sand collectors energy collectors from + + align:start position:0% +sand collectors energy collectors from + + + align:start position:0% +sand collectors energy collectors from +the Sun Jean Nouvel says all of the + + align:start position:0% +the Sun Jean Nouvel says all of the + + + align:start position:0% +the Sun Jean Nouvel says all of the +housing public housing built in the Van + + align:start position:0% +housing public housing built in the Van + + + align:start position:0% +housing public housing built in the Van +Leer are just bad buildings + + align:start position:0% +Leer are just bad buildings + + + align:start position:0% +Leer are just bad buildings +it's can't keep them and convert them in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +as interesting and dry mathematic and + + align:start position:0% +as interesting and dry mathematic and + + + align:start position:0% +as interesting and dry mathematic and +up-to-date fashion as possible + + align:start position:0% +up-to-date fashion as possible + + + align:start position:0% +up-to-date fashion as possible +he says city things like Paris must + + align:start position:0% +he says city things like Paris must + + + align:start position:0% +he says city things like Paris must +become the lie the great art center of + + align:start position:0% +become the lie the great art center of + + + align:start position:0% +become the lie the great art center of +the world again he proposes something on + + align:start position:0% +the world again he proposes something on + + + align:start position:0% +the world again he proposes something on +the hill deceit a which I can't + + align:start position:0% +the hill deceit a which I can't + + + align:start position:0% +the hill deceit a which I can't +understand there's almost the sense of + + align:start position:0% +understand there's almost the sense of + + + align:start position:0% +understand there's almost the sense of +tiredness about the scheme as if there + + align:start position:0% +tiredness about the scheme as if there + + + align:start position:0% +tiredness about the scheme as if there +isn't really a formula anymore for + + align:start position:0% +isn't really a formula anymore for + + + align:start position:0% +isn't really a formula anymore for +making urban space husband is really + + align:start position:0% +making urban space husband is really + + + align:start position:0% +making urban space husband is really +terminated 900 years French royal effort + + align:start position:0% +terminated 900 years French royal effort + + + align:start position:0% +terminated 900 years French royal effort +to build walls to build monuments + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +imagine having a monument in the center + + align:start position:0% +imagine having a monument in the center + + + align:start position:0% +imagine having a monument in the center +of the city which was built by the first + + align:start position:0% +of the city which was built by the first + + + align:start position:0% +of the city which was built by the first +king and then torn down but rebuilt by + + align:start position:0% +king and then torn down but rebuilt by + + + align:start position:0% +king and then torn down but rebuilt by +the second king and then rebuilt and + + align:start position:0% +the second king and then rebuilt and + + + align:start position:0% +the second king and then rebuilt and +rebuild rebuilt and rebuilt as a paris + + align:start position:0% +rebuild rebuilt and rebuilt as a paris + + + align:start position:0% +rebuild rebuilt and rebuilt as a paris +as a palace ending up with I am Pei + + align:start position:0% +as a palace ending up with I am Pei + + + align:start position:0% +as a palace ending up with I am Pei +doing a kind of central focal point for + + align:start position:0% +doing a kind of central focal point for + + + align:start position:0% +doing a kind of central focal point for +it after it becomes a museum after a + + align:start position:0% +it after it becomes a museum after a + + + align:start position:0% +it after it becomes a museum after a +thousand years of Palace + + align:start position:0% +thousand years of Palace + + + align:start position:0% +thousand years of Palace +it's the largest museum in the world I + + align:start position:0% +it's the largest museum in the world I + + + align:start position:0% +it's the largest museum in the world I +think and certainly probably the most + + align:start position:0% +think and certainly probably the most + + + align:start position:0% +think and certainly probably the most +significant yet it's on the reverse and + + align:start position:0% +significant yet it's on the reverse and + + + align:start position:0% +significant yet it's on the reverse and +it blocks access to the river it's a big + + align:start position:0% +it blocks access to the river it's a big + + + align:start position:0% +it blocks access to the river it's a big +block of something or other it's as + + align:start position:0% +block of something or other it's as + + + align:start position:0% +block of something or other it's as +permanent as the city and is now moving + + align:start position:0% +permanent as the city and is now moving + + + align:start position:0% +permanent as the city and is now moving +it as many of you notice in a class + + align:start position:0% +it as many of you notice in a class + + + align:start position:0% +it as many of you notice in a class +later on where we look at temporary + + align:start position:0% +later on where we look at temporary + + + align:start position:0% +later on where we look at temporary +environments in cities I will go through + + align:start position:0% +environments in cities I will go through + + + align:start position:0% +environments in cities I will go through +the various French five French + + align:start position:0% +the various French five French + + + align:start position:0% +the various French five French +exhibition in the centre Paris 1855 four + + align:start position:0% +exhibition in the centre Paris 1855 four + + + align:start position:0% +exhibition in the centre Paris 1855 four +years after the Crystal Palace 1868 1879 + + align:start position:0% +years after the Crystal Palace 1868 1879 + + + align:start position:0% +years after the Crystal Palace 1868 1879 +I think 1889 and 1918 89 of course the + + align:start position:0% +I think 1889 and 1918 89 of course the + + + align:start position:0% +I think 1889 and 1918 89 of course the +Eiffel Tower Zhang Jia do talks about + + align:start position:0% +Eiffel Tower Zhang Jia do talks about + + + align:start position:0% +Eiffel Tower Zhang Jia do talks about +the French Clara talks about the centre + + align:start position:0% +the French Clara talks about the centre + + + align:start position:0% +the French Clara talks about the centre +of Paris as being a stone site a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +permanent fixed mod set of operations + + align:start position:0% +permanent fixed mod set of operations + + + align:start position:0% +permanent fixed mod set of operations +and these temporary exhibitions are the + + align:start position:0% +and these temporary exhibitions are the + + + align:start position:0% +and these temporary exhibitions are the +sort of way of animating them it's like + + align:start position:0% +sort of way of animating them it's like + + + align:start position:0% +sort of way of animating them it's like +a circus coming to a small town once a + + align:start position:0% +a circus coming to a small town once a + + + align:start position:0% +a circus coming to a small town once a +year it's an extraordinary idea that the + + align:start position:0% +year it's an extraordinary idea that the + + + align:start position:0% +year it's an extraordinary idea that the +city could be fossilized in some sort of + + align:start position:0% +city could be fossilized in some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +city could be fossilized in some sort of +way gaining in prestige becoming the + + align:start position:0% +way gaining in prestige becoming the + + + align:start position:0% +way gaining in prestige becoming the +great + + align:start position:0% +great + + + align:start position:0% +great +tourist City of the world wise Paris the + + align:start position:0% +tourist City of the world wise Paris the + + + align:start position:0% +tourist City of the world wise Paris the +greatest tourist city of the world what + + align:start position:0% +greatest tourist city of the world what + + + align:start position:0% +greatest tourist city of the world what +is there about his special strategy that + + align:start position:0% +is there about his special strategy that + + + align:start position:0% +is there about his special strategy that +I've tried to spend an hour talking + + align:start position:0% +I've tried to spend an hour talking + + + align:start position:0% +I've tried to spend an hour talking +about it makes it so attractive he's + + align:start position:0% +about it makes it so attractive he's + + + align:start position:0% +about it makes it so attractive he's +everybody's lost opportunity somehow + + align:start position:0% +everybody's lost opportunity somehow + + + align:start position:0% +everybody's lost opportunity somehow +he's the last construction of cities + + align:start position:0% +he's the last construction of cities + + + align:start position:0% +he's the last construction of cities +that made sense to people that you knew + + align:start position:0% +that made sense to people that you knew + + + align:start position:0% +that made sense to people that you knew +where you were that it I know must agree + + align:start position:0% +where you were that it I know must agree + + + align:start position:0% +where you were that it I know must agree +relatability much like Manhattan + + align:start position:0% +relatability much like Manhattan + + + align:start position:0% +relatability much like Manhattan +Manhattan's plan is as naive perhaps as + + align:start position:0% +Manhattan's plan is as naive perhaps as + + + align:start position:0% +Manhattan's plan is as naive perhaps as +linking a bunch of nodal points with + + align:start position:0% +linking a bunch of nodal points with + + + align:start position:0% +linking a bunch of nodal points with +streets and he thought about that Finn + + align:start position:0% +streets and he thought about that Finn + + + align:start position:0% +streets and he thought about that Finn +guy Falls plan in the competition is an + + align:start position:0% +guy Falls plan in the competition is an + + + align:start position:0% +guy Falls plan in the competition is an +MIT kind of plan he was three years a + + align:start position:0% +MIT kind of plan he was three years a + + + align:start position:0% +MIT kind of plan he was three years a +visiting professor before the + + align:start position:0% +visiting professor before the + + + align:start position:0% +visiting professor before the +competition it's a kind of echo friendly + + align:start position:0% +competition it's a kind of echo friendly + + + align:start position:0% +competition it's a kind of echo friendly +city with notice no particular form high + + align:start position:0% +city with notice no particular form high + + + align:start position:0% +city with notice no particular form high +degrees of these low visibility but high + + align:start position:0% +degrees of these low visibility but high + + + align:start position:0% +degrees of these low visibility but high +degrees of communication their + + align:start position:0% +degrees of communication their + + + align:start position:0% +degrees of communication their +telephones through all kinds of modern + + align:start position:0% +telephones through all kinds of modern + + + align:start position:0% +telephones through all kinds of modern +electronic conveniences what am I saying + + align:start position:0% +electronic conveniences what am I saying + + + align:start position:0% +electronic conveniences what am I saying +am i arguing that we've lost the formula + + align:start position:0% +am i arguing that we've lost the formula + + + align:start position:0% +am i arguing that we've lost the formula +for doing things which ever impact what + + align:start position:0% +for doing things which ever impact what + + + align:start position:0% +for doing things which ever impact what +we do is fill taller buildings with + + align:start position:0% +we do is fill taller buildings with + + + align:start position:0% +we do is fill taller buildings with +funnier shapes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the relationship of those streets - yeah + + align:start position:0% +the relationship of those streets - yeah + + + align:start position:0% +the relationship of those streets - yeah +you see on some of the slides some plans + + align:start position:0% +you see on some of the slides some plans + + + align:start position:0% +you see on some of the slides some plans +of the Hoffmann roads in impacting the + + align:start position:0% +of the Hoffmann roads in impacting the + + + align:start position:0% +of the Hoffmann roads in impacting the +existing medieval texture it's pretty + + align:start position:0% +existing medieval texture it's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +existing medieval texture it's pretty +ruthless I mean you know there's no + + align:start position:0% +ruthless I mean you know there's no + + + align:start position:0% +ruthless I mean you know there's no +notion that the that the people who live + + align:start position:0% +notion that the that the people who live + + + align:start position:0% +notion that the that the people who live +under the system there's no replacement + + align:start position:0% +under the system there's no replacement + + + align:start position:0% +under the system there's no replacement +they pay a marginal penalty for for + + align:start position:0% +they pay a marginal penalty for for + + + align:start position:0% +they pay a marginal penalty for for +querying the land but there's no yeah + + align:start position:0% +querying the land but there's no yeah + + + align:start position:0% +querying the land but there's no yeah +urban renewal in this country produced + + align:start position:0% +urban renewal in this country produced + + + align:start position:0% +urban renewal in this country produced +now great evocative features either my + + align:start position:0% +now great evocative features either my + + + align:start position:0% +now great evocative features either my +point it's rather nasty point is that if + + align:start position:0% +point it's rather nasty point is that if + + + align:start position:0% +point it's rather nasty point is that if +you're going to be brutal + + align:start position:0% +you're going to be brutal + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to be brutal +at least produce something worthwhile + + align:start position:0% +at least produce something worthwhile + + + align:start position:0% +at least produce something worthwhile +you're going to be nasty do it to some + + align:start position:0% +you're going to be nasty do it to some + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to be nasty do it to some +effect + + align:start position:0% +effect + + + align:start position:0% +effect +it's a horrible principle in modern life + + align:start position:0% +it's a horrible principle in modern life + + + align:start position:0% +it's a horrible principle in modern life +where we are inclined to not give power + + align:start position:0% +where we are inclined to not give power + + + align:start position:0% +where we are inclined to not give power +I mean Hussman construed the rules so + + align:start position:0% +I mean Hussman construed the rules so + + + align:start position:0% +I mean Hussman construed the rules so +that it was possible for the prefect of + + align:start position:0% +that it was possible for the prefect of + + + align:start position:0% +that it was possible for the prefect of +the same the chief management of + + align:start position:0% +the same the chief management of + + + align:start position:0% +the same the chief management of +serve the city to decide which property + + align:start position:0% +serve the city to decide which property + + + align:start position:0% +serve the city to decide which property +could be caught and confiscated there + + align:start position:0% +could be caught and confiscated there + + + align:start position:0% +could be caught and confiscated there +was no such ruling ever in England and + + align:start position:0% +was no such ruling ever in England and + + + align:start position:0% +was no such ruling ever in England and +certainly not in the United States and + + align:start position:0% +certainly not in the United States and + + + align:start position:0% +certainly not in the United States and +urban renewal but I'm trying to make the + + align:start position:0% +urban renewal but I'm trying to make the + + + align:start position:0% +urban renewal but I'm trying to make the +argument that we are in a different time + + align:start position:0% +argument that we are in a different time + + + align:start position:0% +argument that we are in a different time +we have different commodities to work + + align:start position:0% +we have different commodities to work + + + align:start position:0% +we have different commodities to work +with but there's a sense that I know I + + align:start position:0% +with but there's a sense that I know I + + + align:start position:0% +with but there's a sense that I know I +mean the critique of Hoffman's plan by + + align:start position:0% +mean the critique of Hoffman's plan by + + + align:start position:0% +mean the critique of Hoffman's plan by +architects has been fairly general and + + align:start position:0% +architects has been fairly general and + + + align:start position:0% +architects has been fairly general and +quite right in many respects Richardson + + align:start position:0% +quite right in many respects Richardson + + + align:start position:0% +quite right in many respects Richardson +its argument against the subdivision of + + align:start position:0% +its argument against the subdivision of + + + align:start position:0% +its argument against the subdivision of +the only small by her husband into + + align:start position:0% +the only small by her husband into + + + align:start position:0% +the only small by her husband into +political unit and the Pandya being left + + align:start position:0% +political unit and the Pandya being left + + + align:start position:0% +political unit and the Pandya being left +alone yeah I mean perhaps I'm talking + + align:start position:0% +alone yeah I mean perhaps I'm talking + + + align:start position:0% +alone yeah I mean perhaps I'm talking +about a lost nostalgia for lost unity + + align:start position:0% +about a lost nostalgia for lost unity + + + align:start position:0% +about a lost nostalgia for lost unity +which we've now dispatched in favor of a + + align:start position:0% +which we've now dispatched in favor of a + + + align:start position:0% +which we've now dispatched in favor of a +greater sense of well-being about all + + align:start position:0% +greater sense of well-being about all + + + align:start position:0% +greater sense of well-being about all +people I don't if you saw a movie called + + align:start position:0% +people I don't if you saw a movie called + + + align:start position:0% +people I don't if you saw a movie called +Lehane the hate by an American director + + align:start position:0% +Lehane the hate by an American director + + + align:start position:0% +Lehane the hate by an American director +I think Arthur Moskovitz Mathieu + + align:start position:0% +I think Arthur Moskovitz Mathieu + + + align:start position:0% +I think Arthur Moskovitz Mathieu +Kassovitz + + align:start position:0% +Kassovitz + + + align:start position:0% +Kassovitz +do you remember the movie it's an + + align:start position:0% +do you remember the movie it's an + + + 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you design a hunting + + + align:start position:0% +there's a if you if you design a hunting +environment you will diagonalized there + + align:start position:0% +environment you will diagonalized there + + + align:start position:0% +environment you will diagonalized there +are and there are many points of contact + + align:start position:0% +are and there are many points of contact + + + align:start position:0% +are and there are many points of contact +this is pates Victor 3 the 14th having + + align:start position:0% +this is pates Victor 3 the 14th having + + + align:start position:0% +this is pates Victor 3 the 14th having +emancipated himself from Paris many of + + align:start position:0% +emancipated himself from Paris many of + + + align:start position:0% +emancipated himself from Paris many of +these kings Yahoo alienated from their + + align:start position:0% +these kings Yahoo alienated from their + + + align:start position:0% +these kings Yahoo alienated from their +home city and left + + align:start position:0% +home city and left + + + align:start position:0% +home city and left +Chao Peter the Great a Tsar of Russia + + align:start position:0% +Chao Peter the Great a Tsar of Russia + + + align:start position:0% +Chao Peter the Great a Tsar of Russia +did as well here you can see a plan + + align:start position:0% +did as well here you can see a plan + + + align:start position:0% +did as well here you can see a plan +which has its principal a set of points + + align:start position:0% +which has its principal a set of points + + + align:start position:0% +which has its principal a set of points +diagonal spreading connecting to + + align:start position:0% +diagonal spreading connecting to + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal spreading connecting to +other points the beginnings of a plan + + align:start position:0% +other points the beginnings of a plan + + + align:start position:0% +other points the beginnings of a plan +which suggests my argument 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sprawling +elegant microti and environment next + + align:start position:0% +elegant microti and environment next + + + align:start position:0% +elegant microti and environment next +here are two images of streets in + + align:start position:0% +here are two images of streets in + + + align:start position:0% +here are two images of streets in +Florence being employed for games and + + align:start position:0% +Florence being employed for games and + + + align:start position:0% +Florence being employed for games and +Marie de Medici is influence on the + + align:start position:0% +Marie de Medici is influence on the + + + align:start position:0% +Marie de Medici is influence on the +colour and next the cola and on the left + + align:start position:0% +colour and next the cola and on the left + + + align:start position:0% +colour and next the cola and on the left +a place for the wealthy to have sex in a + + align:start position:0% +a place for the wealthy to have sex in a + + + align:start position:0% +a place for the wealthy to have sex in a +broad sense of the word next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the great adventure of perspective the + + align:start position:0% +the great adventure of perspective the + + + align:start position:0% +the great adventure of perspective the +capacity for the middle class this is + + align:start position:0% +capacity for the middle class this is + + + align:start position:0% +capacity for the middle class this is +kaya BOTS great painting since I think + + align:start position:0% +kaya BOTS great painting since I think + + + align:start position:0% +kaya BOTS great painting since I think +of the Art Institute in Chicago the use + + align:start position:0% +of the Art Institute in Chicago the use + + + align:start position:0% +of the Art Institute in Chicago the use +of the street with umbrellas next the + + align:start position:0% +of the street with umbrellas next the + + + align:start 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interior of the opera by Garnier an + + align:start position:0% +the interior of the opera by Garnier an + + + align:start position:0% +the interior of the opera by Garnier an +extraordinary int Walter Benjamin writes + + align:start position:0% +extraordinary int Walter Benjamin writes + + + align:start position:0% +extraordinary int Walter Benjamin writes +about Paris and talks about the + + align:start position:0% +about Paris and talks about the + + + align:start position:0% +about Paris and talks about the +invention of the interior the first time + + align:start position:0% +invention of the interior the first time + + + align:start position:0% +invention of the interior the first time +that the interior scene is significant + + align:start position:0% +that the interior scene is significant + + + align:start position:0% +that the interior scene is significant +and the studies done by the students of + + align:start position:0% +and the studies done by the students of + + + 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align:start position:0% +expression of destination and movement + + + align:start position:0% +expression of destination and movement +and the interior connections next the + + align:start position:0% +and the interior connections next the + + + align:start position:0% +and the interior connections next the +underground services in the mid-nineties + + align:start position:0% +underground services in the mid-nineties + + + align:start position:0% +underground services in the mid-nineties +the cross sectional Paris Street and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +during one of the exhibition's in Paris + + align:start position:0% +during one of the exhibition's in Paris + + + align:start position:0% +during one of the exhibition's in Paris +trip through the sewage system with a + + align:start position:0% +trip through the sewage system with a + + + align:start position:0% +trip through the sewage system with a +great pleasure next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the Bunya here's the taking down of + + align:start position:0% +the Bunya here's the taking down of + + + align:start position:0% +the Bunya here's the taking down of +reduce tax houses on the condo on the + + align:start position:0% +reduce tax houses on the condo on the + + + align:start position:0% +reduce tax houses on the condo on the +with our toy was connected and the + + align:start position:0% +with our toy was connected and the + + + align:start position:0% +with our toy was connected and the +conditions in the ban Lea next and the + + align:start position:0% +conditions in the ban Lea next and the + + + align:start position:0% +conditions in the ban Lea next and the +street is war 1848 the barricaded street + + align:start position:0% +street is war 1848 the barricaded street + + + align:start position:0% +street is war 1848 the barricaded street +in the center from the word on the + + align:start position:0% +in the center from the word on the + + + align:start position:0% +in the center from the word on the +Easter on the Easter Ferris here the + + align:start position:0% +Easter on the Easter Ferris here the + + + align:start position:0% +Easter on the Easter Ferris here the +barricade lines the use of the seizure + + align:start position:0% +barricade lines the use of the seizure + + + align:start position:0% +barricade lines the use of the seizure +of the the street is war + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +next 1872 and the two months long + + align:start position:0% +next 1872 and the two months long + + + align:start position:0% +next 1872 and the two months long +occupation of the Western of eastern + + align:start position:0% +occupation of the Western of eastern + + + align:start position:0% +occupation of the Western of eastern +part of Paris again with the use of + + align:start position:0% +part of Paris again with the use of + + + align:start position:0% +part of Paris again with the use of +barricades barricades slowed down troops + + align:start position:0% +barricades barricades slowed down troops + + + align:start position:0% +barricades barricades slowed down troops +and people in the adjacent buildings can + + align:start position:0% +and people in the adjacent buildings can + + + align:start position:0% +and people in the adjacent buildings can +fire down on the troops when they slow + + align:start position:0% +fire down on the troops when they slow + + + align:start position:0% +fire down on the troops when they slow +down next 1968 and again the use of the + + align:start position:0% +down next 1968 and again the use of the + + + align:start position:0% +down next 1968 and again the use of the +streets in in protest next okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/gX2y3PHMmnk.txt b/gX2y3PHMmnk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ef1b610f8575ca06508f83eeaac24fffeac2d702 --- /dev/null +++ b/gX2y3PHMmnk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2243 @@ +align:start position:0% + +we are going to recap some of this last + + align:start position:0% +we are going to recap some of this last + + + align:start position:0% +we are going to recap some of this last +results we had on scattering and then + + align:start position:0% +results we had on scattering and then + + + align:start position:0% +results we had on scattering and then +push them to the end and complete our + + align:start position:0% +push them to the end and complete our + + + align:start position:0% +push them to the end and complete our +discussion of this integral equation and + + align:start position:0% +discussion of this integral equation and + + + align:start position:0% +discussion of this integral equation and +how we approximate scattering with it + + align:start position:0% +how we approximate scattering with it + + + align:start position:0% +how we approximate scattering with it +it's a pretty powerful method of + + align:start position:0% +it's a pretty powerful method of + + + align:start position:0% +it's a pretty powerful method of +thinking about scattering and gives you + + align:start position:0% +thinking about scattering and gives you + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about scattering and gives you +a direct solution which is in a sense + + align:start position:0% +a direct solution which is in a sense + + + align:start position:0% +a direct solution which is in a sense +more intuitive perhaps than when you're + + align:start position:0% +more intuitive perhaps than when you're + + + align:start position:0% +more intuitive perhaps than when you're +dealing with partial waves so let's see + + align:start position:0% +dealing with partial waves so let's see + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with partial waves so let's see +where we were last time so we set up our + + align:start position:0% +where we were last time so we set up our + + + align:start position:0% +where we were last time so we set up our +solution of the Schrodinger equation in + + align:start position:0% +solution of the Schrodinger equation in + + + align:start position:0% +solution of the Schrodinger equation in +a funny way + + align:start position:0% +a funny way + + + align:start position:0% +a funny way +we had an incoming wave plus an term + + align:start position:0% +we had an incoming wave plus an term + + + align:start position:0% +we had an incoming wave plus an term +that still had an integral over all of + + align:start position:0% +that still had an integral over all of + + + align:start position:0% +that still had an integral over all of +space of our greens function integrated + + align:start position:0% +space of our greens function integrated + + + align:start position:0% +space of our greens function integrated +that against a scaled version of the + + align:start position:0% +that against a scaled version of the + + + align:start position:0% +that against a scaled version of the +potential remember that V was defined to + + align:start position:0% +potential remember that V was defined to + + + align:start position:0% +potential remember that V was defined to +be equal to the potential up to some + + align:start position:0% +be equal to the potential up to some + + + align:start position:0% +be equal to the potential up to some +constants H bar squared over m and we + + align:start position:0% +constants H bar squared over m and we + + + align:start position:0% +constants H bar squared over m and we +had this integral equation where one + + align:start position:0% +had this integral equation where one + + + align:start position:0% +had this integral equation where one +could show that sy satisfies the correct + + align:start position:0% +could show that sy satisfies the correct + + + align:start position:0% +could show that sy satisfies the correct +sharing our equation now this function g + + align:start position:0% +sharing our equation now this function g + + + align:start position:0% +sharing our equation now this function g +plus was our green function that we also + + align:start position:0% +plus was our green function that we also + + + align:start position:0% +plus was our green function that we also +discussed and it was given by the + + align:start position:0% +discussed and it was given by the + + + align:start position:0% +discussed and it was given by the +following formula it just depends on the + + align:start position:0% +following formula it just depends on the + + + align:start position:0% +following formula it just depends on the +magnitude of this vector argument of the + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of this vector argument of the + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of this vector argument of the +greens function so 1 over 4 pi e to the + + align:start position:0% +greens function so 1 over 4 pi e to the + + + align:start position:0% +greens function so 1 over 4 pi e to the +I came AG negative that divided by + + align:start position:0% +I came AG negative that divided by + + + align:start position:0% +I came AG negative that divided by +magnitude of that vector so in most + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of that vector so in most + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of that vector so in most +applications we look at the wave + + align:start position:0% +applications we look at the wave + + + align:start position:0% +applications we look at the wave +function this should be Firefox I are we + + align:start position:0% +function this should be Firefox I are we + + + align:start position:0% +function this should be Firefox I are we +look at the wave function far away and + + align:start position:0% +look at the wave function far away and + + + align:start position:0% +look at the wave function far away and +if the potential is localized this + + align:start position:0% +if the potential is localized this + + + align:start position:0% +if the potential is localized this +integral since it involves a potential + + align:start position:0% +integral since it involves a potential + + + align:start position:0% +integral since it involves a potential +can only be nonzero have nonzero + + align:start position:0% +can only be nonzero have nonzero + + + align:start position:0% +can only be nonzero have nonzero +contributions to the integral on the + + align:start position:0% +contributions to the integral on the + + + align:start position:0% +contributions to the integral on the +region where the potential exists so our + + align:start position:0% +region where the potential exists so our + + + align:start position:0% +region where the potential exists so our +prime whenever you're doing this + + align:start position:0% +prime whenever you're doing this + + + align:start position:0% +prime whenever you're doing this +integral must be small compared to our + + align:start position:0% +integral must be small compared to our + + + align:start position:0% +integral must be small compared to our +this we can draw here so assume you have + + align:start position:0% +this we can draw here so assume you have + + + align:start position:0% +this we can draw here so assume you have +a potential and you have an observation + + align:start position:0% +a potential and you have an observation + + + align:start position:0% +a potential and you have an observation +point R we'll call the unit vector in + + align:start position:0% +point R we'll call the unit vector in + + + align:start position:0% +point R we'll call the unit vector in +this direction and this is the vector R + + align:start position:0% +this direction and this is the vector R + + + align:start position:0% +this direction and this is the vector R +and an integration point is a point R + + align:start position:0% +and an integration point is a point R + + + align:start position:0% +and an integration point is a point R +Prime here and there is this distance + + align:start position:0% +Prime here and there is this distance + + + align:start position:0% +Prime here and there is this distance +this vector in between R minus R Prime + + align:start position:0% +this vector in between R minus R Prime + + + align:start position:0% +this vector in between R minus R Prime +and finally on this graph we could also + + align:start position:0% +and finally on this graph we could also + + + align:start position:0% +and finally on this graph we could also +have a direction that we could call the + + align:start position:0% +have a direction that we could call the + + + align:start position:0% +have a direction that we could call the +incident direction perhaps the Z + + align:start position:0% +incident direction perhaps the Z + + + align:start position:0% +incident direction perhaps the Z +direction and that's the direction which + + align:start position:0% +direction and that's the direction which + + + align:start position:0% +direction and that's the direction which +your wave is incident this is the wave + + align:start position:0% +your wave is incident this is the wave + + + align:start position:0% +your wave is incident this is the wave +that we represented here so we did a + + align:start position:0% +that we represented here so we did a + + + align:start position:0% +that we represented here so we did a +little approximation of this greens + + align:start position:0% +little approximation of this greens + + + align:start position:0% +little approximation of this greens +function for the case where our prime + + align:start position:0% +function for the case where our prime + + + align:start position:0% +function for the case where our prime +where you're looking is much smaller + + align:start position:0% +where you're looking is much smaller + + + align:start position:0% +where you're looking is much smaller +than R in that case the distance R minus + + align:start position:0% +than R in that case the distance R minus + + + align:start position:0% +than R in that case the distance R minus +R prime is approximately equal to R + + align:start position:0% +R prime is approximately equal to R + + + align:start position:0% +R prime is approximately equal to R +minus so that's the distance the vectors + + align:start position:0% +minus so that's the distance the vectors + + + align:start position:0% +minus so that's the distance the vectors +when you don't put an arrow + + align:start position:0% +when you don't put an arrow + + + align:start position:0% +when you don't put an arrow +in the distance so this is our minus n + + align:start position:0% +in the distance so this is our minus n + + + align:start position:0% +in the distance so this is our minus n +dot R prime to 0th approximation this is + + align:start position:0% +dot R prime to 0th approximation this is + + + align:start position:0% +dot R prime to 0th approximation this is +the most important term the next + + align:start position:0% +the most important term the next + + + align:start position:0% +the most important term the next +approximation comes this term because + + align:start position:0% +approximation comes this term because + + + align:start position:0% +approximation comes this term because +that term is suppressed with respect to + + align:start position:0% +that term is suppressed with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +that term is suppressed with respect to +the original term by a factor of our + + align:start position:0% +the original term by a factor of our + + + align:start position:0% +the original term by a factor of our +prime over R so if you factored for + + align:start position:0% +prime over R so if you factored for + + + align:start position:0% +prime over R so if you factored for +example the art here you say 1 minus n R + + align:start position:0% +example the art here you say 1 minus n R + + + align:start position:0% +example the art here you say 1 minus n R +prime over R so you see that this ratio + + align:start position:0% +prime over R so you see that this ratio + + + align:start position:0% +prime over R so you see that this ratio +enters here which says that the second + + align:start position:0% +enters here which says that the second + + + align:start position:0% +enters here which says that the second +term is smaller by this factor we could + + align:start position:0% +term is smaller by this factor we could + + + align:start position:0% +term is smaller by this factor we could +even include more terms here but those + + align:start position:0% +even include more terms here but those + + + align:start position:0% +even include more terms here but those +would not be relevant unless K is + + align:start position:0% +would not be relevant unless K is + + + align:start position:0% +would not be relevant unless K is +extremely high-energy so when K is very + + align:start position:0% +extremely high-energy so when K is very + + + align:start position:0% +extremely high-energy so when K is very +large it would make a difference but it + + align:start position:0% +large it would make a difference but it + + + align:start position:0% +large it would make a difference but it +has to be extremely large and in general + + align:start position:0% +has to be extremely large and in general + + + align:start position:0% +has to be extremely large and in general +this approximation is in enough for any + + align:start position:0% +this approximation is in enough for any + + + align:start position:0% +this approximation is in enough for any +K for sufficiently far away so this is + + align:start position:0% +K for sufficiently far away so this is + + + align:start position:0% +K for sufficiently far away so this is +really good enough and the approximation + + align:start position:0% +really good enough and the approximation + + + align:start position:0% +really good enough and the approximation +is done on the greens functions are two + + align:start position:0% +is done on the greens functions are two + + + align:start position:0% +is done on the greens functions are two +levels you need to be mildly accurate + + align:start position:0% +levels you need to be mildly accurate + + + align:start position:0% +levels you need to be mildly accurate +with respect to this quantity but you + + align:start position:0% +with respect to this quantity but you + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to this quantity but you +need to be more accurate with respect to + + align:start position:0% +need to be more accurate with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +need to be more accurate with respect to +this face because the face can change + + align:start position:0% +this face because the face can change + + + align:start position:0% +this face because the face can change +rather fast depending on the wavelength + + align:start position:0% +rather fast depending on the wavelength + + + align:start position:0% +rather fast depending on the wavelength +of the object so if you make an error in + + align:start position:0% +of the object so if you make an error in + + + align:start position:0% +of the object so if you make an error in +the total distance of a 1% that's not + + align:start position:0% +the total distance of a 1% that's not + + + align:start position:0% +the total distance of a 1% that's not +big deal but if you make an error here + + align:start position:0% +big deal but if you make an error here + + + align:start position:0% +big deal but if you make an error here +such that K dot times this distance is + + align:start position:0% +such that K dot times this distance is + + + align:start position:0% +such that K dot times this distance is +comparable to 1 the face could be + + align:start position:0% +comparable to 1 the face could be + + + align:start position:0% +comparable to 1 the face could be +totally wrong so the face is always a + + align:start position:0% +totally wrong so the face is always a + + + align:start position:0% +totally wrong so the face is always a +more delicate thing and therefore with + + align:start position:0% +more delicate thing and therefore with + + + align:start position:0% +more delicate thing and therefore with +this approximation + + align:start position:0% +this approximation + + + align:start position:0% +this approximation +Yorgi + + align:start position:0% +Yorgi + + + align:start position:0% +Yorgi +plus of R minus R prime becomes minus 1 + + align:start position:0% +plus of R minus R prime becomes minus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +plus of R minus R prime becomes minus 1 +over 4 pi e to the I K R over R so we + + align:start position:0% +over 4 pi e to the I K R over R so we + + + align:start position:0% +over 4 pi e to the I K R over R so we +replace this term by just R and in this + + align:start position:0% +replace this term by just R and in this + + + align:start position:0% +replace this term by just R and in this +exponent the absolute value is replaced + + align:start position:0% +exponent the absolute value is replaced + + + align:start position:0% +exponent the absolute value is replaced +by two terms the first one is e to the + + align:start position:0% +by two terms the first one is e to the + + + align:start position:0% +by two terms the first one is e to the +IKr is here the second one is e to the + + align:start position:0% +IKr is here the second one is e to the + + + align:start position:0% +IKr is here the second one is e to the +minus I K and dot r prime we also have + + align:start position:0% +minus I K and dot r prime we also have + + + align:start position:0% +minus I K and dot r prime we also have +here the incident vector you can write e + + align:start position:0% +here the incident vector you can write e + + + align:start position:0% +here the incident vector you can write e +to the I K Z as e to the I K incident + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dotted with r FK incident is a vector K + + align:start position:0% +dotted with r FK incident is a vector K + + + align:start position:0% +dotted with r FK incident is a vector K +times the unit vector in the Z direction + + align:start position:0% +times the unit vector in the Z direction + + + align:start position:0% +times the unit vector in the Z direction +so that's a matter of just notation + + align:start position:0% +so that's a matter of just notation + + + align:start position:0% +so that's a matter of just notation +might as well use a vector for K + + align:start position:0% +might as well use a vector for K + + + align:start position:0% +might as well use a vector for K +incident because that is really the + + align:start position:0% +incident because that is really the + + + align:start position:0% +incident because that is really the +vector momentum that is coming in and + + align:start position:0% +vector momentum that is coming in and + + + align:start position:0% +vector momentum that is coming in and +it's sometimes useful to have the + + align:start position:0% +it's sometimes useful to have the + + + align:start position:0% +it's sometimes useful to have the +flexibility perhaps some moment you + + align:start position:0% +flexibility perhaps some moment you + + + align:start position:0% +flexibility perhaps some moment you +don't necessarily want the wave to come + + align:start position:0% +don't necessarily want the wave to come + + + align:start position:0% +don't necessarily want the wave to come +in the Z direction there's another + + align:start position:0% +in the Z direction there's another + + + align:start position:0% +in the Z direction there's another +vector that this kind of interesting + + align:start position:0% +vector that this kind of interesting + + + align:start position:0% +vector that this kind of interesting +you're observing the wave in the + + align:start position:0% +you're observing the wave in the + + + align:start position:0% +you're observing the wave in the +direction of the vector R the direction + + align:start position:0% +direction of the vector R the direction + + + align:start position:0% +direction of the vector R the direction +of the unit vector n so it's interesting + + align:start position:0% +of the unit vector n so it's interesting + + + align:start position:0% +of the unit vector n so it's interesting +to call Kayle incident if in people + + align:start position:0% +to call Kayle incident if in people + + + align:start position:0% +to call Kayle incident if in people +writing with just I so ki for incident + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and then while we're looking at the + + align:start position:0% +okay and then while we're looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then while we're looking at the +direction are so we call the scattering + + align:start position:0% +direction are so we call the scattering + + + align:start position:0% +direction are so we call the scattering +momentum or the scattered momentum okay + + align:start position:0% +momentum or the scattered momentum okay + + + align:start position:0% +momentum or the scattered momentum okay +and you're looking at that distance so + + align:start position:0% +and you're looking at that distance so + + + align:start position:0% +and you're looking at that distance so +might as well call it that way + + align:start position:0% +might as well call it that way + + + align:start position:0% +might as well call it that way +so with these things we can rewrite the + + align:start position:0% +so with these things we can rewrite the + + + align:start position:0% +so with these things we can rewrite the +top equation making use of all the + + align:start position:0% +top equation making use of all the + + + align:start position:0% +top equation making use of all the +things that we've learned and it's gonna + + align:start position:0% +things that we've learned and it's gonna + + + align:start position:0% +things that we've learned and it's gonna +be an important equation size R is equal + + align:start position:0% +be an important equation size R is equal + + + align:start position:0% +be an important equation size R is equal +to e to the I K I dot R so we've + + align:start position:0% +to e to the I K I dot R so we've + + + align:start position:0% +to e to the I K I dot R so we've +replaced a e to the i kz by this then we + + align:start position:0% +replaced a e to the i kz by this then we + + + align:start position:0% +replaced a e to the i kz by this then we +have the green's function that has to be + + align:start position:0% +have the green's function that has to be + + + align:start position:0% +have the green's function that has to be +integrated and you have to see we've + + align:start position:0% +integrated and you have to see we've + + + align:start position:0% +integrated and you have to see we've +decided already to approximate the + + align:start position:0% +decided already to approximate the + + + align:start position:0% +decided already to approximate the +greens function so it's integral over R + + align:start position:0% +greens function so it's integral over R + + + align:start position:0% +greens function so it's integral over R +prime so the only term here that has an + + align:start position:0% +prime so the only term here that has an + + + align:start position:0% +prime so the only term here that has an +R prime is this exponential so all of + + align:start position:0% +R prime is this exponential so all of + + + align:start position:0% +R prime is this exponential so all of +these can go out so the way I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +these can go out so the way I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +these can go out so the way I'm going to +make it go out I'm going to have the + + align:start position:0% +make it go out I'm going to have the + + + align:start position:0% +make it go out I'm going to have the +minus 1 over 4 pi here and the integral + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 over 4 pi here and the integral + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 over 4 pi here and the integral +D cubed R Prime and I'm gonna have the + + align:start position:0% +D cubed R Prime and I'm gonna have the + + + align:start position:0% +D cubed R Prime and I'm gonna have the +rest of the greens function placed in + + align:start position:0% +rest of the greens function placed in + + + align:start position:0% +rest of the greens function placed in +the standard position with used for + + align:start position:0% +the standard position with used for + + + align:start position:0% +the standard position with used for +scattering so we're still redoing the + + align:start position:0% +scattering so we're still redoing the + + + align:start position:0% +scattering so we're still redoing the +top integral the G Plus we've included + + align:start position:0% +top integral the G Plus we've included + + + align:start position:0% +top integral the G Plus we've included +some of G Plus we've taken care of all + + align:start position:0% +some of G Plus we've taken care of all + + + align:start position:0% +some of G Plus we've taken care of all +of this part and now we have that other + + align:start position:0% +of this part and now we have that other + + + align:start position:0% +of this part and now we have that other +factor so it's e to the minus I K and I + + align:start position:0% +factor so it's e to the minus I K and I + + + align:start position:0% +factor so it's e to the minus I K and I +could call it the scattering one but I + + align:start position:0% +could call it the scattering one but I + + + align:start position:0% +could call it the scattering one but I +will still not do that + + align:start position:0% +will still not do that + + + align:start position:0% +will still not do that +they will have the U of R Prime and + + align:start position:0% +they will have the U of R Prime and + + + align:start position:0% +they will have the U of R Prime and +lips.i of our prime + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is our simplified expression + + align:start position:0% +so this is our simplified expression + + + align:start position:0% +so this is our simplified expression +when we make use of the fact that we're + + align:start position:0% +when we make use of the fact that we're + + + align:start position:0% +when we make use of the fact that we're +looking far enough and the greens + + align:start position:0% +looking far enough and the greens + + + align:start position:0% +looking far enough and the greens +function has simplified so let's keep + + align:start position:0% +function has simplified so let's keep + + + align:start position:0% +function has simplified so let's keep +that for a moment and try to think how + + align:start position:0% +that for a moment and try to think how + + + align:start position:0% +that for a moment and try to think how +we could solve this integral equation + + align:start position:0% +we could solve this integral equation + + + align:start position:0% +we could solve this integral equation +now there's no very simple methods of + + align:start position:0% +now there's no very simple methods of + + + align:start position:0% +now there's no very simple methods of +solving them exactly you have to do + + align:start position:0% +solving them exactly you have to do + + + align:start position:0% +solving them exactly you have to do +interesting things you it's fairly + + align:start position:0% +interesting things you it's fairly + + + align:start position:0% +interesting things you it's fairly +non-trivial but finding approximate + + align:start position:0% +non-trivial but finding approximate + + + align:start position:0% +non-trivial but finding approximate +solutions of integral equations is + + align:start position:0% +solutions of integral equations is + + + align:start position:0% +solutions of integral equations is +something that we can do and it's + + align:start position:0% +something that we can do and it's + + + align:start position:0% +something that we can do and it's +relatively simple so we will come back + + align:start position:0% +relatively simple so we will come back + + + align:start position:0% +relatively simple so we will come back +to this because in a sense this is nice + + align:start position:0% +to this because in a sense this is nice + + + align:start position:0% +to this because in a sense this is nice +but but you must feel that somehow the + + align:start position:0% +but but you must feel that somehow the + + + align:start position:0% +but but you must feel that somehow the +store is not complete we want to know + + align:start position:0% +store is not complete we want to know + + + align:start position:0% +store is not complete we want to know +the wave function far away this has the + + align:start position:0% +the wave function far away this has the + + + align:start position:0% +the wave function far away this has the +form of this function that when we wrote + + align:start position:0% +form of this function that when we wrote + + + align:start position:0% +form of this function that when we wrote +sy is equal to e to the I kz + f of + + align:start position:0% +sy is equal to e to the I kz + f of + + + align:start position:0% +sy is equal to e to the I kz + f of +theta phi e to the IKr over r if we know + + align:start position:0% +theta phi e to the IKr over r if we know + + + align:start position:0% +theta phi e to the IKr over r if we know +this f of theta phi we know everything + + align:start position:0% +this f of theta phi we know everything + + + align:start position:0% +this f of theta phi we know everything +about the scattering but it almost looks + + align:start position:0% +about the scattering but it almost looks + + + align:start position:0% +about the scattering but it almost looks +like this is f of theta and phi but we + + align:start position:0% +like this is f of theta and phi but we + + + align:start position:0% +like this is f of theta and phi but we +don't know why so have we made any + + align:start position:0% +don't know why so have we made any + + + align:start position:0% +don't know why so have we made any +progress + + align:start position:0% +progress + + + align:start position:0% +progress +well the boring approximation is the way + + align:start position:0% +well the boring approximation is the way + + + align:start position:0% +well the boring approximation is the way +in which we see that we could turn this + + align:start position:0% +in which we see that we could turn this + + + align:start position:0% +in which we see that we could turn this +into a something quite simple so let's + + align:start position:0% +into a something quite simple so let's + + + align:start position:0% +into a something quite simple so let's +do born approximation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so our first step is to rewrite once + + align:start position:0% +so our first step is to rewrite once + + + align:start position:0% +so our first step is to rewrite once +more for us this equation sIFR is equal + + align:start position:0% +more for us this equation sIFR is equal + + + align:start position:0% +more for us this equation sIFR is equal +to e to the I ki R plus integral DQ bar + + align:start position:0% +to e to the I ki R plus integral DQ bar + + + align:start position:0% +to e to the I ki R plus integral DQ bar +prime G Plus of R minus R prime u of our + + align:start position:0% +prime G Plus of R minus R prime u of our + + + align:start position:0% +prime G Plus of R minus R prime u of our +prime Phi of R Prime + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay we wrote it is good now let's + + align:start position:0% +okay we wrote it is good now let's + + + align:start position:0% +okay we wrote it is good now let's +rewrite it with instead of our putting + + align:start position:0% +rewrite it with instead of our putting + + + align:start position:0% +rewrite it with instead of our putting +in our prime here + + align:start position:0% +in our prime here + + + align:start position:0% +in our prime here +it's a why well bear with me a second + + align:start position:0% +it's a why well bear with me a second + + + align:start position:0% +it's a why well bear with me a second +rewrite with are replaced by R Prime + + align:start position:0% +rewrite with are replaced by R Prime + + + align:start position:0% +rewrite with are replaced by R Prime +if we have an R prime replace it with + + align:start position:0% +if we have an R prime replace it with + + + align:start position:0% +if we have an R prime replace it with +our double Prime and so on so let's + + align:start position:0% +our double Prime and so on so let's + + + align:start position:0% +our double Prime and so on so let's +rewrite this so the size of our prime is + + align:start position:0% +rewrite this so the size of our prime is + + + align:start position:0% +rewrite this so the size of our prime is +equal to e to the I k I R prime plus + + align:start position:0% +equal to e to the I k I R prime plus + + + align:start position:0% +equal to e to the I k I R prime plus +integral D cubed R double prime G Plus + + align:start position:0% +integral D cubed R double prime G Plus + + + align:start position:0% +integral D cubed R double prime G Plus +of our prime minus R double prime u of r + + align:start position:0% +of our prime minus R double prime u of r + + + align:start position:0% +of our prime minus R double prime u of r +double prime side of our double prime so + + align:start position:0% +double prime side of our double prime so + + + align:start position:0% +double prime side of our double prime so +I shift it whenever I had an R put an R + + align:start position:0% +I shift it whenever I had an R put an R + + + align:start position:0% +I shift it whenever I had an R put an R +prime never had an R prime to that R + + align:start position:0% +prime never had an R prime to that R + + + align:start position:0% +prime never had an R prime to that R +double Prime the reason we do this is + + align:start position:0% +double Prime the reason we do this is + + + align:start position:0% +double Prime the reason we do this is +that technically I can now substitute + + align:start position:0% +that technically I can now substitute + + + align:start position:0% +that technically I can now substitute +this quantity here into here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and see where I get and I get something + + align:start position:0% +and see where I get and I get something + + + align:start position:0% +and see where I get and I get something +quite interesting + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I get the beginning of an approximation + + align:start position:0% +I get the beginning of an approximation + + + align:start position:0% +I get the beginning of an approximation +because I now get size R is equal to e + + align:start position:0% +because I now get size R is equal to e + + + align:start position:0% +because I now get size R is equal to e +to the I K I R plus V cubed R prime G + + align:start position:0% +to the I K I R plus V cubed R prime G + + + align:start position:0% +to the I K I R plus V cubed R prime G +Plus of R minus R prime I'm still + + align:start position:0% +Plus of R minus R prime I'm still + + + align:start position:0% +Plus of R minus R prime I'm still +copying the first equation U of R Prime + + align:start position:0% +copying the first equation U of R Prime + + + align:start position:0% +copying the first equation U of R Prime +and here is where the first change + + align:start position:0% +and here is where the first change + + + align:start position:0% +and here is where the first change +happens instead of psy of our prime I'm + + align:start position:0% +happens instead of psy of our prime I'm + + + align:start position:0% +happens instead of psy of our prime I'm +going to put this whole other thing + + align:start position:0% +going to put this whole other thing + + + align:start position:0% +going to put this whole other thing +so I'll write two terms the first is + + align:start position:0% +so I'll write two terms the first is + + + align:start position:0% +so I'll write two terms the first is +just having here e to the I ki r prime + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the second I'll write this another line + + align:start position:0% +the second I'll write this another line + + + align:start position:0% +the second I'll write this another line +so integral D cubed R prime G Plus of R + + align:start position:0% +so integral D cubed R prime G Plus of R + + + align:start position:0% +so integral D cubed R prime G Plus of R +minus R prime U of R Prime and then the + + align:start position:0% +minus R prime U of R Prime and then the + + + align:start position:0% +minus R prime U of R Prime and then the +second term would be another integral + + align:start position:0% +second term would be another integral + + + align:start position:0% +second term would be another integral +the cube R double prime G Plus of our + + align:start position:0% +the cube R double prime G Plus of our + + + align:start position:0% +the cube R double prime G Plus of our +prime minus R double prime u of r double + + align:start position:0% +prime minus R double prime u of r double + + + align:start position:0% +prime minus R double prime u of r double +prime Phi of R double prime so look at + + align:start position:0% +prime Phi of R double prime so look at + + + align:start position:0% +prime Phi of R double prime so look at +it and see what has happened you have + + align:start position:0% +it and see what has happened you have + + + align:start position:0% +it and see what has happened you have +postponed the fact that you had an + + align:start position:0% +postponed the fact that you had an + + + align:start position:0% +postponed the fact that you had an +integral equation to an X term if I + + align:start position:0% +integral equation to an X term if I + + + align:start position:0% +integral equation to an X term if I +would drop here this term this would not + + align:start position:0% +would drop here this term this would not + + + align:start position:0% +would drop here this term this would not +be an integral equation anymore size is + + align:start position:0% +be an integral equation anymore size is + + + align:start position:0% +be an integral equation anymore size is +given to this function that we know + + align:start position:0% +given to this function that we know + + + align:start position:0% +given to this function that we know +greens function we know potential we + + align:start position:0% +greens function we know potential we + + + align:start position:0% +greens function we know potential we +know function we know it's a solution + + align:start position:0% +know function we know it's a solution + + + align:start position:0% +know function we know it's a solution +but the indication is still don't really + + align:start position:0% +but the indication is still don't really + + + align:start position:0% +but the indication is still don't really +so we have this term here and now you + + align:start position:0% +so we have this term here and now you + + + align:start position:0% +so we have this term here and now you +could go on with this process + + align:start position:0% +could go on with this process + + + align:start position:0% +could go on with this process +see there and replace this pie of our + + align:start position:0% +see there and replace this pie of our + + + align:start position:0% +see there and replace this pie of our +double Prime + + align:start position:0% +double Prime + + + align:start position:0% +double Prime +you could replace it by an e to the I ki + + align:start position:0% +you could replace it by an e to the I ki + + + align:start position:0% +you could replace it by an e to the I ki +r double prime plus another integral V R + + align:start position:0% +r double prime plus another integral V R + + + align:start position:0% +r double prime plus another integral V R +triple prime of G like that and then + + align:start position:0% +triple prime of G like that and then + + + align:start position:0% +triple prime of G like that and then +here you would have an e to the I K R + + align:start position:0% +here you would have an e to the I K R + + + align:start position:0% +here you would have an e to the I K R +double Prime and then more terms and + + align:start position:0% +double Prime and then more terms and + + + align:start position:0% +double Prime and then more terms and +more terms so I can keep doing this + + align:start position:0% +more terms so I can keep doing this + + + align:start position:0% +more terms so I can keep doing this +forever until I have this integral G + + align:start position:0% +forever until I have this integral G + + + align:start position:0% +forever until I have this integral G +Plus u incident wave and here you have G + + align:start position:0% +Plus u incident wave and here you have G + + + align:start position:0% +Plus u incident wave and here you have G +Plus u G Plus u incident wave and then I + + align:start position:0% +Plus u G Plus u incident wave and then I + + + align:start position:0% +Plus u G Plus u incident wave and then I +will have G Plus u g + ug + u incident + + align:start position:0% +will have G Plus u g + ug + u incident + + + align:start position:0% +will have G Plus u g + ug + u incident +wave and it will go on and on and on so + + align:start position:0% +wave and it will go on and on and on so + + + align:start position:0% +wave and it will go on and on and on so +this is called boring approximation if + + align:start position:0% +this is called boring approximation if + + + align:start position:0% +this is called boring approximation if +you stop at some stage and you ignore + + align:start position:0% +you stop at some stage and you ignore + + + align:start position:0% +you stop at some stage and you ignore +the last term so for example we could + + align:start position:0% +the last term so for example we could + + + align:start position:0% +the last term so for example we could +ignore this term in which we still have + + align:start position:0% +ignore this term in which we still have + + + align:start position:0% +ignore this term in which we still have +an unknown sigh and say okay we take it + + align:start position:0% +an unknown sigh and say okay we take it + + + align:start position:0% +an unknown sigh and say okay we take it +this way and this would be the first + + align:start position:0% +this way and this would be the first + + + align:start position:0% +this way and this would be the first +born approximation you just go up to + + align:start position:0% +born approximation you just go up to + + + align:start position:0% +born approximation you just go up to +here the second born approximation would + + align:start position:0% +here the second born approximation would + + + align:start position:0% +here the second born approximation would +be to include this term with sign + + align:start position:0% +be to include this term with sign + + + align:start position:0% +be to include this term with sign +replaced by the incident wave the third + + align:start position:0% +replaced by the incident wave the third + + + align:start position:0% +replaced by the incident wave the third +born approximation would be the next + + align:start position:0% +born approximation would be the next + + + align:start position:0% +born approximation would be the next +term that would come here so let me + + align:start position:0% +term that would come here so let me + + + align:start position:0% +term that would come here so let me +write the whole born approximation + + align:start position:0% +write the whole born approximation + + + align:start position:0% +write the whole born approximation +schematically Holborn approximations + + align:start position:0% +schematically Holborn approximations + + + align:start position:0% +schematically Holborn approximations +schematically I could write three terms + + align:start position:0% +schematically I could write three terms + + + align:start position:0% +schematically I could write three terms +explicitly or four terms if you wish but + + align:start position:0% +explicitly or four terms if you wish but + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly or four terms if you wish but +I think the pattern is more or less + + align:start position:0% +I think the pattern is more or less + + + align:start position:0% +I think the pattern is more or less +clear now what do you have sorry far + + align:start position:0% +clear now what do you have sorry far + + + align:start position:0% +clear now what do you have sorry far +equal e to the I K I are plus and now I + + align:start position:0% +equal e to the I K I are plus and now I + + + align:start position:0% +equal e to the I K I are plus and now I +become schematic integral so I put just + + align:start position:0% +become schematic integral so I put just + + + align:start position:0% +become schematic integral so I put just +integral + + align:start position:0% +integral + + + align:start position:0% +integral +G + u e to the I K R don't put labels or + + align:start position:0% +G + u e to the I K R don't put labels or + + + align:start position:0% +G + u e to the I K R don't put labels or +anything but that's the first integral + + align:start position:0% +anything but that's the first integral + + + align:start position:0% +anything but that's the first integral +and if you had to put back the labels + + align:start position:0% +and if you had to put back the labels + + + align:start position:0% +and if you had to put back the labels +you would know how to put them you put + + align:start position:0% +you would know how to put them you put + + + align:start position:0% +you would know how to put them you put +an integral over some variable cannot be + + align:start position:0% +an integral over some variable cannot be + + + align:start position:0% +an integral over some variable cannot be +R because that's where you're looking at + + align:start position:0% +R because that's where you're looking at + + + align:start position:0% +R because that's where you're looking at +so you'll put in our prime the G of R + + align:start position:0% +so you'll put in our prime the G of R + + + align:start position:0% +so you'll put in our prime the G of R +minus R prime the U at R prime and this + + align:start position:0% +minus R prime the U at R prime and this + + + align:start position:0% +minus R prime the U at R prime and this +function at R Prime that's how this + + align:start position:0% +function at R Prime that's how this + + + align:start position:0% +function at R Prime that's how this +integral would make sense + + align:start position:0% +integral would make sense + + + align:start position:0% +integral would make sense +the next term would be integral G U of + + align:start position:0% +the next term would be integral G U of + + + align:start position:0% +the next term would be integral G U of +another integral of G u e to the I K R + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's an X term and the next term will + + align:start position:0% +that's an X term and the next term will + + + align:start position:0% +that's an X term and the next term will +be just GU GU GU into the I K R and it + + align:start position:0% +be just GU GU GU into the I K R and it + + + align:start position:0% +be just GU GU GU into the I K R and it +goes on forever that's the Bourne series \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/ggcbVV3Tquo.txt b/ggcbVV3Tquo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8664f340777b47baafa066747e91d7986a2d3f0b --- /dev/null +++ b/ggcbVV3Tquo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10459 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license +your support will help MIT + + align:start position:0% +your support will help MIT + + + align:start position:0% +your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to offer high + + align:start position:0% +OpenCourseWare continue to offer high + + + align:start position:0% +OpenCourseWare continue to offer high +quality educational resources for free + + align:start position:0% +quality educational resources for free + + + align:start position:0% +quality educational resources for free +to make a donation or view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + + align:start position:0% +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu +what I'm going to talk about today is + + align:start position:0% +what I'm going to talk about today is + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm going to talk about today is +very much related to this general issue + + align:start position:0% +very much related to this general issue + + + align:start position:0% +very much related to this general issue +of using vision but with sort of the + + align:start position:0% +of using vision but with sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +of using vision but with sort of the +final goal of seeing and understanding + + align:start position:0% +final goal of seeing and understanding + + + align:start position:0% +final goal of seeing and understanding +in a very deep and complete manner + + align:start position:0% +in a very deep and complete manner + + + align:start position:0% +in a very deep and complete manner +what's going on around you and let me + + align:start position:0% +what's going on around you and let me + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on around you and let me +start just reasoning with just one image + + align:start position:0% +start just reasoning with just one image + + + align:start position:0% +start just reasoning with just one image +we've all we see images all the time and + + align:start position:0% +we've all we see images all the time and + + + align:start position:0% +we've all we see images all the time and +we know that we can get a lot of meaning + + align:start position:0% +we know that we can get a lot of meaning + + + align:start position:0% +we know that we can get a lot of meaning +out of them but just you look at one + + align:start position:0% +out of them but just you look at one + + + align:start position:0% +out of them but just you look at one +image and you get a lot of information + + align:start position:0% +image and you get a lot of information + + + align:start position:0% +image and you get a lot of information +out of it you understand what happened + + align:start position:0% +out of it you understand what happened + + + align:start position:0% +out of it you understand what happened +before that was some kind of a flood and + + align:start position:0% +before that was some kind of a flood and + + + align:start position:0% +before that was some kind of a flood and +why these people are hanging out up + + align:start position:0% +why these people are hanging out up + + + align:start position:0% +why these people are hanging out up +there on the on the wires and and so on + + align:start position:0% +there on the on the wires and and so on + + + align:start position:0% +there on the on the wires and and so on +so all of this we get very quickly and + + align:start position:0% +so all of this we get very quickly and + + + align:start position:0% +so all of this we get very quickly and +what we do usually in computation + + align:start position:0% +what we do usually in computation + + + align:start position:0% +what we do usually in computation +computation vision and much of my own + + align:start position:0% +computation vision and much of my own + + + align:start position:0% +computation vision and much of my own +work is to try to understand + + align:start position:0% +work is to try to understand + + + align:start position:0% +work is to try to understand +computational schemes that they can take + + align:start position:0% +computational schemes that they can take + + + align:start position:0% +computational schemes that they can take +as an input an image like this and get + + align:start position:0% +as an input an image like this and get + + + align:start position:0% +as an input an image like this and get +the all this information out but what I + + align:start position:0% +the all this information out but what I + + + align:start position:0% +the all this information out but what I +want to talk about in the first part I'm + + align:start position:0% +want to talk about in the first part I'm + + + align:start position:0% +want to talk about in the first part I'm +going to break the the afternoon into + + align:start position:0% +going to break the the afternoon into + + + align:start position:0% +going to break the the afternoon into +two different tops on two different + + align:start position:0% +two different tops on two different + + + align:start position:0% +two different tops on two different +topics but they're all closely related + + align:start position:0% +topics but they're all closely related + + + align:start position:0% +topics but they're all closely related +to this ultimate goal which drives me + + align:start position:0% +to this ultimate goal which drives me + + + align:start position:0% +to this ultimate goal which drives me +which is as you will see I think it will + + align:start position:0% +which is as you will see I think it will + + + align:start position:0% +which is as you will see I think it will +become apparent as we go along and this + + align:start position:0% +become apparent as we go along and this + + + align:start position:0% +become apparent as we go along and this +is sort of complete and full + + align:start position:0% +is sort of complete and full + + + align:start position:0% +is sort of complete and full +understanding and complicated concepts + + align:start position:0% +understanding and complicated concepts + + + align:start position:0% +understanding and complicated concepts +and complicated notions that we can + + align:start position:0% +and complicated notions that we can + + + align:start position:0% +and complicated notions that we can +derive from an image but what I'm going + + align:start position:0% +derive from an image but what I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +derive from an image but what I'm going +to discuss in the first part is sort of + + align:start position:0% +to discuss in the first part is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +to discuss in the first part is sort of +how it all starts and this combines + + align:start position:0% +how it all starts and this combines + + + align:start position:0% +how it all starts and this combines +vision with another topic which is very + + align:start position:0% +vision with another topic which is very + + + align:start position:0% +vision with another topic which is very +important in cognition and part of CBMM + + align:start position:0% +important in cognition and part of CBMM + + + align:start position:0% +important in cognition and part of CBMM +as well but it's not just this + + align:start position:0% +as well but it's not just this + + + align:start position:0% +as well but it's not just this +particular center it's part of + + align:start position:0% +particular center it's part of + + + align:start position:0% +particular center it's part of +understanding cognition is infant + + align:start position:0% +understanding cognition is infant + + + align:start position:0% +understanding cognition is infant +learning and how it all starts and + + align:start position:0% +learning and how it all starts and + + + align:start position:0% +learning and how it all starts and +certainly for vision and for learning + + align:start position:0% +certainly for vision and for learning + + + align:start position:0% +certainly for vision and for learning +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +is a very interesting and fascinating + + align:start position:0% +is a very interesting and fascinating + + + align:start position:0% +is a very interesting and fascinating +problem because here you think about + + align:start position:0% +problem because here you think about + + + align:start position:0% +problem because here you think about +babies they open up their eyes and they + + align:start position:0% +babies they open up their eyes and they + + + align:start position:0% +babies they open up their eyes and they +see they don't they cannot understand + + align:start position:0% +see they don't they cannot understand + + + align:start position:0% +see they don't they cannot understand +the images that we see you can think + + align:start position:0% +the images that we see you can think + + + align:start position:0% +the images that we see you can think +that they D see pixels and they watch + + align:start position:0% +that they D see pixels and they watch + + + align:start position:0% +that they D see pixels and they watch +the pixels and the pixels are + + align:start position:0% +the pixels and the pixels are + + + align:start position:0% +the pixels and the pixels are +transforming and they look at the world + + align:start position:0% +transforming and they look at the world + + + align:start position:0% +transforming and they look at the world +that things changed change around them + + align:start position:0% +that things changed change around them + + + align:start position:0% +that things changed change around them +and so on and what this short clips is + + align:start position:0% +and so on and what this short clips is + + + align:start position:0% +and so on and what this short clips is +trying to make explicit it somehow these + + align:start position:0% +trying to make explicit it somehow these + + + align:start position:0% +trying to make explicit it somehow these +pixels over time acquire meaning and + + align:start position:0% +pixels over time acquire meaning and + + + align:start position:0% +pixels over time acquire meaning and +they understand the world what they see + + align:start position:0% +they understand the world what they see + + + align:start position:0% +they understand the world what they see +the input changes from changing pixels + + align:start position:0% +the input changes from changing pixels + + + align:start position:0% +the input changes from changing pixels +and light intensities into other infants + + align:start position:0% +and light intensities into other infants + + + align:start position:0% +and light intensities into other infants +in rooms and what what everybody see + + align:start position:0% +in rooms and what what everybody see + + + align:start position:0% +in rooms and what what everybody see +around them so we would like to be able + + align:start position:0% +around them so we would like to be able + + + align:start position:0% +around them so we would like to be able +to understand this and to do something + + align:start position:0% +to understand this and to do something + + + align:start position:0% +to understand this and to do something +similar so to have a system imagine that + + align:start position:0% +similar so to have a system imagine that + + + align:start position:0% +similar so to have a system imagine that +we have some kind of a system that + + align:start position:0% +we have some kind of a system that + + + align:start position:0% +we have some kind of a system that +starts without any specific world + + align:start position:0% +starts without any specific world + + + align:start position:0% +starts without any specific world +knowledge wired into it it watches + + align:start position:0% +knowledge wired into it it watches + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge wired into it it watches +movies for say six months and at the end + + align:start position:0% +movies for say six months and at the end + + + align:start position:0% +movies for say six months and at the end +of the six months this system knows + + align:start position:0% +of the six months this system knows + + + align:start position:0% +of the six months this system knows +about the world about people about + + align:start position:0% +about the world about people about + + + align:start position:0% +about the world about people about +agents about animals about objects about + + align:start position:0% +agents about animals about objects about + + + align:start position:0% +agents about animals about objects about +actions social interactions between + + align:start position:0% +actions social interactions between + + + align:start position:0% +actions social interactions between +agents the way that infants do during + + align:start position:0% +agents the way that infants do during + + + align:start position:0% +agents the way that infants do during +the first year of life so the goal isn't + + align:start position:0% +the first year of life so the goal isn't + + + align:start position:0% +the first year of life so the goal isn't +for me at least is not really the + + align:start position:0% +for me at least is not really the + + + align:start position:0% +for me at least is not really the +interest is not necessarily to engineer + + align:start position:0% +interest is not necessarily to engineer + + + align:start position:0% +interest is not necessarily to engineer +it the engineering part of it to really + + align:start position:0% +it the engineering part of it to really + + + align:start position:0% +it the engineering part of it to really +build such a system but to think about + + align:start position:0% +build such a system but to think about + + + align:start position:0% +build such a system but to think about +and develop schemes that will be able to + + align:start position:0% +and develop schemes that will be able to + + + align:start position:0% +and develop schemes that will be able to +deal with it and and do something + + align:start position:0% +deal with it and and do something + + + align:start position:0% +deal with it and and do something +similar I think it's also maybe I + + align:start position:0% +similar I think it's also maybe I + + + align:start position:0% +similar I think it's also maybe I +mentioned it at the end it's also a very + + align:start position:0% +mentioned it at the end it's also a very + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned it at the end it's also a very +interesting direction for artificial + + align:start position:0% +interesting direction for artificial + + + align:start position:0% +interesting direction for artificial +intelligence to think about not + + align:start position:0% +intelligence to think about not + + + align:start position:0% +intelligence to think about not +generating final complete systems but + + align:start position:0% +generating final complete systems but + + + align:start position:0% +generating final complete systems but +generating baby systems if you want + + align:start position:0% +generating baby systems if you want + + + align:start position:0% +generating baby systems if you want +they'd have some interesting and useful + + align:start position:0% +they'd have some interesting and useful + + + align:start position:0% +they'd have some interesting and useful +initial capacities but the rest is just + + align:start position:0% +initial capacities but the rest is just + + + align:start position:0% +initial capacities but the rest is just +they watch the world and they get + + align:start position:0% +they watch the world and they get + + + align:start position:0% +they watch the world and they get +intelligent as time goes by I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +intelligent as time goes by I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +intelligent as time goes by I'm going to +talk initially about two particular + + align:start position:0% +talk initially about two particular + + + align:start position:0% +talk initially about two particular +things that we've been working on and we + + align:start position:0% +things that we've been working on and we + + + align:start position:0% +things that we've been working on and we +selected because we we thought it out + + align:start position:0% +selected because we we thought it out + + + align:start position:0% +selected because we we thought it out +particularly interesting and one has to + + align:start position:0% +particularly interesting and one has to + + + align:start position:0% +particularly interesting and one has to +do with hands and the other one has to + + align:start position:0% +do with hands and the other one has to + + + align:start position:0% +do with hands and the other one has to +do with with with gaze and the reason + + align:start position:0% +do with with with gaze and the reason + + + align:start position:0% +do with with with gaze and the reason +that we selected them + + align:start position:0% +that we selected them + + + align:start position:0% +that we selected them +I'll show in a minute visually for + + align:start position:0% +I'll show in a minute visually for + + + align:start position:0% +I'll show in a minute visually for +computer vision being able to deal with + + align:start position:0% +computer vision being able to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +computer vision being able to deal with +hands of peoples in images in dealing + + align:start position:0% +hands of peoples in images in dealing + + + align:start position:0% +hands of peoples in images in dealing +with direction of gaze a very difficult + + align:start position:0% +with direction of gaze a very difficult + + + align:start position:0% +with direction of gaze a very difficult +problem and a lot of work has been done + + align:start position:0% +problem and a lot of work has been done + + + align:start position:0% +problem and a lot of work has been done +in computer vision dealing with issues + + align:start position:0% +in computer vision dealing with issues + + + align:start position:0% +in computer vision dealing with issues +related to two hands and two gaze + + align:start position:0% +related to two hands and two gaze + + + align:start position:0% +related to two hands and two gaze +they're also very important for + + align:start position:0% +they're also very important for + + + align:start position:0% +they're also very important for +cognition in general again I will + + align:start position:0% +cognition in general again I will + + + align:start position:0% +cognition in general again I will +discuss it a bit more later but + + align:start position:0% +discuss it a bit more later but + + + align:start position:0% +discuss it a bit more later but +understanding hands and what they are + + align:start position:0% +understanding hands and what they are + + + align:start position:0% +understanding hands and what they are +doing interacting with objects + + align:start position:0% +doing interacting with objects + + + align:start position:0% +doing interacting with objects +manipulating objects action recognition + + align:start position:0% +manipulating objects action recognition + + + align:start position:0% +manipulating objects action recognition +so hands are a part of understanding the + + align:start position:0% +so hands are a part of understanding the + + + align:start position:0% +so hands are a part of understanding the +full scheme the whole domain of of + + align:start position:0% +full scheme the whole domain of of + + + align:start position:0% +full scheme the whole domain of of +actions in social interactions between + + align:start position:0% +actions in social interactions between + + + align:start position:0% +actions in social interactions between +agents as a part of it + + align:start position:0% +agents as a part of it + + + align:start position:0% +agents as a part of it +gaze is also very important for + + align:start position:0% +gaze is also very important for + + + align:start position:0% +gaze is also very important for +understanding intentions of people + + align:start position:0% +understanding intentions of people + + + align:start position:0% +understanding intentions of people +understanding interactions between + + align:start position:0% +understanding interactions between + + + align:start position:0% +understanding interactions between +people so these are two basic very basic + + align:start position:0% +people so these are two basic very basic + + + align:start position:0% +people so these are two basic very basic +type of objects or concepts that you + + align:start position:0% +type of objects or concepts that you + + + align:start position:0% +type of objects or concepts that you +want to acquire they are very difficult + + align:start position:0% +want to acquire they are very difficult + + + align:start position:0% +want to acquire they are very difficult +and the final surprising thing is they + + align:start position:0% +and the final surprising thing is they + + + align:start position:0% +and the final surprising thing is they +they come very early in an infant infant + + align:start position:0% +they come very early in an infant infant + + + align:start position:0% +they come very early in an infant infant +vision one of the first things to be to + + align:start position:0% +vision one of the first things to be to + + + align:start position:0% +vision one of the first things to be to +be learned so you can see here when I + + align:start position:0% +be learned so you can see here when I + + + align:start position:0% +be learned so you can see here when I +say hands are important for example for + + align:start position:0% +say hands are important for example for + + + align:start position:0% +say hands are important for example for +action recognition I don't know if you + + align:start position:0% +action recognition I don't know if you + + + align:start position:0% +action recognition I don't know if you +can tell what this person is doing for + + align:start position:0% +can tell what this person is doing for + + + align:start position:0% +can tell what this person is doing for +example any guess you said what what is + + align:start position:0% +example any guess you said what what is + + + align:start position:0% +example any guess you said what what is +it doing talking on the phone and we + + align:start position:0% +it doing talking on the phone and we + + + align:start position:0% +it doing talking on the phone and we +cannot really see the phone but it's + + align:start position:0% +cannot really see the phone but it's + + + align:start position:0% +cannot really see the phone but it's +more than where the hand is relative to + + align:start position:0% +more than where the hand is relative to + + + align:start position:0% +more than where the hand is relative to +the ear and so on and you know we can + + align:start position:0% +the ear and so on and you know we can + + + align:start position:0% +the ear and so on and you know we can +see the interactions between agents and + + align:start position:0% +see the interactions between agents and + + + align:start position:0% +see the interactions between agents and +so on a lot depends on understanding the + + align:start position:0% +so on a lot depends on understanding the + + + align:start position:0% +so on a lot depends on understanding the +body posture and in particular the the + + align:start position:0% +body posture and in particular the the + + + align:start position:0% +body posture and in particular the the +hands so that's certainly very important + + align:start position:0% +hands so that's certainly very important + + + align:start position:0% +hands so that's certainly very important +for us I mentioned that are very + + align:start position:0% +for us I mentioned that are very + + + align:start position:0% +for us I mentioned that are very +difficult to be able to automatically be + + align:start position:0% +difficult to be able to automatically be + + + align:start position:0% +difficult to be able to automatically be +able to extract them and localize them + + align:start position:0% +able to extract them and localize them + + + align:start position:0% +able to extract them and localize them +in in the image and there are two + + align:start position:0% +in in the image and there are two + + + align:start position:0% +in in the image and there are two +reasons for this one is that hands are + + align:start position:0% +reasons for this one is that hands are + + + align:start position:0% +reasons for this one is that hands are +very flexible much more so than most + + align:start position:0% +very flexible much more so than most + + + align:start position:0% +very flexible much more so than most +rigid objects we encounter in the world + + align:start position:0% +rigid objects we encounter in the world + + + align:start position:0% +rigid objects we encounter in the world +so in hand does not have a typical + + align:start position:0% +so in hand does not have a typical + + + align:start position:0% +so in hand does not have a typical +appearance it has so many different + + align:start position:0% +appearance it has so many different + + + align:start position:0% +appearance it has so many different +appearances that it's difficult to + + align:start position:0% +appearances that it's difficult to + + + align:start position:0% +appearances that it's difficult to +handle to handle all of them and the + + align:start position:0% +handle to handle all of them and the + + + align:start position:0% +handle to handle all of them and the +other reason is the tens in images + + align:start position:0% +other reason is the tens in images + + + align:start position:0% +other reason is the tens in images +although they are important very often + + align:start position:0% +although they are important very often + + + align:start position:0% +although they are important very often +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +is very little information in the image + + align:start position:0% +is very little information in the image + + + align:start position:0% +is very little information in the image +showing the hand just because of + + align:start position:0% +showing the hand just because of + + + align:start position:0% +showing the hand just because of +resolution size partial occlusion we + + align:start position:0% +resolution size partial occlusion we + + + align:start position:0% +resolution size partial occlusion we +know where the hands are but we can see + + align:start position:0% +know where the hands are but we can see + + + align:start position:0% +know where the hands are but we can see +very little of the hands we have the + + align:start position:0% +very little of the hands we have the + + + align:start position:0% +very little of the hands we have the +impression here when we look at this we + + align:start position:0% +impression here when we look at this we + + + align:start position:0% +impression here when we look at this we +know what this person is doing right + + align:start position:0% +know what this person is doing right + + + align:start position:0% +know what this person is doing right +he's holding a camera and taking a + + align:start position:0% +he's holding a camera and taking a + + + align:start position:0% +he's holding a camera and taking a +picture but if you take the image you + + align:start position:0% +picture but if you take the image you + + + align:start position:0% +picture but if you take the image you +know where the hand and the camera are + + align:start position:0% +know where the hand and the camera are + + + align:start position:0% +know where the hand and the camera are +you know this is the camera this is the + + align:start position:0% +you know this is the camera this is the + + + align:start position:0% +you know this is the camera this is the +hand and so on it's really not much + + align:start position:0% +hand and so on it's really not much + + + align:start position:0% +hand and so on it's really not much +information but we can use it very + + align:start position:0% +information but we can use it very + + + align:start position:0% +information but we can use it very +effectively and similarly in the other + + align:start position:0% +effectively and similarly in the other + + + align:start position:0% +effectively and similarly in the other +images that that you see here children + + align:start position:0% +images that that you see here children + + + align:start position:0% +images that that you see here children +infants do this ability to deal with + + align:start position:0% +infants do this ability to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +infants do this ability to deal with +hands and later on we'll see with gays + + align:start position:0% +hands and later on we'll see with gays + + + align:start position:0% +hands and later on we'll see with gays +in a completely unsupervised men you + + align:start position:0% +in a completely unsupervised men you + + + align:start position:0% +in a completely unsupervised men you +know nobody teaches them look at this is + + align:start position:0% +know nobody teaches them look at this is + + + align:start position:0% +know nobody teaches them look at this is +a hand even it cannot be even + + align:start position:0% +a hand even it cannot be even + + + align:start position:0% +a hand even it cannot be even +theoretically possible because these + + align:start position:0% +theoretically possible because these + + + align:start position:0% +theoretically possible because these +capacities to deal with hands and gaze + + align:start position:0% +capacities to deal with hands and gaze + + + align:start position:0% +capacities to deal with hands and gaze +comes at age of three months way before + + align:start position:0% +comes at age of three months way before + + + align:start position:0% +comes at age of three months way before +language starts to develop so all of + + align:start position:0% +language starts to develop so all of + + + align:start position:0% +language starts to develop so all of +this is entirely unsupervised just + + align:start position:0% +this is entirely unsupervised just + + + align:start position:0% +this is entirely unsupervised just +watching things happening in an + + align:start position:0% +watching things happening in an + + + align:start position:0% +watching things happening in an +unstructured way in mastering these + + align:start position:0% +unstructured way in mastering these + + + align:start position:0% +unstructured way in mastering these +concepts and when you try to imitate + + align:start position:0% +concepts and when you try to imitate + + + align:start position:0% +concepts and when you try to imitate +this in computer vision systems there + + align:start position:0% +this in computer vision systems there + + + align:start position:0% +this in computer vision systems there +are not too many computer vision system + + align:start position:0% +are not too many computer vision system + + + align:start position:0% +are not too many computer vision system +learning system that can deal well with + + align:start position:0% +learning system that can deal well with + + + align:start position:0% +learning system that can deal well with +unsupervised data and I can tell you + + align:start position:0% +unsupervised data and I can tell you + + + align:start position:0% +unsupervised data and I can tell you +without going I don't want to elaborate + + align:start position:0% +without going I don't want to elaborate + + + align:start position:0% +without going I don't want to elaborate +and the different schemes that exist and + + align:start position:0% +and the different schemes that exist and + + + align:start position:0% +and the different schemes that exist and +and so on but the kind of thing that + + align:start position:0% +and so on but the kind of thing that + + + align:start position:0% +and so on but the kind of thing that +exists cannot nobody can help + + align:start position:0% +exists cannot nobody can help + + + align:start position:0% +exists cannot nobody can help +nobody can learn hands in an + + align:start position:0% +nobody can learn hands in an + + + align:start position:0% +nobody can learn hands in an +unsupervised in an unsupervised way it + + align:start position:0% +unsupervised in an unsupervised way it + + + align:start position:0% +unsupervised in an unsupervised way it +may be interesting to know to just + + align:start position:0% +may be interesting to know to just + + + align:start position:0% +may be interesting to know to just +anecdotally when we actually started to + + align:start position:0% +anecdotally when we actually started to + + + align:start position:0% +anecdotally when we actually started to +work with this deep networks were not + + align:start position:0% +work with this deep networks were not + + + align:start position:0% +work with this deep networks were not +exactly what they are today if you go + + align:start position:0% +exactly what they are today if you go + + + align:start position:0% +exactly what they are today if you go +back in the literature and we see when + + align:start position:0% +back in the literature and we see when + + + align:start position:0% +back in the literature and we see when +the term deep networks and the initial + + align:start position:0% +the term deep networks and the initial + + + align:start position:0% +the term deep networks and the initial +work on deep networks started by at + + align:start position:0% +work on deep networks started by at + + + align:start position:0% +work on deep networks started by at +least in the group of geoff hinton young + + align:start position:0% +least in the group of geoff hinton young + + + align:start position:0% +least in the group of geoff hinton young +laocoon was doing independent things + + align:start position:0% +laocoon was doing independent things + + + align:start position:0% +laocoon was doing independent things +separately but the goal was to learn + + align:start position:0% +separately but the goal was to learn + + + align:start position:0% +separately but the goal was to learn +everything in an unsupervised way they + + align:start position:0% +everything in an unsupervised way they + + + align:start position:0% +everything in an unsupervised way they +were labeled as that's the goal of the + + align:start position:0% +were labeled as that's the goal of the + + + align:start position:0% +were labeled as that's the goal of the +project to be able to build a machine + + align:start position:0% +project to be able to build a machine + + + align:start position:0% +project to be able to build a machine +and the machine you will not need + + align:start position:0% +and the machine you will not need + + + align:start position:0% +and the machine you will not need +supervision you just aim it at the world + + align:start position:0% +supervision you just aim it at the world + + + align:start position:0% +supervision you just aim it at the world +and it will start to absorb information + + align:start position:0% +and it will start to absorb information + + + align:start position:0% +and it will start to absorb information +from the world and build + + align:start position:0% +from the world and build + + + align:start position:0% +from the world and build +doesn't represent internal + + align:start position:0% +doesn't represent internal + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't represent internal +representation in a completely + + align:start position:0% +representation in a completely + + + align:start position:0% +representation in a completely +unsupervised way in the demonstrated it + + align:start position:0% +unsupervised way in the demonstrated it + + + align:start position:0% +unsupervised way in the demonstrated it +on simple examples for example on M nice + + align:start position:0% +on simple examples for example on M nice + + + align:start position:0% +on simple examples for example on M nice +tone digits that you don't tell the + + align:start position:0% +tone digits that you don't tell the + + + align:start position:0% +tone digits that you don't tell the +system that are ten digits and and so on + + align:start position:0% +system that are ten digits and and so on + + + align:start position:0% +system that are ten digits and and so on +you just show it data and it built deep + + align:start position:0% +you just show it data and it built deep + + + align:start position:0% +you just show it data and it built deep +network that automatically divides the + + align:start position:0% +network that automatically divides the + + + align:start position:0% +network that automatically divides the +input into ten different classes and in + + align:start position:0% +input into ten different classes and in + + + align:start position:0% +input into ten different classes and in +interesting ways it also divides + + align:start position:0% +interesting ways it also divides + + + align:start position:0% +interesting ways it also divides +subclasses there is a closed for in an + + align:start position:0% +subclasses there is a closed for in an + + + align:start position:0% +subclasses there is a closed for in an +open for and so on with something very + + align:start position:0% +open for and so on with something very + + + align:start position:0% +open for and so on with something very +natural and it was an example of dealing + + align:start position:0% +natural and it was an example of dealing + + + align:start position:0% +natural and it was an example of dealing +with multiple classes in an unsupervised + + align:start position:0% +with multiple classes in an unsupervised + + + align:start position:0% +with multiple classes in an unsupervised +manner but when you try to do something + + align:start position:0% +manner but when you try to do something + + + align:start position:0% +manner but when you try to do something +like hands which we tried I mean there + + align:start position:0% +like hands which we tried I mean there + + + align:start position:0% +like hands which we tried I mean there +is just it it basically failed as an + + align:start position:0% +is just it it basically failed as an + + + align:start position:0% +is just it it basically failed as an +unsupervised is an unsupervised method + + align:start position:0% +unsupervised is an unsupervised method + + + align:start position:0% +unsupervised is an unsupervised method +and the problem remain difficult here's + + align:start position:0% +and the problem remain difficult here's + + + align:start position:0% +and the problem remain difficult here's +a quote for Jeetendra Malik who is those + + align:start position:0% +a quote for Jeetendra Malik who is those + + + align:start position:0% +a quote for Jeetendra Malik who is those +of you deal with computer vision would + + align:start position:0% +of you deal with computer vision would + + + align:start position:0% +of you deal with computer vision would +know the name is sort of a leading + + align:start position:0% +know the name is sort of a leading + + + align:start position:0% +know the name is sort of a leading +person in computer vision they say that + + align:start position:0% +person in computer vision they say that + + + align:start position:0% +person in computer vision they say that +dealing with body configuration and in + + align:start position:0% +dealing with body configuration and in + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with body configuration and in +general in hands in particular is maybe + + align:start position:0% +general in hands in particular is maybe + + + align:start position:0% +general in hands in particular is maybe +the most difficult recognition problem + + align:start position:0% +the most difficult recognition problem + + + align:start position:0% +the most difficult recognition problem +in computer vision I think that's + + align:start position:0% +in computer vision I think that's + + + align:start position:0% +in computer vision I think that's +probably going too far but still you can + + align:start position:0% +probably going too far but still you can + + + align:start position:0% +probably going too far but still you can +realize that people took it as a as a + + align:start position:0% +realize that people took it as a as a + + + align:start position:0% +realize that people took it as a as a +very difficult problem on the + + align:start position:0% +very difficult problem on the + + + align:start position:0% +very difficult problem on the +unsupervised way which is still a big + + align:start position:0% +unsupervised way which is still a big + + + align:start position:0% +unsupervised way which is still a big +open problem the biggest effort so far + + align:start position:0% +open problem the biggest effort so far + + + align:start position:0% +open problem the biggest effort so far +has been a paper it's already a few + + align:start position:0% +has been a paper it's already a few + + + align:start position:0% +has been a paper it's already a few +years ago called cooperation + + align:start position:0% +years ago called cooperation + + + align:start position:0% +years ago called cooperation +collaboration between Google and + + align:start position:0% +collaboration between Google and + + + align:start position:0% +collaboration between Google and +Stanford by Andrew egg and others in + + align:start position:0% +Stanford by Andrew egg and others in + + + align:start position:0% +Stanford by Andrew egg and others in +which they took images from 10 million + + align:start position:0% +which they took images from 10 million + + + align:start position:0% +which they took images from 10 million +YouTube movies and they try to learn + + align:start position:0% +YouTube movies and they try to learn + + + align:start position:0% +YouTube movies and they try to learn +whatever they could in an unsupervised + + align:start position:0% +whatever they could in an unsupervised + + + align:start position:0% +whatever they could in an unsupervised +way and they designed a system that was + + align:start position:0% +way and they designed a system that was + + + align:start position:0% +way and they designed a system that was +designed to get information out in an + + align:start position:0% +designed to get information out in an + + + align:start position:0% +designed to get information out in an +unsupervised manner and basically the + + align:start position:0% +unsupervised manner and basically the + + + align:start position:0% +unsupervised manner and basically the +managed from all this information to get + + align:start position:0% +managed from all this information to get + + + align:start position:0% +managed from all this information to get +out three concepts what happened in the + + align:start position:0% +out three concepts what happened in the + + + align:start position:0% +out three concepts what happened in the +machine that you developed units that + + align:start position:0% +machine that you developed units that + + + align:start position:0% +machine that you developed units that +were sensitive specifically to three + + align:start position:0% +were sensitive specifically to three + + + align:start position:0% +were sensitive specifically to three +different categories one was faces the + + align:start position:0% +different categories one was faces the + + + align:start position:0% +different categories one was faces the +other one was kids that's from the paper + + align:start position:0% +other one was kids that's from the paper + + + align:start position:0% +other one was kids that's from the paper +it's not easy to see the catio but there + + align:start position:0% +it's not easy to see the catio but there + + + align:start position:0% +it's not easy to see the catio but there +is a care + + align:start position:0% +is a care + + + align:start position:0% +is a care +we found the cab and there is an update + + align:start position:0% +we found the cab and there is an update + + + align:start position:0% +we found the cab and there is an update +sort of at also upper body from the + + align:start position:0% +sort of at also upper body from the + + + align:start position:0% +sort of at also upper body from the +upper body three concepts after all of + + align:start position:0% +upper body three concepts after all of + + + align:start position:0% +upper body three concepts after all of +this training three concept sort of + + align:start position:0% +this training three concept sort of + + + align:start position:0% +this training three concept sort of +emerge and in fact only one of them + + align:start position:0% +emerge and in fact only one of them + + + align:start position:0% +emerge and in fact only one of them +phases was really was really there that + + align:start position:0% +phases was really was really there that + + + align:start position:0% +phases was really was really there that +would units that were very sensitive to + + align:start position:0% +would units that were very sensitive to + + + align:start position:0% +would units that were very sensitive to +faces for the other cases like heads and + + align:start position:0% +faces for the other cases like heads and + + + align:start position:0% +faces for the other cases like heads and +upper bodies it was not all that + + align:start position:0% +upper bodies it was not all that + + + align:start position:0% +upper bodies it was not all that +selective and by the way cats it's not + + align:start position:0% +selective and by the way cats it's not + + + align:start position:0% +selective and by the way cats it's not +very surprising you know why cats came + + align:start position:0% +very surprising you know why cats came + + + align:start position:0% +very surprising you know why cats came +out in his movies if you watch if you + + align:start position:0% +out in his movies if you watch if you + + + align:start position:0% +out in his movies if you watch if you +watch YouTube you would know it's + + align:start position:0% +watch YouTube you would know it's + + + align:start position:0% +watch YouTube you would know it's +literally it's also the most salient + + align:start position:0% +literally it's also the most salient + + + align:start position:0% +literally it's also the most salient +saying it's after faces it's literally + + align:start position:0% +saying it's after faces it's literally + + + align:start position:0% +saying it's after faces it's literally +the case that if you take random movies + + align:start position:0% +the case that if you take random movies + + + align:start position:0% +the case that if you take random movies +or millions of movies from YouTube many + + align:start position:0% +or millions of movies from YouTube many + + + align:start position:0% +or millions of movies from YouTube many +many of them will contain cats in the + + align:start position:0% +many of them will contain cats in the + + + align:start position:0% +many of them will contain cats in the +database it was the the most after faces + + align:start position:0% +database it was the the most after faces + + + align:start position:0% +database it was the the most after faces +in bodies it was the third most frequent + + align:start position:0% +in bodies it was the third most frequent + + + align:start position:0% +in bodies it was the third most frequent +category so it had it wouldn't do hands + + align:start position:0% +category so it had it wouldn't do hands + + + align:start position:0% +category so it had it wouldn't do hands +or gaze and and so on it's really + + align:start position:0% +or gaze and and so on it's really + + + align:start position:0% +or gaze and and so on it's really +picking up only things which are very + + align:start position:0% +picking up only things which are very + + + align:start position:0% +picking up only things which are very +very salient and very very frequent in + + align:start position:0% +very salient and very very frequent in + + + align:start position:0% +very salient and very very frequent in +the in the input and as I said babies do + + align:start position:0% +the in the input and as I said babies do + + + align:start position:0% +the in the input and as I said babies do +it and now people started to work to + + align:start position:0% +it and now people started to work to + + + align:start position:0% +it and now people started to work to +look more closely at it one technique + + align:start position:0% +look more closely at it one technique + + + align:start position:0% +look more closely at it one technique +was to put sort of webcam on on infants + + align:start position:0% +was to put sort of webcam on on infants + + + align:start position:0% +was to put sort of webcam on on infants +this is not an infant this is a slightly + + align:start position:0% +this is not an infant this is a slightly + + + align:start position:0% +this is not an infant this is a slightly +older person a toddler but they do it + + align:start position:0% +older person a toddler but they do it + + + align:start position:0% +older person a toddler but they do it +with with infants and they look at what + + align:start position:0% +with with infants and they look at what + + + align:start position:0% +with with infants and they look at what +what what the babies are looking and + + align:start position:0% +what what the babies are looking and + + + align:start position:0% +what what the babies are looking and +what babies are looking at at the very + + align:start position:0% +what babies are looking at at the very + + + align:start position:0% +what babies are looking at at the very +initial stages or phases in hands they + + align:start position:0% +initial stages or phases in hands they + + + align:start position:0% +initial stages or phases in hands they +really like faces in the week the really + + align:start position:0% +really like faces in the week the really + + + align:start position:0% +really like faces in the week the really +like hands + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in the recognized hands and they know + + align:start position:0% +in the recognized hands and they know + + + align:start position:0% +in the recognized hands and they know +sort of what they have already + + align:start position:0% +sort of what they have already + + + align:start position:0% +sort of what they have already +information in expectation about hands + + align:start position:0% +information in expectation about hands + + + align:start position:0% +information in expectation about hands +in a very early age so it's not just + + align:start position:0% +in a very early age so it's not just + + + align:start position:0% +in a very early age so it's not just +even the visual recognition that they + + align:start position:0% +even the visual recognition that they + + + align:start position:0% +even the visual recognition that they +group together images of hands but they + + align:start position:0% +group together images of hands but they + + + align:start position:0% +group together images of hands but they +know that hands for example of the + + align:start position:0% +know that hands for example of the + + + align:start position:0% +know that hands for example of the +causal agents that are moving objects in + + align:start position:0% +causal agents that are moving objects in + + + align:start position:0% +causal agents that are moving objects in +the world and this is for in an + + align:start position:0% +the world and this is for in an + + + align:start position:0% +the world and this is for in an +experiment by Rebecca Saxe there is a + + align:start position:0% +experiment by Rebecca Saxe there is a + + + align:start position:0% +experiment by Rebecca Saxe there is a +person he's working with Rebecca Saxe + + align:start position:0% +person he's working with Rebecca Saxe + + + align:start position:0% +person he's working with Rebecca Saxe +right did she talk already in there + + align:start position:0% +right did she talk already in there + + + align:start position:0% +right did she talk already in there +she will it's worth listening to so this + + align:start position:0% +she will it's worth listening to so this + + + align:start position:0% +she will it's worth listening to so this +is a from one of her wonderful studies + + align:start position:0% +is a from one of her wonderful studies + + + align:start position:0% +is a from one of her wonderful studies +in which they showed infants are + + align:start position:0% +in which they showed infants are + + + align:start position:0% +in which they showed infants are +slightly older infants but they showed + + align:start position:0% +slightly older infants but they showed + + + align:start position:0% +slightly older infants but they showed +infants on the computer screen in hand + + align:start position:0% +infants on the computer screen in hand + + + align:start position:0% +infants on the computer screen in hand +moving an object this is not taken from + + align:start position:0% +moving an object this is not taken from + + + align:start position:0% +moving an object this is not taken from +the paper directly this is I just drew + + align:start position:0% +the paper directly this is I just drew + + + align:start position:0% +the paper directly this is I just drew +but the hand moving an object in this + + align:start position:0% +but the hand moving an object in this + + + align:start position:0% +but the hand moving an object in this +case a cup or a glass and the infant + + align:start position:0% +case a cup or a glass and the infant + + + align:start position:0% +case a cup or a glass and the infant +watches it for a while in sort of gets + + align:start position:0% +watches it for a while in sort of gets + + + align:start position:0% +watches it for a while in sort of gets +bored and after they do it they show the + + align:start position:0% +bored and after they do it they show the + + + align:start position:0% +bored and after they do it they show the +infant either the hand moving alone on + + align:start position:0% +infant either the hand moving alone on + + + align:start position:0% +infant either the hand moving alone on +the screen or the glass moving along on + + align:start position:0% +the screen or the glass moving along on + + + align:start position:0% +the screen or the glass moving along on +the screen and the hand moving along its + + align:start position:0% +the screen and the hand moving along its + + + align:start position:0% +the screen and the hand moving along its +on itself on the screen they are not + + align:start position:0% +on itself on the screen they are not + + + align:start position:0% +on itself on the screen they are not +still bored they don't look at it much + + align:start position:0% +still bored they don't look at it much + + + align:start position:0% +still bored they don't look at it much +when the cup is moving on the screen + + align:start position:0% +when the cup is moving on the screen + + + align:start position:0% +when the cup is moving on the screen +they are very surprised and interested + + align:start position:0% +they are very surprised and interested + + + align:start position:0% +they are very surprised and interested +so they know it's the hand moving the + + align:start position:0% +so they know it's the hand moving the + + + align:start position:0% +so they know it's the hand moving the +cup it's not the cup moving the hand or + + align:start position:0% +cup it's not the cup moving the hand or + + + align:start position:0% +cup it's not the cup moving the hand or +they have equal status it's the demotion + + align:start position:0% +they have equal status it's the demotion + + + align:start position:0% +they have equal status it's the demotion +of this configuration the originator or + + align:start position:0% +of this configuration the originator or + + + align:start position:0% +of this configuration the originator or +the ecto the movie is is the hand so + + align:start position:0% +the ecto the movie is is the hand so + + + align:start position:0% +the ecto the movie is is the hand so +this is the it at seven months but it + + align:start position:0% +this is the it at seven months but it + + + align:start position:0% +this is the it at seven months but it +has been known that this kind of motion + + align:start position:0% +has been known that this kind of motion + + + align:start position:0% +has been known that this kind of motion +that this one that an object can cause + + align:start position:0% +that this one that an object can cause + + + align:start position:0% +that this one that an object can cause +another object to move this is something + + align:start position:0% +another object to move this is something + + + align:start position:0% +another object to move this is something +that babies are sensitive to not only at + + align:start position:0% +that babies are sensitive to not only at + + + align:start position:0% +that babies are sensitive to not only at +this age of seven months but it's + + align:start position:0% +this age of seven months but it's + + + align:start position:0% +this age of seven months but it's +something that appears in infants as + + align:start position:0% +something that appears in infants as + + + align:start position:0% +something that appears in infants as +early as you can as you can image and + + align:start position:0% +early as you can as you can image and + + + align:start position:0% +early as you can as you can image and +you can test this for us I'll tell you + + align:start position:0% +you can test this for us I'll tell you + + + align:start position:0% +you can test this for us I'll tell you +what I have sensitive to and for us this + + align:start position:0% +what I have sensitive to and for us this + + + align:start position:0% +what I have sensitive to and for us this +was sort of the guideline or sort of the + + align:start position:0% +was sort of the guideline or sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +was sort of the guideline or sort of the +door the open door how to what what may + + align:start position:0% +door the open door how to what what may + + + align:start position:0% +door the open door how to what what may +be going on that lets the infant + + align:start position:0% +be going on that lets the infant + + + align:start position:0% +be going on that lets the infant +speak up specifically on hands and + + align:start position:0% +speak up specifically on hands and + + + align:start position:0% +speak up specifically on hands and +quickly develop a well-developed face + + align:start position:0% +quickly develop a well-developed face + + + align:start position:0% +quickly develop a well-developed face +detect pen detector so infants are known + + align:start position:0% +detect pen detector so infants are known + + + align:start position:0% +detect pen detector so infants are known +to have been known to be sensitive + + align:start position:0% +to have been known to be sensitive + + + align:start position:0% +to have been known to be sensitive +they're sensitive to motion in general + + align:start position:0% +they're sensitive to motion in general + + + align:start position:0% +they're sensitive to motion in general +they're really following moving object + + align:start position:0% +they're really following moving object + + + align:start position:0% +they're really following moving object +and use motion a lot but motion by + + align:start position:0% +and use motion a lot but motion by + + + align:start position:0% +and use motion a lot but motion by +itself is not very helpful if you want + + align:start position:0% +itself is not very helpful if you want + + + align:start position:0% +itself is not very helpful if you want +to recognize hands it's true the tens + + align:start position:0% +to recognize hands it's true the tens + + + align:start position:0% +to recognize hands it's true the tens +are moving but many other things are + + align:start position:0% +are moving but many other things are + + + align:start position:0% +are moving but many other things are +moving as well so if you take random + + align:start position:0% +moving as well so if you take random + + + align:start position:0% +moving as well so if you take random +videos from children perspective they + + align:start position:0% +videos from children perspective they + + + align:start position:0% +videos from children perspective they +see those opening and closing they see + + align:start position:0% +see those opening and closing they see + + + align:start position:0% +see those opening and closing they see +people moving back and forth coming by + + align:start position:0% +people moving back and forth coming by + + + align:start position:0% +people moving back and forth coming by +and disappearing hands are just one + + align:start position:0% +and disappearing hands are just one + + + align:start position:0% +and disappearing hands are just one +small category of moving things but + + align:start position:0% +small category of moving things but + + + align:start position:0% +small category of moving things but +they're also sensitive as I said not + + align:start position:0% +they're also sensitive as I said not + + + align:start position:0% +they're also sensitive as I said not +just to motion but to this particular + + align:start position:0% +just to motion but to this particular + + + align:start position:0% +just to motion but to this particular +situation in which an object moves come + + align:start position:0% +situation in which an object moves come + + + align:start position:0% +situation in which an object moves come +in contact with another object and + + align:start position:0% +in contact with another object and + + + align:start position:0% +in contact with another object and +causes it to move and this is not even + + align:start position:0% +causes it to move and this is not even + + + align:start position:0% +causes it to move and this is not even +at the level of objects they don't at + + align:start position:0% +at the level of objects they don't at + + + align:start position:0% +at the level of objects they don't at +three months they don't even have a well + + align:start position:0% +three months they don't even have a well + + + align:start position:0% +three months they don't even have a well +notion of they just begin to organize + + align:start position:0% +notion of they just begin to organize + + + align:start position:0% +notion of they just begin to organize +the world into separate object but you + + align:start position:0% +the world into separate object but you + + + align:start position:0% +the world into separate object but you +can think of just cloud of pixels if you + + align:start position:0% +can think of just cloud of pixels if you + + + align:start position:0% +can think of just cloud of pixels if you +want are moving around they come in + + align:start position:0% +want are moving around they come in + + + align:start position:0% +want are moving around they come in +contact with stationary pixels and + + align:start position:0% +contact with stationary pixels and + + + align:start position:0% +contact with stationary pixels and +causing them to move whenever this + + align:start position:0% +causing them to move whenever this + + + align:start position:0% +causing them to move whenever this +happens + + align:start position:0% +happens + + + align:start position:0% +happens +infants pay attention to this they look + + align:start position:0% +infants pay attention to this they look + + + align:start position:0% +infants pay attention to this they look +at it preferentially and it's known that + + align:start position:0% +at it preferentially and it's known that + + + align:start position:0% +at it preferentially and it's known that +they're sensitive to this kind of type + + align:start position:0% +they're sensitive to this kind of type + + + align:start position:0% +they're sensitive to this kind of type +of motion which which called a mover + + align:start position:0% +of motion which which called a mover + + + align:start position:0% +of motion which which called a mover +event a movie event is this event that I + + align:start position:0% +event a movie event is this event that I + + + align:start position:0% +event a movie event is this event that I +just described that something is in + + align:start position:0% +just described that something is in + + + align:start position:0% +just described that something is in +motion comes in contact with the + + align:start position:0% +motion comes in contact with the + + + align:start position:0% +motion comes in contact with the +stationary item and causes it to move so + + align:start position:0% +stationary item and causes it to move so + + + align:start position:0% +stationary item and causes it to move so +we started with developing a very simple + + align:start position:0% +we started with developing a very simple + + + align:start position:0% +we started with developing a very simple +algorithm that only does it simply looks + + align:start position:0% +algorithm that only does it simply looks + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm that only does it simply looks +on video on changing images watching for + + align:start position:0% +on video on changing images watching for + + + align:start position:0% +on video on changing images watching for +waiting for moodle events to occur in + + align:start position:0% +waiting for moodle events to occur in + + + align:start position:0% +waiting for moodle events to occur in +the way it's defined it's very simple in + + align:start position:0% +the way it's defined it's very simple in + + + align:start position:0% +the way it's defined it's very simple in +the algorithm we divide the visual field + + align:start position:0% +the algorithm we divide the visual field + + + align:start position:0% +the algorithm we divide the visual field +into small regions and we monitor each + + align:start position:0% +into small regions and we monitor each + + + align:start position:0% +into small regions and we monitor each +one of these cells in the in the grid + + align:start position:0% +one of these cells in the in the grid + + + align:start position:0% +one of these cells in the in the grid +for the occurrence of of a movie which + + align:start position:0% +for the occurrence of of a movie which + + + align:start position:0% +for the occurrence of of a movie which +means that there will be some optical + + align:start position:0% +means that there will be some optical + + + align:start position:0% +means that there will be some optical +flows a motion coming into the de sel + + align:start position:0% +flows a motion coming into the de sel + + + align:start position:0% +flows a motion coming into the de sel +then living the sale and sort of + + align:start position:0% +then living the sale and sort of + + + align:start position:0% +then living the sale and sort of +carrying with it the content of the of + + align:start position:0% +carrying with it the content of the of + + + align:start position:0% +carrying with it the content of the of +the sale so this does require some kind + + align:start position:0% +the sale so this does require some kind + + + align:start position:0% +the sale so this does require some kind +of optical flow in change detection and + + align:start position:0% +of optical flow in change detection and + + + align:start position:0% +of optical flow in change detection and +all of these capacities are known + + align:start position:0% +all of these capacities are known + + + align:start position:0% +all of these capacities are known +they're in place before three months of + + align:start position:0% +they're in place before three months of + + + align:start position:0% +they're in place before three months of +of age and now look at it at an image of + + align:start position:0% +of age and now look at it at an image of + + + align:start position:0% +of age and now look at it at an image of +a person manipulating objects when all + + align:start position:0% +a person manipulating objects when all + + + align:start position:0% +a person manipulating objects when all +you do is simply monitor all locations + + align:start position:0% +you do is simply monitor all locations + + + align:start position:0% +you do is simply monitor all locations +in the image for the occurrence of this + + align:start position:0% +in the image for the occurrence of this + + + align:start position:0% +in the image for the occurrence of this +kind of a movie event what you should + + align:start position:0% +kind of a movie event what you should + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a movie event what you should +see what you should pay attention to is + + align:start position:0% +see what you should pay attention to is + + + align:start position:0% +see what you should pay attention to is +the fact that motion by itself is not + + align:start position:0% +the fact that motion by itself is not + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that motion by itself is not +particularly it's not doing anything + + align:start position:0% +particularly it's not doing anything + + + align:start position:0% +particularly it's not doing anything +what the algorithm is doing is whenever + + align:start position:0% +what the algorithm is doing is whenever + + + align:start position:0% +what the algorithm is doing is whenever +it detects a movie event it draws a + + align:start position:0% +it detects a movie event it draws a + + + align:start position:0% +it detects a movie event it draws a +square around the the movie event and + + align:start position:0% +square around the the movie event and + + + align:start position:0% +square around the the movie event and +continues to follow it for to track it + + align:start position:0% +continues to follow it for to track it + + + align:start position:0% +continues to follow it for to track it +for a little bit so you can see that the + + align:start position:0% +for a little bit so you can see that the + + + align:start position:0% +for a little bit so you can see that the +minute the hand is moving something it's + + align:start position:0% +minute the hand is moving something it's + + + align:start position:0% +minute the hand is moving something it's +detected at the hand moving things on + + align:start position:0% +detected at the hand moving things on + + + align:start position:0% +detected at the hand moving things on +their own are not triggering the system + + align:start position:0% +their own are not triggering the system + + + align:start position:0% +their own are not triggering the system +you know the hand is moving so this by + + align:start position:0% +you know the hand is moving so this by + + + align:start position:0% +you know the hand is moving so this by +itself is not the signal but the + + align:start position:0% +itself is not the signal but the + + + align:start position:0% +itself is not the signal but the +interaction between the hand and an + + align:start position:0% +interaction between the hand and an + + + align:start position:0% +interaction between the hand and an +object is something that it's detected + + align:start position:0% +object is something that it's detected + + + align:start position:0% +object is something that it's detected +based on this very low-level cues it + + align:start position:0% +based on this very low-level cues it + + + align:start position:0% +based on this very low-level cues it +doesn't know about hands it doesn't know + + align:start position:0% +doesn't know about hands it doesn't know + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't know about hands it doesn't know +about object but you can create you can + + align:start position:0% +about object but you can create you can + + + align:start position:0% +about object but you can create you can +see here a false alarm which was + + align:start position:0% +see here a false alarm which was + + + align:start position:0% +see here a false alarm which was +interesting you can probably understand + + align:start position:0% +interesting you can probably understand + + + align:start position:0% +interesting you can probably understand +why and so so so here's an example of + + align:start position:0% +why and so so so here's an example of + + + align:start position:0% +why and so so so here's an example of +what if you just let it + + align:start position:0% +what if you just let it + + + align:start position:0% +what if you just let it +this scheme run on a lab set of hours + + align:start position:0% +this scheme run on a lab set of hours + + + align:start position:0% +this scheme run on a lab set of hours +and hours of videos some of these videos + + align:start position:0% +and hours of videos some of these videos + + + align:start position:0% +and hours of videos some of these videos +do not contain anything related to + + align:start position:0% +do not contain anything related to + + + align:start position:0% +do not contain anything related to +people some of them there are people but + + align:start position:0% +people some of them there are people but + + + align:start position:0% +people some of them there are people but +just going back and forth + + align:start position:0% +just going back and forth + + + align:start position:0% +just going back and forth +entering the room leaving the room but + + align:start position:0% +entering the room leaving the room but + + + align:start position:0% +entering the room leaving the room but +do not manipulate object nothing + + align:start position:0% +do not manipulate object nothing + + + align:start position:0% +do not manipulate object nothing +specific happens in these videos the + + align:start position:0% +specific happens in these videos the + + + align:start position:0% +specific happens in these videos the +system that is looking for this kind of + + align:start position:0% +system that is looking for this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +system that is looking for this kind of +movie events finds very rare occasions + + align:start position:0% +movie events finds very rare occasions + + + align:start position:0% +movie events finds very rare occasions +in which anything interesting happens + + align:start position:0% +in which anything interesting happens + + + align:start position:0% +in which anything interesting happens +but you can see at the output that + + align:start position:0% +but you can see at the output that + + + align:start position:0% +but you can see at the output that +happened this is just examples of output + + align:start position:0% +happened this is just examples of output + + + align:start position:0% +happened this is just examples of output +of just from this many videos the kind + + align:start position:0% +of just from this many videos the kind + + + align:start position:0% +of just from this many videos the kind +of images that get extracted by being + + align:start position:0% +of images that get extracted by being + + + align:start position:0% +of images that get extracted by being +tuned specifically to the occurrence of + + align:start position:0% +tuned specifically to the occurrence of + + + align:start position:0% +tuned specifically to the occurrence of +this specific event you can see that you + + align:start position:0% +this specific event you can see that you + + + align:start position:0% +this specific event you can see that you +get a lot of hand + + align:start position:0% +get a lot of hand + + + align:start position:0% +get a lot of hand +these hands are the continuation the + + align:start position:0% +these hands are the continuation the + + + align:start position:0% +these hands are the continuation the +assumption here which we again took and + + align:start position:0% +assumption here which we again took and + + + align:start position:0% +assumption here which we again took and +modeled after what + + align:start position:0% +modeled after what + + + align:start position:0% +modeled after what +and infancy something that starts to + + align:start position:0% +and infancy something that starts to + + + align:start position:0% +and infancy something that starts to +move they track it for about 1 or 2 + + align:start position:0% +move they track it for about 1 or 2 + + + align:start position:0% +move they track it for about 1 or 2 +seconds so we also tracked it for about + + align:start position:0% +seconds so we also tracked it for about + + + align:start position:0% +seconds so we also tracked it for about +1 or 2 seconds and we show some images + + align:start position:0% +1 or 2 seconds and we show some images + + + align:start position:0% +1 or 2 seconds and we show some images +from this striking these are some false + + align:start position:0% +from this striking these are some false + + + align:start position:0% +from this striking these are some false +alarms there are not very many of them + + align:start position:0% +alarms there are not very many of them + + + align:start position:0% +alarms there are not very many of them +but these are examples of some false + + align:start position:0% +but these are examples of some false + + + align:start position:0% +but these are examples of some false +alarms that something happened in the + + align:start position:0% +alarms that something happened in the + + + align:start position:0% +alarms that something happened in the +image that caused the sort of the scheme + + align:start position:0% +image that caused the sort of the scheme + + + align:start position:0% +image that caused the sort of the scheme +for the specific movie event to be + + align:start position:0% +for the specific movie event to be + + + align:start position:0% +for the specific movie event to be +triggered and it collected these images + + align:start position:0% +triggered and it collected these images + + + align:start position:0% +triggered and it collected these images +but on the whole as it shows here you + + align:start position:0% +but on the whole as it shows here you + + + align:start position:0% +but on the whole as it shows here you +get very good performance it's actually + + align:start position:0% +get very good performance it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +get very good performance it's actually +surprising that if you look at all the + + align:start position:0% +surprising that if you look at all the + + + align:start position:0% +surprising that if you look at all the +image all the occurrences of hands + + align:start position:0% +image all the occurrences of hands + + + align:start position:0% +image all the occurrences of hands +touching objects that 90% of them in all + + align:start position:0% +touching objects that 90% of them in all + + + align:start position:0% +touching objects that 90% of them in all +this collection of videos were captured + + align:start position:0% +this collection of videos were captured + + + align:start position:0% +this collection of videos were captured +by the image and the accuracy was 65% so + + align:start position:0% +by the image and the accuracy was 65% so + + + align:start position:0% +by the image and the accuracy was 65% so +there were some false alarms but the + + align:start position:0% +there were some false alarms but the + + + align:start position:0% +there were some false alarms but the +majority were fine and what you will end + + align:start position:0% +majority were fine and what you will end + + + align:start position:0% +majority were fine and what you will end +up with is a large collection which is + + align:start position:0% +up with is a large collection which is + + + align:start position:0% +up with is a large collection which is +mostly composed of hands so now you have + + align:start position:0% +mostly composed of hands so now you have + + + align:start position:0% +mostly composed of hands so now you have +without being supplied with external + + align:start position:0% +without being supplied with external + + + align:start position:0% +without being supplied with external +supervision here is a hand here is a + + align:start position:0% +supervision here is a hand here is a + + + align:start position:0% +supervision here is a hand here is a +news and suddenly you have a collection + + align:start position:0% +news and suddenly you have a collection + + + align:start position:0% +news and suddenly you have a collection +of 10,000 images and most of them + + align:start position:0% +of 10,000 images and most of them + + + align:start position:0% +of 10,000 images and most of them +contain hand and now if you look at this + + align:start position:0% +contain hand and now if you look at this + + + align:start position:0% +contain hand and now if you look at this +and you apply completely standard + + align:start position:0% +and you apply completely standard + + + align:start position:0% +and you apply completely standard +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +algorithms for for object recognition + + align:start position:0% +algorithms for for object recognition + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms for for object recognition +this is great for them this is + + align:start position:0% +this is great for them this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is great for them this is +sufficient for them in order to learn a + + align:start position:0% +sufficient for them in order to learn a + + + align:start position:0% +sufficient for them in order to learn a +new object so if you do a deep Network + + align:start position:0% +new object so if you do a deep Network + + + align:start position:0% +new object so if you do a deep Network +but you can do even simpler algorithms + + align:start position:0% +but you can do even simpler algorithms + + + align:start position:0% +but you can do even simpler algorithms +various sorts what you will end up using + + align:start position:0% +various sorts what you will end up using + + + align:start position:0% +various sorts what you will end up using +this collection of images which were + + align:start position:0% +this collection of images which were + + + align:start position:0% +this collection of images which were +identified as belonging to to the same + + align:start position:0% +identified as belonging to to the same + + + align:start position:0% +identified as belonging to to the same +concept by all triggering the same + + align:start position:0% +concept by all triggering the same + + + align:start position:0% +concept by all triggering the same +special event of something causing + + align:start position:0% +special event of something causing + + + align:start position:0% +special event of something causing +something to move you will get a so + + align:start position:0% +something to move you will get a so + + + align:start position:0% +something to move you will get a so +these are just I will not play them lots + + align:start position:0% +these are just I will not play them lots + + + align:start position:0% +these are just I will not play them lots +and lots of movie some of them can play + + align:start position:0% +and lots of movie some of them can play + + + align:start position:0% +and lots of movie some of them can play +with for half an hour without having a + + align:start position:0% +with for half an hour without having a + + + align:start position:0% +with for half an hour without having a +single event of this kind others are + + align:start position:0% +single event of this kind others are + + + align:start position:0% +single event of this kind others are +pretty dense with such events and they + + align:start position:0% +pretty dense with such events and they + + + align:start position:0% +pretty dense with such events and they +are being detected and what is shown + + align:start position:0% +are being detected and what is shown + + + align:start position:0% +are being detected and what is shown +here is not the greatest image but all + + align:start position:0% +here is not the greatest image but all + + + align:start position:0% +here is not the greatest image but all +these squares here the yellow squares + + align:start position:0% +these squares here the yellow squares + + + align:start position:0% +these squares here the yellow squares +are having gone through this first round + + align:start position:0% +are having gone through this first round + + + align:start position:0% +are having gone through this first round +of learning this + + align:start position:0% +of learning this + + + align:start position:0% +of learning this +Vin's this is the output of a detector + + align:start position:0% +Vin's this is the output of a detector + + + align:start position:0% +Vin's this is the output of a detector +you'll take the images that were labeled + + align:start position:0% +you'll take the images that were labeled + + + align:start position:0% +you'll take the images that were labeled +in this way you give it to a standard + + align:start position:0% +in this way you give it to a standard + + + align:start position:0% +in this way you give it to a standard +computer vision classifier that takes + + align:start position:0% +computer vision classifier that takes + + + align:start position:0% +computer vision classifier that takes +this image and finds what's common to + + align:start position:0% +this image and finds what's common to + + + align:start position:0% +this image and finds what's common to +these images and then on completely new + + align:start position:0% +these images and then on completely new + + + align:start position:0% +these images and then on completely new +images static images now these marks in + + align:start position:0% +images static images now these marks in + + + align:start position:0% +images static images now these marks in +the in the image we're following this + + align:start position:0% +the in the image we're following this + + + align:start position:0% +the in the image we're following this +learning well the hands will be the + + align:start position:0% +learning well the hands will be the + + + align:start position:0% +learning well the hands will be the +hands are now the the this is a very + + align:start position:0% +hands are now the the this is a very + + + align:start position:0% +hands are now the the this is a very +good start in terms of being able to + + align:start position:0% +good start in terms of being able to + + + align:start position:0% +good start in terms of being able to +learn hands and not only learn hands as + + align:start position:0% +learn hands and not only learn hands as + + + align:start position:0% +learn hands and not only learn hands as +I showed you before very early on the + + align:start position:0% +I showed you before very early on the + + + align:start position:0% +I showed you before very early on the +notion of learn is automatically or sort + + align:start position:0% +notion of learn is automatically or sort + + + align:start position:0% +notion of learn is automatically or sort +of in terms of the cognitive system is + + align:start position:0% +of in terms of the cognitive system is + + + align:start position:0% +of in terms of the cognitive system is +closely associated with moving moving + + align:start position:0% +closely associated with moving moving + + + align:start position:0% +closely associated with moving moving +objects causing objects to move as we + + align:start position:0% +objects causing objects to move as we + + + align:start position:0% +objects causing objects to move as we +saw in the Rebecca Saxe experiment this + + align:start position:0% +saw in the Rebecca Saxe experiment this + + + align:start position:0% +saw in the Rebecca Saxe experiment this +also happens in this system but this + + align:start position:0% +also happens in this system but this + + + align:start position:0% +also happens in this system but this +continues to develop because eventually + + align:start position:0% +continues to develop because eventually + + + align:start position:0% +continues to develop because eventually +we can learn hands not only in this + + align:start position:0% +we can learn hands not only in this + + + align:start position:0% +we can learn hands not only in this +grasping configuration there later on we + + align:start position:0% +grasping configuration there later on we + + + align:start position:0% +grasping configuration there later on we +want to be able to recognize any hand in + + align:start position:0% +want to be able to recognize any hand in + + + align:start position:0% +want to be able to recognize any hand in +any configuration and so the system + + align:start position:0% +any configuration and so the system + + + align:start position:0% +any configuration and so the system +needs to learn more and this is + + align:start position:0% +needs to learn more and this is + + + align:start position:0% +needs to learn more and this is +accomplished by something that again the + + align:start position:0% +accomplished by something that again the + + + align:start position:0% +accomplished by something that again the +details or the specific application here + + align:start position:0% +details or the specific application here + + + align:start position:0% +details or the specific application here +is less important than the principle and + + align:start position:0% +is less important than the principle and + + + align:start position:0% +is less important than the principle and +the principle is sort of two sub system + + align:start position:0% +the principle is sort of two sub system + + + align:start position:0% +the principle is sort of two sub system +within the cognitive system training + + align:start position:0% +within the cognitive system training + + + align:start position:0% +within the cognitive system training +each other in it together by each one + + align:start position:0% +each other in it together by each one + + + align:start position:0% +each other in it together by each one +advising the other we reach together + + align:start position:0% +advising the other we reach together + + + align:start position:0% +advising the other we reach together +much more than what any one of the + + align:start position:0% +much more than what any one of the + + + align:start position:0% +much more than what any one of the +systems would would be able to reach on + + align:start position:0% +systems would would be able to reach on + + + align:start position:0% +systems would would be able to reach on +its own and the two subsystems in this + + align:start position:0% +its own and the two subsystems in this + + + align:start position:0% +its own and the two subsystems in this +case is one is the ability to recognize + + align:start position:0% +case is one is the ability to recognize + + + align:start position:0% +case is one is the ability to recognize +hands by their appearance I can show you + + align:start position:0% +hands by their appearance I can show you + + + align:start position:0% +hands by their appearance I can show you +just an image of a hand without the rest + + align:start position:0% +just an image of a hand without the rest + + + align:start position:0% +just an image of a hand without the rest +of it the rest of the body or the rate + + align:start position:0% +of it the rest of the body or the rate + + + align:start position:0% +of it the rest of the body or the rate +of rest of the the image and you know by + + align:start position:0% +of rest of the the image and you know by + + + align:start position:0% +of rest of the the image and you know by +the local appearance that this is a hand + + align:start position:0% +the local appearance that this is a hand + + + align:start position:0% +the local appearance that this is a hand +you also know here you cannot even see + + align:start position:0% +you also know here you cannot even see + + + align:start position:0% +you also know here you cannot even see +the hands of this + + align:start position:0% +the hands of this + + + align:start position:0% +the hands of this +woman but you know where the hens are so + + align:start position:0% +woman but you know where the hens are so + + + align:start position:0% +woman but you know where the hens are so +you can also use the surrounding context + + align:start position:0% +you can also use the surrounding context + + + align:start position:0% +you can also use the surrounding context +in order to to get where the hands are + + align:start position:0% +in order to to get where the hands are + + + align:start position:0% +in order to to get where the hands are +so these are two different algorithms + + align:start position:0% +so these are two different algorithms + + + align:start position:0% +so these are two different algorithms +that are known in computer vision + + align:start position:0% +that are known in computer vision + + + align:start position:0% +that are known in computer vision +they're also known in in infants people + + align:start position:0% +they're also known in in infants people + + + align:start position:0% +they're also known in in infants people +have demonstrated sort of independently + + align:start position:0% +have demonstrated sort of independently + + + align:start position:0% +have demonstrated sort of independently +before we have done our work that + + align:start position:0% +before we have done our work that + + + align:start position:0% +before we have done our work that +infants associate associate the body and + + align:start position:0% +infants associate associate the body and + + + align:start position:0% +infants associate associate the body and +even the face when they see a hand the + + align:start position:0% +even the face when they see a hand the + + + align:start position:0% +even the face when they see a hand the +immediately look up and they look for a + + align:start position:0% +immediately look up and they look for a + + + align:start position:0% +immediately look up and they look for a +face and are surprised if there is no + + align:start position:0% +face and are surprised if there is no + + + align:start position:0% +face and are surprised if there is no +face there so they know about the + + align:start position:0% +face there so they know about the + + + align:start position:0% +face there so they know about the +association between body parts + + align:start position:0% +association between body parts + + + align:start position:0% +association between body parts +surrounding the hand and the hand itself + + align:start position:0% +surrounding the hand and the hand itself + + + align:start position:0% +surrounding the hand and the hand itself +and you can think about it as we saw + + align:start position:0% +and you can think about it as we saw + + + align:start position:0% +and you can think about it as we saw +this image before here the hand itself + + align:start position:0% +this image before here the hand itself + + + align:start position:0% +this image before here the hand itself +is not very clear but you can get to the + + align:start position:0% +is not very clear but you can get to the + + + align:start position:0% +is not very clear but you can get to the +hand but if you know where the face is + + align:start position:0% +hand but if you know where the face is + + + align:start position:0% +hand but if you know where the face is +for example that you can go to the + + align:start position:0% +for example that you can go to the + + + align:start position:0% +for example that you can go to the +shoulder and to the upper arm and lower + + align:start position:0% +shoulder and to the upper arm and lower + + + align:start position:0% +shoulder and to the upper arm and lower +arm + + align:start position:0% +arm + + + align:start position:0% +arm +and end up at the at the end so people + + align:start position:0% +and end up at the at the end so people + + + align:start position:0% +and end up at the at the end so people +have used this in computer vision as + + align:start position:0% +have used this in computer vision as + + + align:start position:0% +have used this in computer vision as +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +finding hands they also use this idea of + + align:start position:0% +finding hands they also use this idea of + + + align:start position:0% +finding hands they also use this idea of +finding the hands on their own by their + + align:start position:0% +finding the hands on their own by their + + + align:start position:0% +finding the hands on their own by their +own appearance or using the surrounding + + align:start position:0% +own appearance or using the surrounding + + + align:start position:0% +own appearance or using the surrounding +body configuration and the nice thing is + + align:start position:0% +body configuration and the nice thing is + + + align:start position:0% +body configuration and the nice thing is +if instead of just thinking of here are + + align:start position:0% +if instead of just thinking of here are + + + align:start position:0% +if instead of just thinking of here are +two two methods two schemes that can + + align:start position:0% +two two methods two schemes that can + + + align:start position:0% +two two methods two schemes that can +both produce the same final goal they + + align:start position:0% +both produce the same final goal they + + + align:start position:0% +both produce the same final goal they +can also during learning help each other + + align:start position:0% +can also during learning help each other + + + align:start position:0% +can also during learning help each other +engage each other if you think about it + + align:start position:0% +engage each other if you think about it + + + align:start position:0% +engage each other if you think about it +the way it goes is shown here that sort + + align:start position:0% +the way it goes is shown here that sort + + + align:start position:0% +the way it goes is shown here that sort +of the appearance can help finding hands + + align:start position:0% +of the appearance can help finding hands + + + align:start position:0% +of the appearance can help finding hands +by the body pose and the body pose can + + align:start position:0% +by the body pose and the body pose can + + + align:start position:0% +by the body pose and the body pose can +do the appearance so if you think for + + align:start position:0% +do the appearance so if you think for + + + align:start position:0% +do the appearance so if you think for +example that initially I learned this + + align:start position:0% +example that initially I learned this + + + align:start position:0% +example that initially I learned this +particular hand in this particular + + align:start position:0% +particular hand in this particular + + + align:start position:0% +particular hand in this particular +appearance and pose then I learn it by + + align:start position:0% +appearance and pose then I learn it by + + + align:start position:0% +appearance and pose then I learn it by +appearance I learned quite the pose but + + align:start position:0% +appearance I learned quite the pose but + + + align:start position:0% +appearance I learned quite the pose but +then if for example I keep the same pose + + align:start position:0% +then if for example I keep the same pose + + + align:start position:0% +then if for example I keep the same pose +by change completely the appearance of + + align:start position:0% +by change completely the appearance of + + + align:start position:0% +by change completely the appearance of +the hand I still have the post guiding + + align:start position:0% +the hand I still have the post guiding + + + align:start position:0% +the hand I still have the post guiding +me to the right location and I grab a + + align:start position:0% +me to the right location and I grab a + + + align:start position:0% +me to the right location and I grab a +new image and say okay this is still a + + align:start position:0% +new image and say okay this is still a + + + align:start position:0% +new image and say okay this is still a +hand but a new appearance now that I + + align:start position:0% +hand but a new appearance now that I + + + align:start position:0% +hand but a new appearance now that I +have the new appearance I can move the + + align:start position:0% +have the new appearance I can move the + + + align:start position:0% +have the new appearance I can move the +new appearance to a new location so now + + align:start position:0% +new appearance to a new location so now + + + align:start position:0% +new appearance to a new location so now +I can recognize the hand by the + + align:start position:0% +I can recognize the hand by the + + + align:start position:0% +I can recognize the hand by the +that I already know but then this is a + + align:start position:0% +that I already know but then this is a + + + align:start position:0% +that I already know but then this is a +new poll so I say AHA so this isn't + + align:start position:0% +new poll so I say AHA so this isn't + + + align:start position:0% +new poll so I say AHA so this isn't +still a new body configuration that ends + + align:start position:0% +still a new body configuration that ends + + + align:start position:0% +still a new body configuration that ends +in a hand and then I can change the + + align:start position:0% +in a hand and then I can change the + + + align:start position:0% +in a hand and then I can change the +appearance again so you can see that by + + align:start position:0% +appearance again so you can see that by + + + align:start position:0% +appearance again so you can see that by +having enough images I can use the + + align:start position:0% +having enough images I can use the + + + align:start position:0% +having enough images I can use the +appearance to learn various poses that + + align:start position:0% +appearance to learn various poses that + + + align:start position:0% +appearance to learn various poses that +end up within hand using the common + + align:start position:0% +end up within hand using the common + + + align:start position:0% +end up within hand using the common +appearance and vice versa if I know the + + align:start position:0% +appearance and vice versa if I know the + + + align:start position:0% +appearance and vice versa if I know the +pose I can use the same pose and deduce + + align:start position:0% +pose I can use the same pose and deduce + + + align:start position:0% +pose I can use the same pose and deduce +from the different appearances of the + + align:start position:0% +from the different appearances of the + + + align:start position:0% +from the different appearances of the +same hand and this becomes I will not go + + align:start position:0% +same hand and this becomes I will not go + + + align:start position:0% +same hand and this becomes I will not go +into the algorithms but this becomes + + align:start position:0% +into the algorithms but this becomes + + + align:start position:0% +into the algorithms but this becomes +very powerful and just by going through + + align:start position:0% +very powerful and just by going through + + + align:start position:0% +very powerful and just by going through +this iteration in which you start from a + + align:start position:0% +this iteration in which you start from a + + + align:start position:0% +this iteration in which you start from a +small subset of correct identification + + align:start position:0% +small subset of correct identification + + + align:start position:0% +small subset of correct identification +but then you let this you let these two + + align:start position:0% +but then you let this you let these two + + + align:start position:0% +but then you let this you let these two +schemes guide each other this kind of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +learning that one system guides the + + align:start position:0% +learning that one system guides the + + + align:start position:0% +learning that one system guides the +other we see here graphs of performance + + align:start position:0% +other we see here graphs of performance + + + align:start position:0% +other we see here graphs of performance +roughly speaking the the details are not + + align:start position:0% +roughly speaking the the details are not + + + align:start position:0% +roughly speaking the the details are not +that important this is called the + + align:start position:0% +that important this is called the + + + align:start position:0% +that important this is called the +precision recall graph but even without + + align:start position:0% +precision recall graph but even without + + + align:start position:0% +precision recall graph but even without +explaining the details of recall and + + align:start position:0% +explaining the details of recall and + + + align:start position:0% +explaining the details of recall and +precision the higher graphs mean better + + align:start position:0% +precision the higher graphs mean better + + + align:start position:0% +precision the higher graphs mean better +performance of the system and this is + + align:start position:0% +performance of the system and this is + + + align:start position:0% +performance of the system and this is +the initial performance of what you get + + align:start position:0% +the initial performance of what you get + + + align:start position:0% +the initial performance of what you get +if you just train it using hands + + align:start position:0% +if you just train it using hands + + + align:start position:0% +if you just train it using hands +grabbing objects the actually the + + align:start position:0% +grabbing objects the actually the + + + align:start position:0% +grabbing objects the actually the +accuracy of the system the system is + + align:start position:0% +accuracy of the system the system is + + + align:start position:0% +accuracy of the system the system is +doing a good job at recognizing hands + + align:start position:0% +doing a good job at recognizing hands + + + align:start position:0% +doing a good job at recognizing hands +but only in a limited domain of hands + + align:start position:0% +but only in a limited domain of hands + + + align:start position:0% +but only in a limited domain of hands +touching objects or other things it does + + align:start position:0% +touching objects or other things it does + + + align:start position:0% +touching objects or other things it does +not recognize very well so this is shown + + align:start position:0% +not recognize very well so this is shown + + + align:start position:0% +not recognize very well so this is shown +here that it has high accuracy but does + + align:start position:0% +here that it has high accuracy but does + + + align:start position:0% +here that it has high accuracy but does +not cover all the range of all possible + + align:start position:0% +not cover all the range of all possible + + + align:start position:0% +not cover all the range of all possible +hands that you can you can learn and + + align:start position:0% +hands that you can you can learn and + + + align:start position:0% +hands that you can you can learn and +then without doing anything else you + + align:start position:0% +then without doing anything else you + + + align:start position:0% +then without doing anything else you +just continue to watch movies but you + + align:start position:0% +just continue to watch movies but you + + + align:start position:0% +just continue to watch movies but you +also integrate these two systems each + + align:start position:0% +also integrate these two systems each + + + align:start position:0% +also integrate these two systems each +one is supplying sort of internal + + align:start position:0% +one is supplying sort of internal + + + align:start position:0% +one is supplying sort of internal +supervision to the other one everything + + align:start position:0% +supervision to the other one everything + + + align:start position:0% +supervision to the other one everything +grows grows grows and after a while + + align:start position:0% +grows grows grows and after a while + + + align:start position:0% +grows grows grows and after a while +after training with several hours of + + align:start position:0% +after training with several hours of + + + align:start position:0% +after training with several hours of +video we get up to the green curve and + + align:start position:0% +video we get up to the green curve and + + + align:start position:0% +video we get up to the green curve and +the red curve is sort of the absolute + + align:start position:0% +the red curve is sort of the absolute + + + align:start position:0% +the red curve is sort of the absolute +maximum you can get this is using the + + align:start position:0% +maximum you can get this is using the + + + align:start position:0% +maximum you can get this is using the +classifier we can get and everything is + + align:start position:0% +classifier we can get and everything is + + + align:start position:0% +classifier we can get and everything is +completely supervised so on every frame + + align:start position:0% +completely supervised so on every frame + + + align:start position:0% +completely supervised so on every frame +in 10,000 frame or more you tell the the + + align:start position:0% +in 10,000 frame or more you tell the the + + + align:start position:0% +in 10,000 frame or more you tell the the +system where exactly the hand is so this + + align:start position:0% +system where exactly the hand is so this + + + align:start position:0% +system where exactly the hand is so this +is what you can get with completely + + align:start position:0% +is what you can get with completely + + + align:start position:0% +is what you can get with completely +supervised scheme and this is the grain + + align:start position:0% +supervised scheme and this is the grain + + + align:start position:0% +supervised scheme and this is the grain +is what you can get with reasonable + + align:start position:0% +is what you can get with reasonable + + + align:start position:0% +is what you can get with reasonable +training I mean several hours of + + align:start position:0% +training I mean several hours of + + + align:start position:0% +training I mean several hours of +training infants get more training + + align:start position:0% +training infants get more training + + + align:start position:0% +training infants get more training +completely unsupervised you just happens + + align:start position:0% +completely unsupervised you just happens + + + align:start position:0% +completely unsupervised you just happens +on on its own it's interesting also to + + align:start position:0% +on on its own it's interesting also to + + + align:start position:0% +on on its own it's interesting also to +think about if you think about infants + + align:start position:0% +think about if you think about infants + + + align:start position:0% +think about if you think about infants +and actually I wanted to I was planning + + align:start position:0% +and actually I wanted to I was planning + + + align:start position:0% +and actually I wanted to I was planning +to ask you the question yeah what else + + align:start position:0% +to ask you the question yeah what else + + + align:start position:0% +to ask you the question yeah what else +could help infants do if you can think + + align:start position:0% +could help infants do if you can think + + + align:start position:0% +could help infants do if you can think +of other tricks that in which infants + + align:start position:0% +of other tricks that in which infants + + + align:start position:0% +of other tricks that in which infants +that somehow have to pick up it's very + + align:start position:0% +that somehow have to pick up it's very + + + align:start position:0% +that somehow have to pick up it's very +important for them to pick up hands what + + align:start position:0% +important for them to pick up hands what + + + align:start position:0% +important for them to pick up hands what +other signals or tricks or sort of + + align:start position:0% +other signals or tricks or sort of + + + align:start position:0% +other signals or tricks or sort of +guidelines could help them pick up hands + + align:start position:0% +guidelines could help them pick up hands + + + align:start position:0% +guidelines could help them pick up hands +okay since I sort of gave up own hands + + align:start position:0% +okay since I sort of gave up own hands + + + align:start position:0% +okay since I sort of gave up own hands +you can think about babies sort of + + align:start position:0% +you can think about babies sort of + + + align:start position:0% +you can think about babies sort of +waving their hands and babies do wave + + align:start position:0% +waving their hands and babies do wave + + + align:start position:0% +waving their hands and babies do wave +their hands a lot in the air and you can + + align:start position:0% +their hands a lot in the air and you can + + + align:start position:0% +their hands a lot in the air and you can +think of a scheme in which the brain + + align:start position:0% +think of a scheme in which the brain + + + align:start position:0% +think of a scheme in which the brain +knows this and you sort of wave hands + + align:start position:0% +knows this and you sort of wave hands + + + align:start position:0% +knows this and you sort of wave hands +and then the images that are generated + + align:start position:0% +and then the images that are generated + + + align:start position:0% +and then the images that are generated +by this motor activity is interpreted by + + align:start position:0% +by this motor activity is interpreted by + + + align:start position:0% +by this motor activity is interpreted by +the system it already knows grab this + + align:start position:0% +the system it already knows grab this + + + align:start position:0% +the system it already knows grab this +and somehow use them in order to build + + align:start position:0% +and somehow use them in order to build + + + align:start position:0% +and somehow use them in order to build +hand detectors there is evidence that + + align:start position:0% +hand detectors there is evidence that + + + align:start position:0% +hand detectors there is evidence that +this is this is I think interesting and + + align:start position:0% +this is this is I think interesting and + + + align:start position:0% +this is this is I think interesting and +we know that infants are interested in + + align:start position:0% +we know that infants are interested in + + + align:start position:0% +we know that infants are interested in +their own hands but but the reasons to + + align:start position:0% +their own hands but but the reasons to + + + align:start position:0% +their own hands but but the reasons to +believe that this is not not the case + + align:start position:0% +believe that this is not not the case + + + align:start position:0% +believe that this is not not the case +because for example if you really try + + align:start position:0% +because for example if you really try + + + align:start position:0% +because for example if you really try +this and you try to learn hands from + + align:start position:0% +this and you try to learn hands from + + + align:start position:0% +this and you try to learn hands from +waving your hands in this way imitating + + align:start position:0% +waving your hands in this way imitating + + + align:start position:0% +waving your hands in this way imitating +what infants may see a scheme that + + align:start position:0% +what infants may see a scheme that + + + align:start position:0% +what infants may see a scheme that +learns and you this way is very bad at + + align:start position:0% +learns and you this way is very bad at + + + align:start position:0% +learns and you this way is very bad at +recognizing hands manipulating object if + + align:start position:0% +recognizing hands manipulating object if + + + align:start position:0% +recognizing hands manipulating object if +you joined after waving the hands you + + align:start position:0% +you joined after waving the hands you + + + align:start position:0% +you joined after waving the hands you +test the system and there is a hand + + align:start position:0% +test the system and there is a hand + + + align:start position:0% +test the system and there is a hand +coming in the image and touching + + align:start position:0% +coming in the image and touching + + + align:start position:0% +coming in the image and touching +grabbing something the difference in + + align:start position:0% +grabbing something the difference in + + + align:start position:0% +grabbing something the difference in +appearance in point of view between + + align:start position:0% +appearance in point of view between + + + align:start position:0% +appearance in point of view between +waving your own hands and watching + + align:start position:0% +waving your own hands and watching + + + align:start position:0% +waving your own hands and watching +somebody grabbing an object is so large + + align:start position:0% +somebody grabbing an object is so large + + + align:start position:0% +somebody grabbing an object is so large +that it does not allowed to + + align:start position:0% +that it does not allowed to + + + align:start position:0% +that it does not allowed to +to generalize well at this stage and we + + align:start position:0% +to generalize well at this stage and we + + + align:start position:0% +to generalize well at this stage and we +know from testing infants that the first + + align:start position:0% +know from testing infants that the first + + + align:start position:0% +know from testing infants that the first +thing that they recognize well is + + align:start position:0% +thing that they recognize well is + + + align:start position:0% +thing that they recognize well is +actually other hands grabbing object so + + align:start position:0% +actually other hands grabbing object so + + + align:start position:0% +actually other hands grabbing object so +it's much more consistent with the idea + + align:start position:0% +it's much more consistent with the idea + + + align:start position:0% +it's much more consistent with the idea +of the the guiding internal signal that + + align:start position:0% +of the the guiding internal signal that + + + align:start position:0% +of the the guiding internal signal that +helps them deal in an unsupervised way + + align:start position:0% +helps them deal in an unsupervised way + + + align:start position:0% +helps them deal in an unsupervised way +with this difficult task is the this + + align:start position:0% +with this difficult task is the this + + + align:start position:0% +with this difficult task is the this +special event of the hand as the movie + + align:start position:0% +special event of the hand as the movie + + + align:start position:0% +special event of the hand as the movie +the movie object okay I want to move + + align:start position:0% +the movie object okay I want to move + + + align:start position:0% +the movie object okay I want to move +from hands to this would be shorter but + + align:start position:0% +from hands to this would be shorter but + + + align:start position:0% +from hands to this would be shorter but +I want to say something about gays gays + + align:start position:0% +I want to say something about gays gays + + + align:start position:0% +I want to say something about gays gays +is also as I said interesting it starts + + align:start position:0% +is also as I said interesting it starts + + + align:start position:0% +is also as I said interesting it starts +at about three months of age an infant + + align:start position:0% +at about three months of age an infant + + + align:start position:0% +at about three months of age an infant +has this capability what happens at + + align:start position:0% +has this capability what happens at + + + align:start position:0% +has this capability what happens at +three months of age is that an infant + + align:start position:0% +three months of age is that an infant + + + align:start position:0% +three months of age is that an infant +may look at an adult it can give the + + align:start position:0% +may look at an adult it can give the + + + align:start position:0% +may look at an adult it can give the +mother say or look at another person and + + align:start position:0% +mother say or look at another person and + + + align:start position:0% +mother say or look at another person and +if the other person is looking at an + + align:start position:0% +if the other person is looking at an + + + align:start position:0% +if the other person is looking at an +object over there then the infant would + + align:start position:0% +object over there then the infant would + + + align:start position:0% +object over there then the infant would +look at the the other person and then + + align:start position:0% +look at the the other person and then + + + align:start position:0% +look at the the other person and then +we'll follow the gaze and we look at the + + align:start position:0% +we'll follow the gaze and we look at the + + + align:start position:0% +we'll follow the gaze and we look at the +object that the other person is looking + + align:start position:0% +object that the other person is looking + + + align:start position:0% +object that the other person is looking +at so its first of all the + + align:start position:0% +at so its first of all the + + + align:start position:0% +at so its first of all the +identification of the correct direction + + align:start position:0% +identification of the correct direction + + + align:start position:0% +identification of the correct direction +of gaze but also then using it in order + + align:start position:0% +of gaze but also then using it in order + + + align:start position:0% +of gaze but also then using it in order +to to get joint attention and all of + + align:start position:0% +to to get joint attention and all of + + + align:start position:0% +to to get joint attention and all of +these things are known to be very + + align:start position:0% +these things are known to be very + + + align:start position:0% +these things are known to be very +important in early early visual + + align:start position:0% +important in early early visual + + + align:start position:0% +important in early early visual +development and psychologists child + + align:start position:0% +development and psychologists child + + + align:start position:0% +development and psychologists child +psychologists talk a lot about this + + align:start position:0% +psychologists talk a lot about this + + + align:start position:0% +psychologists talk a lot about this +mechanism of joint attention in which + + align:start position:0% +mechanism of joint attention in which + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism of joint attention in which +the parent and the caregiver and the + + align:start position:0% +the parent and the caregiver and the + + + align:start position:0% +the parent and the caregiver and the +child can get joint attention and some + + align:start position:0% +child can get joint attention and some + + + align:start position:0% +child can get joint attention and some +people some infants do not have this + + align:start position:0% +people some infants do not have this + + + align:start position:0% +people some infants do not have this +mechanism of joint attention being able + + align:start position:0% +mechanism of joint attention being able + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism of joint attention being able +to attend to the same event or object + + align:start position:0% +to attend to the same event or object + + + align:start position:0% +to attend to the same event or object +that other person is attending to and + + align:start position:0% +that other person is attending to and + + + align:start position:0% +that other person is attending to and +this has developmental consequences so + + align:start position:0% +this has developmental consequences so + + + align:start position:0% +this has developmental consequences so +it's an important aspect of + + align:start position:0% +it's an important aspect of + + + align:start position:0% +it's an important aspect of +communication and learning so + + align:start position:0% +communication and learning so + + + align:start position:0% +communication and learning so +understanding direction of gaze is very + + align:start position:0% +understanding direction of gaze is very + + + align:start position:0% +understanding direction of gaze is very +important and here it's even perhaps + + align:start position:0% +important and here it's even perhaps + + + align:start position:0% +important and here it's even perhaps +more surprising and unexpected even + + align:start position:0% +more surprising and unexpected even + + + align:start position:0% +more surprising and unexpected even +compared to hands because gaze in some + + align:start position:0% +compared to hands because gaze in some + + + align:start position:0% +compared to hands because gaze in some +sense doesn't really exist objectively + + align:start position:0% +sense doesn't really exist objectively + + + align:start position:0% +sense doesn't really exist objectively +out there in the scene is not an object + + align:start position:0% +out there in the scene is not an object + + + align:start position:0% +out there in the scene is not an object +a yellow object that you see it's some + + align:start position:0% +a yellow object that you see it's some + + + align:start position:0% +a yellow object that you see it's some +kind of an imaginary vector if you want + + align:start position:0% +kind of an imaginary vector if you want + + + align:start position:0% +kind of an imaginary vector if you want +that pointing in + + align:start position:0% +that pointing in + + + align:start position:0% +that pointing in +to the direction based on the face + + align:start position:0% +to the direction based on the face + + + align:start position:0% +to the direction based on the face +features but it's very sort of non + + align:start position:0% +features but it's very sort of non + + + align:start position:0% +features but it's very sort of non +explicit and you have somehow to observe + + align:start position:0% +explicit and you have somehow to observe + + + align:start position:0% +explicit and you have somehow to observe +it and see it and start extracting it + + align:start position:0% +it and see it and start extracting it + + + align:start position:0% +it and see it and start extracting it +from what you see and all of this in a + + align:start position:0% +from what you see and all of this in a + + + align:start position:0% +from what you see and all of this in a +completely unsupervised manual so what + + align:start position:0% +completely unsupervised manual so what + + + align:start position:0% +completely unsupervised manual so what +would it take for a system to be able to + + align:start position:0% +would it take for a system to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +would it take for a system to be able to +watch things get no supervision and + + align:start position:0% +watch things get no supervision and + + + align:start position:0% +watch things get no supervision and +after a while + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +extract correctly direction of gaze the + + align:start position:0% +extract correctly direction of gaze the + + + align:start position:0% +extract correctly direction of gaze the +direction of gaze is actually depend on + + align:start position:0% +direction of gaze is actually depend on + + + align:start position:0% +direction of gaze is actually depend on +two types of sources of information one + + align:start position:0% +two types of sources of information one + + + align:start position:0% +two types of sources of information one +if the direction of the head and the + + align:start position:0% +if the direction of the head and the + + + align:start position:0% +if the direction of the head and the +other is the direction of the eyes in + + align:start position:0% +other is the direction of the eyes in + + + align:start position:0% +other is the direction of the eyes in +the in the in the orbit and both of them + + align:start position:0% +the in the in the orbit and both of them + + + align:start position:0% +the in the in the orbit and both of them +are important and you have to master + + align:start position:0% +are important and you have to master + + + align:start position:0% +are important and you have to master +both this is I like the there are more + + align:start position:0% +both this is I like the there are more + + + align:start position:0% +both this is I like the there are more +recent studies of this and more accurate + + align:start position:0% +recent studies of this and more accurate + + + align:start position:0% +recent studies of this and more accurate +studies of this but I like this + + align:start position:0% +studies of this but I like this + + + align:start position:0% +studies of this but I like this +reference because this is from a + + align:start position:0% +reference because this is from a + + + align:start position:0% +reference because this is from a +scientific paper on the relative effect + + align:start position:0% +scientific paper on the relative effect + + + align:start position:0% +scientific paper on the relative effect +of hand of head orientation and eyes + + align:start position:0% +of hand of head orientation and eyes + + + align:start position:0% +of hand of head orientation and eyes +orientation in gaze perception and it's + + align:start position:0% +orientation in gaze perception and it's + + + align:start position:0% +orientation in gaze perception and it's +a scientific paper in 1824 so this + + align:start position:0% +a scientific paper in 1824 so this + + + align:start position:0% +a scientific paper in 1824 so this +problem was studied with experiments and + + align:start position:0% +problem was studied with experiments and + + + align:start position:0% +problem was studied with experiments and +they got judgment and so on the point + + align:start position:0% +they got judgment and so on the point + + + align:start position:0% +they got judgment and so on the point +here by the way is that you would these + + align:start position:0% +here by the way is that you would these + + + align:start position:0% +here by the way is that you would these +people look as if they are looking at + + align:start position:0% +people look as if they are looking at + + + align:start position:0% +people look as if they are looking at +different directions but in fact the + + align:start position:0% +different directions but in fact the + + + align:start position:0% +different directions but in fact the +eyes here are exactly the same it's sort + + align:start position:0% +eyes here are exactly the same it's sort + + + align:start position:0% +eyes here are exactly the same it's sort +of cut and paste it's literally the same + + align:start position:0% +of cut and paste it's literally the same + + + align:start position:0% +of cut and paste it's literally the same +eye region and only the head is turning + + align:start position:0% +eye region and only the head is turning + + + align:start position:0% +eye region and only the head is turning +and this is enough to cause us to + + align:start position:0% +and this is enough to cause us to + + + align:start position:0% +and this is enough to cause us to +perceive these two people as looking in + + align:start position:0% +perceive these two people as looking in + + + align:start position:0% +perceive these two people as looking in +two different directions in terms of + + align:start position:0% +two different directions in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +two different directions in terms of +infants and how this learning comes + + align:start position:0% +infants and how this learning comes + + + align:start position:0% +infants and how this learning comes +about the head comes about first and + + align:start position:0% +about the head comes about first and + + + align:start position:0% +about the head comes about first and +initially if the caregiver as I said is + + align:start position:0% +initially if the caregiver as I said is + + + align:start position:0% +initially if the caregiver as I said is +sort of the head is pointing in + + align:start position:0% +sort of the head is pointing in + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the head is pointing in +particular direction but the eyes are + + align:start position:0% +particular direction but the eyes are + + + align:start position:0% +particular direction but the eyes are +not the infant's will follow the the + + align:start position:0% +not the infant's will follow the the + + + align:start position:0% +not the infant's will follow the the +head direction later on so this is at + + align:start position:0% +head direction later on so this is at + + + align:start position:0% +head direction later on so this is at +three months later on they combine the + + align:start position:0% +three months later on they combine the + + + align:start position:0% +three months later on they combine the +information from the head and from the + + align:start position:0% +information from the head and from the + + + align:start position:0% +information from the head and from the +the head of the eyes in the eyes are + + align:start position:0% +the head of the eyes in the eyes are + + + align:start position:0% +the head of the eyes in the eyes are +really subtle cues which we use very + + align:start position:0% +really subtle cues which we use very + + + align:start position:0% +really subtle cues which we use very +intuitively very naturally but although + + align:start position:0% +intuitively very naturally but although + + + align:start position:0% +intuitively very naturally but although +it's a let me hide it for a minute this + + align:start position:0% +it's a let me hide it for a minute this + + + align:start position:0% +it's a let me hide it for a minute this +person it's it's a bad image + + align:start position:0% +person it's it's a bad image + + + align:start position:0% +person it's it's a bad image +it's blurred it's especially those who + + align:start position:0% +it's blurred it's especially those who + + + align:start position:0% +it's blurred it's especially those who +sit in the back but this person is he + + align:start position:0% +sit in the back but this person is he + + + align:start position:0% +sit in the back but this person is he +looking basically roughly at you or is + + align:start position:0% +looking basically roughly at you or is + + + align:start position:0% +looking basically roughly at you or is +he looking at the objects down there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry yeah basically to you right now if + + align:start position:0% +sorry yeah basically to you right now if + + + align:start position:0% +sorry yeah basically to you right now if +you look at the other so it's from the + + align:start position:0% +you look at the other so it's from the + + + align:start position:0% +you look at the other so it's from the +eyes and this is the this are the eyes + + align:start position:0% +eyes and this is the this are the eyes + + + align:start position:0% +eyes and this is the this are the eyes +this is all the information this is the + + align:start position:0% +this is all the information this is the + + + align:start position:0% +this is all the information this is the +right pixels the same number of pixels + + align:start position:0% +right pixels the same number of pixels + + + align:start position:0% +right pixels the same number of pixels +that are in the image and so on so this + + align:start position:0% +that are in the image and so on so this + + + align:start position:0% +that are in the image and so on so this +is the information in the earth it's not + + align:start position:0% +is the information in the earth it's not + + + align:start position:0% +is the information in the earth it's not +a lot and we use it effectively in order + + align:start position:0% +a lot and we use it effectively in order + + + align:start position:0% +a lot and we use it effectively in order +to decide where the person is we just + + align:start position:0% +to decide where the person is we just + + + align:start position:0% +to decide where the person is we just +look at it and it's interesting that + + align:start position:0% +look at it and it's interesting that + + + align:start position:0% +look at it and it's interesting that +it's so small and inconspicuous in some + + align:start position:0% +it's so small and inconspicuous in some + + + align:start position:0% +it's so small and inconspicuous in some +objective terms but for us we know that + + align:start position:0% +objective terms but for us we know that + + + align:start position:0% +objective terms but for us we know that +the person is is looking at roughly at + + align:start position:0% +the person is is looking at roughly at + + + align:start position:0% +the person is is looking at roughly at +us now we have some computer algorithm + + align:start position:0% +us now we have some computer algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +us now we have some computer algorithm +to do gaze and gaze is again it's not an + + align:start position:0% +to do gaze and gaze is again it's not an + + + align:start position:0% +to do gaze and gaze is again it's not an +easy in not an easy problem and people + + align:start position:0% +easy in not an easy problem and people + + + align:start position:0% +easy in not an easy problem and people +have worked quite a lot on detection + + align:start position:0% +have worked quite a lot on detection + + + align:start position:0% +have worked quite a lot on detection +detecting direction of gaze and all the + + align:start position:0% +detecting direction of gaze and all the + + + align:start position:0% +detecting direction of gaze and all the +schemes are highly supervised and once + + align:start position:0% +schemes are highly supervised and once + + + align:start position:0% +schemes are highly supervised and once +it's highly supervised you can do it so + + align:start position:0% +it's highly supervised you can do it so + + + align:start position:0% +it's highly supervised you can do it so +widely supervised I mean that you give + + align:start position:0% +widely supervised I mean that you give + + + align:start position:0% +widely supervised I mean that you give +the system many many images in which you + + align:start position:0% +the system many many images in which you + + + align:start position:0% +the system many many images in which you +give the image but you also give the + + align:start position:0% +give the image but you also give the + + + align:start position:0% +give the image but you also give the +learning system together with the input + + align:start position:0% +learning system together with the input + + + align:start position:0% +learning system together with the input +image you supply it with the direction + + align:start position:0% +image you supply it with the direction + + + align:start position:0% +image you supply it with the direction +of gaze so this is the image and this is + + align:start position:0% +of gaze so this is the image and this is + + + align:start position:0% +of gaze so this is the image and this is +the direction the person is looking at + + align:start position:0% +the direction the person is looking at + + + align:start position:0% +the direction the person is looking at +and and there are ways of getting this + + align:start position:0% +and and there are ways of getting this + + + align:start position:0% +and and there are ways of getting this +input information of the appearance of + + align:start position:0% +input information of the appearance of + + + align:start position:0% +input information of the appearance of +the face and the direction of gaze to + + align:start position:0% +the face and the direction of gaze to + + + align:start position:0% +the face and the direction of gaze to +associate them and then when you see a + + align:start position:0% +associate them and then when you see a + + + align:start position:0% +associate them and then when you see a +new face to recover the direction of + + align:start position:0% +new face to recover the direction of + + + align:start position:0% +new face to recover the direction of +gaze but it really depends on a large + + align:start position:0% +gaze but it really depends on a large + + + align:start position:0% +gaze but it really depends on a large +set of supervised supervised images so + + align:start position:0% +set of supervised supervised images so + + + align:start position:0% +set of supervised supervised images so +we need some something to if we want to + + align:start position:0% +we need some something to if we want to + + + align:start position:0% +we need some something to if we want to +go along the same direction that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +happened before with with getting hands + + align:start position:0% +happened before with with getting hands + + + align:start position:0% +happened before with with getting hands +correctly we want instead of the + + align:start position:0% +correctly we want instead of the + + + align:start position:0% +correctly we want instead of the +internal supervision we want some kind + + align:start position:0% +internal supervision we want some kind + + + align:start position:0% +internal supervision we want some kind +of a signal that somehow can tell the + + align:start position:0% +of a signal that somehow can tell the + + + align:start position:0% +of a signal that somehow can tell the +baby can tell the system without any + + align:start position:0% +baby can tell the system without any + + + align:start position:0% +baby can tell the system without any +explicit supervision provide some kind + + align:start position:0% +explicit supervision provide some kind + + + align:start position:0% +explicit supervision provide some kind +of an internal teaching signal that will + + align:start position:0% +of an internal teaching signal that will + + + align:start position:0% +of an internal teaching signal that will +tell it where is the direction of gaze + + align:start position:0% +tell it where is the direction of gaze + + + align:start position:0% +tell it where is the direction of gaze +it's very close to the hand and the move + + align:start position:0% +it's very close to the hand and the move + + + align:start position:0% +it's very close to the hand and the move +using the + + align:start position:0% +using the + + + align:start position:0% +using the +following notion it if I pick up an + + align:start position:0% +following notion it if I pick up an + + + align:start position:0% +following notion it if I pick up an +object which was sort of very close to + + align:start position:0% +object which was sort of very close to + + + align:start position:0% +object which was sort of very close to +the movie event once I picked up an + + align:start position:0% +the movie event once I picked up an + + + align:start position:0% +the movie event once I picked up an +object I can do whatever I want with it + + align:start position:0% +object I can do whatever I want with it + + + align:start position:0% +object I can do whatever I want with it +I don't have to look at it I can do it I + + align:start position:0% +I don't have to look at it I can do it I + + + align:start position:0% +I don't have to look at it I can do it I +can manipulate it and so on but if it's + + align:start position:0% +can manipulate it and so on but if it's + + + align:start position:0% +can manipulate it and so on but if it's +placed somewhere and I want to pick it + + align:start position:0% +placed somewhere and I want to pick it + + + align:start position:0% +placed somewhere and I want to pick it +up nobody picks up objects like this I + + align:start position:0% +up nobody picks up objects like this I + + + align:start position:0% +up nobody picks up objects like this I +mean when you look at the object when + + align:start position:0% +mean when you look at the object when + + + align:start position:0% +mean when you look at the object when +you pick them up at the moment of making + + align:start position:0% +you pick them up at the moment of making + + + align:start position:0% +you pick them up at the moment of making +the contact to pick them up you look at + + align:start position:0% +the contact to pick them up you look at + + + align:start position:0% +the contact to pick them up you look at +them and in fact that's a spontaneous + + align:start position:0% +them and in fact that's a spontaneous + + + align:start position:0% +them and in fact that's a spontaneous +behavior which we checked psycho + + align:start position:0% +behavior which we checked psycho + + + align:start position:0% +behavior which we checked psycho +physically you just tell people pick + + align:start position:0% +physically you just tell people pick + + + align:start position:0% +physically you just tell people pick +object you don't tell them what you are + + align:start position:0% +object you don't tell them what you are + + + align:start position:0% +object you don't tell them what you are +trying to do and they're invariably + + align:start position:0% +trying to do and they're invariably + + + align:start position:0% +trying to do and they're invariably +always at it instant of grabbing the + + align:start position:0% +always at it instant of grabbing the + + + align:start position:0% +always at it instant of grabbing the +object making the contact they look at + + align:start position:0% +object making the contact they look at + + + align:start position:0% +object making the contact they look at +it so if we have already a movie + + align:start position:0% +it so if we have already a movie + + + align:start position:0% +it so if we have already a movie +detector or sort of a hand detect or a + + align:start position:0% +detector or sort of a hand detect or a + + + align:start position:0% +detector or sort of a hand detect or a +movie detector that hands that are + + align:start position:0% +movie detector that hands that are + + + align:start position:0% +movie detector that hands that are +touching object and causing them to move + + align:start position:0% +touching object and causing them to move + + + align:start position:0% +touching object and causing them to move +all you have to do whenever you detect + + align:start position:0% +all you have to do whenever you detect + + + align:start position:0% +all you have to do whenever you detect +an event like this it's not only useful + + align:start position:0% +an event like this it's not only useful + + + align:start position:0% +an event like this it's not only useful +for hands but once a hand is touching + + align:start position:0% +for hands but once a hand is touching + + + align:start position:0% +for hands but once a hand is touching +the object this kind of movie event you + + align:start position:0% +the object this kind of movie event you + + + align:start position:0% +the object this kind of movie event you +can freeze your video you can take the + + align:start position:0% +can freeze your video you can take the + + + align:start position:0% +can freeze your video you can take the +frame and you can know with high + + align:start position:0% +frame and you can know with high + + + align:start position:0% +frame and you can know with high +precision that you can now this the + + align:start position:0% +precision that you can now this the + + + align:start position:0% +precision that you can now this the +direction of gaze is directed to the + + align:start position:0% +direction of gaze is directed to the + + + align:start position:0% +direction of gaze is directed to the +solid object so we ask people to to + + align:start position:0% +solid object so we ask people to to + + + align:start position:0% +solid object so we ask people to to +manipulate object on the table and so on + + align:start position:0% +manipulate object on the table and so on + + + align:start position:0% +manipulate object on the table and so on +and what we did is we ran our previous + + align:start position:0% +and what we did is we ran our previous + + + align:start position:0% +and what we did is we ran our previous +movie detector and let me skip the the + + align:start position:0% +movie detector and let me skip the the + + + align:start position:0% +movie detector and let me skip the the +movie but whenever this kind of a + + align:start position:0% +movie but whenever this kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +movie but whenever this kind of a +detection of the hand touching an object + + align:start position:0% +detection of the hand touching an object + + + align:start position:0% +detection of the hand touching an object +making initial contact with an object + + align:start position:0% +making initial contact with an object + + + align:start position:0% +making initial contact with an object +happened we froze the image + + align:start position:0% +happened we froze the image + + + align:start position:0% +happened we froze the image +unfortunately it is not a very good + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately it is not a very good + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately it is not a very good +slide so it may be difficult to see + + align:start position:0% +slide so it may be difficult to see + + + align:start position:0% +slide so it may be difficult to see +maybe you can see here so we simply drew + + align:start position:0% +maybe you can see here so we simply drew + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you can see here so we simply drew +a vector pointing from the face in the + + align:start position:0% +a vector pointing from the face in the + + + align:start position:0% +a vector pointing from the face in the +direction of the detected grabbing event + + align:start position:0% +direction of the detected grabbing event + + + align:start position:0% +direction of the detected grabbing event +and we assumed we don't know that's an + + align:start position:0% +and we assumed we don't know that's an + + + align:start position:0% +and we assumed we don't know that's an +implicit internal imaginary supervision + + align:start position:0% +implicit internal imaginary supervision + + + align:start position:0% +implicit internal imaginary supervision +it's nobody checked it but we grabbed + + align:start position:0% +it's nobody checked it but we grabbed + + + align:start position:0% +it's nobody checked it but we grabbed +the image and we drew the vector to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to the contact point so now you have a + + align:start position:0% +to the contact point so now you have a + + + align:start position:0% +to the contact point so now you have a +system in which on the one hand we have + + align:start position:0% +system in which on the one hand we have + + + align:start position:0% +system in which on the one hand we have +face images at the point where we took + + align:start position:0% +face images at the point where we took + + + align:start position:0% +face images at the point where we took +the this contact so it is a face and + + align:start position:0% +the this contact so it is a face and + + + align:start position:0% +the this contact so it is a face and +this is a descriptor some way of + + align:start position:0% +this is a descriptor some way of + + + align:start position:0% +this is a descriptor some way of +describing + + align:start position:0% +describing + + + align:start position:0% +describing +the appearance of the face based on + + align:start position:0% +the appearance of the face based on + + + align:start position:0% +the appearance of the face based on +local gradients sorry you assumed a face + + align:start position:0% +local gradients sorry you assumed a face + + + align:start position:0% +local gradients sorry you assumed a face +face detector I just left right face has + + align:start position:0% +face detector I just left right face has + + + align:start position:0% +face detector I just left right face has +come even before I didn't talk about + + align:start position:0% +come even before I didn't talk about + + + align:start position:0% +come even before I didn't talk about +faces but face has come even before + + align:start position:0% +faces but face has come even before + + + align:start position:0% +faces but face has come even before +hands as I mentioned the first thing + + align:start position:0% +hands as I mentioned the first thing + + + align:start position:0% +hands as I mentioned the first thing +that people that infants look at is + + align:start position:0% +that people that infants look at is + + + align:start position:0% +that people that infants look at is +faces and this is even before the three + + align:start position:0% +faces and this is even before the three + + + align:start position:0% +faces and this is even before the three +months that we'll look at at hands this + + align:start position:0% +months that we'll look at at hands this + + + align:start position:0% +months that we'll look at at hands this +is to the the current theories faces + + align:start position:0% +is to the the current theories faces + + + align:start position:0% +is to the the current theories faces +you're born with a primitive initial + + align:start position:0% +you're born with a primitive initial + + + align:start position:0% +you're born with a primitive initial +face template there are some discussions + + align:start position:0% +face template there are some discussions + + + align:start position:0% +face template there are some discussions +where the face template is people there + + align:start position:0% +where the face template is people there + + + align:start position:0% +where the face template is people there +is some evidently it may not be in the + + align:start position:0% +is some evidently it may not be in the + + + align:start position:0% +is some evidently it may not be in the +cortex it may be in the amygdala but + + align:start position:0% +cortex it may be in the amygdala but + + + align:start position:0% +cortex it may be in the amygdala but +there is some evidence for this face for + + align:start position:0% +there is some evidence for this face for + + + align:start position:0% +there is some evidence for this face for +manipulation of these patterns that + + align:start position:0% +manipulation of these patterns that + + + align:start position:0% +manipulation of these patterns that +infants look at it's a very simple + + align:start position:0% +infants look at it's a very simple + + + align:start position:0% +infants look at it's a very simple +simple template basically the two are + + align:start position:0% +simple template basically the two are + + + align:start position:0% +simple template basically the two are +something round with two dark blobs and + + align:start position:0% +something round with two dark blobs and + + + align:start position:0% +something round with two dark blobs and +that this makes them fixate more on + + align:start position:0% +that this makes them fixate more on + + + align:start position:0% +that this makes them fixate more on +faces in a very similar way to be + + align:start position:0% +faces in a very similar way to be + + + align:start position:0% +faces in a very similar way to be +handling the hands you just if you do + + align:start position:0% +handling the hands you just if you do + + + align:start position:0% +handling the hands you just if you do +this from time to time you will end up + + align:start position:0% +this from time to time you will end up + + + align:start position:0% +this from time to time you will end up +focusing no not on the face but on some + + align:start position:0% +focusing no not on the face but on some + + + align:start position:0% +focusing no not on the face but on some +random texture that has these two blobs + + align:start position:0% +random texture that has these two blobs + + + align:start position:0% +random texture that has these two blobs +or something but if you really run it + + align:start position:0% +or something but if you really run it + + + align:start position:0% +or something but if you really run it +then you will get lots and lots of face + + align:start position:0% +then you will get lots and lots of face + + + align:start position:0% +then you will get lots and lots of face +images and then you develop a more + + align:start position:0% +images and then you develop a more + + + align:start position:0% +images and then you develop a more +refined face detector so babies from day + + align:start position:0% +refined face detector so babies from day + + + align:start position:0% +refined face detector so babies from day +one by the way the way we think that the + + align:start position:0% +one by the way the way we think that the + + + align:start position:0% +one by the way the way we think that the +way people think it's innate is you can + + align:start position:0% +way people think it's innate is you can + + + align:start position:0% +way people think it's innate is you can +work it has done experiments have been + + align:start position:0% +work it has done experiments have been + + + align:start position:0% +work it has done experiments have been +done with the first day when babies were + + align:start position:0% +done with the first day when babies were + + + align:start position:0% +done with the first day when babies were +born day one they keep their eyes closed + + align:start position:0% +born day one they keep their eyes closed + + + align:start position:0% +born day one they keep their eyes closed +most of the time but when the open they + + align:start position:0% +most of the time but when the open they + + + align:start position:0% +most of the time but when the open they +fixate you have to make big stimuli + + align:start position:0% +fixate you have to make big stimuli + + + align:start position:0% +fixate you have to make big stimuli +because the it's like close up faces + + align:start position:0% +because the it's like close up faces + + + align:start position:0% +because the it's like close up faces +because the acuity is still not fully + + align:start position:0% +because the acuity is still not fully + + + align:start position:0% +because the acuity is still not fully +developed but you can test what are + + align:start position:0% +developed but you can test what are + + + align:start position:0% +developed but you can test what are +fixating on and they fixate specifically + + align:start position:0% +fixating on and they fixate specifically + + + align:start position:0% +fixating on and they fixate specifically +on on faces and once there is a face + + align:start position:0% +on on faces and once there is a face + + + align:start position:0% +on on faces and once there is a face +they fixate on it and the face can move + + align:start position:0% +they fixate on it and the face can move + + + align:start position:0% +they fixate on it and the face can move +and they will even track it so this is + + align:start position:0% +and they will even track it so this is + + + align:start position:0% +and they will even track it so this is +they want so face seems to be innate in + + align:start position:0% +they want so face seems to be innate in + + + align:start position:0% +they want so face seems to be innate in +a stronger sense it's + + align:start position:0% +a stronger sense it's + + + align:start position:0% +a stronger sense it's +in the case of the hand for example as I + + align:start position:0% +in the case of the hand for example as I + + + align:start position:0% +in the case of the hand for example as I +said it you cannot even imagine building + + align:start position:0% +said it you cannot even imagine building + + + align:start position:0% +said it you cannot even imagine building +a innate hand detector because of all + + align:start position:0% +a innate hand detector because of all + + + align:start position:0% +a innate hand detector because of all +this variability in appearance for the + + align:start position:0% +this variability in appearance for the + + + align:start position:0% +this variability in appearance for the +face it seems that there is an initial + + align:start position:0% +face it seems that there is an initial + + + align:start position:0% +face it seems that there is an initial +phase detector which gets elaborated so + + align:start position:0% +phase detector which gets elaborated so + + + align:start position:0% +phase detector which gets elaborated so +we assume that there is some kind so in + + align:start position:0% +we assume that there is some kind so in + + + align:start position:0% +we assume that there is some kind so in +these images we assume that when we grab + + align:start position:0% +these images we assume that when we grab + + + align:start position:0% +these images we assume that when we grab +an event of contact like this the face + + align:start position:0% +an event of contact like this the face + + + align:start position:0% +an event of contact like this the face +is known the location of the face the + + align:start position:0% +is known the location of the face the + + + align:start position:0% +is known the location of the face the +location of the contact is known and you + + align:start position:0% +location of the contact is known and you + + + align:start position:0% +location of the contact is known and you +can draw a vector from the first to the + + align:start position:0% +can draw a vector from the first to the + + + align:start position:0% +can draw a vector from the first to the +second and this is the direction of gaze + + align:start position:0% +second and this is the direction of gaze + + + align:start position:0% +second and this is the direction of gaze +and when you now you see a new image in + + align:start position:0% +and when you now you see a new image in + + + align:start position:0% +and when you now you see a new image in +which there is no contact you just at + + align:start position:0% +which there is no contact you just at + + + align:start position:0% +which there is no contact you just at +the face and you have to decide what is + + align:start position:0% +the face and you have to decide what is + + + align:start position:0% +the face and you have to decide what is +the direction of gaze you look at + + align:start position:0% +the direction of gaze you look at + + + align:start position:0% +the direction of gaze you look at +similar faces that you have stored in + + align:start position:0% +similar faces that you have stored in + + + align:start position:0% +similar faces that you have stored in +your memory and from this stored face in + + align:start position:0% +your memory and from this stored face in + + + align:start position:0% +your memory and from this stored face in +memory for this you already know from + + align:start position:0% +memory for this you already know from + + + align:start position:0% +memory for this you already know from +the learning phase what is the + + align:start position:0% +the learning phase what is the + + + align:start position:0% +the learning phase what is the +Associated direction of gaze and you + + align:start position:0% +Associated direction of gaze and you + + + align:start position:0% +Associated direction of gaze and you +retrieve it and this is the kind of + + align:start position:0% +retrieve it and this is the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +retrieve it and this is the kind of +things that you do what we see here with + + align:start position:0% +things that you do what we see here with + + + align:start position:0% +things that you do what we see here with +the yellow arrows collected images which + + align:start position:0% +the yellow arrows collected images which + + + align:start position:0% +the yellow arrows collected images which +again the direction of gaze the + + align:start position:0% +again the direction of gaze the + + + align:start position:0% +again the direction of gaze the +supervised direction has been collected + + align:start position:0% +supervised direction has been collected + + + align:start position:0% +supervised direction has been collected +was was collected automatically by just + + align:start position:0% +was was collected automatically by just + + + align:start position:0% +was was collected automatically by just +identifying the direction to the contact + + align:start position:0% +identifying the direction to the contact + + + align:start position:0% +identifying the direction to the contact +point these are some examples and what + + align:start position:0% +point these are some examples and what + + + align:start position:0% +point these are some examples and what +this shows is just doing some + + align:start position:0% +this shows is just doing some + + + align:start position:0% +this shows is just doing some +psychophysics and comparing what this + + align:start position:0% +psychophysics and comparing what this + + + align:start position:0% +psychophysics and comparing what this +algorithm which is sort of this infant + + align:start position:0% +algorithm which is sort of this infant + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm which is sort of this infant +related algorithm which just has no + + align:start position:0% +related algorithm which just has no + + + align:start position:0% +related algorithm which just has no +supervision looking images for hands + + align:start position:0% +supervision looking images for hands + + + align:start position:0% +supervision looking images for hands +touching sayings collecting direction of + + align:start position:0% +touching sayings collecting direction of + + + align:start position:0% +touching sayings collecting direction of +gaze developing engaged detector so the + + align:start position:0% +gaze developing engaged detector so the + + + align:start position:0% +gaze developing engaged detector so the +red and the green one is the the model + + align:start position:0% +red and the green one is the the model + + + align:start position:0% +red and the green one is the the model +the other one is human judgment on + + align:start position:0% +the other one is human judgment on + + + align:start position:0% +the other one is human judgment on +similar situation and you get you get + + align:start position:0% +similar situation and you get you get + + + align:start position:0% +similar situation and you get you get +good agreement I mean it's not the + + align:start position:0% +good agreement I mean it's not the + + + align:start position:0% +good agreement I mean it's not the +perfect it's not the state-of-the-art + + align:start position:0% +perfect it's not the state-of-the-art + + + align:start position:0% +perfect it's not the state-of-the-art +but it's close to state-of-the-art and + + align:start position:0% +but it's close to state-of-the-art and + + + align:start position:0% +but it's close to state-of-the-art and +this is just training with you know some + + align:start position:0% +this is just training with you know some + + + align:start position:0% +this is just training with you know some +videos I mean this is certainly does at + + align:start position:0% +videos I mean this is certainly does at + + + align:start position:0% +videos I mean this is certainly does at +least as as well as infants and it keeps + + align:start position:0% +least as as well as infants and it keeps + + + align:start position:0% +least as as well as infants and it keeps +developing getting from here to a better + + align:start position:0% +developing getting from here to a better + + + align:start position:0% +developing getting from here to a better +and better gaze detector with with + + align:start position:0% +and better gaze detector with with + + + align:start position:0% +and better gaze detector with with +reduced is like pretty small here too + + align:start position:0% +reduced is like pretty small here too + + + align:start position:0% +reduced is like pretty small here too +but you can improve it that's already + + align:start position:0% +but you can improve it that's already + + + align:start position:0% +but you can improve it that's already +that's that's more in + + align:start position:0% +that's that's more in + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's more in +stand up additional training but making + + align:start position:0% +stand up additional training but making + + + align:start position:0% +stand up additional training but making +the first jump of being able to deal + + align:start position:0% +the first jump of being able to deal + + + align:start position:0% +the first jump of being able to deal +with this non-existent gaze collecting a + + align:start position:0% +with this non-existent gaze collecting a + + + align:start position:0% +with this non-existent gaze collecting a +lot of data without any supervision + + align:start position:0% +lot of data without any supervision + + + align:start position:0% +lot of data without any supervision +which is quite accurate about where the + + align:start position:0% +which is quite accurate about where the + + + align:start position:0% +which is quite accurate about where the +gaze is and so on this is supplied by + + align:start position:0% +gaze is and so on this is supplied by + + + align:start position:0% +gaze is and so on this is supplied by +again this internal teaching signal that + + align:start position:0% +again this internal teaching signal that + + + align:start position:0% +again this internal teaching signal that +can come instead of any external + + align:start position:0% +can come instead of any external + + + align:start position:0% +can come instead of any external +supervision and make it make it + + align:start position:0% +supervision and make it make it + + + align:start position:0% +supervision and make it make it +unnecessary and you can do it without + + align:start position:0% +unnecessary and you can do it without + + + align:start position:0% +unnecessary and you can do it without +I'd sites outside supervision it also + + align:start position:0% +I'd sites outside supervision it also + + + align:start position:0% +I'd sites outside supervision it also +has I think some the beginning of the + + align:start position:0% +has I think some the beginning of the + + + align:start position:0% +has I think some the beginning of the +mall cognitive correct Association like + + align:start position:0% +mall cognitive correct Association like + + + align:start position:0% +mall cognitive correct Association like +the hand is associated with moving + + align:start position:0% +the hand is associated with moving + + + align:start position:0% +the hand is associated with moving +moving object direction of gaze and + + align:start position:0% +moving object direction of gaze and + + + align:start position:0% +moving object direction of gaze and +going to where the following it and you + + align:start position:0% +going to where the following it and you + + + align:start position:0% +going to where the following it and you +know what to see what is the object at + + align:start position:0% +know what to see what is the object at + + + align:start position:0% +know what to see what is the object at +the other end and so on this is all the + + align:start position:0% +the other end and so on this is all the + + + align:start position:0% +the other end and so on this is all the +gaze is associated with attention of + + align:start position:0% +gaze is associated with attention of + + + align:start position:0% +gaze is associated with attention of +people what are interested in at the + + align:start position:0% +people what are interested in at the + + + align:start position:0% +people what are interested in at the +moment so it's not just the fact that + + align:start position:0% +moment so it's not just the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +moment so it's not just the fact that +you connect the face with the target + + align:start position:0% +you connect the face with the target + + + align:start position:0% +you connect the face with the target +object and so on is a good way of + + align:start position:0% +object and so on is a good way of + + + align:start position:0% +object and so on is a good way of +creating internal supervision but it + + align:start position:0% +creating internal supervision but it + + + align:start position:0% +creating internal supervision but it +also starts to I think create the right + + align:start position:0% +also starts to I think create the right + + + align:start position:0% +also starts to I think create the right +association that hand is associated with + + align:start position:0% +association that hand is associated with + + + align:start position:0% +association that hand is associated with +manipulation in goals of manipulating + + align:start position:0% +manipulation in goals of manipulating + + + align:start position:0% +manipulation in goals of manipulating +objects in gaze is associated with + + align:start position:0% +objects in gaze is associated with + + + align:start position:0% +objects in gaze is associated with +tension and what we are paying attention + + align:start position:0% +tension and what we are paying attention + + + align:start position:0% +tension and what we are paying attention +to and so on so you can see that you + + align:start position:0% +to and so on so you can see that you + + + align:start position:0% +to and so on so you can see that you +start to have based on this if you have + + align:start position:0% +start to have based on this if you have + + + align:start position:0% +start to have based on this if you have +an image like this and you can detect + + align:start position:0% +an image like this and you can detect + + + align:start position:0% +an image like this and you can detect +hands and you know what scheme that does + + align:start position:0% +hands and you know what scheme that does + + + align:start position:0% +hands and you know what scheme that does +it you know about hands you know about + + align:start position:0% +it you know about hands you know about + + + align:start position:0% +it you know about hands you know about +direction of gaze you know about I + + align:start position:0% +direction of gaze you know about I + + + align:start position:0% +direction of gaze you know about I +didn't talk about it but you also follow + + align:start position:0% +didn't talk about it but you also follow + + + align:start position:0% +didn't talk about it but you also follow +which objects move around and you know + + align:start position:0% +which objects move around and you know + + + align:start position:0% +which objects move around and you know +which objects are movable and which + + align:start position:0% +which objects are movable and which + + + align:start position:0% +which objects are movable and which +object or not so a very simple scheme + + align:start position:0% +object or not so a very simple scheme + + + align:start position:0% +object or not so a very simple scheme +that follows the chains of processing + + align:start position:0% +that follows the chains of processing + + + align:start position:0% +that follows the chains of processing +that I described so already starts to no + + align:start position:0% +that I described so already starts to no + + + align:start position:0% +that I described so already starts to no +hesitate you know it's not quite quite + + align:start position:0% +hesitate you know it's not quite quite + + + align:start position:0% +hesitate you know it's not quite quite +having this full in the representation + + align:start position:0% +having this full in the representation + + + align:start position:0% +having this full in the representation +in itself but it's quite along the way + + align:start position:0% +in itself but it's quite along the way + + + align:start position:0% +in itself but it's quite along the way +that there are two agents here the two + + align:start position:0% +that there are two agents here the two + + + align:start position:0% +that there are two agents here the two +agents are manipulating objects and the + + align:start position:0% +agents are manipulating objects and the + + + align:start position:0% +agents are manipulating objects and the +one of the left is actually interested + + align:start position:0% +one of the left is actually interested + + + align:start position:0% +one of the left is actually interested +in the object that the other one is + + align:start position:0% +in the object that the other one is + + + align:start position:0% +in the object that the other one is +holding + + align:start position:0% +holding + + + align:start position:0% +holding +so you have all the sort of the building + + align:start position:0% +so you have all the sort of the building + + + align:start position:0% +so you have all the sort of the building +blocks to start building to start having + + align:start position:0% +blocks to start building to start having + + + align:start position:0% +blocks to start building to start having +an internal description along its line + + align:start position:0% +an internal description along its line + + + align:start position:0% +an internal description along its line +following the the chain of processing + + align:start position:0% +following the the chain of processing + + + align:start position:0% +following the the chain of processing +that I I mentioned and by the way this + + align:start position:0% +that I I mentioned and by the way this + + + align:start position:0% +that I I mentioned and by the way this +internal training that one thing can + + align:start position:0% +internal training that one thing can + + + align:start position:0% +internal training that one thing can +train another if you want sort of simple + + align:start position:0% +train another if you want sort of simple + + + align:start position:0% +train another if you want sort of simple +mover can train your hand move the hand + + align:start position:0% +mover can train your hand move the hand + + + align:start position:0% +mover can train your hand move the hand +a hand together can train a gaze + + align:start position:0% +a hand together can train a gaze + + + align:start position:0% +a hand together can train a gaze +detector it turns out that gaze is + + align:start position:0% +detector it turns out that gaze is + + + align:start position:0% +detector it turns out that gaze is +important in learning language in + + align:start position:0% +important in learning language in + + + align:start position:0% +important in learning language in +disambiguating nouns and verbs when you + + align:start position:0% +disambiguating nouns and verbs when you + + + align:start position:0% +disambiguating nouns and verbs when you +learn language when you acquire your + + align:start position:0% +learn language when you acquire your + + + align:start position:0% +learn language when you acquire your +first language so this is from verb + + align:start position:0% +first language so this is from verb + + + align:start position:0% +first language so this is from verb +learning from a particular experiment + + align:start position:0% +learning from a particular experiment + + + align:start position:0% +learning from a particular experiment +but let's me ignore this let's simple + + align:start position:0% +but let's me ignore this let's simple + + + align:start position:0% +but let's me ignore this let's simple +example would be acquiring and now that + + align:start position:0% +example would be acquiring and now that + + + align:start position:0% +example would be acquiring and now that +I say say some oh look at my new blicket + + align:start position:0% +I say say some oh look at my new blicket + + + align:start position:0% +I say say some oh look at my new blicket +and people have done experiments like + + align:start position:0% +and people have done experiments like + + + align:start position:0% +and people have done experiments like +this and I can say look at my blicket + + align:start position:0% +this and I can say look at my blicket + + + align:start position:0% +this and I can say look at my blicket +looking at an object on the right side + + align:start position:0% +looking at an object on the right side + + + align:start position:0% +looking at an object on the right side +or looking at another object on the left + + align:start position:0% +or looking at another object on the left + + + align:start position:0% +or looking at another object on the left +side saying exactly the same expression + + align:start position:0% +side saying exactly the same expression + + + align:start position:0% +side saying exactly the same expression +and people have shown that infants + + align:start position:0% +and people have shown that infants + + + align:start position:0% +and people have shown that infants +exposed to this kind of situation they + + align:start position:0% +exposed to this kind of situation they + + + align:start position:0% +exposed to this kind of situation they +automatically associate the term the + + align:start position:0% +automatically associate the term the + + + align:start position:0% +automatically associate the term the +noun blicket with the object that has + + align:start position:0% +noun blicket with the object that has + + + align:start position:0% +noun blicket with the object that has +been attendant to namely the gaze was + + align:start position:0% +been attendant to namely the gaze was + + + align:start position:0% +been attendant to namely the gaze was +used in order to disambiguate the + + align:start position:0% +used in order to disambiguate the + + + align:start position:0% +used in order to disambiguate the +reference so you can see a nice starting + + align:start position:0% +reference so you can see a nice starting + + + align:start position:0% +reference so you can see a nice starting +with very low-level internal guiding + + align:start position:0% +with very low-level internal guiding + + + align:start position:0% +with very low-level internal guiding +signals or moving pixels that can tell + + align:start position:0% +signals or moving pixels that can tell + + + align:start position:0% +signals or moving pixels that can tell +you about about hands and about + + align:start position:0% +you about about hands and about + + + align:start position:0% +you about about hands and about +direction of gaze and then direction of + + align:start position:0% +direction of gaze and then direction of + + + align:start position:0% +direction of gaze and then direction of +gaze helps you to disambiguate the + + align:start position:0% +gaze helps you to disambiguate the + + + align:start position:0% +gaze helps you to disambiguate the +reference of words so this kind of + + align:start position:0% +reference of words so this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +reference of words so this kind of +trajectories of internal supervision + + align:start position:0% +trajectories of internal supervision + + + align:start position:0% +trajectories of internal supervision +that can help you learn to to deal with + + align:start position:0% +that can help you learn to to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +that can help you learn to to deal with +the with the world this is to me a part + + align:start position:0% +the with the world this is to me a part + + + align:start position:0% +the with the world this is to me a part +of a larger project which we call the + + align:start position:0% +of a larger project which we call the + + + align:start position:0% +of a larger project which we call the +digital baby in which we it's an + + align:start position:0% +digital baby in which we it's an + + + align:start position:0% +digital baby in which we it's an +extension of this we really want to + + align:start position:0% +extension of this we really want to + + + align:start position:0% +extension of this we really want to +understand what are all these various + + align:start position:0% +understand what are all these various + + + align:start position:0% +understand what are all these various +innate capacities that we are born with + + align:start position:0% +innate capacities that we are born with + + + align:start position:0% +innate capacities that we are born with +cognitively and we mentioned here a + + align:start position:0% +cognitively and we mentioned here a + + + align:start position:0% +cognitively and we mentioned here a +number of suggested one the moogle how + + align:start position:0% +number of suggested one the moogle how + + + align:start position:0% +number of suggested one the moogle how +the mover can train the gaze and the + + align:start position:0% +the mover can train the gaze and the + + + align:start position:0% +the mover can train the gaze and the +core training of two systems some of + + align:start position:0% +core training of two systems some of + + + align:start position:0% +core training of two systems some of +these things we think that are happening + + align:start position:0% +these things we think that are happening + + + align:start position:0% +these things we think that are happening +innately before we + + align:start position:0% +innately before we + + + align:start position:0% +innately before we +begin to learn and then we would like to + + align:start position:0% +begin to learn and then we would like to + + + align:start position:0% +begin to learn and then we would like to +be able to watch lots and lots of + + align:start position:0% +be able to watch lots and lots of + + + align:start position:0% +be able to watch lots and lots of +sensory input which could be visual can + + align:start position:0% +sensory input which could be visual can + + + align:start position:0% +sensory input which could be visual can +be in general non visual and from this + + align:start position:0% +be in general non visual and from this + + + align:start position:0% +be in general non visual and from this +to generate what will happen is the + + align:start position:0% +to generate what will happen is the + + + align:start position:0% +to generate what will happen is the +automatic generation and lots of lots of + + align:start position:0% +automatic generation and lots of lots of + + + align:start position:0% +automatic generation and lots of lots of +understanding of the world concepts like + + align:start position:0% +understanding of the world concepts like + + + align:start position:0% +understanding of the world concepts like +hands and intention direction of looking + + align:start position:0% +hands and intention direction of looking + + + align:start position:0% +hands and intention direction of looking +and avenged nouns and verbs and so on so + + align:start position:0% +and avenged nouns and verbs and so on so + + + align:start position:0% +and avenged nouns and verbs and so on so +how how we'll be able to do it note that + + align:start position:0% +how how we'll be able to do it note that + + + align:start position:0% +how how we'll be able to do it note that +it's very different from the less + + align:start position:0% +it's very different from the less + + + align:start position:0% +it's very different from the less +structured the direction of deep + + align:start position:0% +structured the direction of deep + + + align:start position:0% +structured the direction of deep +networks which are interesting and are + + align:start position:0% +networks which are interesting and are + + + align:start position:0% +networks which are interesting and are +doing wonderful things I think that very + + align:start position:0% +doing wonderful things I think that very + + + align:start position:0% +doing wonderful things I think that very +useful tool but I think that are not the + + align:start position:0% +useful tool but I think that are not the + + + align:start position:0% +useful tool but I think that are not the +answer to the digital baby they do not + + align:start position:0% +answer to the digital baby they do not + + + align:start position:0% +answer to the digital baby they do not +have the capacity to to learn + + align:start position:0% +have the capacity to to learn + + + align:start position:0% +have the capacity to to learn +interesting concepts in in an + + align:start position:0% +interesting concepts in in an + + + align:start position:0% +interesting concepts in in an +unsupervised way they do not distinguish + + align:start position:0% +unsupervised way they do not distinguish + + + align:start position:0% +unsupervised way they do not distinguish +they go as I showed you the very + + align:start position:0% +they go as I showed you the very + + + align:start position:0% +they go as I showed you the very +beginning with the cats and upper body + + align:start position:0% +beginning with the cats and upper body + + + align:start position:0% +beginning with the cats and upper body +and so on they go only for the salient + + align:start position:0% +and so on they go only for the salient + + + align:start position:0% +and so on they go only for the salient +things gaze is not a salient thing I + + align:start position:0% +things gaze is not a salient thing I + + + align:start position:0% +things gaze is not a salient thing I +mean we have internal signal that allow + + align:start position:0% +mean we have internal signal that allow + + + align:start position:0% +mean we have internal signal that allow +us to zoom in on meaningful things even + + align:start position:0% +us to zoom in on meaningful things even + + + align:start position:0% +us to zoom in on meaningful things even +if they are not very salient objectively + + align:start position:0% +if they are not very salient objectively + + + align:start position:0% +if they are not very salient objectively +in the statistical sense there is + + align:start position:0% +in the statistical sense there is + + + align:start position:0% +in the statistical sense there is +something inside us that is tuned to it + + align:start position:0% +something inside us that is tuned to it + + + align:start position:0% +something inside us that is tuned to it +were born with it and it guides us + + align:start position:0% +were born with it and it guides us + + + align:start position:0% +were born with it and it guides us +towards extracting this meaningful + + align:start position:0% +towards extracting this meaningful + + + align:start position:0% +towards extracting this meaningful +information even if it's not all that + + align:start position:0% +information even if it's not all that + + + align:start position:0% +information even if it's not all that +salient so all of these things are + + align:start position:0% +salient so all of these things are + + + align:start position:0% +salient so all of these things are +missing from the unstructured net or the + + align:start position:0% +missing from the unstructured net or the + + + align:start position:0% +missing from the unstructured net or the +network which are do not have all of + + align:start position:0% +network which are do not have all of + + + align:start position:0% +network which are do not have all of +this pre concept and internal guidance + + align:start position:0% +this pre concept and internal guidance + + + align:start position:0% +this pre concept and internal guidance +and I don't think that they will provide + + align:start position:0% +and I don't think that they will provide + + + align:start position:0% +and I don't think that they will provide +a good model for cognitive learning in + + align:start position:0% +a good model for cognitive learning in + + + align:start position:0% +a good model for cognitive learning in +this sense of the digital baby although + + align:start position:0% +this sense of the digital baby although + + + align:start position:0% +this sense of the digital baby although +I can see very useful role for them for + + align:start position:0% +I can see very useful role for them for + + + align:start position:0% +I can see very useful role for them for +example it's just in answer to the wins + + align:start position:0% +example it's just in answer to the wins + + + align:start position:0% +example it's just in answer to the wins +a question that if you want to then get + + align:start position:0% +a question that if you want to then get + + + align:start position:0% +a question that if you want to then get +from all the data and the internal + + align:start position:0% +from all the data and the internal + + + align:start position:0% +from all the data and the internal +supervision that you provided you want + + align:start position:0% +supervision that you provided you want + + + align:start position:0% +supervision that you provided you want +to get an accurate gauge detector then + + align:start position:0% +to get an accurate gauge detector then + + + align:start position:0% +to get an accurate gauge detector then +training + + align:start position:0% +training + + + align:start position:0% +training +using supervision training inappropriate + + align:start position:0% +using supervision training inappropriate + + + align:start position:0% +using supervision training inappropriate +deep network can be a very good way way + + align:start position:0% +deep network can be a very good way way + + + align:start position:0% +deep network can be a very good way way +to go + + align:start position:0% +to go + + + align:start position:0% +to go +I wonder if you also show you this is + + align:start position:0% +I wonder if you also show you this is + + + align:start position:0% +I wonder if you also show you this is +not directly related but it's something + + align:start position:0% +not directly related but it's something + + + align:start position:0% +not directly related but it's something +impressive about the use of hands in + + align:start position:0% +impressive about the use of hands in + + + align:start position:0% +impressive about the use of hands in +order to understand the world just to + + align:start position:0% +order to understand the world just to + + + align:start position:0% +order to understand the world just to +show you how smart infants are I talked + + align:start position:0% +show you how smart infants are I talked + + + align:start position:0% +show you how smart infants are I talked +more about detecting the hands it will + + align:start position:0% +more about detecting the hands it will + + + align:start position:0% +more about detecting the hands it will +it was more the visual aspect or fear is + + align:start position:0% +it was more the visual aspect or fear is + + + align:start position:0% +it was more the visual aspect or fear is +an image showing me the hand but how + + align:start position:0% +an image showing me the hand but how + + + align:start position:0% +an image showing me the hand but how +they use it and this is at the age of + + align:start position:0% +they use it and this is at the age of + + + align:start position:0% +they use it and this is at the age of +about one year maybe thirteen months but + + align:start position:0% +about one year maybe thirteen months but + + + align:start position:0% +about one year maybe thirteen months but +one year of age here is the experiment I + + align:start position:0% +one year of age here is the experiment I + + + align:start position:0% +one year of age here is the experiment I +think it's it's really nice experiment + + align:start position:0% +think it's it's really nice experiment + + + align:start position:0% +think it's it's really nice experiment +experiment this experiment was with the + + align:start position:0% +experiment this experiment was with the + + + align:start position:0% +experiment this experiment was with the +experimenter this is the experiment one + + align:start position:0% +experimenter this is the experiment one + + + align:start position:0% +experimenter this is the experiment one +imagine what happened in the experiment + + align:start position:0% +imagine what happened in the experiment + + + align:start position:0% +imagine what happened in the experiment +is that there was a sort of a lamp that + + align:start position:0% +is that there was a sort of a lamp that + + + align:start position:0% +is that there was a sort of a lamp that +you can turn the lamp on by pressing it + + align:start position:0% +you can turn the lamp on by pressing it + + + align:start position:0% +you can turn the lamp on by pressing it +from above it sort of it's a dome shape + + align:start position:0% +from above it sort of it's a dome shape + + + align:start position:0% +from above it sort of it's a dome shape +you press it down and it turn it turns + + align:start position:0% +you press it down and it turn it turns + + + align:start position:0% +you press it down and it turn it turns +on and shines blue light and it's very + + align:start position:0% +on and shines blue light and it's very + + + align:start position:0% +on and shines blue light and it's very +nice and babies like it and they smile + + align:start position:0% +nice and babies like it and they smile + + + align:start position:0% +nice and babies like it and they smile +at it and they jiggle and they like this + + align:start position:0% +at it and they jiggle and they like this + + + align:start position:0% +at it and they jiggle and they like this +turning of the bright light and during + + align:start position:0% +turning of the bright light and during + + + align:start position:0% +turning of the bright light and during +the experiment what happens is that a + + align:start position:0% +the experiment what happens is that a + + + align:start position:0% +the experiment what happens is that a +infant is sitting on its parents lap and + + align:start position:0% +infant is sitting on its parents lap and + + + align:start position:0% +infant is sitting on its parents lap and +the experimenter is on the other side at + + align:start position:0% +the experimenter is on the other side at + + + align:start position:0% +the experimenter is on the other side at +the experimenter and she turns on the + + align:start position:0% +the experimenter and she turns on the + + + align:start position:0% +the experimenter and she turns on the +light but she turns on the light instead + + align:start position:0% +light but she turns on the light instead + + + align:start position:0% +light but she turns on the light instead +of pressing it as you'd expect with her + + align:start position:0% +of pressing it as you'd expect with her + + + align:start position:0% +of pressing it as you'd expect with her +hand she's pressing it on with pressing + + align:start position:0% +hand she's pressing it on with pressing + + + align:start position:0% +hand she's pressing it on with pressing +on on it with a forehead she leans + + align:start position:0% +on on it with a forehead she leans + + + align:start position:0% +on on it with a forehead she leans +forward and she presses the lamp this + + align:start position:0% +forward and she presses the lamp this + + + align:start position:0% +forward and she presses the lamp this +dome and the light comes on and this is + + align:start position:0% +dome and the light comes on and this is + + + align:start position:0% +dome and the light comes on and this is +the and then these are babies that can + + align:start position:0% +the and then these are babies that can + + + align:start position:0% +the and then these are babies that can +already manipulate objects after they + + align:start position:0% +already manipulate objects after they + + + align:start position:0% +already manipulate objects after they +see it three or four times and are happy + + align:start position:0% +see it three or four times and are happy + + + align:start position:0% +see it three or four times and are happy +seeing the light coming on they are + + align:start position:0% +seeing the light coming on they are + + + align:start position:0% +seeing the light coming on they are +handed the lamp and asked to turn it on + + align:start position:0% +handed the lamp and asked to turn it on + + + align:start position:0% +handed the lamp and asked to turn it on +on their own and here is the clever + + align:start position:0% +on their own and here is the clever + + + align:start position:0% +on their own and here is the clever +manipulation the for half the babies + + align:start position:0% +manipulation the for half the babies + + + align:start position:0% +manipulation the for half the babies +then the experimenter had her hands + + align:start position:0% +then the experimenter had her hands + + + align:start position:0% +then the experimenter had her hands +concealed she didn't have her hands here + + align:start position:0% +concealed she didn't have her hands here + + + align:start position:0% +concealed she didn't have her hands here +no hands under this poncho healed the + + align:start position:0% +no hands under this poncho healed the + + + align:start position:0% +no hands under this poncho healed the +same very similar thing but the hands of + + align:start position:0% +same very similar thing but the hands of + + + align:start position:0% +same very similar thing but the hands of +visible + + align:start position:0% +visible + + + align:start position:0% +visible +now it turns out that the babies or the + + align:start position:0% +now it turns out that the babies or the + + + align:start position:0% +now it turns out that the babies or the +Indies are not babies anymore + + align:start position:0% +Indies are not babies anymore + + + align:start position:0% +Indies are not babies anymore +he's already young infants some of them + + align:start position:0% +he's already young infants some of them + + + align:start position:0% +he's already young infants some of them +when they were handed the lamp they did + + align:start position:0% +when they were handed the lamp they did + + + align:start position:0% +when they were handed the lamp they did +exactly what the experimenter did they + + align:start position:0% +exactly what the experimenter did they + + + align:start position:0% +exactly what the experimenter did they +bent over and pressed it the lampreys + + align:start position:0% +bent over and pressed it the lampreys + + + align:start position:0% +bent over and pressed it the lampreys +the forehead and turned it on and other + + align:start position:0% +the forehead and turned it on and other + + + align:start position:0% +the forehead and turned it on and other +children instead of although that's what + + align:start position:0% +children instead of although that's what + + + align:start position:0% +children instead of although that's what +they saw when they got the lamp over to + + align:start position:0% +they saw when they got the lamp over to + + + align:start position:0% +they saw when they got the lamp over to +the other side they turned it on by + + align:start position:0% +the other side they turned it on by + + + align:start position:0% +the other side they turned it on by +pressing it with their hand unlike what + + align:start position:0% +pressing it with their hand unlike what + + + align:start position:0% +pressing it with their hand unlike what +they saw the experimenter do any + + align:start position:0% +they saw the experimenter do any + + + align:start position:0% +they saw the experimenter do any +prediction on your side what happened + + align:start position:0% +prediction on your side what happened + + + align:start position:0% +prediction on your side what happened +you've seen this to situation when which + + align:start position:0% +you've seen this to situation when which + + + align:start position:0% +you've seen this to situation when which +babies I mean in in this case Oh in this + + align:start position:0% +babies I mean in in this case Oh in this + + + align:start position:0% +babies I mean in in this case Oh in this +case in which case do you think they + + align:start position:0% +case in which case do you think they + + + align:start position:0% +case in which case do you think they +actually did it with their hands rather + + align:start position:0% +actually did it with their hands rather + + + align:start position:0% +actually did it with their hands rather +than the rather than using the forehead + + align:start position:0% +than the rather than using the forehead + + + align:start position:0% +than the rather than using the forehead +any guess yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's right and what's the reasoning + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but you think about you know baby if you + + align:start position:0% +but you think about you know baby if you + + + align:start position:0% +but you think about you know baby if you +saw a baby it infant young what + + align:start position:0% +saw a baby it infant young what + + + align:start position:0% +saw a baby it infant young what +one-year-old just you know moving + + align:start position:0% +one-year-old just you know moving + + + align:start position:0% +one-year-old just you know moving +seemingly quasi randomly and so that's + + align:start position:0% +seemingly quasi randomly and so that's + + + align:start position:0% +seemingly quasi randomly and so that's +something like that went on in their + + align:start position:0% +something like that went on in their + + + align:start position:0% +something like that went on in their +head that he or she did it with a + + align:start position:0% +head that he or she did it with a + + + align:start position:0% +head that he or she did it with a +forehead she would have used their hands + + align:start position:0% +forehead she would have used their hands + + + align:start position:0% +forehead she would have used their hands +but she couldn't because they were + + align:start position:0% +but she couldn't because they were + + + align:start position:0% +but she couldn't because they were +concealed and she couldn't used them so + + align:start position:0% +concealed and she couldn't used them so + + + align:start position:0% +concealed and she couldn't used them so +she used the whole forehead but that's + + align:start position:0% +she used the whole forehead but that's + + + align:start position:0% +she used the whole forehead but that's +not the right way to do it I can do it + + align:start position:0% +not the right way to do it I can do it + + + align:start position:0% +not the right way to do it I can do it +differently and so on that's sort of + + align:start position:0% +differently and so on that's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +differently and so on that's sort of +they don't say it explicitly they don't + + align:start position:0% +they don't say it explicitly they don't + + + align:start position:0% +they don't say it explicitly they don't +have language but that's the kind of + + align:start position:0% +have language but that's the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +have language but that's the kind of +reasoning that went on and indeed a much + + align:start position:0% +reasoning that went on and indeed a much + + + align:start position:0% +reasoning that went on and indeed a much +larger proportion so this is the + + align:start position:0% +larger proportion so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +larger proportion so this is the +proportion of using their hands were the + + align:start position:0% +proportion of using their hands were the + + + align:start position:0% +proportion of using their hands were the +green I think was the hand occupied over + + align:start position:0% +green I think was the hand occupied over + + + align:start position:0% +green I think was the hand occupied over +in the hand of the experimenter it's + + align:start position:0% +in the hand of the experimenter it's + + + align:start position:0% +in the hand of the experimenter it's +free you see there is a big difference + + align:start position:0% +free you see there is a big difference + + + align:start position:0% +free you see there is a big difference +between the two groups so they noticed + + align:start position:0% +between the two groups so they noticed + + + align:start position:0% +between the two groups so they noticed +the in the hands they ran through some + + align:start position:0% +the in the hands they ran through some + + + align:start position:0% +the in the hands they ran through some +kind of influence and reasoning what + + align:start position:0% +kind of influence and reasoning what + + + align:start position:0% +kind of influence and reasoning what +hands are useful why I should do can + + align:start position:0% +hands are useful why I should do can + + + align:start position:0% +hands are useful why I should do can +should I do it in the same way because + + align:start position:0% +should I do it in the same way because + + + align:start position:0% +should I do it in the same way because +that's what other people are doing + + align:start position:0% +that's what other people are doing + + + align:start position:0% +that's what other people are doing +should I do it differently so it's I + + align:start position:0% +should I do it differently so it's I + + + align:start position:0% +should I do it differently so it's I +find it impressive so some general + + align:start position:0% +find it impressive so some general + + + align:start position:0% +find it impressive so some general +comment is general thoughts on learning + + align:start position:0% +comment is general thoughts on learning + + + align:start position:0% +comment is general thoughts on learning +and combination of learning and innate + + align:start position:0% +and combination of learning and innate + + + align:start position:0% +and combination of learning and innate +structures that + + align:start position:0% +structures that + + + align:start position:0% +structures that +there is a a big sort of argument in the + + align:start position:0% +there is a a big sort of argument in the + + + align:start position:0% +there is a a big sort of argument in the +field has been going on since + + align:start position:0% +field has been going on since + + + align:start position:0% +field has been going on since +philosophers in ancient times where the + + align:start position:0% +philosophers in ancient times where the + + + align:start position:0% +philosophers in ancient times where the +human cognition is is learned this is + + align:start position:0% +human cognition is is learned this is + + + align:start position:0% +human cognition is is learned this is +nativism against empiricism where + + align:start position:0% +nativism against empiricism where + + + align:start position:0% +nativism against empiricism where +nativism proposes that things are + + align:start position:0% +nativism proposes that things are + + + align:start position:0% +nativism proposes that things are +basically was born with what is needed + + align:start position:0% +basically was born with what is needed + + + align:start position:0% +basically was born with what is needed +in order to deal with the world and + + align:start position:0% +in order to deal with the world and + + + align:start position:0% +in order to deal with the world and +empiricism in the extreme form is that + + align:start position:0% +empiricism in the extreme form is that + + + align:start position:0% +empiricism in the extreme form is that +well born but blank slate and just a big + + align:start position:0% +well born but blank slate and just a big + + + align:start position:0% +well born but blank slate and just a big +learning machine maybe like deep network + + align:start position:0% +learning machine maybe like deep network + + + align:start position:0% +learning machine maybe like deep network +and we learn everything from the + + align:start position:0% +and we learn everything from the + + + align:start position:0% +and we learn everything from the +contingencies in the world so this is + + align:start position:0% +contingencies in the world so this is + + + align:start position:0% +contingencies in the world so this is +the empiricism + + align:start position:0% +the empiricism + + + align:start position:0% +the empiricism +versus nativism in this examples in an + + align:start position:0% +versus nativism in this examples in an + + + align:start position:0% +versus nativism in this examples in an +interesting way I think that complex + + align:start position:0% +interesting way I think that complex + + + align:start position:0% +interesting way I think that complex +concepts were neither learned on their + + align:start position:0% +concepts were neither learned on their + + + align:start position:0% +concepts were neither learned on their +own in aid so for example we didn't have + + align:start position:0% +own in aid so for example we didn't have + + + align:start position:0% +own in aid so for example we didn't have +an innate hand detector but also it + + align:start position:0% +an innate hand detector but also it + + + align:start position:0% +an innate hand detector but also it +couldn't emerge in a purely empiricist + + align:start position:0% +couldn't emerge in a purely empiricist + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't emerge in a purely empiricist +way but we had enough structure inside + + align:start position:0% +way but we had enough structure inside + + + align:start position:0% +way but we had enough structure inside +that would would not be the final + + align:start position:0% +that would would not be the final + + + align:start position:0% +that would would not be the final +solution but would be the right guidance + + align:start position:0% +solution but would be the right guidance + + + align:start position:0% +solution but would be the right guidance +or the right infrastructure to make to + + align:start position:0% +or the right infrastructure to make to + + + align:start position:0% +or the right infrastructure to make to +make learning pop possible and this is + + align:start position:0% +make learning pop possible and this is + + + align:start position:0% +make learning pop possible and this is +not just a very generic learner but this + + align:start position:0% +not just a very generic learner but this + + + align:start position:0% +not just a very generic learner but this +case the learner was informed by you + + align:start position:0% +case the learner was informed by you + + + align:start position:0% +case the learner was informed by you +know was looking for some movie events + + align:start position:0% +know was looking for some movie events + + + align:start position:0% +know was looking for some movie events +or things like it so it's not the hand + + align:start position:0% +or things like it so it's not the hand + + + align:start position:0% +or things like it so it's not the hand +it was the movies and this guides the + + align:start position:0% +it was the movies and this guides the + + + align:start position:0% +it was the movies and this guides the +system without supervision not only + + align:start position:0% +system without supervision not only + + + align:start position:0% +system without supervision not only +making supervision unnecessary but also + + align:start position:0% +making supervision unnecessary but also + + + align:start position:0% +making supervision unnecessary but also +focusing the learner on meaningful + + align:start position:0% +focusing the learner on meaningful + + + align:start position:0% +focusing the learner on meaningful +representations not necessarily just + + align:start position:0% +representations not necessarily just + + + align:start position:0% +representations not necessarily just +things which are the first things that + + align:start position:0% +things which are the first things that + + + align:start position:0% +things which are the first things that +jump at you from the statistically from + + align:start position:0% +jump at you from the statistically from + + + align:start position:0% +jump at you from the statistically from +the visual Fujio from the visual input + + align:start position:0% +the visual Fujio from the visual input + + + align:start position:0% +the visual Fujio from the visual input +so this kind of learning trajectories + + align:start position:0% +so this kind of learning trajectories + + + align:start position:0% +so this kind of learning trajectories +like they move their hand gaze and + + align:start position:0% +like they move their hand gaze and + + + align:start position:0% +like they move their hand gaze and +reference in language sort of natural + + align:start position:0% +reference in language sort of natural + + + align:start position:0% +reference in language sort of natural +trajectories in which one thing leads to + + align:start position:0% +trajectories in which one thing leads to + + + align:start position:0% +trajectories in which one thing leads to +another in help us acquire things which + + align:start position:0% +another in help us acquire things which + + + align:start position:0% +another in help us acquire things which +would be very difficult to extract + + align:start position:0% +would be very difficult to extract + + + align:start position:0% +would be very difficult to extract +otherwise as I mentioned at the + + align:start position:0% +otherwise as I mentioned at the + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise as I mentioned at the +beginning I think that are some + + align:start position:0% +beginning I think that are some + + + align:start position:0% +beginning I think that are some +interesting possibilities for AI + + align:start position:0% +interesting possibilities for AI + + + align:start position:0% +interesting possibilities for AI +as I said to build intelligent machines + + align:start position:0% +as I said to build intelligent machines + + + align:start position:0% +as I said to build intelligent machines +by not thinking about the final + + align:start position:0% +by not thinking about the final + + + align:start position:0% +by not thinking about the final +intelligent system but thinking about + + align:start position:0% +intelligent system but thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +intelligent system but thinking about +baby system with the right internal + + align:start position:0% +baby system with the right internal + + + align:start position:0% +baby system with the right internal +capacities which will make it able to + + align:start position:0% +capacities which will make it able to + + + align:start position:0% +capacities which will make it able to +then learn so the use of learning is + + align:start position:0% +then learn so the use of learning is + + + align:start position:0% +then learn so the use of learning is +sort of you know we all follow it but + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know we all follow it but + + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know we all follow it but +the point is probably just a big + + align:start position:0% +the point is probably just a big + + + align:start position:0% +the point is probably just a big +learning machine is not enough it's + + align:start position:0% +learning machine is not enough it's + + + align:start position:0% +learning machine is not enough it's +really the combination of we have to + + align:start position:0% +really the combination of we have to + + + align:start position:0% +really the combination of we have to +understand the kind of internal + + align:start position:0% +understand the kind of internal + + + align:start position:0% +understand the kind of internal +structures that allow babies to + + align:start position:0% +structures that allow babies to + + + align:start position:0% +structures that allow babies to +efficiently extract information from the + + align:start position:0% +efficiently extract information from the + + + align:start position:0% +efficiently extract information from the +world if we managed to put something + + align:start position:0% +world if we managed to put something + + + align:start position:0% +world if we managed to put something +like this into a baby system in let it + + align:start position:0% +like this into a baby system in let it + + + align:start position:0% +like this into a baby system in let it +interact with the world and we have a + + align:start position:0% +interact with the world and we have a + + + align:start position:0% +interact with the world and we have a +much higher chance of starting to + + align:start position:0% +much higher chance of starting to + + + align:start position:0% +much higher chance of starting to +develop really intelligent systems it's + + align:start position:0% +develop really intelligent systems it's + + + align:start position:0% +develop really intelligent systems it's +interesting by the way that in the + + align:start position:0% +interesting by the way that in the + + + align:start position:0% +interesting by the way that in the +original paper by Turing when he + + align:start position:0% +original paper by Turing when he + + + align:start position:0% +original paper by Turing when he +discusses the Turing test and how to + + align:start position:0% +discusses the Turing test and how to + + + align:start position:0% +discusses the Turing test and how to +build can machines think he discusses + + align:start position:0% +build can machines think he discusses + + + align:start position:0% +build can machines think he discusses +the issue about building intelligent + + align:start position:0% +the issue about building intelligent + + + align:start position:0% +the issue about building intelligent +machines somewhere in the future and he + + align:start position:0% +machines somewhere in the future and he + + + align:start position:0% +machines somewhere in the future and he +says that his hunch is that a really + + align:start position:0% +says that his hunch is that a really + + + align:start position:0% +says that his hunch is that a really +good way of building eventually + + align:start position:0% +good way of building eventually + + + align:start position:0% +good way of building eventually +intelligent computers intelligent + + align:start position:0% +intelligent computers intelligent + + + align:start position:0% +intelligent computers intelligent +machines would be to build a baby a baby + + align:start position:0% +machines would be to build a baby a baby + + + align:start position:0% +machines would be to build a baby a baby +computer a digital baby and let it learn + + align:start position:0% +computer a digital baby and let it learn + + + align:start position:0% +computer a digital baby and let it learn +rather than thinking about your the + + align:start position:0% +rather than thinking about your the + + + align:start position:0% +rather than thinking about your the +final one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/gt52wUN3VrQ.txt b/gt52wUN3VrQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..514286c7d9a0537f28f947475adacea9ea6a3e0b --- /dev/null +++ b/gt52wUN3VrQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11211 @@ +align:start position:0% + +today we're going to finish up with + + align:start position:0% +today we're going to finish up with + + + align:start position:0% +today we're going to finish up with +recurrent neural networks so as you + + align:start position:0% +recurrent neural networks so as you + + + align:start position:0% +recurrent neural networks so as you +remember we've been talking about the + + align:start position:0% +remember we've been talking about the + + + align:start position:0% +remember we've been talking about the +case where we have a layer of neurons in + + align:start position:0% +case where we have a layer of neurons in + + + align:start position:0% +case where we have a layer of neurons in +which we have recurrent connections + + align:start position:0% +which we have recurrent connections + + + align:start position:0% +which we have recurrent connections +between neurons in the output layer of + + align:start position:0% +between neurons in the output layer of + + + align:start position:0% +between neurons in the output layer of +our network and we've been developing + + align:start position:0% +our network and we've been developing + + + align:start position:0% +our network and we've been developing +the mathematical tools to describe the + + align:start position:0% +the mathematical tools to describe the + + + align:start position:0% +the mathematical tools to describe the +behavior of these networks and describe + + align:start position:0% +behavior of these networks and describe + + + align:start position:0% +behavior of these networks and describe +how they respond to their inputs and + + align:start position:0% +how they respond to their inputs and + + + align:start position:0% +how they respond to their inputs and +we've been talking about the different + + align:start position:0% +we've been talking about the different + + + align:start position:0% +we've been talking about the different +kinds of computations that recurrent + + align:start position:0% +kinds of computations that recurrent + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of computations that recurrent +neural networks can perform so you may + + align:start position:0% +neural networks can perform so you may + + + align:start position:0% +neural networks can perform so you may +recall that we started talking about we + + align:start position:0% +recall that we started talking about we + + + align:start position:0% +recall that we started talking about we +introduced the math of or the concept of + + align:start position:0% +introduced the math of or the concept of + + + align:start position:0% +introduced the math of or the concept of +how to study recurrent neural networks + + align:start position:0% +how to study recurrent neural networks + + + align:start position:0% +how to study recurrent neural networks +by looking at the simplest recurrent + + align:start position:0% +by looking at the simplest recurrent + + + align:start position:0% +by looking at the simplest recurrent +network that has a single SS single + + align:start position:0% +network that has a single SS single + + + align:start position:0% +network that has a single SS single +neuron with their recurrent connection + + align:start position:0% +neuron with their recurrent connection + + + align:start position:0% +neuron with their recurrent connection +called an autopsy + + align:start position:0% +called an autopsy + + + align:start position:0% +called an autopsy +that a recurrent connection has a + + align:start position:0% +that a recurrent connection has a + + + align:start position:0% +that a recurrent connection has a +strength lambda and we can write down + + align:start position:0% +strength lambda and we can write down + + + align:start position:0% +strength lambda and we can write down +let's see so we can write down the + + align:start position:0% +let's see so we can write down the + + + align:start position:0% +let's see so we can write down the +equation for this the response of this + + align:start position:0% +equation for this the response of this + + + align:start position:0% +equation for this the response of this +neuron without a recurrent connection as + + align:start position:0% +neuron without a recurrent connection as + + + align:start position:0% +neuron without a recurrent connection as +tau DV DT equals minus V the minus V + + align:start position:0% +tau DV DT equals minus V the minus V + + + align:start position:0% +tau DV DT equals minus V the minus V +gives a it's essentially a leak term so + + align:start position:0% +gives a it's essentially a leak term so + + + align:start position:0% +gives a it's essentially a leak term so +that if you put input into the neuron + + align:start position:0% +that if you put input into the neuron + + + align:start position:0% +that if you put input into the neuron +the response of the neuron in jumps up + + align:start position:0% +the response of the neuron in jumps up + + + align:start position:0% +the response of the neuron in jumps up +and then decays exponentially in + + align:start position:0% +and then decays exponentially in + + + align:start position:0% +and then decays exponentially in +response to an input age if we have a + + align:start position:0% +response to an input age if we have a + + + align:start position:0% +response to an input age if we have a +recurrent connection lambda then there's + + align:start position:0% +recurrent connection lambda then there's + + + align:start position:0% +recurrent connection lambda then there's +an additional input to the neuron that's + + align:start position:0% +an additional input to the neuron that's + + + align:start position:0% +an additional input to the neuron that's +proportional to the firing rate of the + + align:start position:0% +proportional to the firing rate of the + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to the firing rate of the +neuron we can rewrite that equation now + + align:start position:0% +neuron we can rewrite that equation now + + + align:start position:0% +neuron we can rewrite that equation now +as tau DV DT equals minus a quantity 1 + + align:start position:0% +as tau DV DT equals minus a quantity 1 + + + align:start position:0% +as tau DV DT equals minus a quantity 1 +minus lambda times V plus the input and + + align:start position:0% +minus lambda times V plus the input and + + + align:start position:0% +minus lambda times V plus the input and +the behavior of this simple recurrent + + align:start position:0% +the behavior of this simple recurrent + + + align:start position:0% +the behavior of this simple recurrent +network depends strongly on the value of + + align:start position:0% +network depends strongly on the value of + + + align:start position:0% +network depends strongly on the value of +this coefficient 1 minus lambda and + + align:start position:0% +this coefficient 1 minus lambda and + + + align:start position:0% +this coefficient 1 minus lambda and +we've talked about three different cases + + align:start position:0% +we've talked about three different cases + + + align:start position:0% +we've talked about three different cases +we've talked about the case where lambda + + align:start position:0% +we've talked about the case where lambda + + + align:start position:0% +we've talked about the case where lambda +is less than 1 where lambda is equal to + + align:start position:0% +is less than 1 where lambda is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +is less than 1 where lambda is equal to +1 in which case this coefficient is 0 + + align:start position:0% +1 in which case this coefficient is 0 + + + align:start position:0% +1 in which case this coefficient is 0 +and when lambda is greater than 1 so + + align:start position:0% +and when lambda is greater than 1 so + + + align:start position:0% +and when lambda is greater than 1 so +let's look at those three cases again + + align:start position:0% +let's look at those three cases again + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at those three cases again +for this equation so when lambda is less + + align:start position:0% +for this equation so when lambda is less + + + align:start position:0% +for this equation so when lambda is less +than 1 you can see that this quantity + + align:start position:0% +than 1 you can see that this quantity + + + align:start position:0% +than 1 you can see that this quantity +right here + + align:start position:0% +right here + + + align:start position:0% +right here +this coefficient in front of the V is + + align:start position:0% +this coefficient in front of the V is + + + align:start position:0% +this coefficient in front of the V is +negative and what that means is that the + + align:start position:0% +negative and what that means is that the + + + align:start position:0% +negative and what that means is that the +firing rate of this neuron relaxes + + align:start position:0% +firing rate of this neuron relaxes + + + align:start position:0% +firing rate of this neuron relaxes +exponentially toward some H infinity + + align:start position:0% +exponentially toward some H infinity + + + align:start position:0% +exponentially toward some H infinity +some sorry some V infinity and then when + + align:start position:0% +some sorry some V infinity and then when + + + align:start position:0% +some sorry some V infinity and then when +the input goes away the neuron the + + align:start position:0% +the input goes away the neuron the + + + align:start position:0% +the input goes away the neuron the +firing rate decays exponentially toward + + align:start position:0% +firing rate decays exponentially toward + + + align:start position:0% +firing rate decays exponentially toward +zero okay so in the case where lambda is + + align:start position:0% +zero okay so in the case where lambda is + + + align:start position:0% +zero okay so in the case where lambda is +equal to one you can see that this + + align:start position:0% +equal to one you can see that this + + + align:start position:0% +equal to one you can see that this +coefficient is zero and now that you can + + align:start position:0% +coefficient is zero and now that you can + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient is zero and now that you can +see that the derivative of the firing + + align:start position:0% +see that the derivative of the firing + + + align:start position:0% +see that the derivative of the firing +rate of the neuron is just equal to the + + align:start position:0% +rate of the neuron is just equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +rate of the neuron is just equal to the +input what that means is that the firing + + align:start position:0% +input what that means is that the firing + + + align:start position:0% +input what that means is that the firing +rate of the neuron essentially + + align:start position:0% +rate of the neuron essentially + + + align:start position:0% +rate of the neuron essentially +integrates the input and you can see if + + align:start position:0% +integrates the input and you can see if + + + align:start position:0% +integrates the input and you can see if +you put a step input into this neuron + + align:start position:0% +you put a step input into this neuron + + + align:start position:0% +you put a step input into this neuron +with this recurrent connection of lambda + + align:start position:0% +with this recurrent connection of lambda + + + align:start position:0% +with this recurrent connection of lambda +equal one that the response of the + + align:start position:0% +equal one that the response of the + + + align:start position:0% +equal one that the response of the +neuron simply ramps up linearly which + + align:start position:0% +neuron simply ramps up linearly which + + + align:start position:0% +neuron simply ramps up linearly which +corresponds to integrating that step + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to integrating that step + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to integrating that step +input and then when the input is turned + + align:start position:0% +input and then when the input is turned + + + align:start position:0% +input and then when the input is turned +off and goes back to zero you can see + + align:start position:0% +off and goes back to zero you can see + + + align:start position:0% +off and goes back to zero you can see +that the firing rate of the neuron stays + + align:start position:0% +that the firing rate of the neuron stays + + + align:start position:0% +that the firing rate of the neuron stays +constant and that's because the leek is + + align:start position:0% +constant and that's because the leek is + + + align:start position:0% +constant and that's because the leek is +exactly balanced by this excitatory + + align:start position:0% +exactly balanced by this excitatory + + + align:start position:0% +exactly balanced by this excitatory +recurrent input from the neuron onto + + align:start position:0% +recurrent input from the neuron onto + + + align:start position:0% +recurrent input from the neuron onto +itself okay so you can see that for the + + align:start position:0% +itself okay so you can see that for the + + + align:start position:0% +itself okay so you can see that for the +case where lambda equals one there's + + align:start position:0% +case where lambda equals one there's + + + align:start position:0% +case where lambda equals one there's +persistent activity after you put an + + align:start position:0% +persistent activity after you put an + + + align:start position:0% +persistent activity after you put an +input into this draw and we talked about + + align:start position:0% +input into this draw and we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +input into this draw and we talked about +how this forms a short term memory of a + + align:start position:0% +how this forms a short term memory of a + + + align:start position:0% +how this forms a short term memory of a +that can be used for a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +that can be used for a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +that can be used for a bunch of +different things it's a short term + + align:start position:0% +different things it's a short term + + + align:start position:0% +different things it's a short term +memory of a scalar or a continuous + + align:start position:0% +memory of a scalar or a continuous + + + align:start position:0% +memory of a scalar or a continuous +quantity like AI position or or we + + align:start position:0% +quantity like AI position or or we + + + align:start position:0% +quantity like AI position or or we +talked about short-term memory + + align:start position:0% +talked about short-term memory + + + align:start position:0% +talked about short-term memory +integration being used for path + + align:start position:0% +integration being used for path + + + align:start position:0% +integration being used for path +integration or for accumulating evidence + + align:start position:0% +integration or for accumulating evidence + + + align:start position:0% +integration or for accumulating evidence +across noisy over long exposure to a + + align:start position:0% +across noisy over long exposure to a + + + align:start position:0% +across noisy over long exposure to a +noisy stimulus okay so today we're going + + align:start position:0% +noisy stimulus okay so today we're going + + + align:start position:0% +noisy stimulus okay so today we're going +to focus on networks where this lambda + + align:start position:0% +to focus on networks where this lambda + + + align:start position:0% +to focus on networks where this lambda +is greater than 1 and in that case you + + align:start position:0% +is greater than 1 and in that case you + + + align:start position:0% +is greater than 1 and in that case you +can see that the differential equation + + align:start position:0% +can see that the differential equation + + + align:start position:0% +can see that the differential equation +looks like this so if lambda is greater + + align:start position:0% +looks like this so if lambda is greater + + + align:start position:0% +looks like this so if lambda is greater +than 1 then the quantity inside the + + align:start position:0% +than 1 then the quantity inside the + + + align:start position:0% +than 1 then the quantity inside the +parentheses here is negative but that's + + align:start position:0% +parentheses here is negative but that's + + + align:start position:0% +parentheses here is negative but that's +multiplied by a minus 1 so the + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by a minus 1 so the + + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by a minus 1 so the +coefficient in front + + align:start position:0% +coefficient in front + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient in front +the V is positive so if V itself is a + + align:start position:0% +the V is positive so if V itself is a + + + align:start position:0% +the V is positive so if V itself is a +positive number then DV DT is also + + align:start position:0% +positive number then DV DT is also + + + align:start position:0% +positive number then DV DT is also +positive so if V is positive and DV DT + + align:start position:0% +positive so if V is positive and DV DT + + + align:start position:0% +positive so if V is positive and DV DT +is positive then what that means is that + + align:start position:0% +is positive then what that means is that + + + align:start position:0% +is positive then what that means is that +the firing rate of that neuron is + + align:start position:0% +the firing rate of that neuron is + + + align:start position:0% +the firing rate of that neuron is +growing and in this case it's growing + + align:start position:0% +growing and in this case it's growing + + + align:start position:0% +growing and in this case it's growing +exponentially + + align:start position:0% +exponentially + + + align:start position:0% +exponentially +so that when you put an input in the + + align:start position:0% +so that when you put an input in the + + + align:start position:0% +so that when you put an input in the +response of the neuron grows + + align:start position:0% +response of the neuron grows + + + align:start position:0% +response of the neuron grows +exponentially but when you turn the + + align:start position:0% +exponentially but when you turn the + + + align:start position:0% +exponentially but when you turn the +input off the neuron the firing rate of + + align:start position:0% +input off the neuron the firing rate of + + + align:start position:0% +input off the neuron the firing rate of +the neuron continues to grow + + align:start position:0% +the neuron continues to grow + + + align:start position:0% +the neuron continues to grow +exponentially + + align:start position:0% +exponentially + + + align:start position:0% +exponentially +okay which is a little bit a little bit + + align:start position:0% +okay which is a little bit a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +okay which is a little bit a little bit +crazy you know that neurons in the brain + + align:start position:0% +crazy you know that neurons in the brain + + + align:start position:0% +crazy you know that neurons in the brain +of course don't have firing rates that + + align:start position:0% +of course don't have firing rates that + + + align:start position:0% +of course don't have firing rates that +just keep growing exponentially and so + + align:start position:0% +just keep growing exponentially and so + + + align:start position:0% +just keep growing exponentially and so +we're gonna solve that problem by using + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna solve that problem by using + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna solve that problem by using +nonlinearities in the firing Fi curve of + + align:start position:0% +nonlinearities in the firing Fi curve of + + + align:start position:0% +nonlinearities in the firing Fi curve of +neurons but the key point here is that + + align:start position:0% +neurons but the key point here is that + + + align:start position:0% +neurons but the key point here is that +that this kind of network actually + + align:start position:0% +that this kind of network actually + + + align:start position:0% +that this kind of network actually +remembers that there was an input as + + align:start position:0% +remembers that there was an input as + + + align:start position:0% +remembers that there was an input as +opposed to this kind of network where + + align:start position:0% +opposed to this kind of network where + + + align:start position:0% +opposed to this kind of network where +the when the input goes away the + + align:start position:0% +the when the input goes away the + + + align:start position:0% +the when the input goes away the +activity of the network just decays back + + align:start position:0% +activity of the network just decays back + + + align:start position:0% +activity of the network just decays back +to zero this kind of network has no + + align:start position:0% +to zero this kind of network has no + + + align:start position:0% +to zero this kind of network has no +memory that there was an input long ago + + align:start position:0% +memory that there was an input long ago + + + align:start position:0% +memory that there was an input long ago +in the past whereas this kind of network + + align:start position:0% +in the past whereas this kind of network + + + align:start position:0% +in the past whereas this kind of network +remembers that there was an input okay + + align:start position:0% +remembers that there was an input okay + + + align:start position:0% +remembers that there was an input okay +and so that kind of property when lambda + + align:start position:0% +and so that kind of property when lambda + + + align:start position:0% +and so that kind of property when lambda +is greater than one is useful for + + align:start position:0% +is greater than one is useful for + + + align:start position:0% +is greater than one is useful for +storing memories so we're gonna expand + + align:start position:0% +storing memories so we're gonna expand + + + align:start position:0% +storing memories so we're gonna expand +on that idea in particular we're going + + align:start position:0% +on that idea in particular we're going + + + align:start position:0% +on that idea in particular we're going +to use that theme to build networks that + + align:start position:0% +to use that theme to build networks that + + + align:start position:0% +to use that theme to build networks that +have attractors that have stable states + + align:start position:0% +have attractors that have stable states + + + align:start position:0% +have attractors that have stable states +that they can go to that depend on prior + + align:start position:0% +that they can go to that depend on prior + + + align:start position:0% +that they can go to that depend on prior +inputs but also can be used to store + + align:start position:0% +inputs but also can be used to store + + + align:start position:0% +inputs but also can be used to store +long term memories all right we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +long term memories all right we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +long term memories all right we're gonna +see how that kind of network can also be + + align:start position:0% +see how that kind of network can also be + + + align:start position:0% +see how that kind of network can also be +used to produce a winner-take-all + + align:start position:0% +used to produce a winner-take-all + + + align:start position:0% +used to produce a winner-take-all +network that is sensitive to which of + + align:start position:0% +network that is sensitive to which of + + + align:start position:0% +network that is sensitive to which of +two inputs are stronger and stores a + + align:start position:0% +two inputs are stronger and stores a + + + align:start position:0% +two inputs are stronger and stores a +memory of preceding inputs where one + + align:start position:0% +memory of preceding inputs where one + + + align:start position:0% +memory of preceding inputs where one +input is stronger than the other or it + + align:start position:0% +input is stronger than the other or it + + + align:start position:0% +input is stronger than the other or it +ends up in a different state when let's + + align:start position:0% +ends up in a different state when let's + + + align:start position:0% +ends up in a different state when let's +say State want input one is stronger + + align:start position:0% +say State want input one is stronger + + + align:start position:0% +say State want input one is stronger +than input two and lands in a different + + align:start position:0% +than input two and lands in a different + + + align:start position:0% +than input two and lands in a different +state when input to is stronger than + + align:start position:0% +state when input to is stronger than + + + align:start position:0% +state when input to is stronger than +input + + align:start position:0% +input + + + align:start position:0% +input +one okay and we're going to then + + align:start position:0% +one okay and we're going to then + + + align:start position:0% +one okay and we're going to then +describe a particular model called a + + align:start position:0% +describe a particular model called a + + + align:start position:0% +describe a particular model called a +hopfield model for how attractor + + align:start position:0% +hopfield model for how attractor + + + align:start position:0% +hopfield model for how attractor +networks can store long-term memories + + align:start position:0% +networks can store long-term memories + + + align:start position:0% +networks can store long-term memories +we're going to introduce the idea of an + + align:start position:0% +we're going to introduce the idea of an + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to introduce the idea of an +energy landscape which is a property of + + align:start position:0% +energy landscape which is a property of + + + align:start position:0% +energy landscape which is a property of +networks that have symmetric connections + + align:start position:0% +networks that have symmetric connections + + + align:start position:0% +networks that have symmetric connections +of which the hopfield model is an + + align:start position:0% +of which the hopfield model is an + + + align:start position:0% +of which the hopfield model is an +example and then we're going to end by + + align:start position:0% +example and then we're going to end by + + + align:start position:0% +example and then we're going to end by +talking about how many memories such a + + align:start position:0% +talking about how many memories such a + + + align:start position:0% +talking about how many memories such a +network can actually store known as the + + align:start position:0% +network can actually store known as the + + + align:start position:0% +network can actually store known as the +capacity problem + + align:start position:0% +capacity problem + + + align:start position:0% +capacity problem +okay so let's start with recurrent + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's start with recurrent + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's start with recurrent +networks with lambda greater than what + + align:start position:0% +networks with lambda greater than what + + + align:start position:0% +networks with lambda greater than what +so let's start with our autopsy let's + + align:start position:0% +so let's start with our autopsy let's + + + align:start position:0% +so let's start with our autopsy let's +put lambda equal to two and again you + + align:start position:0% +put lambda equal to two and again you + + + align:start position:0% +put lambda equal to two and again you +can see that if we rewrite this equation + + align:start position:0% +can see that if we rewrite this equation + + + align:start position:0% +can see that if we rewrite this equation +with lambda greater than 1 we can write + + align:start position:0% +with lambda greater than 1 we can write + + + align:start position:0% +with lambda greater than 1 we can write +tau DV DT equals lambda minus 1 times V + + align:start position:0% +tau DV DT equals lambda minus 1 times V + + + align:start position:0% +tau DV DT equals lambda minus 1 times V +Plus H you can see that that the value + + align:start position:0% +Plus H you can see that that the value + + + align:start position:0% +Plus H you can see that that the value +of zero that the firing rate of zero is + + align:start position:0% +of zero that the firing rate of zero is + + + align:start position:0% +of zero that the firing rate of zero is +an unstable fixed point of the network + + align:start position:0% +an unstable fixed point of the network + + + align:start position:0% +an unstable fixed point of the network +why is that because if V equals zero + + align:start position:0% +why is that because if V equals zero + + + align:start position:0% +why is that because if V equals zero +then DV DT equals zero so what that + + align:start position:0% +then DV DT equals zero so what that + + + align:start position:0% +then DV DT equals zero so what that +means is that if the firing rate is + + align:start position:0% +means is that if the firing rate is + + + align:start position:0% +means is that if the firing rate is +exactly zero that's a fixed point of the + + align:start position:0% +exactly zero that's a fixed point of the + + + align:start position:0% +exactly zero that's a fixed point of the +system but if V is deviates very + + align:start position:0% +system but if V is deviates very + + + align:start position:0% +system but if V is deviates very +slightly from zero V becomes very + + align:start position:0% +slightly from zero V becomes very + + + align:start position:0% +slightly from zero V becomes very +slightly positive then DV DT is positive + + align:start position:0% +slightly positive then DV DT is positive + + + align:start position:0% +slightly positive then DV DT is positive +and the firing rate of the neuron starts + + align:start position:0% +and the firing rate of the neuron starts + + + align:start position:0% +and the firing rate of the neuron starts +running away okay so what you can see is + + align:start position:0% +running away okay so what you can see is + + + align:start position:0% +running away okay so what you can see is +if you start the firing rate at zero and + + align:start position:0% +if you start the firing rate at zero and + + + align:start position:0% +if you start the firing rate at zero and +have the input at zero then DV DT is + + align:start position:0% +have the input at zero then DV DT is + + + align:start position:0% +have the input at zero then DV DT is +zero and then and that network will stay + + align:start position:0% +zero and then and that network will stay + + + align:start position:0% +zero and then and that network will stay +at zero firing rate but if you put in a + + align:start position:0% +at zero firing rate but if you put in a + + + align:start position:0% +at zero firing rate but if you put in a +very slight a very small input then DV + + align:start position:0% +very slight a very small input then DV + + + align:start position:0% +very slight a very small input then DV +DT goes positive and the network + + align:start position:0% +DT goes positive and the network + + + align:start position:0% +DT goes positive and the network +activity runs away okay and so now let's + + align:start position:0% +activity runs away okay and so now let's + + + align:start position:0% +activity runs away okay and so now let's +put in an input of the opposite sign so + + align:start position:0% +put in an input of the opposite sign so + + + align:start position:0% +put in an input of the opposite sign so +now let's start with V equals zero and + + align:start position:0% +now let's start with V equals zero and + + + align:start position:0% +now let's start with V equals zero and +put in a very tiny negative input okay + + align:start position:0% +put in a very tiny negative input okay + + + align:start position:0% +put in a very tiny negative input okay +what's the network going to do so tau DV + + align:start position:0% +what's the network going to do so tau DV + + + align:start position:0% +what's the network going to do so tau DV +DT equals V so V is + + align:start position:0% +DT equals V so V is + + + align:start position:0% +DT equals V so V is +very slightly negative or if H is very + + align:start position:0% +very slightly negative or if H is very + + + align:start position:0% +very slightly negative or if H is very +slightly negative and be a zero then + + align:start position:0% +slightly negative and be a zero then + + + align:start position:0% +slightly negative and be a zero then +dv/dt will be negative and the network + + align:start position:0% +dv/dt will be negative and the network + + + align:start position:0% +dv/dt will be negative and the network +will run away in the negative direction + + align:start position:0% +will run away in the negative direction + + + align:start position:0% +will run away in the negative direction +okay so this network actually has can + + align:start position:0% +okay so this network actually has can + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this network actually has can +produce two memories it can produce a + + align:start position:0% +produce two memories it can produce a + + + align:start position:0% +produce two memories it can produce a +memory that a preceding input was + + align:start position:0% +memory that a preceding input was + + + align:start position:0% +memory that a preceding input was +positive or it can store a memory that a + + align:start position:0% +positive or it can store a memory that a + + + align:start position:0% +positive or it can store a memory that a +preceding input was negative okay so it + + align:start position:0% +preceding input was negative okay so it + + + align:start position:0% +preceding input was negative okay so it +has two configurations after you've put + + align:start position:0% +has two configurations after you've put + + + align:start position:0% +has two configurations after you've put +in an input that is positive or negative + + align:start position:0% +in an input that is positive or negative + + + align:start position:0% +in an input that is positive or negative +all right it can produce a positive + + align:start position:0% +all right it can produce a positive + + + align:start position:0% +all right it can produce a positive +output or a negative output that's + + align:start position:0% +output or a negative output that's + + + align:start position:0% +output or a negative output that's +persistent for a long time yes yeah so + + align:start position:0% +persistent for a long time yes yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +persistent for a long time yes yeah so +so you can basically reformulate + + align:start position:0% +so you can basically reformulate + + + align:start position:0% +so you can basically reformulate +everything that we've been talking about + + align:start position:0% +everything that we've been talking about + + + align:start position:0% +everything that we've been talking about +for neurons that have zero that can't + + align:start position:0% +for neurons that have zero that can't + + + align:start position:0% +for neurons that have zero that can't +have negative firing rates but in this + + align:start position:0% +have negative firing rates but in this + + + align:start position:0% +have negative firing rates but in this +case we've been working with linear + + align:start position:0% +case we've been working with linear + + + align:start position:0% +case we've been working with linear +neurons and and it seems like the + + align:start position:0% +neurons and and it seems like the + + + align:start position:0% +neurons and and it seems like the +negative firing rates are pretty + + align:start position:0% +negative firing rates are pretty + + + align:start position:0% +negative firing rates are pretty +non-physical non-intuitive but it's it's + + align:start position:0% +non-physical non-intuitive but it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +non-physical non-intuitive but it's it's +a pretty standard way to do the + + align:start position:0% +a pretty standard way to do the + + + align:start position:0% +a pretty standard way to do the +mathematical analysis for neurons like + + align:start position:0% +mathematical analysis for neurons like + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical analysis for neurons like +this is to treat them as linear but you + + align:start position:0% +this is to treat them as linear but you + + + align:start position:0% +this is to treat them as linear but you +can sort of reformulate all of these + + align:start position:0% +can sort of reformulate all of these + + + align:start position:0% +can sort of reformulate all of these +networks in a way that don't have that + + align:start position:0% +networks in a way that don't have that + + + align:start position:0% +networks in a way that don't have that +non-physical property so for now just + + align:start position:0% +non-physical property so for now just + + + align:start position:0% +non-physical property so for now just +let's just bear with this a slightly + + align:start position:0% +let's just bear with this a slightly + + + align:start position:0% +let's just bear with this a slightly +uncomfortable situation of having + + align:start position:0% +uncomfortable situation of having + + + align:start position:0% +uncomfortable situation of having +neurons that have negative firing rates + + align:start position:0% +neurons that have negative firing rates + + + align:start position:0% +neurons that have negative firing rates +generally we're going to associate + + align:start position:0% +generally we're going to associate + + + align:start position:0% +generally we're going to associate +negative firing rates as as inhibition + + align:start position:0% +negative firing rates as as inhibition + + + align:start position:0% +negative firing rates as as inhibition +okay but don't worry about that here all + + align:start position:0% +okay but don't worry about that here all + + + align:start position:0% +okay but don't worry about that here all +right so we're going to solve this + + align:start position:0% +right so we're going to solve this + + + align:start position:0% +right so we're going to solve this +problem that these neurons that have + + align:start position:0% +problem that these neurons that have + + + align:start position:0% +problem that these neurons that have +firing rates that are kind of running + + align:start position:0% +firing rates that are kind of running + + + align:start position:0% +firing rates that are kind of running +away exponentially by adding a nonlinear + + align:start position:0% +away exponentially by adding a nonlinear + + + align:start position:0% +away exponentially by adding a nonlinear +activation function okay so a typical a + + align:start position:0% +activation function okay so a typical a + + + align:start position:0% +activation function okay so a typical a +nonlinear activation function that you + + align:start position:0% +nonlinear activation function that you + + + align:start position:0% +nonlinear activation function that you +might use for linear neurons like you + + align:start position:0% +might use for linear neurons like you + + + align:start position:0% +might use for linear neurons like you +know for networks of the type we've been + + align:start position:0% +know for networks of the type we've been + + + align:start position:0% +know for networks of the type we've been +considering is a symmetric fi curve + + align:start position:0% +considering is a symmetric fi curve + + + align:start position:0% +considering is a symmetric fi curve +where if the input is positive and small + + align:start position:0% +where if the input is positive and small + + + align:start position:0% +where if the input is positive and small +the firing rate of the neuron grows + + align:start position:0% +the firing rate of the neuron grows + + + align:start position:0% +the firing rate of the neuron grows +linearly until you reach a point where + + align:start position:0% +linearly until you reach a point where + + + align:start position:0% +linearly until you reach a point where +it saturate + + align:start position:0% +it saturate + + + align:start position:0% +it saturate +and larger inputs don't produce any + + align:start position:0% +and larger inputs don't produce any + + + align:start position:0% +and larger inputs don't produce any +larger vibrate at the neuron so most + + align:start position:0% +larger vibrate at the neuron so most + + + align:start position:0% +larger vibrate at the neuron so most +neurons actually have kind of a + + align:start position:0% +neurons actually have kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +neurons actually have kind of a +saturating fi curve like this like + + align:start position:0% +saturating fi curve like this like + + + align:start position:0% +saturating fi curve like this like +hodgkin-huxley neurons begin to saturate + + align:start position:0% +hodgkin-huxley neurons begin to saturate + + + align:start position:0% +hodgkin-huxley neurons begin to saturate +why is that because the sodium channels + + align:start position:0% +why is that because the sodium channels + + + align:start position:0% +why is that because the sodium channels +begin to inactivate and it can't fire + + align:start position:0% +begin to inactivate and it can't fire + + + align:start position:0% +begin to inactivate and it can't fire +any faster then the there's a time + + align:start position:0% +any faster then the there's a time + + + align:start position:0% +any faster then the there's a time +between spikes that's sort of the + + align:start position:0% +between spikes that's sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +between spikes that's sort of the +closest that the neuron the fastest that + + align:start position:0% +closest that the neuron the fastest that + + + align:start position:0% +closest that the neuron the fastest that +the neuron can spike because of sodium + + align:start position:0% +the neuron can spike because of sodium + + + align:start position:0% +the neuron can spike because of sodium +channel and activation okay and then on + + align:start position:0% +channel and activation okay and then on + + + align:start position:0% +channel and activation okay and then on +the minus side if the input is small and + + align:start position:0% +the minus side if the input is small and + + + align:start position:0% +the minus side if the input is small and +negative then the firing rate of the + + align:start position:0% +negative then the firing rate of the + + + align:start position:0% +negative then the firing rate of the +neuron goes negative linearly and then + + align:start position:0% +neuron goes negative linearly and then + + + align:start position:0% +neuron goes negative linearly and then +saturates at some value and we typically + + align:start position:0% +saturates at some value and we typically + + + align:start position:0% +saturates at some value and we typically +have been around saturating between 1 + + align:start position:0% +have been around saturating between 1 + + + align:start position:0% +have been around saturating between 1 +and minus 1 so now if you start your + + align:start position:0% +and minus 1 so now if you start your + + + align:start position:0% +and minus 1 so now if you start your +neuron at zero firing rate and you put + + align:start position:0% +neuron at zero firing rate and you put + + + align:start position:0% +neuron at zero firing rate and you put +in a little positive input what's the + + align:start position:0% +in a little positive input what's the + + + align:start position:0% +in a little positive input what's the +neuron gonna do any guesses + + align:start position:0% +neuron gonna do any guesses + + + align:start position:0% +neuron gonna do any guesses +yeah it's going to it's going to start + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's going to it's going to start + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's going to it's going to start +running up exponentially but then it's + + align:start position:0% +running up exponentially but then it's + + + align:start position:0% +running up exponentially but then it's +going to saturate up here and so the + + align:start position:0% +going to saturate up here and so the + + + align:start position:0% +going to saturate up here and so the +firing rate will run up and and sit at 1 + + align:start position:0% +firing rate will run up and and sit at 1 + + + align:start position:0% +firing rate will run up and and sit at 1 +okay and if we put in a negative input a + + align:start position:0% +okay and if we put in a negative input a + + + align:start position:0% +okay and if we put in a negative input a +small negative input then the neuron + + align:start position:0% +small negative input then the neuron + + + align:start position:0% +small negative input then the neuron +then this little recurrent Network will + + align:start position:0% +then this little recurrent Network will + + + align:start position:0% +then this little recurrent Network will +do will go negative and saturate at + + align:start position:0% +do will go negative and saturate at + + + align:start position:0% +do will go negative and saturate at +minus 1 okay so you can see that this + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 okay so you can see that this + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 okay so you can see that this +network actually has one unstable fixed + + align:start position:0% +network actually has one unstable fixed + + + align:start position:0% +network actually has one unstable fixed +point where if it sits exactly at zero + + align:start position:0% +point where if it sits exactly at zero + + + align:start position:0% +point where if it sits exactly at zero +it will stay at zero until you give a + + align:start position:0% +it will stay at zero until you give a + + + align:start position:0% +it will stay at zero until you give a +little bit of input in either direction + + align:start position:0% +little bit of input in either direction + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of input in either direction +and and then the network will run up and + + align:start position:0% +and and then the network will run up and + + + align:start position:0% +and and then the network will run up and +sit at another fixed point here of one + + align:start position:0% +sit at another fixed point here of one + + + align:start position:0% +sit at another fixed point here of one +if you put in a big negative input you + + align:start position:0% +if you put in a big negative input you + + + align:start position:0% +if you put in a big negative input you +can drive it to another fixed point and + + align:start position:0% +can drive it to another fixed point and + + + align:start position:0% +can drive it to another fixed point and +these two are stable fixed points + + align:start position:0% +these two are stable fixed points + + + align:start position:0% +these two are stable fixed points +because once they're in that state if + + align:start position:0% +because once they're in that state if + + + align:start position:0% +because once they're in that state if +you put if you give little perturbations + + align:start position:0% +you put if you give little perturbations + + + align:start position:0% +you put if you give little perturbations +to the network it will deviate a little + + align:start position:0% +to the network it will deviate a little + + + align:start position:0% +to the network it will deviate a little +bit from that value you can if you give + + align:start position:0% +bit from that value you can if you give + + + align:start position:0% +bit from that value you can if you give +a negative input a small negative input + + align:start position:0% +a negative input a small negative input + + + align:start position:0% +a negative input a small negative input +you can cause this to decrease a little + + align:start position:0% +you can cause this to decrease a little + + + align:start position:0% +you can cause this to decrease a little +bit + + align:start position:0% +bit + + + align:start position:0% +bit +but then when the input goes away it + + align:start position:0% +but then when the input goes away it + + + align:start position:0% +but then when the input goes away it +will relax back so these are this is an + + align:start position:0% +will relax back so these are this is an + + + align:start position:0% +will relax back so these are this is an +unstable fixed point and these are two + + align:start position:0% +unstable fixed point and these are two + + + align:start position:0% +unstable fixed point and these are two +stable fixed points now we we're going + + align:start position:0% +stable fixed points now we we're going + + + align:start position:0% +stable fixed points now we we're going +to come back to this in more detail + + align:start position:0% +to come back to this in more detail + + + align:start position:0% +to come back to this in more detail +later but we often think about networks + + align:start position:0% +later but we often think about networks + + + align:start position:0% +later but we often think about networks +like this as as sort of like a ball on a + + align:start position:0% +like this as as sort of like a ball on a + + + align:start position:0% +like this as as sort of like a ball on a +on a hill okay so you can imagine that + + align:start position:0% +on a hill okay so you can imagine that + + + align:start position:0% +on a hill okay so you can imagine that +you can describe this network using + + align:start position:0% +you can describe this network using + + + align:start position:0% +you can describe this network using +what's called an energy landscape where + + align:start position:0% +what's called an energy landscape where + + + align:start position:0% +what's called an energy landscape where +if you start the system at some point on + + align:start position:0% +if you start the system at some point on + + + align:start position:0% +if you start the system at some point on +this sort of you know valley shaped hill + + align:start position:0% +this sort of you know valley shaped hill + + + align:start position:0% +this sort of you know valley shaped hill +all right that the network sort of it's + + align:start position:0% +all right that the network sort of it's + + + align:start position:0% +all right that the network sort of it's +like a ball that rolls so if you start + + align:start position:0% +like a ball that rolls so if you start + + + align:start position:0% +like a ball that rolls so if you start +the network exactly at the peak the ball + + align:start position:0% +the network exactly at the peak the ball + + + align:start position:0% +the network exactly at the peak the ball +will sit there but if you give it a + + align:start position:0% +will sit there but if you give it a + + + align:start position:0% +will sit there but if you give it a +little bit of a nudge it will roll + + align:start position:0% +little bit of a nudge it will roll + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of a nudge it will roll +downhill toward one of these stable + + align:start position:0% +downhill toward one of these stable + + + align:start position:0% +downhill toward one of these stable +points okay if you start it slightly on + + align:start position:0% +points okay if you start it slightly on + + + align:start position:0% +points okay if you start it slightly on +the other side it will roll this way + + align:start position:0% +the other side it will roll this way + + + align:start position:0% +the other side it will roll this way +okay and those stable fixed points are + + align:start position:0% +okay and those stable fixed points are + + + align:start position:0% +okay and those stable fixed points are +called attractors and this particular + + align:start position:0% +called attractors and this particular + + + align:start position:0% +called attractors and this particular +network has two attractors one with a + + align:start position:0% +network has two attractors one with a + + + align:start position:0% +network has two attractors one with a +fire rate of one and one at a fire rate + + align:start position:0% +fire rate of one and one at a fire rate + + + align:start position:0% +fire rate of one and one at a fire rate +of minus one yes Apollonia the stable + + align:start position:0% +of minus one yes Apollonia the stable + + + align:start position:0% +of minus one yes Apollonia the stable +the the stable fixed point is here + + align:start position:0% +the the stable fixed point is here + + + align:start position:0% +the the stable fixed point is here +because once you if the system is in + + align:start position:0% +because once you if the system is in + + + align:start position:0% +because once you if the system is in +this state can give slight perturbations + + align:start position:0% +this state can give slight perturbations + + + align:start position:0% +this state can give slight perturbations +and the system returns to that fixed + + align:start position:0% +and the system returns to that fixed + + + align:start position:0% +and the system returns to that fixed +point this is an unstable fixed point + + align:start position:0% +point this is an unstable fixed point + + + align:start position:0% +point this is an unstable fixed point +because if you start the system there + + align:start position:0% +because if you start the system there + + + align:start position:0% +because if you start the system there +and give it a little nudge in either + + align:start position:0% +and give it a little nudge in either + + + align:start position:0% +and give it a little nudge in either +direction the state runs away does that + + align:start position:0% +direction the state runs away does that + + + align:start position:0% +direction the state runs away does that +make sense okay any questions about that + + align:start position:0% +make sense okay any questions about that + + + align:start position:0% +make sense okay any questions about that +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yep so I'm going to get I'm gonna come + + align:start position:0% +yep so I'm going to get I'm gonna come + + + align:start position:0% +yep so I'm going to get I'm gonna come +back to how you actually calculate this + + align:start position:0% +back to how you actually calculate this + + + align:start position:0% +back to how you actually calculate this +energy landscape more formally okay + + align:start position:0% +energy landscape more formally okay + + + align:start position:0% +energy landscape more formally okay +there's a very very precise mathematical + + align:start position:0% +there's a very very precise mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +there's a very very precise mathematical +definition of what this of how you + + align:start position:0% +definition of what this of how you + + + align:start position:0% +definition of what this of how you +define this energy landscape all right + + align:start position:0% +define this energy landscape all right + + + align:start position:0% +define this energy landscape all right +so this was all for the case of one + + align:start position:0% +so this was all for the case of one + + + align:start position:0% +so this was all for the case of one +neuron alright so now let's extend it to + + align:start position:0% +neuron alright so now let's extend it to + + + align:start position:0% +neuron alright so now let's extend it to +the case of multiple neurons so let's + + align:start position:0% +the case of multiple neurons so let's + + + align:start position:0% +the case of multiple neurons so let's +just take two neurons within aw tops one + + align:start position:0% +just take two neurons within aw tops one + + + align:start position:0% +just take two neurons within aw tops one +of these autopsies have a value + + align:start position:0% +of these autopsies have a value + + + align:start position:0% +of these autopsies have a value +strengths of two and another and the + + align:start position:0% +strengths of two and another and the + + + align:start position:0% +strengths of two and another and the +other autopsy vast rength of minus two + + align:start position:0% +other autopsy vast rength of minus two + + + align:start position:0% +other autopsy vast rength of minus two +so this one is recurrent and excitatory + + align:start position:0% +so this one is recurrent and excitatory + + + align:start position:0% +so this one is recurrent and excitatory +this one is recurrent in inhibitory so + + align:start position:0% +this one is recurrent in inhibitory so + + + align:start position:0% +this one is recurrent in inhibitory so +now we're going to do is we can plot the + + align:start position:0% +now we're going to do is we can plot the + + + align:start position:0% +now we're going to do is we can plot the +State Network now instead of being the + + align:start position:0% +State Network now instead of being the + + + align:start position:0% +State Network now instead of being the +the state of the network in one + + align:start position:0% +the state of the network in one + + + align:start position:0% +the state of the network in one +dimension V we're now going to have V 1 + + align:start position:0% +dimension V we're now going to have V 1 + + + align:start position:0% +dimension V we're now going to have V 1 +and V 2 so we're going the state of the + + align:start position:0% +and V 2 so we're going the state of the + + + align:start position:0% +and V 2 so we're going the state of the +system is going to be a point in in a + + align:start position:0% +system is going to be a point in in a + + + align:start position:0% +system is going to be a point in in a +plane given by V 1 and V 2 ok and so now + + align:start position:0% +plane given by V 1 and V 2 ok and so now + + + align:start position:0% +plane given by V 1 and V 2 ok and so now +you you can by looking at this network + + align:start position:0% +you you can by looking at this network + + + align:start position:0% +you you can by looking at this network +you can see immediately that this + + align:start position:0% +you can see immediately that this + + + align:start position:0% +you can see immediately that this +particular neuron this neuron with a + + align:start position:0% +particular neuron this neuron with a + + + align:start position:0% +particular neuron this neuron with a +firing rate of V 2 looks like the kind + + align:start position:0% +firing rate of V 2 looks like the kind + + + align:start position:0% +firing rate of V 2 looks like the kind +of network that we've already studied + + align:start position:0% +of network that we've already studied + + + align:start position:0% +of network that we've already studied +right it has a fixed a stable fixed + + align:start position:0% +right it has a fixed a stable fixed + + + align:start position:0% +right it has a fixed a stable fixed +point at zero right and this network has + + align:start position:0% +point at zero right and this network has + + + align:start position:0% +point at zero right and this network has +two stable fixed points one at one and + + align:start position:0% +two stable fixed points one at one and + + + align:start position:0% +two stable fixed points one at one and +the other one at minus one okay so you + + align:start position:0% +the other one at minus one okay so you + + + align:start position:0% +the other one at minus one okay so you +can see that this system will also have + + align:start position:0% +can see that this system will also have + + + align:start position:0% +can see that this system will also have +two stable fixed points one there and + + align:start position:0% +two stable fixed points one there and + + + align:start position:0% +two stable fixed points one there and +one there right because if I take the + + align:start position:0% +one there right because if I take the + + + align:start position:0% +one there right because if I take the +input away this neuron is either to one + + align:start position:0% +input away this neuron is either to one + + + align:start position:0% +input away this neuron is either to one +or minus one and this neuron is going to + + align:start position:0% +or minus one and this neuron is going to + + + align:start position:0% +or minus one and this neuron is going to +go to zero so there's one and minus one + + align:start position:0% +go to zero so there's one and minus one + + + align:start position:0% +go to zero so there's one and minus one +on the B one axis and those two states + + align:start position:0% +on the B one axis and those two states + + + align:start position:0% +on the B one axis and those two states +have zero firing rate on the B two axis + + align:start position:0% +have zero firing rate on the B two axis + + + align:start position:0% +have zero firing rate on the B two axis +is that clear so now what's going to + + align:start position:0% +is that clear so now what's going to + + + align:start position:0% +is that clear so now what's going to +happen if we made this since this + + align:start position:0% +happen if we made this since this + + + align:start position:0% +happen if we made this since this +autopsy vast rength of two + + align:start position:0% +autopsy vast rength of two + + + align:start position:0% +autopsy vast rength of two +anybody want to take a guess right why + + align:start position:0% +anybody want to take a guess right why + + + align:start position:0% +anybody want to take a guess right why +is that right oh this one will have a + + align:start position:0% +is that right oh this one will have a + + + align:start position:0% +is that right oh this one will have a +stable fixed stable fixed points at 1 + + align:start position:0% +stable fixed stable fixed points at 1 + + + align:start position:0% +stable fixed stable fixed points at 1 +and minus 1 this will also have a stable + + align:start position:0% +and minus 1 this will also have a stable + + + align:start position:0% +and minus 1 this will also have a stable +fixed points at 1 and minus 1 right and + + align:start position:0% +fixed points at 1 and minus 1 right and + + + align:start position:0% +fixed points at 1 and minus 1 right and +the system can be in any one of four + + align:start position:0% +the system can be in any one of four + + + align:start position:0% +the system can be in any one of four +states 0 0 sorry 1 1 minus 1 minus 1 1 + + align:start position:0% +states 0 0 sorry 1 1 minus 1 minus 1 1 + + + align:start position:0% +states 0 0 sorry 1 1 minus 1 minus 1 1 +minus 1 and minus 1 1 that's right all + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 and minus 1 1 that's right all + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 and minus 1 1 that's right all +right so I just want to make one other + + align:start position:0% +right so I just want to make one other + + + align:start position:0% +right so I just want to make one other +point here which is that no matter where + + align:start position:0% +point here which is that no matter where + + + align:start position:0% +point here which is that no matter where +you start the system for this network + + align:start position:0% +you start the system for this network + + + align:start position:0% +you start the system for this network +it's going to evolve towards one of + + align:start position:0% +it's going to evolve towards one of + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to evolve towards one of +these stable fixed points unless I + + align:start position:0% +these stable fixed points unless I + + + align:start position:0% +these stable fixed points unless I +started exactly right there at 0 that + + align:start position:0% +started exactly right there at 0 that + + + align:start position:0% +started exactly right there at 0 that +will be another fixed point but that's + + align:start position:0% +will be another fixed point but that's + + + align:start position:0% +will be another fixed point but that's +an unstable fixed point ok so so this + + align:start position:0% +an unstable fixed point ok so so this + + + align:start position:0% +an unstable fixed point ok so so this +system well no matter where I start the + + align:start position:0% +system well no matter where I start the + + + align:start position:0% +system well no matter where I start the +state of that system other than that + + align:start position:0% +state of that system other than that + + + align:start position:0% +state of that system other than that +exact point right there + + align:start position:0% +exact point right there + + + align:start position:0% +exact point right there +the network will evolve toward one of + + align:start position:0% +the network will evolve toward one of + + + align:start position:0% +the network will evolve toward one of +those two attractors ok and that's why + + align:start position:0% +those two attractors ok and that's why + + + align:start position:0% +those two attractors ok and that's why +they're called attractors because they + + align:start position:0% +they're called attractors because they + + + align:start position:0% +they're called attractors because they +attract the state of the system toward + + align:start position:0% +attract the state of the system toward + + + align:start position:0% +attract the state of the system toward +one of those two points yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they are so if this nonlinear activation + + align:start position:0% +they are so if this nonlinear activation + + + align:start position:0% +they are so if this nonlinear activation +function saturated at 2 and minus 2 then + + align:start position:0% +function saturated at 2 and minus 2 then + + + align:start position:0% +function saturated at 2 and minus 2 then +these two points would be up here at 2 + + align:start position:0% +these two points would be up here at 2 + + + align:start position:0% +these two points would be up here at 2 +and minus 2 so you can see that this + + align:start position:0% +and minus 2 so you can see that this + + + align:start position:0% +and minus 2 so you can see that this +network has two eigenvalues right if we + + align:start position:0% +network has two eigenvalues right if we + + + align:start position:0% +network has two eigenvalues right if we +think of it as a linear network this + + align:start position:0% +think of it as a linear network this + + + align:start position:0% +think of it as a linear network this +network has two eigenvalues the + + align:start position:0% +network has two eigenvalues the + + + align:start position:0% +network has two eigenvalues the +connection matrix is given by a diagonal + + align:start position:0% +connection matrix is given by a diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +connection matrix is given by a diagonal +matrix with a 2 and a minus 2 along the + + align:start position:0% +matrix with a 2 and a minus 2 along the + + + align:start position:0% +matrix with a 2 and a minus 2 along the +diagonals right so let's take a look at + + align:start position:0% +diagonals right so let's take a look at + + + align:start position:0% +diagonals right so let's take a look at +this kind of network now instead of + + align:start position:0% +this kind of network now instead of + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of network now instead of +instead of an autopsy have recurrent + + align:start position:0% +instead of an autopsy have recurrent + + + align:start position:0% +instead of an autopsy have recurrent +connections of strength minus 2 and + + align:start position:0% +connections of strength minus 2 and + + + align:start position:0% +connections of strength minus 2 and +minus 2 so what is that weight matrix + + align:start position:0% +minus 2 so what is that weight matrix + + + align:start position:0% +minus 2 so what is that weight matrix +look like 0 minus 2 minus 2 0 right well + + align:start position:0% +look like 0 minus 2 minus 2 0 right well + + + align:start position:0% +look like 0 minus 2 minus 2 0 right well +what are the eigenvalues of this network + + align:start position:0% +what are the eigenvalues of this network + + + align:start position:0% +what are the eigenvalues of this network +anybody remember that right it's a plus + + align:start position:0% +anybody remember that right it's a plus + + + align:start position:0% +anybody remember that right it's a plus +B and a minus B right and so the + + align:start position:0% +B and a minus B right and so the + + + align:start position:0% +B and a minus B right and so the +eigenvalues of this network are 0 plus + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalues of this network are 0 plus + + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalues of this network are 0 plus +negative 2 and 0 minus negative 2 so + + align:start position:0% +negative 2 and 0 minus negative 2 so + + + align:start position:0% +negative 2 and 0 minus negative 2 so +it's 2 and minus 2 right so this network + + align:start position:0% +it's 2 and minus 2 right so this network + + + align:start position:0% +it's 2 and minus 2 right so this network +here will have exactly the same + + align:start position:0% +here will have exactly the same + + + align:start position:0% +here will have exactly the same +eigenvalues as this network but what's + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalues as this network but what's + + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalues as this network but what's +going to be different what are the + + align:start position:0% +going to be different what are the + + + align:start position:0% +going to be different what are the +eigenvectors the 45 degrees so the + + align:start position:0% +eigenvectors the 45 degrees so the + + + align:start position:0% +eigenvectors the 45 degrees so the +eigenvectors of this network are the x + + align:start position:0% +eigenvectors of this network are the x + + + align:start position:0% +eigenvectors of this network are the x +and y-axes the eigenvectors of this + + align:start position:0% +and y-axes the eigenvectors of this + + + align:start position:0% +and y-axes the eigenvectors of this +network are the 45 degree line so + + align:start position:0% +network are the 45 degree line so + + + align:start position:0% +network are the 45 degree line so +anybody want to take a guess as to what + + align:start position:0% +anybody want to take a guess as to what + + + align:start position:0% +anybody want to take a guess as to what +the stable states of this it's just it's + + align:start position:0% +the stable states of this it's just it's + + + align:start position:0% +the stable states of this it's just it's +just this network rotated by 45 degrees + + align:start position:0% +just this network rotated by 45 degrees + + + align:start position:0% +just this network rotated by 45 degrees +right so those are now the attractors of + + align:start position:0% +right so those are now the attractors of + + + align:start position:0% +right so those are now the attractors of +this network right and that makes sense + + align:start position:0% +this network right and that makes sense + + + align:start position:0% +this network right and that makes sense +right this neuron can be positive but + + align:start position:0% +right this neuron can be positive but + + + align:start position:0% +right this neuron can be positive but +that's going to be strongly driving this + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be strongly driving this + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be strongly driving this +neuron negative but if this neuron is + + align:start position:0% +neuron negative but if this neuron is + + + align:start position:0% +neuron negative but if this neuron is +negative that's going to be strongly + + align:start position:0% +negative that's going to be strongly + + + align:start position:0% +negative that's going to be strongly +driving this neuron + + align:start position:0% +driving this neuron + + + align:start position:0% +driving this neuron +positive right and so the this network + + align:start position:0% +positive right and so the this network + + + align:start position:0% +positive right and so the this network +will want to sit out here on this line + + align:start position:0% +will want to sit out here on this line + + + align:start position:0% +will want to sit out here on this line +in this direction or in and because of + + align:start position:0% +in this direction or in and because of + + + align:start position:0% +in this direction or in and because of +the saturation if there were no + + align:start position:0% +the saturation if there were no + + + align:start position:0% +the saturation if there were no +saturation if there if this were a + + align:start position:0% +saturation if there if this were a + + + align:start position:0% +saturation if there if this were a +linear network the activity of this + + align:start position:0% +linear network the activity of this + + + align:start position:0% +linear network the activity of this +neuron would just be running + + align:start position:0% +neuron would just be running + + + align:start position:0% +neuron would just be running +exponentially up these 45 degree lines + + align:start position:0% +exponentially up these 45 degree lines + + + align:start position:0% +exponentially up these 45 degree lines +but because of the saturation it gets + + align:start position:0% +but because of the saturation it gets + + + align:start position:0% +but because of the saturation it gets +stuck here at 1-1 or rather yeah minus 1 + + align:start position:0% +stuck here at 1-1 or rather yeah minus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +stuck here at 1-1 or rather yeah minus 1 +1 or 1 month ok any questions about that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah it'll be it'll be 1 in this + + align:start position:0% +yeah it'll be it'll be 1 in this + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it'll be it'll be 1 in this +direction and one in that direction so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because this neuron is saturate because + + align:start position:0% +because this neuron is saturate because + + + align:start position:0% +because this neuron is saturate because +the saturation is acting at the level of + + align:start position:0% +the saturation is acting at the level of + + + align:start position:0% +the saturation is acting at the level of +the individual neurons yeah so they so + + align:start position:0% +the individual neurons yeah so they so + + + align:start position:0% +the individual neurons yeah so they so +each neuron will go up to its own + + align:start position:0% +each neuron will go up to its own + + + align:start position:0% +each neuron will go up to its own +saturation point okay all right okay so + + align:start position:0% +saturation point okay all right okay so + + + align:start position:0% +saturation point okay all right okay so +this kind of network is actually pretty + + align:start position:0% +this kind of network is actually pretty + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of network is actually pretty +cool this network can implement + + align:start position:0% +cool this network can implement + + + align:start position:0% +cool this network can implement +decision-making it can decide for + + align:start position:0% +decision-making it can decide for + + + align:start position:0% +decision-making it can decide for +example whether one input is bigger than + + align:start position:0% +example whether one input is bigger than + + + align:start position:0% +example whether one input is bigger than +the other all right so if we have an + + align:start position:0% +the other all right so if we have an + + + align:start position:0% +the other all right so if we have an +input so let's start our network right + + align:start position:0% +input so let's start our network right + + + align:start position:0% +input so let's start our network right +here at this unstable fixed point + + align:start position:0% +here at this unstable fixed point + + + align:start position:0% +here at this unstable fixed point +alright we've carefully balanced the + + align:start position:0% +alright we've carefully balanced the + + + align:start position:0% +alright we've carefully balanced the +ball on top of the hill and it just sits + + align:start position:0% +ball on top of the hill and it just sits + + + align:start position:0% +ball on top of the hill and it just sits +there and now let's put an input that is + + align:start position:0% +there and now let's put an input that is + + + align:start position:0% +there and now let's put an input that is +in this direction eight so that it's + + align:start position:0% +in this direction eight so that it's + + + align:start position:0% +in this direction eight so that it's +slightly pointing to the right of this + + align:start position:0% +slightly pointing to the right of this + + + align:start position:0% +slightly pointing to the right of this +diagonal line so what's going to happen + + align:start position:0% +diagonal line so what's going to happen + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal line so what's going to happen +it's going to kick the state of the + + align:start position:0% +it's going to kick the state of the + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to kick the state of the +network up in this direction right but + + align:start position:0% +network up in this direction right but + + + align:start position:0% +network up in this direction right but +we've already discussed how if this if + + align:start position:0% +we've already discussed how if this if + + + align:start position:0% +we've already discussed how if this if +the network state is anywhere on this + + align:start position:0% +the network state is anywhere on this + + + align:start position:0% +the network state is anywhere on this +side of that line it will evolve toward + + align:start position:0% +side of that line it will evolve toward + + + align:start position:0% +side of that line it will evolve toward +the fixed point if the H is on the other + + align:start position:0% +the fixed point if the H is on the other + + + align:start position:0% +the fixed point if the H is on the other +side it will kick the network unstable + + align:start position:0% +side it will kick the network unstable + + + align:start position:0% +side it will kick the network unstable +fixed point into this part of the state + + align:start position:0% +fixed point into this part of the state + + + align:start position:0% +fixed point into this part of the state +space and then the the network will + + align:start position:0% +space and then the the network will + + + align:start position:0% +space and then the the network will +evolve toward this fixed point + + align:start position:0% +evolve toward this fixed point + + + align:start position:0% +evolve toward this fixed point +okay these half-planes here this region + + align:start position:0% +okay these half-planes here this region + + + align:start position:0% +okay these half-planes here this region +here is called the attractor Basin for + + align:start position:0% +here is called the attractor Basin for + + + align:start position:0% +here is called the attractor Basin for +this attractor and on this side it's + + align:start position:0% +this attractor and on this side it's + + + align:start position:0% +this attractor and on this side it's +called the attractor Basin for that + + align:start position:0% +called the attractor Basin for that + + + align:start position:0% +called the attractor Basin for that +attractor okay and you can see that this + + align:start position:0% +attractor okay and you can see that this + + + align:start position:0% +attractor okay and you can see that this +network will be very sensitive to + + align:start position:0% +network will be very sensitive to + + + align:start position:0% +network will be very sensitive to +whichever input h1 or h2 is slightly + + align:start position:0% +whichever input h1 or h2 is slightly + + + align:start position:0% +whichever input h1 or h2 is slightly +larger okay so let me show you what that + + align:start position:0% +larger okay so let me show you what that + + + align:start position:0% +larger okay so let me show you what that +looks like in this little movie so we're + + align:start position:0% +looks like in this little movie so we're + + + align:start position:0% +looks like in this little movie so we're +gonna start with our network exactly at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exactly at the zero point we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +exactly at the zero point we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +exactly at the zero point we're gonna +give an input in this direction and you + + align:start position:0% +give an input in this direction and you + + + align:start position:0% +give an input in this direction and you +can see that we've kicked the network + + align:start position:0% +can see that we've kicked the network + + + align:start position:0% +can see that we've kicked the network +slightly this way and now the network + + align:start position:0% +slightly this way and now the network + + + align:start position:0% +slightly this way and now the network +evolves toward the fixed point and it + + align:start position:0% +evolves toward the fixed point and it + + + align:start position:0% +evolves toward the fixed point and it +stays there now if we give a big input + + align:start position:0% +stays there now if we give a big input + + + align:start position:0% +stays there now if we give a big input +this way we can Network over push it to + + align:start position:0% +this way we can Network over push it to + + + align:start position:0% +this way we can Network over push it to +the other side of this this dividing + + align:start position:0% +the other side of this this dividing + + + align:start position:0% +the other side of this this dividing +line between the two basins of + + align:start position:0% +line between the two basins of + + + align:start position:0% +line between the two basins of +attraction and now the network sits here + + align:start position:0% +attraction and now the network sits here + + + align:start position:0% +attraction and now the network sits here +at this fixed point you know we can kick + + align:start position:0% +at this fixed point you know we can kick + + + align:start position:0% +at this fixed point you know we can kick +it again with another input and push it + + align:start position:0% +it again with another input and push it + + + align:start position:0% +it again with another input and push it +back so it's kind of like a a flip-flop + + align:start position:0% +back so it's kind of like a a flip-flop + + + align:start position:0% +back so it's kind of like a a flip-flop +right it's pretty cool it's a little it + + align:start position:0% +right it's pretty cool it's a little it + + + align:start position:0% +right it's pretty cool it's a little it +did which input was larger pushes the + + align:start position:0% +did which input was larger pushes the + + + align:start position:0% +did which input was larger pushes the +network into an attractor that then + + align:start position:0% +network into an attractor that then + + + align:start position:0% +network into an attractor that then +remembers which input was larger for + + align:start position:0% +remembers which input was larger for + + + align:start position:0% +remembers which input was larger for +basically as long as the network as long + + align:start position:0% +basically as long as the network as long + + + align:start position:0% +basically as long as the network as long +as you allow the network to sit there + + align:start position:0% +as you allow the network to sit there + + + align:start position:0% +as you allow the network to sit there +okay all right any questions about that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes Rebecca that's right that's the + + align:start position:0% +yes Rebecca that's right that's the + + + align:start position:0% +yes Rebecca that's right that's the +basin of attraction for this attractor + + align:start position:0% +basin of attraction for this attractor + + + align:start position:0% +basin of attraction for this attractor +if you start the network anywhere in + + align:start position:0% +if you start the network anywhere in + + + align:start position:0% +if you start the network anywhere in +this half plane that Network will evolve + + align:start position:0% +this half plane that Network will evolve + + + align:start position:0% +this half plane that Network will evolve +toward that attractor + + align:start position:0% +toward that attractor + + + align:start position:0% +toward that attractor +okay and you can use that as a + + align:start position:0% +okay and you can use that as a + + + align:start position:0% +okay and you can use that as a +winner-take-all decision-making Network + + align:start position:0% +winner-take-all decision-making Network + + + align:start position:0% +winner-take-all decision-making Network +by starting the network right there at + + align:start position:0% +by starting the network right there at + + + align:start position:0% +by starting the network right there at +zero and small kicks in either direction + + align:start position:0% +zero and small kicks in either direction + + + align:start position:0% +zero and small kicks in either direction +will cause the network to relax into one + + align:start position:0% +will cause the network to relax into one + + + align:start position:0% +will cause the network to relax into one +of these attractors and maintain that + + align:start position:0% +of these attractors and maintain that + + + align:start position:0% +of these attractors and maintain that +memory okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now let's talk about a sort of a formal + + align:start position:0% +now let's talk about a sort of a formal + + + align:start position:0% +now let's talk about a sort of a formal +implementation of a system for producing + + align:start position:0% +implementation of a system for producing + + + align:start position:0% +implementation of a system for producing +memories long term memories alright and + + align:start position:0% +memories long term memories alright and + + + align:start position:0% +memories long term memories alright and +that's called the hopfield model and the + + align:start position:0% +that's called the hopfield model and the + + + align:start position:0% +that's called the hopfield model and the +hopfield model is actually one of the + + align:start position:0% +hopfield model is actually one of the + + + align:start position:0% +hopfield model is actually one of the +best current models for understanding + + align:start position:0% +best current models for understanding + + + align:start position:0% +best current models for understanding +how memory systems like the hippocampus + + align:start position:0% +how memory systems like the hippocampus + + + align:start position:0% +how memory systems like the hippocampus +work so the basic idea is that we have + + align:start position:0% +work so the basic idea is that we have + + + align:start position:0% +work so the basic idea is that we have +neurons in the hippocampus in particular + + align:start position:0% +neurons in the hippocampus in particular + + + align:start position:0% +neurons in the hippocampus in particular +in the ca3 region of hippocampus that + + align:start position:0% +in the ca3 region of hippocampus that + + + align:start position:0% +in the ca3 region of hippocampus that +have very prominent a lot of recurrent + + align:start position:0% +have very prominent a lot of recurrent + + + align:start position:0% +have very prominent a lot of recurrent +connectivity between those neurons all + + align:start position:0% +connectivity between those neurons all + + + align:start position:0% +connectivity between those neurons all +right and so you have input from + + align:start position:0% +right and so you have input from + + + align:start position:0% +right and so you have input from +internal cortex and from the dentate + + align:start position:0% +internal cortex and from the dentate + + + align:start position:0% +internal cortex and from the dentate +gyrus that sort of serve as the stimuli + + align:start position:0% +gyrus that sort of serve as the stimuli + + + align:start position:0% +gyrus that sort of serve as the stimuli +that come into that Network and and form + + align:start position:0% +that come into that Network and and form + + + align:start position:0% +that come into that Network and and form +and burn memories into that part of the + + align:start position:0% +and burn memories into that part of the + + + align:start position:0% +and burn memories into that part of the +network by changing the synaptic weights + + align:start position:0% +network by changing the synaptic weights + + + align:start position:0% +network by changing the synaptic weights +within that network that some time later + + align:start position:0% +within that network that some time later + + + align:start position:0% +within that network that some time later +when similar inputs come in they can + + align:start position:0% +when similar inputs come in they can + + + align:start position:0% +when similar inputs come in they can +reactivate the memory in the hippocampus + + align:start position:0% +reactivate the memory in the hippocampus + + + align:start position:0% +reactivate the memory in the hippocampus +and you recognize and remember that + + align:start position:0% +and you recognize and remember that + + + align:start position:0% +and you recognize and remember that +pattern of stimuli okay all right so + + align:start position:0% +pattern of stimuli okay all right so + + + align:start position:0% +pattern of stimuli okay all right so +we're going to so actually so an example + + align:start position:0% +we're going to so actually so an example + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to so actually so an example +of how this looks when you record + + align:start position:0% +of how this looks when you record + + + align:start position:0% +of how this looks when you record +neurons in the hippocampus looks like + + align:start position:0% +neurons in the hippocampus looks like + + + align:start position:0% +neurons in the hippocampus looks like +this so here's a mouse or a rat with + + align:start position:0% +this so here's a mouse or a rat with + + + align:start position:0% +this so here's a mouse or a rat with +electrodes in in its hippocampus if you + + align:start position:0% +electrodes in in its hippocampus if you + + + align:start position:0% +electrodes in in its hippocampus if you +put it in a little arena like this it + + align:start position:0% +put it in a little arena like this it + + + align:start position:0% +put it in a little arena like this it +will run around and explore for a while + + align:start position:0% +will run around and explore for a while + + + align:start position:0% +will run around and explore for a while +you can record where the the rat is in + + align:start position:0% +you can record where the the rat is in + + + align:start position:0% +you can record where the the rat is in +that arena from neurons and measure when + + align:start position:0% +that arena from neurons and measure when + + + align:start position:0% +that arena from neurons and measure when +the neurons spike and look at how the + + align:start position:0% +the neurons spike and look at how the + + + align:start position:0% +the neurons spike and look at how the +firing rate of those neurons relates to + + align:start position:0% +firing rate of those neurons relates to + + + align:start position:0% +firing rate of those neurons relates to +the position of the animal so the black + + align:start position:0% +the position of the animal so the black + + + align:start position:0% +the position of the animal so the black +trace here shows all of the locations + + align:start position:0% +trace here shows all of the locations + + + align:start position:0% +trace here shows all of the locations +where the rat was when it was running + + align:start position:0% +where the rat was when it was running + + + align:start position:0% +where the rat was when it was running +around the maze and the red dot where + + align:start position:0% +around the maze and the red dot where + + + align:start position:0% +around the maze and the red dot where +one of these neurons in CA 3 of the + + align:start position:0% +one of these neurons in CA 3 of the + + + align:start position:0% +one of these neurons in CA 3 of the +hippocampus generated a spike okay where + + align:start position:0% +hippocampus generated a spike okay where + + + align:start position:0% +hippocampus generated a spike okay where +the rat was when that neuron generates a + + align:start position:0% +the rat was when that neuron generates a + + + align:start position:0% +the rat was when that neuron generates a +spike and those are shown with + + align:start position:0% +spike and those are shown with + + + align:start position:0% +spike and those are shown with +dots here okay and you can see that this + + align:start position:0% +dots here okay and you can see that this + + + align:start position:0% +dots here okay and you can see that this +neuron generates a generate spiking when + + align:start position:0% +neuron generates a generate spiking when + + + align:start position:0% +neuron generates a generate spiking when +the animal is in a particular restricted + + align:start position:0% +the animal is in a particular restricted + + + align:start position:0% +the animal is in a particular restricted +region of the cage of its environment + + align:start position:0% +region of the cage of its environment + + + align:start position:0% +region of the cage of its environment +and different neurons show different + + align:start position:0% +and different neurons show different + + + align:start position:0% +and different neurons show different +localized regions so these regions are + + align:start position:0% +localized regions so these regions are + + + align:start position:0% +localized regions so these regions are +called place fields because they are the + + align:start position:0% +called place fields because they are the + + + align:start position:0% +called place fields because they are the +places in the environment where that + + align:start position:0% +places in the environment where that + + + align:start position:0% +places in the environment where that +neuron and spikes different neurons have + + align:start position:0% +neuron and spikes different neurons have + + + align:start position:0% +neuron and spikes different neurons have +different place fields it can actually + + align:start position:0% +different place fields it can actually + + + align:start position:0% +different place fields it can actually +record from many of these neurons and + + align:start position:0% +record from many of these neurons and + + + align:start position:0% +record from many of these neurons and +looking at the at the pattern of neurons + + align:start position:0% +looking at the at the pattern of neurons + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the at the pattern of neurons +that are spiking you can actually figure + + align:start position:0% +that are spiking you can actually figure + + + align:start position:0% +that are spiking you can actually figure +out where the rat was or is at any given + + align:start position:0% +out where the rat was or is at any given + + + align:start position:0% +out where the rat was or is at any given +moment just by looking at which of these + + align:start position:0% +moment just by looking at which of these + + + align:start position:0% +moment just by looking at which of these +neurons is spiking + + align:start position:0% +neurons is spiking + + + align:start position:0% +neurons is spiking +that's pretty obvious right if this + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty obvious right if this + + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty obvious right if this +neuron is spiking and this neuron isn't + + align:start position:0% +neuron is spiking and this neuron isn't + + + align:start position:0% +neuron is spiking and this neuron isn't +all these other knows then the animal is + + align:start position:0% +all these other knows then the animal is + + + align:start position:0% +all these other knows then the animal is +going to be you know you know that the + + align:start position:0% +going to be you know you know that the + + + align:start position:0% +going to be you know you know that the +animal is somewhere in that location + + align:start position:0% +animal is somewhere in that location + + + align:start position:0% +animal is somewhere in that location +right there okay all right so in a sense + + align:start position:0% +right there okay all right so in a sense + + + align:start position:0% +right there okay all right so in a sense +the activity of these neurons reflects + + align:start position:0% +the activity of these neurons reflects + + + align:start position:0% +the activity of these neurons reflects +the animal remembering or sort of + + align:start position:0% +the animal remembering or sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the animal remembering or sort of +remembering that it's in a particular + + align:start position:0% +remembering that it's in a particular + + + align:start position:0% +remembering that it's in a particular +location and look it's in the cage it + + align:start position:0% +location and look it's in the cage it + + + align:start position:0% +location and look it's in the cage it +looks at the walls of the environment it + + align:start position:0% +looks at the walls of the environment it + + + align:start position:0% +looks at the walls of the environment it +sees you know a little they use like + + align:start position:0% +sees you know a little they use like + + + align:start position:0% +sees you know a little they use like +colored cards on the wall to give the + + align:start position:0% +colored cards on the wall to give the + + + align:start position:0% +colored cards on the wall to give the +animal cues as to where it is so they + + align:start position:0% +animal cues as to where it is so they + + + align:start position:0% +animal cues as to where it is so they +look around and they say oh yeah I'm + + align:start position:0% +look around and they say oh yeah I'm + + + align:start position:0% +look around and they say oh yeah I'm +here in my environment there's a red + + align:start position:0% +here in my environment there's a red + + + align:start position:0% +here in my environment there's a red +card there in a yellow card there and + + align:start position:0% +card there in a yellow card there and + + + align:start position:0% +card there in a yellow card there and +that's where I am right now okay all + + align:start position:0% +that's where I am right now okay all + + + align:start position:0% +that's where I am right now okay all +right so that's the way think about + + align:start position:0% +right so that's the way think about + + + align:start position:0% +right so that's the way think about +these hippocampal plays fields as being + + align:start position:0% +these hippocampal plays fields as being + + + align:start position:0% +these hippocampal plays fields as being +like I'm a memory on top of that the + + align:start position:0% +like I'm a memory on top of that the + + + align:start position:0% +like I'm a memory on top of that the +hippocampus these this part of the + + align:start position:0% +hippocampus these this part of the + + + align:start position:0% +hippocampus these this part of the +hippocampus is necessary for the actual + + align:start position:0% +hippocampus is necessary for the actual + + + align:start position:0% +hippocampus is necessary for the actual +formation of memories in a in a broader + + align:start position:0% +formation of memories in a in a broader + + + align:start position:0% +formation of memories in a in a broader +sense not just spatial locations but + + align:start position:0% +sense not just spatial locations but + + + align:start position:0% +sense not just spatial locations but +more generally in terms of you know life + + align:start position:0% +more generally in terms of you know life + + + align:start position:0% +more generally in terms of you know life +events for humans the hippocampus is an + + align:start position:0% +events for humans the hippocampus is an + + + align:start position:0% +events for humans the hippocampus is an +essential part it's an essential part of + + align:start position:0% +essential part it's an essential part of + + + align:start position:0% +essential part it's an essential part of +the brain for storing memories all right + + align:start position:0% +the brain for storing memories all right + + + align:start position:0% +the brain for storing memories all right +so all right so let's come back to this + + align:start position:0% +so all right so let's come back to this + + + align:start position:0% +so all right so let's come back to this +idea of our recurrent Network and what + + align:start position:0% +idea of our recurrent Network and what + + + align:start position:0% +idea of our recurrent Network and what +we're going to do is we're going to + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do is we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do is we're going to +start adding more and more neurons to + + align:start position:0% +start adding more and more neurons to + + + align:start position:0% +start adding more and more neurons to +our recurrent Network + + align:start position:0% +our recurrent Network + + + align:start position:0% +our recurrent Network +all right so here's what the attractors + + align:start position:0% +all right so here's what the attractors + + + align:start position:0% +all right so here's what the attractors +look like for the case where we have one + + align:start position:0% +look like for the case where we have one + + + align:start position:0% +look like for the case where we have one +eigenvalue in the system that's greater + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalue in the system that's greater + + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalue in the system that's greater +than one another one that's less than + + align:start position:0% +than one another one that's less than + + + align:start position:0% +than one another one that's less than +one if we now make both of these neurons + + align:start position:0% +one if we now make both of these neurons + + + align:start position:0% +one if we now make both of these neurons +have recurrent connections that are + + align:start position:0% +have recurrent connections that are + + + align:start position:0% +have recurrent connections that are +stronger than one now we're going to + + align:start position:0% +stronger than one now we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +stronger than one now we're going to +have four attractors right each one of + + align:start position:0% +have four attractors right each one of + + + align:start position:0% +have four attractors right each one of +these has two stable fixed points a 1 + + align:start position:0% +these has two stable fixed points a 1 + + + align:start position:0% +these has two stable fixed points a 1 +and -1 so here we want for these two + + align:start position:0% +and -1 so here we want for these two + + + align:start position:0% +and -1 so here we want for these two +states V 1 is 1 and for these two states + + align:start position:0% +states V 1 is 1 and for these two states + + + align:start position:0% +states V 1 is 1 and for these two states +V 1 is negative 1 for these two states V + + align:start position:0% +V 1 is negative 1 for these two states V + + + align:start position:0% +V 1 is negative 1 for these two states V +2 is 1 and these two states B 2 is + + align:start position:0% +2 is 1 and these two states B 2 is + + + align:start position:0% +2 is 1 and these two states B 2 is +negative 1 all right so you can every + + align:start position:0% +negative 1 all right so you can every + + + align:start position:0% +negative 1 all right so you can every +time we add another non or another + + align:start position:0% +time we add another non or another + + + align:start position:0% +time we add another non or another +neuron tour network that has an autopsy + + align:start position:0% +neuron tour network that has an autopsy + + + align:start position:0% +neuron tour network that has an autopsy +every time we add another neuron with + + align:start position:0% +every time we add another neuron with + + + align:start position:0% +every time we add another neuron with +another eigen value we add more possible + + align:start position:0% +another eigen value we add more possible + + + align:start position:0% +another eigen value we add more possible +states of the network okay so if we have + + align:start position:0% +states of the network okay so if we have + + + align:start position:0% +states of the network okay so if we have +two neurons we have we have one neuron + + align:start position:0% +two neurons we have we have one neuron + + + align:start position:0% +two neurons we have we have one neuron +with an eigenvalue with autopsy greater + + align:start position:0% +with an eigenvalue with autopsy greater + + + align:start position:0% +with an eigenvalue with autopsy greater +than one we have two states we have two + + align:start position:0% +than one we have two states we have two + + + align:start position:0% +than one we have two states we have two +we have four states if we have three of + + align:start position:0% +we have four states if we have three of + + + align:start position:0% +we have four states if we have three of +those we have eight states so you can + + align:start position:0% +those we have eight states so you can + + + align:start position:0% +those we have eight states so you can +see that if we have n of these neurons + + align:start position:0% +see that if we have n of these neurons + + + align:start position:0% +see that if we have n of these neurons +with recurrent excitation with a lambda + + align:start position:0% +with recurrent excitation with a lambda + + + align:start position:0% +with recurrent excitation with a lambda +greater than one we have two to the + + align:start position:0% +greater than one we have two to the + + + align:start position:0% +greater than one we have two to the +possible states that that system can be + + align:start position:0% +possible states that that system can be + + + align:start position:0% +possible states that that system can be +in okay so I don't know exactly how many + + align:start position:0% +in okay so I don't know exactly how many + + + align:start position:0% +in okay so I don't know exactly how many +neurons are in C a three is has to be + + align:start position:0% +neurons are in C a three is has to be + + + align:start position:0% +neurons are in C a three is has to be +several million maybe ten million I + + align:start position:0% +several million maybe ten million I + + + align:start position:0% +several million maybe ten million I +don't know the exact number but two to + + align:start position:0% +don't know the exact number but two to + + + align:start position:0% +don't know the exact number but two to +that there's a lot of possible states + + align:start position:0% +that there's a lot of possible states + + + align:start position:0% +that there's a lot of possible states +right so the problem is that so let's + + align:start position:0% +right so the problem is that so let's + + + align:start position:0% +right so the problem is that so let's +think about how this thing acts as a + + align:start position:0% +think about how this thing acts as a + + + align:start position:0% +think about how this thing acts as a +memory so it turns out that this little + + align:start position:0% +memory so it turns out that this little + + + align:start position:0% +memory so it turns out that this little +device that we've built here is actually + + align:start position:0% +device that we've built here is actually + + + align:start position:0% +device that we've built here is actually +a lot like a computer memory okay it's + + align:start position:0% +a lot like a computer memory okay it's + + + align:start position:0% +a lot like a computer memory okay it's +like a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a register where we can write a value + + align:start position:0% +a register where we can write a value + + + align:start position:0% +a register where we can write a value +okay so we can write in here a 1 minus 1 + + align:start position:0% +okay so we can write in here a 1 minus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we can write in here a 1 minus 1 +1 and as long as we leave that network + + align:start position:0% +1 and as long as we leave that network + + + align:start position:0% +1 and as long as we leave that network +alone it will store that value ok or we + + align:start position:0% +alone it will store that value ok or we + + + align:start position:0% +alone it will store that value ok or we +can write a you know unone 1 and it will + + align:start position:0% +can write a you know unone 1 and it will + + + align:start position:0% +can write a you know unone 1 and it will +store that value but that's not really + + align:start position:0% +store that value but that's not really + + + align:start position:0% +store that value but that's not really +what we mean when we talk about memories + + align:start position:0% +what we mean when we talk about memories + + + align:start position:0% +what we mean when we talk about memories +right we we have a memory of you know + + align:start position:0% +right we we have a memory of you know + + + align:start position:0% +right we we have a memory of you know +meeting somebody for lunch yesterday + + align:start position:0% +meeting somebody for lunch yesterday + + + align:start position:0% +meeting somebody for lunch yesterday +right that is a particular configuration + + align:start position:0% +right that is a particular configuration + + + align:start position:0% +right that is a particular configuration +of of inputs right that we experienced + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the other way to think about this is + + align:start position:0% +so the other way to think about this is + + + align:start position:0% +so the other way to think about this is +this kind of network is just a + + align:start position:0% +this kind of network is just a + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of network is just a +short-term memory we we can program in + + align:start position:0% +short-term memory we we can program in + + + align:start position:0% +short-term memory we we can program in +some values 1 1 1 but if we were to turn + + align:start position:0% +some values 1 1 1 but if we were to turn + + + align:start position:0% +some values 1 1 1 but if we were to turn +the activity of these neurons off we'd + + align:start position:0% +the activity of these neurons off we'd + + + align:start position:0% +the activity of these neurons off we'd +erase the memory right how do we build + + align:start position:0% +erase the memory right how do we build + + + align:start position:0% +erase the memory right how do we build +into this Network a long-term memory + + align:start position:0% +into this Network a long-term memory + + + align:start position:0% +into this Network a long-term memory +something that we can turn all these + + align:start position:0% +something that we can turn all these + + + align:start position:0% +something that we can turn all these +neurons off and then and the network + + align:start position:0% +neurons off and then and the network + + + align:start position:0% +neurons off and then and the network +sort of goes back into the remembered + + align:start position:0% +sort of goes back into the remembered + + + align:start position:0% +sort of goes back into the remembered +state all right you do that by building + + align:start position:0% +state all right you do that by building + + + align:start position:0% +state all right you do that by building +connections between these neurons such + + align:start position:0% +connections between these neurons such + + + align:start position:0% +connections between these neurons such +that only some of these possible states + + align:start position:0% +that only some of these possible states + + + align:start position:0% +that only some of these possible states +are actually stable States all right so + + align:start position:0% +are actually stable States all right so + + + align:start position:0% +are actually stable States all right so +let me give you an example of this so if + + align:start position:0% +let me give you an example of this so if + + + align:start position:0% +let me give you an example of this so if +you have a whole bunch of neurons and + + align:start position:0% +you have a whole bunch of neurons and + + + align:start position:0% +you have a whole bunch of neurons and +neurons you've got 2 to the N possible + + align:start position:0% +neurons you've got 2 to the N possible + + + align:start position:0% +neurons you've got 2 to the N possible +states that that network can sit in but + + align:start position:0% +states that that network can sit in but + + + align:start position:0% +states that that network can sit in but +we want is for only some of those to + + align:start position:0% +we want is for only some of those to + + + align:start position:0% +we want is for only some of those to +actually be stable states of the system + + align:start position:0% +actually be stable states of the system + + + align:start position:0% +actually be stable states of the system +ok so for example when we wake up in the + + align:start position:0% +ok so for example when we wake up in the + + + align:start position:0% +ok so for example when we wake up in the +morning and we see you know the the + + align:start position:0% +morning and we see you know the the + + + align:start position:0% +morning and we see you know the the +dresser and maybe the the nightstand + + align:start position:0% +dresser and maybe the the nightstand + + + align:start position:0% +dresser and maybe the the nightstand +next to the bed we want to remember + + align:start position:0% +next to the bed we want to remember + + + align:start position:0% +next to the bed we want to remember +that's our bedroom we want that to be a + + align:start position:0% +that's our bedroom we want that to be a + + + align:start position:0% +that's our bedroom we want that to be a +particular configuration of inputs that + + align:start position:0% +particular configuration of inputs that + + + align:start position:0% +particular configuration of inputs that +we recall right so what you want is + + align:start position:0% +we recall right so what you want is + + + align:start position:0% +we recall right so what you want is +you want a set of neurons that have + + align:start position:0% +you want a set of neurons that have + + + align:start position:0% +you want a set of neurons that have +particular states that the system + + align:start position:0% +particular states that the system + + + align:start position:0% +particular states that the system +evolves toward that are stable states of + + align:start position:0% +evolves toward that are stable states of + + + align:start position:0% +evolves toward that are stable states of +the system so the way you do that is you + + align:start position:0% +the system so the way you do that is you + + + align:start position:0% +the system so the way you do that is you +take this network with recurrent + + align:start position:0% +take this network with recurrent + + + align:start position:0% +take this network with recurrent +autopsies and you hold cross connections + + align:start position:0% +autopsies and you hold cross connections + + + align:start position:0% +autopsies and you hold cross connections +between them that make particular of + + align:start position:0% +between them that make particular of + + + align:start position:0% +between them that make particular of +those possible states actual stable + + align:start position:0% +those possible states actual stable + + + align:start position:0% +those possible states actual stable +states of the system we want to restrict + + align:start position:0% +states of the system we want to restrict + + + align:start position:0% +states of the system we want to restrict +the number of stable States in the + + align:start position:0% +the number of stable States in the + + + align:start position:0% +the number of stable States in the +system so take a look at this network + + align:start position:0% +system so take a look at this network + + + align:start position:0% +system so take a look at this network +here so here we have two neurons you + + align:start position:0% +here so here we have two neurons you + + + align:start position:0% +here so here we have two neurons you +know that if you had between these of + + align:start position:0% +know that if you had between these of + + + align:start position:0% +know that if you had between these of +these neurons to themselves there would + + align:start position:0% +these neurons to themselves there would + + + align:start position:0% +these neurons to themselves there would +be four possible stable States but if we + + align:start position:0% +be four possible stable States but if we + + + align:start position:0% +be four possible stable States but if we +now build excitatory cross connections + + align:start position:0% +now build excitatory cross connections + + + align:start position:0% +now build excitatory cross connections +between those neurons two of those + + align:start position:0% +between those neurons two of those + + + align:start position:0% +between those neurons two of those +states actually are no longer stable + + align:start position:0% +states actually are no longer stable + + + align:start position:0% +states actually are no longer stable +States they become unstable + + align:start position:0% +States they become unstable + + + align:start position:0% +States they become unstable +and and only these two remain stable + + align:start position:0% +and and only these two remain stable + + + align:start position:0% +and and only these two remain stable +states of the system remain attractors + + align:start position:0% +states of the system remain attractors + + + align:start position:0% +states of the system remain attractors +okay if we put inhibitory connections + + align:start position:0% +okay if we put inhibitory connections + + + align:start position:0% +okay if we put inhibitory connections +between those neurons then we can make + + align:start position:0% +between those neurons then we can make + + + align:start position:0% +between those neurons then we can make +these two states the attractors of this + + align:start position:0% +these two states the attractors of this + + + align:start position:0% +these two states the attractors of this +system okay all right does that does + + align:start position:0% +system okay all right does that does + + + align:start position:0% +system okay all right does that does +that make sense + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so let's let's actually flesh + + align:start position:0% +all right so let's let's actually flesh + + + align:start position:0% +all right so let's let's actually flesh +out the mathematics of how you take a + + align:start position:0% +out the mathematics of how you take a + + + align:start position:0% +out the mathematics of how you take a +network of neurons and program it to + + align:start position:0% +network of neurons and program it to + + + align:start position:0% +network of neurons and program it to +have particular states that are + + align:start position:0% +have particular states that are + + + align:start position:0% +have particular states that are +attractors of the system right so we've + + align:start position:0% +attractors of the system right so we've + + + align:start position:0% +attractors of the system right so we've +been using this kind of dynamical + + align:start position:0% +been using this kind of dynamical + + + align:start position:0% +been using this kind of dynamical +equation we're going to simplify that + + align:start position:0% +equation we're going to simplify that + + + align:start position:0% +equation we're going to simplify that +we're gonna follow the construction that + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna follow the construction that + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna follow the construction that +john hopfield used when he analyzed + + align:start position:0% +john hopfield used when he analyzed + + + align:start position:0% +john hopfield used when he analyzed +these recurrent networks and instead of + + align:start position:0% +these recurrent networks and instead of + + + align:start position:0% +these recurrent networks and instead of +writing down a continuous update so that + + align:start position:0% +writing down a continuous update so that + + + align:start position:0% +writing down a continuous update so that +we update the in the formulation we've + + align:start position:0% +we update the in the formulation we've + + + align:start position:0% +we update the in the formulation we've +been using we update the firing rate of + + align:start position:0% +been using we update the firing rate of + + + align:start position:0% +been using we update the firing rate of +our neuron using this differential + + align:start position:0% +our neuron using this differential + + + align:start position:0% +our neuron using this differential +equation we're going to simplify it by + + align:start position:0% +equation we're going to simplify it by + + + align:start position:0% +equation we're going to simplify it by +just writing down the state of the + + align:start position:0% +just writing down the state of the + + + align:start position:0% +just writing down the state of the +network at time T plus 1 that's a + + align:start position:0% +network at time T plus 1 that's a + + + align:start position:0% +network at time T plus 1 that's a +function of the state of the network the + + align:start position:0% +function of the state of the network the + + + align:start position:0% +function of the state of the network the +previous time step ok so we're going to + + align:start position:0% +previous time step ok so we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +previous time step ok so we're going to +discretize time we're gonna say V the + + align:start position:0% +discretize time we're gonna say V the + + + align:start position:0% +discretize time we're gonna say V the +state of the network the firing rates of + + align:start position:0% +state of the network the firing rates of + + + align:start position:0% +state of the network the firing rates of +all the neurons at time T plus 1 is just + + align:start position:0% +all the neurons at time T plus 1 is just + + + align:start position:0% +all the neurons at time T plus 1 is just +a function of a weight matrix that + + align:start position:0% +a function of a weight matrix that + + + align:start position:0% +a function of a weight matrix that +connects all the neurons times the state + + align:start position:0% +connects all the neurons times the state + + + align:start position:0% +connects all the neurons times the state +of the system ok times the firing rate + + align:start position:0% +of the system ok times the firing rate + + + align:start position:0% +of the system ok times the firing rate +factor and then this is also can also + + align:start position:0% +factor and then this is also can also + + + align:start position:0% +factor and then this is also can also +have an input into it all right all + + align:start position:0% +have an input into it all right all + + + align:start position:0% +have an input into it all right all +right and and here I'm just writing out + + align:start position:0% +right and and here I'm just writing out + + + align:start position:0% +right and and here I'm just writing out +exactly what that matrix multiplication + + align:start position:0% +exactly what that matrix multiplication + + + align:start position:0% +exactly what that matrix multiplication +looks like it's the state of the ice + + align:start position:0% +looks like it's the state of the ice + + + align:start position:0% +looks like it's the state of the ice +after we update the state of the network + + align:start position:0% +after we update the state of the network + + + align:start position:0% +after we update the state of the network +is just a sum over all of the different + + align:start position:0% +is just a sum over all of the different + + + align:start position:0% +is just a sum over all of the different +the inputs coming from all of the other + + align:start position:0% +the inputs coming from all of the other + + + align:start position:0% +the inputs coming from all of the other +neurons all the J other neurons ok and + + align:start position:0% +neurons all the J other neurons ok and + + + align:start position:0% +neurons all the J other neurons ok and +we're going to simplify our neuronal + + align:start position:0% +we're going to simplify our neuronal + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to simplify our neuronal +activation function to just make it into + + align:start position:0% +activation function to just make it into + + + align:start position:0% +activation function to just make it into +a very threshold neuron so if the input + + align:start position:0% +a very threshold neuron so if the input + + + align:start position:0% +a very threshold neuron so if the input +is positive then the firing rate of the + + align:start position:0% +is positive then the firing rate of the + + + align:start position:0% +is positive then the firing rate of the +neuron will be positive if the input is + + align:start position:0% +neuron will be positive if the input is + + + align:start position:0% +neuron will be positive if the input is +negative the firing rate of the neuron + + align:start position:0% +negative the firing rate of the neuron + + + align:start position:0% +negative the firing rate of the neuron +will be negative one all right and + + align:start position:0% +will be negative one all right and + + + align:start position:0% +will be negative one all right and +that's called us that's the sine + + align:start position:0% +that's called us that's the sine + + + align:start position:0% +that's called us that's the sine +function it's 1 if X is greater than 0 + + align:start position:0% +function it's 1 if X is greater than 0 + + + align:start position:0% +function it's 1 if X is greater than 0 +and minus 1 if X is less than or equal + + align:start position:0% +and minus 1 if X is less than or equal + + + align:start position:0% +and minus 1 if X is less than or equal +to 0 all right so all is to build a + + align:start position:0% +to 0 all right so all is to build a + + + align:start position:0% +to 0 all right so all is to build a +network + + align:start position:0% +network + + + align:start position:0% +network +that can store any memory we want any + + align:start position:0% +that can store any memory we want any + + + align:start position:0% +that can store any memory we want any +pattern we want and turn that into a + + align:start position:0% +pattern we want and turn that into a + + + align:start position:0% +pattern we want and turn that into a +stable state so we're going to build a + + align:start position:0% +stable state so we're going to build a + + + align:start position:0% +stable state so we're going to build a +network that will evolve toward a + + align:start position:0% +network that will evolve toward a + + + align:start position:0% +network that will evolve toward a +particular pattern that we want and see + + align:start position:0% +particular pattern that we want and see + + + align:start position:0% +particular pattern that we want and see +is just a pattern of ones and - right + + align:start position:0% +is just a pattern of ones and - right + + + align:start position:0% +is just a pattern of ones and - right +that describes the memory that we're + + align:start position:0% +that describes the memory that we're + + + align:start position:0% +that describes the memory that we're +building into the network all right + + align:start position:0% +building into the network all right + + + align:start position:0% +building into the network all right +so C is just a 1 or minus 1 for every + + align:start position:0% +so C is just a 1 or minus 1 for every + + + align:start position:0% +so C is just a 1 or minus 1 for every +neuron in the network so CI is 1 or + + align:start position:0% +neuron in the network so CI is 1 or + + + align:start position:0% +neuron in the network so CI is 1 or +minus 1 for the eye + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay now we won't see an attractor right + + align:start position:0% +okay now we won't see an attractor right + + + align:start position:0% +okay now we won't see an attractor right +we want to build a network such that C + + align:start position:0% +we want to build a network such that C + + + align:start position:0% +we want to build a network such that C +is an attractor and what that means is + + align:start position:0% +is an attractor and what that means is + + + align:start position:0% +is an attractor and what that means is +that what is building a network mean + + align:start position:0% +that what is building a network mean + + + align:start position:0% +that what is building a network mean +when we say build a network what is what + + align:start position:0% +when we say build a network what is what + + + align:start position:0% +when we say build a network what is what +are we actually doing what what is it + + align:start position:0% +are we actually doing what what is it + + + align:start position:0% +are we actually doing what what is it +here that we're actually trying to + + align:start position:0% +here that we're actually trying to + + + align:start position:0% +here that we're actually trying to +decide yep which is damn right so when I + + align:start position:0% +decide yep which is damn right so when I + + + align:start position:0% +decide yep which is damn right so when I +say build a network that does this I + + align:start position:0% +say build a network that does this I + + + align:start position:0% +say build a network that does this I +mean choose a set of em's that has this + + align:start position:0% +mean choose a set of em's that has this + + + align:start position:0% +mean choose a set of em's that has this +property so we want as to what we want + + align:start position:0% +property so we want as to what we want + + + align:start position:0% +property so we want as to what we want +to find a way mate ryx M such that if + + align:start position:0% +to find a way mate ryx M such that if + + + align:start position:0% +to find a way mate ryx M such that if +the network is in little state is in + + align:start position:0% +the network is in little state is in + + + align:start position:0% +the network is in little state is in +this desired State + + align:start position:0% +this desired State + + + align:start position:0% +this desired State +that when we multiply that state times + + align:start position:0% +that when we multiply that state times + + + align:start position:0% +that when we multiply that state times +the matrix M and we take the sign of all + + align:start position:0% +the matrix M and we take the sign of all + + + align:start position:0% +the matrix M and we take the sign of all +of that sum you're gonna get the same + + align:start position:0% +of that sum you're gonna get the same + + + align:start position:0% +of that sum you're gonna get the same +state back in other words you start the + + align:start position:0% +state back in other words you start the + + + align:start position:0% +state back in other words you start the +network in this state it's going to end + + align:start position:0% +network in this state it's going to end + + + align:start position:0% +network in this state it's going to end +up in the same state that's what it + + align:start position:0% +up in the same state that's what it + + + align:start position:0% +up in the same state that's what it +means to have an adapter okay that's + + align:start position:0% +means to have an adapter okay that's + + + align:start position:0% +means to have an adapter okay that's +what it means to say that it's a stable + + align:start position:0% +what it means to say that it's a stable + + + align:start position:0% +what it means to say that it's a stable +State + + align:start position:0% +State + + + align:start position:0% +State +ok so we're gonna try a particular + + align:start position:0% +ok so we're gonna try a particular + + + align:start position:0% +ok so we're gonna try a particular +matrix and I'm gonna describe what this + + align:start position:0% +matrix and I'm gonna describe what this + + + align:start position:0% +matrix and I'm gonna describe what this +actually looks like in more detail but + + align:start position:0% +actually looks like in more detail but + + + align:start position:0% +actually looks like in more detail but +the matrix that programs a pattern e + + align:start position:0% +the matrix that programs a pattern e + + + align:start position:0% +the matrix that programs a pattern e +into the network as an attractor is this + + align:start position:0% +into the network as an attractor is this + + + align:start position:0% +into the network as an attractor is this +weight matrix right here so if we have a + + align:start position:0% +weight matrix right here so if we have a + + + align:start position:0% +weight matrix right here so if we have a +pattern C our weight matrix is some + + align:start position:0% +pattern C our weight matrix is some + + + align:start position:0% +pattern C our weight matrix is some +constant times the outer product of that + + align:start position:0% +constant times the outer product of that + + + align:start position:0% +constant times the outer product of that +pattern with itself + + align:start position:0% +pattern with itself + + + align:start position:0% +pattern with itself +I'm gonna explain what that means what + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna explain what that means what + + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna explain what that means what +that means is that if neuron I and + + align:start position:0% +that means is that if neuron I and + + + align:start position:0% +that means is that if neuron I and +neuron J are both active in this pattern + + align:start position:0% +neuron J are both active in this pattern + + + align:start position:0% +neuron J are both active in this pattern +or both have a firing rate of 1 then + + align:start position:0% +or both have a firing rate of 1 then + + + align:start position:0% +or both have a firing rate of 1 then +those two neurons are going to be + + align:start position:0% +those two neurons are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +those two neurons are going to be +connected to each other right they're + + align:start position:0% +connected to each other right they're + + + align:start position:0% +connected to each other right they're +gonna have a connection between them + + align:start position:0% +gonna have a connection between them + + + align:start position:0% +gonna have a connection between them +that has a value of 1 or alpha okay if + + align:start position:0% +that has a value of 1 or alpha okay if + + + align:start position:0% +that has a value of 1 or alpha okay if +one of those neurons is has a firing + + align:start position:0% +one of those neurons is has a firing + + + align:start position:0% +one of those neurons is has a firing +rate of 1 and the other neuron has a + + align:start position:0% +rate of 1 and the other neuron has a + + + align:start position:0% +rate of 1 and the other neuron has a +fund rate of zero then what weight do we + + align:start position:0% +fund rate of zero then what weight do we + + + align:start position:0% +fund rate of zero then what weight do we +want between them if one of them has a + + align:start position:0% +want between them if one of them has a + + + align:start position:0% +want between them if one of them has a +firing rate of 1 and the other has a + + align:start position:0% +firing rate of 1 and the other has a + + + align:start position:0% +firing rate of 1 and the other has a +firing rate of minus 1 the strength of + + align:start position:0% +firing rate of minus 1 the strength of + + + align:start position:0% +firing rate of minus 1 the strength of +the connection we want between them is + + align:start position:0% +the connection we want between them is + + + align:start position:0% +the connection we want between them is +minus 1 so if one neuron is active and + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 so if one neuron is active and + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 so if one neuron is active and +another one is active we want them to + + align:start position:0% +another one is active we want them to + + + align:start position:0% +another one is active we want them to +excite each other to maintain that as a + + align:start position:0% +excite each other to maintain that as a + + + align:start position:0% +excite each other to maintain that as a +stable State if one neuron is + and the + + align:start position:0% +stable State if one neuron is + and the + + + align:start position:0% +stable State if one neuron is + and the +other one is - we want them to inhibit + + align:start position:0% +other one is - we want them to inhibit + + + align:start position:0% +other one is - we want them to inhibit +each other because that will make that + + align:start position:0% +each other because that will make that + + + align:start position:0% +each other because that will make that +configuration stable ok notice that's a + + align:start position:0% +configuration stable ok notice that's a + + + align:start position:0% +configuration stable ok notice that's a +symmetric matrix so let's actually take + + align:start position:0% +symmetric matrix so let's actually take + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric matrix so let's actually take +our dynamical equation that says how we + + align:start position:0% +our dynamical equation that says how we + + + align:start position:0% +our dynamical equation that says how we +go from the state at time T to this data + + align:start position:0% +go from the state at time T to this data + + + align:start position:0% +go from the state at time T to this data +at time T plus 1 and put in this weight + + align:start position:0% +at time T plus 1 and put in this weight + + + align:start position:0% +at time T plus 1 and put in this weight +matrix and see whether this pattern C is + + align:start position:0% +matrix and see whether this pattern C is + + + align:start position:0% +matrix and see whether this pattern C is +actually a stable state ok so let's do + + align:start position:0% +actually a stable state ok so let's do + + + align:start position:0% +actually a stable state ok so let's do +that let's take this M and stick it in + + align:start position:0% +that let's take this M and stick it in + + + align:start position:0% +that let's take this M and stick it in +there substitute it in notice this is a + + align:start position:0% +there substitute it in notice this is a + + + align:start position:0% +there substitute it in notice this is a +sum over J so we can pull the AI the CI + + align:start position:0% +sum over J so we can pull the AI the CI + + + align:start position:0% +sum over J so we can pull the AI the CI +out and now you see that V at t plus 1 + + align:start position:0% +out and now you see that V at t plus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +out and now you see that V at t plus 1 +is this and it's the sign of a times CI + + align:start position:0% +is this and it's the sign of a times CI + + + align:start position:0% +is this and it's the sign of a times CI +times the sum over J of ik c j ik c j + + align:start position:0% +times the sum over J of ik c j ik c j + + + align:start position:0% +times the sum over J of ik c j ik c j +now what is that any idea what that is + + align:start position:0% +now what is that any idea what that is + + + align:start position:0% +now what is that any idea what that is +so the elements of C are what there are + + align:start position:0% +so the elements of C are what there are + + + align:start position:0% +so the elements of C are what there are +just ones or - so C J times CJ has to be + + align:start position:0% +just ones or - so C J times CJ has to be + + + align:start position:0% +just ones or - so C J times CJ has to be +1 and we're summing over and neurons so + + align:start position:0% +1 and we're summing over and neurons so + + + align:start position:0% +1 and we're summing over and neurons so +this sum has to have a value and + + align:start position:0% +this sum has to have a value and + + + align:start position:0% +this sum has to have a value and +okay so you can see that the state at + + align:start position:0% +okay so you can see that the state at + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you can see that the state at +time T plus one if we start the network + + align:start position:0% +time T plus one if we start the network + + + align:start position:0% +time T plus one if we start the network +in one of these in this remember in this + + align:start position:0% +in one of these in this remember in this + + + align:start position:0% +in one of these in this remember in this +stored state it's just this sign of a + + align:start position:0% +stored state it's just this sign of a + + + align:start position:0% +stored state it's just this sign of a +and C but a is positive and is just a + + align:start position:0% +and C but a is positive and is just a + + + align:start position:0% +and C but a is positive and is just a +positive integer number of neurons so + + align:start position:0% +positive integer number of neurons so + + + align:start position:0% +positive integer number of neurons so +this T equal C okay so if we have this + + align:start position:0% +this T equal C okay so if we have this + + + align:start position:0% +this T equal C okay so if we have this +weight matrix we start the network in + + align:start position:0% +weight matrix we start the network in + + + align:start position:0% +weight matrix we start the network in +that stored state the state at the next + + align:start position:0% +that stored state the state at the next + + + align:start position:0% +that stored state the state at the next +time step will be the same state so it's + + align:start position:0% +time step will be the same state so it's + + + align:start position:0% +time step will be the same state so it's +a stable fixed point okay all right so + + align:start position:0% +a stable fixed point okay all right so + + + align:start position:0% +a stable fixed point okay all right so +let's just go through an example that is + + align:start position:0% +let's just go through an example that is + + + align:start position:0% +let's just go through an example that is +the the prescription for programming a + + align:start position:0% +the the prescription for programming a + + + align:start position:0% +the the prescription for programming a +memory into a hopfield network okay and + + align:start position:0% +memory into a hopfield network okay and + + + align:start position:0% +memory into a hopfield network okay and +notice that it's just it's essentially a + + align:start position:0% +notice that it's just it's essentially a + + + align:start position:0% +notice that it's just it's essentially a +hebbian learning rule so the way you do + + align:start position:0% +hebbian learning rule so the way you do + + + align:start position:0% +hebbian learning rule so the way you do +this is you activate the neurons with a + + align:start position:0% +this is you activate the neurons with a + + + align:start position:0% +this is you activate the neurons with a +particular pattern and any two neurons + + align:start position:0% +particular pattern and any two neurons + + + align:start position:0% +particular pattern and any two neurons +that are active together form a positive + + align:start position:0% +that are active together form a positive + + + align:start position:0% +that are active together form a positive +excitatory connection between them any + + align:start position:0% +excitatory connection between them any + + + align:start position:0% +excitatory connection between them any +two neurons where one is positive and + + align:start position:0% +two neurons where one is positive and + + + align:start position:0% +two neurons where one is positive and +the other is negative form a a symmetric + + align:start position:0% +the other is negative form a a symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +the other is negative form a a symmetric +inhibitory connection + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay all right so let's take a + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so let's take a + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so let's take a +particular example let's make a three + + align:start position:0% +particular example let's make a three + + + align:start position:0% +particular example let's make a three +neuron network that stores a pattern 1 1 + + align:start position:0% +neuron network that stores a pattern 1 1 + + + align:start position:0% +neuron network that stores a pattern 1 1 +minus 1 and again the notation here is C + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 and again the notation here is C + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 and again the notation here is C +C transpose that's an outer product just + + align:start position:0% +C transpose that's an outer product just + + + align:start position:0% +C transpose that's an outer product just +like you used to compute the covariance + + align:start position:0% +like you used to compute the covariance + + + align:start position:0% +like you used to compute the covariance +matrix of a data matrix ok so there's a + + align:start position:0% +matrix of a data matrix ok so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +matrix of a data matrix ok so there's a +pattern we're going to program in the + + align:start position:0% +pattern we're going to program in the + + + align:start position:0% +pattern we're going to program in the +weight matrix is seek see Trent that + + align:start position:0% +weight matrix is seek see Trent that + + + align:start position:0% +weight matrix is seek see Trent that +it's 1 1 minus 1 times 1 1 minus 1 you + + align:start position:0% +it's 1 1 minus 1 times 1 1 minus 1 you + + + align:start position:0% +it's 1 1 minus 1 times 1 1 minus 1 you +can see that's going to give you this + + align:start position:0% +can see that's going to give you this + + + align:start position:0% +can see that's going to give you this +matrix here right so that element there + + align:start position:0% +matrix here right so that element there + + + align:start position:0% +matrix here right so that element there +is 1 times 1 that element there so here + + align:start position:0% +is 1 times 1 that element there so here + + + align:start position:0% +is 1 times 1 that element there so here +are two neurons these two neurons + + align:start position:0% +are two neurons these two neurons + + + align:start position:0% +are two neurons these two neurons +storing this pattern these two neurons + + align:start position:0% +storing this pattern these two neurons + + + align:start position:0% +storing this pattern these two neurons +sorry this neuron has a firing rate of + + align:start position:0% +sorry this neuron has a firing rate of + + + align:start position:0% +sorry this neuron has a firing rate of +minus 1 so the connection between that + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 so the connection between that + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 so the connection between that +neuron and itself is a 1 right it's just + + align:start position:0% +neuron and itself is a 1 right it's just + + + align:start position:0% +neuron and itself is a 1 right it's just +the product of that times that all right + + align:start position:0% +the product of that times that all right + + + align:start position:0% +the product of that times that all right +any questions about how we got this + + align:start position:0% +any questions about how we got this + + + align:start position:0% +any questions about how we got this +weight matrix I think it's pretty bird + + align:start position:0% +weight matrix I think it's pretty bird + + + align:start position:0% +weight matrix I think it's pretty bird +okay so is that a stable point let's + + align:start position:0% +okay so is that a stable point let's + + + align:start position:0% +okay so is that a stable point let's +just multiply it out we take this vector + + align:start position:0% +just multiply it out we take this vector + + + align:start position:0% +just multiply it out we take this vector +and multiply it by this matrix + + align:start position:0% +and multiply it by this matrix + + + align:start position:0% +and multiply it by this matrix +there's our stored pattern there's our + + align:start position:0% +there's our stored pattern there's our + + + align:start position:0% +there's our stored pattern there's our +matrix that stores that pattern and + + align:start position:0% +matrix that stores that pattern and + + + align:start position:0% +matrix that stores that pattern and +we're just going to multiply this out + + align:start position:0% +we're just going to multiply this out + + + align:start position:0% +we're just going to multiply this out +you can see that 1 times 1 plus 1 times + + align:start position:0% +you can see that 1 times 1 plus 1 times + + + align:start position:0% +you can see that 1 times 1 plus 1 times +1 plus minus 1 times minus 1 is 3 you + + align:start position:0% +1 plus minus 1 times minus 1 is 3 you + + + align:start position:0% +1 plus minus 1 times minus 1 is 3 you +just do that for each of the neurons + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +take the sine of that and you can see + + align:start position:0% +take the sine of that and you can see + + + align:start position:0% +take the sine of that and you can see +that that's just 1 1 minus 1 so 1 1 + + align:start position:0% +that that's just 1 1 minus 1 so 1 1 + + + align:start position:0% +that that's just 1 1 minus 1 so 1 1 +minus 1 is a stable fixed point now + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 is a stable fixed point now + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 is a stable fixed point now +let's see if it's actually an attractor + + align:start position:0% +let's see if it's actually an attractor + + + align:start position:0% +let's see if it's actually an attractor +so what it means when a state is an + + align:start position:0% +so what it means when a state is an + + + align:start position:0% +so what it means when a state is an +attractor what that means is if we start + + align:start position:0% +attractor what that means is if we start + + + align:start position:0% +attractor what that means is if we start +the network at a state that's a little + + align:start position:0% +the network at a state that's a little + + + align:start position:0% +the network at a state that's a little +bit different from that and advance the + + align:start position:0% +bit different from that and advance the + + + align:start position:0% +bit different from that and advance the +network one time step it will converge + + align:start position:0% +network one time step it will converge + + + align:start position:0% +network one time step it will converge +toward the attractor so let's put in + + align:start position:0% +toward the attractor so let's put in + + + align:start position:0% +toward the attractor so let's put in +into our network that stores this + + align:start position:0% +into our network that stores this + + + align:start position:0% +into our network that stores this +pattern 1 1 minus 1 + + align:start position:0% +pattern 1 1 minus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +pattern 1 1 minus 1 +let's put in a different pattern and see + + align:start position:0% +let's put in a different pattern and see + + + align:start position:0% +let's put in a different pattern and see +what happens so we're going to take that + + align:start position:0% +what happens so we're going to take that + + + align:start position:0% +what happens so we're going to take that +weight matrix multiply it by this + + align:start position:0% +weight matrix multiply it by this + + + align:start position:0% +weight matrix multiply it by this +initial state multiply that out and you + + align:start position:0% +initial state multiply that out and you + + + align:start position:0% +initial state multiply that out and you +can see that next state is going to be + + align:start position:0% +can see that next state is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +can see that next state is going to be +the sign of 3 3 minus 3 and 1 time step + + align:start position:0% +the sign of 3 3 minus 3 and 1 time step + + + align:start position:0% +the sign of 3 3 minus 3 and 1 time step +advanced the network is now in the state + + align:start position:0% +advanced the network is now in the state + + + align:start position:0% +advanced the network is now in the state +that we've programmed in does that make + + align:start position:0% +that we've programmed in does that make + + + align:start position:0% +that we've programmed in does that make +sense + + align:start position:0% +sense + + + align:start position:0% +sense +ok so that state is a stable fixed point + + align:start position:0% +ok so that state is a stable fixed point + + + align:start position:0% +ok so that state is a stable fixed point +and it's an attractor I'm just going to + + align:start position:0% +and it's an attractor I'm just going to + + + align:start position:0% +and it's an attractor I'm just going to +go through this very quickly I'm just + + align:start position:0% +go through this very quickly I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +go through this very quickly I'm just +going to prove that C is an attractor of + + align:start position:0% +going to prove that C is an attractor of + + + align:start position:0% +going to prove that C is an attractor of +the network if we write down the network + + align:start position:0% +the network if we write down the network + + + align:start position:0% +the network if we write down the network +as the outer product of this that the + + align:start position:0% +as the outer product of this that the + + + align:start position:0% +as the outer product of this that the +matrix elements are the outer product of + + align:start position:0% +matrix elements are the outer product of + + + align:start position:0% +matrix elements are the outer product of +the stored state ok so I'm gonna do is + + align:start position:0% +the stored state ok so I'm gonna do is + + + align:start position:0% +the stored state ok so I'm gonna do is +we're gonna calculate the total input + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna calculate the total input + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna calculate the total input +onto the ice not if we start from an + + align:start position:0% +onto the ice not if we start from an + + + align:start position:0% +onto the ice not if we start from an +arbitrary state V so K is the input to + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary state V so K is the input to + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary state V so K is the input to +all the neurons right and it's just that + + align:start position:0% +all the neurons right and it's just that + + + align:start position:0% +all the neurons right and it's just that +that matrix times the initial State ok + + align:start position:0% +that matrix times the initial State ok + + + align:start position:0% +that matrix times the initial State ok +so V J is the firing rate of the general + + align:start position:0% +so V J is the firing rate of the general + + + align:start position:0% +so V J is the firing rate of the general +and K is just M times B that's the + + align:start position:0% +and K is just M times B that's the + + + align:start position:0% +and K is just M times B that's the +pattern of inputs to all of our neurons + + align:start position:0% +pattern of inputs to all of our neurons + + + align:start position:0% +pattern of inputs to all of our neurons +so what is that K equals we're just + + align:start position:0% +so what is that K equals we're just + + + align:start position:0% +so what is that K equals we're just +gonna put this weight matrix into this + + align:start position:0% +gonna put this weight matrix into this + + + align:start position:0% +gonna put this weight matrix into this +equation all right we can pull the CI + + align:start position:0% +equation all right we can pull the CI + + + align:start position:0% +equation all right we can pull the CI +outside of the sum because it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +outside of the sum because it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +outside of the sum because it doesn't +depend on J this sum is over J now let's + + align:start position:0% +depend on J this sum is over J now let's + + + align:start position:0% +depend on J this sum is over J now let's +just write out this sum ok now you can + + align:start position:0% +just write out this sum ok now you can + + + align:start position:0% +just write out this sum ok now you can +see that if you start out with an + + align:start position:0% +see that if you start out with an + + + align:start position:0% +see that if you start out with an +initial state that has some number of + + align:start position:0% +initial state that has some number of + + + align:start position:0% +initial state that has some number of +neurons that have the correct sign that + + align:start position:0% +neurons that have the correct sign that + + + align:start position:0% +neurons that have the correct sign that +over that are already overlapping with + + align:start position:0% +over that are already overlapping with + + + align:start position:0% +over that are already overlapping with +them and some number of neurons in that + + align:start position:0% +them and some number of neurons in that + + + align:start position:0% +them and some number of neurons in that +initial state don't overlap with the + + align:start position:0% +initial state don't overlap with the + + + align:start position:0% +initial state don't overlap with the +memorized state we can write out this + + align:start position:0% +memorized state we can write out this + + + align:start position:0% +memorized state we can write out this +sum as two terms we can write it as a + + align:start position:0% +sum as two terms we can write it as a + + + align:start position:0% +sum as two terms we can write it as a +sum over some of the neurons that are + + align:start position:0% +sum over some of the neurons that are + + + align:start position:0% +sum over some of the neurons that are +already in the correct state and a sum + + align:start position:0% +already in the correct state and a sum + + + align:start position:0% +already in the correct state and a sum +over neurons that are not in the correct + + align:start position:0% +over neurons that are not in the correct + + + align:start position:0% +over neurons that are not in the correct +state + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so if these neurons in that initial + + align:start position:0% +so if these neurons in that initial + + + align:start position:0% +so if these neurons in that initial +state have the right sign that means + + align:start position:0% +state have the right sign that means + + + align:start position:0% +state have the right sign that means +these two have the same sign and so the + + align:start position:0% +these two have the same sign and so the + + + align:start position:0% +these two have the same sign and so the +sum over c j VJ for neurons where v has + + align:start position:0% +sum over c j VJ for neurons where v has + + + align:start position:0% +sum over c j VJ for neurons where v has +the right sign is just the number of + + align:start position:0% +the right sign is just the number of + + + align:start position:0% +the right sign is just the number of +neurons that has the correct nine and + + align:start position:0% +neurons that has the correct nine and + + + align:start position:0% +neurons that has the correct nine and +this sum over in correct neurons means + + align:start position:0% +this sum over in correct neurons means + + + align:start position:0% +this sum over in correct neurons means +these neurons have the opposite sign of + + align:start position:0% +these neurons have the opposite sign of + + + align:start position:0% +these neurons have the opposite sign of +the desired memory and so those will be + + align:start position:0% +the desired memory and so those will be + + + align:start position:0% +the desired memory and so those will be +one in those will be minus one or those + + align:start position:0% +one in those will be minus one or those + + + align:start position:0% +one in those will be minus one or those +will be minus one and those will be one + + align:start position:0% +will be minus one and those will be one + + + align:start position:0% +will be minus one and those will be one +and so this will be minus the number of + + align:start position:0% +and so this will be minus the number of + + + align:start position:0% +and so this will be minus the number of +incorrect neurons so you can see that + + align:start position:0% +incorrect neurons so you can see that + + + align:start position:0% +incorrect neurons so you can see that +the input neuron will have the right + + align:start position:0% +the input neuron will have the right + + + align:start position:0% +the input neuron will have the right +side if the number of correct neurons is + + align:start position:0% +side if the number of correct neurons is + + + align:start position:0% +side if the number of correct neurons is +more than the number of incorrect + + align:start position:0% +more than the number of incorrect + + + align:start position:0% +more than the number of incorrect +neurons all right so what that means is + + align:start position:0% +neurons all right so what that means is + + + align:start position:0% +neurons all right so what that means is +that if you program a pattern into this + + align:start position:0% +that if you program a pattern into this + + + align:start position:0% +that if you program a pattern into this +network and then I Drive an input into + + align:start position:0% +network and then I Drive an input into + + + align:start position:0% +network and then I Drive an input into +the network where most of the inputs + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +drive if the input drives most of the + + align:start position:0% +drive if the input drives most of the + + + align:start position:0% +drive if the input drives most of the +neurons in the right with the right sign + + align:start position:0% +neurons in the right with the right sign + + + align:start position:0% +neurons in the right with the right sign +then then then the inputs will cause the + + align:start position:0% +then then then the inputs will cause the + + + align:start position:0% +then then then the inputs will cause the +network to evolve toward the memorized + + align:start position:0% +network to evolve toward the memorized + + + align:start position:0% +network to evolve toward the memorized +pattern in the next time step okay so + + align:start position:0% +pattern in the next time step okay so + + + align:start position:0% +pattern in the next time step okay so +let me say that again because I felt + + align:start position:0% +let me say that again because I felt + + + align:start position:0% +let me say that again because I felt +like that didn't come out very clearly + + align:start position:0% +like that didn't come out very clearly + + + align:start position:0% +like that didn't come out very clearly +we program a pattern into our network if + + align:start position:0% +we program a pattern into our network if + + + align:start position:0% +we program a pattern into our network if +we start the network at some let's say + + align:start position:0% +we start the network at some let's say + + + align:start position:0% +we start the network at some let's say +at zero and then we put in a pattern + + align:start position:0% +at zero and then we put in a pattern + + + align:start position:0% +at zero and then we put in a pattern +into the network such that just the + + align:start position:0% +into the network such that just the + + + align:start position:0% +into the network such that just the +majority of the neurons are activated in + + align:start position:0% +majority of the neurons are activated in + + + align:start position:0% +majority of the neurons are activated in +a way that looks like the stored pattern + + align:start position:0% +a way that looks like the stored pattern + + + align:start position:0% +a way that looks like the stored pattern +then in the next time step all of the + + align:start position:0% +then in the next time step all of the + + + align:start position:0% +then in the next time step all of the +neurons will have the story pattern okay + + align:start position:0% +neurons will have the story pattern okay + + + align:start position:0% +neurons will have the story pattern okay +so let me show you what that looks like + + align:start position:0% +so let me show you what that looks like + + + align:start position:0% +so let me show you what that looks like +actually let me actually pet it and show + + align:start position:0% +actually let me actually pet it and show + + + align:start position:0% +actually let me actually pet it and show +you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so here's an example of that so you + + align:start position:0% +okay so here's an example of that so you + + + align:start position:0% +okay so here's an example of that so you +can use hopfield networks to store many + + align:start position:0% +can use hopfield networks to store many + + + align:start position:0% +can use hopfield networks to store many +different kinds of things including + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of things including + + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of things including +images alright so this is a network + + align:start position:0% +images alright so this is a network + + + align:start position:0% +images alright so this is a network +where each pixel is being represented by + + align:start position:0% +where each pixel is being represented by + + + align:start position:0% +where each pixel is being represented by +neuron in a hopfield network and a + + align:start position:0% +neuron in a hopfield network and a + + + align:start position:0% +neuron in a hopfield network and a +particular image was stored in that + + align:start position:0% +particular image was stored in that + + + align:start position:0% +particular image was stored in that +network by setting up the pattern of + + align:start position:0% +network by setting up the pattern of + + + align:start position:0% +network by setting up the pattern of +synaptic weights okay + + align:start position:0% +synaptic weights okay + + + align:start position:0% +synaptic weights okay +just using that CC transpose + + align:start position:0% +just using that CC transpose + + + align:start position:0% +just using that CC transpose +learning rule for the weight matrix M + + align:start position:0% +learning rule for the weight matrix M + + + align:start position:0% +learning rule for the weight matrix M +okay now what you can do is you can set + + align:start position:0% +okay now what you can do is you can set + + + align:start position:0% +okay now what you can do is you can set +Network from a random initial condition + + align:start position:0% +Network from a random initial condition + + + align:start position:0% +Network from a random initial condition +okay and then let the network evolve + + align:start position:0% +okay and then let the network evolve + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then let the network evolve +over time all right and what you see is + + align:start position:0% +over time all right and what you see is + + + align:start position:0% +over time all right and what you see is +that the network converges toward the + + align:start position:0% +that the network converges toward the + + + align:start position:0% +that the network converges toward the +pattern that was stored in the synapse + + align:start position:0% +pattern that was stored in the synapse + + + align:start position:0% +pattern that was stored in the synapse +okay does that make sense + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +got that so so basically as long as the + + align:start position:0% +got that so so basically as long as the + + + align:start position:0% +got that so so basically as long as the +initial pattern is has some overlap with + + align:start position:0% +initial pattern is has some overlap with + + + align:start position:0% +initial pattern is has some overlap with +the stored pattern the network will + + align:start position:0% +the stored pattern the network will + + + align:start position:0% +the stored pattern the network will +evolve toward the stored pattern okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so let me define a little bit + + align:start position:0% +all right so let me define a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +all right so let me define a little bit +better what we mean by the energy + + align:start position:0% +better what we mean by the energy + + + align:start position:0% +better what we mean by the energy +landscape and how it's actually defined + + align:start position:0% +landscape and how it's actually defined + + + align:start position:0% +landscape and how it's actually defined +okay so you remember that if we start + + align:start position:0% +okay so you remember that if we start + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you remember that if we start +our network in a particular pattern V + + align:start position:0% +our network in a particular pattern V + + + align:start position:0% +our network in a particular pattern V +there were current connections will + + align:start position:0% +there were current connections will + + + align:start position:0% +there were current connections will +drive inputs into all the other neurons + + align:start position:0% +drive inputs into all the other neurons + + + align:start position:0% +drive inputs into all the other neurons +all the neurons in the network and those + + align:start position:0% +all the neurons in the network and those + + + align:start position:0% +all the neurons in the network and those +inputs will then determine the pattern + + align:start position:0% +inputs will then determine the pattern + + + align:start position:0% +inputs will then determine the pattern +of activity at the next time step okay + + align:start position:0% +of activity at the next time step okay + + + align:start position:0% +of activity at the next time step okay +so the if we have a state of the network + + align:start position:0% +so the if we have a state of the network + + + align:start position:0% +so the if we have a state of the network +V the inputs to the network to all the + + align:start position:0% +V the inputs to the network to all the + + + align:start position:0% +V the inputs to the network to all the +neurons in the network from the + + align:start position:0% +neurons in the network from the + + + align:start position:0% +neurons in the network from the +currently active neurons is given by the + + align:start position:0% +currently active neurons is given by the + + + align:start position:0% +currently active neurons is given by the +connection matrix times V okay so we can + + align:start position:0% +connection matrix times V okay so we can + + + align:start position:0% +connection matrix times V okay so we can +just write that out as a sum like this + + align:start position:0% +just write that out as a sum like this + + + align:start position:0% +just write that out as a sum like this +so you define the energy of the network + + align:start position:0% +so you define the energy of the network + + + align:start position:0% +so you define the energy of the network +as the dot product basically the amount + + align:start position:0% +as the dot product basically the amount + + + align:start position:0% +as the dot product basically the amount +of overlap between the current state of + + align:start position:0% +of overlap between the current state of + + + align:start position:0% +of overlap between the current state of +the network and the inputs to all of the + + align:start position:0% +the network and the inputs to all of the + + + align:start position:0% +the network and the inputs to all of the +neurons that drive the activity in the + + align:start position:0% +neurons that drive the activity in the + + + align:start position:0% +neurons that drive the activity in the +next step okay and the energy is - okay + + align:start position:0% +next step okay and the energy is - okay + + + align:start position:0% +next step okay and the energy is - okay +so what that means is if the network is + + align:start position:0% +so what that means is if the network is + + + align:start position:0% +so what that means is if the network is +in a state that has a big overlap with + + align:start position:0% +in a state that has a big overlap with + + + align:start position:0% +in a state that has a big overlap with +the pattern of inputs to all the other + + align:start position:0% +the pattern of inputs to all the other + + + align:start position:0% +the pattern of inputs to all the other +neurons then the energy will be very + + align:start position:0% +neurons then the energy will be very + + + align:start position:0% +neurons then the energy will be very +negative right and remember that the + + align:start position:0% +negative right and remember that the + + + align:start position:0% +negative right and remember that the +system likes to evolve toward low + + align:start position:0% +system likes to evolve toward low + + + align:start position:0% +system likes to evolve toward low +energies in physics you have a ball on a + + align:start position:0% +energies in physics you have a ball on a + + + align:start position:0% +energies in physics you have a ball on a +hill it rolls downhill + + align:start position:0% +hill it rolls downhill + + + align:start position:0% +hill it rolls downhill +right to lower gravitational energies + + align:start position:0% +right to lower gravitational energies + + + align:start position:0% +right to lower gravitational energies +right so you start to the ball anywhere + + align:start position:0% +right so you start to the ball anywhere + + + align:start position:0% +right so you start to the ball anywhere +on the hill and it will roll downhill so + + align:start position:0% +on the hill and it will roll downhill so + + + align:start position:0% +on the hill and it will roll downhill so +these networks do the same thing they + + align:start position:0% +these networks do the same thing they + + + align:start position:0% +these networks do the same thing they +evolve them well on this energy surface + + align:start position:0% +evolve them well on this energy surface + + + align:start position:0% +evolve them well on this energy surface +evolved toward states that have a high + + align:start position:0% +evolved toward states that have a high + + + align:start position:0% +evolved toward states that have a high +overlap with the inputs that drive the + + align:start position:0% +overlap with the inputs that drive the + + + align:start position:0% +overlap with the inputs that drive the +next state that makes sense so if you're + + align:start position:0% +next state that makes sense so if you're + + + align:start position:0% +next state that makes sense so if you're +if you're in a state where the pattern + + align:start position:0% +if you're in a state where the pattern + + + align:start position:0% +if you're in a state where the pattern +right now as a high overlap with what + + align:start position:0% +right now as a high overlap with what + + + align:start position:0% +right now as a high overlap with what +the pattern is gonna be in the next time + + align:start position:0% +the pattern is gonna be in the next time + + + align:start position:0% +the pattern is gonna be in the next time +step then you're in an attractor right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ok so it's so it looks like that so if + + align:start position:0% +ok so it's so it looks like that so if + + + align:start position:0% +ok so it's so it looks like that so if +this energy is just negative of the + + align:start position:0% +this energy is just negative of the + + + align:start position:0% +this energy is just negative of the +overlap of the current state of the + + align:start position:0% +overlap of the current state of the + + + align:start position:0% +overlap of the current state of the +network with the path of inputs to all + + align:start position:0% +network with the path of inputs to all + + + align:start position:0% +network with the path of inputs to all +the neurons yes Rebecca yeah so the only + + align:start position:0% +the neurons yes Rebecca yeah so the only + + + align:start position:0% +the neurons yes Rebecca yeah so the only +the only difference is that the state of + + align:start position:0% +the only difference is that the state of + + + align:start position:0% +the only difference is that the state of +the network is this vector right and the + + align:start position:0% +the network is this vector right and the + + + align:start position:0% +the network is this vector right and the +weight matrix how that state will drive + + align:start position:0% +weight matrix how that state will drive + + + align:start position:0% +weight matrix how that state will drive +input into all the other neurons okay + + align:start position:0% +input into all the other neurons okay + + + align:start position:0% +input into all the other neurons okay +and so if you're in a state that drives + + align:start position:0% +and so if you're in a state that drives + + + align:start position:0% +and so if you're in a state that drives +a pattern of inputs to all the neurons + + align:start position:0% +a pattern of inputs to all the neurons + + + align:start position:0% +a pattern of inputs to all the neurons +that looks exactly like the current + + align:start position:0% +that looks exactly like the current + + + align:start position:0% +that looks exactly like the current +state then you're gonna stay in that + + align:start position:0% +state then you're gonna stay in that + + + align:start position:0% +state then you're gonna stay in that +state right and so the energy is just + + align:start position:0% +state right and so the energy is just + + + align:start position:0% +state right and so the energy is just +defined as that dot part the overlap of + + align:start position:0% +defined as that dot part the overlap of + + + align:start position:0% +defined as that dot part the overlap of +the current state or the state that + + align:start position:0% +the current state or the state that + + + align:start position:0% +the current state or the state that +you're calculating the energy of and the + + align:start position:0% +you're calculating the energy of and the + + + align:start position:0% +you're calculating the energy of and the +inputs to the network in the next time + + align:start position:0% +inputs to the network in the next time + + + align:start position:0% +inputs to the network in the next time +step okay all right so let me show you + + align:start position:0% +step okay all right so let me show you + + + align:start position:0% +step okay all right so let me show you +what that looks like + + align:start position:0% +what that looks like + + + align:start position:0% +what that looks like +all right and so the energy is lowest + + align:start position:0% +all right and so the energy is lowest + + + align:start position:0% +all right and so the energy is lowest +current state has a high overlap with + + align:start position:0% +current state has a high overlap with + + + align:start position:0% +current state has a high overlap with +the synaptic drive to the next step okay + + align:start position:0% +the synaptic drive to the next step okay + + + align:start position:0% +the synaptic drive to the next step okay +so let's just take a look at this + + align:start position:0% +so let's just take a look at this + + + align:start position:0% +so let's just take a look at this +particular network here but I've + + align:start position:0% +particular network here but I've + + + align:start position:0% +particular network here but I've +rewritten this dot product as it's okay + + align:start position:0% +rewritten this dot product as it's okay + + + align:start position:0% +rewritten this dot product as it's okay +is just M times V this dot product can + + align:start position:0% +is just M times V this dot product can + + + align:start position:0% +is just M times V this dot product can +just be written as V transpose times M V + + align:start position:0% +just be written as V transpose times M V + + + align:start position:0% +just be written as V transpose times M V +ok so that's the energy let's take a + + align:start position:0% +ok so that's the energy let's take a + + + align:start position:0% +ok so that's the energy let's take a +look at this matrix this network here 0 + + align:start position:0% +look at this matrix this network here 0 + + + align:start position:0% +look at this matrix this network here 0 +minus 2 minus 2 0 so it's this mutually + + align:start position:0% +minus 2 minus 2 0 so it's this mutually + + + align:start position:0% +minus 2 minus 2 0 so it's this mutually +inhibitory Network you know that that + + align:start position:0% +inhibitory Network you know that that + + + align:start position:0% +inhibitory Network you know that that +inhibitory network has attractors that + + align:start position:0% +inhibitory network has attractors that + + + align:start position:0% +inhibitory network has attractors that +are here at minus 1 1 and + + align:start position:0% +are here at minus 1 1 and + + + align:start position:0% +are here at minus 1 1 and +- one and so let's actually calculate + + align:start position:0% +- one and so let's actually calculate + + + align:start position:0% +- one and so let's actually calculate +the energy so you can actually take + + align:start position:0% +the energy so you can actually take + + + align:start position:0% +the energy so you can actually take +these states 1 - 1 multiply it by that M + + align:start position:0% +these states 1 - 1 multiply it by that M + + + align:start position:0% +these states 1 - 1 multiply it by that M +and then take the dot product with 1 - 1 + + align:start position:0% +and then take the dot product with 1 - 1 + + + align:start position:0% +and then take the dot product with 1 - 1 +and do that for each one of those states + + align:start position:0% +and do that for each one of those states + + + align:start position:0% +and do that for each one of those states +and write down the energy you can see + + align:start position:0% +and write down the energy you can see + + + align:start position:0% +and write down the energy you can see +that the energy here is minus 1 the + + align:start position:0% +that the energy here is minus 1 the + + + align:start position:0% +that the energy here is minus 1 the +energy here is minus 1 and the energy + + align:start position:0% +energy here is minus 1 and the energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy here is minus 1 and the energy +here is 0 so if you start the network + + align:start position:0% +here is 0 so if you start the network + + + align:start position:0% +here is 0 so if you start the network +here at an energy 0 it's gonna roll + + align:start position:0% +here at an energy 0 it's gonna roll + + + align:start position:0% +here at an energy 0 it's gonna roll +downhill to this state ok + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or it can roll downhill to this state + + align:start position:0% +or it can roll downhill to this state + + + align:start position:0% +or it can roll downhill to this state +depending on the the initial condition + + align:start position:0% +depending on the the initial condition + + + align:start position:0% +depending on the the initial condition +ok so you can also think about the + + align:start position:0% +ok so you can also think about the + + + align:start position:0% +ok so you can also think about the +energy as a function of firing rates + + align:start position:0% +energy as a function of firing rates + + + align:start position:0% +energy as a function of firing rates +continuously you can calculate that + + align:start position:0% +continuously you can calculate that + + + align:start position:0% +continuously you can calculate that +energy not just for these points on this + + align:start position:0% +energy not just for these points on this + + + align:start position:0% +energy not just for these points on this +on this grid and what you see is that + + align:start position:0% +on this grid and what you see is that + + + align:start position:0% +on this grid and what you see is that +there's basically in high dimensions + + align:start position:0% +there's basically in high dimensions + + + align:start position:0% +there's basically in high dimensions +there are sort of valleys that describe + + align:start position:0% +there are sort of valleys that describe + + + align:start position:0% +there are sort of valleys that describe +the attractor basin of these different + + align:start position:0% +the attractor basin of these different + + + align:start position:0% +the attractor basin of these different +attractors alright and if you checked + + align:start position:0% +attractors alright and if you checked + + + align:start position:0% +attractors alright and if you checked +that energy along an axis like this you + + align:start position:0% +that energy along an axis like this you + + + align:start position:0% +that energy along an axis like this you +can see that you sort of take a let's + + align:start position:0% +can see that you sort of take a let's + + + align:start position:0% +can see that you sort of take a let's +say take a slice through this energy + + align:start position:0% +say take a slice through this energy + + + align:start position:0% +say take a slice through this energy +function you can see that this looks + + align:start position:0% +function you can see that this looks + + + align:start position:0% +function you can see that this looks +just like the energy surface the energy + + align:start position:0% +just like the energy surface the energy + + + align:start position:0% +just like the energy surface the energy +function that we described before for + + align:start position:0% +function that we described before for + + + align:start position:0% +function that we described before for +the 1d factor okay the one the single + + align:start position:0% +the 1d factor okay the one the single + + + align:start position:0% +the 1d factor okay the one the single +neuron with two attractors right this + + align:start position:0% +neuron with two attractors right this + + + align:start position:0% +neuron with two attractors right this +corresponds to a a valley in a valley + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to a a valley in a valley + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to a a valley in a valley +and a peak between them okay and then + + align:start position:0% +and a peak between them okay and then + + + align:start position:0% +and a peak between them okay and then +the energy gets big outside is that any + + align:start position:0% +the energy gets big outside is that any + + + align:start position:0% +the energy gets big outside is that any +questions about that yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's the general definition minus + + align:start position:0% +that's the general definition minus + + + align:start position:0% +that's the general definition minus +one-half V dot K okay it really it + + align:start position:0% +one-half V dot K okay it really it + + + align:start position:0% +one-half V dot K okay it really it +actually doesn't really this this + + align:start position:0% +actually doesn't really this this + + + align:start position:0% +actually doesn't really this this +one-half doesn't really matter it + + align:start position:0% +one-half doesn't really matter it + + + align:start position:0% +one-half doesn't really matter it +actually comes out of the derivative of + + align:start position:0% +actually comes out of the derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +actually comes out of the derivative of +something as I recall but it's a scaling + + align:start position:0% +something as I recall but it's a scaling + + + align:start position:0% +something as I recall but it's a scaling +factor doesn't matter the network always + + align:start position:0% +factor doesn't matter the network always + + + align:start position:0% +factor doesn't matter the network always +evolves toward a minimum of the energy + + align:start position:0% +evolves toward a minimum of the energy + + + align:start position:0% +evolves toward a minimum of the energy +and so this this one-half could be + + align:start position:0% +and so this this one-half could be + + + align:start position:0% +and so this this one-half could be +anything okay all right so the point is + + align:start position:0% +anything okay all right so the point is + + + align:start position:0% +anything okay all right so the point is +that that starting the network anywhere + + align:start position:0% +that that starting the network anywhere + + + align:start position:0% +that that starting the network anywhere +with a sensory input the system will + + align:start position:0% +with a sensory input the system will + + + align:start position:0% +with a sensory input the system will +evolve toward the nearest memory okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and I already showed you this okay + + align:start position:0% +okay and I already showed you this okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay and I already showed you this okay +so now the a very interesting question + + align:start position:0% +so now the a very interesting question + + + align:start position:0% +so now the a very interesting question +is how many memories can you actually + + align:start position:0% +is how many memories can you actually + + + align:start position:0% +is how many memories can you actually +store in a network and there's a very + + align:start position:0% +store in a network and there's a very + + + align:start position:0% +store in a network and there's a very +simple way of calculating the capacity + + align:start position:0% +simple way of calculating the capacity + + + align:start position:0% +simple way of calculating the capacity +of the hopfield network and I'm just + + align:start position:0% +of the hopfield network and I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +of the hopfield network and I'm just +going to show you the outlines of it and + + align:start position:0% +going to show you the outlines of it and + + + align:start position:0% +going to show you the outlines of it and +and that actually gives us some insight + + align:start position:0% +and that actually gives us some insight + + + align:start position:0% +and that actually gives us some insight +into what kinds of memories you can + + align:start position:0% +into what kinds of memories you can + + + align:start position:0% +into what kinds of memories you can +store basically the idea is that when + + align:start position:0% +store basically the idea is that when + + + align:start position:0% +store basically the idea is that when +you store memories in an you want the + + align:start position:0% +you store memories in an you want the + + + align:start position:0% +you store memories in an you want the +different memories to be as uncorrelated + + align:start position:0% +different memories to be as uncorrelated + + + align:start position:0% +different memories to be as uncorrelated +with each with each other as possible + + align:start position:0% +with each with each other as possible + + + align:start position:0% +with each with each other as possible +you don't want to try to store memories + + align:start position:0% +you don't want to try to store memories + + + align:start position:0% +you don't want to try to store memories +that are very similar to each other and + + align:start position:0% +that are very similar to each other and + + + align:start position:0% +that are very similar to each other and +you'll see why in a second when we look + + align:start position:0% +you'll see why in a second when we look + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see why in a second when we look +at the math okay so let's say that we + + align:start position:0% +at the math okay so let's say that we + + + align:start position:0% +at the math okay so let's say that we +want to store multiple memories in our + + align:start position:0% +want to store multiple memories in our + + + align:start position:0% +want to store multiple memories in our +network okay instead of just storing one + + align:start position:0% +network okay instead of just storing one + + + align:start position:0% +network okay instead of just storing one +pattern see we want to store a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +pattern see we want to store a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +pattern see we want to store a bunch of +different patterns see and so let's say + + align:start position:0% +different patterns see and so let's say + + + align:start position:0% +different patterns see and so let's say +we're going to store P different + + align:start position:0% +we're going to store P different + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to store P different +patterns so we have a parameter variable + + align:start position:0% +patterns so we have a parameter variable + + + align:start position:0% +patterns so we have a parameter variable +mu and index mu addresses each of the + + align:start position:0% +mu and index mu addresses each of the + + + align:start position:0% +mu and index mu addresses each of the +different patterns we want to store so + + align:start position:0% +different patterns we want to store so + + + align:start position:0% +different patterns we want to store so +we're gonna store 0 to P patterns P + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna store 0 to P patterns P + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna store 0 to P patterns P +minus 1 patterns so what we do the way + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 patterns so what we do the way + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 patterns so what we do the way +we do that is we compute the + + align:start position:0% +we do that is we compute the + + + align:start position:0% +we do that is we compute the +contribution to the weight make matrix + + align:start position:0% +contribution to the weight make matrix + + + align:start position:0% +contribution to the weight make matrix +from each of those different patterns so + + align:start position:0% +from each of those different patterns so + + + align:start position:0% +from each of those different patterns so +we calculate a weight matrix using the + + align:start position:0% +we calculate a weight matrix using the + + + align:start position:0% +we calculate a weight matrix using the +outer product for each of the + + align:start position:0% +outer product for each of the + + + align:start position:0% +outer product for each of the +Conner's we want to store it work all + + align:start position:0% +Conner's we want to store it work all + + + align:start position:0% +Conner's we want to store it work all +right and then we add all of those + + align:start position:0% +right and then we add all of those + + + align:start position:0% +right and then we add all of those +together we're going to essentially sort + + align:start position:0% +together we're going to essentially sort + + + align:start position:0% +together we're going to essentially sort +of average together the network that we + + align:start position:0% +of average together the network that we + + + align:start position:0% +of average together the network that we +would make for each pattern separately + + align:start position:0% +would make for each pattern separately + + + align:start position:0% +would make for each pattern separately +right does that make sense + + align:start position:0% +right does that make sense + + + align:start position:0% +right does that make sense +so there is the equation for the weight + + align:start position:0% +so there is the equation for the weight + + + align:start position:0% +so there is the equation for the weight +matrix that stores P different patterns + + align:start position:0% +matrix that stores P different patterns + + + align:start position:0% +matrix that stores P different patterns +in our memory in our network okay and + + align:start position:0% +in our memory in our network okay and + + + align:start position:0% +in our memory in our network okay and +that's how we got this kind of network + + align:start position:0% +that's how we got this kind of network + + + align:start position:0% +that's how we got this kind of network +here where we store multiple memories + + align:start position:0% +here where we store multiple memories + + + align:start position:0% +here where we store multiple memories +all right okay so let me just show you + + align:start position:0% +all right okay so let me just show you + + + align:start position:0% +all right okay so let me just show you +an example of what happens when you do + + align:start position:0% +an example of what happens when you do + + + align:start position:0% +an example of what happens when you do +that so I found these nice videos online + + align:start position:0% +that so I found these nice videos online + + + align:start position:0% +that so I found these nice videos online +so here is a representation of a network + + align:start position:0% +so here is a representation of a network + + + align:start position:0% +so here is a representation of a network +that stores a 5x5 array of pixels okay + + align:start position:0% +that stores a 5x5 array of pixels okay + + + align:start position:0% +that stores a 5x5 array of pixels okay +and this network was trained on these + + align:start position:0% +and this network was trained on these + + + align:start position:0% +and this network was trained on these +three different patterns okay and what + + align:start position:0% +three different patterns okay and what + + + align:start position:0% +three different patterns okay and what +this little demo shows is that if you + + align:start position:0% +this little demo shows is that if you + + + align:start position:0% +this little demo shows is that if you +start the network from different + + align:start position:0% +start the network from different + + + align:start position:0% +start the network from different +configurations here and then evolve the + + align:start position:0% +configurations here and then evolve the + + + align:start position:0% +configurations here and then evolve the +network you start running it that means + + align:start position:0% +network you start running it that means + + + align:start position:0% +network you start running it that means +you run the diner update for each neuron + + align:start position:0% +you run the diner update for each neuron + + + align:start position:0% +you run the diner update for each neuron +one at a time and you can see how the + + align:start position:0% +one at a time and you can see how the + + + align:start position:0% +one at a time and you can see how the +system evolves over time okay so this is + + align:start position:0% +system evolves over time okay so this is + + + align:start position:0% +system evolves over time okay so this is +a little GUI based thing you can flip + + align:start position:0% +a little GUI based thing you can flip + + + align:start position:0% +a little GUI based thing you can flip +the state and then run it and you can + + align:start position:0% +the state and then run it and you can + + + align:start position:0% +the state and then run it and you can +see that if you change those now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I think he was trying to make it look + + align:start position:0% +I think he was trying to make it look + + + align:start position:0% +I think he was trying to make it look +like that but when you run it would + + align:start position:0% +like that but when you run it would + + + align:start position:0% +like that but when you run it would +actually evolve toward this one now he's + + align:start position:0% +actually evolve toward this one now he's + + + align:start position:0% +actually evolve toward this one now he's +gonna he's gonna really make it look + + align:start position:0% +gonna he's gonna really make it look + + + align:start position:0% +gonna he's gonna really make it look +like that and you can see it evolves + + align:start position:0% +like that and you can see it evolves + + + align:start position:0% +like that and you can see it evolves +toward that one okay all right any + + align:start position:0% +toward that one okay all right any + + + align:start position:0% +toward that one okay all right any +questions about that you can see it's + + align:start position:0% +questions about that you can see it's + + + align:start position:0% +questions about that you can see it's +stored three separate memories you've + + align:start position:0% +stored three separate memories you've + + + align:start position:0% +stored three separate memories you've +given an input and the network evolves + + align:start position:0% +given an input and the network evolves + + + align:start position:0% +given an input and the network evolves +toward whatever memory was closest to + + align:start position:0% +toward whatever memory was closest to + + + align:start position:0% +toward whatever memory was closest to +the input so that's called a Content + + align:start position:0% +the input so that's called a Content + + + align:start position:0% +the input so that's called a Content +memory you can actually recall a memory + + align:start position:0% +memory you can actually recall a memory + + + align:start position:0% +memory you can actually recall a memory +not by pointing to an address like you + + align:start position:0% +not by pointing to an address like you + + + align:start position:0% +not by pointing to an address like you +do in a computer but by putting in + + align:start position:0% +do in a computer but by putting in + + + align:start position:0% +do in a computer but by putting in +something that looks a little bit like + + align:start position:0% +something that looks a little bit like + + + align:start position:0% +something that looks a little bit like +the memory and then the system sort of + + align:start position:0% +the memory and then the system sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the memory and then the system sort of +evolves right to the the memory that was + + align:start position:0% +evolves right to the the memory that was + + + align:start position:0% +evolves right to the the memory that was +closest to the input okay so it's also + + align:start position:0% +closest to the input okay so it's also + + + align:start position:0% +closest to the input okay so it's also +called an auto associative memory it + + align:start position:0% +called an auto associative memory it + + + align:start position:0% +called an auto associative memory it +auto it automatically associates with + + align:start position:0% +auto it automatically associates with + + + align:start position:0% +auto it automatically associates with +the nearest with a pattern that's + + align:start position:0% +the nearest with a pattern that's + + + align:start position:0% +the nearest with a pattern that's +nearest to the input okay + + align:start position:0% +nearest to the input okay + + + align:start position:0% +nearest to the input okay +so here's another example it's just kind + + align:start position:0% +so here's another example it's just kind + + + align:start position:0% +so here's another example it's just kind +of more of the same this is a network + + align:start position:0% +of more of the same this is a network + + + align:start position:0% +of more of the same this is a network +similar to this instead of black and + + align:start position:0% +similar to this instead of black and + + + align:start position:0% +similar to this instead of black and +white red and purple but it's got a lot + + align:start position:0% +white red and purple but it's got a lot + + + align:start position:0% +white red and purple but it's got a lot +more pixels and and and you'll see the + + align:start position:0% +more pixels and and and you'll see the + + + align:start position:0% +more pixels and and and you'll see the +three different images that are stored + + align:start position:0% +three different images that are stored + + + align:start position:0% +three different images that are stored +in there okay so a face a world and a + + align:start position:0% +in there okay so a face a world and a + + + align:start position:0% +in there okay so a face a world and a +penguin so then what they're doing here + + align:start position:0% +penguin so then what they're doing here + + + align:start position:0% +penguin so then what they're doing here +is they add noise and then you run the + + align:start position:0% +is they add noise and then you run the + + + align:start position:0% +is they add noise and then you run the +network and it worked one of the + + align:start position:0% +network and it worked one of the + + + align:start position:0% +network and it worked one of the +patterns that you stored in it okay so + + align:start position:0% +patterns that you stored in it okay so + + + align:start position:0% +patterns that you stored in it okay so +here's the penguin add noise add a + + align:start position:0% +here's the penguin add noise add a + + + align:start position:0% +here's the penguin add noise add a +little bit of noise I hear he's + + align:start position:0% +little bit of noise I hear he's + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of noise I hear he's +colouring it in i guess to make it and + + align:start position:0% +colouring it in i guess to make it and + + + align:start position:0% +colouring it in i guess to make it and +then you run the network in it and it + + align:start position:0% +then you run the network in it and it + + + align:start position:0% +then you run the network in it and it +remembers that okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so that's interesting so he ran it + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's interesting so he ran it + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's interesting so he ran it +he or she ran the network and you see + + align:start position:0% +he or she ran the network and you see + + + align:start position:0% +he or she ran the network and you see +that it kind of recovered a face but + + align:start position:0% +that it kind of recovered a face but + + + align:start position:0% +that it kind of recovered a face but +there's some penguin head stuck on top + + align:start position:0% +there's some penguin head stuck on top + + + align:start position:0% +there's some penguin head stuck on top +so what what goes wrong there something + + align:start position:0% +so what what goes wrong there something + + + align:start position:0% +so what what goes wrong there something +I think bad happened right the the + + align:start position:0% +I think bad happened right the the + + + align:start position:0% +I think bad happened right the the +network was trained with a face of globe + + align:start position:0% +network was trained with a face of globe + + + align:start position:0% +network was trained with a face of globe +and a penguin and and you've run it most + + align:start position:0% +and a penguin and and you've run it most + + + align:start position:0% +and a penguin and and you've run it most +of the time and it works and then + + align:start position:0% +of the time and it works and then + + + align:start position:0% +of the time and it works and then +suddenly run it and it recovers a face + + align:start position:0% +suddenly run it and it recovers a face + + + align:start position:0% +suddenly run it and it recovers a face +where the penguin head sticking out of + + align:start position:0% +where the penguin head sticking out of + + + align:start position:0% +where the penguin head sticking out of +it what happened + + align:start position:0% +it what happened + + + align:start position:0% +it what happened +so we'll explain what happens what that + + align:start position:0% +so we'll explain what happens what that + + + align:start position:0% +so we'll explain what happens what that +what happened that this network was + + align:start position:0% +what happened that this network was + + + align:start position:0% +what happened that this network was +trained in a way that has what's called + + align:start position:0% +trained in a way that has what's called + + + align:start position:0% +trained in a way that has what's called +a spurious attractor and that often + + align:start position:0% +a spurious attractor and that often + + + align:start position:0% +a spurious attractor and that often +happens when you train a network with + + align:start position:0% +happens when you train a network with + + + align:start position:0% +happens when you train a network with +too many memories when you exceed the + + align:start position:0% +too many memories when you exceed the + + + align:start position:0% +too many memories when you exceed the +capacity of the network to store + + align:start position:0% +capacity of the network to store + + + align:start position:0% +capacity of the network to store +memories so let me show you what + + align:start position:0% +memories so let me show you what + + + align:start position:0% +memories so let me show you what +actually goes wrong mathematically there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so all right so we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +okay so all right so we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +okay so all right so we're going to do +the same analysis we did before we're + + align:start position:0% +the same analysis we did before we're + + + align:start position:0% +the same analysis we did before we're +gonna take a matrix we're gonna build a + + align:start position:0% +gonna take a matrix we're gonna build a + + + align:start position:0% +gonna take a matrix we're gonna build a +network that stores multiple memories + + align:start position:0% +network that stores multiple memories + + + align:start position:0% +network that stores multiple memories +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +this was the matrix to build one memory + + align:start position:0% +this was the matrix to build one memory + + + align:start position:0% +this was the matrix to build one memory +let's see what I did here okay so in + + align:start position:0% +let's see what I did here okay so in + + + align:start position:0% +let's see what I did here okay so in +order for yeah so sorry this was the + + align:start position:0% +order for yeah so sorry this was the + + + align:start position:0% +order for yeah so sorry this was the +matrix for multiple memories we're + + align:start position:0% +matrix for multiple memories we're + + + align:start position:0% +matrix for multiple memories we're +summing mu I just didn't write the + + align:start position:0% +summing mu I just didn't write the + + + align:start position:0% +summing mu I just didn't write the +mucles zero to P so we're gonna program + + align:start position:0% +mucles zero to P so we're gonna program + + + align:start position:0% +mucles zero to P so we're gonna program +P different memories by summing up this + + align:start position:0% +P different memories by summing up this + + + align:start position:0% +P different memories by summing up this +outer product for all the different + + align:start position:0% +outer product for all the different + + + align:start position:0% +outer product for all the different +patterns that we're wanting to store all + + align:start position:0% +patterns that we're wanting to store all + + + align:start position:0% +patterns that we're wanting to store all +right we're going to ask whether one of + + align:start position:0% +right we're going to ask whether one of + + + align:start position:0% +right we're going to ask whether one of +those under what conditions is one of + + align:start position:0% +those under what conditions is one of + + + align:start position:0% +those under what conditions is one of +those patterns that C not actually a + + align:start position:0% +those patterns that C not actually a + + + align:start position:0% +those patterns that C not actually a +stable state of the network okay so + + align:start position:0% +stable state of the network okay so + + + align:start position:0% +stable state of the network okay so +we're gonna build a network with + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna build a network with + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna build a network with +multiple patterns stored and we're just + + align:start position:0% +multiple patterns stored and we're just + + + align:start position:0% +multiple patterns stored and we're just +going to ask a simple question under + + align:start position:0% +going to ask a simple question under + + + align:start position:0% +going to ask a simple question under +what conditions is C not going to evolve + + align:start position:0% +what conditions is C not going to evolve + + + align:start position:0% +what conditions is C not going to evolve +to C naught and if it if C naught + + align:start position:0% +to C naught and if it if C naught + + + align:start position:0% +to C naught and if it if C naught +evolves toward C naught + + align:start position:0% +evolves toward C naught + + + align:start position:0% +evolves toward C naught +or stays at sea not then it's a stable + + align:start position:0% +or stays at sea not then it's a stable + + + align:start position:0% +or stays at sea not then it's a stable +point okay all right so let's do that + + align:start position:0% +point okay all right so let's do that + + + align:start position:0% +point okay all right so let's do that +we're going to take that weight matrix + + align:start position:0% +we're going to take that weight matrix + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to take that weight matrix +and we're gonna plug in our multiple + + align:start position:0% +and we're gonna plug in our multiple + + + align:start position:0% +and we're gonna plug in our multiple +memory mate weight matrix all right + + align:start position:0% +memory mate weight matrix all right + + + align:start position:0% +memory mate weight matrix all right +you can see that that we can pull out + + align:start position:0% +you can see that that we can pull out + + + align:start position:0% +you can see that that we can pull out +the CI out of this sum over J and step + + align:start position:0% +the CI out of this sum over J and step + + + align:start position:0% +the CI out of this sum over J and step +is we're going to separate this into a + + align:start position:0% +is we're going to separate this into a + + + align:start position:0% +is we're going to separate this into a +sum over mu equals zero and a separate + + align:start position:0% +sum over mu equals zero and a separate + + + align:start position:0% +sum over mu equals zero and a separate +sum from you not equal to zero all right + + align:start position:0% +sum from you not equal to zero all right + + + align:start position:0% +sum from you not equal to zero all right +so this is a sum over all the Meuse but + + align:start position:0% +so this is a sum over all the Meuse but + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a sum over all the Meuse but +we're gonna pull out the Museo term as a + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna pull out the Museo term as a + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna pull out the Museo term as a +separate sum over J right + + align:start position:0% +separate sum over J right + + + align:start position:0% +separate sum over J right +is that clear anyway did this is just + + align:start position:0% +is that clear anyway did this is just + + + align:start position:0% +is that clear anyway did this is just +for fun I'm you don't you don't have to + + align:start position:0% +for fun I'm you don't you don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +for fun I'm you don't you don't have to +like reproduce this so don't don't worry + + align:start position:0% +like reproduce this so don't don't worry + + + align:start position:0% +like reproduce this so don't don't worry +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so so we're gonna pull out the MU equals + + align:start position:0% +so so we're gonna pull out the MU equals + + + align:start position:0% +so so we're gonna pull out the MU equals +zero term and what does that look like + + align:start position:0% +zero term and what does that look like + + + align:start position:0% +zero term and what does that look like +it's CI zero sum over J of CJ 0 CJ 0 so + + align:start position:0% +it's CI zero sum over J of CJ 0 CJ 0 so + + + align:start position:0% +it's CI zero sum over J of CJ 0 CJ 0 so +what is that that's just n right the + + align:start position:0% +what is that that's just n right the + + + align:start position:0% +what is that that's just n right the +number of neurons we're summing over J + + align:start position:0% +number of neurons we're summing over J + + + align:start position:0% +number of neurons we're summing over J +equals 1 to n number of neurons + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 to n number of neurons + + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 to n number of neurons +I should add those limits here so you + + align:start position:0% +I should add those limits here so you + + + align:start position:0% +I should add those limits here so you +can see that that's n so this is just + + align:start position:0% +can see that that's n so this is just + + + align:start position:0% +can see that that's n so this is just +sine of the I 0 plus a bunch of other + + align:start position:0% +sine of the I 0 plus a bunch of other + + + align:start position:0% +sine of the I 0 plus a bunch of other +stuff okay so you can see right away + + align:start position:0% +stuff okay so you can see right away + + + align:start position:0% +stuff okay so you can see right away +that if all of this other stuff is + + align:start position:0% +that if all of this other stuff is + + + align:start position:0% +that if all of this other stuff is +really small then this is a fixed point + + align:start position:0% +really small then this is a fixed point + + + align:start position:0% +really small then this is a fixed point +right because if all this stuff is small + + align:start position:0% +right because if all this stuff is small + + + align:start position:0% +right because if all this stuff is small +the system will evolve toward the sine + + align:start position:0% +the system will evolve toward the sine + + + align:start position:0% +the system will evolve toward the sine +of X which is just CI 0 okay so let's + + align:start position:0% +of X which is just CI 0 okay so let's + + + align:start position:0% +of X which is just CI 0 okay so let's +take a look at all this stuff and see + + align:start position:0% +take a look at all this stuff and see + + + align:start position:0% +take a look at all this stuff and see +what what can go wrong to make this not + + align:start position:0% +what what can go wrong to make this not + + + align:start position:0% +what what can go wrong to make this not +small all right so let's zoom in on this + + align:start position:0% +small all right so let's zoom in on this + + + align:start position:0% +small all right so let's zoom in on this +particular term right here so what is + + align:start position:0% +particular term right here so what is + + + align:start position:0% +particular term right here so what is +this this is sum over j c mu j c0 j so + + align:start position:0% +this this is sum over j c mu j c0 j so + + + align:start position:0% +this this is sum over j c mu j c0 j so +what is that anybody know what that is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what that's a it's a vector operation + + align:start position:0% +what that's a it's a vector operation + + + align:start position:0% +what that's a it's a vector operation +what is that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exactly + + align:start position:0% +exactly + + + align:start position:0% +exactly +it's a dot product between the image + + align:start position:0% +it's a dot product between the image + + + align:start position:0% +it's a dot product between the image +that we're asking is it a stable fixed + + align:start position:0% +that we're asking is it a stable fixed + + + align:start position:0% +that we're asking is it a stable fixed +point and all the other images in the + + align:start position:0% +point and all the other images in the + + + align:start position:0% +point and all the other images in the +network sorry and and the mute image + + align:start position:0% +network sorry and and the mute image + + + align:start position:0% +network sorry and and the mute image +okay so what this is saying is that if + + align:start position:0% +okay so what this is saying is that if + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what this is saying is that if +our image is orthogonal to all the other + + align:start position:0% +our image is orthogonal to all the other + + + align:start position:0% +our image is orthogonal to all the other +images in the network that we've tried + + align:start position:0% +images in the network that we've tried + + + align:start position:0% +images in the network that we've tried +to store then this thing is 0 ok so the + + align:start position:0% +to store then this thing is 0 ok so the + + + align:start position:0% +to store then this thing is 0 ok so the +cross so this is referred to as + + align:start position:0% +cross so this is referred to as + + + align:start position:0% +cross so this is referred to as +crosstalk between the stored memories + + align:start position:0% +crosstalk between the stored memories + + + align:start position:0% +crosstalk between the stored memories +so if our pattern C naught is orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +so if our pattern C naught is orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +so if our pattern C naught is orthogonal +to all the other patterns then it will + + align:start position:0% +to all the other patterns then it will + + + align:start position:0% +to all the other patterns then it will +be a fixed point so the capacity of the + + align:start position:0% +be a fixed point so the capacity of the + + + align:start position:0% +be a fixed point so the capacity of the +network that crosstalk that capacity of + + align:start position:0% +network that crosstalk that capacity of + + + align:start position:0% +network that crosstalk that capacity of +the network depends on how much overlap + + align:start position:0% +the network depends on how much overlap + + + align:start position:0% +the network depends on how much overlap +there is between our stored pattern and + + align:start position:0% +there is between our stored pattern and + + + align:start position:0% +there is between our stored pattern and +all the other patterns in the network + + align:start position:0% +all the other patterns in the network + + + align:start position:0% +all the other patterns in the network +alright so if all the memories are I + + align:start position:0% +alright so if all the memories are I + + + align:start position:0% +alright so if all the memories are I +don't know if all the patterns are + + align:start position:0% +don't know if all the patterns are + + + align:start position:0% +don't know if all the patterns are +orthogonal then they're all stable + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal then they're all stable + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal then they're all stable +attractors okay + + align:start position:0% +attractors okay + + + align:start position:0% +attractors okay +but if one of those memories c1 will + + align:start position:0% +but if one of those memories c1 will + + + align:start position:0% +but if one of those memories c1 will +take c1 is close to C naught then C + + align:start position:0% +take c1 is close to C naught then C + + + align:start position:0% +take c1 is close to C naught then C +naught dot c1 the two patterns are very + + align:start position:0% +naught dot c1 the two patterns are very + + + align:start position:0% +naught dot c1 the two patterns are very +similar then the dot product is going to + + align:start position:0% +similar then the dot product is going to + + + align:start position:0% +similar then the dot product is going to +be entered right and when you plug that + + align:start position:0% +be entered right and when you plug that + + + align:start position:0% +be entered right and when you plug that +if that's n then you can see that this + + align:start position:0% +if that's n then you can see that this + + + align:start position:0% +if that's n then you can see that this +becomes C 1 I right so what happens is + + align:start position:0% +becomes C 1 I right so what happens is + + + align:start position:0% +becomes C 1 I right so what happens is +that these other memories that are + + align:start position:0% +that these other memories that are + + + align:start position:0% +that these other memories that are +similar to our memorized pattern then + + align:start position:0% +similar to our memorized pattern then + + + align:start position:0% +similar to our memorized pattern then +when you sum that when you compute that + + align:start position:0% +when you sum that when you compute that + + + align:start position:0% +when you sum that when you compute that +some some of these terms get big enough + + align:start position:0% +some some of these terms get big enough + + + align:start position:0% +some some of these terms get big enough +so that the memory in the next step is + + align:start position:0% +so that the memory in the next step is + + + align:start position:0% +so that the memory in the next step is +not the word memory okay it's a + + align:start position:0% +not the word memory okay it's a + + + align:start position:0% +not the word memory okay it's a +combination all right so what happens is + + align:start position:0% +combination all right so what happens is + + + align:start position:0% +combination all right so what happens is +so the way the capacity of the network + + align:start position:0% +so the way the capacity of the network + + + align:start position:0% +so the way the capacity of the network +is stored so you can't actually choose + + align:start position:0% +is stored so you can't actually choose + + + align:start position:0% +is stored so you can't actually choose +all your memories to be + + align:start position:0% +all your memories to be + + + align:start position:0% +all your memories to be +though' g''l but a pretty good way of + + align:start position:0% +though' g''l but a pretty good way of + + + align:start position:0% +though' g''l but a pretty good way of +making memories nearly orthogonal is to + + align:start position:0% +making memories nearly orthogonal is to + + + align:start position:0% +making memories nearly orthogonal is to +store them as random okay so a lot of + + align:start position:0% +store them as random okay so a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +store them as random okay so a lot of +the thinking that goes into how you + + align:start position:0% +the thinking that goes into how you + + + align:start position:0% +the thinking that goes into how you +would build a network that stores a lot + + align:start position:0% +would build a network that stores a lot + + + align:start position:0% +would build a network that stores a lot +of patterns is to take your memories and + + align:start position:0% +of patterns is to take your memories and + + + align:start position:0% +of patterns is to take your memories and +sort of convert them in a way that makes + + align:start position:0% +sort of convert them in a way that makes + + + align:start position:0% +sort of convert them in a way that makes +them maximally orthogonal to each other + + align:start position:0% +them maximally orthogonal to each other + + + align:start position:0% +them maximally orthogonal to each other +okay you can use things like lateral + + align:start position:0% +okay you can use things like lateral + + + align:start position:0% +okay you can use things like lateral +inhibition to orthogonalize different + + align:start position:0% +inhibition to orthogonalize different + + + align:start position:0% +inhibition to orthogonalize different +inputs so once you make your patterns + + align:start position:0% +inputs so once you make your patterns + + + align:start position:0% +inputs so once you make your patterns +sort of noisy then it turns out you can + + align:start position:0% +sort of noisy then it turns out you can + + + align:start position:0% +sort of noisy then it turns out you can +actually calculate that if the values of + + align:start position:0% +actually calculate that if the values of + + + align:start position:0% +actually calculate that if the values of +C are sort of look like random numbers + + align:start position:0% +C are sort of look like random numbers + + + align:start position:0% +C are sort of look like random numbers +that you can store up to about 15% of + + align:start position:0% +that you can store up to about 15% of + + + align:start position:0% +that you can store up to about 15% of +the number of neurons worth of memories + + align:start position:0% +the number of neurons worth of memories + + + align:start position:0% +the number of neurons worth of memories +in your network so if I have a hundred + + align:start position:0% +in your network so if I have a hundred + + + align:start position:0% +in your network so if I have a hundred +neurons in my network I should be able + + align:start position:0% +neurons in my network I should be able + + + align:start position:0% +neurons in my network I should be able +to store about fifteen different states + + align:start position:0% +to store about fifteen different states + + + align:start position:0% +to store about fifteen different states +in that network before they start to + + align:start position:0% +in that network before they start to + + + align:start position:0% +in that network before they start to +interfere with each other before they + + align:start position:0% +interfere with each other before they + + + align:start position:0% +interfere with each other before they +start before you have a sufficiently + + align:start position:0% +start before you have a sufficiently + + + align:start position:0% +start before you have a sufficiently +high probability that two of those + + align:start position:0% +high probability that two of those + + + align:start position:0% +high probability that two of those +memories are to each other and as soon + + align:start position:0% +memories are to each other and as soon + + + align:start position:0% +memories are to each other and as soon +as that happens then you start getting + + align:start position:0% +as that happens then you start getting + + + align:start position:0% +as that happens then you start getting +crosstalk between those memories that + + align:start position:0% +crosstalk between those memories that + + + align:start position:0% +crosstalk between those memories that +causes the state of the system to evolve + + align:start position:0% +causes the state of the system to evolve + + + align:start position:0% +causes the state of the system to evolve +in a way that doesn't recall one of your + + align:start position:0% +in a way that doesn't recall one of your + + + align:start position:0% +in a way that doesn't recall one of your +stored memories all right and and what + + align:start position:0% +stored memories all right and and what + + + align:start position:0% +stored memories all right and and what +that looks like and the energy landscape + + align:start position:0% +that looks like and the energy landscape + + + align:start position:0% +that looks like and the energy landscape +is when you build a network with let's + + align:start position:0% +is when you build a network with let's + + + align:start position:0% +is when you build a network with let's +say five memories there will be five + + align:start position:0% +say five memories there will be five + + + align:start position:0% +say five memories there will be five +minima in the network that sort of have + + align:start position:0% +minima in the network that sort of have + + + align:start position:0% +minima in the network that sort of have +equal low values of energy okay but when + + align:start position:0% +equal low values of energy okay but when + + + align:start position:0% +equal low values of energy okay but when +you start sticking too many memories in + + align:start position:0% +you start sticking too many memories in + + + align:start position:0% +you start sticking too many memories in +your network you end up with what are + + align:start position:0% +your network you end up with what are + + + align:start position:0% +your network you end up with what are +called spurious attractor sort of local + + align:start position:0% +called spurious attractor sort of local + + + align:start position:0% +called spurious attractor sort of local +minima that aren't at the that that + + align:start position:0% +minima that aren't at the that that + + + align:start position:0% +minima that aren't at the that that +don't correspond to one of the storage + + align:start position:0% +don't correspond to one of the storage + + + align:start position:0% +don't correspond to one of the storage +memories and so as the system evolves it + + align:start position:0% +memories and so as the system evolves it + + + align:start position:0% +memories and so as the system evolves it +can be walk going downhill and get stuck + + align:start position:0% +can be walk going downhill and get stuck + + + align:start position:0% +can be walk going downhill and get stuck +in one of those minima that look like a + + align:start position:0% +in one of those minima that look like a + + + align:start position:0% +in one of those minima that look like a +combination of two of the stored + + align:start position:0% +combination of two of the stored + + + align:start position:0% +combination of two of the stored +memories + + align:start position:0% +memories + + + align:start position:0% +memories +and that's what went wrong here with the + + align:start position:0% +and that's what went wrong here with the + + + align:start position:0% +and that's what went wrong here with the +guy with the penguin sticking out of his + + align:start position:0% +guy with the penguin sticking out of his + + + align:start position:0% +guy with the penguin sticking out of his +head okay who knows that maybe that's + + align:start position:0% +head okay who knows that maybe that's + + + align:start position:0% +head okay who knows that maybe that's +what happens when you look at something + + align:start position:0% +what happens when you look at something + + + align:start position:0% +what happens when you look at something +in your like confused about what we + + align:start position:0% +in your like confused about what we + + + align:start position:0% +in your like confused about what we +don't we don't know if that's actually + + align:start position:0% +don't we don't know if that's actually + + + align:start position:0% +don't we don't know if that's actually +what happens but it would be an + + align:start position:0% +what happens but it would be an + + + align:start position:0% +what happens but it would be an +interesting thing to test okay any + + align:start position:0% +interesting thing to test okay any + + + align:start position:0% +interesting thing to test okay any +questions all right so that's so you can + + align:start position:0% +questions all right so that's so you can + + + align:start position:0% +questions all right so that's so you can +see that these these are long term + + align:start position:0% +see that these these are long term + + + align:start position:0% +see that these these are long term +memories these don't depend on activity + + align:start position:0% +memories these don't depend on activity + + + align:start position:0% +memories these don't depend on activity +in the network to store right those are + + align:start position:0% +in the network to store right those are + + + align:start position:0% +in the network to store right those are +programmed in to the synaptic + + align:start position:0% +programmed in to the synaptic + + + align:start position:0% +programmed in to the synaptic +connections between the neurons so you + + align:start position:0% +connections between the neurons so you + + + align:start position:0% +connections between the neurons so you +can shut off all the activity and if you + + align:start position:0% +can shut off all the activity and if you + + + align:start position:0% +can shut off all the activity and if you +just put in a pattern of input that + + align:start position:0% +just put in a pattern of input that + + + align:start position:0% +just put in a pattern of input that +reminds you of something the network + + align:start position:0% +reminds you of something the network + + + align:start position:0% +reminds you of something the network +will recover the full memory for you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/guQxqv6dhMU.txt b/guQxqv6dhMU.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c6867b5cb6538bde204ec9598cf8cb83a27f96e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/guQxqv6dhMU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13035 @@ +align:start position:0% + +foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +try to remind you + + align:start position:0% +try to remind you + + + align:start position:0% +try to remind you +what we did at the end of our last + + align:start position:0% +what we did at the end of our last + + + align:start position:0% +what we did at the end of our last +lecture which was last Wednesday + + align:start position:0% +lecture which was last Wednesday + + + align:start position:0% +lecture which was last Wednesday +and so we introduced this uh since + + align:start position:0% +and so we introduced this uh since + + + align:start position:0% +and so we introduced this uh since +called the Grossman variables + + align:start position:0% +called the Grossman variables + + + align:start position:0% +called the Grossman variables +which are anti-commuting + + align:start position:0% +which are anti-commuting + + + align:start position:0% +which are anti-commuting +classically the anti-commute + + align:start position:0% +classically the anti-commute + + + align:start position:0% +classically the anti-commute +so for example if you have say Quantity + + align:start position:0% +so for example if you have say Quantity + + + align:start position:0% +so for example if you have say Quantity +equals Theta and then Theta 0 is 0 + + align:start position:0% +equals Theta and then Theta 0 is 0 + + + align:start position:0% +equals Theta and then Theta 0 is 0 +squared equal to zero + + align:start position:0% +squared equal to zero + + + align:start position:0% +squared equal to zero +and then choose such kind of + + align:start position:0% +and then choose such kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and then choose such kind of +cross my variables compute with and they + + align:start position:0% +cross my variables compute with and they + + + align:start position:0% +cross my variables compute with and they +commute with each other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and then then if you can see the + + align:start position:0% +and then then if you can see the + + + align:start position:0% +and then then if you can see the +function of such Theta then just to tell + + align:start position:0% +function of such Theta then just to tell + + + align:start position:0% +function of such Theta then just to tell +the expansion + + align:start position:0% +the expansion + + + align:start position:0% +the expansion +and you only have two terms so the first + + align:start position:0% +and you only have two terms so the first + + + align:start position:0% +and you only have two terms so the first +term just a constant and the second term + + align:start position:0% +term just a constant and the second term + + + align:start position:0% +term just a constant and the second term +just proportion to Theta because Ohio + + align:start position:0% +just proportion to Theta because Ohio + + + align:start position:0% +just proportion to Theta because Ohio +power terms Advantage okay so the same + + align:start position:0% +power terms Advantage okay so the same + + + align:start position:0% +power terms Advantage okay so the same +thing with multiple variable just expand + + align:start position:0% +thing with multiple variable just expand + + + align:start position:0% +thing with multiple variable just expand +until you reach the square of any + + align:start position:0% +until you reach the square of any + + + align:start position:0% +until you reach the square of any +variable okay + + align:start position:0% +variable okay + + + align:start position:0% +variable okay +and then you can do a differentiation + + align:start position:0% +and then you can do a differentiation + + + align:start position:0% +and then you can do a differentiation +so we always Define the different + + align:start position:0% +so we always Define the different + + + align:start position:0% +so we always Define the different +specification from the left so so we + + align:start position:0% +specification from the left so so we + + + align:start position:0% +specification from the left so so we +need yeah so this is given by F1 okay + + align:start position:0% +need yeah so this is given by F1 okay + + + align:start position:0% +need yeah so this is given by F1 okay +and we can also Define the integration + + align:start position:0% +and we can also Define the integration + + + align:start position:0% +and we can also Define the integration +and the integration just determined by + + align:start position:0% +and the integration just determined by + + + align:start position:0% +and the integration just determined by +two rule + + align:start position:0% +two rule + + + align:start position:0% +two rule +first rule is that the + + align:start position:0% +first rule is that the + + + align:start position:0% +first rule is that the +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +D Theta + + align:start position:0% +D Theta + + + align:start position:0% +D Theta +a constant equal to zero + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and also D Theta + + align:start position:0% +and also D Theta + + + align:start position:0% +and also D Theta +okay so based on these two Rule and then + + align:start position:0% +okay so based on these two Rule and then + + + align:start position:0% +okay so based on these two Rule and then +you can just work out the integral of + + align:start position:0% +you can just work out the integral of + + + align:start position:0% +you can just work out the integral of +any functions okay you can work out the + + align:start position:0% +any functions okay you can work out the + + + align:start position:0% +any functions okay you can work out the +integral of any functions + + align:start position:0% +integral of any functions + + + align:start position:0% +integral of any functions +so um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +before I proceed do you have any + + align:start position:0% +before I proceed do you have any + + + align:start position:0% +before I proceed do you have any +questions on this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so for multivariable function + + align:start position:0% +so for multivariable function + + + align:start position:0% +so for multivariable function +you just expand + + align:start position:0% +you just expand + + + align:start position:0% +you just expand +say for example if you have two + + align:start position:0% +say for example if you have two + + + align:start position:0% +say for example if you have two +variables + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then you just have F0 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plus F1 Theta 1 plus F2 Theta 2 + + align:start position:0% +plus F1 Theta 1 plus F2 Theta 2 + + + align:start position:0% +plus F1 Theta 1 plus F2 Theta 2 +plus F12 so Theta 1 Theta 2. okay + + align:start position:0% +plus F12 so Theta 1 Theta 2. okay + + + align:start position:0% +plus F12 so Theta 1 Theta 2. okay +so we can also Define uh Define the + + align:start position:0% +so we can also Define uh Define the + + + align:start position:0% +so we can also Define uh Define the +integration yeah the differentiation of + + align:start position:0% +integration yeah the differentiation of + + + align:start position:0% +integration yeah the differentiation of +multivariable functions are easy you + + align:start position:0% +multivariable functions are easy you + + + align:start position:0% +multivariable functions are easy you +just be a little bit careful of the uh + + align:start position:0% +just be a little bit careful of the uh + + + align:start position:0% +just be a little bit careful of the uh +Direction you to take the derivative so + + align:start position:0% +Direction you to take the derivative so + + + align:start position:0% +Direction you to take the derivative so +now let's look at the example of the + + align:start position:0% +now let's look at the example of the + + + align:start position:0% +now let's look at the example of the +integration of integration + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay let's look at the integral of such + + align:start position:0% +okay let's look at the integral of such + + + align:start position:0% +okay let's look at the integral of such +a two uh in uh + + align:start position:0% +a two uh in uh + + + align:start position:0% +a two uh in uh +uh a function of two variables + + align:start position:0% +uh a function of two variables + + + align:start position:0% +uh a function of two variables +so so should keep in mind this order is + + align:start position:0% +so so should keep in mind this order is + + + align:start position:0% +so so should keep in mind this order is +important because Theta 1 C to + + align:start position:0% +important because Theta 1 C to + + + align:start position:0% +important because Theta 1 C to +anti-commute so if we write D Theta 1 + + align:start position:0% +anti-commute so if we write D Theta 1 + + + align:start position:0% +anti-commute so if we write D Theta 1 +and this is the two then Etc one and + + align:start position:0% +and this is the two then Etc one and + + + align:start position:0% +and this is the two then Etc one and +this Theta 2. okay it's equal to minus D + + align:start position:0% +this Theta 2. okay it's equal to minus D + + + align:start position:0% +this Theta 2. okay it's equal to minus D +Theta 2 DC to one okay if you want to + + align:start position:0% +Theta 2 DC to one okay if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +Theta 2 DC to one okay if you want to +change it + + align:start position:0% +change it + + + align:start position:0% +change it +so so we can just do the integration by + + align:start position:0% +so so we can just do the integration by + + + align:start position:0% +so so we can just do the integration by +using this rule okay you just plug in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this expansion into here + + align:start position:0% +this expansion into here + + + align:start position:0% +this expansion into here +okay just plug in this expression to + + align:start position:0% +okay just plug in this expression to + + + align:start position:0% +okay just plug in this expression to +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +and then obviously all these returns + + align:start position:0% +and then obviously all these returns + + + align:start position:0% +and then obviously all these returns +will give you zero + + align:start position:0% +will give you zero + + + align:start position:0% +will give you zero +because the uh um yeah uh + + align:start position:0% +because the uh um yeah uh + + + align:start position:0% +because the uh um yeah uh +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and then the only the last term will + + align:start position:0% +and then the only the last term will + + + align:start position:0% +and then the only the last term will +will contribute + + align:start position:0% +will contribute + + + align:start position:0% +will contribute +and and then you just get + + align:start position:0% +and and then you just get + + + align:start position:0% +and and then you just get +F12 + + align:start position:0% +F12 + + + align:start position:0% +F12 +then D Theta 1 this is a two + + align:start position:0% +then D Theta 1 this is a two + + + align:start position:0% +then D Theta 1 this is a two +then Theta 1 times Theta 2. + + align:start position:0% +then Theta 1 times Theta 2. + + + align:start position:0% +then Theta 1 times Theta 2. +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so now if you want to do the integration + + align:start position:0% +so now if you want to do the integration + + + align:start position:0% +so now if you want to do the integration +because Theta 2 is before the set of + + align:start position:0% +because Theta 2 is before the set of + + + align:start position:0% +because Theta 2 is before the set of +here is acetate two is closer and this + + align:start position:0% +here is acetate two is closer and this + + + align:start position:0% +here is acetate two is closer and this +is the two before see the one and then + + align:start position:0% +is the two before see the one and then + + + align:start position:0% +is the two before see the one and then +you need to exchange the order + + align:start position:0% +you need to exchange the order + + + align:start position:0% +you need to exchange the order +so we can do it by doing F12 + + align:start position:0% +so we can do it by doing F12 + + + align:start position:0% +so we can do it by doing F12 +d01 + + align:start position:0% +d01 + + + align:start position:0% +d01 +and then you have DC the two integral + + align:start position:0% +and then you have DC the two integral + + + align:start position:0% +and then you have DC the two integral +Theta 2 and then see the one okay now + + align:start position:0% +Theta 2 and then see the one okay now + + + align:start position:0% +Theta 2 and then see the one okay now +have we exchanged the order of theta one + + align:start position:0% +have we exchanged the order of theta one + + + align:start position:0% +have we exchanged the order of theta one +Theta 2 and this gives me one + + align:start position:0% +Theta 2 and this gives me one + + + align:start position:0% +Theta 2 and this gives me one +so after this give me one this also give + + align:start position:0% +so after this give me one this also give + + + align:start position:0% +so after this give me one this also give +me one so this is just equal to minus F1 + + align:start position:0% +me one so this is just equal to minus F1 + + + align:start position:0% +me one so this is just equal to minus F1 +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so so similarly you can just do + + align:start position:0% +so so similarly you can just do + + + align:start position:0% +so so similarly you can just do +arbitrary Lumber of integrals uh uh yeah + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary Lumber of integrals uh uh yeah + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary Lumber of integrals uh uh yeah +you can just do integrals with arbitrary + + align:start position:0% +you can just do integrals with arbitrary + + + align:start position:0% +you can just do integrals with arbitrary +number of variables okay just keep in + + align:start position:0% +number of variables okay just keep in + + + align:start position:0% +number of variables okay just keep in +mind + + align:start position:0% +mind + + + align:start position:0% +mind +the D Theta 1 this is the two + + align:start position:0% +the D Theta 1 this is the two + + + align:start position:0% +the D Theta 1 this is the two +Theta 2 Theta 1 this is equal to one + + align:start position:0% +Theta 2 Theta 1 this is equal to one + + + align:start position:0% +Theta 2 Theta 1 this is equal to one +okay so so you do this first and then + + align:start position:0% +okay so so you do this first and then + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so you do this first and then +you do that and then you get the right + + align:start position:0% +you do that and then you get the right + + + align:start position:0% +you do that and then you get the right +order + + align:start position:0% +order + + + align:start position:0% +order +any questions on this yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh here we just take them to be ordinary + + align:start position:0% +uh here we just take them to be ordinary + + + align:start position:0% +uh here we just take them to be ordinary +numbers right so they can just be + + align:start position:0% +numbers right so they can just be + + + align:start position:0% +numbers right so they can just be +complex numbers that's right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +other questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay good + + align:start position:0% +okay good + + + align:start position:0% +okay good +so now we can look at a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +so now we can look at a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +so now we can look at a little bit more +complicated integral + + align:start position:0% +complicated integral + + + align:start position:0% +complicated integral +so now let's look at the gaussian + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let's look at such a girls integral + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this cause Indigo looks complicated + + align:start position:0% +so this cause Indigo looks complicated + + + align:start position:0% +so this cause Indigo looks complicated +but of course it's simple because again + + align:start position:0% +but of course it's simple because again + + + align:start position:0% +but of course it's simple because again +this is when you expand it there's only + + align:start position:0% +this is when you expand it there's only + + + align:start position:0% +this is when you expand it there's only +a single term left okay so so so this is + + align:start position:0% +a single term left okay so so so this is + + + align:start position:0% +a single term left okay so so so this is +just equal to this Theta one this is the + + align:start position:0% +just equal to this Theta one this is the + + + align:start position:0% +just equal to this Theta one this is the +two + + align:start position:0% +two + + + align:start position:0% +two +and the one manners + + align:start position:0% +and the one manners + + + align:start position:0% +and the one manners +these guys okay + + align:start position:0% +these guys okay + + + align:start position:0% +these guys okay +so Theta 1 a12 C2 + + align:start position:0% +so Theta 1 a12 C2 + + + align:start position:0% +so Theta 1 a12 C2 +because the the next term when you do + + align:start position:0% +because the the next term when you do + + + align:start position:0% +because the the next term when you do +the Taylor expanding will give you zero + + align:start position:0% +the Taylor expanding will give you zero + + + align:start position:0% +the Taylor expanding will give you zero +three bits because that will involve the + + align:start position:0% +three bits because that will involve the + + + align:start position:0% +three bits because that will involve the +Theta one square or or Theta 2 squared + + align:start position:0% +Theta one square or or Theta 2 squared + + + align:start position:0% +Theta one square or or Theta 2 squared +and now if you use this rule you just + + align:start position:0% +and now if you use this rule you just + + + align:start position:0% +and now if you use this rule you just +get a12 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay just get a one two + + align:start position:0% +okay just get a one two + + + align:start position:0% +okay just get a one two +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so you can now generalize + + align:start position:0% +and so you can now generalize + + + align:start position:0% +and so you can now generalize +to arbitrary uh uh to gaussian integral + + align:start position:0% +to arbitrary uh uh to gaussian integral + + + align:start position:0% +to arbitrary uh uh to gaussian integral +with arbitrary number of variables + + align:start position:0% +with arbitrary number of variables + + + align:start position:0% +with arbitrary number of variables +okay and so + + align:start position:0% +okay and so + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so +so we can write + + align:start position:0% +so we can write + + + align:start position:0% +so we can write +a more General integral D Theta one + + align:start position:0% +a more General integral D Theta one + + + align:start position:0% +a more General integral D Theta one +P Theta 2N + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay because the + + align:start position:0% +okay because the + + + align:start position:0% +okay because the +minus one half + + align:start position:0% +minus one half + + + align:start position:0% +minus one half +Theta I + + align:start position:0% +Theta I + + + align:start position:0% +Theta I +J Theta J + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to the assume I and J are sum okay so so + + align:start position:0% +to the assume I and J are sum okay so so + + + align:start position:0% +to the assume I and J are sum okay so so +so i j is from 1 to 2 N + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so for this integral again the strategy + + align:start position:0% +so for this integral again the strategy + + + align:start position:0% +so for this integral again the strategy +is simple you just again just expand it + + align:start position:0% +is simple you just again just expand it + + + align:start position:0% +is simple you just again just expand it +and uh uh uh and then just to turn + + align:start position:0% +and uh uh uh and then just to turn + + + align:start position:0% +and uh uh uh and then just to turn +button okay so at the certain time uh + + align:start position:0% +button okay so at the certain time uh + + + align:start position:0% +button okay so at the certain time uh +when you reach expand to certain order + + align:start position:0% +when you reach expand to certain order + + + align:start position:0% +when you reach expand to certain order +the Theta will repeat and then and then + + align:start position:0% +the Theta will repeat and then and then + + + align:start position:0% +the Theta will repeat and then and then +the expansion truncates + + align:start position:0% +the expansion truncates + + + align:start position:0% +the expansion truncates +but you can actually easily convince + + align:start position:0% +but you can actually easily convince + + + align:start position:0% +but you can actually easily convince +yourself without doing any calculation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to see what the answer is + + align:start position:0% +to see what the answer is + + + align:start position:0% +to see what the answer is +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +so if you don't expand to sufficient + + align:start position:0% +so if you don't expand to sufficient + + + align:start position:0% +so if you don't expand to sufficient +number of theta you will get zero + + align:start position:0% +number of theta you will get zero + + + align:start position:0% +number of theta you will get zero +because because you have to have each + + align:start position:0% +because because you have to have each + + + align:start position:0% +because because you have to have each +Theta for D Theta okay in order for this + + align:start position:0% +Theta for D Theta okay in order for this + + + align:start position:0% +Theta for D Theta okay in order for this +rule + + align:start position:0% +rule + + + align:start position:0% +rule +so you have to have one one Theta for + + align:start position:0% +so you have to have one one Theta for + + + align:start position:0% +so you have to have one one Theta for +HTC okay so so that means you have to + + align:start position:0% +HTC okay so so that means you have to + + + align:start position:0% +HTC okay so so that means you have to +expand to the order which each Theta + + align:start position:0% +expand to the order which each Theta + + + align:start position:0% +expand to the order which each Theta +just appear exactly once + + align:start position:0% +just appear exactly once + + + align:start position:0% +just appear exactly once +and then if you do that and if you look + + align:start position:0% +and then if you do that and if you look + + + align:start position:0% +and then if you do that and if you look +at that term you find that this just + + align:start position:0% +at that term you find that this just + + + align:start position:0% +at that term you find that this just +give you + + align:start position:0% +give you + + + align:start position:0% +give you +square roots + + align:start position:0% +square roots + + + align:start position:0% +square roots +determinants + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +determinant a okay + + align:start position:0% +determinant a okay + + + align:start position:0% +determinant a okay +find this actually give you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we are not uh so so here a is + + align:start position:0% +so we are not uh so so here a is + + + align:start position:0% +so we are not uh so so here a is +anti-symmetric by definition should be + + align:start position:0% +anti-symmetric by definition should be + + + align:start position:0% +anti-symmetric by definition should be +and this yeah because see that I see the + + align:start position:0% +and this yeah because see that I see the + + + align:start position:0% +and this yeah because see that I see the +jnd commute so aij should be + + align:start position:0% +jnd commute so aij should be + + + align:start position:0% +jnd commute so aij should be +anti-symmetric Matrix + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's any questions on this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this looks like standard the gaussian + + align:start position:0% +so this looks like standard the gaussian + + + align:start position:0% +so this looks like standard the gaussian +ago remember the standard the gaussian + + align:start position:0% +ago remember the standard the gaussian + + + align:start position:0% +ago remember the standard the gaussian +go up what would you get + + align:start position:0% +go up what would you get + + + align:start position:0% +go up what would you get +uh if you have such kind of a quadratic + + align:start position:0% +uh if you have such kind of a quadratic + + + align:start position:0% +uh if you have such kind of a quadratic +structure for the standard gaussian + + align:start position:0% +structure for the standard gaussian + + + align:start position:0% +structure for the standard gaussian +integral for ordinary number + + align:start position:0% +integral for ordinary number + + + align:start position:0% +integral for ordinary number +do you remember what you get + + align:start position:0% +do you remember what you get + + + align:start position:0% +do you remember what you get +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exactly + + align:start position:0% +exactly + + + align:start position:0% +exactly +right so so for the ordinary uh if these + + align:start position:0% +right so so for the ordinary uh if these + + + align:start position:0% +right so so for the ordinary uh if these +are ordinary variables + + align:start position:0% +are ordinary variables + + + align:start position:0% +are ordinary variables +and then you will get some constant + + align:start position:0% +and then you will get some constant + + + align:start position:0% +and then you will get some constant +divided by square root of determinant a + + align:start position:0% +divided by square root of determinant a + + + align:start position:0% +divided by square root of determinant a +but for the gross by number it just + + align:start position:0% +but for the gross by number it just + + + align:start position:0% +but for the gross by number it just +opened it and you get the proportional + + align:start position:0% +opened it and you get the proportional + + + align:start position:0% +opened it and you get the proportional +to the determinant okay not divided by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good so we can also introduce complex + + align:start position:0% +good so we can also introduce complex + + + align:start position:0% +good so we can also introduce complex +across my variables + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so for example I can introduce Theta + + align:start position:0% +so for example I can introduce Theta + + + align:start position:0% +so for example I can introduce Theta +if we do square root 2 + + align:start position:0% +if we do square root 2 + + + align:start position:0% +if we do square root 2 +Theta 1 plus I Theta 2 + + align:start position:0% +Theta 1 plus I Theta 2 + + + align:start position:0% +Theta 1 plus I Theta 2 +so see the Y I see that you are + + align:start position:0% +so see the Y I see that you are + + + align:start position:0% +so see the Y I see that you are +considered to be two real Glassman + + align:start position:0% +considered to be two real Glassman + + + align:start position:0% +considered to be two real Glassman +variables I just ordinary I + + align:start position:0% +variables I just ordinary I + + + align:start position:0% +variables I just ordinary I +and then send the C the star + + align:start position:0% +and then send the C the star + + + align:start position:0% +and then send the C the star +would be + + align:start position:0% +would be + + + align:start position:0% +would be +of course the Theta square root 2 Theta + + align:start position:0% +of course the Theta square root 2 Theta + + + align:start position:0% +of course the Theta square root 2 Theta +1 minus I Theta 2. okay + + align:start position:0% +1 minus I Theta 2. okay + + + align:start position:0% +1 minus I Theta 2. okay +and so so the rule for defining the + + align:start position:0% +and so so the rule for defining the + + + align:start position:0% +and so so the rule for defining the +product + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the complex conjugation for the product + + align:start position:0% +the complex conjugation for the product + + + align:start position:0% +the complex conjugation for the product +is defined to be + + align:start position:0% +is defined to be + + + align:start position:0% +is defined to be +ETA star + + align:start position:0% +ETA star + + + align:start position:0% +ETA star +okay so this is different from the + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is different from the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is different from the +ordinary variables so this is defined + + align:start position:0% +ordinary variables so this is defined + + + align:start position:0% +ordinary variables so this is defined +more like for operator okay so for for + + align:start position:0% +more like for operator okay so for for + + + align:start position:0% +more like for operator okay so for for +grass variables when we Define the + + align:start position:0% +grass variables when we Define the + + + align:start position:0% +grass variables when we Define the +complex conjugate we actually exchange + + align:start position:0% +complex conjugate we actually exchange + + + align:start position:0% +complex conjugate we actually exchange +the order okay + + align:start position:0% +the order okay + + + align:start position:0% +the order okay +as well what we normally do for our + + align:start position:0% +as well what we normally do for our + + + align:start position:0% +as well what we normally do for our +mission uh conjugate + + align:start position:0% +mission uh conjugate + + + align:start position:0% +mission uh conjugate +so so so now if you have a function of + + align:start position:0% +so so so now if you have a function of + + + align:start position:0% +so so so now if you have a function of +say Theta Theta star + + align:start position:0% +say Theta Theta star + + + align:start position:0% +say Theta Theta star +which seats are now complex a glass of + + align:start position:0% +which seats are now complex a glass of + + + align:start position:0% +which seats are now complex a glass of +variables you just do the same thing + + align:start position:0% +variables you just do the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +variables you just do the same thing +so you have c0 + + align:start position:0% +so you have c0 + + + align:start position:0% +so you have c0 +plus C1 is Theta + + align:start position:0% +plus C1 is Theta + + + align:start position:0% +plus C1 is Theta +plus C1 bars Theta star + + align:start position:0% +plus C1 bars Theta star + + + align:start position:0% +plus C1 bars Theta star +then Plus + + align:start position:0% +then Plus + + + align:start position:0% +then Plus +C11 + + align:start position:0% +C11 + + + align:start position:0% +C11 +okay so again you you just expand in C + + align:start position:0% +okay so again you you just expand in C + + + align:start position:0% +okay so again you you just expand in C +and see the star and then when you uh + + align:start position:0% +and see the star and then when you uh + + + align:start position:0% +and see the star and then when you uh +you calculate here because because the + + align:start position:0% +you calculate here because because the + + + align:start position:0% +you calculate here because because the +further terms will involve either Theta + + align:start position:0% +further terms will involve either Theta + + + align:start position:0% +further terms will involve either Theta +square or c z star Square + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and uh so here we + + align:start position:0% +and uh so here we + + + align:start position:0% +and uh so here we +for the integration we Define + + align:start position:0% +for the integration we Define + + + align:start position:0% +for the integration we Define +this Theta Theta star + + align:start position:0% +this Theta Theta star + + + align:start position:0% +this Theta Theta star +and the Theta star Theta to be one okay + + align:start position:0% +and the Theta star Theta to be one okay + + + align:start position:0% +and the Theta star Theta to be one okay +so so we choose this convention okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we Define this to be one okay so that + + align:start position:0% +so we Define this to be one okay so that + + + align:start position:0% +so we Define this to be one okay so that +corresponding to a specific choice of a + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to a specific choice of a + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to a specific choice of a +measure for this disease that this is to + + align:start position:0% +measure for this disease that this is to + + + align:start position:0% +measure for this disease that this is to +stop + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good so now we can look at the complex + + align:start position:0% +good so now we can look at the complex + + + align:start position:0% +good so now we can look at the complex +gaussian integral + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +again that now let's look at gaussian + + align:start position:0% +again that now let's look at gaussian + + + align:start position:0% +again that now let's look at gaussian +so so if you have + + align:start position:0% +so so if you have + + + align:start position:0% +so so if you have +D Theta + + align:start position:0% +D Theta + + + align:start position:0% +D Theta +say if you have this Theta star D Theta + + align:start position:0% +say if you have this Theta star D Theta + + + align:start position:0% +say if you have this Theta star D Theta +say exponential minus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Theta star B Theta so B just some number + + align:start position:0% +Theta star B Theta so B just some number + + + align:start position:0% +Theta star B Theta so B just some number +some arbitrary number okay + + align:start position:0% +some arbitrary number okay + + + align:start position:0% +some arbitrary number okay +and again you can just do it by + + align:start position:0% +and again you can just do it by + + + align:start position:0% +and again you can just do it by +expanding this + + align:start position:0% +expanding this + + + align:start position:0% +expanding this +in power series and just as in that + + align:start position:0% +in power series and just as in that + + + align:start position:0% +in power series and just as in that +example we just find that this is equal + + align:start position:0% +example we just find that this is equal + + + align:start position:0% +example we just find that this is equal +to B + + align:start position:0% +to B + + + align:start position:0% +to B +okay just find this is equal to p + + align:start position:0% +okay just find this is equal to p + + + align:start position:0% +okay just find this is equal to p +okay and you can also note to multiple + + align:start position:0% +okay and you can also note to multiple + + + align:start position:0% +okay and you can also note to multiple +variable + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to multiple variable causing + + align:start position:0% +to multiple variable causing + + + align:start position:0% +to multiple variable causing +so suppose you have + + align:start position:0% +so suppose you have + + + align:start position:0% +so suppose you have +now J equal to one + + align:start position:0% +now J equal to one + + + align:start position:0% +now J equal to one +to n + + align:start position:0% +to n + + + align:start position:0% +to n +D Theta + + align:start position:0% +D Theta + + + align:start position:0% +D Theta +J star + + align:start position:0% +J star + + + align:start position:0% +J star +D Theta J + + align:start position:0% +D Theta J + + + align:start position:0% +D Theta J +okay the product of all of them so if + + align:start position:0% +okay the product of all of them so if + + + align:start position:0% +okay the product of all of them so if +you have + + align:start position:0% +you have + + + align:start position:0% +you have +minus + + align:start position:0% +minus + + + align:start position:0% +minus +Theta + + align:start position:0% +Theta + + + align:start position:0% +Theta +I star + + align:start position:0% +I star + + + align:start position:0% +I star +AIG + + align:start position:0% +AIG + + + align:start position:0% +AIG +Zeta J + + align:start position:0% +Zeta J + + + align:start position:0% +Zeta J +again I and J should be + + align:start position:0% +again I and J should be + + + align:start position:0% +again I and J should be +assuming to be summed + + align:start position:0% +assuming to be summed + + + align:start position:0% +assuming to be summed +and then when you expand it okay again + + align:start position:0% +and then when you expand it okay again + + + align:start position:0% +and then when you expand it okay again +you you expand precisely to the to the + + align:start position:0% +you you expand precisely to the to the + + + align:start position:0% +you you expand precisely to the to the +order + + align:start position:0% +order + + + align:start position:0% +order +only one term in that only one term in + + align:start position:0% +only one term in that only one term in + + + align:start position:0% +only one term in that only one term in +the expansion + + align:start position:0% +the expansion + + + align:start position:0% +the expansion +contribute is the expression which each + + align:start position:0% +contribute is the expression which each + + + align:start position:0% +contribute is the expression which each +Theta and C that are appear exactly once + + align:start position:0% +Theta and C that are appear exactly once + + + align:start position:0% +Theta and C that are appear exactly once +okay so when you look at that term and + + align:start position:0% +okay so when you look at that term and + + + align:start position:0% +okay so when you look at that term and +then you find this precisely give you + + align:start position:0% +then you find this precisely give you + + + align:start position:0% +then you find this precisely give you +dot i + + align:start position:0% +dot i + + + align:start position:0% +dot i +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so again this should be a contrasted + + align:start position:0% +so again this should be a contrasted + + + align:start position:0% +so again this should be a contrasted +with the complex integral + + align:start position:0% +with the complex integral + + + align:start position:0% +with the complex integral +ordinary complex gaussian integral so if + + align:start position:0% +ordinary complex gaussian integral so if + + + align:start position:0% +ordinary complex gaussian integral so if +you have an ordinary gaussian integral + + align:start position:0% +you have an ordinary gaussian integral + + + align:start position:0% +you have an ordinary gaussian integral +for complex variables again you will get + + align:start position:0% +for complex variables again you will get + + + align:start position:0% +for complex variables again you will get +one over determinant a okay it's some + + align:start position:0% +one over determinant a okay it's some + + + align:start position:0% +one over determinant a okay it's some +constant over determinant a so so for + + align:start position:0% +constant over determinant a so so for + + + align:start position:0% +constant over determinant a so so for +gross band just get determinant a okay + + align:start position:0% +gross band just get determinant a okay + + + align:start position:0% +gross band just get determinant a okay +and this is very uh this feature is very + + align:start position:0% +and this is very uh this feature is very + + + align:start position:0% +and this is very uh this feature is very +key in in in distinguishing fermions and + + align:start position:0% +key in in in distinguishing fermions and + + + align:start position:0% +key in in in distinguishing fermions and +the bosons and play a very important + + align:start position:0% +the bosons and play a very important + + + align:start position:0% +the bosons and play a very important +role okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we can also consider uh uh more + + align:start position:0% +so we can also consider uh uh more + + + align:start position:0% +so we can also consider uh uh more +General integrals + + align:start position:0% +General integrals + + + align:start position:0% +General integrals +uh uh emotional Gauss integrals like + + align:start position:0% +uh uh emotional Gauss integrals like + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh emotional Gauss integrals like +this so so now let me just introduce a + + align:start position:0% +this so so now let me just introduce a + + + align:start position:0% +this so so now let me just introduce a +deep notation so let me call the Theta + + align:start position:0% +deep notation so let me call the Theta + + + align:start position:0% +deep notation so let me call the Theta +equal to + + align:start position:0% +equal to + + + align:start position:0% +equal to +Theta 1 + + align:start position:0% +Theta 1 + + + align:start position:0% +Theta 1 +C type + + align:start position:0% +C type + + + align:start position:0% +C type +say and + + align:start position:0% +say and + + + align:start position:0% +say and +let me introduce ETA + + align:start position:0% +let me introduce ETA + + + align:start position:0% +let me introduce ETA +ether is some other Grossman variables + + align:start position:0% +ether is some other Grossman variables + + + align:start position:0% +ether is some other Grossman variables +ETA one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ETA n + + align:start position:0% +ETA n + + + align:start position:0% +ETA n +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and then + + align:start position:0% +and then + + + align:start position:0% +and then +we can consider um + + align:start position:0% +we can consider um + + + align:start position:0% +we can consider um +then we can consider the integral like + + align:start position:0% +then we can consider the integral like + + + align:start position:0% +then we can consider the integral like +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +which we will encounter + + align:start position:0% +which we will encounter + + + align:start position:0% +which we will encounter +later we will currently integral like + + align:start position:0% +later we will currently integral like + + + align:start position:0% +later we will currently integral like +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +you can visit star J this is a j + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then you have exponential + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so minus Theta dagger + + align:start position:0% +so minus Theta dagger + + + align:start position:0% +so minus Theta dagger +so now the diagram including both the + + align:start position:0% +so now the diagram including both the + + + align:start position:0% +so now the diagram including both the +transpose and taking the star okay + + align:start position:0% +transpose and taking the star okay + + + align:start position:0% +transpose and taking the star okay +and a a now is just the Matrix you can + + align:start position:0% +and a a now is just the Matrix you can + + + align:start position:0% +and a a now is just the Matrix you can +just write this in The Matrix notation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but now suppose that here I only have a + + align:start position:0% +but now suppose that here I only have a + + + align:start position:0% +but now suppose that here I only have a +quadratic term but suppose not have some + + align:start position:0% +quadratic term but suppose not have some + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic term but suppose not have some +linear term + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay suppose now I have this + + align:start position:0% +okay suppose now I have this + + + align:start position:0% +okay suppose now I have this +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and again this will be you can just + + align:start position:0% +and again this will be you can just + + + align:start position:0% +and again this will be you can just +complete the square + + align:start position:0% +complete the square + + + align:start position:0% +complete the square +to The Grassman version of the complete + + align:start position:0% +to The Grassman version of the complete + + + align:start position:0% +to The Grassman version of the complete +the square + + align:start position:0% +the square + + + align:start position:0% +the square +and uh then then you can convince + + align:start position:0% +and uh then then you can convince + + + align:start position:0% +and uh then then you can convince +yourself + + align:start position:0% +yourself + + + align:start position:0% +yourself +that this is given by data a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +data a determinant of a + + align:start position:0% +data a determinant of a + + + align:start position:0% +data a determinant of a +Matrix a and then exponential + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ETA dagger + + align:start position:0% +ETA dagger + + + align:start position:0% +ETA dagger +a minus 1 + + align:start position:0% +a minus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +a minus 1 +ETA okay + + align:start position:0% +ETA okay + + + align:start position:0% +ETA okay +so up to + + align:start position:0% +so up to + + + align:start position:0% +so up to +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +up to the sign and I exactly this is + + align:start position:0% +up to the sign and I exactly this is + + + align:start position:0% +up to the sign and I exactly this is +exactly what you normally expect okay + + align:start position:0% +exactly what you normally expect okay + + + align:start position:0% +exactly what you normally expect okay +after you complete the square you get a + + align:start position:0% +after you complete the square you get a + + + align:start position:0% +after you complete the square you get a +minus 1 here and then you get this it + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 here and then you get this it + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 here and then you get this it +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any questions on this yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it does not have to be on this magic + + align:start position:0% +it does not have to be on this magic + + + align:start position:0% +it does not have to be on this magic +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so it can be some complex Matrix in + + align:start position:0% +so it can be some complex Matrix in + + + align:start position:0% +so it can be some complex Matrix in +principle yeah + + align:start position:0% +principle yeah + + + align:start position:0% +principle yeah +some general complex Matrix + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for late + + align:start position:0% +for late + + + align:start position:0% +for late +to load this by I ETA and ETA + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so so we only need the one last + + align:start position:0% +okay so so we only need the one last + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so we only need the one last +formula + + align:start position:0% +formula + + + align:start position:0% +formula +and then then we can talk about the path + + align:start position:0% +and then then we can talk about the path + + + align:start position:0% +and then then we can talk about the path +integral + + align:start position:0% +integral + + + align:start position:0% +integral +for the direct fields + + align:start position:0% +for the direct fields + + + align:start position:0% +for the direct fields +so so one last formula is that we say + + align:start position:0% +so so one last formula is that we say + + + align:start position:0% +so so one last formula is that we say +let's try to calculate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the uh the following integral + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one over I zero zero + + align:start position:0% +one over I zero zero + + + align:start position:0% +one over I zero zero +okay I zero zero means just this + + align:start position:0% +okay I zero zero means just this + + + align:start position:0% +okay I zero zero means just this +integral okay just this integral is I + + align:start position:0% +integral okay just this integral is I + + + align:start position:0% +integral okay just this integral is I +zero zero it's suppose ETA equal to zero + + align:start position:0% +zero zero it's suppose ETA equal to zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero zero it's suppose ETA equal to zero +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so one of y 0 0 is supposed to just + + align:start position:0% +so one of y 0 0 is supposed to just + + + align:start position:0% +so one of y 0 0 is supposed to just +consider this integral + + align:start position:0% +consider this integral + + + align:start position:0% +consider this integral +1 to n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +D Theta + + align:start position:0% +D Theta + + + align:start position:0% +D Theta +J + + align:start position:0% +J + + + align:start position:0% +J +now suppose we have Theta K star + + align:start position:0% +now suppose we have Theta K star + + + align:start position:0% +now suppose we have Theta K star +and Theta k + + align:start position:0% +and Theta k + + + align:start position:0% +and Theta k +and Theta L start in downstairs okay and + + align:start position:0% +and Theta L start in downstairs okay and + + + align:start position:0% +and Theta L start in downstairs okay and +then you have expansion minus + + align:start position:0% +then you have expansion minus + + + align:start position:0% +then you have expansion minus +Theta + + align:start position:0% +Theta + + + align:start position:0% +Theta +suppose you have an integral like this + + align:start position:0% +suppose you have an integral like this + + + align:start position:0% +suppose you have an integral like this +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and the so the integral agree can be + + align:start position:0% +and the so the integral agree can be + + + align:start position:0% +and the so the integral agree can be +obtained from this one by taking + + align:start position:0% +obtained from this one by taking + + + align:start position:0% +obtained from this one by taking +derivatives so this is like a generating + + align:start position:0% +derivatives so this is like a generating + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives so this is like a generating +functional + + align:start position:0% +functional + + + align:start position:0% +functional +so so then this can be considered as 1 + + align:start position:0% +so so then this can be considered as 1 + + + align:start position:0% +so so then this can be considered as 1 +over + + align:start position:0% +over + + + align:start position:0% +over +yeah let me just suppress these two zero + + align:start position:0% +yeah let me just suppress these two zero + + + align:start position:0% +yeah let me just suppress these two zero +one over I + + align:start position:0% +one over I + + + align:start position:0% +one over I +you can have minus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +star + + align:start position:0% +star + + + align:start position:0% +star +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh + + align:start position:0% +oh + + + align:start position:0% +oh +okay and then you have then take it + + align:start position:0% +okay and then you have then take it + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then you have then take it +derivative one I eat and eat a star + + align:start position:0% +derivative one I eat and eat a star + + + align:start position:0% +derivative one I eat and eat a star +they can do it to about this + + align:start position:0% +they can do it to about this + + + align:start position:0% +they can do it to about this +and then after you take the derivative + + align:start position:0% +and then after you take the derivative + + + align:start position:0% +and then after you take the derivative +you set the data you could do with the + + align:start position:0% +you set the data you could do with the + + + align:start position:0% +you set the data you could do with the +style + + align:start position:0% +style + + + align:start position:0% +style +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so so when you take these two + + align:start position:0% +so so when you take these two + + + align:start position:0% +so so when you take these two +derivatives and then you can see that we + + align:start position:0% +derivatives and then you can see that we + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives and then you can see that we +bring up bring down this Theta K and see + + align:start position:0% +bring up bring down this Theta K and see + + + align:start position:0% +bring up bring down this Theta K and see +the L and the design just to to make + + align:start position:0% +the L and the design just to to make + + + align:start position:0% +the L and the design just to to make +sure you get the sign correctly + + align:start position:0% +sure you get the sign correctly + + + align:start position:0% +sure you get the sign correctly +and then when you do this derivative + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +you find that this just given by a minus + + align:start position:0% +you find that this just given by a minus + + + align:start position:0% +you find that this just given by a minus +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +KL + + align:start position:0% +KL + + + align:start position:0% +KL +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so this is actually the same as the + + align:start position:0% +so this is actually the same as the + + + align:start position:0% +so this is actually the same as the +bosonic case okay remember in the + + align:start position:0% +bosonic case okay remember in the + + + align:start position:0% +bosonic case okay remember in the +bosonic case if you have a gaussian + + align:start position:0% +bosonic case if you have a gaussian + + + align:start position:0% +bosonic case if you have a gaussian +integral and if I have the two variables + + align:start position:0% +integral and if I have the two variables + + + align:start position:0% +integral and if I have the two variables +in the downstairs and then that gives + + align:start position:0% +in the downstairs and then that gives + + + align:start position:0% +in the downstairs and then that gives +you the inverse of the Matrix yeah up to + + align:start position:0% +you the inverse of the Matrix yeah up to + + + align:start position:0% +you the inverse of the Matrix yeah up to +a constant okay + + align:start position:0% +a constant okay + + + align:start position:0% +a constant okay +yeah so so this aspect is actually + + align:start position:0% +yeah so so this aspect is actually + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so so this aspect is actually +similar to the + + align:start position:0% +similar to the + + + align:start position:0% +similar to the +philippousonic case + + align:start position:0% +philippousonic case + + + align:start position:0% +philippousonic case +so do you have any questions + + align:start position:0% +so do you have any questions + + + align:start position:0% +so do you have any questions +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +just integral yeah + + align:start position:0% +just integral yeah + + + align:start position:0% +just integral yeah +yeah yeah yeah just a short time + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah yeah just a short time + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah yeah just a short time +notation yeah foreign + + align:start position:0% +notation yeah foreign + + + align:start position:0% +notation yeah foreign +yeah it's a it's a yeah you can call it + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's a it's a yeah you can call it + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's a it's a yeah you can call it +the generating function + + align:start position:0% +the generating function + + + align:start position:0% +the generating function +yeah so this is a generating functions + + align:start position:0% +yeah so this is a generating functions + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so this is a generating functions +for uh for arbitrary power so this kind + + align:start position:0% +for uh for arbitrary power so this kind + + + align:start position:0% +for uh for arbitrary power so this kind +of integral + + align:start position:0% +of integral + + + align:start position:0% +of integral +yeah because any any powers of theta any + + align:start position:0% +yeah because any any powers of theta any + + + align:start position:0% +yeah because any any powers of theta any +combination of theta K exactly you can + + align:start position:0% +combination of theta K exactly you can + + + align:start position:0% +combination of theta K exactly you can +just + + align:start position:0% +just + + + align:start position:0% +just +obtain by taking derivative on this eye + + align:start position:0% +obtain by taking derivative on this eye + + + align:start position:0% +obtain by taking derivative on this eye +yeah so this yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh yeah you can + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah you can + + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah you can +so so uh uh so uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you can uh here just + + align:start position:0% +you can uh here just + + + align:start position:0% +you can uh here just +the complex conjugate + + align:start position:0% +the complex conjugate + + + align:start position:0% +the complex conjugate +in some sense they're independent of + + align:start position:0% +in some sense they're independent of + + + align:start position:0% +in some sense they're independent of +each other yeah the independent + + align:start position:0% +each other yeah the independent + + + align:start position:0% +each other yeah the independent +variables yeah Theta and Theta start + + align:start position:0% +variables yeah Theta and Theta start + + + align:start position:0% +variables yeah Theta and Theta start +because they depend on two variables and + + align:start position:0% +because they depend on two variables and + + + align:start position:0% +because they depend on two variables and +you can just view them as independent + + align:start position:0% +you can just view them as independent + + + align:start position:0% +you can just view them as independent +variables + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah okay good + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so now finally + + align:start position:0% +so so now finally + + + align:start position:0% +so so now finally +we have the preparation + + align:start position:0% +we have the preparation + + + align:start position:0% +we have the preparation +to do the personal goal for the drop + + align:start position:0% +to do the personal goal for the drop + + + align:start position:0% +to do the personal goal for the drop +fields + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so so remember the rock field is the is + + align:start position:0% +so so remember the rock field is the is + + + align:start position:0% +so so remember the rock field is the is +a vector it's a spinner field + + align:start position:0% +a vector it's a spinner field + + + align:start position:0% +a vector it's a spinner field +with four components + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +these four components and they depend on + + align:start position:0% +these four components and they depend on + + + align:start position:0% +these four components and they depend on +space time coordinates + + align:start position:0% +space time coordinates + + + align:start position:0% +space time coordinates +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so if you + + align:start position:0% +so if you + + + align:start position:0% +so if you +so normally we just say this is just uh + + align:start position:0% +so normally we just say this is just uh + + + align:start position:0% +so normally we just say this is just uh +the ordinary functions + + align:start position:0% +the ordinary functions + + + align:start position:0% +the ordinary functions +but now + + align:start position:0% +but now + + + align:start position:0% +but now +in order to correctly capture the + + align:start position:0% +in order to correctly capture the + + + align:start position:0% +in order to correctly capture the +formionic nature of the direct fields + + align:start position:0% +formionic nature of the direct fields + + + align:start position:0% +formionic nature of the direct fields +and not require + + align:start position:0% +and not require + + + align:start position:0% +and not require +that the PSI alpha x + + align:start position:0% +that the PSI alpha x + + + align:start position:0% +that the PSI alpha x +so Alpha equal to one two three four + + align:start position:0% +so Alpha equal to one two three four + + + align:start position:0% +so Alpha equal to one two three four +take values + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +take values + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +as gross my numbers okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what this means + + align:start position:0% +so what this means + + + align:start position:0% +so what this means +so X is still our ordinary coordinates + + align:start position:0% +so X is still our ordinary coordinates + + + align:start position:0% +so X is still our ordinary coordinates +for any choice of space-time location X + + align:start position:0% +for any choice of space-time location X + + + align:start position:0% +for any choice of space-time location X +so this side off I'll give you a + + align:start position:0% +so this side off I'll give you a + + + align:start position:0% +so this side off I'll give you a +Grossman number + + align:start position:0% +Grossman number + + + align:start position:0% +Grossman number +okay and just for any choice of that + + align:start position:0% +okay and just for any choice of that + + + align:start position:0% +okay and just for any choice of that +this just means that okay and this is a + + align:start position:0% +this just means that okay and this is a + + + align:start position:0% +this just means that okay and this is a +function from ordinary space time + + align:start position:0% +function from ordinary space time + + + align:start position:0% +function from ordinary space time +variable to the space of the Grossman + + align:start position:0% +variable to the space of the Grossman + + + align:start position:0% +variable to the space of the Grossman +numbers + + align:start position:0% +numbers + + + align:start position:0% +numbers +okay into the space of gross minimum + + align:start position:0% +okay into the space of gross minimum + + + align:start position:0% +okay into the space of gross minimum +and in particular this means that say + + align:start position:0% +and in particular this means that say + + + align:start position:0% +and in particular this means that say +Alpha + + align:start position:0% +Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha +X PSI beta + + align:start position:0% +X PSI beta + + + align:start position:0% +X PSI beta +y the anti-commute + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the commute okay + + align:start position:0% +and the commute okay + + + align:start position:0% +and the commute okay +so this is the rule + + align:start position:0% +so this is the rule + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the rule +so now that's the only difference and + + align:start position:0% +so now that's the only difference and + + + align:start position:0% +so now that's the only difference and +now we can just do the path integral + + align:start position:0% +now we can just do the path integral + + + align:start position:0% +now we can just do the path integral +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so the password using completely + + align:start position:0% +so the password using completely + + + align:start position:0% +so the password using completely +parallel as before + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so otherwise + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exactly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the same as before + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for uh for what we did before for scalar + + align:start position:0% +for uh for what we did before for scalar + + + align:start position:0% +for uh for what we did before for scalar +field okay + + align:start position:0% +field okay + + + align:start position:0% +field okay +so the only difference is not the uh the + + align:start position:0% +so the only difference is not the uh the + + + align:start position:0% +so the only difference is not the uh the +the things you are integrating and uh + + align:start position:0% +the things you are integrating and uh + + + align:start position:0% +the things you are integrating and uh +um yeah so in particular + + align:start position:0% +um yeah so in particular + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah so in particular +we can write any correlation functions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so for example + + align:start position:0% +so for example + + + align:start position:0% +so for example +um yeah now say the + + align:start position:0% +um yeah now say the + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah now say the +so again let's use + + align:start position:0% +so again let's use + + + align:start position:0% +so again let's use +the vacuum stage + + align:start position:0% +the vacuum stage + + + align:start position:0% +the vacuum stage +and the time ordered + + align:start position:0% +and the time ordered + + + align:start position:0% +and the time ordered +correlation function the X to loads some + + align:start position:0% +correlation function the X to loads some + + + align:start position:0% +correlation function the X to loads some +product of operators yeah our previous + + align:start position:0% +product of operators yeah our previous + + + align:start position:0% +product of operators yeah our previous +notation + + align:start position:0% +notation + + + align:start position:0% +notation +and Omega + + align:start position:0% +and Omega + + + align:start position:0% +and Omega +and the divided by + + align:start position:0% +and the divided by + + + align:start position:0% +and the divided by +Omega so this has a pass integral in the + + align:start position:0% +Omega so this has a pass integral in the + + + align:start position:0% +Omega so this has a pass integral in the +uh a present + + align:start position:0% +uh a present + + + align:start position:0% +uh a present +description in terms of PSI bar + + align:start position:0% +description in terms of PSI bar + + + align:start position:0% +description in terms of PSI bar +PSI + + align:start position:0% +PSI + + + align:start position:0% +PSI +and then X in the integrand + + align:start position:0% +and then X in the integrand + + + align:start position:0% +and then X in the integrand +and then express your is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so everything is exactly the same as + + align:start position:0% +so everything is exactly the same as + + + align:start position:0% +so everything is exactly the same as +before just accept + + align:start position:0% +before just accept + + + align:start position:0% +before just accept +that the variable this you are + + align:start position:0% +that the variable this you are + + + align:start position:0% +that the variable this you are +integrating now now a Glassman variables + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and the S is just whatever your + + align:start position:0% +okay and the S is just whatever your + + + align:start position:0% +okay and the S is just whatever your +action is okay so so let me explain a + + align:start position:0% +action is okay so so let me explain a + + + align:start position:0% +action is okay so so let me explain a +little bit this notation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +PSI + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's a deep PSI just means + + align:start position:0% +it's a deep PSI just means + + + align:start position:0% +it's a deep PSI just means +you have + + align:start position:0% +you have + + + align:start position:0% +you have +first you have Alpha from one to four + + align:start position:0% +first you have Alpha from one to four + + + align:start position:0% +first you have Alpha from one to four +and then you hit if PSI Alpha p and X + + align:start position:0% +and then you hit if PSI Alpha p and X + + + align:start position:0% +and then you hit if PSI Alpha p and X +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and under this rotation is exactly the + + align:start position:0% +and under this rotation is exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +and under this rotation is exactly the +same as before okay just when I write + + align:start position:0% +same as before okay just when I write + + + align:start position:0% +same as before okay just when I write +Deep Side you should imagine I take + + align:start position:0% +Deep Side you should imagine I take + + + align:start position:0% +Deep Side you should imagine I take +product of all components okay and then + + align:start position:0% +product of all components okay and then + + + align:start position:0% +product of all components okay and then +for for each of them just looks exactly + + align:start position:0% +for for each of them just looks exactly + + + align:start position:0% +for for each of them just looks exactly +the same as we do for the for the + + align:start position:0% +the same as we do for the for the + + + align:start position:0% +the same as we do for the for the +bosonic field definition just the only + + align:start position:0% +bosonic field definition just the only + + + align:start position:0% +bosonic field definition just the only +difference that not this is cross + + align:start position:0% +difference that not this is cross + + + align:start position:0% +difference that not this is cross +variables + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so yeah also the X here + + align:start position:0% +and so yeah also the X here + + + align:start position:0% +and so yeah also the X here +say some product + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of size okay + + align:start position:0% +of size okay + + + align:start position:0% +of size okay +so arbitrary product of the precise and + + align:start position:0% +so arbitrary product of the precise and + + + align:start position:0% +so arbitrary product of the precise and +you can uh + + align:start position:0% +you can uh + + + align:start position:0% +you can uh +uh yeah then you have just you just + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah then you have just you just + + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah then you have just you just +everything privileges take over you can + + align:start position:0% +everything privileges take over you can + + + align:start position:0% +everything privileges take over you can +just write down the expression + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so again in order to do calculations for + + align:start position:0% +so again in order to do calculations for + + + align:start position:0% +so again in order to do calculations for +example to calculate the propagator Etc + + align:start position:0% +example to calculate the propagator Etc + + + align:start position:0% +example to calculate the propagator Etc +it's convenient to use generating + + align:start position:0% +it's convenient to use generating + + + align:start position:0% +it's convenient to use generating +functional okay as we do here for this + + align:start position:0% +functional okay as we do here for this + + + align:start position:0% +functional okay as we do here for this +for this gaussian integral so um so it's + + align:start position:0% +for this gaussian integral so um so it's + + + align:start position:0% +for this gaussian integral so um so it's +convenient to introduce + + align:start position:0% +convenient to introduce + + + align:start position:0% +convenient to introduce +is generating functional ETA + + align:start position:0% +is generating functional ETA + + + align:start position:0% +is generating functional ETA +bar + + align:start position:0% +bar + + + align:start position:0% +bar +okay so so this is defined to be + + align:start position:0% +okay so so this is defined to be + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so this is defined to be +into the deep side + + align:start position:0% +into the deep side + + + align:start position:0% +into the deep side +deep PSI and then you have expansion by + + align:start position:0% +deep PSI and then you have expansion by + + + align:start position:0% +deep PSI and then you have expansion by +S + + align:start position:0% +S + + + align:start position:0% +S +and then you write + + align:start position:0% +and then you write + + + align:start position:0% +and then you write +say it's a bar + + align:start position:0% +say it's a bar + + + align:start position:0% +say it's a bar +PSI + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so so again when you take derivative on + + align:start position:0% +so so again when you take derivative on + + + align:start position:0% +so so again when you take derivative on +ETA + + align:start position:0% +ETA + + + align:start position:0% +ETA +then you can bring down the powers of + + align:start position:0% +then you can bring down the powers of + + + align:start position:0% +then you can bring down the powers of +PSI of PSI bar and then you can just use + + align:start position:0% +PSI of PSI bar and then you can just use + + + align:start position:0% +PSI of PSI bar and then you can just use +then you use that as a trick + + align:start position:0% +then you use that as a trick + + + align:start position:0% +then you use that as a trick +if you know this one and then you can + + align:start position:0% +if you know this one and then you can + + + align:start position:0% +if you know this one and then you can +just calculate any X okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any questions on this + + align:start position:0% +any questions on this + + + align:start position:0% +any questions on this +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no no you don't need the + + align:start position:0% +no no you don't need the + + + align:start position:0% +no no you don't need the +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +you can view this as a definition + + align:start position:0% +you can view this as a definition + + + align:start position:0% +you can view this as a definition +okay you can just view this as the + + align:start position:0% +okay you can just view this as the + + + align:start position:0% +okay you can just view this as the +definition we just carry over what you + + align:start position:0% +definition we just carry over what you + + + align:start position:0% +definition we just carry over what you +use as a definition we carry over what + + align:start position:0% +use as a definition we carry over what + + + align:start position:0% +use as a definition we carry over what +we did before and then we just replace + + align:start position:0% +we did before and then we just replace + + + align:start position:0% +we did before and then we just replace +everything by grasman Mark + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any questions any other questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good + + align:start position:0% +good + + + align:start position:0% +good +okay so so now let's just try to + + align:start position:0% +okay so so now let's just try to + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so now let's just try to +calculate this in free Theory + + align:start position:0% +calculate this in free Theory + + + align:start position:0% +calculate this in free Theory +so in the free series we will eventually + + align:start position:0% +so in the free series we will eventually + + + align:start position:0% +so in the free series we will eventually +consider the uh + + align:start position:0% +consider the uh + + + align:start position:0% +consider the uh +so far we just considered the drug + + align:start position:0% +so far we just considered the drug + + + align:start position:0% +so far we just considered the drug +Theory okay so so let's just first + + align:start position:0% +Theory okay so so let's just first + + + align:start position:0% +Theory okay so so let's just first +consider the rock theory and then move + + align:start position:0% +consider the rock theory and then move + + + align:start position:0% +consider the rock theory and then move +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +so this is General okay this is complete + + align:start position:0% +so this is General okay this is complete + + + align:start position:0% +so this is General okay this is complete +General s can be anything + + align:start position:0% +General s can be anything + + + align:start position:0% +General s can be anything +but for the Iraq Theory we have + + align:start position:0% +but for the Iraq Theory we have + + + align:start position:0% +but for the Iraq Theory we have +s0 + + align:start position:0% +s0 + + + align:start position:0% +s0 +is equal to minus I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so for the for the direct series it's + + align:start position:0% +so so for the for the direct series it's + + + align:start position:0% +so so for the for the direct series it's +simple because it's just quadratic in + + align:start position:0% +simple because it's just quadratic in + + + align:start position:0% +simple because it's just quadratic in +PSI and then we just have a gaussian + + align:start position:0% +PSI and then we just have a gaussian + + + align:start position:0% +PSI and then we just have a gaussian +integral here okay + + align:start position:0% +integral here okay + + + align:start position:0% +integral here okay +and so we just have a Gauss integral + + align:start position:0% +and so we just have a Gauss integral + + + align:start position:0% +and so we just have a Gauss integral +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +and then we can + + align:start position:0% +and then we can + + + align:start position:0% +and then we can +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +so so yeah so um so the first thing to + + align:start position:0% +so so yeah so um so the first thing to + + + align:start position:0% +so so yeah so um so the first thing to +do + + align:start position:0% +do + + + align:start position:0% +do +is to write again write this as a form + + align:start position:0% +is to write again write this as a form + + + align:start position:0% +is to write again write this as a form +of a matrix + + align:start position:0% +of a matrix + + + align:start position:0% +of a matrix +okay so we have already done this before + + align:start position:0% +okay so we have already done this before + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we have already done this before +so this is just become I + + align:start position:0% +so this is just become I + + + align:start position:0% +so this is just become I +before X before y + + align:start position:0% +before X before y + + + align:start position:0% +before X before y +and then you have PSI bar alpha x + + align:start position:0% +and then you have PSI bar alpha x + + + align:start position:0% +and then you have PSI bar alpha x +a alpha beta + + align:start position:0% +a alpha beta + + + align:start position:0% +a alpha beta +x minus y + + align:start position:0% +x minus y + + + align:start position:0% +x minus y +so I bet y + + align:start position:0% +so I bet y + + + align:start position:0% +so I bet y +okay so so this a alpha beta + + align:start position:0% +okay so so this a alpha beta + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so this a alpha beta +x minus y so this is a matrix + + align:start position:0% +x minus y so this is a matrix + + + align:start position:0% +x minus y so this is a matrix +both in the spinner space and in the + + align:start position:0% +both in the spinner space and in the + + + align:start position:0% +both in the spinner space and in the +space of ordinary function in the space + + align:start position:0% +space of ordinary function in the space + + + align:start position:0% +space of ordinary function in the space +of functions + + align:start position:0% +of functions + + + align:start position:0% +of functions +so this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so this means you take derivative + + align:start position:0% +yeah so this means you take derivative + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so this means you take derivative +of y okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so once you write in this form and + + align:start position:0% +so so once you write in this form and + + + align:start position:0% +so so once you write in this form and +then again we have this just in the + + align:start position:0% +then again we have this just in the + + + align:start position:0% +then again we have this just in the +gaussian form + + align:start position:0% +gaussian form + + + align:start position:0% +gaussian form +so now this part integral just in the + + align:start position:0% +so now this part integral just in the + + + align:start position:0% +so now this part integral just in the +gaussian form + + align:start position:0% +gaussian form + + + align:start position:0% +gaussian form +and again we can just generalize what we + + align:start position:0% +and again we can just generalize what we + + + align:start position:0% +and again we can just generalize what we +did before + + align:start position:0% +did before + + + align:start position:0% +did before +just keep in mind that those integrals + + align:start position:0% +just keep in mind that those integrals + + + align:start position:0% +just keep in mind that those integrals +now this is + + align:start position:0% +now this is + + + align:start position:0% +now this is +given by determinant a okay + + align:start position:0% +given by determinant a okay + + + align:start position:0% +given by determinant a okay +and then and then we just find that the + + align:start position:0% +and then and then we just find that the + + + align:start position:0% +and then and then we just find that the +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so so for example if you just and now + + align:start position:0% +so so for example if you just and now + + + align:start position:0% +so so for example if you just and now +this Z ETA + + align:start position:0% +this Z ETA + + + align:start position:0% +this Z ETA +zero + + align:start position:0% +zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero +so this means that we can see the the + + align:start position:0% +so this means that we can see the the + + + align:start position:0% +so this means that we can see the the +rock theory + + align:start position:0% +rock theory + + + align:start position:0% +rock theory +so this just can be directly evaluated + + align:start position:0% +so this just can be directly evaluated + + + align:start position:0% +so this just can be directly evaluated +and then this is given by determinant a + + align:start position:0% +and then this is given by determinant a + + + align:start position:0% +and then this is given by determinant a +so now this determinant should be + + align:start position:0% +so now this determinant should be + + + align:start position:0% +so now this determinant should be +understood as both in the spinner space + + align:start position:0% +understood as both in the spinner space + + + align:start position:0% +understood as both in the spinner space +and in the space of functions yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and and then then we have the analog of + + align:start position:0% +and and then then we have the analog of + + + align:start position:0% +and and then then we have the analog of +this term + + align:start position:0% +this term + + + align:start position:0% +this term +we have analog of this term + + align:start position:0% +we have analog of this term + + + align:start position:0% +we have analog of this term +and then we have exponential + + align:start position:0% +and then we have exponential + + + align:start position:0% +and then we have exponential +it's a bar + + align:start position:0% +it's a bar + + + align:start position:0% +it's a bar +then dot t + + align:start position:0% +then dot t + + + align:start position:0% +then dot t +so I denote the a minus 1 as d + + align:start position:0% +so I denote the a minus 1 as d + + + align:start position:0% +so I denote the a minus 1 as d +the motivation yeah and the D + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so this + + align:start position:0% +so so this + + + align:start position:0% +so so this +so this should be considered as a + + align:start position:0% +so this should be considered as a + + + align:start position:0% +so this should be considered as a +shorthand rotation + + align:start position:0% +shorthand rotation + + + align:start position:0% +shorthand rotation +for um yeah so this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this should + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be here + + align:start position:0% +be here + + + align:start position:0% +be here +so this will be considered as a + + align:start position:0% +so this will be considered as a + + + align:start position:0% +so this will be considered as a +shorthand rotation for p4x before y + + align:start position:0% +shorthand rotation for p4x before y + + + align:start position:0% +shorthand rotation for p4x before y +ETA bar + + align:start position:0% +ETA bar + + + align:start position:0% +ETA bar +alpha x + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +t 0 + + align:start position:0% +t 0 + + + align:start position:0% +t 0 +Alpha Beta + + align:start position:0% +Alpha Beta + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha Beta +x minus y + + align:start position:0% +x minus y + + + align:start position:0% +x minus y +Zeta Theta y + + align:start position:0% +Zeta Theta y + + + align:start position:0% +Zeta Theta y +okay so so this so this thing is a short + + align:start position:0% +okay so so this so this thing is a short + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so this so this thing is a short +time notation for this + + align:start position:0% +time notation for this + + + align:start position:0% +time notation for this +and this T Alpha Beta 0 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +x minus y just the inverse + + align:start position:0% +x minus y just the inverse + + + align:start position:0% +x minus y just the inverse +of this Matrix a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay in the + + align:start position:0% +okay in the + + + align:start position:0% +okay in the +okay just you should view it as the + + align:start position:0% +okay just you should view it as the + + + align:start position:0% +okay just you should view it as the +inverse of Dimension a and that's the + + align:start position:0% +inverse of Dimension a and that's the + + + align:start position:0% +inverse of Dimension a and that's the +same thing as what we did in the + + align:start position:0% +same thing as what we did in the + + + align:start position:0% +same thing as what we did in the +poissonic case and this will be this + + align:start position:0% +poissonic case and this will be this + + + align:start position:0% +poissonic case and this will be this +corresponding to the fireman for this + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to the fireman for this + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to the fireman for this +using the same argument you can show the + + align:start position:0% +using the same argument you can show the + + + align:start position:0% +using the same argument you can show the +this corresponding to the fireman + + align:start position:0% +this corresponding to the fireman + + + align:start position:0% +this corresponding to the fireman +propagator + + align:start position:0% +propagator + + + align:start position:0% +propagator +time ordered propagator + + align:start position:0% +time ordered propagator + + + align:start position:0% +time ordered propagator +of of PSI okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so everything is similar yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so um + + align:start position:0% +so um + + + align:start position:0% +so um +so you can just view the uh you can just + + align:start position:0% +so you can just view the uh you can just + + + align:start position:0% +so you can just view the uh you can just +you don't have to think about the gamma + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to think about the gamma + + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to think about the gamma +zero here you can just think about the + + align:start position:0% +zero here you can just think about the + + + align:start position:0% +zero here you can just think about the +either bar just as an independent + + align:start position:0% +either bar just as an independent + + + align:start position:0% +either bar just as an independent +variable of ETA + + align:start position:0% +variable of ETA + + + align:start position:0% +variable of ETA +yeah yeah it doesn't matter you can just + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah it doesn't matter you can just + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah it doesn't matter you can just +treat a tree there's some interdependent + + align:start position:0% +treat a tree there's some interdependent + + + align:start position:0% +treat a tree there's some interdependent +variable + + align:start position:0% +variable + + + align:start position:0% +variable +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +capacity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +he says Grossman + + align:start position:0% +he says Grossman + + + align:start position:0% +he says Grossman +yeah uh um yeah yeah it is Grossman and + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh um yeah yeah it is Grossman and + + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh um yeah yeah it is Grossman and +in particular it depends on space time + + align:start position:0% +in particular it depends on space time + + + align:start position:0% +in particular it depends on space time +okay because we want to be able to take + + align:start position:0% +okay because we want to be able to take + + + align:start position:0% +okay because we want to be able to take +it derivative to get the PSI X and so so + + align:start position:0% +it derivative to get the PSI X and so so + + + align:start position:0% +it derivative to get the PSI X and so so +ETA there are + + align:start position:0% +ETA there are + + + align:start position:0% +ETA there are +uh yeah either have the same + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the ETA is the + + align:start position:0% +and the ETA is the + + + align:start position:0% +and the ETA is the +Theta 1 X + + align:start position:0% +Theta 1 X + + + align:start position:0% +Theta 1 X +inter 4X + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry say it again + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no no the integral is just some + + align:start position:0% +no no the integral is just some + + + align:start position:0% +no no the integral is just some +some functions of the Grossman variables + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah just some functions of course + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good + + align:start position:0% +good + + + align:start position:0% +good +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +and then from here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +from this expression + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you can just find the uh all the + + align:start position:0% +you can just find the uh all the + + + align:start position:0% +you can just find the uh all the +correlation function in the free series + + align:start position:0% +correlation function in the free series + + + align:start position:0% +correlation function in the free series +okay so so yeah so uh let me just + + align:start position:0% +okay so so yeah so uh let me just + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so yeah so uh let me just +quickly + + align:start position:0% +quickly + + + align:start position:0% +quickly +write it here but I don't have yeah I + + align:start position:0% +write it here but I don't have yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +write it here but I don't have yeah I +think they are not enough space yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no no that doesn't doesn't have to be it + + align:start position:0% +no no that doesn't doesn't have to be it + + + align:start position:0% +no no that doesn't doesn't have to be it +depends on the situation here you get + + align:start position:0% +depends on the situation here you get + + + align:start position:0% +depends on the situation here you get +the constant here you get the function + + align:start position:0% +the constant here you get the function + + + align:start position:0% +the constant here you get the function +of Grossman variables here it just + + align:start position:0% +of Grossman variables here it just + + + align:start position:0% +of Grossman variables here it just +depends on situation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh it depends it depends if you have ETA + + align:start position:0% +uh it depends it depends if you have ETA + + + align:start position:0% +uh it depends it depends if you have ETA +so if you don't have ETA then you get + + align:start position:0% +so if you don't have ETA then you get + + + align:start position:0% +so if you don't have ETA then you get +the sea Lumber + + align:start position:0% +the sea Lumber + + + align:start position:0% +the sea Lumber +or or you get the c number but here if + + align:start position:0% +or or you get the c number but here if + + + align:start position:0% +or or you get the c number but here if +you have ETA then you get the function + + align:start position:0% +you have ETA then you get the function + + + align:start position:0% +you have ETA then you get the function +of ETA and these are Grossman variables + + align:start position:0% +of ETA and these are Grossman variables + + + align:start position:0% +of ETA and these are Grossman variables +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +yep + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good so so now you can just obtain + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any correlation functions in the rock + + align:start position:0% +any correlation functions in the rock + + + align:start position:0% +any correlation functions in the rock +theory you can just take derivative + + align:start position:0% +theory you can just take derivative + + + align:start position:0% +theory you can just take derivative +with respect to this Z + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so yeah so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +say X1 + + align:start position:0% +say X1 + + + align:start position:0% +say X1 +so xn + + align:start position:0% +so xn + + + align:start position:0% +so xn +zero and I again with the previous + + align:start position:0% +zero and I again with the previous + + + align:start position:0% +zero and I again with the previous +commission always use zero to denote the + + align:start position:0% +commission always use zero to denote the + + + align:start position:0% +commission always use zero to denote the +vacuum of the free Theory and then using + + align:start position:0% +vacuum of the free Theory and then using + + + align:start position:0% +vacuum of the free Theory and then using +this Omega + + align:start position:0% +this Omega + + + align:start position:0% +this Omega +to denote the uh the vacuum say if you + + align:start position:0% +to denote the uh the vacuum say if you + + + align:start position:0% +to denote the uh the vacuum say if you +have been taxed in theory okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so so yeah again this is just uh you + + align:start position:0% +and so so yeah again this is just uh you + + + align:start position:0% +and so so yeah again this is just uh you +just get get + + align:start position:0% +just get get + + + align:start position:0% +just get get +zero + + align:start position:0% +zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero +with ETA + + align:start position:0% +with ETA + + + align:start position:0% +with ETA +sets to be zero + + align:start position:0% +sets to be zero + + + align:start position:0% +sets to be zero +okay and then just two derivatives okay + + align:start position:0% +okay and then just two derivatives okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then just two derivatives okay +you just you're up to a sign + + align:start position:0% +you just you're up to a sign + + + align:start position:0% +you just you're up to a sign +just Delta ETA + + align:start position:0% +just Delta ETA + + + align:start position:0% +just Delta ETA +one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +and then you take activity on this V + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so so it depends on whether you do + + align:start position:0% +yeah so so it depends on whether you do + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so so it depends on whether you do +the bar or another bar so so for example + + align:start position:0% +the bar or another bar so so for example + + + align:start position:0% +the bar or another bar so so for example +here is the bar + + align:start position:0% +here is the bar + + + align:start position:0% +here is the bar +so so here PSI + + align:start position:0% +so so here PSI + + + align:start position:0% +so so here PSI +yeah and if it's upside then you take + + align:start position:0% +yeah and if it's upside then you take + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and if it's upside then you take +activity with ETA bar if you subscribe + + align:start position:0% +activity with ETA bar if you subscribe + + + align:start position:0% +activity with ETA bar if you subscribe +bar you take Duty with it okay + + align:start position:0% +bar you take Duty with it okay + + + align:start position:0% +bar you take Duty with it okay +anyway so and then you in the end as you + + align:start position:0% +anyway so and then you in the end as you + + + align:start position:0% +anyway so and then you in the end as you +said e type to it + + align:start position:0% +said e type to it + + + align:start position:0% +said e type to it +exactly the same as before okay + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same as before okay + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same as before okay +and then again because + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +these have this kind of structure + + align:start position:0% +these have this kind of structure + + + align:start position:0% +these have this kind of structure +you always pair it above with ETA in + + align:start position:0% +you always pair it above with ETA in + + + align:start position:0% +you always pair it above with ETA in +with C in here so when you do that you + + align:start position:0% +with C in here so when you do that you + + + align:start position:0% +with C in here so when you do that you +you just get all possible contractions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +some of all possible contractions okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the each contractions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so each contractions is just a + + align:start position:0% +so each contractions is just a + + + align:start position:0% +so each contractions is just a +propagator + + align:start position:0% +propagator + + + align:start position:0% +propagator +so if you have X1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bar X2 + + align:start position:0% +bar X2 + + + align:start position:0% +bar X2 +so each contraction you just give you + + align:start position:0% +so each contraction you just give you + + + align:start position:0% +so each contraction you just give you +d0 + + align:start position:0% +d0 + + + align:start position:0% +d0 +X Y minus X2 okay so now I suppress the + + align:start position:0% +X Y minus X2 okay so now I suppress the + + + align:start position:0% +X Y minus X2 okay so now I suppress the +spindle indices okay + + align:start position:0% +spindle indices okay + + + align:start position:0% +spindle indices okay +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so now you have to be careful + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so one thing you have to be careful + + align:start position:0% +so one thing you have to be careful + + + align:start position:0% +so one thing you have to be careful +you said now all this become + + align:start position:0% +you said now all this become + + + align:start position:0% +you said now all this become +anti-commuting + + align:start position:0% +anti-commuting + + + align:start position:0% +anti-commuting +okay so when you take the derivative and + + align:start position:0% +okay so when you take the derivative and + + + align:start position:0% +okay so when you take the derivative and +then and then then there's uh you have + + align:start position:0% +then and then then there's uh you have + + + align:start position:0% +then and then then there's uh you have +to be careful about the when you do the + + align:start position:0% +to be careful about the when you do the + + + align:start position:0% +to be careful about the when you do the +contraction you have to be careful about + + align:start position:0% +contraction you have to be careful about + + + align:start position:0% +contraction you have to be careful about +the order of of the precise so for + + align:start position:0% +the order of of the precise so for + + + align:start position:0% +the order of of the precise so for +example if you look at the two point + + align:start position:0% +example if you look at the two point + + + align:start position:0% +example if you look at the two point +function + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so if you look at the two point function + + align:start position:0% +so if you look at the two point function + + + align:start position:0% +so if you look at the two point function +so if you have PSI X1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +PSI bar X2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and PSI by X3 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +PSI X4 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you have this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then there are two possible contractions + + align:start position:0% +then there are two possible contractions + + + align:start position:0% +then there are two possible contractions +you can have this contract with that + + align:start position:0% +you can have this contract with that + + + align:start position:0% +you can have this contract with that +this contract with that or this contract + + align:start position:0% +this contract with that or this contract + + + align:start position:0% +this contract with that or this contract +with that and this can track reset okay + + align:start position:0% +with that and this can track reset okay + + + align:start position:0% +with that and this can track reset okay +so you have to be careful about the uh + + align:start position:0% +so you have to be careful about the uh + + + align:start position:0% +so you have to be careful about the uh +about the sign + + align:start position:0% +about the sign + + + align:start position:0% +about the sign +and if you are careful okay so so you + + align:start position:0% +and if you are careful okay so so you + + + align:start position:0% +and if you are careful okay so so you +find and you will get minus d0 + + align:start position:0% +find and you will get minus d0 + + + align:start position:0% +find and you will get minus d0 +so X Y minus X2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the + + align:start position:0% +and the + + + align:start position:0% +and the +D X3 X4 minus X3 + + align:start position:0% +D X3 X4 minus X3 + + + align:start position:0% +D X3 X4 minus X3 +so the minus and come from you need to + + align:start position:0% +so the minus and come from you need to + + + align:start position:0% +so the minus and come from you need to +exchange these two so that you have the + + align:start position:0% +exchange these two so that you have the + + + align:start position:0% +exchange these two so that you have the +form of PSI and the PSI bar okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then + + align:start position:0% +and then + + + align:start position:0% +and then +you can also have the D + + align:start position:0% +you can also have the D + + + align:start position:0% +you can also have the D +0 x y minus X3 + + align:start position:0% +0 x y minus X3 + + + align:start position:0% +0 x y minus X3 +and d0 + + align:start position:0% +and d0 + + + align:start position:0% +and d0 +X4 minus X2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so in this one you can just + + align:start position:0% +so in this one you can just + + + align:start position:0% +so in this one you can just +change the order yeah so so here should + + align:start position:0% +change the order yeah so so here should + + + align:start position:0% +change the order yeah so so here should +be time ordered okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it should be time ordered + + align:start position:0% +it should be time ordered + + + align:start position:0% +it should be time ordered +and so + + align:start position:0% +and so + + + align:start position:0% +and so +so the reason this plus sign here + + align:start position:0% +so the reason this plus sign here + + + align:start position:0% +so the reason this plus sign here +because you can + + align:start position:0% +because you can + + + align:start position:0% +because you can +shift this X2 by two positions to the + + align:start position:0% +shift this X2 by two positions to the + + + align:start position:0% +shift this X2 by two positions to the +right of the uh upside X4 + + align:start position:0% +right of the uh upside X4 + + + align:start position:0% +right of the uh upside X4 +and then and then these two will be + + align:start position:0% +and then and then these two will be + + + align:start position:0% +and then and then these two will be +labor now become labors and and then a + + align:start position:0% +labor now become labors and and then a + + + align:start position:0% +labor now become labors and and then a +preside four and percent two will be + + align:start position:0% +preside four and percent two will be + + + align:start position:0% +preside four and percent two will be +labels okay so you just get the positive + + align:start position:0% +labels okay so you just get the positive + + + align:start position:0% +labels okay so you just get the positive +side okay + + align:start position:0% +side okay + + + align:start position:0% +side okay +so so you just have to be careful about + + align:start position:0% +so so you just have to be careful about + + + align:start position:0% +so so you just have to be careful about +the design okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +other than that everything is the same + + align:start position:0% +other than that everything is the same + + + align:start position:0% +other than that everything is the same +as before + + align:start position:0% +as before + + + align:start position:0% +as before +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so now you can also just do the + + align:start position:0% +so so now you can also just do the + + + align:start position:0% +so so now you can also just do the +interacting Theory + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you can do the interacting Theory + + align:start position:0% +you can do the interacting Theory + + + align:start position:0% +you can do the interacting Theory +say now the the the the correlation + + align:start position:0% +say now the the the the correlation + + + align:start position:0% +say now the the the the correlation +function + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in the interacting Theory + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +divided by Omega + + align:start position:0% +divided by Omega + + + align:start position:0% +divided by Omega +and now you just + + align:start position:0% +and now you just + + + align:start position:0% +and now you just +and now we just do for the Basin series + + align:start position:0% +and now we just do for the Basin series + + + align:start position:0% +and now we just do for the Basin series +we just use that + + align:start position:0% +we just use that + + + align:start position:0% +we just use that +and then we can write it as the um + + align:start position:0% +and then we can write it as the um + + + align:start position:0% +and then we can write it as the um +correlation functions in free Theory + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +again just the everything is the same + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +just now you have to be careful now the + + align:start position:0% +just now you have to be careful now the + + + align:start position:0% +just now you have to be careful now the +integral is over the gross one variables + + align:start position:0% +integral is over the gross one variables + + + align:start position:0% +integral is over the gross one variables +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so T again here is T + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time models okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +other than that everything just the same + + align:start position:0% +other than that everything just the same + + + align:start position:0% +other than that everything just the same +as before and again you will can show + + align:start position:0% +as before and again you will can show + + + align:start position:0% +as before and again you will can show +that the vacuum + + align:start position:0% +that the vacuum + + + align:start position:0% +that the vacuum +diagrams + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +vacuum bubbles + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we'll cancel so you don't have to + + align:start position:0% +we'll cancel so you don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +we'll cancel so you don't have to +include the vacuum bubble and then then + + align:start position:0% +include the vacuum bubble and then then + + + align:start position:0% +include the vacuum bubble and then then +the Epson prescription is the m goes to + + align:start position:0% +the Epson prescription is the m goes to + + + align:start position:0% +the Epson prescription is the m goes to +M minus Epsilon + + align:start position:0% +M minus Epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +M minus Epsilon +okay very similar to before + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good any questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so now we can just apply + + align:start position:0% +so now we can just apply + + + align:start position:0% +so now we can just apply +identically + + align:start position:0% +identically + + + align:start position:0% +identically +the form region we developed before for + + align:start position:0% +the form region we developed before for + + + align:start position:0% +the form region we developed before for +interacting theory of scalar field to + + align:start position:0% +interacting theory of scalar field to + + + align:start position:0% +interacting theory of scalar field to +here except we just have to be careful + + align:start position:0% +here except we just have to be careful + + + align:start position:0% +here except we just have to be careful +about some signs + + align:start position:0% +about some signs + + + align:start position:0% +about some signs +okay because when you exchange the + + align:start position:0% +okay because when you exchange the + + + align:start position:0% +okay because when you exchange the +fermions you get some signs and other + + align:start position:0% +fermions you get some signs and other + + + align:start position:0% +fermions you get some signs and other +than those entities of science + + align:start position:0% +than those entities of science + + + align:start position:0% +than those entities of science +everything else will be the same + + align:start position:0% +everything else will be the same + + + align:start position:0% +everything else will be the same +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +but those signs sometimes can be + + align:start position:0% +but those signs sometimes can be + + + align:start position:0% +but those signs sometimes can be +annoying okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so we can + + align:start position:0% +so so we can + + + align:start position:0% +so so we can +derive the fun and we can draw the + + align:start position:0% +derive the fun and we can draw the + + + align:start position:0% +derive the fun and we can draw the +fireman diagrams as before and write + + align:start position:0% +fireman diagrams as before and write + + + align:start position:0% +fireman diagrams as before and write +down the five main rules Etc okay so so + + align:start position:0% +down the five main rules Etc okay so so + + + align:start position:0% +down the five main rules Etc okay so so +now let me just uh write do the um + + align:start position:0% +now let me just uh write do the um + + + align:start position:0% +now let me just uh write do the um +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +yeah just everything carries over so let + + align:start position:0% +yeah just everything carries over so let + + + align:start position:0% +yeah just everything carries over so let +me just emphasize the difference from + + align:start position:0% +me just emphasize the difference from + + + align:start position:0% +me just emphasize the difference from +the scalar case + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so yes + + align:start position:0% +so yes + + + align:start position:0% +so yes +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +the difference + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or find my rules + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh this + + align:start position:0% +oh this + + + align:start position:0% +oh this +from the scalar case + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so so there's various differences + + align:start position:0% +so so there's various differences + + + align:start position:0% +so so there's various differences +so the first let's talk about the + + align:start position:0% +so the first let's talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +so the first let's talk about the +remember we have different family rules + + align:start position:0% +remember we have different family rules + + + align:start position:0% +remember we have different family rules +for green functions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and also have ones for scattering + + align:start position:0% +and also have ones for scattering + + + align:start position:0% +and also have ones for scattering +amplitudes + + align:start position:0% +amplitudes + + + align:start position:0% +amplitudes +so the scatter amplitude is the one with + + align:start position:0% +so the scatter amplitude is the one with + + + align:start position:0% +so the scatter amplitude is the one with +the external ax truncated and in the + + align:start position:0% +the external ax truncated and in the + + + align:start position:0% +the external ax truncated and in the +green function you don't truncate the + + align:start position:0% +green function you don't truncate the + + + align:start position:0% +green function you don't truncate the +external X okay so now let me first say + + align:start position:0% +external X okay so now let me first say + + + align:start position:0% +external X okay so now let me first say +the for the green functions + + align:start position:0% +the for the green functions + + + align:start position:0% +the for the green functions +so um so for the propagator + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the first + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so again the propagates are just + + align:start position:0% +so again the propagates are just + + + align:start position:0% +so again the propagates are just +represented by a line + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but here + + align:start position:0% +but here + + + align:start position:0% +but here +we have a complex field okay and so like + + align:start position:0% +we have a complex field okay and so like + + + align:start position:0% +we have a complex field okay and so like +as we did for the complex scalar field + + align:start position:0% +as we did for the complex scalar field + + + align:start position:0% +as we did for the complex scalar field +now you need to assign an arrow + + align:start position:0% +now you need to assign an arrow + + + align:start position:0% +now you need to assign an arrow +to indicate the flow of the direction of + + align:start position:0% +to indicate the flow of the direction of + + + align:start position:0% +to indicate the flow of the direction of +the charge + + align:start position:0% +the charge + + + align:start position:0% +the charge +so we always + + align:start position:0% +so we always + + + align:start position:0% +so we always +assign the arrow to flow from the + + align:start position:0% +assign the arrow to flow from the + + + align:start position:0% +assign the arrow to flow from the +bar to the uh to the onboard side okay + + align:start position:0% +bar to the uh to the onboard side okay + + + align:start position:0% +bar to the uh to the onboard side okay +so if so so for that one so we will do + + align:start position:0% +so if so so for that one so we will do + + + align:start position:0% +so if so so for that one so we will do +that okay so this will be X2 + + align:start position:0% +that okay so this will be X2 + + + align:start position:0% +that okay so this will be X2 +will be X1 + + align:start position:0% +will be X1 + + + align:start position:0% +will be X1 +okay suppose this is the um + + align:start position:0% +okay suppose this is the um + + + align:start position:0% +okay suppose this is the um +this is beta this will be Alpha okay so + + align:start position:0% +this is beta this will be Alpha okay so + + + align:start position:0% +this is beta this will be Alpha okay so +so if I put the alpha beta here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so this will be Alpha X1 and beta X2 + + align:start position:0% +so so this will be Alpha X1 and beta X2 + + + align:start position:0% +so so this will be Alpha X1 and beta X2 +and then the arrow goes to the um + + align:start position:0% +and then the arrow goes to the um + + + align:start position:0% +and then the arrow goes to the um +so this is a charge Arrow this is on the + + align:start position:0% +so this is a charge Arrow this is on the + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a charge Arrow this is on the +momentum Arrow you can also in addition + + align:start position:0% +momentum Arrow you can also in addition + + + align:start position:0% +momentum Arrow you can also in addition +of sine and momentum + + align:start position:0% +of sine and momentum + + + align:start position:0% +of sine and momentum +okay you can additional sine of momentum + + align:start position:0% +okay you can additional sine of momentum + + + align:start position:0% +okay you can additional sine of momentum +and the momentum uh um yeah yeah so this + + align:start position:0% +and the momentum uh um yeah yeah so this + + + align:start position:0% +and the momentum uh um yeah yeah so this +is in the coordinate space sorry so so + + align:start position:0% +is in the coordinate space sorry so so + + + align:start position:0% +is in the coordinate space sorry so so +this is in the coordinate space and so + + align:start position:0% +this is in the coordinate space and so + + + align:start position:0% +this is in the coordinate space and so +this just gives you d0 Alpha Beta + + align:start position:0% +this just gives you d0 Alpha Beta + + + align:start position:0% +this just gives you d0 Alpha Beta +X1 minus X2 okay so so in the coordinate + + align:start position:0% +X1 minus X2 okay so so in the coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +X1 minus X2 okay so so in the coordinate +space so in momentum space + + align:start position:0% +space so in momentum space + + + align:start position:0% +space so in momentum space +we don't label the locations so in + + align:start position:0% +we don't label the locations so in + + + align:start position:0% +we don't label the locations so in +momentum space + + align:start position:0% +momentum space + + + align:start position:0% +momentum space +we just have Alpha and the beta + + align:start position:0% +we just have Alpha and the beta + + + align:start position:0% +we just have Alpha and the beta +and now you have also have a momentum + + align:start position:0% +and now you have also have a momentum + + + align:start position:0% +and now you have also have a momentum +okay so so so the + + align:start position:0% +okay so so so the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so so the +so you can choose the momentum in any + + align:start position:0% +so you can choose the momentum in any + + + align:start position:0% +so you can choose the momentum in any +direction you want okay so for often for + + align:start position:0% +direction you want okay so for often for + + + align:start position:0% +direction you want okay so for often for +convenience just as in the scalar case + + align:start position:0% +convenience just as in the scalar case + + + align:start position:0% +convenience just as in the scalar case +we often choose a momentum to be in the + + align:start position:0% +we often choose a momentum to be in the + + + align:start position:0% +we often choose a momentum to be in the +same arrow in this direction but in the + + align:start position:0% +same arrow in this direction but in the + + + align:start position:0% +same arrow in this direction but in the +case which we want to choose momentum + + align:start position:0% +case which we want to choose momentum + + + align:start position:0% +case which we want to choose momentum +Arrow to be different and you can just + + align:start position:0% +Arrow to be different and you can just + + + align:start position:0% +Arrow to be different and you can just +draw a momentum Arrow okay okay which + + align:start position:0% +draw a momentum Arrow okay okay which + + + align:start position:0% +draw a momentum Arrow okay okay which +can be different okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +space the propagator is given by we have + + align:start position:0% +space the propagator is given by we have + + + align:start position:0% +space the propagator is given by we have +already written before so it's given by + + align:start position:0% +already written before so it's given by + + + align:start position:0% +already written before so it's given by +minus one over I slash + + align:start position:0% +minus one over I slash + + + align:start position:0% +minus one over I slash +minus m + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is the same as in the complex scalar + + align:start position:0% +is the same as in the complex scalar + + + align:start position:0% +is the same as in the complex scalar +case + + align:start position:0% +case + + + align:start position:0% +case +it's no different from the complex + + align:start position:0% +it's no different from the complex + + + align:start position:0% +it's no different from the complex +scalar case yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yeah you can consider as the + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah you can consider as the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah you can consider as the +particle propagating in One Direction + + align:start position:0% +particle propagating in One Direction + + + align:start position:0% +particle propagating in One Direction +and then the anti-particle propagating + + align:start position:0% +and then the anti-particle propagating + + + align:start position:0% +and then the anti-particle propagating +over the direction you can interpret + + align:start position:0% +over the direction you can interpret + + + align:start position:0% +over the direction you can interpret +either way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah this is the the important is the + + align:start position:0% +yeah this is the the important is the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah this is the the important is the +direction of the charge flow + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so the momentum you emphasize so + + align:start position:0% +yeah so the momentum you emphasize so + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so the momentum you emphasize so +the charge Adderall + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not arbitrary + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but the momentum Arrow + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is arbitrary + + align:start position:0% +is arbitrary + + + align:start position:0% +is arbitrary +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so momentum Arrow you can choose + + align:start position:0% +so momentum Arrow you can choose + + + align:start position:0% +so momentum Arrow you can choose +whatever you want okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so also the rule + + align:start position:0% +so also the rule + + + align:start position:0% +so also the rule +we do for the external um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the B + + align:start position:0% +so the B + + + align:start position:0% +so the B +so if we talk about the external point + + align:start position:0% +so if we talk about the external point + + + align:start position:0% +so if we talk about the external point +because for the up for the propagator + + align:start position:0% +because for the up for the propagator + + + align:start position:0% +because for the up for the propagator +for the uh for the correlation functions + + align:start position:0% +for the uh for the correlation functions + + + align:start position:0% +for the uh for the correlation functions +say you have those external points okay + + align:start position:0% +say you have those external points okay + + + align:start position:0% +say you have those external points okay +and and the sum of them will be precise + + align:start position:0% +and and the sum of them will be precise + + + align:start position:0% +and and the sum of them will be precise +some of them will be preside bar okay + + align:start position:0% +some of them will be preside bar okay + + + align:start position:0% +some of them will be preside bar okay +again we we assign the rule as this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we assign ruize this + + align:start position:0% +we assign ruize this + + + align:start position:0% +we assign ruize this +for each external point if it's the uh + + align:start position:0% +for each external point if it's the uh + + + align:start position:0% +for each external point if it's the uh +if it's a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if it's a PSI + + align:start position:0% +if it's a PSI + + + align:start position:0% +if it's a PSI +if the end point is given by by the side + + align:start position:0% +if the end point is given by by the side + + + align:start position:0% +if the end point is given by by the side +bar alpha x okay from the rule that the + + align:start position:0% +bar alpha x okay from the rule that the + + + align:start position:0% +bar alpha x okay from the rule that the +the the arrow always leave the direction + + align:start position:0% +the the arrow always leave the direction + + + align:start position:0% +the the arrow always leave the direction +from the Side Bar then we should draw it + + align:start position:0% +from the Side Bar then we should draw it + + + align:start position:0% +from the Side Bar then we should draw it +as + + align:start position:0% +as + + + align:start position:0% +as +alpha x okay so so this is the external + + align:start position:0% +alpha x okay so so this is the external + + + align:start position:0% +alpha x okay so so this is the external +Point okay + + align:start position:0% +Point okay + + + align:start position:0% +Point okay +and similarly uh if you have PSI alpha x + + align:start position:0% +and similarly uh if you have PSI alpha x + + + align:start position:0% +and similarly uh if you have PSI alpha x +this is and then you + + align:start position:0% +this is and then you + + + align:start position:0% +this is and then you +and then the arrow will come in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay the arrow will come okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the sorry momentum space + + align:start position:0% +and the sorry momentum space + + + align:start position:0% +and the sorry momentum space +so so if we choose the momentum to be + + align:start position:0% +so so if we choose the momentum to be + + + align:start position:0% +so so if we choose the momentum to be +the same direction + + align:start position:0% +the same direction + + + align:start position:0% +the same direction +so we just have k + + align:start position:0% +so we just have k + + + align:start position:0% +so we just have k +and the the take K to be the same arrow + + align:start position:0% +and the the take K to be the same arrow + + + align:start position:0% +and the the take K to be the same arrow +and here again it's the same thing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is the coordinate space this is + + align:start position:0% +so this is the coordinate space this is + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the coordinate space this is +the momentum which way this is for PSI + + align:start position:0% +the momentum which way this is for PSI + + + align:start position:0% +the momentum which way this is for PSI +bar this for PSI okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah just follow the same rule yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah we'll talk about that yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah we'll talk about that yeah yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah we'll talk about that yeah yeah +here is talk about here we are talking + + align:start position:0% +here is talk about here we are talking + + + align:start position:0% +here is talk about here we are talking +here I'm talking about the correlation + + align:start position:0% +here I'm talking about the correlation + + + align:start position:0% +here I'm talking about the correlation +functions in correlation functions you + + align:start position:0% +functions in correlation functions you + + + align:start position:0% +functions in correlation functions you +don't talk about the particles just look + + align:start position:0% +don't talk about the particles just look + + + align:start position:0% +don't talk about the particles just look +at what are the external points + + align:start position:0% +at what are the external points + + + align:start position:0% +at what are the external points +and when we talk about scattering + + align:start position:0% +and when we talk about scattering + + + align:start position:0% +and when we talk about scattering +amplitude then we talk about uh I + + align:start position:0% +amplitude then we talk about uh I + + + align:start position:0% +amplitude then we talk about uh I +haven't talked about scattering + + align:start position:0% +haven't talked about scattering + + + align:start position:0% +haven't talked about scattering +amplitude yet + + align:start position:0% +amplitude yet + + + align:start position:0% +amplitude yet +do you have any questions other + + align:start position:0% +do you have any questions other + + + align:start position:0% +do you have any questions other +questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay kids + + align:start position:0% +okay kids + + + align:start position:0% +okay kids +so so now the most important + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is now the uh now you have spinners and + + align:start position:0% +is now the uh now you have spinners and + + + align:start position:0% +is now the uh now you have spinners and +now you have components okay now the + + align:start position:0% +now you have components okay now the + + + align:start position:0% +now you have components okay now the +propagator is a matrix + + align:start position:0% +propagator is a matrix + + + align:start position:0% +propagator is a matrix +and each spinner is a vector so you have + + align:start position:0% +and each spinner is a vector so you have + + + align:start position:0% +and each spinner is a vector so you have +a lot you have to be careful about the + + align:start position:0% +a lot you have to be careful about the + + + align:start position:0% +a lot you have to be careful about the +uh the the indices okay so so the last + + align:start position:0% +uh the the indices okay so so the last + + + align:start position:0% +uh the the indices okay so so the last +thing you have to be careful is that now + + align:start position:0% +thing you have to be careful is that now + + + align:start position:0% +thing you have to be careful is that now +you have to + + align:start position:0% +you have to + + + align:start position:0% +you have to +uh um + + align:start position:0% +uh um + + + align:start position:0% +uh um +so the spinner indices + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are contracted + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +following the arrows okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and I will explain what this means okay + + align:start position:0% +and I will explain what this means okay + + + align:start position:0% +and I will explain what this means okay +uh so here is a little bit heuristic but + + align:start position:0% +uh so here is a little bit heuristic but + + + align:start position:0% +uh so here is a little bit heuristic but +a statement is a bit heuristic but but I + + align:start position:0% +a statement is a bit heuristic but but I + + + align:start position:0% +a statement is a bit heuristic but but I +will explain in detail what this means + + align:start position:0% +will explain in detail what this means + + + align:start position:0% +will explain in detail what this means +when we talk about scattering amplitude + + align:start position:0% +when we talk about scattering amplitude + + + align:start position:0% +when we talk about scattering amplitude +so this aspect will be similar to the + + align:start position:0% +so this aspect will be similar to the + + + align:start position:0% +so this aspect will be similar to the +scattered amplitude that we just + + align:start position:0% +scattered amplitude that we just + + + align:start position:0% +scattered amplitude that we just +explained in one place okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the skating amplitude + + align:start position:0% +so the skating amplitude + + + align:start position:0% +so the skating amplitude +so the rule follow against follow from + + align:start position:0% +so the rule follow against follow from + + + align:start position:0% +so the rule follow against follow from +this LSD which I will not derive + + align:start position:0% +this LSD which I will not derive + + + align:start position:0% +this LSD which I will not derive +and this uh Neiman semantic exhibit a + + align:start position:0% +and this uh Neiman semantic exhibit a + + + align:start position:0% +and this uh Neiman semantic exhibit a +reduction rule + + align:start position:0% +reduction rule + + + align:start position:0% +reduction rule +and so so you you can see the + + align:start position:0% +and so so you you can see the + + + align:start position:0% +and so so you you can see the +say you have some initial + + align:start position:0% +say you have some initial + + + align:start position:0% +say you have some initial +you have from final particles some + + align:start position:0% +you have from final particles some + + + align:start position:0% +you have from final particles some +initial particles scattered into some + + align:start position:0% +initial particles scattered into some + + + align:start position:0% +initial particles scattered into some +fellow particles okay and now + + align:start position:0% +fellow particles okay and now + + + align:start position:0% +fellow particles okay and now +we specify the the particles not only by + + align:start position:0% +we specify the the particles not only by + + + align:start position:0% +we specify the the particles not only by +their momentum + + align:start position:0% +their momentum + + + align:start position:0% +their momentum +but also by their polarization + + align:start position:0% +but also by their polarization + + + align:start position:0% +but also by their polarization +so as opposed to the P1 is the the + + align:start position:0% +so as opposed to the P1 is the the + + + align:start position:0% +so as opposed to the P1 is the the +momentum of the uh the the one of the + + align:start position:0% +momentum of the uh the the one of the + + + align:start position:0% +momentum of the uh the the one of the +first incoming particle R1 would be its + + align:start position:0% +first incoming particle R1 would be its + + + align:start position:0% +first incoming particle R1 would be its +polarization okay + + align:start position:0% +polarization okay + + + align:start position:0% +polarization okay +an X Factor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and for for anti-particle + + align:start position:0% +and for for anti-particle + + + align:start position:0% +and for for anti-particle +for under particle we put the bar so you + + align:start position:0% +for under particle we put the bar so you + + + align:start position:0% +for under particle we put the bar so you +put the second particle is anti-particle + + align:start position:0% +put the second particle is anti-particle + + + align:start position:0% +put the second particle is anti-particle +then we put + + align:start position:0% +then we put + + + align:start position:0% +then we put +are two bar okay so so so that means + + align:start position:0% +are two bar okay so so so that means + + + align:start position:0% +are two bar okay so so so that means +this is the antiparticle okay + + align:start position:0% +this is the antiparticle okay + + + align:start position:0% +this is the antiparticle okay +and similarly for the final state + + align:start position:0% +and similarly for the final state + + + align:start position:0% +and similarly for the final state +we specify by momentum + + align:start position:0% +we specify by momentum + + + align:start position:0% +we specify by momentum +and the polarization + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and if we do a bar + + align:start position:0% +and if we do a bar + + + align:start position:0% +and if we do a bar +again we mean the antiparticle okay + + align:start position:0% +again we mean the antiparticle okay + + + align:start position:0% +again we mean the antiparticle okay +the static amplitude is where we want to + + align:start position:0% +the static amplitude is where we want to + + + align:start position:0% +the static amplitude is where we want to +calculate things like this okay with + + align:start position:0% +calculate things like this okay with + + + align:start position:0% +calculate things like this okay with +some initial momentum and the uh + + align:start position:0% +some initial momentum and the uh + + + align:start position:0% +some initial momentum and the uh +um yeah + + align:start position:0% +um yeah + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +specify + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +by + + align:start position:0% +by + + + align:start position:0% +by +the initial + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the Philo + + align:start position:0% +and the Philo + + + align:start position:0% +and the Philo +momentum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the polarizations + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and then then the bar + + align:start position:0% +and then then the bar + + + align:start position:0% +and then then the bar +is for unhyparticle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +so between the scattering amplitude and + + align:start position:0% +so between the scattering amplitude and + + + align:start position:0% +so between the scattering amplitude and +the green function the only thing + + align:start position:0% +the green function the only thing + + + align:start position:0% +the green function the only thing +difference + + align:start position:0% +difference + + + align:start position:0% +difference +is how you choose the external + + align:start position:0% +is how you choose the external + + + align:start position:0% +is how you choose the external +external lines + + align:start position:0% +external lines + + + align:start position:0% +external lines +okay all the propagator these are the + + align:start position:0% +okay all the propagator these are the + + + align:start position:0% +okay all the propagator these are the +same + + align:start position:0% +same + + + align:start position:0% +same +so now remember in the in the scalar + + align:start position:0% +so now remember in the in the scalar + + + align:start position:0% +so now remember in the in the scalar +case + + align:start position:0% +case + + + align:start position:0% +case +we just remove all the uh we just remove + + align:start position:0% +we just remove all the uh we just remove + + + align:start position:0% +we just remove all the uh we just remove +all the external lines okay + + align:start position:0% +all the external lines okay + + + align:start position:0% +all the external lines okay +but here we have to be a little bit + + align:start position:0% +but here we have to be a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +but here we have to be a little bit +careful + + align:start position:0% +careful + + + align:start position:0% +careful +because here we have to uh because now + + align:start position:0% +because here we have to uh because now + + + align:start position:0% +because here we have to uh because now +they have the polarization + + align:start position:0% +they have the polarization + + + align:start position:0% +they have the polarization +and now we we should have since to + + align:start position:0% +and now we we should have since to + + + align:start position:0% +and now we we should have since to +specify the polarization of each + + align:start position:0% +specify the polarization of each + + + align:start position:0% +specify the polarization of each +particle + + align:start position:0% +particle + + + align:start position:0% +particle +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so so now it's reasonable to expect + + align:start position:0% +so so now it's reasonable to expect + + + align:start position:0% +so so now it's reasonable to expect +and the prization of the each particle + + align:start position:0% +and the prization of the each particle + + + align:start position:0% +and the prization of the each particle +is specified by this u and v functions + + align:start position:0% +is specified by this u and v functions + + + align:start position:0% +is specified by this u and v functions +we derived earlier + + align:start position:0% +we derived earlier + + + align:start position:0% +we derived earlier +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we truncate all the propagations for + + align:start position:0% +so we truncate all the propagations for + + + align:start position:0% +so we truncate all the propagations for +the external lines + + align:start position:0% +the external lines + + + align:start position:0% +the external lines +but we have to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +assign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +validation vectors + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so these two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +assign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two vectors + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for each + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +initial + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the particle okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so + + align:start position:0% +and so + + + align:start position:0% +and so +so let me just state the rule + + align:start position:0% +so let me just state the rule + + + align:start position:0% +so let me just state the rule +stated the rule and then I will + + align:start position:0% +stated the rule and then I will + + + align:start position:0% +stated the rule and then I will +motivated the rule okay + + align:start position:0% +motivated the rule okay + + + align:start position:0% +motivated the rule okay +so for for the initial stage + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you consider the initial state + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then if you have a particle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this particle poses this particle is + + align:start position:0% +so this particle poses this particle is + + + align:start position:0% +so this particle poses this particle is +hypopolization R1 + + align:start position:0% +hypopolization R1 + + + align:start position:0% +hypopolization R1 +and then we draw a line like this + + align:start position:0% +and then we draw a line like this + + + align:start position:0% +and then we draw a line like this +with the arrow like that okay + + align:start position:0% +with the arrow like that okay + + + align:start position:0% +with the arrow like that okay +and then assign the polarization Vector + + align:start position:0% +and then assign the polarization Vector + + + align:start position:0% +and then assign the polarization Vector +sign U R1 + + align:start position:0% +sign U R1 + + + align:start position:0% +sign U R1 +so suppose this has momentum P1 + + align:start position:0% +so suppose this has momentum P1 + + + align:start position:0% +so suppose this has momentum P1 +and P1 okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and for antiparticle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +say for example R Cube bar + + align:start position:0% +say for example R Cube bar + + + align:start position:0% +say for example R Cube bar +so if we just reverse the direction of + + align:start position:0% +so if we just reverse the direction of + + + align:start position:0% +so if we just reverse the direction of +the arrow + + align:start position:0% +the arrow + + + align:start position:0% +the arrow +and then then the polarization Vector I + + align:start position:0% +and then then the polarization Vector I + + + align:start position:0% +and then then the polarization Vector I +use V bar + + align:start position:0% +use V bar + + + align:start position:0% +use V bar +R2 and P2 + + align:start position:0% +R2 and P2 + + + align:start position:0% +R2 and P2 +okay I always show the momentum to be + + align:start position:0% +okay I always show the momentum to be + + + align:start position:0% +okay I always show the momentum to be +the same as the charge Arrow okay + + align:start position:0% +the same as the charge Arrow okay + + + align:start position:0% +the same as the charge Arrow okay +so this is for the initial state + + align:start position:0% +so this is for the initial state + + + align:start position:0% +so this is for the initial state +and the final state is The Following + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we just first write down the rule and + + align:start position:0% +so we just first write down the rule and + + + align:start position:0% +so we just first write down the rule and +then I will motivate it okay so so the + + align:start position:0% +then I will motivate it okay so so the + + + align:start position:0% +then I will motivate it okay so so the +final state if it's a particle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then the particle will come out + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and this is this one + + align:start position:0% +and this is this one + + + align:start position:0% +and this is this one +and say suppose this is k1 + + align:start position:0% +and say suppose this is k1 + + + align:start position:0% +and say suppose this is k1 +and then it's given by U Bar S1 K1 + + align:start position:0% +and then it's given by U Bar S1 K1 + + + align:start position:0% +and then it's given by U Bar S1 K1 +so if it's an anti-particle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then it's Arrow which going out + + align:start position:0% +and then it's Arrow which going out + + + align:start position:0% +and then it's Arrow which going out +suppose this is a steel bar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then then this given by V2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +V S2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +so when you do the scheduling amplitude + + align:start position:0% +so when you do the scheduling amplitude + + + align:start position:0% +so when you do the scheduling amplitude +you forget about the external propagator + + align:start position:0% +you forget about the external propagator + + + align:start position:0% +you forget about the external propagator +but yet but you attach to each external + + align:start position:0% +but yet but you attach to each external + + + align:start position:0% +but yet but you attach to each external +line of position Vector okay for the + + align:start position:0% +line of position Vector okay for the + + + align:start position:0% +line of position Vector okay for the +exactly just specify u and v according + + align:start position:0% +exactly just specify u and v according + + + align:start position:0% +exactly just specify u and v according +to this one and the under the uh so + + align:start position:0% +to this one and the under the uh so + + + align:start position:0% +to this one and the under the uh so +so now let's see why this is the rule + + align:start position:0% +so now let's see why this is the rule + + + align:start position:0% +so now let's see why this is the rule +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so now let's see why this is a rule + + align:start position:0% +so now let's see why this is a rule + + + align:start position:0% +so now let's see why this is a rule +so remember so let's use this as example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so this is the initial state + + align:start position:0% +so so this is the initial state + + + align:start position:0% +so so this is the initial state +that means this is a cat + + align:start position:0% +that means this is a cat + + + align:start position:0% +that means this is a cat +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so if you remember that PSI have the + + align:start position:0% +so if you remember that PSI have the + + + align:start position:0% +so if you remember that PSI have the +structure the a u Plus + + align:start position:0% +structure the a u Plus + + + align:start position:0% +structure the a u Plus +B + + align:start position:0% +B + + + align:start position:0% +B +dagger V then PSI bar have the structure + + align:start position:0% +dagger V then PSI bar have the structure + + + align:start position:0% +dagger V then PSI bar have the structure +a dagger U Bar plus b say B Bar okay + + align:start position:0% +a dagger U Bar plus b say B Bar okay + + + align:start position:0% +a dagger U Bar plus b say B Bar okay +so remember this structure + + align:start position:0% +so remember this structure + + + align:start position:0% +so remember this structure +so so for the initial stage so so + + align:start position:0% +so so for the initial stage so so + + + align:start position:0% +so so for the initial stage so so +suppose + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah let's try to motivate this rule + + align:start position:0% +yeah let's try to motivate this rule + + + align:start position:0% +yeah let's try to motivate this rule +so initial State you have a P1 R1 + + align:start position:0% +so initial State you have a P1 R1 + + + align:start position:0% +so initial State you have a P1 R1 +so suppose you have a particle like this + + align:start position:0% +so suppose you have a particle like this + + + align:start position:0% +so suppose you have a particle like this +so this is obtained by so so so we'll + + align:start position:0% +so this is obtained by so so so we'll + + + align:start position:0% +so this is obtained by so so so we'll +don't worry about the proposal + + align:start position:0% +don't worry about the proposal + + + align:start position:0% +don't worry about the proposal +propolational + + align:start position:0% +propolational + + + align:start position:0% +propolational +Factor so this is given by P1 + + align:start position:0% +Factor so this is given by P1 + + + align:start position:0% +Factor so this is given by P1 +then R1 + + align:start position:0% +then R1 + + + align:start position:0% +then R1 +dagger + + align:start position:0% +dagger + + + align:start position:0% +dagger +account zero okay + + align:start position:0% +account zero okay + + + align:start position:0% +account zero okay +and then this you can obtain you see the + + align:start position:0% +and then this you can obtain you see the + + + align:start position:0% +and then this you can obtain you see the +PSI is proportional so in order to have + + align:start position:0% +PSI is proportional so in order to have + + + align:start position:0% +PSI is proportional so in order to have +a diagram you have to have PSI bar + + align:start position:0% +a diagram you have to have PSI bar + + + align:start position:0% +a diagram you have to have PSI bar +okay you have to have sidebar so this is + + align:start position:0% +okay you have to have sidebar so this is + + + align:start position:0% +okay you have to have sidebar so this is +given by it can be obtained from PSI bar + + align:start position:0% +given by it can be obtained from PSI bar + + + align:start position:0% +given by it can be obtained from PSI bar +by multiply upside bar say uh by + + align:start position:0% +by multiply upside bar say uh by + + + align:start position:0% +by multiply upside bar say uh by +something like this okay so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +expenditure + + align:start position:0% +expenditure + + + align:start position:0% +expenditure +minus I yeah so so you can verify this + + align:start position:0% +minus I yeah so so you can verify this + + + align:start position:0% +minus I yeah so so you can verify this +particularly you will understand + + align:start position:0% +particularly you will understand + + + align:start position:0% +particularly you will understand +sidebar + + align:start position:0% +sidebar + + + align:start position:0% +sidebar +X comma zero + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so because PSI bar have a lot of + + align:start position:0% +so so because PSI bar have a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +so so because PSI bar have a lot of +other things + + align:start position:0% +other things + + + align:start position:0% +other things +so you need to multiply this by this + + align:start position:0% +so you need to multiply this by this + + + align:start position:0% +so you need to multiply this by this +position Vector so that it will extract + + align:start position:0% +position Vector so that it will extract + + + align:start position:0% +position Vector so that it will extract +the AP1 R1 and peace okay and so so this + + align:start position:0% +the AP1 R1 and peace okay and so so this + + + align:start position:0% +the AP1 R1 and peace okay and so so this +is the production relation we actually + + align:start position:0% +is the production relation we actually + + + align:start position:0% +is the production relation we actually +do to include here + + align:start position:0% +do to include here + + + align:start position:0% +do to include here +okay and the reason this is the arrow + + align:start position:0% +okay and the reason this is the arrow + + + align:start position:0% +okay and the reason this is the arrow +which going out is because this is the + + align:start position:0% +which going out is because this is the + + + align:start position:0% +which going out is because this is the +percent bar + + align:start position:0% +percent bar + + + align:start position:0% +percent bar +so remember the scenes always come out + + align:start position:0% +so remember the scenes always come out + + + align:start position:0% +so remember the scenes always come out +from the Side Bar okay since always come + + align:start position:0% +from the Side Bar okay since always come + + + align:start position:0% +from the Side Bar okay since always come +out from the percent bar from this rule + + align:start position:0% +out from the percent bar from this rule + + + align:start position:0% +out from the percent bar from this rule +the command is focusable Okay so + + align:start position:0% +the command is focusable Okay so + + + align:start position:0% +the command is focusable Okay so +similarly you can you can understand the + + align:start position:0% +similarly you can you can understand the + + + align:start position:0% +similarly you can you can understand the +other uh the other rules okay + + align:start position:0% +other uh the other rules okay + + + align:start position:0% +other uh the other rules okay +any questions + + align:start position:0% +any questions + + + align:start position:0% +any questions +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah because you have a spin yeah if a + + align:start position:0% +yeah because you have a spin yeah if a + + + align:start position:0% +yeah because you have a spin yeah if a +spin a spin High polarization + + align:start position:0% +spin a spin High polarization + + + align:start position:0% +spin a spin High polarization +yeah these two characterize the + + align:start position:0% +yeah these two characterize the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah these two characterize the +polarization of the spin + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +sorry + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +yeah this is always + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah because there's no presentation + + align:start position:0% +yeah because there's no presentation + + + align:start position:0% +yeah because there's no presentation +yeah there's no partition + + align:start position:0% +yeah there's no partition + + + align:start position:0% +yeah there's no partition +yeah for scalar it's just all these just + + align:start position:0% +yeah for scalar it's just all these just + + + align:start position:0% +yeah for scalar it's just all these just +become one because there's no transition + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +other questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so so these are just rules you can + + align:start position:0% +okay so so these are just rules you can + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so these are just rules you can +understand uh or just say and then this + + align:start position:0% +understand uh or just say and then this + + + align:start position:0% +understand uh or just say and then this +anti-particle initial state will be + + align:start position:0% +anti-particle initial state will be + + + align:start position:0% +anti-particle initial state will be +created by PSI + + align:start position:0% +created by PSI + + + align:start position:0% +created by PSI +and then you need to to multiply by by V + + align:start position:0% +and then you need to to multiply by by V + + + align:start position:0% +and then you need to to multiply by by V +bar + + align:start position:0% +bar + + + align:start position:0% +bar +on this term to extract the display + + align:start position:0% +on this term to extract the display + + + align:start position:0% +on this term to extract the display +diagram okay because the because the VB + + align:start position:0% +diagram okay because the because the VB + + + align:start position:0% +diagram okay because the because the VB +bar there are uh they're contracted and + + align:start position:0% +bar there are uh they're contracted and + + + align:start position:0% +bar there are uh they're contracted and +then you can extract this B plus okay + + align:start position:0% +then you can extract this B plus okay + + + align:start position:0% +then you can extract this B plus okay +and yeah so so so so so that's where + + align:start position:0% +and yeah so so so so so that's where + + + align:start position:0% +and yeah so so so so so that's where +those will come + + align:start position:0% +those will come + + + align:start position:0% +those will come +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um yeah in a real experiment it's often + + align:start position:0% +um yeah in a real experiment it's often + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah in a real experiment it's often +you have to uh it's open uh it's not + + align:start position:0% +you have to uh it's open uh it's not + + + align:start position:0% +you have to uh it's open uh it's not +easy to observe the polarized yeah + + align:start position:0% +easy to observe the polarized yeah + + + align:start position:0% +easy to observe the polarized yeah +uh you have to + + align:start position:0% +uh you have to + + + align:start position:0% +uh you have to +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +yeah you have to have very special yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah you have to have very special yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah you have to have very special yeah +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +uh in general You observe One Polarized + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +other questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good + + align:start position:0% +good + + + align:start position:0% +good +so so again + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so now the now now I can specify as more + + align:start position:0% +so now the now now I can specify as more + + + align:start position:0% +so now the now now I can specify as more +precisely this spinner indices rule okay + + align:start position:0% +precisely this spinner indices rule okay + + + align:start position:0% +precisely this spinner indices rule okay +for the uh for the scatter amplitude + + align:start position:0% +for the uh for the scatter amplitude + + + align:start position:0% +for the uh for the scatter amplitude +case + + align:start position:0% +case + + + align:start position:0% +case +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +so now you see the initial state + + align:start position:0% +so now you see the initial state + + + align:start position:0% +so now you see the initial state +so now you have this U Bar and you have + + align:start position:0% +so now you have this U Bar and you have + + + align:start position:0% +so now you have this U Bar and you have +U okay + + align:start position:0% +U okay + + + align:start position:0% +U okay +so the rule for the spindle indices + + align:start position:0% +so the rule for the spindle indices + + + align:start position:0% +so the rule for the spindle indices +contraction are the following + + align:start position:0% +contraction are the following + + + align:start position:0% +contraction are the following +so the spinner indices + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are contracted + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +by starting + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and one answer at one end of a formionic + + align:start position:0% +and one answer at one end of a formionic + + + align:start position:0% +and one answer at one end of a formionic +line + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of a formatic line + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +with the external Factor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +either + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +U Bar or V bar okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so it starts from uh and then you go + + align:start position:0% +so it starts from uh and then you go + + + align:start position:0% +so it starts from uh and then you go +back + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then you uh you go along the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +along the complete line + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +following the arrow backwards okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so so now let me just uh uh so right now + + align:start position:0% +so so now let me just uh uh so right now + + + align:start position:0% +so so now let me just uh uh so right now +it's a little bit abstract now now let + + align:start position:0% +it's a little bit abstract now now let + + + align:start position:0% +it's a little bit abstract now now let +me just explain this rule using an + + align:start position:0% +me just explain this rule using an + + + align:start position:0% +me just explain this rule using an +example would be very clear + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now we're explaining this rule on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a using example + + align:start position:0% +a using example + + + align:start position:0% +a using example +so now let's consider the following + + align:start position:0% +so now let's consider the following + + + align:start position:0% +so now let's consider the following +example + + align:start position:0% +example + + + align:start position:0% +example +so very important example + + align:start position:0% +so very important example + + + align:start position:0% +so very important example +in the development of particle physics + + align:start position:0% +in the development of particle physics + + + align:start position:0% +in the development of particle physics +is this called you cover Theory + + align:start position:0% +is this called you cover Theory + + + align:start position:0% +is this called you cover Theory +which you cover + + align:start position:0% +which you cover + + + align:start position:0% +which you cover +proposed in the 19 I think around the + + align:start position:0% +proposed in the 19 I think around the + + + align:start position:0% +proposed in the 19 I think around the +1930 something and which he got a better + + align:start position:0% +1930 something and which he got a better + + + align:start position:0% +1930 something and which he got a better +price for it + + align:start position:0% +price for it + + + align:start position:0% +price for it +so so let's consider you have a a scalar + + align:start position:0% +so so let's consider you have a a scalar + + + align:start position:0% +so so let's consider you have a a scalar +field so let's just say you have the + + align:start position:0% +field so let's just say you have the + + + align:start position:0% +field so let's just say you have the +client golden action LaGrange Initiative + + align:start position:0% +client golden action LaGrange Initiative + + + align:start position:0% +client golden action LaGrange Initiative +for scalar fields + + align:start position:0% +for scalar fields + + + align:start position:0% +for scalar fields +and then you have the Rock lagranging + + align:start position:0% +and then you have the Rock lagranging + + + align:start position:0% +and then you have the Rock lagranging +for PSI + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and then suppose the intact + + align:start position:0% +okay and then suppose the intact + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then suppose the intact +per term like this minus G + + align:start position:0% +per term like this minus G + + + align:start position:0% +per term like this minus G +PSI PSI Bob PSI + + align:start position:0% +PSI PSI Bob PSI + + + align:start position:0% +PSI PSI Bob PSI +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so this clearly is lowensing warrant + + align:start position:0% +so this clearly is lowensing warrant + + + align:start position:0% +so this clearly is lowensing warrant +okay so clearly this is low renting + + align:start position:0% +okay so clearly this is low renting + + + align:start position:0% +okay so clearly this is low renting +warrant + + align:start position:0% +warrant + + + align:start position:0% +warrant +and so essentially this + + align:start position:0% +and so essentially this + + + align:start position:0% +and so essentially this +uh so now you can just show that + + align:start position:0% +uh so now you can just show that + + + align:start position:0% +uh so now you can just show that +draw the propagate through the + + align:start position:0% +draw the propagate through the + + + align:start position:0% +draw the propagate through the +propagator + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the propagator say we can have + + align:start position:0% +so the propagator say we can have + + + align:start position:0% +so the propagator say we can have +let's denote this to be the Phi + + align:start position:0% +let's denote this to be the Phi + + + align:start position:0% +let's denote this to be the Phi +okay and then this type of the standard + + align:start position:0% +okay and then this type of the standard + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then this type of the standard +minus I + + align:start position:0% +minus I + + + align:start position:0% +minus I +say k square plus M squared minus i + + align:start position:0% +say k square plus M squared minus i + + + align:start position:0% +say k square plus M squared minus i +absolute + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we can also have we also have + + align:start position:0% +so we can also have we also have + + + align:start position:0% +so we can also have we also have +formionic lines I will joined using + + align:start position:0% +formionic lines I will joined using + + + align:start position:0% +formionic lines I will joined using +even in the real line so so so this can + + align:start position:0% +even in the real line so so so this can + + + align:start position:0% +even in the real line so so so this can +have the form + + align:start position:0% +have the form + + + align:start position:0% +have the form +okay slash + + align:start position:0% +okay slash + + + align:start position:0% +okay slash +same + + align:start position:0% +same + + + align:start position:0% +same +minus m + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and then we have interacting vertices + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so minus IG + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so because here I have a website and the + + align:start position:0% +so because here I have a website and the + + + align:start position:0% +so because here I have a website and the +PSI bar so one of the lines coming out + + align:start position:0% +PSI bar so one of the lines coming out + + + align:start position:0% +PSI bar so one of the lines coming out +one of line coming in okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so now let's just consider a scattering + + align:start position:0% +so now let's just consider a scattering + + + align:start position:0% +so now let's just consider a scattering +process + + align:start position:0% +process + + + align:start position:0% +process +so let's consider so so when the when um + + align:start position:0% +so let's consider so so when the when um + + + align:start position:0% +so let's consider so so when the when um +when you cover considered it + + align:start position:0% +when you cover considered it + + + align:start position:0% +when you cover considered it +and the PSI corresponding to say the + + align:start position:0% +and the PSI corresponding to say the + + + align:start position:0% +and the PSI corresponding to say the +proton and the and then the Phi + + align:start position:0% +proton and the and then the Phi + + + align:start position:0% +proton and the and then the Phi +corresponding to Pi on and he used this + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to Pi on and he used this + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to Pi on and he used this +series to explain the nuclear force + + align:start position:0% +series to explain the nuclear force + + + align:start position:0% +series to explain the nuclear force +between the say the proton okay + + align:start position:0% +between the say the proton okay + + + align:start position:0% +between the say the proton okay +to explain the nuclear force between the + + align:start position:0% +to explain the nuclear force between the + + + align:start position:0% +to explain the nuclear force between the +proton + + align:start position:0% +proton + + + align:start position:0% +proton +so now let's just consider the pros yeah + + align:start position:0% +so now let's just consider the pros yeah + + + align:start position:0% +so now let's just consider the pros yeah +but you can also consider + + align:start position:0% +but you can also consider + + + align:start position:0% +but you can also consider +say PSI is the electron or Phi is a hex + + align:start position:0% +say PSI is the electron or Phi is a hex + + + align:start position:0% +say PSI is the electron or Phi is a hex +field Etc okay so so now let's just + + align:start position:0% +field Etc okay so so now let's just + + + align:start position:0% +field Etc okay so so now let's just +consider the process of this p + + align:start position:0% +consider the process of this p + + + align:start position:0% +consider the process of this p +so let's + + align:start position:0% +so let's + + + align:start position:0% +so let's +denote the side particle by P + + align:start position:0% +denote the side particle by P + + + align:start position:0% +denote the side particle by P +go to P okay + + align:start position:0% +go to P okay + + + align:start position:0% +go to P okay +so so you have two initial States + + align:start position:0% +so so you have two initial States + + + align:start position:0% +so so you have two initial States +are particles and fallacies are also + + align:start position:0% +are particles and fallacies are also + + + align:start position:0% +are particles and fallacies are also +particles + + align:start position:0% +particles + + + align:start position:0% +particles +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and now you have the one obvious diagram + + align:start position:0% +and now you have the one obvious diagram + + + align:start position:0% +and now you have the one obvious diagram +you can draw + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because now the internal so the so the + + align:start position:0% +because now the internal so the so the + + + align:start position:0% +because now the internal so the so the +income in line should be + + align:start position:0% +income in line should be + + + align:start position:0% +income in line should be +should be because they are particles + + align:start position:0% +should be because they are particles + + + align:start position:0% +should be because they are particles +should should going in + + align:start position:0% +should should going in + + + align:start position:0% +should should going in +and then the other final say the + + align:start position:0% +and then the other final say the + + + align:start position:0% +and then the other final say the +particle should come out okay + + align:start position:0% +particle should come out okay + + + align:start position:0% +particle should come out okay +so so one possible diagram is like this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so suppose this is the P1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +code + + align:start position:0% +code + + + align:start position:0% +code +validation X1 + + align:start position:0% +validation X1 + + + align:start position:0% +validation X1 +suppose this is P2 S2 + + align:start position:0% +suppose this is P2 S2 + + + align:start position:0% +suppose this is P2 S2 +and then this is k1 + + align:start position:0% +and then this is k1 + + + align:start position:0% +and then this is k1 +then let's go with P1 Prime X1 Prime and + + align:start position:0% +then let's go with P1 Prime X1 Prime and + + + align:start position:0% +then let's go with P1 Prime X1 Prime and +P2 Prime H2 Prime so this is one of the + + align:start position:0% +P2 Prime H2 Prime so this is one of the + + + align:start position:0% +P2 Prime H2 Prime so this is one of the +diagram + + align:start position:0% +diagram + + + align:start position:0% +diagram +which can do this but we can also have + + align:start position:0% +which can do this but we can also have + + + align:start position:0% +which can do this but we can also have +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +internal line connect with that 9 and + + align:start position:0% +internal line connect with that 9 and + + + align:start position:0% +internal line connect with that 9 and +this line connect that's nine so you can + + align:start position:0% +this line connect that's nine so you can + + + align:start position:0% +this line connect that's nine so you can +also have struct like this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so we have P1 + + align:start position:0% +so we have P1 + + + align:start position:0% +so we have P1 +S1 + + align:start position:0% +S1 + + + align:start position:0% +S1 +and P2 + + align:start position:0% +and P2 + + + align:start position:0% +and P2 +S2 + + align:start position:0% +S2 + + + align:start position:0% +S2 +and P1 Prime X1 Prime + + align:start position:0% +and P1 Prime X1 Prime + + + align:start position:0% +and P1 Prime X1 Prime +Q Prime + + align:start position:0% +Q Prime + + + align:start position:0% +Q Prime +Q Prime + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so so these are the two possible + + align:start position:0% +okay so so these are the two possible + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so these are the two possible +diagrams that lowest order + + align:start position:0% +diagrams that lowest order + + + align:start position:0% +diagrams that lowest order +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so now let's write down the expression + + align:start position:0% +so now let's write down the expression + + + align:start position:0% +so now let's write down the expression +corresponding to these two diagrams okay + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to these two diagrams okay + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to these two diagrams okay +so so + + align:start position:0% +so so + + + align:start position:0% +so so +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so first thing we can write down + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so each scene should give you a Lumber + + align:start position:0% +so each scene should give you a Lumber + + + align:start position:0% +so each scene should give you a Lumber +in the end okay each thing should give a + + align:start position:0% +in the end okay each thing should give a + + + align:start position:0% +in the end okay each thing should give a +Lumber in the end + + align:start position:0% +Lumber in the end + + + align:start position:0% +Lumber in the end +so that's why + + align:start position:0% +so that's why + + + align:start position:0% +so that's why +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +but you remember in the uh in the uh or + + align:start position:0% +but you remember in the uh in the uh or + + + align:start position:0% +but you remember in the uh in the uh or +these are the back + + align:start position:0% +these are the back + + + align:start position:0% +these are the back +all these are vectors okay + + align:start position:0% +all these are vectors okay + + + align:start position:0% +all these are vectors okay +oh oh These are spinners + + align:start position:0% +oh oh These are spinners + + + align:start position:0% +oh oh These are spinners +so in the end all the spinner indices + + align:start position:0% +so in the end all the spinner indices + + + align:start position:0% +so in the end all the spinner indices +should be contracted with each other + + align:start position:0% +should be contracted with each other + + + align:start position:0% +should be contracted with each other +okay and all the spinner indices should + + align:start position:0% +okay and all the spinner indices should + + + align:start position:0% +okay and all the spinner indices should +be contracted with each other so that's + + align:start position:0% +be contracted with each other so that's + + + align:start position:0% +be contracted with each other so that's +why + + align:start position:0% +why + + + align:start position:0% +why +when we do this rule + + align:start position:0% +when we do this rule + + + align:start position:0% +when we do this rule +you always start with U by and V bar + + align:start position:0% +you always start with U by and V bar + + + align:start position:0% +you always start with U by and V bar +because these are the uh other are the + + align:start position:0% +because these are the uh other are the + + + align:start position:0% +because these are the uh other are the +row vectors okay in the end you want to + + align:start position:0% +row vectors okay in the end you want to + + + align:start position:0% +row vectors okay in the end you want to +contract with column vectors okay + + align:start position:0% +contract with column vectors okay + + + align:start position:0% +contract with column vectors okay +so that's why you always start with U + + align:start position:0% +so that's why you always start with U + + + align:start position:0% +so that's why you always start with U +Bar and V bar + + align:start position:0% +Bar and V bar + + + align:start position:0% +Bar and V bar +so so U Bar and the B bar if you look at + + align:start position:0% +so so U Bar and the B bar if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +so so U Bar and the B bar if you look at +this rule here + + align:start position:0% +this rule here + + + align:start position:0% +this rule here +so the U Bar either corresponding to the + + align:start position:0% +so the U Bar either corresponding to the + + + align:start position:0% +so the U Bar either corresponding to the +final particles + + align:start position:0% +final particles + + + align:start position:0% +final particles +V bar corresponding to initial + + align:start position:0% +V bar corresponding to initial + + + align:start position:0% +V bar corresponding to initial +anti-particles okay in both cases the + + align:start position:0% +anti-particles okay in both cases the + + + align:start position:0% +anti-particles okay in both cases the +arrow always going towards the point + + align:start position:0% +arrow always going towards the point + + + align:start position:0% +arrow always going towards the point +okay if you start from here you have to + + align:start position:0% +okay if you start from here you have to + + + align:start position:0% +okay if you start from here you have to +go backwards okay you have to go + + align:start position:0% +go backwards okay you have to go + + + align:start position:0% +go backwards okay you have to go +backwards + + align:start position:0% +backwards + + + align:start position:0% +backwards +okay so so now let's look at this + + align:start position:0% +okay so so now let's look at this + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so now let's look at this +example so we have two formatic line + + align:start position:0% +example so we have two formatic line + + + align:start position:0% +example so we have two formatic line +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +we have two feminic lines here so one is + + align:start position:0% +we have two feminic lines here so one is + + + align:start position:0% +we have two feminic lines here so one is +this one and one is this one okay we + + align:start position:0% +this one and one is this one okay we + + + align:start position:0% +this one and one is this one okay we +have two from ionic line so for this + + align:start position:0% +have two from ionic line so for this + + + align:start position:0% +have two from ionic line so for this +experiment line we should start with the + + align:start position:0% +experiment line we should start with the + + + align:start position:0% +experiment line we should start with the +bar so this is outgoing particle so + + align:start position:0% +bar so this is outgoing particle so + + + align:start position:0% +bar so this is outgoing particle so +that's corresponding to U Bar here + + align:start position:0% +that's corresponding to U Bar here + + + align:start position:0% +that's corresponding to U Bar here +S1 Prime + + align:start position:0% +S1 Prime + + + align:start position:0% +S1 Prime +and here equals one into the U Bar + + align:start position:0% +and here equals one into the U Bar + + + align:start position:0% +and here equals one into the U Bar +S2 Prime + + align:start position:0% +S2 Prime + + + align:start position:0% +S2 Prime +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and then this corresponding to this is + + align:start position:0% +and then this corresponding to this is + + + align:start position:0% +and then this corresponding to this is +the initial particle then this equals 1 + + align:start position:0% +the initial particle then this equals 1 + + + align:start position:0% +the initial particle then this equals 1 +into u s one and this corresponding to u + + align:start position:0% +into u s one and this corresponding to u + + + align:start position:0% +into u s one and this corresponding to u +s two + + align:start position:0% +s two + + + align:start position:0% +s two +okay and so we just go backwards + + align:start position:0% +okay and so we just go backwards + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so we just go backwards +so so now we can just write it down very + + align:start position:0% +so so now we can just write it down very + + + align:start position:0% +so so now we can just write it down very +easily + + align:start position:0% +easily + + + align:start position:0% +easily +so we have minus i t Square + + align:start position:0% +so we have minus i t Square + + + align:start position:0% +so we have minus i t Square +corresponding to two vertices + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to two vertices + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to two vertices +and for the first feminic line + + align:start position:0% +and for the first feminic line + + + align:start position:0% +and for the first feminic line +we have + + align:start position:0% +we have + + + align:start position:0% +we have +for the first diagram we have u s One + + align:start position:0% +for the first diagram we have u s One + + + align:start position:0% +for the first diagram we have u s One +Prime Bar + + align:start position:0% +Prime Bar + + + align:start position:0% +Prime Bar +P1 Prime + + align:start position:0% +P1 Prime + + + align:start position:0% +P1 Prime +and U S 1 P 1 and so this combined into + + align:start position:0% +and U S 1 P 1 and so this combined into + + + align:start position:0% +and U S 1 P 1 and so this combined into +a scale into longer okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +please + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and now we have the propagator + + align:start position:0% +and now we have the propagator + + + align:start position:0% +and now we have the propagator +propagated just Lumber + + align:start position:0% +propagated just Lumber + + + align:start position:0% +propagated just Lumber +minus I P1 Prime minus P2 Square + + align:start position:0% +minus I P1 Prime minus P2 Square + + + align:start position:0% +minus I P1 Prime minus P2 Square +plus M Square minus Epsilon + + align:start position:0% +plus M Square minus Epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +plus M Square minus Epsilon +so in principle they have a different + + align:start position:0% +so in principle they have a different + + + align:start position:0% +so in principle they have a different +Mass okay sorry uh they can have a + + align:start position:0% +Mass okay sorry uh they can have a + + + align:start position:0% +Mass okay sorry uh they can have a +different mass for example here is M + + align:start position:0% +different mass for example here is M + + + align:start position:0% +different mass for example here is M +tilde okay + + align:start position:0% +tilde okay + + + align:start position:0% +tilde okay +and then we multiply the other for + + align:start position:0% +and then we multiply the other for + + + align:start position:0% +and then we multiply the other for +meonic line + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so this will be us + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Q Prime Bar + + align:start position:0% +Q Prime Bar + + + align:start position:0% +Q Prime Bar +P2 Prime and then qs2 52 okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and now for this diagram we just follow + + align:start position:0% +and now for this diagram we just follow + + + align:start position:0% +and now for this diagram we just follow +the same rule but now this one is + + align:start position:0% +the same rule but now this one is + + + align:start position:0% +the same rule but now this one is +contracted with that and this one is + + align:start position:0% +contracted with that and this one is + + + align:start position:0% +contracted with that and this one is +contracted with that + + align:start position:0% +contracted with that + + + align:start position:0% +contracted with that +so except + + align:start position:0% +so except + + + align:start position:0% +so except +we still have minus IG squared + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so now this u s One Prime + + align:start position:0% +so now this u s One Prime + + + align:start position:0% +so now this u s One Prime +P One Prime is contracted with us2 + + align:start position:0% +P One Prime is contracted with us2 + + + align:start position:0% +P One Prime is contracted with us2 +P2 + + align:start position:0% +P2 + + + align:start position:0% +P2 +okay they are connected okay now they + + align:start position:0% +okay they are connected okay now they + + + align:start position:0% +okay they are connected okay now they +now they become connected nine + + align:start position:0% +now they become connected nine + + + align:start position:0% +now they become connected nine +and again you have this uh + + align:start position:0% +and again you have this uh + + + align:start position:0% +and again you have this uh +indices and now you work out momentum + + align:start position:0% +indices and now you work out momentum + + + align:start position:0% +indices and now you work out momentum +become P2 Prime minus P1 + + align:start position:0% +become P2 Prime minus P1 + + + align:start position:0% +become P2 Prime minus P1 +squared plus M squared minus Epsilon + + align:start position:0% +squared plus M squared minus Epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +squared plus M squared minus Epsilon +and then you have aus2 Prime + + align:start position:0% +and then you have aus2 Prime + + + align:start position:0% +and then you have aus2 Prime +P2 Prime now you have u s y p y okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +except one final scene + + align:start position:0% +except one final scene + + + align:start position:0% +except one final scene +there's a relative minus sign between + + align:start position:0% +there's a relative minus sign between + + + align:start position:0% +there's a relative minus sign between +them + + align:start position:0% +them + + + align:start position:0% +them +okay the the reason there's a relative + + align:start position:0% +okay the the reason there's a relative + + + align:start position:0% +okay the the reason there's a relative +amount of time between them because + + align:start position:0% +amount of time between them because + + + align:start position:0% +amount of time between them because +between these two diagrams + + align:start position:0% +between these two diagrams + + + align:start position:0% +between these two diagrams +is equivalent that + + align:start position:0% +is equivalent that + + + align:start position:0% +is equivalent that +exchange the order of the two external + + align:start position:0% +exchange the order of the two external + + + align:start position:0% +exchange the order of the two external +lag + + align:start position:0% +lag + + + align:start position:0% +lag +so remember if you want to exchange the + + align:start position:0% +so remember if you want to exchange the + + + align:start position:0% +so remember if you want to exchange the +order of the formulas you have to have a + + align:start position:0% +order of the formulas you have to have a + + + align:start position:0% +order of the formulas you have to have a +minus sign + + align:start position:0% +minus sign + + + align:start position:0% +minus sign +okay and then you have to have a minus + + align:start position:0% +okay and then you have to have a minus + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then you have to have a minus +sign between the two okay + + align:start position:0% +sign between the two okay + + + align:start position:0% +sign between the two okay +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh uh yeah of course but but we never + + align:start position:0% +oh uh yeah of course but but we never + + + align:start position:0% +oh uh yeah of course but but we never +write them down yeah explicit so you + + align:start position:0% +write them down yeah explicit so you + + + align:start position:0% +write them down yeah explicit so you +just assume the always assume momentum + + align:start position:0% +just assume the always assume momentum + + + align:start position:0% +just assume the always assume momentum +candidation yeah yeah so so for this + + align:start position:0% +candidation yeah yeah so so for this + + + align:start position:0% +candidation yeah yeah so so for this +diagram the momentum if I show momentum + + align:start position:0% +diagram the momentum if I show momentum + + + align:start position:0% +diagram the momentum if I show momentum +here will be P prime prime minus p p one + + align:start position:0% +here will be P prime prime minus p p one + + + align:start position:0% +here will be P prime prime minus p p one +so this momentum will be 2 p 2 Prime + + align:start position:0% +so this momentum will be 2 p 2 Prime + + + align:start position:0% +so this momentum will be 2 p 2 Prime +minus P1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +next yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +P1 that's right yeah yeah that's right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +that's right + + align:start position:0% +that's right + + + align:start position:0% +that's right +good + + align:start position:0% +good + + + align:start position:0% +good +so so so so just like that okay uh just + + align:start position:0% +so so so so just like that okay uh just + + + align:start position:0% +so so so so just like that okay uh just +follow this rule + + align:start position:0% +follow this rule + + + align:start position:0% +follow this rule +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +you just start with the line + + align:start position:0% +you just start with the line + + + align:start position:0% +you just start with the line +always start with U Bar and V bar and + + align:start position:0% +always start with U Bar and V bar and + + + align:start position:0% +always start with U Bar and V bar and +you just follow the arrow backwards and + + align:start position:0% +you just follow the arrow backwards and + + + align:start position:0% +you just follow the arrow backwards and +the key keep track all the all the gamma + + align:start position:0% +the key keep track all the all the gamma + + + align:start position:0% +the key keep track all the all the gamma +matrices and the spinner indices Etc and + + align:start position:0% +matrices and the spinner indices Etc and + + + align:start position:0% +matrices and the spinner indices Etc and +then eventually you will just get the + + align:start position:0% +then eventually you will just get the + + + align:start position:0% +then eventually you will just get the +number okay + + align:start position:0% +number okay + + + align:start position:0% +number okay +your multiply with a column vector and + + align:start position:0% +your multiply with a column vector and + + + align:start position:0% +your multiply with a column vector and +and then you are done + + align:start position:0% +and then you are done + + + align:start position:0% +and then you are done +so here we are considering uh uh uh uh + + align:start position:0% +so here we are considering uh uh uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +so here we are considering uh uh uh uh +here the vertex very simple just a + + align:start position:0% +here the vertex very simple just a + + + align:start position:0% +here the vertex very simple just a +lumber + + align:start position:0% +lumber + + + align:start position:0% +lumber +okay just a number and later we will + + align:start position:0% +okay just a number and later we will + + + align:start position:0% +okay just a number and later we will +consider more complicated vertex and + + align:start position:0% +consider more complicated vertex and + + + align:start position:0% +consider more complicated vertex and +actually the vertex can contain matrices + + align:start position:0% +actually the vertex can contain matrices + + + align:start position:0% +actually the vertex can contain matrices +and so that would be a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +and so that would be a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +and so that would be a little bit more +complicated also this is a simple + + align:start position:0% +complicated also this is a simple + + + align:start position:0% +complicated also this is a simple +here is a simple example we don't have + + align:start position:0% +here is a simple example we don't have + + + align:start position:0% +here is a simple example we don't have +for meonic publication + + align:start position:0% +for meonic publication + + + align:start position:0% +for meonic publication +propagated here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah it doesn't matter + + align:start position:0% +yeah it doesn't matter + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it doesn't matter +because of the overall science on the + + align:start position:0% +because of the overall science on the + + + align:start position:0% +because of the overall science on the +matter because in the end we will Square + + align:start position:0% +matter because in the end we will Square + + + align:start position:0% +matter because in the end we will Square +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +yeah so so when you calculate the cross + + align:start position:0% +yeah so so when you calculate the cross + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so so when you calculate the cross +section you have to take the yeah the + + align:start position:0% +section you have to take the yeah the + + + align:start position:0% +section you have to take the yeah the +in order to calculate video you have to + + align:start position:0% +in order to calculate video you have to + + + align:start position:0% +in order to calculate video you have to +take the amplitude Square + + align:start position:0% +take the amplitude Square + + + align:start position:0% +take the amplitude Square +yeah so so overall time we don't + + align:start position:0% +yeah so so overall time we don't + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so so overall time we don't +normally bother to track yeah you only + + align:start position:0% +normally bother to track yeah you only + + + align:start position:0% +normally bother to track yeah you only +need to worry about the relative signs + + align:start position:0% +need to worry about the relative signs + + + align:start position:0% +need to worry about the relative signs +other questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah the sign so the relative sign + + align:start position:0% +yeah the sign so the relative sign + + + align:start position:0% +yeah the sign so the relative sign +between them + + align:start position:0% +between them + + + align:start position:0% +between them +uh uh uh that that's the only place for + + align:start position:0% +uh uh uh that that's the only place for + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh uh that that's the only place for +this example that's the only place + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so that's the minor sign and of + + align:start position:0% +yeah so that's the minor sign and of + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so that's the minor sign and of +course the spindle later uh + + align:start position:0% +course the spindle later uh + + + align:start position:0% +course the spindle later uh +optic that you + + align:start position:0% +optic that you + + + align:start position:0% +optic that you +accept to keep track of the spinner + + align:start position:0% +accept to keep track of the spinner + + + align:start position:0% +accept to keep track of the spinner +indices yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so so indeed so so if you yeah and + + align:start position:0% +yeah so so indeed so so if you yeah and + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so so indeed so so if you yeah and +then you just miss this minus sign + + align:start position:0% +then you just miss this minus sign + + + align:start position:0% +then you just miss this minus sign +essentially + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah but you have to know that you have + + align:start position:0% +yeah but you have to know that you have + + + align:start position:0% +yeah but you have to know that you have +to exchange them you get a minus sign + + align:start position:0% +to exchange them you get a minus sign + + + align:start position:0% +to exchange them you get a minus sign +yeah you have to have that yeah yeah if + + align:start position:0% +yeah you have to have that yeah yeah if + + + align:start position:0% +yeah you have to have that yeah yeah if +you don't have that and uh yeah I I + + align:start position:0% +you don't have that and uh yeah I I + + + align:start position:0% +you don't have that and uh yeah I I +think when you come up propulsely he + + align:start position:0% +think when you come up propulsely he + + + align:start position:0% +think when you come up propulsely he +actually didn't know all this detail + + align:start position:0% +actually didn't know all this detail + + + align:start position:0% +actually didn't know all this detail +uh he just estimated yeah + + align:start position:0% +uh he just estimated yeah + + + align:start position:0% +uh he just estimated yeah +and then he predicted the + + align:start position:0% +and then he predicted the + + + align:start position:0% +and then he predicted the +yeah he want to explain the nuclear + + align:start position:0% +yeah he want to explain the nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +yeah he want to explain the nuclear +force between the proton and then and + + align:start position:0% +force between the proton and then and + + + align:start position:0% +force between the proton and then and +then he say oh maybe the the two protons + + align:start position:0% +then he say oh maybe the the two protons + + + align:start position:0% +then he say oh maybe the the two protons +we exchange yeah or between Proton or + + align:start position:0% +we exchange yeah or between Proton or + + + align:start position:0% +we exchange yeah or between Proton or +Neutron or maybe the exchange a scalar + + align:start position:0% +Neutron or maybe the exchange a scalar + + + align:start position:0% +Neutron or maybe the exchange a scalar +particle and he just postulate The + + align:start position:0% +particle and he just postulate The + + + align:start position:0% +particle and he just postulate The +Exchange the scalar particle and then + + align:start position:0% +Exchange the scalar particle and then + + + align:start position:0% +Exchange the scalar particle and then +from the strengths of the nuclear + + align:start position:0% +from the strengths of the nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +from the strengths of the nuclear +interaction he estimated the mass + + align:start position:0% +interaction he estimated the mass + + + align:start position:0% +interaction he estimated the mass +of the particle this scalar particle and + + align:start position:0% +of the particle this scalar particle and + + + align:start position:0% +of the particle this scalar particle and +then they found it + + align:start position:0% +then they found it + + + align:start position:0% +then they found it +yeah yeah they found such a scale of + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah they found such a scale of + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah they found such a scale of +particle which was the pile + + align:start position:0% +particle which was the pile + + + align:start position:0% +particle which was the pile +and that's how they first discovered the + + align:start position:0% +and that's how they first discovered the + + + align:start position:0% +and that's how they first discovered the +pile yeah + + align:start position:0% +pile yeah + + + align:start position:0% +pile yeah +okay good good let's stop here today \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/h4S4eHdwUL0.txt b/h4S4eHdwUL0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e85f1078b240018421357c6e63d7418fcb76905a --- /dev/null +++ b/h4S4eHdwUL0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2469 @@ +The following +content is provided + +under a Creative +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue + +to offer high-quality +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation or +view additional materials + +from hundreds of MIT courses, +visit MIT OpenCourseWare + +at ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: Welcome back. + +And today we are going to +look at a harder situation. + +At oscillations waves in +the electromagnetic field. + +Why I say it's harder, +for many reasons. + +First of all, so +far we've always + +considered situations which we +could either visualize or had + +some sensual way of +getting a feel for what + +the physical situation is. + +When it comes to the +electromagnetic field, + +as you well know, we can't +see it, sense it, at all. + +And the only way to +describe it is, in fact, + +in terms of mathematics. + +So there isn't, first, +a word-- a description + +by analogy with +what we see around. + +Secondly, it's more complicated. + +These are oscillations +in three dimensions. + +And, as you well know, there +both electric and magnetic + +fields. + +Overall, it is just much +more difficult situation. + +So first of all, I start by +a mathematical description + +of this system. + +Because, as I say, +there is no other way + +we know of discussing it. + +And the mathematical description +of the electromagnetic field, + +as you all know, are the +so-called Maxwell's equations. + +I've written here the four +Maxwell's equations for vacuum. + +So this is what the +electric and magnetic fields + +have to satisfy. + +And I'm just reminding +you that the definition + +of what electric +and magnetic field-- + +the operational definition +comes from the Lorentz force. + +Basically, this is just +quickly to remind you, + +if I have a charge in vacuum +and if it experiences a force, + +I know there is an +electric field there. + +On the other hand, +if it experiences + +a force when it's +moving, then I know + +that there is a magnetic field. + +So this tells us that here, +although we can't see it, + +there is an +electromagnetic field. + +If one looks at these equations +and plays around with them, + +one find that the +electromagnetic field actually + +satisfy wave equations. + +This is the wave equation for +the-- three-dimensional wave + +equation for the electric field. + +And this is for the magnetic +field, where c is the phase + +velocity as always, and in +the case of electromagnetism + +c is given by that. + +That's the speed of +light, or the speed + +of electromagnetic waves. + +Now, so what this tells +us, is that in vacuum, you + +can have excitations, +oscillations + +of the electromagnetic +and magnetic fields, + +which propagate. + +And we have all of +the wave phenomena + +we've learned for other systems. + +The thing to keep in +mind is that whatever + +the solution of the system +is, whatever is propagating, + +it must satisfy all +of these equations. + +Not every situation +has to satisfy this. + +This is a subset of the +infinite possibilities that + +are allowed by +Maxwell's equations. + +OK. + +So now, instead +of doing solutions + +to some specific situations with +a specific boundary condition, + +et cetera, since it's +already much more difficult, + +all I will do +today is see how we + +can identify solutions +of these equations. + +What kind of waves +they correspond to. + +Or vice versa, if +you want to describe + +in terms of mathematics +some particular wave, + +how do we do that? + +That is the kind of problems +I will be discussing today. + +So, let me come to +the first problem. + +And probably using the +word problem is a misnomer. + +The description. + +I'll consider first +progressive wave + +solutions of these equations. + +Suppose we know that there +is an electric field, which + +is a propagating electric +field, sinusoidal. + +All right? + +I assure you, this does not +contradict Maxwell's equations. + +You can try it. + +All right? + +It's not complete, as +you'll see in a moment. + +The question here is, if +you have an electric field + +like that, can we +describe as well as + +possible in words, what kind +of a wave this corresponds to? + +And secondly, +answer the question + +if this is a real +electromagnetic wave + +in the vacuum, what must be the +corresponding magnetic field? + +By itself, this +equation does not + +satisfy all the +Maxwell's equations. + +You need a corresponding +magnetic field. + +So, let's look at that. + +First of all, we know +that any function, which + +is a function of x plus +or minus vt describes + +a progressive wave. + +It satisfies the +classical wave equation, + +you can try it and see. + +If these two terms-- +the x and the t terms-- + +are of opposite sign, then this +describes a progressive wave, + +which goes in the +plus-x direction. + +If they are the +same sign, then it + +goes in the opposite direction. + +And again I say, plot +any function like this, + +and see what happens +as you change t. + +The shape of the +function will not change. + +But it will move either to +the left or to the right + +as you change the time. + +So we immediately +see, since this + +is a cosine of this, which is +of this form, if I divide by a, + +this is x minus b over a. + +And I could take +the a outside that. + +So this is a progressive wave. + +These two have opposite signs. + +It's a function of x and t. + +So this is a progressive wave, +which is moving or progressing + +in the x direction. + +They're opposite signs, so +in the plus-x direction. + +So immediately I know that +this is a progressive wave. + +It is a sinusoidal one. + +Well, this is a cosine +function, right? + +It's a sinusoidal wave. + +Now we know if I divide by +a, I get minus-B over a t. + +So it becomes of this form. + +So the phase velocity of +this wave will be B over a. + +And this we call +normally, by the letter c, + +that's the phase velocity +of electromagnetic waves + +in vacuum. + +Or commonly known +as speed of light. + +That identifies it so far, +as best as we can in words. + +This is, as I say, a progressive +sinusoidal electric field + +moving in the plus-x direction. + +What are the a's and b's? + +By how much must you change +x so that the wave gets + +the same amplitude +as where you started? + +And the answer of that +is that, of course, + +a must be 2 pi over lambda. + +because then if x +changes by lambda, + +your cosine changes by 2 pi. + +So a in that equation +must be 2 pi over lambda. + +That quantity is normally +given the symbol k, + +it's called the wave number. + +Similarly, if I look +at the time turn, + +b must be equal to 2 pi +divided by the period. + +Because if t changes +by the period, + +then that cosine-- the +angle of that cosine, + +the phase of that +function-- changes by 2 pi. + +And you're back +where you started. + +So b must be 2 pi over t. + +So this tells you for +that particular wave + +what the a must +be, what the b is. + +2 pi over t is, of course, +the same as 2 pi times + +the frequency, which +we normally call + +the angular frequency, omega. + +So a is k, and b is omega. + +Next. + +I said that any +solution that is real + +of the electromagnetic +field must + +satisfy Maxwell's equations. + +So the same must +be true of this. + +If this is the wave of the +electron, electric field, + +there must be associated with it +a magnetic field such that all + +of Maxwell's equations +are satisfied. + +In particular, if we take +this one-- Faraday's law-- + +we know that the rate of +change of the magnetic field + +must be equal to minus the +curl of the electric field. + +This you can look up in +books of mathematics. + +If you look at all the +components, the way I always + +remember it, it +is the determinant + +where here you have the +unit x direction yz. + +This is dx, dy, dz. + +And here is the x component of +electric field, y component, + +and z component. + +For our particular +electric field, + +I only have the z component. + +And it's only a function of x. + +So most of the terms +of this expansion + +are 0, except the one-- the +rate of change of with x of Ez. + +And that will be +in the y direction. + +So this db dt must be equal +to that if that is a solution + +the Maxwell's equations. + +If I take the x +derivative of E up there. + +I end up-- and you +could almost do it + +in your head-- db dt +is minus this quantity. + +But if this is the +rate of change of t, + +I can integrate this. + +And if I integrated it, B +must be equal to-- the a + +comes from here, a +minus a, a over-- sorry. + +The b comes from +here, I misspoke. + +That comes out, and +the integral of sine + +gives you cosine, so +that must be satisfied. + +But since we integrated +B, there will + +be a constant of integration. + +So if I add to this +any constant B, + +this will still +satisfy this equation. + +All of this is telling +me is that if I + +have that electric field-- +propagating electric field-- + +I must simultaneously have this +propagating magnetic field. + +And on top of that, I can have +any constant magnetic field. + +It means that is a more +general situation where + +this electric field and +these magnetic fields + +can exist with any constant +B. I'll just call it 0. + +It's not an interesting +part of this, + +it's not a propagating field. + +And so we end up that if +you have that electric field + +propagating, and in with +this magnetic field, + +then that system satisfies +all Maxwell's equations. + +Both the E and B will +satisfy these wave equations. + +Try it for yourself, +and you'll see. + +So the answer to +this is, what this + +is, this is a polarized-- +plane-polarized electromagnetic + +wave, where we identified the +wavelength, the frequency, + +it's propagating +in the x direction. + +And the electric field is +polarized in the z direction. + +One of the things we will learn +from this so we don't have + +to repeat over and over again +when we're looking at different + +formulae, which describe ways to +help us to identify , them is-- + +notice that what we have +found was that the electric + +and the magnetic fields are +perpendicular to each other. + +The electric field +in the z direction, + +the magnetic in the y direction. + +But the sinusoidal part and the +phase velocity and everything + +else-- wavelength, frequency-- +are exactly the same and phase. + +This is completely in general. + +If you have a progressive +electromagnetic wave in vacuum, + +you find that the +only way it can + +exist if you have +simultaneously an electric + +and a magnetic +field propagating. + +They are always at right +angles to each other. + +This is the electric field, +this will be the magnetic field. + +If it's propagating +in that direction. + +It's always from e to b +in a clockwise rotation, + +if they're propagating +in that direction. + +So I drew a general sketch here. + +This is true for any +progressive wave, + +electromagnetic +progressive wave. + +And you have the electric field, +magnetic field perpendicular + +to it, and the two +propagate in that direction, + +given by this vector equation. + +Furthermore, if they satisfy +Maxwell's equation the ratio + +of E to B, the +magnitude, is equal to c. + +This is completely general. + +It is worth +remembering when we're + +analyzing different situations. + +So that I went +slowly through this, + +but that is one +example where we see + +this mathematical description +of something which + +we can recognize +what it is, and which + +is a solution to Maxwell's +equations in vacuum. + +What actually happens in +the physical situation + +depends, as always, on all +the boundary conditions, + +the initial +conditions, et cetera. + +This doesn't address +all those questions. + +All this says is this is one of +the infinite possible solutions + +of Maxwell's equation. + +In other words, for +electromagnetic fields + +corresponding to the plane wave +propagating in one direction. + +Let's take a harder example. + +The question is the following. + +Can we now do the opposite? + +Not someone tells +us the equation. + +Can we actually describe +in mathematical forms + +a electromagnetic +wave whose properties + +we know what we +want and would like + +to write it mathematically. + +And I took a +slightly harder one, + +so I said we would +like to describe both + +the electric and +the magnetic fields, + +which describes a monochromatic +electromagnetic wave-- + +monochromatic means a single +frequency, single wavelength-- + +with wavelength lambda, +which propagates now + +not along the x or y or z +axes that makes life easy. + +Let's say it goes at some angle. + +It goes at 45 degrees to +the x-axis and y-axis. + +And the z is out of the board. + +So the wave-- we +want the wave, which + +is propagating like this, where +the wave front is-- let me come + +to it in a second-- +where the vector + +perpendicular to the wave +front is at 45 degrees + +to both the x-axis and y-axis. + +We want it +plane-polarized, meaning + +that the electric vector +is always in a plane + +and it's linearly +polarized so it's + +in the same direction +in the x-y plane. + +So how can we translate +that into mathematics? + +Well, we'll use some +of the knowledge + +we've just gained before. + +First of all, we know +from what I discussed + +about the electric and +magnetic field being + +perpendicular to each +other and perpendicular + +to the direction of propagation +that if the propagation is + +in this direction, then we +know that the plane in which + +the electric and magnetic +fields find themselves + +are perpendicular to that. + +Since this is +propagating like this, + +the distance between the planes +of equal phase will be lambda. + +That's the meaning +of the wavelength. + +Once you've gone the +distance of 1 lambda, + +the magnitude and +direction is back + +to what it was before for +both the electric and magnetic + +fields. + +So that's what it +will look like. + +So the electric vector +will be in this plane, + +but we are told +furthermore it's in the xy, + +so it will be in this direction. + +If it's like this, +and in this plane, + +so this must be the direction +of the electric vector. + +So let's give it a +magnitude E-zero. + +And what is this unit vector? + +Well, clearly that is +in the x direction. + +It has a component like +this, and in the y direction, + +it has a component like that. + +The magnitude of +the components is + +the same, because +of the 45 degrees. + +But for the x, it'll be +negative, and for the y, + +positive. + +So the unit vector +in the direction + +of the electric vector +will be minus x-hat + +over root-2 plus +y-hat over root-2. + +This is a unit vector, you +can check for yourself. + +If you take square this, square +that, take the square root, + +you get 1. + +So this is a unit vector in this +direction where we wanted it. + +So if I write this +as the amplitude + +and the direction of +the electric field, + +I do have a field which is +linearly polarized always + +in the same direction. + +We'll put a sine +or cosine there, + +because we're talking about a +monochromatic electromagnetic + +wave with the wavelengths, so +it's a sinusoidal function. + +Where I put the sine or +cosine or any other phase + +just determines +where time equals 0. + +So let's put sine. + +It's going to be propagating +in this direction, plus k, + +so these two will +have opposite sign. + +This will be the frequency-- +angular frequency-- + +of oscillations of this. + +And here we must +describe a plane. + +Because along this plane, +the phase has to be the same. + +That's what we +mean by wavefront. + +Vectorially, how do +we describe a plane? + +Well, we will have the plane +which is perpendicular to k + +if we take k dot +product of the vector r. + +r is the vector. + +Here is the vector +r, from the origin + +to a point on the plane +which I want to describe. + +So this is k dot r. + +So this now, we'll have k, +which is the wave number, + +and this whole thing +is called the k vector, + +will have a magnitude +which is 2 pi over lambda. + +Same as in the other problem. + +But now it's pointing in +this direction, which again, + +by analogy, how we calculated +that is the unit vector + +x over root-2 plus unit +vector y over root-2. + +So this is k. + +r is nothing I want to +describe this point. + +I have x in the x direction, +y in the y direction, + +z in the z direction. + +So that describes any +point on that plane. + +If I take the dot +product between them, + +I will get then a wave which +is moving the the k direction. + +And this describes the +position on the wavefront. + +So putting it all together, +this electric field + +at every point of x, y, +and t will have a magnitude + +is E-zero times this +direction, the direction + +of polarization of the +electric field, times sine. + +This is now telling me it's +propagating in this direction. + +And with angular +frequency omega. + +So that describes the +electric part of this wave. + +How about the magnetic one? + +Well, we could do +the same as before. + +The magnetic part is +determined by this, + +because all Maxwell's +equations have to be satisfied, + +including Faraday's law. + +But I told you, so it saves me +doing it over and over again, + +we've learned once and for +all, for a progressive wave + +the e and b are +perpendicular to each other, + +and the ratio between them is c. + +So since I know what E is, the +magnitude of the magnetic field + +is E-zero over c. + +It'll be at right +angles to this direction + +and to the propagation, +and therefore it + +will be out of the board. + +So that from E-cross-B, the +vectors are in the k direction. + +So the b will be out +of the board, which + +is easier this time. + +That's in the z direction. + +And it will be, as I said, +exactly in phase in time + +and space with the +electric field. + +The two are coupled together. + +So that now describes +it entirely. + +So this is, in fact, the +answer to our question. + +It describes an electric +or magnetic field + +which is monochromatic. + +It's an electromagnetic wave. + +It has wavelength lambda. + +It propagates at 45 +degrees to x and y axes, + +and is plane-polarized. + +e is always in the same +direction and in the xy plane. + +So this is the answer. + +See, notice. + +In the past when we +were doing problems, + +we focus more on +things like what + +is the wave equation +for this string? + +Or for a pipe with a gas in it? + +Or a transmission +line, et cetera. + +Here, even guessing what +solutions we're interested in, + +what kind of solution, +it's already hard or even + +to describe the wave +we're interested in. + +So this, for the +other situations, + +this would have +taken a few minutes. + +Here it needs a fair +amount of analysis. + +And it takes much longer. + +Let me take one more case. + +The last case I'm going to +exhibit is the following. + +Again the issue will be, +there's this particular wave + +we want to produce. + +We know what we +want, and we want + +to know how to describe +it mathematically. + +So once again, we want +to find a solution + +of our Maxwell's +equations, which + +have the following property +that correspond to a circularly + +polarized electromagnetic +wave which + +is propagating in y direction. + +And it just says "any." so +any, any circularly polarized + +electromagnetic wave which +is propagating in the minus y + +direction. + +First of all, what we mean +by circularly polarized wave? + +A circularly polarized +wave is that, if I + +took a snapshot, if I could, +at a given instant of time, + +one would find that the electric +vector along the propagation + +direction is rotating +like this on the spiral. + +If that wave is +moving towards you, + +what you would see in any plane, +a rotating electric field. + +And associated with a magnetic +field at right angles to it. + +It doesn't tell +us whether we want + +a left-handed or a +right-handed rotated field. + +So just arbitrarily take one. + +And by the way, if ever +you're interested in the left- + +and right-handed and +figuring out which is which? + +It's a mess. + +Different communities use +different definitions, + +what they mean by +right- and left-handed. + +So I won't try to confuse +you more than that. + +So here we want any +wave, which corresponds + +to circular polarization, +and is moving in the minus y + +direction. + +So if it's moving in plus +or minus y direction, + +we know that the electric +field will be in the xz plane + +at every instant of time. + +If it's circularly +polarized, we know + +that the magnitude of the +electric field at all locations + +of x, y, and z at all +times will be the same. + +It does not change. + +It's a constant. + +Now so how do we +create such a thing? + +Well, if we stop and +think for a second, + +if we superimpose two +solutions-- suppose + +we have one solution, which is a +plane-polarized electromagnetic + +wave going towards +you, and I superimpose + +on that another one which is +out of phase with it and at 90 + +degrees, then at every +location in space, + +I'll have two components. + +If I make those components +change, but in such a way + +that the vector +addition of the two + +gives me a unit vector, +a constant vector, + +I will have achieved +what I wanted to do. + +So here is a equation which +satisfies everything I've said. + +Let's consider an +electromagnetic wave + +which is the same in all +x and all z positions. + +The only variable is +in the y direction. + +If I write that as +the superposition + +of an electric field which +is in the x direction, + +and propagating as a sine-- +it's a sinusoidal wave-- + +and I add to it a cosine, +which is at right angles. + +Furthermore I'll use +the other information. + +It's going in the +minus y direction. + +So I'll make these two +opposite sign-- sorry, + +I make them the same sign, +it is in minus-y direction. + +If it was in the plus-y, they +would have opposite signs. + +If it's minus-y, this +would have to be the same. + +So this is a +sinusoidal wave moving + +in the minus-y direction. + +It'll have the wave number +k, this is 2 pi over lambda. + +And this is 2 pi, the frequency +or 2 pi over the period. + +Omega over k has to be c, the +speed of electromagnetic waves. + +If I add to this, the +resultant electric vector + +everywhere in space +has a magnitude E-zero. + +I can check it. + +The magnitude of E +is the square root + +of the x component +of this squared + +plus the z component +of this squared. + +So it's E-zero, the +x component squared-- + +the sine squared of this. + +The z component is the cosine, +so the squared is that. + +For all values of x, +y, and z at all times, + +if I add these and take +the square root, I get 1. + +And so this is E-zero. + +So this propagating wave +does satisfy my requirement + +that everywhere is +magnitude E-zero. + +It is a propagating wave. + +Each one of these +are propagating + +with the speed of light +in the direction of y. + +I'm sorry, forgive me, can't +copy from one line to the next. + +This is plus, this is plus. + +All right. + +It's moving in the +minus-y direction. + +The way I had it, it was +going in the plus-y direction. + +I corrected it. + +This is in the +minus-y direction. + +All right? + +And this is what was required. + +OK. + +So this mathematical description +of the electric vector, + +how it's propagating. + +And now we want to know what +the magnetic one is doing. + +Well, again, we could +go back and make sure + +that Maxwell's equations +are completely satisfied. + +And you'll find that here, +in order for Faraday's law + +to hold, I have to have also +a changing magnetic field. + +But instead of doing +that, I'll make + +use of what we learned +by the previous examples. + +We know that this +is a superposition + +of two progressive waves. + +Each one of these is a +solution of Maxwell's wave. + +I don't need both of them. + +I only needed both to get a +circularly polarized wave. + +Each one of these has to +satisfy Maxwell's equation. + +So associated with each +of these components, + +I must have a magnetic field +which satisfies the requirement + +that there is an electric +vector and magnetic vector + +at right angle to each +other moving together + +in the direction of propagation +in phase and in time. + +So for each one of +these, I will find + +the corresponding +magnetic field, + +the magnitude will +be E-zero over c, + +because we know that the +ratio of the electric field + +to the magnetic field is +always equal to c in vacuum. + +It's at right angles. + +This was in the x direction, +this is in the z direction. + +And in this case, +then add this one. + +Here, this was plus-z +and this is minus-x. + +And you can draw +yourself a little picture + +to make sure you get +everything right. + +Let me just talk +about, say, this one. + +The second component. + +What I have in the +[INAUDIBLE], this + +is moving there in minus-y. + +This component is +in the z direction, + +so it's over here, +coming out of the board. + +If it's in this direction, +moving down here, + +then the b must be +in that direction. + +So it must be in +this direction, which + +is minus-x, which is correct. + +So this is how I get this right. + +If I add these, I get +the total magnetic field. + +This, now, describes +one possible wave + +which satisfies +this requirement. + +It's a circularly polarized +electromagnetic wave + +propagating in the +minus-y direction. + +OK, so let me stop at these +examples of progressive waves, + +and I'll move over +to standing waves. + +So let's continue in +a second, thank you. + +So I've now erased +the board, and I + +can continue talking +about wave solutions + +to Maxwell's equations. + +But let's recap for a second. + +What we find is the following, +that basically in vacuum + +at every location in space it's +as if there was an oscillator. + +It can be displaced +from equilibrium. + +It can be made to oscillate. + +Displacement from +equilibrium means + +there is an electric +field there, + +or there is a +magnetic field there. + +These can oscillate. + +They don't have to oscillate. + +So for example, you could +have a static field, + +just an electric field constant +in time everywhere in space. + +That means every location space +is displaced from equilibrium. + +There could be a constant +magnetic field instead, + +or both constant. + +Imagine how complicated this is. + +At every location the +direction of this displacement + +from equilibrium for the +electric and magnetic fields, + +they are vectors. + +There are possibility of +the electric field facing + +a different directions +of the magnetic field. + +What we find is that +whatever that combination is + +in space and time, +that combination + +has to satisfy +Maxwell's equations. + +That completely describes +what happens in vacuum + +at every point in +space and time. + +Now there are in +particular combinations + +of these displacements of +oscillations in space and time, + +which satisfy the wave equation +for the electric and magnetic + +fields. + +It's a tiny subset of +total, but there are such. + +And we are considering now +for that tiny subset what kind + +of solutions exist, +how to describe them. + +And even there, we're +limiting ourselves + +to a tiny subset +of a tiny subset. + +So far, I took the subset +where this displacement + +from equilibrium of the +electric and magnetic fields + +is a progressive wave. + +And what we found, +in order to make sure + +that the Maxwell's +equations are satisfied, + +you can't have any +old electric field + +wave, or any old +magnetic field wave. + +There's an interplay. + +There is, in reality, just +one electromagnetic field, + +and that propagates. + +We'll now go and look for other +solutions of these equations. + +And very interesting +solutions are standing waves. + +So let me take a concrete +example and discuss it. + +So here is, you could +call it a problem. + +Suppose that I have everywhere +in space an electric field + +which consists of +a standing wave. + +You can recognize this +when we were talking + +about standing waves on +strings, for example. + +Where you have the electric +field always pointing + +in the x direction. + +It's oscillating at +every point in space + +with the same frequency +and phase, cosine omega t. + +It's oscillating with +that angular frequency. + +And spatially, it not change +in the x and y direction, + +but it does in the z direction. + +And that is a cosine like this. + +So this is a standing +wave of electric field. + +This by itself +cannot be a solution. + +Is not a situation you +can have in vacuum. + +It violates, by itself, +Maxwell's equation. + +If you look at them, you +find that in order for this + +to satisfy Maxwell's +equation, the + +must be associated with +it a magnetic field that + +looks like that. + +And so the question, +the first thing is, + +show that if you have this, you +must also have this present. + +The second part is +some more discussion + +about when you have +these two present, when + +you have a standing +wave in vacuum + +of electromagnetic +waves, for example, + +then what is the energy density? + +You know, in an electric +field or a magnetic field, + +if you have in +space, if you take + +any value inside the volume, +there will be energy. + +And the energy per unit +volume per cubic meter + +is the energy density. + +So we're going to calculate +how much energy density there + +is in this standing wave. + +And another quantity, which +is for practical reasons + +very important, is when you have +an electric and magnetic fields + +present, actually energy +flows through that system. + +And the amount of +energy per unit area + +that flows-- per unit +area perpendicular + +to the direction of flow-- is +called the Poynting vector. + +And by the way, the +Poynting has nothing + +to do with a vector that points, +it's to do with a gentleman + +by the name of Poynting, +after which this was called. + +So the second part +of the problem + +is, once we found a standing +wave that satisfies everything + +possible [INAUDIBLE] in vacuum, +for this particular case + +what is the energy density, the +magnetic and electric fields, + +and what's the Poynting vector? + +OK, so how do we do this? + +We know what the +electric field is doing, + +it's the standing wave. + +We know that it must satisfy +all Maxwell's equations, + +in particular Faraday's law. + +As before, we can calculate +the curl of the electric field. + +Now here, the electric field +is only in the x direction. + +And it's a function of z. + +And so the curl of this, to +be only just one component + +of that, and that is +given by this quantity. + +So this is minus +the curl of this E. + +And we know by +Faraday's law that this + +must equal to the rate of +change of the magnetic field + +at that place of x, y, and z. + +Now I can integrate +this equation, + +and find what B is at every +point in space and every time. + +And that's easy enough. + +We just have to integrate that, +which gives you the sine here, + +and the omega comes +down, and you get this. + +Whenever you integrate, +there is a constant. + +All it's telling us is that I +can satisfy Maxwell's equations + +not only with an +oscillating electric field + +present with an +oscillating magnetic field, + +but I can always add a +constant magnetic field + +throughout space. + +I could have also added a +constant electric field. + +So there's an infinite number +of solutions I can superimpose. + +I'm not interested in them. + +I am interested in the standing +wave, the time-dependent part. + +So might as well make that 0. + +And so we are essentially home. + +We have found that the magnetic +field is also a standing wave. + +And this, by the way, +we look at the problem, + +is what we were asked to prove. + +So we have proven +the first part, + +that if this is the +description of the standing + +wave of the electric field, +then there must be corresponding + +a standing wave magnetic field. + +So the two-- but notice, +unlike in the case + +of progressive waves, where in +the progressive waves, wherever + +you had an electric +field, the magnetic field + +was at right angle to it and +in magnitude proportional + +to the electric field and +in phase with it, et cetera. + +Here, they're not. + +Here, the electric field, +when this is cosine omega t, + +this is sine omega t. + +When this is cosine +kz, this is sine kz. + +These two are out of +phase with each other, + +both in time and in space. + +I've tried to sketch it +here, it's not very good + +sketch, but anyway. + +Suppose at some instant of +time, if I look at these, + +at some instant of time, +the electric vector-- + +the magnitude of it-- is +represented by this curve. + +And it is in the x direction. + +So the electric vector is +this, like this, and like that. + +If this is the maximum, it is, +the magnetic field at that time + +will be 0, if I look +at these equations. + +So there'll be no +magnetic field. + +Over this distance +in space, there + +will be the electric +field up here, down here, + +and no magnetic field. + +Later on, half a +period later, what + +you find is that when this +comes to 0-- it's a quarter + +period-- when this comes to +0, the electric field is 0, + +there will be a magnetic +field at its maximum. + +But it will not be this shape. + +It will be, first of all, +pointing in the y direction. + +This is in the x, it +will be the y direction. + +It's maximum will +be in the middle, + +well here it was always 0. + +And these two oscillate. + +It's a standing wave. + +The B does this, and the E does +this, all in the same place. + +But both in space and time, +the two are out of phase + +with each other. + +Completely different solution. + +And both progressive waves +satisfy Maxwell's equations, + +and the standard waves. + +So it's important to realize +there is this difference, + +often it's easy to +get confused about it. + +In a progressive wave, the +electric and magnetic fields + +are right angle. + +And as if they were +locked together, + +and they move forward like this. + +On the other hand, in +a standing situation, + +they're still at right +angle to the other. + +But when one is a maximum, +the other's a minimum. + +When this one is-- +They're out of phase + +with each other in +both space and time. + +So that's the first part. + +And the next part we were asked, +now for this standing wave, + +imagine this could be +inside your microwave oven. + +Inside the microwave oven, +there is a standing wave. + +Unless they specially make it so +it moves a little bit in space + +so you cook your +meat everywhere. + +But then the cheapo +microwave oven, + +you have a stationary +standing wave. + +And suppose this is it. + +At every place in space, +there is an energy density + +which actually fluctuates, +goes up and down in time + +and is different +in every location. + +Let's calculate that. + +Well, as Professor +Walter Lewin showed, + +the energy density +in an electric field, + +whether it's changing +with time or not, + +if I've got in space +somewhere an electric field e, + +at that location, I +have an energy density. + +The amount is 1 over +epsilon-zero times + +the magnitude of the +electric field squared. + +That is the energy density +of an electric field. + +It is not a vector. + +This is E-squared, the +square of the magnitude + +of the electric field +energy is a scalar quantity. + +So not surprising, this is not a +vector, it's a scalar quantity. + +I can now immediately +go over to what we know. + +We know the electric field, +we know the magnetic field. + +So I can replace E-squared by +what it is at every location. + +At every position +z and every x, y. + +At all times. + +And this is the energy density. + +You can see it does oscillate, +but there's always [INAUDIBLE]. + +How about the magnetic field? + +The magnetic field +also has energy. + +If I take it anywhere, +suppose you have a bar magnet, + +one of these pocket +magnets, you hold it, + +and there's a magnetic +field all around the magnet. + +Take any cubic +meter of the volume, + +you'll find this +amount of energy. + +It's 1 over 2 Mu 0 times the +magnitude of the magnetic field + +squared. + +Again, I know what B is +in for my standing, wave + +so I can calculate it, +and I get this answer. + +So these are the two +energy densities. + +Now what one finds, if one +does-- if you plot this, + +or thinks about it-- that +in this standing wave, + +you find that that energy +moves backwards and forwards. + +At any location in +space, I can calculate + +how much energy is +moving per second + +per square meter-- per +unit area-- perpendicular + +to the direction of +motion of that energy. + +And that is what is called +the Poynting vector. + +If you think, for +example, suppose + +you take an electromagnetic +wave like light shining + +that the wall. + +It'll warm up to +the wall, I mean + +there's heat being transmitted, +there's energy comes over. + +At any instant of time, how +much energy per unit area + +is hitting the wall? + +It will be equal to the Poynting +vector at that instant of time. + +And the Poynting vector +s is E-cross-B over Mu 0. + +By the way, this applies to any +electric and magnetic fields, + +not necessarily for +progressive waves or standing + +waves, et cetera. + +It's something we +want to think about + +and this is very surprising. + +Even if you have static electric +and magnetic fields which + +are not parallel to each +other, so that this is not 0, + +there is a flow of energy. + +It's something we +want to think about. + +But in our case, E and B are +perpendicular to each other. + +The electric field +everywhere was + +in the x direction, the +magnetic in the y direction. + +And so they are right angles, so +it's just the x component of E + +and the y component +of B. Well, they're + +the only components +that are there. + +So it's 1 over Mu 0. + +E x times B y in +the z direction, + +so this if E and B are +perpendicular to each other, + +z is perpendicular +to both of those, + +which is in the z direction. + +If I calculate this for +this, I get this equation. + +And I can rewrite it. + +And I find that the +energy is some constant, + +goes in the z direction, and +this looks like sine 2 omega t + +times sine 2 kz. + +Going back to our +diagram, what this + +looks like is that-- if you +remember that E oscillates, + +it's a maximum +here, maximum here, + +and it oscillates up and +down, up and down, like this. + +B is a maximum in the middle, +and that's going like this. + +The product of the +two, it'll be 0 here, + +because B is always 0 here. + +It'll be here because +E is always 0. + +And you cross B there for 0. + +So here, here, and +here is going to be 0. + +And if you look +at that function, + +its actually a function +which has twice the frequency + +of the electric +field oscillations + +or the magnetic +field oscillations, + +and also half the wavelength. + +And you will find that the +maximum is somewhere here. + +So if you look at where the +maximum transfer of energy is, + +it's at the quarter +and 3/4 location. + +And so it's consistent +with this picture. + +Energy is doing this +in that situation. + +And so that answers +what they were ask. + +This is the Poynting +vector as a function + +of-- for all positions in +space as a function of time. + +This is the energy, the +electric and magnetic field, + +and we found the magnetic +field corresponding + +to the electric field. + +So this is another example +of a possible solution + +to Maxwell's equations, +this time corresponding + +to standing waves. + +As I mentioned before, +I'm repeating myself , + +there are infinite +possibilities of solutions + +of Maxwell's equations. + +So to cover them +all makes no sense. + +What is important, that one +gets a good understanding + +of the interesting situations. + +Interesting situations are +some static solutions to, say, + +magnetic fields if you +need special magnets. + +Or if you have a +progressive wave, + +like light, or standing +waves, like in the microwave, + +for example. + +And so I've taken +two cases here. + +First progressive wave solution. + +And then standing wave solution. + +And from this, we will later +go on to some other problems. + +Thank you. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/h9aDgvW59TU.txt b/h9aDgvW59TU.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..286511ef63074604d0bf74699e8b7fcdab2fba6c --- /dev/null +++ b/h9aDgvW59TU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1115 @@ +align:start position:0% + +hi everyone I'm Dave now today + + align:start position:0% +hi everyone I'm Dave now today + + + align:start position:0% +hi everyone I'm Dave now today +all subspaces so the problem we'd like + + align:start position:0% +all subspaces so the problem we'd like + + + align:start position:0% +all subspaces so the problem we'd like +to tackle given a subspace s and suppose + + align:start position:0% +to tackle given a subspace s and suppose + + + align:start position:0% +to tackle given a subspace s and suppose +s is spanned by two vectors 1 2 2 3 and + + align:start position:0% +s is spanned by two vectors 1 2 2 3 and + + + align:start position:0% +s is spanned by two vectors 1 2 2 3 and +1 3 3 2 we have a question here which is + + align:start position:0% +1 3 3 2 we have a question here which is + + + align:start position:0% +1 3 3 2 we have a question here which is +to find a basis for s perp s perp is + + align:start position:0% +to find a basis for s perp s perp is + + + align:start position:0% +to find a basis for s perp s perp is +another subspace which is orthogonal to + + align:start position:0% +another subspace which is orthogonal to + + + align:start position:0% +another subspace which is orthogonal to +s and then secondly can every vector in + + align:start position:0% +s and then secondly can every vector in + + + align:start position:0% +s and then secondly can every vector in +R 4 be uniquely written in terms of s + + align:start position:0% +R 4 be uniquely written in terms of s + + + align:start position:0% +R 4 be uniquely written in terms of s +and s perp so I'll let you think about + + align:start position:0% +and s perp so I'll let you think about + + + align:start position:0% +and s perp so I'll let you think about +this for now and I'll come back in a + + align:start position:0% +this for now and I'll come back in a + + + align:start position:0% +this for now and I'll come back in a +minute + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hi everyone welcome back okay so why + + align:start position:0% +hi everyone welcome back okay so why + + + align:start position:0% +hi everyone welcome back okay so why +don't we tackle this problem okay so + + align:start position:0% +don't we tackle this problem okay so + + + align:start position:0% +don't we tackle this problem okay so +first off what does it mean for a vector + + align:start position:0% +first off what does it mean for a vector + + + align:start position:0% +first off what does it mean for a vector +to be an S perp well if I have a vector + + align:start position:0% +to be an S perp well if I have a vector + + + align:start position:0% +to be an S perp well if I have a vector +X and s perp and X is in s perp what + + align:start position:0% +X and s perp and X is in s perp what + + + align:start position:0% +X and s perp and X is in s perp what +this means is X is going to be + + align:start position:0% +this means is X is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +this means is X is going to be +orthogonal to every vector in s now + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal to every vector in s now + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal to every vector in s now +specifically s is spanned by these two + + align:start position:0% +specifically s is spanned by these two + + + align:start position:0% +specifically s is spanned by these two +vectors so it's sufficient that X be + + align:start position:0% +vectors so it's sufficient that X be + + + align:start position:0% +vectors so it's sufficient that X be +perpendicular to the two basis vectors + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the two basis vectors + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the two basis vectors +in s so specifically I can take one two + + align:start position:0% +in s so specifically I can take one two + + + align:start position:0% +in s so specifically I can take one two +two three and dot it with X and it's + + align:start position:0% +two three and dot it with X and it's + + + align:start position:0% +two three and dot it with X and it's +going to be zero so I'm writing I'm + + align:start position:0% +going to be zero so I'm writing I'm + + + align:start position:0% +going to be zero so I'm writing I'm +treating X as a column vector here in + + align:start position:0% +treating X as a column vector here in + + + align:start position:0% +treating X as a column vector here in +addition X must also be orthogonal to + + align:start position:0% +addition X must also be orthogonal to + + + align:start position:0% +addition X must also be orthogonal to +one three three two so any vector X + + align:start position:0% +one three three two so any vector X + + + align:start position:0% +one three three two so any vector X +that's in s perp must be orthogonal to + + align:start position:0% +that's in s perp must be orthogonal to + + + align:start position:0% +that's in s perp must be orthogonal to +both of these vectors so what we can do + + align:start position:0% +both of these vectors so what we can do + + + align:start position:0% +both of these vectors so what we can do +is we can write this as a matrix + + align:start position:0% +is we can write this as a matrix + + + align:start position:0% +is we can write this as a matrix +equation and we do this by combining + + align:start position:0% +equation and we do this by combining + + + align:start position:0% +equation and we do this by combining +these two vectors as rows of the matrix + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so if we step back and take a look at + + align:start position:0% +so if we step back and take a look at + + + align:start position:0% +so if we step back and take a look at +this equation we see that what we're + + align:start position:0% +this equation we see that what we're + + + align:start position:0% +this equation we see that what we're +really asking is to find all X that are + + align:start position:0% +really asking is to find all X that are + + + align:start position:0% +really asking is to find all X that are +in the null space of this matrix so how + + align:start position:0% +in the null space of this matrix so how + + + align:start position:0% +in the null space of this matrix so how +do we find X in the null space of a + + align:start position:0% +do we find X in the null space of a + + + align:start position:0% +do we find X in the null space of a +matrix well what we can do is we can row + + align:start position:0% +matrix well what we can do is we can row + + + align:start position:0% +matrix well what we can do is we can row +reduce this matrix and try and find a + + align:start position:0% +reduce this matrix and try and find a + + + align:start position:0% +reduce this matrix and try and find a +basis for the null space so I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +basis for the null space so I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +basis for the null space so I'm going to +just row reduce this matrix and notice + + align:start position:0% +just row reduce this matrix and notice + + + align:start position:0% +just row reduce this matrix and notice +that by row reduction we don't actually + + align:start position:0% +that by row reduction we don't actually + + + align:start position:0% +that by row reduction we don't actually +change the null space of a matrix so if + + align:start position:0% +change the null space of a matrix so if + + + align:start position:0% +change the null space of a matrix so if +I'm only interested in the null space + + align:start position:0% +I'm only interested in the null space + + + align:start position:0% +I'm only interested in the null space +this system is going to be equivalent to + + align:start position:0% +this system is going to be equivalent to + + + align:start position:0% +this system is going to be equivalent to +I can keep the top row the same and then + + align:start position:0% +I can keep the top row the same and then + + + align:start position:0% +I can keep the top row the same and then +just to simplify our lives we can take + + align:start position:0% +just to simplify our lives we can take + + + align:start position:0% +just to simplify our lives we can take +the second row and subtract one copy of + + align:start position:0% +the second row and subtract one copy of + + + align:start position:0% +the second row and subtract one copy of +the first row now if I do that I obtain + + align:start position:0% +the first row now if I do that I obtain + + + align:start position:0% +the first row now if I do that I obtain +0 1 1 minus 1 ok now to parameterize the + + align:start position:0% +0 1 1 minus 1 ok now to parameterize the + + + align:start position:0% +0 1 1 minus 1 ok now to parameterize the +null space what I'm going to do is I'm + + align:start position:0% +null space what I'm going to do is I'm + + + align:start position:0% +null space what I'm going to do is I'm +going to write X out as components so if + + align:start position:0% +going to write X out as components so if + + + align:start position:0% +going to write X out as components so if +I write X with components X 1 X 2 X 3 + + align:start position:0% +I write X with components X 1 X 2 X 3 + + + align:start position:0% +I write X with components X 1 X 2 X 3 +and X 4 we see here that this matrix has + + align:start position:0% +and X 4 we see here that this matrix has + + + align:start position:0% +and X 4 we see here that this matrix has +a rank of 2 now we were looking at + + align:start position:0% +a rank of 2 now we were looking at + + + align:start position:0% +a rank of 2 now we were looking at +vectors which live in our 4 so we know + + align:start position:0% +vectors which live in our 4 so we know + + + align:start position:0% +vectors which live in our 4 so we know +that the null space is going to have a + + align:start position:0% +that the null space is going to have a + + + align:start position:0% +that the null space is going to have a +dimension which is 4 minus 2 so that + + align:start position:0% +dimension which is 4 minus 2 so that + + + align:start position:0% +dimension which is 4 minus 2 so that +means there should be two vectors in the + + align:start position:0% +means there should be two vectors in the + + + align:start position:0% +means there should be two vectors in the +null space of this matrix to + + align:start position:0% +null space of this matrix to + + + align:start position:0% +null space of this matrix to +parameterize these two dimensional + + align:start position:0% +parameterize these two dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +parameterize these two dimensional +vectors what I'm going to do is I'm + + align:start position:0% +vectors what I'm going to do is I'm + + + align:start position:0% +vectors what I'm going to do is I'm +going to let X 4 equal some constant and + + align:start position:0% +going to let X 4 equal some constant and + + + align:start position:0% +going to let X 4 equal some constant and +X 3 equal another constant so + + align:start position:0% +X 3 equal another constant so + + + align:start position:0% +X 3 equal another constant so +specifically I'm going to let X 4 equal + + align:start position:0% +specifically I'm going to let X 4 equal + + + align:start position:0% +specifically I'm going to let X 4 equal +B and X 3 equal a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now what we do is we take a look at + + align:start position:0% +now what we do is we take a look at + + + align:start position:0% +now what we do is we take a look at +these two equations and this bottom + + align:start position:0% +these two equations and this bottom + + + align:start position:0% +these two equations and this bottom +equation will say that X 2 is equal to + + align:start position:0% +equation will say that X 2 is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +equation will say that X 2 is equal to +negative X 3 plus X 4 which is going to + + align:start position:0% +negative X 3 plus X 4 which is going to + + + align:start position:0% +negative X 3 plus X 4 which is going to +equal negative a X 4 plus B and then the + + align:start position:0% +equal negative a X 4 plus B and then the + + + align:start position:0% +equal negative a X 4 plus B and then the +top equation says that X 1 is equal to + + align:start position:0% +top equation says that X 1 is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +top equation says that X 1 is equal to +negative 2 X 2 minus 2 X 3 plus 3 X 4 + + align:start position:0% +negative 2 X 2 minus 2 X 3 plus 3 X 4 + + + align:start position:0% +negative 2 X 2 minus 2 X 3 plus 3 X 4 +sorry minus 3 X 4 and if I substitute in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X 2 is minus a plus B X 3 is a and X 4 + + align:start position:0% +X 2 is minus a plus B X 3 is a and X 4 + + + align:start position:0% +X 2 is minus a plus B X 3 is a and X 4 +is B so when the dust settles the A's + + align:start position:0% +is B so when the dust settles the A's + + + align:start position:0% +is B so when the dust settles the A's +cancel and I'm left with minus 5 B okay + + align:start position:0% +cancel and I'm left with minus 5 B okay + + + align:start position:0% +cancel and I'm left with minus 5 B okay +so we can combine everything together + + align:start position:0% +so we can combine everything together + + + align:start position:0% +so we can combine everything together +and we end up obtaining X 1 X 2 X 3 X 4 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equals minus 5b X 2 is minus a plus B X + + align:start position:0% +equals minus 5b X 2 is minus a plus B X + + + align:start position:0% +equals minus 5b X 2 is minus a plus B X +3 is a and X 4 is B and now what we can + + align:start position:0% +3 is a and X 4 is B and now what we can + + + align:start position:0% +3 is a and X 4 is B and now what we can +do is we can take this vector and we can + + align:start position:0% +do is we can take this vector and we can + + + align:start position:0% +do is we can take this vector and we can +decompose it into pieces which are a + + align:start position:0% +decompose it into pieces which are a + + + align:start position:0% +decompose it into pieces which are a +multiplied by a vector and B multiplied + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by a vector and B multiplied + + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by a vector and B multiplied +by a vector so you'll note that this is + + align:start position:0% +by a vector so you'll note that this is + + + align:start position:0% +by a vector so you'll note that this is +actually a times 0 minus 1 1 0 plus B + + align:start position:0% +actually a times 0 minus 1 1 0 plus B + + + align:start position:0% +actually a times 0 minus 1 1 0 plus B +times minus 5 1 0 1 + + align:start position:0% +times minus 5 1 0 1 + + + align:start position:0% +times minus 5 1 0 1 +okay so we have successfully achieved a + + align:start position:0% +okay so we have successfully achieved a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we have successfully achieved a +parameterization of the null space of + + align:start position:0% +parameterization of the null space of + + + align:start position:0% +parameterization of the null space of +this matrix as some constant a times a + + align:start position:0% +this matrix as some constant a times a + + + align:start position:0% +this matrix as some constant a times a +vector 0 minus 1 1 0 plus B times a + + align:start position:0% +vector 0 minus 1 1 0 plus B times a + + + align:start position:0% +vector 0 minus 1 1 0 plus B times a +vector minus 5 1 0 1 and now we claim + + align:start position:0% +vector minus 5 1 0 1 and now we claim + + + align:start position:0% +vector minus 5 1 0 1 and now we claim +that this is the entire space s perp so + + align:start position:0% +that this is the entire space s perp so + + + align:start position:0% +that this is the entire space s perp so +s perp is going to be spanned by this + + align:start position:0% +s perp is going to be spanned by this + + + align:start position:0% +s perp is going to be spanned by this +vector and this vector now notice how if + + align:start position:0% +vector and this vector now notice how if + + + align:start position:0% +vector and this vector now notice how if +I were to take either of these two + + align:start position:0% +I were to take either of these two + + + align:start position:0% +I were to take either of these two +vectors in s and dot it with any vector + + align:start position:0% +vectors in s and dot it with any vector + + + align:start position:0% +vectors in s and dot it with any vector +in the null space by construction it + + align:start position:0% +in the null space by construction it + + + align:start position:0% +in the null space by construction it +automatically vanishes ok so this + + align:start position:0% +automatically vanishes ok so this + + + align:start position:0% +automatically vanishes ok so this +concludes part 1 now for part 2 can + + align:start position:0% +concludes part 1 now for part 2 can + + + align:start position:0% +concludes part 1 now for part 2 can +every vector V and r4 be written + + align:start position:0% +every vector V and r4 be written + + + align:start position:0% +every vector V and r4 be written +uniquely in terms of s and as perp the + + align:start position:0% +uniquely in terms of s and as perp the + + + align:start position:0% +uniquely in terms of s and as perp the +answer is yes so how do we see this well + + align:start position:0% +answer is yes so how do we see this well + + + align:start position:0% +answer is yes so how do we see this well +if I have a vector V what I can do is I + + align:start position:0% +if I have a vector V what I can do is I + + + align:start position:0% +if I have a vector V what I can do is I +can try and write it as some constant C + + align:start position:0% +can try and write it as some constant C + + + align:start position:0% +can try and write it as some constant C +1 times the vector 1 2 2 3 plus C 2 + + align:start position:0% +1 times the vector 1 2 2 3 plus C 2 + + + align:start position:0% +1 times the vector 1 2 2 3 plus C 2 +times the vector 1 3 3 2 plus the vector + + align:start position:0% +times the vector 1 3 3 2 plus the vector + + + align:start position:0% +times the vector 1 3 3 2 plus the vector +C 4 sorry C 3 0 minus 1 1 0 plus C 4 + + align:start position:0% +C 4 sorry C 3 0 minus 1 1 0 plus C 4 + + + align:start position:0% +C 4 sorry C 3 0 minus 1 1 0 plus C 4 +minus 5 1 0 1 ok so C 1 and C 2 are + + align:start position:0% +minus 5 1 0 1 ok so C 1 and C 2 are + + + align:start position:0% +minus 5 1 0 1 ok so C 1 and C 2 are +multiplying the vectors in s and C 3 and + + align:start position:0% +multiplying the vectors in s and C 3 and + + + align:start position:0% +multiplying the vectors in s and C 3 and +C 4 are multiplying the vectors in s + + align:start position:0% +C 4 are multiplying the vectors in s + + + align:start position:0% +C 4 are multiplying the vectors in s +perp so the question is given any V can + + align:start position:0% +perp so the question is given any V can + + + align:start position:0% +perp so the question is given any V can +I find constants C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 such + + align:start position:0% +I find constants C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 such + + + align:start position:0% +I find constants C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 such +that this equation holds and the answer + + align:start position:0% +that this equation holds and the answer + + + align:start position:0% +that this equation holds and the answer +is yes now notice how just to see just + + align:start position:0% +is yes now notice how just to see just + + + align:start position:0% +is yes now notice how just to see just +to see why it's yes what we can do is we + + align:start position:0% +to see why it's yes what we can do is we + + + align:start position:0% +to see why it's yes what we can do is we +can + + align:start position:0% +can + + + align:start position:0% +can +write this in matrix notation and + + align:start position:0% +write this in matrix notation and + + + align:start position:0% +write this in matrix notation and +there's kind of a handy trick what I can + + align:start position:0% +there's kind of a handy trick what I can + + + align:start position:0% +there's kind of a handy trick what I can +do is I can take these columns and write + + align:start position:0% +do is I can take these columns and write + + + align:start position:0% +do is I can take these columns and write +them as columns of a matrix and this + + align:start position:0% +them as columns of a matrix and this + + + align:start position:0% +them as columns of a matrix and this +whole expression is actually equivalent + + align:start position:0% +whole expression is actually equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +whole expression is actually equivalent +to this matrix multiplied by the + + align:start position:0% +to this matrix multiplied by the + + + align:start position:0% +to this matrix multiplied by the +constant C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 and on the + + align:start position:0% +constant C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 and on the + + + align:start position:0% +constant C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 and on the +right hand side we have the vector V now + + align:start position:0% +right hand side we have the vector V now + + + align:start position:0% +right hand side we have the vector V now +by construction these vectors are + + align:start position:0% +by construction these vectors are + + + align:start position:0% +by construction these vectors are +linearly independent and we know from + + align:start position:0% +linearly independent and we know from + + + align:start position:0% +linearly independent and we know from +linear algebra that if we have a matrix + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra that if we have a matrix + + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra that if we have a matrix +with linearly independent columns the + + align:start position:0% +with linearly independent columns the + + + align:start position:0% +with linearly independent columns the +matrix is invertible what this means is + + align:start position:0% +matrix is invertible what this means is + + + align:start position:0% +matrix is invertible what this means is +for any V on the right-hand side we can + + align:start position:0% +for any V on the right-hand side we can + + + align:start position:0% +for any V on the right-hand side we can +invert this matrix and obtain unique + + align:start position:0% +invert this matrix and obtain unique + + + align:start position:0% +invert this matrix and obtain unique +coefficients C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 this then + + align:start position:0% +coefficients C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 this then + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 this then +gives us a unique decomposition for V in + + align:start position:0% +gives us a unique decomposition for V in + + + align:start position:0% +gives us a unique decomposition for V in +terms of a piece which is in s and a + + align:start position:0% +terms of a piece which is in s and a + + + align:start position:0% +terms of a piece which is in s and a +piece which is in s perp and in general + + align:start position:0% +piece which is in s perp and in general + + + align:start position:0% +piece which is in s perp and in general +this can be done for any vector space + + align:start position:0% +this can be done for any vector space + + + align:start position:0% +this can be done for any vector space +well I'd like to conclude this problem + + align:start position:0% +well I'd like to conclude this problem + + + align:start position:0% +well I'd like to conclude this problem +now and I hope you had a good time \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/hAFnqX7diSU.txt b/hAFnqX7diSU.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..476272d22ed9ec5b8b9677b2a6ee4ca7fc4eb6d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/hAFnqX7diSU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13875 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu so this is an + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu so this is an + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu so this is an +example uh in + + align:start position:0% +example uh in + + + align:start position:0% +example uh in +sct1 where the degrees of freedom the p+ + + align:start position:0% +sct1 where the degrees of freedom the p+ + + + align:start position:0% +sct1 where the degrees of freedom the p+ +P minus + + align:start position:0% +P minus + + + align:start position:0% +P minus +plane looked as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +follows so we had hard modes that lived + + align:start position:0% +follows so we had hard modes that lived + + + align:start position:0% +follows so we had hard modes that lived +out here at p^ squ + + align:start position:0% +out here at p^ squ + + + align:start position:0% +out here at p^ squ +order some large scale q^2 then we had + + align:start position:0% +order some large scale q^2 then we had + + + align:start position:0% +order some large scale q^2 then we had +cinear modes for the two jets that are + + align:start position:0% +cinear modes for the two jets that are + + + align:start position:0% +cinear modes for the two jets that are +going to be going back to back and I'll + + align:start position:0% +going to be going back to back and I'll + + + align:start position:0% +going to be going back to back and I'll +draw the picture in a second + + align:start position:0% +draw the picture in a second + + + align:start position:0% +draw the picture in a second +then there were some ultrasoft modes as + + align:start position:0% +then there were some ultrasoft modes as + + + align:start position:0% +then there were some ultrasoft modes as +well that describe radiation between the + + align:start position:0% +well that describe radiation between the + + + align:start position:0% +well that describe radiation between the +Jets and then there can be also some + + align:start position:0% +Jets and then there can be also some + + + align:start position:0% +Jets and then there can be also some +Lambda qcd modes and we'll talk about + + align:start position:0% +Lambda qcd modes and we'll talk about + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda qcd modes and we'll talk about +them a bit today too so there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +them a bit today too so there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +them a bit today too so there's a lot of +different things going on here but we'll + + align:start position:0% +different things going on here but we'll + + + align:start position:0% +different things going on here but we'll +see that actually we can understand + + align:start position:0% +see that actually we can understand + + + align:start position:0% +see that actually we can understand +everything and organize things using sat + + align:start position:0% +everything and organize things using sat + + + align:start position:0% +everything and organize things using sat +so what's the picture for the for these + + align:start position:0% +so what's the picture for the for these + + + align:start position:0% +so what's the picture for the for these +modes we have backtack + + align:start position:0% +modes we have backtack + + + align:start position:0% +modes we have backtack +Jets so let me draw one jet this + + align:start position:0% +Jets so let me draw one jet this + + + align:start position:0% +Jets so let me draw one jet this +way one jet this way this way maybe I + + align:start position:0% +way one jet this way this way maybe I + + + align:start position:0% +way one jet this way this way maybe I +should use some + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +color so there's one of our + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Jets there's + + align:start position:0% +Jets there's + + + align:start position:0% +Jets there's +another and then there can be soft + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +radiation and between these Jets it's + + align:start position:0% +radiation and between these Jets it's + + + align:start position:0% +radiation and between these Jets it's +they also be soft radiation physically + + align:start position:0% +they also be soft radiation physically + + + align:start position:0% +they also be soft radiation physically +within the Jets but there's no + + align:start position:0% +within the Jets but there's no + + + align:start position:0% +within the Jets but there's no +directional dependence to the soft + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +radiation so + + align:start position:0% +radiation so + + + align:start position:0% +radiation so +then say that this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +blue this and this so far are orange in + + align:start position:0% +blue this and this so far are orange in + + + align:start position:0% +blue this and this so far are orange in +my + + align:start position:0% +my + + + align:start position:0% +my +picture this the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +green and then there's some hard + + align:start position:0% +green and then there's some hard + + + align:start position:0% +green and then there's some hard +interactions which + + align:start position:0% +interactions which + + + align:start position:0% +interactions which +are which we've already sort of + + align:start position:0% +are which we've already sort of + + + align:start position:0% +are which we've already sort of +localized into a dot in this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +picture so what we're doing is we're + + align:start position:0% +picture so what we're doing is we're + + + align:start position:0% +picture so what we're doing is we're +colliding at e plus e minus producing a + + align:start position:0% +colliding at e plus e minus producing a + + + align:start position:0% +colliding at e plus e minus producing a +virtual Photon or Z and then from that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +producing if you like a state which is + + align:start position:0% +producing if you like a state which is + + + align:start position:0% +producing if you like a state which is +full of cinear mode state which is full + + align:start position:0% +full of cinear mode state which is full + + + align:start position:0% +full of cinear mode state which is full +of uh the other type of cinear modes and + + align:start position:0% +of uh the other type of cinear modes and + + + align:start position:0% +of uh the other type of cinear modes and +ultrasoft + + align:start position:0% +ultrasoft + + + align:start position:0% +ultrasoft +particles this is in the center of Mass + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +frame or that's kind of how you could + + align:start position:0% +frame or that's kind of how you could + + + align:start position:0% +frame or that's kind of how you could +think about it inct or physically what + + align:start position:0% +think about it inct or physically what + + + align:start position:0% +think about it inct or physically what +you're producing is you're + + align:start position:0% +you're producing is you're + + + align:start position:0% +you're producing is you're +producing jet + + align:start position:0% +producing jet + + + align:start position:0% +producing jet +1 plus + + align:start position:0% +1 plus + + + align:start position:0% +1 plus +jet2 plus Ultra Plus soft radiation or + + align:start position:0% +jet2 plus Ultra Plus soft radiation or + + + align:start position:0% +jet2 plus Ultra Plus soft radiation or +Ultra soft + + align:start position:0% +Ultra soft + + + align:start position:0% +Ultra soft +hadrons soft hadrons + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so the first scale that you want to + + align:start position:0% +okay so the first scale that you want to + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the first scale that you want to +think about is the hard + + align:start position:0% +think about is the hard + + + align:start position:0% +think about is the hard +scale and so that is just the q^ squ of + + align:start position:0% +scale and so that is just the q^ squ of + + + align:start position:0% +scale and so that is just the q^ squ of +the virtual Photon or Z so if you think + + align:start position:0% +the virtual Photon or Z so if you think + + + align:start position:0% +the virtual Photon or Z so if you think +about the pan diagram here's e plus e + + align:start position:0% +about the pan diagram here's e plus e + + + align:start position:0% +about the pan diagram here's e plus e +minus here's Q mu you're going to have a + + align:start position:0% +minus here's Q mu you're going to have a + + + align:start position:0% +minus here's Q mu you're going to have a +pair of quirks that that uh virtual + + align:start position:0% +pair of quirks that that uh virtual + + + align:start position:0% +pair of quirks that that uh virtual +particle can couple to + + align:start position:0% +particle can couple to + + + align:start position:0% +particle can couple to +and there could be additional + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +gluons but the the hard scale is set by + + align:start position:0% +gluons but the the hard scale is set by + + + align:start position:0% +gluons but the the hard scale is set by +the virtual Photon or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Z so there's going to be some scale + + align:start position:0% +Z so there's going to be some scale + + + align:start position:0% +Z so there's going to be some scale +Associated to those that hard scale Q if + + align:start position:0% +Associated to those that hard scale Q if + + + align:start position:0% +Associated to those that hard scale Q if +you want to think about it as a re + + align:start position:0% +you want to think about it as a re + + + align:start position:0% +you want to think about it as a re +normalization scale there'll be some + + align:start position:0% +normalization scale there'll be some + + + align:start position:0% +normalization scale there'll be some +scale where we want to match from qcd + + align:start position:0% +scale where we want to match from qcd + + + align:start position:0% +scale where we want to match from qcd +onto SCT and that's going to be the hard + + align:start position:0% +onto SCT and that's going to be the hard + + + align:start position:0% +onto SCT and that's going to be the hard +scale + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I'll call that scale + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mu so then something physical has to set + + align:start position:0% +mu so then something physical has to set + + + align:start position:0% +mu so then something physical has to set +these other scales in the picture and + + align:start position:0% +these other scales in the picture and + + + align:start position:0% +these other scales in the picture and +the next thing that we need to talk + + align:start position:0% +the next thing that we need to talk + + + align:start position:0% +the next thing that we need to talk +about is what we're going to + + align:start position:0% +about is what we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +about is what we're going to +measure in principle if you Collide e + + align:start position:0% +measure in principle if you Collide e + + + align:start position:0% +measure in principle if you Collide e +plus e minus and you produce hadrons you + + align:start position:0% +plus e minus and you produce hadrons you + + + align:start position:0% +plus e minus and you produce hadrons you +could have lots of different + + align:start position:0% +could have lots of different + + + align:start position:0% +could have lots of different +possibilities in particular you could + + align:start position:0% +possibilities in particular you could + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities in particular you could +have not digets but Tri Jets so you + + align:start position:0% +have not digets but Tri Jets so you + + + align:start position:0% +have not digets but Tri Jets so you +could have an third jet emit it from a + + align:start position:0% +could have an third jet emit it from a + + + align:start position:0% +could have an third jet emit it from a +gluon and some kind of measurement that + + align:start position:0% +gluon and some kind of measurement that + + + align:start position:0% +gluon and some kind of measurement that +we do on the final state is going to + + align:start position:0% +we do on the final state is going to + + + align:start position:0% +we do on the final state is going to +restrict us to this configuration with + + align:start position:0% +restrict us to this configuration with + + + align:start position:0% +restrict us to this configuration with +just two Jets and the one we'll talk + + align:start position:0% +just two Jets and the one we'll talk + + + align:start position:0% +just two Jets and the one we'll talk +about to start is what's called + + align:start position:0% +about to start is what's called + + + align:start position:0% +about to start is what's called +hemisphere invariant + + align:start position:0% +hemisphere invariant + + + align:start position:0% +hemisphere invariant +masses which we already mentioned + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +earlier so the way that you should think + + align:start position:0% +earlier so the way that you should think + + + align:start position:0% +earlier so the way that you should think +about this is you take all the final + + align:start position:0% +about this is you take all the final + + + align:start position:0% +about this is you take all the final +State + + align:start position:0% +State + + + align:start position:0% +State +particles you could just take the sum of + + align:start position:0% +particles you could just take the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +particles you could just take the sum of +all their momenta + + align:start position:0% +all their momenta + + + align:start position:0% +all their momenta +and divide it into two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +parts those that are in hemisphere a and + + align:start position:0% +parts those that are in hemisphere a and + + + align:start position:0% +parts those that are in hemisphere a and +those that are in hemisphere + + align:start position:0% +those that are in hemisphere + + + align:start position:0% +those that are in hemisphere +B so let me augment my figure here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +by saying that there's two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hemispheres and then what these masses + + align:start position:0% +hemispheres and then what these masses + + + align:start position:0% +hemispheres and then what these masses +are which I'll call M S and M Bar squ + + align:start position:0% +are which I'll call M S and M Bar squ + + + align:start position:0% +are which I'll call M S and M Bar squ +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +just the four Vector squared for p for + + align:start position:0% +just the four Vector squared for p for + + + align:start position:0% +just the four Vector squared for p for +the A and the B + + align:start position:0% +the A and the B + + + align:start position:0% +the A and the B +guy + + align:start position:0% +guy + + + align:start position:0% +guy +so written in terms of the individual + + align:start position:0% +so written in terms of the individual + + + align:start position:0% +so written in terms of the individual +particles in that + + align:start position:0% +particles in that + + + align:start position:0% +particles in that +hemisphere you sum up all their four + + align:start position:0% +hemisphere you sum up all their four + + + align:start position:0% +hemisphere you sum up all their four +vectors for the particles in that + + align:start position:0% +vectors for the particles in that + + + align:start position:0% +vectors for the particles in that +Hemisphere and square it and then + + align:start position:0% +Hemisphere and square it and then + + + align:start position:0% +Hemisphere and square it and then +likewise for B + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and if you're measuring these two things + + align:start position:0% +and if you're measuring these two things + + + align:start position:0% +and if you're measuring these two things +we talked about earlier the fact that + + align:start position:0% +we talked about earlier the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +we talked about earlier the fact that +you could specify that it was a jet by + + align:start position:0% +you could specify that it was a jet by + + + align:start position:0% +you could specify that it was a jet by +demanding that they're small so the th + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Jets is going to be M S and M Bar + + align:start position:0% +Jets is going to be M S and M Bar + + + align:start position:0% +Jets is going to be M S and M Bar +squ much less than q^2 and if you had + + align:start position:0% +squ much less than q^2 and if you had + + + align:start position:0% +squ much less than q^2 and if you had +Tri Jets you wouldn't that wouldn't be + + align:start position:0% +Tri Jets you wouldn't that wouldn't be + + + align:start position:0% +Tri Jets you wouldn't that wouldn't be +the case because if you had Tri Jets + + align:start position:0% +the case because if you had Tri Jets + + + align:start position:0% +the case because if you had Tri Jets +you'd have + + align:start position:0% +you'd have + + + align:start position:0% +you'd have +two particle two jets in this hemisphere + + align:start position:0% +two particle two jets in this hemisphere + + + align:start position:0% +two particle two jets in this hemisphere +at wide angles and those that wide angle + + align:start position:0% +at wide angles and those that wide angle + + + align:start position:0% +at wide angles and those that wide angle +would produce a large q^ + + align:start position:0% +would produce a large q^ + + + align:start position:0% +would produce a large q^ +s large invariant mass squ m^ s that's + + align:start position:0% +s large invariant mass squ m^ s that's + + + align:start position:0% +s large invariant mass squ m^ s that's +of order q^ s but if you just have a + + align:start position:0% +of order q^ s but if you just have a + + + align:start position:0% +of order q^ s but if you just have a +single jet then you can have a small M + + align:start position:0% +single jet then you can have a small M + + + align:start position:0% +single jet then you can have a small M +squ so the small M squ limit is what + + align:start position:0% +squ so the small M squ limit is what + + + align:start position:0% +squ so the small M squ limit is what +forces you to have die + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Jets and these guys here all and that + + align:start position:0% +Jets and these guys here all and that + + + align:start position:0% +Jets and these guys here all and that +also puts us in the kinematic situation + + align:start position:0% +also puts us in the kinematic situation + + + align:start position:0% +also puts us in the kinematic situation +where we have our n colinear modes for + + align:start position:0% +where we have our n colinear modes for + + + align:start position:0% +where we have our n colinear modes for +one Jet and and bar cinear modes for the + + align:start position:0% +one Jet and and bar cinear modes for the + + + align:start position:0% +one Jet and and bar cinear modes for the +other jet + + align:start position:0% +other jet + + + align:start position:0% +other jet +so those are two of the degrees of + + align:start position:0% +so those are two of the degrees of + + + align:start position:0% +so those are two of the degrees of +freedom in our + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +picture so I'm reminding you of some + + align:start position:0% +picture so I'm reminding you of some + + + align:start position:0% +picture so I'm reminding you of some +things we talked about before but was a + + align:start position:0% +things we talked about before but was a + + + align:start position:0% +things we talked about before but was a +while ago so and the power counting + + align:start position:0% +while ago so and the power counting + + + align:start position:0% +while ago so and the power counting +parameter here is M over + + align:start position:0% +parameter here is M over + + + align:start position:0% +parameter here is M over +q and so if you want to say that there's + + align:start position:0% +q and so if you want to say that there's + + + align:start position:0% +q and so if you want to say that there's +a scale in this picture Associated to + + align:start position:0% +a scale in this picture Associated to + + + align:start position:0% +a scale in this picture Associated to +the clinar modes then you would say it's + + align:start position:0% +the clinar modes then you would say it's + + + align:start position:0% +the clinar modes then you would say it's +a kind of jet + + align:start position:0% +a kind of jet + + + align:start position:0% +a kind of jet +scale and that's of order m + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay any questions so + + align:start position:0% +okay any questions so + + + align:start position:0% +okay any questions so +far so then there's the ultrasoft + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +radiation which is being ultrasoft it's + + align:start position:0% +radiation which is being ultrasoft it's + + + align:start position:0% +radiation which is being ultrasoft it's +uniform it's not columnated in any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +direction it's the thing that gives you + + align:start position:0% +direction it's the thing that gives you + + + align:start position:0% +direction it's the thing that gives you +the communication between the Jets + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the Jets are going to decouple from each + + align:start position:0% +the Jets are going to decouple from each + + + align:start position:0% +the Jets are going to decouple from each +other in the sense that interactions + + align:start position:0% +other in the sense that interactions + + + align:start position:0% +other in the sense that interactions +directly between the n colinear and n + + align:start position:0% +directly between the n colinear and n + + + align:start position:0% +directly between the n colinear and n +Bar cinear modes is all going into the + + align:start position:0% +Bar cinear modes is all going into the + + + align:start position:0% +Bar cinear modes is all going into the +pink dot but there can be longdistance + + align:start position:0% +pink dot but there can be longdistance + + + align:start position:0% +pink dot but there can be longdistance +communication between the Jets caused by + + align:start position:0% +communication between the Jets caused by + + + align:start position:0% +communication between the Jets caused by +the Ultra ultr Soft mode so really what + + align:start position:0% +the Ultra ultr Soft mode so really what + + + align:start position:0% +the Ultra ultr Soft mode so really what +I mean + + align:start position:0% +I mean + + + align:start position:0% +I mean +here is long distance + + align:start position:0% +here is long distance + + + align:start position:0% +here is long distance +communication short distance + + align:start position:0% +communication short distance + + + align:start position:0% +communication short distance +communication can happen too that's what + + align:start position:0% +communication can happen too that's what + + + align:start position:0% +communication can happen too that's what +the pink dot is but that's in some sense + + align:start position:0% +the pink dot is but that's in some sense + + + align:start position:0% +the pink dot is but that's in some sense +simpler longdistance communication can + + align:start position:0% +simpler longdistance communication can + + + align:start position:0% +simpler longdistance communication can +only happen by this by this ultrasoft + + align:start position:0% +only happen by this by this ultrasoft + + + align:start position:0% +only happen by this by this ultrasoft +radiation and we know about how + + align:start position:0% +radiation and we know about how + + + align:start position:0% +radiation and we know about how +ultrasoft radiation interacts with + + align:start position:0% +ultrasoft radiation interacts with + + + align:start position:0% +ultrasoft radiation interacts with +energetic particles and in particular + + align:start position:0% +energetic particles and in particular + + + align:start position:0% +energetic particles and in particular +what we know is that it's ional that + + align:start position:0% +what we know is that it's ional that + + + align:start position:0% +what we know is that it's ional that +came out of our just lran description of + + align:start position:0% +came out of our just lran description of + + + align:start position:0% +came out of our just lran description of +ultrasoft + + align:start position:0% +ultrasoft + + + align:start position:0% +ultrasoft +radiation and that will have + + align:start position:0% +radiation and that will have + + + align:start position:0% +radiation and that will have +implications + + align:start position:0% +implications + + + align:start position:0% +implications +here so what is this ultrasoft radiation + + align:start position:0% +here so what is this ultrasoft radiation + + + align:start position:0% +here so what is this ultrasoft radiation +it's radiation that has energy that's of + + align:start position:0% +it's radiation that has energy that's of + + + align:start position:0% +it's radiation that has energy that's of +water Q Lambda squar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so + + align:start position:0% +and so + + + align:start position:0% +and so +that's m^2 over Q energy radiation and + + align:start position:0% +that's m^2 over Q energy radiation and + + + align:start position:0% +that's m^2 over Q energy radiation and +so the soft scale which is the next + + align:start position:0% +so the soft scale which is the next + + + align:start position:0% +so the soft scale which is the next +scale down in the picture ultr soft + + align:start position:0% +scale down in the picture ultr soft + + + align:start position:0% +scale down in the picture ultr soft +scale is m^2 over Q often in people will + + align:start position:0% +scale is m^2 over Q often in people will + + + align:start position:0% +scale is m^2 over Q often in people will +because there's no soft radiation in + + align:start position:0% +because there's no soft radiation in + + + align:start position:0% +because there's no soft radiation in +this in this setup sometimes people will + + align:start position:0% +this in this setup sometimes people will + + + align:start position:0% +this in this setup sometimes people will +just drop the ultra Ultra and just call + + align:start position:0% +just drop the ultra Ultra and just call + + + align:start position:0% +just drop the ultra Ultra and just call +it soft that's very + + align:start position:0% +it soft that's very + + + align:start position:0% +it soft that's very +common in our I'll try to always call it + + align:start position:0% +common in our I'll try to always call it + + + align:start position:0% +common in our I'll try to always call it +Ultra Soft here because we'll be drawing + + align:start position:0% +Ultra Soft here because we'll be drawing + + + align:start position:0% +Ultra Soft here because we'll be drawing +some distinctions with sat2 examples and + + align:start position:0% +some distinctions with sat2 examples and + + + align:start position:0% +some distinctions with sat2 examples and +in those examples we have soft and + + align:start position:0% +in those examples we have soft and + + + align:start position:0% +in those examples we have soft and +clinar in this example we have ultr soft + + align:start position:0% +clinar in this example we have ultr soft + + + align:start position:0% +clinar in this example we have ultr soft +and clinar so I'll keep trying to call + + align:start position:0% +and clinar so I'll keep trying to call + + + align:start position:0% +and clinar so I'll keep trying to call +it Ultra Soft but you can see that I've + + align:start position:0% +it Ultra Soft but you can see that I've + + + align:start position:0% +it Ultra Soft but you can see that I've +already abbrev abbreviated to usoft to + + align:start position:0% +already abbrev abbreviated to usoft to + + + align:start position:0% +already abbrev abbreviated to usoft to +make it more look like look more and + + align:start position:0% +make it more look like look more and + + + align:start position:0% +make it more look like look more and +more like soft anyway but in the + + align:start position:0% +more like soft anyway but in the + + + align:start position:0% +more like soft anyway but in the +literature people often just drop the U + + align:start position:0% +literature people often just drop the U + + + align:start position:0% +literature people often just drop the U +completely and call it soft something to + + align:start position:0% +completely and call it soft something to + + + align:start position:0% +completely and call it soft something to +be aware + + align:start position:0% +be aware + + + align:start position:0% +be aware +of okay so this actually this radiation + + align:start position:0% +of okay so this actually this radiation + + + align:start position:0% +of okay so this actually this radiation +here this is the kind of the largest + + align:start position:0% +here this is the kind of the largest + + + align:start position:0% +here this is the kind of the largest +scale that uh can show up in in the soft + + align:start position:0% +scale that uh can show up in in the soft + + + align:start position:0% +scale that uh can show up in in the soft +function and there's also Lambda + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +qcd and that's a scale that at least the + + align:start position:0% +qcd and that's a scale that at least the + + + align:start position:0% +qcd and that's a scale that at least the +start we're going to leave in the saw + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function so if we go back to our picture + + align:start position:0% +function so if we go back to our picture + + + align:start position:0% +function so if we go back to our picture +over here that's why I put both the + + align:start position:0% +over here that's why I put both the + + + align:start position:0% +over here that's why I put both the +ultrasoft mode that set up on this + + align:start position:0% +ultrasoft mode that set up on this + + + align:start position:0% +ultrasoft mode that set up on this +hyperbola there which is this m squ q + + align:start position:0% +hyperbola there which is this m squ q + + + align:start position:0% +hyperbola there which is this m squ q +line uh mu of m^2 over q line that's why + + align:start position:0% +line uh mu of m^2 over q line that's why + + + align:start position:0% +line uh mu of m^2 over q line that's why +I made it orange and I also made orange + + align:start position:0% +I made it orange and I also made orange + + + align:start position:0% +I made it orange and I also made orange +this Lambda qcd because they're together + + align:start position:0% +this Lambda qcd because they're together + + + align:start position:0% +this Lambda qcd because they're together +and you can think of it as just that + + align:start position:0% +and you can think of it as just that + + + align:start position:0% +and you can think of it as just that +there's some modes that are capturing + + align:start position:0% +there's some modes that are capturing + + + align:start position:0% +there's some modes that are capturing +this entire + + align:start position:0% +this entire + + + align:start position:0% +this entire +region which are the ultrasoft + + align:start position:0% +region which are the ultrasoft + + + align:start position:0% +region which are the ultrasoft +modes now there are two if if M if m^2 + + align:start position:0% +modes now there are two if if M if m^2 + + + align:start position:0% +modes now there are two if if M if m^2 +over Q was a water Lambda qcd then then + + align:start position:0% +over Q was a water Lambda qcd then then + + + align:start position:0% +over Q was a water Lambda qcd then then +you're then those are the same thing so + + align:start position:0% +you're then those are the same thing so + + + align:start position:0% +you're then those are the same thing so +there's kind of two possibilities here + + align:start position:0% +there's kind of two possibilities here + + + align:start position:0% +there's kind of two possibilities here +you could have m^2 Q of water Lambda + + align:start position:0% +you could have m^2 Q of water Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +you could have m^2 Q of water Lambda +qcd and that means that this scale is + + align:start position:0% +qcd and that means that this scale is + + + align:start position:0% +qcd and that means that this scale is +non + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +non-perturbative and this is what's + + align:start position:0% +non-perturbative and this is what's + + + align:start position:0% +non-perturbative and this is what's +called the reasons that will become + + align:start position:0% +called the reasons that will become + + + align:start position:0% +called the reasons that will become +apparent by the end of + + align:start position:0% +apparent by the end of + + + align:start position:0% +apparent by the end of +lecture the Peak region because this is + + align:start position:0% +lecture the Peak region because this is + + + align:start position:0% +lecture the Peak region because this is +actually the region of the cross-section + + align:start position:0% +actually the region of the cross-section + + + align:start position:0% +actually the region of the cross-section +where there's a + + align:start position:0% +where there's a + + + align:start position:0% +where there's a +peak okay that's called that's why it's + + align:start position:0% +peak okay that's called that's why it's + + + align:start position:0% +peak okay that's called that's why it's +called the Peak region and in this + + align:start position:0% +called the Peak region and in this + + + align:start position:0% +called the Peak region and in this +region uh you have the following + + align:start position:0% +region uh you have the following + + + align:start position:0% +region uh you have the following +hierarchy you have mu H is much greater + + align:start position:0% +hierarchy you have mu H is much greater + + + align:start position:0% +hierarchy you have mu H is much greater +than + + align:start position:0% +than + + + align:start position:0% +than +muj muj is much greater than mu but Ms + + align:start position:0% +muj muj is much greater than mu but Ms + + + align:start position:0% +muj muj is much greater than mu but Ms +is of order Lambda + + align:start position:0% +is of order Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +is of order Lambda +qcd okay + + align:start position:0% +qcd okay + + + align:start position:0% +qcd okay +so if we take this to always be true + + align:start position:0% +so if we take this to always be true + + + align:start position:0% +so if we take this to always be true +then we're in this + + align:start position:0% +then we're in this + + + align:start position:0% +then we're in this +situation and there is another + + align:start position:0% +situation and there is another + + + align:start position:0% +situation and there is another +possibility and that is that there's + + align:start position:0% +possibility and that is that there's + + + align:start position:0% +possibility and that is that there's +really a separation between these + + align:start position:0% +really a separation between these + + + align:start position:0% +really a separation between these +hyperbolas that's just as large and or + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolas that's just as large and or + + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolas that's just as large and or +hierarchical as the previous separations + + align:start position:0% +hierarchical as the previous separations + + + align:start position:0% +hierarchical as the previous separations +so if this thing + + align:start position:0% +so if this thing + + + align:start position:0% +so if this thing +is much bigger than Lambda qcd that's + + align:start position:0% +is much bigger than Lambda qcd that's + + + align:start position:0% +is much bigger than Lambda qcd that's +another + + align:start position:0% +another + + + align:start position:0% +another +possibility and there'll be a region of + + align:start position:0% +possibility and there'll be a region of + + + align:start position:0% +possibility and there'll be a region of +face bace where this is true and a + + align:start position:0% +face bace where this is true and a + + + align:start position:0% +face bace where this is true and a +region of face bace where this is true + + align:start position:0% +region of face bace where this is true + + + align:start position:0% +region of face bace where this is true +this second one is here the soft + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's here there is + + align:start position:0% +there's here there is + + + align:start position:0% +there's here there is +perturbative Ultra Soft radiation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so you can just calculate it order by + + align:start position:0% +so you can just calculate it order by + + + align:start position:0% +so you can just calculate it order by +order + + align:start position:0% +order + + + align:start position:0% +order +in the ultrasoft scale which is this + + align:start position:0% +in the ultrasoft scale which is this + + + align:start position:0% +in the ultrasoft scale which is this +scale which is perturbative because it's + + align:start position:0% +scale which is perturbative because it's + + + align:start position:0% +scale which is perturbative because it's +much bigger than Lambda + + align:start position:0% +much bigger than Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +much bigger than Lambda +qcd and this is what's called the tail + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +region and the analog of this statement + + align:start position:0% +region and the analog of this statement + + + align:start position:0% +region and the analog of this statement +here is that we have a hierarchy between + + align:start position:0% +here is that we have a hierarchy between + + + align:start position:0% +here is that we have a hierarchy between +everybody + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so when we do this analysis what we're + + align:start position:0% +so when we do this analysis what we're + + + align:start position:0% +so when we do this analysis what we're +going to do is we're going to do a Power + + align:start position:0% +going to do is we're going to do a Power + + + align:start position:0% +going to do is we're going to do a Power +expansion and you can say well the power + + align:start position:0% +expansion and you can say well the power + + + align:start position:0% +expansion and you can say well the power +expansion is just what you told me m^ S + + align:start position:0% +expansion is just what you told me m^ S + + + align:start position:0% +expansion is just what you told me m^ S +over m s much less than q^ S but you + + align:start position:0% +over m s much less than q^ S but you + + + align:start position:0% +over m s much less than q^ S but you +also have to worry about this when we're + + align:start position:0% +also have to worry about this when we're + + + align:start position:0% +also have to worry about this when we're +doing the power + + align:start position:0% +doing the power + + + align:start position:0% +doing the power +expansion so one way of thinking about + + align:start position:0% +expansion so one way of thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +expansion so one way of thinking about +it is just exactly as as I'm writing + + align:start position:0% +it is just exactly as as I'm writing + + + align:start position:0% +it is just exactly as as I'm writing +here and that's how I want to Advocate + + align:start position:0% +here and that's how I want to Advocate + + + align:start position:0% +here and that's how I want to Advocate +the things you're expanding in are these + + align:start position:0% +the things you're expanding in are these + + + align:start position:0% +the things you're expanding in are these +assumptions + + align:start position:0% +assumptions + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions +and you can see that in these two cases + + align:start position:0% +and you can see that in these two cases + + + align:start position:0% +and you can see that in these two cases +there's slightly different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +setup so usually when you have an + + align:start position:0% +setup so usually when you have an + + + align:start position:0% +setup so usually when you have an +effective Theory you have to you have to + + align:start position:0% +effective Theory you have to you have to + + + align:start position:0% +effective Theory you have to you have to +Define this from the beginning because + + align:start position:0% +Define this from the beginning because + + + align:start position:0% +Define this from the beginning because +the way you proceed how you set up your + + align:start position:0% +the way you proceed how you set up your + + + align:start position:0% +the way you proceed how you set up your +theory is going to depend on whether + + align:start position:0% +theory is going to depend on whether + + + align:start position:0% +theory is going to depend on whether +you're in this situation + + align:start position:0% +you're in this situation + + + align:start position:0% +you're in this situation +or this + + align:start position:0% +or this + + + align:start position:0% +or this +situation but part of the story is the + + align:start position:0% +situation but part of the story is the + + + align:start position:0% +situation but part of the story is the +same in these two situations namely the + + align:start position:0% +same in these two situations namely the + + + align:start position:0% +same in these two situations namely the +first two greater than much greater + + align:start position:0% +first two greater than much greater + + + align:start position:0% +first two greater than much greater +thans are the same and so that we can + + align:start position:0% +thans are the same and so that we can + + + align:start position:0% +thans are the same and so that we can +proceed without worrying about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this and then we can make this + + align:start position:0% +this and then we can make this + + + align:start position:0% +this and then we can make this +distinction later on and that's what my + + align:start position:0% +distinction later on and that's what my + + + align:start position:0% +distinction later on and that's what my +picture was advocating for by having + + align:start position:0% +picture was advocating for by having + + + align:start position:0% +picture was advocating for by having +these guys be the in the same + + align:start position:0% +these guys be the in the same + + + align:start position:0% +these guys be the in the same +category so hopefully that's clear + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so if you're in the tail + + align:start position:0% +so if you're in the tail + + + align:start position:0% +so if you're in the tail +region there's going to be power + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Corrections and these are actually the + + align:start position:0% +Corrections and these are actually the + + + align:start position:0% +Corrections and these are actually the +most important power + + align:start position:0% +most important power + + + align:start position:0% +most important power +Corrections that come as powers of + + align:start position:0% +Corrections that come as powers of + + + align:start position:0% +Corrections that come as powers of +Lambda qcd over the soft + + align:start position:0% +Lambda qcd over the soft + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda qcd over the soft +scale okay just some power + + align:start position:0% +scale okay just some power + + + align:start position:0% +scale okay just some power +but you're going to have a power + + align:start position:0% +but you're going to have a power + + + align:start position:0% +but you're going to have a power +expansion in + + align:start position:0% +expansion in + + + align:start position:0% +expansion in +that so that's the if you like in this + + align:start position:0% +that so that's the if you like in this + + + align:start position:0% +that so that's the if you like in this +situation where you're in the tail + + align:start position:0% +situation where you're in the tail + + + align:start position:0% +situation where you're in the tail +region you can have power Corrections + + align:start position:0% +region you can have power Corrections + + + align:start position:0% +region you can have power Corrections +that are non-perturbative by having + + align:start position:0% +that are non-perturbative by having + + + align:start position:0% +that are non-perturbative by having +ratios of these things Lambda qcd over + + align:start position:0% +ratios of these things Lambda qcd over + + + align:start position:0% +ratios of these things Lambda qcd over +this over that over this but the biggest + + align:start position:0% +this over that over this but the biggest + + + align:start position:0% +this over that over this but the biggest +one are these guys over the soft scale + + align:start position:0% +one are these guys over the soft scale + + + align:start position:0% +one are these guys over the soft scale +so that's the next smallest + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +scale so but if you neglect these the + + align:start position:0% +scale so but if you neglect these the + + + align:start position:0% +scale so but if you neglect these the +leading order cross-section in this + + align:start position:0% +leading order cross-section in this + + + align:start position:0% +leading order cross-section in this +region is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +perturbative now you know you could have + + align:start position:0% +perturbative now you know you could have + + + align:start position:0% +perturbative now you know you could have +any power + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here those exist what happens in the + + align:start position:0% +here those exist what happens in the + + + align:start position:0% +here those exist what happens in the +Peak region is that that the thinking + + align:start position:0% +Peak region is that that the thinking + + + align:start position:0% +Peak region is that that the thinking +about those is an expansion is no longer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good and you have to take all of them + + align:start position:0% +good and you have to take all of them + + + align:start position:0% +good and you have to take all of them +and treat them as the as if they're + + align:start position:0% +and treat them as the as if they're + + + align:start position:0% +and treat them as the as if they're +order one and for any + + align:start position:0% +order one and for any + + + align:start position:0% +order one and for any +K and that ends up meaning that there's + + align:start position:0% +K and that ends up meaning that there's + + + align:start position:0% +K and that ends up meaning that there's +going to be some non-perturbative + + align:start position:0% +going to be some non-perturbative + + + align:start position:0% +going to be some non-perturbative +function like a part time distribution + + align:start position:0% +function like a part time distribution + + + align:start position:0% +function like a part time distribution +function in the sense that it's + + align:start position:0% +function in the sense that it's + + + align:start position:0% +function in the sense that it's +non-perturbative that describes part of + + align:start position:0% +non-perturbative that describes part of + + + align:start position:0% +non-perturbative that describes part of +what's going on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here in this region and that we just see + + align:start position:0% +here in this region and that we just see + + + align:start position:0% +here in this region and that we just see +from our power counting I me power + + align:start position:0% +from our power counting I me power + + + align:start position:0% +from our power counting I me power +counting already tells us that that's + + align:start position:0% +counting already tells us that that's + + + align:start position:0% +counting already tells us that that's +what's going to + + align:start position:0% +what's going to + + + align:start position:0% +what's going to +happen so we can learn a lot just by + + align:start position:0% +happen so we can learn a lot just by + + + align:start position:0% +happen so we can learn a lot just by +thinking about the scales in the problem + + align:start position:0% +thinking about the scales in the problem + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about the scales in the problem +and thinking about the power + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +counting so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you can ask about other power + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Corrections so there's a set of power + + align:start position:0% +Corrections so there's a set of power + + + align:start position:0% +Corrections so there's a set of power +Corrections where you would expand in + + align:start position:0% +Corrections where you would expand in + + + align:start position:0% +Corrections where you would expand in +say Ms over + + align:start position:0% +say Ms over + + + align:start position:0% +say Ms over +muj + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and let me label these as + + align:start position:0% +and let me label these as + + + align:start position:0% +and let me label these as +kinematic because these the things that + + align:start position:0% +kinematic because these the things that + + + align:start position:0% +kinematic because these the things that +setting the scale for Ms and muj say in + + align:start position:0% +setting the scale for Ms and muj say in + + + align:start position:0% +setting the scale for Ms and muj say in +in this picture where Ms is this and I + + align:start position:0% +in this picture where Ms is this and I + + + align:start position:0% +in this picture where Ms is this and I +always distinguish Lambda qcd as a + + align:start position:0% +always distinguish Lambda qcd as a + + + align:start position:0% +always distinguish Lambda qcd as a +separate + + align:start position:0% +separate + + + align:start position:0% +separate +thing these scales are just perturbative + + align:start position:0% +thing these scales are just perturbative + + + align:start position:0% +thing these scales are just perturbative +scales and they just correspond to if + + align:start position:0% +scales and they just correspond to if + + + align:start position:0% +scales and they just correspond to if +you think about having some function + + align:start position:0% +you think about having some function + + + align:start position:0% +you think about having some function +that you're making an expansion of + + align:start position:0% +that you're making an expansion of + + + align:start position:0% +that you're making an expansion of +it so they come about from expansion of + + align:start position:0% +it so they come about from expansion of + + + align:start position:0% +it so they come about from expansion of +kinematic variables + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +basically so it's the m^2 much less than + + align:start position:0% +basically so it's the m^2 much less than + + + align:start position:0% +basically so it's the m^2 much less than +q^2 what I + + align:start position:0% +q^2 what I + + + align:start position:0% +q^2 what I +mean there's nothing non-perturbative + + align:start position:0% +mean there's nothing non-perturbative + + + align:start position:0% +mean there's nothing non-perturbative +about that + + align:start position:0% +about that + + + align:start position:0% +about that +and then you could have power + + align:start position:0% +and then you could have power + + + align:start position:0% +and then you could have power +Corrections that are Lambda qcd over + + align:start position:0% +Corrections that are Lambda qcd over + + + align:start position:0% +Corrections that are Lambda qcd over +mu which if you like are really hard + + align:start position:0% +mu which if you like are really hard + + + align:start position:0% +mu which if you like are really hard +power Corrections they're kind of the + + align:start position:0% +power Corrections they're kind of the + + + align:start position:0% +power Corrections they're kind of the +traditional power Corrections which are + + align:start position:0% +traditional power Corrections which are + + + align:start position:0% +traditional power Corrections which are +Lambda qcd over the hard + + align:start position:0% +Lambda qcd over the hard + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda qcd over the hard +scale and uh the exercise that I gave in + + align:start position:0% +scale and uh the exercise that I gave in + + + align:start position:0% +scale and uh the exercise that I gave in +the homework in some sense is going + + align:start position:0% +the homework in some sense is going + + + align:start position:0% +the homework in some sense is going +towards figuring out what this sort of + + align:start position:0% +towards figuring out what this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +towards figuring out what this sort of +soft + + align:start position:0% +soft + + + align:start position:0% +soft +function uh Matrix elements would be + + align:start position:0% +function uh Matrix elements would be + + + align:start position:0% +function uh Matrix elements would be +part of part of the problem there's + + align:start position:0% +part of part of the problem there's + + + align:start position:0% +part of part of the problem there's +other parts to it but would be going + + align:start position:0% +other parts to it but would be going + + + align:start position:0% +other parts to it but would be going +towards figuring out what these guys + + align:start position:0% +towards figuring out what these guys + + + align:start position:0% +towards figuring out what these guys +actually are and defining them which is + + align:start position:0% +actually are and defining them which is + + + align:start position:0% +actually are and defining them which is +not known in the + + align:start position:0% +not known in the + + + align:start position:0% +not known in the +literature and then finally you could + + align:start position:0% +literature and then finally you could + + + align:start position:0% +literature and then finally you could +have Lambda + + align:start position:0% +have Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +have Lambda +qcd over + + align:start position:0% +qcd over + + + align:start position:0% +qcd over +muj which of course you could write you + + align:start position:0% +muj which of course you could write you + + + align:start position:0% +muj which of course you could write you +have to be a little bit careful because + + align:start position:0% +have to be a little bit careful because + + + align:start position:0% +have to be a little bit careful because +some one way that this could happen is + + align:start position:0% +some one way that this could happen is + + + align:start position:0% +some one way that this could happen is +that you just have one of these + + align:start position:0% +that you just have one of these + + + align:start position:0% +that you just have one of these +guys times one of those + + align:start position:0% +guys times one of those + + + align:start position:0% +guys times one of those +guys okay so they're not NE it's not + + align:start position:0% +guys okay so they're not NE it's not + + + align:start position:0% +guys okay so they're not NE it's not +necessarily an independent category but + + align:start position:0% +necessarily an independent category but + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily an independent category but +you could still think of about these + + align:start position:0% +you could still think of about these + + + align:start position:0% +you could still think of about these +types of power Corrections is kind of is + + align:start position:0% +types of power Corrections is kind of is + + + align:start position:0% +types of power Corrections is kind of is +kind of something that might show up + + align:start position:0% +kind of something that might show up + + + align:start position:0% +kind of something that might show up +either this way or so maybe some maybe + + align:start position:0% +either this way or so maybe some maybe + + + align:start position:0% +either this way or so maybe some maybe +directly and uh anyway that's another + + align:start position:0% +directly and uh anyway that's another + + + align:start position:0% +directly and uh anyway that's another +category it turns out that kind of you + + align:start position:0% +category it turns out that kind of you + + + align:start position:0% +category it turns out that kind of you +can get you can get it this way which is + + align:start position:0% +can get you can get it this way which is + + + align:start position:0% +can get you can get it this way which is +you know something that one can deal + + align:start position:0% +you know something that one can deal + + + align:start position:0% +you know something that one can deal +with and if you if it happens directly + + align:start position:0% +with and if you if it happens directly + + + align:start position:0% +with and if you if it happens directly +then it actually is down by two two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Powers so these guys are kind of less + + align:start position:0% +Powers so these guys are kind of less + + + align:start position:0% +Powers so these guys are kind of less +important + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so people deal with these guys in + + align:start position:0% +okay so people deal with these guys in + + + align:start position:0% +okay so people deal with these guys in +the literature these guys haven't really + + align:start position:0% +the literature these guys haven't really + + + align:start position:0% +the literature these guys haven't really +been fully treated yet uh not very much + + align:start position:0% +been fully treated yet uh not very much + + + align:start position:0% +been fully treated yet uh not very much +is known about them and this is fully + + align:start position:0% +is known about them and this is fully + + + align:start position:0% +is known about them and this is fully +treated in the literature these ones + + align:start position:0% +treated in the literature these ones + + + align:start position:0% +treated in the literature these ones +that I said are the most important + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ones okay so even we can already even + + align:start position:0% +ones okay so even we can already even + + + align:start position:0% +ones okay so even we can already even +outline kind of what people are + + align:start position:0% +outline kind of what people are + + + align:start position:0% +outline kind of what people are +doing because we just think about higher + + align:start position:0% +doing because we just think about higher + + + align:start position:0% +doing because we just think about higher +order terms in the expansion and this is + + align:start position:0% +order terms in the expansion and this is + + + align:start position:0% +order terms in the expansion and this is +an example unlike beta C decays where we + + align:start position:0% +an example unlike beta C decays where we + + + align:start position:0% +an example unlike beta C decays where we +had sort of people going to four orders + + align:start position:0% +had sort of people going to four orders + + + align:start position:0% +had sort of people going to four orders +down in the expansion here even the + + align:start position:0% +down in the expansion here even the + + + align:start position:0% +down in the expansion here even the +first non-trivial order down isn't + + align:start position:0% +first non-trivial order down isn't + + + align:start position:0% +first non-trivial order down isn't +really been done hasn't been done at + + align:start position:0% +really been done hasn't been done at + + + align:start position:0% +really been done hasn't been done at +all in in the second there's various + + align:start position:0% +all in in the second there's various + + + align:start position:0% +all in in the second there's various +expansions so it's more complicated and + + align:start position:0% +expansions so it's more complicated and + + + align:start position:0% +expansions so it's more complicated and +some of them have been treated but this + + align:start position:0% +some of them have been treated but this + + + align:start position:0% +some of them have been treated but this +one hasn't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and I should say that the way that this + + align:start position:0% +and I should say that the way that this + + + align:start position:0% +and I should say that the way that this +one is treated is really just + + align:start position:0% +one is treated is really just + + + align:start position:0% +one is treated is really just +perturbatively so it's not this one in + + align:start position:0% +perturbatively so it's not this one in + + + align:start position:0% +perturbatively so it's not this one in +some sense is also not treated + + align:start position:0% +some sense is also not treated + + + align:start position:0% +some sense is also not treated +fully in the language of the effective + + align:start position:0% +fully in the language of the effective + + + align:start position:0% +fully in the language of the effective +Theory it's just put in by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hand so in some sense the only one + + align:start position:0% +hand so in some sense the only one + + + align:start position:0% +hand so in some sense the only one +that's treated properly is the top one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay but we're going to work mostly to + + align:start position:0% +okay but we're going to work mostly to + + + align:start position:0% +okay but we're going to work mostly to +Leading order and we're going to say + + align:start position:0% +Leading order and we're going to say + + + align:start position:0% +Leading order and we're going to say +call these guys power Corrections + + align:start position:0% +call these guys power Corrections + + + align:start position:0% +call these guys power Corrections +and work with this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stuff okay so start with the full Theory + + align:start position:0% +stuff okay so start with the full Theory + + + align:start position:0% +stuff okay so start with the full Theory +current I'm not going to distinguish too + + align:start position:0% +current I'm not going to distinguish too + + + align:start position:0% +current I'm not going to distinguish too +much between pieces that come from like + + align:start position:0% +much between pieces that come from like + + + align:start position:0% +much between pieces that come from like +charges like the electro we charge and + + align:start position:0% +charges like the electro we charge and + + + align:start position:0% +charges like the electro we charge and +stuff like that that's not going to be + + align:start position:0% +stuff like that that's not going to be + + + align:start position:0% +stuff like that that's not going to be +our our main Focus here we can keep + + align:start position:0% +our our main Focus here we can keep + + + align:start position:0% +our our main Focus here we can keep +track of all + + align:start position:0% +track of all + + + align:start position:0% +track of all +that our main focus is going to be + + align:start position:0% +that our main focus is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +that our main focus is going to be +understanding the qcd effects for the + + align:start position:0% +understanding the qcd effects for the + + + align:start position:0% +understanding the qcd effects for the +Jets so we've already done this the + + align:start position:0% +Jets so we've already done this the + + + align:start position:0% +Jets so we've already done this the +current that has a sar s gets matched + + align:start position:0% +current that has a sar s gets matched + + + align:start position:0% +current that has a sar s gets matched +inct onto something with two Wilson + + align:start position:0% +inct onto something with two Wilson + + + align:start position:0% +inct onto something with two Wilson +lines there's a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +label there's another label and we can + + align:start position:0% +label there's another label and we can + + + align:start position:0% +label there's another label and we can +also make a field redefinition + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and let me not put zeros on the field + + align:start position:0% +and let me not put zeros on the field + + + align:start position:0% +and let me not put zeros on the field +after the field + + align:start position:0% +after the field + + + align:start position:0% +after the field +redefinition makes it notationally + + align:start position:0% +redefinition makes it notationally + + + align:start position:0% +redefinition makes it notationally +cumbersome so this goes + + align:start position:0% +cumbersome so this goes + + + align:start position:0% +cumbersome so this goes +to to this after making that field + + align:start position:0% +to to this after making that field + + + align:start position:0% +to to this after making that field +redefinition okay so this is something + + align:start position:0% +redefinition okay so this is something + + + align:start position:0% +redefinition okay so this is something +we talked about earlier + + align:start position:0% +we talked about earlier + + + align:start position:0% +we talked about earlier +and the Wilson lines here are capturing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +diagrams as I said + + align:start position:0% +diagrams as I said + + + align:start position:0% +diagrams as I said +earlier or you could have say two n cers + + align:start position:0% +earlier or you could have say two n cers + + + align:start position:0% +earlier or you could have say two n cers +one in bar and then this guy is off + + align:start position:0% +one in bar and then this guy is off + + + align:start position:0% +one in bar and then this guy is off +shell so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that goes into a Wilson line once you + + align:start position:0% +that goes into a Wilson line once you + + + align:start position:0% +that goes into a Wilson line once you +match it onto the so if this is the full + + align:start position:0% +match it onto the so if this is the full + + + align:start position:0% +match it onto the so if this is the full +Theory once you match it onto the + + align:start position:0% +Theory once you match it onto the + + + align:start position:0% +Theory once you match it onto the +effective Theory you get various extra + + align:start position:0% +effective Theory you get various extra + + + align:start position:0% +effective Theory you get various extra +gluons coming out of your operator which + + align:start position:0% +gluons coming out of your operator which + + + align:start position:0% +gluons coming out of your operator which +is coming from these Wilson lines and + + align:start position:0% +is coming from these Wilson lines and + + + align:start position:0% +is coming from these Wilson lines and +it's because you're integrating out + + align:start position:0% +it's because you're integrating out + + + align:start position:0% +it's because you're integrating out +optional + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +particles so if you just look at the + + align:start position:0% +particles so if you just look at the + + + align:start position:0% +particles so if you just look at the +kinematics then there's already actually + + align:start position:0% +kinematics then there's already actually + + + align:start position:0% +kinematics then there's already actually +some fairly powerful + + align:start position:0% +some fairly powerful + + + align:start position:0% +some fairly powerful +restrictions we're in the center of Mass + + align:start position:0% +restrictions we're in the center of Mass + + + align:start position:0% +restrictions we're in the center of Mass +frame momentum conservation says + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that if we think about all particles in + + align:start position:0% +that if we think about all particles in + + + align:start position:0% +that if we think about all particles in +the final state is either being n clinar + + align:start position:0% +the final state is either being n clinar + + + align:start position:0% +the final state is either being n clinar +n bar cinear or Ultra + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Soft then the initial momentum of the + + align:start position:0% +Soft then the initial momentum of the + + + align:start position:0% +Soft then the initial momentum of the +virtual Photon or virtual Z has to add + + align:start position:0% +virtual Photon or virtual Z has to add + + + align:start position:0% +virtual Photon or virtual Z has to add +up to all the final State momenta and if + + align:start position:0% +up to all the final State momenta and if + + + align:start position:0% +up to all the final State momenta and if +we just look at the large part of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that in the center of Mass frame NB bar. + + align:start position:0% +that in the center of Mass frame NB bar. + + + align:start position:0% +that in the center of Mass frame NB bar. +Q is is just capital + + align:start position:0% +Q is is just capital + + + align:start position:0% +Q is is just capital +Q and that's n. pxn plus things that are + + align:start position:0% +Q and that's n. pxn plus things that are + + + align:start position:0% +Q and that's n. pxn plus things that are +small and likewise n.q is capital + + align:start position:0% +small and likewise n.q is capital + + + align:start position:0% +small and likewise n.q is capital +Q is n. pxn bar which is large order one + + align:start position:0% +Q is n. pxn bar which is large order one + + + align:start position:0% +Q is n. pxn bar which is large order one +plus small so these guys here + + align:start position:0% +plus small so these guys here + + + align:start position:0% +plus small so these guys here +are lowest low leading order in the + + align:start position:0% +are lowest low leading order in the + + + align:start position:0% +are lowest low leading order in the +power counting and these guys are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +suppressed and what that happens is like + + align:start position:0% +suppressed and what that happens is like + + + align:start position:0% +suppressed and what that happens is like +in the example we talked about in when + + align:start position:0% +in the example we talked about in when + + + align:start position:0% +in the example we talked about in when +we were doing BS gamma we have these + + align:start position:0% +we were doing BS gamma we have these + + + align:start position:0% +we were doing BS gamma we have these +labels Omega and Omega bar on our + + align:start position:0% +labels Omega and Omega bar on our + + + align:start position:0% +labels Omega and Omega bar on our +colinear Fields up there they just get + + align:start position:0% +colinear Fields up there they just get + + + align:start position:0% +colinear Fields up there they just get +fixed to the cues by momentum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +conservation so I said this was + + align:start position:0% +conservation so I said this was + + + align:start position:0% +conservation so I said this was +generically going to happen whenever we + + align:start position:0% +generically going to happen whenever we + + + align:start position:0% +generically going to happen whenever we +had operators that had only only one + + align:start position:0% +had operators that had only only one + + + align:start position:0% +had operators that had only only one +type of uh building block in each + + align:start position:0% +type of uh building block in each + + + align:start position:0% +type of uh building block in each +colinear sector and that's exactly the + + align:start position:0% +colinear sector and that's exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +colinear sector and that's exactly the +situation we have so momentum + + align:start position:0% +situation we have so momentum + + + align:start position:0% +situation we have so momentum +conservation is strong enough to + + align:start position:0% +conservation is strong enough to + + + align:start position:0% +conservation is strong enough to +fix that Omega is equal to q and so is + + align:start position:0% +fix that Omega is equal to q and so is + + + align:start position:0% +fix that Omega is equal to q and so is +Omega + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bar so the first thing I want to do is + + align:start position:0% +bar so the first thing I want to do is + + + align:start position:0% +bar so the first thing I want to do is +show you how to factorize the + + align:start position:0% +show you how to factorize the + + + align:start position:0% +show you how to factorize the +cross-section in this case so what would + + align:start position:0% +cross-section in this case so what would + + + align:start position:0% +cross-section in this case so what would +you do in qcd for this + + align:start position:0% +you do in qcd for this + + + align:start position:0% +you do in qcd for this +cross-section well you'd say the + + align:start position:0% +cross-section well you'd say the + + + align:start position:0% +cross-section well you'd say the +cross-section is a sum over some + + align:start position:0% +cross-section is a sum over some + + + align:start position:0% +cross-section is a sum over some +restricted set of final states which + + align:start position:0% +restricted set of final states which + + + align:start position:0% +restricted set of final states which +satisfy the kinematic criteria that I'm + + align:start position:0% +satisfy the kinematic criteria that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +satisfy the kinematic criteria that I'm +interested + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in you'd have a momentum conserving + + align:start position:0% +in you'd have a momentum conserving + + + align:start position:0% +in you'd have a momentum conserving +Delta function and you could write it as + + align:start position:0% +Delta function and you could write it as + + + align:start position:0% +Delta function and you could write it as +a as a sort of leptonic or yeah leptonic + + align:start position:0% +a as a sort of leptonic or yeah leptonic + + + align:start position:0% +a as a sort of leptonic or yeah leptonic +tensor and then kind of a hydronic + + align:start position:0% +tensor and then kind of a hydronic + + + align:start position:0% +tensor and then kind of a hydronic +tensor the same way we do do for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dier so you would start could start with + + align:start position:0% +dier so you would start could start with + + + align:start position:0% +dier so you would start could start with +that formula which is really you know + + align:start position:0% +that formula which is really you know + + + align:start position:0% +that formula which is really you know +true for anything that you might want to + + align:start position:0% +true for anything that you might want to + + + align:start position:0% +true for anything that you might want to +measure which is just imposed by kind of + + align:start position:0% +measure which is just imposed by kind of + + + align:start position:0% +measure which is just imposed by kind of +what you what states you include + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here and I haven't yet specified exactly + + align:start position:0% +here and I haven't yet specified exactly + + + align:start position:0% +here and I haven't yet specified exactly +what I'm going to measure we'll have to + + align:start position:0% +what I'm going to measure we'll have to + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm going to measure we'll have to +we'll still have to put that + + align:start position:0% +we'll still have to put that + + + align:start position:0% +we'll still have to put that +in so part of what SAT does is make + + align:start position:0% +in so part of what SAT does is make + + + align:start position:0% +in so part of what SAT does is make +these restrictions into something that + + align:start position:0% +these restrictions into something that + + + align:start position:0% +these restrictions into something that +shows up in the operators rather than + + align:start position:0% +shows up in the operators rather than + + + align:start position:0% +shows up in the operators rather than +showing up in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +states and ideally we'd like to sort of + + align:start position:0% +states and ideally we'd like to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +states and ideally we'd like to sort of +get rid of the states + + align:start position:0% +get rid of the states + + + align:start position:0% +get rid of the states +eventually and be able to calculate see + + align:start position:0% +eventually and be able to calculate see + + + align:start position:0% +eventually and be able to calculate see +how to calculate things + + align:start position:0% +how to calculate things + + + align:start position:0% +how to calculate things +so in SE once we said know that we're in + + align:start position:0% +so in SE once we said know that we're in + + + align:start position:0% +so in SE once we said know that we're in +a dig configuration we can think of the + + align:start position:0% +a dig configuration we can think of the + + + align:start position:0% +a dig configuration we can think of the +state as having been composed + + align:start position:0% +state as having been composed + + + align:start position:0% +state as having been composed +of sort of pieces for the different + + align:start position:0% +of sort of pieces for the different + + + align:start position:0% +of sort of pieces for the different +sectors and we know that this is an okay + + align:start position:0% +sectors and we know that this is an okay + + + align:start position:0% +sectors and we know that this is an okay +picture because our lran for these guys + + align:start position:0% +picture because our lran for these guys + + + align:start position:0% +picture because our lran for these guys +factored and when the lran factors that + + align:start position:0% +factored and when the lran factors that + + + align:start position:0% +factored and when the lran factors that +means the hamiltonian factors and the + + align:start position:0% +means the hamiltonian factors and the + + + align:start position:0% +means the hamiltonian factors and the +Hilbert space factors + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +after the field + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +redefinition okay so we can put in our + + align:start position:0% +redefinition okay so we can put in our + + + align:start position:0% +redefinition okay so we can put in our +expansion of the current at the top of + + align:start position:0% +expansion of the current at the top of + + + align:start position:0% +expansion of the current at the top of +the board over there and then put it + + align:start position:0% +the board over there and then put it + + + align:start position:0% +the board over there and then put it +into this formula and see what we + + align:start position:0% +into this formula and see what we + + + align:start position:0% +into this formula and see what we +get and there's some + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +prefactors I'm now summing + + align:start position:0% +prefactors I'm now summing + + + align:start position:0% +prefactors I'm now summing +over just these states there's still + + align:start position:0% +over just these states there's still + + + align:start position:0% +over just these states there's still +some restrictions depending on what I'm + + align:start position:0% +some restrictions depending on what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +some restrictions depending on what I'm +measuring but they're different + + align:start position:0% +measuring but they're different + + + align:start position:0% +measuring but they're different +restrictions and they're + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +simpler there's still momentum + + align:start position:0% +simpler there's still momentum + + + align:start position:0% +simpler there's still momentum +conserving Delta function but I can + + align:start position:0% +conserving Delta function but I can + + + align:start position:0% +conserving Delta function but I can +write it out as pxn pxn bar PX + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ultrasoft and because the states factor + + align:start position:0% +ultrasoft and because the states factor + + + align:start position:0% +ultrasoft and because the states factor +I can Factor also with a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +I can Factor also with a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +I can Factor also with a little bit of +work The Operators so I can write the + + align:start position:0% +work The Operators so I can write the + + + align:start position:0% +work The Operators so I can write the +operators + + align:start position:0% +operators + + + align:start position:0% +operators +I'll just write it down I think + + align:start position:0% +I'll just write it down I think + + + align:start position:0% +I'll just write it down I think +it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +clear and I'll tell you some of the + + align:start position:0% +clear and I'll tell you some of the + + + align:start position:0% +clear and I'll tell you some of the +things you have to do to get there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I am skipping some steps here + + align:start position:0% +so I am skipping some steps here + + + align:start position:0% +so I am skipping some steps here +because if we do it we can do it very + + align:start position:0% +because if we do it we can do it very + + + align:start position:0% +because if we do it we can do it very +carefully and we can write out each step + + align:start position:0% +carefully and we can write out each step + + + align:start position:0% +carefully and we can write out each step +one at a time but there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +one at a time but there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +one at a time but there's a lot of +writing if one does that so I'm kind of + + align:start position:0% +writing if one does that so I'm kind of + + + align:start position:0% +writing if one does that so I'm kind of +trying to write steps where I think it's + + align:start position:0% +trying to write steps where I think it's + + + align:start position:0% +trying to write steps where I think it's +intuitive what the results + + align:start position:0% +intuitive what the results + + + align:start position:0% +intuitive what the results +are and Skip steps + + align:start position:0% +are and Skip steps + + + align:start position:0% +are and Skip steps +that at some level can be filled + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in either by looking at the literature + + align:start position:0% +in either by looking at the literature + + + align:start position:0% +in either by looking at the literature +or you just believe me + + align:start position:0% +or you just believe me + + + align:start position:0% +or you just believe me +so we had these operators that were + + align:start position:0% +so we had these operators that were + + + align:start position:0% +so we had these operators that were +still tied together in some sense + + align:start position:0% +still tied together in some sense + + + align:start position:0% +still tied together in some sense +because there was a color contraction of + + align:start position:0% +because there was a color contraction of + + + align:start position:0% +because there was a color contraction of +an index between them but we can get + + align:start position:0% +an index between them but we can get + + + align:start position:0% +an index between them but we can get +around that basically using some once we + + align:start position:0% +around that basically using some once we + + + align:start position:0% +around that basically using some once we +realize that the Matrix elements Factor + + align:start position:0% +realize that the Matrix elements Factor + + + align:start position:0% +realize that the Matrix elements Factor +like this we can use some color + + align:start position:0% +like this we can use some color + + + align:start position:0% +like this we can use some color +identities and put it in this form so + + align:start position:0% +identities and put it in this form so + + + align:start position:0% +identities and put it in this form so +there's some overall + + align:start position:0% +there's some overall + + + align:start position:0% +there's some overall +prefactor so one over NC I didn't write + + align:start position:0% +prefactor so one over NC I didn't write + + + align:start position:0% +prefactor so one over NC I didn't write +there's some overall prefactors but the + + align:start position:0% +there's some overall prefactors but the + + + align:start position:0% +there's some overall prefactors but the +color is separate this there's a if you + + align:start position:0% +color is separate this there's a if you + + + align:start position:0% +color is separate this there's a if you +like over color here and these guys here + + align:start position:0% +like over color here and these guys here + + + align:start position:0% +like over color here and these guys here +are traced into color singlets as + + align:start position:0% +are traced into color singlets as + + + align:start position:0% +are traced into color singlets as +well right Trace in each case so just + + align:start position:0% +well right Trace in each case so just + + + align:start position:0% +well right Trace in each case so just +using some color identities we can do + + align:start position:0% +using some color identities we can do + + + align:start position:0% +using some color identities we can do +that so once the remember the fact that + + align:start position:0% +that so once the remember the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +that so once the remember the fact that +the states factor and that the operators + + align:start position:0% +the states factor and that the operators + + + align:start position:0% +the states factor and that the operators +can be written in a product means that + + align:start position:0% +can be written in a product means that + + + align:start position:0% +can be written in a product means that +all contractions are happening between + + align:start position:0% +all contractions are happening between + + + align:start position:0% +all contractions are happening between +these guys and these guys that's why I + + align:start position:0% +these guys and these guys that's why I + + + align:start position:0% +these guys and these guys that's why I +can separate the Matrix elements in the + + align:start position:0% +can separate the Matrix elements in the + + + align:start position:0% +can separate the Matrix elements in the +way how and the only thing is then that + + align:start position:0% +way how and the only thing is then that + + + align:start position:0% +way how and the only thing is then that +there could be color indes tying these + + align:start position:0% +there could be color indes tying these + + + align:start position:0% +there could be color indes tying these +guys together but turns out you could + + align:start position:0% +guys together but turns out you could + + + align:start position:0% +guys together but turns out you could +deal with that as well + + align:start position:0% +deal with that as well + + + align:start position:0% +deal with that as well +when you deal with the color FS you + + align:start position:0% +when you deal with the color FS you + + + align:start position:0% +when you deal with the color FS you +could get things like you could get a a + + align:start position:0% +could get things like you could get a a + + + align:start position:0% +could get things like you could get a a +TA in here or something well you could + + align:start position:0% +TA in here or something well you could + + + align:start position:0% +TA in here or something well you could +get for example ta ta or something but + + align:start position:0% +get for example ta ta or something but + + + align:start position:0% +get for example ta ta or something but +then there's some ways of getting rid of + + align:start position:0% +then there's some ways of getting rid of + + + align:start position:0% +then there's some ways of getting rid of +those terms related to the fact that + + align:start position:0% +those terms related to the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +those terms related to the fact that +this has to + + align:start position:0% +this has to + + + align:start position:0% +this has to +be well you have to argue that certain + + align:start position:0% +be well you have to argue that certain + + + align:start position:0% +be well you have to argue that certain +things are color singlets I'm not going + + align:start position:0% +things are color singlets I'm not going + + + align:start position:0% +things are color singlets I'm not going +to go through that so there's terms that + + align:start position:0% +to go through that so there's terms that + + + align:start position:0% +to go through that so there's terms that +we're dropping here and those are the + + align:start position:0% +we're dropping here and those are the + + + align:start position:0% +we're dropping here and those are the +other other high + + align:start position:0% +other other high + + + align:start position:0% +other other high +order those are the other power + + align:start position:0% +order those are the other power + + + align:start position:0% +order those are the other power +Corrections + + align:start position:0% +Corrections + + + align:start position:0% +Corrections +so this keeps all the power Corrections + + align:start position:0% +so this keeps all the power Corrections + + + align:start position:0% +so this keeps all the power Corrections +of the first type Ms Lambda qcd over Ms + + align:start position:0% +of the first type Ms Lambda qcd over Ms + + + align:start position:0% +of the first type Ms Lambda qcd over Ms +because those can still be encoded in + + align:start position:0% +because those can still be encoded in + + + align:start position:0% +because those can still be encoded in +our soft function which is going to be + + align:start position:0% +our soft function which is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +our soft function which is going to be +this thing involving the soft + + align:start position:0% +this thing involving the soft + + + align:start position:0% +this thing involving the soft +States uh but it drops the other other + + align:start position:0% +States uh but it drops the other other + + + align:start position:0% +States uh but it drops the other other +power Corrections how do you know that + + align:start position:0% +power Corrections how do you know that + + + align:start position:0% +power Corrections how do you know that +you by looking at + + align:start position:0% +you by looking at + + + align:start position:0% +you by looking at +diagam um no I + + align:start position:0% +diagam um no I + + + align:start position:0% +diagam um no I +didn't I I can derive the I did I don't + + align:start position:0% +didn't I I can derive the I did I don't + + + align:start position:0% +didn't I I can derive the I did I don't +need to look at perative diagrams to + + align:start position:0% +need to look at perative diagrams to + + + align:start position:0% +need to look at perative diagrams to +derive the Wilson + + align:start position:0% +derive the Wilson + + + align:start position:0% +derive the Wilson +I just derive them from the LR by making + + align:start position:0% +I just derive them from the LR by making + + + align:start position:0% +I just derive them from the LR by making +the field red + + align:start position:0% +the field red + + + align:start position:0% +the field red +definition so you're saying that because + + align:start position:0% +definition so you're saying that because + + + align:start position:0% +definition so you're saying that because +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +decoupled that's good for all all soft + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +particles so so far we actually haven't + + align:start position:0% +particles so so far we actually haven't + + + align:start position:0% +particles so so far we actually haven't +used needed to use peration Theory and + + align:start position:0% +used needed to use peration Theory and + + + align:start position:0% +used needed to use peration Theory and +the idea here is that we're not going to + + align:start position:0% +the idea here is that we're not going to + + + align:start position:0% +the idea here is that we're not going to +use peration Theory we're going to write + + align:start position:0% +use peration Theory we're going to write + + + align:start position:0% +use peration Theory we're going to write +down some formula that's true to all + + align:start position:0% +down some formula that's true to all + + + align:start position:0% +down some formula that's true to all +order peration Theory and we're really + + align:start position:0% +order peration Theory and we're really + + + align:start position:0% +order peration Theory and we're really +only tra trading the power expansion + + align:start position:0% +only tra trading the power expansion + + + align:start position:0% +only tra trading the power expansion +that's what we're focusing on here + + align:start position:0% +that's what we're focusing on here + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we're focusing on here +without thinking about things as + + align:start position:0% +without thinking about things as + + + align:start position:0% +without thinking about things as +perturbative things although obviously + + align:start position:0% +perturbative things although obviously + + + align:start position:0% +perturbative things although obviously +some of these functions will be + + align:start position:0% +some of these functions will be + + + align:start position:0% +some of these functions will be +perturbative functions that we will end + + align:start position:0% +perturbative functions that we will end + + + align:start position:0% +perturbative functions that we will end +up wanting to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +compute okay so let's think about what + + align:start position:0% +compute okay so let's think about what + + + align:start position:0% +compute okay so let's think about what +res Prime + + align:start position:0% +res Prime + + + align:start position:0% +res Prime +means and it's really a + + align:start position:0% +means and it's really a + + + align:start position:0% +means and it's really a +reminder that this formula is only + + align:start position:0% +reminder that this formula is only + + + align:start position:0% +reminder that this formula is only +really Val valid if we're making a + + align:start position:0% +really Val valid if we're making a + + + align:start position:0% +really Val valid if we're making a +measurement + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +on the final state that really puts us + + align:start position:0% +on the final state that really puts us + + + align:start position:0% +on the final state that really puts us +in this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +configuration so it's not enough to say + + align:start position:0% +configuration so it's not enough to say + + + align:start position:0% +configuration so it's not enough to say +we are in this situation you really have + + align:start position:0% +we are in this situation you really have + + + align:start position:0% +we are in this situation you really have +to measure something that makes you in + + align:start position:0% +to measure something that makes you in + + + align:start position:0% +to measure something that makes you in +that diget + + align:start position:0% +that diget + + + align:start position:0% +that diget +configuration and that's important to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +remember and so we're going to measure + + align:start position:0% +remember and so we're going to measure + + + align:start position:0% +remember and so we're going to measure +the hemisphere and variant masses so we + + align:start position:0% +the hemisphere and variant masses so we + + + align:start position:0% +the hemisphere and variant masses so we +need to cook that into our formula and + + align:start position:0% +need to cook that into our formula and + + + align:start position:0% +need to cook that into our formula and +there's a very easy way of doing that we + + align:start position:0% +there's a very easy way of doing that we + + + align:start position:0% +there's a very easy way of doing that we +say that the following is true I can + + align:start position:0% +say that the following is true I can + + + align:start position:0% +say that the following is true I can +write one which is is equal to an + + align:start position:0% +write one which is is equal to an + + + align:start position:0% +write one which is is equal to an +integral of two Delta + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +functions so this formula is obviously + + align:start position:0% +functions so this formula is obviously + + + align:start position:0% +functions so this formula is obviously +true + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then what I'm going to do is I'm + + align:start position:0% +and then what I'm going to do is I'm + + + align:start position:0% +and then what I'm going to do is I'm +going to instead of integrating this I'm + + align:start position:0% +going to instead of integrating this I'm + + + align:start position:0% +going to instead of integrating this I'm +going to move it as a d Sigma D these + + align:start position:0% +going to move it as a d Sigma D these + + + align:start position:0% +going to move it as a d Sigma D these +things and that's going to leave these + + align:start position:0% +things and that's going to leave these + + + align:start position:0% +things and that's going to leave these +Delta functions inside the formula here + + align:start position:0% +Delta functions inside the formula here + + + align:start position:0% +Delta functions inside the formula here +but since they depend on cinear and soft + + align:start position:0% +but since they depend on cinear and soft + + + align:start position:0% +but since they depend on cinear and soft +momenta which are the moment of that are + + align:start position:0% +momenta which are the moment of that are + + + align:start position:0% +momenta which are the moment of that are +in these States they're going to be sort + + align:start position:0% +in these States they're going to be sort + + + align:start position:0% +in these States they're going to be sort +of tightly connected to the whole thing + + align:start position:0% +of tightly connected to the whole thing + + + align:start position:0% +of tightly connected to the whole thing +whatever is going on in this this + + align:start position:0% +whatever is going on in this this + + + align:start position:0% +whatever is going on in this this +formula it's not like they commute with + + align:start position:0% +formula it's not like they commute with + + + align:start position:0% +formula it's not like they commute with +this xn they only commute with the xn if + + align:start position:0% +this xn they only commute with the xn if + + + align:start position:0% +this xn they only commute with the xn if +I can make them into the identity by + + align:start position:0% +I can make them into the identity by + + + align:start position:0% +I can make them into the identity by +integrating over this but once I pull + + align:start position:0% +integrating over this but once I pull + + + align:start position:0% +integrating over this but once I pull +this through and put it over on the + + align:start position:0% +this through and put it over on the + + + align:start position:0% +this through and put it over on the +right hand side left hand side then you + + align:start position:0% +right hand side left hand side then you + + + align:start position:0% +right hand side left hand side then you +have to leave these Delta functions + + align:start position:0% +have to leave these Delta functions + + + align:start position:0% +have to leave these Delta functions +there and they're specifying the + + align:start position:0% +there and they're specifying the + + + align:start position:0% +there and they're specifying the +measurement + + align:start position:0% +measurement + + + align:start position:0% +measurement +okay so this is like a + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is like a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is like a +total total n colinear + + align:start position:0% +total total n colinear + + + align:start position:0% +total total n colinear +momentum and this is like the + + align:start position:0% +momentum and this is like the + + + align:start position:0% +momentum and this is like the +total Ultra + + align:start position:0% +total Ultra + + + align:start position:0% +total Ultra +Soft in hemisphere a that's what the a + + align:start position:0% +Soft in hemisphere a that's what the a + + + align:start position:0% +Soft in hemisphere a that's what the a +means so I divided everything into + + align:start position:0% +means so I divided everything into + + + align:start position:0% +means so I divided everything into +hemisphere A and B obviously all the + + align:start position:0% +hemisphere A and B obviously all the + + + align:start position:0% +hemisphere A and B obviously all the +inclinar particles which are going in + + align:start position:0% +inclinar particles which are going in + + + align:start position:0% +inclinar particles which are going in +that direction are in that hemisphere + + align:start position:0% +that direction are in that hemisphere + + + align:start position:0% +that direction are in that hemisphere +but the soft ones could go in either + + align:start position:0% +but the soft ones could go in either + + + align:start position:0% +but the soft ones could go in either +case and so then there's this soft + + align:start position:0% +case and so then there's this soft + + + align:start position:0% +case and so then there's this soft +momentum in hemisphere B and soft + + align:start position:0% +momentum in hemisphere B and soft + + + align:start position:0% +momentum in hemisphere B and soft +momentum in hemisphere + + align:start position:0% +momentum in hemisphere + + + align:start position:0% +momentum in hemisphere +a now this is unexpanded I can also + + align:start position:0% +a now this is unexpanded I can also + + + align:start position:0% +a now this is unexpanded I can also +expand these Delta + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +functions and I only need to keep the + + align:start position:0% +functions and I only need to keep the + + + align:start position:0% +functions and I only need to keep the +leading order piece we're working at + + align:start position:0% +leading order piece we're working at + + + align:start position:0% +leading order piece we're working at +leading order + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so the leading order pieces are as + + align:start position:0% +and so the leading order pieces are as + + + align:start position:0% +and so the leading order pieces are as +follows there's an order Lambda squar + + align:start position:0% +follows there's an order Lambda squar + + + align:start position:0% +follows there's an order Lambda squar +piece this is Lambda squ there's order + + align:start position:0% +piece this is Lambda squ there's order + + + align:start position:0% +piece this is Lambda squ there's order +Lambda squ piece from the cinear + + align:start position:0% +Lambda squ piece from the cinear + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda squ piece from the cinear +momentum squared and since this is a + + align:start position:0% +momentum squared and since this is a + + + align:start position:0% +momentum squared and since this is a +total cinear momentum it can involve + + align:start position:0% +total cinear momentum it can involve + + + align:start position:0% +total cinear momentum it can involve +multiple massless particles it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +multiple massless particles it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +multiple massless particles it doesn't +have to be zero and then there's a cross + + align:start position:0% +have to be zero and then there's a cross + + + align:start position:0% +have to be zero and then there's a cross +term between the softs and the and the + + align:start position:0% +term between the softs and the and the + + + align:start position:0% +term between the softs and the and the +cliners it's also water l Square this is + + align:start position:0% +cliners it's also water l Square this is + + + align:start position:0% +cliners it's also water l Square this is +order + + align:start position:0% +order + + + align:start position:0% +order +one and this is order Lambda squ and + + align:start position:0% +one and this is order Lambda squ and + + + align:start position:0% +one and this is order Lambda squ and +that terms the same size and then all + + align:start position:0% +that terms the same size and then all + + + align:start position:0% +that terms the same size and then all +the other terms are higher + + align:start position:0% +the other terms are higher + + + align:start position:0% +the other terms are higher +order these terms are + + align:start position:0% +order these terms are + + + align:start position:0% +order these terms are +suppressed so this is really all I need + + align:start position:0% +suppressed so this is really all I need + + + align:start position:0% +suppressed so this is really all I need +to keep there's also something else that + + align:start position:0% +to keep there's also something else that + + + align:start position:0% +to keep there's also something else that +that uh that effectively we've done by + + align:start position:0% +that uh that effectively we've done by + + + align:start position:0% +that uh that effectively we've done by +setting things up and that is in general + + align:start position:0% +setting things up and that is in general + + + align:start position:0% +setting things up and that is in general +you could think that the the cinear + + align:start position:0% +you could think that the the cinear + + + align:start position:0% +you could think that the the cinear +particles would have some per momentum + + align:start position:0% +particles would have some per momentum + + + align:start position:0% +particles would have some per momentum +but we aligned our axes with the jet + + align:start position:0% +but we aligned our axes with the jet + + + align:start position:0% +but we aligned our axes with the jet +axis so there's actually no per momentum + + align:start position:0% +axis so there's actually no per momentum + + + align:start position:0% +axis so there's actually no per momentum +there either so that guy is really + + align:start position:0% +there either so that guy is really + + + align:start position:0% +there either so that guy is really +just we can pull out a PN minus and then + + align:start position:0% +just we can pull out a PN minus and then + + + align:start position:0% +just we can pull out a PN minus and then +we have PN + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plus plus KSA + + align:start position:0% +plus plus KSA + + + align:start position:0% +plus plus KSA +plus and we also know that PN + + align:start position:0% +plus and we also know that PN + + + align:start position:0% +plus and we also know that PN +minus is q that was fixed by + + align:start position:0% +minus is q that was fixed by + + + align:start position:0% +minus is q that was fixed by +kinematics okay so this simplifies quite + + align:start position:0% +kinematics okay so this simplifies quite + + + align:start position:0% +kinematics okay so this simplifies quite +a quite a bit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we're going to drop all the power + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to drop all the power + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to drop all the power +suppressed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +terms all right so that uh is one + + align:start position:0% +terms all right so that uh is one + + + align:start position:0% +terms all right so that uh is one +thing so then I can do what I said in + + align:start position:0% +thing so then I can do what I said in + + + align:start position:0% +thing so then I can do what I said in +words write this guy + + align:start position:0% +words write this guy + + + align:start position:0% +words write this guy +and it will have these two + + align:start position:0% +and it will have these two + + + align:start position:0% +and it will have these two +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +Deltas that are + + align:start position:0% +Deltas that are + + + align:start position:0% +Deltas that are +under the sum over X they don't commute + + align:start position:0% +under the sum over X they don't commute + + + align:start position:0% +under the sum over X they don't commute +through with it with that that they + + align:start position:0% +through with it with that that they + + + align:start position:0% +through with it with that that they +depend on + + align:start position:0% +depend on + + + align:start position:0% +depend on +X now another thing we would like to do + + align:start position:0% +X now another thing we would like to do + + + align:start position:0% +X now another thing we would like to do +is to factorize the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +measurement so this measurement here + + align:start position:0% +measurement so this measurement here + + + align:start position:0% +measurement so this measurement here +involves a sum of a plus momentum in + + align:start position:0% +involves a sum of a plus momentum in + + + align:start position:0% +involves a sum of a plus momentum in +cinear and a plus momentum in soft we'd + + align:start position:0% +cinear and a plus momentum in soft we'd + + + align:start position:0% +cinear and a plus momentum in soft we'd +like to it's all in one Delta function + + align:start position:0% +like to it's all in one Delta function + + + align:start position:0% +like to it's all in one Delta function +we'd like to write it as separate Delta + + align:start position:0% +we'd like to write it as separate Delta + + + align:start position:0% +we'd like to write it as separate Delta +functions that we can associate with + + align:start position:0% +functions that we can associate with + + + align:start position:0% +functions that we can associate with +those different parts here one Del we'd + + align:start position:0% +those different parts here one Del we'd + + + align:start position:0% +those different parts here one Del we'd +like to have a separate thing here from + + align:start position:0% +like to have a separate thing here from + + + align:start position:0% +like to have a separate thing here from +these guys and that's actually very easy + + align:start position:0% +these guys and that's actually very easy + + + align:start position:0% +these guys and that's actually very easy +to do we simply + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +write the following + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +just introduce some more Delta + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +functions so there's this tying together + + align:start position:0% +functions so there's this tying together + + + align:start position:0% +functions so there's this tying together +Delta + + align:start position:0% +Delta + + + align:start position:0% +Delta +function k+ is just some dummy + + align:start position:0% +function k+ is just some dummy + + + align:start position:0% +function k+ is just some dummy +variable it's not the momentum of any + + align:start position:0% +variable it's not the momentum of any + + + align:start position:0% +variable it's not the momentum of any +state it's just a dummy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +variable whereas PN plus and KSA plus + + align:start position:0% +variable whereas PN plus and KSA plus + + + align:start position:0% +variable whereas PN plus and KSA plus +were momenta of particles in the state + + align:start position:0% +were momenta of particles in the state + + + align:start position:0% +were momenta of particles in the state +so this guy can then associate with + + align:start position:0% +so this guy can then associate with + + + align:start position:0% +so this guy can then associate with +the put them together with the N + + align:start position:0% +the put them together with the N + + + align:start position:0% +the put them together with the N +colinear Matrix + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +element right which is this guy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here forget what color he was + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but and then for the ultr + + align:start position:0% +but and then for the ultr + + + align:start position:0% +but and then for the ultr +soft we can associate this m this Delta + + align:start position:0% +soft we can associate this m this Delta + + + align:start position:0% +soft we can associate this m this Delta +function so that's what I mean by + + align:start position:0% +function so that's what I mean by + + + align:start position:0% +function so that's what I mean by +factoring the measurement that we can + + align:start position:0% +factoring the measurement that we can + + + align:start position:0% +factoring the measurement that we can +put the piece that depended on the state + + align:start position:0% +put the piece that depended on the state + + + align:start position:0% +put the piece that depended on the state +together and then you can see that we + + align:start position:0% +together and then you can see that we + + + align:start position:0% +together and then you can see that we +can move our well okay we have to Al + + align:start position:0% +can move our well okay we have to Al + + + align:start position:0% +can move our well okay we have to Al +Factor this Delta function I should say + + align:start position:0% +Factor this Delta function I should say + + + align:start position:0% +Factor this Delta function I should say +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +too that's the part that I'm not going + + align:start position:0% +too that's the part that I'm not going + + + align:start position:0% +too that's the part that I'm not going +to go + + align:start position:0% +to go + + + align:start position:0% +to go +through but we can play similar games + + align:start position:0% +through but we can play similar games + + + align:start position:0% +through but we can play similar games +expanding and factoring this Delta 4 as + + align:start position:0% +expanding and factoring this Delta 4 as + + + align:start position:0% +expanding and factoring this Delta 4 as +well and there + + align:start position:0% +well and there + + + align:start position:0% +well and there +besides just being a little bit tedious + + align:start position:0% +besides just being a little bit tedious + + + align:start position:0% +besides just being a little bit tedious +it's not really any more + + align:start position:0% +it's not really any more + + + align:start position:0% +it's not really any more +difficult maybe a little more + + align:start position:0% +difficult maybe a little more + + + align:start position:0% +difficult maybe a little more +difficult so we factor that guy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +too and then there's one other trick + + align:start position:0% +too and then there's one other trick + + + align:start position:0% +too and then there's one other trick +that we want to do which is + + align:start position:0% +that we want to do which is + + + align:start position:0% +that we want to do which is +useful and that is that we can + + align:start position:0% +useful and that is that we can + + + align:start position:0% +useful and that is that we can +write some Deltas in 4A space + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we can always write a Delta function + + align:start position:0% +so we can always write a Delta function + + + align:start position:0% +so we can always write a Delta function +as an integral over a + + align:start position:0% +as an integral over a + + + align:start position:0% +as an integral over a +phase and that's convenient because in + + align:start position:0% +phase and that's convenient because in + + + align:start position:0% +phase and that's convenient because in +the phase the momenta that are in the + + align:start position:0% +the phase the momenta that are in the + + + align:start position:0% +the phase the momenta that are in the +Delta function also + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Factor so I can write it as a product of + + align:start position:0% +Factor so I can write it as a product of + + + align:start position:0% +Factor so I can write it as a product of +two separate factors like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this some halves + + align:start position:0% +this some halves + + + align:start position:0% +this some halves +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +conventional okay so this guy this guy + + align:start position:0% +conventional okay so this guy this guy + + + align:start position:0% +conventional okay so this guy this guy +here which is the guy that is associated + + align:start position:0% +here which is the guy that is associated + + + align:start position:0% +here which is the guy that is associated +to the state it looks like a translation + + align:start position:0% +to the state it looks like a translation + + + align:start position:0% +to the state it looks like a translation +operator right if you have if you have + + align:start position:0% +operator right if you have if you have + + + align:start position:0% +operator right if you have if you have +an e to the I x.p that you can use you + + align:start position:0% +an e to the I x.p that you can use you + + + align:start position:0% +an e to the I x.p that you can use you +can put into your Matrix element and you + + align:start position:0% +can put into your Matrix element and you + + + align:start position:0% +can put into your Matrix element and you +can translate the fields which are in + + align:start position:0% +can translate the fields which are in + + + align:start position:0% +can translate the fields which are in +this formula all at + + align:start position:0% +this formula all at + + + align:start position:0% +this formula all at +zero they're all at space Time + + align:start position:0% +zero they're all at space Time + + + align:start position:0% +zero they're all at space Time +Zero what you can do with this guy here + + align:start position:0% +Zero what you can do with this guy here + + + align:start position:0% +Zero what you can do with this guy here +is you can put it into the into the + + align:start position:0% +is you can put it into the into the + + + align:start position:0% +is you can put it into the into the +Matrix + + align:start position:0% +Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix +element and translate the fields to + + align:start position:0% +element and translate the fields to + + + align:start position:0% +element and translate the fields to +point + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +x and then you would have a like a K in + + align:start position:0% +x and then you would have a like a K in + + + align:start position:0% +x and then you would have a like a K in +x + + align:start position:0% +x + + + align:start position:0% +x +minus so that's how we can deal with + + align:start position:0% +minus so that's how we can deal with + + + align:start position:0% +minus so that's how we can deal with +that guy and so if we do a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +that guy and so if we do a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +that guy and so if we do a bunch of +stuff like that that I'm not going to go + + align:start position:0% +stuff like that that I'm not going to go + + + align:start position:0% +stuff like that that I'm not going to go +through on the board for you + + align:start position:0% +through on the board for you + + + align:start position:0% +through on the board for you +after some work we get something which + + align:start position:0% +after some work we get something which + + + align:start position:0% +after some work we get something which +is kind of an intermediate step of our + + align:start position:0% +is kind of an intermediate step of our + + + align:start position:0% +is kind of an intermediate step of our +factorization which I'll write + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +out so you can get some idea of if I + + align:start position:0% +out so you can get some idea of if I + + + align:start position:0% +out so you can get some idea of if I +jump to the final answer it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +jump to the final answer it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +jump to the final answer it's kind of +too too simple to see what's going + + align:start position:0% +too too simple to see what's going + + + align:start position:0% +too too simple to see what's going +on so let's write this one out + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I was focusing on the N colinear + + align:start position:0% +so I was focusing on the N colinear + + + align:start position:0% +so I was focusing on the N colinear +Matrix element when everything I was + + align:start position:0% +Matrix element when everything I was + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix element when everything I was +writing I WR this Delta function but + + align:start position:0% +writing I WR this Delta function but + + + align:start position:0% +writing I WR this Delta function but +there's of course another one for the + + align:start position:0% +there's of course another one for the + + + align:start position:0% +there's of course another one for the +Delta M Bar and I do the same thing for + + align:start position:0% +Delta M Bar and I do the same thing for + + + align:start position:0% +Delta M Bar and I do the same thing for +him just so we got K plus and l+ by + + align:start position:0% +him just so we got K plus and l+ by + + + align:start position:0% +him just so we got K plus and l+ by +factoring the measurement there you get + + align:start position:0% +factoring the measurement there you get + + + align:start position:0% +factoring the measurement there you get +a k minus and an L minus by factoring + + align:start position:0% +a k minus and an L minus by factoring + + + align:start position:0% +a k minus and an L minus by factoring +the other measurement + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one thing that comes + + align:start position:0% +one thing that comes + + + align:start position:0% +one thing that comes +into uh that makes this guy here a + + align:start position:0% +into uh that makes this guy here a + + + align:start position:0% +into uh that makes this guy here a +little more complicated is you have to + + align:start position:0% +little more complicated is you have to + + + align:start position:0% +little more complicated is you have to +think a little bit about residual and + + align:start position:0% +think a little bit about residual and + + + align:start position:0% +think a little bit about residual and +label M momentum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but the end of the day the result is + + align:start position:0% +but the end of the day the result is + + + align:start position:0% +but the end of the day the result is +what I'm writing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is going to be completely + + align:start position:0% +so this is going to be completely + + + align:start position:0% +so this is going to be completely +factorized into + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +three independent things + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is there's one set of cinear fields + + align:start position:0% +this is there's one set of cinear fields + + + align:start position:0% +this is there's one set of cinear fields +for the quark and then there's another + + align:start position:0% +for the quark and then there's another + + + align:start position:0% +for the quark and then there's another +for the antiquark if you + + align:start position:0% +for the antiquark if you + + + align:start position:0% +for the antiquark if you +like you're specifying whether it's a + + align:start position:0% +like you're specifying whether it's a + + + align:start position:0% +like you're specifying whether it's a +quark or an antiquark but the label so + + align:start position:0% +quark or an antiquark but the label so + + + align:start position:0% +quark or an antiquark but the label so +the fact that this label here is + + align:start position:0% +the fact that this label here is + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that this label here is +positive means that this is a quark and + + align:start position:0% +positive means that this is a quark and + + + align:start position:0% +positive means that this is a quark and +maybe this should be a minus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +q and then this guy is specifying me + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +antiquark and then there's the soft part + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so this is a fairly messy oneboard + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is a fairly messy oneboard + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is a fairly messy oneboard +expression but this guy here uh is + + align:start position:0% +expression but this guy here uh is + + + align:start position:0% +expression but this guy here uh is +factored we have the hard modes here + + align:start position:0% +factored we have the hard modes here + + + align:start position:0% +factored we have the hard modes here +colinear mode and cinear here and bar + + align:start position:0% +colinear mode and cinear here and bar + + + align:start position:0% +colinear mode and cinear here and bar +cinear there and the Ultra Soft modes + + align:start position:0% +cinear there and the Ultra Soft modes + + + align:start position:0% +cinear there and the Ultra Soft modes +here which + + align:start position:0% +here which + + + align:start position:0% +here which +I've + + align:start position:0% +I've + + + align:start position:0% +I've +already dropping my + + align:start position:0% +already dropping my + + + align:start position:0% +already dropping my +ultrasoft so this last + + align:start position:0% +ultrasoft so this last + + + align:start position:0% +ultrasoft so this last +guy if you think about what this Matrix + + align:start position:0% +guy if you think about what this Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +guy if you think about what this Matrix +element + + align:start position:0% +element + + + align:start position:0% +element +is it's just some function we sum over + + align:start position:0% +is it's just some function we sum over + + + align:start position:0% +is it's just some function we sum over +all X Subs so we sum over all the + + align:start position:0% +all X Subs so we sum over all the + + + align:start position:0% +all X Subs so we sum over all the +intermediate States the only thing we're + + align:start position:0% +intermediate States the only thing we're + + + align:start position:0% +intermediate States the only thing we're +fixing are L plus and L + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +minus so when we sum Over States we + + align:start position:0% +minus so when we sum Over States we + + + align:start position:0% +minus so when we sum Over States we +actually integrate Al the momentum of + + align:start position:0% +actually integrate Al the momentum of + + + align:start position:0% +actually integrate Al the momentum of +particles in the state if you can think + + align:start position:0% +particles in the state if you can think + + + align:start position:0% +particles in the state if you can think +of that like those are different states + + align:start position:0% +of that like those are different states + + + align:start position:0% +of that like those are different states +you have to sum over them too but it's a + + align:start position:0% +you have to sum over them too but it's a + + + align:start position:0% +you have to sum over them too but it's a +continuous label and since you therefore + + align:start position:0% +continuous label and since you therefore + + + align:start position:0% +continuous label and since you therefore +you integrate over the face + + align:start position:0% +you integrate over the face + + + align:start position:0% +you integrate over the face +Bas and that's what we mean when we + + align:start position:0% +Bas and that's what we mean when we + + + align:start position:0% +Bas and that's what we mean when we +write these sum over X's that includes + + align:start position:0% +write these sum over X's that includes + + + align:start position:0% +write these sum over X's that includes +face Bas + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +integrals and so the only so this + + align:start position:0% +integrals and so the only so this + + + align:start position:0% +integrals and so the only so this +momentum gets integrated over if you + + align:start position:0% +momentum gets integrated over if you + + + align:start position:0% +momentum gets integrated over if you +like but the only but then it gets + + align:start position:0% +like but the only but then it gets + + + align:start position:0% +like but the only but then it gets +there's a component that gets fixed + + align:start position:0% +there's a component that gets fixed + + + align:start position:0% +there's a component that gets fixed +which is the total momentum of plus or + + align:start position:0% +which is the total momentum of plus or + + + align:start position:0% +which is the total momentum of plus or +minus momentum in each + + align:start position:0% +minus momentum in each + + + align:start position:0% +minus momentum in each +hemisphere so this is just some function + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +that keeping the color the same is just + + align:start position:0% +that keeping the color the same is just + + + align:start position:0% +that keeping the color the same is just +some + + align:start position:0% +some + + + align:start position:0% +some +function of l+ and L + + align:start position:0% +function of l+ and L + + + align:start position:0% +function of l+ and L +minus and it's called a soft + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function and at this stage of the game + + align:start position:0% +function and at this stage of the game + + + align:start position:0% +function and at this stage of the game +it's actually encoding two different + + align:start position:0% +it's actually encoding two different + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually encoding two different +momentum scales + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the L plus and + + align:start position:0% +the L plus and + + + align:start position:0% +the L plus and +minus as well as sort of Lambda qcd + + align:start position:0% +minus as well as sort of Lambda qcd + + + align:start position:0% +minus as well as sort of Lambda qcd +which I didn't write explicitly as an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +argument and L plus and + + align:start position:0% +argument and L plus and + + + align:start position:0% +argument and L plus and +minus um well we we'll see later but you + + align:start position:0% +minus um well we we'll see later but you + + + align:start position:0% +minus um well we we'll see later but you +can think of L plus and minus roughly is + + align:start position:0% +can think of L plus and minus roughly is + + + align:start position:0% +can think of L plus and minus roughly is +like encoding the the scale + + align:start position:0% +like encoding the the scale + + + align:start position:0% +like encoding the the scale +that's M2 over Q this will become a + + align:start position:0% +that's M2 over Q this will become a + + + align:start position:0% +that's M2 over Q this will become a +clear more clear in a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +minute so again we need to figure out + + align:start position:0% +minute so again we need to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +minute so again we need to figure out +what these guys here + + align:start position:0% +what these guys here + + + align:start position:0% +what these guys here +are that's a little bit more work but + + align:start position:0% +are that's a little bit more work but + + + align:start position:0% +are that's a little bit more work but +not too + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +much and they're both of + + align:start position:0% +much and they're both of + + + align:start position:0% +much and they're both of +course mirrors of each other so really + + align:start position:0% +course mirrors of each other so really + + + align:start position:0% +course mirrors of each other so really +we just have to do one of them and then + + align:start position:0% +we just have to do one of them and then + + + align:start position:0% +we just have to do one of them and then +if you like the other is just kind of a + + align:start position:0% +if you like the other is just kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +if you like the other is just kind of a +charge + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +conjugation so this guy here we're going + + align:start position:0% +conjugation so this guy here we're going + + + align:start position:0% +conjugation so this guy here we're going +to write in 4A + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +space that's a convenient thing to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do because what we know about the fan + + align:start position:0% +do because what we know about the fan + + + align:start position:0% +do because what we know about the fan +rules in 4A space when we we thought + + align:start position:0% +rules in 4A space when we we thought + + + align:start position:0% +rules in 4A space when we we thought +about the F and rolles in fora space we + + align:start position:0% +about the F and rolles in fora space we + + + align:start position:0% +about the F and rolles in fora space we +knew that the the cinear propagators + + align:start position:0% +knew that the the cinear propagators + + + align:start position:0% +knew that the the cinear propagators +would only depend on the small plus + + align:start position:0% +would only depend on the small plus + + + align:start position:0% +would only depend on the small plus +momentum so the x coordinates here the x + + align:start position:0% +momentum so the x coordinates here the x + + + align:start position:0% +momentum so the x coordinates here the x +coordinates of our Fields right those + + align:start position:0% +coordinates of our Fields right those + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates of our Fields right those +corresponded to residual momentum + + align:start position:0% +corresponded to residual momentum + + + align:start position:0% +corresponded to residual momentum +but when we do F and diagrams there's + + align:start position:0% +but when we do F and diagrams there's + + + align:start position:0% +but when we do F and diagrams there's +only the plus momentum showing up that's + + align:start position:0% +only the plus momentum showing up that's + + + align:start position:0% +only the plus momentum showing up that's +the multiple + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +expansion so you can think about it from + + align:start position:0% +expansion so you can think about it from + + + align:start position:0% +expansion so you can think about it from +the fing graphs but it's really a + + align:start position:0% +the fing graphs but it's really a + + + align:start position:0% +the fing graphs but it's really a +general property from the multiple + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +expansion so that means that some of + + align:start position:0% +expansion so that means that some of + + + align:start position:0% +expansion so that means that some of +these integrals here are just + + align:start position:0% +these integrals here are just + + + align:start position:0% +these integrals here are just +trivial and give me a Delta function + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I'm getting Delta functions in some + + align:start position:0% +so I'm getting Delta functions in some + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm getting Delta functions in some +directions because of the multiple + + align:start position:0% +directions because of the multiple + + + align:start position:0% +directions because of the multiple +expansion in this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +formula because I aligned the axis there + + align:start position:0% +formula because I aligned the axis there + + + align:start position:0% +formula because I aligned the axis there +was no perpendicular momentum so it's + + align:start position:0% +was no perpendicular momentum so it's + + + align:start position:0% +was no perpendicular momentum so it's +really just this r+ that we get and this + + align:start position:0% +really just this r+ that we get and this + + + align:start position:0% +really just this r+ that we get and this +thing here is called a jet + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function so this is the non-trivial + + align:start position:0% +function so this is the non-trivial + + + align:start position:0% +function so this is the non-trivial +function that can show up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we plug we do the same + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thing we do the same thing for the case + + align:start position:0% +thing we do the same thing for the case + + + align:start position:0% +thing we do the same thing for the case +with the sum over X and bar and it gives + + align:start position:0% +with the sum over X and bar and it gives + + + align:start position:0% +with the sum over X and bar and it gives +us another jet + + align:start position:0% +us another jet + + + align:start position:0% +us another jet +function and by charge conjugation it's + + align:start position:0% +function and by charge conjugation it's + + + align:start position:0% +function and by charge conjugation it's +the same jet + + align:start position:0% +the same jet + + + align:start position:0% +the same jet +function okay but in this case it would + + align:start position:0% +function okay but in this case it would + + + align:start position:0% +function okay but in this case it would +be Q of + + align:start position:0% +be Q of + + + align:start position:0% +be Q of +some R Prime minus I mean some other + + align:start position:0% +some R Prime minus I mean some other + + + align:start position:0% +some R Prime minus I mean some other +momentum and so what we then do is we + + align:start position:0% +momentum and so what we then do is we + + + align:start position:0% +momentum and so what we then do is we +take this formula plug it back into here + + align:start position:0% +take this formula plug it back into here + + + align:start position:0% +take this formula plug it back into here +do all the + + align:start position:0% +do all the + + + align:start position:0% +do all the +integrals and at the end of the day we + + align:start position:0% +integrals and at the end of the day we + + + align:start position:0% +integrals and at the end of the day we +can actually do all we have lots of + + align:start position:0% +can actually do all we have lots of + + + align:start position:0% +can actually do all we have lots of +Delta functions and lots of integrals + + align:start position:0% +Delta functions and lots of integrals + + + align:start position:0% +Delta functions and lots of integrals +and we can boil everything down to just + + align:start position:0% +and we can boil everything down to just + + + align:start position:0% +and we can boil everything down to just +two integrals left + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +over and that gives us our final + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +result so I'll write this way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so it boils down to just involving + + align:start position:0% +okay so it boils down to just involving + + + align:start position:0% +okay so it boils down to just involving +these jet functions and the soft + + align:start position:0% +these jet functions and the soft + + + align:start position:0% +these jet functions and the soft +function and then there's something + + align:start position:0% +function and then there's something + + + align:start position:0% +function and then there's something +that's called the hard function which is + + align:start position:0% +that's called the hard function which is + + + align:start position:0% +that's called the hard function which is +just + + align:start position:0% +just + + + align:start position:0% +just +our Wilson coefficient squared so rather + + align:start position:0% +our Wilson coefficient squared so rather + + + align:start position:0% +our Wilson coefficient squared so rather +than writing Wilson coefficient squared + + align:start position:0% +than writing Wilson coefficient squared + + + align:start position:0% +than writing Wilson coefficient squared +all the time we just call it another + + align:start position:0% +all the time we just call it another + + + align:start position:0% +all the time we just call it another +function + + align:start position:0% +function + + + align:start position:0% +function +H okay so this is the factorization + + align:start position:0% +H okay so this is the factorization + + + align:start position:0% +H okay so this is the factorization +theorem so you see in this case the hard + + align:start position:0% +theorem so you see in this case the hard + + + align:start position:0% +theorem so you see in this case the hard +function was just a multiplicative + + align:start position:0% +function was just a multiplicative + + + align:start position:0% +function was just a multiplicative +Factor unlike + + align:start position:0% +Factor unlike + + + align:start position:0% +Factor unlike +dis and what was what where things are + + align:start position:0% +dis and what was what where things are + + + align:start position:0% +dis and what was what where things are +talking to each other again things are + + align:start position:0% +talking to each other again things are + + + align:start position:0% +talking to each other again things are +talking to each other but it's the soft + + align:start position:0% +talking to each other but it's the soft + + + align:start position:0% +talking to each other but it's the soft +modes Ultra Soft modes that are talking + + align:start position:0% +modes Ultra Soft modes that are talking + + + align:start position:0% +modes Ultra Soft modes that are talking +to the Jets and ultrasoft momenta can + + align:start position:0% +to the Jets and ultrasoft momenta can + + + align:start position:0% +to the Jets and ultrasoft momenta can +change the mass and that's what the kind + + align:start position:0% +change the mass and that's what the kind + + + align:start position:0% +change the mass and that's what the kind +of the correct Mass this is the total + + align:start position:0% +of the correct Mass this is the total + + + align:start position:0% +of the correct Mass this is the total +mass the correct mass for the jet + + align:start position:0% +mass the correct mass for the jet + + + align:start position:0% +mass the correct mass for the jet +function is the cinear mass and that's + + align:start position:0% +function is the cinear mass and that's + + + align:start position:0% +function is the cinear mass and that's +this thing minus this thing so if you + + align:start position:0% +this thing minus this thing so if you + + + align:start position:0% +this thing minus this thing so if you +wanted to guess this formula this is how + + align:start position:0% +wanted to guess this formula this is how + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to guess this formula this is how +you do it you'd say m^2 just from the + + align:start position:0% +you do it you'd say m^2 just from the + + + align:start position:0% +you do it you'd say m^2 just from the +kinematic relation m s had a cinear + + align:start position:0% +kinematic relation m s had a cinear + + + align:start position:0% +kinematic relation m s had a cinear +piece and a soft piece the right thing + + align:start position:0% +piece and a soft piece the right thing + + + align:start position:0% +piece and a soft piece the right thing +to evaluate the jet function at would be + + align:start position:0% +to evaluate the jet function at would be + + + align:start position:0% +to evaluate the jet function at would be +the just the cinear piece so that's the + + align:start position:0% +the just the cinear piece so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +the just the cinear piece so that's the +difference and then the saw function + + align:start position:0% +difference and then the saw function + + + align:start position:0% +difference and then the saw function +could depend on these momentum and + + align:start position:0% +could depend on these momentum and + + + align:start position:0% +could depend on these momentum and +you're basically led to a formula like + + align:start position:0% +you're basically led to a formula like + + + align:start position:0% +you're basically led to a formula like +this one but we can also just with the + + align:start position:0% +this one but we can also just with the + + + align:start position:0% +this one but we can also just with the +field Theory go through and derive it + + align:start position:0% +field Theory go through and derive it + + + align:start position:0% +field Theory go through and derive it +and that's what I've convincing you of + + align:start position:0% +and that's what I've convincing you of + + + align:start position:0% +and that's what I've convincing you of +even if I was skipping some steps + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so this is the digit + + align:start position:0% +all right so this is the digit + + + align:start position:0% +all right so this is the digit +factorization theorem + + align:start position:0% +factorization theorem + + + align:start position:0% +factorization theorem +for Hemisphere and variant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +masses and a lot of event shapes kind of + + align:start position:0% +masses and a lot of event shapes kind of + + + align:start position:0% +masses and a lot of event shapes kind of +go along these the the pattern that + + align:start position:0% +go along these the the pattern that + + + align:start position:0% +go along these the the pattern that +we've done here if you think about what + + align:start position:0% +we've done here if you think about what + + + align:start position:0% +we've done here if you think about what +would be the difference if I pick some + + align:start position:0% +would be the difference if I pick some + + + align:start position:0% +would be the difference if I pick some +other observable besides these masses + + align:start position:0% +other observable besides these masses + + + align:start position:0% +other observable besides these masses +pick some other thing that you could + + align:start position:0% +pick some other thing that you could + + + align:start position:0% +pick some other thing that you could +measure that would tell you that there's + + align:start position:0% +measure that would tell you that there's + + + align:start position:0% +measure that would tell you that there's +digets we just swap out the measurement + + align:start position:0% +digets we just swap out the measurement + + + align:start position:0% +digets we just swap out the measurement +part and that would lead to you know + + align:start position:0% +part and that would lead to you know + + + align:start position:0% +part and that would lead to you know +just see where it leads us a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +just see where it leads us a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +just see where it leads us a lot of the +steps would be exactly the same + + align:start position:0% +steps would be exactly the same + + + align:start position:0% +steps would be exactly the same +steps so we did it for one particular + + align:start position:0% +steps so we did it for one particular + + + align:start position:0% +steps so we did it for one particular +observable + + align:start position:0% +observable + + + align:start position:0% +observable +but the steps are the same if you do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +others if you're in this situation where + + align:start position:0% +others if you're in this situation where + + + align:start position:0% +others if you're in this situation where +you have digets there's more than one + + align:start position:0% +you have digets there's more than one + + + align:start position:0% +you have digets there's more than one +way of measuring an event to ensure you + + align:start position:0% +way of measuring an event to ensure you + + + align:start position:0% +way of measuring an event to ensure you +have digets there's something called + + align:start position:0% +have digets there's something called + + + align:start position:0% +have digets there's something called +diget and variant M diget event + + align:start position:0% +diget and variant M diget event + + + align:start position:0% +diget and variant M diget event +shapes they go under the names of things + + align:start position:0% +shapes they go under the names of things + + + align:start position:0% +shapes they go under the names of things +like thrust C parameter + + align:start position:0% +like thrust C parameter + + + align:start position:0% +like thrust C parameter +heavy jet + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Mass all these things actually have + + align:start position:0% +Mass all these things actually have + + + align:start position:0% +Mass all these things actually have +factorization theorems that you could + + align:start position:0% +factorization theorems that you could + + + align:start position:0% +factorization theorems that you could +derive in a similar way to what we're + + align:start position:0% +derive in a similar way to what we're + + + align:start position:0% +derive in a similar way to what we're +doing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here all right now this is kind of like + + align:start position:0% +here all right now this is kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +here all right now this is kind of like +I didn't put any m's in but just like we + + align:start position:0% +I didn't put any m's in but just like we + + + align:start position:0% +I didn't put any m's in but just like we +did before we can always put the M's in + + align:start position:0% +did before we can always put the M's in + + + align:start position:0% +did before we can always put the M's in +so if we put the M's in everybody gets a + + align:start position:0% +so if we put the M's in everybody gets a + + + align:start position:0% +so if we put the M's in everybody gets a +mu the H is like the MU of the Wilson + + align:start position:0% +mu the H is like the MU of the Wilson + + + align:start position:0% +mu the H is like the MU of the Wilson +coefficient and then the J's are like + + align:start position:0% +coefficient and then the J's are like + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient and then the J's are like +and s's are like of from the point of + + align:start position:0% +and s's are like of from the point of + + + align:start position:0% +and s's are like of from the point of +view of they're like M of the operator + + align:start position:0% +view of they're like M of the operator + + + align:start position:0% +view of they're like M of the operator +and we're just switching to normalized + + align:start position:0% +and we're just switching to normalized + + + align:start position:0% +and we're just switching to normalized +operators and R normalized Wilson + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coefficients now if we draw our scale + + align:start position:0% +coefficients now if we draw our scale + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients now if we draw our scale +diagram again but draw it a little + + align:start position:0% +diagram again but draw it a little + + + align:start position:0% +diagram again but draw it a little +bigger this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time and put in where these function + + align:start position:0% +time and put in where these function + + + align:start position:0% +time and put in where these function +various functions are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so somebody was + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +blue not going to label everybody + + align:start position:0% +blue not going to label everybody + + + align:start position:0% +blue not going to label everybody +again so this is the hard function our + + align:start position:0% +again so this is the hard function our + + + align:start position:0% +again so this is the hard function our +jet functions are kind of sitting at + + align:start position:0% +jet functions are kind of sitting at + + + align:start position:0% +jet functions are kind of sitting at +this scale they had to do with the + + align:start position:0% +this scale they had to do with the + + + align:start position:0% +this scale they had to do with the +cinear modes and then our soft function + + align:start position:0% +cinear modes and then our soft function + + + align:start position:0% +cinear modes and then our soft function +is sitting at this scale or this and + + align:start position:0% +is sitting at this scale or this and + + + align:start position:0% +is sitting at this scale or this and +this scale + + align:start position:0% +this scale + + + align:start position:0% +this scale +so it's clear that these things sit at + + align:start position:0% +so it's clear that these things sit at + + + align:start position:0% +so it's clear that these things sit at +different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +scales and what that means from the + + align:start position:0% +scales and what that means from the + + + align:start position:0% +scales and what that means from the +point of view of the formula is is that + + align:start position:0% +point of view of the formula is is that + + + align:start position:0% +point of view of the formula is is that +if you + + align:start position:0% +if you + + + align:start position:0% +if you +associate what scale these things want + + align:start position:0% +associate what scale these things want + + + align:start position:0% +associate what scale these things want +to live at which from the point of view + + align:start position:0% +to live at which from the point of view + + + align:start position:0% +to live at which from the point of view +of pertubation theory means at what + + align:start position:0% +of pertubation theory means at what + + + align:start position:0% +of pertubation theory means at what +scale should I would I be able to + + align:start position:0% +scale should I would I be able to + + + align:start position:0% +scale should I would I be able to +calculate these things given that + + align:start position:0% +calculate these things given that + + + align:start position:0% +calculate these things given that +they're perturbative would I be able to + + align:start position:0% +they're perturbative would I be able to + + + align:start position:0% +they're perturbative would I be able to +calculate these things without + + align:start position:0% +calculate these things without + + + align:start position:0% +calculate these things without +encountering large logarithm + + align:start position:0% +encountering large logarithm + + + align:start position:0% +encountering large logarithm +and that would be these scales that I'm + + align:start position:0% +and that would be these scales that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +and that would be these scales that I'm +writing here so these are the + + align:start position:0% +writing here so these are the + + + align:start position:0% +writing here so these are the +scales where we could do peration theory + + align:start position:0% +scales where we could do peration theory + + + align:start position:0% +scales where we could do peration theory +for the + + align:start position:0% +for the + + + align:start position:0% +for the +functions without encountering large + + align:start position:0% +functions without encountering large + + + align:start position:0% +functions without encountering large +logarithms so we can figure out what + + align:start position:0% +logarithms so we can figure out what + + + align:start position:0% +logarithms so we can figure out what +these scales are by just looking at the + + align:start position:0% +these scales are by just looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +these scales are by just looking at the +peration theory and looking at the + + align:start position:0% +peration theory and looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +peration theory and looking at the +logarithms + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but you see that it's a different scale + + align:start position:0% +but you see that it's a different scale + + + align:start position:0% +but you see that it's a different scale +for each of the different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +functions so in this formula there's a + + align:start position:0% +functions so in this formula there's a + + + align:start position:0% +functions so in this formula there's a +common mu which is like a factorization + + align:start position:0% +common mu which is like a factorization + + + align:start position:0% +common mu which is like a factorization +scale but each of the functions wants to + + align:start position:0% +scale but each of the functions wants to + + + align:start position:0% +scale but each of the functions wants to +live at a different mu and we're going + + align:start position:0% +live at a different mu and we're going + + + align:start position:0% +live at a different mu and we're going +to have to do some normalization group + + align:start position:0% +to have to do some normalization group + + + align:start position:0% +to have to do some normalization group +Evolution to put things at the kind of a + + align:start position:0% +Evolution to put things at the kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +Evolution to put things at the kind of a +at the scales they want to be at and + + align:start position:0% +at the scales they want to be at and + + + align:start position:0% +at the scales they want to be at and +then there'll be some resummation going + + align:start position:0% +then there'll be some resummation going + + + align:start position:0% +then there'll be some resummation going +on and that's going to sum logs of m^2 + + align:start position:0% +on and that's going to sum logs of m^2 + + + align:start position:0% +on and that's going to sum logs of m^2 +over Q + + align:start position:0% +over Q + + + align:start position:0% +over Q +^2 so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we + + align:start position:0% +we + + + align:start position:0% +we +need normalization + + align:start position:0% +need normalization + + + align:start position:0% +need normalization +group and that's going + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to sum up logarithms which are ratios + + align:start position:0% +to sum up logarithms which are ratios + + + align:start position:0% +to sum up logarithms which are ratios +ofv scales which expressed in terms of + + align:start position:0% +ofv scales which expressed in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +ofv scales which expressed in terms of +some physical thing as in this case logs + + align:start position:0% +some physical thing as in this case logs + + + align:start position:0% +some physical thing as in this case logs +of m^2 over q^2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all + + align:start position:0% +all + + + align:start position:0% +all +right what about + + align:start position:0% +right what about + + + align:start position:0% +right what about +this this situation + + align:start position:0% +this this situation + + + align:start position:0% +this this situation +here well it turns + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +out and I won't go into it in too much + + align:start position:0% +out and I won't go into it in too much + + + align:start position:0% +out and I won't go into it in too much +detail but we can factor that guy if + + align:start position:0% +detail but we can factor that guy if + + + align:start position:0% +detail but we can factor that guy if +these two are hierarchical we can + + align:start position:0% +these two are hierarchical we can + + + align:start position:0% +these two are hierarchical we can +actually Factor + + align:start position:0% +actually Factor + + + align:start position:0% +actually Factor +this in something called the soft + + align:start position:0% +this in something called the soft + + + align:start position:0% +this in something called the soft +function + + align:start position:0% +function + + + align:start position:0% +function +op and even if they're not hierarchical + + align:start position:0% +op and even if they're not hierarchical + + + align:start position:0% +op and even if they're not hierarchical +we can actually write it in the + + align:start position:0% +we can actually write it in the + + + align:start position:0% +we can actually write it in the +following way so we can always in some + + align:start position:0% +following way so we can always in some + + + align:start position:0% +following way so we can always in some +sense whether or not we're in a + + align:start position:0% +sense whether or not we're in a + + + align:start position:0% +sense whether or not we're in a +situation where these are comparable or + + align:start position:0% +situation where these are comparable or + + + align:start position:0% +situation where these are comparable or +whether they're hierarchical we can + + align:start position:0% +whether they're hierarchical we can + + + align:start position:0% +whether they're hierarchical we can +always use the following formula we're + + align:start position:0% +always use the following formula we're + + + align:start position:0% +always use the following formula we're +not guaranteed that + + align:start position:0% +not guaranteed that + + + align:start position:0% +not guaranteed that +that is + + align:start position:0% +that is + + + align:start position:0% +that is +possible but in this situation it is + + align:start position:0% +possible but in this situation it is + + + align:start position:0% +possible but in this situation it is +possible to sort of make those two + + align:start position:0% +possible to sort of make those two + + + align:start position:0% +possible to sort of make those two +situations compatible with each other + + align:start position:0% +situations compatible with each other + + + align:start position:0% +situations compatible with each other +with a single + + align:start position:0% +with a single + + + align:start position:0% +with a single +formula usually when you design + + align:start position:0% +formula usually when you design + + + align:start position:0% +formula usually when you design +effective theories you kind of for each + + align:start position:0% +effective theories you kind of for each + + + align:start position:0% +effective theories you kind of for each +different expansion you have a different + + align:start position:0% +different expansion you have a different + + + align:start position:0% +different expansion you have a different +result and making them whether you can + + align:start position:0% +result and making them whether you can + + + align:start position:0% +result and making them whether you can +put them together into a single + + align:start position:0% +put them together into a single + + + align:start position:0% +put them together into a single +result is not always guaranteed but this + + align:start position:0% +result is not always guaranteed but this + + + align:start position:0% +result is not always guaranteed but this +is a situation where we can put things + + align:start position:0% +is a situation where we can put things + + + align:start position:0% +is a situation where we can put things +together in a single result where these + + align:start position:0% +together in a single result where these + + + align:start position:0% +together in a single result where these +are the + + align:start position:0% +are the + + + align:start position:0% +are the +perturbative part of the soft + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function and this is the + + align:start position:0% +function and this is the + + + align:start position:0% +function and this is the +non-perturbative Lambda qcd + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +effect if you imagine that the function + + align:start position:0% +effect if you imagine that the function + + + align:start position:0% +effect if you imagine that the function +if you imagine that we're these two x's + + align:start position:0% +if you imagine that we're these two x's + + + align:start position:0% +if you imagine that we're these two x's +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +hierarchical then this perturbative guy + + align:start position:0% +hierarchical then this perturbative guy + + + align:start position:0% +hierarchical then this perturbative guy +here in gives you some alpha s + + align:start position:0% +here in gives you some alpha s + + + align:start position:0% +here in gives you some alpha s +Corrections and it basically in terms of + + align:start position:0% +Corrections and it basically in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +Corrections and it basically in terms of +the l+ uh in terms of the momentum + + align:start position:0% +the l+ uh in terms of the momentum + + + align:start position:0% +the l+ uh in terms of the momentum +variable in this formula it's giving uh + + align:start position:0% +variable in this formula it's giving uh + + + align:start position:0% +variable in this formula it's giving uh +something that's like a power What's + + align:start position:0% +something that's like a power What's + + + align:start position:0% +something that's like a power What's +called the power LW + + align:start position:0% +called the power LW + + + align:start position:0% +called the power LW +tail so the kind of dependence that + + align:start position:0% +tail so the kind of dependence that + + + align:start position:0% +tail so the kind of dependence that +you're getting in + + align:start position:0% +you're getting in + + + align:start position:0% +you're getting in +is some + + align:start position:0% +is some + + + align:start position:0% +is some +logs over an + + align:start position:0% +logs over an + + + align:start position:0% +logs over an +l+ and and that's called a power law + + align:start position:0% +l+ and and that's called a power law + + + align:start position:0% +l+ and and that's called a power law +since it goes like 1 over + + align:start position:0% +since it goes like 1 over + + + align:start position:0% +since it goes like 1 over +l+ whereas these effects here that are + + align:start position:0% +l+ whereas these effects here that are + + + align:start position:0% +l+ whereas these effects here that are +non-perturbative live it down at + + align:start position:0% +non-perturbative live it down at + + + align:start position:0% +non-perturbative live it down at +non-perturbative momenta and you can + + align:start position:0% +non-perturbative momenta and you can + + + align:start position:0% +non-perturbative momenta and you can +actually prove that they have an + + align:start position:0% +actually prove that they have an + + + align:start position:0% +actually prove that they have an +exponential + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tail so this is some plot of f in one + + align:start position:0% +tail so this is some plot of f in one + + + align:start position:0% +tail so this is some plot of f in one +dimensional projection so let's just + + align:start position:0% +dimensional projection so let's just + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional projection so let's just +think of that it's one and this is some + + align:start position:0% +think of that it's one and this is some + + + align:start position:0% +think of that it's one and this is some +scale of order Lambda qcd + + align:start position:0% +scale of order Lambda qcd + + + align:start position:0% +scale of order Lambda qcd +so it's some blob down at Lambda qcd + + align:start position:0% +so it's some blob down at Lambda qcd + + + align:start position:0% +so it's some blob down at Lambda qcd +that's describing the distribution of + + align:start position:0% +that's describing the distribution of + + + align:start position:0% +that's describing the distribution of +soft hadrons and it's non-perturbative + + align:start position:0% +soft hadrons and it's non-perturbative + + + align:start position:0% +soft hadrons and it's non-perturbative +I'm I'm not it's not like I'm drawing it + + align:start position:0% +I'm I'm not it's not like I'm drawing it + + + align:start position:0% +I'm I'm not it's not like I'm drawing it +because I know it right so but looks + + align:start position:0% +because I know it right so but looks + + + align:start position:0% +because I know it right so but looks +something like this uh whereas this part + + align:start position:0% +something like this uh whereas this part + + + align:start position:0% +something like this uh whereas this part +we can calculated and it has a has a + + align:start position:0% +we can calculated and it has a has a + + + align:start position:0% +we can calculated and it has a has a +different dependence this is a power law + + align:start position:0% +different dependence this is a power law + + + align:start position:0% +different dependence this is a power law +this is an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exponential okay so that's it's like + + align:start position:0% +exponential okay so that's it's like + + + align:start position:0% +exponential okay so that's it's like +kind of further factorization of the S + + align:start position:0% +kind of further factorization of the S + + + align:start position:0% +kind of further factorization of the S +into get rid of to make those two X is + + align:start position:0% +into get rid of to make those two X is + + + align:start position:0% +into get rid of to make those two X is +separated could separate the + + align:start position:0% +separated could separate the + + + align:start position:0% +separated could separate the +perturbative and + + align:start position:0% +perturbative and + + + align:start position:0% +perturbative and +non-perturbative + + align:start position:0% +non-perturbative + + + align:start position:0% +non-perturbative +Corrections in some sense if you're in a + + align:start position:0% +Corrections in some sense if you're in a + + + align:start position:0% +Corrections in some sense if you're in a +situation where they're + + align:start position:0% +situation where they're + + + align:start position:0% +situation where they're +comparable then you know whether you + + align:start position:0% +comparable then you know whether you + + + align:start position:0% +comparable then you know whether you +take a nonperturbative function and if + + align:start position:0% +take a nonperturbative function and if + + + align:start position:0% +take a nonperturbative function and if +l+ is small and you integrate it against + + align:start position:0% +l+ is small and you integrate it against + + + align:start position:0% +l+ is small and you integrate it against +this you're just getting back some other + + align:start position:0% +this you're just getting back some other + + + align:start position:0% +this you're just getting back some other +non perative function so this formula is + + align:start position:0% +non perative function so this formula is + + + align:start position:0% +non perative function so this formula is +not really there is there are some + + align:start position:0% +not really there is there are some + + + align:start position:0% +not really there is there are some +things that this formula is actually + + align:start position:0% +things that this formula is actually + + + align:start position:0% +things that this formula is actually +doing even in that situation it's + + align:start position:0% +doing even in that situation it's + + + align:start position:0% +doing even in that situation it's +ensuring that you're in the msar scheme + + align:start position:0% +ensuring that you're in the msar scheme + + + align:start position:0% +ensuring that you're in the msar scheme +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +example um + + align:start position:0% +example um + + + align:start position:0% +example um +but you know the sort of more more + + align:start position:0% +but you know the sort of more more + + + align:start position:0% +but you know the sort of more more +important in some ways is when they're + + align:start position:0% +important in some ways is when they're + + + align:start position:0% +important in some ways is when they're +hierarchical and then you can start + + align:start position:0% +hierarchical and then you can start + + + align:start position:0% +hierarchical and then you can start +start to expand this thing and because + + align:start position:0% +start to expand this thing and because + + + align:start position:0% +start to expand this thing and because +in that case this l+ Prime would be + + align:start position:0% +in that case this l+ Prime would be + + + align:start position:0% +in that case this l+ Prime would be +localized down here and the l+ if the l+ + + align:start position:0% +localized down here and the l+ if the l+ + + + align:start position:0% +localized down here and the l+ if the l+ +got big then you can start doing a + + align:start position:0% +got big then you can start doing a + + + align:start position:0% +got big then you can start doing a +tailor Series this formula would tell + + align:start position:0% +tailor Series this formula would tell + + + align:start position:0% +tailor Series this formula would tell +you what the how to put the corrections + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +together okay so there's kind of a lot + + align:start position:0% +together okay so there's kind of a lot + + + align:start position:0% +together okay so there's kind of a lot +of physic in that formula that I'm not + + align:start position:0% +of physic in that formula that I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +of physic in that formula that I'm not +going into in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +detail yeah + + align:start position:0% +detail yeah + + + align:start position:0% +detail yeah +so yeah I don't entirely understand why + + align:start position:0% +so yeah I don't entirely understand why + + + align:start position:0% +so yeah I don't entirely understand why +this is valid are you allowed to are you + + align:start position:0% +this is valid are you allowed to are you + + + align:start position:0% +this is valid are you allowed to are you +allowed to does the Sol function code + + align:start position:0% +allowed to does the Sol function code + + + align:start position:0% +allowed to does the Sol function code +all mod like below that + + align:start position:0% +all mod like below that + + + align:start position:0% +all mod like below that +hyperbola right is that that's right + + align:start position:0% +hyperbola right is that that's right + + + align:start position:0% +hyperbola right is that that's right +below the above one + + align:start position:0% +below the above one + + + align:start position:0% +below the above one +and that's right that's right the soft + + align:start position:0% +and that's right that's right the soft + + + align:start position:0% +and that's right that's right the soft +function you should always think of + + align:start position:0% +function you should always think of + + + align:start position:0% +function you should always think of +these things as kind of extending down + + align:start position:0% +these things as kind of extending down + + + align:start position:0% +these things as kind of extending down +to the axis right in some kind of + + align:start position:0% +to the axis right in some kind of + + + align:start position:0% +to the axis right in some kind of +fashion so let's draw it like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this since they're infrared modes and + + align:start position:0% +this since they're infrared modes and + + + align:start position:0% +this since they're infrared modes and +the infrared is sort of down at the axis + + align:start position:0% +the infrared is sort of down at the axis + + + align:start position:0% +the infrared is sort of down at the axis +you should always think of them as + + align:start position:0% +you should always think of them as + + + align:start position:0% +you should always think of them as +extending down to the axis now you know + + align:start position:0% +extending down to the axis now you know + + + align:start position:0% +extending down to the axis now you know +exactly how you want to think + + align:start position:0% +exactly how you want to think + + + align:start position:0% +exactly how you want to think +about how the soft modes and the whether + + align:start position:0% +about how the soft modes and the whether + + + align:start position:0% +about how the soft modes and the whether +the soft modes are been capturing the + + align:start position:0% +the soft modes are been capturing the + + + align:start position:0% +the soft modes are been capturing the +entire Axis or the cinear you know how + + align:start position:0% +entire Axis or the cinear you know how + + + align:start position:0% +entire Axis or the cinear you know how +the cinear modes and the soft modes kind + + align:start position:0% +the cinear modes and the soft modes kind + + + align:start position:0% +the cinear modes and the soft modes kind +of what the edges are is related to the + + align:start position:0% +of what the edges are is related to the + + + align:start position:0% +of what the edges are is related to the +power counting and you can think of the + + align:start position:0% +power counting and you can think of the + + + align:start position:0% +power counting and you can think of the +cinear modes as kind of being held away + + align:start position:0% +cinear modes as kind of being held away + + + align:start position:0% +cinear modes as kind of being held away +from the axis because the soft modes are + + align:start position:0% +from the axis because the soft modes are + + + align:start position:0% +from the axis because the soft modes are +really deeper in the infrared but but at + + align:start position:0% +really deeper in the infrared but but at + + + align:start position:0% +really deeper in the infrared but but at +higher power are you going to up if you + + align:start position:0% +higher power are you going to up if you + + + align:start position:0% +higher power are you going to up if you +say like suppose the soft modes um uh + + align:start position:0% +say like suppose the soft modes um uh + + + align:start position:0% +say like suppose the soft modes um uh +have a invariant mass of you know Lambda + + align:start position:0% +have a invariant mass of you know Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +have a invariant mass of you know Lambda +to the fifth right they're Sol that's + + align:start position:0% +to the fifth right they're Sol that's + + + align:start position:0% +to the fifth right they're Sol that's +there's there's never there's you never + + align:start position:0% +there's there's never there's you never + + + align:start position:0% +there's there's never there's you never +have to worry about like you could worry + + align:start position:0% +have to worry about like you could worry + + + align:start position:0% +have to worry about like you could worry +about like putting in more hyper was + + align:start position:0% +about like putting in more hyper was + + + align:start position:0% +about like putting in more hyper was +right with Lambda qcd over Q or + + align:start position:0% +right with Lambda qcd over Q or + + + align:start position:0% +right with Lambda qcd over Q or +something and you don't have to do that + + align:start position:0% +something and you don't have to do that + + + align:start position:0% +something and you don't have to do that +you never have to do + + align:start position:0% +you never have to do + + + align:start position:0% +you never have to do +that I mean essentially that's because + + align:start position:0% +that I mean essentially that's because + + + align:start position:0% +that I mean essentially that's because +those any Lambda qcds what this x means + + align:start position:0% +those any Lambda qcds what this x means + + + align:start position:0% +those any Lambda qcds what this x means +is that Lambda qcd is encoded in in the + + align:start position:0% +is that Lambda qcd is encoded in in the + + + align:start position:0% +is that Lambda qcd is encoded in in the +soft this kind of non-perturbative soft + + align:start position:0% +soft this kind of non-perturbative soft + + + align:start position:0% +soft this kind of non-perturbative soft +mode and if you had something that you + + align:start position:0% +mode and if you had something that you + + + align:start position:0% +mode and if you had something that you +know at higher power is like Lambda qcd + + align:start position:0% +know at higher power is like Lambda qcd + + + align:start position:0% +know at higher power is like Lambda qcd +to take your example to the 6 the 1/ Q + + align:start position:0% +to take your example to the 6 the 1/ Q + + + align:start position:0% +to take your example to the 6 the 1/ Q +to the to the 6th is going to come out + + align:start position:0% +to the to the 6th is going to come out + + + align:start position:0% +to the to the 6th is going to come out +in some coefficient and the Lambda qcd + + align:start position:0% +in some coefficient and the Lambda qcd + + + align:start position:0% +in some coefficient and the Lambda qcd +to the 6 is just going to be some Matrix + + align:start position:0% +to the 6 is just going to be some Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +to the 6 is just going to be some Matrix +element of this mode that has that + + align:start position:0% +element of this mode that has that + + + align:start position:0% +element of this mode that has that +Dimension that's how it's going to + + align:start position:0% +Dimension that's how it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +Dimension that's how it's going to +work so in some sense you could say well + + align:start position:0% +work so in some sense you could say well + + + align:start position:0% +work so in some sense you could say well +what if I put a mode down there and I + + align:start position:0% +what if I put a mode down there and I + + + align:start position:0% +what if I put a mode down there and I +would just say well that Mode's inside + + align:start position:0% +would just say well that Mode's inside + + + align:start position:0% +would just say well that Mode's inside +this mode you don't have to write down + + align:start position:0% +this mode you don't have to write down + + + align:start position:0% +this mode you don't have to write down +something different for that it's all + + align:start position:0% +something different for that it's all + + + align:start position:0% +something different for that it's all +encoded in the lran for that mode I mean + + align:start position:0% +encoded in the lran for that mode I mean + + + align:start position:0% +encoded in the lran for that mode I mean +that mode has all the non-perturbative + + align:start position:0% +that mode has all the non-perturbative + + + align:start position:0% +that mode has all the non-perturbative +physics + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah at a higher power you're comparing + + align:start position:0% +yeah at a higher power you're comparing + + + align:start position:0% +yeah at a higher power you're comparing +so this is this is yeah this is a good + + align:start position:0% +so this is this is yeah this is a good + + + align:start position:0% +so this is this is yeah this is a good +question right actually secretly much + + align:start position:0% +question right actually secretly much + + + align:start position:0% +question right actually secretly much +smaller yeah so one way of thinking + + align:start position:0% +smaller yeah so one way of thinking + + + align:start position:0% +smaller yeah so one way of thinking +about it is like is like this when you + + align:start position:0% +about it is like is like this when you + + + align:start position:0% +about it is like is like this when you +design the effective Theory you actually + + align:start position:0% +design the effective Theory you actually + + + align:start position:0% +design the effective Theory you actually +have to figure out what the degrees of + + align:start position:0% +have to figure out what the degrees of + + + align:start position:0% +have to figure out what the degrees of +freedom are at lowest order and when you + + align:start position:0% +freedom are at lowest order and when you + + + align:start position:0% +freedom are at lowest order and when you +go to higher order you shouldn't be + + align:start position:0% +go to higher order you shouldn't be + + + align:start position:0% +go to higher order you shouldn't be +having new degrees of freedom popping up + + align:start position:0% +having new degrees of freedom popping up + + + align:start position:0% +having new degrees of freedom popping up +at you yeah and so um that's kind of you + + align:start position:0% +at you yeah and so um that's kind of you + + + align:start position:0% +at you yeah and so um that's kind of you +know at the heart of what I'm saying + + align:start position:0% +know at the heart of what I'm saying + + + align:start position:0% +know at the heart of what I'm saying +here that's a kind of a even deeper way + + align:start position:0% +here that's a kind of a even deeper way + + + align:start position:0% +here that's a kind of a even deeper way +of saying + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it because what you're doing with the + + align:start position:0% +it because what you're doing with the + + + align:start position:0% +it because what you're doing with the +power Corrections is you're kind of you + + align:start position:0% +power Corrections is you're kind of you + + + align:start position:0% +power Corrections is you're kind of you +know figuring out how to put factors in + + align:start position:0% +know figuring out how to put factors in + + + align:start position:0% +know figuring out how to put factors in +the numerator if you want to think in + + align:start position:0% +the numerator if you want to think in + + + align:start position:0% +the numerator if you want to think in +diagrams you're not changing the + + align:start position:0% +diagrams you're not changing the + + + align:start position:0% +diagrams you're not changing the +propagators you've already figured out + + align:start position:0% +propagators you've already figured out + + + align:start position:0% +propagators you've already figured out +the propagators with your leading order + + align:start position:0% +the propagators with your leading order + + + align:start position:0% +the propagators with your leading order +Theory so you have sort of where all the + + align:start position:0% +Theory so you have sort of where all the + + + align:start position:0% +Theory so you have sort of where all the +poles can can occur and now you're just + + align:start position:0% +poles can can occur and now you're just + + + align:start position:0% +poles can can occur and now you're just +sort of doing peration Theory peration + + align:start position:0% +sort of doing peration Theory peration + + + align:start position:0% +sort of doing peration Theory peration +Theory shouldn't introduce new degrees + + align:start position:0% +Theory shouldn't introduce new degrees + + + align:start position:0% +Theory shouldn't introduce new degrees +of freedom kind of in the power when + + align:start position:0% +of freedom kind of in the power when + + + align:start position:0% +of freedom kind of in the power when +you're expanding in the power + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +expansion all right so + + align:start position:0% +expansion all right so + + + align:start position:0% +expansion all right so +to draw a + + align:start position:0% +to draw a + + + align:start position:0% +to draw a +picture I want to tell you about one + + align:start position:0% +picture I want to tell you about one + + + align:start position:0% +picture I want to tell you about one +other observable which is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thrust so thrust can be defined by this + + align:start position:0% +thrust so thrust can be defined by this + + + align:start position:0% +thrust so thrust can be defined by this +formula + + align:start position:0% +formula + + + align:start position:0% +formula +here in general which is that you find + + align:start position:0% +here in general which is that you find + + + align:start position:0% +here in general which is that you find +some axis which is actually an axis + + align:start position:0% +some axis which is actually an axis + + + align:start position:0% +some axis which is actually an axis +that's going to in our diget + + align:start position:0% +that's going to in our diget + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to in our diget +configuration be the jet + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +axis you find the axis that maximizes + + align:start position:0% +axis you find the axis that maximizes + + + align:start position:0% +axis you find the axis that maximizes +this this thing and in the case of a + + align:start position:0% +this this thing and in the case of a + + + align:start position:0% +this this thing and in the case of a +diget configuration that's going to + + align:start position:0% +diget configuration that's going to + + + align:start position:0% +diget configuration that's going to +align with the jet axis and then you do + + align:start position:0% +align with the jet axis and then you do + + + align:start position:0% +align with the jet axis and then you do +this sum and that calculates some + + align:start position:0% +this sum and that calculates some + + + align:start position:0% +this sum and that calculates some +variable + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +t t turns out to have kinematic limits + + align:start position:0% +t t turns out to have kinematic limits + + + align:start position:0% +t t turns out to have kinematic limits +between a half and one and if you want + + align:start position:0% +between a half and one and if you want + + + align:start position:0% +between a half and one and if you want +to talk about something it's a little + + align:start position:0% +to talk about something it's a little + + + align:start position:0% +to talk about something it's a little +more convenient you define something + + align:start position:0% +more convenient you define something + + + align:start position:0% +more convenient you define something +called to which is 1 minus t and the D + + align:start position:0% +called to which is 1 minus t and the D + + + align:start position:0% +called to which is 1 minus t and the D +limit of to + + align:start position:0% +limit of to + + + align:start position:0% +limit of to +is zero that's why this is more so the + + align:start position:0% +is zero that's why this is more so the + + + align:start position:0% +is zero that's why this is more so the +diget limit of T is the limit where you + + align:start position:0% +diget limit of T is the limit where you + + + align:start position:0% +diget limit of T is the limit where you +would just have kind of two pencil like + + align:start position:0% +would just have kind of two pencil like + + + align:start position:0% +would just have kind of two pencil like +backtack things in that case this goes + + align:start position:0% +backtack things in that case this goes + + + align:start position:0% +backtack things in that case this goes +to one and if you want to define + + align:start position:0% +to one and if you want to define + + + align:start position:0% +to one and if you want to define +something that goes to zero then you + + align:start position:0% +something that goes to zero then you + + + align:start position:0% +something that goes to zero then you +define this towel which is a little more + + align:start position:0% +define this towel which is a little more + + + align:start position:0% +define this towel which is a little more +convenient and so it's possible to work + + align:start position:0% +convenient and so it's possible to work + + + align:start position:0% +convenient and so it's possible to work +out that when you're in a dig + + align:start position:0% +out that when you're in a dig + + + align:start position:0% +out that when you're in a dig +configuration that this towel with a bit + + align:start position:0% +configuration that this towel with a bit + + + align:start position:0% +configuration that this towel with a bit +of work + + align:start position:0% +of work + + + align:start position:0% +of work +you can show it's actually simply the + + align:start position:0% +you can show it's actually simply the + + + align:start position:0% +you can show it's actually simply the +sum of our two Hemisphere and variant + + align:start position:0% +sum of our two Hemisphere and variant + + + align:start position:0% +sum of our two Hemisphere and variant +masses so obviously in a dig + + align:start position:0% +masses so obviously in a dig + + + align:start position:0% +masses so obviously in a dig +configuration there's lots of + + align:start position:0% +configuration there's lots of + + + align:start position:0% +configuration there's lots of +simplifications to the kinematics and + + align:start position:0% +simplifications to the kinematics and + + + align:start position:0% +simplifications to the kinematics and +with some work one can show that that's + + align:start position:0% +with some work one can show that that's + + + align:start position:0% +with some work one can show that that's +true so what this is is an observable + + align:start position:0% +true so what this is is an observable + + + align:start position:0% +true so what this is is an observable +which is simply a symmetric projection + + align:start position:0% +which is simply a symmetric projection + + + align:start position:0% +which is simply a symmetric projection +of our previous two variable observable + + align:start position:0% +of our previous two variable observable + + + align:start position:0% +of our previous two variable observable +onto one variable observable but if we + + align:start position:0% +onto one variable observable but if we + + + align:start position:0% +onto one variable observable but if we +demand that for example to is small + + align:start position:0% +demand that for example to is small + + + align:start position:0% +demand that for example to is small +that's demanding both m^ S and M Bar squ + + align:start position:0% +that's demanding both m^ S and M Bar squ + + + align:start position:0% +that's demanding both m^ S and M Bar squ +are small because they're positive + + align:start position:0% +are small because they're positive + + + align:start position:0% +are small because they're positive +quantities and which is summing so + + align:start position:0% +quantities and which is summing so + + + align:start position:0% +quantities and which is summing so +demanding that this is small is + + align:start position:0% +demanding that this is small is + + + align:start position:0% +demanding that this is small is +demanding both of those variables is + + align:start position:0% +demanding both of those variables is + + + align:start position:0% +demanding both of those variables is +small so tal much less than + + align:start position:0% +small so tal much less than + + + align:start position:0% +small so tal much less than +one also is a way of getting + + align:start position:0% +one also is a way of getting + + + align:start position:0% +one also is a way of getting +digets and that's a way of getting + + align:start position:0% +digets and that's a way of getting + + + align:start position:0% +digets and that's a way of getting +digets just with one variable rather + + align:start position:0% +digets just with one variable rather + + + align:start position:0% +digets just with one variable rather +than two so that's of course easier to + + align:start position:0% +than two so that's of course easier to + + + align:start position:0% +than two so that's of course easier to +draw a picture with one thing than + + align:start position:0% +draw a picture with one thing than + + + align:start position:0% +draw a picture with one thing than +rather than two so if we take our + + align:start position:0% +rather than two so if we take our + + + align:start position:0% +rather than two so if we take our +formula for the two variables and we + + align:start position:0% +formula for the two variables and we + + + align:start position:0% +formula for the two variables and we +project onto + + align:start position:0% +project onto + + + align:start position:0% +project onto +one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then we can do that + + align:start position:0% +then we can do that + + + align:start position:0% +then we can do that +looks like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this so what happens to the jet the two + + align:start position:0% +this so what happens to the jet the two + + + align:start position:0% +this so what happens to the jet the two +jet functions and the the soft function + + align:start position:0% +jet functions and the the soft function + + + align:start position:0% +jet functions and the the soft function +that had two variables is that they get + + align:start position:0% +that had two variables is that they get + + + align:start position:0% +that had two variables is that they get +projected kind of onto their symmetric + + align:start position:0% +projected kind of onto their symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +projected kind of onto their symmetric +projection of the two variables so this + + align:start position:0% +projection of the two variables so this + + + align:start position:0% +projection of the two variables so this +is like + + align:start position:0% +is like + + + align:start position:0% +is like +a these two are like symmetric + + align:start position:0% +a these two are like symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +a these two are like symmetric +projections + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we had two variables + + align:start position:0% +so we had two variables + + + align:start position:0% +so we had two variables +before and now we have one variable and + + align:start position:0% +before and now we have one variable and + + + align:start position:0% +before and now we have one variable and +it's like a symmetric projection and + + align:start position:0% +it's like a symmetric projection and + + + align:start position:0% +it's like a symmetric projection and +that just follows from from this formula + + align:start position:0% +that just follows from from this formula + + + align:start position:0% +that just follows from from this formula +so literally to get this result we would + + align:start position:0% +so literally to get this result we would + + + align:start position:0% +so literally to get this result we would +just do the same trick we did before we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +say we'd say that this is true now let's + + align:start position:0% +say we'd say that this is true now let's + + + align:start position:0% +say we'd say that this is true now let's +move the integral dm^2 and DM bar squ + + align:start position:0% +move the integral dm^2 and DM bar squ + + + align:start position:0% +move the integral dm^2 and DM bar squ +onto the right hand side and think about + + align:start position:0% +onto the right hand side and think about + + + align:start position:0% +onto the right hand side and think about +doing those integrals and we follow + + align:start position:0% +doing those integrals and we follow + + + align:start position:0% +doing those integrals and we follow +through and it would lead to a formula + + align:start position:0% +through and it would lead to a formula + + + align:start position:0% +through and it would lead to a formula +like this + + align:start position:0% +like this + + + align:start position:0% +like this +one J to is j s j j tow is J Square J J + + align:start position:0% +one J to is j s j j tow is J Square J J + + + align:start position:0% +one J to is j s j j tow is J Square J J +tow is literally + + align:start position:0% +tow is literally + + + align:start position:0% +tow is literally +J J integrated over so fixing the kind + + align:start position:0% +J J integrated over so fixing the kind + + + align:start position:0% +J J integrated over so fixing the kind +of the the sum of the momentum and + + align:start position:0% +of the the sum of the momentum and + + + align:start position:0% +of the the sum of the momentum and +integrating over the + + align:start position:0% +integrating over the + + + align:start position:0% +integrating over the +difference okay so this gu depends on + + align:start position:0% +difference okay so this gu depends on + + + align:start position:0% +difference okay so this gu depends on +one momentum and this guy these guys + + align:start position:0% +one momentum and this guy these guys + + + align:start position:0% +one momentum and this guy these guys +depended on Two And there's one + + align:start position:0% +depended on Two And there's one + + + align:start position:0% +depended on Two And there's one +integral and then St is like one + + align:start position:0% +integral and then St is like one + + + align:start position:0% +integral and then St is like one +integral of kind of a something like + + align:start position:0% +integral of kind of a something like + + + align:start position:0% +integral of kind of a something like +this so that's called the integral L + + align:start position:0% +this so that's called the integral L + + + align:start position:0% +this so that's called the integral L +Prime it's kind of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that so that's what I mean by symmetric + + align:start position:0% +that so that's what I mean by symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +that so that's what I mean by symmetric +projection you know be as a function + + align:start position:0% +projection you know be as a function + + + align:start position:0% +projection you know be as a function +or could anothera varable come out um + + align:start position:0% +or could anothera varable come out um + + + align:start position:0% +or could anothera varable come out um +you know it can be written as a function + + align:start position:0% +you know it can be written as a function + + + align:start position:0% +you know it can be written as a function +of n Bar yeah because you're still if + + align:start position:0% +of n Bar yeah because you're still if + + + align:start position:0% +of n Bar yeah because you're still if +you're in suting power as long as you're + + align:start position:0% +you're in suting power as long as you're + + + align:start position:0% +you're in suting power as long as you're +in the diget configuration we've got the + + align:start position:0% +in the diget configuration we've got the + + + align:start position:0% +in the diget configuration we've got the +right degrees of freedom we don't need + + align:start position:0% +right degrees of freedom we don't need + + + align:start position:0% +right degrees of freedom we don't need +another jet degree of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Freedom so if you want to describe you + + align:start position:0% +Freedom so if you want to describe you + + + align:start position:0% +Freedom so if you want to describe you +know you could think about the thrust + + align:start position:0% +know you could think about the thrust + + + align:start position:0% +know you could think about the thrust +distribution well let let me answer your + + align:start position:0% +distribution well let let me answer your + + + align:start position:0% +distribution well let let me answer your +question in in more deta let me tell you + + align:start position:0% +question in in more deta let me tell you + + + align:start position:0% +question in in more deta let me tell you +where you would have to worry about more + + align:start position:0% +where you would have to worry about more + + + align:start position:0% +where you would have to worry about more +degrees of freedom um but let me do it + + align:start position:0% +degrees of freedom um but let me do it + + + align:start position:0% +degrees of freedom um but let me do it +in a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +second I'll give + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you all right so in the thrust + + align:start position:0% +you all right so in the thrust + + + align:start position:0% +you all right so in the thrust +case kind of what we said about masses + + align:start position:0% +case kind of what we said about masses + + + align:start position:0% +case kind of what we said about masses +carries over + + align:start position:0% +carries over + + + align:start position:0% +carries over +to a a formula like this where this is + + align:start position:0% +to a a formula like this where this is + + + align:start position:0% +to a a formula like this where this is +U2 being + + align:start position:0% +U2 being + + + align:start position:0% +U2 being +much bigger than mu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +j^2 much bigger than ms^ S and then that + + align:start position:0% +j^2 much bigger than ms^ S and then that + + + align:start position:0% +j^2 much bigger than ms^ S and then that +could be much greater than + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or of order Lambda qcd s and the type of + + align:start position:0% +or of order Lambda qcd s and the type of + + + align:start position:0% +or of order Lambda qcd s and the type of +terms that our factorization theorem + + align:start position:0% +terms that our factorization theorem + + + align:start position:0% +terms that our factorization theorem +would be able to resum if we did the re + + align:start position:0% +would be able to resum if we did the re + + + align:start position:0% +would be able to resum if we did the re +normalization group + + align:start position:0% +normalization group + + + align:start position:0% +normalization group +Evolution would be sums of powers of + + align:start position:0% +Evolution would be sums of powers of + + + align:start position:0% +Evolution would be sums of powers of +Alpha and logs of to to is a + + align:start position:0% +Alpha and logs of to to is a + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha and logs of to to is a +dimensionless variable and so the kind + + align:start position:0% +dimensionless variable and so the kind + + + align:start position:0% +dimensionless variable and so the kind +of terms that would show up in the + + align:start position:0% +of terms that would show up in the + + + align:start position:0% +of terms that would show up in the +cross-section or terms like that + + align:start position:0% +cross-section or terms like that + + + align:start position:0% +cross-section or terms like that +plus non-perturbative + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +effects so if you want to think you at a + + align:start position:0% +effects so if you want to think you at a + + + align:start position:0% +effects so if you want to think you at a +base level what is inside our formula + + align:start position:0% +base level what is inside our formula + + + align:start position:0% +base level what is inside our formula +it's all these terms we're able to + + align:start position:0% +it's all these terms we're able to + + + align:start position:0% +it's all these terms we're able to +determine them from our factorization + + align:start position:0% +determine them from our factorization + + + align:start position:0% +determine them from our factorization +theorem and then there's also some + + align:start position:0% +theorem and then there's also some + + + align:start position:0% +theorem and then there's also some +nonperturbative really it should be kind + + align:start position:0% +nonperturbative really it should be kind + + + align:start position:0% +nonperturbative really it should be kind +of and non-perturbative effects they're + + align:start position:0% +of and non-perturbative effects they're + + + align:start position:0% +of and non-perturbative effects they're +in this F function + + align:start position:0% +in this F function + + + align:start position:0% +in this F function +and the factorization theorem is telling + + align:start position:0% +and the factorization theorem is telling + + + align:start position:0% +and the factorization theorem is telling +us how to compute these things and + + align:start position:0% +us how to compute these things and + + + align:start position:0% +us how to compute these things and +include + + align:start position:0% +include + + + align:start position:0% +include +them so what does it look like as a + + align:start position:0% +them so what does it look like as a + + + align:start position:0% +them so what does it look like as a +picture what does the cross-section look + + align:start position:0% +picture what does the cross-section look + + + align:start position:0% +picture what does the cross-section look +like so there's a + + align:start position:0% +like so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +like so there's a +peak as I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +promised and there's kind of and then + + align:start position:0% +promised and there's kind of and then + + + align:start position:0% +promised and there's kind of and then +there's a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tail and so + + align:start position:0% +tail and so + + + align:start position:0% +tail and so +this is a + + align:start position:0% +this is a + + + align:start position:0% +this is a +to this is D Sigma + + align:start position:0% +to this is D Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +to this is D Sigma +DT you can always + + align:start position:0% +DT you can always + + + align:start position:0% +DT you can always +normalize this peak is happening in the + + align:start position:0% +normalize this peak is happening in the + + + align:start position:0% +normalize this peak is happening in the +kind of non-perturbative region + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so because it's a symmetric projection + + align:start position:0% +so because it's a symmetric projection + + + align:start position:0% +so because it's a symmetric projection +there's a factor of two but it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +there's a factor of two but it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +there's a factor of two but it's kind of +basically happening when to's of order + + align:start position:0% +basically happening when to's of order + + + align:start position:0% +basically happening when to's of order +Lambda qcd over q and we could figure + + align:start position:0% +Lambda qcd over q and we could figure + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda qcd over q and we could figure +out that just by power counting and then + + align:start position:0% +out that just by power counting and then + + + align:start position:0% +out that just by power counting and then +depending on the value of Q + + align:start position:0% +depending on the value of Q + + + align:start position:0% +depending on the value of Q +but sort of for a typical cons + + align:start position:0% +but sort of for a typical cons + + + align:start position:0% +but sort of for a typical cons +configuration to equals .1 would be over + + align:start position:0% +configuration to equals .1 would be over + + + align:start position:0% +configuration to equals .1 would be over +somewhere over there + + align:start position:0% +somewhere over there + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere over there +Etc so this is the peak outly named + + align:start position:0% +Etc so this is the peak outly named + + + align:start position:0% +Etc so this is the peak outly named +because it looks like a peak and in this + + align:start position:0% +because it looks like a peak and in this + + + align:start position:0% +because it looks like a peak and in this +peak there's nonperturbative + + align:start position:0% +peak there's nonperturbative + + + align:start position:0% +peak there's nonperturbative +effects that come through the + + align:start position:0% +effects that come through the + + + align:start position:0% +effects that come through the +F this is the + + align:start position:0% +F this is the + + + align:start position:0% +F this is the +tail it could be called the shoulder but + + align:start position:0% +tail it could be called the shoulder but + + + align:start position:0% +tail it could be called the shoulder but +it's it's kind of once you're once + + align:start position:0% +it's it's kind of once you're once + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's kind of once you're once +you're out here down here this is what + + align:start position:0% +you're out here down here this is what + + + align:start position:0% +you're out here down here this is what +you call the tail where you have a + + align:start position:0% +you call the tail where you have a + + + align:start position:0% +you call the tail where you have a +perturbative + + align:start position:0% +perturbative + + + align:start position:0% +perturbative +STW and then you would + + align:start position:0% +STW and then you would + + + align:start position:0% +STW and then you would +include power Corrections by + + align:start position:0% +include power Corrections by + + + align:start position:0% +include power Corrections by +expanding and the expansion would give + + align:start position:0% +expanding and the expansion would give + + + align:start position:0% +expanding and the expansion would give +you Lambda qcd over the soft scale which + + align:start position:0% +you Lambda qcd over the soft scale which + + + align:start position:0% +you Lambda qcd over the soft scale which +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +qal okay so this + + align:start position:0% +qal okay so this + + + align:start position:0% +qal okay so this +is that that's that expansion that we + + align:start position:0% +is that that's that expansion that we + + + align:start position:0% +is that that's that expansion that we +talked about and that comes from + + align:start position:0% +talked about and that comes from + + + align:start position:0% +talked about and that comes from +expanding it + + align:start position:0% +expanding it + + + align:start position:0% +expanding it +f where + + align:start position:0% +f where + + + align:start position:0% +f where +it's an expansion that involves F it's + + align:start position:0% +it's an expansion that involves F it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's an expansion that involves F it's +not expanding F + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's basically what these numerators are + + align:start position:0% +it's basically what these numerators are + + + align:start position:0% +it's basically what these numerators are +moments of f once you do the expansion + + align:start position:0% +moments of f once you do the expansion + + + align:start position:0% +moments of f once you do the expansion +and then there's a region out here and + + align:start position:0% +and then there's a region out here and + + + align:start position:0% +and then there's a region out here and +in both of these regions you have digets + + align:start position:0% +in both of these regions you have digets + + + align:start position:0% +in both of these regions you have digets +but in this region out here you don't + + align:start position:0% +but in this region out here you don't + + + align:start position:0% +but in this region out here you don't +have digets anymore that's where to is + + align:start position:0% +have digets anymore that's where to is + + + align:start position:0% +have digets anymore that's where to is +starting to get large and you no longer + + align:start position:0% +starting to get large and you no longer + + + align:start position:0% +starting to get large and you no longer +have diget + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so if you wanted to think about sort of + + align:start position:0% +so if you wanted to think about sort of + + + align:start position:0% +so if you wanted to think about sort of +higher order Corrections in the + + align:start position:0% +higher order Corrections in the + + + align:start position:0% +higher order Corrections in the +distribution out here then you might + + align:start position:0% +distribution out here then you might + + + align:start position:0% +distribution out here then you might +need to perhaps think about three Jets + + align:start position:0% +need to perhaps think about three Jets + + + align:start position:0% +need to perhaps think about three Jets +and other things in particular there's + + align:start position:0% +and other things in particular there's + + + align:start position:0% +and other things in particular there's +also like a kind of shoulder here that + + align:start position:0% +also like a kind of shoulder here that + + + align:start position:0% +also like a kind of shoulder here that +if you really want to think about how + + align:start position:0% +if you really want to think about how + + + align:start position:0% +if you really want to think about how +power Corrections are kind of properly + + align:start position:0% +power Corrections are kind of properly + + + align:start position:0% +power Corrections are kind of properly +dealing with that region you think + + align:start position:0% +dealing with that region you think + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with that region you think +about more than two Jets but if you just + + align:start position:0% +about more than two Jets but if you just + + + align:start position:0% +about more than two Jets but if you just +kind of restrict yourself to here and + + align:start position:0% +kind of restrict yourself to here and + + + align:start position:0% +kind of restrict yourself to here and +here which is all we're going to + + align:start position:0% +here which is all we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +here which is all we're going to +do uh then you don't then every mode + + align:start position:0% +do uh then you don't then every mode + + + align:start position:0% +do uh then you don't then every mode +even if you go to subleading order is + + align:start position:0% +even if you go to subleading order is + + + align:start position:0% +even if you go to subleading order is +exactly the ones that we just said and + + align:start position:0% +exactly the ones that we just said and + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the ones that we just said and +you just have to deal with them by + + align:start position:0% +you just have to deal with them by + + + align:start position:0% +you just have to deal with them by +constructing operators at subleading + + align:start position:0% +constructing operators at subleading + + + align:start position:0% +constructing operators at subleading +order so that's the more detailed answer + + align:start position:0% +order so that's the more detailed answer + + + align:start position:0% +order so that's the more detailed answer +to your + + align:start position:0% +to your + + + align:start position:0% +to your +question any other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions okay + + align:start position:0% +questions okay + + + align:start position:0% +questions okay +so see few few few things about the + + align:start position:0% +so see few few few things about the + + + align:start position:0% +so see few few few things about the +peration theory so so far we've kind of + + align:start position:0% +peration theory so so far we've kind of + + + align:start position:0% +peration theory so so far we've kind of +argued that we could get pretty far with + + align:start position:0% +argued that we could get pretty far with + + + align:start position:0% +argued that we could get pretty far with +doing privation Theory so we got here + + align:start position:0% +doing privation Theory so we got here + + + align:start position:0% +doing privation Theory so we got here +without doing privation Theory what if + + align:start position:0% +without doing privation Theory what if + + + align:start position:0% +without doing privation Theory what if +we actually now want to calculate these + + align:start position:0% +we actually now want to calculate these + + + align:start position:0% +we actually now want to calculate these +series do the renormalization group + + align:start position:0% +series do the renormalization group + + + align:start position:0% +series do the renormalization group +Evolution how's that going to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +work and it's actually in some ways it's + + align:start position:0% +work and it's actually in some ways it's + + + align:start position:0% +work and it's actually in some ways it's +a it's a combination of the two examples + + align:start position:0% +a it's a combination of the two examples + + + align:start position:0% +a it's a combination of the two examples +that we treated we did an example where + + align:start position:0% +that we treated we did an example where + + + align:start position:0% +that we treated we did an example where +we had a Wilson coefficient that was + + align:start position:0% +we had a Wilson coefficient that was + + + align:start position:0% +we had a Wilson coefficient that was +just running multiplicatively and we did + + align:start position:0% +just running multiplicatively and we did + + + align:start position:0% +just running multiplicatively and we did +another example where we had a function + + align:start position:0% +another example where we had a function + + + align:start position:0% +another example where we had a function +for deep and elas scattering it had an + + align:start position:0% +for deep and elas scattering it had an + + + align:start position:0% +for deep and elas scattering it had an +integral and we're going to have both of + + align:start position:0% +integral and we're going to have both of + + + align:start position:0% +integral and we're going to have both of +those those situations in this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +case so let me tell you how it + + align:start position:0% +case so let me tell you how it + + + align:start position:0% +case so let me tell you how it +works so to get the hard function you + + align:start position:0% +works so to get the hard function you + + + align:start position:0% +works so to get the hard function you +would do some + + align:start position:0% +would do some + + + align:start position:0% +would do some +matching and the the matching is + + align:start position:0% +matching and the the matching is + + + align:start position:0% +matching and the the matching is +actually for what people call the Quark + + align:start position:0% +actually for what people call the Quark + + + align:start position:0% +actually for what people call the Quark +form + + align:start position:0% +form + + + align:start position:0% +form +factor so if you wonder why people care + + align:start position:0% +factor so if you wonder why people care + + + align:start position:0% +factor so if you wonder why people care +about the Quark form factor the quk for + + align:start position:0% +about the Quark form factor the quk for + + + align:start position:0% +about the Quark form factor the quk for +form factor is basically the H in our + + align:start position:0% +form factor is basically the H in our + + + align:start position:0% +form factor is basically the H in our +formula not exactly but closely Rel + + align:start position:0% +formula not exactly but closely Rel + + + align:start position:0% +formula not exactly but closely Rel +related to the H in our + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +formula so you would do + + align:start position:0% +formula so you would do + + + align:start position:0% +formula so you would do +some one Loop matching by taking qcd + + align:start position:0% +some one Loop matching by taking qcd + + + align:start position:0% +some one Loop matching by taking qcd +graphs and subtracting the SAT graphs in + + align:start position:0% +graphs and subtracting the SAT graphs in + + + align:start position:0% +graphs and subtracting the SAT graphs in +exactly the kind of way we were already + + align:start position:0% +exactly the kind of way we were already + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the kind of way we were already +doing for examples that we treated + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +before so those are cinear GR gluons + + align:start position:0% +before so those are cinear GR gluons + + + align:start position:0% +before so those are cinear GR gluons +this is an ultrasoft + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +gluon and there's some wave function + + align:start position:0% +gluon and there's some wave function + + + align:start position:0% +gluon and there's some wave function +graphs that you could + + align:start position:0% +graphs that you could + + + align:start position:0% +graphs that you could +consider we form the difference and at + + align:start position:0% +consider we form the difference and at + + + align:start position:0% +consider we form the difference and at +one Loop we check that all the IR + + align:start position:0% +one Loop we check that all the IR + + + align:start position:0% +one Loop we check that all the IR +divergences between this and this cancel + + align:start position:0% +divergences between this and this cancel + + + align:start position:0% +divergences between this and this cancel +and then we get the Wilson + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coefficient so this is very very + + align:start position:0% +coefficient so this is very very + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient so this is very very +analogous to the example that we did + + align:start position:0% +analogous to the example that we did + + + align:start position:0% +analogous to the example that we did +when we're doing a heavy light current + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and you see here that this thing which + + align:start position:0% +and you see here that this thing which + + + align:start position:0% +and you see here that this thing which +depends on mu it's mu over Q right and + + align:start position:0% +depends on mu it's mu over Q right and + + + align:start position:0% +depends on mu it's mu over Q right and +that's what what I was saying that the + + align:start position:0% +that's what what I was saying that the + + + align:start position:0% +that's what what I was saying that the +Wilson coefficient or the hard function + + align:start position:0% +Wilson coefficient or the hard function + + + align:start position:0% +Wilson coefficient or the hard function +should be minim the log should be + + align:start position:0% +should be minim the log should be + + + align:start position:0% +should be minim the log should be +minimized for Mu of order Q + + align:start position:0% +minimized for Mu of order Q + + + align:start position:0% +minimized for Mu of order Q +and we see that by doing the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +calculation H is + + align:start position:0% +calculation H is + + + align:start position:0% +calculation H is +the square of this thing so there's + + align:start position:0% +the square of this thing so there's + + + align:start position:0% +the square of this thing so there's +imaginary parts from these negative + + align:start position:0% +imaginary parts from these negative + + + align:start position:0% +imaginary parts from these negative +logarithms these are minus q^2 minus i z + + align:start position:0% +logarithms these are minus q^2 minus i z + + + align:start position:0% +logarithms these are minus q^2 minus i z +that when I take the mod Square this + + align:start position:0% +that when I take the mod Square this + + + align:start position:0% +that when I take the mod Square this +thing is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +real what about the jet + + align:start position:0% +real what about the jet + + + align:start position:0% +real what about the jet +function well if you go back to what the + + align:start position:0% +function well if you go back to what the + + + align:start position:0% +function well if you go back to what the +formula for the jet function was the jet + + align:start position:0% +formula for the jet function was the jet + + + align:start position:0% +formula for the jet function was the jet +function is + + align:start position:0% +function is + + + align:start position:0% +function is +basically two + + align:start position:0% +basically two + + + align:start position:0% +basically two +Fields like spit out a quirk and absorb + + align:start position:0% +Fields like spit out a quirk and absorb + + + align:start position:0% +Fields like spit out a quirk and absorb +a quark but it's a vacuum Matrix element + + align:start position:0% +a quark but it's a vacuum Matrix element + + + align:start position:0% +a quark but it's a vacuum Matrix element +so the quirks are just + + align:start position:0% +so the quirks are just + + + align:start position:0% +so the quirks are just +contracted so you're basically + + align:start position:0% +contracted so you're basically + + + align:start position:0% +contracted so you're basically +calculating graphs like this are really + + align:start position:0% +calculating graphs like this are really + + + align:start position:0% +calculating graphs like this are really +actually the imaginary parts of graphs + + align:start position:0% +actually the imaginary parts of graphs + + + align:start position:0% +actually the imaginary parts of graphs +like this because the way I drew it you + + align:start position:0% +like this because the way I drew it you + + + align:start position:0% +like this because the way I drew it you +were summing over final States so it + + align:start position:0% +were summing over final States so it + + + align:start position:0% +were summing over final States so it +would be the imaginary part so we could + + align:start position:0% +would be the imaginary part so we could + + + align:start position:0% +would be the imaginary part so we could +just calculate the graphs without + + align:start position:0% +just calculate the graphs without + + + align:start position:0% +just calculate the graphs without +putting a cut in and take the inary part + + align:start position:0% +putting a cut in and take the inary part + + + align:start position:0% +putting a cut in and take the inary part +and that would actually be giving us the + + align:start position:0% +and that would actually be giving us the + + + align:start position:0% +and that would actually be giving us the +jet function so the jet function comes + + align:start position:0% +jet function so the jet function comes + + + align:start position:0% +jet function so the jet function comes +from some fan + + align:start position:0% +from some fan + + + align:start position:0% +from some fan +diagrams that look like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this and then there's one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +more looks like that okay so at one Loop + + align:start position:0% +more looks like that okay so at one Loop + + + align:start position:0% +more looks like that okay so at one Loop +we have those three F diagrams and then + + align:start position:0% +we have those three F diagrams and then + + + align:start position:0% +we have those three F diagrams and then +we have the tree LEL guy we take the + + align:start position:0% +we have the tree LEL guy we take the + + + align:start position:0% +we have the tree LEL guy we take the +imaginary part we get the jet function + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +at lowest order it gives a Delta + + align:start position:0% +at lowest order it gives a Delta + + + align:start position:0% +at lowest order it gives a Delta +function just a cut + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +propagator and then at one Loop you get + + align:start position:0% +propagator and then at one Loop you get + + + align:start position:0% +propagator and then at one Loop you get +a Delta function and you also get plus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +functions that me not worri so much + + align:start position:0% +functions that me not worri so much + + + align:start position:0% +functions that me not worri so much +about what the lar what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the numbers are and just tell you what + + align:start position:0% +the numbers are and just tell you what + + + align:start position:0% +the numbers are and just tell you what +the result looks + + align:start position:0% +the result looks + + + align:start position:0% +the result looks +like looks like that there's three + + align:start position:0% +like looks like that there's three + + + align:start position:0% +like looks like that there's three +different types of terms that one could + + align:start position:0% +different types of terms that one could + + + align:start position:0% +different types of terms that one could +get they all kind of have a power + + align:start position:0% +get they all kind of have a power + + + align:start position:0% +get they all kind of have a power +counting that makes them go like one/ s + + align:start position:0% +counting that makes them go like one/ s + + + align:start position:0% +counting that makes them go like one/ s +and that you know ahead of time if you + + align:start position:0% +and that you know ahead of time if you + + + align:start position:0% +and that you know ahead of time if you +power count the the operator here it + + align:start position:0% +power count the the operator here it + + + align:start position:0% +power count the the operator here it +should scale like one/ s these These are + + align:start position:0% +should scale like one/ s these These are + + + align:start position:0% +should scale like one/ s these These are +the different kind of structures that + + align:start position:0% +the different kind of structures that + + + align:start position:0% +the different kind of structures that +you can get at one Loop that scale like + + align:start position:0% +you can get at one Loop that scale like + + + align:start position:0% +you can get at one Loop that scale like +one/ s and this is kind of a symptom of + + align:start position:0% +one/ s and this is kind of a symptom of + + + align:start position:0% +one/ s and this is kind of a symptom of +there being one over Epsilon squ + + align:start position:0% +there being one over Epsilon squ + + + align:start position:0% +there being one over Epsilon squ +divergences and this guy here of writing + + align:start position:0% +divergences and this guy here of writing + + + align:start position:0% +divergences and this guy here of writing +the renormalized result so we're taking + + align:start position:0% +the renormalized result so we're taking + + + align:start position:0% +the renormalized result so we're taking +care of the renormalization + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so just like in our examp I mean it's + + align:start position:0% +so just like in our examp I mean it's + + + align:start position:0% +so just like in our examp I mean it's +the same diagram really that this this + + align:start position:0% +the same diagram really that this this + + + align:start position:0% +the same diagram really that this this +diagram you know was familiar because + + align:start position:0% +diagram you know was familiar because + + + align:start position:0% +diagram you know was familiar because +this diagram was showing up in BS gamma + + align:start position:0% +this diagram was showing up in BS gamma + + + align:start position:0% +this diagram was showing up in BS gamma +right so we saw it had one over Epsilon + + align:start position:0% +right so we saw it had one over Epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +right so we saw it had one over Epsilon +squ poles here the one over Epsilon + + align:start position:0% +squ poles here the one over Epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +squ poles here the one over Epsilon +squar poles lead + + align:start position:0% +squar poles lead + + + align:start position:0% +squar poles lead +to lead to this and really you can + + align:start position:0% +to lead to this and really you can + + + align:start position:0% +to lead to this and really you can +actually think of that very closely + + align:start position:0% +actually think of that very closely + + + align:start position:0% +actually think of that very closely +related to what we did because we were + + align:start position:0% +related to what we did because we were + + + align:start position:0% +related to what we did because we were +finding logs of mu^ s over p^2 but here + + align:start position:0% +finding logs of mu^ s over p^2 but here + + + align:start position:0% +finding logs of mu^ s over p^2 but here +p^ s is a physical thing it's the S the + + align:start position:0% +p^ s is a physical thing it's the S the + + + align:start position:0% +p^ s is a physical thing it's the S the +invariant mass that we pump into the op + + align:start position:0% +invariant mass that we pump into the op + + + align:start position:0% +invariant mass that we pump into the op +operator s is kind of + + align:start position:0% +operator s is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +operator s is kind of +what we put + + align:start position:0% +what we put + + + align:start position:0% +what we put +in through the M we put in a momentum if + + align:start position:0% +in through the M we put in a momentum if + + + align:start position:0% +in through the M we put in a momentum if +you like + + align:start position:0% +you like + + + align:start position:0% +you like +Q + + align:start position:0% +Q + + + align:start position:0% +Q +where I shouldn't call it + + align:start position:0% +where I shouldn't call it + + + align:start position:0% +where I shouldn't call it +Q T + + align:start position:0% +Q T + + + align:start position:0% +Q T +mu where s is t² right and so before we + + align:start position:0% +mu where s is t² right and so before we + + + align:start position:0% +mu where s is t² right and so before we +were having logs of p^ s which were an + + align:start position:0% +were having logs of p^ s which were an + + + align:start position:0% +were having logs of p^ s which were an +IR regulator but in this calculation for + + align:start position:0% +IR regulator but in this calculation for + + + align:start position:0% +IR regulator but in this calculation for +this jet function it's actually a + + align:start position:0% +this jet function it's actually a + + + align:start position:0% +this jet function it's actually a +physical thing and + + align:start position:0% +physical thing and + + + align:start position:0% +physical thing and +it's giving the momentum dependence of + + align:start position:0% +it's giving the momentum dependence of + + + align:start position:0% +it's giving the momentum dependence of +the jet function + + align:start position:0% +the jet function + + + align:start position:0% +the jet function +it it's the right thing to stick into + + align:start position:0% +it it's the right thing to stick into + + + align:start position:0% +it it's the right thing to stick into +the factorization + + align:start position:0% +the factorization + + + align:start position:0% +the factorization +theorem and then there's the soft + + align:start position:0% +theorem and then there's the soft + + + align:start position:0% +theorem and then there's the soft +function where if it's perative we can + + align:start position:0% +function where if it's perative we can + + + align:start position:0% +function where if it's perative we can +calculate + + align:start position:0% +calculate + + + align:start position:0% +calculate +it and you can draw these kind of in + + align:start position:0% +it and you can draw these kind of in + + + align:start position:0% +it and you can draw these kind of in +some notation for the Wilson lines so + + align:start position:0% +some notation for the Wilson lines so + + + align:start position:0% +some notation for the Wilson lines so +here's our Wilson + + align:start position:0% +here's our Wilson + + + align:start position:0% +here's our Wilson +lines in different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +directions and then what there's Matrix + + align:start position:0% +directions and then what there's Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +directions and then what there's Matrix +element squared and again you can sort + + align:start position:0% +element squared and again you can sort + + + align:start position:0% +element squared and again you can sort +of think of these + + align:start position:0% +of think of these + + + align:start position:0% +of think of these +as kind of cut graphs like that if you + + align:start position:0% +as kind of cut graphs like that if you + + + align:start position:0% +as kind of cut graphs like that if you +like and if we look at the soft function + + align:start position:0% +like and if we look at the soft function + + + align:start position:0% +like and if we look at the soft function +it kind of has a similar structure to + + align:start position:0% +it kind of has a similar structure to + + + align:start position:0% +it kind of has a similar structure to +the jet + + align:start position:0% +the jet + + + align:start position:0% +the jet +function but now with + + align:start position:0% +function but now with + + + align:start position:0% +function but now with +the so again it's got a Delta + + align:start position:0% +the so again it's got a Delta + + + align:start position:0% +the so again it's got a Delta +function and then plus functions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +whoops and it turns out there's no + + align:start position:0% +whoops and it turns out there's no + + + align:start position:0% +whoops and it turns out there's no +single plus function + + align:start position:0% +single plus function + + + align:start position:0% +single plus function +but there is a A plus function with a + + align:start position:0% +but there is a A plus function with a + + + align:start position:0% +but there is a A plus function with a +logarithm in this case and + + align:start position:0% +logarithm in this case and + + + align:start position:0% +logarithm in this case and +then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +same for L minus same structure it's + + align:start position:0% +same for L minus same structure it's + + + align:start position:0% +same for L minus same structure it's +just a product if you like and the + + align:start position:0% +just a product if you like and the + + + align:start position:0% +just a product if you like and the +reason that happens is if you only have + + align:start position:0% +reason that happens is if you only have + + + align:start position:0% +reason that happens is if you only have +one glue on it's either in hemisphere a + + align:start position:0% +one glue on it's either in hemisphere a + + + align:start position:0% +one glue on it's either in hemisphere a +or hemisphere B it can't be in both so + + align:start position:0% +or hemisphere B it can't be in both so + + + align:start position:0% +or hemisphere B it can't be in both so +the alphas Corrections are either a + + align:start position:0% +the alphas Corrections are either a + + + align:start position:0% +the alphas Corrections are either a +function of l+ or a function of L minus + + align:start position:0% +function of l+ or a function of L minus + + + align:start position:0% +function of l+ or a function of L minus +and that's why it has a kind of very + + align:start position:0% +and that's why it has a kind of very + + + align:start position:0% +and that's why it has a kind of very +simple structure at one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Loop okay so that gives you an idea kind + + align:start position:0% +Loop okay so that gives you an idea kind + + + align:start position:0% +Loop okay so that gives you an idea kind +of what these perturbative functions + + align:start position:0% +of what these perturbative functions + + + align:start position:0% +of what these perturbative functions +look like C if you talk about + + align:start position:0% +look like C if you talk about + + + align:start position:0% +look like C if you talk about +renormalization C renormalizes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +multiplicatively and so the + + align:start position:0% +multiplicatively and so the + + + align:start position:0% +multiplicatively and so the +normalization group equation for C is + + align:start position:0% +normalization group equation for C is + + + align:start position:0% +normalization group equation for C is +just like the one we had + + align:start position:0% +just like the one we had + + + align:start position:0% +just like the one we had +before for bet + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +gamma there's no integrals that again + + align:start position:0% +gamma there's no integrals that again + + + align:start position:0% +gamma there's no integrals that again +came about from the kinematics fixing + + align:start position:0% +came about from the kinematics fixing + + + align:start position:0% +came about from the kinematics fixing +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +variables but the jet function + + align:start position:0% +variables but the jet function + + + align:start position:0% +variables but the jet function +and the soft + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function have + + align:start position:0% +function have + + + align:start position:0% +function have +convolutions in this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +case well they depend on this + + align:start position:0% +case well they depend on this + + + align:start position:0% +case well they depend on this +non-trivial momentum and it's it's you + + align:start position:0% +non-trivial momentum and it's it's you + + + align:start position:0% +non-trivial momentum and it's it's you +can see in the factorization theorem + + align:start position:0% +can see in the factorization theorem + + + align:start position:0% +can see in the factorization theorem +that it's convoluting between two + + align:start position:0% +that it's convoluting between two + + + align:start position:0% +that it's convoluting between two +different sectors and that kind of it's + + align:start position:0% +different sectors and that kind of it's + + + align:start position:0% +different sectors and that kind of it's +generically a hint that you're going to + + align:start position:0% +generically a hint that you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +generically a hint that you're going to +get out a formula like + + align:start position:0% +get out a formula like + + + align:start position:0% +get out a formula like +this which is like the PDF but now it's + + align:start position:0% +this which is like the PDF but now it's + + + align:start position:0% +this which is like the PDF but now it's +a different + + align:start position:0% +a different + + + align:start position:0% +a different +formula have + + align:start position:0% +formula have + + + align:start position:0% +formula have +this kind of a normous dimension for the + + align:start position:0% +this kind of a normous dimension for the + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of a normous dimension for the +jet + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function so we could go through that by + + align:start position:0% +function so we could go through that by + + + align:start position:0% +function so we could go through that by +I was not writing down for you what the + + align:start position:0% +I was not writing down for you what the + + + align:start position:0% +I was not writing down for you what the +one over epsilons look like right we + + align:start position:0% +one over epsilons look like right we + + + align:start position:0% +one over epsilons look like right we +could go through the normalization and + + align:start position:0% +could go through the normalization and + + + align:start position:0% +could go through the normalization and +find these results + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and actually in this jet function case + + align:start position:0% +and actually in this jet function case + + + align:start position:0% +and actually in this jet function case +we even know + + align:start position:0% +we even know + + + align:start position:0% +we even know +more the general structure of this + + align:start position:0% +more the general structure of this + + + align:start position:0% +more the general structure of this +anomalous + + align:start position:0% +anomalous + + + align:start position:0% +anomalous +Dimension is actually simpler than the + + align:start position:0% +Dimension is actually simpler than the + + + align:start position:0% +Dimension is actually simpler than the +Parton distribution + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +case and + + align:start position:0% +case and + + + align:start position:0% +case and +it's the following + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's two types of terms that can show + + align:start position:0% +there's two types of terms that can show + + + align:start position:0% +there's two types of terms that can show +up so the general structure of the nous + + align:start position:0% +up so the general structure of the nous + + + align:start position:0% +up so the general structure of the nous +dimension + + align:start position:0% +dimension + + + align:start position:0% +dimension +is that if there's a single plus + + align:start position:0% +is that if there's a single plus + + + align:start position:0% +is that if there's a single plus +function in it or a Delta function and + + align:start position:0% +function in it or a Delta function and + + + align:start position:0% +function in it or a Delta function and +this single plus function is the analog + + align:start position:0% +this single plus function is the analog + + + align:start position:0% +this single plus function is the analog +in the jet function of the single + + align:start position:0% +in the jet function of the single + + + align:start position:0% +in the jet function of the single +logarithm that was showing up remember + + align:start position:0% +logarithm that was showing up remember + + + align:start position:0% +logarithm that was showing up remember +that when we decompose this guy there + + align:start position:0% +that when we decompose this guy there + + + align:start position:0% +that when we decompose this guy there +could be a log mu over Q term or a one + + align:start position:0% +could be a log mu over Q term or a one + + + align:start position:0% +could be a log mu over Q term or a one +term with no log of me over Q this is + + align:start position:0% +term with no log of me over Q this is + + + align:start position:0% +term with no log of me over Q this is +like an analog of a log this plus + + align:start position:0% +like an analog of a log this plus + + + align:start position:0% +like an analog of a log this plus +function if you integrate over s then + + align:start position:0% +function if you integrate over s then + + + align:start position:0% +function if you integrate over s then +it's like DS over s which is like a log + + align:start position:0% +it's like DS over s which is like a log + + + align:start position:0% +it's like DS over s which is like a log +so this is a log and integrating Delta + + align:start position:0% +so this is a log and integrating Delta + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a log and integrating Delta +of s is like one right so the analog + + align:start position:0% +of s is like one right so the analog + + + align:start position:0% +of s is like one right so the analog +statement that there was two + + align:start position:0% +statement that there was two + + + align:start position:0% +statement that there was two +possibilities there in this case there's + + align:start position:0% +possibilities there in this case there's + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities there in this case there's +an analog of that and there's two + + align:start position:0% +an analog of that and there's two + + + align:start position:0% +an analog of that and there's two +possibilities here and what peration + + align:start position:0% +possibilities here and what peration + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities here and what peration +theory is doing is actually just + + align:start position:0% +theory is doing is actually just + + + align:start position:0% +theory is doing is actually just +Computing the coefficients of these two + + align:start position:0% +Computing the coefficients of these two + + + align:start position:0% +Computing the coefficients of these two +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +structures okay and we're of time so + + align:start position:0% +structures okay and we're of time so + + + align:start position:0% +structures okay and we're of time so +I'll say a few more words about how you + + align:start position:0% +I'll say a few more words about how you + + + align:start position:0% +I'll say a few more words about how you +would solve for example an equation like + + align:start position:0% +would solve for example an equation like + + + align:start position:0% +would solve for example an equation like +this one next time I'll tell you how to + + align:start position:0% +this one next time I'll tell you how to + + + align:start position:0% +this one next time I'll tell you how to +solve it and then we'll basically be + + align:start position:0% +solve it and then we'll basically be + + + align:start position:0% +solve it and then we'll basically be +done with our our example we'll put + + align:start position:0% +done with our our example we'll put + + + align:start position:0% +done with our our example we'll put +things back together and write down a + + align:start position:0% +things back together and write down a + + + align:start position:0% +things back together and write down a +factorization theorem that includes the + + align:start position:0% +factorization theorem that includes the + + + align:start position:0% +factorization theorem that includes the +resummation + + align:start position:0% +resummation + + + align:start position:0% +resummation +um and then we'll go on to another + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example moving on the next example we'll + + align:start position:0% +example moving on the next example we'll + + + align:start position:0% +example moving on the next example we'll +treat after this one is sect2 where + + align:start position:0% +treat after this one is sect2 where + + + align:start position:0% +treat after this one is sect2 where +may be dealing with energetic hadrons + + align:start position:0% +may be dealing with energetic hadrons + + + align:start position:0% +may be dealing with energetic hadrons +and some other types of examples besides + + align:start position:0% +and some other types of examples besides + + + align:start position:0% +and some other types of examples besides +Jets \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/hG8KdheMUeo.txt b/hG8KdheMUeo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..429fc1a4abb3ad00bef8d269bfc5535d06054944 --- /dev/null +++ b/hG8KdheMUeo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1780 @@ +The following content is +provided by MIT OpenCourseWare + +under a Creative Commons +license. + +Additional information about +our license and MIT + +OpenCourseWare in general is +available at ocw.mit.edu. + +We have been talking about the +properties of transition metal + +complexes, coordination +complexes, in the context of a + +simple crystal field theory +model. + +And I just wanted to make +reference at the beginning, + +today, to state diagrams. + +And, in the context of +octahedral complexes, + +you saw that an array of six +ligands surrounding a central + +metal ion would lead to a t two +g and what we are + +calling an eg star +manifold of orbitals on the + +metal in which we can populate +with the number of d electrons + +that we have present. +And the graph that I am making + +here is related to the idea that +for a system with only a single + +electron, so this could be, +for example, + +titanium OH two six times three +plus. + +This is a d one system. +And it can go from a ground + +state configuration of t two g +one eg star zero. + +And then, upon absorption of + +light, it can be promoted from +the ground state, + +represented here, +into the excited state. + +And the excited state has the +configuration t two g zero eg + +star one, +showing that that electron has + +been promoted through absorption +of a photon. + +And this gap here between t(2g) +and eg star, + +of course, is our delta O +value. + +And the axis on the bottom, +here, is ligand field strength. + +This is supposed to tell you +that different ligands give rise + +to different values of delta O +accounting for the fact that + +this d one titanium +three ion in a field + +of water molecules has one +color, whereas, + +if you, in fact, look at +Ti Cl six three minus, + +you will be able to tell that + +that also is a titanium three +plus or d one + +system. +But they do not have the same + +color. +And the one absorption band + +that you find in the visible +part of the spectrum that + +corresponds to promotion of an +electron from t two g + +into eg star is just +moving around a little bit in + +energy because these ligands +behave differently with respect + +to what we call their ligand +field strength that they exert, + +that leads to a particular +energy gap between t(2g) and + +e(g)*. +I will get into this a little + +bit further in the moment, +but the point here is that d + +one or d nine +are special electron counts. + +And the reason that they are +special is that these have a + +single absorption peak due to +what we call d-d transitions. + +They have a single d-d +transition. + +And that means there is a +ground state and then just one + +excited state that the system +can be promoted to in the + +presence of impinging photons of +the right energy. + +And what happens is that if you +have more d electrons than just + +one, or d nine is +special because we treat that + +using a whole formalism, +like there is just one electron + +missing from a complete +manifold, a completely full d + +shell minus one. +With d^n systems, + +for example, +d two is much more + +complex. +And this is beyond the scope of + +5.112, but it is something that +they are treating in 5.04, + +for example. +If you go on in organic + +chemistry, you will learn how +come different states can arise, + +multiple states arise when you +have more than just a one + +electron picture. + +For example, +if you have a vanadium three + +plus ion, +there are three bands observed. + +And so the simple picture that +you have, just a t(2g) level and + +an e(g) level is correct and +maps onto the picture of the + +electronic states that are +available, as long as we are + +just talking about a one +electron picture. + +With more electrons in play, +depending on just which of the + +orbitals they go into, +they will have inter-electron + +repulsion terms that come into +play and give rise to more + +excited states. +Here, with three bands being + +observed in the visible, +that means there are three + +possible transitions and three +possible excited states that can + +be accessed. +So it is a very complicated + +picture. +And so we are going to be, + +for the purposes of this, +focusing on the one electron + +picture. +But I just wanted you to be + +aware that it does get a lot +more complex as soon as you go + +to many electron systems. +Now, let's talk just briefly + +about pairing energy. + +In the case of 3d system, +we typically find that the + +pairing energy is around 15,000 +to 18,000 reciprocal + +centimeters, the typical energy +unit given for pairing energy. + +But then if we go to heavier +transition elements, + +to the 4d or the 5d elements, +then typically the pairing + +energy is about 8,000 to 12,000 +reciprocal centimeters. + +And what that says is that it +is easier to pair up electrons + +in 4d or 5d orbitals than it is +to put two electrons in the same + +3d orbital. +And the reason for that is just + +what the radial extension is of +these orbitals. + +In effect, these orbitals are +larger than the 3d orbitals. + +And it means that if you put +two electrons into the same 4d + +or 5d orbital, +much of the time they can stay + +farther apart from each other +than if they are in a 3d + +orbital. +And so this has the practical + +consequence that 4d and 5d +systems often are low spin. + +And so this high spin/low spin +issue that we talked about last + +time is mostly focused on +complexes of the 3d ions. + +So then we are talking about +titanium, vanadium, + +chromium, etc. +And, if we come over here, + +we can ask, what is the effect +of charge on delta O? + +This is all pointing back to +the state diagram that I showed + +you over there in this kind of +sliding scale, + +where you can change things +like just what type of metal ion + +you have, 3d, +4d, or 5d. + +Or you can change the nature of +the ligands. + +Or you can even change the +charge on the metal as a way of + +changing delta O. +And so we can look at, + +for example, +chromium hexaaquo two plus + +versus chromium +hexaaquo three plus. + +The first is a d four ion. + +And then, the second is a d + +three ion. +You should practice going from + +a formula into the d^n count. +And then we can look at what + +delta O does. +This is roughly 14,000 wave + +numbers. +And then, when we oxidize from + +2+ to 3+, higher charge on the +central metal, + +delta O shoots up to about +approximately 17,000. + +And this is in reciprocal +centimeters. + +We see that putting a higher +charge on the metal center leads + +to a larger value of delta O. +And that is also true if we + +look at some other metal systems +along these lines. + +For example, +there are just a number of + +different metals for which the +hexaaquo systems can be + +generated in both the 2+ and the +3+ state of charge. + +And here, we go from about +12,000 and then oxidize, + +and we get up to about 18,000, +so even a larger increase in + +the value of delta O on going +from the 2+ to the 3+ oxidation + +state of the metal. +And then in the notes you will + +find that I put in another +example that behaves similarly + +based on cobalt. +If you go from cobalt two to + +cobalt three hexaaquo, +you go from about 9,000 up to + +18,000 reciprocal centimeters. +So almost doubling the value of + +delta O by removing one electron +from the system. + +What is going on here is that +the greater charge -- + +-- pulls the ligands in closer +to the metal. + +And if the ligands are in +closer to the metal, + +then what that ends up saying +is you will see in a moment + +because we are going to get to +the MO picture for octahedral + +coordination complexes, +is that putting electrons in e + +g star becomes more +difficult. + +Delta O is larger. +The ligands come in closer, + +and that is effectively +shrinking that value of r when + +we talked about our spherical +coordinates as applied to the + +angular parts of the d-orbital +wavefunctions and looking at + +that. +So we are changing r. + +The ligands are coming in +closer to the more positively + +charged metal ion in that case. +And then we can also look at + +the effect of changing the +ligand. + +In the system on the left, +we were looking at pairs of + +metal complexes with the same +ligand and changing the charge. + +And now we are just going to +say, what happens if you change + +the ligand? +And this will be a series of + +vanadium complexes. +We have five of them. + +We have the vanadium hexaaquo. + +This one is 3+. +We have the vanadium with six + +urea molecules. +And this is also 3+. + +We have vanadium hexafluoride +three minus. + +And these are all vanadium in +the +3 oxidation state. + +Then we have vanadium +hexachloride three minus, + +and down here the fifth one + +will be vanadium with six +cyanide ligands and three minus. + +So these are all d two + +systems with vanadium in the +3 +oxidation state. + +And here, we are going from +18,000 reciprocal centimeters to + +the hexafluoride. +And we drop down to 16,000. + +And this is all approximate. +And six urea on vanadium, + +we go up to about 17,0000. +And then, with the + +hexachloride, +we are down to about a delta O + +of 12,000 reciprocal +centimeters. + +And then we put cyanides on, +and delta O pops up to about + +23,000 wave numbers. +So this is the same metal ion + +but in five different ligand +environments. + +It has five very different +values of delta O. + +And from this, +we can derive a spectrochemical + +series -- + +-- for organizing ligands with +respect to the magnitude of + +delta O that they exert for a +given metal ion. + +And this one just gives us a +series that contains five + +ligands. +But, as you can imagine, + +many more ligands than just +these five simple ligands have + +been looked at with a variety of +different metal ions to make a + +pretty big overall comprehensive +spectrochemical series that sort + +of allows you to pick out which +ligand you want when you are + +interested in generating a +particular value of delta O. + +And here what you see is that +the weakest one is chloride. + +We have chloride. +And then next was fluoride. + +And then next was urea followed +by water. + +And then the strongest in this +small series of five was + +cyanide. +And when we try to understand + +the order that these different +ligands appear in, + +in the spectrochemical series, +we are going to find out, + +as we study the properties of +the molecular orbitals of these + +systems, that cyanide is a pi +acid. + +And that down here, +chloride is a pi donor. + +And in the middle, +you have systems like water + +which is more or less sigma +only. + +So we can understand where +specific ligands appear in the + +spectrochemical series on the +basis of their orbital + +considerations. +And that will be the focus of + +the next part of the lecture. + +I would like to talk a little +bit about sigma-only ligands. + +The process in which we are now +about to engage is very similar + +to that which we used in class +for generating the molecular + +orbital energy level diagram for +the BH three molecule. + +In that case we had a central +boron and three hydrogens around + +it, and we made some hydrogen +linear combinations. + +And we saw how they would +interact with the atomic + +orbitals of the boron. +And now we are going to do the + +same thing, except we have a lot +more orbitals in the system as a + +whole, so we are approximating +some of them. + +Here is a typical sigma-only +ligand, NH three. + +And for NH three, +we have a lone pair on the + +nitrogen here. +And I am drawing it in very + +simplified fashion, +as you will no doubt + +appreciate. +There is our lone pair. + +And, when this points directly +at the metal, + +the lone pair can make a sigma +bond to the metal. + +I think you will appreciate +that if we have a metal out here + +such that this lone pair of +electrons is directed right at + +the metal, then that results in +a cylindrically symmetric lone + +pair about that metal-nitrogen +internuclear axis. + +And so that would be a +sigma-type of interaction. + +So this is called a sigma-only +ligand. + +And other ligands, +like cyanide or like chloride, + +we are going to have to add in +pi effects, but this is the + +simple sigma-only case. +And so if you take a molecule + +such as this cobalt hexamine two +plus, -- + +-- or, actually, +let's say three plus for + +simplicity here. +Cobalt three plus. + +And we have these NH three +ligands at each of the + +six positions. +And, in each case, + +the orientation of the +hydrogens on these nitrogens is + +such as to promote a sigma +directing effect of that lone + +pair toward the metal. +And so that lone pair of + +electrons on the nitrogen for +each of these ammonia ligands + +directed right at the metal is +providing this repulsion that + +pumps e(g) up in energy. +And you will see that, + +hopefully, very clearly now. +And let me point out that this + +orbital, here, +that I am focusing on is the + +HOMO of NH three. +What we are doing is saying you + +have a central metal ion and +then you have six ammonia + +ligands pointing at it, +each of them pointing their + +HOMO at the metal, +their highest occupied + +molecular orbital. +What does that do? + +What kinds of bonds arise as a +consequence of that between the + +metal ion and these six ammonia +molecules? + +And so we will now see what +that is on the basis of some of + +the linear combinations that we +can generate between the six + +HOMOs of the NH three's in this +kind of a geometry. + +I will do the first one over +here. + +I would like to use a different +color for that. + +I am going to use my blue. +All right. + +I am going to draw for you some +linear combinations of ammonia + +lone pairs. +These are simplistically + +representing the homo of each NH +three directed at the + +metal. +That one has the symmetry of a + +cobalt s orbital. +It has the same sign + +everywhere. +And then, we are going to see + +that you can draw three of +these. + +And I will draw them all right +here -- + +-- in pairs. +And this one has the symmetry + +of a cobalt pz atomic orbital. +You see it has positive up + +there. +And down here, + +we are taking this to be x, +this to be y, + +and this to be z for each of +our diagrams, + +so that the phase properties of +this combination is that of pz. + +This one is like px. +This one is like py. + +And the only reason we have to +take these linear combinations + +is because we have multiple +equivalent ammonia molecules in + +this problem. +And then, we have two more that + +are of interest to us. +One of these will have a couple + +of big lobes located on z, +pointed at the metal and then + +four small lobes, +each with negative phase. + +I will shade them to indicate +that negative phase. + +And that one will have the same +phase properties as a cobalt d z + +squared orbital. +Plus above, plus below. + +And then, to match up with the +torus in the center of d z + +squared in the +x,y-plane, the negative phase + +shown there. +And then, finally, + +over here we have one where all +four contributions to this one + +are in the x,y-plane, +along the x and y axes and with + +shading as shown there. +And that is of the same + +symmetry as our d x squared +minus y squared + +orbital. +Having written down this set of + +six linear combinations that we +can generate from our six + +ammonia HOMOs, +we are done because the cobalt + +has atomic orbitals of these +symmetries. + +We can now use these to make +bonds between the ammonia + +molecules and the cobalt. +And we can use them to make + +corresponding antibonds. + +Here is the MO diagram for the +sigma-only case. + +What we have is an energy level +diagram that will represent the + +interaction of these linear +combinations with the metal + +valance orbitals. +And so I am going to draw the + +metal valance orbitals over here +as follows. + +We have, on the metal, +the 3d, the 4s, + +and the 4p. +And some of you will notice + +that this ordering of energies +is a little different than what + +you saw when you just built up +atomic configurations, + +because what I have drawn here +is the set of five 3d atomic + +orbitals is down lower in energy +than the cobalt 4s and lower in + +energy, that is, +even still, than the cobalt 4p. + +This is our cobalt atom here. +And the reason this energy + +ordering for the valance +orbitals is difference is + +because we have an ionized +cobalt. + +And the energies change around +when you remove an electron from + +the system as compared to the +neutral atom. + +But one thing that will help +you remember this ordering of + +energy levels is that it goes in +the order of the principle + +quantum number, +which kind of does make a + +little sense. +In fact, these energies switch + +around, depending on which of +the metals you are talking + +about. +But generally 3d and 4s, + +or alternatively 4d and 5s, +are pretty close in energy to + +each other, depending on the ion +that you are talking about. + +And then 4p is usually +energetically a bit separated + +from that. +And then the thing that makes + +us focus our attention so +strongly on the d orbitals is + +that those are the ones closest +in energy to the ligand orbitals + +that can interact with them. +And so let me draw over here a + +bar that represents the six LCs +of NH three HOMOs. + +In essence, this represents +these six drawings that I drew + +over here, linear combinations +that have the right symmetry to + +interact with certain of valance +orbitals on the cobalt, + +here on the left. +And what we will find is that-- + +And we will start with the 3d, +since that is what we are going + +to be principally interested in +here. + +We come over and find that +three of the d orbitals do not + +match any of these because these +NH three HOMOs all lie + +in nodal surfaces of them. +And that will be, + +of course, our t(2g) set. + +Those have the same energy as +in the ion itself. + +They come straight over and +don't get involved in bonding or + +antibonding interactions. +These are nonbonding. + +That is t(2g). +And then, what we find is that + +of these six linear +combinations, + +two of them, +shown right here, + +have the correct phase +properties to make bonding and + +antibonding combinations by +interacting with d z squared + +and d x squared minus +y squared. + +We show that down here. + +Here is a bonding combination. +This has e(g) symmetry, + +and it represents the formation +of two bonds between the metal + +and the ligands. +And, of course, + +we also make an antibonding +combination of the same + +symmetry. +This should just remind you of + +the hydrogen H two +molecule molecular orbital + +problem built into this much +larger structure. + +And this one, +this antibonding case is e g + +star. +And let's just quickly look at + +them. + +Here, what we have is a d z +squared orbital with + +its torus interacting in an +out-of-phase manner with these + +ammonia lone pairs. +That creates antibonding + +character here and here, +making this a high-energy + +orbital. +And then, we have antibonding + +character, too, +in between each of the ammonias + +located on the x,y-plane and the +torus of the d z squared. + +So that is one of our two e g + +star orbitals. +And over here, + +we have our d x squared minus y +squared orbital + +making antibonding interactions +with this other linear + +combination, as shown here, +such that we get antibonding + +all the way around. +That is e g star. + +That is the reason why the e(g) +set, derived from our set of d + +orbitals, is marked with an +asterisk. + +It is antibonding with respect +to these bonds. + +If you start to populate e(g)* +with electrons, + +as you will do in certain cases +that are high-spin, + +for example, +those electrons that go into + +e(g)*, if you reflect back on +the way that we calculate bond + +order, they go in there and +weaken these two metal ligand + +bonds. +And these two bonds look just + +identical to the ones I drew +here for e(g)*, + +just reversing the phase and +making them bonding everywhere. + +Let's just look at those. + +Here, we have d z squared +making a nice bonding + +combination. + +It is interacting in an +in-phase manner with that linear + +combination, so we have bonding +both in the x,y-plane and + +strongly along the z-axis. +That is one of these two bonds. + +And then over here, +we will have x squared minus y + +squared, +making bonds also -- + +-- like that. +Down here, this is bonding, + +and this is antibonding. + +Now, that is not the entire +diagram. + +One runs out of space pretty +quickly on these + +horizontally-oriented boards for +putting together tall MO + +diagrams, but there were six LCs +over here. + +And you will see that there +will be another one that makes a + +bond with the 4s orbital. +And so, accordingly, + +the 4s orbital comes up here. +There will be an antibond + +derived from 4s. +There will be also a set of + +three that are antibonding +derived from interaction of 4p + +with the other ones, +here. + +And there is a big energy +mismatch between 4p and these, + +so we will draw these as the +least stabilized of the set. + +But now, what you can see down +here is that we have found a way + +to form six bonds, +six pairs of electrons, + +each coming from the highest +occupied molecular orbital of + +the six ammonia molecules. +We have formed six bonds using + +these valance orbitals of the +metal. + +And how many more electrons do +we have to put into the diagram? + +We have six because this, +in the case of our cobalt (NH + +three) six three plus -- + +This is Group 9. +Minus three for the 3+ charge. + +All the ammonia ligands are +neutral, equals six. + +So this is a d six case. + +The orbitals here that we +called t(2g) and e g star + +can now take up six +more electrons. + +And I am drawing them in here +with the assumption that this is + +a low-spin case. +And that is reasonable based on + +the 3+ charge of this ion. +We have already discussed the + +effective charge. +It draws the ligands in. + +It tends to increase the value +of delta O, as we have seen. + +And so this is how I would +populate that diagram, + +with the 6d electrons going +into the nonbonding t(2g) + +constituting the highest +occupied molecular orbital of + +this system. +And then, stabilize the lone + +pairs. +Down here what is really going + +on, you can think about these +six ammonia molecules acting + +simultaneously as six Lewis +bases to a metal that has enough + +empty orbitals to accept six +lone pair donations to that same + +metal. +So it is a Lewis acid times + +six. +And it is positively charged, + +which of course tends to draw +electron density to it. + +And that is our simplified +molecular orbital diagram for + +the sigma-only case. +Now, there are a lot of other + +interesting cases. +As you can see here from this + +spectrochemical series where the +ligands in the middle are + +basically sigma-only urea, +water. + +But then at either end of the +spectrochemical series, + +you get into systems where you +must take pi effects into + +account. + +And we will treat, +first, the case of a pi donor. + +Remember that if we are talking +about a donor, + +that means we are effectively +talking about a Lewis base. + +And you have to ask yourself +the question in a system that + +has a ligand that can make pi +bonds, are the orbitals on the + +metal that have pi symmetry +filled, or are they empty? + +And, similarly, +are the pi symmetry orbitals on + +the ligand in question filled or +are they empty? + +And, if you can get all that +right, you will really + +understand what happens in terms +of attenuating t(2g) when you + +add in pi effects. +We have seen that the e(g) + +orbitals of a metal are the d z +squared and d x + +squared minus y squared +that point along the + +axes. +The xz, yz, and xy that point + +between the axes have the +potential to make pi bonds with + +ligands. +And so here is an example of a + +type of ligand that can make pi +bonds to a metal. + +This ligand is NH two minus. + +And it can make both sigma and +pi bonds to a metal. + +It is usually the case that if +a ligand is capable of making pi + +bonds to a metal, +it is also capable of making + +sigma bonds. +And so the pi effects are sort + +of mapped onto the sigma +framework. + +And so what we found over here +and here about the sigma only + +case, that will also be true for +pi systems. + +But then we are superposing on +that diagram the pi bonds that + +can form in the system. +And the way that NH two minus + +can make both sigma +and pi bonds with a metal is, + +first of all, +it has a lone pair that is + +directed at the metal, +like this. + +For forming sigma contacts. +And, if you have six of these + +around a metal, +the situation would be just the + +same as what we derived over +here for the cobalt hexamine. + +But this is a planar system. +The sum of the bond angles + +around the nitrogen in systems +like this are 360 degrees + +meaning that, +unlike ammonia itself, + +which is a trigonal pyramid, +this is a planar system. + +And so it has a lone pair +perpendicular to that plane. + +I will draw it that way. +It is just a pure p-orbital, + +perpendicular to the plane of +the substituents on that + +nitrogen. +And the way that could make a + +pi bond with the metal is +through simultaneous donation + +above and below the plane of its +substituents on that nitrogen, + +so that this ligand can +interact as a double Lewis base + +with a metal if the metal has +appropriate orbitals available. + +And so a situation in which you +might find this would be the + +following. + +An example of such a molecule, +this would be a neutral one. + +And what you see is that the +planes of these NH two + +units are lining up with the +coordinate xz, + +yz, and xy Cartesian planes in +the molecule. + +Since each of these ligands is +negatively charged and the + +molecule is neutral, +the chromium is therefore in + +the +6 oxidation state to +balance the six negative charges + +on the amido ligands, +we call them. + +This is amido. +And so this one, + +in fact, is a d zero case. + +And d zero is an +electron count that is pretty + +typical for the formation of pi +bonds from ligands that can + +donate into the metal center. +If you have d electrons present + +in a system like this, +then you won't have the empty + +d-orbitals on the metal that are +necessary to accept bonds formed + +by lone pair donation of this +sort. + +The system will become choked +up on itself with too many + +electrons. +Let's see what those + +perturbations will lead to for +our MO diagram. + +I am going to focus in on +linear combinations of amide + +lone pair orbitals that, +in fact, have the correct + +symmetry to interact with our +t(2g) set, since that is our pi + +set of orbitals from the d +manifold on the metal. + +So let's look at this. + +This would be d(yz). + +And then, let me choose -- + +We can make a pi bond of this +sort using a linear combination + +that I am mating up together +with the d(yz) orbital. + +And while I have drawn here the +bonding counterpart there, + +of course, will be an +antibonding counterpart for + +that. +Let's draw the one that belongs + +to d(xz). + +And that will be the one up +top, here. + +So what we have is pi bonding +happening here, + +here, here, and here that +corresponds to pi lone paired + +donation into that metal +orbital. + +And then, finally, +we have one that involves the + +d(xy). + +And this would be with our +hydrogens up and down, + +here and here. +Sorry. + +Up and down in front and in +back like that, + +so that we can make two pi +bonding interactions over here + +with this. +There is pi bonding, + +pi bonding, bonding, +bonding. + +At this point, +we have gotten to where we can + +recognize how there are three +linear combinations of the pi + +lone pairs from these amido +ligands that will have the + +correct symmetry to interact +with the t(2g) set from our + +metal. +There are three more where you + +would just flip one of the two +on each, and those would have + +the correct symmetry to interact +with the px, py, + +and pz orbitals on the metal. +I am not going to draw those + +out since we are focusing on the +d part of our diagram at the + +moment. + +And what we will find then, +in the molecular orbital + +diagram for a system of this +sort, is that our d manifold, + +this is our 3d, +4s, 4p, is such that, + +you remember previously t two g +came straight over. + +And now, instead, +we are going to see that it + +goes up in energy because what +t(2g) now is, + +it still has a lot of d(xz), +d(yz) and d(xy). + +But now, t two g has +acquired a pi star + +character due to the fact that +we have these linear + +combinations over here. +These are our pi LCs that we + +drew over there that are of the +appropriate symmetry to interact + +with d(xz), d(yz) and d(xy). +And, therefore, + +these that are filled are +stabilized, come down here and + +form a t two g set +that is bonding because those, + +of course, are filled in, +NH two minus. + +And, if the metal has an empty +t two g set, + +you see that we do get three pi +bonds. + +t two g now gives us +pi antibonds. + +This is being mapped on the +sigma framework that is the same + +as what we have right here for +the cobalt hexamine, + +so that above t(2g) we will +have the e(g)*. + +And will now recognize that +e(g) is sigma star + +rather than pi star, +so it is more strongly + +destabilized due to the greater +overlap considerations of + +forming sigma bonds versus the +side to side overlap of pi + +bonds. +And the key observation here is + +that pi donors -- + +-- decrease the magnitude of +delta O by raising the energy of + +t(2g), by making t(2g) pi* in +character. + +Antibonding. +We can see, not only that t(2g) + +should be raised up, +but that mapping that onto our + +full sigma framework diagram, +delta O is shrinking. + +We still have our six sigma +bonds between the NH two + +ligands and the metal. +They are down here, + +just not drawn. +It is the same as up here. + +And now, we have three +additional pi bonds. + +There are another three +additional pi bonds that you can + +draw because we do have six of +these NH two minus + +ligands. +And then, the corresponding + +antibonding orbitals involve 4p. +And they are way up here + +somewhere in energy and very +empty. + +Since this was a d zero +case, what we have is that you + +have we pairs of electrons on +six NH two minus's + +that are down here in this +manifold of metal ligand sigma + +and pi bonding. + +And so we have 12 pairs of +electrons down here that + +describe the sigma plus pi +bonding between the metal and + +the ligands. +And then you come here to your + +d manifold, these are empty +because this is a d zero + +case, because I happened to +choose chromium in the six plus + +oxidation here. +So it is a d zero case, + +and we wouldn't have any +electrons to put in here. + +But, under these circumstances, +in order to get color in a + +system like this, +you would have to be promoting + +an electron from down here from +these pi bonds probably into the + +d manifold, for example. +And what we have seen here, + +namely that pi donors decrease +delta O should give you a clue + +as to what is going on with +chloride and fluoride. + +Since those have small values +of delta O, they lie at a + +position of weakness in the +spectrochemical series. + +And in the converse, +that ligands like cyanide and + +especially carbon monoxide are +very high in the spectrochemical + +series because they are pi acid +ligands. + +And this is something you will +be getting more information + +about in recitation this week. +See you all on Wednesday. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/hGQw3KJ7i6Q.txt b/hGQw3KJ7i6Q.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..94fe52c950727b7bbd36900c3589af4b01a900af --- /dev/null +++ b/hGQw3KJ7i6Q.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1713 @@ +The following content is +provided under a Creative + +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to + +offer high quality educational +resources for free. + +To make a donation or view +additional materials from + +hundreds of MIT courses, visit +MIT OpenCourseWare at + +ocw.mit.edu + +PROFESSOR: Good morning. + +I want to start today's lecture +with, I guess one + +could call it, a confession. + +This isn't a real +6.00 lecture. + +I'm standing here on June 30th +in an empty classroom dressed, + +for some bizarre reason, +as if it's the winter. + +I guess it's what the video +folks would call continuity. + +What happened is Professor +Grimson gave a beautiful + +lecture 13, for which we have a +lovely picture and no sound. + +We decided that probably those +of you watching this in + +OpenCourseWare would be +unhappy just to watch + +Professor Grimson and not hear +him, so we're now re-taping + +the lecture. + +This is, actually, one of two +lectures we're going to be + +re-taping because we +had video problems. + +So when I say something +hilariously funny, and there + +is no laughter in +the room, it's + +because the room is empty. + +Do me a favor and laugh out +there in video-land, so maybe + +at least someone will respond. + +OK, the last lecture closed with +a slight mystery, not a + +great mystery, but +a little mystery. + +We ran our simulation of the +drunkard's walk and got a + +result that wasn't credible. + +How did we know it +wasn't credible? + +Well we had worked out some +details on the blackboard of + +what we thought would happen +with a small number of steps, + +and the results we got +didn't match that. + +That told us we had +something wrong. + +We asked you to go think about +it and come back today + +prepared to tell us +what was wrong. + +Well since there is no one here +to ask, I'm not going to + +ask the class to fix it, but +instead I have had the + +laborious task of fixing +it myself. + +So let's look at it. + +The problem was in SimWalk. + +And what we had is we had +the wrong argument here. + +We had numTrials Instead +of numSteps. + +And so it didn't +make any sense. + +I've now fixed it, and I, +now, want to run it. + +Well clearly, what I should do +to begin with, is run it on + +some examples for which we +already know the answer. + +So I'll change drunkTest to +instead of running it on large + +numbers of steps, run +it on just a few. + +And let's see what we get. + +We run a lot of trials here, +since it's a short trial. + +And what we see is for 100 +trials of 0 steps, the mean + +was 0, the max was +0, the min was 0. + +Well that's exactly what +we saw when we looked + +at it on the board. + +It should happen. + +And the same thing with 1. + +Everything worked the way +it was supposed to work. + +It doesn't tell us the +program is perfect. + +It does tell us it works in at +least two examples, which was + +better than we had last time. + +All right now let's look at it +on a larger set of examples. + +I think I won't run 100 trials +here, because it'll take a + +little longer than we want. + +So let's run maybe 20. + +Let's see what we get. + +Well it's running +through here. + +Now we're getting examples that +seem much more credible. + +When we take 10 steps, the mean +is 2.85, and the max is + +between 6 and 1, or the max +is 6, the min is 1. + +It's what we would hope +for, that there's + +some dispersion there. + +And as we get up higher, we see +that for a 100,000 steps, + +the mean is 248, and there's +quite a spread between the max + +and the min. + +Finally we get to look at the +question that had us writing + +this code in the first place-- + +how far should we expect this +drunk to be, given a + +particular amount of time. + +Well we can look at these +numbers and try and think + +about them in our heads, but in +fact, it's a lot easier to + +look at a picture. + +And this will get us to a theme +that we'll be getting to + +shortly in the course of how +do we visualize data. + +So here we have a +visualization. + +What I'm plotting, here, is the +mean number of the mean + +distance against the number of +steps for this random walk. + +And what we can see is, as we +knew, at 0, it's 0, and then + +it sort of goes up. + +And I've taken it only +up to a 1,000. + +And at 1,000 we're somewhere, +it looks + +like, around 25 steps. + +So we can learn something. + +Well what can we learn +from this? + +How fast is it growing? + +Well it seems to grow +pretty fast, and + +then it flattens out. + +It looks to me like, roughly +speaking, the distance is + +growing as sort of close +to the square root of + +the number of steps. + +Well I could look at +it more closely. + +We, actually, know this is not +exactly the square root. + +Right, the square root of a +1,000 is not going to be 25, + +but I'm not going to delve +into the details of that. + +It's, actually, a little +bit complicated. + +We could derive it, but we +won't, because I want to get + +to what I think is a more +important message. + +How much should we infer from +this or from the numbers I + +displayed before, and I want +to say not too much. + +Because what we saw, if we go +look at what we had before, is + +quite a dispersion between +the max and the min. + +And furthermore, if we run it +again, the 20 trials, we're + +getting different answers. + +So what you can see, here, is +for 10,000 steps, here, my + +mean was 78, and here, for +10,000 steps, my mean is 90. + +Here, the mean was 279. + +Here, it was 248. + +The maxs and the mins +are different. + +So I don't want to read too +much into that graph. + +Now one of the issues we should +have asked is, well + +it's the mean of how +many trials. + +I didn't tell you. + +And to be honest, I don't +quite remember. + +I think it was 20. + +But I don't have enough +information to interpret it. + +I need a lot more and that's +going to be what this whole + +next unit of the course is about +is how do we think about + +the results of programs when +the programs themselves are + +stochastic. + +And this is important because, +as you will see, not only in + +this course, but as you progress +in your careers, if + +you're involved in engineering +or science, is that almost + +everything in the real +world is stochastic. + +And in order to think about it, +we have to really think + +pretty hard about what +those things mean. + +So I want to, now, pull back +and talk a little bit, sort + +of, philosophically about +that, about the role of + +randomness in computation-- + +something you probably haven't +seen a lot, if at all in the + +other courses you've taken +if you're a freshman or + +sophomore, and that's because +there's something really + +comforting about Newtonian +mechanics. + +When I first learned physics, +it was really comforting. + +I learn the physics +of Isaac Newton. + +You push down on one end of the +lever, the other end of + +the lever goes up. + +You throw a ball up in the air, +it travels a parabolic + +path and lands. + +F equals MA, that wonderful +rule of physics. + +Everything happened +for a reason. + +It was predictable. + +It was a great comfort to +some of us about it. + +And for centuries, that's the +way the world thought, from + +almost the beginning of the +times of science to, really, + +if you look at history of +science, to today, people + +believed the world was +deterministic. + +And they liked it. + +Then along came the so-called +Copenhagen Doctrine and + +quantum physics in the 20th +century, and the comforting + +world of Newtonian physics +disappeared. + +The Doctrine, the Copenhagen +Doctrine, led by the + +physicists Bohr and Heisenberg, +argued that at its + +most predictable and most +fundamental level, the + +behavior of the physical world +cannot be predicted. + +One can make probabilistic +statements of the form x is + +highly likely to occur, but not +statements of the form x + +is certain to occur-- + +period. + +I can make the probabilistic +statement that if I take this + +laser pointer and put +it on the table, + +it won't fall through. + +The molecules won't separate +in such a nice way that it + +just drops through, but I can't +promise it won't happen. + +Truth is I'm going to make that +promise anyway, because I + +believe in probability, and it's +highly, highly probable. + +But they tried to say that, +in fact, the world is all + +stochastic. + +Everything is probabilistic. + +Other distinguished physicists +at the time, most notably + +Einstein and Schrodinger, +vehemently disagreed. + +This debate, it's hard to +believe, actually, roiled the + +world of physics, philosophy, +and religion. + +The heart of the debate was +the validity of something + +called causal non-determinism. + +The idea here-- + +causal means caused by +previous events. + +So causal non-determinism was +the belief that not every + +event is caused by +previous events. + +Einstein and Schrodinger found +this view philosophically + +unacceptable, as exemplified +by Einstein's often quoted + +comment, "God does +not play dice." + +What they argued is for +something called predictive + +non-determinism. + +The concept here was that our +inability to make accurate + +measurements about the physical +world makes it + +impossible to make precise +predictions about the future. + +So this distinction was nicely +summed up again by Einstein, + +who said, and I quote, "the +essentially statistical + +character of contemporary +theory is solely to be + +ascribed to the fact that this +theory operates with an + +incomplete description of +physical systems," i.e., + +things are not unpredictable, +they just look unpredictable + +because we don't know enough +about the initial states. + +This question is still +unsettled in science. + +The good news is it probably +doesn't matter at all + +what the truth is. + +However you want to look at it, +we have to assume that the + +world is non-deterministic, +because we can't, actually, + +predict it. + +So there's a little experiment +I sometimes do. + +I'll pretend to do it, +even though there + +are no students here. + +I take three coins-- + +see if there are students in the +class, I ask the students + +to give me coins, and then +I try to steal them. + +But since there are no students, +I'm going to have to + +use my own coins, and I'm going +to ask, is at least one + +of them heads. + +Well the truth is, it's +completely predictable. + +I know the answer. + +But you don't know the +answer, because you + +can't see these coins. + +And so you might as well assume +it's probabilistic, and + +guess well, he put 3 coins down +at random, the odds of + +each one being a head is +1/2, so probably 1 + +of the 3 is a head. + +And you're relying on +probability, because you don't + +know what's going on-- + +predictive non-determinism. + +OK, and that's the way we're +going to deal with a lot of + +things going on for the +rest of the semester. + +We'll look at a lot of examples +where we have to act + +as if things are +non-deterministic. + +And that gets us to this notion +of what mathematicians + +call stochastic processes. + +A process is stochastic if it's +next state depends on + +both the previous states and +some random element. + +So now what I'm going to do is +pick up one of these coins, + +flip it in the air, put it down, +and ask, again, about + +the state of these +three coins. + +It depends upon the previous +state, because these two coins + +have the same value they had in +the previous state, plus a + +stochastic element, a +probabilistic element, a + +random element-- + +the value of that coin, +which I just flipped. + +OK, most programming languages, +including Python, + +include simple ways to write +programs that use randomness. + +As we'll see, as we've already +seen in Python with our + +drunkard's walk, we use the +function random.choice, which, + +given a set of values +at random, chose + +one of those values. + +That function and almost all +of the other functions in + +Python that involve randomness +are implemented using + +something called +random.random. + +This function generates a random +float that's greater + +than 0 and no greater than 1.0, +So you get one of the + +infinite or seemingly infinite +number of floating point + +values that are greater than +0 and no greater than 1. + +So let's go look at +another example of + +the stochastic process. + +We're going to look +at throwing dice. + +So I've got something called +rollDie, which chooses a value + +between 1 and 6. + +For those of you who have +never gambled with + +dice, it's a cube. + +You roll it, and it has a value +between 1 and 6 that + +shows up at random. + +And then I've got this little +program called testRoll that + +rolls a bunch of dice and +comes up with an answer. + +All right, so let's +see what happens. + +Actually, before we do that, +let me ask you-- + +we can look at a question. + +Imagine I roll it, and +I run it some large + +number of times, 10. + +Would you expect to +see the value-- + +more likely see that value or +might more likely see a value + +that looks like this. + +Which of these values is more +likely to come up from my + +random rolls of the die? + +Well when I take a vote-- + +if I take a vote-- + +historically in this class, this +strikes people as more + +likely to happen than this. + +But it's a trick question, +because as it happens, they're + +equally likely. + +And the reason they're equally +likely is each roll is + +independent of the +previous rolls. + +And as we'll see in our +excursion in probability and + +randomness, independence is a +very important assumption. + +In a stochastic process, two +events are independent if the + +outcome of one event has +no influence on the + +outcome of the other. + +The events are independent if +the outcome of one event has + +no influence on the outcome +of the other. + +So it's a bit easier to think +about this, maybe, if we + +simplify the situation for the +moment to think about flipping + +coins, which have either heads +or tails, and I'll look at the + +value 0 or 1 as the +examples there. + +That means I can use-- + +I have a binary die +for some reason. + +So as we've seen before, if I +flip a coin ten times, how + +many different possibilities, +sequences + +of 0 and 1 are there? + +Well we've seen this kind of +thing a lot of times already + +this semester. + +There are 2 to the 10 binary +numbers of 10 digits, so we + +know that there are 2 to +the 10 possibilities. + +Each of these 2 to the 10 + +possibilities are equally likely. + +So the number in which I have +all 0's is no more likely than + +the number of all 1's, is +no more likely than some + +seemingly random combinations +of 0 and 1. + +So it's a very small +probability. + +So what's the probability +of getting all 1's? + +It's 1 out of 2 to the 10. + +What's the probability +of getting all 0's? + +1 out of 2 to the 10. + +What's the probability of any +combination you would happen + +to pick of 0's and 1's? + +1 over 2 to the 10. + +I know I'm belaboring this +point, but the point I want to + +make is that when we talk about +some result having a + +particular probability, we are +asking, essentially, the + +question, what fraction of the +possible results have the + +property we're testing for. + +So I ask what property +are all 1's. + +I'm saying what fraction +are all 1's. + +If I say well, the properties +are exactly four 1's. + +What fraction of these numbers +have exactly four 1's in them? + +Whatever I want. + +So probabilities will +always be fractions. + +That's important because it +means that when we talk about + +the probability of some event +occurring, we know it has to + +be somewhere between 0 and 1. + +Probabilities are never +less than 0. + +They're never more than 1. + +Cannot happen, guaranteed +to happen, usually + +somewhere in between. + +All right, that's the key +thing to remember when + +thinking about probabilities. + +Suppose I want to ask, what's +the probability of getting + +some sequence of coin flips +other than all 1's. + +Well I know the probability of +getting all 1's is 1 out of 2 + +to the 10th. + +I know the probability +of getting some + +sequence of flips is 1. + +It's certain I'll get one +of those numbers. + +So the answer is the probability +of not getting all + +1's is 1 minus 1 over +2 to the 10th. + +This is an important +trick to remember. + +Typically we have two ways of +computing probabilities. + +We can either compute it +directly, as I did when I + +computed the probability of +getting all 1's, or we can + +compute the probability of +something not happening by + +subtracting one probability +from another, + +this 1 minus trick. + +And so you'll see me using +this formulation a lot of + +times, And we'll talk as we +go forward about when + +you do it which way. + +All right so let's go back, +finally, to our six-sided die. + +How many sequences are there +of length 10 for that? + +2 to the 10th? + +No. + +6 to the 10th. + +Because unlike the coin where +we only had 2 possibilities, + +we now have 6 possibilities. + +So there are 6 to the 10th +different sequences of rolls I + +could get, quite a few. + +So the probability of getting 10 +consecutive 1's is 1 over 6 + +to the 10th. + +And of course, the probability +of getting this sequence, + +here, is also 1 over 6 to +the 10th, so we see + +that they are equal. + +OK, we're going to spend a lot +more time on probability and + +randomized and stochastic +algorithms. + +But before I do that, I want to +take a brief digression and + +return to the topic we looked +at a little earlier this + +morning, which was data +visualization, plotting. + +I want to do this +for two reasons. + +One, it's really important. + +It's something that all of us +do a lot of in the course of + +our work, but it also will just +make it a lot easier for + +me to talk about probability +and stochastics when I can + +draw some pretty pictures to +illustrate what's going on. + +Now many people, most of us, +probably, when we're writing + +code to do something, focus on +writing programs that perform + +some complicated analysis +of the data, + +and then print something. + +We don't spend enough time, I +think, worrying about how the + +results of our analyses are +presented so that somebody + +else can make sense of them, or +in fact, we can understand + +them better ourselves. + +Sometimes text is the best way, +but sometimes there's a + +lot of truth to the Chinese +proverb that a picture's + +meaning can express +10,000 words. + +Now most of us, sort +of, believe this. + +Why don't we do it? + +Well because in most programming +languages, it's + +hard to draw pretty pictures. + +One of the reasons we use +Python in this class is + +because in Python, it's easy to +draw pretty pictures or, at + +least, to make plots. + +Why is that? + +It's because somebody-- + +not me-- + +went to the trouble of building + +something called PyLab. + +PyLab is a Python library that +provides many of the + +facilities of something +called MATLAB. + +If you're an MIT student, the +probability of your graduating + +without using MATLAB +is very low. + +It is something people +use a lot. + +It's not my favorite programming +language. + +It has its utility. + +I like Python, because +it brings-- + +a lot of the features of MATLAB +are easy to use in a + +programming language that +I find much more + +convivial than MATLAB. + +All right I'm not going to give +you a complete tutorial + +for PyLab here. + +It would take a long time, +and it would be boring. + +Instead I'm going to give you +a few examples, and in fact, + +focus primarily on the plotting +capabilities. + +And the good news is the +plotting capabilities in PyLab + +are almost identical to those in +MATLAB, so if you learn how + +to do it here, you'll already +know how to do it here. + +For details you should +take a look at-- + +let me make sure I write +this correctly-- + +this website, +matplotlib.sourceforge.net, + +and it's a very nicely put +together website that will + +give you all of the capabilities +of plotting. + +Also you'll find in the class +website, I've written a little + +chapter of a book about how to +do this sort of thing, and you + +may also find that helpful. + +I should point out that PyLab +is not part of the standard + +Python distribution. + +It has to be installed on your +computer, and again, there are + +instructions about how +to do this posted + +on the class website. + +All right let's start with +something very simple. + +We'll look at that, here. + +I'm beginning by importing. + +I'll import PyLab. + +You have to import +it to use it. + +And then I'm going to +plot two things. + +So what I want to observe, +here, is I'm + +going to plot two vectors-- + +the vector 1, 2, 3, 4 and +the vector 1, 2, 3, 4. + +These are the x-coordinates. + +These are the y-coordinates. + +So we'll get a two-dimensional +plot, x versus y. + +And it's very important that +these two vectors be of the + +same length. + +Doubtless when you're using this +in your problem sets, you + +will screw up and you'll get +an error message, which you + +will have a hard time +interpreting, but what it + +probably is going to boil down +to is you've done something + +wrong, and you're plotting +things that are + +not the same length. + +After I plot these two things, +I'm going to type + +"pyLab.show," which will +put the plots up + +for us to look at. + +So let's do that now. + +So the first plot in +our straight line-- + +1 versus 1, 2 versus 2, 3 +versus 3, 4 versus 4-- + +got that. + +Then it plotted this rather +funny looking zigzag we saw, + +kind of just randomly chosen +in the other one. + +And the plots will always look +something like this. + +I should mention, if we go look +at the code, pyLab.show-- + +if I haven't said that, the plot +would not have appeared + +on my screen. + +PyLab would have produced it, +but not displayed it. + +You may think that's silly, +but in fact it's useful, + +because most of the time when +I'm writing programs that do + +plotting, I don't want to +see them on my screen. + +I'm producing a whole bunch of +plots, and I'm going to write + +them to files that I will then +look at later or include in a + +paper or a lecture or something, +so it makes me say + +that I want to see it. + +I should point out, depending +upon your operating system, it + +can be pretty annoying, because +if you try and do this + +twice in your code, something +bad can happen. + +The code can hang. + +Therefore, you should +only execute + +pyLab.show once per program. + +And it should always be the +last thing you executed, + +because once you execute +pyLab.show, the program will + +stop running, essentially. + +It's annoying. + +I wish it weren't that +way, but it is. + +So live with it. + +All right let's go look back +at our graph, our plot. + +At the top is a title. + +This is the default title. + +It says figure 1. + +Later we'll see that I could +have given it a much better + +title than that. + +Then it's got the values of the +x and y-axes and a bunch + +of things down at the bottom +that we could point out. + +You can zoom in on the plots, +using that or zoom out. + +You can use this funny icon. + +It happens to be a floppy disk +icon, something that probably + +most of you have never seen. + +Congratulations if you've never +seen a floppy disk. + +Your life is better than +it would be had you had + +to deal with them. + +But that's used for saving +them to a file. + +You can move around in it. + +You can get back to what the +original figure was, a whole + +bunch of useful things. + +I suggest you just bring this +up and play with it. + +One of the things I should +mention here is you'll note + +that when I produced this, +I only use four points-- + +1, 2, 3, and 4, say, +for this one. + +Yet it looks as if I have +a continuous plot. + +You know, it claims that +1.5 and 1.5 match. + +This can be very deceptive, +as we'll see later on, and + +probably it might have been +better for me to plot not + +lines here, but points, +indicating there are only four + +points in this graph. + +It's more apparent here, where +we see this funny looking + +zigzag, implying some +complicated relationship + +amongst the points, +which, actually, + +probably doesn't exist. + +And again later on we'll +see ways to avoid that. + +OK. + +It is, of course, possible to +produce more than one figure. + +So let's look at this. + +We'll comment this piece +out for now. + +And we'll run this code. + +So this says I want to plot +something on a figure I'm + +calling figure 1, as before, +And then I'm going to + +go to figure 2. + +So now instead of plotting +both of these on the same + +figure, I'm going to put them +on separate figures. + +And then pyLab.savefigure will, +actually, create a file + +in the directory in which I'm +running the program and save + +it-- called firstsaved And then +this will be secondsaved. + +And now I can run it. + +And now I have two figures-- + +figure 1, as before-- + +well not quite as before, +a different figure-- + +and figure 2. + +Again, nothing very +magical there. + +And if we look in my directory, +we should see, I + +hope, firstsaved and +secondsaved, so if we look at + +secondsaved, we'll +see, there it is. + +And just to show that I'm not +cheating, you can notice that + +the time stamp is today at 10:34 +AM, which happens to be + +when I'm giving this +particular lecture. + +All right you can put that +away now and continue. + +Now what I want you to notice +is the last one. + +I just gave it one argument-- + +5, 6, 7 and 10. + +And if we look at what +it plotted-- + +actually, I think I put that +in figure 1, didn't I? + +You'll see, here it is. + +And it's made up some values +for the x-axis. + +If you only give it one set of +values, it assumes it's the + +y-axis, and it finds values. + +All right now what values +is it going to + +choose for the x-axis? + +Well this is Python, so +surprise, surprise, the first + +value is 0, 1, 2, and 3. + +It's how I get the +four values. + +Now we could look at another +example, a slightly more + +interesting one. + +Comment this out, so we don't +look at the boring stuff over + +and over again. + +I've written a little program +to calculate interest. + +So I'm going to start with an +initial principal, here, of + +1,000, an interest rate +of 5%, 20 years, and + +just do compound interest. + +This, you all would know +how to write this. + +And I'm going to plot it +and see what we get. + +All right so what we have-- + +something here, which, sort +of, shows the kind of + +beautiful growth you get with +compound interest, what the + +finance people call the magic +of compounding, which will + +make us all rich in principle, +until we see what the + +markets really do. + +But at any rate, for now we can +look at it, and it looks + +very pretty. + +But I don't know +what it means. + +I look and say, "oh, its figure +1." Well that's not + +very informative, and x goes +from 0 to 20, but if I haven't + +told you, you wouldn't +know what that meant. + +And y from 10,000 up to +28,000, but again, you + +wouldn't know what that means. + +We see this all the time. + +It's not a good thing. + +It's a bad thing, in fact. + +All plots should have +informative titles, and all + +axes should be labeled. + +I can't tell you the number of +times I've had a graduate + +student show up in my office, +having worked for weeks + +producing some data, put a plot +on my desk, and say, look + +at this, isn't it great. + +And I say, I have no +idea what it means. + +And sometimes, I'll say, well +what is the y-axis, and they + +end up scratching their head. + +They're not quite sure. + +You've got to label your axes. + +You've got to put a title. + +You've got to give the +person a break. + +Well how do we do that? + +Well it's pretty simple. + +So here's this code. + +So I just want to get rid of +the old graphs, because + +sometimes if you look at them, +it causes you problems. + +Because it's now hung. + +It won't continue until +I get rid of it. + +Now my shell is back. + +So pyLab.title just says, OK, +I'm going to call it 5% + +growth, compounded annually. + +Notice that I've put in that +it's 5% interest rate and that + +I'm compounding it +annually, not + +semi-annually or quarterly. + +The x-axis is going to be the +years of compounding and the + +y-axis, the value of the +principle in dollars. + +So now it's the same +curve, but a far + +more informative picture. + +All right here's where +I want to stop today. + +We're going to come back to this +topic, in probably more + +detail than you want, and spend +quite a lot of time + +talking about how do we produce +beautiful plots, and + +more importantly, how do we +produce plots that are, + +actually, meaningful to +those reading them. + +Thanks a lot. + +I'll see you in the +next lecture. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/hVHqs38fPe8.txt b/hVHqs38fPe8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..47c5116662f8d2855d87d808c552353714f63b59 --- /dev/null +++ b/hVHqs38fPe8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1829 @@ +ANNOUNCER: Open content is +provided under a creative + +commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to + +offer high-quality educational +resources for free. + +To make a donation, or view +additional materials from + +hundreds of MIT courses, visit +MIT OpenCourseWare at + +ocw.mit.edu . + +PROFESSOR JOHN GUTTAG: +All right. + +That said, let's continue, and +if you remember last time, we + +ended up looking at this thing +I called square roots bi. + +This was using something called +a bisection method, + +which is related to something +called binary search, which + +we'll see lots more of later, +to find square roots. + +And the basic idea was that we +had some sort of a line, and + +we knew the answer was somewhere +between this point + +and this point. + +The line is totally ordered. + +And what that means, is that +anything here is smaller than + +anything to its right. + +So the integers are totally +ordered, the reals are totally + +ordered, lots of +things are, the + +rationals are totally ordered. + +And that idea was, we make a +guess in the middle, we test + +it so this is kind of a guess +and check, and if the answer + +was too big, then we knew +that we should be + +looking over here. + +If it was too small, we knew +we should be looking over + +here, and then we +would repeat. + +So this is very similar, this +is a kind of recursive + +thinking we talked about +earlier, where we take our + +problem and we make it smaller, +we solve a smaller + +problem, et cetera. + +All right. + +So now, we've got it, I've +got the code up for you. + +I want you to notice the +specifications to start. + +We're assuming that x is greater +than or equal to 0, + +and epsilon is strictly greater +than 0, and we're + +going to return some value y +such that y squared is within + +epsilon of x. + +I'd last time talked about the +two assert statements. + +In some sense, strictly speaking +they shouldn't be + +necessary, because the fact that +my specification starts + +with an assumption, says, hey +you, who might call square + +root, make sure that the things +you call me with obey + +the assumption. + +On the other hand, as I said, +never trust a programmer to do + +the right thing, so we're +going to check it. + +And just in case the assumptions +are not true, + +we're just going to stop +dead in our tracks. + +All right. + +Then we're going to set low to-- +low and high, and we're + +going to perform exactly the +process I talked about. + +And along the way, I'm keeping +track of how many iterations, + +at the end I'll print how many +iterations I took, before I + +return the final guess. + +All right, let's test it. + +So one of the things I want you +to observe here, is that + +instead of sitting there and +typing away a bunch of test + +cases, I took the trouble to +write a function, called test + +bi in this case. + +All right, so what that's doing, +is it's taking the + +things I would normally type, +and putting them in a + +function, which I +can then call. + +Why is that better +than typing them? + +Why was it worth creating +a function to do this? + +Pardon? + +STUDENT:: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR JOHN GUTTAG: Then I +can I can use it again and + +again and again. + +Exactly. + +By putting it in a function, if +I find a bug and I change + +my program, I can just run +the function again. + +The beauty of this is, it keeps +me from getting lazy, + +and not only testing my program +and the thing that + +found the bug, but in all the +things that used to work. + +We'll talk more about this +later, but it often happens + +that when you change your +program to solve one problem, + +you break it, and things that +used to work don't work. + +And so what you want to do, and +again we'll come back to + +this later in the term, +is something + +called regression testing. + +This has nothing to do with +linear regression. + +And that's basically trying to +make sure our program has not + +regressed, as to say, +gone backwards + +in how well it works. + +And so we always test +it on everything. + +All right? + +So I've created this function, +let's give it a shot and see + +what happens. + +We'll run test bi. + +Whoops! + +All right, well let's +look at our answers. + +I first tested it on the square +root of 4, and in one + +iteration it found 2. + +I like that answer. + +I then tested it on the square +root of 9, and as I mentioned + +last time, I didn't find 3. + +I was not crushed. + +You know, I was not really +disappointed, it found + +something close enough +to 3 that I'm happy. + +All right. + +I tried it on 2, I surely didn't +expect a precise and + +exact answer to that, but I +got something, and if you + +square this, you'll find +the answer kept pretty + +darn close to 2. + +I then tried it on +0.25 One quarter. + +And what happened was +not what I wanted. + +As you'll see, it crashed. + +It didn't really crash, it found +an assert statement. + +So if you look at the bottom +of the function, you'll see + +that, in fact, I checked +for that. + +I assert the counter is less +than or equal to 0. + +I'm checking that I didn't leave +my program because I + +didn't find an answer. + +Well, this is a good thing, it's +better than my program + +running forever, but it's a bad +thing because I don't have + +it the square root of 0.25. + +What went wrong here? + +Well, let's think about +it for a second. + +You look like-- someone +looks like they're + +dying to give an answer. + +No, you just scratching +your head? + +All right. + +Remember, I said when we do +a bisection method, we're + +assuming the answer lies +somewhere between the lower + +bound and the upper bound. + +Well, what is the square +root of a quarter? + +It is a half. + +Well, what-- where did +I tell my program + +to look for an answer? + +Between 0 and x. + +So the problem was, the answer +was over here somewhere, and + +so I'm never going to find it +cleverly searching in this + +region, right? + +So the basic idea was fine, but +I failed to satisfy the + +initial condition that the +answer had to be between the + +lower bound and the +upper bound. + +Right? + +And why did I do that? + +Because I forgot what happens +when you look at fractions. + +So what should I do? + +Actually I lied, by the way, +when I said the answer was + +over there. + +Where was the answer? + +Somebody? + +It was over here. + +Because the square root of a +quarter is not smaller than a + +quarter, it's bigger +than a quarter. + +Right? + +A half is strictly greater +than a quarter. + +So it wasn't on the region. + +So how-- what's the fix? + +Should be a pretty simple fix, +in fact we should be able to + +do it on the fly, here. + +What should I change? + +Do I need to change +the lower bound? + +Is the square root ever going +to be less than 0? + +Doesn't need to be, so, what +should I do about the upper + +bound here? + +Oh, I could cheat and make, OK, +the upper bound a half, + +but that wouldn't +be very honest. + +What would be a good +thing to do here? + +Pardon? + +I could square x, but maybe +I should just do something + +pretty simple here. + +Suppose-- whoops. + +Suppose I make it the +max of x and 1. + +Then if I'm looking for the +square root of something less + +than 1, I know it will be +in my region, right? + +All right, let's save +this, and run it + +and see what happens. + +Sure enough, it worked and, did +we get-- we got the right + +answer, 0.5 All right? + +And by the way, I checked +all of my previous ones, + +and they work too. + +All right. + +Any questions about +bisection search? + +One of the things I want you to +notice here is the number + +iterations is certainly +not constant. + +Yeah, when I will looked at 4, +it was a nice number like 1, 9 + +looked like it took me 18, 2 +took me 14, if we try some big + +numbers it might take +even longer. + +These numbers are small, but +sometimes when we look at + +really harder problems, we got +ourselves in a position where + +we do care about the number of +iterations, and we care about + +something called the speed +of convergence. + +Bisection methods were known to +the ancient Greeks, and it + +is believed by many, even +to the Babylonians. + +And as I mentioned last time, +this was the state of the art + +until the 17th century. + +At which point, things +got better. + +So, let's think about it, and +let's think about what we're + +actually doing when +we solve this. + +When we look for something like +the square root of x, + +what we're really doing, +is solving an equation. + +We're looking at the equation +f of guess equals the guess + +squared minus x. + +Right, that's what that is equal +to, and we're trying to + +solve the equation that +f of guess equals 0. + +Looking for the root +of this equation. + +So if we looked at it +pictorially, what we've got + +here is, we're looking at f of +x, I've plotted it here, and + +we're asking where it +crosses the x axis. + +Sorry for the overloading +of the word x. + +And I'm looking here at 16. + +Square root of 16, and my plot +basically shows it crosses at + +4 and-- well, I think +that's minus 4. + +The perspective is tricky-- +and so we're + +trying to find the roots. + +Now Isaac Newton and/or Joseph +Raphson figured out how to do + +this kind of thing for all +differentiable functions. + +Don't worry about +what that means. + +The basic idea is, you take a +guess, and you -- whoops -- + +and you find the tangent +of that guess. + +So let's say I guessed 3. + +I look for the tangent +of the curve at 3. + +All right, so I've got the +tangent, and then my next + +guess is going to be where the +tangent crosses the x axis. + +So instead of dividing it in +half, I'm using a different + +method to find the next guess. + +The utility of this relies upon +the observation that, + +most of the time-- and I want to +emphasize this, most of the + +time, that implies not all of +the time-- the tangent line is + +a good approximation +to the curve for + +values near the solution. + +And therefore, the x intercept +of the tangent will be closer + +to the right answer than +the current guess. + +Is that always true, +by the way? + +Show me a place where that's +not true, where the tangent + +line will be really bad. + +Yeah. + +Suppose I choose it right +down there, I guess 0. + +Well, the tangent there will not +even have an x intercept. + +So I'm really going to +be dead in the water. + +This is the sort of thing that +people who do numerical + +programming worry about +all the time. + +And there are a lot of a little +tricks they use to deal + +with that, they'll perturb +it a little + +bit, things like that. + +You should not, at +this point, be + +worrying about those things. + +This method, interestingly +enough, is actually the method + +used in most hand calculators. + +So if you've got a calculator +that has a square root button, + +it's actually in the calculator + +running Newton's method. + +Now I know you thought it was +going to do that thing you + +learned in high school for +finding square roots, which I + +never could quite understand, +but no. + +It uses Newton's method +to do it. + +So how do we find the intercept +of the tangent, the + +x intercept? + +Well this is where derivatives +come in. + +What we know is that the slope +of the tangent is given by the + +first derivative of the +function f at the + +point of the guess. + +So the slope of the guess +is the first derivative. + +Right. + +Which dy over dx. + +Change in y divided +by change in x. + +So we can use some algebra, +which I won't go through here, + +and what we would find is that +for square root, the + +derivative, written f prime of +the i'th guess is equal to two + +times the i'th guess. + +Well, should have left myself +a little more room, sorry + +about that. + +All right? + +You could work this out. + +Right? + +The derivative of the +square root is not + +a complicated thing. + +Therefore, and here's the key +thing we need to keep in mind, + +we'll know that we can choose +guess i plus 1 to be equal to + +the old guess, guess i, minus +whatever the value is of the + +new guess-- of the old rather, +the old guess-- divided by + +twice the old guess. + +All right, again this is +straightforward kind of + +algebraic manipulations +to get here. + +So let's look at an example. + +Suppose we start looking for +the square root of 16 + +with the guess 3. + +What's the value of the +function f of 3? + +Well, it's going to be, we +looked at our function there, + +guess squared, 3 times 3 is 9 I +think, minus 16, that's what + +x is in this case, which +equals minus 7. + +That being the case, what's +my next guess? + +Well I start with my old guess, +3, minus f of my old + +guess, which is minus 7, divided +by twice my old guess, + +which is 6, minus the minus, +and I get as my new guess + +4.1666 or thereabouts. + +So you can see I've missed, +but I am closer. + +And then I would reiterate this +process using that as + +guess i, and do it again. + +One way to think about this +intuitively, if the derivative + +is very large, the function +is changing quickly, and + +therefore we want to +take small steps. + +All right. + +If the derivative is small, it's +not changing, maybe want + +to take a larger step, +but let's not worry + +about that, all right? + +Does this method work +all the time? + +Well, we already saw no, if my +initial guess is zero, I don't + +get anywhere. + +In fact, my program crashes +because I end up trying to + +divide by zero, a really +bad thing. + +Hint: if you implement Newton's +method, do not make + +your first guess zero. + +All right, so let's look +at the code for that. + +All right so-- yeah, how do I +get to the code for that? + +That's interesting. + +All right. + +So we have that square +root NR. + +NR for Newton Raphson. + +First thing I want you to +observe is its specification + +is identical to the +specification + +of square root bi. + +What that's telling me is that +if you're a user of this, you + +don't care how it's +implemented, you + +care what it does. + +And therefore, it's fine that +the specifications are + +identical, in fact it's a good +thing, so that means if + +someday Professor Grimson +invents something that's + +better than Newton Raphson, we +can all re-implement our + +square root functions and none +of the programs that use it + +will have to change, +as long as the + +specification is the same. + +All right, so, not much +to see about this. + +As I said, the specifications is +the same, same assertions, + +and the-- it's basically the +same program as the one we + +were just looking at, but I'm +starting with a different + +guess, in this case x over 2, +well I'm going to, couple of + +different guesses we can start +with, we can experiment with + +different guesses and see +whether we get the same + +answer, and in fact, if we did, +we would see we didn't + +get this, we got different +answers, but correct answers. + +Actually now, we'll just +comment that out. + +I'm going to compute the +difference, just as I did on + +the board, and off we'll go. + +All right. + +Now, let's try and compare +these things. + +And what we're going to look at +is another procedure, you + +have the code for these things +on your handout so we won't + +worry, don't need to show you +the code, but let's look at + +how we're going to test it. + +I'm doing a little trick by the +way, I'm using raw input + +in my function here, as a just +a way to stop the display. + +This way I can torture +you between tests + +by asking you questions. + +Making it stop. + +All right, so, we'll +try some things. + +We'll see what it does. + +Starting with that, well, let's +look at some of the + +things it will do. + +Yeah, I'll save it.. + +It's a little bit annoying, but +it makes the font bigger. + +All right, so we've tested it, +and we haven't tested it yet, + +we have tested it but, we +haven't seen it, well, you + +know what I'm going to do? + +I'm going to tort-- + +I'm going to make the font +smaller so we can see more. + +Sorry about this. + +Those of you in the back, feel +free to move forward. + +All right. + +So we've got it, now +let's test it. + +So we're going to do +here, we're going + +to run compare methods. + +Well we're seeing this famous +computers are no damn good. + +All right. + +So we're going to try it on 2, +and at least we'll notice for + +2, that the bisection method +took eight iterations, the + +Newton Raphson only took three, + +so it was more efficient. + +They came up with slightly +different answers, but both + +answers are within .01 which +is what I gave it here for + +epsilon, so we're OK. + +So even though they have +different answers, they both + +satisfy the same specification, + +so we have no problem. + +All right? + +Try it again, just for fun. + +I gave it here a different +epsilon, and you'll note, we + +get different answers. + +Again, that's OK. + +Notice here, when I asked for +a more precise answer, + +bisection took a lot more +iterations, but Newton Raphson + +took only one extra iteration to +get that extra precision in + +the answer. + +So we're sort of getting the +notion that Newton Raphson + +maybe is considerably better on +harder problems. Which, by + +the way, it is. + +We'll make it an even harder +problem, by making it looking + +an even smaller epsilon, and +again, what you'll see is, + +Newton Raphson just crept up by +one, didn't take it long, + +and got the better answer, +where bisection + +gets worse and worse. + +So as you can see, as we +escalate the problem + +difficulty, the difference +between the good method and + +the not quite as good +method gets bigger + +and bigger and bigger. + +That's an important observation, +and as we get to + +the part of the course, we +talk about computational + +complexity, you'll see that what +we really care about is + +not how efficient the program +is on easy problems, but how + +efficient it is on hard + +problems. All right. + +Look at another example. + +All right, here I gave it +a big number, 123456789. + +And again, I don't want to +bore you, but you can see + +what's going on here +with this trend. + +So here's an interesting +question. + +You may notice that it's always +printing out the same + +number of digits. + +Why should this be? + +If you look at it here, +what's going on? + +Something very peculiar +is happening here. + +We're looking at it, and we're +getting some funny answers. + +This gets back to what I talked +about before, about + +some of the precision of +floating point numbers. + +And the thing I'm trying to +drive home to you here is + +perhaps the most important +lesson we'll + +talk about all semester. + +Which is, answers +can be wrong. + +People tend to think, because +the computer says it's so, it + +must be so. + +That the computer is-- +speaks for God. + +And therefore it's infallible. + +Maybe it speaks for the Pope. + +It speaks for something +that's infallible. + +But in fact, it is not. + +And so, something I find myself +repeating over and over + +again to myself, to my graduate +students, is, when + +you get an answer from the +computer, always ask yourself, + +why do I believe it? + +Do I think it's the +right answer? + +Because it isn't necessarily. + +So if we look at what we've got +here, we've got something + +rather peculiar, right? + +What's peculiar about what +this computer is now + +printing for us? + +Why should I be really +suspicious about what I see in + +the screen here? + +STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR JOHN GUTTAG: Well, not +only is it different, it's + +really different, right? + +If it were just a little bit +different, I could say, all + +right, I have a different +approximation. + +But when it's this different, +something is wrong. + +Right? + +We'll, later in the term when +we get to more detailed + +numerical things, look +at what's wrong. + +You can run into issues of +things like overflow, + +underflow, with floating point +numbers, and when you see a + +whole bunches of ones, it's +particularly a good time to be + +suspicious. + +Anyway the only point I'm making +here is, paranoia is a + +healthy human trait. + +All right. + +We can look at some other things +which will work better. + +And we'll now move on. + +OK. + +So we've looked at how to +solve square root we've, + +looked at two problems, I've +tried to instill in you this + +sense of paranoia which is so +valuable, and now we're going + +to pull back and return to +something much simpler than + +numbers, and that's Python. + +All right? + +Numbers are hard. + +That's why we teach whole +semesters worth of courses in + +number theory. + +Python it's easy, which is why +we do it in about four weeks. + +All right. + +I want to return to some +non-scalar types. + +So we've been looking, the last +couple of lectures, at + +floating point numbers +and integers. + +We've looked so far really +at two non-scalar types. + +And those were tuples written +with parentheses, and strings. + +The key thing about +both of them is + +that they were immutable. + +And I responded to at least one +email about this issue, + +someone quite correctly said +tuple are immutable, how can I + +change one? + +My answer is, you can't change +one, but you can create a new + +one that is almost like the +old one but different in a + +little bit. + +Well now we're going to talk +about some mutable types. + +Things you can change. + +And we're going to start with +one that you, many of you, + +have already bumped +into, perhaps by + +accident, which are lists. + +Lists differ from strings in two +ways; one way is that it's + +mutable, the other way is that +the values need not be + +characters. + +They can be numbers, they can +be characters, they can be + +strings, they can even +be other lists. + +So let's look at some +examples here. + +What we'll do, is we'll work +on two boards at once. + +So I could write a statement +like, techs, a variable, is + +equal to the list, written with +the square brace, not a + +parenthesis, MIT, Cal +Tech, closed brace. + +What that basically does, is it +takes the variable techs, + +and it now makes it point to a +list with two items in it. + +One is the string MIT and one +is the string Cal Tech. + +So let's look at it. + +And we'll now run another little +test program, show + +lists, and I printed it, +and it prints the + +list MIT, Cal Tech. + +Now suppose I introduce a new +variable, we'll call it ivys, + +and we say that is equal to the +list Harvard, Yale, Brown. + +Three of the ivy league +colleges. + +What that does is, I have a new +variable, ivys, and it's + +now pointing to another, what we +call object, in Python and + +Java, and many other languages, +think of these + +things that are sitting +there in memory + +somewhere as objects. + +And I won't write it all out, +I'll just write it's got + +Harvard as one in it, and +then it's got Yale, and + +then it's got Brown. + +And I can now print ivys. + +And it sure enough prints what +we expected it to print. + +Now, let's say I have univs, for +universities, equals the + +empty list. That would create +something over here called + +univs, another variable, and it +will point to the list, an + +object that contains +nothing in it. + +This is not the same as none. + +It's it does have a value, it +just happens to be the list + +that has nothing in it. + +And the next thing I'm +going to write is + +univs dot append tex. + +What is this going to do? + +It's going to take this list and +add to it something else. + +Let's look at the code. + +I'm going to print it, and +let's see what it prints. + +It's kind of interesting. + +Whoops. + +Why did it do that? + +That's not what I expected. + +It's going to print that. + +The reason it printed that is +I accidentally had my finger + +on the control key, which said +print the last thing you had. + +Why does it start with square +braced square brace? + +I take it-- yes, go ahead. + +STUDENT: So you're adding +a list to a list? + +PROFESSOR JOHN GUTTAG: So I'm +adding a list to a list. What + +have I-- what I've appended to +the empty list is not the + +elements MIT and Cal Tech +but the list that + +contains those elements. + +So I've appended this +whole object. + +Since that object is itself +a list, what I get + +is a list of lists. + +Now I should mention this +notation here append is what + +is in Python called a method. + +Now we'll hear lots more about +methods when we get to classes + +and inheritance, but really, a +method is just a fancy word + +for a function with +different syntax. + +Think of this as a function that +takes two arguments, the + +first of which is univs and the +second of which is techs. + +And this is just a different +syntax for writing that + +function call. + +Later in the term, we'll see +why we have this syntax and + +why it wasn't just a totally +arbitrary brain-dead decision + +by the designers of Python, +and many languages before + +Python, but in fact is a +pretty sensible thing. + +But for now, think of this as +just another way to write a + +function call. + +All right, people +with me so far? + +Now let's say we wanted as the +next thing we'll do, is we're + +going to append the ivys +to univ. Stick + +another list on it. + +All right. + +So we'll do that, and now we get +MIT, Cal Tech, followed by + +that list followed by the list +Harvard, Yale, Brown. + +So now we have a list containing +two lists. + +What are we going to try next? + +Well just to see what we know +what we're doing, let's look + +at this code here. + +I've written a little for +loop, which is going to + +iterate over all of the elements +in the list. So + +remember, before we wrote things +like for i in range 10, + +which iterated over a list or +tuple of numbers, here you can + +iterate over any list, and so +we're going to just going to + +take the list called univs +and iterate over it. + +So the first thing we'll do is, +we'll print the element, + +in this case it will +be a list, right? + +Because it's a list with +two lists in it. + +Then the next thing in the loop, +we're going to enter a + +nested loop, and say for every +college in the list e, we're + +going to print the name +of the college. + +So now if we look what we get-- +do you not want to try + +and execute that?-- it'll +first print the list + +containing MIT and Cal Tech, +and then separately the + +strings MIT and Cal Tech, and +then the list containing + +Harvard, Yale, and Brown, and +then the strings Harvard, + +Yale, and Brown. + +So we're beginning to see this +is a pretty powerful notion, + +these lists, and that +we can do a lot of + +interesting things with them. + +Suppose I don't want all of this +structure, and I want to + +do what's called flattening the +list. Well I can do that + +by, instead of using the +method append, use the + +concatenation operator. + +So I can concatenate techs +plus ivys and assign that + +result to univs, and then when +I print it you'll notice I + +just get a list of +five strings. + +So plus and append do very +different things. + +Append sticks the list on the +end of the list, append + +flattens it, one level +of course. + +If I had lists of lists of +lists, then it would only take + +out the first level of it. + +OK, very quiet here. + +Any questions about +any of this? + +All right. + +Because we're about to get +to the hard part Sigh. + +All right. + +Let's look at the-- well, +suppose I want to, quite + +understandably, eliminate +Harvard. + +All right, I then get +down here, where I'm + +going to remove it. + +So this is again another method, +this is remove, takes + +two arguments, the first +is ivys, the second + +is the string Harvard. + +It's going to search through the +list until the first time + +it finds Harvard and then it's +going to yank it away. + +So what happened here? + +Did I jump to the wrong place? + +STUDENT: You hit two returns. + +PROFESSOR JOHN GUTTAG: +I hit two returns. + +Pardon? + +STUDENT: You hit two returns. + +One was at + +STUDENT: Pardo + +PROFESSOR JOHN GUTTAG: +This one. + +STUDENT: No, up one. + +PROFESSOR JOHN GUTTAG: Up one. + +STUDENT: Right. + +PROFESSOR JOHN GUTTAG: But +why is Harvard there? + +STUDENT: I'm sorry, I didn't +write it down. + +PROFESSOR JOHN GUTTAG: Let's +look at it again. + +All right, it's time to +interrupt the world, and we'll + +just type into the shell. + +Let's see what we get here. + +All right, so let's just see +what we got, we'll print + +univs. Nope, not defined. + +All right, well let's do a list +equals, and we'll put + +some interesting things in it, +we'll put a number in it, + +because we can put a number, +we'll put MIT in it, because + +we can put strings, we'll put +another number in it, 3.3, + +because we can put floating +points, we can put all sorts + +of things in this list. We can +put a list in the list again, + +as we've seen before. + +So let's put the list containing +the string a, and + +I'll print out, so now we see +something pretty interesting + +about a list, that we can mix up +all sorts of things in it, + +and that's OK. + +You'll notice I have the string +with the number 1, a + +string with MIT, and then it +just a plain old number, not a + +string, again it didn't quite +give me 3.3 for reasons we've + +talked before, and now +it in the list a. + +So, suppose I want to +remove something. + +What should we try and remove +from this list? + +Anybody want to vote? + +Pardon? + +All right, someone wants +to remove MIT. + +Sad but true. + +Now what do we get +if we print l? + +MIT is gone. + +How do I talk about the +different pieces of l? + +Well I can do this. l sub 0-- +whoops-- will give me the + +first element of the list, +just as we could do with + +strings, and I can look at l +sub minus 1 to get the last + +element of the list, so I can +do all the strings, all the + +things that I could +do with strings. + +It's extremely powerful, +but what we + +haven't seen yet is mutation. + +Well, we have seen +mutation, right? + +Because notice that what remove +did, it was it actually + +changed the list. Didn't create +a new list. The old l + +is still there, but it's +different than it used to be. + +So this is very different from +what we did with slicing, + +where we got a new copy +of something. + +Here we took the old one +and we just changed it. + +On Thursday, we'll look at why +that allows you to do lots of + +things more conveniently than +you can do without mutation. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/hewgCK5oZAo.txt b/hewgCK5oZAo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c4177fecf8a44ba498a90c55c6aec9f89ba76135 --- /dev/null +++ b/hewgCK5oZAo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12091 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu final presentations uh + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu final presentations uh + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu final presentations uh +should be very exciting uh fruits of + + align:start position:0% +should be very exciting uh fruits of + + + align:start position:0% +should be very exciting uh fruits of +your labor um over the entire semester + + align:start position:0% +your labor um over the entire semester + + + align:start position:0% +your labor um over the entire semester +in reality the fundamentals in the first + + align:start position:0% +in reality the fundamentals in the first + + + align:start position:0% +in reality the fundamentals in the first +third uh the Technologies in the second + + align:start position:0% +third uh the Technologies in the second + + + align:start position:0% +third uh the Technologies in the second +gearing up toward the cross cutting + + align:start position:0% +gearing up toward the cross cutting + + + align:start position:0% +gearing up toward the cross cutting +themes in the third uh I understand that + + align:start position:0% +themes in the third uh I understand that + + + align:start position:0% +themes in the third uh I understand that +we've had an accelerated project + + align:start position:0% +we've had an accelerated project + + + align:start position:0% +we've had an accelerated project +schedule uh this semester uh We've uh + + align:start position:0% +schedule uh this semester uh We've uh + + + align:start position:0% +schedule uh this semester uh We've uh +completed the entire projects over the + + align:start position:0% +completed the entire projects over the + + + align:start position:0% +completed the entire projects over the +duration of about a month and a half uh + + align:start position:0% +duration of about a month and a half uh + + + align:start position:0% +duration of about a month and a half uh +so you are to be congratulated for your + + align:start position:0% +so you are to be congratulated for your + + + align:start position:0% +so you are to be congratulated for your +hard work and in a very intense period + + align:start position:0% +hard work and in a very intense period + + + align:start position:0% +hard work and in a very intense period +of time uh McKenzie tiger team style uh + + align:start position:0% +of time uh McKenzie tiger team style uh + + + align:start position:0% +of time uh McKenzie tiger team style uh +for that I reward you with donuts and + + align:start position:0% +for that I reward you with donuts and + + + align:start position:0% +for that I reward you with donuts and +coffee over there I understand many of + + align:start position:0% +coffee over there I understand many of + + + align:start position:0% +coffee over there I understand many of +you were up late last night so you're + + align:start position:0% +you were up late last night so you're + + + align:start position:0% +you were up late last night so you're +welcome to uh to ingest some short + + align:start position:0% +welcome to uh to ingest some short + + + align:start position:0% +welcome to uh to ingest some short +Change carbohydrates and some caffeine + + align:start position:0% +Change carbohydrates and some caffeine + + + align:start position:0% +Change carbohydrates and some caffeine +um if uh you would like to get some get + + align:start position:0% +um if uh you would like to get some get + + + align:start position:0% +um if uh you would like to get some get +it now uh we're going to have another + + align:start position:0% +it now uh we're going to have another + + + align:start position:0% +it now uh we're going to have another +minute of blah blah blah before we dive + + align:start position:0% +minute of blah blah blah before we dive + + + align:start position:0% +minute of blah blah blah before we dive +into the presentations and the real fun + + align:start position:0% +into the presentations and the real fun + + + align:start position:0% +into the presentations and the real fun +begins uh I'd like to introduce our + + align:start position:0% +begins uh I'd like to introduce our + + + align:start position:0% +begins uh I'd like to introduce our +panelists up here in the front uh who + + align:start position:0% +panelists up here in the front uh who + + + align:start position:0% +panelists up here in the front uh who +will be the evaluation criteria Al + + align:start position:0% +will be the evaluation criteria Al + + + align:start position:0% +will be the evaluation criteria Al +American Idol style um except that + + align:start position:0% +American Idol style um except that + + + align:start position:0% +American Idol style um except that +you're of course a lot smarter and + + align:start position:0% +you're of course a lot smarter and + + + align:start position:0% +you're of course a lot smarter and +equally well-dressed um we have uh + + align:start position:0% +equally well-dressed um we have uh + + + align:start position:0% +equally well-dressed um we have uh +starting from right to left in front of + + align:start position:0% +starting from right to left in front of + + + align:start position:0% +starting from right to left in front of +me we have Dr Yasmin Hofer uh who comes + + align:start position:0% +me we have Dr Yasmin Hofer uh who comes + + + align:start position:0% +me we have Dr Yasmin Hofer uh who comes +from es uh Spain that's that's the + + align:start position:0% +from es uh Spain that's that's the + + + align:start position:0% +from es uh Spain that's that's the +institute for solar energy in Spain um + + align:start position:0% +institute for solar energy in Spain um + + + align:start position:0% +institute for solar energy in Spain um +that's where she did her PhD with + + align:start position:0% +that's where she did her PhD with + + + align:start position:0% +that's where she did her PhD with +Antonio luki those who have been + + align:start position:0% +Antonio luki those who have been + + + align:start position:0% +Antonio luki those who have been +studying intermediate band solar cell + + align:start position:0% +studying intermediate band solar cell + + + align:start position:0% +studying intermediate band solar cell +materials May uh know the name as one of + + align:start position:0% +materials May uh know the name as one of + + + align:start position:0% +materials May uh know the name as one of +the fathers of the field uh she studied + + align:start position:0% +the fathers of the field uh she studied + + + align:start position:0% +the fathers of the field uh she studied +with uh under Antonio luc's organization + + align:start position:0% +with uh under Antonio luc's organization + + + align:start position:0% +with uh under Antonio luc's organization +with Carlos Del Cano uh and is the + + align:start position:0% +with Carlos Del Cano uh and is the + + + align:start position:0% +with Carlos Del Cano uh and is the +winner of uh presentation awards at + + align:start position:0% +winner of uh presentation awards at + + + align:start position:0% +winner of uh presentation awards at +scientific conferences among others so + + align:start position:0% +scientific conferences among others so + + + align:start position:0% +scientific conferences among others so +Yasmin is is welcome here uh we have doc + + align:start position:0% +Yasmin is is welcome here uh we have doc + + + align:start position:0% +Yasmin is is welcome here uh we have doc +Dr Mark Winkler as well at PhD in Eric + + align:start position:0% +Dr Mark Winkler as well at PhD in Eric + + + align:start position:0% +Dr Mark Winkler as well at PhD in Eric +Missour laboratory at Harvard uh those + + align:start position:0% +Missour laboratory at Harvard uh those + + + align:start position:0% +Missour laboratory at Harvard uh those +who are familiar with fto second laser + + align:start position:0% +who are familiar with fto second laser + + + align:start position:0% +who are familiar with fto second laser +characterization uh may be familiar with + + align:start position:0% +characterization uh may be familiar with + + + align:start position:0% +characterization uh may be familiar with +Eric mour also one of the fathers of the + + align:start position:0% +Eric mour also one of the fathers of the + + + align:start position:0% +Eric mour also one of the fathers of the +field U Mark started the Harvard Journal + + align:start position:0% +field U Mark started the Harvard Journal + + + align:start position:0% +field U Mark started the Harvard Journal +Energy Club uh which is Harvard's + + align:start position:0% +Energy Club uh which is Harvard's + + + align:start position:0% +Energy Club uh which is Harvard's +version of the MIT Energy Club uh lot + + align:start position:0% +version of the MIT Energy Club uh lot + + + align:start position:0% +version of the MIT Energy Club uh lot +smaller and lot less Dynamic than mit's + + align:start position:0% +smaller and lot less Dynamic than mit's + + + align:start position:0% +smaller and lot less Dynamic than mit's +version but but nevertheless to be + + align:start position:0% +version but but nevertheless to be + + + align:start position:0% +version but but nevertheless to be +congratulated um and and of course a + + align:start position:0% +congratulated um and and of course a + + + align:start position:0% +congratulated um and and of course a +very a good organization I kid there's a + + align:start position:0% +very a good organization I kid there's a + + + align:start position:0% +very a good organization I kid there's a +little bit of MIT Harvard rivalry um and + + align:start position:0% +little bit of MIT Harvard rivalry um and + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of MIT Harvard rivalry um and +of course our very own Joe Sullivan uh + + align:start position:0% +of course our very own Joe Sullivan uh + + + align:start position:0% +of course our very own Joe Sullivan uh +who has been uh with you the entire + + align:start position:0% +who has been uh with you the entire + + + align:start position:0% +who has been uh with you the entire +semester for those who might not be + + align:start position:0% +semester for those who might not be + + + align:start position:0% +semester for those who might not be +familiar as much with his research as + + align:start position:0% +familiar as much with his research as + + + align:start position:0% +familiar as much with his research as +you are with his teaching uh Joe is uh + + align:start position:0% +you are with his teaching uh Joe is uh + + + align:start position:0% +you are with his teaching uh Joe is uh +studying intermediate band solar cell + + align:start position:0% +studying intermediate band solar cell + + + align:start position:0% +studying intermediate band solar cell +materials here ATM in the PB lab uh and + + align:start position:0% +materials here ATM in the PB lab uh and + + + align:start position:0% +materials here ATM in the PB lab uh and +has been working uh for the last um what + + align:start position:0% +has been working uh for the last um what + + + align:start position:0% +has been working uh for the last um what +is it now three and three and a half + + align:start position:0% +is it now three and three and a half + + + align:start position:0% +is it now three and three and a half +years uh focused on intermediate band + + align:start position:0% +years uh focused on intermediate band + + + align:start position:0% +years uh focused on intermediate band +solar cell materials uh coming from a + + align:start position:0% +solar cell materials uh coming from a + + + align:start position:0% +solar cell materials uh coming from a +very broad background in energy uh from + + align:start position:0% +very broad background in energy uh from + + + align:start position:0% +very broad background in energy uh from +climate science um so with that uh I'd + + align:start position:0% +climate science um so with that uh I'd + + + align:start position:0% +climate science um so with that uh I'd +like to welcome our first team down um + + align:start position:0% +like to welcome our first team down um + + + align:start position:0% +like to welcome our first team down um +and the floor is yours uh good morning + + align:start position:0% +and the floor is yours uh good morning + + + align:start position:0% +and the floor is yours uh good morning +we are the PV smart retrofit group + + align:start position:0% +we are the PV smart retrofit group + + + align:start position:0% +we are the PV smart retrofit group +and our project goal was to assess + + align:start position:0% +and our project goal was to assess + + + align:start position:0% +and our project goal was to assess +whether or not the the electrical there + + align:start position:0% +whether or not the the electrical there + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not the the electrical there +was an electrical benefit or loss from + + align:start position:0% +was an electrical benefit or loss from + + + align:start position:0% +was an electrical benefit or loss from +retrofitting an old home with a PV + + align:start position:0% +retrofitting an old home with a PV + + + align:start position:0% +retrofitting an old home with a PV +system now in less lofty terms + + align:start position:0% +system now in less lofty terms + + + align:start position:0% +system now in less lofty terms +essentially means from an on-site energy + + align:start position:0% +essentially means from an on-site energy + + + align:start position:0% +essentially means from an on-site energy +perspective doesn't make sense to put PV + + align:start position:0% +perspective doesn't make sense to put PV + + + align:start position:0% +perspective doesn't make sense to put PV +panels on my + + align:start position:0% +panels on my + + + align:start position:0% +panels on my +house you know you'd think that that's + + align:start position:0% +house you know you'd think that that's + + + align:start position:0% +house you know you'd think that that's +kind of an obvious question we'd all say + + align:start position:0% +kind of an obvious question we'd all say + + + align:start position:0% +kind of an obvious question we'd all say +well yeah we produce energy for free + + align:start position:0% +well yeah we produce energy for free + + + align:start position:0% +well yeah we produce energy for free +except that you have to consider other + + align:start position:0% +except that you have to consider other + + + align:start position:0% +except that you have to consider other +things such as shading from trees that + + align:start position:0% +things such as shading from trees that + + + align:start position:0% +things such as shading from trees that +you'd have to cut down or the color of + + align:start position:0% +you'd have to cut down or the color of + + + align:start position:0% +you'd have to cut down or the color of +the roof that you might be changing by + + align:start position:0% +the roof that you might be changing by + + + align:start position:0% +the roof that you might be changing by +adding a black panel these would both + + align:start position:0% +adding a black panel these would both + + + align:start position:0% +adding a black panel these would both +reduce the thermal load of your house in + + align:start position:0% +reduce the thermal load of your house in + + + align:start position:0% +reduce the thermal load of your house in +normal situation so by adding a PV panel + + align:start position:0% +normal situation so by adding a PV panel + + + align:start position:0% +normal situation so by adding a PV panel +and increasing the thermal load you + + align:start position:0% +and increasing the thermal load you + + + align:start position:0% +and increasing the thermal load you +actually add the energy to cool your + + align:start position:0% +actually add the energy to cool your + + + align:start position:0% +actually add the energy to cool your +house during the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +summer we considered multiple variables + + align:start position:0% +summer we considered multiple variables + + + align:start position:0% +summer we considered multiple variables +in this uh project one was location + + align:start position:0% +in this uh project one was location + + + align:start position:0% +in this uh project one was location +which has an effect on the amount of + + align:start position:0% +which has an effect on the amount of + + + align:start position:0% +which has an effect on the amount of +sunlight you're receiving the PV panel's + + align:start position:0% +sunlight you're receiving the PV panel's + + + align:start position:0% +sunlight you're receiving the PV panel's +presence and its size we had a couple of + + align:start position:0% +presence and its size we had a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +presence and its size we had a couple of +situations where there was no panel as a + + align:start position:0% +situations where there was no panel as a + + + align:start position:0% +situations where there was no panel as a +b kind of a + + align:start position:0% +b kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +b kind of a +Baseline and then also different sizes + + align:start position:0% +Baseline and then also different sizes + + + align:start position:0% +Baseline and then also different sizes +to figure out if a bigger panel had a + + align:start position:0% +to figure out if a bigger panel had a + + + align:start position:0% +to figure out if a bigger panel had a +bigger effect we looked at two different + + align:start position:0% +bigger effect we looked at two different + + + align:start position:0% +bigger effect we looked at two different +roof colors black and white those are + + align:start position:0% +roof colors black and white those are + + + align:start position:0% +roof colors black and white those are +kind of the the the ends of the spectrum + + align:start position:0% +kind of the the the ends of the spectrum + + + align:start position:0% +kind of the the the ends of the spectrum +and it gave us kind of end points to + + align:start position:0% +and it gave us kind of end points to + + + align:start position:0% +and it gave us kind of end points to +look at and the color matters because a + + align:start position:0% +look at and the color matters because a + + + align:start position:0% +look at and the color matters because a +darker color will absorb more heat we + + align:start position:0% +darker color will absorb more heat we + + + align:start position:0% +darker color will absorb more heat we +looked at roof pitch the reason for this + + align:start position:0% +looked at roof pitch the reason for this + + + align:start position:0% +looked at roof pitch the reason for this +well first off roof pitch is the angle + + align:start position:0% +well first off roof pitch is the angle + + + align:start position:0% +well first off roof pitch is the angle +of your roof and we looked at this + + align:start position:0% +of your roof and we looked at this + + + align:start position:0% +of your roof and we looked at this +because we we assumed that our panels + + align:start position:0% +because we we assumed that our panels + + + align:start position:0% +because we we assumed that our panels +were fixed and parallel to the roof so + + align:start position:0% +were fixed and parallel to the roof so + + + align:start position:0% +were fixed and parallel to the roof so +this kind of controlled what angle your + + align:start position:0% +this kind of controlled what angle your + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of controlled what angle your +your solar panel was facing towards the + + align:start position:0% +your solar panel was facing towards the + + + align:start position:0% +your solar panel was facing towards the +Sun and finally you had your house + + align:start position:0% +Sun and finally you had your house + + + align:start position:0% +Sun and finally you had your house +footprint which is the area that the + + align:start position:0% +footprint which is the area that the + + + align:start position:0% +footprint which is the area that the +house covers and when you combine that + + align:start position:0% +house covers and when you combine that + + + align:start position:0% +house covers and when you combine that +with the roof pitch you get the area of + + align:start position:0% +with the roof pitch you get the area of + + + align:start position:0% +with the roof pitch you get the area of +the roof which is is really what we're + + align:start position:0% +the roof which is is really what we're + + + align:start position:0% +the roof which is is really what we're +concerned + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +with we had five scenarios and as you + + align:start position:0% +with we had five scenarios and as you + + + align:start position:0% +with we had five scenarios and as you +can kind of see from our cute little + + align:start position:0% +can kind of see from our cute little + + + align:start position:0% +can kind of see from our cute little +diagrams we have a black roof a white + + align:start position:0% +diagrams we have a black roof a white + + + align:start position:0% +diagrams we have a black roof a white +roof a white roof with a tree a white + + align:start position:0% +roof a white roof with a tree a white + + + align:start position:0% +roof a white roof with a tree a white +roof with a solar panel and a white roof + + align:start position:0% +roof with a solar panel and a white roof + + + align:start position:0% +roof with a solar panel and a white roof +with a solar panel and a cut tree so the + + align:start position:0% +with a solar panel and a cut tree so the + + + align:start position:0% +with a solar panel and a cut tree so the +solar panel is getting plenty of + + align:start position:0% +solar panel is getting plenty of + + + align:start position:0% +solar panel is getting plenty of +sunlight in evaluating the five + + align:start position:0% +sunlight in evaluating the five + + + align:start position:0% +sunlight in evaluating the five +scenarios we had three models of + + align:start position:0% +scenarios we had three models of + + + align:start position:0% +scenarios we had three models of +increasing complexity from left to right + + align:start position:0% +increasing complexity from left to right + + + align:start position:0% +increasing complexity from left to right +which you can kind of note from the fact + + align:start position:0% +which you can kind of note from the fact + + + align:start position:0% +which you can kind of note from the fact +that you know model one only covers + + align:start position:0% +that you know model one only covers + + + align:start position:0% +that you know model one only covers +three of the + + align:start position:0% +three of the + + + align:start position:0% +three of the +five and these models all had common + + align:start position:0% +five and these models all had common + + + align:start position:0% +five and these models all had common +assumptions the first was that you had a + + align:start position:0% +assumptions the first was that you had a + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions the first was that you had a +single story house in a Suburban + + align:start position:0% +single story house in a Suburban + + + align:start position:0% +single story house in a Suburban +location so you didn't have shading from + + align:start position:0% +location so you didn't have shading from + + + align:start position:0% +location so you didn't have shading from +other buildings for example + + align:start position:0% +other buildings for example + + + align:start position:0% +other buildings for example +we had a common house size of about + + align:start position:0% +we had a common house size of about + + + align:start position:0% +we had a common house size of about +2,000 squ ft or 186 Square met the roof + + align:start position:0% +2,000 squ ft or 186 Square met the roof + + + align:start position:0% +2,000 squ ft or 186 Square met the roof +pitch which in construction is set + + align:start position:0% +pitch which in construction is set + + + align:start position:0% +pitch which in construction is set +usually at 512 which means 5 in of rise + + align:start position:0% +usually at 512 which means 5 in of rise + + + align:start position:0% +usually at 512 which means 5 in of rise +for 12 in of + + align:start position:0% +for 12 in of + + + align:start position:0% +for 12 in of +travel we had an unfinished attic space + + align:start position:0% +travel we had an unfinished attic space + + + align:start position:0% +travel we had an unfinished attic space +which means that it's sealed to the + + align:start position:0% +which means that it's sealed to the + + + align:start position:0% +which means that it's sealed to the +outside but you didn't make it + + align:start position:0% +outside but you didn't make it + + + align:start position:0% +outside but you didn't make it +livable a 5 kilow PV system covering 36 + + align:start position:0% +livable a 5 kilow PV system covering 36 + + + align:start position:0% +livable a 5 kilow PV system covering 36 +s + + align:start position:0% +s + + + align:start position:0% +s +m and we chose reflectance values of 8 + + align:start position:0% +m and we chose reflectance values of 8 + + + align:start position:0% +m and we chose reflectance values of 8 +for black and 35 for white and this + + align:start position:0% +for black and 35 for white and this + + + align:start position:0% +for black and 35 for white and this +again reflects the effect that color has + + align:start position:0% +again reflects the effect that color has + + + align:start position:0% +again reflects the effect that color has +on heat + + align:start position:0% +on heat + + + align:start position:0% +on heat +absorption with that I will turn you + + align:start position:0% +absorption with that I will turn you + + + align:start position:0% +absorption with that I will turn you +over to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Jordan so the first model we looked at + + align:start position:0% +Jordan so the first model we looked at + + + align:start position:0% +Jordan so the first model we looked at +was basically using the most readily + + align:start position:0% +was basically using the most readily + + + align:start position:0% +was basically using the most readily +available um like and simple models that + + align:start position:0% +available um like and simple models that + + + align:start position:0% +available um like and simple models that +can be um so this is from the Department + + align:start position:0% +can be um so this is from the Department + + + align:start position:0% +can be um so this is from the Department +of energy uh to measure well to get a + + align:start position:0% +of energy uh to measure well to get a + + + align:start position:0% +of energy uh to measure well to get a +gauge on of how the color of the roof + + align:start position:0% +gauge on of how the color of the roof + + + align:start position:0% +gauge on of how the color of the roof +and the roof properties affect the + + align:start position:0% +and the roof properties affect the + + + align:start position:0% +and the roof properties affect the +thermal loads in our house so this is a + + align:start position:0% +thermal loads in our house so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +thermal loads in our house so this is a +simple one-dimensional model where + + align:start position:0% +simple one-dimensional model where + + + align:start position:0% +simple one-dimensional model where +you've got an inside cavity of 65 Fen + + align:start position:0% +you've got an inside cavity of 65 Fen + + + align:start position:0% +you've got an inside cavity of 65 Fen +and you basically input the location and + + align:start position:0% +and you basically input the location and + + + align:start position:0% +and you basically input the location and +from that you you it has a lookup table + + align:start position:0% +from that you you it has a lookup table + + + align:start position:0% +from that you you it has a lookup table +of the number the um the average + + align:start position:0% +of the number the um the average + + + align:start position:0% +of the number the um the average +insulation on the house as well as the + + align:start position:0% +insulation on the house as well as the + + + align:start position:0% +insulation on the house as well as the +number of heating Degree Days and + + align:start position:0% +number of heating Degree Days and + + + align:start position:0% +number of heating Degree Days and +cooling Degree Days relative to that 65 + + align:start position:0% +cooling Degree Days relative to that 65 + + + align:start position:0% +cooling Degree Days relative to that 65 +inside + + align:start position:0% +inside + + + align:start position:0% +inside +temperature the other parameters are + + align:start position:0% +temperature the other parameters are + + + align:start position:0% +temperature the other parameters are +just of the roof so we insert the + + align:start position:0% +just of the roof so we insert the + + + align:start position:0% +just of the roof so we insert the +reflectant and we're using values that + + align:start position:0% +reflectant and we're using values that + + + align:start position:0% +reflectant and we're using values that +represent kind of real tiles for an + + align:start position:0% +represent kind of real tiles for an + + + align:start position:0% +represent kind of real tiles for an +average for a house black and white as + + align:start position:0% +average for a house black and white as + + + align:start position:0% +average for a house black and white as +well as the thermal resistance and the + + align:start position:0% +well as the thermal resistance and the + + + align:start position:0% +well as the thermal resistance and the +Heat absorbance of the tiles from this + + align:start position:0% +Heat absorbance of the tiles from this + + + align:start position:0% +Heat absorbance of the tiles from this +model we the outputs then the thermal + + align:start position:0% +model we the outputs then the thermal + + + align:start position:0% +model we the outputs then the thermal +loads in terms of the heating you need + + align:start position:0% +loads in terms of the heating you need + + + align:start position:0% +loads in terms of the heating you need +to put in as well as the cooling energy + + align:start position:0% +to put in as well as the cooling energy + + + align:start position:0% +to put in as well as the cooling energy +load um so with the thermal model like + + align:start position:0% +load um so with the thermal model like + + + align:start position:0% +load um so with the thermal model like +uh assessed we can assess the uh + + align:start position:0% +uh assessed we can assess the uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh assessed we can assess the uh +Vol uh output and from this we're just + + align:start position:0% +Vol uh output and from this we're just + + + align:start position:0% +Vol uh output and from this we're just +using a simple model from PV wats this + + align:start position:0% +using a simple model from PV wats this + + + align:start position:0% +using a simple model from PV wats this +basically takes in the location and the + + align:start position:0% +basically takes in the location and the + + + align:start position:0% +basically takes in the location and the +uh angle of the panels as well as a d + + align:start position:0% +uh angle of the panels as well as a d + + + align:start position:0% +uh angle of the panels as well as a d +rate factor from converting to AC to DC + + align:start position:0% +rate factor from converting to AC to DC + + + align:start position:0% +rate factor from converting to AC to DC +um it's quite a simple model um and from + + align:start position:0% +um it's quite a simple model um and from + + + align:start position:0% +um it's quite a simple model um and from +out from the output from this is the + + align:start position:0% +out from the output from this is the + + + align:start position:0% +out from the output from this is the +amount of kilowatt hours per year you + + align:start position:0% +amount of kilowatt hours per year you + + + align:start position:0% +amount of kilowatt hours per year you +get from the panels + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so um I'll be talking about uh a + + align:start position:0% +okay so um I'll be talking about uh a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so um I'll be talking about uh a +coupled Thermal electric model this is + + align:start position:0% +coupled Thermal electric model this is + + + align:start position:0% +coupled Thermal electric model this is +the model that we built uh by in our + + align:start position:0% +the model that we built uh by in our + + + align:start position:0% +the model that we built uh by in our +group and we developed this model based + + align:start position:0% +group and we developed this model based + + + align:start position:0% +group and we developed this model based +on two sets of uh individual parameters + + align:start position:0% +on two sets of uh individual parameters + + + align:start position:0% +on two sets of uh individual parameters +and individual models I would say that + + align:start position:0% +and individual models I would say that + + + align:start position:0% +and individual models I would say that +is the one one comprises of the thermal + + align:start position:0% +is the one one comprises of the thermal + + + align:start position:0% +is the one one comprises of the thermal +model and the other is the electric + + align:start position:0% +model and the other is the electric + + + align:start position:0% +model and the other is the electric +model so uh what we need to note from + + align:start position:0% +model so uh what we need to note from + + + align:start position:0% +model so uh what we need to note from +this model here is uh it's a further + + align:start position:0% +this model here is uh it's a further + + + align:start position:0% +this model here is uh it's a further +step it's a further step in + + align:start position:0% +step it's a further step in + + + align:start position:0% +step it's a further step in +complexity uh when compared to the model + + align:start position:0% +complexity uh when compared to the model + + + align:start position:0% +complexity uh when compared to the model +one that uh Jordan just discussed and it + + align:start position:0% +one that uh Jordan just discussed and it + + + align:start position:0% +one that uh Jordan just discussed and it +takes into account various input + + align:start position:0% +takes into account various input + + + align:start position:0% +takes into account various input +parameters that the model one doesn't + + align:start position:0% +parameters that the model one doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +parameters that the model one doesn't +take into account so the basic structure + + align:start position:0% +take into account so the basic structure + + + align:start position:0% +take into account so the basic structure +of this model is is as follows we have a + + align:start position:0% +of this model is is as follows we have a + + + align:start position:0% +of this model is is as follows we have a +thermal model which takes into account + + align:start position:0% +thermal model which takes into account + + + align:start position:0% +thermal model which takes into account +several input conditions such as the + + align:start position:0% +several input conditions such as the + + + align:start position:0% +several input conditions such as the +insulation and shading and it outputs a + + align:start position:0% +insulation and shading and it outputs a + + + align:start position:0% +insulation and shading and it outputs a +living living space temperature which is + + align:start position:0% +living living space temperature which is + + + align:start position:0% +living living space temperature which is +the the temperature of the living room + + align:start position:0% +the the temperature of the living room + + + align:start position:0% +the the temperature of the living room +in our house and then this temperature + + align:start position:0% +in our house and then this temperature + + + align:start position:0% +in our house and then this temperature +is fed into an electric model which + + align:start position:0% +is fed into an electric model which + + + align:start position:0% +is fed into an electric model which +calculates the cost and energy uh values + + align:start position:0% +calculates the cost and energy uh values + + + align:start position:0% +calculates the cost and energy uh values +and thus we can compare energy + + align:start position:0% +and thus we can compare energy + + + align:start position:0% +and thus we can compare energy +production and energy consumption to go + + align:start position:0% +production and energy consumption to go + + + align:start position:0% +production and energy consumption to go +into the thermal model in detail U I + + align:start position:0% +into the thermal model in detail U I + + + align:start position:0% +into the thermal model in detail U I +have just shown a picture here so it + + align:start position:0% +have just shown a picture here so it + + + align:start position:0% +have just shown a picture here so it +considers basically uh when we start + + align:start position:0% +considers basically uh when we start + + + align:start position:0% +considers basically uh when we start +from the top of the house we use + + align:start position:0% +from the top of the house we use + + + align:start position:0% +from the top of the house we use +insulation and shading as the input + + align:start position:0% +insulation and shading as the input + + + align:start position:0% +insulation and shading as the input +parameters we then calculate the + + align:start position:0% +parameters we then calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +parameters we then calculate the +temperature of the PV panel and then the + + align:start position:0% +temperature of the PV panel and then the + + + align:start position:0% +temperature of the PV panel and then the +temperature of the roof using two + + align:start position:0% +temperature of the roof using two + + + align:start position:0% +temperature of the roof using two +different energy balance models and + + align:start position:0% +different energy balance models and + + + align:start position:0% +different energy balance models and +these two energy balance model models + + align:start position:0% +these two energy balance model models + + + align:start position:0% +these two energy balance model models +are pretty robust in the sense that they + + align:start position:0% +are pretty robust in the sense that they + + + align:start position:0% +are pretty robust in the sense that they +consider all these physical phenomena + + align:start position:0% +consider all these physical phenomena + + + align:start position:0% +consider all these physical phenomena +which are realistic such as the + + align:start position:0% +which are realistic such as the + + + align:start position:0% +which are realistic such as the +convection radiation and um PV + + align:start position:0% +convection radiation and um PV + + + align:start position:0% +convection radiation and um PV +electrical output and based on these + + align:start position:0% +electrical output and based on these + + + align:start position:0% +electrical output and based on these +energy balance equations we can + + align:start position:0% +energy balance equations we can + + + align:start position:0% +energy balance equations we can +calculate the PV panel temperature and + + align:start position:0% +calculate the PV panel temperature and + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the PV panel temperature and +then the roof temperature and once we + + align:start position:0% +then the roof temperature and once we + + + align:start position:0% +then the roof temperature and once we +get these two temperatures we get the + + align:start position:0% +get these two temperatures we get the + + + align:start position:0% +get these two temperatures we get the +heat flux that goes into the roof and + + align:start position:0% +heat flux that goes into the roof and + + + align:start position:0% +heat flux that goes into the roof and +that enters the attic and once we get + + align:start position:0% +that enters the attic and once we get + + + align:start position:0% +that enters the attic and once we get +this we find out the attic temperature + + align:start position:0% +this we find out the attic temperature + + + align:start position:0% +this we find out the attic temperature +which then determines what is the + + align:start position:0% +which then determines what is the + + + align:start position:0% +which then determines what is the +seiling temperature and then we consider + + align:start position:0% +seiling temperature and then we consider + + + align:start position:0% +seiling temperature and then we consider +the conduction via seiling and then + + align:start position:0% +the conduction via seiling and then + + + align:start position:0% +the conduction via seiling and then +finally we end up with the leaving space + + align:start position:0% +finally we end up with the leaving space + + + align:start position:0% +finally we end up with the leaving space +temperature and then we couple this + + align:start position:0% +temperature and then we couple this + + + align:start position:0% +temperature and then we couple this +leaving space temperature with another + + align:start position:0% +leaving space temperature with another + + + align:start position:0% +leaving space temperature with another +electric model which I'll discuss now so + + align:start position:0% +electric model which I'll discuss now so + + + align:start position:0% +electric model which I'll discuss now so +the electric model is basically u based + + align:start position:0% +the electric model is basically u based + + + align:start position:0% +the electric model is basically u based +on an ideal gas assumption so so it + + align:start position:0% +on an ideal gas assumption so so it + + + align:start position:0% +on an ideal gas assumption so so it +basically what it does is it calculates + + align:start position:0% +basically what it does is it calculates + + + align:start position:0% +basically what it does is it calculates +The energy needed by the AC which could + + align:start position:0% +The energy needed by the AC which could + + + align:start position:0% +The energy needed by the AC which could +be either heating or Cooling in order to + + align:start position:0% +be either heating or Cooling in order to + + + align:start position:0% +be either heating or Cooling in order to +maintain the living space at a + + align:start position:0% +maintain the living space at a + + + align:start position:0% +maintain the living space at a +particular temperature and we use this + + align:start position:0% +particular temperature and we use this + + + align:start position:0% +particular temperature and we use this +formula m. CP delt T which is an ideal + + align:start position:0% +formula m. CP delt T which is an ideal + + + align:start position:0% +formula m. CP delt T which is an ideal +gas formula which gives out the energy + + align:start position:0% +gas formula which gives out the energy + + + align:start position:0% +gas formula which gives out the energy +needed by the + + align:start position:0% +needed by the + + + align:start position:0% +needed by the +cooler and then uh so the electrical + + align:start position:0% +cooler and then uh so the electrical + + + align:start position:0% +cooler and then uh so the electrical +model gives us the power consumption and + + align:start position:0% +model gives us the power consumption and + + + align:start position:0% +model gives us the power consumption and +then we know the P power production + + align:start position:0% +then we know the P power production + + + align:start position:0% +then we know the P power production +through U PV output so comparing these + + align:start position:0% +through U PV output so comparing these + + + align:start position:0% +through U PV output so comparing these +two we can uh we can really assess + + align:start position:0% +two we can uh we can really assess + + + align:start position:0% +two we can uh we can really assess +whether PV installation is favorable or + + align:start position:0% +whether PV installation is favorable or + + + align:start position:0% +whether PV installation is favorable or +not and this is just the model in making + + align:start position:0% +not and this is just the model in making + + + align:start position:0% +not and this is just the model in making +uh what we want to signify here is we + + align:start position:0% +uh what we want to signify here is we + + + align:start position:0% +uh what we want to signify here is we +actually made this model on our own and + + align:start position:0% +actually made this model on our own and + + + align:start position:0% +actually made this model on our own and +this is the matlb code we wrote and U + + align:start position:0% +this is the matlb code we wrote and U + + + align:start position:0% +this is the matlb code we wrote and U +the model not only just predicts energy + + align:start position:0% +the model not only just predicts energy + + + align:start position:0% +the model not only just predicts energy +values but it also can do lot more + + align:start position:0% +values but it also can do lot more + + + align:start position:0% +values but it also can do lot more +things such as predicting temperature + + align:start position:0% +things such as predicting temperature + + + align:start position:0% +things such as predicting temperature +and what I've shown here is the PV + + align:start position:0% +and what I've shown here is the PV + + + align:start position:0% +and what I've shown here is the PV +output and then the cooling cooling load + + align:start position:0% +output and then the cooling cooling load + + + align:start position:0% +output and then the cooling cooling load +that is required so it can do a lot of U + + align:start position:0% +that is required so it can do a lot of U + + + align:start position:0% +that is required so it can do a lot of U +other things as well this is the + + align:start position:0% +other things as well this is the + + + align:start position:0% +other things as well this is the +temperature of the grp and uh in terms + + align:start position:0% +temperature of the grp and uh in terms + + + align:start position:0% +temperature of the grp and uh in terms +of direct sunlight and diffuse sunlight + + align:start position:0% +of direct sunlight and diffuse sunlight + + + align:start position:0% +of direct sunlight and diffuse sunlight +so if anyone is interested I'll be happy + + align:start position:0% +so if anyone is interested I'll be happy + + + align:start position:0% +so if anyone is interested I'll be happy +to discuss with them more thank you and + + align:start position:0% +to discuss with them more thank you and + + + align:start position:0% +to discuss with them more thank you and +I'll now pass it on to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Heidi all right so I take over from here + + align:start position:0% +Heidi all right so I take over from here + + + align:start position:0% +Heidi all right so I take over from here +talking about the third and most complex + + align:start position:0% +talking about the third and most complex + + + align:start position:0% +talking about the third and most complex +model that we used um for this model we + + align:start position:0% +model that we used um for this model we + + + align:start position:0% +model that we used um for this model we +uh used two different softwares one + + align:start position:0% +uh used two different softwares one + + + align:start position:0% +uh used two different softwares one +called be op from enr and the second + + align:start position:0% +called be op from enr and the second + + + align:start position:0% +called be op from enr and the second +called Energy Plus which you'll see + + align:start position:0% +called Energy Plus which you'll see + + + align:start position:0% +called Energy Plus which you'll see +later uh developed by the department of + + align:start position:0% +later uh developed by the department of + + + align:start position:0% +later uh developed by the department of +energy so what we did in this model was + + align:start position:0% +energy so what we did in this model was + + + align:start position:0% +energy so what we did in this model was +we took into account the 3D effects of + + align:start position:0% +we took into account the 3D effects of + + + align:start position:0% +we took into account the 3D effects of +these thermal and electric loads that + + align:start position:0% +these thermal and electric loads that + + + align:start position:0% +these thermal and electric loads that +have been talked about in the the other + + align:start position:0% +have been talked about in the the other + + + align:start position:0% +have been talked about in the the other +two models um the first thing we did was + + align:start position:0% +two models um the first thing we did was + + + align:start position:0% +two models um the first thing we did was +to actually model the 3D house as you + + align:start position:0% +to actually model the 3D house as you + + + align:start position:0% +to actually model the 3D house as you +can see right over here B op allows for + + align:start position:0% +can see right over here B op allows for + + + align:start position:0% +can see right over here B op allows for +very nice um interface where you can + + align:start position:0% +very nice um interface where you can + + + align:start position:0% +very nice um interface where you can +easily model the house and easily input + + align:start position:0% +easily model the house and easily input + + + align:start position:0% +easily model the house and easily input +a whole bunch of input parameters for + + align:start position:0% +a whole bunch of input parameters for + + + align:start position:0% +a whole bunch of input parameters for +the house and for these input parameters + + align:start position:0% +the house and for these input parameters + + + align:start position:0% +the house and for these input parameters +we consulted with an experienced + + align:start position:0% +we consulted with an experienced + + + align:start position:0% +we consulted with an experienced +building inspector for the construction + + align:start position:0% +building inspector for the construction + + + align:start position:0% +building inspector for the construction +inputs and used B opt default values for + + align:start position:0% +inputs and used B opt default values for + + + align:start position:0% +inputs and used B opt default values for +the rest of the + + align:start position:0% +the rest of the + + + align:start position:0% +the rest of the +inputs once this model of the house was + + align:start position:0% +inputs once this model of the house was + + + align:start position:0% +inputs once this model of the house was +done we had to actually export it into + + align:start position:0% +done we had to actually export it into + + + align:start position:0% +done we had to actually export it into +energy plus because um energy plus gives + + align:start position:0% +energy plus because um energy plus gives + + + align:start position:0% +energy plus because um energy plus gives +us like a energy plus gives us a a much + + align:start position:0% +us like a energy plus gives us a a much + + + align:start position:0% +us like a energy plus gives us a a much +more detailed look into um all these + + align:start position:0% +more detailed look into um all these + + + align:start position:0% +more detailed look into um all these +different parameters I guess and you can + + align:start position:0% +different parameters I guess and you can + + + align:start position:0% +different parameters I guess and you can +actually go in and modify different + + align:start position:0% +actually go in and modify different + + + align:start position:0% +actually go in and modify different +things like for the materials we can + + align:start position:0% +things like for the materials we can + + + align:start position:0% +things like for the materials we can +modify every single like material + + align:start position:0% +modify every single like material + + + align:start position:0% +modify every single like material +property conductivity density specific + + align:start position:0% +property conductivity density specific + + + align:start position:0% +property conductivity density specific +heat and and we actually did that uh for + + align:start position:0% +heat and and we actually did that uh for + + + align:start position:0% +heat and and we actually did that uh for +the roof and we also removed a whole + + align:start position:0% +the roof and we also removed a whole + + + align:start position:0% +the roof and we also removed a whole +bunch of other miscellaneous loads that + + align:start position:0% +bunch of other miscellaneous loads that + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of other miscellaneous loads that +um be opt had + + align:start position:0% +um be opt had + + + align:start position:0% +um be opt had +included so this is how we modeled the + + align:start position:0% +included so this is how we modeled the + + + align:start position:0% +included so this is how we modeled the +trees and the p panels that we talked + + align:start position:0% +trees and the p panels that we talked + + + align:start position:0% +trees and the p panels that we talked +about in our scenarios before for the + + align:start position:0% +about in our scenarios before for the + + + align:start position:0% +about in our scenarios before for the +trees we model them as these really + + align:start position:0% +trees we model them as these really + + + align:start position:0% +trees we model them as these really +large 5x 20 M rectangles that act as uh + + align:start position:0% +large 5x 20 M rectangles that act as uh + + + align:start position:0% +large 5x 20 M rectangles that act as uh +shading for the house so the trees are + + align:start position:0% +shading for the house so the trees are + + + align:start position:0% +shading for the house so the trees are +located on the south side of the house + + align:start position:0% +located on the south side of the house + + + align:start position:0% +located on the south side of the house +and we kind of model them as desid trees + + align:start position:0% +and we kind of model them as desid trees + + + align:start position:0% +and we kind of model them as desid trees +so we set up like a transmittance + + align:start position:0% +so we set up like a transmittance + + + align:start position:0% +so we set up like a transmittance +schedule so that they you know they have + + align:start position:0% +schedule so that they you know they have + + + align:start position:0% +schedule so that they you know they have +a higher transmittance in the winter + + align:start position:0% +a higher transmittance in the winter + + + align:start position:0% +a higher transmittance in the winter +when the leaves are have fallen and a + + align:start position:0% +when the leaves are have fallen and a + + + align:start position:0% +when the leaves are have fallen and a +lower one in the summer and for the case + + align:start position:0% +lower one in the summer and for the case + + + align:start position:0% +lower one in the summer and for the case +of scenario e in which the trees are cut + + align:start position:0% +of scenario e in which the trees are cut + + + align:start position:0% +of scenario e in which the trees are cut +we modeled the trees as being 5 m + + align:start position:0% +we modeled the trees as being 5 m + + + align:start position:0% +we modeled the trees as being 5 m +tall on the other hand uh for the PV + + align:start position:0% +tall on the other hand uh for the PV + + + align:start position:0% +tall on the other hand uh for the PV +panel we modeled it as being fixed on + + align:start position:0% +panel we modeled it as being fixed on + + + align:start position:0% +panel we modeled it as being fixed on +the roof uh we actually had to + + align:start position:0% +the roof uh we actually had to + + + align:start position:0% +the roof uh we actually had to +completely change the model from B op + + align:start position:0% +completely change the model from B op + + + align:start position:0% +completely change the model from B op +because they modeled it as being + + align:start position:0% +because they modeled it as being + + + align:start position:0% +because they modeled it as being +decoupled from the entire system uh + + align:start position:0% +decoupled from the entire system uh + + + align:start position:0% +decoupled from the entire system uh +placed 30 m away from the house so we + + align:start position:0% +placed 30 m away from the house so we + + + align:start position:0% +placed 30 m away from the house so we +completely changed that and we we read + + align:start position:0% +completely changed that and we we read + + + align:start position:0% +completely changed that and we we read +extensively into energy plus literature + + align:start position:0% +extensively into energy plus literature + + + align:start position:0% +extensively into energy plus literature +and found um this particular uh object I + + align:start position:0% +and found um this particular uh object I + + + align:start position:0% +and found um this particular uh object I +guess you can call it called called the + + align:start position:0% +guess you can call it called called the + + + align:start position:0% +guess you can call it called called the +integrated exterior vent cavity object + + align:start position:0% +integrated exterior vent cavity object + + + align:start position:0% +integrated exterior vent cavity object +and what this does is it models um a + + align:start position:0% +and what this does is it models um a + + + align:start position:0% +and what this does is it models um a +surface as being in our case 0.5 M away + + align:start position:0% +surface as being in our case 0.5 M away + + + align:start position:0% +surface as being in our case 0.5 M away +from the roof and it models the + + align:start position:0% +from the roof and it models the + + + align:start position:0% +from the roof and it models the +convection and radiation between these + + align:start position:0% +convection and radiation between these + + + align:start position:0% +convection and radiation between these +two surfaces uh we also considered uh + + align:start position:0% +two surfaces uh we also considered uh + + + align:start position:0% +two surfaces uh we also considered uh +the solar panel to have a solar + + align:start position:0% +the solar panel to have a solar + + + align:start position:0% +the solar panel to have a solar +absorptance of 0.92 and an emissivity + + align:start position:0% +absorptance of 0.92 and an emissivity + + + align:start position:0% +absorptance of 0.92 and an emissivity +thermal emissivity of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +0.9 and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and then so we actually got a lot + + align:start position:0% +okay and then so we actually got a lot + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then so we actually got a lot +of results as you might imagine from all + + align:start position:0% +of results as you might imagine from all + + + align:start position:0% +of results as you might imagine from all +those different models um but just for + + align:start position:0% +those different models um but just for + + + align:start position:0% +those different models um but just for +the purposes of comparison for the + + align:start position:0% +the purposes of comparison for the + + + align:start position:0% +the purposes of comparison for the +presentation um we're just going to show + + align:start position:0% +presentation um we're just going to show + + + align:start position:0% +presentation um we're just going to show +you just summarized results and + + align:start position:0% +you just summarized results and + + + align:start position:0% +you just summarized results and +basically what we're showing you here is + + align:start position:0% +basically what we're showing you here is + + + align:start position:0% +basically what we're showing you here is +specifically for Boston um and this this + + align:start position:0% +specifically for Boston um and this this + + + align:start position:0% +specifically for Boston um and this this +figure that we're showing is the y- axis + + align:start position:0% +figure that we're showing is the y- axis + + + align:start position:0% +figure that we're showing is the y- axis +is the relative energy gain so in order + + align:start position:0% +is the relative energy gain so in order + + + align:start position:0% +is the relative energy gain so in order +to compare them we we decided within + + align:start position:0% +to compare them we we decided within + + + align:start position:0% +to compare them we we decided within +each model compare it to a common + + align:start position:0% +each model compare it to a common + + + align:start position:0% +each model compare it to a common +situation so we decided to say that if + + align:start position:0% +situation so we decided to say that if + + + align:start position:0% +situation so we decided to say that if +we're in Boston let's say we start with + + align:start position:0% +we're in Boston let's say we start with + + + align:start position:0% +we're in Boston let's say we start with +a white roof and a tree um so that's + + align:start position:0% +a white roof and a tree um so that's + + + align:start position:0% +a white roof and a tree um so that's +scenario C there so that's why it's zero + + align:start position:0% +scenario C there so that's why it's zero + + + align:start position:0% +scenario C there so that's why it's zero +so everything is in comparison to that + + align:start position:0% +so everything is in comparison to that + + + align:start position:0% +so everything is in comparison to that +and right off we could see that as we + + align:start position:0% +and right off we could see that as we + + + align:start position:0% +and right off we could see that as we +might expect putting a PV on makes sense + + align:start position:0% +might expect putting a PV on makes sense + + + align:start position:0% +might expect putting a PV on makes sense +energetically um and specifically + + align:start position:0% +energetically um and specifically + + + align:start position:0% +energetically um and specifically +scenario D which is where you completely + + align:start position:0% +scenario D which is where you completely + + + align:start position:0% +scenario D which is where you completely +remove the tree instead of just cutting + + align:start position:0% +remove the tree instead of just cutting + + + align:start position:0% +remove the tree instead of just cutting +it um in Boston at least is what makes + + align:start position:0% +it um in Boston at least is what makes + + + align:start position:0% +it um in Boston at least is what makes +the most sense um and this is for both + + align:start position:0% +the most sense um and this is for both + + + align:start position:0% +the most sense um and this is for both +models actually for all the models + + align:start position:0% +models actually for all the models + + + align:start position:0% +models actually for all the models +although model one can't really model um + + align:start position:0% +although model one can't really model um + + + align:start position:0% +although model one can't really model um +a tree necessarily um so that one that's + + align:start position:0% +a tree necessarily um so that one that's + + + align:start position:0% +a tree necessarily um so that one that's +why it basically doesn't apply for that + + align:start position:0% +why it basically doesn't apply for that + + + align:start position:0% +why it basically doesn't apply for that +um in terms of comparing the results + + align:start position:0% +um in terms of comparing the results + + + align:start position:0% +um in terms of comparing the results +between the models uh model one actually + + align:start position:0% +between the models uh model one actually + + + align:start position:0% +between the models uh model one actually +does a pretty pretty decent job in + + align:start position:0% +does a pretty pretty decent job in + + + align:start position:0% +does a pretty pretty decent job in +Boston in getting uh close to model 3 + + align:start position:0% +Boston in getting uh close to model 3 + + + align:start position:0% +Boston in getting uh close to model 3 +which is uh impressive because model one + + align:start position:0% +which is uh impressive because model one + + + align:start position:0% +which is uh impressive because model one +is significantly more crude um much + + align:start position:0% +is significantly more crude um much + + + align:start position:0% +is significantly more crude um much +simpler than model 3 which required many + + align:start position:0% +simpler than model 3 which required many + + + align:start position:0% +simpler than model 3 which required many +many inputs um and the reason we believe + + align:start position:0% +many inputs um and the reason we believe + + + align:start position:0% +many inputs um and the reason we believe +the discrepancy is between models 2 and + + align:start position:0% +the discrepancy is between models 2 and + + + align:start position:0% +the discrepancy is between models 2 and +three uh is that model 2 the way that we + + align:start position:0% +three uh is that model 2 the way that we + + + align:start position:0% +three uh is that model 2 the way that we +we basically treated the solar + + align:start position:0% +we basically treated the solar + + + align:start position:0% +we basically treated the solar +insulation it doesn't treat diffused + + align:start position:0% +insulation it doesn't treat diffused + + + align:start position:0% +insulation it doesn't treat diffused +sunlight differently um whereas + + align:start position:0% +sunlight differently um whereas + + + align:start position:0% +sunlight differently um whereas +basically the models that PV watts and + + align:start position:0% +basically the models that PV watts and + + + align:start position:0% +basically the models that PV watts and +energy plus will will take all that into + + align:start position:0% +energy plus will will take all that into + + + align:start position:0% +energy plus will will take all that into +account um so we think that's that's a + + align:start position:0% +account um so we think that's that's a + + + align:start position:0% +account um so we think that's that's a +large reason for that and then similar + + align:start position:0% +large reason for that and then similar + + + align:start position:0% +large reason for that and then similar +thing in in Phoenix uh and basically we + + align:start position:0% +thing in in Phoenix uh and basically we + + + align:start position:0% +thing in in Phoenix uh and basically we +see a slightly different case here uh + + align:start position:0% +see a slightly different case here uh + + + align:start position:0% +see a slightly different case here uh +actually scenario e where you just you + + align:start position:0% +actually scenario e where you just you + + + align:start position:0% +actually scenario e where you just you +have you install the PV but you cut the + + align:start position:0% +have you install the PV but you cut the + + + align:start position:0% +have you install the PV but you cut the +tree instead of completely removing it + + align:start position:0% +tree instead of completely removing it + + + align:start position:0% +tree instead of completely removing it +uh gives you a slightly better increase + + align:start position:0% +uh gives you a slightly better increase + + + align:start position:0% +uh gives you a slightly better increase +in in net energy gain um in terms of and + + align:start position:0% +in in net energy gain um in terms of and + + + align:start position:0% +in in net energy gain um in terms of and +this is again just in terms of energies + + align:start position:0% +this is again just in terms of energies + + + align:start position:0% +this is again just in terms of energies +there could be rounding errors this is + + align:start position:0% +there could be rounding errors this is + + + align:start position:0% +there could be rounding errors this is +ignoring the fact that you know if you + + align:start position:0% +ignoring the fact that you know if you + + + align:start position:0% +ignoring the fact that you know if you +cut a tree down the net SE greenhouse + + align:start position:0% +cut a tree down the net SE greenhouse + + + align:start position:0% +cut a tree down the net SE greenhouse +gas emissions would be changed and + + align:start position:0% +gas emissions would be changed and + + + align:start position:0% +gas emissions would be changed and +altered and this is ignoring all those + + align:start position:0% +altered and this is ignoring all those + + + align:start position:0% +altered and this is ignoring all those +other effects this is just in terms of + + align:start position:0% +other effects this is just in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +other effects this is just in terms of +net energy gain of the house um + + align:start position:0% +net energy gain of the house um + + + align:start position:0% +net energy gain of the house um +and just to point out uh the discrepancy + + align:start position:0% +and just to point out uh the discrepancy + + + align:start position:0% +and just to point out uh the discrepancy +between model one here uh we think that + + align:start position:0% +between model one here uh we think that + + + align:start position:0% +between model one here uh we think that +model one is + + align:start position:0% +model one is + + + align:start position:0% +model one is +actually the again the that's using PV + + align:start position:0% +actually the again the that's using PV + + + align:start position:0% +actually the again the that's using PV +Watts um to get your energy output and + + align:start position:0% +Watts um to get your energy output and + + + align:start position:0% +Watts um to get your energy output and +that's basically assuming Peak power or + + align:start position:0% +that's basically assuming Peak power or + + + align:start position:0% +that's basically assuming Peak power or +Peak solar insulation whereas our models + + align:start position:0% +Peak solar insulation whereas our models + + + align:start position:0% +Peak solar insulation whereas our models +uh basically use um kind of more more + + align:start position:0% +uh basically use um kind of more more + + + align:start position:0% +uh basically use um kind of more more +empirical uh um formulas to to get the + + align:start position:0% +empirical uh um formulas to to get the + + + align:start position:0% +empirical uh um formulas to to get the +estimates for your your uh PV + + align:start position:0% +estimates for your your uh PV + + + align:start position:0% +estimates for your your uh PV +output and then the last thing we did to + + align:start position:0% +output and then the last thing we did to + + + align:start position:0% +output and then the last thing we did to +do the sensitivity or to compare the + + align:start position:0% +do the sensitivity or to compare the + + + align:start position:0% +do the sensitivity or to compare the +models was do uh a sort of sensitivity + + align:start position:0% +models was do uh a sort of sensitivity + + + align:start position:0% +models was do uh a sort of sensitivity +analysis so basically on your y- axis + + align:start position:0% +analysis so basically on your y- axis + + + align:start position:0% +analysis so basically on your y- axis +what you have is your percent change in + + align:start position:0% +what you have is your percent change in + + + align:start position:0% +what you have is your percent change in +your relative energy gain relative again + + align:start position:0% +your relative energy gain relative again + + + align:start position:0% +your relative energy gain relative again +to that scenario C divided by the + + align:start position:0% +to that scenario C divided by the + + + align:start position:0% +to that scenario C divided by the +percent change in your parameter so we + + align:start position:0% +percent change in your parameter so we + + + align:start position:0% +percent change in your parameter so we +just considered four parameters um the + + align:start position:0% +just considered four parameters um the + + + align:start position:0% +just considered four parameters um the +x-axis is a a rough estimate of how + + align:start position:0% +x-axis is a a rough estimate of how + + + align:start position:0% +x-axis is a a rough estimate of how +difficult it would be to actually change + + align:start position:0% +difficult it would be to actually change + + + align:start position:0% +difficult it would be to actually change +that parameter in your house so the + + align:start position:0% +that parameter in your house so the + + + align:start position:0% +that parameter in your house so the +far-left one is the PV size we just + + align:start position:0% +far-left one is the PV size we just + + + align:start position:0% +far-left one is the PV size we just +assumed if you went instead of a 5 K to + + align:start position:0% +assumed if you went instead of a 5 K to + + + align:start position:0% +assumed if you went instead of a 5 K to +a 5.5 kilowatt so that's why the price + + align:start position:0% +a 5.5 kilowatt so that's why the price + + + align:start position:0% +a 5.5 kilowatt so that's why the price +is roughly 3,000 we assumed about a 5 + + align:start position:0% +is roughly 3,000 we assumed about a 5 + + + align:start position:0% +is roughly 3,000 we assumed about a 5 +to6 per watt uh installation uh cost for + + align:start position:0% +to6 per watt uh installation uh cost for + + + align:start position:0% +to6 per watt uh installation uh cost for +that so that's basically the easiest one + + align:start position:0% +that so that's basically the easiest one + + + align:start position:0% +that so that's basically the easiest one +to do and you get uh very significant + + align:start position:0% +to do and you get uh very significant + + + align:start position:0% +to do and you get uh very significant +change in your in your thermal uh energy + + align:start position:0% +change in your in your thermal uh energy + + + align:start position:0% +change in your in your thermal uh energy +gains because of that um and then just + + align:start position:0% +gains because of that um and then just + + + align:start position:0% +gains because of that um and then just +because of time I'm going to rush + + align:start position:0% +because of time I'm going to rush + + + align:start position:0% +because of time I'm going to rush +through these but basically uh a lot of + + align:start position:0% +through these but basically uh a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +through these but basically uh a lot of +the models follow similar Trends in + + align:start position:0% +the models follow similar Trends in + + + align:start position:0% +the models follow similar Trends in +terms of the sensitivities the last one + + align:start position:0% +terms of the sensitivities the last one + + + align:start position:0% +terms of the sensitivities the last one +is the roof pitch you obviously wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +is the roof pitch you obviously wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +is the roof pitch you obviously wouldn't +really want to change that it's very + + align:start position:0% +really want to change that it's very + + + align:start position:0% +really want to change that it's very +expensive to do luckily for most of the + + align:start position:0% +expensive to do luckily for most of the + + + align:start position:0% +expensive to do luckily for most of the +models it's not actually that sensitive + + align:start position:0% +models it's not actually that sensitive + + + align:start position:0% +models it's not actually that sensitive +to it at least within a close uh close + + align:start position:0% +to it at least within a close uh close + + + align:start position:0% +to it at least within a close uh close +amount to where you start with um so in + + align:start position:0% +amount to where you start with um so in + + + align:start position:0% +amount to where you start with um so in +conclusions in all three models it makes + + align:start position:0% +conclusions in all three models it makes + + + align:start position:0% +conclusions in all three models it makes +sense to install a PV system um it's + + align:start position:0% +sense to install a PV system um it's + + + align:start position:0% +sense to install a PV system um it's +kind of what we expected from the + + align:start position:0% +kind of what we expected from the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of what we expected from the +beginning but it's nice to get that that + + align:start position:0% +beginning but it's nice to get that that + + + align:start position:0% +beginning but it's nice to get that that +sort of conclusion um for models one and + + align:start position:0% +sort of conclusion um for models one and + + + align:start position:0% +sort of conclusion um for models one and +two we actually were able to get pretty + + align:start position:0% +two we actually were able to get pretty + + + align:start position:0% +two we actually were able to get pretty +reasonable results um but they're + + align:start position:0% +reasonable results um but they're + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable results um but they're +Limited in terms of what you can + + align:start position:0% +Limited in terms of what you can + + + align:start position:0% +Limited in terms of what you can +consider within those models the + + align:start position:0% +consider within those models the + + + align:start position:0% +consider within those models the +advantage of looking at this basically + + align:start position:0% +advantage of looking at this basically + + + align:start position:0% +advantage of looking at this basically +is that if you have a user that isn't as + + align:start position:0% +is that if you have a user that isn't as + + + align:start position:0% +is that if you have a user that isn't as +familiar with uh Energy Plus in model 3 + + align:start position:0% +familiar with uh Energy Plus in model 3 + + + align:start position:0% +familiar with uh Energy Plus in model 3 +which is very sophisticated requires a + + align:start position:0% +which is very sophisticated requires a + + + align:start position:0% +which is very sophisticated requires a +lot of inputs um they can still get a + + align:start position:0% +lot of inputs um they can still get a + + + align:start position:0% +lot of inputs um they can still get a +rough estimate which is relatively close + + align:start position:0% +rough estimate which is relatively close + + + align:start position:0% +rough estimate which is relatively close +uh using these much simpler models um + + align:start position:0% +uh using these much simpler models um + + + align:start position:0% +uh using these much simpler models um +and model three again we were taking + + align:start position:0% +and model three again we were taking + + + align:start position:0% +and model three again we were taking +that to be kind of the more realistic + + align:start position:0% +that to be kind of the more realistic + + + align:start position:0% +that to be kind of the more realistic +case but you'd have to do you'd have to + + align:start position:0% +case but you'd have to do you'd have to + + + align:start position:0% +case but you'd have to do you'd have to +compare it to real life data um and do + + align:start position:0% +compare it to real life data um and do + + + align:start position:0% +compare it to real life data um and do +an empirical analysis to see how how + + align:start position:0% +an empirical analysis to see how how + + + align:start position:0% +an empirical analysis to see how how +close it actually does correlate um and + + align:start position:0% +close it actually does correlate um and + + + align:start position:0% +close it actually does correlate um and +then just again to summarize the results + + align:start position:0% +then just again to summarize the results + + + align:start position:0% +then just again to summarize the results +we got from model 3 in Boston it makes + + align:start position:0% +we got from model 3 in Boston it makes + + + align:start position:0% +we got from model 3 in Boston it makes +sense to install the PV but uh + + align:start position:0% +sense to install the PV but uh + + + align:start position:0% +sense to install the PV but uh +completely remove the tree and your + + align:start position:0% +completely remove the tree and your + + + align:start position:0% +completely remove the tree and your +payback period is about 24 years in + + align:start position:0% +payback period is about 24 years in + + + align:start position:0% +payback period is about 24 years in +Phoenix uh The best scenario is to + + align:start position:0% +Phoenix uh The best scenario is to + + + align:start position:0% +Phoenix uh The best scenario is to +install the PV cut the tree and it's + + align:start position:0% +install the PV cut the tree and it's + + + align:start position:0% +install the PV cut the tree and it's +about 51 years and interestingly this + + align:start position:0% +about 51 years and interestingly this + + + align:start position:0% +about 51 years and interestingly this +the maximum net relative energy gain was + + align:start position:0% +the maximum net relative energy gain was + + + align:start position:0% +the maximum net relative energy gain was +essentially the same in both even though + + align:start position:0% +essentially the same in both even though + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the same in both even though +the scenarios were different um so we + + align:start position:0% +the scenarios were different um so we + + + align:start position:0% +the scenarios were different um so we +just like to acknowledge Professor when + + align:start position:0% +just like to acknowledge Professor when + + + align:start position:0% +just like to acknowledge Professor when +CC um for helping assist us in guiding + + align:start position:0% +CC um for helping assist us in guiding + + + align:start position:0% +CC um for helping assist us in guiding +the direction of the project and Brian + + align:start position:0% +the direction of the project and Brian + + + align:start position:0% +the direction of the project and Brian +Urban at fronhofer uh and other members + + align:start position:0% +Urban at fronhofer uh and other members + + + align:start position:0% +Urban at fronhofer uh and other members +at fronhofer for for giving us guidance + + align:start position:0% +at fronhofer for for giving us guidance + + + align:start position:0% +at fronhofer for for giving us guidance +and with that we would like to ask you + + align:start position:0% +and with that we would like to ask you + + + align:start position:0% +and with that we would like to ask you +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions yeah a question I grew up in + + align:start position:0% +questions yeah a question I grew up in + + + align:start position:0% +questions yeah a question I grew up in +in a that has a lot of trees and so + + align:start position:0% +in a that has a lot of trees and so + + + align:start position:0% +in a that has a lot of trees and so +cutting down all the trees would be very + + align:start position:0% +cutting down all the trees would be very + + + align:start position:0% +cutting down all the trees would be very +practical but did you at all consider PV + + align:start position:0% +practical but did you at all consider PV + + + align:start position:0% +practical but did you at all consider PV +systems that could handle shading at + + align:start position:0% +systems that could handle shading at + + + align:start position:0% +systems that could handle shading at +different times of the day so like + + align:start position:0% +different times of the day so like + + + align:start position:0% +different times of the day so like +somehow decoupling different parts of it + + align:start position:0% +somehow decoupling different parts of it + + + align:start position:0% +somehow decoupling different parts of it +knowing that some of them will be in + + align:start position:0% +knowing that some of them will be in + + + align:start position:0% +knowing that some of them will be in +sunlight for part of the day I mean some + + align:start position:0% +sunlight for part of the day I mean some + + + align:start position:0% +sunlight for part of the day I mean some +of will be shaded and that will change + + align:start position:0% +of will be shaded and that will change + + + align:start position:0% +of will be shaded and that will change +so you could I mean you could make the + + align:start position:0% +so you could I mean you could make the + + + align:start position:0% +so you could I mean you could make the +model especially in energy plus you can + + align:start position:0% +model especially in energy plus you can + + + align:start position:0% +model especially in energy plus you can +make it as comp complex as you want um + + align:start position:0% +make it as comp complex as you want um + + + align:start position:0% +make it as comp complex as you want um +we just did this for Simplicity just to + + align:start position:0% +we just did this for Simplicity just to + + + align:start position:0% +we just did this for Simplicity just to +kind of put boundaries around what our + + align:start position:0% +kind of put boundaries around what our + + + align:start position:0% +kind of put boundaries around what our +problem is that we're considering but + + align:start position:0% +problem is that we're considering but + + + align:start position:0% +problem is that we're considering but +you could definitely + + align:start position:0% +you could definitely + + + align:start position:0% +you could definitely +yeah you could definitely add that to + + align:start position:0% +yeah you could definitely add that to + + + align:start position:0% +yeah you could definitely add that to +the model if you wanted to cutting + + align:start position:0% +the model if you wanted to cutting + + + align:start position:0% +the model if you wanted to cutting +cutting the tree was not worrying about + + align:start position:0% +cutting the tree was not worrying about + + + align:start position:0% +cutting the tree was not worrying about +the the output of the actual cell in + + align:start position:0% +the the output of the actual cell in + + + align:start position:0% +the the output of the actual cell in +terms of whether or not some shading was + + align:start position:0% +terms of whether or not some shading was + + + align:start position:0% +terms of whether or not some shading was +going to bring down the rest of the cell + + align:start position:0% +going to bring down the rest of the cell + + + align:start position:0% +going to bring down the rest of the cell +the reason we would cut the trees is to + + align:start position:0% +the reason we would cut the trees is to + + + align:start position:0% +the reason we would cut the trees is to +increase the maximum amount of sunlight + + align:start position:0% +increase the maximum amount of sunlight + + + align:start position:0% +increase the maximum amount of sunlight +per day hitting panel and because we + + align:start position:0% +per day hitting panel and because we + + + align:start position:0% +per day hitting panel and because we +were looking mostly at end points trying + + align:start position:0% +were looking mostly at end points trying + + + align:start position:0% +were looking mostly at end points trying +to get the Spectrum ends that that was + + align:start position:0% +to get the Spectrum ends that that was + + + align:start position:0% +to get the Spectrum ends that that was +why we went to Cy stre cutting down + + align:start position:0% +why we went to Cy stre cutting down + + + align:start position:0% +why we went to Cy stre cutting down +selective trees are just parts of trees + + align:start position:0% +selective trees are just parts of trees + + + align:start position:0% +selective trees are just parts of trees +would be kind of in between that's a + + align:start position:0% +would be kind of in between that's a + + + align:start position:0% +would be kind of in between that's a +little bit more difficult toess + + align:start position:0% +little bit more difficult toess + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more difficult toess +like to add to that just saying that + + align:start position:0% +like to add to that just saying that + + + align:start position:0% +like to add to that just saying that +cutting down trees is actually not I + + align:start position:0% +cutting down trees is actually not I + + + align:start position:0% +cutting down trees is actually not I +mean it's not so necessary because we + + align:start position:0% +mean it's not so necessary because we + + + align:start position:0% +mean it's not so necessary because we +found that uh shading factor is doesn't + + align:start position:0% +found that uh shading factor is doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +found that uh shading factor is doesn't +play much bigger role I mean if you look + + align:start position:0% +play much bigger role I mean if you look + + + align:start position:0% +play much bigger role I mean if you look +at the relative energy game so you could + + align:start position:0% +at the relative energy game so you could + + + align:start position:0% +at the relative energy game so you could +as well have trees there and uh I mean + + align:start position:0% +as well have trees there and uh I mean + + + align:start position:0% +as well have trees there and uh I mean +there would be a relatively small uh + + align:start position:0% +there would be a relatively small uh + + + align:start position:0% +there would be a relatively small uh +loss in the energy game but that + + align:start position:0% +loss in the energy game but that + + + align:start position:0% +loss in the energy game but that +shouldn't matter + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +much sort of a philosophical question + + align:start position:0% +much sort of a philosophical question + + + align:start position:0% +much sort of a philosophical question +question if the payback period in + + align:start position:0% +question if the payback period in + + + align:start position:0% +question if the payback period in +Phoenix is 51 + + align:start position:0% +Phoenix is 51 + + + align:start position:0% +Phoenix is 51 +years is it worth it I mean that's a + + align:start position:0% +years is it worth it I mean that's a + + + align:start position:0% +years is it worth it I mean that's a +that's a long time period for uh I I + + align:start position:0% +that's a long time period for uh I I + + + align:start position:0% +that's a long time period for uh I I +guess economically you you could say + + align:start position:0% +guess economically you you could say + + + align:start position:0% +guess economically you you could say +that you could do other things with that + + align:start position:0% +that you could do other things with that + + + align:start position:0% +that you could do other things with that +Capital instead that would have a + + align:start position:0% +Capital instead that would have a + + + align:start position:0% +Capital instead that would have a +shorter payback + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +period and well 51 years the answer is + + align:start position:0% +period and well 51 years the answer is + + + align:start position:0% +period and well 51 years the answer is +probably not if you're looking to the + + align:start position:0% +probably not if you're looking to the + + + align:start position:0% +probably not if you're looking to the +benefit of cost of of your MoneyWise um + + align:start position:0% +benefit of cost of of your MoneyWise um + + + align:start position:0% +benefit of cost of of your MoneyWise um +did about the + + align:start position:0% +did about the + + + align:start position:0% +did about the +energy um so um we found an estimate for + + align:start position:0% +energy um so um we found an estimate for + + + align:start position:0% +energy um so um we found an estimate for +the um the embedded energy of the panel + + align:start position:0% +the um the embedded energy of the panel + + + align:start position:0% +the um the embedded energy of the panel +um this is from uh I can't remember the + + align:start position:0% +um this is from uh I can't remember the + + + align:start position:0% +um this is from uh I can't remember the +source but they they changed quite a bit + + align:start position:0% +source but they they changed quite a bit + + + align:start position:0% +source but they they changed quite a bit +but this example says it's 1500 kilowatt + + align:start position:0% +but this example says it's 1500 kilowatt + + + align:start position:0% +but this example says it's 1500 kilowatt +hours per meter squared so that + + align:start position:0% +hours per meter squared so that + + + align:start position:0% +hours per meter squared so that +equivalent to 9 years payback pretty + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to 9 years payback pretty + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to 9 years payback pretty +much NE 9 years in Boston I think it + + align:start position:0% +much NE 9 years in Boston I think it + + + align:start position:0% +much NE 9 years in Boston I think it +turned out to be say8 years in Phoenix + + align:start position:0% +turned out to be say8 years in Phoenix + + + align:start position:0% +turned out to be say8 years in Phoenix +so there is a benefit energy-wise but in + + align:start position:0% +so there is a benefit energy-wise but in + + + align:start position:0% +so there is a benefit energy-wise but in +this example perhaps not cost wise it's + + align:start position:0% +this example perhaps not cost wise it's + + + align:start position:0% +this example perhaps not cost wise it's +perhaps not the most advantageous to do + + align:start position:0% +perhaps not the most advantageous to do + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps not the most advantageous to do +per + + align:start position:0% +per + + + align:start position:0% +per +dollar a related question actually if + + align:start position:0% +dollar a related question actually if + + + align:start position:0% +dollar a related question actually if +you go back to your uh two slides back + + align:start position:0% +you go back to your uh two slides back + + + align:start position:0% +you go back to your uh two slides back +maybe yeah it looked like the net energy + + align:start position:0% +maybe yeah it looked like the net energy + + + align:start position:0% +maybe yeah it looked like the net energy +gain was quite similar so I was so what + + align:start position:0% +gain was quite similar so I was so what + + + align:start position:0% +gain was quite similar so I was so what +why the the large difference in yearly + + align:start position:0% +why the the large difference in yearly + + + align:start position:0% +why the the large difference in yearly +savings and payback period oh just the + + align:start position:0% +savings and payback period oh just the + + + align:start position:0% +savings and payback period oh just the +cost of electricity in each location we + + align:start position:0% +cost of electricity in each location we + + + align:start position:0% +cost of electricity in each location we +we estimated it was like uh about 7even + + align:start position:0% +we estimated it was like uh about 7even + + + align:start position:0% +we estimated it was like uh about 7even +cents per kilowatt hour in in Phoenix + + align:start position:0% +cents per kilowatt hour in in Phoenix + + + align:start position:0% +cents per kilowatt hour in in Phoenix +and about 17 in in Boston + + align:start position:0% +and about 17 in in Boston + + + align:start position:0% +and about 17 in in Boston +for residential which is which is why + + align:start position:0% +for residential which is which is why + + + align:start position:0% +for residential which is which is why +you would get a uh a shorter payback + + align:start position:0% +you would get a uh a shorter payback + + + align:start position:0% +you would get a uh a shorter payback +period for Boston is because the the + + align:start position:0% +period for Boston is because the the + + + align:start position:0% +period for Boston is because the the +cost of the electricity that + + align:start position:0% +cost of the electricity that + + + align:start position:0% +cost of the electricity that +you're so I would have assumed that the + + align:start position:0% +you're so I would have assumed that the + + + align:start position:0% +you're so I would have assumed that the +the sort of generation mix is sort of + + align:start position:0% +the sort of generation mix is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the sort of generation mix is sort of +similar is that regulatory or like I + + align:start position:0% +similar is that regulatory or like I + + + align:start position:0% +similar is that regulatory or like I +would assume they're both kind of coal + + align:start position:0% +would assume they're both kind of coal + + + align:start position:0% +would assume they're both kind of coal +gas + + align:start position:0% +gas + + + align:start position:0% +gas +Centric generation mixes yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um in terms of you mean in terms of how + + align:start position:0% +um in terms of you mean in terms of how + + + align:start position:0% +um in terms of you mean in terms of how +how the houses are oh I mean this is a + + align:start position:0% +how the houses are oh I mean this is a + + + align:start position:0% +how the houses are oh I mean this is a +little outside the scope of what you + + align:start position:0% +little outside the scope of what you + + + align:start position:0% +little outside the scope of what you +guys did I was just curious if you guys + + align:start position:0% +guys did I was just curious if you guys + + + align:start position:0% +guys did I was just curious if you guys +had any sense of why the the big + + align:start position:0% +had any sense of why the the big + + + align:start position:0% +had any sense of why the the big +difference in wholesale electricity + + align:start position:0% +difference in wholesale electricity + + + align:start position:0% +difference in wholesale electricity +prices between Boston oh well I think + + align:start position:0% +prices between Boston oh well I think + + + align:start position:0% +prices between Boston oh well I think +part of it is just how um how plentiful + + align:start position:0% +part of it is just how um how plentiful + + + align:start position:0% +part of it is just how um how plentiful +energy is I mean I guess Boston's at the + + align:start position:0% +energy is I mean I guess Boston's at the + + + align:start position:0% +energy is I mean I guess Boston's at the +very end in the corner of the US it's + + align:start position:0% +very end in the corner of the US it's + + + align:start position:0% +very end in the corner of the US it's +it's more difficult to get fuel oil gas + + align:start position:0% +it's more difficult to get fuel oil gas + + + align:start position:0% +it's more difficult to get fuel oil gas +shipped over here um I think I think + + align:start position:0% +shipped over here um I think I think + + + align:start position:0% +shipped over here um I think I think +Arizona I mean there's I think they're + + align:start position:0% +Arizona I mean there's I think they're + + + align:start position:0% +Arizona I mean there's I think they're +relatively close to a nuclear power + + align:start position:0% +relatively close to a nuclear power + + + align:start position:0% +relatively close to a nuclear power +plant over there uh oil um I think it's + + align:start position:0% +plant over there uh oil um I think it's + + + align:start position:0% +plant over there uh oil um I think it's +just location + + align:start position:0% +just location + + + align:start position:0% +just location +wise there's a lot of coal there they + + align:start position:0% +wise there's a lot of coal there they + + + align:start position:0% +wise there's a lot of coal there they +actually ship a lot of it to the + + align:start position:0% +actually ship a lot of it to the + + + align:start position:0% +actually ship a lot of it to the +electricity to California because they + + align:start position:0% +electricity to California because they + + + align:start position:0% +electricity to California because they +can't produce it in California um one + + align:start position:0% +can't produce it in California um one + + + align:start position:0% +can't produce it in California um one +quick question though the relative + + align:start position:0% +quick question though the relative + + + align:start position:0% +quick question though the relative +energy gains are the same for both do + + align:start position:0% +energy gains are the same for both do + + + align:start position:0% +energy gains are the same for both do +you have different Siz panels or is + + align:start position:0% +you have different Siz panels or is + + + align:start position:0% +you have different Siz panels or is +heating that + + align:start position:0% +heating that + + + align:start position:0% +heating that +much that's a big deal so cutting okay + + align:start position:0% +much that's a big deal so cutting okay + + + align:start position:0% +much that's a big deal so cutting okay +so if you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah uh so for + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh so for + + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh so for +Phoenix sorry for for Phoenix you can + + align:start position:0% +Phoenix sorry for for Phoenix you can + + + align:start position:0% +Phoenix sorry for for Phoenix you can +see uh this is the cooling over here and + + align:start position:0% +see uh this is the cooling over here and + + + align:start position:0% +see uh this is the cooling over here and +heating um on the right over there and + + align:start position:0% +heating um on the right over there and + + + align:start position:0% +heating um on the right over there and +for Phenix you can just look at the + + align:start position:0% +for Phenix you can just look at the + + + align:start position:0% +for Phenix you can just look at the +values and see that there's a lot more + + align:start position:0% +values and see that there's a lot more + + + align:start position:0% +values and see that there's a lot more +cooling than heating compared to the + + align:start position:0% +cooling than heating compared to the + + + align:start position:0% +cooling than heating compared to the +Boston case where there's a lot more + + align:start position:0% +Boston case where there's a lot more + + + align:start position:0% +Boston case where there's a lot more +heating by many orders of magnitude more + + align:start position:0% +heating by many orders of magnitude more + + + align:start position:0% +heating by many orders of magnitude more +and so that kind of balances it out and + + align:start position:0% +and so that kind of balances it out and + + + align:start position:0% +and so that kind of balances it out and +so that's only in the cutting down a + + align:start position:0% +so that's only in the cutting down a + + + align:start position:0% +so that's only in the cutting down a +tree case right if you were already well + + align:start position:0% +tree case right if you were already well + + + align:start position:0% +tree case right if you were already well +shaded or not shaded at all uh these are + + align:start position:0% +shaded or not shaded at all uh these are + + + align:start position:0% +shaded or not shaded at all uh these are +actually all the curves for all the + + align:start position:0% +actually all the curves for all the + + + align:start position:0% +actually all the curves for all the +scenarios and I see okay yeah so it does + + align:start position:0% +scenarios and I see okay yeah so it does + + + align:start position:0% +scenarios and I see okay yeah so it does +matter just because of + + align:start position:0% +matter just because of + + + align:start position:0% +matter just because of +location yeah so you're wait so if + + align:start position:0% +location yeah so you're wait so if + + + align:start position:0% +location yeah so you're wait so if +you're not cutting down a tree yeah then + + align:start position:0% +you're not cutting down a tree yeah then + + + align:start position:0% +you're not cutting down a tree yeah then +there's + + align:start position:0% +there's + + + align:start position:0% +there's +no uh decrease in + + align:start position:0% +no uh decrease in + + + align:start position:0% +no uh decrease in +shading or is it just the panel itself + + align:start position:0% +shading or is it just the panel itself + + + align:start position:0% +shading or is it just the panel itself +that's heating up more well actually if + + align:start position:0% +that's heating up more well actually if + + + align:start position:0% +that's heating up more well actually if +you go back to sorry I think I missed + + align:start position:0% +you go back to sorry I think I missed + + + align:start position:0% +you go back to sorry I think I missed +something so here actually in like in in + + align:start position:0% +something so here actually in like in in + + + align:start position:0% +something so here actually in like in in +Boston it actually makes more sense to + + align:start position:0% +Boston it actually makes more sense to + + + align:start position:0% +Boston it actually makes more sense to +have a black roof than a white roof so + + align:start position:0% +have a black roof than a white roof so + + + align:start position:0% +have a black roof than a white roof so +you actually want like shading isn't + + align:start position:0% +you actually want like shading isn't + + + align:start position:0% +you actually want like shading isn't +necessarily good in Boston uh just + + align:start position:0% +necessarily good in Boston uh just + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily good in Boston uh just +because there's so much Heating that you + + align:start position:0% +because there's so much Heating that you + + + align:start position:0% +because there's so much Heating that you +need in the winter um it seems to be the + + align:start position:0% +need in the winter um it seems to be the + + + align:start position:0% +need in the winter um it seems to be the +dominant effect in Boston and then in in + + align:start position:0% +dominant effect in Boston and then in in + + + align:start position:0% +dominant effect in Boston and then in in +Phoenix it's the opposite the cooling is + + align:start position:0% +Phoenix it's the opposite the cooling is + + + align:start position:0% +Phoenix it's the opposite the cooling is +is the dominant + + align:start position:0% +is the dominant + + + align:start position:0% +is the dominant +effect did did you consider the + + align:start position:0% +effect did did you consider the + + + align:start position:0% +effect did did you consider the +possibility that snow also insulates the + + align:start position:0% +possibility that snow also insulates the + + + align:start position:0% +possibility that snow also insulates the +house once it falls in the roof + + align:start position:0% +house once it falls in the roof + + + align:start position:0% +house once it falls in the roof +no we did not I don't know if I don't is + + align:start position:0% +no we did not I don't know if I don't is + + + align:start position:0% +no we did not I don't know if I don't is +that built into I don't know what would + + align:start position:0% +that built into I don't know what would + + + align:start position:0% +that built into I don't know what would +happen no I no I don't think we + + align:start position:0% +happen no I no I don't think we + + + align:start position:0% +happen no I no I don't think we +did but that's a good + + align:start position:0% +did but that's a good + + + align:start position:0% +did but that's a good +point along those lines do you have any + + align:start position:0% +point along those lines do you have any + + + align:start position:0% +point along those lines do you have any +intuition as to why in one case it's + + align:start position:0% +intuition as to why in one case it's + + + align:start position:0% +intuition as to why in one case it's +better to cut down the tree rather than + + align:start position:0% +better to cut down the tree rather than + + + align:start position:0% +better to cut down the tree rather than +remove it and then in the other it's + + align:start position:0% +remove it and then in the other it's + + + align:start position:0% +remove it and then in the other it's +better to remove it rather than just cut + + align:start position:0% +better to remove it rather than just cut + + + align:start position:0% +better to remove it rather than just cut +it down are you expecting it to grow + + align:start position:0% +it down are you expecting it to grow + + + align:start position:0% +it down are you expecting it to grow +back and then have to incur more more + + align:start position:0% +back and then have to incur more more + + + align:start position:0% +back and then have to incur more more +costs because you're going to have to + + align:start position:0% +costs because you're going to have to + + + align:start position:0% +costs because you're going to have to +cut it down again or what's going on + + align:start position:0% +cut it down again or what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +cut it down again or what's going on +with uh well just in terms of just in + + align:start position:0% +with uh well just in terms of just in + + + align:start position:0% +with uh well just in terms of just in +terms of uh just pure energy I mean it + + align:start position:0% +terms of uh just pure energy I mean it + + + align:start position:0% +terms of uh just pure energy I mean it +was very very slightly better in this + + align:start position:0% +was very very slightly better in this + + + align:start position:0% +was very very slightly better in this +case to um to have the tree just cut um + + align:start position:0% +case to um to have the tree just cut um + + + align:start position:0% +case to um to have the tree just cut um +just in terms of the balance between + + align:start position:0% +just in terms of the balance between + + + align:start position:0% +just in terms of the balance between +between Heating and Cooling loads that + + align:start position:0% +between Heating and Cooling loads that + + + align:start position:0% +between Heating and Cooling loads that +you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have I may be able to help clarify that + + align:start position:0% +have I may be able to help clarify that + + + align:start position:0% +have I may be able to help clarify that +the idea is in Boston we're relatively + + align:start position:0% +the idea is in Boston we're relatively + + + align:start position:0% +the idea is in Boston we're relatively +cold most of the year so the more + + align:start position:0% +cold most of the year so the more + + + align:start position:0% +cold most of the year so the more +sunlight that hits your house it's going + + align:start position:0% +sunlight that hits your house it's going + + + align:start position:0% +sunlight that hits your house it's going +to add more heat to your house and + + align:start position:0% +to add more heat to your house and + + + align:start position:0% +to add more heat to your house and +that's less heat that or energy that you + + align:start position:0% +that's less heat that or energy that you + + + align:start position:0% +that's less heat that or energy that you +have to pay for so the reason that it's + + align:start position:0% +have to pay for so the reason that it's + + + align:start position:0% +have to pay for so the reason that it's +beneficial to cut down the tree + + align:start position:0% +beneficial to cut down the tree + + + align:start position:0% +beneficial to cut down the tree +completely in Boston is because it + + align:start position:0% +completely in Boston is because it + + + align:start position:0% +completely in Boston is because it +allows more sunlight to hit your house + + align:start position:0% +allows more sunlight to hit your house + + + align:start position:0% +allows more sunlight to hit your house +whereas in Phoenix you don't want the + + align:start position:0% +whereas in Phoenix you don't want the + + + align:start position:0% +whereas in Phoenix you don't want the +sunlight to hit your house if you cut + + align:start position:0% +sunlight to hit your house if you cut + + + align:start position:0% +sunlight to hit your house if you cut +down the tree completely that's more you + + align:start position:0% +down the tree completely that's more you + + + align:start position:0% +down the tree completely that's more you +have to pay for AC in the summer so the + + align:start position:0% +have to pay for AC in the summer so the + + + align:start position:0% +have to pay for AC in the summer so the +what the difference maybe between + + align:start position:0% +what the difference maybe between + + + align:start position:0% +what the difference maybe between +cutting on the tree and removing + + align:start position:0% +cutting on the tree and removing + + + align:start position:0% +cutting on the tree and removing +it so so cut cutting the tree is + + align:start position:0% +it so so cut cutting the tree is + + + align:start position:0% +it so so cut cutting the tree is +assuming that you're going to maintain + + align:start position:0% +assuming that you're going to maintain + + + align:start position:0% +assuming that you're going to maintain +it at that certain level so by cutting + + align:start position:0% +it at that certain level so by cutting + + + align:start position:0% +it at that certain level so by cutting +the tree you keep a certain amount of + + align:start position:0% +the tree you keep a certain amount of + + + align:start position:0% +the tree you keep a certain amount of +shading on the lower part of your house + + align:start position:0% +shading on the lower part of your house + + + align:start position:0% +shading on the lower part of your house +but you still allow sunlight to hit your + + align:start position:0% +but you still allow sunlight to hit your + + + align:start position:0% +but you still allow sunlight to hit your +your solar panel leaving or cutting down + + align:start position:0% +your solar panel leaving or cutting down + + + align:start position:0% +your solar panel leaving or cutting down +the tree completely means that there's + + align:start position:0% +the tree completely means that there's + + + align:start position:0% +the tree completely means that there's +no shading on your house at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all I guess that Sol question I think + + align:start position:0% +all I guess that Sol question I think + + + align:start position:0% +all I guess that Sol question I think +for a lot of people the motivation for + + align:start position:0% +for a lot of people the motivation for + + + align:start position:0% +for a lot of people the motivation for +installing Sol solar panels is not just + + align:start position:0% +installing Sol solar panels is not just + + + align:start position:0% +installing Sol solar panels is not just +economic but rather the desire to do + + align:start position:0% +economic but rather the desire to do + + + align:start position:0% +economic but rather the desire to do +something good for your environment and + + align:start position:0% +something good for your environment and + + + align:start position:0% +something good for your environment and +to lower carbon emissions Etc but when + + align:start position:0% +to lower carbon emissions Etc but when + + + align:start position:0% +to lower carbon emissions Etc but when +you cut down trees that increases your + + align:start position:0% +you cut down trees that increases your + + + align:start position:0% +you cut down trees that increases your +carbon emission because you're reducing + + align:start position:0% +carbon emission because you're reducing + + + align:start position:0% +carbon emission because you're reducing +the plant that reduces your carbon + + align:start position:0% +the plant that reduces your carbon + + + align:start position:0% +the plant that reduces your carbon +output so given that you won't have a + + align:start position:0% +output so given that you won't have a + + + align:start position:0% +output so given that you won't have a +tree there for like 50 years does that + + align:start position:0% +tree there for like 50 years does that + + + align:start position:0% +tree there for like 50 years does that +offset the + + align:start position:0% +offset the + + + align:start position:0% +offset the +carbon uh emission gains get + + align:start position:0% +carbon uh emission gains get + + + align:start position:0% +carbon uh emission gains get +I mean just my two sents if you if you + + align:start position:0% +I mean just my two sents if you if you + + + align:start position:0% +I mean just my two sents if you if you +really want to go in depth you could + + align:start position:0% +really want to go in depth you could + + + align:start position:0% +really want to go in depth you could +look at how much carbon is going to be + + align:start position:0% +look at how much carbon is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +look at how much carbon is going to be +produced by the coal power plant to give + + align:start position:0% +produced by the coal power plant to give + + + align:start position:0% +produced by the coal power plant to give +you the energy that you're going to be + + align:start position:0% +you the energy that you're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +you the energy that you're going to be +using for 50 years and compare that to + + align:start position:0% +using for 50 years and compare that to + + + align:start position:0% +using for 50 years and compare that to +the amount of carbon that one tree was + + align:start position:0% +the amount of carbon that one tree was + + + align:start position:0% +the amount of carbon that one tree was +going to save you or you could ask + + align:start position:0% +going to save you or you could ask + + + align:start position:0% +going to save you or you could ask +yourself am I planning to have a child + + align:start position:0% +yourself am I planning to have a child + + + align:start position:0% +yourself am I planning to have a child +during those 50 years which will produce + + align:start position:0% +during those 50 years which will produce + + + align:start position:0% +during those 50 years which will produce +so much more CO2 than that tree will + + align:start position:0% +so much more CO2 than that tree will + + + align:start position:0% +so much more CO2 than that tree will +take out either way it's it's relatively + + align:start position:0% +take out either way it's it's relatively + + + align:start position:0% +take out either way it's it's relatively +a small you know small value however + + align:start position:0% +a small you know small value however + + + align:start position:0% +a small you know small value however +ever we we do acknowledge that there was + + align:start position:0% +ever we we do acknowledge that there was + + + align:start position:0% +ever we we do acknowledge that there was +a lot of philosophical questions that we + + align:start position:0% +a lot of philosophical questions that we + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of philosophical questions that we +argued amongst ourselves but we realized + + align:start position:0% +argued amongst ourselves but we realized + + + align:start position:0% +argued amongst ourselves but we realized +we didn't have the time to try to + + align:start position:0% +we didn't have the time to try to + + + align:start position:0% +we didn't have the time to try to +evaluate or the or the materials in + + align:start position:0% +evaluate or the or the materials in + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate or the or the materials in +scope one more + + align:start position:0% +scope one more + + + align:start position:0% +scope one more +question go yeah um do you have any real + + align:start position:0% +question go yeah um do you have any real + + + align:start position:0% +question go yeah um do you have any real +data to compare your Model results to + + align:start position:0% +data to compare your Model results to + + + align:start position:0% +data to compare your Model results to +like from your results um it seems that + + align:start position:0% +like from your results um it seems that + + + align:start position:0% +like from your results um it seems that +it doesn't make any sense to install + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't make any sense to install + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't make any sense to install +solar panels in Phoenix is that right is + + align:start position:0% +solar panels in Phoenix is that right is + + + align:start position:0% +solar panels in Phoenix is that right is +that the that's the impression + + align:start position:0% +that the that's the impression + + + align:start position:0% +that the that's the impression +financially from just P purely + + align:start position:0% +financially from just P purely + + + align:start position:0% +financially from just P purely +financially okay that's the I mean in + + align:start position:0% +financially okay that's the I mean in + + + align:start position:0% +financially okay that's the I mean in +terms of the the + + align:start position:0% +terms of the the + + + align:start position:0% +terms of the the +um in terms of like the the PV output it + + align:start position:0% +um in terms of like the the PV output it + + + align:start position:0% +um in terms of like the the PV output it +seemed to be pretty close in comparison + + align:start position:0% +seemed to be pretty close in comparison + + + align:start position:0% +seemed to be pretty close in comparison +to what we got from other sources um so + + align:start position:0% +to what we got from other sources um so + + + align:start position:0% +to what we got from other sources um so +it seems like the the net gain in energy + + align:start position:0% +it seems like the the net gain in energy + + + align:start position:0% +it seems like the the net gain in energy +is roughly right um but obviously people + + align:start position:0% +is roughly right um but obviously people + + + align:start position:0% +is roughly right um but obviously people +still install panels there um so either + + align:start position:0% +still install panels there um so either + + + align:start position:0% +still install panels there um so either +I'm guessing subsidies or larger + + align:start position:0% +I'm guessing subsidies or larger + + + align:start position:0% +I'm guessing subsidies or larger +installations or or something else um or + + align:start position:0% +installations or or something else um or + + + align:start position:0% +installations or or something else um or +just the desire to to install it just + + align:start position:0% +just the desire to to install it just + + + align:start position:0% +just the desire to to install it just +for installing it not necessarily for a + + align:start position:0% +for installing it not necessarily for a + + + align:start position:0% +for installing it not necessarily for a +financial reason in Phoenix what was the + + align:start position:0% +financial reason in Phoenix what was the + + + align:start position:0% +financial reason in Phoenix what was the +um like the temperature that you assumed + + align:start position:0% +um like the temperature that you assumed + + + align:start position:0% +um like the temperature that you assumed +like you I suppose you assumed like a + + align:start position:0% +like you I suppose you assumed like a + + + align:start position:0% +like you I suppose you assumed like a +constant temperature in the house right + + align:start position:0% +constant temperature in the house right + + + align:start position:0% +constant temperature in the house right +that was like the yes that would also + + align:start position:0% +that was like the yes that would also + + + align:start position:0% +that was like the yes that would also +change it the set points for our model + + align:start position:0% +change it the set points for our model + + + align:start position:0% +change it the set points for our model +was the cooling set point was + + align:start position:0% +was the cooling set point was + + + align:start position:0% +was the cooling set point was +71 yeah 76 and then the heating set + + align:start position:0% +71 yeah 76 and then the heating set + + + align:start position:0% +71 yeah 76 and then the heating set +point was 71 yes can you say that again + + align:start position:0% +point was 71 yes can you say that again + + + align:start position:0% +point was 71 yes can you say that again +please the the cooling set was + + align:start position:0% +please the the cooling set was + + + align:start position:0% +please the the cooling set was +76° and the heating set point was + + align:start position:0% +76° and the heating set point was + + + align:start position:0% +76° and the heating set point was +71 for both locations yeah for both + + align:start position:0% +71 for both locations yeah for both + + + align:start position:0% +71 for both locations yeah for both +locations thank + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you is are we no that's it you guys are + + align:start position:0% +you is are we no that's it you guys are + + + align:start position:0% +you is are we no that's it you guys are +done + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +congratulations what happens when you + + align:start position:0% +congratulations what happens when you + + + align:start position:0% +congratulations what happens when you +install loads inoodles and oodles and + + align:start position:0% +install loads inoodles and oodles and + + + align:start position:0% +install loads inoodles and oodles and +oodles of solar onto the grid uh we're + + align:start position:0% +oodles of solar onto the grid uh we're + + + align:start position:0% +oodles of solar onto the grid uh we're +going to hear all about it and uh take + + align:start position:0% +going to hear all about it and uh take + + + align:start position:0% +going to hear all about it and uh take +it away knock it out of the park so as + + align:start position:0% +it away knock it out of the park so as + + + align:start position:0% +it away knock it out of the park so as +Tonio mentioned we're the PV grid uh + + align:start position:0% +Tonio mentioned we're the PV grid uh + + + align:start position:0% +Tonio mentioned we're the PV grid uh +project I'm Ibrahim uh I'm Mary I'm I'm + + align:start position:0% +project I'm Ibrahim uh I'm Mary I'm I'm + + + align:start position:0% +project I'm Ibrahim uh I'm Mary I'm I'm +Ashley I'm Jared all right so just going + + align:start position:0% +Ashley I'm Jared all right so just going + + + align:start position:0% +Ashley I'm Jared all right so just going +to start with a sort of the motivation + + align:start position:0% +to start with a sort of the motivation + + + align:start position:0% +to start with a sort of the motivation +behind uh our project so uh as we + + align:start position:0% +behind uh our project so uh as we + + + align:start position:0% +behind uh our project so uh as we +discussed in class uh PV installations + + align:start position:0% +discussed in class uh PV installations + + + align:start position:0% +discussed in class uh PV installations +have witnessed very significant growth + + align:start position:0% +have witnessed very significant growth + + + align:start position:0% +have witnessed very significant growth +rates over the last uh few years last + + align:start position:0% +rates over the last uh few years last + + + align:start position:0% +rates over the last uh few years last +year alone uh PV installation growth + + align:start position:0% +year alone uh PV installation growth + + + align:start position:0% +year alone uh PV installation growth +rates were around 17% around 18 gaw uh + + align:start position:0% +rates were around 17% around 18 gaw uh + + + align:start position:0% +rates were around 17% around 18 gaw uh +globally + + align:start position:0% +globally + + + align:start position:0% +globally +installed uh so as uh the cost of PV uh + + align:start position:0% +installed uh so as uh the cost of PV uh + + + align:start position:0% +installed uh so as uh the cost of PV uh +approaches grid parity more investors + + align:start position:0% +approaches grid parity more investors + + + align:start position:0% +approaches grid parity more investors +and consumers are going to uh want to + + align:start position:0% +and consumers are going to uh want to + + + align:start position:0% +and consumers are going to uh want to +adopt uh PV systems uh however one sort + + align:start position:0% +adopt uh PV systems uh however one sort + + + align:start position:0% +adopt uh PV systems uh however one sort +of lingering or U major + + align:start position:0% +of lingering or U major + + + align:start position:0% +of lingering or U major +obstacle uh preventing sort of the + + align:start position:0% +obstacle uh preventing sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +obstacle uh preventing sort of the +further uh or high sort of penetration + + align:start position:0% +further uh or high sort of penetration + + + align:start position:0% +further uh or high sort of penetration +levels of PV systems is + + align:start position:0% +levels of PV systems is + + + align:start position:0% +levels of PV systems is +intermittency uh so as we discussed in + + align:start position:0% +intermittency uh so as we discussed in + + + align:start position:0% +intermittency uh so as we discussed in +class there sort of uh very ability in + + align:start position:0% +class there sort of uh very ability in + + + align:start position:0% +class there sort of uh very ability in +terms of the solar resource both on a + + align:start position:0% +terms of the solar resource both on a + + + align:start position:0% +terms of the solar resource both on a +longterm sort of scale on a shortterm + + align:start position:0% +longterm sort of scale on a shortterm + + + align:start position:0% +longterm sort of scale on a shortterm +scale seconds to to to sort of minutes + + align:start position:0% +scale seconds to to to sort of minutes + + + align:start position:0% +scale seconds to to to sort of minutes +so on a long ter term scale we're + + align:start position:0% +so on a long ter term scale we're + + + align:start position:0% +so on a long ter term scale we're +talking about sort of the position of + + align:start position:0% +talking about sort of the position of + + + align:start position:0% +talking about sort of the position of +the sun relative to the Earth and so on + + align:start position:0% +the sun relative to the Earth and so on + + + align:start position:0% +the sun relative to the Earth and so on +so uh in that respect uh that sort of + + align:start position:0% +so uh in that respect uh that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +so uh in that respect uh that sort of +predictable and can be planned for uh + + align:start position:0% +predictable and can be planned for uh + + + align:start position:0% +predictable and can be planned for uh +when we're uh sort of Define or talk + + align:start position:0% +when we're uh sort of Define or talk + + + align:start position:0% +when we're uh sort of Define or talk +about intermittency sort of the + + align:start position:0% +about intermittency sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +about intermittency sort of the +shortterm + + align:start position:0% +shortterm + + + align:start position:0% +shortterm +unpredictable uh effects that uh sort of + + align:start position:0% +unpredictable uh effects that uh sort of + + + align:start position:0% +unpredictable uh effects that uh sort of +uh change uh the power output uh + + align:start position:0% +uh change uh the power output uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh change uh the power output uh +significantly um so what we have here is + + align:start position:0% +significantly um so what we have here is + + + align:start position:0% +significantly um so what we have here is +uh the sort of the fractional change in + + align:start position:0% +uh the sort of the fractional change in + + + align:start position:0% +uh the sort of the fractional change in +power output uh over the course of one + + align:start position:0% +power output uh over the course of one + + + align:start position:0% +power output uh over the course of one +day so as you can see between uh two + + align:start position:0% +day so as you can see between uh two + + + align:start position:0% +day so as you can see between uh two +consecutive seconds the power output can + + align:start position:0% +consecutive seconds the power output can + + + align:start position:0% +consecutive seconds the power output can +almost double and it can uh at other + + align:start position:0% +almost double and it can uh at other + + + align:start position:0% +almost double and it can uh at other +times drop by half so from a system sort + + align:start position:0% +times drop by half so from a system sort + + + align:start position:0% +times drop by half so from a system sort +of operator perspective that's obviously + + align:start position:0% +of operator perspective that's obviously + + + align:start position:0% +of operator perspective that's obviously +a major challenge because demand uh + + align:start position:0% +a major challenge because demand uh + + + align:start position:0% +a major challenge because demand uh +should match Supply at all times um so + + align:start position:0% +should match Supply at all times um so + + + align:start position:0% +should match Supply at all times um so +again uh these effects uh or these + + align:start position:0% +again uh these effects uh or these + + + align:start position:0% +again uh these effects uh or these +intermittency issues arise uh due to + + align:start position:0% +intermittency issues arise uh due to + + + align:start position:0% +intermittency issues arise uh due to +Regional sort of weather patterns that + + align:start position:0% +Regional sort of weather patterns that + + + align:start position:0% +Regional sort of weather patterns that +can be predicted and also uh due to sort + + align:start position:0% +can be predicted and also uh due to sort + + + align:start position:0% +can be predicted and also uh due to sort +of local uh weather uh patterns that are + + align:start position:0% +of local uh weather uh patterns that are + + + align:start position:0% +of local uh weather uh patterns that are +less predictable uh so uh in our project + + align:start position:0% +less predictable uh so uh in our project + + + align:start position:0% +less predictable uh so uh in our project +what we try to address is sort of can + + align:start position:0% +what we try to address is sort of can + + + align:start position:0% +what we try to address is sort of can +the weather report be used to predict + + align:start position:0% +the weather report be used to predict + + + align:start position:0% +the weather report be used to predict +the power output uh from an ensemble of + + align:start position:0% +the power output uh from an ensemble of + + + align:start position:0% +the power output uh from an ensemble of +sort of smaller distributed PV system + + align:start position:0% +sort of smaller distributed PV system + + + align:start position:0% +sort of smaller distributed PV system +systems that is can we sort of average + + align:start position:0% +systems that is can we sort of average + + + align:start position:0% +systems that is can we sort of average +out these sort of local predictable uh + + align:start position:0% +out these sort of local predictable uh + + + align:start position:0% +out these sort of local predictable uh +less predictable intermittency + + align:start position:0% +less predictable intermittency + + + align:start position:0% +less predictable intermittency +effects uh and I'll give it to Mary to + + align:start position:0% +effects uh and I'll give it to Mary to + + + align:start position:0% +effects uh and I'll give it to Mary to +discuss uh our + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +approach so uh our goal of this project + + align:start position:0% +approach so uh our goal of this project + + + align:start position:0% +approach so uh our goal of this project +was to design a model that could + + align:start position:0% +was to design a model that could + + + align:start position:0% +was to design a model that could +quantitatively analyze a PV grid and + + align:start position:0% +quantitatively analyze a PV grid and + + + align:start position:0% +quantitatively analyze a PV grid and +determine its robustness in terms of + + align:start position:0% +determine its robustness in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +determine its robustness in terms of +variability and our main components were + + align:start position:0% +variability and our main components were + + + align:start position:0% +variability and our main components were +meantime between failure which is um the + + align:start position:0% +meantime between failure which is um the + + + align:start position:0% +meantime between failure which is um the +time the average time between two system + + align:start position:0% +time the average time between two system + + + align:start position:0% +time the average time between two system +failures which Rita will Define and + + align:start position:0% +failures which Rita will Define and + + + align:start position:0% +failures which Rita will Define and +discuss later um number of systems in + + align:start position:0% +discuss later um number of systems in + + + align:start position:0% +discuss later um number of systems in +the grid and Geographic dispersion which + + align:start position:0% +the grid and Geographic dispersion which + + + align:start position:0% +the grid and Geographic dispersion which +we measured through geometric mean + + align:start position:0% +we measured through geometric mean + + + align:start position:0% +we measured through geometric mean +distance um our data set was from the + + align:start position:0% +distance um our data set was from the + + + align:start position:0% +distance um our data set was from the +aahu airport H which is part of the + + align:start position:0% +aahu airport H which is part of the + + + align:start position:0% +aahu airport H which is part of the +national renewable energy Laboratory um + + align:start position:0% +national renewable energy Laboratory um + + + align:start position:0% +national renewable energy Laboratory um +there are 17 systems all within about a + + align:start position:0% +there are 17 systems all within about a + + + align:start position:0% +there are 17 systems all within about a +kilometer of each other so it's a very + + align:start position:0% +kilometer of each other so it's a very + + + align:start position:0% +kilometer of each other so it's a very +small very dense system but there was + + align:start position:0% +small very dense system but there was + + + align:start position:0% +small very dense system but there was +second interval data for a year which we + + align:start position:0% +second interval data for a year which we + + + align:start position:0% +second interval data for a year which we +used and so it was a fair amount of data + + align:start position:0% +used and so it was a fair amount of data + + + align:start position:0% +used and so it was a fair amount of data +to give us an estimate of how + + align:start position:0% +to give us an estimate of how + + + align:start position:0% +to give us an estimate of how +intermittency varies over um the course + + align:start position:0% +intermittency varies over um the course + + + align:start position:0% +intermittency varies over um the course +of a system and the number of systems in + + align:start position:0% +of a system and the number of systems in + + + align:start position:0% +of a system and the number of systems in +density + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh so our first step was to Define what + + align:start position:0% +uh so our first step was to Define what + + + align:start position:0% +uh so our first step was to Define what +was a PV system failure uh in order to + + align:start position:0% +was a PV system failure uh in order to + + + align:start position:0% +was a PV system failure uh in order to +do so we accessed the kaiso website + + align:start position:0% +do so we accessed the kaiso website + + + align:start position:0% +do so we accessed the kaiso website +there is the California independent + + align:start position:0% +there is the California independent + + + align:start position:0% +there is the California independent +system operator and uh we took the data + + align:start position:0% +system operator and uh we took the data + + + align:start position:0% +system operator and uh we took the data +from one week of the actual demand and + + align:start position:0% +from one week of the actual demand and + + + align:start position:0% +from one week of the actual demand and +the hour ahead demand forecast they give + + align:start position:0% +the hour ahead demand forecast they give + + + align:start position:0% +the hour ahead demand forecast they give +this value for every hour so we took the + + align:start position:0% +this value for every hour so we took the + + + align:start position:0% +this value for every hour so we took the +value for every hour of the week and + + align:start position:0% +value for every hour of the week and + + + align:start position:0% +value for every hour of the week and +then we plotted uh in this graph that we + + align:start position:0% +then we plotted uh in this graph that we + + + align:start position:0% +then we plotted uh in this graph that we +have a line for each day of the week and + + align:start position:0% +have a line for each day of the week and + + + align:start position:0% +have a line for each day of the week and +we can see that both the magnitudes and + + align:start position:0% +we can see that both the magnitudes and + + + align:start position:0% +we can see that both the magnitudes and +the shapes uh throughout the week are + + align:start position:0% +the shapes uh throughout the week are + + + align:start position:0% +the shapes uh throughout the week are +almost the same uh we can also see that + + align:start position:0% +almost the same uh we can also see that + + + align:start position:0% +almost the same uh we can also see that +the values are almost all positive this + + align:start position:0% +the values are almost all positive this + + + align:start position:0% +the values are almost all positive this +means that they usually uh underestimate + + align:start position:0% +means that they usually uh underestimate + + + align:start position:0% +means that they usually uh underestimate +they usually think that the demand is + + align:start position:0% +they usually think that the demand is + + + align:start position:0% +they usually think that the demand is +going to be under the what it's really + + align:start position:0% +going to be under the what it's really + + + align:start position:0% +going to be under the what it's really +what it really happens and so uh what we + + align:start position:0% +what it really happens and so uh what we + + + align:start position:0% +what it really happens and so uh what we +defined was that if this uh estimate + + align:start position:0% +defined was that if this uh estimate + + + align:start position:0% +defined was that if this uh estimate +is okay for kaiso if they can manage the + + align:start position:0% +is okay for kaiso if they can manage the + + + align:start position:0% +is okay for kaiso if they can manage the +the grid with this variation then they + + align:start position:0% +the grid with this variation then they + + + align:start position:0% +the grid with this variation then they +could also manage the grid with this + + align:start position:0% +could also manage the grid with this + + + align:start position:0% +could also manage the grid with this +variation in uh PV output and so we + + align:start position:0% +variation in uh PV output and so we + + + align:start position:0% +variation in uh PV output and so we +looked at 5:00 p.m that it's the hour + + align:start position:0% +looked at 5:00 p.m that it's the hour + + + align:start position:0% +looked at 5:00 p.m that it's the hour +that we have the biggest um variation + + align:start position:0% +that we have the biggest um variation + + + align:start position:0% +that we have the biggest um variation +between the two and we averaged the + + align:start position:0% +between the two and we averaged the + + + align:start position:0% +between the two and we averaged the +value and we got to 6% so this means + + align:start position:0% +value and we got to 6% so this means + + + align:start position:0% +value and we got to 6% so this means +that if our iny is above 6% we're going + + align:start position:0% +that if our iny is above 6% we're going + + + align:start position:0% +that if our iny is above 6% we're going +to have a PV system failure if the + + align:start position:0% +to have a PV system failure if the + + + align:start position:0% +to have a PV system failure if the +variation is below 6% uh then uh the + + align:start position:0% +variation is below 6% uh then uh the + + + align:start position:0% +variation is below 6% uh then uh the +intermittency is not going to be a + + align:start position:0% +intermittency is not going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +intermittency is not going to be a +failure uh then we could Define the + + align:start position:0% +failure uh then we could Define the + + + align:start position:0% +failure uh then we could Define the +meantime between failures that it's the + + align:start position:0% +meantime between failures that it's the + + + align:start position:0% +meantime between failures that it's the +meantime between two intermittencies + + align:start position:0% +meantime between two intermittencies + + + align:start position:0% +meantime between two intermittencies +higher than + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +6% okay now that we have some context of + + align:start position:0% +6% okay now that we have some context of + + + align:start position:0% +6% okay now that we have some context of +what the problem is and we have an idea + + align:start position:0% +what the problem is and we have an idea + + + align:start position:0% +what the problem is and we have an idea +of what variability is and uh we have a + + align:start position:0% +of what variability is and uh we have a + + + align:start position:0% +of what variability is and uh we have a +data set to work with I'm going to talk + + align:start position:0% +data set to work with I'm going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +data set to work with I'm going to talk +about how we actually solve the problem + + align:start position:0% +about how we actually solve the problem + + + align:start position:0% +about how we actually solve the problem +uh we use uh coding and matlb to handle + + align:start position:0% +uh we use uh coding and matlb to handle + + + align:start position:0% +uh we use uh coding and matlb to handle +this huge data set uh enr had uh 17 + + align:start position:0% +this huge data set uh enr had uh 17 + + + align:start position:0% +this huge data set uh enr had uh 17 +systems out there for every second of an + + align:start position:0% +systems out there for every second of an + + + align:start position:0% +systems out there for every second of an +entire year and so we um took all the + + align:start position:0% +entire year and so we um took all the + + + align:start position:0% +entire year and so we um took all the +files from from enr and put them all + + align:start position:0% +files from from enr and put them all + + + align:start position:0% +files from from enr and put them all +into one huge Matrix you can imagine it + + align:start position:0% +into one huge Matrix you can imagine it + + + align:start position:0% +into one huge Matrix you can imagine it +was ended up being about 23 Fields by uh + + align:start position:0% +was ended up being about 23 Fields by uh + + + align:start position:0% +was ended up being about 23 Fields by uh +several million and it's about 67 7 + + align:start position:0% +several million and it's about 67 7 + + + align:start position:0% +several million and it's about 67 7 +megab so actually handling the data was + + align:start position:0% +megab so actually handling the data was + + + align:start position:0% +megab so actually handling the data was +an issue in itself I don't recommend it + + align:start position:0% +an issue in itself I don't recommend it + + + align:start position:0% +an issue in itself I don't recommend it +with with an old computer um and we also + + align:start position:0% +with with an old computer um and we also + + + align:start position:0% +with with an old computer um and we also +had the GPS coordinates for each of + + align:start position:0% +had the GPS coordinates for each of + + + align:start position:0% +had the GPS coordinates for each of +those locations uh and the variability + + align:start position:0% +those locations uh and the variability + + + align:start position:0% +those locations uh and the variability +from the California ISO so with that + + align:start position:0% +from the California ISO so with that + + + align:start position:0% +from the California ISO so with that +data we could begin to uh build our code + + align:start position:0% +data we could begin to uh build our code + + + align:start position:0% +data we could begin to uh build our code +to figure out um a quantitative + + align:start position:0% +to figure out um a quantitative + + + align:start position:0% +to figure out um a quantitative +description of failure a meantime + + align:start position:0% +description of failure a meantime + + + align:start position:0% +description of failure a meantime +between failure and um and kind of our + + align:start position:0% +between failure and um and kind of our + + + align:start position:0% +between failure and um and kind of our +uh idea of density so once everything + + align:start position:0% +uh idea of density so once everything + + + align:start position:0% +uh idea of density so once everything +was loaded into one big Matrix that we + + align:start position:0% +was loaded into one big Matrix that we + + + align:start position:0% +was loaded into one big Matrix that we +could work with we moved on to use the + + align:start position:0% +could work with we moved on to use the + + + align:start position:0% +could work with we moved on to use the +the GPS coordinates and of those 17 + + align:start position:0% +the GPS coordinates and of those 17 + + + align:start position:0% +the GPS coordinates and of those 17 +systems we found every single + + align:start position:0% +systems we found every single + + + align:start position:0% +systems we found every single +combination of 17 choose 2 17 choose 3 + + align:start position:0% +combination of 17 choose 2 17 choose 3 + + + align:start position:0% +combination of 17 choose 2 17 choose 3 +every kind of possible way that you + + align:start position:0% +every kind of possible way that you + + + align:start position:0% +every kind of possible way that you +could connect these systems uh and came + + align:start position:0% +could connect these systems uh and came + + + align:start position:0% +could connect these systems uh and came +up with something like 60,000 different + + align:start position:0% +up with something like 60,000 different + + + align:start position:0% +up with something like 60,000 different +ways of of connecting these and then for + + align:start position:0% +ways of of connecting these and then for + + + align:start position:0% +ways of of connecting these and then for +each possible connection uh we had a + + align:start position:0% +each possible connection uh we had a + + + align:start position:0% +each possible connection uh we had a +function that would calculate this + + align:start position:0% +function that would calculate this + + + align:start position:0% +function that would calculate this +geometric mean distance um that would + + align:start position:0% +geometric mean distance um that would + + + align:start position:0% +geometric mean distance um that would +kind of give you uh an idea of the + + align:start position:0% +kind of give you uh an idea of the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of give you uh an idea of the +density of of that particular connection + + align:start position:0% +density of of that particular connection + + + align:start position:0% +density of of that particular connection +and so to compare our meantime between + + align:start position:0% +and so to compare our meantime between + + + align:start position:0% +and so to compare our meantime between +failure for these systems while holding + + align:start position:0% +failure for these systems while holding + + + align:start position:0% +failure for these systems while holding +the the density constant we then + + align:start position:0% +the the density constant we then + + + align:start position:0% +the the density constant we then +searched through those possible + + align:start position:0% +searched through those possible + + + align:start position:0% +searched through those possible +combinations and found this magic number + + align:start position:0% +combinations and found this magic number + + + align:start position:0% +combinations and found this magic number +that um kind of existed for each of + + align:start position:0% +that um kind of existed for each of + + + align:start position:0% +that um kind of existed for each of +those possible combinations of two of + + align:start position:0% +those possible combinations of two of + + + align:start position:0% +those possible combinations of two of +three of four all the way through and it + + align:start position:0% +three of four all the way through and it + + + align:start position:0% +three of four all the way through and it +kind of lined up for a geometric mean + + align:start position:0% +kind of lined up for a geometric mean + + + align:start position:0% +kind of lined up for a geometric mean +distance of 400 meters so using that set + + align:start position:0% +distance of 400 meters so using that set + + + align:start position:0% +distance of 400 meters so using that set +um we could then go on and and see how + + align:start position:0% +um we could then go on and and see how + + + align:start position:0% +um we could then go on and and see how +increasing the number of systems help + + align:start position:0% +increasing the number of systems help + + + align:start position:0% +increasing the number of systems help +the uh meantime between failure and then + + align:start position:0% +the uh meantime between failure and then + + + align:start position:0% +the uh meantime between failure and then +for a given Set uh we ended up using + + align:start position:0% +for a given Set uh we ended up using + + + align:start position:0% +for a given Set uh we ended up using +eight um 17 choose 8 gave us like 24,000 + + align:start position:0% +eight um 17 choose 8 gave us like 24,000 + + + align:start position:0% +eight um 17 choose 8 gave us like 24,000 +possible ways to connect them uh we + + align:start position:0% +possible ways to connect them uh we + + + align:start position:0% +possible ways to connect them uh we +searched through and found uh varying or + + align:start position:0% +searched through and found uh varying or + + + align:start position:0% +searched through and found uh varying or +varying um densities for one set number + + align:start position:0% +varying um densities for one set number + + + align:start position:0% +varying um densities for one set number +um then finally we wrote uh a function + + align:start position:0% +um then finally we wrote uh a function + + + align:start position:0% +um then finally we wrote uh a function +that calculated the meantime between + + align:start position:0% +that calculated the meantime between + + + align:start position:0% +that calculated the meantime between +failure that went through our data from + + align:start position:0% +failure that went through our data from + + + align:start position:0% +failure that went through our data from +enr and said uh looked at the fractional + + align:start position:0% +enr and said uh looked at the fractional + + + align:start position:0% +enr and said uh looked at the fractional +difference and said okay each time it's + + align:start position:0% +difference and said okay each time it's + + + align:start position:0% +difference and said okay each time it's +above 6% that's a failure and then + + align:start position:0% +above 6% that's a failure and then + + + align:start position:0% +above 6% that's a failure and then +measured that distance took the average + + align:start position:0% +measured that distance took the average + + + align:start position:0% +measured that distance took the average +of that that was our meantime between + + align:start position:0% +of that that was our meantime between + + + align:start position:0% +of that that was our meantime between +failure and then finally once we had all + + align:start position:0% +failure and then finally once we had all + + + align:start position:0% +failure and then finally once we had all +that together we crunched all the + + align:start position:0% +that together we crunched all the + + + align:start position:0% +that together we crunched all the +numbers uh took a long time on my + + align:start position:0% +numbers uh took a long time on my + + + align:start position:0% +numbers uh took a long time on my +computer uh we were able to plot it + + align:start position:0% +computer uh we were able to plot it + + + align:start position:0% +computer uh we were able to plot it +together and get some very nice Trends + + align:start position:0% +together and get some very nice Trends + + + align:start position:0% +together and get some very nice Trends +uh one of the great things um I think + + align:start position:0% +uh one of the great things um I think + + + align:start position:0% +uh one of the great things um I think +about our code is that it was only 525 + + align:start position:0% +about our code is that it was only 525 + + + align:start position:0% +about our code is that it was only 525 +lines and if you've ever built a program + + align:start position:0% +lines and if you've ever built a program + + + align:start position:0% +lines and if you've ever built a program +or a big application that's really small + + align:start position:0% +or a big application that's really small + + + align:start position:0% +or a big application that's really small +it's very easy just to go in and see + + align:start position:0% +it's very easy just to go in and see + + + align:start position:0% +it's very easy just to go in and see +exactly what's going on so it's very + + align:start position:0% +exactly what's going on so it's very + + + align:start position:0% +exactly what's going on so it's very +flexible we could hand it off to another + + align:start position:0% +flexible we could hand it off to another + + + align:start position:0% +flexible we could hand it off to another +company to another research group and + + align:start position:0% +company to another research group and + + + align:start position:0% +company to another research group and +they could go in and adapt it to just + + align:start position:0% +they could go in and adapt it to just + + + align:start position:0% +they could go in and adapt it to just +about any data set if you are able to + + align:start position:0% +about any data set if you are able to + + + align:start position:0% +about any data set if you are able to +get data from California or from Germany + + align:start position:0% +get data from California or from Germany + + + align:start position:0% +get data from California or from Germany +or from somewhere else and bring it into + + align:start position:0% +or from somewhere else and bring it into + + + align:start position:0% +or from somewhere else and bring it into +art format it's very easy just to plug + + align:start position:0% +art format it's very easy just to plug + + + align:start position:0% +art format it's very easy just to plug +it in and run the data very very minimal + + align:start position:0% +it in and run the data very very minimal + + + align:start position:0% +it in and run the data very very minimal +uh changes within our code um and then + + align:start position:0% +uh changes within our code um and then + + + align:start position:0% +uh changes within our code um and then +you could also build on our code to look + + align:start position:0% +you could also build on our code to look + + + align:start position:0% +you could also build on our code to look +at other problems so we have the the + + align:start position:0% +at other problems so we have the the + + + align:start position:0% +at other problems so we have the the +change in uh we have the variability + + align:start position:0% +change in uh we have the variability + + + align:start position:0% +change in uh we have the variability +data as a function of time we also have + + align:start position:0% +data as a function of time we also have + + + align:start position:0% +data as a function of time we also have +the solar output as a function of time + + align:start position:0% +the solar output as a function of time + + + align:start position:0% +the solar output as a function of time +so you could conceivably go in and + + align:start position:0% +so you could conceivably go in and + + + align:start position:0% +so you could conceivably go in and +figure out how your meantime between + + align:start position:0% +figure out how your meantime between + + + align:start position:0% +figure out how your meantime between +failure changes based on the time of day + + align:start position:0% +failure changes based on the time of day + + + align:start position:0% +failure changes based on the time of day +um and change your your critical + + align:start position:0% +um and change your your critical + + + align:start position:0% +um and change your your critical +percentage based on the time of day and + + align:start position:0% +percentage based on the time of day and + + + align:start position:0% +percentage based on the time of day and +there several other problems that you + + align:start position:0% +there several other problems that you + + + align:start position:0% +there several other problems that you +could go and and launch off of our code + + align:start position:0% +could go and and launch off of our code + + + align:start position:0% +could go and and launch off of our code +and uh continue on and if you're + + align:start position:0% +and uh continue on and if you're + + + align:start position:0% +and uh continue on and if you're +interested at all I actually put the the + + align:start position:0% +interested at all I actually put the the + + + align:start position:0% +interested at all I actually put the the +code on my public space um there's a + + align:start position:0% +code on my public space um there's a + + + align:start position:0% +code on my public space um there's a +link there check it out it's it's pretty + + align:start position:0% +link there check it out it's it's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +link there check it out it's it's pretty +cool okay and then is going to talk + + align:start position:0% +cool okay and then is going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +cool okay and then is going to talk +about our + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +results right cool + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so all right so the first thing that we + + align:start position:0% +so all right so the first thing that we + + + align:start position:0% +so all right so the first thing that we +did in order to um try to see the trends + + align:start position:0% +did in order to um try to see the trends + + + align:start position:0% +did in order to um try to see the trends +in these huge fields of data was just to + + align:start position:0% +in these huge fields of data was just to + + + align:start position:0% +in these huge fields of data was just to +plot the data um was actually a much + + align:start position:0% +plot the data um was actually a much + + + align:start position:0% +plot the data um was actually a much +bigger task than I thought it was going + + align:start position:0% +bigger task than I thought it was going + + + align:start position:0% +bigger task than I thought it was going +to be um but so this the plot on the + + align:start position:0% +to be um but so this the plot on the + + + align:start position:0% +to be um but so this the plot on the +left is for one day's worth of data and + + align:start position:0% +left is for one day's worth of data and + + + align:start position:0% +left is for one day's worth of data and +the plot on the right is 1 week's worth + + align:start position:0% +the plot on the right is 1 week's worth + + + align:start position:0% +the plot on the right is 1 week's worth +of data the blue um or sorry the y axis + + align:start position:0% +of data the blue um or sorry the y axis + + + align:start position:0% +of data the blue um or sorry the y axis +is power density in watts per square + + align:start position:0% +is power density in watts per square + + + align:start position:0% +is power density in watts per square +meter and the x-axis is the time in + + align:start position:0% +meter and the x-axis is the time in + + + align:start position:0% +meter and the x-axis is the time in +seconds um the blue is all 17 of our + + align:start position:0% +seconds um the blue is all 17 of our + + + align:start position:0% +seconds um the blue is all 17 of our +systems together and the red is just for + + align:start position:0% +systems together and the red is just for + + + align:start position:0% +systems together and the red is just for +one system so as you would assume um the + + align:start position:0% +one system so as you would assume um the + + + align:start position:0% +one system so as you would assume um the +power output for all 17 together is + + align:start position:0% +power output for all 17 together is + + + align:start position:0% +power output for all 17 together is +clearly a lot greater than the output + + align:start position:0% +clearly a lot greater than the output + + + align:start position:0% +clearly a lot greater than the output +from just one system but this gave us a + + align:start position:0% +from just one system but this gave us a + + + align:start position:0% +from just one system but this gave us a +sense of being able to see fluctuations + + align:start position:0% +sense of being able to see fluctuations + + + align:start position:0% +sense of being able to see fluctuations +in within one day and also we were able + + align:start position:0% +in within one day and also we were able + + + align:start position:0% +in within one day and also we were able +to see when the Sun Rose and peaked and + + align:start position:0% +to see when the Sun Rose and peaked and + + + align:start position:0% +to see when the Sun Rose and peaked and +also fell each + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +day and in order to quantify all those + + align:start position:0% +day and in order to quantify all those + + + align:start position:0% +day and in order to quantify all those +different fluctuations we did the + + align:start position:0% +different fluctuations we did the + + + align:start position:0% +different fluctuations we did the +fractional change in power density + + align:start position:0% +fractional change in power density + + + align:start position:0% +fractional change in power density +versus time um once again for one day + + align:start position:0% +versus time um once again for one day + + + align:start position:0% +versus time um once again for one day +and then for one week and red is the one + + align:start position:0% +and then for one week and red is the one + + + align:start position:0% +and then for one week and red is the one +system blue is all 17 systems together + + align:start position:0% +system blue is all 17 systems together + + + align:start position:0% +system blue is all 17 systems together +and we can already see just from + + align:start position:0% +and we can already see just from + + + align:start position:0% +and we can already see just from +plotting the data that the having all 17 + + align:start position:0% +plotting the data that the having all 17 + + + align:start position:0% +plotting the data that the having all 17 +systems together does start to average + + align:start position:0% +systems together does start to average + + + align:start position:0% +systems together does start to average +out the fluctuations of individual + + align:start position:0% +out the fluctuations of individual + + + align:start position:0% +out the fluctuations of individual +systems + + align:start position:0% +systems + + + align:start position:0% +systems +um by a significant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +amount um so then Rita earlier mentioned + + align:start position:0% +amount um so then Rita earlier mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +amount um so then Rita earlier mentioned +that we use 6% as our cut off for um + + align:start position:0% +that we use 6% as our cut off for um + + + align:start position:0% +that we use 6% as our cut off for um +failure we actually went ahead and did + + align:start position:0% +failure we actually went ahead and did + + + align:start position:0% +failure we actually went ahead and did +6% 12% and 18% just to see how sensitive + + align:start position:0% +6% 12% and 18% just to see how sensitive + + + align:start position:0% +6% 12% and 18% just to see how sensitive +our analysis was to that threshold value + + align:start position:0% +our analysis was to that threshold value + + + align:start position:0% +our analysis was to that threshold value +um so here we have plotted on the left + + align:start position:0% +um so here we have plotted on the left + + + align:start position:0% +um so here we have plotted on the left +the meantime between failure versus the + + align:start position:0% +the meantime between failure versus the + + + align:start position:0% +the meantime between failure versus the +number of systems and then on the right + + align:start position:0% +number of systems and then on the right + + + align:start position:0% +number of systems and then on the right +meantime between failure versus the + + align:start position:0% +meantime between failure versus the + + + align:start position:0% +meantime between failure versus the +geometric mean distance um also o + + align:start position:0% +geometric mean distance um also o + + + align:start position:0% +geometric mean distance um also o +calculated uh these values for using a + + align:start position:0% +calculated uh these values for using a + + + align:start position:0% +calculated uh these values for using a +week's worth of data A month's worth of + + align:start position:0% +week's worth of data A month's worth of + + + align:start position:0% +week's worth of data A month's worth of +data and a Year's worth of data um so + + align:start position:0% +data and a Year's worth of data um so + + + align:start position:0% +data and a Year's worth of data um so +the week would be would give you more + + align:start position:0% +the week would be would give you more + + + align:start position:0% +the week would be would give you more +fluctuations but the year would give you + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations but the year would give you + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations but the year would give you +the more long-term overall system + + align:start position:0% +the more long-term overall system + + + align:start position:0% +the more long-term overall system +Behavior Uh relationship between the + + align:start position:0% +Behavior Uh relationship between the + + + align:start position:0% +Behavior Uh relationship between the +meantime between failure and number of + + align:start position:0% +meantime between failure and number of + + + align:start position:0% +meantime between failure and number of +systems is quadratic and we found a + + align:start position:0% +systems is quadratic and we found a + + + align:start position:0% +systems is quadratic and we found a +linear relationship between the meantime + + align:start position:0% +linear relationship between the meantime + + + align:start position:0% +linear relationship between the meantime +between failure and the + + align:start position:0% +between failure and the + + + align:start position:0% +between failure and the +GMD so this is for 6% cut + + align:start position:0% +GMD so this is for 6% cut + + + align:start position:0% +GMD so this is for 6% cut +off this is for 12% cut off and this is + + align:start position:0% +off this is for 12% cut off and this is + + + align:start position:0% +off this is for 12% cut off and this is +for 18% cut off um and the meantime + + align:start position:0% +for 18% cut off um and the meantime + + + align:start position:0% +for 18% cut off um and the meantime +between failure increases dramatically + + align:start position:0% +between failure increases dramatically + + + align:start position:0% +between failure increases dramatically +as you go from the 6% cut off to the 18% + + align:start position:0% +as you go from the 6% cut off to the 18% + + + align:start position:0% +as you go from the 6% cut off to the 18% +cut off um so a lot of this makes sense + + align:start position:0% +cut off um so a lot of this makes sense + + + align:start position:0% +cut off um so a lot of this makes sense +but it was really cool to quantify + + align:start position:0% +but it was really cool to quantify + + + align:start position:0% +but it was really cool to quantify +that so here's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Rita so for after planning those graphs + + align:start position:0% +Rita so for after planning those graphs + + + align:start position:0% +Rita so for after planning those graphs +you could we could take uh our + + align:start position:0% +you could we could take uh our + + + align:start position:0% +you could we could take uh our +conclusions and answer our question and + + align:start position:0% +conclusions and answer our question and + + + align:start position:0% +conclusions and answer our question and +so the first thing that we know that we + + align:start position:0% +so the first thing that we know that we + + + align:start position:0% +so the first thing that we know that we +we noticed and what we were expecting is + + align:start position:0% +we noticed and what we were expecting is + + + align:start position:0% +we noticed and what we were expecting is +that a big data sample should be used if + + align:start position:0% +that a big data sample should be used if + + + align:start position:0% +that a big data sample should be used if +conclusions are going to be used as a + + align:start position:0% +conclusions are going to be used as a + + + align:start position:0% +conclusions are going to be used as a +design Tool uh as Ashley said we used + + align:start position:0% +design Tool uh as Ashley said we used + + + align:start position:0% +design Tool uh as Ashley said we used +for a week a month and a year and uh so + + align:start position:0% +for a week a month and a year and uh so + + + align:start position:0% +for a week a month and a year and uh so +we we know that the bigger the data set + + align:start position:0% +we we know that the bigger the data set + + + align:start position:0% +we we know that the bigger the data set +the data set uh it's going to be it's + + align:start position:0% +the data set uh it's going to be it's + + + align:start position:0% +the data set uh it's going to be it's +not going to be influenced by abnormal + + align:start position:0% +not going to be influenced by abnormal + + + align:start position:0% +not going to be influenced by abnormal +uh things that can happen in a given day + + align:start position:0% +uh things that can happen in a given day + + + align:start position:0% +uh things that can happen in a given day +um and we also saw that there's a linear + + align:start position:0% +um and we also saw that there's a linear + + + align:start position:0% +um and we also saw that there's a linear +relation between meantime between + + align:start position:0% +relation between meantime between + + + align:start position:0% +relation between meantime between +failure and GMD uh when GMD increases + + align:start position:0% +failure and GMD uh when GMD increases + + + align:start position:0% +failure and GMD uh when GMD increases +that is when density decreases we're + + align:start position:0% +that is when density decreases we're + + + align:start position:0% +that is when density decreases we're +going to have an increase in meantime + + align:start position:0% +going to have an increase in meantime + + + align:start position:0% +going to have an increase in meantime +between failure this was also what we + + align:start position:0% +between failure this was also what we + + + align:start position:0% +between failure this was also what we +were expecting because the local effect + + align:start position:0% +were expecting because the local effect + + + align:start position:0% +were expecting because the local effect +will not affect systems that are further + + align:start position:0% +will not affect systems that are further + + + align:start position:0% +will not affect systems that are further +apart uh we also saw that there's a + + align:start position:0% +apart uh we also saw that there's a + + + align:start position:0% +apart uh we also saw that there's a +quadratic relation between meantime + + align:start position:0% +quadratic relation between meantime + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic relation between meantime +between failure and number of systems uh + + align:start position:0% +between failure and number of systems uh + + + align:start position:0% +between failure and number of systems uh +number of systems increased meantime + + align:start position:0% +number of systems increased meantime + + + align:start position:0% +number of systems increased meantime +between failures also inre increase this + + align:start position:0% +between failures also inre increase this + + + align:start position:0% +between failures also inre increase this +was also um according to what we + + align:start position:0% +was also um according to what we + + + align:start position:0% +was also um according to what we +expected because uh we know that the the + + align:start position:0% +expected because uh we know that the the + + + align:start position:0% +expected because uh we know that the the +the percentage in the total output is + + align:start position:0% +the percentage in the total output is + + + align:start position:0% +the percentage in the total output is +going to be lower um uh we we also saw + + align:start position:0% +going to be lower um uh we we also saw + + + align:start position:0% +going to be lower um uh we we also saw +that uh the meantime between failure is + + align:start position:0% +that uh the meantime between failure is + + + align:start position:0% +that uh the meantime between failure is +very low even when we consider the 17 + + align:start position:0% +very low even when we consider the 17 + + + align:start position:0% +very low even when we consider the 17 +systems together we have about 900 + + align:start position:0% +systems together we have about 900 + + + align:start position:0% +systems together we have about 900 +seconds between failures uh this means + + align:start position:0% +seconds between failures uh this means + + + align:start position:0% +seconds between failures uh this means +that uh some backup system should be + + align:start position:0% +that uh some backup system should be + + + align:start position:0% +that uh some backup system should be +used uh in order to take over the load + + align:start position:0% +used uh in order to take over the load + + + align:start position:0% +used uh in order to take over the load +when we have a failure and so now we + + align:start position:0% +when we have a failure and so now we + + + align:start position:0% +when we have a failure and so now we +were in conditions to ask our first + + align:start position:0% +were in conditions to ask our first + + + align:start position:0% +were in conditions to ask our first +question and so we conclude that local + + align:start position:0% +question and so we conclude that local + + + align:start position:0% +question and so we conclude that local +as predictable in tercy do effects do + + align:start position:0% +as predictable in tercy do effects do + + + align:start position:0% +as predictable in tercy do effects do +average out and that this effect + + align:start position:0% +average out and that this effect + + + align:start position:0% +average out and that this effect +decreases as the number of systems and + + align:start position:0% +decreases as the number of systems and + + + align:start position:0% +decreases as the number of systems and +the GMG increase uh the data set that we + + align:start position:0% +the GMG increase uh the data set that we + + + align:start position:0% +the GMG increase uh the data set that we +use uh was for 17 systems and uh the + + align:start position:0% +use uh was for 17 systems and uh the + + + align:start position:0% +use uh was for 17 systems and uh the +biggest distance between them was 1 + + align:start position:0% +biggest distance between them was 1 + + + align:start position:0% +biggest distance between them was 1 +kilometer so we believe that it's + + align:start position:0% +kilometer so we believe that it's + + + align:start position:0% +kilometer so we believe that it's +important to run the our code um for a + + align:start position:0% +important to run the our code um for a + + + align:start position:0% +important to run the our code um for a +bigger set of data um because only um in + + align:start position:0% +bigger set of data um because only um in + + + align:start position:0% +bigger set of data um because only um in +this way we can uh confirm our + + align:start position:0% +this way we can uh confirm our + + + align:start position:0% +this way we can uh confirm our +conclusions and guidelines for the + + align:start position:0% +conclusions and guidelines for the + + + align:start position:0% +conclusions and guidelines for the +design of PVE systems can be defined + + align:start position:0% +design of PVE systems can be defined + + + align:start position:0% +design of PVE systems can be defined +thank you and we'll be happy to answer + + align:start position:0% +thank you and we'll be happy to answer + + + align:start position:0% +thank you and we'll be happy to answer +your + + align:start position:0% +your + + + align:start position:0% +your +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +questions so couple things first of all + + align:start position:0% +questions so couple things first of all + + + align:start position:0% +questions so couple things first of all +you ended exactly at 15 minutes I find + + align:start position:0% +you ended exactly at 15 minutes I find + + + align:start position:0% +you ended exactly at 15 minutes I find +that um uh additionally just sorry can + + align:start position:0% +that um uh additionally just sorry can + + + align:start position:0% +that um uh additionally just sorry can +you repeat what exactly a failure mode + + align:start position:0% +you repeat what exactly a failure mode + + + align:start position:0% +you repeat what exactly a failure mode +is defined as are you looking at 6% + + align:start position:0% +is defined as are you looking at 6% + + + align:start position:0% +is defined as are you looking at 6% +intermittency varying from second to + + align:start position:0% +intermittency varying from second to + + + align:start position:0% +intermittency varying from second to +second so if you look at the output from + + align:start position:0% +second so if you look at the output from + + + align:start position:0% +second so if you look at the output from +1 second to the next is that change by + + align:start position:0% +1 second to the next is that change by + + + align:start position:0% +1 second to the next is that change by +over 6% okay it wasn't average out over + + align:start position:0% +over 6% okay it wasn't average out over + + + align:start position:0% +over 6% okay it wasn't average out over +an hour no no you got second by second + + align:start position:0% +an hour no no you got second by second + + + align:start position:0% +an hour no no you got second by second +you got the 6% from Cal ISO yeah uh we + + align:start position:0% +you got the 6% from Cal ISO yeah uh we + + + align:start position:0% +you got the 6% from Cal ISO yeah uh we +we uh uh we said that uh if there if in + + align:start position:0% +we uh uh we said that uh if there if in + + + align:start position:0% +we uh uh we said that uh if there if in +a given hour uh we we + + align:start position:0% +a given hour uh we we + + + align:start position:0% +a given hour uh we we +measured they only had hourly dat yeah + + align:start position:0% +measured they only had hourly dat yeah + + + align:start position:0% +measured they only had hourly dat yeah +they only gave hourly data so uh the + + align:start position:0% +they only gave hourly data so uh the + + + align:start position:0% +they only gave hourly data so uh the +difference the difference between the + + align:start position:0% +difference the difference between the + + + align:start position:0% +difference the difference between the +actual demand and the hour Ahad demand + + align:start position:0% +actual demand and the hour Ahad demand + + + align:start position:0% +actual demand and the hour Ahad demand +forecast so this is what the they are + + align:start position:0% +forecast so this is what the they are + + + align:start position:0% +forecast so this is what the they are +expecting + + align:start position:0% +expecting + + + align:start position:0% +expecting +but the difference between what they are + + align:start position:0% +but the difference between what they are + + + align:start position:0% +but the difference between what they are +expecting and what the great is really + + align:start position:0% +expecting and what the great is really + + + align:start position:0% +expecting and what the great is really +asking them so if they can manage this + + align:start position:0% +asking them so if they can manage this + + + align:start position:0% +asking them so if they can manage this +difference on a a second base uh they + + align:start position:0% +difference on a a second base uh they + + + align:start position:0% +difference on a a second base uh they +can also manage this difference on the P + + align:start position:0% +can also manage this difference on the P + + + align:start position:0% +can also manage this difference on the P +grid okay so you took the worst case is + + align:start position:0% +grid okay so you took the worst case is + + + align:start position:0% +grid okay so you took the worst case is +that how you got 6% uh yeah we took the + + align:start position:0% +that how you got 6% uh yeah we took the + + + align:start position:0% +that how you got 6% uh yeah we took the +the average of the worst case that it's + + align:start position:0% +the average of the worst case that it's + + + align:start position:0% +the average of the worst case that it's +the 500 p.m. the 500 PM is always the + + align:start position:0% +the 500 p.m. the 500 PM is always the + + + align:start position:0% +the 500 p.m. the 500 PM is always the +their worst hour it's always when they + + align:start position:0% +their worst hour it's always when they + + + align:start position:0% +their worst hour it's always when they +have that Peak and in fact all of the + + align:start position:0% +have that Peak and in fact all of the + + + align:start position:0% +have that Peak and in fact all of the +days almost all of the days days were + + align:start position:0% +days almost all of the days days were + + + align:start position:0% +days almost all of the days days were +around 6% the our Peak was like 6.8 and + + align:start position:0% +around 6% the our Peak was like 6.8 and + + + align:start position:0% +around 6% the our Peak was like 6.8 and +we AAG and it was + + align:start position:0% +we AAG and it was + + + align:start position:0% +we AAG and it was +6% so that's essentially their peaking + + align:start position:0% +6% so that's essentially their peaking + + + align:start position:0% +6% so that's essentially their peaking +capacity guess yeah also um so I + + align:start position:0% +capacity guess yeah also um so I + + + align:start position:0% +capacity guess yeah also um so I +actually wrote down the numbers for um + + align:start position:0% +actually wrote down the numbers for um + + + align:start position:0% +actually wrote down the numbers for um +6% 12% 18% um like our meantime between + + align:start position:0% +6% 12% 18% um like our meantime between + + + align:start position:0% +6% 12% 18% um like our meantime between +failure for 6% um we had up to like 15 + + align:start position:0% +failure for 6% um we had up to like 15 + + + align:start position:0% +failure for 6% um we had up to like 15 +minutes between failure so a pretty um + + align:start position:0% +minutes between failure so a pretty um + + + align:start position:0% +minutes between failure so a pretty um +it's a pretty low amount of time between + + align:start position:0% +it's a pretty low amount of time between + + + align:start position:0% +it's a pretty low amount of time between +failures um and if you allow 12% uh as + + align:start position:0% +failures um and if you allow 12% uh as + + + align:start position:0% +failures um and if you allow 12% uh as +your inter emercy you can get up to + + align:start position:0% +your inter emercy you can get up to + + + align:start position:0% +your inter emercy you can get up to +about half a day and then for 18% as + + align:start position:0% +about half a day and then for 18% as + + + align:start position:0% +about half a day and then for 18% as +your cut off you get about 9 days so it + + align:start position:0% +your cut off you get about 9 days so it + + + align:start position:0% +your cut off you get about 9 days so it +is still like very intermittent um and + + align:start position:0% +is still like very intermittent um and + + + align:start position:0% +is still like very intermittent um and +you would pretty often have to have + + align:start position:0% +you would pretty often have to have + + + align:start position:0% +you would pretty often have to have +backup systems if you had this small a + + align:start position:0% +backup systems if you had this small a + + + align:start position:0% +backup systems if you had this small a +system um so if you had a much wider + + align:start position:0% +system um so if you had a much wider + + + align:start position:0% +system um so if you had a much wider +spread system um and a lot more uh + + align:start position:0% +spread system um and a lot more uh + + + align:start position:0% +spread system um and a lot more uh +systems in your grid then you could + + align:start position:0% +systems in your grid then you could + + + align:start position:0% +systems in your grid then you could +definitely significantly cut uh + + align:start position:0% +definitely significantly cut uh + + + align:start position:0% +definitely significantly cut uh +significantly increase the time between + + align:start position:0% +significantly increase the time between + + + align:start position:0% +significantly increase the time between +failure yeah um so you have this awesome + + align:start position:0% +failure yeah um so you have this awesome + + + align:start position:0% +failure yeah um so you have this awesome +graph so if you go back to like time + + align:start position:0% +graph so if you go back to like time + + + align:start position:0% +graph so if you go back to like time +between failure and number of systems + + align:start position:0% +between failure and number of systems + + + align:start position:0% +between failure and number of systems +yeah the I mean the interesting takeaway + + align:start position:0% +yeah the I mean the interesting takeaway + + + align:start position:0% +yeah the I mean the interesting takeaway +is how large of an area do you have to + + align:start position:0% +is how large of an area do you have to + + + align:start position:0% +is how large of an area do you have to +average over right um so 300 seconds for + + align:start position:0% +average over right um so 300 seconds for + + + align:start position:0% +average over right um so 300 seconds for +on a grid perspective is unacceptable + + align:start position:0% +on a grid perspective is unacceptable + + + align:start position:0% +on a grid perspective is unacceptable +for widespread PB develop poter right + + align:start position:0% +for widespread PB develop poter right + + + align:start position:0% +for widespread PB develop poter right +you we need to be on the order of years + + align:start position:0% +you we need to be on the order of years + + + align:start position:0% +you we need to be on the order of years +and so do you have an idea of what that + + align:start position:0% +and so do you have an idea of what that + + + align:start position:0% +and so do you have an idea of what that +distance is if we just extrapolate it + + align:start position:0% +distance is if we just extrapolate it + + + align:start position:0% +distance is if we just extrapolate it +out if you extrapolate I mean this is + + align:start position:0% +out if you extrapolate I mean this is + + + align:start position:0% +out if you extrapolate I mean this is +obviously like we're taking the very + + align:start position:0% +obviously like we're taking the very + + + align:start position:0% +obviously like we're taking the very +very like edge of that function and then + + align:start position:0% +very like edge of that function and then + + + align:start position:0% +very like edge of that function and then +extrapolating wild so looking at the + + align:start position:0% +extrapolating wild so looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +extrapolating wild so looking at the +numbers but it looks like it's going up + + align:start position:0% +numbers but it looks like it's going up + + + align:start position:0% +numbers but it looks like it's going up +exponentially or do you have kind of an + + align:start position:0% +exponentially or do you have kind of an + + + align:start position:0% +exponentially or do you have kind of an +idea of what that trend is the for 6% + + align:start position:0% +idea of what that trend is the for 6% + + + align:start position:0% +idea of what that trend is the for 6% +for the one year it was almost exactly X + + align:start position:0% +for the one year it was almost exactly X + + + align:start position:0% +for the one year it was almost exactly X +squ it's like X S Plus okay um 50 or 100 + + align:start position:0% +squ it's like X S Plus okay um 50 or 100 + + + align:start position:0% +squ it's like X S Plus okay um 50 or 100 +or whatever that would be so + + align:start position:0% +or whatever that would be so + + + align:start position:0% +or whatever that would be so +um uh so if you want it so you'd say + + align:start position:0% +um uh so if you want it so you'd say + + + align:start position:0% +um uh so if you want it so you'd say +like meantime would however however many + + align:start position:0% +like meantime would however however many + + + align:start position:0% +like meantime would however however many +seconds are in a year equals number + + align:start position:0% +seconds are in a year equals number + + + align:start position:0% +seconds are in a year equals number +squared so the square root of how many + + align:start position:0% +squared so the square root of how many + + + align:start position:0% +squared so the square root of how many +number of seconds there in a year would + + align:start position:0% +number of seconds there in a year would + + + align:start position:0% +number of seconds there in a year would +be like give you year number of systems + + align:start position:0% +be like give you year number of systems + + + align:start position:0% +be like give you year number of systems +required for a year between failures um + + align:start position:0% +required for a year between failures um + + + align:start position:0% +required for a year between failures um +this is for a given geometric mean so + + align:start position:0% +this is for a given geometric mean so + + + align:start position:0% +this is for a given geometric mean so +you have two factors if you sort of + + align:start position:0% +you have two factors if you sort of + + + align:start position:0% +you have two factors if you sort of +spread them out more probably uh going + + align:start position:0% +spread them out more probably uh going + + + align:start position:0% +spread them out more probably uh going +to require less systems okay and if you + + align:start position:0% +to require less systems okay and if you + + + align:start position:0% +to require less systems okay and if you +look at if you looked at that map that's + + align:start position:0% +look at if you looked at that map that's + + + align:start position:0% +look at if you looked at that map that's +all at the end of a Runway at the + + align:start position:0% +all at the end of a Runway at the + + + align:start position:0% +all at the end of a Runway at the +Honolulu airport so if you have a huge + + align:start position:0% +Honolulu airport so if you have a huge + + + align:start position:0% +Honolulu airport so if you have a huge +field in Arizona thousands of systems uh + + align:start position:0% +field in Arizona thousands of systems uh + + + align:start position:0% +field in Arizona thousands of systems uh +your meantime between failure is going + + align:start position:0% +your meantime between failure is going + + + align:start position:0% +your meantime between failure is going +to be a lot better so I'm actually + + align:start position:0% +to be a lot better so I'm actually + + + align:start position:0% +to be a lot better so I'm actually +really surprised that there's such a + + align:start position:0% +really surprised that there's such a + + + align:start position:0% +really surprised that there's such a +huge effect from adding systems just + + align:start position:0% +huge effect from adding systems just + + + align:start position:0% +huge effect from adding systems just +because it seems as though the relevant + + align:start position:0% +because it seems as though the relevant + + + align:start position:0% +because it seems as though the relevant +length scales for weather should be very + + align:start position:0% +length scales for weather should be very + + + align:start position:0% +length scales for weather should be very +large but I don't know do you guys say + + align:start position:0% +large but I don't know do you guys say + + + align:start position:0% +large but I don't know do you guys say +anything about that well the I think the + + align:start position:0% +anything about that well the I think the + + + align:start position:0% +anything about that well the I think the +idea was that for long-term weather You + + align:start position:0% +idea was that for long-term weather You + + + align:start position:0% +idea was that for long-term weather You +can predict that so if you know there's + + align:start position:0% +can predict that so if you know there's + + + align:start position:0% +can predict that so if you know there's +going to be a storm front coming through + + align:start position:0% +going to be a storm front coming through + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a storm front coming through +you can add uh natural gas you can add + + align:start position:0% +you can add uh natural gas you can add + + + align:start position:0% +you can add uh natural gas you can add +coal to the system back up the entire + + align:start position:0% +coal to the system back up the entire + + + align:start position:0% +coal to the system back up the entire +system this our kind of uh variability + + align:start position:0% +system this our kind of uh variability + + + align:start position:0% +system this our kind of uh variability +we're talking about is say if one Cloud + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about is say if one Cloud + + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about is say if one Cloud +goes over uh or a flock of birds or + + align:start position:0% +goes over uh or a flock of birds or + + + align:start position:0% +goes over uh or a flock of birds or +something so so uh we're thinking that + + align:start position:0% +something so so uh we're thinking that + + + align:start position:0% +something so so uh we're thinking that +would be on a few seconds for a single + + align:start position:0% +would be on a few seconds for a single + + + align:start position:0% +would be on a few seconds for a single +module for a cloud to kind of diso and + + align:start position:0% +module for a cloud to kind of diso and + + + align:start position:0% +module for a cloud to kind of diso and +shade it for a short distance so you add + + align:start position:0% +shade it for a short distance so you add + + + align:start position:0% +shade it for a short distance so you add +thousands of modules the other modules + + align:start position:0% +thousands of modules the other modules + + + align:start position:0% +thousands of modules the other modules +wouldn't be shaded while that one is but + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be shaded while that one is but + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be shaded while that one is but +these fields uh I mean 100 meters on the + + align:start position:0% +these fields uh I mean 100 meters on the + + + align:start position:0% +these fields uh I mean 100 meters on the +on the scale of like a cloud of cloud + + align:start position:0% +on the scale of like a cloud of cloud + + + align:start position:0% +on the scale of like a cloud of cloud +cover I mean this still seems like a + + align:start position:0% +cover I mean this still seems like a + + + align:start position:0% +cover I mean this still seems like a +somewhat small length scale do you let + + align:start position:0% +somewhat small length scale do you let + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat small length scale do you let +me let me rephrase the question do you + + align:start position:0% +me let me rephrase the question do you + + + align:start position:0% +me let me rephrase the question do you +think that uh the graph on the right + + align:start position:0% +think that uh the graph on the right + + + align:start position:0% +think that uh the graph on the right +would be sort of a smooth function of + + align:start position:0% +would be sort of a smooth function of + + + align:start position:0% +would be sort of a smooth function of +distance or do you think there is some + + align:start position:0% +distance or do you think there is some + + + align:start position:0% +distance or do you think there is some +length scale + + align:start position:0% +length scale + + + align:start position:0% +length scale +at which the behavior on that plot + + align:start position:0% +at which the behavior on that plot + + + align:start position:0% +at which the behavior on that plot +changes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +significantly that would be interesting + + align:start position:0% +significantly that would be interesting + + + align:start position:0% +significantly that would be interesting +is definitely like it's definitely like + + align:start position:0% +is definitely like it's definitely like + + + align:start position:0% +is definitely like it's definitely like +evenly + + align:start position:0% +evenly + + + align:start position:0% +evenly +dispersed in an + + align:start position:0% +dispersed in an + + + align:start position:0% +dispersed in an +area um that would be something that if + + align:start position:0% +area um that would be something that if + + + align:start position:0% +area um that would be something that if +we had another data set that had wider + + align:start position:0% +we had another data set that had wider + + + align:start position:0% +we had another data set that had wider +distances it would be very easy to plug + + align:start position:0% +distances it would be very easy to plug + + + align:start position:0% +distances it would be very easy to plug +it in um I think our code's really + + align:start position:0% +it in um I think our code's really + + + align:start position:0% +it in um I think our code's really +flexible would be it show us that + + align:start position:0% +flexible would be it show us that + + + align:start position:0% +flexible would be it show us that +relationship what do you guys think + + align:start position:0% +relationship what do you guys think + + + align:start position:0% +relationship what do you guys think +though uh it's a good question I + + align:start position:0% +though uh it's a good question I + + + align:start position:0% +though uh it's a good question I +wouldn't be surprised if it was + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be surprised if it was + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be surprised if it was +linear still I don't know I mean I guess + + align:start position:0% +linear still I don't know I mean I guess + + + align:start position:0% +linear still I don't know I mean I guess +like another complexity we could do + + align:start position:0% +like another complexity we could do + + + align:start position:0% +like another complexity we could do +would be like You' have um like right + + align:start position:0% +would be like You' have um like right + + + align:start position:0% +would be like You' have um like right +now we just have one you know sort of + + align:start position:0% +now we just have one you know sort of + + + align:start position:0% +now we just have one you know sort of +Big Field of systems but if you had like + + align:start position:0% +Big Field of systems but if you had like + + + align:start position:0% +Big Field of systems but if you had like +one set of systems that was you know + + align:start position:0% +one set of systems that was you know + + + align:start position:0% +one set of systems that was you know +Space X distes apart and then you had + + align:start position:0% +Space X distes apart and then you had + + + align:start position:0% +Space X distes apart and then you had +that like you know some number of + + align:start position:0% +that like you know some number of + + + align:start position:0% +that like you know some number of +kilometers away from another one space + + align:start position:0% +kilometers away from another one space + + + align:start position:0% +kilometers away from another one space +like I don't I'm not sure how exactly we + + align:start position:0% +like I don't I'm not sure how exactly we + + + align:start position:0% +like I don't I'm not sure how exactly we +would model that but I think that at + + align:start position:0% +would model that but I think that at + + + align:start position:0% +would model that but I think that at +that point I'm not sure what the curve + + align:start position:0% +that point I'm not sure what the curve + + + align:start position:0% +that point I'm not sure what the curve +would look like but you know a linear + + align:start position:0% +would look like but you know a linear + + + align:start position:0% +would look like but you know a linear +A continuing linear Trend seems + + align:start position:0% +A continuing linear Trend seems + + + align:start position:0% +A continuing linear Trend seems +reasonable to me so I guess another + + align:start position:0% +reasonable to me so I guess another + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable to me so I guess another +thing to keep in mind is we did not take + + align:start position:0% +thing to keep in mind is we did not take + + + align:start position:0% +thing to keep in mind is we did not take +into account sort of transmission cost + + align:start position:0% +into account sort of transmission cost + + + align:start position:0% +into account sort of transmission cost +so I guess you'd have to weigh sort of + + align:start position:0% +so I guess you'd have to weigh sort of + + + align:start position:0% +so I guess you'd have to weigh sort of +uh the cost of failure versus I guess + + align:start position:0% +uh the cost of failure versus I guess + + + align:start position:0% +uh the cost of failure versus I guess +you know the added incurred cost for + + align:start position:0% +you know the added incurred cost for + + + align:start position:0% +you know the added incurred cost for +transmission lines and so on so there's + + align:start position:0% +transmission lines and so on so there's + + + align:start position:0% +transmission lines and so on so there's +sort of an optimal like point where you + + align:start position:0% +sort of an optimal like point where you + + + align:start position:0% +sort of an optimal like point where you +you want to space them and have sort of + + align:start position:0% +you want to space them and have sort of + + + align:start position:0% +you want to space them and have sort of +a uh certain number of systems where I + + align:start position:0% +a uh certain number of systems where I + + + align:start position:0% +a uh certain number of systems where I +guess after a certain point your returns + + align:start position:0% +guess after a certain point your returns + + + align:start position:0% +guess after a certain point your returns +uh you know diminish and are not equal + + align:start position:0% +uh you know diminish and are not equal + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know diminish and are not equal +to I guess the the the cost of failure + + align:start position:0% +to I guess the the the cost of failure + + + align:start position:0% +to I guess the the the cost of failure +so that's something where I guess future + + align:start position:0% +so that's something where I guess future + + + align:start position:0% +so that's something where I guess future +people can come in and sort of expand + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +on uh so all this data is from Hawaii + + align:start position:0% +on uh so all this data is from Hawaii + + + align:start position:0% +on uh so all this data is from Hawaii +which has uh a very notable sort of + + align:start position:0% +which has uh a very notable sort of + + + align:start position:0% +which has uh a very notable sort of +climate and weather um I've I've never + + align:start position:0% +climate and weather um I've I've never + + + align:start position:0% +climate and weather um I've I've never +been there + + align:start position:0% +been there + + + align:start position:0% +been there +but uh do do you think that this is is + + align:start position:0% +but uh do do you think that this is is + + + align:start position:0% +but uh do do you think that this is is +really I mean your code is is flexible + + align:start position:0% +really I mean your code is is flexible + + + align:start position:0% +really I mean your code is is flexible +so I understand that but do you think + + align:start position:0% +so I understand that but do you think + + + align:start position:0% +so I understand that but do you think +that the conclusions are really + + align:start position:0% +that the conclusions are really + + + align:start position:0% +that the conclusions are really +extensible to other parts of the world + + align:start position:0% +extensible to other parts of the world + + + align:start position:0% +extensible to other parts of the world +with with different weather patterns or + + align:start position:0% +with with different weather patterns or + + + align:start position:0% +with with different weather patterns or +um climate that's how we that's why we + + align:start position:0% +um climate that's how we that's why we + + + align:start position:0% +um climate that's how we that's why we +think that the future work is really to + + align:start position:0% +think that the future work is really to + + + align:start position:0% +think that the future work is really to +to do it for a different place and for a + + align:start position:0% +to do it for a different place and for a + + + align:start position:0% +to do it for a different place and for a +bigger set of data because we really + + align:start position:0% +bigger set of data because we really + + + align:start position:0% +bigger set of data because we really +want to be to to to be sure that the + + align:start position:0% +want to be to to to be sure that the + + + align:start position:0% +want to be to to to be sure that the +conclusions are going to be app + + align:start position:0% +conclusions are going to be app + + + align:start position:0% +conclusions are going to be app +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +uh because we had that same question um + + align:start position:0% +uh because we had that same question um + + + align:start position:0% +uh because we had that same question um +we were talking just about a small place + + align:start position:0% +we were talking just about a small place + + + align:start position:0% +we were talking just about a small place +we said that it's 1 kilm apart the F + + align:start position:0% +we said that it's 1 kilm apart the F + + + align:start position:0% +we said that it's 1 kilm apart the F +distance that we that we have so we also + + align:start position:0% +distance that we that we have so we also + + + align:start position:0% +distance that we that we have so we also +wanted to run for a bigger set of data + + align:start position:0% +wanted to run for a bigger set of data + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to run for a bigger set of data +and for another place just to be to to + + align:start position:0% +and for another place just to be to to + + + align:start position:0% +and for another place just to be to to +be sure that our conclusions are + + align:start position:0% +be sure that our conclusions are + + + align:start position:0% +be sure that our conclusions are +appliable + + align:start position:0% +appliable + + + align:start position:0% +appliable +everywhere and I I would say the + + align:start position:0% +everywhere and I I would say the + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere and I I would say the +relationship would probably hold because + + align:start position:0% +relationship would probably hold because + + + align:start position:0% +relationship would probably hold because +if you have say if your Regional weather + + align:start position:0% +if you have say if your Regional weather + + + align:start position:0% +if you have say if your Regional weather +is very different um that wouldn't show + + align:start position:0% +is very different um that wouldn't show + + + align:start position:0% +is very different um that wouldn't show +up in the kind of fractional second to + + align:start position:0% +up in the kind of fractional second to + + + align:start position:0% +up in the kind of fractional second to +Second difference that we had um and so + + align:start position:0% +Second difference that we had um and so + + + align:start position:0% +Second difference that we had um and so +the time scale that we measured it on uh + + align:start position:0% +the time scale that we measured it on uh + + + align:start position:0% +the time scale that we measured it on uh +I think would be um say small clouds or + + align:start position:0% +I think would be um say small clouds or + + + align:start position:0% +I think would be um say small clouds or +or intermittent events that would occur + + align:start position:0% +or intermittent events that would occur + + + align:start position:0% +or intermittent events that would occur +over a wide range of different climates + + align:start position:0% +over a wide range of different climates + + + align:start position:0% +over a wide range of different climates +um the general Regional weather uh is + + align:start position:0% +um the general Regional weather uh is + + + align:start position:0% +um the general Regional weather uh is +predictable and it isn't um investigated + + align:start position:0% +predictable and it isn't um investigated + + + align:start position:0% +predictable and it isn't um investigated +in our uh study at all so I would say I + + align:start position:0% +in our uh study at all so I would say I + + + align:start position:0% +in our uh study at all so I would say I +think the relation would hold yeah I + + align:start position:0% +think the relation would hold yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +think the relation would hold yeah I +think that the the big change between + + align:start position:0% +think that the the big change between + + + align:start position:0% +think that the the big change between +different regions would just be the + + align:start position:0% +different regions would just be the + + + align:start position:0% +different regions would just be the +total output power that you can get but + + align:start position:0% +total output power that you can get but + + + align:start position:0% +total output power that you can get but +I think I wouldn't be surprised if the + + align:start position:0% +I think I wouldn't be surprised if the + + + align:start position:0% +I think I wouldn't be surprised if the +fluctuation is still is still the same + + align:start position:0% +fluctuation is still is still the same + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuation is still is still the same +or or similar um and I I think certainly + + align:start position:0% +or or similar um and I I think certainly + + + align:start position:0% +or or similar um and I I think certainly +that as you increase the number of + + align:start position:0% +that as you increase the number of + + + align:start position:0% +that as you increase the number of +systems and as you decrease the density + + align:start position:0% +systems and as you decrease the density + + + align:start position:0% +systems and as you decrease the density +with which they're packed you should be + + align:start position:0% +with which they're packed you should be + + + align:start position:0% +with which they're packed you should be +able to have a more robust grid I would + + align:start position:0% +able to have a more robust grid I would + + + align:start position:0% +able to have a more robust grid I would +be very surprised if that weren't the + + align:start position:0% +be very surprised if that weren't the + + + align:start position:0% +be very surprised if that weren't the +case do you um shading planes the + + align:start position:0% +case do you um shading planes the + + + align:start position:0% +case do you um shading planes the +airport + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I me there's no way for us to DET like + + align:start position:0% +I me there's no way for us to DET like + + + align:start position:0% +I me there's no way for us to DET like +determine what caused the shading the + + align:start position:0% +determine what caused the shading the + + + align:start position:0% +determine what caused the shading the +data that the raw data we have is just + + align:start position:0% +data that the raw data we have is just + + + align:start position:0% +data that the raw data we have is just +output um can you see how they + + align:start position:0% +output um can you see how they + + + align:start position:0% +output um can you see how they +move like there's like this line and you + + align:start position:0% +move like there's like this line and you + + + align:start position:0% +move like there's like this line and you +could see the cloud moving have the plot + + align:start position:0% +could see the cloud moving have the plot + + + align:start position:0% +could see the cloud moving have the plot +you could see sort of the power output + + align:start position:0% +you could see sort of the power output + + + align:start position:0% +you could see sort of the power output +yeah it's was on the order yeah we had + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's was on the order yeah we had + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's was on the order yeah we had +like two billion data points I think + + align:start position:0% +like two billion data points I think + + + align:start position:0% +like two billion data points I think +which was overwhelming um so but yeah + + align:start position:0% +which was overwhelming um so but yeah + + + align:start position:0% +which was overwhelming um so but yeah +it's really + + align:start position:0% +it's really + + + align:start position:0% +it's really +cool more questions yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um can you describe a little more what + + align:start position:0% +um can you describe a little more what + + + align:start position:0% +um can you describe a little more what +these PV system failures entail and what + + align:start position:0% +these PV system failures entail and what + + + align:start position:0% +these PV system failures entail and what +happens and how long take back up + + align:start position:0% +happens and how long take back up + + + align:start position:0% +happens and how long take back up +running what has to be done to do that + + align:start position:0% +running what has to be done to do that + + + align:start position:0% +running what has to be done to do that +uh so basically there's um a certain + + align:start position:0% +uh so basically there's um a certain + + + align:start position:0% +uh so basically there's um a certain +capacity that the grid would have uh say + + align:start position:0% +capacity that the grid would have uh say + + + align:start position:0% +capacity that the grid would have uh say +you can compensate for a 6% drop in this + + align:start position:0% +you can compensate for a 6% drop in this + + + align:start position:0% +you can compensate for a 6% drop in this +case or or a 20% drop or something like + + align:start position:0% +case or or a 20% drop or something like + + + align:start position:0% +case or or a 20% drop or something like +that so if your system is completely + + align:start position:0% +that so if your system is completely + + + align:start position:0% +that so if your system is completely +powered by PV which is not realistic and + + align:start position:0% +powered by PV which is not realistic and + + + align:start position:0% +powered by PV which is not realistic and +you have have say a 20% drop and nothing + + align:start position:0% +you have have say a 20% drop and nothing + + + align:start position:0% +you have have say a 20% drop and nothing +to compensate that you have a Blackout + + align:start position:0% +to compensate that you have a Blackout + + + align:start position:0% +to compensate that you have a Blackout +um and so we investigated 18% for + + align:start position:0% +um and so we investigated 18% for + + + align:start position:0% +um and so we investigated 18% for +instance so that would be say if your + + align:start position:0% +instance so that would be say if your + + + align:start position:0% +instance so that would be say if your +your grid is a certain percentage of PV + + align:start position:0% +your grid is a certain percentage of PV + + + align:start position:0% +your grid is a certain percentage of PV +and then has natural gas or coal or + + align:start position:0% +and then has natural gas or coal or + + + align:start position:0% +and then has natural gas or coal or +something that you can bring online uh + + align:start position:0% +something that you can bring online uh + + + align:start position:0% +something that you can bring online uh +quickly to compensate a drop in PV um + + align:start position:0% +quickly to compensate a drop in PV um + + + align:start position:0% +quickly to compensate a drop in PV um +that would be uh kind of an an idea of + + align:start position:0% +that would be uh kind of an an idea of + + + align:start position:0% +that would be uh kind of an an idea of +what a failure is um if you aren't able + + align:start position:0% +what a failure is um if you aren't able + + + align:start position:0% +what a failure is um if you aren't able +to compensate that that + + align:start position:0% +to compensate that that + + + align:start position:0% +to compensate that that +fluctuation and how long + + align:start position:0% +fluctuation and how long + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuation and how long +I guess um I mean how long would a + + align:start position:0% +I guess um I mean how long would a + + + align:start position:0% +I guess um I mean how long would a +failure + + align:start position:0% +failure + + + align:start position:0% +failure +last uh it depends um if you have if you + + align:start position:0% +last uh it depends um if you have if you + + + align:start position:0% +last uh it depends um if you have if you +can't meet the demand you probably have + + align:start position:0% +can't meet the demand you probably have + + + align:start position:0% +can't meet the demand you probably have +I for a PV system the I think the + + align:start position:0% +I for a PV system the I think the + + + align:start position:0% +I for a PV system the I think the +problem is the PV system would come back + + align:start position:0% +problem is the PV system would come back + + + align:start position:0% +problem is the PV system would come back +up right after the cloud was over but if + + align:start position:0% +up right after the cloud was over but if + + + align:start position:0% +up right after the cloud was over but if +you have if you can't meet power demand + + align:start position:0% +you have if you can't meet power demand + + + align:start position:0% +you have if you can't meet power demand +you've got all kind of protection + + align:start position:0% +you've got all kind of protection + + + align:start position:0% +you've got all kind of protection +systems that would trip off and it' be a + + align:start position:0% +systems that would trip off and it' be a + + + align:start position:0% +systems that would trip off and it' be a +mess so uh I don't think it would come + + align:start position:0% +mess so uh I don't think it would come + + + align:start position:0% +mess so uh I don't think it would come +back very quickly + + align:start position:0% +back very quickly + + + align:start position:0% +back very quickly +um a good question though that's a good + + align:start position:0% +um a good question though that's a good + + + align:start position:0% +um a good question though that's a good +question well it's it's relevant because + + align:start position:0% +question well it's it's relevant because + + + align:start position:0% +question well it's it's relevant because +you can Envision backup power that could + + align:start position:0% +you can Envision backup power that could + + + align:start position:0% +you can Envision backup power that could +kick in really quick but exhaust itself + + align:start position:0% +kick in really quick but exhaust itself + + + align:start position:0% +kick in really quick but exhaust itself +within the period of the delta T + + align:start position:0% +within the period of the delta T + + + align:start position:0% +within the period of the delta T +necessary right for your definition of + + align:start position:0% +necessary right for your definition of + + + align:start position:0% +necessary right for your definition of +intermittency did you look at the + + align:start position:0% +intermittency did you look at the + + + align:start position:0% +intermittency did you look at the +absolute value or just it draw because + + align:start position:0% +absolute value or just it draw because + + + align:start position:0% +absolute value or just it draw because +the grid can't handle Excess power as + + align:start position:0% +the grid can't handle Excess power as + + + align:start position:0% +the grid can't handle Excess power as +well so I was just wondering if you had + + align:start position:0% +well so I was just wondering if you had + + + align:start position:0% +well so I was just wondering if you had +inside on if you dump 6% more power than + + align:start position:0% +inside on if you dump 6% more power than + + + align:start position:0% +inside on if you dump 6% more power than +the Demand right there's no way for you + + align:start position:0% +the Demand right there's no way for you + + + align:start position:0% +the Demand right there's no way for you +to we did we did the absolute value okay + + align:start position:0% +to we did we did the absolute value okay + + + align:start position:0% +to we did we did the absolute value okay +so 6% 6% more 6% less + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah um so I again asking for real data + + align:start position:0% +yeah um so I again asking for real data + + + align:start position:0% +yeah um so I again asking for real data +so do you do you know where more or less + + align:start position:0% +so do you do you know where more or less + + + align:start position:0% +so do you do you know where more or less +data points would lie for let's say uh + + align:start position:0% +data points would lie for let's say uh + + + align:start position:0% +data points would lie for let's say uh +PV systems on houses that are + + align:start position:0% +PV systems on houses that are + + + align:start position:0% +PV systems on houses that are +like with a typical distance in a some + + align:start position:0% +like with a typical distance in a some + + + align:start position:0% +like with a typical distance in a some +kind of neighborhood like yeah I think + + align:start position:0% +kind of neighborhood like yeah I think + + + align:start position:0% +kind of neighborhood like yeah I think +so um I mean I think that would just be + + align:start position:0% +so um I mean I think that would just be + + + align:start position:0% +so um I mean I think that would just be +you would adjust your geometric distance + + align:start position:0% +you would adjust your geometric distance + + + align:start position:0% +you would adjust your geometric distance +whatever the between the houses are um + + align:start position:0% +whatever the between the houses are um + + + align:start position:0% +whatever the between the houses are um +this I don't think our data has to be + + align:start position:0% +this I don't think our data has to be + + + align:start position:0% +this I don't think our data has to be +solar f for instance I think it could be + + align:start position:0% +solar f for instance I think it could be + + + align:start position:0% +solar f for instance I think it could be +houses in a neighborhood for instance if + + align:start position:0% +houses in a neighborhood for instance if + + + align:start position:0% +houses in a neighborhood for instance if +they're perfectly connected um to the + + align:start position:0% +they're perfectly connected um to the + + + align:start position:0% +they're perfectly connected um to the +grid uh I think that our our code would + + align:start position:0% +grid uh I think that our our code would + + + align:start position:0% +grid uh I think that our our code would +account for that for this was for eight + + align:start position:0% +account for that for this was for eight + + + align:start position:0% +account for that for this was for eight +right the um the right hand graph uh + + align:start position:0% +right the um the right hand graph uh + + + align:start position:0% +right the um the right hand graph uh +held the number of systems at eight and + + align:start position:0% +held the number of systems at eight and + + + align:start position:0% +held the number of systems at eight and +so if you had eight houses spread apart + + align:start position:0% +so if you had eight houses spread apart + + + align:start position:0% +so if you had eight houses spread apart +by 150 or an average of 150 meters then + + align:start position:0% +by 150 or an average of 150 meters then + + + align:start position:0% +by 150 or an average of 150 meters then +you would and if you consider a Year's + + align:start position:0% +you would and if you consider a Year's + + + align:start position:0% +you would and if you consider a Year's +worth of data uh says is it like 250 I + + align:start position:0% +worth of data uh says is it like 250 I + + + align:start position:0% +worth of data uh says is it like 250 I +just can't see it so like you'd have + + align:start position:0% +just can't see it so like you'd have + + + align:start position:0% +just can't see it so like you'd have +meantime failure of 250 seconds which is + + align:start position:0% +meantime failure of 250 seconds which is + + + align:start position:0% +meantime failure of 250 seconds which is +like 4 minutes doing math Under Pressure + + align:start position:0% +like 4 minutes doing math Under Pressure + + + align:start position:0% +like 4 minutes doing math Under Pressure +right but if you have a grid to back + + align:start position:0% +right but if you have a grid to back + + + align:start position:0% +right but if you have a grid to back +that up it's not that big of a deal I + + align:start position:0% +that up it's not that big of a deal I + + + align:start position:0% +that up it's not that big of a deal I +think confused about the plot on the + + align:start position:0% +think confused about the plot on the + + + align:start position:0% +think confused about the plot on the +right here um what it's suggesting is + + align:start position:0% +right here um what it's suggesting is + + + align:start position:0% +right here um what it's suggesting is +that the one week you picked was + + align:start position:0% +that the one week you picked was + + + align:start position:0% +that the one week you picked was +significantly below the year average + + align:start position:0% +significantly below the year average + + + align:start position:0% +significantly below the year average +right so you could have equally picked + + align:start position:0% +right so you could have equally picked + + + align:start position:0% +right so you could have equally picked +another week that signicantly above + + align:start position:0% +another week that signicantly above + + + align:start position:0% +another week that signicantly above +right this is I think just to give the + + align:start position:0% +right this is I think just to give the + + + align:start position:0% +right this is I think just to give the +trend um the relationship between a day + + align:start position:0% +trend um the relationship between a day + + + align:start position:0% +trend um the relationship between a day +and a week and a year is just the day + + align:start position:0% +and a week and a year is just the day + + + align:start position:0% +and a week and a year is just the day +that we P or sorry a week and a month + + align:start position:0% +that we P or sorry a week and a month + + + align:start position:0% +that we P or sorry a week and a month +and a year is just the week we picked + + align:start position:0% +and a year is just the week we picked + + + align:start position:0% +and a year is just the week we picked +the month we picked yeah I think you see + + align:start position:0% +the month we picked yeah I think you see + + + align:start position:0% +the month we picked yeah I think you see +on some of the other plots that the week + + align:start position:0% +on some of the other plots that the week + + + align:start position:0% +on some of the other plots that the week +and the month actually shift it's just + + align:start position:0% +and the month actually shift it's just + + + align:start position:0% +and the month actually shift it's just +um the year was kind of the average of + + align:start position:0% +um the year was kind of the average of + + + align:start position:0% +um the year was kind of the average of +those yeah I would assume that + + align:start position:0% +those yeah I would assume that + + + align:start position:0% +those yeah I would assume that +uh areas or specifically countries that + + align:start position:0% +uh areas or specifically countries that + + + align:start position:0% +uh areas or specifically countries that +made large Investments in solar uh would + + align:start position:0% +made large Investments in solar uh would + + + align:start position:0% +made large Investments in solar uh would +have studied this question pretty in a + + align:start position:0% +have studied this question pretty in a + + + align:start position:0% +have studied this question pretty in a +detailed fashion do you know if for + + align:start position:0% +detailed fashion do you know if for + + + align:start position:0% +detailed fashion do you know if for +example Germany or Spain have looked at + + align:start position:0% +example Germany or Spain have looked at + + + align:start position:0% +example Germany or Spain have looked at +this problem when it spread across + + align:start position:0% +this problem when it spread across + + + align:start position:0% +this problem when it spread across +hundreds of + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of +kilometers do you know that one so that + + align:start position:0% +kilometers do you know that one so that + + + align:start position:0% +kilometers do you know that one so that +was actually very like we didn't find + + align:start position:0% +was actually very like we didn't find + + + align:start position:0% +was actually very like we didn't find +like a lot of literature actually like + + align:start position:0% +like a lot of literature actually like + + + align:start position:0% +like a lot of literature actually like +for wind you know there was a lot of + + align:start position:0% +for wind you know there was a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +for wind you know there was a lot of +data out there I guess because the high + + align:start position:0% +data out there I guess because the high + + + align:start position:0% +data out there I guess because the high +penetration levels with PV there were a + + align:start position:0% +penetration levels with PV there were a + + + align:start position:0% +penetration levels with PV there were a +very few studies I I I like some like + + align:start position:0% +very few studies I I I like some like + + + align:start position:0% +very few studies I I I like some like +most of them actually were addressing + + align:start position:0% +most of them actually were addressing + + + align:start position:0% +most of them actually were addressing +the US I didn't find any actually on + + align:start position:0% +the US I didn't find any actually on + + + align:start position:0% +the US I didn't find any actually on +Germany or or Spain probably maybe + + align:start position:0% +Germany or or Spain probably maybe + + + align:start position:0% +Germany or or Spain probably maybe +they're in Spanish or German so I don't + + align:start position:0% +they're in Spanish or German so I don't + + + align:start position:0% +they're in Spanish or German so I don't +know do you have an idea so what I find + + align:start position:0% +know do you have an idea so what I find + + + align:start position:0% +know do you have an idea so what I find +really startling is that for a given + + align:start position:0% +really startling is that for a given + + + align:start position:0% +really startling is that for a given +system the time between failure of the + + align:start position:0% +system the time between failure of the + + + align:start position:0% +system the time between failure of the +6% intermittency is on the order of a + + align:start position:0% +6% intermittency is on the order of a + + + align:start position:0% +6% intermittency is on the order of a +minute right do you have any idea is + + align:start position:0% +minute right do you have any idea is + + + align:start position:0% +minute right do you have any idea is +that vastly different for wind and what + + align:start position:0% +that vastly different for wind and what + + + align:start position:0% +that vastly different for wind and what +that number is I and this is outside of + + align:start position:0% +that number is I and this is outside of + + + align:start position:0% +that number is I and this is outside of +your I'm just wondering if in your + + align:start position:0% +your I'm just wondering if in your + + + align:start position:0% +your I'm just wondering if in your +searching I mean it seems like you have + + align:start position:0% +searching I mean it seems like you have + + + align:start position:0% +searching I mean it seems like you have +this big rotor there's some momentum in + + align:start position:0% +this big rotor there's some momentum in + + + align:start position:0% +this big rotor there's some momentum in +it and that that + + align:start position:0% +it and that that + + + align:start position:0% +it and that that +Rees time but don't yeah say it's wind + + align:start position:0% +Rees time but don't yeah say it's wind + + + align:start position:0% +Rees time but don't yeah say it's wind +would would definitely have a much + + align:start position:0% +would would definitely have a much + + + align:start position:0% +would would definitely have a much +longer time scale than solar I think + + align:start position:0% +longer time scale than solar I think + + + align:start position:0% +longer time scale than solar I think +there's a lot of momentum there um but + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of momentum there um but + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of momentum there um but +when wind stops yeah your the time that + + align:start position:0% +when wind stops yeah your the time that + + + align:start position:0% +when wind stops yeah your the time that +you had into vency is going to be much + + align:start position:0% +you had into vency is going to be much + + + align:start position:0% +you had into vency is going to be much +Bigg yeah backup system is going to have + + align:start position:0% +Bigg yeah backup system is going to have + + + align:start position:0% +Bigg yeah backup system is going to have +to take over the load from long period + + align:start position:0% +to take over the load from long period + + + align:start position:0% +to take over the load from long period +of time and um maybe in high winds you + + align:start position:0% +of time and um maybe in high winds you + + + align:start position:0% +of time and um maybe in high winds you +would have more of an issue is if the + + align:start position:0% +would have more of an issue is if the + + + align:start position:0% +would have more of an issue is if the +turbine spinning too fast you actually + + align:start position:0% +turbine spinning too fast you actually + + + align:start position:0% +turbine spinning too fast you actually +have to stop it so uh maybe there You' + + align:start position:0% +have to stop it so uh maybe there You' + + + align:start position:0% +have to stop it so uh maybe there You' +run into issues of variability on the + + align:start position:0% +run into issues of variability on the + + + align:start position:0% +run into issues of variability on the +order of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +minutes so I think this is kind of go + + align:start position:0% +minutes so I think this is kind of go + + + align:start position:0% +minutes so I think this is kind of go +back to location the data set comes from + + align:start position:0% +back to location the data set comes from + + + align:start position:0% +back to location the data set comes from +Hawaii which I would imagine has mostly + + align:start position:0% +Hawaii which I would imagine has mostly + + + align:start position:0% +Hawaii which I would imagine has mostly +direct sunlight would it for for a + + align:start position:0% +direct sunlight would it for for a + + + align:start position:0% +direct sunlight would it for for a +location such as Boston would the data + + align:start position:0% +location such as Boston would the data + + + align:start position:0% +location such as Boston would the data +set change for say the fuse light and + + align:start position:0% +set change for say the fuse light and + + + align:start position:0% +set change for say the fuse light and +would that generally bring in houses + + align:start position:0% +would that generally bring in houses + + + align:start position:0% +would that generally bring in houses +closer together sorry closer together or + + align:start position:0% +closer together sorry closer together or + + + align:start position:0% +closer together sorry closer together or +require more panels for the at the same + + align:start position:0% +require more panels for the at the same + + + align:start position:0% +require more panels for the at the same +geometric distance to get the same + + align:start position:0% +geometric distance to get the same + + + align:start position:0% +geometric distance to get the same +results well the the raw data that we + + align:start position:0% +results well the the raw data that we + + + align:start position:0% +results well the the raw data that we +have is um is doesn't separate direct + + align:start position:0% +have is um is doesn't separate direct + + + align:start position:0% +have is um is doesn't separate direct +and diffuse so I think that the first + + align:start position:0% +and diffuse so I think that the first + + + align:start position:0% +and diffuse so I think that the first +thing would be we'd want to look at um a + + align:start position:0% +thing would be we'd want to look at um a + + + align:start position:0% +thing would be we'd want to look at um a +data set from Hawaii and from what other + + align:start position:0% +data set from Hawaii and from what other + + + align:start position:0% +data set from Hawaii and from what other +other whatever other location you wanted + + align:start position:0% +other whatever other location you wanted + + + align:start position:0% +other whatever other location you wanted +to know about um and look at how diffus + + align:start position:0% +to know about um and look at how diffus + + + align:start position:0% +to know about um and look at how diffus +and direct differs I don't think we have + + align:start position:0% +and direct differs I don't think we have + + + align:start position:0% +and direct differs I don't think we have +a sense here of of that effect so I + + align:start position:0% +a sense here of of that effect so I + + + align:start position:0% +a sense here of of that effect so I +don't know if that does that answer your + + align:start position:0% +don't know if that does that answer your + + + align:start position:0% +don't know if that does that answer your +question to some degree okay I don't + + align:start position:0% +question to some degree okay I don't + + + align:start position:0% +question to some degree okay I don't +know if someone else wants to add more + + align:start position:0% +know if someone else wants to add more + + + align:start position:0% +know if someone else wants to add more +but and I I think it's interesting I was + + align:start position:0% +but and I I think it's interesting I was + + + align:start position:0% +but and I I think it's interesting I was +just thinking about this something that + + align:start position:0% +just thinking about this something that + + + align:start position:0% +just thinking about this something that +might be interesting to investigate is + + align:start position:0% +might be interesting to investigate is + + + align:start position:0% +might be interesting to investigate is +concentrated solar um if it's easier to + + align:start position:0% +concentrated solar um if it's easier to + + + align:start position:0% +concentrated solar um if it's easier to +shade uh it would look like a denser + + align:start position:0% +shade uh it would look like a denser + + + align:start position:0% +shade uh it would look like a denser +system so maybe that would be maybe a + + align:start position:0% +system so maybe that would be maybe a + + + align:start position:0% +system so maybe that would be maybe a +concentrated solar farm might be a bad + + align:start position:0% +concentrated solar farm might be a bad + + + align:start position:0% +concentrated solar farm might be a bad +idea if you have lots of little clouds + + align:start position:0% +idea if you have lots of little clouds + + + align:start position:0% +idea if you have lots of little clouds +so um that's something I think that you + + align:start position:0% +so um that's something I think that you + + + align:start position:0% +so um that's something I think that you +could expand into from from this project + + align:start position:0% +could expand into from from this project + + + align:start position:0% +could expand into from from this project +and another thing I guess to add to your + + align:start position:0% +and another thing I guess to add to your + + + align:start position:0% +and another thing I guess to add to your +point if you look at I guess solar + + align:start position:0% +point if you look at I guess solar + + + align:start position:0% +point if you look at I guess solar +thermal systems probably because of the + + align:start position:0% +thermal systems probably because of the + + + align:start position:0% +thermal systems probably because of the +diffused sunlight the intermittency I + + align:start position:0% +diffused sunlight the intermittency I + + + align:start position:0% +diffused sunlight the intermittency I +would expect is going to be probably + + align:start position:0% +would expect is going to be probably + + + align:start position:0% +would expect is going to be probably +less you're going to have less sort of + + align:start position:0% +less you're going to have less sort of + + + align:start position:0% +less you're going to have less sort of +the meantime to failure is going to be + + align:start position:0% +the meantime to failure is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +the meantime to failure is going to be +longer so that you could maybe you know + + align:start position:0% +longer so that you could maybe you know + + + align:start position:0% +longer so that you could maybe you know +add a solar thermal system sort of + + align:start position:0% +add a solar thermal system sort of + + + align:start position:0% +add a solar thermal system sort of +balance the power output and decrease + + align:start position:0% +balance the power output and decrease + + + align:start position:0% +balance the power output and decrease +your intermittency even further + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so any last + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions all right let's thank our + + align:start position:0% +questions all right let's thank our + + + align:start position:0% +questions all right let's thank our +group very + + align:start position:0% +group very + + + align:start position:0% +group very +[Applause] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/hjZhPczMkL4.txt b/hjZhPczMkL4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4add4a5f03b9854728d18eeca814dc40e1eeb79d --- /dev/null +++ b/hjZhPczMkL4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6923 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open +courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu so we're going on to the + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu so we're going on to the + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu so we're going on to the +third unit here so we're getting to + + align:start position:0% +third unit here so we're getting to + + + align:start position:0% +third unit here so we're getting to +started with unit three + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and uh this is our + + align:start position:0% +and uh this is our + + + align:start position:0% +and uh this is our +intro to uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +integration which is basically this the + + align:start position:0% +integration which is basically this the + + + align:start position:0% +integration which is basically this the +second half of calculus after + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +differentiation + + align:start position:0% +differentiation + + + align:start position:0% +differentiation +today what I'll talk about is what are + + align:start position:0% +today what I'll talk about is what are + + + align:start position:0% +today what I'll talk about is what are +known as definite integrals + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +uh actually it looks like our are we + + align:start position:0% +uh actually it looks like our are we + + + align:start position:0% +uh actually it looks like our are we +missing a bunch of overhead lights is + + align:start position:0% +missing a bunch of overhead lights is + + + align:start position:0% +missing a bunch of overhead lights is +there a reason for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that let's see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ah all + + align:start position:0% +ah all + + + align:start position:0% +ah all +right okay that's a little brighter + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now all right so the the idea of + + align:start position:0% +now all right so the the idea of + + + align:start position:0% +now all right so the the idea of +definite + + align:start position:0% +definite + + + align:start position:0% +definite +integrals + + align:start position:0% +integrals + + + align:start position:0% +integrals +is uh can be presented in a number of + + align:start position:0% +is uh can be presented in a number of + + + align:start position:0% +is uh can be presented in a number of +ways but I will be consistent with uh + + align:start position:0% +ways but I will be consistent with uh + + + align:start position:0% +ways but I will be consistent with uh +the rest of the presentation in the in + + align:start position:0% +the rest of the presentation in the in + + + align:start position:0% +the rest of the presentation in the in +the course we're going to start with the + + align:start position:0% +the course we're going to start with the + + + align:start position:0% +the course we're going to start with the +geometric point of view and the + + align:start position:0% +geometric point of view and the + + + align:start position:0% +geometric point of view and the +geometric point of view is the problem + + align:start position:0% +geometric point of view is the problem + + + align:start position:0% +geometric point of view is the problem +we want to solve is to find the + + align:start position:0% +we want to solve is to find the + + + align:start position:0% +we want to solve is to find the +area under a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +curve the other point of view that one + + align:start position:0% +curve the other point of view that one + + + align:start position:0% +curve the other point of view that one +can take and we'll mention that at the + + align:start position:0% +can take and we'll mention that at the + + + align:start position:0% +can take and we'll mention that at the +end of this lecture is the idea of a + + align:start position:0% +end of this lecture is the idea of a + + + align:start position:0% +end of this lecture is the idea of a +cumulative + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sum so keep keep that in mind that + + align:start position:0% +sum so keep keep that in mind that + + + align:start position:0% +sum so keep keep that in mind that +there's a there's a lot going on here + + align:start position:0% +there's a there's a lot going on here + + + align:start position:0% +there's a there's a lot going on here +uh and there many different + + align:start position:0% +uh and there many different + + + align:start position:0% +uh and there many different +interpretations of what the integral + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is now uh so let's let's draw a picture + + align:start position:0% +is now uh so let's let's draw a picture + + + align:start position:0% +is now uh so let's let's draw a picture +here I I'll start at a place a and end + + align:start position:0% +here I I'll start at a place a and end + + + align:start position:0% +here I I'll start at a place a and end +at a place B and I have some curve here + + align:start position:0% +at a place B and I have some curve here + + + align:start position:0% +at a place B and I have some curve here +and what I have in mind is uh to find + + align:start position:0% +and what I have in mind is uh to find + + + align:start position:0% +and what I have in mind is uh to find +this area + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here and of course in order to do that I + + align:start position:0% +here and of course in order to do that I + + + align:start position:0% +here and of course in order to do that I +need more information than just where we + + align:start position:0% +need more information than just where we + + + align:start position:0% +need more information than just where we +start and where we end I also need the + + align:start position:0% +start and where we end I also need the + + + align:start position:0% +start and where we end I also need the +bottom and the top by convention the + + align:start position:0% +bottom and the top by convention the + + + align:start position:0% +bottom and the top by convention the +bottom is the X AIS and the top is this + + align:start position:0% +bottom is the X AIS and the top is this + + + align:start position:0% +bottom is the X AIS and the top is this +the curve that we've specified which is + + align:start position:0% +the curve that we've specified which is + + + align:start position:0% +the curve that we've specified which is +yals f + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ofx + + align:start position:0% +ofx + + + align:start position:0% +ofx +and we have a notation for this which is + + align:start position:0% +and we have a notation for this which is + + + align:start position:0% +and we have a notation for this which is +of the the notation used in calculus for + + align:start position:0% +of the the notation used in calculus for + + + align:start position:0% +of the the notation used in calculus for +this as opposed to some geometric + + align:start position:0% +this as opposed to some geometric + + + align:start position:0% +this as opposed to some geometric +notation and that's uh the following + + align:start position:0% +notation and that's uh the following + + + align:start position:0% +notation and that's uh the following +expression it's called an integral but + + align:start position:0% +expression it's called an integral but + + + align:start position:0% +expression it's called an integral but +now it's going to have what are known as + + align:start position:0% +now it's going to have what are known as + + + align:start position:0% +now it's going to have what are known as +limits on it it'll start a and end at + + align:start position:0% +limits on it it'll start a and end at + + + align:start position:0% +limits on it it'll start a and end at +B and we write in the function f ofx DX + + align:start position:0% +B and we write in the function f ofx DX + + + align:start position:0% +B and we write in the function f ofx DX +so this is what's known as a definite + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +integral and it's interpreted + + align:start position:0% +integral and it's interpreted + + + align:start position:0% +integral and it's interpreted +geometrically as the area under the + + align:start position:0% +geometrically as the area under the + + + align:start position:0% +geometrically as the area under the +curve the only difference between this + + align:start position:0% +curve the only difference between this + + + align:start position:0% +curve the only difference between this +collection of symbols and what we had + + align:start position:0% +collection of symbols and what we had + + + align:start position:0% +collection of symbols and what we had +before with indefinite integrals is that + + align:start position:0% +before with indefinite integrals is that + + + align:start position:0% +before with indefinite integrals is that +before we didn't specify where it + + align:start position:0% +before we didn't specify where it + + + align:start position:0% +before we didn't specify where it +started and where it ended + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now in order to understand what to do + + align:start position:0% +now in order to understand what to do + + + align:start position:0% +now in order to understand what to do +with this guy uh I'm going to just + + align:start position:0% +with this guy uh I'm going to just + + + align:start position:0% +with this guy uh I'm going to just +describe very very abstractly what we do + + align:start position:0% +describe very very abstractly what we do + + + align:start position:0% +describe very very abstractly what we do +and then carry out uh one example uh in + + align:start position:0% +and then carry out uh one example uh in + + + align:start position:0% +and then carry out uh one example uh in +in in detail so to compute + + align:start position:0% +in in detail so to compute + + + align:start position:0% +in in detail so to compute +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +area we're going to follow uh initially + + align:start position:0% +area we're going to follow uh initially + + + align:start position:0% +area we're going to follow uh initially +three steps first of all we're going to + + align:start position:0% +three steps first of all we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +three steps first of all we're going to +divide + + align:start position:0% +divide + + + align:start position:0% +divide +into + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rectangles and unfortunately because + + align:start position:0% +rectangles and unfortunately because + + + align:start position:0% +rectangles and unfortunately because +it's impossible to divide a curvy region + + align:start position:0% +it's impossible to divide a curvy region + + + align:start position:0% +it's impossible to divide a curvy region +into rectangles we're going to cheat so + + align:start position:0% +into rectangles we're going to cheat so + + + align:start position:0% +into rectangles we're going to cheat so +they're only quote unquote + + align:start position:0% +they're only quote unquote + + + align:start position:0% +they're only quote unquote +rectangles they're almost + + align:start position:0% +rectangles they're almost + + + align:start position:0% +rectangles they're almost +rectangles and the second thing we're + + align:start position:0% +rectangles and the second thing we're + + + align:start position:0% +rectangles and the second thing we're +going to do is to add + + align:start position:0% +going to do is to add + + + align:start position:0% +going to do is to add +up the areas + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the third thing we're going to + + align:start position:0% +and the third thing we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +and the third thing we're going to +do is + + align:start position:0% +do is + + + align:start position:0% +do is +to uh Rectify this problem that we + + align:start position:0% +to uh Rectify this problem that we + + + align:start position:0% +to uh Rectify this problem that we +didn't actually hit the answer on the + + align:start position:0% +didn't actually hit the answer on the + + + align:start position:0% +didn't actually hit the answer on the +nose that we were missing some pieces or + + align:start position:0% +nose that we were missing some pieces or + + + align:start position:0% +nose that we were missing some pieces or +or choosing some extra bits and the way + + align:start position:0% +or choosing some extra bits and the way + + + align:start position:0% +or choosing some extra bits and the way +we'll Rectify that is by taking the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +limit as the rectangles get thin + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +infinitesimally thin very + + align:start position:0% +infinitesimally thin very + + + align:start position:0% +infinitesimally thin very +thin pictorially + + align:start position:0% +thin pictorially + + + align:start position:0% +thin pictorially +again that looks like this we have a and + + align:start position:0% +again that looks like this we have a and + + + align:start position:0% +again that looks like this we have a and +our B and we have our guy here this is + + align:start position:0% +our B and we have our guy here this is + + + align:start position:0% +our B and we have our guy here this is +our curve and I'm going to chop it up + + align:start position:0% +our curve and I'm going to chop it up + + + align:start position:0% +our curve and I'm going to chop it up +first I'm going to chop up the uh x axis + + align:start position:0% +first I'm going to chop up the uh x axis + + + align:start position:0% +first I'm going to chop up the uh x axis +into little increments and then I'm + + align:start position:0% +into little increments and then I'm + + + align:start position:0% +into little increments and then I'm +going to chop things up here and I'll + + align:start position:0% +going to chop things up here and I'll + + + align:start position:0% +going to chop things up here and I'll +decide on some rectangle maybe some + + align:start position:0% +decide on some rectangle maybe some + + + align:start position:0% +decide on some rectangle maybe some +staircase pattern here like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this now I don't care so much uh in some + + align:start position:0% +this now I don't care so much uh in some + + + align:start position:0% +this now I don't care so much uh in some +cases the rectangles overshoot in some + + align:start position:0% +cases the rectangles overshoot in some + + + align:start position:0% +cases the rectangles overshoot in some +cases they're underneath so the new area + + align:start position:0% +cases they're underneath so the new area + + + align:start position:0% +cases they're underneath so the new area +that I'm adding up is is off it's not + + align:start position:0% +that I'm adding up is is off it's not + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm adding up is is off it's not +quite the same as the area under the + + align:start position:0% +quite the same as the area under the + + + align:start position:0% +quite the same as the area under the +curve it's it's + + align:start position:0% +curve it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +curve it's it's +got it's this region here but it + + align:start position:0% +got it's this region here but it + + + align:start position:0% +got it's this region here but it +includes these extra + + align:start position:0% +includes these extra + + + align:start position:0% +includes these extra +bits here and then it's missing this + + align:start position:0% +bits here and then it's missing this + + + align:start position:0% +bits here and then it's missing this +this little guy here this little bit + + align:start position:0% +this little guy here this little bit + + + align:start position:0% +this little guy here this little bit +there is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +missing and as I say these little pieces + + align:start position:0% +missing and as I say these little pieces + + + align:start position:0% +missing and as I say these little pieces +up here this little bit up here is + + align:start position:0% +up here this little bit up here is + + + align:start position:0% +up here this little bit up here is +extra all right so that's why they're + + align:start position:0% +extra all right so that's why they're + + + align:start position:0% +extra all right so that's why they're +they're we're not really dividing up the + + align:start position:0% +they're we're not really dividing up the + + + align:start position:0% +they're we're not really dividing up the +region into rectangles we're just taking + + align:start position:0% +region into rectangles we're just taking + + + align:start position:0% +region into rectangles we're just taking +rectangles and then the the idea is that + + align:start position:0% +rectangles and then the the idea is that + + + align:start position:0% +rectangles and then the the idea is that +as these get thinner and thinner the + + align:start position:0% +as these get thinner and thinner the + + + align:start position:0% +as these get thinner and thinner the +little itty bitty amounts that we missed + + align:start position:0% +little itty bitty amounts that we missed + + + align:start position:0% +little itty bitty amounts that we missed +by are going to zero and they're going + + align:start position:0% +by are going to zero and they're going + + + align:start position:0% +by are going to zero and they're going +to be negligible already you can see + + align:start position:0% +to be negligible already you can see + + + align:start position:0% +to be negligible already you can see +it's kind of a thin piece of area so + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of a thin piece of area so + + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of a thin piece of area so +we're not missing by much and as as + + align:start position:0% +we're not missing by much and as as + + + align:start position:0% +we're not missing by much and as as +these get thinner and thinner the + + align:start position:0% +these get thinner and thinner the + + + align:start position:0% +these get thinner and thinner the +problem goes away and we get the uh + + align:start position:0% +problem goes away and we get the uh + + + align:start position:0% +problem goes away and we get the uh +answer on the nose in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +limit all right so here's our first + + align:start position:0% +limit all right so here's our first + + + align:start position:0% +limit all right so here's our first +example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'll take the first interesting curve + + align:start position:0% +I'll take the first interesting curve + + + align:start position:0% +I'll take the first interesting curve +which is uh f ofx is equal to x^2 I + + align:start position:0% +which is uh f ofx is equal to x^2 I + + + align:start position:0% +which is uh f ofx is equal to x^2 I +don't want to uh do anything more + + align:start position:0% +don't want to uh do anything more + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to uh do anything more +complicated than one example because + + align:start position:0% +complicated than one example because + + + align:start position:0% +complicated than one example because +this is a a real labor here what we're + + align:start position:0% +this is a a real labor here what we're + + + align:start position:0% +this is a a real labor here what we're +going to go + + align:start position:0% +going to go + + + align:start position:0% +going to go +through and to make things easy for + + align:start position:0% +through and to make things easy for + + + align:start position:0% +through and to make things easy for +myself I'm going to start at a equals + + align:start position:0% +myself I'm going to start at a equals + + + align:start position:0% +myself I'm going to start at a equals +z but in order to see what the pattern + + align:start position:0% +z but in order to see what the pattern + + + align:start position:0% +z but in order to see what the pattern +is I'm going to allow B to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +arbitrary all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right let's uh draw the graph and start + + align:start position:0% +right let's uh draw the graph and start + + + align:start position:0% +right let's uh draw the graph and start +breaking things up so here's the the + + align:start position:0% +breaking things up so here's the the + + + align:start position:0% +breaking things up so here's the the +parabola and there's this piece that we + + align:start position:0% +parabola and there's this piece that we + + + align:start position:0% +parabola and there's this piece that we +want which is going to stop at this + + align:start position:0% +want which is going to stop at this + + + align:start position:0% +want which is going to stop at this +place B + + align:start position:0% +place B + + + align:start position:0% +place B +here and the first step is to divide + + align:start position:0% +here and the first step is to divide + + + align:start position:0% +here and the first step is to divide +into uh n Pieces + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that means well graphically I'll just + + align:start position:0% +that means well graphically I'll just + + + align:start position:0% +that means well graphically I'll just +Mark the first three and maybe there are + + align:start position:0% +Mark the first three and maybe there are + + + align:start position:0% +Mark the first three and maybe there are +going to be many of + + align:start position:0% +going to be many of + + + align:start position:0% +going to be many of +them and then I'll draw some rectangles + + align:start position:0% +them and then I'll draw some rectangles + + + align:start position:0% +them and then I'll draw some rectangles +here and I'm going to choose to make the + + align:start position:0% +here and I'm going to choose to make the + + + align:start position:0% +here and I'm going to choose to make the +rectangles all the way from the right + + align:start position:0% +rectangles all the way from the right + + + align:start position:0% +rectangles all the way from the right +that is I'll make this staircase pattern + + align:start position:0% +that is I'll make this staircase pattern + + + align:start position:0% +that is I'll make this staircase pattern +here like + + align:start position:0% +here like + + + align:start position:0% +here like +this that's my choice I get to choose + + align:start position:0% +this that's my choice I get to choose + + + align:start position:0% +this that's my choice I get to choose +whatever level I want and I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +whatever level I want and I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +whatever level I want and I'm going to +choose the right ends as the uh as the + + align:start position:0% +choose the right ends as the uh as the + + + align:start position:0% +choose the right ends as the uh as the +shape of the staircase so I'm + + align:start position:0% +shape of the staircase so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +shape of the staircase so I'm +overshooting with each + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rectangle and now I have to write down + + align:start position:0% +rectangle and now I have to write down + + + align:start position:0% +rectangle and now I have to write down +formulas for what these areas + + align:start position:0% +formulas for what these areas + + + align:start position:0% +formulas for what these areas +are now the there's one big advantage + + align:start position:0% +are now the there's one big advantage + + + align:start position:0% +are now the there's one big advantage +that rectangles have and this is the + + align:start position:0% +that rectangles have and this is the + + + align:start position:0% +that rectangles have and this is the +starting place which is that + + align:start position:0% +starting place which is that + + + align:start position:0% +starting place which is that +they're it's easy to find their areas + + align:start position:0% +they're it's easy to find their areas + + + align:start position:0% +they're it's easy to find their areas +all you need to know is the base and the + + align:start position:0% +all you need to know is the base and the + + + align:start position:0% +all you need to know is the base and the +height and you multiply and you get the + + align:start position:0% +height and you multiply and you get the + + + align:start position:0% +height and you multiply and you get the +area that's the reason why we can get + + align:start position:0% +area that's the reason why we can get + + + align:start position:0% +area that's the reason why we can get +started with + + align:start position:0% +started with + + + align:start position:0% +started with +rectangles and in this case these + + align:start position:0% +rectangles and in this case these + + + align:start position:0% +rectangles and in this case these +distances I'm assuming that they're all + + align:start position:0% +distances I'm assuming that they're all + + + align:start position:0% +distances I'm assuming that they're all +equal equally spaced intervals and I'll + + align:start position:0% +equal equally spaced intervals and I'll + + + align:start position:0% +equal equally spaced intervals and I'll +always be doing that and so the spacing + + align:start position:0% +always be doing that and so the spacing + + + align:start position:0% +always be doing that and so the spacing +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +bases the base + + align:start position:0% +bases the base + + + align:start position:0% +bases the base +length is always B by + + align:start position:0% +length is always B by + + + align:start position:0% +length is always B by +n all + + align:start position:0% +n all + + + align:start position:0% +n all +equal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +intervals so that's the Bas length and + + align:start position:0% +intervals so that's the Bas length and + + + align:start position:0% +intervals so that's the Bas length and +next I need the + + align:start position:0% +next I need the + + + align:start position:0% +next I need the +Heights and in order to keep track of + + align:start position:0% +Heights and in order to keep track of + + + align:start position:0% +Heights and in order to keep track of +the Heights I'm going to draw a little + + align:start position:0% +the Heights I'm going to draw a little + + + align:start position:0% +the Heights I'm going to draw a little +table here with with X and F ofx and + + align:start position:0% +table here with with X and F ofx and + + + align:start position:0% +table here with with X and F ofx and +plug in a few values just to see what + + align:start position:0% +plug in a few values just to see what + + + align:start position:0% +plug in a few values just to see what +the pattern + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is the first place here uh after zero is + + align:start position:0% +is the first place here uh after zero is + + + align:start position:0% +is the first place here uh after zero is +B / + + align:start position:0% +B / + + + align:start position:0% +B / +n so here's B ID n that's an x value and + + align:start position:0% +n so here's B ID n that's an x value and + + + align:start position:0% +n so here's B ID n that's an x value and +the F ofx value is the height there and + + align:start position:0% +the F ofx value is the height there and + + + align:start position:0% +the F ofx value is the height there and +that's just I evaluate F ofx F ofx is X + + align:start position:0% +that's just I evaluate F ofx F ofx is X + + + align:start position:0% +that's just I evaluate F ofx F ofx is X +squ and that's B / uh and the quantity + + align:start position:0% +squ and that's B / uh and the quantity + + + align:start position:0% +squ and that's B / uh and the quantity +squared and similarly the next one is 2 + + align:start position:0% +squared and similarly the next one is 2 + + + align:start position:0% +squared and similarly the next one is 2 +B over + + align:start position:0% +B over + + + align:start position:0% +B over +n and the value here is 2 B over n the + + align:start position:0% +n and the value here is 2 B over n the + + + align:start position:0% +n and the value here is 2 B over n the +quantity squared right that's this this + + align:start position:0% +quantity squared right that's this this + + + align:start position:0% +quantity squared right that's this this +height here is is 2b ID + + align:start position:0% +height here is is 2b ID + + + align:start position:0% +height here is is 2b ID +n that's the second the second + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rectangle and I'll write down one more + + align:start position:0% +rectangle and I'll write down one more + + + align:start position:0% +rectangle and I'll write down one more +3B Over N that's the third one and the + + align:start position:0% +3B Over N that's the third one and the + + + align:start position:0% +3B Over N that's the third one and the +height is 3B Over N the quantity + + align:start position:0% +height is 3B Over N the quantity + + + align:start position:0% +height is 3B Over N the quantity +squared and so forth + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well my next job is to add up these + + align:start position:0% +well my next job is to add up these + + + align:start position:0% +well my next job is to add up these +areas and I've already prepared that by + + align:start position:0% +areas and I've already prepared that by + + + align:start position:0% +areas and I've already prepared that by +finding out what the base and the height + + align:start position:0% +finding out what the base and the height + + + align:start position:0% +finding out what the base and the height +is so the + + align:start position:0% +is so the + + + align:start position:0% +is so the +total area or the sum of the areas let's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +say of these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rectangles is um well the first one is + + align:start position:0% +rectangles is um well the first one is + + + align:start position:0% +rectangles is um well the first one is +BN * B / n^ 2 the second one is 2 B Over + + align:start position:0% +BN * B / n^ 2 the second one is 2 B Over + + + align:start position:0% +BN * B / n^ 2 the second one is 2 B Over +N I'm sorry is b/ n * 2 b/ N squared and + + align:start position:0% +N I'm sorry is b/ n * 2 b/ N squared and + + + align:start position:0% +N I'm sorry is b/ n * 2 b/ N squared and +it just keeps on going and the last one + + align:start position:0% +it just keeps on going and the last one + + + align:start position:0% +it just keeps on going and the last one +is B Over N time n b over n^ squ so it's + + align:start position:0% +is B Over N time n b over n^ squ so it's + + + align:start position:0% +is B Over N time n b over n^ squ so it's +very important to figure out what the uh + + align:start position:0% +very important to figure out what the uh + + + align:start position:0% +very important to figure out what the uh +general formula is and here we have a + + align:start position:0% +general formula is and here we have a + + + align:start position:0% +general formula is and here we have a +base and here we have a height and here + + align:start position:0% +base and here we have a height and here + + + align:start position:0% +base and here we have a height and here +we have the same kind of Base but we + + align:start position:0% +we have the same kind of Base but we + + + align:start position:0% +we have the same kind of Base but we +have a new + + align:start position:0% +have a new + + + align:start position:0% +have a new +height and and so forth and the pattern + + align:start position:0% +height and and so forth and the pattern + + + align:start position:0% +height and and so forth and the pattern +is that the coefficient here is one then + + align:start position:0% +is that the coefficient here is one then + + + align:start position:0% +is that the coefficient here is one then +two then three all the way up to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n the rectangles are getting taller and + + align:start position:0% +n the rectangles are getting taller and + + + align:start position:0% +n the rectangles are getting taller and +taller and this one the last one is the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +biggest okay this is a very complicated + + align:start position:0% +biggest okay this is a very complicated + + + align:start position:0% +biggest okay this is a very complicated +Gadget + + align:start position:0% +Gadget + + + align:start position:0% +Gadget +and the first thing I want to do is + + align:start position:0% +and the first thing I want to do is + + + align:start position:0% +and the first thing I want to do is +simplify it and then I'm actually going + + align:start position:0% +simplify it and then I'm actually going + + + align:start position:0% +simplify it and then I'm actually going +to evaluate it but actually I'm not + + align:start position:0% +to evaluate it but actually I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +to evaluate it but actually I'm not +going to evaluate it exactly I'm just + + align:start position:0% +going to evaluate it exactly I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +going to evaluate it exactly I'm just +going to evaluate the limit turns out + + align:start position:0% +going to evaluate the limit turns out + + + align:start position:0% +going to evaluate the limit turns out +limits are always easier the point about + + align:start position:0% +limits are always easier the point about + + + align:start position:0% +limits are always easier the point about +calculus here is that these rectangles + + align:start position:0% +calculus here is that these rectangles + + + align:start position:0% +calculus here is that these rectangles +are hard but the limiting value is an + + align:start position:0% +are hard but the limiting value is an + + + align:start position:0% +are hard but the limiting value is an +easy value so what we're heading for is + + align:start position:0% +easy value so what we're heading for is + + + align:start position:0% +easy value so what we're heading for is +the simple formula as opposed to the + + align:start position:0% +the simple formula as opposed to the + + + align:start position:0% +the simple formula as opposed to the +complicated + + align:start position:0% +complicated + + + align:start position:0% +complicated +one all right so the uh the first thing + + align:start position:0% +one all right so the uh the first thing + + + align:start position:0% +one all right so the uh the first thing +I'm going to do is factor out all of + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do is factor out all of + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do is factor out all of +these B Over N factors there's a b Over + + align:start position:0% +these B Over N factors there's a b Over + + + align:start position:0% +these B Over N factors there's a b Over +N here and there's a b Over N squ so all + + align:start position:0% +N here and there's a b Over N squ so all + + + align:start position:0% +N here and there's a b Over N squ so all +told we have a b over n the quantity + + align:start position:0% +told we have a b over n the quantity + + + align:start position:0% +told we have a b over n the quantity +cubed as a common + + align:start position:0% +cubed as a common + + + align:start position:0% +cubed as a common +factor and then the first term is one + + align:start position:0% +factor and then the first term is one + + + align:start position:0% +factor and then the first term is one +and the second term what's left over is + + align:start position:0% +and the second term what's left over is + + + align:start position:0% +and the second term what's left over is +2^ squared 2^ + + align:start position:0% +2^ squared 2^ + + + align:start position:0% +2^ squared 2^ +squar and then the third term would be + + align:start position:0% +squar and then the third term would be + + + align:start position:0% +squar and then the third term would be +3^ squ although I haven't written + + align:start position:0% +3^ squ although I haven't written + + + align:start position:0% +3^ squ although I haven't written +it and the last term there's an extra + + align:start position:0% +it and the last term there's an extra + + + align:start position:0% +it and the last term there's an extra +factor of N + + align:start position:0% +factor of N + + + align:start position:0% +factor of N +squared in + + align:start position:0% +squared in + + + align:start position:0% +squared in +the in the numerator + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay is everybody with me + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here now what I'd like to + + align:start position:0% +here now what I'd like to + + + align:start position:0% +here now what I'd like to +do is to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um what I'd like to do is to eventually + + align:start position:0% +um what I'd like to do is to eventually + + + align:start position:0% +um what I'd like to do is to eventually +take the limit as n goes to Infinity + + align:start position:0% +take the limit as n goes to Infinity + + + align:start position:0% +take the limit as n goes to Infinity +here and the quantity that's hard to + + align:start position:0% +here and the quantity that's hard to + + + align:start position:0% +here and the quantity that's hard to +understand is this massive quantity + + align:start position:0% +understand is this massive quantity + + + align:start position:0% +understand is this massive quantity +here and there's one change that I'd + + align:start position:0% +here and there's one change that I'd + + + align:start position:0% +here and there's one change that I'd +like to make but it's a a very modest + + align:start position:0% +like to make but it's a a very modest + + + align:start position:0% +like to make but it's a a very modest +one uh extremely minuscule which is that + + align:start position:0% +one uh extremely minuscule which is that + + + align:start position:0% +one uh extremely minuscule which is that +I'm going to write one just to see that + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to write one just to see that + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to write one just to see that +there's a general pattern here I'm going + + align:start position:0% +there's a general pattern here I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +there's a general pattern here I'm going +to write one as one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +squared and well let's put in the three + + align:start position:0% +squared and well let's put in the three + + + align:start position:0% +squared and well let's put in the three +here why not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and now I want to use a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +trick this trick is is is not completely + + align:start position:0% +trick this trick is is is not completely + + + align:start position:0% +trick this trick is is is not completely +recommended but I will I will say a lot + + align:start position:0% +recommended but I will I will say a lot + + + align:start position:0% +recommended but I will I will say a lot +more about that when we when we get + + align:start position:0% +more about that when we when we get + + + align:start position:0% +more about that when we when we get +through to the end I want to understand + + align:start position:0% +through to the end I want to understand + + + align:start position:0% +through to the end I want to understand +how big this quantity is so I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +how big this quantity is so I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +how big this quantity is so I'm going to +use a a geometric trick to draw a + + align:start position:0% +use a a geometric trick to draw a + + + align:start position:0% +use a a geometric trick to draw a +picture of this quantity namely I'm + + align:start position:0% +picture of this quantity namely I'm + + + align:start position:0% +picture of this quantity namely I'm +going to build a + + align:start position:0% +going to build a + + + align:start position:0% +going to build a +pyramid and the base of the pyramid is + + align:start position:0% +pyramid and the base of the pyramid is + + + align:start position:0% +pyramid and the base of the pyramid is +going to be n byn + + align:start position:0% +going to be n byn + + + align:start position:0% +going to be n byn +blocks so imagine we're in Egypt and + + align:start position:0% +blocks so imagine we're in Egypt and + + + align:start position:0% +blocks so imagine we're in Egypt and +we're building a pyramid and the next + + align:start position:0% +we're building a pyramid and the next + + + align:start position:0% +we're building a pyramid and the next +layer is going to be nus1 by n minus1 so + + align:start position:0% +layer is going to be nus1 by n minus1 so + + + align:start position:0% +layer is going to be nus1 by n minus1 so +this next layer in is nus1 by n minus1 + + align:start position:0% +this next layer in is nus1 by n minus1 + + + align:start position:0% +this next layer in is nus1 by n minus1 +so the total number of blocks on the + + align:start position:0% +so the total number of blocks on the + + + align:start position:0% +so the total number of blocks on the +bottom layer is n SAR that's This this + + align:start position:0% +bottom layer is n SAR that's This this + + + align:start position:0% +bottom layer is n SAR that's This this +rightmost term here but the next term + + align:start position:0% +rightmost term here but the next term + + + align:start position:0% +rightmost term here but the next term +which I didn't write in but maybe I + + align:start position:0% +which I didn't write in but maybe I + + + align:start position:0% +which I didn't write in but maybe I +should the very the next to the last + + align:start position:0% +should the very the next to the last + + + align:start position:0% +should the very the next to the last +term was this + + align:start position:0% +term was this + + + align:start position:0% +term was this +one and that's the second layer that + + align:start position:0% +one and that's the second layer that + + + align:start position:0% +one and that's the second layer that +I've put on now this is the this is the + + align:start position:0% +I've put on now this is the this is the + + + align:start position:0% +I've put on now this is the this is the +if you like the top + + align:start position:0% +if you like the top + + + align:start position:0% +if you like the top +view but perhaps we should also think in + + align:start position:0% +view but perhaps we should also think in + + + align:start position:0% +view but perhaps we should also think in +terms of a side view so here's the same + + align:start position:0% +terms of a side view so here's the same + + + align:start position:0% +terms of a side view so here's the same +picture here's we're starting at n and + + align:start position:0% +picture here's we're starting at n and + + + align:start position:0% +picture here's we're starting at n and +we build up this layer here and now + + align:start position:0% +we build up this layer here and now + + + align:start position:0% +we build up this layer here and now +we're going to put a layer on top of it + + align:start position:0% +we're going to put a layer on top of it + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to put a layer on top of it +which is a little shorter so the first + + align:start position:0% +which is a little shorter so the first + + + align:start position:0% +which is a little shorter so the first +layer is of length n and the second + + align:start position:0% +layer is of length n and the second + + + align:start position:0% +layer is of length n and the second +layer is of length n minus1 and then on + + align:start position:0% +layer is of length n minus1 and then on + + + align:start position:0% +layer is of length n minus1 and then on +top of that we have something of length + + align:start position:0% +top of that we have something of length + + + align:start position:0% +top of that we have something of length +n minus 2 and so forth and we're going + + align:start position:0% +n minus 2 and so forth and we're going + + + align:start position:0% +n minus 2 and so forth and we're going +to pile them up so we pile them + + align:start position:0% +to pile them up so we pile them + + + align:start position:0% +to pile them up so we pile them +up all the way to the top which is just + + align:start position:0% +up all the way to the top which is just + + + align:start position:0% +up all the way to the top which is just +one one one giant block of stone and + + align:start position:0% +one one one giant block of stone and + + + align:start position:0% +one one one giant block of stone and +that's this last one one squared so + + align:start position:0% +that's this last one one squared so + + + align:start position:0% +that's this last one one squared so +we're going backwards in the + + align:start position:0% +we're going backwards in the + + + align:start position:0% +we're going backwards in the +sum and so we I have to build this whole + + align:start position:0% +sum and so we I have to build this whole + + + align:start position:0% +sum and so we I have to build this whole +thing up and I get all the way up in + + align:start position:0% +thing up and I get all the way up in + + + align:start position:0% +thing up and I get all the way up in +this staircase pattern to this top block + + align:start position:0% +this staircase pattern to this top block + + + align:start position:0% +this staircase pattern to this top block +up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there all right so here's the trick that + + align:start position:0% +there all right so here's the trick that + + + align:start position:0% +there all right so here's the trick that +you can use to estimate the size of this + + align:start position:0% +you can use to estimate the size of this + + + align:start position:0% +you can use to estimate the size of this +and it's sufficient uh in the limit as n + + align:start position:0% +and it's sufficient uh in the limit as n + + + align:start position:0% +and it's sufficient uh in the limit as n +goes to Infinity the trick is that I + + align:start position:0% +goes to Infinity the trick is that I + + + align:start position:0% +goes to Infinity the trick is that I +can imagine the solid thing underneath + + align:start position:0% +can imagine the solid thing underneath + + + align:start position:0% +can imagine the solid thing underneath +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +staircase like + + align:start position:0% +staircase like + + + align:start position:0% +staircase like +this that's a a an ordinary pyramid not + + align:start position:0% +this that's a a an ordinary pyramid not + + + align:start position:0% +this that's a a an ordinary pyramid not +a not a not a staircase pyramid which is + + align:start position:0% +a not a not a staircase pyramid which is + + + align:start position:0% +a not a not a staircase pyramid which is +which is inside and this one is inside + + align:start position:0% +which is inside and this one is inside + + + align:start position:0% +which is inside and this one is inside +and so but it's but it's an ordinary + + align:start position:0% +and so but it's but it's an ordinary + + + align:start position:0% +and so but it's but it's an ordinary +pyramid as opposed to a staircase + + align:start position:0% +pyramid as opposed to a staircase + + + align:start position:0% +pyramid as opposed to a staircase +pyramid and so we know the formula for + + align:start position:0% +pyramid and so we know the formula for + + + align:start position:0% +pyramid and so we know the formula for +the volume of that because we know the + + align:start position:0% +the volume of that because we know the + + + align:start position:0% +the volume of that because we know the +formula for volumes of cones and the + + align:start position:0% +formula for volumes of cones and the + + + align:start position:0% +formula for volumes of cones and the +formula for the volume of this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +guy of the + + align:start position:0% +guy of the + + + align:start position:0% +guy of the +inside um is uh 1/3 base time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +height and in that case the base here so + + align:start position:0% +height and in that case the base here so + + + align:start position:0% +height and in that case the base here so +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +13 and the base is n byn right so the + + align:start position:0% +13 and the base is n byn right so the + + + align:start position:0% +13 and the base is n byn right so the +base is n s that's the base and the + + align:start position:0% +base is n s that's the base and the + + + align:start position:0% +base is n s that's the base and the +height it goes all the way to the top + + align:start position:0% +height it goes all the way to the top + + + align:start position:0% +height it goes all the way to the top +point so the height is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n and what we've discovered here is that + + align:start position:0% +n and what we've discovered here is that + + + align:start position:0% +n and what we've discovered here is that +this whole sum is bigger than + + align:start position:0% +this whole sum is bigger than + + + align:start position:0% +this whole sum is bigger than +13 n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cubed now I claimed that this line by + + align:start position:0% +cubed now I claimed that this line by + + + align:start position:0% +cubed now I claimed that this line by +the way has slope two so you go half + + align:start position:0% +the way has slope two so you go half + + + align:start position:0% +the way has slope two so you go half +over each time you go up one that's why + + align:start position:0% +over each time you go up one that's why + + + align:start position:0% +over each time you go up one that's why +you get to the + + align:start position:0% +you get to the + + + align:start position:0% +you get to the +top on the other hand I can trap it on + + align:start position:0% +top on the other hand I can trap it on + + + align:start position:0% +top on the other hand I can trap it on +the outside too by drawing a par + + align:start position:0% +the outside too by drawing a par + + + align:start position:0% +the outside too by drawing a par +parallel + + align:start position:0% +parallel + + + align:start position:0% +parallel +line out here and this will go down a + + align:start position:0% +line out here and this will go down a + + + align:start position:0% +line out here and this will go down a +half more on this side and a half more + + align:start position:0% +half more on this side and a half more + + + align:start position:0% +half more on this side and a half more +on the other side so the base will be n + + align:start position:0% +on the other side so the base will be n + + + align:start position:0% +on the other side so the base will be n ++ 1 by n + 1 of this bigger pyramid and + + align:start position:0% ++ 1 by n + 1 of this bigger pyramid and + + + align:start position:0% ++ 1 by n + 1 of this bigger pyramid and +it'll go up one Higher all right so on + + align:start position:0% +it'll go up one Higher all right so on + + + align:start position:0% +it'll go up one Higher all right so on +the other end we get that this is less + + align:start position:0% +the other end we get that this is less + + + align:start position:0% +the other end we get that this is less +than a thir n + + + align:start position:0% +than a thir n + + + + align:start position:0% +than a thir n + +1 cubed again n + 1 2 * n + 1 again this + + align:start position:0% +1 cubed again n + 1 2 * n + 1 again this + + + align:start position:0% +1 cubed again n + 1 2 * n + 1 again this +is a a base times a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +height of this + + align:start position:0% +height of this + + + align:start position:0% +height of this +bigger pyramid yes question you're + + align:start position:0% +bigger pyramid yes question you're + + + align:start position:0% +bigger pyramid yes question you're +adding up areas with the white in in the + + align:start position:0% +adding up areas with the white in in the + + + align:start position:0% +adding up areas with the white in in the +center of your inequality and then + + align:start position:0% +center of your inequality and then + + + align:start position:0% +center of your inequality and then +equating it to + + align:start position:0% +equating it to + + + align:start position:0% +equating it to +volume um the question is it seems as if + + align:start position:0% +volume um the question is it seems as if + + + align:start position:0% +volume um the question is it seems as if +I'm adding up + + align:start position:0% +I'm adding up + + + align:start position:0% +I'm adding up +areas and equating it to volume but I'm + + align:start position:0% +areas and equating it to volume but I'm + + + align:start position:0% +areas and equating it to volume but I'm +actually creating volumes by making + + align:start position:0% +actually creating volumes by making + + + align:start position:0% +actually creating volumes by making +these on increments here that is the the + + align:start position:0% +these on increments here that is the the + + + align:start position:0% +these on increments here that is the the +the base is n but the height is + + align:start position:0% +the base is n but the height is + + + align:start position:0% +the base is n but the height is +one okay the the the the uh thank you + + align:start position:0% +one okay the the the the uh thank you + + + align:start position:0% +one okay the the the the uh thank you +for pointing that out each one of these + + align:start position:0% +for pointing that out each one of these + + + align:start position:0% +for pointing that out each one of these +little staircases here has exactly + + align:start position:0% +little staircases here has exactly + + + align:start position:0% +little staircases here has exactly +height one so I'm I'm honestly sticking + + align:start position:0% +height one so I'm I'm honestly sticking + + + align:start position:0% +height one so I'm I'm honestly sticking +blocks there they're sort of square + + align:start position:0% +blocks there they're sort of square + + + align:start position:0% +blocks there they're sort of square +blocks and I'm lining them up and I'm + + align:start position:0% +blocks and I'm lining them up and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +blocks and I'm lining them up and I'm +getting thinking of n byn cubes if you + + align:start position:0% +getting thinking of n byn cubes if you + + + align:start position:0% +getting thinking of n byn cubes if you +like honest cubes there and they're the + + align:start position:0% +like honest cubes there and they're the + + + align:start position:0% +like honest cubes there and they're the +height is one and the base is n s okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so I claim that I've trapped + + align:start position:0% +all right so I claim that I've trapped + + + align:start position:0% +all right so I claim that I've trapped +this guy in between two quantities here + + align:start position:0% +this guy in between two quantities here + + + align:start position:0% +this guy in between two quantities here +and now I'm ready to take the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +limit if you look at what our goal is we + + align:start position:0% +limit if you look at what our goal is we + + + align:start position:0% +limit if you look at what our goal is we +want to have an expression like this and + + align:start position:0% +want to have an expression like this and + + + align:start position:0% +want to have an expression like this and +I'm going to uh this was the massive + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to uh this was the massive + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to uh this was the massive +expression that we had and actually I'm + + align:start position:0% +expression that we had and actually I'm + + + align:start position:0% +expression that we had and actually I'm +going to write it differently I'll write + + align:start position:0% +going to write it differently I'll write + + + align:start position:0% +going to write it differently I'll write +it as B Cubed * 1^ 2 + 2^ 2 + + n^ 2 / n + + align:start position:0% +it as B Cubed * 1^ 2 + 2^ 2 + + n^ 2 / n + + + align:start position:0% +it as B Cubed * 1^ 2 + 2^ 2 + + n^ 2 / n +cubed I'm going to combine all the n's + + align:start position:0% +cubed I'm going to combine all the n's + + + align:start position:0% +cubed I'm going to combine all the n's +together all right so the right thing to + + align:start position:0% +together all right so the right thing to + + + align:start position:0% +together all right so the right thing to +do is to divide what I had up there + + align:start position:0% +do is to divide what I had up there + + + align:start position:0% +do is to divide what I had up there +divide by n cubed in this in this uh uh + + align:start position:0% +divide by n cubed in this in this uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +divide by n cubed in this in this uh uh +set of inequalities there and what I get + + align:start position:0% +set of inequalities there and what I get + + + align:start position:0% +set of inequalities there and what I get +here is a thir is less than 1 + 2^ 2 + 3 + + align:start position:0% +here is a thir is less than 1 + 2^ 2 + 3 + + + align:start position:0% +here is a thir is less than 1 + 2^ 2 + 3 +2 + n^ 2 / n cubed is less than 1/3 * n + + align:start position:0% +2 + n^ 2 / n cubed is less than 1/3 * n + + + align:start position:0% +2 + n^ 2 / n cubed is less than 1/3 * n ++ 1 cubed / n + + align:start position:0% ++ 1 cubed / n + + + align:start position:0% ++ 1 cubed / n +cubed and that's A3 * 1 + 1 n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cubed and now I claim we're done because + + align:start position:0% +cubed and now I claim we're done because + + + align:start position:0% +cubed and now I claim we're done because +this is a third and the limit as n goes + + align:start position:0% +this is a third and the limit as n goes + + + align:start position:0% +this is a third and the limit as n goes +to Infinity of this quantity here is + + align:start position:0% +to Infinity of this quantity here is + + + align:start position:0% +to Infinity of this quantity here is +easily seen to be this is as n goes to + + align:start position:0% +easily seen to be this is as n goes to + + + align:start position:0% +easily seen to be this is as n goes to +Infinity this goes to zero so this also + + align:start position:0% +Infinity this goes to zero so this also + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity this goes to zero so this also +goes to a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +third and so our to Total here so our + + align:start position:0% +third and so our to Total here so our + + + align:start position:0% +third and so our to Total here so our +total + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +area + + align:start position:0% +area + + + align:start position:0% +area +under + + align:start position:0% +under + + + align:start position:0% +under +X2 all right which we sometimes might + + align:start position:0% +X2 all right which we sometimes might + + + align:start position:0% +X2 all right which we sometimes might +write the integral from 0 to B x^2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +DX is going to be equal to well it's + + align:start position:0% +DX is going to be equal to well it's + + + align:start position:0% +DX is going to be equal to well it's +this 1/3 that I've got but then there + + align:start position:0% +this 1/3 that I've got but then there + + + align:start position:0% +this 1/3 that I've got but then there +was also a B Cubed there so there's this + + align:start position:0% +was also a B Cubed there so there's this + + + align:start position:0% +was also a B Cubed there so there's this +extra B Cubed here so it's a third B + + align:start position:0% +extra B Cubed here so it's a third B + + + align:start position:0% +extra B Cubed here so it's a third B +Cubed that's the that's the result from + + align:start position:0% +Cubed that's the that's the result from + + + align:start position:0% +Cubed that's the that's the result from +this whole + + align:start position:0% +this whole + + + align:start position:0% +this whole +computation yes question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that a very good question the + + align:start position:0% +so that a very good question the + + + align:start position:0% +so that a very good question the +question is why did we leave the B Over + + align:start position:0% +question is why did we leave the B Over + + + align:start position:0% +question is why did we leave the B Over +N cubed out for this + + align:start position:0% +N cubed out for this + + + align:start position:0% +N cubed out for this +step and uh part of the answer + + align:start position:0% +step and uh part of the answer + + + align:start position:0% +step and uh part of the answer +is malice of forethought in other words + + align:start position:0% +is malice of forethought in other words + + + align:start position:0% +is malice of forethought in other words +we know what we're heading for um we + + align:start position:0% +we know what we're heading for um we + + + align:start position:0% +we know what we're heading for um we +know we understand this quantity it's uh + + align:start position:0% +know we understand this quantity it's uh + + + align:start position:0% +know we understand this quantity it's uh +all one thing this thing is a sum which + + align:start position:0% +all one thing this thing is a sum which + + + align:start position:0% +all one thing this thing is a sum which +is growing larger and larger it's not + + align:start position:0% +is growing larger and larger it's not + + + align:start position:0% +is growing larger and larger it's not +what's called a closed form so the thing + + align:start position:0% +what's called a closed form so the thing + + + align:start position:0% +what's called a closed form so the thing +that's not known or not well understood + + align:start position:0% +that's not known or not well understood + + + align:start position:0% +that's not known or not well understood +is how big is this quantity here 1^ s+ + + align:start position:0% +is how big is this quantity here 1^ s+ + + + align:start position:0% +is how big is this quantity here 1^ s+ +2^ s the sum of the squares whereas this + + align:start position:0% +2^ s the sum of the squares whereas this + + + align:start position:0% +2^ s the sum of the squares whereas this +is something that's quite easy to + + align:start position:0% +is something that's quite easy to + + + align:start position:0% +is something that's quite easy to +understand so we Factor it out and we + + align:start position:0% +understand so we Factor it out and we + + + align:start position:0% +understand so we Factor it out and we +analyze carefully the the piece which we + + align:start position:0% +analyze carefully the the piece which we + + + align:start position:0% +analyze carefully the the piece which we +we don't know yet how big it is and we + + align:start position:0% +we don't know yet how big it is and we + + + align:start position:0% +we don't know yet how big it is and we +discover that it's very very similar to + + align:start position:0% +discover that it's very very similar to + + + align:start position:0% +discover that it's very very similar to +n cubed but it's more similar to 1/3 n + + align:start position:0% +n cubed but it's more similar to 1/3 n + + + align:start position:0% +n cubed but it's more similar to 1/3 n +Cub it's almost ident identical to 1/3 n + + align:start position:0% +Cub it's almost ident identical to 1/3 n + + + align:start position:0% +Cub it's almost ident identical to 1/3 n +cubed that this extra piece here so + + align:start position:0% +cubed that this extra piece here so + + + align:start position:0% +cubed that this extra piece here so +that's what's going on and then we match + + align:start position:0% +that's what's going on and then we match + + + align:start position:0% +that's what's going on and then we match +that since this thing is very similar to + + align:start position:0% +that since this thing is very similar to + + + align:start position:0% +that since this thing is very similar to +1/3 n cubed we cancel the N cubes and we + + align:start position:0% +1/3 n cubed we cancel the N cubes and we + + + align:start position:0% +1/3 n cubed we cancel the N cubes and we +have our + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +result all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right let me just mention that although + + align:start position:0% +right let me just mention that although + + + align:start position:0% +right let me just mention that although +this may seem odd in fact this is what + + align:start position:0% +this may seem odd in fact this is what + + + align:start position:0% +this may seem odd in fact this is what +you always do if you analyze these kinds + + align:start position:0% +you always do if you analyze these kinds + + + align:start position:0% +you always do if you analyze these kinds +of sums you always factor out whatever + + align:start position:0% +of sums you always factor out whatever + + + align:start position:0% +of sums you always factor out whatever +you can and then you still are faced + + align:start position:0% +you can and then you still are faced + + + align:start position:0% +you can and then you still are faced +with a sum like this so you will this + + align:start position:0% +with a sum like this so you will this + + + align:start position:0% +with a sum like this so you will this +will happen systematically every time + + align:start position:0% +will happen systematically every time + + + align:start position:0% +will happen systematically every time +you're faced with such a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sum okay + + align:start position:0% +sum okay + + + align:start position:0% +sum okay +now I want + + align:start position:0% +now I want + + + align:start position:0% +now I want +to say one more word about + + align:start position:0% +to say one more word about + + + align:start position:0% +to say one more word about +notation which is that this notation is + + align:start position:0% +notation which is that this notation is + + + align:start position:0% +notation which is that this notation is +an extreme nuisance + + align:start position:0% +an extreme nuisance + + + align:start position:0% +an extreme nuisance +here and it's really sort of too large + + align:start position:0% +here and it's really sort of too large + + + align:start position:0% +here and it's really sort of too large +for us to deal with and so uh + + align:start position:0% +for us to deal with and so uh + + + align:start position:0% +for us to deal with and so uh +mathematicians have a a shorthand for it + + align:start position:0% +mathematicians have a a shorthand for it + + + align:start position:0% +mathematicians have a a shorthand for it +unfortunately when you actually do a + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately when you actually do a + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately when you actually do a +computation you're going to end up with + + align:start position:0% +computation you're going to end up with + + + align:start position:0% +computation you're going to end up with +with this collection of stuff anyway but + + align:start position:0% +with this collection of stuff anyway but + + + align:start position:0% +with this collection of stuff anyway but +I want to just show you the summation + + align:start position:0% +I want to just show you the summation + + + align:start position:0% +I want to just show you the summation +notation in order to compress it a + + align:start position:0% +notation in order to compress it a + + + align:start position:0% +notation in order to compress it a +little + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bit the idea of summation notation is + + align:start position:0% +bit the idea of summation notation is + + + align:start position:0% +bit the idea of summation notation is +the following + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +following so this this thing tends uh + + align:start position:0% +following so this this thing tends uh + + + align:start position:0% +following so this this thing tends uh +the idea is the following I'll I'll I'll + + align:start position:0% +the idea is the following I'll I'll I'll + + + align:start position:0% +the idea is the following I'll I'll I'll +illustrate it with an example first so + + align:start position:0% +illustrate it with an example first so + + + align:start position:0% +illustrate it with an example first so +uh well the general notation is the sum + + align:start position:0% +uh well the general notation is the sum + + + align:start position:0% +uh well the general notation is the sum +of AI IAL 1 to n is a1+ A2 plus dot dot + + align:start position:0% +of AI IAL 1 to n is a1+ A2 plus dot dot + + + align:start position:0% +of AI IAL 1 to n is a1+ A2 plus dot dot +dot plus a n so this is the this is the + + align:start position:0% +dot plus a n so this is the this is the + + + align:start position:0% +dot plus a n so this is the this is the +abbreviation and this is a capital sigma + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so this quantity here for instance + + align:start position:0% +and so this quantity here for instance + + + align:start position:0% +and so this quantity here for instance +is 1 n cubed * the sum i^ 2 I = 1 to n + + align:start position:0% +is 1 n cubed * the sum i^ 2 I = 1 to n + + + align:start position:0% +is 1 n cubed * the sum i^ 2 I = 1 to n +all right so that's that's what this + + align:start position:0% +all right so that's that's what this + + + align:start position:0% +all right so that's that's what this +thing is equal to and what we just + + align:start position:0% +thing is equal to and what we just + + + align:start position:0% +thing is equal to and what we just +showed is that that tends to 1/3 as n + + align:start position:0% +showed is that that tends to 1/3 as n + + + align:start position:0% +showed is that that tends to 1/3 as n +goes to + + align:start position:0% +goes to + + + align:start position:0% +goes to +Infinity all right so this is the this + + align:start position:0% +Infinity all right so this is the this + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity all right so this is the this +is the way the summation notation is is + + align:start position:0% +is the way the summation notation is is + + + align:start position:0% +is the way the summation notation is is +uh is used there's a formula for each of + + align:start position:0% +uh is used there's a formula for each of + + + align:start position:0% +uh is used there's a formula for each of +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +coefficients each of these entries here + + align:start position:0% +coefficients each of these entries here + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients each of these entries here +or summands and then this is just an + + align:start position:0% +or summands and then this is just an + + + align:start position:0% +or summands and then this is just an +abbreviation for what the sum is and + + align:start position:0% +abbreviation for what the sum is and + + + align:start position:0% +abbreviation for what the sum is and +this is the reason why I stuck in that + + align:start position:0% +this is the reason why I stuck in that + + + align:start position:0% +this is the reason why I stuck in that +one squared at the beginning so that you + + align:start position:0% +one squared at the beginning so that you + + + align:start position:0% +one squared at the beginning so that you +could see that the pattern worked all + + align:start position:0% +could see that the pattern worked all + + + align:start position:0% +could see that the pattern worked all +the way down to I equals 1 it isn't an + + align:start position:0% +the way down to I equals 1 it isn't an + + + align:start position:0% +the way down to I equals 1 it isn't an +exception to the to the rule it's the + + align:start position:0% +exception to the to the rule it's the + + + align:start position:0% +exception to the to the rule it's the +same as all of the + + align:start position:0% +same as all of the + + + align:start position:0% +same as all of the +others now over + + align:start position:0% +others now over + + + align:start position:0% +others now over +here in this board we also had one of + + align:start position:0% +here in this board we also had one of + + + align:start position:0% +here in this board we also had one of +these extremely long + + align:start position:0% +these extremely long + + + align:start position:0% +these extremely long +sums and this + + align:start position:0% +sums and this + + + align:start position:0% +sums and this +one can be written in the following way + + align:start position:0% +one can be written in the following way + + + align:start position:0% +one can be written in the following way +and I hope you agree this is rather hard + + align:start position:0% +and I hope you agree this is rather hard + + + align:start position:0% +and I hope you agree this is rather hard +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +scan but the the uh one way of writing + + align:start position:0% +scan but the the uh one way of writing + + + align:start position:0% +scan but the the uh one way of writing +it is it's the sum from I 1 to n of now + + align:start position:0% +it is it's the sum from I 1 to n of now + + + align:start position:0% +it is it's the sum from I 1 to n of now +I have to write down the formula for the + + align:start position:0% +I have to write down the formula for the + + + align:start position:0% +I have to write down the formula for the +general term which is b/ n * i b Over N + + align:start position:0% +general term which is b/ n * i b Over N + + + align:start position:0% +general term which is b/ n * i b Over N +SAR + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that's a a way of abbreviating this + + align:start position:0% +so that's a a way of abbreviating this + + + align:start position:0% +so that's a a way of abbreviating this +massive formula into one which is just a + + align:start position:0% +massive formula into one which is just a + + + align:start position:0% +massive formula into one which is just a +lot + + align:start position:0% +lot + + + align:start position:0% +lot +shorter and now the manipulation that I + + align:start position:0% +shorter and now the manipulation that I + + + align:start position:0% +shorter and now the manipulation that I +performed with it which is to factor out + + align:start position:0% +performed with it which is to factor out + + + align:start position:0% +performed with it which is to factor out +this B Over N cubed is something that + + align:start position:0% +this B Over N cubed is something that + + + align:start position:0% +this B Over N cubed is something that +I'm perfectly well allowed to do also + + align:start position:0% +I'm perfectly well allowed to do also + + + align:start position:0% +I'm perfectly well allowed to do also +over here this is the distributive law + + align:start position:0% +over here this is the distributive law + + + align:start position:0% +over here this is the distributive law +this if I factor out B Cub Over N cubed + + align:start position:0% +this if I factor out B Cub Over N cubed + + + align:start position:0% +this if I factor out B Cub Over N cubed +I'm left with the sum I = 1 to n of i s + + align:start position:0% +I'm left with the sum I = 1 to n of i s + + + align:start position:0% +I'm left with the sum I = 1 to n of i s +all right so these notations make it a + + align:start position:0% +all right so these notations make it a + + + align:start position:0% +all right so these notations make it a +little bit more compact the uh what + + align:start position:0% +little bit more compact the uh what + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more compact the uh what +we're dealing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +with the the the + + align:start position:0% +with the the the + + + align:start position:0% +with the the the +conceptual phenomenon is still the same + + align:start position:0% +conceptual phenomenon is still the same + + + align:start position:0% +conceptual phenomenon is still the same +and the mess is really still just hiding + + align:start position:0% +and the mess is really still just hiding + + + align:start position:0% +and the mess is really still just hiding +under the rug but the notation is at + + align:start position:0% +under the rug but the notation is at + + + align:start position:0% +under the rug but the notation is at +least fits on on on a a few with a a few + + align:start position:0% +least fits on on on a a few with a a few + + + align:start position:0% +least fits on on on a a few with a a few +fewer symbols anyway + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so uh let's uh let's continue + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here I've given you one calculation and + + align:start position:0% +here I've given you one calculation and + + + align:start position:0% +here I've given you one calculation and +now I want to fit it into a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pattern and here's the here's the the + + align:start position:0% +pattern and here's the here's the the + + + align:start position:0% +pattern and here's the here's the the +thing that I'd like to calculate so + + align:start position:0% +thing that I'd like to calculate so + + + align:start position:0% +thing that I'd like to calculate so +first of + + align:start position:0% +first of + + + align:start position:0% +first of +all let's try case so I'm going to do + + align:start position:0% +all let's try case so I'm going to do + + + align:start position:0% +all let's try case so I'm going to do +two more + + align:start position:0% +two more + + + align:start position:0% +two more +examples I'll do two more examples but + + align:start position:0% +examples I'll do two more examples but + + + align:start position:0% +examples I'll do two more examples but +they're going to be much much easier and + + align:start position:0% +they're going to be much much easier and + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to be much much easier and +then things are going to get much easier + + align:start position:0% +then things are going to get much easier + + + align:start position:0% +then things are going to get much easier +from now on so the second example is + + align:start position:0% +from now on so the second example is + + + align:start position:0% +from now on so the second example is +going to be the function f ofx is equal + + align:start position:0% +going to be the function f ofx is equal + + + align:start position:0% +going to be the function f ofx is equal +to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X if I draw + + align:start position:0% +X if I draw + + + align:start position:0% +X if I draw +that that's this function here that's + + align:start position:0% +that that's this function here that's + + + align:start position:0% +that that's this function here that's +the line with slope one and here's B + + align:start position:0% +the line with slope one and here's B + + + align:start position:0% +the line with slope one and here's B +and so this area here is the same as the + + align:start position:0% +and so this area here is the same as the + + + align:start position:0% +and so this area here is the same as the +area of the triangle with with base B + + align:start position:0% +area of the triangle with with base B + + + align:start position:0% +area of the triangle with with base B +and height B so the + + align:start position:0% +and height B so the + + + align:start position:0% +and height B so the +area is equal to 12 B * B so this is the + + align:start position:0% +area is equal to 12 B * B so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +area is equal to 12 B * B so this is the +base and this is the height we also know + + align:start position:0% +base and this is the height we also know + + + align:start position:0% +base and this is the height we also know +how to find the area of + + align:start position:0% +how to find the area of + + + align:start position:0% +how to find the area of +triangles and so the formula is a half b + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +squared and + + align:start position:0% +squared and + + + align:start position:0% +squared and +the third + + align:start position:0% +the third + + + align:start position:0% +the third +example notice by the way I didn't have + + align:start position:0% +example notice by the way I didn't have + + + align:start position:0% +example notice by the way I didn't have +to um do this elaborate summing to do + + align:start position:0% +to um do this elaborate summing to do + + + align:start position:0% +to um do this elaborate summing to do +that because we happen to know this area + + align:start position:0% +that because we happen to know this area + + + align:start position:0% +that because we happen to know this area +the third example is going to be even + + align:start position:0% +the third example is going to be even + + + align:start position:0% +the third example is going to be even +easier f ofx is equal to 1 by far the + + align:start position:0% +easier f ofx is equal to 1 by far the + + + align:start position:0% +easier f ofx is equal to 1 by far the +most important example um remarkably + + align:start position:0% +most important example um remarkably + + + align:start position:0% +most important example um remarkably +when you get to 1802 in multivariable + + align:start position:0% +when you get to 1802 in multivariable + + + align:start position:0% +when you get to 1802 in multivariable +calculus you will forget this + + align:start position:0% +calculus you will forget this + + + align:start position:0% +calculus you will forget this +calculation somehow and I don't know why + + align:start position:0% +calculation somehow and I don't know why + + + align:start position:0% +calculation somehow and I don't know why +but it's happens to everybody so so the + + align:start position:0% +but it's happens to everybody so so the + + + align:start position:0% +but it's happens to everybody so so the +function is just horizontal like this + + align:start position:0% +function is just horizontal like this + + + align:start position:0% +function is just horizontal like this +right it's the constant one and if we + + align:start position:0% +right it's the constant one and if we + + + align:start position:0% +right it's the constant one and if we +stop it at + + align:start position:0% +stop it at + + + align:start position:0% +stop it at +B then the area we're interested in is + + align:start position:0% +B then the area we're interested in is + + + align:start position:0% +B then the area we're interested in is +just this from 0 to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +B and we know that this is height one so + + align:start position:0% +B and we know that this is height one so + + + align:start position:0% +B and we know that this is height one so +this is + + align:start position:0% +this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is +area is um base which is B * + + align:start position:0% +area is um base which is B * + + + align:start position:0% +area is um base which is B * +1 So it's b + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's look + + align:start position:0% +let's look + + + align:start position:0% +let's look +now at the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pattern we're going to look at the + + align:start position:0% +pattern we're going to look at the + + + align:start position:0% +pattern we're going to look at the +pattern of the + + align:start position:0% +pattern of the + + + align:start position:0% +pattern of the +function and it's the area under the + + align:start position:0% +function and it's the area under the + + + align:start position:0% +function and it's the area under the +curve which is this is has this + + align:start position:0% +curve which is this is has this + + + align:start position:0% +curve which is this is has this +elaborate + + align:start position:0% +elaborate + + + align:start position:0% +elaborate +formula in terms of so this is just the + + align:start position:0% +formula in terms of so this is just the + + + align:start position:0% +formula in terms of so this is just the +area under under the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +curve between + + align:start position:0% +curve between + + + align:start position:0% +curve between +uh zero and + + align:start position:0% +uh zero and + + + align:start position:0% +uh zero and +B and we have X SED which turned out to + + align:start position:0% +B and we have X SED which turned out to + + + align:start position:0% +B and we have X SED which turned out to +be B Cubed over 3 and we have X which + + align:start position:0% +be B Cubed over 3 and we have X which + + + align:start position:0% +be B Cubed over 3 and we have X which +turned out to be well let me write them + + align:start position:0% +turned out to be well let me write them + + + align:start position:0% +turned out to be well let me write them +over just a bit more to give myself some + + align:start position:0% +over just a bit more to give myself some + + + align:start position:0% +over just a bit more to give myself some +room X which turns out to be B ^2 / + + align:start position:0% +room X which turns out to be B ^2 / + + + align:start position:0% +room X which turns out to be B ^2 / +2 and then we have one which turned out + + align:start position:0% +2 and then we have one which turned out + + + align:start position:0% +2 and then we have one which turned out +to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +B so this I claim is + + align:start position:0% +B so this I claim is + + + align:start position:0% +B so this I claim is +suggestive uh if you can figure out the + + align:start position:0% +suggestive uh if you can figure out the + + + align:start position:0% +suggestive uh if you can figure out the +pattern one way of making it a little + + align:start position:0% +pattern one way of making it a little + + + align:start position:0% +pattern one way of making it a little +clearer is to see that X is X to the + + align:start position:0% +clearer is to see that X is X to the + + + align:start position:0% +clearer is to see that X is X to the +first + + align:start position:0% +first + + + align:start position:0% +first +Power and 1 is X to the 0o + + align:start position:0% +Power and 1 is X to the 0o + + + align:start position:0% +Power and 1 is X to the 0o +power so this is the case 0 1 and 2 and + + align:start position:0% +power so this is the case 0 1 and 2 and + + + align:start position:0% +power so this is the case 0 1 and 2 and +B is B to the 1 / + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1 so if you want to guess what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +happens when F + + align:start position:0% +happens when F + + + align:start position:0% +happens when F +ofx is X + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cubed well if it's zero you do B the 1 + + align:start position:0% +cubed well if it's zero you do B the 1 + + + align:start position:0% +cubed well if it's zero you do B the 1 +over 1 if it's 1 you do B the 2 over two + + align:start position:0% +over 1 if it's 1 you do B the 2 over two + + + align:start position:0% +over 1 if it's 1 you do B the 2 over two +if it's two you do B the 3 + + align:start position:0% +if it's two you do B the 3 + + + align:start position:0% +if it's two you do B the 3 +over3 so it's reasonable to Guess that + + align:start position:0% +over3 so it's reasonable to Guess that + + + align:start position:0% +over3 so it's reasonable to Guess that +this should be B to 4 / + + align:start position:0% +this should be B to 4 / + + + align:start position:0% +this should be B to 4 / +4 right that's that's a reasonable guess + + align:start position:0% +4 right that's that's a reasonable guess + + + align:start position:0% +4 right that's that's a reasonable guess +I would say right now the strange thing + + align:start position:0% +I would say right now the strange thing + + + align:start position:0% +I would say right now the strange thing +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +that in + + align:start position:0% +that in + + + align:start position:0% +that in +history uh + + align:start position:0% +history uh + + + align:start position:0% +history uh +Archimedes uh figured out the area under + + align:start position:0% +Archimedes uh figured out the area under + + + align:start position:0% +Archimedes uh figured out the area under +a parabola so that was a long time ago + + align:start position:0% +a parabola so that was a long time ago + + + align:start position:0% +a parabola so that was a long time ago +it was after the pyramids and he used + + align:start position:0% +it was after the pyramids and he used + + + align:start position:0% +it was after the pyramids and he used +actually a much more complicated method + + align:start position:0% +actually a much more complicated method + + + align:start position:0% +actually a much more complicated method +than I just described here and his + + align:start position:0% +than I just described here and his + + + align:start position:0% +than I just described here and his +method which is just fantastically + + align:start position:0% +method which is just fantastically + + + align:start position:0% +method which is just fantastically +amazing was so brilliant that it may + + align:start position:0% +amazing was so brilliant that it may + + + align:start position:0% +amazing was so brilliant that it may +have set back mathematics by 2,000 years + + align:start position:0% +have set back mathematics by 2,000 years + + + align:start position:0% +have set back mathematics by 2,000 years +because people were so it was so + + align:start position:0% +because people were so it was so + + + align:start position:0% +because people were so it was so +difficult that people couldn't see this + + align:start position:0% +difficult that people couldn't see this + + + align:start position:0% +difficult that people couldn't see this +pattern and couldn't see that actually + + align:start position:0% +pattern and couldn't see that actually + + + align:start position:0% +pattern and couldn't see that actually +these kinds of calculations are easy so + + align:start position:0% +these kinds of calculations are easy so + + + align:start position:0% +these kinds of calculations are easy so +they couldn't get to the cubic and even + + align:start position:0% +they couldn't get to the cubic and even + + + align:start position:0% +they couldn't get to the cubic and even +when they got to the cubic they were + + align:start position:0% +when they got to the cubic they were + + + align:start position:0% +when they got to the cubic they were +struggling with everything else and it + + align:start position:0% +struggling with everything else and it + + + align:start position:0% +struggling with everything else and it +wasn't until calculus fit everything + + align:start position:0% +wasn't until calculus fit everything + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't until calculus fit everything +together that people were able to make + + align:start position:0% +together that people were able to make + + + align:start position:0% +together that people were able to make +serious progress on calculating these + + align:start position:0% +serious progress on calculating these + + + align:start position:0% +serious progress on calculating these +areas even though he was the expert on + + align:start position:0% +areas even though he was the expert on + + + align:start position:0% +areas even though he was the expert on +calculating areas and volumes for his + + align:start position:0% +calculating areas and volumes for his + + + align:start position:0% +calculating areas and volumes for his +time so this is really a great thing + + align:start position:0% +time so this is really a great thing + + + align:start position:0% +time so this is really a great thing +that we now can have easy methods of + + align:start position:0% +that we now can have easy methods of + + + align:start position:0% +that we now can have easy methods of +doing it and the main thing that I want + + align:start position:0% +doing it and the main thing that I want + + + align:start position:0% +doing it and the main thing that I want +to tell you is that we will not have to + + align:start position:0% +to tell you is that we will not have to + + + align:start position:0% +to tell you is that we will not have to +labor to build pyramids to calculate all + + align:start position:0% +labor to build pyramids to calculate all + + + align:start position:0% +labor to build pyramids to calculate all +of these quantities we will have have a + + align:start position:0% +of these quantities we will have have a + + + align:start position:0% +of these quantities we will have have a +way faster way of doing it this is the + + align:start position:0% +way faster way of doing it this is the + + + align:start position:0% +way faster way of doing it this is the +slow laborious way and we will be able + + align:start position:0% +slow laborious way and we will be able + + + align:start position:0% +slow laborious way and we will be able +to do it so easily that it will happen + + align:start position:0% +to do it so easily that it will happen + + + align:start position:0% +to do it so easily that it will happen +as fast as you differentiate so that's + + align:start position:0% +as fast as you differentiate so that's + + + align:start position:0% +as fast as you differentiate so that's +coming up + + align:start position:0% +coming up + + + align:start position:0% +coming up +tomorrow but I want you to know that + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow but I want you to know that + + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow but I want you to know that +it's going to be however we're going to + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be however we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be however we're going to +go through just a little + + align:start position:0% +go through just a little + + + align:start position:0% +go through just a little +pain before we do + + align:start position:0% +pain before we do + + + align:start position:0% +pain before we do +it and I'll just tell you one more one + + align:start position:0% +it and I'll just tell you one more one + + + align:start position:0% +it and I'll just tell you one more one +more piece of notation here + + align:start position:0% +more piece of notation here + + + align:start position:0% +more piece of notation here +all + + align:start position:0% +all + + + align:start position:0% +all +right so you need to have a little + + align:start position:0% +right so you need to have a little + + + align:start position:0% +right so you need to have a little +practice just to recognize how how much + + align:start position:0% +practice just to recognize how how much + + + align:start position:0% +practice just to recognize how how much +savings we're going to make but never + + align:start position:0% +savings we're going to make but never + + + align:start position:0% +savings we're going to make but never +again will you have to face elaborate + + align:start position:0% +again will you have to face elaborate + + + align:start position:0% +again will you have to face elaborate +geometric arguments like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this so let me just add a little bit of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +notation uh for the + + align:start position:0% +notation uh for the + + + align:start position:0% +notation uh for the +uh for for uh uh for definite integrals + + align:start position:0% +uh for for uh uh for definite integrals + + + align:start position:0% +uh for for uh uh for definite integrals +all right and this goes under the name + + align:start position:0% +all right and this goes under the name + + + align:start position:0% +all right and this goes under the name +of reman + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sums named after a a mathematician from + + align:start position:0% +sums named after a a mathematician from + + + align:start position:0% +sums named after a a mathematician from +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1800s so this is the general + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +procedure + + align:start position:0% +procedure + + + align:start position:0% +procedure +procedure for definite integrals + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we divide it up into + + align:start position:0% +we divide it up into + + + align:start position:0% +we divide it up into +pieces and how do we how do we do that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well so here's our a and here's our + + align:start position:0% +well so here's our a and here's our + + + align:start position:0% +well so here's our a and here's our +here's our B and what we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +here's our B and what we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +here's our B and what we're going to do +is break it up into little pieces and + + align:start position:0% +is break it up into little pieces and + + + align:start position:0% +is break it up into little pieces and +we're going to give a name to the + + align:start position:0% +we're going to give a name to the + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to give a name to the +increment and we're going to call that + + align:start position:0% +increment and we're going to call that + + + align:start position:0% +increment and we're going to call that +Delta X + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we divide up into these so how many + + align:start position:0% +so we divide up into these so how many + + + align:start position:0% +so we divide up into these so how many +pieces are there if there are n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Pieces then the general formula is + + align:start position:0% +Pieces then the general formula is + + + align:start position:0% +Pieces then the general formula is +always that Delta X is 1 / n * the total + + align:start position:0% +always that Delta X is 1 / n * the total + + + align:start position:0% +always that Delta X is 1 / n * the total +length so it has to be B minus a Over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +N we will always use these equal + + align:start position:0% +N we will always use these equal + + + align:start position:0% +N we will always use these equal +increments although you don't absolutely + + align:start position:0% +increments although you don't absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +increments although you don't absolutely +have to do it we will for these remon + + align:start position:0% +have to do it we will for these remon + + + align:start position:0% +have to do it we will for these remon +sums + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and now there's only + + align:start position:0% +and now there's only + + + align:start position:0% +and now there's only +one bit of + + align:start position:0% +one bit of + + + align:start position:0% +one bit of +flexibility in that we will allow + + align:start position:0% +flexibility in that we will allow + + + align:start position:0% +flexibility in that we will allow +ourselves which is this we're going to + + align:start position:0% +ourselves which is this we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +ourselves which is this we're going to +pick + + align:start position:0% +pick + + + align:start position:0% +pick +any + + align:start position:0% +any + + + align:start position:0% +any +height of f + + align:start position:0% +height of f + + + align:start position:0% +height of f +between uh in in the interval + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in each + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +interval so what that means is let me + + align:start position:0% +interval so what that means is let me + + + align:start position:0% +interval so what that means is let me +just uh show it to you on the on the + + align:start position:0% +just uh show it to you on the on the + + + align:start position:0% +just uh show it to you on the on the +picture + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here is I just pick any value in between + + align:start position:0% +here is I just pick any value in between + + + align:start position:0% +here is I just pick any value in between +I'll call it CI which is in there and + + align:start position:0% +I'll call it CI which is in there and + + + align:start position:0% +I'll call it CI which is in there and +then I go up here and I have the level + + align:start position:0% +then I go up here and I have the level + + + align:start position:0% +then I go up here and I have the level +which is f of CI and that's the + + align:start position:0% +which is f of CI and that's the + + + align:start position:0% +which is f of CI and that's the +rectangle that I choose + + align:start position:0% +rectangle that I choose + + + align:start position:0% +rectangle that I choose +in other in the in the case that we did + + align:start position:0% +in other in the in the case that we did + + + align:start position:0% +in other in the in the case that we did +we always chose the right hand the large + + align:start position:0% +we always chose the right hand the large + + + align:start position:0% +we always chose the right hand the large +which turned out to be the largest one + + align:start position:0% +which turned out to be the largest one + + + align:start position:0% +which turned out to be the largest one +but I could have stuck chosen some level + + align:start position:0% +but I could have stuck chosen some level + + + align:start position:0% +but I could have stuck chosen some level +in between or even the leftand end which + + align:start position:0% +in between or even the leftand end which + + + align:start position:0% +in between or even the leftand end which +would have meant that the staircase + + align:start position:0% +would have meant that the staircase + + + align:start position:0% +would have meant that the staircase +would have been quite a bit + + align:start position:0% +would have been quite a bit + + + align:start position:0% +would have been quite a bit +lower all right so any of these + + align:start position:0% +lower all right so any of these + + + align:start position:0% +lower all right so any of these +staircases will work perfectly + + align:start position:0% +staircases will work perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +staircases will work perfectly +well so that means we're picking um f of + + align:start position:0% +well so that means we're picking um f of + + + align:start position:0% +well so that means we're picking um f of +CI and that's a + + align:start position:0% +CI and that's a + + + align:start position:0% +CI and that's a +height and now we're just going to add + + align:start position:0% +height and now we're just going to add + + + align:start position:0% +height and now we're just going to add +them all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +up and this is the sum of the areas of + + align:start position:0% +up and this is the sum of the areas of + + + align:start position:0% +up and this is the sum of the areas of +the rectangles because this is the + + align:start position:0% +the rectangles because this is the + + + align:start position:0% +the rectangles because this is the +height and this is the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +base this notation is supposed to be now + + align:start position:0% +base this notation is supposed to be now + + + align:start position:0% +base this notation is supposed to be now +very suggestive of the + + align:start position:0% +very suggestive of the + + + align:start position:0% +very suggestive of the +notation that uh that uh liet used which + + align:start position:0% +notation that uh that uh liet used which + + + align:start position:0% +notation that uh that uh liet used which +is that in the limit this becomes an + + align:start position:0% +is that in the limit this becomes an + + + align:start position:0% +is that in the limit this becomes an +integral from A to B of f ofx DX and + + align:start position:0% +integral from A to B of f ofx DX and + + + align:start position:0% +integral from A to B of f ofx DX and +notice that the Delta X gets replaced by + + align:start position:0% +notice that the Delta X gets replaced by + + + align:start position:0% +notice that the Delta X gets replaced by +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +DX so this is what happens in the + + align:start position:0% +DX so this is what happens in the + + + align:start position:0% +DX so this is what happens in the +limit as the uh the rectangles get thin + + align:start position:0% +limit as the uh the rectangles get thin + + + align:start position:0% +limit as the uh the rectangles get thin +so that's as Delta X goes to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero and these these gadgets are called + + align:start position:0% +zero and these these gadgets are called + + + align:start position:0% +zero and these these gadgets are called +remon sums this is called a remon sum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we already worked out an example + + align:start position:0% +and we already worked out an example + + + align:start position:0% +and we already worked out an example +this very complicated guy was an example + + align:start position:0% +this very complicated guy was an example + + + align:start position:0% +this very complicated guy was an example +of a reman + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sum right so that's a notation and uh + + align:start position:0% +sum right so that's a notation and uh + + + align:start position:0% +sum right so that's a notation and uh +we'll give you a chance to get used to + + align:start position:0% +we'll give you a chance to get used to + + + align:start position:0% +we'll give you a chance to get used to +it a little more when we do some + + align:start position:0% +it a little more when we do some + + + align:start position:0% +it a little more when we do some +numerical work at the end all + + align:start position:0% +numerical work at the end all + + + align:start position:0% +numerical work at the end all +right now the last thing for today is I + + align:start position:0% +right now the last thing for today is I + + + align:start position:0% +right now the last thing for today is I +promised you an example + + align:start position:0% +promised you an example + + + align:start position:0% +promised you an example +uh which was not an area + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example I want to be able to show you + + align:start position:0% +example I want to be able to show you + + + align:start position:0% +example I want to be able to show you +that integrals are can be interpreted as + + align:start position:0% +that integrals are can be interpreted as + + + align:start position:0% +that integrals are can be interpreted as +cumulative + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sums + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +integrals as cumulative + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sums so this is just an + + align:start position:0% +sums so this is just an + + + align:start position:0% +sums so this is just an +example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and and uh so so here's the here's the + + align:start position:0% +and and uh so so here's the here's the + + + align:start position:0% +and and uh so so here's the here's the +way it goes so we're going to consider a + + align:start position:0% +way it goes so we're going to consider a + + + align:start position:0% +way it goes so we're going to consider a +function f we're going to we're going to + + align:start position:0% +function f we're going to we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +function f we're going to we're going to +consider a variable T which is + + align:start position:0% +consider a variable T which is + + + align:start position:0% +consider a variable T which is +time in years + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we'll consider a function f of T + + align:start position:0% +and we'll consider a function f of T + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll consider a function f of T +which is in dollars per year all right + + align:start position:0% +which is in dollars per year all right + + + align:start position:0% +which is in dollars per year all right +this is a financial example here that's + + align:start position:0% +this is a financial example here that's + + + align:start position:0% +this is a financial example here that's +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +unit here dollars per year and this is + + align:start position:0% +unit here dollars per year and this is + + + align:start position:0% +unit here dollars per year and this is +going to be a borrowing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rate now the reason why I want to put + + align:start position:0% +rate now the reason why I want to put + + + align:start position:0% +rate now the reason why I want to put +units in here is to show you that uh + + align:start position:0% +units in here is to show you that uh + + + align:start position:0% +units in here is to show you that uh +there's a good reason for this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +strange DX which we append on these + + align:start position:0% +strange DX which we append on these + + + align:start position:0% +strange DX which we append on these +these integrals this notation it allows + + align:start position:0% +these integrals this notation it allows + + + align:start position:0% +these integrals this notation it allows +us to change variables allows us to be + + align:start position:0% +us to change variables allows us to be + + + align:start position:0% +us to change variables allows us to be +consistent with units and allows us to + + align:start position:0% +consistent with units and allows us to + + + align:start position:0% +consistent with units and allows us to +develop meaningful formulas which are + + align:start position:0% +develop meaningful formulas which are + + + align:start position:0% +develop meaningful formulas which are +which are consistent across the board + + align:start position:0% +which are consistent across the board + + + align:start position:0% +which are consistent across the board +and so I want to emphasize the units in + + align:start position:0% +and so I want to emphasize the units in + + + align:start position:0% +and so I want to emphasize the units in +this in this uh when I when I set up + + align:start position:0% +this in this uh when I when I set up + + + align:start position:0% +this in this uh when I when I set up +this modeling problem here + + align:start position:0% +this modeling problem here + + + align:start position:0% +this modeling problem here +now you're borrowing money let's say + + align:start position:0% +now you're borrowing money let's say + + + align:start position:0% +now you're borrowing money let's say +every day all right so that means delta + + align:start position:0% +every day all right so that means delta + + + align:start position:0% +every day all right so that means delta +T is 1 + + align:start position:0% +T is 1 + + + align:start position:0% +T is 1 +365 that's almost one over infinity from + + align:start position:0% +365 that's almost one over infinity from + + + align:start position:0% +365 that's almost one over infinity from +the point of view of various purposes + + align:start position:0% +the point of view of various purposes + + + align:start position:0% +the point of view of various purposes +all right so this is how much you're + + align:start position:0% +all right so this is how much you're + + + align:start position:0% +all right so this is how much you're +borrowing uh each in each time increment + + align:start position:0% +borrowing uh each in each time increment + + + align:start position:0% +borrowing uh each in each time increment +you're borrowing and let's say that you + + align:start position:0% +you're borrowing and let's say that you + + + align:start position:0% +you're borrowing and let's say that you +borrow your rate varies over the year I + + align:start position:0% +borrow your rate varies over the year I + + + align:start position:0% +borrow your rate varies over the year I +mean sometimes you need more money + + align:start position:0% +mean sometimes you need more money + + + align:start position:0% +mean sometimes you need more money +sometimes you need less certainly any + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you need less certainly any + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you need less certainly any +business would be that way and so here + + align:start position:0% +business would be that way and so here + + + align:start position:0% +business would be that way and so here +you are you've got your money and you're + + align:start position:0% +you are you've got your money and you're + + + align:start position:0% +you are you've got your money and you're +borrowing it but the rate is varying and + + align:start position:0% +borrowing it but the rate is varying and + + + align:start position:0% +borrowing it but the rate is varying and +so how much did you borrow well uh + + align:start position:0% +so how much did you borrow well uh + + + align:start position:0% +so how much did you borrow well uh +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +day + + align:start position:0% +day + + + align:start position:0% +day +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +45 which corresponds to T over 40 is 45 + + align:start position:0% +45 which corresponds to T over 40 is 45 + + + align:start position:0% +45 which corresponds to T over 40 is 45 +over + + align:start position:0% +over + + + align:start position:0% +over +365 you + + align:start position:0% +365 you + + + align:start position:0% +365 you +borrowed the following amount here was + + align:start position:0% +borrowed the following amount here was + + + align:start position:0% +borrowed the following amount here was +your borrowing rate + + align:start position:0% +your borrowing rate + + + align:start position:0% +your borrowing rate +times this quantity so dollars per year + + align:start position:0% +times this quantity so dollars per year + + + align:start position:0% +times this quantity so dollars per year +and so this is if you like so I want to + + align:start position:0% +and so this is if you like so I want to + + + align:start position:0% +and so this is if you like so I want to +emphasize the scaling that comes about + + align:start position:0% +emphasize the scaling that comes about + + + align:start position:0% +emphasize the scaling that comes about +here you have you have dollars per year + + align:start position:0% +here you have you have dollars per year + + + align:start position:0% +here you have you have dollars per year +and this is um this is uh uh this number + + align:start position:0% +and this is um this is uh uh this number + + + align:start position:0% +and this is um this is uh uh this number +of years so that comes out to be in + + align:start position:0% +of years so that comes out to be in + + + align:start position:0% +of years so that comes out to be in +dollars this final amount this is the + + align:start position:0% +dollars this final amount this is the + + + align:start position:0% +dollars this final amount this is the +amount that you actually borrow + + align:start position:0% +amount that you actually borrow + + + align:start position:0% +amount that you actually borrow +so you borrow this + + align:start position:0% +so you borrow this + + + align:start position:0% +so you borrow this +amount and now if I want to add up how + + align:start position:0% +amount and now if I want to add up how + + + align:start position:0% +amount and now if I want to add up how +much you + + align:start position:0% +much you + + + align:start position:0% +much you +get uh you've borrowed in the entire + + align:start position:0% +get uh you've borrowed in the entire + + + align:start position:0% +get uh you've borrowed in the entire +year that's this sum I equal 1 to + + align:start position:0% +year that's this sum I equal 1 to + + + align:start position:0% +year that's this sum I equal 1 to +365 of f of well it's I over + + align:start position:0% +365 of f of well it's I over + + + align:start position:0% +365 of f of well it's I over +365 time this delta T which I'll just + + align:start position:0% +365 time this delta T which I'll just + + + align:start position:0% +365 time this delta T which I'll just +leave as delta T here this is total + + align:start position:0% +leave as delta T here this is total + + + align:start position:0% +leave as delta T here this is total +amount borrowed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now this is kind of a messy sum in fact + + align:start position:0% +now this is kind of a messy sum in fact + + + align:start position:0% +now this is kind of a messy sum in fact +your your bank probably will keep track + + align:start position:0% +your your bank probably will keep track + + + align:start position:0% +your your bank probably will keep track +of it and they know how to do that but + + align:start position:0% +of it and they know how to do that but + + + align:start position:0% +of it and they know how to do that but +when we're modeling things with + + align:start position:0% +when we're modeling things with + + + align:start position:0% +when we're modeling things with +strategies you know trading strategies + + align:start position:0% +strategies you know trading strategies + + + align:start position:0% +strategies you know trading strategies +of course you're really some kind of + + align:start position:0% +of course you're really some kind of + + + align:start position:0% +of course you're really some kind of +financial engineer and you want to + + align:start position:0% +financial engineer and you want to + + + align:start position:0% +financial engineer and you want to +cleverly optimize how much you borrow + + align:start position:0% +cleverly optimize how much you borrow + + + align:start position:0% +cleverly optimize how much you borrow +and how much you spend and how much you + + align:start position:0% +and how much you spend and how much you + + + align:start position:0% +and how much you spend and how much you +invest this is going to be very very + + align:start position:0% +invest this is going to be very very + + + align:start position:0% +invest this is going to be very very +similar + + align:start position:0% +similar + + + align:start position:0% +similar +to the integral from 0 to one of f of t + + align:start position:0% +to the integral from 0 to one of f of t + + + align:start position:0% +to the integral from 0 to one of f of t +DT at at the scale of uh 1 over 35 uh + + align:start position:0% +DT at at the scale of uh 1 over 35 uh + + + align:start position:0% +DT at at the scale of uh 1 over 35 uh +it's it's probably uh good to 365 it's + + align:start position:0% +it's it's probably uh good to 365 it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's probably uh good to 365 it's +probably enough for many + + align:start position:0% +probably enough for many + + + align:start position:0% +probably enough for many +purposes now + + align:start position:0% +purposes now + + + align:start position:0% +purposes now +however there's there's another thing + + align:start position:0% +however there's there's another thing + + + align:start position:0% +however there's there's another thing +that you would want to model which is + + align:start position:0% +that you would want to model which is + + + align:start position:0% +that you would want to model which is +equally important this is how much you + + align:start position:0% +equally important this is how much you + + + align:start position:0% +equally important this is how much you +borrowed but there's also how much you + + align:start position:0% +borrowed but there's also how much you + + + align:start position:0% +borrowed but there's also how much you +owe the bank at the end of the year and + + align:start position:0% +owe the bank at the end of the year and + + + align:start position:0% +owe the bank at the end of the year and +the amount that you owe the bank at the + + align:start position:0% +the amount that you owe the bank at the + + + align:start position:0% +the amount that you owe the bank at the +end of the year I'm going to do it in a + + align:start position:0% +end of the year I'm going to do it in a + + + align:start position:0% +end of the year I'm going to do it in a +fancy way it's you um the interest we'll + + align:start position:0% +fancy way it's you um the interest we'll + + + align:start position:0% +fancy way it's you um the interest we'll +say is compounded + + align:start position:0% +say is compounded + + + align:start position:0% +say is compounded +continuously so the interest rate if you + + align:start position:0% +continuously so the interest rate if you + + + align:start position:0% +continuously so the interest rate if you +start out with p as your principal then + + align:start position:0% +start out with p as your principal then + + + align:start position:0% +start out with p as your principal then +after + + align:start position:0% +after + + + align:start position:0% +after +time T you owe so borrow + + align:start position:0% +time T you owe so borrow + + + align:start position:0% +time T you owe so borrow +P After Time T you + + align:start position:0% +P After Time T you + + + align:start position:0% +P After Time T you +owe P time e to the RT R is your + + align:start position:0% +owe P time e to the RT R is your + + + align:start position:0% +owe P time e to the RT R is your +interest + + align:start position:0% +interest + + + align:start position:0% +interest +rate say + + align:start position:0% +rate say + + + align:start position:0% +rate say +005 per + + align:start position:0% +005 per + + + align:start position:0% +005 per +year okay that would be an example of a + + align:start position:0% +year okay that would be an example of a + + + align:start position:0% +year okay that would be an example of a +of an interest + + align:start position:0% +of an interest + + + align:start position:0% +of an interest +rate and + + align:start position:0% +rate and + + + align:start position:0% +rate and +so if you want to understand how much + + align:start position:0% +so if you want to understand how much + + + align:start position:0% +so if you want to understand how much +money you actually owe at the end of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +year at the end of the year what you owe + + align:start position:0% +year at the end of the year what you owe + + + align:start position:0% +year at the end of the year what you owe +is well you borrowed these amounts + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here but now you owe more at the end of + + align:start position:0% +here but now you owe more at the end of + + + align:start position:0% +here but now you owe more at the end of +the year you ow e to the power R times + + align:start position:0% +the year you ow e to the power R times + + + align:start position:0% +the year you ow e to the power R times +the amount of time left in the year so + + align:start position:0% +the amount of time left in the year so + + + align:start position:0% +the amount of time left in the year so +the amount of time left in the year is 1 + + align:start position:0% +the amount of time left in the year is 1 + + + align:start position:0% +the amount of time left in the year is 1 +minus I over + + align:start position:0% +minus I over + + + align:start position:0% +minus I over +365 or 365 minus I days left so this is + + align:start position:0% +365 or 365 minus I days left so this is + + + align:start position:0% +365 or 365 minus I days left so this is +1 minus I over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +365 and this is what you have to add + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +up to see how much you owe and that is + + align:start position:0% +up to see how much you owe and that is + + + align:start position:0% +up to see how much you owe and that is +essentially the integral from 0 to 1 the + + align:start position:0% +essentially the integral from 0 to 1 the + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the integral from 0 to 1 the +delta T comes out and you have here e to + + align:start position:0% +delta T comes out and you have here e to + + + align:start position:0% +delta T comes out and you have here e to +the r * 1 + + align:start position:0% +the r * 1 + + + align:start position:0% +the r * 1 +minus + + align:start position:0% +minus + + + align:start position:0% +minus +t so the t is replacing this I over 365 + + align:start position:0% +t so the t is replacing this I over 365 + + + align:start position:0% +t so the t is replacing this I over 365 +F of T + + align:start position:0% +F of T + + + align:start position:0% +F of T +DT and so when you when you start + + align:start position:0% +DT and so when you when you start + + + align:start position:0% +DT and so when you when you start +computing and thinking about what's the + + align:start position:0% +computing and thinking about what's the + + + align:start position:0% +computing and thinking about what's the +right strategy you you're faced with + + align:start position:0% +right strategy you you're faced with + + + align:start position:0% +right strategy you you're faced with +integrals of this type all right so + + align:start position:0% +integrals of this type all right so + + + align:start position:0% +integrals of this type all right so +that's just an example and see you next + + align:start position:0% +that's just an example and see you next + + + align:start position:0% +that's just an example and see you next +time remember to think about questions + + align:start position:0% +time remember to think about questions + + + align:start position:0% +time remember to think about questions +that you'll ask next time \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/huPKjd3wLyc.txt b/huPKjd3wLyc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6381579dee57e7e81ea21e1cb7e579bff2803c15 --- /dev/null +++ b/huPKjd3wLyc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,715 @@ +align:start position:0% + +in problem-solving when we're working + + align:start position:0% +in problem-solving when we're working + + + align:start position:0% +in problem-solving when we're working +with problems with potential and kinetic + + align:start position:0% +with problems with potential and kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +with problems with potential and kinetic +energy remember we have our main concept + + align:start position:0% +energy remember we have our main concept + + + align:start position:0% +energy remember we have our main concept +that the non-conservative work causes + + align:start position:0% +that the non-conservative work causes + + + align:start position:0% +that the non-conservative work causes +the potential energy and kinetic energy + + align:start position:0% +the potential energy and kinetic energy + + + align:start position:0% +the potential energy and kinetic energy +to change okay final minus K initial + + align:start position:0% +to change okay final minus K initial + + + align:start position:0% +to change okay final minus K initial +plus u final minus u initial now how are + + align:start position:0% +plus u final minus u initial now how are + + + align:start position:0% +plus u final minus u initial now how are +we going to apply this in + + align:start position:0% +we going to apply this in + + + align:start position:0% +we going to apply this in +problem-solving well what we'd like to + + align:start position:0% +problem-solving well what we'd like to + + + align:start position:0% +problem-solving well what we'd like to +introduce is a tool which we're going to + + align:start position:0% +introduce is a tool which we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +introduce is a tool which we're going to +refer to as our energy state diagrams so + + align:start position:0% +refer to as our energy state diagrams so + + + align:start position:0% +refer to as our energy state diagrams so +the way this works is we want let's have + + align:start position:0% +the way this works is we want let's have + + + align:start position:0% +the way this works is we want let's have +an example to think about suppose you + + align:start position:0% +an example to think about suppose you + + + align:start position:0% +an example to think about suppose you +have a dome so here's some dome we can + + align:start position:0% +have a dome so here's some dome we can + + + align:start position:0% +have a dome so here's some dome we can +think of this as the MIT dome and you + + align:start position:0% +think of this as the MIT dome and you + + + align:start position:0% +think of this as the MIT dome and you +have an object that is initially at the + + align:start position:0% +have an object that is initially at the + + + align:start position:0% +have an object that is initially at the +top of the dome and then this object is + + align:start position:0% +top of the dome and then this object is + + + align:start position:0% +top of the dome and then this object is +sliding down the dome and at a later + + align:start position:0% +sliding down the dome and at a later + + + align:start position:0% +sliding down the dome and at a later +time it's at a point somewhere along the + + align:start position:0% +time it's at a point somewhere along the + + + align:start position:0% +time it's at a point somewhere along the +dome now eventually it's going to fall + + align:start position:0% +dome now eventually it's going to fall + + + align:start position:0% +dome now eventually it's going to fall +off the dome but that's a separate + + align:start position:0% +off the dome but that's a separate + + + align:start position:0% +off the dome but that's a separate +question so how can we use our energy + + align:start position:0% +question so how can we use our energy + + + align:start position:0% +question so how can we use our energy +ideas to analyze this situation and the + + align:start position:0% +ideas to analyze this situation and the + + + align:start position:0% +ideas to analyze this situation and the +way we do it is that we choose first + + align:start position:0% +way we do it is that we choose first + + + align:start position:0% +way we do it is that we choose first +initial and final States that we're in + + align:start position:0% +initial and final States that we're in + + + align:start position:0% +initial and final States that we're in +considering because our first idea in + + align:start position:0% +considering because our first idea in + + + align:start position:0% +considering because our first idea in +the energy diagram is to compare the + + align:start position:0% +the energy diagram is to compare the + + + align:start position:0% +the energy diagram is to compare the +change in energy kinetic energy between + + align:start position:0% +change in energy kinetic energy between + + + align:start position:0% +change in energy kinetic energy between +the initial and change a potential + + align:start position:0% +the initial and change a potential + + + align:start position:0% +the initial and change a potential +energy between the initial and the final + + align:start position:0% +energy between the initial and the final + + + align:start position:0% +energy between the initial and the final +States + + align:start position:0% +States + + + align:start position:0% +States +so in our dome problem we would choose + + align:start position:0% +so in our dome problem we would choose + + + align:start position:0% +so in our dome problem we would choose +our initial state let's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +draw our object at the top and in our + + align:start position:0% +draw our object at the top and in our + + + align:start position:0% +draw our object at the top and in our +final state separately let's draw the + + align:start position:0% +final state separately let's draw the + + + align:start position:0% +final state separately let's draw the +object over here and then we want to + + align:start position:0% +object over here and then we want to + + + align:start position:0% +object over here and then we want to +parameterize these states by some type + + align:start position:0% +parameterize these states by some type + + + align:start position:0% +parameterize these states by some type +of coordinate system so here we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +of coordinate system so here we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +of coordinate system so here we're gonna +have some type of coordinate system that + + align:start position:0% +have some type of coordinate system that + + + align:start position:0% +have some type of coordinate system that +we'll use for both energies of scalars + + align:start position:0% +we'll use for both energies of scalars + + + align:start position:0% +we'll use for both energies of scalars +so we don't have to worry about it and + + align:start position:0% +so we don't have to worry about it and + + + align:start position:0% +so we don't have to worry about it and +what I'll do is I'll define an angle + + align:start position:0% +what I'll do is I'll define an angle + + + align:start position:0% +what I'll do is I'll define an angle +theta final here from the vertical here + + align:start position:0% +theta final here from the vertical here + + + align:start position:0% +theta final here from the vertical here +theta initial is 0 and I've now + + align:start position:0% +theta initial is 0 and I've now + + + align:start position:0% +theta initial is 0 and I've now +parameterize my initial and final States + + align:start position:0% +parameterize my initial and final States + + + align:start position:0% +parameterize my initial and final States +now the important thing that we'll do in + + align:start position:0% +now the important thing that we'll do in + + + align:start position:0% +now the important thing that we'll do in +the energy diagram is to draw is to + + align:start position:0% +the energy diagram is to draw is to + + + align:start position:0% +the energy diagram is to draw is to +choose our zero potential energy where + + align:start position:0% +choose our zero potential energy where + + + align:start position:0% +choose our zero potential energy where +are we going to choose this so we could + + align:start position:0% +are we going to choose this so we could + + + align:start position:0% +are we going to choose this so we could +say either a surface we'll call that + + align:start position:0% +say either a surface we'll call that + + + align:start position:0% +say either a surface we'll call that +potential energy and in this diagram I + + align:start position:0% +potential energy and in this diagram I + + + align:start position:0% +potential energy and in this diagram I +can choose by zero for potential energy + + align:start position:0% +can choose by zero for potential energy + + + align:start position:0% +can choose by zero for potential energy +anywhere I want but I want to draw it on + + align:start position:0% +anywhere I want but I want to draw it on + + + align:start position:0% +anywhere I want but I want to draw it on +my initial in my final States so I'm + + align:start position:0% +my initial in my final States so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +my initial in my final States so I'm +going to choose it right here and I'll + + align:start position:0% +going to choose it right here and I'll + + + align:start position:0% +going to choose it right here and I'll +denote this as U equals zero and now I + + align:start position:0% +denote this as U equals zero and now I + + + align:start position:0% +denote this as U equals zero and now I +can now make a list of I want to + + align:start position:0% +can now make a list of I want to + + + align:start position:0% +can now make a list of I want to +identify so step three is to identify + + align:start position:0% +identify so step three is to identify + + + align:start position:0% +identify so step three is to identify +the K and you for each state so here we + + align:start position:0% +the K and you for each state so here we + + + align:start position:0% +the K and you for each state so here we +have K initial it's at rest zero and u + + align:start position:0% +have K initial it's at rest zero and u + + + align:start position:0% +have K initial it's at rest zero and u +initial well I didn't introduce a + + align:start position:0% +initial well I didn't introduce a + + + align:start position:0% +initial well I didn't introduce a +parameter R it's u initial is how high + + align:start position:0% +parameter R it's u initial is how high + + + align:start position:0% +parameter R it's u initial is how high +the gravitational potential energy so in + + align:start position:0% +the gravitational potential energy so in + + + align:start position:0% +the gravitational potential energy so in +this particular case mg times R now over + + align:start position:0% +this particular case mg times R now over + + + align:start position:0% +this particular case mg times R now over +here K final is one-half M V final + + align:start position:0% +here K final is one-half M V final + + + align:start position:0% +here K final is one-half M V final +squared and u final we can denote it + + align:start position:0% +squared and u final we can denote it + + + align:start position:0% +squared and u final we can denote it +here if I plot this out and that's R and + + align:start position:0% +here if I plot this out and that's R and + + + align:start position:0% +here if I plot this out and that's R and +you can see that this is our cosine + + align:start position:0% +you can see that this is our cosine + + + align:start position:0% +you can see that this is our cosine +theta final so that's mg R cosine theta + + align:start position:0% +theta final so that's mg R cosine theta + + + align:start position:0% +theta final so that's mg R cosine theta +final now the fourth step is to identify + + align:start position:0% +final now the fourth step is to identify + + + align:start position:0% +final now the fourth step is to identify +w non-conservative is there any non + + align:start position:0% +w non-conservative is there any non + + + align:start position:0% +w non-conservative is there any non +conservative work now here let's assume + + align:start position:0% +conservative work now here let's assume + + + align:start position:0% +conservative work now here let's assume +the dome is frictionless and that means + + align:start position:0% +the dome is frictionless and that means + + + align:start position:0% +the dome is frictionless and that means +that W non conservative is 0 and our + + align:start position:0% +that W non conservative is 0 and our + + + align:start position:0% +that W non conservative is 0 and our +last step 5 is we can apply the energy + + align:start position:0% +last step 5 is we can apply the energy + + + align:start position:0% +last step 5 is we can apply the energy +principle which is W non conservative + + align:start position:0% +principle which is W non conservative + + + align:start position:0% +principle which is W non conservative +equals Delta K let's write it out + + align:start position:0% +equals Delta K let's write it out + + + align:start position:0% +equals Delta K let's write it out +everything explicit now that we've + + align:start position:0% +everything explicit now that we've + + + align:start position:0% +everything explicit now that we've +defined K final minus K initial plus u + + align:start position:0% +defined K final minus K initial plus u + + + align:start position:0% +defined K final minus K initial plus u +final minus u initial and you see the + + align:start position:0% +final minus u initial and you see the + + + align:start position:0% +final minus u initial and you see the +power of these diagrams is and this + + align:start position:0% +power of these diagrams is and this + + + align:start position:0% +power of these diagrams is and this +methodology is we've now defined very + + align:start position:0% +methodology is we've now defined very + + + align:start position:0% +methodology is we've now defined very +explicitly every single term that + + align:start position:0% +explicitly every single term that + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly every single term that +appears in the energy principle and so + + align:start position:0% +appears in the energy principle and so + + + align:start position:0% +appears in the energy principle and so +we can write out our result that 0 K + + align:start position:0% +we can write out our result that 0 K + + + align:start position:0% +we can write out our result that 0 K +final one-half M V final squared K + + align:start position:0% +final one-half M V final squared K + + + align:start position:0% +final one-half M V final squared K +initial 0 plus u final mg R cosine theta + + align:start position:0% +initial 0 plus u final mg R cosine theta + + + align:start position:0% +initial 0 plus u final mg R cosine theta +final minus u initial mg R and there we + + align:start position:0% +final minus u initial mg R and there we + + + align:start position:0% +final minus u initial mg R and there we +have applied the energy principle using + + align:start position:0% +have applied the energy principle using + + + align:start position:0% +have applied the energy principle using +the tool of energy diagrams \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/iQBGzreBa0k.txt b/iQBGzreBa0k.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9e96770d5889efa881a1480853ad42a876a41d9a --- /dev/null +++ b/iQBGzreBa0k.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9955 @@ +align:start position:0% + +Let's uh let's go back so I want to say + + align:start position:0% +Let's uh let's go back so I want to say + + + align:start position:0% +Let's uh let's go back so I want to say +before actually I tell you the just a + + align:start position:0% +before actually I tell you the just a + + + align:start position:0% +before actually I tell you the just a +high level idea of the other proof I + + align:start position:0% +high level idea of the other proof I + + + align:start position:0% +high level idea of the other proof I +just want to I got a very good question + + align:start position:0% +just want to I got a very good question + + + align:start position:0% +just want to I got a very good question +in the break so I want to emphasize I + + align:start position:0% +in the break so I want to emphasize I + + + align:start position:0% +in the break so I want to emphasize I +want to answer it kind of for the class + + align:start position:0% +want to answer it kind of for the class + + + align:start position:0% +want to answer it kind of for the class +so the question was the following when I + + align:start position:0% +so the question was the following when I + + + align:start position:0% +so the question was the following when I +talked about interactive proof I said + + align:start position:0% +talked about interactive proof I said + + + align:start position:0% +talked about interactive proof I said +sound is half and if you want more than + + align:start position:0% +sound is half and if you want more than + + + align:start position:0% +sound is half and if you want more than +half do + + align:start position:0% +half do + + + align:start position:0% +half do +repetition do par repetition and now + + align:start position:0% +repetition do par repetition and now + + + align:start position:0% +repetition do par repetition and now +when I talked about argument I went to + + align:start position:0% +when I talked about argument I went to + + + align:start position:0% +when I talked about argument I went to +negligible so the question is why don't + + align:start position:0% +negligible so the question is why don't + + + align:start position:0% +negligible so the question is why don't +I do have like why why is the change of + + align:start position:0% +I do have like why why is the change of + + + align:start position:0% +I do have like why why is the change of +language of terminology why for proofs I + + align:start position:0% +language of terminology why for proofs I + + + align:start position:0% +language of terminology why for proofs I +said half and you can do repetition and + + align:start position:0% +said half and you can do repetition and + + + align:start position:0% +said half and you can do repetition and +for argument I immediately said no I + + align:start position:0% +for argument I immediately said no I + + + align:start position:0% +for argument I immediately said no I +have I want it to be + + align:start position:0% +have I want it to be + + + align:start position:0% +have I want it to be +negligible and the answer is actually + + align:start position:0% +negligible and the answer is actually + + + align:start position:0% +negligible and the answer is actually +pretty weird the answer is that for + + align:start position:0% +pretty weird the answer is that for + + + align:start position:0% +pretty weird the answer is that for +proofs we can do we can repeat if you + + align:start position:0% +proofs we can do we can repeat if you + + + align:start position:0% +proofs we can do we can repeat if you +have an interactive proof and you repeat + + align:start position:0% +have an interactive proof and you repeat + + + align:start position:0% +have an interactive proof and you repeat +it in parallel let's say Lambda times + + align:start position:0% +it in parallel let's say Lambda times + + + align:start position:0% +it in parallel let's say Lambda times +then the soundus goes down exponentially + + align:start position:0% +then the soundus goes down exponentially + + + align:start position:0% +then the soundus goes down exponentially +with Lambda if it was half now it's one + + align:start position:0% +with Lambda if it was half now it's one + + + align:start position:0% +with Lambda if it was half now it's one +over two to the Lambda like you would + + align:start position:0% +over two to the Lambda like you would + + + align:start position:0% +over two to the Lambda like you would +expect with arguments that's not + + align:start position:0% +expect with arguments that's not + + + align:start position:0% +expect with arguments that's not +necessarily the + + align:start position:0% +necessarily the + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily the +case once we go to the land of crypto + + align:start position:0% +case once we go to the land of crypto + + + align:start position:0% +case once we go to the land of crypto +Things become a little weird and it's + + align:start position:0% +Things become a little weird and it's + + + align:start position:0% +Things become a little weird and it's +not the case that any argument if you + + align:start position:0% +not the case that any argument if you + + + align:start position:0% +not the case that any argument if you +repeat it in parallel Lambda times if + + align:start position:0% +repeat it in parallel Lambda times if + + + align:start position:0% +repeat it in parallel Lambda times if +you had complete if you had sound is + + align:start position:0% +you had complete if you had sound is + + + align:start position:0% +you had complete if you had sound is +half now it sound is one over two to the + + align:start position:0% +half now it sound is one over two to the + + + align:start position:0% +half now it sound is one over two to the +like one over two to the Lambda that's + + align:start position:0% +like one over two to the Lambda that's + + + align:start position:0% +like one over two to the Lambda that's +not the case + + align:start position:0% +not the case + + + align:start position:0% +not the case +anymore now we have examples that show + + align:start position:0% +anymore now we have examples that show + + + align:start position:0% +anymore now we have examples that show +this is not the case that actually + + align:start position:0% +this is not the case that actually + + + align:start position:0% +this is not the case that actually +sounds doesn't go down but these + + align:start position:0% +sounds doesn't go down but these + + + align:start position:0% +sounds doesn't go down but these +examples are very contrived very very + + align:start position:0% +examples are very contrived very very + + + align:start position:0% +examples are very contrived very very +contrived it's not natural uh a + + align:start position:0% +contrived it's not natural uh a + + + align:start position:0% +contrived it's not natural uh a +arguments my guess is for every for any + + align:start position:0% +arguments my guess is for every for any + + + align:start position:0% +arguments my guess is for every for any +natural argument however you Define + + align:start position:0% +natural argument however you Define + + + align:start position:0% +natural argument however you Define +natural soundness probably does go down + + align:start position:0% +natural soundness probably does go down + + + align:start position:0% +natural soundness probably does go down +exponentially when you repeat in + + align:start position:0% +exponentially when you repeat in + + + align:start position:0% +exponentially when you repeat in +parallel now but but it's not true all + + align:start position:0% +parallel now but but it's not true all + + + align:start position:0% +parallel now but but it's not true all +the time so actually we you know this + + align:start position:0% +the time so actually we you know this + + + align:start position:0% +the time so actually we you know this +par repetition you can't kind of rely on + + align:start position:0% +par repetition you can't kind of rely on + + + align:start position:0% +par repetition you can't kind of rely on +it now we can do sequential repetition + + align:start position:0% +it now we can do sequential repetition + + + align:start position:0% +it now we can do sequential repetition +and then the soundness does go down if + + align:start position:0% +and then the soundness does go down if + + + align:start position:0% +and then the soundness does go down if +you do once and then you do the so you + + align:start position:0% +you do once and then you do the so you + + + align:start position:0% +you do once and then you do the so you +do the interactive argument once you + + align:start position:0% +do the interactive argument once you + + + align:start position:0% +do the interactive argument once you +were done do it again done do it again + + align:start position:0% +were done do it again done do it again + + + align:start position:0% +were done do it again done do it again +do it l the times and accept if and only + + align:start position:0% +do it l the times and accept if and only + + + align:start position:0% +do it l the times and accept if and only +if all of them accept then sound this + + align:start position:0% +if all of them accept then sound this + + + align:start position:0% +if all of them accept then sound this +does go + + align:start position:0% +does go + + + align:start position:0% +does go +uh exponentially like you would expect + + align:start position:0% +uh exponentially like you would expect + + + align:start position:0% +uh exponentially like you would expect +however then you increase the number of + + align:start position:0% +however then you increase the number of + + + align:start position:0% +however then you increase the number of +rounds by Lambda so you went from + + align:start position:0% +rounds by Lambda so you went from + + + align:start position:0% +rounds by Lambda so you went from +constant maybe to non-constant so + + align:start position:0% +constant maybe to non-constant so + + + align:start position:0% +constant maybe to non-constant so +there's a price so it's not like for + + align:start position:0% +there's a price so it's not like for + + + align:start position:0% +there's a price so it's not like for +free you like in interactive proof + + align:start position:0% +free you like in interactive proof + + + align:start position:0% +free you like in interactive proof +setting it's like for free just repeat + + align:start position:0% +setting it's like for free just repeat + + + align:start position:0% +setting it's like for free just repeat +in parallel it's like for free here be + + align:start position:0% +in parallel it's like for free here be + + + align:start position:0% +in parallel it's like for free here be +now the round complexity changes it's + + align:start position:0% +now the round complexity changes it's + + + align:start position:0% +now the round complexity changes it's +not very free anymore so we don't we + + align:start position:0% +not very free anymore so we don't we + + + align:start position:0% +not very free anymore so we don't we +that's why we put here + + align:start position:0% +that's why we put here + + + align:start position:0% +that's why we put here +negligible that that just explain the + + align:start position:0% +negligible that that just explain the + + + align:start position:0% +negligible that that just explain the +change of of uh kind kind of language + + align:start position:0% +change of of uh kind kind of language + + + align:start position:0% +change of of uh kind kind of language +why here we chose negligible before we + + align:start position:0% +why here we chose negligible before we + + + align:start position:0% +why here we chose negligible before we +chose half or 1/3 2/3 whatever the + + align:start position:0% +chose half or 1/3 2/3 whatever the + + + align:start position:0% +chose half or 1/3 2/3 whatever the +conent didn't matter because you can + + align:start position:0% +conent didn't matter because you can + + + align:start position:0% +conent didn't matter because you can +amplify a okay questions before I go + + align:start position:0% +amplify a okay questions before I go + + + align:start position:0% +amplify a okay questions before I go +back to say a few words about So the + + align:start position:0% +back to say a few words about So the + + + align:start position:0% +back to say a few words about So the +plan for the lesson now we have left I + + align:start position:0% +plan for the lesson now we have left I + + + align:start position:0% +plan for the lesson now we have left I +want to say a few words about the Barak + + align:start position:0% +want to say a few words about the Barak + + + align:start position:0% +want to say a few words about the Barak +proof called they call the universal + + align:start position:0% +proof called they call the universal + + + align:start position:0% +proof called they call the universal +arguments uh that paper and then we'll + + align:start position:0% +arguments uh that paper and then we'll + + + align:start position:0% +arguments uh that paper and then we'll +move on to construct hash function + + align:start position:0% +move on to construct hash function + + + align:start position:0% +move on to construct hash function +yeah okay so let me just say a few words + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so let me just say a few words + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so let me just say a few words +I don't want to go into details about + + align:start position:0% +I don't want to go into details about + + + align:start position:0% +I don't want to go into details about +the the but just to tell you kind of the + + align:start position:0% +the the but just to tell you kind of the + + + align:start position:0% +the the but just to tell you kind of the +the H of idea this proof what it did + + align:start position:0% +the H of idea this proof what it did + + + align:start position:0% +the H of idea this proof what it did +what it tried to do is to to say look if + + align:start position:0% +what it tried to do is to to say look if + + + align:start position:0% +what it tried to do is to to say look if +there are no collisions I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +there are no collisions I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +there are no collisions I'm going to +construct an entire PCP I'm going to try + + align:start position:0% +construct an entire PCP I'm going to try + + + align:start position:0% +construct an entire PCP I'm going to try +as much as I can and now got a + + align:start position:0% +as much as I can and now got a + + + align:start position:0% +as much as I can and now got a +contradiction because there's no PCP and + + align:start position:0% +contradiction because there's no PCP and + + + align:start position:0% +contradiction because there's no PCP and +hence I I get I conclude that there was + + align:start position:0% +hence I I get I conclude that there was + + + align:start position:0% +hence I I get I conclude that there was +a hatch function but for this I needed + + align:start position:0% +a hatch function but for this I needed + + + align:start position:0% +a hatch function but for this I needed +to construct an entire PCP and therefore + + align:start position:0% +to construct an entire PCP and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +to construct an entire PCP and therefore +run in time that's proportional to the + + align:start position:0% +run in time that's proportional to the + + + align:start position:0% +run in time that's proportional to the +to the PCP size okay instead the pro + + align:start position:0% +to the PCP size okay instead the pro + + + align:start position:0% +to the PCP size okay instead the pro +what they say they say let's look at + + align:start position:0% +what they say they say let's look at + + + align:start position:0% +what they say they say let's look at +each kind of query separately so in + + align:start position:0% +each kind of query separately so in + + + align:start position:0% +each kind of query separately so in +other words let the PCP let's say has + + align:start position:0% +other words let the PCP let's say has + + + align:start position:0% +other words let the PCP let's say has +length M okay let's look at uh the PCP + + align:start position:0% +length M okay let's look at uh the PCP + + + align:start position:0% +length M okay let's look at uh the PCP +at location I and I asked the following + + align:start position:0% +at location I and I asked the following + + + align:start position:0% +at location I and I asked the following +query the following question here's the + + align:start position:0% +query the following question here's the + + + align:start position:0% +query the following question here's the +question they ask + + align:start position:0% +question they ask + + + align:start position:0% +question they ask +in location I if I run the + + align:start position:0% +in location I if I run the + + + align:start position:0% +in location I if I run the +PCP I have a cheating prover here yeah + + align:start position:0% +PCP I have a cheating prover here yeah + + + align:start position:0% +PCP I have a cheating prover here yeah +if I run him twice or many times where + + align:start position:0% +if I run him twice or many times where + + + align:start position:0% +if I run him twice or many times where +all the times have location I in there + + align:start position:0% +all the times have location I in there + + + align:start position:0% +all the times have location I in there +one ey not all the PCP for a certain + + align:start position:0% +one ey not all the PCP for a certain + + + align:start position:0% +one ey not all the PCP for a certain +index ey let me run the PCP verif let me + + align:start position:0% +index ey let me run the PCP verif let me + + + align:start position:0% +index ey let me run the PCP verif let me +give the cheating + + align:start position:0% +give the cheating + + + align:start position:0% +give the cheating +prover like + + align:start position:0% +prover like + + + align:start position:0% +prover like +a a Randomness from the verifier so that + + align:start position:0% +a a Randomness from the verifier so that + + + align:start position:0% +a a Randomness from the verifier so that +the queries include index I and let me + + align:start position:0% +the queries include index I and let me + + + align:start position:0% +the queries include index I and let me +take many of them + + align:start position:0% +take many of them + + + align:start position:0% +take many of them +is there a collision in I or is all the + + align:start position:0% +is there a collision in I or is all the + + + align:start position:0% +is there a collision in I or is all the +time he answers in the same way that's + + align:start position:0% +time he answers in the same way that's + + + align:start position:0% +time he answers in the same way that's +the question so for an index ey does he + + align:start position:0% +the question so for an index ey does he + + + align:start position:0% +the question so for an index ey does he +always answer with the same bit or the + + align:start position:0% +always answer with the same bit or the + + + align:start position:0% +always answer with the same bit or the +assuming he answers correctly if he + + align:start position:0% +assuming he answers correctly if he + + + align:start position:0% +assuming he answers correctly if he +doesn't answer correctly if he's + + align:start position:0% +doesn't answer correctly if he's + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't answer correctly if he's +rejected then we throw it out but all + + align:start position:0% +rejected then we throw it out but all + + + align:start position:0% +rejected then we throw it out but all +the time that he answers correctly when + + align:start position:0% +the time that he answers correctly when + + + align:start position:0% +the time that he answers correctly when +ask location I does he answer + + align:start position:0% +ask location I does he answer + + + align:start position:0% +ask location I does he answer +consistently with the same bit or + + align:start position:0% +consistently with the same bit or + + + align:start position:0% +consistently with the same bit or +not now if if he's answered if he if if + + align:start position:0% +not now if if he's answered if he if if + + + align:start position:0% +not now if if he's answered if he if if +not if some prob probability I don't + + align:start position:0% +not if some prob probability I don't + + + align:start position:0% +not if some prob probability I don't +know Epsilon he answers with zero and + + align:start position:0% +know Epsilon he answers with zero and + + + align:start position:0% +know Epsilon he answers with zero and +probility Epsilon he answers was one we + + align:start position:0% +probility Epsilon he answers was one we + + + align:start position:0% +probility Epsilon he answers was one we +found a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +collision that's then we're happy if not + + align:start position:0% +collision that's then we're happy if not + + + align:start position:0% +collision that's then we're happy if not +we didn't find the Collision okay now + + align:start position:0% +we didn't find the Collision okay now + + + align:start position:0% +we didn't find the Collision okay now +they ask so let's call an index like uh + + align:start position:0% +they ask so let's call an index like uh + + + align:start position:0% +they ask so let's call an index like uh +good if there's no collisions on that + + align:start position:0% +good if there's no collisions on that + + + align:start position:0% +good if there's no collisions on that +index like then he behaved like the + + align:start position:0% +index like then he behaved like the + + + align:start position:0% +index like then he behaved like the +prover behaved well he behaved good so + + align:start position:0% +prover behaved well he behaved good so + + + align:start position:0% +prover behaved well he behaved good so +for every index I ask is it good in the + + align:start position:0% +for every index I ask is it good in the + + + align:start position:0% +for every index I ask is it good in the +analysis I don't yet I don't have an + + align:start position:0% +analysis I don't yet I don't have an + + + align:start position:0% +analysis I don't yet I don't have an +adversary yet I'm just saying look + + align:start position:0% +adversary yet I'm just saying look + + + align:start position:0% +adversary yet I'm just saying look +there's a cheating prover for every + + align:start position:0% +there's a cheating prover for every + + + align:start position:0% +there's a cheating prover for every +index let's look at the + + align:start position:0% +index let's look at the + + + align:start position:0% +index let's look at the +probability that when he answers + + align:start position:0% +probability that when he answers + + + align:start position:0% +probability that when he answers +correctly he answers always the with the + + align:start position:0% +correctly he answers always the with the + + + align:start position:0% +correctly he answers always the with the +same bit let's say we the same bit with + + align:start position:0% +same bit let's say we the same bit with + + + align:start position:0% +same bit let's say we the same bit with +probability what condition an answer or + + align:start position:0% +probability what condition an answer or + + + align:start position:0% +probability what condition an answer or +he answers correctly but with two + + align:start position:0% +he answers correctly but with two + + + align:start position:0% +he answers correctly but with two +different answers with probability like + + align:start position:0% +different answers with probability like + + + align:start position:0% +different answers with probability like +greater than I don't know Epsilon to the + + align:start position:0% +greater than I don't know Epsilon to the + + + align:start position:0% +greater than I don't know Epsilon to the +third whatever some some function of + + align:start position:0% +third whatever some some function of + + + align:start position:0% +third whatever some some function of +Epsilon that's not + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon that's not + + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon that's not +negligible so it's good if if he doesn't + + align:start position:0% +negligible so it's good if if he doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +negligible so it's good if if he doesn't +do that he he answers consistently + + align:start position:0% +do that he he answers consistently + + + align:start position:0% +do that he he answers consistently +almost always and it's bad if he answers + + align:start position:0% +almost always and it's bad if he answers + + + align:start position:0% +almost always and it's bad if he answers +inconsistently probability at least I + + align:start position:0% +inconsistently probability at least I + + + align:start position:0% +inconsistently probability at least I +don't know Epson to the + + align:start position:0% +don't know Epson to the + + + align:start position:0% +don't know Epson to the +third and now what they say is many it + + align:start position:0% +third and now what they say is many it + + + align:start position:0% +third and now what they say is many it +must be that many eyes are bad if almost + + align:start position:0% +must be that many eyes are bad if almost + + + align:start position:0% +must be that many eyes are bad if almost +all the eyes are good like a a + + align:start position:0% +all the eyes are good like a a + + + align:start position:0% +all the eyes are good like a a +significant fraction of the eyes must be + + align:start position:0% +significant fraction of the eyes must be + + + align:start position:0% +significant fraction of the eyes must be +bad namely there should be collisions on + + align:start position:0% +bad namely there should be collisions on + + + align:start position:0% +bad namely there should be collisions on +them why if almost all of them were good + + align:start position:0% +them why if almost all of them were good + + + align:start position:0% +them why if almost all of them were good +then on the good ones I will in the okay + + align:start position:0% +then on the good ones I will in the okay + + + align:start position:0% +then on the good ones I will in the okay +so first they say many of the indexes I + + align:start position:0% +so first they say many of the indexes I + + + align:start position:0% +so first they say many of the indexes I +must be bad once you establish that then + + align:start position:0% +must be bad once you establish that then + + + align:start position:0% +must be bad once you establish that then +you just you break collisions by + + align:start position:0% +you just you break collisions by + + + align:start position:0% +you just you break collisions by +choosing a random eye hope it's bad and + + align:start position:0% +choosing a random eye hope it's bad and + + + align:start position:0% +choosing a random eye hope it's bad and +you're + + align:start position:0% +you're + + + align:start position:0% +you're +done you you're not doing many eyes like + + align:start position:0% +done you you're not doing many eyes like + + + align:start position:0% +done you you're not doing many eyes like +we did just one random eye with some + + align:start position:0% +we did just one random eye with some + + + align:start position:0% +we did just one random eye with some +good probability or bad if it's bad you + + align:start position:0% +good probability or bad if it's bad you + + + align:start position:0% +good probability or bad if it's bad you +found a collision + + align:start position:0% +found a collision + + + align:start position:0% +found a collision +done okay but one can say maybe there's + + align:start position:0% +done okay but one can say maybe there's + + + align:start position:0% +done okay but one can say maybe there's +maybe the number of bad is like one over + + align:start position:0% +maybe the number of bad is like one over + + + align:start position:0% +maybe the number of bad is like one over +n maybe you need to repeat it n times + + align:start position:0% +n maybe you need to repeat it n times + + + align:start position:0% +n maybe you need to repeat it n times +until you find a bad one + + align:start position:0% +until you find a bad one + + + align:start position:0% +until you find a bad one +so they say no the number of V need to + + align:start position:0% +so they say no the number of V need to + + + align:start position:0% +so they say no the number of V need to +be like polinomial and + + align:start position:0% +be like polinomial and + + + align:start position:0% +be like polinomial and +like at least abs like non negligible in + + align:start position:0% +like at least abs like non negligible in + + + align:start position:0% +like at least abs like non negligible in +Lambda why if almost all of them were + + align:start position:0% +Lambda why if almost all of them were + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda why if almost all of them were +kind of good where there's no Collision + + align:start position:0% +kind of good where there's no Collision + + + align:start position:0% +kind of good where there's no Collision +like every then you can okay and these + + align:start position:0% +like every then you can okay and these + + + align:start position:0% +like every then you can okay and these +reconstruct the PCP and the good ones do + + align:start position:0% +reconstruct the PCP and the good ones do + + + align:start position:0% +reconstruct the PCP and the good ones do +the same + + align:start position:0% +the same + + + align:start position:0% +the same +a kind of idea of reconstructing the PCP + + align:start position:0% +a kind of idea of reconstructing the PCP + + + align:start position:0% +a kind of idea of reconstructing the PCP +but only in the good + + align:start position:0% +but only in the good + + + align:start position:0% +but only in the good +indices then they show that if you have + + align:start position:0% +indices then they show that if you have + + + align:start position:0% +indices then they show that if you have +enough good indices then you'll be + + align:start position:0% +enough good indices then you'll be + + + align:start position:0% +enough good indices then you'll be +accept with non + + align:start position:0% +accept with non + + + align:start position:0% +accept with non +probability so there there must be + + align:start position:0% +probability so there there must be + + + align:start position:0% +probability so there there must be +enough kind of bad indices indices that + + align:start position:0% +enough kind of bad indices indices that + + + align:start position:0% +enough kind of bad indices indices that +the cheating prover kind of answers + + align:start position:0% +the cheating prover kind of answers + + + align:start position:0% +the cheating prover kind of answers +inconsistently once you have that then + + align:start position:0% +inconsistently once you have that then + + + align:start position:0% +inconsistently once you have that then +now now once you establish that in your + + align:start position:0% +now now once you establish that in your + + + align:start position:0% +now now once you establish that in your +head that you you we understand that now + + align:start position:0% +head that you you we understand that now + + + align:start position:0% +head that you you we understand that now +here's the adversary just chooses one + + align:start position:0% +here's the adversary just chooses one + + + align:start position:0% +here's the adversary just chooses one +random eye he runs the PCP verifier + + align:start position:0% +random eye he runs the PCP verifier + + + align:start position:0% +random eye he runs the PCP verifier +twice kind of he generates two two + + align:start position:0% +twice kind of he generates two two + + + align:start position:0% +twice kind of he generates two two +Randomness that generates two kind of + + align:start position:0% +Randomness that generates two kind of + + + align:start position:0% +Randomness that generates two kind of +fresh index set that include I so they + + align:start position:0% +fresh index set that include I so they + + + align:start position:0% +fresh index set that include I so they +had one assumption that they needed + + align:start position:0% +had one assumption that they needed + + + align:start position:0% +had one assumption that they needed +about the PCP that given I it is easy to + + align:start position:0% +about the PCP that given I it is easy to + + + align:start position:0% +about the PCP that given I it is easy to +cons to find R so that the PCP verifier + + align:start position:0% +cons to find R so that the PCP verifier + + + align:start position:0% +cons to find R so that the PCP verifier +and input R output to set that includes + + align:start position:0% +and input R output to set that includes + + + align:start position:0% +and input R output to set that includes +I and turns out all pcps we know or all + + align:start position:0% +I and turns out all pcps we know or all + + + align:start position:0% +I and turns out all pcps we know or all +pcps I know satisfied this property so + + align:start position:0% +pcps I know satisfied this property so + + + align:start position:0% +pcps I know satisfied this property so +you know that's kind of it turns out + + align:start position:0% +you know that's kind of it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +you know that's kind of it turns out +it's a natural property it's easy given + + align:start position:0% +it's a natural property it's easy given + + + align:start position:0% +it's a natural property it's easy given +I to find randomness kind of uh true + + align:start position:0% +I to find randomness kind of uh true + + + align:start position:0% +I to find randomness kind of uh true +Randomness that is generates this a set + + align:start position:0% +Randomness that is generates this a set + + + align:start position:0% +Randomness that is generates this a set +of queries conditioned on I being in in + + align:start position:0% +of queries conditioned on I being in in + + + align:start position:0% +of queries conditioned on I being in in +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +set once you can do that then he choses + + align:start position:0% +set once you can do that then he choses + + + align:start position:0% +set once you can do that then he choses +two RS Randomness that have i in the set + + align:start position:0% +two RS Randomness that have i in the set + + + align:start position:0% +two RS Randomness that have i in the set +and hope for collision and then you can + + align:start position:0% +and hope for collision and then you can + + + align:start position:0% +and hope for collision and then you can +argue that you get collision with nonnal + + align:start position:0% +argue that you get collision with nonnal + + + align:start position:0% +argue that you get collision with nonnal +probability because non-n fraction of + + align:start position:0% +probability because non-n fraction of + + + align:start position:0% +probability because non-n fraction of +them are bad and the bad ones are + + align:start position:0% +them are bad and the bad ones are + + + align:start position:0% +them are bad and the bad ones are +defined so that when you choose two + + align:start position:0% +defined so that when you choose two + + + align:start position:0% +defined so that when you choose two +random kind of invocation that include I + + align:start position:0% +random kind of invocation that include I + + + align:start position:0% +random kind of invocation that include I +you find a collision so they found a + + align:start position:0% +you find a collision so they found a + + + align:start position:0% +you find a collision so they found a +collision so they just did it kind of + + align:start position:0% +collision so they just did it kind of + + + align:start position:0% +collision so they just did it kind of +the difference is they did it index by + + align:start position:0% +the difference is they did it index by + + + align:start position:0% +the difference is they did it index by +index they said does he find Collision I + + align:start position:0% +index they said does he find Collision I + + + align:start position:0% +index they said does he find Collision I +have a cheating Pro P star does he find + + align:start position:0% +have a cheating Pro P star does he find + + + align:start position:0% +have a cheating Pro P star does he find +the Collision on index one does he find + + align:start position:0% +the Collision on index one does he find + + + align:start position:0% +the Collision on index one does he find +a collision on this two this is an + + align:start position:0% +a collision on this two this is an + + + align:start position:0% +a collision on this two this is an +analysis once and then they establish he + + align:start position:0% +analysis once and then they establish he + + + align:start position:0% +analysis once and then they establish he +must find collisions at many indices and + + align:start position:0% +must find collisions at many indices and + + + align:start position:0% +must find collisions at many indices and +now they're ready to break the Collision + + align:start position:0% +now they're ready to break the Collision + + + align:start position:0% +now they're ready to break the Collision +the hash function they just chose the + + align:start position:0% +the hash function they just chose the + + + align:start position:0% +the hash function they just chose the +random ey and break by running the + + align:start position:0% +random ey and break by running the + + + align:start position:0% +random ey and break by running the +cheating Pro + + align:start position:0% +cheating Pro + + + align:start position:0% +cheating Pro +twice so so it's just a more uh + + align:start position:0% +twice so so it's just a more uh + + + align:start position:0% +twice so so it's just a more uh +efficient way of of breaking it instead + + align:start position:0% +efficient way of of breaking it instead + + + align:start position:0% +efficient way of of breaking it instead +of the prover running in time n their + + align:start position:0% +of the prover running in time n their + + + align:start position:0% +of the prover running in time n their +prover instead of the adversary running + + align:start position:0% +prover instead of the adversary running + + + align:start position:0% +prover instead of the adversary running +in time n because they in this proof we + + align:start position:0% +in time n because they in this proof we + + + align:start position:0% +in time n because they in this proof we +ran the cheating prover end times or + + align:start position:0% +ran the cheating prover end times or + + + align:start position:0% +ran the cheating prover end times or +size of the PCP times at least times one + + align:start position:0% +size of the PCP times at least times one + + + align:start position:0% +size of the PCP times at least times one +over Epsilon they run it only security + + align:start position:0% +over Epsilon they run it only security + + + align:start position:0% +over Epsilon they run it only security +parameter times divided by Epsilon with + + align:start position:0% +parameter times divided by Epsilon with + + + align:start position:0% +parameter times divided by Epsilon with +polinomial overhead but inde pend ofen + + align:start position:0% +polinomial overhead but inde pend ofen + + + align:start position:0% +polinomial overhead but inde pend ofen +is the point + + align:start position:0% +is the point + + + align:start position:0% +is the point +AR + + align:start position:0% +AR + + + align:start position:0% +AR +Universal okay good you're asking what + + align:start position:0% +Universal okay good you're asking what + + + align:start position:0% +Universal okay good you're asking what +why what what what's that related to + + align:start position:0% +why what what what's that related to + + + align:start position:0% +why what what what's that related to +Universal yeah because uh the the reason + + align:start position:0% +Universal yeah because uh the the reason + + + align:start position:0% +Universal yeah because uh the the reason +they call Universal is because uh yeah I + + align:start position:0% +they call Universal is because uh yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +they call Universal is because uh yeah I +guess the fact that it doesn't depend on + + align:start position:0% +guess the fact that it doesn't depend on + + + align:start position:0% +guess the fact that it doesn't depend on +N It's really because they they talked + + align:start position:0% +N It's really because they they talked + + + align:start position:0% +N It's really because they they talked +about like the universal language that + + align:start position:0% +about like the universal language that + + + align:start position:0% +about like the universal language that +has like a tring machine x and t and + + align:start position:0% +has like a tring machine x and t and + + + align:start position:0% +has like a tring machine x and t and +it's in the language of there a witness + + align:start position:0% +it's in the language of there a witness + + + align:start position:0% +it's in the language of there a witness +for that this twing machine runs in time + + align:start position:0% +for that this twing machine runs in time + + + align:start position:0% +for that this twing machine runs in time +te and they didn't want things to blow + + align:start position:0% +te and they didn't want things to blow + + + align:start position:0% +te and they didn't want things to blow +up with t like they want to this + + align:start position:0% +up with t like they want to this + + + align:start position:0% +up with t like they want to this +Universal did so they want kind of one + + align:start position:0% +Universal did so they want kind of one + + + align:start position:0% +Universal did so they want kind of one +hash function that works for this + + align:start position:0% +hash function that works for this + + + align:start position:0% +hash function that works for this +language and T now is given in binary in + + align:start position:0% +language and T now is given in binary in + + + align:start position:0% +language and T now is given in binary in +this language so how can you have one + + align:start position:0% +this language so how can you have one + + + align:start position:0% +this language so how can you have one +hash Function One universal hash family + + align:start position:0% +hash Function One universal hash family + + + align:start position:0% +hash Function One universal hash family +and that's why the name + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Universal yeah what is it name the paper + + align:start position:0% +Universal yeah what is it name the paper + + + align:start position:0% +Universal yeah what is it name the paper +the name of the paper is universal + + align:start position:0% +the name of the paper is universal + + + align:start position:0% +the name of the paper is universal +arguments I I'll I'll link to it in in + + align:start position:0% +arguments I I'll I'll link to it in in + + + align:start position:0% +arguments I I'll I'll link to it in in +the website yeah it's not there yet I + + align:start position:0% +the website yeah it's not there yet I + + + align:start position:0% +the website yeah it's not there yet I +only linked mikali but I'll link to it + + align:start position:0% +only linked mikali but I'll link to it + + + align:start position:0% +only linked mikali but I'll link to it +it's a good it's a really nice it's a + + align:start position:0% +it's a good it's a really nice it's a + + + align:start position:0% +it's a good it's a really nice it's a +really really nice especially the + + align:start position:0% +really really nice especially the + + + align:start position:0% +really really nice especially the +overview explains it very nicely it + + align:start position:0% +overview explains it very nicely it + + + align:start position:0% +overview explains it very nicely it +explains the proof I gave here and it + + align:start position:0% +explains the proof I gave here and it + + + align:start position:0% +explains the proof I gave here and it +explains their proof in a very nice kind + + align:start position:0% +explains their proof in a very nice kind + + + align:start position:0% +explains their proof in a very nice kind +of way so I'll add a + + align:start position:0% +of way so I'll add a + + + align:start position:0% +of way so I'll add a +link okay uh any any other + + align:start position:0% +link okay uh any any other + + + align:start position:0% +link okay uh any any other +questions before we go and construct the + + align:start position:0% +questions before we go and construct the + + + align:start position:0% +questions before we go and construct the +hash function so let + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +me this is what I want to construct but + + align:start position:0% +me this is what I want to construct but + + + align:start position:0% +me this is what I want to construct but +any questions before we go ahead and + + align:start position:0% +any questions before we go ahead and + + + align:start position:0% +any questions before we go ahead and +construct + + align:start position:0% +construct + + + align:start position:0% +construct +it okay let's do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it okay so what I'm going to do is I'm + + align:start position:0% +it okay so what I'm going to do is I'm + + + align:start position:0% +it okay so what I'm going to do is I'm +going to first + + align:start position:0% +going to first + + + align:start position:0% +going to first +construct a hash + + align:start position:0% +construct a hash + + + align:start position:0% +construct a hash +function that's not quite what I want + + align:start position:0% +function that's not quite what I want + + + align:start position:0% +function that's not quite what I want +but it's going to be a building block to + + align:start position:0% +but it's going to be a building block to + + + align:start position:0% +but it's going to be a building block to +get what I want and this hash function + + align:start position:0% +get what I want and this hash function + + + align:start position:0% +get what I want and this hash function +first it doesn't have a local + + align:start position:0% +first it doesn't have a local + + + align:start position:0% +first it doesn't have a local +opening so it doesn't satisfy that and + + align:start position:0% +opening so it doesn't satisfy that and + + + align:start position:0% +opening so it doesn't satisfy that and +second it's not even goes from 01 star + + align:start position:0% +second it's not even goes from 01 star + + + align:start position:0% +second it's not even goes from 01 star +to 01 to the Lambda which is what I want + + align:start position:0% +to 01 to the Lambda which is what I want + + + align:start position:0% +to 01 to the Lambda which is what I want +it actually goes from 01 to Lambda to 01 + + align:start position:0% +it actually goes from 01 to Lambda to 01 + + + align:start position:0% +it actually goes from 01 to Lambda to 01 +to the Lambda so it just shrinks a + + align:start position:0% +to the Lambda so it just shrinks a + + + align:start position:0% +to the Lambda so it just shrinks a +little bit it doesn't shrink like by an + + align:start position:0% +little bit it doesn't shrink like by an + + + align:start position:0% +little bit it doesn't shrink like by an +arbitrary amount it just shrinks by a + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary amount it just shrinks by a + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary amount it just shrinks by a +factor of two that's it and it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +factor of two that's it and it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +factor of two that's it and it doesn't +have local opening so it's a bit of + + align:start position:0% +have local opening so it's a bit of + + + align:start position:0% +have local opening so it's a bit of +pathetic uh but uh we'll do that first + + align:start position:0% +pathetic uh but uh we'll do that first + + + align:start position:0% +pathetic uh but uh we'll do that first +and then we'll show how to use that to + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll show how to use that to + + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll show how to use that to +get what we + + align:start position:0% +get what we + + + align:start position:0% +get what we +want okay so the first so now we're + + align:start position:0% +want okay so the first so now we're + + + align:start position:0% +want okay so the first so now we're +going to talk about Construction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let me first show you a construction + + align:start position:0% +so let me first show you a construction + + + align:start position:0% +so let me first show you a construction +based so all all of cryptography in + + align:start position:0% +based so all all of cryptography in + + + align:start position:0% +based so all all of cryptography in +particular cry and hash functions are + + align:start position:0% +particular cry and hash functions are + + + align:start position:0% +particular cry and hash functions are +based on assumptions an assumption that + + align:start position:0% +based on assumptions an assumption that + + + align:start position:0% +based on assumptions an assumption that +some math problem is hard and uh we have + + align:start position:0% +some math problem is hard and uh we have + + + align:start position:0% +some math problem is hard and uh we have +we know how to construct Collision + + align:start position:0% +we know how to construct Collision + + + align:start position:0% +we know how to construct Collision +resistant hasch functions from a bunch + + align:start position:0% +resistant hasch functions from a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +resistant hasch functions from a bunch +of assumptions many many assumptions I'm + + align:start position:0% +of assumptions many many assumptions I'm + + + align:start position:0% +of assumptions many many assumptions I'm +going to show you one that's just very + + align:start position:0% +going to show you one that's just very + + + align:start position:0% +going to show you one that's just very +simple and based on the discrete log + + align:start position:0% +simple and based on the discrete log + + + align:start position:0% +simple and based on the discrete log +problem so the discrete log problem just + + align:start position:0% +problem so the discrete log problem just + + + align:start position:0% +problem so the discrete log problem just +says that there's some group you can + + align:start position:0% +says that there's some group you can + + + align:start position:0% +says that there's some group you can +think of zp star so uh everything + + align:start position:0% +think of zp star so uh everything + + + align:start position:0% +think of zp star so uh everything +multiplication mod + + align:start position:0% +multiplication mod + + + align:start position:0% +multiplication mod +P uh but in general there's a group such + + align:start position:0% +P uh but in general there's a group such + + + align:start position:0% +P uh but in general there's a group such +that so this is the discrete + + align:start position:0% +that so this is the discrete + + + align:start position:0% +that so this is the discrete +log uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +assumption this is what we're relying on + + align:start position:0% +assumption this is what we're relying on + + + align:start position:0% +assumption this is what we're relying on +the hardness of this on the hardness of + + align:start position:0% +the hardness of this on the hardness of + + + align:start position:0% +the hardness of this on the hardness of +this problem that says that given a + + align:start position:0% +this problem that says that given a + + + align:start position:0% +this problem that says that given a +group a group + + align:start position:0% +group a group + + + align:start position:0% +group a group +G of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +order a number order meaning number of + + align:start position:0% +order a number order meaning number of + + + align:start position:0% +order a number order meaning number of +elements let's say two to the Lambda so + + align:start position:0% +elements let's say two to the Lambda so + + + align:start position:0% +elements let's say two to the Lambda so +it has like two to the Lambda elements + + align:start position:0% +it has like two to the Lambda elements + + + align:start position:0% +it has like two to the Lambda elements +so I have like a you know a family of + + align:start position:0% +so I have like a you know a family of + + + align:start position:0% +so I have like a you know a family of +groups and given a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +generator G so so every element think of + + align:start position:0% +generator G so so every element think of + + + align:start position:0% +generator G so so every element think of +multiplicative multiplicative groups + + align:start position:0% +multiplicative multiplicative groups + + + align:start position:0% +multiplicative multiplicative groups +okay so any this group is like G to the + + align:start position:0% +okay so any this group is like G to the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so any this group is like G to the +x uh so uh for every you know all the + + align:start position:0% +x uh so uh for every you know all the + + + align:start position:0% +x uh so uh for every you know all the +group is of form G generates the entire + + align:start position:0% +group is of form G generates the entire + + + align:start position:0% +group is of form G generates the entire +group the assumption is so uh given a + + align:start position:0% +group the assumption is so uh given a + + + align:start position:0% +group the assumption is so uh given a +group of order so it's a finite group + + align:start position:0% +group of order so it's a finite group + + + align:start position:0% +group of order so it's a finite group +with two to the Lambda elements so order + + align:start position:0% +with two to the Lambda elements so order + + + align:start position:0% +with two to the Lambda elements so order +more or less to the lambas and the + + align:start position:0% +more or less to the lambas and the + + + align:start position:0% +more or less to the lambas and the +assumption is that given a random given + + align:start position:0% +assumption is that given a random given + + + align:start position:0% +assumption is that given a random given +G to the x for a random + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X take a random X in the group like a in + + align:start position:0% +X take a random X in the group like a in + + + align:start position:0% +X take a random X in the group like a in +the size of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +group given G to the X it's hard to find + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X that's the Assumption so in other + + align:start position:0% +X that's the Assumption so in other + + + align:start position:0% +X that's the Assumption so in other +words for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any po + + align:start position:0% +any po + + + align:start position:0% +any po +Lambda adversary a the probability there + + align:start position:0% +Lambda adversary a the probability there + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda adversary a the probability there +exists a NE ible + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function the + + align:start position:0% +function the + + + align:start position:0% +function the +probability that a a knows G and P the + + align:start position:0% +probability that a a knows G and P the + + + align:start position:0% +probability that a a knows G and P the +then the and the group these are kind of + + align:start position:0% +then the and the group these are kind of + + + align:start position:0% +then the and the group these are kind of +fixed okay the generator the group are + + align:start position:0% +fixed okay the generator the group are + + + align:start position:0% +fixed okay the generator the group are +fixed he gets G to the X for a random + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X and the probability that he can find X + + align:start position:0% +X and the probability that he can find X + + + align:start position:0% +X and the probability that he can find X +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +negligible okay usually we think of + + align:start position:0% +negligible okay usually we think of + + + align:start position:0% +negligible okay usually we think of +these groups as an element of the group + + align:start position:0% +these groups as an element of the group + + + align:start position:0% +these groups as an element of the group +is described by so any group any element + + align:start position:0% +is described by so any group any element + + + align:start position:0% +is described by so any group any element +of the group you can describe as a + + align:start position:0% +of the group you can describe as a + + + align:start position:0% +of the group you can describe as a +element every uh for every H in G you + + align:start position:0% +element every uh for every H in G you + + + align:start position:0% +element every uh for every H in G you +can think of H as being in 01 to the + + align:start position:0% +can think of H as being in 01 to the + + + align:start position:0% +can think of H as being in 01 to the +Lambda you can describe it as kind of + + align:start position:0% +Lambda you can describe it as kind of + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda you can describe it as kind of +efficiently in Lambda bits and just + + align:start position:0% +efficiently in Lambda bits and just + + + align:start position:0% +efficiently in Lambda bits and just +think of zp star if you want as a you + + align:start position:0% +think of zp star if you want as a you + + + align:start position:0% +think of zp star if you want as a you +know all the elements mod P with + + align:start position:0% +know all the elements mod P with + + + align:start position:0% +know all the elements mod P with +multiplication mod P that's kind of an + + align:start position:0% +multiplication mod P that's kind of an + + + align:start position:0% +multiplication mod P that's kind of an +example so this is the Assumption now + + align:start position:0% +example so this is the Assumption now + + + align:start position:0% +example so this is the Assumption now +some groups this all some groups it + + align:start position:0% +some groups this all some groups it + + + align:start position:0% +some groups this all some groups it +doesn't hold okay for example you can + + align:start position:0% +doesn't hold okay for example you can + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't hold okay for example you can +think of it as in a group in the + + align:start position:0% +think of it as in a group in the + + + align:start position:0% +think of it as in a group in the +additive group mod P this is false but + + align:start position:0% +additive group mod P this is false but + + + align:start position:0% +additive group mod P this is false but +in the multiplicative group we believe + + align:start position:0% +in the multiplicative group we believe + + + align:start position:0% +in the multiplicative group we believe +that it's true is it really true we + + align:start position:0% +that it's true is it really true we + + + align:start position:0% +that it's true is it really true we +don't know we don't actually know we + + align:start position:0% +don't know we don't actually know we + + + align:start position:0% +don't know we don't actually know we +believe it's true and we base + + align:start position:0% +believe it's true and we base + + + align:start position:0% +believe it's true and we base +cryptography on this assumption okay so + + align:start position:0% +cryptography on this assumption okay so + + + align:start position:0% +cryptography on this assumption okay so +we base cryptography on the fact that in + + align:start position:0% +we base cryptography on the fact that in + + + align:start position:0% +we base cryptography on the fact that in +zp star in the if you take elements um + + align:start position:0% +zp star in the if you take elements um + + + align:start position:0% +zp star in the if you take elements um +in the multiplicative group zp star mod + + align:start position:0% +in the multiplicative group zp star mod + + + align:start position:0% +in the multiplicative group zp star mod +P then if I give you like a random you + + align:start position:0% +P then if I give you like a random you + + + align:start position:0% +P then if I give you like a random you +know if you take a a generator of this + + align:start position:0% +know if you take a a generator of this + + + align:start position:0% +know if you take a a generator of this +group and you raise it to the power of a + + align:start position:0% +group and you raise it to the power of a + + + align:start position:0% +group and you raise it to the power of a +random element uh if I give you a random + + align:start position:0% +random element uh if I give you a random + + + align:start position:0% +random element uh if I give you a random +element in the group essentially then + + align:start position:0% +element in the group essentially then + + + align:start position:0% +element in the group essentially then +finding the discret log we believe is + + align:start position:0% +finding the discret log we believe is + + + align:start position:0% +finding the discret log we believe is +hard yeah we know + + align:start position:0% +hard yeah we know + + + align:start position:0% +hard yeah we know +like quantum's EAS good yeah so okay I + + align:start position:0% +like quantum's EAS good yeah so okay I + + + align:start position:0% +like quantum's EAS good yeah so okay I +say we believe it's hard why we believe + + align:start position:0% +say we believe it's hard why we believe + + + align:start position:0% +say we believe it's hard why we believe +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +hard I have no idea I think the only the + + align:start position:0% +hard I have no idea I think the only the + + + align:start position:0% +hard I have no idea I think the only the +only reason we believe it's hard is + + align:start position:0% +only reason we believe it's hard is + + + align:start position:0% +only reason we believe it's hard is +because we don't know how to break it + + align:start position:0% +because we don't know how to break it + + + align:start position:0% +because we don't know how to break it +that's really it because quantum + + align:start position:0% +that's really it because quantum + + + align:start position:0% +that's really it because quantum +computers can break it there + + align:start position:0% +computers can break it there + + + align:start position:0% +computers can break it there +subexponential algorithms like if and if + + align:start position:0% +subexponential algorithms like if and if + + + align:start position:0% +subexponential algorithms like if and if +you you know if we didn't think we were + + align:start position:0% +you you know if we didn't think we were + + + align:start position:0% +you you know if we didn't think we were +that smart we would have think it's easy + + align:start position:0% +that smart we would have think it's easy + + + align:start position:0% +that smart we would have think it's easy +because every evidence we have is that + + align:start position:0% +because every evidence we have is that + + + align:start position:0% +because every evidence we have is that +it's not that hard but because we don't + + align:start position:0% +it's not that hard but because we don't + + + align:start position:0% +it's not that hard but because we don't +know how to break it and we think we're + + align:start position:0% +know how to break it and we think we're + + + align:start position:0% +know how to break it and we think we're +pretty smart then we you know but no the + + align:start position:0% +pretty smart then we you know but no the + + + align:start position:0% +pretty smart then we you know but no the +truth is really I have no evidence for + + align:start position:0% +truth is really I have no evidence for + + + align:start position:0% +truth is really I have no evidence for +why this that why this problem is hard + + align:start position:0% +why this that why this problem is hard + + + align:start position:0% +why this that why this problem is hard +the only evidence we have is that we + + align:start position:0% +the only evidence we have is that we + + + align:start position:0% +the only evidence we have is that we +didn't succeed in breaking it there's no + + align:start position:0% +didn't succeed in breaking it there's no + + + align:start position:0% +didn't succeed in breaking it there's no +other evidence like the fact that it can + + align:start position:0% +other evidence like the fact that it can + + + align:start position:0% +other evidence like the fact that it can +be broken it can be broken pomal Time by + + align:start position:0% +be broken it can be broken pomal Time by + + + align:start position:0% +be broken it can be broken pomal Time by +quantum computers + + align:start position:0% +quantum computers + + + align:start position:0% +quantum computers +yeah and even classically we have + + align:start position:0% +yeah and even classically we have + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and even classically we have +subexponential algorithms so we have + + align:start position:0% +subexponential algorithms so we have + + + align:start position:0% +subexponential algorithms so we have +some non-trivial algorithms for doing it + + align:start position:0% +some non-trivial algorithms for doing it + + + align:start position:0% +some non-trivial algorithms for doing it +like but uh a but not in polinomial time + + align:start position:0% +like but uh a but not in polinomial time + + + align:start position:0% +like but uh a but not in polinomial time +the best algorithms like something like + + align:start position:0% +the best algorithms like something like + + + align:start position:0% +the best algorithms like something like +time two to the end to the thir + + align:start position:0% +time two to the end to the thir + + + align:start position:0% +time two to the end to the thir +something like + + align:start position:0% +something like + + + align:start position:0% +something like +that so uh but this is the problem okay + + align:start position:0% +that so uh but this is the problem okay + + + align:start position:0% +that so uh but this is the problem okay +so now let me go to the construction of + + align:start position:0% +so now let me go to the construction of + + + align:start position:0% +so now let me go to the construction of +our hash function + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I'm going to fix a group of prime + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to fix a group of prime + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to fix a group of prime +order okay for the construction I'm + + align:start position:0% +order okay for the construction I'm + + + align:start position:0% +order okay for the construction I'm +going to assume that I have a group of + + align:start position:0% +going to assume that I have a group of + + + align:start position:0% +going to assume that I have a group of +prime + + align:start position:0% +prime + + + align:start position:0% +prime +order I'm going to tell you how I find + + align:start position:0% +order I'm going to tell you how I find + + + align:start position:0% +order I'm going to tell you how I find +the group in Prime order in a second but + + align:start position:0% +the group in Prime order in a second but + + + align:start position:0% +the group in Prime order in a second but +think of a group that has number of + + align:start position:0% +think of a group that has number of + + + align:start position:0% +think of a group that has number of +elements in the group as Prime so let + + align:start position:0% +elements in the group as Prime so let + + + align:start position:0% +elements in the group as Prime so let +G be a + + align:start position:0% +G be a + + + align:start position:0% +G be a +group of Prime + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +order which just means that the number + + align:start position:0% +order which just means that the number + + + align:start position:0% +order which just means that the number +of elements in G is + + align:start position:0% +of elements in G is + + + align:start position:0% +of elements in G is +prime that's all it means and now here's + + align:start position:0% +prime that's all it means and now here's + + + align:start position:0% +prime that's all it means and now here's +my and now every element except for the + + align:start position:0% +my and now every element except for the + + + align:start position:0% +my and now every element except for the +unit now is is a generator so it's easy + + align:start position:0% +unit now is is a generator so it's easy + + + align:start position:0% +unit now is is a generator so it's easy +to find generators here and now here's + + align:start position:0% +to find generators here and now here's + + + align:start position:0% +to find generators here and now here's +my hash function my hash + + align:start position:0% +my hash function my hash + + + align:start position:0% +my hash function my hash +function um depends on G and H okay so + + align:start position:0% +function um depends on G and H okay so + + + align:start position:0% +function um depends on G and H okay so +what's the key the key is a so there's a + + align:start position:0% +what's the key the key is a so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +what's the key the key is a so there's a +Okay so so we have a generator G you can + + align:start position:0% +Okay so so we have a generator G you can + + + align:start position:0% +Okay so so we have a generator G you can +think of G is fixed that's just a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +generator if you want you can choose it + + align:start position:0% +generator if you want you can choose it + + + align:start position:0% +generator if you want you can choose it +also randomly because any element is a + + align:start position:0% +also randomly because any element is a + + + align:start position:0% +also randomly because any element is a +generator here H has a key so okay so + + align:start position:0% +generator here H has a key so okay so + + + align:start position:0% +generator here H has a key so okay so +now the hash function so + + align:start position:0% +now the hash function so + + + align:start position:0% +now the hash function so +gen and one to the Lambda this is like + + align:start position:0% +gen and one to the Lambda this is like + + + align:start position:0% +gen and one to the Lambda this is like +sub Lambda what it does is it chooses + + align:start position:0% +sub Lambda what it does is it chooses + + + align:start position:0% +sub Lambda what it does is it chooses +random H and + + align:start position:0% +random H and + + + align:start position:0% +random H and +g a random element that's what it does + + align:start position:0% +g a random element that's what it does + + + align:start position:0% +g a random element that's what it does +that's the key + + align:start position:0% +that's the key + + + align:start position:0% +that's the key +okay so hash key is just H just the + + align:start position:0% +okay so hash key is just H just the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so hash key is just H just the +random + + align:start position:0% +random + + + align:start position:0% +random +element + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +eval okay so IAL takes his input before + + align:start position:0% +eval okay so IAL takes his input before + + + align:start position:0% +eval okay so IAL takes his input before +we said IAL takes his input uh hash key + + align:start position:0% +we said IAL takes his input uh hash key + + + align:start position:0% +we said IAL takes his input uh hash key +anyx any X now no now less so that's + + align:start position:0% +anyx any X now no now less so that's + + + align:start position:0% +anyx any X now no now less so that's +what I'm saying it's not let me denote + + align:start position:0% +what I'm saying it's not let me denote + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm saying it's not let me denote +the number of elements in G by Q now IAL + + align:start position:0% +the number of elements in G by Q now IAL + + + align:start position:0% +the number of elements in G by Q now IAL +takes his input a hash key and X but now + + align:start position:0% +takes his input a hash key and X but now + + + align:start position:0% +takes his input a hash key and X but now +X is not everything it's just in zq * zq + + align:start position:0% +X is not everything it's just in zq * zq + + + align:start position:0% +X is not everything it's just in zq * zq +so it's it's bounded later we'll show + + align:start position:0% +so it's it's bounded later we'll show + + + align:start position:0% +so it's it's bounded later we'll show +how to get everything but for now I'm + + align:start position:0% +how to get everything but for now I'm + + + align:start position:0% +how to get everything but for now I'm +bounded okay it goes from zq to zq and + + align:start position:0% +bounded okay it goes from zq to zq and + + + align:start position:0% +bounded okay it goes from zq to zq and +what it does uh it generates so so let + + align:start position:0% +what it does uh it generates so so let + + + align:start position:0% +what it does uh it generates so so let +me call it x0 and + + align:start position:0% +me call it x0 and + + + align:start position:0% +me call it x0 and +X1 because it has a pair and what it + + align:start position:0% +X1 because it has a pair and what it + + + align:start position:0% +X1 because it has a pair and what it +does it gives you g to the x0 times + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +H to the + + align:start position:0% +H to the + + + align:start position:0% +H to the +X1 in the group multiplication in the + + align:start position:0% +X1 in the group multiplication in the + + + align:start position:0% +X1 in the group multiplication in the +group that's the hash function so this + + align:start position:0% +group that's the hash function so this + + + align:start position:0% +group that's the hash function so this +is an element in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +G okay this is the hash function now why + + align:start position:0% +G okay this is the hash function now why + + + align:start position:0% +G okay this is the hash function now why +is it even shrinking because this is + + align:start position:0% +is it even shrinking because this is + + + align:start position:0% +is it even shrinking because this is +kind of the the group has only Q + + align:start position:0% +kind of the the group has only Q + + + align:start position:0% +kind of the the group has only Q +elements so it's like this is Q elements + + align:start position:0% +elements so it's like this is Q elements + + + align:start position:0% +elements so it's like this is Q elements +and this is two Q elements like this + + align:start position:0% +and this is two Q elements like this + + + align:start position:0% +and this is two Q elements like this +this is one out of Q and this is you + + align:start position:0% +this is one out of Q and this is you + + + align:start position:0% +this is one out of Q and this is you +have one out you can think of G as like + + align:start position:0% +have one out you can think of G as like + + + align:start position:0% +have one out you can think of G as like +uh embedded in like you can like think + + align:start position:0% +uh embedded in like you can like think + + + align:start position:0% +uh embedded in like you can like think +of G as isomorphic to kind of uh you + + align:start position:0% +of G as isomorphic to kind of uh you + + + align:start position:0% +of G as isomorphic to kind of uh you +know + + align:start position:0% +know + + + align:start position:0% +know +zq you know you can so this you know if + + align:start position:0% +zq you know you can so this you know if + + + align:start position:0% +zq you know you can so this you know if +if if you think of Q if you can think of + + align:start position:0% +if if you think of Q if you can think of + + + align:start position:0% +if if you think of Q if you can think of +Q as like a in you know 0 one to the + + align:start position:0% +Q as like a in you know 0 one to the + + + align:start position:0% +Q as like a in you know 0 one to the +Lambda then here you have two 01 like 0 + + align:start position:0% +Lambda then here you have two 01 like 0 + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda then here you have two 01 like 0 +one to the two + + align:start position:0% +one to the two + + + align:start position:0% +one to the two +Lambda but let me actually make it more + + align:start position:0% +Lambda but let me actually make it more + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda but let me actually make it more +concrete for you so it'll be just easy + + align:start position:0% +concrete for you so it'll be just easy + + + align:start position:0% +concrete for you so it'll be just easy +to think about it cuz I said a generator + + align:start position:0% +to think about it cuz I said a generator + + + align:start position:0% +to think about it cuz I said a generator +and let me just Prime let me just give + + align:start position:0% +and let me just Prime let me just give + + + align:start position:0% +and let me just Prime let me just give +you the concrete example you can think + + align:start position:0% +you the concrete example you can think + + + align:start position:0% +you the concrete example you can think +of look at zp star so just + + align:start position:0% +of look at zp star so just + + + align:start position:0% +of look at zp star so just +multiplication mod P okay where p is a + + align:start position:0% +multiplication mod P okay where p is a + + + align:start position:0% +multiplication mod P okay where p is a +safe Prime safe Prime I mean it's 2 Q + + + align:start position:0% +safe Prime safe Prime I mean it's 2 Q + + + + align:start position:0% +safe Prime safe Prime I mean it's 2 Q + +one where Q is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +prime okay there's a lot of safe primes + + align:start position:0% +prime okay there's a lot of safe primes + + + align:start position:0% +prime okay there's a lot of safe primes +so it's easy there uh you know choose + + align:start position:0% +so it's easy there uh you know choose + + + align:start position:0% +so it's easy there uh you know choose +one at random check if it's safe you can + + align:start position:0% +one at random check if it's safe you can + + + align:start position:0% +one at random check if it's safe you can +check check primality and if you choose + + align:start position:0% +check check primality and if you choose + + + align:start position:0% +check check primality and if you choose +enough times you'll hit a safe one + + align:start position:0% +enough times you'll hit a safe one + + + align:start position:0% +enough times you'll hit a safe one +they're there uh there enough of them to + + align:start position:0% +they're there uh there enough of them to + + + align:start position:0% +they're there uh there enough of them to +hit one with good probability okay and + + align:start position:0% +hit one with good probability okay and + + + align:start position:0% +hit one with good probability okay and +now G is just going to be the set of + + align:start position:0% +now G is just going to be the set of + + + align:start position:0% +now G is just going to be the set of +quadratic residus mod P so this is all + + align:start position:0% +quadratic residus mod P so this is all + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic residus mod P so this is all +the kind of X + + align:start position:0% +the kind of X + + + align:start position:0% +the kind of X +sared mod + + align:start position:0% +sared mod + + + align:start position:0% +sared mod +P for X in like one up to P minus + + align:start position:0% +P for X in like one up to P minus + + + align:start position:0% +P for X in like one up to P minus +one all the + + align:start position:0% +one all the + + + align:start position:0% +one all the +squares okay how many squ squares are + + align:start position:0% +squares okay how many squ squares are + + + align:start position:0% +squares okay how many squ squares are +there like half so z p star has P minus + + align:start position:0% +there like half so z p star has P minus + + + align:start position:0% +there like half so z p star has P minus +one elements one up to P minus one and + + align:start position:0% +one elements one up to P minus one and + + + align:start position:0% +one elements one up to P minus one and +half of them are square so the number of + + align:start position:0% +half of them are square so the number of + + + align:start position:0% +half of them are square so the number of +quatic residus is p minus1 / 2 which is + + align:start position:0% +quatic residus is p minus1 / 2 which is + + + align:start position:0% +quatic residus is p minus1 / 2 which is +exactly + + align:start position:0% +exactly + + + align:start position:0% +exactly +Q so really one can think if you want to + + align:start position:0% +Q so really one can think if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +Q so really one can think if you want to +be think of the Quad residue is mod + + align:start position:0% +be think of the Quad residue is mod + + + align:start position:0% +be think of the Quad residue is mod +P okay that's + + align:start position:0% +P okay that's + + + align:start position:0% +P okay that's +um so this great so now you can think of + + align:start position:0% +um so this great so now you can think of + + + align:start position:0% +um so this great so now you can think of +this is all the quadratic residues this + + align:start position:0% +this is all the quadratic residues this + + + align:start position:0% +this is all the quadratic residues this +is all the quadratic residus and uh + + align:start position:0% +is all the quadratic residus and uh + + + align:start position:0% +is all the quadratic residus and uh +sorry so this sorry this isn't zq this + + align:start position:0% +sorry so this sorry this isn't zq this + + + align:start position:0% +sorry so this sorry this isn't zq this +is zq this is quadratic residus mod P + + align:start position:0% +is zq this is quadratic residus mod P + + + align:start position:0% +is zq this is quadratic residus mod P +and you can you can embed the quadratic + + align:start position:0% +and you can you can embed the quadratic + + + align:start position:0% +and you can you can embed the quadratic +quadratic residus mod P very easily you + + align:start position:0% +quadratic residus mod P very easily you + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic residus mod P very easily you +can kind of embed them in zq you can + + align:start position:0% +can kind of embed them in zq you can + + + align:start position:0% +can kind of embed them in zq you can +represent each element here in zq how + + align:start position:0% +represent each element here in zq how + + + align:start position:0% +represent each element here in zq how +take any quadratic residue look find the + + align:start position:0% +take any quadratic residue look find the + + + align:start position:0% +take any quadratic residue look find the +two square roots so if you have X it's a + + align:start position:0% +two square roots so if you have X it's a + + + align:start position:0% +two square roots so if you have X it's a +quad residue so look at plus minus + + align:start position:0% +quad residue so look at plus minus + + + align:start position:0% +quad residue so look at plus minus +square root of x one of them is going to + + align:start position:0% +square root of x one of them is going to + + + align:start position:0% +square root of x one of them is going to +be + + align:start position:0% +be + + + align:start position:0% +be +smaller than Q one's going to be bigger + + align:start position:0% +smaller than Q one's going to be bigger + + + align:start position:0% +smaller than Q one's going to be bigger +one's in the upper half one in the lower + + align:start position:0% +one's in the upper half one in the lower + + + align:start position:0% +one's in the upper half one in the lower +half write the one that's in the lower + + align:start position:0% +half write the one that's in the lower + + + align:start position:0% +half write the one that's in the lower +half that's kind of a way to express the + + align:start position:0% +half that's kind of a way to express the + + + align:start position:0% +half that's kind of a way to express the +quadratic residues as zq the reason I'm + + align:start position:0% +quadratic residues as zq the reason I'm + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic residues as zq the reason I'm +telling you that is because I want you + + align:start position:0% +telling you that is because I want you + + + align:start position:0% +telling you that is because I want you +to think that you can this is you can + + align:start position:0% +to think that you can this is you can + + + align:start position:0% +to think that you can this is you can +think of it as a hash function that goes + + align:start position:0% +think of it as a hash function that goes + + + align:start position:0% +think of it as a hash function that goes +from zq * zq to + + align:start position:0% +from zq * zq to + + + align:start position:0% +from zq * zq to +zq okay because you go from zq to zq to + + align:start position:0% +zq okay because you go from zq to zq to + + + align:start position:0% +zq okay because you go from zq to zq to +quadratic residus mod P and then just + + align:start position:0% +quadratic residus mod P and then just + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic residus mod P and then just +efficiently kind of convert this to the + + align:start position:0% +efficiently kind of convert this to the + + + align:start position:0% +efficiently kind of convert this to the +square root which one the one that's + + align:start position:0% +square root which one the one that's + + + align:start position:0% +square root which one the one that's +smaller the one that's between one and Q + + align:start position:0% +smaller the one that's between one and Q + + + align:start position:0% +smaller the one that's between one and Q +and that's that that would be the output + + align:start position:0% +and that's that that would be the output + + + align:start position:0% +and that's that that would be the output +it's you could it's you can go from one + + align:start position:0% +it's you could it's you can go from one + + + align:start position:0% +it's you could it's you can go from one +to the other very efficiently so does a + + align:start position:0% +to the other very efficiently so does a + + + align:start position:0% +to the other very efficiently so does a +way to represent the quadratic residue + + align:start position:0% +way to represent the quadratic residue + + + align:start position:0% +way to represent the quadratic residue +so it doesn't really + + align:start position:0% +so it doesn't really + + + align:start position:0% +so it doesn't really +matter okay and the reason I'm I'm + + align:start position:0% +matter okay and the reason I'm I'm + + + align:start position:0% +matter okay and the reason I'm I'm +representing the quadratic residu is an + + align:start position:0% +representing the quadratic residu is an + + + align:start position:0% +representing the quadratic residu is an +element in zq is just so you see that + + align:start position:0% +element in zq is just so you see that + + + align:start position:0% +element in zq is just so you see that +it's really shrinking that you can see + + align:start position:0% +it's really shrinking that you can see + + + align:start position:0% +it's really shrinking that you can see +okay I have from zq to zq from zq * zq + + align:start position:0% +okay I have from zq to zq from zq * zq + + + align:start position:0% +okay I have from zq to zq from zq * zq +to zq that's my hash + + align:start position:0% +to zq that's my hash + + + align:start position:0% +to zq that's my hash +function okay the fact that it goes from + + align:start position:0% +function okay the fact that it goes from + + + align:start position:0% +function okay the fact that it goes from +zq to zq time zq to Q I'm later going to + + align:start position:0% +zq to zq time zq to Q I'm later going to + + + align:start position:0% +zq to zq time zq to Q I'm later going to +use this fact to kind of increase the + + align:start position:0% +use this fact to kind of increase the + + + align:start position:0% +use this fact to kind of increase the +the the domain to 0 one star okay but + + align:start position:0% +the the domain to 0 one star okay but + + + align:start position:0% +the the domain to 0 one star okay but +before I increase the domain why is this + + align:start position:0% +before I increase the domain why is this + + + align:start position:0% +before I increase the domain why is this +a hat + + align:start position:0% +a hat + + + align:start position:0% +a hat +function so in other words why is it + + align:start position:0% +function so in other words why is it + + + align:start position:0% +function so in other words why is it +what do I need from the hash function + + align:start position:0% +what do I need from the hash function + + + align:start position:0% +what do I need from the hash function +well there's no opening here so it's not + + align:start position:0% +well there's no opening here so it's not + + + align:start position:0% +well there's no opening here so it's not +local opening so this doesn't hold but I + + align:start position:0% +local opening so this doesn't hold but I + + + align:start position:0% +local opening so this doesn't hold but I +want to make sure that uh it's Collision + + align:start position:0% +want to make sure that uh it's Collision + + + align:start position:0% +want to make sure that uh it's Collision +resistant why is it Collision resistant + + align:start position:0% +resistant why is it Collision resistant + + + align:start position:0% +resistant why is it Collision resistant +so I want to argue that I cannot open if + + align:start position:0% +so I want to argue that I cannot open if + + + align:start position:0% +so I want to argue that I cannot open if +someone gave gives me if an adversary + + align:start position:0% +someone gave gives me if an adversary + + + align:start position:0% +someone gave gives me if an adversary +gave me a uh + + align:start position:0% +gave me a uh + + + align:start position:0% +gave me a uh +uh a value a hash value he cannot he + + align:start position:0% +uh a value a hash value he cannot he + + + align:start position:0% +uh a value a hash value he cannot he +cannot open in two different + + align:start position:0% +cannot open in two different + + + align:start position:0% +cannot open in two different +ways so let me actually try to argue + + align:start position:0% +ways so let me actually try to argue + + + align:start position:0% +ways so let me actually try to argue +that you cannot open in two different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ways do it + + align:start position:0% +ways do it + + + align:start position:0% +ways do it +here okay so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +why suppose there's a cheating prover + + align:start position:0% +why suppose there's a cheating prover + + + align:start position:0% +why suppose there's a cheating prover +that can open in two different ways then + + align:start position:0% +that can open in two different ways then + + + align:start position:0% +that can open in two different ways then +I argue that I can break the discrete + + align:start position:0% +I argue that I can break the discrete + + + align:start position:0% +I argue that I can break the discrete +log problem I can just use them to break + + align:start position:0% +log problem I can just use them to break + + + align:start position:0% +log problem I can just use them to break +the discret log problem + + align:start position:0% +the discret log problem + + + align:start position:0% +the discret log problem +why so let's say I get H I'm an + + align:start position:0% +why so let's say I get H I'm an + + + align:start position:0% +why so let's say I get H I'm an +adversary there's this G and there's you + + align:start position:0% +adversary there's this G and there's you + + + align:start position:0% +adversary there's this G and there's you +know uh and I got hash + + align:start position:0% +know uh and I got hash + + + align:start position:0% +know uh and I got hash +key sorry I'm going to the discret log + + align:start position:0% +key sorry I'm going to the discret log + + + align:start position:0% +key sorry I'm going to the discret log +so I got H which is supposed to + + align:start position:0% +so I got H which is supposed to + + + align:start position:0% +so I got H which is supposed to +supposedly like G to the X I'm G to find + + align:start position:0% +supposedly like G to the X I'm G to find + + + align:start position:0% +supposedly like G to the X I'm G to find +X okay here's how I find + + align:start position:0% +X okay here's how I find + + + align:start position:0% +X okay here's how I find +X I got H I'm going to give this + + align:start position:0% +X I got H I'm going to give this + + + align:start position:0% +X I got H I'm going to give this +adversary here the so if I can find a + + align:start position:0% +adversary here the so if I can find a + + + align:start position:0% +adversary here the so if I can find a +collision so suppose + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there exists a collision + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +finder let me call him B then I I + + align:start position:0% +finder let me call him B then I I + + + align:start position:0% +finder let me call him B then I I +construct a that uses B to break the + + align:start position:0% +construct a that uses B to break the + + + align:start position:0% +construct a that uses B to break the +discrete log how do I break the discret + + align:start position:0% +discrete log how do I break the discret + + + align:start position:0% +discrete log how do I break the discret +log what he gets H he needs to find + + align:start position:0% +log what he gets H he needs to find + + + align:start position:0% +log what he gets H he needs to find +X yeah he has G he gets the input H he + + align:start position:0% +X yeah he has G he gets the input H he + + + align:start position:0% +X yeah he has G he gets the input H he +need to find the discret log of H how + + align:start position:0% +need to find the discret log of H how + + + align:start position:0% +need to find the discret log of H how +does he find the discret log he goes to + + align:start position:0% +does he find the discret log he goes to + + + align:start position:0% +does he find the discret log he goes to +the Collision finder let me write him as + + align:start position:0% +the Collision finder let me write him as + + + align:start position:0% +the Collision finder let me write him as +a c for Collision it's better he goes to + + align:start position:0% +a c for Collision it's better he goes to + + + align:start position:0% +a c for Collision it's better he goes to +the Collision finder and he tells me oh + + align:start position:0% +the Collision finder and he tells me oh + + + align:start position:0% +the Collision finder and he tells me oh +here's your key hash key equals + + align:start position:0% +here's your key hash key equals + + + align:start position:0% +here's your key hash key equals +H Now find the + + align:start position:0% +H Now find the + + + align:start position:0% +H Now find the +Collision now we find the Collision it's + + align:start position:0% +Collision now we find the Collision it's + + + align:start position:0% +Collision now we find the Collision it's +a V and two inputs so I don't know uh + + align:start position:0% +a V and two inputs so I don't know uh + + + align:start position:0% +a V and two inputs so I don't know uh +um two he gives a V and two + + align:start position:0% +um two he gives a V and two + + + align:start position:0% +um two he gives a V and two +openings so two inputs so let me call + + align:start position:0% +openings so two inputs so let me call + + + align:start position:0% +openings so two inputs so let me call +one x0 X1 and the other x0 Prime X1 + + align:start position:0% +one x0 X1 and the other x0 Prime X1 + + + align:start position:0% +one x0 X1 and the other x0 Prime X1 +Prime such + + align:start position:0% +Prime such + + + align:start position:0% +Prime such +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +a this is a pre-image and this is a + + align:start position:0% +a this is a pre-image and this is a + + + align:start position:0% +a this is a pre-image and this is a +pre-image so G to the + + align:start position:0% +pre-image so G to the + + + align:start position:0% +pre-image so G to the +x0 H to the X1 is equal to G to the x0 + + align:start position:0% +x0 H to the X1 is equal to G to the x0 + + + align:start position:0% +x0 H to the X1 is equal to G to the x0 +prime H to the X1 Prime that's a + + align:start position:0% +prime H to the X1 Prime that's a + + + align:start position:0% +prime H to the X1 Prime that's a +collision now I can I claim if he gives + + align:start position:0% +collision now I can I claim if he gives + + + align:start position:0% +collision now I can I claim if he gives +me this I can use this to find the + + align:start position:0% +me this I can use this to find the + + + align:start position:0% +me this I can use this to find the +discrete log of H with respect to G how + + align:start position:0% +discrete log of H with respect to G how + + + align:start position:0% +discrete log of H with respect to G how +I just what is this this is just gx0 - + + align:start position:0% +I just what is this this is just gx0 - + + + align:start position:0% +I just what is this this is just gx0 - +x0 Prime equals H X1 Prime minus X1 I + + align:start position:0% +x0 Prime equals H X1 Prime minus X1 I + + + align:start position:0% +x0 Prime equals H X1 Prime minus X1 I +just moved uh arithmetics and now g a h + + align:start position:0% +just moved uh arithmetics and now g a h + + + align:start position:0% +just moved uh arithmetics and now g a h +is nothing but G to the x0 - x0 Prime + + align:start position:0% +is nothing but G to the x0 - x0 Prime + + + align:start position:0% +is nothing but G to the x0 - x0 Prime +divided by X1 Prime - + + align:start position:0% +divided by X1 Prime - + + + align:start position:0% +divided by X1 Prime - +X1 this is the discrete + + align:start position:0% +X1 this is the discrete + + + align:start position:0% +X1 this is the discrete +log done + + align:start position:0% +log done + + + align:start position:0% +log done +so what is the discret he gives me a + + align:start position:0% +so what is the discret he gives me a + + + align:start position:0% +so what is the discret he gives me a +collision what is the discrete log of H + + align:start position:0% +collision what is the discrete log of H + + + align:start position:0% +collision what is the discrete log of H +with respect to G it's just x0 - x0 + + align:start position:0% +with respect to G it's just x0 - x0 + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to G it's just x0 - x0 +Prime divided by X1 Prime minus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X1 now where did I use the fact that the + + align:start position:0% +X1 now where did I use the fact that the + + + align:start position:0% +X1 now where did I use the fact that the +G remember I said g needs to be a prime + + align:start position:0% +G remember I said g needs to be a prime + + + align:start position:0% +G remember I said g needs to be a prime +Order Group where did I use the fact + + align:start position:0% +Order Group where did I use the fact + + + align:start position:0% +Order Group where did I use the fact +that it's a prime order because this you + + align:start position:0% +that it's a prime order because this you + + + align:start position:0% +that it's a prime order because this you +compute this mod + + align:start position:0% +compute this mod + + + align:start position:0% +compute this mod +Q mod the order of the group if it's not + + align:start position:0% +Q mod the order of the group if it's not + + + align:start position:0% +Q mod the order of the group if it's not +a prime order it's not clear you can + + align:start position:0% +a prime order it's not clear you can + + + align:start position:0% +a prime order it's not clear you can +divide not every element has an inverse + + align:start position:0% +divide not every element has an inverse + + + align:start position:0% +divide not every element has an inverse +if you're not in a prime Order Group so + + align:start position:0% +if you're not in a prime Order Group so + + + align:start position:0% +if you're not in a prime Order Group so +I want it to be in a prime order group + + align:start position:0% +I want it to be in a prime order group + + + align:start position:0% +I want it to be in a prime order group +so that every element has an inverse now + + align:start position:0% +so that every element has an inverse now + + + align:start position:0% +so that every element has an inverse now +another thing you need to make sure is + + align:start position:0% +another thing you need to make sure is + + + align:start position:0% +another thing you need to make sure is +that one you can say wait X1 Prime may + + align:start position:0% +that one you can say wait X1 Prime may + + + align:start position:0% +that one you can say wait X1 Prime may +be equal to X1 and then again you can't + + align:start position:0% +be equal to X1 and then again you can't + + + align:start position:0% +be equal to X1 and then again you can't +you're out of luck but if this if X1 if + + align:start position:0% +you're out of luck but if this if X1 if + + + align:start position:0% +you're out of luck but if this if X1 if +this if these are equal then these have + + align:start position:0% +this if these are equal then these have + + + align:start position:0% +this if these are equal then these have +to be equal because if these are equal + + align:start position:0% +to be equal because if these are equal + + + align:start position:0% +to be equal because if these are equal +means this is one and the only case + + align:start position:0% +means this is one and the only case + + + align:start position:0% +means this is one and the only case +where G to the power is one if it's the + + align:start position:0% +where G to the power is one if it's the + + + align:start position:0% +where G to the power is one if it's the +power of zero because it's a generator + + align:start position:0% +power of zero because it's a generator + + + align:start position:0% +power of zero because it's a generator +any other element is not zero is not + + align:start position:0% +any other element is not zero is not + + + align:start position:0% +any other element is not zero is not +one so if they're different if if these + + align:start position:0% +one so if they're different if if these + + + align:start position:0% +one so if they're different if if these +two are different that's what a + + align:start position:0% +two are different that's what a + + + align:start position:0% +two are different that's what a +collision means then X1 Prime must be + + align:start position:0% +collision means then X1 Prime must be + + + align:start position:0% +collision means then X1 Prime must be +different from X1 and therefore we can + + align:start position:0% +different from X1 and therefore we can + + + align:start position:0% +different from X1 and therefore we can +divide and we're + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +done so this is why this is the proof + + align:start position:0% +done so this is why this is the proof + + + align:start position:0% +done so this is why this is the proof +that this is a collagen resistant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay any any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions yeah do you have a way to + + align:start position:0% +questions yeah do you have a way to + + + align:start position:0% +questions yeah do you have a way to +sample + + align:start position:0% +sample + + + align:start position:0% +sample +H during J do I have again a way to + + align:start position:0% +H during J do I have again a way to + + + align:start position:0% +H during J do I have again a way to +simple H during the generation what do + + align:start position:0% +simple H during the generation what do + + + align:start position:0% +simple H during the generation what do +you what do you mean to simp what do you + + align:start position:0% +you what do you mean to simp what do you + + + align:start position:0% +you what do you mean to simp what do you +mean to just take H the element + + align:start position:0% +mean to just take H the element + + + align:start position:0% +mean to just take H the element +without learning something about so H H + + align:start position:0% +without learning something about so H H + + + align:start position:0% +without learning something about so H H +is just I choose it randomly from G the + + align:start position:0% +is just I choose it randomly from G the + + + align:start position:0% +is just I choose it randomly from G the +the key generation the key generation + + align:start position:0% +the key generation the key generation + + + align:start position:0% +the key generation the key generation +algorithm of the hash function H is just + + align:start position:0% +algorithm of the hash function H is just + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm of the hash function H is just +a random element in the in the group so + + align:start position:0% +a random element in the in the group so + + + align:start position:0% +a random element in the in the group so +if you use kind of this specific group + + align:start position:0% +if you use kind of this specific group + + + align:start position:0% +if you use kind of this specific group +you choose zp star all the elements mod + + align:start position:0% +you choose zp star all the elements mod + + + align:start position:0% +you choose zp star all the elements mod +P and where p is a safe Prime you make + + align:start position:0% +P and where p is a safe Prime you make + + + align:start position:0% +P and where p is a safe Prime you make +sure p a safe Prime and the way you + + align:start position:0% +sure p a safe Prime and the way you + + + align:start position:0% +sure p a safe Prime and the way you +choose H is a random quadratic residue + + align:start position:0% +choose H is a random quadratic residue + + + align:start position:0% +choose H is a random quadratic residue +so I choose a random x and x squ is my H + + align:start position:0% +so I choose a random x and x squ is my H + + + align:start position:0% +so I choose a random x and x squ is my H +so it's a the key gen algorithm is very + + align:start position:0% +so it's a the key gen algorithm is very + + + align:start position:0% +so it's a the key gen algorithm is very +simple and note by the way here you can + + align:start position:0% +simple and note by the way here you can + + + align:start position:0% +simple and note by the way here you can +indeed it's it's also random there's no + + align:start position:0% +indeed it's it's also random there's no + + + align:start position:0% +indeed it's it's also random there's no +secret going back to the uh kilan mikali + + align:start position:0% +secret going back to the uh kilan mikali + + + align:start position:0% +secret going back to the uh kilan mikali +protocol that the first message hashy + + align:start position:0% +protocol that the first message hashy + + + align:start position:0% +protocol that the first message hashy +it's just random it's random uh quad + + align:start position:0% +it's just random it's random uh quad + + + align:start position:0% +it's just random it's random uh quad +resid there's no secrets you can send + + align:start position:0% +resid there's no secrets you can send + + + align:start position:0% +resid there's no secrets you can send +the randomness it's not uh there's no + + align:start position:0% +the randomness it's not uh there's no + + + align:start position:0% +the randomness it's not uh there's no +secrets in the hashy or anything like + + align:start position:0% +secrets in the hashy or anything like + + + align:start position:0% +secrets in the hashy or anything like +that it's a very very very simple + + align:start position:0% +that it's a very very very simple + + + align:start position:0% +that it's a very very very simple +construction this is by the way known as + + align:start position:0% +construction this is by the way known as + + + align:start position:0% +construction this is by the way known as +Pon commitment for those who studied + + align:start position:0% +Pon commitment for those who studied + + + align:start position:0% +Pon commitment for those who studied +cryptography + + align:start position:0% +cryptography + + + align:start position:0% +cryptography +um uh it also has some hiding properties + + align:start position:0% +um uh it also has some hiding properties + + + align:start position:0% +um uh it also has some hiding properties +which are nice but we're not we only + + align:start position:0% +which are nice but we're not we only + + + align:start position:0% +which are nice but we're not we only +care about Collision resistance here so + + align:start position:0% +care about Collision resistance here so + + + align:start position:0% +care about Collision resistance here so +we don't care about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hiding any any qu any other questions + + align:start position:0% +hiding any any qu any other questions + + + align:start position:0% +hiding any any qu any other questions +about why it's Collision resistant + + align:start position:0% +about why it's Collision resistant + + + align:start position:0% +about why it's Collision resistant +about the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +construction okay so let me just say by + + align:start position:0% +construction okay so let me just say by + + + align:start position:0% +construction okay so let me just say by +the way as a side note uh these kind of + + align:start position:0% +the way as a side note uh these kind of + + + align:start position:0% +the way as a side note uh these kind of +groups of Prim order in particular kind + + align:start position:0% +groups of Prim order in particular kind + + + align:start position:0% +groups of Prim order in particular kind +of quadratic residues mod P uh where + + align:start position:0% +of quadratic residues mod P uh where + + + align:start position:0% +of quadratic residues mod P uh where +pizza safe Prime is a very useful kind + + align:start position:0% +pizza safe Prime is a very useful kind + + + align:start position:0% +pizza safe Prime is a very useful kind +of group we use it a lot in cryptography + + align:start position:0% +of group we use it a lot in cryptography + + + align:start position:0% +of group we use it a lot in cryptography +uh a so it comes up in many many + + align:start position:0% +uh a so it comes up in many many + + + align:start position:0% +uh a so it comes up in many many +Primitives we all working with groups of + + align:start position:0% +Primitives we all working with groups of + + + align:start position:0% +Primitives we all working with groups of +primot is very comfortable and the + + align:start position:0% +primot is very comfortable and the + + + align:start position:0% +primot is very comfortable and the +examples we have often is either quad + + align:start position:0% +examples we have often is either quad + + + align:start position:0% +examples we have often is either quad +res mod P where p a primot group or + + align:start position:0% +res mod P where p a primot group or + + + align:start position:0% +res mod P where p a primot group or +elliptic curves which is a whole + + align:start position:0% +elliptic curves which is a whole + + + align:start position:0% +elliptic curves which is a whole +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +story okay so the ne oh yeah so all + + align:start position:0% +story okay so the ne oh yeah so all + + + align:start position:0% +story okay so the ne oh yeah so all +order are isomorphic right they're yeah + + align:start position:0% +order are isomorphic right they're yeah + + + align:start position:0% +order are isomorphic right they're yeah +so like the special thing is in the + + align:start position:0% +so like the special thing is in the + + + align:start position:0% +so like the special thing is in the +actual structure of the group it's like + + align:start position:0% +actual structure of the group it's like + + + align:start position:0% +actual structure of the group it's like +the representation of elements something + + align:start position:0% +the representation of elements something + + + align:start position:0% +the representation of elements something +and the way it's like yeah like you + + align:start position:0% +and the way it's like yeah like you + + + align:start position:0% +and the way it's like yeah like you +can't evenor to group definition like + + align:start position:0% +can't evenor to group definition like + + + align:start position:0% +can't evenor to group definition like +you can't compute that exactly exactly + + align:start position:0% +you can't compute that exactly exactly + + + align:start position:0% +you can't compute that exactly exactly +exactly yeah isomorphic is a is an + + align:start position:0% +exactly yeah isomorphic is a is an + + + align:start position:0% +exactly yeah isomorphic is a is an +information theoretic term it's not + + align:start position:0% +information theoretic term it's not + + + align:start position:0% +information theoretic term it's not +clear that you can efficiently go from + + align:start position:0% +clear that you can efficiently go from + + + align:start position:0% +clear that you can efficiently go from +one to the other yeah exactly exactly + + align:start position:0% +one to the other yeah exactly exactly + + + align:start position:0% +one to the other yeah exactly exactly +good good point yeah okay so uh if + + align:start position:0% +good good point yeah okay so uh if + + + align:start position:0% +good good point yeah okay so uh if +there's no further questions let's just + + align:start position:0% +there's no further questions let's just + + + align:start position:0% +there's no further questions let's just +go to the to show how to go a how to get + + align:start position:0% +go to the to show how to go a how to get + + + align:start position:0% +go to the to show how to go a how to get +local how to uh go for from Collision + + align:start position:0% +local how to uh go for from Collision + + + align:start position:0% +local how to uh go for from Collision +resistant to one with local opening so + + align:start position:0% +resistant to one with local opening so + + + align:start position:0% +resistant to one with local opening so +okay this fell short in two ways first + + align:start position:0% +okay this fell short in two ways first + + + align:start position:0% +okay this fell short in two ways first +this construction goes only from zq time + + align:start position:0% +this construction goes only from zq time + + + align:start position:0% +this construction goes only from zq time +zq to zq it doesn't go from 0 one star + + align:start position:0% +zq to zq it doesn't go from 0 one star + + + align:start position:0% +zq to zq it doesn't go from 0 one star +to zq Second there's no notion of local + + align:start position:0% +to zq Second there's no notion of local + + + align:start position:0% +to zq Second there's no notion of local +opening which is also a problem so what + + align:start position:0% +opening which is also a problem so what + + + align:start position:0% +opening which is also a problem so what +we're going to do now is we're going to + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do now is we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do now is we're going to +show actually a generic transformation + + align:start position:0% +show actually a generic transformation + + + align:start position:0% +show actually a generic transformation +from any hash function that goes from zq + + align:start position:0% +from any hash function that goes from zq + + + align:start position:0% +from any hash function that goes from zq +time zq to + + align:start position:0% +time zq to + + + align:start position:0% +time zq to +zq with that's Collision resistant to + + align:start position:0% +zq with that's Collision resistant to + + + align:start position:0% +zq with that's Collision resistant to +the one to to what we want okay so now + + align:start position:0% +the one to to what we want okay so now + + + align:start position:0% +the one to to what we want okay so now +we're going to do the construction from + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do the construction from + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do the construction from +loc with local opening and arbitrary + + align:start position:0% +loc with local opening and arbitrary + + + align:start position:0% +loc with local opening and arbitrary +domain and here is how it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +goes okay so a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and this is from I'm going to assume I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have which is Gen and + + align:start position:0% +have which is Gen and + + + align:start position:0% +have which is Gen and +eval like above but eval goes let's say + + align:start position:0% +eval like above but eval goes let's say + + + align:start position:0% +eval like above but eval goes let's say +I said zq * zq to zq let me just write + + align:start position:0% +I said zq * zq to zq let me just write + + + align:start position:0% +I said zq * zq to zq let me just write +it as 01 to the Lambda time 01 to the + + align:start position:0% +it as 01 to the Lambda time 01 to the + + + align:start position:0% +it as 01 to the Lambda time 01 to the +Lambda to 01 to the Lambda I'm writing + + align:start position:0% +Lambda to 01 to the Lambda I'm writing + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda to 01 to the Lambda I'm writing +it because that's how we usually write + + align:start position:0% +it because that's how we usually write + + + align:start position:0% +it because that's how we usually write +it but if you want to think of zq zq zq + + align:start position:0% +it but if you want to think of zq zq zq + + + align:start position:0% +it but if you want to think of zq zq zq +that's Al that's totally fine it's uh + + align:start position:0% +that's Al that's totally fine it's uh + + + align:start position:0% +that's Al that's totally fine it's uh +because that that's what we saw it's + + align:start position:0% +because that that's what we saw it's + + + align:start position:0% +because that that's what we saw it's +just um most constructions of hash go to + + align:start position:0% +just um most constructions of hash go to + + + align:start position:0% +just um most constructions of hash go to +we think of it as 01 to the Lambda + + align:start position:0% +we think of it as 01 to the Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +we think of it as 01 to the Lambda +that's why I write it this way but + + align:start position:0% +that's why I write it this way but + + + align:start position:0% +that's why I write it this way but +everything I say you can replace 0 1 to + + align:start position:0% +everything I say you can replace 0 1 to + + + align:start position:0% +everything I say you can replace 0 1 to +the Lambda with zq and it will work okay + + align:start position:0% +the Lambda with zq and it will work okay + + + align:start position:0% +the Lambda with zq and it will work okay +so I have that I want to now get an + + align:start position:0% +so I have that I want to now get an + + + align:start position:0% +so I have that I want to now get an +entire family of of hash functions from + + align:start position:0% +entire family of of hash functions from + + + align:start position:0% +entire family of of hash functions from +like I want to make the domain much + + align:start position:0% +like I want to make the domain much + + + align:start position:0% +like I want to make the domain much +bigger and I want to get local + + align:start position:0% +bigger and I want to get local + + + align:start position:0% +bigger and I want to get local +openings so how do I do it actually I do + + align:start position:0% +openings so how do I do it actually I do + + + align:start position:0% +openings so how do I do it actually I do +it in one shot okay I get the domain + + align:start position:0% +it in one shot okay I get the domain + + + align:start position:0% +it in one shot okay I get the domain +bigger and get local opening at the same + + align:start position:0% +bigger and get local opening at the same + + + align:start position:0% +bigger and get local opening at the same +time and here is the idea so I do it via + + align:start position:0% +time and here is the idea so I do it via + + + align:start position:0% +time and here is the idea so I do it via +what's called Merkel hash it's idea by + + align:start position:0% +what's called Merkel hash it's idea by + + + align:start position:0% +what's called Merkel hash it's idea by +Merkel it's really beautiful clever and + + align:start position:0% +Merkel it's really beautiful clever and + + + align:start position:0% +Merkel it's really beautiful clever and +simple and here's what he does he says + + align:start position:0% +simple and here's what he does he says + + + align:start position:0% +simple and here's what he does he says +look you want to Hash something if it's + + align:start position:0% +look you want to Hash something if it's + + + align:start position:0% +look you want to Hash something if it's +less than two lamb bits long done you + + align:start position:0% +less than two lamb bits long done you + + + align:start position:0% +less than two lamb bits long done you +have a hash use your hash but what if + + align:start position:0% +have a hash use your hash but what if + + + align:start position:0% +have a hash use your hash but what if +it's longer if it's more than two Lambda + + align:start position:0% +it's longer if it's more than two Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +it's longer if it's more than two Lambda +bits okay okay so do it iteratively what + + align:start position:0% +bits okay okay so do it iteratively what + + + align:start position:0% +bits okay okay so do it iteratively what +does that mean take your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +input let's say so I'm okay so sorry + + align:start position:0% +input let's say so I'm okay so sorry + + + align:start position:0% +input let's say so I'm okay so sorry +first J so let me the Gen is exactly the + + align:start position:0% +first J so let me the Gen is exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +first J so let me the Gen is exactly the +same as J the same + + align:start position:0% +same as J the same + + + align:start position:0% +same as J the same +thingal is so I need to give these + + align:start position:0% +thingal is so I need to give these + + + align:start position:0% +thingal is so I need to give these +algorithm Jal open and verify J is this + + align:start position:0% +algorithm Jal open and verify J is this + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm Jal open and verify J is this +gen you have a gen for this algorithm + + align:start position:0% +gen you have a gen for this algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +gen you have a gen for this algorithm +use this now you have a hash key what + + align:start position:0% +use this now you have a hash key what + + + align:start position:0% +use this now you have a hash key what +about IAL IAL well if your input is + + align:start position:0% +about IAL IAL well if your input is + + + align:start position:0% +about IAL IAL well if your input is +small smaller than two Lambda you can + + align:start position:0% +small smaller than two Lambda you can + + + align:start position:0% +small smaller than two Lambda you can +use this algorithm you're done what if + + align:start position:0% +use this algorithm you're done what if + + + align:start position:0% +use this algorithm you're done what if +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +bigger so if it's bigger the idea is you + + align:start position:0% +bigger so if it's bigger the idea is you + + + align:start position:0% +bigger so if it's bigger the idea is you +know if you have only so convert your + + align:start position:0% +know if you have only so convert your + + + align:start position:0% +know if you have only so convert your +input to + + align:start position:0% +input to + + + align:start position:0% +input to +blocks if you have only two blocks or + + align:start position:0% +blocks if you have only two blocks or + + + align:start position:0% +blocks if you have only two blocks or +less you're done we have a eval + + align:start position:0% +less you're done we have a eval + + + align:start position:0% +less you're done we have a eval +algorithm for you we're + + align:start position:0% +algorithm for you we're + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm for you we're +good but what if you have let's say four + + align:start position:0% +good but what if you have let's say four + + + align:start position:0% +good but what if you have let's say four +blocks what do you do so the idea is oh + + align:start position:0% +blocks what do you do so the idea is oh + + + align:start position:0% +blocks what do you do so the idea is oh +don't worry apply eval to these two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so you have a hash key compute + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +eval with hash key and these two you get + + align:start position:0% +eval with hash key and these two you get + + + align:start position:0% +eval with hash key and these two you get +a value comput + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Val with hash key same hash key and + + align:start position:0% +Val with hash key same hash key and + + + align:start position:0% +Val with hash key same hash key and +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +values now I don't want to open I don't + + align:start position:0% +values now I don't want to open I don't + + + align:start position:0% +values now I don't want to open I don't +want to Output both of them that's two + + align:start position:0% +want to Output both of them that's two + + + align:start position:0% +want to Output both of them that's two +Lambda I want to get Lambda okay so no + + align:start position:0% +Lambda I want to get Lambda okay so no + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda I want to get Lambda okay so no +worries apply van + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and this is your your + + align:start position:0% +and this is your your + + + align:start position:0% +and this is your your +value now you're saying wait what I have + + align:start position:0% +value now you're saying wait what I have + + + align:start position:0% +value now you're saying wait what I have +if I have more no worries you have two + + align:start position:0% +if I have more no worries you have two + + + align:start position:0% +if I have more no worries you have two +more sure apply Val you have more apply + + align:start position:0% +more sure apply Val you have more apply + + + align:start position:0% +more sure apply Val you have more apply +Val now you can apply + + align:start position:0% +Val now you can apply + + + align:start position:0% +Val now you can apply +Val and you can apply + + align:start position:0% +Val and you can apply + + + align:start position:0% +Val and you can apply +Val so just you know you can just apply + + align:start position:0% +Val so just you know you can just apply + + + align:start position:0% +Val so just you know you can just apply +value Val Val and you're done that's + + align:start position:0% +value Val Val and you're done that's + + + align:start position:0% +value Val Val and you're done that's +really the + + align:start position:0% +really the + + + align:start position:0% +really the +algorithm now there's two problems with + + align:start position:0% +algorithm now there's two problems with + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm now there's two problems with +the the okay what I I didn't tell the + + align:start position:0% +the the okay what I I didn't tell the + + + align:start position:0% +the the okay what I I didn't tell the +entire story for two + + align:start position:0% +entire story for two + + + align:start position:0% +entire story for two +reasons so first of all there's an issue + + align:start position:0% +reasons so first of all there's an issue + + + align:start position:0% +reasons so first of all there's an issue +of how many blocks are there really so + + align:start position:0% +of how many blocks are there really so + + + align:start position:0% +of how many blocks are there really so +usually what we do we say let's assume + + align:start position:0% +usually what we do we say let's assume + + + align:start position:0% +usually what we do we say let's assume +that the number of blocks is two to the + + align:start position:0% +that the number of blocks is two to the + + + align:start position:0% +that the number of blocks is two to the +L for some L just to make this tree + + align:start position:0% +L for some L just to make this tree + + + align:start position:0% +L for some L just to make this tree +complete okay so usually what we say we + + align:start position:0% +complete okay so usually what we say we + + + align:start position:0% +complete okay so usually what we say we +don't actually do X from 01 star we + + align:start position:0% +don't actually do X from 01 star we + + + align:start position:0% +don't actually do X from 01 star we +assume that all the inputs are of size 2 + + align:start position:0% +assume that all the inputs are of size 2 + + + align:start position:0% +assume that all the inputs are of size 2 +to the L for some L now you're saying + + align:start position:0% +to the L for some L now you're saying + + + align:start position:0% +to the L for some L now you're saying +wait but that's not the case oh with + + align:start position:0% +wait but that's not the case oh with + + + align:start position:0% +wait but that's not the case oh with +padding you can make it the case so the + + align:start position:0% +padding you can make it the case so the + + + align:start position:0% +padding you can make it the case so the +idea is given X always put like so you + + align:start position:0% +idea is given X always put like so you + + + align:start position:0% +idea is given X always put like so you +want to do EV Val X don't do eval of X + + align:start position:0% +want to do EV Val X don't do eval of X + + + align:start position:0% +want to do EV Val X don't do eval of X +put eval x aend with one and + + align:start position:0% +put eval x aend with one and + + + align:start position:0% +put eval x aend with one and +zeros how many zeros as the minimum + + align:start position:0% +zeros how many zeros as the minimum + + + align:start position:0% +zeros how many zeros as the minimum +amount that will give you size two to + + align:start position:0% +amount that will give you size two to + + + align:start position:0% +amount that will give you size two to +the L + + align:start position:0% +the L + + + align:start position:0% +the L +forl it increases the length of it yes + + align:start position:0% +forl it increases the length of it yes + + + align:start position:0% +forl it increases the length of it yes +but only by by you know factor of two so + + align:start position:0% +but only by by you know factor of two so + + + align:start position:0% +but only by by you know factor of two so +it's not that bad so now one what okay + + align:start position:0% +it's not that bad so now one what okay + + + align:start position:0% +it's not that bad so now one what okay +good good good great so's like why am I + + align:start position:0% +good good good great so's like why am I + + + align:start position:0% +good good good great so's like why am I +putting here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one exactly otherwise you don't know is + + align:start position:0% +one exactly otherwise you don't know is + + + align:start position:0% +one exactly otherwise you don't know is +this part of X or so this you know so + + align:start position:0% +this part of X or so this you know so + + + align:start position:0% +this part of X or so this you know so +now when you have padding you know all + + align:start position:0% +now when you have padding you know all + + + align:start position:0% +now when you have padding you know all +this is padding until the one including + + align:start position:0% +this is padding until the one including + + + align:start position:0% +this is padding until the one including +and this is the X so this is just to + + align:start position:0% +and this is the X so this is just to + + + align:start position:0% +and this is the X so this is just to +make it kind of one to one great + + align:start position:0% +make it kind of one to one great + + + align:start position:0% +make it kind of one to one great +question yes cause issues that if you + + align:start position:0% +question yes cause issues that if you + + + align:start position:0% +question yes cause issues that if you +like take this tree and you Pat in this + + align:start position:0% +like take this tree and you Pat in this + + + align:start position:0% +like take this tree and you Pat in this +way you were like very close but only + + align:start position:0% +way you were like very close but only + + + align:start position:0% +way you were like very close but only +barely above the power like the entire + + align:start position:0% +barely above the power like the entire + + + align:start position:0% +barely above the power like the entire +right hand side will be a ton of like + + align:start position:0% +right hand side will be a ton of like + + + align:start position:0% +right hand side will be a ton of like +yeah you're right so here's the thing if + + align:start position:0% +yeah you're right so here's the thing if + + + align:start position:0% +yeah you're right so here's the thing if +this is exactly a power of two exactly + + align:start position:0% +this is exactly a power of two exactly + + + align:start position:0% +this is exactly a power of two exactly +I'm always going to add a one and depend + + align:start position:0% +I'm always going to add a one and depend + + + align:start position:0% +I'm always going to add a one and depend +as so it's some like I shouldn't have + + align:start position:0% +as so it's some like I shouldn't have + + + align:start position:0% +as so it's some like I shouldn't have +added a one but my algorithm is always + + align:start position:0% +added a one but my algorithm is always + + + align:start position:0% +added a one but my algorithm is always +append the one and make it a power of + + align:start position:0% +append the one and make it a power of + + + align:start position:0% +append the one and make it a power of +two so if it was original Power of Two I + + align:start position:0% +two so if it was original Power of Two I + + + align:start position:0% +two so if it was original Power of Two I +unfortunately I had one now I'm stuck + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately I had one now I'm stuck + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately I had one now I'm stuck +need to add a bunch of zeros so all + + align:start position:0% +need to add a bunch of zeros so all + + + align:start position:0% +need to add a bunch of zeros so all +these are going to be zeros yeah you has + + align:start position:0% +these are going to be zeros yeah you has + + + align:start position:0% +these are going to be zeros yeah you has +that okay I guess like it just + + align:start position:0% +that okay I guess like it just + + + align:start position:0% +that okay I guess like it just +seemed okay never mind maybe the rest + + align:start position:0% +seemed okay never mind maybe the rest + + + align:start position:0% +seemed okay never mind maybe the rest +the construction will make it clear it's + + align:start position:0% +the construction will make it clear it's + + + align:start position:0% +the construction will make it clear it's +you okay so there's there's another part + + align:start position:0% +you okay so there's there's another part + + + align:start position:0% +you okay so there's there's another part +of the construction that's missing and + + align:start position:0% +of the construction that's missing and + + + align:start position:0% +of the construction that's missing and +I'll tell you but let's uh there was + + align:start position:0% +I'll tell you but let's uh there was + + + align:start position:0% +I'll tell you but let's uh there was +another question + + align:start position:0% +another question + + + align:start position:0% +another question +or this not impct the okay good so so + + align:start position:0% +or this not impct the okay good so so + + + align:start position:0% +or this not impct the okay good so so +the question will it impact the + + align:start position:0% +the question will it impact the + + + align:start position:0% +the question will it impact the +correctness and the answer is it won't + + align:start position:0% +correctness and the answer is it won't + + + align:start position:0% +correctness and the answer is it won't +impact the correctness if the eval + + align:start position:0% +impact the correctness if the eval + + + align:start position:0% +impact the correctness if the eval +algorithm now so let me be clear on what + + align:start position:0% +algorithm now so let me be clear on what + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm now so let me be clear on what +the eval algorithm is the eval algorithm + + align:start position:0% +the eval algorithm is the eval algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +the eval algorithm is the eval algorithm +takes his input + + align:start position:0% +takes his input + + + align:start position:0% +takes his input +X it adds a one and as the minimum + + align:start position:0% +X it adds a one and as the minimum + + + align:start position:0% +X it adds a one and as the minimum +amount of zeros to get a power of + + align:start position:0% +amount of zeros to get a power of + + + align:start position:0% +amount of zeros to get a power of +two once he has X that's the length is a + + align:start position:0% +two once he has X that's the length is a + + + align:start position:0% +two once he has X that's the length is a +power of two like two to the L then he + + align:start position:0% +power of two like two to the L then he + + + align:start position:0% +power of two like two to the L then he +does + + align:start position:0% +does + + + align:start position:0% +does +IAL in a treewise + + align:start position:0% +IAL in a treewise + + + align:start position:0% +IAL in a treewise +manner and now he's just going to have + + align:start position:0% +manner and now he's just going to have + + + align:start position:0% +manner and now he's just going to have +one root the reason I made it because if + + align:start position:0% +one root the reason I made it because if + + + align:start position:0% +one root the reason I made it because if +it's not a power of two then there's + + align:start position:0% +it's not a power of two then there's + + + align:start position:0% +it's not a power of two then there's +kind of dangle Roots hanging hanging out + + align:start position:0% +kind of dangle Roots hanging hanging out + + + align:start position:0% +kind of dangle Roots hanging hanging out +right and I don't want to deal with + + align:start position:0% +right and I don't want to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +right and I don't want to deal with +these dangling Roots so I'm just going + + align:start position:0% +these dangling Roots so I'm just going + + + align:start position:0% +these dangling Roots so I'm just going +to make it a power of two now what is + + align:start position:0% +to make it a power of two now what is + + + align:start position:0% +to make it a power of two now what is +the output the output is the last hash + + align:start position:0% +the output the output is the last hash + + + align:start position:0% +the output the output is the last hash +value usually we denote it by root + + align:start position:0% +value usually we denote it by root + + + align:start position:0% +value usually we denote it by root +because it's the root of the tree so + + align:start position:0% +because it's the root of the tree so + + + align:start position:0% +because it's the root of the tree so +often if you see hash you'll see they + + align:start position:0% +often if you see hash you'll see they + + + align:start position:0% +often if you see hash you'll see they +denote that hash instead of V for Value + + align:start position:0% +denote that hash instead of V for Value + + + align:start position:0% +denote that hash instead of V for Value +they denote it by + + align:start position:0% +they denote it by + + + align:start position:0% +they denote it by +root but the output is not only root and + + align:start position:0% +root but the output is not only root and + + + align:start position:0% +root but the output is not only root and +I think that goes back to maybe your + + align:start position:0% +I think that goes back to maybe your + + + align:start position:0% +I think that goes back to maybe your +concern the output is not only root it's + + align:start position:0% +concern the output is not only root it's + + + align:start position:0% +concern the output is not only root it's +also the depth of the tree + + align:start position:0% +also the depth of the tree + + + align:start position:0% +also the depth of the tree +okay so the hash value so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +eval given given hash key and x what it + + align:start position:0% +eval given given hash key and x what it + + + align:start position:0% +eval given given hash key and x what it +does is one uh + + align:start position:0% +does is one uh + + + align:start position:0% +does is one uh +compute let me call it X Prime which is + + align:start position:0% +compute let me call it X Prime which is + + + align:start position:0% +compute let me call it X Prime which is +X One 0 like the padded this is of + + align:start position:0% +X One 0 like the padded this is of + + + align:start position:0% +X One 0 like the padded this is of +length 2 to the L for some L then + + align:start position:0% +length 2 to the L for some L then + + + align:start position:0% +length 2 to the L for some L then +to compute + + align:start position:0% +to compute + + + align:start position:0% +to compute +root via + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tree so you compute all these hash value + + align:start position:0% +tree so you compute all these hash value + + + align:start position:0% +tree so you compute all these hash value +hash value hash value hash value hash + + align:start position:0% +hash value hash value hash value hash + + + align:start position:0% +hash value hash value hash value hash +come all these hat until you get to the + + align:start position:0% +come all these hat until you get to the + + + align:start position:0% +come all these hat until you get to the +root and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +output + + align:start position:0% +output + + + align:start position:0% +output +root and depth of the tree this is very + + align:start position:0% +root and depth of the tree this is very + + + align:start position:0% +root and depth of the tree this is very +important I you have to Output the depth + + align:start position:0% +important I you have to Output the depth + + + align:start position:0% +important I you have to Output the depth +if you don't output the depth then it's + + align:start position:0% +if you don't output the depth then it's + + + align:start position:0% +if you don't output the depth then it's +easy to find collisions the reason it's + + align:start position:0% +easy to find collisions the reason it's + + + align:start position:0% +easy to find collisions the reason it's +easy to find collisions is I can let's + + align:start position:0% +easy to find collisions is I can let's + + + align:start position:0% +easy to find collisions is I can let's +say generate this + + align:start position:0% +say generate this + + + align:start position:0% +say generate this +randomly compute comp and then I can + + align:start position:0% +randomly compute comp and then I can + + + align:start position:0% +randomly compute comp and then I can +either open to these two say oh I just + + align:start position:0% +either open to these two say oh I just + + + align:start position:0% +either open to these two say oh I just +hash to these or say I hash to + + align:start position:0% +hash to these or say I hash to + + + align:start position:0% +hash to these or say I hash to +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +and you know it's it's a collision both + + align:start position:0% +and you know it's it's a collision both + + + align:start position:0% +and you know it's it's a collision both +of them has the same value they're + + align:start position:0% +of them has the same value they're + + + align:start position:0% +of them has the same value they're +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +sizes so without the depth one can argue + + align:start position:0% +sizes so without the depth one can argue + + + align:start position:0% +sizes so without the depth one can argue +you can you cannot finding you cannot + + align:start position:0% +you can you cannot finding you cannot + + + align:start position:0% +you can you cannot finding you cannot +find collisions of the same size of the + + align:start position:0% +find collisions of the same size of the + + + align:start position:0% +find collisions of the same size of the +same length + + align:start position:0% +same length + + + align:start position:0% +same length +but it's easy to find collisions for + + align:start position:0% +but it's easy to find collisions for + + + align:start position:0% +but it's easy to find collisions for +inputs of differing + + align:start position:0% +inputs of differing + + + align:start position:0% +inputs of differing +lengths by just that ATT that I said I'm + + align:start position:0% +lengths by just that ATT that I said I'm + + + align:start position:0% +lengths by just that ATT that I said I'm +an adversary I'm going to choose a + + align:start position:0% +an adversary I'm going to choose a + + + align:start position:0% +an adversary I'm going to choose a +random long input honestly compute the + + align:start position:0% +random long input honestly compute the + + + align:start position:0% +random long input honestly compute the +root and then open either to this layer + + align:start position:0% +root and then open either to this layer + + + align:start position:0% +root and then open either to this layer +say or open to this layer open to this + + align:start position:0% +say or open to this layer open to this + + + align:start position:0% +say or open to this layer open to this +layer all them are going to be kind of + + align:start position:0% +layer all them are going to be kind of + + + align:start position:0% +layer all them are going to be kind of +valid + + align:start position:0% +valid + + + align:start position:0% +valid +openings so I found collisions once I + + align:start position:0% +openings so I found collisions once I + + + align:start position:0% +openings so I found collisions once I +have the depth I can't do that anymore + + align:start position:0% +have the depth I can't do that anymore + + + align:start position:0% +have the depth I can't do that anymore +because it won't correspond if I open + + align:start position:0% +because it won't correspond if I open + + + align:start position:0% +because it won't correspond if I open +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +well it's it's it doesn't correspond to + + align:start position:0% +well it's it's it doesn't correspond to + + + align:start position:0% +well it's it's it doesn't correspond to +this depth this is a depth one and I + + align:start position:0% +this depth this is a depth one and I + + + align:start position:0% +this depth this is a depth one and I +I'll put it depth + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah is that this is no longer + + align:start position:0% +yeah is that this is no longer + + + align:start position:0% +yeah is that this is no longer +L good okay okay very good what you're + + align:start position:0% +L good okay okay very good what you're + + + align:start position:0% +L good okay okay very good what you're +saying ah yeah you know you lied because + + align:start position:0% +saying ah yeah you know you lied because + + + align:start position:0% +saying ah yeah you know you lied because +this root is of size + + align:start position:0% +this root is of size + + + align:start position:0% +this root is of size +Lambda this depth can be actually even + + align:start position:0% +Lambda this depth can be actually even + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda this depth can be actually even +bigger than + + align:start position:0% +bigger than + + + align:start position:0% +bigger than +Lambda yeah you promise Lambda okay so + + align:start position:0% +Lambda yeah you promise Lambda okay so + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda yeah you promise Lambda okay so +let me let me tell you how I deal with + + align:start position:0% +let me let me tell you how I deal with + + + align:start position:0% +let me let me tell you how I deal with +it if + + align:start position:0% +it if + + + align:start position:0% +it if +you okay this is a nitpicky I can make + + align:start position:0% +you okay this is a nitpicky I can make + + + align:start position:0% +you okay this is a nitpicky I can make +it Lambda how do I make it Lambda you + + align:start position:0% +it Lambda how do I make it Lambda you + + + align:start position:0% +it Lambda how do I make it Lambda you +know what I'm going to run here's my new + + align:start position:0% +know what I'm going to run here's my new + + + align:start position:0% +know what I'm going to run here's my new +gen algorithm the Gen algorithm on input + + align:start position:0% +gen algorithm the Gen algorithm on input + + + align:start position:0% +gen algorithm the Gen algorithm on input +one to the Lambda will run the original + + align:start position:0% +one to the Lambda will run the original + + + align:start position:0% +one to the Lambda will run the original +gen algorithm with Lambda over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two and then this is a size Lambda over + + align:start position:0% +two and then this is a size Lambda over + + + align:start position:0% +two and then this is a size Lambda over +two a root now is the size Lambda over + + align:start position:0% +two a root now is the size Lambda over + + + align:start position:0% +two a root now is the size Lambda over +two so now have I have Lambda over too + + align:start position:0% +two so now have I have Lambda over too + + + align:start position:0% +two so now have I have Lambda over too +spare to play and I can use it this for + + align:start position:0% +spare to play and I can use it this for + + + align:start position:0% +spare to play and I can use it this for +the depth but actually you know what let + + align:start position:0% +the depth but actually you know what let + + + align:start position:0% +the depth but actually you know what let +me make it simpler you know what if + + align:start position:0% +me make it simpler you know what if + + + align:start position:0% +me make it simpler you know what if +you'll excuse me I'll write V to be two + + align:start position:0% +you'll excuse me I'll write V to be two + + + align:start position:0% +you'll excuse me I'll write V to be two +Lambda make it two Lambda let me allow + + align:start position:0% +Lambda make it two Lambda let me allow + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda make it two Lambda let me allow +myself here + + align:start position:0% +myself here + + + align:start position:0% +myself here +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +slack can't the be good you're right + + align:start position:0% +slack can't the be good you're right + + + align:start position:0% +slack can't the be good you're right +you're saying wait but the depth can be + + align:start position:0% +you're saying wait but the depth can be + + + align:start position:0% +you're saying wait but the depth can be +unbounded so you know what if it's more + + align:start position:0% +unbounded so you know what if it's more + + + align:start position:0% +unbounded so you know what if it's more +than two to the Lambda + + align:start position:0% +than two to the Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +than two to the Lambda +sorry if the depth is more than + + align:start position:0% +sorry if the depth is more than + + + align:start position:0% +sorry if the depth is more than +Lambda I will + + align:start position:0% +Lambda I will + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda I will +output a you + + align:start position:0% +output a you + + + align:start position:0% +output a you +know + + align:start position:0% +know + + + align:start position:0% +know +fail the point is okay so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay let's do two to the Lambda + + align:start position:0% +okay let's do two to the Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +okay let's do two to the Lambda +here I always think of I always think of + + align:start position:0% +here I always think of I always think of + + + align:start position:0% +here I always think of I always think of +everything the inputs are always at most + + align:start position:0% +everything the inputs are always at most + + + align:start position:0% +everything the inputs are always at most +size two to the Lambda that's the truth + + align:start position:0% +size two to the Lambda that's the truth + + + align:start position:0% +size two to the Lambda that's the truth +so just think of the input that we also + + align:start position:0% +so just think of the input that we also + + + align:start position:0% +so just think of the input that we also +have correctness only for inputs of size + + align:start position:0% +have correctness only for inputs of size + + + align:start position:0% +have correctness only for inputs of size +two to the Lambda like our guarantees + + align:start position:0% +two to the Lambda like our guarantees + + + align:start position:0% +two to the Lambda like our guarantees +hold only for inputs of size two to the + + align:start position:0% +hold only for inputs of size two to the + + + align:start position:0% +hold only for inputs of size two to the +Lambda so let's just think of it as t + + align:start position:0% +Lambda so let's just think of it as t + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda so let's just think of it as t +two to the Lambda you're right if it's + + align:start position:0% +two to the Lambda you're right if it's + + + align:start position:0% +two to the Lambda you're right if it's +not two to the Lambda I don't have any + + align:start position:0% +not two to the Lambda I don't have any + + + align:start position:0% +not two to the Lambda I don't have any +guarantees so why even talk about more + + align:start position:0% +guarantees so why even talk about more + + + align:start position:0% +guarantees so why even talk about more +than two to the + + align:start position:0% +than two to the + + + align:start position:0% +than two to the +Lambda so I guess the way to think about + + align:start position:0% +Lambda so I guess the way to think about + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda so I guess the way to think about +it you can handle any input length but + + align:start position:0% +it you can handle any input length but + + + align:start position:0% +it you can handle any input length but +the security param the hash function + + align:start position:0% +the security param the hash function + + + align:start position:0% +the security param the hash function +will grow with log the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the input + + align:start position:0% +the input + + + align:start position:0% +the input +length so you're right you're right if + + align:start position:0% +length so you're right you're right if + + + align:start position:0% +length so you're right you're right if +you want to use any Star you should + + align:start position:0% +you want to use any Star you should + + + align:start position:0% +you want to use any Star you should +let's think of that always Bound by two + + align:start position:0% +let's think of that always Bound by two + + + align:start position:0% +let's think of that always Bound by two +to the Lambda anyway we'll need it for + + align:start position:0% +to the Lambda anyway we'll need it for + + + align:start position:0% +to the Lambda anyway we'll need it for +completeness we'll need it for soundness + + align:start position:0% +completeness we'll need it for soundness + + + align:start position:0% +completeness we'll need it for soundness +we need it for everything so just assume + + align:start position:0% +we need it for everything so just assume + + + align:start position:0% +we need it for everything so just assume +that it's two to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Lambda + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uhuh so you're saying you can Mark each + + align:start position:0% +uhuh so you're saying you can Mark each + + + align:start position:0% +uhuh so you're saying you can Mark each +node but for what what's your purpose + + align:start position:0% +node but for what what's your purpose + + + align:start position:0% +node but for what what's your purpose +for so we Mark + + align:start position:0% +for so we Mark + + + align:start position:0% +for so we Mark +leaves that's one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uhhuh zero + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay oh you're thinking there's an + + align:start position:0% +okay oh you're thinking there's an + + + align:start position:0% +okay oh you're thinking there's an +attack + + align:start position:0% +attack + + + align:start position:0% +attack +no oh Sol solves solves which problem + + align:start position:0% +no oh Sol solves solves which problem + + + align:start position:0% +no oh Sol solves solves which problem +the deps oh you're saying okay okay yeah + + align:start position:0% +the deps oh you're saying okay okay yeah + + + align:start position:0% +the deps oh you're saying okay okay yeah +yeah yeah what you're saying is uh maybe + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah what you're saying is uh maybe + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah what you're saying is uh maybe +we can uh solve okay so you're saying + + align:start position:0% +we can uh solve okay so you're saying + + + align:start position:0% +we can uh solve okay so you're saying +maybe we don't need to get the depth + + align:start position:0% +maybe we don't need to get the depth + + + align:start position:0% +maybe we don't need to get the depth +here and instead what we can do is + + align:start position:0% +here and instead what we can do is + + + align:start position:0% +here and instead what we can do is +you're saying the honest Pro the honest + + align:start position:0% +you're saying the honest Pro the honest + + + align:start position:0% +you're saying the honest Pro the honest +person he will add zero to everything + + align:start position:0% +person he will add zero to everything + + + align:start position:0% +person he will add zero to everything +here and he will add a one to everything + + align:start position:0% +here and he will add a one to everything + + + align:start position:0% +here and he will add a one to everything +here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and yeah okay yeah so you need to make + + align:start position:0% +and yeah okay yeah so you need to make + + + align:start position:0% +and yeah okay yeah so you need to make +sure one bit is probably not good + + align:start position:0% +sure one bit is probably not good + + + align:start position:0% +sure one bit is probably not good +because uh I guess + + align:start position:0% +because uh I guess + + + align:start position:0% +because uh I guess +my concern is if you're not this is what + + align:start position:0% +my concern is if you're not this is what + + + align:start position:0% +my concern is if you're not this is what +I'm going to do if I'm honest but I'm + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do if I'm honest but I'm + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do if I'm honest but I'm +not honest so I'm I'm going to go ahead + + align:start position:0% +not honest so I'm I'm going to go ahead + + + align:start position:0% +not honest so I'm I'm going to go ahead +with my original + + align:start position:0% +with my original + + + align:start position:0% +with my original +crazy thing you know and of uh you know + + align:start position:0% +crazy thing you know and of uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +crazy thing you know and of uh you know +you okay fine if you one I'll I'll put + + align:start position:0% +you okay fine if you one I'll I'll put + + + align:start position:0% +you okay fine if you one I'll I'll put +here zero and I won't put ones I'm just + + align:start position:0% +here zero and I won't put ones I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +here zero and I won't put ones I'm just +going to compute not without your tags + + align:start position:0% +going to compute not without your tags + + + align:start position:0% +going to compute not without your tags +because I'm malicious and now when I + + align:start position:0% +because I'm malicious and now when I + + + align:start position:0% +because I'm malicious and now when I +open maybe some of them are going to be + + align:start position:0% +open maybe some of them are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +open maybe some of them are going to be +one and I'm + + align:start position:0% +one and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +one and I'm +lucky you see what I mean are zero and + + align:start position:0% +lucky you see what I mean are zero and + + + align:start position:0% +lucky you see what I mean are zero and +I'm lucky no but if you add different + + align:start position:0% +I'm lucky no but if you add different + + + align:start position:0% +I'm lucky no but if you add different +tags for the you add tags of zero on the + + align:start position:0% +tags for the you add tags of zero on the + + + align:start position:0% +tags for the you add tags of zero on the +very bottom row you also add tags of one + + align:start position:0% +very bottom row you also add tags of one + + + align:start position:0% +very bottom row you also add tags of one +yeah but you're right okay but now I + + align:start position:0% +yeah but you're right okay but now I + + + align:start position:0% +yeah but you're right okay but now I +don't do that's what I should do but I'm + + align:start position:0% +don't do that's what I should do but I'm + + + align:start position:0% +don't do that's what I should do but I'm +malicious I don't do + + align:start position:0% +malicious I don't do + + + align:start position:0% +malicious I don't do +that so what um what two inputs would + + align:start position:0% +that so what um what two inputs would + + + align:start position:0% +that so what um what two inputs would +you give that give the + + align:start position:0% +you give that give the + + + align:start position:0% +you give that give the +same so so I I mean if I'm allowed to + + align:start position:0% +same so so I I mean if I'm allowed to + + + align:start position:0% +same so so I I mean if I'm allowed to +put one or not put one I'm always going + + align:start position:0% +put one or not put one I'm always going + + + align:start position:0% +put one or not put one I'm always going +to put + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero oh okay okay sorry what you're + + align:start position:0% +zero oh okay okay sorry what you're + + + align:start position:0% +zero oh okay okay sorry what you're +saying okay okay now I understand you're + + align:start position:0% +saying okay okay now I understand you're + + + align:start position:0% +saying okay okay now I understand you're +saying if I want to open it this has to + + align:start position:0% +saying if I want to open it this has to + + + align:start position:0% +saying if I want to open it this has to +be a one okay therefore okay now I + + align:start position:0% +be a one okay therefore okay now I + + + align:start position:0% +be a one okay therefore okay now I +understand what you're saying okay got + + align:start position:0% +understand what you're saying okay got + + + align:start position:0% +understand what you're saying okay got +it so you're saying this may solve the + + align:start position:0% +it so you're saying this may solve the + + + align:start position:0% +it so you're saying this may solve the +problem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um it's a good + + align:start position:0% +um it's a good + + + align:start position:0% +um it's a good +suggestion you + + align:start position:0% +suggestion you + + + align:start position:0% +suggestion you +like he + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah sorry I'm yes to increase the + + align:start position:0% +yeah sorry I'm yes to increase the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah sorry I'm yes to increase the +length of block at each level by one + + align:start position:0% +length of block at each level by one + + + align:start position:0% +length of block at each level by one +would get the exact same + + align:start position:0% +would get the exact same + + + align:start position:0% +would get the exact same +thing the opening will be well the + + align:start position:0% +thing the opening will be well the + + + align:start position:0% +thing the opening will be well the +opening will grow with the + + align:start position:0% +opening will grow with the + + + align:start position:0% +opening will grow with the +depth like if + + align:start position:0% +depth like if + + + align:start position:0% +depth like if +we're we need to have a hash function + + align:start position:0% +we're we need to have a hash function + + + align:start position:0% +we're we need to have a hash function +which will allow us to walk in the this + + align:start position:0% +which will allow us to walk in the this + + + align:start position:0% +which will allow us to walk in the this +is not a leaf intermediate thing so the + + align:start position:0% +is not a leaf intermediate thing so the + + + align:start position:0% +is not a leaf intermediate thing so the +hash function needs to now take like one + + align:start position:0% +hash function needs to now take like one + + + align:start position:0% +hash function needs to now take like one +bits in oneit level + + align:start position:0% +bits in oneit level + + + align:start position:0% +bits in oneit level +two oh you're saying it will grow I see + + align:start position:0% +two oh you're saying it will grow I see + + + align:start position:0% +two oh you're saying it will grow I see +presumably the is still like K to K goes + + align:start position:0% +presumably the is still like K to K goes + + + align:start position:0% +presumably the is still like K to K goes +to K but in order to keep adding + + align:start position:0% +to K but in order to keep adding + + + align:start position:0% +to K but in order to keep adding +additional pad so you're saying if you + + align:start position:0% +additional pad so you're saying if you + + + align:start position:0% +additional pad so you're saying if you +pad here this will go to k+ one if it go + + align:start position:0% +pad here this will go to k+ one if it go + + + align:start position:0% +pad here this will go to k+ one if it go +to Lambda plus one and then you add one + + align:start position:0% +to Lambda plus one and then you add one + + + align:start position:0% +to Lambda plus one and then you add one +it'll go to Lambda plus two yeah so + + align:start position:0% +it'll go to Lambda plus two yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +it'll go to Lambda plus two yeah so +you're just got LDA + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plus can you I wonder if you can get + + align:start position:0% +plus can you I wonder if you can get + + + align:start position:0% +plus can you I wonder if you can get +around this though don't to power don't + + align:start position:0% +around this though don't to power don't + + + align:start position:0% +around this though don't to power don't +make it a complete tree make it like you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +know it's a good question if you could + + align:start position:0% +know it's a good question if you could + + + align:start position:0% +know it's a good question if you could +do it like with complete like without + + align:start position:0% +do it like with complete like without + + + align:start position:0% +do it like with complete like without +blowing up full + + align:start position:0% +blowing up full + + + align:start position:0% +blowing up full +completeness what the domain extension + + align:start position:0% +completeness what the domain extension + + + align:start position:0% +completeness what the domain extension +have like Mir Dam construction can with + + align:start position:0% +have like Mir Dam construction can with + + + align:start position:0% +have like Mir Dam construction can with +two Lambda plus two bits can still + + align:start position:0% +two Lambda plus two bits can still + + + align:start position:0% +two Lambda plus two bits can still +shrink it that into like two and then do + + align:start position:0% +shrink it that into like two and then do + + + align:start position:0% +shrink it that into like two and then do +right that's yeah yeah yeah you can prob + + align:start position:0% +right that's yeah yeah yeah you can prob + + + align:start position:0% +right that's yeah yeah yeah you can prob +that's what I was saying you can go you + + align:start position:0% +that's what I was saying you can go you + + + align:start position:0% +that's what I was saying you can go you +write that it grows but you can maybe + + align:start position:0% +write that it grows but you can maybe + + + align:start position:0% +write that it grows but you can maybe +shrink a little bit and then continue + + align:start position:0% +shrink a little bit and then continue + + + align:start position:0% +shrink a little bit and then continue +shrink a little bit and then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +continue not have + + align:start position:0% +continue not have + + + align:start position:0% +continue not have +open okay so we didn't talk about + + align:start position:0% +open okay so we didn't talk about + + + align:start position:0% +open okay so we didn't talk about +opening yet + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +H look you gave really interesting idea + + align:start position:0% +H look you gave really interesting idea + + + align:start position:0% +H look you gave really interesting idea +then I'm trying to think if I can make + + align:start position:0% +then I'm trying to think if I can make + + + align:start position:0% +then I'm trying to think if I can make +it into pie something in the pie + + align:start position:0% +it into pie something in the pie + + + align:start position:0% +it into pie something in the pie +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +set okay I'll think about offline anyway + + align:start position:0% +set okay I'll think about offline anyway + + + align:start position:0% +set okay I'll think about offline anyway +let's we have five minutes so let me + + align:start position:0% +let's we have five minutes so let me + + + align:start position:0% +let's we have five minutes so let me +quickly talk about like how do you do + + align:start position:0% +quickly talk about like how do you do + + + align:start position:0% +quickly talk about like how do you do +local opening and about Collision + + align:start position:0% +local opening and about Collision + + + align:start position:0% +local opening and about Collision +resistance of this thing so this is so + + align:start position:0% +resistance of this thing so this is so + + + align:start position:0% +resistance of this thing so this is so +first we managed to do domain extension + + align:start position:0% +first we managed to do domain extension + + + align:start position:0% +first we managed to do domain extension +okay so now the domain can be up to two + + align:start position:0% +okay so now the domain can be up to two + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now the domain can be up to two +to the Lambda and the hash value is just + + align:start position:0% +to the Lambda and the hash value is just + + + align:start position:0% +to the Lambda and the hash value is just +Lambda plus Lambda because we assume + + align:start position:0% +Lambda plus Lambda because we assume + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda plus Lambda because we assume +that the in size to the Lambda the depth + + align:start position:0% +that the in size to the Lambda the depth + + + align:start position:0% +that the in size to the Lambda the depth +is the most + + align:start position:0% +is the most + + + align:start position:0% +is the most +Lambda yeah so we're happy with the + + align:start position:0% +Lambda yeah so we're happy with the + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda yeah so we're happy with the +size how do you open so let's say I want + + align:start position:0% +size how do you open so let's say I want + + + align:start position:0% +size how do you open so let's say I want +to open to one point here I want to open + + align:start position:0% +to open to one point here I want to open + + + align:start position:0% +to open to one point here I want to open +to this bit how how do I open to this BD + + align:start position:0% +to this bit how how do I open to this BD + + + align:start position:0% +to this bit how how do I open to this BD +only well what I do is I identify the + + align:start position:0% +only well what I do is I identify the + + + align:start position:0% +only well what I do is I identify the +block that it sits on okay so now I know + + align:start position:0% +block that it sits on okay so now I know + + + align:start position:0% +block that it sits on okay so now I know +what I want to open is this I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +what I want to open is this I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +what I want to open is this I'm going to +open to this entire Block it's not it's + + align:start position:0% +open to this entire Block it's not it's + + + align:start position:0% +open to this entire Block it's not it's +only Lambda bits so I can remember the + + align:start position:0% +only Lambda bits so I can remember the + + + align:start position:0% +only Lambda bits so I can remember the +opening is poly Lambda bits I can allow + + align:start position:0% +opening is poly Lambda bits I can allow + + + align:start position:0% +opening is poly Lambda bits I can allow +poly lamba bits in my opening so I'm + + align:start position:0% +poly lamba bits in my opening so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +poly lamba bits in my opening so I'm +going to just open to the entire + + align:start position:0% +going to just open to the entire + + + align:start position:0% +going to just open to the entire +block okay so I can give you the block + + align:start position:0% +block okay so I can give you the block + + + align:start position:0% +block okay so I can give you the block +but how do you know it's the right + + align:start position:0% +but how do you know it's the right + + + align:start position:0% +but how do you know it's the right +block so what I do I give you you know + + align:start position:0% +block so what I do I give you you know + + + align:start position:0% +block so what I do I give you you know +what I'm going to give you the block and + + align:start position:0% +what I'm going to give you the block and + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm going to give you the block and +The Sibling block that is needed to + + align:start position:0% +The Sibling block that is needed to + + + align:start position:0% +The Sibling block that is needed to +compute the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +parent so I'm going to give you both of + + align:start position:0% +parent so I'm going to give you both of + + + align:start position:0% +parent so I'm going to give you both of +these now you can compute the parent and + + align:start position:0% +these now you can compute the parent and + + + align:start position:0% +these now you can compute the parent and +then I'm going to give you the sibling + + align:start position:0% +then I'm going to give you the sibling + + + align:start position:0% +then I'm going to give you the sibling +block that is needed to compute the + + align:start position:0% +block that is needed to compute the + + + align:start position:0% +block that is needed to compute the +parent and then I'm going to give you + + align:start position:0% +parent and then I'm going to give you + + + align:start position:0% +parent and then I'm going to give you +the sibling + + align:start position:0% +the sibling + + + align:start position:0% +the sibling +block that is needed to compute the + + align:start position:0% +block that is needed to compute the + + + align:start position:0% +block that is needed to compute the +parent so for every + + align:start position:0% +parent so for every + + + align:start position:0% +parent so for every +layer I give you the sibling block that + + align:start position:0% +layer I give you the sibling block that + + + align:start position:0% +layer I give you the sibling block that +you need to compute the parent so the + + align:start position:0% +you need to compute the parent so the + + + align:start position:0% +you need to compute the parent so the +number of blocks I give you is like the + + align:start position:0% +number of blocks I give you is like the + + + align:start position:0% +number of blocks I give you is like the +depth at each layer I give you a sibling + + align:start position:0% +depth at each layer I give you a sibling + + + align:start position:0% +depth at each layer I give you a sibling +block so it's depth number of block each + + align:start position:0% +block so it's depth number of block each + + + align:start position:0% +block so it's depth number of block each +block is size Lambda so I give you po + + align:start position:0% +block is size Lambda so I give you po + + + align:start position:0% +block is size Lambda so I give you po +like Lambda squared + + align:start position:0% +like Lambda squared + + + align:start position:0% +like Lambda squared +bits okay so this is the opening the + + align:start position:0% +bits okay so this is the opening the + + + align:start position:0% +bits okay so this is the opening the +opening just contains the block of the + + align:start position:0% +opening just contains the block of the + + + align:start position:0% +opening just contains the block of the +bit you want to open with all with the + + align:start position:0% +bit you want to open with all with the + + + align:start position:0% +bit you want to open with all with the +sibling blocks of each layer The Sibling + + align:start position:0% +sibling blocks of each layer The Sibling + + + align:start position:0% +sibling blocks of each layer The Sibling +blocks that of of the parent yeah the + + align:start position:0% +blocks that of of the parent yeah the + + + align:start position:0% +blocks that of of the parent yeah the +The Sibling corresponding to the + + align:start position:0% +The Sibling corresponding to the + + + align:start position:0% +The Sibling corresponding to the +parent all the way up how do you verify + + align:start position:0% +parent all the way up how do you verify + + + align:start position:0% +parent all the way up how do you verify +it well so that's that's the opening so + + align:start position:0% +it well so that's that's the opening so + + + align:start position:0% +it well so that's that's the opening so +the opening are all the kind of green + + align:start position:0% +the opening are all the kind of green + + + align:start position:0% +the opening are all the kind of green +well this green you can on your own so + + align:start position:0% +well this green you can on your own so + + + align:start position:0% +well this green you can on your own so +you don't give it but you know think of + + align:start position:0% +you don't give it but you know think of + + + align:start position:0% +you don't give it but you know think of +it all the green a blocks + + align:start position:0% +it all the green a blocks + + + align:start position:0% +it all the green a blocks +here how do you verify you just verify + + align:start position:0% +here how do you verify you just verify + + + align:start position:0% +here how do you verify you just verify +you check you check that this these two + + align:start position:0% +you check you check that this these two + + + align:start position:0% +you check you check that this these two +hash to this these two hash to this + + align:start position:0% +hash to this these two hash to this + + + align:start position:0% +hash to this these two hash to this +these two hash to the root where the + + align:start position:0% +these two hash to the root where the + + + align:start position:0% +these two hash to the root where the +root of the that's the hash value + + align:start position:0% +root of the that's the hash value + + + align:start position:0% +root of the that's the hash value +so actually like this you don't need to + + align:start position:0% +so actually like this you don't need to + + + align:start position:0% +so actually like this you don't need to +give because you can compute this you + + align:start position:0% +give because you can compute this you + + + align:start position:0% +give because you can compute this you +don't need to give because you can + + align:start position:0% +don't need to give because you can + + + align:start position:0% +don't need to give because you can +compute but this you need to give and + + align:start position:0% +compute but this you need to give and + + + align:start position:0% +compute but this you need to give and +the point is you re you can Rec you can + + align:start position:0% +the point is you re you can Rec you can + + + align:start position:0% +the point is you re you can Rec you can +ask the the verifier to recompute this + + align:start position:0% +ask the the verifier to recompute this + + + align:start position:0% +ask the the verifier to recompute this +recompute this but at the end he needs + + align:start position:0% +recompute this but at the end he needs + + + align:start position:0% +recompute this but at the end he needs +to make sure you consistent with the + + align:start position:0% +to make sure you consistent with the + + + align:start position:0% +to make sure you consistent with the +root with the with the hash value that + + align:start position:0% +root with the with the hash value that + + + align:start position:0% +root with the with the hash value that +he committed to you say you just need + + align:start position:0% +he committed to you say you just need + + + align:start position:0% +he committed to you say you just need +the siblings you just need the siblings + + align:start position:0% +the siblings you just need the siblings + + + align:start position:0% +the siblings you just need the siblings +but it doesn't matter yeah you can just + + align:start position:0% +but it doesn't matter yeah you can just + + + align:start position:0% +but it doesn't matter yeah you can just +give the kind of one sibling you can + + align:start position:0% +give the kind of one sibling you can + + + align:start position:0% +give the kind of one sibling you can +give D instead of 2D + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's the opening that's the + + align:start position:0% +that's the opening that's the + + + align:start position:0% +that's the opening that's the +verification yeah how do you sure like + + align:start position:0% +verification yeah how do you sure like + + + align:start position:0% +verification yeah how do you sure like +this opening doesn't like it's + + align:start position:0% +this opening doesn't like it's + + + align:start position:0% +this opening doesn't like it's +consistent like it doesn't say one block + + align:start position:0% +consistent like it doesn't say one block + + + align:start position:0% +consistent like it doesn't say one block +is different next time say open a + + align:start position:0% +is different next time say open a + + + align:start position:0% +is different next time say open a +different block so oh okay there's a + + align:start position:0% +different block so oh okay there's a + + + align:start position:0% +different block so oh okay there's a +so the the only thing I need to check is + + align:start position:0% +so the the only thing I need to check is + + + align:start position:0% +so the the only thing I need to check is +Collision resistant I don't know what do + + align:start position:0% +Collision resistant I don't know what do + + + align:start position:0% +Collision resistant I don't know what do +you mean by + + align:start position:0% +you mean by + + + align:start position:0% +you mean by +consistent like give like a differ BL + + align:start position:0% +consistent like give like a differ BL + + + align:start position:0% +consistent like give like a differ BL +next fine I can do whatever I want look + + align:start position:0% +next fine I can do whatever I want look + + + align:start position:0% +next fine I can do whatever I want look +I can do whatever I + + align:start position:0% +I can do whatever I + + + align:start position:0% +I can do whatever I +want like I can I can do whatever look + + align:start position:0% +want like I can I can do whatever look + + + align:start position:0% +want like I can I can do whatever look +I'm cheat I'll I'll do whatever I want + + align:start position:0% +I'm cheat I'll I'll do whatever I want + + + align:start position:0% +I'm cheat I'll I'll do whatever I want +whatever I can whatever I can do to get + + align:start position:0% +whatever I can whatever I can do to get + + + align:start position:0% +whatever I can whatever I can do to get +and I get away with that's what I'm + + align:start position:0% +and I get away with that's what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +and I get away with that's what I'm +going to do okay the question is I'm + + align:start position:0% +going to do okay the question is I'm + + + align:start position:0% +going to do okay the question is I'm +what the honest Pro what the honest + + align:start position:0% +what the honest Pro what the honest + + + align:start position:0% +what the honest Pro what the honest +prover should do like what the honest + + align:start position:0% +prover should do like what the honest + + + align:start position:0% +prover should do like what the honest +the honest open algorithm he should give + + align:start position:0% +the honest open algorithm he should give + + + align:start position:0% +the honest open algorithm he should give +all the correct blocks now you're saying + + align:start position:0% +all the correct blocks now you're saying + + + align:start position:0% +all the correct blocks now you're saying +he won't what if he + + align:start position:0% +he won't what if he + + + align:start position:0% +he won't what if he +doesn't so now I'm going to tell here's + + align:start position:0% +doesn't so now I'm going to tell here's + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't so now I'm going to tell here's +what I want to argue look he may not I + + align:start position:0% +what I want to argue look he may not I + + + align:start position:0% +what I want to argue look he may not I +don't know what he's giving okay all I + + align:start position:0% +don't know what he's giving okay all I + + + align:start position:0% +don't know what he's giving okay all I +need to argue is Collision resistance I + + align:start position:0% +need to argue is Collision resistance I + + + align:start position:0% +need to argue is Collision resistance I +mean first note + + align:start position:0% +mean first note + + + align:start position:0% +mean first note +completeness correctness is I said we + + align:start position:0% +completeness correctness is I said we + + + align:start position:0% +completeness correctness is I said we +get if you're honest you're going to be + + align:start position:0% +get if you're honest you're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +get if you're honest you're going to be +accepted if you're honest you generate + + align:start position:0% +accepted if you're honest you generate + + + align:start position:0% +accepted if you're honest you generate +this gigantic thing like you should have + + align:start position:0% +this gigantic thing like you should have + + + align:start position:0% +this gigantic thing like you should have +you have the entire tree and when you + + align:start position:0% +you have the entire tree and when you + + + align:start position:0% +you have the entire tree and when you +want to open this you actually give all + + align:start position:0% +want to open this you actually give all + + + align:start position:0% +want to open this you actually give all +these everything should hash the hash is + + align:start position:0% +these everything should hash the hash is + + + align:start position:0% +these everything should hash the hash is +good it computes correctly and you'll + + align:start position:0% +good it computes correctly and you'll + + + align:start position:0% +good it computes correctly and you'll +get you'll accept with probility one + + align:start position:0% +get you'll accept with probility one + + + align:start position:0% +get you'll accept with probility one +okay always that's not a problem what + + align:start position:0% +okay always that's not a problem what + + + align:start position:0% +okay always that's not a problem what +you're concerned like wait okay I tell I + + align:start position:0% +you're concerned like wait okay I tell I + + + align:start position:0% +you're concerned like wait okay I tell I +tell the cheating person who wants to + + align:start position:0% +tell the cheating person who wants to + + + align:start position:0% +tell the cheating person who wants to +find collisions this is what you should + + align:start position:0% +find collisions this is what you should + + + align:start position:0% +find collisions this is what you should +do give the opening you say he won't + + align:start position:0% +do give the opening you say he won't + + + align:start position:0% +do give the opening you say he won't +give he won't give this he will give + + align:start position:0% +give he won't give this he will give + + + align:start position:0% +give he won't give this he will give +this BL or who knows what he's going to + + align:start position:0% +this BL or who knows what he's going to + + + align:start position:0% +this BL or who knows what he's going to +do who says he can give whatever he + + align:start position:0% +do who says he can give whatever he + + + align:start position:0% +do who says he can give whatever he +wants so how do you know that this is + + align:start position:0% +wants so how do you know that this is + + + align:start position:0% +wants so how do you know that this is +how do you know that this is Collision + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +resistance you're not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +happy yeah yeah I was more um concerned + + align:start position:0% +happy yeah yeah I was more um concerned + + + align:start position:0% +happy yeah yeah I was more um concerned +about like the soundness like the + + align:start position:0% +about like the soundness like the + + + align:start position:0% +about like the soundness like the +soundness that we get from there like + + align:start position:0% +soundness that we get from there like + + + align:start position:0% +soundness that we get from there like +yeah how how do we know like um he can't + + align:start position:0% +yeah how how do we know like um he can't + + + align:start position:0% +yeah how how do we know like um he can't +like each time you query he just kind of + + align:start position:0% +like each time you query he just kind of + + + align:start position:0% +like each time you query he just kind of +like for his proofs of those siing + + align:start position:0% +like for his proofs of those siing + + + align:start position:0% +like for his proofs of those siing +blocks he can just construct them in + + align:start position:0% +blocks he can just construct them in + + + align:start position:0% +blocks he can just construct them in +such a way that it ends up um at your Ro + + align:start position:0% +such a way that it ends up um at your Ro + + + align:start position:0% +such a way that it ends up um at your Ro +I how do you make sure that he can't + + align:start position:0% +I how do you make sure that he can't + + + align:start position:0% +I how do you make sure that he can't +just construct them so that you know + + align:start position:0% +just construct them so that you know + + + align:start position:0% +just construct them so that you know +fir you you should be concerned so first + + align:start position:0% +fir you you should be concerned so first + + + align:start position:0% +fir you you should be concerned so first +when you say sound is human Collision + + align:start position:0% +when you say sound is human Collision + + + align:start position:0% +when you say sound is human Collision +resistant I wrote soundness but right + + align:start position:0% +resistant I wrote soundness but right + + + align:start position:0% +resistant I wrote soundness but right +that's the yeah that's kind of thing + + align:start position:0% +that's the yeah that's kind of thing + + + align:start position:0% +that's the yeah that's kind of thing +yeah and you're right you're saying how + + align:start position:0% +yeah and you're right you're saying how + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and you're right you're saying how +do you know he givs he does whatever you + + align:start position:0% +do you know he givs he does whatever you + + + align:start position:0% +do you know he givs he does whatever you +want he wants how do you know that at + + align:start position:0% +want he wants how do you know that at + + + align:start position:0% +want he wants how do you know that at +the end of the day somehow he doesn't + + align:start position:0% +the end of the day somehow he doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +the end of the day somehow he doesn't +man man maybe manages to mix Max and do + + align:start position:0% +man man maybe manages to mix Max and do + + + align:start position:0% +man man maybe manages to mix Max and do +it and magically get to the root in two + + align:start position:0% +it and magically get to the root in two + + + align:start position:0% +it and magically get to the root in two +different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ways so the answer is he can't actually + + align:start position:0% +ways so the answer is he can't actually + + + align:start position:0% +ways so the answer is he can't actually +the only way he can generate two + + align:start position:0% +the only way he can generate two + + + align:start position:0% +the only way he can generate two +different openings for the root like the + + align:start position:0% +different openings for the root like the + + + align:start position:0% +different openings for the root like the +only way if you could generate two + + align:start position:0% +only way if you could generate two + + + align:start position:0% +only way if you could generate two +different openings for this one block + + align:start position:0% +different openings for this one block + + + align:start position:0% +different openings for this one block +and a different block with the valid + + align:start position:0% +and a different block with the valid + + + align:start position:0% +and a different block with the valid +openings I argue I can find collisions + + align:start position:0% +openings I argue I can find collisions + + + align:start position:0% +openings I argue I can find collisions +to the original hash function that I + + align:start position:0% +to the original hash function that I + + + align:start position:0% +to the original hash function that I +started with + + align:start position:0% +started with + + + align:start position:0% +started with +from like two Lambda to Lambda the + + align:start position:0% +from like two Lambda to Lambda the + + + align:start position:0% +from like two Lambda to Lambda the +reigon why I'll find collisions we're + + align:start position:0% +reigon why I'll find collisions we're + + + align:start position:0% +reigon why I'll find collisions we're +out of time so we'll have to do it next + + align:start position:0% +out of time so we'll have to do it next + + + align:start position:0% +out of time so we'll have to do it next +week so Friday at same time next week + + align:start position:0% +week so Friday at same time next week + + + align:start position:0% +week so Friday at same time next week +finally we have consecutive weeks \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/iygG695S3_Q.txt b/iygG695S3_Q.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7fdc23d7db6e51a924c719939a2dac2a0a7ae668 --- /dev/null +++ b/iygG695S3_Q.txt @@ -0,0 +1,915 @@ +align:start position:0% + +There was essentially three types of + + align:start position:0% +There was essentially three types of + + + align:start position:0% +There was essentially three types of +cereal in World War II. Cheerios, + + align:start position:0% +cereal in World War II. Cheerios, + + + align:start position:0% +cereal in World War II. Cheerios, +cornflakes, and Quaker oats. That was + + align:start position:0% +cornflakes, and Quaker oats. That was + + + align:start position:0% +cornflakes, and Quaker oats. That was +it. Okay. Uh but by 1970, + + align:start position:0% +it. Okay. Uh but by 1970, + + + align:start position:0% +it. Okay. Uh but by 1970, +there was more than 150 breakfast + + align:start position:0% +there was more than 150 breakfast + + + align:start position:0% +there was more than 150 breakfast +cereals to choose from. Uh including + + align:start position:0% +cereals to choose from. Uh including + + + align:start position:0% +cereals to choose from. Uh including +ones that are very similar like apple + + align:start position:0% +ones that are very similar like apple + + + align:start position:0% +ones that are very similar like apple +cinnamon Cheerios. + + align:start position:0% +cinnamon Cheerios. + + + align:start position:0% +cinnamon Cheerios. +Okay. By 1970s, so ba but basically I'm + + align:start position:0% +Okay. By 1970s, so ba but basically I'm + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. By 1970s, so ba but basically I'm +sorry, let me back up. I said this + + align:start position:0% +sorry, let me back up. I said this + + + align:start position:0% +sorry, let me back up. I said this +wrong. 1953 type cereals. By 1970, there + + align:start position:0% +wrong. 1953 type cereals. By 1970, there + + + align:start position:0% +wrong. 1953 type cereals. By 1970, there +150 cereals. But it wasn't + + align:start position:0% +150 cereals. But it wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +150 cereals. But it wasn't +differentiation. It was that stores had + + align:start position:0% +differentiation. It was that stores had + + + align:start position:0% +differentiation. It was that stores had +realized they could make generic + + align:start position:0% +realized they could make generic + + + align:start position:0% +realized they could make generic +versions. So they made odeos which were + + align:start position:0% +versions. So they made odeos which were + + + align:start position:0% +versions. So they made odeos which were +Cheerios a different name but they were + + align:start position:0% +Cheerios a different name but they were + + + align:start position:0% +Cheerios a different name but they were +Cheerios and then they could just sell + + align:start position:0% +Cheerios and then they could just sell + + + align:start position:0% +Cheerios and then they could just sell +them. They could sell them at epsilon + + align:start position:0% +them. They could sell them at epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +them. They could sell them at epsilon +above marginal cost and make money. So + + align:start position:0% +above marginal cost and make money. So + + + align:start position:0% +above marginal cost and make money. So +essentially the cereal companies were + + align:start position:0% +essentially the cereal companies were + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the cereal companies were +not making profits anymore because + + align:start position:0% +not making profits anymore because + + + align:start position:0% +not making profits anymore because +generic products have been introduced to + + align:start position:0% +generic products have been introduced to + + + align:start position:0% +generic products have been introduced to +essentially mimic what they were making. + + align:start position:0% +essentially mimic what they were making. + + + align:start position:0% +essentially mimic what they were making. +So they product differentiated. In 1989 + + align:start position:0% +So they product differentiated. In 1989 + + + align:start position:0% +So they product differentiated. In 1989 +General Mills introduced Apple Cinnamon + + align:start position:0% +General Mills introduced Apple Cinnamon + + + align:start position:0% +General Mills introduced Apple Cinnamon +Cheerios. It's less old than you think. + + align:start position:0% +Cheerios. It's less old than you think. + + + align:start position:0% +Cheerios. It's less old than you think. +Okay, it's before you guys, but well + + align:start position:0% +Okay, it's before you guys, but well + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, it's before you guys, but well +after me. Apple cinnamon Cheerios. Now, + + align:start position:0% +after me. Apple cinnamon Cheerios. Now, + + + align:start position:0% +after me. Apple cinnamon Cheerios. Now, +when apple cinnamon and Cheerios came + + align:start position:0% +when apple cinnamon and Cheerios came + + + align:start position:0% +when apple cinnamon and Cheerios came +in, they were delicious objectively. + + align:start position:0% +in, they were delicious objectively. + + + align:start position:0% +in, they were delicious objectively. +Okay, and there was no good substitute. + + align:start position:0% +Okay, and there was no good substitute. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, and there was no good substitute. +So, they suddenly face fairly inelastic + + align:start position:0% +So, they suddenly face fairly inelastic + + + align:start position:0% +So, they suddenly face fairly inelastic +demand. So, they could raise prices + + align:start position:0% +demand. So, they could raise prices + + + align:start position:0% +demand. So, they could raise prices +above marginal costs. So, General Mills, + + align:start position:0% +above marginal costs. So, General Mills, + + + align:start position:0% +above marginal costs. So, General Mills, +while getting competed to death on + + align:start position:0% +while getting competed to death on + + + align:start position:0% +while getting competed to death on +regular Cheerios, could suddenly have a + + align:start position:0% +regular Cheerios, could suddenly have a + + + align:start position:0% +regular Cheerios, could suddenly have a +highly profitable apple cinnamon Cheerio + + align:start position:0% +highly profitable apple cinnamon Cheerio + + + align:start position:0% +highly profitable apple cinnamon Cheerio +line. and they patented the apple + + align:start position:0% +line. and they patented the apple + + + align:start position:0% +line. and they patented the apple +cinnamon formula. So for a while there + + align:start position:0% +cinnamon formula. So for a while there + + + align:start position:0% +cinnamon formula. So for a while there +wasn't competition. Now there's generic + + align:start position:0% +wasn't competition. Now there's generic + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't competition. Now there's generic +apple cinnamon materials but they + + align:start position:0% +apple cinnamon materials but they + + + align:start position:0% +apple cinnamon materials but they +weren't for the first few years. + + align:start position:0% +weren't for the first few years. + + + align:start position:0% +weren't for the first few years. +Okay. So by product differentiating + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So by product differentiating + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So by product differentiating +they ended this death cycle of betron + + align:start position:0% +they ended this death cycle of betron + + + align:start position:0% +they ended this death cycle of betron +competition. + + align:start position:0% +competition. + + + align:start position:0% +competition. +Is that good or bad? + + align:start position:0% +Is that good or bad? + + + align:start position:0% +Is that good or bad? +Let's come back to welfare. Yeah. Oh + + align:start position:0% +Let's come back to welfare. Yeah. Oh + + + align:start position:0% +Let's come back to welfare. Yeah. Oh +just checking your nails question answer + + align:start position:0% +just checking your nails question answer + + + align:start position:0% +just checking your nails question answer +rather. Uh is that good or bad? Yeah. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Well, is it good or bad? Depends very + + align:start position:0% +Well, is it good or bad? Depends very + + + align:start position:0% +Well, is it good or bad? Depends very +much on your model. We think it's + + align:start position:0% +much on your model. We think it's + + + align:start position:0% +much on your model. We think it's +probably good because of the principle + + align:start position:0% +probably good because of the principle + + + align:start position:0% +probably good because of the principle +I've talked about reveal preference, + + align:start position:0% +I've talked about reveal preference, + + + align:start position:0% +I've talked about reveal preference, +which is if people didn't want apple + + align:start position:0% +which is if people didn't want apple + + + align:start position:0% +which is if people didn't want apple +cinnamon cereals, they wouldn't buy + + align:start position:0% +cinnamon cereals, they wouldn't buy + + + align:start position:0% +cinnamon cereals, they wouldn't buy +them. So, you've created a new in + + align:start position:0% +them. So, you've created a new in + + + align:start position:0% +them. So, you've created a new in +product differentiating, you've created + + align:start position:0% +product differentiating, you've created + + + align:start position:0% +product differentiating, you've created +a new product + + align:start position:0% +a new product + + + align:start position:0% +a new product +that consumers want. Indeed, my + + align:start position:0% +that consumers want. Indeed, my + + + align:start position:0% +that consumers want. Indeed, my +colleague, very famous economist name + + align:start position:0% +colleague, very famous economist name + + + align:start position:0% +colleague, very famous economist name +Jerry Hman, actually estimated that the + + align:start position:0% +Jerry Hman, actually estimated that the + + + align:start position:0% +Jerry Hman, actually estimated that the +introduction of Apple Cinnamon Cheerios + + align:start position:0% +introduction of Apple Cinnamon Cheerios + + + align:start position:0% +introduction of Apple Cinnamon Cheerios +raised consumer surplus by more than $75 + + align:start position:0% +raised consumer surplus by more than $75 + + + align:start position:0% +raised consumer surplus by more than $75 +million a year + + align:start position:0% +million a year + + + align:start position:0% +million a year +because they had this new thing they + + align:start position:0% +because they had this new thing they + + + align:start position:0% +because they had this new thing they +wanted. + + align:start position:0% +wanted. + + + align:start position:0% +wanted. +Now, on the other hand, + + align:start position:0% +Now, on the other hand, + + + align:start position:0% +Now, on the other hand, +they were paying a monopoly price for + + align:start position:0% +they were paying a monopoly price for + + + align:start position:0% +they were paying a monopoly price for +it. So, we are better off in a world + + align:start position:0% +it. So, we are better off in a world + + + align:start position:0% +it. So, we are better off in a world +with apple cinnamon Cheerios than + + align:start position:0% +with apple cinnamon Cheerios than + + + align:start position:0% +with apple cinnamon Cheerios than +without it. But we're still not as good + + align:start position:0% +without it. But we're still not as good + + + align:start position:0% +without it. But we're still not as good +off, not not as well off if they weren't + + align:start position:0% +off, not not as well off if they weren't + + + align:start position:0% +off, not not as well off if they weren't +if there wasn't more competition + + align:start position:0% +if there wasn't more competition + + + align:start position:0% +if there wasn't more competition +providing apple cinnamon Cheerios. So it + + align:start position:0% +providing apple cinnamon Cheerios. So it + + + align:start position:0% +providing apple cinnamon Cheerios. So it +doesn't mean in other words in + + align:start position:0% +doesn't mean in other words in + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't mean in other words in +economists we talk about the we talked + + align:start position:0% +economists we talk about the we talked + + + align:start position:0% +economists we talk about the we talked +about the first fundamental welfare + + align:start position:0% +about the first fundamental welfare + + + align:start position:0% +about the first fundamental welfare +theorem, the best we can do. We also + + align:start position:0% +theorem, the best we can do. We also + + + align:start position:0% +theorem, the best we can do. We also +talk about the second best which is well + + align:start position:0% +talk about the second best which is well + + + align:start position:0% +talk about the second best which is well +the best we can do given constraints we + + align:start position:0% +the best we can do given constraints we + + + align:start position:0% +the best we can do given constraints we +live under. + + align:start position:0% +live under. + + + align:start position:0% +live under. +So having apple cinnamon chur the best + + align:start position:0% +So having apple cinnamon chur the best + + + align:start position:0% +So having apple cinnamon chur the best +we could do. It's the second best. We + + align:start position:0% +we could do. It's the second best. We + + + align:start position:0% +we could do. It's the second best. We +are better off having apple cinnamon + + align:start position:0% +are better off having apple cinnamon + + + align:start position:0% +are better off having apple cinnamon +than not. But the first best will be + + align:start position:0% +than not. But the first best will be + + + align:start position:0% +than not. But the first best will be +apple cinnamon materials with a + + align:start position:0% +apple cinnamon materials with a + + + align:start position:0% +apple cinnamon materials with a +regulated price at the perfectly + + align:start position:0% +regulated price at the perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +regulated price at the perfectly +competitive price or at least above it + + align:start position:0% +competitive price or at least above it + + + align:start position:0% +competitive price or at least above it +enough to invent new products. So indeed + + align:start position:0% +enough to invent new products. So indeed + + + align:start position:0% +enough to invent new products. So indeed +today only five firms make most cereals. + + align:start position:0% +today only five firms make most cereals. + + + align:start position:0% +today only five firms make most cereals. +Five firms. There are 5,000 types of + + align:start position:0% +Five firms. There are 5,000 types of + + + align:start position:0% +Five firms. There are 5,000 types of +cereal. 5,000. + + align:start position:0% +cereal. 5,000. + + + align:start position:0% +cereal. 5,000. +So that raises + + align:start position:0% +So that raises + + + align:start position:0% +So that raises +another interesting issue. So overall + + align:start position:0% +another interesting issue. So overall + + + align:start position:0% +another interesting issue. So overall +economistic product differentiation is + + align:start position:0% +economistic product differentiation is + + + align:start position:0% +economistic product differentiation is +good. We think essentially it's driving + + align:start position:0% +good. We think essentially it's driving + + + align:start position:0% +good. We think essentially it's driving +variety. People like variety. If they + + align:start position:0% +variety. People like variety. If they + + + align:start position:0% +variety. People like variety. If they +didn't, they wouldn't buy it. That's + + align:start position:0% +didn't, they wouldn't buy it. That's + + + align:start position:0% +didn't, they wouldn't buy it. That's +good. + + align:start position:0% +good. + + + align:start position:0% +good. +But there's starting to be an + + align:start position:0% +But there's starting to be an + + + align:start position:0% +But there's starting to be an +interesting question in industrial + + align:start position:0% +interesting question in industrial + + + align:start position:0% +interesting question in industrial +organization of the problem of choice + + align:start position:0% +organization of the problem of choice + + + align:start position:0% +organization of the problem of choice +overload, + + align:start position:0% +overload, + + + align:start position:0% +overload, +which is in some sense, are we actually + + align:start position:0% +which is in some sense, are we actually + + + align:start position:0% +which is in some sense, are we actually +do we have too many choices? In + + align:start position:0% +do we have too many choices? In + + + align:start position:0% +do we have too many choices? In +economics, we assume more choice is + + align:start position:0% +economics, we assume more choice is + + + align:start position:0% +economics, we assume more choice is +good. That's our fundamental assumption. + + align:start position:0% +good. That's our fundamental assumption. + + + align:start position:0% +good. That's our fundamental assumption. +But what if now you just get to the you + + align:start position:0% +But what if now you just get to the you + + + align:start position:0% +But what if now you just get to the you +get to the supermarket, you look at + + align:start position:0% +get to the supermarket, you look at + + + align:start position:0% +get to the supermarket, you look at +that, you're like, it I'm going to have + + align:start position:0% +that, you're like, it I'm going to have + + + align:start position:0% +that, you're like, it I'm going to have +toast. Okay? Because you're like, I just + + align:start position:0% +toast. Okay? Because you're like, I just + + + align:start position:0% +toast. Okay? Because you're like, I just +can't decide. There's so much. Well, you + + align:start position:0% +can't decide. There's so much. Well, you + + + align:start position:0% +can't decide. There's so much. Well, you +could get to the point we're actually + + align:start position:0% +could get to the point we're actually + + + align:start position:0% +could get to the point we're actually +worse off from that much product + + align:start position:0% +worse off from that much product + + + align:start position:0% +worse off from that much product +differentiation. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/jROTMB142T0.txt b/jROTMB142T0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f2a7185a2a64fb22d08f50938662afae30ddada4 --- /dev/null +++ b/jROTMB142T0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8891 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open +courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu so today I'm mostly going to + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu so today I'm mostly going to + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu so today I'm mostly going to +talk about two formulas that we going to + + align:start position:0% +talk about two formulas that we going to + + + align:start position:0% +talk about two formulas that we going to +make a lot of use + + align:start position:0% +make a lot of use + + + align:start position:0% +make a lot of use +of one is the time derivative of linear + + align:start position:0% +of one is the time derivative of linear + + + align:start position:0% +of one is the time derivative of linear +momentum which we used a lot has got to + + align:start position:0% +momentum which we used a lot has got to + + + align:start position:0% +momentum which we used a lot has got to +be equal to for a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +particle we'll just do particles today + + align:start position:0% +particle we'll just do particles today + + + align:start position:0% +particle we'll just do particles today +and then rigid bodies soon so for a + + align:start position:0% +and then rigid bodies soon so for a + + + align:start position:0% +and then rigid bodies soon so for a +particle this is just the mass times the + + align:start position:0% +particle this is just the mass times the + + + align:start position:0% +particle this is just the mass times the +acceleration of the + + align:start position:0% +acceleration of the + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration of the +particle + + align:start position:0% +particle + + + align:start position:0% +particle +okay a rigid body it's the mass total + + align:start position:0% +okay a rigid body it's the mass total + + + align:start position:0% +okay a rigid body it's the mass total +mass times the acceleration of the + + align:start position:0% +mass times the acceleration of the + + + align:start position:0% +mass times the acceleration of the +center of gravity and the other formula + + align:start position:0% +center of gravity and the other formula + + + align:start position:0% +center of gravity and the other formula +that we've learned that we've come up to + + align:start position:0% +that we've learned that we've come up to + + + align:start position:0% +that we've learned that we've come up to +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +the some of the external + + align:start position:0% +the some of the external + + + align:start position:0% +the some of the external +torqus with respect to a point a on a on + + align:start position:0% +torqus with respect to a point a on a on + + + align:start position:0% +torqus with respect to a point a on a on +a particle is the time + + align:start position:0% +a particle is the time + + + align:start position:0% +a particle is the time +derivative of the angular + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the angular + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the angular +momentum of the particle at B with + + align:start position:0% +momentum of the particle at B with + + + align:start position:0% +momentum of the particle at B with +respect to a DT and then it's it's got + + align:start position:0% +respect to a DT and then it's it's got + + + align:start position:0% +respect to a DT and then it's it's got +this nuisance term this velocity of uh a + + align:start position:0% +this nuisance term this velocity of uh a + + + align:start position:0% +this nuisance term this velocity of uh a +with respect to O + + align:start position:0% +with respect to O + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to O +cross the linear momentum at the point B + + align:start position:0% +cross the linear momentum at the point B + + + align:start position:0% +cross the linear momentum at the point B +with respect to O So we we talked about + + align:start position:0% +with respect to O So we we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to O So we we talked about +this last time so this is a + + align:start position:0% +this last time so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +this last time so this is a +particle that's uh + + align:start position:0% +particle that's uh + + + align:start position:0% +particle that's uh +located out here at + + align:start position:0% +located out here at + + + align:start position:0% +located out here at +B there's some intermediate point + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a and we're computing in the angular + + align:start position:0% +a and we're computing in the angular + + + align:start position:0% +a and we're computing in the angular +momentum of this particle M with respect + + align:start position:0% +momentum of this particle M with respect + + + align:start position:0% +momentum of this particle M with respect +to a and a can be moving and if it is + + align:start position:0% +to a and a can be moving and if it is + + + align:start position:0% +to a and a can be moving and if it is +when you go to compute torqu you have to + + align:start position:0% +when you go to compute torqu you have to + + + align:start position:0% +when you go to compute torqu you have to +use this kind of messy formula and we we + + align:start position:0% +use this kind of messy formula and we we + + + align:start position:0% +use this kind of messy formula and we we +often try to simplify the problems that + + align:start position:0% +often try to simplify the problems that + + + align:start position:0% +often try to simplify the problems that +we do so that we can either make a a + + align:start position:0% +we do so that we can either make a a + + + align:start position:0% +we do so that we can either make a a +fixed axis of rotation make it rotate + + align:start position:0% +fixed axis of rotation make it rotate + + + align:start position:0% +fixed axis of rotation make it rotate +about this point which case this goes to + + align:start position:0% +about this point which case this goes to + + + align:start position:0% +about this point which case this goes to +zero or there's another time when you + + align:start position:0% +zero or there's another time when you + + + align:start position:0% +zero or there's another time when you +can make the velocity of this + + align:start position:0% +can make the velocity of this + + + align:start position:0% +can make the velocity of this +point parallel to the velocity of that + + align:start position:0% +point parallel to the velocity of that + + + align:start position:0% +point parallel to the velocity of that +point and the most common one one of all + + align:start position:0% +point and the most common one one of all + + + align:start position:0% +point and the most common one one of all +is when you make you use this formula + + align:start position:0% +is when you make you use this formula + + + align:start position:0% +is when you make you use this formula +about the center of mass then the mo + + align:start position:0% +about the center of mass then the mo + + + align:start position:0% +about the center of mass then the mo +velocity to the center of mass is the + + align:start position:0% +velocity to the center of mass is the + + + align:start position:0% +velocity to the center of mass is the +same direction as the momentum and + + align:start position:0% +same direction as the momentum and + + + align:start position:0% +same direction as the momentum and +therefore this term goes to zero so we + + align:start position:0% +therefore this term goes to zero so we + + + align:start position:0% +therefore this term goes to zero so we +have these two cases where this formula + + align:start position:0% +have these two cases where this formula + + + align:start position:0% +have these two cases where this formula +simplifies so the way we're you most + + align:start position:0% +simplifies so the way we're you most + + + align:start position:0% +simplifies so the way we're you most +often use it is the summation of the + + align:start position:0% +often use it is the summation of the + + + align:start position:0% +often use it is the summation of the +torqus with respect to to a is just the + + align:start position:0% +torqus with respect to to a is just the + + + align:start position:0% +torqus with respect to to a is just the +derivative of the angular + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the angular + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the angular +momentum DT and that's it this is + + align:start position:0% +momentum DT and that's it this is + + + align:start position:0% +momentum DT and that's it this is +when + + align:start position:0% +when + + + align:start position:0% +when +VA is zero + + align:start position:0% +VA is zero + + + align:start position:0% +VA is zero +or + + align:start position:0% +or + + + align:start position:0% +or +VA is parallel to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +p and such as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a is at the center of mass okay so these + + align:start position:0% +a is at the center of mass okay so these + + + align:start position:0% +a is at the center of mass okay so these +are the two formulas that we want to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +use and let's just do a real simple case + + align:start position:0% +use and let's just do a real simple case + + + align:start position:0% +use and let's just do a real simple case +first + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +got + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and this is just my string my mass on a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +string spinning around constant + + align:start position:0% +string spinning around constant + + + align:start position:0% +string spinning around constant +speed + + align:start position:0% +speed + + + align:start position:0% +speed +okay and I'm going to pretend I'm on a + + align:start position:0% +okay and I'm going to pretend I'm on a + + + align:start position:0% +okay and I'm going to pretend I'm on a +frictionless table so I don't have to + + align:start position:0% +frictionless table so I don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +frictionless table so I don't have to +deal with gravity this thing is + + align:start position:0% +deal with gravity this thing is + + + align:start position:0% +deal with gravity this thing is +horizontal just spinning around and I'll + + align:start position:0% +horizontal just spinning around and I'll + + + align:start position:0% +horizontal just spinning around and I'll +call this point a this is my point0 this + + align:start position:0% +call this point a this is my point0 this + + + align:start position:0% +call this point a this is my point0 this +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +x z + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +NOP why looking down on it okay so it's + + align:start position:0% +NOP why looking down on it okay so it's + + + align:start position:0% +NOP why looking down on it okay so it's +going to have a velocity in this Theta + + align:start position:0% +going to have a velocity in this Theta + + + align:start position:0% +going to have a velocity in this Theta +hat + + align:start position:0% +hat + + + align:start position:0% +hat +Direction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and unit Vector R hat we'll just use + + align:start position:0% +and unit Vector R hat we'll just use + + + align:start position:0% +and unit Vector R hat we'll just use +polar coordinates to do this so the + + align:start position:0% +polar coordinates to do this so the + + + align:start position:0% +polar coordinates to do this so the +velocity of a with respect to O we know + + align:start position:0% +velocity of a with respect to O we know + + + align:start position:0% +velocity of a with respect to O we know +and we'll give this just a + + align:start position:0% +and we'll give this just a + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll give this just a +length magnitude R1 so this is going to + + align:start position:0% +length magnitude R1 so this is going to + + + align:start position:0% +length magnitude R1 so this is going to +be uh Theta Dot equals a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constant r dot equals z so it's just + + align:start position:0% +constant r dot equals z so it's just + + + align:start position:0% +constant r dot equals z so it's just +fixed length fixed length is R1 so + + align:start position:0% +fixed length fixed length is R1 so + + + align:start position:0% +fixed length fixed length is R1 so +what's we know the simple formula for + + align:start position:0% +what's we know the simple formula for + + + align:start position:0% +what's we know the simple formula for +the velocity of that is R1 Theta dot in + + align:start position:0% +the velocity of that is R1 Theta dot in + + + align:start position:0% +the velocity of that is R1 Theta dot in +the Theta hat Direction Theta hat excuse + + align:start position:0% +the Theta hat Direction Theta hat excuse + + + align:start position:0% +the Theta hat Direction Theta hat excuse +me + + align:start position:0% +me + + + align:start position:0% +me +okay and the momentum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then it's just the mass time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that and the time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +derivative of the linear momentum with + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the linear momentum with + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the linear momentum with +respect to this fixed reference frame is + + align:start position:0% +respect to this fixed reference frame is + + + align:start position:0% +respect to this fixed reference frame is +the time derivative of this this is + + align:start position:0% +the time derivative of this this is + + + align:start position:0% +the time derivative of this this is +constant this is constant this is + + align:start position:0% +constant this is constant this is + + + align:start position:0% +constant this is constant this is +constant the only thing you have to take + + align:start position:0% +constant the only thing you have to take + + + align:start position:0% +constant the only thing you have to take +is the derivative of theta hat so this + + align:start position:0% +is the derivative of theta hat so this + + + align:start position:0% +is the derivative of theta hat so this +is M + + align:start position:0% +is M + + + align:start position:0% +is M +R1 Theta + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dot Theta Hat Time derivative but we've + + align:start position:0% +dot Theta Hat Time derivative but we've + + + align:start position:0% +dot Theta Hat Time derivative but we've +worked that one out two or three times + + align:start position:0% +worked that one out two or three times + + + align:start position:0% +worked that one out two or three times +it's Theta + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dot minus Theta do R + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hat okay you put that in you get minus m + + align:start position:0% +hat okay you put that in you get minus m + + + align:start position:0% +hat okay you put that in you get minus m +R1 Theta do SAR R hat and this must be + + align:start position:0% +R1 Theta do SAR R hat and this must be + + + align:start position:0% +R1 Theta do SAR R hat and this must be +the sum of the external + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the external + + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the external +forces and if we looking down on this + + align:start position:0% +forces and if we looking down on this + + + align:start position:0% +forces and if we looking down on this +draw a free body diagram of our + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Mass looking down on it + + align:start position:0% +Mass looking down on it + + + align:start position:0% +Mass looking down on it +here's our + + align:start position:0% +here's our + + + align:start position:0% +here's our +hat my Theta Direction like this Z + + align:start position:0% +hat my Theta Direction like this Z + + + align:start position:0% +hat my Theta Direction like this Z +coming out of the board so this is + + align:start position:0% +coming out of the board so this is + + + align:start position:0% +coming out of the board so this is +x y and O there is a inward force on it + + align:start position:0% +x y and O there is a inward force on it + + + align:start position:0% +x y and O there is a inward force on it +that we call the tension in the + + align:start position:0% +that we call the tension in the + + + align:start position:0% +that we call the tension in the +string and the sum of theal external + + align:start position:0% +string and the sum of theal external + + + align:start position:0% +string and the sum of theal external +forces is just minus t r hat so T is mr1 + + align:start position:0% +forces is just minus t r hat so T is mr1 + + + align:start position:0% +forces is just minus t r hat so T is mr1 +Theta do^ s which is what we talked + + align:start position:0% +Theta do^ s which is what we talked + + + align:start position:0% +Theta do^ s which is what we talked +about just a second ago so this is just + + align:start position:0% +about just a second ago so this is just + + + align:start position:0% +about just a second ago so this is just +a demonstration of what we were talking + + align:start position:0% +a demonstration of what we were talking + + + align:start position:0% +a demonstration of what we were talking +about with the survey questions that + + align:start position:0% +about with the survey questions that + + + align:start position:0% +about with the survey questions that +when you spin something you're changing + + align:start position:0% +when you spin something you're changing + + + align:start position:0% +when you spin something you're changing +its linear + + align:start position:0% +its linear + + + align:start position:0% +its linear +momentum not in in magnitude it stays + + align:start position:0% +momentum not in in magnitude it stays + + + align:start position:0% +momentum not in in magnitude it stays +constant but it's constantly changing in + + align:start position:0% +constant but it's constantly changing in + + + align:start position:0% +constant but it's constantly changing in +Direction and the direction + + align:start position:0% +Direction and the direction + + + align:start position:0% +Direction and the direction +change you have to take this derivative + + align:start position:0% +change you have to take this derivative + + + align:start position:0% +change you have to take this derivative +gives you you the C Direction + + align:start position:0% +gives you you the C Direction + + + align:start position:0% +gives you you the C Direction +changes causes the centripetal + + align:start position:0% +changes causes the centripetal + + + align:start position:0% +changes causes the centripetal +acceleration to cause that acceleration + + align:start position:0% +acceleration to cause that acceleration + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration to cause that acceleration +you have to put a force on it and the + + align:start position:0% +you have to put a force on it and the + + + align:start position:0% +you have to put a force on it and the +force is that inward tension in the + + align:start position:0% +force is that inward tension in the + + + align:start position:0% +force is that inward tension in the +string okay so there that's the really + + align:start position:0% +string okay so there that's the really + + + align:start position:0% +string okay so there that's the really +that's the first really simple one + + align:start position:0% +that's the first really simple one + + + align:start position:0% +that's the first really simple one +now let's take a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now let's do the same problem but let it + + align:start position:0% +now let's do the same problem but let it + + + align:start position:0% +now let's do the same problem but let it +be a little bit more General I've got a + + align:start position:0% +be a little bit more General I've got a + + + align:start position:0% +be a little bit more General I've got a +tabletop this problem is in described in + + align:start position:0% +tabletop this problem is in described in + + + align:start position:0% +tabletop this problem is in described in +the book as an example you got a hole in + + align:start position:0% +the book as an example you got a hole in + + + align:start position:0% +the book as an example you got a hole in +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +table got your mass out here so this is + + align:start position:0% +table got your mass out here so this is + + + align:start position:0% +table got your mass out here so this is +looking down on the table and down + + align:start position:0% +looking down on the table and down + + + align:start position:0% +looking down on the table and down +through the hole coming out the bottom + + align:start position:0% +through the hole coming out the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +through the hole coming out the bottom +of the hole you have the string and you + + align:start position:0% +of the hole you have the string and you + + + align:start position:0% +of the hole you have the string and you +pull on it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so r + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dot so we looking down on it this thing + + align:start position:0% +dot so we looking down on it this thing + + + align:start position:0% +dot so we looking down on it this thing +again has some + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Theta our hat directions like this the + + align:start position:0% +Theta our hat directions like this the + + + align:start position:0% +Theta our hat directions like this the +Theta hat directions like that this + + align:start position:0% +Theta hat directions like that this + + + align:start position:0% +Theta hat directions like that this +thing's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +spinning going around around my tabletop + + align:start position:0% +spinning going around around my tabletop + + + align:start position:0% +spinning going around around my tabletop +but there's a hole in the tabletop and I + + align:start position:0% +but there's a hole in the tabletop and I + + + align:start position:0% +but there's a hole in the tabletop and I +can pull the string and shorten the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +string so r dot is a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constant Theta dot will not be a + + align:start position:0% +constant Theta dot will not be a + + + align:start position:0% +constant Theta dot will not be a +constant + + align:start position:0% +constant + + + align:start position:0% +constant +okay it it will it will + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +change so this is my Vector + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +R so the velocity will'll call this Ed a + + align:start position:0% +R so the velocity will'll call this Ed a + + + align:start position:0% +R so the velocity will'll call this Ed a +this is my origin o the Velocity in this + + align:start position:0% +this is my origin o the Velocity in this + + + align:start position:0% +this is my origin o the Velocity in this +case of the particle with respect to the + + align:start position:0% +case of the particle with respect to the + + + align:start position:0% +case of the particle with respect to the +fixed inertial + + align:start position:0% +fixed inertial + + + align:start position:0% +fixed inertial +frame is r dot R + + align:start position:0% +frame is r dot R + + + align:start position:0% +frame is r dot R +hat plus r Theta dot Theta hat so now it + + align:start position:0% +hat plus r Theta dot Theta hat so now it + + + align:start position:0% +hat plus r Theta dot Theta hat so now it +has two possible velocities and I'm + + align:start position:0% +has two possible velocities and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +has two possible velocities and I'm +going to be pulling it in and it's going + + align:start position:0% +going to be pulling it in and it's going + + + align:start position:0% +going to be pulling it in and it's going +to be going round and round + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so linear + + align:start position:0% +so linear + + + align:start position:0% +so linear +momentum is just m VA with respect to O + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so with this problem if I take the + + align:start position:0% +okay so with this problem if I take the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so with this problem if I take the +time derivative of the linear + + align:start position:0% +time derivative of the linear + + + align:start position:0% +time derivative of the linear +momentum you recognize this this is just + + align:start position:0% +momentum you recognize this this is just + + + align:start position:0% +momentum you recognize this this is just +in this is just velocity and polar + + align:start position:0% +in this is just velocity and polar + + + align:start position:0% +in this is just velocity and polar +coordinates we've done this derivative + + align:start position:0% +coordinates we've done this derivative + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates we've done this derivative +before to get the acceleration so the + + align:start position:0% +before to get the acceleration so the + + + align:start position:0% +before to get the acceleration so the +acceleration time derivative of a with + + align:start position:0% +acceleration time derivative of a with + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration time derivative of a with +respect to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +o is the acceleration + + align:start position:0% +o is the acceleration + + + align:start position:0% +o is the acceleration +of a with respect to O but we've and + + align:start position:0% +of a with respect to O but we've and + + + align:start position:0% +of a with respect to O but we've and +that's a messy formula but we've and + + align:start position:0% +that's a messy formula but we've and + + + align:start position:0% +that's a messy formula but we've and +we've derived it before so that looks + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like and it's got four terms rouble + + align:start position:0% +like and it's got four terms rouble + + + align:start position:0% +like and it's got four terms rouble +dot minus + + align:start position:0% +dot minus + + + align:start position:0% +dot minus +r Theta Dot 2ar in the r + + align:start position:0% +r Theta Dot 2ar in the r + + + align:start position:0% +r Theta Dot 2ar in the r +hat plus r Theta double dot plus 2 r dot + + align:start position:0% +hat plus r Theta double dot plus 2 r dot + + + align:start position:0% +hat plus r Theta double dot plus 2 r dot +Theta + + align:start position:0% +Theta + + + align:start position:0% +Theta +dot in the Theta hat + + align:start position:0% +dot in the Theta hat + + + align:start position:0% +dot in the Theta hat +Direction and if multiply by the mass + + align:start position:0% +Direction and if multiply by the mass + + + align:start position:0% +Direction and if multiply by the mass +that should be that's the total that's + + align:start position:0% +that should be that's the total that's + + + align:start position:0% +that should be that's the total that's +the mass times the acceleration and this + + align:start position:0% +the mass times the acceleration and this + + + align:start position:0% +the mass times the acceleration and this +needs this would be equal to the sum of + + align:start position:0% +needs this would be equal to the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +needs this would be equal to the sum of +all the external forces acting on that + + align:start position:0% +all the external forces acting on that + + + align:start position:0% +all the external forces acting on that +particle that's Newton's second law + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but in the our problem here I've said + + align:start position:0% +but in the our problem here I've said + + + align:start position:0% +but in the our problem here I've said +this is + + align:start position:0% +this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is +constant so I can throw out this term is + + align:start position:0% +constant so I can throw out this term is + + + align:start position:0% +constant so I can throw out this term is +going to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero so this term goes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +away but this term certainly not + + align:start position:0% +away but this term certainly not + + + align:start position:0% +away but this term certainly not +zero this term is not necessarily zero + + align:start position:0% +zero this term is not necessarily zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero this term is not necessarily zero +this term is certainly not + + align:start position:0% +this term is certainly not + + + align:start position:0% +this term is certainly not +zero so what can we do with that + + align:start position:0% +zero so what can we do with that + + + align:start position:0% +zero so what can we do with that +so Now's the Time you do draw some free + + align:start position:0% +so Now's the Time you do draw some free + + + align:start position:0% +so Now's the Time you do draw some free +body diagrams and let's look at the uh + + align:start position:0% +body diagrams and let's look at the uh + + + align:start position:0% +body diagrams and let's look at the uh +side + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +view the side view here's your + + align:start position:0% +view the side view here's your + + + align:start position:0% +view the side view here's your +particle mg down some normal force up + + align:start position:0% +particle mg down some normal force up + + + align:start position:0% +particle mg down some normal force up +and a + + align:start position:0% +and a + + + align:start position:0% +and a +tension pulling + + align:start position:0% +tension pulling + + + align:start position:0% +tension pulling +in right so the table supporting it + + align:start position:0% +in right so the table supporting it + + + align:start position:0% +in right so the table supporting it +gravity down and just a string Force + + align:start position:0% +gravity down and just a string Force + + + align:start position:0% +gravity down and just a string Force +pulling it and the top + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +view you're looking down on + + align:start position:0% +view you're looking down on + + + align:start position:0% +view you're looking down on +it I'm not allowing I'm assuming it's + + align:start position:0% +it I'm not allowing I'm assuming it's + + + align:start position:0% +it I'm not allowing I'm assuming it's +frictionless table so there's no + + align:start position:0% +frictionless table so there's no + + + align:start position:0% +frictionless table so there's no +friction so the only Force seen from the + + align:start position:0% +friction so the only Force seen from the + + + align:start position:0% +friction so the only Force seen from the +top is the tension there are no forces + + align:start position:0% +top is the tension there are no forces + + + align:start position:0% +top is the tension there are no forces +in that in the plane in the direction + + align:start position:0% +in that in the plane in the direction + + + align:start position:0% +in that in the plane in the direction +Theta hat okay so the sum of the + + align:start position:0% +Theta hat okay so the sum of the + + + align:start position:0% +Theta hat okay so the sum of the +external forces in the Theta hat + + align:start position:0% +external forces in the Theta hat + + + align:start position:0% +external forces in the Theta hat +direction are + + align:start position:0% +direction are + + + align:start position:0% +direction are +in this direction this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is so the total forces on this thing + + align:start position:0% +is so the total forces on this thing + + + align:start position:0% +is so the total forces on this thing +from your free body diagram in the Theta + + align:start position:0% +from your free body diagram in the Theta + + + align:start position:0% +from your free body diagram in the Theta +hat direction are zero and that allows + + align:start position:0% +hat direction are zero and that allows + + + align:start position:0% +hat direction are zero and that allows +us to take this term and set it equal to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero this is the X + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X so the Theta hat piece is equal to + + align:start position:0% +X so the Theta hat piece is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +X so the Theta hat piece is equal to +zero is equal to + + align:start position:0% +zero is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +zero is equal to +m r Theta dot + 2 r dot Theta + + align:start position:0% +m r Theta dot + 2 r dot Theta + + + align:start position:0% +m r Theta dot + 2 r dot Theta +dot that you can solve this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for that's equal to zero so R Theta dot + + align:start position:0% +for that's equal to zero so R Theta dot + + + align:start position:0% +for that's equal to zero so R Theta dot += -2 r dot Theta + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dot so in order for this thing to + + align:start position:0% +dot so in order for this thing to + + + align:start position:0% +dot so in order for this thing to +satisfy Newton's + + align:start position:0% +satisfy Newton's + + + align:start position:0% +satisfy Newton's +law happens to be that as you pull it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in the product of r dot and Theta dot + + align:start position:0% +in the product of r dot and Theta dot + + + align:start position:0% +in the product of r dot and Theta dot +gives you the angular + + align:start position:0% +gives you the angular + + + align:start position:0% +gives you the angular +acceleration + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and the other term term we just + + align:start position:0% +okay and the other term term we just + + + align:start position:0% +okay and the other term term we just +went through that that's what we did a + + align:start position:0% +went through that that's what we did a + + + align:start position:0% +went through that that's what we did a +couple minutes ago in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the the force in the r hat Direction + + align:start position:0% +the the force in the r hat Direction + + + align:start position:0% +the the force in the r hat Direction +some of the forces is a derivative of + + align:start position:0% +some of the forces is a derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +some of the forces is a derivative of +the linear momentum is minus m r Theta + + align:start position:0% +the linear momentum is minus m r Theta + + + align:start position:0% +the linear momentum is minus m r Theta +do 2 R hat and we know from the free + + align:start position:0% +do 2 R hat and we know from the free + + + align:start position:0% +do 2 R hat and we know from the free +body diagram that that better be equal + + align:start position:0% +body diagram that that better be equal + + + align:start position:0% +body diagram that that better be equal +to minus t the our hat Direction + + align:start position:0% +to minus t the our hat Direction + + + align:start position:0% +to minus t the our hat Direction +so just like before it tells you that + + align:start position:0% +so just like before it tells you that + + + align:start position:0% +so just like before it tells you that +tal Mr Theta dot squar so the masstimes + + align:start position:0% +tal Mr Theta dot squar so the masstimes + + + align:start position:0% +tal Mr Theta dot squar so the masstimes +inal acceleration in order to make that + + align:start position:0% +inal acceleration in order to make that + + + align:start position:0% +inal acceleration in order to make that +centripetal motion happen you have to + + align:start position:0% +centripetal motion happen you have to + + + align:start position:0% +centripetal motion happen you have to +pull on it with the force Mr R Theta do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +squ + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what can you say about the angular + + align:start position:0% +so what can you say about the angular + + + align:start position:0% +so what can you say about the angular +momentum of this particle with respect + + align:start position:0% +momentum of this particle with respect + + + align:start position:0% +momentum of this particle with respect +to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +O So we let's write it out so + + align:start position:0% +O So we let's write it out so + + + align:start position:0% +O So we let's write it out so +h of the particle with respect to + + align:start position:0% +h of the particle with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +h of the particle with respect to +O is + + align:start position:0% +O is + + + align:start position:0% +O is +r a o cross + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +P this is r r r Hat Cross and now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +P so R cross R you get nothing from that + + align:start position:0% +P so R cross R you get nothing from that + + + align:start position:0% +P so R cross R you get nothing from that +term R cross R Hat Cross Theta hat gives + + align:start position:0% +term R cross R Hat Cross Theta hat gives + + + align:start position:0% +term R cross R Hat Cross Theta hat gives +you a k a positive K so you get r + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +r + + align:start position:0% +r + + + align:start position:0% +r +r + + align:start position:0% +r + + + align:start position:0% +r +squared theta + + align:start position:0% +squared theta + + + align:start position:0% +squared theta +dot in the K Direction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and I'm missing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +something there we go Mr R 2 Theta dot + + align:start position:0% +something there we go Mr R 2 Theta dot + + + align:start position:0% +something there we go Mr R 2 Theta dot +right because Mr Theta dot is the linear + + align:start position:0% +right because Mr Theta dot is the linear + + + align:start position:0% +right because Mr Theta dot is the linear +momentum times another R gives you the + + align:start position:0% +momentum times another R gives you the + + + align:start position:0% +momentum times another R gives you the +angular momentum Mr 2 Theta Dot and + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum Mr 2 Theta Dot and + + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum Mr 2 Theta Dot and +because R Hat Cross Theta hat is K this + + align:start position:0% +because R Hat Cross Theta hat is K this + + + align:start position:0% +because R Hat Cross Theta hat is K this +angular momentum is directed upward okay + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum is directed upward okay + + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum is directed upward okay +about the center of rotation + + align:start position:0% +about the center of rotation + + + align:start position:0% +about the center of rotation +so that's our expression for our angular + + align:start position:0% +so that's our expression for our angular + + + align:start position:0% +so that's our expression for our angular +momentum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but if you take the time derivative of + + align:start position:0% +but if you take the time derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +but if you take the time derivative of +it what should it tell us let's go back + + align:start position:0% +it what should it tell us let's go back + + + align:start position:0% +it what should it tell us let's go back +to that our our formula we started + + align:start position:0% +to that our our formula we started + + + align:start position:0% +to that our our formula we started +with when the center of rotation is not + + align:start position:0% +with when the center of rotation is not + + + align:start position:0% +with when the center of rotation is not +moving when the point at which with + + align:start position:0% +moving when the point at which with + + + align:start position:0% +moving when the point at which with +respect to which you're taking the + + align:start position:0% +respect to which you're taking the + + + align:start position:0% +respect to which you're taking the +angular momentum doesn't move then + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum doesn't move then + + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum doesn't move then +that's one of the cases where where you + + align:start position:0% +that's one of the cases where where you + + + align:start position:0% +that's one of the cases where where you +can get rid of those extra + + align:start position:0% +can get rid of those extra + + + align:start position:0% +can get rid of those extra +terms so in this case we're Computing + + align:start position:0% +terms so in this case we're Computing + + + align:start position:0% +terms so in this case we're Computing +the angular momentum with respect to O + + align:start position:0% +the angular momentum with respect to O + + + align:start position:0% +the angular momentum with respect to O +which doesn't move the velocity of O + + align:start position:0% +which doesn't move the velocity of O + + + align:start position:0% +which doesn't move the velocity of O +here is zero so this allows us just to + + align:start position:0% +here is zero so this allows us just to + + + align:start position:0% +here is zero so this allows us just to +say that the sum of the + + align:start position:0% +say that the sum of the + + + align:start position:0% +say that the sum of the +torqux with respect about O is just + + align:start position:0% +torqux with respect about O is just + + + align:start position:0% +torqux with respect about O is just +equal to the time rate of change of H + + align:start position:0% +equal to the time rate of change of H + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the time rate of change of H +with respect to + + align:start position:0% +with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to +O and to do that the uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this term can change and this term can + + align:start position:0% +this term can change and this term can + + + align:start position:0% +this term can change and this term can +change but how about the derivative of K + + align:start position:0% +change but how about the derivative of K + + + align:start position:0% +change but how about the derivative of K +it stays it's just constant right so + + align:start position:0% +it stays it's just constant right so + + + align:start position:0% +it stays it's just constant right so +we're going to get two terms out of this + + align:start position:0% +we're going to get two terms out of this + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to get two terms out of this +we're going to + + align:start position:0% +we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to +get M2 + + align:start position:0% +get M2 + + + align:start position:0% +get M2 +r r + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dot Theta + + align:start position:0% +dot Theta + + + align:start position:0% +dot Theta +dot k + + align:start position:0% +dot k + + + align:start position:0% +dot k +plus + + align:start position:0% +plus + + + align:start position:0% +plus +r² Theta double dot + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +k What are the torqus in the what are + + align:start position:0% +k What are the torqus in the what are + + + align:start position:0% +k What are the torqus in the what are +the external torqus in this problem you + + align:start position:0% +the external torqus in this problem you + + + align:start position:0% +the external torqus in this problem you +going have to pretend that I'm on a + + align:start position:0% +going have to pretend that I'm on a + + + align:start position:0% +going have to pretend that I'm on a +frictionless tabletop here when I'm + + align:start position:0% +frictionless tabletop here when I'm + + + align:start position:0% +frictionless tabletop here when I'm +going around like this what are the what + + align:start position:0% +going around like this what are the what + + + align:start position:0% +going around like this what are the what +are the torqus about the center + + align:start position:0% +are the torqus about the center + + + align:start position:0% +are the torqus about the center +point so what are the first what are the + + align:start position:0% +point so what are the first what are the + + + align:start position:0% +point so what are the first what are the +forces acting on the + + align:start position:0% +forces acting on the + + + align:start position:0% +forces acting on the +mass just the tension and the tension + + align:start position:0% +mass just the tension and the tension + + + align:start position:0% +mass just the tension and the tension +cross the moment arm the tension's in + + align:start position:0% +cross the moment arm the tension's in + + + align:start position:0% +cross the moment arm the tension's in +the r hat Direction the string is in the + + align:start position:0% +the r hat Direction the string is in the + + + align:start position:0% +the r hat Direction the string is in the +r Direction R Hat Cross R hat is zero so + + align:start position:0% +r Direction R Hat Cross R hat is zero so + + + align:start position:0% +r Direction R Hat Cross R hat is zero so +there's no torqus so for this problem + + align:start position:0% +there's no torqus so for this problem + + + align:start position:0% +there's no torqus so for this problem +this is equal + + align:start position:0% +this is equal + + + align:start position:0% +this is equal +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +zero okay and and that then allows us to + + align:start position:0% +zero okay and and that then allows us to + + + align:start position:0% +zero okay and and that then allows us to +write + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the M cancels out obviously and I can + + align:start position:0% +the M cancels out obviously and I can + + + align:start position:0% +the M cancels out obviously and I can +get rid of one of these RS goes away and + + align:start position:0% +get rid of one of these RS goes away and + + + align:start position:0% +get rid of one of these RS goes away and +I'm left with an r + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dot Theta + + align:start position:0% +dot Theta + + + align:start position:0% +dot Theta +Dot and I move this to the other side is + + align:start position:0% +Dot and I move this to the other side is + + + align:start position:0% +Dot and I move this to the other side is +equal to minus r Theta Dot and that's + + align:start position:0% +equal to minus r Theta Dot and that's + + + align:start position:0% +equal to minus r Theta Dot and that's +what we came up with a minute ago when + + align:start position:0% +what we came up with a minute ago when + + + align:start position:0% +what we came up with a minute ago when +we were doing the the when we did the + + align:start position:0% +we were doing the the when we did the + + + align:start position:0% +we were doing the the when we did the +just the time derivative of the linear + + align:start position:0% +just the time derivative of the linear + + + align:start position:0% +just the time derivative of the linear +momentum we learned this so we haven't + + align:start position:0% +momentum we learned this so we haven't + + + align:start position:0% +momentum we learned this so we haven't +learned much more it's just telling us + + align:start position:0% +learned much more it's just telling us + + + align:start position:0% +learned much more it's just telling us +that well this thing's going to + + align:start position:0% +that well this thing's going to + + + align:start position:0% +that well this thing's going to +accelerate as you pull it + + align:start position:0% +accelerate as you pull it + + + align:start position:0% +accelerate as you pull it +in and it'll accelerate at at any + + align:start position:0% +in and it'll accelerate at at any + + + align:start position:0% +in and it'll accelerate at at any +instant in time whatever r dot is Theta + + align:start position:0% +instant in time whatever r dot is Theta + + + align:start position:0% +instant in time whatever r dot is Theta +dot is this will be the angular + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +acceleration + + align:start position:0% +acceleration + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration +Okay so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's what will happen then let's let uh + + align:start position:0% +let's what will happen then let's let uh + + + align:start position:0% +let's what will happen then let's let uh +let's do it at two points in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time and we'll let + + align:start position:0% +time and we'll let + + + align:start position:0% +time and we'll let +R2 = R1 / 2 so I'm just going to pull + + align:start position:0% +R2 = R1 / 2 so I'm just going to pull + + + align:start position:0% +R2 = R1 / 2 so I'm just going to pull +this thing in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let's do the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +experiment you I'm going to pull it in + + align:start position:0% +experiment you I'm going to pull it in + + + align:start position:0% +experiment you I'm going to pull it in +about half its length you're going to + + align:start position:0% +about half its length you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +about half its length you're going to +speed up slow down stay the same + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +speed all right I'll get it going and + + align:start position:0% +speed all right I'll get it going and + + + align:start position:0% +speed all right I'll get it going and +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +okay and I'll try not to hit here I'll + + align:start position:0% +okay and I'll try not to hit here I'll + + + align:start position:0% +okay and I'll try not to hit here I'll +move over here so I hit him instead okay + + align:start position:0% +move over here so I hit him instead okay + + + align:start position:0% +move over here so I hit him instead okay +okay all right let's try it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +again all right but there's no torqux on + + align:start position:0% +again all right but there's no torqux on + + + align:start position:0% +again all right but there's no torqux on +it there's no torque being applied the + + align:start position:0% +it there's no torque being applied the + + + align:start position:0% +it there's no torque being applied the +angular momentum is + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum is + + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum is +constant and yet the thing speeds up so + + align:start position:0% +constant and yet the thing speeds up so + + + align:start position:0% +constant and yet the thing speeds up so +I want to ask you get ask you a question + + align:start position:0% +I want to ask you get ask you a question + + + align:start position:0% +I want to ask you get ask you a question +check do you think the kinetic energy is + + align:start position:0% +check do you think the kinetic energy is + + + align:start position:0% +check do you think the kinetic energy is +staying the same or changing so how many + + align:start position:0% +staying the same or changing so how many + + + align:start position:0% +staying the same or changing so how many +think the kinetic energy as I go from + + align:start position:0% +think the kinetic energy as I go from + + + align:start position:0% +think the kinetic energy as I go from +out there in here the kinetic energy + + align:start position:0% +out there in here the kinetic energy + + + align:start position:0% +out there in here the kinetic energy +stays the + + align:start position:0% +stays the + + + align:start position:0% +stays the +same okay how many think it's + + align:start position:0% +same okay how many think it's + + + align:start position:0% +same okay how many think it's +different all right how many I'm not so + + align:start position:0% +different all right how many I'm not so + + + align:start position:0% +different all right how many I'm not so +sure let's find + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +out so we've determined that if this is + + align:start position:0% +out so we've determined that if this is + + + align:start position:0% +out so we've determined that if this is +zero then that means that H with respect + + align:start position:0% +zero then that means that H with respect + + + align:start position:0% +zero then that means that H with respect +to a h a h with respect to O is a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constant so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +H this is a + + align:start position:0% +H this is a + + + align:start position:0% +H this is a +T1 is R R1 + + align:start position:0% +T1 is R R1 + + + align:start position:0% +T1 is R R1 +better be faster if I look at my + + align:start position:0% +better be faster if I look at my + + + align:start position:0% +better be faster if I look at my +notes so the angular + + align:start position:0% +notes so the angular + + + align:start position:0% +notes so the angular +momentum at + + align:start position:0% +momentum at + + + align:start position:0% +momentum at +R1 + + align:start position:0% +R1 + + + align:start position:0% +R1 +is M R1 squar Theta 1 dot in the K + + align:start position:0% +is M R1 squar Theta 1 dot in the K + + + align:start position:0% +is M R1 squar Theta 1 dot in the K +Direction and that it better be equal + + align:start position:0% +Direction and that it better be equal + + + align:start position:0% +Direction and that it better be equal +to H at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +R2 and that'll be + + align:start position:0% +R2 and that'll be + + + align:start position:0% +R2 and that'll be +M R2 2 + + align:start position:0% +M R2 2 + + + align:start position:0% +M R2 2 +Theta 2 Dot and that's also in the K + + align:start position:0% +Theta 2 Dot and that's also in the K + + + align:start position:0% +Theta 2 Dot and that's also in the K +Direction but we know that + + align:start position:0% +Direction but we know that + + + align:start position:0% +Direction but we know that +R2 is R1 / two so we can plug that in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'll bring this over here so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +M r1^ squar Theta 1 dot is M R1 over4 + + align:start position:0% +M r1^ squar Theta 1 dot is M R1 over4 + + + align:start position:0% +M r1^ squar Theta 1 dot is M R1 over4 +Theta 2 dot so I can solve for Theta 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so if I shorten the length by a factor + + align:start position:0% +so if I shorten the length by a factor + + + align:start position:0% +so if I shorten the length by a factor +of two the angular velocity goes up by a + + align:start position:0% +of two the angular velocity goes up by a + + + align:start position:0% +of two the angular velocity goes up by a +factor of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +four and let's check the kinetic energy + + align:start position:0% +four and let's check the kinetic energy + + + align:start position:0% +four and let's check the kinetic energy +kinetic energy State + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy State + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy State +one 12 + + align:start position:0% +one 12 + + + align:start position:0% +one 12 +M V1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +squar to half M V1 is R Theta + + align:start position:0% +squar to half M V1 is R Theta + + + align:start position:0% +squar to half M V1 is R Theta +1 dot quantity squared + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but I have this is I have some + + align:start position:0% +but I have this is I have some + + + align:start position:0% +but I have this is I have some +expressions for + + align:start position:0% +expressions for + + + align:start position:0% +expressions for +this R2 is R1 / 2 and Theta 2 + + align:start position:0% +this R2 is R1 / 2 and Theta 2 + + + align:start position:0% +this R2 is R1 / 2 and Theta 2 +is 4 Theta 1 dot quantity + + align:start position:0% +is 4 Theta 1 dot quantity + + + align:start position:0% +is 4 Theta 1 dot quantity +squared and if you take you multiply + + align:start position:0% +squared and if you take you multiply + + + align:start position:0% +squared and if you take you multiply +that out + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so + + align:start position:0% +yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so +where do the kinetic energy come + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +from + + align:start position:0% +from + + + align:start position:0% +from +system so she says we add energy to the + + align:start position:0% +system so she says we add energy to the + + + align:start position:0% +system so she says we add energy to the +system by pulling down so we're doing + + align:start position:0% +system by pulling down so we're doing + + + align:start position:0% +system by pulling down so we're doing +some work right there's tension in that + + align:start position:0% +some work right there's tension in that + + + align:start position:0% +some work right there's tension in that +string equal to m r Omega + + align:start position:0% +string equal to m r Omega + + + align:start position:0% +string equal to m r Omega +2qu if you pull it down a certain + + align:start position:0% +2qu if you pull it down a certain + + + align:start position:0% +2qu if you pull it down a certain +distance in fact R1 over two you're + + align:start position:0% +distance in fact R1 over two you're + + + align:start position:0% +distance in fact R1 over two you're +going to do work that's the integral of + + align:start position:0% +going to do work that's the integral of + + + align:start position:0% +going to do work that's the integral of +the tension Time Dr you integrate it + + align:start position:0% +the tension Time Dr you integrate it + + + align:start position:0% +the tension Time Dr you integrate it +right and that work goes into there's + + align:start position:0% +right and that work goes into there's + + + align:start position:0% +right and that work goes into there's +conservation of energy in the system + + align:start position:0% +conservation of energy in the system + + + align:start position:0% +conservation of energy in the system +that goes into speeding up the rotation + + align:start position:0% +that goes into speeding up the rotation + + + align:start position:0% +that goes into speeding up the rotation +and yet the angular momentum has stayed + + align:start position:0% +and yet the angular momentum has stayed + + + align:start position:0% +and yet the angular momentum has stayed +constant throughout the action so I when + + align:start position:0% +constant throughout the action so I when + + + align:start position:0% +constant throughout the action so I when +I first saw this years ago I thought + + align:start position:0% +I first saw this years ago I thought + + + align:start position:0% +I first saw this years ago I thought +that's really cool that's really quite + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +amazing so nice application of + + align:start position:0% +amazing so nice application of + + + align:start position:0% +amazing so nice application of +conservation of angular + + align:start position:0% +conservation of angular + + + align:start position:0% +conservation of angular +momentum uh an application of using this + + align:start position:0% +momentum uh an application of using this + + + align:start position:0% +momentum uh an application of using this +formula the time rate of change of + + align:start position:0% +formula the time rate of change of + + + align:start position:0% +formula the time rate of change of +momentum with respect to a point it + + align:start position:0% +momentum with respect to a point it + + + align:start position:0% +momentum with respect to a point it +tells you about the torqus applied to + + align:start position:0% +tells you about the torqus applied to + + + align:start position:0% +tells you about the torqus applied to +the system and this is in fact a pretty + + align:start position:0% +the system and this is in fact a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +the system and this is in fact a pretty +simple case so the last let's move on + + align:start position:0% +simple case so the last let's move on + + + align:start position:0% +simple case so the last let's move on +though to doing a little more + + align:start position:0% +though to doing a little more + + + align:start position:0% +though to doing a little more +complicated case and this is the last + + align:start position:0% +complicated case and this is the last + + + align:start position:0% +complicated case and this is the last +problem similar to the last problem in + + align:start position:0% +problem similar to the last problem in + + + align:start position:0% +problem similar to the last problem in +the homework + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is like the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +homework the homework you got this + + align:start position:0% +homework the homework you got this + + + align:start position:0% +homework the homework you got this +monkey running up the shaft right so I + + align:start position:0% +monkey running up the shaft right so I + + + align:start position:0% +monkey running up the shaft right so I +don't have a monkey and it's not running + + align:start position:0% +don't have a monkey and it's not running + + + align:start position:0% +don't have a monkey and it's not running +up the shaft but I do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have just this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +particle on a shaft rotating about a + + align:start position:0% +particle on a shaft rotating about a + + + align:start position:0% +particle on a shaft rotating about a +central axis now this is a mechanical + + align:start position:0% +central axis now this is a mechanical + + + align:start position:0% +central axis now this is a mechanical +necessity to hold it all together but + + align:start position:0% +necessity to hold it all together but + + + align:start position:0% +necessity to hold it all together but +just ignore the mass of this centerpiece + + align:start position:0% +just ignore the mass of this centerpiece + + + align:start position:0% +just ignore the mass of this centerpiece +for the moment just think of this as a + + align:start position:0% +for the moment just think of this as a + + + align:start position:0% +for the moment just think of this as a +massless + + align:start position:0% +massless + + + align:start position:0% +massless +arm with a particle on it and I want to + + align:start position:0% +arm with a particle on it and I want to + + + align:start position:0% +arm with a particle on it and I want to +I want to calculate angular momentum I + + align:start position:0% +I want to calculate angular momentum I + + + align:start position:0% +I want to calculate angular momentum I +want to calculate forces I want to + + align:start position:0% +want to calculate forces I want to + + + align:start position:0% +want to calculate forces I want to +calculate torqu and see what happens + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I'm going to start by putting + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to start by putting + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to start by putting +my + + align:start position:0% +my + + + align:start position:0% +my +o + + align:start position:0% +o + + + align:start position:0% +o +x z + + align:start position:0% +x z + + + align:start position:0% +x z +frame + + align:start position:0% +frame + + + align:start position:0% +frame +right on the level with this mask + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because what I'm going to show you now + + align:start position:0% +because what I'm going to show you now + + + align:start position:0% +because what I'm going to show you now +is that where you put the reference + + align:start position:0% +is that where you put the reference + + + align:start position:0% +is that where you put the reference +point about which you compute the + + align:start position:0% +point about which you compute the + + + align:start position:0% +point about which you compute the +angular momentum + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum + + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum +matters you get different answers + + align:start position:0% +matters you get different answers + + + align:start position:0% +matters you get different answers +depending on where you put it so I'm + + align:start position:0% +depending on where you put it so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +depending on where you put it so I'm +going to start by putting it here + + align:start position:0% +going to start by putting it here + + + align:start position:0% +going to start by putting it here +okay and this will call us out here's my + + align:start position:0% +okay and this will call us out here's my + + + align:start position:0% +okay and this will call us out here's my +point a here's + + align:start position:0% +point a here's + + + align:start position:0% +point a here's +o this + + align:start position:0% +o this + + + align:start position:0% +o this +is some angle V + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here and if this has some length L then + + align:start position:0% +here and if this has some length L then + + + align:start position:0% +here and if this has some length L then +this up here + + align:start position:0% +this up here + + + align:start position:0% +this up here +is my R equals + + align:start position:0% +is my R equals + + + align:start position:0% +is my R equals +L cosine + + align:start position:0% +L cosine + + + align:start position:0% +L cosine +Fe and this is this side of be L sin Fe + + align:start position:0% +Fe and this is this side of be L sin Fe + + + align:start position:0% +Fe and this is this side of be L sin Fe +these are just the two lengths but I'm + + align:start position:0% +these are just the two lengths but I'm + + + align:start position:0% +these are just the two lengths but I'm +going to use polar coordinates so this + + align:start position:0% +going to use polar coordinates so this + + + align:start position:0% +going to use polar coordinates so this +is going to be my R hat Direction Theta + + align:start position:0% +is going to be my R hat Direction Theta + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be my R hat Direction Theta +hats into the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +board so let's compute and it's a + + align:start position:0% +board so let's compute and it's a + + + align:start position:0% +board so let's compute and it's a +particle so I'll continue to + + align:start position:0% +particle so I'll continue to + + + align:start position:0% +particle so I'll continue to +use lowercase h of a with respect to o a + + align:start position:0% +use lowercase h of a with respect to o a + + + align:start position:0% +use lowercase h of a with respect to o a +vector + + align:start position:0% +vector + + + align:start position:0% +vector +is R of a with respect to o cross P the + + align:start position:0% +is R of a with respect to o cross P the + + + align:start position:0% +is R of a with respect to o cross P the +linear momentum with respect to + + align:start position:0% +linear momentum with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +linear momentum with respect to +O this is r r hat we just called this L + + align:start position:0% +O this is r r hat we just called this L + + + align:start position:0% +O this is r r hat we just called this L +cosine Theta just calling it R and it's + + align:start position:0% +cosine Theta just calling it R and it's + + + align:start position:0% +cosine Theta just calling it R and it's +in the r hat + + align:start position:0% +in the r hat + + + align:start position:0% +in the r hat +Direction cross with p and p we've done + + align:start position:0% +Direction cross with p and p we've done + + + align:start position:0% +Direction cross with p and p we've done +this two or three times now today it's + + align:start position:0% +this two or three times now today it's + + + align:start position:0% +this two or three times now today it's +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +mass time R time Theta dot that's its + + align:start position:0% +mass time R time Theta dot that's its + + + align:start position:0% +mass time R time Theta dot that's its +speed and it's in + + align:start position:0% +speed and it's in + + + align:start position:0% +speed and it's in +the Theta hat + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +direction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so taking the Cross R cross R Hat + + align:start position:0% +right so taking the Cross R cross R Hat + + + align:start position:0% +right so taking the Cross R cross R Hat +Cross Theta hat gives me a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +k so I get m r + + align:start position:0% +k so I get m r + + + align:start position:0% +k so I get m r +2 Theta + + align:start position:0% +2 Theta + + + align:start position:0% +2 Theta +dot k + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +very simple + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +expression now this is a fixed axis + + align:start position:0% +expression now this is a fixed axis + + + align:start position:0% +expression now this is a fixed axis +rotation so I want to compute the + + align:start position:0% +rotation so I want to compute the + + + align:start position:0% +rotation so I want to compute the +torqus look at my formula the + + align:start position:0% +torqus look at my formula the + + + align:start position:0% +torqus look at my formula the +VA the the uh VA in this case is a + + align:start position:0% +VA the the uh VA in this case is a + + + align:start position:0% +VA the the uh VA in this case is a +velocity of O the point of the axis of + + align:start position:0% +velocity of O the point of the axis of + + + align:start position:0% +velocity of O the point of the axis of +rotation doesn't move so the second + + align:start position:0% +rotation doesn't move so the second + + + align:start position:0% +rotation doesn't move so the second +terms go away and I can say that the tor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +torque of my particle at a with respect + + align:start position:0% +torque of my particle at a with respect + + + align:start position:0% +torque of my particle at a with respect +to O is just D + + align:start position:0% +to O is just D + + + align:start position:0% +to O is just D +ha + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +DT okay so M's a constant R is a + + align:start position:0% +DT okay so M's a constant R is a + + + align:start position:0% +DT okay so M's a constant R is a +constant K is a constant the only thing + + align:start position:0% +constant K is a constant the only thing + + + align:start position:0% +constant K is a constant the only thing +that has a Time derivative is Theta Dot + + align:start position:0% +that has a Time derivative is Theta Dot + + + align:start position:0% +that has a Time derivative is Theta Dot +and it becomes Theta double dot this is + + align:start position:0% +and it becomes Theta double dot this is + + + align:start position:0% +and it becomes Theta double dot this is +m r 2 Theta do + + align:start position:0% +m r 2 Theta do + + + align:start position:0% +m r 2 Theta do +K and + + align:start position:0% +K and + + + align:start position:0% +K and +that is equal well that's equal to the + + align:start position:0% +that is equal well that's equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +that is equal well that's equal to the +sum of the external + + align:start position:0% +sum of the external + + + align:start position:0% +sum of the external +torqus so what's what physically does + + align:start position:0% +torqus so what's what physically does + + + align:start position:0% +torqus so what's what physically does +that mean what what physically is that + + align:start position:0% +that mean what what physically is that + + + align:start position:0% +that mean what what physically is that +telling us it's telling us Theta double + + align:start position:0% +telling us it's telling us Theta double + + + align:start position:0% +telling us it's telling us Theta double +dot is the angular acceleration if this + + align:start position:0% +dot is the angular acceleration if this + + + align:start position:0% +dot is the angular acceleration if this +thing speeding up going faster and + + align:start position:0% +thing speeding up going faster and + + + align:start position:0% +thing speeding up going faster and +faster it takes torque to make that + + align:start position:0% +faster it takes torque to make that + + + align:start position:0% +faster it takes torque to make that +happen + + align:start position:0% +happen + + + align:start position:0% +happen +if the if it's going at constant rate + + align:start position:0% +if the if it's going at constant rate + + + align:start position:0% +if the if it's going at constant rate +what's Theta double dot zero so at + + align:start position:0% +what's Theta double dot zero so at + + + align:start position:0% +what's Theta double dot zero so at +constant rate the torque required to + + align:start position:0% +constant rate the torque required to + + + align:start position:0% +constant rate the torque required to +make this thing go constant rate is zero + + align:start position:0% +make this thing go constant rate is zero + + + align:start position:0% +make this thing go constant rate is zero +makes sense but if it were speeding up + + align:start position:0% +makes sense but if it were speeding up + + + align:start position:0% +makes sense but if it were speeding up +if you're making it go faster and faster + + align:start position:0% +if you're making it go faster and faster + + + align:start position:0% +if you're making it go faster and faster +and faster it requires torque to drive + + align:start position:0% +and faster it requires torque to drive + + + align:start position:0% +and faster it requires torque to drive +it and that's the amount of torque and + + align:start position:0% +it and that's the amount of torque and + + + align:start position:0% +it and that's the amount of torque and +the torque is in the around the axis of + + align:start position:0% +the torque is in the around the axis of + + + align:start position:0% +the torque is in the around the axis of +spin okay pretty straightforward + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so if I did dpd if I took the time + + align:start position:0% +so if I did dpd if I took the time + + + align:start position:0% +so if I did dpd if I took the time +derivative of just the linear momentum + + align:start position:0% +derivative of just the linear momentum + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of just the linear momentum +for this particle we've done it here + + align:start position:0% +for this particle we've done it here + + + align:start position:0% +for this particle we've done it here +today I took the time derivative it what + + align:start position:0% +today I took the time derivative it what + + + align:start position:0% +today I took the time derivative it what +would I + + align:start position:0% +would I + + + align:start position:0% +would I +get it's a force and what's the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +force say constant rotation rate take + + align:start position:0% +force say constant rotation rate take + + + align:start position:0% +force say constant rotation rate take +the time derivative of P dpdt gives + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +me mass + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +times mv^2 over R it's masstimes + + align:start position:0% +times mv^2 over R it's masstimes + + + align:start position:0% +times mv^2 over R it's masstimes +acceleration the acceleration of which + + align:start position:0% +acceleration the acceleration of which + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration the acceleration of which +kind cpal so you just get the same thing + + align:start position:0% +kind cpal so you just get the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +kind cpal so you just get the same thing +back again so there's a there is a force + + align:start position:0% +back again so there's a there is a force + + + align:start position:0% +back again so there's a there is a force +acting inwards on this thing to make it + + align:start position:0% +acting inwards on this thing to make it + + + align:start position:0% +acting inwards on this thing to make it +go in a circle that is the Mr Theta do s + + align:start position:0% +go in a circle that is the Mr Theta do s + + + align:start position:0% +go in a circle that is the Mr Theta do s +term that we've seen some many + + align:start position:0% +term that we've seen some many + + + align:start position:0% +term that we've seen some many +times okay but + + align:start position:0% +times okay but + + + align:start position:0% +times okay but +now what I want to do is + + align:start position:0% +now what I want to do is + + + align:start position:0% +now what I want to do is +move the point about which I compute + + align:start position:0% +move the point about which I compute + + + align:start position:0% +move the point about which I compute +this angular + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +momentum and now I'm going to put it + + align:start position:0% +momentum and now I'm going to put it + + + align:start position:0% +momentum and now I'm going to put it +here the point of attachment of the arm + + align:start position:0% +here the point of attachment of the arm + + + align:start position:0% +here the point of attachment of the arm +so here's o x + + align:start position:0% +so here's o x + + + align:start position:0% +so here's o x +z everything else stays the same all + + align:start position:0% +z everything else stays the same all + + + align:start position:0% +z everything else stays the same all +I've done is move the point and I want + + align:start position:0% +I've done is move the point and I want + + + align:start position:0% +I've done is move the point and I want +to compute the angular momentum of this + + align:start position:0% +to compute the angular momentum of this + + + align:start position:0% +to compute the angular momentum of this +a with respect to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +O well that's R this is now + + align:start position:0% +O well that's R this is now + + + align:start position:0% +O well that's R this is now +RB R of a with respect to O this + + align:start position:0% +RB R of a with respect to O this + + + align:start position:0% +RB R of a with respect to O this +Vector this distance here in polar + + align:start position:0% +Vector this distance here in polar + + + align:start position:0% +Vector this distance here in polar +cylinder iCal coordinates is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +z and this is R just as before the r + + align:start position:0% +z and this is R just as before the r + + + align:start position:0% +z and this is R just as before the r +hasn't + + align:start position:0% +hasn't + + + align:start position:0% +hasn't +changed and there is an R hat in this + + align:start position:0% +changed and there is an R hat in this + + + align:start position:0% +changed and there is an R hat in this +direction Theta hat into the board and a + + align:start position:0% +direction Theta hat into the board and a + + + align:start position:0% +direction Theta hat into the board and a +k hat in the Z Direction those are our + + align:start position:0% +k hat in the Z Direction those are our + + + align:start position:0% +k hat in the Z Direction those are our +unit + + align:start position:0% +unit + + + align:start position:0% +unit +vectors so this is R AO + + align:start position:0% +vectors so this is R AO + + + align:start position:0% +vectors so this is R AO +is r r R + + align:start position:0% +is r r R + + + align:start position:0% +is r r R +hat plus z k + + align:start position:0% +hat plus z k + + + align:start position:0% +hat plus z k +hat that's + + align:start position:0% +hat that's + + + align:start position:0% +hat that's +the position vector and I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +the position vector and I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +the position vector and I'm going to +cross that with the momentum of a with + + align:start position:0% +cross that with the momentum of a with + + + align:start position:0% +cross that with the momentum of a with +respect to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +O and the momentum is m + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +R Theta dot is the + + align:start position:0% +R Theta dot is the + + + align:start position:0% +R Theta dot is the +velocity and what's it what's its + + align:start position:0% +velocity and what's it what's its + + + align:start position:0% +velocity and what's it what's its +direction Theta hat + + align:start position:0% +direction Theta hat + + + align:start position:0% +direction Theta hat +right mass times velocity momentum and + + align:start position:0% +right mass times velocity momentum and + + + align:start position:0% +right mass times velocity momentum and +now we have + + align:start position:0% +now we have + + + align:start position:0% +now we have +a we need to carry this out the r hat + + align:start position:0% +a we need to carry this out the r hat + + + align:start position:0% +a we need to carry this out the r hat +term times Theta hat gives you a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +k m + + align:start position:0% +k m + + + align:start position:0% +k m +R + + align:start position:0% +R + + + align:start position:0% +R +2 Theta + + align:start position:0% +2 Theta + + + align:start position:0% +2 Theta +dot + + align:start position:0% +dot + + + align:start position:0% +dot +k and the Z this term k cross Theta hat + + align:start position:0% +k and the Z this term k cross Theta hat + + + align:start position:0% +k and the Z this term k cross Theta hat +gives me a minus + + align:start position:0% +gives me a minus + + + align:start position:0% +gives me a minus +r minus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +m + + align:start position:0% +m + + + align:start position:0% +m +r + + align:start position:0% +r + + + align:start position:0% +r +z Theta Dot + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +K all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right okay you're thank you because if I + + align:start position:0% +right okay you're thank you because if I + + + align:start position:0% +right okay you're thank you because if I +would have a disaster if I let that + + align:start position:0% +would have a disaster if I let that + + + align:start position:0% +would have a disaster if I let that +progress this looks like that right K + + align:start position:0% +progress this looks like that right K + + + align:start position:0% +progress this looks like that right K +cross Theta is minus r hat okay R cross + + align:start position:0% +cross Theta is minus r hat okay R cross + + + align:start position:0% +cross Theta is minus r hat okay R cross +Theta is a k k cross Theta is a minus r + + align:start position:0% +Theta is a k k cross Theta is a minus r + + + align:start position:0% +Theta is a k k cross Theta is a minus r +i get two + + align:start position:0% +i get two + + + align:start position:0% +i get two +terms and this is now an expression for + + align:start position:0% +terms and this is now an expression for + + + align:start position:0% +terms and this is now an expression for +the angular momentum of a with respect + + align:start position:0% +the angular momentum of a with respect + + + align:start position:0% +the angular momentum of a with respect +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +O and let's see if I have enough room to + + align:start position:0% +O and let's see if I have enough room to + + + align:start position:0% +O and let's see if I have enough room to +draw here there is a piece of + + align:start position:0% +draw here there is a piece of + + + align:start position:0% +draw here there is a piece of +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +here that's + + align:start position:0% +here that's + + + align:start position:0% +here that's +this this is H in the H in the Z + + align:start position:0% +this this is H in the H in the Z + + + align:start position:0% +this this is H in the H in the Z +direction is this arrow and then there's + + align:start position:0% +direction is this arrow and then there's + + + align:start position:0% +direction is this arrow and then there's +a piece in the r hat + + align:start position:0% +a piece in the r hat + + + align:start position:0% +a piece in the r hat +Direction like + + align:start position:0% +Direction like + + + align:start position:0% +Direction like +this this is H in the our hat + + align:start position:0% +this this is H in the our hat + + + align:start position:0% +this this is H in the our hat +Direction and the sum of those + + align:start position:0% +Direction and the sum of those + + + align:start position:0% +Direction and the sum of those +two is + + align:start position:0% +two is + + + align:start position:0% +two is +that so this is h a with respect to O + + align:start position:0% +that so this is h a with respect to O + + + align:start position:0% +that so this is h a with respect to O +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +guy perpendicular + + align:start position:0% +guy perpendicular + + + align:start position:0% +guy perpendicular +to the shaft it will turn out really is + + align:start position:0% +to the shaft it will turn out really is + + + align:start position:0% +to the shaft it will turn out really is +perpendicular if you work out the + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular if you work out the + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular if you work out the +numbers totally different + + align:start position:0% +numbers totally different + + + align:start position:0% +numbers totally different +result than uh when I did it here + + align:start position:0% +result than uh when I did it here + + + align:start position:0% +result than uh when I did it here +so this one Mr R 2 theta. k Mr R 2 + + align:start position:0% +so this one Mr R 2 theta. k Mr R 2 + + + align:start position:0% +so this one Mr R 2 theta. k Mr R 2 +theta. K hey that turned the same so + + align:start position:0% +theta. K hey that turned the same so + + + align:start position:0% +theta. K hey that turned the same so +when I did this I got just the K term + + align:start position:0% +when I did this I got just the K term + + + align:start position:0% +when I did this I got just the K term +and now I've moved this thing down and I + + align:start position:0% +and now I've moved this thing down and I + + + align:start position:0% +and now I've moved this thing down and I +get a second + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +term so now what we want to know is what + + align:start position:0% +term so now what we want to know is what + + + align:start position:0% +term so now what we want to know is what +about the torqus in the system so the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I want to take the time derivative of + + align:start position:0% +so I want to take the time derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +so I want to take the time derivative of +this guy with respect to the time + + align:start position:0% +this guy with respect to the time + + + align:start position:0% +this guy with respect to the time +derivative of the angular momentum which + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the angular momentum which + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the angular momentum which +is going to be equal to the summation of + + align:start position:0% +is going to be equal to the summation of + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be equal to the summation of +the external torqus with respect to O + + align:start position:0% +the external torqus with respect to O + + + align:start position:0% +the external torqus with respect to O +but o is now in a different + + align:start position:0% +but o is now in a different + + + align:start position:0% +but o is now in a different +place and so I have to carry out these + + align:start position:0% +place and so I have to carry out these + + + align:start position:0% +place and so I have to carry out these +derivatives and this one I did before + + align:start position:0% +derivatives and this one I did before + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives and this one I did before +this one just gives me my m r SAR + + align:start position:0% +this one just gives me my m r SAR + + + align:start position:0% +this one just gives me my m r SAR +Theta double dot k at now this + + align:start position:0% +Theta double dot k at now this + + + align:start position:0% +Theta double dot k at now this +term m is a constant R is a + + align:start position:0% +term m is a constant R is a + + + align:start position:0% +term m is a constant R is a +constant Z is a + + align:start position:0% +constant Z is a + + + align:start position:0% +constant Z is a +constant Theta + + align:start position:0% +constant Theta + + + align:start position:0% +constant Theta +dot + + align:start position:0% +dot + + + align:start position:0% +dot +is not necessarily constant we going to + + align:start position:0% +is not necessarily constant we going to + + + align:start position:0% +is not necessarily constant we going to +let that be variable and our hat is + + align:start position:0% +let that be variable and our hat is + + + align:start position:0% +let that be variable and our hat is +certainly changing direction so when I + + align:start position:0% +certainly changing direction so when I + + + align:start position:0% +certainly changing direction so when I +take the derivative of this I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +take the derivative of this I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +take the derivative of this I'm going to +get two + + align:start position:0% +get two + + + align:start position:0% +get two +terms so the first one is minus m r c + + align:start position:0% +terms so the first one is minus m r c + + + align:start position:0% +terms so the first one is minus m r c +Theta double + + align:start position:0% +Theta double + + + align:start position:0% +Theta double +dot R + + align:start position:0% +dot R + + + align:start position:0% +dot R +hat and that's taking the derivative of + + align:start position:0% +hat and that's taking the derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +hat and that's taking the derivative of +this multiplied by that and the second + + align:start position:0% +this multiplied by that and the second + + + align:start position:0% +this multiplied by that and the second +term is the derivative of this + + align:start position:0% +term is the derivative of this + + + align:start position:0% +term is the derivative of this +multiplied by that and so the derivative + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by that and so the derivative + + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by that and so the derivative +of our + + align:start position:0% +of our + + + align:start position:0% +of our +hat is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Theta dot Theta at right okay so uh + + align:start position:0% +Theta dot Theta at right okay so uh + + + align:start position:0% +Theta dot Theta at right okay so uh +minus m r z Theta + + align:start position:0% +minus m r z Theta + + + align:start position:0% +minus m r z Theta +dot Theta + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dot + + align:start position:0% +dot + + + align:start position:0% +dot +Theta hat so in other words this is + + align:start position:0% +Theta hat so in other words this is + + + align:start position:0% +Theta hat so in other words this is +squared but now I have three terms to + + align:start position:0% +squared but now I have three terms to + + + align:start position:0% +squared but now I have three terms to +mess + + align:start position:0% +mess + + + align:start position:0% +mess +with we know what the first term we know + + align:start position:0% +with we know what the first term we know + + + align:start position:0% +with we know what the first term we know +what the first term means we talked + + align:start position:0% +what the first term means we talked + + + align:start position:0% +what the first term means we talked +about that what's this is the torque + + align:start position:0% +about that what's this is the torque + + + align:start position:0% +about that what's this is the torque +these are all torqus so this is the + + align:start position:0% +these are all torqus so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +these are all torqus so this is the +torque required to do what the lead + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +term to make + + align:start position:0% +term to make + + + align:start position:0% +term to make +it go faster change its angular speed + + align:start position:0% +it go faster change its angular speed + + + align:start position:0% +it go faster change its angular speed +right just building up the angular + + align:start position:0% +right just building up the angular + + + align:start position:0% +right just building up the angular +momentum in that spin okay so this is + + align:start position:0% +momentum in that spin okay so this is + + + align:start position:0% +momentum in that spin okay so this is +the angular spin up + + align:start position:0% +the angular spin up + + + align:start position:0% +the angular spin up +okay these other two terms these are + + align:start position:0% +okay these other two terms these are + + + align:start position:0% +okay these other two terms these are +strange + + align:start position:0% +strange + + + align:start position:0% +strange +things well first let's take a look at + + align:start position:0% +things well first let's take a look at + + + align:start position:0% +things well first let's take a look at +this one R Theta dot + + align:start position:0% +this one R Theta dot + + + align:start position:0% +this one R Theta dot +squared what's that remind you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of what kind of torque is usually some + + align:start position:0% +of what kind of torque is usually some + + + align:start position:0% +of what kind of torque is usually some +force times a moment arm cross with a + + align:start position:0% +force times a moment arm cross with a + + + align:start position:0% +force times a moment arm cross with a +moment arm + + align:start position:0% +moment arm + + + align:start position:0% +moment arm +right so we know that there's some + + align:start position:0% +right so we know that there's some + + + align:start position:0% +right so we know that there's some +forces acting in this system it's + + align:start position:0% +forces acting in this system it's + + + align:start position:0% +forces acting in this system it's +spinning + + align:start position:0% +spinning + + + align:start position:0% +spinning +we know that there is + + align:start position:0% +we know that there is + + + align:start position:0% +we know that there is +a in order to make this thing go round + + align:start position:0% +a in order to make this thing go round + + + align:start position:0% +a in order to make this thing go round +and round there has to be it's it has + + align:start position:0% +and round there has to be it's it has + + + align:start position:0% +and round there has to be it's it has +centripetal acceleration therefore there + + align:start position:0% +centripetal acceleration therefore there + + + align:start position:0% +centripetal acceleration therefore there +must be a force being applied by this + + align:start position:0% +must be a force being applied by this + + + align:start position:0% +must be a force being applied by this +shaft + + align:start position:0% +shaft + + + align:start position:0% +shaft +inward that's equal to the mass times + + align:start position:0% +inward that's equal to the mass times + + + align:start position:0% +inward that's equal to the mass times +the cental acceleration m r Theta dot + + align:start position:0% +the cental acceleration m r Theta dot + + + align:start position:0% +the cental acceleration m r Theta dot +squ + + align:start position:0% +squ + + + align:start position:0% +squ +okay so here here this guy is m r Theta + + align:start position:0% +okay so here here this guy is m r Theta + + + align:start position:0% +okay so here here this guy is m r Theta +do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sared that's the + + align:start position:0% +sared that's the + + + align:start position:0% +sared that's the +force and so let's let's do this let's + + align:start position:0% +force and so let's let's do this let's + + + align:start position:0% +force and so let's let's do this let's +call this + + align:start position:0% +call this + + + align:start position:0% +call this +a let's call this term here + + align:start position:0% +a let's call this term here + + + align:start position:0% +a let's call this term here +B this term + + align:start position:0% +B this term + + + align:start position:0% +B this term +C so the C + + align:start position:0% +C so the C + + + align:start position:0% +C so the C +term is torque C I'll call it is some r + + align:start position:0% +term is torque C I'll call it is some r + + + align:start position:0% +term is torque C I'll call it is some r +cross some + + align:start position:0% +cross some + + + align:start position:0% +cross some +f okay and the F I'm telling you + + align:start position:0% +f okay and the F I'm telling you + + + align:start position:0% +f okay and the F I'm telling you +is the Cent the centripetal acceleration + + align:start position:0% +is the Cent the centripetal acceleration + + + align:start position:0% +is the Cent the centripetal acceleration +times the mass and that'll probably be + + align:start position:0% +times the mass and that'll probably be + + + align:start position:0% +times the mass and that'll probably be +then like an M minus m + + align:start position:0% +then like an M minus m + + + align:start position:0% +then like an M minus m +r² m r Theta do s r hat + + align:start position:0% +r² m r Theta do s r hat + + + align:start position:0% +r² m r Theta do s r hat +right and what about the uh moment AR + + align:start position:0% +right and what about the uh moment AR + + + align:start position:0% +right and what about the uh moment AR +arm that that acts about what moment arm + + align:start position:0% +arm that that acts about what moment arm + + + align:start position:0% +arm that that acts about what moment arm +is perpendicular so that's a force + + align:start position:0% +is perpendicular so that's a force + + + align:start position:0% +is perpendicular so that's a force +that's acting in what moment arm is + + align:start position:0% +that's acting in what moment arm is + + + align:start position:0% +that's acting in what moment arm is +perpendicular to that because only thing + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to that because only thing + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to that because only thing +perpendicular to it lead to + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to it lead to + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to it lead to +torqux h + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +z + + align:start position:0% +z + + + align:start position:0% +z +k cross R should give me a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Theta sure enough there's a minus sure + + align:start position:0% +Theta sure enough there's a minus sure + + + align:start position:0% +Theta sure enough there's a minus sure +enough and there's a + + align:start position:0% +enough and there's a + + + align:start position:0% +enough and there's a +z you multiply this out you get this + + align:start position:0% +z you multiply this out you get this + + + align:start position:0% +z you multiply this out you get this +term so this this is a strange term it's + + align:start position:0% +term so this this is a strange term it's + + + align:start position:0% +term so this this is a strange term it's +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +Theta hat + + align:start position:0% +Theta hat + + + align:start position:0% +Theta hat +Direction what is that so if it's + + align:start position:0% +Direction what is that so if it's + + + align:start position:0% +Direction what is that so if it's +spinning and it's lined up like this + + align:start position:0% +spinning and it's lined up like this + + + align:start position:0% +spinning and it's lined up like this +Theta hats in that direction + + align:start position:0% +Theta hats in that direction + + + align:start position:0% +Theta hats in that direction +positive K positive Theta positive R hat + + align:start position:0% +positive K positive Theta positive R hat + + + align:start position:0% +positive K positive Theta positive R hat +K is in that direction it's telling you + + align:start position:0% +K is in that direction it's telling you + + + align:start position:0% +K is in that direction it's telling you +that there's a torque being applied + + align:start position:0% +that there's a torque being applied + + + align:start position:0% +that there's a torque being applied +about this point in the minus Theta hack + + align:start position:0% +about this point in the minus Theta hack + + + align:start position:0% +about this point in the minus Theta hack +direction does that make sense you have + + align:start position:0% +direction does that make sense you have + + + align:start position:0% +direction does that make sense you have +a it's p there's a centri centripetal + + align:start position:0% +a it's p there's a centri centripetal + + + align:start position:0% +a it's p there's a centri centripetal +acceleration times a mass there's a + + align:start position:0% +acceleration times a mass there's a + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration times a mass there's a +force times a moment arm this force is + + align:start position:0% +force times a moment arm this force is + + + align:start position:0% +force times a moment arm this force is +trying to bend + + align:start position:0% +trying to bend + + + align:start position:0% +trying to bend +this thing out right if you if this + + align:start position:0% +this thing out right if you if this + + + align:start position:0% +this thing out right if you if this +thing had a hinge down here and I + + align:start position:0% +thing had a hinge down here and I + + + align:start position:0% +thing had a hinge down here and I +started to spin it what it would do it + + align:start position:0% +started to spin it what it would do it + + + align:start position:0% +started to spin it what it would do it +would just flop out right there's got to + + align:start position:0% +would just flop out right there's got to + + + align:start position:0% +would just flop out right there's got to +be a torque keeping that from happening + + align:start position:0% +be a torque keeping that from happening + + + align:start position:0% +be a torque keeping that from happening +and that's a torque it wants to go that + + align:start position:0% +and that's a torque it wants to go that + + + align:start position:0% +and that's a torque it wants to go that +way there's got to be a torque going the + + align:start position:0% +way there's got to be a torque going the + + + align:start position:0% +way there's got to be a torque going the +other way keeping it in place and that's + + align:start position:0% +other way keeping it in place and that's + + + align:start position:0% +other way keeping it in place and that's +what that term is okay so now we know so + + align:start position:0% +what that term is okay so now we know so + + + align:start position:0% +what that term is okay so now we know so +this is the oiler this is a spin up this + + align:start position:0% +this is the oiler this is a spin up this + + + align:start position:0% +this is the oiler this is a spin up this +is keeping this thing from flopping + + align:start position:0% +is keeping this thing from flopping + + + align:start position:0% +is keeping this thing from flopping +out what's this this guy so this is yet + + align:start position:0% +out what's this this guy so this is yet + + + align:start position:0% +out what's this this guy so this is yet +another torque and it's in the + + align:start position:0% +another torque and it's in the + + + align:start position:0% +another torque and it's in the +r minus r + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Direction so let's see if we can + + align:start position:0% +Direction so let's see if we can + + + align:start position:0% +Direction so let's see if we can +intuitively figure this one out well + + align:start position:0% +intuitively figure this one out well + + + align:start position:0% +intuitively figure this one out well +let's there's an R Theta double dot that + + align:start position:0% +let's there's an R Theta double dot that + + + align:start position:0% +let's there's an R Theta double dot that +should look familiar R Theta dble + + align:start position:0% +should look familiar R Theta dble + + + align:start position:0% +should look familiar R Theta dble +dot if this thing is accelerating an + + align:start position:0% +dot if this thing is accelerating an + + + align:start position:0% +dot if this thing is accelerating an +angular acceleration speeding + + align:start position:0% +angular acceleration speeding + + + align:start position:0% +angular acceleration speeding +up out here that mass says in order for + + align:start position:0% +up out here that mass says in order for + + + align:start position:0% +up out here that mass says in order for +I'm here right now in order for me to go + + align:start position:0% +I'm here right now in order for me to go + + + align:start position:0% +I'm here right now in order for me to go +a little bit faster I'm accelerating in + + align:start position:0% +a little bit faster I'm accelerating in + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit faster I'm accelerating in +that direction there must be a force + + align:start position:0% +that direction there must be a force + + + align:start position:0% +that direction there must be a force +being applied by this rod in that + + align:start position:0% +being applied by this rod in that + + + align:start position:0% +being applied by this rod in that +direction and that force times a moment + + align:start position:0% +direction and that force times a moment + + + align:start position:0% +direction and that force times a moment +arm perpendicular to it Z is a + + align:start position:0% +arm perpendicular to it Z is a + + + align:start position:0% +arm perpendicular to it Z is a +moment + + align:start position:0% +moment + + + align:start position:0% +moment +in the r Direction so as this thing + + align:start position:0% +in the r Direction so as this thing + + + align:start position:0% +in the r Direction so as this thing +spins up if this thing could it would + + align:start position:0% +spins up if this thing could it would + + + align:start position:0% +spins up if this thing could it would +fall back but this Rod is stiff won't + + align:start position:0% +fall back but this Rod is stiff won't + + + align:start position:0% +fall back but this Rod is stiff won't +let it do that so this is the torque + + align:start position:0% +let it do that so this is the torque + + + align:start position:0% +let it do that so this is the torque +down here that is required to keep this + + align:start position:0% +down here that is required to keep this + + + align:start position:0% +down here that is required to keep this +thing + + align:start position:0% +thing + + + align:start position:0% +thing +moving okay so this is really quite + + align:start position:0% +moving okay so this is really quite + + + align:start position:0% +moving okay so this is really quite +quite amazing the U do either of these + + align:start position:0% +quite amazing the U do either of these + + + align:start position:0% +quite amazing the U do either of these +torqus these second + + align:start position:0% +torqus these second + + + align:start position:0% +torqus these second +ones this one and this one do they + + align:start position:0% +ones this one and this one do they + + + align:start position:0% +ones this one and this one do they +contribute to do they do any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +work they add energy to the + + align:start position:0% +work they add energy to the + + + align:start position:0% +work they add energy to the +system see work means Force through a + + align:start position:0% +system see work means Force through a + + + align:start position:0% +system see work means Force through a +distance they don't they don't do + + align:start position:0% +distance they don't they don't do + + + align:start position:0% +distance they don't they don't do +actually any work they are static torqus + + align:start position:0% +actually any work they are static torqus + + + align:start position:0% +actually any work they are static torqus +just required to hold the system + + align:start position:0% +just required to hold the system + + + align:start position:0% +just required to hold the system +together this one does some work it + + align:start position:0% +together this one does some work it + + + align:start position:0% +together this one does some work it +actually makes it this one leads to + + align:start position:0% +actually makes it this one leads to + + + align:start position:0% +actually makes it this one leads to +energy accumulating it's going faster + + align:start position:0% +energy accumulating it's going faster + + + align:start position:0% +energy accumulating it's going faster +and faster and faster these are just + + align:start position:0% +and faster and faster these are just + + + align:start position:0% +and faster and faster these are just +holding a thing together but the amazing + + align:start position:0% +holding a thing together but the amazing + + + align:start position:0% +holding a thing together but the amazing +thing is that you can you when you can + + align:start position:0% +thing is that you can you when you can + + + align:start position:0% +thing is that you can you when you can +use angular momentum to calculate things + + align:start position:0% +use angular momentum to calculate things + + + align:start position:0% +use angular momentum to calculate things +like these torqu so if you were + + align:start position:0% +like these torqu so if you were + + + align:start position:0% +like these torqu so if you were +designing this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this these forces acting on this lump + + align:start position:0% +this these forces acting on this lump + + + align:start position:0% +this these forces acting on this lump +out here are producing torqus about this + + align:start position:0% +out here are producing torqus about this + + + align:start position:0% +out here are producing torqus about this +point which are the same thing as in + + align:start position:0% +point which are the same thing as in + + + align:start position:0% +point which are the same thing as in +two1 you'll be doing bending moments it + + align:start position:0% +two1 you'll be doing bending moments it + + + align:start position:0% +two1 you'll be doing bending moments it +creates a bending moment in this shaft + + align:start position:0% +creates a bending moment in this shaft + + + align:start position:0% +creates a bending moment in this shaft +and if you don't make the shaft strong + + align:start position:0% +and if you don't make the shaft strong + + + align:start position:0% +and if you don't make the shaft strong +enough it'll break it off so the torque + + align:start position:0% +enough it'll break it off so the torque + + + align:start position:0% +enough it'll break it off so the torque +about this point is is the bending + + align:start position:0% +about this point is is the bending + + + align:start position:0% +about this point is is the bending +moment in the r Direction and in the + + align:start position:0% +moment in the r Direction and in the + + + align:start position:0% +moment in the r Direction and in the +Theta Direction This is trying to be + + align:start position:0% +Theta Direction This is trying to be + + + align:start position:0% +Theta Direction This is trying to be +bent in two different ways and you could + + align:start position:0% +bent in two different ways and you could + + + align:start position:0% +bent in two different ways and you could +calculate the stresses down here caused + + align:start position:0% +calculate the stresses down here caused + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the stresses down here caused +by those moments and that would help you + + align:start position:0% +by those moments and that would help you + + + align:start position:0% +by those moments and that would help you +design the thing so you not only get + + align:start position:0% +design the thing so you not only get + + + align:start position:0% +design the thing so you not only get +Dynamics information out of taking + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics information out of taking + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics information out of taking +things like the time rate of change of + + align:start position:0% +things like the time rate of change of + + + align:start position:0% +things like the time rate of change of +angular momentum you get some of the + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum you get some of the + + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum you get some of the +static information as + + align:start position:0% +static information as + + + align:start position:0% +static information as +well the other thing to remember the + + align:start position:0% +well the other thing to remember the + + + align:start position:0% +well the other thing to remember the +really important point of the lecture is + + align:start position:0% +really important point of the lecture is + + + align:start position:0% +really important point of the lecture is +that that angular + + align:start position:0% +that that angular + + + align:start position:0% +that that angular +momentum changes depending on where you + + align:start position:0% +momentum changes depending on where you + + + align:start position:0% +momentum changes depending on where you +pick as a reference + + align:start position:0% +pick as a reference + + + align:start position:0% +pick as a reference +point so when we pick the reference + + align:start position:0% +point so when we pick the reference + + + align:start position:0% +point so when we pick the reference +point just opposite it we got none of + + align:start position:0% +point just opposite it we got none of + + + align:start position:0% +point just opposite it we got none of +the information about the torqus down + + align:start position:0% +the information about the torqus down + + + align:start position:0% +the information about the torqus down +here because with respect to this point + + align:start position:0% +here because with respect to this point + + + align:start position:0% +here because with respect to this point +there are no torqus except the one to + + align:start position:0% +there are no torqus except the one to + + + align:start position:0% +there are no torqus except the one to +speed it up the centripetal force here + + align:start position:0% +speed it up the centripetal force here + + + align:start position:0% +speed it up the centripetal force here +doesn't cause torqus the force out here + + align:start position:0% +doesn't cause torqus the force out here + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't cause torqus the force out here +that there are no other torqu just the + + align:start position:0% +that there are no other torqu just the + + + align:start position:0% +that there are no other torqu just the +one to make it spin faster but as soon + + align:start position:0% +one to make it spin faster but as soon + + + align:start position:0% +one to make it spin faster but as soon +as I move it down here I learn something + + align:start position:0% +as I move it down here I learn something + + + align:start position:0% +as I move it down here I learn something +of considerable + + align:start position:0% +of considerable + + + align:start position:0% +of considerable +value okay so the homework problem has + + align:start position:0% +value okay so the homework problem has + + + align:start position:0% +value okay so the homework problem has +much some of the same things on it + + align:start position:0% +much some of the same things on it + + + align:start position:0% +much some of the same things on it +except the monkeyy moving so you get + + align:start position:0% +except the monkeyy moving so you get + + + align:start position:0% +except the monkeyy moving so you get +even some a little bit more interesting + + align:start position:0% +even some a little bit more interesting + + + align:start position:0% +even some a little bit more interesting +information out of + + align:start position:0% +information out of + + + align:start position:0% +information out of +it all right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so that went faster than I thought so + + align:start position:0% +so that went faster than I thought so + + + align:start position:0% +so that went faster than I thought so +that gives some time for some questions + + align:start position:0% +that gives some time for some questions + + + align:start position:0% +that gives some time for some questions +I got C several so we'll start there and + + align:start position:0% +I got C several so we'll start there and + + + align:start position:0% +I got C several so we'll start there and +then go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here so say + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +again you this term you're asking about + + align:start position:0% +again you this term you're asking about + + + align:start position:0% +again you this term you're asking about +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +term okay you want me to EXP explain + + align:start position:0% +term okay you want me to EXP explain + + + align:start position:0% +term okay you want me to EXP explain +again what this one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +means this is a term associated with + + align:start position:0% +means this is a term associated with + + + align:start position:0% +means this is a term associated with +increasing the angular speed right so + + align:start position:0% +increasing the angular speed right so + + + align:start position:0% +increasing the angular speed right so +let's see if we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +can't so this B term I'll call it the + + align:start position:0% +can't so this B term I'll call it the + + + align:start position:0% +can't so this B term I'll call it the +torque associated with B + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +minus m r z Theta dot R hat now that is + + align:start position:0% +minus m r z Theta dot R hat now that is + + + align:start position:0% +minus m r z Theta dot R hat now that is +going to be + + align:start position:0% +going to be + + + align:start position:0% +going to be +sum R cross sum + + align:start position:0% +sum R cross sum + + + align:start position:0% +sum R cross sum +F and if we can get some physical + + align:start position:0% +F and if we can get some physical + + + align:start position:0% +F and if we can get some physical +Insight if we can figure out what they + + align:start position:0% +Insight if we can figure out what they + + + align:start position:0% +Insight if we can figure out what they +what they are so the mass the force + + align:start position:0% +what they are so the mass the force + + + align:start position:0% +what they are so the mass the force +is the mass times an acceleration + + align:start position:0% +is the mass times an acceleration + + + align:start position:0% +is the mass times an acceleration +there's an acceleration R Theta dot + + align:start position:0% +there's an acceleration R Theta dot + + + align:start position:0% +there's an acceleration R Theta dot +which is the speed of this thing is is + + align:start position:0% +which is the speed of this thing is is + + + align:start position:0% +which is the speed of this thing is is +increasing speed okay so and the r is + + align:start position:0% +increasing speed okay so and the r is + + + align:start position:0% +increasing speed okay so and the r is +going to be + + align:start position:0% +going to be + + + align:start position:0% +going to be +Z ZK Hat Cross and I'm guessing that + + align:start position:0% +Z ZK Hat Cross and I'm guessing that + + + align:start position:0% +Z ZK Hat Cross and I'm guessing that +it's a force that looks like + + align:start position:0% +it's a force that looks like + + + align:start position:0% +it's a force that looks like +m r Theta double dot and this is in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +Theta hat Direction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +K cross Theta hat gives me minus r hat R + + align:start position:0% +K cross Theta hat gives me minus r hat R + + + align:start position:0% +K cross Theta hat gives me minus r hat R +hat and the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +minus so this looks like a plausible + + align:start position:0% +minus so this looks like a plausible + + + align:start position:0% +minus so this looks like a plausible +explanation for where this might have + + align:start position:0% +explanation for where this might have + + + align:start position:0% +explanation for where this might have +come from so this is the + + align:start position:0% +come from so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +come from so this is the +force speeding + + align:start position:0% +force speeding + + + align:start position:0% +force speeding +up attempting to speed up this Mass + + align:start position:0% +up attempting to speed up this Mass + + + align:start position:0% +up attempting to speed up this Mass +there's a force pushing on it that's + + align:start position:0% +there's a force pushing on it that's + + + align:start position:0% +there's a force pushing on it that's +given to it by this Rod this Rod is + + align:start position:0% +given to it by this Rod this Rod is + + + align:start position:0% +given to it by this Rod this Rod is +pushing on it to make it go faster + + align:start position:0% +pushing on it to make it go faster + + + align:start position:0% +pushing on it to make it go faster +mass time acceleration would be Mr Theta + + align:start position:0% +mass time acceleration would be Mr Theta + + + align:start position:0% +mass time acceleration would be Mr Theta +Dot and the moment arm is this distance + + align:start position:0% +Dot and the moment arm is this distance + + + align:start position:0% +Dot and the moment arm is this distance +from here down to the point at which + + align:start position:0% +from here down to the point at which + + + align:start position:0% +from here down to the point at which +I've been Computing my reference point + + align:start position:0% +I've been Computing my reference point + + + align:start position:0% +I've been Computing my reference point +from here to here that's Z so Force time + + align:start position:0% +from here to here that's Z so Force time + + + align:start position:0% +from here to here that's Z so Force time +z r cross F puts it in the ends up in + + align:start position:0% +z r cross F puts it in the ends up in + + + align:start position:0% +z r cross F puts it in the ends up in +the minus r Direction it's got to be + + align:start position:0% +the minus r Direction it's got to be + + + align:start position:0% +the minus r Direction it's got to be +this direction K cross Theta + + align:start position:0% +this direction K cross Theta + + + align:start position:0% +this direction K cross Theta +hat the force is this way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +think about this force is that way the r + + align:start position:0% +think about this force is that way the r + + + align:start position:0% +think about this force is that way the r +is this + + align:start position:0% +is this + + + align:start position:0% +is this +way the r cross f is this + + align:start position:0% +way the r cross f is this + + + align:start position:0% +way the r cross f is this +way and that's where you get the minus + + align:start position:0% +way and that's where you get the minus + + + align:start position:0% +way and that's where you get the minus +sign it's in the minus r hat Direction + + align:start position:0% +sign it's in the minus r hat Direction + + + align:start position:0% +sign it's in the minus r hat Direction +but it comes from the from trying to + + align:start position:0% +but it comes from the from trying to + + + align:start position:0% +but it comes from the from trying to +speed up this mass and if you if this + + align:start position:0% +speed up this mass and if you if this + + + align:start position:0% +speed up this mass and if you if this +was a + + align:start position:0% +was a + + + align:start position:0% +was a +floppy weak link as it tries to speed up + + align:start position:0% +floppy weak link as it tries to speed up + + + align:start position:0% +floppy weak link as it tries to speed up +it would try to bend back it would flop + + align:start position:0% +it would try to bend back it would flop + + + align:start position:0% +it would try to bend back it would flop +back as this thing tries to make it go + + align:start position:0% +back as this thing tries to make it go + + + align:start position:0% +back as this thing tries to make it go +faster it will say no I don't want to go + + align:start position:0% +faster it will say no I don't want to go + + + align:start position:0% +faster it will say no I don't want to go +lay back on me that would be be going in + + align:start position:0% +lay back on me that would be be going in + + + align:start position:0% +lay back on me that would be be going in +the this way to keep from doing that you + + align:start position:0% +the this way to keep from doing that you + + + align:start position:0% +the this way to keep from doing that you +have to put a torque on it this + + align:start position:0% +have to put a torque on it this + + + align:start position:0% +have to put a torque on it this +way so it's trying to speed up it's + + align:start position:0% +way so it's trying to speed up it's + + + align:start position:0% +way so it's trying to speed up it's +trying to lay back and you're saying + + align:start position:0% +trying to lay back and you're saying + + + align:start position:0% +trying to lay back and you're saying +nope can't do that go like this okay so + + align:start position:0% +nope can't do that go like this okay so + + + align:start position:0% +nope can't do that go like this okay so +that's the B + + align:start position:0% +that's the B + + + align:start position:0% +that's the B +term um a problem with like a situation + + align:start position:0% +term um a problem with like a situation + + + align:start position:0% +term um a problem with like a situation +like that and how do you know how to + + align:start position:0% +like that and how do you know how to + + + align:start position:0% +like that and how do you know how to +where to set it how do you know where to + + align:start position:0% +where to set it how do you know where to + + + align:start position:0% +where to set it how do you know where to +set it well so that's a good question + + align:start position:0% +set it well so that's a good question + + + align:start position:0% +set it well so that's a good question +he's saying how do you when you're doing + + align:start position:0% +he's saying how do you when you're doing + + + align:start position:0% +he's saying how do you when you're doing +a problem like this how do you know + + align:start position:0% +a problem like this how do you know + + + align:start position:0% +a problem like this how do you know +where to pick the reference frame well + + align:start position:0% +where to pick the reference frame well + + + align:start position:0% +where to pick the reference frame well +ask yourself what it is you want to know + + align:start position:0% +ask yourself what it is you want to know + + + align:start position:0% +ask yourself what it is you want to know +and in fact if now that you know that + + align:start position:0% +and in fact if now that you know that + + + align:start position:0% +and in fact if now that you know that +from angular momentum of of mechanical + + align:start position:0% +from angular momentum of of mechanical + + + align:start position:0% +from angular momentum of of mechanical +things you can actually get static + + align:start position:0% +things you can actually get static + + + align:start position:0% +things you can actually get static +torqus and the system ask yourself where + + align:start position:0% +torqus and the system ask yourself where + + + align:start position:0% +torqus and the system ask yourself where +you want to know those torqus in this + + align:start position:0% +you want to know those torqus in this + + + align:start position:0% +you want to know those torqus in this +case if you're designing this you want + + align:start position:0% +case if you're designing this you want + + + align:start position:0% +case if you're designing this you want +to know whether you're going to break + + align:start position:0% +to know whether you're going to break + + + align:start position:0% +to know whether you're going to break +this thing off and it's probably going + + align:start position:0% +this thing off and it's probably going + + + align:start position:0% +this thing off and it's probably going +to break right down at the bottom where + + align:start position:0% +to break right down at the bottom where + + + align:start position:0% +to break right down at the bottom where +the moment arms are the greatest so + + align:start position:0% +the moment arms are the greatest so + + + align:start position:0% +the moment arms are the greatest so +that's why you pick that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +point so like you know it comes a lot + + align:start position:0% +point so like you know it comes a lot + + + align:start position:0% +point so like you know it comes a lot +with uh + + align:start position:0% +with uh + + + align:start position:0% +with uh +experience will help you choose but the + + align:start position:0% +experience will help you choose but the + + + align:start position:0% +experience will help you choose but the +amazing thing is this information's all + + align:start position:0% +amazing thing is this information's all + + + align:start position:0% +amazing thing is this information's all +all stored in the angular momentum if + + align:start position:0% +all stored in the angular momentum if + + + align:start position:0% +all stored in the angular momentum if +you pick it in the right place another + + align:start position:0% +you pick it in the right place another + + + align:start position:0% +you pick it in the right place another +hand + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay I yes + + align:start position:0% +okay I yes + + + align:start position:0% +okay I yes +pH I had a question about the direction + + align:start position:0% +pH I had a question about the direction + + + align:start position:0% +pH I had a question about the direction +for our hat yep I thought it had to come + + align:start position:0% +for our hat yep I thought it had to come + + + align:start position:0% +for our hat yep I thought it had to come +out of the origin you have it going + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dire so I've been using polar he's + + align:start position:0% +dire so I've been using polar he's + + + align:start position:0% +dire so I've been using polar he's +asking the direction of our hat so I + + align:start position:0% +asking the direction of our hat so I + + + align:start position:0% +asking the direction of our hat so I +just been using polar coordinates and + + align:start position:0% +just been using polar coordinates and + + + align:start position:0% +just been using polar coordinates and +polar + + align:start position:0% +polar + + + align:start position:0% +polar +coordinates uh is cylindrical + + align:start position:0% +coordinates uh is cylindrical + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates uh is cylindrical +technically this + + align:start position:0% +technically this + + + align:start position:0% +technically this +problem has a z Direction + + align:start position:0% +problem has a z Direction + + + align:start position:0% +problem has a z Direction +upwards R Direction radially outwards + + align:start position:0% +upwards R Direction radially outwards + + + align:start position:0% +upwards R Direction radially outwards +our hat and Theta as drawn here it would + + align:start position:0% +our hat and Theta as drawn here it would + + + align:start position:0% +our hat and Theta as drawn here it would +be into the board given the position of + + align:start position:0% +be into the board given the position of + + + align:start position:0% +be into the board given the position of +the mass looking down on + + align:start position:0% +the mass looking down on + + + align:start position:0% +the mass looking down on +it here's my o and looking down this + + align:start position:0% +it here's my o and looking down this + + + align:start position:0% +it here's my o and looking down this +would be my X and my Y and this is some + + align:start position:0% +would be my X and my Y and this is some + + + align:start position:0% +would be my X and my Y and this is some +random arbitrary a position here and + + align:start position:0% +random arbitrary a position here and + + + align:start position:0% +random arbitrary a position here and +this is + + align:start position:0% +this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is +Theta looking down on it in this plane + + align:start position:0% +Theta looking down on it in this plane + + + align:start position:0% +Theta looking down on it in this plane +is R + + align:start position:0% +is R + + + align:start position:0% +is R +hat Theta + + align:start position:0% +hat Theta + + + align:start position:0% +hat Theta +hat K hat coming out of the board side + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +view + + align:start position:0% +view + + + align:start position:0% +view +x + + align:start position:0% +x + + + align:start position:0% +x +z and my system is like this now the + + align:start position:0% +z and my system is like this now the + + + align:start position:0% +z and my system is like this now the +Theta is into the + + align:start position:0% +Theta is into the + + + align:start position:0% +Theta is into the +board and the + + align:start position:0% +board and the + + + align:start position:0% +board and the +r direction is this way that's R hat and + + align:start position:0% +r direction is this way that's R hat and + + + align:start position:0% +r direction is this way that's R hat and +this is z this is the Z coordinate + + align:start position:0% +this is z this is the Z coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +this is z this is the Z coordinate +upwards so the position Vector the thing + + align:start position:0% +upwards so the position Vector the thing + + + align:start position:0% +upwards so the position Vector the thing +we call + + align:start position:0% +we call + + + align:start position:0% +we call +R A with respect to O is + + align:start position:0% +R A with respect to O is + + + align:start position:0% +R A with respect to O is +indeed the length of this whole thing + + align:start position:0% +indeed the length of this whole thing + + + align:start position:0% +indeed the length of this whole thing +but it is made up of + + align:start position:0% +but it is made up of + + + align:start position:0% +but it is made up of +a component + + align:start position:0% +a component + + + align:start position:0% +a component +in the Z + + align:start position:0% +in the Z + + + align:start position:0% +in the Z +Direction plus a + + align:start position:0% +Direction plus a + + + align:start position:0% +Direction plus a +component here that we call + + align:start position:0% +component here that we call + + + align:start position:0% +component here that we call +R in the r hat + + align:start position:0% +R in the r hat + + + align:start position:0% +R in the r hat +Direction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay thata compon but as the thing spins + + align:start position:0% +okay thata compon but as the thing spins + + + align:start position:0% +okay thata compon but as the thing spins +which are you referring to you talking H + + align:start position:0% +which are you referring to you talking H + + + align:start position:0% +which are you referring to you talking H +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +down I mean which example this guy or + + align:start position:0% +down I mean which example this guy or + + + align:start position:0% +down I mean which example this guy or +okay so to point tell me what you mean + + align:start position:0% +okay so to point tell me what you mean + + + align:start position:0% +okay so to point tell me what you mean +here right here yeah when when we + + align:start position:0% +here right here yeah when when we + + + align:start position:0% +here right here yeah when when we +computed it not here but down here yeah + + align:start position:0% +computed it not here but down here yeah + + + align:start position:0% +computed it not here but down here yeah +um we got that there was NOA component + + align:start position:0% +um we got that there was NOA component + + + align:start position:0% +um we got that there was NOA component +but + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +as and OPP a component a Theta component + + align:start position:0% +as and OPP a component a Theta component + + + align:start position:0% +as and OPP a component a Theta component +of what angular M momentum she's asking + + align:start position:0% +of what angular M momentum she's asking + + + align:start position:0% +of what angular M momentum she's asking +shouldn't there be a Theta component of + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't there be a Theta component of + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't there be a Theta component of +angular moment + + align:start position:0% +angular moment + + + align:start position:0% +angular moment +momentum uh so we compute our angular + + align:start position:0% +momentum uh so we compute our angular + + + align:start position:0% +momentum uh so we compute our angular +momentum with this formula at the top + + align:start position:0% +momentum with this formula at the top + + + align:start position:0% +momentum with this formula at the top +it's an R cross P so the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +r consists of a Z part and the r part is + + align:start position:0% +r consists of a Z part and the r part is + + + align:start position:0% +r consists of a Z part and the r part is +exactly this right here and the p is + + align:start position:0% +exactly this right here and the p is + + + align:start position:0% +exactly this right here and the p is +only into the board it's only in the + + align:start position:0% +only into the board it's only in the + + + align:start position:0% +only into the board it's only in the +Theta hat Direction + + align:start position:0% +Theta hat Direction + + + align:start position:0% +Theta hat Direction +so you have a term that's R Hat Cross + + align:start position:0% +so you have a term that's R Hat Cross + + + align:start position:0% +so you have a term that's R Hat Cross +Theta hat gives you a k and you have a + + align:start position:0% +Theta hat gives you a k and you have a + + + align:start position:0% +Theta hat gives you a k and you have a +term k + + align:start position:0% +term k + + + align:start position:0% +term k +cross K cross Theta hat which gives you + + align:start position:0% +cross K cross Theta hat which gives you + + + align:start position:0% +cross K cross Theta hat which gives you +an R there just are no cross products + + align:start position:0% +an R there just are no cross products + + + align:start position:0% +an R there just are no cross products +that come out of this that are in the + + align:start position:0% +that come out of this that are in the + + + align:start position:0% +that come out of this that are in the +Theta hat + + align:start position:0% +Theta hat + + + align:start position:0% +Theta hat +Direction yeah so yeah so if it's just + + align:start position:0% +Direction yeah so yeah so if it's just + + + align:start position:0% +Direction yeah so yeah so if it's just +at this one position then you don't have + + align:start position:0% +at this one position then you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +at this one position then you don't have +it but as Ah that's the in this case + + align:start position:0% +it but as Ah that's the in this case + + + align:start position:0% +it but as Ah that's the in this case +that's why polar coordinates are nice + + align:start position:0% +that's why polar coordinates are nice + + + align:start position:0% +that's why polar coordinates are nice +because as it + + align:start position:0% +because as it + + + align:start position:0% +because as it +spins the Theta hatch is constantly + + align:start position:0% +spins the Theta hatch is constantly + + + align:start position:0% +spins the Theta hatch is constantly +going with it the r hats constantly + + align:start position:0% +going with it the r hats constantly + + + align:start position:0% +going with it the r hats constantly +going with it right and so the beauty of + + align:start position:0% +going with it right and so the beauty of + + + align:start position:0% +going with it right and so the beauty of +this thing is it's this is actually is + + align:start position:0% +this thing is it's this is actually is + + + align:start position:0% +this thing is it's this is actually is +an actually kind of symmetric problem it + + align:start position:0% +an actually kind of symmetric problem it + + + align:start position:0% +an actually kind of symmetric problem it +goes round and round and the uh the + + align:start position:0% +goes round and round and the uh the + + + align:start position:0% +goes round and round and the uh the +torqu are with are are given out in this + + align:start position:0% +torqu are with are are given out in this + + + align:start position:0% +torqu are with are are given out in this +rotating + + align:start position:0% +rotating + + + align:start position:0% +rotating +frame if you wanted I think maybe it's + + align:start position:0% +frame if you wanted I think maybe it's + + + align:start position:0% +frame if you wanted I think maybe it's +confusing you is if you wanted to know + + align:start position:0% +confusing you is if you wanted to know + + + align:start position:0% +confusing you is if you wanted to know +the torqus in a fixed inertial frame + + align:start position:0% +the torqus in a fixed inertial frame + + + align:start position:0% +the torqus in a fixed inertial frame +you'd have to break them down into X igk + + align:start position:0% +you'd have to break them down into X igk + + + align:start position:0% +you'd have to break them down into X igk +compound comp which you could do a + + align:start position:0% +compound comp which you could do a + + + align:start position:0% +compound comp which you could do a +little tedious but with the answers in + + align:start position:0% +little tedious but with the answers in + + + align:start position:0% +little tedious but with the answers in +this one came out in R hat Theta hat K + + align:start position:0% +this one came out in R hat Theta hat K + + + align:start position:0% +this one came out in R hat Theta hat K +hat + + align:start position:0% +hat + + + align:start position:0% +hat +terms + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay happy to + + align:start position:0% +okay happy to + + + align:start position:0% +okay happy to +answer this is good stuff but + + align:start position:0% +answer this is good stuff but + + + align:start position:0% +answer this is good stuff but +thick so keep other questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what do you think will happen in that + + align:start position:0% +so what do you think will happen in that + + + align:start position:0% +so what do you think will happen in that +final homework problem with the monkey + + align:start position:0% +final homework problem with the monkey + + + align:start position:0% +final homework problem with the monkey +running with now he has some velocity + + align:start position:0% +running with now he has some velocity + + + align:start position:0% +running with now he has some velocity +how will that problem differ from what + + align:start position:0% +how will that problem differ from what + + + align:start position:0% +how will that problem differ from what +we've done you have a question want to + + align:start position:0% +we've done you have a question want to + + + align:start position:0% +we've done you have a question want to +answer that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah ccle it's going to what like a + + align:start position:0% +yeah ccle it's going to what like a + + + align:start position:0% +yeah ccle it's going to what like a +circle it's going to look like a circle + + align:start position:0% +circle it's going to look like a circle + + + align:start position:0% +circle it's going to look like a circle +okay he'll be going in a circle at + + align:start position:0% +okay he'll be going in a circle at + + + align:start position:0% +okay he'll be going in a circle at +any spiral Spiral he'll be going yeah + + align:start position:0% +any spiral Spiral he'll be going yeah + + + align:start position:0% +any spiral Spiral he'll be going yeah +like a helix huh all right yeah the + + align:start position:0% +like a helix huh all right yeah the + + + align:start position:0% +like a helix huh all right yeah the +monkey will be going in a helix + + align:start position:0% +monkey will be going in a helix + + + align:start position:0% +monkey will be going in a helix +yeah what forces will act on that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +monkey in what direction do you think + + align:start position:0% +monkey in what direction do you think + + + align:start position:0% +monkey in what direction do you think +there will be forces acting on that he's + + align:start position:0% +there will be forces acting on that he's + + + align:start position:0% +there will be forces acting on that he's +hanging he's hanging on for dear life + + align:start position:0% +hanging he's hanging on for dear life + + + align:start position:0% +hanging he's hanging on for dear life +you know this thing going around they + + align:start position:0% +you know this thing going around they + + + align:start position:0% +you know this thing going around they +can throw him off right so what forces + + align:start position:0% +can throw him off right so what forces + + + align:start position:0% +can throw him off right so what forces +act and there if you can figure out what + + align:start position:0% +act and there if you can figure out what + + + align:start position:0% +act and there if you can figure out what +forces act so you draw a free body + + align:start position:0% +forces act so you draw a free body + + + align:start position:0% +forces act so you draw a free body +diagram of the monkey there's going to + + align:start position:0% +diagram of the monkey there's going to + + + align:start position:0% +diagram of the monkey there's going to +be possibly forces in the Theta hat + + align:start position:0% +be possibly forces in the Theta hat + + + align:start position:0% +be possibly forces in the Theta hat +Direction in the Z Direction in the r + + align:start position:0% +Direction in the Z Direction in the r + + + align:start position:0% +Direction in the Z Direction in the r +Direction okay but to think physically + + align:start position:0% +Direction okay but to think physically + + + align:start position:0% +Direction okay but to think physically +where they come from so we now know that + + align:start position:0% +where they come from so we now know that + + + align:start position:0% +where they come from so we now know that +certainly he's hanging on because there + + align:start position:0% +certainly he's hanging on because there + + + align:start position:0% +certainly he's hanging on because there +he is he is undergoing centripedal + + align:start position:0% +he is he is undergoing centripedal + + + align:start position:0% +he is he is undergoing centripedal +acceleration and in order to force him + + align:start position:0% +acceleration and in order to force him + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration and in order to force him +to go in that Circle there has to be an + + align:start position:0% +to go in that Circle there has to be an + + + align:start position:0% +to go in that Circle there has to be an +inward Force applied by this shaft to + + align:start position:0% +inward Force applied by this shaft to + + + align:start position:0% +inward Force applied by this shaft to +him so there's a force like that because + + align:start position:0% +him so there's a force like that because + + + align:start position:0% +him so there's a force like that because +of the centripetal + + align:start position:0% +of the centripetal + + + align:start position:0% +of the centripetal +acceleration there if it's speeding up + + align:start position:0% +acceleration there if it's speeding up + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration there if it's speeding up +there's a force pushing him to make it + + align:start position:0% +there's a force pushing him to make it + + + align:start position:0% +there's a force pushing him to make it +go faster but he's running up the shaft + + align:start position:0% +go faster but he's running up the shaft + + + align:start position:0% +go faster but he's running up the shaft +what else is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there is there are there any other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +accelerations yeah there angular + + align:start position:0% +accelerations yeah there angular + + + align:start position:0% +accelerations yeah there angular +acceleration that's the thing trying to + + align:start position:0% +acceleration that's the thing trying to + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration that's the thing trying to +speed up and so he's hanging on because + + align:start position:0% +speed up and so he's hanging on because + + + align:start position:0% +speed up and so he's hanging on because +this thing is kept accelerating like it + + align:start position:0% +this thing is kept accelerating like it + + + align:start position:0% +this thing is kept accelerating like it +would pushing your back in the car seat + + align:start position:0% +would pushing your back in the car seat + + + align:start position:0% +would pushing your back in the car seat +right linear acceleration well this is + + align:start position:0% +right linear acceleration well this is + + + align:start position:0% +right linear acceleration well this is +trying to at any instant in time it's + + align:start position:0% +trying to at any instant in time it's + + + align:start position:0% +trying to at any instant in time it's +trying to go faster so he's having a + + align:start position:0% +trying to go faster so he's having a + + + align:start position:0% +trying to go faster so he's having a +hang on because of that so that's one of + + align:start position:0% +hang on because of that so that's one of + + + align:start position:0% +hang on because of that so that's one of +those terms okay but now he's moving + + align:start position:0% +those terms okay but now he's moving + + + align:start position:0% +those terms okay but now he's moving +he's he's also running up the shaft will + + align:start position:0% +he's he's also running up the shaft will + + + align:start position:0% +he's he's also running up the shaft will +that lead to any other acceleration and + + align:start position:0% +that lead to any other acceleration and + + + align:start position:0% +that lead to any other acceleration and +force equals mass times acceleration so + + align:start position:0% +force equals mass times acceleration so + + + align:start position:0% +force equals mass times acceleration so +every time you can if you can account + + align:start position:0% +every time you can if you can account + + + align:start position:0% +every time you can if you can account +for all the accelerations in the system + + align:start position:0% +for all the accelerations in the system + + + align:start position:0% +for all the accelerations in the system +multiply it by m you've accounted for + + align:start position:0% +multiply it by m you've accounted for + + + align:start position:0% +multiply it by m you've accounted for +all of the + + align:start position:0% +all of the + + + align:start position:0% +all of the +the the forces sum of the forces are the + + align:start position:0% +the the forces sum of the forces are the + + + align:start position:0% +the the forces sum of the forces are the +mass times acceleration and if you add a + + align:start position:0% +mass times acceleration and if you add a + + + align:start position:0% +mass times acceleration and if you add a +new acceleration you better add a new + + align:start position:0% +new acceleration you better add a new + + + align:start position:0% +new acceleration you better add a new +Force if you add a new Force you + + align:start position:0% +Force if you add a new Force you + + + align:start position:0% +Force if you add a new Force you +probably added a new torque so we have + + align:start position:0% +probably added a new torque so we have + + + align:start position:0% +probably added a new torque so we have +to account for Gravity well gravity + + align:start position:0% +to account for Gravity well gravity + + + align:start position:0% +to account for Gravity well gravity +yeah what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +else ah so he's suggesting there might + + align:start position:0% +else ah so he's suggesting there might + + + align:start position:0% +else ah so he's suggesting there might +be a cholis + + align:start position:0% +be a cholis + + + align:start position:0% +be a cholis +acceleration and the corol acceleration + + align:start position:0% +acceleration and the corol acceleration + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration and the corol acceleration +in order to make the monkey accelerate + + align:start position:0% +in order to make the monkey accelerate + + + align:start position:0% +in order to make the monkey accelerate +according to that term there will have + + align:start position:0% +according to that term there will have + + + align:start position:0% +according to that term there will have +to be yet another + + align:start position:0% +to be yet another + + + align:start position:0% +to be yet another +force and I think so you we'll just see + + align:start position:0% +force and I think so you we'll just see + + + align:start position:0% +force and I think so you we'll just see +if that turns up in the in the + + align:start position:0% +if that turns up in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +if that turns up in the in the +calculation okay you've got a couple + + align:start position:0% +calculation okay you've got a couple + + + align:start position:0% +calculation okay you've got a couple +minutes I want you to take do the muddy + + align:start position:0% +minutes I want you to take do the muddy + + + align:start position:0% +minutes I want you to take do the muddy +cards you know think about + + align:start position:0% +cards you know think about + + + align:start position:0% +cards you know think about +uh and then at the on your way out just + + align:start position:0% +uh and then at the on your way out just + + + align:start position:0% +uh and then at the on your way out just +uh I think just pile them up down here + + align:start position:0% +uh I think just pile them up down here + + + align:start position:0% +uh I think just pile them up down here +on the table or hand them to uh hand + + align:start position:0% +on the table or hand them to uh hand + + + align:start position:0% +on the table or hand them to uh hand +them to me or one of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Tas and that'll help me understand what + + align:start position:0% +Tas and that'll help me understand what + + + align:start position:0% +Tas and that'll help me understand what +you understood or didn't understand + + align:start position:0% +you understood or didn't understand + + + align:start position:0% +you understood or didn't understand +today \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/jURSAKBlIZA.txt b/jURSAKBlIZA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5dcc721d6af04a8eca094574606426bbd6637fe2 --- /dev/null +++ b/jURSAKBlIZA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1818 @@ +Good morning, +all. + +Let's get going. +So I guess you had your quiz + +review yesterday. +I hope you guys didn't beat up + +on (name of TA) and who else was +it? + +(Name of TA) too much. +As you know, + +the quiz is tomorrow. +And unfortunately MIT couldn't + +give us one big room so we are +broken up into three rooms. + +And you will go to your room +based on the first letter of + +your last name. +OK, so today we shall cover a + +topic called "Large Signal +Analysis". + +So in the last couple lectures +we looked at one dependent + +sources abstractly, +and then we looked at an + +amplifier built using a +practical dependent source + +called the MOSFET. +Now, the MOSFET had to be + +operated in a given region of +its operation in order to behave + +like a current source. +And while it behaved like a + +current source you would get +amplification or a FET + +amplifier. +So that was in the past two + +lectures. +What you are going to do today + +is called large signal analysis, +and this is a loaded term. + +So large signal analysis means +something very specific in our + +business, and I will describe to +what that is. + +This analysis involves looking +at a circuit containing, + +for example, +a MOSFET and figuring out how + +to get that device to operate in +a way that the MOSFET was always + +in saturation. +So you had to figure out, + +based on parameters that you +could control, + +how to establish those +parameters so that the circuit + +operated in a way that the +MOSFET was always in saturation. + +So large signal analysis +involves that. + +And although the examples we +use, use the MOSFET, + +the same kind of analysis can +apply to any other device. + +Remember, your MOSFET is a +primitive element that we use as + +an example in this course. +There are other primitive + +elements that you can use. +The course notes, + +for example, +discusses a couple other + +devices. +One is the "bipolar junction + +transistor", the BJT, +and works through a complete + +example from start to finish +involving a circuit containing a + +bipolar junction transistor. +And you can do a large signal + +analysis of that device as well. +It turns out that you need to + +operate that device in an +interesting region of its + +operating space, +and so you can conduct a large + +signal analysis of a circuit +containing that device and + +figure out how best to operate +that circuit. + +So that is large signal +analysis, and we will do an + +example and explain how this is +done using an example today. + +So to quickly review where we +have been so far, + +we looked at this little +structure here, + +our MOSFET amplifier. + +Notice that when I write a +voltage at a node, + +that's a short form for saying +I am looking at the voltage + +between the ground node and the +node at which the voltage is + +written down. +So VO here and VI applied here. + +This is a very, +very common circuit that we + +use. +To emphasize one more point, + +in general, in the kind of +circuits we look at both in this + +course and in real life, +there are a few patterns that + +we use very commonly that keep +repeating all the time. + +Very often you don't have to +look at every possible + +permutation and combination of +how things could be connected. + +This sort of connecting thing +is very, very, + +very common. +And you will see a lot of this + +pattern. +And we do the equivalent + +circuit for this. +In the equivalent circuit we + +replace the MOSFET with a +dependent source provided this + +operated in the saturation +region. + +So I will just say while +operating under saturation the + +equivalent circuit would look +like this, VO, + +VI. + +And IDS for the dependent +source was given by K/2 + +(VI-VT)^2. +So this was an amplifier. + +Here was the equivalent circuit +while this device was in + +saturation. +And to operate in saturation, + +I said that certain properties +need to be true for the MOSFET. + +And there are two properties +that need to be true for this to + +be operating in saturation. +One is that its gate to source + +voltage needs to be greater than +VT, so VGS for the MOSFET should + +be greater than VT. +And the second one was that the + +output voltage needed to be +greater than the input voltage + +minus one threshold drop. +And this was the same as VDS + +for the MOSFET, +this was the same as VGS for + +the MOSFET. +So what are we really saying + +here? +What we are saying is that + +look, we built this circuit +using a MOSFET, + +and it is up to us as engineers +to choose its operating points + +in a way that these two +properties hold. + +For example, +to make the first condition + +true, I can discipline myself to +operate such that VI is always + +greater than VT. +Similarly, I can choose VS, + +RL and VI in a way that this +condition is true, + +which says that the drain to +source voltage across my MOSFET + +drain and source should be +greater than VI minus VT. + +As an example, +if VI was 2 volts and VT was, + +say, 1 volt, +then what I am saying is that + +VO should be greater than or +equal to 2 minus 1 or 1 volt. + +So I need to keep this high, +2, 3, 4, 5, whatever, + +a high voltage so that this guy +stays in saturation. + +The relevant readings for the +material that we are going to + +cover in the course notes are in +7.5.1 and 7.6. + +So that is pretty much a review +of where we were. + +We said we could build an +amplifier. + +Its equivalent circuit was +shown on the right. + +And, provided that, +I discipline myself to operate + +in the saturation region or to +have the MOSFET operating in the + +saturation region, +then this would work like an + +amplifier and all would be good +with the world. + +So today -- + +-- we look at large signal +analysis of a circuit. + +And an example would be this +circuit up here containing a + +MOSFET. +And, again, as I mentioned + +earlier, a large signal analysis +is a loaded term in 6.002, + +or for that matter in circuits. +And large signal analysis + +involves two steps. + +The first step involves writing +down the transfer function of + +your little circuit. +In our case, + +VO is the output, +VI is the input, + +so involves writing down VO +versus VI. + +Simply write down the transfer +function. + +In other words, +the relationship between the + +output and the input for that +circuit. + +And, in our case, +again, we've disciplined + +ourselves to adhere to the +"saturation discipline". + +And the second part of large +signal analysis is to find out + +the valid input operating range. + +Find out for the given circuit +parameters, let's say I apply a + +VS and I use some value of RL +and I use a given MOSFET, + +which has a given value of VT. +The question then is that what + +is a valid set of input voltages +that would operate the circuit + +in a way that I would be in +saturation. + +And so find out the valid input +range, and this would give me a + +corresponding output range -- + +-- for saturation operation of +the MOSFET. + +That is what we will dwell on +in the lecture today. + +So what we are saying here is +that if I am careful with how I + +apply VI for a given value of RL +and VS and for a given choice of + +my MOS transistor then I can +stay within saturation provided + +I select my input voltages +carefully. + +And the analysis that we will +go through today will figure out + +what that range of input +voltages is. + +And, again, I will use this as +a motivating example, + +the MOSFET amplifier. +But in general large signal + +analysis would apply to any +other circuit as well. + +For example, +in recitation you may learn + +about other circuits containing +a MOSFET. + +And you can do a large signal +analysis of other circuits + +containing a MOSFET or you might +learn about some other devices + +like the bipolar junction +transistor, and you could do the + +same kind of analysis for that +device. + +So remember that the MOSFET +amplifier here is an example. + +I will be using that as a +driving example to explain large + +signal analysis. +So the first step, + +as I mentioned earlier, +is to get the VO versus VI. + +And in general for some circuit +that you build the output will + +not even be a voltage. +There are certain circuits + +where the output might be some +kind of a current. + +Let's say I am building some +kind of a circuit where I would + +like the output current or the +current through some edge of the + +circuit to depend on some input. +In that case the transfer + +function would be the output +current versus VI. + +And if I had an input current +here it would be output current + +versus input current, +you know, whatever the given + +problem tells you. +So this is under the saturation + +discipline. +And I will not rederive this + +for you. +You can apply a good old + +technique like the analytical +method. + +Or you can use the graphical +method to get the appropriate + +answer here. +I wanted to point out in a + +quick aside that why do we care +about graphical analysis? + +Once you have the analytical +method, why do you care about + +the graphical method? +And a student asked me a + +question after lecture last +Thursday, and it occurred to me + +that it's not obvious why you +need the graphical method. + +So it turns out that often +times you do not have an + +equation describing the device. +So let's say, + +for example, +I am a manufacturer. + +Let's say I am AMD. +As AMD I sit down and my + +semiconductor division builds a +MOSFET. + +And when you build a MOSFET +your experiments and your + +fabrication division often times +doesn't give you an equation + +with the MOSFET. +They build something and then + +you look at it and you +experiment with it. + +You apply various input +voltages and you measure + +currents and output voltages and +so on. + +And so what you end up getting +is a graph that describes the + +behavior of the MOSFET. +And you have seen this in your + +lab as well, your 2N7000 or was +it 2000? + +7000. +So your 2N7000, + +the MOSFET you use in the lab +also gives you a data sheet. + +And in that data sheet you see +a bunch of curves. + +So very often devices come with +data sheets. + +And when you have a data sheet +but no equation then you can + +apply the graphical method and +solve your circuits. + +In this example, +assuming I can apply the + +analytical method, +here was the expression that I + +had derived for you in the last +lecture. + +So VO was related to VI using +the square law relationship. + +And we can plot and do other +fun stuff with this equation. + +So here is the input voltage +VI. + +That is my VT. +So notice that VO is VS. + +This is true when VI greater +than or equal to VT and VO + +greater than or equal to VI +minus VT. + +So these are the constraints of +the saturation discipline. + +And in our particular situation +when VI was less than VT output + +would simply be VS. +If VI is less than VT the + +MOSFET would turn off, +switch off, and I would have no + +current flowing through RL, +and VS would appear at the + +output. +So until VT, + +I have VS, and then following +that I get the square law + +behavior articulated by this +equation. + +And this was simply VS-K/2 +(VI-VT)(RL^2). + +So that's the first part. +You have seen this before. + +The transfer function shows +that I have a square law + +dependence between VI and VO. +So now I can embark on the + +second step of my large signal +analysis, and my goal is to find + +the valid input operating range. +So what does that mean? + +What I am looking to do here +is, for this little circuit, + +is drain, source, +gate, VI, VO, + +RL and VS. +What I am looking to do is that + +given the value of the supply +VS, RL and a MOSFET, + +in our case given a MOSFET +implies that it is a given value + +of K and a given value of VT for +that MOSFET. + +So what I am going to do is +find out, let's assume VI is my + +free variable here. +So my goal will be to find out + +the range of VI for which this +device stays in saturation. + +And I will use a couple of +methods to do that, + +and I will use both a +combination of a graphical + +method to give you intuition and +then apply analytical analysis + +to get down to specific answers. +So let's start with the + +intuitive part. +So here is VI, + +VO. +I will use the transfer curve + +VO versus VI to help build +intuition here. + +So that is what it looks like. +So the first step, + +looking at this graph, +we know that this point here, + +that VI needs to be greater +than VT to satisfy the first + +equation. +Let me just write down both + +equations here. +So VI greater than or equal to + +VT is one of them, +and VO is greater than VI minus + +VT is a second equation. +And just remember that this is + +the same as VDS and this is the +same as VGS. + +So VI must be greater than VT +for the MOSFET to turn on. + +And so therefore the valid +operating range starts at this + +point and is somewhere up here. +So the first part is pretty + +easy. +Somewhere here -- + +Somewhere at that point, +my output voltage VO. + +I'm not quite sure what that +point is. + +My output voltage VO, +as this keeps falling down, + +my output voltage VO goes lower +than one threshold below VI. + +And at that point it goes into +its triode region, + +and I need to find out what +that point is. + +So somewhere here I go into my +triode region and begin to show + +a different behavior than the +amplifying square law + +relationship there and go into +my triode behavior. + +So I need to find out what this +point is. + +Once I find out what that point +is then this will be my valid + +operating range. +So let's figure out what that + +point is. +At that point the following is + +true. +Certainly VI is greater than + +VT. +And at that point the output + +goes below one threshold, +the input minus one threshold. + +So at this point the following +is true, VO is equal to VI minus + +VT. +At that point the output + +voltage is equal to the input +minus VT. + +And if the output goes lower +then it will violate this + +equation here. +It is no longer greater than + +that number. +So how do we find out what this + +point is? +The principle intuition. + +Let's draw some lines here. +Let's assume that VI and VT use + +the same scale, +say, volts. + +So if I draw a straight line at +45 degrees then that is a curve + +representing VI equals VO. +We all know that. + +No big shakes. +So the line at 45 degrees here + +is the line at which VI equal +VO. + +And if I take that line now, +the VI equals VO line, + +and I begin translating it to +the right. + +So let's take a line here. +Let's take a line there. + +That line will be simply equal +to VO equals VI minus VT. + +I have translated that to the +right. + +And so this line is simply VO +equals VI minus VT. + +So this line is a locus of +points at which VO is equal to + +this value. +This minus VT shows up as a + +translation to the right. +So I take my VO equals VI line, + +translate that to the right and +it becomes VO equals VI minus + +VT. +Elementary geometry 101 or + +whatever. +So what do we have here? + +Above this we have the +condition VO greater than or + +equal to VI minus VT, +and below that we have VO less + +than VI minus VT. +If we look at this graph here, + +this is the valid input +operating range. + +Starting at this point greater +than VT, and at this point my + +output equals VO equals VI minus +VT. + +This must be the valid +operating range for the input + +here to here. +And correspondingly the outputs + +are from here to this point to +here like so. + +So this is my valid input +operating range and this is my + +valid output operating range or +the corresponding valid output + +operating range. +So what does this say? + +What this is saying is that if +I, as the designer of the + +circuit, am disciplined enough +to apply inputs that are in this + +range, VT to some value here, +graphically shown here. + +Then my MOSFET will remain in +saturation. + +And correspondingly my outputs +will go between VS and some + +value here. +So hopefully that gives you + +some of the intuition behind how +we get it. + +And let's continue. +Let me label this point X. + +So continuing with two to get +the valid operating range. + +I have shown you intuitively +where that point is, + +but what I will do next is +actually compute that for you. + +It is a pretty simple +computation. + +Note that point X is the +intersection of two curves VO + +equals VI minus VT. +And the second curve is VO + +equals VS minus K divide by 2, +VI minus V2 all squared RL. + +So the point X iss at the +intersection of these curves, + +and I can very easily get that +as follows. + +What I will do is I will simply +substitute for VI minus VT from + +this equation here and then +solve for it, + +so I get VO equals VS minus K +divide by 2 VO squared RL. + +And so this gives me a +quadratic in VO. + +And I can solve for it pretty +easily. + +And I get for a quadratic AX +squared plus BX plus C equals 0. + +The solution is given by VO is +minus B plus/minus square root + +of B squared minus 4AC divided +by 2A. + +And so I am just going to get +those numbers here. + +So the coefficient of VO, +that is B, is minus 1. + +Take the positive root because +we are up in the positive + +voltages here. +And square root of B squared, + +that is 1, minus 4AC. +So I get a plus 4 times K + +divide by 2 RL. +And 2A is simply 2 times K + +divided by 2 times RL. +So that is what I get. + +That gives me VO. +So it tells me that VO, + +at the point where the output +just equals one threshold drop + +below VI is given by the other +circuit perimeter such as VS, + +RL and so on. +Oh, I am missing a VS here. + +I just forgot the VS up here. +That is my VO. + +So what is VI equal to? +Remember that at this point VO + +equals VI minus VT, +so VI is simply VT plus -- + +I have not taught you anything +earth shattering here. + +I have just done some grubby +math here to solve these two + +equations. +So this is a straight line at + +45 degrees from VT and this is +the transfer function. + +And I need to find the +intersection. + +And the intersection is given +by this point. + +So that point, +VI being VT plus something, + +is simply the second dot on the +X axis. + +So therefore I am pretty much +done. + +My valid input range for VI +goes from VT. + +So it starts at VT. +That is where the transistor + +just turns on. +And then goes all the way to + +this point, VT plus minus 1 plus +square root of 1 plus 2 K RL VS + +K RL. +So this is my valid operating + +range. +And again remember I won't + +dwell on this equation because, +in some sense, + +you will get a different set of +limits for other devices, + +for other circuits containing a +MOSFET. + +Or, for that matter, +for other outputs that one may + +be focusing on. +So what is more important here + +is not so much the results that +you see but the process that I + +have gone through. +So what is more important here + +is how did I get here? +And the way I got here was + +looked at the graph and said +look, the MOSFET is in + +saturation in that regime. +And I am finding the bounding + +points of the regime of +saturation operation. + +So now, as an engineer, +I can say that hey, + +look, if you build a MOSFET +circuit like so, + +with a given value of RL, +a given MOSFET and a given VS, + +then if you limit yourself you +are operating with input + +voltages in this range thou +shalt be happy. + +If you go beyond that range +then you will be violating the + +saturation discipline. +So the corresponding output + +range -- + +I can write the corresponding +output range, + +and that goes from VS, +when the input is at VT the + +output is at VS and goes from VS +down to the input minus VT. + +Which is simply minus 1 plus -- + +Let me go back and quickly show +you a little MOSFET circuit, + +amplified circuit so you can +stare at a real transfer curve + +yourselves. +And indeed convince yourselves + +that roughly at the point where +proportionately shown in the + +curve up there the MOSFET indeed +goes into its triode region and + +begins heading out of its +saturation region. + +Notice that here that is the +same curve, the transfer + +function. +And the amplified output is at + +VS until input reaches a +threshold voltage VT. + +And once input goes beyond VT +the output begins to drop + +precipitously. +And at some point here this + +begins to go into its triode +region. + +And what I am going to do is +simply increase the input + +voltage VI, and you will see +that the output them begins to + +go into its triode region. +It keeps dropping. + +And, as you can see, +the output begins to go into a + +space where the gain is no +longer more than 1. + +And this is a triode region of +MOSFET operation. + +So the MOSFET is in saturation, +things are going great. + +As I increase my VI notice at +some point I begin to go out of + +my saturation region of the +MOSFET. + +And somewhere here I go from +the saturation region and + +transition into the triode +region. + +And this value shown here gives +you the corresponding input + +voltage and the output voltage. +Other practical devices like + +bipolar junction transistors or +MOSFETs and other circuits and + +so on can be subjected to a +similar analysis. + +And you can find out the valid +operating regions for that + +device as well, +or for that circuit. + +So as a next step what I would +like to do -- + +Out here I began by looking at +the transfer function, + +the VO versus VI curve, +and used that to drive the + +intuition behind how we +calculated the bounding regions. + +You can do the same kind of +analysis intuitively looking at + +yet another curve, +another set of graphs that you + +are familiar with, +and that is a load line + +characteristic. +And it is interesting to get + +two interpretations. +And you can use whichever one + +you feel comfortable with. +So I will do two alternatively + +and show you another set of +curves that you can use to get + +that. + +Here I am going to plot IDS +versus VDS, which is the same as + +VO. +This was the load line graph + +that we had seen earlier. +And, just for our reference, + +remember that VI must be +greater than VT for saturation + +operation. +Similarly VO should be greater + +than or equal to VI minus VT for +saturation operation. + +Those are my limits. +The way we got the load line + +graph was we superimposed the +load line equation over the + +device characteristics. +And so let me plot the device + +characteristics in the +saturation region. + +Remember that this constraint +could be related to the current + +as I derived for you in the last +lecture as follows. + +IDS being less than or equal to +K divided by 2 VO squared. + +So in terms of my IDS versus +VDS relation, + +this lateral constraint is +equivalent to IDS being less + +than K by 2 VO squared. +So this is that equation. + +So this line is IDS equals K by +2 VO squared. + +And in this region I have the +valid operating region where IDS + +is less than that quality. +So here are all my other curves + +for various values VGS. +So here are my devices curves, + +IDS versus VDS. +Remember that these curves come + +down like this, +for the MOSFET, + +right? +Just that we focus on the + +right-hand side because that is +where the MOSFET is in + +saturation. +And on this side the MOSFET is + +in its triode region, +and we discipline ourselves not + +to operate the MOSFET such that +it is in its triode region. + +So those were the device +characteristics. + +And then I could plot my load +line equation. + +My load line equation, +if you recall, + +was IDS = VS/RL - VO/RL. +This was simply obtained by + +writing KVL at the loop +containing the output node and + +the supply VS. +Notice there that VO is equal + +to VS minus IDS times RL. +And that is simply by dividing + +by RL on both sides and moving +IDS to the left-hand side we get + +this equation. +And this equation gives rise to + +a curve that looks like this. +And what is this point here? + +This point is where VO is 0. +So when VO is 0 my IDS is + +simply VS divided by RL. +And this point is obtained when + +IDS is 0. +And under those conditions VS + +and VO are equal so this is VS. +This is my saturation region + +and this is the triode region. +This was another interesting + +graph. +We often times fondly call it + +the load line graph. +So here is a load line + +superimposed on the MOSFET +device IDS versus VDS curves for + +a variety of values of VGS. +So by looking at this curve, + +we can also intuitively +determine the valid operating + +range. +So what are the two points + +here? +I will let you stare at it for + +a couple of seconds yourselves +to figure out what two points + +here bound the valid operating +range of the MOSFET, + +the valid operating range of +the circuit. + +I will start. +One is this point, + +because at this point the +output is VS and VGS has just + +begun to equal VT. +So think about where the second + +point is for valid operation. +It is here, and, + +somewhere along that load line. +Remember the load line is a + +constraint that must be met by +the output VO. + +It is the constraint imposed by +KVL on the output. + +So the output is constrained to +operate in this regime for + +various values of VGS. +So as the output keeps going + +from here all the way here, +at some point I exit my + +saturation region. +And that other point is given + +by this one. +So notice that this is the + +curve that bounds. +On the left-hand side of this + +the MOSFET is no longer in +saturation. + +It is on the right-hand side, +and so therefore this is the + +valid operating region. + +Here to here. +This is good. + +This is VS. +That is good to know. + +And for this point I know that +VI, which is VGS, + +equals VT. +I know VO is equal to VS. + +And IDS, at this point, +is 0. + +So VO and IDS being VS and 0 +correspondingly are the output + +operating perimeters when VI +equals VD. + +So that is one point. +And let's find out what this + +point is. +At that point I get my output + +just entering the range of the +MOSFET triode region operation. + +Notice that this point is the +intersection of two curves, + +this line and this curve. +So this curve here is given by + +IDS equals K divided by 2 VO +squared. + +And this is my load line +equation. + +So that is VS divided by RL +minus VO divided by RL. + +That's it. +So I won't go ahead and solve + +that for you. +You can go and check it out and + +convince yourselves that if you +solve these two equations and + +find out the VO for this, +it should be the same VO that + +you obtained using the other +graph. + +What I have done here, +obtaining the valid regions of + +operation is no different from +what I did here. + +The two are alternative +approaches to getting to the + +same place. +Just that over the years what I + +have discovered is that there +are one class of people that are + +output transfer function people, +this graph, and another set of + +people that are load line people +that like to think that way. + +I have always been a transfer +function person myself, + +but some of you may be load +line people and so you can use + +that to drive your intuition. +It is pretty amazing. + +As we get into this business +and keep going down the path, + +it is amazing how some people +really kind of get the load line + +thing and others feel much more +comfortable with the transfer + +function. +So pick whatever you want. + +So what we have so far is we +have conducted a large signal + +analysis of a MOSFET amplifier. +It is an analysis of a circuit, + +and we found two things. +One is the transfer function + +under saturation operation, +and we found the valid input + +operating ranges and the +corresponding valid output + +operating ranges for the +circuit. + +In the last five or six minutes +let me talk about a couple of + +other issues. +And the first issue is what we + +have done so far is intuitively +and mathematically shown you + +what the valid regions are. +Now you are thinking that's + +fine, but how do I get there? +This region is good, + +VT through that other point, +that's good, + +but how do I get there? +How do I make my amplifier + +operate in that region? +The answer is pretty simple, + +and let me drive the intuition +again using a graph. + +So this is a graph. +And I showed you that -- + +That was my valid region here. +Take a 45 degree line, + +find out where it intersects +the transfer function, + +then this is the valid region +here, VT through that + +coordinating function that we +developed out there. + +If I have an input that looks +like so, some input whose + +gyrations fall within this +range, will constantly keep the + +MOSFET in saturation. +And the corresponding output + +will look like this. +If my input is in this range, + +my output will be within this +range. + +And how do I get my input to be +here? + +Let's say I have a sinusoid +that is 1 volt peak to peak or + +whatever. +How do I get my sinusoid up + +there? +Well, you have learned the + +trick on how to boost things. +Remember boost? + +All you have to do is boost up +your signal by some value + +capital VI. +And the way you do that is as + +follows. +VS, RL, VO. + +What you do is you apply a DC +offset to your input. + +You take your sinusoid and +boost it up so that all the + +gyrations of the input are in +the valid range. + +This is my input, +some VA. + +Then I apply some DC offset +capital VI given by this value + +here. +And boost up the interesting + +input? +My interesting input is the VA. + +And I boost it up by capital VI +so that this guy is always in + +saturation. +I would like to show you a + +little demo now. +I am going to show you an input + +that is a triangular wave. +And what we will do is I'll + +play with a wide variety of +offset voltages. + +This guy is a triangular wave. +And what I am going to do is + +apply a triangular wave and +we'll look at the output and + +convince ourselves that I get +amplification when VI is big + +enough that the input goes into +a valid operating range. + +And we will look at a variety +of ranges here. + +You can put it a little larger. + +OK. +So the triangular wave is my + +input. +And this is my output. + +This looks nothing like a +triangular wave. + +And the reason is that I do not +have the right offset. + +So what I will do is gradually +increase the offset on the + +MOSFET. +So at this point the offset is + +very low, a very small near zero +offset. + +And so therefore my output is a +disaster. + +My MOSFET is not in saturation +all the time. + +So what I will do here is apply +some sort of offset. + +Is this the one? +We want to switch. + +This is the input. +You can see I am applying an + +offset by bumping and boosting +up the input. + +I don't have clipping happening +at both ends, + +but I get something. +And I get amplification. + +Now let me apply way too much +of an offset. + +With this offset I am kind of +operating here. + +What I will do now is apply an +even higher offset so that this + +triangular wave begins to move +here. + +If I apply a very high offset +what I am doing is overdriving + +the amplifier, +boosting it so high that the + +MOSFET is going to go into its +triode region and you are going + +to see that I won't have any +gain. + +My output is going to shrink +noticeably if I overdrive the + +input. +You will notice the input going + +higher and higher. +Pull the trigger point down. + +There you go. +Notice that as I boost up my + +input even higher notice that +the output is a really small + +image of what the right input +should be. + +The right answer here, +of course, is that I apply some + +right amount of offset to boost +up the input into the right + +regime so that the output is +seen to be some amplified + +version of this input. +So I showed you three things. + +One is very little offset. +That was like so, + +as the thing comes down. +A very high offset, + +it gets killed again. +And the right amount of offset. + +But notice that we still have a +problem, even with the right + +offset. +The output is not linearly + +related to the input. +It is nonlinear. + +And the answer to get a linear +response is good old small + +signal stuff. +And we will be looking at the + +small signal part in the next +lecture. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/jZbkToeNK2g.txt b/jZbkToeNK2g.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2d13bbf9f8400056e3d772535c1fc607dbc74f7c --- /dev/null +++ b/jZbkToeNK2g.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2561 @@ +The following +content is provided + +under a Creative +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue + +to offer high quality +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation or +view additional materials + +from hundreds of MIT courses, +visit MIT OpenCourseWare + +at ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: OK so any +pointed questions + +before we go over blackjack? + +AUDIENCE: Before +you start blackjack + +can you go through +the rules again? + +PROFESSOR: The +rules of the game? + +AUDIENCE: Yes. + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +Well I'm going to +do something better + +than going through the rules. + +I'm going to abstract +the rules away. + +So I'm going to say that +a game of blackjack has, + +let's start here. + +So a game of +blackjack has a deck. + +And we have x-ray vision +or some other illegal way + +in which we know what the deck +looks like from the beginning. + +How many cards in a deck? + +AUDIENCE: 52. + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +So say from 0 to 51 because +we like zero-based indexing. + +So the way that the game +starts is you get two cards, + +the dealer gets two cards. + +What is the only decision +that you make in the game + +if you already have +perfect information? + +So you know the deck already. + +You don't need to +wait for each card + +to know what it's going to be. + +So as the game starts you +have to make one decision. + +What's that decision? + +AUDIENCE: Hit or stand. + +PROFESSOR: Well +that's assuming you + +care what you get each time. + +So if you have to +look at the card + +then you have to decide each +time if you hit or stand. + +If you know all the +cards in advance-- + +AUDIENCE: How much to bet? + +PROFESSOR: I think our +game has that fixed. + +AUDIENCE: When to restart? + +PROFESSOR: So it +is hit or stand, + +but I want to restate that. + +Because you don't actually +have to decide after every card + +if you want to hit or stand. + +You know what the cards +are going to be in advance. + +AUDIENCE: When to restart? + +Like how many cards to pick? + +PROFESSOR: How +many cards to pick. + +Yeah that's pretty +much the same thing. + +So you don't have to decide +every time hit or stand, + +you know ahead of time I +want to hit three times, + +or I want to hit once. + +Because you know +the entire deck. + +You don't need to actually +look at the cards. + +So each game the only +decision that I make is-- + +suppose this is one +game-- the only decision + +that I have is h, how many +cards I'm going to hit. + +Right? + +And then after I +make this decision + +the game will eat up some cards. + +I get two cards, the +dealer gets two cards, + +then I hit some cards then +the dealer gets some cards. + +And this is the number of +cards that have been consumed. + +Some number of cards that +were played in this game. + +And the other thing +that comes out of it + +is how much money I make. + +For our simple rules it's +either I make $1, or nothing, + +or I lose $1. + +Fair enough? + +Everyone follows? + +So I'm going to abstract +all this in a helper method. + +I'm going to say that I have +a method called round outcome. + +Where I say, look out +of the entire deck + +I'm going to start at card i, so +this is where my round starts. + +So I tell it which +cards I start at. + +And how many cards +I'm going to hit. + +And it gives me back a +tuple, where the first item + +is how many cards are played. + +So number of cards played. + +And the second item in the tuple +is how much money do I make. + +h is how many cards +I'm going to hit. + +So i says that I already +played this many cards + +in previous games. + +So a game starts +with a full deck. + +And then I play some rounds. + +Each round I do a whole +exchange with the dealer, where + +I hit some cards, and then +the dealer hits some cards. + +And then I win or +lose some money. + +AUDIENCE: I don't understand +why h and cp are different. + +PROFESSOR: So cp is how many +cards are played in total. + +And this looks at +the initial cards. + +So first I get two cards, +the dealer gets two cards. + +And then after I hit some cards +the dealer also has to hit. + +And the dealer has a pretty +find algorithm, right? + +So the number of +cards played includes + +the cards that were +dealt initially + +and the cars that the +dealer has to hit. + +So this little thing has all the +blackjack rules encoded in it. + +Everything is already there. + +AUDIENCE: So blackjack, +that's roughly 2h? + +cp is 2h, something like that? + +PROFESSOR: 4 plus 2h maybe. + +Because you get two +cards, he gets two cards, + +and if you both deal +h on average then-- + +AUDIENCE: So is cp the +number of cards this round? + +PROFESSOR: This round, yeah. + +OK so intuitively +I already know, + +so I already know +the entire deck. + +So the decision that +I have to make is, + +would I play +optimally every round? + +Or do I want to maybe +lose the first round + +and leave some good +cards for later? + +So I have to figure +out how many cards I'm + +going to hit each time so +that overall I make the most + +amount of money when +I leave the table. + +And when I run out of +cards I leave the table. + +The dealer says +shows over, gotta go. + +Do the rules make sense? + +OK so I propose we +approach this in two ways. + +First we model it +as a graph problem, + +because we've already +done this a few times. + +And then we model it as a +dynamic programming problem. + +And we see how the +two are related. + +Make sense? + +Is this too simple for everyone? + +You guys already get everything? + +So how would I model +this is a graph problem? + +AUDIENCE: Do you +already know the order + +that you're going to +get all these cards in? + +PROFESSOR: Yep. + +AUDIENCE: So I in +lecture we briefly + +talked about having +your starting node go + +to a bunch of other +nodes that would + +be your potential +next move, and then + +you just calculate your +shortest path distance + +from there to the x value. + +PROFESSOR: So that's +the general approach. + +How do we do this for cards? + +So what would be nodes? + +What are the most intuitive +nodes you could think about? + +OK maybe intuitive for me. + +So nodes show our state, right? + +Show the state that the +game is currently in. + +Sorry? + +AUDIENCE: Your hand. + +Like your current cards. + +Is that your state? + +So from I guess 2 to ace. + +PROFESSOR: From? + +AUDIENCE: From 2 to ace, in +terms of the number of choices + +you have. + +PROFESSOR: OK so +the problem is you + +have four cards of +each type, right? + +And you don't know where +they show up and everything. + +So I think this my code +more complicated than it + +needs to be. + +AUDIENCE: Like the rest +of the cards in the deck + +that are remaining? + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +AUDIENCE: Is that +a good [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: How many cars I +have left in the deck, right? + +So basically I would have one +node for each of the cards + +here. + +And that says I start a +new game at this card. + +OK so I'm going to +draw some circles. + +Say these are our nodes. + +Maybe I draw a bit +too many of them. + +Where do we always start? + +AUDIENCE: The left side. + +PROFESSOR: First one, right? + +We start with 52 cards. + +So circle 0 means that we played +0 cards, we have 52 cards left. + +When do we draw an +edge between nodes? + +What does an edge mean? + +AUDIENCE: That's how +many cards you've chosen, + +so the number cp. + +PROFESSOR: OK so the number cp. + +It means I played a game, right? + +So one edge is a game. + +And it goes from one +state to the next state. + +So if I'm, say I'm at node i. + +How do I draw the edges? + +Say I'm somewhere here. + +So I already played i cards. + +AUDIENCE: Iterate +through all h's, cp's. + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +So for h in what to what? + +What's the smallest h? + +AUDIENCE: The smallest h is 1. + +PROFESSOR: Really? + +Do I have to hit? + +AUDIENCE: Wait isn't it 4? + +Because you're +always dealing out 4. + +PROFESSOR: Yes, so I might as +well not count them, right? + +So h is how many cards I hit +after the initial ones were + +dealt. + +So that I can start at 0, +a nice and easy number. + +And where do I end? + +Rough approximation. + +AUDIENCE: You could go to +infinity and then break. + +It's still 11 because 11 at +most-- oh no, 11 minus 4, 6. + +You need to know the +rules of the game. + +PROFESSOR: OK if you know the +rules of the game it's that. + +If you don't know the rules +of the game it's 52 minus i. + +OK so what's first thing I do? + +So how do I draw an +edge representing + +a game where I hold h cards? + +AUDIENCE: So you draw an +edge from your current place + +to the output of round +outcome with the 0 element. + +PROFESSOR: So then let's +store this output somewhere. + +Let's say o is round outcome. + +What do I give round outcome? + +AUDIENCE: i and h. + +PROFESSOR: See I +picked good names. + +They're exactly +what I have there. + +So I draw an edge +from i to what? + +AUDIENCE: To the output of +round outcome, which is o. + +So it's 0. + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +AUDIENCE: Or that +the node at o is 0. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah. + +So suppose I'm at i +and I've already played + +five cards, right? + +So say i equals 5, for example. + +And I know that if I hit +once the dealer will also + +have to hit once. + +So in total I've played 6 cards. + +And suppose I won. + +Then the output +would look like this. + +6 cards were played and I won. + +So plus 1. + +So I would draw an +edge from 5 to what? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: OK, from +5 to 11 hopefully. + +So what's 11? + +11 is 5 plus all of 0. + +OK, what am I missing there? + +AUDIENCE: i to i +plus [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Yep. + +So this tells me how many +cards I played in this game. + +I want to look at +each game separately. + +I don't want to have to keep +track of previous states. + +So this output is +localized to this game. + +It tells me how +many cards have been + +drawn in this game in total. + +And how much money +I made in this game. + +If I already played i cards +before starting the game, + +after I play all of 0, the total +number of cards is i plus 0. + +Tiny detail, but you'd +probably lose a point off + +of an exam or something +if you forget it. + +OK so keep track of your state. + +It makes sense to write +down this is my state, + +and then make sure that +you're always representing it. + +So what's the cost of the edge? + +And then our answer would +be what path do I want? + +I want to make the +most amount of money, + +so that's the longest path. + +How do I convert this to +a shortest path problem, + +because this is what +you know how to solve? + +Where I put it? + +AUDIENCE: There. + +PROFESSOR: Good answer, there. + +Right there. + +OK so this builds +the graph, then + +I run some algorithm on it. + +What's the best algorithm +I can run on it? + +AUDIENCE: Dykstra because +you can [INAUDIBLE]. + +But you can add everything on. + +The lowest negative edge +weight is 1, or negative 1. + +PROFESSOR: Are there +negative cycles? + +AUDIENCE: No. + +PROFESSOR: Everything +goes right, right? + +So even if I don't +get hit any card, + +at least four cards +will be played. + +So all these arrows go right. + +So then I heard a +fancy term that I like. + +Can someone say it again? + +What's this graph? + +AUDIENCE: DAG. + +PROFESSOR: DAG. + +All the edges go one way. + +So this is a DAG. + +And that means that I +can run what algorithm? + +Sorry? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Topological +sort plus DFS, + +the one that we talked about +last time when everyone was out + +for Thanksgiving. + +So you have to +believe me that it + +exists, or look +at lecture notes. + +So top sort plus +DFS will give me + +the shortest path in +order of V plus E. + +So this is better than Dykstra, +which is E plus V log V. OK? + +OK I'm guessing +most of you don't + +know how that algorithm works. + +Well good news, +we're going to do + +this using dynamic programming. + +So we're going to represent +the graph implicitly. + +And we're going to +write everything + +without needing to +know the algorithm. + +If you know it, it helps because +you can see how they relate. + +But if you don't we should still +be able to solve the problem. + +But before we do that, does +everyone understand this? + +Some nods would be nice +so that I can feel good. + +Yes? + +Almost? + +OK. + +Questions? + +AUDIENCE: Like the +number 5 there, + +that's only if you hit, right? + +Or that's the number +of cards remaining. + +Is there a particular +reason you picked 5? + +PROFESSOR: So I was +choosing an example for i. + +So good question, +what does i mean? + +So this means I'm-- assume +that I'm starting a game. + +So starting-- sorry, a round. + +A new round. + +And I have already played i +cards in the previous round. + +So I started a new round +and the first 5 cards + +are out of the deck. + +What's the best +strategy I can have? + +What's the most +money I can make? + +AUDIENCE: But there's +some nodes that + +connect to the next card +over that won't necessarily + +end the game, so +there aren't going + +to be any earnings, right? + +You could have 5 connect +to 6, and that wouldn't-- + +PROFESSOR: Here I'm just +trying to emphasize the point + +that all the edges move, +all the edges point forward. + +But yeah, the edges have to +go at least across four nodes. + +So assume there are some +more nodes around here. + +AUDIENCE: OK. + +PROFESSOR: Yes? + +AUDIENCE: You were +saying how you + +have to be careful +with something + +or else you'll lose a point. + +What was that? + +PROFESSOR: How you +draw your edges. + +Or when we switch to +dynamic programming, what + +you write in your recursion. + +OK so last chance +to ask a question + +before we do a conceptual jump +and use another algorithm. + +OK how do we do this using +the dynamic programming? + +So what are we going to +have instead of nodes? + +Sorry? + +Well so you still have +states in both cases. + +But here you represent +them with nodes in a graph. + +In dynamic programming you +represent them using-- yeah, + +the states are +basically sub-problems. + +And what do we, when we +compute stuff, what do we use? + +Numbers is a vector +or in a matrix. + +So there's no +graph to work with. + +There are no extra +algorithms to call. + +We just straight up +compute to the numbers, + +we trade the answers +to the problem. + +So we're going to have an array. + +How many elements in the array? + +Can anyone guess? + +All right, I heard 52. + +If I'm at element i, say i +equals 5 because we used that + +before, what does this represent +in the dynamic programming + +formulation? + +It's very similar +to node 5 there. + +So what does it represent? + +The fact that we're +starting a game after we + +played the first five cards. + +Sorry, we're starting +a round after we've + +played the first 5 cards. + +And we want to maximize +our earnings from here on. + +So then the problem +is, how do we + +maximize our earnings +starting here? + +So given that the +deck has these cards, + +so the cards from 5 to 51. + +What's the maximum +amount of money + +we can make by +playing optimally? + +So maximum number +of money we can + +win by playing optimally, +starting around at card i. + +Starting at i. + +So if I want to compute +this-- by the way, speaking + +of bad variable names, +we did this before. + +When people don't know +how to name this array + +they name it dpi. + +I think we did that in our PSet. + +So this is the most useless +name you can have for the array. + +It just tells you that we're +using dynamic programming. + +But it doesn't really +tell you what it means. + +So we're going to go +for it, because it's + +nice and easy to write. + +So if I want to compute +dp of i, how do I do that? + +AUDIENCE: x +[INAUDIBLE] problems. + +PROFESSOR: OK, so what +are the sub-problems? + +AUDIENCE: The +function at i's past 5 + +where the i's are [INAUDIBLE] +through this manner. + +PROFESSOR: OK so I'd want to +have something very similar + +to this, right? + +What are my decisions? + +So what are my choices? + +What do I iterate over? + +AUDIENCE: How many hits. + +PROFESSOR: Yep, exactly the +same thing as before, right? + +Starting a node at i. + +I was starting a node at i here. + +So the choices are +exactly the same. + +So I'm going to start +by looking at this line. + +Do I need to make any changes? + +Or do I copy straight over? + +So this is the algorithm +for computing dp of i. + +For i in 0 to 52. + +Sorry h in 52 minus i. + +All right. + +I hope we can do a +bit better than that. + +AUDIENCE: So we know that +it's a max of 6, right? + +So can we just put +that in instead? + +That's given the rules. + +PROFESSOR: Sure. + +If you're smart you can. + +I'm not, so I'm +just writing this. + +So this helper function +that I have here, + +that I call the +magic that implements + +the rules of bag +check will save me. + +So if I say that oh, I +want to hit 10 times, + +and that's impossible, +then it'll probably give me + +an earning of minus +infinity, which makes sure + +I never choose that path. + +So all that is hidden in there. + +You're smart enough in +blackjack so you can write 6. + +I'm not so I can't. + +So 52 minus i. + +OK what I do next? + +Do I copy this next line? + +Or do I change it? + +Yeah let's copy it over. + +Sounds good. + +How about this? + +Do I copy this? + +Trick question. + +Come on guys. + +So do I copy this line or not? + +Do I have a graph here? + +Can I draw edges? + +OK so I'm not going to copy it. + +What do I do instead? + +By trick I mean easy. + +So what do I do instead? + +I compute my answer directly. + +So if I hit h cards, +what am I looking at? + +AUDIENCE: Do you +mean like a function? + +PROFESSOR: A function, sorry? + +AUDIENCE: You add the +dp of o 1 or of o 0. + +PROFESSOR: OK so first +let's see if I have i cards, + +and say I hit, I do the same +exact thing that I did before. + +I look at i is 5 and h equals 2. + +So then that function gives +me the same answer, 6 1. + +So then I know that after this +I'm going to end up in a state + +where I played the +first 11 cards. + +So I'm going to end up at 11. + +How much money did +I make overall? + +OK, so 1 in this case. + +So how much money I made is +o of-- I think it's o of 1. + +And after I land here, how +much money I'm going to make? + +Assuming I'm still +playing optimally. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: dp i plus. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +OK. + +So i plus o of 0 is +used to compute-- + +so dp of i plus o of 0 is +used to compute dp of i. + +This is the same thing as-- + +AUDIENCE: dp is a function here? + +PROFESSOR: No. + +So you're wondering +what the hell? + +Why will that work, right? + +Let's get to that in a minute. + +That will work, we +have to make it work. + +So here I'm drawing an edge +from i to i plus o of 0. + +And the cost of the +edge is minus o of 1. + +So here we're looking at edges. + +Here I'm assuming +that they already + +computed the answer here +using some black magic. + +It's already available. + +And I want to compute +the answer here. + +So I have the cost of the +edge plus whatever I had here. + +So if, suppose I know +that if I start here + +and I finish the +deck, I can make $20. + +So suppose I know +that this is 20. + +What will the answer be here? + +1 plus 20 which is? + +So if I hit-- how many times +did I say there-- if I hit twice + +I guess I'll make 21. + +So this is a possible answer. + +And I have to go over +all possible answers. + +So this is how much I'm making +if I hit h cards, right? + +Now I'm looking at +multiple choices here. + +This is the answer +for each choice. + +Which answer do I +want in the end? + +The largest. + +OK. + +So let's say I'm going to +start with a choices array that + +stores all the answers. + +So here I'm just going +to pend the answer, + +the possible answer. + +Choices append this guy. + +And then at the +end of the for loop + +I'm going to take +the max of choices, + +and I'm going to +assign it where? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: So I promised I'm +going to compute dp of i. + +I just finished +computing dp of i. + +Now there's a +little problem here. + +In order to compute +this guy, I need + +to already have the +answer for this guy. + +And maybe for some +other guys here. + +So an answer here depends +on future answers. + +The arrows here are the same +as the arrows here, right? + +They represent possible +moves in the game. + +At the same time the arrows +here represent dependencies. + +This answer depends +on this answer, + +this answer depends on this +answer, so on and so forth. + +When we hear the +word dependencies + +what do we think of? + +Topological sort. + +PSet, which one? + +PSet 6 still brings +painful memories? + +Not anymore. + +We have a new one. + +So in order to +compute this I need + +to compute the answer to +a few other sub-problems. + +To make sure that I have these +answers ready by the time + +I compute this. + +So to make sure that +this code doesn't + +crash I have to compute all +the answers to the sub-problems + +in the topological sort order. + +That's where topological +sort fits in here. + +What's an obvious +topological sort, + +if all the edges are +pointing this way? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Yep, thank you guys. + +So start at the easiest problem. + +What do you do if +you have one card? + +And then go look at bigger and +bigger and bigger problems, + +until we tackle +the hard problems + +of what I do with +the entire deck. + +So when I compute this problem +I'm going to go to iterate how? + +From where to where? + +AUDIENCE: 52 minus i to the 0. + +You're actually-- + +PROFESSOR: So this is i. + +AUDIENCE: Oh, that's i. + +PROFESSOR: So where +do i go from here? + +AUDIENCE: 51 to 0. + +PROFESSOR: All right. + +So now whenever +I access this guy + +I know it's already computed. + +So the code isn't +going to crash. + +OK and this thing is +my topological sort. + +So the advantage of +this is that the code + +is a lot smaller, right? + +Here I'm building the graph. + +So I'm calling +some graph methods. + +And then I would have to +have the code for computing + +the shortest path in a DAG. + +And then I would have to +have some code for extracting + +the answer using that. + +Here this is all the code. + +It's a few lines. + +And it's because the graph +is represented implicitly. + +The topological sort is +represented implicitly. + +The edges are +represented implicitly. + +So this looks like magic. + +But if you know where to +look you'll find the items. + +You'll find the things that tell +you what the graph looks like. + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: So that tells +you how much money + +you can make, but +does it tell you can-- + +PROFESSOR: How you make it? + +Not yet. + +Parent pointers. + +Yeah that's a good point. + +Let me see how +we're doing on time. + +OK. + +I can talk parent pointers. + +Am I missing anything else? + +There's one decision +that I'm missing, + +that I missed here too. + +If things look bad +for you, if you + +know you're going to lose +money, what can you do? + +Walk away. + +How much do you get? + +AUDIENCE: 0. + +PROFESSOR: Yep. + +So you always have an +edge that takes you + +all the way out with cost 0. + +So the way I represent that here +is I start with a choice of 0. + +OK now let's do parent pointers. + +What's the easiest way +of doing parent pointers? + +AUDIENCE: Keep track of +the max of-- [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: So I want to keep +track-- for every answer here + +I want to keep back of the h +that led me to that answer. + +So in the dynamic +programming vector, + +instead of just storing +the maximum cost, + +I'm going to store the maximum +cost and the number of hits + +I have to make to get there. + +So instead of having one +number here that's 21 + +I'm going to have two numbers. + +I'm going to have +21 and the 1 that + +says you have to hit-- sorry, +2-- you have to hit twice. + +And then you'll go on this +arrow and so on and so forth. + +And if you know +how many hits you + +have to make you +can follow this-- + +you can follow these +parent pointers + +and they will tell you how +to play the entire game. + +You start at 0 and +play the entire game. + +Do we want to change the +pseudocode to do that? + +OK, it's not too hard. + +How many people want to +see the pseudocode changes? + +All right, I guess I don't +have to write it then. + +OK any questions on this? + +So the change is really simple. + +Instead of storing one +number you store a tuple. + +And then because +tuples are sorted + +the right way +maximum still works. + +You don't have to +change that, you just + +have to change what +you store down there. + +AUDIENCE: So you just +add h in, into your-- + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, you add one +more parentheses for the tuple. + +Wait, I already have +two, OK, never mind. + +AUDIENCE: You have to go through +your choices, so you just-- + +AUDIENCE: Is there any +difference in making + +a separate dictionary +for parent pointers? + +Does it make any +difference in run time? + +PROFESSOR: Absolutely no +difference running time. + +The code is, it might +be more complicated, + +it might be more +simple, depending + +on how your brain works. + +It's easier to +patch existing code + +to add in parent +pointers this way. + +If you're writing +new code it might + +be easier for you to have +a separate dictionary. + +This is fewer lines +of code though. + +OK any questions on this? + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: Could I +generalize and say + +that if you have +a topological sort + +you can do everything backwards. + +Otherwise you should +use memoization. + +PROFESSOR: So actually +you're doing it + +in the order of the +topological sort. + +You're not doing it backwards. + +AUDIENCE: Oh, OK sorry. + +If you have a +topological sort then + +you should do it in that order. + +But if you don't have +a topological sort + +then you should do memoization. + +PROFESSOR: If you don't +know the topological sort. + +But there has to be one, right? + +Because otherwise you +have infinite loops. + +If you have an infinite loop +in your dependency graph, + +then you're not going +to have an answer. + +So that means you're +dp formulation is bad. + +Fortunately for all +the problems that we + +have the topological +sort is pretty obvious. + +It either grows from 0 to the +problem size or the other way + +around. + +AUDIENCE: So then +memoization is? + +PROFESSOR: So +memoization is, it's + +more of a proof +of concept thing. + +It shows you that if +you have the recursion, + +everything else can +be done automatically. + +So like if you build a graph +then you can run top sort + +and get the answer, you +don't have to think about it. + +We think about it because +the code is smaller + +if we do it this way. + +If I'd have to +write memoization I + +would add 4 or 5 +more lines, right? + +But the point of doing it +that way is, all you need + +is that recursion. + +If you have this-- so +this is the magic part. + +If you have this, so this line +here of what your choices are + +and max, how you combine +them, then everything else + +is mechanical. + +Once you've solved +enough problems + +everything else is just +follow the process. + +So this is the equivalent +of in graph problems, + +the hard part is figuring +out what the state is. + +Once you know what +the state you know + +that these are the +vertices, and you + +know how to draw +edges between them. + +And then you know +what algorithm to run. + +So the hard part is still +knowing what the state is. + +Anything else? + +So this is dynamic programming. + +Smaller code. + +This is the graph approach. + +They essentially +compute the same thing. + +This is more code, +this is less code. + +And if you see the +correspondence between them + +then you understand the +problem a little bit better. + +The main point is when +you have a new problem + +you can approach it either way. + +If you see the dynamic +programming solution right away + +write it down, you're done. + +If not, draw the graph. + +Think of what the state +is, draw the edges. + +And then after that +you can write the math. + +OK let's talk about +a new problem. + +Let's talk about the problem +that shows up on interviews. + +People excited about interviews? + +OK suppose you have a +sequence of numbers, + +I'm going to draw +a sequence here. + +And you want to +find the shortest + +increasing sub-sequence. + +So you get to choose some +numbers out of these numbers. + +And they have to form +an increasing sequence. + +So for example +this is a sequence. + +It happens to be increasing. + +This is also a sequence, +but it's not increasing. + +So it's not a valid answer. + +And I want the longest sequence, +the longest sub-sequence + +that is increasing. + +Does the problem make sense? + +How do we solve it? + +Do we want to solve it +using dynamic programming + +or using graphs? + +OK so votes for +dynamic programming. + +Votes for graph. + +Well too bad, it looks +prettier as a graph. + +So how do we solve it as a +dynamic programming problem? + +What are the sub-problems? + +AUDIENCE: The +largest sub-sequence + +PROFESSOR: Starting +somewhere, right? + +I'm going to go off +that answer because I + +know how to go off of it better. + +So say start here. + +Say start at 4. + +Or actually say I start at 3. + +I have two choices. + +5, which is closer to me. + +And 4. + +Well I have a few more choices, +but they're further away. + +Whatever. + +So these are my +choices starting at 3. + +If I decide that I'm +going to go from 3 to 4 + +and the next number +I choose is 4, + +now I want the +longest sub-sequence + +starting at 4, right? + +It still has to be +longest sub-sequence. + +So from here on, no matter +what happened before, + +my behavior still +has to be optimal. + +If instead I chose 7, I don't +care what happened before. + +The behavior still +has to be optimal. + +So a sub-problem says +start at number i. + +So starting at number i. + +By the way we're going to +use zero-based indexing again + +because we like it. + +So starting at number +i, what's the longest + +increasing +sub-sequence I can get? + +So the length of the +blah, blah, blah. + +The length of, +you get the point. + +OK so I'm going to have +an array again, right? + +Which stores the answers. + +The array is going +to be named dp. + +If I have N numbers I'm going +to have N elements, from 0 + +to N minus 1. + +Suppose I'm at element i. + +And suppose this original +array is called a. + +I'm in the mood for good +variable names today. + +So how do I compute dp if i? + +Let's write some +pseudocode for it. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] +N minus i-- + +PROFESSOR: So what's h? + +AUDIENCE: The number of +steps we want to take-- + +PROFESSOR: So if I'm going +from 3 to 4 h would be what? + +AUDIENCE: 2. + +3. + +PROFESSOR: OK so +I'm going to have + +to do additions +and subtractions, + +and this is going to confuse me. + +So how about I propose this. + +What you say is perfectly +valid, but instead, to make sure + +I don't make too +many mistakes, I'm + +going to look at the +number I land at. + +At the index directly. + +So I'm going to say I +start at i and end at j. + +So the next step is j. + +And then your h is j minus i. + +So I'm not going to look at the +number of numbers I hop over, + +all I care about +is where do I land. + +So what's the next number +in the sub-sequence? + +If I do it that way, +where do I start? + +AUDIENCE: i plus 1. + +So I can choose the same +number twice, right? + +So plus 1 to n. + +And then I'm going to have +a choices array here that I + +start, initialize with nothing. + +And then what's the +candidate, if I'm at j? + +So what answer am I looking at? + +AUDIENCE: dp of j. + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +So if I'm at i, and I'm +considering choosing j + +as the next element, then my +sequence will be-- my sequence + +length will be dp of j almost. + +Plus 1. + +OK, can I choose all the-- +can I go through all the j's? + +Can I go from 3 to 2. + +AUDIENCE: No. + +The number at j +is greater than-- + +PROFESSOR: If the number at j +is greater than the number at i + +then I have this new +choice, dp of j plus 1. + +What do I do with it? + +AUDIENCE: Stick it in choices. + +PROFESSOR: Stick it in choices. + +Sorry this is append. + +And afterwards? + +And by the way, this +thing is under the if. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: OK and I'm +missing one choice this way. + +What's my default choice? + +So what's the sequence +length if I just stay there? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: So if I decide to +not choose anything after 3 + +then I have a number, 1. + +Small detail, again +one of those things + +that costs you one point +if you get it wrong. + +OK so I have a default. + +So I know that this is +going to be well-defined, + +and I have all my +possible choices. + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: dp of j +representing a [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: So it's +saying, if I'm at i, + +and the next number +in the sequence + +is j, what's the longest +sub-sequence-- the length + +of the longest +sub-sequence starting at j? + +So let's run the dp for +this example actually. + +Let's get a feel for why +it works and how it works. + +So I'm going to +copy it again here. + +8, 3, 5, 2, 4, 9, 7, 11. + +So this is a. + +And dp is here. + +Where do I start by the way? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: So I have +the algorithm here, + +how do I iterate? + +For i in-- + +AUDIENCE: N minus N is 0. + +PROFESSOR: N minus +1 all the way to 0. + +So in this case we're going +to start at 11, right? + +The default choice is 1. + +Do I have any other choice? + +Can I go forward? + +Nope. + +So this is going to be 1. + +Now for 7 my array of +choices has a default of 1. + +And then for-- let me +write the indices too, + +so I don't get confused. + +0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. + +And these are i's. + +So we're at 7, i equals 6. + +For j equals 7, is a of +j greater than a of i? + +OK. + +So then 7, 11 is a +possible choice, right? + +So if I choose 11 as the +next point in my sequence, + +what's the total +sequence length? + +2. + +And 1 plus dp of 7 equals 2. + +So this is good. + +So far the answers add up. + +So I have 1 and 2 +as my candidates + +for the answer 2dp of 6. + +What's the maximum? + +All right. + +Works so far. + +How about 9? + +What are the possible +answers for 9? + +So what's choices? + +First there's 1, +there's always 1. + +And then for j equals +6, will the if be true? + +No. + +I can't add a 7 +after a 9, right? + +So go to the next one. + +For j equals 7, +will the if be true? + +So this append +will happen, right? + +What will be appended +in the array? + +And this means that if I'm at +9, and then the next element is + +11, the longest sequence +I can get has length 2. + +OK, what's the answer for 9? + +So if I start at 9 the +longest sequence I can make + +has length 2. + +Let's look at 4 now. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: What is? + +AUDIENCE: Just in general +that's-- the problem is defined + +as, OK in this case +you go from 9 to 11. + +Or do you have to go from +9 to the next element? + +PROFESSOR: So this is +the longest sub-sequence + +if I do-- so the longest +sub-sequence I get overall. + +I don't have to go +to the next element. + +So if my problem looks like +this, what is the best answer? + +AUDIENCE: It's +almost defined as-- + +PROFESSOR: So the +problem is defined + +as, this is your first +element in the sub-sequence. + +What's the best +answer you can get? + +AUDIENCE: I thought in +that case it would be 1 + +because there's nothing +following it that's greater. + +PROFESSOR: This +is greater, right? + +AUDIENCE: Unless it skips. + +PROFESSOR: So it's a +sub-sequence, not a sub-string, + +which means it can skip. + +I hope I got these right. + +So you can skip, +otherwise the answer + +would be a bit +easier to compute. + +OK how about 4? + +So let's start with 1 +because that's the easy one. + +And then? + +AUDIENCE: 1, 3, 3, 2, right? + +Because it's going +to be 3 for that one. + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +AUDIENCE: And then +3 for this one. + +PROFESSOR: 3 for this one. + +AUDIENCE: And then 2. + +PROFESSOR: So all these +are bigger, so all of them + +are possible next candidates. + +And these are the +sequence lengths + +that I can get if I choose them. + +Final answer? + +AUDIENCE: 3. + +PROFESSOR: 3 maximum. + +AUDIENCE: But for setting +the parent pointers + +you'd want to take the +closest thing, right? + +PROFESSOR: As long as it's +a maximum I don't care. + +So what are possible +parent pointers here? + +The 2's, right? + +So either this or this. + +Do I care which one I chose? + +AUDIENCE: No, I guess I don't. + +PROFESSOR: As long +as I choose a 2. + +From a 3 I know I +have to go to a 2. + +I can't go to 1 +because otherwise it + +wouldn't be as long as possible. + +And then from 2's +I have to go to 1, + +and I don't care which one. + +OK how about 2, what's dp of 2? + +Does everyone else see it? + +So these are all +possible choices + +because they're +all bigger than 2. + +And I get 1 if I don't +choose anything, 4, 3, 3, 2. + +So 4 is the biggest answer. + +Let's look at this one, this +one's a bit interesting, 5. + +So what are the choices here? + +1 if I don't look +at anything else. + +Then? + +There's a 3, 4, then 9. + +A 3, 4, then 7. + +And? + +And a 2 for the 11. + +So this if is going to skip +these two elements, which + +I can't use to make an +increasing sub-sequence. + +And then it's going +to look at these ones, + +and it's going to add +1 to the numbers here. + +And I get 3. + +OK. + +What is the answer for 3? + +AUDIENCE: 4. + +PROFESSOR: And what +is the answer for 8? + +AUDIENCE: 3. + +PROFESSOR: Right, the +choices are 9 and 11. + +Starting with itself +and then 9 and 11. + +So now what's the longest-- +what's the answer overall + +for this problem? + +So it's not dp of 0, right? + +Before when I had +blackjack I knew + +that I have to start +at the first card. + +So the answer was dp of 0. + +In this case it's not +dp 0, it's the maximum + +of all the dp's here. + +Because I can start my +sequence anywhere I want. + +So I have to take the maximum. + +And that's the overall answer, +which in this case is 4. + +OK does it make sense now? + +Somewhat? + +So if you don't +understand please look + +at how you'd represent +this as a graph. + +The idea is that the +numbers are nodes + +and you draw an edge +between numbers, + +where the first number is +smaller than the second number. + +Write that formulation, write +the shortest path for that, + +and see how that +matches to this. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/jhIU1msmvaY.txt b/jhIU1msmvaY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a232df6207ffb41b59c9fc685fc7b575ff4abc99 --- /dev/null +++ b/jhIU1msmvaY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2320 @@ +align:start position:0% + +let us consider the an harmonic + + align:start position:0% +let us consider the an harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +let us consider the an harmonic +oscillator which means that you're + + align:start position:0% +oscillator which means that you're + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator which means that you're +taking the unperturbed Hamiltonian to be + + align:start position:0% +taking the unperturbed Hamiltonian to be + + + align:start position:0% +taking the unperturbed Hamiltonian to be +the harmonic oscillator and now you want + + align:start position:0% +the harmonic oscillator and now you want + + + align:start position:0% +the harmonic oscillator and now you want +to add an extra term that will make this + + align:start position:0% +to add an extra term that will make this + + + align:start position:0% +to add an extra term that will make this +an harmonic an harmonic reflects the + + align:start position:0% +an harmonic an harmonic reflects the + + + align:start position:0% +an harmonic an harmonic reflects the +fact that the perturbations are + + align:start position:0% +fact that the perturbations are + + + align:start position:0% +fact that the perturbations are +oscillations of the system are not + + align:start position:0% +oscillations of the system are not + + + align:start position:0% +oscillations of the system are not +exactly harmonic and in the harmonic + + align:start position:0% +exactly harmonic and in the harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +exactly harmonic and in the harmonic +oscillator the energy difference between + + align:start position:0% +oscillator the energy difference between + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator the energy difference between +levels is always the same + + align:start position:0% +levels is always the same + + + align:start position:0% +levels is always the same +that's a beautiful property of the + + align:start position:0% +that's a beautiful property of the + + + align:start position:0% +that's a beautiful property of the +harmonic oscillator that stops happening + + align:start position:0% +harmonic oscillator that stops happening + + + align:start position:0% +harmonic oscillator that stops happening +in a non harmonic oscillator the energy + + align:start position:0% +in a non harmonic oscillator the energy + + + align:start position:0% +in a non harmonic oscillator the energy +differences can vary so the things if + + align:start position:0% +differences can vary so the things if + + + align:start position:0% +differences can vary so the things if +you have a transition from one level + + align:start position:0% +you have a transition from one level + + + align:start position:0% +you have a transition from one level +first level to the ground state or + + align:start position:0% +first level to the ground state or + + + align:start position:0% +first level to the ground state or +second level to the ground state one is + + align:start position:0% +second level to the ground state one is + + + align:start position:0% +second level to the ground state one is +not a harmonic of the other because + + align:start position:0% +not a harmonic of the other because + + + align:start position:0% +not a harmonic of the other because +they're not exactly it twice as big as + + align:start position:0% +they're not exactly it twice as big as + + + align:start position:0% +they're not exactly it twice as big as +the each other so let's try to add an X + + align:start position:0% +the each other so let's try to add an X + + + align:start position:0% +the each other so let's try to add an X +to the fourth perturbation which is + + align:start position:0% +to the fourth perturbation which is + + + align:start position:0% +to the fourth perturbation which is +intuitively very clear you have a + + align:start position:0% +intuitively very clear you have a + + + align:start position:0% +intuitively very clear you have a +potential and you're adding now an extra + + align:start position:0% +potential and you're adding now an extra + + + align:start position:0% +potential and you're adding now an extra +piece that behaves like X to the fourth + + align:start position:0% +piece that behaves like X to the fourth + + + align:start position:0% +piece that behaves like X to the fourth +and it's gonna make this potential blow + + align:start position:0% +and it's gonna make this potential blow + + + align:start position:0% +and it's gonna make this potential blow +up faster now in order to get the unit's + + align:start position:0% +up faster now in order to get the unit's + + + align:start position:0% +up faster now in order to get the unit's +right we need the length scale there's a + + align:start position:0% +right we need the length scale there's a + + + align:start position:0% +right we need the length scale there's a +length scale B B in the harmonic + + align:start position:0% +length scale B B in the harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +length scale B B in the harmonic +oscillator we're going to use it one way + + align:start position:0% +oscillator we're going to use it one way + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator we're going to use it one way +to derive that length scale is to recall + + align:start position:0% +to derive that length scale is to recall + + + align:start position:0% +to derive that length scale is to recall +from units that P a momentum has units + + align:start position:0% +from units that P a momentum has units + + + align:start position:0% +from units that P a momentum has units +of H divided by length so P squared + + align:start position:0% +of H divided by length so P squared + + + align:start position:0% +of H divided by length so P squared +first units of H squared over d squared + + align:start position:0% +first units of H squared over d squared + + + align:start position:0% +first units of H squared over d squared +there's an M so that's an energy + + align:start position:0% +there's an M so that's an energy + + + align:start position:0% +there's an M so that's an energy +and this is an energy too so we can set + + align:start position:0% +and this is an energy too so we can set + + + align:start position:0% +and this is an energy too so we can set +it equal to M Omega squared V squared + + align:start position:0% +it equal to M Omega squared V squared + + + align:start position:0% +it equal to M Omega squared V squared +from where we get for example that one + + align:start position:0% +from where we get for example that one + + + align:start position:0% +from where we get for example that one +over D to the fourth is equal to M + + align:start position:0% +over D to the fourth is equal to M + + + align:start position:0% +over D to the fourth is equal to M +Squared Omega squared over H squared and + + align:start position:0% +Squared Omega squared over H squared and + + + align:start position:0% +Squared Omega squared over H squared and +e squared is equal to H over m Omega so + + align:start position:0% +e squared is equal to H over m Omega so + + + align:start position:0% +e squared is equal to H over m Omega so +that's a length scale something without + + align:start position:0% +that's a length scale something without + + + align:start position:0% +that's a length scale something without +with units of length in the harmonic + + align:start position:0% +with units of length in the harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +with units of length in the harmonic +oscillator so if we want to add a + + align:start position:0% +oscillator so if we want to add a + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator so if we want to add a +perturbation that is X to the fourth + + align:start position:0% +perturbation that is X to the fourth + + + align:start position:0% +perturbation that is X to the fourth +we'll add a lambda Delta H but this is + + align:start position:0% +we'll add a lambda Delta H but this is + + + align:start position:0% +we'll add a lambda Delta H but this is +going to be a lambda which is unit + + align:start position:0% +going to be a lambda which is unit + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a lambda which is unit +freedom something has units of energy so + + align:start position:0% +freedom something has units of energy so + + + align:start position:0% +freedom something has units of energy so +you can put H bar Omega has units of + + align:start position:0% +you can put H bar Omega has units of + + + align:start position:0% +you can put H bar Omega has units of +energy and then you can put the operator + + align:start position:0% +energy and then you can put the operator + + + align:start position:0% +energy and then you can put the operator +X to the fourth divided by D to the + + align:start position:0% +X to the fourth divided by D to the + + + align:start position:0% +X to the fourth divided by D to the +fourth that has is a perturbation with + + align:start position:0% +fourth that has is a perturbation with + + + align:start position:0% +fourth that has is a perturbation with +units of energy this is good so there's + + align:start position:0% +units of energy this is good so there's + + + align:start position:0% +units of energy this is good so there's +a couple of ways of thinking of it you + + align:start position:0% +a couple of ways of thinking of it you + + + align:start position:0% +a couple of ways of thinking of it you +may remember that in the harmonic + + align:start position:0% +may remember that in the harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +may remember that in the harmonic +oscillator X the operator X was given by + + align:start position:0% +oscillator X the operator X was given by + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator X the operator X was given by +square root of H over 2m Omega a plus a + + align:start position:0% +square root of H over 2m Omega a plus a + + + align:start position:0% +square root of H over 2m Omega a plus a +dagger so this is d + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +times a plus a dagger over square root + + align:start position:0% +times a plus a dagger over square root + + + align:start position:0% +times a plus a dagger over square root +of two so this perturbation lambda Delta + + align:start position:0% +of two so this perturbation lambda Delta + + + align:start position:0% +of two so this perturbation lambda Delta +EIJ is equal to lambda H bar Omega would + + align:start position:0% +EIJ is equal to lambda H bar Omega would + + + align:start position:0% +EIJ is equal to lambda H bar Omega would +be here H bar Omega now x over D is this + + align:start position:0% +be here H bar Omega now x over D is this + + + align:start position:0% +be here H bar Omega now x over D is this +a plus a dagger divided by square root + + align:start position:0% +a plus a dagger divided by square root + + + align:start position:0% +a plus a dagger divided by square root +of two so you have a for a plus a dagger + + align:start position:0% +of two so you have a for a plus a dagger + + + align:start position:0% +of two so you have a for a plus a dagger +to the fourth so that's lambda Delta H + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's your perturbation so what do we + + align:start position:0% +that's your perturbation so what do we + + + align:start position:0% +that's your perturbation so what do we +want to do with this perturbation it's a + + align:start position:0% +want to do with this perturbation it's a + + + align:start position:0% +want to do with this perturbation it's a +nice perturbation that we want to + + align:start position:0% +nice perturbation that we want to + + + align:start position:0% +nice perturbation that we want to +compute the corrections to the energy + + align:start position:0% +compute the corrections to the energy + + + align:start position:0% +compute the corrections to the energy +Corrections to the state and see how + + align:start position:0% +Corrections to the state and see how + + + align:start position:0% +Corrections to the state and see how +they go you can do that easily + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's compute first corrections to the + + align:start position:0% +let's compute first corrections to the + + + align:start position:0% +let's compute first corrections to the +ground state energy these are + + align:start position:0% +ground state energy these are + + + align:start position:0% +ground state energy these are +calculations that are not difficult but + + align:start position:0% +calculations that are not difficult but + + + align:start position:0% +calculations that are not difficult but +they take some care as any calculation + + align:start position:0% +they take some care as any calculation + + + align:start position:0% +they take some care as any calculation +is based on just getting a lot of + + align:start position:0% +is based on just getting a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +is based on just getting a lot of +numbers right so what is the ground + + align:start position:0% +numbers right so what is the ground + + + align:start position:0% +numbers right so what is the ground +state energy correction so we're we had + + align:start position:0% +state energy correction so we're we had + + + align:start position:0% +state energy correction so we're we had +a series of formulas that I just erased + + align:start position:0% +a series of formulas that I just erased + + + align:start position:0% +a series of formulas that I just erased +but this index k0 for our state's we can + + align:start position:0% +but this index k0 for our state's we can + + + align:start position:0% +but this index k0 for our state's we can +think of K has been the number the + + align:start position:0% +think of K has been the number the + + + align:start position:0% +think of K has been the number the +eigenvalue of the number operators for + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalue of the number operators for + + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalue of the number operators for +the N and remember in the harmonic + + align:start position:0% +the N and remember in the harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +the N and remember in the harmonic +oscillator we label States by 0 1 2 3 + + align:start position:0% +oscillator we label States by 0 1 2 3 + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator we label States by 0 1 2 3 +and that's the eigenvalue of the number + + align:start position:0% +and that's the eigenvalue of the number + + + align:start position:0% +and that's the eigenvalue of the number +operator in the harmonic oscillator so + + align:start position:0% +operator in the harmonic oscillator so + + + align:start position:0% +operator in the harmonic oscillator so +that ground state energy would respond + + align:start position:0% +that ground state energy would respond + + + align:start position:0% +that ground state energy would respond +the 0 has a first order correction that + + align:start position:0% +the 0 has a first order correction that + + + align:start position:0% +the 0 has a first order correction that +would be given by the unperturbed ground + + align:start position:0% +would be given by the unperturbed ground + + + align:start position:0% +would be given by the unperturbed ground +state and Delta H 0 so what is that + + align:start position:0% +state and Delta H 0 so what is that + + + align:start position:0% +state and Delta H 0 so what is that +Delta H is H Omega over 4 and we have 0 + + align:start position:0% +Delta H is H Omega over 4 and we have 0 + + + align:start position:0% +Delta H is H Omega over 4 and we have 0 +a plus a dagger to the fourth zero + + align:start position:0% +a plus a dagger to the fourth zero + + + align:start position:0% +a plus a dagger to the fourth zero +easy enough that's what we have to do + + align:start position:0% +easy enough that's what we have to do + + + align:start position:0% +easy enough that's what we have to do +now the evaluation of that matrix + + align:start position:0% +now the evaluation of that matrix + + + align:start position:0% +now the evaluation of that matrix +element is a simple exercise the kind of + + align:start position:0% +element is a simple exercise the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +element is a simple exercise the kind of +things you've been doing before you have + + align:start position:0% +things you've been doing before you have + + + align:start position:0% +things you've been doing before you have +to expand and just use the a a dagger + + align:start position:0% +to expand and just use the a a dagger + + + align:start position:0% +to expand and just use the a a dagger +commutation relation that is a a dagger + + align:start position:0% +commutation relation that is a a dagger + + + align:start position:0% +commutation relation that is a a dagger +is equal to 1 + + align:start position:0% +is equal to 1 + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to 1 +you said repeatedly a kills the vacuum a + + align:start position:0% +you said repeatedly a kills the vacuum a + + + align:start position:0% +you said repeatedly a kills the vacuum a +dagger kills the other vacuum on the + + align:start position:0% +dagger kills the other vacuum on the + + + align:start position:0% +dagger kills the other vacuum on the +left please do it if you + + align:start position:0% +left please do it if you + + + align:start position:0% +left please do it if you +feel you're out of practice the answer + + align:start position:0% +feel you're out of practice the answer + + + align:start position:0% +feel you're out of practice the answer +is the number three here so e0 1 is + + align:start position:0% +is the number three here so e0 1 is + + + align:start position:0% +is the number three here so e0 1 is +equal to 3/4 h-bar Omega so how does + + align:start position:0% +equal to 3/4 h-bar Omega so how does + + + align:start position:0% +equal to 3/4 h-bar Omega so how does +that tell you anything well better use + + align:start position:0% +that tell you anything well better use + + + align:start position:0% +that tell you anything well better use +the full formula so e 0 of lambda is + + align:start position:0% +the full formula so e 0 of lambda is + + + align:start position:0% +the full formula so e 0 of lambda is +soup is supposed to be equal to the + + align:start position:0% +soup is supposed to be equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +soup is supposed to be equal to the +ground state energy unperturbed which + + align:start position:0% +ground state energy unperturbed which + + + align:start position:0% +ground state energy unperturbed which +was H Omega over 2 plus lambda times the + + align:start position:0% +was H Omega over 2 plus lambda times the + + + align:start position:0% +was H Omega over 2 plus lambda times the +first order correction which is 3/4 + + align:start position:0% +first order correction which is 3/4 + + + align:start position:0% +first order correction which is 3/4 +h-bar Omega plus order lambda squared so + + align:start position:0% +h-bar Omega plus order lambda squared so + + + align:start position:0% +h-bar Omega plus order lambda squared so +easy Rho of lambda is H Omega over 2 1 + + align:start position:0% +easy Rho of lambda is H Omega over 2 1 + + + align:start position:0% +easy Rho of lambda is H Omega over 2 1 +plus three-halves lambda plus order + + align:start position:0% +plus three-halves lambda plus order + + + align:start position:0% +plus three-halves lambda plus order +lambda squared that's what we got and + + align:start position:0% +lambda squared that's what we got and + + + align:start position:0% +lambda squared that's what we got and +that makes nice sense your ground state + + align:start position:0% +that makes nice sense your ground state + + + align:start position:0% +that makes nice sense your ground state +energy you knew used to be H Omega over + + align:start position:0% +energy you knew used to be H Omega over + + + align:start position:0% +energy you knew used to be H Omega over + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +if you introduced this perturbation you + + align:start position:0% +if you introduced this perturbation you + + + align:start position:0% +if you introduced this perturbation you +don't expect it to jump abruptly it's + + align:start position:0% +don't expect it to jump abruptly it's + + + align:start position:0% +don't expect it to jump abruptly it's +gonna grow up with the lambda to the 4th + + align:start position:0% +gonna grow up with the lambda to the 4th + + + align:start position:0% +gonna grow up with the lambda to the 4th +term with the X to the 4th term into + + align:start position:0% +term with the X to the 4th term into + + + align:start position:0% +term with the X to the 4th term into +three-halves lambda here a small + + align:start position:0% +three-halves lambda here a small + + + align:start position:0% +three-halves lambda here a small +correction so far so good + + align:start position:0% +correction so far so good + + + align:start position:0% +correction so far so good +what takes a bit more work is doing a + + align:start position:0% +what takes a bit more work is doing a + + + align:start position:0% +what takes a bit more work is doing a +higher-order correction so let's do the + + align:start position:0% +higher-order correction so let's do the + + + align:start position:0% +higher-order correction so let's do the +next one as well + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so for the second order correction we + + align:start position:0% +so for the second order correction we + + + align:start position:0% +so for the second order correction we +have a formula and let's see what it + + align:start position:0% +have a formula and let's see what it + + + align:start position:0% +have a formula and let's see what it +tells us it tells us that the second + + align:start position:0% +tells us it tells us that the second + + + align:start position:0% +tells us it tells us that the second +order correction to the energy is minus + + align:start position:0% +order correction to the energy is minus + + + align:start position:0% +order correction to the energy is minus +the sum over all states that are not the + + align:start position:0% +the sum over all states that are not the + + + align:start position:0% +the sum over all states that are not the +ground state so it's K different from + + align:start position:0% +ground state so it's K different from + + + align:start position:0% +ground state so it's K different from +zero that's good enough + + align:start position:0% +zero that's good enough + + + align:start position:0% +zero that's good enough +Delta H zero K squared over EK zero + + align:start position:0% +Delta H zero K squared over EK zero + + + align:start position:0% +Delta H zero K squared over EK zero +minus e zero zero so potentially it's an + + align:start position:0% +minus e zero zero so potentially it's an + + + align:start position:0% +minus e zero zero so potentially it's an +infinite sum and that's the kind of + + align:start position:0% +infinite sum and that's the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +infinite sum and that's the kind of +thing that is sometimes difficult in + + align:start position:0% +thing that is sometimes difficult in + + + align:start position:0% +thing that is sometimes difficult in +many examples you have infinite sum + + align:start position:0% +many examples you have infinite sum + + + align:start position:0% +many examples you have infinite sum +sometimes you can do an approximation + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you can do an approximation + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you can do an approximation +say a few terms is all you need to do + + align:start position:0% +say a few terms is all you need to do + + + align:start position:0% +say a few terms is all you need to do +but in this case happily it's not gonna + + align:start position:0% +but in this case happily it's not gonna + + + align:start position:0% +but in this case happily it's not gonna +be an infinite sum so what do we have + + align:start position:0% +be an infinite sum so what do we have + + + align:start position:0% +be an infinite sum so what do we have +Delta H zero K is what we need to + + align:start position:0% +Delta H zero K is what we need to + + + align:start position:0% +Delta H zero K is what we need to +calculate the energy differences we know + + align:start position:0% +calculate the energy differences we know + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the energy differences we know +these are the unperturbed harmonic + + align:start position:0% +these are the unperturbed harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +these are the unperturbed harmonic +oscillator energy differences what we + + align:start position:0% +oscillator energy differences what we + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator energy differences what we +need is this object which is H bar Omega + + align:start position:0% +need is this object which is H bar Omega + + + align:start position:0% +need is this object which is H bar Omega +over 4 remember what is Delta H there in + + align:start position:0% +over 4 remember what is Delta H there in + + + align:start position:0% +over 4 remember what is Delta H there in +that box formula there and we have 0 a + + align:start position:0% +that box formula there and we have 0 a + + + align:start position:0% +that box formula there and we have 0 a +plus a dagger to the fourth K where K is + + align:start position:0% +plus a dagger to the fourth K where K is + + + align:start position:0% +plus a dagger to the fourth K where K is +a state with number K if you wish you + + align:start position:0% +a state with number K if you wish you + + + align:start position:0% +a state with number K if you wish you +could say K is a dagger to the K over + + align:start position:0% +could say K is a dagger to the K over + + + align:start position:0% +could say K is a dagger to the K over +square root of K factorial acting on the + + align:start position:0% +square root of K factorial acting on the + + + align:start position:0% +square root of K factorial acting on the +ground state but sometimes you don't + + align:start position:0% +ground state but sometimes you don't + + + align:start position:0% +ground state but sometimes you don't +need that you actually don't need to put + + align:start position:0% +need that you actually don't need to put + + + align:start position:0% +need that you actually don't need to put +the value of K + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so our challenge here is to see which + + align:start position:0% +so our challenge here is to see which + + + align:start position:0% +so our challenge here is to see which +values of K exist for that you can think + + align:start position:0% +values of K exist for that you can think + + + align:start position:0% +values of K exist for that you can think +of this part of the term the a plus a + + align:start position:0% +of this part of the term the a plus a + + + align:start position:0% +of this part of the term the a plus a +dagger to the fourth acting on the + + align:start position:0% +dagger to the fourth acting on the + + + align:start position:0% +dagger to the fourth acting on the +vacuum this is like in a sense this term + + align:start position:0% +vacuum this is like in a sense this term + + + align:start position:0% +vacuum this is like in a sense this term +is nothing else Binet in what happens to + + align:start position:0% +is nothing else Binet in what happens to + + + align:start position:0% +is nothing else Binet in what happens to +the wavefunction when you multiply it by + + align:start position:0% +the wavefunction when you multiply it by + + + align:start position:0% +the wavefunction when you multiply it by +X to the 4 to the ground state wave + + align:start position:0% +X to the 4 to the ground state wave + + + align:start position:0% +X to the 4 to the ground state wave +function that's basically what you're + + align:start position:0% +function that's basically what you're + + + align:start position:0% +function that's basically what you're +doing here you're multiplying an X to + + align:start position:0% +doing here you're multiplying an X to + + + align:start position:0% +doing here you're multiplying an X to +the fourth times the ground state wave + + align:start position:0% +the fourth times the ground state wave + + + align:start position:0% +the fourth times the ground state wave +function so it should give you an even + + align:start position:0% +function so it should give you an even + + + align:start position:0% +function so it should give you an even +wave function so you would expect that X + + align:start position:0% +wave function so you would expect that X + + + align:start position:0% +wave function so you would expect that X +to the fourth x 5 zeros should be + + align:start position:0% +to the fourth x 5 zeros should be + + + align:start position:0% +to the fourth x 5 zeros should be +proportional to Phi 0 but maybe Phi 2 + + align:start position:0% +proportional to Phi 0 but maybe Phi 2 + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to Phi 0 but maybe Phi 2 +and Phi 4 should not have the odd ones + + align:start position:0% +and Phi 4 should not have the odd ones + + + align:start position:0% +and Phi 4 should not have the odd ones +because this function is not odd this + + align:start position:0% +because this function is not odd this + + + align:start position:0% +because this function is not odd this +even so as you express X to the 4 5 0 in + + align:start position:0% +even so as you express X to the 4 5 0 in + + + align:start position:0% +even so as you express X to the 4 5 0 in +terms of the other ones it should be + + align:start position:0% +terms of the other ones it should be + + + align:start position:0% +terms of the other ones it should be +that so indeed again I ask you to do a + + align:start position:0% +that so indeed again I ask you to do a + + + align:start position:0% +that so indeed again I ask you to do a +little computation if you do 0 a plus a + + align:start position:0% +little computation if you do 0 a plus a + + + align:start position:0% +little computation if you do 0 a plus a +dagger to the 4th of this is equal to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you can show it gives you 4 factorial + + align:start position:0% +you can show it gives you 4 factorial + + + align:start position:0% +you can show it gives you 4 factorial +square root the state 4 plus 6 square + + align:start position:0% +square root the state 4 plus 6 square + + + align:start position:0% +square root the state 4 plus 6 square +root of 2 times the state 2 plus 3 x + + align:start position:0% +root of 2 times the state 2 plus 3 x + + + align:start position:0% +root of 2 times the state 2 plus 3 x +times the ground state + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so we have that like let's continue + + align:start position:0% +okay so we have that like let's continue + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we have that like let's continue +therefore given that the bra has given + + align:start position:0% +therefore given that the bra has given + + + align:start position:0% +therefore given that the bra has given +us three states one proportional to the + + align:start position:0% +us three states one proportional to the + + + align:start position:0% +us three states one proportional to the +vacuum one proportional to the state + + align:start position:0% +vacuum one proportional to the state + + + align:start position:0% +vacuum one proportional to the state +with occupation number two and one with + + align:start position:0% +with occupation number two and one with + + + align:start position:0% +with occupation number two and one with +the state of occupation number four the + + align:start position:0% +the state of occupation number four the + + + align:start position:0% +the state of occupation number four the +values of K that are relevant since K is + + align:start position:0% +values of K that are relevant since K is + + + align:start position:0% +values of K that are relevant since K is +different from zero are only two and + + align:start position:0% +different from zero are only two and + + + align:start position:0% +different from zero are only two and +four zero doesn't matter and only two + + align:start position:0% +four zero doesn't matter and only two + + + align:start position:0% +four zero doesn't matter and only two +and four can couple here so what do we + + align:start position:0% +and four can couple here so what do we + + + align:start position:0% +and four can couple here so what do we +get Delta H zero four would be from this + + align:start position:0% +get Delta H zero four would be from this + + + align:start position:0% +get Delta H zero four would be from this +formula H Omega over four times this + + align:start position:0% +formula H Omega over four times this + + + align:start position:0% +formula H Omega over four times this +inner product when K is equal to four so + + align:start position:0% +inner product when K is equal to four so + + + align:start position:0% +inner product when K is equal to four so +you get here square root of four + + align:start position:0% +you get here square root of four + + + align:start position:0% +you get here square root of four +factorial which is H Omega over 2 times + + align:start position:0% +factorial which is H Omega over 2 times + + + align:start position:0% +factorial which is H Omega over 2 times +square root of six Delta H zero 2 is + + align:start position:0% +square root of six Delta H zero 2 is + + + align:start position:0% +square root of six Delta H zero 2 is +equal to H Omega over four and the + + align:start position:0% +equal to H Omega over four and the + + + align:start position:0% +equal to H Omega over four and the +overlap of this state with two which is + + align:start position:0% +overlap of this state with two which is + + + align:start position:0% +overlap of this state with two which is +six square root of two so this is H + + align:start position:0% +six square root of two so this is H + + + align:start position:0% +six square root of two so this is H +Omega 3 square root of two over two + + align:start position:0% +Omega 3 square root of two over two + + + align:start position:0% +Omega 3 square root of two over two +ok so that's your first step when you + + align:start position:0% +ok so that's your first step when you + + + align:start position:0% +ok so that's your first step when you +have to compute a perturbation you have + + align:start position:0% +have to compute a perturbation you have + + + align:start position:0% +have to compute a perturbation you have +to compute all the relevant matrix + + align:start position:0% +to compute all the relevant matrix + + + align:start position:0% +to compute all the relevant matrix +elements and you have to think what you + + align:start position:0% +elements and you have to think what you + + + align:start position:0% +elements and you have to think what you +can get and only k equal two and four + + align:start position:0% +can get and only k equal two and four + + + align:start position:0% +can get and only k equal two and four +happen so this is a sum of two terms so + + align:start position:0% +happen so this is a sum of two terms so + + + align:start position:0% +happen so this is a sum of two terms so +the second order correction to the + + align:start position:0% +the second order correction to the + + + align:start position:0% +the second order correction to the +energy is minus Delta H zero two squared + + align:start position:0% +energy is minus Delta H zero two squared + + + align:start position:0% +energy is minus Delta H zero two squared +divided by e to + + align:start position:0% +divided by e to + + + align:start position:0% +divided by e to +zero minus e zero zero minus Delta H + + align:start position:0% +zero minus e zero zero minus Delta H + + + align:start position:0% +zero minus e zero zero minus Delta H +zero four squared over 4 zero minus e + + align:start position:0% +zero four squared over 4 zero minus e + + + align:start position:0% +zero four squared over 4 zero minus e +zero zero so what is this is minus Delta + + align:start position:0% +zero zero so what is this is minus Delta + + + align:start position:0% +zero zero so what is this is minus Delta +H zero two squared is H bar Omega + + align:start position:0% +H zero two squared is H bar Omega + + + align:start position:0% +H zero two squared is H bar Omega +squared 9 times 2 over 4 + + align:start position:0% +squared 9 times 2 over 4 + + + align:start position:0% +squared 9 times 2 over 4 +nine times two over four and you divide + + align:start position:0% +nine times two over four and you divide + + + align:start position:0% +nine times two over four and you divide +by this difference and the difference + + align:start position:0% +by this difference and the difference + + + align:start position:0% +by this difference and the difference +between e 2 and e zero is 2 H bar Omega + + align:start position:0% +between e 2 and e zero is 2 H bar Omega + + + align:start position:0% +between e 2 and e zero is 2 H bar Omega +there's an H bar Omega difference + + align:start position:0% +there's an H bar Omega difference + + + align:start position:0% +there's an H bar Omega difference +between every state so you go from zero + + align:start position:0% +between every state so you go from zero + + + align:start position:0% +between every state so you go from zero +to 1 to e 2 two of them minus Delta H + + align:start position:0% +to 1 to e 2 two of them minus Delta H + + + align:start position:0% +to 1 to e 2 two of them minus Delta H +zero four squared which is H Omega + + align:start position:0% +zero four squared which is H Omega + + + align:start position:0% +zero four squared which is H Omega +squared times 6 over 4 over 4 H bar + + align:start position:0% +squared times 6 over 4 over 4 H bar + + + align:start position:0% +squared times 6 over 4 over 4 H bar +Omega well this gives you minus 21 8 H + + align:start position:0% +Omega well this gives you minus 21 8 H + + + align:start position:0% +Omega well this gives you minus 21 8 H +bar Omega and therefore the energy this + + align:start position:0% +bar Omega and therefore the energy this + + + align:start position:0% +bar Omega and therefore the energy this +is the e 0 2 so you can go back here and + + align:start position:0% +is the e 0 2 so you can go back here and + + + align:start position:0% +is the e 0 2 so you can go back here and +write e 0 lambda is equal to H Omega + + align:start position:0% +write e 0 lambda is equal to H Omega + + + align:start position:0% +write e 0 lambda is equal to H Omega +over 2 1 plus three-halves lambda and + + align:start position:0% +over 2 1 plus three-halves lambda and + + + align:start position:0% +over 2 1 plus three-halves lambda and +then the next term that we now calculate + + align:start position:0% +then the next term that we now calculate + + + align:start position:0% +then the next term that we now calculate +that is 21 fourths lambda squared very + + align:start position:0% +that is 21 fourths lambda squared very + + + align:start position:0% +that is 21 fourths lambda squared very +good we work hard we have lambda squared + + align:start position:0% +good we work hard we have lambda squared + + + align:start position:0% +good we work hard we have lambda squared +correction to this energy now this is + + align:start position:0% +correction to this energy now this is + + + align:start position:0% +correction to this energy now this is +not really trivial there's no analytic + + align:start position:0% +not really trivial there's no analytic + + + align:start position:0% +not really trivial there's no analytic +way to solve this problem + + align:start position:0% +way to solve this problem + + + align:start position:0% +way to solve this problem +nobody knows an analytic way to solve + + align:start position:0% +nobody knows an analytic way to solve + + + align:start position:0% +nobody knows an analytic way to solve +this problem so this is a nice result + + align:start position:0% +this problem so this is a nice result + + + align:start position:0% +this problem so this is a nice result +it's so famous the + + align:start position:0% +it's so famous the + + + align:start position:0% +it's so famous the +problem that people have written + + align:start position:0% +problem that people have written + + + align:start position:0% +problem that people have written +hundreds of papers in this the first + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of papers in this the first + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of papers in this the first +people that did a very detailed analysis + + align:start position:0% +people that did a very detailed analysis + + + align:start position:0% +people that did a very detailed analysis +was bender and Wu and they computed + + align:start position:0% +was bender and Wu and they computed + + + align:start position:0% +was bender and Wu and they computed +probably hundred terms in the series or + + align:start position:0% +probably hundred terms in the series or + + + align:start position:0% +probably hundred terms in the series or +so the next term turns out to be 3 3 3 + + align:start position:0% +so the next term turns out to be 3 3 3 + + + align:start position:0% +so the next term turns out to be 3 3 3 +over 8 lambda cube followed by thirty + + align:start position:0% +over 8 lambda cube followed by thirty + + + align:start position:0% +over 8 lambda cube followed by thirty +thousand eight five five over 64 lambda + + align:start position:0% +thousand eight five five over 64 lambda + + + align:start position:0% +thousand eight five five over 64 lambda +to the fourth plus order lambda v + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +funnily these people also proved that + + align:start position:0% +funnily these people also proved that + + + align:start position:0% +funnily these people also proved that +this series has no radius of convergence + + align:start position:0% +this series has no radius of convergence + + + align:start position:0% +this series has no radius of convergence +it never converges it just doesn't + + align:start position:0% +it never converges it just doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +it never converges it just doesn't +converge at all you would say oh what a + + align:start position:0% +converge at all you would say oh what a + + + align:start position:0% +converge at all you would say oh what a +waste of time no it's an asymptotic + + align:start position:0% +waste of time no it's an asymptotic + + + align:start position:0% +waste of time no it's an asymptotic +expansion this series so it can be used + + align:start position:0% +expansion this series so it can be used + + + align:start position:0% +expansion this series so it can be used +so it's a very funny thing series + + align:start position:0% +so it's a very funny thing series + + + align:start position:0% +so it's a very funny thing series +sometimes don't emerge so well and this + + align:start position:0% +sometimes don't emerge so well and this + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes don't emerge so well and this +one is so peculiarly non converging + + align:start position:0% +one is so peculiarly non converging + + + align:start position:0% +one is so peculiarly non converging +serious so what does it mean that it's + + align:start position:0% +serious so what does it mean that it's + + + align:start position:0% +serious so what does it mean that it's +an asymptotic expansion basically the + + align:start position:0% +an asymptotic expansion basically the + + + align:start position:0% +an asymptotic expansion basically the +expansion for the factorial that you use + + align:start position:0% +expansion for the factorial that you use + + + align:start position:0% +expansion for the factorial that you use +in statistical mechanics all the time + + align:start position:0% +in statistical mechanics all the time + + + align:start position:0% +in statistical mechanics all the time +Sterling's expansion is an asymptotic + + align:start position:0% +Sterling's expansion is an asymptotic + + + align:start position:0% +Sterling's expansion is an asymptotic +expansion quantum electrodynamics with + + align:start position:0% +expansion quantum electrodynamics with + + + align:start position:0% +expansion quantum electrodynamics with +Fineman rules is an asymptotic expansion + + align:start position:0% +Fineman rules is an asymptotic expansion + + + align:start position:0% +Fineman rules is an asymptotic expansion +very few things actually converge in + + align:start position:0% +very few things actually converge in + + + align:start position:0% +very few things actually converge in +physics that's the nature of things what + + align:start position:0% +physics that's the nature of things what + + + align:start position:0% +physics that's the nature of things what +it means is that when you take lambda + + align:start position:0% +it means is that when you take lambda + + + align:start position:0% +it means is that when you take lambda +for example to be one in a thousand a + + align:start position:0% +for example to be one in a thousand a + + + align:start position:0% +for example to be one in a thousand a +very small number then this is one this + + align:start position:0% +very small number then this is one this + + + align:start position:0% +very small number then this is one this +will be very small this will still be + + align:start position:0% +will be very small this will still be + + + align:start position:0% +will be very small this will still be +small this will be small and eventually + + align:start position:0% +small this will be small and eventually + + + align:start position:0% +small this will be small and eventually +the terms those smaller smaller smaller + + align:start position:0% +the terms those smaller smaller smaller + + + align:start position:0% +the terms those smaller smaller smaller +smaller smaller smaller and eventually + + align:start position:0% +smaller smaller smaller and eventually + + + align:start position:0% +smaller smaller smaller and eventually +start going up again and if you have an + + align:start position:0% +start going up again and if you have an + + + align:start position:0% +start going up again and if you have an +asymptotic expansion you're supposed to + + align:start position:0% +asymptotic expansion you're supposed to + + + align:start position:0% +asymptotic expansion you're supposed to +stop having terms until they become the + + align:start position:0% +stop having terms until they become the + + + align:start position:0% +stop having terms until they become the +smallest and that will be a good + + align:start position:0% +smallest and that will be a good + + + align:start position:0% +smallest and that will be a good +approximation to your function so this + + align:start position:0% +approximation to your function so this + + + align:start position:0% +approximation to your function so this +can be used you can use it you can do + + align:start position:0% +can be used you can use it you can do + + + align:start position:0% +can be used you can use it you can do +numerical work with the states and + + align:start position:0% +numerical work with the states and + + + align:start position:0% +numerical work with the states and +compare with the same tough expansion + + align:start position:0% +compare with the same tough expansion + + + align:start position:0% +compare with the same tough expansion +and it's a very nice thing another thing + + align:start position:0% +and it's a very nice thing another thing + + + align:start position:0% +and it's a very nice thing another thing +is that you can compute the first + + align:start position:0% +is that you can compute the first + + + align:start position:0% +is that you can compute the first +correction to the state of I will leave + + align:start position:0% +correction to the state of I will leave + + + align:start position:0% +correction to the state of I will leave +that as an exercise and in the notes you + + align:start position:0% +that as an exercise and in the notes you + + + align:start position:0% +that as an exercise and in the notes you +will find the expression of the first + + align:start position:0% +will find the expression of the first + + + align:start position:0% +will find the expression of the first +correction to the state is not much work + + align:start position:0% +correction to the state is not much work + + + align:start position:0% +correction to the state is not much work +because after all it involves just this + + align:start position:0% +because after all it involves just this + + + align:start position:0% +because after all it involves just this +kind of matrix element so it's basically + + align:start position:0% +kind of matrix element so it's basically + + + align:start position:0% +kind of matrix element so it's basically +using the matrix elements to write + + align:start position:0% +using the matrix elements to write + + + align:start position:0% +using the matrix elements to write +something else \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/kJR59TZz1CI.txt b/kJR59TZz1CI.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9b1a540e19f68c4420de614fa9aa9660c810a69c --- /dev/null +++ b/kJR59TZz1CI.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3865 @@ +SPEAKER: The following content +is provided under a Creative + +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to + +offer high quality educational +resources for free. + +To make a donation, or to view +additional materials from + +hundreds of MIT courses, visit +MIT OpenCourseWare at + +ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: OK, last time we were +talking about this thing + +called the theorem +of irrelevance. + +At one level, the theorem of +irrelevance is just another + +statement of, when you start +looking at detection theory, + +there are things called +sufficient statistics. + +And what the theorem of +irrelevance says is you can + +ignore things that aren't part +of a sufficient statistic. + +But more specifically, it says +something about what those + +irrelevant things are. + +And in particular, let me repeat +what we said last time + +but with a little less +of the detail. + +You start out with +a signal set. + +Ok? + +You're going to transmit one +element of that single-- + +signal set-- + +and you're going to turn +it into some waveform-- + +which we'll call X of t. + +And X of t is going to depend +on which particular signal + +enters the transmitter +at this point. + +You're going to receive +something where the thing that + +you receive has noise +added to it. + +And also if you'll notice I've +written the thing that we + +receive that it's including a +whole lot of other stuff. + +OK? + +In other words, the signal is +constrained to j different + +degrees of freedom. + +And what you get out of the +channel involves a much larger + +set of degrees of freedom. + +In other words, you're putting +things in involving only a + +certain period of time, in a +certain bandwidth, usually. + +And you can look at anything +you want to at the output. + +The only thing is you can't peek +at what the input was at + +the transmitter, because if +you could there will be no + +sense in actually +transmitting it. + +OK, so the point is, we receive +something which, in + +the degrees of freedom that we +know about, Yj is equal Xj + +plus the noise variables. + +And in the other degrees +of freedom, Yj is + +just equal to Zj. + +And now the rules of the game +are that these out of band + +things, all of these noise +coefficients, which are not + +part of the phi 1 up to phi sub +capital J. All of these + +things, the noise there, is +independent of the noise in-- + +is independent of the noise and +the signal in what we're + +actually sending. + +Because it's independent it's +irrelevant that's relatively + +easy to show. + +But the broader way to look at +this, and the way I want-- + +and the way I'd like to get +you used to thinking about + +this-- is that this other stuff +here can include signals + +sent by other users. + +It can include signals sent +by you at other times. + +It can include anything +else in the world. + +And what this theorem is saying +is, if you're sending + +the signal in just these j +degrees of freedom, then you + +don't have to look +at anything else. + +So that all you have to look +at is these received + +components, Y sub j. + +OK, it says something +more than that. + +It says a lot more than that. + +These actual orthonormal +functions that you use, phi 1 + +up to phi sub capital +J, don't appear in + +that solution at all. + +OK? + +In other words, you really +have a vector + +problem at this point. + +You have a j dimensional +vector that you send. + +You have a j dimensional vector +that you receive. + +You can use orthonormal +functions, which are anything + +in the world, so long as the +noise in that region that + +you're looking at and sending +things in does not vary. + +In other words, what +you can send is + +very broadband signals. + +You can send very narrow +band signals. + +You can send anything and it +doesn't make any difference. + +What this says is when you're +dealing with a white Gaussian + +noise channel, all signals +are equivalent. + +OK? + +In other words, it doesn't +make any difference what + +modulation system you use. + +They all behave the same way. + +The only difference between +different modulation systems + +comes in these second order +affects, which we haven't + +started to look at much yet. + +How hard is it to retrieve +carrier? + +How hard is it to deal +with things like time + +synchronization? + +How hard is it to build +the filters? + +How hard is it to move from +passband down to baseband if + +you want to do your operations +at baseband? + +All of these questions become +important, but the basic + +question of how to deal with the +Gaussian noise, it doesn't + +make any difference. + +You can use whatever system you +want to, and the analysis + +of the noise part of the problem +is exactly the same at + +everything. + +OK? + +And that's fairly important +because it says that in fact, + +this signal space there +we're using-- + +I mean yes, we're all used +to the fact that + +it's a vector space. + +L2 is a vector space, fine-- +what's important here is + +you're using a finite part of +that vector space, and you can + +deal with it just as if it's +finite dimensional vectors. + +You can deal with vectors and +matrices and all of that neat + +stuff and you can forget about +all of the analog stuff. + +you look at 99 percent of the +papers appear both in the + +information theory transactions +and in the + +transactions of-- + +oh I guess it-- + +it's communication technology. + +You look at all of these things +and 99 percent of the + +authors don't know anything +about analog communication. + +All they've learned is how to +deal with these vectors. + +OK? + +So in fact this is +the key to that. + +And you can now play +their game. + +But also when their game doesn't +work you can go back + +to looking at the analog +waveforms. + +But you now understand +what that game is + +that they're playing. + +They're assuming white +Gaussian noise. + +They don't have to deal with +the fact that the white + +Gaussian noise is spread over +all time and all frequency. + +Because part of this thoerem +says it doesn't make any + +difference how the noise is +characterized outside of this + +region that you're looking at. + +That's the other part of the +argument that we've been + +dealing with all along. + +It doesn't matter how you +model the noise anywhere + +outside of what you're +looking at. + +The only thing you need is that +the noise is independent + +outside of there. + +OK? + +So that's-- + +I mean this was sort of trivial +analytically, but it's + +really an important aspect +of what's going on. + +OK. + +Let's go back to QAM or PAM. + +The baseband input to a white +Gaussian noise channel-- we're + +going to model it as u of t-- + +we're going to look +at a succession + +of j different signals. + +In other words, when we study +detection, we said we're going + +to build the system, we're going +to send one signal, and + +then we're going to receive that +signal and we're going to + +tear that system down. + +We're not going to send more +than just this one signal. + +OK, now we're sending a +big batch of signals. + +Were sending capital +J of them. + +Where J can be as big +as you please. + +Now we're going to look at two +different alternatives. + +OK, one of these alternatives +is sending all j signals and + +building a receiver which +looks at all J of them + +together and makes a joint +decision on everything. + +It makes a maximum likelihood +decision on this sequence of J + +possible inputs. + +This is one of the things +we've looked at. + +This is what happens when you +have non binary detection. + +I mean, here you have an +enormous number of things + +you're detecting between. + +And you do maximum likelihood +detection on it. + +And the question is, do you get +anything extra from that + +beyond what you get out of doing +what we did before, just + +forgetting about the fact that +other signals existed? + +Namely, which is better? + +What the notes prove, and what +I'm going to sort of indicate + +here without any attempt +to prove it-- + +I mean it's not a hard +proof, it's just-- + +I mean the hardest part of this +is realizing what the + +problem is. + +And the problem is you +can detect things in + +two different ways. + +You can detect things one +signal at a time. + +Or you can detect them the +whole sequence at a time. + +And you do something different +in each of these cases. + +OK, so we're going to assume +again that these thetas are an + +orthonormal set. + +I'm going to assume that +I've extended them so + +they span all of l2. + +I'm going to let v be a +sample of this output + +vector, v1 to v sub j. + +You see, I use the theorem of +irrelevance here because I + +don't care about anything +beyond v sub j. + +Because all those other +things are irrelevant. + +So I only look at +v1 to v sub j. + +So the little v is going +to be a sample value + +of this random vector. + +And the components of the random +vector, the output, are + +going to be the input variables + +plus the noise variables. + +And the zj here are +independent. + +I don't even have to +assume that they're + +Gaussian for this argument. + +They can be anything at all, +so long as they're + +independent. + +OK, now if I'm doing the signal +by signal detection, in + +other words if what I'm doing is +I'm saying, "OK, I want to + +take this little j signal, and I +want to decide on what it is + +just from looking at the v +sample of the output." OK, I + +can do that. + +My observation is v sub j. + +That's something we've +talked about. + +I mean the fact that you might +have other information + +available doesn't make +any difference. + +You still can make a +detection on the + +basis of this one variable. + +OK, so we do that. + +Now, we want to compare that +with what happens when we make + +a detection for all capital J +of these inputs, conditional + +on the whole sequence. + +OK, you write out the +likelihood ratio. + +It factors. + +And the thing that happens when +you do this-- and you + +have to read the notes for +the details on this, + +and it's not hard-- + +what you find is that the +maximum likelihood decision is + +exactly the same +in both cases. + +OK, so it doesn't make any +difference whether you detect + +little u sub j from the +observation v sub j. + +Or whether you detect the +vector, u sub capital j, from + +the whole set of outputs, v sub +1 up to v sub capital J. + +You get the same answer +in both cases. + +Now, you might say, "What +happens if some of these + +likelihood ratios come out to +be right on the borderline, + +equal to one?" Well it doesn't +make any difference because + +that's a zero probability +thing. + +If you want to worry about that, +you can worry about it + +and you get the same answer, you +just have to be a little + +more careful. + +Now here is something the notes +don't say, and it's also + +fairly important. + +Here we're talking about the +case where all these signals + +are independent of each other. + +Which is sort of what we want +to look at in communication + +because for the most part what +we're doing is we're taking + +data of some sort, we're source +processing it to make + +the bits coming up the channel +be independent of each other, + +and then we're going +to be sending them. + +Well except now we want to say, +well suppose that these + +inputs are not independent. + +Suppose, for example, that we +pass them through an error + +correction encoding device +before transmitting them. + +And the question is, +what happens then? + +Well the trouble is then you +have dependence between + +u1 and u sub j. + +So you can still detect each +of these just by looking at + +the single output. + +And it's a maximum likelihood +detection based on that + +observation. + +But if you look at the entire +observation, v1 up to v sub + +capital j, you get +something better. + +How do I know you got +something better? + +Well I know you get something +better because in this case + +where u1 up to u sub j are +dependent on each other, these + +output variables, v sub 1 up to +v sub capital j, depends on + +each other. + +They aren't irrelevant. + +If you want to do the best +job of maximum likelihood + +detection, given the observation +of v sub 1 up to v + +sub capital j, then you're +going to use all those + +variables in your detection +and you're going to + +get a better -- + +And you're going to get +a better decision. + +In other words, a smaller error +probability, then you + +would have gotten otherwise. + +OK? + +But the important thing that +comes out of here is that this + +simple minded decision-- + +where you make a decision on u +sub 1 based just on v sub 1-- + +it's something you can do. + +You can do the maximum +likelihood decision. + +And you know how it behaves. + +You can calculate what the +error probability is. + +But you know now automatically +that your error probability is + +going to be greater than or +equal to the error probability + +that you would get if you base +that decision one the whole + +set of inputs. + +OK, this is an argument +that, it seems hard + +for most people to-- + +that it seems hard for most +people to think of right at + +the beginning. + +Which is really to say, if +you're doing an optimal + +detection, it is optimal. + +In other words, anything else +that you do is worse. + +And you can always count on +that to get bound between + +probabilities of error that +you get doing something + +stupid, and probabilities of +error that you get doing + +something intelligent. + +And the stupid thing is +not always stupid-- + +I mean the stupid thing +is sometimes better + +because it's cheaper-- + +but the error probability is +always worse there then if you + +did the actual optimum thing. + +OK, so people in fact often do +do detection where they have + +coded systems. + +They decode each received symbol +separately based on the + +corresponding observation. + +They wind up with +a larger error + +probability than they should. + +Then they pass this through +some kind of, some kind of + +error correction device. + +And they wind up with a system +that sort of performs + +reasonably. + +And you ask, "Well, would it +have performed better if in + +fact what you did was to wait to +make a final decision until + +you got all the data?" + +And we talk a little bit about +various kinds of error control + +later when we get +into wireless. + +We'll see that some kinds of +coding systems can behave very + +easily and can make use of all +this extra information. + +And other ones can't. + +Algebraic kinds of schemes can't +seem to make use of the + +extra information. + +And various other kinds of +schemes can make use of it. + +And if you want to understand +what's happened in the error + +correction field over the last +five years-- unfortunately + +6.451 won't be given, +so you won't get all + +the details of this-- + +but the simplest one sentence +statement you can say is that + +the world has changed from +algebraic coding techniques to + +probablistic decoding +techniques. + +And the primary reason for it is +you want to make use of all + +that extra information you get +from looking at the full + +observation, rather than just +a partial observations. + +OK. + +Now, back to various +signal sets. + +I put this slide up last time. + +I want to really talk about it +this time because for each + +number of degrees of freedom, +you can define what's called + +an orthogonal code. + +And the orthogonal codes for m +equals 2 and for m equals 3 + +are drawn here. + +For m equals 2, it's something +that we've seen before. + +Namely, if you want to send a +zero, you send a one in the + +first compound, the first degree +of freedom, a zero in + +the second. + +And if you want to send a one, +you send the opposite thing. + +We've all seen that this isn't +a very sensible thing to do + +when we looked at binary +detection, because when you + +use a scheme like this of course +the thing that happens + +is we now know that we should +look at this in terms of just + +looking at this line +along here. + +Because what we're really +transmitting is a pilot tone, + +so to speak, which is half way +in the middle here, which + +sticks right here. + +Plus something that +varies from that. + +So that when we take out this +pilot tone, what we wind up + +with is a one dimensional +system instead of a two + +dimensional system. + +Which we used to call antipodal +communication-- and + +which everybody with any +sense calls antipodal + +communication, even now-- + +but in terms of this, it's +the simplest case + +of a simplex code. + +And a simplex code is simply +an orthogonal code where + +you've taken the mean +and moved it out. + +And as soon as you remove the +mean from an orthogonal code, + +you get rid of one degree +freedom, because one of the + +signals becomes dependent +on the others. + +Which is exactly what's +happened here. + +You've just-- + +if all your signals are in one +degree of freedom here, when + +you do the same thing down +here, well you get this. + +And I'll talk about +that later. + +So, one thing you can do from an +orthogonal code is go to a + +simplex code. + +The other thing you can do if +you want to transmit one more + +bit out of this signal set is to +go to a bi orthogonal code. + +Which says-- along with +transmitting zero, one and + +one, zero-- you look this and +you say, "Gee why don't I also + +put in zero minus one, minus +one zero, and zero + +minus one down here. + +Which is exactly what the +bi orthogonal code is. + +The bi orthogonal code simply +says take your orthogonal code + +and every time you have a one, +change it into a minus one and + +get an extra code +word out of it. + +What's the difference between +a set of code words and a + +signal set? + +Anybody have any idea? + +Absolutely none. + +They're both exactly +the same thing. + +And you think of it as being a +code, usually, if what you're + +doing is thinking of generating +an error correcting + +code and then from that error +correcting code you think of + +using QAM or PAM or something +else out beyond that. + +You call it a signal set if +you're just doing the whole + +thing as one unit. + +What a lot of systems now do is +they start out with a code, + +then they turn this into an +orthogonal signal set. + +I'll tell you in other words. + +A code produces bits. + +From the bits you group them +together into sets of bits. + +From the sets of bits you +go into a signal-- + +which is, for example something +from one of these + +three possibilities here-- + +OK. + +The important thing to notice +here-- and it's particularly + +important to think about it for +a few minutes-- is because + +you do so many exercises. + +And you've done a number of them +already and you will do a + +few more in this course +where you deal with + +the m equals 2 case. + +And you can deal with this +biorthogonal set here. + +You can shift the biorthogonal +set around by 45 degrees. + +In which case it looks +like this. + +OK, so that looks like +two PAM sets. + +It looks like a standard QAM. + +It looks like standard 4QAM. + +This is exactly the same +as this of course. + +When you do detection on this +you do detection by saying, + +when you transmit this does +the noise carry you across + +that boundary? + +And then does the noise carry +you across this boundary? + +The noise in this direction is +orthogonal from the noise in + +this direction and therefore, +finding the probability of + +error is very, very simple. + +Because because you look at two +separate orthogonal kinds + +of noise and you can just +multiply these probabilities + +together in the appropriate +way to + +find out what's happening. + +The important thing to have +stick in your memory now is + +that as soon as you +go to m equals + +three, life gets harder. + +In fact, if you look at this +orthogonal set here and you + +try to find the error +probability for it-- you try + +to find it exactly-- + +you can't do it like this. + +You can't just multiply +three terms. + +You look at these regions in +three dimensional space. + +If you want to visualize what +they are, what do you do? + +What picture do you look at? + +You look at this picture. + +OK? + +Because this picture is just +this with the mean taken away. + +So the error probability here +is the same as the error + +probability here. + +When I send this point the +regions that I'm looking at + +look like this. + +And they're not orthogonal +to each other. + +So to find the probability that +this point gets outside + +of this region looks just +a little bit messy. + +And that happens for all +m bigger than two. + +I never knew this because well, +I think this is probably + +a disaster that happens more +to teachers than to people + +working in the field. + +Because so often I have +explained to people how these + +two dimensional pictures work +that I just get used to + +thinking that this is +an easy problem. + +And in fact when you start +looking at the problem for m + +equals three, then the problem +gets much more interesting and + +much more useful and much more +practical when n becomes three + +or four or five or six +or seven or eight. + +Beyond eight it becomes a +little too hard to do. + +But up until there, +it's very easy. + +OK, so we're going to make use +of that in a little bit. + +As we said orthogonal codes +and simplex codes-- if you + +scale the simplex code from +the orthogonal code-- have + +exactly the same error +probability. + +In other words, this code here +where I've made the distances + +between the point square root +of two over two, which + +corresponds to the distance +between the points here. + +This and this have exactly the +same error probability. + +So you can even, in fact, find +the error probability for this + +or for this, whichever +you find easier. + +You now think it's easier +to find the error + +probability for this. + +I've lead you down the primrose +path, because in fact + +this one is easier to find the +error probability for. + +This one, again, you +can find the error + +probability if you want. + +But the energy difference +between this and this is + +simply the added energy that you +have to use here to send + +the mean of these +three signals. + +And one signal is sitting out +here at 1,0,0 one is sitting + +at 0,1,0 one is sitting +at 0,0,1. + +Even I can calculate the +mean of those three. + +It's one third, one third, +an one third. + +So you calculate the energy in +one third, one third, and one + +third, and it's three times +one ninth, or one third. + +Which is exactly +what this says. + +The energy difference between +orthogonal and simplex is 1 + +minus 1 over m. + +In other words that's the factor +in energy that you lose + +by using orthogonal +codes instead of + +using simplex codes. + +Why do people ever use +orthogonal codes? + +If it's just a pure loss +in energy in doing so? + +Well, one reason is when n +gets up to be 6 or 8, it + +doesn't amounts to +a whole lot. + +And the other reason is if you +look at if you look at + +modulating these things on to +sine waves and things like + +that, you suddenly see that +when you're using this it + +becomes easier to keep frequency +lock and phase lock + +than it does when +you use this. + +I mean you have to think about +that argument a little bit to + +make sense out of it. + +But that, in fact, is why people +often use orthogonal + +signals because, in fact, +they can recover + +other things from it. + +Well because they're actually +sending a mean, also. + +So the mean is the thing that +lets them recover all these + +other neat things. + +So that sort of sometimes +rules out this and it + +sometimes rules out that. + +OK. + +Orthogonal and biorthogonal +codes have the same energy? + +Well, look at them. + +These two signal points each +have the same energy. + +And these two have the same +energy as these two. + +So the average energy +is the same as the + +energy at each point. + +So this and this have +the same energy. + +What happens to the probability +of error? + +Well you can't evaluate +it exactly. + +Except here is a case where just +looking at the m equals 2 + +case gives you the +right answer. + +I mean here to make an error +you have to go across that + +boundary there. + +Here to make an error you have +to either go across that + +boundary or go across +that boundary. + +The error of probability +essentially goes up by a + +factor of two. + +Same thing happens here. + +You just get twice as +many ways to make + +errors as you had before. + +And all of these ways to make +errors are equally probable. + +All the points are equally +distant from each other. + +So you essentially just double +the number of likely ways you + +can make errors. + +And the error probability +essentially goes up by two. + +Goes up a little-- + +well because you're using a +union band it either goes up + +by a little more or a little +less than two-- + +but it's almost two. + +OK, so I want to actually find +the probability of error now. + +If you're sending an +orthogonal code. + +Namely, we pick an orthogonal +code where we pick as many + +code words as we want to. + +m might be 64, it might +be 128, whatever. + +And we want to try to figure +out how to evaluate the + +probability of error for +this kind of code. + +After you face the fact that, +in fact, these lines are not + +orthogonal to each other. + +OK, well the way you do this +is you say, OK the, even + +though this is a slightly messy +problem, it's clear from + +symmetry that you got the same +error probability no matter + +which signal point you sent. + +Namely, every signal point is +exactly the same as every + +other signal point. + +What you call the first signal +depends only on which you + +happen to call the first +orthonormal direction. + +Whether it's this, +or this, or this. + +I can change it in anyway I +want to and the problem is + +still exactly the same. + +OK, so all I'm going to do +is try to find the error + +probability when I send +this signal here. + +In other words, when +I send 1,0,0-- + +actually I'm going to send the +square root of e and 0,0-- + +because I want to talk about +the energy here. + +Why am I torturing +you with this? + +Well 50 years ago, 55 years +ago, Shannon came out with + +this marvelous paper which says +there's something called + +channel capacity. + +And what he said channel +capacity was + +was the minimum rate-- + +the, was the maximum rate at +which you could transmit on a + +channel and still get zero +error probability. + +Sort of the simplest and most +famous case of that is where + +you have white Gaussian +noise to deal with. + +You're trying to transmit +through this + +white Gaussian noise. + +And you can use as much +bandwidth as you want. + +Namely, you can spread +the signals out as + +much as you want to. + +You can sort of see from +starting to look at this + +picture that you're going to +be a little better off, for + +example, if you want to send +one bit in these two + +dimensions here with +orthogonal signals. + +If you can think of what happens +down here for m equals + +4, you would wind up with +four orthogonal signals. + +And if you wind up with four +orthogonal signals, you're + +sending two bits, so you're +going to use twice as much + +energy for each of them. + +So you can scale each of +these up to be 2,0,0,0; + +0,2,0,0; and so forth. + +So you're sending twice +as much energy. + +You're filling up more bandwidth +because you need + +more degrees of freedom +to send this signal. + +But who cares? + +Because we have all the +bandwidth we want. + +Gets more complicated. + +But the question is, what +happens if we go to a very + +large set of orthogonal +signals? + +And what we're going to find is +that when we go to a very + +large set of orthogonal signals, +we can get an error + +probability which goes to zero +as the number of orthogonal + +signals gets bigger. + +It goes to zero very fast +as we send more + +bits with each signal. + +And the place where +it goes to zero is + +exactly channel capacity. + +Now in your homework, you're +going to work out a simpler + +version of all of this. + +And a simpler version +is something + +called the union band. + +And in the union band you just +assume that the probability of + +error when you send this is the +sum of the probability of + +error, of making an error, to +this and the possibility of + +making an error to this. + +The thing that we're +going to add here-- + +and let me try to explain +it from this picture. + +I'm sending this point here. + +OK? + +And I can find the probability +of error over to that point. + +Which is the probability of +going over that threshold. + +I can talk about the probability +of error to over + +here, which is the probability +of going over that threshold. + +These are not orthogonal +to each other. + +And in fact they have a common +component to them. + +And the common component is +what happens in this first + +direction here. + +OK, in other words if you send +1,0,0 and the noise, and your + +own noise variable +clobbers you. + +In other words, what you receive +is something in this + +coordinate which is way down +here and sort of arbitrary + +everywhere else-- + +conditional on the noise here +being very, very large-- + +you're probably going +to make an error. + +Now if you can imagine having a +million orthogonal signals-- + +and the noise clobbering you on +your own noise variable-- + +you're going to have a million +ways to make errors. + +And they're all going to +be kind of likely. + +If I go far enough down here, +suppose what I receive in this + +coordinate is zero. + +Then there's a probability of +one half that each one of + +these things is going to +be greater than zero. + +If I use a union bound, adding +up the probabilities of each + +of these, I'm going to add +up a million one halves. + +Which is 500,000. + +As an upper bound to +a probability. + +And that's going to clobber +my bound pretty badly. + +Which says the thing I want to +do here is, when I'm sending + +this I want to condition my +whole argument on what the + +noise is in this direction. + +And given what the noise is in +this direction, I will then + +try to evaluate the +error probability, + +conditional on this. + +And conditional on a received +value here. + +In fact, the noise in the +direction, w2, is independent + +of the noise in direction, w3, +independent of the noise in + +direction, w4, and so forth. + +So at that point, condition on +w1 I'm dealing with m minus 1 + +independent random variables. + +I can deal with independent +random variables. + +You can deal with an independent +random variables. + +Maybe some of you can +integrate over + +these complex polycons. + +I can't. + +I don't want to. + +I don't want to write a +program that does it. + +I don't want to be close to +anybody who writes a program + +that does it. + +It offends me. + +OK, so here we go. + +Where am I? + +OK, so the first thing I'm going +to do, which I didn't + +tell you, because I'm +going to scale the + +problem a little bit. + +I did say that here. + +I'm going to normalize the whole +problem by calling my + +output W sub j instead +of Y sub j. + +And I'm going to normalize it by +multiplying Y sub j by the + +square root of the +noise variance. + +OK in other words, I'm going to +scale the noise down so the + +noise has unit variance. + +And by scaling the noise down +so it has unit variance, the + +signal will be scaled down +in the same way. + +So the signal, now, instead of +being the square root of e-- + +which is the energy I have +available-- it's going to be + +the square root 2e +divided by N0. + +Somehow this thing keeps +creeping up everywhere. + +This 2e over N0. + +Well of course it's the +difference between e, which is + +the energy we have to send the +signal, and N0 over 2, which + +is the noise energy in each +degree of freedom. + +So it's not surprising +that it's sort of + +a fundamental quantity. + +And as soon as we normalize to +make the noise variance equal + +to one, that's what +the signal is. + +So I'm going to call alpha this +so I don't have to write + +this all the time. + +Because it gets kind of +messy on the slides. + +OK so given that I'm going to +send input one, the received + +variable W1 is going to be +normal with a mean alpha which + +is the square root of 2e over N0 +and with a variance of one. + +All the other random variables +are going to be + +normal random variables. + +Mean zero, variance one. + +OK? + +I'm going to make an error if +any one of these other random + +variables happens to rise +up and exceed W1. + +So the thing we have here is W1 +is doing some crazy thing. + +I have this enormous sea of +other code words in other + +directions. + +And then the question we +ask is can the noise-- + +which is usually very small +all over the place but it + +might rise up some place. + +And if it rises up someplace, +we're asking what's the + +probability that it's going to +rise up to be big enough that + +it's exceeds W1? + +So, I can at least write down +what the error probability is + +exactly at that point. + +What I'm going to do is I'm +going to write down the + +probability density for W1. + +And W1, remember, is a Gaussian +random variable with + +mean alpha and with +variance one. + +So we could actually write down +what that density is. + +And for each W1 I'm going to +make an error if the union of + +any one of these +events occurs. + +Namely, if any one of the +W sub j is bigger than + +W1, bingo I'm lost. + +OK? + +So I'm going to integrate that +now over all values of W1. + +Now, as I said before if W1 is +very small, then lots of other + +signals look more +likely than W1. + +In other words I'm going +to get clobbered no + +matter what I do. + +Whereas if W1 is large, it looks +like the union bound + +might work here. + +And the union bound is what +you're doing in the homework + +without paying any +attention to W1. + +OK, so I'm going to use the +union band-- and the union + +band says the probability that +this union of all these + +different m minus 1 events-- + +exceeds some value, W1. + +W1 is just some arbitrary +constant in here. + +The probability of this. + +I'm going to write +it in two ways. + +It's upper bounded by one. + +Because all probabilities are +upper bounded by one. + +This is not a probability +density, this is a probability + +now so it's upper +bounded by one. + +And it's also upper bounded +by this union band. + +Mainly, the union of +m minus 1 events. + +Each with probability. + +This is the tail of the +Gaussian distribution + +evaluated at w1. + +So I have the union band here. + +I have one here. + +Going to pick some +parameter gamma. + +I don't know what gamma should +be yet, but whatever I pick + +gamma to be I still have +a legitimate bound. + +This is less than or equal to +this, and it's less than or + +equal to this. + +Just common sense dictates that +I'm going to use this + +when this is less than one. + +And I'm going to use this when +this is greater than one. + +That's what common sense says. + +As soon as I start to evaluate +this, common sense goes out + +the window because then I start +to deal with setting + +this quantity equal to one and +dealing with the inverse of + +the Gaussian distribution +function. + +Which is very painful. + +So I'm then going to +bound what this is. + +And in terms of the bound on +this, I'm going to affect + +gamma that way. + +Because all I'm interested in +is an upper bound on error + +probability anyway. + +OK, so that's where +we're going to go. + +So this probability of error +then is then exceeded by using + +this bound for small W1. + +I get this integral over +all W1 between minus + +infinity and gamma. + +And let's just look at +what this becomes. + +This is just the tail of the +Gaussian distribution. + +That's the lower tail instead +of the upper tail, but that + +doesn't make any difference. + +So this is exactly Q of +alpha minus gamma. + +Mainly, alpha is where the mean +of this density is and + +gamma is where I integrate to. + +So if I shift the thing +down, I get + +something that goes from-- + +well you might be surprised as +to why this is minus gamma + +instead of plus gamma, and it's +minus gamma because I'm + +looking at the lower tail rather +than the upper tail and + +asking you to think this +through in real time is + +unreasonable, but believe me +if you sit down and think + +about it for a couple of seconds +you'll realize that + +this integral is exactly this +lowered tail of this Gaussian + +distribution. + +The other term is a little +more complicated. + +It's m minus 1, which is that +term there, times Q of w1, + +which is this term here, times +the Gaussian density. + +Now this is the Gaussian density +for W1, which is one + +over square root of 2pi. + +This is a normalized invariance, +but it has a mean + +of alpha, so it's this. + +OK, well next thing we have to +do is either fiddle around + +like mad or look at this. + +If you remember one of the +things that you did-- + +I think in the previous homework +that you passed in-- + +you found the bound on Q. +Which looks like this. + +OK. + +That's just the tail of the +Gaussian distribution. + +And the tail of the Gaussian +distribution is upper banded + +by this for W1 greater than +or equal to zero. + +It's upper bounded by a bunch of +other things which you find + +in this problem. + +The other bounds are tighter. + +This is the most useful bound +to the Gaussian distribution + +that there is. + +Because it works for W greater +than or equal to zero. + +And it's exact when W1 +is equal to zero. + +Because you're just integrating +over half of the + +Gaussian density. + +And it's convenient and +easy to work with. + +But what that says is the Q +of W1, when W1 is anything + +greater than or equal to zero, +looks very much like a + +Gaussian density. + +So the thing that you're doing +here is taking one Gaussian + +density and you're +multiplying it by + +another Gaussian density. + +And the one Gaussian density is +sitting here looking like + +this with some scale factor +on it at zero. + +The other Gaussian density +is out here at alpha-- + +was alpha, wasn't it? + +Or was it gamma? + +Can't keep my gammas and +alphas straight-- + +OK, and it looks like this. + +If you take the product of two +Gaussian densities of the same + +amplitude and everything. + +And the same variance. + +What do you wind up with? + +Well you can go through and +complete the square. + +And you can sort of see from +looking at this from the + +symmetry of it that +what you're going + +to get is the Gaussian. + +Which is right there. + +Alpha over 2. + +OK so these two things, +when you multiply + +them, look like this. + +This has the same variance +as these two things do. + +But it's centered +on alpha over 2. + +If you want to take the Fourier +transform and multiply + +the Fourier transform. + +I mean, you take the Fourier +transform of the Gaussian and + +you got a Gaussian. + +So here we're multiplying. + +Up there in Fourier transform +space you're convolving. + +And when you convolve a Gaussian +with a Gaussian you + +got a Gaussian. + +When you multiply Gaussian by a +Gaussian you got a Gaussian. + +When you do anything to a +Gaussian, you got a Gaussian. + +OK? + +So this thing-- + +and if you don't believe me just +actually take these two + +exponents and complete the +square and see what you get-- + +so the mean is going +to be alpha over 2. + +So, here you have a term which +is one tail of the Gaussian + +distribution centered at +alpha minus gamma. + +And here you have another one +centered at alpha over 2. + +When you see these two terms, +something clicks in your mind + +and says that sometimes this +term is going to be the + +significant term. + +Sometimes this term is going +to be significant term. + +And it depends on +whether gamma-- + +alpha minus gamma- is +greater than or less + +than alpha over 2. + +So you can sort of see what's +going to happen right away. + +Well I hope you can see what's +going to happen right away, + +because I'm not going +to torture you + +with any more of this. + +And you can look at the notes +to find the details. + +But you now sort of see +what's happening. + +Because you have a +sum of two terms. + +We're trying to upper +bound this. + +We don't much care about factors +of two, or factors of + +square root of 2pi +or anything. + +We're trying to look at when +this goes to zero. + +When you make m bigger +and bigger. + +And when it doesn't +go to zero. + +So when we do this, the +probability of error is going + +to be less than or equal to +either of these two terms. + +And here are these +two alternatives + +that we spoke about. + +Namely when alpha over 2 is less +than or equal to gamma, + +we get this. + +When alpha over 2 is greater +than gamma, we get this. + +And this involves choosing gamma +in the right way, so + +that that union bound is about +equal to one at gamma. + +OK, well that doesn't +tell us anything. + +So we say, "OK, what we're +really interested in here is, + +as m is getting bigger and +bigger, we're spending a + +certain amount of energy +per input bit. + +And that's what we're interested +in as far as + +Shannon's theorem +is concerned. + +How much energy do you +spend to send a bit + +through this channel? + +And this gives you the answer +to that question. + +You let log m equal to b. m +is the size of the signal + +alphabet, so b is the number +of bits you're sending. + +So Eb, namely the energy per +bit, is just the total energy + +in these orthogonal waveforms +divided by b. + +So that's the energy per bit. + +OK, you substitute these two +things into that equation and + +what you get is these +two different terms. + +You got E to the minus +b times this junk. + +And E to the minus b +times this junk. + +What happens when m gets big? + +When m gets big, holding Eb +fixed, so the game is we're + +going to keep doubling our +orthogonal set, being able to + +transmit one more bit. + +And every time we transmit one +more bit, we get a little more + +energy that we can use to +transmit that one extra bit. + +So we used an orthogonal set, +but using a little more energy + +in that orthogonal set. + +So what this says is that the +probability of error goes down + +exponentially with +b, if either one + +these terms are positive. + +And this, and looking at the +biggest of these terms tells + +you which one you +want to look at. + +So, anytime that Eb over 4N0 is +less than or equal to log n + +is less than Eb over N0, +you get this term. + +Any time Eb over 4N0 is greater +than the natural log + +of 2, you get this term. + +Now when you go through the +union bound in your homework, + +I'll give you a clue. + +This is the answer you +ought to come up with + +when you're all done. + +Because that's what the +union bound tells you. + +Here, remember we did something +more sophisticated + +the union bound because we said +the union bound is lousy + +when you get a lot +of noise on W1. + +And therefore we did something +separate for that case. + +And what we're finding now is +depending on how much energy + +we're using, namely depending on +whether we're trying to get + +very, very close to channel +capacity or not. + +If you're trying to get very +close to channel capacity + +you've got to use this +answer here. + +Which comes from here. + +And in this case, this says that +the probability of error + +goes to zero exponentially in +the number of bits you're + +putting into this orthogonal +code, at this rate. + +Eb over 2N0 minus log 2. + +Which is positive if +Eb over 4N0, well-- + +I'm sorry. + +If you can, if you can trace +back about three minutes, just + +reverse everything I said about +this and about this. + +Somehow I wrote these +inequalities in the wrong way + +and it sort of confused me. + +This is the answer you're +going to get + +from the union bound. + +This is the answer that we get +now because we use this more + +sophisticated way of +looking at it. + +Sob. + +No. + +Erase what I just said in the +last thirty seconds and go + +back to what I said +before that. + +This is the answer you're going +to get in the homework. + +This is the answer that +we want to look at. + +This thing goes-- + +is valid-- anytime that +Eb over N0 is + +greater than or equal-- + +is greater than natural +log of 2. + +When Eb over N0 is equal to log +2, that's the capacity of + +this channel. + +Namely Eb equals N0 log 2. + +Well better to say it +Eb over N0 equals + +natural log of 2 is capacity. + +And anytime Eb over N0 is +greater than log 2 this term + +in here is positive. + +The error probability goes down +exponentially as b gets + +large and eventually +goes to zero. + +It doesn't get down as fast +here as it does here. + +But this is where you really +want to be because this is + +where you're transmitting with +absolutely the smallest amount + +of energy possible. + +OK, so that's Shannon's +formula. + +And at least we have caught up +to 50 years behind what's + +going on in communication. + +And actually shown you something +that's right there. + +And in fact, what we went +through today is really the + +essence of that, of +the proof of the + +channel capacity theorem. + +If you want to do it for +finite bandwidth + +it gets much harder. + +But for this case, +we really did it. + +It's all there. + +I mean you read the notes and +in a little extra detail. + +But just with the grunge +work left out, that's + +what's going on. + +OK, wireless communication. + +That's what we want to spend +the rest of the term on. + +We want to spend the rest of +the term on that because + +whether you realize it or not, +we sort of said everything + +there is to say about white +Gaussian noise. + +And when all of that sinks in, +what you're left with is the + +idea the white Gaussein noise. + +You're really dealing with just +a finite vector problem. + +And you don't have to worry +about anything else. + +The QAM and the PAM, all that +stuff, all disappear. + +Doesn't matter whether you send +things broadband, narrow + +band, whatever. + +It's all the same answer. + +Wireless is different. + +Wireless is different for +a couple of reasons. + +You're dealing with the +radiation between antennas + +because you're dealing with the +radiation between antennas + +rather than what's going +on on a wire. + +I mean, what's going on a wire, +the wire is pretty much + +shielded from the +outside world. + +So you send something, noise +gets added, and you receive + +signal plus noise. + +There's not much fading, +there's not much + +awkward stuff going on. + +Here all of the stuff goes on. + +As soon as you start using +wireless communication, you're + +allowed to drive around +in your car talking on + +two phones at once. + +With your ears and +eyes shielded. + +You can kill yourself much +easier that way than you can + +with ordinary telephony. + +You can be in constant + +communications with almost anyone. + +OK, so you have motion, you +have temporary locations. + +You have all these +neat things. + +And if you look at what's +happening in the world, the + +less developed parts of the +world have much more mobile + +communication than we do. + +Because in fact they don't +have that much wire + +communication. + +It's not that good there. + +So they find it's far cheaper +to get a mobile phone. + +Than like us where we have to +pay for both a wire line phone + +and a mobile phone. + +So they have sort of the best +of the two worlds there. + +Except their mobile phones are +like our mobile phones. + +They only work three quarters +of the time. + +And all of the research that's +going into sending video over + +wireless phones, it seems that +nobody's spending any time + +trying to increase the amount +of time you can use your + +wireless phone from +75% to 90%. + +And if any of you want to make +a lot of money and also do + +something worthwhile for the +world, invent a wireless phone + +the works 90% of the time. + +And you'll clean +up, believe me. + +And you can even send video on +it later if you want to. + +OK that's another thing that +wireless has turned out to be + +very useful for. + +And I'm sure you +all know this. + +It avoids mazes of wires. + +I mean many people in their +homes and offices and + +everywhere are starting to use +local area wireless networks + +just as a way of getting rid +of all of these maddening + +wires that we have running +all over the place. + +As soon as we have a computer +and a printer and a fax + +machine and a blah blah blah, +and a watch which is connected + +to our, and a toaster which is +connected to our computer. + +Argh! + +Pretty soon we're going to be +connected to our computers. + +We're going to have little +things stuck in our head and + +stuck our neck and all +over the place. + +So it'll be nice to have these, +it'll be nice to not + +have wires when we're +doing that. + +OK, but the new problem is that +the channel, in fact, + +changes with time. + +It's very different from +one time to another. + +And you get a lot of +interference between channels. + +In other words, when you're +dealing with wireless you + +cannot think of just +one transmitter and + +one receiver anymore. + +That's one of the problems +you want to think about. + +But you really have to think +about what all the other + +transmitters are doing and +what all the other + +receivers are doing. + +It was started by +Marconi in 1897. + +It took him about three years +to get transcontinental + +communication. + +I mean we think we're +so great now-- + +being able to have research move +as quickly as it does-- + +but if you think of the amount +of time it takes to create a + +new wireless system, it's +a whole lot larger + +now than it was then. + +I mean he moved very fast. + +I mean the technology was very +primitive and very simple. + +It was not a billion +dollar business. + +But in fact it was +very, very rapid. + +But what's happened since, +with wireless, + +has been very fitful. + +Businesses have started. + +Businesses have stopped. + +People have tried +to do one thing. + +People have tried to +do another thing. + +They name things by something +different all the time. + +I mean one sort of amusing thing +is back in the early + +seventies the army was trying +very hard to get wireless + +communication in the field. + +And they called this +packet radio. + +And they had all the +universities in the country + +spending enormous amounts of +time developing packet radio. + +Writing many papers about it. + +They finally got disgusted +because nothing was happening. + +So they pulled all the +funding for that. + +And about five years later, when +the people at DARPA and + +NSF and all of that forgot +about this unpleasant + +experience, people started +talking about ad hoc networks. + +Guess what an ad +hoc network is? + +Same thing as packet radio. + +Just a new name for an old +system, and suddenly the money + +started flowing in again. + +We don't know whether it'll be +any better this time than it + +was last time. + +But anyway that's the +way funding goes. + +OK, what we're going to talk +about in this class is sort of + +an old fashioned thing. + +It's not as sexy as what all +these other systems are. + +It's just cellular networks. + +It's probably because that's +well understood by now, and + +it's because we can talk about +all of these fundamental + +problems that occur in mobile +communication just in the + +context of this one kind of +system that, by now, is + +reasonably well understood. + +When you're doing cellular +communication, you wind up + +with a large bunch of mobiles +all communicating with one + +base station. + +OK, in other words you don't +have the kind of thing you had + +in the packet radio network or +in the ad hoc network, where + +you have a huge number of mobile +telephones which are + +all communicating +to each other. + +And where one phone has to +relay things for others. + +You wind up with a very +complicated network problem. + +Here, it's in a sense, +a much simpler + +and more sane structure. + +Because you're using mobile +for doing the things that + +mobile does well. + +And you're using wires +for the things that + +wires do very well. + +Mainly you have lots of mobiles +which are moving all + +over the place. + +You have these fixed base +stations which are big and + +expensive, and put up on hills +or on buildings or on big + +poles or something. + +And you spend a lot +of money on them. + +You have optical fibers or +cables or what have you + +running between them or running +from them to what's + +called a MTSO. + +Mobile Something Subscriber +Office-- and I can never + +remember what those letters +stand for-- + +Mobile Telephone Subscriber +Office. + +All I had to do to remember that +was thank this was done + +by telephone engineers. + +No, Mobile Telephone Switching +Office and telephone engineers + +think in terms of switching and +in terms of telephones. + +And mobile and offices +just follows along. + +So the way these systems work +is you go from a mobile to a + +base station. + +From the base station to one of +these MTSOs, which is just + +a big switching center. + +From there you're in +the wired network. + +And from there you can either go +back to a mobile or go back + +to a wire line telephone or +go anywhere you want to. + +But but the point in that, and +I think this is important to + +remember, is that cellular +networks are an appendage of + +the wire line network. + +And you always have this wire +line network in the middle. + +You probably always will. + +Because wire line networks have +things like fiber which + +carries enormous amounts of +data very, very cheaply. + +And mobile is very limited +as far as capacity goes. + +And it's very noisy. + +OK, so that lets us avoid +the question of + +how do you do relaying. + +When you see pictures of this, +people draw pictures of + +hexagon cells. + +AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE] +turn around. + +PROFESSOR: Oh, when I hit +this, and it uh, OK. + +I mean there's not much +information on this picture + +anyway but, [LAUGHTER] + +OK, but people think in terms +of base stations put down + +uniformly with nice hexagons +around them. + +And any time a mobile within +one hexagon it communicates + +with the base station which is +at the center of that hexagon. + +And in reality what happens is +that the base stations are + +spread all over the place +in a very haphazard way. + +I shouldn't say haphazard, +because people worked very + +hard to find places to put +these base stations. + +Because you need to rent real +estate, or buy real estate to + +put them in. + +You have to find out somehow +what kind of + +coverage they have. + +And it's a very fascinating and +very difficult problem. + +One thing I'm going to try to +convince you of in the next + +lecture or so is that the +problems of choosing base + +stations are very heavily +electromagnetic in nature. + +You really have to understand +electromagnetism very well. + +And and you have to understand +the modeling of these physical + +communication links very, very +well in order to try to sort + +out where base stations +should go and where + +they shouldn't go. + +The other part of the problem +is the part of the problem + +dealing with how do you design +the mobile phone itself? + +How do you design the +base station itself? + +And these are questions which +don't depend so much on the + +exact modeling of the +electromagnetic channel. + +They only depend on very coarse +characteristics of it. + +And very often, when you start +to study mobile, you will + +spend an inordinate amount of +time studying all of the + +details of these electromagnetic +channels. + +Which in fact are very important +as far as choosing + +base stations are concerned. + +And have relatively little to +do with the questions of how + +do you design mobiles. + +How do you design +base stations? + +It has enough to do with it +that you have to know + +something about it, but it's +not central anymore. + +OK, so let's look at what +the problems are. + +As I said the cellular network +is really an appendage to the + +wire network. + +The problems we're going to +have to deal with is when + +you're outgoing from your own +cell phone, there's some kind + +of strategy that has to be used +for you to find the best + +base station to use. + +And it's a difficult question +because you're trying to find + +a base station you can +communicate with and one + +that's not so overcrowded that +you can't talk to it. + +So that's one big problem. + +We won't talk about that much. + +Another is the ingoing +problem. + +Finding a mobile. + +If you think about that, it's +really a very tricky problem. + +Because I run around in my car +with my cellphone turned off + +all the time. + +And I only turn it on if I +want to talk to somebody. + +So I turn it on and somehow +the whole network has to + +suddenly realize where I am. + +And you know that happens with +all of these cellular networks + +all over the place. + +And every time somebody turns on +their cell phone there's a + +lot of stuff going back +and forth that + +says who is this guy? + +Does he have the +right to talk? + +Has he paid is bill? + +And how do I actually find a +base station for him to use? + +So this is kind of, both these + +questions are kind of difficult. + +And the even worse question is +if somebody's calling me and I + +live say, in Boston, or close to +Boston, and I'm out in San + +Francisco and somebody calls me +on my cell phone, the call + +gets to me. + +And if you just imagine a little +bit what has to go on + +in this cellular network in +order for the cellular network + +to realize that I'm in San +Francisco instead of Boston. + +And then realize how to get +calls to me in San Francisco. + +I mean there's a lot +of interesting + +stuff going on here. + +But we're not going to talk +about any of that because + +that's really sort of an +organizational question as + +opposed to a physical +communication question, which + +is the kind of thing we're +interested in here. + +OK, when you have these multiple +mobiles which are + +sending to the same +base station. + +People who are working on mobile +communication, sort of + +the practical side of it, call +this the reverse channel. + +Why they call this the reverse +channel and the other one the + +forward channel, I don't know. + +Forward channel goes from the +base station to the mobile. + +Reverse station, reverse channel +goes from the mobile + +to the base station. + +And what it says is the +terminology was chosen by the + +people designing the +base stations. + +That's sort of clear. + +But if you read about this +in any more technical + +publication, you will see this +thing being called a multi + +access channel. + +It's the multi access channel +because many, many users are + +all trying to get into the +same base station. + +And this one electromagnetic +wave-- which is impinging on + +the various space station +antennas-- is carrying all of + +that stuff all multiplexed +together in some way. + +And it's not multiplexed +together in a sensible way, + +because it's multiplexed +together just by all of these + +waveforms randomly adding +to each other. + +So information theorists +call these things + +multi access channels. + +When you're going the other way, +base station to mobiles, + +it's called the forward +channel by + +the telephone engineers. + +It's called the broadcast +channel + +by information theorists. + +For those of you who think about +broadcast in terms of TV + +and FM and all that sort +of stuff, this is + +a little bit confusing. + +Because this is not the same +kind of broadcast that you're + +usually thinking about. + +I mean the usual kind of +broadcast is where everybody + +gets the same thing whether +you want it or not. + +But that whole signal is there, +and you all get the + +whole thing. + +Here what it is, is +you're sending a + +different message to everyone. + +You don't want everyone to be +able to tune in and receive + +what anybody else is getting. + +You want a little +privacy here. + +So it's really broadcasting +separate messages and trying + +to keep them separate. + +While the systems, almost +all of them, are + +now digital I think. + +In the sense of having a binary +interface, this is the + +same issue we've been talking +about all along. + +You say something is digital +if there's the binary + +interface on it. + +The source is either +analog or digital. + +Cellular communication was +really designed for voice. + +Now all the research is +concerned with how do you make + +it work for data also. + +One of the things we're going to +talk about a little bit is + +why the problems are +so very different. + +I mean you would think they're +both the same problem. + +Because in both cases +you're just + +transmitting a string of bits. + +That's all that's going on. + +But the big difference is that +in voice, you can't tolerate + +delay in voice. + +In data you can tolerate +delay. + +You can tolerate a lot +of delay in data. + +And therefore you can do lots +of things with data that you + +can't do with voice. + +If you want to have a system +that deals with both voice and + +data, it's got to be able +to get the voice + +through without delay. + +And you have to find some way +of solving that problem. + +OK, let me just say +this quickly. + +Let me just see if there's +anything else of content here. + +This is all just boiler +plate stuff. + +Let me skip that. + +And skip this. + +The thing we're going to be +concerned about here is really + +these physical modeling +issues. + +And where we wind up with that +is we're typically talking + +about bandwidths that are maybe +a few megahertz wide. + +Maybe a few kilohertz wide. + +Or maybe a few megahertz. + +But we're talking about carrier +frequencies which are + +usually up in the +gigahertz range. + +And they keep varying depending +on which new range + +of frequencies gets opened up. + +They started out a little +below a gigahertz. + +They only went up to 2.4 +and now they're up + +around five or six. + +And things like that. + +When we talk about physical +modeling, we want to + +understand what difference +it makes what carrier + +frequency you're at. + +And it does make a difference +because we'll talk about + +Doppler shift. + +And Doppler shift changes a lot +as you go from one range + +to another. + +But for the most part these +systems are narrow band. + +There's a lot of work now +on wide band systems. + +And what's does a +wide band mean? + +Does it mean more than +a megahertz? + +No, it means a system where +the bandwidth that you're + +communicating over is a +significant fraction of the + +carrier frequency. + +If there is a carrier +frequency. + +Many of these wide band systems +are not even done in + +terms of the carrier +frequency. + +They're just done in terms of +an arbitrary waveform which + +takes over an enormous +amount of bandwidth. + +If you're dealing with the +narrow band problems, white + +Gaussian noise is a good +assumption for the noise. + +But now, along with +the noise you have + +all these other effects. + +You have a channel, where the +channel is not just a pass + +through wire with a little +attenuation on it. + +I mean, remember what we've +done all along. + +We have absolutely ignored the +question of attenuation. + +We've just gotten rid of it and +say what you send is what + +you receive. + +We've gotten rid of +the problem of + +filtering on the channel. + +We've said a little bit about +it, but essentially we've + +avoided it. + +Now the problem that you have +is this channel that you're + +transmitting over really +comes and goes. + +Sometimes it's there, +sometimes it's not. + +So it's a time varying +channel. + +It's a time varying channel +which depends on the frequency + +band that we're using. + +And one of the things that we +have to talk about in order to + +come to grips with this is +questions about how quickly + +does it change and why +does it change. + +And how much do you have to +change the frequency before + +you got something that looks +like an independently + +different channel? + +So we have to deal with both of +those and we're going to do + +that next time. + +And in trying to come to grips +with these questions, the + +first thing we're going to do +is to look at very, very + +idealized models of what goes +on in communication. + +Like, we're going to +look at a point + +source radiating outwards. + +We're going to look at a point +source radiating outwords, + +hitting a barrier, +and coming back. + +Interesting problem to look at +and you ought to read the + +notes about this. + +What happens when you're in a +car and you're driving at 60 + +miles an hour towards +the reflecting wall. + +And right before you hit +the wall, what's the + +communication look like? + +OK, that's a very neat and +very simple problem. + +You can't do it many times, +but we will talk + +about that next time. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/kUt5rgd8kfc.txt b/kUt5rgd8kfc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2138d80c4a4edac844f8f08d698c6960c631774d --- /dev/null +++ b/kUt5rgd8kfc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9867 @@ +align:start position:0% + +all right um today we are going to move + + align:start position:0% +all right um today we are going to move + + + align:start position:0% +all right um today we are going to move +on to really we'll sort of start the + + align:start position:0% +on to really we'll sort of start the + + + align:start position:0% +on to really we'll sort of start the +second half of the course the first half + + align:start position:0% +second half of the course the first half + + + align:start position:0% +second half of the course the first half +of the course was about essentially + + align:start position:0% +of the course was about essentially + + + align:start position:0% +of the course was about essentially +following up on lecture one and deriving + + align:start position:0% +following up on lecture one and deriving + + + align:start position:0% +following up on lecture one and deriving +domain and Supply curves so you now know + + align:start position:0% +domain and Supply curves so you now know + + + align:start position:0% +domain and Supply curves so you now know +um and and have been painfully tested on + + align:start position:0% +um and and have been painfully tested on + + + align:start position:0% +um and and have been painfully tested on +how you can come up with demand and + + align:start position:0% +how you can come up with demand and + + + align:start position:0% +how you can come up with demand and +Supply curves on how you can take the + + align:start position:0% +Supply curves on how you can take the + + + align:start position:0% +Supply curves on how you can take the +Primitives of consumer preferences and + + align:start position:0% +Primitives of consumer preferences and + + + align:start position:0% +Primitives of consumer preferences and +the perimeters of production functions + + align:start position:0% +the perimeters of production functions + + + align:start position:0% +the perimeters of production functions +and come up with demand and Supply + + align:start position:0% +and come up with demand and Supply + + + align:start position:0% +and come up with demand and Supply +curves how you can use those to draw + + align:start position:0% +curves how you can use those to draw + + + align:start position:0% +curves how you can use those to draw +positive as well as normative + + align:start position:0% +positive as well as normative + + + align:start position:0% +positive as well as normative +conclusions about welfare and how that + + align:start position:0% +conclusions about welfare and how that + + + align:start position:0% +conclusions about welfare and how that +works with different kinds of Market + + align:start position:0% +works with different kinds of Market + + + align:start position:0% +works with different kinds of Market +structure be it perfect competition + + align:start position:0% +structure be it perfect competition + + + align:start position:0% +structure be it perfect competition +Monopoly or oligopoly and that is sort + + align:start position:0% +Monopoly or oligopoly and that is sort + + + align:start position:0% +Monopoly or oligopoly and that is sort +of the basics of consumer and producer + + align:start position:0% +of the basics of consumer and producer + + + align:start position:0% +of the basics of consumer and producer +Theory the second half of the course is + + align:start position:0% +Theory the second half of the course is + + + align:start position:0% +Theory the second half of the course is +essentially applications of that model + + align:start position:0% +essentially applications of that model + + + align:start position:0% +essentially applications of that model +to various questions that you might have + + align:start position:0% +to various questions that you might have + + + align:start position:0% +to various questions that you might have +raised as we were thinking through the + + align:start position:0% +raised as we were thinking through the + + + align:start position:0% +raised as we were thinking through the +basics so for example the next two + + align:start position:0% +basics so for example the next two + + + align:start position:0% +basics so for example the next two +lectures three lectures will be about + + align:start position:0% +lectures three lectures will be about + + + align:start position:0% +lectures three lectures will be about +Factor demand Factor markets and in + + align:start position:0% +Factor demand Factor markets and in + + + align:start position:0% +Factor demand Factor markets and in +particular we're not just going to take + + align:start position:0% +particular we're not just going to take + + + align:start position:0% +particular we're not just going to take +W and R as given but ask where do W and + + align:start position:0% +W and R as given but ask where do W and + + + align:start position:0% +W and R as given but ask where do W and +R come from where where does the wage + + align:start position:0% +R come from where where does the wage + + + align:start position:0% +R come from where where does the wage +rate and the rate of return on Capital + + align:start position:0% +rate and the rate of return on Capital + + + align:start position:0% +rate and the rate of return on Capital +actually come from we just took those as + + align:start position:0% +actually come from we just took those as + + + align:start position:0% +actually come from we just took those as +constants and we did producer Theory I + + align:start position:0% +constants and we did producer Theory I + + + align:start position:0% +constants and we did producer Theory I +just gave them to you but now we're + + align:start position:0% +just gave them to you but now we're + + + align:start position:0% +just gave them to you but now we're +going to actually derive where do we + + align:start position:0% +going to actually derive where do we + + + align:start position:0% +going to actually derive where do we +actually get the wage rate and the + + align:start position:0% +actually get the wage rate and the + + + align:start position:0% +actually get the wage rate and the +interest rate so as we're going to go + + align:start position:0% +interest rate so as we're going to go + + + align:start position:0% +interest rate so as we're going to go +back once again to the basic model but + + align:start position:0% +back once again to the basic model but + + + align:start position:0% +back once again to the basic model but +dive more + + align:start position:0% +dive more + + + align:start position:0% +dive more +deeply okay and in doing so we're going + + align:start position:0% +deeply okay and in doing so we're going + + + align:start position:0% +deeply okay and in doing so we're going +to get introduced to two new fields of + + align:start position:0% +to get introduced to two new fields of + + + align:start position:0% +to get introduced to two new fields of +Economics one is the field of labor + + align:start position:0% +Economics one is the field of labor + + + align:start position:0% +Economics one is the field of labor +economics which is the study of Labor + + align:start position:0% +economics which is the study of Labor + + + align:start position:0% +economics which is the study of Labor +markets + + align:start position:0% +markets + + + align:start position:0% +markets +and one is finance which is a study of + + align:start position:0% +and one is finance which is a study of + + + align:start position:0% +and one is finance which is a study of +capital markets so we'll learn about two + + align:start position:0% +capital markets so we'll learn about two + + + align:start position:0% +capital markets so we'll learn about two +exciting new areas of economics in the + + align:start position:0% +exciting new areas of economics in the + + + align:start position:0% +exciting new areas of economics in the +context of understanding Factor + + align:start position:0% +context of understanding Factor + + + align:start position:0% +context of understanding Factor +markets okay so we're going to start by + + align:start position:0% +markets okay so we're going to start by + + + align:start position:0% +markets okay so we're going to start by +talking and by factors once again we + + align:start position:0% +talking and by factors once again we + + + align:start position:0% +talking and by factors once again we +mean capital and labor obviously in the + + align:start position:0% +mean capital and labor obviously in the + + + align:start position:0% +mean capital and labor obviously in the +real world there are many factors of + + align:start position:0% +real world there are many factors of + + + align:start position:0% +real world there are many factors of +production we're going to simplify them + + align:start position:0% +production we're going to simplify them + + + align:start position:0% +production we're going to simplify them +into two as we've been doing so far + + align:start position:0% +into two as we've been doing so far + + + align:start position:0% +into two as we've been doing so far +which is capital and + + align:start position:0% +which is capital and + + + align:start position:0% +which is capital and +labor the basic theory of factor demand + + align:start position:0% +labor the basic theory of factor demand + + + align:start position:0% +labor the basic theory of factor demand +applies to both so I'm going to teach + + align:start position:0% +applies to both so I'm going to teach + + + align:start position:0% +applies to both so I'm going to teach +Factor demand independently of capital + + align:start position:0% +Factor demand independently of capital + + + align:start position:0% +Factor demand independently of capital +and labor then I'm going to come back + + align:start position:0% +and labor then I'm going to come back + + + align:start position:0% +and labor then I'm going to come back +and teach labor Supply and then Capital + + align:start position:0% +and teach labor Supply and then Capital + + + align:start position:0% +and teach labor Supply and then Capital +Supply so Factor demand so demand for + + align:start position:0% +Supply so Factor demand so demand for + + + align:start position:0% +Supply so Factor demand so demand for +both labor and capital it's the same + + align:start position:0% +both labor and capital it's the same + + + align:start position:0% +both labor and capital it's the same +model but labor Supply and capital + + align:start position:0% +model but labor Supply and capital + + + align:start position:0% +model but labor Supply and capital +Supply are different models so I'll + + align:start position:0% +Supply are different models so I'll + + + align:start position:0% +Supply are different models so I'll +teach them separately okay so where does + + align:start position:0% +teach them separately okay so where does + + + align:start position:0% +teach them separately okay so where does +Factor demand come + + align:start position:0% +Factor demand come + + + align:start position:0% +Factor demand come +from well let's start with labor demand + + align:start position:0% +from well let's start with labor demand + + + align:start position:0% +from well let's start with labor demand +although Capital demand and be symmetric + + align:start position:0% +although Capital demand and be symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +although Capital demand and be symmetric +let's start with labor demand and let's + + align:start position:0% +let's start with labor demand and let's + + + align:start position:0% +let's start with labor demand and let's +ask + + align:start position:0% +ask + + + align:start position:0% +ask +for a firm deciding whether to employ + + align:start position:0% +for a firm deciding whether to employ + + + align:start position:0% +for a firm deciding whether to employ +the marginal unit of Labor they have to + + align:start position:0% +the marginal unit of Labor they have to + + + align:start position:0% +the marginal unit of Labor they have to +consider the costs and the benefits of + + align:start position:0% +consider the costs and the benefits of + + + align:start position:0% +consider the costs and the benefits of +that marginal unit of + + align:start position:0% +that marginal unit of + + + align:start position:0% +that marginal unit of +Labor so what is the cost of a marginal + + align:start position:0% +Labor so what is the cost of a marginal + + + align:start position:0% +Labor so what is the cost of a marginal +unit of Labor well the cost of marginal + + align:start position:0% +unit of Labor well the cost of marginal + + + align:start position:0% +unit of Labor well the cost of marginal +labor the marginal cost of a unit of + + align:start position:0% +labor the marginal cost of a unit of + + + align:start position:0% +labor the marginal cost of a unit of +Labor is the + + align:start position:0% +Labor is the + + + align:start position:0% +Labor is the +wage that's what it costs you to have + + align:start position:0% +wage that's what it costs you to have + + + align:start position:0% +wage that's what it costs you to have +the marginal unit of Labor okay you have + + align:start position:0% +the marginal unit of Labor okay you have + + + align:start position:0% +the marginal unit of Labor okay you have +to pay if you want to hire one more hour + + align:start position:0% +to pay if you want to hire one more hour + + + align:start position:0% +to pay if you want to hire one more hour +of Labor you got to pay the wage for + + align:start position:0% +of Labor you got to pay the wage for + + + align:start position:0% +of Labor you got to pay the wage for +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +hour what's the marginal + + align:start position:0% +hour what's the marginal + + + align:start position:0% +hour what's the marginal +benefit well the marginal benefit has + + align:start position:0% +benefit well the marginal benefit has + + + align:start position:0% +benefit well the marginal benefit has +two components first of all the marginal + + align:start position:0% +two components first of all the marginal + + + align:start position:0% +two components first of all the marginal +benefit depends on the marginal product + + align:start position:0% +benefit depends on the marginal product + + + align:start position:0% +benefit depends on the marginal product +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +labor if you hire one more unit of Labor + + align:start position:0% +labor if you hire one more unit of Labor + + + align:start position:0% +labor if you hire one more unit of Labor +how many more Goods will you + + align:start position:0% +how many more Goods will you + + + align:start position:0% +how many more Goods will you +produce okay so the cost is what it is + + align:start position:0% +produce okay so the cost is what it is + + + align:start position:0% +produce okay so the cost is what it is +the wage the benefits of marginal + + align:start position:0% +the wage the benefits of marginal + + + align:start position:0% +the wage the benefits of marginal +product labor we can't stop + + align:start position:0% +product labor we can't stop + + + align:start position:0% +product labor we can't stop +there because first firms don't care + + align:start position:0% +there because first firms don't care + + + align:start position:0% +there because first firms don't care +about units of goods firms care about + + align:start position:0% +about units of goods firms care about + + + align:start position:0% +about units of goods firms care about +Revenue so the marginal benefit of + + align:start position:0% +Revenue so the marginal benefit of + + + align:start position:0% +Revenue so the marginal benefit of +hiring another unit of Labor is the + + align:start position:0% +hiring another unit of Labor is the + + + align:start position:0% +hiring another unit of Labor is the +product of the marginal product of labor + + align:start position:0% +product of the marginal product of labor + + + align:start position:0% +product of the marginal product of labor +times the marginal revenue of one more + + align:start position:0% +times the marginal revenue of one more + + + align:start position:0% +times the marginal revenue of one more +unit of + + align:start position:0% +unit of + + + align:start position:0% +unit of +good so if I hire one more unit of + + align:start position:0% +good so if I hire one more unit of + + + align:start position:0% +good so if I hire one more unit of +Labor I get one more unit of output and + + align:start position:0% +Labor I get one more unit of output and + + + align:start position:0% +Labor I get one more unit of output and +then that output itself has a marginal + + align:start position:0% +then that output itself has a marginal + + + align:start position:0% +then that output itself has a marginal +revenue so think about the simple case + + align:start position:0% +revenue so think about the simple case + + + align:start position:0% +revenue so think about the simple case +think about this in a perectly + + align:start position:0% +think about this in a perectly + + + align:start position:0% +think about this in a perectly +competitive market in a perectly + + align:start position:0% +competitive market in a perectly + + + align:start position:0% +competitive market in a perectly +competitive market then the marginal un + + align:start position:0% +competitive market then the marginal un + + + align:start position:0% +competitive market then the marginal un +of Labor is marginal product of labor + + align:start position:0% +of Labor is marginal product of labor + + + align:start position:0% +of Labor is marginal product of labor +times the + + align:start position:0% +times the + + + align:start position:0% +times the +price so what's another unit of Labor + + align:start position:0% +price so what's another unit of Labor + + + align:start position:0% +price so what's another unit of Labor +worth it's worth how much that worker + + align:start position:0% +worth it's worth how much that worker + + + align:start position:0% +worth it's worth how much that worker +could produce at times how much I could + + align:start position:0% +could produce at times how much I could + + + align:start position:0% +could produce at times how much I could +sell it + + align:start position:0% +sell it + + + align:start position:0% +sell it +for so it so the in a perfectly + + align:start position:0% +for so it so the in a perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +for so it so the in a perfectly +competitive + + align:start position:0% +competitive + + + align:start position:0% +competitive +market the marginal BF equals the + + align:start position:0% +market the marginal BF equals the + + + align:start position:0% +market the marginal BF equals the +marginal product of labor times price so + + align:start position:0% +marginal product of labor times price so + + + align:start position:0% +marginal product of labor times price so +essentially what this says for the + + align:start position:0% +essentially what this says for the + + + align:start position:0% +essentially what this says for the +competitive market + + align:start position:0% +competitive market + + + align:start position:0% +competitive market +if you set marginal benefits equal the + + align:start position:0% +if you set marginal benefits equal the + + + align:start position:0% +if you set marginal benefits equal the +marginal costs you want to set the + + align:start position:0% +marginal costs you want to set the + + + align:start position:0% +marginal costs you want to set the +marginal product of labor times the + + align:start position:0% +marginal product of labor times the + + + align:start position:0% +marginal product of labor times the +price equal to the + + align:start position:0% +price equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +price equal to the +wage and that's how you decide how many + + align:start position:0% +wage and that's how you decide how many + + + align:start position:0% +wage and that's how you decide how many +workers to hire you basically hire + + align:start position:0% +workers to hire you basically hire + + + align:start position:0% +workers to hire you basically hire +workers until their + + align:start position:0% +workers until their + + + align:start position:0% +workers until their +benefits which is the value of what they + + align:start position:0% +benefits which is the value of what they + + + align:start position:0% +benefits which is the value of what they +produce equals their cost which is their + + align:start position:0% +produce equals their cost which is their + + + align:start position:0% +produce equals their cost which is their +wage okay once again pretty + + align:start position:0% +wage okay once again pretty + + + align:start position:0% +wage okay once again pretty +straightforward when you when you think + + align:start position:0% +straightforward when you when you think + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward when you when you think +about it so basically the value of a + + align:start position:0% +about it so basically the value of a + + + align:start position:0% +about it so basically the value of a +worker is determined by how productive + + align:start position:0% +worker is determined by how productive + + + align:start position:0% +worker is determined by how productive +that workers or how many units she can + + align:start position:0% +that workers or how many units she can + + + align:start position:0% +that workers or how many units she can +make times what those unit sell for + + align:start position:0% +make times what those unit sell for + + + align:start position:0% +make times what those unit sell for +another hour of Labor making computer + + align:start position:0% +another hour of Labor making computer + + + align:start position:0% +another hour of Labor making computer +chips is more valuable than an hour of + + align:start position:0% +chips is more valuable than an hour of + + + align:start position:0% +chips is more valuable than an hour of +Labor making potato chips because + + align:start position:0% +Labor making potato chips because + + + align:start position:0% +Labor making potato chips because +computer should sell for more for more + + align:start position:0% +computer should sell for more for more + + + align:start position:0% +computer should sell for more for more +than potato chips okay so basically the + + align:start position:0% +than potato chips okay so basically the + + + align:start position:0% +than potato chips okay so basically the +labor you produce is more valuable if + + align:start position:0% +labor you produce is more valuable if + + + align:start position:0% +labor you produce is more valuable if +the good sell for a higher price a great + + align:start position:0% +the good sell for a higher price a great + + + align:start position:0% +the good sell for a higher price a great +way to illustrate this and I'm sorry for + + align:start position:0% +way to illustrate this and I'm sorry for + + + align:start position:0% +way to illustrate this and I'm sorry for +my Pro Sports bias here um is to think + + align:start position:0% +my Pro Sports bias here um is to think + + + align:start position:0% +my Pro Sports bias here um is to think +about basketball players okay think + + align:start position:0% +about basketball players okay think + + + align:start position:0% +about basketball players okay think +about the National Basketball + + align:start position:0% +about the National Basketball + + + align:start position:0% +about the National Basketball +Association um as a set of you know a + + align:start position:0% +Association um as a set of you know a + + + align:start position:0% +Association um as a set of you know a +set of firms that are trying to deliver + + align:start position:0% +set of firms that are trying to deliver + + + align:start position:0% +set of firms that are trying to deliver +the best basketball products so you're a + + align:start position:0% +the best basketball products so you're a + + + align:start position:0% +the best basketball products so you're a +firm you're a team in the + + align:start position:0% +firm you're a team in the + + + align:start position:0% +firm you're a team in the +NBA and you are trying to figure out how + + align:start position:0% +NBA and you are trying to figure out how + + + align:start position:0% +NBA and you are trying to figure out how +to set your + + align:start position:0% +to set your + + + align:start position:0% +to set your +payroll to maximize profits you're + + align:start position:0% +payroll to maximize profits you're + + + align:start position:0% +payroll to maximize profits you're +trying to decide who to hire on your + + align:start position:0% +trying to decide who to hire on your + + + align:start position:0% +trying to decide who to hire on your +team you have 12 slots you're trying to + + align:start position:0% +team you have 12 slots you're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +team you have 12 slots you're trying to +deire who in those 12 slots you want to + + align:start position:0% +deire who in those 12 slots you want to + + + align:start position:0% +deire who in those 12 slots you want to +hire to maximize your + + align:start position:0% +hire to maximize your + + + align:start position:0% +hire to maximize your +profits okay so what you really want is + + align:start position:0% +profits okay so what you really want is + + + align:start position:0% +profits okay so what you really want is +you want to ask well what's the marginal + + align:start position:0% +you want to ask well what's the marginal + + + align:start position:0% +you want to ask well what's the marginal +product of the next + + align:start position:0% +product of the next + + + align:start position:0% +product of the next +player times the value of that product + + align:start position:0% +player times the value of that product + + + align:start position:0% +player times the value of that product +well the marginal product is the number + + align:start position:0% +well the marginal product is the number + + + align:start position:0% +well the marginal product is the number +of wins they produce so you want to ask + + align:start position:0% +of wins they produce so you want to ask + + + align:start position:0% +of wins they produce so you want to ask +how many wins will a player add to my + + align:start position:0% +how many wins will a player add to my + + + align:start position:0% +how many wins will a player add to my +team and the value is how much more + + align:start position:0% +team and the value is how much more + + + align:start position:0% +team and the value is how much more +money I'll make per win they + + align:start position:0% +money I'll make per win they + + + align:start position:0% +money I'll make per win they +add okay the worst basketball teams do + + align:start position:0% +add okay the worst basketball teams do + + + align:start position:0% +add okay the worst basketball teams do +not make as much money as the best + + align:start position:0% +not make as much money as the best + + + align:start position:0% +not make as much money as the best +basketball + + align:start position:0% +basketball + + + align:start position:0% +basketball +teams so basically by hiring a player + + align:start position:0% +teams so basically by hiring a player + + + align:start position:0% +teams so basically by hiring a player +I'm asking how much will that player + + align:start position:0% +I'm asking how much will that player + + + align:start position:0% +I'm asking how much will that player +include increase my wins that's their + + align:start position:0% +include increase my wins that's their + + + align:start position:0% +include increase my wins that's their +marginal product and what's the value of + + align:start position:0% +marginal product and what's the value of + + + align:start position:0% +marginal product and what's the value of +a win the price effectively is how much + + align:start position:0% +a win the price effectively is how much + + + align:start position:0% +a win the price effectively is how much +profit I'll make per additional + + align:start position:0% +profit I'll make per additional + + + align:start position:0% +profit I'll make per additional +win and that's the marginal product of + + align:start position:0% +win and that's the marginal product of + + + align:start position:0% +win and that's the marginal product of +the additional basketball + + align:start position:0% +the additional basketball + + + align:start position:0% +the additional basketball +player okay so for example LeBron James + + align:start position:0% +player okay so for example LeBron James + + + align:start position:0% +player okay so for example LeBron James +makes about $32 million a year LeBron + + align:start position:0% +makes about $32 million a year LeBron + + + align:start position:0% +makes about $32 million a year LeBron +James is the best you know not so the + + align:start position:0% +James is the best you know not so the + + + align:start position:0% +James is the best you know not so the +best player right now but over the last + + align:start position:0% +best player right now but over the last + + + align:start position:0% +best player right now but over the last +20 years the best player in basketball + + align:start position:0% +20 years the best player in basketball + + + align:start position:0% +20 years the best player in basketball +some would argue the best ever he makes + + align:start position:0% +some would argue the best ever he makes + + + align:start position:0% +some would argue the best ever he makes +about $32 million a year okay it's a lot + + align:start position:0% +about $32 million a year okay it's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +about $32 million a year okay it's a lot +of money because his marginal product is + + align:start position:0% +of money because his marginal product is + + + align:start position:0% +of money because his marginal product is +enormous he's a great player and the + + align:start position:0% +enormous he's a great player and the + + + align:start position:0% +enormous he's a great player and the +additional wins are valuable in terms of + + align:start position:0% +additional wins are valuable in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +additional wins are valuable in terms of +additional advertising attendance + + align:start position:0% +additional advertising attendance + + + align:start position:0% +additional advertising attendance +Etc now other players don't make as much + + align:start position:0% +Etc now other players don't make as much + + + align:start position:0% +Etc now other players don't make as much +how many of you have heard of Nate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Robinson okay good I always like to see + + align:start position:0% +Robinson okay good I always like to see + + + align:start position:0% +Robinson okay good I always like to see +okay mostly gender biased I saw one + + align:start position:0% +okay mostly gender biased I saw one + + + align:start position:0% +okay mostly gender biased I saw one +woman shake her head hopefully there's + + align:start position:0% +woman shake her head hopefully there's + + + align:start position:0% +woman shake her head hopefully there's +more okay sorry sorry for the gender + + align:start position:0% +more okay sorry sorry for the gender + + + align:start position:0% +more okay sorry sorry for the gender +biased example but Nate Robinson is one + + align:start position:0% +biased example but Nate Robinson is one + + + align:start position:0% +biased example but Nate Robinson is one +of the shortest players in NBA history + + align:start position:0% +of the shortest players in NBA history + + + align:start position:0% +of the shortest players in NBA history +was 5'9 shorter than me uh in a world + + align:start position:0% +was 5'9 shorter than me uh in a world + + + align:start position:0% +was 5'9 shorter than me uh in a world +where the typical player about + + align:start position:0% +where the typical player about + + + align:start position:0% +where the typical player about +6667 so he's one of the shortest players + + align:start position:0% +6667 so he's one of the shortest players + + + align:start position:0% +6667 so he's one of the shortest players +in NBA history but an excellent player + + align:start position:0% +in NBA history but an excellent player + + + align:start position:0% +in NBA history but an excellent player +played for a number of teams um very + + align:start position:0% +played for a number of teams um very + + + align:start position:0% +played for a number of teams um very +exciting player but but no LeBron James + + align:start position:0% +exciting player but but no LeBron James + + + align:start position:0% +exciting player but but no LeBron James +let's put it that way by the end of his + + align:start position:0% +let's put it that way by the end of his + + + align:start position:0% +let's put it that way by the end of his +career he wasn't great he made about two + + align:start position:0% +career he wasn't great he made about two + + + align:start position:0% +career he wasn't great he made about two +million a year you know not bad we'd all + + align:start position:0% +million a year you know not bad we'd all + + + align:start position:0% +million a year you know not bad we'd all +take it but not LeBron James okay he + + align:start position:0% +take it but not LeBron James okay he + + + align:start position:0% +take it but not LeBron James okay he +made about two million a year why did he + + align:start position:0% +made about two million a year why did he + + + align:start position:0% +made about two million a year why did he +make two million a year Well a win was + + align:start position:0% +make two million a year Well a win was + + + align:start position:0% +make two million a year Well a win was +still worth a win but his marginal + + align:start position:0% +still worth a win but his marginal + + + align:start position:0% +still worth a win but his marginal +product was low Nate Robinson + + align:start position:0% +product was low Nate Robinson + + + align:start position:0% +product was low Nate Robinson +contributed less to a win than did + + align:start position:0% +contributed less to a win than did + + + align:start position:0% +contributed less to a win than did +LeBron James Nate Robinson then quit the + + align:start position:0% +LeBron James Nate Robinson then quit the + + + align:start position:0% +LeBron James Nate Robinson then quit the +NBA he went to play basketball in Israel + + align:start position:0% +NBA he went to play basketball in Israel + + + align:start position:0% +NBA he went to play basketball in Israel +Israel's basketball crazy they love + + align:start position:0% +Israel's basketball crazy they love + + + align:start position:0% +Israel's basketball crazy they love +basketball they have their own league + + align:start position:0% +basketball they have their own league + + + align:start position:0% +basketball they have their own league +and in Israel he was a superstar he was + + align:start position:0% +and in Israel he was a superstar he was + + + align:start position:0% +and in Israel he was a superstar he was +one of the best players he had maybe the + + align:start position:0% +one of the best players he had maybe the + + + align:start position:0% +one of the best players he had maybe the +highest marginal product in the league + + align:start position:0% +highest marginal product in the league + + + align:start position:0% +highest marginal product in the league +because he was so much better than the + + align:start position:0% +because he was so much better than the + + + align:start position:0% +because he was so much better than the +other players over there he could + + align:start position:0% +other players over there he could + + + align:start position:0% +other players over there he could +massively contribute to + + align:start position:0% +massively contribute to + + + align:start position:0% +massively contribute to +wins and his salary went down from 2 + + align:start position:0% +wins and his salary went down from 2 + + + align:start position:0% +wins and his salary went down from 2 +million to + + align:start position:0% +million to + + + align:start position:0% +million to +300,000 why well his marginal product + + align:start position:0% +300,000 why well his marginal product + + + align:start position:0% +300,000 why well his marginal product +went up but the value of a win went way + + align:start position:0% +went up but the value of a win went way + + + align:start position:0% +went up but the value of a win went way +down okay if you add wins in the US + + align:start position:0% +down okay if you add wins in the US + + + align:start position:0% +down okay if you add wins in the US +that's billions of dollars of + + align:start position:0% +that's billions of dollars of + + + align:start position:0% +that's billions of dollars of +advertising revenue or attendance + + align:start position:0% +advertising revenue or attendance + + + align:start position:0% +advertising revenue or attendance +Revenue in Israel it's not such a big + + align:start position:0% +Revenue in Israel it's not such a big + + + align:start position:0% +Revenue in Israel it's not such a big +deal so here's an example where marginal + + align:start position:0% +deal so here's an example where marginal + + + align:start position:0% +deal so here's an example where marginal +product went + + align:start position:0% +product went + + + align:start position:0% +product went +up but the benefit of hiring went down + + align:start position:0% +up but the benefit of hiring went down + + + align:start position:0% +up but the benefit of hiring went down +and we call that benefit marginal + + align:start position:0% +and we call that benefit marginal + + + align:start position:0% +and we call that benefit marginal +revenue + + align:start position:0% +revenue + + + align:start position:0% +revenue +product marginal revenue product is the + + align:start position:0% +product marginal revenue product is the + + + align:start position:0% +product marginal revenue product is the +marginal product times how much it's + + align:start position:0% +marginal product times how much it's + + + align:start position:0% +marginal product times how much it's +worth Nate Robinson in + + align:start position:0% +worth Nate Robinson in + + + align:start position:0% +worth Nate Robinson in +Israel was worth less a ticket in Israel + + align:start position:0% +Israel was worth less a ticket in Israel + + + align:start position:0% +Israel was worth less a ticket in Israel +the highest price ticket in Israel is + + align:start position:0% +the highest price ticket in Israel is + + + align:start position:0% +the highest price ticket in Israel is +$75 the highest price ticket in the US + + align:start position:0% +$75 the highest price ticket in the US + + + align:start position:0% +$75 the highest price ticket in the US +for regular season game court side for + + align:start position:0% +for regular season game court side for + + + align:start position:0% +for regular season game court side for +the Boston Celtics is about $2,000 + + align:start position:0% +the Boston Celtics is about $2,000 + + + align:start position:0% +the Boston Celtics is about $2,000 +okay so basically this wasn't that much + + align:start position:0% +okay so basically this wasn't that much + + + align:start position:0% +okay so basically this wasn't that much +money made from Israel from basketball + + align:start position:0% +money made from Israel from basketball + + + align:start position:0% +money made from Israel from basketball +Israel z a robbit had a higher marginal + + align:start position:0% +Israel z a robbit had a higher marginal + + + align:start position:0% +Israel z a robbit had a higher marginal +product he had a lower marginal revenue + + align:start position:0% +product he had a lower marginal revenue + + + align:start position:0% +product he had a lower marginal revenue +product which is why he was paid less + + align:start position:0% +product which is why he was paid less + + + align:start position:0% +product which is why he was paid less +okay so that sort of + + align:start position:0% +okay so that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that sort of +illustrates the important distinct + + align:start position:0% +illustrates the important distinct + + + align:start position:0% +illustrates the important distinct +between marginal product and marginal + + align:start position:0% +between marginal product and marginal + + + align:start position:0% +between marginal product and marginal +revenue + + align:start position:0% +revenue + + + align:start position:0% +revenue +product okay questions about that yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well the firm it's this is a positive + + align:start position:0% +well the firm it's this is a positive + + + align:start position:0% +well the firm it's this is a positive +statement on normative we want is a + + align:start position:0% +statement on normative we want is a + + + align:start position:0% +statement on normative we want is a +normative statement The Firm when they + + align:start position:0% +normative statement The Firm when they + + + align:start position:0% +normative statement The Firm when they +optimize they set for optimization + + align:start position:0% +optimize they set for optimization + + + align:start position:0% +optimize they set for optimization +involves setting marginal benefits equal + + align:start position:0% +involves setting marginal benefits equal + + + align:start position:0% +involves setting marginal benefits equal +to Marginal costs in every state of the + + align:start position:0% +to Marginal costs in every state of the + + + align:start position:0% +to Marginal costs in every state of the +world optimization for consumers + + align:start position:0% +world optimization for consumers + + + align:start position:0% +world optimization for consumers +optimization for firms I just said well + + align:start position:0% +optimization for firms I just said well + + + align:start position:0% +optimization for firms I just said well +instead of deriving this you could + + align:start position:0% +instead of deriving this you could + + + align:start position:0% +instead of deriving this you could +derive this also from firm optimization + + align:start position:0% +derive this also from firm optimization + + + align:start position:0% +derive this also from firm optimization +I just did a shortcut I said the + + align:start position:0% +I just did a shortcut I said the + + + align:start position:0% +I just did a shortcut I said the +marginal benefit of hiring another unit + + align:start position:0% +marginal benefit of hiring another unit + + + align:start position:0% +marginal benefit of hiring another unit +of Labor is this the marginal cost is + + align:start position:0% +of Labor is this the marginal cost is + + + align:start position:0% +of Labor is this the marginal cost is +this you set them equal that's the firm + + align:start position:0% +this you set them equal that's the firm + + + align:start position:0% +this you set them equal that's the firm +optimization decision + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay all right now that's labor demand + + align:start position:0% +okay all right now that's labor demand + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right now that's labor demand +Capital demand looks exactly the + + align:start position:0% +Capital demand looks exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +Capital demand looks exactly the +same the only the cost for Capital the + + align:start position:0% +same the only the cost for Capital the + + + align:start position:0% +same the only the cost for Capital the +marginal cost is the rental rate what a + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost is the rental rate what a + + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost is the rental rate what a +cost for rental unit of + + align:start position:0% +cost for rental unit of + + + align:start position:0% +cost for rental unit of +capital the marginal + + align:start position:0% +capital the marginal + + + align:start position:0% +capital the marginal +benefit is the marginal revenue product + + align:start position:0% +benefit is the marginal revenue product + + + align:start position:0% +benefit is the marginal revenue product +of capital which is the marginal product + + align:start position:0% +of capital which is the marginal product + + + align:start position:0% +of capital which is the marginal product +of capital times marginal + + align:start position:0% +of capital times marginal + + + align:start position:0% +of capital times marginal +Revenue that's the + + align:start position:0% +Revenue that's the + + + align:start position:0% +Revenue that's the +benefit now this is just harder to + + align:start position:0% +benefit now this is just harder to + + + align:start position:0% +benefit now this is just harder to +theoretically we're + + align:start position:0% +theoretically we're + + + align:start position:0% +theoretically we're +done conceptually it's a little harder + + align:start position:0% +done conceptually it's a little harder + + + align:start position:0% +done conceptually it's a little harder +for two reasons first of all as I said + + align:start position:0% +for two reasons first of all as I said + + + align:start position:0% +for two reasons first of all as I said +it's hard to think about Capital as + + align:start position:0% +it's hard to think about Capital as + + + align:start position:0% +it's hard to think about Capital as +having a wage rate but once again we + + align:start position:0% +having a wage rate but once again we + + + align:start position:0% +having a wage rate but once again we +think about Capital think about renting + + align:start position:0% +think about Capital think about renting + + + align:start position:0% +think about Capital think about renting +a machine every period so our just like + + align:start position:0% +a machine every period so our just like + + + align:start position:0% +a machine every period so our just like +hiring a workers essentially renting the + + align:start position:0% +hiring a workers essentially renting the + + + align:start position:0% +hiring a workers essentially renting the +worker we think of hiring a machine is + + align:start position:0% +worker we think of hiring a machine is + + + align:start position:0% +worker we think of hiring a machine is +renting the machine and we'll come back + + align:start position:0% +renting the machine and we'll come back + + + align:start position:0% +renting the machine and we'll come back +to that but R is the price but all hard + + align:start position:0% +to that but R is the price but all hard + + + align:start position:0% +to that but R is the price but all hard +to think what's mpk what's a marginal + + align:start position:0% +to think what's mpk what's a marginal + + + align:start position:0% +to think what's mpk what's a marginal +product of capital well it's just what + + align:start position:0% +product of capital well it's just what + + + align:start position:0% +product of capital well it's just what +the next unit of capital produce in + + align:start position:0% +the next unit of capital produce in + + + align:start position:0% +the next unit of capital produce in +terms of outputs it's the same as + + align:start position:0% +terms of outputs it's the same as + + + align:start position:0% +terms of outputs it's the same as +workers it's just if you have one more + + align:start position:0% +workers it's just if you have one more + + + align:start position:0% +workers it's just if you have one more +incremental unit of machine that costs R + + align:start position:0% +incremental unit of machine that costs R + + + align:start position:0% +incremental unit of machine that costs R +how much does that increment your + + align:start position:0% +how much does that increment your + + + align:start position:0% +how much does that increment your +quantity just like if you have one more + + align:start position:0% +quantity just like if you have one more + + + align:start position:0% +quantity just like if you have one more +unit of Labor the cost W how much does + + align:start position:0% +unit of Labor the cost W how much does + + + align:start position:0% +unit of Labor the cost W how much does +that increment your quality so it's just + + align:start position:0% +that increment your quality so it's just + + + align:start position:0% +that increment your quality so it's just +like the + + align:start position:0% +like the + + + align:start position:0% +like the +MPL it's the effective quantity of the + + align:start position:0% +MPL it's the effective quantity of the + + + align:start position:0% +MPL it's the effective quantity of the +marginal additional + + align:start position:0% +marginal additional + + + align:start position:0% +marginal additional +unit in this case of capital okay + + align:start position:0% +unit in this case of capital okay + + + align:start position:0% +unit in this case of capital okay +questions about + + align:start position:0% +questions about + + + align:start position:0% +questions about +that okay that's all pretty + + align:start position:0% +that okay that's all pretty + + + align:start position:0% +that okay that's all pretty +straightforward the more interesting + + align:start position:0% +straightforward the more interesting + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward the more interesting +part of today's + + align:start position:0% +part of today's + + + align:start position:0% +part of today's +lecture is thinking about the supply + + align:start position:0% +lecture is thinking about the supply + + + align:start position:0% +lecture is thinking about the supply +side and we're going to start today with + + align:start position:0% +side and we're going to start today with + + + align:start position:0% +side and we're going to start today with +labor + + align:start position:0% +labor + + + align:start position:0% +labor +Supply we'll do that for about a lecture + + align:start position:0% +Supply we'll do that for about a lecture + + + align:start position:0% +Supply we'll do that for about a lecture +and a half and then next time we'll + + align:start position:0% +and a half and then next time we'll + + + align:start position:0% +and a half and then next time we'll +start on Capital Supply so let's talk + + align:start position:0% +start on Capital Supply so let's talk + + + align:start position:0% +start on Capital Supply so let's talk +about Labor Supply this is + + align:start position:0% +about Labor Supply this is + + + align:start position:0% +about Labor Supply this is +both some fun economics and some + + align:start position:0% +both some fun economics and some + + + align:start position:0% +both some fun economics and some +relevant economics because you guys have + + align:start position:0% +relevant economics because you guys have + + + align:start position:0% +relevant economics because you guys have +to decide how hard to work labor Supply + + align:start position:0% +to decide how hard to work labor Supply + + + align:start position:0% +to decide how hard to work labor Supply +is fundamentally your decision of how + + align:start position:0% +is fundamentally your decision of how + + + align:start position:0% +is fundamentally your decision of how +hard to work now your decision has many + + align:start position:0% +hard to work now your decision has many + + + align:start position:0% +hard to work now your decision has many +components there's whether you work + + align:start position:0% +components there's whether you work + + + align:start position:0% +components there's whether you work +there's how many hours you work there's + + align:start position:0% +there's how many hours you work there's + + + align:start position:0% +there's how many hours you work there's +how hard you work every hour there's + + align:start position:0% +how hard you work every hour there's + + + align:start position:0% +how hard you work every hour there's +which job you take lots of components + + align:start position:0% +which job you take lots of components + + + align:start position:0% +which job you take lots of components +okay we're going to simplify things here + + align:start position:0% +okay we're going to simplify things here + + + align:start position:0% +okay we're going to simplify things here +into one decision which is how many + + align:start position:0% +into one decision which is how many + + + align:start position:0% +into one decision which is how many +hours you work + + align:start position:0% +hours you work + + + align:start position:0% +hours you work +okay so imagine you're sort of + + align:start position:0% +okay so imagine you're sort of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so imagine you're sort of +deciding um you're you're going to work + + align:start position:0% +deciding um you're you're going to work + + + align:start position:0% +deciding um you're you're going to work +just deciding how many hours to work and + + align:start position:0% +just deciding how many hours to work and + + + align:start position:0% +just deciding how many hours to work and +we're also going to assume you can + + align:start position:0% +we're also going to assume you can + + + align:start position:0% +we're also going to assume you can +choose it freely obviously in many jobs + + align:start position:0% +choose it freely obviously in many jobs + + + align:start position:0% +choose it freely obviously in many jobs +you can't freely choose your hours your + + align:start position:0% +you can't freely choose your hours your + + + align:start position:0% +you can't freely choose your hours your +employer has a role we're going to + + align:start position:0% +employer has a role we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +employer has a role we're going to +assume you choose it + + align:start position:0% +assume you choose it + + + align:start position:0% +assume you choose it +freely okay so we are going to do we're + + align:start position:0% +freely okay so we are going to do we're + + + align:start position:0% +freely okay so we are going to do we're +going to think about you forget all the + + align:start position:0% +going to think about you forget all the + + + align:start position:0% +going to think about you forget all the +other decisions you make about what job + + align:start position:0% +other decisions you make about what job + + + align:start position:0% +other decisions you make about what job +you're going to take and hard how how + + align:start position:0% +you're going to take and hard how how + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to take and hard how how +much effort you're going to put in just + + align:start position:0% +much effort you're going to put in just + + + align:start position:0% +much effort you're going to put in just +think about you deciding how many hours + + align:start position:0% +think about you deciding how many hours + + + align:start position:0% +think about you deciding how many hours +am I going to work okay and we're going + + align:start position:0% +am I going to work okay and we're going + + + align:start position:0% +am I going to work okay and we're going +to think about the economics of that + + align:start position:0% +to think about the economics of that + + + align:start position:0% +to think about the economics of that +decision okay so we're trying to decide + + align:start position:0% +decision okay so we're trying to decide + + + align:start position:0% +decision okay so we're trying to decide +how many hours + + align:start position:0% +how many hours + + + align:start position:0% +how many hours +H an individual wants to work okay how + + align:start position:0% +H an individual wants to work okay how + + + align:start position:0% +H an individual wants to work okay how +do they make that + + align:start position:0% +do they make that + + + align:start position:0% +do they make that +decision well on the one hand the more + + align:start position:0% +decision well on the one hand the more + + + align:start position:0% +decision well on the one hand the more +they work the more [ __ ] they can + + align:start position:0% +they work the more [ __ ] they can + + + align:start position:0% +they work the more [ __ ] they can +buy okay the more hours you work you're + + align:start position:0% +buy okay the more hours you work you're + + + align:start position:0% +buy okay the more hours you work you're +in a wage per hour and so you can buy + + align:start position:0% +in a wage per hour and so you can buy + + + align:start position:0% +in a wage per hour and so you can buy +more stuff and we like stuff okay more + + align:start position:0% +more stuff and we like stuff okay more + + + align:start position:0% +more stuff and we like stuff okay more +is more is better so on the one hand we + + align:start position:0% +is more is better so on the one hand we + + + align:start position:0% +is more is better so on the one hand we +want to work more because we want more + + align:start position:0% +want to work more because we want more + + + align:start position:0% +want to work more because we want more +stuff on the other hand and here's what + + align:start position:0% +stuff on the other hand and here's what + + + align:start position:0% +stuff on the other hand and here's what +gets really hard at MIT normal people + + align:start position:0% +gets really hard at MIT normal people + + + align:start position:0% +gets really hard at MIT normal people +don't like to + + align:start position:0% +don't like to + + + align:start position:0% +don't like to +work okay we are not normal people here + + align:start position:0% +work okay we are not normal people here + + + align:start position:0% +work okay we are not normal people here +okay most people actually think of work + + align:start position:0% +okay most people actually think of work + + + align:start position:0% +okay most people actually think of work +as a bad thing I know amazing huh most + + align:start position:0% +as a bad thing I know amazing huh most + + + align:start position:0% +as a bad thing I know amazing huh most +people would rather not + + align:start position:0% +people would rather not + + + align:start position:0% +people would rather not +work so the tradeoff is work you'd + + align:start position:0% +work so the tradeoff is work you'd + + + align:start position:0% +work so the tradeoff is work you'd +rather not + + align:start position:0% +rather not + + + align:start position:0% +rather not +work but by not working you have less + + align:start position:0% +work but by not working you have less + + + align:start position:0% +work but by not working you have less +stuff so the tradeoff is a bad which is + + align:start position:0% +stuff so the tradeoff is a bad which is + + + align:start position:0% +stuff so the tradeoff is a bad which is +working against a + + align:start position:0% +working against a + + + align:start position:0% +working against a +good which is + + align:start position:0% +good which is + + + align:start position:0% +good which is +stuff the problem is we don't know how + + align:start position:0% +stuff the problem is we don't know how + + + align:start position:0% +stuff the problem is we don't know how +to model that we don't model tring bads + + align:start position:0% +to model that we don't model tring bads + + + align:start position:0% +to model that we don't model tring bads +and goods that's too hard so we're going + + align:start position:0% +and goods that's too hard so we're going + + + align:start position:0% +and goods that's too hard so we're going +to use a modeling trick and the modeling + + align:start position:0% +to use a modeling trick and the modeling + + + align:start position:0% +to use a modeling trick and the modeling +trick is we're going to define the + + align:start position:0% +trick is we're going to define the + + + align:start position:0% +trick is we're going to define the +complimentary good to work which is + + align:start position:0% +complimentary good to work which is + + + align:start position:0% +complimentary good to work which is +Leisure Leisure we'll just call 24 + + align:start position:0% +Leisure Leisure we'll just call 24 + + + align:start position:0% +Leisure Leisure we'll just call 24 +minus8 you have 24 hours a day the + + align:start position:0% +minus8 you have 24 hours a day the + + + align:start position:0% +minus8 you have 24 hours a day the +amount of leisure you take is 24 minus + + align:start position:0% +amount of leisure you take is 24 minus + + + align:start position:0% +amount of leisure you take is 24 minus +the hours your + + align:start position:0% +the hours your + + + align:start position:0% +the hours your +work by modeling Leisure if we solve for + + align:start position:0% +work by modeling Leisure if we solve for + + + align:start position:0% +work by modeling Leisure if we solve for +optimal Leisure then we simply use this + + align:start position:0% +optimal Leisure then we simply use this + + + align:start position:0% +optimal Leisure then we simply use this +simple relationship to solve for optimal + + align:start position:0% +simple relationship to solve for optimal + + + align:start position:0% +simple relationship to solve for optimal +hours but it's hard to think this way + + align:start position:0% +hours but it's hard to think this way + + + align:start position:0% +hours but it's hard to think this way +because fundamentally I'm asking how + + align:start position:0% +because fundamentally I'm asking how + + + align:start position:0% +because fundamentally I'm asking how +hard you work but that's not what I'm + + align:start position:0% +hard you work but that's not what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +hard you work but that's not what I'm +going to model I'm gonna model how hard + + align:start position:0% +going to model I'm gonna model how hard + + + align:start position:0% +going to model I'm gonna model how hard +you party okay I'm gon a model + + align:start position:0% +you party okay I'm gon a model + + + align:start position:0% +you party okay I'm gon a model +Leisure okay and work is going to be + + align:start position:0% +Leisure okay and work is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +Leisure okay and work is going to be +residual we're going to solve for I'm + + align:start position:0% +residual we're going to solve for I'm + + + align:start position:0% +residual we're going to solve for I'm +going to make the mistake occasionally + + align:start position:0% +going to make the mistake occasionally + + + align:start position:0% +going to make the mistake occasionally +slipping into saying it's a choice of + + align:start position:0% +slipping into saying it's a choice of + + + align:start position:0% +slipping into saying it's a choice of +work it's not it's a choice of leisure + + align:start position:0% +work it's not it's a choice of leisure + + + align:start position:0% +work it's not it's a choice of leisure +and if you don't think that way you get + + align:start position:0% +and if you don't think that way you get + + + align:start position:0% +and if you don't think that way you get +the modeling wrong the modeling is + + align:start position:0% +the modeling wrong the modeling is + + + align:start position:0% +the modeling wrong the modeling is +because we once we put in two good + + align:start position:0% +because we once we put in two good + + + align:start position:0% +because we once we put in two good +framework we're back to Consumer Theory + + align:start position:0% +framework we're back to Consumer Theory + + + align:start position:0% +framework we're back to Consumer Theory +we know what to do we not how to trade + + align:start position:0% +we know what to do we not how to trade + + + align:start position:0% +we know what to do we not how to trade +off two goods we doing that our you know + + align:start position:0% +off two goods we doing that our you know + + + align:start position:0% +off two goods we doing that our you know +all + + align:start position:0% +all + + + align:start position:0% +all +semester so we have two goods now + + align:start position:0% +semester so we have two goods now + + + align:start position:0% +semester so we have two goods now +Leisure and + + align:start position:0% +Leisure and + + + align:start position:0% +Leisure and +stuff okay and that's the trade-off we + + align:start position:0% +stuff okay and that's the trade-off we + + + align:start position:0% +stuff okay and that's the trade-off we +want to make okay and that's the general + + align:start position:0% +want to make okay and that's the general + + + align:start position:0% +want to make okay and that's the general +modeling trick is instead of modeling a + + align:start position:0% +modeling trick is instead of modeling a + + + align:start position:0% +modeling trick is instead of modeling a +a bad we model the compliment very good + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah um you know that is uh yes that + + align:start position:0% +yeah um you know that is uh yes that + + + align:start position:0% +yeah um you know that is uh yes that +that is a similar straight off if you + + align:start position:0% +that is a similar straight off if you + + + align:start position:0% +that is a similar straight off if you +think about sleep as Leisure you know + + align:start position:0% +think about sleep as Leisure you know + + + align:start position:0% +think about sleep as Leisure you know +Leisure includes sleep you got to sleep + + align:start position:0% +Leisure includes sleep you got to sleep + + + align:start position:0% +Leisure includes sleep you got to sleep +in this 24 hours sorry guys you do have + + align:start position:0% +in this 24 hours sorry guys you do have + + + align:start position:0% +in this 24 hours sorry guys you do have +to sleep in that 24 hours so that's a + + align:start position:0% +to sleep in that 24 hours so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +to sleep in that 24 hours so that's a +similar thing okay so basically you have + + align:start position:0% +similar thing okay so basically you have + + + align:start position:0% +similar thing okay so basically you have +this tradeoff + + align:start position:0% +this tradeoff + + + align:start position:0% +this tradeoff +so basically we are going to + + align:start position:0% +so basically we are going to + + + align:start position:0% +so basically we are going to +model this now what that means is we + + align:start position:0% +model this now what that means is we + + + align:start position:0% +model this now what that means is we +need to model we don't had to model the + + align:start position:0% +need to model we don't had to model the + + + align:start position:0% +need to model we don't had to model the +demand for goods we've been doing that + + align:start position:0% +demand for goods we've been doing that + + + align:start position:0% +demand for goods we've been doing that +for weeks but how do we model the demand + + align:start position:0% +for weeks but how do we model the demand + + + align:start position:0% +for weeks but how do we model the demand +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +leisure so we're going to model the + + align:start position:0% +leisure so we're going to model the + + + align:start position:0% +leisure so we're going to model the +supply of + + align:start position:0% +supply of + + + align:start position:0% +supply of +labor by inverting it and modeling + + align:start position:0% +labor by inverting it and modeling + + + align:start position:0% +labor by inverting it and modeling +demand for + + align:start position:0% +demand for + + + align:start position:0% +demand for +leisure and we know and so we're going + + align:start position:0% +leisure and we know and so we're going + + + align:start position:0% +leisure and we know and so we're going +to basically take our standard model and + + align:start position:0% +to basically take our standard model and + + + align:start position:0% +to basically take our standard model and +instead of trading off between pizzas + + align:start position:0% +instead of trading off between pizzas + + + align:start position:0% +instead of trading off between pizzas +and cookies you're going to trade off + + align:start position:0% +and cookies you're going to trade off + + + align:start position:0% +and cookies you're going to trade off +between Leisure and stuff and that is + + align:start position:0% +between Leisure and stuff and that is + + + align:start position:0% +between Leisure and stuff and that is +figure + + align:start position:0% +figure + + + align:start position:0% +figure +151 figure 151 and I've put all the + + align:start position:0% +151 figure 151 and I've put all the + + + align:start position:0% +151 figure 151 and I've put all the +stuff in one graph instead of walking + + align:start position:0% +stuff in one graph instead of walking + + + align:start position:0% +stuff in one graph instead of walking +you through it okay on the Y AIS is + + align:start position:0% +you through it okay on the Y AIS is + + + align:start position:0% +you through it okay on the Y AIS is +consumption now when I think of + + align:start position:0% +consumption now when I think of + + + align:start position:0% +consumption now when I think of +consumption think of consumption as all + + align:start position:0% +consumption think of consumption as all + + + align:start position:0% +consumption think of consumption as all +the stuff you're going to + + align:start position:0% +the stuff you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +the stuff you're going to +consume your pizza and your + + align:start position:0% +consume your pizza and your + + + align:start position:0% +consume your pizza and your +cookies okay on the xaxis is leisure + + align:start position:0% +cookies okay on the xaxis is leisure + + + align:start position:0% +cookies okay on the xaxis is leisure +you have a 24-hour + + align:start position:0% +you have a 24-hour + + + align:start position:0% +you have a 24-hour +maximum so you can take between zero and + + align:start position:0% +maximum so you can take between zero and + + + align:start position:0% +maximum so you can take between zero and +24 hours of leisure so as you move to + + align:start position:0% +24 hours of leisure so as you move to + + + align:start position:0% +24 hours of leisure so as you move to +the right on the xaxis you're modeling + + align:start position:0% +the right on the xaxis you're modeling + + + align:start position:0% +the right on the xaxis you're modeling +Leisure of course that means that hours + + align:start position:0% +Leisure of course that means that hours + + + align:start position:0% +Leisure of course that means that hours +you move to the left on the x-axis once + + align:start position:0% +you move to the left on the x-axis once + + + align:start position:0% +you move to the left on the x-axis once +again we're not modeling hours modeling + + align:start position:0% +again we're not modeling hours modeling + + + align:start position:0% +again we're not modeling hours modeling +Leisure Hours we just get at the + + align:start position:0% +Leisure Hours we just get at the + + + align:start position:0% +Leisure Hours we just get at the +end okay so you then have a budget + + align:start position:0% +end okay so you then have a budget + + + align:start position:0% +end okay so you then have a budget +constraint which is you can take 24 + + align:start position:0% +constraint which is you can take 24 + + + align:start position:0% +constraint which is you can take 24 +hours of leisure and consume nothing + + align:start position:0% +hours of leisure and consume nothing + + + align:start position:0% +hours of leisure and consume nothing +that's the x intercept + + align:start position:0% +that's the x intercept + + + align:start position:0% +that's the x intercept +or take no leisure and consume 24 times + + align:start position:0% +or take no leisure and consume 24 times + + + align:start position:0% +or take no leisure and consume 24 times +your wage that's the Y + + align:start position:0% +your wage that's the Y + + + align:start position:0% +your wage that's the Y +intercept now let me just make one point + + align:start position:0% +intercept now let me just make one point + + + align:start position:0% +intercept now let me just make one point +the y axis is vague what is consumption + + align:start position:0% +the y axis is vague what is consumption + + + align:start position:0% +the y axis is vague what is consumption +and here's I'm going to come back to + + align:start position:0% +and here's I'm going to come back to + + + align:start position:0% +and here's I'm going to come back to +something I mentioned earlier in the + + align:start position:0% +something I mentioned earlier in the + + + align:start position:0% +something I mentioned earlier in the +class we have complicated + + align:start position:0% +class we have complicated + + + align:start position:0% +class we have complicated +multi-dimensional decisions we do them + + align:start position:0% +multi-dimensional decisions we do them + + + align:start position:0% +multi-dimensional decisions we do them +sequentially earlier I gave you income + + align:start position:0% +sequentially earlier I gave you income + + + align:start position:0% +sequentially earlier I gave you income +remember I said consumer theory is + + align:start position:0% +remember I said consumer theory is + + + align:start position:0% +remember I said consumer theory is +easier than producer Theory because + + align:start position:0% +easier than producer Theory because + + + align:start position:0% +easier than producer Theory because +income is just given to you now I'm + + align:start position:0% +income is just given to you now I'm + + + align:start position:0% +income is just given to you now I'm +deriving where that income com comes + + align:start position:0% +deriving where that income com comes + + + align:start position:0% +deriving where that income com comes +from so the idea is You' use a model + + align:start position:0% +from so the idea is You' use a model + + + align:start position:0% +from so the idea is You' use a model +like this to solve for your income and + + align:start position:0% +like this to solve for your income and + + + align:start position:0% +like this to solve for your income and +then given your income you go back to + + align:start position:0% +then given your income you go back to + + + align:start position:0% +then given your income you go back to +your cookies versus Pizza model so right + + align:start position:0% +your cookies versus Pizza model so right + + + align:start position:0% +your cookies versus Pizza model so right +now you're solving for how much Z work + + align:start position:0% +now you're solving for how much Z work + + + align:start position:0% +now you're solving for how much Z work +versus how much stuff I have later I'll + + align:start position:0% +versus how much stuff I have later I'll + + + align:start position:0% +versus how much stuff I have later I'll +decide how to spend my money on that + + align:start position:0% +decide how to spend my money on that + + + align:start position:0% +decide how to spend my money on that +stuff right now I'm deciding how much Z + + align:start position:0% +stuff right now I'm deciding how much Z + + + align:start position:0% +stuff right now I'm deciding how much Z +work versus how much stuff I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +work versus how much stuff I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +work versus how much stuff I'm gonna +have in total okay so think of the + + align:start position:0% +have in total okay so think of the + + + align:start position:0% +have in total okay so think of the +sequential decision we're now going back + + align:start position:0% +sequential decision we're now going back + + + align:start position:0% +sequential decision we're now going back +and taking that y that I gave to you and + + align:start position:0% +and taking that y that I gave to you and + + + align:start position:0% +and taking that y that I gave to you and +making a decision + + align:start position:0% +making a decision + + + align:start position:0% +making a decision +variable + + align:start position:0% +variable + + + align:start position:0% +variable +okay so that is the budget constraint + + align:start position:0% +okay so that is the budget constraint + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that is the budget constraint +what is the slope of the budget + + align:start position:0% +what is the slope of the budget + + + align:start position:0% +what is the slope of the budget +constraint the slope is minus + + align:start position:0% +constraint the slope is minus + + + align:start position:0% +constraint the slope is minus +W the slope is minus + + align:start position:0% +W the slope is minus + + + align:start position:0% +W the slope is minus +W okay um what does oh I'm sorry we're + + align:start position:0% +W okay um what does oh I'm sorry we're + + + align:start position:0% +W okay um what does oh I'm sorry we're +going to make one other assumption to + + align:start position:0% +going to make one other assumption to + + + align:start position:0% +going to make one other assumption to +make life easy we're going to assume the + + align:start position:0% +make life easy we're going to assume the + + + align:start position:0% +make life easy we're going to assume the +price of consumption Goods is one that + + align:start position:0% +price of consumption Goods is one that + + + align:start position:0% +price of consumption Goods is one that +is there's some aggre consumption good + + align:start position:0% +is there's some aggre consumption good + + + align:start position:0% +is there's some aggre consumption good +you're buying with a price of one this + + align:start position:0% +you're buying with a price of one this + + + align:start position:0% +you're buying with a price of one this +is a trick we call making a numer rare + + align:start position:0% +is a trick we call making a numer rare + + + align:start position:0% +is a trick we call making a numer rare +good it makes life easy otherwise we'd + + align:start position:0% +good it makes life easy otherwise we'd + + + align:start position:0% +good it makes life easy otherwise we'd +have to track the price of consumption + + align:start position:0% +have to track the price of consumption + + + align:start position:0% +have to track the price of consumption +throughout remember we did pizza versus + + align:start position:0% +throughout remember we did pizza versus + + + align:start position:0% +throughout remember we did pizza versus +cookies you need to track the price of + + align:start position:0% +cookies you need to track the price of + + + align:start position:0% +cookies you need to track the price of +pizza versus the price of cookies in not + + align:start position:0% +pizza versus the price of cookies in not + + + align:start position:0% +pizza versus the price of cookies in not +ratio by setting PC to one we no longer + + align:start position:0% +ratio by setting PC to one we no longer + + + align:start position:0% +ratio by setting PC to one we no longer +of a ratio to track just a level so the + + align:start position:0% +of a ratio to track just a level so the + + + align:start position:0% +of a ratio to track just a level so the +slope of the budget constraint is then + + align:start position:0% +slope of the budget constraint is then + + + align:start position:0% +slope of the budget constraint is then +instead of being minus W over PC it's + + align:start position:0% +instead of being minus W over PC it's + + + align:start position:0% +instead of being minus W over PC it's +just minus W technically it's minus W + + align:start position:0% +just minus W technically it's minus W + + + align:start position:0% +just minus W technically it's minus W +over PC right is the slope of the budget + + align:start position:0% +over PC right is the slope of the budget + + + align:start position:0% +over PC right is the slope of the budget +constraint but we're setting PC to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one okay so slope of the bud constraint + + align:start position:0% +one okay so slope of the bud constraint + + + align:start position:0% +one okay so slope of the bud constraint +is minus W what + + align:start position:0% +is minus W what + + + align:start position:0% +is minus W what +what does that mean that means that the + + align:start position:0% +what does that mean that means that the + + + align:start position:0% +what does that mean that means that the +price of + + align:start position:0% +price of + + + align:start position:0% +price of +leisure is the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +wage in what sense is the price of + + align:start position:0% +wage in what sense is the price of + + + align:start position:0% +wage in what sense is the price of +leisure the wage why is the wage the + + align:start position:0% +leisure the wage why is the wage the + + + align:start position:0% +leisure the wage why is the wage the +price of + + align:start position:0% +price of + + + align:start position:0% +price of +leisure + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah not which we call opportunity cost + + align:start position:0% +yeah not which we call opportunity cost + + + align:start position:0% +yeah not which we call opportunity cost +because the oper this is why economics + + align:start position:0% +because the oper this is why economics + + + align:start position:0% +because the oper this is why economics +is annoying because now every time you + + align:start position:0% +is annoying because now every time you + + + align:start position:0% +is annoying because now every time you +sit down and watch TV I want you to + + align:start position:0% +sit down and watch TV I want you to + + + align:start position:0% +sit down and watch TV I want you to +realize you are paying something to + + align:start position:0% +realize you are paying something to + + + align:start position:0% +realize you are paying something to +watch that TV you're paying the + + align:start position:0% +watch that TV you're paying the + + + align:start position:0% +watch that TV you're paying the +opportunity cost of not + + align:start position:0% +opportunity cost of not + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity cost of not +working okay Leisure has a price the + + align:start position:0% +working okay Leisure has a price the + + + align:start position:0% +working okay Leisure has a price the +price is the wage what you could have + + align:start position:0% +price is the wage what you could have + + + align:start position:0% +price is the wage what you could have +been making by working during that hour + + align:start position:0% +been making by working during that hour + + + align:start position:0% +been making by working during that hour +so the price of leisure Leisure is a + + align:start position:0% +so the price of leisure Leisure is a + + + align:start position:0% +so the price of leisure Leisure is a +good just like cookies are a good it's a + + align:start position:0% +good just like cookies are a good it's a + + + align:start position:0% +good just like cookies are a good it's a +good with a benefit and then it makes + + align:start position:0% +good with a benefit and then it makes + + + align:start position:0% +good with a benefit and then it makes +you happy and a cost in which you have + + align:start position:0% +you happy and a cost in which you have + + + align:start position:0% +you happy and a cost in which you have +to pay for it here you don't pay + + align:start position:0% +to pay for it here you don't pay + + + align:start position:0% +to pay for it here you don't pay +explicitly I don't charge you to watch + + align:start position:0% +explicitly I don't charge you to watch + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly I don't charge you to watch +you pay an opportunity cost which is + + align:start position:0% +you pay an opportunity cost which is + + + align:start position:0% +you pay an opportunity cost which is +you're not working you could have been + + align:start position:0% +you're not working you could have been + + + align:start position:0% +you're not working you could have been +working instead okay questions about + + align:start position:0% +working instead okay questions about + + + align:start position:0% +working instead okay questions about +that so that's your budget + + align:start position:0% +that so that's your budget + + + align:start position:0% +that so that's your budget +constraint now against this you say you + + align:start position:0% +constraint now against this you say you + + + align:start position:0% +constraint now against this you say you +have a well- defined utility function + + align:start position:0% +have a well- defined utility function + + + align:start position:0% +have a well- defined utility function +we're toity function is U equals F of + + align:start position:0% +we're toity function is U equals F of + + + align:start position:0% +we're toity function is U equals F of +consumption and Leisure that is there's + + align:start position:0% +consumption and Leisure that is there's + + + align:start position:0% +consumption and Leisure that is there's +two things you care about in life how + + align:start position:0% +two things you care about in life how + + + align:start position:0% +two things you care about in life how +much stuff you have and how much Leisure + + align:start position:0% +much stuff you have and how much Leisure + + + align:start position:0% +much stuff you have and how much Leisure +you have that's the two positive things + + align:start position:0% +you have that's the two positive things + + + align:start position:0% +you have that's the two positive things +you care about you want Leisure remember + + align:start position:0% +you care about you want Leisure remember + + + align:start position:0% +you care about you want Leisure remember +this is not + + align:start position:0% +this is not + + + align:start position:0% +this is not +MIT okay you want + + align:start position:0% +MIT okay you want + + + align:start position:0% +MIT okay you want +Leisure okay those are the two things + + align:start position:0% +Leisure okay those are the two things + + + align:start position:0% +Leisure okay those are the two things +you care about in life and that's the + + align:start position:0% +you care about in life and that's the + + + align:start position:0% +you care about in life and that's the +trade-off you make and we know how to + + align:start position:0% +trade-off you make and we know how to + + + align:start position:0% +trade-off you make and we know how to +then maximize this utility + + align:start position:0% +then maximize this utility + + + align:start position:0% +then maximize this utility +function okay so for example suppose we + + align:start position:0% +function okay so for example suppose we + + + align:start position:0% +function okay so for example suppose we +write this in our Fame in our favorite + + align:start position:0% +write this in our Fame in our favorite + + + align:start position:0% +write this in our Fame in our favorite +form square root of C * L let's say + + align:start position:0% +form square root of C * L let's say + + + align:start position:0% +form square root of C * L let's say +that's utility + + align:start position:0% +that's utility + + + align:start position:0% +that's utility +function what's your budget + + align:start position:0% +function what's your budget + + + align:start position:0% +function what's your budget +constraint well your budget constraint + + align:start position:0% +constraint well your budget constraint + + + align:start position:0% +constraint well your budget constraint +is that your + + align:start position:0% +is that your + + + align:start position:0% +is that your +consumption the total amount you spend + + align:start position:0% +consumption the total amount you spend + + + align:start position:0% +consumption the total amount you spend +in consumption this is really + + align:start position:0% +in consumption this is really + + + align:start position:0% +in consumption this is really +consumption times price of consumption + + align:start position:0% +consumption times price of consumption + + + align:start position:0% +consumption times price of consumption +but we set that to + + align:start position:0% +but we set that to + + + align:start position:0% +but we set that to +one okay your consumption times the + + align:start position:0% +one okay your consumption times the + + + align:start position:0% +one okay your consumption times the +price of consumption that's what you + + align:start position:0% +price of consumption that's what you + + + align:start position:0% +price of consumption that's what you +want to spend + + align:start position:0% +want to spend + + + align:start position:0% +want to spend +equals 24 minus L times your + + align:start position:0% +equals 24 minus L times your + + + align:start position:0% +equals 24 minus L times your +wage this is what you're + + align:start position:0% +wage this is what you're + + + align:start position:0% +wage this is what you're +spending this is what you're making + + align:start position:0% +spending this is what you're making + + + align:start position:0% +spending this is what you're making +remember we're still assuming no savings + + align:start position:0% +remember we're still assuming no savings + + + align:start position:0% +remember we're still assuming no savings +we said that early on in this world + + align:start position:0% +we said that early on in this world + + + align:start position:0% +we said that early on in this world +we're assuming people don't save so + + align:start position:0% +we're assuming people don't save so + + + align:start position:0% +we're assuming people don't save so +every period you're going to spend what + + align:start position:0% +every period you're going to spend what + + + align:start position:0% +every period you're going to spend what +you make + + align:start position:0% +you make + + + align:start position:0% +you make +this is what you make 24 lusus L * W + + align:start position:0% +this is what you make 24 lusus L * W + + + align:start position:0% +this is what you make 24 lusus L * W +this is what you + + align:start position:0% +this is what you + + + align:start position:0% +this is what you +spend okay so that's your budget + + align:start position:0% +spend okay so that's your budget + + + align:start position:0% +spend okay so that's your budget +constraint okay we know how to optimize + + align:start position:0% +constraint okay we know how to optimize + + + align:start position:0% +constraint okay we know how to optimize +we know how to solve this consumer + + align:start position:0% +we know how to solve this consumer + + + align:start position:0% +we know how to solve this consumer +optimization + + align:start position:0% +optimization + + + align:start position:0% +optimization +problem which is we know + + align:start position:0% +problem which is we know + + + align:start position:0% +problem which is we know +that to optimize you want to set the + + align:start position:0% +that to optimize you want to set the + + + align:start position:0% +that to optimize you want to set the +margin + + align:start position:0% +margin + + + align:start position:0% +margin +utility the ratio of margin utilities + + align:start position:0% +utility the ratio of margin utilities + + + align:start position:0% +utility the ratio of margin utilities +equal to the ratio of prices or the + + align:start position:0% +equal to the ratio of prices or the + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the ratio of prices or the +slope of the budget constraint so you + + align:start position:0% +slope of the budget constraint so you + + + align:start position:0% +slope of the budget constraint so you +want to set minus the margin utility of + + align:start position:0% +want to set minus the margin utility of + + + align:start position:0% +want to set minus the margin utility of +leisure over the margin utility of + + align:start position:0% +leisure over the margin utility of + + + align:start position:0% +leisure over the margin utility of +consumption equal to minus the wage once + + align:start position:0% +consumption equal to minus the wage once + + + align:start position:0% +consumption equal to minus the wage once +again over the price of consumption but + + align:start position:0% +again over the price of consumption but + + + align:start position:0% +again over the price of consumption but +price of consumption would normalize to + + align:start position:0% +price of consumption would normalize to + + + align:start position:0% +price of consumption would normalize to +one okay so you want to set the margin + + align:start position:0% +one okay so you want to set the margin + + + align:start position:0% +one okay so you want to set the margin +ility of leisure of the marginality of + + align:start position:0% +ility of leisure of the marginality of + + + align:start position:0% +ility of leisure of the marginality of +consumption equal to the + + align:start position:0% +consumption equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +consumption equal to the +wage that's the optimization condition + + align:start position:0% +wage that's the optimization condition + + + align:start position:0% +wage that's the optimization condition +that's just back to pizza and cookies + + align:start position:0% +that's just back to pizza and cookies + + + align:start position:0% +that's just back to pizza and cookies +guys same thing said of pizza and + + align:start position:0% +guys same thing said of pizza and + + + align:start position:0% +guys same thing said of pizza and +cookies it's Leisure and + + align:start position:0% +cookies it's Leisure and + + + align:start position:0% +cookies it's Leisure and +consumption okay given the square root + + align:start position:0% +consumption okay given the square root + + + align:start position:0% +consumption okay given the square root +function we know how to solve this which + + align:start position:0% +function we know how to solve this which + + + align:start position:0% +function we know how to solve this which +is we know that this is that the this + + align:start position:0% +is we know that this is that the this + + + align:start position:0% +is we know that this is that the this +MTI margin utility is going to be minus + + align:start position:0% +MTI margin utility is going to be minus + + + align:start position:0% +MTI margin utility is going to be minus +C over l so we set minus C over L the + + align:start position:0% +C over l so we set minus C over L the + + + align:start position:0% +C over l so we set minus C over L the +minus W to solve this just plug in do + + align:start position:0% +minus W to solve this just plug in do + + + align:start position:0% +minus W to solve this just plug in do +marginal Roots we've done it a million + + align:start position:0% +marginal Roots we've done it a million + + + align:start position:0% +marginal Roots we've done it a million +times for the square root function okay + + align:start position:0% +times for the square root function okay + + + align:start position:0% +times for the square root function okay +so that's your optimization condition is + + align:start position:0% +so that's your optimization condition is + + + align:start position:0% +so that's your optimization condition is +that minus C overl equals minus + + align:start position:0% +that minus C overl equals minus + + + align:start position:0% +that minus C overl equals minus +W okay we can then plug that into the + + align:start position:0% +W okay we can then plug that into the + + + align:start position:0% +W okay we can then plug that into the +budget constraint plug this into the + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint plug this into the + + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint plug this into the +budget we have two equations and two + + align:start position:0% +budget we have two equations and two + + + align:start position:0% +budget we have two equations and two +unknowns + + align:start position:0% +unknowns + + + align:start position:0% +unknowns +this is the budget constraint this the + + align:start position:0% +this is the budget constraint this the + + + align:start position:0% +this is the budget constraint this the +optimization condition so it's two + + align:start position:0% +optimization condition so it's two + + + align:start position:0% +optimization condition so it's two +equations and two unknowns we solve it + + align:start position:0% +equations and two unknowns we solve it + + + align:start position:0% +equations and two unknowns we solve it +and we get that um if we for example uh + + align:start position:0% +and we get that um if we for example uh + + + align:start position:0% +and we get that um if we for example uh +so we solve that and we get that um + + align:start position:0% +so we solve that and we get that um + + + align:start position:0% +so we solve that and we get that um +leisure in this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +case right we get that Leisure equals + + align:start position:0% +case right we get that Leisure equals + + + align:start position:0% +case right we get that Leisure equals +12 the amount of leisure does not depend + + align:start position:0% +12 the amount of leisure does not depend + + + align:start position:0% +12 the amount of leisure does not depend +on the wage in this for this particular + + align:start position:0% +on the wage in this for this particular + + + align:start position:0% +on the wage in this for this particular +functional form of utility it's + + align:start position:0% +functional form of utility it's + + + align:start position:0% +functional form of utility it's +generally not true Leisure will + + align:start position:0% +generally not true Leisure will + + + align:start position:0% +generally not true Leisure will +generally depend on the wage but for + + align:start position:0% +generally depend on the wage but for + + + align:start position:0% +generally depend on the wage but for +this particular model it doesn't so we + + align:start position:0% +this particular model it doesn't so we + + + align:start position:0% +this particular model it doesn't so we +get Leisure equals 12 we take 12 hours + + align:start position:0% +get Leisure equals 12 we take 12 hours + + + align:start position:0% +get Leisure equals 12 we take 12 hours +of leisure and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +consumption did I do something wrong one + + align:start position:0% +consumption did I do something wrong one + + + align:start position:0% +consumption did I do something wrong one +second + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry equal 12 w yeah that's right um uh + + align:start position:0% +sorry equal 12 w yeah that's right um uh + + + align:start position:0% +sorry equal 12 w yeah that's right um uh +Leisure equals 12 so for this particular + + align:start position:0% +Leisure equals 12 so for this particular + + + align:start position:0% +Leisure equals 12 so for this particular +case you always choose the same amount + + align:start position:0% +case you always choose the same amount + + + align:start position:0% +case you always choose the same amount +of leisure and consumption therefore is + + align:start position:0% +of leisure and consumption therefore is + + + align:start position:0% +of leisure and consumption therefore is +12 * + + align:start position:0% +12 * + + + align:start position:0% +12 * +W you work so you take 12 hours of + + align:start position:0% +W you work so you take 12 hours of + + + align:start position:0% +W you work so you take 12 hours of +leisure you work 12 hours and you get 12 + + align:start position:0% +leisure you work 12 hours and you get 12 + + + align:start position:0% +leisure you work 12 hours and you get 12 +times W in + + align:start position:0% +times W in + + + align:start position:0% +times W in +consumption that's mathematical we can + + align:start position:0% +consumption that's mathematical we can + + + align:start position:0% +consumption that's mathematical we can +see it graphically in figure + + align:start position:0% +see it graphically in figure + + + align:start position:0% +see it graphically in figure +151 you have an indifference curve which + + align:start position:0% +151 you have an indifference curve which + + + align:start position:0% +151 you have an indifference curve which +come which is the ratio of margin + + align:start position:0% +come which is the ratio of margin + + + align:start position:0% +come which is the ratio of margin +utilities where that is tangent to the + + align:start position:0% +utilities where that is tangent to the + + + align:start position:0% +utilities where that is tangent to the +budget + + align:start position:0% +budget + + + align:start position:0% +budget +constraint is at 12 hours of leisure and + + align:start position:0% +constraint is at 12 hours of leisure and + + + align:start position:0% +constraint is at 12 hours of leisure and +12 w consumption that is your optimal + + align:start position:0% +12 w consumption that is your optimal + + + align:start position:0% +12 w consumption that is your optimal +Choice you're done how hard do you work + + align:start position:0% +Choice you're done how hard do you work + + + align:start position:0% +Choice you're done how hard do you work +well we have this equation you work 12 + + align:start position:0% +well we have this equation you work 12 + + + align:start position:0% +well we have this equation you work 12 +hours but we didn't get to that till the + + align:start position:0% +hours but we didn't get to that till the + + + align:start position:0% +hours but we didn't get to that till the +very end we only cared about Leisure + + align:start position:0% +very end we only cared about Leisure + + + align:start position:0% +very end we only cared about Leisure +through the whole model okay question + + align:start position:0% +through the whole model okay question + + + align:start position:0% +through the whole model okay question +about that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +optimization now what + + align:start position:0% +optimization now what + + + align:start position:0% +optimization now what +happens if the wage rate + + align:start position:0% +happens if the wage rate + + + align:start position:0% +happens if the wage rate +changes well we can't understand that + + align:start position:0% +changes well we can't understand that + + + align:start position:0% +changes well we can't understand that +without coming back and thinking about + + align:start position:0% +without coming back and thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +without coming back and thinking about +income and substitution + + align:start position:0% +income and substitution + + + align:start position:0% +income and substitution +effects okay to understand the effect of + + align:start position:0% +effects okay to understand the effect of + + + align:start position:0% +effects okay to understand the effect of +a wage rate + + align:start position:0% +a wage rate + + + align:start position:0% +a wage rate +change we need to come back to income + + align:start position:0% +change we need to come back to income + + + align:start position:0% +change we need to come back to income +and substitution effect so to do this + + align:start position:0% +and substitution effect so to do this + + + align:start position:0% +and substitution effect so to do this +this is sort of an uninteresting case + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of an uninteresting case + + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of an uninteresting case +because this doesn't Leisure depend on + + align:start position:0% +because this doesn't Leisure depend on + + + align:start position:0% +because this doesn't Leisure depend on +wage I'm going to come I'm going to now + + align:start position:0% +wage I'm going to come I'm going to now + + + align:start position:0% +wage I'm going to come I'm going to now +move to a different case I'm not going + + align:start position:0% +move to a different case I'm not going + + + align:start position:0% +move to a different case I'm not going +to do the math or so graphically where + + align:start position:0% +to do the math or so graphically where + + + align:start position:0% +to do the math or so graphically where +Leisure does depend on wage so now we're + + align:start position:0% +Leisure does depend on wage so now we're + + + align:start position:0% +Leisure does depend on wage so now we're +going to come back to how do consumers + + align:start position:0% +going to come back to how do consumers + + + align:start position:0% +going to come back to how do consumers +react when a price changes well we know + + align:start position:0% +react when a price changes well we know + + + align:start position:0% +react when a price changes well we know +consumers react when a price changes + + align:start position:0% +consumers react when a price changes + + + align:start position:0% +consumers react when a price changes +there's substitution income effects so + + align:start position:0% +there's substitution income effects so + + + align:start position:0% +there's substitution income effects so +let's go to figure 152 we have the + + align:start position:0% +let's go to figure 152 we have the + + + align:start position:0% +let's go to figure 152 we have the +original budget constraint 24 times W1 + + align:start position:0% +original budget constraint 24 times W1 + + + align:start position:0% +original budget constraint 24 times W1 +and let's say the wage now Rises to + + align:start position:0% +and let's say the wage now Rises to + + + align:start position:0% +and let's say the wage now Rises to +W2 the wage Rises to + + align:start position:0% +W2 the wage Rises to + + + align:start position:0% +W2 the wage Rises to +W2 okay the budget straint pivots + + align:start position:0% +W2 okay the budget straint pivots + + + align:start position:0% +W2 okay the budget straint pivots +outward you have the same consumption + + align:start position:0% +outward you have the same consumption + + + align:start position:0% +outward you have the same consumption +which is zero if you don't work but with + + align:start position:0% +which is zero if you don't work but with + + + align:start position:0% +which is zero if you don't work but with +every hour of work you get more + + align:start position:0% +every hour of work you get more + + + align:start position:0% +every hour of work you get more +consumption the slope is steeper + + align:start position:0% +consumption the slope is steeper + + + align:start position:0% +consumption the slope is steeper +what effect does that have on how hard + + align:start position:0% +what effect does that have on how hard + + + align:start position:0% +what effect does that have on how hard +you work don't look at the graph for a + + align:start position:0% +you work don't look at the graph for a + + + align:start position:0% +you work don't look at the graph for a +second if I said to you hey the wage + + align:start position:0% +second if I said to you hey the wage + + + align:start position:0% +second if I said to you hey the wage +went up you're going to work harder or + + align:start position:0% +went up you're going to work harder or + + + align:start position:0% +went up you're going to work harder or +less hard most people would + + align:start position:0% +less hard most people would + + + align:start position:0% +less hard most people would +say what would somebody said tell me + + align:start position:0% +say what would somebody said tell me + + + align:start position:0% +say what would somebody said tell me +what you think + + align:start position:0% +what you think + + + align:start position:0% +what you think +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +why fascinating okay most people say the + + align:start position:0% +why fascinating okay most people say the + + + align:start position:0% +why fascinating okay most people say the +opposite actually which is gee I can + + align:start position:0% +opposite actually which is gee I can + + + align:start position:0% +opposite actually which is gee I can +make more so I work harder there's a + + align:start position:0% +make more so I work harder there's a + + + align:start position:0% +make more so I work harder there's a +more return to work + + align:start position:0% +more return to work + + + align:start position:0% +more return to work +but you've also given a sensible answer + + align:start position:0% +but you've also given a sensible answer + + + align:start position:0% +but you've also given a sensible answer +too which is let's imagine I needed a th + + align:start position:0% +too which is let's imagine I needed a th + + + align:start position:0% +too which is let's imagine I needed a th +bucks to buy a computer if my wage just + + align:start position:0% +bucks to buy a computer if my wage just + + + align:start position:0% +bucks to buy a computer if my wage just +went up from 20 to $40 an hour I need to + + align:start position:0% +went up from 20 to $40 an hour I need to + + + align:start position:0% +went up from 20 to $40 an hour I need to +work Less hours to buy that + + align:start position:0% +work Less hours to buy that + + + align:start position:0% +work Less hours to buy that +computer what you've just Illustrated is + + align:start position:0% +computer what you've just Illustrated is + + + align:start position:0% +computer what you've just Illustrated is +that when we comes to labor Supply GIF + + align:start position:0% +that when we comes to labor Supply GIF + + + align:start position:0% +that when we comes to labor Supply GIF +and goods are not + + align:start position:0% +and goods are not + + + align:start position:0% +and goods are not +rare okay when we didn't come in + + align:start position:0% +rare okay when we didn't come in + + + align:start position:0% +rare okay when we didn't come in +substitution effects remember the + + align:start position:0% +substitution effects remember the + + + align:start position:0% +substitution effects remember the +substitution effect always went the + + align:start position:0% +substitution effect always went the + + + align:start position:0% +substitution effect always went the +opposite opposite direction of the price + + align:start position:0% +opposite opposite direction of the price + + + align:start position:0% +opposite opposite direction of the price +increase okay the income effect + + align:start position:0% +increase okay the income effect + + + align:start position:0% +increase okay the income effect +depending on whether the good was normal + + align:start position:0% +depending on whether the good was normal + + + align:start position:0% +depending on whether the good was normal +or + + align:start position:0% +or + + + align:start position:0% +or +inferior now that's not going to be + + align:start position:0% +inferior now that's not going to be + + + align:start position:0% +inferior now that's not going to be +true the substitution effect now for + + align:start position:0% +true the substitution effect now for + + + align:start position:0% +true the substitution effect now for +leisure will always go the direction of + + align:start position:0% +leisure will always go the direction of + + + align:start position:0% +leisure will always go the direction of +the price + + align:start position:0% +the price + + + align:start position:0% +the price +increase why because a price increase + + align:start position:0% +increase why because a price increase + + + align:start position:0% +increase why because a price increase +I'm sorry the the substitution was still + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry the the substitution was still + + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry the the substitution was still +go the opposite direction of the price + + align:start position:0% +go the opposite direction of the price + + + align:start position:0% +go the opposite direction of the price +increase I'm sorry the substitution + + align:start position:0% +increase I'm sorry the substitution + + + align:start position:0% +increase I'm sorry the substitution +still goes the opposite direction of the + + align:start position:0% +still goes the opposite direction of the + + + align:start position:0% +still goes the opposite direction of the +price increase so let's do the + + align:start position:0% +price increase so let's do the + + + align:start position:0% +price increase so let's do the +substitution effect the price of + + align:start position:0% +substitution effect the price of + + + align:start position:0% +substitution effect the price of +leisure's gone up okay so let's look at + + align:start position:0% +leisure's gone up okay so let's look at + + + align:start position:0% +leisure's gone up okay so let's look at +this graphically the price of leisure's + + align:start position:0% +this graphically the price of leisure's + + + align:start position:0% +this graphically the price of leisure's +gone up why because you you give up more + + align:start position:0% +gone up why because you you give up more + + + align:start position:0% +gone up why because you you give up more +by having + + align:start position:0% +by having + + + align:start position:0% +by having +Leisure we can do the substitution + + align:start position:0% +Leisure we can do the substitution + + + align:start position:0% +Leisure we can do the substitution +Factor Remember by drawing the imaginary + + align:start position:0% +Factor Remember by drawing the imaginary + + + align:start position:0% +Factor Remember by drawing the imaginary +budget constraint BC + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint BC + + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint BC +Prime that is tangent to the original + + align:start position:0% +Prime that is tangent to the original + + + align:start position:0% +Prime that is tangent to the original +indifference + + align:start position:0% +indifference + + + align:start position:0% +indifference +curve but at the new price ratio and + + align:start position:0% +curve but at the new price ratio and + + + align:start position:0% +curve but at the new price ratio and +what you see is the substitution effect + + align:start position:0% +what you see is the substitution effect + + + align:start position:0% +what you see is the substitution effect +is negative like it always is when a + + align:start position:0% +is negative like it always is when a + + + align:start position:0% +is negative like it always is when a +price goes up you want less of + + align:start position:0% +price goes up you want less of + + + align:start position:0% +price goes up you want less of +something subst effect is always + + align:start position:0% +something subst effect is always + + + align:start position:0% +something subst effect is always +negative when a price go up you want + + align:start position:0% +negative when a price go up you want + + + align:start position:0% +negative when a price go up you want +less of something in this case the price + + align:start position:0% +less of something in this case the price + + + align:start position:0% +less of something in this case the price +of leisure went up you want less of it + + align:start position:0% +of leisure went up you want less of it + + + align:start position:0% +of leisure went up you want less of it +and that's the standard intuition many + + align:start position:0% +and that's the standard intuition many + + + align:start position:0% +and that's the standard intuition many +people have most people if you say if + + align:start position:0% +people have most people if you say if + + + align:start position:0% +people have most people if you say if +the if you can earn more at work I work + + align:start position:0% +the if you can earn more at work I work + + + align:start position:0% +the if you can earn more at work I work +Le less hard or more hard people say I + + align:start position:0% +Le less hard or more hard people say I + + + align:start position:0% +Le less hard or more hard people say I +work more hard because like I get more + + align:start position:0% +work more hard because like I get more + + + align:start position:0% +work more hard because like I get more +return from my + + align:start position:0% +return from my + + + align:start position:0% +return from my +work but the income + + align:start position:0% +work but the income + + + align:start position:0% +work but the income +effect now goes the other way even if + + align:start position:0% +effect now goes the other way even if + + + align:start position:0% +effect now goes the other way even if +Leisure is normal + + align:start position:0% +Leisure is normal + + + align:start position:0% +Leisure is normal +before to get the income effect to go + + align:start position:0% +before to get the income effect to go + + + align:start position:0% +before to get the income effect to go +the other way we need pizza to be + + align:start position:0% +the other way we need pizza to be + + + align:start position:0% +the other way we need pizza to be +inferior that's not true anymore why + + align:start position:0% +inferior that's not true anymore why + + + align:start position:0% +inferior that's not true anymore why +because think of what the income effect + + align:start position:0% +because think of what the income effect + + + align:start position:0% +because think of what the income effect +does here the income effect is as the + + align:start position:0% +does here the income effect is as the + + + align:start position:0% +does here the income effect is as the +wage goes up I'm + + align:start position:0% +wage goes up I'm + + + align:start position:0% +wage goes up I'm +richer when I'm richer I want more of + + align:start position:0% +richer when I'm richer I want more of + + + align:start position:0% +richer when I'm richer I want more of +all normal + + align:start position:0% +all normal + + + align:start position:0% +all normal +Goods Leisure is a normal good so I want + + align:start position:0% +Goods Leisure is a normal good so I want + + + align:start position:0% +Goods Leisure is a normal good so I want +more of + + align:start position:0% +more of + + + align:start position:0% +more of +it so if Leisure is a normal good as is + + align:start position:0% +it so if Leisure is a normal good as is + + + align:start position:0% +it so if Leisure is a normal good as is +for everyone except MIT students + + align:start position:0% +for everyone except MIT students + + + align:start position:0% +for everyone except MIT students +that as your income goes up you want + + align:start position:0% +that as your income goes up you want + + + align:start position:0% +that as your income goes up you want +more of it so here the income effect + + align:start position:0% +more of it so here the income effect + + + align:start position:0% +more of it so here the income effect +offsets substitution effect without + + align:start position:0% +offsets substitution effect without + + + align:start position:0% +offsets substitution effect without +having a weird case you don't need to be + + align:start position:0% +having a weird case you don't need to be + + + align:start position:0% +having a weird case you don't need to be +Ramen you don't need inferior good for a + + align:start position:0% +Ramen you don't need inferior good for a + + + align:start position:0% +Ramen you don't need inferior good for a +normal good the income effect offsets + + align:start position:0% +normal good the income effect offsets + + + align:start position:0% +normal good the income effect offsets +substitution effect and that's why we + + align:start position:0% +substitution effect and that's why we + + + align:start position:0% +substitution effect and that's why we +learn the [ __ ] income substitution + + align:start position:0% +learn the [ __ ] income substitution + + + align:start position:0% +learn the [ __ ] income substitution +effects they're pain in the ass so like + + align:start position:0% +effects they're pain in the ass so like + + + align:start position:0% +effects they're pain in the ass so like +it didn't matter for Consumer Theory + + align:start position:0% +it didn't matter for Consumer Theory + + + align:start position:0% +it didn't matter for Consumer Theory +right because I said they're no giving + + align:start position:0% +right because I said they're no giving + + + align:start position:0% +right because I said they're no giving +Goods that's why we learn them because + + align:start position:0% +Goods that's why we learn them because + + + align:start position:0% +Goods that's why we learn them because +they do matter when it comes to factor + + align:start position:0% +they do matter when it comes to factor + + + align:start position:0% +they do matter when it comes to factor +supply income Sol effects do matter so + + align:start position:0% +supply income Sol effects do matter so + + + align:start position:0% +supply income Sol effects do matter so +in fact it's natural that think of ass + + align:start position:0% +in fact it's natural that think of ass + + + align:start position:0% +in fact it's natural that think of ass +effects that offset each other let's + + align:start position:0% +effects that offset each other let's + + + align:start position:0% +effects that offset each other let's +once again review what these effects are + + align:start position:0% +once again review what these effects are + + + align:start position:0% +once again review what these effects are +the substitution effect is G every hour + + align:start position:0% +the substitution effect is G every hour + + + align:start position:0% +the substitution effect is G every hour +of work makes it more costly to sit at + + align:start position:0% +of work makes it more costly to sit at + + + align:start position:0% +of work makes it more costly to sit at +home so I'm going to work + + align:start position:0% +home so I'm going to work + + + align:start position:0% +home so I'm going to work +more the income effect is wow I'm richer + + align:start position:0% +more the income effect is wow I'm richer + + + align:start position:0% +more the income effect is wow I'm richer +now therefore I want more of all normal + + align:start position:0% +now therefore I want more of all normal + + + align:start position:0% +now therefore I want more of all normal +Goods Leisure is a normal good so I want + + align:start position:0% +Goods Leisure is a normal good so I want + + + align:start position:0% +Goods Leisure is a normal good so I want +more Leisure so I'm going to work + + align:start position:0% +more Leisure so I'm going to work + + + align:start position:0% +more Leisure so I'm going to work +less and the best intuition I find that + + align:start position:0% +less and the best intuition I find that + + + align:start position:0% +less and the best intuition I find that +effect very hard to understand + + align:start position:0% +effect very hard to understand + + + align:start position:0% +effect very hard to understand +I think the best intuition is what we + + align:start position:0% +I think the best intuition is what we + + + align:start position:0% +I think the best intuition is what we +call the target income model which is + + align:start position:0% +call the target income model which is + + + align:start position:0% +call the target income model which is +what I use the example here imagine you + + align:start position:0% +what I use the example here imagine you + + + align:start position:0% +what I use the example here imagine you +just simply want to work hard enough to + + align:start position:0% +just simply want to work hard enough to + + + align:start position:0% +just simply want to work hard enough to +buy X you have a Target + + align:start position:0% +buy X you have a Target + + + align:start position:0% +buy X you have a Target +income in that case by definition a + + align:start position:0% +income in that case by definition a + + + align:start position:0% +income in that case by definition a +higher wage caus you to work less hard + + align:start position:0% +higher wage caus you to work less hard + + + align:start position:0% +higher wage caus you to work less hard +that was the intuition that was given + + align:start position:0% +that was the intuition that was given + + + align:start position:0% +that was the intuition that was given +here that was a Target in that was a + + align:start position:0% +here that was a Target in that was a + + + align:start position:0% +here that was a Target in that was a +Target income intuition that's the + + align:start position:0% +Target income intuition that's the + + + align:start position:0% +Target income intuition that's the +income effect dominating the + + align:start position:0% +income effect dominating the + + + align:start position:0% +income effect dominating the +substitution + + align:start position:0% +substitution + + + align:start position:0% +substitution +effect so whether a higher wage leads + + align:start position:0% +effect so whether a higher wage leads + + + align:start position:0% +effect so whether a higher wage leads +you to work harder or less hard + + align:start position:0% +you to work harder or less hard + + + align:start position:0% +you to work harder or less hard +or in terms of the model leads you to + + align:start position:0% +or in terms of the model leads you to + + + align:start position:0% +or in terms of the model leads you to +take less Leisure or more Leisure will + + align:start position:0% +take less Leisure or more Leisure will + + + align:start position:0% +take less Leisure or more Leisure will +depend on the relative size of the + + align:start position:0% +depend on the relative size of the + + + align:start position:0% +depend on the relative size of the +income and substitution effects so in + + align:start position:0% +income and substitution effects so in + + + align:start position:0% +income and substitution effects so in +figure + + align:start position:0% +figure + + + align:start position:0% +figure +152 we've got a substitution effect + + align:start position:0% +152 we've got a substitution effect + + + align:start position:0% +152 we've got a substitution effect +that's larger than income + + align:start position:0% +that's larger than income + + + align:start position:0% +that's larger than income +effect therefore Leisure overall goes + + align:start position:0% +effect therefore Leisure overall goes + + + align:start position:0% +effect therefore Leisure overall goes +down the higher wage caus you to take + + align:start position:0% +down the higher wage caus you to take + + + align:start position:0% +down the higher wage caus you to take +less Leisure and therefore to work + + align:start position:0% +less Leisure and therefore to work + + + align:start position:0% +less Leisure and therefore to work +harder but in figure + + align:start position:0% +harder but in figure + + + align:start position:0% +harder but in figure +153 we have the opposite + + align:start position:0% +153 we have the opposite + + + align:start position:0% +153 we have the opposite +we have an income effect that dominates + + align:start position:0% +we have an income effect that dominates + + + align:start position:0% +we have an income effect that dominates +substitution + + align:start position:0% +substitution + + + align:start position:0% +substitution +effect therefore a higher + + align:start position:0% +effect therefore a higher + + + align:start position:0% +effect therefore a higher +wage causes you to take more Leisure not + + align:start position:0% +wage causes you to take more Leisure not + + + align:start position:0% +wage causes you to take more Leisure not +less this is think about this this is a + + align:start position:0% +less this is think about this this is a + + + align:start position:0% +less this is think about this this is a +gif and good this saying a higher price + + align:start position:0% +gif and good this saying a higher price + + + align:start position:0% +gif and good this saying a higher price +caus you want more of something right a + + align:start position:0% +caus you want more of something right a + + + align:start position:0% +caus you want more of something right a +higher price of leisures caus you want + + align:start position:0% +higher price of leisures caus you want + + + align:start position:0% +higher price of leisures caus you want +more of it but it's not a weird case it + + align:start position:0% +more of it but it's not a weird case it + + + align:start position:0% +more of it but it's not a weird case it +seems sensible in fact that was the + + align:start position:0% +seems sensible in fact that was the + + + align:start position:0% +seems sensible in fact that was the +intuition that was given to me + + align:start position:0% +intuition that was given to me + + + align:start position:0% +intuition that was given to me +first so here giv goods are not rare and + + align:start position:0% +first so here giv goods are not rare and + + + align:start position:0% +first so here giv goods are not rare and +mythical they're real because the income + + align:start position:0% +mythical they're real because the income + + + align:start position:0% +mythical they're real because the income +effect you don't need an inferior good + + align:start position:0% +effect you don't need an inferior good + + + align:start position:0% +effect you don't need an inferior good +it's just the Classic case the income + + align:start position:0% +it's just the Classic case the income + + + align:start position:0% +it's just the Classic case the income +effect offsets a substitution effect + + align:start position:0% +effect offsets a substitution effect + + + align:start position:0% +effect offsets a substitution effect +okay let me pause there that is a hard + + align:start position:0% +okay let me pause there that is a hard + + + align:start position:0% +okay let me pause there that is a hard +intuition and let me see if people have + + align:start position:0% +intuition and let me see if people have + + + align:start position:0% +intuition and let me see if people have +questions about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that okay so here's the key + + align:start position:0% +that okay so here's the key + + + align:start position:0% +that okay so here's the key +point if substitution effects + + align:start position:0% +point if substitution effects + + + align:start position:0% +point if substitution effects +dominate then a higher wage leads to + + align:start position:0% +dominate then a higher wage leads to + + + align:start position:0% +dominate then a higher wage leads to +more leads to less + + align:start position:0% +more leads to less + + + align:start position:0% +more leads to less +Leisure so therefore if we translate + + align:start position:0% +Leisure so therefore if we translate + + + align:start position:0% +Leisure so therefore if we translate +that to a Leisure demand curve that + + align:start position:0% +that to a Leisure demand curve that + + + align:start position:0% +that to a Leisure demand curve that +translates to a downward + + align:start position:0% +translates to a downward + + + align:start position:0% +translates to a downward +sloping Leisure demand curve demand + + align:start position:0% +sloping Leisure demand curve demand + + + align:start position:0% +sloping Leisure demand curve demand +curve slopes down right so if you've got + + align:start position:0% +curve slopes down right so if you've got + + + align:start position:0% +curve slopes down right so if you've got +I put put in the handout but if you've + + align:start position:0% +I put put in the handout but if you've + + + align:start position:0% +I put put in the handout but if you've +got a Leisure demand curve whereas + + align:start position:0% +got a Leisure demand curve whereas + + + align:start position:0% +got a Leisure demand curve whereas +here's the amount of leisure and here's + + align:start position:0% +here's the amount of leisure and here's + + + align:start position:0% +here's the amount of leisure and here's +the price of leisure which is the wage + + align:start position:0% +the price of leisure which is the wage + + + align:start position:0% +the price of leisure which is the wage +then it slops down + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay basically the the higher the wage + + align:start position:0% +okay basically the the higher the wage + + + align:start position:0% +okay basically the the higher the wage +the less Leisure you + + align:start position:0% +the less Leisure you + + + align:start position:0% +the less Leisure you +want but we don't care about leisure in + + align:start position:0% +want but we don't care about leisure in + + + align:start position:0% +want but we don't care about leisure in +the end we care about Labor this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +translates when we do labor to wage to a + + align:start position:0% +translates when we do labor to wage to a + + + align:start position:0% +translates when we do labor to wage to a +rising supply + + align:start position:0% +rising supply + + + align:start position:0% +rising supply +curve that as the wage goes up you get + + align:start position:0% +curve that as the wage goes up you get + + + align:start position:0% +curve that as the wage goes up you get +more + + align:start position:0% +more + + + align:start position:0% +more +labor so once again we model this but we + + align:start position:0% +labor so once again we model this but we + + + align:start position:0% +labor so once again we model this but we +we care about this we're talking about + + align:start position:0% +we care about this we're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +we care about this we're talking about +Labor Supply remember at the end of the + + align:start position:0% +Labor Supply remember at the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +Labor Supply remember at the end of the +day that's what this part of the lecture + + align:start position:0% +day that's what this part of the lecture + + + align:start position:0% +day that's what this part of the lecture +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +called so what it's saying is if + + align:start position:0% +called so what it's saying is if + + + align:start position:0% +called so what it's saying is if +substitution effects dominate we get the + + align:start position:0% +substitution effects dominate we get the + + + align:start position:0% +substitution effects dominate we get the +typical upward sloping supply curve we + + align:start position:0% +typical upward sloping supply curve we + + + align:start position:0% +typical upward sloping supply curve we +know and love indeed I already when I T + + align:start position:0% +know and love indeed I already when I T + + + align:start position:0% +know and love indeed I already when I T +about when we talked about Labor marks + + align:start position:0% +about when we talked about Labor marks + + + align:start position:0% +about when we talked about Labor marks +before that's what I + + align:start position:0% +before that's what I + + + align:start position:0% +before that's what I +assumed but in fact that doesn't have to + + align:start position:0% +assumed but in fact that doesn't have to + + + align:start position:0% +assumed but in fact that doesn't have to +happen if income effects + + align:start position:0% +happen if income effects + + + align:start position:0% +happen if income effects +dominate then in that case if income + + align:start position:0% +dominate then in that case if income + + + align:start position:0% +dominate then in that case if income +effects dominate you're going to get a + + align:start position:0% +effects dominate you're going to get a + + + align:start position:0% +effects dominate you're going to get a +downward sloping demand + + align:start position:0% +downward sloping demand + + + align:start position:0% +downward sloping demand +if income effects dominate you get a + + align:start position:0% +if income effects dominate you get a + + + align:start position:0% +if income effects dominate you get a +main curve that looks like + + align:start position:0% +main curve that looks like + + + align:start position:0% +main curve that looks like +that and a supply curve that's backwards + + align:start position:0% +that and a supply curve that's backwards + + + align:start position:0% +that and a supply curve that's backwards +you're going to get a downward sloping + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get a downward sloping + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get a downward sloping +supply curve which is pretty + + align:start position:0% +supply curve which is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +supply curve which is pretty +screwy but that's the + + align:start position:0% +screwy but that's the + + + align:start position:0% +screwy but that's the +implication if income effects dominate + + align:start position:0% +implication if income effects dominate + + + align:start position:0% +implication if income effects dominate +then higher wages lead to less + + align:start position:0% +then higher wages lead to less + + + align:start position:0% +then higher wages lead to less +work which is pretty crazy okay even + + align:start position:0% +work which is pretty crazy okay even + + + align:start position:0% +work which is pretty crazy okay even +though it was the initial + + align:start position:0% +though it was the initial + + + align:start position:0% +though it was the initial +intuition we were just used to Upward + + align:start position:0% +intuition we were just used to Upward + + + align:start position:0% +intuition we were just used to Upward +sloping Supply curves this class this + + align:start position:0% +sloping Supply curves this class this + + + align:start position:0% +sloping Supply curves this class this +would end up with a downward sloping + + align:start position:0% +would end up with a downward sloping + + + align:start position:0% +would end up with a downward sloping +supply + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +curve okay questions about + + align:start position:0% +curve okay questions about + + + align:start position:0% +curve okay questions about +that okay so this is very this is really + + align:start position:0% +that okay so this is very this is really + + + align:start position:0% +that okay so this is very this is really +really + + align:start position:0% +really + + + align:start position:0% +really +important because + + align:start position:0% +important because + + + align:start position:0% +important because +fundamentally one of the key policy + + align:start position:0% +fundamentally one of the key policy + + + align:start position:0% +fundamentally one of the key policy +issues in America is about how much + + align:start position:0% +issues in America is about how much + + + align:start position:0% +issues in America is about how much +workers get paid for example should we + + align:start position:0% +workers get paid for example should we + + + align:start position:0% +workers get paid for example should we +tax work should there be a minimum wage + + align:start position:0% +tax work should there be a minimum wage + + + align:start position:0% +tax work should there be a minimum wage +what about Unions that's all about how + + align:start position:0% +what about Unions that's all about how + + + align:start position:0% +what about Unions that's all about how +much workers get paid well it's sort of + + align:start position:0% +much workers get paid well it's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +much workers get paid well it's sort of +hard to evaluate that issue if we don't + + align:start position:0% +hard to evaluate that issue if we don't + + + align:start position:0% +hard to evaluate that issue if we don't +know what effect that's going to have if + + align:start position:0% +know what effect that's going to have if + + + align:start position:0% +know what effect that's going to have if +paying workers more is going to cause + + align:start position:0% +paying workers more is going to cause + + + align:start position:0% +paying workers more is going to cause +them to work more hard or less hard + + align:start position:0% +them to work more hard or less hard + + + align:start position:0% +them to work more hard or less hard +that's pretty fundamental to understand + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty fundamental to understand + + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty fundamental to understand +the implications of raising the + + align:start position:0% +the implications of raising the + + + align:start position:0% +the implications of raising the +wage so what do we actually know well + + align:start position:0% +wage so what do we actually know well + + + align:start position:0% +wage so what do we actually know well +the evidence is actually fascinating + + align:start position:0% +the evidence is actually fascinating + + + align:start position:0% +the evidence is actually fascinating +what do we know about Labor Supply it's + + align:start position:0% +what do we know about Labor Supply it's + + + align:start position:0% +what do we know about Labor Supply it's +fascinating what I'm going to do to + + align:start position:0% +fascinating what I'm going to do to + + + align:start position:0% +fascinating what I'm going to do to +understand this is I'm gonna talk about + + align:start position:0% +understand this is I'm gonna talk about + + + align:start position:0% +understand this is I'm gonna talk about +two + + align:start position:0% +two + + + align:start position:0% +two +groups prime age that is like 25 to 64 + + align:start position:0% +groups prime age that is like 25 to 64 + + + align:start position:0% +groups prime age that is like 25 to 64 +year old married men and married + + align:start position:0% +year old married men and married + + + align:start position:0% +year old married men and married +women obviously other groups inide let's + + align:start position:0% +women obviously other groups inide let's + + + align:start position:0% +women obviously other groups inide let's +just focus on those for a second I want + + align:start position:0% +just focus on those for a second I want + + + align:start position:0% +just focus on those for a second I want +you to start by casting your mind back + + align:start position:0% +you to start by casting your mind back + + + align:start position:0% +you to start by casting your mind back +to 50 years ago when I was a kid when I + + align:start position:0% +to 50 years ago when I was a kid when I + + + align:start position:0% +to 50 years ago when I was a kid when I +was a kid almost every Prim AG man + + align:start position:0% +was a kid almost every Prim AG man + + + align:start position:0% +was a kid almost every Prim AG man +worked and fewer than half Prime AG + + align:start position:0% +worked and fewer than half Prime AG + + + align:start position:0% +worked and fewer than half Prime AG +women + + align:start position:0% +women + + + align:start position:0% +women +worked okay it was a very different + + align:start position:0% +worked okay it was a very different + + + align:start position:0% +worked okay it was a very different +labor market than it is + + align:start position:0% +labor market than it is + + + align:start position:0% +labor market than it is +today okay so what I want you to think + + align:start position:0% +today okay so what I want you to think + + + align:start position:0% +today okay so what I want you to think +about in that world I want you to think + + align:start position:0% +about in that world I want you to think + + + align:start position:0% +about in that world I want you to think +about an to it the size of substitution + + align:start position:0% +about an to it the size of substitution + + + align:start position:0% +about an to it the size of substitution +and income effects so let's talk about + + align:start position:0% +and income effects so let's talk about + + + align:start position:0% +and income effects so let's talk about +married + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +men and married + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +women and let's talk about their + + align:start position:0% +women and let's talk about their + + + align:start position:0% +women and let's talk about their +substitution + + align:start position:0% +substitution + + + align:start position:0% +substitution +effect and their income effect and I + + align:start position:0% +effect and their income effect and I + + + align:start position:0% +effect and their income effect and I +just want you to think about relative + + align:start position:0% +just want you to think about relative + + + align:start position:0% +just want you to think about relative +sizes so let's start with the + + align:start position:0% +sizes so let's start with the + + + align:start position:0% +sizes so let's start with the +substitution effect who do we think + + align:start position:0% +substitution effect who do we think + + + align:start position:0% +substitution effect who do we think +would have a bigger sub in the world of + + align:start position:0% +would have a bigger sub in the world of + + + align:start position:0% +would have a bigger sub in the world of +50 years ago the typical sort of sexist + + align:start position:0% +50 years ago the typical sort of sexist + + + align:start position:0% +50 years ago the typical sort of sexist +world where men were were the bread + + align:start position:0% +world where men were were the bread + + + align:start position:0% +world where men were were the bread +winners women still work but much less + + align:start position:0% +winners women still work but much less + + + align:start position:0% +winners women still work but much less +than men who do we think had the bigger + + align:start position:0% +than men who do we think had the bigger + + + align:start position:0% +than men who do we think had the bigger +substitution + + align:start position:0% +substitution + + + align:start position:0% +substitution +effect and why think about what drives + + align:start position:0% +effect and why think about what drives + + + align:start position:0% +effect and why think about what drives +the substitution + + align:start position:0% +the substitution + + + align:start position:0% +the substitution +effect and they help give the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +answer yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Al well not better is normative there's + + align:start position:0% +Al well not better is normative there's + + + align:start position:0% +Al well not better is normative there's +an alternative men there's no + + align:start position:0% +an alternative men there's no + + + align:start position:0% +an alternative men there's no +alternative if you were a man good Lord + + align:start position:0% +alternative if you were a man good Lord + + + align:start position:0% +alternative if you were a man good Lord +you didn't spend time with your children + + align:start position:0% +you didn't spend time with your children + + + align:start position:0% +you didn't spend time with your children +no man did that and you couldn't go + + align:start position:0% +no man did that and you couldn't go + + + align:start position:0% +no man did that and you couldn't go +golfing because your friends were all + + align:start position:0% +golfing because your friends were all + + + align:start position:0% +golfing because your friends were all +working basically men 50 years ago like + + align:start position:0% +working basically men 50 years ago like + + + align:start position:0% +working basically men 50 years ago like +golfed and worked it's kind of what they + + align:start position:0% +golfed and worked it's kind of what they + + + align:start position:0% +golfed and worked it's kind of what they +did okay so basically there's no + + align:start position:0% +did okay so basically there's no + + + align:start position:0% +did okay so basically there's no +substitution you got to work what else + + align:start position:0% +substitution you got to work what else + + + align:start position:0% +substitution you got to work what else +are you going to do women had + + align:start position:0% +are you going to do women had + + + align:start position:0% +are you going to do women had +Alternatives they were the primary child + + align:start position:0% +Alternatives they were the primary child + + + align:start position:0% +Alternatives they were the primary child +rearing or even if they weren't many + + align:start position:0% +rearing or even if they weren't many + + + align:start position:0% +rearing or even if they weren't many +women without kids just simply work that + + align:start position:0% +women without kids just simply work that + + + align:start position:0% +women without kids just simply work that +was an alternative it wasn't viewed + + align:start position:0% +was an alternative it wasn't viewed + + + align:start position:0% +was an alternative it wasn't viewed +negatively + + align:start position:0% +negatively + + + align:start position:0% +negatively +socially maybe not 60 years ago uh but + + align:start position:0% +socially maybe not 60 years ago uh but + + + align:start position:0% +socially maybe not 60 years ago uh but +it was the alternative so the + + align:start position:0% +it was the alternative so the + + + align:start position:0% +it was the alternative so the +substitution effect could be quite big + + align:start position:0% +substitution effect could be quite big + + + align:start position:0% +substitution effect could be quite big +for women because they have Alternatives + + align:start position:0% +for women because they have Alternatives + + + align:start position:0% +for women because they have Alternatives +so they can decide gee when the wage + + align:start position:0% +so they can decide gee when the wage + + + align:start position:0% +so they can decide gee when the wage +goes + + align:start position:0% +goes + + + align:start position:0% +goes +up that makes Leisure more expensive + + align:start position:0% +up that makes Leisure more expensive + + + align:start position:0% +up that makes Leisure more expensive +might want to work more whereas the men + + align:start position:0% +might want to work more whereas the men + + + align:start position:0% +might want to work more whereas the men +they were already working there wasn't a + + align:start position:0% +they were already working there wasn't a + + + align:start position:0% +they were already working there wasn't a +lot of decision to be made yeah oh women + + align:start position:0% +lot of decision to be made yeah oh women + + + align:start position:0% +lot of decision to be made yeah oh women +sorry I that's backwards + + align:start position:0% +sorry I that's backwards + + + align:start position:0% +sorry I that's backwards +small small big okay + + align:start position:0% +small small big okay + + + align:start position:0% +small small big okay +okay now here's an even harder one what + + align:start position:0% +okay now here's an even harder one what + + + align:start position:0% +okay now here's an even harder one what +about the income effect I'm not going to + + align:start position:0% +about the income effect I'm not going to + + + align:start position:0% +about the income effect I'm not going to +ask this one because it's + + align:start position:0% +ask this one because it's + + + align:start position:0% +ask this one because it's +hard the income effect is tricky because + + align:start position:0% +hard the income effect is tricky because + + + align:start position:0% +hard the income effect is tricky because +the income + + align:start position:0% +the income + + + align:start position:0% +the income +effect is not just how responsive your + + align:start position:0% +effect is not just how responsive your + + + align:start position:0% +effect is not just how responsive your +work is to income but it also depends on + + align:start position:0% +work is to income but it also depends on + + + align:start position:0% +work is to income but it also depends on +how much you're already working if + + align:start position:0% +how much you're already working if + + + align:start position:0% +how much you're already working if +you're not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +working if you are not + + align:start position:0% +working if you are not + + + align:start position:0% +working if you are not +working then there's no income + + align:start position:0% +working then there's no income + + + align:start position:0% +working then there's no income +effect because my income doesn't change + + align:start position:0% +effect because my income doesn't change + + + align:start position:0% +effect because my income doesn't change +when the wage goes + + align:start position:0% +when the wage goes + + + align:start position:0% +when the wage goes +up right so my income changes more the + + align:start position:0% +up right so my income changes more the + + + align:start position:0% +up right so my income changes more the +more I'm working so the income effect is + + align:start position:0% +more I'm working so the income effect is + + + align:start position:0% +more I'm working so the income effect is +really technically it's measured as + + align:start position:0% +really technically it's measured as + + + align:start position:0% +really technically it's measured as +DL or + + align:start position:0% +DL or + + + align:start position:0% +DL or +DH + + align:start position:0% +DH + + + align:start position:0% +DH +Dy times y0 times initial + + align:start position:0% +Dy times y0 times initial + + + align:start position:0% +Dy times y0 times initial +income well if you're women many of them + + align:start position:0% +income well if you're women many of them + + + align:start position:0% +income well if you're women many of them +didn't work so they had a small income + + align:start position:0% +didn't work so they had a small income + + + align:start position:0% +didn't work so they had a small income +effect men they worked so income effect + + align:start position:0% +effect men they worked so income effect + + + align:start position:0% +effect men they worked so income effect +was bigger now maybe not big but bigger + + align:start position:0% +was bigger now maybe not big but bigger + + + align:start position:0% +was bigger now maybe not big but bigger +so you might say here the income effect + + align:start position:0% +so you might say here the income effect + + + align:start position:0% +so you might say here the income effect +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +bigger because women didn't have an inum + + align:start position:0% +bigger because women didn't have an inum + + + align:start position:0% +bigger because women didn't have an inum +effect because they weren't + + align:start position:0% +effect because they weren't + + + align:start position:0% +effect because they weren't +working so you got a situation where + + align:start position:0% +working so you got a situation where + + + align:start position:0% +working so you got a situation where +men + + align:start position:0% +men + + + align:start position:0% +men +have I'm uh I did this wrong again [ __ ] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bigger okay so we have a situation where + + align:start position:0% +bigger okay so we have a situation where + + + align:start position:0% +bigger okay so we have a situation where +men have a small substitution effect and + + align:start position:0% +men have a small substitution effect and + + + align:start position:0% +men have a small substitution effect and +plausibly a bigger income effect women + + align:start position:0% +plausibly a bigger income effect women + + + align:start position:0% +plausibly a bigger income effect women +have a big substitution effect and not + + align:start position:0% +have a big substitution effect and not + + + align:start position:0% +have a big substitution effect and not +much of an income effect based on that + + align:start position:0% +much of an income effect based on that + + + align:start position:0% +much of an income effect based on that +what should be the relative shapes of + + align:start position:0% +what should be the relative shapes of + + + align:start position:0% +what should be the relative shapes of +their labor Supply + + align:start position:0% +their labor Supply + + + align:start position:0% +their labor Supply +curves whose labor supply curve should + + align:start position:0% +curves whose labor supply curve should + + + align:start position:0% +curves whose labor supply curve should +for sure slope up and whose would be + + align:start position:0% +for sure slope up and whose would be + + + align:start position:0% +for sure slope up and whose would be +more uncertain + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah women's Curve would slope up + + align:start position:0% +yeah women's Curve would slope up + + + align:start position:0% +yeah women's Curve would slope up +because the substitution effect would + + align:start position:0% +because the substitution effect would + + + align:start position:0% +because the substitution effect would +dominate men's we don't know sub small + + align:start position:0% +dominate men's we don't know sub small + + + align:start position:0% +dominate men's we don't know sub small +the income effect might be big it's Sly + + align:start position:0% +the income effect might be big it's Sly + + + align:start position:0% +the income effect might be big it's Sly +bigger than for women we don't know so + + align:start position:0% +bigger than for women we don't know so + + + align:start position:0% +bigger than for women we don't know so +in fact we'd expect intuitively that + + align:start position:0% +in fact we'd expect intuitively that + + + align:start position:0% +in fact we'd expect intuitively that +women would have an strong upward + + align:start position:0% +women would have an strong upward + + + align:start position:0% +women would have an strong upward +sloping supply + + align:start position:0% +sloping supply + + + align:start position:0% +sloping supply +curve and then we wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +curve and then we wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +curve and then we wouldn't +know probably backwards yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +effect why isn't the income effects for + + align:start position:0% +effect why isn't the income effects for + + + align:start position:0% +effect why isn't the income effects for +men kind of small because they're going + + align:start position:0% +men kind of small because they're going + + + align:start position:0% +men kind of small because they're going +to work it might be small that's why I + + align:start position:0% +to work it might be small that's why I + + + align:start position:0% +to work it might be small that's why I +saying it's uncertain it's bigger but + + align:start position:0% +saying it's uncertain it's bigger but + + + align:start position:0% +saying it's uncertain it's bigger but +still probably + + align:start position:0% +still probably + + + align:start position:0% +still probably +small + + align:start position:0% +small + + + align:start position:0% +small +okay so so we have for women a clear big + + align:start position:0% +okay so so we have for women a clear big + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so we have for women a clear big +you know we'll call this zero okay with + + align:start position:0% +you know we'll call this zero okay with + + + align:start position:0% +you know we'll call this zero okay with +a clear big substit effect zero here we + + align:start position:0% +a clear big substit effect zero here we + + + align:start position:0% +a clear big substit effect zero here we +know which way it goes men it's not + + align:start position:0% +know which way it goes men it's not + + + align:start position:0% +know which way it goes men it's not +clear well what does the evidence say + + align:start position:0% +clear well what does the evidence say + + + align:start position:0% +clear well what does the evidence say +the evidence exactly lined up with their + + align:start position:0% +the evidence exactly lined up with their + + + align:start position:0% +the evidence exactly lined up with their +intuition which is women's labor Supply + + align:start position:0% +intuition which is women's labor Supply + + + align:start position:0% +intuition which is women's labor Supply +curves were very strongly upward sloping + + align:start position:0% +curves were very strongly upward sloping + + + align:start position:0% +curves were very strongly upward sloping +women had Fairly elastic labor Supply + + align:start position:0% +women had Fairly elastic labor Supply + + + align:start position:0% +women had Fairly elastic labor Supply +the elasticity of Labor supply for + + align:start position:0% +the elasticity of Labor supply for + + + align:start position:0% +the elasticity of Labor supply for +married women was about + + align:start position:0% +married women was about + + + align:start position:0% +married women was about +0.5 that is for every 10% increase in + + align:start position:0% +0.5 that is for every 10% increase in + + + align:start position:0% +0.5 that is for every 10% increase in +wages women were 5% harder for men it + + align:start position:0% +wages women were 5% harder for men it + + + align:start position:0% +wages women were 5% harder for men it +was approximately zero maybe a little + + align:start position:0% +was approximately zero maybe a little + + + align:start position:0% +was approximately zero maybe a little +bit negative but approx roughly speaking + + align:start position:0% +bit negative but approx roughly speaking + + + align:start position:0% +bit negative but approx roughly speaking +zero so basically labor supply curve + + align:start position:0% +zero so basically labor supply curve + + + align:start position:0% +zero so basically labor supply curve +shapes comported with the intuition we + + align:start position:0% +shapes comported with the intuition we + + + align:start position:0% +shapes comported with the intuition we +get from Theory + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now what do we think has happened to the + + align:start position:0% +now what do we think has happened to the + + + align:start position:0% +now what do we think has happened to the +shape of women's labor supply curve over + + align:start position:0% +shape of women's labor supply curve over + + + align:start position:0% +shape of women's labor supply curve over +time and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +why um uh let let's Okay you sort of + + align:start position:0% +why um uh let let's Okay you sort of + + + align:start position:0% +why um uh let let's Okay you sort of +skip to men let's focus just on women + + align:start position:0% +skip to men let's focus just on women + + + align:start position:0% +skip to men let's focus just on women +what's changed for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +women right but does that made their + + align:start position:0% +women right but does that made their + + + align:start position:0% +women right but does that made their +substitution options better or Worse do + + align:start position:0% +substitution options better or Worse do + + + align:start position:0% +substitution options better or Worse do +do women do do are women Freer in some + + align:start position:0% +do women do do are women Freer in some + + + align:start position:0% +do women do do are women Freer in some +sense or less free to decide whether to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +work I wouldn't say so I mean certainly + + align:start position:0% +work I wouldn't say so I mean certainly + + + align:start position:0% +work I wouldn't say so I mean certainly +female labor participation has gone up + + align:start position:0% +female labor participation has gone up + + + align:start position:0% +female labor participation has gone up +from less than 50 to + + align:start position:0% +from less than 50 to + + + align:start position:0% +from less than 50 to +80% I would say if you ask many women at + + align:start position:0% +80% I would say if you ask many women at + + + align:start position:0% +80% I would say if you ask many women at +work they wouldn't say they do so + + align:start position:0% +work they wouldn't say they do so + + + align:start position:0% +work they wouldn't say they do so +because it's free they'd say do so + + align:start position:0% +because it's free they'd say do so + + + align:start position:0% +because it's free they'd say do so +because they need to the family needs + + align:start position:0% +because they need to the family needs + + + align:start position:0% +because they need to the family needs +the money or it's just women's work has + + align:start position:0% +the money or it's just women's work has + + + align:start position:0% +the money or it's just women's work has +become in some like men's work it's sort + + align:start position:0% +become in some like men's work it's sort + + + align:start position:0% +become in some like men's work it's sort +of socially unacceptable just hanging + + align:start position:0% +of socially unacceptable just hanging + + + align:start position:0% +of socially unacceptable just hanging +out at home if you're a woman + + align:start position:0% +out at home if you're a woman + + + align:start position:0% +out at home if you're a woman +like it was social unacceptable for a + + align:start position:0% +like it was social unacceptable for a + + + align:start position:0% +like it was social unacceptable for a +man so in substance their substance + + align:start position:0% +man so in substance their substance + + + align:start position:0% +man so in substance their substance +effects gone down because it's become + + align:start position:0% +effects gone down because it's become + + + align:start position:0% +effects gone down because it's become +more like like men they basically now + + align:start position:0% +more like like men they basically now + + + align:start position:0% +more like like men they basically now +working sort of + + align:start position:0% +working sort of + + + align:start position:0% +working sort of +default the women in this class all + + align:start position:0% +default the women in this class all + + + align:start position:0% +default the women in this class all +expect to go to work when they graduate + + align:start position:0% +expect to go to work when they graduate + + + align:start position:0% +expect to go to work when they graduate +that was not true 60 years ago maybe + + align:start position:0% +that was not true 60 years ago maybe + + + align:start position:0% +that was not true 60 years ago maybe +here at MIT but not most + + align:start position:0% +here at MIT but not most + + + align:start position:0% +here at MIT but not most +places okay so there's sort of not much + + align:start position:0% +places okay so there's sort of not much + + + align:start position:0% +places okay so there's sort of not much +of a substitution effect because you're + + align:start position:0% +of a substitution effect because you're + + + align:start position:0% +of a substitution effect because you're +going to + + align:start position:0% +going to + + + align:start position:0% +going to +work likewise your income effect has + + align:start position:0% +work likewise your income effect has + + + align:start position:0% +work likewise your income effect has +gone up because now you have income so + + align:start position:0% +gone up because now you have income so + + + align:start position:0% +gone up because now you have income so +women's labor supply curve has gotten + + align:start position:0% +women's labor supply curve has gotten + + + align:start position:0% +women's labor supply curve has gotten +steeper they've start their labor Supply + + align:start position:0% +steeper they've start their labor Supply + + + align:start position:0% +steeper they've start their labor Supply +looks more like men the amount they work + + align:start position:0% +looks more like men the amount they work + + + align:start position:0% +looks more like men the amount they work +looks more like men so their lb fly + + align:start position:0% +looks more like men so their lb fly + + + align:start position:0% +looks more like men so their lb fly +curve looks more like + + align:start position:0% +curve looks more like + + + align:start position:0% +curve looks more like +men now let me come back to that answer + + align:start position:0% +men now let me come back to that answer + + + align:start position:0% +men now let me come back to that answer +because part of the reason why is that + + align:start position:0% +because part of the reason why is that + + + align:start position:0% +because part of the reason why is that +you're wrong about one + + align:start position:0% +you're wrong about one + + + align:start position:0% +you're wrong about one +thing you might think well gee then + + align:start position:0% +thing you might think well gee then + + + align:start position:0% +thing you might think well gee then +men's labor fly curves must be getting + + align:start position:0% +men's labor fly curves must be getting + + + align:start position:0% +men's labor fly curves must be getting +flatter but they're not because men + + align:start position:0% +flatter but they're not because men + + + align:start position:0% +flatter but they're not because men +still don't take care of the + + align:start position:0% +still don't take care of the + + + align:start position:0% +still don't take care of the +kids okay so basically women work hard + + align:start position:0% +kids okay so basically women work hard + + + align:start position:0% +kids okay so basically women work hard +and men work hard the difference is the + + align:start position:0% +and men work hard the difference is the + + + align:start position:0% +and men work hard the difference is the +kids are now in child + + align:start position:0% +kids are now in child + + + align:start position:0% +kids are now in child +care okay so your intuition which is G + + align:start position:0% +care okay so your intuition which is G + + + align:start position:0% +care okay so your intuition which is G +women men will trade off men will become + + align:start position:0% +women men will trade off men will become + + + align:start position:0% +women men will trade off men will become +more flexible that's wrong women became + + align:start position:0% +more flexible that's wrong women became + + + align:start position:0% +more flexible that's wrong women became +more inflexible and Men stayed + + align:start position:0% +more inflexible and Men stayed + + + align:start position:0% +more inflexible and Men stayed +inflexible okay and the difference is + + align:start position:0% +inflexible okay and the difference is + + + align:start position:0% +inflexible okay and the difference is +child growth in child care okay so + + align:start position:0% +child growth in child care okay so + + + align:start position:0% +child growth in child care okay so +basically it's a fascinating your + + align:start position:0% +basically it's a fascinating your + + + align:start position:0% +basically it's a fascinating your +intuition what happened to women and + + align:start position:0% +intuition what happened to women and + + + align:start position:0% +intuition what happened to women and +once you once they gave you the manactor + + align:start position:0% +once you once they gave you the manactor + + + align:start position:0% +once you once they gave you the manactor +you sort of get the intuition of Why + + align:start position:0% +you sort of get the intuition of Why + + + align:start position:0% +you sort of get the intuition of Why +women's labor Supply became more + + align:start position:0% +women's labor Supply became more + + + align:start position:0% +women's labor Supply became more +inelastic became more vertical but but + + align:start position:0% +inelastic became more vertical but but + + + align:start position:0% +inelastic became more vertical but but +it partly it's because men's didn't + + align:start position:0% +it partly it's because men's didn't + + + align:start position:0% +it partly it's because men's didn't +adjust either and when now in World + + align:start position:0% +adjust either and when now in World + + + align:start position:0% +adjust either and when now in World +basically in almost all couples both + + align:start position:0% +basically in almost all couples both + + + align:start position:0% +basically in almost all couples both +Partners + + align:start position:0% +Partners + + + align:start position:0% +Partners +work okay questions about + + align:start position:0% +work okay questions about + + + align:start position:0% +work okay questions about +that okay I want to end with an + + align:start position:0% +that okay I want to end with an + + + align:start position:0% +that okay I want to end with an +interesting + + align:start position:0% +interesting + + + align:start position:0% +interesting +application from one of my really + + align:start position:0% +application from one of my really + + + align:start position:0% +application from one of my really +favorite interesting empirical studies + + align:start position:0% +favorite interesting empirical studies + + + align:start position:0% +favorite interesting empirical studies +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +economics which is thinking about free + + align:start position:0% +economics which is thinking about free + + + align:start position:0% +economics which is thinking about free +trade we haven't talked about trade yet + + align:start position:0% +trade we haven't talked about trade yet + + + align:start position:0% +trade we haven't talked about trade yet +we'll come to that in a few lectures but + + align:start position:0% +we'll come to that in a few lectures but + + + align:start position:0% +we'll come to that in a few lectures but +I'll use some basic intuition and the + + align:start position:0% +I'll use some basic intuition and the + + + align:start position:0% +I'll use some basic intuition and the +impacts on child + + align:start position:0% +impacts on child + + + align:start position:0% +impacts on child +labor now um what I want to do is I want + + align:start position:0% +labor now um what I want to do is I want + + + align:start position:0% +labor now um what I want to do is I want +to set up the problem but I don't want + + align:start position:0% +to set up the problem but I don't want + + + align:start position:0% +to set up the problem but I don't want +to rush so we'll solve it next time so + + align:start position:0% +to rush so we'll solve it next time so + + + align:start position:0% +to rush so we'll solve it next time so +Andrew let's have these last couple + + align:start position:0% +Andrew let's have these last couple + + + align:start position:0% +Andrew let's have these last couple +diagrams be the first couple diagrams in + + align:start position:0% +diagrams be the first couple diagrams in + + + align:start position:0% +diagrams be the first couple diagrams in +the next lectures hand out so I want to + + align:start position:0% +the next lectures hand out so I want to + + + align:start position:0% +the next lectures hand out so I want to +set up the problem but I want to rush to + + align:start position:0% +set up the problem but I want to rush to + + + align:start position:0% +set up the problem but I want to rush to +solve it because it's a really important + + align:start position:0% +solve it because it's a really important + + + align:start position:0% +solve it because it's a really important +intuition okay a common criticism of + + align:start position:0% +intuition okay a common criticism of + + + align:start position:0% +intuition okay a common criticism of +free + + align:start position:0% +free + + + align:start position:0% +free +trade is that will induce child labor + + align:start position:0% +trade is that will induce child labor + + + align:start position:0% +trade is that will induce child labor +they will say people will say gee if + + align:start position:0% +they will say people will say gee if + + + align:start position:0% +they will say people will say gee if +there's more free trade that means + + align:start position:0% +there's more free trade that means + + + align:start position:0% +there's more free trade that means +country want to sell more stuff that + + align:start position:0% +country want to sell more stuff that + + + align:start position:0% +country want to sell more stuff that +means kids are going to have to go to + + align:start position:0% +means kids are going to have to go to + + + align:start position:0% +means kids are going to have to go to +work and that's a major reason to not + + align:start position:0% +work and that's a major reason to not + + + align:start position:0% +work and that's a major reason to not +allow free + + align:start position:0% +allow free + + + align:start position:0% +allow free +trade so we can actually Analyze That + + align:start position:0% +trade so we can actually Analyze That + + + align:start position:0% +trade so we can actually Analyze That +and show that intuition intuition may be + + align:start position:0% +and show that intuition intuition may be + + + align:start position:0% +and show that intuition intuition may be +wrong to see that let's talk about the + + align:start position:0% +wrong to see that let's talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +wrong to see that let's talk about the +country of + + align:start position:0% +country of + + + align:start position:0% +country of +Vietnam I was just in Vietnam this + + align:start position:0% +Vietnam I was just in Vietnam this + + + align:start position:0% +Vietnam I was just in Vietnam this +spring before before the early + + align:start position:0% +spring before before the early + + + align:start position:0% +spring before before the early +1990s + + align:start position:0% +1990s + + + align:start position:0% +1990s +Vietnam could not export its main crop + + align:start position:0% +Vietnam could not export its main crop + + + align:start position:0% +Vietnam could not export its main crop +which is + + align:start position:0% +which is + + + align:start position:0% +which is +rice because there was all these because + + align:start position:0% +rice because there was all these because + + + align:start position:0% +rice because there was all these because +war was going on the US was still mad at + + align:start position:0% +war was going on the US was still mad at + + + align:start position:0% +war was going on the US was still mad at +Vietnam there was a lot of + + align:start position:0% +Vietnam there was a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +Vietnam there was a lot of +barriers so Vietnam could not export its + + align:start position:0% +barriers so Vietnam could not export its + + + align:start position:0% +barriers so Vietnam could not export its +main crop which is rice so let's look at + + align:start position:0% +main crop which is rice so let's look at + + + align:start position:0% +main crop which is rice so let's look at +figure + + align:start position:0% +figure + + + align:start position:0% +figure +154 to show what effect that has and + + align:start position:0% +154 to show what effect that has and + + + align:start position:0% +154 to show what effect that has and +also Vietnam also wouldn't let Farmers + + align:start position:0% +also Vietnam also wouldn't let Farmers + + + align:start position:0% +also Vietnam also wouldn't let Farmers +export R it wasn't just other countries + + align:start position:0% +export R it wasn't just other countries + + + align:start position:0% +export R it wasn't just other countries +wouldn't want it Vietnam wouldn't let it + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't want it Vietnam wouldn't let it + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't want it Vietnam wouldn't let it +be exported Vietnam said no we need the + + align:start position:0% +be exported Vietnam said no we need the + + + align:start position:0% +be exported Vietnam said no we need the +rice here for our people we won't export + + align:start position:0% +rice here for our people we won't export + + + align:start position:0% +rice here for our people we won't export +it so the rice Market in Vietnam is + + align:start position:0% +it so the rice Market in Vietnam is + + + align:start position:0% +it so the rice Market in Vietnam is +described in figure 154 on the XX you + + align:start position:0% +described in figure 154 on the XX you + + + align:start position:0% +described in figure 154 on the XX you +have quantity of rice on the YX you have + + align:start position:0% +have quantity of rice on the YX you have + + + align:start position:0% +have quantity of rice on the YX you have +the price you have a supply of rice + + align:start position:0% +the price you have a supply of rice + + + align:start position:0% +the price you have a supply of rice +that'll be unchanged for this example s + + align:start position:0% +that'll be unchanged for this example s + + + align:start position:0% +that'll be unchanged for this example s +subv that's a domestic supply of rice in + + align:start position:0% +subv that's a domestic supply of rice in + + + align:start position:0% +subv that's a domestic supply of rice in +Vietnam and you had a domestic demand + + align:start position:0% +Vietnam and you had a domestic demand + + + align:start position:0% +Vietnam and you had a domestic demand +for Rice that's D + + align:start position:0% +for Rice that's D + + + align:start position:0% +for Rice that's D +subv and the government said we have to + + align:start position:0% +subv and the government said we have to + + + align:start position:0% +subv and the government said we have to +we cannot export R so what that meant + + align:start position:0% +we cannot export R so what that meant + + + align:start position:0% +we cannot export R so what that meant +was the rice Market will be forced at + + align:start position:0% +was the rice Market will be forced at + + + align:start position:0% +was the rice Market will be forced at +equilibrium at that quota line at a + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium at that quota line at a + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium at that quota line at a +quantity QV and a price PV that would be + + align:start position:0% +quantity QV and a price PV that would be + + + align:start position:0% +quantity QV and a price PV that would be +the government enforced + + align:start position:0% +the government enforced + + + align:start position:0% +the government enforced +equilibrium okay what happened after + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium okay what happened after + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium okay what happened after +1989 is they left Vietnam export RS and + + align:start position:0% +1989 is they left Vietnam export RS and + + + align:start position:0% +1989 is they left Vietnam export RS and +in particular after 1994 when the US + + align:start position:0% +in particular after 1994 when the US + + + align:start position:0% +in particular after 1994 when the US +normalized relations with + + align:start position:0% +normalized relations with + + + align:start position:0% +normalized relations with +Vietnam um they could export RS to the + + align:start position:0% +Vietnam um they could export RS to the + + + align:start position:0% +Vietnam um they could export RS to the +US what happened was that led to a + + align:start position:0% +US what happened was that led to a + + + align:start position:0% +US what happened was that led to a +massive increase in demand for race + + align:start position:0% +massive increase in demand for race + + + align:start position:0% +massive increase in demand for race +because the the rest of the world now + + align:start position:0% +because the the rest of the world now + + + align:start position:0% +because the the rest of the world now +wanted cheap Vietnamese rice that + + align:start position:0% +wanted cheap Vietnamese rice that + + + align:start position:0% +wanted cheap Vietnamese rice that +shifted out the demand curve from DV to + + align:start position:0% +shifted out the demand curve from DV to + + + align:start position:0% +shifted out the demand curve from DV to +DW now it's the world demand for + + align:start position:0% +DW now it's the world demand for + + + align:start position:0% +DW now it's the world demand for +Rice okay shift after dvdw which meant + + align:start position:0% +Rice okay shift after dvdw which meant + + + align:start position:0% +Rice okay shift after dvdw which meant +that Vietnam now produced more rice at a + + align:start position:0% +that Vietnam now produced more rice at a + + + align:start position:0% +that Vietnam now produced more rice at a +higher + + align:start position:0% +higher + + + align:start position:0% +higher +price and the criticism is well GE to + + align:start position:0% +price and the criticism is well GE to + + + align:start position:0% +price and the criticism is well GE to +produce more rice you need more labor + + align:start position:0% +produce more rice you need more labor + + + align:start position:0% +produce more rice you need more labor +and a lot of that labor comes from kids + + align:start position:0% +and a lot of that labor comes from kids + + + align:start position:0% +and a lot of that labor comes from kids +and we see that criticism in a diet + + align:start position:0% +and we see that criticism in a diet + + + align:start position:0% +and we see that criticism in a diet +in figure 155 I think I will get through + + align:start position:0% +in figure 155 I think I will get through + + + align:start position:0% +in figure 155 I think I will get through +this now just bear with me might go one + + align:start position:0% +this now just bear with me might go one + + + align:start position:0% +this now just bear with me might go one +minute late figure 155 is diag for child + + align:start position:0% +minute late figure 155 is diag for child + + + align:start position:0% +minute late figure 155 is diag for child +labor in Vietnam on the x-axis is the + + align:start position:0% +labor in Vietnam on the x-axis is the + + + align:start position:0% +labor in Vietnam on the x-axis is the +amount of child labor on the y- axis is + + align:start position:0% +amount of child labor on the y- axis is + + + align:start position:0% +amount of child labor on the y- axis is +the wage and pre-trade we're in + + align:start position:0% +the wage and pre-trade we're in + + + align:start position:0% +the wage and pre-trade we're in +equilibrium with L1 kids working W1 + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium with L1 kids working W1 + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium with L1 kids working W1 +working at a wage of + + align:start position:0% +working at a wage of + + + align:start position:0% +working at a wage of +W1 now we have free trade what free + + align:start position:0% +W1 now we have free trade what free + + + align:start position:0% +W1 now we have free trade what free +trade does is it increases the demand + + align:start position:0% +trade does is it increases the demand + + + align:start position:0% +trade does is it increases the demand +for labor the price has gone up so if + + align:start position:0% +for labor the price has gone up so if + + + align:start position:0% +for labor the price has gone up so if +you flip back to figure 154 you need + + align:start position:0% +you flip back to figure 154 you need + + + align:start position:0% +you flip back to figure 154 you need +more rice Q subw is higher than QV how + + align:start position:0% +more rice Q subw is higher than QV how + + + align:start position:0% +more rice Q subw is higher than QV how +you produce more rice you have more + + align:start position:0% +you produce more rice you have more + + + align:start position:0% +you produce more rice you have more +workers some of those workers are kids + + align:start position:0% +workers some of those workers are kids + + + align:start position:0% +workers some of those workers are kids +so that shifts out the demand for child + + align:start position:0% +so that shifts out the demand for child + + + align:start position:0% +so that shifts out the demand for child +labor from D1 to + + align:start position:0% +labor from D1 to + + + align:start position:0% +labor from D1 to +D2 and therefore increases the amount of + + align:start position:0% +D2 and therefore increases the amount of + + + align:start position:0% +D2 and therefore increases the amount of +child labor from L1 to + + align:start position:0% +child labor from L1 to + + + align:start position:0% +child labor from L1 to +L2 and that is the story for why free + + align:start position:0% +L2 and that is the story for why free + + + align:start position:0% +L2 and that is the story for why free +trade increases child + + align:start position:0% +trade increases child + + + align:start position:0% +trade increases child +labor what do it + + align:start position:0% +labor what do it + + + align:start position:0% +labor what do it +Miss what it misses is the price of rice + + align:start position:0% +Miss what it misses is the price of rice + + + align:start position:0% +Miss what it misses is the price of rice +also went up and when the price of rice + + align:start position:0% +also went up and when the price of rice + + + align:start position:0% +also went up and when the price of rice +went up what did that do it made the + + align:start position:0% +went up what did that do it made the + + + align:start position:0% +went up what did that do it made the +Vietnamese richer as an American I was + + align:start position:0% +Vietnamese richer as an American I was + + + align:start position:0% +Vietnamese richer as an American I was +quite frankly as someone who grew up + + align:start position:0% +quite frankly as someone who grew up + + + align:start position:0% +quite frankly as someone who grew up +during the Vietnam War I was a little + + align:start position:0% +during the Vietnam War I was a little + + + align:start position:0% +during the Vietnam War I was a little +sort of afraid to go to Vietnam what + + align:start position:0% +sort of afraid to go to Vietnam what + + + align:start position:0% +sort of afraid to go to Vietnam what +would they think of Americans they love + + align:start position:0% +would they think of Americans they love + + + align:start position:0% +would they think of Americans they love +Americans and their hero is Bill Clinton + + align:start position:0% +Americans and their hero is Bill Clinton + + + align:start position:0% +Americans and their hero is Bill Clinton +why because Bill Clinton normalized + + align:start position:0% +why because Bill Clinton normalized + + + align:start position:0% +why because Bill Clinton normalized +trade with Vietnam and let them sell the + + align:start position:0% +trade with Vietnam and let them sell the + + + align:start position:0% +trade with Vietnam and let them sell the +rice in America and their wealth went up + + align:start position:0% +rice in America and their wealth went up + + + align:start position:0% +rice in America and their wealth went up +enormously what do you do when you're + + align:start position:0% +enormously what do you do when you're + + + align:start position:0% +enormously what do you do when you're +richer you buy nor of normal Goods + + align:start position:0% +richer you buy nor of normal Goods + + + align:start position:0% +richer you buy nor of normal Goods +what's a normal good your kid not + + align:start position:0% +what's a normal good your kid not + + + align:start position:0% +what's a normal good your kid not +working people want people Vietnam care + + align:start position:0% +working people want people Vietnam care + + + align:start position:0% +working people want people Vietnam care +about their kids they want the kids in + + align:start position:0% +about their kids they want the kids in + + + align:start position:0% +about their kids they want the kids in +school not working so while it's true + + align:start position:0% +school not working so while it's true + + + align:start position:0% +school not working so while it's true +the demand for child labor went up the + + align:start position:0% +the demand for child labor went up the + + + align:start position:0% +the demand for child labor went up the +supply of child labor decreased because + + align:start position:0% +supply of child labor decreased because + + + align:start position:0% +supply of child labor decreased because +people didn't have didn't want their + + align:start position:0% +people didn't have didn't want their + + + align:start position:0% +people didn't have didn't want their +kids to work so there's an opposite + + align:start position:0% +kids to work so there's an opposite + + + align:start position:0% +kids to work so there's an opposite +inward shift of the supply + + align:start position:0% +inward shift of the supply + + + align:start position:0% +inward shift of the supply +curve and indeed if that shift was big + + align:start position:0% +curve and indeed if that shift was big + + + align:start position:0% +curve and indeed if that shift was big +enough you see shift from S1 S2 if it + + align:start position:0% +enough you see shift from S1 S2 if it + + + align:start position:0% +enough you see shift from S1 S2 if it +was big enough all the way to S3 child + + align:start position:0% +was big enough all the way to S3 child + + + align:start position:0% +was big enough all the way to S3 child +labor Could Fall In other words even + + align:start position:0% +labor Could Fall In other words even + + + align:start position:0% +labor Could Fall In other words even +though there was more demand for child + + align:start position:0% +though there was more demand for child + + + align:start position:0% +though there was more demand for child +labor the Vietnamese were so richer so + + align:start position:0% +labor the Vietnamese were so richer so + + + align:start position:0% +labor the Vietnamese were so richer so +much richer they said we don't want our + + align:start position:0% +much richer they said we don't want our + + + align:start position:0% +much richer they said we don't want our +kids to work so there's an increase in + + align:start position:0% +kids to work so there's an increase in + + + align:start position:0% +kids to work so there's an increase in +an reduction in child labor Supply that + + align:start position:0% +an reduction in child labor Supply that + + + align:start position:0% +an reduction in child labor Supply that +offset the increase in demand and you + + align:start position:0% +offset the increase in demand and you + + + align:start position:0% +offset the increase in demand and you +could actually see child labor falling + + align:start position:0% +could actually see child labor falling + + + align:start position:0% +could actually see child labor falling +there was a careful empirical study done + + align:start position:0% +there was a careful empirical study done + + + align:start position:0% +there was a careful empirical study done +of trade liberalization Vietnam and it + + align:start position:0% +of trade liberalization Vietnam and it + + + align:start position:0% +of trade liberalization Vietnam and it +found exactly that that Freer trade led + + align:start position:0% +found exactly that that Freer trade led + + + align:start position:0% +found exactly that that Freer trade led +to less child child labor not more a + + align:start position:0% +to less child child labor not more a + + + align:start position:0% +to less child child labor not more a +fascinating example how you can use + + align:start position:0% +fascinating example how you can use + + + align:start position:0% +fascinating example how you can use +basic economics to overcome a sort of + + align:start position:0% +basic economics to overcome a sort of + + + align:start position:0% +basic economics to overcome a sort of +what you might think is an easy + + align:start position:0% +what you might think is an easy + + + align:start position:0% +what you might think is an easy +intuition all right I'm going to stop + + align:start position:0% +intuition all right I'm going to stop + + + align:start position:0% +intuition all right I'm going to stop +there sorry to go long we'll come back + + align:start position:0% +there sorry to go long we'll come back + + + align:start position:0% +there sorry to go long we'll come back +and talk about the minimum wage and + + align:start position:0% +and talk about the minimum wage and + + + align:start position:0% +and talk about the minimum wage and +capital Supply next time \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/lf5XeIy21ns.txt b/lf5XeIy21ns.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..178ba8dd46dd4aa8af21c53bbe8c3b15556e2ffd --- /dev/null +++ b/lf5XeIy21ns.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14851 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay good afternoon + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what have we done so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +far what is thermodynamics about + + align:start position:0% +far what is thermodynamics about + + + align:start position:0% +far what is thermodynamics about +remember you told us that uh it's about + + align:start position:0% +remember you told us that uh it's about + + + align:start position:0% +remember you told us that uh it's about +heat and + + align:start position:0% +heat and + + + align:start position:0% +heat and +work but uh to date we haven't def find + + align:start position:0% +work but uh to date we haven't def find + + + align:start position:0% +work but uh to date we haven't def find +heat yet nor we spoke about work + + align:start position:0% +heat yet nor we spoke about work + + + align:start position:0% +heat yet nor we spoke about work +although indirectly with the wave + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +processes but + + align:start position:0% +processes but + + + align:start position:0% +processes but +uh we we have done four hours and we'll + + align:start position:0% +uh we we have done four hours and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +uh we we have done four hours and we'll +do another two + + align:start position:0% +do another two + + + align:start position:0% +do another two +today without talking about heat + + align:start position:0% +today without talking about heat + + + align:start position:0% +today without talking about heat +not saying that thermodynamics is not + + align:start position:0% +not saying that thermodynamics is not + + + align:start position:0% +not saying that thermodynamics is not +about heat it is also about + + align:start position:0% +about heat it is also about + + + align:start position:0% +about heat it is also about +heat but you can go a long way without + + align:start position:0% +heat but you can go a long way without + + + align:start position:0% +heat but you can go a long way without +and before + + align:start position:0% +and before + + + align:start position:0% +and before +defining uh the heat interaction which + + align:start position:0% +defining uh the heat interaction which + + + align:start position:0% +defining uh the heat interaction which +will be um the topic of next uh lecture + + align:start position:0% +will be um the topic of next uh lecture + + + align:start position:0% +will be um the topic of next uh lecture +on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Friday so how could we go that long all + + align:start position:0% +Friday so how could we go that long all + + + align:start position:0% +Friday so how could we go that long all +right we just review briefly what we've + + align:start position:0% +right we just review briefly what we've + + + align:start position:0% +right we just review briefly what we've +done we Define few words like system + + align:start position:0% +done we Define few words like system + + + align:start position:0% +done we Define few words like system +property State uh what we mean by law uh + + align:start position:0% +property State uh what we mean by law uh + + + align:start position:0% +property State uh what we mean by law uh +or principle uh which is in fact a + + align:start position:0% +or principle uh which is in fact a + + + align:start position:0% +or principle uh which is in fact a +theorem of uh the equation of motion on + + align:start position:0% +theorem of uh the equation of motion on + + + align:start position:0% +theorem of uh the equation of motion on +your + + align:start position:0% +your + + + align:start position:0% +your +model + + align:start position:0% +model + + + align:start position:0% +model +um then we introduced the first law + + align:start position:0% +um then we introduced the first law + + + align:start position:0% +um then we introduced the first law +which is a statement of + + align:start position:0% +which is a statement of + + + align:start position:0% +which is a statement of +existence or actually the first + + align:start position:0% +existence or actually the first + + + align:start position:0% +existence or actually the first +assertion is a statement of existence of + + align:start position:0% +assertion is a statement of existence of + + + align:start position:0% +assertion is a statement of existence of +certain class of processes namely those + + align:start position:0% +certain class of processes namely those + + + align:start position:0% +certain class of processes namely those +that allow you to interconnect any two + + align:start position:0% +that allow you to interconnect any two + + + align:start position:0% +that allow you to interconnect any two +states of any system and remember we + + align:start position:0% +states of any system and remember we + + + align:start position:0% +states of any system and remember we +mean the well- defined system separable + + align:start position:0% +mean the well- defined system separable + + + align:start position:0% +mean the well- defined system separable +in the sense that we have made very + + align:start position:0% +in the sense that we have made very + + + align:start position:0% +in the sense that we have made very +explicit + + align:start position:0% +explicit + + + align:start position:0% +explicit +the second + + align:start position:0% +the second + + + align:start position:0% +the second +assertion allows you allows us to + + align:start position:0% +assertion allows you allows us to + + + align:start position:0% +assertion allows you allows us to +introduce a a property a general + + align:start position:0% +introduce a a property a general + + + align:start position:0% +introduce a a property a general +property for any of these systems um and + + align:start position:0% +property for any of these systems um and + + + align:start position:0% +property for any of these systems um and +for any of its state by uh supporting + + align:start position:0% +for any of its state by uh supporting + + + align:start position:0% +for any of its state by uh supporting +the measurement + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +procedure that implies uh finding a + + align:start position:0% +procedure that implies uh finding a + + + align:start position:0% +procedure that implies uh finding a +weight + + align:start position:0% +weight + + + align:start position:0% +weight +process that goes + + align:start position:0% +process that goes + + + align:start position:0% +process that goes +uh that + + align:start position:0% +uh that + + + align:start position:0% +uh that +interconnects two states that way you uh + + align:start position:0% +interconnects two states that way you uh + + + align:start position:0% +interconnects two states that way you uh +can + + align:start position:0% +can + + + align:start position:0% +can +measure the energy difference between + + align:start position:0% +measure the energy difference between + + + align:start position:0% +measure the energy difference between +those two states and uh that is um what + + align:start position:0% +those two states and uh that is um what + + + align:start position:0% +those two states and uh that is um what +uh defines the property + + align:start position:0% +uh defines the property + + + align:start position:0% +uh defines the property +energy and then this property can be + + align:start position:0% +energy and then this property can be + + + align:start position:0% +energy and then this property can be +proved to be uh + + align:start position:0% +proved to be uh + + + align:start position:0% +proved to be uh +additive to + + align:start position:0% +additive to + + + align:start position:0% +additive to +be transferable between systems as a + + align:start position:0% +be transferable between systems as a + + + align:start position:0% +be transferable between systems as a +result of + + align:start position:0% +result of + + + align:start position:0% +result of +interactions and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh also to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +conserned which takes us to the idea of + + align:start position:0% +conserned which takes us to the idea of + + + align:start position:0% +conserned which takes us to the idea of +making a balance of this property + + align:start position:0% +making a balance of this property + + + align:start position:0% +making a balance of this property +checking in a given + + align:start position:0% +checking in a given + + + align:start position:0% +checking in a given +process uh that the change in the value + + align:start position:0% +process uh that the change in the value + + + align:start position:0% +process uh that the change in the value +of the of the energy uh so the + + align:start position:0% +of the of the energy uh so the + + + align:start position:0% +of the of the energy uh so the +difference between the final and the + + align:start position:0% +difference between the final and the + + + align:start position:0% +difference between the final and the +initial energy that's to change in + + align:start position:0% +initial energy that's to change in + + + align:start position:0% +initial energy that's to change in +energy + + align:start position:0% +energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy +be equal to the uh energy that has been + + align:start position:0% +be equal to the uh energy that has been + + + align:start position:0% +be equal to the uh energy that has been +exchanged during this uh + + align:start position:0% +exchanged during this uh + + + align:start position:0% +exchanged during this uh +process with uh between the system and + + align:start position:0% +process with uh between the system and + + + align:start position:0% +process with uh between the system and +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +environment positive if + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +receive okay and this is of course the + + align:start position:0% +receive okay and this is of course the + + + align:start position:0% +receive okay and this is of course the +hinge of uh the solution of many + + align:start position:0% +hinge of uh the solution of many + + + align:start position:0% +hinge of uh the solution of many +problems uh that you have certainly seen + + align:start position:0% +problems uh that you have certainly seen + + + align:start position:0% +problems uh that you have certainly seen +in the undergraduate or previous + + align:start position:0% +in the undergraduate or previous + + + align:start position:0% +in the undergraduate or previous +graduate courses on thermodynamics so I + + align:start position:0% +graduate courses on thermodynamics so I + + + align:start position:0% +graduate courses on thermodynamics so I +rely upon your experience here uh + + align:start position:0% +rely upon your experience here uh + + + align:start position:0% +rely upon your experience here uh +because this is as you know it's not of + + align:start position:0% +because this is as you know it's not of + + + align:start position:0% +because this is as you know it's not of +course about application or problem + + align:start position:0% +course about application or problem + + + align:start position:0% +course about application or problem +solving I assume that that you have some + + align:start position:0% +solving I assume that that you have some + + + align:start position:0% +solving I assume that that you have some +experience on that because the more + + align:start position:0% +experience on that because the more + + + align:start position:0% +experience on that because the more +experience you have uh the more you will + + align:start position:0% +experience you have uh the more you will + + + align:start position:0% +experience you have uh the more you will +your intuition and your um uh sense of + + align:start position:0% +your intuition and your um uh sense of + + + align:start position:0% +your intuition and your um uh sense of +um of of things will allow you to + + align:start position:0% +um of of things will allow you to + + + align:start position:0% +um of of things will allow you to +uh pick up the meaning of the underlying + + align:start position:0% +uh pick up the meaning of the underlying + + + align:start position:0% +uh pick up the meaning of the underlying +uh uh Theory and assumptions that you + + align:start position:0% +uh uh Theory and assumptions that you + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh Theory and assumptions that you +were actually making when you perform + + align:start position:0% +were actually making when you perform + + + align:start position:0% +were actually making when you perform +for example an energy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +balance then we move on to the second + + align:start position:0% +balance then we move on to the second + + + align:start position:0% +balance then we move on to the second +law also the second law is done uh + + align:start position:0% +law also the second law is done uh + + + align:start position:0% +law also the second law is done uh +is is made up of two assertions one is a + + align:start position:0% +is is made up of two assertions one is a + + + align:start position:0% +is is made up of two assertions one is a +statement of existence again but now + + align:start position:0% +statement of existence again but now + + + align:start position:0% +statement of existence again but now +this time it's the existence of the + + align:start position:0% +this time it's the existence of the + + + align:start position:0% +this time it's the existence of the +stable equilibrium states of a + + align:start position:0% +stable equilibrium states of a + + + align:start position:0% +stable equilibrium states of a +system and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +that um by itself together with + + align:start position:0% +that um by itself together with + + + align:start position:0% +that um by itself together with +the definition of stable equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +the definition of stable equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +the definition of stable equilibrium +State remember it's a state that cannot + + align:start position:0% +State remember it's a state that cannot + + + align:start position:0% +State remember it's a state that cannot +be changed without leaving + + align:start position:0% +be changed without leaving + + + align:start position:0% +be changed without leaving +some external effect to your uh so in in + + align:start position:0% +some external effect to your uh so in in + + + align:start position:0% +some external effect to your uh so in in +the environment of your system so if you + + align:start position:0% +the environment of your system so if you + + + align:start position:0% +the environment of your system so if you +if your system is in a stable + + align:start position:0% +if your system is in a stable + + + align:start position:0% +if your system is in a stable +equilibrium state in order to change it + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium state in order to change it + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium state in order to change it +to another state you have to spend + + align:start position:0% +to another state you have to spend + + + align:start position:0% +to another state you have to spend +something you have to uh leave some net + + align:start position:0% +something you have to uh leave some net + + + align:start position:0% +something you have to uh leave some net +uh effect in the + + align:start position:0% +uh effect in the + + + align:start position:0% +uh effect in the +environment otherwise it is impossible + + align:start position:0% +environment otherwise it is impossible + + + align:start position:0% +environment otherwise it is impossible +and this + + align:start position:0% +and this + + + align:start position:0% +and this +impossibility U is what uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we allows us to prove the um + + align:start position:0% +we allows us to prove the um + + + align:start position:0% +we allows us to prove the um +impossibility of Perpetual MO machine of + + align:start position:0% +impossibility of Perpetual MO machine of + + + align:start position:0% +impossibility of Perpetual MO machine of +the second kind which is the Kelvin + + align:start position:0% +the second kind which is the Kelvin + + + align:start position:0% +the second kind which is the Kelvin +plank statement of the second + + align:start position:0% +plank statement of the second + + + align:start position:0% +plank statement of the second +law the second + + align:start position:0% +law the second + + + align:start position:0% +law the second +assertion supports the + + align:start position:0% +assertion supports the + + + align:start position:0% +assertion supports the +definition of a property that now we + + align:start position:0% +definition of a property that now we + + + align:start position:0% +definition of a property that now we +know because we defined it the last time + + align:start position:0% +know because we defined it the last time + + + align:start position:0% +know because we defined it the last time +is H + + align:start position:0% +is H + + + align:start position:0% +is H +entropy so it uh shes uh that uh it it + + align:start position:0% +entropy so it uh shes uh that uh it it + + + align:start position:0% +entropy so it uh shes uh that uh it it +says well you you can all + + align:start position:0% +says well you you can all + + + align:start position:0% +says well you you can all +always + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um make a weight a reversable weight + + align:start position:0% +um make a weight a reversable weight + + + align:start position:0% +um make a weight a reversable weight +process which takes your system from any + + align:start position:0% +process which takes your system from any + + + align:start position:0% +process which takes your system from any +state it is to a stable equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +state it is to a stable equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +state it is to a stable equilibrium +state but not only stable equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +state but not only stable equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +state but not only stable equilibrium +State a stable equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +State a stable equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +State a stable equilibrium +State um that for example could be in + + align:start position:0% +State um that for example could be in + + + align:start position:0% +State um that for example could be in +mutual equilibrium with your Reservoir + + align:start position:0% +mutual equilibrium with your Reservoir + + + align:start position:0% +mutual equilibrium with your Reservoir +so in this picture I jumped to this uh + + align:start position:0% +so in this picture I jumped to this uh + + + align:start position:0% +so in this picture I jumped to this uh +conclusion + + align:start position:0% +conclusion + + + align:start position:0% +conclusion +uh that we have used and proved + + align:start position:0% +uh that we have used and proved + + + align:start position:0% +uh that we have used and proved +um as a consequence ofer two of the + + align:start position:0% +um as a consequence ofer two of the + + + align:start position:0% +um as a consequence ofer two of the +second law and that we used as a means + + align:start position:0% +second law and that we used as a means + + + align:start position:0% +second law and that we used as a means +to define the measurement + + align:start position:0% +to define the measurement + + + align:start position:0% +to define the measurement +procedures + + align:start position:0% +procedures + + + align:start position:0% +procedures +for a property that we call temperature + + align:start position:0% +for a property that we call temperature + + + align:start position:0% +for a property that we call temperature +of a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reservoir I'm not going to repeat that + + align:start position:0% +reservoir I'm not going to repeat that + + + align:start position:0% +reservoir I'm not going to repeat that +but as you have seen in the first + + align:start position:0% +but as you have seen in the first + + + align:start position:0% +but as you have seen in the first +homework set I am asking you to repeat + + align:start position:0% +homework set I am asking you to repeat + + + align:start position:0% +homework set I am asking you to repeat +it uh in a short uh + + align:start position:0% +it uh in a short uh + + + align:start position:0% +it uh in a short uh +video and uh we used that same um + + align:start position:0% +video and uh we used that same um + + + align:start position:0% +video and uh we used that same um +process reversible weight + + align:start position:0% +process reversible weight + + + align:start position:0% +process reversible weight +process uh between the system and the + + align:start position:0% +process uh between the system and the + + + align:start position:0% +process uh between the system and the +reservoir in order to + + align:start position:0% +reservoir in order to + + + align:start position:0% +reservoir in order to +measure the property + + align:start position:0% +measure the property + + + align:start position:0% +measure the property +entropy which is + + align:start position:0% +entropy which is + + + align:start position:0% +entropy which is +defined by this ratio it's the the ratio + + align:start position:0% +defined by this ratio it's the the ratio + + + align:start position:0% +defined by this ratio it's the the ratio +between the change in energy of the + + align:start position:0% +between the change in energy of the + + + align:start position:0% +between the change in energy of the +reservoir that occurs when you manage to + + align:start position:0% +reservoir that occurs when you manage to + + + align:start position:0% +reservoir that occurs when you manage to +make this reversible weight + + align:start position:0% +make this reversible weight + + + align:start position:0% +make this reversible weight +process that + + align:start position:0% +process that + + + align:start position:0% +process that +interconnects in which your system goes + + align:start position:0% +interconnects in which your system goes + + + align:start position:0% +interconnects in which your system goes +between the two states for which you + + align:start position:0% +between the two states for which you + + + align:start position:0% +between the two states for which you +want to measure the enthropy + + align:start position:0% +want to measure the enthropy + + + align:start position:0% +want to measure the enthropy +difference divided by + + align:start position:0% +difference divided by + + + align:start position:0% +difference divided by +the temperature of the reservoir which + + align:start position:0% +the temperature of the reservoir which + + + align:start position:0% +the temperature of the reservoir which +was defined by the previous uh + + align:start position:0% +was defined by the previous uh + + + align:start position:0% +was defined by the previous uh +measurement procedure this + + align:start position:0% +measurement procedure this + + + align:start position:0% +measurement procedure this +ratio turns out to + + align:start position:0% +ratio turns out to + + + align:start position:0% +ratio turns out to +me + + align:start position:0% +me + + + align:start position:0% +me +independent on the reservoir that you + + align:start position:0% +independent on the reservoir that you + + + align:start position:0% +independent on the reservoir that you +have Cho that you have chosen and used + + align:start position:0% +have Cho that you have chosen and used + + + align:start position:0% +have Cho that you have chosen and used +as therefore just an auxiliary system + + align:start position:0% +as therefore just an auxiliary system + + + align:start position:0% +as therefore just an auxiliary system +uh auxiliary to this measurement + + align:start position:0% +uh auxiliary to this measurement + + + align:start position:0% +uh auxiliary to this measurement +procedure but the result is independent + + align:start position:0% +procedure but the result is independent + + + align:start position:0% +procedure but the result is independent +of that system + + align:start position:0% +of that system + + + align:start position:0% +of that system +therefore it is a property of just + + align:start position:0% +therefore it is a property of just + + + align:start position:0% +therefore it is a property of just +system a something that depends on your + + align:start position:0% +system a something that depends on your + + + align:start position:0% +system a something that depends on your +system + + align:start position:0% +system + + + align:start position:0% +system +a that we call the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +an we + + align:start position:0% +an we + + + align:start position:0% +an we +also in Define uh a property called + + align:start position:0% +also in Define uh a property called + + + align:start position:0% +also in Define uh a property called +available + + align:start position:0% +available + + + align:start position:0% +available +energy with + + align:start position:0% +energy with + + + align:start position:0% +energy with +respect to a reservoir it is an addicted + + align:start position:0% +respect to a reservoir it is an addicted + + + align:start position:0% +respect to a reservoir it is an addicted +property it can be expressed in terms of + + align:start position:0% +property it can be expressed in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +property it can be expressed in terms of +energy and + + align:start position:0% +energy and + + + align:start position:0% +energy and +entropy and it allows us to give an + + align:start position:0% +entropy and it allows us to give an + + + align:start position:0% +entropy and it allows us to give an +engineering interpretation of entropy as + + align:start position:0% +engineering interpretation of entropy as + + + align:start position:0% +engineering interpretation of entropy as +being um apart from a constant value + + align:start position:0% +being um apart from a constant value + + + align:start position:0% +being um apart from a constant value +which is this group here is + + align:start position:0% +which is this group here is + + + align:start position:0% +which is this group here is +proportional through the inverse of + + align:start position:0% +proportional through the inverse of + + + align:start position:0% +proportional through the inverse of +temperature of the reservoir to the + + align:start position:0% +temperature of the reservoir to the + + + align:start position:0% +temperature of the reservoir to the +energy that is not + + align:start position:0% +energy that is not + + + align:start position:0% +energy that is not +available uh so it's not transer able to + + align:start position:0% +available uh so it's not transer able to + + + align:start position:0% +available uh so it's not transer able to +a weight in a weight process for the + + align:start position:0% +a weight in a weight process for the + + + align:start position:0% +a weight in a weight process for the +system when in combination with the + + align:start position:0% +system when in combination with the + + + align:start position:0% +system when in combination with the +Reser that + + align:start position:0% +Reser that + + + align:start position:0% +Reser that +temperature so + + align:start position:0% +temperature so + + + align:start position:0% +temperature so +entropy has the non available uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +energy and it is additive the additivity + + align:start position:0% +energy and it is additive the additivity + + + align:start position:0% +energy and it is additive the additivity +remember we also had another property + + align:start position:0% +remember we also had another property + + + align:start position:0% +remember we also had another property +which is adiabatic + + align:start position:0% +which is adiabatic + + + align:start position:0% +which is adiabatic +availability which contain much of the + + align:start position:0% +availability which contain much of the + + + align:start position:0% +availability which contain much of the +information much of the value in terms + + align:start position:0% +information much of the value in terms + + + align:start position:0% +information much of the value in terms +of um what's the best I can do with a + + align:start position:0% +of um what's the best I can do with a + + + align:start position:0% +of um what's the best I can do with a +given system in a given State um in a if + + align:start position:0% +given system in a given State um in a if + + + align:start position:0% +given system in a given State um in a if +if I constrain myself on just wave + + align:start position:0% +if I constrain myself on just wave + + + align:start position:0% +if I constrain myself on just wave +processes but + + align:start position:0% +processes but + + + align:start position:0% +processes but +uh the disadvantage of that tic + + align:start position:0% +uh the disadvantage of that tic + + + align:start position:0% +uh the disadvantage of that tic +availability is the fact that it is not + + align:start position:0% +availability is the fact that it is not + + + align:start position:0% +availability is the fact that it is not +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +additive whereas entropy + + align:start position:0% +additive whereas entropy + + + align:start position:0% +additive whereas entropy +allows to compute the same things and it + + align:start position:0% +allows to compute the same things and it + + + align:start position:0% +allows to compute the same things and it +is add it which is much more convenient + + align:start position:0% +is add it which is much more convenient + + + align:start position:0% +is add it which is much more convenient +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +uh um and then we moved we also proved + + align:start position:0% +uh um and then we moved we also proved + + + align:start position:0% +uh um and then we moved we also proved +or said that we can prove um this uh + + align:start position:0% +or said that we can prove um this uh + + + align:start position:0% +or said that we can prove um this uh +theorems + + align:start position:0% +theorems + + + align:start position:0% +theorems +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +criteria to determine whether a process + + align:start position:0% +criteria to determine whether a process + + + align:start position:0% +criteria to determine whether a process +a weight process is + + align:start position:0% +a weight process is + + + align:start position:0% +a weight process is +reversible and remember the definition + + align:start position:0% +reversible and remember the definition + + + align:start position:0% +reversible and remember the definition +of reversibility + + align:start position:0% +of reversibility + + + align:start position:0% +of reversibility +uh process is reversible if we can + + align:start position:0% +uh process is reversible if we can + + + align:start position:0% +uh process is reversible if we can +undo not + + align:start position:0% +undo not + + + align:start position:0% +undo not +only what happens to the system but also + + align:start position:0% +only what happens to the system but also + + + align:start position:0% +only what happens to the system but also +what happens to the environment so we + + align:start position:0% +what happens to the environment so we + + + align:start position:0% +what happens to the environment so we +have to be able to find some other + + align:start position:0% +have to be able to find some other + + + align:start position:0% +have to be able to find some other +process not necessarily tracing back + + align:start position:0% +process not necessarily tracing back + + + align:start position:0% +process not necessarily tracing back +backwards the original process but one + + align:start position:0% +backwards the original process but one + + + align:start position:0% +backwards the original process but one +in which you can + + align:start position:0% +in which you can + + + align:start position:0% +in which you can +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +um bring your system back to your to its + + align:start position:0% +um bring your system back to your to its + + + align:start position:0% +um bring your system back to your to its +initial state while also you bring the + + align:start position:0% +initial state while also you bring the + + + align:start position:0% +initial state while also you bring the +Environ environment back to its initial + + align:start position:0% +Environ environment back to its initial + + + align:start position:0% +Environ environment back to its initial +state that definition is very is very + + align:start position:0% +state that definition is very is very + + + align:start position:0% +state that definition is very is very +solid and uh conceptually valid but it + + align:start position:0% +solid and uh conceptually valid but it + + + align:start position:0% +solid and uh conceptually valid but it +is also very abstract it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +is also very abstract it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +is also very abstract it doesn't +correspond to a a practicable um + + align:start position:0% +correspond to a a practicable um + + + align:start position:0% +correspond to a a practicable um +measurement I mean procedure to + + align:start position:0% +measurement I mean procedure to + + + align:start position:0% +measurement I mean procedure to +determine whether a process is + + align:start position:0% +determine whether a process is + + + align:start position:0% +determine whether a process is +reversible or not because if you go by + + align:start position:0% +reversible or not because if you go by + + + align:start position:0% +reversible or not because if you go by +that definition you're supposed to try + + align:start position:0% +that definition you're supposed to try + + + align:start position:0% +that definition you're supposed to try +all possible processes until you are + + align:start position:0% +all possible processes until you are + + + align:start position:0% +all possible processes until you are +really sure that uh uh you stke them all + + align:start position:0% +really sure that uh uh you stke them all + + + align:start position:0% +really sure that uh uh you stke them all +and uh is impossible to or possible to + + align:start position:0% +and uh is impossible to or possible to + + + align:start position:0% +and uh is impossible to or possible to +um bring back those states to their + + align:start position:0% +um bring back those states to their + + + align:start position:0% +um bring back those states to their +Originals uh and so that's clearly + + align:start position:0% +Originals uh and so that's clearly + + + align:start position:0% +Originals uh and so that's clearly +impracticable instead uh + + align:start position:0% +impracticable instead uh + + + align:start position:0% +impracticable instead uh +property diabetic Avail availability or + + align:start position:0% +property diabetic Avail availability or + + + align:start position:0% +property diabetic Avail availability or +uh entropy or also available energy + + align:start position:0% +uh entropy or also available energy + + + align:start position:0% +uh entropy or also available energy +um are allow you to one is if you know + + align:start position:0% +um are allow you to one is if you know + + + align:start position:0% +um are allow you to one is if you know +how to know how to measure it them and + + align:start position:0% +how to know how to measure it them and + + + align:start position:0% +how to know how to measure it them and +we know because now we have the + + align:start position:0% +we know because now we have the + + + align:start position:0% +we know because now we have the +measurement + + align:start position:0% +measurement + + + align:start position:0% +measurement +procedures it uh they allow you to have + + align:start position:0% +procedures it uh they allow you to have + + + align:start position:0% +procedures it uh they allow you to have +a quantitative Criterion to decide on + + align:start position:0% +a quantitative Criterion to decide on + + + align:start position:0% +a quantitative Criterion to decide on +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +reversibility uh on the reversibility + + align:start position:0% +reversibility uh on the reversibility + + + align:start position:0% +reversibility uh on the reversibility +and actually you can also quantify the + + align:start position:0% +and actually you can also quantify the + + + align:start position:0% +and actually you can also quantify the +irreversibility um in terms of how much + + align:start position:0% +irreversibility um in terms of how much + + + align:start position:0% +irreversibility um in terms of how much +these properties uh that um appear the + + align:start position:0% +these properties uh that um appear the + + + align:start position:0% +these properties uh that um appear the +criteria + + align:start position:0% +criteria + + + align:start position:0% +criteria +uh change so in a reversible process and + + align:start position:0% +uh change so in a reversible process and + + + align:start position:0% +uh change so in a reversible process and +remember here we're talking about weight + + align:start position:0% +remember here we're talking about weight + + + align:start position:0% +remember here we're talking about weight +process just weight process in a + + align:start position:0% +process just weight process in a + + + align:start position:0% +process just weight process in a +reversible weight process the entropy + + align:start position:0% +reversible weight process the entropy + + + align:start position:0% +reversible weight process the entropy +remains + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constant in a in an irreversible weight + + align:start position:0% +constant in a in an irreversible weight + + + align:start position:0% +constant in a in an irreversible weight +process the entropy increases + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that the together with the fact that + + align:start position:0% +that the together with the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +that the together with the fact that +entropy is ative that entropy can be + + align:start position:0% +entropy is ative that entropy can be + + + align:start position:0% +entropy is ative that entropy can be +exchanged via + + align:start position:0% +exchanged via + + + align:start position:0% +exchanged via +interactions see you can transfer + + align:start position:0% +interactions see you can transfer + + + align:start position:0% +interactions see you can transfer +entropy from one system to the other is + + align:start position:0% +entropy from one system to the other is + + + align:start position:0% +entropy from one system to the other is +something that you do remember the + + align:start position:0% +something that you do remember the + + + align:start position:0% +something that you do remember the +example of the can of Coke in the + + align:start position:0% +example of the can of Coke in the + + + align:start position:0% +example of the can of Coke in the +refrigerator well uh when it cools down + + align:start position:0% +refrigerator well uh when it cools down + + + align:start position:0% +refrigerator well uh when it cools down +uh there is not only energy that goes + + align:start position:0% +uh there is not only energy that goes + + + align:start position:0% +uh there is not only energy that goes +out of the can into the air refrigerator + + align:start position:0% +out of the can into the air refrigerator + + + align:start position:0% +out of the can into the air refrigerator +but also uh an tropy flows and we will + + align:start position:0% +but also uh an tropy flows and we will + + + align:start position:0% +but also uh an tropy flows and we will +get to that + + align:start position:0% +get to that + + + align:start position:0% +get to that +uh um and together with that and with + + align:start position:0% +uh um and together with that and with + + + align:start position:0% +uh um and together with that and with +the with the principle of entropy non + + align:start position:0% +the with the principle of entropy non + + + align:start position:0% +the with the principle of entropy non +decrease which is in weight processes + + align:start position:0% +decrease which is in weight processes + + + align:start position:0% +decrease which is in weight processes +which is just what we um said about + + align:start position:0% +which is just what we um said about + + + align:start position:0% +which is just what we um said about +criteria for reversibility or + + align:start position:0% +criteria for reversibility or + + + align:start position:0% +criteria for reversibility or +irreversibility you can write the + + align:start position:0% +irreversibility you can write the + + + align:start position:0% +irreversibility you can write the +entropy balance + + align:start position:0% +entropy balance + + + align:start position:0% +entropy balance +equation which contains three concepts + + align:start position:0% +equation which contains three concepts + + + align:start position:0% +equation which contains three concepts +on the left hand side + + align:start position:0% +on the left hand side + + + align:start position:0% +on the left hand side +the change in entropy during the given + + align:start position:0% +the change in entropy during the given + + + align:start position:0% +the change in entropy during the given +process for your system a so the + + align:start position:0% +process for your system a so the + + + align:start position:0% +process for your system a so the +difference between the final and the + + align:start position:0% +difference between the final and the + + + align:start position:0% +difference between the final and the +initial entropy on the right hand side + + align:start position:0% +initial entropy on the right hand side + + + align:start position:0% +initial entropy on the right hand side +you have two contributions that must + + align:start position:0% +you have two contributions that must + + + align:start position:0% +you have two contributions that must +balance the left hand + + align:start position:0% +balance the left hand + + + align:start position:0% +balance the left hand +side the first + + align:start position:0% +side the first + + + align:start position:0% +side the first +contribution is how much entropy you + + align:start position:0% +contribution is how much entropy you + + + align:start position:0% +contribution is how much entropy you +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +exchanged between your system and the + + align:start position:0% +exchanged between your system and the + + + align:start position:0% +exchanged between your system and the +envir its environment during the process + + align:start position:0% +envir its environment during the process + + + align:start position:0% +envir its environment during the process +and that is positive if + + align:start position:0% +and that is positive if + + + align:start position:0% +and that is positive if +receive so you have to put it positive + + align:start position:0% +receive so you have to put it positive + + + align:start position:0% +receive so you have to put it positive +if receive that's the meaning of the SLE + + align:start position:0% +if receive that's the meaning of the SLE + + + align:start position:0% +if receive that's the meaning of the SLE +the arrow on the symbol on the energy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transer and the second term is the + + align:start position:0% +transer and the second term is the + + + align:start position:0% +transer and the second term is the +entropy that has been + + align:start position:0% +entropy that has been + + + align:start position:0% +entropy that has been +generated by um reversibility so it's + + align:start position:0% +generated by um reversibility so it's + + + align:start position:0% +generated by um reversibility so it's +the contribution to of of + + align:start position:0% +the contribution to of of + + + align:start position:0% +the contribution to of of +uh of the irreversibility so if the + + align:start position:0% +uh of the irreversibility so if the + + + align:start position:0% +uh of the irreversibility so if the +process is reversible that turn is equal + + align:start position:0% +process is reversible that turn is equal + + + align:start position:0% +process is reversible that turn is equal +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +zero + + align:start position:0% +zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero +but of course we will return to energen + + align:start position:0% +but of course we will return to energen + + + align:start position:0% +but of course we will return to energen +entropy + + align:start position:0% +entropy + + + align:start position:0% +entropy +balances and as you know if you have + + align:start position:0% +balances and as you know if you have + + + align:start position:0% +balances and as you know if you have +done in previous courses or maybe in + + align:start position:0% +done in previous courses or maybe in + + + align:start position:0% +done in previous courses or maybe in +energy conservation or Energy + + align:start position:0% +energy conservation or Energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy conservation or Energy +Technologies uh + + align:start position:0% +Technologies uh + + + align:start position:0% +Technologies uh +courses uh if you done exit G you know + + align:start position:0% +courses uh if you done exit G you know + + + align:start position:0% +courses uh if you done exit G you know +that the combination of the energy and + + align:start position:0% +that the combination of the energy and + + + align:start position:0% +that the combination of the energy and +entropy + + align:start position:0% +entropy + + + align:start position:0% +entropy +balance exergy exergy mean mean + + align:start position:0% +balance exergy exergy mean mean + + + align:start position:0% +balance exergy exergy mean mean +meaning the + + align:start position:0% +meaning the + + + align:start position:0% +meaning the +maximum uh useful effect that you can um + + align:start position:0% +maximum uh useful effect that you can um + + + align:start position:0% +maximum uh useful effect that you can um +obtain uh in a for under given + + align:start position:0% +obtain uh in a for under given + + + align:start position:0% +obtain uh in a for under given +conditions from a system in a given + + align:start position:0% +conditions from a system in a given + + + align:start position:0% +conditions from a system in a given +state or vice versa it's + + align:start position:0% +state or vice versa it's + + + align:start position:0% +state or vice versa it's +also so by the combined energy and + + align:start position:0% +also so by the combined energy and + + + align:start position:0% +also so by the combined energy and +entropy you can compute what is the + + align:start position:0% +entropy you can compute what is the + + + align:start position:0% +entropy you can compute what is the +minimum amount of energy so valuable + + align:start position:0% +minimum amount of energy so valuable + + + align:start position:0% +minimum amount of energy so valuable +resources that you have to spend in + + align:start position:0% +resources that you have to spend in + + + align:start position:0% +resources that you have to spend in +order to obtain a given effect so a + + align:start position:0% +order to obtain a given effect so a + + + align:start position:0% +order to obtain a given effect so a +given change for example to produce or + + align:start position:0% +given change for example to produce or + + + align:start position:0% +given change for example to produce or +to heat up uh something uh water + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +steel all right and again we'll we'll + + align:start position:0% +steel all right and again we'll we'll + + + align:start position:0% +steel all right and again we'll we'll +come back when we talk about um + + align:start position:0% +come back when we talk about um + + + align:start position:0% +come back when we talk about um +in a couple of lectures we will have one + + align:start position:0% +in a couple of lectures we will have one + + + align:start position:0% +in a couple of lectures we will have one +uh review of this exergic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Concepts then we moved + + align:start position:0% +Concepts then we moved + + + align:start position:0% +Concepts then we moved +on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to um focus on the equilibrium stat but + + align:start position:0% +to um focus on the equilibrium stat but + + + align:start position:0% +to um focus on the equilibrium stat but +not only the equilibrium States because + + align:start position:0% +not only the equilibrium States because + + + align:start position:0% +not only the equilibrium States because +uh here we have uh in the maximum + + align:start position:0% +uh here we have uh in the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +uh here we have uh in the maximum +entropy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +principle that says that if you have um + + align:start position:0% +principle that says that if you have um + + + align:start position:0% +principle that says that if you have um +your + + align:start position:0% +your + + + align:start position:0% +your +system and you fix the values of the + + align:start position:0% +system and you fix the values of the + + + align:start position:0% +system and you fix the values of the +amounts of + + align:start position:0% +amounts of + + + align:start position:0% +amounts of +constituents of the parameters of the + + align:start position:0% +constituents of the parameters of the + + + align:start position:0% +constituents of the parameters of the +external + + align:start position:0% +external + + + align:start position:0% +external +forces such as the volume but not only + + align:start position:0% +forces such as the volume but not only + + + align:start position:0% +forces such as the volume but not only +not necessarily only the volume and uh + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily only the volume and uh + + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily only the volume and uh +you also fix the value of the energy + + align:start position:0% +you also fix the value of the energy + + + align:start position:0% +you also fix the value of the energy +that fixes only a short part of the long + + align:start position:0% +that fixes only a short part of the long + + + align:start position:0% +that fixes only a short part of the long +list of values of properties that uh all + + align:start position:0% +list of values of properties that uh all + + + align:start position:0% +list of values of properties that uh all +together form what we call the state of + + align:start position:0% +together form what we call the state of + + + align:start position:0% +together form what we call the state of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +system so by + + align:start position:0% +system so by + + + align:start position:0% +system so by +fixing this short short partial part of + + align:start position:0% +fixing this short short partial part of + + + align:start position:0% +fixing this short short partial part of +the list you're leaving free uh the rest + + align:start position:0% +the list you're leaving free uh the rest + + + align:start position:0% +the list you're leaving free uh the rest +of the properties so there are many + + align:start position:0% +of the properties so there are many + + + align:start position:0% +of the properties so there are many +states that belong to that uh + + align:start position:0% +states that belong to that uh + + + align:start position:0% +states that belong to that uh +subset so that share the same values of + + align:start position:0% +subset so that share the same values of + + + align:start position:0% +subset so that share the same values of +the amounts the parameters and the + + align:start position:0% +the amounts the parameters and the + + + align:start position:0% +the amounts the parameters and the +energy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +among all this uh in in this + + align:start position:0% +among all this uh in in this + + + align:start position:0% +among all this uh in in this +subset there is one and only one stable + + align:start position:0% +subset there is one and only one stable + + + align:start position:0% +subset there is one and only one stable +equilibrium state that is a consequence + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium state that is a consequence + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium state that is a consequence +of of of the second + + align:start position:0% +of of of the second + + + align:start position:0% +of of of the second +law but + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh another theorem is also that that's + + align:start position:0% +uh another theorem is also that that's + + + align:start position:0% +uh another theorem is also that that's +stable equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +stable equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +stable equilibrium +State as the highest value of the energy + + align:start position:0% +State as the highest value of the energy + + + align:start position:0% +State as the highest value of the energy +no other state has the same value it has + + align:start position:0% +no other state has the same value it has + + + align:start position:0% +no other state has the same value it has +the strictly uh uh highest value within + + align:start position:0% +the strictly uh uh highest value within + + + align:start position:0% +the strictly uh uh highest value within +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +subset and + + align:start position:0% +subset and + + + align:start position:0% +subset and +finally we introduced the uh the state + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +principle saying that well + + align:start position:0% +principle saying that well + + + align:start position:0% +principle saying that well +if it is true like the second law says + + align:start position:0% +if it is true like the second law says + + + align:start position:0% +if it is true like the second law says +that if I fix the values of amounts + + align:start position:0% +that if I fix the values of amounts + + + align:start position:0% +that if I fix the values of amounts +parameters and + + align:start position:0% +parameters and + + + align:start position:0% +parameters and +energy and these + + align:start position:0% +energy and these + + + align:start position:0% +energy and these +values point to a + + align:start position:0% +values point to a + + + align:start position:0% +values point to a +unique stable equilibrium + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +state it means that these values fix all + + align:start position:0% +state it means that these values fix all + + + align:start position:0% +state it means that these values fix all +the properties of that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +state because fixing the state means + + align:start position:0% +state because fixing the state means + + + align:start position:0% +state because fixing the state means +fixing the values of all the properties + + align:start position:0% +fixing the values of all the properties + + + align:start position:0% +fixing the values of all the properties +so it means that + + align:start position:0% +so it means that + + + align:start position:0% +so it means that +for the category for this for the very + + align:start position:0% +for the category for this for the very + + + align:start position:0% +for the category for this for the very +particular class of states which are the + + align:start position:0% +particular class of states which are the + + + align:start position:0% +particular class of states which are the +stable equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +stable equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +stable equilibrium +States the properties are all + + align:start position:0% +States the properties are all + + + align:start position:0% +States the properties are all +functions of these three groups amounts + + align:start position:0% +functions of these three groups amounts + + + align:start position:0% +functions of these three groups amounts +parameters and + + align:start position:0% +parameters and + + + align:start position:0% +parameters and +energy of these three properties or or + + align:start position:0% +energy of these three properties or or + + + align:start position:0% +energy of these three properties or or +um it's actually uh R if you have R + + align:start position:0% +um it's actually uh R if you have R + + + align:start position:0% +um it's actually uh R if you have R +constituent is R values um you it's like + + align:start position:0% +constituent is R values um you it's like + + + align:start position:0% +constituent is R values um you it's like +as many parameters as you need plus the + + align:start position:0% +as many parameters as you need plus the + + + align:start position:0% +as many parameters as you need plus the +energy so R plus s+ + + align:start position:0% +energy so R plus s+ + + + align:start position:0% +energy so R plus s+ +one values fix the value of any other + + align:start position:0% +one values fix the value of any other + + + align:start position:0% +one values fix the value of any other +property of the stable equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +property of the stable equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +property of the stable equilibrium +State H including the + + align:start position:0% +State H including the + + + align:start position:0% +State H including the +entropy so that gives them a proof of + + align:start position:0% +entropy so that gives them a proof of + + + align:start position:0% +entropy so that gives them a proof of +the existence for stable equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +the existence for stable equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +the existence for stable equilibrium +states of this + + align:start position:0% +states of this + + + align:start position:0% +states of this +function which we call the fundamental + + align:start position:0% +function which we call the fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +function which we call the fundamental +relation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and which if it is uh sufficiently + + align:start position:0% +and which if it is uh sufficiently + + + align:start position:0% +and which if it is uh sufficiently +regular or well behaved so that you can + + align:start position:0% +regular or well behaved so that you can + + + align:start position:0% +regular or well behaved so that you can +take um + + align:start position:0% +take um + + + align:start position:0% +take um +derivatives and these derivatives are + + align:start position:0% +derivatives and these derivatives are + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives and these derivatives are +not zero infinite you can + + align:start position:0% +not zero infinite you can + + + align:start position:0% +not zero infinite you can +um invert this function so instead of + + align:start position:0% +um invert this function so instead of + + + align:start position:0% +um invert this function so instead of +writing S as a function of e and and + + align:start position:0% +writing S as a function of e and and + + + align:start position:0% +writing S as a function of e and and +beta you can write it as e is a function + + align:start position:0% +beta you can write it as e is a function + + + align:start position:0% +beta you can write it as e is a function +of s and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +beta whereas the fundamental relation in + + align:start position:0% +beta whereas the fundamental relation in + + + align:start position:0% +beta whereas the fundamental relation in +entropy form this + + align:start position:0% +entropy form this + + + align:start position:0% +entropy form this +one is always there for all + + align:start position:0% +one is always there for all + + + align:start position:0% +one is always there for all +systems + + align:start position:0% +systems + + + align:start position:0% +systems +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +the E versus S so the energy form is + + align:start position:0% +the E versus S so the energy form is + + + align:start position:0% +the E versus S so the energy form is +there only for systems for which the + + align:start position:0% +there only for systems for which the + + + align:start position:0% +there only for systems for which the +these derivatives don't go to uh to zero + + align:start position:0% +these derivatives don't go to uh to zero + + + align:start position:0% +these derivatives don't go to uh to zero +and therefore um we will see in a moment + + align:start position:0% +and therefore um we will see in a moment + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore um we will see in a moment +that there are some exceptions + + align:start position:0% +that there are some exceptions + + + align:start position:0% +that there are some exceptions +particular systems that are important in + + align:start position:0% +particular systems that are important in + + + align:start position:0% +particular systems that are important in +the uh Quantum world for which there is + + align:start position:0% +the uh Quantum world for which there is + + + align:start position:0% +the uh Quantum world for which there is +an upper + + align:start position:0% +an upper + + + align:start position:0% +an upper +Bound in the edge + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay now about taking + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +derivatives when I have a + + align:start position:0% +derivatives when I have a + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives when I have a +function I can write a differential of + + align:start position:0% +function I can write a differential of + + + align:start position:0% +function I can write a differential of +the function we just do it uh just for a + + align:start position:0% +the function we just do it uh just for a + + + align:start position:0% +the function we just do it uh just for a +uh one variable or say two variables + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so Z is a function of X and + + align:start position:0% +so Z is a function of X and + + + align:start position:0% +so Z is a function of X and +Y and therefore the + + align:start position:0% +Y and therefore the + + + align:start position:0% +Y and therefore the +differential is the partial of f with + + align:start position:0% +differential is the partial of f with + + + align:start position:0% +differential is the partial of f with +respect to X time DX plus the partial of + + align:start position:0% +respect to X time DX plus the partial of + + + align:start position:0% +respect to X time DX plus the partial of +f with respect to Y in d y + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay now we apply + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here the that + + align:start position:0% +here the that + + + align:start position:0% +here the that +idea to the function to the entropy form + + align:start position:0% +idea to the function to the entropy form + + + align:start position:0% +idea to the function to the entropy form +of the fundamental relation and + + align:start position:0% +of the fundamental relation and + + + align:start position:0% +of the fundamental relation and +um so written in this way uh really here + + align:start position:0% +um so written in this way uh really here + + + align:start position:0% +um so written in this way uh really here +what I have is the partial derivative of + + align:start position:0% +what I have is the partial derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +what I have is the partial derivative of +s with respect to e that multiplies the + + align:start position:0% +s with respect to e that multiplies the + + + align:start position:0% +s with respect to e that multiplies the +E plus the partial derivative of s with + + align:start position:0% +E plus the partial derivative of s with + + + align:start position:0% +E plus the partial derivative of s with +respect to uh V the second variable time + + align:start position:0% +respect to uh V the second variable time + + + align:start position:0% +respect to uh V the second variable time +d V plus the partial derivative of s + + align:start position:0% +d V plus the partial derivative of s + + + align:start position:0% +d V plus the partial derivative of s +with respect to n or n i + + align:start position:0% +with respect to n or n i + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to n or n i +uh times DN + + align:start position:0% +uh times DN + + + align:start position:0% +uh times DN +I and so on for all the other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +vales we have defined those partial + + align:start position:0% +vales we have defined those partial + + + align:start position:0% +vales we have defined those partial +derivatives look at this one the partial + + align:start position:0% +derivatives look at this one the partial + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives look at this one the partial +of s with respect to B we called it one + + align:start position:0% +of s with respect to B we called it one + + + align:start position:0% +of s with respect to B we called it one +/ t + + align:start position:0% +/ t + + + align:start position:0% +/ t +because we will + + align:start position:0% +because we will + + + align:start position:0% +because we will +identify so the inverse of that uh + + align:start position:0% +identify so the inverse of that uh + + + align:start position:0% +identify so the inverse of that uh +partial derivative as the + + align:start position:0% +partial derivative as the + + + align:start position:0% +partial derivative as the +temperature of the stable equilibrium + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stage this + + align:start position:0% +stage this + + + align:start position:0% +stage this +property notice that is defined based on + + align:start position:0% +property notice that is defined based on + + + align:start position:0% +property notice that is defined based on +the fundamental relation and the + + align:start position:0% +the fundamental relation and the + + + align:start position:0% +the fundamental relation and the +fundamental relation is defined only for + + align:start position:0% +fundamental relation is defined only for + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental relation is defined only for +the stable equilibrium state + + align:start position:0% +the stable equilibrium state + + + align:start position:0% +the stable equilibrium state +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +temperature is defined only for the + + align:start position:0% +temperature is defined only for the + + + align:start position:0% +temperature is defined only for the +stable equilibrium + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +States even for the + + align:start position:0% +States even for the + + + align:start position:0% +States even for the +reservoir we Define + + align:start position:0% +reservoir we Define + + + align:start position:0% +reservoir we Define +temperature in that particular + + align:start position:0% +temperature in that particular + + + align:start position:0% +temperature in that particular +way + + align:start position:0% +way + + + align:start position:0% +way +and it's the temperature of the stable + + align:start position:0% +and it's the temperature of the stable + + + align:start position:0% +and it's the temperature of the stable +equilibrium states of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +res then we give also names for example + + align:start position:0% +res then we give also names for example + + + align:start position:0% +res then we give also names for example +the uh partial derivative of s for + + align:start position:0% +the uh partial derivative of s for + + + align:start position:0% +the uh partial derivative of s for +respect to the + + align:start position:0% +respect to the + + + align:start position:0% +respect to the +volume we call it p/ + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +t where P will be + + align:start position:0% +t where P will be + + + align:start position:0% +t where P will be +identified as the + + align:start position:0% +identified as the + + + align:start position:0% +identified as the +pressure and the + + align:start position:0% +pressure and the + + + align:start position:0% +pressure and the +pressure uh I think I will not go into + + align:start position:0% +pressure uh I think I will not go into + + + align:start position:0% +pressure uh I think I will not go into +this uh proof but you can uh prove it + + align:start position:0% +this uh proof but you can uh prove it + + + align:start position:0% +this uh proof but you can uh prove it +and again find the proof all details in + + align:start position:0% +and again find the proof all details in + + + align:start position:0% +and again find the proof all details in +in the book it's maybe if you haven't + + align:start position:0% +in the book it's maybe if you haven't + + + align:start position:0% +in the book it's maybe if you haven't +seen it it's useful to go and look it + + align:start position:0% +seen it it's useful to go and look it + + + align:start position:0% +seen it it's useful to go and look it +up the + + align:start position:0% +up the + + + align:start position:0% +up the +pressure when a system is uh is first of + + align:start position:0% +pressure when a system is uh is first of + + + align:start position:0% +pressure when a system is uh is first of +all is defined only for stable + + align:start position:0% +all is defined only for stable + + + align:start position:0% +all is defined only for stable +equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium +States and you say + + align:start position:0% +States and you say + + + align:start position:0% +States and you say +well look if I have a wall and I put a a + + align:start position:0% +well look if I have a wall and I put a a + + + align:start position:0% +well look if I have a wall and I put a a +pressure sensor on the wall uh I can + + align:start position:0% +pressure sensor on the wall uh I can + + + align:start position:0% +pressure sensor on the wall uh I can +always measure the pressure even if my + + align:start position:0% +always measure the pressure even if my + + + align:start position:0% +always measure the pressure even if my +system is not in a stable State well no + + align:start position:0% +system is not in a stable State well no + + + align:start position:0% +system is not in a stable State well no +what you're measuring then it's the + + align:start position:0% +what you're measuring then it's the + + + align:start position:0% +what you're measuring then it's the +force per unit area on that + + align:start position:0% +force per unit area on that + + + align:start position:0% +force per unit area on that +location okay so the force per unit area + + align:start position:0% +location okay so the force per unit area + + + align:start position:0% +location okay so the force per unit area +you can always measure with with this + + align:start position:0% +you can always measure with with this + + + align:start position:0% +you can always measure with with this +with the sensor that we shouldn't call + + align:start position:0% +with the sensor that we shouldn't call + + + align:start position:0% +with the sensor that we shouldn't call +it pressure sensor it's called Force per + + align:start position:0% +it pressure sensor it's called Force per + + + align:start position:0% +it pressure sensor it's called Force per +unit area + + align:start position:0% +unit area + + + align:start position:0% +unit area +sensor it turns + + align:start position:0% +sensor it turns + + + align:start position:0% +sensor it turns +out that when the system is in stable + + align:start position:0% +out that when the system is in stable + + + align:start position:0% +out that when the system is in stable +equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium +state that Force per unit area + + align:start position:0% +state that Force per unit area + + + align:start position:0% +state that Force per unit area +corresponds + + align:start position:0% +corresponds + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds +to the pressure we find this + + align:start position:0% +to the pressure we find this + + + align:start position:0% +to the pressure we find this +way but for example in a known + + align:start position:0% +way but for example in a known + + + align:start position:0% +way but for example in a known +equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium +State when you measure force per unit + + align:start position:0% +State when you measure force per unit + + + align:start position:0% +State when you measure force per unit +area in different locations of your uh + + align:start position:0% +area in different locations of your uh + + + align:start position:0% +area in different locations of your uh +system you may find different + + align:start position:0% +system you may find different + + + align:start position:0% +system you may find different +values whereas if your system is in a + + align:start position:0% +values whereas if your system is in a + + + align:start position:0% +values whereas if your system is in a +stable equum States + + align:start position:0% +stable equum States + + + align:start position:0% +stable equum States +state wherever on the surface of the + + align:start position:0% +state wherever on the surface of the + + + align:start position:0% +state wherever on the surface of the +confining surface of your system you + + align:start position:0% +confining surface of your system you + + + align:start position:0% +confining surface of your system you +measure force per unit area you find + + align:start position:0% +measure force per unit area you find + + + align:start position:0% +measure force per unit area you find +always the same + + align:start position:0% +always the same + + + align:start position:0% +always the same +value and that's which corresponds to + + align:start position:0% +value and that's which corresponds to + + + align:start position:0% +value and that's which corresponds to +the pressure so to give a to fix ideas + + align:start position:0% +the pressure so to give a to fix ideas + + + align:start position:0% +the pressure so to give a to fix ideas +suppose I have a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +box and in my box I got + + align:start position:0% +box and in my box I got + + + align:start position:0% +box and in my box I got +uh some particles and suppose that the + + align:start position:0% +uh some particles and suppose that the + + + align:start position:0% +uh some particles and suppose that the +particles are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all uh initially + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all very regularly distributed + + align:start position:0% +all very regularly distributed + + + align:start position:0% +all very regularly distributed +only in this central part of the box and + + align:start position:0% +only in this central part of the box and + + + align:start position:0% +only in this central part of the box and +they all move in One Direction uh + + align:start position:0% +they all move in One Direction uh + + + align:start position:0% +they all move in One Direction uh +initially so they they're going to + + align:start position:0% +initially so they they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +initially so they they're going to +bounce on this wall and then go back and + + align:start position:0% +bounce on this wall and then go back and + + + align:start position:0% +bounce on this wall and then go back and +so on U but of + + align:start position:0% +so on U but of + + + align:start position:0% +so on U but of +course due to some Randomness that uh uh + + align:start position:0% +course due to some Randomness that uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +course due to some Randomness that uh uh +results from the Collision + + align:start position:0% +results from the Collision + + + align:start position:0% +results from the Collision +their collisions with the wall + + align:start position:0% +their collisions with the wall + + + align:start position:0% +their collisions with the wall +eventually they will um scatter around + + align:start position:0% +eventually they will um scatter around + + + align:start position:0% +eventually they will um scatter around +and fill the entire box + + align:start position:0% +and fill the entire box + + + align:start position:0% +and fill the entire box +right but initially if you measure force + + align:start position:0% +right but initially if you measure force + + + align:start position:0% +right but initially if you measure force +per unit area + + align:start position:0% +per unit area + + + align:start position:0% +per unit area +here when the particles are hitting this + + align:start position:0% +here when the particles are hitting this + + + align:start position:0% +here when the particles are hitting this +wall all all all here you're going to + + align:start position:0% +wall all all all here you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +wall all all all here you're going to +find a very different uh value from what + + align:start position:0% +find a very different uh value from what + + + align:start position:0% +find a very different uh value from what +you do if you measure um if you measure + + align:start position:0% +you do if you measure um if you measure + + + align:start position:0% +you do if you measure um if you measure +uh uh your pressure there and by the way + + align:start position:0% +uh uh your pressure there and by the way + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh your pressure there and by the way +by what do you mean by uh measuring + + align:start position:0% +by what do you mean by uh measuring + + + align:start position:0% +by what do you mean by uh measuring +pressure the pressure measurement is + + align:start position:0% +pressure the pressure measurement is + + + align:start position:0% +pressure the pressure measurement is +simply that you + + align:start position:0% +simply that you + + + align:start position:0% +simply that you +conceptually um breaking the wall + + align:start position:0% +conceptually um breaking the wall + + + align:start position:0% +conceptually um breaking the wall +substituting it with a movable piston + + align:start position:0% +substituting it with a movable piston + + + align:start position:0% +substituting it with a movable piston +and then uh find what force you need on + + align:start position:0% +and then uh find what force you need on + + + align:start position:0% +and then uh find what force you need on +that little piston of area a small a a + + align:start position:0% +that little piston of area a small a a + + + align:start position:0% +that little piston of area a small a a +small + + align:start position:0% +small + + + align:start position:0% +small +area in order to keep fit in the same + + align:start position:0% +area in order to keep fit in the same + + + align:start position:0% +area in order to keep fit in the same +place where the wall + + align:start position:0% +place where the wall + + + align:start position:0% +place where the wall +is once you find this value of of force + + align:start position:0% +is once you find this value of of force + + + align:start position:0% +is once you find this value of of force +that uh then the force per unit area is + + align:start position:0% +that uh then the force per unit area is + + + align:start position:0% +that uh then the force per unit area is +a s over + + align:start position:0% +a s over + + + align:start position:0% +a s over +a and that's the result of + + align:start position:0% +a and that's the result of + + + align:start position:0% +a and that's the result of +your uh Force per unit area uh gauge or + + align:start position:0% +your uh Force per unit area uh gauge or + + + align:start position:0% +your uh Force per unit area uh gauge or +measurement + + align:start position:0% +measurement + + + align:start position:0% +measurement +device but if you do that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here well there are no particles think + + align:start position:0% +here well there are no particles think + + + align:start position:0% +here well there are no particles think +there you find zero uh zero Force per + + align:start position:0% +there you find zero uh zero Force per + + + align:start position:0% +there you find zero uh zero Force per +unit area and as the the particles + + align:start position:0% +unit area and as the the particles + + + align:start position:0% +unit area and as the the particles +scatter around and distribute and become + + align:start position:0% +scatter around and distribute and become + + + align:start position:0% +scatter around and distribute and become +all randomly um directed then + + align:start position:0% +all randomly um directed then + + + align:start position:0% +all randomly um directed then +eventually you will reach an equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +eventually you will reach an equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +eventually you will reach an equilibrium +the stable equilibrium State and in a + + align:start position:0% +the stable equilibrium State and in a + + + align:start position:0% +the stable equilibrium State and in a +stable equilibrium State you will find + + align:start position:0% +stable equilibrium State you will find + + + align:start position:0% +stable equilibrium State you will find +the same values no matter where on the + + align:start position:0% +the same values no matter where on the + + + align:start position:0% +the same values no matter where on the +wall of your system you're going to + + align:start position:0% +wall of your system you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +wall of your system you're going to +measure the force per un unit area and + + align:start position:0% +measure the force per un unit area and + + + align:start position:0% +measure the force per un unit area and +in that limit so for the stable + + align:start position:0% +in that limit so for the stable + + + align:start position:0% +in that limit so for the stable +equilibrium State you will find that f/ + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium State you will find that f/ + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium State you will find that f/ +a at stable + + align:start position:0% +a at stable + + + align:start position:0% +a at stable +equilibrium is equal + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium is equal + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium is equal +to this + + align:start position:0% +to this + + + align:start position:0% +to this +P the thing that we call pressure of the + + align:start position:0% +P the thing that we call pressure of the + + + align:start position:0% +P the thing that we call pressure of the +stable equum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +State and this other derivatives partial + + align:start position:0% +State and this other derivatives partial + + + align:start position:0% +State and this other derivatives partial +derivatives of a fundamental relation + + align:start position:0% +derivatives of a fundamental relation + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives of a fundamental relation +partial of s with respect to the amounts + + align:start position:0% +partial of s with respect to the amounts + + + align:start position:0% +partial of s with respect to the amounts +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +constituents + + align:start position:0% +constituents + + + align:start position:0% +constituents +are if you change sign sign and divide + + align:start position:0% +are if you change sign sign and divide + + + align:start position:0% +are if you change sign sign and divide +by T that's the chemical uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +potential of uh that particular con + + align:start position:0% +potential of uh that particular con + + + align:start position:0% +potential of uh that particular con +constituent we'll return to that and + + align:start position:0% +constituent we'll return to that and + + + align:start position:0% +constituent we'll return to that and +also to a a measurement + + align:start position:0% +also to a a measurement + + + align:start position:0% +also to a a measurement +device uh that is based again on + + align:start position:0% +device uh that is based again on + + + align:start position:0% +device uh that is based again on +measuring Force per unit area + + align:start position:0% +measuring Force per unit area + + + align:start position:0% +measuring Force per unit area +but uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not directly like this but + + align:start position:0% +not directly like this but + + + align:start position:0% +not directly like this but +indirectly by putting + + align:start position:0% +indirectly by putting + + + align:start position:0% +indirectly by putting +a a semi permeable substituting the wall + + align:start position:0% +a a semi permeable substituting the wall + + + align:start position:0% +a a semi permeable substituting the wall +with a semi-permeable membrane and + + align:start position:0% +with a semi-permeable membrane and + + + align:start position:0% +with a semi-permeable membrane and +then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +measuring the + + align:start position:0% +measuring the + + + align:start position:0% +measuring the +force per unit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +area uh here + + align:start position:0% +area uh here + + + align:start position:0% +area uh here +where just particles of one type can + + align:start position:0% +where just particles of one type can + + + align:start position:0% +where just particles of one type can +cross the semi-perm membrane that will + + align:start position:0% +cross the semi-perm membrane that will + + + align:start position:0% +cross the semi-perm membrane that will +be a measurement of what we will call + + align:start position:0% +be a measurement of what we will call + + + align:start position:0% +be a measurement of what we will call +but defines the partial pressure of + + align:start position:0% +but defines the partial pressure of + + + align:start position:0% +but defines the partial pressure of +constituent + + align:start position:0% +constituent + + + align:start position:0% +constituent +I and U you measure it again by using + + align:start position:0% +I and U you measure it again by using + + + align:start position:0% +I and U you measure it again by using +this uh pressure uh or Force per unit + + align:start position:0% +this uh pressure uh or Force per unit + + + align:start position:0% +this uh pressure uh or Force per unit +area uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +gauge all right so back to the + + align:start position:0% +gauge all right so back to the + + + align:start position:0% +gauge all right so back to the +differential of the fundamental relation + + align:start position:0% +differential of the fundamental relation + + + align:start position:0% +differential of the fundamental relation +so essentially it's this formula except + + align:start position:0% +so essentially it's this formula except + + + align:start position:0% +so essentially it's this formula except +that for the partial derivatives we've + + align:start position:0% +that for the partial derivatives we've + + + align:start position:0% +that for the partial derivatives we've +given names and we'll see um at the end + + align:start position:0% +given names and we'll see um at the end + + + align:start position:0% +given names and we'll see um at the end +of today why we give names to this + + align:start position:0% +of today why we give names to this + + + align:start position:0% +of today why we give names to this +partial derivatives because they enter + + align:start position:0% +partial derivatives because they enter + + + align:start position:0% +partial derivatives because they enter +into the uh necessary + + align:start position:0% +into the uh necessary + + + align:start position:0% +into the uh necessary +conditions that must be satisfied in + + align:start position:0% +conditions that must be satisfied in + + + align:start position:0% +conditions that must be satisfied in +order for two when two systems are in + + align:start position:0% +order for two when two systems are in + + + align:start position:0% +order for two when two systems are in +Mutual + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equilibrium and these conditions will + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium and these conditions will + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium and these conditions will +involve this partial uh derivatives and + + align:start position:0% +involve this partial uh derivatives and + + + align:start position:0% +involve this partial uh derivatives and +these conditions will + + align:start position:0% +these conditions will + + + align:start position:0% +these conditions will +be um + + align:start position:0% +be um + + + align:start position:0% +be um +consequences of the principle of Maximum + + align:start position:0% +consequences of the principle of Maximum + + + align:start position:0% +consequences of the principle of Maximum +enthropy that we just uh + + align:start position:0% +enthropy that we just uh + + + align:start position:0% +enthropy that we just uh +reviewed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay now if you + + align:start position:0% +okay now if you + + + align:start position:0% +okay now if you +do the same + + align:start position:0% +do the same + + + align:start position:0% +do the same +um development so you write the + + align:start position:0% +um development so you write the + + + align:start position:0% +um development so you write the +differential of the fundamental relation + + align:start position:0% +differential of the fundamental relation + + + align:start position:0% +differential of the fundamental relation +not in entropy form but in energy form + + align:start position:0% +not in entropy form but in energy form + + + align:start position:0% +not in entropy form but in energy form +so the the + + align:start position:0% +so the the + + + align:start position:0% +so the the +same expression that used sort of um + + align:start position:0% +same expression that used sort of um + + + align:start position:0% +same expression that used sort of um +invert then you write the differential + + align:start position:0% +invert then you write the differential + + + align:start position:0% +invert then you write the differential +in this way and you can + + align:start position:0% +in this way and you can + + + align:start position:0% +in this way and you can +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +see and you can see it directly by uh + + align:start position:0% +see and you can see it directly by uh + + + align:start position:0% +see and you can see it directly by uh +solving the above + + align:start position:0% +solving the above + + + align:start position:0% +solving the above +equation uh for + + align:start position:0% +equation uh for + + + align:start position:0% +equation uh for +de so you take de on the left hand + + align:start position:0% +de so you take de on the left hand + + + align:start position:0% +de so you take de on the left hand +side and U and put the rest + + align:start position:0% +side and U and put the rest + + + align:start position:0% +side and U and put the rest +on on the on the right hand side and uh + + align:start position:0% +on on the on the right hand side and uh + + + align:start position:0% +on on the on the right hand side and uh +you uh you can um you can obtain this + + align:start position:0% +you uh you can um you can obtain this + + + align:start position:0% +you uh you can um you can obtain this +equation so it's just + + align:start position:0% +equation so it's just + + + align:start position:0% +equation so it's just +algebra um in this particular form which + + align:start position:0% +algebra um in this particular form which + + + align:start position:0% +algebra um in this particular form which +is called the gives a relation H you see + + align:start position:0% +is called the gives a relation H you see + + + align:start position:0% +is called the gives a relation H you see +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +temperature + + align:start position:0% +temperature + + + align:start position:0% +temperature +pressure the negative of the pressure + + align:start position:0% +pressure the negative of the pressure + + + align:start position:0% +pressure the negative of the pressure +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +the chemical + + align:start position:0% +the chemical + + + align:start position:0% +the chemical +potentials are the partial + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +derivatives why why do I say + + align:start position:0% +derivatives why why do I say + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives why why do I say +that okay that's because you know + + align:start position:0% +that okay that's because you know + + + align:start position:0% +that okay that's because you know +the the expression for the differential + + align:start position:0% +the the expression for the differential + + + align:start position:0% +the the expression for the differential +geometrically related to if I have a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +surface and I focus on one point so + + align:start position:0% +surface and I focus on one point so + + + align:start position:0% +surface and I focus on one point so +suppose this is a an equilibrium State + + align:start position:0% +suppose this is a an equilibrium State + + + align:start position:0% +suppose this is a an equilibrium State +and I'm I'm talking about the surface so + + align:start position:0% +and I'm I'm talking about the surface so + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm I'm talking about the surface so +this is X + + align:start position:0% +this is X + + + align:start position:0% +this is X +Y and Z and this + + align:start position:0% +Y and Z and this + + + align:start position:0% +Y and Z and this +surface has a function f of x y = z + + align:start position:0% +surface has a function f of x y = z + + + align:start position:0% +surface has a function f of x y = z +okay so now I'm at a particular Point + + align:start position:0% +okay so now I'm at a particular Point + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now I'm at a particular Point +let's + + align:start position:0% +let's + + + align:start position:0% +let's +say with position I mean with + + align:start position:0% +say with position I mean with + + + align:start position:0% +say with position I mean with +X TI for variable X and Y TI for + + align:start position:0% +X TI for variable X and Y TI for + + + align:start position:0% +X TI for variable X and Y TI for +variable Y and therefore that would + + align:start position:0% +variable Y and therefore that would + + + align:start position:0% +variable Y and therefore that would +be + + align:start position:0% +be + + + align:start position:0% +be +Z so that particular stable equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +Z so that particular stable equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +Z so that particular stable equilibrium +State now I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh writing the differential means + + align:start position:0% +uh writing the differential means + + + align:start position:0% +uh writing the differential means +writing the equation of the plane which + + align:start position:0% +writing the equation of the plane which + + + align:start position:0% +writing the equation of the plane which +is tangent to the surface at that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +point these um partial + + align:start position:0% +point these um partial + + + align:start position:0% +point these um partial +derivatives are the slopes of that plane + + align:start position:0% +derivatives are the slopes of that plane + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives are the slopes of that plane +in the directions of X and + + align:start position:0% +in the directions of X and + + + align:start position:0% +in the directions of X and +Y right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now if I rewrite this function uh as a + + align:start position:0% +now if I rewrite this function uh as a + + + align:start position:0% +now if I rewrite this function uh as a +function so if I solve it so I rewrite + + align:start position:0% +function so if I solve it so I rewrite + + + align:start position:0% +function so if I solve it so I rewrite +in terms of uh change the independent + + align:start position:0% +in terms of uh change the independent + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of uh change the independent +variables so I solve it make X explicit + + align:start position:0% +variables so I solve it make X explicit + + + align:start position:0% +variables so I solve it make X explicit +so it becomes X going to be a function + + align:start position:0% +so it becomes X going to be a function + + + align:start position:0% +so it becomes X going to be a function +say of G and Z I'm sorry of of a + + align:start position:0% +say of G and Z I'm sorry of of a + + + align:start position:0% +say of G and Z I'm sorry of of a +function G of z and y so y remains an + + align:start position:0% +function G of z and y so y remains an + + + align:start position:0% +function G of z and y so y remains an +independent uh property + + align:start position:0% +independent uh property + + + align:start position:0% +independent uh property +and now Z + + align:start position:0% +and now Z + + + align:start position:0% +and now Z +becomes so it's a different function of + + align:start position:0% +becomes so it's a different function of + + + align:start position:0% +becomes so it's a different function of +course that's why I write f and + + align:start position:0% +course that's why I write f and + + + align:start position:0% +course that's why I write f and +g but it's the same surface so we can + + align:start position:0% +g but it's the same surface so we can + + + align:start position:0% +g but it's the same surface so we can +represent the same surface either in + + align:start position:0% +represent the same surface either in + + + align:start position:0% +represent the same surface either in +this way or in that way and the tangent + + align:start position:0% +this way or in that way and the tangent + + + align:start position:0% +this way or in that way and the tangent +playe therefore it's hasn't changed + + align:start position:0% +playe therefore it's hasn't changed + + + align:start position:0% +playe therefore it's hasn't changed +doesn't depend on how I decide uh to + + align:start position:0% +doesn't depend on how I decide uh to + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't depend on how I decide uh to +consider X Y or z uh a pair of them + + align:start position:0% +consider X Y or z uh a pair of them + + + align:start position:0% +consider X Y or z uh a pair of them +independent and the other dependent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so the + + align:start position:0% +okay so the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the +uh so the expression for the + + align:start position:0% +uh so the expression for the + + + align:start position:0% +uh so the expression for the +differentials should + + align:start position:0% +differentials should + + + align:start position:0% +differentials should +be uh the + + align:start position:0% +be uh the + + + align:start position:0% +be uh the +same in the sense geometrically in the + + align:start position:0% +same in the sense geometrically in the + + + align:start position:0% +same in the sense geometrically in the +sense that they should + + align:start position:0% +sense that they should + + + align:start position:0% +sense that they should +represent the same the same + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh therefore if I + + align:start position:0% +uh therefore if I + + + align:start position:0% +uh therefore if I +write um + + align:start position:0% +write um + + + align:start position:0% +write um +the differential of this function here + + align:start position:0% +the differential of this function here + + + align:start position:0% +the differential of this function here +DX is the partial of G will respect to + + align:start position:0% +DX is the partial of G will respect to + + + align:start position:0% +DX is the partial of G will respect to +Z in d z plus the partial of G with + + align:start position:0% +Z in d z plus the partial of G with + + + align:start position:0% +Z in d z plus the partial of G with +respect to Y in d y okay + + align:start position:0% +respect to Y in d y okay + + + align:start position:0% +respect to Y in d y okay +but I can solve this + + align:start position:0% +but I can solve this + + + align:start position:0% +but I can solve this +equation and write it as + + align:start position:0% +equation and write it as + + + align:start position:0% +equation and write it as +DZ equals 1 / by the part of G with + + align:start position:0% +DZ equals 1 / by the part of G with + + + align:start position:0% +DZ equals 1 / by the part of G with +respect to Z time + + align:start position:0% +respect to Z time + + + align:start position:0% +respect to Z time +DX + + align:start position:0% +DX + + + align:start position:0% +DX +plus actually + + align:start position:0% +plus actually + + + align:start position:0% +plus actually +minus um the partial of G with respect + + align:start position:0% +minus um the partial of G with respect + + + align:start position:0% +minus um the partial of G with respect +to Y divided by the partial of G with + + align:start position:0% +to Y divided by the partial of G with + + + align:start position:0% +to Y divided by the partial of G with +respect to Z times + + align:start position:0% +respect to Z times + + + align:start position:0% +respect to Z times +V1 okay so I + + align:start position:0% +V1 okay so I + + + align:start position:0% +V1 okay so I +found either this or that + + align:start position:0% +found either this or that + + + align:start position:0% +found either this or that +represent this tangent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +play but + + align:start position:0% +play but + + + align:start position:0% +play but +also this other form represents the same + + align:start position:0% +also this other form represents the same + + + align:start position:0% +also this other form represents the same +tangent + + align:start position:0% +tangent + + + align:start position:0% +tangent +plane therefore I can + + align:start position:0% +plane therefore I can + + + align:start position:0% +plane therefore I can +conclude + + align:start position:0% +conclude + + + align:start position:0% +conclude +that this coefficient of the X in this + + align:start position:0% +that this coefficient of the X in this + + + align:start position:0% +that this coefficient of the X in this +in the expression of this you compare + + align:start position:0% +in the expression of this you compare + + + align:start position:0% +in the expression of this you compare +this and that these coefficients are + + align:start position:0% +this and that these coefficients are + + + align:start position:0% +this and that these coefficients are +equal so this is equal to the partial of + + align:start position:0% +equal so this is equal to the partial of + + + align:start position:0% +equal so this is equal to the partial of +f + + align:start position:0% +f + + + align:start position:0% +f +oops uh the partial of f with respect to + + align:start position:0% +oops uh the partial of f with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +oops uh the partial of f with respect to +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +X and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is equal to + + align:start position:0% +this is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +this is equal to +this same plane means same slopes same + + align:start position:0% +this same plane means same slopes same + + + align:start position:0% +this same plane means same slopes same +coefficients therefore this is the + + align:start position:0% +coefficients therefore this is the + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients therefore this is the +partial of f with respect to Y of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +course this is true only when f and g as + + align:start position:0% +course this is true only when f and g as + + + align:start position:0% +course this is true only when f and g as +are related by the fact that one is the + + align:start position:0% +are related by the fact that one is the + + + align:start position:0% +are related by the fact that one is the +inverse of the other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and + + align:start position:0% +okay and + + + align:start position:0% +okay and +that's why that's what I have applied + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here to show that uh + + align:start position:0% +here to show that uh + + + align:start position:0% +here to show that uh +if if that relation is 1 / t + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +inverse is the derivative it's + + align:start position:0% +inverse is the derivative it's + + + align:start position:0% +inverse is the derivative it's +yeah it it is equal to the inverse of of + + align:start position:0% +yeah it it is equal to the inverse of of + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it it is equal to the inverse of of +the derivative of G which is the energy + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of G which is the energy + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of G which is the energy +form with respect to uh + + align:start position:0% +form with respect to uh + + + align:start position:0% +form with respect to uh +enter so you go from here to there using + + align:start position:0% +enter so you go from here to there using + + + align:start position:0% +enter so you go from here to there using +that uh + + align:start position:0% +that uh + + + align:start position:0% +that uh +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +okay now it + + align:start position:0% +okay now it + + + align:start position:0% +okay now it +immediately St stands out the fact + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that if you deal with AUM States stable + + align:start position:0% +that if you deal with AUM States stable + + + align:start position:0% +that if you deal with AUM States stable +equilibrium States and there is an + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium States and there is an + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium States and there is an +entire uh long chapter about relations + + align:start position:0% +entire uh long chapter about relations + + + align:start position:0% +entire uh long chapter about relations +that you can prove between properties of + + align:start position:0% +that you can prove between properties of + + + align:start position:0% +that you can prove between properties of +stable St we we just touch on this and + + align:start position:0% +stable St we we just touch on this and + + + align:start position:0% +stable St we we just touch on this and +it's not our main uh concern but you you + + align:start position:0% +it's not our main uh concern but you you + + + align:start position:0% +it's not our main uh concern but you you +may find lots of papers lots of formulas + + align:start position:0% +may find lots of papers lots of formulas + + + align:start position:0% +may find lots of papers lots of formulas +and we will use them only when we need + + align:start position:0% +and we will use them only when we need + + + align:start position:0% +and we will use them only when we need +them but one thing I need to to use + + align:start position:0% +them but one thing I need to to use + + + align:start position:0% +them but one thing I need to to use +because that would introduce and to uh + + align:start position:0% +because that would introduce and to uh + + + align:start position:0% +because that would introduce and to uh +therefore + + align:start position:0% +therefore + + + align:start position:0% +therefore +Define uh it's the symbol that we use we + + align:start position:0% +Define uh it's the symbol that we use we + + + align:start position:0% +Define uh it's the symbol that we use we +use here a symbol we just don't write + + align:start position:0% +use here a symbol we just don't write + + + align:start position:0% +use here a symbol we just don't write +only the partial derivative but we write + + align:start position:0% +only the partial derivative but we write + + + align:start position:0% +only the partial derivative but we write +also parentheses and some substates why + + align:start position:0% +also parentheses and some substates why + + + align:start position:0% +also parentheses and some substates why +do we do that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh we do that + + align:start position:0% +uh we do that + + + align:start position:0% +uh we do that +because it could happen that + + align:start position:0% +because it could happen that + + + align:start position:0% +because it could happen that +uh for + + align:start position:0% +uh for + + + align:start position:0% +uh for +example uh all right we + + align:start position:0% +example uh all right we + + + align:start position:0% +example uh all right we +have the fundamental relation + + align:start position:0% +have the fundamental relation + + + align:start position:0% +have the fundamental relation +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +uh in energy form written this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +way but + + align:start position:0% +way but + + + align:start position:0% +way but +for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example later we will um give a brief uh + + align:start position:0% +example later we will um give a brief uh + + + align:start position:0% +example later we will um give a brief uh +we touch on the subject of changing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +variables for example because maybe + + align:start position:0% +variables for example because maybe + + + align:start position:0% +variables for example because maybe +entropy is not that uh easily measurable + + align:start position:0% +entropy is not that uh easily measurable + + + align:start position:0% +entropy is not that uh easily measurable +in the lab in the sense that uh uh we + + align:start position:0% +in the lab in the sense that uh uh we + + + align:start position:0% +in the lab in the sense that uh uh we +don't have an entropy meter + + align:start position:0% +don't have an entropy meter + + + align:start position:0% +don't have an entropy meter +but we have a + + align:start position:0% +but we have a + + + align:start position:0% +but we have a +thermometer + + align:start position:0% +thermometer + + + align:start position:0% +thermometer +so we measure + + align:start position:0% +so we measure + + + align:start position:0% +so we measure +entropy + + align:start position:0% +entropy + + + align:start position:0% +entropy +indirectly using the instruments that + + align:start position:0% +indirectly using the instruments that + + + align:start position:0% +indirectly using the instruments that +are simpler like the thermometer and the + + align:start position:0% +are simpler like the thermometer and the + + + align:start position:0% +are simpler like the thermometer and the +thermometer we will see + + align:start position:0% +thermometer we will see + + + align:start position:0% +thermometer we will see +measures the + + align:start position:0% +measures the + + + align:start position:0% +measures the +property uh + + align:start position:0% +property uh + + + align:start position:0% +property uh +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +temperature which is the partial + + align:start position:0% +temperature which is the partial + + + align:start position:0% +temperature which is the partial +of this + + align:start position:0% +of this + + + align:start position:0% +of this +function with respect to the first + + align:start position:0% +function with respect to the first + + + align:start position:0% +function with respect to the first +variable as written here so why do I put + + align:start position:0% +variable as written here so why do I put + + + align:start position:0% +variable as written here so why do I put +the n and V there okay because you see + + align:start position:0% +the n and V there okay because you see + + + align:start position:0% +the n and V there okay because you see +the next thing I do I can + + align:start position:0% +the next thing I do I can + + + align:start position:0% +the next thing I do I can +do is for example to uh write an + + align:start position:0% +do is for example to uh write an + + + align:start position:0% +do is for example to uh write an +expression of uh how the energy changes + + align:start position:0% +expression of uh how the energy changes + + + align:start position:0% +expression of uh how the energy changes +let me call it e till + + align:start position:0% +let me call it e till + + + align:start position:0% +let me call it e till +then as a function of t v + + align:start position:0% +then as a function of t v + + + align:start position:0% +then as a function of t v +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +see okay so now I look at these two + + align:start position:0% +see okay so now I look at these two + + + align:start position:0% +see okay so now I look at these two +expressions there are different + + align:start position:0% +expressions there are different + + + align:start position:0% +expressions there are different +functions but for example suppose I'm + + align:start position:0% +functions but for example suppose I'm + + + align:start position:0% +functions but for example suppose I'm +interested in the pressure I take the + + align:start position:0% +interested in the pressure I take the + + + align:start position:0% +interested in the pressure I take the +pressure it's minus the E the partial of + + align:start position:0% +pressure it's minus the E the partial of + + + align:start position:0% +pressure it's minus the E the partial of +e will resp ECT to V of the fundamental + + align:start position:0% +e will resp ECT to V of the fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +e will resp ECT to V of the fundamental +relation of this formula but now that I + + align:start position:0% +relation of this formula but now that I + + + align:start position:0% +relation of this formula but now that I +have another function that expresses the + + align:start position:0% +have another function that expresses the + + + align:start position:0% +have another function that expresses the +energy in terms of other variables in + + align:start position:0% +energy in terms of other variables in + + + align:start position:0% +energy in terms of other variables in +which I also have volume I may be + + align:start position:0% +which I also have volume I may be + + + align:start position:0% +which I also have volume I may be +curious to see well how about doing + + align:start position:0% +curious to see well how about doing + + + align:start position:0% +curious to see well how about doing +minus the partial of e TI with respect + + align:start position:0% +minus the partial of e TI with respect + + + align:start position:0% +minus the partial of e TI with respect +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +V is that the + + align:start position:0% +V is that the + + + align:start position:0% +V is that the +pressure well not necessar actually + + align:start position:0% +pressure well not necessar actually + + + align:start position:0% +pressure well not necessar actually +enough + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and sometimes if I'm + + align:start position:0% +and sometimes if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +and sometimes if I'm +sloppy and maybe I say all right this is + + align:start position:0% +sloppy and maybe I say all right this is + + + align:start position:0% +sloppy and maybe I say all right this is +the function I'm interested in I don't + + align:start position:0% +the function I'm interested in I don't + + + align:start position:0% +the function I'm interested in I don't +want to carry around till there so I + + align:start position:0% +want to carry around till there so I + + + align:start position:0% +want to carry around till there so I +just write it as e + + align:start position:0% +just write it as e + + + align:start position:0% +just write it as e +well then I may get + + align:start position:0% +well then I may get + + + align:start position:0% +well then I may get +confused because when I look at this one + + align:start position:0% +confused because when I look at this one + + + align:start position:0% +confused because when I look at this one +or look at that one which which is which + + align:start position:0% +or look at that one which which is which + + + align:start position:0% +or look at that one which which is which +okay so the idea + + align:start position:0% +okay so the idea + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the idea +is if you want to be + + align:start position:0% +is if you want to be + + + align:start position:0% +is if you want to be +careful is to carry with uh your partial + + align:start position:0% +careful is to carry with uh your partial + + + align:start position:0% +careful is to carry with uh your partial +derivatives also a precise memory or + + align:start position:0% +derivatives also a precise memory or + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives also a precise memory or +indication of what the other independent + + align:start position:0% +indication of what the other independent + + + align:start position:0% +indication of what the other independent +variables of your function are so if I + + align:start position:0% +variables of your function are so if I + + + align:start position:0% +variables of your function are so if I +write here the other variables so I + + align:start position:0% +write here the other variables so I + + + align:start position:0% +write here the other variables so I +write s and + + align:start position:0% +write s and + + + align:start position:0% +write s and +n and here I write the other + + align:start position:0% +n and here I write the other + + + align:start position:0% +n and here I write the other +variables which are t and n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there is no way I can get confused + + align:start position:0% +there is no way I can get confused + + + align:start position:0% +there is no way I can get confused +because by just looking at the formula + + align:start position:0% +because by just looking at the formula + + + align:start position:0% +because by just looking at the formula +for the partial derivative I know also + + align:start position:0% +for the partial derivative I know also + + + align:start position:0% +for the partial derivative I know also +what what were the original functions I + + align:start position:0% +what what were the original functions I + + + align:start position:0% +what what were the original functions I +mean variables of the function of which + + align:start position:0% +mean variables of the function of which + + + align:start position:0% +mean variables of the function of which +I'm taking the deriv so this is a + + align:start position:0% +I'm taking the deriv so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +I'm taking the deriv so this is a +notation to to + + align:start position:0% +notation to to + + + align:start position:0% +notation to to +avoid to get lost uh and Confused + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and this kind of confusion is very uh + + align:start position:0% +and this kind of confusion is very uh + + + align:start position:0% +and this kind of confusion is very uh +common if + + align:start position:0% +common if + + + align:start position:0% +common if +you if you don't uh because in many many + + align:start position:0% +you if you don't uh because in many many + + + align:start position:0% +you if you don't uh because in many many +times maybe you don't need uh this kind + + align:start position:0% +times maybe you don't need uh this kind + + + align:start position:0% +times maybe you don't need uh this kind +of pedantic way of proceeding + + align:start position:0% +of pedantic way of proceeding + + + align:start position:0% +of pedantic way of proceeding +because the context may be enough if + + align:start position:0% +because the context may be enough if + + + align:start position:0% +because the context may be enough if +below if just below that partial writing + + align:start position:0% +below if just below that partial writing + + + align:start position:0% +below if just below that partial writing +that partial derivative you have a + + align:start position:0% +that partial derivative you have a + + + align:start position:0% +that partial derivative you have a +paragraph that says well this is the + + align:start position:0% +paragraph that says well this is the + + + align:start position:0% +paragraph that says well this is the +equation of which I'm taking the + + align:start position:0% +equation of which I'm taking the + + + align:start position:0% +equation of which I'm taking the +derivative then you're okay the context + + align:start position:0% +derivative then you're okay the context + + + align:start position:0% +derivative then you're okay the context +tells you what is the derivative of + + align:start position:0% +tells you what is the derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +tells you what is the derivative of +what + + align:start position:0% +what + + + align:start position:0% +what +uh but if in in more complex situations + + align:start position:0% +uh but if in in more complex situations + + + align:start position:0% +uh but if in in more complex situations +where you keep changing variables then + + align:start position:0% +where you keep changing variables then + + + align:start position:0% +where you keep changing variables then +uh this is really uh essential and + + align:start position:0% +uh this is really uh essential and + + + align:start position:0% +uh this is really uh essential and +that's why in the business of the + + align:start position:0% +that's why in the business of the + + + align:start position:0% +that's why in the business of the +Dynamics it has been introduced and it + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics it has been introduced and it + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics it has been introduced and it +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +standard so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +also to be sympathetic with ma + + align:start position:0% +also to be sympathetic with ma + + + align:start position:0% +also to be sympathetic with ma +mathematicians this I am you should not + + align:start position:0% +mathematicians this I am you should not + + + align:start position:0% +mathematicians this I am you should not +read this symbol AS + + align:start position:0% +read this symbol AS + + + align:start position:0% +read this symbol AS +saying the derivative of energy with + + align:start position:0% +saying the derivative of energy with + + + align:start position:0% +saying the derivative of energy with +respect to volume at constant entropy + + align:start position:0% +respect to volume at constant entropy + + + align:start position:0% +respect to volume at constant entropy +and amounts of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constituents + + align:start position:0% +constituents + + + align:start position:0% +constituents +but yeah you can say it many people say + + align:start position:0% +but yeah you can say it many people say + + + align:start position:0% +but yeah you can say it many people say +it sometimes I even say + + align:start position:0% +it sometimes I even say + + + align:start position:0% +it sometimes I even say +uh but I don't mean + + align:start position:0% +uh but I don't mean + + + align:start position:0% +uh but I don't mean +it yeah uh the real meaning of this is + + align:start position:0% +it yeah uh the real meaning of this is + + + align:start position:0% +it yeah uh the real meaning of this is +that uh these are the independent + + align:start position:0% +that uh these are the independent + + + align:start position:0% +that uh these are the independent +variables so I'm taking the partial + + align:start position:0% +variables so I'm taking the partial + + + align:start position:0% +variables so I'm taking the partial +derivative of a function uh the partial + + align:start position:0% +derivative of a function uh the partial + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of a function uh the partial +derivative of with respect to volume of + + align:start position:0% +derivative of with respect to volume of + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of with respect to volume of +a function of energy volume uh entropy + + align:start position:0% +a function of energy volume uh entropy + + + align:start position:0% +a function of energy volume uh entropy +and amounts of constituents that the um + + align:start position:0% +and amounts of constituents that the um + + + align:start position:0% +and amounts of constituents that the um +that's the proper + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +language + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so why do we give names to temperature + + align:start position:0% +so why do we give names to temperature + + + align:start position:0% +so why do we give names to temperature +pressure and then chemical potentials + + align:start position:0% +pressure and then chemical potentials + + + align:start position:0% +pressure and then chemical potentials +because they enter and we will see it um + + align:start position:0% +because they enter and we will see it um + + + align:start position:0% +because they enter and we will see it um +hopefully later + + align:start position:0% +hopefully later + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully later +today not sure uh any in any way uh + + align:start position:0% +today not sure uh any in any way uh + + + align:start position:0% +today not sure uh any in any way uh +because they enter in the conditions for + + align:start position:0% +because they enter in the conditions for + + + align:start position:0% +because they enter in the conditions for +Mutual equilibrium between + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +systems so we'll return to this to make + + align:start position:0% +systems so we'll return to this to make + + + align:start position:0% +systems so we'll return to this to make +some proofs but just to + + align:start position:0% +some proofs but just to + + + align:start position:0% +some proofs but just to +anticipate + + align:start position:0% +anticipate + + + align:start position:0% +anticipate +um when two systems A and + + align:start position:0% +um when two systems A and + + + align:start position:0% +um when two systems A and +B are in mutual equilibrium it means + + align:start position:0% +B are in mutual equilibrium it means + + + align:start position:0% +B are in mutual equilibrium it means +that the uh overall system is in a + + align:start position:0% +that the uh overall system is in a + + + align:start position:0% +that the uh overall system is in a +stable equilibrium State that's the + + align:start position:0% +stable equilibrium State that's the + + + align:start position:0% +stable equilibrium State that's the +definition of mutual equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +definition of mutual equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +definition of mutual equilibrium +remember + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we will prove and we will actually uh + + align:start position:0% +so we will prove and we will actually uh + + + align:start position:0% +so we will prove and we will actually uh +I want to go over this proofs because + + align:start position:0% +I want to go over this proofs because + + + align:start position:0% +I want to go over this proofs because +they're uh + + align:start position:0% +they're uh + + + align:start position:0% +they're uh +useful uh also for other uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reasons it turns out that if the two + + align:start position:0% +reasons it turns out that if the two + + + align:start position:0% +reasons it turns out that if the two +systems A and + + align:start position:0% +systems A and + + + align:start position:0% +systems A and +B can + + align:start position:0% +B can + + + align:start position:0% +B can +exchange + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +energy then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they must if if they are a mutual + + align:start position:0% +they must if if they are a mutual + + + align:start position:0% +they must if if they are a mutual +equilibrium they must have the same + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium they must have the same + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium they must have the same +temperature so the temperature of system + + align:start position:0% +temperature so the temperature of system + + + align:start position:0% +temperature so the temperature of system +a of theable equilibrium state in which + + align:start position:0% +a of theable equilibrium state in which + + + align:start position:0% +a of theable equilibrium state in which +system a + + align:start position:0% +system a + + + align:start position:0% +system a +is must be equal to the + + align:start position:0% +is must be equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +is must be equal to the +temperature of the stable equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +temperature of the stable equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +temperature of the stable equilibrium +state in which system B is when they are + + align:start position:0% +state in which system B is when they are + + + align:start position:0% +state in which system B is when they are +in neutral + + align:start position:0% +in neutral + + + align:start position:0% +in neutral +equilibrium they can also exchange + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium they can also exchange + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium they can also exchange +volume for example + + align:start position:0% +volume for example + + + align:start position:0% +volume for example +by means of a move movable piston or + + align:start position:0% +by means of a move movable piston or + + + align:start position:0% +by means of a move movable piston or +partition uh there's a system as the + + align:start position:0% +partition uh there's a system as the + + + align:start position:0% +partition uh there's a system as the +Piston moves you see that for example it + + align:start position:0% +Piston moves you see that for example it + + + align:start position:0% +Piston moves you see that for example it +moves to the right uh the volume of a + + align:start position:0% +moves to the right uh the volume of a + + + align:start position:0% +moves to the right uh the volume of a +increases that of B decreases by the + + align:start position:0% +increases that of B decreases by the + + + align:start position:0% +increases that of B decreases by the +same amount so you can say you can say + + align:start position:0% +same amount so you can say you can say + + + align:start position:0% +same amount so you can say you can say +that the Piston you can interpret it as + + align:start position:0% +that the Piston you can interpret it as + + + align:start position:0% +that the Piston you can interpret it as +the Piston has allowed the systems to + + align:start position:0% +the Piston has allowed the systems to + + + align:start position:0% +the Piston has allowed the systems to +exchange volume one gains volume uh by + + align:start position:0% +exchange volume one gains volume uh by + + + align:start position:0% +exchange volume one gains volume uh by +subtracting it from the so it's like a + + align:start position:0% +subtracting it from the so it's like a + + + align:start position:0% +subtracting it from the so it's like a +transfer of volume all right in that + + align:start position:0% +transfer of volume all right in that + + + align:start position:0% +transfer of volume all right in that +situation in order for the two systems + + align:start position:0% +situation in order for the two systems + + + align:start position:0% +situation in order for the two systems +to be in mutual equilibrium you need + + align:start position:0% +to be in mutual equilibrium you need + + + align:start position:0% +to be in mutual equilibrium you need +also pressure + + align:start position:0% +also pressure + + + align:start position:0% +also pressure +equality If + + align:start position:0% +equality If + + + align:start position:0% +equality If +instead you have a porous wall or a semi + + align:start position:0% +instead you have a porous wall or a semi + + + align:start position:0% +instead you have a porous wall or a semi +THM membrane that allows the + + align:start position:0% +THM membrane that allows the + + + align:start position:0% +THM membrane that allows the +exchange of one of the constituents from + + align:start position:0% +exchange of one of the constituents from + + + align:start position:0% +exchange of one of the constituents from +system between system a system + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +b h + + align:start position:0% +b h + + + align:start position:0% +b h +well the necessary condition for Mutual + + align:start position:0% +well the necessary condition for Mutual + + + align:start position:0% +well the necessary condition for Mutual +equilibrium is equality of the chemical + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium is equality of the chemical + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium is equality of the chemical +potentials of that constituent so the + + align:start position:0% +potentials of that constituent so the + + + align:start position:0% +potentials of that constituent so the +chemical potential of constituent + + align:start position:0% +chemical potential of constituent + + + align:start position:0% +chemical potential of constituent +I measured in system a must be equal to + + align:start position:0% +I measured in system a must be equal to + + + align:start position:0% +I measured in system a must be equal to +the chemical potential of system B + + align:start position:0% +the chemical potential of system B + + + align:start position:0% +the chemical potential of system B +measured in system + + align:start position:0% +measured in system + + + align:start position:0% +measured in system +B so we will prove this because are very + + align:start position:0% +B so we will prove this because are very + + + align:start position:0% +B so we will prove this because are very +important and actually regarding quality + + align:start position:0% +important and actually regarding quality + + + align:start position:0% +important and actually regarding quality +of chemical potentials we will uh go a + + align:start position:0% +of chemical potentials we will uh go a + + + align:start position:0% +of chemical potentials we will uh go a +long way in finding a very uh + + align:start position:0% +long way in finding a very uh + + + align:start position:0% +long way in finding a very uh +interesting results and important + + align:start position:0% +interesting results and important + + + align:start position:0% +interesting results and important +results for + + align:start position:0% +results for + + + align:start position:0% +results for +applications but before we go and prove + + align:start position:0% +applications but before we go and prove + + + align:start position:0% +applications but before we go and prove +uh these uh conditions for Mutual + + align:start position:0% +uh these uh conditions for Mutual + + + align:start position:0% +uh these uh conditions for Mutual +equilibrium I promise that I would uh + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium I promise that I would uh + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium I promise that I would uh +review what we have done so + + align:start position:0% +review what we have done so + + + align:start position:0% +review what we have done so +far you may call it thody without + + align:start position:0% +far you may call it thody without + + + align:start position:0% +far you may call it thody without +heat so far and by means by using by + + align:start position:0% +heat so far and by means by using by + + + align:start position:0% +heat so far and by means by using by +introducing this um energy versus uh + + align:start position:0% +introducing this um energy versus uh + + + align:start position:0% +introducing this um energy versus uh +entropy uh + + align:start position:0% +entropy uh + + + align:start position:0% +entropy uh +diagram representation of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +states which is uh so important that we + + align:start position:0% +states which is uh so important that we + + + align:start position:0% +states which is uh so important that we +put it in the cover of uh uh our + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +book okay this is a + + align:start position:0% +book okay this is a + + + align:start position:0% +book okay this is a +the surface this is a fundamental + + align:start position:0% +the surface this is a fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +the surface this is a fundamental +relation for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +water all right so how do we get to + + align:start position:0% +water all right so how do we get to + + + align:start position:0% +water all right so how do we get to +construct these energy uh energy versus + + align:start position:0% +construct these energy uh energy versus + + + align:start position:0% +construct these energy uh energy versus +entropy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +diagrams again we start from the idea of + + align:start position:0% +diagrams again we start from the idea of + + + align:start position:0% +diagrams again we start from the idea of +State a state is a long list of numbers + + align:start position:0% +State a state is a long list of numbers + + + align:start position:0% +State a state is a long list of numbers +usually very long + + align:start position:0% +usually very long + + + align:start position:0% +usually very long +we Define a few of uh now these numbers + + align:start position:0% +we Define a few of uh now these numbers + + + align:start position:0% +we Define a few of uh now these numbers +are the properties are the amounts of + + align:start position:0% +are the properties are the amounts of + + + align:start position:0% +are the properties are the amounts of +constituents the values of the + + align:start position:0% +constituents the values of the + + + align:start position:0% +constituents the values of the +parameters but also all the + + align:start position:0% +parameters but also all the + + + align:start position:0% +parameters but also all the +properties of our uh + + align:start position:0% +properties of our uh + + + align:start position:0% +properties of our uh +system at the given instance of time + + align:start position:0% +system at the given instance of time + + + align:start position:0% +system at the given instance of time +among these properties we have energy + + align:start position:0% +among these properties we have energy + + + align:start position:0% +among these properties we have energy +and entropy but we have also many + + align:start position:0% +and entropy but we have also many + + + align:start position:0% +and entropy but we have also many +others so in order to have a complete + + align:start position:0% +others so in order to have a complete + + + align:start position:0% +others so in order to have a complete +representation geometrical + + align:start position:0% +representation geometrical + + + align:start position:0% +representation geometrical +representation + + align:start position:0% +representation + + + align:start position:0% +representation +for a for a state of a system you would + + align:start position:0% +for a for a state of a system you would + + + align:start position:0% +for a for a state of a system you would +need + + align:start position:0% +need + + + align:start position:0% +need +um um + + align:start position:0% +um um + + + align:start position:0% +um um +an A multi-dimensional Space in each + + align:start position:0% +an A multi-dimensional Space in each + + + align:start position:0% +an A multi-dimensional Space in each +where you have one + + align:start position:0% +where you have one + + + align:start position:0% +where you have one +axis for each of the independent + + align:start position:0% +axis for each of the independent + + + align:start position:0% +axis for each of the independent +properties of your + + align:start position:0% +properties of your + + + align:start position:0% +properties of your +system and since independent properties + + align:start position:0% +system and since independent properties + + + align:start position:0% +system and since independent properties +of a system are generally very large or + + align:start position:0% +of a system are generally very large or + + + align:start position:0% +of a system are generally very large or +even uh most of the times + + align:start position:0% +even uh most of the times + + + align:start position:0% +even uh most of the times +infinite and you + + align:start position:0% +infinite and you + + + align:start position:0% +infinite and you +need to simplify so what we do + + align:start position:0% +need to simplify so what we do + + + align:start position:0% +need to simplify so what we do +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +project onto a plane but first what we + + align:start position:0% +project onto a plane but first what we + + + align:start position:0% +project onto a plane but first what we +do is to uh make a cut of this + + align:start position:0% +do is to uh make a cut of this + + + align:start position:0% +do is to uh make a cut of this +multi-dimensional space a cut at fixed + + align:start position:0% +multi-dimensional space a cut at fixed + + + align:start position:0% +multi-dimensional space a cut at fixed +values of the the amount of constituents + + align:start position:0% +values of the the amount of constituents + + + align:start position:0% +values of the the amount of constituents +and the + + align:start position:0% +and the + + + align:start position:0% +and the +parameters when I say parameters think + + align:start position:0% +parameters when I say parameters think + + + align:start position:0% +parameters when I say parameters think +of the volume and that's the most + + align:start position:0% +of the volume and that's the most + + + align:start position:0% +of the volume and that's the most +common uh at least when you study + + align:start position:0% +common uh at least when you study + + + align:start position:0% +common uh at least when you study +properties of + + align:start position:0% +properties of + + + align:start position:0% +properties of +substances + + align:start position:0% +substances + + + align:start position:0% +substances +and okay so if I fix the values of the + + align:start position:0% +and okay so if I fix the values of the + + + align:start position:0% +and okay so if I fix the values of the +the amounts and + + align:start position:0% +the amounts and + + + align:start position:0% +the amounts and +parameters I still have a large + + align:start position:0% +parameters I still have a large + + + align:start position:0% +parameters I still have a large +subset I I still uh need um a + + align:start position:0% +subset I I still uh need um a + + + align:start position:0% +subset I I still uh need um a +multi-dimensional + + align:start position:0% +multi-dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +multi-dimensional +space only it's the dimensions + + align:start position:0% +space only it's the dimensions + + + align:start position:0% +space only it's the dimensions +is uh the full thing minus the the + + align:start position:0% +is uh the full thing minus the the + + + align:start position:0% +is uh the full thing minus the the +amount the number of constituents and + + align:start position:0% +amount the number of constituents and + + + align:start position:0% +amount the number of constituents and +the number of + + align:start position:0% +the number of + + + align:start position:0% +the number of +parameters still very large then you + + align:start position:0% +parameters still very large then you + + + align:start position:0% +parameters still very large then you +project onto all the states onto the + + align:start position:0% +project onto all the states onto the + + + align:start position:0% +project onto all the states onto the +plane made of the two variables that we + + align:start position:0% +plane made of the two variables that we + + + align:start position:0% +plane made of the two variables that we +must uh uh light energy and it + + align:start position:0% +must uh uh light energy and it + + + align:start position:0% +must uh uh light energy and it +okay and then you get a two + + align:start position:0% +okay and then you get a two + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then you get a two +representation and it it's going to look + + align:start position:0% +representation and it it's going to look + + + align:start position:0% +representation and it it's going to look +like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this energy + + align:start position:0% +this energy + + + align:start position:0% +this energy +the you + + align:start position:0% +the you + + + align:start position:0% +the you +project so let's look at the generic + + align:start position:0% +project so let's look at the generic + + + align:start position:0% +project so let's look at the generic +Point + + align:start position:0% +Point + + + align:start position:0% +Point +here the generic Point here remember is + + align:start position:0% +here the generic Point here remember is + + + align:start position:0% +here the generic Point here remember is +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +projection onto that + + align:start position:0% +projection onto that + + + align:start position:0% +projection onto that +plan many states will project onto that + + align:start position:0% +plan many states will project onto that + + + align:start position:0% +plan many states will project onto that +plane + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because many states will share those + + align:start position:0% +because many states will share those + + + align:start position:0% +because many states will share those +same values of energy and entropy but + + align:start position:0% +same values of energy and entropy but + + + align:start position:0% +same values of energy and entropy but +differ in the + + align:start position:0% +differ in the + + + align:start position:0% +differ in the +values of other properties so they are + + align:start position:0% +values of other properties so they are + + + align:start position:0% +values of other properties so they are +different states which nevertheless are + + align:start position:0% +different states which nevertheless are + + + align:start position:0% +different states which nevertheless are +represented by his saying Point as a + + align:start position:0% +represented by his saying Point as a + + + align:start position:0% +represented by his saying Point as a +result of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +projection + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay now that we have understood the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +geometry let's see what the theorems + + align:start position:0% +geometry let's see what the theorems + + + align:start position:0% +geometry let's see what the theorems +that we have seen so + + align:start position:0% +that we have seen so + + + align:start position:0% +that we have seen so +far uh tell + + align:start position:0% +far uh tell + + + align:start position:0% +far uh tell +us about where these States can be in + + align:start position:0% +us about where these States can be in + + + align:start position:0% +us about where these States can be in +this diagram so for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example let's start with the statement + + align:start position:0% +example let's start with the statement + + + align:start position:0% +example let's start with the statement +of the first assertion of the statement + + align:start position:0% +of the first assertion of the statement + + + align:start position:0% +of the first assertion of the statement +of the second + + align:start position:0% +of the second + + + align:start position:0% +of the second +law it says well consider all the states + + align:start position:0% +law it says well consider all the states + + + align:start position:0% +law it says well consider all the states +of a system with a given value of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +energ all right so fix the value of the + + align:start position:0% +energ all right so fix the value of the + + + align:start position:0% +energ all right so fix the value of the +energy all the states will collapse or + + align:start position:0% +energy all the states will collapse or + + + align:start position:0% +energy all the states will collapse or +will project onto this um uh dashed line + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +horizontal + + align:start position:0% +horizontal + + + align:start position:0% +horizontal +and you see we + + align:start position:0% +and you see we + + + align:start position:0% +and you see we +have the max entropy principle that we + + align:start position:0% +have the max entropy principle that we + + + align:start position:0% +have the max entropy principle that we +just mentioned that says that among all + + align:start position:0% +just mentioned that says that among all + + + align:start position:0% +just mentioned that says that among all +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +states there is a stable equum + + align:start position:0% +states there is a stable equum + + + align:start position:0% +states there is a stable equum +state which + + align:start position:0% +state which + + + align:start position:0% +state which +is the one that has the highest value + + align:start position:0% +is the one that has the highest value + + + align:start position:0% +is the one that has the highest value +of there are no other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +states with that value or even higher + + align:start position:0% +states with that value or even higher + + + align:start position:0% +states with that value or even higher +values of ENT so that means that there + + align:start position:0% +values of ENT so that means that there + + + align:start position:0% +values of ENT so that means that there +is a maximum for the entropy for that + + align:start position:0% +is a maximum for the entropy for that + + + align:start position:0% +is a maximum for the entropy for that +given value for the energy and uh + + align:start position:0% +given value for the energy and uh + + + align:start position:0% +given value for the energy and uh +corresponding to that maximum there is + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to that maximum there is + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to that maximum there is +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +state notice it's only one state so this + + align:start position:0% +state notice it's only one state so this + + + align:start position:0% +state notice it's only one state so this +particular Point + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here is the projection of only one state + + align:start position:0% +here is the projection of only one state + + + align:start position:0% +here is the projection of only one state +whereas here it's a projection of many + + align:start position:0% +whereas here it's a projection of many + + + align:start position:0% +whereas here it's a projection of many +states when you go to equilibrium there + + align:start position:0% +states when you go to equilibrium there + + + align:start position:0% +states when you go to equilibrium there +is only one + + align:start position:0% +is only one + + + align:start position:0% +is only one +state well that's to say that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +geometrically this curve which is the + + align:start position:0% +geometrically this curve which is the + + + align:start position:0% +geometrically this curve which is the +locus of all the stable equum + + align:start position:0% +locus of all the stable equum + + + align:start position:0% +locus of all the stable equum +States is a + + align:start position:0% +States is a + + + align:start position:0% +States is a +sort of a wire curve in that + + align:start position:0% +sort of a wire curve in that + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a wire curve in that +multi-dimensional + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +space all + + align:start position:0% +space all + + + align:start position:0% +space all +right so there are no states with higher + + align:start position:0% +right so there are no states with higher + + + align:start position:0% +right so there are no states with higher +entropy so all the possible states are + + align:start position:0% +entropy so all the possible states are + + + align:start position:0% +entropy so all the possible states are +to the left or with the with a lesser + + align:start position:0% +to the left or with the with a lesser + + + align:start position:0% +to the left or with the with a lesser +entropy then stable uh the stable equum + + align:start position:0% +entropy then stable uh the stable equum + + + align:start position:0% +entropy then stable uh the stable equum +State I do the same uh for another value + + align:start position:0% +State I do the same uh for another value + + + align:start position:0% +State I do the same uh for another value +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +energy and I get another stum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +State I do it + + align:start position:0% +State I do it + + + align:start position:0% +State I do it +for the minimum value of + + align:start position:0% +for the minimum value of + + + align:start position:0% +for the minimum value of +energy + + align:start position:0% +energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy +compatible with + + align:start position:0% +compatible with + + + align:start position:0% +compatible with +the fixed values of amouse of + + align:start position:0% +the fixed values of amouse of + + + align:start position:0% +the fixed values of amouse of +constituents and parameters that we have + + align:start position:0% +constituents and parameters that we have + + + align:start position:0% +constituents and parameters that we have +chosen in order to make our cut of the + + align:start position:0% +chosen in order to make our cut of the + + + align:start position:0% +chosen in order to make our cut of the +multi-dimensional + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +space and we still have a stable + + align:start position:0% +space and we still have a stable + + + align:start position:0% +space and we still have a stable +equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium +State and that's the minimum energy + + align:start position:0% +State and that's the minimum energy + + + align:start position:0% +State and that's the minimum energy +stable equilibrium + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +State we'll come back to this in a + + align:start position:0% +State we'll come back to this in a + + + align:start position:0% +State we'll come back to this in a +moment + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay the + + align:start position:0% +okay the + + + align:start position:0% +okay the +slope of this + + align:start position:0% +slope of this + + + align:start position:0% +slope of this +terve you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +see this curve + + align:start position:0% +see this curve + + + align:start position:0% +see this curve +represents this table equilibrium State + + align:start position:0% +represents this table equilibrium State + + + align:start position:0% +represents this table equilibrium State +the fundamental relation in um energy + + align:start position:0% +the fundamental relation in um energy + + + align:start position:0% +the fundamental relation in um energy +form because it's e is the in the Orin + + align:start position:0% +form because it's e is the in the Orin + + + align:start position:0% +form because it's e is the in the Orin +and the s in + + align:start position:0% +and the s in + + + align:start position:0% +and the s in +the uh the Oba and so + + align:start position:0% +the uh the Oba and so + + + align:start position:0% +the uh the Oba and so +um this is the this curve is the + + align:start position:0% +um this is the this curve is the + + + align:start position:0% +um this is the this curve is the +representation of E versus + + align:start position:0% +representation of E versus + + + align:start position:0% +representation of E versus +S at fixed the values of n + + align:start position:0% +S at fixed the values of n + + + align:start position:0% +S at fixed the values of n +andv okay so the partial derivative of + + align:start position:0% +andv okay so the partial derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +andv okay so the partial derivative of +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +function + + align:start position:0% +function + + + align:start position:0% +function +corresponds + + align:start position:0% +corresponds + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds +to that's this thing it's the + + align:start position:0% +to that's this thing it's the + + + align:start position:0% +to that's this thing it's the +temperature + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or actually partial + + align:start position:0% +or actually partial + + + align:start position:0% +or actually partial +derivative + + align:start position:0% +derivative + + + align:start position:0% +derivative +is slope of the tangent to the curve at + + align:start position:0% +is slope of the tangent to the curve at + + + align:start position:0% +is slope of the tangent to the curve at +a given State equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +a given State equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +a given State equilibrium +state so the + + align:start position:0% +state so the + + + align:start position:0% +state so the +temperature is the angular coefficient + + align:start position:0% +temperature is the angular coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +temperature is the angular coefficient +of the tangent + + align:start position:0% +of the tangent + + + align:start position:0% +of the tangent +line the + + align:start position:0% +line the + + + align:start position:0% +line the +slope the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I can read the + + align:start position:0% +so I can read the + + + align:start position:0% +so I can read the +temperature and + + align:start position:0% +temperature and + + + align:start position:0% +temperature and +uh I have buil in this + + align:start position:0% +uh I have buil in this + + + align:start position:0% +uh I have buil in this +um uh diagram also result that we + + align:start position:0% +um uh diagram also result that we + + + align:start position:0% +um uh diagram also result that we +haven't proved + + align:start position:0% +haven't proved + + + align:start position:0% +haven't proved +yet + + align:start position:0% +yet + + + align:start position:0% +yet +namely uh the concavity of this + + align:start position:0% +namely uh the concavity of this + + + align:start position:0% +namely uh the concavity of this +fundamental relation implying that as + + align:start position:0% +fundamental relation implying that as + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental relation implying that as +you go um high in energy so you go + + align:start position:0% +you go um high in energy so you go + + + align:start position:0% +you go um high in energy so you go +stable equilibrium states with higher + + align:start position:0% +stable equilibrium states with higher + + + align:start position:0% +stable equilibrium states with higher +energy the slope goes up they also have + + align:start position:0% +energy the slope goes up they also have + + + align:start position:0% +energy the slope goes up they also have +higher temperature so temperature is an + + align:start position:0% +higher temperature so temperature is an + + + align:start position:0% +higher temperature so temperature is an +increasing function of + + align:start position:0% +increasing function of + + + align:start position:0% +increasing function of +energy but + + align:start position:0% +energy but + + + align:start position:0% +energy but +remember temperature is defined + + align:start position:0% +remember temperature is defined + + + align:start position:0% +remember temperature is defined +only as being the slope of this curve + + align:start position:0% +only as being the slope of this curve + + + align:start position:0% +only as being the slope of this curve +only for the stable equilibrium stage + + align:start position:0% +only for the stable equilibrium stage + + + align:start position:0% +only for the stable equilibrium stage +for which there is a curve + + align:start position:0% +for which there is a curve + + + align:start position:0% +for which there is a curve +you are inside here there is no + + align:start position:0% +you are inside here there is no + + + align:start position:0% +you are inside here there is no +fundamental relation there is no uh + + align:start position:0% +fundamental relation there is no uh + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental relation there is no uh +function to take derivatives there is no + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +temperature + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay yeah maybe you can compute things + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah maybe you can compute things + + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah maybe you can compute things +like the average kinetic energy of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +particles + + align:start position:0% +particles + + + align:start position:0% +particles +but uh + + align:start position:0% +but uh + + + align:start position:0% +but uh +whereas the this is related to + + align:start position:0% +whereas the this is related to + + + align:start position:0% +whereas the this is related to +temperature at stable + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equilibrium it is + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium it is + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium it is +not temperature if you're off + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equilibrium of course for stable + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium of course for stable + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium of course for stable +States + + align:start position:0% +States + + + align:start position:0% +States +um all right said yes as I as I go um + + align:start position:0% +um all right said yes as I as I go um + + + align:start position:0% +um all right said yes as I as I go um +down in energy I reach the + + align:start position:0% +down in energy I reach the + + + align:start position:0% +down in energy I reach the +uh minimum energy stable equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +uh minimum energy stable equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +uh minimum energy stable equilibrium +State and this here another buil in + + align:start position:0% +State and this here another buil in + + + align:start position:0% +State and this here another buil in +another feature that goes by the name of + + align:start position:0% +another feature that goes by the name of + + + align:start position:0% +another feature that goes by the name of +the third law of thermodynamics it says + + align:start position:0% +the third law of thermodynamics it says + + + align:start position:0% +the third law of thermodynamics it says +that the lowest energy stable + + align:start position:0% +that the lowest energy stable + + + align:start position:0% +that the lowest energy stable +equilibrium state has zero + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium state has zero + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium state has zero +temperature we will not prove that as + + align:start position:0% +temperature we will not prove that as + + + align:start position:0% +temperature we will not prove that as +this comes more from the model from the + + align:start position:0% +this comes more from the model from the + + + align:start position:0% +this comes more from the model from the +models uh um of the statistical + + align:start position:0% +models uh um of the statistical + + + align:start position:0% +models uh um of the statistical +mechanics or quantum + + align:start position:0% +mechanics or quantum + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics or quantum +mechanics + + align:start position:0% +mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics +so we don't we have nothing to add to uh + + align:start position:0% +so we don't we have nothing to add to uh + + + align:start position:0% +so we don't we have nothing to add to uh +to the uh important but uh uh very very + + align:start position:0% +to the uh important but uh uh very very + + + align:start position:0% +to the uh important but uh uh very very +well known + + align:start position:0% +well known + + + align:start position:0% +well known +result it comes from + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +physics uh in a moment we will we will + + align:start position:0% +physics uh in a moment we will we will + + + align:start position:0% +physics uh in a moment we will we will +also see but I can anticipate that uh um + + align:start position:0% +also see but I can anticipate that uh um + + + align:start position:0% +also see but I can anticipate that uh um +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +entropy takes a minimum + + align:start position:0% +entropy takes a minimum + + + align:start position:0% +entropy takes a minimum +value and the minimum value is for those + + align:start position:0% +value and the minimum value is for those + + + align:start position:0% +value and the minimum value is for those +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +particular + + align:start position:0% +particular + + + align:start position:0% +particular +uh non equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +uh non equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +uh non equilibrium +States for + + align:start position:0% +States for + + + align:start position:0% +States for +which the adiabatic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +availability is equal to the energy or + + align:start position:0% +availability is equal to the energy or + + + align:start position:0% +availability is equal to the energy or +better to the difference between energy + + align:start position:0% +better to the difference between energy + + + align:start position:0% +better to the difference between energy +and the minimum energy uh for allows for + + align:start position:0% +and the minimum energy uh for allows for + + + align:start position:0% +and the minimum energy uh for allows for +that given combination of amounts of + + align:start position:0% +that given combination of amounts of + + + align:start position:0% +that given combination of amounts of +constituents and + + align:start position:0% +constituents and + + + align:start position:0% +constituents and +volume so if I have a a state uh + + align:start position:0% +volume so if I have a a state uh + + + align:start position:0% +volume so if I have a a state uh +here this state from this + + align:start position:0% +here this state from this + + + align:start position:0% +here this state from this +state you can transfer in a weight + + align:start position:0% +state you can transfer in a weight + + + align:start position:0% +state you can transfer in a weight +process to the weight you can extract + + align:start position:0% +process to the weight you can extract + + + align:start position:0% +process to the weight you can extract +out of your system in a weight process + + align:start position:0% +out of your system in a weight process + + + align:start position:0% +out of your system in a weight process +all the energy of the + + align:start position:0% +all the energy of the + + + align:start position:0% +all the energy of the +system meaning that you can take that uh + + align:start position:0% +system meaning that you can take that uh + + + align:start position:0% +system meaning that you can take that uh +State uh and bring the system down to + + align:start position:0% +State uh and bring the system down to + + + align:start position:0% +State uh and bring the system down to +this state the minimum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +energy you can do this this here and you + + align:start position:0% +energy you can do this this here and you + + + align:start position:0% +energy you can do this this here and you +extract this much + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +energy uh whereas in in a moment you see + + align:start position:0% +energy uh whereas in in a moment you see + + + align:start position:0% +energy uh whereas in in a moment you see +that if you do that uh in + + align:start position:0% +that if you do that uh in + + + align:start position:0% +that if you do that uh in +a uh no equum State the Artic + + align:start position:0% +a uh no equum State the Artic + + + align:start position:0% +a uh no equum State the Artic +availability corresponds to this much + + align:start position:0% +availability corresponds to this much + + + align:start position:0% +availability corresponds to this much +you can go at most down to this stable + + align:start position:0% +you can go at most down to this stable + + + align:start position:0% +you can go at most down to this stable +equilibrium State and if you start from + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium State and if you start from + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium State and if you start from +a stable equilibrium State remember what + + align:start position:0% +a stable equilibrium State remember what + + + align:start position:0% +a stable equilibrium State remember what +the impossibility the theorem about the + + align:start position:0% +the impossibility the theorem about the + + + align:start position:0% +the impossibility the theorem about the +impossibility of perpetual motion + + align:start position:0% +impossibility of perpetual motion + + + align:start position:0% +impossibility of perpetual motion +machine of the second + + align:start position:0% +machine of the second + + + align:start position:0% +machine of the second +kind says there's no way you can start + + align:start position:0% +kind says there's no way you can start + + + align:start position:0% +kind says there's no way you can start +from an equilibrium from a stable + + align:start position:0% +from an equilibrium from a stable + + + align:start position:0% +from an equilibrium from a stable +equilibrium State and extract energy in + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium State and extract energy in + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium State and extract energy in +a weight + + align:start position:0% +a weight + + + align:start position:0% +a weight +process and here it + + align:start position:0% +process and here it + + + align:start position:0% +process and here it +is you cannot go + + align:start position:0% +is you cannot go + + + align:start position:0% +is you cannot go +down in a weight + + align:start position:0% +down in a weight + + + align:start position:0% +down in a weight +process you see in a weight process the + + align:start position:0% +process you see in a weight process the + + + align:start position:0% +process you see in a weight process the +the feature is that if you want to go + + align:start position:0% +the feature is that if you want to go + + + align:start position:0% +the feature is that if you want to go +down to being energy here you need to + + align:start position:0% +down to being energy here you need to + + + align:start position:0% +down to being energy here you need to +also reduce the entropy but you cannot + + align:start position:0% +also reduce the entropy but you cannot + + + align:start position:0% +also reduce the entropy but you cannot +ruce the entropy in a weight + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +process let's will return of course in + + align:start position:0% +process let's will return of course in + + + align:start position:0% +process let's will return of course in +to these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ideas here I just wanted to say that + + align:start position:0% +ideas here I just wanted to say that + + + align:start position:0% +ideas here I just wanted to say that +there are some special systems for + + align:start position:0% +there are some special systems for + + + align:start position:0% +there are some special systems for +which there is an upper bound to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +energy these systems are those that do + + align:start position:0% +energy these systems are those that do + + + align:start position:0% +energy these systems are those that do +not have translational or rotational uh + + align:start position:0% +not have translational or rotational uh + + + align:start position:0% +not have translational or rotational uh +uh or vibrational uh inrease of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +freedom and because if you have a + + align:start position:0% +freedom and because if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +freedom and because if you have a +translational degree of Freedom a + + align:start position:0% +translational degree of Freedom a + + + align:start position:0% +translational degree of Freedom a +particle uh can + + align:start position:0% +particle uh can + + + align:start position:0% +particle uh can +move if it can + + align:start position:0% +move if it can + + + align:start position:0% +move if it can +move uh you can accelerate it to do as + + align:start position:0% +move uh you can accelerate it to do as + + + align:start position:0% +move uh you can accelerate it to do as +much velocity As You + + align:start position:0% +much velocity As You + + + align:start position:0% +much velocity As You +Wish yeah there is the limit of the + + align:start position:0% +Wish yeah there is the limit of the + + + align:start position:0% +Wish yeah there is the limit of the +speed of light so on uh maybe that is an + + align:start position:0% +speed of light so on uh maybe that is an + + + align:start position:0% +speed of light so on uh maybe that is an +upper bound I've never really thought + + align:start position:0% +upper bound I've never really thought + + + align:start position:0% +upper bound I've never really thought +about that + + align:start position:0% +about that + + + align:start position:0% +about that +uh but here we're talking about systems + + align:start position:0% +uh but here we're talking about systems + + + align:start position:0% +uh but here we're talking about systems +like um the spin of an + + align:start position:0% +like um the spin of an + + + align:start position:0% +like um the spin of an +electron okay so if you want to + + align:start position:0% +electron okay so if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +electron okay so if you want to +concentrate on just the + + align:start position:0% +concentrate on just the + + + align:start position:0% +concentrate on just the +spin feature of an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +electron without all the other details + + align:start position:0% +electron without all the other details + + + align:start position:0% +electron without all the other details +so that the electron must not be bound + + align:start position:0% +so that the electron must not be bound + + + align:start position:0% +so that the electron must not be bound +in a in an atom and so on but if you can + + align:start position:0% +in a in an atom and so on but if you can + + + align:start position:0% +in a in an atom and so on but if you can +define a system in which the only aspect + + align:start position:0% +define a system in which the only aspect + + + align:start position:0% +define a system in which the only aspect +that you are interested in is the spin + + align:start position:0% +that you are interested in is the spin + + + align:start position:0% +that you are interested in is the spin +or if you like the spin it could be like + + align:start position:0% +or if you like the spin it could be like + + + align:start position:0% +or if you like the spin it could be like +the polarization of + + align:start position:0% +the polarization of + + + align:start position:0% +the polarization of +photons these are very um typical of + + align:start position:0% +photons these are very um typical of + + + align:start position:0% +photons these are very um typical of +phantom + + align:start position:0% +phantom + + + align:start position:0% +phantom +Optics because you can with lasers and + + align:start position:0% +Optics because you can with lasers and + + + align:start position:0% +Optics because you can with lasers and +so on you can produce beans or very + + align:start position:0% +so on you can produce beans or very + + + align:start position:0% +so on you can produce beans or very +diluted beans with the with photons like + + align:start position:0% +diluted beans with the with photons like + + + align:start position:0% +diluted beans with the with photons like +you can treat one Photon one at a time + + align:start position:0% +you can treat one Photon one at a time + + + align:start position:0% +you can treat one Photon one at a time +and uh you can uh using using particular + + align:start position:0% +and uh you can uh using using particular + + + align:start position:0% +and uh you can uh using using particular +filters when you produce these poons you + + align:start position:0% +filters when you produce these poons you + + + align:start position:0% +filters when you produce these poons you +can have them polarized in various ways + + align:start position:0% +can have them polarized in various ways + + + align:start position:0% +can have them polarized in various ways +okay but these various + + align:start position:0% +okay but these various + + + align:start position:0% +okay but these various +ways um are + + align:start position:0% +ways um are + + + align:start position:0% +ways um are +Finance so if you like the spin or maybe + + align:start position:0% +Finance so if you like the spin or maybe + + + align:start position:0% +Finance so if you like the spin or maybe +even an atom can be modeled with a + + align:start position:0% +even an atom can be modeled with a + + + align:start position:0% +even an atom can be modeled with a +finite um number of energy + + align:start position:0% +finite um number of energy + + + align:start position:0% +finite um number of energy +levels and if it's finite it + + align:start position:0% +levels and if it's finite it + + + align:start position:0% +levels and if it's finite it +means that the energy cannot go above a + + align:start position:0% +means that the energy cannot go above a + + + align:start position:0% +means that the energy cannot go above a +certain the the upper energy + + align:start position:0% +certain the the upper energy + + + align:start position:0% +certain the the upper energy +level okay well in that in this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +situation the sa equilibrium State + + align:start position:0% +situation the sa equilibrium State + + + align:start position:0% +situation the sa equilibrium State +fundamental relation looks like this + + align:start position:0% +fundamental relation looks like this + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental relation looks like this +when you project on eus S diagram + + align:start position:0% +when you project on eus S diagram + + + align:start position:0% +when you project on eus S diagram +um this is what this is the ersus say + + align:start position:0% +um this is what this is the ersus say + + + align:start position:0% +um this is what this is the ersus say +this is the fundamental relation that + + align:start position:0% +this is the fundamental relation that + + + align:start position:0% +this is the fundamental relation that +you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +obtain + + align:start position:0% +obtain + + + align:start position:0% +obtain +okay that function that you're + + align:start position:0% +okay that function that you're + + + align:start position:0% +okay that function that you're +representing it + + align:start position:0% +representing it + + + align:start position:0% +representing it +there let me write it uh as s is a + + align:start position:0% +there let me write it uh as s is a + + + align:start position:0% +there let me write it uh as s is a +function of + + align:start position:0% +function of + + + align:start position:0% +function of +e so this is e + + align:start position:0% +e so this is e + + + align:start position:0% +e so this is e +minimum this is e + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +maximum and the fundamental relation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +s is a function of + + align:start position:0% +s is a function of + + + align:start position:0% +s is a function of +e plus whatever other uh parameters and + + align:start position:0% +e plus whatever other uh parameters and + + + align:start position:0% +e plus whatever other uh parameters and +amounts + + align:start position:0% +amounts + + + align:start position:0% +amounts +are looks like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that all right so yeah no nothing more + + align:start position:0% +that all right so yeah no nothing more + + + align:start position:0% +that all right so yeah no nothing more +uh for systems with translational + + align:start position:0% +uh for systems with translational + + + align:start position:0% +uh for systems with translational +degrees of freedom as versus e + + align:start position:0% +degrees of freedom as versus e + + + align:start position:0% +degrees of freedom as versus e +instead there is a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +minimum particles are not moving so + + align:start position:0% +minimum particles are not moving so + + + align:start position:0% +minimum particles are not moving so +there's no kinetic energy and therefore + + align:start position:0% +there's no kinetic energy and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +there's no kinetic energy and therefore +you have you they are + + align:start position:0% +you have you they are + + + align:start position:0% +you have you they are +minimum and this corresponds to the zero + + align:start position:0% +minimum and this corresponds to the zero + + + align:start position:0% +minimum and this corresponds to the zero +temperature uh stable equilibrium State + + align:start position:0% +temperature uh stable equilibrium State + + + align:start position:0% +temperature uh stable equilibrium State +and then uh this is + + align:start position:0% +and then uh this is + + + align:start position:0% +and then uh this is +uh well the fundamental relation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the one that we have seen + + align:start position:0% +the one that we have seen + + + align:start position:0% +the one that we have seen +uh just in the previous dier but if + + align:start position:0% +uh just in the previous dier but if + + + align:start position:0% +uh just in the previous dier but if +there is an upper + + align:start position:0% +there is an upper + + + align:start position:0% +there is an upper +bound you reach this value here and you + + align:start position:0% +bound you reach this value here and you + + + align:start position:0% +bound you reach this value here and you +go + + align:start position:0% +go + + + align:start position:0% +go +down so look at what happens to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +slopes here the slope is infinite + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and remember that the uh partial of s + + align:start position:0% +and remember that the uh partial of s + + + align:start position:0% +and remember that the uh partial of s +with respect to e is the inverse of the + + align:start position:0% +with respect to e is the inverse of the + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to e is the inverse of the +temperature 1 / + + align:start position:0% +temperature 1 / + + + align:start position:0% +temperature 1 / +T so if the SL if 1 / T is infinite the + + align:start position:0% +T so if the SL if 1 / T is infinite the + + + align:start position:0% +T so if the SL if 1 / T is infinite the +temperature here is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero then it reaches a maximum the + + align:start position:0% +zero then it reaches a maximum the + + + align:start position:0% +zero then it reaches a maximum the +entropy reaches a maximum for a value of + + align:start position:0% +entropy reaches a maximum for a value of + + + align:start position:0% +entropy reaches a maximum for a value of +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +energy so we are we are moving this is + + align:start position:0% +energy so we are we are moving this is + + + align:start position:0% +energy so we are we are moving this is +zero temperature it reaches a maximum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here here the inverse of the temperature + + align:start position:0% +here here the inverse of the temperature + + + align:start position:0% +here here the inverse of the temperature +is equal to zero because the slope is + + align:start position:0% +is equal to zero because the slope is + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to zero because the slope is +equal to zero so that means the + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero so that means the + + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero so that means the +temperature here is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +infinite and then you go on the other + + align:start position:0% +infinite and then you go on the other + + + align:start position:0% +infinite and then you go on the other +side here and the entropy goes down + + align:start position:0% +side here and the entropy goes down + + + align:start position:0% +side here and the entropy goes down +so you get another state with zero + + align:start position:0% +so you get another state with zero + + + align:start position:0% +so you get another state with zero +entropy another stable equilibrium state + + align:start position:0% +entropy another stable equilibrium state + + + align:start position:0% +entropy another stable equilibrium state +with zero entropy corresponding to the + + align:start position:0% +with zero entropy corresponding to the + + + align:start position:0% +with zero entropy corresponding to the +maximum energy the second law is still + + align:start position:0% +maximum energy the second law is still + + + align:start position:0% +maximum energy the second law is still +satisfied for every value of the + + align:start position:0% +satisfied for every value of the + + + align:start position:0% +satisfied for every value of the +energy there is one and only one stable + + align:start position:0% +energy there is one and only one stable + + + align:start position:0% +energy there is one and only one stable +equum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +State you cannot do it the other way + + align:start position:0% +State you cannot do it the other way + + + align:start position:0% +State you cannot do it the other way +around in other words if I fix the value + + align:start position:0% +around in other words if I fix the value + + + align:start position:0% +around in other words if I fix the value +of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +entropy so the + + align:start position:0% +entropy so the + + + align:start position:0% +entropy so the +minimum energy principle instead doesn't + + align:start position:0% +minimum energy principle instead doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +minimum energy principle instead doesn't +apply in this case in this case it does + + align:start position:0% +apply in this case in this case it does + + + align:start position:0% +apply in this case in this case it does +I fix the value of the + + align:start position:0% +I fix the value of the + + + align:start position:0% +I fix the value of the +entropy and the stable equilibrium State + + align:start position:0% +entropy and the stable equilibrium State + + + align:start position:0% +entropy and the stable equilibrium State +corresponds to the minimum + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to the minimum + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to the minimum +energy because the state the possible + + align:start position:0% +energy because the state the possible + + + align:start position:0% +energy because the state the possible +states are only in this area here and + + align:start position:0% +states are only in this area here and + + + align:start position:0% +states are only in this area here and +that's the minimum energy but for a + + align:start position:0% +that's the minimum energy but for a + + + align:start position:0% +that's the minimum energy but for a +special system like the one that we + + align:start position:0% +special system like the one that we + + + align:start position:0% +special system like the one that we +talking about I fix the value of the + + align:start position:0% +talking about I fix the value of the + + + align:start position:0% +talking about I fix the value of the +entropy and there are two stable + + align:start position:0% +entropy and there are two stable + + + align:start position:0% +entropy and there are two stable +equilibrium States one with minimum + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium States one with minimum + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium States one with minimum +energy and one with maximum + + align:start position:0% +energy and one with maximum + + + align:start position:0% +energy and one with maximum +energy except + + align:start position:0% +energy except + + + align:start position:0% +energy except +here I fix the value of the entropy + + align:start position:0% +here I fix the value of the entropy + + + align:start position:0% +here I fix the value of the entropy +there is only one stable equilibrium + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +State and + + align:start position:0% +State and + + + align:start position:0% +State and +uh if I fix it a higher value of entropy + + align:start position:0% +uh if I fix it a higher value of entropy + + + align:start position:0% +uh if I fix it a higher value of entropy +than this one there are no + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +States so also this last state so like + + align:start position:0% +States so also this last state so like + + + align:start position:0% +States so also this last state so like +the third law says that there is um zero + + align:start position:0% +the third law says that there is um zero + + + align:start position:0% +the third law says that there is um zero +uh temperature for the minimum entropy + + align:start position:0% +uh temperature for the minimum entropy + + + align:start position:0% +uh temperature for the minimum entropy +energy stable equilibrium State It also + + align:start position:0% +energy stable equilibrium State It also + + + align:start position:0% +energy stable equilibrium State It also +says that implies I mean I mean that uh + + align:start position:0% +says that implies I mean I mean that uh + + + align:start position:0% +says that implies I mean I mean that uh +the temperature of the highest + + align:start position:0% +the temperature of the highest + + + align:start position:0% +the temperature of the highest +energy stable equilibrium state is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero however here you have a little + + align:start position:0% +zero however here you have a little + + + align:start position:0% +zero however here you have a little +problem somehow of discontinuity because + + align:start position:0% +problem somehow of discontinuity because + + + align:start position:0% +problem somehow of discontinuity because +you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +go yeah I forgot to say one important + + align:start position:0% +go yeah I forgot to say one important + + + align:start position:0% +go yeah I forgot to say one important +thing the slope on this side of the of + + align:start position:0% +thing the slope on this side of the of + + + align:start position:0% +thing the slope on this side of the of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +curve is + + align:start position:0% +curve is + + + align:start position:0% +curve is +positive okay whereas on this other side + + align:start position:0% +positive okay whereas on this other side + + + align:start position:0% +positive okay whereas on this other side +of the curve the slope is + + align:start position:0% +of the curve the slope is + + + align:start position:0% +of the curve the slope is +negative so + + align:start position:0% +negative so + + + align:start position:0% +negative so +all + + align:start position:0% +all + + + align:start position:0% +all +these uh part of the uh all these stable + + align:start position:0% +these uh part of the uh all these stable + + + align:start position:0% +these uh part of the uh all these stable +equilibrium states have negative + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium states have negative + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium states have negative +temperatures negative + + align:start position:0% +temperatures negative + + + align:start position:0% +temperatures negative +temperatures are not so exoteric they + + align:start position:0% +temperatures are not so exoteric they + + + align:start position:0% +temperatures are not so exoteric they +were discovered in uh I think it was + + align:start position:0% +were discovered in uh I think it was + + + align:start position:0% +were discovered in uh I think it was +1956 that's when I was born by uh Ramsey + + align:start position:0% +1956 that's when I was born by uh Ramsey + + + align:start position:0% +1956 that's when I was born by uh Ramsey +at Harvard + + align:start position:0% +at Harvard + + + align:start position:0% +at Harvard +just next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +door and actually his daughter was the + + align:start position:0% +door and actually his daughter was the + + + align:start position:0% +door and actually his daughter was the +wife of Professor + + align:start position:0% +wife of Professor + + + align:start position:0% +wife of Professor +kek who was + + align:start position:0% +kek who was + + + align:start position:0% +kek who was +downstairs and uh with whom I have done + + align:start position:0% +downstairs and uh with whom I have done + + + align:start position:0% +downstairs and uh with whom I have done +my Master's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +physic okay all right so negative + + align:start position:0% +physic okay all right so negative + + + align:start position:0% +physic okay all right so negative +temperatures + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we will see that the idea of negative + + align:start position:0% +we will see that the idea of negative + + + align:start position:0% +we will see that the idea of negative +temperature is I mean the + + align:start position:0% +temperature is I mean the + + + align:start position:0% +temperature is I mean the +the uh the name is not really uh very + + align:start position:0% +the uh the name is not really uh very + + + align:start position:0% +the uh the name is not really uh very +good because you say negative it's below + + align:start position:0% +good because you say negative it's below + + + align:start position:0% +good because you say negative it's below +zero well really actually if temperature + + align:start position:0% +zero well really actually if temperature + + + align:start position:0% +zero well really actually if temperature +measures uh the tendency of a system as + + align:start position:0% +measures uh the tendency of a system as + + + align:start position:0% +measures uh the tendency of a system as +we will see to uh yield energy to give + + align:start position:0% +we will see to uh yield energy to give + + + align:start position:0% +we will see to uh yield energy to give +out energy + + align:start position:0% +out energy + + + align:start position:0% +out energy +um these negative St temperature + + align:start position:0% +um these negative St temperature + + + align:start position:0% +um these negative St temperature +states have a have more uh + + align:start position:0% +states have a have more uh + + + align:start position:0% +states have a have more uh +tendency uh to give out energy than uh + + align:start position:0% +tendency uh to give out energy than uh + + + align:start position:0% +tendency uh to give out energy than uh +the positive temperature equilibrium + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +States uh they're hard to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +keep also because uh we + + align:start position:0% +keep also because uh we + + + align:start position:0% +keep also because uh we +we I don't know if we can make in a lab + + align:start position:0% +we I don't know if we can make in a lab + + + align:start position:0% +we I don't know if we can make in a lab +a something that has a properties of + + align:start position:0% +a something that has a properties of + + + align:start position:0% +a something that has a properties of +that we could call Reservoir although + + align:start position:0% +that we could call Reservoir although + + + align:start position:0% +that we could call Reservoir although +I'm not sure but uh uh that we could + + align:start position:0% +I'm not sure but uh uh that we could + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not sure but uh uh that we could +call uh Reservoir with a negative + + align:start position:0% +call uh Reservoir with a negative + + + align:start position:0% +call uh Reservoir with a negative +temperature I'm not sure it can be done + + align:start position:0% +temperature I'm not sure it can be done + + + align:start position:0% +temperature I'm not sure it can be done +in the lab + + align:start position:0% +in the lab + + + align:start position:0% +in the lab +uh simply because most of the times + + align:start position:0% +uh simply because most of the times + + + align:start position:0% +uh simply because most of the times +reservoirs have been constructed uh uh + + align:start position:0% +reservoirs have been constructed uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +reservoirs have been constructed uh uh +by using systems that have translational + + align:start position:0% +by using systems that have translational + + + align:start position:0% +by using systems that have translational +degrees of freedom and therefore they + + align:start position:0% +degrees of freedom and therefore they + + + align:start position:0% +degrees of freedom and therefore they +have no negative temperatures but + + align:start position:0% +have no negative temperatures but + + + align:start position:0% +have no negative temperatures but +maybe uh it is + + align:start position:0% +maybe uh it is + + + align:start position:0% +maybe uh it is +possible also to do a a reservoir with + + align:start position:0% +possible also to do a a reservoir with + + + align:start position:0% +possible also to do a a reservoir with +negative temp + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anyway so we have a problem here that uh + + align:start position:0% +anyway so we have a problem here that uh + + + align:start position:0% +anyway so we have a problem here that uh +the temperature goes from + + align:start position:0% +the temperature goes from + + + align:start position:0% +the temperature goes from +zero positive values to plus infinity + + align:start position:0% +zero positive values to plus infinity + + + align:start position:0% +zero positive values to plus infinity +here then immediately after it switches + + align:start position:0% +here then immediately after it switches + + + align:start position:0% +here then immediately after it switches +to minus infinity and it goes down to + + align:start position:0% +to minus infinity and it goes down to + + + align:start position:0% +to minus infinity and it goes down to +zero again so it's some there is some + + align:start position:0% +zero again so it's some there is some + + + align:start position:0% +zero again so it's some there is some +sort of dis continuity if we uh insist + + align:start position:0% +sort of dis continuity if we uh insist + + + align:start position:0% +sort of dis continuity if we uh insist +in talking of temperature but if instead + + align:start position:0% +in talking of temperature but if instead + + + align:start position:0% +in talking of temperature but if instead +we look at a scale in which we uh + + align:start position:0% +we look at a scale in which we uh + + + align:start position:0% +we look at a scale in which we uh +instead of temperature we do minus one + + align:start position:0% +instead of temperature we do minus one + + + align:start position:0% +instead of temperature we do minus one +over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +temperature uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this which can be interpreted uh again + + align:start position:0% +this which can be interpreted uh again + + + align:start position:0% +this which can be interpreted uh again +as the tenden and escaping tendenc for + + align:start position:0% +as the tenden and escaping tendenc for + + + align:start position:0% +as the tenden and escaping tendenc for +energy so the still measures the energy + + align:start position:0% +energy so the still measures the energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy so the still measures the energy +the the the tendency of a system to in a + + align:start position:0% +the the the tendency of a system to in a + + + align:start position:0% +the the the tendency of a system to in a +stable equum state to give up uh um + + align:start position:0% +stable equum state to give up uh um + + + align:start position:0% +stable equum state to give up uh um +energy and + + align:start position:0% +energy and + + + align:start position:0% +energy and +um you see then this property here for + + align:start position:0% +um you see then this property here for + + + align:start position:0% +um you see then this property here for +this curve would go from minus infinity + + align:start position:0% +this curve would go from minus infinity + + + align:start position:0% +this curve would go from minus infinity +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +the minimum + + align:start position:0% +the minimum + + + align:start position:0% +the minimum +energy minus infinity it goes to zero + + align:start position:0% +energy minus infinity it goes to zero + + + align:start position:0% +energy minus infinity it goes to zero +and from zero without this continuities + + align:start position:0% +and from zero without this continuities + + + align:start position:0% +and from zero without this continuities +it goes to plus + + align:start position:0% +it goes to plus + + + align:start position:0% +it goes to plus +infinity so that is also a better scale + + align:start position:0% +infinity so that is also a better scale + + + align:start position:0% +infinity so that is also a better scale +so this is the uh it also shows you that + + align:start position:0% +so this is the uh it also shows you that + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the uh it also shows you that +U um this property is continuously + + align:start position:0% +U um this property is continuously + + + align:start position:0% +U um this property is continuously +increasing from minus infinity through + + align:start position:0% +increasing from minus infinity through + + + align:start position:0% +increasing from minus infinity through +zero to plus infinity and these ones + + align:start position:0% +zero to plus infinity and these ones + + + align:start position:0% +zero to plus infinity and these ones +that have a high value for this property + + align:start position:0% +that have a high value for this property + + + align:start position:0% +that have a high value for this property +are the + + align:start position:0% +are the + + + align:start position:0% +are the +hotter uh + + align:start position:0% +hotter uh + + + align:start position:0% +hotter uh +if we understand as hot something that + + align:start position:0% +if we understand as hot something that + + + align:start position:0% +if we understand as hot something that +has a strong tendency to give out + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +energy okay so this much for + + align:start position:0% +energy okay so this much for + + + align:start position:0% +energy okay so this much for +um special + + align:start position:0% +um special + + + align:start position:0% +um special +systems now let's go back to our sucess + + align:start position:0% +systems now let's go back to our sucess + + + align:start position:0% +systems now let's go back to our sucess +diagram and try to visualize the idea of + + align:start position:0% +diagram and try to visualize the idea of + + + align:start position:0% +diagram and try to visualize the idea of +adiabatic availability remember + + align:start position:0% +adiabatic availability remember + + + align:start position:0% +adiabatic availability remember +adiabatic availability is + + align:start position:0% +adiabatic availability is + + + align:start position:0% +adiabatic availability is +a property that measures the maximum + + align:start position:0% +a property that measures the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +a property that measures the maximum +amount of energy that you can extract + + align:start position:0% +amount of energy that you can extract + + + align:start position:0% +amount of energy that you can extract +out of a system in a given state in a + + align:start position:0% +out of a system in a given state in a + + + align:start position:0% +out of a system in a given state in a +wave + + align:start position:0% +wave + + + align:start position:0% +wave +process and you manage to extract it + + align:start position:0% +process and you manage to extract it + + + align:start position:0% +process and you manage to extract it +when you manage to take your + + align:start position:0% +when you manage to take your + + + align:start position:0% +when you manage to take your +system yeah there is a y there that's a + + align:start position:0% +system yeah there is a y there that's a + + + align:start position:0% +system yeah there is a y there that's a +wrong spelling that's uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Italian it's also wrong in Italian + + align:start position:0% +Italian it's also wrong in Italian + + + align:start position:0% +Italian it's also wrong in Italian +anyway I'll correct it uh it has to + + align:start position:0% +anyway I'll correct it uh it has to + + + align:start position:0% +anyway I'll correct it uh it has to +finish to end up in + + align:start position:0% +finish to end up in + + + align:start position:0% +finish to end up in +a stable equilibrium + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +State and that uh process must be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reversed okay so what do we know of the + + align:start position:0% +reversed okay so what do we know of the + + + align:start position:0% +reversed okay so what do we know of the +reversible process or reversible weight + + align:start position:0% +reversible process or reversible weight + + + align:start position:0% +reversible process or reversible weight +process in terms of enthropy what did we + + align:start position:0% +process in terms of enthropy what did we + + + align:start position:0% +process in terms of enthropy what did we +learn we call in the principle of + + align:start position:0% +learn we call in the principle of + + + align:start position:0% +learn we call in the principle of +entropy non + + align:start position:0% +entropy non + + + align:start position:0% +entropy non +decrease but we called it also Criterion + + align:start position:0% +decrease but we called it also Criterion + + + align:start position:0% +decrease but we called it also Criterion +for reversibility of processes if a + + align:start position:0% +for reversibility of processes if a + + + align:start position:0% +for reversibility of processes if a +process a weight process is reversible + + align:start position:0% +process a weight process is reversible + + + align:start position:0% +process a weight process is reversible +the entropy stays constant okay so let's + + align:start position:0% +the entropy stays constant okay so let's + + + align:start position:0% +the entropy stays constant okay so let's +do this in a plot I start from my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +system in some State + + align:start position:0% +system in some State + + + align:start position:0% +system in some State +here generic State + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +E I make a process in which I want to + + align:start position:0% +E I make a process in which I want to + + + align:start position:0% +E I make a process in which I want to +take an energy out of the system so the + + align:start position:0% +take an energy out of the system so the + + + align:start position:0% +take an energy out of the system so the +energy goes down because I'm taking out + + align:start position:0% +energy goes down because I'm taking out + + + align:start position:0% +energy goes down because I'm taking out +of the system it goes down because I + + align:start position:0% +of the system it goes down because I + + + align:start position:0% +of the system it goes down because I +want to give it to the + + align:start position:0% +want to give it to the + + + align:start position:0% +want to give it to the +weight I want the process to + + align:start position:0% +weight I want the process to + + + align:start position:0% +weight I want the process to +be not only weight process but + + align:start position:0% +be not only weight process but + + + align:start position:0% +be not only weight process but +reversible so in a reversible weight + + align:start position:0% +reversible so in a reversible weight + + + align:start position:0% +reversible so in a reversible weight +process the entropy doesn't change so I + + align:start position:0% +process the entropy doesn't change so I + + + align:start position:0% +process the entropy doesn't change so I +go + + align:start position:0% +go + + + align:start position:0% +go +down this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +way I go down and until there are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +states uh eventually I reach the + + align:start position:0% +states uh eventually I reach the + + + align:start position:0% +states uh eventually I reach the +minimum uh energy stable equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +minimum uh energy stable equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +minimum uh energy stable equilibrium +state with that + + align:start position:0% +state with that + + + align:start position:0% +state with that +entropy and there are no more States + + align:start position:0% +entropy and there are no more States + + + align:start position:0% +entropy and there are no more States +below that so that's all I can do in a + + align:start position:0% +below that so that's all I can do in a + + + align:start position:0% +below that so that's all I can do in a +reversible weight process this is is as + + align:start position:0% +reversible weight process this is is as + + + align:start position:0% +reversible weight process this is is as +much as I can go + + align:start position:0% +much as I can go + + + align:start position:0% +much as I can go +down so the difference between the + + align:start position:0% +down so the difference between the + + + align:start position:0% +down so the difference between the +original energy and the energy of the + + align:start position:0% +original energy and the energy of the + + + align:start position:0% +original energy and the energy of the +lowest uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +energy stable equilibrium state with the + + align:start position:0% +energy stable equilibrium state with the + + + align:start position:0% +energy stable equilibrium state with the +initial + + align:start position:0% +initial + + + align:start position:0% +initial +entropy is thetic availability so this + + align:start position:0% +entropy is thetic availability so this + + + align:start position:0% +entropy is thetic availability so this +is the visualization of thetic + + align:start position:0% +is the visualization of thetic + + + align:start position:0% +is the visualization of thetic +availability it's the distance in that + + align:start position:0% +availability it's the distance in that + + + align:start position:0% +availability it's the distance in that +diagram uh between your state and the + + align:start position:0% +diagram uh between your state and the + + + align:start position:0% +diagram uh between your state and the +stable equilibrium uh + + align:start position:0% +stable equilibrium uh + + + align:start position:0% +stable equilibrium uh +curve + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +vertically so for example if I consider + + align:start position:0% +vertically so for example if I consider + + + align:start position:0% +vertically so for example if I consider +if my initial state were + + align:start position:0% +if my initial state were + + + align:start position:0% +if my initial state were +here at zero + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +entropy you see I can go + + align:start position:0% +entropy you see I can go + + + align:start position:0% +entropy you see I can go +down and + + align:start position:0% +down and + + + align:start position:0% +down and +meet the zero + + align:start position:0% +meet the zero + + + align:start position:0% +meet the zero +entropy uh stable equili + + align:start position:0% +entropy uh stable equili + + + align:start position:0% +entropy uh stable equili +state which is the minimum + + align:start position:0% +state which is the minimum + + + align:start position:0% +state which is the minimum +energy state stal state of uh of mcats + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +actually regarding this area it's uh us + + align:start position:0% +actually regarding this area it's uh us + + + align:start position:0% +actually regarding this area it's uh us +this it's discussed in the book I don't + + align:start position:0% +this it's discussed in the book I don't + + + align:start position:0% +this it's discussed in the book I don't +want to go to the details but uh somehow + + align:start position:0% +want to go to the details but uh somehow + + + align:start position:0% +want to go to the details but uh somehow +there is + + align:start position:0% +there is + + + align:start position:0% +there is +a this is not necess this stum St is not + + align:start position:0% +a this is not necess this stum St is not + + + align:start position:0% +a this is not necess this stum St is not +necessarily zero + + align:start position:0% +necessarily zero + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily zero +entropy it's zero temperature by the + + align:start position:0% +entropy it's zero temperature by the + + + align:start position:0% +entropy it's zero temperature by the +third law but it could have a + + align:start position:0% +third law but it could have a + + + align:start position:0% +third law but it could have a +finite + + align:start position:0% +finite + + + align:start position:0% +finite +entropy equal to the logarithm of the + + align:start position:0% +entropy equal to the logarithm of the + + + align:start position:0% +entropy equal to the logarithm of the +degeneracy of the uh of of of that + + align:start position:0% +degeneracy of the uh of of of that + + + align:start position:0% +degeneracy of the uh of of of that +lowest energy your ground + + align:start position:0% +lowest energy your ground + + + align:start position:0% +lowest energy your ground +step + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh okay nevertheless the amount of the + + align:start position:0% +uh okay nevertheless the amount of the + + + align:start position:0% +uh okay nevertheless the amount of the +diotic availability for a for the S + + align:start position:0% +diotic availability for a for the S + + + align:start position:0% +diotic availability for a for the S +Forest state with zero um entropy is + + align:start position:0% +Forest state with zero um entropy is + + + align:start position:0% +Forest state with zero um entropy is +equal to the difference between its + + align:start position:0% +equal to the difference between its + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the difference between its +energy and the lowest + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +energy for those value of amounts and + + align:start position:0% +energy for those value of amounts and + + + align:start position:0% +energy for those value of amounts and +Par so this is the visualization of + + align:start position:0% +Par so this is the visualization of + + + align:start position:0% +Par so this is the visualization of +thetic availability if I go the more for + + align:start position:0% +thetic availability if I go the more for + + + align:start position:0% +thetic availability if I go the more for +a given energy the more I go to states + + align:start position:0% +a given energy the more I go to states + + + align:start position:0% +a given energy the more I go to states +that have higher + + align:start position:0% +that have higher + + + align:start position:0% +that have higher +entropy the less adiabatic + + align:start position:0% +entropy the less adiabatic + + + align:start position:0% +entropy the less adiabatic +availability they have until I reach the + + align:start position:0% +availability they have until I reach the + + + align:start position:0% +availability they have until I reach the +stable equilibrium state that has zero + + align:start position:0% +stable equilibrium state that has zero + + + align:start position:0% +stable equilibrium state that has zero +diabetic + + align:start position:0% +diabetic + + + align:start position:0% +diabetic +availability I'm already there I cannot + + align:start position:0% +availability I'm already there I cannot + + + align:start position:0% +availability I'm already there I cannot +go down vertically because there are no + + align:start position:0% +go down vertically because there are no + + + align:start position:0% +go down vertically because there are no +States available + + align:start position:0% +States available + + + align:start position:0% +States available +there okay we talked about + + align:start position:0% +there okay we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +there okay we talked about +resir remember Reservoir have a + + align:start position:0% +resir remember Reservoir have a + + + align:start position:0% +resir remember Reservoir have a +constant temperature they're stable + + align:start position:0% +constant temperature they're stable + + + align:start position:0% +constant temperature they're stable +equilibrium + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +State and all the same temperature + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +TR for as long as the system behaves as + + align:start position:0% +TR for as long as the system behaves as + + + align:start position:0% +TR for as long as the system behaves as +a as a res because as we said if I make + + align:start position:0% +a as a res because as we said if I make + + + align:start position:0% +a as a res because as we said if I make +Reservoir with uh make um yeah if it's + + align:start position:0% +Reservoir with uh make um yeah if it's + + + align:start position:0% +Reservoir with uh make um yeah if it's +done like water at a triple point H as + + align:start position:0% +done like water at a triple point H as + + + align:start position:0% +done like water at a triple point H as +long as I have all the three phases + + align:start position:0% +long as I have all the three phases + + + align:start position:0% +long as I have all the three phases +coexisting that is behaves as a + + align:start position:0% +coexisting that is behaves as a + + + align:start position:0% +coexisting that is behaves as a +Reservoir in St equum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +States but if I put too much energy for + + align:start position:0% +States but if I put too much energy for + + + align:start position:0% +States but if I put too much energy for +example and one of the phases + + align:start position:0% +example and one of the phases + + + align:start position:0% +example and one of the phases +disappears uh then that does that system + + align:start position:0% +disappears uh then that does that system + + + align:start position:0% +disappears uh then that does that system +doesn't behave as a res anymore so it's + + align:start position:0% +doesn't behave as a res anymore so it's + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't behave as a res anymore so it's +it's in a limited range of states the + + align:start position:0% +it's in a limited range of states the + + + align:start position:0% +it's in a limited range of states the +system can be headed as a thermal + + align:start position:0% +system can be headed as a thermal + + + align:start position:0% +system can be headed as a thermal +resware or can approximate because that + + align:start position:0% +resware or can approximate because that + + + align:start position:0% +resware or can approximate because that +is an an approximation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +practice because rigorously rigorously + + align:start position:0% +practice because rigorously rigorously + + + align:start position:0% +practice because rigorously rigorously +uh speaking + + align:start position:0% +uh speaking + + + align:start position:0% +uh speaking +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +uh true resare doesn't really uh exist I + + align:start position:0% +uh true resare doesn't really uh exist I + + + align:start position:0% +uh true resare doesn't really uh exist I +know confusing new but some sometimes + + align:start position:0% +know confusing new but some sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +know confusing new but some sometimes +it's good to be confused uh because the + + align:start position:0% +it's good to be confused uh because the + + + align:start position:0% +it's good to be confused uh because the +reservoir is a very limiting uh + + align:start position:0% +reservoir is a very limiting uh + + + align:start position:0% +reservoir is a very limiting uh +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +system and uh in fact if you think + + align:start position:0% +system and uh in fact if you think + + + align:start position:0% +system and uh in fact if you think +deeply enough you find also this + + align:start position:0% +deeply enough you find also this + + + align:start position:0% +deeply enough you find also this +discussed in the book uh you you see + + align:start position:0% +discussed in the book uh you you see + + + align:start position:0% +discussed in the book uh you you see +that strictly + + align:start position:0% +that strictly + + + align:start position:0% +that strictly +speaking uh if a wrestle were satisfied + + align:start position:0% +speaking uh if a wrestle were satisfied + + + align:start position:0% +speaking uh if a wrestle were satisfied +it's defining features it would be + + align:start position:0% +it's defining features it would be + + + align:start position:0% +it's defining features it would be +violating the second + + align:start position:0% +violating the second + + + align:start position:0% +violating the second +law all right so we are using that as a + + align:start position:0% +law all right so we are using that as a + + + align:start position:0% +law all right so we are using that as a +limiting system and this in + + align:start position:0% +limiting system and this in + + + align:start position:0% +limiting system and this in +fact allowed me to say that uh + + align:start position:0% +fact allowed me to say that uh + + + align:start position:0% +fact allowed me to say that uh +in in the years after publishing that + + align:start position:0% +in in the years after publishing that + + + align:start position:0% +in in the years after publishing that +book we've been uh + + align:start position:0% +book we've been uh + + + align:start position:0% +book we've been uh +uh together with Professor Z of + + align:start position:0% +uh together with Professor Z of + + + align:start position:0% +uh together with Professor Z of +University of bologa in Italy + + align:start position:0% +University of bologa in Italy + + + align:start position:0% +University of bologa in Italy +uh who contributed also in some of the + + align:start position:0% +uh who contributed also in some of the + + + align:start position:0% +uh who contributed also in some of the +proofs of the book uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh we went on and tried to find an + + align:start position:0% +uh we went on and tried to find an + + + align:start position:0% +uh we went on and tried to find an +alternative way of defining entropy + + align:start position:0% +alternative way of defining entropy + + + align:start position:0% +alternative way of defining entropy +without not without the + + align:start position:0% +without not without the + + + align:start position:0% +without not without the +reservoir without uh because the + + align:start position:0% +reservoir without uh because the + + + align:start position:0% +reservoir without uh because the +reservoir is some some sort of a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +macroscopic + + align:start position:0% +macroscopic + + + align:start position:0% +macroscopic +object and we want to to do it more + + align:start position:0% +object and we want to to do it more + + + align:start position:0% +object and we want to to do it more +generally so that it our definition of + + align:start position:0% +generally so that it our definition of + + + align:start position:0% +generally so that it our definition of +we could extend also uh to microscopic + + align:start position:0% +we could extend also uh to microscopic + + + align:start position:0% +we could extend also uh to microscopic +situations but also in an operational uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +therefore + + align:start position:0% +therefore + + + align:start position:0% +therefore +laboratory + + align:start position:0% +laboratory + + + align:start position:0% +laboratory +uh applicable measurement uh + + align:start position:0% +uh applicable measurement uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh applicable measurement uh +procedure we so we did we have some + + align:start position:0% +procedure we so we did we have some + + + align:start position:0% +procedure we so we did we have some +papers around uh around that concept + + align:start position:0% +papers around uh around that concept + + + align:start position:0% +papers around uh around that concept +and uh also some also a famous + + align:start position:0% +and uh also some also a famous + + + align:start position:0% +and uh also some also a famous +mathematicians s l uh + + align:start position:0% +mathematicians s l uh + + + align:start position:0% +mathematicians s l uh +in later on I mean after our book has uh + + align:start position:0% +in later on I mean after our book has uh + + + align:start position:0% +in later on I mean after our book has uh +published U alternative definitions of + + align:start position:0% +published U alternative definitions of + + + align:start position:0% +published U alternative definitions of +any for non States and + + align:start position:0% +any for non States and + + + align:start position:0% +any for non States and +initially uh they didn't do it for non + + align:start position:0% +initially uh they didn't do it for non + + + align:start position:0% +initially uh they didn't do it for non +equum States but then they realized that + + align:start position:0% +equum States but then they realized that + + + align:start position:0% +equum States but then they realized that +um they could do it that uh we were sort + + align:start position:0% +um they could do it that uh we were sort + + + align:start position:0% +um they could do it that uh we were sort +of doing the same + + align:start position:0% +of doing the same + + + align:start position:0% +of doing the same +thing so what I'm saying is + + align:start position:0% +thing so what I'm saying is + + + align:start position:0% +thing so what I'm saying is +that I'm telling you this definition of + + align:start position:0% +that I'm telling you this definition of + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm telling you this definition of +entropy uh as it were an easy uh stuff + + align:start position:0% +entropy uh as it were an easy uh stuff + + + align:start position:0% +entropy uh as it were an easy uh stuff +but it's not really very easy because + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +conceptually uh entropy has + + align:start position:0% +conceptually uh entropy has + + + align:start position:0% +conceptually uh entropy has +always uh been a a a difficult uh + + align:start position:0% +always uh been a a a difficult uh + + + align:start position:0% +always uh been a a a difficult uh +um topic uh to understand there's so + + align:start position:0% +um topic uh to understand there's so + + + align:start position:0% +um topic uh to understand there's so +many facets one is the laboratory the + + align:start position:0% +many facets one is the laboratory the + + + align:start position:0% +many facets one is the laboratory the +other is the statistical and now we have + + align:start position:0% +other is the statistical and now we have + + + align:start position:0% +other is the statistical and now we have +also the + + align:start position:0% +also the + + + align:start position:0% +also the +quantum uh so it has so many facets that + + align:start position:0% +quantum uh so it has so many facets that + + + align:start position:0% +quantum uh so it has so many facets that +uh you shouldn't + + align:start position:0% +uh you shouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +uh you shouldn't +say yes I understand what entropy is on + + align:start position:0% +say yes I understand what entropy is on + + + align:start position:0% +say yes I understand what entropy is on +the other + + align:start position:0% +the other + + + align:start position:0% +the other +hand you should say that you understand + + align:start position:0% +hand you should say that you understand + + + align:start position:0% +hand you should say that you understand +what entropy is you know like + + align:start position:0% +what entropy is you know like + + + align:start position:0% +what entropy is you know like +contradicting a bit because if you want + + align:start position:0% +contradicting a bit because if you want + + + align:start position:0% +contradicting a bit because if you want +to go home now and say well what's what + + align:start position:0% +to go home now and say well what's what + + + align:start position:0% +to go home now and say well what's what +what did you learn in thermodynamics + + align:start position:0% +what did you learn in thermodynamics + + + align:start position:0% +what did you learn in thermodynamics +course so + + align:start position:0% +course so + + + align:start position:0% +course so +far well I learned you could say that uh + + align:start position:0% +far well I learned you could say that uh + + + align:start position:0% +far well I learned you could say that uh +yeah there is energy everybody knows + + align:start position:0% +yeah there is energy everybody knows + + + align:start position:0% +yeah there is energy everybody knows +about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +energy with energy you can do useful + + align:start position:0% +energy with energy you can do useful + + + align:start position:0% +energy with energy you can do useful +things but not all the + + align:start position:0% +things but not all the + + + align:start position:0% +things but not all the +energy + + align:start position:0% +energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy +is convertible into useful + + align:start position:0% +is convertible into useful + + + align:start position:0% +is convertible into useful +effects uh in + + align:start position:0% +effects uh in + + + align:start position:0% +effects uh in +fact + + align:start position:0% +fact + + + align:start position:0% +fact +entropy is a measurement of that part of + + align:start position:0% +entropy is a measurement of that part of + + + align:start position:0% +entropy is a measurement of that part of +the energy that cannot be converted into + + align:start position:0% +the energy that cannot be converted into + + + align:start position:0% +the energy that cannot be converted into +useful effects so from an engineer point + + align:start position:0% +useful effects so from an engineer point + + + align:start position:0% +useful effects so from an engineer point +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +view that's a very clear statement and + + align:start position:0% +view that's a very clear statement and + + + align:start position:0% +view that's a very clear statement and +it's true that's not controversy about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +okay all right so let's move on um + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so let's move on um + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so let's move on um +because we're running out of time and + + align:start position:0% +because we're running out of time and + + + align:start position:0% +because we're running out of time and +um so the + + align:start position:0% +um so the + + + align:start position:0% +um so the +reservoir has stable equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +reservoir has stable equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +reservoir has stable equilibrium +states that all have the same + + align:start position:0% +states that all have the same + + + align:start position:0% +states that all have the same +temperature so since temperature is the + + align:start position:0% +temperature so since temperature is the + + + align:start position:0% +temperature so since temperature is the +slope of the fundamental relation of the + + align:start position:0% +slope of the fundamental relation of the + + + align:start position:0% +slope of the fundamental relation of the +curve that represents the fundamental + + align:start position:0% +curve that represents the fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +curve that represents the fundamental +relation the fundamental relation for a + + align:start position:0% +relation the fundamental relation for a + + + align:start position:0% +relation the fundamental relation for a +resing work is a straight + + align:start position:0% +resing work is a straight + + + align:start position:0% +resing work is a straight +line so the equation for a straight line + + align:start position:0% +line so the equation for a straight line + + + align:start position:0% +line so the equation for a straight line +is this + + align:start position:0% +is this + + + align:start position:0% +is this +one changes in + + align:start position:0% +one changes in + + + align:start position:0% +one changes in +energy are related to changes in entropy + + align:start position:0% +energy are related to changes in entropy + + + align:start position:0% +energy are related to changes in entropy +between two if the system goes from one + + align:start position:0% +between two if the system goes from one + + + align:start position:0% +between two if the system goes from one +stable equilibrium state to another + + align:start position:0% +stable equilibrium state to another + + + align:start position:0% +stable equilibrium state to another +stable equilibrium State and therefore + + align:start position:0% +stable equilibrium State and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +stable equilibrium State and therefore +it moves along this + + align:start position:0% +it moves along this + + + align:start position:0% +it moves along this +curve then + + align:start position:0% +curve then + + + align:start position:0% +curve then +the ratio of the energy change to the + + align:start position:0% +the ratio of the energy change to the + + + align:start position:0% +the ratio of the energy change to the +enthropy change is equal to the + + align:start position:0% +enthropy change is equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +enthropy change is equal to the +temperature of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +res + + align:start position:0% +res + + + align:start position:0% +res +why uh we use the the reservoir remember + + align:start position:0% +why uh we use the the reservoir remember + + + align:start position:0% +why uh we use the the reservoir remember +we used it so that we could + + align:start position:0% +we used it so that we could + + + align:start position:0% +we used it so that we could +uh make that property additive uh so we + + align:start position:0% +uh make that property additive uh so we + + + align:start position:0% +uh make that property additive uh so we +build we built additivity + + align:start position:0% +build we built additivity + + + align:start position:0% +build we built additivity +into uh the concept of diabatic + + align:start position:0% +into uh the concept of diabatic + + + align:start position:0% +into uh the concept of diabatic +availability and in fact if we consider + + align:start position:0% +availability and in fact if we consider + + + align:start position:0% +availability and in fact if we consider +the adamatic availability of a composite + + align:start position:0% +the adamatic availability of a composite + + + align:start position:0% +the adamatic availability of a composite +system composite of a system like a + + align:start position:0% +system composite of a system like a + + + align:start position:0% +system composite of a system like a +normal + + align:start position:0% +normal + + + align:start position:0% +normal +system and the + + align:start position:0% +system and the + + + align:start position:0% +system and the +reservoir then thetic availability of + + align:start position:0% +reservoir then thetic availability of + + + align:start position:0% +reservoir then thetic availability of +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +situation is what we call available + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +energy it is a it turns out to be a + + align:start position:0% +energy it is a it turns out to be a + + + align:start position:0% +energy it is a it turns out to be a +property of system a for given uh with + + align:start position:0% +property of system a for given uh with + + + align:start position:0% +property of system a for given uh with +respect to a given vers it's called + + align:start position:0% +respect to a given vers it's called + + + align:start position:0% +respect to a given vers it's called +available energy of a system with + + align:start position:0% +available energy of a system with + + + align:start position:0% +available energy of a system with +respect to a given energ and resir and + + align:start position:0% +respect to a given energ and resir and + + + align:start position:0% +respect to a given energ and resir and +we have + + align:start position:0% +we have + + + align:start position:0% +we have +given the formal expression in terms of + + align:start position:0% +given the formal expression in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +given the formal expression in terms of +energy and entropy so you can + + align:start position:0% +energy and entropy so you can + + + align:start position:0% +energy and entropy so you can +compute + + align:start position:0% +compute + + + align:start position:0% +compute +uh the available energy the maximum work + + align:start position:0% +uh the available energy the maximum work + + + align:start position:0% +uh the available energy the maximum work +that you can extract from your system A1 + + align:start position:0% +that you can extract from your system A1 + + + align:start position:0% +that you can extract from your system A1 +it has available the possibility to + + align:start position:0% +it has available the possibility to + + + align:start position:0% +it has available the possibility to +inter + + align:start position:0% +inter + + + align:start position:0% +inter +with a res and exchange with + + align:start position:0% +with a res and exchange with + + + align:start position:0% +with a res and exchange with +it so let's see how we can could + + align:start position:0% +it so let's see how we can could + + + align:start position:0% +it so let's see how we can could +construct see this is the formula for + + align:start position:0% +construct see this is the formula for + + + align:start position:0% +construct see this is the formula for +available + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +energy and how can we construct uh uh + + align:start position:0% +energy and how can we construct uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +energy and how can we construct uh uh +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +formula so here + + align:start position:0% +formula so here + + + align:start position:0% +formula so here +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the eus diag for our system + + align:start position:0% +the eus diag for our system + + + align:start position:0% +the eus diag for our system +a fixed values of n + + align:start position:0% +a fixed values of n + + + align:start position:0% +a fixed values of n +andv stable equilibrium State + + align:start position:0% +andv stable equilibrium State + + + align:start position:0% +andv stable equilibrium State +curve let me consider + + align:start position:0% +curve let me consider + + + align:start position:0% +curve let me consider +Again State + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +A1 if for State A1 I make + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a um reversible weight + + align:start position:0% +a um reversible weight + + + align:start position:0% +a um reversible weight +process I can go uh the entropy remains + + align:start position:0% +process I can go uh the entropy remains + + + align:start position:0% +process I can go uh the entropy remains +constant and I can go down this much and + + align:start position:0% +constant and I can go down this much and + + + align:start position:0% +constant and I can go down this much and +that's how I extract thetic I mean + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thetic when I want to extract the + + align:start position:0% +thetic when I want to extract the + + + align:start position:0% +thetic when I want to extract the +available energy here remember in the in + + align:start position:0% +available energy here remember in the in + + + align:start position:0% +available energy here remember in the in +the end in the final + + align:start position:0% +the end in the final + + + align:start position:0% +the end in the final +State the composite system must be in a + + align:start position:0% +State the composite system must be in a + + + align:start position:0% +State the composite system must be in a +stable equilibrium State it's only then + + align:start position:0% +stable equilibrium State it's only then + + + align:start position:0% +stable equilibrium State it's only then +and only when I reach the stable + + align:start position:0% +and only when I reach the stable + + + align:start position:0% +and only when I reach the stable +equilibrium state that I cannot extract + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium state that I cannot extract + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium state that I cannot extract +anymore in a weight + + align:start position:0% +anymore in a weight + + + align:start position:0% +anymore in a weight +process so stable equum state for a + + align:start position:0% +process so stable equum state for a + + + align:start position:0% +process so stable equum state for a +combination means Mutual equilibrium so + + align:start position:0% +combination means Mutual equilibrium so + + + align:start position:0% +combination means Mutual equilibrium so +the final state of system a is in mutual + + align:start position:0% +the final state of system a is in mutual + + + align:start position:0% +the final state of system a is in mutual +equilibrium with the + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium with the + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium with the +reservoir all right if the reservoir is + + align:start position:0% +reservoir all right if the reservoir is + + + align:start position:0% +reservoir all right if the reservoir is +a temperature + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +TR when the system a is in usual + + align:start position:0% +TR when the system a is in usual + + + align:start position:0% +TR when the system a is in usual +equilibrium with the reservoir we said + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium with the reservoir we said + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium with the reservoir we said +that we will prove that uh + + align:start position:0% +that we will prove that uh + + + align:start position:0% +that we will prove that uh +the two systems in mutual equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +the two systems in mutual equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +the two systems in mutual equilibrium +must have the same temperature so system + + align:start position:0% +must have the same temperature so system + + + align:start position:0% +must have the same temperature so system +a must end up in the stable equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +a must end up in the stable equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +a must end up in the stable equilibrium +state that has a slope that has + + align:start position:0% +state that has a slope that has + + + align:start position:0% +state that has a slope that has +temperature equal to the temperature of + + align:start position:0% +temperature equal to the temperature of + + + align:start position:0% +temperature equal to the temperature of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +Vel so if this is temperature resare I + + align:start position:0% +Vel so if this is temperature resare I + + + align:start position:0% +Vel so if this is temperature resare I +go and look for the point here on on + + align:start position:0% +go and look for the point here on on + + + align:start position:0% +go and look for the point here on on +this curve where the slope is equal to + + align:start position:0% +this curve where the slope is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +this curve where the slope is equal to +tr that is the state in which system a + + align:start position:0% +tr that is the state in which system a + + + align:start position:0% +tr that is the state in which system a +will be in mutual equilibrium with the + + align:start position:0% +will be in mutual equilibrium with the + + + align:start position:0% +will be in mutual equilibrium with the +res and that is going to be the final + + align:start position:0% +res and that is going to be the final + + + align:start position:0% +res and that is going to be the final +state of system + + align:start position:0% +state of system + + + align:start position:0% +state of system +a you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +see uh in order to go from the initial + + align:start position:0% +see uh in order to go from the initial + + + align:start position:0% +see uh in order to go from the initial +state of system a to this final + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +State I need to change the + + align:start position:0% +State I need to change the + + + align:start position:0% +State I need to change the +entropy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +system in this case since State a r is + + align:start position:0% +system in this case since State a r is + + + align:start position:0% +system in this case since State a r is +to the right in the diagram of State + + align:start position:0% +to the right in the diagram of State + + + align:start position:0% +to the right in the diagram of State +A1 the entropy Sr is greater than S1 and + + align:start position:0% +A1 the entropy Sr is greater than S1 and + + + align:start position:0% +A1 the entropy Sr is greater than S1 and +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +possibility is + + align:start position:0% +possibility is + + + align:start position:0% +possibility is +to let entropy + + align:start position:0% +to let entropy + + + align:start position:0% +to let entropy +increase by means of some spontaneous + + align:start position:0% +increase by means of some spontaneous + + + align:start position:0% +increase by means of some spontaneous +process let make a weight process an + + align:start position:0% +process let make a weight process an + + + align:start position:0% +process let make a weight process an +irreversible weight process in an + + align:start position:0% +irreversible weight process in an + + + align:start position:0% +irreversible weight process in an +irreversible weight process I can + + align:start position:0% +irreversible weight process I can + + + align:start position:0% +irreversible weight process I can +increase the an and so I can go from + + align:start position:0% +increase the an and so I can go from + + + align:start position:0% +increase the an and so I can go from +here to to there in the weight + + align:start position:0% +here to to there in the weight + + + align:start position:0% +here to to there in the weight +process and the amount of energy I would + + align:start position:0% +process and the amount of energy I would + + + align:start position:0% +process and the amount of energy I would +extract in that wave process would be + + align:start position:0% +extract in that wave process would be + + + align:start position:0% +extract in that wave process would be +only the difference between the + + align:start position:0% +only the difference between the + + + align:start position:0% +only the difference between the +initial final energy that's the energy + + align:start position:0% +initial final energy that's the energy + + + align:start position:0% +initial final energy that's the energy +balance so it would distract only this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +much + + align:start position:0% +much + + + align:start position:0% +much +but in another way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to since I need this entropy in order + + align:start position:0% +to since I need this entropy in order + + + align:start position:0% +to since I need this entropy in order +for to go from here to there I can ask + + align:start position:0% +for to go from here to there I can ask + + + align:start position:0% +for to go from here to there I can ask +it to the reservoir the reservoir is + + align:start position:0% +it to the reservoir the reservoir is + + + align:start position:0% +it to the reservoir the reservoir is +there and + + align:start position:0% +there and + + + align:start position:0% +there and +uh interacts with my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +system in whatever way is uh uh allowed + + align:start position:0% +system in whatever way is uh uh allowed + + + align:start position:0% +system in whatever way is uh uh allowed +so they can also Exchange + + align:start position:0% +so they can also Exchange + + + align:start position:0% +so they can also Exchange +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +entropy so if I if I ask the resw to + + align:start position:0% +entropy so if I if I ask the resw to + + + align:start position:0% +entropy so if I if I ask the resw to +give me this much entropy so that I can + + align:start position:0% +give me this much entropy so that I can + + + align:start position:0% +give me this much entropy so that I can +go from here to here in the entropy uh + + align:start position:0% +go from here to here in the entropy uh + + + align:start position:0% +go from here to here in the entropy uh +axis the reservoir let's go back to the + + align:start position:0% +axis the reservoir let's go back to the + + + align:start position:0% +axis the reservoir let's go back to the +so if if the reservoir has to give me + + align:start position:0% +so if if the reservoir has to give me + + + align:start position:0% +so if if the reservoir has to give me +some entropy it means that it must go + + align:start position:0% +some entropy it means that it must go + + + align:start position:0% +some entropy it means that it must go +from here to the left + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in order to give me some + + align:start position:0% +in order to give me some + + + align:start position:0% +in order to give me some +entropy + + align:start position:0% +entropy + + + align:start position:0% +entropy +it it can give me also some + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +energy So I says all right + + align:start position:0% +energy So I says all right + + + align:start position:0% +energy So I says all right +R while you're giving me this much + + align:start position:0% +R while you're giving me this much + + + align:start position:0% +R while you're giving me this much +entropy and going from here to here you + + align:start position:0% +entropy and going from here to here you + + + align:start position:0% +entropy and going from here to here you +can give me also that energy go from + + align:start position:0% +can give me also that energy go from + + + align:start position:0% +can give me also that energy go from +this stable to the new stage to this + + align:start position:0% +this stable to the new stage to this + + + align:start position:0% +this stable to the new stage to this +lower energy stable equum State and that + + align:start position:0% +lower energy stable equum State and that + + + align:start position:0% +lower energy stable equum State and that +energy becomes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +available to + + align:start position:0% +available to + + + align:start position:0% +available to +go to the + + align:start position:0% +go to the + + + align:start position:0% +go to the +weight so the P the reservoir you take + + align:start position:0% +weight so the P the reservoir you take + + + align:start position:0% +weight so the P the reservoir you take +energy out of the + + align:start position:0% +energy out of the + + + align:start position:0% +energy out of the +resir and give the energy to the weight + + align:start position:0% +resir and give the energy to the weight + + + align:start position:0% +resir and give the energy to the weight +and give the entropy to the + + align:start position:0% +and give the entropy to the + + + align:start position:0% +and give the entropy to the +system yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +therefore uh you can see this uh um + + align:start position:0% +therefore uh you can see this uh um + + + align:start position:0% +therefore uh you can see this uh um +inclined line you can view it also as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the stable State C for the residir so + + align:start position:0% +the stable State C for the residir so + + + align:start position:0% +the stable State C for the residir so +this much + + align:start position:0% +this much + + + align:start position:0% +this much +energy reduction of + + align:start position:0% +energy reduction of + + + align:start position:0% +energy reduction of +uh uh + + align:start position:0% +uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh +of the for the reservoir implies this + + align:start position:0% +of the for the reservoir implies this + + + align:start position:0% +of the for the reservoir implies this +much energy so this are much entropy + + align:start position:0% +much energy so this are much entropy + + + align:start position:0% +much energy so this are much entropy +reduction inlies as much energy + + align:start position:0% +reduction inlies as much energy + + + align:start position:0% +reduction inlies as much energy +reduction + + align:start position:0% +reduction + + + align:start position:0% +reduction +so in addition to the energy that you + + align:start position:0% +so in addition to the energy that you + + + align:start position:0% +so in addition to the energy that you +can extract directly from system a going + + align:start position:0% +can extract directly from system a going + + + align:start position:0% +can extract directly from system a going +from here to + + align:start position:0% +from here to + + + align:start position:0% +from here to +here so difference between final initial + + align:start position:0% +here so difference between final initial + + + align:start position:0% +here so difference between final initial +and final energy of system a you can add + + align:start position:0% +and final energy of system a you can add + + + align:start position:0% +and final energy of system a you can add +also this + + align:start position:0% +also this + + + align:start position:0% +also this +much as energy + + align:start position:0% +much as energy + + + align:start position:0% +much as energy +that is extracted from the Reser and + + align:start position:0% +that is extracted from the Reser and + + + align:start position:0% +that is extracted from the Reser and +therefore + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +geometrically geometrically the + + align:start position:0% +geometrically geometrically the + + + align:start position:0% +geometrically geometrically the +available energy is the sum of these two + + align:start position:0% +available energy is the sum of these two + + + align:start position:0% +available energy is the sum of these two +contributions which is also the + + align:start position:0% +contributions which is also the + + + align:start position:0% +contributions which is also the +geometric representation of this + + align:start position:0% +geometric representation of this + + + align:start position:0% +geometric representation of this +formula + + align:start position:0% +formula + + + align:start position:0% +formula +okay all right well + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I think we will take it from here but I + + align:start position:0% +I think we will take it from here but I + + + align:start position:0% +I think we will take it from here but I +want to skip this for the moment and uh + + align:start position:0% +want to skip this for the moment and uh + + + align:start position:0% +want to skip this for the moment and uh +uh so the next time I still have to do + + align:start position:0% +uh so the next time I still have to do + + + align:start position:0% +uh so the next time I still have to do +what I I didn't manage to do today it's + + align:start position:0% +what I I didn't manage to do today it's + + + align:start position:0% +what I I didn't manage to do today it's +the the necessary conditions for Mutual + + align:start position:0% +the the necessary conditions for Mutual + + + align:start position:0% +the the necessary conditions for Mutual +uh uh + + align:start position:0% +uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh +Equity so I + + align:start position:0% +Equity so I + + + align:start position:0% +Equity so I +think yes time is up for today so I'll + + align:start position:0% +think yes time is up for today so I'll + + + align:start position:0% +think yes time is up for today so I'll +see + + align:start position:0% +see + + + align:start position:0% +see +you on Friday \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/lm_qReHVm0A.txt b/lm_qReHVm0A.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c0a4207ca524c00f878e535372483820382d85e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/lm_qReHVm0A.txt @@ -0,0 +1,324 @@ +Now, we're ready to actually +start building models. + +So as usual, the first +thing we're going to do + +is split our data into a +training and a testing set. + +And for this problem, +we're actually + +going to train on data from +the 2004 and 2008 elections, + +and we're going to test +on data from the 2012 + +presidential election. + +So to do that, we'll +create a data frame + +called Train, using the subset +function that breaks down + +the original polling +data frame and only + +stores the observations when +either the Year was 2004 + +or when the Year was 2008. + +And to obtain the +testing set, we're + +going to use subset to create +a data frame called Test that + +saves the observations +in polling where + +the year was 2012. + +So now that we've broken it down +into a training and a testing + +set, we want to understand +the prediction of our baseline + +model against which +we want to compare + +a later logistic +regression model. + +So to do that, we'll +look at the breakdown + +of the dependent +variable in the training + +set using the table function. + +What we can see here is that +in 47 of the 100 training + +observations, the +Democrat won the state, + +and in 53 of the observations, +the Republican won the state. + +So our simple baseline +model is always + +going to predict the more +common outcome, which + +is that the Republican is +going to win the state. + +And we see that the +simple baseline model + +will have accuracy of +53% on the training set. + +Now, unfortunately, this +is a pretty weak model. + +It always predicts Republican, +even for a very landslide + +Democratic state, where +the Democrat was polling + +by 15% or 20% ahead +of the Republican. + +So nobody would really consider +this to be a credible model. + +So we need to think of a smarter +baseline model against which + +we can compare our logistic +regression models that we're + +going to develop later. + +So a reasonable +smart baseline would + +be to just take one of +the polls-- in our case, + +we'll take Rasmussen-- +and make a prediction + +based on who poll said +was winning in the state. + +So for instance, if the +Republican is polling ahead, + +the Rasmussen smart +baseline would just + +pick the Republican +to be the winner. + +If the Democrat was ahead, +it would pick the Democrat. + +And if they were tied, +the model would not + +know which one to select. + +So to compute this +smart baseline, + +we're going to use a new +function called the sign + +function. + +And what this function +does is, if it's + +passed a positive number, +it returns the value 1. + +If it's passed a negative +number, it returns negative 1. + +And if it's passed +0, it returns 0. + +So if we passed the +Rasmussen variable into sign, + +whenever the Republican was +winning the state, meaning + +Rasmussen is positive, +it's going to return a 1. + +So for instance, +if the value 20 is + +passed, meaning the Republican +is polling 20 ahead, + +it returns 1. + +So 1 signifies that the +Republican is predicted to win. + +If the Democrat is leading +in the Rasmussen poll, + +it'll take on a negative value. + +So if we took for instance +the sign of -10, we get -1. + +So -1 means this +smart baseline is + +predicting that the +Democrat won the state. + +And finally, if we +took the sign of 0, + +meaning that the +Rasmussen poll had a tie, + +it returns 0, saying +that the model is + +inconclusive about who's +going to win the state. + +So now, we're ready +to actually compute + +this prediction for all +of our training set. + +And we can take a +look at the breakdown + +of that using the +table function applied + +to the sign of the training +set's Rasmussen variable. + +And what we can see is that +in 56 of the 100 training set + +observations, the smart +baseline predicted + +that the Republican +was going to win. + +In 42 instances, it +predicted the Democrat. + +And in two instances, +it was inconclusive. + +So what we really want to do +is to see the breakdown of how + +the smart baseline model does, +compared to the actual result + +-- who actually won the state. + +So we want to again +use the table function, + +but this time, we want to +compare the training set's + +outcome against the sign +of the polling data. + +So in this table, the rows +are the true outcome -- + +1 is for Republican, +0 is for Democrat -- + +and the columns are the smart +baseline predictions, -1, 0, + +or 1. + +What we can see is in the +top left corner over here, + +we have 42 observations where +the Rasmussen smart baseline + +predicted the +Democrat would win, + +and the Democrat +actually did win. + +There were 52 observations where +the smart baseline predicted + +the Republican would win, +and the Republican actually + +did win. + +Again, there were those two +inconclusive observations. + +And finally, there +were four mistakes. + +There were four times where the +smart baseline model predicted + +that the Republican would +win, but actually the Democrat + +won the state. + +So as we can see, this +model, with four mistakes + +and two inconclusive results +out of the 100 training + +set observations is doing much, +much better than the naive + +baseline, which simply +was always predicting + +the Republican +would win and made + +47 mistakes on the same data. + +So we see that this is a much +more reasonable baseline model + +to carry forward, against +which we can compare + +our logistic +regression-based approach. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/lqfKi0Pkt6U.txt b/lqfKi0Pkt6U.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7a139ec74c5d5e7cb68a7022074185b2c06c4ffb --- /dev/null +++ b/lqfKi0Pkt6U.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5779 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided by MIT + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided by MIT + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided by MIT +opencourseware under a Creative Commons + + align:start position:0% +opencourseware under a Creative Commons + + + align:start position:0% +opencourseware under a Creative Commons +license additional information about our + + align:start position:0% +license additional information about our + + + align:start position:0% +license additional information about our +license and MIT open courseware in + + align:start position:0% +license and MIT open courseware in + + + align:start position:0% +license and MIT open courseware in +general is available at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay welcome back + + align:start position:0% +okay welcome back + + + align:start position:0% +okay welcome back +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +we just finished our discussion with + + align:start position:0% +we just finished our discussion with + + + align:start position:0% +we just finished our discussion with +Predator prey and host parasites + + align:start position:0% +Predator prey and host parasites + + + align:start position:0% +Predator prey and host parasites +illustrating it with uh + + align:start position:0% +illustrating it with uh + + + align:start position:0% +illustrating it with uh +ways that we + + align:start position:0% +ways that we + + + align:start position:0% +ways that we +could have an impact on uh + + align:start position:0% +could have an impact on uh + + + align:start position:0% +could have an impact on uh +ecological modeling in oceans and and in + + align:start position:0% +ecological modeling in oceans and and in + + + align:start position:0% +ecological modeling in oceans and and in +public health + + align:start position:0% +public health + + + align:start position:0% +public health +and these kind of considerations start + + align:start position:0% +and these kind of considerations start + + + align:start position:0% +and these kind of considerations start +getting us into what are the global + + align:start position:0% +getting us into what are the global + + + align:start position:0% +getting us into what are the global +socioeconomic considerations what kind + + align:start position:0% +socioeconomic considerations what kind + + + align:start position:0% +socioeconomic considerations what kind +of impact do these kind of uh models + + align:start position:0% +of impact do these kind of uh models + + + align:start position:0% +of impact do these kind of uh models +have on how we make + + align:start position:0% +have on how we make + + + align:start position:0% +have on how we make +decisions + + align:start position:0% +decisions + + + align:start position:0% +decisions +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +in this context + + align:start position:0% +in this context + + + align:start position:0% +in this context +I I I'm glad to be associated with the + + align:start position:0% +I I I'm glad to be associated with the + + + align:start position:0% +I I I'm glad to be associated with the +Genome Project is one of the first + + align:start position:0% +Genome Project is one of the first + + + align:start position:0% +Genome Project is one of the first +scientific projects + + align:start position:0% +scientific projects + + + align:start position:0% +scientific projects +of any reasonable scale that that uh + + align:start position:0% +of any reasonable scale that that uh + + + align:start position:0% +of any reasonable scale that that uh +had from the very start from the very + + align:start position:0% +had from the very start from the very + + + align:start position:0% +had from the very start from the very +first proposed uh funding for it in 1990 + + align:start position:0% +first proposed uh funding for it in 1990 + + + align:start position:0% +first proposed uh funding for it in 1990 +a a component a three percent set aside + + align:start position:0% +a a component a three percent set aside + + + align:start position:0% +a a component a three percent set aside +for ethical legal and social issues + + align:start position:0% +for ethical legal and social issues + + + align:start position:0% +for ethical legal and social issues +or else + + align:start position:0% +or else + + + align:start position:0% +or else +and some of the topics that are covered + + align:start position:0% +and some of the topics that are covered + + + align:start position:0% +and some of the topics that are covered +by the grantees in this part of the + + align:start position:0% +by the grantees in this part of the + + + align:start position:0% +by the grantees in this part of the +Genome Project + + align:start position:0% +Genome Project + + + align:start position:0% +Genome Project +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +were genetic non-discrimination privacy + + align:start position:0% +were genetic non-discrimination privacy + + + align:start position:0% +were genetic non-discrimination privacy +Reproductive Rights and cloning + + align:start position:0% +Reproductive Rights and cloning + + + align:start position:0% +Reproductive Rights and cloning +psychological stigmatization that can + + align:start position:0% +psychological stigmatization that can + + + align:start position:0% +psychological stigmatization that can +come from maybe too much knowledge + + align:start position:0% +come from maybe too much knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +come from maybe too much knowledge +clinical quality control what can happen + + align:start position:0% +clinical quality control what can happen + + + align:start position:0% +clinical quality control what can happen +with false positives and false negatives + + align:start position:0% +with false positives and false negatives + + + align:start position:0% +with false positives and false negatives +in clinical exams safety environmental + + align:start position:0% +in clinical exams safety environmental + + + align:start position:0% +in clinical exams safety environmental +issues such as the ones we were just + + align:start position:0% +issues such as the ones we were just + + + align:start position:0% +issues such as the ones we were just +talking about race + + align:start position:0% +talking about race + + + align:start position:0% +talking about race +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +uncertainties not just due to quality + + align:start position:0% +uncertainties not just due to quality + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainties not just due to quality +control but uh the uncertainties in in + + align:start position:0% +control but uh the uncertainties in in + + + align:start position:0% +control but uh the uncertainties in in +testing minors + + align:start position:0% +testing minors + + + align:start position:0% +testing minors +um issues of diversity + + align:start position:0% +um issues of diversity + + + align:start position:0% +um issues of diversity +both biodiversity and human diversity + + align:start position:0% +both biodiversity and human diversity + + + align:start position:0% +both biodiversity and human diversity +and uh commercialization of the product + + align:start position:0% +and uh commercialization of the product + + + align:start position:0% +and uh commercialization of the product +who owns + + align:start position:0% +who owns + + + align:start position:0% +who owns +my cells when I use when I give them to + + align:start position:0% +my cells when I use when I give them to + + + align:start position:0% +my cells when I use when I give them to +a hospital or a company to help cure me + + align:start position:0% +a hospital or a company to help cure me + + + align:start position:0% +a hospital or a company to help cure me +do they then own all the patent rights + + align:start position:0% +do they then own all the patent rights + + + align:start position:0% +do they then own all the patent rights +now in terms of so so the underlying + + align:start position:0% +now in terms of so so the underlying + + + align:start position:0% +now in terms of so so the underlying +topics are the ones the four underlying + + align:start position:0% +topics are the ones the four underlying + + + align:start position:0% +topics are the ones the four underlying +topics we'll talk about in the next few + + align:start position:0% +topics we'll talk about in the next few + + + align:start position:0% +topics we'll talk about in the next few +slides + + align:start position:0% +slides + + + align:start position:0% +slides +in terms of non-discrimination this can + + align:start position:0% +in terms of non-discrimination this can + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of non-discrimination this can +go any direction it will go the + + align:start position:0% +go any direction it will go the + + + align:start position:0% +go any direction it will go the +direction the market forces push it + + align:start position:0% +direction the market forces push it + + + align:start position:0% +direction the market forces push it +meaning the voters + + align:start position:0% +meaning the voters + + + align:start position:0% +meaning the voters +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +if we want to pass really laws that say + + align:start position:0% +if we want to pass really laws that say + + + align:start position:0% +if we want to pass really laws that say +that if + + align:start position:0% +that if + + + align:start position:0% +that if +North Church sequences is genome and he + + align:start position:0% +North Church sequences is genome and he + + + align:start position:0% +North Church sequences is genome and he +has to report that it's just what the + + align:start position:0% +has to report that it's just what the + + + align:start position:0% +has to report that it's just what the +insurance company or Worse yeah the + + align:start position:0% +insurance company or Worse yeah the + + + align:start position:0% +insurance company or Worse yeah the +insurance companies are still going to + + align:start position:0% +insurance companies are still going to + + + align:start position:0% +insurance companies are still going to +get it whether he wants it or not + + align:start position:0% +get it whether he wants it or not + + + align:start position:0% +get it whether he wants it or not +but on the other end of the spectrum and + + align:start position:0% +but on the other end of the spectrum and + + + align:start position:0% +but on the other end of the spectrum and +I hope the the trend which will make it + + align:start position:0% +I hope the the trend which will make it + + + align:start position:0% +I hope the the trend which will make it +much easier for us to share our data or + + align:start position:0% +much easier for us to share our data or + + + align:start position:0% +much easier for us to share our data or +use our data what's it is that uh today + + align:start position:0% +use our data what's it is that uh today + + + align:start position:0% +use our data what's it is that uh today +non-discrimination and health insurance + + align:start position:0% +non-discrimination and health insurance + + + align:start position:0% +non-discrimination and health insurance +and Employment Act was uh about 1999 was + + align:start position:0% +and Employment Act was uh about 1999 was + + + align:start position:0% +and Employment Act was uh about 1999 was +introduced and passed uh + + align:start position:0% +introduced and passed uh + + + align:start position:0% +introduced and passed uh +um which which the extent uh the + + align:start position:0% +um which which the extent uh the + + + align:start position:0% +um which which the extent uh the +important Protections in the court in + + align:start position:0% +important Protections in the court in + + + align:start position:0% +important Protections in the court in +the government sector to the private + + align:start position:0% +the government sector to the private + + + align:start position:0% +the government sector to the private +sector + + align:start position:0% +sector + + + align:start position:0% +sector +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +to the extent that that can be uh + + align:start position:0% +to the extent that that can be uh + + + align:start position:0% +to the extent that that can be uh +generalized I don't know exactly where + + align:start position:0% +generalized I don't know exactly where + + + align:start position:0% +generalized I don't know exactly where +that's going but one can hope that uh I + + align:start position:0% +that's going but one can hope that uh I + + + align:start position:0% +that's going but one can hope that uh I +mean clearly we will always do some kind + + align:start position:0% +mean clearly we will always do some kind + + + align:start position:0% +mean clearly we will always do some kind +of discrimination based on uh + + align:start position:0% +of discrimination based on uh + + + align:start position:0% +of discrimination based on uh +genetics which can be assessed + + align:start position:0% +genetics which can be assessed + + + align:start position:0% +genetics which can be assessed +you know such as + + align:start position:0% +you know such as + + + align:start position:0% +you know such as +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +in an interview you know height + + align:start position:0% +in an interview you know height + + + align:start position:0% +in an interview you know height +friendliness that sort of thing but we + + align:start position:0% +friendliness that sort of thing but we + + + align:start position:0% +friendliness that sort of thing but we +but we won't necessarily be doing it + + align:start position:0% +but we won't necessarily be doing it + + + align:start position:0% +but we won't necessarily be doing it +based on the sequence + + align:start position:0% +based on the sequence + + + align:start position:0% +based on the sequence +and these are tough these are tough + + align:start position:0% +and these are tough these are tough + + + align:start position:0% +and these are tough these are tough +issues you know there's the + + align:start position:0% +issues you know there's the + + + align:start position:0% +issues you know there's the +probabilistic nature of the decisions + + align:start position:0% +probabilistic nature of the decisions + + + align:start position:0% +probabilistic nature of the decisions +that you make during an interview + + align:start position:0% +that you make during an interview + + + align:start position:0% +that you make during an interview +different from the probabilistic uh + + align:start position:0% +different from the probabilistic uh + + + align:start position:0% +different from the probabilistic uh +decisions you would make based on a DNA + + align:start position:0% +decisions you would make based on a DNA + + + align:start position:0% +decisions you would make based on a DNA +scan which is more accurate if you want + + align:start position:0% +scan which is more accurate if you want + + + align:start position:0% +scan which is more accurate if you want +it to be more accurate you want to be + + align:start position:0% +it to be more accurate you want to be + + + align:start position:0% +it to be more accurate you want to be +less accurate so on so forth but clearly + + align:start position:0% +less accurate so on so forth but clearly + + + align:start position:0% +less accurate so on so forth but clearly +the trend in terms of legislation is of + + align:start position:0% +the trend in terms of legislation is of + + + align:start position:0% +the trend in terms of legislation is of +course less information being used for + + align:start position:0% +course less information being used for + + + align:start position:0% +course less information being used for +discrimination + + align:start position:0% +discrimination + + + align:start position:0% +discrimination +certainly in the insurance level and + + align:start position:0% +certainly in the insurance level and + + + align:start position:0% +certainly in the insurance level and +that's appropriate Insurance uh because + + align:start position:0% +that's appropriate Insurance uh because + + + align:start position:0% +that's appropriate Insurance uh because +in a way that's supposed to be a + + align:start position:0% +in a way that's supposed to be a + + + align:start position:0% +in a way that's supposed to be a +process by which + + align:start position:0% +process by which + + + align:start position:0% +process by which +risk is shared + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the issue of races + + align:start position:0% +so the issue of races + + + align:start position:0% +so the issue of races +typically races uh + + align:start position:0% +typically races uh + + + align:start position:0% +typically races uh +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +some people feel this is a + + align:start position:0% +some people feel this is a + + + align:start position:0% +some people feel this is a +scientifically rigorous definition + + align:start position:0% +scientifically rigorous definition + + + align:start position:0% +scientifically rigorous definition +others to not some feel that it's false + + align:start position:0% +others to not some feel that it's false + + + align:start position:0% +others to not some feel that it's false +you know very you know very broad + + align:start position:0% +you know very you know very broad + + + align:start position:0% +you know very you know very broad +Strokes + + align:start position:0% +Strokes + + + align:start position:0% +Strokes +in in other organisms at least it can it + + align:start position:0% +in in other organisms at least it can it + + + align:start position:0% +in in other organisms at least it can it +can cover fairly detailed + + align:start position:0% +can cover fairly detailed + + + align:start position:0% +can cover fairly detailed +bottlenecks in populations but any case + + align:start position:0% +bottlenecks in populations but any case + + + align:start position:0% +bottlenecks in populations but any case +there are elements of + + align:start position:0% +there are elements of + + + align:start position:0% +there are elements of +population structure which certainly are + + align:start position:0% +population structure which certainly are + + + align:start position:0% +population structure which certainly are +important whether you ascribe it to the + + align:start position:0% +important whether you ascribe it to the + + + align:start position:0% +important whether you ascribe it to the +major races or to + + align:start position:0% +major races or to + + + align:start position:0% +major races or to +a minor smaller populations and examples + + align:start position:0% +a minor smaller populations and examples + + + align:start position:0% +a minor smaller populations and examples +here we've already talked about + + align:start position:0% +here we've already talked about + + + align:start position:0% +here we've already talked about +hemoglobin variants evolved through + + align:start position:0% +hemoglobin variants evolved through + + + align:start position:0% +hemoglobin variants evolved through +resistible area is going to be one of + + align:start position:0% +resistible area is going to be one of + + + align:start position:0% +resistible area is going to be one of +the themes today + + align:start position:0% +the themes today + + + align:start position:0% +the themes today +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +and as with there was this in + + align:start position:0% +and as with there was this in + + + align:start position:0% +and as with there was this in +pigmentation the pressure of the + + align:start position:0% +pigmentation the pressure of the + + + align:start position:0% +pigmentation the pressure of the +environment to developed a group-wide + + align:start position:0% +environment to developed a group-wide + + + align:start position:0% +environment to developed a group-wide +trait was powerful and uh and can can + + align:start position:0% +trait was powerful and uh and can can + + + align:start position:0% +trait was powerful and uh and can can +involve this very small number of genes + + align:start position:0% +involve this very small number of genes + + + align:start position:0% +involve this very small number of genes +you get founder effects whereas where a + + align:start position:0% +you get founder effects whereas where a + + + align:start position:0% +you get founder effects whereas where a +particular population + + align:start position:0% +particular population + + + align:start position:0% +particular population +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +is highly enriched for a particular + + align:start position:0% +is highly enriched for a particular + + + align:start position:0% +is highly enriched for a particular +disease such as Huntington's in the case + + align:start position:0% +disease such as Huntington's in the case + + + align:start position:0% +disease such as Huntington's in the case +of the Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela or + + align:start position:0% +of the Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela or + + + align:start position:0% +of the Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela or +tysacts and + + align:start position:0% +tysacts and + + + align:start position:0% +tysacts and +know some Jewish populations + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so when you have these well isolated + + align:start position:0% +so when you have these well isolated + + + align:start position:0% +so when you have these well isolated +populations I think you can see in the + + align:start position:0% +populations I think you can see in the + + + align:start position:0% +populations I think you can see in the +population genetic literature how they + + align:start position:0% +population genetic literature how they + + + align:start position:0% +population genetic literature how they +can be used in and in various ways but + + align:start position:0% +can be used in and in various ways but + + + align:start position:0% +can be used in and in various ways but +overall and it's sort of at the broadest + + align:start position:0% +overall and it's sort of at the broadest + + + align:start position:0% +overall and it's sort of at the broadest +level we all share a large set of + + align:start position:0% +level we all share a large set of + + + align:start position:0% +level we all share a large set of +commonly acquired primorphisms + + align:start position:0% +commonly acquired primorphisms + + + align:start position:0% +commonly acquired primorphisms +and even within the smallest + + align:start position:0% +and even within the smallest + + + align:start position:0% +and even within the smallest +subpopulation it still behooves us to + + align:start position:0% +subpopulation it still behooves us to + + + align:start position:0% +subpopulation it still behooves us to +look at the details the individual + + align:start position:0% +look at the details the individual + + + align:start position:0% +look at the details the individual +variations in DNA sequence and the + + align:start position:0% +variations in DNA sequence and the + + + align:start position:0% +variations in DNA sequence and the +hassle types or genotypes + + align:start position:0% +hassle types or genotypes + + + align:start position:0% +hassle types or genotypes +I have two danger slides in a row I + + align:start position:0% +I have two danger slides in a row I + + + align:start position:0% +I have two danger slides in a row I +could probably come up with quite a few + + align:start position:0% +could probably come up with quite a few + + + align:start position:0% +could probably come up with quite a few +more so if you do but one of them is you + + align:start position:0% +more so if you do but one of them is you + + + align:start position:0% +more so if you do but one of them is you +know this is really a very strong + + align:start position:0% +know this is really a very strong + + + align:start position:0% +know this is really a very strong +advocate for for modeling I mean it's + + align:start position:0% +advocate for for modeling I mean it's + + + align:start position:0% +advocate for for modeling I mean it's +just totally anecdotal like Silk as long + + align:start position:0% +just totally anecdotal like Silk as long + + + align:start position:0% +just totally anecdotal like Silk as long +scientific it's historical but this is + + align:start position:0% +scientific it's historical but this is + + + align:start position:0% +scientific it's historical but this is +one critics view of + + align:start position:0% +one critics view of + + + align:start position:0% +one critics view of +the huge influence like Cinco had on + + align:start position:0% +the huge influence like Cinco had on + + + align:start position:0% +the huge influence like Cinco had on +genetics and biology in the Soviet Union + + align:start position:0% +genetics and biology in the Soviet Union + + + align:start position:0% +genetics and biology in the Soviet Union +um from the early days of the revolution + + align:start position:0% +um from the early days of the revolution + + + align:start position:0% +um from the early days of the revolution +and his uh + + align:start position:0% +and his uh + + + align:start position:0% +and his uh +real + + align:start position:0% +real + + + align:start position:0% +real +pet theory was The Inheritance required + + align:start position:0% +pet theory was The Inheritance required + + + align:start position:0% +pet theory was The Inheritance required +characteristics there's nothing + + align:start position:0% +characteristics there's nothing + + + align:start position:0% +characteristics there's nothing +intrinsically wrong with in Broad + + align:start position:0% +intrinsically wrong with in Broad + + + align:start position:0% +intrinsically wrong with in Broad +strokes The Inheritance acquired + + align:start position:0% +strokes The Inheritance acquired + + + align:start position:0% +strokes The Inheritance acquired +characteristics uh it's not certainly + + align:start position:0% +characteristics uh it's not certainly + + + align:start position:0% +characteristics uh it's not certainly +not common biological phenomenon and at + + align:start position:0% +not common biological phenomenon and at + + + align:start position:0% +not common biological phenomenon and at +the time it was it was + + align:start position:0% +the time it was it was + + + align:start position:0% +the time it was it was +it was not helping their biology + + align:start position:0% +it was not helping their biology + + + align:start position:0% +it was not helping their biology +progress at the same rate as the rest of + + align:start position:0% +progress at the same rate as the rest of + + + align:start position:0% +progress at the same rate as the rest of +the world which was mainly pursuing The + + align:start position:0% +the world which was mainly pursuing The + + + align:start position:0% +the world which was mainly pursuing The +mendelian Inheritance models + + align:start position:0% +mendelian Inheritance models + + + align:start position:0% +mendelian Inheritance models +and this critic in quotes felt that his + + align:start position:0% +and this critic in quotes felt that his + + + align:start position:0% +and this critic in quotes felt that his +habit was to report only successes this + + align:start position:0% +habit was to report only successes this + + + align:start position:0% +habit was to report only successes this +is a really feel good habit and his + + align:start position:0% +is a really feel good habit and his + + + align:start position:0% +is a really feel good habit and his +results were based on extremely small + + align:start position:0% +results were based on extremely small + + + align:start position:0% +results were based on extremely small +sample sizes inaccurate records in the + + align:start position:0% +sample sizes inaccurate records in the + + + align:start position:0% +sample sizes inaccurate records in the +almost total absence of control groups + + align:start position:0% +almost total absence of control groups + + + align:start position:0% +almost total absence of control groups +he made an early mistake in a + + align:start position:0% +he made an early mistake in a + + + align:start position:0% +he made an early mistake in a +calculation which caused comments among + + align:start position:0% +calculation which caused comments among + + + align:start position:0% +calculation which caused comments among +other specialists in his field and made + + align:start position:0% +other specialists in his field and made + + + align:start position:0% +other specialists in his field and made +him extremely negative towards the use + + align:start position:0% +him extremely negative towards the use + + + align:start position:0% +him extremely negative towards the use +of mathematics and science + + align:start position:0% +of mathematics and science + + + align:start position:0% +of mathematics and science +you know making mistakes should not you + + align:start position:0% +you know making mistakes should not you + + + align:start position:0% +you know making mistakes should not you +know cause you to + + align:start position:0% +know cause you to + + + align:start position:0% +know cause you to +drop the use of mathematics and science + + align:start position:0% +drop the use of mathematics and science + + + align:start position:0% +drop the use of mathematics and science +hopefully those of you who probably + + align:start position:0% +hopefully those of you who probably + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully those of you who probably +everybody in this class has made a + + align:start position:0% +everybody in this class has made a + + + align:start position:0% +everybody in this class has made a +mistake in mathematics and hopefully + + align:start position:0% +mistake in mathematics and hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +mistake in mathematics and hopefully +none of you will drop mathematics in + + align:start position:0% +none of you will drop mathematics in + + + align:start position:0% +none of you will drop mathematics in +your future biology + + align:start position:0% +your future biology + + + align:start position:0% +your future biology +is uh + + align:start position:0% +is uh + + + align:start position:0% +is uh +second Danger + + align:start position:0% +second Danger + + + align:start position:0% +second Danger +is the dangerous ethics free science I + + align:start position:0% +is the dangerous ethics free science I + + + align:start position:0% +is the dangerous ethics free science I +think this is a truly remarkable story + + align:start position:0% +think this is a truly remarkable story + + + align:start position:0% +think this is a truly remarkable story +that uh + + align:start position:0% +that uh + + + align:start position:0% +that uh +in 1979 there was a release of Anthrax + + align:start position:0% +in 1979 there was a release of Anthrax + + + align:start position:0% +in 1979 there was a release of Anthrax +8364s and uh + + align:start position:0% +8364s and uh + + + align:start position:0% +8364s and uh +part of folks it's a former Soviet Union + + align:start position:0% +part of folks it's a former Soviet Union + + + align:start position:0% +part of folks it's a former Soviet Union +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +a few years later uh actually 1999 this + + align:start position:0% +a few years later uh actually 1999 this + + + align:start position:0% +a few years later uh actually 1999 this +book was published + + align:start position:0% +book was published + + + align:start position:0% +book was published +uh describing what was behind that that + + align:start position:0% +uh describing what was behind that that + + + align:start position:0% +uh describing what was behind that that +uh what was behind that was decades + + align:start position:0% +uh what was behind that was decades + + + align:start position:0% +uh what was behind that was decades +earlier in 1953 + + align:start position:0% +earlier in 1953 + + + align:start position:0% +earlier in 1953 +there was + + align:start position:0% +there was + + + align:start position:0% +there was +a leak in one I guess in one of their + + align:start position:0% +a leak in one I guess in one of their + + + align:start position:0% +a leak in one I guess in one of their +anthrax + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +developments and in uh 1956 we found + + align:start position:0% +developments and in uh 1956 we found + + + align:start position:0% +developments and in uh 1956 we found +that one of the rodents that they + + align:start position:0% +that one of the rodents that they + + + align:start position:0% +that one of the rodents that they +captured in their routine surveys of the + + align:start position:0% +captured in their routine surveys of the + + + align:start position:0% +captured in their routine surveys of the +sewers searching down of possible + + align:start position:0% +sewers searching down of possible + + + align:start position:0% +sewers searching down of possible +anthrax that they had actually a strain + + align:start position:0% +anthrax that they had actually a strain + + + align:start position:0% +anthrax that they had actually a strain +had become much more viral than the + + align:start position:0% +had become much more viral than the + + + align:start position:0% +had become much more viral than the +originals they were working with + + align:start position:0% +originals they were working with + + + align:start position:0% +originals they were working with +and uh you know usually the response of + + align:start position:0% +and uh you know usually the response of + + + align:start position:0% +and uh you know usually the response of +Public Health uh official or even a + + align:start position:0% +Public Health uh official or even a + + + align:start position:0% +Public Health uh official or even a +reasonable person would be to kill this + + align:start position:0% +reasonable person would be to kill this + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable person would be to kill this +thing but instead they uh they decided + + align:start position:0% +thing but instead they uh they decided + + + align:start position:0% +thing but instead they uh they decided +that this was great you know this is + + align:start position:0% +that this was great you know this is + + + align:start position:0% +that this was great you know this is +this is let's cultivate it and they and + + align:start position:0% +this is let's cultivate it and they and + + + align:start position:0% +this is let's cultivate it and they and +they almost the the idea was to install + + align:start position:0% +they almost the the idea was to install + + + align:start position:0% +they almost the the idea was to install +it into + + align:start position:0% +it into + + + align:start position:0% +it into +um these uh + + align:start position:0% +um these uh + + + align:start position:0% +um these uh +rockets that were targeted on Western + + align:start position:0% +rockets that were targeted on Western + + + align:start position:0% +rockets that were targeted on Western +cities + + align:start position:0% +cities + + + align:start position:0% +cities +and then that led eventually to them uh + + align:start position:0% +and then that led eventually to them uh + + + align:start position:0% +and then that led eventually to them uh +depositing spores on their own people + + align:start position:0% +depositing spores on their own people + + + align:start position:0% +depositing spores on their own people +accidentally + + align:start position:0% +accidentally + + + align:start position:0% +accidentally +of this greatly enhanced strain + + align:start position:0% +of this greatly enhanced strain + + + align:start position:0% +of this greatly enhanced strain +so the question you know to to our + + align:start position:0% +so the question you know to to our + + + align:start position:0% +so the question you know to to our +community as this genome engineering + + align:start position:0% +community as this genome engineering + + + align:start position:0% +community as this genome engineering +tools get easier and easier where you + + align:start position:0% +tools get easier and easier where you + + + align:start position:0% +tools get easier and easier where you +basically can sequence genomes + + align:start position:0% +basically can sequence genomes + + + align:start position:0% +basically can sequence genomes +inexpensive light and even synthesized + + align:start position:0% +inexpensive light and even synthesized + + + align:start position:0% +inexpensive light and even synthesized +genomes inexpensively and much of this + + align:start position:0% +genomes inexpensively and much of this + + + align:start position:0% +genomes inexpensively and much of this +is going to be in the public domain what + + align:start position:0% +is going to be in the public domain what + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be in the public domain what +is to stop this from being a very easily + + align:start position:0% +is to stop this from being a very easily + + + align:start position:0% +is to stop this from being a very easily +disguised and + + align:start position:0% +disguised and + + + align:start position:0% +disguised and +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +uh potentially very inexpensive form of + + align:start position:0% +uh potentially very inexpensive form of + + + align:start position:0% +uh potentially very inexpensive form of +terrorism and part of that is that you + + align:start position:0% +terrorism and part of that is that you + + + align:start position:0% +terrorism and part of that is that you +know we do what we can do to improve + + align:start position:0% +know we do what we can do to improve + + + align:start position:0% +know we do what we can do to improve +either detection tools or genome + + align:start position:0% +either detection tools or genome + + + align:start position:0% +either detection tools or genome +engineering tools to make them + + align:start position:0% +engineering tools to make them + + + align:start position:0% +engineering tools to make them +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +more of a defense type than offense but + + align:start position:0% +more of a defense type than offense but + + + align:start position:0% +more of a defense type than offense but +this this was done in the early days of + + align:start position:0% +this this was done in the early days of + + + align:start position:0% +this this was done in the early days of +recombinant DNA where the vectors were + + align:start position:0% +recombinant DNA where the vectors were + + + align:start position:0% +recombinant DNA where the vectors were +designed so such that if if the vector + + align:start position:0% +designed so such that if if the vector + + + align:start position:0% +designed so such that if if the vector +ever were to escape from a lab it would + + align:start position:0% +ever were to escape from a lab it would + + + align:start position:0% +ever were to escape from a lab it would +die immediately it would be lacking the + + align:start position:0% +die immediately it would be lacking the + + + align:start position:0% +die immediately it would be lacking the +nutrients that needed to grow it'd be + + align:start position:0% +nutrients that needed to grow it'd be + + + align:start position:0% +nutrients that needed to grow it'd be +very sensitive to detergents that occur + + align:start position:0% +very sensitive to detergents that occur + + + align:start position:0% +very sensitive to detergents that occur +typically in sewers and so forth now the + + align:start position:0% +typically in sewers and so forth now the + + + align:start position:0% +typically in sewers and so forth now the +vectors we use today those were not very + + align:start position:0% +vectors we use today those were not very + + + align:start position:0% +vectors we use today those were not very +robust they didn't grow very well in the + + align:start position:0% +robust they didn't grow very well in the + + + align:start position:0% +robust they didn't grow very well in the +lab is much less of the sewers + + align:start position:0% +lab is much less of the sewers + + + align:start position:0% +lab is much less of the sewers +but it turns out that that random + + align:start position:0% +but it turns out that that random + + + align:start position:0% +but it turns out that that random +releases fairly low + + align:start position:0% +releases fairly low + + + align:start position:0% +releases fairly low +risk problem that was what we were + + align:start position:0% +risk problem that was what we were + + + align:start position:0% +risk problem that was what we were +worried about in the 1970s with a + + align:start position:0% +worried about in the 1970s with a + + + align:start position:0% +worried about in the 1970s with a +prominent DNA but but purposeful release + + align:start position:0% +prominent DNA but but purposeful release + + + align:start position:0% +prominent DNA but but purposeful release +of uh two nights and model organisms is + + align:start position:0% +of uh two nights and model organisms is + + + align:start position:0% +of uh two nights and model organisms is +more of the issue today and of course + + align:start position:0% +more of the issue today and of course + + + align:start position:0% +more of the issue today and of course +the genetics of organ modified organisms + + align:start position:0% +the genetics of organ modified organisms + + + align:start position:0% +the genetics of organ modified organisms +on this slide have been created and + + align:start position:0% +on this slide have been created and + + + align:start position:0% +on this slide have been created and +engineered over the Millennium maybe 10 + + align:start position:0% +engineered over the Millennium maybe 10 + + + align:start position:0% +engineered over the Millennium maybe 10 +Millennium or so + + align:start position:0% +Millennium or so + + + align:start position:0% +Millennium or so +without a license + + align:start position:0% +without a license + + + align:start position:0% +without a license +um and they've been very successfully + + align:start position:0% +um and they've been very successfully + + + align:start position:0% +um and they've been very successfully +because this little weed-like thing at + + align:start position:0% +because this little weed-like thing at + + + align:start position:0% +because this little weed-like thing at +the top left + + align:start position:0% +the top left + + + align:start position:0% +the top left +um and you end up with this great you + + align:start position:0% +um and you end up with this great you + + + align:start position:0% +um and you end up with this great you +know Fourth of July corn on the cob and + + align:start position:0% +know Fourth of July corn on the cob and + + + align:start position:0% +know Fourth of July corn on the cob and +a hybrid corn and uh similarly uh these + + align:start position:0% +a hybrid corn and uh similarly uh these + + + align:start position:0% +a hybrid corn and uh similarly uh these +dogs that range over the uh three + + align:start position:0% +dogs that range over the uh three + + + align:start position:0% +dogs that range over the uh three +logarithms in an adult Mass uh would + + align:start position:0% +logarithms in an adult Mass uh would + + + align:start position:0% +logarithms in an adult Mass uh would +barely be recognized as the same species + + align:start position:0% +barely be recognized as the same species + + + align:start position:0% +barely be recognized as the same species +if we didn't know them and loved them + + align:start position:0% +if we didn't know them and loved them + + + align:start position:0% +if we didn't know them and loved them +very well but these are examples of of + + align:start position:0% +very well but these are examples of of + + + align:start position:0% +very well but these are examples of of +genetic engineering that was done + + align:start position:0% +genetic engineering that was done + + + align:start position:0% +genetic engineering that was done +pre-genomics + + align:start position:0% +pre-genomics + + + align:start position:0% +pre-genomics +um but now + + align:start position:0% +um but now + + + align:start position:0% +um but now +when we use recombinant DNA in + + align:start position:0% +when we use recombinant DNA in + + + align:start position:0% +when we use recombinant DNA in +particular but genetic you know any kind + + align:start position:0% +particular but genetic you know any kind + + + align:start position:0% +particular but genetic you know any kind +of inter-specific uh genetic + + align:start position:0% +of inter-specific uh genetic + + + align:start position:0% +of inter-specific uh genetic +modification this definitely raises the + + align:start position:0% +modification this definitely raises the + + + align:start position:0% +modification this definitely raises the +environmental issues especially in the + + align:start position:0% +environmental issues especially in the + + + align:start position:0% +environmental issues especially in the +developing I'm sorry in the + + align:start position:0% +developing I'm sorry in the + + + align:start position:0% +developing I'm sorry in the +uh you know say European nations where + + align:start position:0% +uh you know say European nations where + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know say European nations where +they are wealthy and they don't need + + align:start position:0% +they are wealthy and they don't need + + + align:start position:0% +they are wealthy and they don't need +much improvement in their agricultural + + align:start position:0% +much improvement in their agricultural + + + align:start position:0% +much improvement in their agricultural +needs and uh + + align:start position:0% +needs and uh + + + align:start position:0% +needs and uh +but from the developing world has very + + align:start position:0% +but from the developing world has very + + + align:start position:0% +but from the developing world has very +definite needs for genetics or feel they + + align:start position:0% +definite needs for genetics or feel they + + + align:start position:0% +definite needs for genetics or feel they +do for genetically modified organisms + + align:start position:0% +do for genetically modified organisms + + + align:start position:0% +do for genetically modified organisms +some of these include producing vaccines + + align:start position:0% +some of these include producing vaccines + + + align:start position:0% +some of these include producing vaccines +in Plants vaccines are one of the most + + align:start position:0% +in Plants vaccines are one of the most + + + align:start position:0% +in Plants vaccines are one of the most +cost effective ways of of generating + + align:start position:0% +cost effective ways of of generating + + + align:start position:0% +cost effective ways of of generating +Public Health uh results but possibly + + align:start position:0% +Public Health uh results but possibly + + + align:start position:0% +Public Health uh results but possibly +even more effective would be to half off + + align:start position:0% +even more effective would be to half off + + + align:start position:0% +even more effective would be to half off +your bananas and other crops containing + + align:start position:0% +your bananas and other crops containing + + + align:start position:0% +your bananas and other crops containing +vaccines and this these have actually + + align:start position:0% +vaccines and this these have actually + + + align:start position:0% +vaccines and this these have actually +been developed but it's been hard + + align:start position:0% +been developed but it's been hard + + + align:start position:0% +been developed but it's been hard +getting them actually + + align:start position:0% +getting them actually + + + align:start position:0% +getting them actually +supplied due to concerns about release + + align:start position:0% +supplied due to concerns about release + + + align:start position:0% +supplied due to concerns about release +of genetically modified organisms + + align:start position:0% +of genetically modified organisms + + + align:start position:0% +of genetically modified organisms +possible + + align:start position:0% +possible + + + align:start position:0% +possible +allergic responses and so forth salt and + + align:start position:0% +allergic responses and so forth salt and + + + align:start position:0% +allergic responses and so forth salt and +drought tolerance is extremely important + + align:start position:0% +drought tolerance is extremely important + + + align:start position:0% +drought tolerance is extremely important +they often come together + + align:start position:0% +they often come together + + + align:start position:0% +they often come together +and there are a huge number of drought + + align:start position:0% +and there are a huge number of drought + + + align:start position:0% +and there are a huge number of drought +and salt tolerant plants so-called + + align:start position:0% +and salt tolerant plants so-called + + + align:start position:0% +and salt tolerant plants so-called +Resurrection plants about a hundred + + align:start position:0% +Resurrection plants about a hundred + + + align:start position:0% +Resurrection plants about a hundred +different completely different species + + align:start position:0% +different completely different species + + + align:start position:0% +different completely different species +which could provide new genes that can + + align:start position:0% +which could provide new genes that can + + + align:start position:0% +which could provide new genes that can +be introduced into non-drop tolerant + + align:start position:0% +be introduced into non-drop tolerant + + + align:start position:0% +be introduced into non-drop tolerant +plants and our being introduced by + + align:start position:0% +plants and our being introduced by + + + align:start position:0% +plants and our being introduced by +scientists in the developing worlds + + align:start position:0% +scientists in the developing worlds + + + align:start position:0% +scientists in the developing worlds +is Africa + + align:start position:0% +is Africa + + + align:start position:0% +is Africa +Terminators were originally + + align:start position:0% +Terminators were originally + + + align:start position:0% +Terminators were originally +it was like this popular unpopular + + align:start position:0% +it was like this popular unpopular + + + align:start position:0% +it was like this popular unpopular +popular again they were popular with the + + align:start position:0% +popular again they were popular with the + + + align:start position:0% +popular again they were popular with the +companies + + align:start position:0% +companies + + + align:start position:0% +companies +for reasons that you know will we may + + align:start position:0% +for reasons that you know will we may + + + align:start position:0% +for reasons that you know will we may +not know but uh he + + align:start position:0% +not know but uh he + + + align:start position:0% +not know but uh he +but there's there but there was the + + align:start position:0% +but there's there but there was the + + + align:start position:0% +but there's there but there was the +concern the backlash was the companies + + align:start position:0% +concern the backlash was the companies + + + align:start position:0% +concern the backlash was the companies +are doing this to preventing uh + + align:start position:0% +are doing this to preventing uh + + + align:start position:0% +are doing this to preventing uh +preventing the farmers from receding by + + align:start position:0% +preventing the farmers from receding by + + + align:start position:0% +preventing the farmers from receding by +the Terminator meant that that the Next + + align:start position:0% +the Terminator meant that that the Next + + + align:start position:0% +the Terminator meant that that the Next +Generation seeds would be useless and + + align:start position:0% +Generation seeds would be useless and + + + align:start position:0% +Generation seeds would be useless and +had been the habit of farm of a new of a + + align:start position:0% +had been the habit of farm of a new of a + + + align:start position:0% +had been the habit of farm of a new of a +farmer to reseed and so then the + + align:start position:0% +farmer to reseed and so then the + + + align:start position:0% +farmer to reseed and so then the +Terminator has been self a while but + + align:start position:0% +Terminator has been self a while but + + + align:start position:0% +Terminator has been self a while but +then because of the worry about + + align:start position:0% +then because of the worry about + + + align:start position:0% +then because of the worry about +dispersal of genetically modified + + align:start position:0% +dispersal of genetically modified + + + align:start position:0% +dispersal of genetically modified +organisms now the Terminators are + + align:start position:0% +organisms now the Terminators are + + + align:start position:0% +organisms now the Terminators are +becoming more uh interesting again + + align:start position:0% +becoming more uh interesting again + + + align:start position:0% +becoming more uh interesting again +the broad set of people you talk about + + align:start position:0% +the broad set of people you talk about + + + align:start position:0% +the broad set of people you talk about +organic farming there is controversy as + + align:start position:0% +organic farming there is controversy as + + + align:start position:0% +organic farming there is controversy as +to whether the tightest definition of + + align:start position:0% +to whether the tightest definition of + + + align:start position:0% +to whether the tightest definition of +this which involves no inter no + + align:start position:0% +this which involves no inter no + + + align:start position:0% +this which involves no inter no +inorganic fertilizers like + + align:start position:0% +inorganic fertilizers like + + + align:start position:0% +inorganic fertilizers like +uh you know nitrates and phosphates and + + align:start position:0% +uh you know nitrates and phosphates and + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know nitrates and phosphates and +so forth but that means a very high + + align:start position:0% +so forth but that means a very high + + + align:start position:0% +so forth but that means a very high +animal load High animal load means you + + align:start position:0% +animal load High animal load means you + + + align:start position:0% +animal load High animal load means you +need to use of a lot of your vegetable + + align:start position:0% +need to use of a lot of your vegetable + + + align:start position:0% +need to use of a lot of your vegetable +crops in order to produce the fertilizer + + align:start position:0% +crops in order to produce the fertilizer + + + align:start position:0% +crops in order to produce the fertilizer +for the other vegetables + + align:start position:0% +for the other vegetables + + + align:start position:0% +for the other vegetables +and as we've pointed out that natural is + + align:start position:0% +and as we've pointed out that natural is + + + align:start position:0% +and as we've pointed out that natural is +not necessarily harmless a wide variety + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily harmless a wide variety + + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily harmless a wide variety +of naturally occurring compounds natural + + align:start position:0% +of naturally occurring compounds natural + + + align:start position:0% +of naturally occurring compounds natural +pesticides are also carcinogens and + + align:start position:0% +pesticides are also carcinogens and + + + align:start position:0% +pesticides are also carcinogens and +here's the laundry list at the bottom of + + align:start position:0% +here's the laundry list at the bottom of + + + align:start position:0% +here's the laundry list at the bottom of +slide 43. + + align:start position:0% +slide 43. + + + align:start position:0% +slide 43. +foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cloning and stem cells + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we have problems with cloning + + align:start position:0% +we have problems with cloning + + + align:start position:0% +we have problems with cloning +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +definitely in almost every species even + + align:start position:0% +definitely in almost every species even + + + align:start position:0% +definitely in almost every species even +the successful ones there are a variety + + align:start position:0% +the successful ones there are a variety + + + align:start position:0% +the successful ones there are a variety +of species which have been tried and not + + align:start position:0% +of species which have been tried and not + + + align:start position:0% +of species which have been tried and not +succeeded there's some that have been + + align:start position:0% +succeeded there's some that have been + + + align:start position:0% +succeeded there's some that have been +tried and if you look at the studies in + + align:start position:0% +tried and if you look at the studies in + + + align:start position:0% +tried and if you look at the studies in +detail they're examples of Developmental + + align:start position:0% +detail they're examples of Developmental + + + align:start position:0% +detail they're examples of Developmental +defects higher than expected in that + + align:start position:0% +defects higher than expected in that + + + align:start position:0% +defects higher than expected in that +species + + align:start position:0% +species + + + align:start position:0% +species +you know ranging from a few percent on + + align:start position:0% +you know ranging from a few percent on + + + align:start position:0% +you know ranging from a few percent on +up and obviously there's some kind of + + align:start position:0% +up and obviously there's some kind of + + + align:start position:0% +up and obviously there's some kind of +epigenetic reprogramming that's a that's + + align:start position:0% +epigenetic reprogramming that's a that's + + + align:start position:0% +epigenetic reprogramming that's a that's +occurring here where you're not getting + + align:start position:0% +occurring here where you're not getting + + + align:start position:0% +occurring here where you're not getting +all the right contributions from the + + align:start position:0% +all the right contributions from the + + + align:start position:0% +all the right contributions from the +maternal and paternal genomes and this + + align:start position:0% +maternal and paternal genomes and this + + + align:start position:0% +maternal and paternal genomes and this +can be possibly studied with expression + + align:start position:0% +can be possibly studied with expression + + + align:start position:0% +can be possibly studied with expression +profiles we can start employing all of + + align:start position:0% +profiles we can start employing all of + + + align:start position:0% +profiles we can start employing all of +our automation + + align:start position:0% +our automation + + + align:start position:0% +our automation +to uh + + align:start position:0% +to uh + + + align:start position:0% +to uh +to analyze + + align:start position:0% +to analyze + + + align:start position:0% +to analyze +how we can increase the fraction of stem + + align:start position:0% +how we can increase the fraction of stem + + + align:start position:0% +how we can increase the fraction of stem +cells that go + + align:start position:0% +cells that go + + + align:start position:0% +cells that go +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that that we could take adult cells and + + align:start position:0% +that that we could take adult cells and + + + align:start position:0% +that that we could take adult cells and +send them into different lineages or we + + align:start position:0% +send them into different lineages or we + + + align:start position:0% +send them into different lineages or we +can uh + + align:start position:0% +can uh + + + align:start position:0% +can uh +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +formulate ways to to either transform + + align:start position:0% +formulate ways to to either transform + + + align:start position:0% +formulate ways to to either transform +one adult stem cell into another or + + align:start position:0% +one adult stem cell into another or + + + align:start position:0% +one adult stem cell into another or +adult stem cell into a slightly more + + align:start position:0% +adult stem cell into a slightly more + + + align:start position:0% +adult stem cell into a slightly more +primitive stem cell uh and still retain + + align:start position:0% +primitive stem cell uh and still retain + + + align:start position:0% +primitive stem cell uh and still retain +the advantages of of uh so-called + + align:start position:0% +the advantages of of uh so-called + + + align:start position:0% +the advantages of of uh so-called +therapeutic cloning which would be to + + align:start position:0% +therapeutic cloning which would be to + + + align:start position:0% +therapeutic cloning which would be to +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +to maintain good hits the compatibility + + align:start position:0% +to maintain good hits the compatibility + + + align:start position:0% +to maintain good hits the compatibility +say with the patient + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so finally education + + align:start position:0% +so finally education + + + align:start position:0% +so finally education +why should we bring up education in a + + align:start position:0% +why should we bring up education in a + + + align:start position:0% +why should we bring up education in a +course + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we've talked about models of decision + + align:start position:0% +we've talked about models of decision + + + align:start position:0% +we've talked about models of decision +making in public health + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but there's also a similar set for + + align:start position:0% +but there's also a similar set for + + + align:start position:0% +but there's also a similar set for +education + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we want to be able to deal with + + align:start position:0% +we want to be able to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +we want to be able to deal with +uncertainty complexity qualification I'm + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty complexity qualification I'm + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty complexity qualification I'm +sure that I have introduced or we have + + align:start position:0% +sure that I have introduced or we have + + + align:start position:0% +sure that I have introduced or we have +introduced plenty of uncertainty + + align:start position:0% +introduced plenty of uncertainty + + + align:start position:0% +introduced plenty of uncertainty +complexity of quantitation in your lives + + align:start position:0% +complexity of quantitation in your lives + + + align:start position:0% +complexity of quantitation in your lives +of this course I apologize for the parts + + align:start position:0% +of this course I apologize for the parts + + + align:start position:0% +of this course I apologize for the parts +that are painful I hope that + + align:start position:0% +that are painful I hope that + + + align:start position:0% +that are painful I hope that +no pain no gain has some applicability + + align:start position:0% +no pain no gain has some applicability + + + align:start position:0% +no pain no gain has some applicability +here uh + + align:start position:0% +here uh + + + align:start position:0% +here uh +we want to a theme in this course has + + align:start position:0% +we want to a theme in this course has + + + align:start position:0% +we want to a theme in this course has +been to cherish your exceptions collect + + align:start position:0% +been to cherish your exceptions collect + + + align:start position:0% +been to cherish your exceptions collect +them and uh + + align:start position:0% +them and uh + + + align:start position:0% +them and uh +and these can be discoveries they are at + + align:start position:0% +and these can be discoveries they are at + + + align:start position:0% +and these can be discoveries they are at +least going to keep you honest and keep + + align:start position:0% +least going to keep you honest and keep + + + align:start position:0% +least going to keep you honest and keep +you from making uh big mistakes + + align:start position:0% +you from making uh big mistakes + + + align:start position:0% +you from making uh big mistakes +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we want to be able to to translate from + + align:start position:0% +we want to be able to to translate from + + + align:start position:0% +we want to be able to to translate from +one data type to another from one + + align:start position:0% +one data type to another from one + + + align:start position:0% +one data type to another from one +conceptual Foundation to another to + + align:start position:0% +conceptual Foundation to another to + + + align:start position:0% +conceptual Foundation to another to +integrate different either adjacent + + align:start position:0% +integrate different either adjacent + + + align:start position:0% +integrate different either adjacent +conceptual spheres or very distant ones + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +when we do this + + align:start position:0% +when we do this + + + align:start position:0% +when we do this +547 we have + + align:start position:0% +547 we have + + + align:start position:0% +547 we have +we need to have measures of our progress + + align:start position:0% +we need to have measures of our progress + + + align:start position:0% +we need to have measures of our progress +measures of the quality of the + + align:start position:0% +measures of the quality of the + + + align:start position:0% +measures of the quality of the +underlying data and the models and uh + + align:start position:0% +underlying data and the models and uh + + + align:start position:0% +underlying data and the models and uh +we've already done this + + align:start position:0% +we've already done this + + + align:start position:0% +we've already done this +uh to some basically for for + + align:start position:0% +uh to some basically for for + + + align:start position:0% +uh to some basically for for +three-dimensional structures and + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional structures and + + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional structures and +sequence data primary and tertiary + + align:start position:0% +sequence data primary and tertiary + + + align:start position:0% +sequence data primary and tertiary +information + + align:start position:0% +information + + + align:start position:0% +information +uh for extra diffraction the space back + + align:start position:0% +uh for extra diffraction the space back + + + align:start position:0% +uh for extra diffraction the space back +into the 60s we have measures of data + + align:start position:0% +into the 60s we have measures of data + + + align:start position:0% +into the 60s we have measures of data +quality include resolution + + align:start position:0% +quality include resolution + + + align:start position:0% +quality include resolution +uh model quality which is the art Factor + + align:start position:0% +uh model quality which is the art Factor + + + align:start position:0% +uh model quality which is the art Factor +we talked about before we have ways of + + align:start position:0% +we talked about before we have ways of + + + align:start position:0% +we talked about before we have ways of +doing similarity searches for sequencing + + align:start position:0% +doing similarity searches for sequencing + + + align:start position:0% +doing similarity searches for sequencing +a more recent Enterprise + + align:start position:0% +a more recent Enterprise + + + align:start position:0% +a more recent Enterprise +sort of in the 80s late 80s early 90s we + + align:start position:0% +sort of in the 80s late 80s early 90s we + + + align:start position:0% +sort of in the 80s late 80s early 90s we +got the Genome Project prop launched + + align:start position:0% +got the Genome Project prop launched + + + align:start position:0% +got the Genome Project prop launched +with uh false measuring data quality in + + align:start position:0% +with uh false measuring data quality in + + + align:start position:0% +with uh false measuring data quality in +terms of discrepancy for base pair that + + align:start position:0% +terms of discrepancy for base pair that + + + align:start position:0% +terms of discrepancy for base pair that +should be less than one part in 10 to + + align:start position:0% +should be less than one part in 10 to + + + align:start position:0% +should be less than one part in 10 to +the fourth uh the models typically are + + align:start position:0% +the fourth uh the models typically are + + + align:start position:0% +the fourth uh the models typically are +models of protein conservation and a + + align:start position:0% +models of protein conservation and a + + + align:start position:0% +models of protein conservation and a +similarity search is one of the greatest + + align:start position:0% +similarity search is one of the greatest + + + align:start position:0% +similarity search is one of the greatest +killer applications of all times which + + align:start position:0% +killer applications of all times which + + + align:start position:0% +killer applications of all times which +is class + + align:start position:0% +is class + + + align:start position:0% +is class +and then for function we're less far + + align:start position:0% +and then for function we're less far + + + align:start position:0% +and then for function we're less far +along + + align:start position:0% +along + + + align:start position:0% +along +we don't really have accession numbers + + align:start position:0% +we don't really have accession numbers + + + align:start position:0% +we don't really have accession numbers +as I said we don't really have a great + + align:start position:0% +as I said we don't really have a great + + + align:start position:0% +as I said we don't really have a great +mesh ways of doing similarity searches + + align:start position:0% +mesh ways of doing similarity searches + + + align:start position:0% +mesh ways of doing similarity searches +through say image databases or + + align:start position:0% +through say image databases or + + + align:start position:0% +through say image databases or +similarity searches other than say + + align:start position:0% +similarity searches other than say + + + align:start position:0% +similarity searches other than say +correlation coefficients but I think + + align:start position:0% +correlation coefficients but I think + + + align:start position:0% +correlation coefficients but I think +this is rapidly changing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +when we start applying these models this + + align:start position:0% +when we start applying these models this + + + align:start position:0% +when we start applying these models this +is not only in the education and + + align:start position:0% +is not only in the education and + + + align:start position:0% +is not only in the education and +sense but in the probing these networks + + align:start position:0% +sense but in the probing these networks + + + align:start position:0% +sense but in the probing these networks +that we've been talking about even + + align:start position:0% +that we've been talking about even + + + align:start position:0% +that we've been talking about even +further Beyond consideration of of + + align:start position:0% +further Beyond consideration of of + + + align:start position:0% +further Beyond consideration of of +neural networks and our interaction with + + align:start position:0% +neural networks and our interaction with + + + align:start position:0% +neural networks and our interaction with +other organisms kind of combining those + + align:start position:0% +other organisms kind of combining those + + + align:start position:0% +other organisms kind of combining those +two the neural networks and our + + align:start position:0% +two the neural networks and our + + + align:start position:0% +two the neural networks and our +interaction with other organisms ecology + + align:start position:0% +interaction with other organisms ecology + + + align:start position:0% +interaction with other organisms ecology +policies is this notion of biophilia + + align:start position:0% +policies is this notion of biophilia + + + align:start position:0% +policies is this notion of biophilia +which is that we as human beings and + + align:start position:0% +which is that we as human beings and + + + align:start position:0% +which is that we as human beings and +other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are connected + + align:start position:0% +are connected + + + align:start position:0% +are connected +subconsciously to other living beings + + align:start position:0% +subconsciously to other living beings + + + align:start position:0% +subconsciously to other living beings +it is clear no matter how Urban or what + + align:start position:0% +it is clear no matter how Urban or what + + + align:start position:0% +it is clear no matter how Urban or what +culture you're talking about snake + + align:start position:0% +culture you're talking about snake + + + align:start position:0% +culture you're talking about snake +dreams figure in very prominently this + + align:start position:0% +dreams figure in very prominently this + + + align:start position:0% +dreams figure in very prominently this +has to do with the need of primates to + + align:start position:0% +has to do with the need of primates to + + + align:start position:0% +has to do with the need of primates to +avoid and practice nature from their + + align:start position:0% +avoid and practice nature from their + + + align:start position:0% +avoid and practice nature from their +vicinity vicinity of the time + + align:start position:0% +vicinity vicinity of the time + + + align:start position:0% +vicinity vicinity of the time +little animals are cute that we just + + align:start position:0% +little animals are cute that we just + + + align:start position:0% +little animals are cute that we just +know that + + align:start position:0% +know that + + + align:start position:0% +know that +and they're much cuter than the adults + + align:start position:0% +and they're much cuter than the adults + + + align:start position:0% +and they're much cuter than the adults +no matter what the animal is the + + align:start position:0% +no matter what the animal is the + + + align:start position:0% +no matter what the animal is the +apostate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and it's you know there are there are + + align:start position:0% +and it's you know there are there are + + + align:start position:0% +and it's you know there are there are +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +anecdotal at least possibly well + + align:start position:0% +anecdotal at least possibly well + + + align:start position:0% +anecdotal at least possibly well +characterized uh effects of the green + + align:start position:0% +characterized uh effects of the green + + + align:start position:0% +characterized uh effects of the green +fractals that we like to see + + align:start position:0% +fractals that we like to see + + + align:start position:0% +fractals that we like to see +trees + + align:start position:0% +trees + + + align:start position:0% +trees +and taking this one step further from + + align:start position:0% +and taking this one step further from + + + align:start position:0% +and taking this one step further from +just this this kind of very stimulating + + align:start position:0% +just this this kind of very stimulating + + + align:start position:0% +just this this kind of very stimulating +thought that we actually have co-evolved + + align:start position:0% +thought that we actually have co-evolved + + + align:start position:0% +thought that we actually have co-evolved +our nervous system has co-evolved for so + + align:start position:0% +our nervous system has co-evolved for so + + + align:start position:0% +our nervous system has co-evolved for so +long with these other things it would be + + align:start position:0% +long with these other things it would be + + + align:start position:0% +long with these other things it would be +natural for us to be very attuned to + + align:start position:0% +natural for us to be very attuned to + + + align:start position:0% +natural for us to be very attuned to +them because our survival would have + + align:start position:0% +them because our survival would have + + + align:start position:0% +them because our survival would have +depended upon our ability to avoid + + align:start position:0% +depended upon our ability to avoid + + + align:start position:0% +depended upon our ability to avoid +snakes and to deal uh with um + + align:start position:0% +snakes and to deal uh with um + + + align:start position:0% +snakes and to deal uh with um +green versus brown shrubs and + + align:start position:0% +green versus brown shrubs and + + + align:start position:0% +green versus brown shrubs and +if you take that one step further many + + align:start position:0% +if you take that one step further many + + + align:start position:0% +if you take that one step further many +much of what we do in the humanities + + align:start position:0% +much of what we do in the humanities + + + align:start position:0% +much of what we do in the humanities +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +it has affected our Aesthetics + + align:start position:0% +it has affected our Aesthetics + + + align:start position:0% +it has affected our Aesthetics +and our approaches to it our beliefs are + + align:start position:0% +and our approaches to it our beliefs are + + + align:start position:0% +and our approaches to it our beliefs are +affected by this Heritage and this is + + align:start position:0% +affected by this Heritage and this is + + + align:start position:0% +affected by this Heritage and this is +what E.O Wilson has championed and I + + align:start position:0% +what E.O Wilson has championed and I + + + align:start position:0% +what E.O Wilson has championed and I +would say it's quite controversial as it + + align:start position:0% +would say it's quite controversial as it + + + align:start position:0% +would say it's quite controversial as it +should be but in general long separated + + align:start position:0% +should be but in general long separated + + + align:start position:0% +should be but in general long separated +Fields come together it's a consilience + + align:start position:0% +Fields come together it's a consilience + + + align:start position:0% +Fields come together it's a consilience +definition and they create new insights + + align:start position:0% +definition and they create new insights + + + align:start position:0% +definition and they create new insights +like chemistry and genetics brings us + + align:start position:0% +like chemistry and genetics brings us + + + align:start position:0% +like chemistry and genetics brings us +molecular biology and the question is is + + align:start position:0% +molecular biology and the question is is + + + align:start position:0% +molecular biology and the question is is +all a human endeavor ready for such a + + align:start position:0% +all a human endeavor ready for such a + + + align:start position:0% +all a human endeavor ready for such a +thing I'm really just feelings to + + align:start position:0% +thing I'm really just feelings to + + + align:start position:0% +thing I'm really just feelings to +financial markets and so on + + align:start position:0% +financial markets and so on + + + align:start position:0% +financial markets and so on +and if and whether or not how might + + align:start position:0% +and if and whether or not how might + + + align:start position:0% +and if and whether or not how might +genomics and computational biology + + align:start position:0% +genomics and computational biology + + + align:start position:0% +genomics and computational biology +contribute it's surprising sometimes + + align:start position:0% +contribute it's surprising sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +contribute it's surprising sometimes +when these things when things + + align:start position:0% +when these things when things + + + align:start position:0% +when these things when things +do contribute + + align:start position:0% +do contribute + + + align:start position:0% +do contribute +and here's some speculation on that we + + align:start position:0% +and here's some speculation on that we + + + align:start position:0% +and here's some speculation on that we +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +improving Imaging methods we talked + + align:start position:0% +improving Imaging methods we talked + + + align:start position:0% +improving Imaging methods we talked +about Imaging in the context of in c2s + + align:start position:0% +about Imaging in the context of in c2s + + + align:start position:0% +about Imaging in the context of in c2s +some very functional versions of this + + align:start position:0% +some very functional versions of this + + + align:start position:0% +some very functional versions of this +are positron emission tomography and + + align:start position:0% +are positron emission tomography and + + + align:start position:0% +are positron emission tomography and +magnetic resonance imaging which allow + + align:start position:0% +magnetic resonance imaging which allow + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic resonance imaging which allow +you to to monitor such things as blood + + align:start position:0% +you to to monitor such things as blood + + + align:start position:0% +you to to monitor such things as blood +flow or metabolic uptake + + align:start position:0% +flow or metabolic uptake + + + align:start position:0% +flow or metabolic uptake +you know in different parts of the of an + + align:start position:0% +you know in different parts of the of an + + + align:start position:0% +you know in different parts of the of an +actively + + align:start position:0% +actively + + + align:start position:0% +actively +meta metabolizing brain and here you can + + align:start position:0% +meta metabolizing brain and here you can + + + align:start position:0% +meta metabolizing brain and here you can +ingest some o15 labeled compounds and + + align:start position:0% +ingest some o15 labeled compounds and + + + align:start position:0% +ingest some o15 labeled compounds and +you can get an image resolution on the + + align:start position:0% +you can get an image resolution on the + + + align:start position:0% +you can get an image resolution on the +order of nine millimeters okay so the + + align:start position:0% +order of nine millimeters okay so the + + + align:start position:0% +order of nine millimeters okay so the +voxels here volume elements + + align:start position:0% +voxels here volume elements + + + align:start position:0% +voxels here volume elements +um are not are + + align:start position:0% +um are not are + + + align:start position:0% +um are not are +limited in that range and sort of in the + + align:start position:0% +limited in that range and sort of in the + + + align:start position:0% +limited in that range and sort of in the +20 seconds of this sort of the time + + align:start position:0% +20 seconds of this sort of the time + + + align:start position:0% +20 seconds of this sort of the time +frame that you're working in and this + + align:start position:0% +frame that you're working in and this + + + align:start position:0% +frame that you're working in and this +has been applied to a whole variety of + + align:start position:0% +has been applied to a whole variety of + + + align:start position:0% +has been applied to a whole variety of +interesting behavioral tasks + + align:start position:0% +interesting behavioral tasks + + + align:start position:0% +interesting behavioral tasks +almost anything you can think of + + align:start position:0% +almost anything you can think of + + + align:start position:0% +almost anything you can think of +counting memory so forth in humans and + + align:start position:0% +counting memory so forth in humans and + + + align:start position:0% +counting memory so forth in humans and +you can map the parts of the brain that + + align:start position:0% +you can map the parts of the brain that + + + align:start position:0% +you can map the parts of the brain that +are differentially uh responsive to a + + align:start position:0% +are differentially uh responsive to a + + + align:start position:0% +are differentially uh responsive to a +control and an experimental time frame + + align:start position:0% +control and an experimental time frame + + + align:start position:0% +control and an experimental time frame +for the same patient in the same + + align:start position:0% +for the same patient in the same + + + align:start position:0% +for the same patient in the same +apparatus and here this is just to show + + align:start position:0% +apparatus and here this is just to show + + + align:start position:0% +apparatus and here this is just to show +you how far I can go and connect to what + + align:start position:0% +you how far I can go and connect to what + + + align:start position:0% +you how far I can go and connect to what +we're talking about on the previous + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about on the previous + + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about on the previous +slide here + + align:start position:0% +slide here + + + align:start position:0% +slide here +religious subject patients have been + + align:start position:0% +religious subject patients have been + + + align:start position:0% +religious subject patients have been +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +the differential + + align:start position:0% +the differential + + + align:start position:0% +the differential +parts of the brain monitor here are in a + + align:start position:0% +parts of the brain monitor here are in a + + + align:start position:0% +parts of the brain monitor here are in a +religious recitation process and an + + align:start position:0% +religious recitation process and an + + + align:start position:0% +religious recitation process and an +arresting control + + align:start position:0% +arresting control + + + align:start position:0% +arresting control +these are all the P less than P to the + + align:start position:0% +these are all the P less than P to the + + + align:start position:0% +these are all the P less than P to the +0.001 + + align:start position:0% +0.001 + + + align:start position:0% +0.001 +significance by the the you know very + + align:start position:0% +significance by the the you know very + + + align:start position:0% +significance by the the you know very +complicated + + align:start position:0% +complicated + + + align:start position:0% +complicated +statistics that are used in the + + align:start position:0% +statistics that are used in the + + + align:start position:0% +statistics that are used in the +analysis of these + + align:start position:0% +analysis of these + + + align:start position:0% +analysis of these +functional Mass + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not to believe us on that note but to + + align:start position:0% +not to believe us on that note but to + + + align:start position:0% +not to believe us on that note but to +connect it more to genomics and + + align:start position:0% +connect it more to genomics and + + + align:start position:0% +connect it more to genomics and +computational biology is is + + align:start position:0% +computational biology is is + + + align:start position:0% +computational biology is is +more in the heart of this course + + align:start position:0% +more in the heart of this course + + + align:start position:0% +more in the heart of this course +here's an example of how magnetic + + align:start position:0% +here's an example of how magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +here's an example of how magnetic +resonance imaging + + align:start position:0% +resonance imaging + + + align:start position:0% +resonance imaging +which can be applied to gene expression + + align:start position:0% +which can be applied to gene expression + + + align:start position:0% +which can be applied to gene expression +how we bring these two together is kind + + align:start position:0% +how we bring these two together is kind + + + align:start position:0% +how we bring these two together is kind +of Imaging gene expression and one of + + align:start position:0% +of Imaging gene expression and one of + + + align:start position:0% +of Imaging gene expression and one of +the powers of this in contrast the + + align:start position:0% +the powers of this in contrast the + + + align:start position:0% +the powers of this in contrast the +positron emission tomography had about a + + align:start position:0% +positron emission tomography had about a + + + align:start position:0% +positron emission tomography had about a +nine millimeter resolution this has a 10 + + align:start position:0% +nine millimeter resolution this has a 10 + + + align:start position:0% +nine millimeter resolution this has a 10 +Micron resolution sort of in the optical + + align:start position:0% +Micron resolution sort of in the optical + + + align:start position:0% +Micron resolution sort of in the optical +resolution range but unlike Optical + + align:start position:0% +resolution range but unlike Optical + + + align:start position:0% +resolution range but unlike Optical +methods this will work for impact opaque + + align:start position:0% +methods this will work for impact opaque + + + align:start position:0% +methods this will work for impact opaque +organisms + + align:start position:0% +organisms + + + align:start position:0% +organisms +um and finally so MRI will do that in + + align:start position:0% +um and finally so MRI will do that in + + + align:start position:0% +um and finally so MRI will do that in +general but to connect it to gene + + align:start position:0% +general but to connect it to gene + + + align:start position:0% +general but to connect it to gene +expression you need to tag the gene + + align:start position:0% +expression you need to tag the gene + + + align:start position:0% +expression you need to tag the gene +expressed in such way and we know we + + align:start position:0% +expressed in such way and we know we + + + align:start position:0% +expressed in such way and we know we +have green fluorescent protein we have + + align:start position:0% +have green fluorescent protein we have + + + align:start position:0% +have green fluorescent protein we have +you know other colors for us questions + + align:start position:0% +you know other colors for us questions + + + align:start position:0% +you know other colors for us questions +we have luciferase beta glyphositis and + + align:start position:0% +we have luciferase beta glyphositis and + + + align:start position:0% +we have luciferase beta glyphositis and +so forth one of those has to be turned + + align:start position:0% +so forth one of those has to be turned + + + align:start position:0% +so forth one of those has to be turned +as something that has sufficient + + align:start position:0% +as something that has sufficient + + + align:start position:0% +as something that has sufficient +contrast in magnetic resonance energy + + align:start position:0% +contrast in magnetic resonance energy + + + align:start position:0% +contrast in magnetic resonance energy +and an example of that is a way of + + align:start position:0% +and an example of that is a way of + + + align:start position:0% +and an example of that is a way of +paging a gadolidium ion + + align:start position:0% +paging a gadolidium ion + + + align:start position:0% +paging a gadolidium ion +such that you can see this little + + align:start position:0% +such that you can see this little + + + align:start position:0% +such that you can see this little +Galactic pyranose ring at the top right + + align:start position:0% +Galactic pyranose ring at the top right + + + align:start position:0% +Galactic pyranose ring at the top right +is covering it and the little red Bond + + align:start position:0% +is covering it and the little red Bond + + + align:start position:0% +is covering it and the little red Bond +there is queezed by Beta glycosides LAX + + align:start position:0% +there is queezed by Beta glycosides LAX + + + align:start position:0% +there is queezed by Beta glycosides LAX +Z fusions and so you can now make your + + align:start position:0% +Z fusions and so you can now make your + + + align:start position:0% +Z fusions and so you can now make your +same report of contrast has been used in + + align:start position:0% +same report of contrast has been used in + + + align:start position:0% +same report of contrast has been used in +making you know say blue cells with a + + align:start position:0% +making you know say blue cells with a + + + align:start position:0% +making you know say blue cells with a +with a color metric indicator with + + align:start position:0% +with a color metric indicator with + + + align:start position:0% +with a color metric indicator with +Optical wavelengths well now with + + align:start position:0% +Optical wavelengths well now with + + + align:start position:0% +Optical wavelengths well now with +magnetic resonance imaging release that + + align:start position:0% +magnetic resonance imaging release that + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic resonance imaging release that +guy atolenium so it's now accessible to + + align:start position:0% +guy atolenium so it's now accessible to + + + align:start position:0% +guy atolenium so it's now accessible to +the solvent has a different resonance + + align:start position:0% +the solvent has a different resonance + + + align:start position:0% +the solvent has a different resonance +than you can get sharp contrast here in + + align:start position:0% +than you can get sharp contrast here in + + + align:start position:0% +than you can get sharp contrast here in +a living organism on the top within + + align:start position:0% +a living organism on the top within + + + align:start position:0% +a living organism on the top within +micronresolution as opposed to a fixed + + align:start position:0% +micronresolution as opposed to a fixed + + + align:start position:0% +micronresolution as opposed to a fixed +organism which is required for getting + + align:start position:0% +organism which is required for getting + + + align:start position:0% +organism which is required for getting +the full mounts and C2 staining with Lac + + align:start position:0% +the full mounts and C2 staining with Lac + + + align:start position:0% +the full mounts and C2 staining with Lac +C + + align:start position:0% +C + + + align:start position:0% +C +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +I think this is a very interesting + + align:start position:0% +I think this is a very interesting + + + align:start position:0% +I think this is a very interesting +combination of being able to use + + align:start position:0% +combination of being able to use + + + align:start position:0% +combination of being able to use +something you know alive uh in opaque + + align:start position:0% +something you know alive uh in opaque + + + align:start position:0% +something you know alive uh in opaque +tissue with uh with a genomic tag of + + align:start position:0% +tissue with uh with a genomic tag of + + + align:start position:0% +tissue with uh with a genomic tag of +source + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we will you know in that religious note + + align:start position:0% +we will you know in that religious note + + + align:start position:0% +we will you know in that religious note +we will uh sort of do + + align:start position:0% +we will uh sort of do + + + align:start position:0% +we will uh sort of do +wrap up the course and that my part of + + align:start position:0% +wrap up the course and that my part of + + + align:start position:0% +wrap up the course and that my part of +it that the lecture part and in so doing + + align:start position:0% +it that the lecture part and in so doing + + + align:start position:0% +it that the lecture part and in so doing +I want to especially give many many + + align:start position:0% +I want to especially give many many + + + align:start position:0% +I want to especially give many many +thanks + + align:start position:0% +thanks + + + align:start position:0% +thanks +not just the this year's TS which we'll + + align:start position:0% +not just the this year's TS which we'll + + + align:start position:0% +not just the this year's TS which we'll +get to in just a moment but the ones + + align:start position:0% +get to in just a moment but the ones + + + align:start position:0% +get to in just a moment but the ones +that helped start this phase of the + + align:start position:0% +that helped start this phase of the + + + align:start position:0% +that helped start this phase of the +course and actually of course goes back + + align:start position:0% +course and actually of course goes back + + + align:start position:0% +course and actually of course goes back +to 88 but + + align:start position:0% +to 88 but + + + align:start position:0% +to 88 but +um these are some of the teaching + + align:start position:0% +um these are some of the teaching + + + align:start position:0% +um these are some of the teaching +fellows in 1999 and 2000 + + align:start position:0% +fellows in 1999 and 2000 + + + align:start position:0% +fellows in 1999 and 2000 +2001. uh one of these uh teaching + + align:start position:0% +2001. uh one of these uh teaching + + + align:start position:0% +2001. uh one of these uh teaching +fellows Suzanne Camille has stayed with + + align:start position:0% +fellows Suzanne Camille has stayed with + + + align:start position:0% +fellows Suzanne Camille has stayed with +us as a head teaching fellow this year + + align:start position:0% +us as a head teaching fellow this year + + + align:start position:0% +us as a head teaching fellow this year +which is up to the topic and I'm very + + align:start position:0% +which is up to the topic and I'm very + + + align:start position:0% +which is up to the topic and I'm very +thankful to everyone here Woody June on + + align:start position:0% +thankful to everyone here Woody June on + + + align:start position:0% +thankful to everyone here Woody June on +Tom Sean + + align:start position:0% +Tom Sean + + + align:start position:0% +Tom Sean +uh Yong Hong Dairy and locksman if any + + align:start position:0% +uh Yong Hong Dairy and locksman if any + + + align:start position:0% +uh Yong Hong Dairy and locksman if any +of you are here could you kind of stand + + align:start position:0% +of you are here could you kind of stand + + + align:start position:0% +of you are here could you kind of stand +up this way thank you very much I really + + align:start position:0% +up this way thank you very much I really + + + align:start position:0% +up this way thank you very much I really +I love it and uh + + align:start position:0% +I love it and uh + + + align:start position:0% +I love it and uh +if this course is to continue to survive + + align:start position:0% +if this course is to continue to survive + + + align:start position:0% +if this course is to continue to survive +um we need TFS for next year + + align:start position:0% +um we need TFS for next year + + + align:start position:0% +um we need TFS for next year +so if any of you + + align:start position:0% +so if any of you + + + align:start position:0% +so if any of you +feel that you have the right stuff and + + align:start position:0% +feel that you have the right stuff and + + + align:start position:0% +feel that you have the right stuff and +feel that this course should survive + + align:start position:0% +feel that this course should survive + + + align:start position:0% +feel that this course should survive +um please contact us + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh hopefully that will be some finite + + align:start position:0% +uh hopefully that will be some finite + + + align:start position:0% +uh hopefully that will be some finite +positive number + + align:start position:0% +positive number + + + align:start position:0% +positive number +uh we really love the projects and we'd + + align:start position:0% +uh we really love the projects and we'd + + + align:start position:0% +uh we really love the projects and we'd +love to and in the past Stu many + + align:start position:0% +love to and in the past Stu many + + + align:start position:0% +love to and in the past Stu many +students have been uh reluctant to stop + + align:start position:0% +students have been uh reluctant to stop + + + align:start position:0% +students have been uh reluctant to stop +working on the project after the course + + align:start position:0% +working on the project after the course + + + align:start position:0% +working on the project after the course +is over and their grade has been + + align:start position:0% +is over and their grade has been + + + align:start position:0% +is over and their grade has been +assigned and so forth and uh and that + + align:start position:0% +assigned and so forth and uh and that + + + align:start position:0% +assigned and so forth and uh and that +nothing could make me happier than to + + align:start position:0% +nothing could make me happier than to + + + align:start position:0% +nothing could make me happier than to +have you do that there's a limit to just + + align:start position:0% +have you do that there's a limit to just + + + align:start position:0% +have you do that there's a limit to just +how much I can help you do that but if + + align:start position:0% +how much I can help you do that but if + + + align:start position:0% +how much I can help you do that but if +anything I can do to help providing + + align:start position:0% +anything I can do to help providing + + + align:start position:0% +anything I can do to help providing +additional mentoring and so forth I'd + + align:start position:0% +additional mentoring and so forth I'd + + + align:start position:0% +additional mentoring and so forth I'd +love to do that now some of these have + + align:start position:0% +love to do that now some of these have + + + align:start position:0% +love to do that now some of these have +even resulted in Publications later on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we started this course slide four of the + + align:start position:0% +we started this course slide four of the + + + align:start position:0% +we started this course slide four of the +first lecture actually the first real + + align:start position:0% +first lecture actually the first real + + + align:start position:0% +first lecture actually the first real +slide of the first lecture was on the + + align:start position:0% +slide of the first lecture was on the + + + align:start position:0% +slide of the first lecture was on the +origins of zeros and ones + + align:start position:0% +origins of zeros and ones + + + align:start position:0% +origins of zeros and ones +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +the you know kind of a play on the 101 + + align:start position:0% +the you know kind of a play on the 101 + + + align:start position:0% +the you know kind of a play on the 101 +course number + + align:start position:0% +course number + + + align:start position:0% +course number +where did the binary code come from and + + align:start position:0% +where did the binary code come from and + + + align:start position:0% +where did the binary code come from and +you could ascribe it to leibniz or one + + align:start position:0% +you could ascribe it to leibniz or one + + + align:start position:0% +you could ascribe it to leibniz or one +of the you know modern uh + + align:start position:0% +of the you know modern uh + + + align:start position:0% +of the you know modern uh +18th century mathematicians + + align:start position:0% +18th century mathematicians + + + align:start position:0% +18th century mathematicians +but leaving us + + align:start position:0% +but leaving us + + + align:start position:0% +but leaving us +himself + + align:start position:0% +himself + + + align:start position:0% +himself +found that it had already been invented + + align:start position:0% +found that it had already been invented + + + align:start position:0% +found that it had already been invented +about five thousand years ago or so + + align:start position:0% +about five thousand years ago or so + + + align:start position:0% +about five thousand years ago or so +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +by China's first emperor + + align:start position:0% +by China's first emperor + + + align:start position:0% +by China's first emperor +and uh since then some people have gone + + align:start position:0% +and uh since then some people have gone + + + align:start position:0% +and uh since then some people have gone +so far as to take this binary coating + + align:start position:0% +so far as to take this binary coating + + + align:start position:0% +so far as to take this binary coating +the E King + + align:start position:0% +the E King + + + align:start position:0% +the E King +which has 64 hectograms and has arranged + + align:start position:0% +which has 64 hectograms and has arranged + + + align:start position:0% +which has 64 hectograms and has arranged +it in such a way that it has decoded it + + align:start position:0% +it in such a way that it has decoded it + + + align:start position:0% +it in such a way that it has decoded it +so it actually fits in with the genetic + + align:start position:0% +so it actually fits in with the genetic + + + align:start position:0% +so it actually fits in with the genetic +code which has 64 codons + + align:start position:0% +code which has 64 codons + + + align:start position:0% +code which has 64 codons +so for those of you who are students of + + align:start position:0% +so for those of you who are students of + + + align:start position:0% +so for those of you who are students of +the iching it hopefully now has new + + align:start position:0% +the iching it hopefully now has new + + + align:start position:0% +the iching it hopefully now has new +meaning for you + + align:start position:0% +meaning for you + + + align:start position:0% +meaning for you +and uh + + align:start position:0% +and uh + + + align:start position:0% +and uh +and to emphasize this this yin and yang + + align:start position:0% +and to emphasize this this yin and yang + + + align:start position:0% +and to emphasize this this yin and yang +symbol here remember that the purpose of + + align:start position:0% +symbol here remember that the purpose of + + + align:start position:0% +symbol here remember that the purpose of +having the black dot in the white zone + + align:start position:0% +having the black dot in the white zone + + + align:start position:0% +having the black dot in the white zone +and the reciprocal white dot in the + + align:start position:0% +and the reciprocal white dot in the + + + align:start position:0% +and the reciprocal white dot in the +black Zone this reminds you that things + + align:start position:0% +black Zone this reminds you that things + + + align:start position:0% +black Zone this reminds you that things +are not just black and white they're not + + align:start position:0% +are not just black and white they're not + + + align:start position:0% +are not just black and white they're not +just zeros and ones + + align:start position:0% +just zeros and ones + + + align:start position:0% +just zeros and ones +their health + + align:start position:0% +their health + + + align:start position:0% +their health +more complexity and they are constantly + + align:start position:0% +more complexity and they are constantly + + + align:start position:0% +more complexity and they are constantly +in change this is the book of changes + + align:start position:0% +in change this is the book of changes + + + align:start position:0% +in change this is the book of changes +and this course is about change + + align:start position:0% +and this course is about change + + + align:start position:0% +and this course is about change +and you should + + align:start position:0% +and you should + + + align:start position:0% +and you should +if you do computational biology + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's not just about computation it's not + + align:start position:0% +it's not just about computation it's not + + + align:start position:0% +it's not just about computation it's not +by keeping yourself busy at the computer + + align:start position:0% +by keeping yourself busy at the computer + + + align:start position:0% +by keeping yourself busy at the computer +keeping your computers busy all the time + + align:start position:0% +keeping your computers busy all the time + + + align:start position:0% +keeping your computers busy all the time +it's about thinking thinking as broadly + + align:start position:0% +it's about thinking thinking as broadly + + + align:start position:0% +it's about thinking thinking as broadly +as you can + + align:start position:0% +as you can + + + align:start position:0% +as you can +so thank you very much \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/lufK0UlJ7aE.txt b/lufK0UlJ7aE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4bb86db890639f9c2ad0385df4ddb7a881213caa --- /dev/null +++ b/lufK0UlJ7aE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,651 @@ +align:start position:0% + +in kinematics if we know acceleration + + align:start position:0% +in kinematics if we know acceleration + + + align:start position:0% +in kinematics if we know acceleration +which we generally can get from Newton's + + align:start position:0% +which we generally can get from Newton's + + + align:start position:0% +which we generally can get from Newton's +second law then we'd like to integrate + + align:start position:0% +second law then we'd like to integrate + + + align:start position:0% +second law then we'd like to integrate +the acceleration to get velocity and + + align:start position:0% +the acceleration to get velocity and + + + align:start position:0% +the acceleration to get velocity and +position how does that work for circular + + align:start position:0% +position how does that work for circular + + + align:start position:0% +position how does that work for circular +motion well when you think about + + align:start position:0% +motion well when you think about + + + align:start position:0% +motion well when you think about +circular motion and you think about the + + align:start position:0% +circular motion and you think about the + + + align:start position:0% +circular motion and you think about the +tangential direction then that in some + + align:start position:0% +tangential direction then that in some + + + align:start position:0% +tangential direction then that in some +sense is a one-dimensional motion and so + + align:start position:0% +sense is a one-dimensional motion and so + + + align:start position:0% +sense is a one-dimensional motion and so +what we'll see is that the tangential + + align:start position:0% +what we'll see is that the tangential + + + align:start position:0% +what we'll see is that the tangential +description of this motion can be + + align:start position:0% +description of this motion can be + + + align:start position:0% +description of this motion can be +integrated to get the tangential + + align:start position:0% +integrated to get the tangential + + + align:start position:0% +integrated to get the tangential +velocity and position just in a similar + + align:start position:0% +velocity and position just in a similar + + + align:start position:0% +velocity and position just in a similar +way that we did with linear motion where + + align:start position:0% +way that we did with linear motion where + + + align:start position:0% +way that we did with linear motion where +if we were giving the acceleration we + + align:start position:0% +if we were giving the acceleration we + + + align:start position:0% +if we were giving the acceleration we +integrated velocity and positioned so + + align:start position:0% +integrated velocity and positioned so + + + align:start position:0% +integrated velocity and positioned so +let's look at a particular example + + align:start position:0% +let's look at a particular example + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at a particular example +suppose we're given that the tangential + + align:start position:0% +suppose we're given that the tangential + + + align:start position:0% +suppose we're given that the tangential +component of the acceleration is given + + align:start position:0% +component of the acceleration is given + + + align:start position:0% +component of the acceleration is given +by some simple polynomial a minus BT now + + align:start position:0% +by some simple polynomial a minus BT now + + + align:start position:0% +by some simple polynomial a minus BT now +in this case the acceleration is + + align:start position:0% +in this case the acceleration is + + + align:start position:0% +in this case the acceleration is +certainly non constant what we'd like to + + align:start position:0% +certainly non constant what we'd like to + + + align:start position:0% +certainly non constant what we'd like to +do remember this is equal to our d + + align:start position:0% +do remember this is equal to our d + + + align:start position:0% +do remember this is equal to our d +squared theta DT squared so if we + + align:start position:0% +squared theta DT squared so if we + + + align:start position:0% +squared theta DT squared so if we +integrate the tangential component of + + align:start position:0% +integrate the tangential component of + + + align:start position:0% +integrate the tangential component of +the acceleration with some variable from + + align:start position:0% +the acceleration with some variable from + + + align:start position:0% +the acceleration with some variable from +T prime going from some initial value + + align:start position:0% +T prime going from some initial value + + + align:start position:0% +T prime going from some initial value +which we can call zero to some final + + align:start position:0% +which we can call zero to some final + + + align:start position:0% +which we can call zero to some final +value then that will give us the change + + align:start position:0% +value then that will give us the change + + + align:start position:0% +value then that will give us the change +in the tangential velocity so for this + + align:start position:0% +in the tangential velocity so for this + + + align:start position:0% +in the tangential velocity so for this +case the theta of T is equal to V theta + + align:start position:0% +case the theta of T is equal to V theta + + + align:start position:0% +case the theta of T is equal to V theta +T naught plus the integral of a minus B + + align:start position:0% +T naught plus the integral of a minus B + + + align:start position:0% +T naught plus the integral of a minus B +T prime DT Prime now we needed an + + align:start position:0% +T prime DT Prime now we needed an + + + align:start position:0% +T prime DT Prime now we needed an +integration variable because recall that + + align:start position:0% +integration variable because recall that + + + align:start position:0% +integration variable because recall that +our functional dependence is the upper + + align:start position:0% +our functional dependence is the upper + + + align:start position:0% +our functional dependence is the upper +limit of the integral we saw that in + + align:start position:0% +limit of the integral we saw that in + + + align:start position:0% +limit of the integral we saw that in +one-dimensional kinematics so we're + + align:start position:0% +one-dimensional kinematics so we're + + + align:start position:0% +one-dimensional kinematics so we're +going from some T naught 0 to some prime + + align:start position:0% +going from some T naught 0 to some prime + + + align:start position:0% +going from some T naught 0 to some prime +T prime well this integral is now we'll + + align:start position:0% +T prime well this integral is now we'll + + + align:start position:0% +T prime well this integral is now we'll +write this be theta naught where again T + + align:start position:0% +write this be theta naught where again T + + + align:start position:0% +write this be theta naught where again T +naught we're calling zero and when we do + + align:start position:0% +naught we're calling zero and when we do + + + align:start position:0% +naught we're calling zero and when we do +this integral a minus B T prime DT Prime + + align:start position:0% +this integral a minus B T prime DT Prime + + + align:start position:0% +this integral a minus B T prime DT Prime +that's an integral from 0 to + + align:start position:0% +that's an integral from 0 to + + + align:start position:0% +that's an integral from 0 to +prime equals T T prime equals zero this + + align:start position:0% +prime equals T T prime equals zero this + + + align:start position:0% +prime equals T T prime equals zero this +integral is not hard to do we get a of T + + align:start position:0% +integral is not hard to do we get a of T + + + align:start position:0% +integral is not hard to do we get a of T +minus 1/2 B of T squared and there's + + align:start position:0% +minus 1/2 B of T squared and there's + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1/2 B of T squared and there's +that constant initial term and so the + + align:start position:0% +that constant initial term and so the + + + align:start position:0% +that constant initial term and so the +velocity at time T of the tangential + + align:start position:0% +velocity at time T of the tangential + + + align:start position:0% +velocity at time T of the tangential +component of the velocity is given by + + align:start position:0% +component of the velocity is given by + + + align:start position:0% +component of the velocity is given by +that expression in exactly the same + + align:start position:0% +that expression in exactly the same + + + align:start position:0% +that expression in exactly the same +fashion the angle how much angle does + + align:start position:0% +fashion the angle how much angle does + + + align:start position:0% +fashion the angle how much angle does +this go through well we have to be + + align:start position:0% +this go through well we have to be + + + align:start position:0% +this go through well we have to be +careful there so if we want to do the + + align:start position:0% +careful there so if we want to do the + + + align:start position:0% +careful there so if we want to do the +arc length s of T we have to multiply + + align:start position:0% +arc length s of T we have to multiply + + + align:start position:0% +arc length s of T we have to multiply +the angle by the radius and that is just + + align:start position:0% +the angle by the radius and that is just + + + align:start position:0% +the angle by the radius and that is just +the integral of the tangential component + + align:start position:0% +the integral of the tangential component + + + align:start position:0% +the integral of the tangential component +of the velocity from T prime equals 0 to + + align:start position:0% +of the velocity from T prime equals 0 to + + + align:start position:0% +of the velocity from T prime equals 0 to +time T prime T and so in this example we + + align:start position:0% +time T prime T and so in this example we + + + align:start position:0% +time T prime T and so in this example we +have a slightly complicated integral V + + align:start position:0% +have a slightly complicated integral V + + + align:start position:0% +have a slightly complicated integral V +not DT prime 0 to T I'm gonna drop I'll + + align:start position:0% +not DT prime 0 to T I'm gonna drop I'll + + + align:start position:0% +not DT prime 0 to T I'm gonna drop I'll +write it in T prime plus the integrals a + + align:start position:0% +write it in T prime plus the integrals a + + + align:start position:0% +write it in T prime plus the integrals a +T prime minus 1/2 B T prime squared I + + align:start position:0% +T prime minus 1/2 B T prime squared I + + + align:start position:0% +T prime minus 1/2 B T prime squared I +didn't need to split this up but I'm + + align:start position:0% +didn't need to split this up but I'm + + + align:start position:0% +didn't need to split this up but I'm +splitting it up anyway + + align:start position:0% +splitting it up anyway + + + align:start position:0% +splitting it up anyway +and I have really one two three + + align:start position:0% +and I have really one two three + + + align:start position:0% +and I have really one two three +integrals to do and what I get is V + + align:start position:0% +integrals to do and what I get is V + + + align:start position:0% +integrals to do and what I get is V +theta naught T the result of the first + + align:start position:0% +theta naught T the result of the first + + + align:start position:0% +theta naught T the result of the first +integral the result of the second + + align:start position:0% +integral the result of the second + + + align:start position:0% +integral the result of the second +integral is one half a T squared and the + + align:start position:0% +integral is one half a T squared and the + + + align:start position:0% +integral is one half a T squared and the +result of the third integral is minus + + align:start position:0% +result of the third integral is minus + + + align:start position:0% +result of the third integral is minus +1/6 B T cubed and that gives me this I + + align:start position:0% +1/6 B T cubed and that gives me this I + + + align:start position:0% +1/6 B T cubed and that gives me this I +have to be a little careful on this side + + align:start position:0% +have to be a little careful on this side + + + align:start position:0% +have to be a little careful on this side +it's how much has the arc lengths + + align:start position:0% +it's how much has the arc lengths + + + align:start position:0% +it's how much has the arc lengths +changed as we go from time 0 to time T + + align:start position:0% +changed as we go from time 0 to time T + + + align:start position:0% +changed as we go from time 0 to time T +so that's the change in arc length + + align:start position:0% +so that's the change in arc length + + + align:start position:0% +so that's the change in arc length +and that's a typical example of where + + align:start position:0% +and that's a typical example of where + + + align:start position:0% +and that's a typical example of where +we're given tangential expel + + align:start position:0% +we're given tangential expel + + + align:start position:0% +we're given tangential expel +acceleration we integrate it to get the + + align:start position:0% +acceleration we integrate it to get the + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration we integrate it to get the +tangential velocity and then when we + + align:start position:0% +tangential velocity and then when we + + + align:start position:0% +tangential velocity and then when we +integrate the tangential velocity we're + + align:start position:0% +integrate the tangential velocity we're + + + align:start position:0% +integrate the tangential velocity we're +getting the change in arc length around + + align:start position:0% +getting the change in arc length around + + + align:start position:0% +getting the change in arc length around +the circle \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/lvdIUKULiak.txt b/lvdIUKULiak.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..95a954592c4ae315226a2b5d89ae10543421bb93 --- /dev/null +++ b/lvdIUKULiak.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11763 @@ +align:start position:0% + +So last time we talked about the sum + + align:start position:0% +So last time we talked about the sum + + + align:start position:0% +So last time we talked about the sum +troder theorem and today I want to do + + align:start position:0% +troder theorem and today I want to do + + + align:start position:0% +troder theorem and today I want to do +some digesting of what we learned. Um so + + align:start position:0% +some digesting of what we learned. Um so + + + align:start position:0% +some digesting of what we learned. Um so +on the one hand the the summary trout + + align:start position:0% +on the one hand the the summary trout + + + align:start position:0% +on the one hand the the summary trout +theorem was was um had a lot of impact + + align:start position:0% +theorem was was um had a lot of impact + + + align:start position:0% +theorem was was um had a lot of impact +both the theorem and the proof and the + + align:start position:0% +both the theorem and the proof and the + + + align:start position:0% +both the theorem and the proof and the +proof involved topology and that started + + align:start position:0% +proof involved topology and that started + + + align:start position:0% +proof involved topology and that started +a whole thing of using topology and + + align:start position:0% +a whole thing of using topology and + + + align:start position:0% +a whole thing of using topology and +combinotaurics + + align:start position:0% +combinotaurics + + + align:start position:0% +combinotaurics +and um Tom Wolf learned about it the for + + align:start position:0% +and um Tom Wolf learned about it the for + + + align:start position:0% +and um Tom Wolf learned about it the for +analyst Tom Wolf learned about it and he + + align:start position:0% +analyst Tom Wolf learned about it and he + + + align:start position:0% +analyst Tom Wolf learned about it and he +he brought the cell decompositions and + + align:start position:0% +he brought the cell decompositions and + + + align:start position:0% +he brought the cell decompositions and +those topological methods into fora + + align:start position:0% +those topological methods into fora + + + align:start position:0% +those topological methods into fora +analysis um and had a lot of impact and + + align:start position:0% +analysis um and had a lot of impact and + + + align:start position:0% +analysis um and had a lot of impact and +the theorem itself the statement is like + + align:start position:0% +the theorem itself the statement is like + + + align:start position:0% +the theorem itself the statement is like +sharp and the proof is fairly short and + + align:start position:0% +sharp and the proof is fairly short and + + + align:start position:0% +sharp and the proof is fairly short and +uh so it's really nice. Um + + align:start position:0% +uh so it's really nice. Um + + + align:start position:0% +uh so it's really nice. Um +but there are some questions that are + + align:start position:0% +but there are some questions that are + + + align:start position:0% +but there are some questions that are +closely related to the submar troder + + align:start position:0% +closely related to the submar troder + + + align:start position:0% +closely related to the submar troder +theorem that the proof doesn't actually + + align:start position:0% +theorem that the proof doesn't actually + + + align:start position:0% +theorem that the proof doesn't actually +tell us anything about um and so I + + align:start position:0% +tell us anything about um and so I + + + align:start position:0% +tell us anything about um and so I +wanted to um go through them today and + + align:start position:0% +wanted to um go through them today and + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to um go through them today and +and discuss why the proof doesn't tell + + align:start position:0% +and discuss why the proof doesn't tell + + + align:start position:0% +and discuss why the proof doesn't tell +us much about some of these related + + align:start position:0% +us much about some of these related + + + align:start position:0% +us much about some of these related +things and those those some of those + + align:start position:0% +things and those those some of those + + + align:start position:0% +things and those those some of those +things will be the main topics of the + + align:start position:0% +things will be the main topics of the + + + align:start position:0% +things will be the main topics of the +class going forward. Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +class going forward. Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +class going forward. Yeah. +Okay, so + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so +I'm going to put in the board seam ready + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to put in the board seam ready + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to put in the board seam ready +trotder + + align:start position:0% +trotder + + + align:start position:0% +trotder +theorem and proof are quite remarkable + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +they don't tell us + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh anything about some questions that + + align:start position:0% +uh anything about some questions that + + + align:start position:0% +uh anything about some questions that +seem closely related. + + align:start position:0% +seem closely related. + + + align:start position:0% +seem closely related. +Okay, so number one doesn't tell us + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so number one doesn't tell us + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so number one doesn't tell us +anything about projection theory in + + align:start position:0% +anything about projection theory in + + + align:start position:0% +anything about projection theory in +finite fields. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. Number two, it doesn't tell us + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Number two, it doesn't tell us + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Number two, it doesn't tell us +anything about the structure of sharp + + align:start position:0% +anything about the structure of sharp + + + align:start position:0% +anything about the structure of sharp +examples. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +All right. + + align:start position:0% +All right. + + + align:start position:0% +All right. +So, we discussed a little bit last + + align:start position:0% +So, we discussed a little bit last + + + align:start position:0% +So, we discussed a little bit last +class. I mentioned the sharp examples + + align:start position:0% +class. I mentioned the sharp examples + + + align:start position:0% +class. I mentioned the sharp examples +for the sority trout theorem that we + + align:start position:0% +for the sority trout theorem that we + + + align:start position:0% +for the sority trout theorem that we +know and and it's an interesting + + align:start position:0% +know and and it's an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +know and and it's an interesting +question. If you have an example that is + + align:start position:0% +question. If you have an example that is + + + align:start position:0% +question. If you have an example that is +close to being sharp for the summary + + align:start position:0% +close to being sharp for the summary + + + align:start position:0% +close to being sharp for the summary +trer theorem can we say anything about + + align:start position:0% +trer theorem can we say anything about + + + align:start position:0% +trer theorem can we say anything about +its structure + + align:start position:0% +its structure + + + align:start position:0% +its structure +and it might be a little surprising but + + align:start position:0% +and it might be a little surprising but + + + align:start position:0% +and it might be a little surprising but +the proof of the sad trer theorem really + + align:start position:0% +the proof of the sad trer theorem really + + + align:start position:0% +the proof of the sad trer theorem really +gives no information about that and + + align:start position:0% +gives no information about that and + + + align:start position:0% +gives no information about that and +we'll talk about why + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about why + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about why +okay number three so the sad tr theorem + + align:start position:0% +okay number three so the sad tr theorem + + + align:start position:0% +okay number three so the sad tr theorem +is the sharp theorem about projection + + align:start position:0% +is the sharp theorem about projection + + + align:start position:0% +is the sharp theorem about projection +theory for points sets of points in the + + align:start position:0% +theory for points sets of points in the + + + align:start position:0% +theory for points sets of points in the +uklidian plane in R2 finite sets in R2. + + align:start position:0% +uklidian plane in R2 finite sets in R2. + + + align:start position:0% +uklidian plane in R2 finite sets in R2. +Um, so you might hope that it would tell + + align:start position:0% +Um, so you might hope that it would tell + + + align:start position:0% +Um, so you might hope that it would tell +you something helpful about projection + + align:start position:0% +you something helpful about projection + + + align:start position:0% +you something helpful about projection +theory for sets of unit balls in R2. Um, + + align:start position:0% +theory for sets of unit balls in R2. Um, + + + align:start position:0% +theory for sets of unit balls in R2. Um, +but it says rather little about that. So + + align:start position:0% +but it says rather little about that. So + + + align:start position:0% +but it says rather little about that. So +it says rather little about the + + align:start position:0% +it says rather little about the + + + align:start position:0% +it says rather little about the +projection theory + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +unit balls + + align:start position:0% +unit balls + + + align:start position:0% +unit balls +in R2 um with some spacing conditions. + + align:start position:0% +in R2 um with some spacing conditions. + + + align:start position:0% +in R2 um with some spacing conditions. +So I'll put here with the housedorf + + align:start position:0% +So I'll put here with the housedorf + + + align:start position:0% +So I'll put here with the housedorf +spacer. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +This is also a little bit surprising. + + align:start position:0% +This is also a little bit surprising. + + + align:start position:0% +This is also a little bit surprising. +And um so Tom Wolf was really interested + + align:start position:0% +And um so Tom Wolf was really interested + + + align:start position:0% +And um so Tom Wolf was really interested +in analysis problems problems like this + + align:start position:0% +in analysis problems problems like this + + + align:start position:0% +in analysis problems problems like this +and he found the sired troder proof in + + align:start position:0% +and he found the sired troder proof in + + + align:start position:0% +and he found the sired troder proof in +the cominatorics literature which at + + align:start position:0% +the cominatorics literature which at + + + align:start position:0% +the cominatorics literature which at +that time were like two pretty different + + align:start position:0% +that time were like two pretty different + + + align:start position:0% +that time were like two pretty different +groups of mathematicians. + + align:start position:0% +groups of mathematicians. + + + align:start position:0% +groups of mathematicians. +um and he imported it and he tried to + + align:start position:0% +um and he imported it and he tried to + + + align:start position:0% +um and he imported it and he tried to +use it to answer questions like this and + + align:start position:0% +use it to answer questions like this and + + + align:start position:0% +use it to answer questions like this and +he did prove a bunch of interesting + + align:start position:0% +he did prove a bunch of interesting + + + align:start position:0% +he did prove a bunch of interesting +stuff but he was not able to answer this + + align:start position:0% +stuff but he was not able to answer this + + + align:start position:0% +stuff but he was not able to answer this +question. Um and so we'll talk about + + align:start position:0% +question. Um and so we'll talk about + + + align:start position:0% +question. Um and so we'll talk about +what the issue is why the why the + + align:start position:0% +what the issue is why the why the + + + align:start position:0% +what the issue is why the why the +summarated troder proof does not say all + + align:start position:0% +summarated troder proof does not say all + + + align:start position:0% +summarated troder proof does not say all +that much about this set. + + align:start position:0% +that much about this set. + + + align:start position:0% +that much about this set. +Okay, cool. and uh and then going + + align:start position:0% +Okay, cool. and uh and then going + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, cool. and uh and then going +forward this and this maybe this are + + align:start position:0% +forward this and this maybe this are + + + align:start position:0% +forward this and this maybe this are +going to be some of the main topics of + + align:start position:0% +going to be some of the main topics of + + + align:start position:0% +going to be some of the main topics of +our class. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Oh yeah and so oh and Mimi also + + align:start position:0% +Oh yeah and so oh and Mimi also + + + align:start position:0% +Oh yeah and so oh and Mimi also +mentioned so you know one of the big + + align:start position:0% +mentioned so you know one of the big + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned so you know one of the big +developments that made me excited to + + align:start position:0% +developments that made me excited to + + + align:start position:0% +developments that made me excited to +teach the class is that there is now a + + align:start position:0% +teach the class is that there is now a + + + align:start position:0% +teach the class is that there is now a +sharp theorem about this proven by Orpin + + align:start position:0% +sharp theorem about this proven by Orpin + + + align:start position:0% +sharp theorem about this proven by Orpin +and Schmurkin and Ren and Wong. Um and + + align:start position:0% +and Schmurkin and Ren and Wong. Um and + + + align:start position:0% +and Schmurkin and Ren and Wong. Um and +actually it doesn't use any of the + + align:start position:0% +actually it doesn't use any of the + + + align:start position:0% +actually it doesn't use any of the +methods from the Seamaretti Troder + + align:start position:0% +methods from the Seamaretti Troder + + + align:start position:0% +methods from the Seamaretti Troder +proof. Um so anyway so we'll talk today + + align:start position:0% +proof. Um so anyway so we'll talk today + + + align:start position:0% +proof. Um so anyway so we'll talk today +sort of to explain why something + + align:start position:0% +sort of to explain why something + + + align:start position:0% +sort of to explain why something +different is needed and then we'll we'll + + align:start position:0% +different is needed and then we'll we'll + + + align:start position:0% +different is needed and then we'll we'll +meet the something different starting uh + + align:start position:0% +meet the something different starting uh + + + align:start position:0% +meet the something different starting uh +next class. + + align:start position:0% +next class. + + + align:start position:0% +next class. +Okay. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. +All right. So, so why does the method + + align:start position:0% +All right. So, so why does the method + + + align:start position:0% +All right. So, so why does the method +that we saw Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +that we saw Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +that we saw Yeah. +>> Um are there any other spaces like other + + align:start position:0% +>> Um are there any other spaces like other + + + align:start position:0% +>> Um are there any other spaces like other +than real space where kind of a similar + + align:start position:0% +than real space where kind of a similar + + + align:start position:0% +than real space where kind of a similar +uh memo to that kind of technical real + + align:start position:0% +uh memo to that kind of technical real + + + align:start position:0% +uh memo to that kind of technical real +splitting memo works like I know like it + + align:start position:0% +splitting memo works like I know like it + + + align:start position:0% +splitting memo works like I know like it +doesn't work for finite anything that's + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work for finite anything that's + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work for finite anything that's +kind of similar enough to real. + + align:start position:0% +kind of similar enough to real. + + + align:start position:0% +kind of similar enough to real. +>> Yeah. Okay. So the question is the key + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Okay. So the question is the key + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Okay. So the question is the key +ingredient in the in the proof we did of + + align:start position:0% +ingredient in the in the proof we did of + + + align:start position:0% +ingredient in the in the proof we did of +the summary troder theorem is this cell + + align:start position:0% +the summary troder theorem is this cell + + + align:start position:0% +the summary troder theorem is this cell +decomposition lema. You can cut the + + align:start position:0% +decomposition lema. You can cut the + + + align:start position:0% +decomposition lema. You can cut the +plane up into pieces in a way so that + + align:start position:0% +plane up into pieces in a way so that + + + align:start position:0% +plane up into pieces in a way so that +each line doesn't go through too many + + align:start position:0% +each line doesn't go through too many + + + align:start position:0% +each line doesn't go through too many +pieces. And the question was other than + + align:start position:0% +pieces. And the question was other than + + + align:start position:0% +pieces. And the question was other than +R2 are there some other spaces where + + align:start position:0% +R2 are there some other spaces where + + + align:start position:0% +R2 are there some other spaces where +something like this would work. Um okay + + align:start position:0% +something like this would work. Um okay + + + align:start position:0% +something like this would work. Um okay +so it works to at least to some extent + + align:start position:0% +so it works to at least to some extent + + + align:start position:0% +so it works to at least to some extent +in higher dimensions Rn. Um it uh it + + align:start position:0% +in higher dimensions Rn. Um it uh it + + + align:start position:0% +in higher dimensions Rn. Um it uh it +doesn't make any sense over FP which I + + align:start position:0% +doesn't make any sense over FP which I + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't make any sense over FP which I +was going to say in a second. Um and um + + align:start position:0% +was going to say in a second. Um and um + + + align:start position:0% +was going to say in a second. Um and um +it works with some modifications in CN + + align:start position:0% +it works with some modifications in CN + + + align:start position:0% +it works with some modifications in CN +um and um + + align:start position:0% +um and um + + + align:start position:0% +um and um +and yeah and those are all the spaces + + align:start position:0% +and yeah and those are all the spaces + + + align:start position:0% +and yeah and those are all the spaces +really I know where it works. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. Okay. So we we just sort of + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Okay. So we we just sort of + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Okay. So we we just sort of +mentioned um so why why did these + + align:start position:0% +mentioned um so why why did these + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned um so why why did these +methods not work over FP? Well, we had + + align:start position:0% +methods not work over FP? Well, we had + + + align:start position:0% +methods not work over FP? Well, we had +this basic thing of like cutting a space + + align:start position:0% +this basic thing of like cutting a space + + + align:start position:0% +this basic thing of like cutting a space +into pieces where like the simplest + + align:start position:0% +into pieces where like the simplest + + + align:start position:0% +into pieces where like the simplest +thing would be like you take a line in + + align:start position:0% +thing would be like you take a line in + + + align:start position:0% +thing would be like you take a line in +the plane and it cuts it into two + + align:start position:0% +the plane and it cuts it into two + + + align:start position:0% +the plane and it cuts it into two +connected components, right? And um uh + + align:start position:0% +connected components, right? And um uh + + + align:start position:0% +connected components, right? And um uh +that just doesn't make sense in FP2. + + align:start position:0% +that just doesn't make sense in FP2. + + + align:start position:0% +that just doesn't make sense in FP2. +There's if you remove a line from FP2, + + align:start position:0% +There's if you remove a line from FP2, + + + align:start position:0% +There's if you remove a line from FP2, +there's no sense in which what's left + + align:start position:0% +there's no sense in which what's left + + + align:start position:0% +there's no sense in which what's left +over is organized into two components. + + align:start position:0% +over is organized into two components. + + + align:start position:0% +over is organized into two components. +Okay, so this one is not that + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so this one is not that + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so this one is not that +surprising. Um, and these are a little + + align:start position:0% +surprising. Um, and these are a little + + + align:start position:0% +surprising. Um, and these are a little +more surprising and we I think we need + + align:start position:0% +more surprising and we I think we need + + + align:start position:0% +more surprising and we I think we need +to talk in some more depth to explain + + align:start position:0% +to talk in some more depth to explain + + + align:start position:0% +to talk in some more depth to explain +why we didn't learn anything about them. + + align:start position:0% +why we didn't learn anything about them. + + + align:start position:0% +why we didn't learn anything about them. +Okay. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +All right. So, let's first we'll talk + + align:start position:0% +All right. So, let's first we'll talk + + + align:start position:0% +All right. So, let's first we'll talk +about the structure of sharp examples + + align:start position:0% +about the structure of sharp examples + + + align:start position:0% +about the structure of sharp examples +for the ST theorem. And let me first + + align:start position:0% +for the ST theorem. And let me first + + + align:start position:0% +for the ST theorem. And let me first +remind you what the ST theorem says and + + align:start position:0% +remind you what the ST theorem says and + + + align:start position:0% +remind you what the ST theorem says and +what are the sharp examples. Uh, okay. + + align:start position:0% +what are the sharp examples. Uh, okay. + + + align:start position:0% +what are the sharp examples. Uh, okay. +So, the theorem was this. So I have a + + align:start position:0% +So, the theorem was this. So I have a + + + align:start position:0% +So, the theorem was this. So I have a +set X is a set of points in the plane + + align:start position:0% +set X is a set of points in the plane + + + align:start position:0% +set X is a set of points in the plane +and L is a set of lines in the plane + + align:start position:0% +and L is a set of lines in the plane + + + align:start position:0% +and L is a set of lines in the plane +and then we're going to count the + + align:start position:0% +and then we're going to count the + + + align:start position:0% +and then we're going to count the +incidences between them. Theorem says + + align:start position:0% +incidences between them. Theorem says + + + align:start position:0% +incidences between them. Theorem says +that the number of incidences between X + + align:start position:0% +that the number of incidences between X + + + align:start position:0% +that the number of incidences between X +and L is bounded by the number of points + + align:start position:0% +and L is bounded by the number of points + + + align:start position:0% +and L is bounded by the number of points +plus the number of lines plus a more + + align:start position:0% +plus the number of lines plus a more + + + align:start position:0% +plus the number of lines plus a more +complicated term. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. And I will just label these terms + + align:start position:0% +Okay. And I will just label these terms + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. And I will just label these terms +one and two and three. + + align:start position:0% +one and two and three. + + + align:start position:0% +one and two and three. +Okay, so a situation where where term + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so a situation where where term + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so a situation where where term +one dominates + + align:start position:0% +one dominates + + + align:start position:0% +one dominates +is easy to imagine. We just need to put + + align:start position:0% +is easy to imagine. We just need to put + + + align:start position:0% +is easy to imagine. We just need to put +each point on a line. So I'll draw some + + align:start position:0% +each point on a line. So I'll draw some + + + align:start position:0% +each point on a line. So I'll draw some +lines and then each point I will put on + + align:start position:0% +lines and then each point I will put on + + + align:start position:0% +lines and then each point I will put on +one of these lines. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So this type of example I would + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So this type of example I would + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So this type of example I would +describe as not having any remarkable + + align:start position:0% +describe as not having any remarkable + + + align:start position:0% +describe as not having any remarkable +structure. Um so this is uh not rigid + + align:start position:0% +structure. Um so this is uh not rigid + + + align:start position:0% +structure. Um so this is uh not rigid +and there are many degrees of freedom. + + align:start position:0% +and there are many degrees of freedom. + + + align:start position:0% +and there are many degrees of freedom. +So there's no so I would say no special + + align:start position:0% +So there's no so I would say no special + + + align:start position:0% +So there's no so I would say no special +structure here. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +It's not rigid. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um there are many degrees of freedom. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Each one of these points I can slide + + align:start position:0% +Each one of these points I can slide + + + align:start position:0% +Each one of these points I can slide +freely along this line. So I have at + + align:start position:0% +freely along this line. So I have at + + + align:start position:0% +freely along this line. So I have at +least x degrees of freedom. All right. + + align:start position:0% +least x degrees of freedom. All right. + + + align:start position:0% +least x degrees of freedom. All right. +Now, example, the situation where two + + align:start position:0% +Now, example, the situation where two + + + align:start position:0% +Now, example, the situation where two +dominates, + + align:start position:0% +dominates, + + + align:start position:0% +dominates, +the picture is a little bit different, + + align:start position:0% +the picture is a little bit different, + + + align:start position:0% +the picture is a little bit different, +but it's similar. Um, so to have L + + align:start position:0% +but it's similar. Um, so to have L + + + align:start position:0% +but it's similar. Um, so to have L +incences, I just need that each line + + align:start position:0% +incences, I just need that each line + + + align:start position:0% +incences, I just need that each line +goes through a point. So there's a few + + align:start position:0% +goes through a point. So there's a few + + + align:start position:0% +goes through a point. So there's a few +points. I put them anywhere. And then + + align:start position:0% +points. I put them anywhere. And then + + + align:start position:0% +points. I put them anywhere. And then +I'm going to draw my lines. And each + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to draw my lines. And each + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to draw my lines. And each +line it will go through one of these + + align:start position:0% +line it will go through one of these + + + align:start position:0% +line it will go through one of these +points. So it just looks like Oops. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +looks like that. Sometimes called the + + align:start position:0% +looks like that. Sometimes called the + + + align:start position:0% +looks like that. Sometimes called the +stars example. + + align:start position:0% +stars example. + + + align:start position:0% +stars example. +Okay. And again, there's no special + + align:start position:0% +Okay. And again, there's no special + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. And again, there's no special +structure. It's not rigid. There are + + align:start position:0% +structure. It's not rigid. There are + + + align:start position:0% +structure. It's not rigid. There are +many degrees of freedom. I can rotate + + align:start position:0% +many degrees of freedom. I can rotate + + + align:start position:0% +many degrees of freedom. I can rotate +this line and so + + align:start position:0% +this line and so + + + align:start position:0% +this line and so +okay. And then example three when this + + align:start position:0% +okay. And then example three when this + + + align:start position:0% +okay. And then example three when this +term dominates those are harder to come + + align:start position:0% +term dominates those are harder to come + + + align:start position:0% +term dominates those are harder to come +by and they have more structure and + + align:start position:0% +by and they have more structure and + + + align:start position:0% +by and they have more structure and +they're more interesting. So the known + + align:start position:0% +they're more interesting. So the known + + + align:start position:0% +they're more interesting. So the known +examples + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are an integer grid + + align:start position:0% +are an integer grid + + + align:start position:0% +are an integer grid +integer + + align:start position:0% +integer + + + align:start position:0% +integer +grid + + align:start position:0% +grid + + + align:start position:0% +grid +or uh instead of the integers you could + + align:start position:0% +or uh instead of the integers you could + + + align:start position:0% +or uh instead of the integers you could +take a ring like a ring in a number + + align:start position:0% +take a ring like a ring in a number + + + align:start position:0% +take a ring like a ring in a number +field this time kind of grid or more + + align:start position:0% +field this time kind of grid or more + + + align:start position:0% +field this time kind of grid or more +generally you could take an R grid where + + align:start position:0% +generally you could take an R grid where + + + align:start position:0% +generally you could take an R grid where +R is the ring of integers. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and a number fit. + + align:start position:0% +and a number fit. + + + align:start position:0% +and a number fit. +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. Um draw a little picture. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +All right. So this is the scenario where + + align:start position:0% +All right. So this is the scenario where + + + align:start position:0% +All right. So this is the scenario where +the the known examples have structure. + + align:start position:0% +the the known examples have structure. + + + align:start position:0% +the the known examples have structure. +Um we have structure + + align:start position:0% +Um we have structure + + + align:start position:0% +Um we have structure +in the known examples + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we have very few degrees of freedom + + align:start position:0% +and we have very few degrees of freedom + + + align:start position:0% +and we have very few degrees of freedom +to determine these examples. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> Cool. Okay. Were there any questions or + + align:start position:0% +>> Cool. Okay. Were there any questions or + + + align:start position:0% +>> Cool. Okay. Were there any questions or +comments? + + align:start position:0% +comments? + + + align:start position:0% +comments? +>> Yeah. If you embed R2 into the real + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. If you embed R2 into the real + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. If you embed R2 into the real +projective plane, there's like a duality + + align:start position:0% +projective plane, there's like a duality + + + align:start position:0% +projective plane, there's like a duality +that takes lines in the real projective + + align:start position:0% +that takes lines in the real projective + + + align:start position:0% +that takes lines in the real projective +plane to points and switches points with + + align:start position:0% +plane to points and switches points with + + + align:start position:0% +plane to points and switches points with +lines and it preserves intersections. + + align:start position:0% +lines and it preserves intersections. + + + align:start position:0% +lines and it preserves intersections. +>> And it seems to me like the first two + + align:start position:0% +>> And it seems to me like the first two + + + align:start position:0% +>> And it seems to me like the first two +classes of example are kind of dual when + + align:start position:0% +classes of example are kind of dual when + + + align:start position:0% +classes of example are kind of dual when +you do that. Is the third class of + + align:start position:0% +you do that. Is the third class of + + + align:start position:0% +you do that. Is the third class of +examples like self duel if you do that + + align:start position:0% +examples like self duel if you do that + + + align:start position:0% +examples like self duel if you do that +kind of uh switching lines and points? + + align:start position:0% +kind of uh switching lines and points? + + + align:start position:0% +kind of uh switching lines and points? +>> Yeah. Okay. That's a great question. Let + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Okay. That's a great question. Let + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Okay. That's a great question. Let +me just repeat it for everybody. So + + align:start position:0% +me just repeat it for everybody. So + + + align:start position:0% +me just repeat it for everybody. So +there's a structure called point line + + align:start position:0% +there's a structure called point line + + + align:start position:0% +there's a structure called point line +duality. Um so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's probably nicest to explain it in + + align:start position:0% +it's probably nicest to explain it in + + + align:start position:0% +it's probably nicest to explain it in +the um + + align:start position:0% +the um + + + align:start position:0% +the um +uh in the projector space, but let me + + align:start position:0% +uh in the projector space, but let me + + + align:start position:0% +uh in the projector space, but let me +say it in a low brown way. In a low brow + + align:start position:0% +say it in a low brown way. In a low brow + + + align:start position:0% +say it in a low brown way. In a low brow +way. So if I have a line y, I can + + align:start position:0% +way. So if I have a line y, I can + + + align:start position:0% +way. So if I have a line y, I can +probably write it as y = mx + b. + + align:start position:0% +probably write it as y = mx + b. + + + align:start position:0% +probably write it as y = mx + b. +In other words, um, and let me do this + + align:start position:0% +In other words, um, and let me do this + + + align:start position:0% +In other words, um, and let me do this +is a little sound a little silly, but + + align:start position:0% +is a little sound a little silly, but + + + align:start position:0% +is a little sound a little silly, but +I'm going to write as mx minus b. Why + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to write as mx minus b. Why + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to write as mx minus b. Why +not? Okay, so in other words, the line + + align:start position:0% +not? Okay, so in other words, the line + + + align:start position:0% +not? Okay, so in other words, the line +is 0 = mx - b minus y. + + align:start position:0% +is 0 = mx - b minus y. + + + align:start position:0% +is 0 = mx - b minus y. +Okay. So if I have a set of points it + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So if I have a set of points it + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So if I have a set of points it +would be you know x1 y1 + + align:start position:0% +would be you know x1 y1 + + + align:start position:0% +would be you know x1 y1 +xn yn points. If I have a set of lines, + + align:start position:0% +xn yn points. If I have a set of lines, + + + align:start position:0% +xn yn points. If I have a set of lines, +they might be M1 B1 + + align:start position:0% +they might be M1 B1 + + + align:start position:0% +they might be M1 B1 +and then M um + + align:start position:0% +and then M um + + + align:start position:0% +and then M um +L B L if I have L lines. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And um if I want to count incidences, I + + align:start position:0% +And um if I want to count incidences, I + + + align:start position:0% +And um if I want to count incidences, I +consider a different point, different + + align:start position:0% +consider a different point, different + + + align:start position:0% +consider a different point, different +line and I check this equation. And this + + align:start position:0% +line and I check this equation. And this + + + align:start position:0% +line and I check this equation. And this +equation is actually symmetric + + align:start position:0% +equation is actually symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +equation is actually symmetric +if you replace if you switch the role of + + align:start position:0% +if you replace if you switch the role of + + + align:start position:0% +if you replace if you switch the role of +MB and the role of XY. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So I can turn my points into lines and + + align:start position:0% +So I can turn my points into lines and + + + align:start position:0% +So I can turn my points into lines and +turn my lines into points. + + align:start position:0% +turn my lines into points. + + + align:start position:0% +turn my lines into points. +So this is + + align:start position:0% +So this is + + + align:start position:0% +So this is +symmetric. If I take MB and switch it + + align:start position:0% +symmetric. If I take MB and switch it + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric. If I take MB and switch it +with XY. + + align:start position:0% +with XY. + + + align:start position:0% +with XY. +Okay. So as student pointed out if you + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So as student pointed out if you + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So as student pointed out if you +take this example and then you apply + + align:start position:0% +take this example and then you apply + + + align:start position:0% +take this example and then you apply +point line duality you get this example. + + align:start position:0% +point line duality you get this example. + + + align:start position:0% +point line duality you get this example. +So this line here became that point + + align:start position:0% +So this line here became that point + + + align:start position:0% +So this line here became that point +these points became those lines and so + + align:start position:0% +these points became those lines and so + + + align:start position:0% +these points became those lines and so +on. So these two examples are dual to + + align:start position:0% +on. So these two examples are dual to + + + align:start position:0% +on. So these two examples are dual to +each other. All right. Now the question + + align:start position:0% +each other. All right. Now the question + + + align:start position:0% +each other. All right. Now the question +was if you take this example and you + + align:start position:0% +was if you take this example and you + + + align:start position:0% +was if you take this example and you +apply point line duality what do you + + align:start position:0% +apply point line duality what do you + + + align:start position:0% +apply point line duality what do you +get? Yeah. Um and um you actually do get + + align:start position:0% +get? Yeah. Um and um you actually do get + + + align:start position:0% +get? Yeah. Um and um you actually do get +something different. Um so so you can + + align:start position:0% +something different. Um so so you can + + + align:start position:0% +something different. Um so so you can +apply + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +point line duality + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right all right so to to think about + + align:start position:0% +right all right so to to think about + + + align:start position:0% +right all right so to to think about +what would happen if we did this I won't + + align:start position:0% +what would happen if we did this I won't + + + align:start position:0% +what would happen if we did this I won't +do it in complete detail but but let's + + align:start position:0% +do it in complete detail but but let's + + + align:start position:0% +do it in complete detail but but let's +sort of take a first step um so when I + + align:start position:0% +sort of take a first step um so when I + + + align:start position:0% +sort of take a first step um so when I +do that each one of these lines will + + align:start position:0% +do that each one of these lines will + + + align:start position:0% +do that each one of these lines will +become a point and the uh the point will + + align:start position:0% +become a point and the uh the point will + + + align:start position:0% +become a point and the uh the point will +be labeled like m. So the the + + align:start position:0% +be labeled like m. So the the + + + align:start position:0% +be labeled like m. So the the +xcoordinate of our point will be the + + align:start position:0% +xcoordinate of our point will be the + + + align:start position:0% +xcoordinate of our point will be the +slope. So who were the slopes of these + + align:start position:0% +slope. So who were the slopes of these + + + align:start position:0% +slope. So who were the slopes of these +lines? Well, when we constructed them, + + align:start position:0% +lines? Well, when we constructed them, + + + align:start position:0% +lines? Well, when we constructed them, +the slopes were rational numbers with + + align:start position:0% +the slopes were rational numbers with + + + align:start position:0% +the slopes were rational numbers with +small denominators. So those will be the + + align:start position:0% +small denominators. So those will be the + + + align:start position:0% +small denominators. So those will be the +x coordinates. They'll be rational + + align:start position:0% +x coordinates. They'll be rational + + + align:start position:0% +x coordinates. They'll be rational +numbers with small denominators. And + + align:start position:0% +numbers with small denominators. And + + + align:start position:0% +numbers with small denominators. And +then for each x coordinate, the + + align:start position:0% +then for each x coordinate, the + + + align:start position:0% +then for each x coordinate, the +y-coordinates will be the different b + + align:start position:0% +y-coordinates will be the different b + + + align:start position:0% +y-coordinates will be the different b +values. So the different, you know, the + + align:start position:0% +values. So the different, you know, the + + + align:start position:0% +values. So the different, you know, the +places where it hits the y- axis. And + + align:start position:0% +places where it hits the y- axis. And + + + align:start position:0% +places where it hits the y- axis. And +you can compute that with a little work. + + align:start position:0% +you can compute that with a little work. + + + align:start position:0% +you can compute that with a little work. +um and you get a set which is not a grid + + align:start position:0% +um and you get a set which is not a grid + + + align:start position:0% +um and you get a set which is not a grid +actually. It's not an integer grid. So + + align:start position:0% +actually. It's not an integer grid. So + + + align:start position:0% +actually. It's not an integer grid. So +you know the set of rationals with small + + align:start position:0% +you know the set of rationals with small + + + align:start position:0% +you know the set of rationals with small +denominators that's not uh um I say it's + + align:start position:0% +denominators that's not uh um I say it's + + + align:start position:0% +denominators that's not uh um I say it's +not um integer multiples of one number. + + align:start position:0% +not um integer multiples of one number. + + + align:start position:0% +not um integer multiples of one number. +Uh so it is actually a genuinely + + align:start position:0% +Uh so it is actually a genuinely + + + align:start position:0% +Uh so it is actually a genuinely +different example when you switch the + + align:start position:0% +different example when you switch the + + + align:start position:0% +different example when you switch the +the points and the lines. Yeah. So + + align:start position:0% +the points and the lines. Yeah. So + + + align:start position:0% +the points and the lines. Yeah. So +that's great. Um and the other thing we + + align:start position:0% +that's great. Um and the other thing we + + + align:start position:0% +that's great. Um and the other thing we +mentioned last time is that we can apply + + align:start position:0% +mentioned last time is that we can apply + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned last time is that we can apply +projective transformations. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. Um so this list of examples is a + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Um so this list of examples is a + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Um so this list of examples is a +little bit messy. There are a few of + + align:start position:0% +little bit messy. There are a few of + + + align:start position:0% +little bit messy. There are a few of +them but it's a little bit messy. And + + align:start position:0% +them but it's a little bit messy. And + + + align:start position:0% +them but it's a little bit messy. And +that perhaps has contributed to making + + align:start position:0% +that perhaps has contributed to making + + + align:start position:0% +that perhaps has contributed to making +it feel daunting to prove that all the + + align:start position:0% +it feel daunting to prove that all the + + + align:start position:0% +it feel daunting to prove that all the +examples look like one of these. + + align:start position:0% +examples look like one of these. + + + align:start position:0% +examples look like one of these. +Yeah. Okay. Yeah. Great. + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Okay. Yeah. Great. + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Okay. Yeah. Great. +Great question. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So, um, so next I thought that we + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So, um, so next I thought that we + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So, um, so next I thought that we +would go over a bit the proof of the sum + + align:start position:0% +would go over a bit the proof of the sum + + + align:start position:0% +would go over a bit the proof of the sum +theorem with an eye towards what does it + + align:start position:0% +theorem with an eye towards what does it + + + align:start position:0% +theorem with an eye towards what does it +tell us about the structure of sharp + + align:start position:0% +tell us about the structure of sharp + + + align:start position:0% +tell us about the structure of sharp +examples and unfortunately we'll see + + align:start position:0% +examples and unfortunately we'll see + + + align:start position:0% +examples and unfortunately we'll see +tells us very little but but it's good + + align:start position:0% +tells us very little but but it's good + + + align:start position:0% +tells us very little but but it's good +to see it. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay, so the first step in the proof was + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so the first step in the proof was + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so the first step in the proof was +a double counting argument + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and a double counting argument proved a + + align:start position:0% +and a double counting argument proved a + + + align:start position:0% +and a double counting argument proved a +weaker upper bound for the number of + + align:start position:0% +weaker upper bound for the number of + + + align:start position:0% +weaker upper bound for the number of +incidences which was this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um and that double counting argument has + + align:start position:0% +Um and that double counting argument has + + + align:start position:0% +Um and that double counting argument has +a corlary which is perhaps easier to say + + align:start position:0% +a corlary which is perhaps easier to say + + + align:start position:0% +a corlary which is perhaps easier to say +and the correlary is actually the only + + align:start position:0% +and the correlary is actually the only + + + align:start position:0% +and the correlary is actually the only +thing you really need to prove the + + align:start position:0% +thing you really need to prove the + + + align:start position:0% +thing you really need to prove the +summary troder theorem. The correlary + + align:start position:0% +summary troder theorem. The correlary + + + align:start position:0% +summary troder theorem. The correlary +says that if the number of lines is more + + align:start position:0% +says that if the number of lines is more + + + align:start position:0% +says that if the number of lines is more +than the number of points squared + + align:start position:0% +than the number of points squared + + + align:start position:0% +than the number of points squared +then the number of incidences is just + + align:start position:0% +then the number of incidences is just + + + align:start position:0% +then the number of incidences is just +bounded by the number of lines which is + + align:start position:0% +bounded by the number of lines which is + + + align:start position:0% +bounded by the number of lines which is +in other words it matches the case two + + align:start position:0% +in other words it matches the case two + + + align:start position:0% +in other words it matches the case two +over here. The picture looks like this + + align:start position:0% +over here. The picture looks like this + + + align:start position:0% +over here. The picture looks like this +where a typical line just goes through + + align:start position:0% +where a typical line just goes through + + + align:start position:0% +where a typical line just goes through +one of the points. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay, + + align:start position:0% +Okay, + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, +cool. Um, so actually that's I didn't + + align:start position:0% +cool. Um, so actually that's I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +cool. Um, so actually that's I didn't +emphasize that last time, but that's a + + align:start position:0% +emphasize that last time, but that's a + + + align:start position:0% +emphasize that last time, but that's a +nice thing to say because this coralary + + align:start position:0% +nice thing to say because this coralary + + + align:start position:0% +nice thing to say because this coralary +is maybe easier to hold in our mind than + + align:start position:0% +is maybe easier to hold in our mind than + + + align:start position:0% +is maybe easier to hold in our mind than +the whatever the exponents are up there. + + align:start position:0% +the whatever the exponents are up there. + + + align:start position:0% +the whatever the exponents are up there. +Okay, so now the next idea was this uh + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so now the next idea was this uh + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so now the next idea was this uh +cell decomposition idea. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um so let me draw an example for some + + align:start position:0% +Um so let me draw an example for some + + + align:start position:0% +Um so let me draw an example for some +ready troder and then I'll draw the cell + + align:start position:0% +ready troder and then I'll draw the cell + + + align:start position:0% +ready troder and then I'll draw the cell +decomposition and we'll talk about how + + align:start position:0% +decomposition and we'll talk about how + + + align:start position:0% +decomposition and we'll talk about how +it's helping us. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So I'll have a set of points like + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So I'll have a set of points like + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So I'll have a set of points like +that might it might be an integer grid + + align:start position:0% +that might it might be an integer grid + + + align:start position:0% +that might it might be an integer grid +and then I have some lines here. um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lines at those slopes, + + align:start position:0% +lines at those slopes, + + + align:start position:0% +lines at those slopes, +lines at these slopes, + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay? Etc. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And then we will do a cell + + align:start position:0% +And then we will do a cell + + + align:start position:0% +And then we will do a cell +decomposition. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Those + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are our cells. It's our cell wall. And + + align:start position:0% +are our cells. It's our cell wall. And + + + align:start position:0% +are our cells. It's our cell wall. And +here are our our cells. O subi. + + align:start position:0% +here are our our cells. O subi. + + + align:start position:0% +here are our our cells. O subi. +Okay. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. +So let's say xi + + align:start position:0% +So let's say xi + + + align:start position:0% +So let's say xi +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +x intersected with oi and li is the set + + align:start position:0% +x intersected with oi and li is the set + + + align:start position:0% +x intersected with oi and li is the set +of lines so that l intersect o y is not + + align:start position:0% +of lines so that l intersect o y is not + + + align:start position:0% +of lines so that l intersect o y is not +empty. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. +And um what we what we can can do with + + align:start position:0% +And um what we what we can can do with + + + align:start position:0% +And um what we what we can can do with +the cell decomposition is that we we + + align:start position:0% +the cell decomposition is that we we + + + align:start position:0% +the cell decomposition is that we we +choose our cell decomposition fine + + align:start position:0% +choose our cell decomposition fine + + + align:start position:0% +choose our cell decomposition fine +enough. + + align:start position:0% +enough. + + + align:start position:0% +enough. +So the cell decomposition has a + + align:start position:0% +So the cell decomposition has a + + + align:start position:0% +So the cell decomposition has a +parameter s. Um + + align:start position:0% +parameter s. Um + + + align:start position:0% +parameter s. Um +there's a parameter s + + align:start position:0% +there's a parameter s + + + align:start position:0% +there's a parameter s +and in terms of this parameter um x i is + + align:start position:0% +and in terms of this parameter um x i is + + + align:start position:0% +and in terms of this parameter um x i is +like x over s^2. + + align:start position:0% +like x over s^2. + + + align:start position:0% +like x over s^2. +So there you can think of there being s + + align:start position:0% +So there you can think of there being s + + + align:start position:0% +So there you can think of there being s +squared cells and the points are + + align:start position:0% +squared cells and the points are + + + align:start position:0% +squared cells and the points are +distributed evenly among them and li is + + align:start position:0% +distributed evenly among them and li is + + + align:start position:0% +distributed evenly among them and li is +at most x over s + + align:start position:0% +at most x over s + + + align:start position:0% +at most x over s +and in sharp examples this would be an + + align:start position:0% +and in sharp examples this would be an + + + align:start position:0% +and in sharp examples this would be an +equality. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. Um, so what we do is we do the + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Um, so what we do is we do the + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Um, so what we do is we do the +cell decomposition fine enough + + align:start position:0% +cell decomposition fine enough + + + align:start position:0% +cell decomposition fine enough +so that li is bigger than xi squared and + + align:start position:0% +so that li is bigger than xi squared and + + + align:start position:0% +so that li is bigger than xi squared and +then we use the correlate. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So why does this not help us very + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So why does this not help us very + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So why does this not help us very +much? Uh why does this not help very + + align:start position:0% +much? Uh why does this not help very + + + align:start position:0% +much? Uh why does this not help very +much to understand the structure? So + + align:start position:0% +much to understand the structure? So + + + align:start position:0% +much to understand the structure? So +what what we're going to what we've done + + align:start position:0% +what what we're going to what we've done + + + align:start position:0% +what what we're going to what we've done +here is we've cut our original we've cut + + align:start position:0% +here is we've cut our original we've cut + + + align:start position:0% +here is we've cut our original we've cut +our space into cells and we're going to + + align:start position:0% +our space into cells and we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +our space into cells and we're going to +look one cell at a time. In each cell we + + align:start position:0% +look one cell at a time. In each cell we + + + align:start position:0% +look one cell at a time. In each cell we +see a ton of lines and not that many + + align:start position:0% +see a ton of lines and not that many + + + align:start position:0% +see a ton of lines and not that many +points. + + align:start position:0% +points. + + + align:start position:0% +points. +And then by double counting we can + + align:start position:0% +And then by double counting we can + + + align:start position:0% +And then by double counting we can +deduce that in each cell we have this + + align:start position:0% +deduce that in each cell we have this + + + align:start position:0% +deduce that in each cell we have this +bound. Um so we use our corlary it says + + align:start position:0% +bound. Um so we use our corlary it says + + + align:start position:0% +bound. Um so we use our corlary it says +that the number of incidences between x + + align:start position:0% +that the number of incidences between x + + + align:start position:0% +that the number of incidences between x +i and li is at most around l. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So within each cell uh a typical line is + + align:start position:0% +So within each cell uh a typical line is + + + align:start position:0% +So within each cell uh a typical line is +only hitting one point within the cell. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. +So this divide and conquer argument, + + align:start position:0% +So this divide and conquer argument, + + + align:start position:0% +So this divide and conquer argument, +we're cutting space up into cells and + + align:start position:0% +we're cutting space up into cells and + + + align:start position:0% +we're cutting space up into cells and +then we're thinking about them one at a + + align:start position:0% +then we're thinking about them one at a + + + align:start position:0% +then we're thinking about them one at a +time. And doing that simplifies our life + + align:start position:0% +time. And doing that simplifies our life + + + align:start position:0% +time. And doing that simplifies our life +because we have some we've broken our + + align:start position:0% +because we have some we've broken our + + + align:start position:0% +because we have some we've broken our +problem into smaller problems and we + + align:start position:0% +problem into smaller problems and we + + + align:start position:0% +problem into smaller problems and we +just think about them one at a time. And + + align:start position:0% +just think about them one at a time. And + + + align:start position:0% +just think about them one at a time. And +we understand each smaller problem well + + align:start position:0% +we understand each smaller problem well + + + align:start position:0% +we understand each smaller problem well +enough to bound the total number of + + align:start position:0% +enough to bound the total number of + + + align:start position:0% +enough to bound the total number of +incidences. + + align:start position:0% +incidences. + + + align:start position:0% +incidences. +But um we are not paying attention to + + align:start position:0% +But um we are not paying attention to + + + align:start position:0% +But um we are not paying attention to +any possible sort of interaction between + + align:start position:0% +any possible sort of interaction between + + + align:start position:0% +any possible sort of interaction between +these cells. + + align:start position:0% +these cells. + + + align:start position:0% +these cells. +Um and the the structure is all about + + align:start position:0% +Um and the the structure is all about + + + align:start position:0% +Um and the the structure is all about +the interaction between the cells. + + align:start position:0% +the interaction between the cells. + + + align:start position:0% +the interaction between the cells. +Um so you know a given a given line in + + align:start position:0% +Um so you know a given a given line in + + + align:start position:0% +Um so you know a given a given line in +our story + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is actually uh appearing in many + + align:start position:0% +is actually uh appearing in many + + + align:start position:0% +is actually uh appearing in many +different cells. And so there's some + + align:start position:0% +different cells. And so there's some + + + align:start position:0% +different cells. And so there's some +relationship about between what's going + + align:start position:0% +relationship about between what's going + + + align:start position:0% +relationship about between what's going +on in this cell and what's going on in + + align:start position:0% +on in this cell and what's going on in + + + align:start position:0% +on in this cell and what's going on in +that cell. And in our proof, we're not + + align:start position:0% +that cell. And in our proof, we're not + + + align:start position:0% +that cell. And in our proof, we're not +trying to understand or exploit that + + align:start position:0% +trying to understand or exploit that + + + align:start position:0% +trying to understand or exploit that +relationship. We're just looking at the + + align:start position:0% +relationship. We're just looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +relationship. We're just looking at the +cells one at a time. + + align:start position:0% +cells one at a time. + + + align:start position:0% +cells one at a time. +Anyway, so the only structure that the + + align:start position:0% +Anyway, so the only structure that the + + + align:start position:0% +Anyway, so the only structure that the +proof gives us is that within each cell, + + align:start position:0% +proof gives us is that within each cell, + + + align:start position:0% +proof gives us is that within each cell, +you see some points and you each you see + + align:start position:0% +you see some points and you each you see + + + align:start position:0% +you see some points and you each you see +some lines and each line only goes + + align:start position:0% +some lines and each line only goes + + + align:start position:0% +some lines and each line only goes +through one point within the cell, which + + align:start position:0% +through one point within the cell, which + + + align:start position:0% +through one point within the cell, which +is not yet a rigid structure at all. And + + align:start position:0% +is not yet a rigid structure at all. And + + + align:start position:0% +is not yet a rigid structure at all. And +that's all that the proof gives us. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. Any questions or comments about + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Any questions or comments about + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Any questions or comments about +that? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um so so I have been wondering about + + align:start position:0% +Um so so I have been wondering about + + + align:start position:0% +Um so so I have been wondering about +this question of uh of structure of + + align:start position:0% +this question of uh of structure of + + + align:start position:0% +this question of uh of structure of +sharp examples and I thought of a + + align:start position:0% +sharp examples and I thought of a + + + align:start position:0% +sharp examples and I thought of a +direction that you know that could that + + align:start position:0% +direction that you know that could that + + + align:start position:0% +direction that you know that could that +pe people were interested people could + + align:start position:0% +pe people were interested people could + + + align:start position:0% +pe people were interested people could +pursue as a project and I wanted to put + + align:start position:0% +pursue as a project and I wanted to put + + + align:start position:0% +pursue as a project and I wanted to put +it out there. So take 10 or 15 minutes + + align:start position:0% +it out there. So take 10 or 15 minutes + + + align:start position:0% +it out there. So take 10 or 15 minutes +to share like a project idea of um of + + align:start position:0% +to share like a project idea of um of + + + align:start position:0% +to share like a project idea of um of +some I don't know sort of smaller + + align:start position:0% +some I don't know sort of smaller + + + align:start position:0% +some I don't know sort of smaller +problems that would might build up + + align:start position:0% +problems that would might build up + + + align:start position:0% +problems that would might build up +towards understanding this. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So here was my thought. Um okay so first + + align:start position:0% +So here was my thought. Um okay so first + + + align:start position:0% +So here was my thought. Um okay so first +of all the the this general incidence + + align:start position:0% +of all the the this general incidence + + + align:start position:0% +of all the the this general incidence +theorem implies a projection theorem. + + align:start position:0% +theorem implies a projection theorem. + + + align:start position:0% +theorem implies a projection theorem. +The projection theorem is more + + align:start position:0% +The projection theorem is more + + + align:start position:0% +The projection theorem is more +specialized and I think it might be + + align:start position:0% +specialized and I think it might be + + + align:start position:0% +specialized and I think it might be +easier to understand the sharp examples + + align:start position:0% +easier to understand the sharp examples + + + align:start position:0% +easier to understand the sharp examples +for the projection theorem. + + align:start position:0% +for the projection theorem. + + + align:start position:0% +for the projection theorem. +Um, + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay. So, I called it a theorem last + + align:start position:0% +okay. So, I called it a theorem last + + + align:start position:0% +okay. So, I called it a theorem last +time. We could also call it a corlary. + + align:start position:0% +time. We could also call it a corlary. + + + align:start position:0% +time. We could also call it a corlary. +So, X is contained in R2 is a finite + + align:start position:0% +So, X is contained in R2 is a finite + + + align:start position:0% +So, X is contained in R2 is a finite +set. D is a set of directions. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um and then um s of xd + + align:start position:0% +Um and then um s of xd + + + align:start position:0% +Um and then um s of xd +is the maximum over all of the + + align:start position:0% +is the maximum over all of the + + + align:start position:0% +is the maximum over all of the +directions of the size of pi theta of x. + + align:start position:0% +directions of the size of pi theta of x. + + + align:start position:0% +directions of the size of pi theta of x. +And um the way I've stated the theorem + + align:start position:0% +And um the way I've stated the theorem + + + align:start position:0% +And um the way I've stated the theorem +before is that the number of directions + + align:start position:0% +before is that the number of directions + + + align:start position:0% +before is that the number of directions +is at most 1 + s^2 over the number of + + align:start position:0% +is at most 1 + s^2 over the number of + + + align:start position:0% +is at most 1 + s^2 over the number of +points. But algebraically it's + + align:start position:0% +points. But algebraically it's + + + align:start position:0% +points. But algebraically it's +equivalent to say the following thing. + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to say the following thing. + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to say the following thing. +If the number of directions is at least + + align:start position:0% +If the number of directions is at least + + + align:start position:0% +If the number of directions is at least +two, then s is at least x to the 12 d to + + align:start position:0% +two, then s is at least x to the 12 d to + + + align:start position:0% +two, then s is at least x to the 12 d to +the 12. + + align:start position:0% +the 12. + + + align:start position:0% +the 12. +That's just algebra. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +The case where the number of directions + + align:start position:0% +The case where the number of directions + + + align:start position:0% +The case where the number of directions +is just one is not very interesting. If + + align:start position:0% +is just one is not very interesting. If + + + align:start position:0% +is just one is not very interesting. If +you're only projecting in one direction, + + align:start position:0% +you're only projecting in one direction, + + + align:start position:0% +you're only projecting in one direction, +it could easily happen that the + + align:start position:0% +it could easily happen that the + + + align:start position:0% +it could easily happen that the +projection has only one point. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So this is a very special case of this. + + align:start position:0% +So this is a very special case of this. + + + align:start position:0% +So this is a very special case of this. +In this case, what are the lines? The + + align:start position:0% +In this case, what are the lines? The + + + align:start position:0% +In this case, what are the lines? The +set of lines are all of the lines that + + align:start position:0% +set of lines are all of the lines that + + + align:start position:0% +set of lines are all of the lines that +are in these directions and pass through + + align:start position:0% +are in these directions and pass through + + + align:start position:0% +are in these directions and pass through +at least one of these points. So that's + + align:start position:0% +at least one of these points. So that's + + + align:start position:0% +at least one of these points. So that's +a very particular way of choosing the + + align:start position:0% +a very particular way of choosing the + + + align:start position:0% +a very particular way of choosing the +lines + + align:start position:0% +lines + + + align:start position:0% +lines +and there are not as many sharp + + align:start position:0% +and there are not as many sharp + + + align:start position:0% +and there are not as many sharp +examples. + + align:start position:0% +examples. + + + align:start position:0% +examples. +So taking one of these grids and then um + + align:start position:0% +So taking one of these grids and then um + + + align:start position:0% +So taking one of these grids and then um +taking a a a set a set of directions + + align:start position:0% +taking a a a set a set of directions + + + align:start position:0% +taking a a a set a set of directions +that are rational numbers with small + + align:start position:0% +that are rational numbers with small + + + align:start position:0% +that are rational numbers with small +numerators and denominators. That's a + + align:start position:0% +numerators and denominators. That's a + + + align:start position:0% +numerators and denominators. That's a +sharp example for this. + + align:start position:0% +sharp example for this. + + + align:start position:0% +sharp example for this. +I think if you apply point line duality + + align:start position:0% +I think if you apply point line duality + + + align:start position:0% +I think if you apply point line duality +that it it's still a sharp example for + + align:start position:0% +that it it's still a sharp example for + + + align:start position:0% +that it it's still a sharp example for +summary trotder but I don't think it is + + align:start position:0% +summary trotder but I don't think it is + + + align:start position:0% +summary trotder but I don't think it is +a projection example anymore. + + align:start position:0% +a projection example anymore. + + + align:start position:0% +a projection example anymore. +Um so let's see. + + align:start position:0% +Um so let's see. + + + align:start position:0% +Um so let's see. +So being + + align:start position:0% +So being + + + align:start position:0% +So being +so being a projection example means that + + align:start position:0% +so being a projection example means that + + + align:start position:0% +so being a projection example means that +for every point + + align:start position:0% +for every point + + + align:start position:0% +for every point +all of the lines going through it have + + align:start position:0% +all of the lines going through it have + + + align:start position:0% +all of the lines going through it have +the same set of slopes. Those are the + + align:start position:0% +the same set of slopes. Those are the + + + align:start position:0% +the same set of slopes. Those are the +directions we're projecting. + + align:start position:0% +directions we're projecting. + + + align:start position:0% +directions we're projecting. +So if I applied point line duality + + align:start position:0% +So if I applied point line duality + + + align:start position:0% +So if I applied point line duality +that would mean that for every line + + align:start position:0% +that would mean that for every line + + + align:start position:0% +that would mean that for every line +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +uh the set of xcoordinates where it + + align:start position:0% +uh the set of xcoordinates where it + + + align:start position:0% +uh the set of xcoordinates where it +intersects a point would be the same and + + align:start position:0% +intersects a point would be the same and + + + align:start position:0% +intersects a point would be the same and +and that's not true here. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Maybe it's better. You may have check on + + align:start position:0% +Maybe it's better. You may have check on + + + align:start position:0% +Maybe it's better. You may have check on +your own. But so I so I claim if you if + + align:start position:0% +your own. But so I so I claim if you if + + + align:start position:0% +your own. But so I so I claim if you if +you apply point line duality, you don't + + align:start position:0% +you apply point line duality, you don't + + + align:start position:0% +you apply point line duality, you don't +anymore have an example with this + + align:start position:0% +anymore have an example with this + + + align:start position:0% +anymore have an example with this +projection structure. + + align:start position:0% +projection structure. + + + align:start position:0% +projection structure. +Also, if you apply a projective + + align:start position:0% +Also, if you apply a projective + + + align:start position:0% +Also, if you apply a projective +transformation, then you will ruin the + + align:start position:0% +transformation, then you will ruin the + + + align:start position:0% +transformation, then you will ruin the +fact that there were parallel lines + + align:start position:0% +fact that there were parallel lines + + + align:start position:0% +fact that there were parallel lines +here. Um so that the directions the + + align:start position:0% +here. Um so that the directions the + + + align:start position:0% +here. Um so that the directions the +direct you know after projective + + align:start position:0% +direct you know after projective + + + align:start position:0% +direct you know after projective +transformation lines that used to point + + align:start position:0% +transformation lines that used to point + + + align:start position:0% +transformation lines that used to point +in the same direction won't point in the + + align:start position:0% +in the same direction won't point in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the same direction won't point in the +same direction anymore. So that won't be + + align:start position:0% +same direction anymore. So that won't be + + + align:start position:0% +same direction anymore. So that won't be +a projective example either. So the + + align:start position:0% +a projective example either. So the + + + align:start position:0% +a projective example either. So the +class of known sharp examples is smaller + + align:start position:0% +class of known sharp examples is smaller + + + align:start position:0% +class of known sharp examples is smaller +which makes it a little more hopeful + + align:start position:0% +which makes it a little more hopeful + + + align:start position:0% +which makes it a little more hopeful +that we could understand it. It is + + align:start position:0% +that we could understand it. It is + + + align:start position:0% +that we could understand it. It is +actually just grids over number fields. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. +Now once we set the problem up this way, + + align:start position:0% +Now once we set the problem up this way, + + + align:start position:0% +Now once we set the problem up this way, +you could imagine + + align:start position:0% +you could imagine + + + align:start position:0% +you could imagine +fixing the set D in advance + + align:start position:0% +fixing the set D in advance + + + align:start position:0% +fixing the set D in advance +and then just for that set of + + align:start position:0% +and then just for that set of + + + align:start position:0% +and then just for that set of +projections considering different sets X + + align:start position:0% +projections considering different sets X + + + align:start position:0% +projections considering different sets X +and seeing what happens. And so you get + + align:start position:0% +and seeing what happens. And so you get + + + align:start position:0% +and seeing what happens. And so you get +actually lots of different problems + + align:start position:0% +actually lots of different problems + + + align:start position:0% +actually lots of different problems +depending on what set of directions you + + align:start position:0% +depending on what set of directions you + + + align:start position:0% +depending on what set of directions you +fix. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So let's write that down. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +All right. So for any set D, + + align:start position:0% +All right. So for any set D, + + + align:start position:0% +All right. So for any set D, +S subd of N be the minimum over any set + + align:start position:0% +S subd of N be the minimum over any set + + + align:start position:0% +S subd of N be the minimum over any set +of end points of um SXD + + align:start position:0% +of end points of um SXD + + + align:start position:0% +of end points of um SXD +which remember what that is. So it's the + + align:start position:0% +which remember what that is. So it's the + + + align:start position:0% +which remember what that is. So it's the +minimum over any set of points of the + + align:start position:0% +minimum over any set of points of the + + + align:start position:0% +minimum over any set of points of the +maximum over these different projections + + align:start position:0% +maximum over these different projections + + + align:start position:0% +maximum over these different projections +of pi theta of x. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah. So so in my opinion for any set d + + align:start position:0% +yeah. So so in my opinion for any set d + + + align:start position:0% +yeah. So so in my opinion for any set d +that you write down it's interesting to + + align:start position:0% +that you write down it's interesting to + + + align:start position:0% +that you write down it's interesting to +try to estimate this. So now we have + + align:start position:0% +try to estimate this. So now we have + + + align:start position:0% +try to estimate this. So now we have +lots and lots of questions and most of + + align:start position:0% +lots and lots of questions and most of + + + align:start position:0% +lots and lots of questions and most of +those questions have not been + + align:start position:0% +those questions have not been + + + align:start position:0% +those questions have not been +investigated all that much. + + align:start position:0% +investigated all that much. + + + align:start position:0% +investigated all that much. +Uh okay. Now in the in the sharp + + align:start position:0% +Uh okay. Now in the in the sharp + + + align:start position:0% +Uh okay. Now in the in the sharp +examples that we know about who is D + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in the known sharp examples + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the set D is uh rational numbers with + + align:start position:0% +the set D is uh rational numbers with + + + align:start position:0% +the set D is uh rational numbers with +small numerators and denominators. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um rational fractions in some other + + align:start position:0% +um rational fractions in some other + + + align:start position:0% +um rational fractions in some other +ring. So this is a ring of integers in a + + align:start position:0% +ring. So this is a ring of integers in a + + + align:start position:0% +ring. So this is a ring of integers in a +in a number field. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And then I'll say this just more + + align:start position:0% +And then I'll say this just more + + + align:start position:0% +And then I'll say this just more +informally. A and b are small. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So maybe the number field are things of + + align:start position:0% +So maybe the number field are things of + + + align:start position:0% +So maybe the number field are things of +the form a1 plus square<unk> of 2 a2 and + + align:start position:0% +the form a1 plus square<unk> of 2 a2 and + + + align:start position:0% +the form a1 plus square<unk> of 2 a2 and +a1 and a2 are small integers. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So in all the known sharp examples + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So in all the known sharp examples + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So in all the known sharp examples +these are the sets of directions and + + align:start position:0% +these are the sets of directions and + + + align:start position:0% +these are the sets of directions and +they have quite a lot of algebraic + + align:start position:0% +they have quite a lot of algebraic + + + align:start position:0% +they have quite a lot of algebraic +structure. And so we could ask the + + align:start position:0% +structure. And so we could ask the + + + align:start position:0% +structure. And so we could ask the +question if we fix a set of directions + + align:start position:0% +question if we fix a set of directions + + + align:start position:0% +question if we fix a set of directions +that does not have so much algebraic + + align:start position:0% +that does not have so much algebraic + + + align:start position:0% +that does not have so much algebraic +structure then can we get a better + + align:start position:0% +structure then can we get a better + + + align:start position:0% +structure then can we get a better +estimate? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +All right. + + align:start position:0% +All right. + + + align:start position:0% +All right. +Okay. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. +Um so let's think about um you know we + + align:start position:0% +Um so let's think about um you know we + + + align:start position:0% +Um so let's think about um you know we +we begin with the simplest problem that + + align:start position:0% +we begin with the simplest problem that + + + align:start position:0% +we begin with the simplest problem that +we can. Um so let's take just a few + + align:start position:0% +we can. Um so let's take just a few + + + align:start position:0% +we can. Um so let's take just a few +directions, two directions, three + + align:start position:0% +directions, two directions, three + + + align:start position:0% +directions, two directions, three +directions, four directions. All + + align:start position:0% +directions, four directions. All + + + align:start position:0% +directions, four directions. All +right. So, um remark there is some um + + align:start position:0% +right. So, um remark there is some um + + + align:start position:0% +right. So, um remark there is some um +linear transformation symmetry in this + + align:start position:0% +linear transformation symmetry in this + + + align:start position:0% +linear transformation symmetry in this +problem. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Right? So, if I start with the + + align:start position:0% +Right? So, if I start with the + + + align:start position:0% +Right? So, if I start with the +configuration of points and some + + align:start position:0% +configuration of points and some + + + align:start position:0% +configuration of points and some +directions, I can apply a linear change + + align:start position:0% +directions, I can apply a linear change + + + align:start position:0% +directions, I can apply a linear change +of variables to R2. I'll get a new + + align:start position:0% +of variables to R2. I'll get a new + + + align:start position:0% +of variables to R2. I'll get a new +configuration of points and I'll get + + align:start position:0% +configuration of points and I'll get + + + align:start position:0% +configuration of points and I'll get +some new directions, but it's it'll be + + align:start position:0% +some new directions, but it's it'll be + + + align:start position:0% +some new directions, but it's it'll be +the same problem just in new + + align:start position:0% +the same problem just in new + + + align:start position:0% +the same problem just in new +coordinates. + + align:start position:0% +coordinates. + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates. +Um so uh up to symmetry + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you take just three directions + + align:start position:0% +if you take just three directions + + + align:start position:0% +if you take just three directions +um then you there there's only one + + align:start position:0% +um then you there there's only one + + + align:start position:0% +um then you there there's only one +choice up to symmetry. So the set of + + align:start position:0% +choice up to symmetry. So the set of + + + align:start position:0% +choice up to symmetry. So the set of +directions + + align:start position:0% +directions + + + align:start position:0% +directions +ah okay actually let me say something + + align:start position:0% +ah okay actually let me say something + + + align:start position:0% +ah okay actually let me say something +else. So okay so up to symmetry if there + + align:start position:0% +else. So okay so up to symmetry if there + + + align:start position:0% +else. So okay so up to symmetry if there +are three directions then there's only + + align:start position:0% +are three directions then there's only + + + align:start position:0% +are three directions then there's only +one choice. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um, okay. Let me make a comment about + + align:start position:0% +Um, okay. Let me make a comment about + + + align:start position:0% +Um, okay. Let me make a comment about +how to write down the directions. I + + align:start position:0% +how to write down the directions. I + + + align:start position:0% +how to write down the directions. I +actually already was using it without uh + + align:start position:0% +actually already was using it without uh + + + align:start position:0% +actually already was using it without uh +without explaining it properly. So, this + + align:start position:0% +without explaining it properly. So, this + + + align:start position:0% +without explaining it properly. So, this +is the list of slopes of the directions, + + align:start position:0% +is the list of slopes of the directions, + + + align:start position:0% +is the list of slopes of the directions, +right? Okay. Um, so + + align:start position:0% +right? Okay. Um, so + + + align:start position:0% +right? Okay. Um, so +so let's describe our our projections + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +as pi t of x1 x2 is x1 + t * x2. + + align:start position:0% +as pi t of x1 x2 is x1 + t * x2. + + + align:start position:0% +as pi t of x1 x2 is x1 + t * x2. +Right? So for this this investigation, + + align:start position:0% +Right? So for this this investigation, + + + align:start position:0% +Right? So for this this investigation, +this t is more or less the slope of the + + align:start position:0% +this t is more or less the slope of the + + + align:start position:0% +this t is more or less the slope of the +projection. And that is a more + + align:start position:0% +projection. And that is a more + + + align:start position:0% +projection. And that is a more +convenient thing to talk about than the + + align:start position:0% +convenient thing to talk about than the + + + align:start position:0% +convenient thing to talk about than the +angle in radians. + + align:start position:0% +angle in radians. + + + align:start position:0% +angle in radians. +And and that was what we were writing up + + align:start position:0% +And and that was what we were writing up + + + align:start position:0% +And and that was what we were writing up +here. + + align:start position:0% +here. + + + align:start position:0% +here. +Okay. So um + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So um + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So um +uh cool. So for example, pi 0 of x1 x2 + + align:start position:0% +uh cool. So for example, pi 0 of x1 x2 + + + align:start position:0% +uh cool. So for example, pi 0 of x1 x2 +would just be x1. And the other simplest + + align:start position:0% +would just be x1. And the other simplest + + + align:start position:0% +would just be x1. And the other simplest +projection would be just to take x2 and + + align:start position:0% +projection would be just to take x2 and + + + align:start position:0% +projection would be just to take x2 and +that doesn't quite fit into this + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't quite fit into this + + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't quite fit into this +notation. But um there's a convention + + align:start position:0% +notation. But um there's a convention + + + align:start position:0% +notation. But um there's a convention +that we'll call that pi infinity. Pi + + align:start position:0% +that we'll call that pi infinity. Pi + + + align:start position:0% +that we'll call that pi infinity. Pi +infinity of x1 x2 is just x + + align:start position:0% +infinity of x1 x2 is just x + + + align:start position:0% +infinity of x1 x2 is just x +and then all the you know all the other + + align:start position:0% +and then all the you know all the other + + + align:start position:0% +and then all the you know all the other +ones will be t will be a real number. + + align:start position:0% +ones will be t will be a real number. + + + align:start position:0% +ones will be t will be a real number. +Okay. So, + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So, + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So, +so if d equals 3 + + align:start position:0% +so if d equals 3 + + + align:start position:0% +so if d equals 3 +um then without loss of generality d + + align:start position:0% +um then without loss of generality d + + + align:start position:0% +um then without loss of generality d +might be 0 1 and infinity. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. +And um + + align:start position:0% +And um + + + align:start position:0% +And um +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. +Um, all right. So, let me copy down what + + align:start position:0% +Um, all right. So, let me copy down what + + + align:start position:0% +Um, all right. So, let me copy down what +the samurai troder theorem says for + + align:start position:0% +the samurai troder theorem says for + + + align:start position:0% +the samurai troder theorem says for +comparison. says for any set D uh S subd + + align:start position:0% +comparison. says for any set D uh S subd + + + align:start position:0% +comparison. says for any set D uh S subd +of N is at least D to the 12 N to the 12 + + align:start position:0% +of N is at least D to the 12 N to the 12 + + + align:start position:0% +of N is at least D to the 12 N to the 12 +as long for as long as there are at + + align:start position:0% +as long for as long as there are at + + + align:start position:0% +as long for as long as there are at +least two points. + + align:start position:0% +least two points. + + + align:start position:0% +least two points. +Um so if D is 01 infinity or any set of + + align:start position:0% +Um so if D is 01 infinity or any set of + + + align:start position:0% +Um so if D is 01 infinity or any set of +three ele three slopes because it's all + + align:start position:0% +three ele three slopes because it's all + + + align:start position:0% +three ele three slopes because it's all +the same um this is sharp. + + align:start position:0% +the same um this is sharp. + + + align:start position:0% +the same um this is sharp. +Um for instance that you could take an n + + align:start position:0% +Um for instance that you could take an n + + + align:start position:0% +Um for instance that you could take an n +byn integer grid or n half by n the half + + align:start position:0% +byn integer grid or n half by n the half + + + align:start position:0% +byn integer grid or n half by n the half +integer grid. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So there's nothing new for three + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So there's nothing new for three + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So there's nothing new for three +directions. Let's go to four directions. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. By using our symmetry we can + + align:start position:0% +Okay. By using our symmetry we can + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. By using our symmetry we can +arrange that the first three directions + + align:start position:0% +arrange that the first three directions + + + align:start position:0% +arrange that the first three directions +are 0 1 and infinity. and there'll be a + + align:start position:0% +are 0 1 and infinity. and there'll be a + + + align:start position:0% +are 0 1 and infinity. and there'll be a +fourth direction t and t could be any + + align:start position:0% +fourth direction t and t could be any + + + align:start position:0% +fourth direction t and t could be any +real number. So we have one degree of + + align:start position:0% +real number. So we have one degree of + + + align:start position:0% +real number. So we have one degree of +freedom how we would choose four + + align:start position:0% +freedom how we would choose four + + + align:start position:0% +freedom how we would choose four +directions. + + align:start position:0% +directions. + + + align:start position:0% +directions. +Okay. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. +So on and the one extreme we could + + align:start position:0% +So on and the one extreme we could + + + align:start position:0% +So on and the one extreme we could +choose t to be like a half or two and + + align:start position:0% +choose t to be like a half or two and + + + align:start position:0% +choose t to be like a half or two and +this so this would be rational with a + + align:start position:0% +this so this would be rational with a + + + align:start position:0% +this so this would be rational with a +small size + + align:start position:0% +small size + + + align:start position:0% +small size +and then the other extreme we could say + + align:start position:0% +and then the other extreme we could say + + + align:start position:0% +and then the other extreme we could say +that t t might be a transcendental + + align:start position:0% +that t t might be a transcendental + + + align:start position:0% +that t t might be a transcendental +number and somewhere in the middle we + + align:start position:0% +number and somewhere in the middle we + + + align:start position:0% +number and somewhere in the middle we +would have roo<unk>2 or like a big + + align:start position:0% +would have roo<unk>2 or like a big + + + align:start position:0% +would have roo<unk>2 or like a big +rational number like a thousand or + + align:start position:0% +rational number like a thousand or + + + align:start position:0% +rational number like a thousand or +something like that. + + align:start position:0% +something like that. + + + align:start position:0% +something like that. +Okay. Now in this case um uh the theorem + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Now in this case um uh the theorem + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Now in this case um uh the theorem +is sharp + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that so the example that we have with + + align:start position:0% +that so the example that we have with + + + align:start position:0% +that so the example that we have with +four directions the the four directions + + align:start position:0% +four directions the the four directions + + + align:start position:0% +four directions the the four directions +would be these + + align:start position:0% +would be these + + + align:start position:0% +would be these +and in this case let's question what + + align:start position:0% +and in this case let's question what + + + align:start position:0% +and in this case let's question what +would happen so let me write a specific + + align:start position:0% +would happen so let me write a specific + + + align:start position:0% +would happen so let me write a specific +question so question + + align:start position:0% +question so question + + + align:start position:0% +question so question +if t so if E is 0 1 infinity and T where + + align:start position:0% +if t so if E is 0 1 infinity and T where + + + align:start position:0% +if t so if E is 0 1 infinity and T where +T is transcendental. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Then + + align:start position:0% +Then + + + align:start position:0% +Then +is it true that SD of N is bounded by N + + align:start position:0% +is it true that SD of N is bounded by N + + + align:start position:0% +is it true that SD of N is bounded by N +to the 12. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So it's at least N to the 1/2. If the + + align:start position:0% +So it's at least N to the 1/2. If the + + + align:start position:0% +So it's at least N to the 1/2. If the +theorem is sharp, it would be + + align:start position:0% +theorem is sharp, it would be + + + align:start position:0% +theorem is sharp, it would be +approximately n to the half. But if the + + align:start position:0% +approximately n to the half. But if the + + + align:start position:0% +approximately n to the half. But if the +theorem is not sharp and we can improve + + align:start position:0% +theorem is not sharp and we can improve + + + align:start position:0% +theorem is not sharp and we can improve +it, it might be bigger than this. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +My best guess is that it's bigger than + + align:start position:0% +My best guess is that it's bigger than + + + align:start position:0% +My best guess is that it's bigger than +this. And I played around a little bit + + align:start position:0% +this. And I played around a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +this. And I played around a little bit +with examples and I can show you the uh + + align:start position:0% +with examples and I can show you the uh + + + align:start position:0% +with examples and I can show you the uh +best example that I can find. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let me say that P ks + + align:start position:0% +let me say that P ks + + + align:start position:0% +let me say that P ks +is the set of polomials in this + + align:start position:0% +is the set of polomials in this + + + align:start position:0% +is the set of polomials in this +transcendental number t. So a 0 + a1 t + + + align:start position:0% +transcendental number t. So a 0 + a1 t + + + + align:start position:0% +transcendental number t. So a 0 + a1 t + +a k minus1 t the k minus one. So they're + + align:start position:0% +a k minus1 t the k minus one. So they're + + + align:start position:0% +a k minus1 t the k minus one. So they're +degree k polomials + + align:start position:0% +degree k polomials + + + align:start position:0% +degree k polomials +and the a's are integers + + align:start position:0% +and the a's are integers + + + align:start position:0% +and the a's are integers +and they have size up to s. So let's say + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that guy is going to kind of play the + + align:start position:0% +so that guy is going to kind of play the + + + align:start position:0% +so that guy is going to kind of play the +role like integers from one up to s um + + align:start position:0% +role like integers from one up to s um + + + align:start position:0% +role like integers from one up to s um +in in that that would have worked well + + align:start position:0% +in in that that would have worked well + + + align:start position:0% +in in that that would have worked well +if we had a rational slope. + + align:start position:0% +if we had a rational slope. + + + align:start position:0% +if we had a rational slope. +Okay. So now our set s is going to be + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So now our set s is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So now our set s is going to be +pks times pks. K and s of course are + + align:start position:0% +pks times pks. K and s of course are + + + align:start position:0% +pks times pks. K and s of course are +parameters. So we can play with them and + + align:start position:0% +parameters. So we can play with them and + + + align:start position:0% +parameters. So we can play with them and +sort of see what's optimal. + + align:start position:0% +sort of see what's optimal. + + + align:start position:0% +sort of see what's optimal. +So the size of X is S to the 2K. The + + align:start position:0% +So the size of X is S to the 2K. The + + + align:start position:0% +So the size of X is S to the 2K. The +size of this thing is S to the K. We + + align:start position:0% +size of this thing is S to the K. We + + + align:start position:0% +size of this thing is S to the K. We +have K choices and S S choices for each + + align:start position:0% +have K choices and S S choices for each + + + align:start position:0% +have K choices and S S choices for each +of AI. + + align:start position:0% +of AI. + + + align:start position:0% +of AI. +Okay. Now what happens when we project + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Now what happens when we project + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Now what happens when we project +X? + + align:start position:0% +X? + + + align:start position:0% +X? +Pi 0 of X projection onto the first + + align:start position:0% +Pi 0 of X projection onto the first + + + align:start position:0% +Pi 0 of X projection onto the first +coordinate is just PKS and pi infinity + + align:start position:0% +coordinate is just PKS and pi infinity + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate is just PKS and pi infinity +of X is projection onto the second + + align:start position:0% +of X is projection onto the second + + + align:start position:0% +of X is projection onto the second +coordinate that's just PKS. + + align:start position:0% +coordinate that's just PKS. + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate that's just PKS. +Those are quite small. Best we could + + align:start position:0% +Those are quite small. Best we could + + + align:start position:0% +Those are quite small. Best we could +hope for really. + + align:start position:0% +hope for really. + + + align:start position:0% +hope for really. +Now what is pi one of X? + + align:start position:0% +Now what is pi one of X? + + + align:start position:0% +Now what is pi one of X? +Pi one of X is I take an element of here + + align:start position:0% +Pi one of X is I take an element of here + + + align:start position:0% +Pi one of X is I take an element of here +and I add it to an element of here. So + + align:start position:0% +and I add it to an element of here. So + + + align:start position:0% +and I add it to an element of here. So +I'm going to add this set to itself. + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to add this set to itself. + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to add this set to itself. +When I take two of these polomials and + + align:start position:0% +When I take two of these polomials and + + + align:start position:0% +When I take two of these polomials and +add them together, I get a new polomial + + align:start position:0% +add them together, I get a new polomial + + + align:start position:0% +add them together, I get a new polomial +and I just add the coefficients. So the + + align:start position:0% +and I just add the coefficients. So the + + + align:start position:0% +and I just add the coefficients. So the +new constant the old um the the constant + + align:start position:0% +new constant the old um the the constant + + + align:start position:0% +new constant the old um the the constant +coefficient was between 0 and s minus + + align:start position:0% +coefficient was between 0 and s minus + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient was between 0 and s minus +one and I add up two of those. The sum + + align:start position:0% +one and I add up two of those. The sum + + + align:start position:0% +one and I add up two of those. The sum +is between zero and 2s basically. So pi + + align:start position:0% +is between zero and 2s basically. So pi + + + align:start position:0% +is between zero and 2s basically. So pi +1 of x is contained in p k comma 2s + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and it's pretty much equal to that. + + align:start position:0% +and it's pretty much equal to that. + + + align:start position:0% +and it's pretty much equal to that. +All right. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Now what happens if I take pi t of x? + + align:start position:0% +Now what happens if I take pi t of x? + + + align:start position:0% +Now what happens if I take pi t of x? +Well pi t of x means I'm going to take + + align:start position:0% +Well pi t of x means I'm going to take + + + align:start position:0% +Well pi t of x means I'm going to take +x1 which is in here and I'm going to add + + align:start position:0% +x1 which is in here and I'm going to add + + + align:start position:0% +x1 which is in here and I'm going to add +it to t * x2. x2 lives in here. I'm + + align:start position:0% +it to t * x2. x2 lives in here. I'm + + + align:start position:0% +it to t * x2. x2 lives in here. I'm +going to multiply it by t and add it to + + align:start position:0% +going to multiply it by t and add it to + + + align:start position:0% +going to multiply it by t and add it to +x1. + + align:start position:0% +x1. + + + align:start position:0% +x1. +Right? All right. And this is it's this + + align:start position:0% +Right? All right. And this is it's this + + + align:start position:0% +Right? All right. And this is it's this +is the most important one. And these + + align:start position:0% +is the most important one. And these + + + align:start position:0% +is the most important one. And these +were designed to make this reasonably + + align:start position:0% +were designed to make this reasonably + + + align:start position:0% +were designed to make this reasonably +small. + + align:start position:0% +small. + + + align:start position:0% +small. +So what's going to happen? Um well t * + + align:start position:0% +So what's going to happen? Um well t * + + + align:start position:0% +So what's going to happen? Um well t * +x2 is going to be a polomial like this. + + align:start position:0% +x2 is going to be a polomial like this. + + + align:start position:0% +x2 is going to be a polomial like this. +But it will have degree k instead of k + + align:start position:0% +But it will have degree k instead of k + + + align:start position:0% +But it will have degree k instead of k +minus one. + + align:start position:0% +minus one. + + + align:start position:0% +minus one. +And then I will add it to x1 which is a + + align:start position:0% +And then I will add it to x1 which is a + + + align:start position:0% +And then I will add it to x1 which is a +polomial like this. when I put them + + align:start position:0% +polomial like this. when I put them + + + align:start position:0% +polomial like this. when I put them +together I'll get a polomial of degree K + + align:start position:0% +together I'll get a polomial of degree K + + + align:start position:0% +together I'll get a polomial of degree K +and the coefficients will be up to 2s. + + align:start position:0% +and the coefficients will be up to 2s. + + + align:start position:0% +and the coefficients will be up to 2s. +So this is contained in P k + 1 2s + + align:start position:0% +So this is contained in P k + 1 2s + + + align:start position:0% +So this is contained in P k + 1 2s +and this one is the largest of the four + + align:start position:0% +and this one is the largest of the four + + + align:start position:0% +and this one is the largest of the four +projections. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +It's a bit smaller than this but I doubt + + align:start position:0% +It's a bit smaller than this but I doubt + + + align:start position:0% +It's a bit smaller than this but I doubt +that it matters very much. So let's just + + align:start position:0% +that it matters very much. So let's just + + + align:start position:0% +that it matters very much. So let's just +think of it as being about this big. + + align:start position:0% +think of it as being about this big. + + + align:start position:0% +think of it as being about this big. +All right. + + align:start position:0% +All right. + + + align:start position:0% +All right. +So s is the size of the biggest + + align:start position:0% +So s is the size of the biggest + + + align:start position:0% +So s is the size of the biggest +projection. This one is the biggest + + align:start position:0% +projection. This one is the biggest + + + align:start position:0% +projection. This one is the biggest +projection. + + align:start position:0% +projection. + + + align:start position:0% +projection. +And that is roughly um 2s + + align:start position:0% +And that is roughly um 2s + + + align:start position:0% +And that is roughly um 2s +to the k + one. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +All right. So let me digest it a little + + align:start position:0% +All right. So let me digest it a little + + + align:start position:0% +All right. So let me digest it a little +bit. It's 2 to the k + one. The plus one + + align:start position:0% +bit. It's 2 to the k + one. The plus one + + + align:start position:0% +bit. It's 2 to the k + one. The plus one +doesn't matter very much. and then s + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter very much. and then s + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter very much. and then s +and then s to the k. + + align:start position:0% +and then s to the k. + + + align:start position:0% +and then s to the k. +S to the k is the square root of x. + + align:start position:0% +S to the k is the square root of x. + + + align:start position:0% +S to the k is the square root of x. +That's our sort of what we're shooting + + align:start position:0% +That's our sort of what we're shooting + + + align:start position:0% +That's our sort of what we're shooting +for. We're trying to get as as close as + + align:start position:0% +for. We're trying to get as as close as + + + align:start position:0% +for. We're trying to get as as close as +we can to the square root of x. It's 2 + + align:start position:0% +we can to the square root of x. It's 2 + + + align:start position:0% +we can to the square root of x. It's 2 +to the k um and there's x to the 12. And + + align:start position:0% +to the k um and there's x to the 12. And + + + align:start position:0% +to the k um and there's x to the 12. And +then there's an s here. And the s is the + + align:start position:0% +then there's an s here. And the s is the + + + align:start position:0% +then there's an s here. And the s is the +size of x to the 1 / 2 k. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay, so I want to try to get as close + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so I want to try to get as close + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so I want to try to get as close +to this as I can. So I want to minimize + + align:start position:0% +to this as I can. So I want to minimize + + + align:start position:0% +to this as I can. So I want to minimize +this thing. So now we're going to choose + + align:start position:0% +this thing. So now we're going to choose + + + align:start position:0% +this thing. So now we're going to choose +K to minimize it. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +K should also be an integer, but that's + + align:start position:0% +K should also be an integer, but that's + + + align:start position:0% +K should also be an integer, but that's +not a not a big issue. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Cool. + + align:start position:0% +Cool. + + + align:start position:0% +Cool. +Okay. Well, if I want to minimize this + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Well, if I want to minimize this + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Well, if I want to minimize this +product, at least roughly, the thing to + + align:start position:0% +product, at least roughly, the thing to + + + align:start position:0% +product, at least roughly, the thing to +do is to make this one equal to this + + align:start position:0% +do is to make this one equal to this + + + align:start position:0% +do is to make this one equal to this +one. + + align:start position:0% +one. + + + align:start position:0% +one. +So, let's set 2 the k to be equal to x^ + + align:start position:0% +So, let's set 2 the k to be equal to x^ + + + align:start position:0% +So, let's set 2 the k to be equal to x^ +the 1 / 2k. And now we'll solve for k. + + align:start position:0% +the 1 / 2k. And now we'll solve for k. + + + align:start position:0% +the 1 / 2k. And now we'll solve for k. +First, I raise both sides to the 2k + + align:start position:0% +First, I raise both sides to the 2k + + + align:start position:0% +First, I raise both sides to the 2k +power. So, I get 2 to the 2k^ 2 is x. + + align:start position:0% +power. So, I get 2 to the 2k^ 2 is x. + + + align:start position:0% +power. So, I get 2 to the 2k^ 2 is x. +Now, I'll take the logarithm of both + + align:start position:0% +Now, I'll take the logarithm of both + + + align:start position:0% +Now, I'll take the logarithm of both +sides. So 2 k^2 is the logarithm base 2 + + align:start position:0% +sides. So 2 k^2 is the logarithm base 2 + + + align:start position:0% +sides. So 2 k^2 is the logarithm base 2 +of x. + + align:start position:0% +of x. + + + align:start position:0% +of x. +And now I'll solve for k. And there's + + align:start position:0% +And now I'll solve for k. And there's + + + align:start position:0% +And now I'll solve for k. And there's +some constants that uh let's not worry + + align:start position:0% +some constants that uh let's not worry + + + align:start position:0% +some constants that uh let's not worry +about too much. So k is k is equal to + + align:start position:0% +about too much. So k is k is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +about too much. So k is k is equal to +some constant time the log of x to the + + align:start position:0% +some constant time the log of x to the + + + align:start position:0% +some constant time the log of x to the +12. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So now how big was this thing? + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So now how big was this thing? + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So now how big was this thing? +It's uh either one of these things are + + align:start position:0% +It's uh either one of these things are + + + align:start position:0% +It's uh either one of these things are +equal to each other. And this one is + + align:start position:0% +equal to each other. And this one is + + + align:start position:0% +equal to each other. And this one is +maybe easier to understand. It's two to + + align:start position:0% +maybe easier to understand. It's two to + + + align:start position:0% +maybe easier to understand. It's two to +that. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So our s uh subd of this set x is like + + align:start position:0% +So our s uh subd of this set x is like + + + align:start position:0% +So our s uh subd of this set x is like +um e to a constant + + align:start position:0% +um e to a constant + + + align:start position:0% +um e to a constant +log of x to the 12 + + align:start position:0% +log of x to the 12 + + + align:start position:0% +log of x to the 12 +x to the 12. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +All right. So asmtoically as the size of + + align:start position:0% +All right. So asmtoically as the size of + + + align:start position:0% +All right. So asmtoically as the size of +x goes to infinity this thing is smaller + + align:start position:0% +x goes to infinity this thing is smaller + + + align:start position:0% +x goes to infinity this thing is smaller +than x to the 0.51. + + align:start position:0% +than x to the 0.51. + + + align:start position:0% +than x to the 0.51. +But it's also you know this thing is + + align:start position:0% +But it's also you know this thing is + + + align:start position:0% +But it's also you know this thing is +bigger than any constant. It is going to + + align:start position:0% +bigger than any constant. It is going to + + + align:start position:0% +bigger than any constant. It is going to +infinity. So it's also not less less + + align:start position:0% +infinity. So it's also not less less + + + align:start position:0% +infinity. So it's also not less less +some x to the 1/2. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay, so this was just one example. + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so this was just one example. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so this was just one example. +S subd of N. Um, so this tells us that S + + align:start position:0% +S subd of N. Um, so this tells us that S + + + align:start position:0% +S subd of N. Um, so this tells us that S +subd of N is less than E to a constant + + align:start position:0% +subd of N is less than E to a constant + + + align:start position:0% +subd of N is less than E to a constant +log of N to the 12 N to the 12. + + align:start position:0% +log of N to the 12 N to the 12. + + + align:start position:0% +log of N to the 12 N to the 12. +And this by definition is the minimum + + align:start position:0% +And this by definition is the minimum + + + align:start position:0% +And this by definition is the minimum +over all the possible sets X of size N. + + align:start position:0% +over all the possible sets X of size N. + + + align:start position:0% +over all the possible sets X of size N. +And this was just one of them. Um but I + + align:start position:0% +And this was just one of them. Um but I + + + align:start position:0% +And this was just one of them. Um but I +think it's plausible that this is the + + align:start position:0% +think it's plausible that this is the + + + align:start position:0% +think it's plausible that this is the +this is the one with smallest + + align:start position:0% +this is the one with smallest + + + align:start position:0% +this is the one with smallest +projections. + + align:start position:0% +projections. + + + align:start position:0% +projections. +Okay. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. +So + + align:start position:0% +So + + + align:start position:0% +So +so plausibly that gives a sense of how + + align:start position:0% +so plausibly that gives a sense of how + + + align:start position:0% +so plausibly that gives a sense of how +thing for for four directions how do + + align:start position:0% +thing for for four directions how do + + + align:start position:0% +thing for for four directions how do +things change when you go from a the + + align:start position:0% +things change when you go from a the + + + align:start position:0% +things change when you go from a the +from a transcendental thing on the one + + align:start position:0% +from a transcendental thing on the one + + + align:start position:0% +from a transcendental thing on the one +side to a very nice rational slope on + + align:start position:0% +side to a very nice rational slope on + + + align:start position:0% +side to a very nice rational slope on +the other side. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay, cool. And that I mean that's sort + + align:start position:0% +Okay, cool. And that I mean that's sort + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, cool. And that I mean that's sort +of the beginning of an investigation. Of + + align:start position:0% +of the beginning of an investigation. Of + + + align:start position:0% +of the beginning of an investigation. Of +course, we could have more directions. + + align:start position:0% +course, we could have more directions. + + + align:start position:0% +course, we could have more directions. +Um, + + align:start position:0% +Um, + + + align:start position:0% +Um, +so we have many questions. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Yeah. So, four directions is already + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. So, four directions is already + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. So, four directions is already +complicated enough to be interesting. + + align:start position:0% +complicated enough to be interesting. + + + align:start position:0% +complicated enough to be interesting. +Um, but wow, we could also have many + + align:start position:0% +Um, but wow, we could also have many + + + align:start position:0% +Um, but wow, we could also have many +directions and so we would have lots + + align:start position:0% +directions and so we would have lots + + + align:start position:0% +directions and so we would have lots +more questions. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So, more questions. + + align:start position:0% +So, more questions. + + + align:start position:0% +So, more questions. +Um, so maybe D is 0, one, and infinity. + + align:start position:0% +Um, so maybe D is 0, one, and infinity. + + + align:start position:0% +Um, so maybe D is 0, one, and infinity. +And then a bunch more directions. + + align:start position:0% +And then a bunch more directions. + + + align:start position:0% +And then a bunch more directions. +So we have r directions and the you know + + align:start position:0% +So we have r directions and the you know + + + align:start position:0% +So we have r directions and the you know +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +the sharp example these guys were + + align:start position:0% +the sharp example these guys were + + + align:start position:0% +the sharp example these guys were +rational numbers or rational numbers in + + align:start position:0% +rational numbers or rational numbers in + + + align:start position:0% +rational numbers or rational numbers in +some field and with small heights. Um + + align:start position:0% +some field and with small heights. Um + + + align:start position:0% +some field and with small heights. Um +the opposite of that would be um maybe + + align:start position:0% +the opposite of that would be um maybe + + + align:start position:0% +the opposite of that would be um maybe +t1 up to tr are algebraically + + align:start position:0% +t1 up to tr are algebraically + + + align:start position:0% +t1 up to tr are algebraically +independent over q. + + align:start position:0% +independent over q. + + + align:start position:0% +independent over q. +So they're each transcendental but even + + align:start position:0% +So they're each transcendental but even + + + align:start position:0% +So they're each transcendental but even +more than that there's no algebraic + + align:start position:0% +more than that there's no algebraic + + + align:start position:0% +more than that there's no algebraic +relation among all of them. This would + + align:start position:0% +relation among all of them. This would + + + align:start position:0% +relation among all of them. This would +be sort of the most transcendental + + align:start position:0% +be sort of the most transcendental + + + align:start position:0% +be sort of the most transcendental +situation. + + align:start position:0% +situation. + + + align:start position:0% +situation. +Um so then + + align:start position:0% +Um so then + + + align:start position:0% +Um so then +how does this behave? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then there's stuff in the middle. So + + align:start position:0% +and then there's stuff in the middle. So + + + align:start position:0% +and then there's stuff in the middle. So +maybe these guys could live in a field + + align:start position:0% +maybe these guys could live in a field + + + align:start position:0% +maybe these guys could live in a field +extension of Q which is like pretty + + align:start position:0% +extension of Q which is like pretty + + + align:start position:0% +extension of Q which is like pretty +complicated. And so potentially there + + align:start position:0% +complicated. And so potentially there + + + align:start position:0% +complicated. And so potentially there +could be an interaction between + + align:start position:0% +could be an interaction between + + + align:start position:0% +could be an interaction between +algebraic number theory where is a + + align:start position:0% +algebraic number theory where is a + + + align:start position:0% +algebraic number theory where is a +discipline that describes like who are + + align:start position:0% +discipline that describes like who are + + + align:start position:0% +discipline that describes like who are +the field extensions of Q. How do you + + align:start position:0% +the field extensions of Q. How do you + + + align:start position:0% +the field extensions of Q. How do you +think about them? Um with projection + + align:start position:0% +think about them? Um with projection + + + align:start position:0% +think about them? Um with projection +theory. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Cool. So people coming into the class + + align:start position:0% +Cool. So people coming into the class + + + align:start position:0% +Cool. So people coming into the class +have different backgrounds. I'm not sure + + align:start position:0% +have different backgrounds. I'm not sure + + + align:start position:0% +have different backgrounds. I'm not sure +if there's anyone who does number theory + + align:start position:0% +if there's anyone who does number theory + + + align:start position:0% +if there's anyone who does number theory +and algebraic number theory. + + align:start position:0% +and algebraic number theory. + + + align:start position:0% +and algebraic number theory. +Um but um anyway, so so this is a + + align:start position:0% +Um but um anyway, so so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +Um but um anyway, so so this is a +possible project. In the weeks ahead, + + align:start position:0% +possible project. In the weeks ahead, + + + align:start position:0% +possible project. In the weeks ahead, +we'll be talking more about different + + align:start position:0% +we'll be talking more about different + + + align:start position:0% +we'll be talking more about different +different types of projects and + + align:start position:0% +different types of projects and + + + align:start position:0% +different types of projects and +everybody can pick out something that + + align:start position:0% +everybody can pick out something that + + + align:start position:0% +everybody can pick out something that +they want to work on for their final + + align:start position:0% +they want to work on for their final + + + align:start position:0% +they want to work on for their final +project for the class. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Cool. Okay. Any other qu any questions + + align:start position:0% +Cool. Okay. Any other qu any questions + + + align:start position:0% +Cool. Okay. Any other qu any questions +or comments about about this? This is my + + align:start position:0% +or comments about about this? This is my + + + align:start position:0% +or comments about about this? This is my +my stab at having some warm-up questions + + align:start position:0% +my stab at having some warm-up questions + + + align:start position:0% +my stab at having some warm-up questions +to that that lead towards thinking about + + align:start position:0% +to that that lead towards thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +to that that lead towards thinking about +um the structure of sharp examples for + + align:start position:0% +um the structure of sharp examples for + + + align:start position:0% +um the structure of sharp examples for +summary trotder. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> From what you're saying, you expect that + + align:start position:0% +>> From what you're saying, you expect that + + + align:start position:0% +>> From what you're saying, you expect that +you can prove something stronger for + + align:start position:0% +you can prove something stronger for + + + align:start position:0% +you can prove something stronger for +this case where everything is + + align:start position:0% +this case where everything is + + + align:start position:0% +this case where everything is +algebraically independent. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> Yeah, if I had to guess, so I think the + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah, if I had to guess, so I think the + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah, if I had to guess, so I think the +question is what do I guess is true? + + align:start position:0% +question is what do I guess is true? + + + align:start position:0% +question is what do I guess is true? +Um if I had to guess, I would guess that + + align:start position:0% +Um if I had to guess, I would guess that + + + align:start position:0% +Um if I had to guess, I would guess that +there are um there are sorry this should + + align:start position:0% +there are um there are sorry this should + + + align:start position:0% +there are um there are sorry this should +be s subd of n. There are much stronger + + align:start position:0% +be s subd of n. There are much stronger + + + align:start position:0% +be s subd of n. There are much stronger +lower bounds for this than the than this + + align:start position:0% +lower bounds for this than the than this + + + align:start position:0% +lower bounds for this than the than this +already trotder. If these are all trans + + align:start position:0% +already trotder. If these are all trans + + + align:start position:0% +already trotder. If these are all trans +this is a if there are no algebraic + + align:start position:0% +this is a if there are no algebraic + + + align:start position:0% +this is a if there are no algebraic +relations there. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Yeah. So for you know for this setup you + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. So for you know for this setup you + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. So for you know for this setup you +could make a class of examples that is + + align:start position:0% +could make a class of examples that is + + + align:start position:0% +could make a class of examples that is +kind of like this class but instead of + + align:start position:0% +kind of like this class but instead of + + + align:start position:0% +kind of like this class but instead of +having polomials in just one thing T + + align:start position:0% +having polomials in just one thing T + + + align:start position:0% +having polomials in just one thing T +there would be polinomials in T1 up to + + align:start position:0% +there would be polinomials in T1 up to + + + align:start position:0% +there would be polinomials in T1 up to +TR. + + align:start position:0% +TR. + + + align:start position:0% +TR. +Um, and I don't know if you could count + + align:start position:0% +Um, and I don't know if you could count + + + align:start position:0% +Um, and I don't know if you could count +the total degree or I'm not sure. + + align:start position:0% +the total degree or I'm not sure. + + + align:start position:0% +the total degree or I'm not sure. +Anyway, so there's some some example you + + align:start position:0% +Anyway, so there's some some example you + + + align:start position:0% +Anyway, so there's some some example you +could get your hands on and I think it's + + align:start position:0% +could get your hands on and I think it's + + + align:start position:0% +could get your hands on and I think it's +plausible that that's the sharp example + + align:start position:0% +plausible that that's the sharp example + + + align:start position:0% +plausible that that's the sharp example +and I think it's plausible the bounds + + align:start position:0% +and I think it's plausible the bounds + + + align:start position:0% +and I think it's plausible the bounds +are much stronger than the general + + align:start position:0% +are much stronger than the general + + + align:start position:0% +are much stronger than the general +summarity tryer bound and I would be + + align:start position:0% +summarity tryer bound and I would be + + + align:start position:0% +summarity tryer bound and I would be +really interested to or I could be wrong + + align:start position:0% +really interested to or I could be wrong + + + align:start position:0% +really interested to or I could be wrong +also but I would be really interested in + + align:start position:0% +also but I would be really interested in + + + align:start position:0% +also but I would be really interested in +in either case. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So um let's circle back to our + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So um let's circle back to our + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So um let's circle back to our +class outline. + + align:start position:0% +class outline. + + + align:start position:0% +class outline. +So the summarated trder proof uh doesn't + + align:start position:0% +So the summarated trder proof uh doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +So the summarated trder proof uh doesn't +tell us much about projection theory for + + align:start position:0% +tell us much about projection theory for + + + align:start position:0% +tell us much about projection theory for +finite fields. We'll talk more about + + align:start position:0% +finite fields. We'll talk more about + + + align:start position:0% +finite fields. We'll talk more about +that next class. It doesn't tell us much + + align:start position:0% +that next class. It doesn't tell us much + + + align:start position:0% +that next class. It doesn't tell us much +about the structure of sharp examples + + align:start position:0% +about the structure of sharp examples + + + align:start position:0% +about the structure of sharp examples +for the semirder theorem over the reals. + + align:start position:0% +for the semirder theorem over the reals. + + + align:start position:0% +for the semirder theorem over the reals. +We just talked about that. And it + + align:start position:0% +We just talked about that. And it + + + align:start position:0% +We just talked about that. And it +doesn't tell us very much about + + align:start position:0% +doesn't tell us very much about + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't tell us very much about +projection theory for unit balls. So + + align:start position:0% +projection theory for unit balls. So + + + align:start position:0% +projection theory for unit balls. So +let's talk about this one. This is + + align:start position:0% +let's talk about this one. This is + + + align:start position:0% +let's talk about this one. This is +perhaps the central topic in our class. + + align:start position:0% +perhaps the central topic in our class. + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps the central topic in our class. +And let's see what the problem is. Why + + align:start position:0% +And let's see what the problem is. Why + + + align:start position:0% +And let's see what the problem is. Why +um you know this complete elegant + + align:start position:0% +um you know this complete elegant + + + align:start position:0% +um you know this complete elegant +solution of the projection problem for + + align:start position:0% +solution of the projection problem for + + + align:start position:0% +solution of the projection problem for +points in R2 doesn't tell us very much + + align:start position:0% +points in R2 doesn't tell us very much + + + align:start position:0% +points in R2 doesn't tell us very much +about the projection problem for unit + + align:start position:0% +about the projection problem for unit + + + align:start position:0% +about the projection problem for unit +balls in R2. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +All right. So first um let's recall what + + align:start position:0% +All right. So first um let's recall what + + + align:start position:0% +All right. So first um let's recall what +is what is the projection problem for + + align:start position:0% +is what is the projection problem for + + + align:start position:0% +is what is the projection problem for +unit balls and what is house spacing. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Uh all right. + + align:start position:0% +Uh all right. + + + align:start position:0% +Uh all right. +So set up. + + align:start position:0% +So set up. + + + align:start position:0% +So set up. +All right. Let me write. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +All right. So X is now a set of unit + + align:start position:0% +All right. So X is now a set of unit + + + align:start position:0% +All right. So X is now a set of unit +balls + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in the ball of radius R in R2. + + align:start position:0% +in the ball of radius R in R2. + + + align:start position:0% +in the ball of radius R in R2. +And D is a set of directions. So I'm + + align:start position:0% +And D is a set of directions. So I'm + + + align:start position:0% +And D is a set of directions. So I'm +going to think of it as a subset of the + + align:start position:0% +going to think of it as a subset of the + + + align:start position:0% +going to think of it as a subset of the +circle. Um and it their directions are 1 + + align:start position:0% +circle. Um and it their directions are 1 + + + align:start position:0% +circle. Um and it their directions are 1 +/ r separated because otherwise they + + align:start position:0% +/ r separated because otherwise they + + + align:start position:0% +/ r separated because otherwise they +would be sort of equivalent from the + + align:start position:0% +would be sort of equivalent from the + + + align:start position:0% +would be sort of equivalent from the +point of view of projecting some unit + + align:start position:0% +point of view of projecting some unit + + + align:start position:0% +point of view of projecting some unit +balls in BR. All right. S of XD is the + + align:start position:0% +balls in BR. All right. S of XD is the + + + align:start position:0% +balls in BR. All right. S of XD is the +largest projection. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +All right. And this symbol is now doing + + align:start position:0% +All right. And this symbol is now doing + + + align:start position:0% +All right. And this symbol is now doing +double duty. and we're thinking of it as + + align:start position:0% +double duty. and we're thinking of it as + + + align:start position:0% +double duty. and we're thinking of it as +the length of the projection. + + align:start position:0% +the length of the projection. + + + align:start position:0% +the length of the projection. +Okay. So, + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So, + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So, +so we, so we'd like to understand how + + align:start position:0% +so we, so we'd like to understand how + + + align:start position:0% +so we, so we'd like to understand how +these things behave. Um, but besides + + align:start position:0% +these things behave. Um, but besides + + + align:start position:0% +these things behave. Um, but besides +looking at this cardality of X and the + + align:start position:0% +looking at this cardality of X and the + + + align:start position:0% +looking at this cardality of X and the +cardality of D, we're also going to pay + + align:start position:0% +cardality of D, we're also going to pay + + + align:start position:0% +cardality of D, we're also going to pay +attention to their spacing. + + align:start position:0% +attention to their spacing. + + + align:start position:0% +attention to their spacing. +So, n subx of r + + align:start position:0% +So, n subx of r + + + align:start position:0% +So, n subx of r +is the maximum of x intersected with a + + align:start position:0% +is the maximum of x intersected with a + + + align:start position:0% +is the maximum of x intersected with a +ball of radius little r with any center. + + align:start position:0% +ball of radius little r with any center. + + + align:start position:0% +ball of radius little r with any center. +So it's the maximum over this center + + align:start position:0% +So it's the maximum over this center + + + align:start position:0% +So it's the maximum over this center +and n subd of row is the maximum + + align:start position:0% +and n subd of row is the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +and n subd of row is the maximum +of d intercept gamma where gamma is an + + align:start position:0% +of d intercept gamma where gamma is an + + + align:start position:0% +of d intercept gamma where gamma is an +arc of length row in the circle. So this + + align:start position:0% +arc of length row in the circle. So this + + + align:start position:0% +arc of length row in the circle. So this +describes how x and d are packed at + + align:start position:0% +describes how x and d are packed at + + + align:start position:0% +describes how x and d are packed at +smaller scales or how they're spaced. + + align:start position:0% +smaller scales or how they're spaced. + + + align:start position:0% +smaller scales or how they're spaced. +Um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so hidorf spacing means + + align:start position:0% +so hidorf spacing means + + + align:start position:0% +so hidorf spacing means +that x is around r to the alpha for some + + align:start position:0% +that x is around r to the alpha for some + + + align:start position:0% +that x is around r to the alpha for some +pre parameter alpha and n subx of little + + align:start position:0% +pre parameter alpha and n subx of little + + + align:start position:0% +pre parameter alpha and n subx of little +r is bounded by little r to the alpha. + + align:start position:0% +r is bounded by little r to the alpha. + + + align:start position:0% +r is bounded by little r to the alpha. +That's how direct spacing for x. How's + + align:start position:0% +That's how direct spacing for x. How's + + + align:start position:0% +That's how direct spacing for x. How's +our spacing for the directions would be + + align:start position:0% +our spacing for the directions would be + + + align:start position:0% +our spacing for the directions would be +the number of directions is r to the + + align:start position:0% +the number of directions is r to the + + + align:start position:0% +the number of directions is r to the +beta and um nd of little r over big r is + + align:start position:0% +beta and um nd of little r over big r is + + + align:start position:0% +beta and um nd of little r over big r is +bounded by little r to the beta. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay, so this informally says that the + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so this informally says that the + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so this informally says that the +balls of x are not kind of packed too + + align:start position:0% +balls of x are not kind of packed too + + + align:start position:0% +balls of x are not kind of packed too +much into a smaller ball and the + + align:start position:0% +much into a smaller ball and the + + + align:start position:0% +much into a smaller ball and the +directions are not kind of packed too + + align:start position:0% +directions are not kind of packed too + + + align:start position:0% +directions are not kind of packed too +much into a smaller direction into a + + align:start position:0% +much into a smaller direction into a + + + align:start position:0% +much into a smaller direction into a +small band of directions. + + align:start position:0% +small band of directions. + + + align:start position:0% +small band of directions. +um you know these exact conditions + + align:start position:0% +um you know these exact conditions + + + align:start position:0% +um you know these exact conditions +it's not the only conditions one might + + align:start position:0% +it's not the only conditions one might + + + align:start position:0% +it's not the only conditions one might +be interested in. It's not the only + + align:start position:0% +be interested in. It's not the only + + + align:start position:0% +be interested in. It's not the only +spacing condition that might be + + align:start position:0% +spacing condition that might be + + + align:start position:0% +spacing condition that might be +interesting to think about, but it's one + + align:start position:0% +interesting to think about, but it's one + + + align:start position:0% +interesting to think about, but it's one +of the most popular ones. And it has it + + align:start position:0% +of the most popular ones. And it has it + + + align:start position:0% +of the most popular ones. And it has it +has sort of turned out that the most + + align:start position:0% +has sort of turned out that the most + + + align:start position:0% +has sort of turned out that the most +interesting math has come up by trying + + align:start position:0% +interesting math has come up by trying + + + align:start position:0% +interesting math has come up by trying +to understand these conditions. + + align:start position:0% +to understand these conditions. + + + align:start position:0% +to understand these conditions. +And they come up they come up naturally + + align:start position:0% +And they come up they come up naturally + + + align:start position:0% +And they come up they come up naturally +in some points of view even though + + align:start position:0% +in some points of view even though + + + align:start position:0% +in some points of view even though +they're also I will argue that other + + align:start position:0% +they're also I will argue that other + + + align:start position:0% +they're also I will argue that other +spacing conditions are helpful to + + align:start position:0% +spacing conditions are helpful to + + + align:start position:0% +spacing conditions are helpful to +consider sometimes. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So that's housed door spacing. Um and um + + align:start position:0% +So that's housed door spacing. Um and um + + + align:start position:0% +So that's housed door spacing. Um and um +the analog of the summary trotder + + align:start position:0% +the analog of the summary trotder + + + align:start position:0% +the analog of the summary trotder +problem is going to be try to understand + + align:start position:0% +problem is going to be try to understand + + + align:start position:0% +problem is going to be try to understand +this if x and d have house door spacing. + + align:start position:0% +this if x and d have house door spacing. + + + align:start position:0% +this if x and d have house door spacing. +So question + + align:start position:0% +So question + + + align:start position:0% +So question +if x and d + + align:start position:0% +if x and d + + + align:start position:0% +if x and d +have house door spacing. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Wow. Let me put up a conjecture + + align:start position:0% +Wow. Let me put up a conjecture + + + align:start position:0% +Wow. Let me put up a conjecture +which is even now a theorem. + + align:start position:0% +which is even now a theorem. + + + align:start position:0% +which is even now a theorem. +Um then + + align:start position:0% +Um then + + + align:start position:0% +Um then +d is less + + align:start position:0% +d is less + + + align:start position:0% +d is less +s^2 x + one. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So this was an old conjecture and + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So this was an old conjecture and + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So this was an old conjecture and +now it's a theorem proven by orin and + + align:start position:0% +now it's a theorem proven by orin and + + + align:start position:0% +now it's a theorem proven by orin and +merkin and red and wong. Um and it's + + align:start position:0% +merkin and red and wong. Um and it's + + + align:start position:0% +merkin and red and wong. Um and it's +totally analogous to the semi troder + + align:start position:0% +totally analogous to the semi troder + + + align:start position:0% +totally analogous to the semi troder +projection theorem for finite point + + align:start position:0% +projection theorem for finite point + + + align:start position:0% +projection theorem for finite point +sets. But the proof of the semi rider + + align:start position:0% +sets. But the proof of the semi rider + + + align:start position:0% +sets. But the proof of the semi rider +theorem doesn't help very much to prove + + align:start position:0% +theorem doesn't help very much to prove + + + align:start position:0% +theorem doesn't help very much to prove +this thing. + + align:start position:0% +this thing. + + + align:start position:0% +this thing. +Okay. So what goes wrong? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um + + align:start position:0% +Um + + + align:start position:0% +Um +okay. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So + + align:start position:0% +So + + + align:start position:0% +So +um so let's try to use the cell + + align:start position:0% +um so let's try to use the cell + + + align:start position:0% +um so let's try to use the cell +decomposition method. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So here's X + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Actually, + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let me back up a second. Um, so to see + + align:start position:0% +let me back up a second. Um, so to see + + + align:start position:0% +let me back up a second. Um, so to see +what goes wrong, it helps to remember + + align:start position:0% +what goes wrong, it helps to remember + + + align:start position:0% +what goes wrong, it helps to remember +how the cell decomposition method worked + + align:start position:0% +how the cell decomposition method worked + + + align:start position:0% +how the cell decomposition method worked +for the original semir Troder theorem, + + align:start position:0% +for the original semir Troder theorem, + + + align:start position:0% +for the original semir Troder theorem, +which we did go over, but let me go over + + align:start position:0% +which we did go over, but let me go over + + + align:start position:0% +which we did go over, but let me go over +it in the context of this projection + + align:start position:0% +it in the context of this projection + + + align:start position:0% +it in the context of this projection +theorem. And so you can see how it looks + + align:start position:0% +theorem. And so you can see how it looks + + + align:start position:0% +theorem. And so you can see how it looks +there, so that we'll be able to compare. + + align:start position:0% +there, so that we'll be able to compare. + + + align:start position:0% +there, so that we'll be able to compare. +Um, + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right. + + align:start position:0% +all right. + + + align:start position:0% +all right. +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I do realize that this is maybe the + + align:start position:0% +I do realize that this is maybe the + + + align:start position:0% +I do realize that this is maybe the +third time that we have outlined the + + align:start position:0% +third time that we have outlined the + + + align:start position:0% +third time that we have outlined the +proof of this ever troder theorem with + + align:start position:0% +proof of this ever troder theorem with + + + align:start position:0% +proof of this ever troder theorem with +the cell decompositions, but well really + + align:start position:0% +the cell decompositions, but well really + + + align:start position:0% +the cell decompositions, but well really +good pieces of math. It's okay to see a + + align:start position:0% +good pieces of math. It's okay to see a + + + align:start position:0% +good pieces of math. It's okay to see a +few times. + + align:start position:0% +few times. + + + align:start position:0% +few times. +All right. So + + align:start position:0% +All right. So + + + align:start position:0% +All right. So +sketch of ST proof um ST projection + + align:start position:0% +sketch of ST proof um ST projection + + + align:start position:0% +sketch of ST proof um ST projection +proof + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +using um cell decompositions. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So we have a set X of points. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So here's X and then I cut it into cells + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and X I + + align:start position:0% +and X I + + + align:start position:0% +and X I +is X intersect OI. I'm going to do my + + align:start position:0% +is X intersect OI. I'm going to do my + + + align:start position:0% +is X intersect OI. I'm going to do my +cell decomposition + + align:start position:0% +cell decomposition + + + align:start position:0% +cell decomposition +and it has a parameter + + align:start position:0% +and it has a parameter + + + align:start position:0% +and it has a parameter +uh which I I called S before but I'm + + align:start position:0% +uh which I I called S before but I'm + + + align:start position:0% +uh which I I called S before but I'm +going to call it sigma now because we + + align:start position:0% +going to call it sigma now because we + + + align:start position:0% +going to call it sigma now because we +have this other letter S and uh it gets + + align:start position:0% +have this other letter S and uh it gets + + + align:start position:0% +have this other letter S and uh it gets +confusing. + + align:start position:0% +confusing. + + + align:start position:0% +confusing. +So the size of X I is like X over sigma + + align:start position:0% +So the size of X I is like X over sigma + + + align:start position:0% +So the size of X I is like X over sigma +squ. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. Um, + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +we're gonna draw all the so the set L + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna draw all the so the set L + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna draw all the so the set L +our lines are going to be all the lines + + align:start position:0% +our lines are going to be all the lines + + + align:start position:0% +our lines are going to be all the lines +through X with a slope in D. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And when we just look at this cell, + + align:start position:0% +And when we just look at this cell, + + + align:start position:0% +And when we just look at this cell, +we're still doing the projections in all + + align:start position:0% +we're still doing the projections in all + + + align:start position:0% +we're still doing the projections in all +the same directions. We have the same D. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um, + + align:start position:0% +Um, + + + align:start position:0% +Um, +okay. Yeah, let me write down our so D. + + align:start position:0% +okay. Yeah, let me write down our so D. + + + align:start position:0% +okay. Yeah, let me write down our so D. +So, DI is the same as D. + + align:start position:0% +So, DI is the same as D. + + + align:start position:0% +So, DI is the same as D. +Okay. And then, um, we have a a double + + align:start position:0% +Okay. And then, um, we have a a double + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. And then, um, we have a a double +counting observation. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And the double counting observation says + + align:start position:0% +And the double counting observation says + + + align:start position:0% +And the double counting observation says +that if the number of directions is + + align:start position:0% +that if the number of directions is + + + align:start position:0% +that if the number of directions is +bigger than the number of points, maybe + + align:start position:0% +bigger than the number of points, maybe + + + align:start position:0% +bigger than the number of points, maybe +twice the number of points, + + align:start position:0% +twice the number of points, + + + align:start position:0% +twice the number of points, +um, then s should be at least around the + + align:start position:0% +um, then s should be at least around the + + + align:start position:0% +um, then s should be at least around the +number of points. + + align:start position:0% +number of points. + + + align:start position:0% +number of points. +And the reason for that is that if you + + align:start position:0% +And the reason for that is that if you + + + align:start position:0% +And the reason for that is that if you +have this many directions + + align:start position:0% +have this many directions + + + align:start position:0% +have this many directions +and a typical point + + align:start position:0% +and a typical point + + + align:start position:0% +and a typical point +for most of the directions you're + + align:start position:0% +for most of the directions you're + + + align:start position:0% +for most of the directions you're +projecting it cannot hit any other + + align:start position:0% +projecting it cannot hit any other + + + align:start position:0% +projecting it cannot hit any other +point. So in most directions when you + + align:start position:0% +point. So in most directions when you + + + align:start position:0% +point. So in most directions when you +project a point. So we have this point + + align:start position:0% +project a point. So we have this point + + + align:start position:0% +project a point. So we have this point +we have a handful of other points but + + align:start position:0% +we have a handful of other points but + + + align:start position:0% +we have a handful of other points but +then we're going to project this point + + align:start position:0% +then we're going to project this point + + + align:start position:0% +then we're going to project this point +in many directions. + + align:start position:0% +in many directions. + + + align:start position:0% +in many directions. +So there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so we have let's say we have more + + align:start position:0% +okay so we have let's say we have more + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we have let's say we have more +than twice as many directions as points + + align:start position:0% +than twice as many directions as points + + + align:start position:0% +than twice as many directions as points +if I draw a lines in different in these + + align:start position:0% +if I draw a lines in different in these + + + align:start position:0% +if I draw a lines in different in these +different directions through my base + + align:start position:0% +different directions through my base + + + align:start position:0% +different directions through my base +point most of those lines won't hit any + + align:start position:0% +point most of those lines won't hit any + + + align:start position:0% +point most of those lines won't hit any +other point so when I look at this + + align:start position:0% +other point so when I look at this + + + align:start position:0% +other point so when I look at this +projection this will be the only point + + align:start position:0% +projection this will be the only point + + + align:start position:0% +projection this will be the only point +over here and so in this situation + + align:start position:0% +over here and so in this situation + + + align:start position:0% +over here and so in this situation +most of the time um the points don't + + align:start position:0% +most of the time um the points don't + + + align:start position:0% +most of the time um the points don't +land on top of each other when you do + + align:start position:0% +land on top of each other when you do + + + align:start position:0% +land on top of each other when you do +projections. And so this size of the + + align:start position:0% +projections. And so this size of the + + + align:start position:0% +projections. And so this size of the +projection is around the same as the + + align:start position:0% +projection is around the same as the + + + align:start position:0% +projection is around the same as the +size of the set. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. +Um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay, great. So now L are all of the + + align:start position:0% +okay, great. So now L are all of the + + + align:start position:0% +okay, great. So now L are all of the +lines that go through X with slope in D. + + align:start position:0% +lines that go through X with slope in D. + + + align:start position:0% +lines that go through X with slope in D. +And each line only goes through a small + + align:start position:0% +And each line only goes through a small + + + align:start position:0% +And each line only goes through a small +fraction of the cells. So, + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +um so LI, so LI would be the lines + + align:start position:0% +um so LI, so LI would be the lines + + + align:start position:0% +um so LI, so LI would be the lines +that go through OI and for a typical + + align:start position:0% +that go through OI and for a typical + + + align:start position:0% +that go through OI and for a typical +cell li would be smaller than L over + + align:start position:0% +cell li would be smaller than L over + + + align:start position:0% +cell li would be smaller than L over +sigma. + + align:start position:0% +sigma. + + + align:start position:0% +sigma. +So now what we do is we cut up our + + align:start position:0% +So now what we do is we cut up our + + + align:start position:0% +So now what we do is we cut up our +picture into small enough cells that in + + align:start position:0% +picture into small enough cells that in + + + align:start position:0% +picture into small enough cells that in +each cell the number of directions is + + align:start position:0% +each cell the number of directions is + + + align:start position:0% +each cell the number of directions is +bigger than the number of points. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So we choose sigma + + align:start position:0% +So we choose sigma + + + align:start position:0% +So we choose sigma +so that x over sigma squared is smaller + + align:start position:0% +so that x over sigma squared is smaller + + + align:start position:0% +so that x over sigma squared is smaller +than half of the number of directions. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um + + align:start position:0% +Um + + + align:start position:0% +Um +and so then we get that si is bigger + + align:start position:0% +and so then we get that si is bigger + + + align:start position:0% +and so then we get that si is bigger +than xi which is x over sigma squ. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um okay and from that we can compute um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so I say this so s + + align:start position:0% +so I say this so s + + + align:start position:0% +so I say this so s +* d is the number of lines + + align:start position:0% +* d is the number of lines + + + align:start position:0% +* d is the number of lines +and that's bigger than sigma times the + + align:start position:0% +and that's bigger than sigma times the + + + align:start position:0% +and that's bigger than sigma times the +number of lines through a typical cell + + align:start position:0% +number of lines through a typical cell + + + align:start position:0% +number of lines through a typical cell +which is like sigma time the number of + + align:start position:0% +which is like sigma time the number of + + + align:start position:0% +which is like sigma time the number of +directions times the size of a + + align:start position:0% +directions times the size of a + + + align:start position:0% +directions times the size of a +projection for a particular cell. So + + align:start position:0% +projection for a particular cell. So + + + align:start position:0% +projection for a particular cell. So +then in in each cell the number of lines + + align:start position:0% +then in in each cell the number of lines + + + align:start position:0% +then in in each cell the number of lines +is the number of directions times the + + align:start position:0% +is the number of directions times the + + + align:start position:0% +is the number of directions times the +size of a projection. + + align:start position:0% +size of a projection. + + + align:start position:0% +size of a projection. +Uh okay. And SI is bigger than XI. + + align:start position:0% +Uh okay. And SI is bigger than XI. + + + align:start position:0% +Uh okay. And SI is bigger than XI. +So that's bigger than sigma * D * um X + + align:start position:0% +So that's bigger than sigma * D * um X + + + align:start position:0% +So that's bigger than sigma * D * um X +over sigma^ 2. + + align:start position:0% +over sigma^ 2. + + + align:start position:0% +over sigma^ 2. +That's X * D / sigma. + + align:start position:0% +That's X * D / sigma. + + + align:start position:0% +That's X * D / sigma. +and sigma is dictated here. + + align:start position:0% +and sigma is dictated here. + + + align:start position:0% +and sigma is dictated here. +So if you plug in the value of sigma, + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you get that this is x to the 12 d to + + align:start position:0% +you get that this is x to the 12 d to + + + align:start position:0% +you get that this is x to the 12 d to +the three halves and you cancel the d's + + align:start position:0% +the three halves and you cancel the d's + + + align:start position:0% +the three halves and you cancel the d's +and and that's the lower bound. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So algebra aside, what is happening is + + align:start position:0% +So algebra aside, what is happening is + + + align:start position:0% +So algebra aside, what is happening is +that we do this cell decomposition and + + align:start position:0% +that we do this cell decomposition and + + + align:start position:0% +that we do this cell decomposition and +we cut things up finely enough so that + + align:start position:0% +we cut things up finely enough so that + + + align:start position:0% +we cut things up finely enough so that +within this cell the number of + + align:start position:0% +within this cell the number of + + + align:start position:0% +within this cell the number of +directions is bigger than the number of + + align:start position:0% +directions is bigger than the number of + + + align:start position:0% +directions is bigger than the number of +points in this cell. Then we know that a + + align:start position:0% +points in this cell. Then we know that a + + + align:start position:0% +points in this cell. Then we know that a +typical line only goes through one point + + align:start position:0% +typical line only goes through one point + + + align:start position:0% +typical line only goes through one point +and then we count everything up and some + + align:start position:0% +and then we count everything up and some + + + align:start position:0% +and then we count everything up and some +ready troder falls out. + + align:start position:0% +ready troder falls out. + + + align:start position:0% +ready troder falls out. +What goes wrong when we try to do this + + align:start position:0% +What goes wrong when we try to do this + + + align:start position:0% +What goes wrong when we try to do this +for unit bus? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +All right. + + align:start position:0% +All right. + + + align:start position:0% +All right. +So if the set X has an alpha dimensional + + align:start position:0% +So if the set X has an alpha dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +So if the set X has an alpha dimensional +spacing condition, then you should + + align:start position:0% +spacing condition, then you should + + + align:start position:0% +spacing condition, then you should +visualize it as being something like a + + align:start position:0% +visualize it as being something like a + + + align:start position:0% +visualize it as being something like a +caner set. So I tried to draw that here. + + align:start position:0% +caner set. So I tried to draw that here. + + + align:start position:0% +caner set. So I tried to draw that here. +So now we can partition it. + + align:start position:0% +So now we can partition it. + + + align:start position:0% +So now we can partition it. +We do our cell decomposition. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we have sigma squared cells. Sigma is a + + align:start position:0% +we have sigma squared cells. Sigma is a + + + align:start position:0% +we have sigma squared cells. Sigma is a +parameter. + + align:start position:0% +parameter. + + + align:start position:0% +parameter. +So x i is x intersected with oi. So here + + align:start position:0% +So x i is x intersected with oi. So here + + + align:start position:0% +So x i is x intersected with oi. So here +it is. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And um well we'd like to think of this + + align:start position:0% +And um well we'd like to think of this + + + align:start position:0% +And um well we'd like to think of this +as a smaller version of our original + + align:start position:0% +as a smaller version of our original + + + align:start position:0% +as a smaller version of our original +problem. And our original problem was + + align:start position:0% +problem. And our original problem was + + + align:start position:0% +problem. And our original problem was +about unit balls in a bigger ball. So + + align:start position:0% +about unit balls in a bigger ball. So + + + align:start position:0% +about unit balls in a bigger ball. So +actually we need to know how big is this + + align:start position:0% +actually we need to know how big is this + + + align:start position:0% +actually we need to know how big is this +bigger ball. + + align:start position:0% +bigger ball. + + + align:start position:0% +bigger ball. +Let's call it a ball of radius little r. + + align:start position:0% +Let's call it a ball of radius little r. + + + align:start position:0% +Let's call it a ball of radius little r. +Now it won't necessarily happen. We + + align:start position:0% +Now it won't necessarily happen. We + + + align:start position:0% +Now it won't necessarily happen. We +don't know for sure that x i is + + align:start position:0% +don't know for sure that x i is + + + align:start position:0% +don't know for sure that x i is +organized into one ball like this. But + + align:start position:0% +organized into one ball like this. But + + + align:start position:0% +organized into one ball like this. But +that is the that could happen and it's + + align:start position:0% +that is the that could happen and it's + + + align:start position:0% +that is the that could happen and it's +the most important case. So let's just + + align:start position:0% +the most important case. So let's just + + + align:start position:0% +the most important case. So let's just +imagine that each of these xis lives in + + align:start position:0% +imagine that each of these xis lives in + + + align:start position:0% +imagine that each of these xis lives in +one ball like this. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. Now, we're going to think of this + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Now, we're going to think of this + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Now, we're going to think of this +as a smaller version of our original + + align:start position:0% +as a smaller version of our original + + + align:start position:0% +as a smaller version of our original +problem. In our original problem, we had + + align:start position:0% +problem. In our original problem, we had + + + align:start position:0% +problem. In our original problem, we had +a set of directions and we needed them + + align:start position:0% +a set of directions and we needed them + + + align:start position:0% +a set of directions and we needed them +to be one over r separated + + align:start position:0% +to be one over r separated + + + align:start position:0% +to be one over r separated +because two directions that are too + + align:start position:0% +because two directions that are too + + + align:start position:0% +because two directions that are too +close together, they look equivalent. + + align:start position:0% +close together, they look equivalent. + + + align:start position:0% +close together, they look equivalent. +And now that we have this smaller ball, + + align:start position:0% +And now that we have this smaller ball, + + + align:start position:0% +And now that we have this smaller ball, +our set of directions are not one over + + align:start position:0% +our set of directions are not one over + + + align:start position:0% +our set of directions are not one over +little r separated. + + align:start position:0% +little r separated. + + + align:start position:0% +little r separated. +So, here's the key point. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +set of directions is 1 / r separated + + align:start position:0% +set of directions is 1 / r separated + + + align:start position:0% +set of directions is 1 / r separated +but it is not one over little r + + align:start position:0% +but it is not one over little r + + + align:start position:0% +but it is not one over little r +separated. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +All right. So if we if you think of it + + align:start position:0% +All right. So if we if you think of it + + + align:start position:0% +All right. So if we if you think of it +in terms of the fibers of the projection + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the fibers of the projection + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the fibers of the projection +map you would see some twos. + + align:start position:0% +map you would see some twos. + + + align:start position:0% +map you would see some twos. +So maybe that + + align:start position:0% +So maybe that + + + align:start position:0% +So maybe that +maybe this is one of our directions. And + + align:start position:0% +maybe this is one of our directions. And + + + align:start position:0% +maybe this is one of our directions. And +you see that the there there's a fiber + + align:start position:0% +you see that the there there's a fiber + + + align:start position:0% +you see that the there there's a fiber +that is a tube with a lot of points in + + align:start position:0% +that is a tube with a lot of points in + + + align:start position:0% +that is a tube with a lot of points in +it. And maybe there's another direction + + align:start position:0% +it. And maybe there's another direction + + + align:start position:0% +it. And maybe there's another direction +in our projection + + align:start position:0% +in our projection + + + align:start position:0% +in our projection +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +that looks something like that. + + align:start position:0% +that looks something like that. + + + align:start position:0% +that looks something like that. +This is a different noticeably different + + align:start position:0% +This is a different noticeably different + + + align:start position:0% +This is a different noticeably different +direction if you're looking at the big + + align:start position:0% +direction if you're looking at the big + + + align:start position:0% +direction if you're looking at the big +ball and it has a different set of + + align:start position:0% +ball and it has a different set of + + + align:start position:0% +ball and it has a different set of +points in it. But if you're looking just + + align:start position:0% +points in it. But if you're looking just + + + align:start position:0% +points in it. But if you're looking just +within this cell, these two tubes or + + align:start position:0% +within this cell, these two tubes or + + + align:start position:0% +within this cell, these two tubes or +these two directions are + + align:start position:0% +these two directions are + + + align:start position:0% +these two directions are +indistinguishable. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. +So, in order to + + align:start position:0% +So, in order to + + + align:start position:0% +So, in order to +study our original problem, in order to + + align:start position:0% +study our original problem, in order to + + + align:start position:0% +study our original problem, in order to +study what's going on within this cell, + + align:start position:0% +study what's going on within this cell, + + + align:start position:0% +study what's going on within this cell, +we can't really use all of these + + align:start position:0% +we can't really use all of these + + + align:start position:0% +we can't really use all of these +directions. We only have to we have to + + align:start position:0% +directions. We only have to we have to + + + align:start position:0% +directions. We only have to we have to +use the inequivalent ones. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So d + + align:start position:0% +So d + + + align:start position:0% +So d +is um let's say + + align:start position:0% +is um let's say + + + align:start position:0% +is um let's say +d so + + align:start position:0% +d so + + + align:start position:0% +d so +let's say that theta 1 is equivalent to + + align:start position:0% +let's say that theta 1 is equivalent to + + + align:start position:0% +let's say that theta 1 is equivalent to +theta 2 if theta 1 minus theta 2 is less + + align:start position:0% +theta 2 if theta 1 minus theta 2 is less + + + align:start position:0% +theta 2 if theta 1 minus theta 2 is less +than 1 / r and then d is going to be d + + align:start position:0% +than 1 / r and then d is going to be d + + + align:start position:0% +than 1 / r and then d is going to be d +up to equivalence. + + align:start position:0% +up to equivalence. + + + align:start position:0% +up to equivalence. +This is not exactly an equivalence + + align:start position:0% +This is not exactly an equivalence + + + align:start position:0% +This is not exactly an equivalence +relation, but anyway, we we pick a + + align:start position:0% +relation, but anyway, we we pick a + + + align:start position:0% +relation, but anyway, we we pick a +subset of the directions so that there's + + align:start position:0% +subset of the directions so that there's + + + align:start position:0% +subset of the directions so that there's +only one of them in each one over R arc. + + align:start position:0% +only one of them in each one over R arc. + + + align:start position:0% +only one of them in each one over R arc. +Maybe it's better to say that. Let me + + align:start position:0% +Maybe it's better to say that. Let me + + + align:start position:0% +Maybe it's better to say that. Let me +see. + + align:start position:0% +see. + + + align:start position:0% +see. +So we choose + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +di inside of D. + + align:start position:0% +di inside of D. + + + align:start position:0% +di inside of D. +So that um + + align:start position:0% +So that um + + + align:start position:0% +So that um +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +so that DI intersect an arc smaller than + + align:start position:0% +so that DI intersect an arc smaller than + + + align:start position:0% +so that DI intersect an arc smaller than +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +for each arc gamma in the circle of + + align:start position:0% +for each arc gamma in the circle of + + + align:start position:0% +for each arc gamma in the circle of +length 1 / R. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And now we have a smaller set of + + align:start position:0% +And now we have a smaller set of + + + align:start position:0% +And now we have a smaller set of +directions. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So, double counting + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +double counting still helps still uh uh + + align:start position:0% +double counting still helps still uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +double counting still helps still uh uh +works well. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +If it were to happen that DI + + align:start position:0% +If it were to happen that DI + + + align:start position:0% +If it were to happen that DI +was bigger than + + align:start position:0% +was bigger than + + + align:start position:0% +was bigger than +Xi, + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's still true, just like before. + + align:start position:0% +that's still true, just like before. + + + align:start position:0% +that's still true, just like before. +But the key difference between the + + align:start position:0% +But the key difference between the + + + align:start position:0% +But the key difference between the +original problem and this version with + + align:start position:0% +original problem and this version with + + + align:start position:0% +original problem and this version with +um unit balls is that in the original + + align:start position:0% +um unit balls is that in the original + + + align:start position:0% +um unit balls is that in the original +problem when we looked at a smaller + + align:start position:0% +problem when we looked at a smaller + + + align:start position:0% +problem when we looked at a smaller +piece of it in the cell oi we had many + + align:start position:0% +piece of it in the cell oi we had many + + + align:start position:0% +piece of it in the cell oi we had many +fewer points but we still had the same + + align:start position:0% +fewer points but we still had the same + + + align:start position:0% +fewer points but we still had the same +number of directions. So if the cell was + + align:start position:0% +number of directions. So if the cell was + + + align:start position:0% +number of directions. So if the cell was +small enough the number of points in the + + align:start position:0% +small enough the number of points in the + + + align:start position:0% +small enough the number of points in the +cell would drop below the number of + + align:start position:0% +cell would drop below the number of + + + align:start position:0% +cell would drop below the number of +directions and then double counting + + align:start position:0% +directions and then double counting + + + align:start position:0% +directions and then double counting +would give a very good bound. + + align:start position:0% +would give a very good bound. + + + align:start position:0% +would give a very good bound. +But now when I go into a smaller cell, I + + align:start position:0% +But now when I go into a smaller cell, I + + + align:start position:0% +But now when I go into a smaller cell, I +have fewer points, but I also have fewer + + align:start position:0% +have fewer points, but I also have fewer + + + align:start position:0% +have fewer points, but I also have fewer +directions. + + align:start position:0% +directions. + + + align:start position:0% +directions. +And so it's not clear whether I'm making + + align:start position:0% +And so it's not clear whether I'm making + + + align:start position:0% +And so it's not clear whether I'm making +any progress. + + align:start position:0% +any progress. + + + align:start position:0% +any progress. +Um to check whether you're making + + align:start position:0% +Um to check whether you're making + + + align:start position:0% +Um to check whether you're making +progress, you have to write down + + align:start position:0% +progress, you have to write down + + + align:start position:0% +progress, you have to write down +carefully how these things are changing. + + align:start position:0% +carefully how these things are changing. + + + align:start position:0% +carefully how these things are changing. +Um and um I won't do the whole + + align:start position:0% +Um and um I won't do the whole + + + align:start position:0% +Um and um I won't do the whole +computation, but I will tell you what + + align:start position:0% +computation, but I will tell you what + + + align:start position:0% +computation, but I will tell you what +happens. + + align:start position:0% +happens. + + + align:start position:0% +happens. +So if x and d are housedorf + + align:start position:0% +So if x and d are housedorf + + + align:start position:0% +So if x and d are housedorf +and uh so x is r to the alpha so x is + + align:start position:0% +and uh so x is r to the alpha so x is + + + align:start position:0% +and uh so x is r to the alpha so x is +alpha dimensional and d is r to the beta + + align:start position:0% +alpha dimensional and d is r to the beta + + + align:start position:0% +alpha dimensional and d is r to the beta +d is beta dimensional then what you'll + + align:start position:0% +d is beta dimensional then what you'll + + + align:start position:0% +d is beta dimensional then what you'll +find is that x i is little r to the + + align:start position:0% +find is that x i is little r to the + + + align:start position:0% +find is that x i is little r to the +alpha so the radius little r would + + align:start position:0% +alpha so the radius little r would + + + align:start position:0% +alpha so the radius little r would +depend on how much we chop things up. If + + align:start position:0% +depend on how much we chop things up. If + + + align:start position:0% +depend on how much we chop things up. If +I take a finer cell decomposition, + + align:start position:0% +I take a finer cell decomposition, + + + align:start position:0% +I take a finer cell decomposition, +little r will get smaller. So it's + + align:start position:0% +little r will get smaller. So it's + + + align:start position:0% +little r will get smaller. So it's +essentially a free parameter that I can + + align:start position:0% +essentially a free parameter that I can + + + align:start position:0% +essentially a free parameter that I can +choose. Xi will be like little r to the + + align:start position:0% +choose. Xi will be like little r to the + + + align:start position:0% +choose. Xi will be like little r to the +alpha and d will be little r to the + + align:start position:0% +alpha and d will be little r to the + + + align:start position:0% +alpha and d will be little r to the +beta. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So if alpha was bigger than beta + + align:start position:0% +So if alpha was bigger than beta + + + align:start position:0% +So if alpha was bigger than beta +initially, so I had many more points + + align:start position:0% +initially, so I had many more points + + + align:start position:0% +initially, so I had many more points +than directions, which is the + + align:start position:0% +than directions, which is the + + + align:start position:0% +than directions, which is the +interesting case. After I look at a + + align:start position:0% +interesting case. After I look at a + + + align:start position:0% +interesting case. After I look at a +smaller cell, alpha will still be bigger + + align:start position:0% +smaller cell, alpha will still be bigger + + + align:start position:0% +smaller cell, alpha will still be bigger +than beta. So I still have many more + + align:start position:0% +than beta. So I still have many more + + + align:start position:0% +than beta. So I still have many more +points than directions. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um so I won't ever get to a place where + + align:start position:0% +Um so I won't ever get to a place where + + + align:start position:0% +Um so I won't ever get to a place where +I can apply this double counting. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. Now having said that I think there + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Now having said that I think there + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Now having said that I think there +are some situations where where this + + align:start position:0% +are some situations where where this + + + align:start position:0% +are some situations where where this +method would give something new and + + align:start position:0% +method would give something new and + + + align:start position:0% +method would give something new and +interesting. Uh so in particular + + align:start position:0% +interesting. Uh so in particular + + + align:start position:0% +interesting. Uh so in particular +when we did this computation + + align:start position:0% +when we did this computation + + + align:start position:0% +when we did this computation +it was predicated on having equalities + + align:start position:0% +it was predicated on having equalities + + + align:start position:0% +it was predicated on having equalities +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +and if we had strong inequalities here + + align:start position:0% +and if we had strong inequalities here + + + align:start position:0% +and if we had strong inequalities here +then something more favorable would + + align:start position:0% +then something more favorable would + + + align:start position:0% +then something more favorable would +happen and we might get uh an + + align:start position:0% +happen and we might get uh an + + + align:start position:0% +happen and we might get uh an +interesting estimate. + + align:start position:0% +interesting estimate. + + + align:start position:0% +interesting estimate. +I don't think this has ever been written + + align:start position:0% +I don't think this has ever been written + + + align:start position:0% +I don't think this has ever been written +down carefully. So Tom Wolf tried really + + align:start position:0% +down carefully. So Tom Wolf tried really + + + align:start position:0% +down carefully. So Tom Wolf tried really +hard to understand this and I'm sure he + + align:start position:0% +hard to understand this and I'm sure he + + + align:start position:0% +hard to understand this and I'm sure he +thought through everything that I just + + align:start position:0% +thought through everything that I just + + + align:start position:0% +thought through everything that I just +presented + + align:start position:0% +presented + + + align:start position:0% +presented +but I guess the answers didn't turn out + + align:start position:0% +but I guess the answers didn't turn out + + + align:start position:0% +but I guess the answers didn't turn out +sufficiently sort of positive for him to + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently sort of positive for him to + + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently sort of positive for him to +write it up as a paper and I don't think + + align:start position:0% +write it up as a paper and I don't think + + + align:start position:0% +write it up as a paper and I don't think +anyone else has really systematically + + align:start position:0% +anyone else has really systematically + + + align:start position:0% +anyone else has really systematically +done it. So also it could be a good + + align:start position:0% +done it. So also it could be a good + + + align:start position:0% +done it. So also it could be a good +project to see how much does cell + + align:start position:0% +project to see how much does cell + + + align:start position:0% +project to see how much does cell +decomposition tell us. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. Now there is also an example + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Now there is also an example + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Now there is also an example +that's worth mentioning um why being + + align:start position:0% +that's worth mentioning um why being + + + align:start position:0% +that's worth mentioning um why being +able to cut things into pieces + + align:start position:0% +able to cut things into pieces + + + align:start position:0% +able to cut things into pieces +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +that doesn't necessarily let us + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't necessarily let us + + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't necessarily let us +I should say okay so so this was so okay + + align:start position:0% +I should say okay so so this was so okay + + + align:start position:0% +I should say okay so so this was so okay +so there's also an example that matches + + align:start position:0% +so there's also an example that matches + + + align:start position:0% +so there's also an example that matches +the story that I was just telling about + + align:start position:0% +the story that I was just telling about + + + align:start position:0% +the story that I was just telling about +how this proof would go um and the + + align:start position:0% +how this proof would go um and the + + + align:start position:0% +how this proof would go um and the +example goes back to the beginning of + + align:start position:0% +example goes back to the beginning of + + + align:start position:0% +example goes back to the beginning of +the class when we were noticing when we + + align:start position:0% +the class when we were noticing when we + + + align:start position:0% +the class when we were noticing when we +were doing projection theory in finite + + align:start position:0% +were doing projection theory in finite + + + align:start position:0% +were doing projection theory in finite +fields + + align:start position:0% +fields + + + align:start position:0% +fields +that it makes a difference whether you + + align:start position:0% +that it makes a difference whether you + + + align:start position:0% +that it makes a difference whether you +have a prime field or whether you have a + + align:start position:0% +have a prime field or whether you have a + + + align:start position:0% +have a prime field or whether you have a +field with sub fields and that is also + + align:start position:0% +field with sub fields and that is also + + + align:start position:0% +field with sub fields and that is also +true for um for this problem that's on + + align:start position:0% +true for um for this problem that's on + + + align:start position:0% +true for um for this problem that's on +the board here. It's different over the + + align:start position:0% +the board here. It's different over the + + + align:start position:0% +the board here. It's different over the +real numbers versus the complex numbers + + align:start position:0% +real numbers versus the complex numbers + + + align:start position:0% +real numbers versus the complex numbers +because the complex numbers have a nice + + align:start position:0% +because the complex numbers have a nice + + + align:start position:0% +because the complex numbers have a nice +sub field the real numbers. + + align:start position:0% +sub field the real numbers. + + + align:start position:0% +sub field the real numbers. +So let me end by mentioning that + + align:start position:0% +So let me end by mentioning that + + + align:start position:0% +So let me end by mentioning that +example. + + align:start position:0% +example. + + + align:start position:0% +example. +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Are there actually are there any + + align:start position:0% +Are there actually are there any + + + align:start position:0% +Are there actually are there any +questions or comments before I before I + + align:start position:0% +questions or comments before I before I + + + align:start position:0% +questions or comments before I before I +do that last example? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. +So end the class. I'll mention this + + align:start position:0% +So end the class. I'll mention this + + + align:start position:0% +So end the class. I'll mention this +example over the complex numbers. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So in this setup, X is a set of + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So in this setup, X is a set of + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So in this setup, X is a set of +unit balls + + align:start position:0% +unit balls + + + align:start position:0% +unit balls +in the ball of radius R in C2. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um so + + align:start position:0% +Um so + + + align:start position:0% +Um so +this ball you can think of C2 for the + + align:start position:0% +this ball you can think of C2 for the + + + align:start position:0% +this ball you can think of C2 for the +moment as being R4. So this ball has a + + align:start position:0% +moment as being R4. So this ball has a + + + align:start position:0% +moment as being R4. So this ball has a +volume + + align:start position:0% +volume + + + align:start position:0% +volume +which is like R 4th. + + align:start position:0% +which is like R 4th. + + + align:start position:0% +which is like R 4th. +Okay. Now we're going to consider some + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Now we're going to consider some + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Now we're going to consider some +projections and I think a good way to + + align:start position:0% +projections and I think a good way to + + + align:start position:0% +projections and I think a good way to +write it is pi t of z1 z2 is z1 + t z2. + + align:start position:0% +write it is pi t of z1 z2 is z1 + t z2. + + + align:start position:0% +write it is pi t of z1 z2 is z1 + t z2. +So in this story z1 and z2 and t are all + + align:start position:0% +So in this story z1 and z2 and t are all + + + align:start position:0% +So in this story z1 and z2 and t are all +complex numbers. So these are complex + + align:start position:0% +complex numbers. So these are complex + + + align:start position:0% +complex numbers. So these are complex +projections and they're parameterized by + + align:start position:0% +projections and they're parameterized by + + + align:start position:0% +projections and they're parameterized by +a complex number t which maybe we can + + align:start position:0% +a complex number t which maybe we can + + + align:start position:0% +a complex number t which maybe we can +think of as being in the unit ball. So d + + align:start position:0% +think of as being in the unit ball. So d + + + align:start position:0% +think of as being in the unit ball. So d +is contained in the unit ball in the + + align:start position:0% +is contained in the unit ball in the + + + align:start position:0% +is contained in the unit ball in the +space of complex numbers + + align:start position:0% +space of complex numbers + + + align:start position:0% +space of complex numbers +and it's 1 / r separated. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. And then we can define sxd and nxr + + align:start position:0% +Okay. And then we can define sxd and nxr + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. And then we can define sxd and nxr +and nd row and housedorf. + + align:start position:0% +and nd row and housedorf. + + + align:start position:0% +and nd row and housedorf. +As usual, + + align:start position:0% +As usual, + + + align:start position:0% +As usual, +all those definitions translate in a + + align:start position:0% +all those definitions translate in a + + + align:start position:0% +all those definitions translate in a +straightforward way to the complex + + align:start position:0% +straightforward way to the complex + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward way to the complex +setting. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. And now the example basically is + + align:start position:0% +Okay. And now the example basically is + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. And now the example basically is +that the set X is basically R2 the real + + align:start position:0% +that the set X is basically R2 the real + + + align:start position:0% +that the set X is basically R2 the real +points and the set of directions are + + align:start position:0% +points and the set of directions are + + + align:start position:0% +points and the set of directions are +going to be the real directions. + + align:start position:0% +going to be the real directions. + + + align:start position:0% +going to be the real directions. +So + + align:start position:0% +So + + + align:start position:0% +So +X is a set of unit balls + + align:start position:0% +X is a set of unit balls + + + align:start position:0% +X is a set of unit balls +with centers + + align:start position:0% +with centers + + + align:start position:0% +with centers +in R2 + + align:start position:0% +in R2 + + + align:start position:0% +in R2 +and they're sitting in the ball of + + align:start position:0% +and they're sitting in the ball of + + + align:start position:0% +and they're sitting in the ball of +radius R. So the size of X would be like + + align:start position:0% +radius R. So the size of X would be like + + + align:start position:0% +radius R. So the size of X would be like +R 2 + + align:start position:0% +R 2 + + + align:start position:0% +R 2 +R 2 kind of real balls among R to the + + align:start position:0% +R 2 kind of real balls among R to the + + + align:start position:0% +R 2 kind of real balls among R to the +4th complex balls. + + align:start position:0% +4th complex balls. + + + align:start position:0% +4th complex balls. +And our set of directions are going to + + align:start position:0% +And our set of directions are going to + + + align:start position:0% +And our set of directions are going to +be um is going to be contained in the + + align:start position:0% +be um is going to be contained in the + + + align:start position:0% +be um is going to be contained in the +real part of the ball and they're one + + align:start position:0% +real part of the ball and they're one + + + align:start position:0% +real part of the ball and they're one +over r separated. So our set of + + align:start position:0% +over r separated. So our set of + + + align:start position:0% +over r separated. So our set of +directions will have size r. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So now if I take a real point z1 + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So now if I take a real point z1 + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So now if I take a real point z1 +z1 and z2 are real and I take a real + + align:start position:0% +z1 and z2 are real and I take a real + + + align:start position:0% +z1 and z2 are real and I take a real +projection so t is real then that will + + align:start position:0% +projection so t is real then that will + + + align:start position:0% +projection so t is real then that will +be real. + + align:start position:0% +be real. + + + align:start position:0% +be real. +So the um all of the projections of all + + align:start position:0% +So the um all of the projections of all + + + align:start position:0% +So the um all of the projections of all +of the centers of the balls will be + + align:start position:0% +of the centers of the balls will be + + + align:start position:0% +of the centers of the balls will be +real. The balls are still complex so + + align:start position:0% +real. The balls are still complex so + + + align:start position:0% +real. The balls are still complex so +they stick out a little bit in the + + align:start position:0% +they stick out a little bit in the + + + align:start position:0% +they stick out a little bit in the +imaginary direction but not very much. + + align:start position:0% +imaginary direction but not very much. + + + align:start position:0% +imaginary direction but not very much. +So if I take + + align:start position:0% +So if I take + + + align:start position:0% +So if I take +uh so if t is in d + + align:start position:0% +uh so if t is in d + + + align:start position:0% +uh so if t is in d +and I take pi t of x, what does it look + + align:start position:0% +and I take pi t of x, what does it look + + + align:start position:0% +and I take pi t of x, what does it look +like? Here's the complex plane. Here's a + + align:start position:0% +like? Here's the complex plane. Here's a + + + align:start position:0% +like? Here's the complex plane. Here's a +ball of radius R and + + align:start position:0% +ball of radius R and + + + align:start position:0% +ball of radius R and +it will look like this. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And this height will only be one because + + align:start position:0% +And this height will only be one because + + + align:start position:0% +And this height will only be one because +this will consist of lots of unit balls + + align:start position:0% +this will consist of lots of unit balls + + + align:start position:0% +this will consist of lots of unit balls +whose centers are real. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So we can conclude that S of XD is + + align:start position:0% +So we can conclude that S of XD is + + + align:start position:0% +So we can conclude that S of XD is +around R. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay, so this example badly violates + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so this example badly violates + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so this example badly violates +this conjecture showing that the + + align:start position:0% +this conjecture showing that the + + + align:start position:0% +this conjecture showing that the +conjecture is not true over the complex + + align:start position:0% +conjecture is not true over the complex + + + align:start position:0% +conjecture is not true over the complex +numbers. + + align:start position:0% +numbers. + + + align:start position:0% +numbers. +Um, and this example + + align:start position:0% +Um, and this example + + + align:start position:0% +Um, and this example +so and you know we had some simpler + + align:start position:0% +so and you know we had some simpler + + + align:start position:0% +so and you know we had some simpler +things that we did know how to prove + + align:start position:0% +things that we did know how to prove + + + align:start position:0% +things that we did know how to prove +over the reals. Uh, we had double + + align:start position:0% +over the reals. Uh, we had double + + + align:start position:0% +over the reals. Uh, we had double +counting and we had the forier method. + + align:start position:0% +counting and we had the forier method. + + + align:start position:0% +counting and we had the forier method. +Those work over the complex numbers and + + align:start position:0% +Those work over the complex numbers and + + + align:start position:0% +Those work over the complex numbers and +this example is sharp for both of those + + align:start position:0% +this example is sharp for both of those + + + align:start position:0% +this example is sharp for both of those +things. + + align:start position:0% +things. + + + align:start position:0% +things. +Um + + align:start position:0% +Um + + + align:start position:0% +Um +and um in this example you do kind of + + align:start position:0% +and um in this example you do kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and um in this example you do kind of +have so so you could ask you know are + + align:start position:0% +have so so you could ask you know are + + + align:start position:0% +have so so you could ask you know are +there cell decompositions over the + + align:start position:0% +there cell decompositions over the + + + align:start position:0% +there cell decompositions over the +complex numbers? It's a slightly tricky + + align:start position:0% +complex numbers? It's a slightly tricky + + + align:start position:0% +complex numbers? It's a slightly tricky +question. Um you know the way we built + + align:start position:0% +question. Um you know the way we built + + + align:start position:0% +question. Um you know the way we built +cell decompositions did look special for + + align:start position:0% +cell decompositions did look special for + + + align:start position:0% +cell decompositions did look special for +the real numbers because we took a + + align:start position:0% +the real numbers because we took a + + + align:start position:0% +the real numbers because we took a +variety a real a real you know the zero + + align:start position:0% +variety a real a real you know the zero + + + align:start position:0% +variety a real a real you know the zero +set of a polinomial and cut it out and + + align:start position:0% +set of a polinomial and cut it out and + + + align:start position:0% +set of a polinomial and cut it out and +that decomposed space into pieces. And + + align:start position:0% +that decomposed space into pieces. And + + + align:start position:0% +that decomposed space into pieces. And +here we're working over the complex + + align:start position:0% +here we're working over the complex + + + align:start position:0% +here we're working over the complex +numbers. If you take the zero set of a + + align:start position:0% +numbers. If you take the zero set of a + + + align:start position:0% +numbers. If you take the zero set of a +complex polomial and cut it out, it does + + align:start position:0% +complex polomial and cut it out, it does + + + align:start position:0% +complex polomial and cut it out, it does +not divide space into pieces. If you + + align:start position:0% +not divide space into pieces. If you + + + align:start position:0% +not divide space into pieces. If you +take the zero set of a real polinomial + + align:start position:0% +take the zero set of a real polinomial + + + align:start position:0% +take the zero set of a real polinomial +and cut it out, it does divide space + + align:start position:0% +and cut it out, it does divide space + + + align:start position:0% +and cut it out, it does divide space +into pieces, but it doesn't necessarily + + align:start position:0% +into pieces, but it doesn't necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +into pieces, but it doesn't necessarily +interact well with complex projections. + + align:start position:0% +interact well with complex projections. + + + align:start position:0% +interact well with complex projections. +Um, + + align:start position:0% +Um, + + + align:start position:0% +Um, +but in spite of that, there is with work + + align:start position:0% +but in spite of that, there is with work + + + align:start position:0% +but in spite of that, there is with work +a decent cell decomposition theory over + + align:start position:0% +a decent cell decomposition theory over + + + align:start position:0% +a decent cell decomposition theory over +C. And the main thing is that it's easy + + align:start position:0% +C. And the main thing is that it's easy + + + align:start position:0% +C. And the main thing is that it's easy +to see that for this particular example, + + align:start position:0% +to see that for this particular example, + + + align:start position:0% +to see that for this particular example, +you could divide it into pieces in a + + align:start position:0% +you could divide it into pieces in a + + + align:start position:0% +you could divide it into pieces in a +nice way by hand and the pieces would + + align:start position:0% +nice way by hand and the pieces would + + + align:start position:0% +nice way by hand and the pieces would +have all the properties of the cell + + align:start position:0% +have all the properties of the cell + + + align:start position:0% +have all the properties of the cell +decomposition uh that that you would + + align:start position:0% +decomposition uh that that you would + + + align:start position:0% +decomposition uh that that you would +that you would have in R2. + + align:start position:0% +that you would have in R2. + + + align:start position:0% +that you would have in R2. +Okay. So that goes to show that even + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So that goes to show that even + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So that goes to show that even +even though this theorem looks a lot + + align:start position:0% +even though this theorem looks a lot + + + align:start position:0% +even though this theorem looks a lot +like the semi troder theorem and we have + + align:start position:0% +like the semi troder theorem and we have + + + align:start position:0% +like the semi troder theorem and we have +a proof of the semi troder theorem, + + align:start position:0% +a proof of the semi troder theorem, + + + align:start position:0% +a proof of the semi troder theorem, +we're going to need to approach this + + align:start position:0% +we're going to need to approach this + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to need to approach this +theorem very differently. + + align:start position:0% +theorem very differently. + + + align:start position:0% +theorem very differently. +because the cell decomposition method + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +applies equally well to this example + + align:start position:0% +applies equally well to this example + + + align:start position:0% +applies equally well to this example +which is a counter example too you know + + align:start position:0% +which is a counter example too you know + + + align:start position:0% +which is a counter example too you know +which is which does not match our + + align:start position:0% +which is which does not match our + + + align:start position:0% +which is which does not match our +theorem. + + align:start position:0% +theorem. + + + align:start position:0% +theorem. +Um so to make progress towards this we + + align:start position:0% +Um so to make progress towards this we + + + align:start position:0% +Um so to make progress towards this we +have to think about the issue of whether + + align:start position:0% +have to think about the issue of whether + + + align:start position:0% +have to think about the issue of whether +a seal field field has sub fields and + + align:start position:0% +a seal field field has sub fields and + + + align:start position:0% +a seal field field has sub fields and +things like that um and try to take + + align:start position:0% +things like that um and try to take + + + align:start position:0% +things like that um and try to take +advantage of that to improve the bounds + + align:start position:0% +advantage of that to improve the bounds + + + align:start position:0% +advantage of that to improve the bounds +over over something like this. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/m-enGdJ-j8s.txt b/m-enGdJ-j8s.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6732f7d573011fe04de5ad12066387aeaec62ff0 --- /dev/null +++ b/m-enGdJ-j8s.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1195 @@ +align:start position:0% + +an interesting random variable + + align:start position:0% +an interesting random variable + + + align:start position:0% +an interesting random variable +associated with the Bernoulli process is + + align:start position:0% +associated with the Bernoulli process is + + + align:start position:0% +associated with the Bernoulli process is +the time of the case success or the time + + align:start position:0% +the time of the case success or the time + + + align:start position:0% +the time of the case success or the time +of the case arrival depending on what + + align:start position:0% +of the case arrival depending on what + + + align:start position:0% +of the case arrival depending on what +kind of context we have in mind so the + + align:start position:0% +kind of context we have in mind so the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of context we have in mind so the +picture is as follows the process starts + + align:start position:0% +picture is as follows the process starts + + + align:start position:0% +picture is as follows the process starts +and we wait until the first arrival + + align:start position:0% +and we wait until the first arrival + + + align:start position:0% +and we wait until the first arrival +occurs and the time that it occurs we + + align:start position:0% +occurs and the time that it occurs we + + + align:start position:0% +occurs and the time that it occurs we +call that time y1 then we keep observing + + align:start position:0% +call that time y1 then we keep observing + + + align:start position:0% +call that time y1 then we keep observing +the process and there is a time at which + + align:start position:0% +the process and there is a time at which + + + align:start position:0% +the process and there is a time at which +a second arrival comes we call that time + + align:start position:0% +a second arrival comes we call that time + + + align:start position:0% +a second arrival comes we call that time +y2 the process continues and there's a + + align:start position:0% +y2 the process continues and there's a + + + align:start position:0% +y2 the process continues and there's a +certain time that the third arrival + + align:start position:0% +certain time that the third arrival + + + align:start position:0% +certain time that the third arrival +comes we call that time y3 now the time + + align:start position:0% +comes we call that time y3 now the time + + + align:start position:0% +comes we call that time y3 now the time +that the first arrival comes this is + + align:start position:0% +that the first arrival comes this is + + + align:start position:0% +that the first arrival comes this is +also what we called t1 t1 is this length + + align:start position:0% +also what we called t1 t1 is this length + + + align:start position:0% +also what we called t1 t1 is this length +it's the time until the first arrival + + align:start position:0% +it's the time until the first arrival + + + align:start position:0% +it's the time until the first arrival +let us give a name to the time it takes + + align:start position:0% +let us give a name to the time it takes + + + align:start position:0% +let us give a name to the time it takes +from the first to the second arrival and + + align:start position:0% +from the first to the second arrival and + + + align:start position:0% +from the first to the second arrival and +we call that time t2 which is the second + + align:start position:0% +we call that time t2 which is the second + + + align:start position:0% +we call that time t2 which is the second +inter arrival time and similarly we will + + align:start position:0% +inter arrival time and similarly we will + + + align:start position:0% +inter arrival time and similarly we will +call t3 the time between the second and + + align:start position:0% +call t3 the time between the second and + + + align:start position:0% +call t3 the time between the second and +the third arrival so we define in + + align:start position:0% +the third arrival so we define in + + + align:start position:0% +the third arrival so we define in +general TK to be the difference between + + align:start position:0% +general TK to be the difference between + + + align:start position:0% +general TK to be the difference between +two consecutive arrival times and of + + align:start position:0% +two consecutive arrival times and of + + + align:start position:0% +two consecutive arrival times and of +course the time of the third arrival is + + align:start position:0% +course the time of the third arrival is + + + align:start position:0% +course the time of the third arrival is +the sum of T 1 plus T 2 plus T 3 the + + align:start position:0% +the sum of T 1 plus T 2 plus T 3 the + + + align:start position:0% +the sum of T 1 plus T 2 plus T 3 the +first three inter arrival times and more + + align:start position:0% +first three inter arrival times and more + + + align:start position:0% +first three inter arrival times and more +generally YK is going to be the sum of + + align:start position:0% +generally YK is going to be the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +generally YK is going to be the sum of +these K inter arrival times so in order + + align:start position:0% +these K inter arrival times so in order + + + align:start position:0% +these K inter arrival times so in order +to study the random variable Y K and its + + align:start position:0% +to study the random variable Y K and its + + + align:start position:0% +to study the random variable Y K and its +properties the way that we can proceed + + align:start position:0% +properties the way that we can proceed + + + align:start position:0% +properties the way that we can proceed +is to understand first the random + + align:start position:0% +is to understand first the random + + + align:start position:0% +is to understand first the random +variables T I what kind of random + + align:start position:0% +variables T I what kind of random + + + align:start position:0% +variables T I what kind of random +variables are they well we know that t1 + + align:start position:0% +variables are they well we know that t1 + + + align:start position:0% +variables are they well we know that t1 +the time until the first arrival has a + + align:start position:0% +the time until the first arrival has a + + + align:start position:0% +the time until the first arrival has a +geometric distribution with parameter P + + align:start position:0% +geometric distribution with parameter P + + + align:start position:0% +geometric distribution with parameter P +now at the time of the first arrival + + align:start position:0% +now at the time of the first arrival + + + align:start position:0% +now at the time of the first arrival +the process starts fresh so after this + + align:start position:0% +the process starts fresh so after this + + + align:start position:0% +the process starts fresh so after this +time there will be a sequence of + + align:start position:0% +time there will be a sequence of + + + align:start position:0% +time there will be a sequence of +independent Bernoulli + + align:start position:0% +independent Bernoulli + + + align:start position:0% +independent Bernoulli +trials and t2 will be the number of + + align:start position:0% +trials and t2 will be the number of + + + align:start position:0% +trials and t2 will be the number of +Bernoulli trials it takes until we see + + align:start position:0% +Bernoulli trials it takes until we see + + + align:start position:0% +Bernoulli trials it takes until we see +an arrival so t2 will also be geometric + + align:start position:0% +an arrival so t2 will also be geometric + + + align:start position:0% +an arrival so t2 will also be geometric +with the same parameter P furthermore + + align:start position:0% +with the same parameter P furthermore + + + align:start position:0% +with the same parameter P furthermore +because the process starts fresh + + align:start position:0% +because the process starts fresh + + + align:start position:0% +because the process starts fresh +whatever happens in the future after + + align:start position:0% +whatever happens in the future after + + + align:start position:0% +whatever happens in the future after +this time is independent from whatever + + align:start position:0% +this time is independent from whatever + + + align:start position:0% +this time is independent from whatever +happened in the past and so the random + + align:start position:0% +happened in the past and so the random + + + align:start position:0% +happened in the past and so the random +variable T 2 will be independent from t1 + + align:start position:0% +variable T 2 will be independent from t1 + + + align:start position:0% +variable T 2 will be independent from t1 +and then by a similar argument t3 will + + align:start position:0% +and then by a similar argument t3 will + + + align:start position:0% +and then by a similar argument t3 will +be independent from t1 and t2 and will + + align:start position:0% +be independent from t1 and t2 and will + + + align:start position:0% +be independent from t1 and t2 and will +also have the same geometric + + align:start position:0% +also have the same geometric + + + align:start position:0% +also have the same geometric +distribution based on these properties + + align:start position:0% +distribution based on these properties + + + align:start position:0% +distribution based on these properties +we can now go ahead and calculate + + align:start position:0% +we can now go ahead and calculate + + + align:start position:0% +we can now go ahead and calculate +properties of YJ YK is the sum of random + + align:start position:0% +properties of YJ YK is the sum of random + + + align:start position:0% +properties of YJ YK is the sum of random +variables the expected value of YK is + + align:start position:0% +variables the expected value of YK is + + + align:start position:0% +variables the expected value of YK is +the sum of the expected values of the + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the expected values of the + + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the expected values of the +teens each one of the T's has a + + align:start position:0% +teens each one of the T's has a + + + align:start position:0% +teens each one of the T's has a +geometric distribution with parameter P + + align:start position:0% +geometric distribution with parameter P + + + align:start position:0% +geometric distribution with parameter P +and in particular has a mean of 1 over P + + align:start position:0% +and in particular has a mean of 1 over P + + + align:start position:0% +and in particular has a mean of 1 over P +by adding those means we obtain that the + + align:start position:0% +by adding those means we obtain that the + + + align:start position:0% +by adding those means we obtain that the +mean of Y K is K over P similarly the + + align:start position:0% +mean of Y K is K over P similarly the + + + align:start position:0% +mean of Y K is K over P similarly the +variance of Y J will be equal to the sum + + align:start position:0% +variance of Y J will be equal to the sum + + + align:start position:0% +variance of Y J will be equal to the sum +of the variances of the T is the reason + + align:start position:0% +of the variances of the T is the reason + + + align:start position:0% +of the variances of the T is the reason +being that the TI's are independent and + + align:start position:0% +being that the TI's are independent and + + + align:start position:0% +being that the TI's are independent and +so to find the variance of the sum it's + + align:start position:0% +so to find the variance of the sum it's + + + align:start position:0% +so to find the variance of the sum it's +enough to just add the variances and we + + align:start position:0% +enough to just add the variances and we + + + align:start position:0% +enough to just add the variances and we +have a formula for the variance of a + + align:start position:0% +have a formula for the variance of a + + + align:start position:0% +have a formula for the variance of a +geometric and using that formula and + + align:start position:0% +geometric and using that formula and + + + align:start position:0% +geometric and using that formula and +multiplying it by K we obtain the + + align:start position:0% +multiplying it by K we obtain the + + + align:start position:0% +multiplying it by K we obtain the +variance of YK finally we would like to + + align:start position:0% +variance of YK finally we would like to + + + align:start position:0% +variance of YK finally we would like to +calculate the PMF of Y K so we would + + align:start position:0% +calculate the PMF of Y K so we would + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the PMF of Y K so we would +like to find this probability here the + + align:start position:0% +like to find this probability here the + + + align:start position:0% +like to find this probability here the +probability that Y K takes on a specific + + align:start position:0% +probability that Y K takes on a specific + + + align:start position:0% +probability that Y K takes on a specific +value equal to T notice that in this + + align:start position:0% +value equal to T notice that in this + + + align:start position:0% +value equal to T notice that in this +argument were thinking of K as a fixed + + align:start position:0% +argument were thinking of K as a fixed + + + align:start position:0% +argument were thinking of K as a fixed +given number for example we're + + align:start position:0% +given number for example we're + + + align:start position:0% +given number for example we're +interested in the time of the fifth + + align:start position:0% +interested in the time of the fifth + + + align:start position:0% +interested in the time of the fifth +arrival this is a random variable that + + align:start position:0% +arrival this is a random variable that + + + align:start position:0% +arrival this is a random variable that +can take different values T and we want + + align:start position:0% +can take different values T and we want + + + align:start position:0% +can take different values T and we want +to find the probabilities of those + + align:start position:0% +to find the probabilities of those + + + align:start position:0% +to find the probabilities of those +different values T so think of K as + + align:start position:0% +different values T so think of K as + + + align:start position:0% +different values T so think of K as +being fixed and T as a parameter that + + align:start position:0% +being fixed and T as a parameter that + + + align:start position:0% +being fixed and T as a parameter that +varies and we want to carry out this + + align:start position:0% +varies and we want to carry out this + + + align:start position:0% +varies and we want to carry out this +calculation for all possible choices of + + align:start position:0% +calculation for all possible choices of + + + align:start position:0% +calculation for all possible choices of +T now what is this event here this is + + align:start position:0% +T now what is this event here this is + + + align:start position:0% +T now what is this event here this is +the event that the cave arrival + + align:start position:0% +the event that the cave arrival + + + align:start position:0% +the event that the cave arrival +occurs at time T so this means that at + + align:start position:0% +occurs at time T so this means that at + + + align:start position:0% +occurs at time T so this means that at +time T we have an arrival but for this + + align:start position:0% +time T we have an arrival but for this + + + align:start position:0% +time T we have an arrival but for this +to be the case arrival we must have K + + align:start position:0% +to be the case arrival we must have K + + + align:start position:0% +to be the case arrival we must have K +minus 1 arrivals in the previous time + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 arrivals in the previous time + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 arrivals in the previous time +slots of which there's t minus 1 of them + + align:start position:0% +slots of which there's t minus 1 of them + + + align:start position:0% +slots of which there's t minus 1 of them +the probability that YJ is equal to T is + + align:start position:0% +the probability that YJ is equal to T is + + + align:start position:0% +the probability that YJ is equal to T is +the probability that these two events + + align:start position:0% +the probability that these two events + + + align:start position:0% +the probability that these two events +happen K minus 1 arrivals in t minus 1 + + align:start position:0% +happen K minus 1 arrivals in t minus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +happen K minus 1 arrivals in t minus 1 +slots and 1 arrival at slot number T so + + align:start position:0% +slots and 1 arrival at slot number T so + + + align:start position:0% +slots and 1 arrival at slot number T so +we are looking at the probability that + + align:start position:0% +we are looking at the probability that + + + align:start position:0% +we are looking at the probability that +these two events occur now this event K + + align:start position:0% +these two events occur now this event K + + + align:start position:0% +these two events occur now this event K +minus 1 arrivals in t minus 1 slots is + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 arrivals in t minus 1 slots is + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 arrivals in t minus 1 slots is +an event that completely determined by + + align:start position:0% +an event that completely determined by + + + align:start position:0% +an event that completely determined by +whatever happens in the first t minus 1 + + align:start position:0% +whatever happens in the first t minus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +whatever happens in the first t minus 1 +time slots whereas the event of an + + align:start position:0% +time slots whereas the event of an + + + align:start position:0% +time slots whereas the event of an +arrival at slot time T refers to + + align:start position:0% +arrival at slot time T refers to + + + align:start position:0% +arrival at slot time T refers to +whatever happens during slot time T + + align:start position:0% +whatever happens during slot time T + + + align:start position:0% +whatever happens during slot time T +because of our assumptions on the + + align:start position:0% +because of our assumptions on the + + + align:start position:0% +because of our assumptions on the +Bernoulli process whatever happens + + align:start position:0% +Bernoulli process whatever happens + + + align:start position:0% +Bernoulli process whatever happens +during these t minus 1 time slots is + + align:start position:0% +during these t minus 1 time slots is + + + align:start position:0% +during these t minus 1 time slots is +independent from what happens in slot + + align:start position:0% +independent from what happens in slot + + + align:start position:0% +independent from what happens in slot +number T so the probability of these two + + align:start position:0% +number T so the probability of these two + + + align:start position:0% +number T so the probability of these two +events happening because of independence + + align:start position:0% +events happening because of independence + + + align:start position:0% +events happening because of independence +will be the probability of the first + + align:start position:0% +will be the probability of the first + + + align:start position:0% +will be the probability of the first +event happening k minus 1 arrivals at + + align:start position:0% +event happening k minus 1 arrivals at + + + align:start position:0% +event happening k minus 1 arrivals at +time in time T minus 1 times the + + align:start position:0% +time in time T minus 1 times the + + + align:start position:0% +time in time T minus 1 times the +probability of an arrival at time T + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now the first probability is given by + + align:start position:0% +now the first probability is given by + + + align:start position:0% +now the first probability is given by +the binomial formula in t minus 1 times + + align:start position:0% +the binomial formula in t minus 1 times + + + align:start position:0% +the binomial formula in t minus 1 times +slots we want to have K minus 1 arrivals + + align:start position:0% +slots we want to have K minus 1 arrivals + + + align:start position:0% +slots we want to have K minus 1 arrivals +and the binomial formula gives us an + + align:start position:0% +and the binomial formula gives us an + + + align:start position:0% +and the binomial formula gives us an +exponent P to this power times 1 minus P + + align:start position:0% +exponent P to this power times 1 minus P + + + align:start position:0% +exponent P to this power times 1 minus P +to the power that's the difference of + + align:start position:0% +to the power that's the difference of + + + align:start position:0% +to the power that's the difference of +these two numbers which is T minus K and + + align:start position:0% +these two numbers which is T minus K and + + + align:start position:0% +these two numbers which is T minus K and +then finally we multiply with the + + align:start position:0% +then finally we multiply with the + + + align:start position:0% +then finally we multiply with the +probability of an arrival at time T + + align:start position:0% +probability of an arrival at time T + + + align:start position:0% +probability of an arrival at time T +which is equal to P this P will cancel + + align:start position:0% +which is equal to P this P will cancel + + + align:start position:0% +which is equal to P this P will cancel +the exponent of minus 1 up here and + + align:start position:0% +the exponent of minus 1 up here and + + + align:start position:0% +the exponent of minus 1 up here and +leads us to this formula for the + + align:start position:0% +leads us to this formula for the + + + align:start position:0% +leads us to this formula for the +probability that the K arrival happens + + align:start position:0% +probability that the K arrival happens + + + align:start position:0% +probability that the K arrival happens +at time T naught is the range of the + + align:start position:0% +at time T naught is the range of the + + + align:start position:0% +at time T naught is the range of the +random variable Y K the K arrival cannot + + align:start position:0% +random variable Y K the K arrival cannot + + + align:start position:0% +random variable Y K the K arrival cannot +happen before time K you need at least K + + align:start position:0% +happen before time K you need at least K + + + align:start position:0% +happen before time K you need at least K +time slots to obtain K arrivals so this + + align:start position:0% +time slots to obtain K arrivals so this + + + align:start position:0% +time slots to obtain K arrivals so this +probability will be positive only + + align:start position:0% +probability will be positive only + + + align:start position:0% +probability will be positive only +starting at time K and for future times + + align:start position:0% +starting at time K and for future times + + + align:start position:0% +starting at time K and for future times +so this random variable Y K in general + + align:start position:0% +so this random variable Y K in general + + + align:start position:0% +so this random variable Y K in general +will have a PMF of this form it's 0 for + + align:start position:0% +will have a PMF of this form it's 0 for + + + align:start position:0% +will have a PMF of this form it's 0 for +T's smaller than K and then at time K in + + align:start position:0% +T's smaller than K and then at time K in + + + align:start position:0% +T's smaller than K and then at time K in +general it's going to be a positive + + align:start position:0% +general it's going to be a positive + + + align:start position:0% +general it's going to be a positive +entry and for future values of T it will + + align:start position:0% +entry and for future values of T it will + + + align:start position:0% +entry and for future values of T it will +also have positive entries and this PMF + + align:start position:0% +also have positive entries and this PMF + + + align:start position:0% +also have positive entries and this PMF +extends all the way to infinity because + + align:start position:0% +extends all the way to infinity because + + + align:start position:0% +extends all the way to infinity because +it is possible that the K arrival takes + + align:start position:0% +it is possible that the K arrival takes + + + align:start position:0% +it is possible that the K arrival takes +an arbitrarily long time to occur if we + + align:start position:0% +an arbitrarily long time to occur if we + + + align:start position:0% +an arbitrarily long time to occur if we +consider different values of K of course + + align:start position:0% +consider different values of K of course + + + align:start position:0% +consider different values of K of course +we will get a different PMF the PMF of Y + + align:start position:0% +we will get a different PMF the PMF of Y + + + align:start position:0% +we will get a different PMF the PMF of Y +3 is different than the PMF of Y 2 and + + align:start position:0% +3 is different than the PMF of Y 2 and + + + align:start position:0% +3 is different than the PMF of Y 2 and +the PMF of Y 3 will generally set to the + + align:start position:0% +the PMF of Y 3 will generally set to the + + + align:start position:0% +the PMF of Y 3 will generally set to the +right of the PMF of Y 2 because the + + align:start position:0% +right of the PMF of Y 2 because the + + + align:start position:0% +right of the PMF of Y 2 because the +third arrival generally will take longer + + align:start position:0% +third arrival generally will take longer + + + align:start position:0% +third arrival generally will take longer +to occur than the second arrival \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/mBJCP3AH2Mk.txt b/mBJCP3AH2Mk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..279747641afca3d11c76ac9e61ec94bf9bbe0a05 --- /dev/null +++ b/mBJCP3AH2Mk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,309 @@ +At a pristine lake in Ontario, Canada, scientists +had been adding low levels of estrogen to + +the lake and were watching for changes. The +levels were approximately equal to the concentration + +of estrogen found in treated sewage discharge. + +The result: fathead minnow populations began +to collapse! + +Many of the chemicals that we use and release, +whether on purpose or by accident, can have + +severe effects on organisms and ecosystems. +To predict the accumulation and levels of + +contaminants, we can use differential equations. + +This video is part of the Differential Equations +video series. + +Laws that govern a system's properties can +be modeled using differential equations. + +Hi, my name is David Griffith, and I'm a graduate +student in the MIT/Wood's Hole Joint Program + +in Oceanography and the Department of Civil +and Environmental Engineering at MIT. + +Before watching this video, you should be +familiar with defining control volumes and + +applying conservation of mass. + +After watching this video, you will be able +to: Construct a differential equation to estimate + +the concentration of a chemical in the environment; +and Appreciate how informed estimates can + +help simplify and solve these differential +equations. + +While everyday chemicals provide a range of + +benefits to society, they are often released +into the environment and can cause unintended + +harm. +Examples include acid rain from smokestack + +sulfur emissions, toxic groundwater from leaky +gas station tanks, and endocrine disruption + +in fish populations due to treated and raw +sewage discharges. + +It would be helpful if we could monitor the +levels of potentially hazardous chemicals + +in the environment. But, given the tens of +thousands of chemicals in daily use, it shouldn't + +be surprising that measuring all of them is +not practical. + +So, what we need is a framework for simplifying +a very complex world. We accomplish this through + +the use of mathematical models, which are +simplified versions of reality. + +Many models take the form of differential +equations, which describe how one variable, + +like the concentration of a chemical, changes +with respect to another variable, like time. + +By applying conservation of mass, we can model +the change in chemical concentration with + +time as being equal to the inputs minus the +outputs. An input is the rate at which a chemical + +enters our control volume. An output is the +rate at which the chemical leaves the control + +volume. + +To find the inputs and outputs of chemicals + +into a control volume, the first step is to +identify the ways that chemicals enter and + +leave the control volume. +If we think about the estrogen experiment + +in Ontario, the estrogen entered the lake +from the scientist intentionally dumping estrogen + +from a motorboat and from the fish themselves. + +Once released into the lake, there are many +ways estrogens can leave the lake. A stream + +could carry the estrogens out of the lake. +Also, physical, chemical, and biological processes + +within the lake could degrade the estrogens +to inactive byproducts. + +In my own research, I am interested in the +fate of estrogens in the treated sewage that + +is discharged into Massachusetts Bay. + +To start, I had two initial questions: + +1) would the estrogen levels in the bay be +high enough to detect with our instruments? + +And +2) how much water would I need to collect? + +To answer these questions, I needed to estimate +the concentration of estrogen in the bay. + +This is where the differential equation comes +in. We can set up the equation by setting + +the time change in estrogen concentration +(dC/dt) equal to inputs minus outputs. + +Note that our definition of outputs includes +both physical flows and chemical reaction + +rates. What are the possible inputs? Because +Massachusetts Bay receives 360 million gallons + +of treated sewage discharge from the city +of Boston every day, we can assume here that + +sewage is the dominant input. +Now, can you think of any removal processes + +(that is, outputs) besides water leaving the +bay? Pause the video here and write down a couple. + +There are many possible outputs, including + +the rates of dilution, sedimentation, biodegradation, +loss to the atmosphere, and photodegradation. + +Observe that some of these estrogen outputs +remove estrogens from the control volume, + +while others chemically transform estrogens +into other compounds. + +At this point we may decide to neglect terms +that we suspect will be small given what we + +know about the characteristics of the particular +chemical and environment that we're modeling. + +For example, we might neglect loss to the +atmosphere because estrogen's structure means + +it has a low vapor pressure. +In addition, the fact that sewage is discharged + +from a pipe at the seafloor and will be trapped +below the sunlit surface allows us to neglect + +photodegradation. +We include the inputs and outputs into the + +differential equation like so. +We're going to make two more simplifying assumptions + +to make this equation easier to solve. Remember, +the goal is not to have a perfect model of + +estrogens in the bay, but to make a quick +computation to estimate how much water I should + +collect before I will have levels of estrogen +that I can detect. + +The two simplifying assumptions we make are +that: 1. The distribution of estrogens in + +the control volume is uniform. That is, the +bay is "well mixed. 2. The concentration is + +constant in time, that is the inputs and outputs +are balanced. We could solve this equation + +without assuming that the concentration is +constant in time, but this would make our + +solution a lot more complex, so for OUR back +of the envelope calculation, this is OK. + +Let's look at the terms in our differential + +equation. The input rate is represented by +the mass flux, which is the mass per time, + +Q, of estrogen leaving the wastewater treatment +plant, divided by the volume, V, of the bay. + +Dilution rate is represented by the dilution rate constant K dilution times C. + +Sedimentation rate is determined in terms +of the concentration of estrogens that are + +attached to solid particles, since only the +estrogen on solid particles will sink. + +Keep in mind that the solid particle estrogens +are represented by some fraction fs of the + +total concentration. + +So the sedimentation rate is represented by +the sedimentation rate constant, k_sed, times + +the fraction of the concentration of estrogen +attached to solid particles. + +Biodegradation rate is represented by the +biodegradation rate constant k_deg times C. + +Assuming steady state we get this equation. +Grouping like terms, and solving for C we + +get this. +Now we can isolate C and solve the equation + +using what we know or can estimate about the +chemical or the system. + +Once we solved for the concentration of estrogen +in the bay, we determined that we needed to + +collect 20 liters of water in order to make +the necessary measurements. + +Here you see me on Massachusetts +bay collecting water samples. + +We would collect 8 samples of 20L of water +per day, extract and concentrate each sample + +down to 100 micro liters before high enough +levels of estrogens could be experimentally + +measured using a mass spectrometer. The model +was key in helping me plan my sampling strategy. + +It turns out that this quick estimate was +pretty good, and I've collected and was able + +to detect estrogens in Massachusetts bay. + +Now I can use these measurements to refine +my model. For example, I might remove the + +assumption that the concentration is unchanging +in time. + +By comparing measured and predicted concentrations, +we can also hypothesize about which processes + +are dominant and discover potential missing +processes that affect estrogen concentration + +in the bay. +Once these hypotheses are well formed, we + +can then design new experiments to test them. +And can continue to refine the model. + +Ultimately, it's the iterative process of +taking measurements and refining our model + +that allows us to answer important questions +about whether estrogen levels are likely to + +pose a hazard in the bay. + +We have demonstrated how differential equations + +and simplifying assumptions can be used to +help us predict the concentration of a contaminant + +in a coastal bay. We have shown a simple example, +but the approach can be applied to any chemical + +in any control volume and at any scale. So, +the next time you are marveling at the complexity + +of the world around you, you can imagine how +you might construct a model using differential + +equations to help you understand it better. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/n0QLcw-CHmk.txt b/n0QLcw-CHmk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6480cce60669b7eed5964cc08000d2d1f4d56e38 --- /dev/null +++ b/n0QLcw-CHmk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8923 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + + align:start position:0% +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu +so Matt was putting a question on the + + align:start position:0% +so Matt was putting a question on the + + + align:start position:0% +so Matt was putting a question on the +table for us so when it's go ahead and + + align:start position:0% +table for us so when it's go ahead and + + + align:start position:0% +table for us so when it's go ahead and +lay that out then we'll get to the next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +much capital and technology grows it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'll just give me an example because + + align:start position:0% +I'll just give me an example because + + + align:start position:0% +I'll just give me an example because +you're you're right and identifying the + + align:start position:0% +you're you're right and identifying the + + + align:start position:0% +you're you're right and identifying the +problem you know about seven or eight + + align:start position:0% +problem you know about seven or eight + + + align:start position:0% +problem you know about seven or eight +years ago there were a whole series of + + align:start position:0% +years ago there were a whole series of + + + align:start position:0% +years ago there were a whole series of +major studies of climate and then how we + + align:start position:0% +major studies of climate and then how we + + + align:start position:0% +major studies of climate and then how we +gonna develop the necessary energy and + + align:start position:0% +gonna develop the necessary energy and + + + align:start position:0% +gonna develop the necessary energy and +related technologies that were going to + + align:start position:0% +related technologies that were going to + + + align:start position:0% +related technologies that were going to +be needed to tackle the problem right + + align:start position:0% +be needed to tackle the problem right + + + align:start position:0% +be needed to tackle the problem right +and interestingly all of those studies + + align:start position:0% +and interestingly all of those studies + + + align:start position:0% +and interestingly all of those studies +got to this moment where they were going + + align:start position:0% +got to this moment where they were going + + + align:start position:0% +got to this moment where they were going +to talk about the technologies and they + + align:start position:0% +to talk about the technologies and they + + + align:start position:0% +to talk about the technologies and they +all basically read the same way they all + + align:start position:0% +all basically read the same way they all + + + align:start position:0% +all basically read the same way they all +said yes we're gonna need a lot of + + align:start position:0% +said yes we're gonna need a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +said yes we're gonna need a lot of +technologies and you know and then we'll + + align:start position:0% +technologies and you know and then we'll + + + align:start position:0% +technologies and you know and then we'll +spend a lot of money on them right we'll + + align:start position:0% +spend a lot of money on them right we'll + + + align:start position:0% +spend a lot of money on them right we'll +spend a lot of money doing research and + + align:start position:0% +spend a lot of money doing research and + + + align:start position:0% +spend a lot of money doing research and +development was their conclusion and + + align:start position:0% +development was their conclusion and + + + align:start position:0% +development was their conclusion and +maybe we need to spend this much money + + align:start position:0% +maybe we need to spend this much money + + + align:start position:0% +maybe we need to spend this much money +on research an development way we need + + align:start position:0% +on research an development way we need + + + align:start position:0% +on research an development way we need +to spend this much but we'll spend a lot + + align:start position:0% +to spend this much but we'll spend a lot + + + align:start position:0% +to spend this much but we'll spend a lot +of money in research development there + + align:start position:0% +of money in research development there + + + align:start position:0% +of money in research development there +was never an attempt to get inside that + + align:start position:0% +was never an attempt to get inside that + + + align:start position:0% +was never an attempt to get inside that +black box as you well put it mad of how + + align:start position:0% +black box as you well put it mad of how + + + align:start position:0% +black box as you well put it mad of how +that innovation system is actually + + align:start position:0% +that innovation system is actually + + + align:start position:0% +that innovation system is actually +organized right to optimize the results + + align:start position:0% +organized right to optimize the results + + + align:start position:0% +organized right to optimize the results +that is our problem right that is the + + align:start position:0% +that is our problem right that is the + + + align:start position:0% +that is our problem right that is the +problem of this class right getting + + align:start position:0% +problem of this class right getting + + + align:start position:0% +problem of this class right getting +inside that black box and figuring out + + align:start position:0% +inside that black box and figuring out + + + align:start position:0% +inside that black box and figuring out +how these innovation systems actually + + align:start position:0% +how these innovation systems actually + + + align:start position:0% +how these innovation systems actually +work and how you can optimize the + + align:start position:0% +work and how you can optimize the + + + align:start position:0% +work and how you can optimize the +organization of them and we're going to + + align:start position:0% +organization of them and we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +organization of them and we're going to +look at a bunch of models and a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +look at a bunch of models and a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +look at a bunch of models and a bunch of +problems exactly on one of those lines + + align:start position:0% +problems exactly on one of those lines + + + align:start position:0% +problems exactly on one of those lines +but if we do nothing else + + align:start position:0% +but if we do nothing else + + + align:start position:0% +but if we do nothing else +you're gonna get deep inside that black + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna get deep inside that black + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna get deep inside that black +box and I think start to understand some + + align:start position:0% +box and I think start to understand some + + + align:start position:0% +box and I think start to understand some +of the elements you got to think about + + align:start position:0% +of the elements you got to think about + + + align:start position:0% +of the elements you got to think about +when you design your way out of it + + align:start position:0% +when you design your way out of it + + + align:start position:0% +when you design your way out of it +does that help because you're right it's + + align:start position:0% +does that help because you're right it's + + + align:start position:0% +does that help because you're right it's +been a classic problem in science and + + align:start position:0% +been a classic problem in science and + + + align:start position:0% +been a classic problem in science and +tech policy that it hasn't really faced + + align:start position:0% +tech policy that it hasn't really faced + + + align:start position:0% +tech policy that it hasn't really faced +the innovation organization problems it + + align:start position:0% +the innovation organization problems it + + + align:start position:0% +the innovation organization problems it +hasn't understood how important they are + + align:start position:0% +hasn't understood how important they are + + + align:start position:0% +hasn't understood how important they are +but I think they're really key and we + + align:start position:0% +but I think they're really key and we + + + align:start position:0% +but I think they're really key and we +really jump into that in the next class + + align:start position:0% +really jump into that in the next class + + + align:start position:0% +really jump into that in the next class +all right so we're now at our third + + align:start position:0% +all right so we're now at our third + + + align:start position:0% +all right so we're now at our third +great growth economist Dale Jorgen 'soon + + align:start position:0% +great growth economist Dale Jorgen 'soon + + + align:start position:0% +great growth economist Dale Jorgen 'soon +teaches up the street at Harvard and + + align:start position:0% +teaches up the street at Harvard and + + + align:start position:0% +teaches up the street at Harvard and +Jorgensen we put in here basically + + align:start position:0% +Jorgensen we put in here basically + + + align:start position:0% +Jorgensen we put in here basically +because he he proves the model right he + + align:start position:0% +because he he proves the model right he + + + align:start position:0% +because he he proves the model right he +takes a look at the 1990s + + align:start position:0% +takes a look at the 1990s + + + align:start position:0% +takes a look at the 1990s +you know IT boom that period of rapid + + align:start position:0% +you know IT boom that period of rapid + + + align:start position:0% +you know IT boom that period of rapid +growth and shows that that is driven by + + align:start position:0% +growth and shows that that is driven by + + + align:start position:0% +growth and shows that that is driven by +technological and related innovation and + + align:start position:0% +technological and related innovation and + + + align:start position:0% +technological and related innovation and +the resurgence the US economy in that 93 + + align:start position:0% +the resurgence the US economy in that 93 + + + align:start position:0% +the resurgence the US economy in that 93 +to 2001 period really outran all + + align:start position:0% +to 2001 period really outran all + + + align:start position:0% +to 2001 period really outran all +expectations and his view is that there + + align:start position:0% +expectations and his view is that there + + + align:start position:0% +expectations and his view is that there +is a the rapid decline in IT prices for + + align:start position:0% +is a the rapid decline in IT prices for + + + align:start position:0% +is a the rapid decline in IT prices for +a technology that inherently increases + + align:start position:0% +a technology that inherently increases + + + align:start position:0% +a technology that inherently increases +productivity an important kind of ways + + align:start position:0% +productivity an important kind of ways + + + align:start position:0% +productivity an important kind of ways +and costs ever less right that's a huge + + align:start position:0% +and costs ever less right that's a huge + + + align:start position:0% +and costs ever less right that's a huge +driver and was key to the surge in the + + align:start position:0% +driver and was key to the surge in the + + + align:start position:0% +driver and was key to the surge in the +1990s growth and he argues that the core + + align:start position:0% +1990s growth and he argues that the core + + + align:start position:0% +1990s growth and he argues that the core +technology and the IT wave was + + align:start position:0% +technology and the IT wave was + + + align:start position:0% +technology and the IT wave was +semiconductors so let me just walk + + align:start position:0% +semiconductors so let me just walk + + + align:start position:0% +semiconductors so let me just walk +through this you all probably know a + + align:start position:0% +through this you all probably know a + + + align:start position:0% +through this you all probably know a +fair amount of the semiconductor history + + align:start position:0% +fair amount of the semiconductor history + + + align:start position:0% +fair amount of the semiconductor history +Bell Labs in 1947 with Bardeen breton + + align:start position:0% +Bell Labs in 1947 with Bardeen breton + + + align:start position:0% +Bell Labs in 1947 with Bardeen breton +and Shockley they developed the + + align:start position:0% +and Shockley they developed the + + + align:start position:0% +and Shockley they developed the +transistor from semiconductor materials + + align:start position:0% +transistor from semiconductor materials + + + align:start position:0% +transistor from semiconductor materials +and you know it's an electrical + + align:start position:0% +and you know it's an electrical + + + align:start position:0% +and you know it's an electrical +switching device right and it enables + + align:start position:0% +switching device right and it enables + + + align:start position:0% +switching device right and it enables +essentially the whole follow-on of + + align:start position:0% +essentially the whole follow-on of + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the whole follow-on of +digital technology innovation it's that + + align:start position:0% +digital technology innovation it's that + + + align:start position:0% +digital technology innovation it's that +digital form that's key and then + + align:start position:0% +digital form that's key and then + + + align:start position:0% +digital form that's key and then +following on that comes the integrated + + align:start position:0% +following on that comes the integrated + + + align:start position:0% +following on that comes the integrated +circuit and that really evolves in 1958 + + align:start position:0% +circuit and that really evolves in 1958 + + + align:start position:0% +circuit and that really evolves in 1958 +and it's developed in to differ + + align:start position:0% +and it's developed in to differ + + + align:start position:0% +and it's developed in to differ +sites to different great groups frankly + + align:start position:0% +sites to different great groups frankly + + + align:start position:0% +sites to different great groups frankly +Jack Kilby was a leader of a team at + + align:start position:0% +Jack Kilby was a leader of a team at + + + align:start position:0% +Jack Kilby was a leader of a team at +Texas Instruments Robert Noyce is the + + align:start position:0% +Texas Instruments Robert Noyce is the + + + align:start position:0% +Texas Instruments Robert Noyce is the +leader of a team it's Fairchild + + align:start position:0% +leader of a team it's Fairchild + + + align:start position:0% +leader of a team it's Fairchild +Semiconductor Fairchild leader morphs + + align:start position:0% +Semiconductor Fairchild leader morphs + + + align:start position:0% +Semiconductor Fairchild leader morphs +into Intel and you know they develop the + + align:start position:0% +into Intel and you know they develop the + + + align:start position:0% +into Intel and you know they develop the +integrated circuit Gordon Moore who's + + align:start position:0% +integrated circuit Gordon Moore who's + + + align:start position:0% +integrated circuit Gordon Moore who's +working with noise at Fairchild + + align:start position:0% +working with noise at Fairchild + + + align:start position:0% +working with noise at Fairchild +Semiconductor develops watching what's + + align:start position:0% +Semiconductor develops watching what's + + + align:start position:0% +Semiconductor develops watching what's +going on he develops Moore's law which + + align:start position:0% +going on he develops Moore's law which + + + align:start position:0% +going on he develops Moore's law which +is a good way of describing what + + align:start position:0% +is a good way of describing what + + + align:start position:0% +is a good way of describing what +Jorgensen is on to you know the + + align:start position:0% +Jorgensen is on to you know the + + + align:start position:0% +Jorgensen is on to you know the +integrated circuit every two years is + + align:start position:0% +integrated circuit every two years is + + + align:start position:0% +integrated circuit every two years is +going to double the number of + + align:start position:0% +going to double the number of + + + align:start position:0% +going to double the number of +transistors per chip and the cost per + + align:start position:0% +transistors per chip and the cost per + + + align:start position:0% +transistors per chip and the cost per +transistor is going to decline by half + + align:start position:0% +transistor is going to decline by half + + + align:start position:0% +transistor is going to decline by half +in that same two years and sometimes + + align:start position:0% +in that same two years and sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +in that same two years and sometimes +it's 18 months kind of time period so in + + align:start position:0% +it's 18 months kind of time period so in + + + align:start position:0% +it's 18 months kind of time period so in +other words you have much greater + + align:start position:0% +other words you have much greater + + + align:start position:0% +other words you have much greater +capability at ever lower cost + + align:start position:0% +capability at ever lower cost + + + align:start position:0% +capability at ever lower cost +that's the phenomena that's at the core + + align:start position:0% +that's the phenomena that's at the core + + + align:start position:0% +that's the phenomena that's at the core +of this innovation wave and that is + + align:start position:0% +of this innovation wave and that is + + + align:start position:0% +of this innovation wave and that is +often what's happening you'll have a + + align:start position:0% +often what's happening you'll have a + + + align:start position:0% +often what's happening you'll have a +core technology with a declining cost + + align:start position:0% +core technology with a declining cost + + + align:start position:0% +core technology with a declining cost +base that gets ever more capable right + + align:start position:0% +base that gets ever more capable right + + + align:start position:0% +base that gets ever more capable right +at a lower cost so you introduce an + + align:start position:0% +at a lower cost so you introduce an + + + align:start position:0% +at a lower cost so you introduce an +effective deflationary factor into your + + align:start position:0% +effective deflationary factor into your + + + align:start position:0% +effective deflationary factor into your +technology advanced process so in 68 + + align:start position:0% +technology advanced process so in 68 + + + align:start position:0% +technology advanced process so in 68 +noise Moore and Andy Grove found Intel + + align:start position:0% +noise Moore and Andy Grove found Intel + + + align:start position:0% +noise Moore and Andy Grove found Intel +and they be move over to microprocessors + + align:start position:0% +and they be move over to microprocessors + + + align:start position:0% +and they be move over to microprocessors +or logic chips microchips which is you + + align:start position:0% +or logic chips microchips which is you + + + align:start position:0% +or logic chips microchips which is you +know a bundle of transistors playing out + + align:start position:0% +know a bundle of transistors playing out + + + align:start position:0% +know a bundle of transistors playing out +this Moore's Law theory + + align:start position:0% +this Moore's Law theory + + + align:start position:0% +this Moore's Law theory +so Jorgensen looks at semiconductors as + + align:start position:0% +so Jorgensen looks at semiconductors as + + + align:start position:0% +so Jorgensen looks at semiconductors as +the core technology advanced and under + + align:start position:0% +the core technology advanced and under + + + align:start position:0% +the core technology advanced and under +Moore's law it's coming down by half + + align:start position:0% +Moore's law it's coming down by half + + + align:start position:0% +Moore's law it's coming down by half +every two years in cost communications + + align:start position:0% +every two years in cost communications + + + align:start position:0% +every two years in cost communications +equipment cost is also coming down + + align:start position:0% +equipment cost is also coming down + + + align:start position:0% +equipment cost is also coming down +driven by in large part cheaper + + align:start position:0% +driven by in large part cheaper + + + align:start position:0% +driven by in large part cheaper +semiconductors so all kinds of + + align:start position:0% +semiconductors so all kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +semiconductors so all kinds of +transmission technologies are occurring + + align:start position:0% +transmission technologies are occurring + + + align:start position:0% +transmission technologies are occurring +at this time period I've listed some of + + align:start position:0% +at this time period I've listed some of + + + align:start position:0% +at this time period I've listed some of +them there that are coming down in price + + align:start position:0% +them there that are coming down in price + + + align:start position:0% +them there that are coming down in price +and the result is that a technology + + align:start position:0% +and the result is that a technology + + + align:start position:0% +and the result is that a technology +that's creating major new productivity + + align:start position:0% +that's creating major new productivity + + + align:start position:0% +that's creating major new productivity +gains in the economy in other words + + align:start position:0% +gains in the economy in other words + + + align:start position:0% +gains in the economy in other words +you're producing more + + align:start position:0% +you're producing more + + + align:start position:0% +you're producing more +for less with less labor input right + + align:start position:0% +for less with less labor input right + + + align:start position:0% +for less with less labor input right +there for you creating more a real gain + + align:start position:0% +there for you creating more a real gain + + + align:start position:0% +there for you creating more a real gain +right which amounts to a new real wealth + + align:start position:0% +right which amounts to a new real wealth + + + align:start position:0% +right which amounts to a new real wealth +in the society which you can distribute + + align:start position:0% +in the society which you can distribute + + + align:start position:0% +in the society which you can distribute +right that's the pattern here and the + + align:start position:0% +right that's the pattern here and the + + + align:start position:0% +right that's the pattern here and the +result is a growth resurgence + + align:start position:0% +result is a growth resurgence + + + align:start position:0% +result is a growth resurgence +so there's price declines in computing + + align:start position:0% +so there's price declines in computing + + + align:start position:0% +so there's price declines in computing +and communications equipment computing + + align:start position:0% +and communications equipment computing + + + align:start position:0% +and communications equipment computing +equipment from between 90 and 95 + + align:start position:0% +equipment from between 90 and 95 + + + align:start position:0% +equipment from between 90 and 95 +Jorgensen traces of 15% a year price + + align:start position:0% +Jorgensen traces of 15% a year price + + + align:start position:0% +Jorgensen traces of 15% a year price +decline between 1995 and 2000 a 32 + + align:start position:0% +decline between 1995 and 2000 a 32 + + + align:start position:0% +decline between 1995 and 2000 a 32 +percent decline per year in other words + + align:start position:0% +percent decline per year in other words + + + align:start position:0% +percent decline per year in other words +you know this thing is costing ever more + + align:start position:0% +you know this thing is costing ever more + + + align:start position:0% +you know this thing is costing ever more +capable and costing a lot less right in + + align:start position:0% +capable and costing a lot less right in + + + align:start position:0% +capable and costing a lot less right in +relatively short time periods now the + + align:start position:0% +relatively short time periods now the + + + align:start position:0% +relatively short time periods now the +outlier here is software right and this + + align:start position:0% +outlier here is software right and this + + + align:start position:0% +outlier here is software right and this +is hell Bill Gates gets rich because the + + align:start position:0% +is hell Bill Gates gets rich because the + + + align:start position:0% +is hell Bill Gates gets rich because the +decline in price and software is only + + align:start position:0% +decline in price and software is only + + + align:start position:0% +decline in price and software is only +1.6 between 90 and 95 and only 2.4 + + align:start position:0% +1.6 between 90 and 95 and only 2.4 + + + align:start position:0% +1.6 between 90 and 95 and only 2.4 +percent between 95 and 2000 right so in + + align:start position:0% +percent between 95 and 2000 right so in + + + align:start position:0% +percent between 95 and 2000 right so in +other words you can still charge a + + align:start position:0% +other words you can still charge a + + + align:start position:0% +other words you can still charge a +premium for your software even if the + + align:start position:0% +premium for your software even if the + + + align:start position:0% +premium for your software even if the +hard technology cost is coming down + + align:start position:0% +hard technology cost is coming down + + + align:start position:0% +hard technology cost is coming down +significantly right so that's why Gates + + align:start position:0% +significantly right so that's why Gates + + + align:start position:0% +significantly right so that's why Gates +and Microsoft get bigger than IBM + + align:start position:0% +and Microsoft get bigger than IBM + + + align:start position:0% +and Microsoft get bigger than IBM +because IBM bet on the wrong category + + align:start position:0% +because IBM bet on the wrong category + + + align:start position:0% +because IBM bet on the wrong category +you know and we still haven't tackled + + align:start position:0% +you know and we still haven't tackled + + + align:start position:0% +you know and we still haven't tackled +this cost of software problem it's still + + align:start position:0% +this cost of software problem it's still + + + align:start position:0% +this cost of software problem it's still +too much of an art form frankly but + + align:start position:0% +too much of an art form frankly but + + + align:start position:0% +too much of an art form frankly but +there is you know there's big growth in + + align:start position:0% +there is you know there's big growth in + + + align:start position:0% +there is you know there's big growth in +the 90s in this area much higher than + + align:start position:0% +the 90s in this area much higher than + + + align:start position:0% +the 90s in this area much higher than +any other kind of capital good and it + + align:start position:0% +any other kind of capital good and it + + + align:start position:0% +any other kind of capital good and it +becomes pervasive in the economy it's in + + align:start position:0% +becomes pervasive in the economy it's in + + + align:start position:0% +becomes pervasive in the economy it's in +homes it's every business and it's in + + align:start position:0% +homes it's every business and it's in + + + align:start position:0% +homes it's every business and it's in +government and the productivity numbers + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +from 1945 to 1973 the productivity + + align:start position:0% +from 1945 to 1973 the productivity + + + align:start position:0% +from 1945 to 1973 the productivity +growth rate in the u.s. is in the 2% + + align:start position:0% +growth rate in the u.s. is in the 2% + + + align:start position:0% +growth rate in the u.s. is in the 2% +range and then from 1973 to 93 + + align:start position:0% +range and then from 1973 to 93 + + + align:start position:0% +range and then from 1973 to 93 +productivity rate falls below into Falls + + align:start position:0% +productivity rate falls below into Falls + + + align:start position:0% +productivity rate falls below into Falls +much lower into the one-percent range + + align:start position:0% +much lower into the one-percent range + + + align:start position:0% +much lower into the one-percent range +and then from 95 to 2000 productivity + + align:start position:0% +and then from 95 to 2000 productivity + + + align:start position:0% +and then from 95 to 2000 productivity +rate is 3.5% + + align:start position:0% +rate is 3.5% + + + align:start position:0% +rate is 3.5% +and economic growth in turn is 4.2% + + align:start position:0% +and economic growth in turn is 4.2% + + + align:start position:0% +and economic growth in turn is 4.2% +these are astonishing numbers historical + + align:start position:0% +these are astonishing numbers historical + + + align:start position:0% +these are astonishing numbers historical +US growth rate is 3% in that 73 to 93 + + align:start position:0% +US growth rate is 3% in that 73 to 93 + + + align:start position:0% +US growth rate is 3% in that 73 to 93 +period it falls down to two percent + + align:start position:0% +period it falls down to two percent + + + align:start position:0% +period it falls down to two percent +productivity falls down to the one + + align:start position:0% +productivity falls down to the one + + + align:start position:0% +productivity falls down to the one +percent range that's a grim period that + + align:start position:0% +percent range that's a grim period that + + + align:start position:0% +percent range that's a grim period that +is a grim period in the US right and and + + align:start position:0% +is a grim period in the US right and and + + + align:start position:0% +is a grim period in the US right and and +it's really and getting out of that grim + + align:start position:0% +it's really and getting out of that grim + + + align:start position:0% +it's really and getting out of that grim +period really felt pretty amazing guess + + align:start position:0% +period really felt pretty amazing guess + + + align:start position:0% +period really felt pretty amazing guess +what right our current growth rate is in + + align:start position:0% +what right our current growth rate is in + + + align:start position:0% +what right our current growth rate is in +the two percent range and our current + + align:start position:0% +the two percent range and our current + + + align:start position:0% +the two percent range and our current +productivity rate is in the one-percent + + align:start position:0% +productivity rate is in the one-percent + + + align:start position:0% +productivity rate is in the one-percent +range right + + align:start position:0% +range right + + + align:start position:0% +range right +doesn't feel robust and dynamic a lot of + + align:start position:0% +doesn't feel robust and dynamic a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't feel robust and dynamic a lot of +people are getting left behind well we + + align:start position:0% +people are getting left behind well we + + + align:start position:0% +people are getting left behind well we +need new innovation base growth wave + + align:start position:0% +need new innovation base growth wave + + + align:start position:0% +need new innovation base growth wave +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +that's what Jorgensen is writing about + + align:start position:0% +that's what Jorgensen is writing about + + + align:start position:0% +that's what Jorgensen is writing about +that's what turned these numbers around + + align:start position:0% +that's what turned these numbers around + + + align:start position:0% +that's what turned these numbers around +in the 1990s and again I want you to + + align:start position:0% +in the 1990s and again I want you to + + + align:start position:0% +in the 1990s and again I want you to +understand the relationship between + + align:start position:0% +understand the relationship between + + + align:start position:0% +understand the relationship between +growth and productivity gains right + + align:start position:0% +growth and productivity gains right + + + align:start position:0% +growth and productivity gains right +again productivity gains are what create + + align:start position:0% +again productivity gains are what create + + + align:start position:0% +again productivity gains are what create +that real gain in society that you can + + align:start position:0% +that real gain in society that you can + + + align:start position:0% +that real gain in society that you can +distribute and they get driven by + + align:start position:0% +distribute and they get driven by + + + align:start position:0% +distribute and they get driven by +technological advance right productivity + + align:start position:0% +technological advance right productivity + + + align:start position:0% +technological advance right productivity +gains get driven predominated by + + align:start position:0% +gains get driven predominated by + + + align:start position:0% +gains get driven predominated by +technological advance + + align:start position:0% +technological advance + + + align:start position:0% +technological advance +so that's Jorgensen's picture he + + align:start position:0% +so that's Jorgensen's picture he + + + align:start position:0% +so that's Jorgensen's picture he +essentially proves the model he + + align:start position:0% +essentially proves the model he + + + align:start position:0% +essentially proves the model he +basically shows by looking at a period + + align:start position:0% +basically shows by looking at a period + + + align:start position:0% +basically shows by looking at a period +of a big innovation wave that so low + + align:start position:0% +of a big innovation wave that so low + + + align:start position:0% +of a big innovation wave that so low +it's got a right its technological based + + align:start position:0% +it's got a right its technological based + + + align:start position:0% +it's got a right its technological based +innovation that's driving that amazing + + align:start position:0% +innovation that's driving that amazing + + + align:start position:0% +innovation that's driving that amazing +period of economic growth in the 1990s + + align:start position:0% +period of economic growth in the 1990s + + + align:start position:0% +period of economic growth in the 1990s +so questions about this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to policy or demographic changes there's + + align:start position:0% +to policy or demographic changes there's + + + align:start position:0% +to policy or demographic changes there's +a number of things going on it's not so + + align:start position:0% +a number of things going on it's not so + + + align:start position:0% +a number of things going on it's not so +much demographics change in that period + + align:start position:0% +much demographics change in that period + + + align:start position:0% +much demographics change in that period +of time now we've got much more + + align:start position:0% +of time now we've got much more + + + align:start position:0% +of time now we've got much more +significant demographics issues and the + + align:start position:0% +significant demographics issues and the + + + align:start position:0% +significant demographics issues and the +cost of an aging demographic because + + align:start position:0% +cost of an aging demographic because + + + align:start position:0% +cost of an aging demographic because +you're gonna have to pay for me and I'm + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna have to pay for me and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna have to pay for me and I'm +gonna take a lot of your real wealth + + align:start position:0% +gonna take a lot of your real wealth + + + align:start position:0% +gonna take a lot of your real wealth +right that's what's it's an + + align:start position:0% +right that's what's it's an + + + align:start position:0% +right that's what's it's an +intergenerational transfer now we didn't + + align:start position:0% +intergenerational transfer now we didn't + + + align:start position:0% +intergenerational transfer now we didn't +really have much of that going on in + + align:start position:0% +really have much of that going on in + + + align:start position:0% +really have much of that going on in +that time period it was the ascendancy + + align:start position:0% +that time period it was the ascendancy + + + align:start position:0% +that time period it was the ascendancy +of a baby boom which in some ways is the + + align:start position:0% +of a baby boom which in some ways is the + + + align:start position:0% +of a baby boom which in some ways is the +opposite but in that period that's when + + align:start position:0% +opposite but in that period that's when + + + align:start position:0% +opposite but in that period that's when +the competition with Japan hits and + + align:start position:0% +the competition with Japan hits and + + + align:start position:0% +the competition with Japan hits and +we'll talk more about this but in the + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk more about this but in the + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk more about this but in the +post-world War two period the u.s. + + align:start position:0% +post-world War two period the u.s. + + + align:start position:0% +post-world War two period the u.s. +organizes its innovation system right + + align:start position:0% +organizes its innovation system right + + + align:start position:0% +organizes its innovation system right +and it organizes its innovation system + + align:start position:0% +and it organizes its innovation system + + + align:start position:0% +and it organizes its innovation system +around leading these innovation ways and + + align:start position:0% +around leading these innovation ways and + + + align:start position:0% +around leading these innovation ways and +it ends up leading almost all of them in + + align:start position:0% +it ends up leading almost all of them in + + + align:start position:0% +it ends up leading almost all of them in +that late 20th century you know second + + align:start position:0% +that late 20th century you know second + + + align:start position:0% +that late 20th century you know second +half of the 20th century period right + + align:start position:0% +half of the 20th century period right + + + align:start position:0% +half of the 20th century period right +and it gets very rich because it's it's + + align:start position:0% +and it gets very rich because it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +and it gets very rich because it's it's +getting the first mover advantage of + + align:start position:0% +getting the first mover advantage of + + + align:start position:0% +getting the first mover advantage of +these innovation ways so we create the + + align:start position:0% +these innovation ways so we create the + + + align:start position:0% +these innovation ways so we create the +richest nation on earth right and then + + align:start position:0% +richest nation on earth right and then + + + align:start position:0% +richest nation on earth right and then +it misses one and we'll talk more about + + align:start position:0% +it misses one and we'll talk more about + + + align:start position:0% +it misses one and we'll talk more about +this in class three + + align:start position:0% +this in class three + + + align:start position:0% +this in class three +but Japan figures out quality + + align:start position:0% +but Japan figures out quality + + + align:start position:0% +but Japan figures out quality +manufacturing it's an innovation wave + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing it's an innovation wave + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing it's an innovation wave +it's a whole new way of doing production + + align:start position:0% +it's a whole new way of doing production + + + align:start position:0% +it's a whole new way of doing production +and out of that Japan is able to capture + + align:start position:0% +and out of that Japan is able to capture + + + align:start position:0% +and out of that Japan is able to capture +very large parts of consumer electronics + + align:start position:0% +very large parts of consumer electronics + + + align:start position:0% +very large parts of consumer electronics +in the auto sector which had been core + + align:start position:0% +in the auto sector which had been core + + + align:start position:0% +in the auto sector which had been core +sectors in the US economy + + align:start position:0% +sectors in the US economy + + + align:start position:0% +sectors in the US economy +so a fair amount of what's going on + + align:start position:0% +so a fair amount of what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +so a fair amount of what's going on +between 73 and 93 is that the u.s. + + align:start position:0% +between 73 and 93 is that the u.s. + + + align:start position:0% +between 73 and 93 is that the u.s. +misses in innovation way now + + align:start position:0% +misses in innovation way now + + + align:start position:0% +misses in innovation way now +interestingly then what happens right + + align:start position:0% +interestingly then what happens right + + + align:start position:0% +interestingly then what happens right +then we have this you know boom time + + align:start position:0% +then we have this you know boom time + + + align:start position:0% +then we have this you know boom time +what did we do we brought on another + + align:start position:0% +what did we do we brought on another + + + align:start position:0% +what did we do we brought on another +innovation wave this is the IT way + + align:start position:0% +innovation wave this is the IT way + + + align:start position:0% +innovation wave this is the IT way +that's what Jorgensen is telling us + + align:start position:0% +that's what Jorgensen is telling us + + + align:start position:0% +that's what Jorgensen is telling us +and fascinatingly Japan missed it right + + align:start position:0% +and fascinatingly Japan missed it right + + + align:start position:0% +and fascinatingly Japan missed it right +so there's a lot of lessons here about + + align:start position:0% +so there's a lot of lessons here about + + + align:start position:0% +so there's a lot of lessons here about +that we'll talk about we get to the + + align:start position:0% +that we'll talk about we get to the + + + align:start position:0% +that we'll talk about we get to the +manufacturing class but go ahead max + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'll describe for you Matt let me + + align:start position:0% +I'll describe for you Matt let me + + + align:start position:0% +I'll describe for you Matt let me +interrupt since you mentioned Sony so + + align:start position:0% +interrupt since you mentioned Sony so + + + align:start position:0% +interrupt since you mentioned Sony so +I'm in Japan in January of 2006 speaking + + align:start position:0% +I'm in Japan in January of 2006 speaking + + + align:start position:0% +I'm in Japan in January of 2006 speaking +at a big you know conference organized + + align:start position:0% +at a big you know conference organized + + + align:start position:0% +at a big you know conference organized +by the US National Academies and similar + + align:start position:0% +by the US National Academies and similar + + + align:start position:0% +by the US National Academies and similar +organizations in Japan and you know we + + align:start position:0% +organizations in Japan and you know we + + + align:start position:0% +organizations in Japan and you know we +the meeting is on innovation systems + + align:start position:0% +the meeting is on innovation systems + + + align:start position:0% +the meeting is on innovation systems +actually and the headline in the major + + align:start position:0% +actually and the headline in the major + + + align:start position:0% +actually and the headline in the major +Japanese newspaper and there's a major + + align:start position:0% +Japanese newspaper and there's a major + + + align:start position:0% +Japanese newspaper and there's a major +Japanese english-language newspaper the + + align:start position:0% +Japanese english-language newspaper the + + + align:start position:0% +Japanese english-language newspaper the +headline is bold headline across the + + align:start position:0% +headline is bold headline across the + + + align:start position:0% +headline is bold headline across the +front Apple sells 14 million ipods + + align:start position:0% +front Apple sells 14 million ipods + + + align:start position:0% +front Apple sells 14 million ipods +semicolon where is Sony question mark + + align:start position:0% +semicolon where is Sony question mark + + + align:start position:0% +semicolon where is Sony question mark +question mark right Apple took back a + + align:start position:0% +question mark right Apple took back a + + + align:start position:0% +question mark right Apple took back a +large part of that consumer innovation + + align:start position:0% +large part of that consumer innovation + + + align:start position:0% +large part of that consumer innovation +wave right you know snatched it with us + + align:start position:0% +wave right you know snatched it with us + + + align:start position:0% +wave right you know snatched it with us +of defeat at the hands of great + + align:start position:0% +of defeat at the hands of great + + + align:start position:0% +of defeat at the hands of great +companies like Sony so the US was us + + align:start position:0% +companies like Sony so the US was us + + + align:start position:0% +companies like Sony so the US was us +quote because Apple does make anything + + align:start position:0% +quote because Apple does make anything + + + align:start position:0% +quote because Apple does make anything +here right was able to take back + + align:start position:0% +here right was able to take back + + + align:start position:0% +here right was able to take back +leadership of a an important because of + + align:start position:0% +leadership of a an important because of + + + align:start position:0% +leadership of a an important because of +its leadership of a computing revolution + + align:start position:0% +its leadership of a computing revolution + + + align:start position:0% +its leadership of a computing revolution +right in effect it adds a computing + + align:start position:0% +right in effect it adds a computing + + + align:start position:0% +right in effect it adds a computing +revolution on to what that had been + + align:start position:0% +revolution on to what that had been + + + align:start position:0% +revolution on to what that had been +consumer electronics and then leads in + + align:start position:0% +consumer electronics and then leads in + + + align:start position:0% +consumer electronics and then leads in +that territory and that's what's playing + + align:start position:0% +that territory and that's what's playing + + + align:start position:0% +that territory and that's what's playing +out you know in this time period of the + + align:start position:0% +out you know in this time period of the + + + align:start position:0% +out you know in this time period of the +innovation wave but we'll dive into this + + align:start position:0% +innovation wave but we'll dive into this + + + align:start position:0% +innovation wave but we'll dive into this +when we get to the manufacturing class + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so anything else on Jorgensen what do + + align:start position:0% +so anything else on Jorgensen what do + + + align:start position:0% +so anything else on Jorgensen what do +you think is he right this is this the + + align:start position:0% +you think is he right this is this the + + + align:start position:0% +you think is he right this is this the +right picture I think the economic + + align:start position:0% +right picture I think the economic + + + align:start position:0% +right picture I think the economic +evidence is pretty overwhelming on this + + align:start position:0% +evidence is pretty overwhelming on this + + + align:start position:0% +evidence is pretty overwhelming on this +one it looks really pretty clear what + + align:start position:0% +one it looks really pretty clear what + + + align:start position:0% +one it looks really pretty clear what +happened and that this model of a core + + align:start position:0% +happened and that this model of a core + + + align:start position:0% +happened and that this model of a core +invention apps pile on it + + align:start position:0% +invention apps pile on it + + + align:start position:0% +invention apps pile on it +semiconductors apps pile around at like + + align:start position:0% +semiconductors apps pile around at like + + + align:start position:0% +semiconductors apps pile around at like +you know the Internet + + align:start position:0% +you know the Internet + + + align:start position:0% +you know the Internet +right and then it becomes innovation and + + align:start position:0% +right and then it becomes innovation and + + + align:start position:0% +right and then it becomes innovation and +then it becomes an innovation wave right + + align:start position:0% +then it becomes an innovation wave right + + + align:start position:0% +then it becomes an innovation wave right +and then it spreads throughout the + + align:start position:0% +and then it spreads throughout the + + + align:start position:0% +and then it spreads throughout the +economy and then it creates big + + align:start position:0% +economy and then it creates big + + + align:start position:0% +economy and then it creates big +productivity gains and then you can + + align:start position:0% +productivity gains and then you can + + + align:start position:0% +productivity gains and then you can +translate those productivity gains into + + align:start position:0% +translate those productivity gains into + + + align:start position:0% +translate those productivity gains into +a real gaining your society which means + + align:start position:0% +a real gaining your society which means + + + align:start position:0% +a real gaining your society which means +a real new wealth in your society which + + align:start position:0% +a real new wealth in your society which + + + align:start position:0% +a real new wealth in your society which +you can distribute that's that looks + + align:start position:0% +you can distribute that's that looks + + + align:start position:0% +you can distribute that's that looks +very clear there that happens so a major + + align:start position:0% +very clear there that happens so a major + + + align:start position:0% +very clear there that happens so a major +you know issue in the classes how do you + + align:start position:0% +you know issue in the classes how do you + + + align:start position:0% +you know issue in the classes how do you +how do you do these right could we do + + align:start position:0% +how do you do these right could we do + + + align:start position:0% +how do you do these right could we do +these can we speed the pace I mean + + align:start position:0% +these can we speed the pace I mean + + + align:start position:0% +these can we speed the pace I mean +typically it happened about every 40 or + + align:start position:0% +typically it happened about every 40 or + + + align:start position:0% +typically it happened about every 40 or +50 years right could you reduce the + + align:start position:0% +50 years right could you reduce the + + + align:start position:0% +50 years right could you reduce the +interim period one way of looking at + + align:start position:0% +interim period one way of looking at + + + align:start position:0% +interim period one way of looking at +what's going on now is we're just + + align:start position:0% +what's going on now is we're just + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on now is we're just +waiting for a wave right it's like we're + + align:start position:0% +waiting for a wave right it's like we're + + + align:start position:0% +waiting for a wave right it's like we're +surfers paddling around waiting for that + + align:start position:0% +surfers paddling around waiting for that + + + align:start position:0% +surfers paddling around waiting for that +wave to kind of take us and you know I + + align:start position:0% +wave to kind of take us and you know I + + + align:start position:0% +wave to kind of take us and you know I +don't know what that wave is gonna be + + align:start position:0% +don't know what that wave is gonna be + + + align:start position:0% +don't know what that wave is gonna be +but could be very interesting because we + + align:start position:0% +but could be very interesting because we + + + align:start position:0% +but could be very interesting because we +seem to do these about every 40 or 50 + + align:start position:0% +seem to do these about every 40 or 50 + + + align:start position:0% +seem to do these about every 40 or 50 +years but then the question is are we + + align:start position:0% +years but then the question is are we + + + align:start position:0% +years but then the question is are we +gonna lead it right so if the next big + + align:start position:0% +gonna lead it right so if the next big + + + align:start position:0% +gonna lead it right so if the next big +wave worldwide is energy in this + + align:start position:0% +wave worldwide is energy in this + + + align:start position:0% +wave worldwide is energy in this +certainly a case that it might be you + + align:start position:0% +certainly a case that it might be you + + + align:start position:0% +certainly a case that it might be you +know are we gonna have our first mover + + align:start position:0% +know are we gonna have our first mover + + + align:start position:0% +know are we gonna have our first mover +advantage and a lot of these + + align:start position:0% +advantage and a lot of these + + + align:start position:0% +advantage and a lot of these +technologies and get some of the gains + + align:start position:0% +technologies and get some of the gains + + + align:start position:0% +technologies and get some of the gains +right or not I think that's a pretty + + align:start position:0% +right or not I think that's a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +right or not I think that's a pretty +open question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +martín go ahead talked about how because + + align:start position:0% +martín go ahead talked about how because + + + align:start position:0% +martín go ahead talked about how because +we're just like Bill Gates funded + + align:start position:0% +we're just like Bill Gates funded + + + align:start position:0% +we're just like Bill Gates funded +fishing company that's to a new kind of + + align:start position:0% +fishing company that's to a new kind of + + + align:start position:0% +fishing company that's to a new kind of +reactor but the policy is so far here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes the I think those are important + + align:start position:0% +yes the I think those are important + + + align:start position:0% +yes the I think those are important +points Martine end this is this is a + + align:start position:0% +points Martine end this is this is a + + + align:start position:0% +points Martine end this is this is a +legacy sector problem in other words the + + align:start position:0% +legacy sector problem in other words the + + + align:start position:0% +legacy sector problem in other words the +u.s. is and we'll talk about this a lot + + align:start position:0% +u.s. is and we'll talk about this a lot + + + align:start position:0% +u.s. is and we'll talk about this a lot +when we get to energy and we'll read + + align:start position:0% +when we get to energy and we'll read + + + align:start position:0% +when we get to energy and we'll read +about it but the u.s. is pretty good at + + align:start position:0% +about it but the u.s. is pretty good at + + + align:start position:0% +about it but the u.s. is pretty good at +creating these kind of new frontier + + align:start position:0% +creating these kind of new frontier + + + align:start position:0% +creating these kind of new frontier +territories right standing up these new + + align:start position:0% +territories right standing up these new + + + align:start position:0% +territories right standing up these new +areas we're not good at bringing + + align:start position:0% +areas we're not good at bringing + + + align:start position:0% +areas we're not good at bringing +innovation back into established sectors + + align:start position:0% +innovation back into established sectors + + + align:start position:0% +innovation back into established sectors +we'd just rather do the next big thing + + align:start position:0% +we'd just rather do the next big thing + + + align:start position:0% +we'd just rather do the next big thing +and that's not bad right but when a lot + + align:start position:0% +and that's not bad right but when a lot + + + align:start position:0% +and that's not bad right but when a lot +of your social problems are tied to the + + align:start position:0% +of your social problems are tied to the + + + align:start position:0% +of your social problems are tied to the +legacy sectors then it becomes a big + + align:start position:0% +legacy sectors then it becomes a big + + + align:start position:0% +legacy sectors then it becomes a big +disadvantage now that's not to say that + + align:start position:0% +disadvantage now that's not to say that + + + align:start position:0% +disadvantage now that's not to say that +countries in general are good at + + align:start position:0% +countries in general are good at + + + align:start position:0% +countries in general are good at +innovating in legacy sectors they're not + + align:start position:0% +innovating in legacy sectors they're not + + + align:start position:0% +innovating in legacy sectors they're not +there's a problem for everybody but I + + align:start position:0% +there's a problem for everybody but I + + + align:start position:0% +there's a problem for everybody but I +think we're particularly bad at it and + + align:start position:0% +think we're particularly bad at it and + + + align:start position:0% +think we're particularly bad at it and +you know think of what the big societal + + align:start position:0% +you know think of what the big societal + + + align:start position:0% +you know think of what the big societal +problems are right you know energy + + align:start position:0% +problems are right you know energy + + + align:start position:0% +problems are right you know energy +efficiency and moving to a new + + align:start position:0% +efficiency and moving to a new + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency and moving to a new +generation of energy technologies we've + + align:start position:0% +generation of energy technologies we've + + + align:start position:0% +generation of energy technologies we've +got to figure out how to do that but + + align:start position:0% +got to figure out how to do that but + + + align:start position:0% +got to figure out how to do that but +that means learning how to innovate in a + + align:start position:0% +that means learning how to innovate in a + + + align:start position:0% +that means learning how to innovate in a +legacy sector I've got a terrible + + align:start position:0% +legacy sector I've got a terrible + + + align:start position:0% +legacy sector I've got a terrible +problem with healthcare delivery right + + align:start position:0% +problem with healthcare delivery right + + + align:start position:0% +problem with healthcare delivery right +terrible we do the new thing we'll do + + align:start position:0% +terrible we do the new thing we'll do + + + align:start position:0% +terrible we do the new thing we'll do +biotech we'll create the new frontier we + + align:start position:0% +biotech we'll create the new frontier we + + + align:start position:0% +biotech we'll create the new frontier we +just don't go back and fix the + + align:start position:0% +just don't go back and fix the + + + align:start position:0% +just don't go back and fix the +healthcare delivery system because it's + + align:start position:0% +healthcare delivery system because it's + + + align:start position:0% +healthcare delivery system because it's +tough we you know rather do biotech + + align:start position:0% +tough we you know rather do biotech + + + align:start position:0% +tough we you know rather do biotech +so a lot of our societal problems are + + align:start position:0% +so a lot of our societal problems are + + + align:start position:0% +so a lot of our societal problems are +tied up in this stuff and as we'll talk + + align:start position:0% +tied up in this stuff and as we'll talk + + + align:start position:0% +tied up in this stuff and as we'll talk +about in a couple of weeks Manufacturing + + align:start position:0% +about in a couple of weeks Manufacturing + + + align:start position:0% +about in a couple of weeks Manufacturing +has played a critical role in creating a + + align:start position:0% +has played a critical role in creating a + + + align:start position:0% +has played a critical role in creating a +very deep inequality problem the society + + align:start position:0% +very deep inequality problem the society + + + align:start position:0% +very deep inequality problem the society +right the failure of that sector and you + + align:start position:0% +right the failure of that sector and you + + + align:start position:0% +right the failure of that sector and you +know again we're not good at going back + + align:start position:0% +know again we're not good at going back + + + align:start position:0% +know again we're not good at going back +and bringing innovation ie the next + + align:start position:0% +and bringing innovation ie the next + + + align:start position:0% +and bringing innovation ie the next +generation of advanced manufacturing + + align:start position:0% +generation of advanced manufacturing + + + align:start position:0% +generation of advanced manufacturing +into an established legacy sectors so + + align:start position:0% +into an established legacy sectors so + + + align:start position:0% +into an established legacy sectors so +this legacy sector problem actually + + align:start position:0% +this legacy sector problem actually + + + align:start position:0% +this legacy sector problem actually +turns out to be a big one and that'll be + + align:start position:0% +turns out to be a big one and that'll be + + + align:start position:0% +turns out to be a big one and that'll be +one of the themes of the class I'm + + align:start position:0% +one of the themes of the class I'm + + + align:start position:0% +one of the themes of the class I'm +stealing my own thunder for a few weeks + + align:start position:0% +stealing my own thunder for a few weeks + + + align:start position:0% +stealing my own thunder for a few weeks +from now but you get an advance snapshot + + align:start position:0% +from now but you get an advance snapshot + + + align:start position:0% +from now but you get an advance snapshot +Chloe yeah I don't think it's bad to + + align:start position:0% +Chloe yeah I don't think it's bad to + + + align:start position:0% +Chloe yeah I don't think it's bad to +have a big menu to get waves out of I + + align:start position:0% +have a big menu to get waves out of I + + + align:start position:0% +have a big menu to get waves out of I +think that's fine and the other thing I + + align:start position:0% +think that's fine and the other thing I + + + align:start position:0% +think that's fine and the other thing I +should say is not not all waves are big + + align:start position:0% +should say is not not all waves are big + + + align:start position:0% +should say is not not all waves are big +ways in other words ways are of + + align:start position:0% +ways in other words ways are of + + + align:start position:0% +ways in other words ways are of +different size here biotech is not a big + + align:start position:0% +different size here biotech is not a big + + + align:start position:0% +different size here biotech is not a big +wave as an IT sector but it sure is an + + align:start position:0% +wave as an IT sector but it sure is an + + + align:start position:0% +wave as an IT sector but it sure is an +important wave right and you don't want + + align:start position:0% +important wave right and you don't want + + + align:start position:0% +important wave right and you don't want +to miss it right so we're gonna have + + align:start position:0% +to miss it right so we're gonna have + + + align:start position:0% +to miss it right so we're gonna have +different ways of different sizes so + + align:start position:0% +different ways of different sizes so + + + align:start position:0% +different ways of different sizes so +having a lot of candidates for waves I + + align:start position:0% +having a lot of candidates for waves I + + + align:start position:0% +having a lot of candidates for waves I +think it's actually a pretty important + + align:start position:0% +think it's actually a pretty important + + + align:start position:0% +think it's actually a pretty important +thing because we don't it's hard to + + align:start position:0% +thing because we don't it's hard to + + + align:start position:0% +thing because we don't it's hard to +predict where the ways will actually + + align:start position:0% +predict where the ways will actually + + + align:start position:0% +predict where the ways will actually +where the big innovation ways will + + align:start position:0% +where the big innovation ways will + + + align:start position:0% +where the big innovation ways will +actually go does that answer that okay + + align:start position:0% +actually go does that answer that okay + + + align:start position:0% +actually go does that answer that okay +any other thoughts all right let's do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's do this Merrill Lynch piece so + + align:start position:0% +let's do this Merrill Lynch piece so + + + align:start position:0% +let's do this Merrill Lynch piece so +here's the question that this this is a + + align:start position:0% +here's the question that this this is a + + + align:start position:0% +here's the question that this this is a +little Merrill Lynch report that it's + + align:start position:0% +little Merrill Lynch report that it's + + + align:start position:0% +little Merrill Lynch report that it's +sent just before 9/11 in elation you + + align:start position:0% +sent just before 9/11 in elation you + + + align:start position:0% +sent just before 9/11 in elation you +know interestingly when the markets went + + align:start position:0% +know interestingly when the markets went + + + align:start position:0% +know interestingly when the markets went +bust this was done in September 4 2001 + + align:start position:0% +bust this was done in September 4 2001 + + + align:start position:0% +bust this was done in September 4 2001 +and you know disaster is only days ahead + + align:start position:0% +and you know disaster is only days ahead + + + align:start position:0% +and you know disaster is only days ahead +but it's there this is the they're + + align:start position:0% +but it's there this is the they're + + + align:start position:0% +but it's there this is the they're +writing the IT innovation wave right and + + align:start position:0% +writing the IT innovation wave right and + + + align:start position:0% +writing the IT innovation wave right and +they're trying to + + align:start position:0% +they're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +they're trying to +assess what innovation waves are and how + + align:start position:0% +assess what innovation waves are and how + + + align:start position:0% +assess what innovation waves are and how +their investors can get rich off of them + + align:start position:0% +their investors can get rich off of them + + + align:start position:0% +their investors can get rich off of them +right and in a capitalist economy that's + + align:start position:0% +right and in a capitalist economy that's + + + align:start position:0% +right and in a capitalist economy that's +not an unimportant tasks so how do + + align:start position:0% +not an unimportant tasks so how do + + + align:start position:0% +not an unimportant tasks so how do +investors look at potential technology + + align:start position:0% +investors look at potential technology + + + align:start position:0% +investors look at potential technology +breakthroughs do they believe that they + + align:start position:0% +breakthroughs do they believe that they + + + align:start position:0% +breakthroughs do they believe that they +drive growth so what is the meril report + + align:start position:0% +drive growth so what is the meril report + + + align:start position:0% +drive growth so what is the meril report +out to its investors tell its investors + + align:start position:0% +out to its investors tell its investors + + + align:start position:0% +out to its investors tell its investors +well they say yes right + + align:start position:0% +well they say yes right + + + align:start position:0% +well they say yes right +innovation tries growth so you want to + + align:start position:0% +innovation tries growth so you want to + + + align:start position:0% +innovation tries growth so you want to +get on this right you really want to get + + align:start position:0% +get on this right you really want to get + + + align:start position:0% +get on this right you really want to get +on these innovation ways and then Norman + + align:start position:0% +on these innovation ways and then Norman + + + align:start position:0% +on these innovation ways and then Norman +P ory who I think is related to mi t--'s + + align:start position:0% +P ory who I think is related to mi t--'s + + + align:start position:0% +P ory who I think is related to mi t--'s +Michael Peoria is a wonderful professor + + align:start position:0% +Michael Peoria is a wonderful professor + + + align:start position:0% +Michael Peoria is a wonderful professor +of entrepreneurship and technology + + align:start position:0% +of entrepreneurship and technology + + + align:start position:0% +of entrepreneurship and technology +advanced at Sloan it's done important + + align:start position:0% +advanced at Sloan it's done important + + + align:start position:0% +advanced at Sloan it's done important +work on a lot of things including DARPA + + align:start position:0% +work on a lot of things including DARPA + + + align:start position:0% +work on a lot of things including DARPA +and including manufacturing so I I think + + align:start position:0% +and including manufacturing so I I think + + + align:start position:0% +and including manufacturing so I I think +Norman and and Michael are related but I + + align:start position:0% +Norman and and Michael are related but I + + + align:start position:0% +Norman and and Michael are related but I +haven't asked him but Norman peor who's + + align:start position:0% +haven't asked him but Norman peor who's + + + align:start position:0% +haven't asked him but Norman peor who's +the chief economist for Merrill Lynch at + + align:start position:0% +the chief economist for Merrill Lynch at + + + align:start position:0% +the chief economist for Merrill Lynch at +the time he said yes innovation based + + align:start position:0% +the time he said yes innovation based + + + align:start position:0% +the time he said yes innovation based +growth drives the economy and by the way + + align:start position:0% +growth drives the economy and by the way + + + align:start position:0% +growth drives the economy and by the way +it drives its lock stock market and then + + align:start position:0% +it drives its lock stock market and then + + + align:start position:0% +it drives its lock stock market and then +he goes on to say and where he gets this + + align:start position:0% +he goes on to say and where he gets this + + + align:start position:0% +he goes on to say and where he gets this +I don't know but he says it takes 28 + + align:start position:0% +I don't know but he says it takes 28 + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know but he says it takes 28 +years for widespread acceptance of a new + + align:start position:0% +years for widespread acceptance of a new + + + align:start position:0% +years for widespread acceptance of a new +technology right that's is it always 28 + + align:start position:0% +technology right that's is it always 28 + + + align:start position:0% +technology right that's is it always 28 +years maybe it's 27 right now men it + + align:start position:0% +years maybe it's 27 right now men it + + + align:start position:0% +years maybe it's 27 right now men it +takes 56 years for rapid growth to + + align:start position:0% +takes 56 years for rapid growth to + + + align:start position:0% +takes 56 years for rapid growth to +evolve right and then it takes 112 years + + align:start position:0% +evolve right and then it takes 112 years + + + align:start position:0% +evolve right and then it takes 112 years +for tech measured from here for + + align:start position:0% +for tech measured from here for + + + align:start position:0% +for tech measured from here for +technological maturity to occur and then + + align:start position:0% +technological maturity to occur and then + + + align:start position:0% +technological maturity to occur and then +after that growth in that sector is + + align:start position:0% +after that growth in that sector is + + + align:start position:0% +after that growth in that sector is +going to resemble growth and population + + align:start position:0% +going to resemble growth and population + + + align:start position:0% +going to resemble growth and population +rates well I don't know where he gets + + align:start position:0% +rates well I don't know where he gets + + + align:start position:0% +rates well I don't know where he gets +the 28 years 56 years 112 years I don't + + align:start position:0% +the 28 years 56 years 112 years I don't + + + align:start position:0% +the 28 years 56 years 112 years I don't +know where that comes from but this is + + align:start position:0% +know where that comes from but this is + + + align:start position:0% +know where that comes from but this is +this is the chief economist of Merrill + + align:start position:0% +this is the chief economist of Merrill + + + align:start position:0% +this is the chief economist of Merrill +Lynch saying yes this is how it works + + align:start position:0% +Lynch saying yes this is how it works + + + align:start position:0% +Lynch saying yes this is how it works +this is how it happens right that's + + align:start position:0% +this is how it happens right that's + + + align:start position:0% +this is how it happens right that's +interesting + + align:start position:0% +interesting + + + align:start position:0% +interesting +it's not just an obscure economist + + align:start position:0% +it's not just an obscure economist + + + align:start position:0% +it's not just an obscure economist +Condor you have growth wave this is + + align:start position:0% +Condor you have growth wave this is + + + align:start position:0% +Condor you have growth wave this is +advice going out to + + align:start position:0% +advice going out to + + + align:start position:0% +advice going out to +from the look then the largest stock + + align:start position:0% +from the look then the largest stock + + + align:start position:0% +from the look then the largest stock +broad-based investment company in the US + + align:start position:0% +broad-based investment company in the US + + + align:start position:0% +broad-based investment company in the US +then they hit on what's the way we're + + align:start position:0% +then they hit on what's the way we're + + + align:start position:0% +then they hit on what's the way we're +gonna head right so they think nano + + align:start position:0% +gonna head right so they think nano + + + align:start position:0% +gonna head right so they think nano +that's the one right nano technology so + + align:start position:0% +that's the one right nano technology so + + + align:start position:0% +that's the one right nano technology so +they set up they describe an interesting + + align:start position:0% +they set up they describe an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +they set up they describe an interesting +pattern here which i think is actually + + align:start position:0% +pattern here which i think is actually + + + align:start position:0% +pattern here which i think is actually +very important it's really I think very + + align:start position:0% +very important it's really I think very + + + align:start position:0% +very important it's really I think very +perceptive I don't know where the + + align:start position:0% +perceptive I don't know where the + + + align:start position:0% +perceptive I don't know where the +28-years comes from although that + + align:start position:0% +28-years comes from although that + + + align:start position:0% +28-years comes from although that +timeframes are roughly right but this I + + align:start position:0% +timeframes are roughly right but this I + + + align:start position:0% +timeframes are roughly right but this I +think is really intriguing and I want + + align:start position:0% +think is really intriguing and I want + + + align:start position:0% +think is really intriguing and I want +you to think about this so let they say + + align:start position:0% +you to think about this so let they say + + + align:start position:0% +you to think about this so let they say +let's look at nanotechnology and you + + align:start position:0% +let's look at nanotechnology and you + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at nanotechnology and you +know as you know that's you know + + align:start position:0% +know as you know that's you know + + + align:start position:0% +know as you know that's you know +fabrication of them like of the scale + + align:start position:0% +fabrication of them like of the scale + + + align:start position:0% +fabrication of them like of the scale +and first for a technology to evolve and + + align:start position:0% +and first for a technology to evolve and + + + align:start position:0% +and first for a technology to evolve and +get into range of being you know + + align:start position:0% +get into range of being you know + + + align:start position:0% +get into range of being you know +innovation and maybe an innovation wave + + align:start position:0% +innovation and maybe an innovation wave + + + align:start position:0% +innovation and maybe an innovation wave +first there's got to be a vision + + align:start position:0% +first there's got to be a vision + + + align:start position:0% +first there's got to be a vision +somebody has to present a vision of what + + align:start position:0% +somebody has to present a vision of what + + + align:start position:0% +somebody has to present a vision of what +this technology could accomplish and + + align:start position:0% +this technology could accomplish and + + + align:start position:0% +this technology could accomplish and +they argued that the first vision about + + align:start position:0% +they argued that the first vision about + + + align:start position:0% +they argued that the first vision about +nanotechnology was from physicists + + align:start position:0% +nanotechnology was from physicists + + + align:start position:0% +nanotechnology was from physicists +Richard Feinman you know famous + + align:start position:0% +Richard Feinman you know famous + + + align:start position:0% +Richard Feinman you know famous +physicist went to school here of course + + align:start position:0% +physicist went to school here of course + + + align:start position:0% +physicist went to school here of course +and was in the Manhattan Project and + + align:start position:0% +and was in the Manhattan Project and + + + align:start position:0% +and was in the Manhattan Project and +then unfortunately taught at a skewer of + + align:start position:0% +then unfortunately taught at a skewer of + + + align:start position:0% +then unfortunately taught at a skewer of +California school called Caltech + + align:start position:0% +California school called Caltech + + + align:start position:0% +California school called Caltech +but Fineman in a 15 1959 piece argued in + + align:start position:0% +but Fineman in a 15 1959 piece argued in + + + align:start position:0% +but Fineman in a 15 1959 piece argued in +the physics community there's plenty of + + align:start position:0% +the physics community there's plenty of + + + align:start position:0% +the physics community there's plenty of +room at the bottom in other words at the + + align:start position:0% +room at the bottom in other words at the + + + align:start position:0% +room at the bottom in other words at the +really small scales where quantum + + align:start position:0% +really small scales where quantum + + + align:start position:0% +really small scales where quantum +effects can occur some really + + align:start position:0% +effects can occur some really + + + align:start position:0% +effects can occur some really +interesting things can happen and that's + + align:start position:0% +interesting things can happen and that's + + + align:start position:0% +interesting things can happen and that's +the nano scale so he gives a vision that + + align:start position:0% +the nano scale so he gives a vision that + + + align:start position:0% +the nano scale so he gives a vision that +we could do some really interesting + + align:start position:0% +we could do some really interesting + + + align:start position:0% +we could do some really interesting +stuff when you're operating outside of + + align:start position:0% +stuff when you're operating outside of + + + align:start position:0% +stuff when you're operating outside of +Newtonian physics at a smaller scale so + + align:start position:0% +Newtonian physics at a smaller scale so + + + align:start position:0% +Newtonian physics at a smaller scale so +the second piece that has to occur they + + align:start position:0% +the second piece that has to occur they + + + align:start position:0% +the second piece that has to occur they +refer to as enablers so there's got to + + align:start position:0% +refer to as enablers so there's got to + + + align:start position:0% +refer to as enablers so there's got to +be in effect tool sets and instruments + + align:start position:0% +be in effect tool sets and instruments + + + align:start position:0% +be in effect tool sets and instruments +that enable this vision to get played + + align:start position:0% +that enable this vision to get played + + + align:start position:0% +that enable this vision to get played +out and the key tool set in that time + + align:start position:0% +out and the key tool set in that time + + + align:start position:0% +out and the key tool set in that time +period was when IBM + + align:start position:0% +period was when IBM + + + align:start position:0% +period was when IBM +did the scanning tunneling electron + + align:start position:0% +did the scanning tunneling electron + + + align:start position:0% +did the scanning tunneling electron +microscope and probably don't remember + + align:start position:0% +microscope and probably don't remember + + + align:start position:0% +microscope and probably don't remember +this but there was a moment when IBM + + align:start position:0% +this but there was a moment when IBM + + + align:start position:0% +this but there was a moment when IBM +distributed before there was much of an + + align:start position:0% +distributed before there was much of an + + + align:start position:0% +distributed before there was much of an +Internet distributed photographs stacks + + align:start position:0% +Internet distributed photographs stacks + + + align:start position:0% +Internet distributed photographs stacks +of molecules spelling out the IBM logo + + align:start position:0% +of molecules spelling out the IBM logo + + + align:start position:0% +of molecules spelling out the IBM logo +and - you know civilians like me and + + align:start position:0% +and - you know civilians like me and + + + align:start position:0% +and - you know civilians like me and +said oh that looks very nice but to + + align:start position:0% +said oh that looks very nice but to + + + align:start position:0% +said oh that looks very nice but to +scientists seeing an ability to + + align:start position:0% +scientists seeing an ability to + + + align:start position:0% +scientists seeing an ability to +structure molecules in that kind of way + + align:start position:0% +structure molecules in that kind of way + + + align:start position:0% +structure molecules in that kind of way +was just absolutely amazing + + align:start position:0% +was just absolutely amazing + + + align:start position:0% +was just absolutely amazing +right so the scanning tunneling electron + + align:start position:0% +right so the scanning tunneling electron + + + align:start position:0% +right so the scanning tunneling electron +microscope is not only an observing + + align:start position:0% +microscope is not only an observing + + + align:start position:0% +microscope is not only an observing +system it's it's a it's a it's a device + + align:start position:0% +system it's it's a it's a it's a device + + + align:start position:0% +system it's it's a it's a it's a device +by which you can you know move molecules + + align:start position:0% +by which you can you know move molecules + + + align:start position:0% +by which you can you know move molecules +around so it becomes a huge capability + + align:start position:0% +around so it becomes a huge capability + + + align:start position:0% +around so it becomes a huge capability +and allowing measurement and + + align:start position:0% +and allowing measurement and + + + align:start position:0% +and allowing measurement and +manipulation and nanos and scale systems + + align:start position:0% +manipulation and nanos and scale systems + + + align:start position:0% +manipulation and nanos and scale systems +so that's when this article was written + + align:start position:0% +so that's when this article was written + + + align:start position:0% +so that's when this article was written +that was 20 years before the third piece + + align:start position:0% +that was 20 years before the third piece + + + align:start position:0% +that was 20 years before the third piece +that this Merrill Lynch peace talks + + align:start position:0% +that this Merrill Lynch peace talks + + + align:start position:0% +that this Merrill Lynch peace talks +about which I also think is really + + align:start position:0% +about which I also think is really + + + align:start position:0% +about which I also think is really +important is this is straight out of + + align:start position:0% +important is this is straight out of + + + align:start position:0% +important is this is straight out of +Romer you've got to create research mass + + align:start position:0% +Romer you've got to create research mass + + + align:start position:0% +Romer you've got to create research mass +in other words you got to put talent on + + align:start position:0% +in other words you got to put talent on + + + align:start position:0% +in other words you got to put talent on +the problem this is human capital + + align:start position:0% +the problem this is human capital + + + align:start position:0% +the problem this is human capital +engagement research so Eric Drexler from + + align:start position:0% +engagement research so Eric Drexler from + + + align:start position:0% +engagement research so Eric Drexler from +MIT 1981 Journal article begins to + + align:start position:0% +MIT 1981 Journal article begins to + + + align:start position:0% +MIT 1981 Journal article begins to +describe the kind of physics and and + + align:start position:0% +describe the kind of physics and and + + + align:start position:0% +describe the kind of physics and and +possibilities in nanotechnology that's + + align:start position:0% +possibilities in nanotechnology that's + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities in nanotechnology that's +the first one by 2000 there are 1,800 + + align:start position:0% +the first one by 2000 there are 1,800 + + + align:start position:0% +the first one by 2000 there are 1,800 +journal articles on Nano and by the way + + align:start position:0% +journal articles on Nano and by the way + + + align:start position:0% +journal articles on Nano and by the way +that's SEM a similar phenomena to the + + align:start position:0% +that's SEM a similar phenomena to the + + + align:start position:0% +that's SEM a similar phenomena to the +number of articles starting to write + + align:start position:0% +number of articles starting to write + + + align:start position:0% +number of articles starting to write +about the Internet in the 1990s in other + + align:start position:0% +about the Internet in the 1990s in other + + + align:start position:0% +about the Internet in the 1990s in other +words this cygnus journal article total + + align:start position:0% +words this cygnus journal article total + + + align:start position:0% +words this cygnus journal article total +signals research mass its signals + + align:start position:0% +signals research mass its signals + + + align:start position:0% +signals research mass its signals +prospectors its signals human capital + + align:start position:0% +prospectors its signals human capital + + + align:start position:0% +prospectors its signals human capital +engagement research so these are I think + + align:start position:0% +engagement research so these are I think + + + align:start position:0% +engagement research so these are I think +really interesting conceptual points + + align:start position:0% +really interesting conceptual points + + + align:start position:0% +really interesting conceptual points +here and you have to go through these to + + align:start position:0% +here and you have to go through these to + + + align:start position:0% +here and you have to go through these to +get to your innovation in slash + + align:start position:0% +get to your innovation in slash + + + align:start position:0% +get to your innovation in slash +innovation wave right you need the + + align:start position:0% +innovation wave right you need the + + + align:start position:0% +innovation wave right you need the +vision you need the enabling tools and + + align:start position:0% +vision you need the enabling tools and + + + align:start position:0% +vision you need the enabling tools and +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +you need talent on the task right this + + align:start position:0% +you need talent on the task right this + + + align:start position:0% +you need talent on the task right this +research mass right now you've got to go + + align:start position:0% +research mass right now you've got to go + + + align:start position:0% +research mass right now you've got to go +through all three steps to get there + + align:start position:0% +through all three steps to get there + + + align:start position:0% +through all three steps to get there +that's interesting + + align:start position:0% +that's interesting + + + align:start position:0% +that's interesting +and then then they come to how are we + + align:start position:0% +and then then they come to how are we + + + align:start position:0% +and then then they come to how are we +gonna tell our investors to get rich off + + align:start position:0% +gonna tell our investors to get rich off + + + align:start position:0% +gonna tell our investors to get rich off +this right because we've gone through + + align:start position:0% +this right because we've gone through + + + align:start position:0% +this right because we've gone through +the three stages for nano we've got you + + align:start position:0% +the three stages for nano we've got you + + + align:start position:0% +the three stages for nano we've got you +know eighteen hundred journal journal + + align:start position:0% +know eighteen hundred journal journal + + + align:start position:0% +know eighteen hundred journal journal +articles this past the previous year + + align:start position:0% +articles this past the previous year + + + align:start position:0% +articles this past the previous year +we've got research mass how are we gonna + + align:start position:0% +we've got research mass how are we gonna + + + align:start position:0% +we've got research mass how are we gonna +get rich and then they issue this + + align:start position:0% +get rich and then they issue this + + + align:start position:0% +get rich and then they issue this +warning + + align:start position:0% +warning + + + align:start position:0% +warning +although the futuristic market is + + align:start position:0% +although the futuristic market is + + + align:start position:0% +although the futuristic market is +fascinating it is not inevitable so just + + align:start position:0% +fascinating it is not inevitable so just + + + align:start position:0% +fascinating it is not inevitable so just +because you're approaching the future + + align:start position:0% +because you're approaching the future + + + align:start position:0% +because you're approaching the future +doesn't mean you're always gonna get + + align:start position:0% +doesn't mean you're always gonna get + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't mean you're always gonna get +rich so how are you going to get rich + + align:start position:0% +rich so how are you going to get rich + + + align:start position:0% +rich so how are you going to get rich +they acknowledge that nanotechnology in + + align:start position:0% +they acknowledge that nanotechnology in + + + align:start position:0% +they acknowledge that nanotechnology in +2001 is starting to get close to + + align:start position:0% +2001 is starting to get close to + + + align:start position:0% +2001 is starting to get close to +commercial modern markets and then they + + align:start position:0% +commercial modern markets and then they + + + align:start position:0% +commercial modern markets and then they +review key markets which we would view + + align:start position:0% +review key markets which we would view + + + align:start position:0% +review key markets which we would view +as hilariously short-term so 0 to 2 + + align:start position:0% +as hilariously short-term so 0 to 2 + + + align:start position:0% +as hilariously short-term so 0 to 2 +years short term 0 to 5 years mid term 0 + + align:start position:0% +years short term 0 to 5 years mid term 0 + + + align:start position:0% +years short term 0 to 5 years mid term 0 +of 5 plus years is long term now + + align:start position:0% +of 5 plus years is long term now + + + align:start position:0% +of 5 plus years is long term now +remember Norman Puri takes 28 years to + + align:start position:0% +remember Norman Puri takes 28 years to + + + align:start position:0% +remember Norman Puri takes 28 years to +do this it takes 56 years to do this it + + align:start position:0% +do this it takes 56 years to do this it + + + align:start position:0% +do this it takes 56 years to do this it +takes a hundred and twelve years to do + + align:start position:0% +takes a hundred and twelve years to do + + + align:start position:0% +takes a hundred and twelve years to do +this does it long periods of time these + + align:start position:0% +this does it long periods of time these + + + align:start position:0% +this does it long periods of time these +guys are talking about trying to get + + align:start position:0% +guys are talking about trying to get + + + align:start position:0% +guys are talking about trying to get +rich in what we would view is extremely + + align:start position:0% +rich in what we would view is extremely + + + align:start position:0% +rich in what we would view is extremely +short term periods and they give you a + + align:start position:0% +short term periods and they give you a + + + align:start position:0% +short term periods and they give you a +good perspective as to how far out + + align:start position:0% +good perspective as to how far out + + + align:start position:0% +good perspective as to how far out +investors are even willing to look and + + align:start position:0% +investors are even willing to look and + + + align:start position:0% +investors are even willing to look and +you know and they argued that the keys + + align:start position:0% +you know and they argued that the keys + + + align:start position:0% +you know and they argued that the keys +to nanotechnology are manufacturing and + + align:start position:0% +to nanotechnology are manufacturing and + + + align:start position:0% +to nanotechnology are manufacturing and +communication if you can't build it in + + align:start position:0% +communication if you can't build it in + + + align:start position:0% +communication if you can't build it in +volume then there's not much you can do + + align:start position:0% +volume then there's not much you can do + + + align:start position:0% +volume then there's not much you can do +with it so they look at a series of + + align:start position:0% +with it so they look at a series of + + + align:start position:0% +with it so they look at a series of +opportunities with that idea behind they + + align:start position:0% +opportunities with that idea behind they + + + align:start position:0% +opportunities with that idea behind they +look at opportunity number one + + align:start position:0% +look at opportunity number one + + + align:start position:0% +look at opportunity number one +instrumentation and they note that as a + + align:start position:0% +instrumentation and they note that as a + + + align:start position:0% +instrumentation and they note that as a +new technology is advancing along the + + align:start position:0% +new technology is advancing along the + + + align:start position:0% +new technology is advancing along the +first class of winners are the tool + + align:start position:0% +first class of winners are the tool + + + align:start position:0% +first class of winners are the tool +makers right so we'll go back to our + + align:start position:0% +makers right so we'll go back to our + + + align:start position:0% +makers right so we'll go back to our +California Gold Rush in 18-49 right the + + align:start position:0% +California Gold Rush in 18-49 right the + + + align:start position:0% +California Gold Rush in 18-49 right the +first people to get really rich in + + align:start position:0% +first people to get really rich in + + + align:start position:0% +first people to get really rich in +California are those that are supplying + + align:start position:0% +California are those that are supplying + + + align:start position:0% +California are those that are supplying +those miners that are headed off to the + + align:start position:0% +those miners that are headed off to the + + + align:start position:0% +those miners that are headed off to the +gold fields right the tool makers + + align:start position:0% +gold fields right the tool makers + + + align:start position:0% +gold fields right the tool makers +tend to be an early class Leeson so for + + align:start position:0% +tend to be an early class Leeson so for + + + align:start position:0% +tend to be an early class Leeson so for +heaven's sakes let's invest in the tool + + align:start position:0% +heaven's sakes let's invest in the tool + + + align:start position:0% +heaven's sakes let's invest in the tool +makers because you know they're critical + + align:start position:0% +makers because you know they're critical + + + align:start position:0% +makers because you know they're critical +to everybody else everybody's going to + + align:start position:0% +to everybody else everybody's going to + + + align:start position:0% +to everybody else everybody's going to +need their stuff let's invest in that + + align:start position:0% +need their stuff let's invest in that + + + align:start position:0% +need their stuff let's invest in that +stuff then they look at semiconductors + + align:start position:0% +stuff then they look at semiconductors + + + align:start position:0% +stuff then they look at semiconductors +and they note that within ten years if + + align:start position:0% +and they note that within ten years if + + + align:start position:0% +and they note that within ten years if +you're gonna stay on Moore's law you're + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna stay on Moore's law you're + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna stay on Moore's law you're +gonna have to get deep into + + align:start position:0% +gonna have to get deep into + + + align:start position:0% +gonna have to get deep into +nanotechnology which of course turns out + + align:start position:0% +nanotechnology which of course turns out + + + align:start position:0% +nanotechnology which of course turns out +to be the case and but that's that could + + align:start position:0% +to be the case and but that's that could + + + align:start position:0% +to be the case and but that's that could +take ten years so forget that they're + + align:start position:0% +take ten years so forget that they're + + + align:start position:0% +take ten years so forget that they're +not going to advise any investors to get + + align:start position:0% +not going to advise any investors to get + + + align:start position:0% +not going to advise any investors to get +into that business right instead they + + align:start position:0% +into that business right instead they + + + align:start position:0% +into that business right instead they +really want to focus on stuff that can + + align:start position:0% +really want to focus on stuff that can + + + align:start position:0% +really want to focus on stuff that can +evolve in two years or less right + + align:start position:0% +evolve in two years or less right + + + align:start position:0% +evolve in two years or less right +so if Norman is right and technology + + align:start position:0% +so if Norman is right and technology + + + align:start position:0% +so if Norman is right and technology +development takes a really long time + + align:start position:0% +development takes a really long time + + + align:start position:0% +development takes a really long time +measuring in decades and Meryl is only + + align:start position:0% +measuring in decades and Meryl is only + + + align:start position:0% +measuring in decades and Meryl is only +willing to invest for what it refers to + + align:start position:0% +willing to invest for what it refers to + + + align:start position:0% +willing to invest for what it refers to +as the short-term zero to two years + + align:start position:0% +as the short-term zero to two years + + + align:start position:0% +as the short-term zero to two years +there is a big disconnect and our + + align:start position:0% +there is a big disconnect and our + + + align:start position:0% +there is a big disconnect and our +ability to stand up technology's right + + align:start position:0% +ability to stand up technology's right + + + align:start position:0% +ability to stand up technology's right +we're just not operating at a plausible + + align:start position:0% +we're just not operating at a plausible + + + align:start position:0% +we're just not operating at a plausible +timeframe and who's gonna fund the rest + + align:start position:0% +timeframe and who's gonna fund the rest + + + align:start position:0% +timeframe and who's gonna fund the rest +of it right + + align:start position:0% +of it right + + + align:start position:0% +of it right +I don't think Norman's you know 28 years + + align:start position:0% +I don't think Norman's you know 28 years + + + align:start position:0% +I don't think Norman's you know 28 years +and Nestle right but it's a long time + + align:start position:0% +and Nestle right but it's a long time + + + align:start position:0% +and Nestle right but it's a long time +and who is gonna fund that who's gonna + + align:start position:0% +and who is gonna fund that who's gonna + + + align:start position:0% +and who is gonna fund that who's gonna +carry this stuff for that extended + + align:start position:0% +carry this stuff for that extended + + + align:start position:0% +carry this stuff for that extended +period if Marilyn the boys are only + + align:start position:0% +period if Marilyn the boys are only + + + align:start position:0% +period if Marilyn the boys are only +willing to do a two-year timetable this + + align:start position:0% +willing to do a two-year timetable this + + + align:start position:0% +willing to do a two-year timetable this +is a big gap in the innovation system + + align:start position:0% +is a big gap in the innovation system + + + align:start position:0% +is a big gap in the innovation system +right and when we were talking a few + + align:start position:0% +right and when we were talking a few + + + align:start position:0% +right and when we were talking a few +minutes ago about the problems we've got + + align:start position:0% +minutes ago about the problems we've got + + + align:start position:0% +minutes ago about the problems we've got +in standing up hard technologies + + align:start position:0% +in standing up hard technologies + + + align:start position:0% +in standing up hard technologies +investment at scale if it's only gonna + + align:start position:0% +investment at scale if it's only gonna + + + align:start position:0% +investment at scale if it's only gonna +focus on a two-year time frame in other + + align:start position:0% +focus on a two-year time frame in other + + + align:start position:0% +focus on a two-year time frame in other +words you've got to get to production in + + align:start position:0% +words you've got to get to production in + + + align:start position:0% +words you've got to get to production in +the short term to really have this + + align:start position:0% +the short term to really have this + + + align:start position:0% +the short term to really have this +investable to work as an investment so + + align:start position:0% +investable to work as an investment so + + + align:start position:0% +investable to work as an investment so +you're not gonna want to invest in + + align:start position:0% +you're not gonna want to invest in + + + align:start position:0% +you're not gonna want to invest in +technologies that are more than two + + align:start position:0% +technologies that are more than two + + + align:start position:0% +technologies that are more than two +years out from production + + align:start position:0% +years out from production + + + align:start position:0% +years out from production +then you you're taking an enormous + + align:start position:0% +then you you're taking an enormous + + + align:start position:0% +then you you're taking an enormous +amount of interesting things off the + + align:start position:0% +amount of interesting things off the + + + align:start position:0% +amount of interesting things off the +table here so it's a really big + + align:start position:0% +table here so it's a really big + + + align:start position:0% +table here so it's a really big +structural problem the answer that the + + align:start position:0% +structural problem the answer that the + + + align:start position:0% +structural problem the answer that the +US has come up with historically is that + + align:start position:0% +US has come up with historically is that + + + align:start position:0% +US has come up with historically is that +the federal government will play a + + align:start position:0% +the federal government will play a + + + align:start position:0% +the federal government will play a +long-term role the federal government + + align:start position:0% +long-term role the federal government + + + align:start position:0% +long-term role the federal government +will provide the long-term patient + + align:start position:0% +will provide the long-term patient + + + align:start position:0% +will provide the long-term patient +capital right but that's not a perfect + + align:start position:0% +capital right but that's not a perfect + + + align:start position:0% +capital right but that's not a perfect +model either because of what we'll talk + + align:start position:0% +model either because of what we'll talk + + + align:start position:0% +model either because of what we'll talk +about next week this valley a death + + align:start position:0% +about next week this valley a death + + + align:start position:0% +about next week this valley a death +problem so are you following me so this + + align:start position:0% +problem so are you following me so this + + + align:start position:0% +problem so are you following me so this +is a classic kind of innovation system + + align:start position:0% +is a classic kind of innovation system + + + align:start position:0% +is a classic kind of innovation system +problem right so when you're thinking + + align:start position:0% +problem right so when you're thinking + + + align:start position:0% +problem right so when you're thinking +about innovation systems you're gonna + + align:start position:0% +about innovation systems you're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +about innovation systems you're gonna +have to think about the actors in that + + align:start position:0% +have to think about the actors in that + + + align:start position:0% +have to think about the actors in that +system the handoffs between the actors + + align:start position:0% +system the handoffs between the actors + + + align:start position:0% +system the handoffs between the actors +and then the timeframes that the actors + + align:start position:0% +and then the timeframes that the actors + + + align:start position:0% +and then the timeframes that the actors +are going to need support all right so + + align:start position:0% +are going to need support all right so + + + align:start position:0% +are going to need support all right so +this is another way of helping us think + + align:start position:0% +this is another way of helping us think + + + align:start position:0% +this is another way of helping us think +about how to look at innovation systems + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay any questions flow from this + + align:start position:0% +okay any questions flow from this + + + align:start position:0% +okay any questions flow from this +because it's a big big challenge here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the venture capital timeframe is + + align:start position:0% +the venture capital timeframe is + + + align:start position:0% +the venture capital timeframe is +basically organized for everything + + align:start position:0% +basically organized for everything + + + align:start position:0% +basically organized for everything +except biotech when looking at + + align:start position:0% +except biotech when looking at + + + align:start position:0% +except biotech when looking at +technologies that are no more than a + + align:start position:0% +technologies that are no more than a + + + align:start position:0% +technologies that are no more than a +couple of years out from production so + + align:start position:0% +couple of years out from production so + + + align:start position:0% +couple of years out from production so +the u.s. created this amazing venture + + align:start position:0% +the u.s. created this amazing venture + + + align:start position:0% +the u.s. created this amazing venture +capital system which in many ways the + + align:start position:0% +capital system which in many ways the + + + align:start position:0% +capital system which in many ways the +envy of the world and it works very + + align:start position:0% +envy of the world and it works very + + + align:start position:0% +envy of the world and it works very +nicely for IT and it works for very + + align:start position:0% +nicely for IT and it works for very + + + align:start position:0% +nicely for IT and it works for very +different reasons that we'll talk about + + align:start position:0% +different reasons that we'll talk about + + + align:start position:0% +different reasons that we'll talk about +for biotech but it's not working in + + align:start position:0% +for biotech but it's not working in + + + align:start position:0% +for biotech but it's not working in +these hard technology sectors because + + align:start position:0% +these hard technology sectors because + + + align:start position:0% +these hard technology sectors because +the timetables are just too long and the + + align:start position:0% +the timetables are just too long and the + + + align:start position:0% +the timetables are just too long and the +risks are too high and the uncertainties + + align:start position:0% +risks are too high and the uncertainties + + + align:start position:0% +risks are too high and the uncertainties +are too great so this is a big gap in + + align:start position:0% +are too great so this is a big gap in + + + align:start position:0% +are too great so this is a big gap in +the innovation system Merrill Lynch + + align:start position:0% +the innovation system Merrill Lynch + + + align:start position:0% +the innovation system Merrill Lynch +doesn't look at it as a gap in the + + align:start position:0% +doesn't look at it as a gap in the + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't look at it as a gap in the +innovation system but that's really what + + align:start position:0% +innovation system but that's really what + + + align:start position:0% +innovation system but that's really what +they're showing us exists and then the + + align:start position:0% +they're showing us exists and then the + + + align:start position:0% +they're showing us exists and then the +other important thing to remember about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what they present us with is I think + + align:start position:0% +what they present us with is I think + + + align:start position:0% +what they present us with is I think +this very perceptive notion that you + + align:start position:0% +this very perceptive notion that you + + + align:start position:0% +this very perceptive notion that you +need to go through these three stages + + align:start position:0% +need to go through these three stages + + + align:start position:0% +need to go through these three stages +you need to to move a technology towards + + align:start position:0% +you need to to move a technology towards + + + align:start position:0% +you need to to move a technology towards +innovation from invention and discovery + + align:start position:0% +innovation from invention and discovery + + + align:start position:0% +innovation from invention and discovery +to innovation vision the enabling + + align:start position:0% +to innovation vision the enabling + + + align:start position:0% +to innovation vision the enabling +technologies and then the research mass + + align:start position:0% +technologies and then the research mass + + + align:start position:0% +technologies and then the research mass +the human capital engagement research + + align:start position:0% +the human capital engagement research + + + align:start position:0% +the human capital engagement research +the talent base yeah I mean that's well + + align:start position:0% +the talent base yeah I mean that's well + + + align:start position:0% +the talent base yeah I mean that's well +we'll deal with this a bit next week and + + align:start position:0% +we'll deal with this a bit next week and + + + align:start position:0% +we'll deal with this a bit next week and +you know you should bethe bring me back + + align:start position:0% +you know you should bethe bring me back + + + align:start position:0% +you know you should bethe bring me back +to this next week for sure you know the + + align:start position:0% +to this next week for sure you know the + + + align:start position:0% +to this next week for sure you know the +short story and we'll spend a little + + align:start position:0% +short story and we'll spend a little + + + align:start position:0% +short story and we'll spend a little +more time on this you know Bell Labs was + + align:start position:0% +more time on this you know Bell Labs was + + + align:start position:0% +more time on this you know Bell Labs was +tied and was able to have very patient + + align:start position:0% +tied and was able to have very patient + + + align:start position:0% +tied and was able to have very patient +long-term supportive technology because + + align:start position:0% +long-term supportive technology because + + + align:start position:0% +long-term supportive technology because +it was tied to a government guaranteed + + align:start position:0% +it was tied to a government guaranteed + + + align:start position:0% +it was tied to a government guaranteed +monopoly model right and when we broke + + align:start position:0% +monopoly model right and when we broke + + + align:start position:0% +monopoly model right and when we broke +up AT&T and the segments that survived + + align:start position:0% +up AT&T and the segments that survived + + + align:start position:0% +up AT&T and the segments that survived +were placed in a competitive highly + + align:start position:0% +were placed in a competitive highly + + + align:start position:0% +were placed in a competitive highly +competitive situation with one another + + align:start position:0% +competitive situation with one another + + + align:start position:0% +competitive situation with one another +plus an IT revolution which + + align:start position:0% +plus an IT revolution which + + + align:start position:0% +plus an IT revolution which +created an entirely different + + align:start position:0% +created an entirely different + + + align:start position:0% +created an entirely different +communication system around the internet + + align:start position:0% +communication system around the internet + + + align:start position:0% +communication system around the internet +was descending then Bell Labs ability to + + align:start position:0% +was descending then Bell Labs ability to + + + align:start position:0% +was descending then Bell Labs ability to +sustain a model of long-term patient + + align:start position:0% +sustain a model of long-term patient + + + align:start position:0% +sustain a model of long-term patient +investment in breakthrough technology + + align:start position:0% +investment in breakthrough technology + + + align:start position:0% +investment in breakthrough technology +advanced it's gone and by and large with + + align:start position:0% +advanced it's gone and by and large with + + + align:start position:0% +advanced it's gone and by and large with +some exceptions the model of the large + + align:start position:0% +some exceptions the model of the large + + + align:start position:0% +some exceptions the model of the large +industry supported basic and Applied + + align:start position:0% +industry supported basic and Applied + + + align:start position:0% +industry supported basic and Applied +Research Laboratory is largely gone + + align:start position:0% +Research Laboratory is largely gone + + + align:start position:0% +Research Laboratory is largely gone +there's still some pieces left IBM + + align:start position:0% +there's still some pieces left IBM + + + align:start position:0% +there's still some pieces left IBM +although that's under a lot of economic + + align:start position:0% +although that's under a lot of economic + + + align:start position:0% +although that's under a lot of economic +pressure as it tries to shift to a + + align:start position:0% +pressure as it tries to shift to a + + + align:start position:0% +pressure as it tries to shift to a +service based business and wonders why + + align:start position:0% +service based business and wonders why + + + align:start position:0% +service based business and wonders why +it's doing hard technology research + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's a remaining piece right but it's + + align:start position:0% +that's a remaining piece right but it's + + + align:start position:0% +that's a remaining piece right but it's +not what it was a decade ago in terms of + + align:start position:0% +not what it was a decade ago in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +not what it was a decade ago in terms of +its basic research support so there's a + + align:start position:0% +its basic research support so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +its basic research support so there's a +few of these left and they're the model + + align:start position:0% +few of these left and they're the model + + + align:start position:0% +few of these left and they're the model +of incredible global competition has + + align:start position:0% +of incredible global competition has + + + align:start position:0% +of incredible global competition has +really eroded your ability of at the + + align:start position:0% +really eroded your ability of at the + + + align:start position:0% +really eroded your ability of at the +ability of the company to take a + + align:start position:0% +ability of the company to take a + + + align:start position:0% +ability of the company to take a +long-term risk over you know highly + + align:start position:0% +long-term risk over you know highly + + + align:start position:0% +long-term risk over you know highly +hypothetic hypothetical research + + align:start position:0% +hypothetic hypothetical research + + + align:start position:0% +hypothetic hypothetical research +advances that are a very high risk it's + + align:start position:0% +advances that are a very high risk it's + + + align:start position:0% +advances that are a very high risk it's +just really eroded this so what's been + + align:start position:0% +just really eroded this so what's been + + + align:start position:0% +just really eroded this so what's been +happening so universities are + + align:start position:0% +happening so universities are + + + align:start position:0% +happening so universities are +increasingly being asked to take this + + align:start position:0% +increasingly being asked to take this + + + align:start position:0% +increasingly being asked to take this +job one + + align:start position:0% +job one + + + align:start position:0% +job one +so universities have gone from a 19th + + align:start position:0% +so universities have gone from a 19th + + + align:start position:0% +so universities have gone from a 19th +century model of education as their + + align:start position:0% +century model of education as their + + + align:start position:0% +century model of education as their +dominant driver to a mid 20th century + + align:start position:0% +dominant driver to a mid 20th century + + + align:start position:0% +dominant driver to a mid 20th century +model of adding research to education + + align:start position:0% +model of adding research to education + + + align:start position:0% +model of adding research to education +and merging those two in recent decades + + align:start position:0% +and merging those two in recent decades + + + align:start position:0% +and merging those two in recent decades +playing an economic role which they + + align:start position:0% +playing an economic role which they + + + align:start position:0% +playing an economic role which they +never played before and trying to figure + + align:start position:0% +never played before and trying to figure + + + align:start position:0% +never played before and trying to figure +out how to play that role because in + + align:start position:0% +out how to play that role because in + + + align:start position:0% +out how to play that role because in +effect they're the surrogate piece to + + align:start position:0% +effect they're the surrogate piece to + + + align:start position:0% +effect they're the surrogate piece to +substitute for the Bell Labs model to + + align:start position:0% +substitute for the Bell Labs model to + + + align:start position:0% +substitute for the Bell Labs model to +sustaining longer term higher risk + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +technology development and they're just + + align:start position:0% +technology development and they're just + + + align:start position:0% +technology development and they're just +beginning to figure out how to do this + + align:start position:0% +beginning to figure out how to do this + + + align:start position:0% +beginning to figure out how to do this +so the engine at MIT is a really + + align:start position:0% +so the engine at MIT is a really + + + align:start position:0% +so the engine at MIT is a really +interesting model which + + align:start position:0% +interesting model which + + + align:start position:0% +interesting model which +talk about and if anybody has any ties + + align:start position:0% +talk about and if anybody has any ties + + + align:start position:0% +talk about and if anybody has any ties +over to the engine we'd probably ought + + align:start position:0% +over to the engine we'd probably ought + + + align:start position:0% +over to the engine we'd probably ought +to go over there and take a look at what + + align:start position:0% +to go over there and take a look at what + + + align:start position:0% +to go over there and take a look at what +they're up to + + align:start position:0% +they're up to + + + align:start position:0% +they're up to +maybe we'll wander down the street talk + + align:start position:0% +maybe we'll wander down the street talk + + + align:start position:0% +maybe we'll wander down the street talk +to them go ahead max go ahead well we'll + + align:start position:0% +to them go ahead max go ahead well we'll + + + align:start position:0% +to them go ahead max go ahead well we'll +talk about it but MIT is attempting to + + align:start position:0% +talk about it but MIT is attempting to + + + align:start position:0% +talk about it but MIT is attempting to +create a place for startups that are + + align:start position:0% +create a place for startups that are + + + align:start position:0% +create a place for startups that are +right up against this wall of not + + align:start position:0% +right up against this wall of not + + + align:start position:0% +right up against this wall of not +getting venture support doing primarily + + align:start position:0% +getting venture support doing primarily + + + align:start position:0% +getting venture support doing primarily +hard technologies where they can live + + align:start position:0% +hard technologies where they can live + + + align:start position:0% +hard technologies where they can live +and have access to advanced equipment + + align:start position:0% +and have access to advanced equipment + + + align:start position:0% +and have access to advanced equipment +technologies and a lot of know-how so in + + align:start position:0% +technologies and a lot of know-how so in + + + align:start position:0% +technologies and a lot of know-how so in +effect it's substituting a place for the + + align:start position:0% +effect it's substituting a place for the + + + align:start position:0% +effect it's substituting a place for the +kind of stuff that they have to carry + + align:start position:0% +kind of stuff that they have to carry + + + align:start position:0% +kind of stuff that they have to carry +out with venture funding before so you + + align:start position:0% +out with venture funding before so you + + + align:start position:0% +out with venture funding before so you +throw a group of them together they have + + align:start position:0% +throw a group of them together they have + + + align:start position:0% +throw a group of them together they have +shared assets in effect creative commons + + align:start position:0% +shared assets in effect creative commons + + + align:start position:0% +shared assets in effect creative commons +rely on this campus but also secondary + + align:start position:0% +rely on this campus but also secondary + + + align:start position:0% +rely on this campus but also secondary +nodes like Lincoln labs like some + + align:start position:0% +nodes like Lincoln labs like some + + + align:start position:0% +nodes like Lincoln labs like some +companies that are interested in this + + align:start position:0% +companies that are interested in this + + + align:start position:0% +companies that are interested in this +model to help them scale up their + + align:start position:0% +model to help them scale up their + + + align:start position:0% +model to help them scale up their +technologies so there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +technologies so there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +technologies so there's a lot of +incubators in this neighborhood you know + + align:start position:0% +incubators in this neighborhood you know + + + align:start position:0% +incubators in this neighborhood you know +we have eight incubators very close to + + align:start position:0% +we have eight incubators very close to + + + align:start position:0% +we have eight incubators very close to +MIT and they're very interesting and + + align:start position:0% +MIT and they're very interesting and + + + align:start position:0% +MIT and they're very interesting and +some of them are terrific + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they incubator tends to focus on getting + + align:start position:0% +they incubator tends to focus on getting + + + align:start position:0% +they incubator tends to focus on getting +your business plan together right and + + align:start position:0% +your business plan together right and + + + align:start position:0% +your business plan together right and +kind of perfecting your initial + + align:start position:0% +kind of perfecting your initial + + + align:start position:0% +kind of perfecting your initial +prototype this is an attempt to do + + align:start position:0% +prototype this is an attempt to do + + + align:start position:0% +prototype this is an attempt to do +something that goes to much later stages + + align:start position:0% +something that goes to much later stages + + + align:start position:0% +something that goes to much later stages +to help you do the advanced prototype + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +late stage development demonstration + + align:start position:0% +late stage development demonstration + + + align:start position:0% +late stage development demonstration +testbed and maybe even pilot production + + align:start position:0% +testbed and maybe even pilot production + + + align:start position:0% +testbed and maybe even pilot production +which is typically what you get venture + + align:start position:0% +which is typically what you get venture + + + align:start position:0% +which is typically what you get venture +funding for but the timetables don't + + align:start position:0% +funding for but the timetables don't + + + align:start position:0% +funding for but the timetables don't +work for venture funding maybe by + + align:start position:0% +work for venture funding maybe by + + + align:start position:0% +work for venture funding maybe by +substituting space for venture capital + + align:start position:0% +substituting space for venture capital + + + align:start position:0% +substituting space for venture capital +you could create a different kind of + + align:start position:0% +you could create a different kind of + + + align:start position:0% +you could create a different kind of +model so MIT is busy taking this amazing + + align:start position:0% +model so MIT is busy taking this amazing + + + align:start position:0% +model so MIT is busy taking this amazing +adventure trying to do this and that's a + + align:start position:0% +adventure trying to do this and that's a + + + align:start position:0% +adventure trying to do this and that's a +just a classic example of how university + + align:start position:0% +just a classic example of how university + + + align:start position:0% +just a classic example of how university +is gonna have to wrestle with their new + + align:start position:0% +is gonna have to wrestle with their new + + + align:start position:0% +is gonna have to wrestle with their new +I'm accrual to get around this you know + + align:start position:0% +I'm accrual to get around this you know + + + align:start position:0% +I'm accrual to get around this you know +Merrill Lynch identified problem for us + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes right and part of this is you know + + align:start position:0% +yes right and part of this is you know + + + align:start position:0% +yes right and part of this is you know +pure space doesn't always solve the + + align:start position:0% +pure space doesn't always solve the + + + align:start position:0% +pure space doesn't always solve the +problem right you're gonna need some + + align:start position:0% +problem right you're gonna need some + + + align:start position:0% +problem right you're gonna need some +bridge funding so part of this is + + align:start position:0% +bridge funding so part of this is + + + align:start position:0% +bridge funding so part of this is +raising some money and could you raise + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the return on venture capital is + + align:start position:0% +the return on venture capital is + + + align:start position:0% +the return on venture capital is +designed to be high and and it designed + + align:start position:0% +designed to be high and and it designed + + + align:start position:0% +designed to be high and and it designed +to be pretty short term you get your + + align:start position:0% +to be pretty short term you get your + + + align:start position:0% +to be pretty short term you get your +money back in a pretty reasonable time + + align:start position:0% +money back in a pretty reasonable time + + + align:start position:0% +money back in a pretty reasonable time +period right in these venture funds this + + align:start position:0% +period right in these venture funds this + + + align:start position:0% +period right in these venture funds this +is not going to happen + + align:start position:0% +is not going to happen + + + align:start position:0% +is not going to happen +with these hard technologies a number + + align:start position:0% +with these hard technologies a number + + + align:start position:0% +with these hard technologies a number +which will be coming out of Martha's + + align:start position:0% +which will be coming out of Martha's + + + align:start position:0% +which will be coming out of Martha's +world of energy technology development + + align:start position:0% +world of energy technology development + + + align:start position:0% +world of energy technology development +is there is there a community out there + + align:start position:0% +is there is there a community out there + + + align:start position:0% +is there is there a community out there +that's prepared to tolerate a much lower + + align:start position:0% +that's prepared to tolerate a much lower + + + align:start position:0% +that's prepared to tolerate a much lower +higher risk lower level return higher + + align:start position:0% +higher risk lower level return higher + + + align:start position:0% +higher risk lower level return higher +risk and a long term kind of focus just + + align:start position:0% +risk and a long term kind of focus just + + + align:start position:0% +risk and a long term kind of focus just +for societal well-being stephania + + align:start position:0% +for societal well-being stephania + + + align:start position:0% +for societal well-being stephania +estefanía all right you're gonna get me + + align:start position:0% +estefanía all right you're gonna get me + + + align:start position:0% +estefanía all right you're gonna get me +to do this right great groups yes it's a + + align:start position:0% +to do this right great groups yes it's a + + + align:start position:0% +to do this right great groups yes it's a +sort of critical literacy of funding + + align:start position:0% +sort of critical literacy of funding + + + align:start position:0% +sort of critical literacy of funding +models and the way that doesn't the kind + + align:start position:0% +models and the way that doesn't the kind + + + align:start position:0% +models and the way that doesn't the kind +of research that you can pursue and how + + align:start position:0% +of research that you can pursue and how + + + align:start position:0% +of research that you can pursue and how +that and also how that funding model + + align:start position:0% +that and also how that funding model + + + align:start position:0% +that and also how that funding model +will impact the ways in which we'll have + + align:start position:0% +will impact the ways in which we'll have + + + align:start position:0% +will impact the ways in which we'll have +to construct your narrative of success + + align:start position:0% +to construct your narrative of success + + + align:start position:0% +to construct your narrative of success +whether that's through the publication + + align:start position:0% +whether that's through the publication + + + align:start position:0% +whether that's through the publication +or the product that you actually end up + + align:start position:0% +or the product that you actually end up + + + align:start position:0% +or the product that you actually end up +producing because it turns out that you + + align:start position:0% +producing because it turns out that you + + + align:start position:0% +producing because it turns out that you +know there's different kinds of venture + + align:start position:0% +know there's different kinds of venture + + + align:start position:0% +know there's different kinds of venture +models and I'm sure that MIT is very you + + align:start position:0% +models and I'm sure that MIT is very you + + + align:start position:0% +models and I'm sure that MIT is very you +know cognizant of the ways in which + + align:start position:0% +know cognizant of the ways in which + + + align:start position:0% +know cognizant of the ways in which +they're specified funding + + align:start position:0% +they're specified funding + + + align:start position:0% +they're specified funding +please rolling shaping which you can + + align:start position:0% +please rolling shaping which you can + + + align:start position:0% +please rolling shaping which you can +yeah an interesting exactly as you say + + align:start position:0% +yeah an interesting exactly as you say + + + align:start position:0% +yeah an interesting exactly as you say +we're starting to play around with + + align:start position:0% +we're starting to play around with + + + align:start position:0% +we're starting to play around with +different mechanisms including a number + + align:start position:0% +different mechanisms including a number + + + align:start position:0% +different mechanisms including a number +of non profit mechanisms that would help + + align:start position:0% +of non profit mechanisms that would help + + + align:start position:0% +of non profit mechanisms that would help +us to kind of fill this gap in the + + align:start position:0% +us to kind of fill this gap in the + + + align:start position:0% +us to kind of fill this gap in the +innovation system and in effect Martine + + align:start position:0% +innovation system and in effect Martine + + + align:start position:0% +innovation system and in effect Martine +back to your point enable us to have a + + align:start position:0% +back to your point enable us to have a + + + align:start position:0% +back to your point enable us to have a +lot more kitchens right all right let me + + align:start position:0% +lot more kitchens right all right let me + + + align:start position:0% +lot more kitchens right all right let me +see if I can draw some conclusions here + + align:start position:0% +see if I can draw some conclusions here + + + align:start position:0% +see if I can draw some conclusions here +this class has talked about two direct + + align:start position:0% +this class has talked about two direct + + + align:start position:0% +this class has talked about two direct +innovation factors things that I would + + align:start position:0% +innovation factors things that I would + + + align:start position:0% +innovation factors things that I would +argue that you can't do without + + align:start position:0% +argue that you can't do without + + + align:start position:0% +argue that you can't do without +so if solo which is growth is driven by + + align:start position:0% +so if solo which is growth is driven by + + + align:start position:0% +so if solo which is growth is driven by +technological and related innovation is + + align:start position:0% +technological and related innovation is + + + align:start position:0% +technological and related innovation is +right it's responsible for two-thirds of + + align:start position:0% +right it's responsible for two-thirds of + + + align:start position:0% +right it's responsible for two-thirds of +historic US economic growth then you + + align:start position:0% +historic US economic growth then you + + + align:start position:0% +historic US economic growth then you +know having an R&D system is a pretty + + align:start position:0% +know having an R&D system is a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +know having an R&D system is a pretty +critical pillar and you need to invest + + align:start position:0% +critical pillar and you need to invest + + + align:start position:0% +critical pillar and you need to invest +in that system + + align:start position:0% +in that system + + + align:start position:0% +in that system +so that's factor number one let's look + + align:start position:0% +so that's factor number one let's look + + + align:start position:0% +so that's factor number one let's look +at some of the numbers and this is one + + align:start position:0% +at some of the numbers and this is one + + + align:start position:0% +at some of the numbers and this is one +of the readings this week was from NSF + + align:start position:0% +of the readings this week was from NSF + + + align:start position:0% +of the readings this week was from NSF +indicators and NSF indicators comes out + + align:start position:0% +indicators and NSF indicators comes out + + + align:start position:0% +indicators and NSF indicators comes out +every other year it is the great + + align:start position:0% +every other year it is the great + + + align:start position:0% +every other year it is the great +collection of data on the US innovation + + align:start position:0% +collection of data on the US innovation + + + align:start position:0% +collection of data on the US innovation +system with lots of comparative + + align:start position:0% +system with lots of comparative + + + align:start position:0% +system with lots of comparative +International assessments as well and + + align:start position:0% +International assessments as well and + + + align:start position:0% +International assessments as well and +it's just a great tool set for you as + + align:start position:0% +it's just a great tool set for you as + + + align:start position:0% +it's just a great tool set for you as +you look at innovation systems and need + + align:start position:0% +you look at innovation systems and need + + + align:start position:0% +you look at innovation systems and need +to make comparative analysis so don't + + align:start position:0% +to make comparative analysis so don't + + + align:start position:0% +to make comparative analysis so don't +miss it just I don't want you to read it + + align:start position:0% +miss it just I don't want you to read it + + + align:start position:0% +miss it just I don't want you to read it +just glance at it see the kinds of + + align:start position:0% +just glance at it see the kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +just glance at it see the kinds of +things that they you know that they can + + align:start position:0% +things that they you know that they can + + + align:start position:0% +things that they you know that they can +collect data for you on and what those + + align:start position:0% +collect data for you on and what those + + + align:start position:0% +collect data for you on and what those +plots look like and I'm you know I'm + + align:start position:0% +plots look like and I'm you know I'm + + + align:start position:0% +plots look like and I'm you know I'm +pulling a few of my favorite charts + + align:start position:0% +pulling a few of my favorite charts + + + align:start position:0% +pulling a few of my favorite charts +sometimes some innovators but almost + + align:start position:0% +sometimes some innovators but almost + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes some innovators but almost +always from NSF developed data federal + + align:start position:0% +always from NSF developed data federal + + + align:start position:0% +always from NSF developed data federal +research funding so this is federal R&D + + align:start position:0% +research funding so this is federal R&D + + + align:start position:0% +research funding so this is federal R&D +outlays as a percentage of total federal + + align:start position:0% +outlays as a percentage of total federal + + + align:start position:0% +outlays as a percentage of total federal +government discretionary spending + + align:start position:0% +government discretionary spending + + + align:start position:0% +government discretionary spending +between 62 and 2008 and you see that + + align:start position:0% +between 62 and 2008 and you see that + + + align:start position:0% +between 62 and 2008 and you see that +discretionary spending on R&D + + align:start position:0% +discretionary spending on R&D + + + align:start position:0% +discretionary spending on R&D +you know began to approach + + align:start position:0% +you know began to approach + + + align:start position:0% +you know began to approach +you know it's like 17% 1965 and then it + + align:start position:0% +you know it's like 17% 1965 and then it + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's like 17% 1965 and then it +comes down to you know well below 10% + + align:start position:0% +comes down to you know well below 10% + + + align:start position:0% +comes down to you know well below 10% +and actually barely above 8% by 2010 so + + align:start position:0% +and actually barely above 8% by 2010 so + + + align:start position:0% +and actually barely above 8% by 2010 so +that's another way of looking at that + + align:start position:0% +that's another way of looking at that + + + align:start position:0% +that's another way of looking at that +same curve so that blue curve is + + align:start position:0% +same curve so that blue curve is + + + align:start position:0% +same curve so that blue curve is +slightly different measurement but + + align:start position:0% +slightly different measurement but + + + align:start position:0% +slightly different measurement but +that's essentially the decline of + + align:start position:0% +that's essentially the decline of + + + align:start position:0% +that's essentially the decline of +federal government support but then you + + align:start position:0% +federal government support but then you + + + align:start position:0% +federal government support but then you +see in the purple this kind of + + align:start position:0% +see in the purple this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +see in the purple this kind of +interesting X curve so you see an + + align:start position:0% +interesting X curve so you see an + + + align:start position:0% +interesting X curve so you see an +increase in industry support for Rd over + + align:start position:0% +increase in industry support for Rd over + + + align:start position:0% +increase in industry support for Rd over +that same time period and by the way you + + align:start position:0% +that same time period and by the way you + + + align:start position:0% +that same time period and by the way you +can extrapolate this out and same + + align:start position:0% +can extrapolate this out and same + + + align:start position:0% +can extrapolate this out and same +phenomena occurs and this is a very this + + align:start position:0% +phenomena occurs and this is a very this + + + align:start position:0% +phenomena occurs and this is a very this +X curve is a very famous curve okay so + + align:start position:0% +X curve is a very famous curve okay so + + + align:start position:0% +X curve is a very famous curve okay so +you think oh well it's too bad that + + align:start position:0% +you think oh well it's too bad that + + + align:start position:0% +you think oh well it's too bad that +government is pulling out of R&D but + + align:start position:0% +government is pulling out of R&D but + + + align:start position:0% +government is pulling out of R&D but +isn't it nice that industry is taking + + align:start position:0% +isn't it nice that industry is taking + + + align:start position:0% +isn't it nice that industry is taking +over and you know great problem solved + + align:start position:0% +over and you know great problem solved + + + align:start position:0% +over and you know great problem solved +right because you know we're essentially + + align:start position:0% +right because you know we're essentially + + + align:start position:0% +right because you know we're essentially +at the same percentage of GDP that goes + + align:start position:0% +at the same percentage of GDP that goes + + + align:start position:0% +at the same percentage of GDP that goes +to R&D as we were back in the 1960s + + align:start position:0% +to R&D as we were back in the 1960s + + + align:start position:0% +to R&D as we were back in the 1960s +right so no problem right but then you + + align:start position:0% +right so no problem right but then you + + + align:start position:0% +right so no problem right but then you +figure out that these two different + + align:start position:0% +figure out that these two different + + + align:start position:0% +figure out that these two different +lines are measuring it's apples and + + align:start position:0% +lines are measuring it's apples and + + + align:start position:0% +lines are measuring it's apples and +oranges right government supports + + align:start position:0% +oranges right government supports + + + align:start position:0% +oranges right government supports +predominantly research industry supports + + align:start position:0% +predominantly research industry supports + + + align:start position:0% +predominantly research industry supports +predominantly development is there a + + align:start position:0% +predominantly development is there a + + + align:start position:0% +predominantly development is there a +relationship between research and + + align:start position:0% +relationship between research and + + + align:start position:0% +relationship between research and +development well yes of course there is + + align:start position:0% +development well yes of course there is + + + align:start position:0% +development well yes of course there is +a relationship between research and + + align:start position:0% +a relationship between research and + + + align:start position:0% +a relationship between research and +development to a significant extent + + align:start position:0% +development to a significant extent + + + align:start position:0% +development to a significant extent +research is going to drive development + + align:start position:0% +research is going to drive development + + + align:start position:0% +research is going to drive development +over an extended period of time + + align:start position:0% +over an extended period of time + + + align:start position:0% +over an extended period of time +so then this picture becomes very + + align:start position:0% +so then this picture becomes very + + + align:start position:0% +so then this picture becomes very +problematic in a way the government + + align:start position:0% +problematic in a way the government + + + align:start position:0% +problematic in a way the government +investment back here enabled this big + + align:start position:0% +investment back here enabled this big + + + align:start position:0% +investment back here enabled this big +industry built up in development that + + align:start position:0% +industry built up in development that + + + align:start position:0% +industry built up in development that +followed afterwards over you know + + align:start position:0% +followed afterwards over you know + + + align:start position:0% +followed afterwards over you know +decades afterwards but if you're + + align:start position:0% +decades afterwards but if you're + + + align:start position:0% +decades afterwards but if you're +bringing down your research over time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's gonna affect your ability to do + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna affect your ability to do + + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna affect your ability to do +development so this is a very problem + + align:start position:0% +development so this is a very problem + + + align:start position:0% +development so this is a very problem +this X curve it's a very problematic + + align:start position:0% +this X curve it's a very problematic + + + align:start position:0% +this X curve it's a very problematic +curve for the future of us innovation + + align:start position:0% +curve for the future of us innovation + + + align:start position:0% +curve for the future of us innovation +because what you want are two parallel + + align:start position:0% +because what you want are two parallel + + + align:start position:0% +because what you want are two parallel +rising lines you want rising research + + align:start position:0% +rising lines you want rising research + + + align:start position:0% +rising lines you want rising research +which in turn is going to enable rising + + align:start position:0% +which in turn is going to enable rising + + + align:start position:0% +which in turn is going to enable rising +development you don't want either or it + + align:start position:0% +development you don't want either or it + + + align:start position:0% +development you don't want either or it +doesn't work I mean there's a phenomena + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work I mean there's a phenomena + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work I mean there's a phenomena +here you have to understand why was this + + align:start position:0% +here you have to understand why was this + + + align:start position:0% +here you have to understand why was this +government level so high how could it + + align:start position:0% +government level so high how could it + + + align:start position:0% +government level so high how could it +imagine that that two thirds of R&D is + + align:start position:0% +imagine that that two thirds of R&D is + + + align:start position:0% +imagine that that two thirds of R&D is +being spent by the federal government + + align:start position:0% +being spent by the federal government + + + align:start position:0% +being spent by the federal government +here in the 1960s what's going on + + align:start position:0% +here in the 1960s what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +here in the 1960s what's going on +space race cold war right and hot war + + align:start position:0% +space race cold war right and hot war + + + align:start position:0% +space race cold war right and hot war +right so we've got simultaneously a hot + + align:start position:0% +right so we've got simultaneously a hot + + + align:start position:0% +right so we've got simultaneously a hot +war a cold war in space race that does + + align:start position:0% +war a cold war in space race that does + + + align:start position:0% +war a cold war in space race that does +wonders for science investment and + + align:start position:0% +wonders for science investment and + + + align:start position:0% +wonders for science investment and +obviously fortunately they haven't + + align:start position:0% +obviously fortunately they haven't + + + align:start position:0% +obviously fortunately they haven't +replicated that to the extent anyway + + align:start position:0% +replicated that to the extent anyway + + + align:start position:0% +replicated that to the extent anyway +that it occurred back in that time + + align:start position:0% +that it occurred back in that time + + + align:start position:0% +that it occurred back in that time +period that's the X curve let me go back + + align:start position:0% +period that's the X curve let me go back + + + align:start position:0% +period that's the X curve let me go back +to this this is investment and + + align:start position:0% +to this this is investment and + + + align:start position:0% +to this this is investment and +development which as you can look you + + align:start position:0% +development which as you can look you + + + align:start position:0% +development which as you can look you +can see the X curve there and that's + + align:start position:0% +can see the X curve there and that's + + + align:start position:0% +can see the X curve there and that's +investment in basic research so + + align:start position:0% +investment in basic research so + + + align:start position:0% +investment in basic research so +government dominates basic research the + + align:start position:0% +government dominates basic research the + + + align:start position:0% +government dominates basic research the +blue industry dominates development why + + align:start position:0% +blue industry dominates development why + + + align:start position:0% +blue industry dominates development why +percentage of GDP is that real that's + + align:start position:0% +percentage of GDP is that real that's + + + align:start position:0% +percentage of GDP is that real that's +the best measure for showing what the + + align:start position:0% +the best measure for showing what the + + + align:start position:0% +the best measure for showing what the +societal commitment is to research how + + align:start position:0% +societal commitment is to research how + + + align:start position:0% +societal commitment is to research how +much of your society's wealth are you + + align:start position:0% +much of your society's wealth are you + + + align:start position:0% +much of your society's wealth are you +spending on R&D that's probably the best + + align:start position:0% +spending on R&D that's probably the best + + + align:start position:0% +spending on R&D that's probably the best +measure that shows the societal + + align:start position:0% +measure that shows the societal + + + align:start position:0% +measure that shows the societal +commitment this is where it goes so + + align:start position:0% +commitment this is where it goes so + + + align:start position:0% +commitment this is where it goes so +health is the blue and that's been the + + align:start position:0% +health is the blue and that's been the + + + align:start position:0% +health is the blue and that's been the +big expanding area in federal R&D + + align:start position:0% +big expanding area in federal R&D + + + align:start position:0% +big expanding area in federal R&D +funding and you know that doubles + + align:start position:0% +funding and you know that doubles + + + align:start position:0% +funding and you know that doubles +starting in 1988 and you can see that + + align:start position:0% +starting in 1988 and you can see that + + + align:start position:0% +starting in 1988 and you can see that +take off whereas the rest is you know + + align:start position:0% +take off whereas the rest is you know + + + align:start position:0% +take off whereas the rest is you know +fairly stagnant this is another way of + + align:start position:0% +fairly stagnant this is another way of + + + align:start position:0% +fairly stagnant this is another way of +looking at that federal non-defense + + align:start position:0% +looking at that federal non-defense + + + align:start position:0% +looking at that federal non-defense +research and development trends as a + + align:start position:0% +research and development trends as a + + + align:start position:0% +research and development trends as a +share of GDP health now dominates + + align:start position:0% +share of GDP health now dominates + + + align:start position:0% + +other nations are obviously working hard + + align:start position:0% +other nations are obviously working hard + + + align:start position:0% +other nations are obviously working hard +on building their R&D capability and you + + align:start position:0% +on building their R&D capability and you + + + align:start position:0% +on building their R&D capability and you +know you can see the red line of the + + align:start position:0% +know you can see the red line of the + + + align:start position:0% +know you can see the red line of the +u.s. kind of stagnating a lot of other + + align:start position:0% +u.s. kind of stagnating a lot of other + + + align:start position:0% +u.s. kind of stagnating a lot of other +countries aren't following that model + + align:start position:0% +countries aren't following that model + + + align:start position:0% +countries aren't following that model +particularly China on the bottom they + + align:start position:0% +particularly China on the bottom they + + + align:start position:0% +particularly China on the bottom they +understand the need for R&D investment + + align:start position:0% +understand the need for R&D investment + + + align:start position:0% +understand the need for R&D investment +so these are some ways of looking at + + align:start position:0% +so these are some ways of looking at + + + align:start position:0% +so these are some ways of looking at +that solo thing what are we doing an R&D + + align:start position:0% +that solo thing what are we doing an R&D + + + align:start position:0% +that solo thing what are we doing an R&D +right these are ways of quantifying the + + align:start position:0% +right these are ways of quantifying the + + + align:start position:0% +right these are ways of quantifying the +investment levels around R&D both on the + + align:start position:0% +investment levels around R&D both on the + + + align:start position:0% +investment levels around R&D both on the +governmental side which tends to + + align:start position:0% +governmental side which tends to + + + align:start position:0% +governmental side which tends to +dominate research and the industry side + + align:start position:0% +dominate research and the industry side + + + align:start position:0% +dominate research and the industry side +which tends to dominate development and + + align:start position:0% +which tends to dominate development and + + + align:start position:0% +which tends to dominate development and +the pictures are not ones that we really + + align:start position:0% +the pictures are not ones that we really + + + align:start position:0% +the pictures are not ones that we really +want to have let's look at our second + + align:start position:0% +want to have let's look at our second + + + align:start position:0% +want to have let's look at our second +direct innovation factor the roamer + + align:start position:0% +direct innovation factor the roamer + + + align:start position:0% +direct innovation factor the roamer +factor the talent factor so if Romer is + + align:start position:0% +factor the talent factor so if Romer is + + + align:start position:0% +factor the talent factor so if Romer is +right human capital engagement research + + align:start position:0% +right human capital engagement research + + + align:start position:0% +right human capital engagement research +is the critical input for the follow-on + + align:start position:0% +is the critical input for the follow-on + + + align:start position:0% +is the critical input for the follow-on +technological innovation right it's a + + align:start position:0% +technological innovation right it's a + + + align:start position:0% +technological innovation right it's a +prerequisite for running your R&D system + + align:start position:0% +prerequisite for running your R&D system + + + align:start position:0% +prerequisite for running your R&D system +and that's the prospector theory and the + + align:start position:0% +and that's the prospector theory and the + + + align:start position:0% +and that's the prospector theory and the +talent based theory of growth so then + + align:start position:0% +talent based theory of growth so then + + + align:start position:0% +talent based theory of growth so then +talent development becomes another key + + align:start position:0% +talent development becomes another key + + + align:start position:0% +talent development becomes another key +pillar for looking at the strength of + + align:start position:0% +pillar for looking at the strength of + + + align:start position:0% +pillar for looking at the strength of +your innovation economy and looking at + + align:start position:0% +your innovation economy and looking at + + + align:start position:0% +your innovation economy and looking at +your innovation capability so let's look + + align:start position:0% +your innovation capability so let's look + + + align:start position:0% +your innovation capability so let's look +at some of this + + align:start position:0% +at some of this + + + align:start position:0% +at some of this +that's Natural Science and Engineering + + align:start position:0% +that's Natural Science and Engineering + + + align:start position:0% +that's Natural Science and Engineering +doctorates in selected countries and you + + align:start position:0% +doctorates in selected countries and you + + + align:start position:0% +doctorates in selected countries and you +know you shot you see you know + + align:start position:0% +know you shot you see you know + + + align:start position:0% +know you shot you see you know +particularly this incredible rise in + + align:start position:0% +particularly this incredible rise in + + + align:start position:0% +particularly this incredible rise in +degrees coming out of China but a lot of + + align:start position:0% +degrees coming out of China but a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +degrees coming out of China but a lot of +growth in a number of other countries as + + align:start position:0% +growth in a number of other countries as + + + align:start position:0% +growth in a number of other countries as +well and a fair amount of stagnation in + + align:start position:0% +well and a fair amount of stagnation in + + + align:start position:0% +well and a fair amount of stagnation in +the US this is us the innovation depends + + align:start position:0% +the US this is us the innovation depends + + + align:start position:0% +the US this is us the innovation depends +on the presence of foreign-born + + align:start position:0% +on the presence of foreign-born + + + align:start position:0% +on the presence of foreign-born +scientists and engineers that's very + + align:start position:0% +scientists and engineers that's very + + + align:start position:0% +scientists and engineers that's very +important part of our system and that's + + align:start position:0% +important part of our system and that's + + + align:start position:0% +important part of our system and that's +how this curve is taken off right so + + align:start position:0% +how this curve is taken off right so + + + align:start position:0% +how this curve is taken off right so +this is + + align:start position:0% +this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is +very important input into the u.s. + + align:start position:0% +very important input into the u.s. + + + align:start position:0% +very important input into the u.s. +innovation system that's why immigration + + align:start position:0% +innovation system that's why immigration + + + align:start position:0% +innovation system that's why immigration +is such a huge concern for the 400 tech + + align:start position:0% +is such a huge concern for the 400 tech + + + align:start position:0% +is such a huge concern for the 400 tech +companies that filed the amicus brief + + align:start position:0% +companies that filed the amicus brief + + + align:start position:0% +companies that filed the amicus brief +for today's argument this is the annual + + align:start position:0% +for today's argument this is the annual + + + align:start position:0% +for today's argument this is the annual +growth rate and numbers of researchers + + align:start position:0% +growth rate and numbers of researchers + + + align:start position:0% +growth rate and numbers of researchers +by country and you know you see I mean + + align:start position:0% +by country and you know you see I mean + + + align:start position:0% +by country and you know you see I mean +the US has the largest research pool by + + align:start position:0% +the US has the largest research pool by + + + align:start position:0% +the US has the largest research pool by +far right but the growth rate is much + + align:start position:0% +far right but the growth rate is much + + + align:start position:0% +far right but the growth rate is much +lower you see the rising growth rates in + + align:start position:0% +lower you see the rising growth rates in + + + align:start position:0% +lower you see the rising growth rates in +a series of Asian economies this is + + align:start position:0% +a series of Asian economies this is + + + align:start position:0% +a series of Asian economies this is +world share of natural science and + + align:start position:0% +world share of natural science and + + + align:start position:0% +world share of natural science and +engineering publications you actually + + align:start position:0% +engineering publications you actually + + + align:start position:0% +engineering publications you actually +see a decline in world share from the US + + align:start position:0% +see a decline in world share from the US + + + align:start position:0% +see a decline in world share from the US +and obviously a huge rise in world share + + align:start position:0% +and obviously a huge rise in world share + + + align:start position:0% +and obviously a huge rise in world share +from China but also countries like South + + align:start position:0% +from China but also countries like South + + + align:start position:0% +from China but also countries like South +Korea significant increases in first + + align:start position:0% +Korea significant increases in first + + + align:start position:0% +Korea significant increases in first +university degrees in natural science + + align:start position:0% +university degrees in natural science + + + align:start position:0% +university degrees in natural science +and engineering in China against the + + align:start position:0% +and engineering in China against the + + + align:start position:0% +and engineering in China against the +rest of the world China rest of the + + align:start position:0% +rest of the world China rest of the + + + align:start position:0% +rest of the world China rest of the +world right they get an innovation based + + align:start position:0% +world right they get an innovation based + + + align:start position:0% +world right they get an innovation based +growth model that's what they're after + + align:start position:0% +growth model that's what they're after + + + align:start position:0% +growth model that's what they're after +they understand its importance they are + + align:start position:0% +they understand its importance they are + + + align:start position:0% +they understand its importance they are +an emerging a developing economy that's + + align:start position:0% +an emerging a developing economy that's + + + align:start position:0% +an emerging a developing economy that's +become an emerging economy that's using + + align:start position:0% +become an emerging economy that's using + + + align:start position:0% +become an emerging economy that's using +an innovation based growth model for its + + align:start position:0% +an innovation based growth model for its + + + align:start position:0% +an innovation based growth model for its +growth so these are ways of looking at + + align:start position:0% +growth so these are ways of looking at + + + align:start position:0% +growth so these are ways of looking at +talent right and the strength of your + + align:start position:0% +talent right and the strength of your + + + align:start position:0% +talent right and the strength of your +innovation system and the NSF indicators + + align:start position:0% +innovation system and the NSF indicators + + + align:start position:0% +innovation system and the NSF indicators +can tell us a lot about this other the + + align:start position:0% +can tell us a lot about this other the + + + align:start position:0% +can tell us a lot about this other the +second pillar this Paul Romer pillar of + + align:start position:0% +second pillar this Paul Romer pillar of + + + align:start position:0% +second pillar this Paul Romer pillar of +this talent pillar now where do these + + align:start position:0% +this talent pillar now where do these + + + align:start position:0% +this talent pillar now where do these +direct innovation system factors come + + align:start position:0% +direct innovation system factors come + + + align:start position:0% +direct innovation system factors come +from these two well on the on the direct + + align:start position:0% +from these two well on the on the direct + + + align:start position:0% +from these two well on the on the direct +governmental role federal government + + align:start position:0% +governmental role federal government + + + align:start position:0% +governmental role federal government +funding of university research is + + align:start position:0% +funding of university research is + + + align:start position:0% +funding of university research is +obviously key and government dominates + + align:start position:0% +obviously key and government dominates + + + align:start position:0% +obviously key and government dominates +research investment as we saw things + + align:start position:0% +research investment as we saw things + + + align:start position:0% +research investment as we saw things +like government labs or obviously + + align:start position:0% +like government labs or obviously + + + align:start position:0% +like government labs or obviously +government dominated the education and + + align:start position:0% +government dominated the education and + + + align:start position:0% +government dominated the education and +training system these are Romer type + + align:start position:0% +training system these are Romer type + + + align:start position:0% +training system these are Romer type +factors the federal government dominates + + align:start position:0% +factors the federal government dominates + + + align:start position:0% +factors the federal government dominates +higher education support for science and + + align:start position:0% +higher education support for science and + + + align:start position:0% +higher education support for science and +engineering support for industry R&D + + align:start position:0% +engineering support for industry R&D + + + align:start position:0% +engineering support for industry R&D +that's pretty significant on the + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty significant on the + + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty significant on the +government side + + align:start position:0% +government side + + + align:start position:0% +government side +particularly through the Defense + + align:start position:0% +particularly through the Defense + + + align:start position:0% +particularly through the Defense +Department and and and sometimes some + + align:start position:0% +Department and and and sometimes some + + + align:start position:0% +Department and and and sometimes some +other agency missions but DoD is the big + + align:start position:0% +other agency missions but DoD is the big + + + align:start position:0% +other agency missions but DoD is the big +one so these are this is the government + + align:start position:0% +one so these are this is the government + + + align:start position:0% +one so these are this is the government +playing a role in direct innovation + + align:start position:0% +playing a role in direct innovation + + + align:start position:0% +playing a role in direct innovation +factors both education and in R&D + + align:start position:0% +factors both education and in R&D + + + align:start position:0% +factors both education and in R&D +investment but then the private sector + + align:start position:0% +investment but then the private sector + + + align:start position:0% +investment but then the private sector +plays a significant role in these two + + align:start position:0% +plays a significant role in these two + + + align:start position:0% +plays a significant role in these two +direct innovation factors as well so + + align:start position:0% +direct innovation factors as well so + + + align:start position:0% +direct innovation factors as well so +industry R&D which is as we talked about + + align:start position:0% +industry R&D which is as we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +industry R&D which is as we talked about +is primarily development industry takes + + align:start position:0% +is primarily development industry takes + + + align:start position:0% +is primarily development industry takes +things through the engineering + + align:start position:0% +things through the engineering + + + align:start position:0% +things through the engineering +prototyping and production stages the + + align:start position:0% +prototyping and production stages the + + + align:start position:0% +prototyping and production stages the +training system is dominated by industry + + align:start position:0% +training system is dominated by industry + + + align:start position:0% +training system is dominated by industry +so that's a roamer like factor right so + + align:start position:0% +so that's a roamer like factor right so + + + align:start position:0% +so that's a roamer like factor right so +you see the division between public + + align:start position:0% +you see the division between public + + + align:start position:0% +you see the division between public +sector and private sector roles around + + align:start position:0% +sector and private sector roles around + + + align:start position:0% +sector and private sector roles around +these two innovation system pillars any + + align:start position:0% +these two innovation system pillars any + + + align:start position:0% +these two innovation system pillars any +questions about this data stuff all + + align:start position:0% +questions about this data stuff all + + + align:start position:0% +questions about this data stuff all +right so let's do some wrap-up Robert + + align:start position:0% +right so let's do some wrap-up Robert + + + align:start position:0% +right so let's do some wrap-up Robert +Solow + + align:start position:0% +Solow + + + align:start position:0% +Solow +the key to growth to economic growth is + + align:start position:0% +the key to growth to economic growth is + + + align:start position:0% +the key to growth to economic growth is +technology and related innovation and + + align:start position:0% +technology and related innovation and + + + align:start position:0% +technology and related innovation and +for shorthand although it's not a fair + + align:start position:0% +for shorthand although it's not a fair + + + align:start position:0% +for shorthand although it's not a fair +summary but in short an we could say + + align:start position:0% +summary but in short an we could say + + + align:start position:0% +summary but in short an we could say +that you've got to do R&D then we talked + + align:start position:0% +that you've got to do R&D then we talked + + + align:start position:0% +that you've got to do R&D then we talked +about Paul Romer behind that + + align:start position:0% +about Paul Romer behind that + + + align:start position:0% +about Paul Romer behind that +technological and related innovation + + align:start position:0% +technological and related innovation + + + align:start position:0% +technological and related innovation +factor is what he calls human capital + + align:start position:0% +factor is what he calls human capital + + + align:start position:0% +factor is what he calls human capital +engagement research right it's your + + align:start position:0% +engagement research right it's your + + + align:start position:0% +engagement research right it's your +talent base but again it's got to be in + + align:start position:0% +talent base but again it's got to be in + + + align:start position:0% +talent base but again it's got to be in +the system it can't be driving cabs it's + + align:start position:0% +the system it can't be driving cabs it's + + + align:start position:0% +the system it can't be driving cabs it's +got to be in that system and Dale + + align:start position:0% +got to be in that system and Dale + + + align:start position:0% +got to be in that system and Dale +Jorgenson tells us that the key to 1990s + + align:start position:0% +Jorgenson tells us that the key to 1990s + + + align:start position:0% +Jorgenson tells us that the key to 1990s +growth actually was technological and + + align:start position:0% +growth actually was technological and + + + align:start position:0% +growth actually was technological and +related innovation that solo is + + align:start position:0% +related innovation that solo is + + + align:start position:0% +related innovation that solo is +absolutely right + + align:start position:0% +absolutely right + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely right +that's how the economy grew and we saw + + align:start position:0% +that's how the economy grew and we saw + + + align:start position:0% +that's how the economy grew and we saw +the picture that he presented for us of + + align:start position:0% +the picture that he presented for us of + + + align:start position:0% +the picture that he presented for us of +a core technology semiconductors + + align:start position:0% +a core technology semiconductors + + + align:start position:0% +a core technology semiconductors +applications pile around it it enters + + align:start position:0% +applications pile around it it enters + + + align:start position:0% +applications pile around it it enters +the economy at significant scale and + + align:start position:0% +the economy at significant scale and + + + align:start position:0% +the economy at significant scale and +starts to affect many sectors that + + align:start position:0% +starts to affect many sectors that + + + align:start position:0% +starts to affect many sectors that +enables productivity gains the + + align:start position:0% +enables productivity gains the + + + align:start position:0% +enables productivity gains the +productivity gains is a real gain in the + + align:start position:0% +productivity gains is a real gain in the + + + align:start position:0% +productivity gains is a real gain in the +society which can be distributed to + + align:start position:0% +society which can be distributed to + + + align:start position:0% +society which can be distributed to +improve societal well-being right that's + + align:start position:0% +improve societal well-being right that's + + + align:start position:0% +improve societal well-being right that's +the picture he he uses to show how these + + align:start position:0% +the picture he he uses to show how these + + + align:start position:0% +the picture he he uses to show how these +innovations + + align:start position:0% +innovations + + + align:start position:0% +innovations +waves actually operate and then from the + + align:start position:0% +waves actually operate and then from the + + + align:start position:0% +waves actually operate and then from the +Merrill Lynch piece that we read we + + align:start position:0% +Merrill Lynch piece that we read we + + + align:start position:0% +Merrill Lynch piece that we read we +learned that investors are only prepared + + align:start position:0% +learned that investors are only prepared + + + align:start position:0% +learned that investors are only prepared +to tackle a pretty small slice of that + + align:start position:0% +to tackle a pretty small slice of that + + + align:start position:0% +to tackle a pretty small slice of that +long term technology development + + align:start position:0% +long term technology development + + + align:start position:0% +long term technology development +timeframe that's needed they acknowledge + + align:start position:0% +timeframe that's needed they acknowledge + + + align:start position:0% +timeframe that's needed they acknowledge +that it's long term they're gonna focus + + align:start position:0% +that it's long term they're gonna focus + + + align:start position:0% +that it's long term they're gonna focus +on a very short part of it so you've got + + align:start position:0% +on a very short part of it so you've got + + + align:start position:0% +on a very short part of it so you've got +it automatically a big gap in the u.s. + + align:start position:0% +it automatically a big gap in the u.s. + + + align:start position:0% +it automatically a big gap in the u.s. +innovation system it's gonna have to get + + align:start position:0% +innovation system it's gonna have to get + + + align:start position:0% +innovation system it's gonna have to get +wrestled with and then the last piece we + + align:start position:0% +wrestled with and then the last piece we + + + align:start position:0% +wrestled with and then the last piece we +went through were these direct + + align:start position:0% +went through were these direct + + + align:start position:0% +went through were these direct +innovation factors R&D and talent and + + align:start position:0% +innovation factors R&D and talent and + + + align:start position:0% +innovation factors R&D and talent and +the different roles that both government + + align:start position:0% +the different roles that both government + + + align:start position:0% +the different roles that both government +and private sector play in these two and + + align:start position:0% +and private sector play in these two and + + + align:start position:0% +and private sector play in these two and +we looked at the NSF indicators as a + + align:start position:0% +we looked at the NSF indicators as a + + + align:start position:0% +we looked at the NSF indicators as a +good source for you for terrific data on + + align:start position:0% +good source for you for terrific data on + + + align:start position:0% +good source for you for terrific data on +how to look at the innovation the u.s. + + align:start position:0% +how to look at the innovation the u.s. + + + align:start position:0% +how to look at the innovation the u.s. +innovation systems but also comparative + + align:start position:0% +innovation systems but also comparative + + + align:start position:0% +innovation systems but also comparative +analysis with other nations as well + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nFf_SJRwfaY.txt b/nFf_SJRwfaY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..74bc2e4d65c951345981fcd909bc53e8e0867c00 --- /dev/null +++ b/nFf_SJRwfaY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4979 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hi there's a cute book called the point + + align:start position:0% +hi there's a cute book called the point + + + align:start position:0% +hi there's a cute book called the point +and the line that was also made into an + + align:start position:0% +and the line that was also made into an + + + align:start position:0% +and the line that was also made into an +animated cartoon that ends with the line + + align:start position:0% +animated cartoon that ends with the line + + + align:start position:0% +animated cartoon that ends with the line +to the vector belongs the spoils and in + + align:start position:0% +to the vector belongs the spoils and in + + + align:start position:0% +to the vector belongs the spoils and in +this particular course we're going to + + align:start position:0% +this particular course we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +this particular course we're going to +find that both the traditional meaning + + align:start position:0% +find that both the traditional meaning + + + align:start position:0% +find that both the traditional meaning +of vector plus a modern meaning of + + align:start position:0% +of vector plus a modern meaning of + + + align:start position:0% +of vector plus a modern meaning of +vector plays a very fundamental role in + + align:start position:0% +vector plays a very fundamental role in + + + align:start position:0% +vector plays a very fundamental role in +the study of calculus of several + + align:start position:0% +the study of calculus of several + + + align:start position:0% +the study of calculus of several +variables in fact the modern definition + + align:start position:0% +variables in fact the modern definition + + + align:start position:0% +variables in fact the modern definition +which we will ultimately get to later in + + align:start position:0% +which we will ultimately get to later in + + + align:start position:0% +which we will ultimately get to later in +the course is the one that will be of + + align:start position:0% +the course is the one that will be of + + + align:start position:0% +the course is the one that will be of +utmost importance to us but in the + + align:start position:0% +utmost importance to us but in the + + + align:start position:0% +utmost importance to us but in the +meantime to better appreciate what this + + align:start position:0% +meantime to better appreciate what this + + + align:start position:0% +meantime to better appreciate what this +will be like we will start with a more + + align:start position:0% +will be like we will start with a more + + + align:start position:0% +will be like we will start with a more +conventional treatment of vectors + + align:start position:0% +conventional treatment of vectors + + + align:start position:0% +conventional treatment of vectors +hopefully one Fringe benefit of this + + align:start position:0% +hopefully one Fringe benefit of this + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully one Fringe benefit of this +will be to revisit what vectors really + + align:start position:0% +will be to revisit what vectors really + + + align:start position:0% +will be to revisit what vectors really +are and to get on with this let me again + + align:start position:0% +are and to get on with this let me again + + + align:start position:0% +are and to get on with this let me again +point out that we will be giving an + + align:start position:0% +point out that we will be giving an + + + align:start position:0% +point out that we will be giving an +overview of what the unit is all about + + align:start position:0% +overview of what the unit is all about + + + align:start position:0% +overview of what the unit is all about +in this lecture and the details will + + align:start position:0% +in this lecture and the details will + + + align:start position:0% +in this lecture and the details will +again be left to the supplementary notes + + align:start position:0% +again be left to the supplementary notes + + + align:start position:0% +again be left to the supplementary notes +the text and the exercises I call this + + align:start position:0% +the text and the exercises I call this + + + align:start position:0% +the text and the exercises I call this +lecture Arrow arithmetic and the reason + + align:start position:0% +lecture Arrow arithmetic and the reason + + + align:start position:0% +lecture Arrow arithmetic and the reason +for calling this Arrow arithmetic + + align:start position:0% +for calling this Arrow arithmetic + + + align:start position:0% +for calling this Arrow arithmetic +hopefully will become clear in a moment + + align:start position:0% +hopefully will become clear in a moment + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully will become clear in a moment +for the time being let's very quickly + + align:start position:0% +for the time being let's very quickly + + + align:start position:0% +for the time being let's very quickly +review what a vector is I think most of + + align:start position:0% +review what a vector is I think most of + + + align:start position:0% +review what a vector is I think most of +us know this but just to make sure that + + align:start position:0% +us know this but just to make sure that + + + align:start position:0% +us know this but just to make sure that +there are no misinterpretation ations a + + align:start position:0% +there are no misinterpretation ations a + + + align:start position:0% +there are no misinterpretation ations a +vector is any quantity which depends on + + align:start position:0% +vector is any quantity which depends on + + + align:start position:0% +vector is any quantity which depends on +a direction as well as a magnitude in + + align:start position:0% +a direction as well as a magnitude in + + + align:start position:0% +a direction as well as a magnitude in +other words a vector quantity is one + + align:start position:0% +other words a vector quantity is one + + + align:start position:0% +other words a vector quantity is one +which in order to specify + + align:start position:0% +which in order to specify + + + align:start position:0% +which in order to specify +uniquely we must tell what its magnitude + + align:start position:0% +uniquely we must tell what its magnitude + + + align:start position:0% +uniquely we must tell what its magnitude +is its size we must tell what direction + + align:start position:0% +is its size we must tell what direction + + + align:start position:0% +is its size we must tell what direction +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +in and finally something which I call + + align:start position:0% +in and finally something which I call + + + align:start position:0% +in and finally something which I call +the sense wherein I distinguish between + + align:start position:0% +the sense wherein I distinguish between + + + align:start position:0% +the sense wherein I distinguish between +the same direction being traversed in + + align:start position:0% +the same direction being traversed in + + + align:start position:0% +the same direction being traversed in +two different ways and perhaps the best + + align:start position:0% +two different ways and perhaps the best + + + align:start position:0% +two different ways and perhaps the best +way to emphasize this is in terms of a + + align:start position:0% +way to emphasize this is in terms of a + + + align:start position:0% +way to emphasize this is in terms of a +one-dimensional analogy that we have + + align:start position:0% +one-dimensional analogy that we have + + + align:start position:0% +one-dimensional analogy that we have +already studied very very early in our + + align:start position:0% +already studied very very early in our + + + align:start position:0% +already studied very very early in our +mathematical careers I'm thinking of the + + align:start position:0% +mathematical careers I'm thinking of the + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical careers I'm thinking of the +idea of visualizing sign numbers in + + align:start position:0% +idea of visualizing sign numbers in + + + align:start position:0% +idea of visualizing sign numbers in +terms of the number line in other words + + align:start position:0% +terms of the number line in other words + + + align:start position:0% +terms of the number line in other words +recall that the number line was + + align:start position:0% +recall that the number line was + + + align:start position:0% +recall that the number line was +essentially the x-axis and starting at + + align:start position:0% +essentially the x-axis and starting at + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the x-axis and starting at +some origin which we called say zero we + + align:start position:0% +some origin which we called say zero we + + + align:start position:0% +some origin which we called say zero we +numbered one 2 Etc if we moved in the + + align:start position:0% +numbered one 2 Etc if we moved in the + + + align:start position:0% +numbered one 2 Etc if we moved in the +right the left to right direction and + + align:start position:0% +right the left to right direction and + + + align:start position:0% +right the left to right direction and +Nega -1 and -2 Etc if we went from right + + align:start position:0% +Nega -1 and -2 Etc if we went from right + + + align:start position:0% +Nega -1 and -2 Etc if we went from right +to left in other words even though the + + align:start position:0% +to left in other words even though the + + + align:start position:0% +to left in other words even though the +direction of the x axis is still the + + align:start position:0% +direction of the x axis is still the + + + align:start position:0% +direction of the x axis is still the +same whether we go from left to right or + + align:start position:0% +same whether we go from left to right or + + + align:start position:0% +same whether we go from left to right or +from right to left we distinguish + + align:start position:0% +from right to left we distinguish + + + align:start position:0% +from right to left we distinguish +between the two motions in terms of what + + align:start position:0% +between the two motions in terms of what + + + align:start position:0% +between the two motions in terms of what +and this is what we mean by the sense of + + align:start position:0% +and this is what we mean by the sense of + + + align:start position:0% +and this is what we mean by the sense of +a vector some people say well the + + align:start position:0% +a vector some people say well the + + + align:start position:0% +a vector some people say well the +direction includes the sense I prefer to + + align:start position:0% +direction includes the sense I prefer to + + + align:start position:0% +direction includes the sense I prefer to +have these two words dangling around so + + align:start position:0% +have these two words dangling around so + + + align:start position:0% +have these two words dangling around so +I can put them at my disposal in any way + + align:start position:0% +I can put them at my disposal in any way + + + align:start position:0% +I can put them at my disposal in any way +that I see fit but roughly speaking then + + align:start position:0% +that I see fit but roughly speaking then + + + align:start position:0% +that I see fit but roughly speaking then +this is all a vector is now the idea is + + align:start position:0% +this is all a vector is now the idea is + + + align:start position:0% +this is all a vector is now the idea is +why arrows and the answer + + align:start position:0% +why arrows and the answer + + + align:start position:0% +why arrows and the answer +is and here's a little ratio I put down + + align:start position:0% +is and here's a little ratio I put down + + + align:start position:0% +is and here's a little ratio I put down +here an arrow is to a vector as a length + + align:start position:0% +here an arrow is to a vector as a length + + + align:start position:0% +here an arrow is to a vector as a length +is to a scalar where by scalar I mean + + align:start position:0% +is to a scalar where by scalar I mean + + + align:start position:0% +is to a scalar where by scalar I mean +number something which has a magnitude + + align:start position:0% +number something which has a magnitude + + + align:start position:0% +number something which has a magnitude +but no Direction remember when we first + + align:start position:0% +but no Direction remember when we first + + + align:start position:0% +but no Direction remember when we first +started talking about numerical uh + + align:start position:0% +started talking about numerical uh + + + align:start position:0% +started talking about numerical uh +arithmetic and talked about graphing and + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic and talked about graphing and + + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic and talked about graphing and +visualizing numbers as lengths we picked + + align:start position:0% +visualizing numbers as lengths we picked + + + align:start position:0% +visualizing numbers as lengths we picked +a length to represent the number and at + + align:start position:0% +a length to represent the number and at + + + align:start position:0% +a length to represent the number and at +that particular time since there was + + align:start position:0% +that particular time since there was + + + align:start position:0% +that particular time since there was +only one degree of Freedom namely the + + align:start position:0% +only one degree of Freedom namely the + + + align:start position:0% +only one degree of Freedom namely the +x-axis we didn't emphasize Direction but + + align:start position:0% +x-axis we didn't emphasize Direction but + + + align:start position:0% +x-axis we didn't emphasize Direction but +the idea is to carry this analogy + + align:start position:0% +the idea is to carry this analogy + + + align:start position:0% +the idea is to carry this analogy +further what one does is when one has a + + align:start position:0% +further what one does is when one has a + + + align:start position:0% +further what one does is when one has a +quantity which is a vector + + align:start position:0% +quantity which is a vector + + + align:start position:0% +quantity which is a vector +an arrow a traditional Arrow a directed + + align:start position:0% +an arrow a traditional Arrow a directed + + + align:start position:0% +an arrow a traditional Arrow a directed +line segment with a given sense the Arro + + align:start position:0% +line segment with a given sense the Arro + + + align:start position:0% +line segment with a given sense the Arro +head indicating the sense is perhaps the + + align:start position:0% +head indicating the sense is perhaps the + + + align:start position:0% +head indicating the sense is perhaps the +best way of drawing what we mean by a + + align:start position:0% +best way of drawing what we mean by a + + + align:start position:0% +best way of drawing what we mean by a +vector namely I have just a few random + + align:start position:0% +vector namely I have just a few random + + + align:start position:0% +vector namely I have just a few random +examples here here's a collection of + + align:start position:0% +examples here here's a collection of + + + align:start position:0% +examples here here's a collection of +things which are + + align:start position:0% +things which are + + + align:start position:0% +things which are +arrows they're line segments in a given + + align:start position:0% +arrows they're line segments in a given + + + align:start position:0% +arrows they're line segments in a given +Direction and The Arro head indicates a + + align:start position:0% +Direction and The Arro head indicates a + + + align:start position:0% +Direction and The Arro head indicates a +particular sense notice by the way that + + align:start position:0% +particular sense notice by the way that + + + align:start position:0% +particular sense notice by the way that +the concept of a vector does not depend + + align:start position:0% +the concept of a vector does not depend + + + align:start position:0% +the concept of a vector does not depend +on an arrow anymore than the concept of + + align:start position:0% +on an arrow anymore than the concept of + + + align:start position:0% +on an arrow anymore than the concept of +a number depends on a length the arrow + + align:start position:0% +a number depends on a length the arrow + + + align:start position:0% +a number depends on a length the arrow +is simply a convenient geometric + + align:start position:0% +is simply a convenient geometric + + + align:start position:0% +is simply a convenient geometric +representation for visualizing the + + align:start position:0% +representation for visualizing the + + + align:start position:0% +representation for visualizing the +vector okay now hopefully in terms of + + align:start position:0% +vector okay now hopefully in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +vector okay now hopefully in terms of +the last unit you now have the feeling + + align:start position:0% +the last unit you now have the feeling + + + align:start position:0% +the last unit you now have the feeling +that in mathematics to have an + + align:start position:0% +that in mathematics to have an + + + align:start position:0% +that in mathematics to have an +arithmetic one needs more than a + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic one needs more than a + + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic one needs more than a +collection of objects that to have a + + align:start position:0% +collection of objects that to have a + + + align:start position:0% +collection of objects that to have a +structure one needs a collection of + + align:start position:0% +structure one needs a collection of + + + align:start position:0% +structure one needs a collection of +objects together with certain rules and + + align:start position:0% +objects together with certain rules and + + + align:start position:0% +objects together with certain rules and +definitions and what have you and + + align:start position:0% +definitions and what have you and + + + align:start position:0% +definitions and what have you and +consequently it becomes rather mandatory + + align:start position:0% +consequently it becomes rather mandatory + + + align:start position:0% +consequently it becomes rather mandatory +that somehow or other we be able to + + align:start position:0% +that somehow or other we be able to + + + align:start position:0% +that somehow or other we be able to +categorize a pair of vectors as to + + align:start position:0% +categorize a pair of vectors as to + + + align:start position:0% +categorize a pair of vectors as to +whether they shall be called equal or + + align:start position:0% +whether they shall be called equal or + + + align:start position:0% +whether they shall be called equal or +not see what shall we mean by even + + align:start position:0% +not see what shall we mean by even + + + align:start position:0% +not see what shall we mean by even +saying that two vectors shall be equal + + align:start position:0% +saying that two vectors shall be equal + + + align:start position:0% +saying that two vectors shall be equal +the equality of vectors and I claim the + + align:start position:0% +the equality of vectors and I claim the + + + align:start position:0% +the equality of vectors and I claim the +following and let me just State this + + align:start position:0% +following and let me just State this + + + align:start position:0% +following and let me just State this +cold BL bloodly until we come to uh uh + + align:start position:0% +cold BL bloodly until we come to uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +cold BL bloodly until we come to uh uh +the end and show what we're driving at + + align:start position:0% +the end and show what we're driving at + + + align:start position:0% +the end and show what we're driving at +again to say at the vector a equal the + + align:start position:0% +again to say at the vector a equal the + + + align:start position:0% +again to say at the vector a equal the +vector b means that first of all the + + align:start position:0% +vector b means that first of all the + + + align:start position:0% +vector b means that first of all the +magnitude of a equals the magnitude of B + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of a equals the magnitude of B + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of a equals the magnitude of B +by the way again as in the + + align:start position:0% +by the way again as in the + + + align:start position:0% +by the way again as in the +one-dimensional case when we call the + + align:start position:0% +one-dimensional case when we call the + + + align:start position:0% +one-dimensional case when we call the +absolute value the length we do the same + + align:start position:0% +absolute value the length we do the same + + + align:start position:0% +absolute value the length we do the same +thing in terms of arrows we abbreviate + + align:start position:0% +thing in terms of arrows we abbreviate + + + align:start position:0% +thing in terms of arrows we abbreviate +the magnitude of an arrow by writing the + + align:start position:0% +the magnitude of an arrow by writing the + + + align:start position:0% +the magnitude of an arrow by writing the +absolute value of the arrow in other + + align:start position:0% +absolute value of the arrow in other + + + align:start position:0% +absolute value of the arrow in other +words the absolute value of a must equal + + align:start position:0% +words the absolute value of a must equal + + + align:start position:0% +words the absolute value of a must equal +the absolute value of B secondly the + + align:start position:0% +the absolute value of B secondly the + + + align:start position:0% +the absolute value of B secondly the +arrow a must be parallel to the arrow B + + align:start position:0% +arrow a must be parallel to the arrow B + + + align:start position:0% +arrow a must be parallel to the arrow B +and thirdly A and B must have the same + + align:start position:0% +and thirdly A and B must have the same + + + align:start position:0% +and thirdly A and B must have the same +sense and again to show you what this is + + align:start position:0% +sense and again to show you what this is + + + align:start position:0% +sense and again to show you what this is +remember I said to you a moment ago that + + align:start position:0% +remember I said to you a moment ago that + + + align:start position:0% +remember I said to you a moment ago that +the arrows are just a convenient + + align:start position:0% +the arrows are just a convenient + + + align:start position:0% +the arrows are just a convenient +pictorial way of + + align:start position:0% +pictorial way of + + + align:start position:0% +pictorial way of +representing a vector let's observe that + + align:start position:0% +representing a vector let's observe that + + + align:start position:0% +representing a vector let's observe that +these three properties here ju the + + align:start position:0% +these three properties here ju the + + + align:start position:0% +these three properties here ju the +position very + + align:start position:0% +position very + + + align:start position:0% +position very +nicely with these three properties here + + align:start position:0% +nicely with these three properties here + + + align:start position:0% +nicely with these three properties here +in other words notice that our + + align:start position:0% +in other words notice that our + + + align:start position:0% +in other words notice that our +definition of equality of arrows + + align:start position:0% +definition of equality of arrows + + + align:start position:0% +definition of equality of arrows +captures + + align:start position:0% +captures + + + align:start position:0% +captures +exactly what what three ingredients go + + align:start position:0% +exactly what what three ingredients go + + + align:start position:0% +exactly what what three ingredients go +into defining a vector since all we're + + align:start position:0% +into defining a vector since all we're + + + align:start position:0% +into defining a vector since all we're +talking about is magnitude Direction and + + align:start position:0% +talking about is magnitude Direction and + + + align:start position:0% +talking about is magnitude Direction and +sense how can we + + align:start position:0% +sense how can we + + + align:start position:0% +sense how can we +distinguish validly between two vectors + + align:start position:0% +distinguish validly between two vectors + + + align:start position:0% +distinguish validly between two vectors +other than in terms of magnitude + + align:start position:0% +other than in terms of magnitude + + + align:start position:0% +other than in terms of magnitude +Direction and sense okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well by the way let's be very careful + + align:start position:0% +well by the way let's be very careful + + + align:start position:0% +well by the way let's be very careful +about this you see as long as the only + + align:start position:0% +about this you see as long as the only + + + align:start position:0% +about this you see as long as the only +way that we can determine the difference + + align:start position:0% +way that we can determine the difference + + + align:start position:0% +way that we can determine the difference +between two vectors or arrows is in + + align:start position:0% +between two vectors or arrows is in + + + align:start position:0% +between two vectors or arrows is in +terms of their magnitude Direction and + + align:start position:0% +terms of their magnitude Direction and + + + align:start position:0% +terms of their magnitude Direction and +sense what this means is that if you + + align:start position:0% +sense what this means is that if you + + + align:start position:0% +sense what this means is that if you +have two vectors which are parallel have + + align:start position:0% +have two vectors which are parallel have + + + align:start position:0% +have two vectors which are parallel have +the same length two arrows same length + + align:start position:0% +the same length two arrows same length + + + align:start position:0% +the same length two arrows same length +same direction and the same sense they + + align:start position:0% +same direction and the same sense they + + + align:start position:0% +same direction and the same sense they +must be called equal you see in other + + align:start position:0% +must be called equal you see in other + + + align:start position:0% +must be called equal you see in other +words vectors do not have to coincide to + + align:start position:0% +words vectors do not have to coincide to + + + align:start position:0% +words vectors do not have to coincide to +be equal unlike the case of straight + + align:start position:0% +be equal unlike the case of straight + + + align:start position:0% +be equal unlike the case of straight +lines in other words if I were to + + align:start position:0% +lines in other words if I were to + + + align:start position:0% +lines in other words if I were to +draw a pair of parallel lines here of + + align:start position:0% +draw a pair of parallel lines here of + + + align:start position:0% +draw a pair of parallel lines here of +equal length these would be called + + align:start position:0% +equal length these would be called + + + align:start position:0% +equal length these would be called +different lines + + align:start position:0% +different lines + + + align:start position:0% +different lines +as soon as I do + + align:start position:0% +as soon as I do + + + align:start position:0% +as soon as I do +this these are called equal arrows why + + align:start position:0% +this these are called equal arrows why + + + align:start position:0% +this these are called equal arrows why +because of our definition of equality + + align:start position:0% +because of our definition of equality + + + align:start position:0% +because of our definition of equality +and if somebody says but I don't like + + align:start position:0% +and if somebody says but I don't like + + + align:start position:0% +and if somebody says but I don't like +that definition well this is the same as + + align:start position:0% +that definition well this is the same as + + + align:start position:0% +that definition well this is the same as +the rule that three strikes is an out in + + align:start position:0% +the rule that three strikes is an out in + + + align:start position:0% +the rule that three strikes is an out in +baseball if somebody doesn't like that + + align:start position:0% +baseball if somebody doesn't like that + + + align:start position:0% +baseball if somebody doesn't like that +rule you say it well look at go and play + + align:start position:0% +rule you say it well look at go and play + + + align:start position:0% +rule you say it well look at go and play +your own game and make as many strikes + + align:start position:0% +your own game and make as many strikes + + + align:start position:0% +your own game and make as many strikes +as an out as you want but don't call + + align:start position:0% +as an out as you want but don't call + + + align:start position:0% +as an out as you want but don't call +that game baseball because that will + + align:start position:0% +that game baseball because that will + + + align:start position:0% +that game baseball because that will +confuse it with the game that we're + + align:start position:0% +confuse it with the game that we're + + + align:start position:0% +confuse it with the game that we're +playing here which is different in other + + align:start position:0% +playing here which is different in other + + + align:start position:0% +playing here which is different in other +words we make up our rules to govern as + + align:start position:0% +words we make up our rules to govern as + + + align:start position:0% +words we make up our rules to govern as +I said in the last lecture what we + + align:start position:0% +I said in the last lecture what we + + + align:start position:0% +I said in the last lecture what we +believe to be reality and we believe + + align:start position:0% +believe to be reality and we believe + + + align:start position:0% +believe to be reality and we believe +that for how we're going to use vectors + + align:start position:0% +that for how we're going to use vectors + + + align:start position:0% +that for how we're going to use vectors +this is a very very natural definition + + align:start position:0% +this is a very very natural definition + + + align:start position:0% +this is a very very natural definition +and this is not the first time in + + align:start position:0% +and this is not the first time in + + + align:start position:0% +and this is not the first time in +mathematics that we've done something + + align:start position:0% +mathematics that we've done something + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics that we've done something +like this way back around the third or + + align:start position:0% +like this way back around the third or + + + align:start position:0% +like this way back around the third or +fourth grade here a little analogy you + + align:start position:0% +fourth grade here a little analogy you + + + align:start position:0% +fourth grade here a little analogy you +get used to saying 1 12 equals 36 but + + align:start position:0% +get used to saying 1 12 equals 36 but + + + align:start position:0% +get used to saying 1 12 equals 36 but +obviously the ordered number pair 1 + + align:start position:0% +obviously the ordered number pair 1 + + + align:start position:0% +obviously the ordered number pair 1 +comma 2 and 3 comma 6 look different it + + align:start position:0% +comma 2 and 3 comma 6 look different it + + + align:start position:0% +comma 2 and 3 comma 6 look different it +certainly makes a difference physically + + align:start position:0% +certainly makes a difference physically + + + align:start position:0% +certainly makes a difference physically +whether you cut a pi and half and take + + align:start position:0% +whether you cut a pi and half and take + + + align:start position:0% +whether you cut a pi and half and take +one piece or cut the pi into six pieces + + align:start position:0% +one piece or cut the pi into six pieces + + + align:start position:0% +one piece or cut the pi into six pieces +and take three of them the physical + + align:start position:0% +and take three of them the physical + + + align:start position:0% +and take three of them the physical +process is different the two fractions + + align:start position:0% +process is different the two fractions + + + align:start position:0% +process is different the two fractions +don't look alike why do we call them + + align:start position:0% +don't look alike why do we call them + + + align:start position:0% +don't look alike why do we call them +equal and it means that in terms of what + + align:start position:0% +equal and it means that in terms of what + + + align:start position:0% +equal and it means that in terms of what +we want ratios to mean the number which + + align:start position:0% +we want ratios to mean the number which + + + align:start position:0% +we want ratios to mean the number which +you must multiply by two to get one is + + align:start position:0% +you must multiply by two to get one is + + + align:start position:0% +you must multiply by two to get one is +the same number that you must multiply + + align:start position:0% +the same number that you must multiply + + + align:start position:0% +the same number that you must multiply +by six to get three and consequently + + align:start position:0% +by six to get three and consequently + + + align:start position:0% +by six to get three and consequently +let's just keep the equality in that + + align:start position:0% +let's just keep the equality in that + + + align:start position:0% +let's just keep the equality in that +sense who cares whether they look alike + + align:start position:0% +sense who cares whether they look alike + + + align:start position:0% +sense who cares whether they look alike +or not let's call them equal if they + + align:start position:0% +or not let's call them equal if they + + + align:start position:0% +or not let's call them equal if they +capture the important characteristic and + + align:start position:0% +capture the important characteristic and + + + align:start position:0% +capture the important characteristic and +that's the way this game is going to be + + align:start position:0% +that's the way this game is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +that's the way this game is going to be +played all the time we will make up our + + align:start position:0% +played all the time we will make up our + + + align:start position:0% +played all the time we will make up our +definitions to fit our mood and + + align:start position:0% +definitions to fit our mood and + + + align:start position:0% +definitions to fit our mood and +hopefully the mood that suits me best + + align:start position:0% +hopefully the mood that suits me best + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully the mood that suits me best +will suit you best because I will try to + + align:start position:0% +will suit you best because I will try to + + + align:start position:0% +will suit you best because I will try to +pick the reasons that you yourselves + + align:start position:0% +pick the reasons that you yourselves + + + align:start position:0% +pick the reasons that you yourselves +would have liked to have seen Mo + + align:start position:0% +would have liked to have seen Mo + + + align:start position:0% +would have liked to have seen Mo +motivate why we did the things that we + + align:start position:0% +motivate why we did the things that we + + + align:start position:0% +motivate why we did the things that we +did or that we're going to do here so + + align:start position:0% +did or that we're going to do here so + + + align:start position:0% +did or that we're going to do here so +let me talk about the addition of + + align:start position:0% +let me talk about the addition of + + + align:start position:0% +let me talk about the addition of +vectors and let me put the word addition + + align:start position:0% +vectors and let me put the word addition + + + align:start position:0% +vectors and let me put the word addition +in quotation marks here to indicate that + + align:start position:0% +in quotation marks here to indicate that + + + align:start position:0% +in quotation marks here to indicate that +all I mean by the addition of vectors + + align:start position:0% +all I mean by the addition of vectors + + + align:start position:0% +all I mean by the addition of vectors +and perhaps I should still say addition + + align:start position:0% +and perhaps I should still say addition + + + align:start position:0% +and perhaps I should still say addition +of arrows is I would like a rule that + + align:start position:0% +of arrows is I would like a rule that + + + align:start position:0% +of arrows is I would like a rule that +tells me how to combine two arrows to + + align:start position:0% +tells me how to combine two arrows to + + + align:start position:0% +tells me how to combine two arrows to +form another + + align:start position:0% +form another + + + align:start position:0% +form another +arrow now again I can make up hundreds + + align:start position:0% +arrow now again I can make up hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +arrow now again I can make up hundreds +of rules that tell me how for two given + + align:start position:0% +of rules that tell me how for two given + + + align:start position:0% +of rules that tell me how for two given +arrows I'm going to form a third Arrow + + align:start position:0% +arrows I'm going to form a third Arrow + + + align:start position:0% +arrows I'm going to form a third Arrow +from the given two but since our aim is + + align:start position:0% +from the given two but since our aim is + + + align:start position:0% +from the given two but since our aim is +to solve problems of the real world Why + + align:start position:0% +to solve problems of the real world Why + + + align:start position:0% +to solve problems of the real world Why +not pick a definition Why not pick a + + align:start position:0% +not pick a definition Why not pick a + + + align:start position:0% +not pick a definition Why not pick a +definition that has already been used in + + align:start position:0% +definition that has already been used in + + + align:start position:0% +definition that has already been used in +physics and in other applications the + + align:start position:0% +physics and in other applications the + + + align:start position:0% +physics and in other applications the +thing called the resultant for example + + align:start position:0% +thing called the resultant for example + + + align:start position:0% +thing called the resultant for example +given a point O and two forces + + align:start position:0% +given a point O and two forces + + + align:start position:0% +given a point O and two forces +represented as arrows A and B acting at + + align:start position:0% +represented as arrows A and B acting at + + + align:start position:0% +represented as arrows A and B acting at +o we have agreed or you may recall that + + align:start position:0% +o we have agreed or you may recall that + + + align:start position:0% +o we have agreed or you may recall that +the resultant force is the vector that + + align:start position:0% +the resultant force is the vector that + + + align:start position:0% +the resultant force is the vector that +forms the diagonal of the parallelogram + + align:start position:0% +forms the diagonal of the parallelogram + + + align:start position:0% +forms the diagonal of the parallelogram +which has a and b as consecutive edges + + align:start position:0% +which has a and b as consecutive edges + + + align:start position:0% +which has a and b as consecutive edges +in other words this Vector here was what + + align:start position:0% +in other words this Vector here was what + + + align:start position:0% +in other words this Vector here was what +in the old days was called the resultant + + align:start position:0% +in the old days was called the resultant + + + align:start position:0% +in the old days was called the resultant +because that has such a nice usage I am + + align:start position:0% +because that has such a nice usage I am + + + align:start position:0% +because that has such a nice usage I am +going to call that the sum of two + + align:start position:0% +going to call that the sum of two + + + align:start position:0% +going to call that the sum of two +vectors okay by the sum of two vectors I + + align:start position:0% +vectors okay by the sum of two vectors I + + + align:start position:0% +vectors okay by the sum of two vectors I +mean what physically used to be the + + align:start position:0% +mean what physically used to be the + + + align:start position:0% +mean what physically used to be the +resultant and a very nice way of + + align:start position:0% +resultant and a very nice way of + + + align:start position:0% +resultant and a very nice way of +remembering the rule is remember that + + align:start position:0% +remembering the rule is remember that + + + align:start position:0% +remembering the rule is remember that +this Vector B is equal to this Vector + + align:start position:0% +this Vector B is equal to this Vector + + + align:start position:0% +this Vector B is equal to this Vector +because this is a parallelogram these + + align:start position:0% +because this is a parallelogram these + + + align:start position:0% +because this is a parallelogram these +are equal in magnitude parallel in + + align:start position:0% +are equal in magnitude parallel in + + + align:start position:0% +are equal in magnitude parallel in +Direction and have the same sense notice + + align:start position:0% +Direction and have the same sense notice + + + align:start position:0% +Direction and have the same sense notice +that if I wanted a quick recipe that was + + align:start position:0% +that if I wanted a quick recipe that was + + + align:start position:0% +that if I wanted a quick recipe that was +convenient for adding two vectors A and + + align:start position:0% +convenient for adding two vectors A and + + + align:start position:0% +convenient for adding two vectors A and +B you say what place the tail of the + + align:start position:0% +B you say what place the tail of the + + + align:start position:0% +B you say what place the tail of the +second next to the head of the first and + + align:start position:0% +second next to the head of the first and + + + align:start position:0% +second next to the head of the first and +then draw the vector the arrow that goes + + align:start position:0% +then draw the vector the arrow that goes + + + align:start position:0% +then draw the vector the arrow that goes +from the tail of the first to the head + + align:start position:0% +from the tail of the first to the head + + + align:start position:0% +from the tail of the first to the head +of the second and this will be the + + align:start position:0% +of the second and this will be the + + + align:start position:0% +of the second and this will be the +definition of the addition of arrows and + + align:start position:0% +definition of the addition of arrows and + + + align:start position:0% +definition of the addition of arrows and +again this is done in much more detail + + align:start position:0% +again this is done in much more detail + + + align:start position:0% +again this is done in much more detail +in our written material by the way + + align:start position:0% +in our written material by the way + + + align:start position:0% +in our written material by the way +notice again a parallelism between the + + align:start position:0% +notice again a parallelism between the + + + align:start position:0% +notice again a parallelism between the +structure of vectors and the structure + + align:start position:0% +structure of vectors and the structure + + + align:start position:0% +structure of vectors and the structure +of ordinary arithmetic in the same way + + align:start position:0% +of ordinary arithmetic in the same way + + + align:start position:0% +of ordinary arithmetic in the same way +that given two numbers they have one sum + + align:start position:0% +that given two numbers they have one sum + + + align:start position:0% +that given two numbers they have one sum +but that a given sum can be formed by + + align:start position:0% +but that a given sum can be formed by + + + align:start position:0% +but that a given sum can be formed by +different combinations of numbers that + + align:start position:0% +different combinations of numbers that + + + align:start position:0% +different combinations of numbers that +two given vectors which I call here X1 + + align:start position:0% +two given vectors which I call here X1 + + + align:start position:0% +two given vectors which I call here X1 +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +y1 give a as a sum but notice also that + + align:start position:0% +y1 give a as a sum but notice also that + + + align:start position:0% +y1 give a as a sum but notice also that +the vector a is a sum of the vectors X2 + + align:start position:0% +the vector a is a sum of the vectors X2 + + + align:start position:0% +the vector a is a sum of the vectors X2 +and Y2 in other words in fact to + + align:start position:0% +and Y2 in other words in fact to + + + align:start position:0% +and Y2 in other words in fact to +generalize this if I picked any point I + + align:start position:0% +generalize this if I picked any point I + + + align:start position:0% +generalize this if I picked any point I +wanted on the backboard here and Drew + + align:start position:0% +wanted on the backboard here and Drew + + + align:start position:0% +wanted on the backboard here and Drew +any two lines one going from the tail of + + align:start position:0% +any two lines one going from the tail of + + + align:start position:0% +any two lines one going from the tail of +a to this point and one going from this + + align:start position:0% +a to this point and one going from this + + + align:start position:0% +a to this point and one going from this +point to the head of a notice that the + + align:start position:0% +point to the head of a notice that the + + + align:start position:0% +point to the head of a notice that the +resulting two vectors here this Vector + + align:start position:0% +resulting two vectors here this Vector + + + align:start position:0% +resulting two vectors here this Vector +plus this vector by definition of vector + + align:start position:0% +plus this vector by definition of vector + + + align:start position:0% +plus this vector by definition of vector +addition head to tail from the tail of + + align:start position:0% +addition head to tail from the tail of + + + align:start position:0% +addition head to tail from the tail of +the first to the head of the second + + align:start position:0% +the first to the head of the second + + + align:start position:0% +the first to the head of the second +would still be the vector a in other + + align:start position:0% +would still be the vector a in other + + + align:start position:0% +would still be the vector a in other +words in terms of the diagram that I + + align:start position:0% +words in terms of the diagram that I + + + align:start position:0% +words in terms of the diagram that I +drew originally notice that a can be + + align:start position:0% +drew originally notice that a can be + + + align:start position:0% +drew originally notice that a can be +written as X1 + y1 it can also be + + align:start position:0% +written as X1 + y1 it can also be + + + align:start position:0% +written as X1 + y1 it can also be +written as X2 + Y2 and notice again the + + align:start position:0% +written as X2 + Y2 and notice again the + + + align:start position:0% +written as X2 + Y2 and notice again the +similarity of the structure between + + align:start position:0% +similarity of the structure between + + + align:start position:0% +similarity of the structure between +arithmetic and vectors and notice the + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic and vectors and notice the + + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic and vectors and notice the +arbitrariness with which we make up our + + align:start position:0% +arbitrariness with which we make up our + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrariness with which we make up our +definitions you see we make up the + + align:start position:0% +definitions you see we make up the + + + align:start position:0% +definitions you see we make up the +definitions to be our servant rather + + align:start position:0% +definitions to be our servant rather + + + align:start position:0% +definitions to be our servant rather +than for us to become the servant of the + + align:start position:0% +than for us to become the servant of the + + + align:start position:0% +than for us to become the servant of the +subject we model the definitions the + + align:start position:0% +subject we model the definitions the + + + align:start position:0% +subject we model the definitions the +truth that we call after what we believe + + align:start position:0% +truth that we call after what we believe + + + align:start position:0% +truth that we call after what we believe +happens in real life uh by the way a + + align:start position:0% +happens in real life uh by the way a + + + align:start position:0% +happens in real life uh by the way a +very conv venient coordinate system is + + align:start position:0% +very conv venient coordinate system is + + + align:start position:0% +very conv venient coordinate system is +our old friend the x and y cartisian + + align:start position:0% +our old friend the x and y cartisian + + + align:start position:0% +our old friend the x and y cartisian +coordinate system and the reason for + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system and the reason for + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system and the reason for +this is as follows given any Vector + + align:start position:0% +this is as follows given any Vector + + + align:start position:0% +this is as follows given any Vector +a we can always assume that the vector + + align:start position:0% +a we can always assume that the vector + + + align:start position:0% +a we can always assume that the vector +originates at the origin and the reason + + align:start position:0% +originates at the origin and the reason + + + align:start position:0% +originates at the origin and the reason +for that is we have already seen that + + align:start position:0% +for that is we have already seen that + + + align:start position:0% +for that is we have already seen that +two vectors are equal if they have the + + align:start position:0% +two vectors are equal if they have the + + + align:start position:0% +two vectors are equal if they have the +same magnitude Direction and sense so + + align:start position:0% +same magnitude Direction and sense so + + + align:start position:0% +same magnitude Direction and sense so +wherever a was in the plane of the + + align:start position:0% +wherever a was in the plane of the + + + align:start position:0% +wherever a was in the plane of the +Blackboard we can shift it parallel to a + + align:start position:0% +Blackboard we can shift it parallel to a + + + align:start position:0% +Blackboard we can shift it parallel to a +itself so its tail starts at the origin + + align:start position:0% +itself so its tail starts at the origin + + + align:start position:0% +itself so its tail starts at the origin +let's assume that the vector a the arrow + + align:start position:0% +let's assume that the vector a the arrow + + + align:start position:0% +let's assume that the vector a the arrow +a which starts at the origin terminates + + align:start position:0% +a which starts at the origin terminates + + + align:start position:0% +a which starts at the origin terminates +at the point a comma B let I be a unit + + align:start position:0% +at the point a comma B let I be a unit + + + align:start position:0% +at the point a comma B let I be a unit +Vector meaning a vector that has one + + align:start position:0% +Vector meaning a vector that has one + + + align:start position:0% +Vector meaning a vector that has one +unit of length in the direction of the + + align:start position:0% +unit of length in the direction of the + + + align:start position:0% +unit of length in the direction of the +positive x-axis let J be a unit Vector + + align:start position:0% +positive x-axis let J be a unit Vector + + + align:start position:0% +positive x-axis let J be a unit Vector +which is in the direction of the + + align:start position:0% +which is in the direction of the + + + align:start position:0% +which is in the direction of the +positive y AIS and our claim is that our + + align:start position:0% +positive y AIS and our claim is that our + + + align:start position:0% +positive y AIS and our claim is that our +definition of addition and you've all + + align:start position:0% +definition of addition and you've all + + + align:start position:0% +definition of addition and you've all +seen this I'm pretty sure before is that + + align:start position:0% +seen this I'm pretty sure before is that + + + align:start position:0% +seen this I'm pretty sure before is that +the vector a can now be written as what + + align:start position:0% +the vector a can now be written as what + + + align:start position:0% +the vector a can now be written as what +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +a is equal to AI plus BJ where you see + + align:start position:0% +a is equal to AI plus BJ where you see + + + align:start position:0% +a is equal to AI plus BJ where you see +if you've seen this notation before + + align:start position:0% +if you've seen this notation before + + + align:start position:0% +if you've seen this notation before +notice that in terms of our game we are + + align:start position:0% +notice that in terms of our game we are + + + align:start position:0% +notice that in terms of our game we are +now forced to introduce a new operation + + align:start position:0% +now forced to introduce a new operation + + + align:start position:0% +now forced to introduce a new operation +because we claimed in our game that it's + + align:start position:0% +because we claimed in our game that it's + + + align:start position:0% +because we claimed in our game that it's +validity that's important validity not + + align:start position:0% +validity that's important validity not + + + align:start position:0% +validity that's important validity not +truth in other words if all I can use + + align:start position:0% +truth in other words if all I can use + + + align:start position:0% +truth in other words if all I can use +are the rules of my game for the first + + align:start position:0% +are the rules of my game for the first + + + align:start position:0% +are the rules of my game for the first +time what do I see here I see a number + + align:start position:0% +time what do I see here I see a number + + + align:start position:0% +time what do I see here I see a number +multiplying a vector and if I don't have + + align:start position:0% +multiplying a vector and if I don't have + + + align:start position:0% +multiplying a vector and if I don't have +rules of my game that tell me what a + + align:start position:0% +rules of my game that tell me what a + + + align:start position:0% +rules of my game that tell me what a +number multiplied by a vector means in + + align:start position:0% +number multiplied by a vector means in + + + align:start position:0% +number multiplied by a vector means in +terms of a logic machine the logic + + align:start position:0% +terms of a logic machine the logic + + + align:start position:0% +terms of a logic machine the logic +machine can't do a thing to give me + + align:start position:0% +machine can't do a thing to give me + + + align:start position:0% +machine can't do a thing to give me +inescapable conclusions without + + align:start position:0% +inescapable conclusions without + + + align:start position:0% +inescapable conclusions without +assumptions without rules there can be + + align:start position:0% +assumptions without rules there can be + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions without rules there can be +no proof so I must make up a new + + align:start position:0% +no proof so I must make up a new + + + align:start position:0% +no proof so I must make up a new +definition and this definition is called + + align:start position:0% +definition and this definition is called + + + align:start position:0% +definition and this definition is called +Scala multiplication and it's going to + + align:start position:0% +Scala multiplication and it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +Scala multiplication and it's going to +tell me how to multiply a scalar a + + align:start position:0% +tell me how to multiply a scalar a + + + align:start position:0% +tell me how to multiply a scalar a +number by a vector if C is a number and + + align:start position:0% +number by a vector if C is a number and + + + align:start position:0% +number by a vector if C is a number and +V is a vector by C time V I mean a + + align:start position:0% +V is a vector by C time V I mean a + + + align:start position:0% +V is a vector by C time V I mean a +vector which has I have to be careful + + align:start position:0% +vector which has I have to be careful + + + align:start position:0% +vector which has I have to be careful +here see C could be a negative number + + align:start position:0% +here see C could be a negative number + + + align:start position:0% +here see C could be a negative number +and since you think of length as being + + align:start position:0% +and since you think of length as being + + + align:start position:0% +and since you think of length as being +positive I take the absolute value of C + + align:start position:0% +positive I take the absolute value of C + + + align:start position:0% +positive I take the absolute value of C +just to get the magnitude of the number + + align:start position:0% +just to get the magnitude of the number + + + align:start position:0% +just to get the magnitude of the number +in here you see in other words this is a + + align:start position:0% +in here you see in other words this is a + + + align:start position:0% +in here you see in other words this is a +vector which has the magnitude of c + + align:start position:0% +vector which has the magnitude of c + + + align:start position:0% +vector which has the magnitude of c +times the magnit is the magnitude of c + + align:start position:0% +times the magnit is the magnitude of c + + + align:start position:0% +times the magnit is the magnitude of c +times the magnitude of V meaning it's c + + align:start position:0% +times the magnitude of V meaning it's c + + + align:start position:0% +times the magnitude of V meaning it's c +times as large as V if C is positive and + + align:start position:0% +times as large as V if C is positive and + + + align:start position:0% +times as large as V if C is positive and +minus C time as large as V if C is + + align:start position:0% +minus C time as large as V if C is + + + align:start position:0% +minus C time as large as V if C is +negative the same meaning of absolute + + align:start position:0% +negative the same meaning of absolute + + + align:start position:0% +negative the same meaning of absolute +value as always for example 2 * V would + + align:start position:0% +value as always for example 2 * V would + + + align:start position:0% +value as always for example 2 * V would +be a vector whose magnitude was twice + + align:start position:0% +be a vector whose magnitude was twice + + + align:start position:0% +be a vector whose magnitude was twice +that of the vector v -2 * V would also + + align:start position:0% +that of the vector v -2 * V would also + + + align:start position:0% +that of the vector v -2 * V would also +be a vector whose magnitude is twice + + align:start position:0% +be a vector whose magnitude is twice + + + align:start position:0% +be a vector whose magnitude is twice +that of V the other property is what + + align:start position:0% +that of V the other property is what + + + align:start position:0% +that of V the other property is what +I've just told the magnitude I also have + + align:start position:0% +I've just told the magnitude I also have + + + align:start position:0% +I've just told the magnitude I also have +to give you the direction and the sense + + align:start position:0% +to give you the direction and the sense + + + align:start position:0% +to give you the direction and the sense +C * V is in the same direction as V in + + align:start position:0% +C * V is in the same direction as V in + + + align:start position:0% +C * V is in the same direction as V in +other words minus 2 * V and plus 2 * V + + align:start position:0% +other words minus 2 * V and plus 2 * V + + + align:start position:0% +other words minus 2 * V and plus 2 * V +both have the the direction of v and + + align:start position:0% +both have the the direction of v and + + + align:start position:0% +both have the the direction of v and +both are what twice the magnitude of V + + align:start position:0% +both are what twice the magnitude of V + + + align:start position:0% +both are what twice the magnitude of V +the only difference between the minus is + + align:start position:0% +the only difference between the minus is + + + align:start position:0% +the only difference between the minus is +this that c * V has the same sense same + + align:start position:0% +this that c * V has the same sense same + + + align:start position:0% +this that c * V has the same sense same +sense as what same sense as + + align:start position:0% +sense as what same sense as + + + align:start position:0% +sense as what same sense as +V if C is positive that means if C is + + align:start position:0% +V if C is positive that means if C is + + + align:start position:0% +V if C is positive that means if C is +negative it has the opposite sense in + + align:start position:0% +negative it has the opposite sense in + + + align:start position:0% +negative it has the opposite sense in +other words for example twice V 2 * V + + align:start position:0% +other words for example twice V 2 * V + + + align:start position:0% +other words for example twice V 2 * V +has the same sense as V minus 2 V has + + align:start position:0% +has the same sense as V minus 2 V has + + + align:start position:0% +has the same sense as V minus 2 V has +the opposite sense of V but the + + align:start position:0% +the opposite sense of V but the + + + align:start position:0% +the opposite sense of V but the +important point is this that Vector + + align:start position:0% +important point is this that Vector + + + align:start position:0% +important point is this that Vector +arithmetic shares many structural + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic shares many structural + + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic shares many structural +properties of regular arithmetic that is + + align:start position:0% +properties of regular arithmetic that is + + + align:start position:0% +properties of regular arithmetic that is +very crucial to understand you know I + + align:start position:0% +very crucial to understand you know I + + + align:start position:0% +very crucial to understand you know I +have a friend of mine who doesn't like + + align:start position:0% +have a friend of mine who doesn't like + + + align:start position:0% +have a friend of mine who doesn't like +teaching students who are having a few + + align:start position:0% +teaching students who are having a few + + + align:start position:0% +teaching students who are having a few +problems with ordinary arithmetic and + + align:start position:0% +problems with ordinary arithmetic and + + + align:start position:0% +problems with ordinary arithmetic and +likes to teach Advanced courses and he + + align:start position:0% +likes to teach Advanced courses and he + + + align:start position:0% +likes to teach Advanced courses and he +uh often has said that the trouble with + + align:start position:0% +uh often has said that the trouble with + + + align:start position:0% +uh often has said that the trouble with +the average high school curriculum for + + align:start position:0% +the average high school curriculum for + + + align:start position:0% +the average high school curriculum for +the average student is that by the time + + align:start position:0% +the average student is that by the time + + + align:start position:0% +the average student is that by the time +the student is through he knows things + + align:start position:0% +the student is through he knows things + + + align:start position:0% +the student is through he knows things +if you see a sign change it if you see a + + align:start position:0% +if you see a sign change it if you see a + + + align:start position:0% +if you see a sign change it if you see a +decimal point move it and if you see a + + align:start position:0% +decimal point move it and if you see a + + + align:start position:0% +decimal point move it and if you see a +fraction invert it but he should have + + align:start position:0% +fraction invert it but he should have + + + align:start position:0% +fraction invert it but he should have +gone one step further when the average + + align:start position:0% +gone one step further when the average + + + align:start position:0% +gone one step further when the average +alltime engineering student SAR Vector + + align:start position:0% +alltime engineering student SAR Vector + + + align:start position:0% +alltime engineering student SAR Vector +he only knew one thing about it and the + + align:start position:0% +he only knew one thing about it and the + + + align:start position:0% +he only knew one thing about it and the +one thing that he knew about it was if + + align:start position:0% +one thing that he knew about it was if + + + align:start position:0% +one thing that he knew about it was if +you see a vector break it down into + + align:start position:0% +you see a vector break it down into + + + align:start position:0% +you see a vector break it down into +components and after that that was the + + align:start position:0% +components and after that that was the + + + align:start position:0% +components and after that that was the +end of what he ever did with vectors in + + align:start position:0% +end of what he ever did with vectors in + + + align:start position:0% +end of what he ever did with vectors in +the old days but the thing that is + + align:start position:0% +the old days but the thing that is + + + align:start position:0% +the old days but the thing that is +crucial to understand here is that we + + align:start position:0% +crucial to understand here is that we + + + align:start position:0% +crucial to understand here is that we +will use Vector arithmetic in a far more + + align:start position:0% +will use Vector arithmetic in a far more + + + align:start position:0% +will use Vector arithmetic in a far more +powerful way we will use the structure + + align:start position:0% +powerful way we will use the structure + + + align:start position:0% +powerful way we will use the structure +of vector arithmetic in the same way + + align:start position:0% +of vector arithmetic in the same way + + + align:start position:0% +of vector arithmetic in the same way +that we formed algebra from numerical + + align:start position:0% +that we formed algebra from numerical + + + align:start position:0% +that we formed algebra from numerical +arithmetic we will form vector algebra + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic we will form vector algebra + + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic we will form vector algebra +and Vector calculus from Vector + + align:start position:0% +and Vector calculus from Vector + + + align:start position:0% +and Vector calculus from Vector +arithmetic let me give you an example we + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic let me give you an example we + + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic let me give you an example we +already know that for two numbers A and + + align:start position:0% +already know that for two numbers A and + + + align:start position:0% +already know that for two numbers A and +B A plus b equals B plus a my claim is + + align:start position:0% +B A plus b equals B plus a my claim is + + + align:start position:0% +B A plus b equals B plus a my claim is +that from our definition of arrows and + + align:start position:0% +that from our definition of arrows and + + + align:start position:0% +that from our definition of arrows and +the like it should also be a rule that + + align:start position:0% +the like it should also be a rule that + + + align:start position:0% +the like it should also be a rule that +for arrows a plus b should equal B plus + + align:start position:0% +for arrows a plus b should equal B plus + + + align:start position:0% +for arrows a plus b should equal B plus +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +or for numbers we already know that A+ + + align:start position:0% +or for numbers we already know that A+ + + + align:start position:0% +or for numbers we already know that A+ +B+ c equal A+ B+ C that doesn't look + + align:start position:0% +B+ c equal A+ B+ C that doesn't look + + + align:start position:0% +B+ c equal A+ B+ C that doesn't look +right that OB by the way what I wrote + + align:start position:0% +right that OB by the way what I wrote + + + align:start position:0% +right that OB by the way what I wrote +there wasn't false it was certainly true + + align:start position:0% +there wasn't false it was certainly true + + + align:start position:0% +there wasn't false it was certainly true +but it was too trivially + + align:start position:0% +but it was too trivially + + + align:start position:0% +but it was too trivially +true I guess what I wanted to emphasize + + align:start position:0% +true I guess what I wanted to emphasize + + + align:start position:0% +true I guess what I wanted to emphasize +here was that voice inflection made no + + align:start position:0% +here was that voice inflection made no + + + align:start position:0% +here was that voice inflection made no +difference now again notice how we + + align:start position:0% +difference now again notice how we + + + align:start position:0% +difference now again notice how we +verify the rules of the game see I have + + align:start position:0% +verify the rules of the game see I have + + + align:start position:0% +verify the rules of the game see I have +to make up rules that I will call Basic + + align:start position:0% +to make up rules that I will call Basic + + + align:start position:0% +to make up rules that I will call Basic +truths those rules axioms will be + + align:start position:0% +truths those rules axioms will be + + + align:start position:0% +truths those rules axioms will be +modeled after what I believe to be true + + align:start position:0% +modeled after what I believe to be true + + + align:start position:0% +modeled after what I believe to be true +in reality now notice that in reality I + + align:start position:0% +in reality now notice that in reality I + + + align:start position:0% +in reality now notice that in reality I +formed this whole idea in terms of what + + align:start position:0% +formed this whole idea in terms of what + + + align:start position:0% +formed this whole idea in terms of what +arrows I defined what addition meant + + align:start position:0% +arrows I defined what addition meant + + + align:start position:0% +arrows I defined what addition meant +let's take a look and see what a plus b + + align:start position:0% +let's take a look and see what a plus b + + + align:start position:0% +let's take a look and see what a plus b +means if this is the vector + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a and this is the vector + + align:start position:0% +a and this is the vector + + + align:start position:0% +a and this is the vector +B then what is the vector a plus b by + + align:start position:0% +B then what is the vector a plus b by + + + align:start position:0% +B then what is the vector a plus b by +definition of how you add two + + align:start position:0% +definition of how you add two + + + align:start position:0% +definition of how you add two +vectors the this Vector here would be a + + align:start position:0% +vectors the this Vector here would be a + + + align:start position:0% +vectors the this Vector here would be a +plus + + align:start position:0% +plus + + + align:start position:0% +plus +b okay on the other hand I could take + + align:start position:0% +b okay on the other hand I could take + + + align:start position:0% +b okay on the other hand I could take +the vector a which is down here move it + + align:start position:0% +the vector a which is down here move it + + + align:start position:0% +the vector a which is down here move it +parallel to itself so it originates here + + align:start position:0% +parallel to itself so it originates here + + + align:start position:0% +parallel to itself so it originates here +mark it off the same length this is + + align:start position:0% +mark it off the same length this is + + + align:start position:0% +mark it off the same length this is +still the vector a if I now draw the + + align:start position:0% +still the vector a if I now draw the + + + align:start position:0% +still the vector a if I now draw the +arrow that goes from the tail of B to + + align:start position:0% +arrow that goes from the tail of B to + + + align:start position:0% +arrow that goes from the tail of B to +the head of a what Vector is this well + + align:start position:0% +the head of a what Vector is this well + + + align:start position:0% +the head of a what Vector is this well +by definition it's B plus a how are B+ A + + align:start position:0% +by definition it's B plus a how are B+ A + + + align:start position:0% +by definition it's B plus a how are B+ A +and A plus b related they are opposite + + align:start position:0% +and A plus b related they are opposite + + + align:start position:0% +and A plus b related they are opposite +sides of a parallelogram therefore they + + align:start position:0% +sides of a parallelogram therefore they + + + align:start position:0% +sides of a parallelogram therefore they +have the same magnitude and same + + align:start position:0% +have the same magnitude and same + + + align:start position:0% +have the same magnitude and same +direction and the picture shows us that + + align:start position:0% +direction and the picture shows us that + + + align:start position:0% +direction and the picture shows us that +they have the same sense since this is + + align:start position:0% +they have the same sense since this is + + + align:start position:0% +they have the same sense since this is +true in the picture why not claim that + + align:start position:0% +true in the picture why not claim that + + + align:start position:0% +true in the picture why not claim that +one of the rules of our game of vector + + align:start position:0% +one of the rules of our game of vector + + + align:start position:0% +one of the rules of our game of vector +arithmetic even though legally you + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic even though legally you + + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic even though legally you +shouldn't use pictures but pictures do + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't use pictures but pictures do + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't use pictures but pictures do +give us the motivation why not say okay + + align:start position:0% +give us the motivation why not say okay + + + align:start position:0% +give us the motivation why not say okay +we'll accept the rule that a plus b + + align:start position:0% +we'll accept the rule that a plus b + + + align:start position:0% +we'll accept the rule that a plus b +equals B+ a how about our second rule + + align:start position:0% +equals B+ a how about our second rule + + + align:start position:0% +equals B+ a how about our second rule +over here here let's take three vectors + + align:start position:0% +over here here let's take three vectors + + + align:start position:0% +over here here let's take three vectors +let me take a over + + align:start position:0% +let me take a over + + + align:start position:0% +let me take a over +here let me put B over + + align:start position:0% +here let me put B over + + + align:start position:0% +here let me put B over +here and let me put say C over here and + + align:start position:0% +here and let me put say C over here and + + + align:start position:0% +here and let me put say C over here and +I hope that this will come out legible + + align:start position:0% +I hope that this will come out legible + + + align:start position:0% +I hope that this will come out legible +enough for all of us to see I claim on + + align:start position:0% +enough for all of us to see I claim on + + + align:start position:0% +enough for all of us to see I claim on +the one hand that I can think of a plus + + align:start position:0% +the one hand that I can think of a plus + + + align:start position:0% +the one hand that I can think of a plus +b plus C in two different ways in other + + align:start position:0% +b plus C in two different ways in other + + + align:start position:0% +b plus C in two different ways in other +words to use the way that says a plus B+ + + align:start position:0% +words to use the way that says a plus B+ + + + align:start position:0% +words to use the way that says a plus B+ +C from this diagram how do I get the + + align:start position:0% +C from this diagram how do I get the + + + align:start position:0% +C from this diagram how do I get the +vector B plus C since B and C are lined + + align:start position:0% +vector B plus C since B and C are lined + + + align:start position:0% +vector B plus C since B and C are lined +up in the the right position head to + + align:start position:0% +up in the the right position head to + + + align:start position:0% +up in the the right position head to +tail the vector B+ C is the one that + + align:start position:0% +tail the vector B+ C is the one that + + + align:start position:0% +tail the vector B+ C is the one that +goes from the tail of B to the head of C + + align:start position:0% +goes from the tail of B to the head of C + + + align:start position:0% +goes from the tail of B to the head of C +so I call this Vector B+ + + align:start position:0% +so I call this Vector B+ + + + align:start position:0% +so I call this Vector B+ +C now what is + + align:start position:0% +C now what is + + + align:start position:0% +C now what is +A+ B+ C it's this Vector plus this + + align:start position:0% +A+ B+ C it's this Vector plus this + + + align:start position:0% +A+ B+ C it's this Vector plus this +one in other words this Vector here + + align:start position:0% +one in other words this Vector here + + + align:start position:0% +one in other words this Vector here +could be labeled a plus B+ + + align:start position:0% +could be labeled a plus B+ + + + align:start position:0% +could be labeled a plus B+ +C on the other hand what is the vector a + + align:start position:0% +C on the other hand what is the vector a + + + align:start position:0% +C on the other hand what is the vector a +plus b a plus + + align:start position:0% +plus b a plus + + + align:start position:0% +plus b a plus +b is this + + align:start position:0% +b is this + + + align:start position:0% +b is this +Vector because it goes from the tail of + + align:start position:0% +Vector because it goes from the tail of + + + align:start position:0% +Vector because it goes from the tail of +a to the head of B and consequently a + + align:start position:0% +a to the head of B and consequently a + + + align:start position:0% +a to the head of B and consequently a +plus b plus C is the vector that goes + + align:start position:0% +plus b plus C is the vector that goes + + + align:start position:0% +plus b plus C is the vector that goes +from the tail of a plus b to the head of + + align:start position:0% +from the tail of a plus b to the head of + + + align:start position:0% +from the tail of a plus b to the head of +C in other words what Vector is that + + align:start position:0% +C in other words what Vector is that + + + align:start position:0% +C in other words what Vector is that +it's this Vector but what name does that + + align:start position:0% +it's this Vector but what name does that + + + align:start position:0% +it's this Vector but what name does that +have we just saw that's a + + align:start position:0% +have we just saw that's a + + + align:start position:0% +have we just saw that's a +plus + + align:start position:0% +plus + + + align:start position:0% +plus +b plus C and now we see what we have two + + align:start position:0% +b plus C and now we see what we have two + + + align:start position:0% +b plus C and now we see what we have two +different names for the same arrow in + + align:start position:0% +different names for the same arrow in + + + align:start position:0% +different names for the same arrow in +particular then these two different + + align:start position:0% +particular then these two different + + + align:start position:0% +particular then these two different +names represent what two arrows which + + align:start position:0% +names represent what two arrows which + + + align:start position:0% +names represent what two arrows which +have the same magnitude sense and + + align:start position:0% +have the same magnitude sense and + + + align:start position:0% +have the same magnitude sense and +Direction and therefore they're equal + + align:start position:0% +Direction and therefore they're equal + + + align:start position:0% +Direction and therefore they're equal +and that's why we make up rules like + + align:start position:0% +and that's why we make up rules like + + + align:start position:0% +and that's why we make up rules like +this and by the way the analogy + + align:start position:0% +this and by the way the analogy + + + align:start position:0% +this and by the way the analogy +continues on and this is done in much + + align:start position:0% +continues on and this is done in much + + + align:start position:0% +continues on and this is done in much +more detail in our notes but I just + + align:start position:0% +more detail in our notes but I just + + + align:start position:0% +more detail in our notes but I just +thought I would like to say a few more + + align:start position:0% +thought I would like to say a few more + + + align:start position:0% +thought I would like to say a few more +words in general + + align:start position:0% +words in general + + + align:start position:0% +words in general +for example one talks about the zero + + align:start position:0% +for example one talks about the zero + + + align:start position:0% +for example one talks about the zero +vector and I write that with a zero with + + align:start position:0% +vector and I write that with a zero with + + + align:start position:0% +vector and I write that with a zero with +an arrow over it to indicate the zero + + align:start position:0% +an arrow over it to indicate the zero + + + align:start position:0% +an arrow over it to indicate the zero +Arrow maybe your intuition tells you + + align:start position:0% +Arrow maybe your intuition tells you + + + align:start position:0% +Arrow maybe your intuition tells you +that the zero Vector should somehow be + + align:start position:0% +that the zero Vector should somehow be + + + align:start position:0% +that the zero Vector should somehow be +connected with the zero number but the + + align:start position:0% +connected with the zero number but the + + + align:start position:0% +connected with the zero number but the +point that I want to drive at is an + + align:start position:0% +point that I want to drive at is an + + + align:start position:0% +point that I want to drive at is an +analogy to what we did in the previous + + align:start position:0% +analogy to what we did in the previous + + + align:start position:0% +analogy to what we did in the previous +lecture when we showed why B to the 0o + + align:start position:0% +lecture when we showed why B to the 0o + + + align:start position:0% +lecture when we showed why B to the 0o +has to be defined to be one the idea is + + align:start position:0% +has to be defined to be one the idea is + + + align:start position:0% +has to be defined to be one the idea is +that an ordinary arithmetic what is the + + align:start position:0% +that an ordinary arithmetic what is the + + + align:start position:0% +that an ordinary arithmetic what is the +beauty of the number zero the beauty of + + align:start position:0% +beauty of the number zero the beauty of + + + align:start position:0% +beauty of the number zero the beauty of +the number zero is that with respect to + + align:start position:0% +the number zero is that with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +the number zero is that with respect to +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +it does not change the identity of any + + align:start position:0% +it does not change the identity of any + + + align:start position:0% +it does not change the identity of any +number that any number plus zero is that + + align:start position:0% +number that any number plus zero is that + + + align:start position:0% +number that any number plus zero is that +number back again in particular then why + + align:start position:0% +number back again in particular then why + + + align:start position:0% +number back again in particular then why +not keep the same structure for vectors + + align:start position:0% +not keep the same structure for vectors + + + align:start position:0% +not keep the same structure for vectors +and it's our choice to make we El to say + + align:start position:0% +and it's our choice to make we El to say + + + align:start position:0% +and it's our choice to make we El to say +okay let's define the zero Vector to be + + align:start position:0% +okay let's define the zero Vector to be + + + align:start position:0% +okay let's define the zero Vector to be +such that if a is any other Vector a +0 + + align:start position:0% +such that if a is any other Vector a +0 + + + align:start position:0% +such that if a is any other Vector a +0 +will still be + + align:start position:0% +will still be + + + align:start position:0% +will still be +a well let's get an idea of what that + + align:start position:0% +a well let's get an idea of what that + + + align:start position:0% +a well let's get an idea of what that +means let B denote the magnitude of the + + align:start position:0% +means let B denote the magnitude of the + + + align:start position:0% +means let B denote the magnitude of the +zero Vector what this means is what how + + align:start position:0% +zero Vector what this means is what how + + + align:start position:0% +zero Vector what this means is what how +do I add Zer to a I start with the + + align:start position:0% +do I add Zer to a I start with the + + + align:start position:0% +do I add Zer to a I start with the +vector + + align:start position:0% +vector + + + align:start position:0% +vector +a and it's it originates here and + + align:start position:0% +a and it's it originates here and + + + align:start position:0% +a and it's it originates here and +terminates at the point P now how do I + + align:start position:0% +terminates at the point P now how do I + + + align:start position:0% +terminates at the point P now how do I +add on the Zero Vector the zero Vector + + align:start position:0% +add on the Zero Vector the zero Vector + + + align:start position:0% +add on the Zero Vector the zero Vector +all I know is it's going to start at p + + align:start position:0% +all I know is it's going to start at p + + + align:start position:0% +all I know is it's going to start at p +and be length B so the shest thing I can + + align:start position:0% +and be length B so the shest thing I can + + + align:start position:0% +and be length B so the shest thing I can +say is look it let me draw a circle + + align:start position:0% +say is look it let me draw a circle + + + align:start position:0% +say is look it let me draw a circle +centered at p with radius equal to B in + + align:start position:0% +centered at p with radius equal to B in + + + align:start position:0% +centered at p with radius equal to B in +other words the radius of this circle + + align:start position:0% +other words the radius of this circle + + + align:start position:0% +other words the radius of this circle +here the radius of this circle is B all + + align:start position:0% +here the radius of this circle is B all + + + align:start position:0% +here the radius of this circle is B all +I know is that whatever the zero Vector + + align:start position:0% +I know is that whatever the zero Vector + + + align:start position:0% +I know is that whatever the zero Vector +is if its magnitude is B the zero Vector + + align:start position:0% +is if its magnitude is B the zero Vector + + + align:start position:0% +is if its magnitude is B the zero Vector +must originate at p and terminate + + align:start position:0% +must originate at p and terminate + + + align:start position:0% +must originate at p and terminate +someplace on this circle because that's + + align:start position:0% +someplace on this circle because that's + + + align:start position:0% +someplace on this circle because that's +the locus of all vectors of length B + + align:start position:0% +the locus of all vectors of length B + + + align:start position:0% +the locus of all vectors of length B +which originate at P for the sake of + + align:start position:0% +which originate at P for the sake of + + + align:start position:0% +which originate at P for the sake of +argument let's say that the zero Vector + + align:start position:0% +argument let's say that the zero Vector + + + align:start position:0% +argument let's say that the zero Vector +happens to be + + align:start position:0% +happens to be + + + align:start position:0% +happens to be +PQ then a + + align:start position:0% +PQ then a + + + align:start position:0% +PQ then a ++0 is the vector that goes from this + + align:start position:0% ++0 is the vector that goes from this + + + align:start position:0% ++0 is the vector that goes from this +point to q but a plus 0 must be a and + + align:start position:0% +point to q but a plus 0 must be a and + + + align:start position:0% +point to q but a plus 0 must be a and +since A and A Plus 0 originate at the + + align:start position:0% +since A and A Plus 0 originate at the + + + align:start position:0% +since A and A Plus 0 originate at the +same point the only way they can have + + align:start position:0% +same point the only way they can have + + + align:start position:0% +same point the only way they can have +the same magnitude Direction and sense + + align:start position:0% +the same magnitude Direction and sense + + + align:start position:0% +the same magnitude Direction and sense +is that they must coincide in other + + align:start position:0% +is that they must coincide in other + + + align:start position:0% +is that they must coincide in other +words in particular P must equal q and + + align:start position:0% +words in particular P must equal q and + + + align:start position:0% +words in particular P must equal q and +as soon as P equals Q the magnitude of + + align:start position:0% +as soon as P equals Q the magnitude of + + + align:start position:0% +as soon as P equals Q the magnitude of +the zero Vector must be the number zero + + align:start position:0% +the zero Vector must be the number zero + + + align:start position:0% +the zero Vector must be the number zero +in other words in terms of our game + + align:start position:0% +in other words in terms of our game + + + align:start position:0% +in other words in terms of our game +structure again if we want this + + align:start position:0% +structure again if we want this + + + align:start position:0% +structure again if we want this +structural rule to be obeyed and again I + + align:start position:0% +structural rule to be obeyed and again I + + + align:start position:0% +structural rule to be obeyed and again I +must emphasize this the choice is ours + + align:start position:0% +must emphasize this the choice is ours + + + align:start position:0% +must emphasize this the choice is ours +to make but if we want this structural + + align:start position:0% +to make but if we want this structural + + + align:start position:0% +to make but if we want this structural +rule to be obeyed we must define the + + align:start position:0% +rule to be obeyed we must define the + + + align:start position:0% +rule to be obeyed we must define the +zero Vector to be the vector which has + + align:start position:0% +zero Vector to be the vector which has + + + align:start position:0% +zero Vector to be the vector which has +zero magnitude As Natural as it seems + + align:start position:0% +zero magnitude As Natural as it seems + + + align:start position:0% +zero magnitude As Natural as it seems +that's not the real reason for doing it + + align:start position:0% +that's not the real reason for doing it + + + align:start position:0% +that's not the real reason for doing it +we do it because it gives us the + + align:start position:0% +we do it because it gives us the + + + align:start position:0% +we do it because it gives us the +structure that we want the same is true + + align:start position:0% +structure that we want the same is true + + + align:start position:0% +structure that we want the same is true +for example about the additive inverse + + align:start position:0% +for example about the additive inverse + + + align:start position:0% +for example about the additive inverse +remember in ordinary arithmetic the + + align:start position:0% +remember in ordinary arithmetic the + + + align:start position:0% +remember in ordinary arithmetic the +additive inverse meant what the number + + align:start position:0% +additive inverse meant what the number + + + align:start position:0% +additive inverse meant what the number +that must be added to the given number + + align:start position:0% +that must be added to the given number + + + align:start position:0% +that must be added to the given number +to give the zero number or the number + + align:start position:0% +to give the zero number or the number + + + align:start position:0% +to give the zero number or the number +zero in vectors we should Define + + align:start position:0% +zero in vectors we should Define + + + align:start position:0% +zero in vectors we should Define +negative a to be the vector which when + + align:start position:0% +negative a to be the vector which when + + + align:start position:0% +negative a to be the vector which when +added to a gives the zero Vector well + + align:start position:0% +added to a gives the zero Vector well + + + align:start position:0% +added to a gives the zero Vector well +look at any Vector that I add to a let + + align:start position:0% +look at any Vector that I add to a let + + + align:start position:0% +look at any Vector that I add to a let +me call that Vector B any Vector that I + + align:start position:0% +me call that Vector B any Vector that I + + + align:start position:0% +me call that Vector B any Vector that I +add to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a which I call a plus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +b looks like this well what is the only + + align:start position:0% +b looks like this well what is the only + + + align:start position:0% +b looks like this well what is the only +way that the vector a plus b can be the + + align:start position:0% +way that the vector a plus b can be the + + + align:start position:0% +way that the vector a plus b can be the +zero Vector well the zero Vector has no + + align:start position:0% +zero Vector well the zero Vector has no + + + align:start position:0% +zero Vector well the zero Vector has no +length that means the only way that's + + align:start position:0% +length that means the only way that's + + + align:start position:0% +length that means the only way that's +possible is if the tail of a plus b + + align:start position:0% +possible is if the tail of a plus b + + + align:start position:0% +possible is if the tail of a plus b +coincides with the head of a plus b and + + align:start position:0% +coincides with the head of a plus b and + + + align:start position:0% +coincides with the head of a plus b and +the only way that can happen is if B + + align:start position:0% +the only way that can happen is if B + + + align:start position:0% +the only way that can happen is if B +terminates right here in other words the + + align:start position:0% +terminates right here in other words the + + + align:start position:0% +terminates right here in other words the +vector that we call negative a is going + + align:start position:0% +vector that we call negative a is going + + + align:start position:0% +vector that we call negative a is going +to be the vector which has the + + align:start position:0% +to be the vector which has the + + + align:start position:0% +to be the vector which has the +same magnitude and Direction as a but + + align:start position:0% +same magnitude and Direction as a but + + + align:start position:0% +same magnitude and Direction as a but +the opposite sense and we're not saying + + align:start position:0% +the opposite sense and we're not saying + + + align:start position:0% +the opposite sense and we're not saying +it's self-evident all we're saying is + + align:start position:0% +it's self-evident all we're saying is + + + align:start position:0% +it's self-evident all we're saying is +look if you want this structural + + align:start position:0% +look if you want this structural + + + align:start position:0% +look if you want this structural +property to be true you have no choice + + align:start position:0% +property to be true you have no choice + + + align:start position:0% +property to be true you have no choice +but to Define negative a to be the + + align:start position:0% +but to Define negative a to be the + + + align:start position:0% +but to Define negative a to be the +vector which has the same magnitude and + + align:start position:0% +vector which has the same magnitude and + + + align:start position:0% +vector which has the same magnitude and +Direction as a but the opposite sense + + align:start position:0% +Direction as a but the opposite sense + + + align:start position:0% +Direction as a but the opposite sense +and by the way as soon as you do that + + align:start position:0% +and by the way as soon as you do that + + + align:start position:0% +and by the way as soon as you do that +there are no more guessing games + + align:start position:0% +there are no more guessing games + + + align:start position:0% +there are no more guessing games +involved in how you subtract two vectors + + align:start position:0% +involved in how you subtract two vectors + + + align:start position:0% +involved in how you subtract two vectors +for just in the same way that we did it + + align:start position:0% +for just in the same way that we did it + + + align:start position:0% +for just in the same way that we did it +in ordinary arithmetic we Define the + + align:start position:0% +in ordinary arithmetic we Define the + + + align:start position:0% +in ordinary arithmetic we Define the +difference of two vectors A minus B to + + align:start position:0% +difference of two vectors A minus B to + + + align:start position:0% +difference of two vectors A minus B to +mean the vector a added to the vector + + align:start position:0% +mean the vector a added to the vector + + + align:start position:0% +mean the vector a added to the vector +negative B and what is negative B the + + align:start position:0% +negative B and what is negative B the + + + align:start position:0% +negative B and what is negative B the +vector which just has the opposite sense + + align:start position:0% +vector which just has the opposite sense + + + align:start position:0% +vector which just has the opposite sense +of the vector B and again these + + align:start position:0% +of the vector B and again these + + + align:start position:0% +of the vector B and again these +computational details are left to the + + align:start position:0% +computational details are left to the + + + align:start position:0% +computational details are left to the +notes and to the exercises but the main + + align:start position:0% +notes and to the exercises but the main + + + align:start position:0% +notes and to the exercises but the main +overview that I want you to get from + + align:start position:0% +overview that I want you to get from + + + align:start position:0% +overview that I want you to get from +this lecture is to see that there are + + align:start position:0% +this lecture is to see that there are + + + align:start position:0% +this lecture is to see that there are +more to vectors than dividing them up + + align:start position:0% +more to vectors than dividing them up + + + align:start position:0% +more to vectors than dividing them up +into components that there is an + + align:start position:0% +into components that there is an + + + align:start position:0% +into components that there is an +arithmetic imposed on them and that + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic imposed on them and that + + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic imposed on them and that +arithmetic that's imposed on vectors is + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic that's imposed on vectors is + + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic that's imposed on vectors is +just as real as the arithmetic of the + + align:start position:0% +just as real as the arithmetic of the + + + align:start position:0% +just as real as the arithmetic of the +ordinary real numbers and to reinforce + + align:start position:0% +ordinary real numbers and to reinforce + + + align:start position:0% +ordinary real numbers and to reinforce +this in our next lesson we will talk + + align:start position:0% +this in our next lesson we will talk + + + align:start position:0% +this in our next lesson we will talk +about vectors in three-dimensional space + + align:start position:0% +about vectors in three-dimensional space + + + align:start position:0% +about vectors in three-dimensional space +where the geometry becomes tougher but + + align:start position:0% +where the geometry becomes tougher but + + + align:start position:0% +where the geometry becomes tougher but +the structure remains exactly the same + + align:start position:0% +the structure remains exactly the same + + + align:start position:0% +the structure remains exactly the same +but until next time + + align:start position:0% +but until next time + + + align:start position:0% +but until next time +goodbye funding for the publication of + + align:start position:0% +goodbye funding for the publication of + + + align:start position:0% +goodbye funding for the publication of +this video was provided by the Gabriella + + align:start position:0% +this video was provided by the Gabriella + + + align:start position:0% +this video was provided by the Gabriella +and Paul rosenbom + + align:start position:0% +and Paul rosenbom + + + align:start position:0% +and Paul rosenbom +foundation help ocw continue to provide + + align:start position:0% +foundation help ocw continue to provide + + + align:start position:0% +foundation help ocw continue to provide +free and open access to MIT courses by + + align:start position:0% +free and open access to MIT courses by + + + align:start position:0% +free and open access to MIT courses by +making a donation at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu SL donate \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nTwRjQ4xqUc.txt b/nTwRjQ4xqUc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c981f55bf9b3288026898eeec6157e726c8ddc8e --- /dev/null +++ b/nTwRjQ4xqUc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8765 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay so this lecture is in a way a whole + + align:start position:0% +okay so this lecture is in a way a whole + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this lecture is in a way a whole +linear algebra + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra + + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra +course uh created by highlighting five + + align:start position:0% +course uh created by highlighting five + + + align:start position:0% +course uh created by highlighting five +different ways that a matrix gets + + align:start position:0% +different ways that a matrix gets + + + align:start position:0% +different ways that a matrix gets +factored by by factored I mean a a fact + + align:start position:0% +factored by by factored I mean a a fact + + + align:start position:0% +factored by by factored I mean a a fact +factorization would be the first example + + align:start position:0% +factorization would be the first example + + + align:start position:0% +factorization would be the first example +will be a matrix a every Matrix a + + align:start position:0% +will be a matrix a every Matrix a + + + align:start position:0% +will be a matrix a every Matrix a +factors into a matrix c and a matrix r c + + align:start position:0% +factors into a matrix c and a matrix r c + + + align:start position:0% +factors into a matrix c and a matrix r c +times R and I'll describe those um and + + align:start position:0% +times R and I'll describe those um and + + + align:start position:0% +times R and I'll describe those um and +uh so the and later ones involve igen + + align:start position:0% +uh so the and later ones involve igen + + + align:start position:0% +uh so the and later ones involve igen +values they involve singular values it's + + align:start position:0% +values they involve singular values it's + + + align:start position:0% +values they involve singular values it's +it's linear algebra in a nutshell of + + align:start position:0% +it's linear algebra in a nutshell of + + + align:start position:0% +it's linear algebra in a nutshell of +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +factorizations so this is uh coming from + + align:start position:0% +factorizations so this is uh coming from + + + align:start position:0% +factorizations so this is uh coming from +from the latest and the final edition of + + align:start position:0% +from the latest and the final edition of + + + align:start position:0% +from the latest and the final edition of +my linear algebra book I'm grateful to + + align:start position:0% +my linear algebra book I'm grateful to + + + align:start position:0% +my linear algebra book I'm grateful to +say there's a six Edition this year + + align:start position:0% +say there's a six Edition this year + + + align:start position:0% +say there's a six Edition this year +2023 okay for the start let me start + + align:start position:0% +2023 okay for the start let me start + + + align:start position:0% +2023 okay for the start let me start +right out with some of the key ideas + + align:start position:0% +right out with some of the key ideas + + + align:start position:0% +right out with some of the key ideas +before you see the first factorization + + align:start position:0% +before you see the first factorization + + + align:start position:0% +before you see the first factorization +so one key idea is whether a set of + + align:start position:0% +so one key idea is whether a set of + + + align:start position:0% +so one key idea is whether a set of +vectors is linearly independent or + + align:start position:0% +vectors is linearly independent or + + + align:start position:0% +vectors is linearly independent or +dependent and that simply mean dependent + + align:start position:0% +dependent and that simply mean dependent + + + align:start position:0% +dependent and that simply mean dependent +simply means that some combination of + + align:start position:0% +simply means that some combination of + + + align:start position:0% +simply means that some combination of +those vectors gives the zero Vector of + + align:start position:0% +those vectors gives the zero Vector of + + + align:start position:0% +those vectors gives the zero Vector of +course I'm not allowing the zero + + align:start position:0% +course I'm not allowing the zero + + + align:start position:0% +course I'm not allowing the zero +combination which takes zero of every + + align:start position:0% +combination which takes zero of every + + + align:start position:0% +combination which takes zero of every +Vector but some other combination like + + align:start position:0% +Vector but some other combination like + + + align:start position:0% +Vector but some other combination like +two of the first Vector plus three of + + align:start position:0% +two of the first Vector plus three of + + + align:start position:0% +two of the first Vector plus three of +the second Vector minus 11 of the third + + align:start position:0% +the second Vector minus 11 of the third + + + align:start position:0% +the second Vector minus 11 of the third +Vector gives the zero Vector that would + + align:start position:0% +Vector gives the zero Vector that would + + + align:start position:0% +Vector gives the zero Vector that would +mean those vectors were + + align:start position:0% +mean those vectors were + + + align:start position:0% +mean those vectors were +dependent okay and combination + + align:start position:0% +dependent okay and combination + + + align:start position:0% +dependent okay and combination +combinations is what you can do to + + align:start position:0% +combinations is what you can do to + + + align:start position:0% +combinations is what you can do to +vectors you take combinations M multiply + + align:start position:0% +vectors you take combinations M multiply + + + align:start position:0% +vectors you take combinations M multiply +them by numbers X1 X2 X3 multi they + + align:start position:0% +them by numbers X1 X2 X3 multi they + + + align:start position:0% +them by numbers X1 X2 X3 multi they +multiply the vectors A1 A2 A3 and then + + align:start position:0% +multiply the vectors A1 A2 A3 and then + + + align:start position:0% +multiply the vectors A1 A2 A3 and then +you add + + align:start position:0% +you add + + + align:start position:0% +you add +those those together + + align:start position:0% +those those together + + + align:start position:0% +those those together +so every time I teach theolog this is in + + align:start position:0% +so every time I teach theolog this is in + + + align:start position:0% +so every time I teach theolog this is in +the first lecture how do you multiply or + + align:start position:0% +the first lecture how do you multiply or + + + align:start position:0% +the first lecture how do you multiply or +how and how do you think of a matrix a + + align:start position:0% +how and how do you think of a matrix a + + + align:start position:0% +how and how do you think of a matrix a +times a vector X and I think of it not + + align:start position:0% +times a vector X and I think of it not + + + align:start position:0% +times a vector X and I think of it not +as a lot of little tiny computations dot + + align:start position:0% +as a lot of little tiny computations dot + + + align:start position:0% +as a lot of little tiny computations dot +products but I think of it vector- wise + + align:start position:0% +products but I think of it vector- wise + + + align:start position:0% +products but I think of it vector- wise +I think of a * X as a combination of The + + align:start position:0% +I think of a * X as a combination of The + + + align:start position:0% +I think of a * X as a combination of The +Columns of the Matrix and uh we'll come + + align:start position:0% +Columns of the Matrix and uh we'll come + + + align:start position:0% +Columns of the Matrix and uh we'll come +back to that that's important okay and + + align:start position:0% +back to that that's important okay and + + + align:start position:0% +back to that that's important okay and +now that third line is speaking about C + + align:start position:0% +now that third line is speaking about C + + + align:start position:0% +now that third line is speaking about C +* R so those are matrices now we're + + align:start position:0% +* R so those are matrices now we're + + + align:start position:0% +* R so those are matrices now we're +multiplying a matrix by a Matrix before + + align:start position:0% +multiplying a matrix by a Matrix before + + + align:start position:0% +multiplying a matrix by a Matrix before +it was a matrix times a vector so I'll + + align:start position:0% +it was a matrix times a vector so I'll + + + align:start position:0% +it was a matrix times a vector so I'll +have to show + + align:start position:0% +have to show + + + align:start position:0% +have to show +you important ideas because there are + + align:start position:0% +you important ideas because there are + + + align:start position:0% +you important ideas because there are +several ways to multiply a matrix by a + + align:start position:0% +several ways to multiply a matrix by a + + + align:start position:0% +several ways to multiply a matrix by a +matrix and they're all important it's a + + align:start position:0% +matrix and they're all important it's a + + + align:start position:0% +matrix and they're all important it's a +fantastic subject and one example would + + align:start position:0% +fantastic subject and one example would + + + align:start position:0% +fantastic subject and one example would +be every Matrix will get factored this + + align:start position:0% +be every Matrix will get factored this + + + align:start position:0% +be every Matrix will get factored this +will be factorization number one every + + align:start position:0% +will be factorization number one every + + + align:start position:0% +will be factorization number one every +Matrix a will get factored into a into a + + align:start position:0% +Matrix a will get factored into a into a + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix a will get factored into a into a +matrix C that just comes from the + + align:start position:0% +matrix C that just comes from the + + + align:start position:0% +matrix C that just comes from the +columns and a times a matrix r that + + align:start position:0% +columns and a times a matrix r that + + + align:start position:0% +columns and a times a matrix r that +comes from the rows which you will see + + align:start position:0% +comes from the rows which you will see + + + align:start position:0% +comes from the rows which you will see +soon okay oh I even wrote it at the top + + align:start position:0% +soon okay oh I even wrote it at the top + + + align:start position:0% +soon okay oh I even wrote it at the top +number one a equals CR but I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +number one a equals CR but I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +number one a equals CR but I'm going to +leave the details the all important + + align:start position:0% +leave the details the all important + + + align:start position:0% +leave the details the all important +details for the coming slides I thought + + align:start position:0% +details for the coming slides I thought + + + align:start position:0% +details for the coming slides I thought +here I would tell you uh factorization + + align:start position:0% +here I would tell you uh factorization + + + align:start position:0% +here I would tell you uh factorization +number two because it's probably the + + align:start position:0% +number two because it's probably the + + + align:start position:0% +number two because it's probably the +most used factorization in numerical + + align:start position:0% +most used factorization in numerical + + + align:start position:0% +most used factorization in numerical +Computing probably billions of dollars a + + align:start position:0% +Computing probably billions of dollars a + + + align:start position:0% +Computing probably billions of dollars a +year are spent in taking a this is + + align:start position:0% +year are spent in taking a this is + + + align:start position:0% +year are spent in taking a this is +usually a square Matrix a and we're + + align:start position:0% +usually a square Matrix a and we're + + + align:start position:0% +usually a square Matrix a and we're +trying to + + align:start position:0% +trying to + + + align:start position:0% +trying to +solve n equations in N unknowns where n + + align:start position:0% +solve n equations in N unknowns where n + + + align:start position:0% +solve n equations in N unknowns where n +could be + + align:start position:0% +could be + + + align:start position:0% +could be +10,000 and the way to do it is a + + align:start position:0% +10,000 and the way to do it is a + + + align:start position:0% +10,000 and the way to do it is a +factorization uh and it's known as Lu + + align:start position:0% +factorization uh and it's known as Lu + + + align:start position:0% +factorization uh and it's known as Lu +everybody connects to to that those + + align:start position:0% +everybody connects to to that those + + + align:start position:0% +everybody connects to to that those +words Lu l is for lower and U is for + + align:start position:0% +words Lu l is for lower and U is for + + + align:start position:0% +words Lu l is for lower and U is for +upper and those are used because the two + + align:start position:0% +upper and those are used because the two + + + align:start position:0% +upper and those are used because the two +matrices L is a lower triangular Matrix + + align:start position:0% +matrices L is a lower triangular Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +matrices L is a lower triangular Matrix +above the diagonal of the Matrix is all + + align:start position:0% +above the diagonal of the Matrix is all + + + align:start position:0% +above the diagonal of the Matrix is all +zero all the nonzero parts of the Matrix + + align:start position:0% +zero all the nonzero parts of the Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +zero all the nonzero parts of the Matrix +L are + + align:start position:0% +L are + + + align:start position:0% +L are +below whereas U is the + + align:start position:0% +below whereas U is the + + + align:start position:0% +below whereas U is the +opposite it's zero below the diagonal + + align:start position:0% +opposite it's zero below the diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +opposite it's zero below the diagonal +and it's nonzeros are all on the + + align:start position:0% +and it's nonzeros are all on the + + + align:start position:0% +and it's nonzeros are all on the +diagonal or above + + align:start position:0% +diagonal or above + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal or above +so virtually all matrices factor into a + + align:start position:0% +so virtually all matrices factor into a + + + align:start position:0% +so virtually all matrices factor into a +lower triangular times an upper + + align:start position:0% +lower triangular times an upper + + + align:start position:0% +lower triangular times an upper +triangular sometimes you need a matrix P + + align:start position:0% +triangular sometimes you need a matrix P + + + align:start position:0% +triangular sometimes you need a matrix P +of permutation you'll see permutations + + align:start position:0% +of permutation you'll see permutations + + + align:start position:0% +of permutation you'll see permutations +show up here once in a while that's just + + align:start position:0% +show up here once in a while that's just + + + align:start position:0% +show up here once in a while that's just +a reordering of the rows sometimes if + + align:start position:0% +a reordering of the rows sometimes if + + + align:start position:0% +a reordering of the rows sometimes if +the rows start with if the first row + + align:start position:0% +the rows start with if the first row + + + align:start position:0% +the rows start with if the first row +starts with a zero you're not happy with + + align:start position:0% +starts with a zero you're not happy with + + + align:start position:0% +starts with a zero you're not happy with +that and you have have to switch switch + + align:start position:0% +that and you have have to switch switch + + + align:start position:0% +that and you have have to switch switch +rows okay so and why is why is this L * + + align:start position:0% +rows okay so and why is why is this L * + + + align:start position:0% +rows okay so and why is why is this L * +U so great well because you can solve ax + + align:start position:0% +U so great well because you can solve ax + + + align:start position:0% +U so great well because you can solve ax +equals B let's say solve a set of + + align:start position:0% +equals B let's say solve a set of + + + align:start position:0% +equals B let's say solve a set of +equations by first solving the problem + + align:start position:0% +equations by first solving the problem + + + align:start position:0% +equations by first solving the problem +with the Matrix U and then yeah let me + + align:start position:0% +with the Matrix U and then yeah let me + + + align:start position:0% +with the Matrix U and then yeah let me +it's it's so we're going to solve it in + + align:start position:0% +it's it's so we're going to solve it in + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's so we're going to solve it in +two steps as the as the slide says the + + align:start position:0% +two steps as the as the slide says the + + + align:start position:0% +two steps as the as the slide says the +first step is to + + align:start position:0% +first step is to + + + align:start position:0% +first step is to +solve find the solution ution to l c + + align:start position:0% +solve find the solution ution to l c + + + align:start position:0% +solve find the solution ution to l c +equal B so so L is lower triangular B is + + align:start position:0% +equal B so so L is lower triangular B is + + + align:start position:0% +equal B so so L is lower triangular B is +the right hand side we want and C is the + + align:start position:0% +the right hand side we want and C is the + + + align:start position:0% +the right hand side we want and C is the +answer to that you could say it's half + + align:start position:0% +answer to that you could say it's half + + + align:start position:0% +answer to that you could say it's half +the problem it's the lower triangular + + align:start position:0% +the problem it's the lower triangular + + + align:start position:0% +the problem it's the lower triangular +half of the problem so that gives us an + + align:start position:0% +half of the problem so that gives us an + + + align:start position:0% +half of the problem so that gives us an +answer C that's not the x that we're + + align:start position:0% +answer C that's not the x that we're + + + align:start position:0% +answer C that's not the x that we're +that we're finally aiming for but it's + + align:start position:0% +that we're finally aiming for but it's + + + align:start position:0% +that we're finally aiming for but it's +halfway and then put that c on the right + + align:start position:0% +halfway and then put that c on the right + + + align:start position:0% +halfway and then put that c on the right +side of the second equation = C now + + align:start position:0% +side of the second equation = C now + + + align:start position:0% +side of the second equation = C now +we're solving for x with the upper + + align:start position:0% +we're solving for x with the upper + + + align:start position:0% +we're solving for x with the upper +triangular part you see the two + + align:start position:0% +triangular part you see the two + + + align:start position:0% +triangular part you see the two +triangular matrices and triangular + + align:start position:0% +triangular matrices and triangular + + + align:start position:0% +triangular matrices and triangular +systems are fast to solve and that's why + + align:start position:0% +systems are fast to solve and that's why + + + align:start position:0% +systems are fast to solve and that's why +it's just fantastic to split the Matrix + + align:start position:0% +it's just fantastic to split the Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +it's just fantastic to split the Matrix +into two fast fast cases and then when + + align:start position:0% +into two fast fast cases and then when + + + align:start position:0% +into two fast fast cases and then when +you put them together a * X is a is L so + + align:start position:0% +you put them together a * X is a is L so + + + align:start position:0% +you put them together a * X is a is L so +we have Lu * X and the ux is C so we + + align:start position:0% +we have Lu * X and the ux is C so we + + + align:start position:0% +we have Lu * X and the ux is C so we +have LC and that was B so we got ax + + align:start position:0% +have LC and that was B so we got ax + + + align:start position:0% +have LC and that was B so we got ax +equal B okay that every course is going + + align:start position:0% +equal B okay that every course is going + + + align:start position:0% +equal B okay that every course is going +to teach that I don't have to I won't + + align:start position:0% +to teach that I don't have to I won't + + + align:start position:0% +to teach that I don't have to I won't +say more about that but of course it's + + align:start position:0% +say more about that but of course it's + + + align:start position:0% +say more about that but of course it's +fundamental so I'm going to go back to + + align:start position:0% +fundamental so I'm going to go back to + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental so I'm going to go back to +this c times R which is not so classical + + align:start position:0% +this c times R which is not so classical + + + align:start position:0% +this c times R which is not so classical +but I think it's a great way to start + + align:start position:0% +but I think it's a great way to start + + + align:start position:0% +but I think it's a great way to start +linear algebra okay okay here here's an + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra okay okay here here's an + + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra okay okay here here's an +N examples always the best okay so you + + align:start position:0% +N examples always the best okay so you + + + align:start position:0% +N examples always the best okay so you +see a matrix a you see has three columns + + align:start position:0% +see a matrix a you see has three columns + + + align:start position:0% +see a matrix a you see has three columns +1 2 1 1 3 4 376 three + + align:start position:0% +1 2 1 1 3 4 376 three + + + align:start position:0% +1 2 1 1 3 4 376 three +columns uh so and it has three rows so + + align:start position:0% +columns uh so and it has three rows so + + + align:start position:0% +columns uh so and it has three rows so +it happens to be a 3X3 Square Matrix and + + align:start position:0% +it happens to be a 3X3 Square Matrix and + + + align:start position:0% +it happens to be a 3X3 Square Matrix and +it it's small enough that we can find + + align:start position:0% +it it's small enough that we can find + + + align:start position:0% +it it's small enough that we can find +the C and the R so listen up because + + align:start position:0% +the C and the R so listen up because + + + align:start position:0% +the C and the R so listen up because +this is what this is the key point so + + align:start position:0% +this is what this is the key point so + + + align:start position:0% +this is what this is the key point so +what's the Matrix C C is for columns so + + align:start position:0% +what's the Matrix C C is for columns so + + + align:start position:0% +what's the Matrix C C is for columns so +you see that I took took the First + + align:start position:0% +you see that I took took the First + + + align:start position:0% +you see that I took took the First +Column and the second column of a and + + align:start position:0% +Column and the second column of a and + + + align:start position:0% +Column and the second column of a and +put them into c 1 12 1 and 134 I did not + + align:start position:0% +put them into c 1 12 1 and 134 I did not + + + align:start position:0% +put them into c 1 12 1 and 134 I did not +take the third column in C and why not + + align:start position:0% +take the third column in C and why not + + + align:start position:0% +take the third column in C and why not +because it's dependent that column + + align:start position:0% +because it's dependent that column + + + align:start position:0% +because it's dependent that column +376 is a combination of the others so + + align:start position:0% +376 is a combination of the others so + + + align:start position:0% +376 is a combination of the others so +what do I mean by a combination I mean + + align:start position:0% +what do I mean by a combination I mean + + + align:start position:0% +what do I mean by a combination I mean +that two of the First Column would be + + align:start position:0% +that two of the First Column would be + + + align:start position:0% +that two of the First Column would be +242 and then if I add on one of the + + align:start position:0% +242 and then if I add on one of the + + + align:start position:0% +242 and then if I add on one of the +second column 134 I think that 242 and + + align:start position:0% +second column 134 I think that 242 and + + + align:start position:0% +second column 134 I think that 242 and +134 add up to + + align:start position:0% +134 add up to + + + align:start position:0% +134 add up to +376 so in a way 376 is already there in + + align:start position:0% +376 so in a way 376 is already there in + + + align:start position:0% +376 so in a way 376 is already there in +the first two and and and that's + + align:start position:0% +the first two and and and that's + + + align:start position:0% +the first two and and and that's +reflected in the in the r in the in the + + align:start position:0% +reflected in the in the r in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +reflected in the in the r in the in the +r Matrix the the the one that's more + + align:start position:0% +r Matrix the the the one that's more + + + align:start position:0% +r Matrix the the the one that's more +horizontal that has row emphasizes the + + align:start position:0% +horizontal that has row emphasizes the + + + align:start position:0% +horizontal that has row emphasizes the +rows so do you + + align:start position:0% +rows so do you + + + align:start position:0% +rows so do you +see here we're seeing it how matrices m + + align:start position:0% +see here we're seeing it how matrices m + + + align:start position:0% +see here we're seeing it how matrices m +multiply so uh so you see the Matrix C + + align:start position:0% +multiply so uh so you see the Matrix C + + + align:start position:0% +multiply so uh so you see the Matrix C +with two columns and I'm multiplying by + + align:start position:0% +with two columns and I'm multiplying by + + + align:start position:0% +with two columns and I'm multiplying by +The Matrix r that has two rows and let's + + align:start position:0% +The Matrix r that has two rows and let's + + + align:start position:0% +The Matrix r that has two rows and let's +look at the third column of R what do we + + align:start position:0% +look at the third column of R what do we + + + align:start position:0% +look at the third column of R what do we +see in the third column of R we see the + + align:start position:0% +see in the third column of R we see the + + + align:start position:0% +see in the third column of R we see the +two and the one that's exactly what we + + align:start position:0% +two and the one that's exactly what we + + + align:start position:0% +two and the one that's exactly what we +wanted to get the third column of a so + + align:start position:0% +wanted to get the third column of a so + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to get the third column of a so +I'll just say again columns one and two + + align:start position:0% +I'll just say again columns one and two + + + align:start position:0% +I'll just say again columns one and two +of a were inde dependent no they go in + + align:start position:0% +of a were inde dependent no they go in + + + align:start position:0% +of a were inde dependent no they go in +different directions so they go straight + + align:start position:0% +different directions so they go straight + + + align:start position:0% +different directions so they go straight +into the Matrix C independent columns go + + align:start position:0% +into the Matrix C independent columns go + + + align:start position:0% +into the Matrix C independent columns go +in C but R is aimed to catch up with the + + align:start position:0% +in C but R is aimed to catch up with the + + + align:start position:0% +in C but R is aimed to catch up with the +columns like the third column of a that + + align:start position:0% +columns like the third column of a that + + + align:start position:0% +columns like the third column of a that +are combinations and again you see why + + align:start position:0% +are combinations and again you see why + + + align:start position:0% +are combinations and again you see why +it's two and one because two of the + + align:start position:0% +it's two and one because two of the + + + align:start position:0% +it's two and one because two of the +First Column plus one of the second + + align:start position:0% +First Column plus one of the second + + + align:start position:0% +First Column plus one of the second +column that combination of independent + + align:start position:0% +column that combination of independent + + + align:start position:0% +column that combination of independent +columns gives the dependent column ha so + + align:start position:0% +columns gives the dependent column ha so + + + align:start position:0% +columns gives the dependent column ha so +and if I jump to the bottom line uh that + + align:start position:0% +and if I jump to the bottom line uh that + + + align:start position:0% +and if I jump to the bottom line uh that +Matrix r that that row Matrix starts + + align:start position:0% +Matrix r that that row Matrix starts + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix r that that row Matrix starts +with the identity does everybody know + + align:start position:0% +with the identity does everybody know + + + align:start position:0% +with the identity does everybody know +about the identity matrix it's it's the + + align:start position:0% +about the identity matrix it's it's the + + + align:start position:0% +about the identity matrix it's it's the +it's the equivalent of one for matrices + + align:start position:0% +it's the equivalent of one for matrices + + + align:start position:0% +it's the equivalent of one for matrices +if you multiply by the identity you get + + align:start position:0% +if you multiply by the identity you get + + + align:start position:0% +if you multiply by the identity you get +the you get whatever back again so the + + align:start position:0% +the you get whatever back again so the + + + align:start position:0% +the you get whatever back again so the +identity is that one Z Z1 part and then + + align:start position:0% +identity is that one Z Z1 part and then + + + align:start position:0% +identity is that one Z Z1 part and then +the F part + + align:start position:0% +the F part + + + align:start position:0% +the F part +is the is the part that reflects the + + align:start position:0% +is the is the part that reflects the + + + align:start position:0% +is the is the part that reflects the +dependent guy the third column 2 one so + + align:start position:0% +dependent guy the third column 2 one so + + + align:start position:0% +dependent guy the third column 2 one so +I so my point is going to be that every + + align:start position:0% +I so my point is going to be that every + + + align:start position:0% +I so my point is going to be that every +Matrix I can pick out the independent + + align:start position:0% +Matrix I can pick out the independent + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix I can pick out the independent +columns put them in C and then R will + + align:start position:0% +columns put them in C and then R will + + + align:start position:0% +columns put them in C and then R will +tell me what combinations of those + + align:start position:0% +tell me what combinations of those + + + align:start position:0% +tell me what combinations of those +independent columns gives all the + + align:start position:0% +independent columns gives all the + + + align:start position:0% +independent columns gives all the +columns so so here here's the + + align:start position:0% +columns so so here here's the + + + align:start position:0% +columns so so here here's the +mathematical truth of this of this thing + + align:start position:0% +mathematical truth of this of this thing + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical truth of this of this thing +so we have I'm going to use the letter + + align:start position:0% +so we have I'm going to use the letter + + + align:start position:0% +so we have I'm going to use the letter +little r for the for for the count of + + align:start position:0% +little r for the for for the count of + + + align:start position:0% +little r for the for for the count of +how many indpendent columns so R was two + + align:start position:0% +how many indpendent columns so R was two + + + align:start position:0% +how many indpendent columns so R was two +before uh the N minus r or the other + + align:start position:0% +before uh the N minus r or the other + + + align:start position:0% +before uh the N minus r or the other +columns the dependent ones so what my + + align:start position:0% +columns the dependent ones so what my + + + align:start position:0% +columns the dependent ones so what my +the factorization is that every Matrix a + + align:start position:0% +the factorization is that every Matrix a + + + align:start position:0% +the factorization is that every Matrix a +factors into C * R where C contains the + + align:start position:0% +factors into C * R where C contains the + + + align:start position:0% +factors into C * R where C contains the +independent columns and r has these sort + + align:start position:0% +independent columns and r has these sort + + + align:start position:0% +independent columns and r has these sort +of two or three pieces so R has the + + align:start position:0% +of two or three pieces so R has the + + + align:start position:0% +of two or three pieces so R has the +identity do you see r r is the if with a + + align:start position:0% +identity do you see r r is the if with a + + + align:start position:0% +identity do you see r r is the if with a +p so so three three matrices are are are + + align:start position:0% +p so so three three matrices are are are + + + align:start position:0% +p so so three three matrices are are are +involved with r the identity Matrix + + align:start position:0% +involved with r the identity Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +involved with r the identity Matrix +because when C multiplies the identity + + align:start position:0% +because when C multiplies the identity + + + align:start position:0% +because when C multiplies the identity +Matrix it just gives those independent + + align:start position:0% +Matrix it just gives those independent + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix it just gives those independent +columns in C nothing the identity + + align:start position:0% +columns in C nothing the identity + + + align:start position:0% +columns in C nothing the identity +doesn't do anything the i c * X F that's + + align:start position:0% +doesn't do anything the i c * X F that's + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't do anything the i c * X F that's +the combinations that give the dependent + + align:start position:0% +the combinations that give the dependent + + + align:start position:0% +the combinations that give the dependent +columns and this uh Matrix uh P I'm + + align:start position:0% +columns and this uh Matrix uh P I'm + + + align:start position:0% +columns and this uh Matrix uh P I'm +tempted to say this damn Matrix P the + + align:start position:0% +tempted to say this damn Matrix P the + + + align:start position:0% +tempted to say this damn Matrix P the +permutation just if the columns came in + + align:start position:0% +permutation just if the columns came in + + + align:start position:0% +permutation just if the columns came in +a crazy order or a different order + + align:start position:0% +a crazy order or a different order + + + align:start position:0% +a crazy order or a different order +instead of it's it's super nice when the + + align:start position:0% +instead of it's it's super nice when the + + + align:start position:0% +instead of it's it's super nice when the +independent ones all come first and then + + align:start position:0% +independent ones all come first and then + + + align:start position:0% +independent ones all come first and then +the dependent ones all come last that's + + align:start position:0% +the dependent ones all come last that's + + + align:start position:0% +the dependent ones all come last that's +what we saw in the example but here but + + align:start position:0% +what we saw in the example but here but + + + align:start position:0% +what we saw in the example but here but +there's an example at the bottom where + + align:start position:0% +there's an example at the bottom where + + + align:start position:0% +there's an example at the bottom where +the can you pick out the independent + + align:start position:0% +the can you pick out the independent + + + align:start position:0% +the can you pick out the independent +columns in The Matrix on the the 1 two 3 + + align:start position:0% +columns in The Matrix on the the 1 two 3 + + + align:start position:0% +columns in The Matrix on the the 1 two 3 +4 1 two 4 five Matrix so the First + + align:start position:0% +4 1 two 4 five Matrix so the First + + + align:start position:0% +4 1 two 4 five Matrix so the First +Column is independent it's fine but the + + align:start position:0% +Column is independent it's fine but the + + + align:start position:0% +Column is independent it's fine but the +second column is just two times the + + align:start position:0% +second column is just two times the + + + align:start position:0% +second column is just two times the +first so that second column is + + align:start position:0% +first so that second column is + + + align:start position:0% +first so that second column is +dependent and then we get an independent + + align:start position:0% +dependent and then we get an independent + + + align:start position:0% +dependent and then we get an independent +column 34 that's a new Direction and + + align:start position:0% +column 34 that's a new Direction and + + + align:start position:0% +column 34 that's a new Direction and +then we get four five which which is + + align:start position:0% +then we get four five which which is + + + align:start position:0% +then we get four five which which is +dependent again so this had two + + align:start position:0% +dependent again so this had two + + + align:start position:0% +dependent again so this had two +independent columns the 1 one and the 34 + + align:start position:0% +independent columns the 1 one and the 34 + + + align:start position:0% +independent columns the 1 one and the 34 +and you see them sitting in C and then + + align:start position:0% +and you see them sitting in C and then + + + align:start position:0% +and you see them sitting in C and then +you have the r Matrix that tells you how + + align:start position:0% +you have the r Matrix that tells you how + + + align:start position:0% +you have the r Matrix that tells you how +much of each independent column do you + + align:start position:0% +much of each independent column do you + + + align:start position:0% +much of each independent column do you +need to get every column of a so and and + + align:start position:0% +need to get every column of a so and and + + + align:start position:0% +need to get every column of a so and and +there's if you want the identity Matrix + + align:start position:0% +there's if you want the identity Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +there's if you want the identity Matrix +to come first that's what a permutation + + align:start position:0% +to come first that's what a permutation + + + align:start position:0% +to come first that's what a permutation +does it switches the order of the of the + + align:start position:0% +does it switches the order of the of the + + + align:start position:0% +does it switches the order of the of the +columns and so it puts that identity + + align:start position:0% +columns and so it puts that identity + + + align:start position:0% +columns and so it puts that identity +Matrix the one z01 Matrix first every + + align:start position:0% +Matrix the one z01 Matrix first every + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix the one z01 Matrix first every +Matrix factors into C * R and C is the + + align:start position:0% +Matrix factors into C * R and C is the + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix factors into C * R and C is the +independent columns and R has this + + align:start position:0% +independent columns and R has this + + + align:start position:0% +independent columns and R has this +special form it's famous as the row + + align:start position:0% +special form it's famous as the row + + + align:start position:0% +special form it's famous as the row +reduced Echelon form whatever okay so + + align:start position:0% +reduced Echelon form whatever okay so + + + align:start position:0% +reduced Echelon form whatever okay so +onwards so yeah now here are the + + align:start position:0% +onwards so yeah now here are the + + + align:start position:0% +onwards so yeah now here are the +facts see has I'm using little r for the + + align:start position:0% +facts see has I'm using little r for the + + + align:start position:0% +facts see has I'm using little r for the +count of independent + + align:start position:0% +count of independent + + + align:start position:0% +count of independent +columns it turns out the Matrix R has + + align:start position:0% +columns it turns out the Matrix R has + + + align:start position:0% +columns it turns out the Matrix R has +that many + + align:start position:0% +that many + + + align:start position:0% +that many +rows then and then a is equal to C * r c + + align:start position:0% +rows then and then a is equal to C * r c + + + align:start position:0% +rows then and then a is equal to C * r c +* R so there's matrix multiplication is + + align:start position:0% +* R so there's matrix multiplication is + + + align:start position:0% +* R so there's matrix multiplication is +Central here uh so and the C has oh and + + align:start position:0% +Central here uh so and the C has oh and + + + align:start position:0% +Central here uh so and the C has oh and +now I've introduced a new word the + + align:start position:0% +now I've introduced a new word the + + + align:start position:0% +now I've introduced a new word the +column space so we have a + + align:start position:0% +column space so we have a + + + align:start position:0% +column space so we have a +matrix what's the column space let me go + + align:start position:0% +matrix what's the column space let me go + + + align:start position:0% +matrix what's the column space let me go +back to a matrix and talk about the + + align:start position:0% +back to a matrix and talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +back to a matrix and talk about the +column space how about the column space + + align:start position:0% +column space how about the column space + + + align:start position:0% +column space how about the column space +of that of that Matrix a that we Now + + align:start position:0% +of that of that Matrix a that we Now + + + align:start position:0% +of that of that Matrix a that we Now +understand pretty well the column space + + align:start position:0% +understand pretty well the column space + + + align:start position:0% +understand pretty well the column space +is all combinations of the + + align:start position:0% +is all combinations of the + + + align:start position:0% +is all combinations of the +columns + + align:start position:0% +columns + + + align:start position:0% +columns +so I would say the column space of that + + align:start position:0% +so I would say the column space of that + + + align:start position:0% +so I would say the column space of that +Matrix is all combinations of the first + + align:start position:0% +Matrix is all combinations of the first + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix is all combinations of the first +two columns because the third is already + + align:start position:0% +two columns because the third is already + + + align:start position:0% +two columns because the third is already +a combination so I don't have to include + + align:start position:0% +a combination so I don't have to include + + + align:start position:0% +a combination so I don't have to include +it in the + + align:start position:0% +it in the + + + align:start position:0% +it in the +basis the good word is the basis for the + + align:start position:0% +basis the good word is the basis for the + + + align:start position:0% +basis the good word is the basis for the +column space if I'm wanting all the + + align:start position:0% +column space if I'm wanting all the + + + align:start position:0% +column space if I'm wanting all the +independent columns if I'm wanting all + + align:start position:0% +independent columns if I'm wanting all + + + align:start position:0% +independent columns if I'm wanting all +the columns I really just need the + + align:start position:0% +the columns I really just need the + + + align:start position:0% +the columns I really just need the +independent ones because the others are + + align:start position:0% +independent ones because the others are + + + align:start position:0% +independent ones because the others are +combinations so the column space c is + + align:start position:0% +combinations so the column space c is + + + align:start position:0% +combinations so the column space c is +the is a plane here it's the combination + + align:start position:0% +the is a plane here it's the combination + + + align:start position:0% +the is a plane here it's the combination +of just two vectors and the row space r + + align:start position:0% +of just two vectors and the row space r + + + align:start position:0% +of just two vectors and the row space r +is also a plane it's the combination of + + align:start position:0% +is also a plane it's the combination of + + + align:start position:0% +is also a plane it's the combination of +two rows combinations of two rows so we + + align:start position:0% +two rows combinations of two rows so we + + + align:start position:0% +two rows combinations of two rows so we +have a column space space is a big word + + align:start position:0% +have a column space space is a big word + + + align:start position:0% +have a column space space is a big word +and it means take all the combinations + + align:start position:0% +and it means take all the combinations + + + align:start position:0% +and it means take all the combinations +of the of your of your basis vectors and + + align:start position:0% +of the of your of your basis vectors and + + + align:start position:0% +of the of your of your basis vectors and +so let me go forward to the great first + + align:start position:0% +so let me go forward to the great first + + + align:start position:0% +so let me go forward to the great first +theorem of linearalgebra it's so this + + align:start position:0% +theorem of linearalgebra it's so this + + + align:start position:0% +theorem of linearalgebra it's so this +gave me pleasure I have to admit that + + align:start position:0% +gave me pleasure I have to admit that + + + align:start position:0% +gave me pleasure I have to admit that +it's at that last line the column space + + align:start position:0% +it's at that last line the column space + + + align:start position:0% +it's at that last line the column space +of a matrix remember our Matrix had two + + align:start position:0% +of a matrix remember our Matrix had two + + + align:start position:0% +of a matrix remember our Matrix had two +independent + + align:start position:0% +independent + + + align:start position:0% +independent +columns and the row space so that Matrix + + align:start position:0% +columns and the row space so that Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +columns and the row space so that Matrix +has two independent + + align:start position:0% +has two independent + + + align:start position:0% +has two independent +rows that's mathematics is telling me + + align:start position:0% +rows that's mathematics is telling me + + + align:start position:0% +rows that's mathematics is telling me +that from AAL C * R all rows of a are + + align:start position:0% +that from AAL C * R all rows of a are + + + align:start position:0% +that from AAL C * R all rows of a are +combinations of rows of R this you'll + + align:start position:0% +combinations of rows of R this you'll + + + align:start position:0% +combinations of rows of R this you'll +have to think about these ideas and the + + align:start position:0% +have to think about these ideas and the + + + align:start position:0% +have to think about these ideas and the +and the first + + align:start position:0% +and the first + + + align:start position:0% +and the first +uh and and work some problems finding + + align:start position:0% +uh and and work some problems finding + + + align:start position:0% +uh and and work some problems finding +CNR and seeing this wonderful fact if + + align:start position:0% +CNR and seeing this wonderful fact if + + + align:start position:0% +CNR and seeing this wonderful fact if +you had a matrix that was 50 rows and + + align:start position:0% +you had a matrix that was 50 rows and + + + align:start position:0% +you had a matrix that was 50 rows and + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +columns then it would not be clear for + + align:start position:0% +columns then it would not be clear for + + + align:start position:0% +columns then it would not be clear for +without a big computer how many rows are + + align:start position:0% +without a big computer how many rows are + + + align:start position:0% +without a big computer how many rows are +independent and how many columns are + + align:start position:0% +independent and how many columns are + + + align:start position:0% +independent and how many columns are +independent but the truth will be that + + align:start position:0% +independent but the truth will be that + + + align:start position:0% +independent but the truth will be that +those two numbers are the same if it has + + align:start position:0% +those two numbers are the same if it has + + + align:start position:0% +those two numbers are the same if it has +11 independent rows it's got 11 + + align:start position:0% +11 independent rows it's got 11 + + + align:start position:0% +11 independent rows it's got 11 +independent + + align:start position:0% +independent + + + align:start position:0% +independent +columns for me that's just a wonderful + + align:start position:0% +columns for me that's just a wonderful + + + align:start position:0% +columns for me that's just a wonderful +fact so that's that's the first great + + align:start position:0% +fact so that's that's the first great + + + align:start position:0% +fact so that's that's the first great +fact and and now here's the big picture + + align:start position:0% +fact and and now here's the big picture + + + align:start position:0% +fact and and now here's the big picture +of column space so we are really moving + + align:start position:0% +of column space so we are really moving + + + align:start position:0% +of column space so we are really moving +along here we are moving so these boxes + + align:start position:0% +along here we are moving so these boxes + + + align:start position:0% +along here we are moving so these boxes +these four boxes are filled with vectors + + align:start position:0% +these four boxes are filled with vectors + + + align:start position:0% +these four boxes are filled with vectors +so we call them Vector + + align:start position:0% +so we call them Vector + + + align:start position:0% +so we call them Vector +spaces so and I'll describe what what + + align:start position:0% +spaces so and I'll describe what what + + + align:start position:0% +spaces so and I'll describe what what +that that word space is important okay + + align:start position:0% +that that word space is important okay + + + align:start position:0% +that that word space is important okay +so what is the row space that's all the + + align:start position:0% +so what is the row space that's all the + + + align:start position:0% +so what is the row space that's all the +all the rows and all combinations of the + + align:start position:0% +all the rows and all combinations of the + + + align:start position:0% +all the rows and all combinations of the +rows that makes the row space you get a + + align:start position:0% +rows that makes the row space you get a + + + align:start position:0% +rows that makes the row space you get a +space by starting with some vectors + + align:start position:0% +space by starting with some vectors + + + align:start position:0% +space by starting with some vectors +taking all their combinations it fills + + align:start position:0% +taking all their combinations it fills + + + align:start position:0% +taking all their combinations it fills +out the plane it fills out three some + + align:start position:0% +out the plane it fills out three some + + + align:start position:0% +out the plane it fills out three some +three-dimensional space it fills out + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional space it fills out + + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional space it fills out +some R dimensional + + align:start position:0% +some R dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +some R dimensional +space let me just ask you just let's + + align:start position:0% +space let me just ask you just let's + + + align:start position:0% +space let me just ask you just let's +just take it suppose I have two vectors + + align:start position:0% +just take it suppose I have two vectors + + + align:start position:0% +just take it suppose I have two vectors +in three + + align:start position:0% +in three + + + align:start position:0% +in three +dimensions two independent vectors in + + align:start position:0% +dimensions two independent vectors in + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions two independent vectors in +three dimensions like as in my example + + align:start position:0% +three dimensions like as in my example + + + align:start position:0% +three dimensions like as in my example +there uh two independent vectors in + + align:start position:0% +there uh two independent vectors in + + + align:start position:0% +there uh two independent vectors in +three dimensions so I'm in 3D I'm in + + align:start position:0% +three dimensions so I'm in 3D I'm in + + + align:start position:0% +three dimensions so I'm in 3D I'm in +three-dimensional space and I take all + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional space and I take all + + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional space and I take all +combinations of those two independent + + align:start position:0% +combinations of those two independent + + + align:start position:0% +combinations of those two independent +vectors and what do I get I get a + + align:start position:0% +vectors and what do I get I get a + + + align:start position:0% +vectors and what do I get I get a +plane that goes through Z 0 because one + + align:start position:0% +plane that goes through Z 0 because one + + + align:start position:0% +plane that goes through Z 0 because one +possible combination is + + align:start position:0% +possible combination is + + + align:start position:0% +possible combination is +z0 and it's a nice FL plane in + + align:start position:0% +z0 and it's a nice FL plane in + + + align:start position:0% +z0 and it's a nice FL plane in +3D that's that's you can visualize that + + align:start position:0% +3D that's that's you can visualize that + + + align:start position:0% +3D that's that's you can visualize that +that a Bas it's the dimension of the + + align:start position:0% +that a Bas it's the dimension of the + + + align:start position:0% +that a Bas it's the dimension of the +plane is two because it took two vectors + + align:start position:0% +plane is two because it took two vectors + + + align:start position:0% +plane is two because it took two vectors +to give you everything you needed to + + align:start position:0% +to give you everything you needed to + + + align:start position:0% +to give you everything you needed to +know about the plane take all + + align:start position:0% +know about the plane take all + + + align:start position:0% +know about the plane take all +combinations of those two vectors so we + + align:start position:0% +combinations of those two vectors so we + + + align:start position:0% +combinations of those two vectors so we +had a two-dimensional plane inside + + align:start position:0% +had a two-dimensional plane inside + + + align:start position:0% +had a two-dimensional plane inside +threedimensional + + align:start position:0% +threedimensional + + + align:start position:0% +threedimensional +Space what what about the + + align:start position:0% +Space what what about the + + + align:start position:0% +Space what what about the +columns same same idea you start with + + align:start position:0% +columns same same idea you start with + + + align:start position:0% +columns same same idea you start with +the columns you take all their + + align:start position:0% +the columns you take all their + + + align:start position:0% +the columns you take all their +combinations so that's the column space + + align:start position:0% +combinations so that's the column space + + + align:start position:0% +combinations so that's the column space +again the space means take all + + align:start position:0% +again the space means take all + + + align:start position:0% +again the space means take all +combinations so it's a whole it's I've + + align:start position:0% +combinations so it's a whole it's I've + + + align:start position:0% +combinations so it's a whole it's I've +drawn it as a as a square or rectangle + + align:start position:0% +drawn it as a as a square or rectangle + + + align:start position:0% +drawn it as a as a square or rectangle +or a box uh it's a it's it's filled in + + align:start position:0% +or a box uh it's a it's it's filled in + + + align:start position:0% +or a box uh it's a it's it's filled in +by taking all + + align:start position:0% +by taking all + + + align:start position:0% +by taking all +combinations it it gives me a plane it + + align:start position:0% +combinations it it gives me a plane it + + + align:start position:0% +combinations it it gives me a plane it +gives me a three-dimensional Subspace + + align:start position:0% +gives me a three-dimensional Subspace + + + align:start position:0% +gives me a three-dimensional Subspace +well if I have a bigger Matrix like a + + align:start position:0% +well if I have a bigger Matrix like a + + + align:start position:0% +well if I have a bigger Matrix like a +10x10 Matrix + + align:start position:0% +10x10 Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +10x10 Matrix +then the row then I might have six + + align:start position:0% +then the row then I might have six + + + align:start position:0% +then the row then I might have six +independent columns the column space of + + align:start position:0% +independent columns the column space of + + + align:start position:0% +independent columns the column space of +this 10 of this Matrix would be all + + align:start position:0% +this 10 of this Matrix would be all + + + align:start position:0% +this 10 of this Matrix would be all +combinations of those six independent + + align:start position:0% +combinations of those six independent + + + align:start position:0% +combinations of those six independent +columns that they they would each all + + align:start position:0% +columns that they they would each all + + + align:start position:0% +columns that they they would each all +those we we're sitting inside + + align:start position:0% +those we we're sitting inside + + + align:start position:0% +those we we're sitting inside +10-dimensional + + align:start position:0% +10-dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +10-dimensional +Space just just visualize 10-dimensional + + align:start position:0% +Space just just visualize 10-dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +Space just just visualize 10-dimensional +space or don't visualize it I can't but + + align:start position:0% +space or don't visualize it I can't but + + + align:start position:0% +space or don't visualize it I can't but +anyway if you can do it so and in that + + align:start position:0% +anyway if you can do it so and in that + + + align:start position:0% +anyway if you can do it so and in that +vect in that space the 10-dimensional + + align:start position:0% +vect in that space the 10-dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +vect in that space the 10-dimensional +space is some Thin very thin part of it + + align:start position:0% +space is some Thin very thin part of it + + + align:start position:0% +space is some Thin very thin part of it +which has only six independent vectors + + align:start position:0% +which has only six independent vectors + + + align:start position:0% +which has only six independent vectors +so a six-dimensional column space inside + + align:start position:0% +so a six-dimensional column space inside + + + align:start position:0% +so a six-dimensional column space inside +the big 10-dimensional + + align:start position:0% +the big 10-dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +the big 10-dimensional +space okay so the the first our first + + align:start position:0% +space okay so the the first our first + + + align:start position:0% +space okay so the the first our first +great theorem was that the number of + + align:start position:0% +great theorem was that the number of + + + align:start position:0% +great theorem was that the number of +independent + + align:start position:0% +independent + + + align:start position:0% +independent +rows equals the number of independent + + align:start position:0% +rows equals the number of independent + + + align:start position:0% +rows equals the number of independent +columns for every Matrix that that's + + align:start position:0% +columns for every Matrix that that's + + + align:start position:0% +columns for every Matrix that that's +just wonderful so that means that the + + align:start position:0% +just wonderful so that means that the + + + align:start position:0% +just wonderful so that means that the +size of the row space and the size of + + align:start position:0% +size of the row space and the size of + + + align:start position:0% +size of the row space and the size of +the column space is the same and then + + align:start position:0% +the column space is the same and then + + + align:start position:0% +the column space is the same and then +the other two guys the null spaces are + + align:start position:0% +the other two guys the null spaces are + + + align:start position:0% +the other two guys the null spaces are +the solutions to axal Z so ax equals z + + align:start position:0% +the solutions to axal Z so ax equals z + + + align:start position:0% +the solutions to axal Z so ax equals z +says some combination of columns or of + + align:start position:0% +says some combination of columns or of + + + align:start position:0% +says some combination of columns or of +rows is giving zero and so that this is + + align:start position:0% +rows is giving zero and so that this is + + + align:start position:0% +rows is giving zero and so that this is +accounting for the rest so we had like + + align:start position:0% +accounting for the rest so we had like + + + align:start position:0% +accounting for the rest so we had like +six dimensional row space inside 10 + + align:start position:0% +six dimensional row space inside 10 + + + align:start position:0% +six dimensional row space inside 10 +dimensional space then the null space + + align:start position:0% +dimensional space then the null space + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional space then the null space +which I'll come back to but the point is + + align:start position:0% +which I'll come back to but the point is + + + align:start position:0% +which I'll come back to but the point is +it will be four dimensional so that six + + align:start position:0% +it will be four dimensional so that six + + + align:start position:0% +it will be four dimensional so that six +and four make 10 the the the whole + + align:start position:0% +and four make 10 the the the whole + + + align:start position:0% +and four make 10 the the the whole +10-dimensional Space is is being split + + align:start position:0% +10-dimensional Space is is being split + + + align:start position:0% +10-dimensional Space is is being split +into the independent rows and the null + + align:start position:0% +into the independent rows and the null + + + align:start position:0% +into the independent rows and the null +space on one side and the independent + + align:start position:0% +space on one side and the independent + + + align:start position:0% +space on one side and the independent +columns and the null space of oh you see + + align:start position:0% +columns and the null space of oh you see + + + align:start position:0% +columns and the null space of oh you see +this symbol a transpose a transpose just + + align:start position:0% +this symbol a transpose a transpose just + + + align:start position:0% +this symbol a transpose a transpose just +means reverse the rows and with the + + align:start position:0% +means reverse the rows and with the + + + align:start position:0% +means reverse the rows and with the +columns if if I have a matrix a with 10 + + align:start position:0% +columns if if I have a matrix a with 10 + + + align:start position:0% +columns if if I have a matrix a with 10 +rows and eight columns then a transpose + + align:start position:0% +rows and eight columns then a transpose + + + align:start position:0% +rows and eight columns then a transpose +will be the other way around eight rows + + align:start position:0% +will be the other way around eight rows + + + align:start position:0% +will be the other way around eight rows +and 10 columns oh well this is a whole + + align:start position:0% +and 10 columns oh well this is a whole + + + align:start position:0% +and 10 columns oh well this is a whole +linear algebra course but we're we're + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra course but we're we're + + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra course but we're we're +moving I have to tell you a little bit + + align:start position:0% +moving I have to tell you a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +moving I have to tell you a little bit +how you would find which columns are + + align:start position:0% +how you would find which columns are + + + align:start position:0% +how you would find which columns are +independent and which are not it's an + + align:start position:0% +independent and which are not it's an + + + align:start position:0% +independent and which are not it's an +algorithm how would we how would a + + align:start position:0% +algorithm how would we how would a + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm how would we how would a +computer find the independent rows we + + align:start position:0% +computer find the independent rows we + + + align:start position:0% +computer find the independent rows we +have to be able to answer that question + + align:start position:0% +have to be able to answer that question + + + align:start position:0% +have to be able to answer that question +because for big matrices we need the + + align:start position:0% +because for big matrices we need the + + + align:start position:0% +because for big matrices we need the +computer okay so uh yeah the it you + + align:start position:0% +computer okay so uh yeah the it you + + + align:start position:0% +computer okay so uh yeah the it you +remember we're it's interesting that the + + align:start position:0% +remember we're it's interesting that the + + + align:start position:0% +remember we're it's interesting that the +computer would look first for are the + + align:start position:0% +computer would look first for are the + + + align:start position:0% +computer would look first for are the +row Matrix where where I introduced + + align:start position:0% +row Matrix where where I introduced + + + align:start position:0% +row Matrix where where I introduced +first of all C The Columns the + + align:start position:0% +first of all C The Columns the + + + align:start position:0% +first of all C The Columns the +independent columns well it finds them + + align:start position:0% +independent columns well it finds them + + + align:start position:0% +independent columns well it finds them +both at the same time this this + + align:start position:0% +both at the same time this this + + + align:start position:0% +both at the same time this this +algorithm it just progresses column by + + align:start position:0% +algorithm it just progresses column by + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm it just progresses column by +column across the Matrix column by + + align:start position:0% +column across the Matrix column by + + + align:start position:0% +column across the Matrix column by +column we go across the Matrix and we + + align:start position:0% +column we go across the Matrix and we + + + align:start position:0% +column we go across the Matrix and we +ask is this new column say column k + 1 + + align:start position:0% +ask is this new column say column k + 1 + + + align:start position:0% +ask is this new column say column k + 1 +is it a combination of those previous K + + align:start position:0% +is it a combination of those previous K + + + align:start position:0% +is it a combination of those previous K +columns or is it independent that's the + + align:start position:0% +columns or is it independent that's the + + + align:start position:0% +columns or is it independent that's the +key question if it's a combination of + + align:start position:0% +key question if it's a combination of + + + align:start position:0% +key question if it's a combination of +the other ones then it'll go in with the + + align:start position:0% +the other ones then it'll go in with the + + + align:start position:0% +the other ones then it'll go in with the +F part if it's independent of the first + + align:start position:0% +F part if it's independent of the first + + + align:start position:0% +F part if it's independent of the first +ones it'll be a new independent one and + + align:start position:0% +ones it'll be a new independent one and + + + align:start position:0% +ones it'll be a new independent one and +it'll go it'll the I the identity Matrix + + align:start position:0% +it'll go it'll the I the identity Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +it'll go it'll the I the identity Matrix +will grow by one so I I I'm not going + + align:start position:0% +will grow by one so I I I'm not going + + + align:start position:0% +will grow by one so I I I'm not going +to push you to follow the steps of the + + align:start position:0% +to push you to follow the steps of the + + + align:start position:0% +to push you to follow the steps of the +of this + + align:start position:0% +of this + + + align:start position:0% +of this +elimination well actually they + + align:start position:0% +elimination well actually they + + + align:start position:0% +elimination well actually they +elimination was invented in China three + + align:start position:0% +elimination was invented in China three + + + align:start position:0% +elimination was invented in China three +or four thousand years ago so it's it's + + align:start position:0% +or four thousand years ago so it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +or four thousand years ago so it's it's +fundamental idea it's just subtract a + + align:start position:0% +fundamental idea it's just subtract a + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental idea it's just subtract a +multiple of one row from another row to + + align:start position:0% +multiple of one row from another row to + + + align:start position:0% +multiple of one row from another row to +get a zero in a place where you want a + + align:start position:0% +get a zero in a place where you want a + + + align:start position:0% +get a zero in a place where you want a +zero you we can understand what's going + + align:start position:0% +zero you we can understand what's going + + + align:start position:0% +zero you we can understand what's going +on when we have when our Matrix has + + align:start position:0% +on when we have when our Matrix has + + + align:start position:0% +on when we have when our Matrix has +enough well-placed zeros so so elimin + + align:start position:0% +enough well-placed zeros so so elimin + + + align:start position:0% +enough well-placed zeros so so elimin +mination is just subtracting rows from + + align:start position:0% +mination is just subtracting rows from + + + align:start position:0% +mination is just subtracting rows from +other rows to produce Zer in the right + + align:start position:0% +other rows to produce Zer in the right + + + align:start position:0% +other rows to produce Zer in the right +position so we can see what's going + + align:start position:0% +position so we can see what's going + + + align:start position:0% +position so we can see what's going +on all right here we here we're actually + + align:start position:0% +on all right here we here we're actually + + + align:start position:0% +on all right here we here we're actually +going to use elimination and see and the + + align:start position:0% +going to use elimination and see and the + + + align:start position:0% +going to use elimination and see and the +idea of null space and idea of equations + + align:start position:0% +idea of null space and idea of equations + + + align:start position:0% +idea of null space and idea of equations +so this is this we can do this we can + + align:start position:0% +so this is this we can do this we can + + + align:start position:0% +so this is this we can do this we can +do so over at the top left you see uh + + align:start position:0% +do so over at the top left you see uh + + + align:start position:0% +do so over at the top left you see uh +three equations + + align:start position:0% +three equations + + + align:start position:0% +three equations +and you see four unknowns X1 X2 X3 X4 so + + align:start position:0% +and you see four unknowns X1 X2 X3 X4 so + + + align:start position:0% +and you see four unknowns X1 X2 X3 X4 so +we have a + + align:start position:0% +we have a + + + align:start position:0% +we have a +3x4 matrix and it's a full Matrix it + + align:start position:0% +3x4 matrix and it's a full Matrix it + + + align:start position:0% +3x4 matrix and it's a full Matrix it +hasn't got any zeros and the idea of + + align:start position:0% +hasn't got any zeros and the idea of + + + align:start position:0% +hasn't got any zeros and the idea of +elimination is to get some zeros into + + align:start position:0% +elimination is to get some zeros into + + + align:start position:0% +elimination is to get some zeros into +that Matrix in fact we can see where + + align:start position:0% +that Matrix in fact we can see where + + + align:start position:0% +that Matrix in fact we can see where +those arrows are showing what where we + + align:start position:0% +those arrows are showing what where we + + + align:start position:0% +those arrows are showing what where we +want to go so so we're starting with the + + align:start position:0% +want to go so so we're starting with the + + + align:start position:0% +want to go so so we're starting with the +Matrix a 3x4 matrix with these numbers + + align:start position:0% +Matrix a 3x4 matrix with these numbers + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix a 3x4 matrix with these numbers + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +279 11 + + align:start position:0% +279 11 + + + align:start position:0% +279 11 +3748 are those columns independent or + + align:start position:0% +3748 are those columns independent or + + + align:start position:0% +3748 are those columns independent or +not elimination will tell us okay and we + + align:start position:0% +not elimination will tell us okay and we + + + align:start position:0% +not elimination will tell us okay and we +want to know which rows are + + align:start position:0% +want to know which rows are + + + align:start position:0% +want to know which rows are +independent uh so I'm I'm just going to + + align:start position:0% +independent uh so I'm I'm just going to + + + align:start position:0% +independent uh so I'm I'm just going to +look at that those numbers at the top + + align:start position:0% +look at that those numbers at the top + + + align:start position:0% +look at that those numbers at the top +for a little while but well I I'll go + + align:start position:0% +for a little while but well I I'll go + + + align:start position:0% +for a little while but well I I'll go +halfway down just to sh share the the + + align:start position:0% +halfway down just to sh share the the + + + align:start position:0% +halfway down just to sh share the the +nice math + + align:start position:0% +nice math + + + align:start position:0% +nice math +notation so so I wrote the equations at + + align:start position:0% +notation so so I wrote the equations at + + + align:start position:0% +notation so so I wrote the equations at +the top but really I wasted a lot of + + align:start position:0% +the top but really I wasted a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +the top but really I wasted a lot of +time writing in all those plus signs and + + align:start position:0% +time writing in all those plus signs and + + + align:start position:0% +time writing in all those plus signs and +equal signs and and so on uh really it's + + align:start position:0% +equal signs and and so on uh really it's + + + align:start position:0% +equal signs and and so on uh really it's +the numbers that count so you s you see + + align:start position:0% +the numbers that count so you s you see + + + align:start position:0% +the numbers that count so you s you see +the numbers 1 2 11 17 in the first row + + align:start position:0% +the numbers 1 2 11 17 in the first row + + + align:start position:0% +the numbers 1 2 11 17 in the first row +so they go in the first row of the + + align:start position:0% +so they go in the first row of the + + + align:start position:0% +so they go in the first row of the +Matrix I just skip all the plus signs + + align:start position:0% +Matrix I just skip all the plus signs + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix I just skip all the plus signs +and X1 x2s I know know they're there + + align:start position:0% +and X1 x2s I know know they're there + + + align:start position:0% +and X1 x2s I know know they're there +it's the numbers that matter and then we + + align:start position:0% +it's the numbers that matter and then we + + + align:start position:0% +it's the numbers that matter and then we +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +our we we get by elimination to this + + align:start position:0% +our we we get by elimination to this + + + align:start position:0% +our we we get by elimination to this +much simpler form r with the Matrix + + align:start position:0% +much simpler form r with the Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +much simpler form r with the Matrix +R uh now let's see maybe we could do + + align:start position:0% +R uh now let's see maybe we could do + + + align:start position:0% +R uh now let's see maybe we could do +some of these in our head I think that + + align:start position:0% +some of these in our head I think that + + + align:start position:0% +some of these in our head I think that +if I add equation one to equation two I + + align:start position:0% +if I add equation one to equation two I + + + align:start position:0% +if I add equation one to equation two I +get equation + + align:start position:0% +get equation + + + align:start position:0% +get equation +three do you do you agree with me if I + + align:start position:0% +three do you do you agree with me if I + + + align:start position:0% +three do you do you agree with me if I +add take I'm at the top top left of the + + align:start position:0% +add take I'm at the top top left of the + + + align:start position:0% +add take I'm at the top top left of the +of the of the slide if I add X1 to 3x1 I + + align:start position:0% +of the of the slide if I add X1 to 3x1 I + + + align:start position:0% +of the of the slide if I add X1 to 3x1 I +get + + align:start position:0% +get + + + align:start position:0% +get +4x1 and if I add 11 x3s to 37 x3s I get + + align:start position:0% +4x1 and if I add 11 x3s to 37 x3s I get + + + align:start position:0% +4x1 and if I add 11 x3s to 37 x3s I get +48 x3s of course I cooked it up this way + + align:start position:0% +48 x3s of course I cooked it up this way + + + align:start position:0% +48 x3s of course I cooked it up this way +so if I instead of adding if I sub If I + + align:start position:0% +so if I instead of adding if I sub If I + + + align:start position:0% +so if I instead of adding if I sub If I +subtract the first equation from the + + align:start position:0% +subtract the first equation from the + + + align:start position:0% +subtract the first equation from the +third and I subtract the second equation + + align:start position:0% +third and I subtract the second equation + + + align:start position:0% +third and I subtract the second equation +from the third then I have nothing left + + align:start position:0% +from the third then I have nothing left + + + align:start position:0% +from the third then I have nothing left +that equation becomes 0 equals 0 that + + align:start position:0% +that equation becomes 0 equals 0 that + + + align:start position:0% +that equation becomes 0 equals 0 that +tells me that really really this Matrix + + align:start position:0% +tells me that really really this Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +tells me that really really this Matrix +this big Matrix a has only two + + align:start position:0% +this big Matrix a has only two + + + align:start position:0% +this big Matrix a has only two +independent rows that that that I'm are + + align:start position:0% +independent rows that that that I'm are + + + align:start position:0% +independent rows that that that I'm are +sitting there in R do you see that you + + align:start position:0% +sitting there in R do you see that you + + + align:start position:0% +sitting there in R do you see that you +see R the the the long the last Matrix + + align:start position:0% +see R the the the long the last Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +see R the the the long the last Matrix +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +one35 that comes from the first equation + + align:start position:0% +one35 that comes from the first equation + + + align:start position:0% +one35 that comes from the first equation +after elimination and the 01 4 6 those + + align:start position:0% +after elimination and the 01 4 6 those + + + align:start position:0% +after elimination and the 01 4 6 those +are the coefficients of X1 X2 X3 X4 in + + align:start position:0% +are the coefficients of X1 X2 X3 X4 in + + + align:start position:0% +are the coefficients of X1 X2 X3 X4 in +the second equation and I didn't even + + align:start position:0% +the second equation and I didn't even + + + align:start position:0% +the second equation and I didn't even +bother to write the 0 equal 0 equation + + align:start position:0% +bother to write the 0 equal 0 equation + + + align:start position:0% +bother to write the 0 equal 0 equation +because I don't need don't need it or + + align:start position:0% +because I don't need don't need it or + + + align:start position:0% +because I don't need don't need it or +want it in r r gets rid of all the Z + + align:start position:0% +want it in r r gets rid of all the Z + + + align:start position:0% +want it in r r gets rid of all the Z +equals zero + + align:start position:0% +equals zero + + + align:start position:0% +equals zero +stuff so where are we we started with a + + align:start position:0% +stuff so where are we we started with a + + + align:start position:0% +stuff so where are we we started with a +matrix a well we started with four + + align:start position:0% +matrix a well we started with four + + + align:start position:0% +matrix a well we started with four +equations and the the numbers in those + + align:start position:0% +equations and the the numbers in those + + + align:start position:0% +equations and the the numbers in those +equations went into a and I did + + align:start position:0% +equations went into a and I did + + + align:start position:0% +equations went into a and I did +elimination I did m i sub subtracted 3 * + + align:start position:0% +elimination I did m i sub subtracted 3 * + + + align:start position:0% +elimination I did m i sub subtracted 3 * +Row one from row two and that knocked + + align:start position:0% +Row one from row two and that knocked + + + align:start position:0% +Row one from row two and that knocked +out the + + align:start position:0% +out the + + + align:start position:0% +out the +3x1 and so forth so I ended up with the + + align:start position:0% +3x1 and so forth so I ended up with the + + + align:start position:0% +3x1 and so forth so I ended up with the +equations on the right which went into R + + align:start position:0% +equations on the right which went into R + + + align:start position:0% +equations on the right which went into R +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +one35 and the 0146 you see as predicted + + align:start position:0% +one35 and the 0146 you see as predicted + + + align:start position:0% +one35 and the 0146 you see as predicted +we start with the identity Matrix in R + + align:start position:0% +we start with the identity Matrix in R + + + align:start position:0% +we start with the identity Matrix in R +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +one01 and then we have the other stuff + + align:start position:0% +one01 and then we have the other stuff + + + align:start position:0% +one01 and then we have the other stuff +the dependent coming from the dependent + + align:start position:0% +the dependent coming from the dependent + + + align:start position:0% +the dependent coming from the dependent +stuff and we started with the first two + + align:start position:0% +stuff and we started with the first two + + + align:start position:0% +stuff and we started with the first two +columns in in C 134 279 those are + + align:start position:0% +columns in in C 134 279 those are + + + align:start position:0% +columns in in C 134 279 those are +original first two columns and we didn't + + align:start position:0% +original first two columns and we didn't + + + align:start position:0% +original first two columns and we didn't +have the third column or the fourth + + align:start position:0% +have the third column or the fourth + + + align:start position:0% +have the third column or the fourth +column because those are combinations of + + align:start position:0% +column because those are combinations of + + + align:start position:0% +column because those are combinations of +the first two so this is a matrix of + + align:start position:0% +the first two so this is a matrix of + + + align:start position:0% +the first two so this is a matrix of +rank two it has two independent Columns + + align:start position:0% +rank two it has two independent Columns + + + align:start position:0% +rank two it has two independent Columns +of first two and it's got two + + align:start position:0% +of first two and it's got two + + + align:start position:0% +of first two and it's got two +independent rows which are I could + + align:start position:0% +independent rows which are I could + + + align:start position:0% +independent rows which are I could +choose the first two rows of a or better + + align:start position:0% +choose the first two rows of a or better + + + align:start position:0% +choose the first two rows of a or better +the first two rows of R what the the + + align:start position:0% +the first two rows of R what the the + + + align:start position:0% +the first two rows of R what the the +whole point of this was to be able to + + align:start position:0% +whole point of this was to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +whole point of this was to be able to +solve RX equals z and the when I when + + align:start position:0% +solve RX equals z and the when I when + + + align:start position:0% +solve RX equals z and the when I when +I've got or ax equals z is the same as + + align:start position:0% +I've got or ax equals z is the same as + + + align:start position:0% +I've got or ax equals z is the same as +RX equals z now and R is this simple + + align:start position:0% +RX equals z now and R is this simple + + + align:start position:0% +RX equals z now and R is this simple +Matrix so do you see that that Vector + + align:start position:0% +Matrix so do you see that that Vector + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix so do you see that that Vector +minus three down where it's talking + + align:start position:0% +minus three down where it's talking + + + align:start position:0% +minus three down where it's talking +about the null space null means zero so + + align:start position:0% +about the null space null means zero so + + + align:start position:0% +about the null space null means zero so +these two vectors there they solve RX + + align:start position:0% +these two vectors there they solve RX + + + align:start position:0% +these two vectors there they solve RX +equal Z and therefore they solve a xal z + + align:start position:0% +equal Z and therefore they solve a xal z + + + align:start position:0% +equal Z and therefore they solve a xal z +that that's what you're looking for in + + align:start position:0% +that that's what you're looking for in + + + align:start position:0% +that that's what you're looking for in +Solutions of equations if you took that + + align:start position:0% +Solutions of equations if you took that + + + align:start position:0% +Solutions of equations if you took that +Min -3 - 4 one0 Vector those th those + + align:start position:0% +Min -3 - 4 one0 Vector those th those + + + align:start position:0% +Min -3 - 4 one0 Vector those th those +are X1 and X2 and X3 and X4 they easily + + align:start position:0% +are X1 and X2 and X3 and X4 they easily + + + align:start position:0% +are X1 and X2 and X3 and X4 they easily +solve our our simplified equations at + + align:start position:0% +solve our our simplified equations at + + + align:start position:0% +solve our our simplified equations at +the top so all together we have done + + align:start position:0% +the top so all together we have done + + + align:start position:0% +the top so all together we have done +what professors assigned students to do + + align:start position:0% +what professors assigned students to do + + + align:start position:0% +what professors assigned students to do +for centuries of linear algebra we have + + align:start position:0% +for centuries of linear algebra we have + + + align:start position:0% +for centuries of linear algebra we have +solved equations by elimination we had + + align:start position:0% +solved equations by elimination we had + + + align:start position:0% +solved equations by elimination we had +some messy equations we took + + align:start position:0% +some messy equations we took + + + align:start position:0% +some messy equations we took +combinations of those to give some nice + + align:start position:0% +combinations of those to give some nice + + + align:start position:0% +combinations of those to give some nice +equations then we solve those nice + + align:start position:0% +equations then we solve those nice + + + align:start position:0% +equations then we solve those nice +equations and we could express the + + align:start position:0% +equations and we could express the + + + align:start position:0% +equations and we could express the +result as these two vectors at the + + align:start position:0% +result as these two vectors at the + + + align:start position:0% +result as these two vectors at the +bottom or but we could express the whole + + align:start position:0% +bottom or but we could express the whole + + + align:start position:0% +bottom or but we could express the whole +elimination as C * R the two independent + + align:start position:0% +elimination as C * R the two independent + + + align:start position:0% +elimination as C * R the two independent +Columns of a times the two rows of + + align:start position:0% +Columns of a times the two rows of + + + align:start position:0% +Columns of a times the two rows of +R oh th this was like I this is my final + + align:start position:0% +R oh th this was like I this is my final + + + align:start position:0% +R oh th this was like I this is my final +slide on this first factorization then I + + align:start position:0% +slide on this first factorization then I + + + align:start position:0% +slide on this first factorization then I +I'm not going to give such detail on the + + align:start position:0% +I'm not going to give such detail on the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not going to give such detail on the +later + + align:start position:0% +later + + + align:start position:0% +later +factorizations because the textbook and + + align:start position:0% +factorizations because the textbook and + + + align:start position:0% +factorizations because the textbook and +the and your professor know those so + + align:start position:0% +the and your professor know those so + + + align:start position:0% +the and your professor know those so +well I I just want to say here that uh + + align:start position:0% +well I I just want to say here that uh + + + align:start position:0% +well I I just want to say here that uh +matrices really using + + align:start position:0% +matrices really using + + + align:start position:0% +matrices really using +matrices in in Matrix algebra is is + + align:start position:0% +matrices in in Matrix algebra is is + + + align:start position:0% +matrices in in Matrix algebra is is +wonderful and one of the things you can + + align:start position:0% +wonderful and one of the things you can + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful and one of the things you can +do is to break them into smaller + + align:start position:0% +do is to break them into smaller + + + align:start position:0% +do is to break them into smaller +matrices so you see that + + align:start position:0% +matrices so you see that + + + align:start position:0% +matrices so you see that +whj K well that's that's our big Matrix + + align:start position:0% +whj K well that's that's our big Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +whj K well that's that's our big Matrix +with four + + align:start position:0% +with four + + + align:start position:0% +with four +submatrices in it and W is the part of + + align:start position:0% +submatrices in it and W is the part of + + + align:start position:0% +submatrices in it and W is the part of +the Matrix that's coming from + + align:start position:0% +the Matrix that's coming from + + + align:start position:0% +the Matrix that's coming from +independent columns so that arrow in the + + align:start position:0% +independent columns so that arrow in the + + + align:start position:0% +independent columns so that arrow in the +Top Line says the W moves to the + + align:start position:0% +Top Line says the W moves to the + + + align:start position:0% +Top Line says the W moves to the +identity that's that was the theme of + + align:start position:0% +identity that's that was the theme of + + + align:start position:0% +identity that's that was the theme of +all those crazy computations we did was + + align:start position:0% +all those crazy computations we did was + + + align:start position:0% +all those crazy computations we did was +to make that top left corner into the + + align:start position:0% +to make that top left corner into the + + + align:start position:0% +to make that top left corner into the +identity and then it makes the rest of + + align:start position:0% +identity and then it makes the rest of + + + align:start position:0% +identity and then it makes the rest of +the Matrix into what you see + + align:start position:0% +the Matrix into what you see + + + align:start position:0% +the Matrix into what you see +that but just to say that if you think + + align:start position:0% +that but just to say that if you think + + + align:start position:0% +that but just to say that if you think +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +elimination by blocks instead of just + + align:start position:0% +elimination by blocks instead of just + + + align:start position:0% +elimination by blocks instead of just +single numbers then you see the big + + align:start position:0% +single numbers then you see the big + + + align:start position:0% +single numbers then you see the big +picture the big picture but the the the + + align:start position:0% +picture the big picture but the the the + + + align:start position:0% +picture the big picture but the the the +the real picture was done on that slide + + align:start position:0% +the real picture was done on that slide + + + align:start position:0% +the real picture was done on that slide +slide at the top that's where we did the + + align:start position:0% +slide at the top that's where we did the + + + align:start position:0% +slide at the top that's where we did the +elimination and and then we got the + + align:start position:0% +elimination and and then we got the + + + align:start position:0% +elimination and and then we got the +piece the nice pieces that we we're + + align:start position:0% +piece the nice pieces that we we're + + + align:start position:0% +piece the nice pieces that we we're +seeing + + align:start position:0% +seeing + + + align:start position:0% +seeing +here okay so F that was all + + align:start position:0% +here okay so F that was all + + + align:start position:0% +here okay so F that was all +factorization one a equals CR because + + align:start position:0% +factorization one a equals CR because + + + align:start position:0% +factorization one a equals CR because +you need some help with + + align:start position:0% +you need some help with + + + align:start position:0% +you need some help with +that that's that's brought up so many of + + align:start position:0% +that that's that's brought up so many of + + + align:start position:0% +that that's that's brought up so many of +the key ideas and tools of linear + + align:start position:0% +the key ideas and tools of linear + + + align:start position:0% +the key ideas and tools of linear +algebra go into a equals CR and it's + + align:start position:0% +algebra go into a equals CR and it's + + + align:start position:0% +algebra go into a equals CR and it's +just + + align:start position:0% +just + + + align:start position:0% +just +wonderful okay so now oh I'm seeing the + + align:start position:0% +wonderful okay so now oh I'm seeing the + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful okay so now oh I'm seeing the +word + + align:start position:0% +word + + + align:start position:0% +word +orthogonal so this next + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal so this next + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal so this next +factorization is takes a matrix a and it + + align:start position:0% +factorization is takes a matrix a and it + + + align:start position:0% +factorization is takes a matrix a and it +The Columns of a are probably not + + align:start position:0% +The Columns of a are probably not + + + align:start position:0% +The Columns of a are probably not +perpendicular to each other all all the + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to each other all all the + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to each other all all the +examples we had The Columns of a if I + + align:start position:0% +examples we had The Columns of a if I + + + align:start position:0% +examples we had The Columns of a if I +looked at the angle between them it + + align:start position:0% +looked at the angle between them it + + + align:start position:0% +looked at the angle between them it +wasn't 90 + + align:start position:0% +wasn't 90 + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't 90 +Dees they there's a simple test for + + align:start position:0% +Dees they there's a simple test for + + + align:start position:0% +Dees they there's a simple test for +perpendicular that called The Dot + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular that called The Dot + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular that called The Dot +product and it + + align:start position:0% +product and it + + + align:start position:0% +product and it +matrices + + align:start position:0% +matrices + + + align:start position:0% +matrices +usually vectors don't don't pass that + + align:start position:0% +usually vectors don't don't pass that + + + align:start position:0% +usually vectors don't don't pass that +test they're not perpendicular but it's + + align:start position:0% +test they're not perpendicular but it's + + + align:start position:0% +test they're not perpendicular but it's +wonderful when they + + align:start position:0% +wonderful when they + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful when they +do perpendicular vectors are super easy + + align:start position:0% +do perpendicular vectors are super easy + + + align:start position:0% +do perpendicular vectors are super easy +to compute with orthogonal is just + + align:start position:0% +to compute with orthogonal is just + + + align:start position:0% +to compute with orthogonal is just +another word for perpendicular so and + + align:start position:0% +another word for perpendicular so and + + + align:start position:0% +another word for perpendicular so and +it's a shorter word and a more used word + + align:start position:0% +it's a shorter word and a more used word + + + align:start position:0% +it's a shorter word and a more used word +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so what's the idea of this + + align:start position:0% +so what's the idea of this + + + align:start position:0% +so what's the idea of this +factorization again we take any Matrix a + + align:start position:0% +factorization again we take any Matrix a + + + align:start position:0% +factorization again we take any Matrix a +and we're going to get it into two + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to get it into two + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to get it into two +factors but they're not going to be L + + align:start position:0% +factors but they're not going to be L + + + align:start position:0% +factors but they're not going to be L +and U anymore they're not going to be C + + align:start position:0% +and U anymore they're not going to be C + + + align:start position:0% +and U anymore they're not going to be C +and R they're going to be Q * + + align:start position:0% +and R they're going to be Q * + + + align:start position:0% +and R they're going to be Q * +R and Q is this new + + align:start position:0% +R and Q is this new + + + align:start position:0% +R and Q is this new +idea this new idea of perpendicular + + align:start position:0% +idea this new idea of perpendicular + + + align:start position:0% +idea this new idea of perpendicular +vectors I just want to say that + + align:start position:0% +vectors I just want to say that + + + align:start position:0% +vectors I just want to say that +perpendicular vectors are so easy to + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular vectors are so easy to + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular vectors are so easy to +compute with it's it's if if independent + + align:start position:0% +compute with it's it's if if independent + + + align:start position:0% +compute with it's it's if if independent +vectors are good perpendicular vectors + + align:start position:0% +vectors are good perpendicular vectors + + + align:start position:0% +vectors are good perpendicular vectors +are super independent because they're + + align:start position:0% +are super independent because they're + + + align:start position:0% +are super independent because they're +going in 90 degree directions and look + + align:start position:0% +going in 90 degree directions and look + + + align:start position:0% +going in 90 degree directions and look +to see the nice equation that you get if + + align:start position:0% +to see the nice equation that you get if + + + align:start position:0% +to see the nice equation that you get if +you have these perpendicular vectors so + + align:start position:0% +you have these perpendicular vectors so + + + align:start position:0% +you have these perpendicular vectors so +I'll use that letter Q little little Q + + align:start position:0% +I'll use that letter Q little little Q + + + align:start position:0% +I'll use that letter Q little little Q +so do you see where I'm multiplying a + + align:start position:0% +so do you see where I'm multiplying a + + + align:start position:0% +so do you see where I'm multiplying a +matrix Q transpose times Q in the middle + + align:start position:0% +matrix Q transpose times Q in the middle + + + align:start position:0% +matrix Q transpose times Q in the middle +that that matrix multiplication so Q The + + align:start position:0% +that that matrix multiplication so Q The + + + align:start position:0% +that that matrix multiplication so Q The +Columns of Q are our orthogonal vectors + + align:start position:0% +Columns of Q are our orthogonal vectors + + + align:start position:0% +Columns of Q are our orthogonal vectors +and I adjust their length to be one + + align:start position:0% +and I adjust their length to be one + + + align:start position:0% +and I adjust their length to be one +that's no problem so they're + + align:start position:0% +that's no problem so they're + + + align:start position:0% +that's no problem so they're +perpendicular and their lengths are one + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular and their lengths are one + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular and their lengths are one +and Q transpose well so transpose is a + + align:start position:0% +and Q transpose well so transpose is a + + + align:start position:0% +and Q transpose well so transpose is a +operation that we use a lot it just + + align:start position:0% +operation that we use a lot it just + + + align:start position:0% +operation that we use a lot it just +changes the rows the columns into rows + + align:start position:0% +changes the rows the columns into rows + + + align:start position:0% +changes the rows the columns into rows +so the columns were q1 to + + align:start position:0% +so the columns were q1 to + + + align:start position:0% +so the columns were q1 to +qn in in in the second factor and then + + align:start position:0% +qn in in in the second factor and then + + + align:start position:0% +qn in in in the second factor and then +the first Factor we change q1 to q1 + + align:start position:0% +the first Factor we change q1 to q1 + + + align:start position:0% +the first Factor we change q1 to q1 +transpose which is a row so so we have + + align:start position:0% +transpose which is a row so so we have + + + align:start position:0% +transpose which is a row so so we have +now n columns perpendicular vectors in Q + + align:start position:0% +now n columns perpendicular vectors in Q + + + align:start position:0% +now n columns perpendicular vectors in Q +and we have n rows that are + + align:start position:0% +and we have n rows that are + + + align:start position:0% +and we have n rows that are +perpendicular vectors in Q transpose + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular vectors in Q transpose + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular vectors in Q transpose +that T is for short for transpose and + + align:start position:0% +that T is for short for transpose and + + + align:start position:0% +that T is for short for transpose and +the whole point is that when I multiply + + align:start position:0% +the whole point is that when I multiply + + + align:start position:0% +the whole point is that when I multiply +those two matrices Q transpose time Q + + align:start position:0% +those two matrices Q transpose time Q + + + align:start position:0% +those two matrices Q transpose time Q +that's when + + align:start position:0% +that's when + + + align:start position:0% +that's when +the perpendicular stuff pays off because + + align:start position:0% +the perpendicular stuff pays off because + + + align:start position:0% +the perpendicular stuff pays off because +q1 transpose times Q2 is zero + + align:start position:0% +q1 transpose times Q2 is zero + + + align:start position:0% +q1 transpose times Q2 is zero +perpendicular vectors they're when you + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular vectors they're when you + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular vectors they're when you +multiply them or a row times a column if + + align:start position:0% +multiply them or a row times a column if + + + align:start position:0% +multiply them or a row times a column if +they're perpendicular you get zero so we + + align:start position:0% +they're perpendicular you get zero so we + + + align:start position:0% +they're perpendicular you get zero so we +actually get the identity Matrix from Q + + align:start position:0% +actually get the identity Matrix from Q + + + align:start position:0% +actually get the identity Matrix from Q +transpose times Q so that means Q is a + + align:start position:0% +transpose times Q so that means Q is a + + + align:start position:0% +transpose times Q so that means Q is a +well Q is one is for me + + align:start position:0% +well Q is one is for me + + + align:start position:0% +well Q is one is for me +uh well I'll say the queens of linear + + align:start position:0% +uh well I'll say the queens of linear + + + align:start position:0% +uh well I'll say the queens of linear +algebra I'm not making them the Kings + + align:start position:0% +algebra I'm not making them the Kings + + + align:start position:0% +algebra I'm not making them the Kings +but the queens of you of linear algebra + + align:start position:0% +but the queens of you of linear algebra + + + align:start position:0% +but the queens of you of linear algebra +are these matrices whose columns + + align:start position:0% +are these matrices whose columns + + + align:start position:0% +are these matrices whose columns +are length + + align:start position:0% +are length + + + align:start position:0% +are length +one and perpendicular to each other uh + + align:start position:0% +one and perpendicular to each other uh + + + align:start position:0% +one and perpendicular to each other uh +but this is a important idea that if I + + align:start position:0% +but this is a important idea that if I + + + align:start position:0% +but this is a important idea that if I +start with a bunch of independent + + align:start position:0% +start with a bunch of independent + + + align:start position:0% +start with a bunch of independent +vectors they're going in different + + align:start position:0% +vectors they're going in different + + + align:start position:0% +vectors they're going in different +directions no combination is zero then I + + align:start position:0% +directions no combination is zero then I + + + align:start position:0% +directions no combination is zero then I +can turn Bend turn those vectors by a + + align:start position:0% +can turn Bend turn those vectors by a + + + align:start position:0% +can turn Bend turn those vectors by a +matrix R so that they are not just going + + align:start position:0% +matrix R so that they are not just going + + + align:start position:0% +matrix R so that they are not just going +in different directions they're going in + + align:start position:0% +in different directions they're going in + + + align:start position:0% +in different directions they're going in +90° perpendicular + + align:start position:0% +90° perpendicular + + + align:start position:0% +90° perpendicular +directions it's it's just terrific to + + align:start position:0% +directions it's it's just terrific to + + + align:start position:0% +directions it's it's just terrific to +have vectors that are perpendicular so + + align:start position:0% +have vectors that are perpendicular so + + + align:start position:0% +have vectors that are perpendicular so +that's actually factorization three is + + align:start position:0% +that's actually factorization three is + + + align:start position:0% +that's actually factorization three is +is doing it to The Columns of a and then + + align:start position:0% +is doing it to The Columns of a and then + + + align:start position:0% +is doing it to The Columns of a and then +factorizations four and five are doing + + align:start position:0% +factorizations four and five are doing + + + align:start position:0% +factorizations four and five are doing +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +to uh you'll see factorizations four and + + align:start position:0% +to uh you'll see factorizations four and + + + align:start position:0% +to uh you'll see factorizations four and +five are the great achievements of + + align:start position:0% +five are the great achievements of + + + align:start position:0% +five are the great achievements of +linear + + align:start position:0% +linear + + + align:start position:0% +linear +algebra so I promised you five + + align:start position:0% +algebra so I promised you five + + + align:start position:0% +algebra so I promised you five +factorizations and we've got three two + + align:start position:0% +factorizations and we've got three two + + + align:start position:0% +factorizations and we've got three two +to go and they're actually together here + + align:start position:0% +to go and they're actually together here + + + align:start position:0% +to go and they're actually together here +they're they'll take time in in the + + align:start position:0% +they're they'll take time in in the + + + align:start position:0% +they're they'll take time in in the +course and and uh so one is about igen + + align:start position:0% +course and and uh so one is about igen + + + align:start position:0% +course and and uh so one is about igen +values every Professor wants to explain + + align:start position:0% +values every Professor wants to explain + + + align:start position:0% +values every Professor wants to explain +igen values those are nice igen values + + align:start position:0% +igen values those are nice igen values + + + align:start position:0% +igen values those are nice igen values +and IG + + align:start position:0% +and IG + + + align:start position:0% +and IG +vectors and the other one is about what + + align:start position:0% +vectors and the other one is about what + + + align:start position:0% +vectors and the other one is about what +are called singular values and singular + + align:start position:0% +are called singular values and singular + + + align:start position:0% +are called singular values and singular +vectors not so famous except for the + + align:start position:0% +vectors not so famous except for the + + + align:start position:0% +vectors not so famous except for the +fact that they are the best of all that + + align:start position:0% +fact that they are the best of all that + + + align:start position:0% +fact that they are the best of all that +so I'll try to compare them so you'll + + align:start position:0% +so I'll try to compare them so you'll + + + align:start position:0% +so I'll try to compare them so you'll +see how they're related because I can + + align:start position:0% +see how they're related because I can + + + align:start position:0% +see how they're related because I can +values are sort of simpler to see but + + align:start position:0% +values are sort of simpler to see but + + + align:start position:0% +values are sort of simpler to see but +singular values are important too okay + + align:start position:0% +singular values are important too okay + + + align:start position:0% +singular values are important too okay +so so let's suppose we have uh it's nice + + align:start position:0% +so so let's suppose we have uh it's nice + + + align:start position:0% +so so let's suppose we have uh it's nice +if the Matrix is symmetric s so s for a + + align:start position:0% +if the Matrix is symmetric s so s for a + + + align:start position:0% +if the Matrix is symmetric s so s for a +symmetric Matrix that means that if I + + align:start position:0% +symmetric Matrix that means that if I + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric Matrix that means that if I +flip it across the diagonal it's still + + align:start position:0% +flip it across the diagonal it's still + + + align:start position:0% +flip it across the diagonal it's still +the same so the number that's in the + + align:start position:0% +the same so the number that's in the + + + align:start position:0% +the same so the number that's in the +bottom left is also in the top right now + + align:start position:0% +bottom left is also in the top right now + + + align:start position:0% +bottom left is also in the top right now +here's the key idea igen values and igen + + align:start position:0% +here's the key idea igen values and igen + + + align:start position:0% +here's the key idea igen values and igen +vector factors of that Matrix S so the + + align:start position:0% +vector factors of that Matrix S so the + + + align:start position:0% +vector factors of that Matrix S so the +big equation is s * x equal number + + align:start position:0% +big equation is s * x equal number + + + align:start position:0% +big equation is s * x equal number +Lambda time x SX equal Lambda x what + + align:start position:0% +Lambda time x SX equal Lambda x what + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda time x SX equal Lambda x what +does that mean that means that x a v x + + align:start position:0% +does that mean that means that x a v x + + + align:start position:0% +does that mean that means that x a v x +is a vector s is a known Matrix known + + align:start position:0% +is a vector s is a known Matrix known + + + align:start position:0% +is a vector s is a known Matrix known +symmetric Matrix and I'm looking for + + align:start position:0% +symmetric Matrix and I'm looking for + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric Matrix and I'm looking for +vectors + + align:start position:0% +vectors + + + align:start position:0% +vectors +X which don't change + + align:start position:0% +X which don't change + + + align:start position:0% +X which don't change +direction when you multiply them by S + + align:start position:0% +direction when you multiply them by S + + + align:start position:0% +direction when you multiply them by S +they don't change direction previously + + align:start position:0% +they don't change direction previously + + + align:start position:0% +they don't change direction previously +we might have been looking for vectors + + align:start position:0% +we might have been looking for vectors + + + align:start position:0% +we might have been looking for vectors +that go to zero SX equals z not now we + + align:start position:0% +that go to zero SX equals z not now we + + + align:start position:0% +that go to zero SX equals z not now we +have the key equation you'll see in that + + align:start position:0% +have the key equation you'll see in that + + + align:start position:0% +have the key equation you'll see in that +Top Line is s * + + align:start position:0% +Top Line is s * + + + align:start position:0% +Top Line is s * +x equals a number Lambda time x so it's + + align:start position:0% +x equals a number Lambda time x so it's + + + align:start position:0% +x equals a number Lambda time x so it's +still in the direction of X its length + + align:start position:0% +still in the direction of X its length + + + align:start position:0% +still in the direction of X its length +just got changed by that factor Lambda + + align:start position:0% +just got changed by that factor Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +just got changed by that factor Lambda +so and that Lambda is called the igen + + align:start position:0% +so and that Lambda is called the igen + + + align:start position:0% +so and that Lambda is called the igen +value X is the igen vector igen is a + + align:start position:0% +value X is the igen vector igen is a + + + align:start position:0% +value X is the igen vector igen is a +sort of German prefix that is everybody + + align:start position:0% +sort of German prefix that is everybody + + + align:start position:0% +sort of German prefix that is everybody +uses here yeah so so SX equal Lambda X + + align:start position:0% +uses here yeah so so SX equal Lambda X + + + align:start position:0% +uses here yeah so so SX equal Lambda X +you will study that type of question + + align:start position:0% +you will study that type of question + + + align:start position:0% +you will study that type of question +it's how do you find the x's and the + + align:start position:0% +it's how do you find the x's and the + + + align:start position:0% +it's how do you find the x's and the +lambdas in a way the problem is + + align:start position:0% +lambdas in a way the problem is + + + align:start position:0% +lambdas in a way the problem is +nonlinear because Lambda is multiplying + + align:start position:0% +nonlinear because Lambda is multiplying + + + align:start position:0% +nonlinear because Lambda is multiplying +X so it's it's not like SX equal b a + + align:start position:0% +X so it's it's not like SX equal b a + + + align:start position:0% +X so it's it's not like SX equal b a +right hand side SX equal Lambda X takes + + align:start position:0% +right hand side SX equal Lambda X takes + + + align:start position:0% +right hand side SX equal Lambda X takes +new ideas and you'll see them okay and + + align:start position:0% +new ideas and you'll see them okay and + + + align:start position:0% +new ideas and you'll see them okay and +the beautiful thing is that when s is a + + align:start position:0% +the beautiful thing is that when s is a + + + align:start position:0% +the beautiful thing is that when s is a +symmetric + + align:start position:0% +symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric +Matrix then these igen vectors these X's + + align:start position:0% +Matrix then these igen vectors these X's + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix then these igen vectors these X's +it turns out that they they're + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that they they're + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that they they're +perpendicular to each other and so if I + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to each other and so if I + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to each other and so if I +stay on the left side of the screen + + align:start position:0% +stay on the left side of the screen + + + align:start position:0% +stay on the left side of the screen +which is about s you'll see that + + align:start position:0% +which is about s you'll see that + + + align:start position:0% +which is about s you'll see that +SX if I if I use Matrix notation s times + + align:start position:0% +SX if I if I use Matrix notation s times + + + align:start position:0% +SX if I if I use Matrix notation s times +I can list all the igen vectors there + + align:start position:0% +I can list all the igen vectors there + + + align:start position:0% +I can list all the igen vectors there +are n of them + + align:start position:0% +are n of them + + + align:start position:0% +are n of them +luckily so same size as s If I multiply + + align:start position:0% +luckily so same size as s If I multiply + + + align:start position:0% +luckily so same size as s If I multiply +s times those igen vectors I get those + + align:start position:0% +s times those igen vectors I get those + + + align:start position:0% +s times those igen vectors I get those +ion vectors back again times that + + align:start position:0% +ion vectors back again times that + + + align:start position:0% +ion vectors back again times that +diagonal matrix of lambdas which are + + align:start position:0% +diagonal matrix of lambdas which are + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal matrix of lambdas which are +just numbers so SX equals x Lambda + + align:start position:0% +just numbers so SX equals x Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +just numbers so SX equals x Lambda +that's the factorization four well I can + + align:start position:0% +that's the factorization four well I can + + + align:start position:0% +that's the factorization four well I can +put the X on the far right and write + + align:start position:0% +put the X on the far right and write + + + align:start position:0% +put the X on the far right and write +write it differently as s = x Lambda X + + align:start position:0% +write it differently as s = x Lambda X + + + align:start position:0% +write it differently as s = x Lambda X +inverse a matrix a symmetric Matrix X is + + align:start position:0% +inverse a matrix a symmetric Matrix X is + + + align:start position:0% +inverse a matrix a symmetric Matrix X is +its IG Vector Matrix x times its + + align:start position:0% +its IG Vector Matrix x times its + + + align:start position:0% +its IG Vector Matrix x times its +diagonal IG value Matrix Lambda times + + align:start position:0% +diagonal IG value Matrix Lambda times + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal IG value Matrix Lambda times +the inverse of X that so it's a + + align:start position:0% +the inverse of X that so it's a + + + align:start position:0% +the inverse of X that so it's a +factorizations it's got three matrices + + align:start position:0% +factorizations it's got three matrices + + + align:start position:0% +factorizations it's got three matrices +in it now okay that you're going to + + align:start position:0% +in it now okay that you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +in it now okay that you're going to +learn about those guys that that's this + + align:start position:0% +learn about those guys that that's this + + + align:start position:0% +learn about those guys that that's this +this is the the second half of the + + align:start position:0% +this is the the second half of the + + + align:start position:0% +this is the the second half of the +course the first half of the course was + + align:start position:0% +course the first half of the course was + + + align:start position:0% +course the first half of the course was +elimination spaces of vectors A x equals + + align:start position:0% +elimination spaces of vectors A x equals + + + align:start position:0% +elimination spaces of vectors A x equals +z linear equations now we are + + align:start position:0% +z linear equations now we are + + + align:start position:0% +z linear equations now we are +deeper with igen vectors and with + + align:start position:0% +deeper with igen vectors and with + + + align:start position:0% +deeper with igen vectors and with +singular vectors and singular values now + + align:start position:0% +singular vectors and singular values now + + + align:start position:0% +singular vectors and singular values now +what do those mean the point is that + + align:start position:0% +what do those mean the point is that + + + align:start position:0% +what do those mean the point is that +every Matrix doesn't have to be square + + align:start position:0% +every Matrix doesn't have to be square + + + align:start position:0% +every Matrix doesn't have to be square +doesn't have to be symmetric every + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have to be symmetric every + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have to be symmetric every +Matrix a has a full set of singular + + align:start position:0% +Matrix a has a full set of singular + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix a has a full set of singular +values and what are and vectors s + + align:start position:0% +values and what are and vectors s + + + align:start position:0% +values and what are and vectors s +singular vectors are really more + + align:start position:0% +singular vectors are really more + + + align:start position:0% +singular vectors are really more +important than the value the the numbers + + align:start position:0% +important than the value the the numbers + + + align:start position:0% +important than the value the the numbers +the values are those numbers Sigma or + + align:start position:0% +the values are those numbers Sigma or + + + align:start position:0% +the values are those numbers Sigma or +Lambda that scale things it's the + + align:start position:0% +Lambda that scale things it's the + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda that scale things it's the +vectors that are + + align:start position:0% +vectors that are + + + align:start position:0% +vectors that are +great we we'll always take the vectors + + align:start position:0% +great we we'll always take the vectors + + + align:start position:0% +great we we'll always take the vectors +to be length one and then the scaling + + align:start position:0% +to be length one and then the scaling + + + align:start position:0% +to be length one and then the scaling +goes into the sigma or Lambda okay so + + align:start position:0% +goes into the sigma or Lambda okay so + + + align:start position:0% +goes into the sigma or Lambda okay so +what are what's the deal with singular + + align:start position:0% +what are what's the deal with singular + + + align:start position:0% +what are what's the deal with singular +values + + align:start position:0% +values + + + align:start position:0% +values +I'm I'm now telling you + + align:start position:0% +I'm I'm now telling you + + + align:start position:0% +I'm I'm now telling you +about number five factorization five the + + align:start position:0% +about number five factorization five the + + + align:start position:0% +about number five factorization five the +the the end + + align:start position:0% +the the end + + + align:start position:0% +the the end +of a linear algebra course TP frequently + + align:start position:0% +of a linear algebra course TP frequently + + + align:start position:0% +of a linear algebra course TP frequently +or in the past courses didn't get as far + + align:start position:0% +or in the past courses didn't get as far + + + align:start position:0% +or in the past courses didn't get as far +as singular values but you got to push + + align:start position:0% +as singular values but you got to push + + + align:start position:0% +as singular values but you got to push +to get there because it's so important + + align:start position:0% +to get there because it's so important + + + align:start position:0% +to get there because it's so important +it's become more important oh it's hard + + align:start position:0% +it's become more important oh it's hard + + + align:start position:0% +it's become more important oh it's hard +to say this more important than igen + + align:start position:0% +to say this more important than igen + + + align:start position:0% +to say this more important than igen +values well it's closely so closely + + align:start position:0% +values well it's closely so closely + + + align:start position:0% +values well it's closely so closely +related that you but you just have + + align:start position:0% +related that you but you just have + + + align:start position:0% +related that you but you just have +to singular vectors apply even when the + + align:start position:0% +to singular vectors apply even when the + + + align:start position:0% +to singular vectors apply even when the +Matrix is + + align:start position:0% +Matrix is + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix is +rectangular and uh they apply to every + + align:start position:0% +rectangular and uh they apply to every + + + align:start position:0% +rectangular and uh they apply to every +Matrix so they are exceptional and what + + align:start position:0% +Matrix so they are exceptional and what + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix so they are exceptional and what +is the main point of singular vectors + + align:start position:0% +is the main point of singular vectors + + + align:start position:0% +is the main point of singular vectors +listen up because this is + + align:start position:0% +listen up because this is + + + align:start position:0% +listen up because this is +it every + + align:start position:0% +it every + + + align:start position:0% +it every +Matrix + + align:start position:0% +Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix +a has you can find a bunch of of + + align:start position:0% +a has you can find a bunch of of + + + align:start position:0% +a has you can find a bunch of of +perpendicular vectors inputs V1 V2 up to + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular vectors inputs V1 V2 up to + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular vectors inputs V1 V2 up to +VR the rank the number of independent + + align:start position:0% +VR the rank the number of independent + + + align:start position:0% +VR the rank the number of independent +vectors so so + + align:start position:0% +vectors so so + + + align:start position:0% +vectors so so +orthogonal orthogonal vectors going in + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal orthogonal vectors going in + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal orthogonal vectors going in +V's multiply by a and orthogonal vectors + + align:start position:0% +V's multiply by a and orthogonal vectors + + + align:start position:0% +V's multiply by a and orthogonal vectors +come + + align:start position:0% +come + + + align:start position:0% +come +out not for ION vectors they come out in + + align:start position:0% +out not for ION vectors they come out in + + + align:start position:0% +out not for ION vectors they come out in +the same direction for other atries + + align:start position:0% +the same direction for other atries + + + align:start position:0% +the same direction for other atries +that's too much that you can't expect + + align:start position:0% +that's too much that you can't expect + + + align:start position:0% +that's too much that you can't expect +them the same direction but the amazing + + align:start position:0% +them the same direction but the amazing + + + align:start position:0% +them the same direction but the amazing +miraculous thing is that you can there + + align:start position:0% +miraculous thing is that you can there + + + align:start position:0% +miraculous thing is that you can there +are orthogonal vectors going in if you + + align:start position:0% +are orthogonal vectors going in if you + + + align:start position:0% +are orthogonal vectors going in if you +pick the right orthogonal perpendicular + + align:start position:0% +pick the right orthogonal perpendicular + + + align:start position:0% +pick the right orthogonal perpendicular +vectors going in then the and multiply + + align:start position:0% +vectors going in then the and multiply + + + align:start position:0% +vectors going in then the and multiply +by a then perpendicular vectors come out + + align:start position:0% +by a then perpendicular vectors come out + + + align:start position:0% +by a then perpendicular vectors come out +so so so sing these are singular vectors + + align:start position:0% +so so so sing these are singular vectors + + + align:start position:0% +so so so sing these are singular vectors +that a matrix + + align:start position:0% +that a matrix + + + align:start position:0% +that a matrix +takes orthog one orthogonal bunch of you + + align:start position:0% +takes orthog one orthogonal bunch of you + + + align:start position:0% +takes orthog one orthogonal bunch of you +could say in + + align:start position:0% +could say in + + + align:start position:0% +could say in +in uh orthogonal one set of orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +in uh orthogonal one set of orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +in uh orthogonal one set of orthogonal +vectors in the row space multiplies + + align:start position:0% +vectors in the row space multiplies + + + align:start position:0% +vectors in the row space multiplies +produces orthogonal vectors U yeah so so + + align:start position:0% +produces orthogonal vectors U yeah so so + + + align:start position:0% +produces orthogonal vectors U yeah so so +that also is a matrix + + align:start position:0% +that also is a matrix + + + align:start position:0% +that also is a matrix +factorization but if I and and the + + align:start position:0% +factorization but if I and and the + + + align:start position:0% +factorization but if I and and the +famous one is the one halfway down the + + align:start position:0% +famous one is the one halfway down the + + + align:start position:0% +famous one is the one halfway down the +page on the far right a equal U Matrix + + align:start position:0% +page on the far right a equal U Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +page on the far right a equal U Matrix +times this diagonal Sigma Matrix times + + align:start position:0% +times this diagonal Sigma Matrix times + + + align:start position:0% +times this diagonal Sigma Matrix times +the V transpose the outputs oh no sorry + + align:start position:0% +the V transpose the outputs oh no sorry + + + align:start position:0% +the V transpose the outputs oh no sorry +the v's are the inputs because being on + + align:start position:0% +the v's are the inputs because being on + + + align:start position:0% +the v's are the inputs because being on +the right they're going to hit they're + + align:start position:0% +the right they're going to hit they're + + + align:start position:0% +the right they're going to hit they're +going to hit them a new Vector the first + + align:start position:0% +going to hit them a new Vector the first + + + align:start position:0% +going to hit them a new Vector the first +so if I multiply by + + align:start position:0% +so if I multiply by + + + align:start position:0% +so if I multiply by +x i I hit them with v or V + + align:start position:0% +x i I hit them with v or V + + + align:start position:0% +x i I hit them with v or V +transpose that rotates the space then + + align:start position:0% +transpose that rotates the space then + + + align:start position:0% +transpose that rotates the space then +comes then I hit them with Sigma this + + align:start position:0% +comes then I hit them with Sigma this + + + align:start position:0% +comes then I hit them with Sigma this +diagonal matrix that just stretches the + + align:start position:0% +diagonal matrix that just stretches the + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal matrix that just stretches the +thing and then I rotate again isn't that + + align:start position:0% +thing and then I rotate again isn't that + + + align:start position:0% +thing and then I rotate again isn't that +amazing every every Matrix is a product + + align:start position:0% +amazing every every Matrix is a product + + + align:start position:0% +amazing every every Matrix is a product +of a + + align:start position:0% +of a + + + align:start position:0% +of a +rotation a a diagonal stretching Matrix + + align:start position:0% +rotation a a diagonal stretching Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +rotation a a diagonal stretching Matrix +and another rotation well you know what + + align:start position:0% +and another rotation well you know what + + + align:start position:0% +and another rotation well you know what +it means to rotate a plane just you know + + align:start position:0% +it means to rotate a plane just you know + + + align:start position:0% +it means to rotate a plane just you know +rotate a plane through an angle if + + align:start position:0% +rotate a plane through an angle if + + + align:start position:0% +rotate a plane through an angle if +you're an airline pilot you know what + + align:start position:0% +you're an airline pilot you know what + + + align:start position:0% +you're an airline pilot you know what +about you know about rotation in 3D what + + align:start position:0% +about you know about rotation in 3D what + + + align:start position:0% +about you know about rotation in 3D what +are those yaw one of them there are + + align:start position:0% +are those yaw one of them there are + + + align:start position:0% +are those yaw one of them there are +three rotations that an airplane can do + + align:start position:0% +three rotations that an airplane can do + + + align:start position:0% +three rotations that an airplane can do +uh in the same plane either horizontal + + align:start position:0% +uh in the same plane either horizontal + + + align:start position:0% +uh in the same plane either horizontal +plane or vertical plane one angle if we + + align:start position:0% +plane or vertical plane one angle if we + + + align:start position:0% +plane or vertical plane one angle if we +have just + + align:start position:0% +have just + + + align:start position:0% +have just +a in in a plane the rotation just takes + + align:start position:0% +a in in a plane the rotation just takes + + + align:start position:0% +a in in a plane the rotation just takes +one angle in in three-dimensional space + + align:start position:0% +one angle in in three-dimensional space + + + align:start position:0% +one angle in in three-dimensional space +it takes three angles in + + align:start position:0% +it takes three angles in + + + align:start position:0% +it takes three angles in +four-dimensional space well that's + + align:start position:0% +four-dimensional space well that's + + + align:start position:0% +four-dimensional space well that's +for linear out alra course so that so + + align:start position:0% +for linear out alra course so that so + + + align:start position:0% +for linear out alra course so that so +what what are we saying what does this + + align:start position:0% +what what are we saying what does this + + + align:start position:0% +what what are we saying what does this +this singular value stuff tell me it + + align:start position:0% +this singular value stuff tell me it + + + align:start position:0% +this singular value stuff tell me it +says again that for every Matrix I can + + align:start position:0% +says again that for every Matrix I can + + + align:start position:0% +says again that for every Matrix I can +find perpendicular vectors for inputs + + align:start position:0% +find perpendicular vectors for inputs + + + align:start position:0% +find perpendicular vectors for inputs +and when I multiply the The Matrix the + + align:start position:0% +and when I multiply the The Matrix the + + + align:start position:0% +and when I multiply the The Matrix the +outputs are perpendicular too that's + + align:start position:0% +outputs are perpendicular too that's + + + align:start position:0% +outputs are perpendicular too that's +what it says that's what it says + + align:start position:0% +what it says that's what it says + + + align:start position:0% +what it says that's what it says +perpendicular inputs that give + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular inputs that give + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular inputs that give +perpendicular outputs they're very + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular outputs they're very + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular outputs they're very +special normally that won't happen but + + align:start position:0% +special normally that won't happen but + + + align:start position:0% +special normally that won't happen but +there is a set + + align:start position:0% +there is a set + + + align:start position:0% +there is a set +of perpendicular inputs where the + + align:start position:0% +of perpendicular inputs where the + + + align:start position:0% +of perpendicular inputs where the +outputs are perpendicular and I'm going + + align:start position:0% +outputs are perpendicular and I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +outputs are perpendicular and I'm going +to show you that or try to in in 2D in + + align:start position:0% +to show you that or try to in in 2D in + + + align:start position:0% +to show you that or try to in in 2D in +2D so I'm looking I'm I'm thinking I + + align:start position:0% +2D so I'm looking I'm I'm thinking I + + + align:start position:0% +2D so I'm looking I'm I'm thinking I +have a m a 2X two + + align:start position:0% +have a m a 2X two + + + align:start position:0% +have a m a 2X two +Matrix and my vectors V and W are the + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and my vectors V and W are the + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and my vectors V and W are the +usual one Z and 01 so If I multiply them + + align:start position:0% +usual one Z and 01 so If I multiply them + + + align:start position:0% +usual one Z and 01 so If I multiply them +by this Matrix so they're perpendicular + + align:start position:0% +by this Matrix so they're perpendicular + + + align:start position:0% +by this Matrix so they're perpendicular +all right V is perpendicular to W no + + align:start position:0% +all right V is perpendicular to W no + + + align:start position:0% +all right V is perpendicular to W no +problem if I multiply by my Matrix I get + + align:start position:0% +problem if I multiply by my Matrix I get + + + align:start position:0% +problem if I multiply by my Matrix I get +a * V and a * W well the odds are a + + align:start position:0% +a * V and a * W well the odds are a + + + align:start position:0% +a * V and a * W well the odds are a +million to one that they're not perent + + align:start position:0% +million to one that they're not perent + + + align:start position:0% +million to one that they're not perent +here I didn't I can't expect so much + + align:start position:0% +here I didn't I can't expect so much + + + align:start position:0% +here I didn't I can't expect so much +luck that the may maybe if the Matrix + + align:start position:0% +luck that the may maybe if the Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +luck that the may maybe if the Matrix +was a diagonal matrix or some simple guy + + align:start position:0% +was a diagonal matrix or some simple guy + + + align:start position:0% +was a diagonal matrix or some simple guy +then AV and aw would be perpendicular + + align:start position:0% +then AV and aw would be perpendicular + + + align:start position:0% +then AV and aw would be perpendicular +but generally they won't be so V and W + + align:start position:0% +but generally they won't be so V and W + + + align:start position:0% +but generally they won't be so V and W +are not the pair that I'm the input pair + + align:start position:0% +are not the pair that I'm the input pair + + + align:start position:0% +are not the pair that I'm the input pair +that I'm looking for okay let me make + + align:start position:0% +that I'm looking for okay let me make + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm looking for okay let me make +one more try and fail again I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +one more try and fail again I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +one more try and fail again I'm going to +try uh to put in W and minus + + align:start position:0% +try uh to put in W and minus + + + align:start position:0% +try uh to put in W and minus +V so I'm looking at the middle picture + + align:start position:0% +V so I'm looking at the middle picture + + + align:start position:0% +V so I'm looking at the middle picture +now I'm looking at the middle picture + + align:start position:0% +now I'm looking at the middle picture + + + align:start position:0% +now I'm looking at the middle picture +I'm I'm multiplying + + align:start position:0% +I'm I'm multiplying + + + align:start position:0% +I'm I'm multiplying +W by a so that still gives me the a W + + align:start position:0% +W by a so that still gives me the a W + + + align:start position:0% +W by a so that still gives me the a W +and I'm multiplying minus V by a so it + + align:start position:0% +and I'm multiplying minus V by a so it + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm multiplying minus V by a so it +comes + + align:start position:0% +comes + + + align:start position:0% +comes +out like 180 degrees around from the + + align:start position:0% +out like 180 degrees around from the + + + align:start position:0% +out like 180 degrees around from the +original AV in the first picture is a + + align:start position:0% +original AV in the first picture is a + + + align:start position:0% +original AV in the first picture is a +minus V in the second picture if you + + align:start position:0% +minus V in the second picture if you + + + align:start position:0% +minus V in the second picture if you +think you need to think about it this is + + align:start position:0% +think you need to think about it this is + + + align:start position:0% +think you need to think about it this is +a little bit of a + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of a + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of a +proof so what's the point well this new + + align:start position:0% +proof so what's the point well this new + + + align:start position:0% +proof so what's the point well this new +pair W and minus V didn't didn't work + + align:start position:0% +pair W and minus V didn't didn't work + + + align:start position:0% +pair W and minus V didn't didn't work +either the angle was not 90° after I + + align:start position:0% +either the angle was not 90° after I + + + align:start position:0% +either the angle was not 90° after I +multiplied by a and that's what I'm + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by a and that's what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by a and that's what I'm +shooting for okay but here's the little + + align:start position:0% +shooting for okay but here's the little + + + align:start position:0% +shooting for okay but here's the little +idea small idea the the angle in the + + align:start position:0% +idea small idea the the angle in the + + + align:start position:0% +idea small idea the the angle in the +first case was smaller than + + align:start position:0% +first case was smaller than + + + align:start position:0% +first case was smaller than +90° when when I multiplied by a the AV + + align:start position:0% +90° when when I multiplied by a the AV + + + align:start position:0% +90° when when I multiplied by a the AV +and the aw had some small angle Theta + + align:start position:0% +and the aw had some small angle Theta + + + align:start position:0% +and the aw had some small angle Theta +between them but now if I multiply W and + + align:start position:0% +between them but now if I multiply W and + + + align:start position:0% +between them but now if I multiply W and +minus V by a I get a big big angle + + align:start position:0% +minus V by a I get a big big angle + + + align:start position:0% +minus V by a I get a big big angle +bigger than 90° and Mathematics steps + + align:start position:0% +bigger than 90° and Mathematics steps + + + align:start position:0% +bigger than 90° and Mathematics steps +into the into the problem here in + + align:start position:0% +into the into the problem here in + + + align:start position:0% +into the into the problem here in +looking for an idea and Mathematics says + + align:start position:0% +looking for an idea and Mathematics says + + + align:start position:0% +looking for an idea and Mathematics says +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +somewhere + + align:start position:0% +somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere +between the VW that I started with and + + align:start position:0% +between the VW that I started with and + + + align:start position:0% +between the VW that I started with and +the minus and the W minus V the second + + align:start position:0% +the minus and the W minus V the second + + + align:start position:0% +the minus and the W minus V the second +pair somewhere there's a little V and a + + align:start position:0% +pair somewhere there's a little V and a + + + align:start position:0% +pair somewhere there's a little V and a +little W that get then make it right + + align:start position:0% +little W that get then make it right + + + align:start position:0% +little W that get then make it right +because it was AV was too close to aw in + + align:start position:0% +because it was AV was too close to aw in + + + align:start position:0% +because it was AV was too close to aw in +the first picture they were too far + + align:start position:0% +the first picture they were too far + + + align:start position:0% +the first picture they were too far +apart in the second picture but as I if + + align:start position:0% +apart in the second picture but as I if + + + align:start position:0% +apart in the second picture but as I if +I go smoothly around I'll go I'll hit a + + align:start position:0% +I go smoothly around I'll go I'll hit a + + + align:start position:0% +I go smoothly around I'll go I'll hit a +point where they're exactly right and + + align:start position:0% +point where they're exactly right and + + + align:start position:0% +point where they're exactly right and +that's what the third picture is telling + + align:start position:0% +that's what the third picture is telling + + + align:start position:0% +that's what the third picture is telling +me so there's a proof that that every 2x + + align:start position:0% +me so there's a proof that that every 2x + + + align:start position:0% +me so there's a proof that that every 2x +two Matrix this is a two-dimensional + + align:start position:0% +two Matrix this is a two-dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +two Matrix this is a two-dimensional +proof that every 2x two Matrix + + align:start position:0% +proof that every 2x two Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +proof that every 2x two Matrix +has a pair Little V Little W which are + + align:start position:0% +has a pair Little V Little W which are + + + align:start position:0% +has a pair Little V Little W which are +perpendicular and then also a * V and a + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular and then also a * V and a + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular and then also a * V and a +* W are perpendicular yeah so that's + + align:start position:0% +* W are perpendicular yeah so that's + + + align:start position:0% +* W are perpendicular yeah so that's +factorization five and that's my that's + + align:start position:0% +factorization five and that's my that's + + + align:start position:0% +factorization five and that's my that's +if you cover that in in linear algebra + + align:start position:0% +if you cover that in in linear algebra + + + align:start position:0% +if you cover that in in linear algebra +course you're doing well but I have + + align:start position:0% +course you're doing well but I have + + + align:start position:0% +course you're doing well but I have +despite the fact that that slide is + + align:start position:0% +despite the fact that that slide is + + + align:start position:0% +despite the fact that that slide is +numbered 12 out of 12 there's another + + align:start position:0% +numbered 12 out of 12 there's another + + + align:start position:0% +numbered 12 out of 12 there's another +slide that doesn't have a number + + align:start position:0% +slide that doesn't have a number + + + align:start position:0% +slide that doesn't have a number +okay if you're up for this this is about + + align:start position:0% +okay if you're up for this this is about + + + align:start position:0% +okay if you're up for this this is about +deep learning so if you if you want to a + + align:start position:0% +deep learning so if you if you want to a + + + align:start position:0% +deep learning so if you if you want to a +job eventually probably most people + + align:start position:0% +job eventually probably most people + + + align:start position:0% +job eventually probably most people +would like to have a job then a lot of + + align:start position:0% +would like to have a job then a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +would like to have a job then a lot of +jobs we know are coming from Deep + + align:start position:0% +jobs we know are coming from Deep + + + align:start position:0% +jobs we know are coming from Deep +learning so I I was I would tell you + + align:start position:0% +learning so I I was I would tell you + + + align:start position:0% +learning so I I was I would tell you +like a little bit + + align:start position:0% +like a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +like a little bit +of this is the last chapter in the + + align:start position:0% +of this is the last chapter in the + + + align:start position:0% +of this is the last chapter in the +linear algebra book it's probably not + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra book it's probably not + + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra book it's probably not +part of the linear algebra course + + align:start position:0% +part of the linear algebra course + + + align:start position:0% +part of the linear algebra course +officially + + align:start position:0% +officially + + + align:start position:0% +officially +but why not learn about deep learning uh + + align:start position:0% +but why not learn about deep learning uh + + + align:start position:0% +but why not learn about deep learning uh +artificial + + align:start position:0% +artificial + + + align:start position:0% +artificial +AI what's what is what what is deep + + align:start position:0% +AI what's what is what what is deep + + + align:start position:0% +AI what's what is what what is deep +learning well deep learning starts with + + align:start position:0% +learning well deep learning starts with + + + align:start position:0% +learning well deep learning starts with +some training data some inputs with + + align:start position:0% +some training data some inputs with + + + align:start position:0% +some training data some inputs with +known + + align:start position:0% +known + + + align:start position:0% +known +outputs so I'll call the inputs U1 U2 u3 + + align:start position:0% +outputs so I'll call the inputs U1 U2 u3 + + + align:start position:0% +outputs so I'll call the inputs U1 U2 u3 +I maybe have maybe have a thousand in + + align:start position:0% +I maybe have maybe have a thousand in + + + align:start position:0% +I maybe have maybe have a thousand in +known + + align:start position:0% +known + + + align:start position:0% +known +inputs and a thousand known own + + align:start position:0% +inputs and a thousand known own + + + align:start position:0% +inputs and a thousand known own +outputs I've got a lot of information + + align:start position:0% +outputs I've got a lot of information + + + align:start position:0% +outputs I've got a lot of information +from the training data and then I want + + align:start position:0% +from the training data and then I want + + + align:start position:0% +from the training data and then I want +to be able to predict for a new input + + align:start position:0% +to be able to predict for a new input + + + align:start position:0% +to be able to predict for a new input +you not one of these known ones not part + + align:start position:0% +you not one of these known ones not part + + + align:start position:0% +you not one of these known ones not part +of the training data but a new guy what + + align:start position:0% +of the training data but a new guy what + + + align:start position:0% +of the training data but a new guy what +is the + + align:start position:0% +is the + + + align:start position:0% +is the +output so I I going to assume that the + + align:start position:0% +output so I I going to assume that the + + + align:start position:0% +output so I I going to assume that the +the relationship which I'm never going + + align:start position:0% +the relationship which I'm never going + + + align:start position:0% +the relationship which I'm never going +to know the relationship is something + + align:start position:0% +to know the relationship is something + + + align:start position:0% +to know the relationship is something +reasonable that that if I if I have a if + + align:start position:0% +reasonable that that if I if I have a if + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable that that if I if I have a if +my new input is near to one of the U's + + align:start position:0% +my new input is near to one of the U's + + + align:start position:0% +my new input is near to one of the U's +the near the the output will be near to + + align:start position:0% +the near the the output will be near to + + + align:start position:0% +the near the the output will be near to +one of the W's but it'll be affected by + + align:start position:0% +one of the W's but it'll be affected by + + + align:start position:0% +one of the W's but it'll be affected by +all the other U's and W's so it's it's + + align:start position:0% +all the other U's and W's so it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +all the other U's and W's so it's it's +called interpolation or something I'm + + align:start position:0% +called interpolation or something I'm + + + align:start position:0% +called interpolation or something I'm +looking for a function that fits the + + align:start position:0% +looking for a function that fits the + + + align:start position:0% +looking for a function that fits the +data and then I can use that function + + align:start position:0% +data and then I can use that function + + + align:start position:0% +data and then I can use that function +for new data test data where I don't + + align:start position:0% +for new data test data where I don't + + + align:start position:0% +for new data test data where I don't +know the output + + align:start position:0% +know the output + + + align:start position:0% +know the output +okay that's that's the thing and now I + + align:start position:0% +okay that's that's the thing and now I + + + align:start position:0% +okay that's that's the thing and now I +want to tell you the key idea of deep + + align:start position:0% +want to tell you the key idea of deep + + + align:start position:0% +want to tell you the key idea of deep +learning the the question is what kind + + align:start position:0% +learning the the question is what kind + + + align:start position:0% +learning the the question is what kind +of a function are we going to choose + + align:start position:0% +of a function are we going to choose + + + align:start position:0% +of a function are we going to choose +we're we're going to it'll have some + + align:start position:0% +we're we're going to it'll have some + + + align:start position:0% +we're we're going to it'll have some +freed so that we can make it fit the + + align:start position:0% +freed so that we can make it fit the + + + align:start position:0% +freed so that we can make it fit the +known training data we can create there + + align:start position:0% +known training data we can create there + + + align:start position:0% +known training data we can create there +are a lot of there are zillion ways I + + align:start position:0% +are a lot of there are zillion ways I + + + align:start position:0% +are a lot of there are zillion ways I +could create a function that was correct + + align:start position:0% +could create a function that was correct + + + align:start position:0% +could create a function that was correct +on the known data that gave me the right + + align:start position:0% +on the known data that gave me the right + + + align:start position:0% +on the known data that gave me the right +answers W from the inputs U what I want + + align:start position:0% +answers W from the inputs U what I want + + + align:start position:0% +answers W from the inputs U what I want +is to be good on data that I haven't + + align:start position:0% +is to be good on data that I haven't + + + align:start position:0% +is to be good on data that I haven't +seen and that was the important problem + + align:start position:0% +seen and that was the important problem + + + align:start position:0% +seen and that was the important problem +important scientific problem that has + + align:start position:0% +important scientific problem that has + + + align:start position:0% +important scientific problem that has +been largely solved and understood much + + align:start position:0% +been largely solved and understood much + + + align:start position:0% +been largely solved and understood much +better but there's more to understand + + align:start position:0% +better but there's more to understand + + + align:start position:0% +better but there's more to understand +still by uh deep learning okay so I'm + + align:start position:0% +still by uh deep learning okay so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +still by uh deep learning okay so I'm +just gonna + + align:start position:0% +just gonna + + + align:start position:0% +just gonna +go quickly here the question is what + + align:start position:0% +go quickly here the question is what + + + align:start position:0% +go quickly here the question is what +kind what what kind of function should + + align:start position:0% +kind what what kind of function should + + + align:start position:0% +kind what what kind of function should +we have what kind of function should we + + align:start position:0% +we have what kind of function should we + + + align:start position:0% +we have what kind of function should we +should I try one big Matrix well + + align:start position:0% +should I try one big Matrix well + + + align:start position:0% +should I try one big Matrix well +matrices are + + align:start position:0% +matrices are + + + align:start position:0% +matrices are +linear and and I don't know any reason + + align:start position:0% +linear and and I don't know any reason + + + align:start position:0% +linear and and I don't know any reason +why this this unknown function should be + + align:start position:0% +why this this unknown function should be + + + align:start position:0% +why this this unknown function should be +linear so matrices are going to come in + + align:start position:0% +linear so matrices are going to come in + + + align:start position:0% +linear so matrices are going to come in +there but also some nonlinear stuff has + + align:start position:0% +there but also some nonlinear stuff has + + + align:start position:0% +there but also some nonlinear stuff has +to come in and it turns out do you + + align:start position:0% +to come in and it turns out do you + + + align:start position:0% +to come in and it turns out do you +remember the chain rule from calculus + + align:start position:0% +remember the chain rule from calculus + + + align:start position:0% +remember the chain rule from calculus +it's it's the it's a cool rule out of + + align:start position:0% +it's it's the it's a cool rule out of + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's the it's a cool rule out of +calculus that if what a chain of + + align:start position:0% +calculus that if what a chain of + + + align:start position:0% +calculus that if what a chain of +functions you you take a first you take + + align:start position:0% +functions you you take a first you take + + + align:start position:0% +functions you you take a first you take +an input give it input in a function F1 + + align:start position:0% +an input give it input in a function F1 + + + align:start position:0% +an input give it input in a function F1 +you take that output put it into F2 take + + align:start position:0% +you take that output put it into F2 take + + + align:start position:0% +you take that output put it into F2 take +that output put it into F3 there a chain + + align:start position:0% +that output put it into F3 there a chain + + + align:start position:0% +that output put it into F3 there a chain +of chain of simple functions is a is a + + align:start position:0% +of chain of simple functions is a is a + + + align:start position:0% +of chain of simple functions is a is a +good idea it you quickly can build up + + align:start position:0% +good idea it you quickly can build up + + + align:start position:0% +good idea it you quickly can build up +quite a quite array of interesting + + align:start position:0% +quite a quite array of interesting + + + align:start position:0% +quite a quite array of interesting +functions out of very simple ones and + + align:start position:0% +functions out of very simple ones and + + + align:start position:0% +functions out of very simple ones and +now comes the very last slide uh to tell + + align:start position:0% +now comes the very last slide uh to tell + + + align:start position:0% +now comes the very last slide uh to tell +you the particular functions that deep + + align:start position:0% +you the particular functions that deep + + + align:start position:0% +you the particular functions that deep +learning uses the particular functions + + align:start position:0% +learning uses the particular functions + + + align:start position:0% +learning uses the particular functions +that deep that so people tried + + align:start position:0% +that deep that so people tried + + + align:start position:0% +that deep that so people tried +linear they they multi the function the + + align:start position:0% +linear they they multi the function the + + + align:start position:0% +linear they they multi the function the +function a k times the input plus some + + align:start position:0% +function a k times the input plus some + + + align:start position:0% +function a k times the input plus some +Vector + + align:start position:0% +Vector + + + align:start position:0% +Vector +BK like a straight line as ax plus b so + + align:start position:0% +BK like a straight line as ax plus b so + + + align:start position:0% +BK like a straight line as ax plus b so +so the first + + align:start position:0% +so the first + + + align:start position:0% +so the first +attempts + + align:start position:0% +attempts + + + align:start position:0% +attempts +were had linear stuff well how can I + + align:start position:0% +were had linear stuff well how can I + + + align:start position:0% +were had linear stuff well how can I +teach linear algebra and and have to + + align:start position:0% +teach linear algebra and and have to + + + align:start position:0% +teach linear algebra and and have to +confess here that linear is a limitation + + align:start position:0% +confess here that linear is a limitation + + + align:start position:0% +confess here that linear is a limitation +a big limitation and it was too much and + + align:start position:0% +a big limitation and it was too much and + + + align:start position:0% +a big limitation and it was too much and +and a good linear + + align:start position:0% +and a good linear + + + align:start position:0% +and a good linear +interpolation doesn't there isn't one + + align:start position:0% +interpolation doesn't there isn't one + + + align:start position:0% +interpolation doesn't there isn't one +you've got to make something nonlinear + + align:start position:0% +you've got to make something nonlinear + + + align:start position:0% +you've got to make something nonlinear +and and here's the crazy thing the fact + + align:start position:0% +and and here's the crazy thing the fact + + + align:start position:0% +and and here's the crazy thing the fact +that has surprised everybody that that + + align:start position:0% +that has surprised everybody that that + + + align:start position:0% +that has surprised everybody that that +this a particular nonlinear function + + align:start position:0% +this a particular nonlinear function + + + align:start position:0% +this a particular nonlinear function +that everybody calls Ru + + align:start position:0% +that everybody calls Ru + + + align:start position:0% +that everybody calls Ru +Ru that's a not that's a particular + + align:start position:0% +Ru that's a not that's a particular + + + align:start position:0% +Ru that's a not that's a particular +function that zero for when the input is + + align:start position:0% +function that zero for when the input is + + + align:start position:0% +function that zero for when the input is +negative and it gives back the input y + + align:start position:0% +negative and it gives back the input y + + + align:start position:0% +negative and it gives back the input y +when Y is positive so it's so the graph + + align:start position:0% +when Y is positive so it's so the graph + + + align:start position:0% +when Y is positive so it's so the graph +of the function is two straight lines + + align:start position:0% +of the function is two straight lines + + + align:start position:0% +of the function is two straight lines +horizontal line line below zero 45 + + align:start position:0% +horizontal line line below zero 45 + + + align:start position:0% +horizontal line line below zero 45 +degree line above zero that's Ru so + + align:start position:0% +degree line above zero that's Ru so + + + align:start position:0% +degree line above zero that's Ru so +that's a nonlinear function just of a of + + align:start position:0% +that's a nonlinear function just of a of + + + align:start position:0% +that's a nonlinear function just of a of +a number the input is a + + align:start position:0% +a number the input is a + + + align:start position:0% +a number the input is a +number tell me so what is Ru of minus 7 + + align:start position:0% +number tell me so what is Ru of minus 7 + + + align:start position:0% +number tell me so what is Ru of minus 7 +if I input minus 7 the ra of minus 7 is + + align:start position:0% +if I input minus 7 the ra of minus 7 is + + + align:start position:0% +if I input minus 7 the ra of minus 7 is +zero what is RA of plus seven seven so I + + align:start position:0% +zero what is RA of plus seven seven so I + + + align:start position:0% +zero what is RA of plus seven seven so I +get zero or seven when I input minus 7 + + align:start position:0% +get zero or seven when I input minus 7 + + + align:start position:0% +get zero or seven when I input minus 7 +or seven okay that's the that's the + + align:start position:0% +or seven okay that's the that's the + + + align:start position:0% +or seven okay that's the that's the +magic function anyway the idea is to use + + align:start position:0% +magic function anyway the idea is to use + + + align:start position:0% +magic function anyway the idea is to use +that nonlinear function in every one of + + align:start position:0% +that nonlinear function in every one of + + + align:start position:0% +that nonlinear function in every one of +these simple fs and then you put all + + align:start position:0% +these simple fs and then you put all + + + align:start position:0% +these simple fs and then you put all +these Fs in a chain and then you find + + align:start position:0% +these Fs in a chain and then you find + + + align:start position:0% +these Fs in a chain and then you find +these matrices A and + + align:start position:0% +these matrices A and + + + align:start position:0% +these matrices A and +B that are the that are the substantial + + align:start position:0% +B that are the that are the substantial + + + align:start position:0% +B that are the that are the substantial +part of the function and it's ajust + + align:start position:0% +part of the function and it's ajust + + + align:start position:0% +part of the function and it's ajust +giant calculation which we are not going + + align:start position:0% +giant calculation which we are not going + + + align:start position:0% +giant calculation which we are not going +to do here but it's a + + align:start position:0% +to do here but it's a + + + align:start position:0% +to do here but it's a +success this this idea has created + + align:start position:0% +success this this idea has created + + + align:start position:0% +success this this idea has created +functions it may not be the only way to + + align:start position:0% +functions it may not be the only way to + + + align:start position:0% +functions it may not be the only way to +do it I would like to say I would like + + align:start position:0% +do it I would like to say I would like + + + align:start position:0% +do it I would like to say I would like +to Hope and think that there could be + + align:start position:0% +to Hope and think that there could be + + + align:start position:0% +to Hope and think that there could be +from this one we could learn the learn + + align:start position:0% +from this one we could learn the learn + + + align:start position:0% +from this one we could learn the learn +what's important and find other ways of + + align:start position:0% +what's important and find other ways of + + + align:start position:0% +what's important and find other ways of +creating a functions but this + + align:start position:0% +creating a functions but this + + + align:start position:0% +creating a functions but this +combination of a chain of very simple + + align:start position:0% +combination of a chain of very simple + + + align:start position:0% +combination of a chain of very simple +functions + + align:start position:0% +functions + + + align:start position:0% +functions +each of those simple functions involves + + align:start position:0% +each of those simple functions involves + + + align:start position:0% +each of those simple functions involves +linear Matrix a and a vector B and then + + align:start position:0% +linear Matrix a and a vector B and then + + + align:start position:0% +linear Matrix a and a vector B and then +this rayu thing that's nonlinear thing + + align:start position:0% +this rayu thing that's nonlinear thing + + + align:start position:0% +this rayu thing that's nonlinear thing +that knocks out the negative part and + + align:start position:0% +that knocks out the negative part and + + + align:start position:0% +that knocks out the negative part and +then go on to the next function onto the + + align:start position:0% +then go on to the next function onto the + + + align:start position:0% +then go on to the next function onto the +next function and choose the good A and + + align:start position:0% +next function and choose the good A and + + + align:start position:0% +next function and choose the good A and +B to fit your data and then uh you've + + align:start position:0% +B to fit your data and then uh you've + + + align:start position:0% +B to fit your data and then uh you've +got a way to predict the output for new + + align:start position:0% +got a way to predict the output for new + + + align:start position:0% +got a way to predict the output for new +in inputs and uh that's what so many + + align:start position:0% +in inputs and uh that's what so many + + + align:start position:0% +in inputs and uh that's what so many +problems are about if if you know some + + align:start position:0% +problems are about if if you know some + + + align:start position:0% +problems are about if if you know some +training inputs and outputs how do you + + align:start position:0% +training inputs and outputs how do you + + + align:start position:0% +training inputs and outputs how do you +predict the output from a new and + + align:start position:0% +predict the output from a new and + + + align:start position:0% +predict the output from a new and +different input well that's what deep + + align:start position:0% +different input well that's what deep + + + align:start position:0% +different input well that's what deep +learning does and I hope this last + + align:start position:0% +learning does and I hope this last + + + align:start position:0% +learning does and I hope this last +couple of slides which are which + + align:start position:0% +couple of slides which are which + + + align:start position:0% +couple of slides which are which +represent the final chapter of the sixth + + align:start position:0% +represent the final chapter of the sixth + + + align:start position:0% +represent the final chapter of the sixth +edition of introduction to linear + + align:start position:0% +edition of introduction to linear + + + align:start position:0% +edition of introduction to linear +algebra + + align:start position:0% +algebra + + + align:start position:0% +algebra +um and I could uh + + align:start position:0% +um and I could uh + + + align:start position:0% +um and I could uh +yeah a lot of people email me to about + + align:start position:0% +yeah a lot of people email me to about + + + align:start position:0% +yeah a lot of people email me to about +the books or about linear algebra and uh + + align:start position:0% +the books or about linear algebra and uh + + + align:start position:0% +the books or about linear algebra and uh +that's makes my life interesting too + + align:start position:0% +that's makes my life interesting too + + + align:start position:0% +that's makes my life interesting too +thank + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nykOeWgQcHM.txt b/nykOeWgQcHM.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0f3fa00efb79c6199f7d48306027c12bad8294ff --- /dev/null +++ b/nykOeWgQcHM.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7896 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right let's begin so as I mentioned + + align:start position:0% +all right let's begin so as I mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +all right let's begin so as I mentioned +before this this this lecture will be + + align:start position:0% +before this this this lecture will be + + + align:start position:0% +before this this this lecture will be +recorded for OCW so again in the future + + align:start position:0% +recorded for OCW so again in the future + + + align:start position:0% +recorded for OCW so again in the future +lectures if you don't want to have the + + align:start position:0% +lectures if you don't want to have the + + + align:start position:0% +lectures if you don't want to have the +back of your head show up just don't sit + + align:start position:0% +back of your head show up just don't sit + + + align:start position:0% +back of your head show up just don't sit +in this this front area here so first of + + align:start position:0% +in this this front area here so first of + + + align:start position:0% +in this this front area here so first of +all what a crowd you guys were finally + + align:start position:0% +all what a crowd you guys were finally + + + align:start position:0% +all what a crowd you guys were finally +in 26100 sixth circle and made it big + + align:start position:0% +in 26100 sixth circle and made it big + + + align:start position:0% +in 26100 sixth circle and made it big +huh so good afternoon and welcome to the + + align:start position:0% +huh so good afternoon and welcome to the + + + align:start position:0% +huh so good afternoon and welcome to the +very first class of six triple one and + + align:start position:0% +very first class of six triple one and + + + align:start position:0% +very first class of six triple one and +also six hundred the semester so my name + + align:start position:0% +also six hundred the semester so my name + + + align:start position:0% +also six hundred the semester so my name +is Anabelle first name Anna last name + + align:start position:0% +is Anabelle first name Anna last name + + + align:start position:0% +is Anabelle first name Anna last name +Bell I'm a lecturer in the EECS + + align:start position:0% +Bell I'm a lecturer in the EECS + + + align:start position:0% +Bell I'm a lecturer in the EECS +Department and I'll be giving some of + + align:start position:0% +Department and I'll be giving some of + + + align:start position:0% +Department and I'll be giving some of +the lectures for today along with later + + align:start position:0% +the lectures for today along with later + + + align:start position:0% +the lectures for today along with later +on in the in the term professor Eric + + align:start position:0% +on in the in the term professor Eric + + + align:start position:0% +on in the in the term professor Eric +Grimson who's sitting right down there + + align:start position:0% +Grimson who's sitting right down there + + + align:start position:0% +Grimson who's sitting right down there +will be giving some of the lectures as + + align:start position:0% +will be giving some of the lectures as + + + align:start position:0% +will be giving some of the lectures as +well okay so today we're going to go + + align:start position:0% +well okay so today we're going to go + + + align:start position:0% +well okay so today we're going to go +over some just basic administrivia a + + align:start position:0% +over some just basic administrivia a + + + align:start position:0% +over some just basic administrivia a +little bit of course information and + + align:start position:0% +little bit of course information and + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of course information and +then we're going to talk a little bit + + align:start position:0% +then we're going to talk a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +then we're going to talk a little bit +about what is computation so we'll + + align:start position:0% +about what is computation so we'll + + + align:start position:0% +about what is computation so we'll +discuss at a very high level what + + align:start position:0% +discuss at a very high level what + + + align:start position:0% +discuss at a very high level what +computers do just to make sure we're all + + align:start position:0% +computers do just to make sure we're all + + + align:start position:0% +computers do just to make sure we're all +on the same page and then we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +on the same page and then we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +on the same page and then we're gonna +dive right into Python basics we're + + align:start position:0% +dive right into Python basics we're + + + align:start position:0% +dive right into Python basics we're +gonna talk a little bit about + + align:start position:0% +gonna talk a little bit about + + + align:start position:0% +gonna talk a little bit about +mathematical operations you can do with + + align:start position:0% +mathematical operations you can do with + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical operations you can do with +Python and then we're going to talk + + align:start position:0% +Python and then we're going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +Python and then we're going to talk +about Python variables and types so as I + + align:start position:0% +about Python variables and types so as I + + + align:start position:0% +about Python variables and types so as I +mentioned in my introductory email all + + align:start position:0% +mentioned in my introductory email all + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned in my introductory email all +the slides in code that I'll talk about + + align:start position:0% +the slides in code that I'll talk about + + + align:start position:0% +the slides in code that I'll talk about +during lectures will be up before + + align:start position:0% +during lectures will be up before + + + align:start position:0% +during lectures will be up before +lecture so I highly encourage you to + + align:start position:0% +lecture so I highly encourage you to + + + align:start position:0% +lecture so I highly encourage you to +download them and to have them open + + align:start position:0% +download them and to have them open + + + align:start position:0% +download them and to have them open +we're gonna go go through some in class + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna go go through some in class + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna go go through some in class +exercises which will be available on + + align:start position:0% +exercises which will be available on + + + align:start position:0% +exercises which will be available on +those slides and it's it's fun to do and + + align:start position:0% +those slides and it's it's fun to do and + + + align:start position:0% +those slides and it's it's fun to do and +it's also great if you could take notes + + align:start position:0% +it's also great if you could take notes + + + align:start position:0% +it's also great if you could take notes +about on the code just so you just for + + align:start position:0% +about on the code just so you just for + + + align:start position:0% +about on the code just so you just for +future reference it's it's true it this + + align:start position:0% +future reference it's it's true it this + + + align:start position:0% +future reference it's it's true it this +is a really fast paced course and we + + align:start position:0% +is a really fast paced course and we + + + align:start position:0% +is a really fast paced course and we +ramped up really quickly so we do want + + align:start position:0% +ramped up really quickly so we do want + + + align:start position:0% +ramped up really quickly so we do want +to position you to succeed in this + + align:start position:0% +to position you to succeed in this + + + align:start position:0% +to position you to succeed in this +course so as I was writing this I was + + align:start position:0% +course so as I was writing this I was + + + align:start position:0% +course so as I was writing this I was +trying to think about when I was first + + align:start position:0% +trying to think about when I was first + + + align:start position:0% +trying to think about when I was first +starting the program you know what + + align:start position:0% +starting the program you know what + + + align:start position:0% +starting the program you know what +helped me get through my first very + + align:start position:0% +helped me get through my first very + + + align:start position:0% +helped me get through my first very +first programming course and this is + + align:start position:0% +first programming course and this is + + + align:start position:0% +first programming course and this is +really like a good list so the first + + align:start position:0% +really like a good list so the first + + + align:start position:0% +really like a good list so the first +thing was I just read the piece that's + + align:start position:0% +thing was I just read the piece that's + + + align:start position:0% +thing was I just read the piece that's +as soon as they came out made sure that + + align:start position:0% +as soon as they came out made sure that + + + align:start position:0% +as soon as they came out made sure that +you know the terminology kind of just + + align:start position:0% +you know the terminology kind of just + + + align:start position:0% +you know the terminology kind of just +sunk in and then during lectures you + + align:start position:0% +sunk in and then during lectures you + + + align:start position:0% +sunk in and then during lectures you +know if the lecturer was talking about + + align:start position:0% +know if the lecturer was talking about + + + align:start position:0% +know if the lecturer was talking about +something that + + align:start position:0% +something that + + + align:start position:0% +something that +you know suddenly I remembered oh I saw + + align:start position:0% +you know suddenly I remembered oh I saw + + + align:start position:0% +you know suddenly I remembered oh I saw +that word in the p-set and I didn't know + + align:start position:0% +that word in the p-set and I didn't know + + + align:start position:0% +that word in the p-set and I didn't know +what it was well hey now I know what it + + align:start position:0% +what it was well hey now I know what it + + + align:start position:0% +what it was well hey now I know what it +is right so just give it a read you + + align:start position:0% +is right so just give it a read you + + + align:start position:0% +is right so just give it a read you +don't need to start it if you're new to + + align:start position:0% +don't need to start it if you're new to + + + align:start position:0% +don't need to start it if you're new to +programming I think the key word is + + align:start position:0% +programming I think the key word is + + + align:start position:0% +programming I think the key word is +practice so it's like math you know or + + align:start position:0% +practice so it's like math you know or + + + align:start position:0% +practice so it's like math you know or +reading the more you practice the better + + align:start position:0% +reading the more you practice the better + + + align:start position:0% +reading the more you practice the better +you get at it it you're not going to + + align:start position:0% +you get at it it you're not going to + + + align:start position:0% +you get at it it you're not going to +absorb programming by watching me write + + align:start position:0% +absorb programming by watching me write + + + align:start position:0% +absorb programming by watching me write +programs because I already know how to + + align:start position:0% +programs because I already know how to + + + align:start position:0% +programs because I already know how to +program right you guys need to practice + + align:start position:0% +program right you guys need to practice + + + align:start position:0% +program right you guys need to practice +so download the code before lector + + align:start position:0% +so download the code before lector + + + align:start position:0% +so download the code before lector +follow along whatever I type you guys + + align:start position:0% +follow along whatever I type you guys + + + align:start position:0% +follow along whatever I type you guys +can type and I think also one of the big + + align:start position:0% +can type and I think also one of the big + + + align:start position:0% +can type and I think also one of the big +things is if you're new to programming + + align:start position:0% +things is if you're new to programming + + + align:start position:0% +things is if you're new to programming +you're kind of afraid that you're gonna + + align:start position:0% +you're kind of afraid that you're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +you're kind of afraid that you're gonna +break your computer right and you can't + + align:start position:0% +break your computer right and you can't + + + align:start position:0% +break your computer right and you can't +really do that just by running anaconda + + align:start position:0% +really do that just by running anaconda + + + align:start position:0% +really do that just by running anaconda +and typing in some commands so don't be + + align:start position:0% +and typing in some commands so don't be + + + align:start position:0% +and typing in some commands so don't be +afraid to just type some stuff in and + + align:start position:0% +afraid to just type some stuff in and + + + align:start position:0% +afraid to just type some stuff in and +see what it does + + align:start position:0% +see what it does + + + align:start position:0% +see what it does +worst case you just restart the computer + + align:start position:0% +worst case you just restart the computer + + + align:start position:0% +worst case you just restart the computer +right so yeah yeah so that's probably + + align:start position:0% +right so yeah yeah so that's probably + + + align:start position:0% +right so yeah yeah so that's probably +the big thing right there I should + + align:start position:0% +the big thing right there I should + + + align:start position:0% +the big thing right there I should +probably highlighted it but don't be + + align:start position:0% +probably highlighted it but don't be + + + align:start position:0% +probably highlighted it but don't be +afraid great so this is pretty much a + + align:start position:0% +afraid great so this is pretty much a + + + align:start position:0% +afraid great so this is pretty much a +road map of all of six triple one or 600 + + align:start position:0% +road map of all of six triple one or 600 + + + align:start position:0% +road map of all of six triple one or 600 +as I've just explained it so there's + + align:start position:0% +as I've just explained it so there's + + + align:start position:0% +as I've just explained it so there's +three big things we want you to get out + + align:start position:0% +three big things we want you to get out + + + align:start position:0% +three big things we want you to get out +of this course okay the first thing is + + align:start position:0% +of this course okay the first thing is + + + align:start position:0% +of this course okay the first thing is +the knowledge of concepts which is + + align:start position:0% +the knowledge of concepts which is + + + align:start position:0% +the knowledge of concepts which is +pretty much true of any class that + + align:start position:0% +pretty much true of any class that + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much true of any class that +you'll take right the class will teach + + align:start position:0% +you'll take right the class will teach + + + align:start position:0% +you'll take right the class will teach +you something through lectures exams + + align:start position:0% +you something through lectures exams + + + align:start position:0% +you something through lectures exams +will test how much you know this is a + + align:start position:0% +will test how much you know this is a + + + align:start position:0% +will test how much you know this is a +class in programming right the other + + align:start position:0% +class in programming right the other + + + align:start position:0% +class in programming right the other +thing we need you we want you to get out + + align:start position:0% +thing we need you we want you to get out + + + align:start position:0% +thing we need you we want you to get out +of it is programming skills and the last + + align:start position:0% +of it is programming skills and the last + + + align:start position:0% +of it is programming skills and the last +thing and I think this is what makes + + align:start position:0% +thing and I think this is what makes + + + align:start position:0% +thing and I think this is what makes +this class really great is we teach you + + align:start position:0% +this class really great is we teach you + + + align:start position:0% +this class really great is we teach you +how to solve problems and we do that + + align:start position:0% +how to solve problems and we do that + + + align:start position:0% +how to solve problems and we do that +through the psets + + align:start position:0% +through the psets + + + align:start position:0% +through the psets +so that's really how I feel the roadmap + + align:start position:0% +so that's really how I feel the roadmap + + + align:start position:0% +so that's really how I feel the roadmap +of this course looks like and underlying + + align:start position:0% +of this course looks like and underlying + + + align:start position:0% +of this course looks like and underlying +all of these is just practice so you + + align:start position:0% +all of these is just practice so you + + + align:start position:0% +all of these is just practice so you +have to just type some stuff away and + + align:start position:0% +have to just type some stuff away and + + + align:start position:0% +have to just type some stuff away and +code a lot and you'll succeed in this + + align:start position:0% +code a lot and you'll succeed in this + + + align:start position:0% +code a lot and you'll succeed in this +course I think okay so what are the + + align:start position:0% +course I think okay so what are the + + + align:start position:0% +course I think okay so what are the +things we're going to learn in this + + align:start position:0% +things we're going to learn in this + + + align:start position:0% +things we're going to learn in this +class I feel like the things we're going + + align:start position:0% +class I feel like the things we're going + + + align:start position:0% +class I feel like the things we're going +to learn in this class can be divided + + align:start position:0% +to learn in this class can be divided + + + align:start position:0% +to learn in this class can be divided +into basically three different sections + + align:start position:0% +into basically three different sections + + + align:start position:0% +into basically three different sections +so the first one is + + align:start position:0% +so the first one is + + + align:start position:0% +so the first one is +related to these first two first two + + align:start position:0% +related to these first two first two + + + align:start position:0% +related to these first two first two +items here so it's really about learning + + align:start position:0% +items here so it's really about learning + + + align:start position:0% +items here so it's really about learning +how to program so learning how to + + align:start position:0% +how to program so learning how to + + + align:start position:0% +how to program so learning how to +program is part of it is figuring out + + align:start position:0% +program is part of it is figuring out + + + align:start position:0% +program is part of it is figuring out +what what objects to create you'll learn + + align:start position:0% +what what objects to create you'll learn + + + align:start position:0% +what what objects to create you'll learn +about these later how do you represent + + align:start position:0% +about these later how do you represent + + + align:start position:0% +about these later how do you represent +knowledge with data structures that's + + align:start position:0% +knowledge with data structures that's + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge with data structures that's +sort of the broad term for that and then + + align:start position:0% +sort of the broad term for that and then + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the broad term for that and then +as you're writing programs you need to + + align:start position:0% +as you're writing programs you need to + + + align:start position:0% +as you're writing programs you need to +programs aren't just veneer sometimes + + align:start position:0% +programs aren't just veneer sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +programs aren't just veneer sometimes +programs jump around they make decisions + + align:start position:0% +programs jump around they make decisions + + + align:start position:0% +programs jump around they make decisions +there's some control flow to programs so + + align:start position:0% +there's some control flow to programs so + + + align:start position:0% +there's some control flow to programs so +that's what the second line is going to + + align:start position:0% +that's what the second line is going to + + + align:start position:0% +that's what the second line is going to +be be about the second big part of this + + align:start position:0% +be be about the second big part of this + + + align:start position:0% +be be about the second big part of this +course is a little bit more abstract and + + align:start position:0% +course is a little bit more abstract and + + + align:start position:0% +course is a little bit more abstract and +it deals with how do you write good code + + align:start position:0% +it deals with how do you write good code + + + align:start position:0% +it deals with how do you write good code +good style code that's readable so when + + align:start position:0% +good style code that's readable so when + + + align:start position:0% +good style code that's readable so when +you write code you want to write it such + + align:start position:0% +you write code you want to write it such + + + align:start position:0% +you write code you want to write it such +that you know you're in big company + + align:start position:0% +that you know you're in big company + + + align:start position:0% +that you know you're in big company +other people will read it other people + + align:start position:0% +other people will read it other people + + + align:start position:0% +other people will read it other people +will use it so it has to be readable and + + align:start position:0% +will use it so it has to be readable and + + + align:start position:0% +will use it so it has to be readable and +understandable by others so to that end + + align:start position:0% +understandable by others so to that end + + + align:start position:0% +understandable by others so to that end +you need to write code that's well + + align:start position:0% +you need to write code that's well + + + align:start position:0% +you need to write code that's well +organized modular easy to understand + + align:start position:0% +organized modular easy to understand + + + align:start position:0% +organized modular easy to understand +right and not only that not only will + + align:start position:0% +right and not only that not only will + + + align:start position:0% +right and not only that not only will +your code be read by other people but + + align:start position:0% +your code be read by other people but + + + align:start position:0% +your code be read by other people but +next year maybe you'll take another + + align:start position:0% +next year maybe you'll take another + + + align:start position:0% +next year maybe you'll take another +course and you'll want to look back at + + align:start position:0% +course and you'll want to look back at + + + align:start position:0% +course and you'll want to look back at +some of the problem sets you wrote in + + align:start position:0% +some of the problem sets you wrote in + + + align:start position:0% +some of the problem sets you wrote in +this class you kind of want to be a + + align:start position:0% +this class you kind of want to be a + + + align:start position:0% +this class you kind of want to be a +better re-read your code right if it's a + + align:start position:0% +better re-read your code right if it's a + + + align:start position:0% +better re-read your code right if it's a +big mess you might not be able to + + align:start position:0% +big mess you might not be able to + + + align:start position:0% +big mess you might not be able to +understand or we understand what you + + align:start position:0% +understand or we understand what you + + + align:start position:0% +understand or we understand what you +what you were doing so writing readable + + align:start position:0% +what you were doing so writing readable + + + align:start position:0% +what you were doing so writing readable +code and organizing code is also a big + + align:start position:0% +code and organizing code is also a big + + + align:start position:0% +code and organizing code is also a big +part and the last section is going to + + align:start position:0% +part and the last section is going to + + + align:start position:0% +part and the last section is going to +deal with so the first two are actually + + align:start position:0% +deal with so the first two are actually + + + align:start position:0% +deal with so the first two are actually +part of the programming in introduction + + align:start position:0% +part of the programming in introduction + + + align:start position:0% +part of the programming in introduction +to programming and computer science and + + align:start position:0% +to programming and computer science and + + + align:start position:0% +to programming and computer science and +python and the last one deals a little + + align:start position:0% +python and the last one deals a little + + + align:start position:0% +python and the last one deals a little +bit it deals mostly with the computer + + align:start position:0% +bit it deals mostly with the computer + + + align:start position:0% +bit it deals mostly with the computer +science part in introduction to + + align:start position:0% +science part in introduction to + + + align:start position:0% +science part in introduction to +programming and computer science and + + align:start position:0% +programming and computer science and + + + align:start position:0% +programming and computer science and +python so we're going to talk about once + + align:start position:0% +python so we're going to talk about once + + + align:start position:0% +python so we're going to talk about once +you've learned how to write programs in + + align:start position:0% +you've learned how to write programs in + + + align:start position:0% +you've learned how to write programs in +Python how do you compare programs in + + align:start position:0% +Python how do you compare programs in + + + align:start position:0% +Python how do you compare programs in +Python how do you know that one program + + align:start position:0% +Python how do you know that one program + + + align:start position:0% +Python how do you know that one program +is better than the other right how do + + align:start position:0% +is better than the other right how do + + + align:start position:0% +is better than the other right how do +you know that one program is more + + align:start position:0% +you know that one program is more + + + align:start position:0% +you know that one program is more +efficient than the other how do you know + + align:start position:0% +efficient than the other how do you know + + + align:start position:0% +efficient than the other how do you know +that one algorithm is is better than the + + align:start position:0% +that one algorithm is is better than the + + + align:start position:0% +that one algorithm is is better than the +other so that's what we're going to talk + + align:start position:0% +other so that's what we're going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +other so that's what we're going to talk +about in the last part of the course ok + + align:start position:0% +about in the last part of the course ok + + + align:start position:0% +about in the last part of the course ok +so that's all for the sort of + + align:start position:0% +so that's all for the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +so that's all for the sort of +administration part of the course so + + align:start position:0% +administration part of the course so + + + align:start position:0% +administration part of the course so +let's let's + + align:start position:0% +let's let's + + + align:start position:0% +let's let's +start by talking a little at a high + + align:start position:0% +start by talking a little at a high + + + align:start position:0% +start by talking a little at a high +level what does the computer do so + + align:start position:0% +level what does the computer do so + + + align:start position:0% +level what does the computer do so +fundamentally it does two things one + + align:start position:0% +fundamentally it does two things one + + + align:start position:0% +fundamentally it does two things one +performs calculation and it performs a + + align:start position:0% +performs calculation and it performs a + + + align:start position:0% +performs calculation and it performs a +lot of calculations right computers + + align:start position:0% +lot of calculations right computers + + + align:start position:0% +lot of calculations right computers +these days are really really fast a + + align:start position:0% +these days are really really fast a + + + align:start position:0% +these days are really really fast a +billion calculations per second is + + align:start position:0% +billion calculations per second is + + + align:start position:0% +billion calculations per second is +probably not not far off it performs + + align:start position:0% +probably not not far off it performs + + + align:start position:0% +probably not not far off it performs +these calculations and it has to store + + align:start position:0% +these calculations and it has to store + + + align:start position:0% +these calculations and it has to store +them somewhere right stores them in + + align:start position:0% +them somewhere right stores them in + + + align:start position:0% +them somewhere right stores them in +computer memory so computer also has to + + align:start position:0% +computer memory so computer also has to + + + align:start position:0% +computer memory so computer also has to +remember results and these days it's not + + align:start position:0% +remember results and these days it's not + + + align:start position:0% +remember results and these days it's not +uncommon to find computers with hundreds + + align:start position:0% +uncommon to find computers with hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +uncommon to find computers with hundreds +of gigabytes of storage so the kinds of + + align:start position:0% +of gigabytes of storage so the kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +of gigabytes of storage so the kinds of +calculations that computers do there are + + align:start position:0% +calculations that computers do there are + + + align:start position:0% +calculations that computers do there are +two kinds so one are calculations that + + align:start position:0% +two kinds so one are calculations that + + + align:start position:0% +two kinds so one are calculations that +are built into the language so these are + + align:start position:0% +are built into the language so these are + + + align:start position:0% +are built into the language so these are +the very low level x types of + + align:start position:0% +the very low level x types of + + + align:start position:0% +the very low level x types of +calculations things like addition + + align:start position:0% +calculations things like addition + + + align:start position:0% +calculations things like addition +subtraction multiplication and so on and + + align:start position:0% +subtraction multiplication and so on and + + + align:start position:0% +subtraction multiplication and so on and +once you have a language that has these + + align:start position:0% +once you have a language that has these + + + align:start position:0% +once you have a language that has these +sort of primitive calculate calculation + + align:start position:0% +sort of primitive calculate calculation + + + align:start position:0% +sort of primitive calculate calculation +types you as a programmer can put these + + align:start position:0% +types you as a programmer can put these + + + align:start position:0% +types you as a programmer can put these +types together and then define your own + + align:start position:0% +types together and then define your own + + + align:start position:0% +types together and then define your own +calculations okay and then create new x + + align:start position:0% +calculations okay and then create new x + + + align:start position:0% +calculations okay and then create new x +types of calculations and the computer + + align:start position:0% +types of calculations and the computer + + + align:start position:0% +types of calculations and the computer +will be able to perform those as well + + align:start position:0% +will be able to perform those as well + + + align:start position:0% +will be able to perform those as well +okay and I think one thing I want to + + align:start position:0% +okay and I think one thing I want to + + + align:start position:0% +okay and I think one thing I want to +stress and we're going to come back to + + align:start position:0% +stress and we're going to come back to + + + align:start position:0% +stress and we're going to come back to +this in this this again during during + + align:start position:0% +this in this this again during during + + + align:start position:0% +this in this this again during during +this entire lecture actually is + + align:start position:0% +this entire lecture actually is + + + align:start position:0% +this entire lecture actually is +computers only know what you tell them + + align:start position:0% +computers only know what you tell them + + + align:start position:0% +computers only know what you tell them +okay computers only do what you tell + + align:start position:0% +okay computers only do what you tell + + + align:start position:0% +okay computers only do what you tell +them to do they're not magical they + + align:start position:0% +them to do they're not magical they + + + align:start position:0% +them to do they're not magical they +don't have a mind they just know how to + + align:start position:0% +don't have a mind they just know how to + + + align:start position:0% +don't have a mind they just know how to +perform calculations really really + + align:start position:0% +perform calculations really really + + + align:start position:0% +perform calculations really really +quickly but you have to tell them how + + align:start position:0% +quickly but you have to tell them how + + + align:start position:0% +quickly but you have to tell them how +what what calculations to do okay okay + + align:start position:0% +what what calculations to do okay okay + + + align:start position:0% +what what calculations to do okay okay +computers don't know anything all right + + align:start position:0% +computers don't know anything all right + + + align:start position:0% +computers don't know anything all right +we've come to that + + align:start position:0% +we've come to that + + + align:start position:0% +we've come to that +so let's let's go into the types of + + align:start position:0% +so let's let's go into the types of + + + align:start position:0% +so let's let's go into the types of +knowledge okay the first type of + + align:start position:0% +knowledge okay the first type of + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge okay the first type of +knowledge is declarative knowledge and + + align:start position:0% +knowledge is declarative knowledge and + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge is declarative knowledge and +those are things like statements of fact + + align:start position:0% +those are things like statements of fact + + + align:start position:0% +those are things like statements of fact +okay and this is where my email came + + align:start position:0% +okay and this is where my email came + + + align:start position:0% +okay and this is where my email came +into play if you read it all the way to + + align:start position:0% +into play if you read it all the way to + + + align:start position:0% +into play if you read it all the way to +the bottom you would have entered a + + align:start position:0% +the bottom you would have entered a + + + align:start position:0% +the bottom you would have entered a +raffle + + align:start position:0% +raffle + + + align:start position:0% +raffle +okay so a statement of fact for today's + + align:start position:0% +okay so a statement of fact for today's + + + align:start position:0% +okay so a statement of fact for today's +lecture is someone will win a prize + + align:start position:0% +lecture is someone will win a prize + + + align:start position:0% +lecture is someone will win a prize +before class ends and the prize was a + + align:start position:0% +before class ends and the prize was a + + + align:start position:0% +before class ends and the prize was a +Google cardboard right + + align:start position:0% +Google cardboard right + + + align:start position:0% +Google cardboard right +Google's state-of-the-art virtual + + align:start position:0% +Google's state-of-the-art virtual + + + align:start position:0% +Google's state-of-the-art virtual +reality glasses and I have them right + + align:start position:0% +reality glasses and I have them right + + + align:start position:0% +reality glasses and I have them right +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +okay yeah okay + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah okay +I delivered on my promise okay so that's + + align:start position:0% +I delivered on my promise okay so that's + + + align:start position:0% +I delivered on my promise okay so that's +a statement of fact but if you so + + align:start position:0% +a statement of fact but if you so + + + align:start position:0% +a statement of fact but if you so +pretend I'm a machine okay I don't know + + align:start position:0% +pretend I'm a machine okay I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +pretend I'm a machine okay I don't know +anything except what you tell me what + + align:start position:0% +anything except what you tell me what + + + align:start position:0% +anything except what you tell me what +you tell me so I don't know I know that + + align:start position:0% +you tell me so I don't know I know that + + + align:start position:0% +you tell me so I don't know I know that +you tell me this statement I'm like okay + + align:start position:0% +you tell me this statement I'm like okay + + + align:start position:0% +you tell me this statement I'm like okay +but how is someone gonna win a Google + + align:start position:0% +but how is someone gonna win a Google + + + align:start position:0% +but how is someone gonna win a Google +cardboard before class ends right that's + + align:start position:0% +cardboard before class ends right that's + + + align:start position:0% +cardboard before class ends right that's +where imperative knowledge comes in so + + align:start position:0% +where imperative knowledge comes in so + + + align:start position:0% +where imperative knowledge comes in so +imperative knowledge is the recipe or + + align:start position:0% +imperative knowledge is the recipe or + + + align:start position:0% +imperative knowledge is the recipe or +the how-to or the sequence of steps okay + + align:start position:0% +the how-to or the sequence of steps okay + + + align:start position:0% +the how-to or the sequence of steps okay +sorry that's just my funny for that one + + align:start position:0% +sorry that's just my funny for that one + + + align:start position:0% +sorry that's just my funny for that one +so the sequence of steps is is the + + align:start position:0% +so the sequence of steps is is the + + + align:start position:0% +so the sequence of steps is is the +imperative is imperative knowledge so if + + align:start position:0% +imperative is imperative knowledge so if + + + align:start position:0% +imperative is imperative knowledge so if +I'm a machine you need to tell me how + + align:start position:0% +I'm a machine you need to tell me how + + + align:start position:0% +I'm a machine you need to tell me how +that someone will win a Google cardboard + + align:start position:0% +that someone will win a Google cardboard + + + align:start position:0% +that someone will win a Google cardboard +before class right so if I follow these + + align:start position:0% +before class right so if I follow these + + + align:start position:0% +before class right so if I follow these +steps then technically I should I should + + align:start position:0% +steps then technically I should I should + + + align:start position:0% +steps then technically I should I should +reach a conclusion okay so step one I + + align:start position:0% +reach a conclusion okay so step one I + + + align:start position:0% +reach a conclusion okay so step one I +think we've already done that who ever + + align:start position:0% +think we've already done that who ever + + + align:start position:0% +think we've already done that who ever +wanted to sign up had signed up so now + + align:start position:0% +wanted to sign up had signed up so now + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to sign up had signed up so now +I'm going to open my IDE so I'm just + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to open my IDE so I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to open my IDE so I'm just +basically being a machine and following + + align:start position:0% +basically being a machine and following + + + align:start position:0% +basically being a machine and following +the steps that you've taken that you've + + align:start position:0% +the steps that you've taken that you've + + + align:start position:0% +the steps that you've taken that you've +told me so the IDE that we're using in + + align:start position:0% +told me so the IDE that we're using in + + + align:start position:0% +told me so the IDE that we're using in +this class is called anaconda I'm just + + align:start position:0% +this class is called anaconda I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +this class is called anaconda I'm just +scroll down to the bottom okay hopefully + + align:start position:0% +scroll down to the bottom okay hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +scroll down to the bottom okay hopefully +even started in promise at zero so I've + + align:start position:0% +even started in promise at zero so I've + + + align:start position:0% +even started in promise at zero so I've +opened my IDE I'm gonna follow the next + + align:start position:0% +opened my IDE I'm gonna follow the next + + + align:start position:0% +opened my IDE I'm gonna follow the next +set of instructions I'm gonna choose a + + align:start position:0% +set of instructions I'm gonna choose a + + + align:start position:0% +set of instructions I'm gonna choose a +random number between the first and the + + align:start position:0% +random number between the first and the + + + align:start position:0% +random number between the first and the +enth responder okay now I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +enth responder okay now I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +enth responder okay now I'm gonna +actually use Python to do this and this + + align:start position:0% +actually use Python to do this and this + + + align:start position:0% +actually use Python to do this and this +is also an example of how just like a + + align:start position:0% +is also an example of how just like a + + + align:start position:0% +is also an example of how just like a +really simple task in your life you can + + align:start position:0% +really simple task in your life you can + + + align:start position:0% +really simple task in your life you can +use computers or programming to do that + + align:start position:0% +use computers or programming to do that + + + align:start position:0% +use computers or programming to do that +because if I chose a random number + + align:start position:0% +because if I chose a random number + + + align:start position:0% +because if I chose a random number +might be biased because for example I + + align:start position:0% +might be biased because for example I + + + align:start position:0% +might be biased because for example I +might like the number eight so to choose + + align:start position:0% +might like the number eight so to choose + + + align:start position:0% +might like the number eight so to choose +a random number + + align:start position:0% +a random number + + + align:start position:0% +a random number +I'm going to go and say okay where's the + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to go and say okay where's the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to go and say okay where's the +list of responders it starts at 15 + + align:start position:0% +list of responders it starts at 15 + + + align:start position:0% +list of responders it starts at 15 +actually it starts at 16 because that's + + align:start position:0% +actually it starts at 16 because that's + + + align:start position:0% +actually it starts at 16 because that's +me okay so we're gonna choose a random + + align:start position:0% +me okay so we're gonna choose a random + + + align:start position:0% +me okay so we're gonna choose a random +number between 16 and the end person to + + align:start position:0% +number between 16 and the end person to + + + align:start position:0% +number between 16 and the end person to + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +oh we just got up okay - okay I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +oh we just got up okay - okay I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +oh we just got up okay - okay I'm gonna +cut it off right here at 271 okay 69 to + + align:start position:0% +cut it off right here at 271 okay 69 to + + + align:start position:0% +cut it off right here at 271 okay 69 to +71 perfect okay so I'm gonna choose a + + align:start position:0% +71 perfect okay so I'm gonna choose a + + + align:start position:0% +71 perfect okay so I'm gonna choose a +random number so I'm gonna go to my ID + + align:start position:0% +random number so I'm gonna go to my ID + + + align:start position:0% +random number so I'm gonna go to my ID +and you don't need to know how to do + + align:start position:0% +and you don't need to know how to do + + + align:start position:0% +and you don't need to know how to do +this yet but by the end of this class + + align:start position:0% +this yet but by the end of this class + + + align:start position:0% +this yet but by the end of this class +you will so I'm just gonna use Python + + align:start position:0% +you will so I'm just gonna use Python + + + align:start position:0% +you will so I'm just gonna use Python +I'm just gonna get the random number + + align:start position:0% +I'm just gonna get the random number + + + align:start position:0% +I'm just gonna get the random number +package that's gonna get me a random + + align:start position:0% +package that's gonna get me a random + + + align:start position:0% +package that's gonna get me a random +number so I'm gonna say random dot R and + + align:start position:0% +number so I'm gonna say random dot R and + + + align:start position:0% +number so I'm gonna say random dot R and +int and I'm going to choose a random + + align:start position:0% +int and I'm going to choose a random + + + align:start position:0% +int and I'm going to choose a random +number between 16 and 272 okay + + align:start position:0% +number between 16 and 272 okay + + + align:start position:0% +number between 16 and 272 okay +75 okay great so I chose a random number + + align:start position:0% +75 okay great so I chose a random number + + + align:start position:0% +75 okay great so I chose a random number +and I'm gonna find the number in the + + align:start position:0% +and I'm gonna find the number in the + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm gonna find the number in the +responders sheet what was the number + + align:start position:0% +responders sheet what was the number + + + align:start position:0% +responders sheet what was the number +again sorry 75 okay up we go there we go + + align:start position:0% +again sorry 75 okay up we go there we go + + + align:start position:0% +again sorry 75 okay up we go there we go +Lauren CoV yeah nice you're here + + align:start position:0% +Lauren CoV yeah nice you're here + + + align:start position:0% +Lauren CoV yeah nice you're here +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +awesome alright so that's an example of + + align:start position:0% +awesome alright so that's an example of + + + align:start position:0% +awesome alright so that's an example of +me being a machine right and also at the + + align:start position:0% +me being a machine right and also at the + + + align:start position:0% +me being a machine right and also at the +same time using Python in just my + + align:start position:0% +same time using Python in just my + + + align:start position:0% +same time using Python in just my +everyday life right just lecturing just + + align:start position:0% +everyday life right just lecturing just + + + align:start position:0% +everyday life right just lecturing just +to find a random number right so just + + align:start position:0% +to find a random number right so just + + + align:start position:0% +to find a random number right so just +you know try to use Python wherever you + + align:start position:0% +you know try to use Python wherever you + + + align:start position:0% +you know try to use Python wherever you +can and that just gives you practice + + align:start position:0% +can and that just gives you practice + + + align:start position:0% +can and that just gives you practice +okay so that was fun but right on my + + align:start position:0% +okay so that was fun but right on my + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that was fun but right on my +team we're MIT students right and we + + align:start position:0% +team we're MIT students right and we + + + align:start position:0% +team we're MIT students right and we +love numbers here at MIT right so here's + + align:start position:0% +love numbers here at MIT right so here's + + + align:start position:0% +love numbers here at MIT right so here's +a numerical example for that shows the + + align:start position:0% +a numerical example for that shows the + + + align:start position:0% +a numerical example for that shows the +difference between declarative and + + align:start position:0% +difference between declarative and + + + align:start position:0% +difference between declarative and +imperative knowledge so I want to find + + align:start position:0% +imperative knowledge so I want to find + + + align:start position:0% +imperative knowledge so I want to find +the square root of so an example of + + align:start position:0% +the square root of so an example of + + + align:start position:0% +the square root of so an example of +declarative knowledge is the square root + + align:start position:0% +declarative knowledge is the square root + + + align:start position:0% +declarative knowledge is the square root +of a number X is y such that Y times y + + align:start position:0% +of a number X is y such that Y times y + + + align:start position:0% +of a number X is y such that Y times y +is equal to X okay that's just a + + align:start position:0% +is equal to X okay that's just a + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to X okay that's just a +statement of fact it's true imperative + + align:start position:0% +statement of fact it's true imperative + + + align:start position:0% +statement of fact it's true imperative +not so computers don't know what to do + + align:start position:0% +not so computers don't know what to do + + + align:start position:0% +not so computers don't know what to do +with that right they don't know what to + + align:start position:0% +with that right they don't know what to + + + align:start position:0% +with that right they don't know what to +do with that statement but computers do + + align:start position:0% +do with that statement but computers do + + + align:start position:0% +do with that statement but computers do +know how to follow a recipe so here's a + + align:start position:0% +know how to follow a recipe so here's a + + + align:start position:0% +know how to follow a recipe so here's a +well-known algorithm to find the square + + align:start position:0% +well-known algorithm to find the square + + + align:start position:0% +well-known algorithm to find the square +root of a number X let's say X is + + align:start position:0% +root of a number X let's say X is + + + align:start position:0% +root of a number X let's say X is +originally 16 so if a computer follows + + align:start position:0% +originally 16 so if a computer follows + + + align:start position:0% +originally 16 so if a computer follows +this this algorithm it's going to start + + align:start position:0% +this this algorithm it's going to start + + + align:start position:0% +this this algorithm it's going to start +with a guess gee let's say 3 right we're + + align:start position:0% +with a guess gee let's say 3 right we're + + + align:start position:0% +with a guess gee let's say 3 right we're +trying to find the spirit of 16 we're + + align:start position:0% +trying to find the spirit of 16 we're + + + align:start position:0% +trying to find the spirit of 16 we're +gonna calculate G times G is 9 right and + + align:start position:0% +gonna calculate G times G is 9 right and + + + align:start position:0% +gonna calculate G times G is 9 right and +we're gonna ask is if G times G is close + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna ask is if G times G is close + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna ask is if G times G is close +enough to X and stop and say G is the + + align:start position:0% +enough to X and stop and say G is the + + + align:start position:0% +enough to X and stop and say G is the +answer I'm not really happy with 9 being + + align:start position:0% +answer I'm not really happy with 9 being + + + align:start position:0% +answer I'm not really happy with 9 being +really close to 16 right so I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +really close to 16 right so I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +really close to 16 right so I'm going to +say I'm not I'm not stopping here I'm + + align:start position:0% +say I'm not I'm not stopping here I'm + + + align:start position:0% +say I'm not I'm not stopping here I'm +gonna keep going ok so if it's not close + + align:start position:0% +gonna keep going ok so if it's not close + + + align:start position:0% +gonna keep going ok so if it's not close +enough then I'm gonna make a new guest + + align:start position:0% +enough then I'm gonna make a new guest + + + align:start position:0% +enough then I'm gonna make a new guest +biabbering G averaging G and x over G so + + align:start position:0% +biabbering G averaging G and x over G so + + + align:start position:0% +biabbering G averaging G and x over G so +that's x over G here and that's the + + align:start position:0% +that's x over G here and that's the + + + align:start position:0% +that's x over G here and that's the +average over there and the new average + + align:start position:0% +average over there and the new average + + + align:start position:0% +average over there and the new average +is going to be my new guess + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and that's what it says and then + + align:start position:0% +okay and that's what it says and then + + + align:start position:0% +okay and that's what it says and then +the last step is using the new guess + + align:start position:0% +the last step is using the new guess + + + align:start position:0% +the last step is using the new guess +repeat the process so then we go back to + + align:start position:0% +repeat the process so then we go back to + + + align:start position:0% +repeat the process so then we go back to +the beginning and repeat the whole + + align:start position:0% +the beginning and repeat the whole + + + align:start position:0% +the beginning and repeat the whole +process over and over again okay and + + align:start position:0% +process over and over again okay and + + + align:start position:0% +process over and over again okay and +that's what the rest of the rows does + + align:start position:0% +that's what the rest of the rows does + + + align:start position:0% +that's what the rest of the rows does +and you keep doing this until you decide + + align:start position:0% +and you keep doing this until you decide + + + align:start position:0% +and you keep doing this until you decide +that you're close enough okay so then so + + align:start position:0% +that you're close enough okay so then so + + + align:start position:0% +that you're close enough okay so then so +what we saw for the imperative knowledge + + align:start position:0% +what we saw for the imperative knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +what we saw for the imperative knowledge +in the previous numerical example was + + align:start position:0% +in the previous numerical example was + + + align:start position:0% +in the previous numerical example was +the recipe right for how to find the + + align:start position:0% +the recipe right for how to find the + + + align:start position:0% +the recipe right for how to find the +square root of x so what were the three + + align:start position:0% +square root of x so what were the three + + + align:start position:0% +square root of x so what were the three +parts to the recipe one was a simple + + align:start position:0% +parts to the recipe one was a simple + + + align:start position:0% +parts to the recipe one was a simple +sequence of steps right there were four + + align:start position:0% +sequence of steps right there were four + + + align:start position:0% +sequence of steps right there were four +steps pretty much the other was a flow + + align:start position:0% +steps pretty much the other was a flow + + + align:start position:0% +steps pretty much the other was a flow +of control so there were parts where we + + align:start position:0% +of control so there were parts where we + + + align:start position:0% +of control so there were parts where we +made decisions right are we close enough + + align:start position:0% +made decisions right are we close enough + + + align:start position:0% +made decisions right are we close enough +there were parts where we repeated some + + align:start position:0% +there were parts where we repeated some + + + align:start position:0% +there were parts where we repeated some +steps so at the end we said repeat steps + + align:start position:0% +steps so at the end we said repeat steps + + + align:start position:0% +steps so at the end we said repeat steps +one two three so that's the flow of + + align:start position:0% +one two three so that's the flow of + + + align:start position:0% +one two three so that's the flow of +control and the last part of the recipe + + align:start position:0% +control and the last part of the recipe + + + align:start position:0% +control and the last part of the recipe +was a way to stop right you don't want a + + align:start position:0% +was a way to stop right you don't want a + + + align:start position:0% +was a way to stop right you don't want a +program that keeps going and going or + + align:start position:0% +program that keeps going and going or + + + align:start position:0% +program that keeps going and going or +for a recipe you don't want to keep + + align:start position:0% +for a recipe you don't want to keep + + + align:start position:0% +for a recipe you don't want to keep +baking bread forever right you want to + + align:start position:0% +baking bread forever right you want to + + + align:start position:0% +baking bread forever right you want to +stop at some point like ten breads a + + align:start position:0% +stop at some point like ten breads a + + + align:start position:0% +stop at some point like ten breads a +xena right okay so you have to have a + + align:start position:0% +xena right okay so you have to have a + + + align:start position:0% +xena right okay so you have to have a +way of stopping okay and this in the + + align:start position:0% +way of stopping okay and this in the + + + align:start position:0% +way of stopping okay and this in the +previous example the way of stopping was + + align:start position:0% +previous example the way of stopping was + + + align:start position:0% +previous example the way of stopping was +that we decided we were close enough + + align:start position:0% +that we decided we were close enough + + + align:start position:0% +that we decided we were close enough +close enough was maybe B being within + + align:start position:0% +close enough was maybe B being within + + + align:start position:0% +close enough was maybe B being within +point zero one point zero zero zero one + + align:start position:0% +point zero one point zero zero zero one + + + align:start position:0% +point zero one point zero zero zero one +whatever you pick so this recipe is + + align:start position:0% +whatever you pick so this recipe is + + + align:start position:0% +whatever you pick so this recipe is +there for an algorithm right if your + + align:start position:0% +there for an algorithm right if your + + + align:start position:0% +there for an algorithm right if your +science speak it's gonna be an algorithm + + align:start position:0% +science speak it's gonna be an algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +science speak it's gonna be an algorithm +okay and that's what we're gonna learn + + align:start position:0% +okay and that's what we're gonna learn + + + align:start position:0% +okay and that's what we're gonna learn +about in this class okay so we're + + align:start position:0% +about in this class okay so we're + + + align:start position:0% +about in this class okay so we're +dealing with computers and we actually + + align:start position:0% +dealing with computers and we actually + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with computers and we actually +want to capture a recipe inside a + + align:start position:0% +want to capture a recipe inside a + + + align:start position:0% +want to capture a recipe inside a +computer computer of being a mechanical + + align:start position:0% +computer computer of being a mechanical + + + align:start position:0% +computer computer of being a mechanical +process and historically there were two + + align:start position:0% +process and historically there were two + + + align:start position:0% +process and historically there were two +ways of there were there were two two + + align:start position:0% +ways of there were there were two two + + + align:start position:0% +ways of there were there were two two +ways of sorry historically there were + + align:start position:0% +ways of sorry historically there were + + + align:start position:0% +ways of sorry historically there were +two different types of computers okay so + + align:start position:0% +two different types of computers okay so + + + align:start position:0% +two different types of computers okay so +originally there were these things + + align:start position:0% +originally there were these things + + + align:start position:0% +originally there were these things +called six program computers and I'm old + + align:start position:0% +called six program computers and I'm old + + + align:start position:0% +called six program computers and I'm old +enough to have used something like this + + align:start position:0% +enough to have used something like this + + + align:start position:0% +enough to have used something like this +where there's just numbers and plus + + align:start position:0% +where there's just numbers and plus + + + align:start position:0% +where there's just numbers and plus +minus multiplication divided and equal + + align:start position:0% +minus multiplication divided and equal + + + align:start position:0% +minus multiplication divided and equal +but calculators these days are a lot + + align:start position:0% +but calculators these days are a lot + + + align:start position:0% +but calculators these days are a lot +more complicated but way back then a + + align:start position:0% +more complicated but way back then a + + + align:start position:0% +more complicated but way back then a +fix-up an example of a fixed program + + align:start position:0% +fix-up an example of a fixed program + + + align:start position:0% +fix-up an example of a fixed program +computers is + + align:start position:0% +computers is + + + align:start position:0% +computers is +it only knows how to do addition + + align:start position:0% +it only knows how to do addition + + + align:start position:0% +it only knows how to do addition +multiplication subtraction division if + + align:start position:0% +multiplication subtraction division if + + + align:start position:0% +multiplication subtraction division if +you want to plot something you can't if + + align:start position:0% +you want to plot something you can't if + + + align:start position:0% +you want to plot something you can't if +you want to go on the internet check you + + align:start position:0% +you want to go on the internet check you + + + align:start position:0% +you want to go on the internet check you +know said email with it you can't it can + + align:start position:0% +know said email with it you can't it can + + + align:start position:0% +know said email with it you can't it can +only do this one thing okay and if you + + align:start position:0% +only do this one thing okay and if you + + + align:start position:0% +only do this one thing okay and if you +wanted to create a machine that did + + align:start position:0% +wanted to create a machine that did + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to create a machine that did +another thing then you'd have to create + + align:start position:0% +another thing then you'd have to create + + + align:start position:0% +another thing then you'd have to create +another fixed-program computers that did + + align:start position:0% +another fixed-program computers that did + + + align:start position:0% +another fixed-program computers that did +a completely separate task okay so + + align:start position:0% +a completely separate task okay so + + + align:start position:0% +a completely separate task okay so +that's not very great right so that's + + align:start position:0% +that's not very great right so that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's not very great right so that's +when stored-program computers came into + + align:start position:0% +when stored-program computers came into + + + align:start position:0% +when stored-program computers came into +play and these were machines that could + + align:start position:0% +play and these were machines that could + + + align:start position:0% +play and these were machines that could +store a sequence of instructions and + + align:start position:0% +store a sequence of instructions and + + + align:start position:0% +store a sequence of instructions and +these machines could execute the + + align:start position:0% +these machines could execute the + + + align:start position:0% +these machines could execute the +sequence of instructions and you could + + align:start position:0% +sequence of instructions and you could + + + align:start position:0% +sequence of instructions and you could +change the sequence of instructions and + + align:start position:0% +change the sequence of instructions and + + + align:start position:0% +change the sequence of instructions and +execute a different see this different + + align:start position:0% +execute a different see this different + + + align:start position:0% +execute a different see this different +sequence of instructions so you could do + + align:start position:0% +sequence of instructions so you could do + + + align:start position:0% +sequence of instructions so you could do +different tasks in the same machine + + align:start position:0% +different tasks in the same machine + + + align:start position:0% +different tasks in the same machine +right and that's the computer as we know + + align:start position:0% +right and that's the computer as we know + + + align:start position:0% +right and that's the computer as we know +it these days + + align:start position:0% +it these days + + + align:start position:0% +it these days +so the central processing unit is is + + align:start position:0% +so the central processing unit is is + + + align:start position:0% +so the central processing unit is is +where you know all of these decisions + + align:start position:0% +where you know all of these decisions + + + align:start position:0% +where you know all of these decisions +get made and these are all the sort of + + align:start position:0% +get made and these are all the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +get made and these are all the sort of +peripherals so the basic machine + + align:start position:0% +peripherals so the basic machine + + + align:start position:0% +peripherals so the basic machine +architecture so at the heart of every + + align:start position:0% +architecture so at the heart of every + + + align:start position:0% +architecture so at the heart of every +computer there's just this this basic + + align:start position:0% +computer there's just this this basic + + + align:start position:0% +computer there's just this this basic +architecture and it contains I guess + + align:start position:0% +architecture and it contains I guess + + + align:start position:0% +architecture and it contains I guess +four main parts over the first is the + + align:start position:0% +four main parts over the first is the + + + align:start position:0% +four main parts over the first is the +memory input and output is the other one + + align:start position:0% +memory input and output is the other one + + + align:start position:0% +memory input and output is the other one +the ALU is where all of the operations + + align:start position:0% +the ALU is where all of the operations + + + align:start position:0% +the ALU is where all of the operations +are done and the operations that the ALU + + align:start position:0% +are done and the operations that the ALU + + + align:start position:0% +are done and the operations that the ALU +can do are these really primitive + + align:start position:0% +can do are these really primitive + + + align:start position:0% +can do are these really primitive +operations and subtraction and so on so + + align:start position:0% +operations and subtraction and so on so + + + align:start position:0% +operations and subtraction and so on so +what the memory contains is a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +what the memory contains is a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +what the memory contains is a bunch of +data and your sequence of instructions + + align:start position:0% +data and your sequence of instructions + + + align:start position:0% +data and your sequence of instructions +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so interacting with the arithmetic logic + + align:start position:0% +so interacting with the arithmetic logic + + + align:start position:0% +so interacting with the arithmetic logic +unit is the control unit and the control + + align:start position:0% +unit is the control unit and the control + + + align:start position:0% +unit is the control unit and the control +unit contains one program counter so + + align:start position:0% +unit contains one program counter so + + + align:start position:0% +unit contains one program counter so +when you load a sequence of instructions + + align:start position:0% +when you load a sequence of instructions + + + align:start position:0% +when you load a sequence of instructions +the program counter starts at the first + + align:start position:0% +the program counter starts at the first + + + align:start position:0% +the program counter starts at the first +sequence it gets what the FIR starts at + + align:start position:0% +sequence it gets what the FIR starts at + + + align:start position:0% +sequence it gets what the FIR starts at +the at the sequence at the first + + align:start position:0% +the at the sequence at the first + + + align:start position:0% +the at the sequence at the first +instruction it gets what the instruction + + align:start position:0% +instruction it gets what the instruction + + + align:start position:0% +instruction it gets what the instruction +is and it sends it to the ALU the ALU + + align:start position:0% +is and it sends it to the ALU the ALU + + + align:start position:0% +is and it sends it to the ALU the ALU +asks what are we what what are we doing + + align:start position:0% +asks what are we what what are we doing + + + align:start position:0% +asks what are we what what are we doing +operations on here what's happening so + + align:start position:0% +operations on here what's happening so + + + align:start position:0% +operations on here what's happening so +it might get some data you know if + + align:start position:0% +it might get some data you know if + + + align:start position:0% +it might get some data you know if +you're adding two numbers it might get + + align:start position:0% +you're adding two numbers it might get + + + align:start position:0% +you're adding two numbers it might get +two numbers from from memory it might do + + align:start position:0% +two numbers from from memory it might do + + + align:start position:0% +two numbers from from memory it might do +some operations and it might store data + + align:start position:0% +some operations and it might store data + + + align:start position:0% +some operations and it might store data +back into memory okay and after it's + + align:start position:0% +back into memory okay and after it's + + + align:start position:0% +back into memory okay and after it's +done the ALU is going to go back and the + + align:start position:0% +done the ALU is going to go back and the + + + align:start position:0% +done the ALU is going to go back and the +program counter is going to increase by + + align:start position:0% +program counter is going to increase by + + + align:start position:0% +program counter is going to increase by +one which means that we're going to go + + align:start position:0% +one which means that we're going to go + + + align:start position:0% +one which means that we're going to go +to the next sequence in the instruction + + align:start position:0% +to the next sequence in the instruction + + + align:start position:0% +to the next sequence in the instruction +set okay and it just goes linearly like + + align:start position:0% +set okay and it just goes linearly like + + + align:start position:0% +set okay and it just goes linearly like +instruction by instruction there might + + align:start position:0% +instruction by instruction there might + + + align:start position:0% +instruction by instruction there might +be one instrument particular instruction + + align:start position:0% +be one instrument particular instruction + + + align:start position:0% +be one instrument particular instruction +that does some sort of test it's gonna + + align:start position:0% +that does some sort of test it's gonna + + + align:start position:0% +that does some sort of test it's gonna +say is is this particular is this + + align:start position:0% +say is is this particular is this + + + align:start position:0% +say is is this particular is this +particular value greater or equal to or + + align:start position:0% +particular value greater or equal to or + + + align:start position:0% +particular value greater or equal to or +the same as this other particular value + + align:start position:0% +the same as this other particular value + + + align:start position:0% +the same as this other particular value +so that's a test an example of a test + + align:start position:0% +so that's a test an example of a test + + + align:start position:0% +so that's a test an example of a test +and the test is going to be either + + align:start position:0% +and the test is going to be either + + + align:start position:0% +and the test is going to be either +either return something either return + + align:start position:0% +either return something either return + + + align:start position:0% +either return something either return +true or false and depending on the + + align:start position:0% +true or false and depending on the + + + align:start position:0% +true or false and depending on the +result of of that test you might either + + align:start position:0% +result of of that test you might either + + + align:start position:0% +result of of that test you might either +go to the next instruction or you might + + align:start position:0% +go to the next instruction or you might + + + align:start position:0% +go to the next instruction or you might +set the program counter to go all the + + align:start position:0% +set the program counter to go all the + + + align:start position:0% +set the program counter to go all the +way back to the beginning and so on so + + align:start position:0% +way back to the beginning and so on so + + + align:start position:0% +way back to the beginning and so on so +you're not just sort of linearly + + align:start position:0% +you're not just sort of linearly + + + align:start position:0% +you're not just sort of linearly +stepping through all the instructions + + align:start position:0% +stepping through all the instructions + + + align:start position:0% +stepping through all the instructions +there might be some control flow + + align:start position:0% +there might be some control flow + + + align:start position:0% +there might be some control flow +involved where you might skip an + + align:start position:0% +involved where you might skip an + + + align:start position:0% +involved where you might skip an +instruction or start from the beginning + + align:start position:0% +instruction or start from the beginning + + + align:start position:0% +instruction or start from the beginning +or so on and after you're done when when + + align:start position:0% +or so on and after you're done when when + + + align:start position:0% +or so on and after you're done when when +when you finished executing the last + + align:start position:0% +when you finished executing the last + + + align:start position:0% +when you finished executing the last +instruction then you might output + + align:start position:0% +instruction then you might output + + + align:start position:0% +instruction then you might output +something so that's really the basic the + + align:start position:0% +something so that's really the basic the + + + align:start position:0% +something so that's really the basic the +basic way that a computer works okay so + + align:start position:0% +basic way that a computer works okay so + + + align:start position:0% +basic way that a computer works okay so +just to recap you have the stored + + align:start position:0% +just to recap you have the stored + + + align:start position:0% +just to recap you have the stored +program computer that contains these + + align:start position:0% +program computer that contains these + + + align:start position:0% +program computer that contains these +sequences of instructions the primitive + + align:start position:0% +sequences of instructions the primitive + + + align:start position:0% +sequences of instructions the primitive +operations that it can do our addition + + align:start position:0% +operations that it can do our addition + + + align:start position:0% +operations that it can do our addition +subtraction logic operations tests which + + align:start position:0% +subtraction logic operations tests which + + + align:start position:0% +subtraction logic operations tests which +are you know something equal to + + align:start position:0% +are you know something equal to + + + align:start position:0% +are you know something equal to +something else something less than and + + align:start position:0% +something else something less than and + + + align:start position:0% +something else something less than and +so on and + + align:start position:0% +so on and + + + align:start position:0% +so on and +data storing data moving data around and + + align:start position:0% +data storing data moving data around and + + + align:start position:0% +data storing data moving data around and +things like that and the interpreter + + align:start position:0% +things like that and the interpreter + + + align:start position:0% +things like that and the interpreter +goes through every instructions every + + align:start position:0% +goes through every instructions every + + + align:start position:0% +goes through every instructions every +instruction and decides whether you're + + align:start position:0% +instruction and decides whether you're + + + align:start position:0% +instruction and decides whether you're +going to go to the next instruction skip + + align:start position:0% +going to go to the next instruction skip + + + align:start position:0% +going to go to the next instruction skip +instructions or repeat instructions and + + align:start position:0% +instructions or repeat instructions and + + + align:start position:0% +instructions or repeat instructions and +so on okay so we've talked about + + align:start position:0% +so on okay so we've talked about + + + align:start position:0% +so on okay so we've talked about +primitives and in fact the Alan Turing + + align:start position:0% +primitives and in fact the Alan Turing + + + align:start position:0% +primitives and in fact the Alan Turing +was a really great computer scientist he + + align:start position:0% +was a really great computer scientist he + + + align:start position:0% +was a really great computer scientist he +showed that you can compute anything + + align:start position:0% +showed that you can compute anything + + + align:start position:0% +showed that you can compute anything +using the six primitives and the six + + align:start position:0% +using the six primitives and the six + + + align:start position:0% +using the six primitives and the six +primitives were our move left move right + + align:start position:0% +primitives were our move left move right + + + align:start position:0% +primitives were our move left move right +read/write scan and do nothing okay so + + align:start position:0% +read/write scan and do nothing okay so + + + align:start position:0% +read/write scan and do nothing okay so +using those six those six instructions + + align:start position:0% +using those six those six instructions + + + align:start position:0% +using those six those six instructions +and the piece of tape he showed that you + + align:start position:0% +and the piece of tape he showed that you + + + align:start position:0% +and the piece of tape he showed that you +could compute anything and using those + + align:start position:0% +could compute anything and using those + + + align:start position:0% +could compute anything and using those +six instructions programming languages + + align:start position:0% +six instructions programming languages + + + align:start position:0% +six instructions programming languages +came about that created a more + + align:start position:0% +came about that created a more + + + align:start position:0% +came about that created a more +convenient set of primitives so you + + align:start position:0% +convenient set of primitives so you + + + align:start position:0% +convenient set of primitives so you +don't have to program in only these only + + align:start position:0% +don't have to program in only these only + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to program in only these only +these six commands right and one + + align:start position:0% +these six commands right and one + + + align:start position:0% +these six commands right and one +interesting thing or one really + + align:start position:0% +interesting thing or one really + + + align:start position:0% +interesting thing or one really +important thing that came about from + + align:start position:0% +important thing that came about from + + + align:start position:0% +important thing that came about from +this from these six primitives is that + + align:start position:0% +this from these six primitives is that + + + align:start position:0% +this from these six primitives is that +if you can compute something in Python + + align:start position:0% +if you can compute something in Python + + + align:start position:0% +if you can compute something in Python +let's say if you write a program that + + align:start position:0% +let's say if you write a program that + + + align:start position:0% +let's say if you write a program that +computes something in Python then in + + align:start position:0% +computes something in Python then in + + + align:start position:0% +computes something in Python then in +theory you can come you can write a + + align:start position:0% +theory you can come you can write a + + + align:start position:0% +theory you can come you can write a +program that computes the exact same + + align:start position:0% +program that computes the exact same + + + align:start position:0% +program that computes the exact same +thing in any other language okay and + + align:start position:0% +thing in any other language okay and + + + align:start position:0% +thing in any other language okay and +that's a really powerful statement okay + + align:start position:0% +that's a really powerful statement okay + + + align:start position:0% +that's a really powerful statement okay +think about that today when you review + + align:start position:0% +think about that today when you review + + + align:start position:0% +think about that today when you review +your slides think about that again and + + align:start position:0% +your slides think about that again and + + + align:start position:0% +your slides think about that again and +that's really powerful okay so once you + + align:start position:0% +that's really powerful okay so once you + + + align:start position:0% +that's really powerful okay so once you +set have your set of primitives you can + + align:start position:0% +set have your set of primitives you can + + + align:start position:0% +set have your set of primitives you can +set of primitives for a particular + + align:start position:0% +set of primitives for a particular + + + align:start position:0% +set of primitives for a particular +language okay you can start creating + + align:start position:0% +language okay you can start creating + + + align:start position:0% +language okay you can start creating +expressions and these expressions are + + align:start position:0% +expressions and these expressions are + + + align:start position:0% +expressions and these expressions are +going to be combinations of of the + + align:start position:0% +going to be combinations of of the + + + align:start position:0% +going to be combinations of of the +primitives in the programming language + + align:start position:0% +primitives in the programming language + + + align:start position:0% +primitives in the programming language +and the expressions are going to have + + align:start position:0% +and the expressions are going to have + + + align:start position:0% +and the expressions are going to have +some value and they're gonna have some + + align:start position:0% +some value and they're gonna have some + + + align:start position:0% +some value and they're gonna have some +meaning in in the programming language + + align:start position:0% +meaning in in the programming language + + + align:start position:0% +meaning in in the programming language +okay so let's do a little bit of a + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's do a little bit of a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's do a little bit of a +parallel with English just so you see + + align:start position:0% +parallel with English just so you see + + + align:start position:0% +parallel with English just so you see +what I'm what I mean + + align:start position:0% +what I'm what I mean + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm what I mean +so in English the primitive constructs + + align:start position:0% +so in English the primitive constructs + + + align:start position:0% +so in English the primitive constructs +are going to be words okay there's a lot + + align:start position:0% +are going to be words okay there's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +are going to be words okay there's a lot +of words in the English language + + align:start position:0% +of words in the English language + + + align:start position:0% +of words in the English language +programming is in Python there are there + + align:start position:0% +programming is in Python there are there + + + align:start position:0% +programming is in Python there are there +are primitives but there + + align:start position:0% +are primitives but there + + + align:start position:0% +are primitives but there +many of them so there's there are floats + + align:start position:0% +many of them so there's there are floats + + + align:start position:0% +many of them so there's there are floats +boolean's you know these are numbers + + align:start position:0% +boolean's you know these are numbers + + + align:start position:0% +boolean's you know these are numbers +strings and simple operators like + + align:start position:0% +strings and simple operators like + + + align:start position:0% +strings and simple operators like +addition subtraction and so on + + align:start position:0% +addition subtraction and so on + + + align:start position:0% +addition subtraction and so on +okay so we have primitive constructs + + align:start position:0% +okay so we have primitive constructs + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we have primitive constructs +using these primitive constructs we can + + align:start position:0% +using these primitive constructs we can + + + align:start position:0% +using these primitive constructs we can +start creating in English phrases write + + align:start position:0% +start creating in English phrases write + + + align:start position:0% +start creating in English phrases write +sentences and the same in programming + + align:start position:0% +sentences and the same in programming + + + align:start position:0% +sentences and the same in programming +languages so in English we can say + + align:start position:0% +languages so in English we can say + + + align:start position:0% +languages so in English we can say +something like cat dog boy okay that we + + align:start position:0% +something like cat dog boy okay that we + + + align:start position:0% +something like cat dog boy okay that we +say is not syntactically valid so that's + + align:start position:0% +say is not syntactically valid so that's + + + align:start position:0% +say is not syntactically valid so that's +bad syntax right I that's now now noun + + align:start position:0% +bad syntax right I that's now now noun + + + align:start position:0% +bad syntax right I that's now now noun +that doesn't make sense + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't make sense + + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't make sense +what does have good syntax in English is + + align:start position:0% +what does have good syntax in English is + + + align:start position:0% +what does have good syntax in English is +noun verb noun so cat hugs boy is + + align:start position:0% +noun verb noun so cat hugs boy is + + + align:start position:0% +noun verb noun so cat hugs boy is +syntactically valid similarly in a + + align:start position:0% +syntactically valid similarly in a + + + align:start position:0% +syntactically valid similarly in a +programming language something like this + + align:start position:0% +programming language something like this + + + align:start position:0% +programming language something like this +in Python in this case a word and then + + align:start position:0% +in Python in this case a word and then + + + align:start position:0% +in Python in this case a word and then +the number five doesn't really make + + align:start position:0% +the number five doesn't really make + + + align:start position:0% +the number five doesn't really make +sense it's not syntactically valid but + + align:start position:0% +sense it's not syntactically valid but + + + align:start position:0% +sense it's not syntactically valid but +something like operator operand operator + + align:start position:0% +something like operator operand operator + + + align:start position:0% +something like operator operand operator +is okay so once you've created these + + align:start position:0% +is okay so once you've created these + + + align:start position:0% +is okay so once you've created these +these phrases or these these expressions + + align:start position:0% +these phrases or these these expressions + + + align:start position:0% +these phrases or these these expressions +that are syntactically valid you have to + + align:start position:0% +that are syntactically valid you have to + + + align:start position:0% +that are syntactically valid you have to +think about the static semantics of your + + align:start position:0% +think about the static semantics of your + + + align:start position:0% +think about the static semantics of your +phrase okay of your expression so so for + + align:start position:0% +phrase okay of your expression so so for + + + align:start position:0% +phrase okay of your expression so so for +example in English I are hungry is good + + align:start position:0% +example in English I are hungry is good + + + align:start position:0% +example in English I are hungry is good +syntax okay but it's kind of weird to + + align:start position:0% +syntax okay but it's kind of weird to + + + align:start position:0% +syntax okay but it's kind of weird to +say right we have a pronoun of urban + + align:start position:0% +say right we have a pronoun of urban + + + align:start position:0% +say right we have a pronoun of urban +adjectives later which doesn't really + + align:start position:0% +adjectives later which doesn't really + + + align:start position:0% +adjectives later which doesn't really +make sense + + align:start position:0% +make sense + + + align:start position:0% +make sense +right I am hungry this is better so this + + align:start position:0% +right I am hungry this is better so this + + + align:start position:0% +right I am hungry this is better so this +is statically semantic this does not + + align:start position:0% +is statically semantic this does not + + + align:start position:0% +is statically semantic this does not +have good static semantics similarly in + + align:start position:0% +have good static semantics similarly in + + + align:start position:0% +have good static semantics similarly in +programming languages and you'll get the + + align:start position:0% +programming languages and you'll get the + + + align:start position:0% +programming languages and you'll get the +hang of this hang of this the more you + + align:start position:0% +hang of this hang of this the more you + + + align:start position:0% +hang of this hang of this the more you +do it something like this three point + + align:start position:0% +do it something like this three point + + + align:start position:0% +do it something like this three point +two times five is okay but what does it + + align:start position:0% +two times five is okay but what does it + + + align:start position:0% +two times five is okay but what does it +mean right what's the meaning to have a + + align:start position:0% +mean right what's the meaning to have a + + + align:start position:0% +mean right what's the meaning to have a +word added to the number to a number + + align:start position:0% +word added to the number to a number + + + align:start position:0% +word added to the number to a number +there's no meaning behind that right its + + align:start position:0% +there's no meaning behind that right its + + + align:start position:0% +there's no meaning behind that right its +syntax is okay because you have operator + + align:start position:0% +syntax is okay because you have operator + + + align:start position:0% +syntax is okay because you have operator +operand operator but it doesn't really + + align:start position:0% +operand operator but it doesn't really + + + align:start position:0% +operand operator but it doesn't really +make sense to add a number to a word for + + align:start position:0% +make sense to add a number to a word for + + + align:start position:0% +make sense to add a number to a word for +example okay + + align:start position:0% +example okay + + + align:start position:0% +example okay +so once you have created these + + align:start position:0% +so once you have created these + + + align:start position:0% +so once you have created these +expressions that are syntactically + + align:start position:0% +expressions that are syntactically + + + align:start position:0% +expressions that are syntactically +correct and static semantically correct + + align:start position:0% +correct and static semantically correct + + + align:start position:0% +correct and static semantically correct +in English for example you think about + + align:start position:0% +in English for example you think about + + + align:start position:0% +in English for example you think about +the semantics so what's the meaning of + + align:start position:0% +the semantics so what's the meaning of + + + align:start position:0% +the semantics so what's the meaning of +the phrase and in English you can + + align:start position:0% +the phrase and in English you can + + + align:start position:0% +the phrase and in English you can +actually have more than one meaning to + + align:start position:0% +actually have more than one meaning to + + + align:start position:0% +actually have more than one meaning to +an entire phrase okay so in this case + + align:start position:0% +an entire phrase okay so in this case + + + align:start position:0% +an entire phrase okay so in this case +flying planes are dangerous or flying + + align:start position:0% +flying planes are dangerous or flying + + + align:start position:0% +flying planes are dangerous or flying +planes can be dangerous can have two + + align:start position:0% +planes can be dangerous can have two + + + align:start position:0% +planes can be dangerous can have two +meanings is the act of flying a plane is + + align:start position:0% +meanings is the act of flying a plane is + + + align:start position:0% +meanings is the act of flying a plane is +dangerous or the plane that is in the + + align:start position:0% +dangerous or the plane that is in the + + + align:start position:0% +dangerous or the plane that is in the +air is dangerous right and this might be + + align:start position:0% +air is dangerous right and this might be + + + align:start position:0% +air is dangerous right and this might be +a cuter example this reading-lamp hasn't + + align:start position:0% +a cuter example this reading-lamp hasn't + + + align:start position:0% +a cuter example this reading-lamp hasn't +uttered a word since I bought it what's + + align:start position:0% +uttered a word since I bought it what's + + + align:start position:0% +uttered a word since I bought it what's +going on right so that has two meanings + + align:start position:0% +going on right so that has two meanings + + + align:start position:0% +going on right so that has two meanings +right it's playing on the word + + align:start position:0% +right it's playing on the word + + + align:start position:0% +right it's playing on the word +reading-lamp in programming so that's + + align:start position:0% +reading-lamp in programming so that's + + + align:start position:0% +reading-lamp in programming so that's +that's an English in English you can + + align:start position:0% +that's an English in English you can + + + align:start position:0% +that's an English in English you can +have a sentence that has more than one + + align:start position:0% +have a sentence that has more than one + + + align:start position:0% +have a sentence that has more than one +meaning + + align:start position:0% +meaning + + + align:start position:0% +meaning +that's syntactically correct and static + + align:start position:0% +that's syntactically correct and static + + + align:start position:0% +that's syntactically correct and static +semantically correct but in programming + + align:start position:0% +semantically correct but in programming + + + align:start position:0% +semantically correct but in programming +languages the program that you write a + + align:start position:0% +languages the program that you write a + + + align:start position:0% +languages the program that you write a +set of instructions that you write only + + align:start position:0% +set of instructions that you write only + + + align:start position:0% +set of instructions that you write only +has one meaning so remember we're coming + + align:start position:0% +has one meaning so remember we're coming + + + align:start position:0% +has one meaning so remember we're coming +back to the fact that the computer only + + align:start position:0% +back to the fact that the computer only + + + align:start position:0% +back to the fact that the computer only +does what you tell it to do okay it's + + align:start position:0% +does what you tell it to do okay it's + + + align:start position:0% +does what you tell it to do okay it's +not going to suddenly you know decide to + + align:start position:0% +not going to suddenly you know decide to + + + align:start position:0% +not going to suddenly you know decide to +add another variable for some reason + + align:start position:0% +add another variable for some reason + + + align:start position:0% +add another variable for some reason +it's just going to execute whatever + + align:start position:0% +it's just going to execute whatever + + + align:start position:0% +it's just going to execute whatever +statements you've put up okay so in + + align:start position:0% +statements you've put up okay so in + + + align:start position:0% +statements you've put up okay so in +programming languages there's only one + + align:start position:0% +programming languages there's only one + + + align:start position:0% +programming languages there's only one +meaning but the problem comes the + + align:start position:0% +meaning but the problem comes the + + + align:start position:0% +meaning but the problem comes the +problem that comes into play in + + align:start position:0% +problem that comes into play in + + + align:start position:0% +problem that comes into play in +programming languages is it's not the + + align:start position:0% +programming languages is it's not the + + + align:start position:0% +programming languages is it's not the +meaning that you might have intended as + + align:start position:0% +meaning that you might have intended as + + + align:start position:0% +meaning that you might have intended as +the programmer okay so that's where + + align:start position:0% +the programmer okay so that's where + + + align:start position:0% +the programmer okay so that's where +things can go wrong and there's gonna be + + align:start position:0% +things can go wrong and there's gonna be + + + align:start position:0% +things can go wrong and there's gonna be +a lecture on debugging a little bit + + align:start position:0% +a lecture on debugging a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +a lecture on debugging a little bit +later in the course but this is here + + align:start position:0% +later in the course but this is here + + + align:start position:0% +later in the course but this is here +just to just to tell you that if you see + + align:start position:0% +just to just to tell you that if you see + + + align:start position:0% +just to just to tell you that if you see +an error pop up in your program it's + + align:start position:0% +an error pop up in your program it's + + + align:start position:0% +an error pop up in your program it's +just you know some text that says error + + align:start position:0% +just you know some text that says error + + + align:start position:0% +just you know some text that says error +notes some for example if we do + + align:start position:0% +notes some for example if we do + + + align:start position:0% +notes some for example if we do +something like this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this isn't actively correct incorrect + + align:start position:0% +this isn't actively correct incorrect + + + align:start position:0% +this isn't actively correct incorrect +syntactically incorrect see there's some + + align:start position:0% +syntactically incorrect see there's some + + + align:start position:0% +syntactically incorrect see there's some +angry text right here right like what is + + align:start position:0% +angry text right here right like what is + + + align:start position:0% +angry text right here right like what is +going on the more you program the more + + align:start position:0% +going on the more you program the more + + + align:start position:0% +going on the more you program the more +you'll get the hang of reading these + + align:start position:0% +you'll get the hang of reading these + + + align:start position:0% +you'll get the hang of reading these +errors but this is basically telling me + + align:start position:0% +errors but this is basically telling me + + + align:start position:0% +errors but this is basically telling me +this this the line that I wrote is + + align:start position:0% +this this the line that I wrote is + + + align:start position:0% +this this the line that I wrote is +syntactically incorrect okay and it's + + align:start position:0% +syntactically incorrect okay and it's + + + align:start position:0% +syntactically incorrect okay and it's +pointing me to the exact line and says + + align:start position:0% +pointing me to the exact line and says + + + align:start position:0% +pointing me to the exact line and says +this is wrong so I can go back and fix + + align:start position:0% +this is wrong so I can go back and fix + + + align:start position:0% +this is wrong so I can go back and fix +it as a programmer + + align:start position:0% +it as a programmer + + + align:start position:0% +it as a programmer +okay so syntax errors are actually + + align:start position:0% +okay so syntax errors are actually + + + align:start position:0% +okay so syntax errors are actually +really easily caught by Python static + + align:start position:0% +really easily caught by Python static + + + align:start position:0% +really easily caught by Python static +semantic errors so that was an example + + align:start position:0% +semantic errors so that was an example + + + align:start position:0% +semantic errors so that was an example +of a syntax error static semantic errors + + align:start position:0% +of a syntax error static semantic errors + + + align:start position:0% +of a syntax error static semantic errors +can also be caught by Python as long as + + align:start position:0% +can also be caught by Python as long as + + + align:start position:0% +can also be caught by Python as long as +if if your program has some decisions to + + align:start position:0% +if if your program has some decisions to + + + align:start position:0% +if if your program has some decisions to +make as long as you've gone down the + + align:start position:0% +make as long as you've gone down the + + + align:start position:0% +make as long as you've gone down the +branch where this where the static + + align:start position:0% +branch where this where the static + + + align:start position:0% +branch where this where the static +semantic error happens and this is + + align:start position:0% +semantic error happens and this is + + + align:start position:0% +semantic error happens and this is +probably gonna be the most frustrating + + align:start position:0% +probably gonna be the most frustrating + + + align:start position:0% +probably gonna be the most frustrating +one especially as you're starting out + + align:start position:0% +one especially as you're starting out + + + align:start position:0% +one especially as you're starting out +the program might do something different + + align:start position:0% +the program might do something different + + + align:start position:0% +the program might do something different +than what you expected it to do right + + align:start position:0% +than what you expected it to do right + + + align:start position:0% +than what you expected it to do right +and that's not because the program + + align:start position:0% +and that's not because the program + + + align:start position:0% +and that's not because the program +suddenly you know for example you + + align:start position:0% +suddenly you know for example you + + + align:start position:0% +suddenly you know for example you +expected the program to give you an + + align:start position:0% +expected the program to give you an + + + align:start position:0% +expected the program to give you an +output of zero for a certain test case + + align:start position:0% +output of zero for a certain test case + + + align:start position:0% +output of zero for a certain test case +and the output that you got was 10 right + + align:start position:0% +and the output that you got was 10 right + + + align:start position:0% +and the output that you got was 10 right +well the program didn't suddenly decide + + align:start position:0% +well the program didn't suddenly decide + + + align:start position:0% +well the program didn't suddenly decide +to change its answer to ten it just did + + align:start position:0% +to change its answer to ten it just did + + + align:start position:0% +to change its answer to ten it just did +executed the program that you that you + + align:start position:0% +executed the program that you that you + + + align:start position:0% +executed the program that you that you +wrote right so that's the case where the + + align:start position:0% +wrote right so that's the case where the + + + align:start position:0% +wrote right so that's the case where the +program gave you a different answer than + + align:start position:0% +program gave you a different answer than + + + align:start position:0% +program gave you a different answer than +expected programs might crash which + + align:start position:0% +expected programs might crash which + + + align:start position:0% +expected programs might crash which +means they stopped running that's okay + + align:start position:0% +means they stopped running that's okay + + + align:start position:0% +means they stopped running that's okay +just go back to your code and figure out + + align:start position:0% +just go back to your code and figure out + + + align:start position:0% +just go back to your code and figure out +what was wrong and another example of + + align:start position:0% +what was wrong and another example of + + + align:start position:0% +what was wrong and another example of +different meaning than what you intended + + align:start position:0% +different meaning than what you intended + + + align:start position:0% +different meaning than what you intended +was maybe the program will stop it's + + align:start position:0% +was maybe the program will stop it's + + + align:start position:0% +was maybe the program will stop it's +also okay there are ways to stop it + + align:start position:0% +also okay there are ways to stop it + + + align:start position:0% +also okay there are ways to stop it +besides restarting the computer okay so + + align:start position:0% +besides restarting the computer okay so + + + align:start position:0% +besides restarting the computer okay so +then Python programs are going to be + + align:start position:0% +then Python programs are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +then Python programs are going to be +sequences of definitions and commands + + align:start position:0% +sequences of definitions and commands + + + align:start position:0% +sequences of definitions and commands +we're gonna have expressions that are + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna have expressions that are + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna have expressions that are +going to be evaluated okay and commands + + align:start position:0% +going to be evaluated okay and commands + + + align:start position:0% +going to be evaluated okay and commands +that that tell the interpreter to do + + align:start position:0% +that that tell the interpreter to do + + + align:start position:0% +that that tell the interpreter to do +something + + align:start position:0% +something + + + align:start position:0% +something +so if you've done problem set zero + + align:start position:0% +so if you've done problem set zero + + + align:start position:0% +so if you've done problem set zero +you'll see that you can type commands + + align:start position:0% +you'll see that you can type commands + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see that you can type commands +directly in the shell here which is the + + align:start position:0% +directly in the shell here which is the + + + align:start position:0% +directly in the shell here which is the +part on the right where I did some some + + align:start position:0% +part on the right where I did some some + + + align:start position:0% +part on the right where I did some some +really simple things two plus four or + + align:start position:0% +really simple things two plus four or + + + align:start position:0% +really simple things two plus four or +you can type commands up in here on the + + align:start position:0% +you can type commands up in here on the + + + align:start position:0% +you can type commands up in here on the +left hand side and then run your program + + align:start position:0% +left hand side and then run your program + + + align:start position:0% +left hand side and then run your program +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +notice that well we'll talk about this I + + align:start position:0% +notice that well we'll talk about this I + + + align:start position:0% +notice that well we'll talk about this I +won't talk about this now but these are + + align:start position:0% +won't talk about this now but these are + + + align:start position:0% +won't talk about this now but these are +on the right hand side typically you + + align:start position:0% +on the right hand side typically you + + + align:start position:0% +on the right hand side typically you +write very simple commands just if + + align:start position:0% +write very simple commands just if + + + align:start position:0% +write very simple commands just if +you're testing something out and on the + + align:start position:0% +you're testing something out and on the + + + align:start position:0% +you're testing something out and on the +left hand side here in the editor you + + align:start position:0% +left hand side here in the editor you + + + align:start position:0% +left hand side here in the editor you +write more lines and more complicated + + align:start position:0% +write more lines and more complicated + + + align:start position:0% +write more lines and more complicated +programs okay so now we're going to + + align:start position:0% +programs okay so now we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +programs okay so now we're going to +start talking about Python and in Python + + align:start position:0% +start talking about Python and in Python + + + align:start position:0% +start talking about Python and in Python +we're gonna come back to this everything + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna come back to this everything + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna come back to this everything +is an object and python programs + + align:start position:0% +is an object and python programs + + + align:start position:0% +is an object and python programs +manipulate these data objects all + + align:start position:0% +manipulate these data objects all + + + align:start position:0% +manipulate these data objects all +objects in Python are going to have a + + align:start position:0% +objects in Python are going to have a + + + align:start position:0% +objects in Python are going to have a +type and the type is going to tell + + align:start position:0% +type and the type is going to tell + + + align:start position:0% +type and the type is going to tell +python the kinds of operations that you + + align:start position:0% +python the kinds of operations that you + + + align:start position:0% +python the kinds of operations that you +can do on these objects so if an object + + align:start position:0% +can do on these objects so if an object + + + align:start position:0% +can do on these objects so if an object +is the number five for example you can + + align:start position:0% +is the number five for example you can + + + align:start position:0% +is the number five for example you can +add the number to another number + + align:start position:0% +add the number to another number + + + align:start position:0% +add the number to another number +subtract the number take it to the power + + align:start position:0% +subtract the number take it to the power + + + align:start position:0% +subtract the number take it to the power +of something and so on more as a more + + align:start position:0% +of something and so on more as a more + + + align:start position:0% +of something and so on more as a more +general example for example I am a human + + align:start position:0% +general example for example I am a human + + + align:start position:0% +general example for example I am a human +so that's my type and I can walk speak + + align:start position:0% +so that's my type and I can walk speak + + + align:start position:0% +so that's my type and I can walk speak +English etc Chewbacca is going to be a + + align:start position:0% +English etc Chewbacca is going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +English etc Chewbacca is going to be a +type Wookiee right so we can walk do + + align:start position:0% +type Wookiee right so we can walk do + + + align:start position:0% +type Wookiee right so we can walk do +that sound that I can't do right so he + + align:start position:0% +that sound that I can't do right so he + + + align:start position:0% +that sound that I can't do right so he +can do that but I can't I'm not even + + align:start position:0% +can do that but I can't I'm not even + + + align:start position:0% +can do that but I can't I'm not even +gonna try and and so on okay so once you + + align:start position:0% +gonna try and and so on okay so once you + + + align:start position:0% +gonna try and and so on okay so once you +have these Python objects everything is + + align:start position:0% +have these Python objects everything is + + + align:start position:0% +have these Python objects everything is +an object in Python there are actually + + align:start position:0% +an object in Python there are actually + + + align:start position:0% +an object in Python there are actually +two types of objects one are scalar + + align:start position:0% +two types of objects one are scalar + + + align:start position:0% +two types of objects one are scalar +object so that means these are very + + align:start position:0% +object so that means these are very + + + align:start position:0% +object so that means these are very +basic objects in Python from which + + align:start position:0% +basic objects in Python from which + + + align:start position:0% +basic objects in Python from which +everything can be can be made okay so + + align:start position:0% +everything can be can be made okay so + + + align:start position:0% +everything can be can be made okay so +these are scalar objects they can't be + + align:start position:0% +these are scalar objects they can't be + + + align:start position:0% +these are scalar objects they can't be +subdivided the other type of object is a + + align:start position:0% +subdivided the other type of object is a + + + align:start position:0% +subdivided the other type of object is a +non scalar object and these are objects + + align:start position:0% +non scalar object and these are objects + + + align:start position:0% +non scalar object and these are objects +that have some internal structure so for + + align:start position:0% +that have some internal structure so for + + + align:start position:0% +that have some internal structure so for +example the number five is a scalar + + align:start position:0% +example the number five is a scalar + + + align:start position:0% +example the number five is a scalar +object because it can't be subdivided + + align:start position:0% +object because it can't be subdivided + + + align:start position:0% +object because it can't be subdivided +but a list of numbers for example five + + align:start position:0% +but a list of numbers for example five + + + align:start position:0% +but a list of numbers for example five +six seven eight is going to be a non + + align:start position:0% +six seven eight is going to be a non + + + align:start position:0% +six seven eight is going to be a non +scalar object + + align:start position:0% +scalar object + + + align:start position:0% +scalar object +because I'm divided so you just can + + align:start position:0% +because I'm divided so you just can + + + align:start position:0% +because I'm divided so you just can +subdivide it into you can find parts + + align:start position:0% +subdivide it into you can find parts + + + align:start position:0% +subdivide it into you can find parts +parts to it it's it's made up of a + + align:start position:0% +parts to it it's it's made up of a + + + align:start position:0% +parts to it it's it's made up of a +sequence of numbers right so here's the + + align:start position:0% +sequence of numbers right so here's the + + + align:start position:0% +sequence of numbers right so here's the +list of all of the scalar objects in + + align:start position:0% +list of all of the scalar objects in + + + align:start position:0% +list of all of the scalar objects in +Python we have integers for example all + + align:start position:0% +Python we have integers for example all + + + align:start position:0% +Python we have integers for example all +of the whole numbers + + align:start position:0% +of the whole numbers + + + align:start position:0% +of the whole numbers +floats which are all of the decimal real + + align:start position:0% +floats which are all of the decimal real + + + align:start position:0% +floats which are all of the decimal real +numbers anything with a decimal bulls + + align:start position:0% +numbers anything with a decimal bulls + + + align:start position:0% +numbers anything with a decimal bulls +our boolean z' there's only two values + + align:start position:0% +our boolean z' there's only two values + + + align:start position:0% +our boolean z' there's only two values +two boolean's that's true and false note + + align:start position:0% +two boolean's that's true and false note + + + align:start position:0% +two boolean's that's true and false note +the capitalization capital T and capital + + align:start position:0% +the capitalization capital T and capital + + + align:start position:0% +the capitalization capital T and capital +F and this other thing called none type + + align:start position:0% +F and this other thing called none type + + + align:start position:0% +F and this other thing called none type +it's special it has only one value + + align:start position:0% +it's special it has only one value + + + align:start position:0% +it's special it has only one value +called none and it represents the + + align:start position:0% +called none and it represents the + + + align:start position:0% +called none and it represents the +absence of a type and it sometimes comes + + align:start position:0% +absence of a type and it sometimes comes + + + align:start position:0% +absence of a type and it sometimes comes +in handy for for some programs if you + + align:start position:0% +in handy for for some programs if you + + + align:start position:0% +in handy for for some programs if you +want to find the type of an object you + + align:start position:0% +want to find the type of an object you + + + align:start position:0% +want to find the type of an object you +can use this special command called type + + align:start position:0% +can use this special command called type + + + align:start position:0% +can use this special command called type +and then in the parentheses you put down + + align:start position:0% +and then in the parentheses you put down + + + align:start position:0% +and then in the parentheses you put down +what you want to find the type of okay + + align:start position:0% +what you want to find the type of okay + + + align:start position:0% +what you want to find the type of okay +so you can write into the shell type of + + align:start position:0% +so you can write into the shell type of + + + align:start position:0% +so you can write into the shell type of +five and the shell will tell you that's + + align:start position:0% +five and the shell will tell you that's + + + align:start position:0% +five and the shell will tell you that's +an integer okay if you happen to want to + + align:start position:0% +an integer okay if you happen to want to + + + align:start position:0% +an integer okay if you happen to want to +convert between two different types + + align:start position:0% +convert between two different types + + + align:start position:0% +convert between two different types +Python allows you to do that and to do + + align:start position:0% +Python allows you to do that and to do + + + align:start position:0% +Python allows you to do that and to do +that you use this you put the type that + + align:start position:0% +that you use this you put the type that + + + align:start position:0% +that you use this you put the type that +you want to convert to right before the + + align:start position:0% +you want to convert to right before the + + + align:start position:0% +you want to convert to right before the +object that you want to convert to so + + align:start position:0% +object that you want to convert to so + + + align:start position:0% +object that you want to convert to so +float three will convert the integer + + align:start position:0% +float three will convert the integer + + + align:start position:0% +float three will convert the integer +three to the float 3.0 and similarly you + + align:start position:0% +three to the float 3.0 and similarly you + + + align:start position:0% +three to the float 3.0 and similarly you +can convert any float into an integer + + align:start position:0% +can convert any float into an integer + + + align:start position:0% +can convert any float into an integer +and converting to an integer just + + align:start position:0% +and converting to an integer just + + + align:start position:0% +and converting to an integer just +truncates so it just takes away the + + align:start position:0% +truncates so it just takes away the + + + align:start position:0% +truncates so it just takes away the +decimal and whatever's after it it does + + align:start position:0% +decimal and whatever's after it it does + + + align:start position:0% +decimal and whatever's after it it does +not round and keeps just the integer + + align:start position:0% +not round and keeps just the integer + + + align:start position:0% +not round and keeps just the integer +part okay so for this slide I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +part okay so for this slide I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +part okay so for this slide I'm going to +talk about it but if you'd like go to if + + align:start position:0% +talk about it but if you'd like go to if + + + align:start position:0% +talk about it but if you'd like go to if +you have the slides up go to go to this + + align:start position:0% +you have the slides up go to go to this + + + align:start position:0% +you have the slides up go to go to this +exercise and after I'm done talking + + align:start position:0% +exercise and after I'm done talking + + + align:start position:0% +exercise and after I'm done talking +about the slide we'll see we'll see what + + align:start position:0% +about the slide we'll see we'll see what + + + align:start position:0% +about the slide we'll see we'll see what +people think for that exercise okay so + + align:start position:0% +people think for that exercise okay so + + + align:start position:0% +people think for that exercise okay so +one of the most important things that + + align:start position:0% +one of the most important things that + + + align:start position:0% +one of the most important things that +you can do in program in basically any + + align:start position:0% +you can do in program in basically any + + + align:start position:0% +you can do in program in basically any +programming and pythons also is to print + + align:start position:0% +programming and pythons also is to print + + + align:start position:0% +programming and pythons also is to print +things out so printing out is how you + + align:start position:0% +things out so printing out is how you + + + align:start position:0% +things out so printing out is how you +you interact with the user okay so to + + align:start position:0% +you interact with the user okay so to + + + align:start position:0% +you interact with the user okay so to +print things out you use the print + + align:start position:0% +print things out you use the print + + + align:start position:0% +print things out you use the print +command so if you're in the shell if you + + align:start position:0% +command so if you're in the shell if you + + + align:start position:0% +command so if you're in the shell if you +simply type 3 + 2 you do see a value + + align:start position:0% +simply type 3 + 2 you do see a value + + + align:start position:0% +simply type 3 + 2 you do see a value +here 5 right but that's not actually + + align:start position:0% +here 5 right but that's not actually + + + align:start position:0% +here 5 right but that's not actually +printing something out and that becomes + + align:start position:0% +printing something out and that becomes + + + align:start position:0% +printing something out and that becomes +apparent when when you actually type + + align:start position:0% +apparent when when you actually type + + + align:start position:0% +apparent when when you actually type +things into the editor so if you just do + + align:start position:0% +things into the editor so if you just do + + + align:start position:0% +things into the editor so if you just do +3 plus 2 and you run the program that's + + align:start position:0% +3 plus 2 and you run the program that's + + + align:start position:0% +3 plus 2 and you run the program that's +this little green button here you see on + + align:start position:0% +this little green button here you see on + + + align:start position:0% +this little green button here you see on +the right-hand side here it ran my + + align:start position:0% +the right-hand side here it ran my + + + align:start position:0% +the right-hand side here it ran my +program but it didn't actually print + + align:start position:0% +program but it didn't actually print + + + align:start position:0% +program but it didn't actually print +anything if you type this into the + + align:start position:0% +anything if you type this into the + + + align:start position:0% +anything if you type this into the +console it does show you this value but + + align:start position:0% +console it does show you this value but + + + align:start position:0% +console it does show you this value but +that's just sort of a like peeking into + + align:start position:0% +that's just sort of a like peeking into + + + align:start position:0% +that's just sort of a like peeking into +the value for you as just for you as a + + align:start position:0% +the value for you as just for you as a + + + align:start position:0% +the value for you as just for you as a +programmer okay it's not actually + + align:start position:0% +programmer okay it's not actually + + + align:start position:0% +programmer okay it's not actually +printing it out to anyone if you want to + + align:start position:0% +printing it out to anyone if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +printing it out to anyone if you want to +print something now you have to use the + + align:start position:0% +print something now you have to use the + + + align:start position:0% +print something now you have to use the +print State print print statement like + + align:start position:0% +print State print print statement like + + + align:start position:0% +print State print print statement like +that so in this case this is actually + + align:start position:0% +that so in this case this is actually + + + align:start position:0% +that so in this case this is actually +going to print this number 5 to the + + align:start position:0% +going to print this number 5 to the + + + align:start position:0% +going to print this number 5 to the +console okay so that's basically my set + + align:start position:0% +console okay so that's basically my set + + + align:start position:0% +console okay so that's basically my set +so out just tells you it's an + + align:start position:0% +so out just tells you it's an + + + align:start position:0% +so out just tells you it's an +interaction within the shell only it's + + align:start position:0% +interaction within the shell only it's + + + align:start position:0% +interaction within the shell only it's +not interacting with with anyone else + + align:start position:0% +not interacting with with anyone else + + + align:start position:0% +not interacting with with anyone else +and if you don't have any how that means + + align:start position:0% +and if you don't have any how that means + + + align:start position:0% +and if you don't have any how that means +it got printed out to the console + + align:start position:0% +it got printed out to the console + + + align:start position:0% +it got printed out to the console +alright so we talked a little bit about + + align:start position:0% +alright so we talked a little bit about + + + align:start position:0% +alright so we talked a little bit about +objects once you have objects you can + + align:start position:0% +objects once you have objects you can + + + align:start position:0% +objects once you have objects you can +combine objects and operators to form + + align:start position:0% +combine objects and operators to form + + + align:start position:0% +combine objects and operators to form +these expressions and each expression is + + align:start position:0% +these expressions and each expression is + + + align:start position:0% +these expressions and each expression is +going to have value so an expression + + align:start position:0% +going to have value so an expression + + + align:start position:0% +going to have value so an expression +evaluates to a value and the syntax for + + align:start position:0% +evaluates to a value and the syntax for + + + align:start position:0% +evaluates to a value and the syntax for +an expression is going to be object + + align:start position:0% +an expression is going to be object + + + align:start position:0% +an expression is going to be object +operator object like that and these are + + align:start position:0% +operator object like that and these are + + + align:start position:0% +operator object like that and these are +some operate operators you can do on + + align:start position:0% +some operate operators you can do on + + + align:start position:0% +some operate operators you can do on +instant floats so there's the typical + + align:start position:0% +instant floats so there's the typical + + + align:start position:0% +instant floats so there's the typical +ones addition subtraction multiplication + + align:start position:0% +ones addition subtraction multiplication + + + align:start position:0% +ones addition subtraction multiplication +and division if for the first three you + + align:start position:0% +and division if for the first three you + + + align:start position:0% +and division if for the first three you +have the answer that you get the type of + + align:start position:0% +have the answer that you get the type of + + + align:start position:0% +have the answer that you get the type of +the answer that you get is going to + + align:start position:0% +the answer that you get is going to + + + align:start position:0% +the answer that you get is going to +depend on the type of your variables so + + align:start position:0% +depend on the type of your variables so + + + align:start position:0% +depend on the type of your variables so +if both of the variables of the opéra + + align:start position:0% +if both of the variables of the opéra + + + align:start position:0% +if both of the variables of the opéra +operands are integers then the result + + align:start position:0% +operands are integers then the result + + + align:start position:0% +operands are integers then the result +you're going to get is of type integer + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get is of type integer + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get is of type integer +but if at least one of them is a float + + align:start position:0% +but if at least one of them is a float + + + align:start position:0% +but if at least one of them is a float +than the result you're gonna get as a + + align:start position:0% +than the result you're gonna get as a + + + align:start position:0% +than the result you're gonna get as a +float divisions a little bit special in + + align:start position:0% +float divisions a little bit special in + + + align:start position:0% +float divisions a little bit special in +that no matter what the operands it are + + align:start position:0% +that no matter what the operands it are + + + align:start position:0% +that no matter what the operands it are +the result is always going to be a float + + align:start position:0% +the result is always going to be a float + + + align:start position:0% +the result is always going to be a float +okay the other upper operations you can + + align:start position:0% +okay the other upper operations you can + + + align:start position:0% +okay the other upper operations you can +do in these these are these are also + + align:start position:0% +do in these these are these are also + + + align:start position:0% +do in these these are these are also +useful is our the remainder so the % if + + align:start position:0% +useful is our the remainder so the % if + + + align:start position:0% +useful is our the remainder so the % if +you use the % between two operands + + align:start position:0% +you use the % between two operands + + + align:start position:0% +you use the % between two operands +that's going to give you the remainder + + align:start position:0% +that's going to give you the remainder + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to give you the remainder +when you divide I by J and raising + + align:start position:0% +when you divide I by J and raising + + + align:start position:0% +when you divide I by J and raising +something to the power of something else + + align:start position:0% +something to the power of something else + + + align:start position:0% +something to the power of something else +is using the star star operator and I + + align:start position:0% +is using the star star operator and I + + + align:start position:0% +is using the star star operator and I +star stars J is going to take I to the + + align:start position:0% +star stars J is going to take I to the + + + align:start position:0% +star stars J is going to take I to the +power of J so these operations have the + + align:start position:0% +power of J so these operations have the + + + align:start position:0% +power of J so these operations have the +typical precedence that you might expect + + align:start position:0% +typical precedence that you might expect + + + align:start position:0% +typical precedence that you might expect +in math for example and if you'd like to + + align:start position:0% +in math for example and if you'd like to + + + align:start position:0% +in math for example and if you'd like to +put precedence toward some other + + align:start position:0% +put precedence toward some other + + + align:start position:0% +put precedence toward some other +operations you can use parentheses to do + + align:start position:0% +operations you can use parentheses to do + + + align:start position:0% +operations you can use parentheses to do +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah all right + + align:start position:0% +yeah all right + + + align:start position:0% +yeah all right +okay so we have ways of creating + + align:start position:0% +okay so we have ways of creating + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we have ways of creating +expressions and we have operations we + + align:start position:0% +expressions and we have operations we + + + align:start position:0% +expressions and we have operations we +can do on on objects but what's going to + + align:start position:0% +can do on on objects but what's going to + + + align:start position:0% +can do on on objects but what's going to +be useful is to be able to save values + + align:start position:0% +be useful is to be able to save values + + + align:start position:0% +be useful is to be able to save values +to some name and the name is going to be + + align:start position:0% +to some name and the name is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +to some name and the name is going to be +something that you can you pick and it + + align:start position:0% +something that you can you pick and it + + + align:start position:0% +something that you can you pick and it +should be a descriptive name and when + + align:start position:0% +should be a descriptive name and when + + + align:start position:0% +should be a descriptive name and when +you save the value to a name you're + + align:start position:0% +you save the value to a name you're + + + align:start position:0% +you save the value to a name you're +going to be able to access that value + + align:start position:0% +going to be able to access that value + + + align:start position:0% +going to be able to access that value +later on in your program okay and that's + + align:start position:0% +later on in your program okay and that's + + + align:start position:0% +later on in your program okay and that's +very useful so to save a value to a to a + + align:start position:0% +very useful so to save a value to a to a + + + align:start position:0% +very useful so to save a value to a to a +variable to a variable name use the + + align:start position:0% +variable to a variable name use the + + + align:start position:0% +variable to a variable name use the +equal sign okay and the equal sign is + + align:start position:0% +equal sign okay and the equal sign is + + + align:start position:0% +equal sign okay and the equal sign is +the assign is an assignment so it + + align:start position:0% +the assign is an assignment so it + + + align:start position:0% +the assign is an assignment so it +assigns the right-hand side which is a + + align:start position:0% +assigns the right-hand side which is a + + + align:start position:0% +assigns the right-hand side which is a +value to the left-hand side which is + + align:start position:0% +value to the left-hand side which is + + + align:start position:0% +value to the left-hand side which is +going to be a variable name so in this + + align:start position:0% +going to be a variable name so in this + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a variable name so in this +case I signed the float 3.14159 to the + + align:start position:0% +case I signed the float 3.14159 to the + + + align:start position:0% +case I signed the float 3.14159 to the +vet to the variable pi and in the second + + align:start position:0% +vet to the variable pi and in the second + + + align:start position:0% +vet to the variable pi and in the second +line I'm going to take this expression + + align:start position:0% +line I'm going to take this expression + + + align:start position:0% +line I'm going to take this expression +22 divided by 7 I'm going to evaluate it + + align:start position:0% +22 divided by 7 I'm going to evaluate it + + + align:start position:0% +22 divided by 7 I'm going to evaluate it +it's going to come up with some some + + align:start position:0% +it's going to come up with some some + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to come up with some some +decimal number and I'm gonna save it + + align:start position:0% +decimal number and I'm gonna save it + + + align:start position:0% +decimal number and I'm gonna save it +into the variable PI underscore aprox + + align:start position:0% +into the variable PI underscore aprox + + + align:start position:0% +into the variable PI underscore aprox +okay values are stored in memory and + + align:start position:0% +okay values are stored in memory and + + + align:start position:0% +okay values are stored in memory and +this assignment in Python we say the + + align:start position:0% +this assignment in Python we say the + + + align:start position:0% +this assignment in Python we say the +assignment binds the name to the value + + align:start position:0% +assignment binds the name to the value + + + align:start position:0% +assignment binds the name to the value +so when you when you use that name later + + align:start position:0% +so when you when you use that name later + + + align:start position:0% +so when you when you use that name later +on in your program you're going to be + + align:start position:0% +on in your program you're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +on in your program you're going to be +referring you're going to be referring + + align:start position:0% +referring you're going to be referring + + + align:start position:0% +referring you're going to be referring +to the value in memory okay and if you + + align:start position:0% +to the value in memory okay and if you + + + align:start position:0% +to the value in memory okay and if you +ever want to refer to the value later on + + align:start position:0% +ever want to refer to the value later on + + + align:start position:0% +ever want to refer to the value later on +in your code you just simply type the + + align:start position:0% +in your code you just simply type the + + + align:start position:0% +in your code you just simply type the +name of the variable that you that + + align:start position:0% +name of the variable that you that + + + align:start position:0% +name of the variable that you that +you've assigned it to okay so why do we + + align:start position:0% +you've assigned it to okay so why do we + + + align:start position:0% +you've assigned it to okay so why do we +want to give names to the two + + align:start position:0% +want to give names to the two + + + align:start position:0% +want to give names to the two +expressions well you want to reuse the + + align:start position:0% +expressions well you want to reuse the + + + align:start position:0% +expressions well you want to reuse the +names right instead of a values and it + + align:start position:0% +names right instead of a values and it + + + align:start position:0% +names right instead of a values and it +makes your code look a lot nicer so this + + align:start position:0% +makes your code look a lot nicer so this + + + align:start position:0% +makes your code look a lot nicer so this +is a piece of code that calculates the + + align:start position:0% +is a piece of code that calculates the + + + align:start position:0% +is a piece of code that calculates the +area of a circle and notice I've + + align:start position:0% +area of a circle and notice I've + + + align:start position:0% +area of a circle and notice I've +assigned a variable pi to 3.14159 I've + + align:start position:0% +assigned a variable pi to 3.14159 I've + + + align:start position:0% +assigned a variable pi to 3.14159 I've +assigned another variable called radius + + align:start position:0% +assigned another variable called radius + + + align:start position:0% +assigned another variable called radius +to be 2.2 and then later on in my code I + + align:start position:0% +to be 2.2 and then later on in my code I + + + align:start position:0% +to be 2.2 and then later on in my code I +have another line that's his area this + + align:start position:0% +have another line that's his area this + + + align:start position:0% +have another line that's his area this +is another variable is equal to this is + + align:start position:0% +is another variable is equal to this is + + + align:start position:0% +is another variable is equal to this is +an assignment + + align:start position:0% +an assignment + + + align:start position:0% +an assignment +to this expression and this expression + + align:start position:0% +to this expression and this expression + + + align:start position:0% +to this expression and this expression +is just going to is is referring to + + align:start position:0% +is just going to is is referring to + + + align:start position:0% +is just going to is is referring to +these variable names PI and radius and + + align:start position:0% +these variable names PI and radius and + + + align:start position:0% +these variable names PI and radius and +it's going to look them up their values + + align:start position:0% +it's going to look them up their values + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to look them up their values +in memory and it's going to replace + + align:start position:0% +in memory and it's going to replace + + + align:start position:0% +in memory and it's going to replace +their value their these variable names + + align:start position:0% +their value their these variable names + + + align:start position:0% +their value their these variable names +with those values and it's going to do + + align:start position:0% +with those values and it's going to do + + + align:start position:0% +with those values and it's going to do +the calculation for me and in the end + + align:start position:0% +the calculation for me and in the end + + + align:start position:0% +the calculation for me and in the end +this whole expression is going to be + + align:start position:0% +this whole expression is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +this whole expression is going to be +replaced by one number and that's gonna + + align:start position:0% +replaced by one number and that's gonna + + + align:start position:0% +replaced by one number and that's gonna +be the float okay here's another + + align:start position:0% +be the float okay here's another + + + align:start position:0% +be the float okay here's another +exercise while I'm talking about this + + align:start position:0% +exercise while I'm talking about this + + + align:start position:0% +exercise while I'm talking about this +slide I do want to make a note about + + align:start position:0% +slide I do want to make a note about + + + align:start position:0% +slide I do want to make a note about +programming versus math okay so in math + + align:start position:0% +programming versus math okay so in math + + + align:start position:0% +programming versus math okay so in math +you're often presented with with was + + align:start position:0% +you're often presented with with was + + + align:start position:0% +you're often presented with with was +sort of a problem that's a software + + align:start position:0% +sort of a problem that's a software + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a problem that's a software +solve for X X plus y is equal to + + align:start position:0% +solve for X X plus y is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +solve for X X plus y is equal to +something something solve for X for + + align:start position:0% +something something solve for X for + + + align:start position:0% +something something solve for X for +example okay that's coming back to the + + align:start position:0% +example okay that's coming back to the + + + align:start position:0% +example okay that's coming back to the +fact that program computers can't don't + + align:start position:0% +fact that program computers can't don't + + + align:start position:0% +fact that program computers can't don't +know what to do with that computers need + + align:start position:0% +know what to do with that computers need + + + align:start position:0% +know what to do with that computers need +to be told what to do + + align:start position:0% +to be told what to do + + + align:start position:0% +to be told what to do +so in programming if you want to solve + + align:start position:0% +so in programming if you want to solve + + + align:start position:0% +so in programming if you want to solve +for X you need to tell the computer + + align:start position:0% +for X you need to tell the computer + + + align:start position:0% +for X you need to tell the computer +exactly how to solve for X you need to + + align:start position:0% +exactly how to solve for X you need to + + + align:start position:0% +exactly how to solve for X you need to +figure out what formula you need to give + + align:start position:0% +figure out what formula you need to give + + + align:start position:0% +figure out what formula you need to give +the computer in order to be able to + + align:start position:0% +the computer in order to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +the computer in order to be able to +solve for X okay so that means always in + + align:start position:0% +solve for X okay so that means always in + + + align:start position:0% +solve for X okay so that means always in +programming the right-hand side is going + + align:start position:0% +programming the right-hand side is going + + + align:start position:0% +programming the right-hand side is going +to be an expression it's something + + align:start position:0% +to be an expression it's something + + + align:start position:0% +to be an expression it's something +that's going to be evaluated to a value + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be evaluated to a value + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be evaluated to a value +and the left-hand side is always a + + align:start position:0% +and the left-hand side is always a + + + align:start position:0% +and the left-hand side is always a +variable so it's going to be an + + align:start position:0% +variable so it's going to be an + + + align:start position:0% +variable so it's going to be an +assignment so the equal sign is not is + + align:start position:0% +assignment so the equal sign is not is + + + align:start position:0% +assignment so the equal sign is not is +not like an in math right where you can + + align:start position:0% +not like an in math right where you can + + + align:start position:0% +not like an in math right where you can +have thing a lot of things to the left + + align:start position:0% +have thing a lot of things to the left + + + align:start position:0% +have thing a lot of things to the left +and a lot of things to the right of the + + align:start position:0% +and a lot of things to the right of the + + + align:start position:0% +and a lot of things to the right of the +equal sign there's only one thing to the + + align:start position:0% +equal sign there's only one thing to the + + + align:start position:0% +equal sign there's only one thing to the +left of the equal sign and that's gonna + + align:start position:0% +left of the equal sign and that's gonna + + + align:start position:0% +left of the equal sign and that's gonna +be a variable an equal sign stands for + + align:start position:0% +be a variable an equal sign stands for + + + align:start position:0% +be a variable an equal sign stands for +an assignment once we've created + + align:start position:0% +an assignment once we've created + + + align:start position:0% +an assignment once we've created +expressions and we have these these + + align:start position:0% +expressions and we have these these + + + align:start position:0% +expressions and we have these these +assignments you can rebind variable + + align:start position:0% +assignments you can rebind variable + + + align:start position:0% +assignments you can rebind variable +names using new assignment statements + + align:start position:0% +names using new assignment statements + + + align:start position:0% +names using new assignment statements +okay so let's look at an example for + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's look at an example for + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's look at an example for +that let's say this is our memory okay + + align:start position:0% +that let's say this is our memory okay + + + align:start position:0% +that let's say this is our memory okay +let's look at let's type back in the + + align:start position:0% +let's look at let's type back in the + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at let's type back in the +example with finding the radius okay so + + align:start position:0% +example with finding the radius okay so + + + align:start position:0% +example with finding the radius okay so +let's say pi is equal to 3.14 + + align:start position:0% +let's say pi is equal to 3.14 + + + align:start position:0% +let's say pi is equal to 3.14 +okay so in memory we're going to create + + align:start position:0% +okay so in memory we're going to create + + + align:start position:0% +okay so in memory we're going to create +this value 3.14 we're going to bind it + + align:start position:0% +this value 3.14 we're going to bind it + + + align:start position:0% +this value 3.14 we're going to bind it +to the variable name pi + + align:start position:0% +to the variable name pi + + + align:start position:0% +to the variable name pi +next line radius is equal to two point + + align:start position:0% +next line radius is equal to two point + + + align:start position:0% +next line radius is equal to two point +two in memory we're creating this + + align:start position:0% +two in memory we're creating this + + + align:start position:0% +two in memory we're creating this +variable of this value two point two and + + align:start position:0% +variable of this value two point two and + + + align:start position:0% +variable of this value two point two and +we're gonna bind it to the vet to the + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna bind it to the vet to the + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna bind it to the vet to the +variable name pipe radius okay then we + + align:start position:0% +variable name pipe radius okay then we + + + align:start position:0% +variable name pipe radius okay then we +have this expression here it's going to + + align:start position:0% +have this expression here it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +have this expression here it's going to +substitute the values for pi from memory + + align:start position:0% +substitute the values for pi from memory + + + align:start position:0% +substitute the values for pi from memory +and the value for radius from memory + + align:start position:0% +and the value for radius from memory + + + align:start position:0% +and the value for radius from memory +it's gonna calculate this this this + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna calculate this this this + + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna calculate this this this +about the value that this expression + + align:start position:0% +about the value that this expression + + + align:start position:0% +about the value that this expression +evaluates to it's gonna pop that into + + align:start position:0% +evaluates to it's gonna pop that into + + + align:start position:0% +evaluates to it's gonna pop that into +the memory and it's going to assign + + align:start position:0% +the memory and it's going to assign + + + align:start position:0% +the memory and it's going to assign +because we're using the equal sign it's + + align:start position:0% +because we're using the equal sign it's + + + align:start position:0% +because we're using the equal sign it's +gonna assign that value to that variable + + align:start position:0% +gonna assign that value to that variable + + + align:start position:0% +gonna assign that value to that variable +area okay so now let's say we rebind the + + align:start position:0% +area okay so now let's say we rebind the + + + align:start position:0% +area okay so now let's say we rebind the +vat we rebind + + align:start position:0% +vat we rebind + + + align:start position:0% +vat we rebind +radius to be something else so radius is + + align:start position:0% +radius to be something else so radius is + + + align:start position:0% +radius to be something else so radius is +already in is being is being is is bound + + align:start position:0% +already in is being is being is is bound + + + align:start position:0% +already in is being is being is is bound +to the value 2.2 but when we do this + + align:start position:0% +to the value 2.2 but when we do this + + + align:start position:0% +to the value 2.2 but when we do this +line radius is equal to radius plus 1 + + align:start position:0% +line radius is equal to radius plus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +line radius is equal to radius plus 1 +we're going to take away the binding to + + align:start position:0% +we're going to take away the binding to + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to take away the binding to +2.2 we're going to make do this + + align:start position:0% +2.2 we're going to make do this + + + align:start position:0% +2.2 we're going to make do this +calculation the new value is 3.2 and + + align:start position:0% +calculation the new value is 3.2 and + + + align:start position:0% +calculation the new value is 3.2 and +we're going to bind that rebind that + + align:start position:0% +we're going to bind that rebind that + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to bind that rebind that +that value to that to that same variable + + align:start position:0% +that value to that to that same variable + + + align:start position:0% +that value to that to that same variable +so in memory notice we're still going to + + align:start position:0% +so in memory notice we're still going to + + + align:start position:0% +so in memory notice we're still going to +have this this value 2.2 floating around + + align:start position:0% +have this this value 2.2 floating around + + + align:start position:0% +have this this value 2.2 floating around +but we've lost sort of the handle for it + + align:start position:0% +but we've lost sort of the handle for it + + + align:start position:0% +but we've lost sort of the handle for it +okay there's no way to get it back so + + align:start position:0% +okay there's no way to get it back so + + + align:start position:0% +okay there's no way to get it back so +it's kind of just in memory sitting + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of just in memory sitting + + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of just in memory sitting +there at some point it might get + + align:start position:0% +there at some point it might get + + + align:start position:0% +there at some point it might get +collected by what they what we call the + + align:start position:0% +collected by what they what we call the + + + align:start position:0% +collected by what they what we call the +garbage collector in Python it'll + + align:start position:0% +garbage collector in Python it'll + + + align:start position:0% +garbage collector in Python it'll +retrieve these sort of lost values and + + align:start position:0% +retrieve these sort of lost values and + + + align:start position:0% +retrieve these sort of lost values and +then reuse them for new values and + + align:start position:0% +then reuse them for new values and + + + align:start position:0% +then reuse them for new values and +things like that but radius now points + + align:start position:0% +things like that but radius now points + + + align:start position:0% +things like that but radius now points +to the new value okay so we can never + + align:start position:0% +to the new value okay so we can never + + + align:start position:0% +to the new value okay so we can never +get back to point 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and that's it okay the value of area + + align:start position:0% +and that's it okay the value of area + + + align:start position:0% +and that's it okay the value of area +notice this is very important the value + + align:start position:0% +notice this is very important the value + + + align:start position:0% +notice this is very important the value +of area did not change okay and it did + + align:start position:0% +of area did not change okay and it did + + + align:start position:0% +of area did not change okay and it did +not change because these are all the + + align:start position:0% +not change because these are all the + + + align:start position:0% +not change because these are all the +instructions we told the computer to do + + align:start position:0% +instructions we told the computer to do + + + align:start position:0% +instructions we told the computer to do +okay we told we just told it to change + + align:start position:0% +okay we told we just told it to change + + + align:start position:0% +okay we told we just told it to change +radius to be radius plus one we never + + align:start position:0% +radius to be radius plus one we never + + + align:start position:0% +radius to be radius plus one we never +told it to recalculate the value of area + + align:start position:0% +told it to recalculate the value of area + + + align:start position:0% +told it to recalculate the value of area +if I copied that line down here then the + + align:start position:0% +if I copied that line down here then the + + + align:start position:0% +if I copied that line down here then the +value of area would change but we never + + align:start position:0% +value of area would change but we never + + + align:start position:0% +value of area would change but we never +told it to do that right so the computer + + align:start position:0% +told it to do that right so the computer + + + align:start position:0% +told it to do that right so the computer +only does what we tell it to do that's + + align:start position:0% +only does what we tell it to do that's + + + align:start position:0% +only does what we tell it to do that's +the last thing next lecture we're going + + align:start position:0% +the last thing next lecture we're going + + + align:start position:0% +the last thing next lecture we're going +to talk about adding control flow to our + + align:start position:0% +to talk about adding control flow to our + + + align:start position:0% +to talk about adding control flow to our +programs so how do you tell the computer + + align:start position:0% +programs so how do you tell the computer + + + align:start position:0% +programs so how do you tell the computer +to do one thing or another all right \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/oEBwIJZ3RNM.txt b/oEBwIJZ3RNM.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..284c500e08a4ccba4e3b433a96beb1d7eb397165 --- /dev/null +++ b/oEBwIJZ3RNM.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1659 @@ +align:start position:0% + +today we're gonna continue with the + + align:start position:0% +today we're gonna continue with the + + + align:start position:0% +today we're gonna continue with the +adiabatic subject and our main topic is + + align:start position:0% +adiabatic subject and our main topic is + + + align:start position:0% +adiabatic subject and our main topic is +gonna be Barry's face it's a interesting + + align:start position:0% +gonna be Barry's face it's a interesting + + + align:start position:0% +gonna be Barry's face it's a interesting +part of the face that goes in an + + align:start position:0% +part of the face that goes in an + + + align:start position:0% +part of the face that goes in an +adiabatic process and you want to + + align:start position:0% +adiabatic process and you want to + + + align:start position:0% +adiabatic process and you want to +understand what it is and why people + + align:start position:0% +understand what it is and why people + + + align:start position:0% +understand what it is and why people +care about it and then we'll turn to + + align:start position:0% +care about it and then we'll turn to + + + align:start position:0% +care about it and then we'll turn to +another subject in which the adiabatic + + align:start position:0% +another subject in which the adiabatic + + + align:start position:0% +another subject in which the adiabatic +approximation is of interest and it's a + + align:start position:0% +approximation is of interest and it's a + + + align:start position:0% +approximation is of interest and it's a +subject of molecules so I don't think + + align:start position:0% +subject of molecules so I don't think + + + align:start position:0% +subject of molecules so I don't think +I'll manage to get through all of that + + align:start position:0% +I'll manage to get through all of that + + + align:start position:0% +I'll manage to get through all of that +today but we'll we'll make an effort so + + align:start position:0% +today but we'll we'll make an effort so + + + align:start position:0% +today but we'll we'll make an effort so +let me remind you of what we had so far + + align:start position:0% +let me remind you of what we had so far + + + align:start position:0% +let me remind you of what we had so far +so we imagine we have a Hamiltonian that + + align:start position:0% +so we imagine we have a Hamiltonian that + + + align:start position:0% +so we imagine we have a Hamiltonian that +depends on time and maybe had no + + align:start position:0% +depends on time and maybe had no + + + align:start position:0% +depends on time and maybe had no +dependents before time equals zero turns + + align:start position:0% +dependents before time equals zero turns + + + align:start position:0% +dependents before time equals zero turns +on and it has no further variation after + + align:start position:0% +on and it has no further variation after + + + align:start position:0% +on and it has no further variation after +some time T so the Hamiltonian changes + + align:start position:0% +some time T so the Hamiltonian changes + + + align:start position:0% +some time T so the Hamiltonian changes +like that and the adiabatic theorem + + align:start position:0% +like that and the adiabatic theorem + + + align:start position:0% +like that and the adiabatic theorem +states that if you have a state at time + + align:start position:0% +states that if you have a state at time + + + align:start position:0% +states that if you have a state at time +equals zero which is a particular + + align:start position:0% +equals zero which is a particular + + + align:start position:0% +equals zero which is a particular +instantaneous eigenstate that is the + + align:start position:0% +instantaneous eigenstate that is the + + + align:start position:0% +instantaneous eigenstate that is the +instantaneous eigenstate and that's the + + align:start position:0% +instantaneous eigenstate and that's the + + + align:start position:0% +instantaneous eigenstate and that's the +full wave function at time equals zero + + align:start position:0% +full wave function at time equals zero + + + align:start position:0% +full wave function at time equals zero +and it coincides then at time at any + + align:start position:0% +and it coincides then at time at any + + + align:start position:0% +and it coincides then at time at any +time in this process if it's slow the + + align:start position:0% +time in this process if it's slow the + + + align:start position:0% +time in this process if it's slow the +process the state of the system the full + + align:start position:0% +process the state of the system the full + + + align:start position:0% +process the state of the system the full +wave function Phi of T will tend to + + align:start position:0% +wave function Phi of T will tend to + + + align:start position:0% +wave function Phi of T will tend to +remain in that instantaneous eigenstate + + align:start position:0% +remain in that instantaneous eigenstate + + + align:start position:0% +remain in that instantaneous eigenstate +and the way it stated precisely is that + + align:start position:0% +and the way it stated precisely is that + + + align:start position:0% +and the way it stated precisely is that +Phi of T minus I'll write it like this + + align:start position:0% +Phi of T minus I'll write it like this + + + align:start position:0% +Phi of T minus I'll write it like this +psy prime n of T the norm of this day + + align:start position:0% +psy prime n of T the norm of this day + + + align:start position:0% +psy prime n of T the norm of this day +is of order 1 over T 4m e T in between 0 + + align:start position:0% +is of order 1 over T 4m e T in between 0 + + + align:start position:0% +is of order 1 over T 4m e T in between 0 +and T so I'm trying to stay there at the + + align:start position:0% +and T so I'm trying to stay there at the + + + align:start position:0% +and T so I'm trying to stay there at the +abetting theorem in a way that is + + align:start position:0% +abetting theorem in a way that is + + + align:start position:0% +abetting theorem in a way that is +mathematically precise and let me remind + + align:start position:0% +mathematically precise and let me remind + + + align:start position:0% +mathematically precise and let me remind +you the norm of a wave function is you + + align:start position:0% +you the norm of a wave function is you + + + align:start position:0% +you the norm of a wave function is you +integrate the wave function Square and + + align:start position:0% +integrate the wave function Square and + + + align:start position:0% +integrate the wave function Square and +take the square root it's sort of the + + align:start position:0% +take the square root it's sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +take the square root it's sort of the +usual definition of the norm of a vector + + align:start position:0% +usual definition of the norm of a vector + + + align:start position:0% +usual definition of the norm of a vector +is the inner product of the vector with + + align:start position:0% +is the inner product of the vector with + + + align:start position:0% +is the inner product of the vector with +itself square root so that's the norm + + align:start position:0% +itself square root so that's the norm + + + align:start position:0% +itself square root so that's the norm +for wave function and here what this + + align:start position:0% +for wave function and here what this + + + align:start position:0% +for wave function and here what this +means is that with some suitable choice + + align:start position:0% +means is that with some suitable choice + + + align:start position:0% +means is that with some suitable choice +of phase the instantaneous eigenstate is + + align:start position:0% +of phase the instantaneous eigenstate is + + + align:start position:0% +of phase the instantaneous eigenstate is +very close to the true state and the + + align:start position:0% +very close to the true state and the + + + align:start position:0% +very close to the true state and the +error is a 4 1 over T so if the process + + align:start position:0% +error is a 4 1 over T so if the process + + + align:start position:0% +error is a 4 1 over T so if the process +is slow means that the change occurs + + align:start position:0% +is slow means that the change occurs + + + align:start position:0% +is slow means that the change occurs +over long T this is a small number and + + align:start position:0% +over long T this is a small number and + + + align:start position:0% +over long T this is a small number and +there is some instantaneous eigenstate + + align:start position:0% +there is some instantaneous eigenstate + + + align:start position:0% +there is some instantaneous eigenstate +with some peculiar phase that's why I + + align:start position:0% +with some peculiar phase that's why I + + + align:start position:0% +with some peculiar phase that's why I +put a prime for which this difference is + + align:start position:0% +put a prime for which this difference is + + + align:start position:0% +put a prime for which this difference is +very small and we calculate that a bit + + align:start position:0% +very small and we calculate that a bit + + + align:start position:0% +very small and we calculate that a bit +this phase and we found that the states + + align:start position:0% +this phase and we found that the states + + + align:start position:0% +this phase and we found that the states +I of T is roughly equal to e to the I + + align:start position:0% +I of T is roughly equal to e to the I + + + align:start position:0% +I of T is roughly equal to e to the I +theta n of T into the I gamma n of T sy + + align:start position:0% +theta n of T into the I gamma n of T sy + + + align:start position:0% +theta n of T into the I gamma n of T sy +n of T and in this statement this is + + align:start position:0% +n of T and in this statement this is + + + align:start position:0% +n of T and in this statement this is +what I would call the sy n prime of T + + align:start position:0% +what I would call the sy n prime of T + + + align:start position:0% +what I would call the sy n prime of T +and that's why the real state is just + + align:start position:0% +and that's why the real state is just + + + align:start position:0% +and that's why the real state is just +approximately equal to that one and we + + align:start position:0% +approximately equal to that one and we + + + align:start position:0% +approximately equal to that one and we +have this phases in which theta of P is + + align:start position:0% +have this phases in which theta of P is + + + align:start position:0% +have this phases in which theta of P is +minus 1 over H bar integral + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 over H bar integral + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 over H bar integral +from zero to T E n of P prime DT Prime + + align:start position:0% +from zero to T E n of P prime DT Prime + + + align:start position:0% +from zero to T E n of P prime DT Prime +that is kind of a familiar face if you + + align:start position:0% +that is kind of a familiar face if you + + + align:start position:0% +that is kind of a familiar face if you +had a normal energy eigenstate + + align:start position:0% +had a normal energy eigenstate + + + align:start position:0% +had a normal energy eigenstate +time-independent one this would be e 1 + + align:start position:0% +time-independent one this would be e 1 + + + align:start position:0% +time-independent one this would be e 1 +to the well the minus e times T over H + + align:start position:0% +to the well the minus e times T over H + + + align:start position:0% +to the well the minus e times T over H +bar with an I would be the familiar face + + align:start position:0% +bar with an I would be the familiar face + + + align:start position:0% +bar with an I would be the familiar face +that you put on energy eigenstate then + + align:start position:0% +that you put on energy eigenstate then + + + align:start position:0% +that you put on energy eigenstate then +it comes to gamma n of T which is an + + align:start position:0% +it comes to gamma n of T which is an + + + align:start position:0% +it comes to gamma n of T which is an +integral from 0 to T of some mu n of T + + align:start position:0% +integral from 0 to T of some mu n of T + + + align:start position:0% +integral from 0 to T of some mu n of T +prime DT Prime and this new n of P is I + + align:start position:0% +prime DT Prime and this new n of P is I + + + align:start position:0% +prime DT Prime and this new n of P is I +sy n of T sy n dot of T I think I have + + align:start position:0% +sy n of T sy n dot of T I think I have + + + align:start position:0% +sy n of T sy n dot of T I think I have +it right so the second part of the face + + align:start position:0% +it right so the second part of the face + + + align:start position:0% +it right so the second part of the face +is the integral of this new function and + + align:start position:0% +is the integral of this new function and + + + align:start position:0% +is the integral of this new function and +this new function is real because this + + align:start position:0% +this new function is real because this + + + align:start position:0% +this new function is real because this +part we showed before it's imaginary + + align:start position:0% +part we showed before it's imaginary + + + align:start position:0% +part we showed before it's imaginary +wafer with an eye this is real and the + + align:start position:0% +wafer with an eye this is real and the + + + align:start position:0% +wafer with an eye this is real and the +second part is gamma n is called the + + align:start position:0% +second part is gamma n is called the + + + align:start position:0% +second part is gamma n is called the +geometric face this is the face that has + + align:start position:0% +geometric face this is the face that has + + + align:start position:0% +geometric face this is the face that has +to do with Barry's face and it's a face + + align:start position:0% +to do with Barry's face and it's a face + + + align:start position:0% +to do with Barry's face and it's a face +that we want to understand and it's + + align:start position:0% +that we want to understand and it's + + + align:start position:0% +that we want to understand and it's +geometrical because of one reason that + + align:start position:0% +geometrical because of one reason that + + + align:start position:0% +geometrical because of one reason that +we're going to show that makes it quite + + align:start position:0% +we're going to show that makes it quite + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to show that makes it quite +surprising and quite different from the + + align:start position:0% +surprising and quite different from the + + + align:start position:0% +surprising and quite different from the +phase theta the face theta is a little + + align:start position:0% +phase theta the face theta is a little + + + align:start position:0% +phase theta the face theta is a little +like a clock because it runs with time + + align:start position:0% +like a clock because it runs with time + + + align:start position:0% +like a clock because it runs with time +the more time you wait on an energy + + align:start position:0% +the more time you wait on an energy + + + align:start position:0% +the more time you wait on an energy +eigenstate the more this face changes + + align:start position:0% +eigenstate the more this face changes + + + align:start position:0% +eigenstate the more this face changes +what will happen with this geometric + + align:start position:0% +what will happen with this geometric + + + align:start position:0% +what will happen with this geometric +face is that somehow properly viewed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +independent of the time it takes the + + align:start position:0% +independent of the time it takes the + + + align:start position:0% +independent of the time it takes the +idea bratok process to occur so whether + + align:start position:0% +idea bratok process to occur so whether + + + align:start position:0% +idea bratok process to occur so whether +it takes a small time or a long time to + + align:start position:0% +it takes a small time or a long time to + + + align:start position:0% +it takes a small time or a long time to +produce this change of the system the + + align:start position:0% +produce this change of the system the + + + align:start position:0% +produce this change of the system the +geometric phase will be essentially the + + align:start position:0% +geometric phase will be essentially the + + + align:start position:0% +geometric phase will be essentially the +same that's very very unusual so that's + + align:start position:0% +same that's very very unusual so that's + + + align:start position:0% +same that's very very unusual so that's +the main thing we want to understand + + align:start position:0% +the main thing we want to understand + + + align:start position:0% +the main thing we want to understand +about this geometric phase that it + + align:start position:0% +about this geometric phase that it + + + align:start position:0% +about this geometric phase that it +depends only on the volution of your + + align:start position:0% +depends only on the volution of your + + + align:start position:0% +depends only on the volution of your +state in a configuration space + + align:start position:0% +state in a configuration space + + + align:start position:0% +state in a configuration space +who will make that clear what it means + + align:start position:0% +who will make that clear what it means + + + align:start position:0% +who will make that clear what it means +and not the time it takes this evolution + + align:start position:0% +and not the time it takes this evolution + + + align:start position:0% +and not the time it takes this evolution +to occur it's a little more subtle of + + align:start position:0% +to occur it's a little more subtle of + + + align:start position:0% +to occur it's a little more subtle of +this phase than the other phase so I + + align:start position:0% +this phase than the other phase so I + + + align:start position:0% +this phase than the other phase so I +want him to use this idea of a + + align:start position:0% +want him to use this idea of a + + + align:start position:0% +want him to use this idea of a +configuration space so basically we have + + align:start position:0% +configuration space so basically we have + + + align:start position:0% +configuration space so basically we have +that let me forget about time dependence + + align:start position:0% +that let me forget about time dependence + + + align:start position:0% +that let me forget about time dependence +for one segment and think of the + + align:start position:0% +for one segment and think of the + + + align:start position:0% +for one segment and think of the +Hamiltonian as a function of a set of + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian as a function of a set of + + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian as a function of a set of +coordinates or parameters so the ours + + align:start position:0% +coordinates or parameters so the ours + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates or parameters so the ours +are some coordinates r1 r2 maybe up to + + align:start position:0% +are some coordinates r1 r2 maybe up to + + + align:start position:0% +are some coordinates r1 r2 maybe up to +our capital N or some coordinates inside + + align:start position:0% +our capital N or some coordinates inside + + + align:start position:0% +our capital N or some coordinates inside +some vector space are n so it's n + + align:start position:0% +some vector space are n so it's n + + + align:start position:0% +some vector space are n so it's n +components and what does that mean it + + align:start position:0% +components and what does that mean it + + + align:start position:0% +components and what does that mean it +means maybe that your Hamiltonian has + + align:start position:0% +means maybe that your Hamiltonian has + + + align:start position:0% +means maybe that your Hamiltonian has +capital and parameters and those are + + align:start position:0% +capital and parameters and those are + + + align:start position:0% +capital and parameters and those are +this thing so you buy this Hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% +this thing so you buy this Hamiltonian + + + align:start position:0% +this thing so you buy this Hamiltonian +it comes with some parameters you buy + + align:start position:0% +it comes with some parameters you buy + + + align:start position:0% +it comes with some parameters you buy +another one comes with another set of + + align:start position:0% +another one comes with another set of + + + align:start position:0% +another one comes with another set of +parameters those parameters can be + + align:start position:0% +parameters those parameters can be + + + align:start position:0% +parameters those parameters can be +changed and you construct them in the + + align:start position:0% +changed and you construct them in the + + + align:start position:0% +changed and you construct them in the +lab your Hamiltonians with different + + align:start position:0% +lab your Hamiltonians with different + + + align:start position:0% +lab your Hamiltonians with different +parameters those are the parameters of + + align:start position:0% +parameters those are the parameters of + + + align:start position:0% +parameters those are the parameters of +the Hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and suppose you have learned to solve + + align:start position:0% +and suppose you have learned to solve + + + align:start position:0% +and suppose you have learned to solve +this Hamiltonian for all values of the + + align:start position:0% +this Hamiltonian for all values of the + + + align:start position:0% +this Hamiltonian for all values of the +parameters that this whatever the ours + + align:start position:0% +parameters that this whatever the ours + + + align:start position:0% +parameters that this whatever the ours +are you know how to find the energy + + align:start position:0% +are you know how to find the energy + + + align:start position:0% +are you know how to find the energy +eigenstates so H of R times there are + + align:start position:0% +eigenstates so H of R times there are + + + align:start position:0% +eigenstates so H of R times there are +some eigenstates sy n of R with energies + + align:start position:0% +some eigenstates sy n of R with energies + + + align:start position:0% +some eigenstates sy n of R with energies +e n of r sy n and n maybes 1 2 3 and + + align:start position:0% +e n of r sy n and n maybes 1 2 3 and + + + align:start position:0% +e n of r sy n and n maybes 1 2 3 and +these are ortho normal States those + + align:start position:0% +these are ortho normal States those + + + align:start position:0% +these are ortho normal States those +energy eigenstates + + align:start position:0% +energy eigenstates + + + align:start position:0% +energy eigenstates +so this equation says that you have been + + align:start position:0% +so this equation says that you have been + + + align:start position:0% +so this equation says that you have been +able to solve this Hamiltonian wherever + + align:start position:0% +able to solve this Hamiltonian wherever + + + align:start position:0% +able to solve this Hamiltonian wherever +the values of the parameters are and you + + align:start position:0% +the values of the parameters are and you + + + align:start position:0% +the values of the parameters are and you +have found all the states of the system + + align:start position:0% +have found all the states of the system + + + align:start position:0% +have found all the states of the system +n equal 1 2 3 4 5 6 all of them are now + + align:start position:0% +n equal 1 2 3 4 5 6 all of them are now + + + align:start position:0% +n equal 1 2 3 4 5 6 all of them are now +so this is a general situation and now + + align:start position:0% +so this is a general situation and now + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a general situation and now +we imagine that for some reason these + + align:start position:0% +we imagine that for some reason these + + + align:start position:0% +we imagine that for some reason these +parameters start to begin to depend on + + align:start position:0% +parameters start to begin to depend on + + + align:start position:0% +parameters start to begin to depend on +time so they become time dependent + + align:start position:0% +time so they become time dependent + + + align:start position:0% +time so they become time dependent +parameters + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +can become time-dependent so that you + + align:start position:0% +can become time-dependent so that you + + + align:start position:0% +can become time-dependent so that you +now have R of T vector is our one of P + + align:start position:0% +now have R of T vector is our one of P + + + align:start position:0% +now have R of T vector is our one of P +up to our n of T so how do we represent + + align:start position:0% +up to our n of T so how do we represent + + + align:start position:0% +up to our n of T so how do we represent +this well this is a Cartesian space of + + align:start position:0% +this well this is a Cartesian space of + + + align:start position:0% +this well this is a Cartesian space of +parameters this is not our normal space + + align:start position:0% +parameters this is not our normal space + + + align:start position:0% +parameters this is not our normal space +this is a space where one axis could be + + align:start position:0% +this is a space where one axis could be + + + align:start position:0% +this is a space where one axis could be +the magnetic field the other axis could + + align:start position:0% +the magnetic field the other axis could + + + align:start position:0% +the magnetic field the other axis could +be the electric field another axis could + + align:start position:0% +be the electric field another axis could + + + align:start position:0% +be the electric field another axis could +be the spring constant + + align:start position:0% +be the spring constant + + + align:start position:0% +be the spring constant +those are abstract axis of configuration + + align:start position:0% +those are abstract axis of configuration + + + align:start position:0% +those are abstract axis of configuration +space so this could be R 1 R 2 the axis + + align:start position:0% +space so this could be R 1 R 2 the axis + + + align:start position:0% +space so this could be R 1 R 2 the axis +R 3 and those are your axes and now how + + align:start position:0% +R 3 and those are your axes and now how + + + align:start position:0% +R 3 and those are your axes and now how +do you represent in this configuration + + align:start position:0% +do you represent in this configuration + + + align:start position:0% +do you represent in this configuration +space devolution of the system what is + + align:start position:0% +space devolution of the system what is + + + align:start position:0% +space devolution of the system what is +the evolution of the system in this + + align:start position:0% +the evolution of the system in this + + + align:start position:0% +the evolution of the system in this +configuration space how does it look is + + align:start position:0% +configuration space how does it look is + + + align:start position:0% +configuration space how does it look is +it a point a line a surface + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry it's a path is a line indeed you + + align:start position:0% +sorry it's a path is a line indeed you + + + align:start position:0% +sorry it's a path is a line indeed you +look at your clock and at time equals + + align:start position:0% +look at your clock and at time equals + + + align:start position:0% +look at your clock and at time equals +zero well it takes some values and you + + align:start position:0% +zero well it takes some values and you + + + align:start position:0% +zero well it takes some values and you +find okay here it is at time equals zero + + align:start position:0% +find okay here it is at time equals zero + + + align:start position:0% +find okay here it is at time equals zero +a time it will one the values change as + + align:start position:0% +a time it will one the values change as + + + align:start position:0% +a time it will one the values change as +there's one parameter which is time so + + align:start position:0% +there's one parameter which is time so + + + align:start position:0% +there's one parameter which is time so +this traces a path as time goes by the + + align:start position:0% +this traces a path as time goes by the + + + align:start position:0% +this traces a path as time goes by the +corn is change in time and this is a + + align:start position:0% +corn is change in time and this is a + + + align:start position:0% +corn is change in time and this is a +line parameterize by time so a path path + + align:start position:0% +line parameterize by time so a path path + + + align:start position:0% +line parameterize by time so a path path +gamma parameterize by time and that + + align:start position:0% +gamma parameterize by time and that + + + align:start position:0% +gamma parameterize by time and that +represents the evolution of your system + + align:start position:0% +represents the evolution of your system + + + align:start position:0% +represents the evolution of your system +and this could be a time equals zero + + align:start position:0% +and this could be a time equals zero + + + align:start position:0% +and this could be a time equals zero +this point would be R at T equals zero + + align:start position:0% +this point would be R at T equals zero + + + align:start position:0% +this point would be R at T equals zero +and maybe this point is R at T equal T + + align:start position:0% +and maybe this point is R at T equal T + + + align:start position:0% +and maybe this point is R at T equal T +final and the system is going like that + + align:start position:0% +final and the system is going like that + + + align:start position:0% +final and the system is going like that +you should imagine the system as + + align:start position:0% +you should imagine the system as + + + align:start position:0% +you should imagine the system as +traveling in that configuration space + + align:start position:0% +traveling in that configuration space + + + align:start position:0% +traveling in that configuration space +that's what it does that's why we put a + + align:start position:0% +that's what it does that's why we put a + + + align:start position:0% +that's what it does that's why we put a +configuration space and we now have a + + align:start position:0% +configuration space and we now have a + + + align:start position:0% +configuration space and we now have a +set not I said a time dependent + + align:start position:0% +set not I said a time dependent + + + align:start position:0% +set not I said a time dependent +Hamiltonian because while age was a + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian because while age was a + + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian because while age was a +function of R from the beginning now R + + align:start position:0% +function of R from the beginning now R + + + align:start position:0% +function of R from the beginning now R +is a function of time so this is your + + align:start position:0% +is a function of time so this is your + + + align:start position:0% +is a function of time so this is your +new Hamiltonian and this is time + + align:start position:0% +new Hamiltonian and this is time + + + align:start position:0% +new Hamiltonian and this is time +dependent dependent Hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but now the interesting thing is that + + align:start position:0% +but now the interesting thing is that + + + align:start position:0% +but now the interesting thing is that +the work you did before in finding the + + align:start position:0% +the work you did before in finding the + + + align:start position:0% +the work you did before in finding the +energy eigenstates for any position in + + align:start position:0% +energy eigenstates for any position in + + + align:start position:0% +energy eigenstates for any position in +this configuration space is giving you + + align:start position:0% +this configuration space is giving you + + + align:start position:0% +this configuration space is giving you +the instantaneous energy eigenstates + + align:start position:0% +the instantaneous energy eigenstates + + + align:start position:0% +the instantaneous energy eigenstates +because if this equation here holds for + + align:start position:0% +because if this equation here holds for + + + align:start position:0% +because if this equation here holds for +any value of R it certainly holds for + + align:start position:0% +any value of R it certainly holds for + + + align:start position:0% +any value of R it certainly holds for +the values of R corresponding to some + + align:start position:0% +the values of R corresponding to some + + + align:start position:0% +the values of R corresponding to some +particular time subside n of R of T is + + align:start position:0% +particular time subside n of R of T is + + + align:start position:0% +particular time subside n of R of T is +equal to e n of r of t sy n of R of T so + + align:start position:0% +equal to e n of r of t sy n of R of T so + + + align:start position:0% +equal to e n of r of t sy n of R of T so +it's an interesting interplay in which + + align:start position:0% +it's an interesting interplay in which + + + align:start position:0% +it's an interesting interplay in which +they find that you know your energy + + align:start position:0% +they find that you know your energy + + + align:start position:0% +they find that you know your energy +eigenstates everywhere in your + + align:start position:0% +eigenstates everywhere in your + + + align:start position:0% +eigenstates everywhere in your +configuration space allows you to find + + align:start position:0% +configuration space allows you to find + + + align:start position:0% +configuration space allows you to find +the time evolve states that + + align:start position:0% +the time evolve states that + + + align:start position:0% +the time evolve states that +time-dependent energy eigen says the + + align:start position:0% +time-dependent energy eigen says the + + + align:start position:0% +time-dependent energy eigen says the +instantaneous energy eigenstates are + + align:start position:0% +instantaneous energy eigenstates are + + + align:start position:0% +instantaneous energy eigenstates are +found here so what we want to do now is + + align:start position:0% +found here so what we want to do now is + + + align:start position:0% +found here so what we want to do now is +evaluate in this language the geometric + + align:start position:0% +evaluate in this language the geometric + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate in this language the geometric +phase this phase I want to understand + + align:start position:0% +phase this phase I want to understand + + + align:start position:0% +phase this phase I want to understand +what this phase is in this geometric + + align:start position:0% +what this phase is in this geometric + + + align:start position:0% +what this phase is in this geometric +language \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/oRzzwpZ0ei4.txt b/oRzzwpZ0ei4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ac3f18bbd8a2bd28329ad8747c674e45dc043ee2 --- /dev/null +++ b/oRzzwpZ0ei4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,515 @@ +align:start position:0% + +now when we did these calculation we saw + + align:start position:0% +now when we did these calculation we saw + + + align:start position:0% +now when we did these calculation we saw +that the kinetic energy in the ground + + align:start position:0% +that the kinetic energy in the ground + + + align:start position:0% +that the kinetic energy in the ground +frame was equal to the kinetic energy in + + align:start position:0% +frame was equal to the kinetic energy in + + + align:start position:0% +frame was equal to the kinetic energy in +the center-of-mass frame plus a constant + + align:start position:0% +the center-of-mass frame plus a constant + + + align:start position:0% +the center-of-mass frame plus a constant +term m1 plus m2 times V cm squared and + + align:start position:0% +term m1 plus m2 times V cm squared and + + + align:start position:0% +term m1 plus m2 times V cm squared and +this is a constant whether you're in the + + align:start position:0% +this is a constant whether you're in the + + + align:start position:0% +this is a constant whether you're in the +initial or the final picture so if we + + align:start position:0% +initial or the final picture so if we + + + align:start position:0% +initial or the final picture so if we +look at the change in kinetic energy in + + align:start position:0% +look at the change in kinetic energy in + + + align:start position:0% +look at the change in kinetic energy in +the ground frame that's equal to the + + align:start position:0% +the ground frame that's equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +the ground frame that's equal to the +change in kinetic energy in the + + align:start position:0% +change in kinetic energy in the + + + align:start position:0% +change in kinetic energy in the +center-of-mass frame but this term is a + + align:start position:0% +center-of-mass frame but this term is a + + + align:start position:0% +center-of-mass frame but this term is a +constant so there's no change in that + + align:start position:0% +constant so there's no change in that + + + align:start position:0% +constant so there's no change in that +term and so we have a crucial result + + align:start position:0% +term and so we have a crucial result + + + align:start position:0% +term and so we have a crucial result +that the change in kinetic energy in the + + align:start position:0% +that the change in kinetic energy in the + + + align:start position:0% +that the change in kinetic energy in the +ground frame is equal to the change in + + align:start position:0% +ground frame is equal to the change in + + + align:start position:0% +ground frame is equal to the change in +kinetic energy in the center-of-mass + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy in the center-of-mass + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy in the center-of-mass +frame now let's look at an example of a + + align:start position:0% +frame now let's look at an example of a + + + align:start position:0% +frame now let's look at an example of a +collision that's completely elastic + + align:start position:0% +collision that's completely elastic + + + align:start position:0% +collision that's completely elastic +inelastic so we have object 1 and it's + + align:start position:0% +inelastic so we have object 1 and it's + + + align:start position:0% +inelastic so we have object 1 and it's +coming in with v1 initial an object - + + align:start position:0% +coming in with v1 initial an object - + + + align:start position:0% +coming in with v1 initial an object - +let's make it at rest and afterwards + + align:start position:0% +let's make it at rest and afterwards + + + align:start position:0% +let's make it at rest and afterwards +object 1 and 2 stick together and they + + align:start position:0% +object 1 and 2 stick together and they + + + align:start position:0% +object 1 and 2 stick together and they +go off with the final so here's a + + align:start position:0% +go off with the final so here's a + + + align:start position:0% +go off with the final so here's a +collision in the an inelastic frame now + + align:start position:0% +collision in the an inelastic frame now + + + align:start position:0% +collision in the an inelastic frame now +in the center-of-mass frame the two + + align:start position:0% +in the center-of-mass frame the two + + + align:start position:0% +in the center-of-mass frame the two +objects so here's our lab or a ground + + align:start position:0% +objects so here's our lab or a ground + + + align:start position:0% +objects so here's our lab or a ground +frame I can call it the lab frame + + align:start position:0% +frame I can call it the lab frame + + + align:start position:0% +frame I can call it the lab frame +because that one's at rest and this is + + align:start position:0% +because that one's at rest and this is + + + align:start position:0% +because that one's at rest and this is +the CM frame and there we have v1 Prime + + align:start position:0% +the CM frame and there we have v1 Prime + + + align:start position:0% +the CM frame and there we have v1 Prime +and v2 Prime they're both moving and now + + align:start position:0% +and v2 Prime they're both moving and now + + + align:start position:0% +and v2 Prime they're both moving and now +in the center-of-mass frame they're at + + align:start position:0% +in the center-of-mass frame they're at + + + align:start position:0% +in the center-of-mass frame they're at +rest at the end of the collision so in + + align:start position:0% +rest at the end of the collision so in + + + align:start position:0% +rest at the end of the collision so in +this collision we can analyze it and now + + align:start position:0% +this collision we can analyze it and now + + + align:start position:0% +this collision we can analyze it and now +what I want to show is that the change + + align:start position:0% +what I want to show is that the change + + + align:start position:0% +what I want to show is that the change +in kinetic energy recall from our + + align:start position:0% +in kinetic energy recall from our + + + align:start position:0% +in kinetic energy recall from our +previous calculation that the kinetic + + align:start position:0% +previous calculation that the kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +previous calculation that the kinetic +energy in the center-of-mass frame was + + align:start position:0% +energy in the center-of-mass frame was + + + align:start position:0% +energy in the center-of-mass frame was +equal to one-half mu times the relative + + align:start position:0% +equal to one-half mu times the relative + + + align:start position:0% +equal to one-half mu times the relative +velocity squared so remember v12 was + + align:start position:0% +velocity squared so remember v12 was + + + align:start position:0% +velocity squared so remember v12 was +equal to v1 minus v2 and so the change + + align:start position:0% +equal to v1 minus v2 and so the change + + + align:start position:0% +equal to v1 minus v2 and so the change +in kinetic energy in the center-of-mass + + align:start position:0% +in kinetic energy in the center-of-mass + + + align:start position:0% +in kinetic energy in the center-of-mass +frame is the final kinetic energy 0 + + align:start position:0% +frame is the final kinetic energy 0 + + + align:start position:0% +frame is the final kinetic energy 0 +minus 1/2 the kinetic energy in the + + align:start position:0% +minus 1/2 the kinetic energy in the + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1/2 the kinetic energy in the +initial state and what is this quantity + + align:start position:0% +initial state and what is this quantity + + + align:start position:0% +initial state and what is this quantity +initial well this was a reference frame + + align:start position:0% +initial well this was a reference frame + + + align:start position:0% +initial well this was a reference frame +independent concept so we can just look + + align:start position:0% +independent concept so we can just look + + + align:start position:0% +independent concept so we can just look +at the lab frame and write this as v1 + + align:start position:0% +at the lab frame and write this as v1 + + + align:start position:0% +at the lab frame and write this as v1 +initial I had where that's I hat because + + align:start position:0% +initial I had where that's I hat because + + + align:start position:0% +initial I had where that's I hat because +this object is at rest and so right away + + align:start position:0% +this object is at rest and so right away + + + align:start position:0% +this object is at rest and so right away +we have that the change in kinetic + + align:start position:0% +we have that the change in kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +we have that the change in kinetic +energy is minus 1/2 now remember meu was + + align:start position:0% +energy is minus 1/2 now remember meu was + + + align:start position:0% +energy is minus 1/2 now remember meu was +m1 m2 over m1 plus m2 times v1 initial + + align:start position:0% +m1 m2 over m1 plus m2 times v1 initial + + + align:start position:0% +m1 m2 over m1 plus m2 times v1 initial +squared and that's the same change in + + align:start position:0% +squared and that's the same change in + + + align:start position:0% +squared and that's the same change in +kinetic energy as the ground frame so by + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy as the ground frame so by + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy as the ground frame so by +using our result here and our result + + align:start position:0% +using our result here and our result + + + align:start position:0% +using our result here and our result +there we were able to very quickly + + align:start position:0% +there we were able to very quickly + + + align:start position:0% +there we were able to very quickly +assess how much kinetic energy is lost + + align:start position:0% +assess how much kinetic energy is lost + + + align:start position:0% +assess how much kinetic energy is lost +in this inelastic collision and where + + align:start position:0% +in this inelastic collision and where + + + align:start position:0% +in this inelastic collision and where +does that kinetic energy go it can go to + + align:start position:0% +does that kinetic energy go it can go to + + + align:start position:0% +does that kinetic energy go it can go to +a variety of places deformation of + + align:start position:0% +a variety of places deformation of + + + align:start position:0% +a variety of places deformation of +objects it can go into sound it can go + + align:start position:0% +objects it can go into sound it can go + + + align:start position:0% +objects it can go into sound it can go +into thermal energy that gets rear aided + + align:start position:0% +into thermal energy that gets rear aided + + + align:start position:0% +into thermal energy that gets rear aided +that is transmitted into the environment + + align:start position:0% +that is transmitted into the environment + + + align:start position:0% +that is transmitted into the environment +through diffuses into the environment + + align:start position:0% +through diffuses into the environment + + + align:start position:0% +through diffuses into the environment +however that's how much is changed \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/oUIGRmcnUtA.txt b/oUIGRmcnUtA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ab44851c330f63de3cbf64f69e90a58ac6d9af3c --- /dev/null +++ b/oUIGRmcnUtA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,451 @@ +align:start position:0% + +American people they usually have the + + align:start position:0% +American people they usually have the + + + align:start position:0% +American people they usually have the +means that Chinese is a very difficult + + align:start position:0% +means that Chinese is a very difficult + + + align:start position:0% +means that Chinese is a very difficult +language to master which is true if you + + align:start position:0% +language to master which is true if you + + + align:start position:0% +language to master which is true if you +want to learn the four skills alog + + align:start position:0% +want to learn the four skills alog + + + align:start position:0% +want to learn the four skills alog +together we talking about listening + + align:start position:0% +together we talking about listening + + + align:start position:0% +together we talking about listening +speaking reading and writing Chinese is + + align:start position:0% +speaking reading and writing Chinese is + + + align:start position:0% +speaking reading and writing Chinese is +difficult in the sense of Chinese + + align:start position:0% +difficult in the sense of Chinese + + + align:start position:0% +difficult in the sense of Chinese +characters if you focus on just + + align:start position:0% +characters if you focus on just + + + align:start position:0% +characters if you focus on just +listening and speaking chin the + + align:start position:0% +listening and speaking chin the + + + align:start position:0% +listening and speaking chin the +structure of Chinese language is the + + align:start position:0% +structure of Chinese language is the + + + align:start position:0% +structure of Chinese language is the +same as English it's as vo language so + + align:start position:0% +same as English it's as vo language so + + + align:start position:0% +same as English it's as vo language so +you say I like you as long as you know + + align:start position:0% +you say I like you as long as you know + + + align:start position:0% +you say I like you as long as you know +how do you say I like and you + + align:start position:0% +how do you say I like and you + + + align:start position:0% +how do you say I like and you +individually and put it together it's I + + align:start position:0% +individually and put it together it's I + + + align:start position:0% +individually and put it together it's I +like you so it's it's it's not Japanese + + align:start position:0% +like you so it's it's it's not Japanese + + + align:start position:0% +like you so it's it's it's not Japanese +Japanese is s oov so you have to say I + + align:start position:0% +Japanese is s oov so you have to say I + + + align:start position:0% +Japanese is s oov so you have to say I +you like in Japanese so if you again if + + align:start position:0% +you like in Japanese so if you again if + + + align:start position:0% +you like in Japanese so if you again if +you just want to focus on listening and + + align:start position:0% +you just want to focus on listening and + + + align:start position:0% +you just want to focus on listening and +speaking Chinese is not so difficult to + + align:start position:0% +speaking Chinese is not so difficult to + + + align:start position:0% +speaking Chinese is not so difficult to +master most of the ches textbooks they + + align:start position:0% +master most of the ches textbooks they + + + align:start position:0% +master most of the ches textbooks they +combine these four skills all together + + align:start position:0% +combine these four skills all together + + + align:start position:0% +combine these four skills all together +so so dialogue would be would be + + align:start position:0% +so so dialogue would be would be + + + align:start position:0% +so so dialogue would be would be +represented in chines characters and + + align:start position:0% +represented in chines characters and + + + align:start position:0% +represented in chines characters and +reading Chinese characters is a big + + align:start position:0% +reading Chinese characters is a big + + + align:start position:0% +reading Chinese characters is a big +burden for beginners and our curriculum + + align:start position:0% +burden for beginners and our curriculum + + + align:start position:0% +burden for beginners and our curriculum +here is our speaking and listening class + + align:start position:0% +here is our speaking and listening class + + + align:start position:0% +here is our speaking and listening class +they have different units and that is + + align:start position:0% +they have different units and that is + + + align:start position:0% +they have different units and that is +one of the reasons we would like to + + align:start position:0% +one of the reasons we would like to + + + align:start position:0% +one of the reasons we would like to +adopt this new materials in MIT and the + + align:start position:0% +adopt this new materials in MIT and the + + + align:start position:0% +adopt this new materials in MIT and the +material is is called basic spoken + + align:start position:0% +material is is called basic spoken + + + align:start position:0% +material is is called basic spoken +Chinese and basic written + + align:start position:0% +Chinese and basic written + + + align:start position:0% +Chinese and basic written +Chinese so the idea is it separates the + + align:start position:0% +Chinese so the idea is it separates the + + + align:start position:0% +Chinese so the idea is it separates the +the speaking and listening from a + + align:start position:0% +the speaking and listening from a + + + align:start position:0% +the speaking and listening from a +reading or writing so for the first two + + align:start position:0% +reading or writing so for the first two + + + align:start position:0% +reading or writing so for the first two +weeks our curriculum here is we focus on + + align:start position:0% +weeks our curriculum here is we focus on + + + align:start position:0% +weeks our curriculum here is we focus on +the speaking list speaking and listening + + align:start position:0% +the speaking list speaking and listening + + + align:start position:0% +the speaking list speaking and listening +so students that get a solid foundation + + align:start position:0% +so students that get a solid foundation + + + align:start position:0% +so students that get a solid foundation +of what Chinese sounds like after two + + align:start position:0% +of what Chinese sounds like after two + + + align:start position:0% +of what Chinese sounds like after two +weeks that we slowly we slowly introduce + + align:start position:0% +weeks that we slowly we slowly introduce + + + align:start position:0% +weeks that we slowly we slowly introduce +the reading and the writing part and our + + align:start position:0% +the reading and the writing part and our + + + align:start position:0% +the reading and the writing part and our +pce here is our speaking and listening + + align:start position:0% +pce here is our speaking and listening + + + align:start position:0% +pce here is our speaking and listening +classes that are always one week ahead + + align:start position:0% +classes that are always one week ahead + + + align:start position:0% +classes that are always one week ahead +of the reading and writing there so + + align:start position:0% +of the reading and writing there so + + + align:start position:0% +of the reading and writing there so +there are some good purposes for doing + + align:start position:0% +there are some good purposes for doing + + + align:start position:0% +there are some good purposes for doing +this one of them is reading and writing + + align:start position:0% +this one of them is reading and writing + + + align:start position:0% +this one of them is reading and writing +will become review for the speaking and + + align:start position:0% +will become review for the speaking and + + + align:start position:0% +will become review for the speaking and +listening so when students read it the + + align:start position:0% +listening so when students read it the + + + align:start position:0% +listening so when students read it the +materials is something they already know + + align:start position:0% +materials is something they already know + + + align:start position:0% +materials is something they already know +from speaking listening so their energy + + align:start position:0% +from speaking listening so their energy + + + align:start position:0% +from speaking listening so their energy +their efforts can be put entirely + + align:start position:0% +their efforts can be put entirely + + + align:start position:0% +their efforts can be put entirely +focused on decoding and the the + + align:start position:0% +focused on decoding and the the + + + align:start position:0% +focused on decoding and the the +characters so they don't need to they + + align:start position:0% +characters so they don't need to they + + + align:start position:0% +characters so they don't need to they +don't need they don't need to go through + + align:start position:0% +don't need they don't need to go through + + + align:start position:0% +don't need they don't need to go through +the process of what is mean by this word + + align:start position:0% +the process of what is mean by this word + + + align:start position:0% +the process of what is mean by this word +and by that word because because they + + align:start position:0% +and by that word because because they + + + align:start position:0% +and by that word because because they +have already learned this in the + + align:start position:0% +have already learned this in the + + + align:start position:0% +have already learned this in the +speaking and listening class \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/ow2TNmzadXc.txt b/ow2TNmzadXc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8fd9c34a0e50c077d6e90c96d19f4dcf50c1125f --- /dev/null +++ b/ow2TNmzadXc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,459 @@ +align:start position:0% + +girls who build is an Outreach effort + + align:start position:0% +girls who build is an Outreach effort + + + align:start position:0% +girls who build is an Outreach effort +focused on getting high school girls + + align:start position:0% +focused on getting high school girls + + + align:start position:0% +focused on getting high school girls +excited about science and engineering we + + align:start position:0% +excited about science and engineering we + + + align:start position:0% +excited about science and engineering we +hold Hands-On workshops where girls + + align:start position:0% +hold Hands-On workshops where girls + + + align:start position:0% +hold Hands-On workshops where girls +learn from industry experts and + + align:start position:0% +learn from industry experts and + + + align:start position:0% +learn from industry experts and +experiment with Technologies like + + align:start position:0% +experiment with Technologies like + + + align:start position:0% +experiment with Technologies like +wearable electronics and Robotics for + + align:start position:0% +wearable electronics and Robotics for + + + align:start position:0% +wearable electronics and Robotics for +our latest Workshop 40 girls came to the + + align:start position:0% +our latest Workshop 40 girls came to the + + + align:start position:0% +our latest Workshop 40 girls came to the +MIT Lincoln laboratory Beaver work + + align:start position:0% +MIT Lincoln laboratory Beaver work + + + align:start position:0% +MIT Lincoln laboratory Beaver work +center to learn all about + + align:start position:0% +center to learn all about + + + align:start position:0% +center to learn all about +cameras we wanted to show the girls how + + align:start position:0% +cameras we wanted to show the girls how + + + align:start position:0% +cameras we wanted to show the girls how +Optics sensors and image processing + + align:start position:0% +Optics sensors and image processing + + + align:start position:0% +Optics sensors and image processing +combined to make apps they use every day + + align:start position:0% +combined to make apps they use every day + + + align:start position:0% +combined to make apps they use every day +like Instagram work I got to see like + + align:start position:0% +like Instagram work I got to see like + + + align:start position:0% +like Instagram work I got to see like +how filters work and how they're like + + align:start position:0% +how filters work and how they're like + + + align:start position:0% +how filters work and how they're like +made and how I can make them too the + + align:start position:0% +made and how I can make them too the + + + align:start position:0% +made and how I can make them too the +girls tore apart All Digital and film + + align:start position:0% +girls tore apart All Digital and film + + + align:start position:0% +girls tore apart All Digital and film +cameras to see how they're made then + + align:start position:0% +cameras to see how they're made then + + + align:start position:0% +cameras to see how they're made then +they built their own cameras using a + + align:start position:0% +they built their own cameras using a + + + align:start position:0% +they built their own cameras using a +Raspberry Pi computer and Camera module + + align:start position:0% +Raspberry Pi computer and Camera module + + + align:start position:0% +Raspberry Pi computer and Camera module +I don't it was just cool how we had to + + align:start position:0% +I don't it was just cool how we had to + + + align:start position:0% +I don't it was just cool how we had to +like make the camera and put the + + align:start position:0% +like make the camera and put the + + + align:start position:0% +like make the camera and put the +different parts together like it made + + align:start position:0% +different parts together like it made + + + align:start position:0% +different parts together like it made +everything a lot more clear about how + + align:start position:0% +everything a lot more clear about how + + + align:start position:0% +everything a lot more clear about how +normal cameras work the girls heard from + + align:start position:0% +normal cameras work the girls heard from + + + align:start position:0% +normal cameras work the girls heard from +speakers who talked about how cameras + + align:start position:0% +speakers who talked about how cameras + + + align:start position:0% +speakers who talked about how cameras +are used in Fields as diverse as + + align:start position:0% +are used in Fields as diverse as + + + align:start position:0% +are used in Fields as diverse as +searching for exoplanets underwater + + align:start position:0% +searching for exoplanets underwater + + + align:start position:0% +searching for exoplanets underwater +Salvage improving cancer treatment and + + align:start position:0% +Salvage improving cancer treatment and + + + align:start position:0% +Salvage improving cancer treatment and +3D tomography um my favorite part of the + + align:start position:0% +3D tomography um my favorite part of the + + + align:start position:0% +3D tomography um my favorite part of the +day was listening to all the keynote + + align:start position:0% +day was listening to all the keynote + + + align:start position:0% +day was listening to all the keynote +speakers CU they were all so passionate + + align:start position:0% +speakers CU they were all so passionate + + + align:start position:0% +speakers CU they were all so passionate +about what their field were but it all + + align:start position:0% +about what their field were but it all + + + align:start position:0% +about what their field were but it all +connected to One Core idea of like the + + align:start position:0% +connected to One Core idea of like the + + + align:start position:0% +connected to One Core idea of like the +camera technology who I mean you can + + align:start position:0% +camera technology who I mean you can + + + align:start position:0% +camera technology who I mean you can +move all the way around here oh that's + + align:start position:0% +move all the way around here oh that's + + + align:start position:0% +move all the way around here oh that's +so cool back of I started girls who + + align:start position:0% +so cool back of I started girls who + + + align:start position:0% +so cool back of I started girls who +build because I am a female engineer who + + align:start position:0% +build because I am a female engineer who + + + align:start position:0% +build because I am a female engineer who +didn't grow up fixing cars with my dad I + + align:start position:0% +didn't grow up fixing cars with my dad I + + + align:start position:0% +didn't grow up fixing cars with my dad I +had no previous exposure to power tools + + align:start position:0% +had no previous exposure to power tools + + + align:start position:0% +had no previous exposure to power tools +circuits or programming before College + + align:start position:0% +circuits or programming before College + + + align:start position:0% +circuits or programming before College +it's my vision that when girls enter + + align:start position:0% +it's my vision that when girls enter + + + align:start position:0% +it's my vision that when girls enter +College they have the same Hands-On + + align:start position:0% +College they have the same Hands-On + + + align:start position:0% +College they have the same Hands-On +engineering background as their peers I + + align:start position:0% +engineering background as their peers I + + + align:start position:0% +engineering background as their peers I +want them to realize they can use power + + align:start position:0% +want them to realize they can use power + + + align:start position:0% +want them to realize they can use power +tools code and solder too the issue + + align:start position:0% +tools code and solder too the issue + + + align:start position:0% +tools code and solder too the issue +isn't an ability or intelligence but + + align:start position:0% +isn't an ability or intelligence but + + + align:start position:0% +isn't an ability or intelligence but +just a lack of exposure to these things + + align:start position:0% +just a lack of exposure to these things + + + align:start position:0% +just a lack of exposure to these things +I would like girls to discover the + + align:start position:0% +I would like girls to discover the + + + align:start position:0% +I would like girls to discover the +amazing power of engineering even before + + align:start position:0% +amazing power of engineering even before + + + align:start position:0% +amazing power of engineering even before +they apply to col College I was + + align:start position:0% +they apply to col College I was + + + align:start position:0% +they apply to col College I was +definitely thinking about like computer + + align:start position:0% +definitely thinking about like computer + + + align:start position:0% +definitely thinking about like computer +science as like a profession so I + + align:start position:0% +science as like a profession so I + + + align:start position:0% +science as like a profession so I +thought this was like a super cool way + + align:start position:0% +thought this was like a super cool way + + + align:start position:0% +thought this was like a super cool way +to get like more experience out of that + + align:start position:0% +to get like more experience out of that + + + align:start position:0% +to get like more experience out of that +before I went off to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +college + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +wa \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/qT3_7FMuv-U.txt b/qT3_7FMuv-U.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..69cec416e784f247289d13a14847744ce3eeb1c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/qT3_7FMuv-U.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7723 @@ +align:start position:0% + +all right welcome everyone so in case + + align:start position:0% +all right welcome everyone so in case + + + align:start position:0% +all right welcome everyone so in case +you missed last lecture I've got some + + align:start position:0% +you missed last lecture I've got some + + + align:start position:0% +you missed last lecture I've got some +extra debugging Buck uh debugging ducks + + align:start position:0% +extra debugging Buck uh debugging ducks + + + align:start position:0% +extra debugging Buck uh debugging ducks +that were left over from last lectures + + align:start position:0% +that were left over from last lectures + + + align:start position:0% +that were left over from last lectures +uh debugging lecture um please take them + + align:start position:0% +uh debugging lecture um please take them + + + align:start position:0% +uh debugging lecture um please take them +home I don't want to have to take them + + align:start position:0% +home I don't want to have to take them + + + align:start position:0% +home I don't want to have to take them +back to my office and then bring them + + align:start position:0% +back to my office and then bring them + + + align:start position:0% +back to my office and then bring them +back so many times so uh please give + + align:start position:0% +back so many times so uh please give + + + align:start position:0% +back so many times so uh please give +them a good home if you find them useful + + align:start position:0% +them a good home if you find them useful + + + align:start position:0% +them a good home if you find them useful +in your debugging uh strategy uh + + align:start position:0% +in your debugging uh strategy uh + + + align:start position:0% +in your debugging uh strategy uh +throughout your programming careers uh I + + align:start position:0% +throughout your programming careers uh I + + + align:start position:0% +throughout your programming careers uh I +suggest you upgrade to carrying a + + align:start position:0% +suggest you upgrade to carrying a + + + align:start position:0% +suggest you upgrade to carrying a +debugging duck with you everywhere as I + + align:start position:0% +debugging duck with you everywhere as I + + + align:start position:0% +debugging duck with you everywhere as I +have on my phone I use it in my + + align:start position:0% +have on my phone I use it in my + + + align:start position:0% +have on my phone I use it in my +day-to-day life so um that's just the + + align:start position:0% +day-to-day life so um that's just the + + + align:start position:0% +day-to-day life so um that's just the +next step uh Beyond an actual duck all + + align:start position:0% +next step uh Beyond an actual duck all + + + align:start position:0% +next step uh Beyond an actual duck all +right so let's get started on today's + + align:start position:0% +right so let's get started on today's + + + align:start position:0% +right so let's get started on today's +lecture we will be going uh over the + + align:start position:0% +lecture we will be going uh over the + + + align:start position:0% +lecture we will be going uh over the +idea of of exceptions and assertions and + + align:start position:0% +idea of of exceptions and assertions and + + + align:start position:0% +idea of of exceptions and assertions and +these are basically those scary Red + + align:start position:0% +these are basically those scary Red + + + align:start position:0% +these are basically those scary Red +errors that we get when our program + + align:start position:0% +errors that we get when our program + + + align:start position:0% +errors that we get when our program +crashes okay today's lecture will + + align:start position:0% +crashes okay today's lecture will + + + align:start position:0% +crashes okay today's lecture will +hopefully shed some light on exactly + + align:start position:0% +hopefully shed some light on exactly + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully shed some light on exactly +what these exceptions are and how we can + + align:start position:0% +what these exceptions are and how we can + + + align:start position:0% +what these exceptions are and how we can +actually use them to our advantage in + + align:start position:0% +actually use them to our advantage in + + + align:start position:0% +actually use them to our advantage in +our code so let's start by talking about + + align:start position:0% +our code so let's start by talking about + + + align:start position:0% +our code so let's start by talking about +exceptions so when you run your code um + + align:start position:0% +exceptions so when you run your code um + + + align:start position:0% +exceptions so when you run your code um +usually it runs without an uh without + + align:start position:0% +usually it runs without an uh without + + + align:start position:0% +usually it runs without an uh without +error produces the right output all the + + align:start position:0% +error produces the right output all the + + + align:start position:0% +error produces the right output all the +time like mine does but sometimes uh it + + align:start position:0% +time like mine does but sometimes uh it + + + align:start position:0% +time like mine does but sometimes uh it +so happens that your code hits an + + align:start position:0% +so happens that your code hits an + + + align:start position:0% +so happens that your code hits an +unexpected condition and when that + + align:start position:0% +unexpected condition and when that + + + align:start position:0% +unexpected condition and when that +unexpected condition uh is run you get + + align:start position:0% +unexpected condition uh is run you get + + + align:start position:0% +unexpected condition uh is run you get +an exception to something that was + + align:start position:0% +an exception to something that was + + + align:start position:0% +an exception to something that was +expected so we've already seen uh a + + align:start position:0% +expected so we've already seen uh a + + + align:start position:0% +expected so we've already seen uh a +bunch of different exception examples so + + align:start position:0% +bunch of different exception examples so + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of different exception examples so +we tal even talked about a couple of + + align:start position:0% +we tal even talked about a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +we tal even talked about a couple of +these last lectures so we' got index + + align:start position:0% +these last lectures so we' got index + + + align:start position:0% +these last lectures so we' got index +errors where you index too far into some + + align:start position:0% +errors where you index too far into some + + + align:start position:0% +errors where you index too far into some +list type errors where you're doing + + align:start position:0% +list type errors where you're doing + + + align:start position:0% +list type errors where you're doing +funky things with types that python + + align:start position:0% +funky things with types that python + + + align:start position:0% +funky things with types that python +doesn't like um syntax errors are also + + align:start position:0% +doesn't like um syntax errors are also + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't like um syntax errors are also +exceptions name errors are also + + align:start position:0% +exceptions name errors are also + + + align:start position:0% +exceptions name errors are also +exceptions so a bunch of these errors + + align:start position:0% +exceptions so a bunch of these errors + + + align:start position:0% +exceptions so a bunch of these errors +that we've encountered are types of + + align:start position:0% +that we've encountered are types of + + + align:start position:0% +that we've encountered are types of +exceptions so it turns out so far in our + + align:start position:0% +exceptions so it turns out so far in our + + + align:start position:0% +exceptions so it turns out so far in our +programming experience that whenever we + + align:start position:0% +programming experience that whenever we + + + align:start position:0% +programming experience that whenever we +get an acception the program immediately + + align:start position:0% +get an acception the program immediately + + + align:start position:0% +get an acception the program immediately +crashes and really we don't have any way + + align:start position:0% +crashes and really we don't have any way + + + align:start position:0% +crashes and really we don't have any way +to handle these exceptions we just + + align:start position:0% +to handle these exceptions we just + + + align:start position:0% +to handle these exceptions we just +accept the fact that it crashed and we + + align:start position:0% +accept the fact that it crashed and we + + + align:start position:0% +accept the fact that it crashed and we +go back to the debugging board but it + + align:start position:0% +go back to the debugging board but it + + + align:start position:0% +go back to the debugging board but it +turns out that in Python we can actually + + align:start position:0% +turns out that in Python we can actually + + + align:start position:0% +turns out that in Python we can actually +write code to handle these exceptions so + + align:start position:0% +write code to handle these exceptions so + + + align:start position:0% +write code to handle these exceptions so +if your code does happen to throw an + + align:start position:0% +if your code does happen to throw an + + + align:start position:0% +if your code does happen to throw an +exception so an error occurs or + + align:start position:0% +exception so an error occurs or + + + align:start position:0% +exception so an error occurs or +something unexpected happens you can + + align:start position:0% +something unexpected happens you can + + + align:start position:0% +something unexpected happens you can +write code that deals with that + + align:start position:0% +write code that deals with that + + + align:start position:0% +write code that deals with that +situation and either decides to ignore + + align:start position:0% +situation and either decides to ignore + + + align:start position:0% +situation and either decides to ignore +the fact that an error occurred set some + + align:start position:0% +the fact that an error occurred set some + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that an error occurred set some +default values or just you know let the + + align:start position:0% +default values or just you know let the + + + align:start position:0% +default values or just you know let the +uh or or just raise your own exception + + align:start position:0% +uh or or just raise your own exception + + + align:start position:0% +uh or or just raise your own exception +and move on so we're going to see a + + align:start position:0% +and move on so we're going to see a + + + align:start position:0% +and move on so we're going to see a +bunch of examples of these um of these + + align:start position:0% +bunch of examples of these um of these + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of examples of these um of these +cases so the way that we do deal with + + align:start position:0% +cases so the way that we do deal with + + + align:start position:0% +cases so the way that we do deal with +exceptions is using some code blocks + + align:start position:0% +exceptions is using some code blocks + + + align:start position:0% +exceptions is using some code blocks +okay the way that we handle exceptions + + align:start position:0% +okay the way that we handle exceptions + + + align:start position:0% +okay the way that we handle exceptions +is using these try and accept blocks so + + align:start position:0% +is using these try and accept blocks so + + + align:start position:0% +is using these try and accept blocks so +the way that uh we + + align:start position:0% +the way that uh we + + + align:start position:0% +the way that uh we +write um an exception Handler is to put + + align:start position:0% +write um an exception Handler is to put + + + align:start position:0% +write um an exception Handler is to put +some potentially problematic code inside + + align:start position:0% +some potentially problematic code inside + + + align:start position:0% +some potentially problematic code inside +this Tri block so the try is a keyword + + align:start position:0% +this Tri block so the try is a keyword + + + align:start position:0% +this Tri block so the try is a keyword +in Python so obviously you can't name a + + align:start position:0% +in Python so obviously you can't name a + + + align:start position:0% +in Python so obviously you can't name a +variable try or anything like that um if + + align:start position:0% +variable try or anything like that um if + + + align:start position:0% +variable try or anything like that um if +you type it in your code you'll see it + + align:start position:0% +you type it in your code you'll see it + + + align:start position:0% +you type it in your code you'll see it +turns blue and try tells python that + + align:start position:0% +turns blue and try tells python that + + + align:start position:0% +turns blue and try tells python that +your starting a code block that contains + + align:start position:0% +your starting a code block that contains + + + align:start position:0% +your starting a code block that contains +some lines of code you'd like python to + + align:start position:0% +some lines of code you'd like python to + + + align:start position:0% +some lines of code you'd like python to +execute so just normal + + align:start position:0% +execute so just normal + + + align:start position:0% +execute so just normal +code if python is able to successfully + + align:start position:0% +code if python is able to successfully + + + align:start position:0% +code if python is able to successfully +execute these lines of code without an + + align:start position:0% +execute these lines of code without an + + + align:start position:0% +execute these lines of code without an +exception being raised so without the + + align:start position:0% +exception being raised so without the + + + align:start position:0% +exception being raised so without the +program crashing then nothing happens + + align:start position:0% +program crashing then nothing happens + + + align:start position:0% +program crashing then nothing happens +nothing is run inside this except block + + align:start position:0% +nothing is run inside this except block + + + align:start position:0% +nothing is run inside this except block +and the code just continues as normal + + align:start position:0% +and the code just continues as normal + + + align:start position:0% +and the code just continues as normal +but if it so happens that in that code + + align:start position:0% +but if it so happens that in that code + + + align:start position:0% +but if it so happens that in that code +that you ran something strange has + + align:start position:0% +that you ran something strange has + + + align:start position:0% +that you ran something strange has +happened and the code would have + + align:start position:0% +happened and the code would have + + + align:start position:0% +happened and the code would have +crashed the code actually doesn't crash + + align:start position:0% +crashed the code actually doesn't crash + + + align:start position:0% +crashed the code actually doesn't crash +because we can catch the exception that + + align:start position:0% +because we can catch the exception that + + + align:start position:0% +because we can catch the exception that +gets raised inside this accept block so + + align:start position:0% +gets raised inside this accept block so + + + align:start position:0% +gets raised inside this accept block so +if we have an Associated accept block + + align:start position:0% +if we have an Associated accept block + + + align:start position:0% +if we have an Associated accept block +over here to a tri block from here + + align:start position:0% +over here to a tri block from here + + + align:start position:0% +over here to a tri block from here +python is going to try to run this Pro + + align:start position:0% +python is going to try to run this Pro + + + align:start position:0% +python is going to try to run this Pro +potentially problematic code and if an + + align:start position:0% +potentially problematic code and if an + + + align:start position:0% +potentially problematic code and if an +exception is raised it will stop running + + align:start position:0% +exception is raised it will stop running + + + align:start position:0% +exception is raised it will stop running +any further lines inside the tri block + + align:start position:0% +any further lines inside the tri block + + + align:start position:0% +any further lines inside the tri block +and immediately hop to the lines in the + + align:start position:0% +and immediately hop to the lines in the + + + align:start position:0% +and immediately hop to the lines in the +accept block and the lines in the accept + + align:start position:0% +accept block and the lines in the accept + + + align:start position:0% +accept block and the lines in the accept +block will then get executed okay so to + + align:start position:0% +block will then get executed okay so to + + + align:start position:0% +block will then get executed okay so to +just kind of draw a parallel to uh if I + + align:start position:0% +just kind of draw a parallel to uh if I + + + align:start position:0% +just kind of draw a parallel to uh if I +were to kind of say this in terms of if + + align:start position:0% +were to kind of say this in terms of if + + + align:start position:0% +were to kind of say this in terms of if +and else um the way that I would + + align:start position:0% +and else um the way that I would + + + align:start position:0% +and else um the way that I would +describe the try and accept blocks is I + + align:start position:0% +describe the try and accept blocks is I + + + align:start position:0% +describe the try and accept blocks is I +would say if and then I would put all + + align:start position:0% +would say if and then I would put all + + + align:start position:0% +would say if and then I would put all +the potentially problematic lines of + + align:start position:0% +the potentially problematic lines of + + + align:start position:0% +the potentially problematic lines of +code that I'd like to write inside this + + align:start position:0% +code that I'd like to write inside this + + + align:start position:0% +code that I'd like to write inside this +condition for the if and if all of these + + align:start position:0% +condition for the if and if all of these + + + align:start position:0% +condition for the if and if all of these +lines of code managed to successfully + + align:start position:0% +lines of code managed to successfully + + + align:start position:0% +lines of code managed to successfully +run then nothing else happens the inside + + align:start position:0% +run then nothing else happens the inside + + + align:start position:0% +run then nothing else happens the inside +of this if is Essen just a pass and we + + align:start position:0% +of this if is Essen just a pass and we + + + align:start position:0% +of this if is Essen just a pass and we +don't execute the else and then we just + + align:start position:0% +don't execute the else and then we just + + + align:start position:0% +don't execute the else and then we just +carry on with the rest of our lives but + + align:start position:0% +carry on with the rest of our lives but + + + align:start position:0% +carry on with the rest of our lives but +if there is some line of code here that + + align:start position:0% +if there is some line of code here that + + + align:start position:0% +if there is some line of code here that +we're trying to run that crashes or that + + align:start position:0% +we're trying to run that crashes or that + + + align:start position:0% +we're trying to run that crashes or that +causes the program to crash python will + + align:start position:0% +causes the program to crash python will + + + align:start position:0% +causes the program to crash python will +say no I'm not going to crash just yet + + align:start position:0% +say no I'm not going to crash just yet + + + align:start position:0% +say no I'm not going to crash just yet +let me see what the code would like me + + align:start position:0% +let me see what the code would like me + + + align:start position:0% +let me see what the code would like me +to do and so we'd hop inside this else + + align:start position:0% +to do and so we'd hop inside this else + + + align:start position:0% +to do and so we'd hop inside this else +and then we'd do something to handle the + + align:start position:0% +and then we'd do something to handle the + + + align:start position:0% +and then we'd do something to handle the +problem and the something we do is + + align:start position:0% +problem and the something we do is + + + align:start position:0% +problem and the something we do is +inside this accept block so again this + + align:start position:0% +inside this accept block so again this + + + align:start position:0% +inside this accept block so again this +is not code we'd ever write it's just + + align:start position:0% +is not code we'd ever write it's just + + + align:start position:0% +is not code we'd ever write it's just +kind of a way uh to uh draw parallel + + align:start position:0% +kind of a way uh to uh draw parallel + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a way uh to uh draw parallel +with what we know so far the code that + + align:start position:0% +with what we know so far the code that + + + align:start position:0% +with what we know so far the code that +we would write is this try a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +we would write is this try a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +we would write is this try a bunch of +code accept do something you'd like uh + + align:start position:0% +code accept do something you'd like uh + + + align:start position:0% +code accept do something you'd like uh +do do some lines of code if an error + + align:start position:0% +do do some lines of code if an error + + + align:start position:0% +do do some lines of code if an error +should come up in the in the tribe block + + align:start position:0% +should come up in the in the tribe block + + + align:start position:0% +should come up in the in the tribe block +so let's look at some examples with code + + align:start position:0% +so let's look at some examples with code + + + align:start position:0% +so let's look at some examples with code +that you should be able to write at this + + align:start position:0% +that you should be able to write at this + + + align:start position:0% +that you should be able to write at this +point in the course so we have some code + + align:start position:0% +point in the course so we have some code + + + align:start position:0% +point in the course so we have some code +on the left here um it's uh a function + + align:start position:0% +on the left here um it's uh a function + + + align:start position:0% +on the left here um it's uh a function +called sum digits and we're writing this + + align:start position:0% +called sum digits and we're writing this + + + align:start position:0% +called sum digits and we're writing this +code without any exceptions okay we're + + align:start position:0% +code without any exceptions okay we're + + + align:start position:0% +code without any exceptions okay we're +just writing it as if you were given + + align:start position:0% +just writing it as if you were given + + + align:start position:0% +just writing it as if you were given +this code you know on a quiz what would + + align:start position:0% +this code you know on a quiz what would + + + align:start position:0% +this code you know on a quiz what would +be uh one + + align:start position:0% +be uh one + + + align:start position:0% +be uh one +solution so this sum digits takes in a + + align:start position:0% +solution so this sum digits takes in a + + + align:start position:0% +solution so this sum digits takes in a +string + + align:start position:0% +string + + + align:start position:0% +string +s and we say it's non-empty containing + + align:start position:0% +s and we say it's non-empty containing + + + align:start position:0% +s and we say it's non-empty containing +some digits and I want to return the sum + + align:start position:0% +some digits and I want to return the sum + + + align:start position:0% +some digits and I want to return the sum +of all the characters that are digits so + + align:start position:0% +of all the characters that are digits so + + + align:start position:0% +of all the characters that are digits so +I don't actually say anything about + + align:start position:0% +I don't actually say anything about + + + align:start position:0% +I don't actually say anything about +whether this string s contains non-digit + + align:start position:0% +whether this string s contains non-digit + + + align:start position:0% +whether this string s contains non-digit +characters um but let's write it in a + + align:start position:0% +characters um but let's write it in a + + + align:start position:0% +characters um but let's write it in a +robust way anyway so the we'd have uh a + + align:start position:0% +robust way anyway so the we'd have uh a + + + align:start position:0% +robust way anyway so the we'd have uh a +loop that goes through every character + + align:start position:0% +loop that goes through every character + + + align:start position:0% +loop that goes through every character +in that string s and I'm using this in + + align:start position:0% +in that string s and I'm using this in + + + align:start position:0% +in that string s and I'm using this in +keyword here this nice little trick here + + align:start position:0% +keyword here this nice little trick here + + + align:start position:0% +keyword here this nice little trick here +that says if that character so whatever + + align:start position:0% +that says if that character so whatever + + + align:start position:0% +that says if that character so whatever +character it may be is inside one of + + align:start position:0% +character it may be is inside one of + + + align:start position:0% +character it may be is inside one of +these uh is inside this string of + + align:start position:0% +these uh is inside this string of + + + align:start position:0% +these uh is inside this string of +digits then I know it's a number sorry I + + align:start position:0% +digits then I know it's a number sorry I + + + align:start position:0% +digits then I know it's a number sorry I +know it's a digit and I'm going to cast + + align:start position:0% +know it's a digit and I'm going to cast + + + align:start position:0% +know it's a digit and I'm going to cast +that digits zero through nine whatever + + align:start position:0% +that digits zero through nine whatever + + + align:start position:0% +that digits zero through nine whatever +it may be to an integer add it to my + + align:start position:0% +it may be to an integer add it to my + + + align:start position:0% +it may be to an integer add it to my +running total and then that Loop does + + align:start position:0% +running total and then that Loop does + + + align:start position:0% +running total and then that Loop does +its thing until it's done and then I + + align:start position:0% +its thing until it's done and then I + + + align:start position:0% +its thing until it's done and then I +return the total so in terms of running + + align:start position:0% +return the total so in terms of running + + + align:start position:0% +return the total so in terms of running +the code + + align:start position:0% +the code + + + align:start position:0% +the code +um this is just as I have it on the + + align:start position:0% +um this is just as I have it on the + + + align:start position:0% +um this is just as I have it on the +slide so here if the user gives me the + + align:start position:0% +slide so here if the user gives me the + + + align:start position:0% +slide so here if the user gives me the +string one two three I'm going to sum 1 + + align:start position:0% +string one two three I'm going to sum 1 + + + align:start position:0% +string one two three I'm going to sum 1 +plus 2 + 3 six + + align:start position:0% +plus 2 + 3 six + + + align:start position:0% +plus 2 + 3 six +perfect and if the user gives me one two + + align:start position:0% +perfect and if the user gives me one two + + + align:start position:0% +perfect and if the user gives me one two +three and then some random characters + + align:start position:0% +three and then some random characters + + + align:start position:0% +three and then some random characters +that I know I can't add python will + + align:start position:0% +that I know I can't add python will + + + align:start position:0% +that I know I can't add python will +still will still be able to evaluate it + + align:start position:0% +still will still be able to evaluate it + + + align:start position:0% +still will still be able to evaluate it +because that if statement will not be + + align:start position:0% +because that if statement will not be + + + align:start position:0% +because that if statement will not be +run right for a b and c we don't go + + align:start position:0% +run right for a b and c we don't go + + + align:start position:0% +run right for a b and c we don't go +inside the if so there's no need to cast + + align:start position:0% +inside the if so there's no need to cast + + + align:start position:0% +inside the if so there's no need to cast +anything right so the code still works + + align:start position:0% +anything right so the code still works + + + align:start position:0% +anything right so the code still works +if I didn't have this if here right if I + + align:start position:0% +if I didn't have this if here right if I + + + align:start position:0% +if I didn't have this if here right if I +decided to just cast to an INT every + + align:start position:0% +decided to just cast to an INT every + + + align:start position:0% +decided to just cast to an INT every +single thing that comes my way the first + + align:start position:0% +single thing that comes my way the first + + + align:start position:0% +single thing that comes my way the first +line of code will still work but the + + align:start position:0% +line of code will still work but the + + + align:start position:0% +line of code will still work but the +second line of code will throw an + + align:start position:0% +second line of code will throw an + + + align:start position:0% +second line of code will throw an +exception you see I have on right hand + + align:start position:0% +exception you see I have on right hand + + + align:start position:0% +exception you see I have on right hand +side my scar red text that says value + + align:start position:0% +side my scar red text that says value + + + align:start position:0% +side my scar red text that says value +error invalid literal for INT with base + + align:start position:0% +error invalid literal for INT with base + + + align:start position:0% +error invalid literal for INT with base +10 a kind + + align:start position:0% +10 a kind + + + align:start position:0% +10 a kind +of hard to parse but uh after you've + + align:start position:0% +of hard to parse but uh after you've + + + align:start position:0% +of hard to parse but uh after you've +seen a bunch of these you'll figure out + + align:start position:0% +seen a bunch of these you'll figure out + + + align:start position:0% +seen a bunch of these you'll figure out +that there's something going on with my + + align:start position:0% +that there's something going on with my + + + align:start position:0% +that there's something going on with my +types and then I'm trying to cast you + + align:start position:0% +types and then I'm trying to cast you + + + align:start position:0% +types and then I'm trying to cast you +know I'm trying to cast to an integer + + align:start position:0% +know I'm trying to cast to an integer + + + align:start position:0% +know I'm trying to cast to an integer +the the string a and obviously it + + align:start position:0% +the the string a and obviously it + + + align:start position:0% +the the string a and obviously it +doesn't know how to do that so that's + + align:start position:0% +doesn't know how to do that so that's + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't know how to do that so that's +the potentially problematic line right + + align:start position:0% +the potentially problematic line right + + + align:start position:0% +the potentially problematic line right +casting to an + + align:start position:0% +casting to an + + + align:start position:0% +casting to an +integer so let's try to write the same + + align:start position:0% +integer so let's try to write the same + + + align:start position:0% +integer so let's try to write the same +code except that now we'll do it with + + align:start position:0% +code except that now we'll do it with + + + align:start position:0% +code except that now we'll do it with +exception handling okay so a bunch of it + + align:start position:0% +exception handling okay so a bunch of it + + + align:start position:0% +exception handling okay so a bunch of it +is going to be the + + align:start position:0% +is going to be the + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be the +same what we're going to change is the + + align:start position:0% +same what we're going to change is the + + + align:start position:0% +same what we're going to change is the +potentially problematic code is this + + align:start position:0% +potentially problematic code is this + + + align:start position:0% +potentially problematic code is this +these two lines here right I I don't + + align:start position:0% +these two lines here right I I don't + + + align:start position:0% +these two lines here right I I don't +need the if + + align:start position:0% +need the if + + + align:start position:0% +need the if +anymore instead I'm going to just assume + + align:start position:0% +anymore instead I'm going to just assume + + + align:start position:0% +anymore instead I'm going to just assume +I can cast every single character to an + + align:start position:0% +I can cast every single character to an + + + align:start position:0% +I can cast every single character to an +integer and I'm going to try to do that + + align:start position:0% +integer and I'm going to try to do that + + + align:start position:0% +integer and I'm going to try to do that +so I'm going to try to cast every single + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to try to cast every single + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to try to cast every single +character to an integer and it and then + + align:start position:0% +character to an integer and it and then + + + align:start position:0% +character to an integer and it and then +uh add it to my running + + align:start position:0% +uh add it to my running + + + align:start position:0% +uh add it to my running +total + + align:start position:0% +total + + + align:start position:0% +total +okay most of the time that's going to + + align:start position:0% +okay most of the time that's going to + + + align:start position:0% +okay most of the time that's going to +work if the input is a digit but + + align:start position:0% +work if the input is a digit but + + + align:start position:0% +work if the input is a digit but +sometimes the users give me something + + align:start position:0% +sometimes the users give me something + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes the users give me something +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +non-digit in that case you saw what + + align:start position:0% +non-digit in that case you saw what + + + align:start position:0% +non-digit in that case you saw what +happens the code throws a value err so + + align:start position:0% +happens the code throws a value err so + + + align:start position:0% +happens the code throws a value err so +if we didn't have the accept block nor + + align:start position:0% +if we didn't have the accept block nor + + + align:start position:0% +if we didn't have the accept block nor +the tri block the code crashes + + align:start position:0% +the tri block the code crashes + + + align:start position:0% +the tri block the code crashes +immediately no answer is even given but + + align:start position:0% +immediately no answer is even given but + + + align:start position:0% +immediately no answer is even given but +with the accept block python will say oh + + align:start position:0% +with the accept block python will say oh + + + align:start position:0% +with the accept block python will say oh +in this particular uh for Loop run I had + + align:start position:0% +in this particular uh for Loop run I had + + + align:start position:0% +in this particular uh for Loop run I had +an exception + + align:start position:0% +an exception + + + align:start position:0% +an exception +raised so I'm going to execute whatever + + align:start position:0% +raised so I'm going to execute whatever + + + align:start position:0% +raised so I'm going to execute whatever +is inside the accept block and the + + align:start position:0% +is inside the accept block and the + + + align:start position:0% +is inside the accept block and the +accept block says print can't convert + + align:start position:0% +accept block says print can't convert + + + align:start position:0% +accept block says print can't convert +and then the character that it couldn't + + align:start position:0% +and then the character that it couldn't + + + align:start position:0% +and then the character that it couldn't +convert that time through the + + align:start position:0% +convert that time through the + + + align:start position:0% +convert that time through the +loop and then that Loop iteration is + + align:start position:0% +loop and then that Loop iteration is + + + align:start position:0% +loop and then that Loop iteration is +done and it goes on to the next + + align:start position:0% +done and it goes on to the next + + + align:start position:0% +done and it goes on to the next +character in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sequence so let's run the + + align:start position:0% +sequence so let's run the + + + align:start position:0% +sequence so let's run the +code and this is the sum digits with the + + align:start position:0% +code and this is the sum digits with the + + + align:start position:0% +code and this is the sum digits with the +accept so here I've got the user giving + + align:start position:0% +accept so here I've got the user giving + + + align:start position:0% +accept so here I've got the user giving +me perfectly fine input no exceptions + + align:start position:0% +me perfectly fine input no exceptions + + + align:start position:0% +me perfectly fine input no exceptions +were raised the code worked + + align:start position:0% +were raised the code worked + + + align:start position:0% +were raised the code worked +well if the user gives me some + + align:start position:0% +well if the user gives me some + + + align:start position:0% +well if the user gives me some +characters Within in there the loops go + + align:start position:0% +characters Within in there the loops go + + + align:start position:0% +characters Within in there the loops go +through it adds 1+ 2 + 3 but then when + + align:start position:0% +through it adds 1+ 2 + 3 but then when + + + align:start position:0% +through it adds 1+ 2 + 3 but then when +it tries to cast to an integer the + + align:start position:0% +it tries to cast to an integer the + + + align:start position:0% +it tries to cast to an integer the +a over here right as as the iteration + + align:start position:0% +a over here right as as the iteration + + + align:start position:0% +a over here right as as the iteration +goes to a it's going to say this raises + + align:start position:0% +goes to a it's going to say this raises + + + align:start position:0% +goes to a it's going to say this raises +a value error as we just saw and I'm + + align:start position:0% +a value error as we just saw and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +a value error as we just saw and I'm +going to execute whatever is inside the + + align:start position:0% +going to execute whatever is inside the + + + align:start position:0% +going to execute whatever is inside the +accept block so prce couldn't convert + + align:start position:0% +accept block so prce couldn't convert + + + align:start position:0% +accept block so prce couldn't convert +character there it is and then I + + align:start position:0% +character there it is and then I + + + align:start position:0% +character there it is and then I +actually gave the user the character it + + align:start position:0% +actually gave the user the character it + + + align:start position:0% +actually gave the user the character it +couldn't convert it goes on to the next + + align:start position:0% +couldn't convert it goes on to the next + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't convert it goes on to the next +iteration the next character in the + + align:start position:0% +iteration the next character in the + + + align:start position:0% +iteration the next character in the +sequence the B again tries to convert B + + align:start position:0% +sequence the B again tries to convert B + + + align:start position:0% +sequence the B again tries to convert B +it can't cast it to an integer so we + + align:start position:0% +it can't cast it to an integer so we + + + align:start position:0% +it can't cast it to an integer so we +print couldn't convert B and then lastly + + align:start position:0% +print couldn't convert B and then lastly + + + align:start position:0% +print couldn't convert B and then lastly +the C same with the + + align:start position:0% +the C same with the + + + align:start position:0% +the C same with the +c does that make sense is that all right + + align:start position:0% +c does that make sense is that all right + + + align:start position:0% +c does that make sense is that all right +so far so kind of like a little if else + + align:start position:0% +so far so kind of like a little if else + + + align:start position:0% +so far so kind of like a little if else +situation going on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here um nice places to put Tri accept + + align:start position:0% +here um nice places to put Tri accept + + + align:start position:0% +here um nice places to put Tri accept +blocks are when you're dealing with user + + align:start position:0% +blocks are when you're dealing with user + + + align:start position:0% +blocks are when you're dealing with user +input because the users when they give + + align:start position:0% +input because the users when they give + + + align:start position:0% +input because the users when they give +you some inputs right for using the + + align:start position:0% +you some inputs right for using the + + + align:start position:0% +you some inputs right for using the +actual uh input command they're very + + align:start position:0% +actual uh input command they're very + + + align:start position:0% +actual uh input command they're very +unpredictable we don't know what kinds + + align:start position:0% +unpredictable we don't know what kinds + + + align:start position:0% +unpredictable we don't know what kinds +of things they'll give you even though + + align:start position:0% +of things they'll give you even though + + + align:start position:0% +of things they'll give you even though +you give them clear instructions to tell + + align:start position:0% +you give them clear instructions to tell + + + align:start position:0% +you give them clear instructions to tell +me one number or tell me another + + align:start position:0% +me one number or tell me another + + + align:start position:0% +me one number or tell me another +number so in this uh in these three + + align:start position:0% +number so in this uh in these three + + + align:start position:0% +number so in this uh in these three +lines of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +code uh down here um I've got the uh + + align:start position:0% +code uh down here um I've got the uh + + + align:start position:0% +code uh down here um I've got the uh +user giving me two numbers and then I + + align:start position:0% +user giving me two numbers and then I + + + align:start position:0% +user giving me two numbers and then I +print the a first one divided by the + + align:start position:0% +print the a first one divided by the + + + align:start position:0% +print the a first one divided by the +second one so I'm a nice user I do what + + align:start position:0% +second one so I'm a nice user I do what + + + align:start position:0% +second one so I'm a nice user I do what +I'm told so I'm going to do five ID 8 + + align:start position:0% +I'm told so I'm going to do five ID 8 + + + align:start position:0% +I'm told so I'm going to do five ID 8 +perfect the code runs well + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's say somebody else runs the code + + align:start position:0% +let's say somebody else runs the code + + + align:start position:0% +let's say somebody else runs the code +and this time they decides they decide + + align:start position:0% +and this time they decides they decide + + + align:start position:0% +and this time they decides they decide +to do s divided by I don't know five + + align:start position:0% +to do s divided by I don't know five + + + align:start position:0% +to do s divided by I don't know five +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +that value + + align:start position:0% +that value + + + align:start position:0% +that value +error right so that's one thing that + + align:start position:0% +error right so that's one thing that + + + align:start position:0% +error right so that's one thing that +could go wrong the user tries to be um + + align:start position:0% +could go wrong the user tries to be um + + + align:start position:0% +could go wrong the user tries to be um +funny and then another thing that could + + align:start position:0% +funny and then another thing that could + + + align:start position:0% +funny and then another thing that could +go wrong is let's say the user gives me + + align:start position:0% +go wrong is let's say the user gives me + + + align:start position:0% +go wrong is let's say the user gives me +a zero for the second number so in this + + align:start position:0% +a zero for the second number so in this + + + align:start position:0% +a zero for the second number so in this +case I get a zero division error you can + + align:start position:0% +case I get a zero division error you can + + + align:start position:0% +case I get a zero division error you can +see python doesn't know how to divide by + + align:start position:0% +see python doesn't know how to divide by + + + align:start position:0% +see python doesn't know how to divide by +by zero so it it raises an exception + + align:start position:0% +by zero so it it raises an exception + + + align:start position:0% +by zero so it it raises an exception +this thing zero division + + align:start position:0% +this thing zero division + + + align:start position:0% +this thing zero division +error so these are uh this is a case + + align:start position:0% +error so these are uh this is a case + + + align:start position:0% +error so these are uh this is a case +where I'm dealing with potentially + + align:start position:0% +where I'm dealing with potentially + + + align:start position:0% +where I'm dealing with potentially +problematic input so I'm going to wrap + + align:start position:0% +problematic input so I'm going to wrap + + + align:start position:0% +problematic input so I'm going to wrap +my potentially problematic lines of code + + align:start position:0% +my potentially problematic lines of code + + + align:start position:0% +my potentially problematic lines of code +in a TR and accept block so I've got + + align:start position:0% +in a TR and accept block so I've got + + + align:start position:0% +in a TR and accept block so I've got +those three lines that I'm going to try + + align:start position:0% +those three lines that I'm going to try + + + align:start position:0% +those three lines that I'm going to try +to do and if anything goes wrong I'm + + align:start position:0% +to do and if anything goes wrong I'm + + + align:start position:0% +to do and if anything goes wrong I'm +going to uh I'm going to execute + + align:start position:0% +going to uh I'm going to execute + + + align:start position:0% +going to uh I'm going to execute +whatever is in the accept block and all + + align:start position:0% +whatever is in the accept block and all + + + align:start position:0% +whatever is in the accept block and all +I do is is say print bug in user input + + align:start position:0% +I do is is say print bug in user input + + + align:start position:0% +I do is is say print bug in user input +okay so let's run that that's this one + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's run that that's this one + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's run that that's this one +here so here again uh proper input works + + align:start position:0% +here so here again uh proper input works + + + align:start position:0% +here so here again uh proper input works +well if the user gives me uh a + + align:start position:0% +well if the user gives me uh a + + + align:start position:0% +well if the user gives me uh a +Letter Bug and user input so a much + + align:start position:0% +Letter Bug and user input so a much + + + align:start position:0% +Letter Bug and user input so a much +nicer friendlier way to crash the + + align:start position:0% +nicer friendlier way to crash the + + + align:start position:0% +nicer friendlier way to crash the +program right then you know value error + + align:start position:0% +program right then you know value error + + + align:start position:0% +program right then you know value error +whatever it was and then again if the + + align:start position:0% +whatever it was and then again if the + + + align:start position:0% +whatever it was and then again if the +user gives me a zero bug in user + + align:start position:0% +user gives me a zero bug in user + + + align:start position:0% +user gives me a zero bug in user +input again much nicer way to crash the + + align:start position:0% +input again much nicer way to crash the + + + align:start position:0% +input again much nicer way to crash the +program so what we can actually do is + + align:start position:0% +program so what we can actually do is + + + align:start position:0% +program so what we can actually do is +give uh specific uh have have specific + + align:start position:0% +give uh specific uh have have specific + + + align:start position:0% +give uh specific uh have have specific +behaviors depending on what exceptions + + align:start position:0% +behaviors depending on what exceptions + + + align:start position:0% +behaviors depending on what exceptions +are raised right so maybe I don't want a + + align:start position:0% +are raised right so maybe I don't want a + + + align:start position:0% +are raised right so maybe I don't want a +generic text that says bug and user + + align:start position:0% +generic text that says bug and user + + + align:start position:0% +generic text that says bug and user +input for both of those cases right + + align:start position:0% +input for both of those cases right + + + align:start position:0% +input for both of those cases right +maybe if the user divides by zero I want + + align:start position:0% +maybe if the user divides by zero I want + + + align:start position:0% +maybe if the user divides by zero I want +to give them a different message than if + + align:start position:0% +to give them a different message than if + + + align:start position:0% +to give them a different message than if +the user gave me a letter right um so in + + align:start position:0% +the user gave me a letter right um so in + + + align:start position:0% +the user gave me a letter right um so in +that case what I can do is I can have + + align:start position:0% +that case what I can do is I can have + + + align:start position:0% +that case what I can do is I can have +different accept blocks for every + + align:start position:0% +different accept blocks for every + + + align:start position:0% +different accept blocks for every +different error that I know might come + + align:start position:0% +different error that I know might come + + + align:start position:0% +different error that I know might come +up right so as I'm writing this code I + + align:start position:0% +up right so as I'm writing this code I + + + align:start position:0% +up right so as I'm writing this code I +can think ahead right and I can try to + + align:start position:0% +can think ahead right and I can try to + + + align:start position:0% +can think ahead right and I can try to +catch specific errors so here I can + + align:start position:0% +catch specific errors so here I can + + + align:start position:0% +catch specific errors so here I can +catch the value error so I say accept + + align:start position:0% +catch the value error so I say accept + + + align:start position:0% +catch the value error so I say accept +and then I say the name of the error + + align:start position:0% +and then I say the name of the error + + + align:start position:0% +and then I say the name of the error +that I'd like to + + align:start position:0% +that I'd like to + + + align:start position:0% +that I'd like to +catch and uh this block of code this + + align:start position:0% +catch and uh this block of code this + + + align:start position:0% +catch and uh this block of code this +accept block of code will be run only if + + align:start position:0% +accept block of code will be run only if + + + align:start position:0% +accept block of code will be run only if +the code in the tri block crashes with + + align:start position:0% +the code in the tri block crashes with + + + align:start position:0% +the code in the tri block crashes with +that specific value error right and then + + align:start position:0% +that specific value error right and then + + + align:start position:0% +that specific value error right and then +I can also catch my zero division error + + align:start position:0% +I can also catch my zero division error + + + align:start position:0% +I can also catch my zero division error +down here and in this particular case uh + + align:start position:0% +down here and in this particular case uh + + + align:start position:0% +down here and in this particular case uh +only this this except block is only run + + align:start position:0% +only this this except block is only run + + + align:start position:0% +only this this except block is only run +when the zero division error uh is + + align:start position:0% +when the zero division error uh is + + + align:start position:0% +when the zero division error uh is +raised right so here in the value error + + align:start position:0% +raised right so here in the value error + + + align:start position:0% +raised right so here in the value error +I'm going to print uh for the user I + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to print uh for the user I + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to print uh for the user I +could not convert to a number so a more + + align:start position:0% +could not convert to a number so a more + + + align:start position:0% +could not convert to a number so a more +specific uh error message so they know + + align:start position:0% +specific uh error message so they know + + + align:start position:0% +specific uh error message so they know +what's up and in a zero division error I + + align:start position:0% +what's up and in a zero division error I + + + align:start position:0% +what's up and in a zero division error I +can uh also flag that there was an issue + + align:start position:0% +can uh also flag that there was an issue + + + align:start position:0% +can uh also flag that there was an issue +I can't divide by zero by printing that + + align:start position:0% +I can't divide by zero by printing that + + + align:start position:0% +I can't divide by zero by printing that +to the screen and then I can say you + + align:start position:0% +to the screen and then I can say you + + + align:start position:0% +to the screen and then I can say you +know a divid b is infinity and I can uh + + align:start position:0% +know a divid b is infinity and I can uh + + + align:start position:0% +know a divid b is infinity and I can uh +continue the last statement that was + + align:start position:0% +continue the last statement that was + + + align:start position:0% +continue the last statement that was +supposed to be done in the tri block a + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be done in the tri block a + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be done in the tri block a +plus b I can give them the answer to a + + align:start position:0% +plus b I can give them the answer to a + + + align:start position:0% +plus b I can give them the answer to a +plus b because we can add a zero to uh + + align:start position:0% +plus b because we can add a zero to uh + + + align:start position:0% +plus b because we can add a zero to uh +to a no + + align:start position:0% +to a no + + + align:start position:0% +to a no +problem the last accept block down here + + align:start position:0% +problem the last accept block down here + + + align:start position:0% +problem the last accept block down here +is uh catching anything else that's not + + align:start position:0% +is uh catching anything else that's not + + + align:start position:0% +is uh catching anything else that's not +a value error and not a zero division + + align:start position:0% +a value error and not a zero division + + + align:start position:0% +a value error and not a zero division +error so I can't think of anything that + + align:start position:0% +error so I can't think of anything that + + + align:start position:0% +error so I can't think of anything that +could go wrong um so if we uh happen to + + align:start position:0% +could go wrong um so if we uh happen to + + + align:start position:0% +could go wrong um so if we uh happen to +go in here something went very wrong I + + align:start position:0% +go in here something went very wrong I + + + align:start position:0% +go in here something went very wrong I +would say uh the only thing I can think + + align:start position:0% +would say uh the only thing I can think + + + align:start position:0% +would say uh the only thing I can think +of is if our computer is almost out of + + align:start position:0% +of is if our computer is almost out of + + + align:start position:0% +of is if our computer is almost out of +memory and running this little piece of + + align:start position:0% +memory and running this little piece of + + + align:start position:0% +memory and running this little piece of +code pushes it over the edge right then + + align:start position:0% +code pushes it over the edge right then + + + align:start position:0% +code pushes it over the edge right then +the python will probably crash and maybe + + align:start position:0% +the python will probably crash and maybe + + + align:start position:0% +the python will probably crash and maybe +it'll print that error before completely + + align:start position:0% +it'll print that error before completely + + + align:start position:0% +it'll print that error before completely +shutting down the computer or something + + align:start position:0% +shutting down the computer or something + + + align:start position:0% +shutting down the computer or something +right but that that last one should + + align:start position:0% +right but that that last one should + + + align:start position:0% +right but that that last one should +never really + + align:start position:0% +never really + + + align:start position:0% +never really +run so let me show you what happens when + + align:start position:0% +run so let me show you what happens when + + + align:start position:0% +run so let me show you what happens when +we run the code with these uh specific + + align:start position:0% +we run the code with these uh specific + + + align:start position:0% +we run the code with these uh specific +accept blocks now so if the user G gives + + align:start position:0% +accept blocks now so if the user G gives + + + align:start position:0% +accept blocks now so if the user G gives +me perfectly nice input then the program + + align:start position:0% +me perfectly nice input then the program + + + align:start position:0% +me perfectly nice input then the program +proceeds as normal every line of code + + align:start position:0% +proceeds as normal every line of code + + + align:start position:0% +proceeds as normal every line of code +inside the tri block is executed over + + align:start position:0% +inside the tri block is executed over + + + align:start position:0% +inside the tri block is executed over +here none of the except blocks are + + align:start position:0% +here none of the except blocks are + + + align:start position:0% +here none of the except blocks are +executed the user gives me a + + align:start position:0% +executed the user gives me a + + + align:start position:0% +executed the user gives me a +letter I end the program gracefully with + + align:start position:0% +letter I end the program gracefully with + + + align:start position:0% +letter I end the program gracefully with +the message could not convert to a + + align:start position:0% +the message could not convert to a + + + align:start position:0% +the message could not convert to a +number so then they know that I caught + + align:start position:0% +number so then they know that I caught + + + align:start position:0% +number so then they know that I caught +them and then the last one is if I try + + align:start position:0% +them and then the last one is if I try + + + align:start position:0% +them and then the last one is if I try +to divide by + + align:start position:0% +to divide by + + + align:start position:0% +to divide by +zero uh again I've got the little + + align:start position:0% +zero uh again I've got the little + + + align:start position:0% +zero uh again I've got the little +message can't divide by zero and then I + + align:start position:0% +message can't divide by zero and then I + + + align:start position:0% +message can't divide by zero and then I +give them their division to be infinity + + align:start position:0% +give them their division to be infinity + + + align:start position:0% +give them their division to be infinity +and a plus b is six so I do all the + + align:start position:0% +and a plus b is six so I do all the + + + align:start position:0% +and a plus b is six so I do all the +lines of code that are caught over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here question so far seems all right so + + align:start position:0% +here question so far seems all right so + + + align:start position:0% +here question so far seems all right so +far okay so really nice ways for us to + + align:start position:0% +far okay so really nice ways for us to + + + align:start position:0% +far okay so really nice ways for us to +deal with uh with uh exceptions that get + + align:start position:0% +deal with uh with uh exceptions that get + + + align:start position:0% +deal with uh with uh exceptions that get +raised in our programs now the the + + align:start position:0% +raised in our programs now the the + + + align:start position:0% +raised in our programs now the the +things that I uh that I've told you that + + align:start position:0% +things that I uh that I've told you that + + + align:start position:0% +things that I uh that I've told you that +we can associate with a tri block is an + + align:start position:0% +we can associate with a tri block is an + + + align:start position:0% +we can associate with a tri block is an +accept block right so we've done that + + align:start position:0% +accept block right so we've done that + + + align:start position:0% +accept block right so we've done that +but we can actually associate a couple + + align:start position:0% +but we can actually associate a couple + + + align:start position:0% +but we can actually associate a couple +other things with tri blocks and we + + align:start position:0% +other things with tri blocks and we + + + align:start position:0% +other things with tri blocks and we +don't really use them in this class but + + align:start position:0% +don't really use them in this class but + + + align:start position:0% +don't really use them in this class but +I just thought I'd mention them so if + + align:start position:0% +I just thought I'd mention them so if + + + align:start position:0% +I just thought I'd mention them so if +you have an else block associated with a + + align:start position:0% +you have an else block associated with a + + + align:start position:0% +you have an else block associated with a +tri block that means the uh the lines of + + align:start position:0% +tri block that means the uh the lines of + + + align:start position:0% +tri block that means the uh the lines of +code inside the else block will execute + + align:start position:0% +code inside the else block will execute + + + align:start position:0% +code inside the else block will execute +whenever everything inside the tri block + + align:start position:0% +whenever everything inside the tri block + + + align:start position:0% +whenever everything inside the tri block +is executed perfectly so if everything + + align:start position:0% +is executed perfectly so if everything + + + align:start position:0% +is executed perfectly so if everything +goes according to plan whatever you put + + align:start position:0% +goes according to plan whatever you put + + + align:start position:0% +goes according to plan whatever you put +inside the else block will also get + + align:start position:0% +inside the else block will also get + + + align:start position:0% +inside the else block will also get +executed and then you can have a finally + + align:start position:0% +executed and then you can have a finally + + + align:start position:0% +executed and then you can have a finally +block as well so you know just like we + + align:start position:0% +block as well so you know just like we + + + align:start position:0% +block as well so you know just like we +have an a try and accept you can also + + align:start position:0% +have an a try and accept you can also + + + align:start position:0% +have an a try and accept you can also +have a finally associated with those and + + align:start position:0% +have a finally associated with those and + + + align:start position:0% +have a finally associated with those and +the body of the finally will be executed + + align:start position:0% +the body of the finally will be executed + + + align:start position:0% +the body of the finally will be executed +no matter what if an exception was + + align:start position:0% +no matter what if an exception was + + + align:start position:0% +no matter what if an exception was +raised you also execute the finally if + + align:start position:0% +raised you also execute the finally if + + + align:start position:0% +raised you also execute the finally if +the code work perfectly fine without + + align:start position:0% +the code work perfectly fine without + + + align:start position:0% +the code work perfectly fine without +raising any errors the finally also gets + + align:start position:0% +raising any errors the finally also gets + + + align:start position:0% +raising any errors the finally also gets +executed so I gave an example here of of + + align:start position:0% +executed so I gave an example here of of + + + align:start position:0% +executed so I gave an example here of of +something that you might put inside the + + align:start position:0% +something that you might put inside the + + + align:start position:0% +something that you might put inside the +finely block um so sort of cleanup code + + align:start position:0% +finely block um so sort of cleanup code + + + align:start position:0% +finely block um so sort of cleanup code +so if you're you know writing code that + + align:start position:0% +so if you're you know writing code that + + + align:start position:0% +so if you're you know writing code that +opens files from the file system a good + + align:start position:0% +opens files from the file system a good + + + align:start position:0% +opens files from the file system a good +idea is to close them before you finish + + align:start position:0% +idea is to close them before you finish + + + align:start position:0% +idea is to close them before you finish +your program so that's something that + + align:start position:0% +your program so that's something that + + + align:start position:0% +your program so that's something that +you might want to do inside the finally + + align:start position:0% +you might want to do inside the finally + + + align:start position:0% +you might want to do inside the finally +block just close files before before + + align:start position:0% +block just close files before before + + + align:start position:0% +block just close files before before +shutting down the uh before your program + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +terminates okay + + align:start position:0% +terminates okay + + + align:start position:0% +terminates okay +so I've shown you how to deal with + + align:start position:0% +so I've shown you how to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +so I've shown you how to deal with +exceptions but now what do we do inside + + align:start position:0% +exceptions but now what do we do inside + + + align:start position:0% +exceptions but now what do we do inside +the except blocks okay we've done a + + align:start position:0% +the except blocks okay we've done a + + + align:start position:0% +the except blocks okay we've done a +couple different things mostly printing + + align:start position:0% +couple different things mostly printing + + + align:start position:0% +couple different things mostly printing +out that something went wrong but we can + + align:start position:0% +out that something went wrong but we can + + + align:start position:0% +out that something went wrong but we can +do various other things um one thing and + + align:start position:0% +do various other things um one thing and + + + align:start position:0% +do various other things um one thing and +I don't recommend doing this is to just + + align:start position:0% +I don't recommend doing this is to just + + + align:start position:0% +I don't recommend doing this is to just +fail silently certainly we could write + + align:start position:0% +fail silently certainly we could write + + + align:start position:0% +fail silently certainly we could write +code that basically you know has uh yeah + + align:start position:0% +code that basically you know has uh yeah + + + align:start position:0% +code that basically you know has uh yeah +there's a question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +last + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yep so this is an else that we'd + + align:start position:0% +yep so this is an else that we'd + + + align:start position:0% +yep so this is an else that we'd +associate with a try so we would do + + align:start position:0% +associate with a try so we would do + + + align:start position:0% +associate with a try so we would do +something like um else and then you + + align:start position:0% +something like um else and then you + + + align:start position:0% +something like um else and then you +would you know print something here + + align:start position:0% +would you know print something here + + + align:start position:0% +would you know print something here +success or + + align:start position:0% +success or + + + align:start position:0% +success or +something and then if the code executes + + align:start position:0% +something and then if the code executes + + + align:start position:0% +something and then if the code executes +perfectly without an error then you will + + align:start position:0% +perfectly without an error then you will + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly without an error then you will +also print + + align:start position:0% +also print + + + align:start position:0% +also print +success + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah um so what do we do inside the uh + + align:start position:0% +yeah um so what do we do inside the uh + + + align:start position:0% +yeah um so what do we do inside the uh +inside the accept blocks one thing is to + + align:start position:0% +inside the accept blocks one thing is to + + + align:start position:0% +inside the accept blocks one thing is to +fail silently which means that well you + + align:start position:0% +fail silently which means that well you + + + align:start position:0% +fail silently which means that well you +could say you could try your entire + + align:start position:0% +could say you could try your entire + + + align:start position:0% +could say you could try your entire +piece of code and then you could say + + align:start position:0% +piece of code and then you could say + + + align:start position:0% +piece of code and then you could say +accept and then the only line you have + + align:start position:0% +accept and then the only line you have + + + align:start position:0% +accept and then the only line you have +an accept is maybe a line that says pass + + align:start position:0% +an accept is maybe a line that says pass + + + align:start position:0% +an accept is maybe a line that says pass +so that means any error that happens you + + align:start position:0% +so that means any error that happens you + + + align:start position:0% +so that means any error that happens you +would catch but You' do absolutely + + align:start position:0% +would catch but You' do absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +would catch but You' do absolutely +nothing and let the program continue + + align:start position:0% +nothing and let the program continue + + + align:start position:0% +nothing and let the program continue +with a potentially bad value being + + align:start position:0% +with a potentially bad value being + + + align:start position:0% +with a potentially bad value being +passed along that's not a good idea um + + align:start position:0% +passed along that's not a good idea um + + + align:start position:0% +passed along that's not a good idea um +you could also silently substitute + + align:start position:0% +you could also silently substitute + + + align:start position:0% +you could also silently substitute +values that you know might be uh might + + align:start position:0% +values that you know might be uh might + + + align:start position:0% +values that you know might be uh might +be problematic without you know flagging + + align:start position:0% +be problematic without you know flagging + + + align:start position:0% +be problematic without you know flagging +things happening also not good ideas + + align:start position:0% +things happening also not good ideas + + + align:start position:0% +things happening also not good ideas +okay um at the very least you should + + align:start position:0% +okay um at the very least you should + + + align:start position:0% +okay um at the very least you should +flag something to the output that + + align:start position:0% +flag something to the output that + + + align:start position:0% +flag something to the output that +something weird has happened okay + + align:start position:0% +something weird has happened okay + + + align:start position:0% +something weird has happened okay +another thing you could do is return + + align:start position:0% +another thing you could do is return + + + align:start position:0% +another thing you could do is return +some error value so you could have a + + align:start position:0% +some error value so you could have a + + + align:start position:0% +some error value so you could have a +whole bunch of variables in your code + + align:start position:0% +whole bunch of variables in your code + + + align:start position:0% +whole bunch of variables in your code +that you could set to some values like + + align:start position:0% +that you could set to some values like + + + align:start position:0% +that you could set to some values like +Flags kind of thing um whenever your + + align:start position:0% +Flags kind of thing um whenever your + + + align:start position:0% +Flags kind of thing um whenever your +code uh runs into an exception block + + align:start position:0% +code uh runs into an exception block + + + align:start position:0% +code uh runs into an exception block +right but the problem with that is that + + align:start position:0% +right but the problem with that is that + + + align:start position:0% +right but the problem with that is that +you have to now check for all these + + align:start position:0% +you have to now check for all these + + + align:start position:0% +you have to now check for all these +values further on in your code right so + + align:start position:0% +values further on in your code right so + + + align:start position:0% +values further on in your code right so +now your code becomes overly complicated + + align:start position:0% +now your code becomes overly complicated + + + align:start position:0% +now your code becomes overly complicated +because you have a whole bunch of extra + + align:start position:0% +because you have a whole bunch of extra + + + align:start position:0% +because you have a whole bunch of extra +variables you're constantly checking to + + align:start position:0% +variables you're constantly checking to + + + align:start position:0% +variables you're constantly checking to +see if any errors were flagged or + + align:start position:0% +see if any errors were flagged or + + + align:start position:0% +see if any errors were flagged or +something like that + + align:start position:0% +something like that + + + align:start position:0% +something like that +happened um one last thing and this is + + align:start position:0% +happened um one last thing and this is + + + align:start position:0% +happened um one last thing and this is +what I'll show you you can do is to + + align:start position:0% +what I'll show you you can do is to + + + align:start position:0% +what I'll show you you can do is to +actually still stop the execution so + + align:start position:0% +actually still stop the execution so + + + align:start position:0% +actually still stop the execution so +much like when we input when we tried to + + align:start position:0% +much like when we input when we tried to + + + align:start position:0% +much like when we input when we tried to +run the uh the sum digits program and it + + align:start position:0% +run the uh the sum digits program and it + + + align:start position:0% +run the uh the sum digits program and it +crashed with a value error we could + + align:start position:0% +crashed with a value error we could + + + align:start position:0% +crashed with a value error we could +still make our program crash + + align:start position:0% +still make our program crash + + + align:start position:0% +still make our program crash +but it's on our own terms so we can + + align:start position:0% +but it's on our own terms so we can + + + align:start position:0% +but it's on our own terms so we can +raise our own value errors or whatever + + align:start position:0% +raise our own value errors or whatever + + + align:start position:0% +raise our own value errors or whatever +kind of error you'd like to raise with + + align:start position:0% +kind of error you'd like to raise with + + + align:start position:0% +kind of error you'd like to raise with +your own custom message so the code + + align:start position:0% +your own custom message so the code + + + align:start position:0% +your own custom message so the code +still crashes which is fine because + + align:start position:0% +still crashes which is fine because + + + align:start position:0% +still crashes which is fine because +maybe you don't want Pro problematic + + align:start position:0% +maybe you don't want Pro problematic + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you don't want Pro problematic +code to move on but you're basically + + align:start position:0% +code to move on but you're basically + + + align:start position:0% +code to move on but you're basically +having it crash with a custom message + + align:start position:0% +having it crash with a custom message + + + align:start position:0% +having it crash with a custom message +and a custom error type being raised so + + align:start position:0% +and a custom error type being raised so + + + align:start position:0% +and a custom error type being raised so +this is a keyword in Python you raise + + align:start position:0% +this is a keyword in Python you raise + + + align:start position:0% +this is a keyword in Python you raise +your own value error and the parentheses + + align:start position:0% +your own value error and the parentheses + + + align:start position:0% +your own value error and the parentheses +you put whatever message you'd like to + + align:start position:0% +you put whatever message you'd like to + + + align:start position:0% +you put whatever message you'd like to +put + + align:start position:0% +put + + + align:start position:0% +put +okay so here's an example of the sum + + align:start position:0% +okay so here's an example of the sum + + + align:start position:0% +okay so here's an example of the sum +digits where we raise our own exception + + align:start position:0% +digits where we raise our own exception + + + align:start position:0% +digits where we raise our own exception +so let's say that um indeed we only + + align:start position:0% +so let's say that um indeed we only + + + align:start position:0% +so let's say that um indeed we only +wanted the user to give us digits and we + + align:start position:0% +wanted the user to give us digits and we + + + align:start position:0% +wanted the user to give us digits and we +don't actually want to this function to + + align:start position:0% +don't actually want to this function to + + + align:start position:0% +don't actually want to this function to +keep running and passing along the total + + align:start position:0% +keep running and passing along the total + + + align:start position:0% +keep running and passing along the total +if the user ever gave us a string that + + align:start position:0% +if the user ever gave us a string that + + + align:start position:0% +if the user ever gave us a string that +contains letters right so in that + + align:start position:0% +contains letters right so in that + + + align:start position:0% +contains letters right so in that +particular case I'm going to still put a + + align:start position:0% +particular case I'm going to still put a + + + align:start position:0% +particular case I'm going to still put a +tri block and an accept block around uh + + align:start position:0% +tri block and an accept block around uh + + + align:start position:0% +tri block and an accept block around uh +a Tri block around the problematic code + + align:start position:0% +a Tri block around the problematic code + + + align:start position:0% +a Tri block around the problematic code +and accept block to catch any errors but + + align:start position:0% +and accept block to catch any errors but + + + align:start position:0% +and accept block to catch any errors but +now instead of printing something and + + align:start position:0% +now instead of printing something and + + + align:start position:0% +now instead of printing something and +letting the code carry on with the loop + + align:start position:0% +letting the code carry on with the loop + + + align:start position:0% +letting the code carry on with the loop +we're going to raise a value + + align:start position:0% +we're going to raise a value + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to raise a value +error with our own message so my message + + align:start position:0% +error with our own message so my message + + + align:start position:0% +error with our own message so my message +is at the string contained a character + + align:start position:0% +is at the string contained a character + + + align:start position:0% +is at the string contained a character +so if I run this + + align:start position:0% +so if I run this + + + align:start position:0% +so if I run this +code and it's actually up here if I run + + align:start position:0% +code and it's actually up here if I run + + + align:start position:0% +code and it's actually up here if I run +this code with perfectly fine inputs + + align:start position:0% +this code with perfectly fine inputs + + + align:start position:0% +this code with perfectly fine inputs +there's no issue right we just calculate + + align:start position:0% +there's no issue right we just calculate + + + align:start position:0% +there's no issue right we just calculate +the total as we want want but if the + + align:start position:0% +the total as we want want but if the + + + align:start position:0% +the total as we want want but if the +user gives us some code uh that some + + align:start position:0% +user gives us some code uh that some + + + align:start position:0% +user gives us some code uh that some +string that does contain extra + + align:start position:0% +string that does contain extra + + + align:start position:0% +string that does contain extra +characters which maybe we don't actually + + align:start position:0% +characters which maybe we don't actually + + + align:start position:0% +characters which maybe we don't actually +want um to have happened you see I still + + align:start position:0% +want um to have happened you see I still + + + align:start position:0% +want um to have happened you see I still +have a value error which is the same + + align:start position:0% +have a value error which is the same + + + align:start position:0% +have a value error which is the same +kind of uh exception that was raised + + align:start position:0% +kind of uh exception that was raised + + + align:start position:0% +kind of uh exception that was raised +without the try and accept but now the + + align:start position:0% +without the try and accept but now the + + + align:start position:0% +without the try and accept but now the +message that I've uh passed in is string + + align:start position:0% +message that I've uh passed in is string + + + align:start position:0% +message that I've uh passed in is string +contained a character as opposed to + + align:start position:0% +contained a character as opposed to + + + align:start position:0% +contained a character as opposed to +invalid literal for whatever that you + + align:start position:0% +invalid literal for whatever that you + + + align:start position:0% +invalid literal for whatever that you +know that cryptic message + + align:start position:0% +know that cryptic message + + + align:start position:0% +know that cryptic message +was so this is a much nicer way to uh to + + align:start position:0% +was so this is a much nicer way to uh to + + + align:start position:0% +was so this is a much nicer way to uh to +flag uh or to to stop the ter stop the + + align:start position:0% +flag uh or to to stop the ter stop the + + + align:start position:0% +flag uh or to to stop the ter stop the +program to terminate the program but do + + align:start position:0% +program to terminate the program but do + + + align:start position:0% +program to terminate the program but do +it on your own + + align:start position:0% +it on your own + + + align:start position:0% +it on your own +terms so let's have you work on this for + + align:start position:0% +terms so let's have you work on this for + + + align:start position:0% +terms so let's have you work on this for +a couple minutes um you'll raise your + + align:start position:0% +a couple minutes um you'll raise your + + + align:start position:0% +a couple minutes um you'll raise your +own value errors I'd like you to write + + align:start position:0% +own value errors I'd like you to write + + + align:start position:0% +own value errors I'd like you to write +this function that's called pairwise + + align:start position:0% +this function that's called pairwise + + + align:start position:0% +this function that's called pairwise +division it takes in two lists the lists + + align:start position:0% +division it takes in two lists the lists + + + align:start position:0% +division it takes in two lists the lists +should be non empty and they're equal + + align:start position:0% +should be non empty and they're equal + + + align:start position:0% +should be non empty and they're equal +lengths right so as per this example + + align:start position:0% +lengths right so as per this example + + + align:start position:0% +lengths right so as per this example +here's two lists that are not empty and + + align:start position:0% +here's two lists that are not empty and + + + align:start position:0% +here's two lists that are not empty and +they're the same length and I would like + + align:start position:0% +they're the same length and I would like + + + align:start position:0% +they're the same length and I would like +the code to basically go uh element by + + align:start position:0% +the code to basically go uh element by + + + align:start position:0% +the code to basically go uh element by +element and create a new list where each + + align:start position:0% +element and create a new list where each + + + align:start position:0% +element and create a new list where each +element is going to be for example four + + align:start position:0% +element is going to be for example four + + + align:start position:0% +element is going to be for example four +divid by 1 5id by two and 6 divided 3 so + + align:start position:0% +divid by 1 5id by two and 6 divided 3 so + + + align:start position:0% +divid by 1 5id by two and 6 divided 3 so +pairwise you do the division put all + + align:start position:0% +pairwise you do the division put all + + + align:start position:0% +pairwise you do the division put all +those elements in a new list and return + + align:start position:0% +those elements in a new list and return + + + align:start position:0% +those elements in a new list and return +that list if the denominator so the the + + align:start position:0% +that list if the denominator so the the + + + align:start position:0% +that list if the denominator so the the +second parameter passed in lunam + + align:start position:0% +second parameter passed in lunam + + + align:start position:0% +second parameter passed in lunam +contains any zeros raise a value error + + align:start position:0% +contains any zeros raise a value error + + + align:start position:0% +contains any zeros raise a value error +okay so don't let the code crash with + + align:start position:0% +okay so don't let the code crash with + + + align:start position:0% +okay so don't let the code crash with +this zero division error but instead + + align:start position:0% +this zero division error but instead + + + align:start position:0% +this zero division error but instead +raise a value error with a nice + + align:start position:0% +raise a value error with a nice + + + align:start position:0% +raise a value error with a nice +message so start with just the code to + + align:start position:0% +message so start with just the code to + + + align:start position:0% +message so start with just the code to +do the task and then add the value error + + align:start position:0% +do the task and then add the value error + + + align:start position:0% +do the task and then add the value error +bit um at the + + align:start position:0% +bit um at the + + + align:start position:0% +bit um at the +end okay does anyone have a start how + + align:start position:0% +end okay does anyone have a start how + + + align:start position:0% +end okay does anyone have a start how +would you like to solve this problem how + + align:start position:0% +would you like to solve this problem how + + + align:start position:0% +would you like to solve this problem how +do you want to write + + align:start position:0% +do you want to write + + + align:start position:0% +do you want to write +it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +yep + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +L num at I divided by + + align:start position:0% +L num at I divided by + + + align:start position:0% +L num at I divided by +LOM oops at + + align:start position:0% +LOM oops at + + + align:start position:0% +LOM oops at +I so we do the division for + + align:start position:0% +I so we do the division for + + + align:start position:0% +I so we do the division for +I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so here what is I is it the element or + + align:start position:0% +so here what is I is it the element or + + + align:start position:0% +so here what is I is it the element or +is it an index yeah so how do we grab B + + align:start position:0% +is it an index yeah so how do we grab B + + + align:start position:0% +is it an index yeah so how do we grab B +like basically numbers zero through the + + align:start position:0% +like basically numbers zero through the + + + align:start position:0% +like basically numbers zero through the +length of one of these + + align:start position:0% +length of one of these + + + align:start position:0% +length of one of these +lists if you want to do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah uh yeah so we have to do range + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh yeah so we have to do range + + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh yeah so we have to do range +remember yeah range Len El yep + + align:start position:0% +remember yeah range Len El yep + + + align:start position:0% +remember yeah range Len El yep +I think those are my parentheses that's + + align:start position:0% +I think those are my parentheses that's + + + align:start position:0% +I think those are my parentheses that's +cool that you did list comprehension + + align:start position:0% +cool that you did list comprehension + + + align:start position:0% +cool that you did list comprehension +right away uh does anyone want to + + align:start position:0% +right away uh does anyone want to + + + align:start position:0% +right away uh does anyone want to +rewrite this using uh if or using a a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +loop it's two oh yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yep + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we still want to use the index right + + align:start position:0% +so we still want to use the index right + + + align:start position:0% +so we still want to use the index right +because if we're looking at the element + + align:start position:0% +because if we're looking at the element + + + align:start position:0% +because if we're looking at the element +in L num it's going to be hard for us to + + align:start position:0% +in L num it's going to be hard for us to + + + align:start position:0% +in L num it's going to be hard for us to +grab the same element in ldom so let's + + align:start position:0% +grab the same element in ldom so let's + + + align:start position:0% +grab the same element in ldom so let's +iterate through the the like zero + + align:start position:0% +iterate through the the like zero + + + align:start position:0% +iterate through the the like zero +through the range right so basically + + align:start position:0% +through the range right so basically + + + align:start position:0% +through the range right so basically +what we did up there range Len and then + + align:start position:0% +what we did up there range Len and then + + + align:start position:0% +what we did up there range Len and then +pick one of them because they're the + + align:start position:0% +pick one of them because they're the + + + align:start position:0% +pick one of them because they're the +same length so now let's change this to + + align:start position:0% +same length so now let's change this to + + + align:start position:0% +same length so now let's change this to +I just so we're not confused I would say + + align:start position:0% +I just so we're not confused I would say + + + align:start position:0% +I just so we're not confused I would say +I is0 1 2 3 four right so now we know + + align:start position:0% +I is0 1 2 3 four right so now we know + + + align:start position:0% +I is0 1 2 3 four right so now we know +this is the index so with this index in + + align:start position:0% +this is the index so with this index in + + + align:start position:0% +this is the index so with this index in +hand this is the right start right L num + + align:start position:0% +hand this is the right start right L num + + + align:start position:0% +hand this is the right start right L num +at I gives me the lement in L num divide + + align:start position:0% +at I gives me the lement in L num divide + + + align:start position:0% +at I gives me the lement in L num divide +by LD num exactly at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I yeah + + align:start position:0% +I yeah + + + align:start position:0% +I yeah +L we can do l. aend something like that + + align:start position:0% +L we can do l. aend something like that + + + align:start position:0% +L we can do l. aend something like that +um we can't say l at I equals that + + align:start position:0% +um we can't say l at I equals that + + + align:start position:0% +um we can't say l at I equals that +because our L + + align:start position:0% +because our L + + + align:start position:0% +because our L +is not made exactly yes perfect so we + + align:start position:0% +is not made exactly yes perfect so we + + + align:start position:0% +is not made exactly yes perfect so we +could do like this this is just another + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +way and then at the end we can return uh + + align:start position:0% +way and then at the end we can return uh + + + align:start position:0% +way and then at the end we can return uh +our variable right + + align:start position:0% +our variable right + + + align:start position:0% +our variable right +L okay so that solves our problem how do + + align:start position:0% +L okay so that solves our problem how do + + + align:start position:0% +L okay so that solves our problem how do +we add the piece where we raise a value + + align:start position:0% +we add the piece where we raise a value + + + align:start position:0% +we add the piece where we raise a value +so how do you want to check that there + + align:start position:0% +so how do you want to check that there + + + align:start position:0% +so how do you want to check that there +'s a that LOM has a + + align:start position:0% +'s a that LOM has a + + + align:start position:0% +'s a that LOM has a +zero because this should hopefully run + + align:start position:0% +zero because this should hopefully run + + + align:start position:0% +zero because this should hopefully run +work with our code without uh oh oops + + align:start position:0% +work with our code without uh oh oops + + + align:start position:0% +work with our code without uh oh oops +did I do it twice sorry yes I did let me + + align:start position:0% +did I do it twice sorry yes I did let me + + + align:start position:0% +did I do it twice sorry yes I did let me +just comment one of these + + align:start position:0% +just comment one of these + + + align:start position:0% +just comment one of these +out + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oops + + align:start position:0% +oops + + + align:start position:0% +oops +there so how do I add the piece about + + align:start position:0% +there so how do I add the piece about + + + align:start position:0% +there so how do I add the piece about +value + + align:start position:0% +value + + + align:start position:0% +value +erors yes you put the L under try and + + align:start position:0% +erors yes you put the L under try and + + + align:start position:0% +erors yes you put the L under try and +then you add + + align:start position:0% +then you add + + + align:start position:0% +then you add +accept + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yep so we can pop this into a try and + + align:start position:0% +yep so we can pop this into a try and + + + align:start position:0% +yep so we can pop this into a try and +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +accept and raise value eror yep and with + + align:start position:0% +accept and raise value eror yep and with + + + align:start position:0% +accept and raise value eror yep and with +some nice message + + align:start position:0% +some nice message + + + align:start position:0% +some nice message +here nice + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +message and we can also put the entire + + align:start position:0% +message and we can also put the entire + + + align:start position:0% +message and we can also put the entire +for Loop under the try the code is not + + align:start position:0% +for Loop under the try the code is not + + + align:start position:0% +for Loop under the try the code is not +very long that it does it it wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +very long that it does it it wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +very long that it does it it wouldn't +make a difference right so if we try to + + align:start position:0% +make a difference right so if we try to + + + align:start position:0% +make a difference right so if we try to +run it like that now I've got my value + + align:start position:0% +run it like that now I've got my value + + + align:start position:0% +run it like that now I've got my value +error with my nice + + align:start position:0% +error with my nice + + + align:start position:0% +error with my nice +message another uh yeah another way we + + align:start position:0% +message another uh yeah another way we + + + align:start position:0% +message another uh yeah another way we +could raise the value error just for + + align:start position:0% +could raise the value error just for + + + align:start position:0% +could raise the value error just for +completion sake is to say something like + + align:start position:0% +completion sake is to say something like + + + align:start position:0% +completion sake is to say something like +you can even raise things inside if + + align:start position:0% +you can even raise things inside if + + + align:start position:0% +you can even raise things inside if +statements they don't have to be part of + + align:start position:0% +statements they don't have to be part of + + + align:start position:0% +statements they don't have to be part of +accept blocks before we even do anything + + align:start position:0% +accept blocks before we even do anything + + + align:start position:0% +accept blocks before we even do anything +with the code we can say if zero is in + + align:start position:0% +with the code we can say if zero is in + + + align:start position:0% +with the code we can say if zero is in +LD Nom raise value air that would also + + align:start position:0% +LD Nom raise value air that would also + + + align:start position:0% +LD Nom raise value air that would also +be a fine thing to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do right so we can raise value wherever + + align:start position:0% +do right so we can raise value wherever + + + align:start position:0% +do right so we can raise value wherever +we'd like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so now I'd like to talk a little bit + + align:start position:0% +so now I'd like to talk a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +so now I'd like to talk a little bit +about assertions so assertions are + + align:start position:0% +about assertions so assertions are + + + align:start position:0% +about assertions so assertions are +actually still exceptions that get + + align:start position:0% +actually still exceptions that get + + + align:start position:0% +actually still exceptions that get +raised they're just a very special type + + align:start position:0% +raised they're just a very special type + + + align:start position:0% +raised they're just a very special type +of uh exceptions that we mostly use as a + + align:start position:0% +of uh exceptions that we mostly use as a + + + align:start position:0% +of uh exceptions that we mostly use as a +defensive programming tool so um uh + + align:start position:0% +defensive programming tool so um uh + + + align:start position:0% +defensive programming tool so um uh +assertions are basically used to enforce + + align:start position:0% +assertions are basically used to enforce + + + align:start position:0% +assertions are basically used to enforce +these contracts that we make between + + align:start position:0% +these contracts that we make between + + + align:start position:0% +these contracts that we make between +somebody who writes a function and + + align:start position:0% +somebody who writes a function and + + + align:start position:0% +somebody who writes a function and +somebody who uses a function so that's + + align:start position:0% +somebody who uses a function so that's + + + align:start position:0% +somebody who uses a function so that's +basically the function dock strings + + align:start position:0% +basically the function dock strings + + + align:start position:0% +basically the function dock strings +right when we talked about doc strings I + + align:start position:0% +right when we talked about doc strings I + + + align:start position:0% +right when we talked about doc strings I +said that it's very hard for us to + + align:start position:0% +said that it's very hard for us to + + + align:start position:0% +said that it's very hard for us to +enforce the the um the uh the text + + align:start position:0% +enforce the the um the uh the text + + + align:start position:0% +enforce the the um the uh the text +within the doc string right because it's + + align:start position:0% +within the doc string right because it's + + + align:start position:0% +within the doc string right because it's +just the the person who's writing the + + align:start position:0% +just the the person who's writing the + + + align:start position:0% +just the the person who's writing the +function saying you know the input list + + align:start position:0% +function saying you know the input list + + + align:start position:0% +function saying you know the input list +should not be empty or you know these + + align:start position:0% +should not be empty or you know these + + + align:start position:0% +should not be empty or you know these +the input two input lists like in the + + align:start position:0% +the input two input lists like in the + + + align:start position:0% +the input two input lists like in the +previous example should be the same + + align:start position:0% +previous example should be the same + + + align:start position:0% +previous example should be the same +length and there's no way for us to + + align:start position:0% +length and there's no way for us to + + + align:start position:0% +length and there's no way for us to +really enforce that it's just something + + align:start position:0% +really enforce that it's just something + + + align:start position:0% +really enforce that it's just something +that's nice to have and we're going to + + align:start position:0% +that's nice to have and we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +that's nice to have and we're going to +guarantee that the code runs if these + + align:start position:0% +guarantee that the code runs if these + + + align:start position:0% +guarantee that the code runs if these +things are upheld but it turns out that + + align:start position:0% +things are upheld but it turns out that + + + align:start position:0% +things are upheld but it turns out that +a assertions are actually a nice way for + + align:start position:0% +a assertions are actually a nice way for + + + align:start position:0% +a assertions are actually a nice way for +us to uh add to a nice thing to add to + + align:start position:0% +us to uh add to a nice thing to add to + + + align:start position:0% +us to uh add to a nice thing to add to +our functions that do try to enforce + + align:start position:0% +our functions that do try to enforce + + + align:start position:0% +our functions that do try to enforce +these this contract through the + + align:start position:0% +these this contract through the + + + align:start position:0% +these this contract through the +specification so the way we create an + + align:start position:0% +specification so the way we create an + + + align:start position:0% +specification so the way we create an +assert we say assert and I'm asserting + + align:start position:0% +assert we say assert and I'm asserting + + + align:start position:0% +assert we say assert and I'm asserting +that this statement is true so if I want + + align:start position:0% +that this statement is true so if I want + + + align:start position:0% +that this statement is true so if I want +that the input length for a function to + + align:start position:0% +that the input length for a function to + + + align:start position:0% +that the input length for a function to +be non zero I would assert that the + + align:start position:0% +be non zero I would assert that the + + + align:start position:0% +be non zero I would assert that the +length L is not equal to zero or + + align:start position:0% +length L is not equal to zero or + + + align:start position:0% +length L is not equal to zero or +something like that and if the assertion + + align:start position:0% +something like that and if the assertion + + + align:start position:0% +something like that and if the assertion +is true right if that condition is met + + align:start position:0% +is true right if that condition is met + + + align:start position:0% +is true right if that condition is met +then the code carries on as normal but + + align:start position:0% +then the code carries on as normal but + + + align:start position:0% +then the code carries on as normal but +if the assertion is not true then python + + align:start position:0% +if the assertion is not true then python + + + align:start position:0% +if the assertion is not true then python +ends with an assertion error and then + + align:start position:0% +ends with an assertion error and then + + + align:start position:0% +ends with an assertion error and then +some message that the condition was not + + align:start position:0% +some message that the condition was not + + + align:start position:0% +some message that the condition was not +true and these are really nice because + + align:start position:0% +true and these are really nice because + + + align:start position:0% +true and these are really nice because +it halts the execution of a program as + + align:start position:0% +it halts the execution of a program as + + + align:start position:0% +it halts the execution of a program as +soon as that contract is not held right + + align:start position:0% +soon as that contract is not held right + + + align:start position:0% +soon as that contract is not held right +as soon as something within the + + align:start position:0% +as soon as something within the + + + align:start position:0% +as soon as something within the +specification has gone wrong then the + + align:start position:0% +specification has gone wrong then the + + + align:start position:0% +specification has gone wrong then the +program terminates with those assertion + + align:start position:0% +program terminates with those assertion + + + align:start position:0% +program terminates with those assertion +errors and it's nice to see them because + + align:start position:0% +errors and it's nice to see them because + + + align:start position:0% +errors and it's nice to see them because +if you're debugging your code you don't + + align:start position:0% +if you're debugging your code you don't + + + align:start position:0% +if you're debugging your code you don't +want to propagate bad values or you know + + align:start position:0% +want to propagate bad values or you know + + + align:start position:0% +want to propagate bad values or you know +bad ass or bad yeah bad values through + + align:start position:0% +bad ass or bad yeah bad values through + + + align:start position:0% +bad ass or bad yeah bad values through +functions because that value might get + + align:start position:0% +functions because that value might get + + + align:start position:0% +functions because that value might get +propagated later and later and later and + + align:start position:0% +propagated later and later and later and + + + align:start position:0% +propagated later and later and later and +then it would make your debugging uh + + align:start position:0% +then it would make your debugging uh + + + align:start position:0% +then it would make your debugging uh +very hard okay so if you stop the + + align:start position:0% +very hard okay so if you stop the + + + align:start position:0% +very hard okay so if you stop the +execution as as soon as something is + + align:start position:0% +execution as as soon as something is + + + align:start position:0% +execution as as soon as something is +just strange or off as in something like + + align:start position:0% +just strange or off as in something like + + + align:start position:0% +just strange or off as in something like +an assert uh an assumption on a uh + + align:start position:0% +an assert uh an assumption on a uh + + + align:start position:0% +an assert uh an assumption on a uh +parameters not met then that's uh that's + + align:start position:0% +parameters not met then that's uh that's + + + align:start position:0% +parameters not met then that's uh that's +good so in our some digits example here + + align:start position:0% +good so in our some digits example here + + + align:start position:0% +good so in our some digits example here +is the code that we wrote last so total + + align:start position:0% +is the code that we wrote last so total + + + align:start position:0% +is the code that we wrote last so total +to the bottom is exactly what we had + + align:start position:0% +to the bottom is exactly what we had + + + align:start position:0% +to the bottom is exactly what we had +before all we're going to add is this + + align:start position:0% +before all we're going to add is this + + + align:start position:0% +before all we're going to add is this +assert statement up here that the length + + align:start position:0% +assert statement up here that the length + + + align:start position:0% +assert statement up here that the length +of s is not empty because part of my + + align:start position:0% +of s is not empty because part of my + + + align:start position:0% +of s is not empty because part of my +contract here is that s is a non-empty + + align:start position:0% +contract here is that s is a non-empty + + + align:start position:0% +contract here is that s is a non-empty +string right so that's a nice thing to + + align:start position:0% +string right so that's a nice thing to + + + align:start position:0% +string right so that's a nice thing to +assert if the user ever gives us an + + align:start position:0% +assert if the user ever gives us an + + + align:start position:0% +assert if the user ever gives us an +empty string the program will + + align:start position:0% +empty string the program will + + + align:start position:0% +empty string the program will +terminate so in this example here I've + + align:start position:0% +terminate so in this example here I've + + + align:start position:0% +terminate so in this example here I've +got the sum digits with the assert so if + + align:start position:0% +got the sum digits with the assert so if + + + align:start position:0% +got the sum digits with the assert so if +the user gives us an empty + + align:start position:0% +the user gives us an empty + + + align:start position:0% +the user gives us an empty +string no total was created and the + + align:start position:0% +string no total was created and the + + + align:start position:0% +string no total was created and the +assert was immediately uh false right so + + align:start position:0% +assert was immediately uh false right so + + + align:start position:0% +assert was immediately uh false right so +length s was equal to zero the assert + + align:start position:0% +length s was equal to zero the assert + + + align:start position:0% +length s was equal to zero the assert +assertion error was raised with the + + align:start position:0% +assertion error was raised with the + + + align:start position:0% +assertion error was raised with the +message s is empty so what I had + + align:start position:0% +message s is empty so what I had + + + align:start position:0% +message s is empty so what I had +here okay if I have fine input then no + + align:start position:0% +here okay if I have fine input then no + + + align:start position:0% +here okay if I have fine input then no +assertion is raised and the code carries + + align:start position:0% +assertion is raised and the code carries + + + align:start position:0% +assertion is raised and the code carries +on as normal so that's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +nice so let's have you add one more line + + align:start position:0% +nice so let's have you add one more line + + + align:start position:0% +nice so let's have you add one more line +of code to your uh the program that we + + align:start position:0% +of code to your uh the program that we + + + align:start position:0% +of code to your uh the program that we +just wrote just add an assert statement + + align:start position:0% +just wrote just add an assert statement + + + align:start position:0% +just wrote just add an assert statement +that uh enforces the contract so I have + + align:start position:0% +that uh enforces the contract so I have + + + align:start position:0% +that uh enforces the contract so I have +L num and LD num are non-empty lists of + + align:start position:0% +L num and LD num are non-empty lists of + + + align:start position:0% +L num and LD num are non-empty lists of +equal lengths so you can do this Allin + + align:start position:0% +equal lengths so you can do this Allin + + + align:start position:0% +equal lengths so you can do this Allin +one assert statement or you can put two + + align:start position:0% +one assert statement or you can put two + + + align:start position:0% +one assert statement or you can put two +separate assert statements with two + + align:start position:0% +separate assert statements with two + + + align:start position:0% +separate assert statements with two +separate messages however you'd like it + + align:start position:0% +separate messages however you'd like it + + + align:start position:0% +separate messages however you'd like it +is fine with me so I'll give you a + + align:start position:0% +is fine with me so I'll give you a + + + align:start position:0% +is fine with me so I'll give you a +minute to work on that um and then we + + align:start position:0% +minute to work on that um and then we + + + align:start position:0% +minute to work on that um and then we +can write + + align:start position:0% +can write + + + align:start position:0% +can write +it all right what uh assertions should I + + align:start position:0% +it all right what uh assertions should I + + + align:start position:0% +it all right what uh assertions should I +put in here yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the thing I'm asserting should be + + align:start position:0% +so the thing I'm asserting should be + + + align:start position:0% +so the thing I'm asserting should be +true so I do I want them to be equal yes + + align:start position:0% +true so I do I want them to be equal yes + + + align:start position:0% +true so I do I want them to be equal yes +exactly so we I want Len L num to equal + + align:start position:0% +exactly so we I want Len L num to equal + + + align:start position:0% +exactly so we I want Len L num to equal +Len + + align:start position:0% +Len + + + align:start position:0% +Len +L did I yeah D like that yep that's one + + align:start position:0% +L did I yeah D like that yep that's one + + + align:start position:0% +L did I yeah D like that yep that's one +right so the thing you want you're + + align:start position:0% +right so the thing you want you're + + + align:start position:0% +right so the thing you want you're +asserting that this is true and if not + + align:start position:0% +asserting that this is true and if not + + + align:start position:0% +asserting that this is true and if not +comma we're going to put a message right + + align:start position:0% +comma we're going to put a message right + + + align:start position:0% +comma we're going to put a message right +list uh lengths different or something + + align:start position:0% +list uh lengths different or something + + + align:start position:0% +list uh lengths different or something +like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that do you want to do the other assert + + align:start position:0% +that do you want to do the other assert + + + align:start position:0% +that do you want to do the other assert +statement or does somebody else want to + + align:start position:0% +statement or does somebody else want to + + + align:start position:0% +statement or does somebody else want to +take a crack at the other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +assert so the other one is that they are + + align:start position:0% +assert so the other one is that they are + + + align:start position:0% +assert so the other one is that they are +non-empty + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lists + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yep so we can definitely do that not + + align:start position:0% +yep so we can definitely do that not + + + align:start position:0% +yep so we can definitely do that not +equal to zero + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero + + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero +comma you + + align:start position:0% +comma you + + + align:start position:0% +comma you +know empty list or something like that + + align:start position:0% +know empty list or something like that + + + align:start position:0% +know empty list or something like that +yep very nice so here we're trying to + + align:start position:0% +yep very nice so here we're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +yep very nice so here we're trying to +enforce our nice contracts and I've got + + align:start position:0% +enforce our nice contracts and I've got + + + align:start position:0% +enforce our nice contracts and I've got +two examples down here so here I've got + + align:start position:0% +two examples down here so here I've got + + + align:start position:0% +two examples down here so here I've got +two different lengths of lists so there + + align:start position:0% +two different lengths of lists so there + + + align:start position:0% +two different lengths of lists so there +you go my assertion has raised was + + align:start position:0% +you go my assertion has raised was + + + align:start position:0% +you go my assertion has raised was +raised with the my nice message lengths + + align:start position:0% +raised with the my nice message lengths + + + align:start position:0% +raised with the my nice message lengths +differ um and then the code would + + align:start position:0% +differ um and then the code would + + + align:start position:0% +differ um and then the code would +immediately stop and it would force us + + align:start position:0% +immediately stop and it would force us + + + align:start position:0% +immediately stop and it would force us +to check to see why these lengths are + + align:start position:0% +to check to see why these lengths are + + + align:start position:0% +to check to see why these lengths are +different so these bad lists won't + + align:start position:0% +different so these bad lists won't + + + align:start position:0% +different so these bad lists won't +propagate any further if I had larger + + align:start position:0% +propagate any further if I had larger + + + align:start position:0% +propagate any further if I had larger +pieces of code and then same here I've + + align:start position:0% +pieces of code and then same here I've + + + align:start position:0% +pieces of code and then same here I've +got this assertion error that I have an + + align:start position:0% +got this assertion error that I have an + + + align:start position:0% +got this assertion error that I have an +empty + + align:start position:0% +empty + + + align:start position:0% +empty +list + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay any questions so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +far + + align:start position:0% +far + + + align:start position:0% +far +okay one more example I want to go + + align:start position:0% +okay one more example I want to go + + + align:start position:0% +okay one more example I want to go +through I'm not going to actually run + + align:start position:0% +through I'm not going to actually run + + + align:start position:0% +through I'm not going to actually run +this one but it is in the python slides + + align:start position:0% +this one but it is in the python slides + + + align:start position:0% +this one but it is in the python slides +I just wanted to give you another um uh + + align:start position:0% +I just wanted to give you another um uh + + + align:start position:0% +I just wanted to give you another um uh +example of how we can use exceptions and + + align:start position:0% +example of how we can use exceptions and + + + align:start position:0% +example of how we can use exceptions and +ass assertions in just a different + + align:start position:0% +ass assertions in just a different + + + align:start position:0% +ass assertions in just a different +setting and it hopefully shows that as a + + align:start position:0% +setting and it hopefully shows that as a + + + align:start position:0% +setting and it hopefully shows that as a +programmer you get to choose how uh how + + align:start position:0% +programmer you get to choose how uh how + + + align:start position:0% +programmer you get to choose how uh how +you add these exceptions and assertions + + align:start position:0% +you add these exceptions and assertions + + + align:start position:0% +you add these exceptions and assertions +right so wherever they are they seem + + align:start position:0% +right so wherever they are they seem + + + align:start position:0% +right so wherever they are they seem +reasonable to add you should add them so + + align:start position:0% +reasonable to add you should add them so + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable to add you should add them so +in this particular example we're + + align:start position:0% +in this particular example we're + + + align:start position:0% +in this particular example we're +assuming that we have a class list um in + + align:start position:0% +assuming that we have a class list um in + + + align:start position:0% +assuming that we have a class list um in +this case I only have two students in my + + align:start position:0% +this case I only have two students in my + + + align:start position:0% +this case I only have two students in my +class um so these are their uh their + + align:start position:0% +class um so these are their uh their + + + align:start position:0% +class um so these are their uh their +test grades so I've got a list that + + align:start position:0% +test grades so I've got a list that + + + align:start position:0% +test grades so I've got a list that +looks like this it looks complicated but + + align:start position:0% +looks like this it looks complicated but + + + align:start position:0% +looks like this it looks complicated but +I'll walk you through it this is one + + align:start position:0% +I'll walk you through it this is one + + + align:start position:0% +I'll walk you through it this is one +student in my list and this is another + + align:start position:0% +student in my list and this is another + + + align:start position:0% +student in my list and this is another +student in my list so I've got a list of + + align:start position:0% +student in my list so I've got a list of + + + align:start position:0% +student in my list so I've got a list of +lists right where these things that I've + + align:start position:0% +lists right where these things that I've + + + align:start position:0% +lists right where these things that I've +highlighted in red is my students and + + align:start position:0% +highlighted in red is my students and + + + align:start position:0% +highlighted in red is my students and +for each student I have more lists as + + align:start position:0% +for each student I have more lists as + + + align:start position:0% +for each student I have more lists as +part of their uh sort of information so + + align:start position:0% +part of their uh sort of information so + + + align:start position:0% +part of their uh sort of information so +the first list related to one student is + + align:start position:0% +the first list related to one student is + + + align:start position:0% +the first list related to one student is +their name right the first element is + + align:start position:0% +their name right the first element is + + + align:start position:0% +their name right the first element is +their first name second element is is + + align:start position:0% +their first name second element is is + + + align:start position:0% +their first name second element is is +their last name and then the second list + + align:start position:0% +their last name and then the second list + + + align:start position:0% +their last name and then the second list +for that student is their grades in the + + align:start position:0% +for that student is their grades in the + + + align:start position:0% +for that student is their grades in the +class so just another list of all the + + align:start position:0% +class so just another list of all the + + + align:start position:0% +class so just another list of all the +grades in the class + + align:start position:0% +grades in the class + + + align:start position:0% +grades in the class +okay so what I would like to do and this + + align:start position:0% +okay so what I would like to do and this + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what I would like to do and this +is the code uh I'm going to I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +is the code uh I'm going to I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +is the code uh I'm going to I'm going to +go through is what I is I'd like to + + align:start position:0% +go through is what I is I'd like to + + + align:start position:0% +go through is what I is I'd like to +create a new + + align:start position:0% +create a new + + + align:start position:0% +create a new +list based on the original grade test + + align:start position:0% +list based on the original grade test + + + align:start position:0% +list based on the original grade test +grades that contains the same + + align:start position:0% +grades that contains the same + + + align:start position:0% +grades that contains the same +information as before so you can see I + + align:start position:0% +information as before so you can see I + + + align:start position:0% +information as before so you can see I +still have two lists of students the + + align:start position:0% +still have two lists of students the + + + align:start position:0% +still have two lists of students the +first row and the second row and in in + + align:start position:0% +first row and the second row and in in + + + align:start position:0% +first row and the second row and in in +each students's information I again + + align:start position:0% +each students's information I again + + + align:start position:0% +each students's information I again +still have their name and their list of + + align:start position:0% +still have their name and their list of + + + align:start position:0% +still have their name and their list of +grades but I'm adding one more item at + + align:start position:0% +grades but I'm adding one more item at + + + align:start position:0% +grades but I'm adding one more item at +the end for each student which is the + + align:start position:0% +the end for each student which is the + + + align:start position:0% +the end for each student which is the +average of the list of grades so I've + + align:start position:0% +average of the list of grades so I've + + + align:start position:0% +average of the list of grades so I've +taken the average of these and plopped + + align:start position:0% +taken the average of these and plopped + + + align:start position:0% +taken the average of these and plopped +it as my uh integer or float at the end + + align:start position:0% +it as my uh integer or float at the end + + + align:start position:0% +it as my uh integer or float at the end +and same with my next + + align:start position:0% +and same with my next + + + align:start position:0% +and same with my next +student so the code that's going to do + + align:start position:0% +student so the code that's going to do + + + align:start position:0% +student so the code that's going to do +this looks like this I've got that's + + align:start position:0% +this looks like this I've got that's + + + align:start position:0% +this looks like this I've got that's +just the original list to give you uh an + + align:start position:0% +just the original list to give you uh an + + + align:start position:0% +just the original list to give you uh an +example to look at because I find it + + align:start position:0% +example to look at because I find it + + + align:start position:0% +example to look at because I find it +hard to to see things without examples + + align:start position:0% +hard to to see things without examples + + + align:start position:0% +hard to to see things without examples +so this is the code that gets the um + + align:start position:0% +so this is the code that gets the um + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the code that gets the um +stats for the class so that creates this + + align:start position:0% +stats for the class so that creates this + + + align:start position:0% +stats for the class so that creates this +new list containing my average at the + + align:start position:0% +new list containing my average at the + + + align:start position:0% +new list containing my average at the +end for each student in the class list + + align:start position:0% +end for each student in the class list + + + align:start position:0% +end for each student in the class list +so for example student here Stu is going + + align:start position:0% +so for example student here Stu is going + + + align:start position:0% +so for example student here Stu is going +to be this list of two + + align:start position:0% +to be this list of two + + + align:start position:0% +to be this list of two +lists what I'm going to do in my new + + align:start position:0% +lists what I'm going to do in my new + + + align:start position:0% +lists what I'm going to do in my new +list that I'm creating here new stats is + + align:start position:0% +list that I'm creating here new stats is + + + align:start position:0% +list that I'm creating here new stats is +I'm going to pen student at zero which + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to pen student at zero which + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to pen student at zero which +is just their name so just a straight + + align:start position:0% +is just their name so just a straight + + + align:start position:0% +is just their name so just a straight +copy and paste student at one which is + + align:start position:0% +copy and paste student at one which is + + + align:start position:0% +copy and paste student at one which is +just their grades again a straight up + + align:start position:0% +just their grades again a straight up + + + align:start position:0% +just their grades again a straight up +copy and paste of all their list of + + align:start position:0% +copy and paste of all their list of + + + align:start position:0% +copy and paste of all their list of +grades and then I'm going to apply a + + align:start position:0% +grades and then I'm going to apply a + + + align:start position:0% +grades and then I'm going to apply a +function named + + align:start position:0% +function named + + + align:start position:0% +function named +average to the list of student grd + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and what we're going to see in the next + + align:start position:0% +and what we're going to see in the next + + + align:start position:0% +and what we're going to see in the next +couple slides is we're going to see a + + align:start position:0% +couple slides is we're going to see a + + + align:start position:0% +couple slides is we're going to see a +few variations of this average function + + align:start position:0% +few variations of this average function + + + align:start position:0% +few variations of this average function +and what happens when we uh when we + + align:start position:0% +and what happens when we uh when we + + + align:start position:0% +and what happens when we uh when we +apply these different these different + + align:start position:0% +apply these different these different + + + align:start position:0% +apply these different these different +functions but for now I will uh assume + + align:start position:0% +functions but for now I will uh assume + + + align:start position:0% +functions but for now I will uh assume +that this code will do the job so the uh + + align:start position:0% +that this code will do the job so the uh + + + align:start position:0% +that this code will do the job so the uh +original average function will take in a + + align:start position:0% +original average function will take in a + + + align:start position:0% +original average function will take in a +list of grades so this uh grades here + + align:start position:0% +list of grades so this uh grades here + + + align:start position:0% +list of grades so this uh grades here +will look like this blue uh uh box here + + align:start position:0% +will look like this blue uh uh box here + + + align:start position:0% +will look like this blue uh uh box here +right so just just a list of numbers + + align:start position:0% +right so just just a list of numbers + + + align:start position:0% +right so just just a list of numbers +it's going to sum all the grades so sum + + align:start position:0% +it's going to sum all the grades so sum + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to sum all the grades so sum +of all the elements inside that list and + + align:start position:0% +of all the elements inside that list and + + + align:start position:0% +of all the elements inside that list and +divide by how many there are + + align:start position:0% +divide by how many there are + + + align:start position:0% +divide by how many there are +average okay now let's say that I have a + + align:start position:0% +average okay now let's say that I have a + + + align:start position:0% +average okay now let's say that I have a +student that contains no quiz grades or + + align:start position:0% +student that contains no quiz grades or + + + align:start position:0% +student that contains no quiz grades or +no grades at all in that case their list + + align:start position:0% +no grades at all in that case their list + + + align:start position:0% +no grades at all in that case their list +of grades will be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +empty so if I try to apply the sum of + + align:start position:0% +empty so if I try to apply the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +empty so if I try to apply the sum of +all the the grades divided by the length + + align:start position:0% +all the the grades divided by the length + + + align:start position:0% +all the the grades divided by the length +of the grades for somebody who has no + + align:start position:0% +of the grades for somebody who has no + + + align:start position:0% +of the grades for somebody who has no +grades information that length will be + + align:start position:0% +grades information that length will be + + + align:start position:0% +grades information that length will be +zero so I'm going to get a zero division + + align:start position:0% +zero so I'm going to get a zero division + + + align:start position:0% +zero so I'm going to get a zero division +error when I run my code and it will + + align:start position:0% +error when I run my code and it will + + + align:start position:0% +error when I run my code and it will +crash so what I'd like to do is to + + align:start position:0% +crash so what I'd like to do is to + + + align:start position:0% +crash so what I'd like to do is to +change my average function to uh try to + + align:start position:0% +change my average function to uh try to + + + align:start position:0% +change my average function to uh try to +catch such an error so I'm going to try + + align:start position:0% +catch such an error so I'm going to try + + + align:start position:0% +catch such an error so I'm going to try +to do the sum divided by the length and + + align:start position:0% +to do the sum divided by the length and + + + align:start position:0% +to do the sum divided by the length and +I'm going to catch this zero division + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to catch this zero division + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to catch this zero division +error inside this accept block and all + + align:start position:0% +error inside this accept block and all + + + align:start position:0% +error inside this accept block and all +I'm going to do is print warning no + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do is print warning no + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do is print warning no +grades + + align:start position:0% +grades + + + align:start position:0% +grades +data so for any student that actually + + align:start position:0% +data so for any student that actually + + + align:start position:0% +data so for any student that actually +has grades information here the code + + align:start position:0% +has grades information here the code + + + align:start position:0% +has grades information here the code +will work for the code to get the + + align:start position:0% +will work for the code to get the + + + align:start position:0% +will work for the code to get the +average will work just fine because it + + align:start position:0% +average will work just fine because it + + + align:start position:0% +average will work just fine because it +will do the sum divided by the + + align:start position:0% +will do the sum divided by the + + + align:start position:0% +will do the sum divided by the +length but and and then uh so that means + + align:start position:0% +length but and and then uh so that means + + + align:start position:0% +length but and and then uh so that means +the tri block will succeed and we're + + align:start position:0% +the tri block will succeed and we're + + + align:start position:0% +the tri block will succeed and we're +going to return the sum divided by the + + align:start position:0% +going to return the sum divided by the + + + align:start position:0% +going to return the sum divided by the +length but if any student enters the + + align:start position:0% +length but if any student enters the + + + align:start position:0% +length but if any student enters the +zero division error here we're going to + + align:start position:0% +zero division error here we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +zero division error here we're going to +print something and what do we return + + align:start position:0% +print something and what do we return + + + align:start position:0% +print something and what do we return +what does the function return if we + + align:start position:0% +what does the function return if we + + + align:start position:0% +what does the function return if we +enter the accept + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +block that's what's going to be printed + + align:start position:0% +block that's what's going to be printed + + + align:start position:0% +block that's what's going to be printed +but what does this function actually + + align:start position:0% +but what does this function actually + + + align:start position:0% +but what does this function actually +return what + + align:start position:0% +return what + + + align:start position:0% +return what +value none exactly right there's no + + align:start position:0% +value none exactly right there's no + + + align:start position:0% +value none exactly right there's no +return inside this accept block and no + + align:start position:0% +return inside this accept block and no + + + align:start position:0% +return inside this accept block and no +code after it either so you can see here + + align:start position:0% +code after it either so you can see here + + + align:start position:0% +code after it either so you can see here +if it successfully completes for these + + align:start position:0% +if it successfully completes for these + + + align:start position:0% +if it successfully completes for these +three student students we've got our + + align:start position:0% +three student students we've got our + + + align:start position:0% +three student students we've got our +numbers those that's what we return but + + align:start position:0% +numbers those that's what we return but + + + align:start position:0% +numbers those that's what we return but +for the last student that has no grades + + align:start position:0% +for the last student that has no grades + + + align:start position:0% +for the last student that has no grades +information we're returning + + align:start position:0% +information we're returning + + + align:start position:0% +information we're returning +none okay I don't like that what I would + + align:start position:0% +none okay I don't like that what I would + + + align:start position:0% +none okay I don't like that what I would +like in my grades book is to have + + align:start position:0% +like in my grades book is to have + + + align:start position:0% +like in my grades book is to have +numbers as my uh as my value there so + + align:start position:0% +numbers as my uh as my value there so + + + align:start position:0% +numbers as my uh as my value there so +instead let's add a return for that + + align:start position:0% +instead let's add a return for that + + + align:start position:0% +instead let's add a return for that +accept uh for that accept block so we're + + align:start position:0% +accept uh for that accept block so we're + + + align:start position:0% +accept uh for that accept block so we're +still going to flag the error we still + + align:start position:0% +still going to flag the error we still + + + align:start position:0% +still going to flag the error we still +want to know that something weird has + + align:start position:0% +want to know that something weird has + + + align:start position:0% +want to know that something weird has +happened I don't just wan to + + align:start position:0% +happened I don't just wan to + + + align:start position:0% +happened I don't just wan to +replace uh return a zero without + + align:start position:0% +replace uh return a zero without + + + align:start position:0% +replace uh return a zero without +actually telling the user that something + + align:start position:0% +actually telling the user that something + + + align:start position:0% +actually telling the user that something +something's gone down I still flag the + + align:start position:0% +something's gone down I still flag the + + + align:start position:0% +something's gone down I still flag the +error but then I can return a zero so + + align:start position:0% +error but then I can return a zero so + + + align:start position:0% +error but then I can return a zero so +that it's still a number and then if I + + align:start position:0% +that it's still a number and then if I + + + align:start position:0% +that it's still a number and then if I +do something with numbers at the end + + align:start position:0% +do something with numbers at the end + + + align:start position:0% +do something with numbers at the end +then you know it all works + + align:start position:0% +then you know it all works + + + align:start position:0% +then you know it all works +out this was a particularly hard first + + align:start position:0% +out this was a particularly hard first + + + align:start position:0% +out this was a particularly hard first +quiz 10 10 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +80 okay one last thing we can do um is + + align:start position:0% +80 okay one last thing we can do um is + + + align:start position:0% +80 okay one last thing we can do um is +to just assert right so if we uh if we + + align:start position:0% +to just assert right so if we uh if we + + + align:start position:0% +to just assert right so if we uh if we +want to make sure that every student had + + align:start position:0% +want to make sure that every student had + + + align:start position:0% +want to make sure that every student had +some sort of uh grades information maybe + + align:start position:0% +some sort of uh grades information maybe + + + align:start position:0% +some sort of uh grades information maybe +if the grades data was empty something + + align:start position:0% +if the grades data was empty something + + + align:start position:0% +if the grades data was empty something +weird happened from a previous function + + align:start position:0% +weird happened from a previous function + + + align:start position:0% +weird happened from a previous function +that might have been called I don't know + + align:start position:0% +that might have been called I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +that might have been called I don't know +but maybe we say let's just assert that + + align:start position:0% +but maybe we say let's just assert that + + + align:start position:0% +but maybe we say let's just assert that +the length of the grades is not zero so + + align:start position:0% +the length of the grades is not zero so + + + align:start position:0% +the length of the grades is not zero so +we only want this code to execute if + + align:start position:0% +we only want this code to execute if + + + align:start position:0% +we only want this code to execute if +there are some grades information and if + + align:start position:0% +there are some grades information and if + + + align:start position:0% +there are some grades information and if +not let's just raise an assertion error + + align:start position:0% +not let's just raise an assertion error + + + align:start position:0% +not let's just raise an assertion error +just in case so we can assert that the + + align:start position:0% +just in case so we can assert that the + + + align:start position:0% +just in case so we can assert that the +length of grades is not equal to + + align:start position:0% +length of grades is not equal to + + + align:start position:0% +length of grades is not equal to +zero and in that case + + align:start position:0% +zero and in that case + + + align:start position:0% +zero and in that case +uh the code will terminate as soon as we + + align:start position:0% +uh the code will terminate as soon as we + + + align:start position:0% +uh the code will terminate as soon as we +try to get that last students + + align:start position:0% +try to get that last students + + + align:start position:0% +try to get that last students +information right it will crash and it + + align:start position:0% +information right it will crash and it + + + align:start position:0% +information right it will crash and it +will crash with this assert statement + + align:start position:0% +will crash with this assert statement + + + align:start position:0% +will crash with this assert statement +that there's no grades data and then we + + align:start position:0% +that there's no grades data and then we + + + align:start position:0% +that there's no grades data and then we +can go back to the code and see did we + + align:start position:0% +can go back to the code and see did we + + + align:start position:0% +can go back to the code and see did we +actually expect this student to have + + align:start position:0% +actually expect this student to have + + + align:start position:0% +actually expect this student to have +information or not and then we can you + + align:start position:0% +information or not and then we can you + + + align:start position:0% +information or not and then we can you +know try to work + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +through so just a quick summary of + + align:start position:0% +through so just a quick summary of + + + align:start position:0% +through so just a quick summary of +exceptions and + + align:start position:0% +exceptions and + + + align:start position:0% +exceptions and +assertions uh hopefully this lecture + + align:start position:0% +assertions uh hopefully this lecture + + + align:start position:0% +assertions uh hopefully this lecture +kind of demystified some of these + + align:start position:0% +kind of demystified some of these + + + align:start position:0% +kind of demystified some of these +exceptions that we've been getting um it + + align:start position:0% +exceptions that we've been getting um it + + + align:start position:0% +exceptions that we've been getting um it +showed you they're not as scary as they + + align:start position:0% +showed you they're not as scary as they + + + align:start position:0% +showed you they're not as scary as they +might have seemed originally um they + + align:start position:0% +might have seemed originally um they + + + align:start position:0% +might have seemed originally um they +don't always have to terminate the + + align:start position:0% +don't always have to terminate the + + + align:start position:0% +don't always have to terminate the +program right you can catch them you can + + align:start position:0% +program right you can catch them you can + + + align:start position:0% +program right you can catch them you can +deal with them in whatever way that + + align:start position:0% +deal with them in whatever way that + + + align:start position:0% +deal with them in whatever way that +makes sense for that particular function + + align:start position:0% +makes sense for that particular function + + + align:start position:0% +makes sense for that particular function +or program you can print a nice output + + align:start position:0% +or program you can print a nice output + + + align:start position:0% +or program you can print a nice output +to the screen you can set some default + + align:start position:0% +to the screen you can set some default + + + align:start position:0% +to the screen you can set some default +values um you can still terminate the + + align:start position:0% +values um you can still terminate the + + + align:start position:0% +values um you can still terminate the +program but do it on your own terms with + + align:start position:0% +program but do it on your own terms with + + + align:start position:0% +program but do it on your own terms with +your own uh errors with your own custom + + align:start position:0% +your own uh errors with your own custom + + + align:start position:0% +your own uh errors with your own custom +messages so that the users can see + + align:start position:0% +messages so that the users can see + + + align:start position:0% +messages so that the users can see +something nicer than the default python + + align:start position:0% +something nicer than the default python + + + align:start position:0% +something nicer than the default python +messages right and so exceptions uh + + align:start position:0% +messages right and so exceptions uh + + + align:start position:0% +messages right and so exceptions uh +exception handling is very important is + + align:start position:0% +exception handling is very important is + + + align:start position:0% +exception handling is very important is +a very important part of writing a a + + align:start position:0% +a very important part of writing a a + + + align:start position:0% +a very important part of writing a a +program especially if um if you expect + + align:start position:0% +program especially if um if you expect + + + align:start position:0% +program especially if um if you expect +weird things to happen right um + + align:start position:0% +weird things to happen right um + + + align:start position:0% +weird things to happen right um +assertions on the other hand are a type + + align:start position:0% +assertions on the other hand are a type + + + align:start position:0% +assertions on the other hand are a type +of exception and they're useful as I've + + align:start position:0% +of exception and they're useful as I've + + + align:start position:0% +of exception and they're useful as I've +mentioned to try to enforce these uh + + align:start position:0% +mentioned to try to enforce these uh + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned to try to enforce these uh +these contracts these + + align:start position:0% +these contracts these + + + align:start position:0% +these contracts these +specifications you basically use + + align:start position:0% +specifications you basically use + + + align:start position:0% +specifications you basically use +assertions because you don't want bad + + align:start position:0% +assertions because you don't want bad + + + align:start position:0% +assertions because you don't want bad +values to propagate okay so as soon as + + align:start position:0% +values to propagate okay so as soon as + + + align:start position:0% +values to propagate okay so as soon as +something uh that isn't as you expect it + + align:start position:0% +something uh that isn't as you expect it + + + align:start position:0% +something uh that isn't as you expect it +to be happens um assertion error is + + align:start position:0% +to be happens um assertion error is + + + align:start position:0% +to be happens um assertion error is +raised and the program immediately + + align:start position:0% +raised and the program immediately + + + align:start position:0% +raised and the program immediately +terminates allowing you to check to see + + align:start position:0% +terminates allowing you to check to see + + + align:start position:0% +terminates allowing you to check to see +why exactly those conditions were not + + align:start position:0% +why exactly those conditions were not + + + align:start position:0% +why exactly those conditions were not +met okay um so that's it that's all I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +had \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/qsjX1_DW81s.txt b/qsjX1_DW81s.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..435debfa49ea69db7b8bf3ee3a23c6169b676c17 --- /dev/null +++ b/qsjX1_DW81s.txt @@ -0,0 +1,787 @@ +align:start position:0% + +all right so as I mentioned in other + + align:start position:0% +all right so as I mentioned in other + + + align:start position:0% +all right so as I mentioned in other +videos in order to work with maps we + + align:start position:0% +videos in order to work with maps we + + + align:start position:0% +videos in order to work with maps we +need to make sure that they are both in + + align:start position:0% +need to make sure that they are both in + + + align:start position:0% +need to make sure that they are both in +the same projection to avoid mismatches + + align:start position:0% +the same projection to avoid mismatches + + + align:start position:0% +the same projection to avoid mismatches +of the data and to do so um I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +of the data and to do so um I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +of the data and to do so um I'm going to +teach you how to check on the projection + + align:start position:0% +teach you how to check on the projection + + + align:start position:0% +teach you how to check on the projection +uh how can we extract information about + + align:start position:0% +uh how can we extract information about + + + align:start position:0% +uh how can we extract information about +them so I'm going to upload um a rter + + align:start position:0% +them so I'm going to upload um a rter + + + align:start position:0% +them so I'm going to upload um a rter +map and a victorial map the first one is + + align:start position:0% +map and a victorial map the first one is + + + align:start position:0% +map and a victorial map the first one is +um J January temperature based on uh + + align:start position:0% +um J January temperature based on uh + + + align:start position:0% +um J January temperature based on uh +World clean maps and the second one is + + align:start position:0% +World clean maps and the second one is + + + align:start position:0% +World clean maps and the second one is +going to be this vectorial map that we + + align:start position:0% +going to be this vectorial map that we + + + align:start position:0% +going to be this vectorial map that we +already used also that is the shape of + + align:start position:0% +already used also that is the shape of + + + align:start position:0% +already used also that is the shape of +the uh of the surface of the Earth one + + align:start position:0% +the uh of the surface of the Earth one + + + align:start position:0% +the uh of the surface of the Earth one +way to check information about + + align:start position:0% +way to check information about + + + align:start position:0% +way to check information about +projection is to use the + + align:start position:0% +projection is to use the + + + align:start position:0% +projection is to use the +CR um clicking on + + align:start position:0% +CR um clicking on + + + align:start position:0% +CR um clicking on +here we see displayed a lot of + + align:start position:0% +here we see displayed a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +here we see displayed a lot of +information related to this map uh but + + align:start position:0% +information related to this map uh but + + + align:start position:0% +information related to this map uh but +sometimes we only need this Chun here + + align:start position:0% +sometimes we only need this Chun here + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes we only need this Chun here +here this is related to the piece of + + align:start position:0% +here this is related to the piece of + + + align:start position:0% +here this is related to the piece of +code that our needs to understand what's + + align:start position:0% +code that our needs to understand what's + + + align:start position:0% +code that our needs to understand what's +the projection we are working + + align:start position:0% +the projection we are working + + + align:start position:0% +the projection we are working +on so if we want to go directly on + + align:start position:0% +on so if we want to go directly on + + + align:start position:0% +on so if we want to go directly on +checking this we can just type + + align:start position:0% +checking this we can just type + + + align:start position:0% +checking this we can just type +projection and the map that we want to + + align:start position:0% +projection and the map that we want to + + + align:start position:0% +projection and the map that we want to +know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +about and here we have only the chunk of + + align:start position:0% +about and here we have only the chunk of + + + align:start position:0% +about and here we have only the chunk of +code uh related to that we can do the + + align:start position:0% +code uh related to that we can do the + + + align:start position:0% +code uh related to that we can do the +same with the victorial + + align:start position:0% +same with the victorial + + + align:start position:0% +same with the victorial +map and we said see that in this case + + align:start position:0% +map and we said see that in this case + + + align:start position:0% +map and we said see that in this case +the two maps are in the same projection + + align:start position:0% +the two maps are in the same projection + + + align:start position:0% +the two maps are in the same projection +so we we can work with them with no + + align:start position:0% +so we we can work with them with no + + + align:start position:0% +so we we can work with them with no +problem also as an extra layer of just + + align:start position:0% +problem also as an extra layer of just + + + align:start position:0% +problem also as an extra layer of just +just to double check the match I'm going + + align:start position:0% +just to double check the match I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +just to double check the match I'm going +to plot them one on top of the other to + + align:start position:0% +to plot them one on top of the other to + + + align:start position:0% +to plot them one on top of the other to +see that there's actually um that they + + align:start position:0% +see that there's actually um that they + + + align:start position:0% +see that there's actually um that they +actually fit I'm just going to plot the + + align:start position:0% +actually fit I'm just going to plot the + + + align:start position:0% +actually fit I'm just going to plot the +the map right here and to add the + + align:start position:0% +the map right here and to add the + + + align:start position:0% +the map right here and to add the +vectorial map on top of it I just need + + align:start position:0% +vectorial map on top of it I just need + + + align:start position:0% +vectorial map on top of it I just need +to add this part in the code so it means + + align:start position:0% +to add this part in the code so it means + + + align:start position:0% +to add this part in the code so it means +that it's going to add on top of the + + align:start position:0% +that it's going to add on top of the + + + align:start position:0% +that it's going to add on top of the +preview and here we have that the two + + align:start position:0% +preview and here we have that the two + + + align:start position:0% +preview and here we have that the two +maps they match so we can work with them + + align:start position:0% +maps they match so we can work with them + + + align:start position:0% +maps they match so we can work with them +with absolute with absolute no problem + + align:start position:0% +with absolute with absolute no problem + + + align:start position:0% +with absolute with absolute no problem +but in case they wouldn't be in the same + + align:start position:0% +but in case they wouldn't be in the same + + + align:start position:0% +but in case they wouldn't be in the same +projection and we would need to change + + align:start position:0% +projection and we would need to change + + + align:start position:0% +projection and we would need to change +one to the other um there's this + + align:start position:0% +one to the other um there's this + + + align:start position:0% +one to the other um there's this +um this function right here that it's + + align:start position:0% +um this function right here that it's + + + align:start position:0% +um this function right here that it's +included in in the + + align:start position:0% +included in in the + + + align:start position:0% +included in in the +the um in the packages that we've been + + align:start position:0% +the um in the packages that we've been + + + align:start position:0% +the um in the packages that we've been +using that it transforms um the + + align:start position:0% +using that it transforms um the + + + align:start position:0% +using that it transforms um the +projection of vectorial maps so if I I'm + + align:start position:0% +projection of vectorial maps so if I I'm + + + align:start position:0% +projection of vectorial maps so if I I'm +going to change from the the resolution + + align:start position:0% +going to change from the the resolution + + + align:start position:0% +going to change from the the resolution +we were use uh the projection we were + + align:start position:0% +we were use uh the projection we were + + + align:start position:0% +we were use uh the projection we were +using into the Mercat uh projection and + + align:start position:0% +using into the Mercat uh projection and + + + align:start position:0% +using into the Mercat uh projection and +if I plot this right + + align:start position:0% +if I plot this right + + + align:start position:0% +if I plot this right +now you're going to see that the shape + + align:start position:0% +now you're going to see that the shape + + + align:start position:0% +now you're going to see that the shape +of the map is totally + + align:start position:0% +of the map is totally + + + align:start position:0% +of the map is totally +different um and if we want to change + + align:start position:0% +different um and if we want to change + + + align:start position:0% +different um and if we want to change +the projection in a raster we would have + + align:start position:0% +the projection in a raster we would have + + + align:start position:0% +the projection in a raster we would have +to use another um function because this + + align:start position:0% +to use another um function because this + + + align:start position:0% +to use another um function because this +one is not going to be useful for raster + + align:start position:0% +one is not going to be useful for raster + + + align:start position:0% +one is not going to be useful for raster +Maps now I'm uploading uh information + + align:start position:0% +Maps now I'm uploading uh information + + + align:start position:0% +Maps now I'm uploading uh information +about soils that I took from soil grids + + align:start position:0% +about soils that I took from soil grids + + + align:start position:0% +about soils that I took from soil grids +uh soil grid data it comes in a a + + align:start position:0% +uh soil grid data it comes in a a + + + align:start position:0% +uh soil grid data it comes in a a +different uh projection than World clim + + align:start position:0% +different uh projection than World clim + + + align:start position:0% +different uh projection than World clim +data so I would need to transform one to + + align:start position:0% +data so I would need to transform one to + + + align:start position:0% +data so I would need to transform one to +the other in order to work with them at + + align:start position:0% +the other in order to work with them at + + + align:start position:0% +the other in order to work with them at +the same time so just to show you how + + align:start position:0% +the same time so just to show you how + + + align:start position:0% +the same time so just to show you how +this data looks + + align:start position:0% +this data looks + + + align:start position:0% +this data looks +like in this case it's the cionic + + align:start position:0% +like in this case it's the cionic + + + align:start position:0% +like in this case it's the cionic +exchange capacity of soils uh so you see + + align:start position:0% +exchange capacity of soils uh so you see + + + align:start position:0% +exchange capacity of soils uh so you see +the shape is slightly different than the + + align:start position:0% +the shape is slightly different than the + + + align:start position:0% +the shape is slightly different than the +other map and just to double check that + + align:start position:0% +other map and just to double check that + + + align:start position:0% +other map and just to double check that +it's a different + + align:start position:0% +it's a different + + + align:start position:0% +it's a different +projection we just check on the + + align:start position:0% +projection we just check on the + + + align:start position:0% +projection we just check on the +information of the map we have here on + + align:start position:0% +information of the map we have here on + + + align:start position:0% +information of the map we have here on +the CRS we see that the projection is + + align:start position:0% +the CRS we see that the projection is + + + align:start position:0% +the CRS we see that the projection is +different so I am going to + + align:start position:0% +different so I am going to + + + align:start position:0% +different so I am going to +reproject the temperature map into the + + align:start position:0% +reproject the temperature map into the + + + align:start position:0% +reproject the temperature map into the +soil data um extension and to do that + + align:start position:0% +soil data um extension and to do that + + + align:start position:0% +soil data um extension and to do that +I'll use this project raster + + align:start position:0% +I'll use this project raster + + + align:start position:0% +I'll use this project raster +function this might take a little while + + align:start position:0% +function this might take a little while + + + align:start position:0% +function this might take a little while +because when we work with raster Maps we + + align:start position:0% +because when we work with raster Maps we + + + align:start position:0% +because when we work with raster Maps we +have a lot of information so it's a very + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of information so it's a very + + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of information so it's a very +dense grid um that makes the the times + + align:start position:0% +dense grid um that makes the the times + + + align:start position:0% +dense grid um that makes the the times +of processing these maps to be a little + + align:start position:0% +of processing these maps to be a little + + + align:start position:0% +of processing these maps to be a little +higher than possibly a vectorial map + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and several minutes later the process + + align:start position:0% +and several minutes later the process + + + align:start position:0% +and several minutes later the process +hopefully worked out so I'm just going + + align:start position:0% +hopefully worked out so I'm just going + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully worked out so I'm just going +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +plot to see what we have and here is the + + align:start position:0% +plot to see what we have and here is the + + + align:start position:0% +plot to see what we have and here is the +result where we have the temperature map + + align:start position:0% +result where we have the temperature map + + + align:start position:0% +result where we have the temperature map +transformed into the soil projection + + align:start position:0% +transformed into the soil projection + + + align:start position:0% +transformed into the soil projection +just to double check we can + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +always see how + + align:start position:0% +always see how + + + align:start position:0% +always see how +so it + + align:start position:0% +so it + + + align:start position:0% +so it +went from the old one to this projection \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/r01KsFLKdO4.txt b/r01KsFLKdO4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9689144fdfa61711aeaa6e188ea8ae5ed711cac0 --- /dev/null +++ b/r01KsFLKdO4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1275 @@ +align:start position:0% + +dear governor as you know we're + + align:start position:0% +dear governor as you know we're + + + align:start position:0% +dear governor as you know we're +currently facing a controversy around + + align:start position:0% +currently facing a controversy around + + + align:start position:0% +currently facing a controversy around +the funding for a cleanup of a highly + + align:start position:0% +the funding for a cleanup of a highly + + + align:start position:0% +the funding for a cleanup of a highly +polluted Superfund site before delving + + align:start position:0% +polluted Superfund site before delving + + + align:start position:0% +polluted Superfund site before delving +into some details I wanted to divide my + + align:start position:0% +into some details I wanted to divide my + + + align:start position:0% +into some details I wanted to divide my +talk into three parts first time walking + + align:start position:0% +talk into three parts first time walking + + + align:start position:0% +talk into three parts first time walking +through wise has become a controversial + + align:start position:0% +through wise has become a controversial + + + align:start position:0% +through wise has become a controversial +topic today secondly I'll walk you + + align:start position:0% +topic today secondly I'll walk you + + + align:start position:0% +topic today secondly I'll walk you +through how we can apply a cost-benefit + + align:start position:0% +through how we can apply a cost-benefit + + + align:start position:0% +through how we can apply a cost-benefit +analysis in this particular case and + + align:start position:0% +analysis in this particular case and + + + align:start position:0% +analysis in this particular case and +finally I'll close with some + + align:start position:0% +finally I'll close with some + + + align:start position:0% +finally I'll close with some +observations around possible gaps and + + align:start position:0% +observations around possible gaps and + + + align:start position:0% +observations around possible gaps and +recommendations on how to move forward + + align:start position:0% +recommendations on how to move forward + + + align:start position:0% +recommendations on how to move forward +so first some background a decade ago + + align:start position:0% +so first some background a decade ago + + + align:start position:0% +so first some background a decade ago +some abandoned underground storage tanks + + align:start position:0% +some abandoned underground storage tanks + + + align:start position:0% +some abandoned underground storage tanks +from a former foundry leaked into may + + align:start position:0% +from a former foundry leaked into may + + + align:start position:0% +from a former foundry leaked into may +bring wetlands given that the company + + align:start position:0% +bring wetlands given that the company + + + align:start position:0% +bring wetlands given that the company +had gone out of business it was + + align:start position:0% +had gone out of business it was + + + align:start position:0% +had gone out of business it was +impossible to hold a mic to account for + + align:start position:0% +impossible to hold a mic to account for + + + align:start position:0% +impossible to hold a mic to account for +the cost of the cleanup as a result we + + align:start position:0% +the cost of the cleanup as a result we + + + align:start position:0% +the cost of the cleanup as a result we +put in three million dollars to cap the + + align:start position:0% +put in three million dollars to cap the + + + align:start position:0% +put in three million dollars to cap the +site and sequester the polluted water in + + align:start position:0% +site and sequester the polluted water in + + + align:start position:0% +site and sequester the polluted water in +soil today this issues resurfaced + + align:start position:0% +soil today this issues resurfaced + + + align:start position:0% +soil today this issues resurfaced +because the city wants to build a new + + align:start position:0% +because the city wants to build a new + + + align:start position:0% +because the city wants to build a new +mom site and has requested that the + + align:start position:0% +mom site and has requested that the + + + align:start position:0% +mom site and has requested that the +state government fund the construction + + align:start position:0% +state government fund the construction + + + align:start position:0% +state government fund the construction +of a road that would link this area to + + align:start position:0% +of a road that would link this area to + + + align:start position:0% +of a road that would link this area to +an engineer interesting in this part + + align:start position:0% +an engineer interesting in this part + + + align:start position:0% +an engineer interesting in this part +debate around who should fund the + + align:start position:0% +debate around who should fund the + + + align:start position:0% +debate around who should fund the +cleanup which is estimated to cost + + align:start position:0% +cleanup which is estimated to cost + + + align:start position:0% +cleanup which is estimated to cost +thirty five million dollars the local + + align:start position:0% +thirty five million dollars the local + + + align:start position:0% +thirty five million dollars the local +government argument argues that the + + align:start position:0% +government argument argues that the + + + align:start position:0% +government argument argues that the +economic benefits of a monocyte will be + + align:start position:0% +economic benefits of a monocyte will be + + + align:start position:0% +economic benefits of a monocyte will be +widespread so the state should cover + + align:start position:0% +widespread so the state should cover + + + align:start position:0% +widespread so the state should cover +these costs however the transportation + + align:start position:0% +these costs however the transportation + + + align:start position:0% +these costs however the transportation +agency believes that the developer + + align:start position:0% +agency believes that the developer + + + align:start position:0% +agency believes that the developer +should cover these costs given that they + + align:start position:0% +should cover these costs given that they + + + align:start position:0% +should cover these costs given that they +will gain much of economic benefits to + + align:start position:0% +will gain much of economic benefits to + + + align:start position:0% +will gain much of economic benefits to +develop a position you asked me to work + + align:start position:0% +develop a position you asked me to work + + + align:start position:0% +develop a position you asked me to work +on a cost-benefit analysis and I'll walk + + align:start position:0% +on a cost-benefit analysis and I'll walk + + + align:start position:0% +on a cost-benefit analysis and I'll walk +you through the process of this analysis + + align:start position:0% +you through the process of this analysis + + + align:start position:0% +you through the process of this analysis +as you know the purpose of a + + align:start position:0% +as you know the purpose of a + + + align:start position:0% +as you know the purpose of a +cost-benefit analysis is to determine + + align:start position:0% +cost-benefit analysis is to determine + + + align:start position:0% +cost-benefit analysis is to determine +whether the social cost social benefits + + align:start position:0% +whether the social cost social benefits + + + align:start position:0% +whether the social cost social benefits +is to exceed the social costs the + + align:start position:0% +is to exceed the social costs the + + + align:start position:0% +is to exceed the social costs the +benefits are an increase in the human + + align:start position:0% +benefits are an increase in the human + + + align:start position:0% +benefits are an increase in the human +environmental well-being while the costs + + align:start position:0% +environmental well-being while the costs + + + align:start position:0% +environmental well-being while the costs +are the reductions in this well-being to + + align:start position:0% +are the reductions in this well-being to + + + align:start position:0% +are the reductions in this well-being to +some of the benefits we would calculate + + align:start position:0% +some of the benefits we would calculate + + + align:start position:0% +some of the benefits we would calculate +the willingness to pay for benefits or + + align:start position:0% +the willingness to pay for benefits or + + + align:start position:0% +the willingness to pay for benefits or +accept compensation for + + align:start position:0% +accept compensation for + + + align:start position:0% +accept compensation for +that might occur we also determine the + + align:start position:0% +that might occur we also determine the + + + align:start position:0% +that might occur we also determine the +standing in other words the stakeholders + + align:start position:0% +standing in other words the stakeholders + + + align:start position:0% +standing in other words the stakeholders +whose costs and benefits are to be + + align:start position:0% +whose costs and benefits are to be + + + align:start position:0% +whose costs and benefits are to be +considered and the time over which these + + align:start position:0% +considered and the time over which these + + + align:start position:0% +considered and the time over which these +costs and benefits are to be counted and + + align:start position:0% +costs and benefits are to be counted and + + + align:start position:0% +costs and benefits are to be counted and +discounted over time finally to compare + + align:start position:0% +discounted over time finally to compare + + + align:start position:0% +discounted over time finally to compare +the cost and benefits we use in that + + align:start position:0% +the cost and benefits we use in that + + + align:start position:0% +the cost and benefits we use in that +present value in other words the + + align:start position:0% +present value in other words the + + + align:start position:0% +present value in other words the +discount of these values over time and + + align:start position:0% +discount of these values over time and + + + align:start position:0% +discount of these values over time and +the net present value is important + + align:start position:0% +the net present value is important + + + align:start position:0% +the net present value is important +because it helps us rank our options and + + align:start position:0% +because it helps us rank our options and + + + align:start position:0% +because it helps us rank our options and +we should only consider implementing + + align:start position:0% +we should only consider implementing + + + align:start position:0% +we should only consider implementing +those that have a positive net present + + align:start position:0% +those that have a positive net present + + + align:start position:0% +those that have a positive net present +value for this particular case here are + + align:start position:0% +value for this particular case here are + + + align:start position:0% +value for this particular case here are +some of the most important direct and + + align:start position:0% +some of the most important direct and + + + align:start position:0% +some of the most important direct and +indirect costs and benefits that we + + align:start position:0% +indirect costs and benefits that we + + + align:start position:0% +indirect costs and benefits that we +could focus on some of the potential + + align:start position:0% +could focus on some of the potential + + + align:start position:0% +could focus on some of the potential +costs of development of this mom would + + align:start position:0% +costs of development of this mom would + + + align:start position:0% +costs of development of this mom would +be the actual cleanup of the site and + + align:start position:0% +be the actual cleanup of the site and + + + align:start position:0% +be the actual cleanup of the site and +the ongoing monitoring of any lingering + + align:start position:0% +the ongoing monitoring of any lingering + + + align:start position:0% +the ongoing monitoring of any lingering +contamination certifying compliance and + + align:start position:0% +contamination certifying compliance and + + + align:start position:0% +contamination certifying compliance and +authorizing sites rivet of redevelopment + + align:start position:0% +authorizing sites rivet of redevelopment + + + align:start position:0% +authorizing sites rivet of redevelopment +building maintaining a road are + + align:start position:0% +building maintaining a road are + + + align:start position:0% +building maintaining a road are +necessary structures such as bridges or + + align:start position:0% +necessary structures such as bridges or + + + align:start position:0% +necessary structures such as bridges or +parking lots loss of revenue of existing + + align:start position:0% +parking lots loss of revenue of existing + + + align:start position:0% +parking lots loss of revenue of existing +local and state businesses increased + + align:start position:0% +local and state businesses increased + + + align:start position:0% +local and state businesses increased +traffic as well as air and Morris + + align:start position:0% +traffic as well as air and Morris + + + align:start position:0% +traffic as well as air and Morris +pollution in the area and any resulting + + align:start position:0% +pollution in the area and any resulting + + + align:start position:0% +pollution in the area and any resulting +shifts and demographics of these areas + + align:start position:0% +shifts and demographics of these areas + + + align:start position:0% +shifts and demographics of these areas +so potential benefits could be economic + + align:start position:0% +so potential benefits could be economic + + + align:start position:0% +so potential benefits could be economic +activity and generation of business + + align:start position:0% +activity and generation of business + + + align:start position:0% +activity and generation of business +revenues employments wages and benefits + + align:start position:0% +revenues employments wages and benefits + + + align:start position:0% +revenues employments wages and benefits +that can affect household income which + + align:start position:0% +that can affect household income which + + + align:start position:0% +that can affect household income which +in turn can propel the economy and state + + align:start position:0% +in turn can propel the economy and state + + + align:start position:0% +in turn can propel the economy and state +and local taxes it can increase revenue + + align:start position:0% +and local taxes it can increase revenue + + + align:start position:0% +and local taxes it can increase revenue +for the government it's important to + + align:start position:0% +for the government it's important to + + + align:start position:0% +for the government it's important to +note that many issues can be seen as + + align:start position:0% +note that many issues can be seen as + + + align:start position:0% +note that many issues can be seen as +either costs or benefits depending on a + + align:start position:0% +either costs or benefits depending on a + + + align:start position:0% +either costs or benefits depending on a +different stakeholders point of view for + + align:start position:0% +different stakeholders point of view for + + + align:start position:0% +different stakeholders point of view for +example a large new mom can increase the + + align:start position:0% +example a large new mom can increase the + + + align:start position:0% +example a large new mom can increase the +property value in some surrounding areas + + align:start position:0% +property value in some surrounding areas + + + align:start position:0% +property value in some surrounding areas +and decrease in others as far as time + + align:start position:0% +and decrease in others as far as time + + + align:start position:0% +and decrease in others as far as time +frame would be important to capture each + + align:start position:0% +frame would be important to capture each + + + align:start position:0% +frame would be important to capture each +phase involves from the cleanup of the + + align:start position:0% +phase involves from the cleanup of the + + + align:start position:0% +phase involves from the cleanup of the +development construction to its + + align:start position:0% +development construction to its + + + align:start position:0% +development construction to its +functioning in the long term so we can + + align:start position:0% +functioning in the long term so we can + + + align:start position:0% +functioning in the long term so we can +project the potential long-term costs + + align:start position:0% +project the potential long-term costs + + + align:start position:0% +project the potential long-term costs +and benefits + + align:start position:0% +and benefits + + + align:start position:0% +and benefits +ideally allowed cycle analysis that + + align:start position:0% +ideally allowed cycle analysis that + + + align:start position:0% +ideally allowed cycle analysis that +captures impacts of + + align:start position:0% +captures impacts of + + + align:start position:0% +captures impacts of +from construction to the construction + + align:start position:0% +from construction to the construction + + + align:start position:0% +from construction to the construction +would be carried out regarding the + + align:start position:0% +would be carried out regarding the + + + align:start position:0% +would be carried out regarding the +geographic scope is key to include in + + align:start position:0% +geographic scope is key to include in + + + align:start position:0% +geographic scope is key to include in +the study the actual study plus a + + align:start position:0% +the study the actual study plus a + + + align:start position:0% +the study the actual study plus a +certain radius of surrounded areas and + + align:start position:0% +certain radius of surrounded areas and + + + align:start position:0% +certain radius of surrounded areas and +neighboring towns to ensure that + + align:start position:0% +neighboring towns to ensure that + + + align:start position:0% +neighboring towns to ensure that +cost-benefit analysis aims a full + + align:start position:0% +cost-benefit analysis aims a full + + + align:start position:0% +cost-benefit analysis aims a full +picture the impacts of the project each + + align:start position:0% +picture the impacts of the project each + + + align:start position:0% +picture the impacts of the project each +cost benefit would require different + + align:start position:0% +cost benefit would require different + + + align:start position:0% +cost benefit would require different +scope depending on the impact and how + + align:start position:0% +scope depending on the impact and how + + + align:start position:0% +scope depending on the impact and how +how far it would reach the surrounding + + align:start position:0% +how far it would reach the surrounding + + + align:start position:0% +how far it would reach the surrounding +areas + + align:start position:0% +areas + + + align:start position:0% +areas +consultation with local stakeholders can + + align:start position:0% +consultation with local stakeholders can + + + align:start position:0% +consultation with local stakeholders can +be helpful in determining the scope + + align:start position:0% +be helpful in determining the scope + + + align:start position:0% +be helpful in determining the scope +finally regarding the question of + + align:start position:0% +finally regarding the question of + + + align:start position:0% +finally regarding the question of +inequitable distribution of costs and + + align:start position:0% +inequitable distribution of costs and + + + align:start position:0% +inequitable distribution of costs and +benefits we may give higher weight of + + align:start position:0% +benefits we may give higher weight of + + + align:start position:0% +benefits we may give higher weight of +cost benefit for particular stakeholders + + align:start position:0% +cost benefit for particular stakeholders + + + align:start position:0% +cost benefit for particular stakeholders +who may experience impacts of different + + align:start position:0% +who may experience impacts of different + + + align:start position:0% +who may experience impacts of different +rates due to particular situations or + + align:start position:0% +rates due to particular situations or + + + align:start position:0% +rates due to particular situations or +the patients such as indigenous peoples + + align:start position:0% +the patients such as indigenous peoples + + + align:start position:0% +the patients such as indigenous peoples +with cultural and physical survival may + + align:start position:0% +with cultural and physical survival may + + + align:start position:0% +with cultural and physical survival may +be at stake + + align:start position:0% +be at stake + + + align:start position:0% +be at stake +those were more negatively affected by + + align:start position:0% +those were more negatively affected by + + + align:start position:0% +those were more negatively affected by +would carry a higher cost and therefore + + align:start position:0% +would carry a higher cost and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +would carry a higher cost and therefore +that should be factored in to wrap up I + + align:start position:0% +that should be factored in to wrap up I + + + align:start position:0% +that should be factored in to wrap up I +just wanted to offer some + + align:start position:0% +just wanted to offer some + + + align:start position:0% +just wanted to offer some +recommendations and codes and thoughts + + align:start position:0% +recommendations and codes and thoughts + + + align:start position:0% +recommendations and codes and thoughts +one issues that were discussing two + + align:start position:0% +one issues that were discussing two + + + align:start position:0% +one issues that were discussing two +scenarios keeping the site as is or + + align:start position:0% +scenarios keeping the site as is or + + + align:start position:0% +scenarios keeping the site as is or +conducting and cleanup for new + + align:start position:0% +conducting and cleanup for new + + + align:start position:0% +conducting and cleanup for new +developments such as involved to make an + + align:start position:0% +developments such as involved to make an + + + align:start position:0% +developments such as involved to make an +informed decision and given the + + align:start position:0% +informed decision and given the + + + align:start position:0% +informed decision and given the +environmental groups claim that there + + align:start position:0% +environmental groups claim that there + + + align:start position:0% +environmental groups claim that there +have been long term effect health + + align:start position:0% +have been long term effect health + + + align:start position:0% +have been long term effect health +effects experienced by water users in + + align:start position:0% +effects experienced by water users in + + + align:start position:0% +effects experienced by water users in +the area a bikini carry out an + + align:start position:0% +the area a bikini carry out an + + + align:start position:0% +the area a bikini carry out an +environmental and health risk analysis + + align:start position:0% +environmental and health risk analysis + + + align:start position:0% +environmental and health risk analysis +of the current site so we know we're + + align:start position:0% +of the current site so we know we're + + + align:start position:0% +of the current site so we know we're +comparing the action of redevelopment to + + align:start position:0% +comparing the action of redevelopment to + + + align:start position:0% +comparing the action of redevelopment to +in this case non-monetary cost benefits + + align:start position:0% +in this case non-monetary cost benefits + + + align:start position:0% +in this case non-monetary cost benefits +should be given a score so that the two + + align:start position:0% +should be given a score so that the two + + + align:start position:0% +should be given a score so that the two +options of action and non-action can be + + align:start position:0% +options of action and non-action can be + + + align:start position:0% +options of action and non-action can be +compared moreover I would also encourage + + align:start position:0% +compared moreover I would also encourage + + + align:start position:0% +compared moreover I would also encourage +us to consider other options aside from + + align:start position:0% +us to consider other options aside from + + + align:start position:0% +us to consider other options aside from +the construction of the mall + + align:start position:0% +the construction of the mall + + + align:start position:0% +the construction of the mall +as a former redevelopment it'd be + + align:start position:0% +as a former redevelopment it'd be + + + align:start position:0% +as a former redevelopment it'd be +important to consider other alternatives + + align:start position:0% +important to consider other alternatives + + + align:start position:0% +important to consider other alternatives +that might generate a higher benefit + + align:start position:0% +that might generate a higher benefit + + + align:start position:0% +that might generate a higher benefit +at a lower cost taking these steps and + + align:start position:0% +at a lower cost taking these steps and + + + align:start position:0% +at a lower cost taking these steps and +conducting a cost-benefit analysis will + + align:start position:0% +conducting a cost-benefit analysis will + + + align:start position:0% +conducting a cost-benefit analysis will +give us a more comprehensive picture of + + align:start position:0% +give us a more comprehensive picture of + + + align:start position:0% +give us a more comprehensive picture of +the situation and fill in some important + + align:start position:0% +the situation and fill in some important + + + align:start position:0% +the situation and fill in some important +gaps of information that we currently + + align:start position:0% +gaps of information that we currently + + + align:start position:0% +gaps of information that we currently +face to make an informed decision a well + + align:start position:0% +face to make an informed decision a well + + + align:start position:0% +face to make an informed decision a well +done cost-benefit analysis will help us + + align:start position:0% +done cost-benefit analysis will help us + + + align:start position:0% +done cost-benefit analysis will help us +determine in which course of action as + + align:start position:0% +determine in which course of action as + + + align:start position:0% +determine in which course of action as +well as how much each party should + + align:start position:0% +well as how much each party should + + + align:start position:0% +well as how much each party should +contribute to make this actually happen \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/r67dVaGtBGA.txt b/r67dVaGtBGA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ecf891648cbc58f13e47af50a7ddd734b2d722e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/r67dVaGtBGA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8875 @@ +align:start position:0% + +The following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under +a Creative Common License. Your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Common License. Your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Common License. Your support +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue +to offer high-quality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer high-quality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer high-quality educational +resources for free. To make a donation + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation +or view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +or view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +or view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open +Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh this afternoon by by welcoming our + + align:start position:0% +uh this afternoon by by welcoming our + + + align:start position:0% +uh this afternoon by by welcoming our +virtual audience, the audience that's + + align:start position:0% +virtual audience, the audience that's + + + align:start position:0% +virtual audience, the audience that's +looking at this uh lecture on MIT's open + + align:start position:0% +looking at this uh lecture on MIT's open + + + align:start position:0% +looking at this uh lecture on MIT's open +courseware. Some of you attentive + + align:start position:0% +courseware. Some of you attentive + + + align:start position:0% +courseware. Some of you attentive +viewers may notice what the students + + align:start position:0% +viewers may notice what the students + + + align:start position:0% +viewers may notice what the students +here would not notice that seven years + + align:start position:0% +here would not notice that seven years + + + align:start position:0% +here would not notice that seven years +have elapsed. There's a new podium. Some + + align:start position:0% +have elapsed. There's a new podium. Some + + + align:start position:0% +have elapsed. There's a new podium. Some +of you may have gotten that and a much + + align:start position:0% +of you may have gotten that and a much + + + align:start position:0% +of you may have gotten that and a much +older professor. Uh I hope that uh uh + + align:start position:0% +older professor. Uh I hope that uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +older professor. Uh I hope that uh uh +our completion of these lectures seven + + align:start position:0% +our completion of these lectures seven + + + align:start position:0% +our completion of these lectures seven +years later will not res uh uh will not + + align:start position:0% +years later will not res uh uh will not + + + align:start position:0% +years later will not res uh uh will not +result in a in a in a reduced or less + + align:start position:0% +result in a in a in a reduced or less + + + align:start position:0% +result in a in a in a reduced or less +energetic uh performance. I'll do my + + align:start position:0% +energetic uh performance. I'll do my + + + align:start position:0% +energetic uh performance. I'll do my +best. We come now uh to the end of our + + align:start position:0% +best. We come now uh to the end of our + + + align:start position:0% +best. We come now uh to the end of our +ear of our of our first segment uh in + + align:start position:0% +ear of our of our first segment uh in + + + align:start position:0% +ear of our of our first segment uh in +the course on silent film. uh and I + + align:start position:0% +the course on silent film. uh and I + + + align:start position:0% +the course on silent film. uh and I +thought it would be + + align:start position:0% +thought it would be + + + align:start position:0% +thought it would be +helpful to use today's lecture in part + + align:start position:0% +helpful to use today's lecture in part + + + align:start position:0% +helpful to use today's lecture in part +to create some perspectives on both the + + align:start position:0% +to create some perspectives on both the + + + align:start position:0% +to create some perspectives on both the +silent film, the idea of the silent + + align:start position:0% +silent film, the idea of the silent + + + align:start position:0% +silent film, the idea of the silent +film, not just the particular films + + align:start position:0% +film, not just the particular films + + + align:start position:0% +film, not just the particular films +we've looked at, but more generally the + + align:start position:0% +we've looked at, but more generally the + + + align:start position:0% +we've looked at, but more generally the +phenomenon of silent film, the whole the + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon of silent film, the whole the + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon of silent film, the whole the +whole phenomenon and uh uh some + + align:start position:0% +whole phenomenon and uh uh some + + + align:start position:0% +whole phenomenon and uh uh some +perspectives that will also help us look + + align:start position:0% +perspectives that will also help us look + + + align:start position:0% +perspectives that will also help us look +forward to what will follow to the to + + align:start position:0% +forward to what will follow to the to + + + align:start position:0% +forward to what will follow to the to +the sound films that will follow this + + align:start position:0% +the sound films that will follow this + + + align:start position:0% +the sound films that will follow this +week. I'd like in in a certain way um uh + + align:start position:0% +week. I'd like in in a certain way um uh + + + align:start position:0% +week. I'd like in in a certain way um uh +to do this by complicating the an idea + + align:start position:0% +to do this by complicating the an idea + + + align:start position:0% +to do this by complicating the an idea +I've already suggested to you about the + + align:start position:0% +I've already suggested to you about the + + + align:start position:0% +I've already suggested to you about the +notion of the film as a cultural form. + + align:start position:0% +notion of the film as a cultural form. + + + align:start position:0% +notion of the film as a cultural form. +What does it actually mean to say that a + + align:start position:0% +What does it actually mean to say that a + + + align:start position:0% +What does it actually mean to say that a +film is a cultural form? What + + align:start position:0% +film is a cultural form? What + + + align:start position:0% +film is a cultural form? What +uh in a concrete sense does this phrase + + align:start position:0% +uh in a concrete sense does this phrase + + + align:start position:0% +uh in a concrete sense does this phrase +signify? Well, one answer I think I can + + align:start position:0% +signify? Well, one answer I think I can + + + align:start position:0% +signify? Well, one answer I think I can +offer by drawing on your own experience. + + align:start position:0% +offer by drawing on your own experience. + + + align:start position:0% +offer by drawing on your own experience. +My guess is that all of you have watched + + align:start position:0% +My guess is that all of you have watched + + + align:start position:0% +My guess is that all of you have watched +older films, films from 20 or 30 or 40 + + align:start position:0% +older films, films from 20 or 30 or 40 + + + align:start position:0% +older films, films from 20 or 30 or 40 +years ago and immediately been struck as + + align:start position:0% +years ago and immediately been struck as + + + align:start position:0% +years ago and immediately been struck as +soon as you began to watch the film by + + align:start position:0% +soon as you began to watch the film by + + + align:start position:0% +soon as you began to watch the film by +certain kinds of differences that the + + align:start position:0% +certain kinds of differences that the + + + align:start position:0% +certain kinds of differences that the +original filmmakers would have been + + align:start position:0% +original filmmakers would have been + + + align:start position:0% +original filmmakers would have been +oblivious to. And I'm talking about + + align:start position:0% +oblivious to. And I'm talking about + + + align:start position:0% +oblivious to. And I'm talking about +things like the hairdoss of people, the + + align:start position:0% +things like the hairdoss of people, the + + + align:start position:0% +things like the hairdoss of people, the +clothing that they wear, the way + + align:start position:0% +clothing that they wear, the way + + + align:start position:0% +clothing that they wear, the way +automobiles look or even a world in + + align:start position:0% +automobiles look or even a world in + + + align:start position:0% +automobiles look or even a world in +which there are no automobiles, the the + + align:start position:0% +which there are no automobiles, the the + + + align:start position:0% +which there are no automobiles, the the +the the physical environment that is + + align:start position:0% +the the physical environment that is + + + align:start position:0% +the the physical environment that is +shown. One of the things that this + + align:start position:0% +shown. One of the things that this + + + align:start position:0% +shown. One of the things that this +reminds us of is that that that films + + align:start position:0% +reminds us of is that that that films + + + align:start position:0% +reminds us of is that that that films +always even the most surreal and + + align:start position:0% +always even the most surreal and + + + align:start position:0% +always even the most surreal and +imaginative and science fictiony films + + align:start position:0% +imaginative and science fictiony films + + + align:start position:0% +imaginative and science fictiony films +always inevitably in some deep way uh in + + align:start position:0% +always inevitably in some deep way uh in + + + align:start position:0% +always inevitably in some deep way uh in +some essential ways reflect the society + + align:start position:0% +some essential ways reflect the society + + + align:start position:0% +some essential ways reflect the society +from which they come. They may reflect + + align:start position:0% +from which they come. They may reflect + + + align:start position:0% +from which they come. They may reflect +more than that and they may be + + align:start position:0% +more than that and they may be + + + align:start position:0% +more than that and they may be +influenced by other factors as well but + + align:start position:0% +influenced by other factors as well but + + + align:start position:0% +influenced by other factors as well but +they are expressions of the culture that + + align:start position:0% +they are expressions of the culture that + + + align:start position:0% +they are expressions of the culture that +gave rise to them in certain really + + align:start position:0% +gave rise to them in certain really + + + align:start position:0% +gave rise to them in certain really +essential ways. And one of the things + + align:start position:0% +essential ways. And one of the things + + + align:start position:0% +essential ways. And one of the things +this means among other uh significance, + + align:start position:0% +this means among other uh significance, + + + align:start position:0% +this means among other uh significance, +one of the most interesting aspects of + + align:start position:0% +one of the most interesting aspects of + + + align:start position:0% +one of the most interesting aspects of +this recognition is the fact that films + + align:start position:0% +this recognition is the fact that films + + + align:start position:0% +this recognition is the fact that films +get richer over time. They become + + align:start position:0% +get richer over time. They become + + + align:start position:0% +get richer over time. They become +artifacts of immense anthropological + + align:start position:0% +artifacts of immense anthropological + + + align:start position:0% +artifacts of immense anthropological +interest. Uh even if they're terrible + + align:start position:0% +interest. Uh even if they're terrible + + + align:start position:0% +interest. Uh even if they're terrible +films, because they show us what the + + align:start position:0% +films, because they show us what the + + + align:start position:0% +films, because they show us what the +world of 50 or 25 or 30 years ago + + align:start position:0% +world of 50 or 25 or 30 years ago + + + align:start position:0% +world of 50 or 25 or 30 years ago +actually looked like and how people + + align:start position:0% +actually looked like and how people + + + align:start position:0% +actually looked like and how people +walked and how people combed their hair + + align:start position:0% +walked and how people combed their hair + + + align:start position:0% +walked and how people combed their hair +and what kind of makeup they wore. all + + align:start position:0% +and what kind of makeup they wore. all + + + align:start position:0% +and what kind of makeup they wore. all +of the things that in many of the things + + align:start position:0% +of the things that in many of the things + + + align:start position:0% +of the things that in many of the things +which in many respects uh the people + + align:start position:0% +which in many respects uh the people + + + align:start position:0% +which in many respects uh the people +making the original film would simply + + align:start position:0% +making the original film would simply + + + align:start position:0% +making the original film would simply +have taken for granted as part of the + + align:start position:0% +have taken for granted as part of the + + + align:start position:0% +have taken for granted as part of the +reality they were trying to uh uh uh + + align:start position:0% +reality they were trying to uh uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +reality they were trying to uh uh uh +dramatize. So one uh way of thinking + + align:start position:0% +dramatize. So one uh way of thinking + + + align:start position:0% +dramatize. So one uh way of thinking +about film as a cultural form is to + + align:start position:0% +about film as a cultural form is to + + + align:start position:0% +about film as a cultural form is to +recognize that as films grow older they + + align:start position:0% +recognize that as films grow older they + + + align:start position:0% +recognize that as films grow older they +accrete meaning. They become more + + align:start position:0% +accrete meaning. They become more + + + align:start position:0% +accrete meaning. They become more +interesting. They become they become + + align:start position:0% +interesting. They become they become + + + align:start position:0% +interesting. They become they become +richer. And and and a + + align:start position:0% +richer. And and and a + + + align:start position:0% +richer. And and and a +correlary implication of this idea uh + + align:start position:0% +correlary implication of this idea uh + + + align:start position:0% +correlary implication of this idea uh +that films are that films that films + + align:start position:0% +that films are that films that films + + + align:start position:0% +that films are that films that films +become richer is that is that the + + align:start position:0% +become richer is that is that the + + + align:start position:0% +become richer is that is that the +meaning of of of of the uh of of any + + align:start position:0% +meaning of of of of the uh of of any + + + align:start position:0% +meaning of of of of the uh of of any +individual + + align:start position:0% +individual + + + align:start position:0% +individual +artifact cultural artifact especially + + align:start position:0% +artifact cultural artifact especially + + + align:start position:0% +artifact cultural artifact especially +cultural artifacts as complex as films + + align:start position:0% +cultural artifacts as complex as films + + + align:start position:0% +cultural artifacts as complex as films +are is is always in process. That the + + align:start position:0% +are is is always in process. That the + + + align:start position:0% +are is is always in process. That the +meaning is never fully fixed or + + align:start position:0% +meaning is never fully fixed or + + + align:start position:0% +meaning is never fully fixed or +finished. that new significance and new + + align:start position:0% +finished. that new significance and new + + + align:start position:0% +finished. that new significance and new +possibility, new meanings emerge from + + align:start position:0% +possibility, new meanings emerge from + + + align:start position:0% +possibility, new meanings emerge from +these texts with the passage of time as + + align:start position:0% +these texts with the passage of time as + + + align:start position:0% +these texts with the passage of time as +if the texts themselves undergo a kind + + align:start position:0% +if the texts themselves undergo a kind + + + align:start position:0% +if the texts themselves undergo a kind +of transformation. One final point about + + align:start position:0% +of transformation. One final point about + + + align:start position:0% +of transformation. One final point about +this just to sort of uh tweak your uh + + align:start position:0% +this just to sort of uh tweak your uh + + + align:start position:0% +this just to sort of uh tweak your uh +broader understanding of these kinds of + + align:start position:0% +broader understanding of these kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +broader understanding of these kinds of +questions. One of the kinds of uh + + align:start position:0% +questions. One of the kinds of uh + + + align:start position:0% +questions. One of the kinds of uh +transitions that occurs with particular + + align:start position:0% +transitions that occurs with particular + + + align:start position:0% +transitions that occurs with particular +artifacts is they sometimes move or make + + align:start position:0% +artifacts is they sometimes move or make + + + align:start position:0% +artifacts is they sometimes move or make +a kind of transition from being + + align:start position:0% +a kind of transition from being + + + align:start position:0% +a kind of transition from being +recognized as merely uh uh ordinary and + + align:start position:0% +recognized as merely uh uh ordinary and + + + align:start position:0% +recognized as merely uh uh ordinary and +uninteresting parts of the society from + + align:start position:0% +uninteresting parts of the society from + + + align:start position:0% +uninteresting parts of the society from +which they from which they grow from + + align:start position:0% +which they from which they grow from + + + align:start position:0% +which they from which they grow from +which they emerge uh simply ordinary + + align:start position:0% +which they emerge uh simply ordinary + + + align:start position:0% +which they emerge uh simply ordinary +routine aspects of the experience of + + align:start position:0% +routine aspects of the experience of + + + align:start position:0% +routine aspects of the experience of +society. later ages may may value these + + align:start position:0% +society. later ages may may value these + + + align:start position:0% +society. later ages may may value these +routine objects as profoundly valuable + + align:start position:0% +routine objects as profoundly valuable + + + align:start position:0% +routine objects as profoundly valuable +works of art. And in a certain sense, + + align:start position:0% +works of art. And in a certain sense, + + + align:start position:0% +works of art. And in a certain sense, +one could say that the films the film in + + align:start position:0% +one could say that the films the film in + + + align:start position:0% +one could say that the films the film in +the United States underwent a transition + + align:start position:0% +the United States underwent a transition + + + align:start position:0% +the United States underwent a transition +of that kind. That at a certain point in + + align:start position:0% +of that kind. That at a certain point in + + + align:start position:0% +of that kind. That at a certain point in +the history of our understanding of + + align:start position:0% +the history of our understanding of + + + align:start position:0% +the history of our understanding of +movies, American culture began to + + align:start position:0% +movies, American culture began to + + + align:start position:0% +movies, American culture began to +recognize that movies were actually + + align:start position:0% +recognize that movies were actually + + + align:start position:0% +recognize that movies were actually +works of art. Uh that they deserved + + align:start position:0% +works of art. Uh that they deserved + + + align:start position:0% +works of art. Uh that they deserved +comparison with novels and play. This is + + align:start position:0% +comparison with novels and play. This is + + + align:start position:0% +comparison with novels and play. This is +plays and poems and so forth. probably + + align:start position:0% +plays and poems and so forth. probably + + + align:start position:0% +plays and poems and so forth. probably +an idea that all of you folks take for + + align:start position:0% +an idea that all of you folks take for + + + align:start position:0% +an idea that all of you folks take for +granted. Uh your generation probably + + align:start position:0% +granted. Uh your generation probably + + + align:start position:0% +granted. Uh your generation probably +many of members of your generation + + align:start position:0% +many of members of your generation + + + align:start position:0% +many of members of your generation +admire movie directors more than they do + + align:start position:0% +admire movie directors more than they do + + + align:start position:0% +admire movie directors more than they do +novelists and poets. A radical mistake + + align:start position:0% +novelists and poets. A radical mistake + + + align:start position:0% +novelists and poets. A radical mistake +it seems to me but that's my literary + + align:start position:0% +it seems to me but that's my literary + + + align:start position:0% +it seems to me but that's my literary +bias showing through. I certainly admire + + align:start position:0% +bias showing through. I certainly admire + + + align:start position:0% +bias showing through. I certainly admire +great directors certainly as much as I + + align:start position:0% +great directors certainly as much as I + + + align:start position:0% +great directors certainly as much as I +do good novelists. But the fact is that + + align:start position:0% +do good novelists. But the fact is that + + + align:start position:0% +do good novelists. But the fact is that +this is really not the ca this this + + align:start position:0% +this is really not the ca this this + + + align:start position:0% +this is really not the ca this this +recognition of the film as an artistic + + align:start position:0% +recognition of the film as an artistic + + + align:start position:0% +recognition of the film as an artistic +object as I've suggested earlier in the + + align:start position:0% +object as I've suggested earlier in the + + + align:start position:0% +object as I've suggested earlier in the +course is not some fixed or stable + + align:start position:0% +course is not some fixed or stable + + + align:start position:0% +course is not some fixed or stable +identity that the film has had from the + + align:start position:0% +identity that the film has had from the + + + align:start position:0% +identity that the film has had from the +beginning. It's an identity that the + + align:start position:0% +beginning. It's an identity that the + + + align:start position:0% +beginning. It's an identity that the +film has garnered that the film has that + + align:start position:0% +film has garnered that the film has that + + + align:start position:0% +film has garnered that the film has that +has been laid on the film later as + + align:start position:0% +has been laid on the film later as + + + align:start position:0% +has been laid on the film later as +cultural changes have occurred and as + + align:start position:0% +cultural changes have occurred and as + + + align:start position:0% +cultural changes have occurred and as +other forms of expression have emerged + + align:start position:0% +other forms of expression have emerged + + + align:start position:0% +other forms of expression have emerged +that have uh put the film in a kind of + + align:start position:0% +that have uh put the film in a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +that have uh put the film in a kind of +different position hierarchically from + + align:start position:0% +different position hierarchically from + + + align:start position:0% +different position hierarchically from +from other kinds of from other kinds of + + align:start position:0% +from other kinds of from other kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +from other kinds of from other kinds of +of imaginative expressions. And as I've + + align:start position:0% +of imaginative expressions. And as I've + + + align:start position:0% +of imaginative expressions. And as I've +already suggested many times in this + + align:start position:0% +already suggested many times in this + + + align:start position:0% +already suggested many times in this +course, we'll come back to this + + align:start position:0% +course, we'll come back to this + + + align:start position:0% +course, we'll come back to this +principle because it's such a central + + align:start position:0% +principle because it's such a central + + + align:start position:0% +principle because it's such a central +historical fact about the nature the + + align:start position:0% +historical fact about the nature the + + + align:start position:0% +historical fact about the nature the +content of American movies especially. + + align:start position:0% +content of American movies especially. + + + align:start position:0% +content of American movies especially. +It's the advent of television that is + + align:start position:0% +It's the advent of television that is + + + align:start position:0% +It's the advent of television that is +partly responsible for the + + align:start position:0% +partly responsible for the + + + align:start position:0% +partly responsible for the +transformation although it takes some + + align:start position:0% +transformation although it takes some + + + align:start position:0% +transformation although it takes some +time for the transformation in American + + align:start position:0% +time for the transformation in American + + + align:start position:0% +time for the transformation in American +attitudes toward what movies are because + + align:start position:0% +attitudes toward what movies are because + + + align:start position:0% +attitudes toward what movies are because +television became the throwaway item, + + align:start position:0% +television became the throwaway item, + + + align:start position:0% +television became the throwaway item, +the routine item, the thing Americans + + align:start position:0% +the routine item, the thing Americans + + + align:start position:0% +the routine item, the thing Americans +experienced every day. And the + + align:start position:0% +experienced every day. And the + + + align:start position:0% +experienced every day. And the +consequence of that was to change our + + align:start position:0% +consequence of that was to change our + + + align:start position:0% +consequence of that was to change our +understanding of what the film was. Now, + + align:start position:0% +understanding of what the film was. Now, + + + align:start position:0% +understanding of what the film was. Now, +of course, the Europeans had an insight + + align:start position:0% +of course, the Europeans had an insight + + + align:start position:0% +of course, the Europeans had an insight +like this long before the Americans did. + + align:start position:0% +like this long before the Americans did. + + + align:start position:0% +like this long before the Americans did. +And that's something I'll talk about in + + align:start position:0% +And that's something I'll talk about in + + + align:start position:0% +And that's something I'll talk about in +a a bit later today and also at other + + align:start position:0% +a a bit later today and also at other + + + align:start position:0% +a a bit later today and also at other +times in our + + align:start position:0% +times in our + + + align:start position:0% +times in our +course. So, that's one way of thinking + + align:start position:0% +course. So, that's one way of thinking + + + align:start position:0% +course. So, that's one way of thinking +about the what it means to say that a + + align:start position:0% +about the what it means to say that a + + + align:start position:0% +about the what it means to say that a +film is a cultural form. It means that + + align:start position:0% +film is a cultural form. It means that + + + align:start position:0% +film is a cultural form. It means that +it's an unstable in the sense that its + + align:start position:0% +it's an unstable in the sense that its + + + align:start position:0% +it's an unstable in the sense that its +meanings are not fixed. And the way in + + align:start position:0% +meanings are not fixed. And the way in + + + align:start position:0% +meanings are not fixed. And the way in +which a culture categorizes and + + align:start position:0% +which a culture categorizes and + + + align:start position:0% +which a culture categorizes and +understands a particular artifact is + + align:start position:0% +understands a particular artifact is + + + align:start position:0% +understands a particular artifact is +also something that's unstable that + + align:start position:0% +also something that's unstable that + + + align:start position:0% +also something that's unstable that +undergoes change over time. But there + + align:start position:0% +undergoes change over time. But there + + + align:start position:0% +undergoes change over time. But there +are other ways to think about this + + align:start position:0% +are other ways to think about this + + + align:start position:0% +are other ways to think about this +problem of film as a cultural formation + + align:start position:0% +problem of film as a cultural formation + + + align:start position:0% +problem of film as a cultural formation +as an expression of society. And I want + + align:start position:0% +as an expression of society. And I want + + + align:start position:0% +as an expression of society. And I want +to tease out some of those meanings for + + align:start position:0% +to tease out some of those meanings for + + + align:start position:0% +to tease out some of those meanings for +you as well. One of them is a kind of + + align:start position:0% +you as well. One of them is a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +you as well. One of them is a kind of +one way to come at this problem um is is + + align:start position:0% +one way to come at this problem um is is + + + align:start position:0% +one way to come at this problem um is is +to think of a kind of tension or or even + + align:start position:0% +to think of a kind of tension or or even + + + align:start position:0% +to think of a kind of tension or or even +contention between our recognition that + + align:start position:0% +contention between our recognition that + + + align:start position:0% +contention between our recognition that +film is a global form. That is to say + + align:start position:0% +film is a global form. That is to say + + + align:start position:0% +film is a global form. That is to say +that certain because the movies are + + align:start position:0% +that certain because the movies are + + + align:start position:0% +that certain because the movies are +watched across national boundaries + + align:start position:0% +watched across national boundaries + + + align:start position:0% +watched across national boundaries +movies that are made in the United + + align:start position:0% +movies that are made in the United + + + align:start position:0% +movies that are made in the United +States can influence movies that are + + align:start position:0% +States can influence movies that are + + + align:start position:0% +States can influence movies that are +made in Europe and vice versa. So + + align:start position:0% +made in Europe and vice versa. So + + + align:start position:0% +made in Europe and vice versa. So +there's one. So in one sense uh the film + + align:start position:0% +there's one. So in one sense uh the film + + + align:start position:0% +there's one. So in one sense uh the film +uh uh especially after film got going + + align:start position:0% +uh uh especially after film got going + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh especially after film got going +within the first 10 years of its life uh + + align:start position:0% +within the first 10 years of its life uh + + + align:start position:0% +within the first 10 years of its life uh +it had become a an international + + align:start position:0% +it had become a an international + + + align:start position:0% +it had become a an international +phenomenon and American films were + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon and American films were + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon and American films were +watched in Europe and European films + + align:start position:0% +watched in Europe and European films + + + align:start position:0% +watched in Europe and European films +influenced influenced American directors + + align:start position:0% +influenced influenced American directors + + + align:start position:0% +influenced influenced American directors +even at very early stages. So that we + + align:start position:0% +even at very early stages. So that we + + + align:start position:0% +even at very early stages. So that we +began to get certain kinds of films that + + align:start position:0% +began to get certain kinds of films that + + + align:start position:0% +began to get certain kinds of films that +certainly appealed across national + + align:start position:0% +certainly appealed across national + + + align:start position:0% +certainly appealed across national +boundaries and so that there is a kind + + align:start position:0% +boundaries and so that there is a kind + + + align:start position:0% +boundaries and so that there is a kind +of global dimension to what film might + + align:start position:0% +of global dimension to what film might + + + align:start position:0% +of global dimension to what film might +be. Um uh and there's another way of + + align:start position:0% +be. Um uh and there's another way of + + + align:start position:0% +be. Um uh and there's another way of +thinking about what it means to talk + + align:start position:0% +thinking about what it means to talk + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about what it means to talk +about film as a global for as a global + + align:start position:0% +about film as a global for as a global + + + align:start position:0% +about film as a global for as a global +phenomenon uh not as a merely national + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon uh not as a merely national + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon uh not as a merely national +expression. uh and that has to do + + align:start position:0% +expression. uh and that has to do + + + align:start position:0% +expression. uh and that has to do +specifically with the way in which + + align:start position:0% +specifically with the way in which + + + align:start position:0% +specifically with the way in which +particular directors in and and films in + + align:start position:0% +particular directors in and and films in + + + align:start position:0% +particular directors in and and films in +particular societies can influence world + + align:start position:0% +particular societies can influence world + + + align:start position:0% +particular societies can influence world +cinema and from the very earliest days + + align:start position:0% +cinema and from the very earliest days + + + align:start position:0% +cinema and from the very earliest days +of cinema as I suggested this has been a + + align:start position:0% +of cinema as I suggested this has been a + + + align:start position:0% +of cinema as I suggested this has been a +reality as as uh David Cook's history of + + align:start position:0% +reality as as uh David Cook's history of + + + align:start position:0% +reality as as uh David Cook's history of +narrative film informs you and I hope + + align:start position:0% +narrative film informs you and I hope + + + align:start position:0% +narrative film informs you and I hope +you'll read the assigned chapters on + + align:start position:0% +you'll read the assigned chapters on + + + align:start position:0% +you'll read the assigned chapters on +Russian film closely because I can only + + align:start position:0% +Russian film closely because I can only + + + align:start position:0% +Russian film closely because I can only +skim these topics in my lecture uh what + + align:start position:0% +skim these topics in my lecture uh what + + + align:start position:0% +skim these topics in my lecture uh what +you'll discover among other things is + + align:start position:0% +you'll discover among other things is + + + align:start position:0% +you'll discover among other things is +that the great American director DW + + align:start position:0% +that the great American director DW + + + align:start position:0% +that the great American director DW +Griffith had a profound impact on + + align:start position:0% +Griffith had a profound impact on + + + align:start position:0% +Griffith had a profound impact on +Russian films. Uh and uh and that in + + align:start position:0% +Russian films. Uh and uh and that in + + + align:start position:0% +Russian films. Uh and uh and that in +fact at a certain point in the history + + align:start position:0% +fact at a certain point in the history + + + align:start position:0% +fact at a certain point in the history +of Russian films there was a a a + + align:start position:0% +of Russian films there was a a a + + + align:start position:0% +of Russian films there was a a a +workshop run by a man named Kulashoff + + align:start position:0% +workshop run by a man named Kulashoff + + + align:start position:0% +workshop run by a man named Kulashoff +who actually took DW Griffith's movies + + align:start position:0% +who actually took DW Griffith's movies + + + align:start position:0% +who actually took DW Griffith's movies +and dis disassembled them shot by shot + + align:start position:0% +and dis disassembled them shot by shot + + + align:start position:0% +and dis disassembled them shot by shot +and studied the editing rhythms uh in + + align:start position:0% +and studied the editing rhythms uh in + + + align:start position:0% +and studied the editing rhythms uh in +his in his workshop. This had a profound + + align:start position:0% +his in his workshop. This had a profound + + + align:start position:0% +his in his workshop. This had a profound +impact on on uh not only on Russian + + align:start position:0% +impact on on uh not only on Russian + + + align:start position:0% +impact on on uh not only on Russian +cinema but but the but Griffith's + + align:start position:0% +cinema but but the but Griffith's + + + align:start position:0% +cinema but but the but Griffith's +practices had a profound impact on + + align:start position:0% +practices had a profound impact on + + + align:start position:0% +practices had a profound impact on +virtually all uh filmmakers and and + + align:start position:0% +virtually all uh filmmakers and and + + + align:start position:0% +virtually all uh filmmakers and and +there's a kind of reverse influence uh + + align:start position:0% +there's a kind of reverse influence uh + + + align:start position:0% +there's a kind of reverse influence uh +uh because certain Russian directors + + align:start position:0% +uh because certain Russian directors + + + align:start position:0% +uh because certain Russian directors +Eisenstein especially but also Zea + + align:start position:0% +Eisenstein especially but also Zea + + + align:start position:0% +Eisenstein especially but also Zea +Vertov uh um had profound their work had + + align:start position:0% +Vertov uh um had profound their work had + + + align:start position:0% +Vertov uh um had profound their work had +a profound impact on on on on the films + + align:start position:0% +a profound impact on on on on the films + + + align:start position:0% +a profound impact on on on on the films +from Western Europe and from the United + + align:start position:0% +from Western Europe and from the United + + + align:start position:0% +from Western Europe and from the United +States. So, it's a two-way process. It's + + align:start position:0% +States. So, it's a two-way process. It's + + + align:start position:0% +States. So, it's a two-way process. It's +too simple to say that that particular + + align:start position:0% +too simple to say that that particular + + + align:start position:0% +too simple to say that that particular +films are only an expression of French + + align:start position:0% +films are only an expression of French + + + align:start position:0% +films are only an expression of French +culture or only an expression of Russian + + align:start position:0% +culture or only an expression of Russian + + + align:start position:0% +culture or only an expression of Russian +culture or only an expression of + + align:start position:0% +culture or only an expression of + + + align:start position:0% +culture or only an expression of +American culture. They are also global + + align:start position:0% +American culture. They are also global + + + align:start position:0% +American culture. They are also global +phenomena and they were global phenomena + + align:start position:0% +phenomena and they were global phenomena + + + align:start position:0% +phenomena and they were global phenomena +from almost the earliest stages. So, + + align:start position:0% +from almost the earliest stages. So, + + + align:start position:0% +from almost the earliest stages. So, +it's important to recognize this tension + + align:start position:0% +it's important to recognize this tension + + + align:start position:0% +it's important to recognize this tension +or this balance. There are dimensions of + + align:start position:0% +or this balance. There are dimensions of + + + align:start position:0% +or this balance. There are dimensions of +film that reach across national + + align:start position:0% +film that reach across national + + + align:start position:0% +film that reach across national +boundaries. And as we've already + + align:start position:0% +boundaries. And as we've already + + + align:start position:0% +boundaries. And as we've already +suggested, one of the explanations for + + align:start position:0% +suggested, one of the explanations for + + + align:start position:0% +suggested, one of the explanations for +the success of American movies in the + + align:start position:0% +the success of American movies in the + + + align:start position:0% +the success of American movies in the +United States was in part uh function of + + align:start position:0% +United States was in part uh function of + + + align:start position:0% +United States was in part uh function of +the fact that they did not require + + align:start position:0% +the fact that they did not require + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that they did not require +language in nearly the same degree. They + + align:start position:0% +language in nearly the same degree. They + + + align:start position:0% +language in nearly the same degree. They +were visual experiences and an immigrant + + align:start position:0% +were visual experiences and an immigrant + + + align:start position:0% +were visual experiences and an immigrant +population coming into the large cities + + align:start position:0% +population coming into the large cities + + + align:start position:0% +population coming into the large cities +of the United States at the turn of the + + align:start position:0% +of the United States at the turn of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the United States at the turn of the +century was one of the primary factors + + align:start position:0% +century was one of the primary factors + + + align:start position:0% +century was one of the primary factors +that helps to explain the phenomenal + + align:start position:0% +that helps to explain the phenomenal + + + align:start position:0% +that helps to explain the phenomenal +quick growth of the movies from a + + align:start position:0% +quick growth of the movies from a + + + align:start position:0% +quick growth of the movies from a +novelty into a profound embedded + + align:start position:0% +novelty into a profound embedded + + + align:start position:0% +novelty into a profound embedded +cultural experience. Right? Uh so it is + + align:start position:0% +cultural experience. Right? Uh so it is + + + align:start position:0% +cultural experience. Right? Uh so it is +a global uh phenomenon in a certain way. + + align:start position:0% +a global uh phenomenon in a certain way. + + + align:start position:0% +a global uh phenomenon in a certain way. +It reaches across uh uh national + + align:start position:0% +It reaches across uh uh national + + + align:start position:0% +It reaches across uh uh national +boundaries. But there's also and we need + + align:start position:0% +boundaries. But there's also and we need + + + align:start position:0% +boundaries. But there's also and we need +to acknowledge this side of the equation + + align:start position:0% +to acknowledge this side of the equation + + + align:start position:0% +to acknowledge this side of the equation +too. There's also a profound a really + + align:start position:0% +too. There's also a profound a really + + + align:start position:0% +too. There's also a profound a really +deep or fundamental sense in which films + + align:start position:0% +deep or fundamental sense in which films + + + align:start position:0% +deep or fundamental sense in which films +at least until very recently are an + + align:start position:0% +at least until very recently are an + + + align:start position:0% +at least until very recently are an +expression of the individual national + + align:start position:0% +expression of the individual national + + + align:start position:0% +expression of the individual national +cultures from which they come. I say + + align:start position:0% +cultures from which they come. I say + + + align:start position:0% +cultures from which they come. I say +until very recently because some of you + + align:start position:0% +until very recently because some of you + + + align:start position:0% +until very recently because some of you +must be aware of the fact that a new + + align:start position:0% +must be aware of the fact that a new + + + align:start position:0% +must be aware of the fact that a new +kind of film is being made now. Uh by + + align:start position:0% +kind of film is being made now. Uh by + + + align:start position:0% +kind of film is being made now. Uh by +which I mean a film that seems to appeal + + align:start position:0% +which I mean a film that seems to appeal + + + align:start position:0% +which I mean a film that seems to appeal +across all national boundaries that + + align:start position:0% +across all national boundaries that + + + align:start position:0% +across all national boundaries that +doesn't seem to have a decisive national + + align:start position:0% +doesn't seem to have a decisive national + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't seem to have a decisive national +identity. At least some films like that. + + align:start position:0% +identity. At least some films like that. + + + align:start position:0% +identity. At least some films like that. +And I think the Bollywood people are + + align:start position:0% +And I think the Bollywood people are + + + align:start position:0% +And I think the Bollywood people are +making films like this. Americans are + + align:start position:0% +making films like this. Americans are + + + align:start position:0% +making films like this. Americans are +certainly making films like this now. + + align:start position:0% +certainly making films like this now. + + + align:start position:0% +certainly making films like this now. +And sometime if you think of some of the + + align:start position:0% +And sometime if you think of some of the + + + align:start position:0% +And sometime if you think of some of the +action adventure films that will have a + + align:start position:0% +action adventure films that will have a + + + align:start position:0% +action adventure films that will have a +cast that is drawn from different + + align:start position:0% +cast that is drawn from different + + + align:start position:0% +cast that is drawn from different +cultures, right? A sort of multithnic + + align:start position:0% +cultures, right? A sort of multithnic + + + align:start position:0% +cultures, right? A sort of multithnic +and a multilingual cast. All of them all + + align:start position:0% +and a multilingual cast. All of them all + + + align:start position:0% +and a multilingual cast. All of them all +of them dubbed into whatever language + + align:start position:0% +of them dubbed into whatever language + + + align:start position:0% +of them dubbed into whatever language +the film is being is being uh exhibited + + align:start position:0% +the film is being is being uh exhibited + + + align:start position:0% +the film is being is being uh exhibited +in. you'll see an example that what's + + align:start position:0% +in. you'll see an example that what's + + + align:start position:0% +in. you'll see an example that what's +begun to emerge now in our 21st century + + align:start position:0% +begun to emerge now in our 21st century + + + align:start position:0% +begun to emerge now in our 21st century +world is a kind of movie that already + + align:start position:0% +world is a kind of movie that already + + + align:start position:0% +world is a kind of movie that already +conceives of itself as belonging to a + + align:start position:0% +conceives of itself as belonging to a + + + align:start position:0% +conceives of itself as belonging to a +kind of global culture. So far, I'm not + + align:start position:0% +kind of global culture. So far, I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +kind of global culture. So far, I'm not +sure any these these movies have have as + + align:start position:0% +sure any these these movies have have as + + + align:start position:0% +sure any these these movies have have as +much artistic interest as one would + + align:start position:0% +much artistic interest as one would + + + align:start position:0% +much artistic interest as one would +like, but it's a it's a new phenomenon, + + align:start position:0% +like, but it's a it's a new phenomenon, + + + align:start position:0% +like, but it's a it's a new phenomenon, +and the the globalizing tendencies of + + align:start position:0% +and the the globalizing tendencies of + + + align:start position:0% +and the the globalizing tendencies of +digital technology are certainly + + align:start position:0% +digital technology are certainly + + + align:start position:0% +digital technology are certainly +encouraging new ways to think about uh + + align:start position:0% +encouraging new ways to think about uh + + + align:start position:0% +encouraging new ways to think about uh +the the the origins or the or the or or + + align:start position:0% +the the the origins or the or the or or + + + align:start position:0% +the the the origins or the or the or or +the central sources of movies. But until + + align:start position:0% +the central sources of movies. But until + + + align:start position:0% +the central sources of movies. But until +very recently, it is still the case that + + align:start position:0% +very recently, it is still the case that + + + align:start position:0% +very recently, it is still the case that +virtually every film uh made in any + + align:start position:0% +virtually every film uh made in any + + + align:start position:0% +virtually every film uh made in any +society reflected in deep in fundamental + + align:start position:0% +society reflected in deep in fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +society reflected in deep in fundamental +ways aspects of that society. And one of + + align:start position:0% +ways aspects of that society. And one of + + + align:start position:0% +ways aspects of that society. And one of +the reasons that this is such an + + align:start position:0% +the reasons that this is such an + + + align:start position:0% +the reasons that this is such an +important um thing to recognize is it + + align:start position:0% +important um thing to recognize is it + + + align:start position:0% +important um thing to recognize is it +means that especially in cultures like + + align:start position:0% +means that especially in cultures like + + + align:start position:0% +means that especially in cultures like +eur the European societies and and and + + align:start position:0% +eur the European societies and and and + + + align:start position:0% +eur the European societies and and and +those that in the United States, the + + align:start position:0% +those that in the United States, the + + + align:start position:0% +those that in the United States, the +movies are a profoundly + + align:start position:0% +movies are a profoundly + + + align:start position:0% +movies are a profoundly +illuminating source of cultural and + + align:start position:0% +illuminating source of cultural and + + + align:start position:0% +illuminating source of cultural and +social history. Even if they had no + + align:start position:0% +social history. Even if they had no + + + align:start position:0% +social history. Even if they had no +artistic interest, they would be worth + + align:start position:0% +artistic interest, they would be worth + + + align:start position:0% +artistic interest, they would be worth +teaching and studying. And the fact that + + align:start position:0% +teaching and studying. And the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +teaching and studying. And the fact that +some of them are luminous works of art + + align:start position:0% +some of them are luminous works of art + + + align:start position:0% +some of them are luminous works of art +makes teaching teaching them a + + align:start position:0% +makes teaching teaching them a + + + align:start position:0% +makes teaching teaching them a +particular a particular pleasure, a + + align:start position:0% +particular a particular pleasure, a + + + align:start position:0% +particular a particular pleasure, a +particular joy, a real vocation. + + align:start position:0% +particular joy, a real vocation. + + + align:start position:0% +particular joy, a real vocation. +So if we talk about films as a national + + align:start position:0% +So if we talk about films as a national + + + align:start position:0% +So if we talk about films as a national +as an as as a national expression, what + + align:start position:0% +as an as as a national expression, what + + + align:start position:0% +as an as as a national expression, what +we're talking about here are is the + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about here are is the + + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about here are is the +extent to which the assumptions about + + align:start position:0% +extent to which the assumptions about + + + align:start position:0% +extent to which the assumptions about +personal relationships and the + + align:start position:0% +personal relationships and the + + + align:start position:0% +personal relationships and the +assumptions about the way society + + align:start position:0% +assumptions about the way society + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions about the way society +operates are going to be grounded in + + align:start position:0% +operates are going to be grounded in + + + align:start position:0% +operates are going to be grounded in +culturally socially specific uh + + align:start position:0% +culturally socially specific uh + + + align:start position:0% +culturally socially specific uh +phenomena, socially specific practices. + + align:start position:0% +phenomena, socially specific practices. + + + align:start position:0% +phenomena, socially specific practices. +And we're also talking not just about + + align:start position:0% +And we're also talking not just about + + + align:start position:0% +And we're also talking not just about +the content of movies but also about the + + align:start position:0% +the content of movies but also about the + + + align:start position:0% +the content of movies but also about the +structure of the industries which end up + + align:start position:0% +structure of the industries which end up + + + align:start position:0% +structure of the industries which end up +providing movies to the public. And what + + align:start position:0% +providing movies to the public. And what + + + align:start position:0% +providing movies to the public. And what +part of what I want to uh uh at least + + align:start position:0% +part of what I want to uh uh at least + + + align:start position:0% +part of what I want to uh uh at least +allude to today in the in the lectures + + align:start position:0% +allude to today in the in the lectures + + + align:start position:0% +allude to today in the in the lectures +and materials that we're looking at + + align:start position:0% +and materials that we're looking at + + + align:start position:0% +and materials that we're looking at +today is to crystallize or concretize + + align:start position:0% +today is to crystallize or concretize + + + align:start position:0% +today is to crystallize or concretize +this idea the the variations that are + + align:start position:0% +this idea the the variations that are + + + align:start position:0% +this idea the the variations that are +possible within a w- w with within the + + align:start position:0% +possible within a w- w with within the + + + align:start position:0% +possible within a w- w with within the +the broad universe of the cinema. So + + align:start position:0% +the broad universe of the cinema. So + + + align:start position:0% +the broad universe of the cinema. So +that for + + align:start position:0% +that for + + + align:start position:0% +that for +example the individual and atomistic + + align:start position:0% +example the individual and atomistic + + + align:start position:0% +example the individual and atomistic +system that developed in the United + + align:start position:0% +system that developed in the United + + + align:start position:0% +system that developed in the United +States for the production of movies the + + align:start position:0% +States for the production of movies the + + + align:start position:0% +States for the production of movies the +capitalist uh arrangements that + + align:start position:0% +capitalist uh arrangements that + + + align:start position:0% +capitalist uh arrangements that +developed in the United States for the + + align:start position:0% +developed in the United States for the + + + align:start position:0% +developed in the United States for the +development of movies are in many ways + + align:start position:0% +development of movies are in many ways + + + align:start position:0% +development of movies are in many ways +radically different from the systems + + align:start position:0% +radically different from the systems + + + align:start position:0% +radically different from the systems +that were developed in some European + + align:start position:0% +that were developed in some European + + + align:start position:0% +that were developed in some European +societies or in the Soviet Union. And + + align:start position:0% +societies or in the Soviet Union. And + + + align:start position:0% +societies or in the Soviet Union. And +there's a particular contrast with the + + align:start position:0% +there's a particular contrast with the + + + align:start position:0% +there's a particular contrast with the +Soviet Union which developed movies in a + + align:start position:0% +Soviet Union which developed movies in a + + + align:start position:0% +Soviet Union which developed movies in a +quite in a quite different way and had a + + align:start position:0% +quite in a quite different way and had a + + + align:start position:0% +quite in a quite different way and had a +quite different notion about them. The + + align:start position:0% +quite different notion about them. The + + + align:start position:0% +quite different notion about them. The +emergence of the movies coincides in + + align:start position:0% +emergence of the movies coincides in + + + align:start position:0% +emergence of the movies coincides in +some degree with the turmoil in the + + align:start position:0% +some degree with the turmoil in the + + + align:start position:0% +some degree with the turmoil in the +Soviet Union. Right? The Russian + + align:start position:0% +Soviet Union. Right? The Russian + + + align:start position:0% +Soviet Union. Right? The Russian +revolution is what 1917. Uh uh the + + align:start position:0% +revolution is what 1917. Uh uh the + + + align:start position:0% +revolution is what 1917. Uh uh the +movies become the central uh a central + + align:start position:0% +movies become the central uh a central + + + align:start position:0% +movies become the central uh a central +um source of of of information and + + align:start position:0% +um source of of of information and + + + align:start position:0% +um source of of of information and +propaganda for the emerging um uh uh + + align:start position:0% +propaganda for the emerging um uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +propaganda for the emerging um uh uh +Soviet culture. Lenin called uh uh + + align:start position:0% +Soviet culture. Lenin called uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +Soviet culture. Lenin called uh uh +movies our greatest art form because he + + align:start position:0% +movies our greatest art form because he + + + align:start position:0% +movies our greatest art form because he +understood how important they they they + + align:start position:0% +understood how important they they they + + + align:start position:0% +understood how important they they they +were in promulgating certain ideals and + + align:start position:0% +were in promulgating certain ideals and + + + align:start position:0% +were in promulgating certain ideals and +in embedding those ideals in the society + + align:start position:0% +in embedding those ideals in the society + + + align:start position:0% +in embedding those ideals in the society +and in fact there were not in Russia a + + align:start position:0% +and in fact there were not in Russia a + + + align:start position:0% +and in fact there were not in Russia a +series of independent companies that + + align:start position:0% +series of independent companies that + + + align:start position:0% +series of independent companies that +produced films. There was a top- down + + align:start position:0% +produced films. There was a top- down + + + align:start position:0% +produced films. There was a top- down +arrangement in which the government + + align:start position:0% +arrangement in which the government + + + align:start position:0% +arrangement in which the government +controlled filmm doesn't mean that they + + align:start position:0% +controlled filmm doesn't mean that they + + + align:start position:0% +controlled filmm doesn't mean that they +didn't make remarkable and interesting + + align:start position:0% +didn't make remarkable and interesting + + + align:start position:0% +didn't make remarkable and interesting +films but it was a different system. It + + align:start position:0% +films but it was a different system. It + + + align:start position:0% +films but it was a different system. It +was a top- down system. We had central + + align:start position:0% +was a top- down system. We had central + + + align:start position:0% +was a top- down system. We had central +government financing uh in which u u uh + + align:start position:0% +government financing uh in which u u uh + + + align:start position:0% +government financing uh in which u u uh +the the genres of of in Soviet films + + align:start position:0% +the the genres of of in Soviet films + + + align:start position:0% +the the genres of of in Soviet films +could be said to have had what we might + + align:start position:0% +could be said to have had what we might + + + align:start position:0% +could be said to have had what we might +call rhetorical sources. Uh for example, + + align:start position:0% +call rhetorical sources. Uh for example, + + + align:start position:0% +call rhetorical sources. Uh for example, +a revolution story is one genre of of of + + align:start position:0% +a revolution story is one genre of of of + + + align:start position:0% +a revolution story is one genre of of of +Russian film. Uh celebrate her the + + align:start position:0% +Russian film. Uh celebrate her the + + + align:start position:0% +Russian film. Uh celebrate her the +heroic celebrating the heroic struggle + + align:start position:0% +heroic celebrating the heroic struggle + + + align:start position:0% +heroic celebrating the heroic struggle +of the people. Uh there were even sort + + align:start position:0% +of the people. Uh there were even sort + + + align:start position:0% +of the people. Uh there were even sort +of u genres that we might call building + + align:start position:0% +of u genres that we might call building + + + align:start position:0% +of u genres that we might call building +genres or creating genres and they were + + align:start position:0% +genres or creating genres and they were + + + align:start position:0% +genres or creating genres and they were +about make creating a farm or building a + + align:start position:0% +about make creating a farm or building a + + + align:start position:0% +about make creating a farm or building a +skyscraper right and was the film was + + align:start position:0% +skyscraper right and was the film was + + + align:start position:0% +skyscraper right and was the film was +put in the service by the Soviet state + + align:start position:0% +put in the service by the Soviet state + + + align:start position:0% +put in the service by the Soviet state +was put in the service of this emerging + + align:start position:0% +was put in the service of this emerging + + + align:start position:0% +was put in the service of this emerging +society. It was understood as a uh as a + + align:start position:0% +society. It was understood as a uh as a + + + align:start position:0% +society. It was understood as a uh as a +as a system that would mobilize mass + + align:start position:0% +as a system that would mobilize mass + + + align:start position:0% +as a system that would mobilize mass +social forces for the betterment of + + align:start position:0% +social forces for the betterment of + + + align:start position:0% +social forces for the betterment of +society. uh and the the differences the + + align:start position:0% +society. uh and the the differences the + + + align:start position:0% +society. uh and the the differences the +these differences in attitudes toward + + align:start position:0% +these differences in attitudes toward + + + align:start position:0% +these differences in attitudes toward +the and in the ways films are financed + + align:start position:0% +the and in the ways films are financed + + + align:start position:0% +the and in the ways films are financed +and and and uh who makes the decisions + + align:start position:0% +and and and uh who makes the decisions + + + align:start position:0% +and and and uh who makes the decisions +about what films will go forward of + + align:start position:0% +about what films will go forward of + + + align:start position:0% +about what films will go forward of +course has a profound impact on the + + align:start position:0% +course has a profound impact on the + + + align:start position:0% +course has a profound impact on the +nature of those movies. our our our + + align:start position:0% +nature of those movies. our our our + + + align:start position:0% +nature of those movies. our our our +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +demonstration instance today will be one + + align:start position:0% +demonstration instance today will be one + + + align:start position:0% +demonstration instance today will be one +of the most famous passages from + + align:start position:0% +of the most famous passages from + + + align:start position:0% +of the most famous passages from +Eisenstein's pmpkin to demonstrate uh uh + + align:start position:0% +Eisenstein's pmpkin to demonstrate uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +Eisenstein's pmpkin to demonstrate uh uh +some of the uh in a much more concrete + + align:start position:0% +some of the uh in a much more concrete + + + align:start position:0% +some of the uh in a much more concrete +way some of the implications of this + + align:start position:0% +way some of the implications of this + + + align:start position:0% +way some of the implications of this +difference between American and Russian + + align:start position:0% +difference between American and Russian + + + align:start position:0% +difference between American and Russian +film that I'm suggesting. There are also + + align:start position:0% +film that I'm suggesting. There are also + + + align:start position:0% +film that I'm suggesting. There are also +profound differences and I'll develop + + align:start position:0% +profound differences and I'll develop + + + align:start position:0% +profound differences and I'll develop +this argument a little more fully this + + align:start position:0% +this argument a little more fully this + + + align:start position:0% +this argument a little more fully this +evening when we shift over to the great + + align:start position:0% +evening when we shift over to the great + + + align:start position:0% +evening when we shift over to the great +German silent films that were silent + + align:start position:0% +German silent films that were silent + + + align:start position:0% +German silent films that were silent +film that we're going to look at + + align:start position:0% +film that we're going to look at + + + align:start position:0% +film that we're going to look at +tonight. Um uh there were profound + + align:start position:0% +tonight. Um uh there were profound + + + align:start position:0% +tonight. Um uh there were profound +differences between the American and + + align:start position:0% +differences between the American and + + + align:start position:0% +differences between the American and +German systems of movie making and + + align:start position:0% +German systems of movie making and + + + align:start position:0% +German systems of movie making and +attitudes toward the making of movies. + + align:start position:0% +attitudes toward the making of movies. + + + align:start position:0% +attitudes toward the making of movies. +And I'll I'll I'll uh uh elaborate on + + align:start position:0% +And I'll I'll I'll uh uh elaborate on + + + align:start position:0% +And I'll I'll I'll uh uh elaborate on +some of those notions later uh later + + align:start position:0% +some of those notions later uh later + + + align:start position:0% +some of those notions later uh later +today in in in in the evening lecture. + + align:start position:0% +today in in in in the evening lecture. + + + align:start position:0% +today in in in in the evening lecture. +But for the moment then, suffice it to + + align:start position:0% +But for the moment then, suffice it to + + + align:start position:0% +But for the moment then, suffice it to +say that that movies that virtually all + + align:start position:0% +say that that movies that virtually all + + + align:start position:0% +say that that movies that virtually all +movies are going to reveal or going to + + align:start position:0% +movies are going to reveal or going to + + + align:start position:0% +movies are going to reveal or going to +embody the values and assumptions of the + + align:start position:0% +embody the values and assumptions of the + + + align:start position:0% +embody the values and assumptions of the +culture from which they come. That that + + align:start position:0% +culture from which they come. That that + + + align:start position:0% +culture from which they come. That that +makes them anthropological artifacts of + + align:start position:0% +makes them anthropological artifacts of + + + align:start position:0% +makes them anthropological artifacts of +profound significance and distinguishes + + align:start position:0% +profound significance and distinguishes + + + align:start position:0% +profound significance and distinguishes +French film from British film from + + align:start position:0% +French film from British film from + + + align:start position:0% +French film from British film from +American film in ways that continue to + + align:start position:0% +American film in ways that continue to + + + align:start position:0% +American film in ways that continue to +be illuminating and + + align:start position:0% +be illuminating and + + + align:start position:0% +be illuminating and +significant. But there are certain other + + align:start position:0% +significant. But there are certain other + + + align:start position:0% +significant. But there are certain other +u contrasts or or potential tensions in + + align:start position:0% +u contrasts or or potential tensions in + + + align:start position:0% +u contrasts or or potential tensions in +this notion of film as a cultural form + + align:start position:0% +this notion of film as a cultural form + + + align:start position:0% +this notion of film as a cultural form +that I'd also like to develop and what + + align:start position:0% +that I'd also like to develop and what + + + align:start position:0% +that I'd also like to develop and what +or spend a little bit more time on. One + + align:start position:0% +or spend a little bit more time on. One + + + align:start position:0% +or spend a little bit more time on. One +of them is this is is the notion that + + align:start position:0% +of them is this is is the notion that + + + align:start position:0% +of them is this is is the notion that +there's a profound even a fundamental + + align:start position:0% +there's a profound even a fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +there's a profound even a fundamental +difference more broadly not just between + + align:start position:0% +difference more broadly not just between + + + align:start position:0% +difference more broadly not just between +French and American cinema but between + + align:start position:0% +French and American cinema but between + + + align:start position:0% +French and American cinema but between +all forms of European cinema and the + + align:start position:0% +all forms of European cinema and the + + + align:start position:0% +all forms of European cinema and the +American version. And this is a + + align:start position:0% +American version. And this is a + + + align:start position:0% +American version. And this is a +principle we'll talk about more this + + align:start position:0% +principle we'll talk about more this + + + align:start position:0% +principle we'll talk about more this +evening but I want to allude to it now. + + align:start position:0% +evening but I want to allude to it now. + + + align:start position:0% +evening but I want to allude to it now. +One of the ways to crystallize this is + + align:start position:0% +One of the ways to crystallize this is + + + align:start position:0% +One of the ways to crystallize this is +to remind you of something we've already + + align:start position:0% +to remind you of something we've already + + + align:start position:0% +to remind you of something we've already +talked about briefly in the course, + + align:start position:0% +talked about briefly in the course, + + + align:start position:0% +talked about briefly in the course, +which is the migration of film making + + align:start position:0% +which is the migration of film making + + + align:start position:0% +which is the migration of film making +from the east coast to the west coast in + + align:start position:0% +from the east coast to the west coast in + + + align:start position:0% +from the east coast to the west coast in +the early days of film making in the + + align:start position:0% +the early days of film making in the + + + align:start position:0% +the early days of film making in the +United States, the flight of filmmakers + + align:start position:0% +United States, the flight of filmmakers + + + align:start position:0% +United States, the flight of filmmakers +to California. And we've talked a little + + align:start position:0% +to California. And we've talked a little + + + align:start position:0% +to California. And we've talked a little +bit about why that's a significant uh um + + align:start position:0% +bit about why that's a significant uh um + + + align:start position:0% +bit about why that's a significant uh um +a significant transformation and a + + align:start position:0% +a significant transformation and a + + + align:start position:0% +a significant transformation and a +significant move. But perhaps the most + + align:start position:0% +significant move. But perhaps the most + + + align:start position:0% +significant move. But perhaps the most +important aspect of this trend of this + + align:start position:0% +important aspect of this trend of this + + + align:start position:0% +important aspect of this trend of this +of this historical fact, the migration + + align:start position:0% +of this historical fact, the migration + + + align:start position:0% +of this historical fact, the migration +of the movies to the west coast is that + + align:start position:0% +of the movies to the west coast is that + + + align:start position:0% +of the movies to the west coast is that +what this meant is that the movies in + + align:start position:0% +what this meant is that the movies in + + + align:start position:0% +what this meant is that the movies in +the United States were able to develop + + align:start position:0% +the United States were able to develop + + + align:start position:0% +the United States were able to develop +in a + + align:start position:0% +in a + + + align:start position:0% +in a +culture whose intellectual and artistic + + align:start position:0% +culture whose intellectual and artistic + + + align:start position:0% +culture whose intellectual and artistic +and cultural authorities were on the + + align:start position:0% +and cultural authorities were on the + + + align:start position:0% +and cultural authorities were on the +east coast as far away as possible from + + align:start position:0% +east coast as far away as possible from + + + align:start position:0% +east coast as far away as possible from +where movies were developing. In other + + align:start position:0% +where movies were developing. In other + + + align:start position:0% +where movies were developing. In other +words, the American movie is much more + + align:start position:0% +words, the American movie is much more + + + align:start position:0% +words, the American movie is much more +fundamentally in its emergence a popular + + align:start position:0% +fundamentally in its emergence a popular + + + align:start position:0% +fundamentally in its emergence a popular +form, a nonart a form that has no + + align:start position:0% +form, a nonart a form that has no + + + align:start position:0% +form, a nonart a form that has no +consciousness of itself as a work of + + align:start position:0% +consciousness of itself as a work of + + + align:start position:0% +consciousness of itself as a work of +art. It knows that what it's trying to + + align:start position:0% +art. It knows that what it's trying to + + + align:start position:0% +art. It knows that what it's trying to +do is make money and entertain people. + + align:start position:0% +do is make money and entertain people. + + + align:start position:0% +do is make money and entertain people. +And and the earliest very early there + + align:start position:0% +And and the earliest very early there + + + align:start position:0% +And and the earliest very early there +were some directors like DW Griffith who + + align:start position:0% +were some directors like DW Griffith who + + + align:start position:0% +were some directors like DW Griffith who +recognized the artistic importance of + + align:start position:0% +recognized the artistic importance of + + + align:start position:0% +recognized the artistic importance of +movies. I don't mean there weren't + + align:start position:0% +movies. I don't mean there weren't + + + align:start position:0% +movies. I don't mean there weren't +directors who recognized this. Chaplain + + align:start position:0% +directors who recognized this. Chaplain + + + align:start position:0% +directors who recognized this. Chaplain +surely thought of himself as making + + align:start position:0% +surely thought of himself as making + + + align:start position:0% +surely thought of himself as making +works of art especially later in his + + align:start position:0% +works of art especially later in his + + + align:start position:0% +works of art especially later in his +career. But the fact is the American + + align:start position:0% +career. But the fact is the American + + + align:start position:0% +career. But the fact is the American +movies begin on the farthest western + + align:start position:0% +movies begin on the farthest western + + + align:start position:0% +movies begin on the farthest western +verge of the society. Nothing developed + + align:start position:0% +verge of the society. Nothing developed + + + align:start position:0% +verge of the society. Nothing developed +there, right? New York is the cultural + + align:start position:0% +there, right? New York is the cultural + + + align:start position:0% +there, right? New York is the cultural +center. Boston is a cultural center. + + align:start position:0% +center. Boston is a cultural center. + + + align:start position:0% +center. Boston is a cultural center. +Maybe we could even say some of the + + align:start position:0% +Maybe we could even say some of the + + + align:start position:0% +Maybe we could even say some of the +great Midwestern cities have some kind + + align:start position:0% +great Midwestern cities have some kind + + + align:start position:0% +great Midwestern cities have some kind +of cultural authority, but there's + + align:start position:0% +of cultural authority, but there's + + + align:start position:0% +of cultural authority, but there's +nothing on the West Coast. And what that + + align:start position:0% +nothing on the West Coast. And what that + + + align:start position:0% +nothing on the West Coast. And what that +means is that all the writers, all the + + align:start position:0% +means is that all the writers, all the + + + align:start position:0% +means is that all the writers, all the +dramatists, all the actors, all the + + align:start position:0% +dramatists, all the actors, all the + + + align:start position:0% +dramatists, all the actors, all the +theater actors, uh all the poets, all + + align:start position:0% +theater actors, uh all the poets, all + + + align:start position:0% +theater actors, uh all the poets, all +the musicians, they were in the east, + + align:start position:0% +the musicians, they were in the east, + + + align:start position:0% +the musicians, they were in the east, +they lived in New York, right? And what + + align:start position:0% +they lived in New York, right? And what + + + align:start position:0% +they lived in New York, right? And what +there was a kind of freedom that this + + align:start position:0% +there was a kind of freedom that this + + + align:start position:0% +there was a kind of freedom that this +imparted to American movies. And uh uh + + align:start position:0% +imparted to American movies. And uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +imparted to American movies. And uh uh +uh this is a very sharp contrast with + + align:start position:0% +uh this is a very sharp contrast with + + + align:start position:0% +uh this is a very sharp contrast with +the development of almost all forms of + + align:start position:0% +the development of almost all forms of + + + align:start position:0% +the development of almost all forms of +European cinema because partly because + + align:start position:0% +European cinema because partly because + + + align:start position:0% +European cinema because partly because +there the countries are literally + + align:start position:0% +there the countries are literally + + + align:start position:0% +there the countries are literally +geographically more limited unlike the + + align:start position:0% +geographically more limited unlike the + + + align:start position:0% +geographically more limited unlike the +vast expanse of the United States but + + align:start position:0% +vast expanse of the United States but + + + align:start position:0% +vast expanse of the United States but +also because of the much stronger + + align:start position:0% +also because of the much stronger + + + align:start position:0% +also because of the much stronger +traditions in these European societies + + align:start position:0% +traditions in these European societies + + + align:start position:0% +traditions in these European societies +of of of + + align:start position:0% +of of of + + + align:start position:0% +of of of +of high culture the much stronger + + align:start position:0% +of high culture the much stronger + + + align:start position:0% +of high culture the much stronger +respect in these in these societies for + + align:start position:0% +respect in these in these societies for + + + align:start position:0% +respect in these in these societies for +for theater and for poetry and for pros + + align:start position:0% +for theater and for poetry and for pros + + + align:start position:0% +for theater and for poetry and for pros +narrative. + + align:start position:0% +narrative. + + + align:start position:0% +narrative. +these in the in the European societies + + align:start position:0% +these in the in the European societies + + + align:start position:0% +these in the in the European societies +and this was especially true in Germany + + align:start position:0% +and this was especially true in Germany + + + align:start position:0% +and this was especially true in Germany +but it was true in some degree in every + + align:start position:0% +but it was true in some degree in every + + + align:start position:0% +but it was true in some degree in every +European society including the Soviet + + align:start position:0% +European society including the Soviet + + + align:start position:0% +European society including the Soviet +Union. There was a sense that the movies + + align:start position:0% +Union. There was a sense that the movies + + + align:start position:0% +Union. There was a sense that the movies +were emerging in the shadow of older art + + align:start position:0% +were emerging in the shadow of older art + + + align:start position:0% +were emerging in the shadow of older art +forms whose greatness and grandeur + + align:start position:0% +forms whose greatness and grandeur + + + align:start position:0% +forms whose greatness and grandeur +shadowed menaced this emerging form and + + align:start position:0% +shadowed menaced this emerging form and + + + align:start position:0% +shadowed menaced this emerging form and +in a way the distinction I'm mentioning + + align:start position:0% +in a way the distinction I'm mentioning + + + align:start position:0% +in a way the distinction I'm mentioning +the difference I'm mentioning accounts + + align:start position:0% +the difference I'm mentioning accounts + + + align:start position:0% +the difference I'm mentioning accounts +both for the limitations and for the + + align:start position:0% +both for the limitations and for the + + + align:start position:0% +both for the limitations and for the +glories of both kinds of film because if + + align:start position:0% +glories of both kinds of film because if + + + align:start position:0% +glories of both kinds of film because if +the European film was more static and + + align:start position:0% +the European film was more static and + + + align:start position:0% +the European film was more static and +we'll talk much more I'll give you some + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk much more I'll give you some + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk much more I'll give you some +examples of this tonight if the European + + align:start position:0% +examples of this tonight if the European + + + align:start position:0% +examples of this tonight if the European +film was more static less beca it was + + align:start position:0% +film was more static less beca it was + + + align:start position:0% +film was more static less beca it was +less cinem cinematic in a way in its + + align:start position:0% +less cinem cinematic in a way in its + + + align:start position:0% +less cinem cinematic in a way in its +early years because it thought of itself + + align:start position:0% +early years because it thought of itself + + + align:start position:0% +early years because it thought of itself +as emerging from literature, from + + align:start position:0% +as emerging from literature, from + + + align:start position:0% +as emerging from literature, from +theater, from poetry uh uh and in fact + + align:start position:0% +theater, from poetry uh uh and in fact + + + align:start position:0% +theater, from poetry uh uh and in fact +some of the the important early German + + align:start position:0% +some of the the important early German + + + align:start position:0% +some of the the important early German +uh filmmakers especially were people who + + align:start position:0% +uh filmmakers especially were people who + + + align:start position:0% +uh filmmakers especially were people who +came from theater and they had + + align:start position:0% +came from theater and they had + + + align:start position:0% +came from theater and they had +theatrical notions of what art was. Uh + + align:start position:0% +theatrical notions of what art was. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +theatrical notions of what art was. Uh +we'll talk more about this this evening. + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk more about this this evening. + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk more about this this evening. +So because that was true, the glory of + + align:start position:0% +So because that was true, the glory of + + + align:start position:0% +So because that was true, the glory of +the early European cinema was its + + align:start position:0% +the early European cinema was its + + + align:start position:0% +the early European cinema was its +recognition that it could be + + align:start position:0% +recognition that it could be + + + align:start position:0% +recognition that it could be +artistically powerful. its sense that it + + align:start position:0% +artistically powerful. its sense that it + + + align:start position:0% +artistically powerful. its sense that it +was talking about important subjects. + + align:start position:0% +was talking about important subjects. + + + align:start position:0% +was talking about important subjects. +But of course, the limitations were that + + align:start position:0% +But of course, the limitations were that + + + align:start position:0% +But of course, the limitations were that +it was often very boring visually, that + + align:start position:0% +it was often very boring visually, that + + + align:start position:0% +it was often very boring visually, that +it was serious but not a movie, that it + + align:start position:0% +it was serious but not a movie, that it + + + align:start position:0% +it was serious but not a movie, that it +didn't it it it didn't exploit the + + align:start position:0% +didn't it it it didn't exploit the + + + align:start position:0% +didn't it it it didn't exploit the +properties of the medium nearly as + + align:start position:0% +properties of the medium nearly as + + + align:start position:0% +properties of the medium nearly as +quickly. Didn't try to explore the the + + align:start position:0% +quickly. Didn't try to explore the the + + + align:start position:0% +quickly. Didn't try to explore the the +unique properties of the medium nearly + + align:start position:0% +unique properties of the medium nearly + + + align:start position:0% +unique properties of the medium nearly +as quick in part because it was so + + align:start position:0% +as quick in part because it was so + + + align:start position:0% +as quick in part because it was so +enthralled to inherited ideas of + + align:start position:0% +enthralled to inherited ideas of + + + align:start position:0% +enthralled to inherited ideas of +artistic value and artistic expression. + + align:start position:0% +artistic value and artistic expression. + + + align:start position:0% +artistic value and artistic expression. +This isn't uh entirely a disadvantage as + + align:start position:0% +This isn't uh entirely a disadvantage as + + + align:start position:0% +This isn't uh entirely a disadvantage as +I've said because it also imparted to + + align:start position:0% +I've said because it also imparted to + + + align:start position:0% +I've said because it also imparted to +European filmmakers a sense of dignity + + align:start position:0% +European filmmakers a sense of dignity + + + align:start position:0% +European filmmakers a sense of dignity +and the importance of their enterprise + + align:start position:0% +and the importance of their enterprise + + + align:start position:0% +and the importance of their enterprise +that served them well in certain ways + + align:start position:0% +that served them well in certain ways + + + align:start position:0% +that served them well in certain ways +and made them pick ambitious subjects + + align:start position:0% +and made them pick ambitious subjects + + + align:start position:0% +and made them pick ambitious subjects +and you'll see the outcome the final + + align:start position:0% +and you'll see the outcome the final + + + align:start position:0% +and you'll see the outcome the final +outcome once the film once the European + + align:start position:0% +outcome once the film once the European + + + align:start position:0% +outcome once the film once the European +film was liberated into a greater + + align:start position:0% +film was liberated into a greater + + + align:start position:0% +film was liberated into a greater +cinematic freedom and I'll show you an + + align:start position:0% +cinematic freedom and I'll show you an + + + align:start position:0% +cinematic freedom and I'll show you an +example or two tonight of that uh it + + align:start position:0% +example or two tonight of that uh it + + + align:start position:0% +example or two tonight of that uh it +became something immensely rich in part + + align:start position:0% +became something immensely rich in part + + + align:start position:0% +became something immensely rich in part +because it had this legacy of high art + + align:start position:0% +because it had this legacy of high art + + + align:start position:0% +because it had this legacy of high art +behind it and high artistic ambitions. + + align:start position:0% +behind it and high artistic ambitions. + + + align:start position:0% +behind it and high artistic ambitions. +The United States story is almost the + + align:start position:0% +The United States story is almost the + + + align:start position:0% +The United States story is almost the +opposite. In the United States, uh there + + align:start position:0% +opposite. In the United States, uh there + + + align:start position:0% +opposite. In the United States, uh there +was a kind of glorious sense of having + + align:start position:0% +was a kind of glorious sense of having + + + align:start position:0% +was a kind of glorious sense of having +no responsibility toward older art + + align:start position:0% +no responsibility toward older art + + + align:start position:0% +no responsibility toward older art +forms. There was something exuberant, + + align:start position:0% +forms. There was something exuberant, + + + align:start position:0% +forms. There was something exuberant, +experimental, joyous, uh uh + + align:start position:0% +experimental, joyous, uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +experimental, joyous, uh uh +unmbarrassed about early American films. + + align:start position:0% +unmbarrassed about early American films. + + + align:start position:0% +unmbarrassed about early American films. +They didn't think of themselves as + + align:start position:0% +They didn't think of themselves as + + + align:start position:0% +They didn't think of themselves as +artworks and it gave them a kind of + + align:start position:0% +artworks and it gave them a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +artworks and it gave them a kind of +freedom. They were also vulgar as hell. + + align:start position:0% +freedom. They were also vulgar as hell. + + + align:start position:0% +freedom. They were also vulgar as hell. +They were often they were often trivial + + align:start position:0% +They were often they were often trivial + + + align:start position:0% +They were often they were often trivial +and silly. They often had had limited + + align:start position:0% +and silly. They often had had limited + + + align:start position:0% +and silly. They often had had limited +artistic ambitions, but they explored + + align:start position:0% +artistic ambitions, but they explored + + + align:start position:0% +artistic ambitions, but they explored +the nature of the medium in a way that + + align:start position:0% +the nature of the medium in a way that + + + align:start position:0% +the nature of the medium in a way that +became the legacy of the movies in a + + align:start position:0% +became the legacy of the movies in a + + + align:start position:0% +became the legacy of the movies in a +legacy that was communicated to other to + + align:start position:0% +legacy that was communicated to other to + + + align:start position:0% +legacy that was communicated to other to +other societies as well. Well, this + + align:start position:0% +other societies as well. Well, this + + + align:start position:0% +other societies as well. Well, this +distinction then between American and + + align:start position:0% +distinction then between American and + + + align:start position:0% +distinction then between American and +European cinema is something I'll + + align:start position:0% +European cinema is something I'll + + + align:start position:0% +European cinema is something I'll +develop a little bit more fully with + + align:start position:0% +develop a little bit more fully with + + + align:start position:0% +develop a little bit more fully with +examples this evening, but it's a + + align:start position:0% +examples this evening, but it's a + + + align:start position:0% +examples this evening, but it's a +crucial distinction. It's a crucial + + align:start position:0% +crucial distinction. It's a crucial + + + align:start position:0% +crucial distinction. It's a crucial +difference and it tells us a lot about + + align:start position:0% +difference and it tells us a lot about + + + align:start position:0% +difference and it tells us a lot about +both forms of film making. There's one + + align:start position:0% +both forms of film making. There's one + + + align:start position:0% +both forms of film making. There's one +final tension that I want to mention + + align:start position:0% +final tension that I want to mention + + + align:start position:0% +final tension that I want to mention +here. We'll return to it again when we + + align:start position:0% +here. We'll return to it again when we + + + align:start position:0% +here. We'll return to it again when we +come to look at uh singing in the rain + + align:start position:0% +come to look at uh singing in the rain + + + align:start position:0% +come to look at uh singing in the rain +later in the course which dramatizes + + align:start position:0% +later in the course which dramatizes + + + align:start position:0% +later in the course which dramatizes +this subject among others. Uh there's + + align:start position:0% +this subject among others. Uh there's + + + align:start position:0% +this subject among others. Uh there's +another kind of tension implicit in what + + align:start position:0% +another kind of tension implicit in what + + + align:start position:0% +another kind of tension implicit in what +I've already said which is the tension + + align:start position:0% +I've already said which is the tension + + + align:start position:0% +I've already said which is the tension +between what we might call popular + + align:start position:0% +between what we might call popular + + + align:start position:0% +between what we might call popular +culture notions of culture that are + + align:start position:0% +culture notions of culture that are + + + align:start position:0% +culture notions of culture that are +enjoyed by the masses by everyone as + + align:start position:0% +enjoyed by the masses by everyone as + + + align:start position:0% +enjoyed by the masses by everyone as +against high culture like opera and + + align:start position:0% +against high culture like opera and + + + align:start position:0% +against high culture like opera and +poetry and theater which which only the + + align:start position:0% +poetry and theater which which only the + + + align:start position:0% +poetry and theater which which only the +educated people go to. Right? And this + + align:start position:0% +educated people go to. Right? And this + + + align:start position:0% +educated people go to. Right? And this +tension uh uh is especially important is + + align:start position:0% +tension uh uh is especially important is + + + align:start position:0% +tension uh uh is especially important is +it's important in many films, but it's + + align:start position:0% +it's important in many films, but it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's important in many films, but it's +it's an especially important tension in + + align:start position:0% +it's an especially important tension in + + + align:start position:0% +it's an especially important tension in +in American movies. And one of the + + align:start position:0% +in American movies. And one of the + + + align:start position:0% +in American movies. And one of the +things that um we will come back to in + + align:start position:0% +things that um we will come back to in + + + align:start position:0% +things that um we will come back to in +different ways as we think about these + + align:start position:0% +different ways as we think about these + + + align:start position:0% +different ways as we think about these +American films is the way in which very + + align:start position:0% +American films is the way in which very + + + align:start position:0% +American films is the way in which very +often American films position themselves + + align:start position:0% +often American films position themselves + + + align:start position:0% +often American films position themselves +as the antagonist of high culture. And + + align:start position:0% +as the antagonist of high culture. And + + + align:start position:0% +as the antagonist of high culture. And +there are many films that actually do + + align:start position:0% +there are many films that actually do + + + align:start position:0% +there are many films that actually do +that. In in one of the Marx Brothers, + + align:start position:0% +that. In in one of the Marx Brothers, + + + align:start position:0% +that. In in one of the Marx Brothers, +some of the Marx Brothers films + + align:start position:0% +some of the Marx Brothers films + + + align:start position:0% +some of the Marx Brothers films +systematically dismantle the objects of + + align:start position:0% +systematically dismantle the objects of + + + align:start position:0% +systematically dismantle the objects of +high culture. There's one one Marx + + align:start position:0% +high culture. There's one one Marx + + + align:start position:0% +high culture. There's one one Marx +Brothers film called A Night at the + + align:start position:0% +Brothers film called A Night at the + + + align:start position:0% +Brothers film called A Night at the +Opera, which takes place in an opera, + + align:start position:0% +Opera, which takes place in an opera, + + + align:start position:0% +Opera, which takes place in an opera, +and the whole set comes crashing down. + + align:start position:0% +and the whole set comes crashing down. + + + align:start position:0% +and the whole set comes crashing down. +The whole place, the whole place falls + + align:start position:0% +The whole place, the whole place falls + + + align:start position:0% +The whole place, the whole place falls +apart in the course of the in the course + + align:start position:0% +apart in the course of the in the course + + + align:start position:0% +apart in the course of the in the course +of the film, acting out a kind of + + align:start position:0% +of the film, acting out a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +of the film, acting out a kind of +aggression against the older art form. + + align:start position:0% +aggression against the older art form. + + + align:start position:0% +aggression against the older art form. +And this is a tension also that we will + + align:start position:0% +And this is a tension also that we will + + + align:start position:0% +And this is a tension also that we will +see played out in in in in some of the + + align:start position:0% +see played out in in in in some of the + + + align:start position:0% +see played out in in in in some of the +films we're going to be looking at a bit + + align:start position:0% +films we're going to be looking at a bit + + + align:start position:0% +films we're going to be looking at a bit +later in the course. + + align:start position:0% +later in the course. + + + align:start position:0% +later in the course. +Um, so this notion of h of of of of + + align:start position:0% +Um, so this notion of h of of of of + + + align:start position:0% +Um, so this notion of h of of of of +Hollywood uh as as as the embodiment of + + align:start position:0% +Hollywood uh as as as the embodiment of + + + align:start position:0% +Hollywood uh as as as the embodiment of +a certain kind of uh demotic vigor and + + align:start position:0% +a certain kind of uh demotic vigor and + + + align:start position:0% +a certain kind of uh demotic vigor and +and and populist energy uh is is a is is + + align:start position:0% +and and populist energy uh is is a is is + + + align:start position:0% +and and populist energy uh is is a is is +a helpful way of thinking about how + + align:start position:0% +a helpful way of thinking about how + + + align:start position:0% +a helpful way of thinking about how +especially in the early years American + + align:start position:0% +especially in the early years American + + + align:start position:0% +especially in the early years American +film was somewhat different from + + align:start position:0% +film was somewhat different from + + + align:start position:0% +film was somewhat different from +European film uh and how it also very + + align:start position:0% +European film uh and how it also very + + + align:start position:0% +European film uh and how it also very +aggressively disting was happy to + + align:start position:0% +aggressively disting was happy to + + + align:start position:0% +aggressively disting was happy to +distinguish itself from established art + + align:start position:0% +distinguish itself from established art + + + align:start position:0% +distinguish itself from established art +forms. + + align:start position:0% +forms. + + + align:start position:0% +forms. +I want to take a quick what what will + + align:start position:0% +I want to take a quick what what will + + + align:start position:0% +I want to take a quick what what will +appear to be a digression but actually + + align:start position:0% +appear to be a digression but actually + + + align:start position:0% +appear to be a digression but actually +isn't. I want to talk now about two + + align:start position:0% +isn't. I want to talk now about two + + + align:start position:0% +isn't. I want to talk now about two +crucial terms uh uh that that are that + + align:start position:0% +crucial terms uh uh that that are that + + + align:start position:0% +crucial terms uh uh that that are that +will be useful in our in our discussions + + align:start position:0% +will be useful in our in our discussions + + + align:start position:0% +will be useful in our in our discussions +of these of the matters I've already + + align:start position:0% +of these of the matters I've already + + + align:start position:0% +of these of the matters I've already +raised in some other matters that will + + align:start position:0% +raised in some other matters that will + + + align:start position:0% +raised in some other matters that will +come up later in the course uh and and + + align:start position:0% +come up later in the course uh and and + + + align:start position:0% +come up later in the course uh and and +then return uh after after uh clarifying + + align:start position:0% +then return uh after after uh clarifying + + + align:start position:0% +then return uh after after uh clarifying +these terms to an example from + + align:start position:0% +these terms to an example from + + + align:start position:0% +these terms to an example from +battleship pmpkin Eisenstein's most + + align:start position:0% +battleship pmpkin Eisenstein's most + + + align:start position:0% +battleship pmpkin Eisenstein's most +famous film to demonstrate something of + + align:start position:0% +famous film to demonstrate something of + + + align:start position:0% +famous film to demonstrate something of +what I mean by by uh u the uh um + + align:start position:0% +what I mean by by uh u the uh um + + + align:start position:0% +what I mean by by uh u the uh um +principles of top-down organiz ization + + align:start position:0% +principles of top-down organiz ization + + + align:start position:0% +principles of top-down organiz ization +and and uh film as propaganda that I was + + align:start position:0% +and and uh film as propaganda that I was + + + align:start position:0% +and and uh film as propaganda that I was +talking about earlier as well as calling + + align:start position:0% +talking about earlier as well as calling + + + align:start position:0% +talking about earlier as well as calling +your attention to some of the artistic + + align:start position:0% +your attention to some of the artistic + + + align:start position:0% +your attention to some of the artistic +uh innovations that we still attribute + + align:start position:0% +uh innovations that we still attribute + + + align:start position:0% +uh innovations that we still attribute +to to Sergey Eisenstein. The two terms I + + align:start position:0% +to to Sergey Eisenstein. The two terms I + + + align:start position:0% +to to Sergey Eisenstein. The two terms I +want to discuss are the terms montage + + align:start position:0% +want to discuss are the terms montage + + + align:start position:0% +want to discuss are the terms montage +and misansen. Uh they're contrasting + + align:start position:0% +and misansen. Uh they're contrasting + + + align:start position:0% +and misansen. Uh they're contrasting +elements of what is in all movies in a + + align:start position:0% +elements of what is in all movies in a + + + align:start position:0% +elements of what is in all movies in a +certain way. The term montage and the + + align:start position:0% +certain way. The term montage and the + + + align:start position:0% +certain way. The term montage and the +term misansen describe the most + + align:start position:0% +term misansen describe the most + + + align:start position:0% +term misansen describe the most +essential features of what movies are. + + align:start position:0% +essential features of what movies are. + + + align:start position:0% +essential features of what movies are. +misansen a term drawn from the theater + + align:start position:0% +misansen a term drawn from the theater + + + align:start position:0% +misansen a term drawn from the theater +which literally it's a French word + + align:start position:0% +which literally it's a French word + + + align:start position:0% +which literally it's a French word +literally means what is put or placed in + + align:start position:0% +literally means what is put or placed in + + + align:start position:0% +literally means what is put or placed in +the scene right what is what is in the + + align:start position:0% +the scene right what is what is in the + + + align:start position:0% +the scene right what is what is in the +scene misansen refers to the single shot + + align:start position:0% +scene misansen refers to the single shot + + + align:start position:0% +scene misansen refers to the single shot +to what goes on within the single + + align:start position:0% +to what goes on within the single + + + align:start position:0% +to what goes on within the single +continuous unedited shot of film the + + align:start position:0% +continuous unedited shot of film the + + + align:start position:0% +continuous unedited shot of film the +single the frame of film however long it + + align:start position:0% +single the frame of film however long it + + + align:start position:0% +single the frame of film however long it +lasts right and the mison sen of that of + + align:start position:0% +lasts right and the mison sen of that of + + + align:start position:0% +lasts right and the mison sen of that of +that shot is virtually everything inside + + align:start position:0% +that shot is virtually everything inside + + + align:start position:0% +that shot is virtually everything inside +that frame in other words how the uh + + align:start position:0% +that frame in other words how the uh + + + align:start position:0% +that frame in other words how the uh +even how even how the ca actors move in + + align:start position:0% +even how even how the ca actors move in + + + align:start position:0% +even how even how the ca actors move in +the frame is part of the mison sen but + + align:start position:0% +the frame is part of the mison sen but + + + align:start position:0% +the frame is part of the mison sen but +it's especially the misonen emphasizes + + align:start position:0% +it's especially the misonen emphasizes + + + align:start position:0% +it's especially the misonen emphasizes +what is the environment like what what's + + align:start position:0% +what is the environment like what what's + + + align:start position:0% +what is the environment like what what's +the furniture like what's the relation + + align:start position:0% +the furniture like what's the relation + + + align:start position:0% +the furniture like what's the relation +between the foreground the middleground + + align:start position:0% +between the foreground the middleground + + + align:start position:0% +between the foreground the middleground +and the background and u um um uh in in + + align:start position:0% +and the background and u um um uh in in + + + align:start position:0% +and the background and u um um uh in in +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +misen the emphasis is on the composition + + align:start position:0% +misen the emphasis is on the composition + + + align:start position:0% +misen the emphasis is on the composition +within the frame and sometimes very + + align:start position:0% +within the frame and sometimes very + + + align:start position:0% +within the frame and sometimes very +great directors will compose their + + align:start position:0% +great directors will compose their + + + align:start position:0% +great directors will compose their +frames with such subtlety that if you + + align:start position:0% +frames with such subtlety that if you + + + align:start position:0% +frames with such subtlety that if you +freeze them they look like paintings + + align:start position:0% +freeze them they look like paintings + + + align:start position:0% +freeze them they look like paintings +they're they're balanced and or or or + + align:start position:0% +they're they're balanced and or or or + + + align:start position:0% +they're they're balanced and or or or +unbalanced if that's the artist's + + align:start position:0% +unbalanced if that's the artist's + + + align:start position:0% +unbalanced if that's the artist's +intention in in particularly artistic + + align:start position:0% +intention in in particularly artistic + + + align:start position:0% +intention in in particularly artistic +and complex and complex ways. So what + + align:start position:0% +and complex and complex ways. So what + + + align:start position:0% +and complex and complex ways. So what +and we can we can think of this in in + + align:start position:0% +and we can we can think of this in in + + + align:start position:0% +and we can we can think of this in in +some sense almost as an as a as having a + + align:start position:0% +some sense almost as an as a as having a + + + align:start position:0% +some sense almost as an as a as having a +kind of painterly equivalent what goes + + align:start position:0% +kind of painterly equivalent what goes + + + align:start position:0% +kind of painterly equivalent what goes +on in the scene you know within the the + + align:start position:0% +on in the scene you know within the the + + + align:start position:0% +on in the scene you know within the the +the other great term montage which is + + align:start position:0% +the other great term montage which is + + + align:start position:0% +the other great term montage which is +also a French term comes from the verb + + align:start position:0% +also a French term comes from the verb + + + align:start position:0% +also a French term comes from the verb +the French verb montter which means to + + align:start position:0% +the French verb montter which means to + + + align:start position:0% +the French verb montter which means to +assemble or to put together and montage + + align:start position:0% +assemble or to put together and montage + + + align:start position:0% +assemble or to put together and montage +means what is put together what is + + align:start position:0% +means what is put together what is + + + align:start position:0% +means what is put together what is +edited what is what is what is what what + + align:start position:0% +edited what is what is what is what what + + + align:start position:0% +edited what is what is what is what what +what is linked together. So a montage + + align:start position:0% +what is linked together. So a montage + + + align:start position:0% +what is linked together. So a montage +means the editing of continuous shots uh + + align:start position:0% +means the editing of continuous shots uh + + + align:start position:0% +means the editing of continuous shots uh +uh uh in a in a sequence right. So that + + align:start position:0% +uh uh in a in a sequence right. So that + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh in a in a sequence right. So that +u the montage of a film is the rhythm of + + align:start position:0% +u the montage of a film is the rhythm of + + + align:start position:0% +u the montage of a film is the rhythm of +its + + align:start position:0% +its + + + align:start position:0% +its +editing. So all films have both elements + + align:start position:0% +editing. So all films have both elements + + + align:start position:0% +editing. So all films have both elements +in them right and in fact we need to be + + align:start position:0% +in them right and in fact we need to be + + + align:start position:0% +in them right and in fact we need to be +aware of both of them. When we look at a + + align:start position:0% +aware of both of them. When we look at a + + + align:start position:0% +aware of both of them. When we look at a +film it's often very helpful to ask + + align:start position:0% +film it's often very helpful to ask + + + align:start position:0% +film it's often very helpful to ask +yourself questions about the rhythm of + + align:start position:0% +yourself questions about the rhythm of + + + align:start position:0% +yourself questions about the rhythm of +the editing to pay attention to how long + + align:start position:0% +the editing to pay attention to how long + + + align:start position:0% +the editing to pay attention to how long +the shots are held to the way the film + + align:start position:0% +the shots are held to the way the film + + + align:start position:0% +the shots are held to the way the film +is edited. And again, the Eisenstein + + align:start position:0% +is edited. And again, the Eisenstein + + + align:start position:0% +is edited. And again, the Eisenstein +example we're going to look at in a + + align:start position:0% +example we're going to look at in a + + + align:start position:0% +example we're going to look at in a +minute will give you some dramatic + + align:start position:0% +minute will give you some dramatic + + + align:start position:0% +minute will give you some dramatic +instances of why uh manipulating the + + align:start position:0% +instances of why uh manipulating the + + + align:start position:0% +instances of why uh manipulating the +editing, the montage can be so so + + align:start position:0% +editing, the montage can be so so + + + align:start position:0% +editing, the montage can be so so +dramatic and so signifying. Um um so it + + align:start position:0% +dramatic and so signifying. Um um so it + + + align:start position:0% +dramatic and so signifying. Um um so it +has there's a kind of convention that + + align:start position:0% +has there's a kind of convention that + + + align:start position:0% +has there's a kind of convention that +has now de that has that de that has + + align:start position:0% +has now de that has that de that has + + + align:start position:0% +has now de that has that de that has +developed and though it radically + + align:start position:0% +developed and though it radically + + + align:start position:0% +developed and though it radically +simplifies in some ways it's a + + align:start position:0% +simplifies in some ways it's a + + + align:start position:0% +simplifies in some ways it's a +simplification that's immensely + + align:start position:0% +simplification that's immensely + + + align:start position:0% +simplification that's immensely +instructive. One way you can talk about + + align:start position:0% +instructive. One way you can talk about + + + align:start position:0% +instructive. One way you can talk about +directors is to categorize them as + + align:start position:0% +directors is to categorize them as + + + align:start position:0% +directors is to categorize them as +montage directors or misansen directors. + + align:start position:0% +montage directors or misansen directors. + + + align:start position:0% +montage directors or misansen directors. +Misansen dire oversimplifying remember + + align:start position:0% +Misansen dire oversimplifying remember + + + align:start position:0% +Misansen dire oversimplifying remember +because there's montage in every film. + + align:start position:0% +because there's montage in every film. + + + align:start position:0% +because there's montage in every film. +So a mison sen director can be a master + + align:start position:0% +So a mison sen director can be a master + + + align:start position:0% +So a mison sen director can be a master +of editing too and a and a director that + + align:start position:0% +of editing too and a and a director that + + + align:start position:0% +of editing too and a and a director that +we identify as a montage director + + align:start position:0% +we identify as a montage director + + + align:start position:0% +we identify as a montage director +certainly has to know how to manipulate + + align:start position:0% +certainly has to know how to manipulate + + + align:start position:0% +certainly has to know how to manipulate +his misansen. So it's not as if one kind + + align:start position:0% +his misansen. So it's not as if one kind + + + align:start position:0% +his misansen. So it's not as if one kind +of director doesn't do the other thing. + + align:start position:0% +of director doesn't do the other thing. + + + align:start position:0% +of director doesn't do the other thing. +But what it does try to signify, what it + + align:start position:0% +But what it does try to signify, what it + + + align:start position:0% +But what it does try to signify, what it +does try to indicate is that directors + + align:start position:0% +does try to indicate is that directors + + + align:start position:0% +does try to indicate is that directors +we call montage directors are directors + + align:start position:0% +we call montage directors are directors + + + align:start position:0% +we call montage directors are directors +whose effects come in in a central way + + align:start position:0% +whose effects come in in a central way + + + align:start position:0% +whose effects come in in a central way +from the way they edit the film from the + + align:start position:0% +from the way they edit the film from the + + + align:start position:0% +from the way they edit the film from the +from the from the quickness of their + + align:start position:0% +from the from the quickness of their + + + align:start position:0% +from the from the quickness of their +editing from the from the way their + + align:start position:0% +editing from the from the way their + + + align:start position:0% +editing from the from the way their +editing manipulates or controls meaning + + align:start position:0% +editing manipulates or controls meaning + + + align:start position:0% +editing manipulates or controls meaning +in some sense. And we therefore would + + align:start position:0% +in some sense. And we therefore would + + + align:start position:0% +in some sense. And we therefore would +think of montage directors uh Eisenstein + + align:start position:0% +think of montage directors uh Eisenstein + + + align:start position:0% +think of montage directors uh Eisenstein +is a classic example. Hitchcock is + + align:start position:0% +is a classic example. Hitchcock is + + + align:start position:0% +is a classic example. Hitchcock is +probably the contemporary example, near + + align:start position:0% +probably the contemporary example, near + + + align:start position:0% +probably the contemporary example, near +contemporary example that most of you + + align:start position:0% +contemporary example that most of you + + + align:start position:0% +contemporary example that most of you +might have in mind in which the editing + + align:start position:0% +might have in mind in which the editing + + + align:start position:0% +might have in mind in which the editing +of the film, the rhythm of the the the + + align:start position:0% +of the film, the rhythm of the the the + + + align:start position:0% +of the film, the rhythm of the the the +quickness with which the shots uh + + align:start position:0% +quickness with which the shots uh + + + align:start position:0% +quickness with which the shots uh +develop, the way the music is + + align:start position:0% +develop, the way the music is + + + align:start position:0% +develop, the way the music is +superimposed on the on the on the on the + + align:start position:0% +superimposed on the on the on the on the + + + align:start position:0% +superimposed on the on the on the on the +editing rhythm to increase your your + + align:start position:0% +editing rhythm to increase your your + + + align:start position:0% +editing rhythm to increase your your +your your emotional response to the + + align:start position:0% +your your emotional response to the + + + align:start position:0% +your your emotional response to the +film. What we would say is that that's + + align:start position:0% +film. What we would say is that that's + + + align:start position:0% +film. What we would say is that that's +that's that's what a montage director uh + + align:start position:0% +that's that's what a montage director uh + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's what a montage director uh +uh embodies the work of a mont. So if we + + align:start position:0% +uh embodies the work of a mont. So if we + + + align:start position:0% +uh embodies the work of a mont. So if we +say that Hitchcock is a montage + + align:start position:0% +say that Hitchcock is a montage + + + align:start position:0% +say that Hitchcock is a montage +director, what we mean is that some of + + align:start position:0% +director, what we mean is that some of + + + align:start position:0% +director, what we mean is that some of +his mo most of his most profound + + align:start position:0% +his mo most of his most profound + + + align:start position:0% +his mo most of his most profound +meanings come from the way in which he + + align:start position:0% +meanings come from the way in which he + + + align:start position:0% +meanings come from the way in which he +edits his film. uh and and what a + + align:start position:0% +edits his film. uh and and what a + + + align:start position:0% +edits his film. uh and and what a +contrast would be let's say with a + + align:start position:0% +contrast would be let's say with a + + + align:start position:0% +contrast would be let's say with a +director like the director we're going + + align:start position:0% +director like the director we're going + + + align:start position:0% +director like the director we're going +to see a few a few in a few weeks later + + align:start position:0% +to see a few a few in a few weeks later + + + align:start position:0% +to see a few a few in a few weeks later +in the term Jean Renoir a narrow a + + align:start position:0% +in the term Jean Renoir a narrow a + + + align:start position:0% +in the term Jean Renoir a narrow a +realistic director who might be called + + align:start position:0% +realistic director who might be called + + + align:start position:0% +realistic director who might be called +much more fully a mont a a misen + + align:start position:0% +much more fully a mont a a misen + + + align:start position:0% +much more fully a mont a a misen +director because he does edit his his + + align:start position:0% +director because he does edit his his + + + align:start position:0% +director because he does edit his his +editing rhythms are subtle but he's + + align:start position:0% +editing rhythms are subtle but he's + + + align:start position:0% +editing rhythms are subtle but he's +interested in long + + align:start position:0% +interested in long + + + align:start position:0% +interested in long +takes montage directors likes short + + align:start position:0% +takes montage directors likes short + + + align:start position:0% +takes montage directors likes short +takes shots that last only a short time + + align:start position:0% +takes shots that last only a short time + + + align:start position:0% +takes shots that last only a short time +in the in the most dramatic segments + + align:start position:0% +in the in the most dramatic segments + + + align:start position:0% +in the in the most dramatic segments +of the segment from Battle Battleship + + align:start position:0% +of the segment from Battle Battleship + + + align:start position:0% +of the segment from Battle Battleship +Potmpkin that I'm going to show you this + + align:start position:0% +Potmpkin that I'm going to show you this + + + align:start position:0% +Potmpkin that I'm going to show you this +afternoon in a few minutes. Uh sometimes + + align:start position:0% +afternoon in a few minutes. Uh sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +afternoon in a few minutes. Uh sometimes +the the edits are are so brief that they + + align:start position:0% +the the edits are are so brief that they + + + align:start position:0% +the the edits are are so brief that they +don't even last a second and a half. The + + align:start position:0% +don't even last a second and a half. The + + + align:start position:0% +don't even last a second and a half. The +average number of shots in the film as a + + align:start position:0% +average number of shots in the film as a + + + align:start position:0% +average number of shots in the film as a +whole, in Battleship Pmpkin as a whole, + + align:start position:0% +whole, in Battleship Pmpkin as a whole, + + + align:start position:0% +whole, in Battleship Pmpkin as a whole, +uh the shots last 4 seconds. That's not + + align:start position:0% +uh the shots last 4 seconds. That's not + + + align:start position:0% +uh the shots last 4 seconds. That's not +very long. In a in a in a uh in a in a + + align:start position:0% +very long. In a in a in a uh in a in a + + + align:start position:0% +very long. In a in a in a uh in a in a +Renoir film, they might last 10, 15 + + align:start position:0% +Renoir film, they might last 10, 15 + + + align:start position:0% +Renoir film, they might last 10, 15 +seconds. Sometimes much longer than + + align:start position:0% +seconds. Sometimes much longer than + + + align:start position:0% +seconds. Sometimes much longer than +that, right? Um, but that's a very long + + align:start position:0% +that, right? Um, but that's a very long + + + align:start position:0% +that, right? Um, but that's a very long +time for a shot to be held. And if a + + align:start position:0% +time for a shot to be held. And if a + + + align:start position:0% +time for a shot to be held. And if a +shot is held that long, it means the + + align:start position:0% +shot is held that long, it means the + + + align:start position:0% +shot is held that long, it means the +camera will move. Charact action will + + align:start position:0% +camera will move. Charact action will + + + align:start position:0% +camera will move. Charact action will +occur in it, but it'll still be a single + + align:start position:0% +occur in it, but it'll still be a single + + + align:start position:0% +occur in it, but it'll still be a single +shot. And can you see that if you hold + + align:start position:0% +shot. And can you see that if you hold + + + align:start position:0% +shot. And can you see that if you hold +the shot for that time and the camera + + align:start position:0% +the shot for that time and the camera + + + align:start position:0% +the shot for that time and the camera +moves like this, what is it encouraging? + + align:start position:0% +moves like this, what is it encouraging? + + + align:start position:0% +moves like this, what is it encouraging? +It's encouraging you to think about the + + align:start position:0% +It's encouraging you to think about the + + + align:start position:0% +It's encouraging you to think about the +relation between characters and the + + align:start position:0% +relation between characters and the + + + align:start position:0% +relation between characters and the +environment. It's encouraging a kind of + + align:start position:0% +environment. It's encouraging a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +environment. It's encouraging a kind of +realistic um uh response to what the + + align:start position:0% +realistic um uh response to what the + + + align:start position:0% +realistic um uh response to what the +film is showing you. Whereas if you're + + align:start position:0% +film is showing you. Whereas if you're + + + align:start position:0% +film is showing you. Whereas if you're +looking at a film in which the cuts + + align:start position:0% +looking at a film in which the cuts + + + align:start position:0% +looking at a film in which the cuts +occur every two seconds, you don't have + + align:start position:0% +occur every two seconds, you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +occur every two seconds, you don't have +time to sort of take in what's the + + align:start position:0% +time to sort of take in what's the + + + align:start position:0% +time to sort of take in what's the +relation between the uh actor and the + + align:start position:0% +relation between the uh actor and the + + + align:start position:0% +relation between the uh actor and the +furniture you you're you're disoriented + + align:start position:0% +furniture you you're you're disoriented + + + align:start position:0% +furniture you you're you're disoriented +in. In fact, Hitchcock often brought his + + align:start position:0% +in. In fact, Hitchcock often brought his + + + align:start position:0% +in. In fact, Hitchcock often brought his +editing to a point just below the + + align:start position:0% +editing to a point just below the + + + align:start position:0% +editing to a point just below the +threshold of + + align:start position:0% +threshold of + + + align:start position:0% +threshold of +disorientation. When Eisenstein was + + align:start position:0% +disorientation. When Eisenstein was + + + align:start position:0% +disorientation. When Eisenstein was +theorizing about the power of editing, + + align:start position:0% +theorizing about the power of editing, + + + align:start position:0% +theorizing about the power of editing, +he was one of the first great film + + align:start position:0% +he was one of the first great film + + + align:start position:0% +he was one of the first great film +theorists. He talked about the way in + + align:start position:0% +theorists. He talked about the way in + + + align:start position:0% +theorists. He talked about the way in +which you can control an audience + + align:start position:0% +which you can control an audience + + + align:start position:0% +which you can control an audience +physiologically by manipulating montage + + align:start position:0% +physiologically by manipulating montage + + + align:start position:0% +physiologically by manipulating montage +and it's true you can as you will know + + align:start position:0% +and it's true you can as you will know + + + align:start position:0% +and it's true you can as you will know +and something that fascist societies are + + align:start position:0% +and something that fascist societies are + + + align:start position:0% +and something that fascist societies are +fully aware of and and and make and make + + align:start position:0% +fully aware of and and and make and make + + + align:start position:0% +fully aware of and and and make and make +use of. So this distinction between + + align:start position:0% +use of. So this distinction between + + + align:start position:0% +use of. So this distinction between +montage and nisonsen is immensely useful + + align:start position:0% +montage and nisonsen is immensely useful + + + align:start position:0% +montage and nisonsen is immensely useful +uh and is and and and in some degree if + + align:start position:0% +uh and is and and and in some degree if + + + align:start position:0% +uh and is and and and in some degree if +you apply the terms + + align:start position:0% +you apply the terms + + + align:start position:0% +you apply the terms +u generously and tactfully you can learn + + align:start position:0% +u generously and tactfully you can learn + + + align:start position:0% +u generously and tactfully you can learn +something about every film you look at + + align:start position:0% +something about every film you look at + + + align:start position:0% +something about every film you look at +by thinking about how these elements + + align:start position:0% +by thinking about how these elements + + + align:start position:0% +by thinking about how these elements +work in the film. I want to turn now uh + + align:start position:0% +work in the film. I want to turn now uh + + + align:start position:0% +work in the film. I want to turn now uh +to a to the arguably the one of the most + + align:start position:0% +to a to the arguably the one of the most + + + align:start position:0% +to a to the arguably the one of the most +famous certainly one of the most famous + + align:start position:0% +famous certainly one of the most famous + + + align:start position:0% +famous certainly one of the most famous +films in the history of cinema and to a + + align:start position:0% +films in the history of cinema and to a + + + align:start position:0% +films in the history of cinema and to a +to a uh a particular fragment from the + + align:start position:0% +to a uh a particular fragment from the + + + align:start position:0% +to a uh a particular fragment from the +film or an extended one + + align:start position:0% +film or an extended one + + + align:start position:0% +film or an extended one +uh um which I think embodies and will + + align:start position:0% +uh um which I think embodies and will + + + align:start position:0% +uh um which I think embodies and will +help clarify many of the abstract ideas + + align:start position:0% +help clarify many of the abstract ideas + + + align:start position:0% +help clarify many of the abstract ideas +I've just been suggesting to you. Let me + + align:start position:0% +I've just been suggesting to you. Let me + + + align:start position:0% +I've just been suggesting to you. Let me +say a word about the film. The film + + align:start position:0% +say a word about the film. The film + + + align:start position:0% +say a word about the film. The film +battleship pmpkin was produced in 1925 + + align:start position:0% +battleship pmpkin was produced in 1925 + + + align:start position:0% +battleship pmpkin was produced in 1925 +at a point when Eisenstein was now at + + align:start position:0% +at a point when Eisenstein was now at + + + align:start position:0% +at a point when Eisenstein was now at +the height of his power and authority. + + align:start position:0% +the height of his power and authority. + + + align:start position:0% +the height of his power and authority. +Uh um and uh it it um it commemorates a + + align:start position:0% +Uh um and uh it it um it commemorates a + + + align:start position:0% +Uh um and uh it it um it commemorates a +moment in the abort in an abortive + + align:start position:0% +moment in the abort in an abortive + + + align:start position:0% +moment in the abort in an abortive +revolution of 19 of 1905. So that by the + + align:start position:0% +revolution of 19 of 1905. So that by the + + + align:start position:0% +revolution of 19 of 1905. So that by the +time Eisenstein came to make the film + + align:start position:0% +time Eisenstein came to make the film + + + align:start position:0% +time Eisenstein came to make the film +battleship pmpkin was kind of like a + + align:start position:0% +battleship pmpkin was kind of like a + + + align:start position:0% +battleship pmpkin was kind of like a +founding story, right? there were or or + + align:start position:0% +founding story, right? there were or or + + + align:start position:0% +founding story, right? there were or or +you know it was uh or at least it was in + + align:start position:0% +you know it was uh or at least it was in + + + align:start position:0% +you know it was uh or at least it was in +about it was about an abortive founding + + align:start position:0% +about it was about an abortive founding + + + align:start position:0% +about it was about an abortive founding +that would then occur years later, + + align:start position:0% +that would then occur years later, + + + align:start position:0% +that would then occur years later, +right? It was seen there was this what + + align:start position:0% +right? It was seen there was this what + + + align:start position:0% +right? It was seen there was this what +it and what it what it dramatized was + + align:start position:0% +it and what it what it dramatized was + + + align:start position:0% +it and what it what it dramatized was +was a historical fact. There was a + + align:start position:0% +was a historical fact. There was a + + + align:start position:0% +was a historical fact. There was a +rebellion by the uh um by the crew of + + align:start position:0% +rebellion by the uh um by the crew of + + + align:start position:0% +rebellion by the uh um by the crew of +the battleship pmpkin against its + + align:start position:0% +the battleship pmpkin against its + + + align:start position:0% +the battleship pmpkin against its +officers and the the battleship sailed + + align:start position:0% +officers and the the battleship sailed + + + align:start position:0% +officers and the the battleship sailed +into the port of Odessa and its its um + + align:start position:0% +into the port of Odessa and its its um + + + align:start position:0% +into the port of Odessa and its its um +mutining it I its mutineers were + + align:start position:0% +mutining it I its mutineers were + + + align:start position:0% +mutining it I its mutineers were +welcomed by the people and in the port + + align:start position:0% +welcomed by the people and in the port + + + align:start position:0% +welcomed by the people and in the port +of Odessa and then the zar angry that + + align:start position:0% +of Odessa and then the zar angry that + + + align:start position:0% +of Odessa and then the zar angry that +his that his navy and his naval officers + + align:start position:0% +his that his navy and his naval officers + + + align:start position:0% +his that his navy and his naval officers +had been mutinied against sent soldiers + + align:start position:0% +had been mutinied against sent soldiers + + + align:start position:0% +had been mutinied against sent soldiers +to Odessa to decimate not just the the + + align:start position:0% +to Odessa to decimate not just the the + + + align:start position:0% +to Odessa to decimate not just the the +mutineers but the population of Odessa + + align:start position:0% +mutineers but the population of Odessa + + + align:start position:0% +mutineers but the population of Odessa +and and the passage. So so the film it + + align:start position:0% +and and the passage. So so the film it + + + align:start position:0% +and and the passage. So so the film it +was understood in a way it was a + + align:start position:0% +was understood in a way it was a + + + align:start position:0% +was understood in a way it was a +revolutionary document or or or part or + + align:start position:0% +revolutionary document or or or part or + + + align:start position:0% +revolutionary document or or or part or +or or or an or an attempt to sort of + + align:start position:0% +or or or an or an attempt to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +or or or an or an attempt to sort of +create a kind of founding myth for + + align:start position:0% +create a kind of founding myth for + + + align:start position:0% +create a kind of founding myth for +Russian society. Right? Everyone + + align:start position:0% +Russian society. Right? Everyone + + + align:start position:0% +Russian society. Right? Everyone +watching the film would have known that + + align:start position:0% +watching the film would have known that + + + align:start position:0% +watching the film would have known that +the real revolution occurred uh only + + align:start position:0% +the real revolution occurred uh only + + + align:start position:0% +the real revolution occurred uh only +whatever it was 12 or 13 years later. uh + + align:start position:0% +whatever it was 12 or 13 years later. uh + + + align:start position:0% +whatever it was 12 or 13 years later. uh +uh uh and uh and and uh that this was a + + align:start position:0% +uh uh and uh and and uh that this was a + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh and uh and and uh that this was a +kind of rehearsal and it would have been + + align:start position:0% +kind of rehearsal and it would have been + + + align:start position:0% +kind of rehearsal and it would have been +it would so that so so that the film + + align:start position:0% +it would so that so so that the film + + + align:start position:0% +it would so that so so that the film +would have had a kind of patriotic aura + + align:start position:0% +would have had a kind of patriotic aura + + + align:start position:0% +would have had a kind of patriotic aura +for for its for its audience. So the + + align:start position:0% +for for its for its audience. So the + + + align:start position:0% +for for its for its audience. So the +passage I'm going to show you is the is + + align:start position:0% +passage I'm going to show you is the is + + + align:start position:0% +passage I'm going to show you is the is +the is the famous is the famous passage + + align:start position:0% +the is the famous is the famous passage + + + align:start position:0% +the is the famous is the famous passage +some I think David Cook calls this the + + align:start position:0% +some I think David Cook calls this the + + + align:start position:0% +some I think David Cook calls this the +most famous montage sequence in the + + align:start position:0% +most famous montage sequence in the + + + align:start position:0% +most famous montage sequence in the +history of cinema. Uh it was certainly + + align:start position:0% +history of cinema. Uh it was certainly + + + align:start position:0% +history of cinema. Uh it was certainly +profoundly influential and as we're + + align:start position:0% +profoundly influential and as we're + + + align:start position:0% +profoundly influential and as we're +watching it I may interrupt it to say a + + align:start position:0% +watching it I may interrupt it to say a + + + align:start position:0% +watching it I may interrupt it to say a +few things as you're watching but I'll + + align:start position:0% +few things as you're watching but I'll + + + align:start position:0% +few things as you're watching but I'll +try not to do too much interruption. Uh + + align:start position:0% +try not to do too much interruption. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +try not to do too much interruption. Uh +what I want you to watch for especially + + align:start position:0% +what I want you to watch for especially + + + align:start position:0% +what I want you to watch for especially +is not only I will have to make some + + align:start position:0% +is not only I will have to make some + + + align:start position:0% +is not only I will have to make some +commentary but I want you to as you're + + align:start position:0% +commentary but I want you to as you're + + + align:start position:0% +commentary but I want you to as you're +as you're watching it among other things + + align:start position:0% +as you're watching it among other things + + + align:start position:0% +as you're watching it among other things +watch for the way in which the length of + + align:start position:0% +watch for the way in which the length of + + + align:start position:0% +watch for the way in which the length of +the the the length of the shots is the + + align:start position:0% +the the the length of the shots is the + + + align:start position:0% +the the the length of the shots is the +or the time between shots varies. And as + + align:start position:0% +or the time between shots varies. And as + + + align:start position:0% +or the time between shots varies. And as +the film as the moment as the as the + + align:start position:0% +the film as the moment as the as the + + + align:start position:0% +the film as the moment as the as the +film begins to this passage begins to + + align:start position:0% +film begins to this passage begins to + + + align:start position:0% +film begins to this passage begins to +increase in intensity and terror the uh + + align:start position:0% +increase in intensity and terror the uh + + + align:start position:0% +increase in intensity and terror the uh +the the cuts become even briefer right + + align:start position:0% +the the cuts become even briefer right + + + align:start position:0% +the the cuts become even briefer right +and then watch also the way in which + + align:start position:0% +and then watch also the way in which + + + align:start position:0% +and then watch also the way in which +certain other strategies of Eisenstein's + + align:start position:0% +certain other strategies of Eisenstein's + + + align:start position:0% +certain other strategies of Eisenstein's +reinforce this strategy these montage + + align:start position:0% +reinforce this strategy these montage + + + align:start position:0% +reinforce this strategy these montage +strategies for example where the camera + + align:start position:0% +strategies for example where the camera + + + align:start position:0% +strategies for example where the camera +is positioned is it looking up at a + + align:start position:0% +is positioned is it looking up at a + + + align:start position:0% +is positioned is it looking up at a +character or is it looking down right + + align:start position:0% +character or is it looking down right + + + align:start position:0% +character or is it looking down right +and very different thing if you look up + + align:start position:0% +and very different thing if you look up + + + align:start position:0% +and very different thing if you look up +you enlarge and you you you mythify if + + align:start position:0% +you enlarge and you you you mythify if + + + align:start position:0% +you enlarge and you you you mythify if +you look down you humiliate and minimize + + align:start position:0% +you look down you humiliate and minimize + + + align:start position:0% +you look down you humiliate and minimize +watch how he does that sort of thing. Uh + + align:start position:0% +watch how he does that sort of thing. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +watch how he does that sort of thing. Uh +you'll you'll find it I think very very + + align:start position:0% +you'll you'll find it I think very very + + + align:start position:0% +you'll you'll find it I think very very +illuminating and and and and + + align:start position:0% +illuminating and and and and + + + align:start position:0% +illuminating and and and and +significant. The the the the sequence is + + align:start position:0% +significant. The the the the sequence is + + + align:start position:0% +significant. The the the the sequence is +often seen today as and I rightly I + + align:start position:0% +often seen today as and I rightly I + + + align:start position:0% +often seen today as and I rightly I +suppose as deeply heavy-handed because + + align:start position:0% +suppose as deeply heavy-handed because + + + align:start position:0% +suppose as deeply heavy-handed because +you're not allowed when you're looking + + align:start position:0% +you're not allowed when you're looking + + + align:start position:0% +you're not allowed when you're looking +at this film to sort of have an + + align:start position:0% +at this film to sort of have an + + + align:start position:0% +at this film to sort of have an +alternative view of things. Uh u the + + align:start position:0% +alternative view of things. Uh u the + + + align:start position:0% +alternative view of things. Uh u the +film doesn't leave you room the the uh + + align:start position:0% +film doesn't leave you room the the uh + + + align:start position:0% +film doesn't leave you room the the uh +uh Eisenstein strategies don't leave you + + align:start position:0% +uh Eisenstein strategies don't leave you + + + align:start position:0% +uh Eisenstein strategies don't leave you +room for independent judgment. you're + + align:start position:0% +room for independent judgment. you're + + + align:start position:0% +room for independent judgment. you're +immersed in a in a in a in a spectacle + + align:start position:0% +immersed in a in a in a in a spectacle + + + align:start position:0% +immersed in a in a in a in a spectacle +so emotional and so wrenching that uh + + align:start position:0% +so emotional and so wrenching that uh + + + align:start position:0% +so emotional and so wrenching that uh +that that you don't have time to sort of + + align:start position:0% +that that you don't have time to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +that that you don't have time to sort of +sit back and think and come to + + align:start position:0% +sit back and think and come to + + + align:start position:0% +sit back and think and come to +conclusion. And one could say that this + + align:start position:0% +conclusion. And one could say that this + + + align:start position:0% +conclusion. And one could say that this +is one of the great differences between + + align:start position:0% +is one of the great differences between + + + align:start position:0% +is one of the great differences between +montage directors and misansen + + align:start position:0% +montage directors and misansen + + + align:start position:0% +montage directors and misansen +directors. Not an accident that most + + align:start position:0% +directors. Not an accident that most + + + align:start position:0% +directors. Not an accident that most +horror movies, all horror movies really + + align:start position:0% +horror movies, all horror movies really + + + align:start position:0% +horror movies, all horror movies really +are a form of montage, right? Because + + align:start position:0% +are a form of montage, right? Because + + + align:start position:0% +are a form of montage, right? Because +your your feelings are being + + align:start position:0% +your your feelings are being + + + align:start position:0% +your your feelings are being +manipulated. You're not you're you're + + align:start position:0% +manipulated. You're not you're you're + + + align:start position:0% +manipulated. You're not you're you're +not supposed to be allowed to sit back + + align:start position:0% +not supposed to be allowed to sit back + + + align:start position:0% +not supposed to be allowed to sit back +and say how ridiculously implausible + + align:start position:0% +and say how ridiculously implausible + + + align:start position:0% +and say how ridiculously implausible +these events are. If that happened, it + + align:start position:0% +these events are. If that happened, it + + + align:start position:0% +these events are. If that happened, it +would spoil the film, right? Uh we'll + + align:start position:0% +would spoil the film, right? Uh we'll + + + align:start position:0% +would spoil the film, right? Uh we'll +come back to these things. So, here is + + align:start position:0% +come back to these things. So, here is + + + align:start position:0% +come back to these things. So, here is +the uh uh Odessa step sequence from + + align:start position:0% +the uh uh Odessa step sequence from + + + align:start position:0% +the uh uh Odessa step sequence from +Battleship + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +PMPkin. These are + + align:start position:0% +PMPkin. These are + + + align:start position:0% +PMPkin. These are +the Odessins welcoming the mutineers. + + align:start position:0% +the Odessins welcoming the mutineers. + + + align:start position:0% +the Odessins welcoming the mutineers. +One of the things that Eisenstein um was + + align:start position:0% +One of the things that Eisenstein um was + + + align:start position:0% +One of the things that Eisenstein um was +fond of was what a a theory of montage + + align:start position:0% +fond of was what a a theory of montage + + + align:start position:0% +fond of was what a a theory of montage +that was based on two principles. One he + + align:start position:0% +that was based on two principles. One he + + + align:start position:0% +that was based on two principles. One he +called + + align:start position:0% +called + + + align:start position:0% +called +tepage typage t y p a g- and what he + + align:start position:0% +tepage typage t y p a g- and what he + + + align:start position:0% +tepage typage t y p a g- and what he +meant by tip was the idea that there + + align:start position:0% +meant by tip was the idea that there + + + align:start position:0% +meant by tip was the idea that there +were ethnic very racist in a way that + + align:start position:0% +were ethnic very racist in a way that + + + align:start position:0% +were ethnic very racist in a way that +there were ethnic and social types that + + align:start position:0% +there were ethnic and social types that + + + align:start position:0% +there were ethnic and social types that +could be recognized visually. So he + + align:start position:0% +could be recognized visually. So he + + + align:start position:0% +could be recognized visually. So he +would he would type his so he felt if I + + align:start position:0% +would he would type his so he felt if I + + + align:start position:0% +would he would type his so he felt if I +show you this face you'll know he's a + + align:start position:0% +show you this face you'll know he's a + + + align:start position:0% +show you this face you'll know he's a +workingclass character. If I show you if + + align:start position:0% +workingclass character. If I show you if + + + align:start position:0% +workingclass character. If I show you if +I show you uh a woman with a parasol, + + align:start position:0% +I show you uh a woman with a parasol, + + + align:start position:0% +I show you uh a woman with a parasol, +you'll know that she belongs to the + + align:start position:0% +you'll know that she belongs to the + + + align:start position:0% +you'll know that she belongs to the +upper classes. And in fact, he's + + align:start position:0% +upper classes. And in fact, he's + + + align:start position:0% +upper classes. And in fact, he's +probably right about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that. Here are the + + align:start position:0% +that. Here are the + + + align:start position:0% +that. Here are the +Zar's forces come to punish the + + align:start position:0% +Zar's forces come to punish the + + + align:start position:0% +Zar's forces come to punish the +mutineers and the city of Odessa. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So, the soldiers are on top and they're + + align:start position:0% +So, the soldiers are on top and they're + + + align:start position:0% +So, the soldiers are on top and they're +forcing people down the steps and they + + align:start position:0% +forcing people down the steps and they + + + align:start position:0% +forcing people down the steps and they +are presumably shooting them. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Kristen, freeze it for a second. I don't + + align:start position:0% +Kristen, freeze it for a second. I don't + + + align:start position:0% +Kristen, freeze it for a second. I don't +want to distract you by talking while + + align:start position:0% +want to distract you by talking while + + + align:start position:0% +want to distract you by talking while +it's running. So, let me interrupt it + + align:start position:0% +it's running. So, let me interrupt it + + + align:start position:0% +it's running. So, let me interrupt it +for a second and say something else + + align:start position:0% +for a second and say something else + + + align:start position:0% +for a second and say something else +about the way the film works. One of the + + align:start position:0% +about the way the film works. One of the + + + align:start position:0% +about the way the film works. One of the +things Eisenstein understood was uh and + + align:start position:0% +things Eisenstein understood was uh and + + + align:start position:0% +things Eisenstein understood was uh and +it's actually a brilliant discovery. He + + align:start position:0% +it's actually a brilliant discovery. He + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually a brilliant discovery. He +he realized that he could create through + + align:start position:0% +he realized that he could create through + + + align:start position:0% +he realized that he could create through +his strategies of of of especially of + + align:start position:0% +his strategies of of of especially of + + + align:start position:0% +his strategies of of of especially of +dramatic editing he could create a + + align:start position:0% +dramatic editing he could create a + + + align:start position:0% +dramatic editing he could create a +situation in which the actual time of + + align:start position:0% +situation in which the actual time of + + + align:start position:0% +situation in which the actual time of +the experience that you're watching was + + align:start position:0% +the experience that you're watching was + + + align:start position:0% +the experience that you're watching was +not real time but was what might be + + align:start position:0% +not real time but was what might be + + + align:start position:0% +not real time but was what might be +called emotional time. That is to say + + align:start position:0% +called emotional time. That is to say + + + align:start position:0% +called emotional time. That is to say +what's happening here is it's probably + + align:start position:0% +what's happening here is it's probably + + + align:start position:0% +what's happening here is it's probably +in the film taking longer than it took + + align:start position:0% +in the film taking longer than it took + + + align:start position:0% +in the film taking longer than it took +in reality because in moments of horror + + align:start position:0% +in reality because in moments of horror + + + align:start position:0% +in reality because in moments of horror +the horror is extended and watch how th + + align:start position:0% +the horror is extended and watch how th + + + align:start position:0% +the horror is extended and watch how th +those kinds of rhythms operate in the + + align:start position:0% +those kinds of rhythms operate in the + + + align:start position:0% +those kinds of rhythms operate in the +film. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +Okay. Where are you? + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Where are you? + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Where are you? +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +Heat. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Heat. Heat. Heat. + + align:start position:0% +Heat. Heat. Heat. + + + align:start position:0% +Heat. Heat. Heat. +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +Seems like a naive hope. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +freeze it again. Kristen, one one other + + align:start position:0% +freeze it again. Kristen, one one other + + + align:start position:0% +freeze it again. Kristen, one one other +quick observation. I mean, there's I I + + align:start position:0% +quick observation. I mean, there's I I + + + align:start position:0% +quick observation. I mean, there's I I +hope you recognize how artful this is, + + align:start position:0% +hope you recognize how artful this is, + + + align:start position:0% +hope you recognize how artful this is, +even if you're not moved in the way the + + align:start position:0% +even if you're not moved in the way the + + + align:start position:0% +even if you're not moved in the way the +original audiences would have been. I + + align:start position:0% +original audiences would have been. I + + + align:start position:0% +original audiences would have been. I +think contemporary audiences often feel + + align:start position:0% +think contemporary audiences often feel + + + align:start position:0% +think contemporary audiences often feel +it's too heavy-handed. They they resist + + align:start position:0% +it's too heavy-handed. They they resist + + + align:start position:0% +it's too heavy-handed. They they resist +they resist the extent to which the film + + align:start position:0% +they resist the extent to which the film + + + align:start position:0% +they resist the extent to which the film +is manipulating them. But think back to + + align:start position:0% +is manipulating them. But think back to + + + align:start position:0% +is manipulating them. But think back to +the earliest days of film. What an + + align:start position:0% +the earliest days of film. What an + + + align:start position:0% +the earliest days of film. What an +unbelievable, shocking, incredibly + + align:start position:0% +unbelievable, shocking, incredibly + + + align:start position:0% +unbelievable, shocking, incredibly +exciting experience it must have been + + align:start position:0% +exciting experience it must have been + + + align:start position:0% +exciting experience it must have been +for early filmgoers to have an + + align:start position:0% +for early filmgoers to have an + + + align:start position:0% +for early filmgoers to have an +experience that I mean certainly for the + + align:start position:0% +experience that I mean certainly for the + + + align:start position:0% +experience that I mean certainly for the +Russian audience, but I think for every + + align:start position:0% +Russian audience, but I think for every + + + align:start position:0% +Russian audience, but I think for every +audience uh that was so intense and so + + align:start position:0% +audience uh that was so intense and so + + + align:start position:0% +audience uh that was so intense and so +emotionally powerful, so full of uh fear + + align:start position:0% +emotionally powerful, so full of uh fear + + + align:start position:0% +emotionally powerful, so full of uh fear +and violence that can be evoked by + + align:start position:0% +and violence that can be evoked by + + + align:start position:0% +and violence that can be evoked by +really by the rhythms of the editing, by + + align:start position:0% +really by the rhythms of the editing, by + + + align:start position:0% +really by the rhythms of the editing, by +the music, by how close did you I hope + + align:start position:0% +the music, by how close did you I hope + + + align:start position:0% +the music, by how close did you I hope +you noticed the way he mixes in + + align:start position:0% +you noticed the way he mixes in + + + align:start position:0% +you noticed the way he mixes in +close-ups in incredibly powerful ways + + align:start position:0% +close-ups in incredibly powerful ways + + + align:start position:0% +close-ups in incredibly powerful ways +trying to create certain effects. Again, + + align:start position:0% +trying to create certain effects. Again, + + + align:start position:0% +trying to create certain effects. Again, +you're not given a choice about how to + + align:start position:0% +you're not given a choice about how to + + + align:start position:0% +you're not given a choice about how to +feel about this. You you you you can + + align:start position:0% +feel about this. You you you you can + + + align:start position:0% +feel about this. You you you you can +descent you can descend from it by + + align:start position:0% +descent you can descend from it by + + + align:start position:0% +descent you can descend from it by +withdrawing your interest, but you can't + + align:start position:0% +withdrawing your interest, but you can't + + + align:start position:0% +withdrawing your interest, but you can't +say, "Oh, I really love those soldiers + + align:start position:0% +say, "Oh, I really love those soldiers + + + align:start position:0% +say, "Oh, I really love those soldiers +who were doing the shooting. Let's make + + align:start position:0% +who were doing the shooting. Let's make + + + align:start position:0% +who were doing the shooting. Let's make +a case for them." You're not allowed the + + align:start position:0% +a case for them." You're not allowed the + + + align:start position:0% +a case for them." You're not allowed the +film won't allow you to do that, will + + align:start position:0% +film won't allow you to do that, will + + + align:start position:0% +film won't allow you to do that, will +it? And that's in that sense, it's + + align:start position:0% +it? And that's in that sense, it's + + + align:start position:0% +it? And that's in that sense, it's +manipulating you, but it's it's telling + + align:start position:0% +manipulating you, but it's it's telling + + + align:start position:0% +manipulating you, but it's it's telling +a it's telling a a story about the + + align:start position:0% +a it's telling a a story about the + + + align:start position:0% +a it's telling a a story about the +creation of a revolutionary society. + + align:start position:0% +creation of a revolutionary society. + + + align:start position:0% +creation of a revolutionary society. +Well, finally, what remember I said that + + align:start position:0% +Well, finally, what remember I said that + + + align:start position:0% +Well, finally, what remember I said that +there's this question about emotional uh + + align:start position:0% +there's this question about emotional uh + + + align:start position:0% +there's this question about emotional uh +uh about emotional time as against real + + align:start position:0% +uh about emotional time as against real + + + align:start position:0% +uh about emotional time as against real +time. Think how long this has been going + + align:start position:0% +time. Think how long this has been going + + + align:start position:0% +time. Think how long this has been going +on. You think that this massacre is + + align:start position:0% +on. You think that this massacre is + + + align:start position:0% +on. You think that this massacre is +over, right? But in fact, it's only half + + align:start position:0% +over, right? But in fact, it's only half + + + align:start position:0% +over, right? But in fact, it's only half +over. As you'll see, there's going to be + + align:start position:0% +over. As you'll see, there's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +over. As you'll see, there's going to be +a moment when horse mounted + + align:start position:0% +a moment when horse mounted + + + align:start position:0% +a moment when horse mounted +cascmen show up at the bottom of the + + align:start position:0% +cascmen show up at the bottom of the + + + align:start position:0% +cascmen show up at the bottom of the +steps and get them in a pincher. Go + + align:start position:0% +steps and get them in a pincher. Go + + + align:start position:0% +steps and get them in a pincher. Go +ahead. + + align:start position:0% +ahead. + + + align:start position:0% +ahead. +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +I don't think this soundtrack is the + + align:start position:0% +I don't think this soundtrack is the + + + align:start position:0% +I don't think this soundtrack is the +original + + align:start position:0% +original + + + align:start position:0% +original +soundtrack. It's very good though as you + + align:start position:0% +soundtrack. It's very good though as you + + + align:start position:0% +soundtrack. It's very good though as you +but this is a brilliant moment. I don't + + align:start position:0% +but this is a brilliant moment. I don't + + + align:start position:0% +but this is a brilliant moment. I don't +know whether we can attribute this to + + align:start position:0% +know whether we can attribute this to + + + align:start position:0% +know whether we can attribute this to +Eisenstein or not whether suddenly the + + align:start position:0% +Eisenstein or not whether suddenly the + + + align:start position:0% +Eisenstein or not whether suddenly the +music + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stops. There should be sound + + align:start position:0% +stops. There should be sound + + + align:start position:0% +stops. There should be sound +now. Maybe something wrong with our + + align:start position:0% +now. Maybe something wrong with our + + + align:start position:0% +now. Maybe something wrong with our +print. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I wanted to wait at least until you saw + + align:start position:0% +I wanted to wait at least until you saw + + + align:start position:0% +I wanted to wait at least until you saw +this because some of you may recognize + + align:start position:0% +this because some of you may recognize + + + align:start position:0% +this because some of you may recognize +this moment as as something that's been + + align:start position:0% +this moment as as something that's been + + + align:start position:0% +this moment as as something that's been +copied in recent American + + align:start position:0% +copied in recent American + + + align:start position:0% +copied in recent American +movies. A scene that a kind of illusion + + align:start position:0% +movies. A scene that a kind of illusion + + + align:start position:0% +movies. A scene that a kind of illusion +or a reference to this scene. + + align:start position:0% +or a reference to this scene. + + + align:start position:0% +or a reference to this scene. +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +The moment I wanted you to think about + + align:start position:0% +The moment I wanted you to think about + + + align:start position:0% +The moment I wanted you to think about +is this baby carriage. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Hallelujah. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay, thanks. Thanks, Kristen. Blood in + + align:start position:0% +Okay, thanks. Thanks, Kristen. Blood in + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, thanks. Thanks, Kristen. Blood in +the eyeglasses. Can you think of a movie + + align:start position:0% +the eyeglasses. Can you think of a movie + + + align:start position:0% +the eyeglasses. Can you think of a movie +in which you've seen that recently? + + align:start position:0% +in which you've seen that recently? + + + align:start position:0% +in which you've seen that recently? +Maybe not that recently. It's actually + + align:start position:0% +Maybe not that recently. It's actually + + + align:start position:0% +Maybe not that recently. It's actually +an ancient film now by by your + + align:start position:0% +an ancient film now by by your + + + align:start position:0% +an ancient film now by by your +standards, although not very. How about + + align:start position:0% +standards, although not very. How about + + + align:start position:0% +standards, although not very. How about +The Godfather? There's a wonderful scene + + align:start position:0% +The Godfather? There's a wonderful scene + + + align:start position:0% +The Godfather? There's a wonderful scene +in The Godfather where a guy looks up + + align:start position:0% +in The Godfather where a guy looks up + + + align:start position:0% +in The Godfather where a guy looks up +from a from a massage table and he's + + align:start position:0% +from a from a massage table and he's + + + align:start position:0% +from a from a massage table and he's +shot through the + + align:start position:0% +shot through the + + + align:start position:0% +shot through the +eyeglasses. Very memorable moment. + + align:start position:0% +eyeglasses. Very memorable moment. + + + align:start position:0% +eyeglasses. Very memorable moment. +Surely an illusion to this moment. But + + align:start position:0% +Surely an illusion to this moment. But + + + align:start position:0% +Surely an illusion to this moment. But +how about the carriage going down the + + align:start position:0% +how about the carriage going down the + + + align:start position:0% +how about the carriage going down the +There have been several films that + + align:start position:0% +There have been several films that + + + align:start position:0% +There have been several films that +actually recreate that moment. But the + + align:start position:0% +actually recreate that moment. But the + + + align:start position:0% +actually recreate that moment. But the +one I'm thinking of is I Who is it? The + + align:start position:0% +one I'm thinking of is I Who is it? The + + + align:start position:0% +one I'm thinking of is I Who is it? The +untouchables. The untouchable. Yes. From + + align:start position:0% +untouchables. The untouchable. Yes. From + + + align:start position:0% +untouchables. The untouchable. Yes. From +the untouchables. Who's the director? Do + + align:start position:0% +the untouchables. Who's the director? Do + + + align:start position:0% +the untouchables. Who's the director? Do +you remember? Yes. Brian De Palama's + + align:start position:0% +you remember? Yes. Brian De Palama's + + + align:start position:0% +you remember? Yes. Brian De Palama's +film The Untouchables has a moment just + + align:start position:0% +film The Untouchables has a moment just + + + align:start position:0% +film The Untouchables has a moment just +like that. And De Palama of course is a + + align:start position:0% +like that. And De Palama of course is a + + + align:start position:0% +like that. And De Palama of course is a +kind of historian of movies. Virtually + + align:start position:0% +kind of historian of movies. Virtually + + + align:start position:0% +kind of historian of movies. Virtually +every scene in in a De Palama film is a + + align:start position:0% +every scene in in a De Palama film is a + + + align:start position:0% +every scene in in a De Palama film is a +reference or an illusion to an earlier + + align:start position:0% +reference or an illusion to an earlier + + + align:start position:0% +reference or an illusion to an earlier +film. And part of uh the importance of + + align:start position:0% +film. And part of uh the importance of + + + align:start position:0% +film. And part of uh the importance of +battleship pmpkin is that it is still a + + align:start position:0% +battleship pmpkin is that it is still a + + + align:start position:0% +battleship pmpkin is that it is still a +fruitful and fruifying source of imagery + + align:start position:0% +fruitful and fruifying source of imagery + + + align:start position:0% +fruitful and fruifying source of imagery +for contemporary filmmakers. So let me + + align:start position:0% +for contemporary filmmakers. So let me + + + align:start position:0% +for contemporary filmmakers. So let me +conclude then by simply reminding you + + align:start position:0% +conclude then by simply reminding you + + + align:start position:0% +conclude then by simply reminding you +that as Cook suggests in his book, this + + align:start position:0% +that as Cook suggests in his book, this + + + align:start position:0% +that as Cook suggests in his book, this +is the single most influential montage + + align:start position:0% +is the single most influential montage + + + align:start position:0% +is the single most influential montage +sequence in cinema history. uh and that + + align:start position:0% +sequence in cinema history. uh and that + + + align:start position:0% +sequence in cinema history. uh and that +uh it's a wonderful instance um uh for + + align:start position:0% +uh it's a wonderful instance um uh for + + + align:start position:0% +uh it's a wonderful instance um uh for +us uh I I think of the way in which uh + + align:start position:0% +us uh I I think of the way in which uh + + + align:start position:0% +us uh I I think of the way in which uh +film in a different kind of culture in + + align:start position:0% +film in a different kind of culture in + + + align:start position:0% +film in a different kind of culture in +an authoritarian culture in a + + align:start position:0% +an authoritarian culture in a + + + align:start position:0% +an authoritarian culture in a +revolutionary culture full of moral + + align:start position:0% +revolutionary culture full of moral + + + align:start position:0% +revolutionary culture full of moral +fervor would be conceived both as an + + align:start position:0% +fervor would be conceived both as an + + + align:start position:0% +fervor would be conceived both as an +apparatus as a social as a as a a a as + + align:start position:0% +apparatus as a social as a as a a a as + + + align:start position:0% +apparatus as a social as a as a a a as +as a as an engine of social u + + align:start position:0% +as a as an engine of social u + + + align:start position:0% +as a as an engine of social u +transformation uh by a society that + + align:start position:0% +transformation uh by a society that + + + align:start position:0% +transformation uh by a society that +controlled film uh in a way + + align:start position:0% +controlled film uh in a way + + + align:start position:0% +controlled film uh in a way +fundamentally different from the way in + + align:start position:0% +fundamentally different from the way in + + + align:start position:0% +fundamentally different from the way in +which film developed let's say in the + + align:start position:0% +which film developed let's say in the + + + align:start position:0% +which film developed let's say in the +United States. We will continue these + + align:start position:0% +United States. We will continue these + + + align:start position:0% +United States. We will continue these +arguments and I hope complicate them + + align:start position:0% +arguments and I hope complicate them + + + align:start position:0% +arguments and I hope complicate them +this evening. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/rRwWYRh8Ypg.txt b/rRwWYRh8Ypg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f259481d549ce73d3847385e4f38e6d9ab6bf1d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/rRwWYRh8Ypg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1472 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so let us first review the steady state + + align:start position:0% +so let us first review the steady state + + + align:start position:0% +so let us first review the steady state +behavior of Markov chains consider again + + align:start position:0% +behavior of Markov chains consider again + + + align:start position:0% +behavior of Markov chains consider again +the following example this chain has + + align:start position:0% +the following example this chain has + + + align:start position:0% +the following example this chain has +some recurrent states some transient + + align:start position:0% +some recurrent states some transient + + + align:start position:0% +some recurrent states some transient +states and a single recurrent class so + + align:start position:0% +states and a single recurrent class so + + + align:start position:0% +states and a single recurrent class so +for example state 9 is recurrent state 3 + + align:start position:0% +for example state 9 is recurrent state 3 + + + align:start position:0% +for example state 9 is recurrent state 3 +is recurrent state 5 is recurrent and + + align:start position:0% +is recurrent state 5 is recurrent and + + + align:start position:0% +is recurrent state 5 is recurrent and +why are the recurrent because whenever + + align:start position:0% +why are the recurrent because whenever + + + align:start position:0% +why are the recurrent because whenever +you are in 9 no matter where you go + + align:start position:0% +you are in 9 no matter where you go + + + align:start position:0% +you are in 9 no matter where you go +there is always a way to come back you + + align:start position:0% +there is always a way to come back you + + + align:start position:0% +there is always a way to come back you +can go to 3 and come back or 5 and come + + align:start position:0% +can go to 3 and come back or 5 and come + + + align:start position:0% +can go to 3 and come back or 5 and come +back and actually this is a recurrent + + align:start position:0% +back and actually this is a recurrent + + + align:start position:0% +back and actually this is a recurrent +class and this is a recurrent class + + align:start position:0% +class and this is a recurrent class + + + align:start position:0% +class and this is a recurrent class +because all these recurrent states + + align:start position:0% +because all these recurrent states + + + align:start position:0% +because all these recurrent states +communicate between each other what + + align:start position:0% +communicate between each other what + + + align:start position:0% +communicate between each other what +about the other states where they are + + align:start position:0% +about the other states where they are + + + align:start position:0% +about the other states where they are +not recurrent so for example state 1 + + align:start position:0% +not recurrent so for example state 1 + + + align:start position:0% +not recurrent so for example state 1 +once you are here there is a possibility + + align:start position:0% +once you are here there is a possibility + + + align:start position:0% +once you are here there is a possibility +that you go there and you will never + + align:start position:0% +that you go there and you will never + + + align:start position:0% +that you go there and you will never +come back so it cannot be recommence + + align:start position:0% +come back so it cannot be recommence + + + align:start position:0% +come back so it cannot be recommence +with transient what about 4 4 also has + + align:start position:0% +with transient what about 4 4 also has + + + align:start position:0% +with transient what about 4 4 also has +the possibility at one point to go there + + align:start position:0% +the possibility at one point to go there + + + align:start position:0% +the possibility at one point to go there +and then from there they will never come + + align:start position:0% +and then from there they will never come + + + align:start position:0% +and then from there they will never come +back so 4 is also transient as 4 - no + + align:start position:0% +back so 4 is also transient as 4 - no + + + align:start position:0% +back so 4 is also transient as 4 - no +matter where it goes + + align:start position:0% +matter where it goes + + + align:start position:0% +matter where it goes +well you was gonna reach or touch a + + align:start position:0% +well you was gonna reach or touch a + + + align:start position:0% +well you was gonna reach or touch a +transient state so by definition it will + + align:start position:0% +transient state so by definition it will + + + align:start position:0% +transient state so by definition it will +be also transient so they are three + + align:start position:0% +be also transient so they are three + + + align:start position:0% +be also transient so they are three +transient states and 3 recurrent states + + align:start position:0% +transient states and 3 recurrent states + + + align:start position:0% +transient states and 3 recurrent states +also this recurrent class is not + + align:start position:0% +also this recurrent class is not + + + align:start position:0% +also this recurrent class is not +periodic so it's a periodic and why is + + align:start position:0% +periodic so it's a periodic and why is + + + align:start position:0% +periodic so it's a periodic and why is +it not periodic well here there is a + + align:start position:0% +it not periodic well here there is a + + + align:start position:0% +it not periodic well here there is a +simple way to tell we have the existence + + align:start position:0% +simple way to tell we have the existence + + + align:start position:0% +simple way to tell we have the existence +of a self transition probability and + + align:start position:0% +of a self transition probability and + + + align:start position:0% +of a self transition probability and +that's enough to show that this + + align:start position:0% +that's enough to show that this + + + align:start position:0% +that's enough to show that this +recurrent class is not periodic so this + + align:start position:0% +recurrent class is not periodic so this + + + align:start position:0% +recurrent class is not periodic so this +is one of the nicest possible Markov + + align:start position:0% +is one of the nicest possible Markov + + + align:start position:0% +is one of the nicest possible Markov +chains in the sense that they have the + + align:start position:0% +chains in the sense that they have the + + + align:start position:0% +chains in the sense that they have the +following property the probability that + + align:start position:0% +following property the probability that + + + align:start position:0% +following property the probability that +you find yourself at some particular + + align:start position:0% +you find yourself at some particular + + + align:start position:0% +you find yourself at some particular +state J at time n when n is very large + + align:start position:0% +state J at time n when n is very large + + + align:start position:0% +state J at time n when n is very large +converges to a steady state value that + + align:start position:0% +converges to a steady state value that + + + align:start position:0% +converges to a steady state value that +we denote by PI of J there are two + + align:start position:0% +we denote by PI of J there are two + + + align:start position:0% +we denote by PI of J there are two +aspects to this property first the limit + + align:start position:0% +aspects to this property first the limit + + + align:start position:0% +aspects to this property first the limit +exists so the priority of stage J does + + align:start position:0% +exists so the priority of stage J does + + + align:start position:0% +exists so the priority of stage J does +not fluctuate it said also something + + align:start position:0% +not fluctuate it said also something + + + align:start position:0% +not fluctuate it said also something +the long run and furthermore that + + align:start position:0% +the long run and furthermore that + + + align:start position:0% +the long run and furthermore that +property is not affected by I now if we + + align:start position:0% +property is not affected by I now if we + + + align:start position:0% +property is not affected by I now if we +don't know where the change started and + + align:start position:0% +don't know where the change started and + + + align:start position:0% +don't know where the change started and +we want to know the unconditional + + align:start position:0% +we want to know the unconditional + + + align:start position:0% +we want to know the unconditional +probability of being in state J in the + + align:start position:0% +probability of being in state J in the + + + align:start position:0% +probability of being in state J in the +long run when n is large then either we + + align:start position:0% +long run when n is large then either we + + + align:start position:0% +long run when n is large then either we +are given an initial distribution of + + align:start position:0% +are given an initial distribution of + + + align:start position:0% +are given an initial distribution of +these states or we can choose any + + align:start position:0% +these states or we can choose any + + + align:start position:0% +these states or we can choose any +initial distribution for example we can + + align:start position:0% +initial distribution for example we can + + + align:start position:0% +initial distribution for example we can +assume that all initial states are + + align:start position:0% +assume that all initial states are + + + align:start position:0% +assume that all initial states are +equally likely or any other type of + + align:start position:0% +equally likely or any other type of + + + align:start position:0% +equally likely or any other type of +distributions and then you can condition + + align:start position:0% +distributions and then you can condition + + + align:start position:0% +distributions and then you can condition +over all the initial states use the top + + align:start position:0% +over all the initial states use the top + + + align:start position:0% +over all the initial states use the top +priority theorem and you are going to + + align:start position:0% +priority theorem and you are going to + + + align:start position:0% +priority theorem and you are going to +get the same answer PI of J in the limit + + align:start position:0% +get the same answer PI of J in the limit + + + align:start position:0% +get the same answer PI of J in the limit +let's see how to do that so this is the + + align:start position:0% +let's see how to do that so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +let's see how to do that so this is the +summation of all I so you condition on + + align:start position:0% +summation of all I so you condition on + + + align:start position:0% +summation of all I so you condition on +that state I so it's our IJ of n times + + align:start position:0% +that state I so it's our IJ of n times + + + align:start position:0% +that state I so it's our IJ of n times +the initial priority distribution of + + align:start position:0% +the initial priority distribution of + + + align:start position:0% +the initial priority distribution of +your choosing so this is the top + + align:start position:0% +your choosing so this is the top + + + align:start position:0% +your choosing so this is the top +priority theorem now in the limit when n + + align:start position:0% +priority theorem now in the limit when n + + + align:start position:0% +priority theorem now in the limit when n +goes to infinity this goes to PI of J in + + align:start position:0% +goes to infinity this goes to PI of J in + + + align:start position:0% +goes to infinity this goes to PI of J in +epinet of I so you can take this + + align:start position:0% +epinet of I so you can take this + + + align:start position:0% +epinet of I so you can take this +expression the limit and take it out of + + align:start position:0% +expression the limit and take it out of + + + align:start position:0% +expression the limit and take it out of +the summation and then you have the + + align:start position:0% +the summation and then you have the + + + align:start position:0% +the summation and then you have the +summation of P of X 0 equals 1 these are + + align:start position:0% +summation of P of X 0 equals 1 these are + + + align:start position:0% +summation of P of X 0 equals 1 these are +probabilities so they sum to 1 so in the + + align:start position:0% +probabilities so they sum to 1 so in the + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities so they sum to 1 so in the +end you have that converges to PI of J + + align:start position:0% +end you have that converges to PI of J + + + align:start position:0% +end you have that converges to PI of J +so the conditional probability given the + + align:start position:0% +so the conditional probability given the + + + align:start position:0% +so the conditional probability given the +initial state is in the limit the same + + align:start position:0% +initial state is in the limit the same + + + align:start position:0% +initial state is in the limit the same +as the unconditional probability when n + + align:start position:0% +as the unconditional probability when n + + + align:start position:0% +as the unconditional probability when n +is large and in that sense D tells us + + align:start position:0% +is large and in that sense D tells us + + + align:start position:0% +is large and in that sense D tells us +that X of N and X of 0 are approximately + + align:start position:0% +that X of N and X of 0 are approximately + + + align:start position:0% +that X of N and X of 0 are approximately +independent they become independent in + + align:start position:0% +independent they become independent in + + + align:start position:0% +independent they become independent in +the limit as n goes to infinity so if + + align:start position:0% +the limit as n goes to infinity so if + + + align:start position:0% +the limit as n goes to infinity so if +the Markov chain has run for a long time + + align:start position:0% +the Markov chain has run for a long time + + + align:start position:0% +the Markov chain has run for a long time +and you are asked the question where is + + align:start position:0% +and you are asked the question where is + + + align:start position:0% +and you are asked the question where is +the chain now then your answer should be + + align:start position:0% +the chain now then your answer should be + + + align:start position:0% +the chain now then your answer should be +I don't know it's random but it's going + + align:start position:0% +I don't know it's random but it's going + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know it's random but it's going +to be in a particular + + align:start position:0% +to be in a particular + + + align:start position:0% +to be in a particular +J with that particular probability PI of + + align:start position:0% +J with that particular probability PI of + + + align:start position:0% +J with that particular probability PI of +J so in that sense the steady-state + + align:start position:0% +J so in that sense the steady-state + + + align:start position:0% +J so in that sense the steady-state +probabilities of valuable information so + + align:start position:0% +probabilities of valuable information so + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities of valuable information so +how do we compute them well for + + align:start position:0% +how do we compute them well for + + + align:start position:0% +how do we compute them well for +transient states like these there are + + align:start position:0% +transient states like these there are + + + align:start position:0% +transient states like these there are +zero so PI of 1 is 0 PI over 2 is 0 and + + align:start position:0% +zero so PI of 1 is 0 PI over 2 is 0 and + + + align:start position:0% +zero so PI of 1 is 0 PI over 2 is 0 and +PI of 4 is 0 and why is that well if + + align:start position:0% +PI of 4 is 0 and why is that well if + + + align:start position:0% +PI of 4 is 0 and why is that well if +your initial state where one of the + + align:start position:0% +your initial state where one of the + + + align:start position:0% +your initial state where one of the +states here the priority of being in + + align:start position:0% +states here the priority of being in + + + align:start position:0% +states here the priority of being in +here is zero no matter what but even if + + align:start position:0% +here is zero no matter what but even if + + + align:start position:0% +here is zero no matter what but even if +you started here initially in one of + + align:start position:0% +you started here initially in one of + + + align:start position:0% +you started here initially in one of +these states you might for a while + + align:start position:0% +these states you might for a while + + + align:start position:0% +these states you might for a while +fluctuate and turn around like that but + + align:start position:0% +fluctuate and turn around like that but + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuate and turn around like that but +eventually after a finite amount of time + + align:start position:0% +eventually after a finite amount of time + + + align:start position:0% +eventually after a finite amount of time +you will go to that class and never come + + align:start position:0% +you will go to that class and never come + + + align:start position:0% +you will go to that class and never come +back to one so in the long run the + + align:start position:0% +back to one so in the long run the + + + align:start position:0% +back to one so in the long run the +probability of finding yourself in state + + align:start position:0% +probability of finding yourself in state + + + align:start position:0% +probability of finding yourself in state +1 will be 0 and this is the same for 2 & + + align:start position:0% +1 will be 0 and this is the same for 2 & + + + align:start position:0% +1 will be 0 and this is the same for 2 & + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +now how do we calculate these well for + + align:start position:0% +now how do we calculate these well for + + + align:start position:0% +now how do we calculate these well for +these states in the reckoning class we + + align:start position:0% +these states in the reckoning class we + + + align:start position:0% +these states in the reckoning class we +compute them by solving a linear system + + align:start position:0% +compute them by solving a linear system + + + align:start position:0% +compute them by solving a linear system +of equations which are called the + + align:start position:0% +of equations which are called the + + + align:start position:0% +of equations which are called the +balance equation these together with an + + align:start position:0% +balance equation these together with an + + + align:start position:0% +balance equation these together with an +extra condition the normalization + + align:start position:0% +extra condition the normalization + + + align:start position:0% +extra condition the normalization +equation here has to be satisfied + + align:start position:0% +equation here has to be satisfied + + + align:start position:0% +equation here has to be satisfied +because these are probabilities and they + + align:start position:0% +because these are probabilities and they + + + align:start position:0% +because these are probabilities and they +have to sum up to 1 and we have seen + + align:start position:0% +have to sum up to 1 and we have seen + + + align:start position:0% +have to sum up to 1 and we have seen +that the system of n plus 1 equation + + align:start position:0% +that the system of n plus 1 equation + + + align:start position:0% +that the system of n plus 1 equation +provide a unique solution to this kind + + align:start position:0% +provide a unique solution to this kind + + + align:start position:0% +provide a unique solution to this kind +of system for the recurrent class so you + + align:start position:0% +of system for the recurrent class so you + + + align:start position:0% +of system for the recurrent class so you +would apply that to that recurrent class + + align:start position:0% +would apply that to that recurrent class + + + align:start position:0% +would apply that to that recurrent class +and in that gate example you have three + + align:start position:0% +and in that gate example you have three + + + align:start position:0% +and in that gate example you have three +states so you would choose M equals 3 + + align:start position:0% +states so you would choose M equals 3 + + + align:start position:0% +states so you would choose M equals 3 +for that example and you would solve + + align:start position:0% +for that example and you would solve + + + align:start position:0% +for that example and you would solve +this system to get the PI J's now what + + align:start position:0% +this system to get the PI J's now what + + + align:start position:0% +this system to get the PI J's now what +if we had multiple recurrent classes + + align:start position:0% +if we had multiple recurrent classes + + + align:start position:0% +if we had multiple recurrent classes +consider this chain it is an expanded + + align:start position:0% +consider this chain it is an expanded + + + align:start position:0% +consider this chain it is an expanded +version of the previous one with + + align:start position:0% +version of the previous one with + + + align:start position:0% +version of the previous one with +additional states some of these are + + align:start position:0% +additional states some of these are + + + align:start position:0% +additional states some of these are +recurrent and one is transient but now + + align:start position:0% +recurrent and one is transient but now + + + align:start position:0% +recurrent and one is transient but now +we have two recurrent classes and that + + align:start position:0% +we have two recurrent classes and that + + + align:start position:0% +we have two recurrent classes and that +was our one class so plus one + + align:start position:0% +was our one class so plus one + + + align:start position:0% +was our one class so plus one +and now we have a second recurrent class + + align:start position:0% +and now we have a second recurrent class + + + align:start position:0% +and now we have a second recurrent class +last year so what happens in the long + + align:start position:0% +last year so what happens in the long + + + align:start position:0% +last year so what happens in the long +run when you have situations like that + + align:start position:0% +run when you have situations like that + + + align:start position:0% +run when you have situations like that +well in the long run if you start from + + align:start position:0% +well in the long run if you start from + + + align:start position:0% +well in the long run if you start from +here you're going to stay here and in + + align:start position:0% +here you're going to stay here and in + + + align:start position:0% +here you're going to stay here and in +some sense the study of that recurrent + + align:start position:0% +some sense the study of that recurrent + + + align:start position:0% +some sense the study of that recurrent +class is the same as the study of that + + align:start position:0% +class is the same as the study of that + + + align:start position:0% +class is the same as the study of that +recurrent class and in order to find the + + align:start position:0% +recurrent class and in order to find the + + + align:start position:0% +recurrent class and in order to find the +steady-state probabilities of these + + align:start position:0% +steady-state probabilities of these + + + align:start position:0% +steady-state probabilities of these +states assuming that you're starting in + + align:start position:0% +states assuming that you're starting in + + + align:start position:0% +states assuming that you're starting in +one of these will be exactly the same as + + align:start position:0% +one of these will be exactly the same as + + + align:start position:0% +one of these will be exactly the same as +before so you would use the same system + + align:start position:0% +before so you would use the same system + + + align:start position:0% +before so you would use the same system +with M equals 3 here now if you had + + align:start position:0% +with M equals 3 here now if you had + + + align:start position:0% +with M equals 3 here now if you had +started here instead again this is the + + align:start position:0% +started here instead again this is the + + + align:start position:0% +started here instead again this is the +recurrent class and you have M equals + + align:start position:0% +recurrent class and you have M equals + + + align:start position:0% +recurrent class and you have M equals +two states here and in order to find + + align:start position:0% +two states here and in order to find + + + align:start position:0% +two states here and in order to find +what is the steady state probabilities + + align:start position:0% +what is the steady state probabilities + + + align:start position:0% +what is the steady state probabilities +of the two states you could use the same + + align:start position:0% +of the two states you could use the same + + + align:start position:0% +of the two states you could use the same +kind of result here but you apply it + + align:start position:0% +kind of result here but you apply it + + + align:start position:0% +kind of result here but you apply it +with M equals 2 in isolation so you you + + align:start position:0% +with M equals 2 in isolation so you you + + + align:start position:0% +with M equals 2 in isolation so you you +just concentrate on that if on the other + + align:start position:0% +just concentrate on that if on the other + + + align:start position:0% +just concentrate on that if on the other +hand your Markov chain started from here + + align:start position:0% +hand your Markov chain started from here + + + align:start position:0% +hand your Markov chain started from here +for example for that specific example + + align:start position:0% +for example for that specific example + + + align:start position:0% +for example for that specific example +you are guaranteed that the next + + align:start position:0% +you are guaranteed that the next + + + align:start position:0% +you are guaranteed that the next +transition you had up here and then you + + align:start position:0% +transition you had up here and then you + + + align:start position:0% +transition you had up here and then you +can do the same thing as before we still + + align:start position:0% +can do the same thing as before we still + + + align:start position:0% +can do the same thing as before we still +know that this steady-state priority of + + align:start position:0% +know that this steady-state priority of + + + align:start position:0% +know that this steady-state priority of +8 will be 0 and 0 and 0 and 0 now what + + align:start position:0% +8 will be 0 and 0 and 0 and 0 now what + + + align:start position:0% +8 will be 0 and 0 and 0 and 0 now what +would happen if you started from here + + align:start position:0% +would happen if you started from here + + + align:start position:0% +would happen if you started from here +from one of these states well again for + + align:start position:0% +from one of these states well again for + + + align:start position:0% +from one of these states well again for +a while you might travel throughout this + + align:start position:0% +a while you might travel throughout this + + + align:start position:0% +a while you might travel throughout this +system here but eventually you're gonna + + align:start position:0% +system here but eventually you're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +system here but eventually you're gonna +move away from that and you will either + + align:start position:0% +move away from that and you will either + + + align:start position:0% +move away from that and you will either +go through a transition going into that + + align:start position:0% +go through a transition going into that + + + align:start position:0% +go through a transition going into that +recurrent class by this transition or by + + align:start position:0% +recurrent class by this transition or by + + + align:start position:0% +recurrent class by this transition or by +this transition and once you are in + + align:start position:0% +this transition and once you are in + + + align:start position:0% +this transition and once you are in +there essentially the chain will remain + + align:start position:0% +there essentially the chain will remain + + + align:start position:0% +there essentially the chain will remain +there and so you do the same calculation + + align:start position:0% +there and so you do the same calculation + + + align:start position:0% +there and so you do the same calculation +as before and if on the other hand you + + align:start position:0% +as before and if on the other hand you + + + align:start position:0% +as before and if on the other hand you +transition away from that class and + + align:start position:0% +transition away from that class and + + + align:start position:0% +transition away from that class and +arrived in this recurrent class then you + + align:start position:0% +arrived in this recurrent class then you + + + align:start position:0% +arrived in this recurrent class then you +would apply the result that you had here + + align:start position:0% +would apply the result that you had here + + + align:start position:0% +would apply the result that you had here +so in some sense conditional on the fact + + align:start position:0% +so in some sense conditional on the fact + + + align:start position:0% +so in some sense conditional on the fact +that you left the states and you arrived + + align:start position:0% +that you left the states and you arrived + + + align:start position:0% +that you left the states and you arrived +there in that conditional world you can + + align:start position:0% +there in that conditional world you can + + + align:start position:0% +there in that conditional world you can +isolate yourself and really solve the + + align:start position:0% +isolate yourself and really solve the + + + align:start position:0% +isolate yourself and really solve the +problem for that class and the same from + + align:start position:0% +problem for that class and the same from + + + align:start position:0% +problem for that class and the same from +that class now of course this + + align:start position:0% +that class now of course this + + + align:start position:0% +that class now of course this +raises the question if I start from here + + align:start position:0% +raises the question if I start from here + + + align:start position:0% +raises the question if I start from here +how do I know whether I'm going to get + + align:start position:0% +how do I know whether I'm going to get + + + align:start position:0% +how do I know whether I'm going to get +here or here well we don't know it's + + align:start position:0% +here or here well we don't know it's + + + align:start position:0% +here or here well we don't know it's +random so we will be interested in + + align:start position:0% +random so we will be interested in + + + align:start position:0% +random so we will be interested in +calculating the probabilities that + + align:start position:0% +calculating the probabilities that + + + align:start position:0% +calculating the probabilities that +eventually you end up here versus here + + align:start position:0% +eventually you end up here versus here + + + align:start position:0% +eventually you end up here versus here +and this is something that we are going + + align:start position:0% +and this is something that we are going + + + align:start position:0% +and this is something that we are going +to do towards the end of today's lecture \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/rUxP7TM8-wo.txt b/rUxP7TM8-wo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5d6ffdc00dbef796815e194fab9c77db04c7fd06 --- /dev/null +++ b/rUxP7TM8-wo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6731 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or to view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hi everybody welcome back to class a lot + + align:start position:0% +hi everybody welcome back to class a lot + + + align:start position:0% +hi everybody welcome back to class a lot +to cover today so I'm just going to get + + align:start position:0% +to cover today so I'm just going to get + + + align:start position:0% +to cover today so I'm just going to get +right to it so you may remember at the + + align:start position:0% +right to it so you may remember at the + + + align:start position:0% +right to it so you may remember at the +end of last lecture I talked about the + + align:start position:0% +end of last lecture I talked about the + + + align:start position:0% +end of last lecture I talked about the +empirical rule and said that there were + + align:start position:0% +empirical rule and said that there were + + + align:start position:0% +empirical rule and said that there were +a couple of assumptions underlying it + + align:start position:0% +a couple of assumptions underlying it + + + align:start position:0% +a couple of assumptions underlying it +that one is the mean estimation error is + + align:start position:0% +that one is the mean estimation error is + + + align:start position:0% +that one is the mean estimation error is +zero and second that the distribution of + + align:start position:0% +zero and second that the distribution of + + + align:start position:0% +zero and second that the distribution of +errors will be normally distributed + + align:start position:0% +errors will be normally distributed + + + align:start position:0% +errors will be normally distributed +I didn't probably mention at the time + + align:start position:0% +I didn't probably mention at the time + + + align:start position:0% +I didn't probably mention at the time +but we often call this distribution + + align:start position:0% +but we often call this distribution + + + align:start position:0% +but we often call this distribution +Gaussian after the astronomer carl gauss + + align:start position:0% +Gaussian after the astronomer carl gauss + + + align:start position:0% +Gaussian after the astronomer carl gauss +and it looks like that normal + + align:start position:0% +and it looks like that normal + + + align:start position:0% +and it looks like that normal +distributions are very easy to generate + + align:start position:0% +distributions are very easy to generate + + + align:start position:0% +distributions are very easy to generate +in Python and the little example here of + + align:start position:0% +in Python and the little example here of + + + align:start position:0% +in Python and the little example here of +generating not a real normal + + align:start position:0% +generating not a real normal + + + align:start position:0% +generating not a real normal +distribution but a discrete + + align:start position:0% +distribution but a discrete + + + align:start position:0% +distribution but a discrete +approximation of one and the thing to + + align:start position:0% +approximation of one and the thing to + + + align:start position:0% +approximation of one and the thing to +really notice about it here is this line + + align:start position:0% +really notice about it here is this line + + + align:start position:0% +really notice about it here is this line +random gauss so that's a built-in + + align:start position:0% +random gauss so that's a built-in + + + align:start position:0% +random gauss so that's a built-in +function of the random library the first + + align:start position:0% +function of the random library the first + + + align:start position:0% +function of the random library the first +argument is the mean and the second + + align:start position:0% +argument is the mean and the second + + + align:start position:0% +argument is the mean and the second +argument is the standard deviation or mu + + align:start position:0% +argument is the standard deviation or mu + + + align:start position:0% +argument is the standard deviation or mu +and sigma as usually called every time I + + align:start position:0% +and sigma as usually called every time I + + + align:start position:0% +and sigma as usually called every time I +call that I will get a different or + + align:start position:0% +call that I will get a different or + + + align:start position:0% +call that I will get a different or +usually a different random value drawn + + align:start position:0% +usually a different random value drawn + + + align:start position:0% +usually a different random value drawn +from a Gaussian with the mean in this + + align:start position:0% +from a Gaussian with the mean in this + + + align:start position:0% +from a Gaussian with the mean in this +case of zero and a standard deviation of + + align:start position:0% +case of zero and a standard deviation of + + + align:start position:0% +case of zero and a standard deviation of +100 I'm then going to produce a plot of + + align:start position:0% +100 I'm then going to produce a plot of + + + align:start position:0% +100 I'm then going to produce a plot of +those so you can see what it looks like + + align:start position:0% +those so you can see what it looks like + + + align:start position:0% +those so you can see what it looks like +and I'm going to do that using some + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to do that using some + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to do that using some +things we haven't seen before so first + + align:start position:0% +things we haven't seen before so first + + + align:start position:0% +things we haven't seen before so first +of all we've seen histograms so pylab + + align:start position:0% +of all we've seen histograms so pylab + + + align:start position:0% +of all we've seen histograms so pylab +pylab dot hist produces a histogram bins + + align:start position:0% +pylab dot hist produces a histogram bins + + + align:start position:0% +pylab dot hist produces a histogram bins +tells us how many dins we want in the + + align:start position:0% +tells us how many dins we want in the + + + align:start position:0% +tells us how many dins we want in the +histogram I said we want a hundred the + + align:start position:0% +histogram I said we want a hundred the + + + align:start position:0% +histogram I said we want a hundred the +default is 10 dist is the values that + + align:start position:0% +default is 10 dist is the values that + + + align:start position:0% +default is 10 dist is the values that +we'll use for it and then this is + + align:start position:0% +we'll use for it and then this is + + + align:start position:0% +we'll use for it and then this is +something we haven't seen + + align:start position:0% +something we haven't seen + + + align:start position:0% +something we haven't seen +for weights weights is a keyword + + align:start position:0% +for weights weights is a keyword + + + align:start position:0% +for weights weights is a keyword +argument so normally when we produce a + + align:start position:0% +argument so normally when we produce a + + + align:start position:0% +argument so normally when we produce a +histogram we take all of the values the + + align:start position:0% +histogram we take all of the values the + + + align:start position:0% +histogram we take all of the values the +minimum to the maximum and in this case + + align:start position:0% +minimum to the maximum and in this case + + + align:start position:0% +minimum to the maximum and in this case +we would divide them into a hundred bins + + align:start position:0% +we would divide them into a hundred bins + + + align:start position:0% +we would divide them into a hundred bins +because I said bins equals 100 and then + + align:start position:0% +because I said bins equals 100 and then + + + align:start position:0% +because I said bins equals 100 and then +we would for every so the first bin + + align:start position:0% +we would for every so the first bin + + + align:start position:0% +we would for every so the first bin +might be well let's say we only had + + align:start position:0% +might be well let's say we only had + + + align:start position:0% +might be well let's say we only had +values ranging from zero to 100 the + + align:start position:0% +values ranging from zero to 100 the + + + align:start position:0% +values ranging from zero to 100 the +first bin would be all the zeros all the + + align:start position:0% +first bin would be all the zeros all the + + + align:start position:0% +first bin would be all the zeros all the +ones up to all the 99s and it weights + + align:start position:0% +ones up to all the 99s and it weights + + + align:start position:0% +ones up to all the 99s and it weights +each value in the bin by one so if the + + align:start position:0% +each value in the bin by one so if the + + + align:start position:0% +each value in the bin by one so if the +bin had ten values falling in it the + + align:start position:0% +bin had ten values falling in it the + + + align:start position:0% +bin had ten values falling in it the +y-axis would be a 10 if the bin had 50 + + align:start position:0% +y-axis would be a 10 if the bin had 50 + + + align:start position:0% +y-axis would be a 10 if the bin had 50 +values falling in it the y axis would go + + align:start position:0% +values falling in it the y axis would go + + + align:start position:0% +values falling in it the y axis would go +up to 50 you can tell it how much you + + align:start position:0% +up to 50 you can tell it how much you + + + align:start position:0% +up to 50 you can tell it how much you +want to weight each bin that the + + align:start position:0% +want to weight each bin that the + + + align:start position:0% +want to weight each bin that the +elements in the bins and say no I don't + + align:start position:0% +elements in the bins and say no I don't + + + align:start position:0% +elements in the bins and say no I don't +want them each to count as one I want + + align:start position:0% +want them each to count as one I want + + + align:start position:0% +want them each to count as one I want +them to count as a half or a quarter + + align:start position:0% +them to count as a half or a quarter + + + align:start position:0% +them to count as a half or a quarter +that will change the y axis so that's + + align:start position:0% +that will change the y axis so that's + + + align:start position:0% +that will change the y axis so that's +what I've done here what I've said is + + align:start position:0% +what I've done here what I've said is + + + align:start position:0% +what I've done here what I've said is +I've created a list and I want to say + + align:start position:0% +I've created a list and I want to say + + + align:start position:0% +I've created a list and I want to say +for each of the bins in this case I'm + + align:start position:0% +for each of the bins in this case I'm + + + align:start position:0% +for each of the bins in this case I'm +going to give them way each of them the + + align:start position:0% +going to give them way each of them the + + + align:start position:0% +going to give them way each of them the +same way the weight is going to be 1 + + align:start position:0% +same way the weight is going to be 1 + + + align:start position:0% +same way the weight is going to be 1 +over the number of samples I'm + + align:start position:0% +over the number of samples I'm + + + align:start position:0% +over the number of samples I'm +multiplying it by the Len of dist that + + align:start position:0% +multiplying it by the Len of dist that + + + align:start position:0% +multiplying it by the Len of dist that +will be how many items I have and that + + align:start position:0% +will be how many items I have and that + + + align:start position:0% +will be how many items I have and that +will tell me how much each one is being + + align:start position:0% +will tell me how much each one is being + + + align:start position:0% +will tell me how much each one is being +weighted so for example if I have say a + + align:start position:0% +weighted so for example if I have say a + + + align:start position:0% +weighted so for example if I have say a +thousand items I could give a thousand + + align:start position:0% +thousand items I could give a thousand + + + align:start position:0% +thousand items I could give a thousand +values and say I want this item weighted + + align:start position:0% +values and say I want this item weighted + + + align:start position:0% +values and say I want this item weighted +by 1 and I want this item over here + + align:start position:0% +by 1 and I want this item over here + + + align:start position:0% +by 1 and I want this item over here +weighted by 12 or 1/2 we rarely do that + + align:start position:0% +weighted by 12 or 1/2 we rarely do that + + + align:start position:0% +weighted by 12 or 1/2 we rarely do that +usually we want is to give each item the + + align:start position:0% +usually we want is to give each item the + + + align:start position:0% +usually we want is to give each item the +same weight + + align:start position:0% +same weight + + + align:start position:0% +same weight +so why would I want it not to be waited + + align:start position:0% +so why would I want it not to be waited + + + align:start position:0% +so why would I want it not to be waited +at just 1 because I want my y-axis to be + + align:start position:0% +at just 1 because I want my y-axis to be + + + align:start position:0% +at just 1 because I want my y-axis to be +more easily interpreted as essentially + + align:start position:0% +more easily interpreted as essentially + + + align:start position:0% +more easily interpreted as essentially +give me the fraction of the values that + + align:start position:0% +give me the fraction of the values that + + + align:start position:0% +give me the fraction of the values that +fell in that bin and that's what I'm + + align:start position:0% +fell in that bin and that's what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +fell in that bin and that's what I'm +doing here the other new thing I'm doing + + align:start position:0% +doing here the other new thing I'm doing + + + align:start position:0% +doing here the other new thing I'm doing +here is the plotting commands including + + align:start position:0% +here is the plotting commands including + + + align:start position:0% +here is the plotting commands including +pylab dot hist many of them return + + align:start position:0% +pylab dot hist many of them return + + + align:start position:0% +pylab dot hist many of them return +values usually I just ignore that value + + align:start position:0% +values usually I just ignore that value + + + align:start position:0% +values usually I just ignore that value +and we just say pylab dot plot or pylab + + align:start position:0% +and we just say pylab dot plot or pylab + + + align:start position:0% +and we just say pylab dot plot or pylab +dot hist Here I am taking the value the + + align:start position:0% +dot hist Here I am taking the value the + + + align:start position:0% +dot hist Here I am taking the value the +value in this case for a histogram is a + + align:start position:0% +value in this case for a histogram is a + + + align:start position:0% +value in this case for a histogram is a +tuple of length two the first element is + + align:start position:0% +tuple of length two the first element is + + + align:start position:0% +tuple of length two the first element is +a list or an array giving me how many + + align:start position:0% +a list or an array giving me how many + + + align:start position:0% +a list or an array giving me how many +items are in each bin and the second is + + align:start position:0% +items are in each bin and the second is + + + align:start position:0% +items are in each bin and the second is +the patches used to produce the + + align:start position:0% +the patches used to produce the + + + align:start position:0% +the patches used to produce the +beautiful pictures we're used to seeing + + align:start position:0% +beautiful pictures we're used to seeing + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful pictures we're used to seeing +so here what I'm going to do is take + + align:start position:0% +so here what I'm going to do is take + + + align:start position:0% +so here what I'm going to do is take +this value so that I can do this at the + + align:start position:0% +this value so that I can do this at the + + + align:start position:0% +this value so that I can do this at the +end now why would I want to look at the + + align:start position:0% +end now why would I want to look at the + + + align:start position:0% +end now why would I want to look at the +fraction within approximately 200 of the + + align:start position:0% +fraction within approximately 200 of the + + + align:start position:0% +fraction within approximately 200 of the +mean what is that going to correspond to + + align:start position:0% +mean what is that going to correspond to + + + align:start position:0% +mean what is that going to correspond to +in this case well if I divide 200 by 2 I + + align:start position:0% +in this case well if I divide 200 by 2 I + + + align:start position:0% +in this case well if I divide 200 by 2 I +get 100 which happens to be the standard + + align:start position:0% +get 100 which happens to be the standard + + + align:start position:0% +get 100 which happens to be the standard +deviation so in this case what I'm going + + align:start position:0% +deviation so in this case what I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +deviation so in this case what I'm going +to be looking at is what fraction of the + + align:start position:0% +to be looking at is what fraction of the + + + align:start position:0% +to be looking at is what fraction of the +values fall within two standard + + align:start position:0% +values fall within two standard + + + align:start position:0% +values fall within two standard +deviations of the mean kind of a check + + align:start position:0% +deviations of the mean kind of a check + + + align:start position:0% +deviations of the mean kind of a check +on the empirical rule right all right + + align:start position:0% +on the empirical rule right all right + + + align:start position:0% +on the empirical rule right all right +when I run the code I get this so it is + + align:start position:0% +when I run the code I get this so it is + + + align:start position:0% +when I run the code I get this so it is +a discrete approximation to the + + align:start position:0% +a discrete approximation to the + + + align:start position:0% +a discrete approximation to the +probability density function you'll + + align:start position:0% +probability density function you'll + + + align:start position:0% +probability density function you'll +notice unlike the previous picture I + + align:start position:0% +notice unlike the previous picture I + + + align:start position:0% +notice unlike the previous picture I +showed you which was nice and smooth + + align:start position:0% +showed you which was nice and smooth + + + align:start position:0% +showed you which was nice and smooth +this is jaggedy you would expect it to + + align:start position:0% +this is jaggedy you would expect it to + + + align:start position:0% +this is jaggedy you would expect it to +be and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +again you can see it's very nice that + + align:start position:0% +again you can see it's very nice that + + + align:start position:0% +again you can see it's very nice that +the the peak is what we said the mean + + align:start position:0% +the the peak is what we said the mean + + + align:start position:0% +the the peak is what we said the mean +should be zero + + align:start position:0% +should be zero + + + align:start position:0% +should be zero +and then it falls off and indeed + + align:start position:0% +and then it falls off and indeed + + + align:start position:0% +and then it falls off and indeed +slightly more than 95% fall within two + + align:start position:0% +slightly more than 95% fall within two + + + align:start position:0% +slightly more than 95% fall within two +standard deviations of the mean not even + + align:start position:0% +standard deviations of the mean not even + + + align:start position:0% +standard deviations of the mean not even +surprised that it's a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +surprised that it's a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +surprised that it's a little bit more +than 95% because remember the magic + + align:start position:0% +than 95% because remember the magic + + + align:start position:0% +than 95% because remember the magic +number is 1.96 not two but since this is + + align:start position:0% +number is 1.96 not two but since this is + + + align:start position:0% +number is 1.96 not two but since this is +only a finite sample I only want it to + + align:start position:0% +only a finite sample I only want it to + + + align:start position:0% +only a finite sample I only want it to +be around 95 I'm not going to worry too + + align:start position:0% +be around 95 I'm not going to worry too + + + align:start position:0% +be around 95 I'm not going to worry too +much whether it's bigger or smaller all + + align:start position:0% +much whether it's bigger or smaller all + + + align:start position:0% +much whether it's bigger or smaller all +right so random dot Gauss does a nice + + align:start position:0% +right so random dot Gauss does a nice + + + align:start position:0% +right so random dot Gauss does a nice +job of love giving us Gaussian values we + + align:start position:0% +job of love giving us Gaussian values we + + + align:start position:0% +job of love giving us Gaussian values we +plotted them and now you can see that + + align:start position:0% +plotted them and now you can see that + + + align:start position:0% +plotted them and now you can see that +I've got the relative frequency that's + + align:start position:0% +I've got the relative frequency that's + + + align:start position:0% +I've got the relative frequency that's +why I see fractions on the y-axis rather + + align:start position:0% +why I see fractions on the y-axis rather + + + align:start position:0% +why I see fractions on the y-axis rather +than counts and that was because of the + + align:start position:0% +than counts and that was because of the + + + align:start position:0% +than counts and that was because of the +way I use the weights command all right + + align:start position:0% +way I use the weights command all right + + + align:start position:0% +way I use the weights command all right +let's return to PDFs so as we said last + + align:start position:0% +let's return to PDFs so as we said last + + + align:start position:0% +let's return to PDFs so as we said last +time distributions can be defined by + + align:start position:0% +time distributions can be defined by + + + align:start position:0% +time distributions can be defined by +probability density functions that gives + + align:start position:0% +probability density functions that gives + + + align:start position:0% +probability density functions that gives +us the probability of some random + + align:start position:0% +us the probability of some random + + + align:start position:0% +us the probability of some random +variable lying between two values it + + align:start position:0% +variable lying between two values it + + + align:start position:0% +variable lying between two values it +defines a curve where the values in the + + align:start position:0% +defines a curve where the values in the + + + align:start position:0% +defines a curve where the values in the +x-axis lie between the minimum and + + align:start position:0% +x-axis lie between the minimum and + + + align:start position:0% +x-axis lie between the minimum and +maximum values of the variable and it's + + align:start position:0% +maximum values of the variable and it's + + + align:start position:0% +maximum values of the variable and it's +the area under the curve and we'll come + + align:start position:0% +the area under the curve and we'll come + + + align:start position:0% +the area under the curve and we'll come +back to this between those two points + + align:start position:0% +back to this between those two points + + + align:start position:0% +back to this between those two points +that give us the probability of an + + align:start position:0% +that give us the probability of an + + + align:start position:0% +that give us the probability of an +example of falling in that range so now + + align:start position:0% +example of falling in that range so now + + + align:start position:0% +example of falling in that range so now +let's look at it for a normal + + align:start position:0% +let's look at it for a normal + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at it for a normal +distribution you may recall from the + + align:start position:0% +distribution you may recall from the + + + align:start position:0% +distribution you may recall from the +last lecture this rather exotic-looking + + align:start position:0% +last lecture this rather exotic-looking + + + align:start position:0% +last lecture this rather exotic-looking +formula which defines a PDF for a normal + + align:start position:0% +formula which defines a PDF for a normal + + + align:start position:0% +formula which defines a PDF for a normal +distribution and here's some code that + + align:start position:0% +distribution and here's some code that + + + align:start position:0% +distribution and here's some code that +says straightforward and implementation + + align:start position:0% +says straightforward and implementation + + + align:start position:0% +says straightforward and implementation +as one could imagine of this this + + align:start position:0% +as one could imagine of this this + + + align:start position:0% +as one could imagine of this this +formula okay so that now is a value that + + align:start position:0% +formula okay so that now is a value that + + + align:start position:0% +formula okay so that now is a value that +given mu and a Sigma and an X give + + align:start position:0% +given mu and a Sigma and an X give + + + align:start position:0% +given mu and a Sigma and an X give +to me the ex associated with that mu and + + align:start position:0% +to me the ex associated with that mu and + + + align:start position:0% +to me the ex associated with that mu and +Sigma okay and you'll notice there's + + align:start position:0% +Sigma okay and you'll notice there's + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma okay and you'll notice there's +nothing random about this alright it is + + align:start position:0% +nothing random about this alright it is + + + align:start position:0% +nothing random about this alright it is +giving me the value now let's go down + + align:start position:0% +giving me the value now let's go down + + + align:start position:0% +giving me the value now let's go down +here and I'm going to for a set of X's + + align:start position:0% +here and I'm going to for a set of X's + + + align:start position:0% +here and I'm going to for a set of X's +get the set of Y's corresponding to that + + align:start position:0% +get the set of Y's corresponding to that + + + align:start position:0% +get the set of Y's corresponding to that +and then plot it I'm going to set new to + + align:start position:0% +and then plot it I'm going to set new to + + + align:start position:0% +and then plot it I'm going to set new to +0 and Sigma 2 1 is so-called standard + + align:start position:0% +0 and Sigma 2 1 is so-called standard + + + align:start position:0% +0 and Sigma 2 1 is so-called standard +normal distribution and I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +normal distribution and I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +normal distribution and I'm going to +look at the distribution from minus 4 to + + align:start position:0% +look at the distribution from minus 4 to + + + align:start position:0% +look at the distribution from minus 4 to +4 nothing magic about that other than as + + align:start position:0% +4 nothing magic about that other than as + + + align:start position:0% +4 nothing magic about that other than as +you'll see it's kind of a place where it + + align:start position:0% +you'll see it's kind of a place where it + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see it's kind of a place where it +asymptotes near zero so while X is less + + align:start position:0% +asymptotes near zero so while X is less + + + align:start position:0% +asymptotes near zero so while X is less +than 4 I'll get the x value I'll get the + + align:start position:0% +than 4 I'll get the x value I'll get the + + + align:start position:0% +than 4 I'll get the x value I'll get the +Y value corresponding to that X by + + align:start position:0% +Y value corresponding to that X by + + + align:start position:0% +Y value corresponding to that X by +calling Gaussian increment X by 0.05 and + + align:start position:0% +calling Gaussian increment X by 0.05 and + + + align:start position:0% +calling Gaussian increment X by 0.05 and +do that until I'm done and then simply + + align:start position:0% +do that until I'm done and then simply + + + align:start position:0% +do that until I'm done and then simply +I'll plot the X values against the Y + + align:start position:0% +I'll plot the X values against the Y + + + align:start position:0% +I'll plot the X values against the Y +values and throw a title on it using + + align:start position:0% +values and throw a title on it using + + + align:start position:0% +values and throw a title on it using +pylab title all right code makes sense + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well this is where I got that beautiful + + align:start position:0% +well this is where I got that beautiful + + + align:start position:0% +well this is where I got that beautiful +picture we've looked at before when I + + align:start position:0% +picture we've looked at before when I + + + align:start position:0% +picture we've looked at before when I +plotted here + + align:start position:0% +plotted here + + + align:start position:0% +plotted here +it actually looks actually quite smooth + + align:start position:0% +it actually looks actually quite smooth + + + align:start position:0% +it actually looks actually quite smooth +it's not it's really connecting a bunch + + align:start position:0% +it's not it's really connecting a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +it's not it's really connecting a bunch +of tiny little lines but I made the + + align:start position:0% +of tiny little lines but I made the + + + align:start position:0% +of tiny little lines but I made the +points close enough together that it + + align:start position:0% +points close enough together that it + + + align:start position:0% +points close enough together that it +looks at least here smooth it at this + + align:start position:0% +looks at least here smooth it at this + + + align:start position:0% +looks at least here smooth it at this +resolution so we know what the values + + align:start position:0% +resolution so we know what the values + + + align:start position:0% +resolution so we know what the values +are on the x axis are those are the + + align:start position:0% +are on the x axis are those are the + + + align:start position:0% +are on the x axis are those are the +values I happen to want to look at from + + align:start position:0% +values I happen to want to look at from + + + align:start position:0% +values I happen to want to look at from +minus 4 to 4 what are the values on the + + align:start position:0% +minus 4 to 4 what are the values on the + + + align:start position:0% +minus 4 to 4 what are the values on the +y-axis + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we kind of would like to interpret them + + align:start position:0% +we kind of would like to interpret them + + + align:start position:0% +we kind of would like to interpret them +as probabilities right but we could be + + align:start position:0% +as probabilities right but we could be + + + align:start position:0% +as probabilities right but we could be +pretty suspicious about that and that if + + align:start position:0% +pretty suspicious about that and that if + + + align:start position:0% +pretty suspicious about that and that if +we take this one point that's up here we + + align:start position:0% +we take this one point that's up here we + + + align:start position:0% +we take this one point that's up here we +say the probability of that single point + + align:start position:0% +say the probability of that single point + + + align:start position:0% +say the probability of that single point +is 0.4 well that doesn't make any sense + + align:start position:0% +is 0.4 well that doesn't make any sense + + + align:start position:0% +is 0.4 well that doesn't make any sense +because in fact we know the probability + + align:start position:0% +because in fact we know the probability + + + align:start position:0% +because in fact we know the probability +of any particular point is 0 in some + + align:start position:0% +of any particular point is 0 in some + + + align:start position:0% +of any particular point is 0 in some +sense right so furthermore if I chose a + + align:start position:0% +sense right so furthermore if I chose a + + + align:start position:0% +sense right so furthermore if I chose a +different value for Sigma I can actually + + align:start position:0% +different value for Sigma I can actually + + + align:start position:0% +different value for Sigma I can actually +get this to go bigger than 1 on the + + align:start position:0% +get this to go bigger than 1 on the + + + align:start position:0% +get this to go bigger than 1 on the +y-axis so if you take Sigma to be say + + align:start position:0% +y-axis so if you take Sigma to be say + + + align:start position:0% +y-axis so if you take Sigma to be say +point 1 + + align:start position:0% +point 1 + + + align:start position:0% +point 1 +I think the y-axis goes up to something + + align:start position:0% +I think the y-axis goes up to something + + + align:start position:0% +I think the y-axis goes up to something +like 40 so we know we don't have + + align:start position:0% +like 40 so we know we don't have + + + align:start position:0% +like 40 so we know we don't have +probabilities in the range 40 so if + + align:start position:0% +probabilities in the range 40 so if + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities in the range 40 so if +these aren't probabilities what are they + + align:start position:0% +these aren't probabilities what are they + + + align:start position:0% +these aren't probabilities what are they +what are the Y values well not too + + align:start position:0% +what are the Y values well not too + + + align:start position:0% +what are the Y values well not too +surprising since I claimed this was a + + align:start position:0% +surprising since I claimed this was a + + + align:start position:0% +surprising since I claimed this was a +probability density function their + + align:start position:0% +probability density function their + + + align:start position:0% +probability density function their +densities or what's the density if this + + align:start position:0% +densities or what's the density if this + + + align:start position:0% +densities or what's the density if this +makes sense I'll say it then I'll try + + align:start position:0% +makes sense I'll say it then I'll try + + + align:start position:0% +makes sense I'll say it then I'll try +and explain it it's a derivative of the + + align:start position:0% +and explain it it's a derivative of the + + + align:start position:0% +and explain it it's a derivative of the +cumulative distribution function now why + + align:start position:0% +cumulative distribution function now why + + + align:start position:0% +cumulative distribution function now why +are we talking about derivatives in the + + align:start position:0% +are we talking about derivatives in the + + + align:start position:0% +are we talking about derivatives in the +first place well remember what we're + + align:start position:0% +first place well remember what we're + + + align:start position:0% +first place well remember what we're +trying to say if we want to say ask + + align:start position:0% +trying to say if we want to say ask + + + align:start position:0% +trying to say if we want to say ask +what's the probability of a value + + align:start position:0% +what's the probability of a value + + + align:start position:0% +what's the probability of a value +falling between here and here we claimed + + align:start position:0% +falling between here and here we claimed + + + align:start position:0% +falling between here and here we claimed +that that was going to be the area under + + align:start position:0% +that that was going to be the area under + + + align:start position:0% +that that was going to be the area under +this curve write the integral as you + + align:start position:0% +this curve write the integral as you + + + align:start position:0% +this curve write the integral as you +know from 1801 there's a very clear + + align:start position:0% +know from 1801 there's a very clear + + + align:start position:0% +know from 1801 there's a very clear +relationship between derivatives and + + align:start position:0% +relationship between derivatives and + + + align:start position:0% +relationship between derivatives and +integrals and so if we interpret each of + + align:start position:0% +integrals and so if we interpret each of + + + align:start position:0% +integrals and so if we interpret each of +these points as a derivative in some + + align:start position:0% +these points as a derivative in some + + + align:start position:0% +these points as a derivative in some +sense the slope here then we can look at + + align:start position:0% +sense the slope here then we can look at + + + align:start position:0% +sense the slope here then we can look at +this as the area just by integrating + + align:start position:0% +this as the area just by integrating + + + align:start position:0% +this as the area just by integrating +under there so to interpret a PDF we + + align:start position:0% +under there so to interpret a PDF we + + + align:start position:0% +under there so to interpret a PDF we +always do it Matt the Matt + + align:start position:0% +always do it Matt the Matt + + + align:start position:0% +always do it Matt the Matt +luckily actually I do it just by looking + + align:start position:0% +luckily actually I do it just by looking + + + align:start position:0% +luckily actually I do it just by looking +at it but the only really interesting + + align:start position:0% +at it but the only really interesting + + + align:start position:0% +at it but the only really interesting +mathematical questions to ask have to do + + align:start position:0% +mathematical questions to ask have to do + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical questions to ask have to do +with area once we have the area we can + + align:start position:0% +with area once we have the area we can + + + align:start position:0% +with area once we have the area we can +then talk about the probabilities of + + align:start position:0% +then talk about the probabilities of + + + align:start position:0% +then talk about the probabilities of +some value falling within a region of + + align:start position:0% +some value falling within a region of + + + align:start position:0% +some value falling within a region of +the curve so what's interesting here is + + align:start position:0% +the curve so what's interesting here is + + + align:start position:0% +the curve so what's interesting here is +not the numbers of per se on the y axis + + align:start position:0% +not the numbers of per se on the y axis + + + align:start position:0% +not the numbers of per se on the y axis +but the shape of the curve because those + + align:start position:0% +but the shape of the curve because those + + + align:start position:0% +but the shape of the curve because those +numbers have to be related to the + + align:start position:0% +numbers have to be related to the + + + align:start position:0% +numbers have to be related to the +numbers on the x axis DX dy right we're + + align:start position:0% +numbers on the x axis DX dy right we're + + + align:start position:0% +numbers on the x axis DX dy right we're +looking at derivatives alright so now we + + align:start position:0% +looking at derivatives alright so now we + + + align:start position:0% +looking at derivatives alright so now we +have to talk about integration I promise + + align:start position:0% +have to talk about integration I promise + + + align:start position:0% +have to talk about integration I promise +you only hear about it for another few + + align:start position:0% +you only hear about it for another few + + + align:start position:0% +you only hear about it for another few +minutes then we'll leave the topic so I + + align:start position:0% +minutes then we'll leave the topic so I + + + align:start position:0% +minutes then we'll leave the topic so I +mentioned before sigh pi is a library + + align:start position:0% +mentioned before sigh pi is a library + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned before sigh pi is a library +that contains a lot of useful + + align:start position:0% +that contains a lot of useful + + + align:start position:0% +that contains a lot of useful +mathematical functions one of them is + + align:start position:0% +mathematical functions one of them is + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical functions one of them is +integrate quad + + align:start position:0% +integrate quad + + + align:start position:0% +integrate quad +well the integrate part is obvious it + + align:start position:0% +well the integrate part is obvious it + + + align:start position:0% +well the integrate part is obvious it +means integration quad is telling you + + align:start position:0% +means integration quad is telling you + + + align:start position:0% +means integration quad is telling you +the algorithm it's using to do the + + align:start position:0% +the algorithm it's using to do the + + + align:start position:0% +the algorithm it's using to do the +integration all of these integrals are + + align:start position:0% +integration all of these integrals are + + + align:start position:0% +integration all of these integrals are +going to be actual approximations to the + + align:start position:0% +going to be actual approximations to the + + + align:start position:0% +going to be actual approximations to the +real integral pylab is our side pi is + + align:start position:0% +real integral pylab is our side pi is + + + align:start position:0% +real integral pylab is our side pi is +not doing some clever mathematics get an + + align:start position:0% +not doing some clever mathematics get an + + + align:start position:0% +not doing some clever mathematics get an +analytical solution it's using a + + align:start position:0% +analytical solution it's using a + + + align:start position:0% +analytical solution it's using a +numerical technique to approximate the + + align:start position:0% +numerical technique to approximate the + + + align:start position:0% +numerical technique to approximate the +integral and the one huge here happens + + align:start position:0% +integral and the one huge here happens + + + align:start position:0% +integral and the one huge here happens +to be called quadrature it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +to be called quadrature it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +to be called quadrature it doesn't +matter all right you can pass it up to + + align:start position:0% +matter all right you can pass it up to + + + align:start position:0% +matter all right you can pass it up to +four arguments you must pass it the + + align:start position:0% +four arguments you must pass it the + + + align:start position:0% +four arguments you must pass it the +function to be integrated that makes + + align:start position:0% +function to be integrated that makes + + + align:start position:0% +function to be integrated that makes +sense + + align:start position:0% +sense + + + align:start position:0% +sense +a number representing the lower limit of + + align:start position:0% +a number representing the lower limit of + + + align:start position:0% +a number representing the lower limit of +the integration you need to give it that + + align:start position:0% +the integration you need to give it that + + + align:start position:0% +the integration you need to give it that +number representing the upper limit you + + align:start position:0% +number representing the upper limit you + + + align:start position:0% +number representing the upper limit you +need to give it that and then the fourth + + align:start position:0% +need to give it that and then the fourth + + + align:start position:0% +need to give it that and then the fourth +argument is a tuple supplying all values + + align:start position:0% +argument is a tuple supplying all values + + + align:start position:0% +argument is a tuple supplying all values +for the arguments to be except the first + + align:start position:0% +for the arguments to be except the first + + + align:start position:0% +for the arguments to be except the first +of the function you're integrating I'll + + align:start position:0% +of the function you're integrating I'll + + + align:start position:0% +of the function you're integrating I'll +show you an example of that on the next + + align:start position:0% +show you an example of that on the next + + + align:start position:0% +show you an example of that on the next +slide and we'll see that it returns + + align:start position:0% +slide and we'll see that it returns + + + align:start position:0% +slide and we'll see that it returns +tuple an approximation to the result + + align:start position:0% +tuple an approximation to the result + + + align:start position:0% +tuple an approximation to the result +what it thinks the integral is and an + + align:start position:0% +what it thinks the integral is and an + + + align:start position:0% +what it thinks the integral is and an +estimate of how much error there might + + align:start position:0% +estimate of how much error there might + + + align:start position:0% +estimate of how much error there might +be in that one will ignore the error for + + align:start position:0% +be in that one will ignore the error for + + + align:start position:0% +be in that one will ignore the error for +the moment all right let's look at the + + align:start position:0% +the moment all right let's look at the + + + align:start position:0% +the moment all right let's look at the +code so we start by importing Sipe I + + align:start position:0% +code so we start by importing Sipe I + + + align:start position:0% +code so we start by importing Sipe I +integrate that gives us all the + + align:start position:0% +integrate that gives us all the + + + align:start position:0% +integrate that gives us all the +different integration methods I'm not + + align:start position:0% +different integration methods I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +different integration methods I'm not +going to show you the code for Gaussian + + align:start position:0% +going to show you the code for Gaussian + + + align:start position:0% +going to show you the code for Gaussian +since I showed it to you a couple of + + align:start position:0% +since I showed it to you a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +since I showed it to you a couple of +minutes ago but I wanted you to remember + + align:start position:0% +minutes ago but I wanted you to remember + + + align:start position:0% +minutes ago but I wanted you to remember +that takes three arguments X mu and + + align:start position:0% +that takes three arguments X mu and + + + align:start position:0% +that takes three arguments X mu and +Sigma because when we get down here to + + align:start position:0% +Sigma because when we get down here to + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma because when we get down here to +the integration we'll pass it the + + align:start position:0% +the integration we'll pass it the + + + align:start position:0% +the integration we'll pass it the +function Gaussian and then the values + + align:start position:0% +function Gaussian and then the values + + + align:start position:0% +function Gaussian and then the values +that we want to integrate over so those + + align:start position:0% +that we want to integrate over so those + + + align:start position:0% +that we want to integrate over so those +will be the values that X can take upon + + align:start position:0% +will be the values that X can take upon + + + align:start position:0% +will be the values that X can take upon +and that will change as we go from mu + + align:start position:0% +and that will change as we go from mu + + + align:start position:0% +and that will change as we go from mu +minus the number of standard deviation + + align:start position:0% +minus the number of standard deviation + + + align:start position:0% +minus the number of standard deviation +of x sigma to MU plus the number of + + align:start position:0% +of x sigma to MU plus the number of + + + align:start position:0% +of x sigma to MU plus the number of +standard deviations ties times Sigma and + + align:start position:0% +standard deviations ties times Sigma and + + + align:start position:0% +standard deviations ties times Sigma and +then this is the optional fourth + + align:start position:0% +then this is the optional fourth + + + align:start position:0% +then this is the optional fourth +argument the tuple mu and Sigma why do I + + align:start position:0% +argument the tuple mu and Sigma why do I + + + align:start position:0% +argument the tuple mu and Sigma why do I +need to pass that in because Gaussian is + + align:start position:0% +need to pass that in because Gaussian is + + + align:start position:0% +need to pass that in because Gaussian is +a ternary argument or function it takes + + align:start position:0% +a ternary argument or function it takes + + + align:start position:0% +a ternary argument or function it takes +three values and I'm going to integrate + + align:start position:0% +three values and I'm going to integrate + + + align:start position:0% +three values and I'm going to integrate +over values of X so I have to fix mu and + + align:start position:0% +over values of X so I have to fix mu and + + + align:start position:0% +over values of X so I have to fix mu and +Sigma two constants which is what I'm + + align:start position:0% +Sigma two constants which is what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma two constants which is what I'm +doing down here and then I'll take the + + align:start position:0% +doing down here and then I'll take the + + + align:start position:0% +doing down here and then I'll take the +zeroth value which is its estimate of + + align:start position:0% +zeroth value which is its estimate of + + + align:start position:0% +zeroth value which is its estimate of +the integral alright so that's the new + + align:start position:0% +the integral alright so that's the new + + + align:start position:0% +the integral alright so that's the new +thing the rest of the code is all stuff + + align:start position:0% +thing the rest of the code is all stuff + + + align:start position:0% +thing the rest of the code is all stuff +you've seen for T and range number of + + align:start position:0% +you've seen for T and range number of + + + align:start position:0% +you've seen for T and range number of +trials I'm going to choose a random u + + align:start position:0% +trials I'm going to choose a random u + + + align:start position:0% +trials I'm going to choose a random u +between minus ten and ten and a random + + align:start position:0% +between minus ten and ten and a random + + + align:start position:0% +between minus ten and ten and a random +Sigma between one and ten doesn't matter + + align:start position:0% +Sigma between one and ten doesn't matter + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma between one and ten doesn't matter +what those constants are and then for + + align:start position:0% +what those constants are and then for + + + align:start position:0% +what those constants are and then for +the number of standard deviations in one + + align:start position:0% +the number of standard deviations in one + + + align:start position:0% +the number of standard deviations in one +1.96 + + align:start position:0% +1.96 + + + align:start position:0% +1.96 +and three I'm going to integrate + + align:start position:0% +and three I'm going to integrate + + + align:start position:0% +and three I'm going to integrate +Gaussian over that range and then we're + + align:start position:0% +Gaussian over that range and then we're + + + align:start position:0% +Gaussian over that range and then we're +just going to see how many of them are + + align:start position:0% +just going to see how many of them are + + + align:start position:0% +just going to see how many of them are +fall within that range in some sense + + align:start position:0% +fall within that range in some sense + + + align:start position:0% +fall within that range in some sense +what we're doing is we're checking the + + align:start position:0% +what we're doing is we're checking the + + + align:start position:0% +what we're doing is we're checking the +empirical rule we're saying take a + + align:start position:0% +empirical rule we're saying take a + + + align:start position:0% +empirical rule we're saying take a +Gaussian I don't care what you and Sigma + + align:start position:0% +Gaussian I don't care what you and Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +Gaussian I don't care what you and Sigma +are doesn't matter the empirical rule + + align:start position:0% +are doesn't matter the empirical rule + + + align:start position:0% +are doesn't matter the empirical rule +will still hold I think but we're just + + align:start position:0% +will still hold I think but we're just + + + align:start position:0% +will still hold I think but we're just +checking it here okay well here are the + + align:start position:0% +checking it here okay well here are the + + + align:start position:0% +checking it here okay well here are the +results so from rule equals nine and + + align:start position:0% +results so from rule equals nine and + + + align:start position:0% +results so from rule equals nine and +Sigma equals six happen to choose those + + align:start position:0% +Sigma equals six happen to choose those + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma equals six happen to choose those +we'll see the fraction within one + + align:start position:0% +we'll see the fraction within one + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see the fraction within one +fraction point one point nine six and + + align:start position:0% +fraction point one point nine six and + + + align:start position:0% +fraction point one point nine six and +three and so for these random Meuse and + + align:start position:0% +three and so for these random Meuse and + + + align:start position:0% +three and so for these random Meuse and +Sigma's you can see that all women you + + align:start position:0% +Sigma's you can see that all women you + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma's you can see that all women you +can set them to whatever you want when + + align:start position:0% +can set them to whatever you want when + + + align:start position:0% +can set them to whatever you want when +you get your hands on the code + + align:start position:0% +you get your hands on the code + + + align:start position:0% +you get your hands on the code +essentially what we have is whoops the + + align:start position:0% +essentially what we have is whoops the + + + align:start position:0% +essentially what we have is whoops the +empirical rule actually works one of + + align:start position:0% +empirical rule actually works one of + + + align:start position:0% +empirical rule actually works one of +those beautiful cases where you can test + + align:start position:0% +those beautiful cases where you can test + + + align:start position:0% +those beautiful cases where you can test +the theory and see that the theory + + align:start position:0% +the theory and see that the theory + + + align:start position:0% +the theory and see that the theory +really is sound so there we go + + align:start position:0% +really is sound so there we go + + + align:start position:0% +really is sound so there we go +so why am I making such a big deal of + + align:start position:0% +so why am I making such a big deal of + + + align:start position:0% +so why am I making such a big deal of +normal distributions they have lots of + + align:start position:0% +normal distributions they have lots of + + + align:start position:0% +normal distributions they have lots of +nice mathematical properties some of + + align:start position:0% +nice mathematical properties some of + + + align:start position:0% +nice mathematical properties some of +which we've already talked about but all + + align:start position:0% +which we've already talked about but all + + + align:start position:0% +which we've already talked about but all +that would be irrelevant if we didn't + + align:start position:0% +that would be irrelevant if we didn't + + + align:start position:0% +that would be irrelevant if we didn't +see them the good news is they're all + + align:start position:0% +see them the good news is they're all + + + align:start position:0% +see them the good news is they're all +over the place I've just taken a few + + align:start position:0% +over the place I've just taken a few + + + align:start position:0% +over the place I've just taken a few +here up here we'll see SAT scores + + align:start position:0% +here up here we'll see SAT scores + + + align:start position:0% +here up here we'll see SAT scores +I would never show that to high school + + align:start position:0% +I would never show that to high school + + + align:start position:0% +I would never show that to high school +students but or GRE + + align:start position:0% +students but or GRE + + + align:start position:0% +students but or GRE +to you guys but you can see that they're + + align:start position:0% +to you guys but you can see that they're + + + align:start position:0% +to you guys but you can see that they're +amazingly well distributed as along a + + align:start position:0% +amazingly well distributed as along a + + + align:start position:0% +amazingly well distributed as along a +normal distribution on down here this is + + align:start position:0% +normal distribution on down here this is + + + align:start position:0% +normal distribution on down here this is +plotting a percent change in oil prices + + align:start position:0% +plotting a percent change in oil prices + + + align:start position:0% +plotting a percent change in oil prices +and again we see something very close to + + align:start position:0% +and again we see something very close to + + + align:start position:0% +and again we see something very close to +a normal distribution and here is just + + align:start position:0% +a normal distribution and here is just + + + align:start position:0% +a normal distribution and here is just +looking at heights of men and women and + + align:start position:0% +looking at heights of men and women and + + + align:start position:0% +looking at heights of men and women and +again they clearly look very normal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so it's really quite impressive how + + align:start position:0% +so it's really quite impressive how + + + align:start position:0% +so it's really quite impressive how +often they occur but not everything is + + align:start position:0% +often they occur but not everything is + + + align:start position:0% +often they occur but not everything is +normal so we saw that the empirical rule + + align:start position:0% +normal so we saw that the empirical rule + + + align:start position:0% +normal so we saw that the empirical rule +works for normal distributions I just + + align:start position:0% +works for normal distributions I just + + + align:start position:0% +works for normal distributions I just +don't say I proved it for you i + + align:start position:0% +don't say I proved it for you i + + + align:start position:0% +don't say I proved it for you i +illustrated it for you with a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +illustrated it for you with a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +illustrated it for you with a bunch of +examples but are the outcomes of the + + align:start position:0% +examples but are the outcomes of the + + + align:start position:0% +examples but are the outcomes of the +spins of a roulette wheel normal no + + align:start position:0% +spins of a roulette wheel normal no + + + align:start position:0% +spins of a roulette wheel normal no +they're totally uniform right everything + + align:start position:0% +they're totally uniform right everything + + + align:start position:0% +they're totally uniform right everything +is equally probable four six and eleven + + align:start position:0% +is equally probable four six and eleven + + + align:start position:0% +is equally probable four six and eleven +thirteen double zero if you're in Las + + align:start position:0% +thirteen double zero if you're in Las + + + align:start position:0% +thirteen double zero if you're in Las +Vegas they're all equally probable so if + + align:start position:0% +Vegas they're all equally probable so if + + + align:start position:0% +Vegas they're all equally probable so if +I plotted those I basically just get a + + align:start position:0% +I plotted those I basically just get a + + + align:start position:0% +I plotted those I basically just get a +straight line with everything at one + + align:start position:0% +straight line with everything at one + + + align:start position:0% +straight line with everything at one +over however many pockets there are so + + align:start position:0% +over however many pockets there are so + + + align:start position:0% +over however many pockets there are so +in that case why does the empirical rule + + align:start position:0% +in that case why does the empirical rule + + + align:start position:0% +in that case why does the empirical rule +work we saw that we were doing some + + align:start position:0% +work we saw that we were doing some + + + align:start position:0% +work we saw that we were doing some +estimates about returns and we use the + + align:start position:0% +estimates about returns and we use the + + + align:start position:0% +estimates about returns and we use the +empirical rule we checked it and by + + align:start position:0% +empirical rule we checked it and by + + + align:start position:0% +empirical rule we checked it and by +George it was telling us the truth and + + align:start position:0% +George it was telling us the truth and + + + align:start position:0% +George it was telling us the truth and +the reason is because we're not + + align:start position:0% +the reason is because we're not + + + align:start position:0% +the reason is because we're not +reasoning about a single spin of the + + align:start position:0% +reasoning about a single spin of the + + + align:start position:0% +reasoning about a single spin of the +wheel but about the mean of a set of + + align:start position:0% +wheel but about the mean of a set of + + + align:start position:0% +wheel but about the mean of a set of +spins so if you think about it what we + + align:start position:0% +spins so if you think about it what we + + + align:start position:0% +spins so if you think about it what we +were reasoning about was the return of + + align:start position:0% +were reasoning about was the return of + + + align:start position:0% +were reasoning about was the return of +bedding if we look at one spin well + + align:start position:0% +bedding if we look at one spin well + + + align:start position:0% +bedding if we look at one spin well +let's say we bet $1 the return is either + + align:start position:0% +let's say we bet $1 the return is either + + + align:start position:0% +let's say we bet $1 the return is either +minus one because we've lost our dollar + + align:start position:0% +minus one because we've lost our dollar + + + align:start position:0% +minus one because we've lost our dollar +or if we get lucky in our pocket happens + + align:start position:0% +or if we get lucky in our pocket happens + + + align:start position:0% +or if we get lucky in our pocket happens +to come up it was 36 I think were 35 I + + align:start position:0% +to come up it was 36 I think were 35 I + + + align:start position:0% +to come up it was 36 I think were 35 I +forget which okay but that's all so if + + align:start position:0% +forget which okay but that's all so if + + + align:start position:0% +forget which okay but that's all so if +we plotted a histogram we would see a + + align:start position:0% +we plotted a histogram we would see a + + + align:start position:0% +we plotted a histogram we would see a +huge peak at -1 and a little bump here + + align:start position:0% +huge peak at -1 and a little bump here + + + align:start position:0% +huge peak at -1 and a little bump here +at 36 and nothing in the middle + + align:start position:0% +at 36 and nothing in the middle + + + align:start position:0% +at 36 and nothing in the middle +clearly not a normal distribution + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but what we're reasoning about is not + + align:start position:0% +but what we're reasoning about is not + + + align:start position:0% +but what we're reasoning about is not +the return of a single spin but the + + align:start position:0% +the return of a single spin but the + + + align:start position:0% +the return of a single spin but the +return of many spins if we played a + + align:start position:0% +return of many spins if we played a + + + align:start position:0% +return of many spins if we played a +thousand spins what is our expected + + align:start position:0% +thousand spins what is our expected + + + align:start position:0% +thousand spins what is our expected +return as soon as we end up reasoning + + align:start position:0% +return as soon as we end up reasoning + + + align:start position:0% +return as soon as we end up reasoning +not about a single event but about the + + align:start position:0% +not about a single event but about the + + + align:start position:0% +not about a single event but about the +mean of something we can apply something + + align:start position:0% +mean of something we can apply something + + + align:start position:0% +mean of something we can apply something +called the central limit theorem and + + align:start position:0% +called the central limit theorem and + + + align:start position:0% +called the central limit theorem and +here it is it's actually for something + + align:start position:0% +here it is it's actually for something + + + align:start position:0% +here it is it's actually for something +so important very simple it says that + + align:start position:0% +so important very simple it says that + + + align:start position:0% +so important very simple it says that +given a sufficiently large sample Isle + + align:start position:0% +given a sufficiently large sample Isle + + + align:start position:0% +given a sufficiently large sample Isle +of terms like sufficiently large but + + align:start position:0% +of terms like sufficiently large but + + + align:start position:0% +of terms like sufficiently large but +will later put a little meat on that the + + align:start position:0% +will later put a little meat on that the + + + align:start position:0% +will later put a little meat on that the +following three things are true the + + align:start position:0% +following three things are true the + + + align:start position:0% +following three things are true the +means of the samples in a set of samples + + align:start position:0% +means of the samples in a set of samples + + + align:start position:0% +means of the samples in a set of samples +the so called sample means will be + + align:start position:0% +the so called sample means will be + + + align:start position:0% +the so called sample means will be +approximately normally distributed so + + align:start position:0% +approximately normally distributed so + + + align:start position:0% +approximately normally distributed so +that says if I take a sample and + + align:start position:0% +that says if I take a sample and + + + align:start position:0% +that says if I take a sample and +remember a sample might have will have + + align:start position:0% +remember a sample might have will have + + + align:start position:0% +remember a sample might have will have +multiple examples so just to remind + + align:start position:0% +multiple examples so just to remind + + + align:start position:0% +multiple examples so just to remind +people a population is a set of examples + + align:start position:0% +people a population is a set of examples + + + align:start position:0% +people a population is a set of examples +a sample is a subset of the population + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so it too is a set of examples right + + align:start position:0% +so it too is a set of examples right + + + align:start position:0% +so it too is a set of examples right +typically if this set is sufficiently + + align:start position:0% +typically if this set is sufficiently + + + align:start position:0% +typically if this set is sufficiently +large certainly one is not sufficiently + + align:start position:0% +large certainly one is not sufficiently + + + align:start position:0% +large certainly one is not sufficiently +large then it will be the case that the + + align:start position:0% +large then it will be the case that the + + + align:start position:0% +large then it will be the case that the +mean of the means so I take the mean of + + align:start position:0% +mean of the means so I take the mean of + + + align:start position:0% +mean of the means so I take the mean of +each sample and then I can now plot all + + align:start position:0% +each sample and then I can now plot all + + + align:start position:0% +each sample and then I can now plot all +of those means or take the mean of those + + align:start position:0% +of those means or take the mean of those + + + align:start position:0% +of those means or take the mean of those +right and they'll be normally + + align:start position:0% +right and they'll be normally + + + align:start position:0% +right and they'll be normally +distributed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +furthermore this distribution will have + + align:start position:0% +furthermore this distribution will have + + + align:start position:0% +furthermore this distribution will have +a mean that is close to the mean of the + + align:start position:0% +a mean that is close to the mean of the + + + align:start position:0% +a mean that is close to the mean of the +population the mean of the means will be + + align:start position:0% +population the mean of the means will be + + + align:start position:0% +population the mean of the means will be +close to the mean of the population and + + align:start position:0% +close to the mean of the population and + + + align:start position:0% +close to the mean of the population and +the variance of the sample means will be + + align:start position:0% +the variance of the sample means will be + + + align:start position:0% +the variance of the sample means will be +close to the variance of the population + + align:start position:0% +close to the variance of the population + + + align:start position:0% +close to the variance of the population +divided by the sample size this is + + align:start position:0% +divided by the sample size this is + + + align:start position:0% +divided by the sample size this is +really amazing that this is true and + + align:start position:0% +really amazing that this is true and + + + align:start position:0% +really amazing that this is true and +dramatically useful so to get some + + align:start position:0% +dramatically useful so to get some + + + align:start position:0% +dramatically useful so to get some +insight let's check it to do that + + align:start position:0% +insight let's check it to do that + + + align:start position:0% +insight let's check it to do that +postulate that we have this kind of + + align:start position:0% +postulate that we have this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +postulate that we have this kind of +miraculous die so instead of a die that + + align:start position:0% +miraculous die so instead of a die that + + + align:start position:0% +miraculous die so instead of a die that +when you roll it you get a number one + + align:start position:0% +when you roll it you get a number one + + + align:start position:0% +when you roll it you get a number one +two three four five or six + + align:start position:0% +two three four five or six + + + align:start position:0% +two three four five or six +this particular die is continuous it + + align:start position:0% +this particular die is continuous it + + + align:start position:0% +this particular die is continuous it +gives you a real number between zero and + + align:start position:0% +gives you a real number between zero and + + + align:start position:0% +gives you a real number between zero and +five or maybe it's between one and six + + align:start position:0% +five or maybe it's between one and six + + + align:start position:0% +five or maybe it's between one and six +okay so it's a continuous die what we're + + align:start position:0% +okay so it's a continuous die what we're + + + align:start position:0% +okay so it's a continuous die what we're +going to do is roll it a lot of times + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we're going to say how many die and then + + align:start position:0% +we're going to say how many die and then + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to say how many die and then +how many times are we going to roll that + + align:start position:0% +how many times are we going to roll that + + + align:start position:0% +how many times are we going to roll that +number of die so the number of die will + + align:start position:0% +number of die so the number of die will + + + align:start position:0% +number of die so the number of die will +be the sample size number of dice will + + align:start position:0% +be the sample size number of dice will + + + align:start position:0% +be the sample size number of dice will +be the sample size and then we'll take a + + align:start position:0% +be the sample size and then we'll take a + + + align:start position:0% +be the sample size and then we'll take a +bunch of samples which I'm calling + + align:start position:0% +bunch of samples which I'm calling + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of samples which I'm calling +number of rolls and then we'll plot it + + align:start position:0% +number of rolls and then we'll plot it + + + align:start position:0% +number of rolls and then we'll plot it +and I'm just saying choosing some bins + + align:start position:0% +and I'm just saying choosing some bins + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm just saying choosing some bins +and some colors and some style and + + align:start position:0% +and some colors and some style and + + + align:start position:0% +and some colors and some style and +various other things just to show you + + align:start position:0% +various other things just to show you + + + align:start position:0% +various other things just to show you +how we use the keyword arguments so for + + align:start position:0% +how we use the keyword arguments so for + + + align:start position:0% +how we use the keyword arguments so for +actually I said num rolls is is the + + align:start position:0% +actually I said num rolls is is the + + + align:start position:0% +actually I said num rolls is is the +number of trials but it isn't quite fat + + align:start position:0% +number of trials but it isn't quite fat + + + align:start position:0% +number of trials but it isn't quite fat +because I'm going to get the number of + + align:start position:0% +because I'm going to get the number of + + + align:start position:0% +because I'm going to get the number of +trials by dividing the number of rolls + + align:start position:0% +trials by dividing the number of rolls + + + align:start position:0% +trials by dividing the number of rolls +by the number of dice so if I have more + + align:start position:0% +by the number of dice so if I have more + + + align:start position:0% +by the number of dice so if I have more +dice I get to have fewer samples + + align:start position:0% +dice I get to have fewer samples + + + align:start position:0% +dice I get to have fewer samples +more dice per sample all right then + + align:start position:0% +more dice per sample all right then + + + align:start position:0% +more dice per sample all right then +we'll just do it so it will be between 0 + + align:start position:0% +we'll just do it so it will be between 0 + + + align:start position:0% +we'll just do it so it will be between 0 +& 5 because random dot random returns a + + align:start position:0% +& 5 because random dot random returns a + + + align:start position:0% +& 5 because random dot random returns a +number between 0 & 1 + + align:start position:0% +number between 0 & 1 + + + align:start position:0% +number between 0 & 1 +and I'm multiplying it by 5 and then + + align:start position:0% +and I'm multiplying it by 5 and then + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm multiplying it by 5 and then +we'll look at the means and we'll plot + + align:start position:0% +we'll look at the means and we'll plot + + + align:start position:0% +we'll look at the means and we'll plot +it all again we're playing games with + + align:start position:0% +it all again we're playing games with + + + align:start position:0% +it all again we're playing games with +weights just to make the plot a little + + align:start position:0% +weights just to make the plot a little + + + align:start position:0% +weights just to make the plot a little +easier to read and here's what we get if + + align:start position:0% +easier to read and here's what we get if + + + align:start position:0% +easier to read and here's what we get if +we roll one die the mean is very close + + align:start position:0% +we roll one die the mean is very close + + + align:start position:0% +we roll one die the mean is very close +to 2.5 well that's certainly what you'd + + align:start position:0% +to 2.5 well that's certainly what you'd + + + align:start position:0% +to 2.5 well that's certainly what you'd +expect right it's some random number + + align:start position:0% +expect right it's some random number + + + align:start position:0% +expect right it's some random number +between 0 & 5 2.5 is a pretty good guess + + align:start position:0% +between 0 & 5 2.5 is a pretty good guess + + + align:start position:0% +between 0 & 5 2.5 is a pretty good guess +as to what it should average and it has + + align:start position:0% +as to what it should average and it has + + + align:start position:0% +as to what it should average and it has +a standard deviation of 1 point 4 4 + + align:start position:0% +a standard deviation of 1 point 4 4 + + + align:start position:0% +a standard deviation of 1 point 4 4 +that's a little harder to guess that + + align:start position:0% +that's a little harder to guess that + + + align:start position:0% +that's a little harder to guess that +that's what it would be but you could + + align:start position:0% +that's what it would be but you could + + + align:start position:0% +that's what it would be but you could +figure it out a little math or as I did + + align:start position:0% +figure it out a little math or as I did + + + align:start position:0% +figure it out a little math or as I did +here with the simulation but now if I + + align:start position:0% +here with the simulation but now if I + + + align:start position:0% +here with the simulation but now if I +roll 50 dice + + align:start position:0% +roll 50 dice + + + align:start position:0% +roll 50 dice +well again the mean is close to 2.5 it's + + align:start position:0% +well again the mean is close to 2.5 it's + + + align:start position:0% +well again the mean is close to 2.5 it's +what you'd expect right I roll 50 dice I + + align:start position:0% +what you'd expect right I roll 50 dice I + + + align:start position:0% +what you'd expect right I roll 50 dice I +get the mean value of those 50 but look + + align:start position:0% +get the mean value of those 50 but look + + + align:start position:0% +get the mean value of those 50 but look +how much smaller the standard deviation + + align:start position:0% +how much smaller the standard deviation + + + align:start position:0% +how much smaller the standard deviation +is more importantly what we see here is + + align:start position:0% +is more importantly what we see here is + + + align:start position:0% +is more importantly what we see here is +that if we look at the value the + + align:start position:0% +that if we look at the value the + + + align:start position:0% +that if we look at the value the +probability is flat for all possible + + align:start position:0% +probability is flat for all possible + + + align:start position:0% +probability is flat for all possible +values between 0 & 5 for a single die + + align:start position:0% +values between 0 & 5 for a single die + + + align:start position:0% +values between 0 & 5 for a single die +but if we look at the distribution for + + align:start position:0% +but if we look at the distribution for + + + align:start position:0% +but if we look at the distribution for +the means it's not quite Gaussian but + + align:start position:0% +the means it's not quite Gaussian but + + + align:start position:0% +the means it's not quite Gaussian but +it's pretty close why is it not Gaussian + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty close why is it not Gaussian + + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty close why is it not Gaussian +well I didn't do it an infinite number + + align:start position:0% +well I didn't do it an infinite number + + + align:start position:0% +well I didn't do it an infinite number +of times did it quite a few but not an + + align:start position:0% +of times did it quite a few but not an + + + align:start position:0% +of times did it quite a few but not an +infinite number enough that you didn't + + align:start position:0% +infinite number enough that you didn't + + + align:start position:0% +infinite number enough that you didn't +want to sit here while it ran + + align:start position:0% +want to sit here while it ran + + + align:start position:0% +want to sit here while it ran +but you can see the amazing thing here + + align:start position:0% +but you can see the amazing thing here + + + align:start position:0% +but you can see the amazing thing here +that when I go from looking at one to + + align:start position:0% +that when I go from looking at one to + + + align:start position:0% +that when I go from looking at one to +looking at the mean of 50 suddenly I + + align:start position:0% +looking at the mean of 50 suddenly I + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the mean of 50 suddenly I +have a normal distribution and that + + align:start position:0% +have a normal distribution and that + + + align:start position:0% +have a normal distribution and that +means that I can bring to bear on the + + align:start position:0% +means that I can bring to bear on the + + + align:start position:0% +means that I can bring to bear on the +problem the central limit theorem we can + + align:start position:0% +problem the central limit theorem we can + + + align:start position:0% +problem the central limit theorem we can +try it for roulette again I'm not going + + align:start position:0% +try it for roulette again I'm not going + + + align:start position:0% +try it for roulette again I'm not going +to make you sit through a million trials + + align:start position:0% +to make you sit through a million trials + + + align:start position:0% +to make you sit through a million trials +of 200 spins each I'll do it only for + + align:start position:0% +of 200 spins each I'll do it only for + + + align:start position:0% +of 200 spins each I'll do it only for +fair roulette and again this is a very + + align:start position:0% +fair roulette and again this is a very + + + align:start position:0% +fair roulette and again this is a very +simple simulation and we'll see what we + + align:start position:0% +simple simulation and we'll see what we + + + align:start position:0% +simple simulation and we'll see what we +get + + align:start position:0% +get + + + align:start position:0% +get +and what we see is it's not quite normal + + align:start position:0% +and what we see is it's not quite normal + + + align:start position:0% +and what we see is it's not quite normal +again but it definitely has that shape + + align:start position:0% +again but it definitely has that shape + + + align:start position:0% +again but it definitely has that shape +now it's going to be a little bit + + align:start position:0% +now it's going to be a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +now it's going to be a little bit +strange because I can't lose more than + + align:start position:0% +strange because I can't lose more than + + + align:start position:0% +strange because I can't lose more than +one right if I'm betting one so it will + + align:start position:0% +one right if I'm betting one so it will + + + align:start position:0% +one right if I'm betting one so it will +never be quite normal right because it's + + align:start position:0% +never be quite normal right because it's + + + align:start position:0% +never be quite normal right because it's +going to be truncated down on the left + + align:start position:0% +going to be truncated down on the left + + + align:start position:0% +going to be truncated down on the left +side whereas the tail can be arbitrarily + + align:start position:0% +side whereas the tail can be arbitrarily + + + align:start position:0% +side whereas the tail can be arbitrarily +long so again we'll mathematically it + + align:start position:0% +long so again we'll mathematically it + + + align:start position:0% +long so again we'll mathematically it +can't be normal but it's close enough in + + align:start position:0% +can't be normal but it's close enough in + + + align:start position:0% +can't be normal but it's close enough in +the main region where most of the values + + align:start position:0% +the main region where most of the values + + + align:start position:0% +the main region where most of the values +lie that we can get away with applying + + align:start position:0% +lie that we can get away with applying + + + align:start position:0% +lie that we can get away with applying +the empirical rule and looking at + + align:start position:0% +the empirical rule and looking at + + + align:start position:0% +the empirical rule and looking at +answers and indeed as we saw it does + + align:start position:0% +answers and indeed as we saw it does + + + align:start position:0% +answers and indeed as we saw it does +work so what's the moral here it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +work so what's the moral here it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +work so what's the moral here it doesn't +matter what the shape of the + + align:start position:0% +matter what the shape of the + + + align:start position:0% +matter what the shape of the +distribution of the original values + + align:start position:0% +distribution of the original values + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of the original values +happen to be if we're trying to estimate + + align:start position:0% +happen to be if we're trying to estimate + + + align:start position:0% +happen to be if we're trying to estimate +the mean using samples that are + + align:start position:0% +the mean using samples that are + + + align:start position:0% +the mean using samples that are +sufficiently large the CLT will allow us + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently large the CLT will allow us + + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently large the CLT will allow us +to use the empirical rule when computing + + align:start position:0% +to use the empirical rule when computing + + + align:start position:0% +to use the empirical rule when computing +confidence intervals + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +even if we go back and look at this + + align:start position:0% +even if we go back and look at this + + + align:start position:0% +even if we go back and look at this +anomaly over on the left what do you + + align:start position:0% +anomaly over on the left what do you + + + align:start position:0% +anomaly over on the left what do you +think would happen if I instead of had + + align:start position:0% +think would happen if I instead of had + + + align:start position:0% +think would happen if I instead of had +200 had say a thousand what's the + + align:start position:0% +200 had say a thousand what's the + + + align:start position:0% +200 had say a thousand what's the +probability of the average return being + + align:start position:0% +probability of the average return being + + + align:start position:0% +probability of the average return being +minus one of a thousand bets much + + align:start position:0% +minus one of a thousand bets much + + + align:start position:0% +minus one of a thousand bets much +smaller right than for a hundred bets to + + align:start position:0% +smaller right than for a hundred bets to + + + align:start position:0% +smaller right than for a hundred bets to +lose a thousand times in a row is pretty + + align:start position:0% +lose a thousand times in a row is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +lose a thousand times in a row is pretty +unlikely so to get all the way to the + + align:start position:0% +unlikely so to get all the way to the + + + align:start position:0% +unlikely so to get all the way to the +left is going to be less likely and + + align:start position:0% +left is going to be less likely and + + + align:start position:0% +left is going to be less likely and +therefore the thing will start looking + + align:start position:0% +therefore the thing will start looking + + + align:start position:0% +therefore the thing will start looking +more and more normal as the samples get + + align:start position:0% +more and more normal as the samples get + + + align:start position:0% +more and more normal as the samples get +bigger all right and so we can use the + + align:start position:0% +bigger all right and so we can use the + + + align:start position:0% +bigger all right and so we can use the +CLT to justify using the empirical rule + + align:start position:0% +CLT to justify using the empirical rule + + + align:start position:0% +CLT to justify using the empirical rule +when we compute confidence intervals all + + align:start position:0% +when we compute confidence intervals all + + + align:start position:0% +when we compute confidence intervals all +right I want to look at one more example + + align:start position:0% +right I want to look at one more example + + + align:start position:0% +right I want to look at one more example +in detail this is kind of an interesting + + align:start position:0% +in detail this is kind of an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +in detail this is kind of an interesting +one you might think that randomness is + + align:start position:0% +one you might think that randomness is + + + align:start position:0% +one you might think that randomness is +of no use for say finding the value of + + align:start position:0% +of no use for say finding the value of + + + align:start position:0% +of no use for say finding the value of +pi because there's nothing random about + + align:start position:0% +pi because there's nothing random about + + + align:start position:0% +pi because there's nothing random about +that similarly you might think that + + align:start position:0% +that similarly you might think that + + + align:start position:0% +that similarly you might think that +randomness was of no use in integrating + + align:start position:0% +randomness was of no use in integrating + + + align:start position:0% +randomness was of no use in integrating +a function but in fact the way those + + align:start position:0% +a function but in fact the way those + + + align:start position:0% +a function but in fact the way those +numerical algorithms work is they use + + align:start position:0% +numerical algorithms work is they use + + + align:start position:0% +numerical algorithms work is they use +randomness what you're about to see is + + align:start position:0% +randomness what you're about to see is + + + align:start position:0% +randomness what you're about to see is +that randomness and indeed things + + align:start position:0% +that randomness and indeed things + + + align:start position:0% +that randomness and indeed things +related to Monte Carlo simulations can + + align:start position:0% +related to Monte Carlo simulations can + + + align:start position:0% +related to Monte Carlo simulations can +be enormous ly useful even when you're + + align:start position:0% +be enormous ly useful even when you're + + + align:start position:0% +be enormous ly useful even when you're +computing something that is inherently + + align:start position:0% +computing something that is inherently + + + align:start position:0% +computing something that is inherently +not random like the value at pi here and + + align:start position:0% +not random like the value at pi here and + + + align:start position:0% +not random like the value at pi here and +we won't ask you to remember that many + + align:start position:0% +we won't ask you to remember that many + + + align:start position:0% +we won't ask you to remember that many +digits on the quiz in the exam all right + + align:start position:0% +digits on the quiz in the exam all right + + + align:start position:0% +digits on the quiz in the exam all right +so what's pi well people have known + + align:start position:0% +so what's pi well people have known + + + align:start position:0% +so what's pi well people have known +about pi for thousands and thousands of + + align:start position:0% +about pi for thousands and thousands of + + + align:start position:0% +about pi for thousands and thousands of +years and what people knew was that + + align:start position:0% +years and what people knew was that + + + align:start position:0% +years and what people knew was that +there was some constant we'll call it pi + + align:start position:0% +there was some constant we'll call it pi + + + align:start position:0% +there was some constant we'll call it pi +it wasn't always called that such that + + align:start position:0% +it wasn't always called that such that + + + align:start position:0% +it wasn't always called that such that +it was equal to the circumference of a + + align:start position:0% +it was equal to the circumference of a + + + align:start position:0% +it was equal to the circumference of a +circle divided by the diameter and + + align:start position:0% +circle divided by the diameter and + + + align:start position:0% +circle divided by the diameter and +furthermore the area was going to be pi + + align:start position:0% +furthermore the area was going to be pi + + + align:start position:0% +furthermore the area was going to be pi +r-squared people knew that way back to + + align:start position:0% +r-squared people knew that way back to + + + align:start position:0% +r-squared people knew that way back to +the Babylonians and Egyptians + + align:start position:0% +the Babylonians and Egyptians + + + align:start position:0% +the Babylonians and Egyptians +what they didn't know is what that value + + align:start position:0% +what they didn't know is what that value + + + align:start position:0% +what they didn't know is what that value +was the earliest-known estimate of Pi + + align:start position:0% +was the earliest-known estimate of Pi + + + align:start position:0% +was the earliest-known estimate of Pi +was by the Egyptians on something called + + align:start position:0% +was by the Egyptians on something called + + + align:start position:0% +was by the Egyptians on something called +the Rhind papyrus pictured here and they + + align:start position:0% +the Rhind papyrus pictured here and they + + + align:start position:0% +the Rhind papyrus pictured here and they +estimated PI to be 4 times 8 over 9 + + align:start position:0% +estimated PI to be 4 times 8 over 9 + + + align:start position:0% +estimated PI to be 4 times 8 over 9 +squared or 3.16 not so bad about 1100 + + align:start position:0% +squared or 3.16 not so bad about 1100 + + + align:start position:0% +squared or 3.16 not so bad about 1100 +years later + + align:start position:0% +years later + + + align:start position:0% +years later +later an estimate of Pi appeared in the + + align:start position:0% +later an estimate of Pi appeared in the + + + align:start position:0% +later an estimate of Pi appeared in the +Bible King 723 didn't say pi is but it + + align:start position:0% +Bible King 723 didn't say pi is but it + + + align:start position:0% +Bible King 723 didn't say pi is but it +described I think this was a + + align:start position:0% +described I think this was a + + + align:start position:0% +described I think this was a +construction of King Solomon's Temple + + align:start position:0% +construction of King Solomon's Temple + + + align:start position:0% +construction of King Solomon's Temple +he made a molten sea ten cubits from one + + align:start position:0% +he made a molten sea ten cubits from one + + + align:start position:0% +he made a molten sea ten cubits from one +room to the other + + align:start position:0% +room to the other + + + align:start position:0% +room to the other +it was round ie was a circle his height + + align:start position:0% +it was round ie was a circle his height + + + align:start position:0% +it was round ie was a circle his height +was five cubits and a line of thirty + + align:start position:0% +was five cubits and a line of thirty + + + align:start position:0% +was five cubits and a line of thirty +cubits did compass it round about well + + align:start position:0% +cubits did compass it round about well + + + align:start position:0% +cubits did compass it round about well +if you do the arithmetic what does this + + align:start position:0% +if you do the arithmetic what does this + + + align:start position:0% +if you do the arithmetic what does this +imply the value of pi to be three and + + align:start position:0% +imply the value of pi to be three and + + + align:start position:0% +imply the value of pi to be three and +I'm sure that's what Mike Pence thinks + + align:start position:0% +I'm sure that's what Mike Pence thinks + + + align:start position:0% +I'm sure that's what Mike Pence thinks +it is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +about about 300 years later Archimedes + + align:start position:0% +about about 300 years later Archimedes + + + align:start position:0% +about about 300 years later Archimedes +did a better job of it he estimated PI + + align:start position:0% +did a better job of it he estimated PI + + + align:start position:0% +did a better job of it he estimated PI +by constructing a 96 sided polygon + + align:start position:0% +by constructing a 96 sided polygon + + + align:start position:0% +by constructing a 96 sided polygon +there's a picture of one it looks a lot + + align:start position:0% +there's a picture of one it looks a lot + + + align:start position:0% +there's a picture of one it looks a lot +like a circle on the left is one with + + align:start position:0% +like a circle on the left is one with + + + align:start position:0% +like a circle on the left is one with +fewer sides and what he did is he then + + align:start position:0% +fewer sides and what he did is he then + + + align:start position:0% +fewer sides and what he did is he then +since it was a polygon he knew how to + + align:start position:0% +since it was a polygon he knew how to + + + align:start position:0% +since it was a polygon he knew how to +compute its area or circumference and he + + align:start position:0% +compute its area or circumference and he + + + align:start position:0% +compute its area or circumference and he +just counted things up and he said well + + align:start position:0% +just counted things up and he said well + + + align:start position:0% +just counted things up and he said well +pi is somewhere between 223 over 71 and + + align:start position:0% +pi is somewhere between 223 over 71 and + + + align:start position:0% +pi is somewhere between 223 over 71 and +22 over 7 and that turns out to actually + + align:start position:0% +22 over 7 and that turns out to actually + + + align:start position:0% +22 over 7 and that turns out to actually +if you look take the average of that be + + align:start position:0% +if you look take the average of that be + + + align:start position:0% +if you look take the average of that be +a really good estimate two thousand + + align:start position:0% +a really good estimate two thousand + + + align:start position:0% +a really good estimate two thousand +years after Archimedes the French + + align:start position:0% +years after Archimedes the French + + + align:start position:0% +years after Archimedes the French +mathematicians Buffon and Laplace + + align:start position:0% +mathematicians Buffon and Laplace + + + align:start position:0% +mathematicians Buffon and Laplace +proposed finding the value of pi using + + align:start position:0% +proposed finding the value of pi using + + + align:start position:0% +proposed finding the value of pi using +what we would today call a Monte Carlo + + align:start position:0% +what we would today call a Monte Carlo + + + align:start position:0% +what we would today call a Monte Carlo +simulation they did not have a computer + + align:start position:0% +simulation they did not have a computer + + + align:start position:0% +simulation they did not have a computer +to execute this on so what they proposed + + align:start position:0% +to execute this on so what they proposed + + + align:start position:0% +to execute this on so what they proposed +started with this mathematics they took + + align:start position:0% +started with this mathematics they took + + + align:start position:0% +started with this mathematics they took +a circle and inscribed it in a square + + align:start position:0% +a circle and inscribed it in a square + + + align:start position:0% +a circle and inscribed it in a square +the square of 2 / 2 units of whatever it + + align:start position:0% +the square of 2 / 2 units of whatever it + + + align:start position:0% +the square of 2 / 2 units of whatever it +is per side and therefore we know that + + align:start position:0% +is per side and therefore we know that + + + align:start position:0% +is per side and therefore we know that +the area of the square is 2 times 2 or 4 + + align:start position:0% +the area of the square is 2 times 2 or 4 + + + align:start position:0% +the area of the square is 2 times 2 or 4 +we know that the area of the circle is + + align:start position:0% +we know that the area of the circle is + + + align:start position:0% +we know that the area of the circle is +PI R squared and since we know that R is + + align:start position:0% +PI R squared and since we know that R is + + + align:start position:0% +PI R squared and since we know that R is +1 because that's the square it's + + align:start position:0% +1 because that's the square it's + + + align:start position:0% +1 because that's the square it's +inscribed in we know that the area of + + align:start position:0% +inscribed in we know that the area of + + + align:start position:0% +inscribed in we know that the area of +the circle is exactly PI what befall + + align:start position:0% +the circle is exactly PI what befall + + + align:start position:0% +the circle is exactly PI what befall +then proposed was dropping a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +then proposed was dropping a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +then proposed was dropping a bunch of +needles at random you know kind of like + + align:start position:0% +needles at random you know kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +needles at random you know kind of like +when Professor Grimson was sorting + + align:start position:0% +when Professor Grimson was sorting + + + align:start position:0% +when Professor Grimson was sorting +things and seeing where they land some + + align:start position:0% +things and seeing where they land some + + + align:start position:0% +things and seeing where they land some +would land in the square but not in the + + align:start position:0% +would land in the square but not in the + + + align:start position:0% +would land in the square but not in the +circle some would land in the circle you + + align:start position:0% +circle some would land in the circle you + + + align:start position:0% +circle some would land in the circle you +would ignore any that landed outside the + + align:start position:0% +would ignore any that landed outside the + + + align:start position:0% +would ignore any that landed outside the +square and then they said well since + + align:start position:0% +square and then they said well since + + + align:start position:0% +square and then they said well since +they're falling at random + + align:start position:0% +they're falling at random + + + align:start position:0% +they're falling at random +the ratio of the needles in the circle + + align:start position:0% +the ratio of the needles in the circle + + + align:start position:0% +the ratio of the needles in the circle +to needles in the square should exactly + + align:start position:0% +to needles in the square should exactly + + + align:start position:0% +to needles in the square should exactly +equal the area of the square over the + + align:start position:0% +equal the area of the square over the + + + align:start position:0% +equal the area of the square over the +area of the circle exactly if you did an + + align:start position:0% +area of the circle exactly if you did an + + + align:start position:0% +area of the circle exactly if you did an +infinite number of needles that makes + + align:start position:0% +infinite number of needles that makes + + + align:start position:0% +infinite number of needles that makes +sense now + + align:start position:0% +sense now + + + align:start position:0% +sense now +given that you can do some algebra and + + align:start position:0% +given that you can do some algebra and + + + align:start position:0% +given that you can do some algebra and +solve for the area of the circle and say + + align:start position:0% +solve for the area of the circle and say + + + align:start position:0% +solve for the area of the circle and say +it has to be the area of the square + + align:start position:0% +it has to be the area of the square + + + align:start position:0% +it has to be the area of the square +times the number of needles in the + + align:start position:0% +times the number of needles in the + + + align:start position:0% +times the number of needles in the +circle divided by the needles in the + + align:start position:0% +circle divided by the needles in the + + + align:start position:0% +circle divided by the needles in the +square and since we know that the area + + align:start position:0% +square and since we know that the area + + + align:start position:0% +square and since we know that the area +of the circle is PI that tells us that + + align:start position:0% +of the circle is PI that tells us that + + + align:start position:0% +of the circle is PI that tells us that +pi is going to equal 4 times a needles + + align:start position:0% +pi is going to equal 4 times a needles + + + align:start position:0% +pi is going to equal 4 times a needles +in the circle that's 4 is the area of + + align:start position:0% +in the circle that's 4 is the area of + + + align:start position:0% +in the circle that's 4 is the area of +the square divided by the number of + + align:start position:0% +the square divided by the number of + + + align:start position:0% +the square divided by the number of +needles in the square and so the + + align:start position:0% +needles in the square and so the + + + align:start position:0% +needles in the square and so the +argument was you can just drop a bunch + + align:start position:0% +argument was you can just drop a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +argument was you can just drop a bunch +of these needles see where they land add + + align:start position:0% +of these needles see where they land add + + + align:start position:0% +of these needles see where they land add +them up and from that you would + + align:start position:0% +them up and from that you would + + + align:start position:0% +them up and from that you would +magically now know the actual value of + + align:start position:0% +magically now know the actual value of + + + align:start position:0% +magically now know the actual value of +pi well we try to simulation one year in + + align:start position:0% +pi well we try to simulation one year in + + + align:start position:0% +pi well we try to simulation one year in +class but rather than using needles we + + align:start position:0% +class but rather than using needles we + + + align:start position:0% +class but rather than using needles we +had an archer and we blindfolded him so + + align:start position:0% +had an archer and we blindfolded him so + + + align:start position:0% +had an archer and we blindfolded him so +he would shoot arrows at random and we + + align:start position:0% +he would shoot arrows at random and we + + + align:start position:0% +he would shoot arrows at random and we +would see how many see where they ended + + align:start position:0% +would see how many see where they ended + + + align:start position:0% +would see how many see where they ended +up there's a video of this here if you + + align:start position:0% +up there's a video of this here if you + + + align:start position:0% +up there's a video of this here if you +want to see it I'm going to play only + + align:start position:0% +want to see it I'm going to play only + + + align:start position:0% +want to see it I'm going to play only +the very end of the video which + + align:start position:0% +the very end of the video which + + + align:start position:0% +the very end of the video which +describes the results + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +maybe we should just use Python to build + + align:start position:0% +maybe we should just use Python to build + + + align:start position:0% +maybe we should just use Python to build +a Monte Carlo simulation instead so + + align:start position:0% +a Monte Carlo simulation instead so + + + align:start position:0% +a Monte Carlo simulation instead so +that's what happened after it was all + + align:start position:0% +that's what happened after it was all + + + align:start position:0% +that's what happened after it was all +over Anna came up and gave me some sound + + align:start position:0% +over Anna came up and gave me some sound + + + align:start position:0% +over Anna came up and gave me some sound +advice yeah I was very proud of that + + align:start position:0% +advice yeah I was very proud of that + + + align:start position:0% +advice yeah I was very proud of that +particular shot with the Apple + + align:start position:0% +particular shot with the Apple + + + align:start position:0% +particular shot with the Apple +I had hoped the student would put it on + + align:start position:0% +I had hoped the student would put it on + + + align:start position:0% +I had hoped the student would put it on +his or her head but no one volunteered + + align:start position:0% +his or her head but no one volunteered + + + align:start position:0% +his or her head but no one volunteered +that was not done blindfolded any rate + + align:start position:0% +that was not done blindfolded any rate + + + align:start position:0% +that was not done blindfolded any rate +so here's the simulation so first we + + align:start position:0% +so here's the simulation so first we + + + align:start position:0% +so here's the simulation so first we +have throwing the needles for needles + + align:start position:0% +have throwing the needles for needles + + + align:start position:0% +have throwing the needles for needles +and range one to number of needles plus + + align:start position:0% +and range one to number of needles plus + + + align:start position:0% +and range one to number of needles plus +one we're going to choose at random X a + + align:start position:0% +one we're going to choose at random X a + + + align:start position:0% +one we're going to choose at random X a +random Y and we're going to see whether + + align:start position:0% +random Y and we're going to see whether + + + align:start position:0% +random Y and we're going to see whether +or not it's in the circle and there + + align:start position:0% +or not it's in the circle and there + + + align:start position:0% +or not it's in the circle and there +we'll use the Pythagorean theorem to + + align:start position:0% +we'll use the Pythagorean theorem to + + + align:start position:0% +we'll use the Pythagorean theorem to +tell us that all right and we'll just do + + align:start position:0% +tell us that all right and we'll just do + + + align:start position:0% +tell us that all right and we'll just do +this and then we're going to return + + align:start position:0% +this and then we're going to return + + + align:start position:0% +this and then we're going to return +exactly the formula we saw in the + + align:start position:0% +exactly the formula we saw in the + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the formula we saw in the +previous slide now comes an interesting + + align:start position:0% +previous slide now comes an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +previous slide now comes an interesting +part we need to get an estimate so we + + align:start position:0% +part we need to get an estimate so we + + + align:start position:0% +part we need to get an estimate so we +start with the number of needles and the + + align:start position:0% +start with the number of needles and the + + + align:start position:0% +start with the number of needles and the +number of trials for t and range number + + align:start position:0% +number of trials for t and range number + + + align:start position:0% +number of trials for t and range number +of trials we'll get a guess + + align:start position:0% +of trials we'll get a guess + + + align:start position:0% +of trials we'll get a guess +by throwing number of needles and then + + align:start position:0% +by throwing number of needles and then + + + align:start position:0% +by throwing number of needles and then +we'll append that guess to our list of + + align:start position:0% +we'll append that guess to our list of + + + align:start position:0% +we'll append that guess to our list of +estimates we'll then compute the + + align:start position:0% +estimates we'll then compute the + + + align:start position:0% +estimates we'll then compute the +standard deviation get the current + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation get the current + + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation get the current +estimate which will be the sum of the + + align:start position:0% +estimate which will be the sum of the + + + align:start position:0% +estimate which will be the sum of the +estimates divided by the Len of the + + align:start position:0% +estimates divided by the Len of the + + + align:start position:0% +estimates divided by the Len of the +estimates just the mean of the estimates + + align:start position:0% +estimates just the mean of the estimates + + + align:start position:0% +estimates just the mean of the estimates +and then we'll print it all right so + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll print it all right so + + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll print it all right so +given a number of needles and a number + + align:start position:0% +given a number of needles and a number + + + align:start position:0% +given a number of needles and a number +of trials we'll estimate pi and we'll + + align:start position:0% +of trials we'll estimate pi and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +of trials we'll estimate pi and we'll +give you the standard deviation of that + + align:start position:0% +give you the standard deviation of that + + + align:start position:0% +give you the standard deviation of that +estimate however to do that within a + + align:start position:0% +estimate however to do that within a + + + align:start position:0% +estimate however to do that within a +certain precision I'm going to have yet + + align:start position:0% +certain precision I'm going to have yet + + + align:start position:0% +certain precision I'm going to have yet +another loop and I'm showing you this + + align:start position:0% +another loop and I'm showing you this + + + align:start position:0% +another loop and I'm showing you this +because we often structure simulations + + align:start position:0% +because we often structure simulations + + + align:start position:0% +because we often structure simulations +this way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what I'm have here is well the number + + align:start position:0% +so what I'm have here is well the number + + + align:start position:0% +so what I'm have here is well the number +of trials which is not so interesting + + align:start position:0% +of trials which is not so interesting + + + align:start position:0% +of trials which is not so interesting +but the precision I'm saying I would + + align:start position:0% +but the precision I'm saying I would + + + align:start position:0% +but the precision I'm saying I would +like to know the value of pi' and I + + align:start position:0% +like to know the value of pi' and I + + + align:start position:0% +like to know the value of pi' and I +would like to have good reason to + + align:start position:0% +would like to have good reason to + + + align:start position:0% +would like to have good reason to +believe that the value give me is within + + align:start position:0% +believe that the value give me is within + + + align:start position:0% +believe that the value give me is within +point zero five in this case of the true + + align:start position:0% +point zero five in this case of the true + + + align:start position:0% +point zero five in this case of the true +value okay or maybe more precisely I + + align:start position:0% +value okay or maybe more precisely I + + + align:start position:0% +value okay or maybe more precisely I +would like to know with a confidence of + + align:start position:0% +would like to know with a confidence of + + + align:start position:0% +would like to know with a confidence of +95% that the true value is within a + + align:start position:0% +95% that the true value is within a + + + align:start position:0% +95% that the true value is within a +certain range so what this is going to + + align:start position:0% +certain range so what this is going to + + + align:start position:0% +certain range so what this is going to +do is it's just going to I should + + align:start position:0% +do is it's just going to I should + + + align:start position:0% +do is it's just going to I should +probably use 1.96 instead of two but oh + + align:start position:0% +probably use 1.96 instead of two but oh + + + align:start position:0% +probably use 1.96 instead of two but oh +well it's just going to keep increasing + + align:start position:0% +well it's just going to keep increasing + + + align:start position:0% +well it's just going to keep increasing +the number of needles doubling the + + align:start position:0% +the number of needles doubling the + + + align:start position:0% +the number of needles doubling the +number of needles until it's confident + + align:start position:0% +number of needles until it's confident + + + align:start position:0% +number of needles until it's confident +about the estimate they're confident + + align:start position:0% +about the estimate they're confident + + + align:start position:0% +about the estimate they're confident +enough all right so this is a very + + align:start position:0% +enough all right so this is a very + + + align:start position:0% +enough all right so this is a very +common thing we don't know how many + + align:start position:0% +common thing we don't know how many + + + align:start position:0% +common thing we don't know how many +needles we should need so let's just + + align:start position:0% +needles we should need so let's just + + + align:start position:0% +needles we should need so let's just +start with some small number and we'll + + align:start position:0% +start with some small number and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +start with some small number and we'll +keep going until we're good all right + + align:start position:0% +keep going until we're good all right + + + align:start position:0% +keep going until we're good all right +what happens when we run it well we + + align:start position:0% +what happens when we run it well we + + + align:start position:0% +what happens when we run it well we +start with some estimates that when we + + align:start position:0% +start with some estimates that when we + + + align:start position:0% +start with some estimates that when we +had a thousand needles it told us that + + align:start position:0% +had a thousand needles it told us that + + + align:start position:0% +had a thousand needles it told us that +pi was three point one four eight and + + align:start position:0% +pi was three point one four eight and + + + align:start position:0% +pi was three point one four eight and +standard deviation was 0.04 seven etc so + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation was 0.04 seven etc so + + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation was 0.04 seven etc so +a couple of things to notice one are my + + align:start position:0% +a couple of things to notice one are my + + + align:start position:0% +a couple of things to notice one are my +estimates of Pi getting monotonically + + align:start position:0% +estimates of Pi getting monotonically + + + align:start position:0% +estimates of Pi getting monotonically +better you'd like to think as I add more + + align:start position:0% +better you'd like to think as I add more + + + align:start position:0% +better you'd like to think as I add more +needles my estimates are getting more + + align:start position:0% +needles my estimates are getting more + + + align:start position:0% +needles my estimates are getting more +accurate so that's question one are they + + align:start position:0% +accurate so that's question one are they + + + align:start position:0% +accurate so that's question one are they +getting more accurate not monotonically + + align:start position:0% +getting more accurate not monotonically + + + align:start position:0% +getting more accurate not monotonically +right if we look at it where where are + + align:start position:0% +right if we look at it where where are + + + align:start position:0% +right if we look at it where where are +they getting worse so let's see three + + align:start position:0% +they getting worse so let's see three + + + align:start position:0% +they getting worse so let's see three +all right three point one four eight + + align:start position:0% +all right three point one four eight + + + align:start position:0% +all right three point one four eight +well three point one three is already + + align:start position:0% +well three point one three is already + + + align:start position:0% +well three point one three is already +worse right + + align:start position:0% +worse right + + + align:start position:0% +worse right +so I double the number of needles and I + + align:start position:0% +so I double the number of needles and I + + + align:start position:0% +so I double the number of needles and I +get a worse estimate now the trend is + + align:start position:0% +get a worse estimate now the trend is + + + align:start position:0% +get a worse estimate now the trend is +good right by the time I get here I've + + align:start position:0% +good right by the time I get here I've + + + align:start position:0% +good right by the time I get here I've +got a pretty good estimate so overall as + + align:start position:0% +got a pretty good estimate so overall as + + + align:start position:0% +got a pretty good estimate so overall as +I look at larger samples a bigger subset + + align:start position:0% +I look at larger samples a bigger subset + + + align:start position:0% +I look at larger samples a bigger subset +of the population my estimates are + + align:start position:0% +of the population my estimates are + + + align:start position:0% +of the population my estimates are +trending towards better but not every + + align:start position:0% +trending towards better but not every + + + align:start position:0% +trending towards better but not every +time on the other hand let's look at the + + align:start position:0% +time on the other hand let's look at the + + + align:start position:0% +time on the other hand let's look at the +standard deviations what we see here is + + align:start position:0% +standard deviations what we see here is + + + align:start position:0% +standard deviations what we see here is +that the standard deviations are indeed + + align:start position:0% +that the standard deviations are indeed + + + align:start position:0% +that the standard deviations are indeed +getting monotonically better now there's + + align:start position:0% +getting monotonically better now there's + + + align:start position:0% +getting monotonically better now there's +nothing mathematical guaranteeing that + + align:start position:0% +nothing mathematical guaranteeing that + + + align:start position:0% +nothing mathematical guaranteeing that +right because there is randomness here + + align:start position:0% +right because there is randomness here + + + align:start position:0% +right because there is randomness here +but I'm increasing the number of needles + + align:start position:0% +but I'm increasing the number of needles + + + align:start position:0% +but I'm increasing the number of needles +by so much that it kind of overrides the + + align:start position:0% +by so much that it kind of overrides the + + + align:start position:0% +by so much that it kind of overrides the +bad luck of maybe getting a bad random + + align:start position:0% +bad luck of maybe getting a bad random + + + align:start position:0% +bad luck of maybe getting a bad random +set and we see those are getting better + + align:start position:0% +set and we see those are getting better + + + align:start position:0% +set and we see those are getting better +so the important thing to see here is + + align:start position:0% +so the important thing to see here is + + + align:start position:0% +so the important thing to see here is +not that I happen to get a better + + align:start position:0% +not that I happen to get a better + + + align:start position:0% +not that I happen to get a better +estimate but that I know more about the + + align:start position:0% +estimate but that I know more about the + + + align:start position:0% +estimate but that I know more about the +accident I can have more confidence in + + align:start position:0% +accident I can have more confidence in + + + align:start position:0% +accident I can have more confidence in +the estimate because it's closing in on + + align:start position:0% +the estimate because it's closing in on + + + align:start position:0% +the estimate because it's closing in on +it so the moral here is it's not + + align:start position:0% +it so the moral here is it's not + + + align:start position:0% +it so the moral here is it's not +sufficient to produce a good answer I've + + align:start position:0% +sufficient to produce a good answer I've + + + align:start position:0% +sufficient to produce a good answer I've +said this before we need to have reason + + align:start position:0% +said this before we need to have reason + + + align:start position:0% +said this before we need to have reason +to believe that it is close to the right + + align:start position:0% +to believe that it is close to the right + + + align:start position:0% +to believe that it is close to the right +answer so in this case I'm using the + + align:start position:0% +answer so in this case I'm using the + + + align:start position:0% +answer so in this case I'm using the +standard deviation and say given that + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation and say given that + + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation and say given that +it's gotten quite small now two times + + align:start position:0% +it's gotten quite small now two times + + + align:start position:0% +it's gotten quite small now two times +point a 1.96 times 0.002 is indeed a + + align:start position:0% +point a 1.96 times 0.002 is indeed a + + + align:start position:0% +point a 1.96 times 0.002 is indeed a +small number I could make it smaller if + + align:start position:0% +small number I could make it smaller if + + + align:start position:0% +small number I could make it smaller if +I wanted I believe that I have good + + align:start position:0% +I wanted I believe that I have good + + + align:start position:0% +I wanted I believe that I have good +reason to believe I'm close to the right + + align:start position:0% +reason to believe I'm close to the right + + + align:start position:0% +reason to believe I'm close to the right +value of pi everyone agree with that + + align:start position:0% +value of pi everyone agree with that + + + align:start position:0% +value of pi everyone agree with that +that right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not quite actually it would be nice if + + align:start position:0% +not quite actually it would be nice if + + + align:start position:0% +not quite actually it would be nice if +it were true but it isn't so let's look + + align:start position:0% +it were true but it isn't so let's look + + + align:start position:0% +it were true but it isn't so let's look +at some things is it correct to state + + align:start position:0% +at some things is it correct to state + + + align:start position:0% +at some things is it correct to state +that 95% of the time we run this + + align:start position:0% +that 95% of the time we run this + + + align:start position:0% +that 95% of the time we run this +simulation we'll get an estimate of Pi + + align:start position:0% +simulation we'll get an estimate of Pi + + + align:start position:0% +simulation we'll get an estimate of Pi +between these two values I don't expect + + align:start position:0% +between these two values I don't expect + + + align:start position:0% +between these two values I don't expect +you to the arithmetic in your head but + + align:start position:0% +you to the arithmetic in your head but + + + align:start position:0% +you to the arithmetic in your head but +the answer is yes so that is something + + align:start position:0% +the answer is yes so that is something + + + align:start position:0% +the answer is yes so that is something +we believe is true by the math we've + + align:start position:0% +we believe is true by the math we've + + + align:start position:0% +we believe is true by the math we've +been looking at for the last two + + align:start position:0% +been looking at for the last two + + + align:start position:0% +been looking at for the last two +lectures next statement with the + + align:start position:0% +lectures next statement with the + + + align:start position:0% +lectures next statement with the +probability of 0.95 the actual value of + + align:start position:0% +probability of 0.95 the actual value of + + + align:start position:0% +probability of 0.95 the actual value of +pi is between these two things is that + + align:start position:0% +pi is between these two things is that + + + align:start position:0% +pi is between these two things is that +true in fact if I were to say with a + + align:start position:0% +true in fact if I were to say with a + + + align:start position:0% +true in fact if I were to say with a +probability of 1 the actual value is pi + + align:start position:0% +probability of 1 the actual value is pi + + + align:start position:0% +probability of 1 the actual value is pi +is between those two values would it be + + align:start position:0% +is between those two values would it be + + + align:start position:0% +is between those two values would it be +true yes so there are both true facts + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +however only the first of these can be + + align:start position:0% +however only the first of these can be + + + align:start position:0% +however only the first of these can be +inferred from our simulation while the + + align:start position:0% +inferred from our simulation while the + + + align:start position:0% +inferred from our simulation while the +second fact is true we can't infer it + + align:start position:0% +second fact is true we can't infer it + + + align:start position:0% +second fact is true we can't infer it +from the simulation and to show you that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +statistically valid is not the same as + + align:start position:0% +statistically valid is not the same as + + + align:start position:0% +statistically valid is not the same as +true we'll look at this I've introduced + + align:start position:0% +true we'll look at this I've introduced + + + align:start position:0% +true we'll look at this I've introduced +a bug in my simulation I've replaced the + + align:start position:0% +a bug in my simulation I've replaced the + + + align:start position:0% +a bug in my simulation I've replaced the +four that we saw we needed by 2 now easy + + align:start position:0% +four that we saw we needed by 2 now easy + + + align:start position:0% +four that we saw we needed by 2 now easy +kind of mistake to make and now we go to + + align:start position:0% +kind of mistake to make and now we go to + + + align:start position:0% +kind of mistake to make and now we go to +the code + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well what do you think will happen if we + + align:start position:0% +well what do you think will happen if we + + + align:start position:0% +well what do you think will happen if we +go to the code run it will try it will + + align:start position:0% +go to the code run it will try it will + + + align:start position:0% +go to the code run it will try it will +go down here to the code we'll make that + + align:start position:0% +go down here to the code we'll make that + + + align:start position:0% +go down here to the code we'll make that +a two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and what you'll see is it runs is that + + align:start position:0% +and what you'll see is it runs is that + + + align:start position:0% +and what you'll see is it runs is that +once again we're getting very nice + + align:start position:0% +once again we're getting very nice + + + align:start position:0% +once again we're getting very nice +confidence intervals but totally bogus + + align:start position:0% +confidence intervals but totally bogus + + + align:start position:0% +confidence intervals but totally bogus +values of pi all right so the statistics + + align:start position:0% +values of pi all right so the statistics + + + align:start position:0% +values of pi all right so the statistics +can tell us something about how + + align:start position:0% +can tell us something about how + + + align:start position:0% +can tell us something about how +reproducible our simulation is but not + + align:start position:0% +reproducible our simulation is but not + + + align:start position:0% +reproducible our simulation is but not +whether the simulation is an actually + + align:start position:0% +whether the simulation is an actually + + + align:start position:0% +whether the simulation is an actually +accurate model of reality so what do you + + align:start position:0% +accurate model of reality so what do you + + + align:start position:0% +accurate model of reality so what do you +need to do you need to do something like + + align:start position:0% +need to do you need to do something like + + + align:start position:0% +need to do you need to do something like +a sanity check so here you might look at + + align:start position:0% +a sanity check so here you might look at + + + align:start position:0% +a sanity check so here you might look at +a polygon and say well clearly that's a + + align:start position:0% +a polygon and say well clearly that's a + + + align:start position:0% +a polygon and say well clearly that's a +totally wrong number something is wrong + + align:start position:0% +totally wrong number something is wrong + + + align:start position:0% +totally wrong number something is wrong +with my code okay + + align:start position:0% +with my code okay + + + align:start position:0% +with my code okay +so just to wrap up what we've shown is a + + align:start position:0% +so just to wrap up what we've shown is a + + + align:start position:0% +so just to wrap up what we've shown is a +way to find pi this is a generally + + align:start position:0% +way to find pi this is a generally + + + align:start position:0% +way to find pi this is a generally +useful technique to estimate the area of + + align:start position:0% +useful technique to estimate the area of + + + align:start position:0% +useful technique to estimate the area of +any region R you pick an enclosing + + align:start position:0% +any region R you pick an enclosing + + + align:start position:0% +any region R you pick an enclosing +region call it e such that it's easy to + + align:start position:0% +region call it e such that it's easy to + + + align:start position:0% +region call it e such that it's easy to +estimate the area of E and R lies within + + align:start position:0% +estimate the area of E and R lies within + + + align:start position:0% +estimate the area of E and R lies within +it pick some random sets of points + + align:start position:0% +it pick some random sets of points + + + align:start position:0% +it pick some random sets of points +within E let F be the fraction and fall + + align:start position:0% +within E let F be the fraction and fall + + + align:start position:0% +within E let F be the fraction and fall +within R multiply e by F and you're done + + align:start position:0% +within R multiply e by F and you're done + + + align:start position:0% +within R multiply e by F and you're done +so this for example is a very common way + + align:start position:0% +so this for example is a very common way + + + align:start position:0% +so this for example is a very common way +to do integration I promised you we'd + + align:start position:0% +to do integration I promised you we'd + + + align:start position:0% +to do integration I promised you we'd +talk about integration so here's a sine + + align:start position:0% +talk about integration so here's a sine + + + align:start position:0% +talk about integration so here's a sine +of X if I want to integrate the sine of + + align:start position:0% +of X if I want to integrate the sine of + + + align:start position:0% +of X if I want to integrate the sine of +X over some region as done here all I + + align:start position:0% +X over some region as done here all I + + + align:start position:0% +X over some region as done here all I +need to do is pick a bunch of random + + align:start position:0% +need to do is pick a bunch of random + + + align:start position:0% +need to do is pick a bunch of random +points red and black in this case and + + align:start position:0% +points red and black in this case and + + + align:start position:0% +points red and black in this case and +look at the ratio of one to the other so + + align:start position:0% +look at the ratio of one to the other so + + + align:start position:0% +look at the ratio of one to the other so +showing how we can use randomness to + + align:start position:0% +showing how we can use randomness to + + + align:start position:0% +showing how we can use randomness to +again compute something that is not + + align:start position:0% +again compute something that is not + + + align:start position:0% +again compute something that is not +inherently random this is a trick people + + align:start position:0% +inherently random this is a trick people + + + align:start position:0% +inherently random this is a trick people +use over and over and over again when + + align:start position:0% +use over and over and over again when + + + align:start position:0% +use over and over and over again when +confronted with some + + align:start position:0% +confronted with some + + + align:start position:0% +confronted with some +tuition where it's not easy to solve for + + align:start position:0% +tuition where it's not easy to solve for + + + align:start position:0% +tuition where it's not easy to solve for +things mathematically you just do a + + align:start position:0% +things mathematically you just do a + + + align:start position:0% +things mathematically you just do a +simulation and if you do it right you + + align:start position:0% +simulation and if you do it right you + + + align:start position:0% +simulation and if you do it right you +get a very good answer all right we will + + align:start position:0% +get a very good answer all right we will + + + align:start position:0% +get a very good answer all right we will +move on to a different topic on + + align:start position:0% +move on to a different topic on + + + align:start position:0% +move on to a different topic on +Wednesday + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/s-CYnVz-uh4.txt b/s-CYnVz-uh4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2b0de64e878227ec4580128ee5d699b1710cee16 --- /dev/null +++ b/s-CYnVz-uh4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8295 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu today we're going to sort of + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu today we're going to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu today we're going to sort of +introduce Graph Search and general and + + align:start position:0% +introduce Graph Search and general and + + + align:start position:0% +introduce Graph Search and general and +talk about one algorithm which is bread + + align:start position:0% +talk about one algorithm which is bread + + + align:start position:0% +talk about one algorithm which is bread +for search and understand how in + + align:start position:0% +for search and understand how in + + + align:start position:0% +for search and understand how in +principle you could solve a puzzle like + + align:start position:0% +principle you could solve a puzzle like + + + align:start position:0% +principle you could solve a puzzle like +the Rubik's Cube uh so before I get to + + align:start position:0% +the Rubik's Cube uh so before I get to + + + align:start position:0% +the Rubik's Cube uh so before I get to +Rubik's Cubes let me remind you of some + + align:start position:0% +Rubik's Cubes let me remind you of some + + + align:start position:0% +Rubik's Cubes let me remind you of some +some basic stuff about graphs uh or I + + align:start position:0% +some basic stuff about graphs uh or I + + + align:start position:0% +some basic stuff about graphs uh or I +can tell you to start out with Graph + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Search is about exploring a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +graph and there's many different Notions + + align:start position:0% +graph and there's many different Notions + + + align:start position:0% +graph and there's many different Notions +of exploring a graph maybe I give you + + align:start position:0% +of exploring a graph maybe I give you + + + align:start position:0% +of exploring a graph maybe I give you +some node in graph s and some other node + + align:start position:0% +some node in graph s and some other node + + + align:start position:0% +some node in graph s and some other node +in graph T and I'd like to find a + + align:start position:0% +in graph T and I'd like to find a + + + align:start position:0% +in graph T and I'd like to find a +path that's going to represent a problem + + align:start position:0% +path that's going to represent a problem + + + align:start position:0% +path that's going to represent a problem +like I give you a particular state of a + + align:start position:0% +like I give you a particular state of a + + + align:start position:0% +like I give you a particular state of a +Rubik's Cube and I want to know is there + + align:start position:0% +Rubik's Cube and I want to know is there + + + align:start position:0% +Rubik's Cube and I want to know is there +some path that gets me into a solve + + align:start position:0% +some path that gets me into a solve + + + align:start position:0% +some path that gets me into a solve +state do I really want to solve this on + + align:start position:0% +state do I really want to solve this on + + + align:start position:0% +state do I really want to solve this on +stage what the hell we + + align:start position:0% +stage what the hell we + + + align:start position:0% +stage what the hell we +started all right so this is a + + align:start position:0% +started all right so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +started all right so this is a +particularly easy state to solve why I + + align:start position:0% +particularly easy state to solve why I + + + align:start position:0% +particularly easy state to solve why I +set it up this way all right so there + + align:start position:0% +set it up this way all right so there + + + align:start position:0% +set it up this way all right so there +you go 7 by seven by seven Rubik Cube + + align:start position:0% +you go 7 by seven by seven Rubik Cube + + + align:start position:0% +you go 7 by seven by seven Rubik Cube +solved in 10 seconds + + align:start position:0% +solved in 10 seconds + + + align:start position:0% +solved in 10 seconds +amazing new world + + align:start position:0% +amazing new world + + + align:start position:0% +amazing new world +record so that you're given some initial + + align:start position:0% +record so that you're given some initial + + + align:start position:0% +record so that you're given some initial +state of the Rubik's Cube you're given + + align:start position:0% +state of the Rubik's Cube you're given + + + align:start position:0% +state of the Rubik's Cube you're given +the target State you know what solve + + align:start position:0% +the target State you know what solve + + + align:start position:0% +the target State you know what solve +looks like you want to find this path um + + align:start position:0% +looks like you want to find this path um + + + align:start position:0% +looks like you want to find this path um +maybe you want to find all paths from s + + align:start position:0% +maybe you want to find all paths from s + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you want to find all paths from s +maybe you just want to explore all the + + align:start position:0% +maybe you just want to explore all the + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you just want to explore all the +nodes in a graph you can reach from s + + align:start position:0% +nodes in a graph you can reach from s + + + align:start position:0% +nodes in a graph you can reach from s +maybe you want to explore all the nodes + + align:start position:0% +maybe you want to explore all the nodes + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you want to explore all the nodes +in a graph or maybe all the edges in the + + align:start position:0% +in a graph or maybe all the edges in the + + + align:start position:0% +in a graph or maybe all the edges in the +graph these are all exploration problems + + align:start position:0% +graph these are all exploration problems + + + align:start position:0% +graph these are all exploration problems +they're all going to be solved by + + align:start position:0% +they're all going to be solved by + + + align:start position:0% +they're all going to be solved by +algorithms from this class and next + + align:start position:0% +algorithms from this class and next + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms from this class and next +class + + align:start position:0% +class + + + align:start position:0% +class +um so before we go further though I + + align:start position:0% +um so before we go further though I + + + align:start position:0% +um so before we go further though I +should remind you what a graph is and + + align:start position:0% +should remind you what a graph is and + + + align:start position:0% +should remind you what a graph is and +sort of basic features of graphs that + + align:start position:0% +sort of basic features of graphs that + + + align:start position:0% +sort of basic features of graphs that +we're going to be using uh this is all + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be using uh this is all + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be using uh this is all +6042 material so you should know it very + + align:start position:0% +6042 material so you should know it very + + + align:start position:0% +6042 material so you should know it very +well if you don't there's an appendex in + + align:start position:0% +well if you don't there's an appendex in + + + align:start position:0% +well if you don't there's an appendex in +the textbook about it we have a set of + + align:start position:0% +the textbook about it we have a set of + + + align:start position:0% +the textbook about it we have a set of +vertices we have a set of edges + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay edges are either uh unordered + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pairs so sets of two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +items + + align:start position:0% +items + + + align:start position:0% +items +or uh ordered + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pairs in this case we call the graph + + align:start position:0% +pairs in this case we call the graph + + + align:start position:0% +pairs in this case we call the graph +undirected in this case we call the + + align:start position:0% +undirected in this case we call the + + + align:start position:0% +undirected in this case we call the +graph directed usually there's only one + + align:start position:0% +graph directed usually there's only one + + + align:start position:0% +graph directed usually there's only one +type either all the edges are directed + + align:start position:0% +type either all the edges are directed + + + align:start position:0% +type either all the edges are directed +or all the edges are + + align:start position:0% +or all the edges are + + + align:start position:0% +or all the edges are +undirected there is a study of graphs + + align:start position:0% +undirected there is a study of graphs + + + align:start position:0% +undirected there is a study of graphs +that have both but we are not doing that + + align:start position:0% +that have both but we are not doing that + + + align:start position:0% +that have both but we are not doing that +here so uh some simple + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +examples here's a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +graph this is undirected + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +graph this is a directed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +graph okay the set of vertices here is + + align:start position:0% +graph okay the set of vertices here is + + + align:start position:0% +graph okay the set of vertices here is +ABCD set of vertices here is ABC Uh set + + align:start position:0% +ABCD set of vertices here is ABC Uh set + + + align:start position:0% +ABCD set of vertices here is ABC Uh set +of edges here is um so e is going to + + align:start position:0% +of edges here is um so e is going to + + + align:start position:0% +of edges here is um so e is going to +be things like AB + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +b + + align:start position:0% +b + + + align:start position:0% +b +c CD I think you get the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +idea just for completeness uh V is ABCD + + align:start position:0% +idea just for completeness uh V is ABCD + + + align:start position:0% +idea just for completeness uh V is ABCD +just so you remember notation and so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +on one of the issues we're going to talk + + align:start position:0% +on one of the issues we're going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +on one of the issues we're going to talk +about in this class is how do you + + align:start position:0% +about in this class is how do you + + + align:start position:0% +about in this class is how do you +represent a graph like this for an + + align:start position:0% +represent a graph like this for an + + + align:start position:0% +represent a graph like this for an +algorithm so it's all fine to say oh + + align:start position:0% +algorithm so it's all fine to say oh + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm so it's all fine to say oh +this is a set of things this is a set of + + align:start position:0% +this is a set of things this is a set of + + + align:start position:0% +this is a set of things this is a set of +things an obvious representation is you + + align:start position:0% +things an obvious representation is you + + + align:start position:0% +things an obvious representation is you +have a list or array of vertices you + + align:start position:0% +have a list or array of vertices you + + + align:start position:0% +have a list or array of vertices you +have an array of edges each Edge knows + + align:start position:0% +have an array of edges each Edge knows + + + align:start position:0% +have an array of edges each Edge knows +it's two end points that would be a + + align:start position:0% +it's two end points that would be a + + + align:start position:0% +it's two end points that would be a +horrible representation for graph + + align:start position:0% +horrible representation for graph + + + align:start position:0% +horrible representation for graph +because if you're I don't know you're at + + align:start position:0% +because if you're I don't know you're at + + + align:start position:0% +because if you're I don't know you're at +vertex a and you want to know what are + + align:start position:0% +vertex a and you want to know what are + + + align:start position:0% +vertex a and you want to know what are +the neighbors of a b and c you'd have to + + align:start position:0% +the neighbors of a b and c you'd have to + + + align:start position:0% +the neighbors of a b and c you'd have to +go through the entire Edge list to + + align:start position:0% +go through the entire Edge list to + + + align:start position:0% +go through the entire Edge list to +figure out the neighbors of a so it's + + align:start position:0% +figure out the neighbors of a so it's + + + align:start position:0% +figure out the neighbors of a so it's +spend linear time just to know where you + + align:start position:0% +spend linear time just to know where you + + + align:start position:0% +spend linear time just to know where you +can go from a so we're not going to use + + align:start position:0% +can go from a so we're not going to use + + + align:start position:0% +can go from a so we're not going to use +that representation we're going to use + + align:start position:0% +that representation we're going to use + + + align:start position:0% +that representation we're going to use +some better + + align:start position:0% +some better + + + align:start position:0% +some better +representations something called + + align:start position:0% +representations something called + + + align:start position:0% +representations something called +adjacency + + align:start position:0% +adjacency + + + align:start position:0% +adjacency +lists um cool + + align:start position:0% +lists um cool + + + align:start position:0% +lists um cool +cool okay over here you've got things + + align:start position:0% +cool okay over here you've got things + + + align:start position:0% +cool okay over here you've got things +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +AC + + align:start position:0% +AC + + + align:start position:0% +AC +BC and CB so you can have edges in both + + align:start position:0% +BC and CB so you can have edges in both + + + align:start position:0% +BC and CB so you can have edges in both +directions what am I missing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ba so that's e in that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +case uh there a whole lot of + + align:start position:0% +case uh there a whole lot of + + + align:start position:0% +case uh there a whole lot of +applications of graph + + align:start position:0% +applications of graph + + + align:start position:0% +applications of graph +search make you a little list talk about + + align:start position:0% +search make you a little list talk about + + + align:start position:0% +search make you a little list talk about +a few of them + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we've got web + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +crawling uh your Google you want to find + + align:start position:0% +crawling uh your Google you want to find + + + align:start position:0% +crawling uh your Google you want to find +all the pages in the web most people + + align:start position:0% +all the pages in the web most people + + + align:start position:0% +all the pages in the web most people +don't just tell you hey I've got a new + + align:start position:0% +don't just tell you hey I've got a new + + + align:start position:0% +don't just tell you hey I've got a new +page please index it you have to just + + align:start position:0% +page please index it you have to just + + + align:start position:0% +page please index it you have to just +keep following links in the early days + + align:start position:0% +keep following links in the early days + + + align:start position:0% +keep following links in the early days +of the web this was a big deal following + + align:start position:0% +of the web this was a big deal following + + + align:start position:0% +of the web this was a big deal following +links finding everything that's out + + align:start position:0% +links finding everything that's out + + + align:start position:0% +links finding everything that's out +there it's a little bit of an issue + + align:start position:0% +there it's a little bit of an issue + + + align:start position:0% +there it's a little bit of an issue +because if you define it wrong the + + align:start position:0% +because if you define it wrong the + + + align:start position:0% +because if you define it wrong the +internet is infinite uh because of all + + align:start position:0% +internet is infinite uh because of all + + + align:start position:0% +internet is infinite uh because of all +this dynamically generated pages but uh + + align:start position:0% +this dynamically generated pages but uh + + + align:start position:0% +this dynamically generated pages but uh +to deal with that Google goes sort of + + align:start position:0% +to deal with that Google goes sort of + + + align:start position:0% +to deal with that Google goes sort of +bread first for the most part it's + + align:start position:0% +bread first for the most part it's + + + align:start position:0% +bread first for the most part it's +prioritized but you from you want to see + + align:start position:0% +prioritized but you from you want to see + + + align:start position:0% +prioritized but you from you want to see +all the things you can reach from Pages + + align:start position:0% +all the things you can reach from Pages + + + align:start position:0% +all the things you can reach from Pages +you already have and keep + + align:start position:0% +you already have and keep + + + align:start position:0% +you already have and keep +going at some point you give up when you + + align:start position:0% +going at some point you give up when you + + + align:start position:0% +going at some point you give up when you +run out of time uh social + + align:start position:0% +run out of time uh social + + + align:start position:0% +run out of time uh social +networking you're on Facebook use + + align:start position:0% +networking you're on Facebook use + + + align:start position:0% +networking you're on Facebook use +FriendFinder tries to find the friends + + align:start position:0% +FriendFinder tries to find the friends + + + align:start position:0% +FriendFinder tries to find the friends +that are nearest to you or friends of + + align:start position:0% +that are nearest to you or friends of + + + align:start position:0% +that are nearest to you or friends of +friends uh is sort of a level to search + + align:start position:0% +friends uh is sort of a level to search + + + align:start position:0% +friends uh is sort of a level to search +that's essentially a graph search + + align:start position:0% +that's essentially a graph search + + + align:start position:0% +that's essentially a graph search +problem you want to + + align:start position:0% +problem you want to + + + align:start position:0% +problem you want to +know what's two levels or three levels + + align:start position:0% +know what's two levels or three levels + + + align:start position:0% +know what's two levels or three levels +of separation from you and then you go + + align:start position:0% +of separation from you and then you go + + + align:start position:0% +of separation from you and then you go +you look Loop over those and look for + + align:start position:0% +you look Loop over those and look for + + + align:start position:0% +you look Loop over those and look for +other signs that you might be good + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +friends uh you're on a + + align:start position:0% +friends uh you're on a + + + align:start position:0% +friends uh you're on a +network like the internet or some + + align:start position:0% +network like the internet or some + + + align:start position:0% +network like the internet or some +internet you want to broadcast a message + + align:start position:0% +internet you want to broadcast a message + + + align:start position:0% +internet you want to broadcast a message +so here's you you want to send data out + + align:start position:0% +so here's you you want to send data out + + + align:start position:0% +so here's you you want to send data out +that's a essentially a graph exploration + + align:start position:0% +that's a essentially a graph exploration + + + align:start position:0% +that's a essentially a graph exploration +problem that message that packet is + + align:start position:0% +problem that message that packet is + + + align:start position:0% +problem that message that packet is +going to explore the + + align:start position:0% +going to explore the + + + align:start position:0% +going to explore the +graph + + align:start position:0% +graph + + + align:start position:0% +graph +uh garbage + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +collection I hope you all know that uh + + align:start position:0% +collection I hope you all know that uh + + + align:start position:0% +collection I hope you all know that uh +modern languages have garbage collection + + align:start position:0% +modern languages have garbage collection + + + align:start position:0% +modern languages have garbage collection +this is why you don't have to worry + + align:start position:0% +this is why you don't have to worry + + + align:start position:0% +this is why you don't have to worry +about freeing things um even in Python + + align:start position:0% +about freeing things um even in Python + + + align:start position:0% +about freeing things um even in Python +even in cpython I learned there is a + + align:start position:0% +even in cpython I learned there is a + + + align:start position:0% +even in cpython I learned there is a +garbage collector as a version two uh + + align:start position:0% +garbage collector as a version two uh + + + align:start position:0% +garbage collector as a version two uh +but also in piie and uh Python and in + + align:start position:0% +but also in piie and uh Python and in + + + align:start position:0% +but also in piie and uh Python and in +Java and like pretty much every uh + + align:start position:0% +Java and like pretty much every uh + + + align:start position:0% +Java and like pretty much every uh +fairly modern language you have garbage + + align:start position:0% +fairly modern language you have garbage + + + align:start position:0% +fairly modern language you have garbage +collection meaning if there's some data + + align:start position:0% +collection meaning if there's some data + + + align:start position:0% +collection meaning if there's some data +that's unreachable from so you have your + + align:start position:0% +that's unreachable from so you have your + + + align:start position:0% +that's unreachable from so you have your +variables whatever is actively in your + + align:start position:0% +variables whatever is actively in your + + + align:start position:0% +variables whatever is actively in your +in variables that can be accessed by the + + align:start position:0% +in variables that can be accessed by the + + + align:start position:0% +in variables that can be accessed by the +program everything that's reachable from + + align:start position:0% +program everything that's reachable from + + + align:start position:0% +program everything that's reachable from +there you have to keep but if some data + + align:start position:0% +there you have to keep but if some data + + + align:start position:0% +there you have to keep but if some data +structure becomes no longer reachable + + align:start position:0% +structure becomes no longer reachable + + + align:start position:0% +structure becomes no longer reachable +you need to you can throw it away and + + align:start position:0% +you need to you can throw it away and + + + align:start position:0% +you need to you can throw it away and +regain + + align:start position:0% +regain + + + align:start position:0% +regain +memory uh and so that's happening behind + + align:start position:0% +memory uh and so that's happening behind + + + align:start position:0% +memory uh and so that's happening behind +the scenes all the time and the way it's + + align:start position:0% +the scenes all the time and the way it's + + + align:start position:0% +the scenes all the time and the way it's +being done is with a bread for search + + align:start position:0% +being done is with a bread for search + + + align:start position:0% +being done is with a bread for search +which is what we're going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +which is what we're going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +which is what we're going to talk about +today uh another one model + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +checking uh model checking is you have + + align:start position:0% +checking uh model checking is you have + + + align:start position:0% +checking uh model checking is you have +uh some finite model + + align:start position:0% +uh some finite model + + + align:start position:0% +uh some finite model +of either a piece of code or a circuit a + + align:start position:0% +of either a piece of code or a circuit a + + + align:start position:0% +of either a piece of code or a circuit a +chip whatever you want to prove that it + + align:start position:0% +chip whatever you want to prove that it + + + align:start position:0% +chip whatever you want to prove that it +actually does what you think it does and + + align:start position:0% +actually does what you think it does and + + + align:start position:0% +actually does what you think it does and +so you've drawn a graph which is the + + align:start position:0% +so you've drawn a graph which is the + + + align:start position:0% +so you've drawn a graph which is the +graph is all the possible states that + + align:start position:0% +graph is all the possible states that + + + align:start position:0% +graph is all the possible states that +your circuit or your computer program + + align:start position:0% +your circuit or your computer program + + + align:start position:0% +your circuit or your computer program +could reach or that it could possibly + + align:start position:0% +could reach or that it could possibly + + + align:start position:0% +could reach or that it could possibly +have you start in some initial State and + + align:start position:0% +have you start in some initial State and + + + align:start position:0% +have you start in some initial State and +you want to know among all the states + + align:start position:0% +you want to know among all the states + + + align:start position:0% +you want to know among all the states +that you can reach does it have some + + align:start position:0% +that you can reach does it have some + + + align:start position:0% +that you can reach does it have some +property and so you want need to visit + + align:start position:0% +property and so you want need to visit + + + align:start position:0% +property and so you want need to visit +all the vertices that are reachable from + + align:start position:0% +all the vertices that are reachable from + + + align:start position:0% +all the vertices that are reachable from +a particular place to do that and + + align:start position:0% +a particular place to do that and + + + align:start position:0% +a particular place to do that and +usually people do that using breath + + align:start position:0% +usually people do that using breath + + + align:start position:0% +usually people do that using breath +first + + align:start position:0% +first + + + align:start position:0% +first +search uh I use breath first search a + + align:start position:0% +search uh I use breath first search a + + + align:start position:0% +search uh I use breath first search a +lot myself uh to check mathematical + + align:start position:0% +lot myself uh to check mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +lot myself uh to check mathematical +conject stres so if you're a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mathematician and you want you think + + align:start position:0% +mathematician and you want you think + + + align:start position:0% +mathematician and you want you think +something is true uh like maybe well + + align:start position:0% +something is true uh like maybe well + + + align:start position:0% +something is true uh like maybe well +it's hard to give an example of that uh + + align:start position:0% +it's hard to give an example of that uh + + + align:start position:0% +it's hard to give an example of that uh +but you have you can imagine some graph + + align:start position:0% +but you have you can imagine some graph + + + align:start position:0% +but you have you can imagine some graph +of all the possible sort of inputs to + + align:start position:0% +of all the possible sort of inputs to + + + align:start position:0% +of all the possible sort of inputs to +that theorem and you will need to check + + align:start position:0% +that theorem and you will need to check + + + align:start position:0% +that theorem and you will need to check +them for every possible input this is + + align:start position:0% +them for every possible input this is + + + align:start position:0% +them for every possible input this is +true typical way to do that is breath + + align:start position:0% +true typical way to do that is breath + + + align:start position:0% +true typical way to do that is breath +for searching through that entire graph + + align:start position:0% +for searching through that entire graph + + + align:start position:0% +for searching through that entire graph +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +States uh usually we're testing finite + + align:start position:0% +States uh usually we're testing finite + + + align:start position:0% +States uh usually we're testing finite +special cases of a general conjecture + + align:start position:0% +special cases of a general conjecture + + + align:start position:0% +special cases of a general conjecture +but if we find a counter example we're + + align:start position:0% +but if we find a counter example we're + + + align:start position:0% +but if we find a counter example we're +done don't have to work on it anymore if + + align:start position:0% +done don't have to work on it anymore if + + + align:start position:0% +done don't have to work on it anymore if +we don't find a counter example usually + + align:start position:0% +we don't find a counter example usually + + + align:start position:0% +we don't find a counter example usually +then we have to do the mathematics so + + align:start position:0% +then we have to do the mathematics so + + + align:start position:0% +then we have to do the mathematics so +it's not doesn't solve everything + + align:start position:0% +it's not doesn't solve everything + + + align:start position:0% +it's not doesn't solve everything +but it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +helpful and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then the fun thing we're going to talk + + align:start position:0% +then the fun thing we're going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +then the fun thing we're going to talk +about a little bit today is if you want + + align:start position:0% +about a little bit today is if you want + + + align:start position:0% +about a little bit today is if you want +to solve something like a 2x2x2 Rubik's + + align:start position:0% +to solve something like a 2x2x2 Rubik's + + + align:start position:0% +to solve something like a 2x2x2 Rubik's +Cube optimally you can do that using + + align:start position:0% +Cube optimally you can do that using + + + align:start position:0% +Cube optimally you can do that using +breath for search and you're going to do + + align:start position:0% +breath for search and you're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +breath for search and you're going to do +that on your problem + + align:start position:0% +that on your problem + + + align:start position:0% +that on your problem +Set uh do solving this one optimally + + align:start position:0% +Set uh do solving this one optimally + + + align:start position:0% +Set uh do solving this one optimally +using breath for search uh would + + align:start position:0% +using breath for search uh would + + + align:start position:0% +using breath for search uh would +probably W would definitely take more + + align:start position:0% +probably W would definitely take more + + + align:start position:0% +probably W would definitely take more +than the lifetime of the universe so + + align:start position:0% +than the lifetime of the universe so + + + align:start position:0% +than the lifetime of the universe so +don't try 7 by seven by + + align:start position:0% +don't try 7 by seven by + + + align:start position:0% +don't try 7 by seven by +seven leave that to the cubing experts I + + align:start position:0% +seven leave that to the cubing experts I + + + align:start position:0% +seven leave that to the cubing experts I +guess uh no I think no one will ever + + align:start position:0% +guess uh no I think no one will ever + + + align:start position:0% +guess uh no I think no one will ever +solve a 7 by S by7 Rubik's Cube + + align:start position:0% +solve a 7 by S by7 Rubik's Cube + + + align:start position:0% +solve a 7 by S by7 Rubik's Cube +optimally uh but there are ways to find + + align:start position:0% +optimally uh but there are ways to find + + + align:start position:0% +optimally uh but there are ways to find +a solution just not the best one + + align:start position:0% +a solution just not the best one + + + align:start position:0% +a solution just not the best one +okay so let me tell you just for fun + + align:start position:0% +okay so let me tell you just for fun + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let me tell you just for fun +it's an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example this pocket Cube which is 2x 2x + + align:start position:0% +example this pocket Cube which is 2x 2x + + + align:start position:0% +example this pocket Cube which is 2x 2x +two Rubik's + + align:start position:0% +two Rubik's + + + align:start position:0% +two Rubik's +Cube uh what we have in mind is it's + + align:start position:0% +Cube uh what we have in mind is it's + + + align:start position:0% +Cube uh what we have in mind is it's +called the configuration graph or + + align:start position:0% +called the configuration graph or + + + align:start position:0% +called the configuration graph or +sometimes configuration space but it's a + + align:start position:0% +sometimes configuration space but it's a + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes configuration space but it's a +graph so call it a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +graph uh this graph has a + + align:start position:0% +graph uh this graph has a + + + align:start position:0% +graph uh this graph has a +Vertex for each possible state + + align:start position:0% +Vertex for each possible state + + + align:start position:0% +Vertex for each possible state +of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cube so this is a + + align:start position:0% +cube so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +cube so this is a +state a little creaky here this is a + + align:start position:0% +state a little creaky here this is a + + + align:start position:0% +state a little creaky here this is a +state this is a state this is a state + + align:start position:0% +state this is a state this is a state + + + align:start position:0% +state this is a state this is a state +now now I'm hopelessly lost okay anyone + + align:start position:0% +now now I'm hopelessly lost okay anyone + + + align:start position:0% +now now I'm hopelessly lost okay anyone +want to work on this + + align:start position:0% +want to work on this + + + align:start position:0% +want to work on this +Bor no one all right I'll leave it + + align:start position:0% +Bor no one all right I'll leave it + + + align:start position:0% +Bor no one all right I'll leave it +unsolved then + + align:start position:0% +unsolved then + + + align:start position:0% +unsolved then +uh okay so all those are vertices + + align:start position:0% +uh okay so all those are vertices + + + align:start position:0% +uh okay so all those are vertices +there's actually a lot of vertices there + + align:start position:0% +there's actually a lot of vertices there + + + align:start position:0% +there's actually a lot of vertices there +are 264 million vertices or so uh if you + + align:start position:0% +are 264 million vertices or so uh if you + + + align:start position:0% +are 264 million vertices or so uh if you +want it's in the side here number of + + align:start position:0% +want it's in the side here number of + + + align:start position:0% +want it's in the side here number of +vertices is something + + align:start position:0% +vertices is something + + + align:start position:0% +vertices is something +like 8 factorial * 3 to + + align:start position:0% +like 8 factorial * 3 to + + + align:start position:0% +like 8 factorial * 3 to +8 um and one way to see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that should draw a 2x2x2 rubric cub + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so these + + align:start position:0% +so these + + + align:start position:0% +so these +are uh these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +guys + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are yeah these are what you might call + + align:start position:0% +are yeah these are what you might call + + + align:start position:0% +are yeah these are what you might call +cuets or cubies I think is standard term + + align:start position:0% +cuets or cubies I think is standard term + + + align:start position:0% +cuets or cubies I think is standard term +in Rubik's Cube Land and + + align:start position:0% +in Rubik's Cube Land and + + + align:start position:0% +in Rubik's Cube Land and +so the uh how there's eight of them in a + + align:start position:0% +so the uh how there's eight of them in a + + + align:start position:0% +so the uh how there's eight of them in a +2 x two by two two cubed um you can + + align:start position:0% +2 x two by two two cubed um you can + + + align:start position:0% +2 x two by two two cubed um you can +essentially permute those cubies within + + align:start position:0% +essentially permute those cubies within + + + align:start position:0% +essentially permute those cubies within +the cube however you like that's 8 + + align:start position:0% +the cube however you like that's 8 + + + align:start position:0% +the cube however you like that's 8 +factorial and then each of them has + + align:start position:0% +factorial and then each of them has + + + align:start position:0% +factorial and then each of them has +three possible twists it could be like + + align:start position:0% +three possible twists it could be like + + + align:start position:0% +three possible twists it could be like +this it could be like this or it could + + align:start position:0% +this it could be like this or it could + + + align:start position:0% +this it could be like this or it could +be like + + align:start position:0% +be like + + + align:start position:0% +be like +this okay so you've got three for each + + align:start position:0% +this okay so you've got three for each + + + align:start position:0% +this okay so you've got three for each +and this is actually an accurate count + + align:start position:0% +and this is actually an accurate count + + + align:start position:0% +and this is actually an accurate count +you're not over counting the number of + + align:start position:0% +you're not over counting the number of + + + align:start position:0% +you're not over counting the number of +configurations all of those are at least + + align:start position:0% +configurations all of those are at least + + + align:start position:0% +configurations all of those are at least +in principle conceivable if you take + + align:start position:0% +in principle conceivable if you take + + + align:start position:0% +in principle conceivable if you take +apart the cube you can reassemble it in + + align:start position:0% +apart the cube you can reassemble it in + + + align:start position:0% +apart the cube you can reassemble it in +each of those States and that number is + + align:start position:0% +each of those States and that number is + + + align:start position:0% +each of those States and that number is +about uh + + align:start position:0% +about uh + + + align:start position:0% +about uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +million okay which is not so bad for + + align:start position:0% +million okay which is not so bad for + + + align:start position:0% +million okay which is not so bad for +computers you could search that um life + + align:start position:0% +computers you could search that um life + + + align:start position:0% +computers you could search that um life +is a little bit easier you get to divide + + align:start position:0% +is a little bit easier you get to divide + + + align:start position:0% +is a little bit easier you get to divide +by 24 because there's 24 symmetries of + + align:start position:0% +by 24 because there's 24 symmetries of + + + align:start position:0% +by 24 because there's 24 symmetries of +the Cube 8 * three you can divide by + + align:start position:0% +the Cube 8 * three you can divide by + + + align:start position:0% +the Cube 8 * three you can divide by +three also because um only a third of + + align:start position:0% +three also because um only a third of + + + align:start position:0% +three also because um only a third of +the configuration space is actually + + align:start position:0% +the configuration space is actually + + + align:start position:0% +the configuration space is actually +reachable if you're not allowed to take + + align:start position:0% +reachable if you're not allowed to take + + + align:start position:0% +reachable if you're not allowed to take +the parts apart you have to get there by + + align:start position:0% +the parts apart you have to get there by + + + align:start position:0% +the parts apart you have to get there by +a motion you can only get to oneir of + + align:start position:0% +a motion you can only get to oneir of + + + align:start position:0% +a motion you can only get to oneir of +the two 2x two by two so it's a little + + align:start position:0% +the two 2x two by two so it's a little + + + align:start position:0% +the two 2x two by two so it's a little +bit smaller than that if you're actually + + align:start position:0% +bit smaller than that if you're actually + + + align:start position:0% +bit smaller than that if you're actually +doing a breath for search which is what + + align:start position:0% +doing a breath for search which is what + + + align:start position:0% +doing a breath for search which is what +you're going to be doing on your problem + + align:start position:0% +you're going to be doing on your problem + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to be doing on your problem +set but in any case it's + + align:start position:0% +set but in any case it's + + + align:start position:0% +set but in any case it's +feasible uh okay that's vertices and + + align:start position:0% +feasible uh okay that's vertices and + + + align:start position:0% +feasible uh okay that's vertices and +should talk about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +edges uh for every + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +move every move takes you from one + + align:start position:0% +move every move takes you from one + + + align:start position:0% +move every move takes you from one +configuration to another you could + + align:start position:0% +configuration to another you could + + + align:start position:0% +configuration to another you could +Traverse it in One Direction make that + + align:start position:0% +Traverse it in One Direction make that + + + align:start position:0% +Traverse it in One Direction make that +move you could also undo that move + + align:start position:0% +move you could also undo that move + + + align:start position:0% +move you could also undo that move +because every move is undoable in a + + align:start position:0% +because every move is undoable in a + + + align:start position:0% +because every move is undoable in a +Rubik's Cube this graph is undirected or + + align:start position:0% +Rubik's Cube this graph is undirected or + + + align:start position:0% +Rubik's Cube this graph is undirected or +can think of it as every Edge Works in + + align:start position:0% +can think of it as every Edge Works in + + + align:start position:0% +can think of it as every Edge Works in +both directions so so this is a move + + align:start position:0% +both directions so so this is a move + + + align:start position:0% +both directions so so this is a move +it's called a quarter twist uh some it's + + align:start position:0% +it's called a quarter twist uh some it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's called a quarter twist uh some it's +a controversy if you will uh some people + + align:start position:0% +a controversy if you will uh some people + + + align:start position:0% +a controversy if you will uh some people +allow a whole half twist as a single + + align:start position:0% +allow a whole half twist as a single + + + align:start position:0% +allow a whole half twist as a single +move whether you define that as a single + + align:start position:0% +move whether you define that as a single + + + align:start position:0% +move whether you define that as a single +move or a double move not that big a + + align:start position:0% +move or a double move not that big a + + + align:start position:0% +move or a double move not that big a +deal just changes some of the + + align:start position:0% +deal just changes some of the + + + align:start position:0% +deal just changes some of the +answers but uh you're still exploring + + align:start position:0% +answers but uh you're still exploring + + + align:start position:0% +answers but uh you're still exploring +essentially the same + + align:start position:0% +essentially the same + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the same +graph so that's the graph and you'd like + + align:start position:0% +graph so that's the graph and you'd like + + + align:start position:0% +graph so that's the graph and you'd like +to know some properties about it so let + + align:start position:0% +to know some properties about it so let + + + align:start position:0% +to know some properties about it so let +me draw a picture of the graph I'm not + + align:start position:0% +me draw a picture of the graph I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +me draw a picture of the graph I'm not +going to draw all 264 million vertices + + align:start position:0% +going to draw all 264 million vertices + + + align:start position:0% +going to draw all 264 million vertices +but in particular there's the solved + + align:start position:0% +but in particular there's the solved + + + align:start position:0% +but in particular there's the solved +State we kind of care about that one + + align:start position:0% +State we kind of care about that one + + + align:start position:0% +State we kind of care about that one +where all the colors are + + align:start position:0% +where all the colors are + + + align:start position:0% +where all the colors are +aligned uh then + + align:start position:0% +aligned uh then + + + align:start position:0% +aligned uh then +there's all of the configurations you + + align:start position:0% +there's all of the configurations you + + + align:start position:0% +there's all of the configurations you +could reach by one move so these are the + + align:start position:0% +could reach by one move so these are the + + + align:start position:0% +could reach by one move so these are the +possible + + align:start position:0% +possible + + + align:start position:0% +possible +moves from solve + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +State and then from those configurations + + align:start position:0% +State and then from those configurations + + + align:start position:0% +State and then from those configurations +there's more places you can go maybe + + align:start position:0% +there's more places you can go maybe + + + align:start position:0% +there's more places you can go maybe +there's multiple ways to get to the same + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +node okay but these would be all of the + + align:start position:0% +node okay but these would be all of the + + + align:start position:0% +node okay but these would be all of the +configurations you can reach in two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +moves okay and so on and at some point + + align:start position:0% +moves okay and so on and at some point + + + align:start position:0% +moves okay and so on and at some point +you run out of graph so there might be + + align:start position:0% +you run out of graph so there might be + + + align:start position:0% +you run out of graph so there might be +some ways to get there might be a few + + align:start position:0% +some ways to get there might be a few + + + align:start position:0% +some ways to get there might be a few +things few nodes out here these are kind + + align:start position:0% +things few nodes out here these are kind + + + align:start position:0% +things few nodes out here these are kind +of the the way I'm drawing this this is + + align:start position:0% +of the the way I'm drawing this this is + + + align:start position:0% +of the the way I'm drawing this this is +everything you can reach one move and + + align:start position:0% +everything you can reach one move and + + + align:start position:0% +everything you can reach one move and +two moves and three moves at the end + + align:start position:0% +two moves and three moves at the end + + + align:start position:0% +two moves and three moves at the end +this would be 11 + + align:start position:0% +this would be 11 + + + align:start position:0% +this would be 11 +moves uh if you if you allow half + + align:start position:0% +moves uh if you if you allow half + + + align:start position:0% +moves uh if you if you allow half +twists uh and I guess as puzzlers we're + + align:start position:0% +twists uh and I guess as puzzlers we're + + + align:start position:0% +twists uh and I guess as puzzlers we're +particularly interested in this number + + align:start position:0% +particularly interested in this number + + + align:start position:0% +particularly interested in this number +which you would call as a graph theorist + + align:start position:0% +which you would call as a graph theorist + + + align:start position:0% +which you would call as a graph theorist +the diameter of the + + align:start position:0% +the diameter of the + + + align:start position:0% +the diameter of the +graph puzzlers call it God's number if + + align:start position:0% +graph puzzlers call it God's number if + + + align:start position:0% +graph puzzlers call it God's number if +you were God or some uh Omni something + + align:start position:0% +you were God or some uh Omni something + + + align:start position:0% +you were God or some uh Omni something +being you have the optimal algorithm for + + align:start position:0% +being you have the optimal algorithm for + + + align:start position:0% +being you have the optimal algorithm for +solving the Rubik's Cube how many moves + + align:start position:0% +solving the Rubik's Cube how many moves + + + align:start position:0% +solving the Rubik's Cube how many moves +do do you need if you always follow the + + align:start position:0% +do do you need if you always follow the + + + align:start position:0% +do do you need if you always follow the +best path and the answer is in the worst + + align:start position:0% +best path and the answer is in the worst + + + align:start position:0% +best path and the answer is in the worst +case 11 so we're interested in the worst + + align:start position:0% +case 11 so we're interested in the worst + + + align:start position:0% +case 11 so we're interested in the worst +case of the best + + align:start position:0% +case of the best + + + align:start position:0% +case of the best +algorithm for 2x 2 x two the answer is + + align:start position:0% +algorithm for 2x 2 x two the answer is + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm for 2x 2 x two the answer is +11 for 3x3x3 uh the answer is 20 that + + align:start position:0% +11 for 3x3x3 uh the answer is 20 that + + + align:start position:0% +11 for 3x3x3 uh the answer is 20 that +was just proved last summer with I don't + + align:start position:0% +was just proved last summer with I don't + + + align:start position:0% +was just proved last summer with I don't +a couple years of computer time for + + align:start position:0% +a couple years of computer time for + + + align:start position:0% +a couple years of computer time for +4x4x4 I don't have one here I think + + align:start position:0% +4x4x4 I don't have one here I think + + + align:start position:0% +4x4x4 I don't have one here I think +we'll never know the answer for 5x 5x5 + + align:start position:0% +we'll never know the answer for 5x 5x5 + + + align:start position:0% +we'll never know the answer for 5x 5x5 +we'll never know the answer for six for + + align:start position:0% +we'll never know the answer for six for + + + align:start position:0% +we'll never know the answer for six for +seven same deal uh but for 2x two by two + + align:start position:0% +seven same deal uh but for 2x two by two + + + align:start position:0% +seven same deal uh but for 2x two by two +you can compute it you will compute it + + align:start position:0% +you can compute it you will compute it + + + align:start position:0% +you can compute it you will compute it +on your problem set and uh it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +on your problem set and uh it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +on your problem set and uh it's kind of +nice to know because it says whatever + + align:start position:0% +nice to know because it says whatever + + + align:start position:0% +nice to know because it says whatever +configuration I'm in I can solve it in + + align:start position:0% +configuration I'm in I can solve it in + + + align:start position:0% +configuration I'm in I can solve it in + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +moves but the best known way to to + + align:start position:0% +moves but the best known way to to + + + align:start position:0% +moves but the best known way to to +compute it is basically to construct + + align:start position:0% +compute it is basically to construct + + + align:start position:0% +compute it is basically to construct +this graph uh one layer at a time until + + align:start position:0% +this graph uh one layer at a time until + + + align:start position:0% +this graph uh one layer at a time until +you're done and then you know what the + + align:start position:0% +you're done and then you know what the + + + align:start position:0% +you're done and then you know what the +diameter is the trouble is in between + + align:start position:0% +diameter is the trouble is in between + + + align:start position:0% +diameter is the trouble is in between +here this grows exponentially at some + + align:start position:0% +here this grows exponentially at some + + + align:start position:0% +here this grows exponentially at some +point it it decreases a little bit but + + align:start position:0% +point it it decreases a little bit but + + + align:start position:0% +point it it decreases a little bit but +getting over that exponential hump is + + align:start position:0% +getting over that exponential hump is + + + align:start position:0% +getting over that exponential hump is +really hard and for 3x3x3 they used a + + align:start position:0% +really hard and for 3x3x3 they used a + + + align:start position:0% +really hard and for 3x3x3 they used a +lot of tricks to speed up uh the + + align:start position:0% +lot of tricks to speed up uh the + + + align:start position:0% +lot of tricks to speed up uh the +algorithm but in the end it's + + align:start position:0% +algorithm but in the end it's + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm but in the end it's +essentially a breath first search what's + + align:start position:0% +essentially a breath first search what's + + + align:start position:0% +essentially a breath first search what's +a breath first search this going layer + + align:start position:0% +a breath first search this going layer + + + align:start position:0% +a breath first search this going layer +by layer so we're going to formalize + + align:start position:0% +by layer so we're going to formalize + + + align:start position:0% +by layer so we're going to formalize +that in a + + align:start position:0% +that in a + + + align:start position:0% +that in a +moment uh but that is the problem uh so + + align:start position:0% +moment uh but that is the problem uh so + + + align:start position:0% +moment uh but that is the problem uh so +just for fun + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and guesses what the right answer is for + + align:start position:0% +and guesses what the right answer is for + + + align:start position:0% +and guesses what the right answer is for +an N by n byn rubrics Cube what's the + + align:start position:0% +an N by n byn rubrics Cube what's the + + + align:start position:0% +an N by n byn rubrics Cube what's the +diameter not an exact answer because I + + align:start position:0% +diameter not an exact answer because I + + + align:start position:0% +diameter not an exact answer because I +think we'll never know the exact answer + + align:start position:0% +think we'll never know the exact answer + + + align:start position:0% +think we'll never know the exact answer +but if I want Theta something what do + + align:start position:0% +but if I want Theta something what do + + + align:start position:0% +but if I want Theta something what do +you think the something + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is how many people here have solved a + + align:start position:0% +is how many people here have solved a + + + align:start position:0% +is how many people here have solved a +Rubik's Cube ever okay so you know what + + align:start position:0% +Rubik's Cube ever okay so you know what + + + align:start position:0% +Rubik's Cube ever okay so you know what +we're talking about here most people + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about here most people + + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about here most people +have worked on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it you think about an N byn byn rubrics + + align:start position:0% +it you think about an N byn byn rubrics + + + align:start position:0% +it you think about an N byn byn rubrics +Cube each side has area n s so total + + align:start position:0% +Cube each side has area n s so total + + + align:start position:0% +Cube each side has area n s so total +area is surface area is 6 n s so there's + + align:start position:0% +area is surface area is 6 n s so there's + + + align:start position:0% +area is surface area is 6 n s so there's +roughly Theta n s little QB + + align:start position:0% +roughly Theta n s little QB + + + align:start position:0% +roughly Theta n s little QB +here so what do you think the right + + align:start position:0% +here so what do you think the right + + + align:start position:0% +here so what do you think the right +astics is for n by n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +byn no guesses + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n cubed reasonable guess but wrong it's + + align:start position:0% +n cubed reasonable guess but wrong it's + + + align:start position:0% +n cubed reasonable guess but wrong it's +an upper bound why n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cubed oh you're guessing based on the + + align:start position:0% +cubed oh you're guessing based on the + + + align:start position:0% +cubed oh you're guessing based on the +numbers yeah the numbers are misleading + + align:start position:0% +numbers yeah the numbers are misleading + + + align:start position:0% +numbers yeah the numbers are misleading +unfortunately it's a law of law of small + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately it's a law of law of small + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately it's a law of law of small +numbers I guess doesn't really look + + align:start position:0% +numbers I guess doesn't really look + + + align:start position:0% +numbers I guess doesn't really look +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +I know the answer I know the answer + + align:start position:0% +I know the answer I know the answer + + + align:start position:0% +I know the answer I know the answer +because we just wrote a paper with the + + align:start position:0% +because we just wrote a paper with the + + + align:start position:0% +because we just wrote a paper with the +answer this is a new result from this + + align:start position:0% +answer this is a new result from this + + + align:start position:0% +answer this is a new result from this +summer but I'm + + align:start position:0% +summer but I'm + + + align:start position:0% +summer but I'm +curious so to me the obvious answer is N + + align:start position:0% +curious so to me the obvious answer is N + + + align:start position:0% +curious so to me the obvious answer is N +squared because there's about n squ QB + + align:start position:0% +squared because there's about n squ QB + + + align:start position:0% +squared because there's about n squ QB +and it's not so hard to show in a + + align:start position:0% +and it's not so hard to show in a + + + align:start position:0% +and it's not so hard to show in a +constant number of moves you can solve a + + align:start position:0% +constant number of moves you can solve a + + + align:start position:0% +constant number of moves you can solve a +constant number of qes if you think + + align:start position:0% +constant number of qes if you think + + + align:start position:0% +constant number of qes if you think +about the general algorithms like if + + align:start position:0% +about the general algorithms like if + + + align:start position:0% +about the general algorithms like if +you've ever looked up professor's Cube + + align:start position:0% +you've ever looked up professor's Cube + + + align:start position:0% +you've ever looked up professor's Cube +and how to solve it you're doing like 10 + + align:start position:0% +and how to solve it you're doing like 10 + + + align:start position:0% +and how to solve it you're doing like 10 +moves and then you solve maybe swap two + + align:start position:0% +moves and then you solve maybe swap two + + + align:start position:0% +moves and then you solve maybe swap two +QBs which you can use to solve + + align:start position:0% +QBs which you can use to solve + + + align:start position:0% +QBs which you can use to solve +a couple QBs in a constant number of + + align:start position:0% +a couple QBs in a constant number of + + + align:start position:0% +a couple QBs in a constant number of +moves so N2 would + + align:start position:0% +moves so N2 would + + + align:start position:0% +moves so N2 would +be the standard answer if you're + + align:start position:0% +be the standard answer if you're + + + align:start position:0% +be the standard answer if you're +following standard algorithms but it + + align:start position:0% +following standard algorithms but it + + + align:start position:0% +following standard algorithms but it +turns out you can do a little bit better + + align:start position:0% +turns out you can do a little bit better + + + align:start position:0% +turns out you can do a little bit better +and the right answer is n s divided by + + align:start position:0% +and the right answer is n s divided by + + + align:start position:0% +and the right answer is n s divided by +log N I think it's cool hopefully you + + align:start position:0% +log N I think it's cool hopefully you + + + align:start position:0% +log N I think it's cool hopefully you +guys can appreciate that not a lot of + + align:start position:0% +guys can appreciate that not a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +guys can appreciate that not a lot of +people can appreciate n s divided by log + + align:start position:0% +people can appreciate n s divided by log + + + align:start position:0% +people can appreciate n s divided by log +n but here in algorithms we're all about + + align:start position:0% +n but here in algorithms we're all about + + + align:start position:0% +n but here in algorithms we're all about +n s over log + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in so if you're interested + + align:start position:0% +in so if you're interested + + + align:start position:0% +in so if you're interested +papers on my website things called + + align:start position:0% +papers on my website things called + + + align:start position:0% +papers on my website things called +algorithms for solving Rubik's Cubes + + align:start position:0% +algorithms for solving Rubik's Cubes + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms for solving Rubik's Cubes +there's a constant there current + + align:start position:0% +there's a constant there current + + + align:start position:0% +there's a constant there current +constant is not so good let's say it's + + align:start position:0% +constant is not so good let's say it's + + + align:start position:0% +constant is not so good let's say it's +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +millions + + align:start position:0% +millions + + + align:start position:0% +millions +but hey you got to start somewhere + + align:start position:0% +but hey you got to start somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +but hey you got to start somewhere +there's the next work the next open + + align:start position:0% +there's the next work the next open + + + align:start position:0% +there's the next work the next open +problem would be to improve that + + align:start position:0% +problem would be to improve that + + + align:start position:0% +problem would be to improve that +constant to something reasonable that + + align:start position:0% +constant to something reasonable that + + + align:start position:0% +constant to something reasonable that +maybe is close to 20 but we're far from + + align:start position:0% +maybe is close to 20 but we're far from + + + align:start position:0% +maybe is close to 20 but we're far from +that okay let's talk about graph + + align:start position:0% +that okay let's talk about graph + + + align:start position:0% +that okay let's talk about graph +representation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +before we can talk about exploring a + + align:start position:0% +before we can talk about exploring a + + + align:start position:0% +before we can talk about exploring a +graph we need to know what we're given + + align:start position:0% +graph we need to know what we're given + + + align:start position:0% +graph we need to know what we're given +as + + align:start position:0% +as + + + align:start position:0% +as +input and there's basically one standard + + align:start position:0% +input and there's basically one standard + + + align:start position:0% +input and there's basically one standard +representation and a bunch of variations + + align:start position:0% +representation and a bunch of variations + + + align:start position:0% +representation and a bunch of variations +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +it and they are called adjacency + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lists so the idea with an adjacency list + + align:start position:0% +lists so the idea with an adjacency list + + + align:start position:0% +lists so the idea with an adjacency list +is you have an + + align:start position:0% +is you have an + + + align:start position:0% +is you have an +array called a DJ for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +adjacency of size V each element in the + + align:start position:0% +adjacency of size V each element in the + + + align:start position:0% +adjacency of size V each element in the +array is a pointer to a link + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +list and the idea is that this array is + + align:start position:0% +list and the idea is that this array is + + + align:start position:0% +list and the idea is that this array is +indexed by a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Vertex so we're imagining a world where + + align:start position:0% +Vertex so we're imagining a world where + + + align:start position:0% +Vertex so we're imagining a world where +we can index arrays by vertices so maybe + + align:start position:0% +we can index arrays by vertices so maybe + + + align:start position:0% +we can index arrays by vertices so maybe +you just label your vertices 0 through + + align:start position:0% +you just label your vertices 0 through + + + align:start position:0% +you just label your vertices 0 through +vus one then that's regular array or if + + align:start position:0% +vus one then that's regular array or if + + + align:start position:0% +vus one then that's regular array or if +you want to get fancy you can think of a + + align:start position:0% +you want to get fancy you can think of a + + + align:start position:0% +you want to get fancy you can think of a +Vertex as an arbitrary hashable thing + + align:start position:0% +Vertex as an arbitrary hashable thing + + + align:start position:0% +Vertex as an arbitrary hashable thing +and AJ is actually a hash table and + + align:start position:0% +and AJ is actually a hash table and + + + align:start position:0% +and AJ is actually a hash table and +that's how you probably do it in Python + + align:start position:0% +that's how you probably do it in Python + + + align:start position:0% +that's how you probably do it in Python +maybe your vertices are objects and this + + align:start position:0% +maybe your vertices are objects and this + + + align:start position:0% +maybe your vertices are objects and this +is just hashing based on the address of + + align:start position:0% +is just hashing based on the address of + + + align:start position:0% +is just hashing based on the address of +the object but we're not going to worry + + align:start position:0% +the object but we're not going to worry + + + align:start position:0% +the object but we're not going to worry +about that just going to write adj of + + align:start position:0% +about that just going to write adj of + + + align:start position:0% +about that just going to write adj of +you assume that somehow you can get the + + align:start position:0% +you assume that somehow you can get the + + + align:start position:0% +you assume that somehow you can get the +link list corresponding with that + + align:start position:0% +link list corresponding with that + + + align:start position:0% +link list corresponding with that +vertex uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the idea is for every vertex we just + + align:start position:0% +and the idea is for every vertex we just + + + align:start position:0% +and the idea is for every vertex we just +store its + + align:start position:0% +store its + + + align:start position:0% +store its +neighbors namely the vertices you can + + align:start position:0% +neighbors namely the vertices you can + + + align:start position:0% +neighbors namely the vertices you can +reach by one step from U so I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +reach by one step from U so I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +reach by one step from U so I'm going to +Define that a little more formally adj + + align:start position:0% +Define that a little more formally adj + + + align:start position:0% +Define that a little more formally adj +of U is going to be the set of all + + align:start position:0% +of U is going to be the set of all + + + align:start position:0% +of U is going to be the set of all +vertices v such that + + align:start position:0% +vertices v such that + + + align:start position:0% +vertices v such that +UV is an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +edge okay so uh if you have a ver vertex + + align:start position:0% +edge okay so uh if you have a ver vertex + + + align:start position:0% +edge okay so uh if you have a ver vertex +where's where are my graphs here so if I + + align:start position:0% +where's where are my graphs here so if I + + + align:start position:0% +where's where are my graphs here so if I +have a Vertex like B AJ of B is going to + + align:start position:0% +have a Vertex like B AJ of B is going to + + + align:start position:0% +have a Vertex like B AJ of B is going to +be both A and C because in one step + + align:start position:0% +be both A and C because in one step + + + align:start position:0% +be both A and C because in one step +there are outgoing edges from B to A and + + align:start position:0% +there are outgoing edges from B to A and + + + align:start position:0% +there are outgoing edges from B to A and +B to C so AJ of B is a c write + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that in that graph I should have labeled + + align:start position:0% +that in that graph I should have labeled + + + align:start position:0% +that in that graph I should have labeled +the verticy something different uh AJ of + + align:start position:0% +the verticy something different uh AJ of + + + align:start position:0% +the verticy something different uh AJ of +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +is going to be just C because you can't + + align:start position:0% +is going to be just C because you can't + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be just C because you can't +get from one with one step from A to B + + align:start position:0% +get from one with one step from A to B + + + align:start position:0% +get from one with one step from A to B +there's the edges in the wrong + + align:start position:0% +there's the edges in the wrong + + + align:start position:0% +there's the edges in the wrong +direction okay and agj of + + align:start position:0% +direction okay and agj of + + + align:start position:0% +direction okay and agj of +C is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +B okay I think that definition is pretty + + align:start position:0% +B okay I think that definition is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +B okay I think that definition is pretty +clear for undirected graphs you just put + + align:start position:0% +clear for undirected graphs you just put + + + align:start position:0% +clear for undirected graphs you just put +braces here which means you store I mean + + align:start position:0% +braces here which means you store I mean + + + align:start position:0% +braces here which means you store I mean +it's same thing for here adj of C is + + align:start position:0% +it's same thing for here adj of C is + + + align:start position:0% +it's same thing for here adj of C is +going to be a b and d because you can + + align:start position:0% +going to be a b and d because you can + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a b and d because you can +get in one step from C to a from C to B + + align:start position:0% +get in one step from C to a from C to B + + + align:start position:0% +get in one step from C to a from C to B +from C to D this for pretty much every + + align:start position:0% +from C to D this for pretty much every + + + align:start position:0% +from C to D this for pretty much every +at least for graph exploration problems + + align:start position:0% +at least for graph exploration problems + + + align:start position:0% +at least for graph exploration problems +this is the representation you want + + align:start position:0% +this is the representation you want + + + align:start position:0% +this is the representation you want +because you're at some vertex you want + + align:start position:0% +because you're at some vertex you want + + + align:start position:0% +because you're at some vertex you want +to know where can I go next and adj of + + align:start position:0% +to know where can I go next and adj of + + + align:start position:0% +to know where can I go next and adj of +that vertex tells you exactly where you + + align:start position:0% +that vertex tells you exactly where you + + + align:start position:0% +that vertex tells you exactly where you +can go next so this is what you + + align:start position:0% +can go next so this is what you + + + align:start position:0% +can go next so this is what you +want + + align:start position:0% +want + + + align:start position:0% +want +um there's a lot of different ways to + + align:start position:0% +um there's a lot of different ways to + + + align:start position:0% +um there's a lot of different ways to +actually Implement adjacency + + align:start position:0% +actually Implement adjacency + + + align:start position:0% +actually Implement adjacency +lists I've talked about two of them + + align:start position:0% +lists I've talked about two of them + + + align:start position:0% +lists I've talked about two of them +you could have the vertices labeled 0 to + + align:start position:0% +you could have the vertices labeled 0 to + + + align:start position:0% +you could have the vertices labeled 0 to +V minus one and then this is literally + + align:start position:0% +V minus one and then this is literally + + + align:start position:0% +V minus one and then this is literally +an array and you have I guess I should + + align:start position:0% +an array and you have I guess I should + + + align:start position:0% +an array and you have I guess I should +draw uh in this + + align:start position:0% +draw uh in this + + + align:start position:0% +draw uh in this +picture + + align:start position:0% +picture + + + align:start position:0% +picture +adj is an array so you've got a B and C + + align:start position:0% +adj is an array so you've got a B and C + + + align:start position:0% +adj is an array so you've got a B and C +each one of them is a pointer to a link + + align:start position:0% +each one of them is a pointer to a link + + + align:start position:0% +each one of them is a pointer to a link +list this one's actually going to be + + align:start position:0% +list this one's actually going to be + + + align:start position:0% +list this one's actually going to be +a c and we're done this one is oh sorry + + align:start position:0% +a c and we're done this one is oh sorry + + + align:start position:0% +a c and we're done this one is oh sorry +that was B + + align:start position:0% +that was B + + + align:start position:0% +that was B +B who said it had to be alphabetical + + align:start position:0% +B who said it had to be alphabetical + + + align:start position:0% +B who said it had to be alphabetical +order uh a is pointer to c c is a + + align:start position:0% +order uh a is pointer to c c is a + + + align:start position:0% +order uh a is pointer to c c is a +pointer to B okay that's explicitly how + + align:start position:0% +pointer to B okay that's explicitly how + + + align:start position:0% +pointer to B okay that's explicitly how +you might represent it this might be a + + align:start position:0% +you might represent it this might be a + + + align:start position:0% +you might represent it this might be a +hash table instead of an array if you + + align:start position:0% +hash table instead of an array if you + + + align:start position:0% +hash table instead of an array if you +have weirder vertices uh you can also do + + align:start position:0% +have weirder vertices uh you can also do + + + align:start position:0% +have weirder vertices uh you can also do +it in a more objectoriented + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fashion you could for every vertex V you + + align:start position:0% +fashion you could for every vertex V you + + + align:start position:0% +fashion you could for every vertex V you +could make ver V the vertices object X + + align:start position:0% +could make ver V the vertices object X + + + align:start position:0% +could make ver V the vertices object X +and v. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +neighbors could store uh a what were + + align:start position:0% +neighbors could store uh a what were + + + align:start position:0% +neighbors could store uh a what were +defining over there to be adj of V okay + + align:start position:0% +defining over there to be adj of V okay + + + align:start position:0% +defining over there to be adj of V okay +this would be the more objectoriented + + align:start position:0% +this would be the more objectoriented + + + align:start position:0% +this would be the more objectoriented +way to do it I've thought a lot about + + align:start position:0% +way to do it I've thought a lot about + + + align:start position:0% +way to do it I've thought a lot about +this and I like this and usually when I + + align:start position:0% +this and I like this and usually when I + + + align:start position:0% +this and I like this and usually when I +Implement graphs this is what I do uh + + align:start position:0% +Implement graphs this is what I do uh + + + align:start position:0% +Implement graphs this is what I do uh +but it is actually it's convenient to + + align:start position:0% +but it is actually it's convenient to + + + align:start position:0% +but it is actually it's convenient to +have this representation and there's a + + align:start position:0% +have this representation and there's a + + + align:start position:0% +have this representation and there's a +reason the textbook uses this + + align:start position:0% +reason the textbook uses this + + + align:start position:0% +reason the textbook uses this +representation because if you've already + + align:start position:0% +representation because if you've already + + + align:start position:0% +representation because if you've already +got some vertices lying around and you + + align:start position:0% +got some vertices lying around and you + + + align:start position:0% +got some vertices lying around and you +want to have multiple graphs on those + + align:start position:0% +want to have multiple graphs on those + + + align:start position:0% +want to have multiple graphs on those +vertices this lets you do + + align:start position:0% +vertices this lets you do + + + align:start position:0% +vertices this lets you do +that you can Define multiple adj arrays + + align:start position:0% +that you can Define multiple adj arrays + + + align:start position:0% +that you can Define multiple adj arrays +one for graph one one for graph two one + + align:start position:0% +one for graph one one for graph two one + + + align:start position:0% +one for graph one one for graph two one +for graph three they could all talk + + align:start position:0% +for graph three they could all talk + + + align:start position:0% +for graph three they could all talk +about the same vertices whereas here + + align:start position:0% +about the same vertices whereas here + + + align:start position:0% +about the same vertices whereas here +vertex can only sort of belong to one + + align:start position:0% +vertex can only sort of belong to one + + + align:start position:0% +vertex can only sort of belong to one +graph it can only have one neighbor + + align:start position:0% +graph it can only have one neighbor + + + align:start position:0% +graph it can only have one neighbor +structure that says what happens if + + align:start position:0% +structure that says what happens if + + + align:start position:0% +structure that says what happens if +you're only dealing with one graph this + + align:start position:0% +you're only dealing with one graph this + + + align:start position:0% +you're only dealing with one graph this +is probably cleaner but with multiple + + align:start position:0% +is probably cleaner but with multiple + + + align:start position:0% +is probably cleaner but with multiple +graphs which will happen even in this + + align:start position:0% +graphs which will happen even in this + + + align:start position:0% +graphs which will happen even in this +class uh adjacent C lists are kind of + + align:start position:0% +class uh adjacent C lists are kind of + + + align:start position:0% +class uh adjacent C lists are kind of +the way to go uh you can also do + + align:start position:0% +the way to go uh you can also do + + + align:start position:0% +the way to go uh you can also do +implicitly represented + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +graphs which would be to say uh + + align:start position:0% +graphs which would be to say uh + + + align:start position:0% +graphs which would be to say uh +adj of U is a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function or uh v. Neighbors + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is a method of the vertex + + align:start position:0% +is a method of the vertex + + + align:start position:0% +is a method of the vertex +class okay meaning it's not just stored + + align:start position:0% +class okay meaning it's not just stored + + + align:start position:0% +class okay meaning it's not just stored +there explicitly whenever you need it + + align:start position:0% +there explicitly whenever you need it + + + align:start position:0% +there explicitly whenever you need it +you call this function and it computes + + align:start position:0% +you call this function and it computes + + + align:start position:0% +you call this function and it computes +what you + + align:start position:0% +what you + + + align:start position:0% +what you +want uh this is useful because it uses + + align:start position:0% +want uh this is useful because it uses + + + align:start position:0% +want uh this is useful because it uses +less space you could say this uses zero + + align:start position:0% +less space you could say this uses zero + + + align:start position:0% +less space you could say this uses zero +space or maybe V space for one fre + + align:start position:0% +space or maybe V space for one fre + + + align:start position:0% +space or maybe V space for one fre +vertex depends maybe you don't even need + + align:start position:0% +vertex depends maybe you don't even need + + + align:start position:0% +vertex depends maybe you don't even need +to explicitly represent all the + + align:start position:0% +to explicitly represent all the + + + align:start position:0% +to explicitly represent all the +vertices you start with some vertex and + + align:start position:0% +vertices you start with some vertex and + + + align:start position:0% +vertices you start with some vertex and +given a Vertex somehow you know how to + + align:start position:0% +given a Vertex somehow you know how to + + + align:start position:0% +given a Vertex somehow you know how to +compute let's say in constant time or + + align:start position:0% +compute let's say in constant time or + + + align:start position:0% +compute let's say in constant time or +linear time or something the neighbors + + align:start position:0% +linear time or something the neighbors + + + align:start position:0% +linear time or something the neighbors +of that + + align:start position:0% +of that + + + align:start position:0% +of that +vertex and then from there you can keep + + align:start position:0% +vertex and then from there you can keep + + + align:start position:0% +vertex and then from there you can keep +keep searching keep Computing neighbors + + align:start position:0% +keep searching keep Computing neighbors + + + align:start position:0% +keep searching keep Computing neighbors +until you find what you want maybe you + + align:start position:0% +until you find what you want maybe you + + + align:start position:0% +until you find what you want maybe you +don't have to build the whole graph you + + align:start position:0% +don't have to build the whole graph you + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to build the whole graph you +just need to build build enough of it + + align:start position:0% +just need to build build enough of it + + + align:start position:0% +just need to build build enough of it +till you find your answer whatever + + align:start position:0% +till you find your answer whatever + + + align:start position:0% +till you find your answer whatever +answer you're searching for you think of + + align:start position:0% +answer you're searching for you think of + + + align:start position:0% +answer you're searching for you think of +a situation where that might be the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +case where implicit representation would + + align:start position:0% +case where implicit representation would + + + align:start position:0% +case where implicit representation would +be a good idea yeah Rubik's Cubes you're + + align:start position:0% +be a good idea yeah Rubik's Cubes you're + + + align:start position:0% +be a good idea yeah Rubik's Cubes you're +really good I never want to build this + + align:start position:0% +really good I never want to build this + + + align:start position:0% +really good I never want to build this +space it has a bajillion States + + align:start position:0% +space it has a bajillion States + + + align:start position:0% +space it has a bajillion States +bajillion vertices I it would take + + align:start position:0% +bajillion vertices I it would take + + + align:start position:0% +bajillion vertices I it would take +forever there's more configurations of + + align:start position:0% +forever there's more configurations of + + + align:start position:0% +forever there's more configurations of +this Cube than there are particles in + + align:start position:0% +this Cube than there are particles in + + + align:start position:0% +this Cube than there are particles in +the known + + align:start position:0% +the known + + + align:start position:0% +the known +universe yeah just computed that in my + + align:start position:0% +universe yeah just computed that in my + + + align:start position:0% +universe yeah just computed that in my +head I I have done this computation + + align:start position:0% +head I I have done this computation + + + align:start position:0% +head I I have done this computation +recently and for 5x 5 by5 it's like 10 + + align:start position:0% +recently and for 5x 5 by5 it's like 10 + + + align:start position:0% +recently and for 5x 5 by5 it's like 10 +to the 40 States or 10 to the somewhere + + align:start position:0% +to the 40 States or 10 to the somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +to the 40 States or 10 to the somewhere +10 to the 40 10 to the 60 there's about + + align:start position:0% +10 to the 40 10 to the 60 there's about + + + align:start position:0% +10 to the 40 10 to the 60 there's about +10 80 particles in the non Universe 10 + + align:start position:0% +10 80 particles in the non Universe 10 + + + align:start position:0% +10 80 particles in the non Universe 10 +83 or something so this is probably I + + align:start position:0% +83 or something so this is probably I + + + align:start position:0% +83 or something so this is probably I +don't know 10 the 200 or so it's a lot + + align:start position:0% +don't know 10 the 200 or so it's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +don't know 10 the 200 or so it's a lot +you never want to build that but it's + + align:start position:0% +you never want to build that but it's + + + align:start position:0% +you never want to build that but it's +very easy to represent this state just + + align:start position:0% +very easy to represent this state just + + + align:start position:0% +very easy to represent this state just +Store where all the QB are and it's very + + align:start position:0% +Store where all the QB are and it's very + + + align:start position:0% +Store where all the QB are and it's very +easy to see what are all the + + align:start position:0% +easy to see what are all the + + + align:start position:0% +easy to see what are all the +configurations you can reach in one move + + align:start position:0% +configurations you can reach in one move + + + align:start position:0% +configurations you can reach in one move +just try this move try this move try + + align:start position:0% +just try this move try this move try + + + align:start position:0% +just try this move try this move try +this move put it back then try the next + + align:start position:0% +this move put it back then try the next + + + align:start position:0% +this move put it back then try the next +move and so on so in you know time for + + align:start position:0% +move and so on so in you know time for + + + align:start position:0% +move and so on so in you know time for +an N byn byn cube in order n time you + + align:start position:0% +an N byn byn cube in order n time you + + + align:start position:0% +an N byn byn cube in order n time you +can list all the order end next States + + align:start position:0% +can list all the order end next States + + + align:start position:0% +can list all the order end next States +you can list all the order and neighbors + + align:start position:0% +you can list all the order and neighbors + + + align:start position:0% +you can list all the order and neighbors +and so you could keep exploring + + align:start position:0% +and so you could keep exploring + + + align:start position:0% +and so you could keep exploring +searching for your state now you don't + + align:start position:0% +searching for your state now you don't + + + align:start position:0% +searching for your state now you don't +want to explore too far for that Cube + + align:start position:0% +want to explore too far for that Cube + + + align:start position:0% +want to explore too far for that Cube +but uh at least you're not you're not + + align:start position:0% +but uh at least you're not you're not + + + align:start position:0% +but uh at least you're not you're not +hosed just from the problem of + + align:start position:0% +hosed just from the problem of + + + align:start position:0% +hosed just from the problem of +representing the graph so even for 2 by + + align:start position:0% +representing the graph so even for 2 by + + + align:start position:0% +representing the graph so even for 2 by +two x two it's useful to do this mostly + + align:start position:0% +two x two it's useful to do this mostly + + + align:start position:0% +two x two it's useful to do this mostly +to save space you're not really saving + + align:start position:0% +to save space you're not really saving + + + align:start position:0% +to save space you're not really saving +time but you don't you'd like to not + + align:start position:0% +time but you don't you'd like to not + + + align:start position:0% +time but you don't you'd like to not +have to store all 264 million States + + align:start position:0% +have to store all 264 million States + + + align:start position:0% +have to store all 264 million States +because it's going to be several + + align:start position:0% +because it's going to be several + + + align:start position:0% +because it's going to be several +gigabytes and + + align:start position:0% +gigabytes and + + + align:start position:0% +gigabytes and +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +annoying uh speaking of space ignoring + + align:start position:0% +annoying uh speaking of space ignoring + + + align:start position:0% +annoying uh speaking of space ignoring +the implicit representation how much + + align:start position:0% +the implicit representation how much + + + align:start position:0% +the implicit representation how much +space does this representation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +require V plus e this is going to be our + + align:start position:0% +require V plus e this is going to be our + + + align:start position:0% +require V plus e this is going to be our +the bread and butter of our graph + + align:start position:0% +the bread and butter of our graph + + + align:start position:0% +the bread and butter of our graph +algorithms most of the things we're + + align:start position:0% +algorithms most of the things we're + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms most of the things we're +going to talk about achieve V plus e + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about achieve V plus e + + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about achieve V plus e +time this is essentially optimal is + + align:start position:0% +time this is essentially optimal is + + + align:start position:0% +time this is essentially optimal is +linear in the size of your graph got V + + align:start position:0% +linear in the size of your graph got V + + + align:start position:0% +linear in the size of your graph got V +vertices e edges technically if in case + + align:start position:0% +vertices e edges technically if in case + + + align:start position:0% +vertices e edges technically if in case +you're curious uh this is really the + + align:start position:0% +you're curious uh this is really the + + + align:start position:0% +you're curious uh this is really the +size of V plus the size of e but in the + + align:start position:0% +size of V plus the size of e but in the + + + align:start position:0% +size of V plus the size of e but in the +textbook uh and I guess in the world we + + align:start position:0% +textbook uh and I guess in the world we + + + align:start position:0% +textbook uh and I guess in the world we +just admit those sizes of whenever + + align:start position:0% +just admit those sizes of whenever + + + align:start position:0% +just admit those sizes of whenever +they're in a Theta notation or bigo + + align:start position:0% +they're in a Theta notation or bigo + + + align:start position:0% +they're in a Theta notation or bigo +notation so number of vertices plus + + align:start position:0% +notation so number of vertices plus + + + align:start position:0% +notation so number of vertices plus +number of edges that's sort of the bare + + align:start position:0% +number of edges that's sort of the bare + + + align:start position:0% +number of edges that's sort of the bare +minimum you need if you want an explicit + + align:start position:0% +minimum you need if you want an explicit + + + align:start position:0% +minimum you need if you want an explicit +representation of the graph and we + + align:start position:0% +representation of the graph and we + + + align:start position:0% +representation of the graph and we +achieve that because we've got V space + + align:start position:0% +achieve that because we've got V space + + + align:start position:0% +achieve that because we've got V space +just to store the vertices in an array + + align:start position:0% +just to store the vertices in an array + + + align:start position:0% +just to store the vertices in an array +and then if you add up all each of these + + align:start position:0% +and then if you add up all each of these + + + align:start position:0% +and then if you add up all each of these +as an + + align:start position:0% +as an + + + align:start position:0% +as an +edge uh I have to be a little careful in + + align:start position:0% +edge uh I have to be a little careful in + + + align:start position:0% +edge uh I have to be a little careful in +undirected graphs each of these is a + + align:start position:0% +undirected graphs each of these is a + + + align:start position:0% +undirected graphs each of these is a +half Edge so there's actually two times + + align:start position:0% +half Edge so there's actually two times + + + align:start position:0% +half Edge so there's actually two times +e nodes over here but it's Theta e so + + align:start position:0% +e nodes over here but it's Theta e so + + + align:start position:0% +e nodes over here but it's Theta e so +Theta V plus e is the amount of space we + + align:start position:0% +Theta V plus e is the amount of space we + + + align:start position:0% +Theta V plus e is the amount of space we +need and ideally all our algorithms will + + align:start position:0% +need and ideally all our algorithms will + + + align:start position:0% +need and ideally all our algorithms will +run in this much time that that's what + + align:start position:0% +run in this much time that that's what + + + align:start position:0% +run in this much time that that's what +all you that's what you need just to + + align:start position:0% +all you that's what you need just to + + + align:start position:0% +all you that's what you need just to +look at the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +graph okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let's do an actual + + align:start position:0% +so let's do an actual + + + align:start position:0% +so let's do an actual +algorithm is bread for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +search so the simplest algorithm you can + + align:start position:0% +search so the simplest algorithm you can + + + align:start position:0% +search so the simplest algorithm you can +think of in graphs I've already outlined + + align:start position:0% +think of in graphs I've already outlined + + + align:start position:0% +think of in graphs I've already outlined +it several times you start at some node + + align:start position:0% +it several times you start at some node + + + align:start position:0% +it several times you start at some node +you look at all the nodes you can get to + + align:start position:0% +you look at all the nodes you can get to + + + align:start position:0% +you look at all the nodes you can get to +from there you look at all the nodes you + + align:start position:0% +from there you look at all the nodes you + + + align:start position:0% +from there you look at all the nodes you +can get to from there keep going until + + align:start position:0% +can get to from there keep going until + + + align:start position:0% +can get to from there keep going until +you're done so this is going to explore + + align:start position:0% +you're done so this is going to explore + + + align:start position:0% +you're done so this is going to explore +all of the vertices that are reachable + + align:start position:0% +all of the vertices that are reachable + + + align:start position:0% +all of the vertices that are reachable +from a + + align:start position:0% +from a + + + align:start position:0% +from a +node uh the challenge the one annoying + + align:start position:0% +node uh the challenge the one annoying + + + align:start position:0% +node uh the challenge the one annoying +thing about breath first search and why + + align:start position:0% +thing about breath first search and why + + + align:start position:0% +thing about breath first search and why +this is not trivial is that there can be + + align:start position:0% +this is not trivial is that there can be + + + align:start position:0% +this is not trivial is that there can be +some edges uh that go sort of + + align:start position:0% +some edges uh that go sort of + + + align:start position:0% +some edges uh that go sort of +backwards like + + align:start position:0% +backwards like + + + align:start position:0% +backwards like +that to some previous + + align:start position:0% +that to some previous + + + align:start position:0% +that to some previous +layer uh actually that's not true is it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this can't happen you see + + align:start position:0% +this can't happen you see + + + align:start position:0% +this can't happen you see +why because if that if that edge existed + + align:start position:0% +why because if that if that edge existed + + + align:start position:0% +why because if that if that edge existed +then from this node you'd be able to get + + align:start position:0% +then from this node you'd be able to get + + + align:start position:0% +then from this node you'd be able to get +here so in an undirected graph that + + align:start position:0% +here so in an undirected graph that + + + align:start position:0% +here so in an undirected graph that +can't happen in a directed graph you + + align:start position:0% +can't happen in a directed graph you + + + align:start position:0% +can't happen in a directed graph you +could conceivably have a back Edge like + + align:start position:0% +could conceivably have a back Edge like + + + align:start position:0% +could conceivably have a back Edge like +that you have to realize oh that's a + + align:start position:0% +that you have to realize oh that's a + + + align:start position:0% +that you have to realize oh that's a +Vertex I've already seen I don't want to + + align:start position:0% +Vertex I've already seen I don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +Vertex I've already seen I don't want to +put it here even though it's something I + + align:start position:0% +put it here even though it's something I + + + align:start position:0% +put it here even though it's something I +can reach from this node because I've + + align:start position:0% +can reach from this node because I've + + + align:start position:0% +can reach from this node because I've +already been there so you've got to + + align:start position:0% +already been there so you've got to + + + align:start position:0% +already been there so you've got to +worry about things like that uh yeah + + align:start position:0% +worry about things like that uh yeah + + + align:start position:0% +worry about things like that uh yeah +that's I guess the main thing to worry + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +about so our goal is to visit all the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +nodes vertices + + align:start position:0% +nodes vertices + + + align:start position:0% +nodes vertices +reachable + + align:start position:0% +reachable + + + align:start position:0% +reachable +from given node + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +s uh we want to + + align:start position:0% +s uh we want to + + + align:start position:0% +s uh we want to +achieve V plus e time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh and the idea is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to look at the nodes that are + + align:start position:0% +to look at the nodes that are + + + align:start position:0% +to look at the nodes that are +reachable uh first in Zero + + align:start position:0% +reachable uh first in Zero + + + align:start position:0% +reachable uh first in Zero +moves Zero moves that's + + align:start position:0% +moves Zero moves that's + + + align:start position:0% +moves Zero moves that's +s uh then in one + + align:start position:0% +s uh then in one + + + align:start position:0% +s uh then in one +move well that's uh everything you can + + align:start position:0% +move well that's uh everything you can + + + align:start position:0% +move well that's uh everything you can +reach from s in one step that's + + align:start position:0% +reach from s in one step that's + + + align:start position:0% +reach from s in one step that's +adjacency of s and then two moves and + + align:start position:0% +adjacency of s and then two moves and + + + align:start position:0% +adjacency of s and then two moves and +three moves and so on until we run out + + align:start position:0% +three moves and so on until we run out + + + align:start position:0% +three moves and so on until we run out +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +graph okay but we need to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +careful to + + align:start position:0% +careful to + + + align:start position:0% +careful to +avoid + + align:start position:0% +avoid + + + align:start position:0% +avoid +uh duplicates we want to avoid + + align:start position:0% +uh duplicates we want to avoid + + + align:start position:0% +uh duplicates we want to avoid +revisiting vertices for a couple reasons + + align:start position:0% +revisiting vertices for a couple reasons + + + align:start position:0% +revisiting vertices for a couple reasons +one is if we didn't we would spend + + align:start position:0% +one is if we didn't we would spend + + + align:start position:0% +one is if we didn't we would spend +infinite time because we'd just go there + + align:start position:0% +infinite time because we'd just go there + + + align:start position:0% +infinite time because we'd just go there +and come back and go there and come back + + align:start position:0% +and come back and go there and come back + + + align:start position:0% +and come back and go there and come back +as long as there's at least one cycle + + align:start position:0% +as long as there's at least one cycle + + + align:start position:0% +as long as there's at least one cycle +you're going to keep going around the + + align:start position:0% +you're going to keep going around the + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to keep going around the +cycle forever and ever if you don't try + + align:start position:0% +cycle forever and ever if you don't try + + + align:start position:0% +cycle forever and ever if you don't try +to avoid + + align:start position:0% +to avoid + + + align:start position:0% +to avoid +duplicates all right so let me write + + align:start position:0% +duplicates all right so let me write + + + align:start position:0% +duplicates all right so let me write +down some code for this algorithm it's + + align:start position:0% +down some code for this algorithm it's + + + align:start position:0% +down some code for this algorithm it's +pretty straightforward but so + + align:start position:0% +pretty straightforward but so + + + align:start position:0% +pretty straightforward but so +straightforward we can be completely + + align:start position:0% +straightforward we can be completely + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward we can be completely +explicit and write sud + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +code there's a few different ways to + + align:start position:0% +code there's a few different ways to + + + align:start position:0% +code there's a few different ways to +implement this algorithm I'll show you + + align:start position:0% +implement this algorithm I'll show you + + + align:start position:0% +implement this algorithm I'll show you +my favorite but textbook has a different + + align:start position:0% +my favorite but textbook has a different + + + align:start position:0% +my favorite but textbook has a different +favorite + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm going to write in pure python I + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to write in pure python I + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to write in pure python I +believe + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +almost done + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +think I got that right so this is at the + + align:start position:0% +think I got that right so this is at the + + + align:start position:0% +think I got that right so this is at the +end of the while + + align:start position:0% +end of the while + + + align:start position:0% +end of the while +loop okay at that point we should be + + align:start position:0% +loop okay at that point we should be + + + align:start position:0% +loop okay at that point we should be +done uh we could do an actual example + + align:start position:0% +done uh we could do an actual example + + + align:start position:0% +done uh we could do an actual example +Maybe + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm going to do it on a direct uh sorry + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do it on a direct uh sorry + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do it on a direct uh sorry +an undirected graph but this algorithm + + align:start position:0% +an undirected graph but this algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +an undirected graph but this algorithm +works just as well on directed and + + align:start position:0% +works just as well on directed and + + + align:start position:0% +works just as well on directed and +undirected graphs + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay there's an undirected graph uh we + + align:start position:0% +okay there's an undirected graph uh we + + + align:start position:0% +okay there's an undirected graph uh we +we're given some start vertex + + align:start position:0% +we're given some start vertex + + + align:start position:0% +we're given some start vertex +s and we're given the graph by being + + align:start position:0% +s and we're given the graph by being + + + align:start position:0% +s and we're given the graph by being +given the adjacency lists so you could + + align:start position:0% +given the adjacency lists so you could + + + align:start position:0% +given the adjacency lists so you could +iterate over the vertices of that thing + + align:start position:0% +iterate over the vertices of that thing + + + align:start position:0% +iterate over the vertices of that thing +given a Vertex you can list all the + + align:start position:0% +given a Vertex you can list all the + + + align:start position:0% +given a Vertex you can list all the +edges you can reach in one + + align:start position:0% +edges you can reach in one + + + align:start position:0% +edges you can reach in one +step and then the top of the algorithm + + align:start position:0% +step and then the top of the algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +step and then the top of the algorithm +is just some + + align:start position:0% +is just some + + + align:start position:0% +is just some +initialization the basic structure we + + align:start position:0% +initialization the basic structure we + + + align:start position:0% +initialization the basic structure we +have this thing called the frontier + + align:start position:0% +have this thing called the frontier + + + align:start position:0% +have this thing called the frontier +which is uh what we just reached on the + + align:start position:0% +which is uh what we just reached on the + + + align:start position:0% +which is uh what we just reached on the +previous level + + align:start position:0% +previous level + + + align:start position:0% +previous level +uh I think that's going to be + + align:start position:0% +uh I think that's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +uh I think that's going to be +level I minus one just don't want to + + align:start position:0% +level I minus one just don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +level I minus one just don't want to +make an index + + align:start position:0% +make an index + + + align:start position:0% +make an index +error these are going to be all the + + align:start position:0% +error these are going to be all the + + + align:start position:0% +error these are going to be all the +things you can reach using exactly IUS + + align:start position:0% +things you can reach using exactly IUS + + + align:start position:0% +things you can reach using exactly IUS +one moves and then next is going to be + + align:start position:0% +one moves and then next is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +one moves and then next is going to be +all the things you can reach in IM + + align:start position:0% +all the things you can reach in IM + + + align:start position:0% +all the things you can reach in IM +moves okay so to get started what we + + align:start position:0% +moves okay so to get started what we + + + align:start position:0% +moves okay so to get started what we +know is s s is what you can reach in + + align:start position:0% +know is s s is what you can reach in + + + align:start position:0% +know is s s is what you can reach in +Zero moves + + align:start position:0% +Zero moves + + + align:start position:0% +Zero moves +so we set the level of s to be zero + + align:start position:0% +so we set the level of s to be zero + + + align:start position:0% +so we set the level of s to be zero +that's the first line of the code + + align:start position:0% +that's the first line of the code + + + align:start position:0% +that's the first line of the code +there's this other thing called a parent + + align:start position:0% +there's this other thing called a parent + + + align:start position:0% +there's this other thing called a parent +we'll worry about that later it's + + align:start position:0% +we'll worry about that later it's + + + align:start position:0% +we'll worry about that later it's +optional just it gives us some other fun + + align:start position:0% +optional just it gives us some other fun + + + align:start position:0% +optional just it gives us some other fun +structure uh we set I to be one because + + align:start position:0% +structure uh we set I to be one because + + + align:start position:0% +structure uh we set I to be one because +we just finished level zero Frontier at + + align:start position:0% +we just finished level zero Frontier at + + + align:start position:0% +we just finished level zero Frontier at +of uh what you can reach in level zero + + align:start position:0% +of uh what you can reach in level zero + + + align:start position:0% +of uh what you can reach in level zero +is just s itself so we're going to put + + align:start position:0% +is just s itself so we're going to put + + + align:start position:0% +is just s itself so we're going to put +that in a list that is level zero I + + align:start position:0% +that in a list that is level zero I + + + align:start position:0% +that in a list that is level zero I +equal 1 so 1 - 1 is Z all good and then + + align:start position:0% +equal 1 so 1 - 1 is Z all good and then + + + align:start position:0% +equal 1 so 1 - 1 is Z all good and then +we're going to iterate and this is going + + align:start position:0% +we're going to iterate and this is going + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to iterate and this is going +to be looking at the the end of the + + align:start position:0% +to be looking at the the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +to be looking at the the end of the +iteration is to increment I so you could + + align:start position:0% +iteration is to increment I so you could + + + align:start position:0% +iteration is to increment I so you could +also call this a for Loop except we + + align:start position:0% +also call this a for Loop except we + + + align:start position:0% +also call this a for Loop except we +don't know when it's going to end so + + align:start position:0% +don't know when it's going to end so + + + align:start position:0% +don't know when it's going to end so +it's easier to think of I incrementing + + align:start position:0% +it's easier to think of I incrementing + + + align:start position:0% +it's easier to think of I incrementing +each step not knowing when we're going + + align:start position:0% +each step not knowing when we're going + + + align:start position:0% +each step not knowing when we're going +to stop we're going to stop whenever we + + align:start position:0% +to stop we're going to stop whenever we + + + align:start position:0% +to stop we're going to stop whenever we +run out of nodes so whenever Frontier is + + align:start position:0% +run out of nodes so whenever Frontier is + + + align:start position:0% +run out of nodes so whenever Frontier is +a non-empty list and the bulk of the + + align:start position:0% +a non-empty list and the bulk of the + + + align:start position:0% +a non-empty list and the bulk of the +work here is Computing what the next + + align:start position:0% +work here is Computing what the next + + + align:start position:0% +work here is Computing what the next +level is that's called Next it's going + + align:start position:0% +level is that's called Next it's going + + + align:start position:0% +level is that's called Next it's going +to be level I we do some computation + + align:start position:0% +to be level I we do some computation + + + align:start position:0% +to be level I we do some computation +eventually we have what's on the next + + align:start position:0% +eventually we have what's on the next + + + align:start position:0% +eventually we have what's on the next +level then we set Frontier to next + + align:start position:0% +level then we set Frontier to next + + + align:start position:0% +level then we set Frontier to next +so because that's our new level we + + align:start position:0% +so because that's our new level we + + + align:start position:0% +so because that's our new level we +increment I and that invariant of + + align:start position:0% +increment I and that invariant of + + + align:start position:0% +increment I and that invariant of +Frontier being level IUS one is + + align:start position:0% +Frontier being level IUS one is + + + align:start position:0% +Frontier being level IUS one is +preserved right after here and then we + + align:start position:0% +preserved right after here and then we + + + align:start position:0% +preserved right after here and then we +just keep going till we run out of + + align:start position:0% +just keep going till we run out of + + + align:start position:0% +just keep going till we run out of +nodes uh how do we compute next well we + + align:start position:0% +nodes uh how do we compute next well we + + + align:start position:0% +nodes uh how do we compute next well we +look at every node in the frontier and + + align:start position:0% +look at every node in the frontier and + + + align:start position:0% +look at every node in the frontier and +we look at all the nodes you can reach + + align:start position:0% +we look at all the nodes you can reach + + + align:start position:0% +we look at all the nodes you can reach +from those nodes so every node you in + + align:start position:0% +from those nodes so every node you in + + + align:start position:0% +from those nodes so every node you in +the frontier and then we look at uh so + + align:start position:0% +the frontier and then we look at uh so + + + align:start position:0% +the frontier and then we look at uh so +this means there's an edge from U to + + align:start position:0% +this means there's an edge from U to + + + align:start position:0% +this means there's an edge from U to +V so the picture we look at all the + + align:start position:0% +V so the picture we look at all the + + + align:start position:0% +V so the picture we look at all the +edges from all the frontier nodes where + + align:start position:0% +edges from all the frontier nodes where + + + align:start position:0% +edges from all the frontier nodes where +you can go and then the key thing is we + + align:start position:0% +you can go and then the key thing is we + + + align:start position:0% +you can go and then the key thing is we +check for duplicates we see have we seen + + align:start position:0% +check for duplicates we see have we seen + + + align:start position:0% +check for duplicates we see have we seen +this node before if we have we would + + align:start position:0% +this node before if we have we would + + + align:start position:0% +this node before if we have we would +have set its level to be something if we + + align:start position:0% +have set its level to be something if we + + + align:start position:0% +have set its level to be something if we +haven't seen it it will not be in the + + align:start position:0% +haven't seen it it will not be in the + + + align:start position:0% +haven't seen it it will not be in the +level hash table the level dictionary + + align:start position:0% +level hash table the level dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +level hash table the level dictionary +and so if it's not in there uh we'll put + + align:start position:0% +and so if it's not in there uh we'll put + + + align:start position:0% +and so if it's not in there uh we'll put +it in there and add it to the next layer + + align:start position:0% +it in there and add it to the next layer + + + align:start position:0% +it in there and add it to the next layer +so that's how you avoid duplicates you + + align:start position:0% +so that's how you avoid duplicates you + + + align:start position:0% +so that's how you avoid duplicates you +set its level to make sure you will + + align:start position:0% +set its level to make sure you will + + + align:start position:0% +set its level to make sure you will +never visit it again you add it to the + + align:start position:0% +never visit it again you add it to the + + + align:start position:0% +never visit it again you add it to the +next Frontier you iterate you're + + align:start position:0% +next Frontier you iterate you're + + + align:start position:0% +next Frontier you iterate you're +done okay uh this is one version of what + + align:start position:0% +done okay uh this is one version of what + + + align:start position:0% +done okay uh this is one version of what +you might call breath for search and it + + align:start position:0% +you might call breath for search and it + + + align:start position:0% +you might call breath for search and it +achieves this goal visiting all the + + align:start position:0% +achieves this goal visiting all the + + + align:start position:0% +achieves this goal visiting all the +nodes reachable from s in linear time + + align:start position:0% +nodes reachable from s in linear time + + + align:start position:0% +nodes reachable from s in linear time +let's see how it works on a real example + + align:start position:0% +let's see how it works on a real example + + + align:start position:0% +let's see how it works on a real example +so first Frontier is this + + align:start position:0% +so first Frontier is this + + + align:start position:0% +so first Frontier is this +thing uh Frontier just has the node s so + + align:start position:0% +thing uh Frontier just has the node s so + + + align:start position:0% +thing uh Frontier just has the node s so +we just look at s and we look at all the + + align:start position:0% +we just look at s and we look at all the + + + align:start position:0% +we just look at s and we look at all the +edges from s we get a and X so those get + + align:start position:0% +edges from s we get a and X so those get + + + align:start position:0% +edges from s we get a and X so those get +added to the next Frontier uh maybe + + align:start position:0% +added to the next Frontier uh maybe + + + align:start position:0% +added to the next Frontier uh maybe +before I go too + + align:start position:0% +before I go too + + + align:start position:0% +before I go too +far let me switch + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +colors multimedia here right so here's + + align:start position:0% +colors multimedia here right so here's + + + align:start position:0% +colors multimedia here right so here's +level + + align:start position:0% +level + + + align:start position:0% +level +one all of these guys have uh we're + + align:start position:0% +one all of these guys have uh we're + + + align:start position:0% +one all of these guys have uh we're +going to set their level to one they can + + align:start position:0% +going to set their level to one they can + + + align:start position:0% +going to set their level to one they can +be reached in one step that's pretty + + align:start position:0% +be reached in one step that's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +be reached in one step that's pretty +clear so now Frontier is a and X we go + + align:start position:0% +clear so now Frontier is a and X we go + + + align:start position:0% +clear so now Frontier is a and X we go +to that's what next becomes then + + align:start position:0% +to that's what next becomes then + + + align:start position:0% +to that's what next becomes then +Frontier becomes next and so we look at + + align:start position:0% +Frontier becomes next and so we look at + + + align:start position:0% +Frontier becomes next and so we look at +all the edges from a uh that's going to + + align:start position:0% +all the edges from a uh that's going to + + + align:start position:0% +all the edges from a uh that's going to +be S and z s we've already looked at it + + align:start position:0% +be S and z s we've already looked at it + + + align:start position:0% +be S and z s we've already looked at it +already has a level set so we ignore + + align:start position:0% +already has a level set so we ignore + + + align:start position:0% +already has a level set so we ignore +that so we look at z z does not have a + + align:start position:0% +that so we look at z z does not have a + + + align:start position:0% +that so we look at z z does not have a +level indicated here so we're going to + + align:start position:0% +level indicated here so we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +level indicated here so we're going to +set it to I which happens to be two at + + align:start position:0% +set it to I which happens to be two at + + + align:start position:0% +set it to I which happens to be two at +this point and we look at X it has + + align:start position:0% +this point and we look at X it has + + + align:start position:0% +this point and we look at X it has +neighbors s d and c we look at s again + + align:start position:0% +neighbors s d and c we look at s again + + + align:start position:0% +neighbors s d and c we look at s again +we say oh we've already seen that yet + + align:start position:0% +we say oh we've already seen that yet + + + align:start position:0% +we say oh we've already seen that yet +again so we're worried about this taking + + align:start position:0% +again so we're worried about this taking + + + align:start position:0% +again so we're worried about this taking +a lot of time because we look at S three + + align:start position:0% +a lot of time because we look at S three + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of time because we look at S three +times in total uh then we look at D D + + align:start position:0% +times in total uh then we look at D D + + + align:start position:0% +times in total uh then we look at D D +hasn't been set so we set it to two c + + align:start position:0% +hasn't been set so we set it to two c + + + align:start position:0% +hasn't been set so we set it to two c +hasn't been set so we set it to two so + + align:start position:0% +hasn't been set so we set it to two so + + + align:start position:0% +hasn't been set so we set it to two so +the frontier at level + + align:start position:0% +the frontier at level + + + align:start position:0% +the frontier at level +two is + + align:start position:0% +two is + + + align:start position:0% +two is +that okay then we look at all the + + align:start position:0% +that okay then we look at all the + + + align:start position:0% +that okay then we look at all the +neighbors of Z there's a A's already + + align:start position:0% +neighbors of Z there's a A's already + + + align:start position:0% +neighbors of Z there's a A's already +been set look at all the neighbors of D + + align:start position:0% +been set look at all the neighbors of D + + + align:start position:0% +been set look at all the neighbors of D +there's X there's c those have been set + + align:start position:0% +there's X there's c those have been set + + + align:start position:0% +there's X there's c those have been set +there's F this one gets added um then we + + align:start position:0% +there's F this one gets added um then we + + + align:start position:0% +there's F this one gets added um then we +look at C there's X that's been done D's + + align:start position:0% +look at C there's X that's been done D's + + + align:start position:0% +look at C there's X that's been done D's +been done F's been done V has not been + + align:start position:0% +been done F's been done V has not been + + + align:start position:0% +been done F's been done V has not been +done so this becomes a frontier at level + + align:start position:0% +done so this becomes a frontier at level + + + align:start position:0% +done so this becomes a frontier at level +three + + align:start position:0% +three + + + align:start position:0% +three +then we look at level three there's F + + align:start position:0% +then we look at level three there's F + + + align:start position:0% +then we look at level three there's F +B's been done C's been done V's been + + align:start position:0% +B's been done C's been done V's been + + + align:start position:0% +B's been done C's been done V's been +done we look at V C's been done F's been + + align:start position:0% +done we look at V C's been done F's been + + + align:start position:0% +done we look at V C's been done F's been +done nothing to add to next next becomes + + align:start position:0% +done nothing to add to next next becomes + + + align:start position:0% +done nothing to add to next next becomes +empty Frontier becomes empty the Y Loop + + align:start position:0% +empty Frontier becomes empty the Y Loop + + + align:start position:0% +empty Frontier becomes empty the Y Loop +finishes Tada we've computed we visited + + align:start position:0% +finishes Tada we've computed we visited + + + align:start position:0% +finishes Tada we've computed we visited +all the vertices + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah what this is python notation you + + align:start position:0% +yeah what this is python notation you + + + align:start position:0% +yeah what this is python notation you +may have heard of python uh this is is + + align:start position:0% +may have heard of python uh this is is + + + align:start position:0% +may have heard of python uh this is is +um a dictionary who's which has one key + + align:start position:0% +um a dictionary who's which has one key + + + align:start position:0% +um a dictionary who's which has one key +value s and has one value zero so you + + align:start position:0% +value s and has one value zero so you + + + align:start position:0% +value s and has one value zero so you +could you could yeah that's shorthand in + + align:start position:0% +could you could yeah that's shorthand in + + + align:start position:0% +could you could yeah that's shorthand in +Python for uh usually you have a comma + + align:start position:0% +Python for uh usually you have a comma + + + align:start position:0% +Python for uh usually you have a comma +separated list the colon is uh + + align:start position:0% +separated list the colon is uh + + + align:start position:0% +separated list the colon is uh +specifying key value + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pairs okay I didn't talk about + + align:start position:0% +pairs okay I didn't talk about + + + align:start position:0% +pairs okay I didn't talk about +parent we can do that a little bit uh so + + align:start position:0% +parent we can do that a little bit uh so + + + align:start position:0% +parent we can do that a little bit uh so +parent we're initializing to say parent + + align:start position:0% +parent we're initializing to say parent + + + align:start position:0% +parent we're initializing to say parent +of s is nobody + + align:start position:0% +of s is nobody + + + align:start position:0% +of s is nobody +and then whenever we visit a new vertex + + align:start position:0% +and then whenever we visit a new vertex + + + align:start position:0% +and then whenever we visit a new vertex +V we said it's parent to be the vertex + + align:start position:0% +V we said it's parent to be the vertex + + + align:start position:0% +V we said it's parent to be the vertex +that we came from so we had this vertex + + align:start position:0% +that we came from so we had this vertex + + + align:start position:0% +that we came from so we had this vertex +V we had an edge to V from some vertex U + + align:start position:0% +V we had an edge to V from some vertex U + + + align:start position:0% +V we had an edge to V from some vertex U +we set the parent of V to be U so let me + + align:start position:0% +we set the parent of V to be U so let me + + + align:start position:0% +we set the parent of V to be U so let me +add in what that becomes we'll change + + align:start position:0% +add in what that becomes we'll change + + + align:start position:0% +add in what that becomes we'll change +colors yet + + align:start position:0% +colors yet + + + align:start position:0% +colors yet +again although it gets hard to see any + + align:start position:0% +again although it gets hard to see any + + + align:start position:0% +again although it gets hard to see any +color but red um let's see so we + + align:start position:0% +color but red um let's see so we + + + align:start position:0% +color but red um let's see so we +have S when we visited a then + + align:start position:0% +have S when we visited a then + + + align:start position:0% +have S when we visited a then +the parent of a would become s uh when + + align:start position:0% +the parent of a would become s uh when + + + align:start position:0% +the parent of a would become s uh when +we visited Z the parent of Z would be a + + align:start position:0% +we visited Z the parent of Z would be a + + + align:start position:0% +we visited Z the parent of Z would be a +uh parent of X is going to be S parent + + align:start position:0% +uh parent of X is going to be S parent + + + align:start position:0% +uh parent of X is going to be S parent +of D is going to be X parent of C is + + align:start position:0% +of D is going to be X parent of C is + + + align:start position:0% +of D is going to be X parent of C is +going to be x uh parent of f it could + + align:start position:0% +going to be x uh parent of f it could + + + align:start position:0% +going to be x uh parent of f it could +have been either way but the way I did + + align:start position:0% +have been either way but the way I did + + + align:start position:0% +have been either way but the way I did +it D went + + align:start position:0% +it D went + + + align:start position:0% +it D went +first and so that became its parent and + + align:start position:0% +first and so that became its parent and + + + align:start position:0% +first and so that became its parent and +I think v c was its + + align:start position:0% +I think v c was its + + + align:start position:0% +I think v c was its +parent okay so that's what the parent + + align:start position:0% +parent okay so that's what the parent + + + align:start position:0% +parent okay so that's what the parent +pointers will look like they always + + align:start position:0% +pointers will look like they always + + + align:start position:0% +pointers will look like they always +follow edges they actually follow edges + + align:start position:0% +follow edges they actually follow edges + + + align:start position:0% +follow edges they actually follow edges +backwards if this was a directed graph + + align:start position:0% +backwards if this was a directed graph + + + align:start position:0% +backwards if this was a directed graph +graph might be directed that way but the + + align:start position:0% +graph might be directed that way but the + + + align:start position:0% +graph might be directed that way but the +parent pointers go back along the edges + + align:start position:0% +parent pointers go back along the edges + + + align:start position:0% +parent pointers go back along the edges +so it's a way to return it's a way to + + align:start position:0% +so it's a way to return it's a way to + + + align:start position:0% +so it's a way to return it's a way to +return to + + align:start position:0% +return to + + + align:start position:0% +return to +S if you follow these pointers all roads + + align:start position:0% +S if you follow these pointers all roads + + + align:start position:0% +S if you follow these pointers all roads +lead to + + align:start position:0% +lead to + + + align:start position:0% +lead to +S okay um because we started at s that's + + align:start position:0% +S okay um because we started at s that's + + + align:start position:0% +S okay um because we started at s that's +the property we have in fact these + + align:start position:0% +the property we have in fact these + + + align:start position:0% +the property we have in fact these +pointers always form a tree and the root + + align:start position:0% +pointers always form a tree and the root + + + align:start position:0% +pointers always form a tree and the root +of the tree is s in fact these pointers + + align:start position:0% +of the tree is s in fact these pointers + + + align:start position:0% +of the tree is s in fact these pointers +form what are called shortest paths let + + align:start position:0% +form what are called shortest paths let + + + align:start position:0% +form what are called shortest paths let +me write down a little bit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this shortest path properties + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you take a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +node and you take it's parent you take + + align:start position:0% +node and you take it's parent you take + + + align:start position:0% +node and you take it's parent you take +the parent or the parent and so on + + align:start position:0% +the parent or the parent and so on + + + align:start position:0% +the parent or the parent and so on +eventually you get to S and if you read + + align:start position:0% +eventually you get to S and if you read + + + align:start position:0% +eventually you get to S and if you read +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +backwards that will actually be a path + + align:start position:0% +backwards that will actually be a path + + + align:start position:0% +backwards that will actually be a path +in the graph and it will be a shortest + + align:start position:0% +in the graph and it will be a shortest + + + align:start position:0% +in the graph and it will be a shortest +path in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +graph uh from s to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +V meaning if you look at all paths in + + align:start position:0% +V meaning if you look at all paths in + + + align:start position:0% +V meaning if you look at all paths in +the graph that go from s to V so say + + align:start position:0% +the graph that go from s to V so say + + + align:start position:0% +the graph that go from s to V so say +we're going from s to V how about that + + align:start position:0% +we're going from s to V how about that + + + align:start position:0% +we're going from s to V how about that +uh we compute this shortest we compute + + align:start position:0% +uh we compute this shortest we compute + + + align:start position:0% +uh we compute this shortest we compute +this path out of BFS which is follow + + align:start position:0% +this path out of BFS which is follow + + + align:start position:0% +this path out of BFS which is follow +parent of V is C parent of C is X parent + + align:start position:0% +parent of V is C parent of C is X parent + + + align:start position:0% +parent of V is C parent of C is X parent +of X is s + + align:start position:0% +of X is s + + + align:start position:0% +of X is s +read it backwards that gives us a path + + align:start position:0% +read it backwards that gives us a path + + + align:start position:0% +read it backwards that gives us a path +from s Tov uh the claim is that is the + + align:start position:0% +from s Tov uh the claim is that is the + + + align:start position:0% +from s Tov uh the claim is that is the +shortest way to get from s Tov might not + + align:start position:0% +shortest way to get from s Tov might not + + + align:start position:0% +shortest way to get from s Tov might not +be the only one like if you're going + + align:start position:0% +be the only one like if you're going + + + align:start position:0% +be the only one like if you're going +from s to F there's two short paths + + align:start position:0% +from s to F there's two short paths + + + align:start position:0% +from s to F there's two short paths +there's this one of length three there's + + align:start position:0% +there's this one of length three there's + + + align:start position:0% +there's this one of length three there's +this one of length three uses three + + align:start position:0% +this one of length three uses three + + + align:start position:0% +this one of length three uses three +edges same length uh and in the parent + + align:start position:0% +edges same length uh and in the parent + + + align:start position:0% +edges same length uh and in the parent +pointers we can only afford to encode + + align:start position:0% +pointers we can only afford to encode + + + align:start position:0% +pointers we can only afford to encode +one of those paths because in general + + align:start position:0% +one of those paths because in general + + + align:start position:0% +one of those paths because in general +there might be exponentially many ways + + align:start position:0% +there might be exponentially many ways + + + align:start position:0% +there might be exponentially many ways +to get from one node to another we find + + align:start position:0% +to get from one node to another we find + + + align:start position:0% +to get from one node to another we find +a shortest path not necessarily the only + + align:start position:0% +a shortest path not necessarily the only + + + align:start position:0% +a shortest path not necessarily the only +one and the length of that + + align:start position:0% +one and the length of that + + + align:start position:0% +one and the length of that +path so shortest here means that you use + + align:start position:0% +path so shortest here means that you use + + + align:start position:0% +path so shortest here means that you use +the fewest edges and the length will be + + align:start position:0% +the fewest edges and the length will be + + + align:start position:0% +the fewest edges and the length will be +uh level of V that's what we're keeping + + align:start position:0% +uh level of V that's what we're keeping + + + align:start position:0% +uh level of V that's what we're keeping +track + + align:start position:0% +track + + + align:start position:0% +track +of the level's zero you can get there + + align:start position:0% +of the level's zero you can get there + + + align:start position:0% +of the level's zero you can get there +with zero steps if the level is one you + + align:start position:0% +with zero steps if the level is one you + + + align:start position:0% +with zero steps if the level is one you +can get there with one steps because + + align:start position:0% +can get there with one steps because + + + align:start position:0% +can get there with one steps because +we're visiting everything you can + + align:start position:0% +we're visiting everything you can + + + align:start position:0% +we're visiting everything you can +possibly get in K steps the level is + + align:start position:0% +possibly get in K steps the level is + + + align:start position:0% +possibly get in K steps the level is +telling you what that shortest path + + align:start position:0% +telling you what that shortest path + + + align:start position:0% +telling you what that shortest path +distance is and the parent pointers are + + align:start position:0% +distance is and the parent pointers are + + + align:start position:0% +distance is and the parent pointers are +actually giving you the shortest path + + align:start position:0% +actually giving you the shortest path + + + align:start position:0% +actually giving you the shortest path +that's the cool thing about BFS yeah BFS + + align:start position:0% +that's the cool thing about BFS yeah BFS + + + align:start position:0% +that's the cool thing about BFS yeah BFS +explores a vertices sometimes that's all + + align:start position:0% +explores a vertices sometimes that's all + + + align:start position:0% +explores a vertices sometimes that's all +you care about but in some sense what + + align:start position:0% +you care about but in some sense what + + + align:start position:0% +you care about but in some sense what +really matters is it finds the shortest + + align:start position:0% +really matters is it finds the shortest + + + align:start position:0% +really matters is it finds the shortest +way to get from anywhere to anywhere for + + align:start position:0% +way to get from anywhere to anywhere for + + + align:start position:0% +way to get from anywhere to anywhere for +Rubik's Cube that's nice because you run + + align:start position:0% +Rubik's Cube that's nice because you run + + + align:start position:0% +Rubik's Cube that's nice because you run +the shortest path you run BFS from the + + align:start position:0% +the shortest path you run BFS from the + + + align:start position:0% +the shortest path you run BFS from the +start state of Rubik's Cube then you say + + align:start position:0% +start state of Rubik's Cube then you say + + + align:start position:0% +start state of Rubik's Cube then you say +oh I'm in this state you look up this + + align:start position:0% +oh I'm in this state you look up this + + + align:start position:0% +oh I'm in this state you look up this +state you look at its level it says oh + + align:start position:0% +state you look at its level it says oh + + + align:start position:0% +state you look at its level it says oh +you can get there in nine steps that's I + + align:start position:0% +you can get there in nine steps that's I + + + align:start position:0% +you can get there in nine steps that's I +think the average so I'm guessing I + + align:start position:0% +think the average so I'm guessing I + + + align:start position:0% +think the average so I'm guessing I +don't know how to do this in nine steps + + align:start position:0% +don't know how to do this in nine steps + + + align:start position:0% +don't know how to do this in nine steps +um and and then uh great so now you know + + align:start position:0% +um and and then uh great so now you know + + + align:start position:0% +um and and then uh great so now you know +how to solve it you just look at the + + align:start position:0% +how to solve it you just look at the + + + align:start position:0% +how to solve it you just look at the +parent pointer the parent pointer gives + + align:start position:0% +parent pointer the parent pointer gives + + + align:start position:0% +parent pointer the parent pointer gives +you another configuration to see oh what + + align:start position:0% +you another configuration to see oh what + + + align:start position:0% +you another configuration to see oh what +move was that and then you do that move + + align:start position:0% +move was that and then you do that move + + + align:start position:0% +move was that and then you do that move +I'm not going to solve it then you look + + align:start position:0% +I'm not going to solve it then you look + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not going to solve it then you look +at the parent pointer of that you do + + align:start position:0% +at the parent pointer of that you do + + + align:start position:0% +at the parent pointer of that you do +that move look at the parent pointer of + + align:start position:0% +that move look at the parent pointer of + + + align:start position:0% +that move look at the parent pointer of +that you do that move eventually you + + align:start position:0% +that you do that move eventually you + + + align:start position:0% +that you do that move eventually you +will get to the solve State and you will + + align:start position:0% +will get to the solve State and you will + + + align:start position:0% +will get to the solve State and you will +do it using the fewest possible moves so + + align:start position:0% +do it using the fewest possible moves so + + + align:start position:0% +do it using the fewest possible moves so +if you can afford to put the whole graph + + align:start position:0% +if you can afford to put the whole graph + + + align:start position:0% +if you can afford to put the whole graph +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +memory which you can't for big Rubik's + + align:start position:0% +memory which you can't for big Rubik's + + + align:start position:0% +memory which you can't for big Rubik's +Cube but you can for a small one then + + align:start position:0% +Cube but you can for a small one then + + + align:start position:0% +Cube but you can for a small one then +this will give you the a strategy the + + align:start position:0% +this will give you the a strategy the + + + align:start position:0% +this will give you the a strategy the +optimal strateg + + align:start position:0% +optimal strateg + + + align:start position:0% +optimal strateg +God's algorithm if you will for uh every + + align:start position:0% +God's algorithm if you will for uh every + + + align:start position:0% +God's algorithm if you will for uh every +configuration it solves all of them + + align:start position:0% +configuration it solves all of them + + + align:start position:0% +configuration it solves all of them +which is great uh what is the running + + align:start position:0% +which is great uh what is the running + + + align:start position:0% +which is great uh what is the running +time of this algorithm I claim its order + + align:start position:0% +time of this algorithm I claim its order + + + align:start position:0% +time of this algorithm I claim its order +V plus e uh but it looked a little + + align:start position:0% +V plus e uh but it looked a little + + + align:start position:0% +V plus e uh but it looked a little +wasteful because it was checking + + align:start position:0% +wasteful because it was checking + + + align:start position:0% +wasteful because it was checking +vertices over and over and over but if + + align:start position:0% +vertices over and over and over but if + + + align:start position:0% +vertices over and over and over but if +you think about it carefully you're only + + align:start position:0% +you think about it carefully you're only + + + align:start position:0% +you think about it carefully you're only +looking it's the right way to say this + + align:start position:0% +looking it's the right way to say this + + + align:start position:0% +looking it's the right way to say this +uh you only check every Edge once or in + + align:start position:0% +uh you only check every Edge once or in + + + align:start position:0% +uh you only check every Edge once or in +undirected graphs you check them twice + + align:start position:0% +undirected graphs you check them twice + + + align:start position:0% +undirected graphs you check them twice +once from each side when I visit a + + align:start position:0% +once from each side when I visit a + + + align:start position:0% +once from each side when I visit a +Vertex enters the frontier only once + + align:start position:0% +Vertex enters the frontier only once + + + align:start position:0% +Vertex enters the frontier only once +because once it's in the frontier it + + align:start position:0% +because once it's in the frontier it + + + align:start position:0% +because once it's in the frontier it +gets a level Set uh and once it has a + + align:start position:0% +gets a level Set uh and once it has a + + + align:start position:0% +gets a level Set uh and once it has a +level set it'll never go in + + align:start position:0% +level set it'll never go in + + + align:start position:0% +level set it'll never go in +again it'll never get added to + + align:start position:0% +again it'll never get added to + + + align:start position:0% +again it'll never get added to +next so you know s gets added once then + + align:start position:0% +next so you know s gets added once then + + + align:start position:0% +next so you know s gets added once then +we check all the neighbors of s a gets + + align:start position:0% +we check all the neighbors of s a gets + + + align:start position:0% +we check all the neighbors of s a gets +added once then we check all the + + align:start position:0% +added once then we check all the + + + align:start position:0% +added once then we check all the +neighbors of a x each of these guys gets + + align:start position:0% +neighbors of a x each of these guys gets + + + align:start position:0% +neighbors of a x each of these guys gets +added once we check all the neighbors so + + align:start position:0% +added once we check all the neighbors so + + + align:start position:0% +added once we check all the neighbors so +the total running time is going to be + + align:start position:0% +the total running time is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +the total running time is going to be +the sum over all vertices of the size of + + align:start position:0% +the sum over all vertices of the size of + + + align:start position:0% +the sum over all vertices of the size of +the adjacency list of + + align:start position:0% +the adjacency list of + + + align:start position:0% +the adjacency list of +V so this is the number of neighbors + + align:start position:0% +V so this is the number of neighbors + + + align:start position:0% +V so this is the number of neighbors +that V has and this is going to + + align:start position:0% +that V has and this is going to + + + align:start position:0% +that V has and this is going to +be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +answer number of edges sorry double the + + align:start position:0% +answer number of edges sorry double the + + + align:start position:0% +answer number of edges sorry double the +number of edges twice the number of + + align:start position:0% +number of edges twice the number of + + + align:start position:0% +number of edges twice the number of +edges for undirected graphs it's going + + align:start position:0% +edges for undirected graphs it's going + + + align:start position:0% +edges for undirected graphs it's going +to be the number of edges for director + + align:start position:0% +to be the number of edges for director + + + align:start position:0% +to be the number of edges for director +graphs this is the handshaking Lemma if + + align:start position:0% +graphs this is the handshaking Lemma if + + + align:start position:0% +graphs this is the handshaking Lemma if +you don't remember the hand shaking + + align:start position:0% +you don't remember the hand shaking + + + align:start position:0% +you don't remember the hand shaking +Lemma you should read the textbook just + + align:start position:0% +Lemma you should read the textbook just + + + align:start position:0% +Lemma you should read the textbook just +double + + align:start position:0% +double + + + align:start position:0% +double +uh 6042 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stuff CU you basically you visit every + + align:start position:0% +stuff CU you basically you visit every + + + align:start position:0% +stuff CU you basically you visit every +Edge + + align:start position:0% +Edge + + + align:start position:0% +Edge +twice uh for directed graphs you visit + + align:start position:0% +twice uh for directed graphs you visit + + + align:start position:0% +twice uh for directed graphs you visit +every Edge + + align:start position:0% +every Edge + + + align:start position:0% +every Edge +once but it's order e we also spend + + align:start position:0% +once but it's order e we also spend + + + align:start position:0% +once but it's order e we also spend +order V because we touch every vertex uh + + align:start position:0% +order V because we touch every vertex uh + + + align:start position:0% +order V because we touch every vertex uh +so total running time is order V plus e + + align:start position:0% +so total running time is order V plus e + + + align:start position:0% +so total running time is order V plus e +uh in fact the way this is going uh you + + align:start position:0% +uh in fact the way this is going uh you + + + align:start position:0% +uh in fact the way this is going uh you +can be a little tighter and say it's + + align:start position:0% +can be a little tighter and say it's + + + align:start position:0% +can be a little tighter and say it's +order E I just want to mention in + + align:start position:0% +order E I just want to mention in + + + align:start position:0% +order E I just want to mention in +reality + + align:start position:0% +reality + + + align:start position:0% +reality +sometimes you don't care about just what + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you don't care about just what + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you don't care about just what +you can reach from s you really want to + + align:start position:0% +you can reach from s you really want to + + + align:start position:0% +you can reach from s you really want to +visit every vertex then you need another + + align:start position:0% +visit every vertex then you need another + + + align:start position:0% +visit every vertex then you need another +outer loop that's iterating over all the + + align:start position:0% +outer loop that's iterating over all the + + + align:start position:0% +outer loop that's iterating over all the +vertices as potential choices for + + align:start position:0% +vertices as potential choices for + + + align:start position:0% +vertices as potential choices for +S and you then can visit all the + + align:start position:0% +S and you then can visit all the + + + align:start position:0% +S and you then can visit all the +vertices in the entire graph even if + + align:start position:0% +vertices in the entire graph even if + + + align:start position:0% +vertices in the entire graph even if +it's disconnected we'll talk more about + + align:start position:0% +it's disconnected we'll talk more about + + + align:start position:0% +it's disconnected we'll talk more about +that next class that's it for BFS \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sHlazW9s_g8.txt b/sHlazW9s_g8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ec030306a123b37406a68c557e23e3eda54eff94 --- /dev/null +++ b/sHlazW9s_g8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9632 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay today we are going to continue our + + align:start position:0% +okay today we are going to continue our + + + align:start position:0% +okay today we are going to continue our +discussion of producer Theory remember + + align:start position:0% +discussion of producer Theory remember + + + align:start position:0% +discussion of producer Theory remember +to set the stage I said producer theory + + align:start position:0% +to set the stage I said producer theory + + + align:start position:0% +to set the stage I said producer theory +is like consumer Theory with one extra + + align:start position:0% +is like consumer Theory with one extra + + + align:start position:0% +is like consumer Theory with one extra +step with consumer Theory I gave you a + + align:start position:0% +step with consumer Theory I gave you a + + + align:start position:0% +step with consumer Theory I gave you a +budget constraint I gave you preferences + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint I gave you preferences + + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint I gave you preferences +you could solve for what consumers were + + align:start position:0% +you could solve for what consumers were + + + align:start position:0% +you could solve for what consumers were +going to do you were done + + align:start position:0% +going to do you were done + + + align:start position:0% +going to do you were done +with producer Theory I can't do that + + align:start position:0% +with producer Theory I can't do that + + + align:start position:0% +with producer Theory I can't do that +with producer Theory I give you a + + align:start position:0% +with producer Theory I give you a + + + align:start position:0% +with producer Theory I give you a +production function which is like + + align:start position:0% +production function which is like + + + align:start position:0% +production function which is like +utility function I give you input prices + + align:start position:0% +utility function I give you input prices + + + align:start position:0% +utility function I give you input prices +which are like the prices consumers face + + align:start position:0% +which are like the prices consumers face + + + align:start position:0% +which are like the prices consumers face +for pizza and cookies but there's no + + align:start position:0% +for pizza and cookies but there's no + + + align:start position:0% +for pizza and cookies but there's no +income in some sense the income is + + align:start position:0% +income in some sense the income is + + + align:start position:0% +income in some sense the income is +determined by the firm's production + + align:start position:0% +determined by the firm's production + + + align:start position:0% +determined by the firm's production +decision firms get to choose how much + + align:start position:0% +decision firms get to choose how much + + + align:start position:0% +decision firms get to choose how much +they want to produce so instead of one t + + align:start position:0% +they want to produce so instead of one t + + + align:start position:0% +they want to produce so instead of one t +one relevant tangency between isoquant + + align:start position:0% +one relevant tangency between isoquant + + + align:start position:0% +one relevant tangency between isoquant +and an isoc cost we end up with many + + align:start position:0% +and an isoc cost we end up with many + + + align:start position:0% +and an isoc cost we end up with many +relevant tangencies which creates our + + align:start position:0% +relevant tangencies which creates our + + + align:start position:0% +relevant tangencies which creates our +supply curve if you remember the supply + + align:start position:0% +supply curve if you remember the supply + + + align:start position:0% +supply curve if you remember the supply +curve is the firm's marginal cost curve + + align:start position:0% +curve is the firm's marginal cost curve + + + align:start position:0% +curve is the firm's marginal cost curve +above the point where it might shut down + + align:start position:0% +above the point where it might shut down + + + align:start position:0% +above the point where it might shut down +okay so we did as we said we developed a + + align:start position:0% +okay so we did as we said we developed a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we did as we said we developed a +supply curve but that only tells + + align:start position:0% +supply curve but that only tells + + + align:start position:0% +supply curve but that only tells +us uh so Bas supply curve tells us at + + align:start position:0% +us uh so Bas supply curve tells us at + + + align:start position:0% +us uh so Bas supply curve tells us at +any price how much a firm wants to + + align:start position:0% +any price how much a firm wants to + + + align:start position:0% +any price how much a firm wants to +produce we match that with the demand + + align:start position:0% +produce we match that with the demand + + + align:start position:0% +produce we match that with the demand +curve and we get equilibrium we'll dive + + align:start position:0% +curve and we get equilibrium we'll dive + + + align:start position:0% +curve and we get equilibrium we'll dive +back into that next lecture but today I + + align:start position:0% +back into that next lecture but today I + + + align:start position:0% +back into that next lecture but today I +want to talk about an important + + align:start position:0% +want to talk about an important + + + align:start position:0% +want to talk about an important +feature of the comp competitive + + align:start position:0% +feature of the comp competitive + + + align:start position:0% +feature of the comp competitive +assumption remember to nail down the + + align:start position:0% +assumption remember to nail down the + + + align:start position:0% +assumption remember to nail down the +supply curve we drew that supply curve + + align:start position:0% +supply curve we drew that supply curve + + + align:start position:0% +supply curve we drew that supply curve +only for a particular Market assumption + + align:start position:0% +only for a particular Market assumption + + + align:start position:0% +only for a particular Market assumption +remember with Supply Theory what's going + + align:start position:0% +remember with Supply Theory what's going + + + align:start position:0% +remember with Supply Theory what's going +to drive the outcome is going to be the + + align:start position:0% +to drive the outcome is going to be the + + + align:start position:0% +to drive the outcome is going to be the +Assumption of how we assume firms + + align:start position:0% +Assumption of how we assume firms + + + align:start position:0% +Assumption of how we assume firms +compete we are now working within a + + align:start position:0% +compete we are now working within a + + + align:start position:0% +compete we are now working within a +particular assumption on competition + + align:start position:0% +particular assumption on competition + + + align:start position:0% +particular assumption on competition +which is the extreme Assumption of + + align:start position:0% +which is the extreme Assumption of + + + align:start position:0% +which is the extreme Assumption of +perfect + + align:start position:0% +perfect + + + align:start position:0% +perfect +competition okay where basically + + align:start position:0% +competition okay where basically + + + align:start position:0% +competition okay where basically +consumers are totally indifferent and + + align:start position:0% +consumers are totally indifferent and + + + align:start position:0% +consumers are totally indifferent and +fully + + align:start position:0% +fully + + + align:start position:0% +fully +informed and therefore each firm faces a + + align:start position:0% +informed and therefore each firm faces a + + + align:start position:0% +informed and therefore each firm faces a +perfectly elastic demand curve the + + align:start position:0% +perfectly elastic demand curve the + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly elastic demand curve the +market demand isn't elastic necessarily + + align:start position:0% +market demand isn't elastic necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +market demand isn't elastic necessarily +but the each firm face a perfect elastic + + align:start position:0% +but the each firm face a perfect elastic + + + align:start position:0% +but the each firm face a perfect elastic +demand curve okay now La we're going to + + align:start position:0% +demand curve okay now La we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +demand curve okay now La we're going to +now extend what we did last time from + + align:start position:0% +now extend what we did last time from + + + align:start position:0% +now extend what we did last time from +the short run to the long + + align:start position:0% +the short run to the long + + + align:start position:0% +the short run to the long +run in the long run we developed a short + + align:start position:0% +run in the long run we developed a short + + + align:start position:0% +run in the long run we developed a short +run supply curve in the long run we're + + align:start position:0% +run supply curve in the long run we're + + + align:start position:0% +run supply curve in the long run we're +gonna add one + + align:start position:0% +gonna add one + + + align:start position:0% +gonna add one +wrinkle okay one basically extra + + align:start position:0% +wrinkle okay one basically extra + + + align:start position:0% +wrinkle okay one basically extra +assumption to perfect competition so + + align:start position:0% +assumption to perfect competition so + + + align:start position:0% +assumption to perfect competition so +talk about perfect competition in the + + align:start position:0% +talk about perfect competition in the + + + align:start position:0% +talk about perfect competition in the +long + + align:start position:0% +long + + + align:start position:0% +long +run we're going to add one extra + + align:start position:0% +run we're going to add one extra + + + align:start position:0% +run we're going to add one extra +assumption for the long run which is + + align:start position:0% +assumption for the long run which is + + + align:start position:0% +assumption for the long run which is +we're going to assume free entry and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exit that is in addition to the + + align:start position:0% +exit that is in addition to the + + + align:start position:0% +exit that is in addition to the +assumptions we made last time of full + + align:start position:0% +assumptions we made last time of full + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions we made last time of full +information and identical Goods we're + + align:start position:0% +information and identical Goods we're + + + align:start position:0% +information and identical Goods we're +going to add one more assumption which + + align:start position:0% +going to add one more assumption which + + + align:start position:0% +going to add one more assumption which +is free entry and exit that firms in the + + align:start position:0% +is free entry and exit that firms in the + + + align:start position:0% +is free entry and exit that firms in the +long run are free to come and + + align:start position:0% +long run are free to come and + + + align:start position:0% +long run are free to come and +go that assumption which seems pretty + + align:start position:0% +go that assumption which seems pretty + + + align:start position:0% +go that assumption which seems pretty +harmless okay firms seem pretty free to + + align:start position:0% +harmless okay firms seem pretty free to + + + align:start position:0% +harmless okay firms seem pretty free to +come and go as they like okay will + + align:start position:0% +come and go as they like okay will + + + align:start position:0% +come and go as they like okay will +actually lead to an important + + align:start position:0% +actually lead to an important + + + align:start position:0% +actually lead to an important +conclusion what we'll find is in the + + align:start position:0% +conclusion what we'll find is in the + + + align:start position:0% +conclusion what we'll find is in the +long run when do firms enter firms enter + + align:start position:0% +long run when do firms enter firms enter + + + align:start position:0% +long run when do firms enter firms enter +when there's a profit to be made when + + align:start position:0% +when there's a profit to be made when + + + align:start position:0% +when there's a profit to be made when +the firms exit remember because there's + + align:start position:0% +the firms exit remember because there's + + + align:start position:0% +the firms exit remember because there's +no shutdown in the long run it's just + + align:start position:0% +no shutdown in the long run it's just + + + align:start position:0% +no shutdown in the long run it's just +about whether profits are greater than + + align:start position:0% +about whether profits are greater than + + + align:start position:0% +about whether profits are greater than +zero or not so when the firms enter if + + align:start position:0% +zero or not so when the firms enter if + + + align:start position:0% +zero or not so when the firms enter if +pro profits are zero greater than zero + + align:start position:0% +pro profits are zero greater than zero + + + align:start position:0% +pro profits are zero greater than zero +when the firms exit if profits are less + + align:start position:0% +when the firms exit if profits are less + + + align:start position:0% +when the firms exit if profits are less +than zero what does that mean in the + + align:start position:0% +than zero what does that mean in the + + + align:start position:0% +than zero what does that mean in the +long run profits are always + + align:start position:0% +long run profits are always + + + align:start position:0% +long run profits are always +zero so we're going to show you how in + + align:start position:0% +zero so we're going to show you how in + + + align:start position:0% +zero so we're going to show you how in +Long Run perfect competition delivers + + align:start position:0% +Long Run perfect competition delivers + + + align:start position:0% +Long Run perfect competition delivers +the Stark implication that long run + + align:start position:0% +the Stark implication that long run + + + align:start position:0% +the Stark implication that long run +profits in the market are zero not short + + align:start position:0% +profits in the market are zero not short + + + align:start position:0% +profits in the market are zero not short +run short run you can make money but in + + align:start position:0% +run short run you can make money but in + + + align:start position:0% +run short run you can make money but in +the long run if you're ever making money + + align:start position:0% +the long run if you're ever making money + + + align:start position:0% +the long run if you're ever making money +more firms are going to enter until + + align:start position:0% +more firms are going to enter until + + + align:start position:0% +more firms are going to enter until +profits are driven to zero okay so to + + align:start position:0% +profits are driven to zero okay so to + + + align:start position:0% +profits are driven to zero okay so to +see this I want to go to a particularly + + align:start position:0% +see this I want to go to a particularly + + + align:start position:0% +see this I want to go to a particularly +old example relevant for my lifetime not + + align:start position:0% +old example relevant for my lifetime not + + + align:start position:0% +old example relevant for my lifetime not +yours which is the market for personal + + align:start position:0% +yours which is the market for personal + + + align:start position:0% +yours which is the market for personal +computers Circa + + align:start position:0% +computers Circa + + + align:start position:0% +computers Circa +1990 okay the mark so and I DW this now + + align:start position:0% +1990 okay the mark so and I DW this now + + + align:start position:0% +1990 okay the mark so and I DW this now +this is the first of many times in this + + align:start position:0% +this is the first of many times in this + + + align:start position:0% +this is the first of many times in this +class we're going to do sort of go back + + align:start position:0% +class we're going to do sort of go back + + + align:start position:0% +class we're going to do sort of go back +and forth in side by-side diagrams so + + align:start position:0% +and forth in side by-side diagrams so + + + align:start position:0% +and forth in side by-side diagrams so +figure 8.1 I'm going to go through + + align:start position:0% +figure 8.1 I'm going to go through + + + align:start position:0% +figure 8.1 I'm going to go through +slowly but please if it's not clear ask + + align:start position:0% +slowly but please if it's not clear ask + + + align:start position:0% +slowly but please if it's not clear ask +me questions okay now we are going to + + align:start position:0% +me questions okay now we are going to + + + align:start position:0% +me questions okay now we are going to +look at the market for personal + + align:start position:0% +look at the market for personal + + + align:start position:0% +look at the market for personal +computers this is just when personal + + align:start position:0% +computers this is just when personal + + + align:start position:0% +computers this is just when personal +computers were starting to take off + + align:start position:0% +computers were starting to take off + + + align:start position:0% +computers were starting to take off +there are only a few firms there was + + align:start position:0% +there are only a few firms there was + + + align:start position:0% +there are only a few firms there was +Dell Gateway you probably even heard of + + align:start position:0% +Dell Gateway you probably even heard of + + + align:start position:0% +Dell Gateway you probably even heard of +them they were a big personal computer + + align:start position:0% +them they were a big personal computer + + + align:start position:0% +them they were a big personal computer +firm back in the day there were a few + + align:start position:0% +firm back in the day there were a few + + + align:start position:0% +firm back in the day there were a few +firms firms that produce PCS but it was + + align:start position:0% +firms firms that produce PCS but it was + + + align:start position:0% +firms firms that produce PCS but it was +a pretty New Market in + + align:start position:0% +a pretty New Market in + + + align:start position:0% +a pretty New Market in +1990 okay pretty New Market okay and + + align:start position:0% +1990 okay pretty New Market okay and + + + align:start position:0% +1990 okay pretty New Market okay and +what we're going to assume is we're + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to assume is we're + + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to assume is we're +going to assume this is a perfectly + + align:start position:0% +going to assume this is a perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +going to assume this is a perfectly +competitive + + align:start position:0% +competitive + + + align:start position:0% +competitive +market and we'll assume that that all + + align:start position:0% +market and we'll assume that that all + + + align:start position:0% +market and we'll assume that that all +the producers are identical that any new + + align:start position:0% +the producers are identical that any new + + + align:start position:0% +the producers are identical that any new +pc company is identical the ones that + + align:start position:0% +pc company is identical the ones that + + + align:start position:0% +pc company is identical the ones that +came before it you can already see why + + align:start position:0% +came before it you can already see why + + + align:start position:0% +came before it you can already see why +these are silly assumptions and we'll + + align:start position:0% +these are silly assumptions and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +these are silly assumptions and we'll +talk about that later but that's how per + + align:start position:0% +talk about that later but that's how per + + + align:start position:0% +talk about that later but that's how per +that's the kind of assumption we make in + + align:start position:0% +that's the kind of assumption we make in + + + align:start position:0% +that's the kind of assumption we make in +perfect + + align:start position:0% +perfect + + + align:start position:0% +perfect +competition okay now so what you have is + + align:start position:0% +competition okay now so what you have is + + + align:start position:0% +competition okay now so what you have is +in the left hand side of figure + + align:start position:0% +in the left hand side of figure + + + align:start position:0% +in the left hand side of figure +81 you have a + + align:start position:0% +81 you have a + + + align:start position:0% +81 you have a +firm's production decision you have + + align:start position:0% +firm's production decision you have + + + align:start position:0% +firm's production decision you have +their marginal cost curves so this is + + align:start position:0% +their marginal cost curves so this is + + + align:start position:0% +their marginal cost curves so this is +say the firm is Dell okay one of several + + align:start position:0% +say the firm is Dell okay one of several + + + align:start position:0% +say the firm is Dell okay one of several +firms that producing PCS in this market + + align:start position:0% +firms that producing PCS in this market + + + align:start position:0% +firms that producing PCS in this market +you have their marginal cost curve which + + align:start position:0% +you have their marginal cost curve which + + + align:start position:0% +you have their marginal cost curve which +is upward sloping okay you have their + + align:start position:0% +is upward sloping okay you have their + + + align:start position:0% +is upward sloping okay you have their +average cost curve which is curved which + + align:start position:0% +average cost curve which is curved which + + + align:start position:0% +average cost curve which is curved which +is a which is a parabola because + + align:start position:0% +is a which is a parabola because + + + align:start position:0% +is a which is a parabola because +basically they first pay off their fixed + + align:start position:0% +basically they first pay off their fixed + + + align:start position:0% +basically they first pay off their fixed +costs and then they have Rising marginal + + align:start position:0% +costs and then they have Rising marginal + + + align:start position:0% +costs and then they have Rising marginal +cost remember the marginal cost curve + + align:start position:0% +cost remember the marginal cost curve + + + align:start position:0% +cost remember the marginal cost curve +intersects the average cost curve at the + + align:start position:0% +intersects the average cost curve at the + + + align:start position:0% +intersects the average cost curve at the +minimum of average + + align:start position:0% +minimum of average + + + align:start position:0% +minimum of average +cost so that's the firm's that's the + + align:start position:0% +cost so that's the firm's that's the + + + align:start position:0% +cost so that's the firm's that's the +firm's production decision now I want + + align:start position:0% +firm's production decision now I want + + + align:start position:0% +firm's production decision now I want +you to carry that over so where's the + + align:start position:0% +you to carry that over so where's the + + + align:start position:0% +you to carry that over so where's the +firm could produce in the short run + + align:start position:0% +firm could produce in the short run + + + align:start position:0% +firm could produce in the short run +they'll produce where the market price + + align:start position:0% +they'll produce where the market price + + + align:start position:0% +they'll produce where the market price +little + + align:start position:0% +little + + + align:start position:0% +little +P1 equals their marginal cost so once + + align:start position:0% +P1 equals their marginal cost so once + + + align:start position:0% +P1 equals their marginal cost so once +again focusing on the left hand side of + + align:start position:0% +again focusing on the left hand side of + + + align:start position:0% +again focusing on the left hand side of +figure 81 The Firm will choose to + + align:start position:0% +figure 81 The Firm will choose to + + + align:start position:0% +figure 81 The Firm will choose to +produce at the point little + + align:start position:0% +produce at the point little + + + align:start position:0% +produce at the point little +q1 they will make a profit because + + align:start position:0% +q1 they will make a profit because + + + align:start position:0% +q1 they will make a profit because +marginal cost is above because they'll + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost is above because they'll + + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost is above because they'll +make a profit because marginal cost is + + align:start position:0% +make a profit because marginal cost is + + + align:start position:0% +make a profit because marginal cost is +above average cost at that point they'll + + align:start position:0% +above average cost at that point they'll + + + align:start position:0% +above average cost at that point they'll +make a profit of the entire lightly + + align:start position:0% +make a profit of the entire lightly + + + align:start position:0% +make a profit of the entire lightly +dotted area called Pi + + align:start position:0% +dotted area called Pi + + + align:start position:0% +dotted area called Pi +1 okay questions about that this is the + + align:start position:0% +1 okay questions about that this is the + + + align:start position:0% +1 okay questions about that this is the +firm's production decision okay they + + align:start position:0% +firm's production decision okay they + + + align:start position:0% +firm's production decision okay they +will choose price equal marginal cost + + align:start position:0% +will choose price equal marginal cost + + + align:start position:0% +will choose price equal marginal cost +which happens at Point little q1 that + + align:start position:0% +which happens at Point little q1 that + + + align:start position:0% +which happens at Point little q1 that +will deliver profits which is the + + align:start position:0% +will deliver profits which is the + + + align:start position:0% +will deliver profits which is the +difference between price and average + + align:start position:0% +difference between price and average + + + align:start position:0% +difference between price and average +cost + + align:start position:0% +cost + + + align:start position:0% +cost +times the number of units produced and + + align:start position:0% +times the number of units produced and + + + align:start position:0% +times the number of units produced and +that'll be the lightly dotted rectangle + + align:start position:0% +that'll be the lightly dotted rectangle + + + align:start position:0% +that'll be the lightly dotted rectangle +Pi + + align:start position:0% +Pi + + + align:start position:0% +Pi +1 now if we take that over to the market + + align:start position:0% +1 now if we take that over to the market + + + align:start position:0% +1 now if we take that over to the market +with only one firm in the market they + + align:start position:0% +with only one firm in the market they + + + align:start position:0% +with only one firm in the market they +will then have some supply curve + + align:start position:0% +will then have some supply curve + + + align:start position:0% +will then have some supply curve +S1 in the market that supply curve if + + align:start position:0% +S1 in the market that supply curve if + + + align:start position:0% +S1 in the market that supply curve if +the price is little + + align:start position:0% +the price is little + + + align:start position:0% +the price is little +P1 and the supply curve is S1 then the + + align:start position:0% +P1 and the supply curve is S1 then the + + + align:start position:0% +P1 and the supply curve is S1 then the +mark produce big + + align:start position:0% +mark produce big + + + align:start position:0% +mark produce big +q1 okay so basically there's a big q1 is + + align:start position:0% +q1 okay so basically there's a big q1 is + + + align:start position:0% +q1 okay so basically there's a big q1 is +a quantity produced in the + + align:start position:0% +a quantity produced in the + + + align:start position:0% +a quantity produced in the +market okay but now flipping back to the + + align:start position:0% +market okay but now flipping back to the + + + align:start position:0% +market okay but now flipping back to the +left hand side of the diagram what's + + align:start position:0% +left hand side of the diagram what's + + + align:start position:0% +left hand side of the diagram what's +happened there's lots of + + align:start position:0% +happened there's lots of + + + align:start position:0% +happened there's lots of +profit what does lots of profit mean + + align:start position:0% +profit what does lots of profit mean + + + align:start position:0% +profit what does lots of profit mean +with free entry and exit that means more + + align:start position:0% +with free entry and exit that means more + + + align:start position:0% +with free entry and exit that means more +firms will enter the + + align:start position:0% +firms will enter the + + + align:start position:0% +firms will enter the +market as more firms enter what happens + + align:start position:0% +market as more firms enter what happens + + + align:start position:0% +market as more firms enter what happens +to supply curve we learned this last + + align:start position:0% +to supply curve we learned this last + + + align:start position:0% +to supply curve we learned this last +time as more firms enter the supply + + align:start position:0% +time as more firms enter the supply + + + align:start position:0% +time as more firms enter the supply +curve flattens because as more identical + + align:start position:0% +curve flattens because as more identical + + + align:start position:0% +curve flattens because as more identical +firms the supply supply curve gets + + align:start position:0% +firms the supply supply curve gets + + + align:start position:0% +firms the supply supply curve gets +flatter it's just from S1 to + + align:start position:0% +flatter it's just from S1 to + + + align:start position:0% +flatter it's just from S1 to +S2 so the supply curve flattens at a + + align:start position:0% +S2 so the supply curve flattens at a + + + align:start position:0% +S2 so the supply curve flattens at a +flatter supply + + align:start position:0% +flatter supply + + + align:start position:0% +flatter supply +curve at a flatter supply curve now um + + align:start position:0% +curve at a flatter supply curve now um + + + align:start position:0% +curve at a flatter supply curve now um +you're going to get uh at a flatter + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get uh at a flatter + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get uh at a flatter +supply curve you will now get that + + align:start position:0% +supply curve you will now get that + + + align:start position:0% +supply curve you will now get that +they'll be more produced at a lower + + align:start position:0% +they'll be more produced at a lower + + + align:start position:0% +they'll be more produced at a lower +price so you'll get Q2 big Q2 but the + + align:start position:0% +price so you'll get Q2 big Q2 but the + + + align:start position:0% +price so you'll get Q2 big Q2 but the +price will fall to to + + align:start position:0% +price will fall to to + + + align:start position:0% +price will fall to to +P2 what happens when the price Falls to + + align:start position:0% +P2 what happens when the price Falls to + + + align:start position:0% +P2 what happens when the price Falls to +P2 will now go back to the left hand + + align:start position:0% +P2 will now go back to the left hand + + + align:start position:0% +P2 will now go back to the left hand +side when the price is P2 D now only + + align:start position:0% +side when the price is P2 D now only + + + align:start position:0% +side when the price is P2 D now only +produces little + + align:start position:0% +produces little + + + align:start position:0% +produces little +Q2 because the they produce where price + + align:start position:0% +Q2 because the they produce where price + + + align:start position:0% +Q2 because the they produce where price +equals marginal cost they produce little + + align:start position:0% +equals marginal cost they produce little + + + align:start position:0% +equals marginal cost they produce little +Q2 and that leads to a much smaller + + align:start position:0% +Q2 and that leads to a much smaller + + + align:start position:0% +Q2 and that leads to a much smaller +profit Pi 2 so once again let me go + + align:start position:0% +profit Pi 2 so once again let me go + + + align:start position:0% +profit Pi 2 so once again let me go +through the math they choose originally + + align:start position:0% +through the math they choose originally + + + align:start position:0% +through the math they choose originally +little q1 at P1 that you shift to the + + align:start position:0% +little q1 at P1 that you shift to the + + + align:start position:0% +little q1 at P1 that you shift to the +right creates a supply you've got a + + align:start position:0% +right creates a supply you've got a + + + align:start position:0% +right creates a supply you've got a +supply curve that yields profits of Pi 1 + + align:start position:0% +supply curve that yields profits of Pi 1 + + + align:start position:0% +supply curve that yields profits of Pi 1 +due to those profits more firms enter + + align:start position:0% +due to those profits more firms enter + + + align:start position:0% +due to those profits more firms enter +the supply curve flattens as Supply + + align:start position:0% +the supply curve flattens as Supply + + + align:start position:0% +the supply curve flattens as Supply +curves flattens the price Falls shifting + + align:start position:0% +curves flattens the price Falls shifting + + + align:start position:0% +curves flattens the price Falls shifting +back to the left that delivers a lower + + align:start position:0% +back to the left that delivers a lower + + + align:start position:0% +back to the left that delivers a lower +profit note that little Q2 is to the + + align:start position:0% +profit note that little Q2 is to the + + + align:start position:0% +profit note that little Q2 is to the +left of little q1 but big Q2 is to the + + align:start position:0% +left of little q1 but big Q2 is to the + + + align:start position:0% +left of little q1 but big Q2 is to the +right of big q1 why is + + align:start position:0% +right of big q1 why is + + + align:start position:0% +right of big q1 why is +that yeah more firms remember because + + align:start position:0% +that yeah more firms remember because + + + align:start position:0% +that yeah more firms remember because +little Q is what Dell's producing big Q + + align:start position:0% +little Q is what Dell's producing big Q + + + align:start position:0% +little Q is what Dell's producing big Q +is what the Market's + + align:start position:0% +is what the Market's + + + align:start position:0% +is what the Market's +producing well but there's still profits + + align:start position:0% +producing well but there's still profits + + + align:start position:0% +producing well but there's still profits +so what's going to happen more firms are + + align:start position:0% +so what's going to happen more firms are + + + align:start position:0% +so what's going to happen more firms are +going to enter + + align:start position:0% +going to enter + + + align:start position:0% +going to enter +and firms are going to enter until + + align:start position:0% +and firms are going to enter until + + + align:start position:0% +and firms are going to enter until +profits are zero because as long as + + align:start position:0% +profits are zero because as long as + + + align:start position:0% +profits are zero because as long as +those profits are positive firms can + + align:start position:0% +those profits are positive firms can + + + align:start position:0% +those profits are positive firms can +enter so we've shown how entry drives + + align:start position:0% +enter so we've shown how entry drives + + + align:start position:0% +enter so we've shown how entry drives +profits down but there's still profits + + align:start position:0% +profits down but there's still profits + + + align:start position:0% +profits down but there's still profits +being made Pi too so some other company + + align:start position:0% +being made Pi too so some other company + + + align:start position:0% +being made Pi too so some other company +will say hey this is still a good + + align:start position:0% +will say hey this is still a good + + + align:start position:0% +will say hey this is still a good +business to be and they'll enter and + + align:start position:0% +business to be and they'll enter and + + + align:start position:0% +business to be and they'll enter and +they'll enter until profits go to + + align:start position:0% +they'll enter until profits go to + + + align:start position:0% +they'll enter until profits go to +zero because if profits are greater than + + align:start position:0% +zero because if profits are greater than + + + align:start position:0% +zero because if profits are greater than +zero there's incentive to enter so firms + + align:start position:0% +zero there's incentive to enter so firms + + + align:start position:0% +zero there's incentive to enter so firms +will enter until profits go to zero + + align:start position:0% +will enter until profits go to zero + + + align:start position:0% +will enter until profits go to zero +now let's imagine a different + + align:start position:0% +now let's imagine a different + + + align:start position:0% +now let's imagine a different +Market the market for mainframe + + align:start position:0% +Market the market for mainframe + + + align:start position:0% +Market the market for mainframe +computers you guys don't even know that + + align:start position:0% +computers you guys don't even know that + + + align:start position:0% +computers you guys don't even know that +term when I graduated MIT in 1987 our + + align:start position:0% +term when I graduated MIT in 1987 our + + + align:start position:0% +term when I graduated MIT in 1987 our +graduation speaker was was uh Kenneth + + align:start position:0% +graduation speaker was was uh Kenneth + + + align:start position:0% +graduation speaker was was uh Kenneth +Dell Ken I'm sorry Ken olssen Ken Olsen + + align:start position:0% +Dell Ken I'm sorry Ken olssen Ken Olsen + + + align:start position:0% +Dell Ken I'm sorry Ken olssen Ken Olsen +who founded deck which was the big main + + align:start position:0% +who founded deck which was the big main + + + align:start position:0% +who founded deck which was the big main +he was it was an MIT base he was an MIT + + align:start position:0% +he was it was an MIT base he was an MIT + + + align:start position:0% +he was it was an MIT base he was an MIT +guy started this company called deck + + align:start position:0% +guy started this company called deck + + + align:start position:0% +guy started this company called deck +they were dominant huge companies they + + align:start position:0% +they were dominant huge companies they + + + align:start position:0% +they were dominant huge companies they +made these huge mainframe computers and + + align:start position:0% +made these huge mainframe computers and + + + align:start position:0% +made these huge mainframe computers and +he gave this speech in + + align:start position:0% +he gave this speech in + + + align:start position:0% +he gave this speech in +1987 about my graduation so first lesson + + align:start position:0% +1987 about my graduation so first lesson + + + align:start position:0% +1987 about my graduation so first lesson +of graduation speeches if any of you + + align:start position:0% +of graduation speeches if any of you + + + align:start position:0% +of graduation speeches if any of you +should ever give them I haven't given + + align:start position:0% +should ever give them I haven't given + + + align:start position:0% +should ever give them I haven't given +one but if every should the position is + + align:start position:0% +one but if every should the position is + + + align:start position:0% +one but if every should the position is +you don't spend the whole speech just + + align:start position:0% +you don't spend the whole speech just + + + align:start position:0% +you don't spend the whole speech just +talking about how wonderful you are well + + align:start position:0% +talking about how wonderful you are well + + + align:start position:0% +talking about how wonderful you are well +that's what he did spent those spee how + + align:start position:0% +that's what he did spent those spee how + + + align:start position:0% +that's what he did spent those spee how +wonderful he was how deck was incredible + + align:start position:0% +wonderful he was how deck was incredible + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful he was how deck was incredible +how awesome they were five years later + + align:start position:0% +how awesome they were five years later + + + align:start position:0% +how awesome they were five years later +they're basically out of business why + + align:start position:0% +they're basically out of business why + + + align:start position:0% +they're basically out of business why +because they got wiped out by PCS + + align:start position:0% +because they got wiped out by PCS + + + align:start position:0% +because they got wiped out by PCS +because people went on maybe 10 years + + align:start position:0% +because people went on maybe 10 years + + + align:start position:0% +because people went on maybe 10 years +later they're essentially out of + + align:start position:0% +later they're essentially out of + + + align:start position:0% +later they're essentially out of +business okay because they got wiped out + + align:start position:0% +business okay because they got wiped out + + + align:start position:0% +business okay because they got wiped out +by PCS okay well so let's look at the + + align:start position:0% +by PCS okay well so let's look at the + + + align:start position:0% +by PCS okay well so let's look at the +market for mainframe computers and let's + + align:start position:0% +market for mainframe computers and let's + + + align:start position:0% +market for mainframe computers and let's +look at a big company that produc frame + + align:start position:0% +look at a big company that produc frame + + + align:start position:0% +look at a big company that produc frame +computers + + align:start position:0% +computers + + + align:start position:0% +computers +IBM okay so mainframe computers they + + align:start position:0% +IBM okay so mainframe computers they + + + align:start position:0% +IBM okay so mainframe computers they +were just big they're what we call + + align:start position:0% +were just big they're what we call + + + align:start position:0% +were just big they're what we call +servers today but you basically we sort + + align:start position:0% +servers today but you basically we sort + + + align:start position:0% +servers today but you basically we sort +of gone to transition almost back to + + align:start position:0% +of gone to transition almost back to + + + align:start position:0% +of gone to transition almost back to +that model but we sort of went to a + + align:start position:0% +that model but we sort of went to a + + + align:start position:0% +that model but we sort of went to a +decentralized PC model now we're back to + + align:start position:0% +decentralized PC model now we're back to + + + align:start position:0% +decentralized PC model now we're back to +sort of a model where there's PC is just + + align:start position:0% +sort of a model where there's PC is just + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a model where there's PC is just +a node onto some onto the cloud think in + + align:start position:0% +a node onto some onto the cloud think in + + + align:start position:0% +a node onto some onto the cloud think in +that area you had a you had a you had a + + align:start position:0% +that area you had a you had a you had a + + + align:start position:0% +that area you had a you had a you had a +terminal it wasn't a standalone machine + + align:start position:0% +terminal it wasn't a standalone machine + + + align:start position:0% +terminal it wasn't a standalone machine +it was a terminal onto a Mainframe okay + + align:start position:0% +it was a terminal onto a Mainframe okay + + + align:start position:0% +it was a terminal onto a Mainframe okay +so it's sort of a different version of + + align:start position:0% +so it's sort of a different version of + + + align:start position:0% +so it's sort of a different version of +what we have today so IBM was making + + align:start position:0% +what we have today so IBM was making + + + align:start position:0% +what we have today so IBM was making +those IBM was poo pooing PC just as much + + align:start position:0% +those IBM was poo pooing PC just as much + + + align:start position:0% +those IBM was poo pooing PC just as much +as deck was and they were originally at + + align:start position:0% +as deck was and they were originally at + + + align:start position:0% +as deck was and they were originally at +S1 there's a supply curve S1 with a + + align:start position:0% +S1 there's a supply curve S1 with a + + + align:start position:0% +S1 there's a supply curve S1 with a +price q1 with a quantity big q1 now what + + align:start position:0% +price q1 with a quantity big q1 now what + + + align:start position:0% +price q1 with a quantity big q1 now what +happened was people stopped wanting + + align:start position:0% +happened was people stopped wanting + + + align:start position:0% +happened was people stopped wanting +mainframes so they were losing + + align:start position:0% +mainframes so they were losing + + + align:start position:0% +mainframes so they were losing +money okay IBM had invested big in + + align:start position:0% +money okay IBM had invested big in + + + align:start position:0% +money okay IBM had invested big in +mainframes they didn't believe the PC + + align:start position:0% +mainframes they didn't believe the PC + + + align:start position:0% +mainframes they didn't believe the PC +was going to work and they were losing + + align:start position:0% +was going to work and they were losing + + + align:start position:0% +was going to work and they were losing +money because people didn't want main + + align:start position:0% +money because people didn't want main + + + align:start position:0% +money because people didn't want main +frames anymore so at their original + + align:start position:0% +frames anymore so at their original + + + align:start position:0% +frames anymore so at their original +supply curve S1 which involved IBM and + + align:start position:0% +supply curve S1 which involved IBM and + + + align:start position:0% +supply curve S1 which involved IBM and +deck and all these + + align:start position:0% +deck and all these + + + align:start position:0% +deck and all these +companies there's money being lost so if + + align:start position:0% +companies there's money being lost so if + + + align:start position:0% +companies there's money being lost so if +we go to IBM's case so basically S1 was + + align:start position:0% +we go to IBM's case so basically S1 was + + + align:start position:0% +we go to IBM's case so basically S1 was +the market supply curve S1 intersected + + align:start position:0% +the market supply curve S1 intersected + + + align:start position:0% +the market supply curve S1 intersected +demand at Big q1 at a price of P1 if you + + align:start position:0% +demand at Big q1 at a price of P1 if you + + + align:start position:0% +demand at Big q1 at a price of P1 if you +take that over to IBM's curve P1 + + align:start position:0% +take that over to IBM's curve P1 + + + align:start position:0% +take that over to IBM's curve P1 +intersect the marginal cost curve at a + + align:start position:0% +intersect the marginal cost curve at a + + + align:start position:0% +intersect the marginal cost curve at a +point where they produce q1 little q1 on + + align:start position:0% +point where they produce q1 little q1 on + + + align:start position:0% +point where they produce q1 little q1 on +the leftand side of figure A2 so I've + + align:start position:0% +the leftand side of figure A2 so I've + + + align:start position:0% +the leftand side of figure A2 so I've +now moved to the left hand side of + + align:start position:0% +now moved to the left hand side of + + + align:start position:0% +now moved to the left hand side of +figure A2 I've been producing little q1 + + align:start position:0% +figure A2 I've been producing little q1 + + + align:start position:0% +figure A2 I've been producing little q1 +at little q1 their profits they're + + align:start position:0% +at little q1 their profits they're + + + align:start position:0% +at little q1 their profits they're +negative because marginal cost is below + + align:start position:0% +negative because marginal cost is below + + + align:start position:0% +negative because marginal cost is below +average cost they're losing money now + + align:start position:0% +average cost they're losing money now + + + align:start position:0% +average cost they're losing money now +there's still above the shutdown Point + + align:start position:0% +there's still above the shutdown Point + + + align:start position:0% +there's still above the shutdown Point +look look they they haven't reached the + + align:start position:0% +look look they they haven't reached the + + + align:start position:0% +look look they they haven't reached the +bottom of their marginal cost curve if + + align:start position:0% +bottom of their marginal cost curve if + + + align:start position:0% +bottom of their marginal cost curve if +the price fell far enough they'd shut + + align:start position:0% +the price fell far enough they'd shut + + + align:start position:0% +the price fell far enough they'd shut +down but it hasn't they're still + + align:start position:0% +down but it hasn't they're still + + + align:start position:0% +down but it hasn't they're still +producing they're just losing money + + align:start position:0% +producing they're just losing money + + + align:start position:0% +producing they're just losing money +because they still they're still because + + align:start position:0% +because they still they're still because + + + align:start position:0% +because they still they're still because +basically remember last time as long as + + align:start position:0% +basically remember last time as long as + + + align:start position:0% +basically remember last time as long as +their variable costs are below the price + + align:start position:0% +their variable costs are below the price + + + align:start position:0% +their variable costs are below the price +they still want to produce so in this + + align:start position:0% +they still want to produce so in this + + + align:start position:0% +they still want to produce so in this +case they're still producing the + + align:start position:0% +case they're still producing the + + + align:start position:0% +case they're still producing the +variable cost still below theice price + + align:start position:0% +variable cost still below theice price + + + align:start position:0% +variable cost still below theice price +they're just losing money what happens + + align:start position:0% +they're just losing money what happens + + + align:start position:0% +they're just losing money what happens +when you lose money firms exit like deck + + align:start position:0% +when you lose money firms exit like deck + + + align:start position:0% +when you lose money firms exit like deck +firms exit that that that steepens the + + align:start position:0% +firms exit that that that steepens the + + + align:start position:0% +firms exit that that that steepens the +supply curve just like firms entering + + align:start position:0% +supply curve just like firms entering + + + align:start position:0% +supply curve just like firms entering +flatten supply curve firms exit that + + align:start position:0% +flatten supply curve firms exit that + + + align:start position:0% +flatten supply curve firms exit that +steepens the supply curve okay you + + align:start position:0% +steepens the supply curve okay you + + + align:start position:0% +steepens the supply curve okay you +steepen the supply curve that raises the + + align:start position:0% +steepen the supply curve that raises the + + + align:start position:0% +steepen the supply curve that raises the +price and at this point I've drawn it + + align:start position:0% +price and at this point I've drawn it + + + align:start position:0% +price and at this point I've drawn it +raised the price to P2 where IBM is + + align:start position:0% +raised the price to P2 where IBM is + + + align:start position:0% +raised the price to P2 where IBM is +basically making zero profits so the way + + align:start position:0% +basically making zero profits so the way + + + align:start position:0% +basically making zero profits so the way +I've drawn it okay we've gone from q1 to + + align:start position:0% +I've drawn it okay we've gone from q1 to + + + align:start position:0% +I've drawn it okay we've gone from q1 to +Q2 that's raised the price to P2 at P2 + + align:start position:0% +Q2 that's raised the price to P2 at P2 + + + align:start position:0% +Q2 that's raised the price to P2 at P2 +price equals marginal cost equals + + align:start position:0% +price equals marginal cost equals + + + align:start position:0% +price equals marginal cost equals +average cost and profits are + + align:start position:0% +average cost and profits are + + + align:start position:0% +average cost and profits are +zero this is the lesson that we derive + + align:start position:0% +zero this is the lesson that we derive + + + align:start position:0% +zero this is the lesson that we derive +which is entry will happen till profits + + align:start position:0% +which is entry will happen till profits + + + align:start position:0% +which is entry will happen till profits +are zero and exit will happen to profits + + align:start position:0% +are zero and exit will happen to profits + + + align:start position:0% +are zero and exit will happen to profits +are zero so what does that mean profits + + align:start position:0% +are zero so what does that mean profits + + + align:start position:0% +are zero so what does that mean profits +are zero in the long run okay so what + + align:start position:0% +are zero in the long run okay so what + + + align:start position:0% +are zero in the long run okay so what +that means is that the long run go to + + align:start position:0% +that means is that the long run go to + + + align:start position:0% +that means is that the long run go to +figure + + align:start position:0% +figure + + + align:start position:0% +figure +83 okay the long run supply curve is + + align:start position:0% +83 okay the long run supply curve is + + + align:start position:0% +83 okay the long run supply curve is +flat each firm will be pushed to produce + + align:start position:0% +flat each firm will be pushed to produce + + + align:start position:0% +flat each firm will be pushed to produce +to the point where price equals minimum + + align:start position:0% +to the point where price equals minimum + + + align:start position:0% +to the point where price equals minimum +average + + align:start position:0% +average + + + align:start position:0% +average +cost each firm will be pushed to produce + + align:start position:0% +cost each firm will be pushed to produce + + + align:start position:0% +cost each firm will be pushed to produce +to the point where marginal cost equals + + align:start position:0% +to the point where marginal cost equals + + + align:start position:0% +to the point where marginal cost equals +average cost so basically entry and exit + + align:start position:0% +average cost so basically entry and exit + + + align:start position:0% +average cost so basically entry and exit +will drive profits to + + align:start position:0% +will drive profits to + + + align:start position:0% +will drive profits to +zero we know that profits are only zero + + align:start position:0% +zero we know that profits are only zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero we know that profits are only zero +when marginal cost equals average cost + + align:start position:0% +when marginal cost equals average cost + + + align:start position:0% +when marginal cost equals average cost +if marginal cost doesn't equal average + + align:start position:0% +if marginal cost doesn't equal average + + + align:start position:0% +if marginal cost doesn't equal average +cost as profits or losses so profits go + + align:start position:0% +cost as profits or losses so profits go + + + align:start position:0% +cost as profits or losses so profits go +to zero profits margin cost equals + + align:start position:0% +to zero profits margin cost equals + + + align:start position:0% +to zero profits margin cost equals +average cost and we know that only + + align:start position:0% +average cost and we know that only + + + align:start position:0% +average cost and we know that only +happens at minimum average cost that's + + align:start position:0% +happens at minimum average cost that's + + + align:start position:0% +happens at minimum average cost that's +the point where marginal cost equals + + align:start position:0% +the point where marginal cost equals + + + align:start position:0% +the point where marginal cost equals +average cost there's your little proof + + align:start position:0% +average cost there's your little proof + + + align:start position:0% +average cost there's your little proof +okay basically profits go to zero which + + align:start position:0% +okay basically profits go to zero which + + + align:start position:0% +okay basically profits go to zero which +means marginal costs have to equal + + align:start position:0% +means marginal costs have to equal + + + align:start position:0% +means marginal costs have to equal +average costs which only happens at + + align:start position:0% +average costs which only happens at + + + align:start position:0% +average costs which only happens at +minimum average cost so in the long run + + align:start position:0% +minimum average cost so in the long run + + + align:start position:0% +minimum average cost so in the long run +every firm produces at minimum average + + align:start position:0% +every firm produces at minimum average + + + align:start position:0% +every firm produces at minimum average +cost that is every firm produces at + + align:start position:0% +cost that is every firm produces at + + + align:start position:0% +cost that is every firm produces at +maximum efficiency + + align:start position:0% +maximum efficiency + + + align:start position:0% +maximum efficiency +they minimize their cost so they + + align:start position:0% +they minimize their cost so they + + + align:start position:0% +they minimize their cost so they +maximize their + + align:start position:0% +maximize their + + + align:start position:0% +maximize their +efficiency so the long run supply curve + + align:start position:0% +efficiency so the long run supply curve + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency so the long run supply curve +is flat at the minimum average cost + + align:start position:0% +is flat at the minimum average cost + + + align:start position:0% +is flat at the minimum average cost +remember we assume firms are identical + + align:start position:0% +remember we assume firms are identical + + + align:start position:0% +remember we assume firms are identical +so every firm is identical minimum + + align:start position:0% +so every firm is identical minimum + + + align:start position:0% +so every firm is identical minimum +average cost okay so the long run supply + + align:start position:0% +average cost okay so the long run supply + + + align:start position:0% +average cost okay so the long run supply +curve with perfect + + align:start position:0% +curve with perfect + + + align:start position:0% +curve with perfect +competition with identical + + align:start position:0% +competition with identical + + + align:start position:0% +competition with identical +firms with free entry and exit the long + + align:start position:0% +firms with free entry and exit the long + + + align:start position:0% +firms with free entry and exit the long +run supply curve will be at the firm's + + align:start position:0% +run supply curve will be at the firm's + + + align:start position:0% +run supply curve will be at the firm's +minimum average cost and profits will be + + align:start position:0% +minimum average cost and profits will be + + + align:start position:0% +minimum average cost and profits will be +zero + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay questions about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that now you might say to me um John uh + + align:start position:0% +that now you might say to me um John uh + + + align:start position:0% +that now you might say to me um John uh +that seems a little bit odd because um + + align:start position:0% +that seems a little bit odd because um + + + align:start position:0% +that seems a little bit odd because um +profits aren't zero Apple makes ungodly + + align:start position:0% +profits aren't zero Apple makes ungodly + + + align:start position:0% +profits aren't zero Apple makes ungodly +amounts of money tons of companies make + + align:start position:0% +amounts of money tons of companies make + + + align:start position:0% +amounts of money tons of companies make +ungodly amounts of money so you've + + align:start position:0% +ungodly amounts of money so you've + + + align:start position:0% +ungodly amounts of money so you've +really kind of I I I you know I I I + + align:start position:0% +really kind of I I I you know I I I + + + align:start position:0% +really kind of I I I you know I I I +bought your pizza cookies thing but this + + align:start position:0% +bought your pizza cookies thing but this + + + align:start position:0% +bought your pizza cookies thing but this +is getting ridiculous I can't buy a + + align:start position:0% +is getting ridiculous I can't buy a + + + align:start position:0% +is getting ridiculous I can't buy a +model where companies don't make profits + + align:start position:0% +model where companies don't make profits + + + align:start position:0% +model where companies don't make profits +there wouldn't be a stock market you + + align:start position:0% +there wouldn't be a stock market you + + + align:start position:0% +there wouldn't be a stock market you +know they're basically what's going on + + align:start position:0% +know they're basically what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +know they're basically what's going on +well two things are going on the first + + align:start position:0% +well two things are going on the first + + + align:start position:0% +well two things are going on the first +thing going on the easiest an remember + + align:start position:0% +thing going on the easiest an remember + + + align:start position:0% +thing going on the easiest an remember +the companies can still make profits in + + align:start position:0% +the companies can still make profits in + + + align:start position:0% +the companies can still make profits in +the short + + align:start position:0% +the short + + + align:start position:0% +the short +run okay so still short run profits but + + align:start position:0% +run okay so still short run profits but + + + align:start position:0% +run okay so still short run profits but +you know you look at many companies + + align:start position:0% +you know you look at many companies + + + align:start position:0% +you know you look at many companies +General Motors has made profits for + + align:start position:0% +General Motors has made profits for + + + align:start position:0% +General Motors has made profits for +decades and decades and decades they' + + align:start position:0% +decades and decades and decades they' + + + align:start position:0% +decades and decades and decades they' +blipped up and down but it's not like + + align:start position:0% +blipped up and down but it's not like + + + align:start position:0% +blipped up and down but it's not like +they only make profits in the short run + + align:start position:0% +they only make profits in the short run + + + align:start position:0% +they only make profits in the short run +there are plenty of companies that + + align:start position:0% +there are plenty of companies that + + + align:start position:0% +there are plenty of companies that +around a long time making + + align:start position:0% +around a long time making + + + align:start position:0% +around a long time making +profits so it can't just be that they're + + align:start position:0% +profits so it can't just be that they're + + + align:start position:0% +profits so it can't just be that they're +around because they make profits in the + + align:start position:0% +around because they make profits in the + + + align:start position:0% +around because they make profits in the +short run so basically what's going on + + align:start position:0% +short run so basically what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +short run so basically what's going on +what's going on is that there's not free + + align:start position:0% +what's going on is that there's not free + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on is that there's not free +entry and + + align:start position:0% +entry and + + + align:start position:0% +entry and +exit Okay well no I'm sorry let me back + + align:start position:0% +exit Okay well no I'm sorry let me back + + + align:start position:0% +exit Okay well no I'm sorry let me back +up that was too extreme what's going on + + align:start position:0% +up that was too extreme what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +up that was too extreme what's going on +is there's a number of complications to + + align:start position:0% +is there's a number of complications to + + + align:start position:0% +is there's a number of complications to +this simple model and we got to Dive + + align:start position:0% +this simple model and we got to Dive + + + align:start position:0% +this simple model and we got to Dive +Right into them because this is really + + align:start position:0% +Right into them because this is really + + + align:start position:0% +Right into them because this is really +sort of an unrealistic prediction it's a + + align:start position:0% +sort of an unrealistic prediction it's a + + + align:start position:0% +sort of an unrealistic prediction it's a +good extreme it's a good teaching + + align:start position:0% +good extreme it's a good teaching + + + align:start position:0% +good extreme it's a good teaching +example you will come back to it in + + align:start position:0% +example you will come back to it in + + + align:start position:0% +example you will come back to it in +problem sets and exams to remember that + + align:start position:0% +problem sets and exams to remember that + + + align:start position:0% +problem sets and exams to remember that +are all the assumptions of perfect + + align:start position:0% +are all the assumptions of perfect + + + align:start position:0% +are all the assumptions of perfect +competition Long Run profits are + + align:start position:0% +competition Long Run profits are + + + align:start position:0% +competition Long Run profits are +zero but in reality they're not so let's + + align:start position:0% +zero but in reality they're not so let's + + + align:start position:0% +zero but in reality they're not so let's +talk about why there's really three + + align:start position:0% +talk about why there's really three + + + align:start position:0% +talk about why there's really three +reasons why long run profits might not + + align:start position:0% +reasons why long run profits might not + + + align:start position:0% +reasons why long run profits might not +be zero the first is limited + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +entry I assumed the profits of the PC + + align:start position:0% +entry I assumed the profits of the PC + + + align:start position:0% +entry I assumed the profits of the PC +industry got driven to Zero by entry but + + align:start position:0% +industry got driven to Zero by entry but + + + align:start position:0% +industry got driven to Zero by entry but +that's not true because in particular + + align:start position:0% +that's not true because in particular + + + align:start position:0% +that's not true because in particular +there exist in the world things we call + + align:start position:0% +there exist in the world things we call + + + align:start position:0% +there exist in the world things we call +barriers to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +entry there are costs which are barriers + + align:start position:0% +entry there are costs which are barriers + + + align:start position:0% +entry there are costs which are barriers +to entry in particular the ultimate + + align:start position:0% +to entry in particular the ultimate + + + align:start position:0% +to entry in particular the ultimate +barriers to entry is sunk + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +costs because once someone's in the + + align:start position:0% +costs because once someone's in the + + + align:start position:0% +costs because once someone's in the +market hav paid the sunk costs if you're + + align:start position:0% +market hav paid the sunk costs if you're + + + align:start position:0% +market hav paid the sunk costs if you're +looking at entering okay think about a + + align:start position:0% +looking at entering okay think about a + + + align:start position:0% +looking at entering okay think about a +doct you be a doctor if you make doctors + + align:start position:0% +doct you be a doctor if you make doctors + + + align:start position:0% +doct you be a doctor if you make doctors +an economic decision you want to go look + + align:start position:0% +an economic decision you want to go look + + + align:start position:0% +an economic decision you want to go look +at how much money you'll make compared + + align:start position:0% +at how much money you'll make compared + + + align:start position:0% +at how much money you'll make compared +to the cost you'll sink into med + + align:start position:0% +to the cost you'll sink into med + + + align:start position:0% +to the cost you'll sink into med +school well if profits are sufficiently + + align:start position:0% +school well if profits are sufficiently + + + align:start position:0% +school well if profits are sufficiently +clo being a doctor aren't very big + + align:start position:0% +clo being a doctor aren't very big + + + align:start position:0% +clo being a doctor aren't very big +you're not going to sink 300 Grand into + + align:start position:0% +you're not going to sink 300 Grand into + + + align:start position:0% +you're not going to sink 300 Grand into +med school you're gonna say forget it so + + align:start position:0% +med school you're gonna say forget it so + + + align:start position:0% +med school you're gonna say forget it so +as long as profits aren't too big you + + align:start position:0% +as long as profits aren't too big you + + + align:start position:0% +as long as profits aren't too big you +won't go become a doctor so profits + + align:start position:0% +won't go become a doctor so profits + + + align:start position:0% +won't go become a doctor so profits +don't profits can't be enormous but they + + align:start position:0% +don't profits can't be enormous but they + + + align:start position:0% +don't profits can't be enormous but they +can be driven not all the way to zero + + align:start position:0% +can be driven not all the way to zero + + + align:start position:0% +can be driven not all the way to zero +they're driven to the point where unless + + align:start position:0% +they're driven to the point where unless + + + align:start position:0% +they're driven to the point where unless +you can pay off your sun cost you don't + + align:start position:0% +you can pay off your sun cost you don't + + + align:start position:0% +you can pay off your sun cost you don't +want to do it okay so basically entry + + align:start position:0% +want to do it okay so basically entry + + + align:start position:0% +want to do it okay so basically entry +will happen not freely but entry will + + align:start position:0% +will happen not freely but entry will + + + align:start position:0% +will happen not freely but entry will +happen only if you can make enough money + + align:start position:0% +happen only if you can make enough money + + + align:start position:0% +happen only if you can make enough money +eventually to pay off your sun costs + + align:start position:0% +eventually to pay off your sun costs + + + align:start position:0% +eventually to pay off your sun costs +orse you won't you won't do it there's + + align:start position:0% +orse you won't you won't do it there's + + + align:start position:0% +orse you won't you won't do it there's +lots of these barriers to entry + + align:start position:0% +lots of these barriers to entry + + + align:start position:0% +lots of these barriers to entry +that are basically exist in the world + + align:start position:0% +that are basically exist in the world + + + align:start position:0% +that are basically exist in the world +with Pharmaceuticals it's + + align:start position:0% +with Pharmaceuticals it's + + + align:start position:0% +with Pharmaceuticals it's +patents even in the little market that I + + align:start position:0% +patents even in the little market that I + + + align:start position:0% +patents even in the little market that I +described our perfectly competitive + + align:start position:0% +described our perfectly competitive + + + align:start position:0% +described our perfectly competitive +example Market outside the Eiffel Tower + + align:start position:0% +example Market outside the Eiffel Tower + + + align:start position:0% +example Market outside the Eiffel Tower +maybe if you try to set up another + + align:start position:0% +maybe if you try to set up another + + + align:start position:0% +maybe if you try to set up another +blanket someone will come beat you up + + align:start position:0% +blanket someone will come beat you up + + + align:start position:0% +blanket someone will come beat you up +okay and you've got to decide is it + + align:start position:0% +okay and you've got to decide is it + + + align:start position:0% +okay and you've got to decide is it +worth the punches I take to make the + + align:start position:0% +worth the punches I take to make the + + + align:start position:0% +worth the punches I take to make the +money and if the answer is profits are + + align:start position:0% +money and if the answer is profits are + + + align:start position:0% +money and if the answer is profits are +truly zero you won't take the punches + + align:start position:0% +truly zero you won't take the punches + + + align:start position:0% +truly zero you won't take the punches +you just won't set up your blanket okay + + align:start position:0% +you just won't set up your blanket okay + + + align:start position:0% +you just won't set up your blanket okay +there's basically lots of barriers to + + align:start position:0% +there's basically lots of barriers to + + + align:start position:0% +there's basically lots of barriers to +entry in the real world if there's + + align:start position:0% +entry in the real world if there's + + + align:start position:0% +entry in the real world if there's +barriers to entry + + align:start position:0% +barriers to entry + + + align:start position:0% +barriers to entry +then firms will not enter till that + + align:start position:0% +then firms will not enter till that + + + align:start position:0% +then firms will not enter till that +point the profit goes to zero they'll + + align:start position:0% +point the profit goes to zero they'll + + + align:start position:0% +point the profit goes to zero they'll +stop at a point profit they're still + + align:start position:0% +stop at a point profit they're still + + + align:start position:0% +stop at a point profit they're still +positive okay so that's one example of + + align:start position:0% +positive okay so that's one example of + + + align:start position:0% +positive okay so that's one example of +why you might end up with positive + + align:start position:0% +why you might end up with positive + + + align:start position:0% +why you might end up with positive +profits in the long + + align:start position:0% +profits in the long + + + align:start position:0% +profits in the long +run the second example is a little more + + align:start position:0% +run the second example is a little more + + + align:start position:0% +run the second example is a little more +complicated but important which is firms + + align:start position:0% +complicated but important which is firms + + + align:start position:0% +complicated but important which is firms +are not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +identical and in + + align:start position:0% +identical and in + + + align:start position:0% +identical and in +particular firms May differ at what + + align:start position:0% +particular firms May differ at what + + + align:start position:0% +particular firms May differ at what +their minimum average cost + + align:start position:0% +their minimum average cost + + + align:start position:0% +their minimum average cost +is and if firms differ what their + + align:start position:0% +is and if firms differ what their + + + align:start position:0% +is and if firms differ what their +minimum average cost is you can end up + + align:start position:0% +minimum average cost is you can end up + + + align:start position:0% +minimum average cost is you can end up +with the lowest average cost firms + + align:start position:0% +with the lowest average cost firms + + + align:start position:0% +with the lowest average cost firms +making + + align:start position:0% +making + + + align:start position:0% +making +money okay so basically you can enter + + align:start position:0% +money okay so basically you can enter + + + align:start position:0% +money okay so basically you can enter +you can end up with the lowest average + + align:start position:0% +you can end up with the lowest average + + + align:start position:0% +you can end up with the lowest average +cost firms making + + align:start position:0% +cost firms making + + + align:start position:0% +cost firms making +money okay so to see this let's look at + + align:start position:0% +money okay so to see this let's look at + + + align:start position:0% +money okay so to see this let's look at +figure 84 which is sort of confusing but + + align:start position:0% +figure 84 which is sort of confusing but + + + align:start position:0% +figure 84 which is sort of confusing but +it gives sort of an example if there's + + align:start position:0% +it gives sort of an example if there's + + + align:start position:0% +it gives sort of an example if there's +time in section we'll do sort of a more + + align:start position:0% +time in section we'll do sort of a more + + + align:start position:0% +time in section we'll do sort of a more +complicated example but this is sort of + + align:start position:0% +complicated example but this is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +complicated example but this is sort of +a simple + + align:start position:0% +a simple + + + align:start position:0% +a simple +example this is an old example some a + + align:start position:0% +example this is an old example some a + + + align:start position:0% +example this is an old example some a +real empirical study that was done a + + align:start position:0% +real empirical study that was done a + + + align:start position:0% +real empirical study that was done a +long time ago of the marginal cost of + + align:start position:0% +long time ago of the marginal cost of + + + align:start position:0% +long time ago of the marginal cost of +producing cotton in different countries + + align:start position:0% +producing cotton in different countries + + + align:start position:0% +producing cotton in different countries +so here we're just assuming flat + + align:start position:0% +so here we're just assuming flat + + + align:start position:0% +so here we're just assuming flat +marginal cost curves okay we're ignoring + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost curves okay we're ignoring + + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost curves okay we're ignoring +just assume not output slow just assume + + align:start position:0% +just assume not output slow just assume + + + align:start position:0% +just assume not output slow just assume +it's just a it's just a constant + + align:start position:0% +it's just a it's just a constant + + + align:start position:0% +it's just a it's just a constant +marginal cost a flat supply curve a + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost a flat supply curve a + + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost a flat supply curve a +constant marginal cost of producing + + align:start position:0% +constant marginal cost of producing + + + align:start position:0% +constant marginal cost of producing +cotton you might say well in that case + + align:start position:0% +cotton you might say well in that case + + + align:start position:0% +cotton you might say well in that case +obviously with free entry profits are + + align:start position:0% +obviously with free entry profits are + + + align:start position:0% +obviously with free entry profits are +zero but in fact it turns out that cost + + align:start position:0% +zero but in fact it turns out that cost + + + align:start position:0% +zero but in fact it turns out that cost +is different in different places it only + + align:start position:0% +is different in different places it only + + + align:start position:0% +is different in different places it only +cost 71 cents a + + align:start position:0% +cost 71 cents a + + + align:start position:0% +cost 71 cents a +kilogram to produce cotton Pakistan + + align:start position:0% +kilogram to produce cotton Pakistan + + + align:start position:0% +kilogram to produce cotton Pakistan +because I mean I'm sure that's changed + + align:start position:0% +because I mean I'm sure that's changed + + + align:start position:0% +because I mean I'm sure that's changed +now but Labor's cheap things like that + + align:start position:0% +now but Labor's cheap things like that + + + align:start position:0% +now but Labor's cheap things like that +there's it's good good growing + + align:start position:0% +there's it's good good growing + + + align:start position:0% +there's it's good good growing +conditions for + + align:start position:0% +conditions for + + + align:start position:0% +conditions for +cotton + + align:start position:0% +cotton + + + align:start position:0% +cotton +Argentina their lowest cost they can + + align:start position:0% +Argentina their lowest cost they can + + + align:start position:0% +Argentina their lowest cost they can +produce cotton their minimum average + + align:start position:0% +produce cotton their minimum average + + + align:start position:0% +produce cotton their minimum average +cost is a dollar eight Australia is a15 + + align:start position:0% +cost is a dollar eight Australia is a15 + + + align:start position:0% +cost is a dollar eight Australia is a15 +all the way up to the United States + + align:start position:0% +all the way up to the United States + + + align:start position:0% +all the way up to the United States +where it's a$1 56 to produce a kilogram + + align:start position:0% +where it's a$1 56 to produce a kilogram + + + align:start position:0% +where it's a$1 56 to produce a kilogram +of cotton okay so just assume in this + + align:start position:0% +of cotton okay so just assume in this + + + align:start position:0% +of cotton okay so just assume in this +case bear with me think of margin class + + align:start position:0% +case bear with me think of margin class + + + align:start position:0% +case bear with me think of margin class +is just one number it's a constant + + align:start position:0% +is just one number it's a constant + + + align:start position:0% +is just one number it's a constant +number okay and that marginal cost is + + align:start position:0% +number okay and that marginal cost is + + + align:start position:0% +number okay and that marginal cost is +higher in the US than it is + + align:start position:0% +higher in the US than it is + + + align:start position:0% +higher in the US than it is +in Pakistan now what happens in this + + align:start position:0% +in Pakistan now what happens in this + + + align:start position:0% +in Pakistan now what happens in this +market if the demand for cotton is 1 + + align:start position:0% +market if the demand for cotton is 1 + + + align:start position:0% +market if the demand for cotton is 1 +billion kilograms per year who makes the + + align:start position:0% +billion kilograms per year who makes the + + + align:start position:0% +billion kilograms per year who makes the +cotton how much profit did they + + align:start position:0% +cotton how much profit did they + + + align:start position:0% +cotton how much profit did they +make and what's the price let's say + + align:start position:0% +make and what's the price let's say + + + align:start position:0% +make and what's the price let's say +demand is 1 billion kilograms per year + + align:start position:0% +demand is 1 billion kilograms per year + + + align:start position:0% +demand is 1 billion kilograms per year +what happens who makes the cotton what's + + align:start position:0% +what happens who makes the cotton what's + + + align:start position:0% +what happens who makes the cotton what's +the price and how much profits they make + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anyone you got this you know the answer + + align:start position:0% +anyone you got this you know the answer + + + align:start position:0% +anyone you got this you know the answer +yeah Pakistan makes it at what + + align:start position:0% +yeah Pakistan makes it at what + + + align:start position:0% +yeah Pakistan makes it at what +price they make it at 71 cents and + + align:start position:0% +price they make it at 71 cents and + + + align:start position:0% +price they make it at 71 cents and +therefore what's their + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +profit zero right price equals marginal + + align:start position:0% +profit zero right price equals marginal + + + align:start position:0% +profit zero right price equals marginal +cost equals average cost if marginal + + align:start position:0% +cost equals average cost if marginal + + + align:start position:0% +cost equals average cost if marginal +cost is flat average cost is flat so + + align:start position:0% +cost is flat average cost is flat so + + + align:start position:0% +cost is flat average cost is flat so +price equals Marg cost equals average + + align:start position:0% +price equals Marg cost equals average + + + align:start position:0% +price equals Marg cost equals average +cost so in a world that's the example we + + align:start position:0% +cost so in a world that's the example we + + + align:start position:0% +cost so in a world that's the example we +just did in a world the perfect + + align:start position:0% +just did in a world the perfect + + + align:start position:0% +just did in a world the perfect +competition profits are zero + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah well basically that's a great + + align:start position:0% +yeah well basically that's a great + + + align:start position:0% +yeah well basically that's a great +question because presumably within + + align:start position:0% +question because presumably within + + + align:start position:0% +question because presumably within +Pakistan there's multiple companies + + align:start position:0% +Pakistan there's multiple companies + + + align:start position:0% +Pakistan there's multiple companies +competing and if one company tried to + + align:start position:0% +competing and if one company tried to + + + align:start position:0% +competing and if one company tried to +sell for higher than 71 the other would + + align:start position:0% +sell for higher than 71 the other would + + + align:start position:0% +sell for higher than 71 the other would +come in and sell for 71 okay it's weird + + align:start position:0% +come in and sell for 71 okay it's weird + + + align:start position:0% +come in and sell for 71 okay it's weird +to think of a country level supply curve + + align:start position:0% +to think of a country level supply curve + + + align:start position:0% +to think of a country level supply curve +but that's s the logic but now let's say + + align:start position:0% +but that's s the logic but now let's say + + + align:start position:0% +but that's s the logic but now let's say +the demand curve is such that there's + + align:start position:0% +the demand curve is such that there's + + + align:start position:0% +the demand curve is such that there's +five billion kilograms demanded + + align:start position:0% +five billion kilograms demanded + + + align:start position:0% +five billion kilograms demanded +if demand is five billion what is the + + align:start position:0% +if demand is five billion what is the + + + align:start position:0% +if demand is five billion what is the +market + + align:start position:0% +market + + + align:start position:0% +market +price if the demand for cotton is five + + align:start position:0% +price if the demand for cotton is five + + + align:start position:0% +price if the demand for cotton is five +billion what's the market + + align:start position:0% +billion what's the market + + + align:start position:0% +billion what's the market +price + + align:start position:0% +price + + + align:start position:0% +price +yeah right this is a supply curve this + + align:start position:0% +yeah right this is a supply curve this + + + align:start position:0% +yeah right this is a supply curve this +Red Line supply curve demand equal + + align:start position:0% +Red Line supply curve demand equal + + + align:start position:0% +Red Line supply curve demand equal +Supply at + + align:start position:0% +Supply at + + + align:start position:0% +Supply at +156 so what are profits in the US at + + align:start position:0% +156 so what are profits in the US at + + + align:start position:0% +156 so what are profits in the US at +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +price what are profits in + + align:start position:0% +price what are profits in + + + align:start position:0% +price what are profits in +Pakistan 85 cents + + align:start position:0% +Pakistan 85 cents + + + align:start position:0% +Pakistan 85 cents +so in a + + align:start position:0% +so in a + + + align:start position:0% +so in a +world where there are where to meet + + align:start position:0% +world where there are where to meet + + + align:start position:0% +world where there are where to meet +demand you need to draw on less + + align:start position:0% +demand you need to draw on less + + + align:start position:0% +demand you need to draw on less +efficient firms the more efficient firms + + align:start position:0% +efficient firms the more efficient firms + + + align:start position:0% +efficient firms the more efficient firms +can make + + align:start position:0% +can make + + + align:start position:0% +can make +money okay this is a confusing Point + + align:start position:0% +money okay this is a confusing Point + + + align:start position:0% +money okay this is a confusing Point +let's go back and remember what drove + + align:start position:0% +let's go back and remember what drove + + + align:start position:0% +let's go back and remember what drove +the last example I'm saying was the + + align:start position:0% +the last example I'm saying was the + + + align:start position:0% +the last example I'm saying was the +assumption that all firms were identical + + align:start position:0% +assumption that all firms were identical + + + align:start position:0% +assumption that all firms were identical +that led to this flat Supply cover at + + align:start position:0% +that led to this flat Supply cover at + + + align:start position:0% +that led to this flat Supply cover at +long range average cost but in fact when + + align:start position:0% +long range average cost but in fact when + + + align:start position:0% +long range average cost but in fact when +firms aren't identical as some are more + + align:start position:0% +firms aren't identical as some are more + + + align:start position:0% +firms aren't identical as some are more +efficient than others the more efficient + + align:start position:0% +efficient than others the more efficient + + + align:start position:0% +efficient than others the more efficient +firms can still make money even in the + + align:start position:0% +firms can still make money even in the + + + align:start position:0% +firms can still make money even in the +long run + + align:start position:0% +long run + + + align:start position:0% +long run +as long as demand exceeds their marginal + + align:start position:0% +as long as demand exceeds their marginal + + + align:start position:0% +as long as demand exceeds their marginal +as long as demand exceeds their part of + + align:start position:0% +as long as demand exceeds their part of + + + align:start position:0% +as long as demand exceeds their part of +the supply curve they can still make + + align:start position:0% +the supply curve they can still make + + + align:start position:0% +the supply curve they can still make +money okay so another reason why there + + align:start position:0% +money okay so another reason why there + + + align:start position:0% +money okay so another reason why there +could be profits in the long run is + + align:start position:0% +could be profits in the long run is + + + align:start position:0% +could be profits in the long run is +because particularly efficient firms can + + align:start position:0% +because particularly efficient firms can + + + align:start position:0% +because particularly efficient firms can +make profits if demand is sufficiently + + align:start position:0% +make profits if demand is sufficiently + + + align:start position:0% +make profits if demand is sufficiently +high okay questions about that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +yeah oh Pakistan well the point is + + align:start position:0% +yeah oh Pakistan well the point is + + + align:start position:0% +yeah oh Pakistan well the point is +Pakistan will make more but think of + + align:start position:0% +Pakistan will make more but think of + + + align:start position:0% +Pakistan will make more but think of +Pakistan's supply curve as such it's a + + align:start position:0% +Pakistan's supply curve as such it's a + + + align:start position:0% +Pakistan's supply curve as such it's a +great question think of Pakistan's + + align:start position:0% +great question think of Pakistan's + + + align:start position:0% +great question think of Pakistan's +supply curve as such that after they've + + align:start position:0% +supply curve as such that after they've + + + align:start position:0% +supply curve as such that after they've +made 1.7 million kilograms of cotton + + align:start position:0% +made 1.7 million kilograms of cotton + + + align:start position:0% +made 1.7 million kilograms of cotton +their cost just goes through the roof so + + align:start position:0% +their cost just goes through the roof so + + + align:start position:0% +their cost just goes through the roof so +that's sort of the way we think about it + + align:start position:0% +that's sort of the way we think about it + + + align:start position:0% +that's sort of the way we think about it +but you're right they could make more + + align:start position:0% +but you're right they could make more + + + align:start position:0% +but you're right they could make more +and make even more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +profits all right okay so that's a + + align:start position:0% +profits all right okay so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +profits all right okay so that's a +second reason why you could end up with + + align:start position:0% +second reason why you could end up with + + + align:start position:0% +second reason why you could end up with +long run profits the third reason is + + align:start position:0% +long run profits the third reason is + + + align:start position:0% +long run profits the third reason is +quite different + + align:start position:0% +quite different + + + align:start position:0% +quite different +the third reason hint it's something + + align:start position:0% +the third reason hint it's something + + + align:start position:0% +the third reason hint it's something +we'll start talking about in a few + + align:start position:0% +we'll start talking about in a few + + + align:start position:0% +we'll start talking about in a few +lectures which is that input + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +prices may depend on + + align:start position:0% +prices may depend on + + + align:start position:0% +prices may depend on +quantity or or they do input prices + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +depend on + + align:start position:0% +depend on + + + align:start position:0% +depend on +quantity that is as you produce more the + + align:start position:0% +quantity that is as you produce more the + + + align:start position:0% +quantity that is as you produce more the +cost of buying inputs could + + align:start position:0% +cost of buying inputs could + + + align:start position:0% +cost of buying inputs could +rise okay so to see this I'm now going + + align:start position:0% +rise okay so to see this I'm now going + + + align:start position:0% +rise okay so to see this I'm now going +to skip ahead something we'll talk about + + align:start position:0% +to skip ahead something we'll talk about + + + align:start position:0% +to skip ahead something we'll talk about +much more in a few lectures which is + + align:start position:0% +much more in a few lectures which is + + + align:start position:0% +much more in a few lectures which is +let's look at the market for labor + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the market for labor + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the market for labor +remember so far in this class we've + + align:start position:0% +remember so far in this class we've + + + align:start position:0% +remember so far in this class we've +taken labor the wage of Labor as just + + align:start position:0% +taken labor the wage of Labor as just + + + align:start position:0% +taken labor the wage of Labor as just +given from God but now we're going to + + align:start position:0% +given from God but now we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +given from God but now we're going to +talk about where that comes from it + + align:start position:0% +talk about where that comes from it + + + align:start position:0% +talk about where that comes from it +comes from the market for labor so let's + + align:start position:0% +comes from the market for labor so let's + + + align:start position:0% +comes from the market for labor so let's +go to + + align:start position:0% +go to + + + align:start position:0% +go to +figure uh + + align:start position:0% +figure uh + + + align:start position:0% +figure uh +85 figure 85 is the kind of figure we're + + align:start position:0% +85 figure 85 is the kind of figure we're + + + align:start position:0% +85 figure 85 is the kind of figure we're +to start working with in a few lectures + + align:start position:0% +to start working with in a few lectures + + + align:start position:0% +to start working with in a few lectures +it's the classic Supply demand figure + + align:start position:0% +it's the classic Supply demand figure + + + align:start position:0% +it's the classic Supply demand figure +quantity on the x- axis price on the y- + + align:start position:0% +quantity on the x- axis price on the y- + + + align:start position:0% +quantity on the x- axis price on the y- +AIS the difference is the quantity is + + align:start position:0% +AIS the difference is the quantity is + + + align:start position:0% +AIS the difference is the quantity is +not the number of cookies it's the hours + + align:start position:0% +not the number of cookies it's the hours + + + align:start position:0% +not the number of cookies it's the hours +of work or number of workers and the + + align:start position:0% +of work or number of workers and the + + + align:start position:0% +of work or number of workers and the +price is not the price of a cookie it's + + align:start position:0% +price is not the price of a cookie it's + + + align:start position:0% +price is not the price of a cookie it's +the wage the wage is the price of Labor + + align:start position:0% +the wage the wage is the price of Labor + + + align:start position:0% +the wage the wage is the price of Labor +so this is a demand and supply curve for + + align:start position:0% +so this is a demand and supply curve for + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a demand and supply curve for +workers why not you can draw demand + + align:start position:0% +workers why not you can draw demand + + + align:start position:0% +workers why not you can draw demand +supply for anything so like any demand + + align:start position:0% +supply for anything so like any demand + + + align:start position:0% +supply for anything so like any demand +supply curve we have a demand for + + align:start position:0% +supply curve we have a demand for + + + align:start position:0% +supply curve we have a demand for +workers the demand for workers is that + + align:start position:0% +workers the demand for workers is that + + + align:start position:0% +workers the demand for workers is that +downward + + align:start position:0% +downward + + + align:start position:0% +downward +sloping okay why is the demand for + + align:start position:0% +sloping okay why is the demand for + + + align:start position:0% +sloping okay why is the demand for +workers downward + + align:start position:0% +workers downward + + + align:start position:0% +workers downward +sloping okay it's downward sloping + + align:start position:0% +sloping okay it's downward sloping + + + align:start position:0% +sloping okay it's downward sloping +because as the price of Labor goes up + + align:start position:0% +because as the price of Labor goes up + + + align:start position:0% +because as the price of Labor goes up +firms want less of + + align:start position:0% +firms want less of + + + align:start position:0% +firms want less of +it right we've know this if you go back + + align:start position:0% +it right we've know this if you go back + + + align:start position:0% +it right we've know this if you go back +to your underlying production theory if + + align:start position:0% +to your underlying production theory if + + + align:start position:0% +to your underlying production theory if +you solve for optimal those isoquants + + align:start position:0% +you solve for optimal those isoquants + + + align:start position:0% +you solve for optimal those isoquants +and isocost we know is the isocost shift + + align:start position:0% +and isocost we know is the isocost shift + + + align:start position:0% +and isocost we know is the isocost shift +that's going to change your production + + align:start position:0% +that's going to change your production + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to change your production +mix you're going to end up wanting as + + align:start position:0% +mix you're going to end up wanting as + + + align:start position:0% +mix you're going to end up wanting as +the ice as labor gets more expensive you + + align:start position:0% +the ice as labor gets more expensive you + + + align:start position:0% +the ice as labor gets more expensive you +want fewer + + align:start position:0% +want fewer + + + align:start position:0% +want fewer +workers okay so therefore as the price + + align:start position:0% +workers okay so therefore as the price + + + align:start position:0% +workers okay so therefore as the price +of Labor goes up they want fewer workers + + align:start position:0% +of Labor goes up they want fewer workers + + + align:start position:0% +of Labor goes up they want fewer workers +that's why the demand is downward + + align:start position:0% +that's why the demand is downward + + + align:start position:0% +that's why the demand is downward +sloping why is the supply upward sloping + + align:start position:0% +sloping why is the supply upward sloping + + + align:start position:0% +sloping why is the supply upward sloping +can anyone tell me why is supply of + + align:start position:0% +can anyone tell me why is supply of + + + align:start position:0% +can anyone tell me why is supply of +labor upward + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sloping + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah exactly the assumption is and I'll + + align:start position:0% +yeah exactly the assumption is and I'll + + + align:start position:0% +yeah exactly the assumption is and I'll +teach you a few lectures it's only an + + align:start position:0% +teach you a few lectures it's only an + + + align:start position:0% +teach you a few lectures it's only an +assumption I like the the celebration + + align:start position:0% +assumption I like the the celebration + + + align:start position:0% +assumption I like the the celebration +there that's good good good good answer + + align:start position:0% +there that's good good good good answer + + + align:start position:0% +there that's good good good good answer +um I the it's only it's only an uh an + + align:start position:0% +um I the it's only it's only an uh an + + + align:start position:0% +um I the it's only it's only an uh an +assumption but the Assumption we're + + align:start position:0% +assumption but the Assumption we're + + + align:start position:0% +assumption but the Assumption we're +making here is as there's more wages + + align:start position:0% +making here is as there's more wages + + + align:start position:0% +making here is as there's more wages +more people want to work as wages go up + + align:start position:0% +more people want to work as wages go up + + + align:start position:0% +more people want to work as wages go up +people want to work harder more people + + align:start position:0% +people want to work harder more people + + + align:start position:0% +people want to work harder more people +want to work there want to work harder + + align:start position:0% +want to work there want to work harder + + + align:start position:0% +want to work there want to work harder +supply curve slopes up and you end up in + + align:start position:0% +supply curve slopes up and you end up in + + + align:start position:0% +supply curve slopes up and you end up in +some + + align:start position:0% +some + + + align:start position:0% +some +equilibrium L1 + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium L1 + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium L1 +W1 now imagine that people suddenly want + + align:start position:0% +W1 now imagine that people suddenly want + + + align:start position:0% +W1 now imagine that people suddenly want +more of a + + align:start position:0% +more of a + + + align:start position:0% +more of a +good well if they want more of a good + + align:start position:0% +good well if they want more of a good + + + align:start position:0% +good well if they want more of a good +and that's in some other diagram that's + + align:start position:0% +and that's in some other diagram that's + + + align:start position:0% +and that's in some other diagram that's +not in this diagram it's the labor + + align:start position:0% +not in this diagram it's the labor + + + align:start position:0% +not in this diagram it's the labor +market diagram there some other diagram + + align:start position:0% +market diagram there some other diagram + + + align:start position:0% +market diagram there some other diagram +people want more of a good good if + + align:start position:0% +people want more of a good good if + + + align:start position:0% +people want more of a good good if +people want more of a good you need to + + align:start position:0% +people want more of a good you need to + + + align:start position:0% +people want more of a good you need to +hire more + + align:start position:0% +hire more + + + align:start position:0% +hire more +workers how do we represent that here + + align:start position:0% +workers how do we represent that here + + + align:start position:0% +workers how do we represent that here +well that means there's an increase in + + align:start position:0% +well that means there's an increase in + + + align:start position:0% +well that means there's an increase in +demand for + + align:start position:0% +demand for + + + align:start position:0% +demand for +workers that means there's a shift + + align:start position:0% +workers that means there's a shift + + + align:start position:0% +workers that means there's a shift +outward in the demand curve to D of + + align:start position:0% +outward in the demand curve to D of + + + align:start position:0% +outward in the demand curve to D of +Q2 okay once again people want more + + align:start position:0% +Q2 okay once again people want more + + + align:start position:0% +Q2 okay once again people want more +rivets or whatever we're producing to + + align:start position:0% +rivets or whatever we're producing to + + + align:start position:0% +rivets or whatever we're producing to +produce more rivets you need more + + align:start position:0% +produce more rivets you need more + + + align:start position:0% +produce more rivets you need more +workers that's a shift outward in the + + align:start position:0% +workers that's a shift outward in the + + + align:start position:0% +workers that's a shift outward in the +demand for workers what does that do + + align:start position:0% +demand for workers what does that do + + + align:start position:0% +demand for workers what does that do +well that increase the number of workers + + align:start position:0% +well that increase the number of workers + + + align:start position:0% +well that increase the number of workers +but it also raises the wage the price of + + align:start position:0% +but it also raises the wage the price of + + + align:start position:0% +but it also raises the wage the price of +Labor + + align:start position:0% +Labor + + + align:start position:0% +Labor +with an upward sloping supply curve + + align:start position:0% +with an upward sloping supply curve + + + align:start position:0% +with an upward sloping supply curve +you're going to find that if you want + + align:start position:0% +you're going to find that if you want + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to find that if you want +more workers you're going to have to pay + + align:start position:0% +more workers you're going to have to pay + + + align:start position:0% +more workers you're going to have to pay +more to get them right so think of the + + align:start position:0% +more to get them right so think of the + + + align:start position:0% +more to get them right so think of the +firm's decision I want to make more + + align:start position:0% +firm's decision I want to make more + + + align:start position:0% +firm's decision I want to make more +rivets I need more workers well I'm in + + align:start position:0% +rivets I need more workers well I'm in + + + align:start position:0% +rivets I need more workers well I'm in +equilibrium my current level of workers + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium my current level of workers + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium my current level of workers +they are are happy at the wage I'm + + align:start position:0% +they are are happy at the wage I'm + + + align:start position:0% +they are are happy at the wage I'm +offering I'm getting the right number of + + align:start position:0% +offering I'm getting the right number of + + + align:start position:0% +offering I'm getting the right number of +workers if I want more workers I'm have + + align:start position:0% +workers if I want more workers I'm have + + + align:start position:0% +workers if I want more workers I'm have +to raise the + + align:start position:0% +to raise the + + + align:start position:0% +to raise the +wage well if I raise the wage that feeds + + align:start position:0% +wage well if I raise the wage that feeds + + + align:start position:0% +wage well if I raise the wage that feeds +back to my marginal costs and that leads + + align:start position:0% +back to my marginal costs and that leads + + + align:start position:0% +back to my marginal costs and that leads +to something like figure 86 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so basically when I was producing + + align:start position:0% +okay so basically when I was producing + + + align:start position:0% +okay so basically when I was producing +before I was at + + align:start position:0% +before I was at + + + align:start position:0% +before I was at +MC1 and + + align:start position:0% +MC1 and + + + align:start position:0% +MC1 and +ac1 now I want to produce more and I was + + align:start position:0% +ac1 now I want to produce more and I was + + + align:start position:0% +ac1 now I want to produce more and I was +producing at little q1 at Price P1 I + + align:start position:0% +producing at little q1 at Price P1 I + + + align:start position:0% +producing at little q1 at Price P1 I +want to produce more I produce little Q2 + + align:start position:0% +want to produce more I produce little Q2 + + + align:start position:0% +want to produce more I produce little Q2 +well for this little Q2 I've got to + + align:start position:0% +well for this little Q2 I've got to + + + align:start position:0% +well for this little Q2 I've got to +raise the wage if I raise the wage that + + align:start position:0% +raise the wage if I raise the wage that + + + align:start position:0% +raise the wage if I raise the wage that +raises my marginal average costs so I + + align:start position:0% +raises my marginal average costs so I + + + align:start position:0% +raises my marginal average costs so I +shift to the new mc2 and + + align:start position:0% +shift to the new mc2 and + + + align:start position:0% +shift to the new mc2 and +ac2 and my costs are higher + + align:start position:0% +ac2 and my costs are higher + + + align:start position:0% +ac2 and my costs are higher +so now you actually see an upward + + align:start position:0% +so now you actually see an upward + + + align:start position:0% +so now you actually see an upward +sloping supply + + align:start position:0% +sloping supply + + + align:start position:0% +sloping supply +curve that as the wage goes + + align:start position:0% +curve that as the wage goes + + + align:start position:0% +curve that as the wage goes +up costs go as as you I'm sorry as you + + align:start position:0% +up costs go as as you I'm sorry as you + + + align:start position:0% +up costs go as as you I'm sorry as you +produce more your costs go + + align:start position:0% +produce more your costs go + + + align:start position:0% +produce more your costs go +up because you have to pay more for your + + align:start position:0% +up because you have to pay more for your + + + align:start position:0% +up because you have to pay more for your +inputs so what happens is my my marginal + + align:start position:0% +inputs so what happens is my my marginal + + + align:start position:0% +inputs so what happens is my my marginal +cost shes from MC1 to mc2 so I have to + + align:start position:0% +cost shes from MC1 to mc2 so I have to + + + align:start position:0% +cost shes from MC1 to mc2 so I have to +sell at a higher price to break even to + + align:start position:0% +sell at a higher price to break even to + + + align:start position:0% +sell at a higher price to break even to +get to that point where margin cost + + align:start position:0% +get to that point where margin cost + + + align:start position:0% +get to that point where margin cost +equals average cost that that efficient + + align:start position:0% +equals average cost that that efficient + + + align:start position:0% +equals average cost that that efficient +point at E2 I've got to charge a higher + + align:start position:0% +point at E2 I've got to charge a higher + + + align:start position:0% +point at E2 I've got to charge a higher +price so now you see an upward sloping + + align:start position:0% +price so now you see an upward sloping + + + align:start position:0% +price so now you see an upward sloping +supply curve so this is a perfectly + + align:start position:0% +supply curve so this is a perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +supply curve so this is a perfectly +competitive market notice firms are + + align:start position:0% +competitive market notice firms are + + + align:start position:0% +competitive market notice firms are +making zero + + align:start position:0% +making zero + + + align:start position:0% +making zero +profits okay in both E1 and E2 the firms + + align:start position:0% +profits okay in both E1 and E2 the firms + + + align:start position:0% +profits okay in both E1 and E2 the firms +making zero little E1 and little E2 + + align:start position:0% +making zero little E1 and little E2 + + + align:start position:0% +making zero little E1 and little E2 +profits are zero how do we know because + + align:start position:0% +profits are zero how do we know because + + + align:start position:0% +profits are zero how do we know because +marginal cost is equal to minimum + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost is equal to minimum + + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost is equal to minimum +average + + align:start position:0% +average + + + align:start position:0% +average +cost yet even though they making zero + + align:start position:0% +cost yet even though they making zero + + + align:start position:0% +cost yet even though they making zero +profits when you want more Goods the + + align:start position:0% +profits when you want more Goods the + + + align:start position:0% +profits when you want more Goods the +price has to rise and that's because + + align:start position:0% +price has to rise and that's because + + + align:start position:0% +price has to rise and that's because +they have to hire more workers and + + align:start position:0% +they have to hire more workers and + + + align:start position:0% +they have to hire more workers and +that's the key distinction between cases + + align:start position:0% +that's the key distinction between cases + + + align:start position:0% +that's the key distinction between cases +one and two in case three in case one + + align:start position:0% +one and two in case three in case one + + + align:start position:0% +one and two in case three in case one +and two barriers to entry or firms not + + align:start position:0% +and two barriers to entry or firms not + + + align:start position:0% +and two barriers to entry or firms not +identical leads to Long Run profits + + align:start position:0% +identical leads to Long Run profits + + + align:start position:0% +identical leads to Long Run profits +greater than + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero but in case three long run profits + + align:start position:0% +zero but in case three long run profits + + + align:start position:0% +zero but in case three long run profits +are still + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero it's important distinction in case + + align:start position:0% +zero it's important distinction in case + + + align:start position:0% +zero it's important distinction in case +three long profit are still zirm firms + + align:start position:0% +three long profit are still zirm firms + + + align:start position:0% +three long profit are still zirm firms +are still producing at their minimum + + align:start position:0% +are still producing at their minimum + + + align:start position:0% +are still producing at their minimum +average cost every firm is it's just the + + align:start position:0% +average cost every firm is it's just the + + + align:start position:0% +average cost every firm is it's just the +supply curves upward sloping so I I I + + align:start position:0% +supply curves upward sloping so I I I + + + align:start position:0% +supply curves upward sloping so I I I +said this a comp this is a complication + + align:start position:0% +said this a comp this is a complication + + + align:start position:0% +said this a comp this is a complication +which doesn't explain law that's why I + + align:start position:0% +which doesn't explain law that's why I + + + align:start position:0% +which doesn't explain law that's why I +backed off and said there's long run + + align:start position:0% +backed off and said there's long run + + + align:start position:0% +backed off and said there's long run +profits there's still not long run + + align:start position:0% +profits there's still not long run + + + align:start position:0% +profits there's still not long run +profits but there is a long run upward + + align:start position:0% +profits but there is a long run upward + + + align:start position:0% +profits but there is a long run upward +sloping supply curve so what I concluded + + align:start position:0% +sloping supply curve so what I concluded + + + align:start position:0% +sloping supply curve so what I concluded +a few minutes ago is a long run flat + + align:start position:0% +a few minutes ago is a long run flat + + + align:start position:0% +a few minutes ago is a long run flat +supply curve meant Zero + + align:start position:0% +supply curve meant Zero + + + align:start position:0% +supply curve meant Zero +profits here we're actually in a long + + align:start position:0% +profits here we're actually in a long + + + align:start position:0% +profits here we're actually in a long +run upward sloping supply curve in zero + + align:start position:0% +run upward sloping supply curve in zero + + + align:start position:0% +run upward sloping supply curve in zero +profits why because we have to pay more + + align:start position:0% +profits why because we have to pay more + + + align:start position:0% +profits why because we have to pay more +for labor as we produce more so a long + + align:start position:0% +for labor as we produce more so a long + + + align:start position:0% +for labor as we produce more so a long +in the long run now this once again + + align:start position:0% +in the long run now this once again + + + align:start position:0% +in the long run now this once again +still unrealistic because we know + + align:start position:0% +still unrealistic because we know + + + align:start position:0% +still unrealistic because we know +profits aren't zero in the long run it's + + align:start position:0% +profits aren't zero in the long run it's + + + align:start position:0% +profits aren't zero in the long run it's +just showing you can't assume as someone + + align:start position:0% +just showing you can't assume as someone + + + align:start position:0% +just showing you can't assume as someone +might ask you to in a problem assume + + align:start position:0% +might ask you to in a problem assume + + + align:start position:0% +might ask you to in a problem assume +that because as long one Supply curves + + align:start position:0% +that because as long one Supply curves + + + align:start position:0% +that because as long one Supply curves +upward sloping there's profits to be + + align:start position:0% +upward sloping there's profits to be + + + align:start position:0% +upward sloping there's profits to be +made that's not necessarily true here's + + align:start position:0% +made that's not necessarily true here's + + + align:start position:0% +made that's not necessarily true here's +a case where there's no profits in these + + align:start position:0% +a case where there's no profits in these + + + align:start position:0% +a case where there's no profits in these +cases the long one Supply curves upward + + align:start position:0% +cases the long one Supply curves upward + + + align:start position:0% +cases the long one Supply curves upward +sloping and there are profits being + + align:start position:0% +sloping and there are profits being + + + align:start position:0% +sloping and there are profits being +made okay that's a lot that's confusing + + align:start position:0% +made okay that's a lot that's confusing + + + align:start position:0% +made okay that's a lot that's confusing +let me pause pause for questions about + + align:start position:0% +let me pause pause for questions about + + + align:start position:0% +let me pause pause for questions about +any of that any of that + + align:start position:0% +any of that any of that + + + align:start position:0% +any of that any of that +stuff + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah I right now I'm just uh the Lark + + align:start position:0% +yeah I right now I'm just uh the Lark + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I right now I'm just uh the Lark +supply curve is upward sloping by + + align:start position:0% +supply curve is upward sloping by + + + align:start position:0% +supply curve is upward sloping by +assumption I'm talking about creating + + align:start position:0% +assumption I'm talking about creating + + + align:start position:0% +assumption I'm talking about creating +upward sloping in figure 86 so comp + + align:start position:0% +upward sloping in figure 86 so comp + + + align:start position:0% +upward sloping in figure 86 so comp +piure figure 86 to figure um + + align:start position:0% +piure figure 86 to figure um + + + align:start position:0% +piure figure 86 to figure um +83 okay okay in figure Figure 8 three + + align:start position:0% +83 okay okay in figure Figure 8 three + + + align:start position:0% +83 okay okay in figure Figure 8 three +you see that every firm produced their + + align:start position:0% +you see that every firm produced their + + + align:start position:0% +you see that every firm produced their +minimum average cost you I could have + + align:start position:0% +minimum average cost you I could have + + + align:start position:0% +minimum average cost you I could have +drawn a whole bunch of firms here they'd + + align:start position:0% +drawn a whole bunch of firms here they'd + + + align:start position:0% +drawn a whole bunch of firms here they'd +all be at that same price or a whole + + align:start position:0% +all be at that same price or a whole + + + align:start position:0% +all be at that same price or a whole +bunch of quantities say all the same + + align:start position:0% +bunch of quantities say all the same + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of quantities say all the same +price now what I'm saying in figure 86 + + align:start position:0% +price now what I'm saying in figure 86 + + + align:start position:0% +price now what I'm saying in figure 86 +is no as the quantity goes up you got to + + align:start position:0% +is no as the quantity goes up you got to + + + align:start position:0% +is no as the quantity goes up you got to +pay you get a higher price even though + + align:start position:0% +pay you get a higher price even though + + + align:start position:0% +pay you get a higher price even though +profits are still zero okay good + + align:start position:0% +profits are still zero okay good + + + align:start position:0% +profits are still zero okay good +question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah uh once again we don't have income + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh once again we don't have income + + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh once again we don't have income +substitution effects here because it's + + align:start position:0% +substitution effects here because it's + + + align:start position:0% +substitution effects here because it's +not um it's not the income substitution + + align:start position:0% +not um it's not the income substitution + + + align:start position:0% +not um it's not the income substitution +effects come from sort of cons come from + + align:start position:0% +effects come from sort of cons come from + + + align:start position:0% +effects come from sort of cons come from +underlying consumer preferences these + + align:start position:0% +underlying consumer preferences these + + + align:start position:0% +underlying consumer preferences these +are firm decisions so we're not getting + + align:start position:0% +are firm decisions so we're not getting + + + align:start position:0% +are firm decisions so we're not getting +income and substitution effects the way + + align:start position:0% +income and substitution effects the way + + + align:start position:0% +income and substitution effects the way +you care about one two verse three is + + align:start position:0% +you care about one two verse three is + + + align:start position:0% +you care about one two verse three is +ask are there long run profits so if you + + align:start position:0% +ask are there long run profits so if you + + + align:start position:0% +ask are there long run profits so if you +if you want to ask which is the right + + align:start position:0% +if you want to ask which is the right + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to ask which is the right +case this's an easy test are profits + + align:start position:0% +case this's an easy test are profits + + + align:start position:0% +case this's an easy test are profits +zero in the long run profit zero in the + + align:start position:0% +zero in the long run profit zero in the + + + align:start position:0% +zero in the long run profit zero in the +long run then either our base case is + + align:start position:0% +long run then either our base case is + + + align:start position:0% +long run then either our base case is +true or this so we have four total cases + + align:start position:0% +true or this so we have four total cases + + + align:start position:0% +true or this so we have four total cases +we have our base case and then we have + + align:start position:0% +we have our base case and then we have + + + align:start position:0% +we have our base case and then we have +these three complications both the base + + align:start position:0% +these three complications both the base + + + align:start position:0% +these three complications both the base +case and this third complication + + align:start position:0% +case and this third complication + + + align:start position:0% +case and this third complication +delivers one prediction which long + + align:start position:0% +delivers one prediction which long + + + align:start position:0% +delivers one prediction which long +profits of zero these two deliver a + + align:start position:0% +profits of zero these two deliver a + + + align:start position:0% +profits of zero these two deliver a +different prediction which long and + + align:start position:0% +different prediction which long and + + + align:start position:0% +different prediction which long and +profits are greater than zero now + + align:start position:0% +profits are greater than zero now + + + align:start position:0% +profits are greater than zero now +differentiating between each of those + + align:start position:0% +differentiating between each of those + + + align:start position:0% +differentiating between each of those +pairs of cases that'll involve + + align:start position:0% +pairs of cases that'll involve + + + align:start position:0% +pairs of cases that'll involve +additional + + align:start position:0% +additional + + + align:start position:0% +additional +testing okay so for example + + align:start position:0% +testing okay so for example + + + align:start position:0% +testing okay so for example +differentiating between the base case + + align:start position:0% +differentiating between the base case + + + align:start position:0% +differentiating between the base case +and this case you differentiate + + align:start position:0% +and this case you differentiate + + + align:start position:0% +and this case you differentiate +empirically by asking do wages rise as + + align:start position:0% +empirically by asking do wages rise as + + + align:start position:0% +empirically by asking do wages rise as +quantity + + align:start position:0% +quantity + + + align:start position:0% +quantity +Rises differ in these cases you + + align:start position:0% +Rises differ in these cases you + + + align:start position:0% +Rises differ in these cases you +differentiate by asking will our firms + + align:start position:0% +differentiate by asking will our firms + + + align:start position:0% +differentiate by asking will our firms +identical or are there some costs Etc + + align:start position:0% +identical or are there some costs Etc + + + align:start position:0% +identical or are there some costs Etc +okay good question other questions yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's an awesome Point Apple's Apple's + + align:start position:0% +that's an awesome Point Apple's Apple's + + + align:start position:0% +that's an awesome Point Apple's Apple's +$8 millionar $8 billion dollar per + + align:start position:0% +$8 millionar $8 billion dollar per + + + align:start position:0% +$8 millionar $8 billion dollar per +quarter profits not bad uh are + + align:start position:0% +quarter profits not bad uh are + + + align:start position:0% +quarter profits not bad uh are +accounting profits what are economic + + align:start position:0% +accounting profits what are economic + + + align:start position:0% +accounting profits what are economic +profits that's a great question and that + + align:start position:0% +profits that's a great question and that + + + align:start position:0% +profits that's a great question and that +is much much harder uh now to be fair at + + align:start position:0% +is much much harder uh now to be fair at + + + align:start position:0% +is much much harder uh now to be fair at +one level it's harder let's it's not + + align:start position:0% +one level it's harder let's it's not + + + align:start position:0% +one level it's harder let's it's not +like accounting profits are easy because + + align:start position:0% +like accounting profits are easy because + + + align:start position:0% +like accounting profits are easy because +Apple gets to make up their + + align:start position:0% +Apple gets to make up their + + + align:start position:0% +Apple gets to make up their +numbers okay so let me give you a simple + + align:start position:0% +numbers okay so let me give you a simple + + + align:start position:0% +numbers okay so let me give you a simple +example of what Apple does um Apple by + + align:start position:0% +example of what Apple does um Apple by + + + align:start position:0% +example of what Apple does um Apple by +the way makes $18 billion in reported + + align:start position:0% +the way makes $18 billion in reported + + + align:start position:0% +the way makes $18 billion in reported +profits uh to their stockholders to the + + align:start position:0% +profits uh to their stockholders to the + + + align:start position:0% +profits uh to their stockholders to the +US government they report profits of + + align:start position:0% +US government they report profits of + + + align:start position:0% +US government they report profits of +zero they report $8 billion to their + + align:start position:0% +zero they report $8 billion to their + + + align:start position:0% +zero they report $8 billion to their +stakeholders but to the tax authorities + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders but to the tax authorities + + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders but to the tax authorities +to whom they pay taxes they report + + align:start position:0% +to whom they pay taxes they report + + + align:start position:0% +to whom they pay taxes they report +profits of zero essentially why well + + align:start position:0% +profits of zero essentially why well + + + align:start position:0% +profits of zero essentially why well +because they play a game where they + + align:start position:0% +because they play a game where they + + + align:start position:0% +because they play a game where they +pretend they have a company in Ireland + + align:start position:0% +pretend they have a company in Ireland + + + align:start position:0% +pretend they have a company in Ireland +with two + + align:start position:0% +with two + + + align:start position:0% +with two +employees they CLA but Ireland has low + + align:start position:0% +employees they CLA but Ireland has low + + + align:start position:0% +employees they CLA but Ireland has low +taxes they claim that all their profits + + align:start position:0% +taxes they claim that all their profits + + + align:start position:0% +taxes they claim that all their profits +are earned in Ireland how can they do + + align:start position:0% +are earned in Ireland how can they do + + + align:start position:0% +are earned in Ireland how can they do +that only two employees they claim that + + align:start position:0% +that only two employees they claim that + + + align:start position:0% +that only two employees they claim that +their profits come from intellectual + + align:start position:0% +their profits come from intellectual + + + align:start position:0% +their profits come from intellectual +property intellectual property is housed + + align:start position:0% +property intellectual property is housed + + + align:start position:0% +property intellectual property is housed +in Ireland with those two + + align:start position:0% +in Ireland with those two + + + align:start position:0% +in Ireland with those two +employees okay so accounting profits are + + align:start position:0% +employees okay so accounting profits are + + + align:start position:0% +employees okay so accounting profits are +not necessarily right either you know + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily right either you know + + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily right either you know +accounting profits are not so clean but + + align:start position:0% +accounting profits are not so clean but + + + align:start position:0% +accounting profits are not so clean but +economic profits would be very very hard + + align:start position:0% +economic profits would be very very hard + + + align:start position:0% +economic profits would be very very hard +economic profits economic cost is also + + align:start position:0% +economic profits economic cost is also + + + align:start position:0% +economic profits economic cost is also +very hard to measure there is measuring + + align:start position:0% +very hard to measure there is measuring + + + align:start position:0% +very hard to measure there is measuring +firm profits and that's why in some + + align:start position:0% +firm profits and that's why in some + + + align:start position:0% +firm profits and that's why in some +sense many of us would say well look + + align:start position:0% +sense many of us would say well look + + + align:start position:0% +sense many of us would say well look +there's an easy answer to economic + + align:start position:0% +there's an easy answer to economic + + + align:start position:0% +there's an easy answer to economic +problem there's tax firms that make all + + align:start position:0% +problem there's tax firms that make all + + + align:start position:0% +problem there's tax firms that make all +the profits the problem is what are + + align:start position:0% +the profits the problem is what are + + + align:start position:0% +the profits the problem is what are +profits and it's very hard to measure + + align:start position:0% +profits and it's very hard to measure + + + align:start position:0% +profits and it's very hard to measure +both economically and for accounting + + align:start position:0% +both economically and for accounting + + + align:start position:0% +both economically and for accounting +reasons great question other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions yeah in the figure 85 where + + align:start position:0% +questions yeah in the figure 85 where + + + align:start position:0% +questions yeah in the figure 85 where +there's like you talked about how the + + align:start position:0% +there's like you talked about how the + + + align:start position:0% +there's like you talked about how the +demand cve shift or the cost of the + + align:start position:0% +demand cve shift or the cost of the + + + align:start position:0% +demand cve shift or the cost of the +wages shift based on the demand cve + + align:start position:0% +wages shift based on the demand cve + + + align:start position:0% +wages shift based on the demand cve +shift which is in relation to the market + + align:start position:0% +shift which is in relation to the market + + + align:start position:0% +shift which is in relation to the market +demand but then does the supply curve + + align:start position:0% +demand but then does the supply curve + + + align:start position:0% +demand but then does the supply curve +ever shift adjust for the increased cost + + align:start position:0% +ever shift adjust for the increased cost + + + align:start position:0% +ever shift adjust for the increased cost +well no but the supply curve is + + align:start position:0% +well no but the supply curve is + + + align:start position:0% +well no but the supply curve is +determined that's a good question supply + + align:start position:0% +determined that's a good question supply + + + align:start position:0% +determined that's a good question supply +curve is determined by the workers's + + align:start position:0% +curve is determined by the workers's + + + align:start position:0% +curve is determined by the workers's +preference for how they want to work + + align:start position:0% +preference for how they want to work + + + align:start position:0% +preference for how they want to work +nothing's changed that it's just it's + + align:start position:0% +nothing's changed that it's just it's + + + align:start position:0% +nothing's changed that it's just it's +just the supply curve is just how much + + align:start position:0% +just the supply curve is just how much + + + align:start position:0% +just the supply curve is just how much +more do I want to work when the wage + + align:start position:0% +more do I want to work when the wage + + + align:start position:0% +more do I want to work when the wage +goes up and that's just fixed that could + + align:start position:0% +goes up and that's just fixed that could + + + align:start position:0% +goes up and that's just fixed that could +change and we'll talk about that in a + + align:start position:0% +change and we'll talk about that in a + + + align:start position:0% +change and we'll talk about that in a +few lectures in fact we'll tell you a + + align:start position:0% +few lectures in fact we'll tell you a + + + align:start position:0% +few lectures in fact we'll tell you a +few lectures why it might not even slope + + align:start position:0% +few lectures why it might not even slope + + + align:start position:0% +few lectures why it might not even slope +up it might slope down and that's good + + align:start position:0% +up it might slope down and that's good + + + align:start position:0% +up it might slope down and that's good +about then the our big income and + + align:start position:0% +about then the our big income and + + + align:start position:0% +about then the our big income and +substitution effects fan here will have + + align:start position:0% +substitution effects fan here will have + + + align:start position:0% +substitution effects fan here will have +uh we'll have some to talk about uh + + align:start position:0% +uh we'll have some to talk about uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh we'll have some to talk about uh +question like assumtion of like comp + + align:start position:0% +question like assumtion of like comp + + + align:start position:0% +question like assumtion of like comp +also workers that mean the long run all + + align:start position:0% +also workers that mean the long run all + + + align:start position:0% +also workers that mean the long run all +workers make no profit wonderful + + align:start position:0% +workers make no profit wonderful + + + align:start position:0% +workers make no profit wonderful +wonderful point and we will come back to + + align:start position:0% +wonderful point and we will come back to + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful point and we will come back to +that as well when we talk about well do + + align:start position:0% +that as well when we talk about well do + + + align:start position:0% +that as well when we talk about well do +a whole lecture on how workers make + + align:start position:0% +a whole lecture on how workers make + + + align:start position:0% +a whole lecture on how workers make +their decision how to work and we'll + + align:start position:0% +their decision how to work and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +their decision how to work and we'll +come to that point okay great questions + + align:start position:0% +come to that point okay great questions + + + align:start position:0% +come to that point okay great questions +all right well let's follow up on the + + align:start position:0% +all right well let's follow up on the + + + align:start position:0% +all right well let's follow up on the +Apple + + align:start position:0% +Apple + + + align:start position:0% +Apple +discussion to talk + + align:start position:0% +discussion to talk + + + align:start position:0% +discussion to talk +about something that once again let's + + align:start position:0% +about something that once again let's + + + align:start position:0% +about something that once again let's +let's let's interject the real world + + align:start position:0% +let's let's interject the real world + + + align:start position:0% +let's let's interject the real world +here for one second and + + align:start position:0% +here for one second and + + + align:start position:0% +here for one second and +ask do firms actually maximize + + align:start position:0% +ask do firms actually maximize + + + align:start position:0% +ask do firms actually maximize +profits we assume that we assume fors + + align:start position:0% +profits we assume that we assume fors + + + align:start position:0% +profits we assume that we assume fors +maximized profit there's no reason not + + align:start position:0% +maximized profit there's no reason not + + + align:start position:0% +maximized profit there's no reason not +to or the logic is pretty impeccable but + + align:start position:0% +to or the logic is pretty impeccable but + + + align:start position:0% +to or the logic is pretty impeccable but +in fact we see a lot of things that + + align:start position:0% +in fact we see a lot of things that + + + align:start position:0% +in fact we see a lot of things that +don't look like firms are maximizing + + align:start position:0% +don't look like firms are maximizing + + + align:start position:0% +don't look like firms are maximizing +profits so for example uh in + + align:start position:0% +profits so for example uh in + + + align:start position:0% +profits so for example uh in + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +Amgen lost 3% of their market value in + + align:start position:0% +Amgen lost 3% of their market value in + + + align:start position:0% +Amgen lost 3% of their market value in +7% over the past five years yet their + + align:start position:0% +7% over the past five years yet their + + + align:start position:0% +7% over the past five years yet their +CEO made $21 million + + align:start position:0% +CEO made $21 million + + + align:start position:0% +CEO made $21 million +in 2008 the CEO of abomi and Fitch who + + align:start position:0% +in 2008 the CEO of abomi and Fitch who + + + align:start position:0% +in 2008 the CEO of abomi and Fitch who +stock V had dropped + + align:start position:0% +stock V had dropped + + + align:start position:0% +stock V had dropped +71% was paid $72 million that's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +71% was paid $72 million that's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +71% was paid $72 million that's a lot of +money based off ABS good ABS right and + + align:start position:0% +money based off ABS good ABS right and + + + align:start position:0% +money based off ABS good ABS right and +then finally here's um then we have the + + align:start position:0% +then finally here's um then we have the + + + align:start position:0% +then finally here's um then we have the +case of Leo apecer who was CEO of hulet + + align:start position:0% +case of Leo apecer who was CEO of hulet + + + align:start position:0% +case of Leo apecer who was CEO of hulet +Packard for 11 months and it was so + + align:start position:0% +Packard for 11 months and it was so + + + align:start position:0% +Packard for 11 months and it was so +disastrous they F fired him after 11 + + align:start position:0% +disastrous they F fired him after 11 + + + align:start position:0% +disastrous they F fired him after 11 +months and he made $13 + + align:start position:0% +months and he made $13 + + + align:start position:0% +months and he made $13 +million okay so the question is + + align:start position:0% +million okay so the question is + + + align:start position:0% +million okay so the question is +if firms really maximize profits how can + + align:start position:0% +if firms really maximize profits how can + + + align:start position:0% +if firms really maximize profits how can +be paying all these outrageous amounts + + align:start position:0% +be paying all these outrageous amounts + + + align:start position:0% +be paying all these outrageous amounts +of money to employees that don't + + align:start position:0% +of money to employees that don't + + + align:start position:0% +of money to employees that don't +necessarily seem to be doing such a good + + align:start position:0% +necessarily seem to be doing such a good + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily seem to be doing such a good +job and there's two answers to that one + + align:start position:0% +job and there's two answers to that one + + + align:start position:0% +job and there's two answers to that one +answer is well look we don't one answer + + align:start position:0% +answer is well look we don't one answer + + + align:start position:0% +answer is well look we don't one answer +is the opportunity cost we don't know + + align:start position:0% +is the opportunity cost we don't know + + + align:start position:0% +is the opportunity cost we don't know +what would happened if those CEOs hadn't + + align:start position:0% +what would happened if those CEOs hadn't + + + align:start position:0% +what would happened if those CEOs hadn't +been in place maybe they would have lost + + align:start position:0% +been in place maybe they would have lost + + + align:start position:0% +been in place maybe they would have lost +120% of their value maybe they would + + align:start position:0% +120% of their value maybe they would + + + align:start position:0% +120% of their value maybe they would +have done even worse maybe these highly + + align:start position:0% +have done even worse maybe these highly + + + align:start position:0% +have done even worse maybe these highly +paid CEOs are worth it look a great + + align:start position:0% +paid CEOs are worth it look a great + + + align:start position:0% +paid CEOs are worth it look a great +example is Michael Jordan Michael Jordan + + align:start position:0% +example is Michael Jordan Michael Jordan + + + align:start position:0% +example is Michael Jordan Michael Jordan +there was an academic study which + + align:start position:0% +there was an academic study which + + + align:start position:0% +there was an academic study which +measured the value of Michael Jordan + + align:start position:0% +measured the value of Michael Jordan + + + align:start position:0% +measured the value of Michael Jordan +Michael Jordan was the highest paid + + align:start position:0% +Michael Jordan was the highest paid + + + align:start position:0% +Michael Jordan was the highest paid +player in basketball at 1 Point $32 + + align:start position:0% +player in basketball at 1 Point $32 + + + align:start position:0% +player in basketball at 1 Point $32 +million a year someone did a study based + + align:start position:0% +million a year someone did a study based + + + align:start position:0% +million a year someone did a study based +on the ad revenues that are generated by + + align:start position:0% +on the ad revenues that are generated by + + + align:start position:0% +on the ad revenues that are generated by +increased viewership when Michael Jordan + + align:start position:0% +increased viewership when Michael Jordan + + + align:start position:0% +increased viewership when Michael Jordan +was on TV and based that he was worth a + + align:start position:0% +was on TV and based that he was worth a + + + align:start position:0% +was on TV and based that he was worth a +hundred million a year so he was + + align:start position:0% +hundred million a year so he was + + + align:start position:0% +hundred million a year so he was +actually underpaid at 32 + + align:start position:0% +actually underpaid at 32 + + + align:start position:0% +actually underpaid at 32 +million okay so basically the point is + + align:start position:0% +million okay so basically the point is + + + align:start position:0% +million okay so basically the point is +just because someone's paid a lot + + align:start position:0% +just because someone's paid a lot + + + align:start position:0% +just because someone's paid a lot +doesn't mean they're not worth it okay + + align:start position:0% +doesn't mean they're not worth it okay + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't mean they're not worth it okay +we can't just look at some some page and + + align:start position:0% +we can't just look at some some page and + + + align:start position:0% +we can't just look at some some page and +say they're not worth it that's one uh + + align:start position:0% +say they're not worth it that's one uh + + + align:start position:0% +say they're not worth it that's one uh +explanation however that one doesn't + + align:start position:0% +explanation however that one doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +explanation however that one doesn't +seem to work and the way it noce the + + align:start position:0% +seem to work and the way it noce the + + + align:start position:0% +seem to work and the way it noce the +work is a super clever test that was + + align:start position:0% +work is a super clever test that was + + + align:start position:0% +work is a super clever test that was +done by Professor Sloan at Shore and a + + align:start position:0% +done by Professor Sloan at Shore and a + + + align:start position:0% +done by Professor Sloan at Shore and a +now a new professor um in the computer + + align:start position:0% +now a new professor um in the computer + + + align:start position:0% +now a new professor um in the computer +science department sen mull Nathan they + + align:start position:0% +science department sen mull Nathan they + + + align:start position:0% +science department sen mull Nathan they +did a very cool test they said um uh + + align:start position:0% +did a very cool test they said um uh + + + align:start position:0% +did a very cool test they said um uh +actually Mel and Mar betron to Chicago + + align:start position:0% +actually Mel and Mar betron to Chicago + + + align:start position:0% +actually Mel and Mar betron to Chicago +what they said is look let's look at + + align:start position:0% +what they said is look let's look at + + + align:start position:0% +what they said is look let's look at +what happens to how much CEOs of oil + + align:start position:0% +what happens to how much CEOs of oil + + + align:start position:0% +what happens to how much CEOs of oil +companies get paid when the price of oil + + align:start position:0% +companies get paid when the price of oil + + + align:start position:0% +companies get paid when the price of oil +goes up when the price of oils goes up + + align:start position:0% +goes up when the price of oils goes up + + + align:start position:0% +goes up when the price of oils goes up +oil company profits go up but it's not + + align:start position:0% +oil company profits go up but it's not + + + align:start position:0% +oil company profits go up but it's not +due to anything a CEO did the price of + + align:start position:0% +due to anything a CEO did the price of + + + align:start position:0% +due to anything a CEO did the price of +oil is determined by a World Market no + + align:start position:0% +oil is determined by a World Market no + + + align:start position:0% +oil is determined by a World Market no +one CEO can have any influence on the + + align:start position:0% +one CEO can have any influence on the + + + align:start position:0% +one CEO can have any influence on the +price of + + align:start position:0% +price of + + + align:start position:0% +price of +oil so if the profits go up because the + + align:start position:0% +oil so if the profits go up because the + + + align:start position:0% +oil so if the profits go up because the +price of oil goes up CEOs shouldn't be + + align:start position:0% +price of oil goes up CEOs shouldn't be + + + align:start position:0% +price of oil goes up CEOs shouldn't be +rewarded for that they did nothing and + + align:start position:0% +rewarded for that they did nothing and + + + align:start position:0% +rewarded for that they did nothing and +yet they find that when Pro oil prices + + align:start position:0% +yet they find that when Pro oil prices + + + align:start position:0% +yet they find that when Pro oil prices +go up CEOs get massive raises in oil + + align:start position:0% +go up CEOs get massive raises in oil + + + align:start position:0% +go up CEOs get massive raises in oil +companies that can't be that they're + + align:start position:0% +companies that can't be that they're + + + align:start position:0% +companies that can't be that they're +doing a particularly good job that's got + + align:start position:0% +doing a particularly good job that's got + + + align:start position:0% +doing a particularly good job that's got +to be something else okay so what's the + + align:start position:0% +to be something else okay so what's the + + + align:start position:0% +to be something else okay so what's the +something else the something else is to + + align:start position:0% +something else the something else is to + + + align:start position:0% +something else the something else is to +recognize that firms are not just some + + align:start position:0% +recognize that firms are not just some + + + align:start position:0% +recognize that firms are not just some +blackbox little little Q function or F + + align:start position:0% +blackbox little little Q function or F + + + align:start position:0% +blackbox little little Q function or F +function firms are actually a + + align:start position:0% +function firms are actually a + + + align:start position:0% +function firms are actually a +complicated set of what we call agency + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +relationships a complicated set of + + align:start position:0% +relationships a complicated set of + + + align:start position:0% +relationships a complicated set of +agency + + align:start position:0% +agency + + + align:start position:0% +agency +relationships what do we mean by that we + + align:start position:0% +relationships what do we mean by that we + + + align:start position:0% +relationships what do we mean by that we +mean that when you think of the firm in + + align:start position:0% +mean that when you think of the firm in + + + align:start position:0% +mean that when you think of the firm in +this course we're thinking about + + align:start position:0% +this course we're thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +this course we're thinking about +something like someone working for + + align:start position:0% +something like someone working for + + + align:start position:0% +something like someone working for +themselves or pair of Partners where the + + align:start position:0% +themselves or pair of Partners where the + + + align:start position:0% +themselves or pair of Partners where the +workers are the + + align:start position:0% +workers are the + + + align:start position:0% +workers are the +owners but most firms most of the goods + + align:start position:0% +owners but most firms most of the goods + + + align:start position:0% +owners but most firms most of the goods +in America not most firms most of the + + align:start position:0% +in America not most firms most of the + + + align:start position:0% +in America not most firms most of the +goods in America are produced by giant + + align:start position:0% +goods in America are produced by giant + + + align:start position:0% +goods in America are produced by giant +corporations and the key Hallmark of a + + align:start position:0% +corporations and the key Hallmark of a + + + align:start position:0% +corporations and the key Hallmark of a +corporation is the + + align:start position:0% +corporation is the + + + align:start position:0% +corporation is the +separation of ownership from + + align:start position:0% +separation of ownership from + + + align:start position:0% +separation of ownership from +control corporations are owned by + + align:start position:0% +control corporations are owned by + + + align:start position:0% +control corporations are owned by +disembodied set of stockholders but the + + align:start position:0% +disembodied set of stockholders but the + + + align:start position:0% +disembodied set of stockholders but the +decisions are made by employees managers + + align:start position:0% +decisions are made by employees managers + + + align:start position:0% +decisions are made by employees managers +who work at those + + align:start position:0% +who work at those + + + align:start position:0% +who work at those +firms and that separation of ownership + + align:start position:0% +firms and that separation of ownership + + + align:start position:0% +firms and that separation of ownership +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +control leads to a fundamental challenge + + align:start position:0% +control leads to a fundamental challenge + + + align:start position:0% +control leads to a fundamental challenge +which for which uh uh my former + + align:start position:0% +which for which uh uh my former + + + align:start position:0% +which for which uh uh my former +colleague B Holstrom won the Nobel Prize + + align:start position:0% +colleague B Holstrom won the Nobel Prize + + + align:start position:0% +colleague B Holstrom won the Nobel Prize +was one7 won the Nobel Prize for + + align:start position:0% +was one7 won the Nobel Prize for + + + align:start position:0% +was one7 won the Nobel Prize for +documenting this fundamental tension + + align:start position:0% +documenting this fundamental tension + + + align:start position:0% +documenting this fundamental tension +understanding it which is when you have + + align:start position:0% +understanding it which is when you have + + + align:start position:0% +understanding it which is when you have +the owners different from the + + align:start position:0% +the owners different from the + + + align:start position:0% +the owners different from the +managers the managers don't don't have + + align:start position:0% +managers the managers don't don't have + + + align:start position:0% +managers the managers don't don't have +necessarily the right incentives to do + + align:start position:0% +necessarily the right incentives to do + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily the right incentives to do +what's profit maximizing for the + + align:start position:0% +what's profit maximizing for the + + + align:start position:0% +what's profit maximizing for the +owners so here's the example I like to + + align:start position:0% +owners so here's the example I like to + + + align:start position:0% +owners so here's the example I like to +use okay imagine you're a corporate + + align:start position:0% +use okay imagine you're a corporate + + + align:start position:0% +use okay imagine you're a corporate +manager and this is a world you may be + + align:start position:0% +manager and this is a world you may be + + + align:start position:0% +manager and this is a world you may be +in someday but imagine you're a + + align:start position:0% +in someday but imagine you're a + + + align:start position:0% +in someday but imagine you're a +corporate manager at a pretty big but + + align:start position:0% +corporate manager at a pretty big but + + + align:start position:0% +corporate manager at a pretty big but +not massive company it's big enough that + + align:start position:0% +not massive company it's big enough that + + + align:start position:0% +not massive company it's big enough that +you don't yet have a private jet but all + + align:start position:0% +you don't yet have a private jet but all + + + align:start position:0% +you don't yet have a private jet but all +your buddies the bigger companies have + + align:start position:0% +your buddies the bigger companies have + + + align:start position:0% +your buddies the bigger companies have +private jets and they rag on you + + align:start position:0% +private jets and they rag on you + + + align:start position:0% +private jets and they rag on you +mercilessly like you ler you don't have + + align:start position:0% +mercilessly like you ler you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +mercilessly like you ler you don't have +a private jet You're Nobody da D D D D + + align:start position:0% +a private jet You're Nobody da D D D D + + + align:start position:0% +a private jet You're Nobody da D D D D +okay so you're like I need a private jet + + align:start position:0% +okay so you're like I need a private jet + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you're like I need a private jet +the problem is you've done the math and + + align:start position:0% +the problem is you've done the math and + + + align:start position:0% +the problem is you've done the math and +it's not economical of a private J you + + align:start position:0% +it's not economical of a private J you + + + align:start position:0% +it's not economical of a private J you +can fly you can fly first class anywhere + + align:start position:0% +can fly you can fly first class anywhere + + + align:start position:0% +can fly you can fly first class anywhere +you need to go for less than a cost set + + align:start position:0% +you need to go for less than a cost set + + + align:start position:0% +you need to go for less than a cost set +of private + + align:start position:0% +of private + + + align:start position:0% +of private +jet but you've noticed that if you + + align:start position:0% +jet but you've noticed that if you + + + align:start position:0% +jet but you've noticed that if you +change things a little bit so you flew + + align:start position:0% +change things a little bit so you flew + + + align:start position:0% +change things a little bit so you flew +only at the busiest times and only most + + align:start position:0% +only at the busiest times and only most + + + align:start position:0% +only at the busiest times and only most +expensive Airlines and you did the math + + align:start position:0% +expensive Airlines and you did the math + + + align:start position:0% +expensive Airlines and you did the math +then the cost of flying commercial would + + align:start position:0% +then the cost of flying commercial would + + + align:start position:0% +then the cost of flying commercial would +be more than the cost of private jet so + + align:start position:0% +be more than the cost of private jet so + + + align:start position:0% +be more than the cost of private jet so +you make a PowerPoint for your board you + + align:start position:0% +you make a PowerPoint for your board you + + + align:start position:0% +you make a PowerPoint for your board you +make a PowerPoint and you show the + + align:start position:0% +make a PowerPoint and you show the + + + align:start position:0% +make a PowerPoint and you show the +owners look we could save money by + + align:start position:0% +owners look we could save money by + + + align:start position:0% +owners look we could save money by +private jet now the owners could take + + align:start position:0% +private jet now the owners could take + + + align:start position:0% +private jet now the owners could take +the time to reverse engineer your + + align:start position:0% +the time to reverse engineer your + + + align:start position:0% +the time to reverse engineer your +calculations and figure out that you + + align:start position:0% +calculations and figure out that you + + + align:start position:0% +calculations and figure out that you +cook them a little bit but they're not + + align:start position:0% +cook them a little bit but they're not + + + align:start position:0% +cook them a little bit but they're not +going to they're a bunch of disembodied + + align:start position:0% +going to they're a bunch of disembodied + + + align:start position:0% +going to they're a bunch of disembodied +people owning tons of stocks they're not + + align:start position:0% +people owning tons of stocks they're not + + + align:start position:0% +people owning tons of stocks they're not +going to take the time so like yeah you + + align:start position:0% +going to take the time so like yeah you + + + align:start position:0% +going to take the time so like yeah you +make sense get a private jet and now you + + align:start position:0% +make sense get a private jet and now you + + + align:start position:0% +make sense get a private jet and now you +can hold your head up high with your + + align:start position:0% +can hold your head up high with your + + + align:start position:0% +can hold your head up high with your +buddies because you got your private jet + + align:start position:0% +buddies because you got your private jet + + + align:start position:0% +buddies because you got your private jet +that is not profit maximizing profit + + align:start position:0% +that is not profit maximizing profit + + + align:start position:0% +that is not profit maximizing profit +maximizing was to fly commercial but + + align:start position:0% +maximizing was to fly commercial but + + + align:start position:0% +maximizing was to fly commercial but +it's what made you happiest as the + + align:start position:0% +it's what made you happiest as the + + + align:start position:0% +it's what made you happiest as the +manager what makes the manager best off + + align:start position:0% +manager what makes the manager best off + + + align:start position:0% +manager what makes the manager best off +is not necessarily what makes the profit + + align:start position:0% +is not necessarily what makes the profit + + + align:start position:0% +is not necessarily what makes the profit +the highest + + align:start position:0% +the highest + + + align:start position:0% +the highest +and in that + + align:start position:0% +and in that + + + align:start position:0% +and in that +situation you can end up with profits + + align:start position:0% +situation you can end up with profits + + + align:start position:0% +situation you can end up with profits +not being + + align:start position:0% +not being + + + align:start position:0% +not being +maximized now it's firms recognize this + + align:start position:0% +maximized now it's firms recognize this + + + align:start position:0% +maximized now it's firms recognize this +and they set up something to deal with + + align:start position:0% +and they set up something to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +and they set up something to deal with +this they have something called a board + + align:start position:0% +this they have something called a board + + + align:start position:0% +this they have something called a board +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +directors board of directors what the + + align:start position:0% +directors board of directors what the + + + align:start position:0% +directors board of directors what the +board of directors are it's a set of + + align:start position:0% +board of directors are it's a set of + + + align:start position:0% +board of directors are it's a set of +representative of the shareholders that + + align:start position:0% +representative of the shareholders that + + + align:start position:0% +representative of the shareholders that +keep an eye the idea is look you've got + + align:start position:0% +keep an eye the idea is look you've got + + + align:start position:0% +keep an eye the idea is look you've got +millions of shareholders in a company + + align:start position:0% +millions of shareholders in a company + + + align:start position:0% +millions of shareholders in a company +you got this manager so the million + + align:start position:0% +you got this manager so the million + + + align:start position:0% +you got this manager so the million +share company a set of 20ish people who + + align:start position:0% +share company a set of 20ish people who + + + align:start position:0% +share company a set of 20ish people who +keep an eye on the manager they should + + align:start position:0% +keep an eye on the manager they should + + + align:start position:0% +keep an eye on the manager they should +be doing the calculations they should be + + align:start position:0% +be doing the calculations they should be + + + align:start position:0% +be doing the calculations they should be +watching it to make sure the manager is + + align:start position:0% +watching it to make sure the manager is + + + align:start position:0% +watching it to make sure the manager is +serving their + + align:start position:0% +serving their + + + align:start position:0% +serving their +interest the problem is Boards of + + align:start position:0% +interest the problem is Boards of + + + align:start position:0% +interest the problem is Boards of +directors just don't do a good job + + align:start position:0% +directors just don't do a good job + + + align:start position:0% +directors just don't do a good job +they're L be why because the people on + + align:start position:0% +they're L be why because the people on + + + align:start position:0% +they're L be why because the people on +the board of directors is largely chosen + + align:start position:0% +the board of directors is largely chosen + + + align:start position:0% +the board of directors is largely chosen +by the + + align:start position:0% +by the + + + align:start position:0% +by the +managers and it's just their corporate + + align:start position:0% +managers and it's just their corporate + + + align:start position:0% +managers and it's just their corporate +buddies it's a lot of retired CEOs who + + align:start position:0% +buddies it's a lot of retired CEOs who + + + align:start position:0% +buddies it's a lot of retired CEOs who +liked having private jets and think you + + align:start position:0% +liked having private jets and think you + + + align:start position:0% +liked having private jets and think you +should have one + + align:start position:0% +should have one + + + align:start position:0% +should have one +too okay so board of directors doesn't + + align:start position:0% +too okay so board of directors doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +too okay so board of directors doesn't +end up doing necessarily what they + + align:start position:0% +end up doing necessarily what they + + + align:start position:0% +end up doing necessarily what they +should a great examp example was um + + align:start position:0% +should a great examp example was um + + + align:start position:0% +should a great examp example was um +Richard Grasso was a great American + + align:start position:0% +Richard Grasso was a great American + + + align:start position:0% +Richard Grasso was a great American +success story he went from working in + + align:start position:0% +success story he went from working in + + + align:start position:0% +success story he went from working in +the shipping department at the New York + + align:start position:0% +the shipping department at the New York + + + align:start position:0% +the shipping department at the New York +Stock Exchange to running the entire New + + align:start position:0% +Stock Exchange to running the entire New + + + align:start position:0% +Stock Exchange to running the entire New +York Stock + + align:start position:0% +York Stock + + + align:start position:0% +York Stock +Exchange great success story when he + + align:start position:0% +Exchange great success story when he + + + align:start position:0% +Exchange great success story when he +retired there was a lot of controversy + + align:start position:0% +retired there was a lot of controversy + + + align:start position:0% +retired there was a lot of controversy +because he got $187 million as a + + align:start position:0% +because he got $187 million as a + + + align:start position:0% +because he got $187 million as a +retirement package it's pretty good okay + + align:start position:0% +retirement package it's pretty good okay + + + align:start position:0% +retirement package it's pretty good okay +and there was a lot of press about + + align:start position:0% +and there was a lot of press about + + + align:start position:0% +and there was a lot of press about +that's outrageous and they went to the + + align:start position:0% +that's outrageous and they went to the + + + align:start position:0% +that's outrageous and they went to the +board director Bo director said we had + + align:start position:0% +board director Bo director said we had + + + align:start position:0% +board director Bo director said we had +no idea we were just told it was this + + align:start position:0% +no idea we were just told it was this + + + align:start position:0% +no idea we were just told it was this +retirement package with a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +retirement package with a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +retirement package with a bunch of +options and stock pieces and stuff like + + align:start position:0% +options and stock pieces and stuff like + + + align:start position:0% +options and stock pieces and stuff like +that it looked pretty good to us we + + align:start position:0% +that it looked pretty good to us we + + + align:start position:0% +that it looked pretty good to us we +couldn't unpack it we no idea to have + + align:start position:0% +couldn't unpack it we no idea to have + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't unpack it we no idea to have +$187 + + align:start position:0% +$187 + + + align:start position:0% +$187 +million okay because it's in the manager + + align:start position:0% +million okay because it's in the manager + + + align:start position:0% +million okay because it's in the manager +incentive it's his whole life's work to + + align:start position:0% +incentive it's his whole life's work to + + + align:start position:0% +incentive it's his whole life's work to +maximize his happiness the board of + + align:start position:0% +maximize his happiness the board of + + + align:start position:0% +maximize his happiness the board of +directors it's something they're doing + + align:start position:0% +directors it's something they're doing + + + align:start position:0% +directors it's something they're doing +part-time while they go play Golf the + + align:start position:0% +part-time while they go play Golf the + + + align:start position:0% +part-time while they go play Golf the +other times okay so at the end of the + + align:start position:0% +other times okay so at the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +other times okay so at the end of the +day the separation of ownership and + + align:start position:0% +day the separation of ownership and + + + align:start position:0% +day the separation of ownership and +control is real and costly and it means + + align:start position:0% +control is real and costly and it means + + + align:start position:0% +control is real and costly and it means +that firms might not not be doing things + + align:start position:0% +that firms might not not be doing things + + + align:start position:0% +that firms might not not be doing things +to maximize profits and that's LED once + + align:start position:0% +to maximize profits and that's LED once + + + align:start position:0% +to maximize profits and that's LED once +again the whole point of this course is + + align:start position:0% +again the whole point of this course is + + + align:start position:0% +again the whole point of this course is +to sort of not solve all your problems + + align:start position:0% +to sort of not solve all your problems + + + align:start position:0% +to sort of not solve all your problems +economic problems but to peque your + + align:start position:0% +economic problems but to peque your + + + align:start position:0% +economic problems but to peque your +interest in the field this has led to a + + align:start position:0% +interest in the field this has led to a + + + align:start position:0% +interest in the field this has led to a +huge part of the field of what's called + + align:start position:0% +huge part of the field of what's called + + + align:start position:0% +huge part of the field of what's called +Corporate Finance which is how do you + + align:start position:0% +Corporate Finance which is how do you + + + align:start position:0% +Corporate Finance which is how do you +set up + + align:start position:0% +set up + + + align:start position:0% +set up +contracts to align the + + align:start position:0% +contracts to align the + + + align:start position:0% +contracts to align the +incentives of owners and employes this + + align:start position:0% +incentives of owners and employes this + + + align:start position:0% +incentives of owners and employes this +led for example to the birth to the + + align:start position:0% +led for example to the birth to the + + + align:start position:0% +led for example to the birth to the +revolution in stock options many many of + + align:start position:0% +revolution in stock options many many of + + + align:start position:0% +revolution in stock options many many of +you will know about stock options you're + + align:start position:0% +you will know about stock options you're + + + align:start position:0% +you will know about stock options you're +hopefully hoping to get them from your + + align:start position:0% +hopefully hoping to get them from your + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully hoping to get them from your +company you go to the idea is that when + + align:start position:0% +company you go to the idea is that when + + + align:start position:0% +company you go to the idea is that when +you get hired they'd only pay you in + + align:start position:0% +you get hired they'd only pay you in + + + align:start position:0% +you get hired they'd only pay you in +cash they give you some stock and what's + + align:start position:0% +cash they give you some stock and what's + + + align:start position:0% +cash they give you some stock and what's +the idea of stock options it's not + + align:start position:0% +the idea of stock options it's not + + + align:start position:0% +the idea of stock options it's not +actually stock what they do is they give + + align:start position:0% +actually stock what they do is they give + + + align:start position:0% +actually stock what they do is they give +you what's called an option which means + + align:start position:0% +you what's called an option which means + + + align:start position:0% +you what's called an option which means +that you have the right to buy the stock + + align:start position:0% +that you have the right to buy the stock + + + align:start position:0% +that you have the right to buy the stock +at today's price or at some strike price + + align:start position:0% +at today's price or at some strike price + + + align:start position:0% +at today's price or at some strike price +why is that valuable well it's valuable + + align:start position:0% +why is that valuable well it's valuable + + + align:start position:0% +why is that valuable well it's valuable +because the stock goes up then you can + + align:start position:0% +because the stock goes up then you can + + + align:start position:0% +because the stock goes up then you can +buy it at today's price and sell it at + + align:start position:0% +buy it at today's price and sell it at + + + align:start position:0% +buy it at today's price and sell it at +some future higher price so a stock + + align:start position:0% +some future higher price so a stock + + + align:start position:0% +some future higher price so a stock +option the idea is it's something which + + align:start position:0% +option the idea is it's something which + + + align:start position:0% +option the idea is it's something which +is worthless to you if the stock value + + align:start position:0% +is worthless to you if the stock value + + + align:start position:0% +is worthless to you if the stock value +goes down but valuable if the stock + + align:start position:0% +goes down but valuable if the stock + + + align:start position:0% +goes down but valuable if the stock +price goes up so let say you go to + + align:start position:0% +price goes up so let say you go to + + + align:start position:0% +price goes up so let say you go to +workday for a company where the stock + + align:start position:0% +workday for a company where the stock + + + align:start position:0% +workday for a company where the stock +value is 100 they say we're going to + + align:start position:0% +value is 100 they say we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +value is 100 they say we're going to +allow you to buy a th shares at 100 if + + align:start position:0% +allow you to buy a th shares at 100 if + + + align:start position:0% +allow you to buy a th shares at 100 if +the stock price goes up to 200 you buy + + align:start position:0% +the stock price goes up to 200 you buy + + + align:start position:0% +the stock price goes up to 200 you buy +those thousand shares for 100 and sell + + align:start position:0% +those thousand shares for 100 and sell + + + align:start position:0% +those thousand shares for 100 and sell +them for 200 you just made + + align:start position:0% +them for 200 you just made + + + align:start position:0% +them for 200 you just made +$100,000 and the idea is well that will + + align:start position:0% +$100,000 and the idea is well that will + + + align:start position:0% +$100,000 and the idea is well that will +give managers the + + align:start position:0% +give managers the + + + align:start position:0% +give managers the +incentive to raise the value of the + + align:start position:0% +incentive to raise the value of the + + + align:start position:0% +incentive to raise the value of the +company that will align the incentives + + align:start position:0% +company that will align the incentives + + + align:start position:0% +company that will align the incentives +and that's why they became so popular + + align:start position:0% +and that's why they became so popular + + + align:start position:0% +and that's why they became so popular +the problem is they've led to disasters + + align:start position:0% +the problem is they've led to disasters + + + align:start position:0% +the problem is they've led to disasters +and they've led to disasters because of + + align:start position:0% +and they've led to disasters because of + + + align:start position:0% +and they've led to disasters because of +the exact kind of accounting discussion + + align:start position:0% +the exact kind of accounting discussion + + + align:start position:0% +the exact kind of accounting discussion +I was having a few moments ago which is + + align:start position:0% +I was having a few moments ago which is + + + align:start position:0% +I was having a few moments ago which is +that managers can do actions which raise + + align:start position:0% +that managers can do actions which raise + + + align:start position:0% +that managers can do actions which raise +the short-term stock price but aren't + + align:start position:0% +the short-term stock price but aren't + + + align:start position:0% +the short-term stock price but aren't +necess in the long-term interest of + + align:start position:0% +necess in the long-term interest of + + + align:start position:0% +necess in the long-term interest of +profitability of the + + align:start position:0% +profitability of the + + + align:start position:0% +profitability of the +company okay and this the classic + + align:start position:0% +company okay and this the classic + + + align:start position:0% +company okay and this the classic +example of that was the company Enron + + align:start position:0% +example of that was the company Enron + + + align:start position:0% +example of that was the company Enron +which went bankrupt when you were young + + align:start position:0% +which went bankrupt when you were young + + + align:start position:0% +which went bankrupt when you were young +okay Enron basically a bunch of managers + + align:start position:0% +okay Enron basically a bunch of managers + + + align:start position:0% +okay Enron basically a bunch of managers +a bunch of stock options what they did + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of stock options what they did + + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of stock options what they did +is essentially set up a Ponzi scheme + + align:start position:0% +is essentially set up a Ponzi scheme + + + align:start position:0% +is essentially set up a Ponzi scheme +where they had Enron sell its + + align:start position:0% +where they had Enron sell its + + + align:start position:0% +where they had Enron sell its +subsidiaries they had Enron sell an + + align:start position:0% +subsidiaries they had Enron sell an + + + align:start position:0% +subsidiaries they had Enron sell an +unnamed subsidary that was also owned by + + align:start position:0% +unnamed subsidary that was also owned by + + + align:start position:0% +unnamed subsidary that was also owned by +Enron a good and it looked like Enron + + align:start position:0% +Enron a good and it looked like Enron + + + align:start position:0% +Enron a good and it looked like Enron +was booking big sales but of course + + align:start position:0% +was booking big sales but of course + + + align:start position:0% +was booking big sales but of course +Enron was also booking the purchases but + + align:start position:0% +Enron was also booking the purchases but + + + align:start position:0% +Enron was also booking the purchases but +it was all the sum of the subsidiary and + + align:start position:0% +it was all the sum of the subsidiary and + + + align:start position:0% +it was all the sum of the subsidiary and +Enron stock price went through the roof + + align:start position:0% +Enron stock price went through the roof + + + align:start position:0% +Enron stock price went through the roof +and these guys got super rich and tried + + align:start position:0% +and these guys got super rich and tried + + + align:start position:0% +and these guys got super rich and tried +to run away from the company some did + + align:start position:0% +to run away from the company some did + + + align:start position:0% +to run away from the company some did +some got out but some didn't the company + + align:start position:0% +some got out but some didn't the company + + + align:start position:0% +some got out but some didn't the company +went it got exposed and the company went + + align:start position:0% +went it got exposed and the company went + + + align:start position:0% +went it got exposed and the company went +bankrupt and but you know I don't think + + align:start position:0% +bankrupt and but you know I don't think + + + align:start position:0% +bankrupt and but you know I don't think +any went to jail some of them got + + align:start position:0% +any went to jail some of them got + + + align:start position:0% +any went to jail some of them got +penalized a lot okay so basically the + + align:start position:0% +penalized a lot okay so basically the + + + align:start position:0% +penalized a lot okay so basically the +problem with stock options is they work + + align:start position:0% +problem with stock options is they work + + + align:start position:0% +problem with stock options is they work +in theory in principle they can lead to + + align:start position:0% +in theory in principle they can lead to + + + align:start position:0% +in theory in principle they can lead to +even more bad behavior which you can end + + align:start position:0% +even more bad behavior which you can end + + + align:start position:0% +even more bad behavior which you can end +up with people trying to then go further + + align:start position:0% +up with people trying to then go further + + + align:start position:0% +up with people trying to then go further +to try to manipulate the stock price to + + align:start position:0% +to try to manipulate the stock price to + + + align:start position:0% +to try to manipulate the stock price to +maximize their income the point is that + + align:start position:0% +maximize their income the point is that + + + align:start position:0% +maximize their income the point is that +this is a very hard and fascinating + + align:start position:0% +this is a very hard and fascinating + + + align:start position:0% +this is a very hard and fascinating +Enterprise and there's always room for + + align:start position:0% +Enterprise and there's always room for + + + align:start position:0% +Enterprise and there's always room for +thinking creatively about how do + + align:start position:0% +thinking creatively about how do + + + align:start position:0% +thinking creatively about how do +you align the interest + + align:start position:0% +you align the interest + + + align:start position:0% +you align the interest +I even talked about the interest of the + + align:start position:0% +I even talked about the interest of the + + + align:start position:0% +I even talked about the interest of the +workers we're only talking about the + + align:start position:0% +workers we're only talking about the + + + align:start position:0% +workers we're only talking about the +interest of you know one rich guy versus + + align:start position:0% +interest of you know one rich guy versus + + + align:start position:0% +interest of you know one rich guy versus +another rich guy okay there's also the + + align:start position:0% +another rich guy okay there's also the + + + align:start position:0% +another rich guy okay there's also the +interest of the workers and how do we + + align:start position:0% +interest of the workers and how do we + + + align:start position:0% +interest of the workers and how do we +think about contracts that also bring in + + align:start position:0% +think about contracts that also bring in + + + align:start position:0% +think about contracts that also bring in +the interest of the workers is another + + align:start position:0% +the interest of the workers is another + + + align:start position:0% +the interest of the workers is another +interesting question it's a fascinating + + align:start position:0% +interesting question it's a fascinating + + + align:start position:0% +interesting question it's a fascinating +area and one which you can learn more + + align:start position:0% +area and one which you can learn more + + + align:start position:0% +area and one which you can learn more +about if if you study the field of of + + align:start position:0% +about if if you study the field of of + + + align:start position:0% +about if if you study the field of of +corporate finance and think more about + + align:start position:0% +corporate finance and think more about + + + align:start position:0% +corporate finance and think more about +those areas okay questions about + + align:start position:0% +those areas okay questions about + + + align:start position:0% +those areas okay questions about +that all right let's stop there um and + + align:start position:0% +that all right let's stop there um and + + + align:start position:0% +that all right let's stop there um and +uh go see our Kel's tomorrow night and + + align:start position:0% +uh go see our Kel's tomorrow night and + + + align:start position:0% +uh go see our Kel's tomorrow night and +I'll see you guys in class on Wednesday + + align:start position:0% +I'll see you guys in class on Wednesday + + + align:start position:0% +I'll see you guys in class on Wednesday +okay \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sWmY5KME7oo.txt b/sWmY5KME7oo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..681a39f309f342fc7336561f3c7465b93fe4259b --- /dev/null +++ b/sWmY5KME7oo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,947 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so let's do an example so for we can + + align:start position:0% +so let's do an example so for we can + + + align:start position:0% +so let's do an example so for we can +calculate from the beginning to the end + + align:start position:0% +calculate from the beginning to the end + + + align:start position:0% +calculate from the beginning to the end +everything now you have to get + + align:start position:0% +everything now you have to get + + + align:start position:0% +everything now you have to get +accustomed to the idea that even though + + align:start position:0% +accustomed to the idea that even though + + + align:start position:0% +accustomed to the idea that even though +you can calculate everything your + + align:start position:0% +you can calculate everything your + + + align:start position:0% +you can calculate everything your +formulas that you get sometimes are a + + align:start position:0% +formulas that you get sometimes are a + + + align:start position:0% +formulas that you get sometimes are a +little big and you look at them and they + + align:start position:0% +little big and you look at them and they + + + align:start position:0% +little big and you look at them and they +may not tell you too much unless you + + align:start position:0% +may not tell you too much unless you + + + align:start position:0% +may not tell you too much unless you +plot them with a computer so so we push + + align:start position:0% +plot them with a computer so so we push + + + align:start position:0% +plot them with a computer so so we push +the calculations to some degree and then + + align:start position:0% +the calculations to some degree and then + + + align:start position:0% +the calculations to some degree and then +at some point we decide to plot things + + align:start position:0% +at some point we decide to plot things + + + align:start position:0% +at some point we decide to plot things +using a computer and get some insight on + + align:start position:0% +using a computer and get some insight on + + + align:start position:0% +using a computer and get some insight on +what's happening so here's the example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we have a potential up to distance a is + + align:start position:0% +we have a potential up to distance a is + + + align:start position:0% +we have a potential up to distance a is +zero the wall is always there and this + + align:start position:0% +zero the wall is always there and this + + + align:start position:0% +zero the wall is always there and this +number is minus V not so it's a well a + + align:start position:0% +number is minus V not so it's a well a + + + align:start position:0% +number is minus V not so it's a well a +potential well and we are producing + + align:start position:0% +potential well and we are producing + + + align:start position:0% +potential well and we are producing +energy eigenstates that come in here but + + align:start position:0% +energy eigenstates that come in here but + + + align:start position:0% +energy eigenstates that come in here but +the question now is to really calculate + + align:start position:0% +the question now is to really calculate + + + align:start position:0% +the question now is to really calculate +the solution so that we can really + + align:start position:0% +the solution so that we can really + + + align:start position:0% +the solution so that we can really +calculate the phase shift we know how + + align:start position:0% +calculate the phase shift we know how + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the phase shift we know how +the solution should read but unless you + + align:start position:0% +the solution should read but unless you + + + align:start position:0% +the solution should read but unless you +do a real calculation you cannot get the + + align:start position:0% +do a real calculation you cannot get the + + + align:start position:0% +do a real calculation you cannot get the +phase shift so that's what we want to do + + align:start position:0% +phase shift so that's what we want to do + + + align:start position:0% +phase shift so that's what we want to do +so for that we have to solve the + + align:start position:0% +so for that we have to solve the + + + align:start position:0% +so for that we have to solve the +Schrodinger equation Phi of X is equal + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger equation Phi of X is equal + + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger equation Phi of X is equal +to odd well there's a discontinuity so + + align:start position:0% +to odd well there's a discontinuity so + + + align:start position:0% +to odd well there's a discontinuity so +we probably have to write an answer in + + align:start position:0% +we probably have to write an answer in + + + align:start position:0% +we probably have to write an answer in +which we have a solution in one piece + + align:start position:0% +which we have a solution in one piece + + + align:start position:0% +which we have a solution in one piece +and a solution in the other piece but + + align:start position:0% +and a solution in the other piece but + + + align:start position:0% +and a solution in the other piece but +then we say all we wrote the solution in + + align:start position:0% +then we say all we wrote the solution in + + + align:start position:0% +then we say all we wrote the solution in +the outside piece already + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it is known it's always the same it's + + align:start position:0% +it is known it's always the same it's + + + align:start position:0% +it is known it's always the same it's +universal I don't have to think I just + + align:start position:0% +universal I don't have to think I just + + + align:start position:0% +universal I don't have to think I just +write this e to the I Delta I don't know + + align:start position:0% +write this e to the I Delta I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +write this e to the I Delta I don't know +what Delta is but that's the answer into + + align:start position:0% +what Delta is but that's the answer into + + + align:start position:0% +what Delta is but that's the answer into +the eye Delta sine KX plus Delta should + + align:start position:0% +the eye Delta sine KX plus Delta should + + + align:start position:0% +the eye Delta sine KX plus Delta should +be the solution for X greater than a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you know if you were not using that on + + align:start position:0% +you know if you were not using that on + + + align:start position:0% +you know if you were not using that on +sets it has all the relevant information + + align:start position:0% +sets it has all the relevant information + + + align:start position:0% +sets it has all the relevant information +for the problem time delays everything + + align:start position:0% +for the problem time delays everything + + + align:start position:0% +for the problem time delays everything +you would simply write the sum + + align:start position:0% +you would simply write the sum + + + align:start position:0% +you would simply write the sum +superposition of e to the ikx and e to + + align:start position:0% +superposition of e to the ikx and e to + + + align:start position:0% +superposition of e to the ikx and e to +the minus ikx with two coefficients on + + align:start position:0% +the minus ikx with two coefficients on + + + align:start position:0% +the minus ikx with two coefficients on +the other hand here we will have us + + align:start position:0% +the other hand here we will have us + + + align:start position:0% +the other hand here we will have us +again a wave now it could be an may be + + align:start position:0% +again a wave now it could be an may be + + + align:start position:0% +again a wave now it could be an may be +an e to the ikx or an e to the minus ikx + + align:start position:0% +an e to the ikx or an e to the minus ikx + + + align:start position:0% +an e to the ikx or an e to the minus ikx +neither one is very good because the + + align:start position:0% +neither one is very good because the + + + align:start position:0% +neither one is very good because the +wave function must vanish at x equals + + align:start position:0% +wave function must vanish at x equals + + + align:start position:0% +wave function must vanish at x equals +zero and in fact the K that represents + + align:start position:0% +zero and in fact the K that represents + + + align:start position:0% +zero and in fact the K that represents +the kinetic energy here K is always + + align:start position:0% +the kinetic energy here K is always + + + align:start position:0% +the kinetic energy here K is always +related to e by the standard quantity K + + align:start position:0% +related to e by the standard quantity K + + + align:start position:0% +related to e by the standard quantity K +squared equal to M e over H squared or e + + align:start position:0% +squared equal to M e over H squared or e + + + align:start position:0% +squared equal to M e over H squared or e +equal the famous formula on the other + + align:start position:0% +equal the famous formula on the other + + + align:start position:0% +equal the famous formula on the other +hand there is a different K here because + + align:start position:0% +hand there is a different K here because + + + align:start position:0% +hand there is a different K here because +you have different kinetic energy there + + align:start position:0% +you have different kinetic energy there + + + align:start position:0% +you have different kinetic energy there +must be a K Prime here which is 2m e + V + + align:start position:0% +must be a K Prime here which is 2m e + V + + + align:start position:0% +must be a K Prime here which is 2m e + V +nought that's a total kinetic energy + + align:start position:0% +nought that's a total kinetic energy + + + align:start position:0% +nought that's a total kinetic energy +over H squared and yes the solutions + + align:start position:0% +over H squared and yes the solutions + + + align:start position:0% +over H squared and yes the solutions +could be e to the I k prime XE to the + + align:start position:0% +could be e to the I k prime XE to the + + + align:start position:0% +could be e to the I k prime XE to the +minus I K prime X minus I K prime X but + + align:start position:0% +minus I K prime X minus I K prime X but + + + align:start position:0% +minus I K prime X minus I K prime X but +since they must vanish at zero should be + + align:start position:0% +since they must vanish at zero should be + + + align:start position:0% +since they must vanish at zero should be +a sine function so the only thing we can + + align:start position:0% +a sine function so the only thing we can + + + align:start position:0% +a sine function so the only thing we can +have here is a sign of cape + + align:start position:0% +have here is a sign of cape + + + align:start position:0% +have here is a sign of cape +prime X for X less than a and a + + align:start position:0% +prime X for X less than a and a + + + align:start position:0% +prime X for X less than a and a +coefficient you know you we didn't put + + align:start position:0% +coefficient you know you we didn't put + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient you know you we didn't put +the additional normalization here we + + align:start position:0% +the additional normalization here we + + + align:start position:0% +the additional normalization here we +don't want to put that but then we must + + align:start position:0% +don't want to put that but then we must + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to put that but then we must +put the number here so I'll put it here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's the on sets and that's K and K + + align:start position:0% +that's the on sets and that's K and K + + + align:start position:0% +that's the on sets and that's K and K +Prime now we have boundary conditions at + + align:start position:0% +Prime now we have boundary conditions at + + + align:start position:0% +Prime now we have boundary conditions at +x equals a so psy continues at x equals + + align:start position:0% +x equals a so psy continues at x equals + + + align:start position:0% +x equals a so psy continues at x equals +a what does it give you it gives you a + + align:start position:0% +a what does it give you it gives you a + + + align:start position:0% +a what does it give you it gives you a +sign of K a is equal to e to the I Delta + + align:start position:0% +sign of K a is equal to e to the I Delta + + + align:start position:0% +sign of K a is equal to e to the I Delta +sine of K a plus Delta M psy prime + + align:start position:0% +sine of K a plus Delta M psy prime + + + align:start position:0% +sine of K a plus Delta M psy prime +continuous at x equals a will give me a + + align:start position:0% +continuous at x equals a will give me a + + + align:start position:0% +continuous at x equals a will give me a +K cosine K a equal + + align:start position:0% +K cosine K a equal + + + align:start position:0% +K cosine K a equal +I have Prime's missing I'm sorry + + align:start position:0% +I have Prime's missing I'm sorry + + + align:start position:0% +I have Prime's missing I'm sorry +Prime's equals K e to the I doubt that + + align:start position:0% +Prime's equals K e to the I doubt that + + + align:start position:0% +Prime's equals K e to the I doubt that +cosine K a plus Delta okay what do we + + align:start position:0% +cosine K a plus Delta okay what do we + + + align:start position:0% +cosine K a plus Delta okay what do we +care for basically we care for Delta + + align:start position:0% +care for basically we care for Delta + + + align:start position:0% +care for basically we care for Delta +that's what we want to find out because + + align:start position:0% +that's what we want to find out because + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we want to find out because +Delta tells us all about the physics of + + align:start position:0% +Delta tells us all about the physics of + + + align:start position:0% +Delta tells us all about the physics of +the scattering tells us about the + + align:start position:0% +the scattering tells us about the + + + align:start position:0% +the scattering tells us about the +scattering amplitude sine square Delta + + align:start position:0% +scattering amplitude sine square Delta + + + align:start position:0% +scattering amplitude sine square Delta +tells us about the time delay and let's + + align:start position:0% +tells us about the time delay and let's + + + align:start position:0% +tells us about the time delay and let's +calculate it well one way to calculate + + align:start position:0% +calculate it well one way to calculate + + + align:start position:0% +calculate it well one way to calculate +it is to take a ratio of these two + + align:start position:0% +it is to take a ratio of these two + + + align:start position:0% +it is to take a ratio of these two +equations so you get rid of of the a + + align:start position:0% +equations so you get rid of of the a + + + align:start position:0% +equations so you get rid of of the a +constant so from that side of the + + align:start position:0% +constant so from that side of the + + + align:start position:0% +constant so from that side of the +equation you get K cotangent of K a plus + + align:start position:0% +equation you get K cotangent of K a plus + + + align:start position:0% +equation you get K cotangent of K a plus +Delta + + align:start position:0% +Delta + + + align:start position:0% +Delta +is equal to K prime cotangent of K prime + + align:start position:0% +is equal to K prime cotangent of K prime + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to K prime cotangent of K prime +a or a cotangent of ka plus Delta is K + + align:start position:0% +a or a cotangent of ka plus Delta is K + + + align:start position:0% +a or a cotangent of ka plus Delta is K +prime over K I will erase this and now + + align:start position:0% +prime over K I will erase this and now + + + align:start position:0% +prime over K I will erase this and now +you can do two things you can display + + align:start position:0% +you can do two things you can display + + + align:start position:0% +you can do two things you can display +some trigonometric wizardry or you say + + align:start position:0% +some trigonometric wizardry or you say + + + align:start position:0% +some trigonometric wizardry or you say +okay Delta is arc cotangent of this + + align:start position:0% +okay Delta is arc cotangent of this + + + align:start position:0% +okay Delta is arc cotangent of this +minus ka that is okay but it's that idea + + align:start position:0% +minus ka that is okay but it's that idea + + + align:start position:0% +minus ka that is okay but it's that idea +it's better to do a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +it's better to do a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +it's better to do a little bit of +trigonometric identities and the + + align:start position:0% +trigonometric identities and the + + + align:start position:0% +trigonometric identities and the +identity that this relevant is the + + align:start position:0% +identity that this relevant is the + + + align:start position:0% +identity that this relevant is the +identity for cotangent of a plus B is + + align:start position:0% +identity for cotangent of a plus B is + + + align:start position:0% +identity for cotangent of a plus B is +cut a cut B minus one over cut a plus + + align:start position:0% +cut a cut B minus one over cut a plus + + + align:start position:0% +cut a cut B minus one over cut a plus +cut B so from here you have that this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +expression is cut K a cot Delta minus + + align:start position:0% +expression is cut K a cot Delta minus + + + align:start position:0% +expression is cut K a cot Delta minus +one over cut K a plus cot Delta and now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equating left-hand side to this + + align:start position:0% +equating left-hand side to this + + + align:start position:0% +equating left-hand side to this +right-hand side you can solve for + + align:start position:0% +right-hand side you can solve for + + + align:start position:0% +right-hand side you can solve for +cotangent of Delta so cotangent of Delta + + align:start position:0% +cotangent of Delta so cotangent of Delta + + + align:start position:0% +cotangent of Delta so cotangent of Delta +can be solved for and here is the answer + + align:start position:0% +can be solved for and here is the answer + + + align:start position:0% +can be solved for and here is the answer +cot Delta is equal to tan K a plus K + + align:start position:0% +cot Delta is equal to tan K a plus K + + + align:start position:0% +cot Delta is equal to tan K a plus K +prime over K cut K prime a over + + align:start position:0% +prime over K cut K prime a over + + + align:start position:0% +prime over K cut K prime a over +one minus K prime over K cut K prime a + + align:start position:0% +one minus K prime over K cut K prime a + + + align:start position:0% +one minus K prime over K cut K prime a +and K a now who would box such a + + align:start position:0% +and K a now who would box such a + + + align:start position:0% +and K a now who would box such a +complicated equation well it can't be + + align:start position:0% +complicated equation well it can't be + + + align:start position:0% +complicated equation well it can't be +simplified anymore sorry that's the best + + align:start position:0% +simplified anymore sorry that's the best + + + align:start position:0% +simplified anymore sorry that's the best +we can do \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tXVDY1HvrVU.txt b/tXVDY1HvrVU.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6f6e3ed7aa1c367f65f70a41da9aafa8fd57bd5b --- /dev/null +++ b/tXVDY1HvrVU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15723 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open +courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu okay so welcome back + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu okay so welcome back + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu okay so welcome back +everyone to fker thean analytics we're + + align:start position:0% +everyone to fker thean analytics we're + + + align:start position:0% +everyone to fker thean analytics we're +lucky today to have a guest speaker um + + align:start position:0% +lucky today to have a guest speaker um + + + align:start position:0% +lucky today to have a guest speaker um +Joel freed coming uh to talk to us about + + align:start position:0% +Joel freed coming uh to talk to us about + + + align:start position:0% +Joel freed coming uh to talk to us about +poker tracker um as you know we have a + + align:start position:0% +poker tracker um as you know we have a + + + align:start position:0% +poker tracker um as you know we have a +great partnership going with poker + + align:start position:0% +great partnership going with poker + + + align:start position:0% +great partnership going with poker +tracker in this class um they sent along + + align:start position:0% +tracker in this class um they sent along + + + align:start position:0% +tracker in this class um they sent along +Joel free to teach us analytics Joel is + + align:start position:0% +Joel free to teach us analytics Joel is + + + align:start position:0% +Joel free to teach us analytics Joel is +a um a VIP support director for max + + align:start position:0% +a um a VIP support director for max + + + align:start position:0% +a um a VIP support director for max +value software who's a parent company of + + align:start position:0% +value software who's a parent company of + + + align:start position:0% +value software who's a parent company of +Poker tracker he has taught analytical + + align:start position:0% +Poker tracker he has taught analytical + + + align:start position:0% +Poker tracker he has taught analytical +techniques to some of the biggest names + + align:start position:0% +techniques to some of the biggest names + + + align:start position:0% +techniques to some of the biggest names +in the poker industry and he's come by + + align:start position:0% +in the poker industry and he's come by + + + align:start position:0% +in the poker industry and he's come by +to uh teach us that sort of thing also + + align:start position:0% +to uh teach us that sort of thing also + + + align:start position:0% +to uh teach us that sort of thing also +so with that I'm going to pass it along + + align:start position:0% +so with that I'm going to pass it along + + + align:start position:0% +so with that I'm going to pass it along +to Joel all right thanks um I hope you + + align:start position:0% +to Joel all right thanks um I hope you + + + align:start position:0% +to Joel all right thanks um I hope you +all have had a chance to install Poker + + align:start position:0% +all have had a chance to install Poker + + + align:start position:0% +all have had a chance to install Poker +tracker by now um poker tracker is the + + align:start position:0% +tracker by now um poker tracker is the + + + align:start position:0% +tracker by now um poker tracker is the +industry leading analysis and tracking + + align:start position:0% +industry leading analysis and tracking + + + align:start position:0% +industry leading analysis and tracking +software for online poker players um + + align:start position:0% +software for online poker players um + + + align:start position:0% +software for online poker players um +we've been around since 2001 so we've + + align:start position:0% +we've been around since 2001 so we've + + + align:start position:0% +we've been around since 2001 so we've +been able to grow as the poker economy + + align:start position:0% +been able to grow as the poker economy + + + align:start position:0% +been able to grow as the poker economy +has grown it started out as software for + + align:start position:0% +has grown it started out as software for + + + align:start position:0% +has grown it started out as software for +only for people who played limit holdom + + align:start position:0% +only for people who played limit holdom + + + align:start position:0% +only for people who played limit holdom +and it has exploded we do Omaha now uh + + align:start position:0% +and it has exploded we do Omaha now uh + + + align:start position:0% +and it has exploded we do Omaha now uh +obviously no limit and Pot Limit holdom + + align:start position:0% +obviously no limit and Pot Limit holdom + + + align:start position:0% +obviously no limit and Pot Limit holdom +um and we have extensive tournament + + align:start position:0% +um and we have extensive tournament + + + align:start position:0% +um and we have extensive tournament +support some of which we'll be talking + + align:start position:0% +support some of which we'll be talking + + + align:start position:0% +support some of which we'll be talking +about today uh what poker tracker does + + align:start position:0% +about today uh what poker tracker does + + + align:start position:0% +about today uh what poker tracker does +is it can help you identify and analyze + + align:start position:0% +is it can help you identify and analyze + + + align:start position:0% +is it can help you identify and analyze +similar decision points uh to help you + + align:start position:0% +similar decision points uh to help you + + + align:start position:0% +similar decision points uh to help you +improve your game so poker tracker is + + align:start position:0% +improve your game so poker tracker is + + + align:start position:0% +improve your game so poker tracker is +not going to going to do it all for you + + align:start position:0% +not going to going to do it all for you + + + align:start position:0% +not going to going to do it all for you +but it's going to help you find find the + + align:start position:0% +but it's going to help you find find the + + + align:start position:0% +but it's going to help you find find the +spots where you can improve and make + + align:start position:0% +spots where you can improve and make + + + align:start position:0% +spots where you can improve and make +better decisions um so what do I mean + + align:start position:0% +better decisions um so what do I mean + + + align:start position:0% +better decisions um so what do I mean +when I say decision point a decision + + align:start position:0% +when I say decision point a decision + + + align:start position:0% +when I say decision point a decision +point is any time in hand where you can + + align:start position:0% +point is any time in hand where you can + + + align:start position:0% +point is any time in hand where you can +make some action so you can check uh you + + align:start position:0% +make some action so you can check uh you + + + align:start position:0% +make some action so you can check uh you +can bet you can call you can raise or + + align:start position:0% +can bet you can call you can raise or + + + align:start position:0% +can bet you can call you can raise or +you can fold at any point in the hand + + align:start position:0% +you can fold at any point in the hand + + + align:start position:0% +you can fold at any point in the hand +where you can do that I'm going to call + + align:start position:0% +where you can do that I'm going to call + + + align:start position:0% +where you can do that I'm going to call +that a decision Point um and when you + + align:start position:0% +that a decision Point um and when you + + + align:start position:0% +that a decision Point um and when you +play poker after you've played for a + + align:start position:0% +play poker after you've played for a + + + align:start position:0% +play poker after you've played for a +while or if you've already played for + + align:start position:0% +while or if you've already played for + + + align:start position:0% +while or if you've already played for +while you'll realize you naturally + + align:start position:0% +while you'll realize you naturally + + + align:start position:0% +while you'll realize you naturally +remember similar decision points uh if + + align:start position:0% +remember similar decision points uh if + + + align:start position:0% +remember similar decision points uh if +you're the short stack in a tournament + + align:start position:0% +you're the short stack in a tournament + + + align:start position:0% +you're the short stack in a tournament +and it's fed to you in the small blind + + align:start position:0% +and it's fed to you in the small blind + + + align:start position:0% +and it's fed to you in the small blind +you're going to be able to lump all of + + align:start position:0% +you're going to be able to lump all of + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to be able to lump all of +those kinds of decisions together so + + align:start position:0% +those kinds of decisions together so + + + align:start position:0% +those kinds of decisions together so +that when you face that decision uh the + + align:start position:0% +that when you face that decision uh the + + + align:start position:0% +that when you face that decision uh the +next time around you already have some + + align:start position:0% +next time around you already have some + + + align:start position:0% +next time around you already have some +kind of History to build + + align:start position:0% +kind of History to build + + + align:start position:0% +kind of History to build +on and using poker tracker to analyze + + align:start position:0% +on and using poker tracker to analyze + + + align:start position:0% +on and using poker tracker to analyze +the interesting decision points is + + align:start position:0% +the interesting decision points is + + + align:start position:0% +the interesting decision points is +really very effective way to improve + + align:start position:0% +really very effective way to improve + + + align:start position:0% +really very effective way to improve +your game because the next time you come + + align:start position:0% +your game because the next time you come + + + align:start position:0% +your game because the next time you come +to a similar decision you will already + + align:start position:0% +to a similar decision you will already + + + align:start position:0% +to a similar decision you will already +have some memory of what you believed to + + align:start position:0% +have some memory of what you believed to + + + align:start position:0% +have some memory of what you believed to +be right last time you were doing + + align:start position:0% +be right last time you were doing + + + align:start position:0% +be right last time you were doing +something like + + align:start position:0% +something like + + + align:start position:0% +something like +this so what makes a decision Point + + align:start position:0% +this so what makes a decision Point + + + align:start position:0% +this so what makes a decision Point +interesting um it's interesting when you + + align:start position:0% +interesting um it's interesting when you + + + align:start position:0% +interesting um it's interesting when you +aren't sure what the right answer is and + + align:start position:0% +aren't sure what the right answer is and + + + align:start position:0% +aren't sure what the right answer is and +that may seem kind of obvious but when + + align:start position:0% +that may seem kind of obvious but when + + + align:start position:0% +that may seem kind of obvious but when +the expectation of the outcomes is + + align:start position:0% +the expectation of the outcomes is + + + align:start position:0% +the expectation of the outcomes is +really close together you're going to + + align:start position:0% +really close together you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +really close together you're going to +sit at the table and you're going to + + align:start position:0% +sit at the table and you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +sit at the table and you're going to +agonize over it and that's where you see + + align:start position:0% +agonize over it and that's where you see + + + align:start position:0% +agonize over it and that's where you see +people on television where they're + + align:start position:0% +people on television where they're + + + align:start position:0% +people on television where they're +sitting there for minutes and they're + + align:start position:0% +sitting there for minutes and they're + + + align:start position:0% +sitting there for minutes and they're +going ah I don't know what to do um and + + align:start position:0% +going ah I don't know what to do um and + + + align:start position:0% +going ah I don't know what to do um and +those are the interesting decision + + align:start position:0% +those are the interesting decision + + + align:start position:0% +those are the interesting decision +points and as you start out you will + + align:start position:0% +points and as you start out you will + + + align:start position:0% +points and as you start out you will +find that you really don't know what + + align:start position:0% +find that you really don't know what + + + align:start position:0% +find that you really don't know what +you're doing a lot um all decision + + align:start position:0% +you're doing a lot um all decision + + + align:start position:0% +you're doing a lot um all decision +points are going to be interesting until + + align:start position:0% +points are going to be interesting until + + + align:start position:0% +points are going to be interesting until +you start to have some kind of heuristic + + align:start position:0% +you start to have some kind of heuristic + + + align:start position:0% +you start to have some kind of heuristic +some kind of rubric for when to call + + align:start position:0% +some kind of rubric for when to call + + + align:start position:0% +some kind of rubric for when to call +when to + + align:start position:0% +when to + + + align:start position:0% +when to +fold so here uh is a + + align:start position:0% +fold so here uh is a + + + align:start position:0% +fold so here uh is a +situation we are in the big blind uh + + align:start position:0% +situation we are in the big blind uh + + + align:start position:0% +situation we are in the big blind uh +it's 10200 blinds this is a tournament + + align:start position:0% +it's 10200 blinds this is a tournament + + + align:start position:0% +it's 10200 blinds this is a tournament +um in this tournament uh it it was a + + align:start position:0% +um in this tournament uh it it was a + + + align:start position:0% +um in this tournament uh it it was a +single table tournament uh let's say you + + align:start position:0% +single table tournament uh let's say you + + + align:start position:0% +single table tournament uh let's say you +bought in for + + align:start position:0% +bought in for + + + align:start position:0% +bought in for +$10 $50 goes to first place $30 goes to + + align:start position:0% +$10 $50 goes to first place $30 goes to + + + align:start position:0% +$10 $50 goes to first place $30 goes to +second place and $20 goes Tod third + + align:start position:0% +second place and $20 goes Tod third + + + align:start position:0% +second place and $20 goes Tod third +place so there's four players left here + + align:start position:0% +place so there's four players left here + + + align:start position:0% +place so there's four players left here +you have a chip stack of 1,430 chips and + + align:start position:0% +you have a chip stack of 1,430 chips and + + + align:start position:0% +you have a chip stack of 1,430 chips and +the uh cut off here this player opened + + align:start position:0% +the uh cut off here this player opened + + + align:start position:0% +the uh cut off here this player opened +all in for 5700 chips the player on the + + align:start position:0% +all in for 5700 chips the player on the + + + align:start position:0% +all in for 5700 chips the player on the +button folded and this player called for + + align:start position:0% +button folded and this player called for + + + align:start position:0% +button folded and this player called for +2,980 chips so these two guys are + + align:start position:0% +2,980 chips so these two guys are + + + align:start position:0% +2,980 chips so these two guys are +already all in you have Ace Queen of + + align:start position:0% +already all in you have Ace Queen of + + + align:start position:0% +already all in you have Ace Queen of +Clubs so your Ace Queen suited uh and + + align:start position:0% +Clubs so your Ace Queen suited uh and + + + align:start position:0% +Clubs so your Ace Queen suited uh and +you have 1430 chips back in this spot I + + align:start position:0% +you have 1430 chips back in this spot I + + + align:start position:0% +you have 1430 chips back in this spot I +want you to take a second and I want you + + align:start position:0% +want you to take a second and I want you + + + align:start position:0% +want you to take a second and I want you +to think about this decision whether in + + align:start position:0% +to think about this decision whether in + + + align:start position:0% +to think about this decision whether in +this spot knowing nothing about these + + align:start position:0% +this spot knowing nothing about these + + + align:start position:0% +this spot knowing nothing about these +two players you know you you don't + + align:start position:0% +two players you know you you don't + + + align:start position:0% +two players you know you you don't +really know too much about them right + + align:start position:0% +really know too much about them right + + + align:start position:0% +really know too much about them right +now we'll get into that a little bit + + align:start position:0% +now we'll get into that a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +now we'll get into that a little bit +later but without knowing anything + + align:start position:0% +later but without knowing anything + + + align:start position:0% +later but without knowing anything +really about these guys they're just + + align:start position:0% +really about these guys they're just + + + align:start position:0% +really about these guys they're just +your average players in the game um + + align:start position:0% +your average players in the game um + + + align:start position:0% +your average players in the game um +would you be calling or folding I want + + align:start position:0% +would you be calling or folding I want + + + align:start position:0% +would you be calling or folding I want +you to think about that for a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +second so I'll point out another feature + + align:start position:0% +second so I'll point out another feature + + + align:start position:0% +second so I'll point out another feature +here um for those of you who are + + align:start position:0% +here um for those of you who are + + + align:start position:0% +here um for those of you who are +familiar with pot odds your odds here + + align:start position:0% +familiar with pot odds your odds here + + + align:start position:0% +familiar with pot odds your odds here +are 3.35 to one to call um if this was a + + align:start position:0% +are 3.35 to one to call um if this was a + + + align:start position:0% +are 3.35 to one to call um if this was a +cash game if you had 23% Equity against + + align:start position:0% +cash game if you had 23% Equity against + + + align:start position:0% +cash game if you had 23% Equity against +both of those hands you could call + + align:start position:0% +both of those hands you could call + + + align:start position:0% +both of those hands you could call +profitably um obviously this is a + + align:start position:0% +profitably um obviously this is a + + + align:start position:0% +profitably um obviously this is a +tournament situation which affects + + align:start position:0% +tournament situation which affects + + + align:start position:0% +tournament situation which affects +things drastically right + + align:start position:0% +things drastically right + + + align:start position:0% +things drastically right +here but yeah so the total pot size is + + align:start position:0% +here but yeah so the total pot size is + + + align:start position:0% +here but yeah so the total pot size is +4,810 we have 1430 to call so if you + + align:start position:0% +4,810 we have 1430 to call so if you + + + align:start position:0% +4,810 we have 1430 to call so if you +believe that this is a very easy + + align:start position:0% +believe that this is a very easy + + + align:start position:0% +believe that this is a very easy +decision raise your + + align:start position:0% +decision raise your + + + align:start position:0% +decision raise your +hand one two we've got a few awesome + + align:start position:0% +hand one two we've got a few awesome + + + align:start position:0% +hand one two we've got a few awesome +okay you guys are + + align:start position:0% +okay you guys are + + + align:start position:0% +okay you guys are +right if you think it's a + + align:start position:0% +right if you think it's a + + + align:start position:0% +right if you think it's a +call I want you to raise your hand + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one call for the people who think it's + + align:start position:0% +one call for the people who think it's + + + align:start position:0% +one call for the people who think it's +close if you think it's a call raise + + align:start position:0% +close if you think it's a call raise + + + align:start position:0% +close if you think it's a call raise +your + + align:start position:0% +your + + + align:start position:0% +your +hand one two got a + + align:start position:0% +hand one two got a + + + align:start position:0% +hand one two got a +few it's not even close it is + + align:start position:0% +few it's not even close it is + + + align:start position:0% +few it's not even close it is +fold um this is so let me talk a little + + align:start position:0% +fold um this is so let me talk a little + + + align:start position:0% +fold um this is so let me talk a little +bit about about what's going on in this + + align:start position:0% +bit about about what's going on in this + + + align:start position:0% +bit about about what's going on in this +view um this is uh from our ICM quiz uh + + align:start position:0% +view um this is uh from our ICM quiz uh + + + align:start position:0% +view um this is uh from our ICM quiz uh +poker tracker has a a feature that lets + + align:start position:0% +poker tracker has a a feature that lets + + + align:start position:0% +poker tracker has a a feature that lets +you practice in these end of tournament + + align:start position:0% +you practice in these end of tournament + + + align:start position:0% +you practice in these end of tournament +situations + + align:start position:0% +situations + + + align:start position:0% +situations +um which you can access through the + + align:start position:0% +um which you can access through the + + + align:start position:0% +um which you can access through the +tools menu bar tools ICM quiz um and in + + align:start position:0% +tools menu bar tools ICM quiz um and in + + + align:start position:0% +tools menu bar tools ICM quiz um and in +this spot what it's telling you is if + + align:start position:0% +this spot what it's telling you is if + + + align:start position:0% +this spot what it's telling you is if +you push based on an average player + + align:start position:0% +you push based on an average player + + + align:start position:0% +you push based on an average player +model for these two players uh your + + align:start position:0% +model for these two players uh your + + + align:start position:0% +model for these two players uh your +equity in the tournament is 99.49% based + + align:start position:0% +equity in the tournament is 99.49% based + + + align:start position:0% +equity in the tournament is 99.49% based +on the the the uh expectation of this + + align:start position:0% +on the the the uh expectation of this + + + align:start position:0% +on the the the uh expectation of this +hand against these two players when + + align:start position:0% +hand against these two players when + + + align:start position:0% +hand against these two players when +they're all in for average opponents uh + + align:start position:0% +they're all in for average opponents uh + + + align:start position:0% +they're all in for average opponents uh +that means that you could expect to make + + align:start position:0% +that means that you could expect to make + + + align:start position:0% +that means that you could expect to make +$949 with the prize pool we've we've + + align:start position:0% +$949 with the prize pool we've we've + + + align:start position:0% +$949 with the prize pool we've we've +picked out uh if you fold however you + + align:start position:0% +picked out uh if you fold however you + + + align:start position:0% +picked out uh if you fold however you +have an expectation of 18.67% and the + + align:start position:0% +have an expectation of 18.67% and the + + + align:start position:0% +have an expectation of 18.67% and the +reason for this is that it's reasonably + + align:start position:0% +reason for this is that it's reasonably + + + align:start position:0% +reason for this is that it's reasonably +likely uh that the player with 2980 + + align:start position:0% +likely uh that the player with 2980 + + + align:start position:0% +likely uh that the player with 2980 +chips is going to go out and once you do + + align:start position:0% +chips is going to go out and once you do + + + align:start position:0% +chips is going to go out and once you do +that you are guaranteed third place so + + align:start position:0% +that you are guaranteed third place so + + + align:start position:0% +that you are guaranteed third place so +this is a clear fold uh it's even in + + align:start position:0% +this is a clear fold uh it's even in + + + align:start position:0% +this is a clear fold uh it's even in +fact a clear fold if you have + + align:start position:0% +fact a clear fold if you have + + + align:start position:0% +fact a clear fold if you have +Kings um and you can go further in the + + align:start position:0% +Kings um and you can go further in the + + + align:start position:0% +Kings um and you can go further in the +poker tracker ICM tool if you click the + + align:start position:0% +poker tracker ICM tool if you click the + + + align:start position:0% +poker tracker ICM tool if you click the +results link that's right here um it + + align:start position:0% +results link that's right here um it + + + align:start position:0% +results link that's right here um it +will bring up the full math and I'm not + + align:start position:0% +will bring up the full math and I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +will bring up the full math and I'm not +going to go through the ICM math right + + align:start position:0% +going to go through the ICM math right + + + align:start position:0% +going to go through the ICM math right +now for you I know you're going to go + + align:start position:0% +now for you I know you're going to go + + + align:start position:0% +now for you I know you're going to go +through that later in the course um but + + align:start position:0% +through that later in the course um but + + + align:start position:0% +through that later in the course um but +what you can do is you can change their + + align:start position:0% +what you can do is you can change their + + + align:start position:0% +what you can do is you can change their +ranges right here by clicking these + + align:start position:0% +ranges right here by clicking these + + + align:start position:0% +ranges right here by clicking these +buttons um and so I've set them to 100% + + align:start position:0% +buttons um and so I've set them to 100% + + + align:start position:0% +buttons um and so I've set them to 100% +range that means these players are + + align:start position:0% +range that means these players are + + + align:start position:0% +range that means these players are +playing any two cards so even if you + + align:start position:0% +playing any two cards so even if you + + + align:start position:0% +playing any two cards so even if you +knew before the hand they pushed all in + + align:start position:0% +knew before the hand they pushed all in + + + align:start position:0% +knew before the hand they pushed all in +blind they didn't even look at their + + align:start position:0% +blind they didn't even look at their + + + align:start position:0% +blind they didn't even look at their +hands so they could have any two cards + + align:start position:0% +hands so they could have any two cards + + + align:start position:0% +hands so they could have any two cards +either one of them it's still a fold + + align:start position:0% +either one of them it's still a fold + + + align:start position:0% +either one of them it's still a fold +because fold Equity still is eight is + + align:start position:0% +because fold Equity still is eight is + + + align:start position:0% +because fold Equity still is eight is +close to 19% and your push Equity is is + + align:start position:0% +close to 19% and your push Equity is is + + + align:start position:0% +close to 19% and your push Equity is is +15% even though you're going to win half + + align:start position:0% +15% even though you're going to win half + + + align:start position:0% +15% even though you're going to win half +of all hands against two random + + align:start position:0% +of all hands against two random + + + align:start position:0% +of all hands against two random +cards so before we talk a little bit + + align:start position:0% +cards so before we talk a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +cards so before we talk a little bit +more about how to use poker tracker to + + align:start position:0% +more about how to use poker tracker to + + + align:start position:0% +more about how to use poker tracker to +analyze your game and see where you can + + align:start position:0% +analyze your game and see where you can + + + align:start position:0% +analyze your game and see where you can +improve I wanted to talk a little bit + + align:start position:0% +improve I wanted to talk a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +improve I wanted to talk a little bit +about how you can use poker tracker and + + align:start position:0% +about how you can use poker tracker and + + + align:start position:0% +about how you can use poker tracker and +not get better at poker because there + + align:start position:0% +not get better at poker because there + + + align:start position:0% +not get better at poker because there +are some very there's some great and + + align:start position:0% +are some very there's some great and + + + align:start position:0% +are some very there's some great and +interesting stuff in poker tracker that + + align:start position:0% +interesting stuff in poker tracker that + + + align:start position:0% +interesting stuff in poker tracker that +you can spend lots of time looking at + + align:start position:0% +you can spend lots of time looking at + + + align:start position:0% +you can spend lots of time looking at +that will not help you at all make a + + align:start position:0% +that will not help you at all make a + + + align:start position:0% +that will not help you at all make a +better + + align:start position:0% +better + + + align:start position:0% +better +decision so looking at graphs people + + align:start position:0% +decision so looking at graphs people + + + align:start position:0% +decision so looking at graphs people +love looking at their results graphs and + + align:start position:0% +love looking at their results graphs and + + + align:start position:0% +love looking at their results graphs and +here's a nice results graph you know you + + align:start position:0% +here's a nice results graph you know you + + + align:start position:0% +here's a nice results graph you know you +started off a hand one you had a nice + + align:start position:0% +started off a hand one you had a nice + + + align:start position:0% +started off a hand one you had a nice +run here you went steady for a little + + align:start position:0% +run here you went steady for a little + + + align:start position:0% +run here you went steady for a little +while you you w a few big hands around + + align:start position:0% +while you you w a few big hands around + + + align:start position:0% +while you you w a few big hands around +hand + + align:start position:0% +hand + + + align:start position:0% +hand +183,000 uh and then you end up about + + align:start position:0% +183,000 uh and then you end up about + + + align:start position:0% +183,000 uh and then you end up about +plus 860,000 + + align:start position:0% +plus 860,000 + + + align:start position:0% +plus 860,000 +um now since poer is a series of + + align:start position:0% +um now since poer is a series of + + + align:start position:0% +um now since poer is a series of +decision points the question is which + + align:start position:0% +decision points the question is which + + + align:start position:0% +decision points the question is which +decisions would you make differently + + align:start position:0% +decisions would you make differently + + + align:start position:0% +decisions would you make differently +based on this graph and the answer is + + align:start position:0% +based on this graph and the answer is + + + align:start position:0% +based on this graph and the answer is +absolutely none of them knowing that you + + align:start position:0% +absolutely none of them knowing that you + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely none of them knowing that you +did this well in this spot is not going + + align:start position:0% +did this well in this spot is not going + + + align:start position:0% +did this well in this spot is not going +to help you make better decisions in + + align:start position:0% +to help you make better decisions in + + + align:start position:0% +to help you make better decisions in +future it may allow you to buy a house + + align:start position:0% +future it may allow you to buy a house + + + align:start position:0% +future it may allow you to buy a house +in the Boston area but it will not help + + align:start position:0% +in the Boston area but it will not help + + + align:start position:0% +in the Boston area but it will not help +you actually play better + + align:start position:0% +you actually play better + + + align:start position:0% +you actually play better +poker another way you can you will not + + align:start position:0% +poker another way you can you will not + + + align:start position:0% +poker another way you can you will not +get better at poker by using poker + + align:start position:0% +get better at poker by using poker + + + align:start position:0% +get better at poker by using poker +tracker is by looking at hands which we + + align:start position:0% +tracker is by looking at hands which we + + + align:start position:0% +tracker is by looking at hands which we +call walks a walk is when you're in the + + align:start position:0% +call walks a walk is when you're in the + + + align:start position:0% +call walks a walk is when you're in the +big blind and everyone folds to you you + + align:start position:0% +big blind and everyone folds to you you + + + align:start position:0% +big blind and everyone folds to you you +win the small blind which is nice but + + align:start position:0% +win the small blind which is nice but + + + align:start position:0% +win the small blind which is nice but +you didn't do anything there there's no + + align:start position:0% +you didn't do anything there there's no + + + align:start position:0% +you didn't do anything there there's no +way in which you could make a better + + align:start position:0% +way in which you could make a better + + + align:start position:0% +way in which you could make a better +play in that hand um and I know a lot of + + align:start position:0% +play in that hand um and I know a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +play in that hand um and I know a lot of +heads up sit Ando players uh who play + + align:start position:0% +heads up sit Ando players uh who play + + + align:start position:0% +heads up sit Ando players uh who play +two-player turn like to look at those + + align:start position:0% +two-player turn like to look at those + + + align:start position:0% +two-player turn like to look at those +kinds of spots and they want to know how + + align:start position:0% +kinds of spots and they want to know how + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of spots and they want to know how +much am I winning there and the answer + + align:start position:0% +much am I winning there and the answer + + + align:start position:0% +much am I winning there and the answer +is it doesn't matter because you can't + + align:start position:0% +is it doesn't matter because you can't + + + align:start position:0% +is it doesn't matter because you can't +change your play based on who folds to + + align:start position:0% +change your play based on who folds to + + + align:start position:0% +change your play based on who folds to +you another thing that people want to do + + align:start position:0% +you another thing that people want to do + + + align:start position:0% +you another thing that people want to do +with poker tracker that won't help them + + align:start position:0% +with poker tracker that won't help them + + + align:start position:0% +with poker tracker that won't help them +get better at poker is analyzing luck uh + + align:start position:0% +get better at poker is analyzing luck uh + + + align:start position:0% +get better at poker is analyzing luck uh +we have several tools for luck in poker + + align:start position:0% +we have several tools for luck in poker + + + align:start position:0% +we have several tools for luck in poker +tracker this graph is from the cash game + + align:start position:0% +tracker this graph is from the cash game + + + align:start position:0% +tracker this graph is from the cash game +side um it it's actually you'll notice + + align:start position:0% +side um it it's actually you'll notice + + + align:start position:0% +side um it it's actually you'll notice +the normal curve um and this is this is + + align:start position:0% +the normal curve um and this is this is + + + align:start position:0% +the normal curve um and this is this is +actually normalized so what you're + + align:start position:0% +actually normalized so what you're + + + align:start position:0% +actually normalized so what you're +seeing here is each dot um tells you how + + align:start position:0% +seeing here is each dot um tells you how + + + align:start position:0% +seeing here is each dot um tells you how +often you're hitting your draws + + align:start position:0% +often you're hitting your draws + + + align:start position:0% +often you're hitting your draws +um relative to expectations so uh this + + align:start position:0% +um relative to expectations so uh this + + + align:start position:0% +um relative to expectations so uh this +player is more than one standard + + align:start position:0% +player is more than one standard + + + align:start position:0% +player is more than one standard +deviation above the mean at flopping + + align:start position:0% +deviation above the mean at flopping + + + align:start position:0% +deviation above the mean at flopping +three of a kind when he holds a pocket + + align:start position:0% +three of a kind when he holds a pocket + + + align:start position:0% +three of a kind when he holds a pocket +pair which we call flopping a set and + + align:start position:0% +pair which we call flopping a set and + + + align:start position:0% +pair which we call flopping a set and +that's fantastic he's probably making + + align:start position:0% +that's fantastic he's probably making + + + align:start position:0% +that's fantastic he's probably making +lots of money when he has these pocket + + align:start position:0% +lots of money when he has these pocket + + + align:start position:0% +lots of money when he has these pocket +pairs because making a set is a very + + align:start position:0% +pairs because making a set is a very + + + align:start position:0% +pairs because making a set is a very +powerful hand however um he's not going + + align:start position:0% +powerful hand however um he's not going + + + align:start position:0% +powerful hand however um he's not going +to be able to change the way he plays by + + align:start position:0% +to be able to change the way he plays by + + + align:start position:0% +to be able to change the way he plays by +knowing that he's been lucky in the past + + align:start position:0% +knowing that he's been lucky in the past + + + align:start position:0% +knowing that he's been lucky in the past +because he may or may not continue to be + + align:start position:0% +because he may or may not continue to be + + + align:start position:0% +because he may or may not continue to be +lucky in the future I also have a friend + + align:start position:0% +lucky in the future I also have a friend + + + align:start position:0% +lucky in the future I also have a friend +who spent lots of time building lots of + + align:start position:0% +who spent lots of time building lots of + + + align:start position:0% +who spent lots of time building lots of +reports to see if he was getting delt + + align:start position:0% +reports to see if he was getting delt + + + align:start position:0% +reports to see if he was getting delt +Aces more regularly than average and + + align:start position:0% +Aces more regularly than average and + + + align:start position:0% +Aces more regularly than average and +while it's great to be delt Aces more + + align:start position:0% +while it's great to be delt Aces more + + + align:start position:0% +while it's great to be delt Aces more +more regularly than average you will + + align:start position:0% +more regularly than average you will + + + align:start position:0% +more regularly than average you will +make lots more money if you get delt + + align:start position:0% +make lots more money if you get delt + + + align:start position:0% +make lots more money if you get delt +Aces more regularly than average knowing + + align:start position:0% +Aces more regularly than average knowing + + + align:start position:0% +Aces more regularly than average knowing +what happened last week will not help + + align:start position:0% +what happened last week will not help + + + align:start position:0% +what happened last week will not help +you the next time you're sitting at the + + align:start position:0% +you the next time you're sitting at the + + + align:start position:0% +you the next time you're sitting at the +poker + + align:start position:0% +poker + + + align:start position:0% +poker +table uh the last thing I'm going to say + + align:start position:0% +table uh the last thing I'm going to say + + + align:start position:0% +table uh the last thing I'm going to say +about um poker tracker and this this is + + align:start position:0% +about um poker tracker and this this is + + + align:start position:0% +about um poker tracker and this this is +a little bit uh trickier uh there are + + align:start position:0% +a little bit uh trickier uh there are + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit uh trickier uh there are +lots of statistics and lots of numbers + + align:start position:0% +lots of statistics and lots of numbers + + + align:start position:0% +lots of statistics and lots of numbers +in poker tracker I think that we have + + align:start position:0% +in poker tracker I think that we have + + + align:start position:0% +in poker tracker I think that we have +easily over a thousand different + + align:start position:0% +easily over a thousand different + + + align:start position:0% +easily over a thousand different +statistics you can look at especially + + align:start position:0% +statistics you can look at especially + + + align:start position:0% +statistics you can look at especially +when you consider um combinations of + + align:start position:0% +when you consider um combinations of + + + align:start position:0% +when you consider um combinations of +position and if you add stack size to + + align:start position:0% +position and if you add stack size to + + + align:start position:0% +position and if you add stack size to +that it's it's it's in the thousands for + + align:start position:0% +that it's it's it's in the thousands for + + + align:start position:0% +that it's it's it's in the thousands for +sure um and the problem is some are not + + align:start position:0% +sure um and the problem is some are not + + + align:start position:0% +sure um and the problem is some are not +relevant to the spot you're looking at + + align:start position:0% +relevant to the spot you're looking at + + + align:start position:0% +relevant to the spot you're looking at +and some will lack a sufficient sample + + align:start position:0% +and some will lack a sufficient sample + + + align:start position:0% +and some will lack a sufficient sample +so I'm going to use this hand to uh + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to use this hand to uh + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to use this hand to uh +illustrate both of those points this is + + align:start position:0% +illustrate both of those points this is + + + align:start position:0% +illustrate both of those points this is +a cash game hand uh from from a real + + align:start position:0% +a cash game hand uh from from a real + + + align:start position:0% +a cash game hand uh from from a real +poker site from about four years + + align:start position:0% +poker site from about four years + + + align:start position:0% +poker site from about four years +ago uh this player was on the player + + align:start position:0% +ago uh this player was on the player + + + align:start position:0% +ago uh this player was on the player +hero here was on the button and was + + align:start position:0% +hero here was on the button and was + + + align:start position:0% +hero here was on the button and was +dealt Ace of Spades 10 of Hearts so he + + align:start position:0% +dealt Ace of Spades 10 of Hearts so he + + + align:start position:0% +dealt Ace of Spades 10 of Hearts so he +had Ace 10 off suit um before the Flop + + align:start position:0% +had Ace 10 off suit um before the Flop + + + align:start position:0% +had Ace 10 off suit um before the Flop +villain 16 made a raise and hero called + + align:start position:0% +villain 16 made a raise and hero called + + + align:start position:0% +villain 16 made a raise and hero called +The Flop was two of spades four of + + align:start position:0% +The Flop was two of spades four of + + + align:start position:0% +The Flop was two of spades four of +Spades three of diamonds villain 16 made + + align:start position:0% +Spades three of diamonds villain 16 made + + + align:start position:0% +Spades three of diamonds villain 16 made +a bet and hero made a call I'm not going + + align:start position:0% +a bet and hero made a call I'm not going + + + align:start position:0% +a bet and hero made a call I'm not going +to go into whether or not that was a + + align:start position:0% +to go into whether or not that was a + + + align:start position:0% +to go into whether or not that was a +good play um there are reasons for it + + align:start position:0% +good play um there are reasons for it + + + align:start position:0% +good play um there are reasons for it +there are reasons against it but for the + + align:start position:0% +there are reasons against it but for the + + + align:start position:0% +there are reasons against it but for the +purposes of of uh this hand it's + + align:start position:0% +purposes of of uh this hand it's + + + align:start position:0% +purposes of of uh this hand it's +important to know that that happened on + + align:start position:0% +important to know that that happened on + + + align:start position:0% +important to know that that happened on +the turn villain 16 also bet and hero + + align:start position:0% +the turn villain 16 also bet and hero + + + align:start position:0% +the turn villain 16 also bet and hero +also called and and the turn was the the + + align:start position:0% +also called and and the turn was the the + + + align:start position:0% +also called and and the turn was the the +10 of diamonds and the river was the Ace + + align:start position:0% +10 of diamonds and the river was the Ace + + + align:start position:0% +10 of diamonds and the river was the Ace +of Hearts so now we have two pair top + + align:start position:0% +of Hearts so now we have two pair top + + + align:start position:0% +of Hearts so now we have two pair top +two pair in fact and villain 16 makes + + align:start position:0% +two pair in fact and villain 16 makes + + + align:start position:0% +two pair in fact and villain 16 makes +another bet the BET was + + align:start position:0% +another bet the BET was + + + align:start position:0% +another bet the BET was +1,550 British pounds uh and the pot was + + align:start position:0% +1,550 British pounds uh and the pot was + + + align:start position:0% +1,550 British pounds uh and the pot was +19975 lbs so we're sitting here we're + + align:start position:0% +19975 lbs so we're sitting here we're + + + align:start position:0% +19975 lbs so we're sitting here we're +getting 2.27 to1 odds um which so if we + + align:start position:0% +getting 2.27 to1 odds um which so if we + + + align:start position:0% +getting 2.27 to1 odds um which so if we +if we call and we're ahead 31% of the + + align:start position:0% +if we call and we're ahead 31% of the + + + align:start position:0% +if we call and we're ahead 31% of the +time or more it's a good call uh we can + + align:start position:0% +time or more it's a good call uh we can + + + align:start position:0% +time or more it's a good call uh we can +fold our stack is is 3350 so we could we + + align:start position:0% +fold our stack is is 3350 so we could we + + + align:start position:0% +fold our stack is is 3350 so we could we +could also make a raise um to like 17 + + align:start position:0% +could also make a raise um to like 17 + + + align:start position:0% +could also make a raise um to like 17 +18800 now we have lots of stats here on + + align:start position:0% +18800 now we have lots of stats here on + + + align:start position:0% +18800 now we have lots of stats here on +the table uh not going to go through + + align:start position:0% +the table uh not going to go through + + + align:start position:0% +the table uh not going to go through +them all this is our heads up display so + + align:start position:0% +them all this is our heads up display so + + + align:start position:0% +them all this is our heads up display so +we're looking right now at a at the the + + align:start position:0% +we're looking right now at a at the the + + + align:start position:0% +we're looking right now at a at the the +poker tracker replayer um the important + + align:start position:0% +poker tracker replayer um the important + + + align:start position:0% +poker tracker replayer um the important +ones to note for this for this purpose + + align:start position:0% +ones to note for this for this purpose + + + align:start position:0% +ones to note for this for this purpose +is this red number here this 97 this is + + align:start position:0% +is this red number here this 97 this is + + + align:start position:0% +is this red number here this 97 this is +the number of hands of data we have on + + align:start position:0% +the number of hands of data we have on + + + align:start position:0% +the number of hands of data we have on +this player so if you were sitting at a + + align:start position:0% +this player so if you were sitting at a + + + align:start position:0% +this player so if you were sitting at a +casino you get about 30 hands an hour so + + align:start position:0% +casino you get about 30 hands an hour so + + + align:start position:0% +casino you get about 30 hands an hour so +this would be the equivalent of about 3 + + align:start position:0% +this would be the equivalent of about 3 + + + align:start position:0% +this would be the equivalent of about 3 +hours of live play against somebody + + align:start position:0% +hours of live play against somebody + + + align:start position:0% +hours of live play against somebody +online it's more like an hour and a half + + align:start position:0% +online it's more like an hour and a half + + + align:start position:0% +online it's more like an hour and a half +because online hands tend to come a bit + + align:start position:0% +because online hands tend to come a bit + + + align:start position:0% +because online hands tend to come a bit +faster so we've got we've got some data + + align:start position:0% +faster so we've got we've got some data + + + align:start position:0% +faster so we've got we've got some data +um it's not a huge huge sample um VP is + + align:start position:0% +um it's not a huge huge sample um VP is + + + align:start position:0% +um it's not a huge huge sample um VP is +the the vpip number that was talked + + align:start position:0% +the the vpip number that was talked + + + align:start position:0% +the the vpip number that was talked +about last time uh that's the percentage + + align:start position:0% +about last time uh that's the percentage + + + align:start position:0% +about last time uh that's the percentage +of hands he's playing uh so he's been + + align:start position:0% +of hands he's playing uh so he's been + + + align:start position:0% +of hands he's playing uh so he's been +playing about two out of three hands so + + align:start position:0% +playing about two out of three hands so + + + align:start position:0% +playing about two out of three hands so +he's been in a lot of pots so we know + + align:start position:0% +he's been in a lot of pots so we know + + + align:start position:0% +he's been in a lot of pots so we know +that about this guy and PR is pre- flop + + align:start position:0% +that about this guy and PR is pre- flop + + + align:start position:0% +that about this guy and PR is pre- flop +raise so that's how often he's coming in + + align:start position:0% +raise so that's how often he's coming in + + + align:start position:0% +raise so that's how often he's coming in +for a raise um or raising at some point + + align:start position:0% +for a raise um or raising at some point + + + align:start position:0% +for a raise um or raising at some point +in the hand and that's 45% so two-thirds + + align:start position:0% +in the hand and that's 45% so two-thirds + + + align:start position:0% +in the hand and that's 45% so two-thirds +of the time because 45 over 65 is is 2/3 + + align:start position:0% +of the time because 45 over 65 is is 2/3 + + + align:start position:0% +of the time because 45 over 65 is is 2/3 +um roughly he's coming he he is making + + align:start position:0% +um roughly he's coming he he is making + + + align:start position:0% +um roughly he's coming he he is making +raises so he's a aggressive and he's + + align:start position:0% +raises so he's a aggressive and he's + + + align:start position:0% +raises so he's a aggressive and he's +playing lots of hands and here we're in + + align:start position:0% +playing lots of hands and here we're in + + + align:start position:0% +playing lots of hands and here we're in +this spot where we're facing a big bet + + align:start position:0% +this spot where we're facing a big bet + + + align:start position:0% +this spot where we're facing a big bet +on the river um and here are his so + + align:start position:0% +on the river um and here are his so + + + align:start position:0% +on the river um and here are his so +we've got his River stats so if you + + align:start position:0% +we've got his River stats so if you + + + align:start position:0% +we've got his River stats so if you +click on on the the HUD you're going to + + align:start position:0% +click on on the the HUD you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +click on on the the HUD you're going to +get you're going to get this popup + + align:start position:0% +get you're going to get this popup + + + align:start position:0% +get you're going to get this popup +there's there's a bunch of tabs here + + align:start position:0% +there's there's a bunch of tabs here + + + align:start position:0% +there's there's a bunch of tabs here +tools pre- flop flop turn River since + + align:start position:0% +tools pre- flop flop turn River since + + + align:start position:0% +tools pre- flop flop turn River since +this is a river spot I've just got the + + align:start position:0% +this is a river spot I've just got the + + + align:start position:0% +this is a river spot I've just got the +river tab open I didn't want to + + align:start position:0% +river tab open I didn't want to + + + align:start position:0% +river tab open I didn't want to +overwhelm you guys yet um and we can see + + align:start position:0% +overwhelm you guys yet um and we can see + + + align:start position:0% +overwhelm you guys yet um and we can see +his bet stats so on the river in our + + align:start position:0% +his bet stats so on the river in our + + + align:start position:0% +his bet stats so on the river in our +entire sample he's had eight chances to + + align:start position:0% +entire sample he's had eight chances to + + + align:start position:0% +entire sample he's had eight chances to +bet the river and he bet three of those + + align:start position:0% +bet the river and he bet three of those + + + align:start position:0% +bet the river and he bet three of those +chances and I'm going to tell you that + + align:start position:0% +chances and I'm going to tell you that + + + align:start position:0% +chances and I'm going to tell you that +that number is completely and totally + + align:start position:0% +that number is completely and totally + + + align:start position:0% +that number is completely and totally +irrelevant to this situation because we + + align:start position:0% +irrelevant to this situation because we + + + align:start position:0% +irrelevant to this situation because we +can also see this number for C bet now C + + align:start position:0% +can also see this number for C bet now C + + + align:start position:0% +can also see this number for C bet now C +bet is a is a poker turn uh it's called + + align:start position:0% +bet is a is a poker turn uh it's called + + + align:start position:0% +bet is a is a poker turn uh it's called +a continuation bet that means that a + + align:start position:0% +a continuation bet that means that a + + + align:start position:0% +a continuation bet that means that a +player has been aggressive the entire + + align:start position:0% +player has been aggressive the entire + + + align:start position:0% +player has been aggressive the entire +hand up till now so a c bet on the Flop + + align:start position:0% +hand up till now so a c bet on the Flop + + + align:start position:0% +hand up till now so a c bet on the Flop +he was the last razor pre- flop he gets + + align:start position:0% +he was the last razor pre- flop he gets + + + align:start position:0% +he was the last razor pre- flop he gets +the chance to open the action on the + + align:start position:0% +the chance to open the action on the + + + align:start position:0% +the chance to open the action on the +Flop and he does that's a flop + + align:start position:0% +Flop and he does that's a flop + + + align:start position:0% +Flop and he does that's a flop +continuation bet a turn continuation bet + + align:start position:0% +continuation bet a turn continuation bet + + + align:start position:0% +continuation bet a turn continuation bet +he made a flop C bet and he now has a + + align:start position:0% +he made a flop C bet and he now has a + + + align:start position:0% +he made a flop C bet and he now has a +chance to bet on the turn he makes a + + align:start position:0% +chance to bet on the turn he makes a + + + align:start position:0% +chance to bet on the turn he makes a +turn bet so that's a turn C bet a river + + align:start position:0% +turn bet so that's a turn C bet a river + + + align:start position:0% +turn bet so that's a turn C bet a river +seab bet is he makes a turn seab bet and + + align:start position:0% +seab bet is he makes a turn seab bet and + + + align:start position:0% +seab bet is he makes a turn seab bet and +now he has a chance to bet the river and + + align:start position:0% +now he has a chance to bet the river and + + + align:start position:0% +now he has a chance to bet the river and +we have never not once seen him get a + + align:start position:0% +we have never not once seen him get a + + + align:start position:0% +we have never not once seen him get a +chance to make a river seab bet so if we + + align:start position:0% +chance to make a river seab bet so if we + + + align:start position:0% +chance to make a river seab bet so if we +tried to use this 38% here and we said + + align:start position:0% +tried to use this 38% here and we said + + + align:start position:0% +tried to use this 38% here and we said +well he only bets 38% of the river so he + + align:start position:0% +well he only bets 38% of the river so he + + + align:start position:0% +well he only bets 38% of the river so he +must have a really big hand here we + + align:start position:0% +must have a really big hand here we + + + align:start position:0% +must have a really big hand here we +would be basing it on wrong information + + align:start position:0% +would be basing it on wrong information + + + align:start position:0% +would be basing it on wrong information +because it's he could have gotten to the + + align:start position:0% +because it's he could have gotten to the + + + align:start position:0% +because it's he could have gotten to the +to the river in any way for these bets + + align:start position:0% +to the river in any way for these bets + + + align:start position:0% +to the river in any way for these bets +to count he could have been calling + + align:start position:0% +to count he could have been calling + + + align:start position:0% +to count he could have been calling +calling down in position and then it was + + align:start position:0% +calling down in position and then it was + + + align:start position:0% +calling down in position and then it was +checked to him and that that would count + + align:start position:0% +checked to him and that that would count + + + align:start position:0% +checked to him and that that would count +uh he could have raising he could have + + align:start position:0% +uh he could have raising he could have + + + align:start position:0% +uh he could have raising he could have +raised pre- flop checked the Flop + + align:start position:0% +raised pre- flop checked the Flop + + + align:start position:0% +raised pre- flop checked the Flop +checked the turn that would count any + + align:start position:0% +checked the turn that would count any + + + align:start position:0% +checked the turn that would count any +combination and his hand strength is + + align:start position:0% +combination and his hand strength is + + + align:start position:0% +combination and his hand strength is +going to be vastly different those times + + align:start position:0% +going to be vastly different those times + + + align:start position:0% +going to be vastly different those times +he has bet the entire way than those + + align:start position:0% +he has bet the entire way than those + + + align:start position:0% +he has bet the entire way than those +times where it's he's done other things + + align:start position:0% +times where it's he's done other things + + + align:start position:0% +times where it's he's done other things +so since we have a sample of zero C bets + + align:start position:0% +so since we have a sample of zero C bets + + + align:start position:0% +so since we have a sample of zero C bets +here these River stats are not actually + + align:start position:0% +here these River stats are not actually + + + align:start position:0% +here these River stats are not actually +that useful for analyzing this spot + + align:start position:0% +that useful for analyzing this spot + + + align:start position:0% +that useful for analyzing this spot +you're much better off um looking at the + + align:start position:0% +you're much better off um looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +you're much better off um looking at the +board and trying to figure out based on + + align:start position:0% +board and trying to figure out based on + + + align:start position:0% +board and trying to figure out based on +his pre- flop numbers and his flop + + align:start position:0% +his pre- flop numbers and his flop + + + align:start position:0% +his pre- flop numbers and his flop +numbers what kind of hand gets here um + + align:start position:0% +numbers what kind of hand gets here um + + + align:start position:0% +numbers what kind of hand gets here um +I could talk about this hand a lot more + + align:start position:0% +I could talk about this hand a lot more + + + align:start position:0% +I could talk about this hand a lot more +but that that's kind of our our part + + align:start position:0% +but that that's kind of our our part + + + align:start position:0% +but that that's kind of our our part +Point here so now we've talked about + + align:start position:0% +Point here so now we've talked about + + + align:start position:0% +Point here so now we've talked about +ways that you can not get better at + + align:start position:0% +ways that you can not get better at + + + align:start position:0% +ways that you can not get better at +poker using poker tracker so let's let's + + align:start position:0% +poker using poker tracker so let's let's + + + align:start position:0% +poker using poker tracker so let's let's +get to the interesting stuff how do you + + align:start position:0% +get to the interesting stuff how do you + + + align:start position:0% +get to the interesting stuff how do you +get better at poker using poker tracker + + align:start position:0% +get better at poker using poker tracker + + + align:start position:0% +get better at poker using poker tracker +4 and I'm going to say it's a five step + + align:start position:0% +4 and I'm going to say it's a five step + + + align:start position:0% +4 and I'm going to say it's a five step +process step one uh use poker tracker + + align:start position:0% +process step one uh use poker tracker + + + align:start position:0% +process step one uh use poker tracker +fors reports and filters to look at very + + align:start position:0% +fors reports and filters to look at very + + + align:start position:0% +fors reports and filters to look at very +specific kinds of decision points find + + align:start position:0% +specific kinds of decision points find + + + align:start position:0% +specific kinds of decision points find +those times you find interesting find + + align:start position:0% +those times you find interesting find + + + align:start position:0% +those times you find interesting find +those times where you don't know the + + align:start position:0% +those times where you don't know the + + + align:start position:0% +those times where you don't know the +answer and those are the ones we're + + align:start position:0% +answer and those are the ones we're + + + align:start position:0% +answer and those are the ones we're +going to look you should be looking at + + align:start position:0% +going to look you should be looking at + + + align:start position:0% +going to look you should be looking at +because those are the ones going to help + + align:start position:0% +because those are the ones going to help + + + align:start position:0% +because those are the ones going to help +you get better at + + align:start position:0% +you get better at + + + align:start position:0% +you get better at +poker the next thing to do is create + + align:start position:0% +poker the next thing to do is create + + + align:start position:0% +poker the next thing to do is create +mental models of the players in the + + align:start position:0% +mental models of the players in the + + + align:start position:0% +mental models of the players in the +specific situation so that means you + + align:start position:0% +specific situation so that means you + + + align:start position:0% +specific situation so that means you +should have an idea what you think those + + align:start position:0% +should have an idea what you think those + + + align:start position:0% +should have an idea what you think those +players are doing here um now even + + align:start position:0% +players are doing here um now even + + + align:start position:0% +players are doing here um now even +though they're looking at similar kinds + + align:start position:0% +though they're looking at similar kinds + + + align:start position:0% +though they're looking at similar kinds +of decision points you're not always + + align:start position:0% +of decision points you're not always + + + align:start position:0% +of decision points you're not always +going to have similar kinds of players + + align:start position:0% +going to have similar kinds of players + + + align:start position:0% +going to have similar kinds of players +in those hands you might be facing if + + align:start position:0% +in those hands you might be facing if + + + align:start position:0% +in those hands you might be facing if +you want to look at all times you were + + align:start position:0% +you want to look at all times you were + + + align:start position:0% +you want to look at all times you were +facing a river continuation bet you're + + align:start position:0% +facing a river continuation bet you're + + + align:start position:0% +facing a river continuation bet you're +going to have sometimes you're against + + align:start position:0% +going to have sometimes you're against + + + align:start position:0% +going to have sometimes you're against +aggressive players and sometimes you're + + align:start position:0% +aggressive players and sometimes you're + + + align:start position:0% +aggressive players and sometimes you're +against passive players you're going to + + align:start position:0% +against passive players you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +against passive players you're going to +have times where the river made a draw + + align:start position:0% +have times where the river made a draw + + + align:start position:0% +have times where the river made a draw +come in you're going to have times where + + align:start position:0% +come in you're going to have times where + + + align:start position:0% +come in you're going to have times where +the river paired the board all these are + + align:start position:0% +the river paired the board all these are + + + align:start position:0% +the river paired the board all these are +slightly different not necessarily + + align:start position:0% +slightly different not necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +slightly different not necessarily +different enough you wouldn't want to + + align:start position:0% +different enough you wouldn't want to + + + align:start position:0% +different enough you wouldn't want to +lump them together for point one but + + align:start position:0% +lump them together for point one but + + + align:start position:0% +lump them together for point one but +enough that you need to to definitely + + align:start position:0% +enough that you need to to definitely + + + align:start position:0% +enough that you need to to definitely +think about the players in this specific + + align:start position:0% +think about the players in this specific + + + align:start position:0% +think about the players in this specific +situation and try to get an idea what's + + align:start position:0% +situation and try to get an idea what's + + + align:start position:0% +situation and try to get an idea what's +this player doing right here this is + + align:start position:0% +this player doing right here this is + + + align:start position:0% +this player doing right here this is +exactly what you do at a live table when + + align:start position:0% +exactly what you do at a live table when + + + align:start position:0% +exactly what you do at a live table when +you're sitting across the table from + + align:start position:0% +you're sitting across the table from + + + align:start position:0% +you're sitting across the table from +somebody trying to figure out what is + + align:start position:0% +somebody trying to figure out what is + + + align:start position:0% +somebody trying to figure out what is +going through his mind right + + align:start position:0% +going through his mind right + + + align:start position:0% +going through his mind right +now then you you adjust that that you + + align:start position:0% +now then you you adjust that that you + + + align:start position:0% +now then you you adjust that that you +have you've just built uh based on any + + align:start position:0% +have you've just built uh based on any + + + align:start position:0% +have you've just built uh based on any +relevant statistics that you do happen + + align:start position:0% +relevant statistics that you do happen + + + align:start position:0% +relevant statistics that you do happen +to have if you have notes on the player + + align:start position:0% +to have if you have notes on the player + + + align:start position:0% +to have if you have notes on the player +or anything else um if you know that + + align:start position:0% +or anything else um if you know that + + + align:start position:0% +or anything else um if you know that +this guy lost a big hand two hands ago + + align:start position:0% +this guy lost a big hand two hands ago + + + align:start position:0% +this guy lost a big hand two hands ago +and he might be what's called in the + + align:start position:0% +and he might be what's called in the + + + align:start position:0% +and he might be what's called in the +poker World steaming he is really mad + + align:start position:0% +poker World steaming he is really mad + + + align:start position:0% +poker World steaming he is really mad +and he is just go going to be way more + + align:start position:0% +and he is just go going to be way more + + + align:start position:0% +and he is just go going to be way more +aggressive right now that's relevant + + align:start position:0% +aggressive right now that's relevant + + + align:start position:0% +aggressive right now that's relevant +information uh if you're sitting in a + + align:start position:0% +information uh if you're sitting in a + + + align:start position:0% +information uh if you're sitting in a +casino and you you know that guy has + + align:start position:0% +casino and you you know that guy has + + + align:start position:0% +casino and you you know that guy has +just finished his fifth beer and he's + + align:start position:0% +just finished his fifth beer and he's + + + align:start position:0% +just finished his fifth beer and he's +slurring his words a little bit that's + + align:start position:0% +slurring his words a little bit that's + + + align:start position:0% +slurring his words a little bit that's +relevant information anything that you + + align:start position:0% +relevant information anything that you + + + align:start position:0% +relevant information anything that you +can do to adjust the model that you've + + align:start position:0% +can do to adjust the model that you've + + + align:start position:0% +can do to adjust the model that you've +built to be more more relevant that's + + align:start position:0% +built to be more more relevant that's + + + align:start position:0% +built to be more more relevant that's +good uh then you evaluate your different + + align:start position:0% +good uh then you evaluate your different + + + align:start position:0% +good uh then you evaluate your different +decision options so if you're in a spot + + align:start position:0% +decision options so if you're in a spot + + + align:start position:0% +decision options so if you're in a spot +where you can you can let's say you can + + align:start position:0% +where you can you can let's say you can + + + align:start position:0% +where you can you can let's say you can +just either call or fold you have to + + align:start position:0% +just either call or fold you have to + + + align:start position:0% +just either call or fold you have to +think about what kind of hand does he + + align:start position:0% +think about what kind of hand does he + + + align:start position:0% +think about what kind of hand does he +have what will I win if I make a call + + align:start position:0% +have what will I win if I make a call + + + align:start position:0% +have what will I win if I make a call +here um what if I fold obviously I'm out + + align:start position:0% +here um what if I fold obviously I'm out + + + align:start position:0% +here um what if I fold obviously I'm out +of the hand uh what for tournaments what + + align:start position:0% +of the hand uh what for tournaments what + + + align:start position:0% +of the hand uh what for tournaments what +chip stack will I have remaining what uh + + align:start position:0% +chip stack will I have remaining what uh + + + align:start position:0% +chip stack will I have remaining what uh +how does this affect everyone else's + + align:start position:0% +how does this affect everyone else's + + + align:start position:0% +how does this affect everyone else's +standings in the tournament there's a + + align:start position:0% +standings in the tournament there's a + + + align:start position:0% +standings in the tournament there's a +lot of considerations for tournaments um + + align:start position:0% +lot of considerations for tournaments um + + + align:start position:0% +lot of considerations for tournaments um +that affect your especially your pre- + + align:start position:0% +that affect your especially your pre- + + + align:start position:0% +that affect your especially your pre- +flop decisions and then once you've done + + align:start position:0% +flop decisions and then once you've done + + + align:start position:0% +flop decisions and then once you've done +all four of these things go to step one + + align:start position:0% +all four of these things go to step one + + + align:start position:0% +all four of these things go to step one +and do it + + align:start position:0% +and do it + + + align:start position:0% +and do it +again continue to do this over and over + + align:start position:0% +again continue to do this over and over + + + align:start position:0% +again continue to do this over and over +again every time you have an interesting + + align:start position:0% +again every time you have an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +again every time you have an interesting +kind of decision and you will find that + + align:start position:0% +kind of decision and you will find that + + + align:start position:0% +kind of decision and you will find that +you are able to make um better decisions + + align:start position:0% +you are able to make um better decisions + + + align:start position:0% +you are able to make um better decisions +because you understand the different + + align:start position:0% +because you understand the different + + + align:start position:0% +because you understand the different +decision points that you're + + align:start position:0% +decision points that you're + + + align:start position:0% +decision points that you're +facing so let's talk about how to + + align:start position:0% +facing so let's talk about how to + + + align:start position:0% +facing so let's talk about how to +navigate poker tracker 4 a little bit um + + align:start position:0% +navigate poker tracker 4 a little bit um + + + align:start position:0% +navigate poker tracker 4 a little bit um +for those of you who have it installed + + align:start position:0% +for those of you who have it installed + + + align:start position:0% +for those of you who have it installed +and have your computer here feel free to + + align:start position:0% +and have your computer here feel free to + + + align:start position:0% +and have your computer here feel free to +open up poker tracker um and follow + + align:start position:0% +open up poker tracker um and follow + + + align:start position:0% +open up poker tracker um and follow +along with + + align:start position:0% +along with + + + align:start position:0% +along with +me um so what I'm calling a report is + + align:start position:0% +me um so what I'm calling a report is + + + align:start position:0% +me um so what I'm calling a report is +any kind of way in which poker tracker + + align:start position:0% +any kind of way in which poker tracker + + + align:start position:0% +any kind of way in which poker tracker +is showing you data um on the top left + + align:start position:0% +is showing you data um on the top left + + + align:start position:0% +is showing you data um on the top left +here there's Community which launches + + align:start position:0% +here there's Community which launches + + + align:start position:0% +here there's Community which launches +our community page uh you can look at um + + align:start position:0% +our community page uh you can look at um + + + align:start position:0% +our community page uh you can look at um +our forums you can download custom stats + + align:start position:0% +our forums you can download custom stats + + + align:start position:0% +our forums you can download custom stats +all sorts of other fun stuff play poker + + align:start position:0% +all sorts of other fun stuff play poker + + + align:start position:0% +all sorts of other fun stuff play poker +this is where you go uh when you want to + + align:start position:0% +this is where you go uh when you want to + + + align:start position:0% +this is where you go uh when you want to +actually play so for those of you who + + align:start position:0% +actually play so for those of you who + + + align:start position:0% +actually play so for those of you who +haven't actually uh done any importing + + align:start position:0% +haven't actually uh done any importing + + + align:start position:0% +haven't actually uh done any importing +in any of the of the tournaments yet uh + + align:start position:0% +in any of the of the tournaments yet uh + + + align:start position:0% +in any of the of the tournaments yet uh +when you have when you want to play you + + align:start position:0% +when you have when you want to play you + + + align:start position:0% +when you have when you want to play you +go to play poker and you click the get + + align:start position:0% +go to play poker and you click the get + + + align:start position:0% +go to play poker and you click the get +hands while playing button uh and view + + align:start position:0% +hands while playing button uh and view + + + align:start position:0% +hands while playing button uh and view +stats here this is where all of your + + align:start position:0% +stats here this is where all of your + + + align:start position:0% +stats here this is where all of your +information is going to be displayed uh + + align:start position:0% +information is going to be displayed uh + + + align:start position:0% +information is going to be displayed uh +T is for tournament which is going to be + + align:start position:0% +T is for tournament which is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +T is for tournament which is going to be +all you guys are interested in and we + + align:start position:0% +all you guys are interested in and we + + + align:start position:0% +all you guys are interested in and we +have four options results statistics my + + align:start position:0% +have four options results statistics my + + + align:start position:0% +have four options results statistics my +reports and graphs and I'm not going to + + align:start position:0% +reports and graphs and I'm not going to + + + align:start position:0% +reports and graphs and I'm not going to +talk about graphs today at + + align:start position:0% +talk about graphs today at + + + align:start position:0% +talk about graphs today at +all um just because there there really + + align:start position:0% +all um just because there there really + + + align:start position:0% +all um just because there there really +isn't enough time um so there's this Le + + align:start position:0% +isn't enough time um so there's this Le + + + align:start position:0% +isn't enough time um so there's this Le +hand sidebar here uh and some people + + align:start position:0% +hand sidebar here uh and some people + + + align:start position:0% +hand sidebar here uh and some people +have have liked closing it to make + + align:start position:0% +have have liked closing it to make + + + align:start position:0% +have have liked closing it to make +things bigger and you should not forget + + align:start position:0% +things bigger and you should not forget + + + align:start position:0% +things bigger and you should not forget +that it is there a lot of the navigation + + align:start position:0% +that it is there a lot of the navigation + + + align:start position:0% +that it is there a lot of the navigation +options are in that sidebar and there's + + align:start position:0% +options are in that sidebar and there's + + + align:start position:0% +options are in that sidebar and there's +a huge amount of value in being able to + + align:start position:0% +a huge amount of value in being able to + + + align:start position:0% +a huge amount of value in being able to +change reports so right now we're + + align:start position:0% +change reports so right now we're + + + align:start position:0% +change reports so right now we're +looking at the overview report uh it's + + align:start position:0% +looking at the overview report uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the overview report uh it's +got a nice graph you can change + + align:start position:0% +got a nice graph you can change + + + align:start position:0% +got a nice graph you can change +different kinds of graphs you can show + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of graphs you can show + + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of graphs you can show +your Roi your itm your in Roi is return + + align:start position:0% +your Roi your itm your in Roi is return + + + align:start position:0% +your Roi your itm your in Roi is return +on investment itm is in the money + + align:start position:0% +on investment itm is in the money + + + align:start position:0% +on investment itm is in the money +percentage you can show those on this + + align:start position:0% +percentage you can show those on this + + + align:start position:0% +percentage you can show those on this +graph too you can see you know your + + align:start position:0% +graph too you can see you know your + + + align:start position:0% +graph too you can see you know your +results how much you've won how many + + align:start position:0% +results how much you've won how many + + + align:start position:0% +results how much you've won how many +tournaments you've played um and down + + align:start position:0% +tournaments you've played um and down + + + align:start position:0% +tournaments you've played um and down +here this so this is a report right now + + align:start position:0% +here this so this is a report right now + + + align:start position:0% +here this so this is a report right now +we're looking at the basic buy + + align:start position:0% +we're looking at the basic buy + + + align:start position:0% +we're looking at the basic buy +description report uh which is showing + + align:start position:0% +description report uh which is showing + + + align:start position:0% +description report uh which is showing +you one row per description of + + align:start position:0% +you one row per description of + + + align:start position:0% +you one row per description of +tournament type uh for you guys honestly + + align:start position:0% +tournament type uh for you guys honestly + + + align:start position:0% +tournament type uh for you guys honestly +just looking at buy tournament is + + align:start position:0% +just looking at buy tournament is + + + align:start position:0% +just looking at buy tournament is +probably going to be okay that will give + + align:start position:0% +probably going to be okay that will give + + + align:start position:0% +probably going to be okay that will give +one row per individual tournament you're + + align:start position:0% +one row per individual tournament you're + + + align:start position:0% +one row per individual tournament you're +not going to have so much data that it's + + align:start position:0% +not going to have so much data that it's + + + align:start position:0% +not going to have so much data that it's +going to be hard uh to group things + + align:start position:0% +going to be hard uh to group things + + + align:start position:0% +going to be hard uh to group things +together and most of your tournaments + + align:start position:0% +together and most of your tournaments + + + align:start position:0% +together and most of your tournaments +are relatively similar um if you choose + + align:start position:0% +are relatively similar um if you choose + + + align:start position:0% +are relatively similar um if you choose +Advanced rather than basic all it does + + align:start position:0% +Advanced rather than basic all it does + + + align:start position:0% +Advanced rather than basic all it does +is give you more stats uh you so you + + align:start position:0% +is give you more stats uh you so you + + + align:start position:0% +is give you more stats uh you so you +might want to spend some time you know + + align:start position:0% +might want to spend some time you know + + + align:start position:0% +might want to spend some time you know +looking at what these numbers mean in + + align:start position:0% +looking at what these numbers mean in + + + align:start position:0% +looking at what these numbers mean in +basic before you flip to + + align:start position:0% +basic before you flip to + + + align:start position:0% +basic before you flip to +Advanced um and it's also important to + + align:start position:0% +Advanced um and it's also important to + + + align:start position:0% +Advanced um and it's also important to +know so you can change any report here + + align:start position:0% +know so you can change any report here + + + align:start position:0% +know so you can change any report here +from this drop down and I'll talk about + + align:start position:0% +from this drop down and I'll talk about + + + align:start position:0% +from this drop down and I'll talk about +what the different ones are in a little + + align:start position:0% +what the different ones are in a little + + + align:start position:0% +what the different ones are in a little +bit um but the overview report has one + + align:start position:0% +bit um but the overview report has one + + + align:start position:0% +bit um but the overview report has one +really cool feature feature that is not + + align:start position:0% +really cool feature feature that is not + + + align:start position:0% +really cool feature feature that is not +obvious and that's you can double click + + align:start position:0% +obvious and that's you can double click + + + align:start position:0% +obvious and that's you can double click +to get more details so if you want to + + align:start position:0% +to get more details so if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +to get more details so if you want to +know more about these 392 tournaments + + align:start position:0% +know more about these 392 tournaments + + + align:start position:0% +know more about these 392 tournaments +because those are the ones you're you're + + align:start position:0% +because those are the ones you're you're + + + align:start position:0% +because those are the ones you're you're +you're going to start playing tomorrow + + align:start position:0% +you're going to start playing tomorrow + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to start playing tomorrow +and those are the ones that are really + + align:start position:0% +and those are the ones that are really + + + align:start position:0% +and those are the ones that are really +interesting then you double click and + + align:start position:0% +interesting then you double click and + + + align:start position:0% +interesting then you double click and +now you see each one of those 392 + + align:start position:0% +now you see each one of those 392 + + + align:start position:0% +now you see each one of those 392 +tournaments one tournament per row uh + + align:start position:0% +tournaments one tournament per row uh + + + align:start position:0% +tournaments one tournament per row uh +and you get to see you know how much you + + align:start position:0% +and you get to see you know how much you + + + align:start position:0% +and you get to see you know how much you +won in that tournament how long it was + + align:start position:0% +won in that tournament how long it was + + + align:start position:0% +won in that tournament how long it was +your finish position you know all kinds + + align:start position:0% +your finish position you know all kinds + + + align:start position:0% +your finish position you know all kinds +of stuff and it does say here on the + + align:start position:0% +of stuff and it does say here on the + + + align:start position:0% +of stuff and it does say here on the +side double click a row for more details + + align:start position:0% +side double click a row for more details + + + align:start position:0% +side double click a row for more details +and you can go back by choosing back by + + align:start position:0% +and you can go back by choosing back by + + + align:start position:0% +and you can go back by choosing back by +description or choosing remove all + + align:start position:0% +description or choosing remove all + + + align:start position:0% +description or choosing remove all +filters and return + + align:start position:0% +filters and return + + + align:start position:0% +filters and return +rout now if that's not enough uh you can + + align:start position:0% +rout now if that's not enough uh you can + + + align:start position:0% +rout now if that's not enough uh you can +then double click the individual + + align:start position:0% +then double click the individual + + + align:start position:0% +then double click the individual +tournament and it will show you the + + align:start position:0% +tournament and it will show you the + + + align:start position:0% +tournament and it will show you the +hands one hand at a time so you're going + + align:start position:0% +hands one hand at a time so you're going + + + align:start position:0% +hands one hand at a time so you're going +to get a row for each hand as as the + + align:start position:0% +to get a row for each hand as as the + + + align:start position:0% +to get a row for each hand as as the +tournament went through it will show you + + align:start position:0% +tournament went through it will show you + + + align:start position:0% +tournament went through it will show you +most recent 100 by default if the + + align:start position:0% +most recent 100 by default if the + + + align:start position:0% +most recent 100 by default if the +tournament ran more than 100 you can you + + align:start position:0% +tournament ran more than 100 you can you + + + align:start position:0% +tournament ran more than 100 you can you +can feel free to change that um we just + + align:start position:0% +can feel free to change that um we just + + + align:start position:0% +can feel free to change that um we just +have that set so that it doesn't choke + + align:start position:0% +have that set so that it doesn't choke + + + align:start position:0% +have that set so that it doesn't choke +too you know too hard if you have like a + + align:start position:0% +too you know too hard if you have like a + + + align:start position:0% +too you know too hard if you have like a +1500 hand tournament or something um you + + align:start position:0% +1500 hand tournament or something um you + + + align:start position:0% +1500 hand tournament or something um you +can also sort uh by clicking any of the + + align:start position:0% +can also sort uh by clicking any of the + + + align:start position:0% +can also sort uh by clicking any of the +column headers just like you know any + + align:start position:0% +column headers just like you know any + + + align:start position:0% +column headers just like you know any +other um reporting software + + align:start position:0% +other um reporting software + + + align:start position:0% +other um reporting software +so you've got one row R row per line + + align:start position:0% +so you've got one row R row per line + + + align:start position:0% +so you've got one row R row per line +here you can also rightclick uh which + + align:start position:0% +here you can also rightclick uh which + + + align:start position:0% +here you can also rightclick uh which +has a lot of useful features uh it has + + align:start position:0% +has a lot of useful features uh it has + + + align:start position:0% +has a lot of useful features uh it has +so it's a context menu um and you can + + align:start position:0% +so it's a context menu um and you can + + + align:start position:0% +so it's a context menu um and you can +use that to add or remove statistics + + align:start position:0% +use that to add or remove statistics + + + align:start position:0% +use that to add or remove statistics +from your report so when you get into + + align:start position:0% +from your report so when you get into + + + align:start position:0% +from your report so when you get into +the um the like your VP and your pfr and + + align:start position:0% +the um the like your VP and your pfr and + + + align:start position:0% +the um the like your VP and your pfr and +those kinds of things you might want to + + align:start position:0% +those kinds of things you might want to + + + align:start position:0% +those kinds of things you might want to +add or remove a bunch of different + + align:start position:0% +add or remove a bunch of different + + + align:start position:0% +add or remove a bunch of different +custom stats so you can do that with + + align:start position:0% +custom stats so you can do that with + + + align:start position:0% +custom stats so you can do that with +configure report here um but you can + + align:start position:0% +configure report here um but you can + + + align:start position:0% +configure report here um but you can +also replay this is how You' replay + + align:start position:0% +also replay this is how You' replay + + + align:start position:0% +also replay this is how You' replay +hands uh if you want to export videos + + align:start position:0% +hands uh if you want to export videos + + + align:start position:0% +hands uh if you want to export videos +and put them on YouTube directly uh you + + align:start position:0% +and put them on YouTube directly uh you + + + align:start position:0% +and put them on YouTube directly uh you +can just right click choose export video + + align:start position:0% +can just right click choose export video + + + align:start position:0% +can just right click choose export video +put it on YouTube post YouTube video on + + align:start position:0% +put it on YouTube post YouTube video on + + + align:start position:0% +put it on YouTube post YouTube video on +Facebook and everyone can see your + + align:start position:0% +Facebook and everyone can see your + + + align:start position:0% +Facebook and everyone can see your +awesome play which is always fun um and + + align:start position:0% +awesome play which is always fun um and + + + align:start position:0% +awesome play which is always fun um and +if you want to look at multiple at + + align:start position:0% +if you want to look at multiple at + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to look at multiple at +multiples at a time you can use control + + align:start position:0% +multiples at a time you can use control + + + align:start position:0% +multiples at a time you can use control +and shift click um so control click will + + align:start position:0% +and shift click um so control click will + + + align:start position:0% +and shift click um so control click will +highlight one extra individual and shift + + align:start position:0% +highlight one extra individual and shift + + + align:start position:0% +highlight one extra individual and shift +click will highlight a range so You' + + align:start position:0% +click will highlight a range so You' + + + align:start position:0% +click will highlight a range so You' +like if you clicked here you hold shift + + align:start position:0% +like if you clicked here you hold shift + + + align:start position:0% +like if you clicked here you hold shift +you click here it'll highlight + + align:start position:0% +you click here it'll highlight + + + align:start position:0% +you click here it'll highlight +everything in between and then you could + + align:start position:0% +everything in between and then you could + + + align:start position:0% +everything in between and then you could +say replay hand you could also say + + align:start position:0% +say replay hand you could also say + + + align:start position:0% +say replay hand you could also say +replay all hands and report and it will + + align:start position:0% +replay all hands and report and it will + + + align:start position:0% +replay all hands and report and it will +load everything up in the replayer uh + + align:start position:0% +load everything up in the replayer uh + + + align:start position:0% +load everything up in the replayer uh +this would be the way if you wanted to + + align:start position:0% +this would be the way if you wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +this would be the way if you wanted to +replay an entire tournament you know you + + align:start position:0% +replay an entire tournament you know you + + + align:start position:0% +replay an entire tournament you know you +had such a great tournament you really + + align:start position:0% +had such a great tournament you really + + + align:start position:0% +had such a great tournament you really +want to watch it again right now um You + + align:start position:0% +want to watch it again right now um You + + + align:start position:0% +want to watch it again right now um You +can just replay all hands and report and + + align:start position:0% +can just replay all hands and report and + + + align:start position:0% +can just replay all hands and report and +presso you know you can just click play + + align:start position:0% +presso you know you can just click play + + + align:start position:0% +presso you know you can just click play +and sit back and the whole tournament + + align:start position:0% +and sit back and the whole tournament + + + align:start position:0% +and sit back and the whole tournament +will play + + align:start position:0% +will play + + + align:start position:0% +will play +through uh so another report in this on + + align:start position:0% +through uh so another report in this on + + + align:start position:0% +through uh so another report in this on +the statistic side that that I wanted to + + align:start position:0% +the statistic side that that I wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +the statistic side that that I wanted to +highlight for you is is summary and the + + align:start position:0% +highlight for you is is summary and the + + + align:start position:0% +highlight for you is is summary and the +reason summary is interesting and useful + + align:start position:0% +reason summary is interesting and useful + + + align:start position:0% +reason summary is interesting and useful +is that summary allows you to do + + align:start position:0% +is that summary allows you to do + + + align:start position:0% +is that summary allows you to do +different kinds of grouping uh in + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of grouping uh in + + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of grouping uh in +particular for you I think starting + + align:start position:0% +particular for you I think starting + + + align:start position:0% +particular for you I think starting +hands hold them as shown here on the + + align:start position:0% +hands hold them as shown here on the + + + align:start position:0% +hands hold them as shown here on the +right and Position will be your most + + align:start position:0% +right and Position will be your most + + + align:start position:0% +right and Position will be your most +useful ones um so what happens in + + align:start position:0% +useful ones um so what happens in + + + align:start position:0% +useful ones um so what happens in +starting hand hold them here you have + + align:start position:0% +starting hand hold them here you have + + + align:start position:0% +starting hand hold them here you have +one row per hand type so you can see + + align:start position:0% +one row per hand type so you can see + + + align:start position:0% +one row per hand type so you can see +here we had aces 131 times this is how + + align:start position:0% +here we had aces 131 times this is how + + + align:start position:0% +here we had aces 131 times this is how +many big blinds we won um adjusted for + + align:start position:0% +many big blinds we won um adjusted for + + + align:start position:0% +many big blinds we won um adjusted for +for luck uh for uh all in equity uh the + + align:start position:0% +for luck uh for uh all in equity uh the + + + align:start position:0% +for luck uh for uh all in equity uh the +vpip is 100% congratulations if you did + + align:start position:0% +vpip is 100% congratulations if you did + + + align:start position:0% +vpip is 100% congratulations if you did +not know it you will almost certainly + + align:start position:0% +not know it you will almost certainly + + + align:start position:0% +not know it you will almost certainly +voluntarily put money in the pot 100% of + + align:start position:0% +voluntarily put money in the pot 100% of + + + align:start position:0% +voluntarily put money in the pot 100% of +the time when you get delt Aces if this + + align:start position:0% +the time when you get delt Aces if this + + + align:start position:0% +the time when you get delt Aces if this +number is not 100% of the time I + + align:start position:0% +number is not 100% of the time I + + + align:start position:0% +number is not 100% of the time I +recommend going back and rethinking your + + align:start position:0% +recommend going back and rethinking your + + + align:start position:0% +recommend going back and rethinking your +decision process because Asus is the + + align:start position:0% +decision process because Asus is the + + + align:start position:0% +decision process because Asus is the +best hand and Texas hold them for + + align:start position:0% +best hand and Texas hold them for + + + align:start position:0% +best hand and Texas hold them for +certain and nobody will say anything + + align:start position:0% +certain and nobody will say anything + + + align:start position:0% +certain and nobody will say anything +else about that um and but you can see + + align:start position:0% +else about that um and but you can see + + + align:start position:0% +else about that um and but you can see +one you can see different rows for all + + align:start position:0% +one you can see different rows for all + + + align:start position:0% +one you can see different rows for all +the different hand types and uh that is + + align:start position:0% +the different hand types and uh that is + + + align:start position:0% +the different hand types and uh that is +going to be the best way to see like you + + align:start position:0% +going to be the best way to see like you + + + align:start position:0% +going to be the best way to see like you +know if you feel like you know I'm + + align:start position:0% +know if you feel like you know I'm + + + align:start position:0% +know if you feel like you know I'm +playing some of these suited connectors + + align:start position:0% +playing some of these suited connectors + + + align:start position:0% +playing some of these suited connectors +a little maybe maybe it's too much maybe + + align:start position:0% +a little maybe maybe it's too much maybe + + + align:start position:0% +a little maybe maybe it's too much maybe +I'm not sure am I playing Jack 10 suited + + align:start position:0% +I'm not sure am I playing Jack 10 suited + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not sure am I playing Jack 10 suited +too much am I playing um king queen off + + align:start position:0% +too much am I playing um king queen off + + + align:start position:0% +too much am I playing um king queen off +suit too much if you're not sure come + + align:start position:0% +suit too much if you're not sure come + + + align:start position:0% +suit too much if you're not sure come +here and you can start looking at the + + align:start position:0% +here and you can start looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +here and you can start looking at the +hands because whatever row you have here + + align:start position:0% +hands because whatever row you have here + + + align:start position:0% +hands because whatever row you have here +the hands from that row will display in + + align:start position:0% +the hands from that row will display in + + + align:start position:0% +the hands from that row will display in +the bottom and it works just like the + + align:start position:0% +the bottom and it works just like the + + + align:start position:0% +the bottom and it works just like the +other hand report you can you can replay + + align:start position:0% +other hand report you can you can replay + + + align:start position:0% +other hand report you can you can replay +them you can double click for more + + align:start position:0% +them you can double click for more + + + align:start position:0% +them you can double click for more +information on one um you know they're + + align:start position:0% +information on one um you know they're + + + align:start position:0% +information on one um you know they're +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +here uh and position groups I don't have + + align:start position:0% +here uh and position groups I don't have + + + align:start position:0% +here uh and position groups I don't have +a a image of it but it groups one row + + align:start position:0% +a a image of it but it groups one row + + + align:start position:0% +a a image of it but it groups one row +for position and when I say position I + + align:start position:0% +for position and when I say position I + + + align:start position:0% +for position and when I say position I +mean if you're in the big blind if + + align:start position:0% +mean if you're in the big blind if + + + align:start position:0% +mean if you're in the big blind if +you're in the small blind if you're on + + align:start position:0% +you're in the small blind if you're on + + + align:start position:0% +you're in the small blind if you're on +the button um so if you feel like + + align:start position:0% +the button um so if you feel like + + + align:start position:0% +the button um so if you feel like +someone is beating up on my big blind + + align:start position:0% +someone is beating up on my big blind + + + align:start position:0% +someone is beating up on my big blind +man I sit there and every time he I get + + align:start position:0% +man I sit there and every time he I get + + + align:start position:0% +man I sit there and every time he I get +my blinds raised and I have to fold and + + align:start position:0% +my blinds raised and I have to fold and + + + align:start position:0% +my blinds raised and I have to fold and +I hate it um you know can I play back or + + align:start position:0% +I hate it um you know can I play back or + + + align:start position:0% +I hate it um you know can I play back or +am I doing it right and it just feels + + align:start position:0% +am I doing it right and it just feels + + + align:start position:0% +am I doing it right and it just feels +wrong to me cuz some times your memory + + align:start position:0% +wrong to me cuz some times your memory + + + align:start position:0% +wrong to me cuz some times your memory +of the situation isn't really the truth + + align:start position:0% +of the situation isn't really the truth + + + align:start position:0% +of the situation isn't really the truth +uh you can come in and and load up the + + align:start position:0% +uh you can come in and and load up the + + + align:start position:0% +uh you can come in and and load up the +position report and you'll be able to + + align:start position:0% +position report and you'll be able to + + + align:start position:0% +position report and you'll be able to +see exactly what's + + align:start position:0% +see exactly what's + + + align:start position:0% +see exactly what's +happening another really awesome report + + align:start position:0% +happening another really awesome report + + + align:start position:0% +happening another really awesome report +um is the Holdem hand range visualizer + + align:start position:0% +um is the Holdem hand range visualizer + + + align:start position:0% +um is the Holdem hand range visualizer +this is in statistics as well uh and it + + align:start position:0% +this is in statistics as well uh and it + + + align:start position:0% +this is in statistics as well uh and it +it it looks like a lot but it's not + + align:start position:0% +it it looks like a lot but it's not + + + align:start position:0% +it it looks like a lot but it's not +actually as crazy as it looks so first + + align:start position:0% +actually as crazy as it looks so first + + + align:start position:0% +actually as crazy as it looks so first +off over here we have various different + + align:start position:0% +off over here we have various different + + + align:start position:0% +off over here we have various different +statistics so when you when you choose a + + align:start position:0% +statistics so when you when you choose a + + + align:start position:0% +statistics so when you when you choose a +statistic you're getting information + + align:start position:0% +statistic you're getting information + + + align:start position:0% +statistic you're getting information +based on your values in this spot so let + + align:start position:0% +based on your values in this spot so let + + + align:start position:0% +based on your values in this spot so let +me talk about what what three betting is + + align:start position:0% +me talk about what what three betting is + + + align:start position:0% +me talk about what what three betting is +uh three betting means someone has made + + align:start position:0% +uh three betting means someone has made + + + align:start position:0% +uh three betting means someone has made +a first raise that's the that's the two + + align:start position:0% +a first raise that's the that's the two + + + align:start position:0% +a first raise that's the that's the two +bet and then you made the second raise + + align:start position:0% +bet and then you made the second raise + + + align:start position:0% +bet and then you made the second raise +and we're talking about pre- flop only + + align:start position:0% +and we're talking about pre- flop only + + + align:start position:0% +and we're talking about pre- flop only +right now so you made the three bet so + + align:start position:0% +right now so you made the three bet so + + + align:start position:0% +right now so you made the three bet so +someone raised and you reraised that's + + align:start position:0% +someone raised and you reraised that's + + + align:start position:0% +someone raised and you reraised that's +that's all we know about these hands + + align:start position:0% +that's all we know about these hands + + + align:start position:0% +that's all we know about these hands +right now but we're looking at only only + + align:start position:0% +right now but we're looking at only only + + + align:start position:0% +right now but we're looking at only only +those spots right now in this report and + + align:start position:0% +those spots right now in this report and + + + align:start position:0% +those spots right now in this report and +you can look at all kinds of different + + align:start position:0% +you can look at all kinds of different + + + align:start position:0% +you can look at all kinds of different +spots and this little wrench here lets + + align:start position:0% +spots and this little wrench here lets + + + align:start position:0% +spots and this little wrench here lets +you configure in if you want to put + + align:start position:0% +you configure in if you want to put + + + align:start position:0% +you configure in if you want to put +different stats here you can do that too + + align:start position:0% +different stats here you can do that too + + + align:start position:0% +different stats here you can do that too +um so right now we're looking at range + + align:start position:0% +um so right now we're looking at range + + + align:start position:0% +um so right now we're looking at range +so here it says range value so when I + + align:start position:0% +so here it says range value so when I + + + align:start position:0% +so here it says range value so when I +say range I mean these are the hands + + align:start position:0% +say range I mean these are the hands + + + align:start position:0% +say range I mean these are the hands +that you have actually done this with + + align:start position:0% +that you have actually done this with + + + align:start position:0% +that you have actually done this with +and the percentages these are these + + align:start position:0% +and the percentages these are these + + + align:start position:0% +and the percentages these are these +numbers here are percentages and each + + align:start position:0% +numbers here are percentages and each + + + align:start position:0% +numbers here are percentages and each +one tells you what percentage of all of + + align:start position:0% +one tells you what percentage of all of + + + align:start position:0% +one tells you what percentage of all of +the hands that I have made a three bet + + align:start position:0% +the hands that I have made a three bet + + + align:start position:0% +the hands that I have made a three bet +with does this comprise so let's look at + + align:start position:0% +with does this comprise so let's look at + + + align:start position:0% +with does this comprise so let's look at +pocket tens this player made a made a r + + align:start position:0% +pocket tens this player made a made a r + + + align:start position:0% +pocket tens this player made a made a r +raise with pocket T of hands he made a r + + align:start position:0% +raise with pocket T of hands he made a r + + + align:start position:0% +raise with pocket T of hands he made a r +raise + + align:start position:0% +raise + + + align:start position:0% +raise +2.24% of those he had pocket + + align:start position:0% +2.24% of those he had pocket + + + align:start position:0% +2.24% of those he had pocket +tens if so you can think about this as + + align:start position:0% +tens if so you can think about this as + + + align:start position:0% +tens if so you can think about this as +you know if I made this rise and someone + + align:start position:0% +you know if I made this rise and someone + + + align:start position:0% +you know if I made this rise and someone +else was against me you know what what + + align:start position:0% +else was against me you know what what + + + align:start position:0% +else was against me you know what what +could they expect to see well four + + align:start position:0% +could they expect to see well four + + + align:start position:0% +could they expect to see well four +almost 4% of the time they'd expect to + + align:start position:0% +almost 4% of the time they'd expect to + + + align:start position:0% +almost 4% of the time they'd expect to +see Ace queen off suit 4.28% of the time + + align:start position:0% +see Ace queen off suit 4.28% of the time + + + align:start position:0% +see Ace queen off suit 4.28% of the time +they'd expect to see Ace King 2 and a + + align:start position:0% +they'd expect to see Ace King 2 and a + + + align:start position:0% +they'd expect to see Ace King 2 and a +half% of the time Aces so this is what + + align:start position:0% +half% of the time Aces so this is what + + + align:start position:0% +half% of the time Aces so this is what +your actual range looks like and and in + + align:start position:0% +your actual range looks like and and in + + + align:start position:0% +your actual range looks like and and in +poker we use range kind of as the term + + align:start position:0% +poker we use range kind of as the term + + + align:start position:0% +poker we use range kind of as the term +for um if you think of the domain as all + + align:start position:0% +for um if you think of the domain as all + + + align:start position:0% +for um if you think of the domain as all +all whole cards right so you know those + + align:start position:0% +all whole cards right so you know those + + + align:start position:0% +all whole cards right so you know those +are all all whole cards you could be + + align:start position:0% +are all all whole cards you could be + + + align:start position:0% +are all all whole cards you could be +playing um your heuristics your mental + + align:start position:0% +playing um your heuristics your mental + + + align:start position:0% +playing um your heuristics your mental +processes at playing poker is the + + align:start position:0% +processes at playing poker is the + + + align:start position:0% +processes at playing poker is the +function that takes a a hand from the + + align:start position:0% +function that takes a a hand from the + + + align:start position:0% +function that takes a a hand from the +domain and puts it in the range so this + + align:start position:0% +domain and puts it in the range so this + + + align:start position:0% +domain and puts it in the range so this +is your range now you can change this + + align:start position:0% +is your range now you can change this + + + align:start position:0% +is your range now you can change this +from range to value and this is where it + + align:start position:0% +from range to value and this is where it + + + align:start position:0% +from range to value and this is where it +gets + + align:start position:0% +gets + + + align:start position:0% +gets +cool this is the percentage that you + + align:start position:0% +cool this is the percentage that you + + + align:start position:0% +cool this is the percentage that you +three that this player made a three + + align:start position:0% +three that this player made a three + + + align:start position:0% +three that this player made a three +betat given that he had a chance to with + + align:start position:0% +betat given that he had a chance to with + + + align:start position:0% +betat given that he had a chance to with +each of these hands and so you're going + + align:start position:0% +each of these hands and so you're going + + + align:start position:0% +each of these hands and so you're going +to notice something very different right + + align:start position:0% +to notice something very different right + + + align:start position:0% +to notice something very different right +away we have a whole lot of hundreds + + align:start position:0% +away we have a whole lot of hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +away we have a whole lot of hundreds +here this player has made a three about + + align:start position:0% +here this player has made a three about + + + align:start position:0% +here this player has made a three about +a 100% with Ace King suited Ace Queen + + align:start position:0% +a 100% with Ace King suited Ace Queen + + + align:start position:0% +a 100% with Ace King suited Ace Queen +suited Ace Jack suited Ace 10 and Ace 9 + + align:start position:0% +suited Ace Jack suited Ace 10 and Ace 9 + + + align:start position:0% +suited Ace Jack suited Ace 10 and Ace 9 +suited every time he had those hands and + + align:start position:0% +suited every time he had those hands and + + + align:start position:0% +suited every time he had those hands and +he had a chance to make a r ra he did it + + align:start position:0% +he had a chance to make a r ra he did it + + + align:start position:0% +he had a chance to make a r ra he did it +every single time but if you look at the + + align:start position:0% +every single time but if you look at the + + + align:start position:0% +every single time but if you look at the +actual percentages they are not the same + + align:start position:0% +actual percentages they are not the same + + + align:start position:0% +actual percentages they are not the same +8493 1.49 so you can tell also that he + + align:start position:0% +8493 1.49 so you can tell also that he + + + align:start position:0% +8493 1.49 so you can tell also that he +got delt Ace Jack suited in these kinds + + align:start position:0% +got delt Ace Jack suited in these kinds + + + align:start position:0% +got delt Ace Jack suited in these kinds +of spots a little bit more uh because + + align:start position:0% +of spots a little bit more uh because + + + align:start position:0% +of spots a little bit more uh because +he's still doing it 100% of the time so + + align:start position:0% +he's still doing it 100% of the time so + + + align:start position:0% +he's still doing it 100% of the time so +this report is fantastic for helping you + + align:start position:0% +this report is fantastic for helping you + + + align:start position:0% +this report is fantastic for helping you +figure out first of all what would an + + align:start position:0% +figure out first of all what would an + + + align:start position:0% +figure out first of all what would an +opponent be seeing me do you know what + + align:start position:0% +opponent be seeing me do you know what + + + align:start position:0% +opponent be seeing me do you know what +am I what am I looking like and then + + align:start position:0% +am I what am I looking like and then + + + align:start position:0% +am I what am I looking like and then +well what am I actually doing when I get + + align:start position:0% +well what am I actually doing when I get + + + align:start position:0% +well what am I actually doing when I get +my hands in these spots if you think you + + align:start position:0% +my hands in these spots if you think you + + + align:start position:0% +my hands in these spots if you think you +know what I should never be making + + align:start position:0% +know what I should never be making + + + align:start position:0% +know what I should never be making +reraises with King jack off suit and you + + align:start position:0% +reraises with King jack off suit and you + + + align:start position:0% +reraises with King jack off suit and you +come here and you go well I've been + + align:start position:0% +come here and you go well I've been + + + align:start position:0% +come here and you go well I've been +doing it 75% of the time you immediately + + align:start position:0% +doing it 75% of the time you immediately + + + align:start position:0% +doing it 75% of the time you immediately +know something that you can use next + + align:start position:0% +know something that you can use next + + + align:start position:0% +know something that you can use next +time you have King jack off suit in that + + align:start position:0% +time you have King jack off suit in that + + + align:start position:0% +time you have King jack off suit in that +situation to make a different play that + + align:start position:0% +situation to make a different play that + + + align:start position:0% +situation to make a different play that +will let you change your + + align:start position:0% +will let you change your + + + align:start position:0% +will let you change your +poker and again you can pick any of our + + align:start position:0% +poker and again you can pick any of our + + + align:start position:0% +poker and again you can pick any of our +statistics from here uh and you can you + + align:start position:0% +statistics from here uh and you can you + + + align:start position:0% +statistics from here uh and you can you +can look at them anything that shows + + align:start position:0% +can look at them anything that shows + + + align:start position:0% +can look at them anything that shows +percentage wise will work in this report + + align:start position:0% +percentage wise will work in this report + + + align:start position:0% +percentage wise will work in this report +report uh another really important + + align:start position:0% +report uh another really important + + + align:start position:0% +report uh another really important +report for tournament play in particular + + align:start position:0% +report for tournament play in particular + + + align:start position:0% +report for tournament play in particular +is uh facing pre- flop action so again + + align:start position:0% +is uh facing pre- flop action so again + + + align:start position:0% +is uh facing pre- flop action so again +we're in statistic section uh and it's + + align:start position:0% +we're in statistic section uh and it's + + + align:start position:0% +we're in statistic section uh and it's +the facing pre flop Action Report what + + align:start position:0% +the facing pre flop Action Report what + + + align:start position:0% +the facing pre flop Action Report what +you're seeing here is one row per kind + + align:start position:0% +you're seeing here is one row per kind + + + align:start position:0% +you're seeing here is one row per kind +of situation that you could be in on + + align:start position:0% +of situation that you could be in on + + + align:start position:0% +of situation that you could be in on +your very first action before the Flop + + align:start position:0% +your very first action before the Flop + + + align:start position:0% +your very first action before the Flop +you get delt your cards stuff happens + + align:start position:0% +you get delt your cards stuff happens + + + align:start position:0% +you get delt your cards stuff happens +before you and now it's your first + + align:start position:0% +before you and now it's your first + + + align:start position:0% +before you and now it's your first +decision well the question is what + + align:start position:0% +decision well the question is what + + + align:start position:0% +decision well the question is what +happened until then if it's an unopen + + align:start position:0% +happened until then if it's an unopen + + + align:start position:0% +happened until then if it's an unopen +pot that means everybody folded to you + + align:start position:0% +pot that means everybody folded to you + + + align:start position:0% +pot that means everybody folded to you +so it's it's a similar kind of situation + + align:start position:0% +so it's it's a similar kind of situation + + + align:start position:0% +so it's it's a similar kind of situation +so here we can see we have + + align:start position:0% +so here we can see we have + + + align:start position:0% +so here we can see we have +10,434 hands where this player was first + + align:start position:0% +10,434 hands where this player was first + + + align:start position:0% +10,434 hands where this player was first +was the first to be able to open the pot + + align:start position:0% +was the first to be able to open the pot + + + align:start position:0% +was the first to be able to open the pot +you can see the winning percentage you + + align:start position:0% +you can see the winning percentage you + + + align:start position:0% +you can see the winning percentage you +can see their vpip and pfr so again you + + align:start position:0% +can see their vpip and pfr so again you + + + align:start position:0% +can see their vpip and pfr so again you +know they're playing two almost uh A + + align:start position:0% +know they're playing two almost uh A + + + align:start position:0% +know they're playing two almost uh A +Little More than 70% of hands in that + + align:start position:0% +Little More than 70% of hands in that + + + align:start position:0% +Little More than 70% of hands in that +spot raising 60% a little + + align:start position:0% +spot raising 60% a little + + + align:start position:0% +spot raising 60% a little +more um but you can see one limper now a + + align:start position:0% +more um but you can see one limper now a + + + align:start position:0% +more um but you can see one limper now a +limper means someone just called the big + + align:start position:0% +limper means someone just called the big + + + align:start position:0% +limper means someone just called the big +blind it's a technical term means + + align:start position:0% +blind it's a technical term means + + + align:start position:0% +blind it's a technical term means +there's one person who just called a big + + align:start position:0% +there's one person who just called a big + + + align:start position:0% +there's one person who just called a big +blind uh and it's to them they we have + + align:start position:0% +blind uh and it's to them they we have + + + align:start position:0% +blind uh and it's to them they we have +1945 hands for that and you can see how + + align:start position:0% +1945 hands for that and you can see how + + + align:start position:0% +1945 hands for that and you can see how +how their vpip changes suddenly they're + + align:start position:0% +how their vpip changes suddenly they're + + + align:start position:0% +how their vpip changes suddenly they're +they're not putting in nearly as much + + align:start position:0% +they're not putting in nearly as much + + + align:start position:0% +they're not putting in nearly as much +money and part of the reason for this is + + align:start position:0% +money and part of the reason for this is + + + align:start position:0% +money and part of the reason for this is +this sample is based on um heads up play + + align:start position:0% +this sample is based on um heads up play + + + align:start position:0% +this sample is based on um heads up play +so when you check in the big blind it's + + align:start position:0% +so when you check in the big blind it's + + + align:start position:0% +so when you check in the big blind it's +not considered voluntarily putting money + + align:start position:0% +not considered voluntarily putting money + + + align:start position:0% +not considered voluntarily putting money +in because you haven't put any more + + align:start position:0% +in because you haven't put any more + + + align:start position:0% +in because you haven't put any more +money in and you can only vpip before + + align:start position:0% +money in and you can only vpip before + + + align:start position:0% +money in and you can only vpip before +the Flop after the Flop is a totally + + align:start position:0% +the Flop after the Flop is a totally + + + align:start position:0% +the Flop after the Flop is a totally +different animal so vpip is pre- flop + + align:start position:0% +different animal so vpip is pre- flop + + + align:start position:0% +different animal so vpip is pre- flop +only uh and and that that's a good thing + + align:start position:0% +only uh and and that that's a good thing + + + align:start position:0% +only uh and and that that's a good thing +to keep in mind so that's why you see + + align:start position:0% +to keep in mind so that's why you see + + + align:start position:0% +to keep in mind so that's why you see +this this kind of big drop um but you + + align:start position:0% +this this kind of big drop um but you + + + align:start position:0% +this this kind of big drop um but you +can already see how looking at this + + align:start position:0% +can already see how looking at this + + + align:start position:0% +can already see how looking at this +report I can tell you something about + + align:start position:0% +report I can tell you something about + + + align:start position:0% +report I can tell you something about +this player's play they check a lot when + + align:start position:0% +this player's play they check a lot when + + + align:start position:0% +this player's play they check a lot when +it's limp to them and they're in the big + + align:start position:0% +it's limp to them and they're in the big + + + align:start position:0% +it's limp to them and they're in the big +blind and its heads up play so you can + + align:start position:0% +blind and its heads up play so you can + + + align:start position:0% +blind and its heads up play so you can +use these and of course this works like + + align:start position:0% +use these and of course this works like + + + align:start position:0% +use these and of course this works like +the other reports all of your hands are + + align:start position:0% +the other reports all of your hands are + + + align:start position:0% +the other reports all of your hands are +down here um and so you can you can + + align:start position:0% +down here um and so you can you can + + + align:start position:0% +down here um and so you can you can +replay these hands you can you can do + + align:start position:0% +replay these hands you can you can do + + + align:start position:0% +replay these hands you can you can do +other filtering in addition to this um + + align:start position:0% +other filtering in addition to this um + + + align:start position:0% +other filtering in addition to this um +and it will help you kind of figure out + + align:start position:0% +and it will help you kind of figure out + + + align:start position:0% +and it will help you kind of figure out +what your play is in in different first + + align:start position:0% +what your play is in in different first + + + align:start position:0% +what your play is in in different first +situation spots and uh tournament play + + align:start position:0% +situation spots and uh tournament play + + + align:start position:0% +situation spots and uh tournament play +this is going to be huge because when + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be huge because when + + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be huge because when +you're facing an all in before you get a + + align:start position:0% +you're facing an all in before you get a + + + align:start position:0% +you're facing an all in before you get a +chance to act your range is going to be + + align:start position:0% +chance to act your range is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +chance to act your range is going to be +very different you're going to want to + + align:start position:0% +very different you're going to want to + + + align:start position:0% +very different you're going to want to +make different decisions um than you + + align:start position:0% +make different decisions um than you + + + align:start position:0% +make different decisions um than you +will if everyone folds to you uh because + + align:start position:0% +will if everyone folds to you uh because + + + align:start position:0% +will if everyone folds to you uh because +you're able to steal the blinds a lot + + align:start position:0% +you're able to steal the blinds a lot + + + align:start position:0% +you're able to steal the blinds a lot +more liberally um and you're going to + + align:start position:0% +more liberally um and you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +more liberally um and you're going to +see later in the course uh how how + + align:start position:0% +see later in the course uh how how + + + align:start position:0% +see later in the course uh how how +aggressive you can actually be as your + + align:start position:0% +aggressive you can actually be as your + + + align:start position:0% +aggressive you can actually be as your +chip stack gets small so being able to + + align:start position:0% +chip stack gets small so being able to + + + align:start position:0% +chip stack gets small so being able to +look at these different kinds of spots + + align:start position:0% +look at these different kinds of spots + + + align:start position:0% +look at these different kinds of spots +will help you fine-tune your game and + + align:start position:0% +will help you fine-tune your game and + + + align:start position:0% +will help you fine-tune your game and +you know look at what you've actually + + align:start position:0% +you know look at what you've actually + + + align:start position:0% +you know look at what you've actually +been doing in those + + align:start position:0% +been doing in those + + + align:start position:0% +been doing in those +situations so uh I've mentioned lots of + + align:start position:0% +situations so uh I've mentioned lots of + + + align:start position:0% +situations so uh I've mentioned lots of +reports do you need more than that I'm + + align:start position:0% +reports do you need more than that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +reports do you need more than that I'm +glad you do because you can create + + align:start position:0% +glad you do because you can create + + + align:start position:0% +glad you do because you can create +custom reports in the my report section + + align:start position:0% +custom reports in the my report section + + + align:start position:0% +custom reports in the my report section +uh in here you can choose the type of + + align:start position:0% +uh in here you can choose the type of + + + align:start position:0% +uh in here you can choose the type of +report how to group the report and how + + align:start position:0% +report how to group the report and how + + + align:start position:0% +report how to group the report and how +to show exactly what you want to see so + + align:start position:0% +to show exactly what you want to see so + + + align:start position:0% +to show exactly what you want to see so +any of our stats can be added to these + + align:start position:0% +any of our stats can be added to these + + + align:start position:0% +any of our stats can be added to these +reports there's three kinds a player + + align:start position:0% +reports there's three kinds a player + + + align:start position:0% +reports there's three kinds a player +report um starts out by looking at hands + + align:start position:0% +report um starts out by looking at hands + + + align:start position:0% +report um starts out by looking at hands +that you've played you're looking at + + align:start position:0% +that you've played you're looking at + + + align:start position:0% +that you've played you're looking at +groups of hands so a stat like vpip uh + + align:start position:0% +groups of hands so a stat like vpip uh + + + align:start position:0% +groups of hands so a stat like vpip uh +looks at groups of hands because it's a + + align:start position:0% +looks at groups of hands because it's a + + + align:start position:0% +looks at groups of hands because it's a +uh how often you voluntarily put money + + align:start position:0% +uh how often you voluntarily put money + + + align:start position:0% +uh how often you voluntarily put money +in the pot over a sample of hands that's + + align:start position:0% +in the pot over a sample of hands that's + + + align:start position:0% +in the pot over a sample of hands that's +to contrast with a hand report uh which + + align:start position:0% +to contrast with a hand report uh which + + + align:start position:0% +to contrast with a hand report uh which +is going to show you again one row per + + align:start position:0% +is going to show you again one row per + + + align:start position:0% +is going to show you again one row per +hand so if you wanted to like uh make a + + align:start position:0% +hand so if you wanted to like uh make a + + + align:start position:0% +hand so if you wanted to like uh make a +report that was going to show you all + + align:start position:0% +report that was going to show you all + + + align:start position:0% +report that was going to show you all +hands where you faced a river + + align:start position:0% +hands where you faced a river + + + align:start position:0% +hands where you faced a river +continuation bet you could do that as a + + align:start position:0% +continuation bet you could do that as a + + + align:start position:0% +continuation bet you could do that as a +hand report and save it and load that up + + align:start position:0% +hand report and save it and load that up + + + align:start position:0% +hand report and save it and load that up +really quickly next time an all players + + align:start position:0% +really quickly next time an all players + + + align:start position:0% +really quickly next time an all players +report is like a player report except + + align:start position:0% +report is like a player report except + + + align:start position:0% +report is like a player report except +it's not just for you it's for everybody + + align:start position:0% +it's not just for you it's for everybody + + + align:start position:0% +it's not just for you it's for everybody +in your database so you're going to get + + align:start position:0% +in your database so you're going to get + + + align:start position:0% +in your database so you're going to get +one row per player uh and you can put + + align:start position:0% +one row per player uh and you can put + + + align:start position:0% +one row per player uh and you can put +whatever stats you want on it there for + + align:start position:0% +whatever stats you want on it there for + + + align:start position:0% +whatever stats you want on it there for +player report we also have lots of + + align:start position:0% +player report we also have lots of + + + align:start position:0% +player report we also have lots of +different groupings some of which you + + align:start position:0% +different groupings some of which you + + + align:start position:0% +different groupings some of which you +will not see anywhere else by default in + + align:start position:0% +will not see anywhere else by default in + + + align:start position:0% +will not see anywhere else by default in +poker tracker and I wanted to + + align:start position:0% +poker tracker and I wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +poker tracker and I wanted to +specifically highlight pre- flop stack + + align:start position:0% +specifically highlight pre- flop stack + + + align:start position:0% +specifically highlight pre- flop stack +size for you guys because it's + + align:start position:0% +size for you guys because it's + + + align:start position:0% +size for you guys because it's +tournament Players this kind of customer + + align:start position:0% +tournament Players this kind of customer + + + align:start position:0% +tournament Players this kind of customer +report has a lot of value for you um + + align:start position:0% +report has a lot of value for you um + + + align:start position:0% +report has a lot of value for you um +because pre-f flop stack size is going + + align:start position:0% +because pre-f flop stack size is going + + + align:start position:0% +because pre-f flop stack size is going +to be the determining factor in a lot of + + align:start position:0% +to be the determining factor in a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +to be the determining factor in a lot of +situations in your tournament play so + + align:start position:0% +situations in your tournament play so + + + align:start position:0% +situations in your tournament play so +let's see what that report looks like um + + align:start position:0% +let's see what that report looks like um + + + align:start position:0% +let's see what that report looks like um +you get one row per different stack size + + align:start position:0% +you get one row per different stack size + + + align:start position:0% +you get one row per different stack size +you get different ranges now these are + + align:start position:0% +you get different ranges now these are + + + align:start position:0% +you get different ranges now these are +in big blinds I they're not in M um but + + align:start position:0% +in big blinds I they're not in M um but + + + align:start position:0% +in big blinds I they're not in M um but +you get you get a pretty nice nice range + + align:start position:0% +you get you get a pretty nice nice range + + + align:start position:0% +you get you get a pretty nice nice range +and you can you can kind of approximate + + align:start position:0% +and you can you can kind of approximate + + + align:start position:0% +and you can you can kind of approximate +M um by multiplying that uh by + + align:start position:0% +M um by multiplying that uh by + + + align:start position:0% +M um by multiplying that uh by +2/3 um because you're going to be + + align:start position:0% +2/3 um because you're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +2/3 um because you're going to be +dividing it by the the big BL the small + + align:start position:0% +dividing it by the the big BL the small + + + align:start position:0% +dividing it by the the big BL the small +blind too uh so you can see here this + + align:start position:0% +blind too uh so you can see here this + + + align:start position:0% +blind too uh so you can see here this +player had the stack less than two big + + align:start position:0% +player had the stack less than two big + + + align:start position:0% +player had the stack less than two big +blinds 59 times and this is how often + + align:start position:0% +blinds 59 times and this is how often + + + align:start position:0% +blinds 59 times and this is how often +they raised when it was folded to them + + align:start position:0% +they raised when it was folded to them + + + align:start position:0% +they raised when it was folded to them +and you can see it's 47% so you can see + + align:start position:0% +and you can see it's 47% so you can see + + + align:start position:0% +and you can see it's 47% so you can see +you know in this in this spot how + + align:start position:0% +you know in this in this spot how + + + align:start position:0% +you know in this in this spot how +someone's raising range is going to + + align:start position:0% +someone's raising range is going to + + + align:start position:0% +someone's raising range is going to +change based on their stack size uh and + + align:start position:0% +change based on their stack size uh and + + + align:start position:0% +change based on their stack size uh and +and you can see we have we have + + align:start position:0% +and you can see we have we have + + + align:start position:0% +and you can see we have we have +different samples for all the different + + align:start position:0% +different samples for all the different + + + align:start position:0% +different samples for all the different +stack sizes based on the tournaments you + + align:start position:0% +stack sizes based on the tournaments you + + + align:start position:0% +stack sizes based on the tournaments you +guys are actually playing uh you're + + align:start position:0% +guys are actually playing uh you're + + + align:start position:0% +guys are actually playing uh you're +going to be seeing numbers you know much + + align:start position:0% +going to be seeing numbers you know much + + + align:start position:0% +going to be seeing numbers you know much +more in in this area and a lot less in + + align:start position:0% +more in in this area and a lot less in + + + align:start position:0% +more in in this area and a lot less in +this area because you need to be really + + align:start position:0% +this area because you need to be really + + + align:start position:0% +this area because you need to be really +really deep to be able to have 100 big + + align:start position:0% +really deep to be able to have 100 big + + + align:start position:0% +really deep to be able to have 100 big +blinds and turbo tournaments it just + + align:start position:0% +blinds and turbo tournaments it just + + + align:start position:0% +blinds and turbo tournaments it just +really doesn't happen that much but in + + align:start position:0% +really doesn't happen that much but in + + + align:start position:0% +really doesn't happen that much but in +addition to be able to just look at this + + align:start position:0% +addition to be able to just look at this + + + align:start position:0% +addition to be able to just look at this +you can then come in here to this blue + + align:start position:0% +you can then come in here to this blue + + + align:start position:0% +you can then come in here to this blue +filters link well it will be blue for + + align:start position:0% +filters link well it will be blue for + + + align:start position:0% +filters link well it will be blue for +you until you've clicked it once it's + + align:start position:0% +you until you've clicked it once it's + + + align:start position:0% +you until you've clicked it once it's +gray for me here um and then you can + + align:start position:0% +gray for me here um and then you can + + + align:start position:0% +gray for me here um and then you can +make individual filters and you can save + + align:start position:0% +make individual filters and you can save + + + align:start position:0% +make individual filters and you can save +that with this report so you could come + + align:start position:0% +that with this report so you could come + + + align:start position:0% +that with this report so you could come +in here and you could take this report + + align:start position:0% +in here and you could take this report + + + align:start position:0% +in here and you could take this report +and filter for times you're facing an + + align:start position:0% +and filter for times you're facing an + + + align:start position:0% +and filter for times you're facing an +all in and you would then see times you + + align:start position:0% +all in and you would then see times you + + + align:start position:0% +all in and you would then see times you +were facing an Allin buy stack size and + + align:start position:0% +were facing an Allin buy stack size and + + + align:start position:0% +were facing an Allin buy stack size and +see what your stats are and you could + + align:start position:0% +see what your stats are and you could + + + align:start position:0% +see what your stats are and you could +save that and it would show up in this + + align:start position:0% +save that and it would show up in this + + + align:start position:0% +save that and it would show up in this +drop down and you could look at it later + + align:start position:0% +drop down and you could look at it later + + + align:start position:0% +drop down and you could look at it later +and you wouldn't need to redo everything + + align:start position:0% +and you wouldn't need to redo everything + + + align:start position:0% +and you wouldn't need to redo everything +and and it would be will be really + + align:start position:0% +and and it would be will be really + + + align:start position:0% +and and it would be will be really +helpful for uh analyzing your own + + align:start position:0% +helpful for uh analyzing your own + + + align:start position:0% +helpful for uh analyzing your own +play so I've talked a lot about + + align:start position:0% +play so I've talked a lot about + + + align:start position:0% +play so I've talked a lot about +filtering how do you do that this button + + align:start position:0% +filtering how do you do that this button + + + align:start position:0% +filtering how do you do that this button +here more filters is the gateway to all + + align:start position:0% +here more filters is the gateway to all + + + align:start position:0% +here more filters is the gateway to all +of the filtering everywhere and uh other + + align:start position:0% +of the filtering everywhere and uh other + + + align:start position:0% +of the filtering everywhere and uh other +than the doing specific stuff for custom + + align:start position:0% +than the doing specific stuff for custom + + + align:start position:0% +than the doing specific stuff for custom +reports this is the place where you're + + align:start position:0% +reports this is the place where you're + + + align:start position:0% +reports this is the place where you're +going to go if you want to see specific + + align:start position:0% +going to go if you want to see specific + + + align:start position:0% +going to go if you want to see specific +subsets of your data so when you click + + align:start position:0% +subsets of your data so when you click + + + align:start position:0% +subsets of your data so when you click +it you're going to get this window and + + align:start position:0% +it you're going to get this window and + + + align:start position:0% +it you're going to get this window and +here's how you so there are five + + align:start position:0% +here's how you so there are five + + + align:start position:0% +here's how you so there are five +sections over here game details hand + + align:start position:0% +sections over here game details hand + + + align:start position:0% +sections over here game details hand +details hand values board texture and + + align:start position:0% +details hand values board texture and + + + align:start position:0% +details hand values board texture and +actions and opportunities and each one + + align:start position:0% +actions and opportunities and each one + + + align:start position:0% +actions and opportunities and each one +of these has different kinds of filters + + align:start position:0% +of these has different kinds of filters + + + align:start position:0% +of these has different kinds of filters +um and we we tried to break it down as + + align:start position:0% +um and we we tried to break it down as + + + align:start position:0% +um and we we tried to break it down as +intuitively as possible um so game + + align:start position:0% +intuitively as possible um so game + + + align:start position:0% +intuitively as possible um so game +details is all stuff for how to filter + + align:start position:0% +details is all stuff for how to filter + + + align:start position:0% +details is all stuff for how to filter +at the game level you know what what day + + align:start position:0% +at the game level you know what what day + + + align:start position:0% +at the game level you know what what day +did I play it on um what currency was it + + align:start position:0% +did I play it on um what currency was it + + + align:start position:0% +did I play it on um what currency was it +in you know uh what was the speed was it + + align:start position:0% +in you know uh what was the speed was it + + + align:start position:0% +in you know uh what was the speed was it +a turbo was it a hypert turbo was it a + + align:start position:0% +a turbo was it a hypert turbo was it a + + + align:start position:0% +a turbo was it a hypert turbo was it a +super turbo what was the Buy in what was + + align:start position:0% +super turbo what was the Buy in what was + + + align:start position:0% +super turbo what was the Buy in what was +its description uh what was the table + + align:start position:0% +its description uh what was the table + + + align:start position:0% +its description uh what was the table +size you know were there six players at + + align:start position:0% +size you know were there six players at + + + align:start position:0% +size you know were there six players at +a table 10 players at a table um and you + + align:start position:0% +a table 10 players at a table um and you + + + align:start position:0% +a table 10 players at a table um and you +can also filter for the uh specific + + align:start position:0% +can also filter for the uh specific + + + align:start position:0% +can also filter for the uh specific +blind levels so if you wanted to look at + + align:start position:0% +blind levels so if you wanted to look at + + + align:start position:0% +blind levels so if you wanted to look at +a hand at the 100 200 blind levels uh + + align:start position:0% +a hand at the 100 200 blind levels uh + + + align:start position:0% +a hand at the 100 200 blind levels uh +that would be + + align:start position:0% +that would be + + + align:start position:0% +that would be +there now so you navigate this by you + + align:start position:0% +there now so you navigate this by you + + + align:start position:0% +there now so you navigate this by you +choose your section on the left hand + + align:start position:0% +choose your section on the left hand + + + align:start position:0% +choose your section on the left hand +side anytime you see this the uh greater + + align:start position:0% +side anytime you see this the uh greater + + + align:start position:0% +side anytime you see this the uh greater +than symbol you can click so any of + + align:start position:0% +than symbol you can click so any of + + + align:start position:0% +than symbol you can click so any of +these options here you can click and + + align:start position:0% +these options here you can click and + + + align:start position:0% +these options here you can click and +you'll get like the individual filters + + align:start position:0% +you'll get like the individual filters + + + align:start position:0% +you'll get like the individual filters +you can turn on and off and I'll show + + align:start position:0% +you can turn on and off and I'll show + + + align:start position:0% +you can turn on and off and I'll show +you a few of those later when you go + + align:start position:0% +you a few of those later when you go + + + align:start position:0% +you a few of those later when you go +down you can click up here where it says + + align:start position:0% +down you can click up here where it says + + + align:start position:0% +down you can click up here where it says +cancel right now it will change to up up + + align:start position:0% +cancel right now it will change to up up + + + align:start position:0% +cancel right now it will change to up up +to the previous section and when you + + align:start position:0% +to the previous section and when you + + + align:start position:0% +to the previous section and when you +turn everything you want on you click + + align:start position:0% +turn everything you want on you click + + + align:start position:0% +turn everything you want on you click +add to filters and then it it adds them + + align:start position:0% +add to filters and then it it adds them + + + align:start position:0% +add to filters and then it it adds them +all + + align:start position:0% +all + + + align:start position:0% +all +together uh here so here's hand details + + align:start position:0% +together uh here so here's hand details + + + align:start position:0% +together uh here so here's hand details +hand details is Filters about uh the + + align:start position:0% +hand details is Filters about uh the + + + align:start position:0% +hand details is Filters about uh the +whole hand all together so what was the + + align:start position:0% +whole hand all together so what was the + + + align:start position:0% +whole hand all together so what was the +maximum pre- flop raise that occurred + + align:start position:0% +maximum pre- flop raise that occurred + + + align:start position:0% +maximum pre- flop raise that occurred +you know was there a three bet at all if + + align:start position:0% +you know was there a three bet at all if + + + align:start position:0% +you know was there a three bet at all if +you want all hands where someone made a + + align:start position:0% +you want all hands where someone made a + + + align:start position:0% +you want all hands where someone made a +three bet you'd come here uh which can + + align:start position:0% +three bet you'd come here uh which can + + + align:start position:0% +three bet you'd come here uh which can +be great um if if you want to look at + + align:start position:0% +be great um if if you want to look at + + + align:start position:0% +be great um if if you want to look at +times when you made a raise and someone + + align:start position:0% +times when you made a raise and someone + + + align:start position:0% +times when you made a raise and someone +made a r- ra but you don't really care + + align:start position:0% +made a r- ra but you don't really care + + + align:start position:0% +made a r- ra but you don't really care +who uh you just want to look at all + + align:start position:0% +who uh you just want to look at all + + + align:start position:0% +who uh you just want to look at all +three bet hands you can come in here if + + align:start position:0% +three bet hands you can come in here if + + + align:start position:0% +three bet hands you can come in here if +you want to look at hands where there + + align:start position:0% +you want to look at hands where there + + + align:start position:0% +you want to look at hands where there +was limping you can you can turn that on + + align:start position:0% +was limping you can you can turn that on + + + align:start position:0% +was limping you can you can turn that on +if you want to look uh at hands by the + + align:start position:0% +if you want to look uh at hands by the + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to look uh at hands by the +pot size or stack depth so you want to + + align:start position:0% +pot size or stack depth so you want to + + + align:start position:0% +pot size or stack depth so you want to +look at hands where you had a certain M + + align:start position:0% +look at hands where you had a certain M + + + align:start position:0% +look at hands where you had a certain M +you can come in there how many players + + align:start position:0% +you can come in there how many players + + + align:start position:0% +you can come in there how many players +were at the table if you want to look at + + align:start position:0% +were at the table if you want to look at + + + align:start position:0% +were at the table if you want to look at +bubble hands you'd look there uh what + + align:start position:0% +bubble hands you'd look there uh what + + + align:start position:0% +bubble hands you'd look there uh what +was your what was the position of + + align:start position:0% +was your what was the position of + + + align:start position:0% +was your what was the position of +different players who made the first + + align:start position:0% +different players who made the first + + + align:start position:0% +different players who made the first +rise where was I sitting all of that's + + align:start position:0% +rise where was I sitting all of that's + + + align:start position:0% +rise where was I sitting all of that's +in player position um you've got whether + + align:start position:0% +in player position um you've got whether + + + align:start position:0% +in player position um you've got whether +this is mostly for customer reports and + + align:start position:0% +this is mostly for customer reports and + + + align:start position:0% +this is mostly for customer reports and +notes uh if you made tags on the hand + + align:start position:0% +notes uh if you made tags on the hand + + + align:start position:0% +notes uh if you made tags on the hand +you can you can tag hands in the right + + align:start position:0% +you can you can tag hands in the right + + + align:start position:0% +you can you can tag hands in the right +click menu you can do that there how + + align:start position:0% +click menu you can do that there how + + + align:start position:0% +click menu you can do that there how +much you won or lost in the hand how + + align:start position:0% +much you won or lost in the hand how + + + align:start position:0% +much you won or lost in the hand how +much you contributed to the pot did the + + align:start position:0% +much you contributed to the pot did the + + + align:start position:0% +much you contributed to the pot did the +hand go to Showdown there's there's tons + + align:start position:0% +hand go to Showdown there's there's tons + + + align:start position:0% +hand go to Showdown there's there's tons +of options hand values um is another way + + align:start position:0% +of options hand values um is another way + + + align:start position:0% +of options hand values um is another way +way you're going to want to look at + + align:start position:0% +way you're going to want to look at + + + align:start position:0% +way you're going to want to look at +hands and that is your whole cards your + + align:start position:0% +hands and that is your whole cards your + + + align:start position:0% +hands and that is your whole cards your +hand strength and your draw strength so + + align:start position:0% +hand strength and your draw strength so + + + align:start position:0% +hand strength and your draw strength so +let's go through those uh this is what + + align:start position:0% +let's go through those uh this is what + + + align:start position:0% +let's go through those uh this is what +the whole card filtering looks like + + align:start position:0% +the whole card filtering looks like + + + align:start position:0% +the whole card filtering looks like +you've got the chart of all the + + align:start position:0% +you've got the chart of all the + + + align:start position:0% +you've got the chart of all the +different whole card options uh so there + + align:start position:0% +different whole card options uh so there + + + align:start position:0% +different whole card options uh so there +are several ways you can do it if you + + align:start position:0% +are several ways you can do it if you + + + align:start position:0% +are several ways you can do it if you +want you can just click on individual + + align:start position:0% +want you can just click on individual + + + align:start position:0% +want you can just click on individual +whole card so if you just wanted to pick + + align:start position:0% +whole card so if you just wanted to pick + + + align:start position:0% +whole card so if you just wanted to pick +uh say pocket 10 you click right there + + align:start position:0% +uh say pocket 10 you click right there + + + align:start position:0% +uh say pocket 10 you click right there +add to filter you're done now all you + + align:start position:0% +add to filter you're done now all you + + + align:start position:0% +add to filter you're done now all you +only see data from pocket tens if you + + align:start position:0% +only see data from pocket tens if you + + + align:start position:0% +only see data from pocket tens if you +wanted to see the top 15% of hands you + + align:start position:0% +wanted to see the top 15% of hands you + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to see the top 15% of hands you +can come down to this slider and you can + + align:start position:0% +can come down to this slider and you can + + + align:start position:0% +can come down to this slider and you can +slide it over to 15% now my top 15% of + + align:start position:0% +slide it over to 15% now my top 15% of + + + align:start position:0% +slide it over to 15% now my top 15% of +hands and your top 15% of hands may be + + align:start position:0% +hands and your top 15% of hands may be + + + align:start position:0% +hands and your top 15% of hands may be +different that's why we have this model + + align:start position:0% +different that's why we have this model + + + align:start position:0% +different that's why we have this model +option um so we're using by default this + + align:start position:0% +option um so we're using by default this + + + align:start position:0% +option um so we're using by default this +gansky Carlson model which was um + + align:start position:0% +gansky Carlson model which was um + + + align:start position:0% +gansky Carlson model which was um +invented by them in response to a very + + align:start position:0% +invented by them in response to a very + + + align:start position:0% +invented by them in response to a very +specific math problem which I think you + + align:start position:0% +specific math problem which I think you + + + align:start position:0% +specific math problem which I think you +guys will talk about later in the course + + align:start position:0% +guys will talk about later in the course + + + align:start position:0% +guys will talk about later in the course +um so that we use that as as the default + + align:start position:0% +um so that we use that as as the default + + + align:start position:0% +um so that we use that as as the default +model uh to rank hands but if you don't + + align:start position:0% +model uh to rank hands but if you don't + + + align:start position:0% +model uh to rank hands but if you don't +like that you can actually go in and you + + align:start position:0% +like that you can actually go in and you + + + align:start position:0% +like that you can actually go in and you +can make your own custom model you can + + align:start position:0% +can make your own custom model you can + + + align:start position:0% +can make your own custom model you can +say you know what I want 32 suited to be + + align:start position:0% +say you know what I want 32 suited to be + + + align:start position:0% +say you know what I want 32 suited to be +the best hand in the deck because I love + + align:start position:0% +the best hand in the deck because I love + + + align:start position:0% +the best hand in the deck because I love +it you can do that you can put that at + + align:start position:0% +it you can do that you can put that at + + + align:start position:0% +it you can do that you can put that at +the top um we also have hand versus + + align:start position:0% +the top um we also have hand versus + + + align:start position:0% +the top um we also have hand versus +three randoms as a default model uh + + align:start position:0% +three randoms as a default model uh + + + align:start position:0% +three randoms as a default model uh +which ranks hands based on their Equity + + align:start position:0% +which ranks hands based on their Equity + + + align:start position:0% +which ranks hands based on their Equity +against three random sets of whole cards + + align:start position:0% +against three random sets of whole cards + + + align:start position:0% +against three random sets of whole cards +it's going to look very different it's + + align:start position:0% +it's going to look very different it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to look very different it's +going to be a lot more skewed towards uh + + align:start position:0% +going to be a lot more skewed towards uh + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a lot more skewed towards uh +High cards so you're going to see things + + align:start position:0% +High cards so you're going to see things + + + align:start position:0% +High cards so you're going to see things +like King jack off suit and queen jack + + align:start position:0% +like King jack off suit and queen jack + + + align:start position:0% +like King jack off suit and queen jack +off suit long before you see low pocket + + align:start position:0% +off suit long before you see low pocket + + + align:start position:0% +off suit long before you see low pocket +pairs so that's going to going to make + + align:start position:0% +pairs so that's going to going to make + + + align:start position:0% +pairs so that's going to going to make +things radically different in terms of + + align:start position:0% +things radically different in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +things radically different in terms of +using the percentages there's also this + + align:start position:0% +using the percentages there's also this + + + align:start position:0% +using the percentages there's also this +group select button which will save you + + align:start position:0% +group select button which will save you + + + align:start position:0% +group select button which will save you +time if you're making like if you want + + align:start position:0% +time if you're making like if you want + + + align:start position:0% +time if you're making like if you want +to do like any a you can just click + + align:start position:0% +to do like any a you can just click + + + align:start position:0% +to do like any a you can just click +group select any a or if you want to do + + align:start position:0% +group select any a or if you want to do + + + align:start position:0% +group select any a or if you want to do +any pair group select any pair if you + + align:start position:0% +any pair group select any pair if you + + + align:start position:0% +any pair group select any pair if you +want to invert it you can just click + + align:start position:0% +want to invert it you can just click + + + align:start position:0% +want to invert it you can just click +group select and invert and it will and + + align:start position:0% +group select and invert and it will and + + + align:start position:0% +group select and invert and it will and +anything that's turned on will be turned + + align:start position:0% +anything that's turned on will be turned + + + align:start position:0% +anything that's turned on will be turned +off so you have lots of options there + + align:start position:0% +off so you have lots of options there + + + align:start position:0% +off so you have lots of options there +once you've set whatever you want you + + align:start position:0% +once you've set whatever you want you + + + align:start position:0% +once you've set whatever you want you +just click add to filter uh hand + + align:start position:0% +just click add to filter uh hand + + + align:start position:0% +just click add to filter uh hand +strength so once you see the Flop you + + align:start position:0% +strength so once you see the Flop you + + + align:start position:0% +strength so once you see the Flop you +have some hand strength so all of these + + align:start position:0% +have some hand strength so all of these + + + align:start position:0% +have some hand strength so all of these +do imply having some sort of hand uh you + + align:start position:0% +do imply having some sort of hand uh you + + + align:start position:0% +do imply having some sort of hand uh you +know did you have a high card that means + + align:start position:0% +know did you have a high card that means + + + align:start position:0% +know did you have a high card that means +you don't have any pair you know you + + align:start position:0% +you don't have any pair you know you + + + align:start position:0% +you don't have any pair you know you +just look at what your high card + + align:start position:0% +just look at what your high card + + + align:start position:0% +just look at what your high card +strength is one pair two pair three of a + + align:start position:0% +strength is one pair two pair three of a + + + align:start position:0% +strength is one pair two pair three of a +kind all the way down there are multiple + + align:start position:0% +kind all the way down there are multiple + + + align:start position:0% +kind all the way down there are multiple +multiple options in each of these I'm + + align:start position:0% +multiple options in each of these I'm + + + align:start position:0% +multiple options in each of these I'm +just going to look at straight just to + + align:start position:0% +just going to look at straight just to + + + align:start position:0% +just going to look at straight just to +save a little bit of time um so what you + + align:start position:0% +save a little bit of time um so what you + + + align:start position:0% +save a little bit of time um so what you +would pick is what street you made it on + + align:start position:0% +would pick is what street you made it on + + + align:start position:0% +would pick is what street you made it on +so if you wanted to look at only times + + align:start position:0% +so if you wanted to look at only times + + + align:start position:0% +so if you wanted to look at only times +you made the straight on the river you + + align:start position:0% +you made the straight on the river you + + + align:start position:0% +you made the straight on the river you +could pick that you know when um if you + + align:start position:0% +could pick that you know when um if you + + + align:start position:0% +could pick that you know when um if you +wanted to see any Street if you wanted + + align:start position:0% +wanted to see any Street if you wanted + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to see any Street if you wanted +to see all three streets you can just + + align:start position:0% +to see all three streets you can just + + + align:start position:0% +to see all three streets you can just +change that turn it on uh how many hole + + align:start position:0% +change that turn it on uh how many hole + + + align:start position:0% +change that turn it on uh how many hole +cards you used if you wanted both of + + align:start position:0% +cards you used if you wanted both of + + + align:start position:0% +cards you used if you wanted both of +your hole cards to be used to make this + + align:start position:0% +your hole cards to be used to make this + + + align:start position:0% +your hole cards to be used to make this +straight you can turn that on right here + + align:start position:0% +straight you can turn that on right here + + + align:start position:0% +straight you can turn that on right here +uh nut and non-nut strength straight uh + + align:start position:0% +uh nut and non-nut strength straight uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh nut and non-nut strength straight uh +means it's the best possible straight + + align:start position:0% +means it's the best possible straight + + + align:start position:0% +means it's the best possible straight +versus a better straight could be made + + align:start position:0% +versus a better straight could be made + + + align:start position:0% +versus a better straight could be made +so if you have Ace King and the board is + + align:start position:0% +so if you have Ace King and the board is + + + align:start position:0% +so if you have Ace King and the board is +Queen Jack 10 you have the nut straight + + align:start position:0% +Queen Jack 10 you have the nut straight + + + align:start position:0% +Queen Jack 10 you have the nut straight +no one can have a better straight you + + align:start position:0% +no one can have a better straight you + + + align:start position:0% +no one can have a better straight you +have the absolute best Straight if you + + align:start position:0% +have the absolute best Straight if you + + + align:start position:0% +have the absolute best Straight if you +have 98 on that same board you still + + align:start position:0% +have 98 on that same board you still + + + align:start position:0% +have 98 on that same board you still +have a straight 89 10 Jack queen king + + align:start position:0% +have a straight 89 10 Jack queen king + + + align:start position:0% +have a straight 89 10 Jack queen king +not Jack Queen but Ace King still is a + + align:start position:0% +not Jack Queen but Ace King still is a + + + align:start position:0% +not Jack Queen but Ace King still is a +better straight than you so you would + + align:start position:0% +better straight than you so you would + + + align:start position:0% +better straight than you so you would +have the non-nut straight backd door + + align:start position:0% +have the non-nut straight backd door + + + align:start position:0% +have the non-nut straight backd door +straight is when you don't have a + + align:start position:0% +straight is when you don't have a + + + align:start position:0% +straight is when you don't have a +straight on the on until the river and + + align:start position:0% +straight on the on until the river and + + + align:start position:0% +straight on the on until the river and +you didn't have a straight draw on the + + align:start position:0% +you didn't have a straight draw on the + + + align:start position:0% +you didn't have a straight draw on the +Flop either so if you had Ace Jack with + + align:start position:0% +Flop either so if you had Ace Jack with + + + align:start position:0% +Flop either so if you had Ace Jack with +a king on the board and it came Queen 10 + + align:start position:0% +a king on the board and it came Queen 10 + + + align:start position:0% +a king on the board and it came Queen 10 +to bust some opponent on the bubble you + + align:start position:0% +to bust some opponent on the bubble you + + + align:start position:0% +to bust some opponent on the bubble you +just completed a back door straight and + + align:start position:0% +just completed a back door straight and + + + align:start position:0% +just completed a back door straight and +made somebody very + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +unhappy draw strength so these are these + + align:start position:0% +unhappy draw strength so these are these + + + align:start position:0% +unhappy draw strength so these are these +are how you would look at if you want to + + align:start position:0% +are how you would look at if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +are how you would look at if you want to +look at my Straight my Straight draws my + + align:start position:0% +look at my Straight my Straight draws my + + + align:start position:0% +look at my Straight my Straight draws my +flush draws you'd pick which street you + + align:start position:0% +flush draws you'd pick which street you + + + align:start position:0% +flush draws you'd pick which street you +had it on which can be any flop tone or + + align:start position:0% +had it on which can be any flop tone or + + + align:start position:0% +had it on which can be any flop tone or +both because you never have draws on the + + align:start position:0% +both because you never have draws on the + + + align:start position:0% +both because you never have draws on the +river your hand is made or not um and we + + align:start position:0% +river your hand is made or not um and we + + + align:start position:0% +river your hand is made or not um and we +have the different kinds of draw options + + align:start position:0% +have the different kinds of draw options + + + align:start position:0% +have the different kinds of draw options +so for straight draws you can have + + align:start position:0% +so for straight draws you can have + + + align:start position:0% +so for straight draws you can have +either a draw to one card which makes + + align:start position:0% +either a draw to one card which makes + + + align:start position:0% +either a draw to one card which makes +you four outs or a draw to two cards + + align:start position:0% +you four outs or a draw to two cards + + + align:start position:0% +you four outs or a draw to two cards +which makes you eight outs um and we let + + align:start position:0% +which makes you eight outs um and we let + + + align:start position:0% +which makes you eight outs um and we let +you pick here whether they're the the + + align:start position:0% +you pick here whether they're the the + + + align:start position:0% +you pick here whether they're the the +outs to the best possible straight or + + align:start position:0% +outs to the best possible straight or + + + align:start position:0% +outs to the best possible straight or +outs to some straight that's not the + + align:start position:0% +outs to some straight that's not the + + + align:start position:0% +outs to some straight that's not the +best and depending on you know whether + + align:start position:0% +best and depending on you know whether + + + align:start position:0% +best and depending on you know whether +it's open-ended or double gutshot uh we + + align:start position:0% +it's open-ended or double gutshot uh we + + + align:start position:0% +it's open-ended or double gutshot uh we +also you can filter for back door + + align:start position:0% +also you can filter for back door + + + align:start position:0% +also you can filter for back door +straight draw or hands where you didn't + + align:start position:0% +straight draw or hands where you didn't + + + align:start position:0% +straight draw or hands where you didn't +have any straight draw ever so you can + + align:start position:0% +have any straight draw ever so you can + + + align:start position:0% +have any straight draw ever so you can +imagine these can combine for lots of + + align:start position:0% +imagine these can combine for lots of + + + align:start position:0% +imagine these can combine for lots of +different things uh board texture um is + + align:start position:0% +different things uh board texture um is + + + align:start position:0% +different things uh board texture um is +how the cards are are working together + + align:start position:0% +how the cards are are working together + + + align:start position:0% +how the cards are are working together +on the Flop uh if you wanted to look for + + align:start position:0% +on the Flop uh if you wanted to look for + + + align:start position:0% +on the Flop uh if you wanted to look for +a a flop with any Ace you'd go into + + align:start position:0% +a a flop with any Ace you'd go into + + + align:start position:0% +a a flop with any Ace you'd go into +board cards and you could pick Ace on + + align:start position:0% +board cards and you could pick Ace on + + + align:start position:0% +board cards and you could pick Ace on +the Flop if you wanted to look for the + + align:start position:0% +the Flop if you wanted to look for the + + + align:start position:0% +the Flop if you wanted to look for the +the turn paired the board with the Flop + + align:start position:0% +the turn paired the board with the Flop + + + align:start position:0% +the turn paired the board with the Flop +you'd go into board pairing to the turn + + align:start position:0% +you'd go into board pairing to the turn + + + align:start position:0% +you'd go into board pairing to the turn +section and that one's there if you + + align:start position:0% +section and that one's there if you + + + align:start position:0% +section and that one's there if you +wanted to look for times the Flop was + + align:start position:0% +wanted to look for times the Flop was + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to look for times the Flop was +all three clubs so you you want monotone + + align:start position:0% +all three clubs so you you want monotone + + + align:start position:0% +all three clubs so you you want monotone +you would go into board suits and you'd + + align:start position:0% +you would go into board suits and you'd + + + align:start position:0% +you would go into board suits and you'd +pick all three cards of one suit for the + + align:start position:0% +pick all three cards of one suit for the + + + align:start position:0% +pick all three cards of one suit for the +Flop board connectedness is like 1098 is + + align:start position:0% +Flop board connectedness is like 1098 is + + + align:start position:0% +Flop board connectedness is like 1098 is +considered a connected flop 1097 is a + + align:start position:0% +considered a connected flop 1097 is a + + + align:start position:0% +considered a connected flop 1097 is a +little less connected so all those kinds + + align:start position:0% +little less connected so all those kinds + + + align:start position:0% +little less connected so all those kinds +of options are in there so you can be + + align:start position:0% +of options are in there so you can be + + + align:start position:0% +of options are in there so you can be +really specific about picking the + + align:start position:0% +really specific about picking the + + + align:start position:0% +really specific about picking the +situations you're filtering for and Now + + align:start position:0% +situations you're filtering for and Now + + + align:start position:0% +situations you're filtering for and Now +actions and opportunities is the last + + align:start position:0% +actions and opportunities is the last + + + align:start position:0% +actions and opportunities is the last +section um but in some ways it's almost + + align:start position:0% +section um but in some ways it's almost + + + align:start position:0% +section um but in some ways it's almost +the biggest because these are actions + + align:start position:0% +the biggest because these are actions + + + align:start position:0% +the biggest because these are actions +you had or opportunities you had in + + align:start position:0% +you had or opportunities you had in + + + align:start position:0% +you had or opportunities you had in +hands you played so um this includes + + align:start position:0% +hands you played so um this includes + + + align:start position:0% +hands you played so um this includes +bets and sizing raises raises fac raise + + align:start position:0% +bets and sizing raises raises fac raise + + + align:start position:0% +bets and sizing raises raises fac raise +sizing calls folds opportunities you + + align:start position:0% +sizing calls folds opportunities you + + + align:start position:0% +sizing calls folds opportunities you +name it so we're going to look at pre + + align:start position:0% +name it so we're going to look at pre + + + align:start position:0% +name it so we're going to look at pre +flop just quickly so that you get an + + align:start position:0% +flop just quickly so that you get an + + + align:start position:0% +flop just quickly so that you get an +idea um if you if you want to look at + + align:start position:0% +idea um if you if you want to look at + + + align:start position:0% +idea um if you if you want to look at +hands where you voluntarily put money in + + align:start position:0% +hands where you voluntarily put money in + + + align:start position:0% +hands where you voluntarily put money in +pot turn that on posted blinds raises + + align:start position:0% +pot turn that on posted blinds raises + + + align:start position:0% +pot turn that on posted blinds raises +calls folds opportunities all of these + + align:start position:0% +calls folds opportunities all of these + + + align:start position:0% +calls folds opportunities all of these +are here to let you um filter for times + + align:start position:0% +are here to let you um filter for times + + + align:start position:0% +are here to let you um filter for times +you made a three bet times you faced a + + align:start position:0% +you made a three bet times you faced a + + + align:start position:0% +you made a three bet times you faced a +three bet times you folded to a three + + align:start position:0% +three bet times you folded to a three + + + align:start position:0% +three bet times you folded to a three +bet uh times you had a chance to face an + + align:start position:0% +bet uh times you had a chance to face an + + + align:start position:0% +bet uh times you had a chance to face an +Allin that would be an opportunities uh + + align:start position:0% +Allin that would be an opportunities uh + + + align:start position:0% +Allin that would be an opportunities uh +action sequence is your specific action + + align:start position:0% +action sequence is your specific action + + + align:start position:0% +action sequence is your specific action +so your first action is raised and your + + align:start position:0% +so your first action is raised and your + + + align:start position:0% +so your first action is raised and your +second action is call let's bring those + + align:start position:0% +second action is call let's bring those + + + align:start position:0% +second action is call let's bring those +up um bet sizing I want to look at times + + align:start position:0% +up um bet sizing I want to look at times + + + align:start position:0% +up um bet sizing I want to look at times +I made a three big blind open Rays we + + align:start position:0% +I made a three big blind open Rays we + + + align:start position:0% +I made a three big blind open Rays we +can bring those up actions and counter + + align:start position:0% +can bring those up actions and counter + + + align:start position:0% +can bring those up actions and counter +with sizes is what someone else did and + + align:start position:0% +with sizes is what someone else did and + + + align:start position:0% +with sizes is what someone else did and +it came to me so they made an open Raise + + align:start position:0% +it came to me so they made an open Raise + + + align:start position:0% +it came to me so they made an open Raise +of three big blinds and it came to me + + align:start position:0% +of three big blinds and it came to me + + + align:start position:0% +of three big blinds and it came to me +that would be in there and we have those + + align:start position:0% +that would be in there and we have those + + + align:start position:0% +that would be in there and we have those +for for flop turn and River + + align:start position:0% +for for flop turn and River + + + align:start position:0% +for for flop turn and River +two if that's not enough and you need + + align:start position:0% +two if that's not enough and you need + + + align:start position:0% +two if that's not enough and you need +more stuff you can combine these so you + + align:start position:0% +more stuff you can combine these so you + + + align:start position:0% +more stuff you can combine these so you +can highlight them so this is what it + + align:start position:0% +can highlight them so this is what it + + + align:start position:0% +can highlight them so this is what it +looks like after you click add to + + align:start position:0% +looks like after you click add to + + + align:start position:0% +looks like after you click add to +filters uh so we've added two sizes + + align:start position:0% +filters uh so we've added two sizes + + + align:start position:0% +filters uh so we've added two sizes +calculated in big blinds actions faced + + align:start position:0% +calculated in big blinds actions faced + + + align:start position:0% +calculated in big blinds actions faced +two bet pre- flop between two and three + + align:start position:0% +two bet pre- flop between two and three + + + align:start position:0% +two bet pre- flop between two and three +so that means that someone made a two to + + align:start position:0% +so that means that someone made a two to + + + align:start position:0% +so that means that someone made a two to +three big blind open before the Flop and + + align:start position:0% +three big blind open before the Flop and + + + align:start position:0% +three big blind open before the Flop and +we faced that raise um that that that's + + align:start position:0% +we faced that raise um that that that's + + + align:start position:0% +we faced that raise um that that that's +that filter and this is we made a first + + align:start position:0% +that filter and this is we made a first + + + align:start position:0% +that filter and this is we made a first +raise flop with between two and three + + align:start position:0% +raise flop with between two and three + + + align:start position:0% +raise flop with between two and three +big blinds now it should be obvious + + align:start position:0% +big blinds now it should be obvious + + + align:start position:0% +big blinds now it should be obvious +these will never happen together so if + + align:start position:0% +these will never happen together so if + + + align:start position:0% +these will never happen together so if +you leave these on within and you click + + align:start position:0% +you leave these on within and you click + + + align:start position:0% +you leave these on within and you click +save and apply to all filters you will + + align:start position:0% +save and apply to all filters you will + + + align:start position:0% +save and apply to all filters you will +see no data anywhere because that can + + align:start position:0% +see no data anywhere because that can + + + align:start position:0% +see no data anywhere because that can +never happen so what you might want + + align:start position:0% +never happen so what you might want + + + align:start position:0% +never happen so what you might want +however is you want to see any of these + + align:start position:0% +however is you want to see any of these + + + align:start position:0% +however is you want to see any of these +two times so you're looking for hands + + align:start position:0% +two times so you're looking for hands + + + align:start position:0% +two times so you're looking for hands +where someone made that two to three big + + align:start position:0% +where someone made that two to three big + + + align:start position:0% +where someone made that two to three big +blind open I want to see how that + + align:start position:0% +blind open I want to see how that + + + align:start position:0% +blind open I want to see how that +affects things on the turn let's say + + align:start position:0% +affects things on the turn let's say + + + align:start position:0% +affects things on the turn let's say +because those are the spots I want to + + align:start position:0% +because those are the spots I want to + + + align:start position:0% +because those are the spots I want to +look at now that's what the or selects + + align:start position:0% +look at now that's what the or selects + + + align:start position:0% +look at now that's what the or selects +so you'd use or this is inclusive or um + + align:start position:0% +so you'd use or this is inclusive or um + + + align:start position:0% +so you'd use or this is inclusive or um +so any of the times that match either + + align:start position:0% +so any of the times that match either + + + align:start position:0% +so any of the times that match either +one of these two spots will come + + align:start position:0% +one of these two spots will come + + + align:start position:0% +one of these two spots will come +together and when you click that uh they + + align:start position:0% +together and when you click that uh they + + + align:start position:0% +together and when you click that uh they +it says or and you get the two filters + + align:start position:0% +it says or and you get the two filters + + + align:start position:0% +it says or and you get the two filters +together um and you can also click + + align:start position:0% +together um and you can also click + + + align:start position:0% +together um and you can also click +ungroup once things are grouped together + + align:start position:0% +ungroup once things are grouped together + + + align:start position:0% +ungroup once things are grouped together +and you can split it back up uh you can + + align:start position:0% +and you can split it back up uh you can + + + align:start position:0% +and you can split it back up uh you can +use and if you want to to make nested + + align:start position:0% +use and if you want to to make nested + + + align:start position:0% +use and if you want to to make nested +deeper logic and not uh will negate + + align:start position:0% +deeper logic and not uh will negate + + + align:start position:0% +deeper logic and not uh will negate +things so if you wanted to look at and + + align:start position:0% +things so if you wanted to look at and + + + align:start position:0% +things so if you wanted to look at and +if you wanted to negate you know facing + + align:start position:0% +if you wanted to negate you know facing + + + align:start position:0% +if you wanted to negate you know facing +a you made times you made a two butt of + + align:start position:0% +a you made times you made a two butt of + + + align:start position:0% +a you made times you made a two butt of +that size you could just click on that + + align:start position:0% +that size you could just click on that + + + align:start position:0% +that size you could just click on that +one and click KN uh it's not highlighted + + align:start position:0% +one and click KN uh it's not highlighted + + + align:start position:0% +one and click KN uh it's not highlighted +here because you can't knot two things + + align:start position:0% +here because you can't knot two things + + + align:start position:0% +here because you can't knot two things +at once uh and you know you would see + + align:start position:0% +at once uh and you know you would see + + + align:start position:0% +at once uh and you know you would see +all other time all other + + align:start position:0% +all other time all other + + + align:start position:0% +all other time all other +situations so as you can imag imagine + + align:start position:0% +situations so as you can imag imagine + + + align:start position:0% +situations so as you can imag imagine +making a complicated situation is going + + align:start position:0% +making a complicated situation is going + + + align:start position:0% +making a complicated situation is going +to take you some time and it's going to + + align:start position:0% +to take you some time and it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +to take you some time and it's going to +take you a little work to get used to it + + align:start position:0% +take you a little work to get used to it + + + align:start position:0% +take you a little work to get used to it +that's why we added this save as quick + + align:start position:0% +that's why we added this save as quick + + + align:start position:0% +that's why we added this save as quick +filter option so once you've made it you + + align:start position:0% +filter option so once you've made it you + + + align:start position:0% +filter option so once you've made it you +don't have to make it again which is + + align:start position:0% +don't have to make it again which is + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to make it again which is +fantastic because if you spend half an + + align:start position:0% +fantastic because if you spend half an + + + align:start position:0% +fantastic because if you spend half an +hour on one of these things you don't + + align:start position:0% +hour on one of these things you don't + + + align:start position:0% +hour on one of these things you don't +want to click clear filters and never + + align:start position:0% +want to click clear filters and never + + + align:start position:0% +want to click clear filters and never +see it again so you just click save as + + align:start position:0% +see it again so you just click save as + + + align:start position:0% +see it again so you just click save as +quick filter and type your quick filter + + align:start position:0% +quick filter and type your quick filter + + + align:start position:0% +quick filter and type your quick filter +name and click okay and then you're done + + align:start position:0% +name and click okay and then you're done + + + align:start position:0% +name and click okay and then you're done +it is now saved for the future uh you + + align:start position:0% +it is now saved for the future uh you + + + align:start position:0% +it is now saved for the future uh you +will see it on a dropdown uh which I'll + + align:start position:0% +will see it on a dropdown uh which I'll + + + align:start position:0% +will see it on a dropdown uh which I'll +show you in a couple of slides and you + + align:start position:0% +show you in a couple of slides and you + + + align:start position:0% +show you in a couple of slides and you +will just be able to load that right up + + align:start position:0% +will just be able to load that right up + + + align:start position:0% +will just be able to load that right up +on any of your reports instantly + + align:start position:0% +on any of your reports instantly + + + align:start position:0% +on any of your reports instantly +uh on the other side we have this edit + + align:start position:0% +uh on the other side we have this edit + + + align:start position:0% +uh on the other side we have this edit +quick filters button and when you click + + align:start position:0% +quick filters button and when you click + + + align:start position:0% +quick filters button and when you click +that it shows any saved quick filters + + align:start position:0% +that it shows any saved quick filters + + + align:start position:0% +that it shows any saved quick filters +you have when you click on it it shows + + align:start position:0% +you have when you click on it it shows + + + align:start position:0% +you have when you click on it it shows +you what they are and you can rename + + align:start position:0% +you what they are and you can rename + + + align:start position:0% +you what they are and you can rename +them delete them uh you can load them + + align:start position:0% +them delete them uh you can load them + + + align:start position:0% +them delete them uh you can load them +which is awesome when you have multiples + + align:start position:0% +which is awesome when you have multiples + + + align:start position:0% +which is awesome when you have multiples +if you want to put them together you can + + align:start position:0% +if you want to put them together you can + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to put them together you can +load one and then come over here and + + align:start position:0% +load one and then come over here and + + + align:start position:0% +load one and then come over here and +load the other one and you can append + + align:start position:0% +load the other one and you can append + + + align:start position:0% +load the other one and you can append +them together so you don't have to make + + align:start position:0% +them together so you don't have to make + + + align:start position:0% +them together so you don't have to make +you can make like several pieces and + + align:start position:0% +you can make like several pieces and + + + align:start position:0% +you can make like several pieces and +then put them together really fast um we + + align:start position:0% +then put them together really fast um we + + + align:start position:0% +then put them together really fast um we +we also have them available for free + + align:start position:0% +we also have them available for free + + + align:start position:0% +we also have them available for free +download on our website uh and then you + + align:start position:0% +download on our website uh and then you + + + align:start position:0% +download on our website uh and then you +would import them right here uh and if + + align:start position:0% +would import them right here uh and if + + + align:start position:0% +would import them right here uh and if +you wanted to export them and give them + + align:start position:0% +you wanted to export them and give them + + + align:start position:0% +you wanted to export them and give them +to your friends you wanted to you know + + align:start position:0% +to your friends you wanted to you know + + + align:start position:0% +to your friends you wanted to you know +you said let's let's all make a group of + + align:start position:0% +you said let's let's all make a group of + + + align:start position:0% +you said let's let's all make a group of +filters together we'll split up the + + align:start position:0% +filters together we'll split up the + + + align:start position:0% +filters together we'll split up the +sample and you make these you make these + + align:start position:0% +sample and you make these you make these + + + align:start position:0% +sample and you make these you make these +I'll make these and then you want to + + align:start position:0% +I'll make these and then you want to + + + align:start position:0% +I'll make these and then you want to +give them all to each other great you + + align:start position:0% +give them all to each other great you + + + align:start position:0% +give them all to each other great you +just export them give them to each other + + align:start position:0% +just export them give them to each other + + + align:start position:0% +just export them give them to each other +it save you a whole bunch of + + align:start position:0% +it save you a whole bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +it save you a whole bunch of +time and this is the drop down in the + + align:start position:0% +time and this is the drop down in the + + + align:start position:0% +time and this is the drop down in the +sidebar um so you see like once we've + + align:start position:0% +sidebar um so you see like once we've + + + align:start position:0% +sidebar um so you see like once we've +made this quick filter you just pick it + + align:start position:0% +made this quick filter you just pick it + + + align:start position:0% +made this quick filter you just pick it +click that and you're done now that + + align:start position:0% +click that and you're done now that + + + align:start position:0% +click that and you're done now that +filter applies to all of the reports on + + align:start position:0% +filter applies to all of the reports on + + + align:start position:0% +filter applies to all of the reports on +the other + + align:start position:0% +the other + + + align:start position:0% +the other +side so I've talked a lot about stats + + align:start position:0% +side so I've talked a lot about stats + + + align:start position:0% +side so I've talked a lot about stats +and I hope you're sitting there + + align:start position:0% +and I hope you're sitting there + + + align:start position:0% +and I hope you're sitting there +wondering what are these things how can + + align:start position:0% +wondering what are these things how can + + + align:start position:0% +wondering what are these things how can +I find out more about them like I want + + align:start position:0% +I find out more about them like I want + + + align:start position:0% +I find out more about them like I want +to know about it but there's so much + + align:start position:0% +to know about it but there's so much + + + align:start position:0% +to know about it but there's so much +going on so the way these work is the + + align:start position:0% +going on so the way these work is the + + + align:start position:0% +going on so the way these work is the +vast majority of stats in our software + + align:start position:0% +vast majority of stats in our software + + + align:start position:0% +vast majority of stats in our software +will tell you what percentage of the + + align:start position:0% +will tell you what percentage of the + + + align:start position:0% +will tell you what percentage of the +time somebody did something given that + + align:start position:0% +time somebody did something given that + + + align:start position:0% +time somebody did something given that +he had a chance to so it's this very + + align:start position:0% +he had a chance to so it's this very + + + align:start position:0% +he had a chance to so it's this very +simple mathematical formula how often + + align:start position:0% +simple mathematical formula how often + + + align:start position:0% +simple mathematical formula how often +did he do it how often did he have a + + align:start position:0% +did he do it how often did he have a + + + align:start position:0% +did he do it how often did he have a +chance to do it turn it into a + + align:start position:0% +chance to do it turn it into a + + + align:start position:0% +chance to do it turn it into a +percentage done how often did he have a + + align:start position:0% +percentage done how often did he have a + + + align:start position:0% +percentage done how often did he have a +chance to three bet divided by how how + + align:start position:0% +chance to three bet divided by how how + + + align:start position:0% +chance to three bet divided by how how +often did he actually three bet divided + + align:start position:0% +often did he actually three bet divided + + + align:start position:0% +often did he actually three bet divided +by how often he had a chance to three + + align:start position:0% +by how often he had a chance to three + + + align:start position:0% +by how often he had a chance to three +bet multiply it by 100 if it'ss 1% of + + align:start position:0% +bet multiply it by 100 if it'ss 1% of + + + align:start position:0% +bet multiply it by 100 if it'ss 1% of +the time when he three bets you he has a + + align:start position:0% +the time when he three bets you he has a + + + align:start position:0% +the time when he three bets you he has a +hand so let's go through a few examples + + align:start position:0% +hand so let's go through a few examples + + + align:start position:0% +hand so let's go through a few examples +uh vpip we've already talked about a + + align:start position:0% +uh vpip we've already talked about a + + + align:start position:0% +uh vpip we've already talked about a +bunch so it's the percentage of the time + + align:start position:0% +bunch so it's the percentage of the time + + + align:start position:0% +bunch so it's the percentage of the time +a player chose to put money in before + + align:start position:0% +a player chose to put money in before + + + align:start position:0% +a player chose to put money in before +the Flop uh this is considered like one + + align:start position:0% +the Flop uh this is considered like one + + + align:start position:0% +the Flop uh this is considered like one +of the staple stats uh because it really + + align:start position:0% +of the staple stats uh because it really + + + align:start position:0% +of the staple stats uh because it really +speaks to how uh much a player is + + align:start position:0% +speaks to how uh much a player is + + + align:start position:0% +speaks to how uh much a player is +involved in the pot if you've been + + align:start position:0% +involved in the pot if you've been + + + align:start position:0% +involved in the pot if you've been +sitting at a casino and you see a guy + + align:start position:0% +sitting at a casino and you see a guy + + + align:start position:0% +sitting at a casino and you see a guy +that's just splashing money every hand + + align:start position:0% +that's just splashing money every hand + + + align:start position:0% +that's just splashing money every hand +he's playing every hand he doesn't care + + align:start position:0% +he's playing every hand he doesn't care + + + align:start position:0% +he's playing every hand he doesn't care +his vpip is is very high and it's it's + + align:start position:0% +his vpip is is very high and it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +his vpip is is very high and it's it's +easier to think about that player when + + align:start position:0% +easier to think about that player when + + + align:start position:0% +easier to think about that player when +you start building models in your mind + + align:start position:0% +you start building models in your mind + + + align:start position:0% +you start building models in your mind +of what do players who have vpip do and + + align:start position:0% +of what do players who have vpip do and + + + align:start position:0% +of what do players who have vpip do and +you can start to categorize players by + + align:start position:0% +you can start to categorize players by + + + align:start position:0% +you can start to categorize players by +like vpip numbers so someone who has a + + align:start position:0% +like vpip numbers so someone who has a + + + align:start position:0% +like vpip numbers so someone who has a +vpip of 40 is going to have similar + + align:start position:0% +vpip of 40 is going to have similar + + + align:start position:0% +vpip of 40 is going to have similar +kinds of play style to someone else who + + align:start position:0% +kinds of play style to someone else who + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of play style to someone else who +has a vpip 40 even if you don't know a + + align:start position:0% +has a vpip 40 even if you don't know a + + + align:start position:0% +has a vpip 40 even if you don't know a +whole lot else because this one will + + align:start position:0% +whole lot else because this one will + + + align:start position:0% +whole lot else because this one will +converge pretty quickly since they will + + align:start position:0% +converge pretty quickly since they will + + + align:start position:0% +converge pretty quickly since they will +vpip or not pretty much every + + align:start position:0% +vpip or not pretty much every + + + align:start position:0% +vpip or not pretty much every +hand race for sin is a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +hand race for sin is a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +hand race for sin is a little bit more +restrictive um but I think it's one + + align:start position:0% +restrictive um but I think it's one + + + align:start position:0% +restrictive um but I think it's one +that's really useful for you guys in + + align:start position:0% +that's really useful for you guys in + + + align:start position:0% +that's really useful for you guys in +tournament Play It's the percentage of + + align:start position:0% +tournament Play It's the percentage of + + + align:start position:0% +tournament Play It's the percentage of +time a player raises on their first + + align:start position:0% +time a player raises on their first + + + align:start position:0% +time a player raises on their first +action when everyone has folded to them + + align:start position:0% +action when everyone has folded to them + + + align:start position:0% +action when everyone has folded to them +so if everyone folds to you and you + + align:start position:0% +so if everyone folds to you and you + + + align:start position:0% +so if everyone folds to you and you +raise you raised first in the pot uh so + + align:start position:0% +raise you raised first in the pot uh so + + + align:start position:0% +raise you raised first in the pot uh so +if you see that be 40% for somebody they + + align:start position:0% +if you see that be 40% for somebody they + + + align:start position:0% +if you see that be 40% for somebody they +are raising a ton they are raising + + align:start position:0% +are raising a ton they are raising + + + align:start position:0% +are raising a ton they are raising +almost half of all hands it's a huge + + align:start position:0% +almost half of all hands it's a huge + + + align:start position:0% +almost half of all hands it's a huge +number uh if you see and these can + + align:start position:0% +number uh if you see and these can + + + align:start position:0% +number uh if you see and these can +combine these work together right so if + + align:start position:0% +combine these work together right so if + + + align:start position:0% +combine these work together right so if +someone has a vpip of 70 and a and a + + align:start position:0% +someone has a vpip of 70 and a and a + + + align:start position:0% +someone has a vpip of 70 and a and a +raised first in of two they are calling + + align:start position:0% +raised first in of two they are calling + + + align:start position:0% +raised first in of two they are calling +all the time but they are not raising + + align:start position:0% +all the time but they are not raising + + + align:start position:0% +all the time but they are not raising +ever so this starts to give you an idea + + align:start position:0% +ever so this starts to give you an idea + + + align:start position:0% +ever so this starts to give you an idea +what kind of player they are they're the + + align:start position:0% +what kind of player they are they're the + + + align:start position:0% +what kind of player they are they're the +kind of player who just puts money in + + align:start position:0% +kind of player who just puts money in + + + align:start position:0% +kind of player who just puts money in +but they are not willing to commit to a + + align:start position:0% +but they are not willing to commit to a + + + align:start position:0% +but they are not willing to commit to a +raise they don't want to bring the + + align:start position:0% +raise they don't want to bring the + + + align:start position:0% +raise they don't want to bring the +stakes higher they just want to go along + + align:start position:0% +stakes higher they just want to go along + + + align:start position:0% +stakes higher they just want to go along +with whatever's happening and some stats + + align:start position:0% +with whatever's happening and some stats + + + align:start position:0% +with whatever's happening and some stats +can be super crazy specific so we've + + align:start position:0% +can be super crazy specific so we've + + + align:start position:0% +can be super crazy specific so we've +already talked about what three bets are + + align:start position:0% +already talked about what three bets are + + + align:start position:0% +already talked about what three bets are +we've already talked about what C bets + + align:start position:0% +we've already talked about what C bets + + + align:start position:0% +we've already talked about what C bets +are there is a stat in our system called + + align:start position:0% +are there is a stat in our system called + + + align:start position:0% +are there is a stat in our system called +fold to raise after flop C in a three + + align:start position:0% +fold to raise after flop C in a three + + + align:start position:0% +fold to raise after flop C in a three +bet or higher pot that's what three bet + + align:start position:0% +bet or higher pot that's what three bet + + + align:start position:0% +bet or higher pot that's what three bet +plus means three bet or higher so let's + + align:start position:0% +plus means three bet or higher so let's + + + align:start position:0% +plus means three bet or higher so let's +break this one down it means that we + + align:start position:0% +break this one down it means that we + + + align:start position:0% +break this one down it means that we +made a three bet or higher before the + + align:start position:0% +made a three bet or higher before the + + + align:start position:0% +made a three bet or higher before the +Flop that is we either three bet or we + + align:start position:0% +Flop that is we either three bet or we + + + align:start position:0% +Flop that is we either three bet or we +four bet or we five bet or we six bet + + align:start position:0% +four bet or we five bet or we six bet + + + align:start position:0% +four bet or we five bet or we six bet +anything at anything higher we but we + + align:start position:0% +anything at anything higher we but we + + + align:start position:0% +anything at anything higher we but we +made the last raise because we made a c + + align:start position:0% +made the last raise because we made a c + + + align:start position:0% +made the last raise because we made a c +bet on the Flop so we made some last + + align:start position:0% +bet on the Flop so we made some last + + + align:start position:0% +bet on the Flop so we made some last +raise pre- flop that was at least a r + + align:start position:0% +raise pre- flop that was at least a r + + + align:start position:0% +raise pre- flop that was at least a r +raise and on the Flop we had a chance to + + align:start position:0% +raise and on the Flop we had a chance to + + + align:start position:0% +raise and on the Flop we had a chance to +bet and we bet and they raised us cuz + + align:start position:0% +bet and we bet and they raised us cuz + + + align:start position:0% +bet and we bet and they raised us cuz +they raised and we folded to that + + align:start position:0% +they raised and we folded to that + + + align:start position:0% +they raised and we folded to that +specific raise you will not see this + + align:start position:0% +specific raise you will not see this + + + align:start position:0% +specific raise you will not see this +happen in your tournaments because you + + align:start position:0% +happen in your tournaments because you + + + align:start position:0% +happen in your tournaments because you +are going to be too short to really get + + align:start position:0% +are going to be too short to really get + + + align:start position:0% +are going to be too short to really get +these situations and a cash game this + + align:start position:0% +these situations and a cash game this + + + align:start position:0% +these situations and a cash game this +can be really useful once you have a few + + align:start position:0% +can be really useful once you have a few + + + align:start position:0% +can be really useful once you have a few +thousand hands on somebody um but as you + + align:start position:0% +thousand hands on somebody um but as you + + + align:start position:0% +thousand hands on somebody um but as you +can imagine we if this if we have this + + align:start position:0% +can imagine we if this if we have this + + + align:start position:0% +can imagine we if this if we have this +we have a lot of other really specific + + align:start position:0% +we have a lot of other really specific + + + align:start position:0% +we have a lot of other really specific +stats so if you find something you want + + align:start position:0% +stats so if you find something you want + + + align:start position:0% +stats so if you find something you want +to know more about you can go through + + align:start position:0% +to know more about you can go through + + + align:start position:0% +to know more about you can go through +our stat list and find if there's + + align:start position:0% +our stat list and find if there's + + + align:start position:0% +our stat list and find if there's +something there that already does it um + + align:start position:0% +something there that already does it um + + + align:start position:0% +something there that already does it um +and this is one where you might not want + + align:start position:0% +and this is one where you might not want + + + align:start position:0% +and this is one where you might not want +to pay attention to it until you have a + + align:start position:0% +to pay attention to it until you have a + + + align:start position:0% +to pay attention to it until you have a +really good sample size on + + align:start position:0% +really good sample size on + + + align:start position:0% +really good sample size on +somebody so how do you find all the stat + + align:start position:0% +somebody so how do you find all the stat + + + align:start position:0% +somebody so how do you find all the stat +list if you click configure from the + + align:start position:0% +list if you click configure from the + + + align:start position:0% +list if you click configure from the +menu bar and you choose statistics it's + + align:start position:0% +menu bar and you choose statistics it's + + + align:start position:0% +menu bar and you choose statistics it's +going to pop open this window um which + + align:start position:0% +going to pop open this window um which + + + align:start position:0% +going to pop open this window um which +is going to show you our entire stat + + align:start position:0% +is going to show you our entire stat + + + align:start position:0% +is going to show you our entire stat +list so you guys are going to want to + + align:start position:0% +list so you guys are going to want to + + + align:start position:0% +list so you guys are going to want to +change the tournament and there are + + align:start position:0% +change the tournament and there are + + + align:start position:0% +change the tournament and there are +player stats and hand stats for the + + align:start position:0% +player stats and hand stats for the + + + align:start position:0% +player stats and hand stats for the +different kinds of reports uh and you + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of reports uh and you + + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of reports uh and you +choose stats here so we got we're + + align:start position:0% +choose stats here so we got we're + + + align:start position:0% +choose stats here so we got we're +looking at tournament player stats uh + + align:start position:0% +looking at tournament player stats uh + + + align:start position:0% +looking at tournament player stats uh +you can see we have this list we're just + + align:start position:0% +you can see we have this list we're just + + + align:start position:0% +you can see we have this list we're just +looking at the call stats here you can + + align:start position:0% +looking at the call stats here you can + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the call stats here you can +you can see the scroll bar so we have a + + align:start position:0% +you can see the scroll bar so we have a + + + align:start position:0% +you can see the scroll bar so we have a +lot uh if you want to search for + + align:start position:0% +lot uh if you want to search for + + + align:start position:0% +lot uh if you want to search for +specific ones you can just type like if + + align:start position:0% +specific ones you can just type like if + + + align:start position:0% +specific ones you can just type like if +you type three bet in here you'd + + align:start position:0% +you type three bet in here you'd + + + align:start position:0% +you type three bet in here you'd +suddenly see only three bet stats so + + align:start position:0% +suddenly see only three bet stats so + + + align:start position:0% +suddenly see only three bet stats so +we're looking at stat called call pre- + + align:start position:0% +we're looking at stat called call pre- + + + align:start position:0% +we're looking at stat called call pre- +flop squeeze if you were if you were + + align:start position:0% +flop squeeze if you were if you were + + + align:start position:0% +flop squeeze if you were if you were +looking through the stats and you saw + + align:start position:0% +looking through the stats and you saw + + + align:start position:0% +looking through the stats and you saw +this and you said well what is that + + align:start position:0% +this and you said well what is that + + + align:start position:0% +this and you said well what is that +situation well that situ sitation is + + align:start position:0% +situation well that situ sitation is + + + align:start position:0% +situation well that situ sitation is +described here in details in the + + align:start position:0% +described here in details in the + + + align:start position:0% +described here in details in the +detailed description a squeeze is when + + align:start position:0% +detailed description a squeeze is when + + + align:start position:0% +detailed description a squeeze is when +someone has made a raise and someone + + align:start position:0% +someone has made a raise and someone + + + align:start position:0% +someone has made a raise and someone +else made a call and then somebody three + + align:start position:0% +else made a call and then somebody three + + + align:start position:0% +else made a call and then somebody three +bets both of them that projects an image + + align:start position:0% +bets both of them that projects an image + + + align:start position:0% +bets both of them that projects an image +of a lot of strength um this is talked + + align:start position:0% +of a lot of strength um this is talked + + + align:start position:0% +of a lot of strength um this is talked +about in Harrington on hold them as a + + align:start position:0% +about in Harrington on hold them as a + + + align:start position:0% +about in Harrington on hold them as a +great way to make a move um because if + + align:start position:0% +great way to make a move um because if + + + align:start position:0% +great way to make a move um because if +someone makes an open Raise for three + + align:start position:0% +someone makes an open Raise for three + + + align:start position:0% +someone makes an open Raise for three +big blinds someone else calls and you're + + align:start position:0% +big blinds someone else calls and you're + + + align:start position:0% +big blinds someone else calls and you're +sitting there for 10 big blinds and you + + align:start position:0% +sitting there for 10 big blinds and you + + + align:start position:0% +sitting there for 10 big blinds and you +shove all in the first player needs to + + align:start position:0% +shove all in the first player needs to + + + align:start position:0% +shove all in the first player needs to +decide what's the what's the this the + + align:start position:0% +decide what's the what's the this the + + + align:start position:0% +decide what's the what's the this the +guy behind me who called going to do and + + align:start position:0% +guy behind me who called going to do and + + + align:start position:0% +guy behind me who called going to do and +what's this guy doing he's got to have a + + align:start position:0% +what's this guy doing he's got to have a + + + align:start position:0% +what's this guy doing he's got to have a +big hand if he's able to shove all in + + align:start position:0% +big hand if he's able to shove all in + + + align:start position:0% +big hand if he's able to shove all in +over both of us so that raise is called + + align:start position:0% +over both of us so that raise is called + + + align:start position:0% +over both of us so that raise is called +a squeeze if you face a squeeze and you + + align:start position:0% +a squeeze if you face a squeeze and you + + + align:start position:0% +a squeeze if you face a squeeze and you +call it it will count for this situation + + align:start position:0% +call it it will count for this situation + + + align:start position:0% +call it it will count for this situation +uh if the first the player who made the + + align:start position:0% +uh if the first the player who made the + + + align:start position:0% +uh if the first the player who made the +first Ray folds you still face The + + align:start position:0% +first Ray folds you still face The + + + align:start position:0% +first Ray folds you still face The +Squeeze if you called so those are the + + align:start position:0% +Squeeze if you called so those are the + + + align:start position:0% +Squeeze if you called so those are the +two spots here uh and you can see we + + align:start position:0% +two spots here uh and you can see we + + + align:start position:0% +two spots here uh and you can see we +have the detailed description that + + align:start position:0% +have the detailed description that + + + align:start position:0% +have the detailed description that +explains exactly what it was and the + + align:start position:0% +explains exactly what it was and the + + + align:start position:0% +explains exactly what it was and the +formula gives you the the actual um ra + + align:start position:0% +formula gives you the the actual um ra + + + align:start position:0% +formula gives you the the actual um ra +the actual number we use we don't say + + align:start position:0% +the actual number we use we don't say + + + align:start position:0% +the actual number we use we don't say +multiply by 100 here just to keep it a + + align:start position:0% +multiply by 100 here just to keep it a + + + align:start position:0% +multiply by 100 here just to keep it a +little bit simpler um we have these + + align:start position:0% +little bit simpler um we have these + + + align:start position:0% +little bit simpler um we have these +detail descriptions for every stat in + + align:start position:0% +detail descriptions for every stat in + + + align:start position:0% +detail descriptions for every stat in +the list so if you are so inclined you + + align:start position:0% +the list so if you are so inclined you + + + align:start position:0% +the list so if you are so inclined you +can spend several hours reading through + + align:start position:0% +can spend several hours reading through + + + align:start position:0% +can spend several hours reading through +our entire stat list and I think you + + align:start position:0% +our entire stat list and I think you + + + align:start position:0% +our entire stat list and I think you +will probably be the first person who + + align:start position:0% +will probably be the first person who + + + align:start position:0% +will probably be the first person who +has ever actually done it besides + + align:start position:0% +has ever actually done it besides + + + align:start position:0% +has ever actually done it besides +me so all right we've talked a lot about + + align:start position:0% +me so all right we've talked a lot about + + + align:start position:0% +me so all right we've talked a lot about +opponents and what opponent stats can be + + align:start position:0% +opponents and what opponent stats can be + + + align:start position:0% +opponents and what opponent stats can be +how do you find them how do I how do I + + align:start position:0% +how do you find them how do I how do I + + + align:start position:0% +how do you find them how do I how do I +look at opponent stats in poker tracker + + align:start position:0% +look at opponent stats in poker tracker + + + align:start position:0% +look at opponent stats in poker tracker +this is going to be important because + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be important because + + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be important because +you need to figure out what these + + align:start position:0% +you need to figure out what these + + + align:start position:0% +you need to figure out what these +numbers mean for your various + + align:start position:0% +numbers mean for your various + + + align:start position:0% +numbers mean for your various +opponents so the first way is in results + + align:start position:0% +opponents so the first way is in results + + + align:start position:0% +opponents so the first way is in results +in the results section we have a player + + align:start position:0% +in the results section we have a player + + + align:start position:0% +in the results section we have a player +summary report and we saw it in that Dro + + align:start position:0% +summary report and we saw it in that Dro + + + align:start position:0% +summary report and we saw it in that Dro +down earlier when you choose this report + + align:start position:0% +down earlier when you choose this report + + + align:start position:0% +down earlier when you choose this report +you're going to get one row per player + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get one row per player + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get one row per player +and I blocked out the players names for + + align:start position:0% +and I blocked out the players names for + + + align:start position:0% +and I blocked out the players names for +confidentiality reasons um but you can + + align:start position:0% +confidentiality reasons um but you can + + + align:start position:0% +confidentiality reasons um but you can +then see how many tournaments they + + align:start position:0% +then see how many tournaments they + + + align:start position:0% +then see how many tournaments they +played in what their vpip is what their + + align:start position:0% +played in what their vpip is what their + + + align:start position:0% +played in what their vpip is what their +pfr is what their three bet is how often + + align:start position:0% +pfr is what their three bet is how often + + + align:start position:0% +pfr is what their three bet is how often +were their three bets successful that is + + align:start position:0% +were their three bets successful that is + + + align:start position:0% +were their three bets successful that is +uh how often they three bet and everyone + + align:start position:0% +uh how often they three bet and everyone + + + align:start position:0% +uh how often they three bet and everyone +folded to it which is really fun because + + align:start position:0% +folded to it which is really fun because + + + align:start position:0% +folded to it which is really fun because +if you have a really high three bet + + align:start position:0% +if you have a really high three bet + + + align:start position:0% +if you have a really high three bet +success that means you can really three + + align:start position:0% +success that means you can really three + + + align:start position:0% +success that means you can really three +bet with impunity because everyone's + + align:start position:0% +bet with impunity because everyone's + + + align:start position:0% +bet with impunity because everyone's +folding and it's great uh so you pick up + + align:start position:0% +folding and it's great uh so you pick up + + + align:start position:0% +folding and it's great uh so you pick up +you pick up the open Rays you pick up + + align:start position:0% +you pick up the open Rays you pick up + + + align:start position:0% +you pick up the open Rays you pick up +the blinds you can make lots of money so + + align:start position:0% +the blinds you can make lots of money so + + + align:start position:0% +the blinds you can make lots of money so +you can see this guy is good at picking + + align:start position:0% +you can see this guy is good at picking + + + align:start position:0% +you can see this guy is good at picking +spots he's got 64% 65% this guy's + + align:start position:0% +spots he's got 64% 65% this guy's + + + align:start position:0% +spots he's got 64% 65% this guy's +terrible at picking spots he he's only + + align:start position:0% +terrible at picking spots he he's only + + + align:start position:0% +terrible at picking spots he he's only +been successful one time in three with + + align:start position:0% +been successful one time in three with + + + align:start position:0% +been successful one time in three with +with 17 tournaments it's probably some + + align:start position:0% +with 17 tournaments it's probably some + + + align:start position:0% +with 17 tournaments it's probably some +number like that two and six one and + + align:start position:0% +number like that two and six one and + + + align:start position:0% +number like that two and six one and +three so you want to go deeper than that + + align:start position:0% +three so you want to go deeper than that + + + align:start position:0% +three so you want to go deeper than that +I thought you did we've got the hero + + align:start position:0% +I thought you did we've got the hero + + + align:start position:0% +I thought you did we've got the hero +versus villain report and what this does + + align:start position:0% +versus villain report and what this does + + + align:start position:0% +versus villain report and what this does +is each row again shows one player but + + align:start position:0% +is each row again shows one player but + + + align:start position:0% +is each row again shows one player but +it specifically targets the hands where + + align:start position:0% +it specifically targets the hands where + + + align:start position:0% +it specifically targets the hands where +you both put money in so these are hands + + align:start position:0% +you both put money in so these are hands + + + align:start position:0% +you both put money in so these are hands +you won money from him or he won money + + align:start position:0% +you won money from him or he won money + + + align:start position:0% +you won money from him or he won money +from you it breaks down by different + + align:start position:0% +from you it breaks down by different + + + align:start position:0% +from you it breaks down by different +sizes so you can see if you won lots of + + align:start position:0% +sizes so you can see if you won lots of + + + align:start position:0% +sizes so you can see if you won lots of +big hands or small hands so like we lost + + align:start position:0% +big hands or small hands so like we lost + + + align:start position:0% +big hands or small hands so like we lost +three three reasonable size pots to this + + align:start position:0% +three three reasonable size pots to this + + + align:start position:0% +three three reasonable size pots to this +guy we don't have any big losses which + + align:start position:0% +guy we don't have any big losses which + + + align:start position:0% +guy we don't have any big losses which +is nice in this report um we don't have + + align:start position:0% +is nice in this report um we don't have + + + align:start position:0% +is nice in this report um we don't have +any big wins either we took a we took a + + align:start position:0% +any big wins either we took a we took a + + + align:start position:0% +any big wins either we took a we took a +pretty good three pretty good siiz pots + + align:start position:0% +pretty good three pretty good siiz pots + + + align:start position:0% +pretty good three pretty good siiz pots +from him so if you highlight one of + + align:start position:0% +from him so if you highlight one of + + + align:start position:0% +from him so if you highlight one of +these reports you're going to get the + + align:start position:0% +these reports you're going to get the + + + align:start position:0% +these reports you're going to get the +hands you were involved with this person + + align:start position:0% +hands you were involved with this person + + + align:start position:0% +hands you were involved with this person +in the bottom so if one of your friends + + align:start position:0% +in the bottom so if one of your friends + + + align:start position:0% +in the bottom so if one of your friends +has been playing in these tournaments + + align:start position:0% +has been playing in these tournaments + + + align:start position:0% +has been playing in these tournaments +and saying he's been beating up on you + + align:start position:0% +and saying he's been beating up on you + + + align:start position:0% +and saying he's been beating up on you +you can go look in poker tracker at the + + align:start position:0% +you can go look in poker tracker at the + + + align:start position:0% +you can go look in poker tracker at the +exact hands you've played together and + + align:start position:0% +exact hands you've played together and + + + align:start position:0% +exact hands you've played together and +tell him you're full of it because here + + align:start position:0% +tell him you're full of it because here + + + align:start position:0% +tell him you're full of it because here +are our hands and I can see that you did + + align:start position:0% +are our hands and I can see that you did + + + align:start position:0% +are our hands and I can see that you did +not beat me up look you you you three + + align:start position:0% +not beat me up look you you you three + + + align:start position:0% +not beat me up look you you you three +bet me once and I had four to I'm + + align:start position:0% +bet me once and I had four to I'm + + + align:start position:0% +bet me once and I had four to I'm +clearly not calling your three bet that + + align:start position:0% +clearly not calling your three bet that + + + align:start position:0% +clearly not calling your three bet that +has nothing to do with + + align:start position:0% +has nothing to do with + + + align:start position:0% +has nothing to do with +you so I'm sure you want to go even + + align:start position:0% +you so I'm sure you want to go even + + + align:start position:0% +you so I'm sure you want to go even +deeper than that + + align:start position:0% +deeper than that + + + align:start position:0% +deeper than that +right on the sidebar we also have this + + align:start position:0% +right on the sidebar we also have this + + + align:start position:0% +right on the sidebar we also have this +player box and you can choose a new + + align:start position:0% +player box and you can choose a new + + + align:start position:0% +player box and you can choose a new +player and you can choose any of your + + align:start position:0% +player and you can choose any of your + + + align:start position:0% +player and you can choose any of your +opponents and you when you load them in + + align:start position:0% +opponents and you when you load them in + + + align:start position:0% +opponents and you when you load them in +here what you're going to look at now is + + align:start position:0% +here what you're going to look at now is + + + align:start position:0% +here what you're going to look at now is +all of the data and all of the reports + + align:start position:0% +all of the data and all of the reports + + + align:start position:0% +all of the data and all of the reports +of Poker tracker everything we've been + + align:start position:0% +of Poker tracker everything we've been + + + align:start position:0% +of Poker tracker everything we've been +talking about you will be looking at + + align:start position:0% +talking about you will be looking at + + + align:start position:0% +talking about you will be looking at +from his perspective so you are looking + + align:start position:0% +from his perspective so you are looking + + + align:start position:0% +from his perspective so you are looking +at it through all of the data through + + align:start position:0% +at it through all of the data through + + + align:start position:0% +at it through all of the data through +his eyes and the only thing you need to + + align:start position:0% +his eyes and the only thing you need to + + + align:start position:0% +his eyes and the only thing you need to +really keep in mind when looking at data + + align:start position:0% +really keep in mind when looking at data + + + align:start position:0% +really keep in mind when looking at data +through another player's eyes is that + + align:start position:0% +through another player's eyes is that + + + align:start position:0% +through another player's eyes is that +you only get whole card data when he + + align:start position:0% +you only get whole card data when he + + + align:start position:0% +you only get whole card data when he +reaches Showdown if he doesn't reach + + align:start position:0% +reaches Showdown if he doesn't reach + + + align:start position:0% +reaches Showdown if he doesn't reach +Showdown you don't know what his whole + + align:start position:0% +Showdown you don't know what his whole + + + align:start position:0% +Showdown you don't know what his whole +cards are because the hand's not going + + align:start position:0% +cards are because the hand's not going + + + align:start position:0% +cards are because the hand's not going +to tell you but anything else and is for + + align:start position:0% +to tell you but anything else and is for + + + align:start position:0% +to tell you but anything else and is for +all hands that reach Showdown you have + + align:start position:0% +all hands that reach Showdown you have + + + align:start position:0% +all hands that reach Showdown you have +full information you have the all of our + + align:start position:0% +full information you have the all of our + + + align:start position:0% +full information you have the all of our +all of our reports all of our stats all + + align:start position:0% +all of our reports all of our stats all + + + align:start position:0% +all of our reports all of our stats all +of the filters and if that is not enough + + align:start position:0% +of the filters and if that is not enough + + + align:start position:0% +of the filters and if that is not enough +for you I don't know what will be + + align:start position:0% +for you I don't know what will be + + + align:start position:0% +for you I don't know what will be +so let's look at an example we're going + + align:start position:0% +so let's look at an example we're going + + + align:start position:0% +so let's look at an example we're going +to look at one example analysis and + + align:start position:0% +to look at one example analysis and + + + align:start position:0% +to look at one example analysis and +hopefully that will show you how all + + align:start position:0% +hopefully that will show you how all + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully that will show you how all +this stuff works together let's say um + + align:start position:0% +this stuff works together let's say um + + + align:start position:0% +this stuff works together let's say um +there's one situation that was really + + align:start position:0% +there's one situation that was really + + + align:start position:0% +there's one situation that was really +bugging us we've been playing in these + + align:start position:0% +bugging us we've been playing in these + + + align:start position:0% +bugging us we've been playing in these +tournaments that are called 50/50s uh + + align:start position:0% +tournaments that are called 50/50s uh + + + align:start position:0% +tournaments that are called 50/50s uh +and the way these work is that they pay + + align:start position:0% +and the way these work is that they pay + + + align:start position:0% +and the way these work is that they pay +out the top five places 10 people start + + align:start position:0% +out the top five places 10 people start + + + align:start position:0% +out the top five places 10 people start +five people get paid once it gets down + + align:start position:0% +five people get paid once it gets down + + + align:start position:0% +five people get paid once it gets down +to five players uh everyone gets their + + align:start position:0% +to five players uh everyone gets their + + + align:start position:0% +to five players uh everyone gets their +buying back so if you've bought in for + + align:start position:0% +buying back so if you've bought in for + + + align:start position:0% +buying back so if you've bought in for +10 bucks once you get in the top five + + align:start position:0% +10 bucks once you get in the top five + + + align:start position:0% +10 bucks once you get in the top five +you definitely get your $10 back and + + align:start position:0% +you definitely get your $10 back and + + + align:start position:0% +you definitely get your $10 back and +everybody body who's in the top five has + + align:start position:0% +everybody body who's in the top five has + + + align:start position:0% +everybody body who's in the top five has +some amount of chips left so it takes + + align:start position:0% +some amount of chips left so it takes + + + align:start position:0% +some amount of chips left so it takes +the other half of the prize pool and + + align:start position:0% +the other half of the prize pool and + + + align:start position:0% +the other half of the prize pool and +gives it out to all the players based on + + align:start position:0% +gives it out to all the players based on + + + align:start position:0% +gives it out to all the players based on +how many chips they have so that is that + + align:start position:0% +how many chips they have so that is that + + + align:start position:0% +how many chips they have so that is that +that's how a 50-50 tournament Works um + + align:start position:0% +that's how a 50-50 tournament Works um + + + align:start position:0% +that's how a 50-50 tournament Works um +and we want to look at times we're in + + align:start position:0% +and we want to look at times we're in + + + align:start position:0% +and we want to look at times we're in +the big blind because we've been playing + + align:start position:0% +the big blind because we've been playing + + + align:start position:0% +the big blind because we've been playing +a lot of these times we were six-handed + + align:start position:0% +a lot of these times we were six-handed + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of these times we were six-handed +so we're on the bubble once one more + + align:start position:0% +so we're on the bubble once one more + + + align:start position:0% +so we're on the bubble once one more +player goes out the tournament is over + + align:start position:0% +player goes out the tournament is over + + + align:start position:0% +player goes out the tournament is over +that is the end of the tournament and we + + align:start position:0% +that is the end of the tournament and we + + + align:start position:0% +that is the end of the tournament and we +want to look at times we have king queen + + align:start position:0% +want to look at times we have king queen + + + align:start position:0% +want to look at times we have king queen +off suit because that hand's been + + align:start position:0% +off suit because that hand's been + + + align:start position:0% +off suit because that hand's been +bugging us we don't need any other + + align:start position:0% +bugging us we don't need any other + + + align:start position:0% +bugging us we don't need any other +reason but we have we have a situation + + align:start position:0% +reason but we have we have a situation + + + align:start position:0% +reason but we have we have a situation +here so you go into the sidebar You' + + align:start position:0% +here so you go into the sidebar You' + + + align:start position:0% +here so you go into the sidebar You' +pick your 50/50 flag that will limit it + + align:start position:0% +pick your 50/50 flag that will limit it + + + align:start position:0% +pick your 50/50 flag that will limit it +to 50/50 tournaments you'd go into hand + + align:start position:0% +to 50/50 tournaments you'd go into hand + + + align:start position:0% +to 50/50 tournaments you'd go into hand +details number of players players dealt + + align:start position:0% +details number of players players dealt + + + align:start position:0% +details number of players players dealt +into hand six to six so now we're + + align:start position:0% +into hand six to six so now we're + + + align:start position:0% +into hand six to six so now we're +looking at six-handed play in 50-50 + + align:start position:0% +looking at six-handed play in 50-50 + + + align:start position:0% +looking at six-handed play in 50-50 +tournaments actions and opportunities + + align:start position:0% +tournaments actions and opportunities + + + align:start position:0% +tournaments actions and opportunities +pre- flop post big blind bang add that + + align:start position:0% +pre- flop post big blind bang add that + + + align:start position:0% +pre- flop post big blind bang add that +to filter now we're looking at big blind + + align:start position:0% +to filter now we're looking at big blind + + + align:start position:0% +to filter now we're looking at big blind +play in a 50-50 tournament six-handed + + align:start position:0% +play in a 50-50 tournament six-handed + + + align:start position:0% +play in a 50-50 tournament six-handed +hand values we'd go just turn on king + + align:start position:0% +hand values we'd go just turn on king + + + align:start position:0% +hand values we'd go just turn on king +queen that's king queen off suit there + + align:start position:0% +queen that's king queen off suit there + + + align:start position:0% +queen that's king queen off suit there +king queen on the other side and we go + + align:start position:0% +king queen on the other side and we go + + + align:start position:0% +king queen on the other side and we go +into actions opportunities pre- flop and + + align:start position:0% +into actions opportunities pre- flop and + + + align:start position:0% +into actions opportunities pre- flop and +turn and opportunities and turn on fa + + align:start position:0% +turn and opportunities and turn on fa + + + align:start position:0% +turn and opportunities and turn on fa +all in we add those we have all of our + + align:start position:0% +all in we add those we have all of our + + + align:start position:0% +all in we add those we have all of our +filters right here and so now we have + + align:start position:0% +filters right here and so now we have + + + align:start position:0% +filters right here and so now we have +picked out our situation entirely and we + + align:start position:0% +picked out our situation entirely and we + + + align:start position:0% +picked out our situation entirely and we +can look at our spot we have two hands + + align:start position:0% +can look at our spot we have two hands + + + align:start position:0% +can look at our spot we have two hands +in our database that match that it may + + align:start position:0% +in our database that match that it may + + + align:start position:0% +in our database that match that it may +have felt like you had a lot of data but + + align:start position:0% +have felt like you had a lot of data but + + + align:start position:0% +have felt like you had a lot of data but +sometimes when you go and you look at it + + align:start position:0% +sometimes when you go and you look at it + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes when you go and you look at it +it turns out you don't have as much as + + align:start position:0% +it turns out you don't have as much as + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out you don't have as much as +you thought and that's okay we're still + + align:start position:0% +you thought and that's okay we're still + + + align:start position:0% +you thought and that's okay we're still +going to look at one of those hands + + align:start position:0% +going to look at one of those hands + + + align:start position:0% +going to look at one of those hands +let's we we've got two hands here uh + + align:start position:0% +let's we we've got two hands here uh + + + align:start position:0% +let's we we've got two hands here uh +we'll we'll look at the second one we're + + align:start position:0% +we'll we'll look at the second one we're + + + align:start position:0% +we'll we'll look at the second one we're +going to replay it so we're going to see + + align:start position:0% +going to replay it so we're going to see + + + align:start position:0% +going to replay it so we're going to see +it in the poker tracker replayer so here + + align:start position:0% +it in the poker tracker replayer so here + + + align:start position:0% +it in the poker tracker replayer so here +is our + + align:start position:0% +is our + + + align:start position:0% +is our +spot and let's take a moment to to look + + align:start position:0% +spot and let's take a moment to to look + + + align:start position:0% +spot and let's take a moment to to look +at it we're in the big blind just like + + align:start position:0% +at it we're in the big blind just like + + + align:start position:0% +at it we're in the big blind just like +we said we have king and a + + align:start position:0% +we said we have king and a + + + align:start position:0% +we said we have king and a +queen fold fold fold fold and this guy + + align:start position:0% +queen fold fold fold fold and this guy + + + align:start position:0% +queen fold fold fold fold and this guy +pushes Allin so we're facing our Allin + + align:start position:0% +pushes Allin so we're facing our Allin + + + align:start position:0% +pushes Allin so we're facing our Allin +uh from him so our chip stack is + + align:start position:0% +uh from him so our chip stack is + + + align:start position:0% +uh from him so our chip stack is +1955 his chip stack was 725 our blinds + + align:start position:0% +1955 his chip stack was 725 our blinds + + + align:start position:0% +1955 his chip stack was 725 our blinds +were 60 and 120 uh and there was a uh 15 + + align:start position:0% +were 60 and 120 uh and there was a uh 15 + + + align:start position:0% +were 60 and 120 uh and there was a uh 15 +chip anti so we have 90 chips these were + + align:start position:0% +chip anti so we have 90 chips these were + + + align:start position:0% +chip anti so we have 90 chips these were +from the anes here so we have to we have + + align:start position:0% +from the anes here so we have to we have + + + align:start position:0% +from the anes here so we have to we have +to choose if we want to call his 605 + + align:start position:0% +to choose if we want to call his 605 + + + align:start position:0% +to choose if we want to call his 605 +chip bet or we want to fold to it with + + align:start position:0% +chip bet or we want to fold to it with + + + align:start position:0% +chip bet or we want to fold to it with +king queen here in this spot so I want + + align:start position:0% +king queen here in this spot so I want + + + align:start position:0% +king queen here in this spot so I want +you to take a second and think about + + align:start position:0% +you to take a second and think about + + + align:start position:0% +you to take a second and think about +whether you would call here or whether + + align:start position:0% +whether you would call here or whether + + + align:start position:0% +whether you would call here or whether +you would fold remember if you call and + + align:start position:0% +you would fold remember if you call and + + + align:start position:0% +you would fold remember if you call and +you bust him the tournament is over you + + align:start position:0% +you bust him the tournament is over you + + + align:start position:0% +you bust him the tournament is over you +definitely win money uh you because he + + align:start position:0% +definitely win money uh you because he + + + align:start position:0% +definitely win money uh you because he +is out you in the top five and you get + + align:start position:0% +is out you in the top five and you get + + + align:start position:0% +is out you in the top five and you get +one money based on your chip stack plus + + align:start position:0% +one money based on your chip stack plus + + + align:start position:0% +one money based on your chip stack plus +your Buy in if you fold here uh he now + + align:start position:0% +your Buy in if you fold here uh he now + + + align:start position:0% +your Buy in if you fold here uh he now +picks up 210 chips uh he now has 935 + + align:start position:0% +picks up 210 chips uh he now has 935 + + + align:start position:0% +picks up 210 chips uh he now has 935 +chips he's still the short stack and + + align:start position:0% +chips he's still the short stack and + + + align:start position:0% +chips he's still the short stack and +we're going to keep playing you have a + + align:start position:0% +we're going to keep playing you have a + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to keep playing you have a +king and a queen I want you to just take + + align:start position:0% +king and a queen I want you to just take + + + align:start position:0% +king and a queen I want you to just take +a second and think about our + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +situation okay the first thing you + + align:start position:0% +situation okay the first thing you + + + align:start position:0% +situation okay the first thing you +should be thinking about and I hope you + + align:start position:0% +should be thinking about and I hope you + + + align:start position:0% +should be thinking about and I hope you +were thinking about right now is what + + align:start position:0% +were thinking about right now is what + + + align:start position:0% +were thinking about right now is what +hands would he be playing to make this + + align:start position:0% +hands would he be playing to make this + + + align:start position:0% +hands would he be playing to make this +all in race with does he obviously he + + align:start position:0% +all in race with does he obviously he + + + align:start position:0% +all in race with does he obviously he +could have Aces he obviously he could + + align:start position:0% +could have Aces he obviously he could + + + align:start position:0% +could have Aces he obviously he could +have Kings what other hands how far down + + align:start position:0% +have Kings what other hands how far down + + + align:start position:0% +have Kings what other hands how far down +is he going to go when he makes this + + align:start position:0% +is he going to go when he makes this + + + align:start position:0% +is he going to go when he makes this +Allin range and before we can make any + + align:start position:0% +Allin range and before we can make any + + + align:start position:0% +Allin range and before we can make any +adjustments based on stats we have to + + align:start position:0% +adjustments based on stats we have to + + + align:start position:0% +adjustments based on stats we have to +have a basine because if we think the + + align:start position:0% +have a basine because if we think the + + + align:start position:0% +have a basine because if we think the +Baseline player is playing Allin with + + align:start position:0% +Baseline player is playing Allin with + + + align:start position:0% +Baseline player is playing Allin with +any two cards here it's going to + + align:start position:0% +any two cards here it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +any two cards here it's going to +radically change how we adjust based on + + align:start position:0% +radically change how we adjust based on + + + align:start position:0% +radically change how we adjust based on +his stats because if he's tighter than + + align:start position:0% +his stats because if he's tighter than + + + align:start position:0% +his stats because if he's tighter than +average tighter than average of 100% is + + align:start position:0% +average tighter than average of 100% is + + + align:start position:0% +average tighter than average of 100% is +going to be very different than tighter + + align:start position:0% +going to be very different than tighter + + + align:start position:0% +going to be very different than tighter +than average of + + align:start position:0% +than average of + + + align:start position:0% +than average of +10% so think about what you think an + + align:start position:0% +10% so think about what you think an + + + align:start position:0% +10% so think about what you think an +unknown player would play start to build + + align:start position:0% +unknown player would play start to build + + + align:start position:0% +unknown player would play start to build +this model in your head this is what + + align:start position:0% +this model in your head this is what + + + align:start position:0% +this model in your head this is what +this is what all the bigname pros will + + align:start position:0% +this is what all the bigname pros will + + + align:start position:0% +this is what all the bigname pros will +do they they are able to have a baseline + + align:start position:0% +do they they are able to have a baseline + + + align:start position:0% +do they they are able to have a baseline +model and then adjust based on + + align:start position:0% +model and then adjust based on + + + align:start position:0% +model and then adjust based on +individual uh characteristics so think + + align:start position:0% +individual uh characteristics so think + + + align:start position:0% +individual uh characteristics so think +about that think about what kinds of + + align:start position:0% +about that think about what kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +about that think about what kinds of +hands he would + + align:start position:0% +hands he would + + + align:start position:0% +hands he would +play now let's add some stats now we're + + align:start position:0% +play now let's add some stats now we're + + + align:start position:0% +play now let's add some stats now we're +going to start refining our our model on + + align:start position:0% +going to start refining our our model on + + + align:start position:0% +going to start refining our our model on +this player we've got a baseline idea in + + align:start position:0% +this player we've got a baseline idea in + + + align:start position:0% +this player we've got a baseline idea in +our head of What kinds of hands he's + + align:start position:0% +our head of What kinds of hands he's + + + align:start position:0% +our head of What kinds of hands he's +going to play now let's look we have 73 + + align:start position:0% +going to play now let's look we have 73 + + + align:start position:0% +going to play now let's look we have 73 +hands of data his vpip is 11 so in the + + align:start position:0% +hands of data his vpip is 11 so in the + + + align:start position:0% +hands of data his vpip is 11 so in the +73 hands that this guy's been playing so + + align:start position:0% +73 hands that this guy's been playing so + + + align:start position:0% +73 hands that this guy's been playing so +it's probably about two tournaments + + align:start position:0% +it's probably about two tournaments + + + align:start position:0% +it's probably about two tournaments +worth uh given given the length of the + + align:start position:0% +worth uh given given the length of the + + + align:start position:0% +worth uh given given the length of the +tournaments and two tournaments worth he + + align:start position:0% +tournaments and two tournaments worth he + + + align:start position:0% +tournaments and two tournaments worth he +has put money in 11% of the time one + + align:start position:0% +has put money in 11% of the time one + + + align:start position:0% +has put money in 11% of the time one +hand in nine this guy is playing that's + + align:start position:0% +hand in nine this guy is playing that's + + + align:start position:0% +hand in nine this guy is playing that's +it pre- flop raise 1% and I can tell you + + align:start position:0% +it pre- flop raise 1% and I can tell you + + + align:start position:0% +it pre- flop raise 1% and I can tell you +because I did double check this that + + align:start position:0% +because I did double check this that + + + align:start position:0% +because I did double check this that +means of his 73 hands he raised pre flop + + align:start position:0% +means of his 73 hands he raised pre flop + + + align:start position:0% +means of his 73 hands he raised pre flop +before this exactly in only one time + + align:start position:0% +before this exactly in only one time + + + align:start position:0% +before this exactly in only one time +that's it only once ever in both + + align:start position:0% +that's it only once ever in both + + + align:start position:0% +that's it only once ever in both +tournaments we've seen him play he's + + align:start position:0% +tournaments we've seen him play he's + + + align:start position:0% +tournaments we've seen him play he's +he's only Ever Raised once + + align:start position:0% +he's only Ever Raised once + + + align:start position:0% +he's only Ever Raised once +before I hope that that changes what + + align:start position:0% +before I hope that that changes what + + + align:start position:0% +before I hope that that changes what +hands you think this guy is going to + + align:start position:0% +hands you think this guy is going to + + + align:start position:0% +hands you think this guy is going to +play at least a little bit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now we can look a little bit deeper in + + align:start position:0% +now we can look a little bit deeper in + + + align:start position:0% +now we can look a little bit deeper in +his stats and try to see if there's any + + align:start position:0% +his stats and try to see if there's any + + + align:start position:0% +his stats and try to see if there's any +information there let's look at his + + align:start position:0% +information there let's look at his + + + align:start position:0% +information there let's look at his +small blind statistics this is this is + + align:start position:0% +small blind statistics this is this is + + + align:start position:0% +small blind statistics this is this is +the the uh the tools pop up here um + + align:start position:0% +the the uh the tools pop up here um + + + align:start position:0% +the the uh the tools pop up here um +we're just looking at the top half + + align:start position:0% +we're just looking at the top half + + + align:start position:0% +we're just looking at the top half +there's some stuff B in the bottom but + + align:start position:0% +there's some stuff B in the bottom but + + + align:start position:0% +there's some stuff B in the bottom but +it's all post flop stuff so it's not + + align:start position:0% +it's all post flop stuff so it's not + + + align:start position:0% +it's all post flop stuff so it's not +relevant right now so let's just look at + + align:start position:0% +relevant right now so let's just look at + + + align:start position:0% +relevant right now so let's just look at +small blind here uh his vpip from the + + align:start position:0% +small blind here uh his vpip from the + + + align:start position:0% +small blind here uh his vpip from the +small blind is 133% so one time out of + + align:start position:0% +small blind is 133% so one time out of + + + align:start position:0% +small blind is 133% so one time out of +eight he put money in from the small + + align:start position:0% +eight he put money in from the small + + + align:start position:0% +eight he put money in from the small +blind he has never raised from the small + + align:start position:0% +blind he has never raised from the small + + + align:start position:0% +blind he has never raised from the small +blind ever ever not once um so he did no + + align:start position:0% +blind ever ever not once um so he did no + + + align:start position:0% +blind ever ever not once um so he did no +raises of any kind uh he seems to call + + align:start position:0% +raises of any kind uh he seems to call + + + align:start position:0% +raises of any kind uh he seems to call +across all positions so here are his + + align:start position:0% +across all positions so here are his + + + align:start position:0% +across all positions so here are his +callings these are from the pre- Flop + + align:start position:0% +callings these are from the pre- Flop + + + align:start position:0% +callings these are from the pre- Flop +section you can see he kind of calls + + align:start position:0% +section you can see he kind of calls + + + align:start position:0% +section you can see he kind of calls +from everywhere he's called four out of + + align:start position:0% +from everywhere he's called four out of + + + align:start position:0% +from everywhere he's called four out of +25 hands he's called cold twice which + + align:start position:0% +25 hands he's called cold twice which + + + align:start position:0% +25 hands he's called cold twice which +means you call without having put money + + align:start position:0% +means you call without having put money + + + align:start position:0% +means you call without having put money +in the pot so you can't you can't call + + align:start position:0% +in the pot so you can't you can't call + + + align:start position:0% +in the pot so you can't you can't call +cold from the blinds that's why these + + align:start position:0% +cold from the blinds that's why these + + + align:start position:0% +cold from the blinds that's why these +are going to be + + align:start position:0% +are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +are going to be +zeros he uh limps behind limpers one out + + align:start position:0% +zeros he uh limps behind limpers one out + + + align:start position:0% +zeros he uh limps behind limpers one out +of seven so he's not attacking people + + align:start position:0% +of seven so he's not attacking people + + + align:start position:0% +of seven so he's not attacking people +who who just call the big blind he's not + + align:start position:0% +who who just call the big blind he's not + + + align:start position:0% +who who just call the big blind he's not +attacking people who are acting weak uh + + align:start position:0% +attacking people who are acting weak uh + + + align:start position:0% +attacking people who are acting weak uh +he is folding to a blind steel twice so + + align:start position:0% +he is folding to a blind steel twice so + + + align:start position:0% +he is folding to a blind steel twice so +he's not when he's in a blind he's + + align:start position:0% +he's not when he's in a blind he's + + + align:start position:0% +he's not when he's in a blind he's +perfectly happy to give his blinds up uh + + align:start position:0% +perfectly happy to give his blinds up uh + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly happy to give his blinds up uh +a blind steal is when you're in a blind + + align:start position:0% +a blind steal is when you're in a blind + + + align:start position:0% +a blind steal is when you're in a blind +and someone in the cut off or the button + + align:start position:0% +and someone in the cut off or the button + + + align:start position:0% +and someone in the cut off or the button +the last two positions who haven't put + + align:start position:0% +the last two positions who haven't put + + + align:start position:0% +the last two positions who haven't put +blind money in they make a raise so when + + align:start position:0% +blind money in they make a raise so when + + + align:start position:0% +blind money in they make a raise so when +you're facing a raise from them it's + + align:start position:0% +you're facing a raise from them it's + + + align:start position:0% +you're facing a raise from them it's +called facing a steel uh he's done that + + align:start position:0% +called facing a steel uh he's done that + + + align:start position:0% +called facing a steel uh he's done that +twice and he folded both times so you + + align:start position:0% +twice and he folded both times so you + + + align:start position:0% +twice and he folded both times so you +can start to to kind of piece all of + + align:start position:0% +can start to to kind of piece all of + + + align:start position:0% +can start to to kind of piece all of +this together and get an idea but this + + align:start position:0% +this together and get an idea but this + + + align:start position:0% +this together and get an idea but this +simple this sample is not + + align:start position:0% +simple this sample is not + + + align:start position:0% +simple this sample is not +huge so think about what hands this + + align:start position:0% +huge so think about what hands this + + + align:start position:0% +huge so think about what hands this +specific player is likely to raise all + + align:start position:0% +specific player is likely to raise all + + + align:start position:0% +specific player is likely to raise all +in with now that we have all of this + + align:start position:0% +in with now that we have all of this + + + align:start position:0% +in with now that we have all of this +information remember his tournament life + + align:start position:0% +information remember his tournament life + + + align:start position:0% +information remember his tournament life +is on the line if he if he is called and + + align:start position:0% +is on the line if he if he is called and + + + align:start position:0% +is on the line if he if he is called and +he loses he is out of the tournament he + + align:start position:0% +he loses he is out of the tournament he + + + align:start position:0% +he loses he is out of the tournament he +wins absolutely + + align:start position:0% +wins absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +wins absolutely +nothing but he's the short stack he has + + align:start position:0% +nothing but he's the short stack he has + + + align:start position:0% +nothing but he's the short stack he has +an M of about + + align:start position:0% +an M of about + + + align:start position:0% +an M of about +2.7 so uh he could go about he could go + + align:start position:0% +2.7 so uh he could go about he could go + + + align:start position:0% +2.7 so uh he could go about he could go +less than three orbits before he is + + align:start position:0% +less than three orbits before he is + + + align:start position:0% +less than three orbits before he is +completely out of chips just by folding + + align:start position:0% +completely out of chips just by folding + + + align:start position:0% +completely out of chips just by folding +so he has to make a move at some point + + align:start position:0% +so he has to make a move at some point + + + align:start position:0% +so he has to make a move at some point +he has to pick a hand and make a stand + + align:start position:0% +he has to pick a hand and make a stand + + + align:start position:0% +he has to pick a hand and make a stand +soon so the fact that his tournament + + align:start position:0% +soon so the fact that his tournament + + + align:start position:0% +soon so the fact that his tournament +life is on the line is going to make him + + align:start position:0% +life is on the line is going to make him + + + align:start position:0% +life is on the line is going to make him +tighter because he doesn't want to lose + + align:start position:0% +tighter because he doesn't want to lose + + + align:start position:0% +tighter because he doesn't want to lose +the tournament the fact that he is so + + align:start position:0% +the tournament the fact that he is so + + + align:start position:0% +the tournament the fact that he is so +short with such a short m is going to + + align:start position:0% +short with such a short m is going to + + + align:start position:0% +short with such a short m is going to +make him looser so these kind of are in + + align:start position:0% +make him looser so these kind of are in + + + align:start position:0% +make him looser so these kind of are in +conflict with one another and as you + + align:start position:0% +conflict with one another and as you + + + align:start position:0% +conflict with one another and as you +play more tournaments you're going to + + align:start position:0% +play more tournaments you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +play more tournaments you're going to +find out how how they + + align:start position:0% +find out how how they + + + align:start position:0% +find out how how they +pull do you think this guy is going to + + align:start position:0% +pull do you think this guy is going to + + + align:start position:0% +pull do you think this guy is going to +play low pocket pairs do you think he's + + align:start position:0% +play low pocket pairs do you think he's + + + align:start position:0% +play low pocket pairs do you think he's +going to pick Deuces here and happy to + + align:start position:0% +going to pick Deuces here and happy to + + + align:start position:0% +going to pick Deuces here and happy to +play a coin flip for his tournament life + + align:start position:0% +play a coin flip for his tournament life + + + align:start position:0% +play a coin flip for his tournament life +I see one player one person shaking his + + align:start position:0% +I see one player one person shaking his + + + align:start position:0% +I see one player one person shaking his +head what about weak Aces do you think + + align:start position:0% +head what about weak Aces do you think + + + align:start position:0% +head what about weak Aces do you think +ace four offit is okay do you think he's + + align:start position:0% +ace four offit is okay do you think he's + + + align:start position:0% +ace four offit is okay do you think he's +he's willing to take his tournament life + + align:start position:0% +he's willing to take his tournament life + + + align:start position:0% +he's willing to take his tournament life +into his hands with with just a a really + + align:start position:0% +into his hands with with just a a really + + + align:start position:0% +into his hands with with just a a really +weak + + align:start position:0% +weak + + + align:start position:0% +weak +Ace what about king queen could we have + + align:start position:0% +Ace what about king queen could we have + + + align:start position:0% +Ace what about king queen could we have +the same hand here would he make this + + align:start position:0% +the same hand here would he make this + + + align:start position:0% +the same hand here would he make this +shove with my hand uh King 10 could we + + align:start position:0% +shove with my hand uh King 10 could we + + + align:start position:0% +shove with my hand uh King 10 could we +have him completely dominated so uh + + align:start position:0% +have him completely dominated so uh + + + align:start position:0% +have him completely dominated so uh +that's another poker term uh if you have + + align:start position:0% +that's another poker term uh if you have + + + align:start position:0% +that's another poker term uh if you have +uh the same card and your other card is + + align:start position:0% +uh the same card and your other card is + + + align:start position:0% +uh the same card and your other card is +better than theirs it's called + + align:start position:0% +better than theirs it's called + + + align:start position:0% +better than theirs it's called +dominating you have a like uh your 70 to + + align:start position:0% +dominating you have a like uh your 70 to + + + align:start position:0% +dominating you have a like uh your 70 to +30 favorite in that spot something like + + align:start position:0% +30 favorite in that spot something like + + + align:start position:0% +30 favorite in that spot something like +that Queen Jack same kind of situation + + align:start position:0% +that Queen Jack same kind of situation + + + align:start position:0% +that Queen Jack same kind of situation +if he if he's willing to do with these + + align:start position:0% +if he if he's willing to do with these + + + align:start position:0% +if he if he's willing to do with these +hands then we're in a really great spot + + align:start position:0% +hands then we're in a really great spot + + + align:start position:0% +hands then we're in a really great spot +right but if he's willing if he's we + + align:start position:0% +right but if he's willing if he's we + + + align:start position:0% +right but if he's willing if he's we +have to decide what this player uh is + + align:start position:0% +have to decide what this player uh is + + + align:start position:0% +have to decide what this player uh is +would open Rays with so now we're + + align:start position:0% +would open Rays with so now we're + + + align:start position:0% +would open Rays with so now we're +starting to build that model remember as + + align:start position:0% +starting to build that model remember as + + + align:start position:0% +starting to build that model remember as +vpip is 11% so let's start oh first if + + align:start position:0% +vpip is 11% so let's start oh first if + + + align:start position:0% +vpip is 11% so let's start oh first if +you want to convert percentages to + + align:start position:0% +you want to convert percentages to + + + align:start position:0% +you want to convert percentages to +actual hands the equity calculator and + + align:start position:0% +actual hands the equity calculator and + + + align:start position:0% +actual hands the equity calculator and +poker tracker will help you with this um + + align:start position:0% +poker tracker will help you with this um + + + align:start position:0% +poker tracker will help you with this um +because it's kind of hard to know what + + align:start position:0% +because it's kind of hard to know what + + + align:start position:0% +because it's kind of hard to know what +11% of hands is you know if especially + + align:start position:0% +11% of hands is you know if especially + + + align:start position:0% +11% of hands is you know if especially +if you if you don't have experience with + + align:start position:0% +if you if you don't have experience with + + + align:start position:0% +if you if you don't have experience with +it you're like I don't know so you can + + align:start position:0% +it you're like I don't know so you can + + + align:start position:0% +it you're like I don't know so you can +come into the equity calculator and you + + align:start position:0% +come into the equity calculator and you + + + align:start position:0% +come into the equity calculator and you +can pop that open and you can choose + + align:start position:0% +can pop that open and you can choose + + + align:start position:0% +can pop that open and you can choose +hand range selector and then you can use + + align:start position:0% +hand range selector and then you can use + + + align:start position:0% +hand range selector and then you can use +the slider and you can see what the + + align:start position:0% +the slider and you can see what the + + + align:start position:0% +the slider and you can see what the +model says um again we're still in sansy + + align:start position:0% +model says um again we're still in sansy + + + align:start position:0% +model says um again we're still in sansy +Carlson you could you can play between + + align:start position:0% +Carlson you could you can play between + + + align:start position:0% +Carlson you could you can play between +the models um so this this is + + align:start position:0% +the models um so this this is + + + align:start position:0% +the models um so this this is +15% so think about the hands that you've + + align:start position:0% +15% so think about the hands that you've + + + align:start position:0% +15% so think about the hands that you've +just decided this guy is willing to go + + align:start position:0% +just decided this guy is willing to go + + + align:start position:0% +just decided this guy is willing to go +all in with and here's here's a 15% + + align:start position:0% +all in with and here's here's a 15% + + + align:start position:0% +all in with and here's here's a 15% +range according to splansky + + align:start position:0% +range according to splansky + + + align:start position:0% +range according to splansky +Carlson wider looser + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this this this guy got down to ace4 + + align:start position:0% +so this this this guy got down to ace4 + + + align:start position:0% +so this this this guy got down to ace4 +suited down to Kings 10 suited pairs + + align:start position:0% +suited down to Kings 10 suited pairs + + + align:start position:0% +suited down to Kings 10 suited pairs +down to threes not twos and down to ace8 + + align:start position:0% +down to threes not twos and down to ace8 + + + align:start position:0% +down to threes not twos and down to ace8 +that's 15% of all hands well we've said + + align:start position:0% +that's 15% of all hands well we've said + + + align:start position:0% +that's 15% of all hands well we've said +he'll play 11% of hands overall over 73 + + align:start position:0% +he'll play 11% of hands overall over 73 + + + align:start position:0% +he'll play 11% of hands overall over 73 +hands so let's start by saying any hand + + align:start position:0% +hands so let's start by saying any hand + + + align:start position:0% +hands so let's start by saying any hand +in the top 11% he'll play those it's not + + align:start position:0% +in the top 11% he'll play those it's not + + + align:start position:0% +in the top 11% he'll play those it's not +going to be perfect our sample is not + + align:start position:0% +going to be perfect our sample is not + + + align:start position:0% +going to be perfect our sample is not +fantastic we know this but we're we're + + align:start position:0% +fantastic we know this but we're we're + + + align:start position:0% +fantastic we know this but we're we're +trying to get an idea for what's right + + align:start position:0% +trying to get an idea for what's right + + + align:start position:0% +trying to get an idea for what's right +to do here in this spot so this is the + + align:start position:0% +to do here in this spot so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +to do here in this spot so this is the +top 11% you don't have the bottom two + + align:start position:0% +top 11% you don't have the bottom two + + + align:start position:0% +top 11% you don't have the bottom two +pairs you don't have any weak Aces at + + align:start position:0% +pairs you don't have any weak Aces at + + + align:start position:0% +pairs you don't have any weak Aces at +all even Ace 9 is considered a midling + + align:start position:0% +all even Ace 9 is considered a midling + + + align:start position:0% +all even Ace 9 is considered a midling +ace so that's not too bad um he has no + + align:start position:0% +ace so that's not too bad um he has no + + + align:start position:0% +ace so that's not too bad um he has no +weak suited Aces uh that's that's a + + align:start position:0% +weak suited Aces uh that's that's a + + + align:start position:0% +weak suited Aces uh that's that's a +that's a 11% range that's a pretty + + align:start position:0% +that's a 11% range that's a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +that's a 11% range that's a pretty +strong + + align:start position:0% +strong + + + align:start position:0% +strong +range so poker tracker also has a + + align:start position:0% +range so poker tracker also has a + + + align:start position:0% +range so poker tracker also has a +built-in calculator uh that does ICM now + + align:start position:0% +built-in calculator uh that does ICM now + + + align:start position:0% +built-in calculator uh that does ICM now +ICM stands for the independent chip + + align:start position:0% +ICM stands for the independent chip + + + align:start position:0% +ICM stands for the independent chip +model um this this uh has been out there + + align:start position:0% +model um this this uh has been out there + + + align:start position:0% +model um this this uh has been out there +for a little while and what the ICM does + + align:start position:0% +for a little while and what the ICM does + + + align:start position:0% +for a little while and what the ICM does +is it takes tournament chips and + + align:start position:0% +is it takes tournament chips and + + + align:start position:0% +is it takes tournament chips and +converts them to real world dollars + + align:start position:0% +converts them to real world dollars + + + align:start position:0% +converts them to real world dollars +because tournament chips and real world + + align:start position:0% +because tournament chips and real world + + + align:start position:0% +because tournament chips and real world +dollars don't have a have a um one toone + + align:start position:0% +dollars don't have a have a um one toone + + + align:start position:0% +dollars don't have a have a um one toone +correlation because your last tournament + + align:start position:0% +correlation because your last tournament + + + align:start position:0% +correlation because your last tournament +chip is worth a lot more than your + + align:start position:0% +chip is worth a lot more than your + + + align:start position:0% +chip is worth a lot more than your +thousandth tournament chip if you have a + + align:start position:0% +thousandth tournament chip if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +thousandth tournament chip if you have a +thousand chip stack because if once + + align:start position:0% +thousand chip stack because if once + + + align:start position:0% +thousand chip stack because if once +you're out you can win nothing but that + + align:start position:0% +you're out you can win nothing but that + + + align:start position:0% +you're out you can win nothing but that +extra chip doesn't mean quite as much um + + align:start position:0% +extra chip doesn't mean quite as much um + + + align:start position:0% +extra chip doesn't mean quite as much um +so this model takes your equity in the + + align:start position:0% +so this model takes your equity in the + + + align:start position:0% +so this model takes your equity in the +your your total chip stack and gives you + + align:start position:0% +your your total chip stack and gives you + + + align:start position:0% +your your total chip stack and gives you +a result as an equity in the price pool + + align:start position:0% +a result as an equity in the price pool + + + align:start position:0% +a result as an equity in the price pool +it says with this chip stack you know if + + align:start position:0% +it says with this chip stack you know if + + + align:start position:0% +it says with this chip stack you know if +everything were even set as power boost + + align:start position:0% +everything were even set as power boost + + + align:start position:0% +everything were even set as power boost +nothing else to be considered this is + + align:start position:0% +nothing else to be considered this is + + + align:start position:0% +nothing else to be considered this is +what your equity in the price pool + + align:start position:0% +what your equity in the price pool + + + align:start position:0% +what your equity in the price pool +should be according to the model uh and + + align:start position:0% +should be according to the model uh and + + + align:start position:0% +should be according to the model uh and +we've this this has been there in the + + align:start position:0% +we've this this has been there in the + + + align:start position:0% +we've this this has been there in the +replayer the entire time I don't know if + + align:start position:0% +replayer the entire time I don't know if + + + align:start position:0% +replayer the entire time I don't know if +you noticed it but if you click it it + + align:start position:0% +you noticed it but if you click it it + + + align:start position:0% +you noticed it but if you click it it +will show you the results in this spot + + align:start position:0% +will show you the results in this spot + + + align:start position:0% +will show you the results in this spot +so we're going to be looking at the + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to be looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to be looking at the +times we face this all in and we will + + align:start position:0% +times we face this all in and we will + + + align:start position:0% +times we face this all in and we will +see what the average model says whether + + align:start position:0% +see what the average model says whether + + + align:start position:0% +see what the average model says whether +we should push or fold in this spot uh + + align:start position:0% +we should push or fold in this spot uh + + + align:start position:0% +we should push or fold in this spot uh +with this hand so uh who thinks we + + align:start position:0% +with this hand so uh who thinks we + + + align:start position:0% +with this hand so uh who thinks we +should call his Allin Rays if he was an + + align:start position:0% +should call his Allin Rays if he was an + + + align:start position:0% +should call his Allin Rays if he was an +average player + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +about a third everyone else I presume + + align:start position:0% +about a third everyone else I presume + + + align:start position:0% +about a third everyone else I presume +says + + align:start position:0% +says + + + align:start position:0% +says +fold the default model says call + + align:start position:0% +fold the default model says call + + + align:start position:0% +fold the default model says call +everyone who raised your hand you guys + + align:start position:0% +everyone who raised your hand you guys + + + align:start position:0% +everyone who raised your hand you guys +win so you can click the blue results + + align:start position:0% +win so you can click the blue results + + + align:start position:0% +win so you can click the blue results +link here you can see the full ICM Tre + + align:start position:0% +link here you can see the full ICM Tre + + + align:start position:0% +link here you can see the full ICM Tre +but the important thing to note right + + align:start position:0% +but the important thing to note right + + + align:start position:0% +but the important thing to note right +now is we can you can look and see what + + align:start position:0% +now is we can you can look and see what + + + align:start position:0% +now is we can you can look and see what +your prize pool Equity is right here if + + align:start position:0% +your prize pool Equity is right here if + + + align:start position:0% +your prize pool Equity is right here if +you push you can say you have you would + + align:start position:0% +you push you can say you have you would + + + align:start position:0% +you push you can say you have you would +have against the average model uh 15.83% + + align:start position:0% +have against the average model uh 15.83% + + + align:start position:0% +have against the average model uh 15.83% +equity in the priz pool uh if you fold + + align:start position:0% +equity in the priz pool uh if you fold + + + align:start position:0% +equity in the priz pool uh if you fold +15.28% now keep in mind this is just + + align:start position:0% +15.28% now keep in mind this is just + + + align:start position:0% +15.28% now keep in mind this is just +against the average model uh this is not + + align:start position:0% +against the average model uh this is not + + + align:start position:0% +against the average model uh this is not +based on any anything we've done + + align:start position:0% +based on any anything we've done + + + align:start position:0% +based on any anything we've done +specifically to analyze this player but + + align:start position:0% +specifically to analyze this player but + + + align:start position:0% +specifically to analyze this player but +the good news is we can change that and + + align:start position:0% +the good news is we can change that and + + + align:start position:0% +the good news is we can change that and +we can see what the model's range was so + + align:start position:0% +we can see what the model's range was so + + + align:start position:0% +we can see what the model's range was so +when we click results we're going to see + + align:start position:0% +when we click results we're going to see + + + align:start position:0% +when we click results we're going to see +what the model says the average player + + align:start position:0% +what the model says the average player + + + align:start position:0% +what the model says the average player +would raise ol in within this + + align:start position:0% +would raise ol in within this + + + align:start position:0% +would raise ol in within this +spot and the default range is drum roll + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +please + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +33.9% the default model says the average + + align:start position:0% +33.9% the default model says the average + + + align:start position:0% +33.9% the default model says the average +player will raise Allin with an M of 2.7 + + align:start position:0% +player will raise Allin with an M of 2.7 + + + align:start position:0% +player will raise Allin with an M of 2.7 +when folded to in the small block with + + align:start position:0% +when folded to in the small block with + + + align:start position:0% +when folded to in the small block with +about 34% of hands uh we we built this + + align:start position:0% +about 34% of hands uh we we built this + + + align:start position:0% +about 34% of hands uh we we built this +model using uh some some pretty robust + + align:start position:0% +model using uh some some pretty robust + + + align:start position:0% +model using uh some some pretty robust +data analysis but as we've seen + + align:start position:0% +data analysis but as we've seen + + + align:start position:0% +data analysis but as we've seen +different players play very differently + + align:start position:0% +different players play very differently + + + align:start position:0% +different players play very differently +and this player is most certainly not + + align:start position:0% +and this player is most certainly not + + + align:start position:0% +and this player is most certainly not +average because we put him on somewhere + + align:start position:0% +average because we put him on somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +average because we put him on somewhere +much tighter than 33.9% and you can see + + align:start position:0% +much tighter than 33.9% and you can see + + + align:start position:0% +much tighter than 33.9% and you can see +push Equity here and fold Equity are not + + align:start position:0% +push Equity here and fold Equity are not + + + align:start position:0% +push Equity here and fold Equity are not +that different we're only talking 6% of + + align:start position:0% +that different we're only talking 6% of + + + align:start position:0% +that different we're only talking 6% of +the prize pool so if we're playing a $10 + + align:start position:0% +the prize pool so if we're playing a $10 + + + align:start position:0% +the prize pool so if we're playing a $10 +tournament we're talking about the + + align:start position:0% +tournament we're talking about the + + + align:start position:0% +tournament we're talking about the +difference between an expected result of + + align:start position:0% +difference between an expected result of + + + align:start position:0% +difference between an expected result of +60 60 cents it's not huge but each + + align:start position:0% +60 60 cents it's not huge but each + + + align:start position:0% +60 60 cents it's not huge but each +little Edge in poker adds up one piece + + align:start position:0% +little Edge in poker adds up one piece + + + align:start position:0% +little Edge in poker adds up one piece +right on top of the other uh and making + + align:start position:0% +right on top of the other uh and making + + + align:start position:0% +right on top of the other uh and making +these decisions in the marginal spots is + + align:start position:0% +these decisions in the marginal spots is + + + align:start position:0% +these decisions in the marginal spots is +really how you can you can expand your + + align:start position:0% +really how you can you can expand your + + + align:start position:0% +really how you can you can expand your +advantage and play better than your + + align:start position:0% +advantage and play better than your + + + align:start position:0% +advantage and play better than your +opponents so let's change that so you + + align:start position:0% +opponents so let's change that so you + + + align:start position:0% +opponents so let's change that so you +can click right here once you've been + + align:start position:0% +can click right here once you've been + + + align:start position:0% +can click right here once you've been +looking at the uh the model results and + + align:start position:0% +looking at the uh the model results and + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the uh the model results and +you can change you can change his range + + align:start position:0% +you can change you can change his range + + + align:start position:0% +you can change you can change his range +so this by the way is what 33% looks + + align:start position:0% +so this by the way is what 33% looks + + + align:start position:0% +so this by the way is what 33% looks +like so the average player here is + + align:start position:0% +like so the average player here is + + + align:start position:0% +like so the average player here is +shoving as weak as queen8 suited King + + align:start position:0% +shoving as weak as queen8 suited King + + + align:start position:0% +shoving as weak as queen8 suited King +two suited King six off suit any pair + + align:start position:0% +two suited King six off suit any pair + + + align:start position:0% +two suited King six off suit any pair +any Ace that's a lot of hands these are + + align:start position:0% +any Ace that's a lot of hands these are + + + align:start position:0% +any Ace that's a lot of hands these are +weak weak + + align:start position:0% +weak weak + + + align:start position:0% +weak weak +hands so we change it we'll drag the + + align:start position:0% +hands so we change it we'll drag the + + + align:start position:0% +hands so we change it we'll drag the +slider down from 33.8 down to 11% + + align:start position:0% +slider down from 33.8 down to 11% + + + align:start position:0% +slider down from 33.8 down to 11% +suddenly now we're looking at a whole + + align:start position:0% +suddenly now we're looking at a whole + + + align:start position:0% +suddenly now we're looking at a whole +lot tighter + + align:start position:0% +lot tighter + + + align:start position:0% +lot tighter +range with the updated range who thinks + + align:start position:0% +range with the updated range who thinks + + + align:start position:0% +range with the updated range who thinks +it's a call + + align:start position:0% +it's a call + + + align:start position:0% +it's a call +now good I'm glad nobody thinks it's a + + align:start position:0% +now good I'm glad nobody thinks it's a + + + align:start position:0% +now good I'm glad nobody thinks it's a +call because it is in fact a fold so by + + align:start position:0% +call because it is in fact a fold so by + + + align:start position:0% +call because it is in fact a fold so by +looking at this player by doing analysis + + align:start position:0% +looking at this player by doing analysis + + + align:start position:0% +looking at this player by doing analysis +of his previous play we were able to + + align:start position:0% +of his previous play we were able to + + + align:start position:0% +of his previous play we were able to +turn a close call into a close fold and + + align:start position:0% +turn a close call into a close fold and + + + align:start position:0% +turn a close call into a close fold and +so in this spot when when uh when he has + + align:start position:0% +so in this spot when when uh when he has + + + align:start position:0% +so in this spot when when uh when he has +this range our push Equity is 14.85% and + + align:start position:0% +this range our push Equity is 14.85% and + + + align:start position:0% +this range our push Equity is 14.85% and +fold Equity is 15 and a + + align:start position:0% +fold Equity is 15 and a + + + align:start position:0% +fold Equity is 15 and a +quarter uh and you can actually play + + align:start position:0% +quarter uh and you can actually play + + + align:start position:0% +quarter uh and you can actually play +play with this and you can keep changing + + align:start position:0% +play with this and you can keep changing + + + align:start position:0% +play with this and you can keep changing +and updating the range and you can + + align:start position:0% +and updating the range and you can + + + align:start position:0% +and updating the range and you can +figure out what Break Even is so if he + + align:start position:0% +figure out what Break Even is so if he + + + align:start position:0% +figure out what Break Even is so if he +knew what our cards were if we turned + + align:start position:0% +knew what our cards were if we turned + + + align:start position:0% +knew what our cards were if we turned +them face up we can figure out what's + + align:start position:0% +them face up we can figure out what's + + + align:start position:0% +them face up we can figure out what's +the game theory optimal pushing range + + align:start position:0% +the game theory optimal pushing range + + + align:start position:0% +the game theory optimal pushing range +for him right when we turn our king + + align:start position:0% +for him right when we turn our king + + + align:start position:0% +for him right when we turn our king +queen up if he could play Perfect poker + + align:start position:0% +queen up if he could play Perfect poker + + + align:start position:0% +queen up if he could play Perfect poker +he would have pushed a 24% range that + + align:start position:0% +he would have pushed a 24% range that + + + align:start position:0% +he would have pushed a 24% range that +would be king n suited any Ace any pair + + align:start position:0% +would be king n suited any Ace any pair + + + align:start position:0% +would be king n suited any Ace any pair +Queen 10 suited King 10 off suit or + + align:start position:0% +Queen 10 suited King 10 off suit or + + + align:start position:0% +Queen 10 suited King 10 off suit or +better uh if we think he is is he is + + align:start position:0% +better uh if we think he is is he is + + + align:start position:0% +better uh if we think he is is he is +pushing less than that it's definitely a + + align:start position:0% +pushing less than that it's definitely a + + + align:start position:0% +pushing less than that it's definitely a +fold for us uh if he is pushing more + + align:start position:0% +fold for us uh if he is pushing more + + + align:start position:0% +fold for us uh if he is pushing more +than that it's a call so we now have + + align:start position:0% +than that it's a call so we now have + + + align:start position:0% +than that it's a call so we now have +established what a break even range is + + align:start position:0% +established what a break even range is + + + align:start position:0% +established what a break even range is +for us facing a push from a short stack + + align:start position:0% +for us facing a push from a short stack + + + align:start position:0% +for us facing a push from a short stack +at the end of a tournament in a + + align:start position:0% +at the end of a tournament in a + + + align:start position:0% +at the end of a tournament in a +tournament type that we play so next + + align:start position:0% +tournament type that we play so next + + + align:start position:0% +tournament type that we play so next +time that we're sitting in the big blind + + align:start position:0% +time that we're sitting in the big blind + + + align:start position:0% +time that we're sitting in the big blind +and we Face a shove from a short stack + + align:start position:0% +and we Face a shove from a short stack + + + align:start position:0% +and we Face a shove from a short stack +who's in the small blind we have a + + align:start position:0% +who's in the small blind we have a + + + align:start position:0% +who's in the small blind we have a +better idea what things to look at and + + align:start position:0% +better idea what things to look at and + + + align:start position:0% +better idea what things to look at and +how much to skew Things based on his + + align:start position:0% +how much to skew Things based on his + + + align:start position:0% +how much to skew Things based on his +range if you're starting to see 50% % + + align:start position:0% +range if you're starting to see 50% % + + + align:start position:0% +range if you're starting to see 50% % +60% you're sitting with king queen + + align:start position:0% +60% you're sitting with king queen + + + align:start position:0% +60% you're sitting with king queen +you're in a great spot to call uh + + align:start position:0% +you're in a great spot to call uh + + + align:start position:0% +you're in a great spot to call uh +assuming you know you're an otherwise + + align:start position:0% +assuming you know you're an otherwise + + + align:start position:0% +assuming you know you're an otherwise +similar situation with your chips + + align:start position:0% +similar situation with your chips + + + align:start position:0% +similar situation with your chips +relative to the rest of the table uh but + + align:start position:0% +relative to the rest of the table uh but + + + align:start position:0% +relative to the rest of the table uh but +in this spot against this guy it's a + + align:start position:0% +in this spot against this guy it's a + + + align:start position:0% +in this spot against this guy it's a +fold so of course in the actual + + align:start position:0% +fold so of course in the actual + + + align:start position:0% +fold so of course in the actual +tornament hero called because you always + + align:start position:0% +tornament hero called because you always + + + align:start position:0% +tornament hero called because you always +make the the wrong play the first time + + align:start position:0% +make the the wrong play the first time + + + align:start position:0% +make the the wrong play the first time +you're in the situation so hero called + + align:start position:0% +you're in the situation so hero called + + + align:start position:0% +you're in the situation so hero called +here with king queen suited king queen + + align:start position:0% +here with king queen suited king queen + + + align:start position:0% +here with king queen suited king queen +off suit excuse me and we get a lovely + + align:start position:0% +off suit excuse me and we get a lovely + + + align:start position:0% +off suit excuse me and we get a lovely +wonderful flop we've got the king 9 so + + align:start position:0% +wonderful flop we've got the king 9 so + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful flop we've got the king 9 so +hooray we hit our pair this is great + + align:start position:0% +hooray we hit our pair this is great + + + align:start position:0% +hooray we hit our pair this is great +your heart starts racing there's the + + align:start position:0% +your heart starts racing there's the + + + align:start position:0% +your heart starts racing there's the +turn it's an offit Seven Fantastic if he + + align:start position:0% +turn it's an offit Seven Fantastic if he + + + align:start position:0% +turn it's an offit Seven Fantastic if he +has two diamonds he doesn't have a flush + + align:start position:0% +has two diamonds he doesn't have a flush + + + align:start position:0% +has two diamonds he doesn't have a flush +yet you know none of The Straits came in + + align:start position:0% +yet you know none of The Straits came in + + + align:start position:0% +yet you know none of The Straits came in +uhoh there's another Diamond so now if + + align:start position:0% +uhoh there's another Diamond so now if + + + align:start position:0% +uhoh there's another Diamond so now if +he has two diamonds he could have a + + align:start position:0% +he has two diamonds he could have a + + + align:start position:0% +he has two diamonds he could have a +flush one of the hands that was in his + + align:start position:0% +flush one of the hands that was in his + + + align:start position:0% +flush one of the hands that was in his +range was Ace King if he has Ace King he + + align:start position:0% +range was Ace King if he has Ace King he + + + align:start position:0% +range was Ace King if he has Ace King he +also beats us so if he has Queens Kings + + align:start position:0% +also beats us so if he has Queens Kings + + + align:start position:0% +also beats us so if he has Queens Kings +Aces Ace King or any two diamonds he + + align:start position:0% +Aces Ace King or any two diamonds he + + + align:start position:0% +Aces Ace King or any two diamonds he +wins uh and of course his actual hand + + align:start position:0% +wins uh and of course his actual hand + + + align:start position:0% +wins uh and of course his actual hand +was ace5 + + align:start position:0% +was ace5 + + + align:start position:0% +was ace5 +offit now I want to point out that ace5 + + align:start position:0% +offit now I want to point out that ace5 + + + align:start position:0% +offit now I want to point out that ace5 +offit was not in our range analysis for + + align:start position:0% +offit was not in our range analysis for + + + align:start position:0% +offit was not in our range analysis for +him so our range was actually too tight + + align:start position:0% +him so our range was actually too tight + + + align:start position:0% +him so our range was actually too tight +so we can up in the future when we're + + align:start position:0% +so we can up in the future when we're + + + align:start position:0% +so we can up in the future when we're +trying to do this kind of analysis we + + align:start position:0% +trying to do this kind of analysis we + + + align:start position:0% +trying to do this kind of analysis we +can update our range by saying hey the + + align:start position:0% +can update our range by saying hey the + + + align:start position:0% +can update our range by saying hey the +last time I did an analysis of a guy + + align:start position:0% +last time I did an analysis of a guy + + + align:start position:0% +last time I did an analysis of a guy +that I thought was really tight when he + + align:start position:0% +that I thought was really tight when he + + + align:start position:0% +that I thought was really tight when he +was super short he was looser than I + + align:start position:0% +was super short he was looser than I + + + align:start position:0% +was super short he was looser than I +thought you can add those extra few + + align:start position:0% +thought you can add those extra few + + + align:start position:0% +thought you can add those extra few +percent in um when you're up updating uh + + align:start position:0% +percent in um when you're up updating uh + + + align:start position:0% +percent in um when you're up updating uh +your ranges later uh so yeah no worries + + align:start position:0% +your ranges later uh so yeah no worries + + + align:start position:0% +your ranges later uh so yeah no worries +about Ace King certainly no flush you + + align:start position:0% +about Ace King certainly no flush you + + + align:start position:0% +about Ace King certainly no flush you +did have one Diamond + + align:start position:0% +did have one Diamond + + + align:start position:0% +did have one Diamond +though so uh here are our + + align:start position:0% +though so uh here are our + + + align:start position:0% +though so uh here are our +takeaways you should think about poker + + align:start position:0% +takeaways you should think about poker + + + align:start position:0% +takeaways you should think about poker +as a series of discreet decisions that + + align:start position:0% +as a series of discreet decisions that + + + align:start position:0% +as a series of discreet decisions that +you're going to make when you're playing + + align:start position:0% +you're going to make when you're playing + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to make when you're playing +uh you can use poker tracker filter + + align:start position:0% +uh you can use poker tracker filter + + + align:start position:0% +uh you can use poker tracker filter +system to Target those very specific + + align:start position:0% +system to Target those very specific + + + align:start position:0% +system to Target those very specific +decisions uh as we've seen you can + + align:start position:0% +decisions uh as we've seen you can + + + align:start position:0% +decisions uh as we've seen you can +filter for anything under the sun you + + align:start position:0% +filter for anything under the sun you + + + align:start position:0% +filter for anything under the sun you +would like uh you can save filters for + + align:start position:0% +would like uh you can save filters for + + + align:start position:0% +would like uh you can save filters for +later so Target those pick the spots + + align:start position:0% +later so Target those pick the spots + + + align:start position:0% +later so Target those pick the spots +that bug you pick the spots that you're + + align:start position:0% +that bug you pick the spots that you're + + + align:start position:0% +that bug you pick the spots that you're +going to remember you know next time you + + align:start position:0% +going to remember you know next time you + + + align:start position:0% +going to remember you know next time you +have 66 and you're out of position and + + align:start position:0% +have 66 and you're out of position and + + + align:start position:0% +have 66 and you're out of position and +it's on the Flop and there's a king up + + align:start position:0% +it's on the Flop and there's a king up + + + align:start position:0% +it's on the Flop and there's a king up +there and you made a raise pre- flop and + + align:start position:0% +there and you made a raise pre- flop and + + + align:start position:0% +there and you made a raise pre- flop and +you're not sure whether you should bet + + align:start position:0% +you're not sure whether you should bet + + + align:start position:0% +you're not sure whether you should bet +or you should check you can pick that + + align:start position:0% +or you should check you can pick that + + + align:start position:0% +or you should check you can pick that +spot and you can look at it and when you + + align:start position:0% +spot and you can look at it and when you + + + align:start position:0% +spot and you can look at it and when you +check call and then it's on then the + + align:start position:0% +check call and then it's on then the + + + align:start position:0% +check call and then it's on then the +turn is another as a queen you can + + align:start position:0% +turn is another as a queen you can + + + align:start position:0% +turn is another as a queen you can +decide do I want a check or do I want a + + align:start position:0% +decide do I want a check or do I want a + + + align:start position:0% +decide do I want a check or do I want a +bet you can you can pick these spots and + + align:start position:0% +bet you can you can pick these spots and + + + align:start position:0% +bet you can you can pick these spots and +then when the river t comes it just + + align:start position:0% +then when the river t comes it just + + + align:start position:0% +then when the river t comes it just +sucks to be you uh you can use the + + align:start position:0% +sucks to be you uh you can use the + + + align:start position:0% +sucks to be you uh you can use the +available information to build a mental + + align:start position:0% +available information to build a mental + + + align:start position:0% +available information to build a mental +model of your opponents look this is + + align:start position:0% +model of your opponents look this is + + + align:start position:0% +model of your opponents look this is +this is the way people play poker you + + align:start position:0% +this is the way people play poker you + + + align:start position:0% +this is the way people play poker you +try to imagine what's going on in your + + align:start position:0% +try to imagine what's going on in your + + + align:start position:0% +try to imagine what's going on in your +opponent's head you try to go how is + + align:start position:0% +opponent's head you try to go how is + + + align:start position:0% +opponent's head you try to go how is +this player going to think how does he + + align:start position:0% +this player going to think how does he + + + align:start position:0% +this player going to think how does he +make decisions so that's that's what I'm + + align:start position:0% +make decisions so that's that's what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +make decisions so that's that's what I'm +calling this mental model it's all of + + align:start position:0% +calling this mental model it's all of + + + align:start position:0% +calling this mental model it's all of +the heuristics that's going on in his + + align:start position:0% +the heuristics that's going on in his + + + align:start position:0% +the heuristics that's going on in his +head or her head uh to to make a + + align:start position:0% +head or her head uh to to make a + + + align:start position:0% +head or her head uh to to make a +specific decision analyze your options + + align:start position:0% +specific decision analyze your options + + + align:start position:0% +specific decision analyze your options +based on your mental model think about + + align:start position:0% +based on your mental model think about + + + align:start position:0% +based on your mental model think about +what you can do think about how his + + align:start position:0% +what you can do think about how his + + + align:start position:0% +what you can do think about how his +actions are going to affect your play + + align:start position:0% +actions are going to affect your play + + + align:start position:0% +actions are going to affect your play +think about how your hand affects it and + + align:start position:0% +think about how your hand affects it and + + + align:start position:0% +think about how your hand affects it and +when your mental model is proven wrong + + align:start position:0% +when your mental model is proven wrong + + + align:start position:0% +when your mental model is proven wrong +like it just was did not think that guy + + align:start position:0% +like it just was did not think that guy + + + align:start position:0% +like it just was did not think that guy +had ace5 off suit uh you can adjust your + + align:start position:0% +had ace5 off suit uh you can adjust your + + + align:start position:0% +had ace5 off suit uh you can adjust your +model and you will get better at poker + + align:start position:0% +model and you will get better at poker + + + align:start position:0% +model and you will get better at poker +if you continue to analyze your game one + + align:start position:0% +if you continue to analyze your game one + + + align:start position:0% +if you continue to analyze your game one +hand at a + + align:start position:0% +hand at a + + + align:start position:0% +hand at a +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +so I hope that that was instructive and + + align:start position:0% +so I hope that that was instructive and + + + align:start position:0% +so I hope that that was instructive and +that I opened your eyes a little bit to + + align:start position:0% +that I opened your eyes a little bit to + + + align:start position:0% +that I opened your eyes a little bit to +all of the Power uh that poker tracker + + align:start position:0% +all of the Power uh that poker tracker + + + align:start position:0% +all of the Power uh that poker tracker +has to offer for you um if you have any + + align:start position:0% +has to offer for you um if you have any + + + align:start position:0% +has to offer for you um if you have any +questions I'd be happy to take them + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tssNDp5I6zA.txt b/tssNDp5I6zA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..931b88b739e345dd4bb855e59cd90c16f3678fbb --- /dev/null +++ b/tssNDp5I6zA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9187 @@ +align:start position:0% + +The following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under +a Creative Common License. Your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Common License. Your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Common License. Your support +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free. To make a donation + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation +or to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +or to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +or to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open +Courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mmit.edu. Okay, so let's get + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mmit.edu. Okay, so let's get + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mmit.edu. Okay, so let's get +started. Today we're going to be talking + + align:start position:0% +started. Today we're going to be talking + + + align:start position:0% +started. Today we're going to be talking +about pre flop, which is the last thing + + align:start position:0% +about pre flop, which is the last thing + + + align:start position:0% +about pre flop, which is the last thing +I definitely want to cover before um the + + align:start position:0% +I definitely want to cover before um the + + + align:start position:0% +I definitely want to cover before um the +Sakuna tournament. As you know, this is + + align:start position:0% +Sakuna tournament. As you know, this is + + + align:start position:0% +Sakuna tournament. As you know, this is +going to be one of my last lectures. I'm + + align:start position:0% +going to be one of my last lectures. I'm + + + align:start position:0% +going to be one of my last lectures. I'm +teaching one or two over the next two + + align:start position:0% +teaching one or two over the next two + + + align:start position:0% +teaching one or two over the next two +weeks, but we're primarily going to have + + align:start position:0% +weeks, but we're primarily going to have + + + align:start position:0% +weeks, but we're primarily going to have +guest speakers talking about, I guess, + + align:start position:0% +guest speakers talking about, I guess, + + + align:start position:0% +guest speakers talking about, I guess, +more the macro poker environment. Okay, + + align:start position:0% +more the macro poker environment. Okay, + + + align:start position:0% +more the macro poker environment. Okay, +cool. So, why are we doing pre flop? Um, + + align:start position:0% +cool. So, why are we doing pre flop? Um, + + + align:start position:0% +cool. So, why are we doing pre flop? Um, +so in tournaments, most of your value is + + align:start position:0% +so in tournaments, most of your value is + + + align:start position:0% +so in tournaments, most of your value is +going to come from what you do uh pre + + align:start position:0% +going to come from what you do uh pre + + + align:start position:0% +going to come from what you do uh pre +flop, playing it close to optimally. And + + align:start position:0% +flop, playing it close to optimally. And + + + align:start position:0% +flop, playing it close to optimally. And +the reason is because a lot of people + + align:start position:0% +the reason is because a lot of people + + + align:start position:0% +the reason is because a lot of people +don't do this good at all. Like, they + + align:start position:0% +don't do this good at all. Like, they + + + align:start position:0% +don't do this good at all. Like, they +really really play pre flop badly + + align:start position:0% +really really play pre flop badly + + + align:start position:0% +really really play pre flop badly +because it's very counterintuitive. Um, + + align:start position:0% +because it's very counterintuitive. Um, + + + align:start position:0% +because it's very counterintuitive. Um, +especially live. like live people have a + + align:start position:0% +especially live. like live people have a + + + align:start position:0% +especially live. like live people have a +much tougher time doing this because + + align:start position:0% +much tougher time doing this because + + + align:start position:0% +much tougher time doing this because +either like they're afraid of getting + + align:start position:0% +either like they're afraid of getting + + + align:start position:0% +either like they're afraid of getting +knocked down on a bad hand or they're + + align:start position:0% +knocked down on a bad hand or they're + + + align:start position:0% +knocked down on a bad hand or they're +they're afraid of showing down a bad + + align:start position:0% +they're afraid of showing down a bad + + + align:start position:0% +they're afraid of showing down a bad +hand or live players are just worse in + + align:start position:0% +hand or live players are just worse in + + + align:start position:0% +hand or live players are just worse in +general. Um so for whatever reason + + align:start position:0% +general. Um so for whatever reason + + + align:start position:0% +general. Um so for whatever reason +people screw us up online a little bit + + align:start position:0% +people screw us up online a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +people screw us up online a little bit +on live a lot. Um in addition, one of + + align:start position:0% +on live a lot. Um in addition, one of + + + align:start position:0% +on live a lot. Um in addition, one of +the reasons that we're spending an + + align:start position:0% +the reasons that we're spending an + + + align:start position:0% +the reasons that we're spending an +entire day on it is it's relatively + + align:start position:0% +entire day on it is it's relatively + + + align:start position:0% +entire day on it is it's relatively +easier to solve from mathematical + + align:start position:0% +easier to solve from mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +easier to solve from mathematical +standpoint. like we can get close to + + align:start position:0% +standpoint. like we can get close to + + + align:start position:0% +standpoint. like we can get close to +like a natural equilibrium because there + + align:start position:0% +like a natural equilibrium because there + + + align:start position:0% +like a natural equilibrium because there +aren't that many variables whereas like + + align:start position:0% +aren't that many variables whereas like + + + align:start position:0% +aren't that many variables whereas like +post flop there are a million variables. + + align:start position:0% +post flop there are a million variables. + + + align:start position:0% +post flop there are a million variables. +It's more related to kind of putting + + align:start position:0% +It's more related to kind of putting + + + align:start position:0% +It's more related to kind of putting +things into patterns that you might be + + align:start position:0% +things into patterns that you might be + + + align:start position:0% +things into patterns that you might be +close to. Um so that's why I'm doing + + align:start position:0% +close to. Um so that's why I'm doing + + + align:start position:0% +close to. Um so that's why I'm doing +this. And then let's start with the + + align:start position:0% +this. And then let's start with the + + + align:start position:0% +this. And then let's start with the +scenario that we're going to be + + align:start position:0% +scenario that we're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +scenario that we're going to be +analyzing for the rest of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +class. There we go. Okay, cool. So + + align:start position:0% +class. There we go. Okay, cool. So + + + align:start position:0% +class. There we go. Okay, cool. So +here's our scenario. So I'm how it works + + align:start position:0% +here's our scenario. So I'm how it works + + + align:start position:0% +here's our scenario. So I'm how it works +heads up is the dealer button is a small + + align:start position:0% +heads up is the dealer button is a small + + + align:start position:0% +heads up is the dealer button is a small +blind. That's a like slight break in the + + align:start position:0% +blind. That's a like slight break in the + + + align:start position:0% +blind. That's a like slight break in the +rules because you would assume I'm + + align:start position:0% +rules because you would assume I'm + + + align:start position:0% +rules because you would assume I'm +button, he small blind, I'm big blind, + + align:start position:0% +button, he small blind, I'm big blind, + + + align:start position:0% +button, he small blind, I'm big blind, +but they change it around a little bit. + + align:start position:0% +but they change it around a little bit. + + + align:start position:0% +but they change it around a little bit. +This way the button isn't the last one + + align:start position:0% +This way the button isn't the last one + + + align:start position:0% +This way the button isn't the last one +to act every round. So here I'm first + + align:start position:0% +to act every round. So here I'm first + + + align:start position:0% +to act every round. So here I'm first +one to act pre flop and then last to act + + align:start position:0% +one to act pre flop and then last to act + + + align:start position:0% +one to act pre flop and then last to act +every round thereafter. If I were big + + align:start position:0% +every round thereafter. If I were big + + + align:start position:0% +every round thereafter. If I were big +blind, I would be last every single + + align:start position:0% +blind, I would be last every single + + + align:start position:0% +blind, I would be last every single +round. So that's a minor variation um + + align:start position:0% +round. So that's a minor variation um + + + align:start position:0% +round. So that's a minor variation um +that you guys should just know. Um so + + align:start position:0% +that you guys should just know. Um so + + + align:start position:0% +that you guys should just know. Um so +situation, I'm small blind 12 for 125. + + align:start position:0% +situation, I'm small blind 12 for 125. + + + align:start position:0% +situation, I'm small blind 12 for 125. +He's big blind for 150 and there's a 25 + + align:start position:0% +He's big blind for 150 and there's a 25 + + + align:start position:0% +He's big blind for 150 and there's a 25 +ante which is why there's 50 in the pot. + + align:start position:0% +ante which is why there's 50 in the pot. + + + align:start position:0% +ante which is why there's 50 in the pot. +And the question is what do we do here? + + align:start position:0% +And the question is what do we do here? + + + align:start position:0% +And the question is what do we do here? +Okay, so we have 96 offuit with 2 and a + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so we have 96 offuit with 2 and a + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so we have 96 offuit with 2 and a +half M. Um we're in the small blind and + + align:start position:0% +half M. Um we're in the small blind and + + + align:start position:0% +half M. Um we're in the small blind and +we're trying to figure out what do we + + align:start position:0% +we're trying to figure out what do we + + + align:start position:0% +we're trying to figure out what do we +do? Um so this the the answer here might + + align:start position:0% +do? Um so this the the answer here might + + + align:start position:0% +do? Um so this the the answer here might +not be that intuitive and I don't think + + align:start position:0% +not be that intuitive and I don't think + + + align:start position:0% +not be that intuitive and I don't think +I give it to you right away. But how we + + align:start position:0% +I give it to you right away. But how we + + + align:start position:0% +I give it to you right away. But how we +figure it out is just with a normal uh + + align:start position:0% +figure it out is just with a normal uh + + + align:start position:0% +figure it out is just with a normal uh +semibluffing equation. We take a look at + + align:start position:0% +semibluffing equation. We take a look at + + + align:start position:0% +semibluffing equation. We take a look at +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so so everything pre flop is a semibluff + + align:start position:0% +so so everything pre flop is a semibluff + + + align:start position:0% +so so everything pre flop is a semibluff +because like we have some chance of + + align:start position:0% +because like we have some chance of + + + align:start position:0% +because like we have some chance of +winning and we're virtually never less + + align:start position:0% +winning and we're virtually never less + + + align:start position:0% +winning and we're virtually never less +than 30%. So we just use this + + align:start position:0% +than 30%. So we just use this + + + align:start position:0% +than 30%. So we just use this +semibluffing for bluffing formula that + + align:start position:0% +semibluffing for bluffing formula that + + + align:start position:0% +semibluffing for bluffing formula that +we've we've uh seen before where our EV + + align:start position:0% +we've we've uh seen before where our EV + + + align:start position:0% +we've we've uh seen before where our EV +is just going to be the pot times the + + align:start position:0% +is just going to be the pot times the + + + align:start position:0% +is just going to be the pot times the +chance he folds plus the chance he + + align:start position:0% +chance he folds plus the chance he + + + align:start position:0% +chance he folds plus the chance he +doesn't fold times our like EV when he + + align:start position:0% +doesn't fold times our like EV when he + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't fold times our like EV when he +calls. Um we need to figure out some + + align:start position:0% +calls. Um we need to figure out some + + + align:start position:0% +calls. Um we need to figure out some +sort of calling range. So, I I just made + + align:start position:0% +sort of calling range. So, I I just made + + + align:start position:0% +sort of calling range. So, I I just made +up one here that seemed like about at + + align:start position:0% +up one here that seemed like about at + + + align:start position:0% +up one here that seemed like about at +the pro level. And this is pretty wide, + + align:start position:0% +the pro level. And this is pretty wide, + + + align:start position:0% +the pro level. And this is pretty wide, +right? Like him calling with like ace2 + + align:start position:0% +right? Like him calling with like ace2 + + + align:start position:0% +right? Like him calling with like ace2 +or jack 10 or 22. Like this is a wideish + + align:start position:0% +or jack 10 or 22. Like this is a wideish + + + align:start position:0% +or jack 10 or 22. Like this is a wideish +range. I think a lot of players for the + + align:start position:0% +range. I think a lot of players for the + + + align:start position:0% +range. I think a lot of players for the +tournament life might not call this + + align:start position:0% +tournament life might not call this + + + align:start position:0% +tournament life might not call this +wide, but it ends up being like um 27.6% + + align:start position:0% +wide, but it ends up being like um 27.6% + + + align:start position:0% +wide, but it ends up being like um 27.6% +of hands he's calling. Um so, we're + + align:start position:0% +of hands he's calling. Um so, we're + + + align:start position:0% +of hands he's calling. Um so, we're +going to use it as a baseline, and then + + align:start position:0% +going to use it as a baseline, and then + + + align:start position:0% +going to use it as a baseline, and then +later we'll show why that doesn't + + align:start position:0% +later we'll show why that doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +later we'll show why that doesn't +matter. Um so, our question is what's + + align:start position:0% +matter. Um so, our question is what's + + + align:start position:0% +matter. Um so, our question is what's +our um what's our equity versus his + + align:start position:0% +our um what's our equity versus his + + + align:start position:0% +our um what's our equity versus his +range here? And what we can do um there + + align:start position:0% +range here? And what we can do um there + + + align:start position:0% +range here? And what we can do um there +is just plug into poker tracker. So the + + align:start position:0% +is just plug into poker tracker. So the + + + align:start position:0% +is just plug into poker tracker. So the +idea is we don't know what hand he has + + align:start position:0% +idea is we don't know what hand he has + + + align:start position:0% +idea is we don't know what hand he has +and we don't care. Like there's it's + + align:start position:0% +and we don't care. Like there's it's + + + align:start position:0% +and we don't care. Like there's it's +unrealistic to think that we can get + + align:start position:0% +unrealistic to think that we can get + + + align:start position:0% +unrealistic to think that we can get +down to any sort of hand he'll be + + align:start position:0% +down to any sort of hand he'll be + + + align:start position:0% +down to any sort of hand he'll be +calling with. But we can get down to a + + align:start position:0% +calling with. But we can get down to a + + + align:start position:0% +calling with. But we can get down to a +range. We can say he's equally likely to + + align:start position:0% +range. We can say he's equally likely to + + + align:start position:0% +range. We can say he's equally likely to +have um any assortment of the hands in + + align:start position:0% +have um any assortment of the hands in + + + align:start position:0% +have um any assortment of the hands in +that range cuz like if he calls that + + align:start position:0% +that range cuz like if he calls that + + + align:start position:0% +that range cuz like if he calls that +means that he has one of those hands. So + + align:start position:0% +means that he has one of those hands. So + + + align:start position:0% +means that he has one of those hands. So +we can compare our equity verse any one + + align:start position:0% +we can compare our equity verse any one + + + align:start position:0% +we can compare our equity verse any one +of those hands to get our equity versus + + align:start position:0% +of those hands to get our equity versus + + + align:start position:0% +of those hands to get our equity versus +his range. Um and we can do that in + + align:start position:0% +his range. Um and we can do that in + + + align:start position:0% +his range. Um and we can do that in +Poker Tracker. So, what you're going to + + align:start position:0% +Poker Tracker. So, what you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +Poker Tracker. So, what you're going to +do is you're going to open up the equity + + align:start position:0% +do is you're going to open up the equity + + + align:start position:0% +do is you're going to open up the equity +calculator. You're going to put in uh 96 + + align:start position:0% +calculator. You're going to put in uh 96 + + + align:start position:0% +calculator. You're going to put in uh 96 +off. And then you're going to put in uh + + align:start position:0% +off. And then you're going to put in uh + + + align:start position:0% +off. And then you're going to put in uh +this. I actually just drew it in there, + + align:start position:0% +this. I actually just drew it in there, + + + align:start position:0% +this. I actually just drew it in there, +but that's the same thing I showed + + align:start position:0% +but that's the same thing I showed + + + align:start position:0% +but that's the same thing I showed +before, which is um pocket twos are + + align:start position:0% +before, which is um pocket twos are + + + align:start position:0% +before, which is um pocket twos are +better. Ace2, king two, queen or king + + align:start position:0% +better. Ace2, king two, queen or king + + + align:start position:0% +better. Ace2, king two, queen or king +10, queen 10, jack 10. And then the same + + align:start position:0% +10, queen 10, jack 10. And then the same + + + align:start position:0% +10, queen 10, jack 10. And then the same +for offsuit. Um which is the + + align:start position:0% +for offsuit. Um which is the + + + align:start position:0% +for offsuit. Um which is the +representation of this entire thing. I + + align:start position:0% +representation of this entire thing. I + + + align:start position:0% +representation of this entire thing. I +just didn't separate + + align:start position:0% +just didn't separate + + + align:start position:0% +just didn't separate +uh offsuit or suited. And then I assume + + align:start position:0% +uh offsuit or suited. And then I assume + + + align:start position:0% +uh offsuit or suited. And then I assume +by jack 10 uh it meant like that entire + + align:start position:0% +by jack 10 uh it meant like that entire + + + align:start position:0% +by jack 10 uh it meant like that entire +corner although poker tracker likes + + align:start position:0% +corner although poker tracker likes + + + align:start position:0% +corner although poker tracker likes +specifying. Anyway, so this is our + + align:start position:0% +specifying. Anyway, so this is our + + + align:start position:0% +specifying. Anyway, so this is our +equity versus this is saying that if we + + align:start position:0% +equity versus this is saying that if we + + + align:start position:0% +equity versus this is saying that if we +go in with uh with 96 and he calls uh + + align:start position:0% +go in with uh with 96 and he calls uh + + + align:start position:0% +go in with uh with 96 and he calls uh +with anything in that range, we are 34% + + align:start position:0% +with anything in that range, we are 34% + + + align:start position:0% +with anything in that range, we are 34% +to win this hand. So I don't know if + + align:start position:0% +to win this hand. So I don't know if + + + align:start position:0% +to win this hand. So I don't know if +that's about what you would expect. It + + align:start position:0% +that's about what you would expect. It + + + align:start position:0% +that's about what you would expect. It +seems higher than like I would have + + align:start position:0% +seems higher than like I would have + + + align:start position:0% +seems higher than like I would have +thought initially, but that's our equity + + align:start position:0% +thought initially, but that's our equity + + + align:start position:0% +thought initially, but that's our equity +versus range. like we are. If we go all + + align:start position:0% +versus range. like we are. If we go all + + + align:start position:0% +versus range. like we are. If we go all +in and he calls, we can assume we're a + + align:start position:0% +in and he calls, we can assume we're a + + + align:start position:0% +in and he calls, we can assume we're a +3565 underdog without even knowing what + + align:start position:0% +3565 underdog without even knowing what + + + align:start position:0% +3565 underdog without even knowing what +he has. And then once we find out what + + align:start position:0% +he has. And then once we find out what + + + align:start position:0% +he has. And then once we find out what +he has, we'll find out whether we're + + align:start position:0% +he has, we'll find out whether we're + + + align:start position:0% +he has, we'll find out whether we're +slightly better or worse, but that + + align:start position:0% +slightly better or worse, but that + + + align:start position:0% +slightly better or worse, but that +doesn't really + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really +matter. Um so we can calculate our um EV + + align:start position:0% +matter. Um so we can calculate our um EV + + + align:start position:0% +matter. Um so we can calculate our um EV +in this hand uh in the same way that + + align:start position:0% +in this hand uh in the same way that + + + align:start position:0% +in this hand uh in the same way that +we're used to calculating semibluffing + + align:start position:0% +we're used to calculating semibluffing + + + align:start position:0% +we're used to calculating semibluffing +EV. the EV of the push is going to be um + + align:start position:0% +EV. the EV of the push is going to be um + + + align:start position:0% +EV. the EV of the push is going to be um +this the chance of him folding times + + align:start position:0% +this the chance of him folding times + + + align:start position:0% +this the chance of him folding times +425. If he calls 27% of the time, that + + align:start position:0% +425. If he calls 27% of the time, that + + + align:start position:0% +425. If he calls 27% of the time, that +means he folds whatever this is like 73% + + align:start position:0% +means he folds whatever this is like 73% + + + align:start position:0% +means he folds whatever this is like 73% +of the time. Um so that's our like value + + align:start position:0% +of the time. Um so that's our like value + + + align:start position:0% +of the time. Um so that's our like value +from him folding the fold equity. And + + align:start position:0% +from him folding the fold equity. And + + + align:start position:0% +from him folding the fold equity. And +then 27% of the time we're in a showdown + + align:start position:0% +then 27% of the time we're in a showdown + + + align:start position:0% +then 27% of the time we're in a showdown +situation where of that like portion of + + align:start position:0% +situation where of that like portion of + + + align:start position:0% +situation where of that like portion of +the time that it calls we're 35 to win + + align:start position:0% +the time that it calls we're 35 to win + + + align:start position:0% +the time that it calls we're 35 to win +1250 and we're 65 to lose 950 resulting + + align:start position:0% +1250 and we're 65 to lose 950 resulting + + + align:start position:0% +1250 and we're 65 to lose 950 resulting +in a total uh equity of + + align:start position:0% +in a total uh equity of + + + align:start position:0% +in a total uh equity of +253. So that's a like that's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +253. So that's a like that's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +253. So that's a like that's a lot of +chips for what might seem like a very + + align:start position:0% +chips for what might seem like a very + + + align:start position:0% +chips for what might seem like a very +marginal move. By going all in here + + align:start position:0% +marginal move. By going all in here + + + align:start position:0% +marginal move. By going all in here +you're actually making that many chips. + + align:start position:0% +you're actually making that many chips. + + + align:start position:0% +you're actually making that many chips. +And in fact, + + align:start position:0% +And in fact, + + + align:start position:0% +And in fact, +um, like a more provocative way to + + align:start position:0% +um, like a more provocative way to + + + align:start position:0% +um, like a more provocative way to +describe it is if you don't do this, you + + align:start position:0% +describe it is if you don't do this, you + + + align:start position:0% +describe it is if you don't do this, you +are losing 250 chips. Like you have, you + + align:start position:0% +are losing 250 chips. Like you have, you + + + align:start position:0% +are losing 250 chips. Like you have, you +only need a,000 to win to like win this + + align:start position:0% +only need a,000 to win to like win this + + + align:start position:0% +only need a,000 to win to like win this +whole tournament. And by folding this + + align:start position:0% +whole tournament. And by folding this + + + align:start position:0% +whole tournament. And by folding this +like what seems like a very weak hand in + + align:start position:0% +like what seems like a very weak hand in + + + align:start position:0% +like what seems like a very weak hand in +this position, you are just giving him + + align:start position:0% +this position, you are just giving him + + + align:start position:0% +this position, you are just giving him +250 chips of value. So that's a lot. And + + align:start position:0% +250 chips of value. So that's a lot. And + + + align:start position:0% +250 chips of value. So that's a lot. And +that shows how counterintuitive this is + + align:start position:0% +that shows how counterintuitive this is + + + align:start position:0% +that shows how counterintuitive this is +that a situation where you have really + + align:start position:0% +that a situation where you have really + + + align:start position:0% +that a situation where you have really +bad cards, you don't realize that these + + align:start position:0% +bad cards, you don't realize that these + + + align:start position:0% +bad cards, you don't realize that these +are actually really really good cards in + + align:start position:0% +are actually really really good cards in + + + align:start position:0% +are actually really really good cards in +this situation. In fact, no matter what + + align:start position:0% +this situation. In fact, no matter what + + + align:start position:0% +this situation. In fact, no matter what +your cards are basically good in this + + align:start position:0% +your cards are basically good in this + + + align:start position:0% +your cards are basically good in this +situation because the like the situation + + align:start position:0% +situation because the like the situation + + + align:start position:0% +situation because the like the situation +uh makes uh any two cards good enough. + + align:start position:0% +uh makes uh any two cards good enough. + + + align:start position:0% +uh makes uh any two cards good enough. +Um so let's talk about so we made one + + align:start position:0% +Um so let's talk about so we made one + + + align:start position:0% +Um so let's talk about so we made one +assumption which is what his call range + + align:start position:0% +assumption which is what his call range + + + align:start position:0% +assumption which is what his call range +is. Do do you have a question? Oh okay. + + align:start position:0% +is. Do do you have a question? Oh okay. + + + align:start position:0% +is. Do do you have a question? Oh okay. +Um, so we made some assumption about + + align:start position:0% +Um, so we made some assumption about + + + align:start position:0% +Um, so we made some assumption about +what his call range is and I said it + + align:start position:0% +what his call range is and I said it + + + align:start position:0% +what his call range is and I said it +didn't matter. Why? Because what we can + + align:start position:0% +didn't matter. Why? Because what we can + + + align:start position:0% +didn't matter. Why? Because what we can +do here is um make the call range a + + align:start position:0% +do here is um make the call range a + + + align:start position:0% +do here is um make the call range a +variable, right? So this fold percent is + + align:start position:0% +variable, right? So this fold percent is + + + align:start position:0% +variable, right? So this fold percent is +a variable and then our win percent is + + align:start position:0% +a variable and then our win percent is + + + align:start position:0% +a variable and then our win percent is +related to the percent that he folds, + + align:start position:0% +related to the percent that he folds, + + + align:start position:0% +related to the percent that he folds, +right? Because like if he if he calls a + + align:start position:0% +right? Because like if he if he calls a + + + align:start position:0% +right? Because like if he if he calls a +small range of hands when we get called, + + align:start position:0% +small range of hands when we get called, + + + align:start position:0% +small range of hands when we get called, +he's going to be crushing us. whereas if + + align:start position:0% +he's going to be crushing us. whereas if + + + align:start position:0% +he's going to be crushing us. whereas if +he calls like 90% of the time, we're + + align:start position:0% +he calls like 90% of the time, we're + + + align:start position:0% +he calls like 90% of the time, we're +probably ahead of his range um because + + align:start position:0% +probably ahead of his range um because + + + align:start position:0% +probably ahead of his range um because +he calls a lot of worse hands. Anyway, + + align:start position:0% +he calls a lot of worse hands. Anyway, + + + align:start position:0% +he calls a lot of worse hands. Anyway, +so we can you can take a graph and just + + align:start position:0% +so we can you can take a graph and just + + + align:start position:0% +so we can you can take a graph and just +look, okay, he calls somewhere between + + align:start position:0% +look, okay, he calls somewhere between + + + align:start position:0% +look, okay, he calls somewhere between +0% of the time and 100% of the time. And + + align:start position:0% +0% of the time and 100% of the time. And + + + align:start position:0% +0% of the time and 100% of the time. And +then we can do this EV equation for all + + align:start position:0% +then we can do this EV equation for all + + + align:start position:0% +then we can do this EV equation for all +of those hands by calculating like, + + align:start position:0% +of those hands by calculating like, + + + align:start position:0% +of those hands by calculating like, +okay, so what's our equity versus + + align:start position:0% +okay, so what's our equity versus + + + align:start position:0% +okay, so what's our equity versus +calling range? Um this doesn't change. + + align:start position:0% +calling range? Um this doesn't change. + + + align:start position:0% +calling range? Um this doesn't change. +We still win or lose the same amount + + align:start position:0% +We still win or lose the same amount + + + align:start position:0% +We still win or lose the same amount +every time. and say, "Okay, so if we um + + align:start position:0% +every time. and say, "Okay, so if we um + + + align:start position:0% +every time. and say, "Okay, so if we um +if we uh we're always pushing here, if + + align:start position:0% +if we uh we're always pushing here, if + + + align:start position:0% +if we uh we're always pushing here, if +he calls with whatever range, this is + + align:start position:0% +he calls with whatever range, this is + + + align:start position:0% +he calls with whatever range, this is +our EV." And then one thing that's + + align:start position:0% +our EV." And then one thing that's + + + align:start position:0% +our EV." And then one thing that's +interesting about this graph is + + align:start position:0% +interesting about this graph is + + + align:start position:0% +interesting about this graph is +what? It's always positive, which means + + align:start position:0% +what? It's always positive, which means + + + align:start position:0% +what? It's always positive, which means +that no matter what his his calling + + align:start position:0% +that no matter what his his calling + + + align:start position:0% +that no matter what his his calling +range is, this push is good. It it might + + align:start position:0% +range is, this push is good. It it might + + + align:start position:0% +range is, this push is good. It it might +be more intuitive this way. Like if he + + align:start position:0% +be more intuitive this way. Like if he + + + align:start position:0% +be more intuitive this way. Like if he +folds 100% of the time, if he only calls + + align:start position:0% +folds 100% of the time, if he only calls + + + align:start position:0% +folds 100% of the time, if he only calls +0% of the time, we trend up to a number + + align:start position:0% +0% of the time, we trend up to a number + + + align:start position:0% +0% of the time, we trend up to a number +around here. And what number is around + + align:start position:0% +around here. And what number is around + + + align:start position:0% +around here. And what number is around +here? + + align:start position:0% +here? + + + align:start position:0% +here? +That's just this. It's the pot before we + + align:start position:0% +That's just this. It's the pot before we + + + align:start position:0% +That's just this. It's the pot before we +do anything. So if he folds 100% of the + + align:start position:0% +do anything. So if he folds 100% of the + + + align:start position:0% +do anything. So if he folds 100% of the +time, we just win the pot. Like that's + + align:start position:0% +time, we just win the pot. Like that's + + + align:start position:0% +time, we just win the pot. Like that's +our EV every hand. And it just trends + + align:start position:0% +our EV every hand. And it just trends + + + align:start position:0% +our EV every hand. And it just trends +based on this where the more he calls + + align:start position:0% +based on this where the more he calls + + + align:start position:0% +based on this where the more he calls +typically the better the worse our EV is + + align:start position:0% +typically the better the worse our EV is + + + align:start position:0% +typically the better the worse our EV is +going to be. Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +going to be. Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +going to be. Yeah. +So this is true for 96. + + align:start position:0% +So this is true for 96. + + + align:start position:0% +So this is true for 96. +Yeah. What's like the lowest pair for + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. What's like the lowest pair for + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. What's like the lowest pair for +which is still positive? We'll get to + + align:start position:0% +which is still positive? We'll get to + + + align:start position:0% +which is still positive? We'll get to +that and that's a good question. Um + + align:start position:0% +that and that's a good question. Um + + + align:start position:0% +that and that's a good question. Um +although it's going to take us like half + + align:start position:0% +although it's going to take us like half + + + align:start position:0% +although it's going to take us like half +the class to answer that. Um anyway, so + + align:start position:0% +the class to answer that. Um anyway, so + + + align:start position:0% +the class to answer that. Um anyway, so +that's the cool thing here. So it's + + align:start position:0% +that's the cool thing here. So it's + + + align:start position:0% +that's the cool thing here. So it's +always positive which means like I'm + + align:start position:0% +always positive which means like I'm + + + align:start position:0% +always positive which means like I'm +saying no like even like uh no matter + + align:start position:0% +saying no like even like uh no matter + + + align:start position:0% +saying no like even like uh no matter +what his like the villain does always + + align:start position:0% +what his like the villain does always + + + align:start position:0% +what his like the villain does always +always push allin with 96 offsuit in + + align:start position:0% +always push allin with 96 offsuit in + + + align:start position:0% +always push allin with 96 offsuit in +this position. Okay. So let's break it + + align:start position:0% +this position. Okay. So let's break it + + + align:start position:0% +this position. Okay. So let's break it +down into components. So to explain + + align:start position:0% +down into components. So to explain + + + align:start position:0% +down into components. So to explain +intuitively what drives this graph is + + align:start position:0% +intuitively what drives this graph is + + + align:start position:0% +intuitively what drives this graph is +the your like your equity there is split + + align:start position:0% +the your like your equity there is split + + + align:start position:0% +the your like your equity there is split +into two parts cuz it's a semibluff. + + align:start position:0% +into two parts cuz it's a semibluff. + + + align:start position:0% +into two parts cuz it's a semibluff. +your fold equity and your showdown + + align:start position:0% +your fold equity and your showdown + + + align:start position:0% +your fold equity and your showdown +equity, right? So, let's turn this into + + align:start position:0% +equity, right? So, let's turn this into + + + align:start position:0% +equity, right? So, let's turn this into +lines. So, you see your fold equity just + + align:start position:0% +lines. So, you see your fold equity just + + + align:start position:0% +lines. So, you see your fold equity just +decreases the more he calls in a linear + + align:start position:0% +decreases the more he calls in a linear + + + align:start position:0% +decreases the more he calls in a linear +fashion, right? So, that that should be + + align:start position:0% +fashion, right? So, that that should be + + + align:start position:0% +fashion, right? So, that that should be +fairly intuitive like the proportion he + + align:start position:0% +fairly intuitive like the proportion he + + + align:start position:0% +fairly intuitive like the proportion he +calls like reduces your fold equity by + + align:start position:0% +calls like reduces your fold equity by + + + align:start position:0% +calls like reduces your fold equity by +that amount. And then your showdown + + align:start position:0% +that amount. And then your showdown + + + align:start position:0% +that amount. And then your showdown +equity h has a little curve here where + + align:start position:0% +equity h has a little curve here where + + + align:start position:0% +equity h has a little curve here where +um you get more value from the showdown + + align:start position:0% +um you get more value from the showdown + + + align:start position:0% +um you get more value from the showdown +on average the more he calls. Um the + + align:start position:0% +on average the more he calls. Um the + + + align:start position:0% +on average the more he calls. Um the +only reason there's a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +only reason there's a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +only reason there's a little bit of +curvature is because this is multiplied + + align:start position:0% +curvature is because this is multiplied + + + align:start position:0% +curvature is because this is multiplied +by the chance of him calling in the + + align:start position:0% +by the chance of him calling in the + + + align:start position:0% +by the chance of him calling in the +first place. So it it's tilting um it's + + align:start position:0% +first place. So it it's tilting um it's + + + align:start position:0% +first place. So it it's tilting um it's +tilting in some direction. But anyway, + + align:start position:0% +tilting in some direction. But anyway, + + + align:start position:0% +tilting in some direction. But anyway, +that these are are um curved make this + + align:start position:0% +that these are are um curved make this + + + align:start position:0% +that these are are um curved make this +makes this a very interesting + + align:start position:0% +makes this a very interesting + + + align:start position:0% +makes this a very interesting +optimization puzzle. And the reason + + align:start position:0% +optimization puzzle. And the reason + + + align:start position:0% +optimization puzzle. And the reason +we're positive at the end is for is for + + align:start position:0% +we're positive at the end is for is for + + + align:start position:0% +we're positive at the end is for is for +this reason like we're basically so this + + align:start position:0% +this reason like we're basically so this + + + align:start position:0% +this reason like we're basically so this +line the total equity is just the sum of + + align:start position:0% +line the total equity is just the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +line the total equity is just the sum of +these two where our showdown value is + + align:start position:0% +these two where our showdown value is + + + align:start position:0% +these two where our showdown value is +going to be negative over this over + + align:start position:0% +going to be negative over this over + + + align:start position:0% +going to be negative over this over +basically the entire range. And um even + + align:start position:0% +basically the entire range. And um even + + + align:start position:0% +basically the entire range. And um even +when our fold equity reaches zero, + + align:start position:0% +when our fold equity reaches zero, + + + align:start position:0% +when our fold equity reaches zero, +that's when our showdown equity creeps + + align:start position:0% +that's when our showdown equity creeps + + + align:start position:0% +that's when our showdown equity creeps +just above zero. Regardless of what his + + align:start position:0% +just above zero. Regardless of what his + + + align:start position:0% +just above zero. Regardless of what his +calling range is, + + align:start position:0% +calling range is, + + + align:start position:0% +calling range is, +um your average is like 175 chips of EV. + + align:start position:0% +um your average is like 175 chips of EV. + + + align:start position:0% +um your average is like 175 chips of EV. +Like the 20 the 20% call or whatever he + + align:start position:0% +Like the 20 the 20% call or whatever he + + + align:start position:0% +Like the 20 the 20% call or whatever he +said, the 27% calling range isn't + + align:start position:0% +said, the 27% calling range isn't + + + align:start position:0% +said, the 27% calling range isn't +necessarily optimal if he knows you have + + align:start position:0% +necessarily optimal if he knows you have + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily optimal if he knows you have +this these cards, but on average you're + + align:start position:0% +this these cards, but on average you're + + + align:start position:0% +this these cards, but on average you're +getting like whatever likeund and + + align:start position:0% +getting like whatever likeund and + + + align:start position:0% +getting like whatever likeund and +something chips. And just to show how + + align:start position:0% +something chips. And just to show how + + + align:start position:0% +something chips. And just to show how +bad it is folding, like if you just open + + align:start position:0% +bad it is folding, like if you just open + + + align:start position:0% +bad it is folding, like if you just open +fold this for some reason, that's as bad + + align:start position:0% +fold this for some reason, that's as bad + + + align:start position:0% +fold this for some reason, that's as bad +as purposely calling it all in with + + align:start position:0% +as purposely calling it all in with + + + align:start position:0% +as purposely calling it all in with +three four vers ace king. Like that's an + + align:start position:0% +three four vers ace king. Like that's an + + + align:start position:0% +three four vers ace king. Like that's an +equivalent amount of EV loss as folding + + align:start position:0% +equivalent amount of EV loss as folding + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent amount of EV loss as folding +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +hand. Okay, so now let's talk about how + + align:start position:0% +hand. Okay, so now let's talk about how + + + align:start position:0% +hand. Okay, so now let's talk about how +hard this is going to be. Um, so push + + align:start position:0% +hard this is going to be. Um, so push + + + align:start position:0% +hard this is going to be. Um, so push +fold decisions are are really hard to + + align:start position:0% +fold decisions are are really hard to + + + align:start position:0% +fold decisions are are really hard to +kind of intuitively figure out just + + align:start position:0% +kind of intuitively figure out just + + + align:start position:0% +kind of intuitively figure out just +because of that like the curvature and + + align:start position:0% +because of that like the curvature and + + + align:start position:0% +because of that like the curvature and +then the steepness of those graphs are + + align:start position:0% +then the steepness of those graphs are + + + align:start position:0% +then the steepness of those graphs are +moving in kind of weird directions and + + align:start position:0% +moving in kind of weird directions and + + + align:start position:0% +moving in kind of weird directions and +they're both moving at the same time + + align:start position:0% +they're both moving at the same time + + + align:start position:0% +they're both moving at the same time +with regard to all the other variables. + + align:start position:0% +with regard to all the other variables. + + + align:start position:0% +with regard to all the other variables. +So it makes it um so that it's very hard + + align:start position:0% +So it makes it um so that it's very hard + + + align:start position:0% +So it makes it um so that it's very hard +to come up with very quick rules. Um + + align:start position:0% +to come up with very quick rules. Um + + + align:start position:0% +to come up with very quick rules. Um +some variables that are going to affect + + align:start position:0% +some variables that are going to affect + + + align:start position:0% +some variables that are going to affect +our decision and the result is either + + align:start position:0% +our decision and the result is either + + + align:start position:0% +our decision and the result is either +push or fold. like our result isn't even + + align:start position:0% +push or fold. like our result isn't even + + + align:start position:0% +push or fold. like our result isn't even +as complicated as bet a certain amount. + + align:start position:0% +as complicated as bet a certain amount. + + + align:start position:0% +as complicated as bet a certain amount. +But the the variables we have to + + align:start position:0% +But the the variables we have to + + + align:start position:0% +But the the variables we have to +consider are our cards, our position, + + align:start position:0% +consider are our cards, our position, + + + align:start position:0% +consider are our cards, our position, +our stack, and the villain's call range, + + align:start position:0% +our stack, and the villain's call range, + + + align:start position:0% +our stack, and the villain's call range, +which c which result in like this + + align:start position:0% +which c which result in like this + + + align:start position:0% +which c which result in like this +five-dimensional array that we have to + + align:start position:0% +five-dimensional array that we have to + + + align:start position:0% +five-dimensional array that we have to +kind of slice and dice so that we have + + align:start position:0% +kind of slice and dice so that we have + + + align:start position:0% +kind of slice and dice so that we have +our our our pushfold decision range. Um + + align:start position:0% +our our our pushfold decision range. Um + + + align:start position:0% +our our our pushfold decision range. Um +so what we want to do is isolate for + + align:start position:0% +so what we want to do is isolate for + + + align:start position:0% +so what we want to do is isolate for +specific things. We want to say like + + align:start position:0% +specific things. We want to say like + + + align:start position:0% +specific things. We want to say like +okay let's take um let's make this and + + align:start position:0% +okay let's take um let's make this and + + + align:start position:0% +okay let's take um let's make this and +this static so that we can solve for + + align:start position:0% +this static so that we can solve for + + + align:start position:0% +this static so that we can solve for +these two or let's make these two static + + align:start position:0% +these two or let's make these two static + + + align:start position:0% +these two or let's make these two static +so we can solve for these two. So we can + + align:start position:0% +so we can solve for these two. So we can + + + align:start position:0% +so we can solve for these two. So we can +end up with a chart that looks something + + align:start position:0% +end up with a chart that looks something + + + align:start position:0% +end up with a chart that looks something +like this. And this is a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +like this. And this is a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +like this. And this is a little bit more +manageable. We can just say like this + + align:start position:0% +manageable. We can just say like this + + + align:start position:0% +manageable. We can just say like this +green area is when you should push and + + align:start position:0% +green area is when you should push and + + + align:start position:0% +green area is when you should push and +this yellow area is when you should + + align:start position:0% +this yellow area is when you should + + + align:start position:0% +this yellow area is when you should +fold. Like that's our goal here to be + + align:start position:0% +fold. Like that's our goal here to be + + + align:start position:0% +fold. Like that's our goal here to be +able to develop that sort of chart and + + align:start position:0% +able to develop that sort of chart and + + + align:start position:0% +able to develop that sort of chart and +then figure out what's the best thing to + + align:start position:0% +then figure out what's the best thing to + + + align:start position:0% +then figure out what's the best thing to +isolate. Um, so let's get to it. Um, so + + align:start position:0% +isolate. Um, so let's get to it. Um, so + + + align:start position:0% +isolate. Um, so let's get to it. Um, so +range is just a poker set of hands. This + + align:start position:0% +range is just a poker set of hands. This + + + align:start position:0% +range is just a poker set of hands. This +is how you write it. + + align:start position:0% +is how you write it. + + + align:start position:0% +is how you write it. +Um, this is the assumption that we're + + align:start position:0% +Um, this is the assumption that we're + + + align:start position:0% +Um, this is the assumption that we're +making. So we're doing it for two + + align:start position:0% +making. So we're doing it for two + + + align:start position:0% +making. So we're doing it for two +reasons. Analyzing our opponent, which + + align:start position:0% +reasons. Analyzing our opponent, which + + + align:start position:0% +reasons. Analyzing our opponent, which +we're not going to be doing. We're going + + align:start position:0% +we're not going to be doing. We're going + + + align:start position:0% +we're not going to be doing. We're going +to assume we have no information about + + align:start position:0% +to assume we have no information about + + + align:start position:0% +to assume we have no information about +him because it's pre flop. And a lot of + + align:start position:0% +him because it's pre flop. And a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +him because it's pre flop. And a lot of +that are one of our assumptions is that + + align:start position:0% +that are one of our assumptions is that + + + align:start position:0% +that are one of our assumptions is that +he hasn't even acted yet. So we have no + + align:start position:0% +he hasn't even acted yet. So we have no + + + align:start position:0% +he hasn't even acted yet. So we have no +information at all. Um, but we're going + + align:start position:0% +information at all. Um, but we're going + + + align:start position:0% +information at all. Um, but we're going +to be using it to determine our plays. + + align:start position:0% +to be using it to determine our plays. + + + align:start position:0% +to be using it to determine our plays. +Basically, we're saying we have some + + align:start position:0% +Basically, we're saying we have some + + + align:start position:0% +Basically, we're saying we have some +sort of decision rule four range. Like + + align:start position:0% +sort of decision rule four range. Like + + + align:start position:0% +sort of decision rule four range. Like +we certainly can't solve this for every + + align:start position:0% +we certainly can't solve this for every + + + align:start position:0% +we certainly can't solve this for every +single hand or at least we can't + + align:start position:0% +single hand or at least we can't + + + align:start position:0% +single hand or at least we can't +remember it. So what we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +remember it. So what we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +remember it. So what we're going to do +is come up with a line where we say + + align:start position:0% +is come up with a line where we say + + + align:start position:0% +is come up with a line where we say +every hand above that certain line i.e. + + align:start position:0% +every hand above that certain line i.e. + + + align:start position:0% +every hand above that certain line i.e. +that range above that line is going to + + align:start position:0% +that range above that line is going to + + + align:start position:0% +that range above that line is going to +be good for our specific decision. Um + + align:start position:0% +be good for our specific decision. Um + + + align:start position:0% +be good for our specific decision. Um +and we're bringing these into + + align:start position:0% +and we're bringing these into + + + align:start position:0% +and we're bringing these into +percentiles and that's how we're going + + align:start position:0% +percentiles and that's how we're going + + + align:start position:0% +percentiles and that's how we're going +to describe them. And we're using + + align:start position:0% +to describe them. And we're using + + + align:start position:0% +to describe them. And we're using +Scolansky Carlson uh his rankings for + + align:start position:0% +Scolansky Carlson uh his rankings for + + + align:start position:0% +Scolansky Carlson uh his rankings for +our breakdown of percentiles. But here's + + align:start position:0% +our breakdown of percentiles. But here's + + + align:start position:0% +our breakdown of percentiles. But here's +his original question. Um, and this is + + align:start position:0% +his original question. Um, and this is + + + align:start position:0% +his original question. Um, and this is +just to explain where these come from + + align:start position:0% +just to explain where these come from + + + align:start position:0% +just to explain where these come from +and why this is particularly relevant to + + align:start position:0% +and why this is particularly relevant to + + + align:start position:0% +and why this is particularly relevant to +what we're doing. So, his question is, + + align:start position:0% +what we're doing. So, his question is, + + + align:start position:0% +what we're doing. So, his question is, +you're the small blind and you have a + + align:start position:0% +you're the small blind and you have a + + + align:start position:0% +you're the small blind and you have a +choice between either folding or open + + align:start position:0% +choice between either folding or open + + + align:start position:0% +choice between either folding or open +pushing a hand or open pushing here + + align:start position:0% +pushing a hand or open pushing here + + + align:start position:0% +pushing a hand or open pushing here +means you push and you show your hand + + align:start position:0% +means you push and you show your hand + + + align:start position:0% +means you push and you show your hand +before he makes a call. And the question + + align:start position:0% +before he makes a call. And the question + + + align:start position:0% +before he makes a call. And the question +is like how many chips is this good for? + + align:start position:0% +is like how many chips is this good for? + + + align:start position:0% +is like how many chips is this good for? +If you have one chip or I guess if you + + align:start position:0% +If you have one chip or I guess if you + + + align:start position:0% +If you have one chip or I guess if you +have two chips like you have uh since + + align:start position:0% +have two chips like you have uh since + + + align:start position:0% +have two chips like you have uh since +there are one two blinds, if you have + + align:start position:0% +there are one two blinds, if you have + + + align:start position:0% +there are one two blinds, if you have +two chips and one is already in the + + align:start position:0% +two chips and one is already in the + + + align:start position:0% +two chips and one is already in the +small blind, your pot odds are 25%. So + + align:start position:0% +small blind, your pot odds are 25%. So + + + align:start position:0% +small blind, your pot odds are 25%. So +even if he knows like he's going to call + + align:start position:0% +even if he knows like he's going to call + + + align:start position:0% +even if he knows like he's going to call +if he's anything more than 50% favorite. + + align:start position:0% +if he's anything more than 50% favorite. + + + align:start position:0% +if he's anything more than 50% favorite. +So you're you have the odds to do that + + align:start position:0% +So you're you have the odds to do that + + + align:start position:0% +So you're you have the odds to do that +with at least a pretty bad hand and a + + align:start position:0% +with at least a pretty bad hand and a + + + align:start position:0% +with at least a pretty bad hand and a +lot of good hands. So X here is like how + + align:start position:0% +lot of good hands. So X here is like how + + + align:start position:0% +lot of good hands. So X here is like how +big can your stack be before this starts + + align:start position:0% +big can your stack be before this starts + + + align:start position:0% +big can your stack be before this starts +becoming unprofitable. Um and the answer + + align:start position:0% +becoming unprofitable. Um and the answer + + + align:start position:0% +becoming unprofitable. Um and the answer +for ace ace uh offshoot is about 70. Um + + align:start position:0% +for ace ace uh offshoot is about 70. Um + + + align:start position:0% +for ace ace uh offshoot is about 70. Um +and to explain how we got to that is + + align:start position:0% +and to explain how we got to that is + + + align:start position:0% +and to explain how we got to that is +we're going to make a couple assumptions + + align:start position:0% +we're going to make a couple assumptions + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to make a couple assumptions +and you can see the clear uh relation + + align:start position:0% +and you can see the clear uh relation + + + align:start position:0% +and you can see the clear uh relation +between this like methodology and what + + align:start position:0% +between this like methodology and what + + + align:start position:0% +between this like methodology and what +we're doing. Okay. So, one, two blinds. + + align:start position:0% +we're doing. Okay. So, one, two blinds. + + + align:start position:0% +we're doing. Okay. So, one, two blinds. +Hero small blind with whatever. Hero + + align:start position:0% +Hero small blind with whatever. Hero + + + align:start position:0% +Hero small blind with whatever. Hero +bets X all in. And we're going to say + + align:start position:0% +bets X all in. And we're going to say + + + align:start position:0% +bets X all in. And we're going to say +big blind's going to call when Eevee is + + align:start position:0% +big blind's going to call when Eevee is + + + align:start position:0% +big blind's going to call when Eevee is +more than 50. Um, which he might do like + + align:start position:0% +more than 50. Um, which he might do like + + + align:start position:0% +more than 50. Um, which he might do like +pot odds, which we're just going to + + align:start position:0% +pot odds, which we're just going to + + + align:start position:0% +pot odds, which we're just going to +ignore now for simplicity. We're just + + align:start position:0% +ignore now for simplicity. We're just + + + align:start position:0% +ignore now for simplicity. We're just +going to say big blind is calling when + + align:start position:0% +going to say big blind is calling when + + + align:start position:0% +going to say big blind is calling when +he's more than 50% to win. Um, it's + + align:start position:0% +he's more than 50% to win. Um, it's + + + align:start position:0% +he's more than 50% to win. Um, it's +actually a zero uh when he has a pot + + align:start position:0% +actually a zero uh when he has a pot + + + align:start position:0% +actually a zero uh when he has a pot +odds, which is this equation, but we're + + align:start position:0% +odds, which is this equation, but we're + + + align:start position:0% +odds, which is this equation, but we're +going to forget about that. Let's just + + align:start position:0% +going to forget about that. Let's just + + + align:start position:0% +going to forget about that. Let's just +say he's going to only call with literal + + align:start position:0% +say he's going to only call with literal + + + align:start position:0% +say he's going to only call with literal +better hands. So, here he's going to + + align:start position:0% +better hands. So, here he's going to + + + align:start position:0% +better hands. So, here he's going to +call with uh Ace8 or pocket twos, right? + + align:start position:0% +call with uh Ace8 or pocket twos, right? + + + align:start position:0% +call with uh Ace8 or pocket twos, right? +because we have Ace8. Um, he's going to + + align:start position:0% +because we have Ace8. Um, he's going to + + + align:start position:0% +because we have Ace8. Um, he's going to +call it the pocket pair, which is always + + align:start position:0% +call it the pocket pair, which is always + + + align:start position:0% +call it the pocket pair, which is always +going to be better, and Ace8, which is + + align:start position:0% +going to be better, and Ace8, which is + + + align:start position:0% +going to be better, and Ace8, which is +going to be equal or better, right? So, + + align:start position:0% +going to be equal or better, right? So, + + + align:start position:0% +going to be equal or better, right? So, +that's his calling range 13% of the + + align:start position:0% +that's his calling range 13% of the + + + align:start position:0% +that's his calling range 13% of the +time. So, we win 33% versus range, which + + align:start position:0% +time. So, we win 33% versus range, which + + + align:start position:0% +time. So, we win 33% versus range, which +is um like you just plug it into uh the + + align:start position:0% +is um like you just plug it into uh the + + + align:start position:0% +is um like you just plug it into uh the +poker tracker and it'll give you that um + + align:start position:0% +poker tracker and it'll give you that um + + + align:start position:0% +poker tracker and it'll give you that um +you're a 33% underdog. Oh, which is what + + align:start position:0% +you're a 33% underdog. Oh, which is what + + + align:start position:0% +you're a 33% underdog. Oh, which is what +I did here. Like that's how you do + + align:start position:0% +I did here. Like that's how you do + + + align:start position:0% +I did here. Like that's how you do +it. Um and we can get our EV from this + + align:start position:0% +it. Um and we can get our EV from this + + + align:start position:0% +it. Um and we can get our EV from this +situation. And we have to solve for X. + + align:start position:0% +situation. And we have to solve for X. + + + align:start position:0% +situation. And we have to solve for X. +So, we want EV to be zero because we're + + align:start position:0% +So, we want EV to be zero because we're + + + align:start position:0% +So, we want EV to be zero because we're +finding the marginal EV. And this is + + align:start position:0% +finding the marginal EV. And this is + + + align:start position:0% +finding the marginal EV. And this is +what we get um we get X, which is + + align:start position:0% +what we get um we get X, which is + + + align:start position:0% +what we get um we get X, which is +um all of the chips we had um before we + + align:start position:0% +um all of the chips we had um before we + + + align:start position:0% +um all of the chips we had um before we +paid the big blind, and we lose X minus + + align:start position:0% +paid the big blind, and we lose X minus + + + align:start position:0% +paid the big blind, and we lose X minus +one, which is all the chips we had after + + align:start position:0% +one, which is all the chips we had after + + + align:start position:0% +one, which is all the chips we had after +paying the small blind. Um so, a little + + align:start position:0% +paying the small blind. Um so, a little + + + align:start position:0% +paying the small blind. Um so, a little +bit of nuance there. It only changes our + + align:start position:0% +bit of nuance there. It only changes our + + + align:start position:0% +bit of nuance there. It only changes our +number by one. Um but that gives us our + + align:start position:0% +number by one. Um but that gives us our + + + align:start position:0% +number by one. Um but that gives us our +break even, and our break even here is + + align:start position:0% +break even, and our break even here is + + + align:start position:0% +break even, and our break even here is +like 62x. So, the reason it's a little + + align:start position:0% +like 62x. So, the reason it's a little + + + align:start position:0% +like 62x. So, the reason it's a little +bit low where is it it doesn't factor in + + align:start position:0% +bit low where is it it doesn't factor in + + + align:start position:0% +bit low where is it it doesn't factor in +the big blind doing pot odds, but that's + + align:start position:0% +the big blind doing pot odds, but that's + + + align:start position:0% +the big blind doing pot odds, but that's +the idea. Okay. So, what we're going to + + align:start position:0% +the idea. Okay. So, what we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +the idea. Okay. So, what we're going to +do is we're going to solve this and + + align:start position:0% +do is we're going to solve this and + + + align:start position:0% +do is we're going to solve this and +we're not going to do it. Someone else + + align:start position:0% +we're not going to do it. Someone else + + + align:start position:0% +we're not going to do it. Someone else +did it. Um, we're going to solve this + + align:start position:0% +did it. Um, we're going to solve this + + + align:start position:0% +did it. Um, we're going to solve this +for every single hand. And this is what + + align:start position:0% +for every single hand. And this is what + + + align:start position:0% +for every single hand. And this is what +Scalansky did. Okay. So, he figured what + + align:start position:0% +Scalansky did. Okay. So, he figured what + + + align:start position:0% +Scalansky did. Okay. So, he figured what +your number here is going to be two + + align:start position:0% +your number here is going to be two + + + align:start position:0% +your number here is going to be two +things. The number of hands you are at + + align:start position:0% +things. The number of hands you are at + + + align:start position:0% +things. The number of hands you are at +least slightly better than. And why is + + align:start position:0% +least slightly better than. And why is + + + align:start position:0% +least slightly better than. And why is +this factor + + align:start position:0% +this factor + + + align:start position:0% +this factor +important? What's he going to do if if + + align:start position:0% +important? What's he going to do if if + + + align:start position:0% +important? What's he going to do if if +you have a better hand than him? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +he's going to fold, right? Okay. So, + + align:start position:0% +he's going to fold, right? Okay. So, + + + align:start position:0% +he's going to fold, right? Okay. So, +this determines like our fold equity and + + align:start position:0% +this determines like our fold equity and + + + align:start position:0% +this determines like our fold equity and +then chance of winning when you're + + align:start position:0% +then chance of winning when you're + + + align:start position:0% +then chance of winning when you're +behind determines our equity when he + + align:start position:0% +behind determines our equity when he + + + align:start position:0% +behind determines our equity when he +actually does call. He just has perfect + + align:start position:0% +actually does call. He just has perfect + + + align:start position:0% +actually does call. He just has perfect +information, which is why it's a uh it's + + align:start position:0% +information, which is why it's a uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +information, which is why it's a uh it's +a little bit of a change and we're able + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of a change and we're able + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of a change and we're able +to solve it out. Um + + align:start position:0% +to solve it out. Um + + + align:start position:0% +to solve it out. Um +uh I I guess perfectly here. Okay. So, + + align:start position:0% +uh I I guess perfectly here. Okay. So, + + + align:start position:0% +uh I I guess perfectly here. Okay. So, +Scalansky didn't know how to program, + + align:start position:0% +Scalansky didn't know how to program, + + + align:start position:0% +Scalansky didn't know how to program, +which is why this guy Carlson or Victor + + align:start position:0% +which is why this guy Carlson or Victor + + + align:start position:0% +which is why this guy Carlson or Victor +Troub um a couple days later, oh, + + align:start position:0% +Troub um a couple days later, oh, + + + align:start position:0% +Troub um a couple days later, oh, +apparently later the same day, um came + + align:start position:0% +apparently later the same day, um came + + + align:start position:0% +apparently later the same day, um came +up with the answer. We said aces have an + + align:start position:0% +up with the answer. We said aces have an + + + align:start position:0% +up with the answer. We said aces have an +in like infinity + + align:start position:0% +in like infinity + + + align:start position:0% +in like infinity +um value here where like no matter like + + align:start position:0% +um value here where like no matter like + + + align:start position:0% +um value here where like no matter like +you you can have an unlimited amount of + + align:start position:0% +you you can have an unlimited amount of + + + align:start position:0% +you you can have an unlimited amount of +chips and then show aces and then push + + align:start position:0% +chips and then show aces and then push + + + align:start position:0% +chips and then show aces and then push +them and it's plus EV. Like we're not + + align:start position:0% +them and it's plus EV. Like we're not + + + align:start position:0% +them and it's plus EV. Like we're not +saying it's the most optimal decision, + + align:start position:0% +saying it's the most optimal decision, + + + align:start position:0% +saying it's the most optimal decision, +but you won't actually lose chips on + + align:start position:0% +but you won't actually lose chips on + + + align:start position:0% +but you won't actually lose chips on +average even if you have an unlimited uh + + align:start position:0% +average even if you have an unlimited uh + + + align:start position:0% +average even if you have an unlimited uh +chip stack. whereas kings it only works + + align:start position:0% +chip stack. whereas kings it only works + + + align:start position:0% +chip stack. whereas kings it only works +for 1,290 chips. So we can solve it for + + align:start position:0% +for 1,290 chips. So we can solve it for + + + align:start position:0% +for 1,290 chips. So we can solve it for +every hand um to get down to like you + + align:start position:0% +every hand um to get down to like you + + + align:start position:0% +every hand um to get down to like you +can do this with 32 off with 1.8 chips + + align:start position:0% +can do this with 32 off with 1.8 chips + + + align:start position:0% +can do this with 32 off with 1.8 chips +and so on. So this is our primary way to + + align:start position:0% +and so on. So this is our primary way to + + + align:start position:0% +and so on. So this is our primary way to +um to rank hands and we're assuming that + + align:start position:0% +um to rank hands and we're assuming that + + + align:start position:0% +um to rank hands and we're assuming that +at least in a heads up situation this is + + align:start position:0% +at least in a heads up situation this is + + + align:start position:0% +at least in a heads up situation this is +a pretty good uh idea of what hands will + + align:start position:0% +a pretty good uh idea of what hands will + + + align:start position:0% +a pretty good uh idea of what hands will +have the most value especially when it + + align:start position:0% +have the most value especially when it + + + align:start position:0% +have the most value especially when it +comes to going allin. One other method + + align:start position:0% +comes to going allin. One other method + + + align:start position:0% +comes to going allin. One other method +is going to be um equity versus three + + align:start position:0% +is going to be um equity versus three + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be um equity versus three +randoms and it might be more relevant + + align:start position:0% +randoms and it might be more relevant + + + align:start position:0% +randoms and it might be more relevant +for multi-way pots. It's just you just + + align:start position:0% +for multi-way pots. It's just you just + + + align:start position:0% +for multi-way pots. It's just you just +rank them by their expectation against + + align:start position:0% +rank them by their expectation against + + + align:start position:0% +rank them by their expectation against +three callers who has who um haven't + + align:start position:0% +three callers who has who um haven't + + + align:start position:0% +three callers who has who um haven't +looked at their hand. But we're we're + + align:start position:0% +looked at their hand. But we're we're + + + align:start position:0% +looked at their hand. But we're we're +not going to do that, especially because + + align:start position:0% +not going to do that, especially because + + + align:start position:0% +not going to do that, especially because +we're assuming um generally we're going + + align:start position:0% +we're assuming um generally we're going + + + align:start position:0% +we're assuming um generally we're going +to get one caller, especially heads up. + + align:start position:0% +to get one caller, especially heads up. + + + align:start position:0% +to get one caller, especially heads up. +You can only get one, but we're going to + + align:start position:0% +You can only get one, but we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +You can only get one, but we're going to +expand it out + + align:start position:0% +expand it out + + + align:start position:0% +expand it out +later. Um so, just an example of what + + align:start position:0% +later. Um so, just an example of what + + + align:start position:0% +later. Um so, just an example of what +these are. Top 1% is aces. Top 5% is + + align:start position:0% +these are. Top 1% is aces. Top 5% is + + + align:start position:0% +these are. Top 1% is aces. Top 5% is +tens and ace queen. 30% is this. And um + + align:start position:0% +tens and ace queen. 30% is this. And um + + + align:start position:0% +tens and ace queen. 30% is this. And um +sorry to bring it to you guys, but you + + align:start position:0% +sorry to bring it to you guys, but you + + + align:start position:0% +sorry to bring it to you guys, but you +got you're going to have to memorize + + align:start position:0% +got you're going to have to memorize + + + align:start position:0% +got you're going to have to memorize +these. So 5% you just remember their + + align:start position:0% +these. So 5% you just remember their + + + align:start position:0% +these. So 5% you just remember their +premium hands which is 10 or ace queen. + + align:start position:0% +premium hands which is 10 or ace queen. + + + align:start position:0% +premium hands which is 10 or ace queen. +And I'm giving you little pneumonics to + + align:start position:0% +And I'm giving you little pneumonics to + + + align:start position:0% +And I'm giving you little pneumonics to +help you remember it. Like ace 10 or + + align:start position:0% +help you remember it. Like ace 10 or + + + align:start position:0% +help you remember it. Like ace 10 or +better is 10%. And then like some sort + + align:start position:0% +better is 10%. And then like some sort + + + align:start position:0% +better is 10%. And then like some sort +of pocket pairs. It's not even that big + + align:start position:0% +of pocket pairs. It's not even that big + + + align:start position:0% +of pocket pairs. It's not even that big +of a deal if you go down to twos here. + + align:start position:0% +of a deal if you go down to twos here. + + + align:start position:0% +of a deal if you go down to twos here. +Um 20% is ace two or pocket twos. That's + + align:start position:0% +Um 20% is ace two or pocket twos. That's + + + align:start position:0% +Um 20% is ace two or pocket twos. That's +how you're going to remember it. And + + align:start position:0% +how you're going to remember it. And + + + align:start position:0% +how you're going to remember it. And +then 30% is Broadway. So Broadway is any + + align:start position:0% +then 30% is Broadway. So Broadway is any + + + align:start position:0% +then 30% is Broadway. So Broadway is any +two face cards. And like an intuitive + + align:start position:0% +two face cards. And like an intuitive + + + align:start position:0% +two face cards. And like an intuitive +way to think about it is based on this. + + align:start position:0% +way to think about it is based on this. + + + align:start position:0% +way to think about it is based on this. +like Broadway is just um this corner + + align:start position:0% +like Broadway is just um this corner + + + align:start position:0% +like Broadway is just um this corner +here which is about like onethird of the + + align:start position:0% +here which is about like onethird of the + + + align:start position:0% +here which is about like onethird of the +graph when you count in like pocket + + align:start position:0% +graph when you count in like pocket + + + align:start position:0% +graph when you count in like pocket +pairs. So that's how you just remember + + align:start position:0% +pairs. So that's how you just remember + + + align:start position:0% +pairs. So that's how you just remember +30%. It's that corner. So it's not that + + align:start position:0% +30%. It's that corner. So it's not that + + + align:start position:0% +30%. It's that corner. So it's not that +bad. Just remember top 20% is ace2 and + + align:start position:0% +bad. Just remember top 20% is ace2 and + + + align:start position:0% +bad. Just remember top 20% is ace2 and +twos. 30% is Broadway and then like 10% + + align:start position:0% +twos. 30% is Broadway and then like 10% + + + align:start position:0% +twos. 30% is Broadway and then like 10% +is ace 10. Not that bad. So 50% is just + + align:start position:0% +is ace 10. Not that bad. So 50% is just + + + align:start position:0% +is ace 10. Not that bad. So 50% is just +going to be the diagonal on the graph. + + align:start position:0% +going to be the diagonal on the graph. + + + align:start position:0% +going to be the diagonal on the graph. +It's any two cards adding up to 15. So + + align:start position:0% +It's any two cards adding up to 15. So + + + align:start position:0% +It's any two cards adding up to 15. So +like this is what I mean by the + + align:start position:0% +like this is what I mean by the + + + align:start position:0% +like this is what I mean by the +diagonal. Like this is your 13 by13 + + align:start position:0% +diagonal. Like this is your 13 by13 + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal. Like this is your 13 by13 +graph where these are offshoot and these + + align:start position:0% +graph where these are offshoot and these + + + align:start position:0% +graph where these are offshoot and these +are suited which is why we double count + + align:start position:0% +are suited which is why we double count + + + align:start position:0% +are suited which is why we double count +them. Um and then this hand uh adds up + + align:start position:0% +them. Um and then this hand uh adds up + + + align:start position:0% +them. Um and then this hand uh adds up +to 15 ace2 and so does king three and so + + align:start position:0% +to 15 ace2 and so does king three and so + + + align:start position:0% +to 15 ace2 and so does king three and so +does queen four. So this is your 50th + + align:start position:0% +does queen four. So this is your 50th + + + align:start position:0% +does queen four. So this is your 50th +percentile hand. So that's how you're + + align:start position:0% +percentile hand. So that's how you're + + + align:start position:0% +percentile hand. So that's how you're +going to remember that. Um and then you + + align:start position:0% +going to remember that. Um and then you + + + align:start position:0% +going to remember that. Um and then you +don't really need to remember anything + + align:start position:0% +don't really need to remember anything + + + align:start position:0% +don't really need to remember anything +more than that. So um 100% is going to + + align:start position:0% +more than that. So um 100% is going to + + + align:start position:0% +more than that. So um 100% is going to +be any two cards. It's going to be the + + align:start position:0% +be any two cards. It's going to be the + + + align:start position:0% +be any two cards. It's going to be the +entire graph here. Okay. So, we're going + + align:start position:0% +entire graph here. Okay. So, we're going + + + align:start position:0% +entire graph here. Okay. So, we're going +to be talking about Yeah. What does the + + align:start position:0% +to be talking about Yeah. What does the + + + align:start position:0% +to be talking about Yeah. What does the +percentage stand for? Percentage is the + + align:start position:0% +percentage stand for? Percentage is the + + + align:start position:0% +percentage stand for? Percentage is the +percent of hands that that range + + align:start position:0% +percent of hands that that range + + + align:start position:0% +percent of hands that that range +represents. So, like this is the top 10% + + align:start position:0% +represents. So, like this is the top 10% + + + align:start position:0% +represents. So, like this is the top 10% +of hands. So, if he calls, if we assume + + align:start position:0% +of hands. So, if he calls, if we assume + + + align:start position:0% +of hands. So, if he calls, if we assume +he's going to call 10% of the time, we + + align:start position:0% +he's going to call 10% of the time, we + + + align:start position:0% +he's going to call 10% of the time, we +are saying that he will call with these + + align:start position:0% +are saying that he will call with these + + + align:start position:0% +are saying that he will call with these +cards and these cards only. And we're + + align:start position:0% +cards and these cards only. And we're + + + align:start position:0% +cards and these cards only. And we're +going to be talking about ranges uh from + + align:start position:0% +going to be talking about ranges uh from + + + align:start position:0% +going to be talking about ranges uh from +now on + + align:start position:0% +now on + + + align:start position:0% +now on +because it it explain it it helps us + + align:start position:0% +because it it explain it it helps us + + + align:start position:0% +because it it explain it it helps us +understand what he like what cards he + + align:start position:0% +understand what he like what cards he + + + align:start position:0% +understand what he like what cards he +has to some extent but also lets us use + + align:start position:0% +has to some extent but also lets us use + + + align:start position:0% +has to some extent but also lets us use +it as an idea to get um to figure out + + align:start position:0% +it as an idea to get um to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +it as an idea to get um to figure out +exactly how often he's going to call. Um + + align:start position:0% +exactly how often he's going to call. Um + + + align:start position:0% +exactly how often he's going to call. Um +so we're just going to be talking about + + align:start position:0% +so we're just going to be talking about + + + align:start position:0% +so we're just going to be talking about +ranges and this is what I mean when I + + align:start position:0% +ranges and this is what I mean when I + + + align:start position:0% +ranges and this is what I mean when I +say ranges. And to the extent that + + align:start position:0% +say ranges. And to the extent that + + + align:start position:0% +say ranges. And to the extent that +you're just doing this at the table, you + + align:start position:0% +you're just doing this at the table, you + + + align:start position:0% +you're just doing this at the table, you +just have to memorize like these three + + align:start position:0% +just have to memorize like these three + + + align:start position:0% +just have to memorize like these three +numbers because this is easy, this is + + align:start position:0% +numbers because this is easy, this is + + + align:start position:0% +numbers because this is easy, this is +easy. And then just remember that tens + + align:start position:0% +easy. And then just remember that tens + + + align:start position:0% +easy. And then just remember that tens +are are + + align:start position:0% +are are + + + align:start position:0% +are are +5%. Um, okay. + + align:start position:0% +5%. Um, okay. + + + align:start position:0% +5%. Um, okay. +So, when we're talking about ranges in + + align:start position:0% +So, when we're talking about ranges in + + + align:start position:0% +So, when we're talking about ranges in +general, a a a plus EV range, a decision + + align:start position:0% +general, a a a plus EV range, a decision + + + align:start position:0% +general, a a a plus EV range, a decision +that's good for a range means that on + + align:start position:0% +that's good for a range means that on + + + align:start position:0% +that's good for a range means that on +average, your decision is pro is + + align:start position:0% +average, your decision is pro is + + + align:start position:0% +average, your decision is pro is +profitable for every hand uh for that + + align:start position:0% +profitable for every hand uh for that + + + align:start position:0% +profitable for every hand uh for that +range in general. But an optimal range + + align:start position:0% +range in general. But an optimal range + + + align:start position:0% +range in general. But an optimal range +is profitable for literally every hand. + + align:start position:0% +is profitable for literally every hand. + + + align:start position:0% +is profitable for literally every hand. +So like you can do a lot of things that + + align:start position:0% +So like you can do a lot of things that + + + align:start position:0% +So like you can do a lot of things that +are profitable for any two cards, but + + align:start position:0% +are profitable for any two cards, but + + + align:start position:0% +are profitable for any two cards, but +three two off might actually not be + + align:start position:0% +three two off might actually not be + + + align:start position:0% +three two off might actually not be +profitable. So it's not necessarily + + align:start position:0% +profitable. So it's not necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +profitable. So it's not necessarily +optimal. You want to make sure that + + align:start position:0% +optimal. You want to make sure that + + + align:start position:0% +optimal. You want to make sure that +every to the extent you can every single + + align:start position:0% +every to the extent you can every single + + + align:start position:0% +every to the extent you can every single +card in that range is optimal and that + + align:start position:0% +card in that range is optimal and that + + + align:start position:0% +card in that range is optimal and that +or is profitable, which gives you the + + align:start position:0% +or is profitable, which gives you the + + + align:start position:0% +or is profitable, which gives you the +optimal range. It's the most plus EV uh + + align:start position:0% +optimal range. It's the most plus EV uh + + + align:start position:0% +optimal range. It's the most plus EV uh +range for that type of decision. Um, an + + align:start position:0% +range for that type of decision. Um, an + + + align:start position:0% +range for that type of decision. Um, an +example of this is like, okay, so say + + align:start position:0% +example of this is like, okay, so say + + + align:start position:0% +example of this is like, okay, so say +you're playing against ace queen and you + + align:start position:0% +you're playing against ace queen and you + + + align:start position:0% +you're playing against ace queen and you +uh you call with this range pocket fives + + align:start position:0% +uh you call with this range pocket fives + + + align:start position:0% +uh you call with this range pocket fives +and ace 10 or better. So you are ahead + + align:start position:0% +and ace 10 or better. So you are ahead + + + align:start position:0% +and ace 10 or better. So you are ahead +of this uh this range of ace queen + + align:start position:0% +of this uh this range of ace queen + + + align:start position:0% +of this uh this range of ace queen +because you're 53% to win the hand with + + align:start position:0% +because you're 53% to win the hand with + + + align:start position:0% +because you're 53% to win the hand with +this range. However, we know it's not + + align:start position:0% +this range. However, we know it's not + + + align:start position:0% +this range. However, we know it's not +optimal because we we are calling with + + align:start position:0% +optimal because we we are calling with + + + align:start position:0% +optimal because we we are calling with +two losing hands, ace 10 and ace jack. + + align:start position:0% +two losing hands, ace 10 and ace jack. + + + align:start position:0% +two losing hands, ace 10 and ace jack. +So, a more realistic like a more optimal + + align:start position:0% +So, a more realistic like a more optimal + + + align:start position:0% +So, a more realistic like a more optimal +range is going to be like pocket twos + + align:start position:0% +range is going to be like pocket twos + + + align:start position:0% +range is going to be like pocket twos +and ace like ace king or better. So, + + align:start position:0% +and ace like ace king or better. So, + + + align:start position:0% +and ace like ace king or better. So, +that's going to be the difference there. + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be the difference there. + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be the difference there. +So, I want to make sure we're not um + + align:start position:0% +So, I want to make sure we're not um + + + align:start position:0% +So, I want to make sure we're not um +solving for something that's a slight + + align:start position:0% +solving for something that's a slight + + + align:start position:0% +solving for something that's a slight +favorite when actually missing out on uh + + align:start position:0% +favorite when actually missing out on uh + + + align:start position:0% +favorite when actually missing out on uh +something a little bit more optimal. Um + + align:start position:0% +something a little bit more optimal. Um + + + align:start position:0% +something a little bit more optimal. Um +here we go. So, this is a better range. + + align:start position:0% +here we go. So, this is a better range. + + + align:start position:0% +here we go. So, this is a better range. +Um 55 or ace queen. Actually, twos or + + align:start position:0% +Um 55 or ace queen. Actually, twos or + + + align:start position:0% +Um 55 or ace queen. Actually, twos or +ace queen would be a little bit better. + + align:start position:0% +ace queen would be a little bit better. + + + align:start position:0% +ace queen would be a little bit better. +And we win 60% of the time. + + align:start position:0% +And we win 60% of the time. + + + align:start position:0% +And we win 60% of the time. +Um and then if a range is optimal, then + + align:start position:0% +Um and then if a range is optimal, then + + + align:start position:0% +Um and then if a range is optimal, then +we know for every hand in that range um + + align:start position:0% +we know for every hand in that range um + + + align:start position:0% +we know for every hand in that range um +we have a plus EV decision. And that's + + align:start position:0% +we have a plus EV decision. And that's + + + align:start position:0% +we have a plus EV decision. And that's +why um this is like the axim we're going + + align:start position:0% +why um this is like the axim we're going + + + align:start position:0% +why um this is like the axim we're going +to use to um prove that if we solve for + + align:start position:0% +to use to um prove that if we solve for + + + align:start position:0% +to use to um prove that if we solve for +a range, then we know that if you have + + align:start position:0% +a range, then we know that if you have + + + align:start position:0% +a range, then we know that if you have +any card in that range, our rule is + + align:start position:0% +any card in that range, our rule is + + + align:start position:0% +any card in that range, our rule is +still good for it. So that's why I'm + + align:start position:0% +still good for it. So that's why I'm + + + align:start position:0% +still good for it. So that's why I'm +showing you that. All right. So that's + + align:start position:0% +showing you that. All right. So that's + + + align:start position:0% +showing you that. All right. So that's +it. So that's all we're going to do uh + + align:start position:0% +it. So that's all we're going to do uh + + + align:start position:0% +it. So that's all we're going to do uh +in terms of defining what ranges are and + + align:start position:0% +in terms of defining what ranges are and + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of defining what ranges are and +how we got those numbers. And from now + + align:start position:0% +how we got those numbers. And from now + + + align:start position:0% +how we got those numbers. And from now +we're going to talk about um making + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about um making + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about um making +decisions based on a range. Um so let's + + align:start position:0% +decisions based on a range. Um so let's + + + align:start position:0% +decisions based on a range. Um so let's +talk about pre flops. Our assumption is + + align:start position:0% +talk about pre flops. Our assumption is + + + align:start position:0% +talk about pre flops. Our assumption is +hero has m less than 10. Like we're in + + align:start position:0% +hero has m less than 10. Like we're in + + + align:start position:0% +hero has m less than 10. Like we're in +that period of the tournament where your + + align:start position:0% +that period of the tournament where your + + + align:start position:0% +that period of the tournament where your +m is not going to be that high. Um the + + align:start position:0% +m is not going to be that high. Um the + + + align:start position:0% +m is not going to be that high. Um the +villain is calling some percentage of + + align:start position:0% +villain is calling some percentage of + + + align:start position:0% +villain is calling some percentage of +hands that are presumably the top + + align:start position:0% +hands that are presumably the top + + + align:start position:0% +hands that are presumably the top +whatever of hands. Um we're guessing + + align:start position:0% +whatever of hands. Um we're guessing + + + align:start position:0% +whatever of hands. Um we're guessing +he's not calling with worse hands than + + align:start position:0% +he's not calling with worse hands than + + + align:start position:0% +he's not calling with worse hands than +uh and folding better hands. Like I + + align:start position:0% +uh and folding better hands. Like I + + + align:start position:0% +uh and folding better hands. Like I +think it's a reasonable assumption. He + + align:start position:0% +think it's a reasonable assumption. He + + + align:start position:0% +think it's a reasonable assumption. He +might be a little bit like his view of + + align:start position:0% +might be a little bit like his view of + + + align:start position:0% +might be a little bit like his view of +what are good hands and bad hands might + + align:start position:0% +what are good hands and bad hands might + + + align:start position:0% +what are good hands and bad hands might +be a little bit off of ours, but we're + + align:start position:0% +be a little bit off of ours, but we're + + + align:start position:0% +be a little bit off of ours, but we're +just assuming everyone has the same. Um + + align:start position:0% +just assuming everyone has the same. Um + + + align:start position:0% +just assuming everyone has the same. Um +ICM doesn't matter. So we don't care + + align:start position:0% +ICM doesn't matter. So we don't care + + + align:start position:0% +ICM doesn't matter. So we don't care +about um payouts in tournaments. We're + + align:start position:0% +about um payouts in tournaments. We're + + + align:start position:0% +about um payouts in tournaments. We're +just trying to maximize our chip our + + align:start position:0% +just trying to maximize our chip our + + + align:start position:0% +just trying to maximize our chip our +like chip EV. Um and we only have two + + align:start position:0% +like chip EV. Um and we only have two + + + align:start position:0% +like chip EV. Um and we only have two +decisions, push or call. Okay. So the + + align:start position:0% +decisions, push or call. Okay. So the + + + align:start position:0% +decisions, push or call. Okay. So the +way that we're going to come up with + + align:start position:0% +way that we're going to come up with + + + align:start position:0% +way that we're going to come up with +this rule here for heads up is so what + + align:start position:0% +this rule here for heads up is so what + + + align:start position:0% +this rule here for heads up is so what +we're doing is we we we want to figure + + align:start position:0% +we're doing is we we we want to figure + + + align:start position:0% +we're doing is we we we want to figure +out what our push fold range is for + + align:start position:0% +out what our push fold range is for + + + align:start position:0% +out what our push fold range is for +heads up in every scenario. And the way + + align:start position:0% +heads up in every scenario. And the way + + + align:start position:0% +heads up in every scenario. And the way +that we're going to do this is um first + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to do this is um first + + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to do this is um first +we need an equation that tells us range + + align:start position:0% +we need an equation that tells us range + + + align:start position:0% +we need an equation that tells us range +for range uh equities. So um everyone + + align:start position:0% +for range uh equities. So um everyone + + + align:start position:0% +for range uh equities. So um everyone +can kind of like figure out like aces + + align:start position:0% +can kind of like figure out like aces + + + align:start position:0% +can kind of like figure out like aces +versus whatever is like 8020 and then uh + + align:start position:0% +versus whatever is like 8020 and then uh + + + align:start position:0% +versus whatever is like 8020 and then uh +two over cards with the pocket pair is + + align:start position:0% +two over cards with the pocket pair is + + + align:start position:0% +two over cards with the pocket pair is +like 50/50ish. But we want to know + + align:start position:0% +like 50/50ish. But we want to know + + + align:start position:0% +like 50/50ish. But we want to know +what's a range versus a range. Like if + + align:start position:0% +what's a range versus a range. Like if + + + align:start position:0% +what's a range versus a range. Like if +we if we push 70% of the time and he + + align:start position:0% +we if we push 70% of the time and he + + + align:start position:0% +we if we push 70% of the time and he +calls 30% of the time, like what does + + align:start position:0% +calls 30% of the time, like what does + + + align:start position:0% +calls 30% of the time, like what does +that translate to in terms of our + + align:start position:0% +that translate to in terms of our + + + align:start position:0% +that translate to in terms of our +equity? And it ends up being like 6040. + + align:start position:0% +equity? And it ends up being like 6040. + + + align:start position:0% +equity? And it ends up being like 6040. +But we want to get an idea of what that + + align:start position:0% +But we want to get an idea of what that + + + align:start position:0% +But we want to get an idea of what that +trend is because that's going to + + align:start position:0% +trend is because that's going to + + + align:start position:0% +trend is because that's going to +materially change um our our ability to + + align:start position:0% +materially change um our our ability to + + + align:start position:0% +materially change um our our ability to +come up with an optimal solution here. + + align:start position:0% +come up with an optimal solution here. + + + align:start position:0% +come up with an optimal solution here. +So, we want to build a table of range + + align:start position:0% +So, we want to build a table of range + + + align:start position:0% +So, we want to build a table of range +versus ranges and then we come up with a + + align:start position:0% +versus ranges and then we come up with a + + + align:start position:0% +versus ranges and then we come up with a +formula that will will let us um put in + + align:start position:0% +formula that will will let us um put in + + + align:start position:0% +formula that will will let us um put in +two ranges and come up with an equity + + align:start position:0% +two ranges and come up with an equity + + + align:start position:0% +two ranges and come up with an equity +calculation for both of those ranges. Um + + align:start position:0% +calculation for both of those ranges. Um + + + align:start position:0% +calculation for both of those ranges. Um +then we're going to develop an EV model + + align:start position:0% +then we're going to develop an EV model + + + align:start position:0% +then we're going to develop an EV model +for semibluffs, which we already did. + + align:start position:0% +for semibluffs, which we already did. + + + align:start position:0% +for semibluffs, which we already did. +So, um that should be quick. For each M, + + align:start position:0% +So, um that should be quick. For each M, + + + align:start position:0% +So, um that should be quick. For each M, +find Nash equilibrium if one exists. Um + + align:start position:0% +find Nash equilibrium if one exists. Um + + + align:start position:0% +find Nash equilibrium if one exists. Um +so, a lot of people if you Google like + + align:start position:0% +so, a lot of people if you Google like + + + align:start position:0% +so, a lot of people if you Google like +Nash equilibrium for pre flop, you'll + + align:start position:0% +Nash equilibrium for pre flop, you'll + + + align:start position:0% +Nash equilibrium for pre flop, you'll +find something it's wrong and later I'll + + align:start position:0% +find something it's wrong and later I'll + + + align:start position:0% +find something it's wrong and later I'll +show you why. Um, and then for unstable + + align:start position:0% +show you why. Um, and then for unstable + + + align:start position:0% +show you why. Um, and then for unstable +equilibriums, which it pretty much + + align:start position:0% +equilibriums, which it pretty much + + + align:start position:0% +equilibriums, which it pretty much +always is, find like a reasonable range + + align:start position:0% +always is, find like a reasonable range + + + align:start position:0% +always is, find like a reasonable range +and figure out what kind of assumptions + + align:start position:0% +and figure out what kind of assumptions + + + align:start position:0% +and figure out what kind of assumptions +we need to make to make our uh our + + align:start position:0% +we need to make to make our uh our + + + align:start position:0% +we need to make to make our uh our +pushful decisions + + align:start position:0% +pushful decisions + + + align:start position:0% +pushful decisions +correct. Okay, so let's do this first + + align:start position:0% +correct. Okay, so let's do this first + + + align:start position:0% +correct. Okay, so let's do this first +thing. Um, so if we just for each say + + align:start position:0% +thing. Um, so if we just for each say + + + align:start position:0% +thing. Um, so if we just for each say +that we use a hero's range of 50%. So in + + align:start position:0% +that we use a hero's range of 50%. So in + + + align:start position:0% +that we use a hero's range of 50%. So in +poker tracker, we put top 50% of hands + + align:start position:0% +poker tracker, we put top 50% of hands + + + align:start position:0% +poker tracker, we put top 50% of hands +and then for each range of hands for the + + align:start position:0% +and then for each range of hands for the + + + align:start position:0% +and then for each range of hands for the +villain, we calculate the equity for + + align:start position:0% +villain, we calculate the equity for + + + align:start position:0% +villain, we calculate the equity for +that. Um, and we do that for whatever I + + align:start position:0% +that. Um, and we do that for whatever I + + + align:start position:0% +that. Um, and we do that for whatever I +did like 15 different ranges. So, if we + + align:start position:0% +did like 15 different ranges. So, if we + + + align:start position:0% +did like 15 different ranges. So, if we +call, if we push 50% of the time and he + + align:start position:0% +call, if we push 50% of the time and he + + + align:start position:0% +call, if we push 50% of the time and he +calls 50% of the time, what's our + + align:start position:0% +calls 50% of the time, what's our + + + align:start position:0% +calls 50% of the time, what's our +equity? Like, what's our chance of + + align:start position:0% +equity? Like, what's our chance of + + + align:start position:0% +equity? Like, what's our chance of +winning? 50, right? Okay. So, we have an + + align:start position:0% +winning? 50, right? Okay. So, we have an + + + align:start position:0% +winning? 50, right? Okay. So, we have an +even equity because we are pushing and + + align:start position:0% +even equity because we are pushing and + + + align:start position:0% +even equity because we are pushing and +calling the same types of hands on + + align:start position:0% +calling the same types of hands on + + + align:start position:0% +calling the same types of hands on +average. Whereas, if he calls 100% of + + align:start position:0% +average. Whereas, if he calls 100% of + + + align:start position:0% +average. Whereas, if he calls 100% of +the time, our equity is actually closer + + align:start position:0% +the time, our equity is actually closer + + + align:start position:0% +the time, our equity is actually closer +to 60. Like, we are we are the favorite. + + align:start position:0% +to 60. Like, we are we are the favorite. + + + align:start position:0% +to 60. Like, we are we are the favorite. +We're like a 6040 favorite in that hand. + + align:start position:0% +We're like a 6040 favorite in that hand. + + + align:start position:0% +We're like a 6040 favorite in that hand. +Whereas if he calls with like just aces, + + align:start position:0% +Whereas if he calls with like just aces, + + + align:start position:0% +Whereas if he calls with like just aces, +then we are like 17% to win the hand. + + align:start position:0% +then we are like 17% to win the hand. + + + align:start position:0% +then we are like 17% to win the hand. +That's the idea. So what our goal here + + align:start position:0% +That's the idea. So what our goal here + + + align:start position:0% +That's the idea. So what our goal here +is to come up with some sort of equation + + align:start position:0% +is to come up with some sort of equation + + + align:start position:0% +is to come up with some sort of equation +um that we can just plug into um like we + + align:start position:0% +um that we can just plug into um like we + + + align:start position:0% +um that we can just plug into um like we +we can do math on like we want to be + + align:start position:0% +we can do math on like we want to be + + + align:start position:0% +we can do math on like we want to be +able to do calculus on it. So we need an + + align:start position:0% +able to do calculus on it. So we need an + + + align:start position:0% +able to do calculus on it. So we need an +equation. Um so like what type of + + align:start position:0% +equation. Um so like what type of + + + align:start position:0% +equation. Um so like what type of +function does this look like? Because we + + align:start position:0% +function does this look like? Because we + + + align:start position:0% +function does this look like? Because we +want to try to fit a curve to it. + + align:start position:0% +want to try to fit a curve to it. + + + align:start position:0% +want to try to fit a curve to it. +Exactly. Like it seems like a + + align:start position:0% +Exactly. Like it seems like a + + + align:start position:0% +Exactly. Like it seems like a +logarithmic function. And within in R + + align:start position:0% +logarithmic function. And within in R + + + align:start position:0% +logarithmic function. And within in R +square of 99 it says that that's the + + align:start position:0% +square of 99 it says that that's the + + + align:start position:0% +square of 99 it says that that's the +logarithmic equation for it. So that + + align:start position:0% +logarithmic equation for it. So that + + + align:start position:0% +logarithmic equation for it. So that +works when the range is 50%. But let's + + align:start position:0% +works when the range is 50%. But let's + + + align:start position:0% +works when the range is 50%. But let's +take a look at when we change the range + + align:start position:0% +take a look at when we change the range + + + align:start position:0% +take a look at when we change the range +to 30%. So what this is saying is we are + + align:start position:0% +to 30%. So what this is saying is we are + + + align:start position:0% +to 30%. So what this is saying is we are +pushing 30% of the time and he is + + align:start position:0% +pushing 30% of the time and he is + + + align:start position:0% +pushing 30% of the time and he is +calling x% of the time. And what this + + align:start position:0% +calling x% of the time. And what this + + + align:start position:0% +calling x% of the time. And what this +line is is our chance of winning when he + + align:start position:0% +line is is our chance of winning when he + + + align:start position:0% +line is is our chance of winning when he +does that. And this is also logarithmic. + + align:start position:0% +does that. And this is also logarithmic. + + + align:start position:0% +does that. And this is also logarithmic. +So we're seeing a little bit of a + + align:start position:0% +So we're seeing a little bit of a + + + align:start position:0% +So we're seeing a little bit of a +pattern. And then it's also has a really + + align:start position:0% +pattern. And then it's also has a really + + + align:start position:0% +pattern. And then it's also has a really +good R squ. And then if we push 10% of + + align:start position:0% +good R squ. And then if we push 10% of + + + align:start position:0% +good R squ. And then if we push 10% of +the time, it's still like okay. It's + + align:start position:0% +the time, it's still like okay. It's + + + align:start position:0% +the time, it's still like okay. It's +it's 98 and change when we look at our + + align:start position:0% +it's 98 and change when we look at our + + + align:start position:0% +it's 98 and change when we look at our +equities versus his calling range. But + + align:start position:0% +equities versus his calling range. But + + + align:start position:0% +equities versus his calling range. But +then it starts to get bad. If he calls + + align:start position:0% +then it starts to get bad. If he calls + + + align:start position:0% +then it starts to get bad. If he calls +5% of the time, our R squared when we + + align:start position:0% +5% of the time, our R squared when we + + + align:start position:0% +5% of the time, our R squared when we +fit a log normal function or a + + align:start position:0% +fit a log normal function or a + + + align:start position:0% +fit a log normal function or a +logarithmic function is only 95. And if + + align:start position:0% +logarithmic function is only 95. And if + + + align:start position:0% +logarithmic function is only 95. And if +he only calls 3% of the time, our R squ + + align:start position:0% +he only calls 3% of the time, our R squ + + + align:start position:0% +he only calls 3% of the time, our R squ +is 89. Like this is no like this is not + + align:start position:0% +is 89. Like this is no like this is not + + + align:start position:0% +is 89. Like this is no like this is not +really logarithmic when we start getting + + align:start position:0% +really logarithmic when we start getting + + + align:start position:0% +really logarithmic when we start getting +in very tight ranges. and in 1% it + + align:start position:0% +in very tight ranges. and in 1% it + + + align:start position:0% +in very tight ranges. and in 1% it +sucks. Like it's not even close. Um so + + align:start position:0% +sucks. Like it's not even close. Um so + + + align:start position:0% +sucks. Like it's not even close. Um so +what we're trying to do is develop an + + align:start position:0% +what we're trying to do is develop an + + + align:start position:0% +what we're trying to do is develop an +equation uh for figuring out range + + align:start position:0% +equation uh for figuring out range + + + align:start position:0% +equation uh for figuring out range +versus ranges. And we see that log + + align:start position:0% +versus ranges. And we see that log + + + align:start position:0% +versus ranges. And we see that log +logarithmic works some of the time. So + + align:start position:0% +logarithmic works some of the time. So + + + align:start position:0% +logarithmic works some of the time. So +the reason it doesn't work um just to + + align:start position:0% +the reason it doesn't work um just to + + + align:start position:0% +the reason it doesn't work um just to +give you kind of the idea of why it + + align:start position:0% +give you kind of the idea of why it + + + align:start position:0% +give you kind of the idea of why it +doesn't work is because the top 1% of + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work is because the top 1% of + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work is because the top 1% of +hands is like three hands. It's aces, + + align:start position:0% +hands is like three hands. It's aces, + + + align:start position:0% +hands is like three hands. It's aces, +ace king, and kings. So it's materially + + align:start position:0% +ace king, and kings. So it's materially + + + align:start position:0% +ace king, and kings. So it's materially +changing based on whether he's like if + + align:start position:0% +changing based on whether he's like if + + + align:start position:0% +changing based on whether he's like if +we if we push like ace king whether he + + align:start position:0% +we if we push like ace king whether he + + + align:start position:0% +we if we push like ace king whether he +calls with only aces or kings or also + + align:start position:0% +calls with only aces or kings or also + + + align:start position:0% +calls with only aces or kings or also +ace king jumps us between like here and + + align:start position:0% +ace king jumps us between like here and + + + align:start position:0% +ace king jumps us between like here and +here. So we have a we have huge gaps + + align:start position:0% +here. So we have a we have huge gaps + + + align:start position:0% +here. So we have a we have huge gaps +when it comes to very tight percentages. + + align:start position:0% +when it comes to very tight percentages. + + + align:start position:0% +when it comes to very tight percentages. +So that's why we break a little bit up + + align:start position:0% +So that's why we break a little bit up + + + align:start position:0% +So that's why we break a little bit up +here. Um and when we turn it around we + + align:start position:0% +here. Um and when we turn it around we + + + align:start position:0% +here. Um and when we turn it around we +have the same type of thing. This is + + align:start position:0% +have the same type of thing. This is + + + align:start position:0% +have the same type of thing. This is +looking at okay that say that we know + + align:start position:0% +looking at okay that say that we know + + + align:start position:0% +looking at okay that say that we know +he's going to call 50% of the time. If + + align:start position:0% +he's going to call 50% of the time. If + + + align:start position:0% +he's going to call 50% of the time. If +we push x% of the time, what is our + + align:start position:0% +we push x% of the time, what is our + + + align:start position:0% +we push x% of the time, what is our +chance of winning? So if we push if we + + align:start position:0% +chance of winning? So if we push if we + + + align:start position:0% +chance of winning? So if we push if we +push 100% of the time and he calls 40% + + align:start position:0% +push 100% of the time and he calls 40% + + + align:start position:0% +push 100% of the time and he calls 40% +of the time, then uh we are 40% to win. + + align:start position:0% +of the time, then uh we are 40% to win. + + + align:start position:0% +of the time, then uh we are 40% to win. +So that's what what uh this chart is + + align:start position:0% +So that's what what uh this chart is + + + align:start position:0% +So that's what what uh this chart is +telling us. And you see the same type of + + align:start position:0% +telling us. And you see the same type of + + + align:start position:0% +telling us. And you see the same type of +pattern where 50% range versus this kind + + align:start position:0% +pattern where 50% range versus this kind + + + align:start position:0% +pattern where 50% range versus this kind +of range is good. If we push whatever + + align:start position:0% +of range is good. If we push whatever + + + align:start position:0% +of range is good. If we push whatever +and he calls 30% of the time, it's still + + align:start position:0% +and he calls 30% of the time, it's still + + + align:start position:0% +and he calls 30% of the time, it's still +good. But then if he calls 2% of the + + align:start position:0% +good. But then if he calls 2% of the + + + align:start position:0% +good. But then if he calls 2% of the +time, it starts becoming bad. So what + + align:start position:0% +time, it starts becoming bad. So what + + + align:start position:0% +time, it starts becoming bad. So what +are we taking away from this? And the + + align:start position:0% +are we taking away from this? And the + + + align:start position:0% +are we taking away from this? And the +whole plan is we want to come up with an + + align:start position:0% +whole plan is we want to come up with an + + + align:start position:0% +whole plan is we want to come up with an +equation that just gives us these + + align:start position:0% +equation that just gives us these + + + align:start position:0% +equation that just gives us these +numbers. I only got these from pushing + + align:start position:0% +numbers. I only got these from pushing + + + align:start position:0% +numbers. I only got these from pushing +them into poker tracker and we're trying + + align:start position:0% +them into poker tracker and we're trying + + + align:start position:0% +them into poker tracker and we're trying +to fit a certain r a certain equation + + align:start position:0% +to fit a certain r a certain equation + + + align:start position:0% +to fit a certain r a certain equation +onto it. Um so our takeaways here is + + align:start position:0% +onto it. Um so our takeaways here is + + + align:start position:0% +onto it. Um so our takeaways here is +that like range versus weight range + + align:start position:0% +that like range versus weight range + + + align:start position:0% +that like range versus weight range +versus range relationship is probably + + align:start position:0% +versus range relationship is probably + + + align:start position:0% +versus range relationship is probably +logarithmic. Like that seems to be a + + align:start position:0% +logarithmic. Like that seems to be a + + + align:start position:0% +logarithmic. Like that seems to be a +good estimate, but it's definitely not + + align:start position:0% +good estimate, but it's definitely not + + + align:start position:0% +good estimate, but it's definitely not +good uh in the the top 5%. Um, so with + + align:start position:0% +good uh in the the top 5%. Um, so with + + + align:start position:0% +good uh in the the top 5%. Um, so with +regard to our model, we're just going to + + align:start position:0% +regard to our model, we're just going to + + + align:start position:0% +regard to our model, we're just going to +say this is probably not that good when + + align:start position:0% +say this is probably not that good when + + + align:start position:0% +say this is probably not that good when +you're talking about ranges in 5%. But + + align:start position:0% +you're talking about ranges in 5%. But + + + align:start position:0% +you're talking about ranges in 5%. But +realistically, when M is less than 10, + + align:start position:0% +realistically, when M is less than 10, + + + align:start position:0% +realistically, when M is less than 10, +you're five like no one is doing + + align:start position:0% +you're five like no one is doing + + + align:start position:0% +you're five like no one is doing +anything in the 5% range. So it's not + + align:start position:0% +anything in the 5% range. So it's not + + + align:start position:0% +anything in the 5% range. So it's not +that big of a deal just to ignore it. + + align:start position:0% +that big of a deal just to ignore it. + + + align:start position:0% +that big of a deal just to ignore it. +Okay, so what we did is we populated + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so what we did is we populated + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so what we did is we populated +this table just now. So we took a look + + align:start position:0% +this table just now. So we took a look + + + align:start position:0% +this table just now. So we took a look +at what's the villain's range up here + + align:start position:0% +at what's the villain's range up here + + + align:start position:0% +at what's the villain's range up here +and what's our range. So we when we push + + align:start position:0% +and what's our range. So we when we push + + + align:start position:0% +and what's our range. So we when we push +100% of the time and he calls 30% of the + + align:start position:0% +100% of the time and he calls 30% of the + + + align:start position:0% +100% of the time and he calls 30% of the +time, we win 39% of the time. Where red + + align:start position:0% +time, we win 39% of the time. Where red + + + align:start position:0% +time, we win 39% of the time. Where red +means that we are not likely to win and + + align:start position:0% +means that we are not likely to win and + + + align:start position:0% +means that we are not likely to win and +green means that we are likely to win. + + align:start position:0% +green means that we are likely to win. + + + align:start position:0% +green means that we are likely to win. +Like when we push 5% and he calls with + + align:start position:0% +Like when we push 5% and he calls with + + + align:start position:0% +Like when we push 5% and he calls with +anything, we're 73% to win. Right? So + + align:start position:0% +anything, we're 73% to win. Right? So + + + align:start position:0% +anything, we're 73% to win. Right? So +that that's what this uh this table's + + align:start position:0% +that that's what this uh this table's + + + align:start position:0% +that that's what this uh this table's +telling us. And what we want to do is we + + align:start position:0% +telling us. And what we want to do is we + + + align:start position:0% +telling us. And what we want to do is we +want to come up with an equation that + + align:start position:0% +want to come up with an equation that + + + align:start position:0% +want to come up with an equation that +that lets us populate this table without + + align:start position:0% +that lets us populate this table without + + + align:start position:0% +that lets us populate this table without +actually having to do the range versus + + align:start position:0% +actually having to do the range versus + + + align:start position:0% +actually having to do the range versus +range calculations uh by hand. Um so I + + align:start position:0% +range calculations uh by hand. Um so I + + + align:start position:0% +range calculations uh by hand. Um so I +did was I just ran a regression based on + + align:start position:0% +did was I just ran a regression based on + + + align:start position:0% +did was I just ran a regression based on +lo uh logarithmic variables and I found + + align:start position:0% +lo uh logarithmic variables and I found + + + align:start position:0% +lo uh logarithmic variables and I found +out something I found to be really + + align:start position:0% +out something I found to be really + + + align:start position:0% +out something I found to be really +really + + align:start position:0% +really + + + align:start position:0% +really +cool. So um these seem to be the + + align:start position:0% +cool. So um these seem to be the + + + align:start position:0% +cool. So um these seem to be the +coefficients with an R squar of like 98. + + align:start position:0% +coefficients with an R squar of like 98. + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients with an R squar of like 98. +So this equation seems to basically nail + + align:start position:0% +So this equation seems to basically nail + + + align:start position:0% +So this equation seems to basically nail +these rangeous range equities which is + + align:start position:0% +these rangeous range equities which is + + + align:start position:0% +these rangeous range equities which is +like I think really cool like so I I + + align:start position:0% +like I think really cool like so I I + + + align:start position:0% +like I think really cool like so I I +guess there's probably a reason that it + + align:start position:0% +guess there's probably a reason that it + + + align:start position:0% +guess there's probably a reason that it +starts at 50%. And then it seems to be + + align:start position:0% +starts at 50%. And then it seems to be + + + align:start position:0% +starts at 50%. And then it seems to be +symmetrical which is like I don't know + + align:start position:0% +symmetrical which is like I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +symmetrical which is like I don't know +if there's a like a statistical reason + + align:start position:0% +if there's a like a statistical reason + + + align:start position:0% +if there's a like a statistical reason +for that but that's like that's + + align:start position:0% +for that but that's like that's + + + align:start position:0% +for that but that's like that's +extremely fascinating and it it could + + align:start position:0% +extremely fascinating and it it could + + + align:start position:0% +extremely fascinating and it it could +make sense intuitively that so this is + + align:start position:0% +make sense intuitively that so this is + + + align:start position:0% +make sense intuitively that so this is +your chance of winning. So would it make + + align:start position:0% +your chance of winning. So would it make + + + align:start position:0% +your chance of winning. So would it make +sense that the wider he calls like when + + align:start position:0% +sense that the wider he calls like when + + + align:start position:0% +sense that the wider he calls like when +we take the natural log of the + + align:start position:0% +we take the natural log of the + + + align:start position:0% +we take the natural log of the +percentage of him calling our our + + align:start position:0% +percentage of him calling our our + + + align:start position:0% +percentage of him calling our our +percent win goes up? So I think it does + + align:start position:0% +percent win goes up? So I think it does + + + align:start position:0% +percent win goes up? So I think it does +because it means he's calling with worse + + align:start position:0% +because it means he's calling with worse + + + align:start position:0% +because it means he's calling with worse +hands. That's why it goes up when he + + align:start position:0% +hands. That's why it goes up when he + + + align:start position:0% +hands. That's why it goes up when he +calls greater but then goes down when we + + align:start position:0% +calls greater but then goes down when we + + + align:start position:0% +calls greater but then goes down when we +push greater because this means that + + align:start position:0% +push greater because this means that + + + align:start position:0% +push greater because this means that +we're pushing worse hands. So that's the + + align:start position:0% +we're pushing worse hands. So that's the + + + align:start position:0% +we're pushing worse hands. So that's the +equation there and that's giving us + + align:start position:0% +equation there and that's giving us + + + align:start position:0% +equation there and that's giving us +something that we can actually + + align:start position:0% +something that we can actually + + + align:start position:0% +something that we can actually +differentiate when we're trying to solve + + align:start position:0% +differentiate when we're trying to solve + + + align:start position:0% +differentiate when we're trying to solve +this. And just in terms of errors, like + + align:start position:0% +this. And just in terms of errors, like + + + align:start position:0% +this. And just in terms of errors, like +it's not that bad. Like we have an R squ + + align:start position:0% +it's not that bad. Like we have an R squ + + + align:start position:0% +it's not that bad. Like we have an R squ +of 98. So I think this is good enough to + + align:start position:0% +of 98. So I think this is good enough to + + + align:start position:0% +of 98. So I think this is good enough to +use. Like we can actually use this to + + align:start position:0% +use. Like we can actually use this to + + + align:start position:0% +use. Like we can actually use this to +try to optimize our decision-m pre flop. + + align:start position:0% +try to optimize our decision-m pre flop. + + + align:start position:0% +try to optimize our decision-m pre flop. +So we solved like we came up with an + + align:start position:0% +So we solved like we came up with an + + + align:start position:0% +So we solved like we came up with an +equation that we can use for determining + + align:start position:0% +equation that we can use for determining + + + align:start position:0% +equation that we can use for determining +our chance of winning a hand compared to + + align:start position:0% +our chance of winning a hand compared to + + + align:start position:0% +our chance of winning a hand compared to +our pushing range at his calling range. + + align:start position:0% +our pushing range at his calling range. + + + align:start position:0% +our pushing range at his calling range. +So let's go back to our EV model for + + align:start position:0% +So let's go back to our EV model for + + + align:start position:0% +So let's go back to our EV model for +semidluffs. So, uh, so we already did + + align:start position:0% +semidluffs. So, uh, so we already did + + + align:start position:0% +semidluffs. So, uh, so we already did +that in the, um, in the the fold equity + + align:start position:0% +that in the, um, in the the fold equity + + + align:start position:0% +that in the, um, in the the fold equity +portion, but we're going to build this + + align:start position:0% +portion, but we're going to build this + + + align:start position:0% +portion, but we're going to build this +out to be relevant to our, um, our + + align:start position:0% +out to be relevant to our, um, our + + + align:start position:0% +out to be relevant to our, um, our +situation in particular. So, we're + + align:start position:0% +situation in particular. So, we're + + + align:start position:0% +situation in particular. So, we're +assuming we're talking about in terms of + + align:start position:0% +assuming we're talking about in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +assuming we're talking about in terms of +M. So, what's our So, our blinds are + + align:start position:0% +M. So, what's our So, our blinds are + + + align:start position:0% +M. So, what's our So, our blinds are +going to be equal to one. Like, this + + align:start position:0% +going to be equal to one. Like, this + + + align:start position:0% +going to be equal to one. Like, this +means this is 1 M and our EV is going to + + align:start position:0% +means this is 1 M and our EV is going to + + + align:start position:0% +means this is 1 M and our EV is going to +be in terms of M's. like we're going to + + align:start position:0% +be in terms of M's. like we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +be in terms of M's. like we're going to +if if our Eevee ends up being like 0.35, + + align:start position:0% +if if our Eevee ends up being like 0.35, + + + align:start position:0% +if if our Eevee ends up being like 0.35, +it means 0.35 times all the blinds + + align:start position:0% +it means 0.35 times all the blinds + + + align:start position:0% +it means 0.35 times all the blinds +combined just to get rid of blinds here. + + align:start position:0% +combined just to get rid of blinds here. + + + align:start position:0% +combined just to get rid of blinds here. +So uh all the blinds combined equals m. + + align:start position:0% +So uh all the blinds combined equals m. + + + align:start position:0% +So uh all the blinds combined equals m. +Our showdown value is just going to be + + align:start position:0% +Our showdown value is just going to be + + + align:start position:0% +Our showdown value is just going to be +okay. So our fold equity is going to be + + align:start position:0% +okay. So our fold equity is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +okay. So our fold equity is going to be +the pot times the chance of him folding + + align:start position:0% +the pot times the chance of him folding + + + align:start position:0% +the pot times the chance of him folding +i.e. one minus calling the chance of him + + align:start position:0% +i.e. one minus calling the chance of him + + + align:start position:0% +i.e. one minus calling the chance of him +or our showdown value is chance of + + align:start position:0% +or our showdown value is chance of + + + align:start position:0% +or our showdown value is chance of +calling times win amount time win + + align:start position:0% +calling times win amount time win + + + align:start position:0% +calling times win amount time win +percentage minus lose amount uh times + + align:start position:0% +percentage minus lose amount uh times + + + align:start position:0% +percentage minus lose amount uh times +lose percentage. The win amount is going + + align:start position:0% +lose percentage. The win amount is going + + + align:start position:0% +lose percentage. The win amount is going +to be stack plus two/3 because if the + + align:start position:0% +to be stack plus two/3 because if the + + + align:start position:0% +to be stack plus two/3 because if the +blinds are one two or something where + + align:start position:0% +blinds are one two or something where + + + align:start position:0% +blinds are one two or something where +the big blind is double the small blind, + + align:start position:0% +the big blind is double the small blind, + + + align:start position:0% +the big blind is double the small blind, +it means that your win like you win his + + align:start position:0% +it means that your win like you win his + + + align:start position:0% +it means that your win like you win his +big blind and then you lose uh your + + align:start position:0% +big blind and then you lose uh your + + + align:start position:0% +big blind and then you lose uh your +whole stack. It it depending on when we + + align:start position:0% +whole stack. It it depending on when we + + + align:start position:0% +whole stack. It it depending on when we +like mark our stack, it changes it a + + align:start position:0% +like mark our stack, it changes it a + + + align:start position:0% +like mark our stack, it changes it a +little bit um with regard to whether we + + align:start position:0% +little bit um with regard to whether we + + + align:start position:0% +little bit um with regard to whether we +count it as before we pay the blind or + + align:start position:0% +count it as before we pay the blind or + + + align:start position:0% +count it as before we pay the blind or +after, but it ends up not making a huge + + align:start position:0% +after, but it ends up not making a huge + + + align:start position:0% +after, but it ends up not making a huge +difference. It just impacts like whether + + align:start position:0% +difference. It just impacts like whether + + + align:start position:0% +difference. It just impacts like whether +this is plus 2/3 or plus 1/3 or just + + align:start position:0% +this is plus 2/3 or plus 1/3 or just + + + align:start position:0% +this is plus 2/3 or plus 1/3 or just +your stack. But anyway, um we also have + + align:start position:0% +your stack. But anyway, um we also have + + + align:start position:0% +your stack. But anyway, um we also have +this equation which we just solved for + + align:start position:0% +this equation which we just solved for + + + align:start position:0% +this equation which we just solved for +where the chance of us winning is + + align:start position:0% +where the chance of us winning is + + + align:start position:0% +where the chance of us winning is +related to um the chance of him calling + + align:start position:0% +related to um the chance of him calling + + + align:start position:0% +related to um the chance of him calling +and the the like range that we're + + align:start position:0% +and the the like range that we're + + + align:start position:0% +and the the like range that we're +pushing. Um so what you might see here + + align:start position:0% +pushing. Um so what you might see here + + + align:start position:0% +pushing. Um so what you might see here +is all of these are related to the same + + align:start position:0% +is all of these are related to the same + + + align:start position:0% +is all of these are related to the same +three variables where it's either the + + align:start position:0% +three variables where it's either the + + + align:start position:0% +three variables where it's either the +call percentage, the push percentage or + + align:start position:0% +call percentage, the push percentage or + + + align:start position:0% +call percentage, the push percentage or +our stack size. So we can bind this to + + align:start position:0% +our stack size. So we can bind this to + + + align:start position:0% +our stack size. So we can bind this to +one giant equation which obviously we're + + align:start position:0% +one giant equation which obviously we're + + + align:start position:0% +one giant equation which obviously we're +not going to remember but we can use to + + align:start position:0% +not going to remember but we can use to + + + align:start position:0% +not going to remember but we can use to +start solving this mathematically. So + + align:start position:0% +start solving this mathematically. So + + + align:start position:0% +start solving this mathematically. So +this is what we would end up with. So + + align:start position:0% +this is what we would end up with. So + + + align:start position:0% +this is what we would end up with. So +when m is + + align:start position:0% +when m is + + + align:start position:0% +when m is +one, we end up with this sort of uh + + align:start position:0% +one, we end up with this sort of uh + + + align:start position:0% +one, we end up with this sort of uh +graph. When the hero's push range, which + + align:start position:0% +graph. When the hero's push range, which + + + align:start position:0% +graph. When the hero's push range, which +goes up to 100% here, and the villain's + + align:start position:0% +goes up to 100% here, and the villain's + + + align:start position:0% +goes up to 100% here, and the villain's +call range, which goes up to 100% here, + + align:start position:0% +call range, which goes up to 100% here, + + + align:start position:0% +call range, which goes up to 100% here, +like this is our equity, which I just + + align:start position:0% +like this is our equity, which I just + + + align:start position:0% +like this is our equity, which I just +color coded so we don't need to look at + + align:start position:0% +color coded so we don't need to look at + + + align:start position:0% +color coded so we don't need to look at +the numbers, where green means it's in + + align:start position:0% +the numbers, where green means it's in + + + align:start position:0% +the numbers, where green means it's in +the hero's favor, and yellow means it's + + align:start position:0% +the hero's favor, and yellow means it's + + + align:start position:0% +the hero's favor, and yellow means it's +close to zero, and red it means it's in + + align:start position:0% +close to zero, and red it means it's in + + + align:start position:0% +close to zero, and red it means it's in +the villain's favor. Um, okay. So, what + + align:start position:0% +the villain's favor. Um, okay. So, what + + + align:start position:0% +the villain's favor. Um, okay. So, what +we see here is it's really green over + + align:start position:0% +we see here is it's really green over + + + align:start position:0% +we see here is it's really green over +here and really yellow over there. And + + align:start position:0% +here and really yellow over there. And + + + align:start position:0% +here and really yellow over there. And +this is telling us like this is already + + align:start position:0% +this is telling us like this is already + + + align:start position:0% +this is telling us like this is already +factoring in fold equity and our chance + + align:start position:0% +factoring in fold equity and our chance + + + align:start position:0% +factoring in fold equity and our chance +of winning if he calls. This is saying + + align:start position:0% +of winning if he calls. This is saying + + + align:start position:0% +of winning if he calls. This is saying +that um if we call 100% of the time, he + + align:start position:0% +that um if we call 100% of the time, he + + + align:start position:0% +that um if we call 100% of the time, he +should call 100% of the time because he + + align:start position:0% +should call 100% of the time because he + + + align:start position:0% +should call 100% of the time because he +wants the yellowest area and we want the + + align:start position:0% +wants the yellowest area and we want the + + + align:start position:0% +wants the yellowest area and we want the +greenest area. So, that's with 1 M. So + + align:start position:0% +greenest area. So, that's with 1 M. So + + + align:start position:0% +greenest area. So, that's with 1 M. So +it shouldn't be surprising that kind of + + align:start position:0% +it shouldn't be surprising that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +it shouldn't be surprising that kind of +our equilibrium at 1M is going to be + + align:start position:0% +our equilibrium at 1M is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +our equilibrium at 1M is going to be +everyone like getting all in 100% of the + + align:start position:0% +everyone like getting all in 100% of the + + + align:start position:0% +everyone like getting all in 100% of the +time. But you see when we switch to 10M + + align:start position:0% +time. But you see when we switch to 10M + + + align:start position:0% +time. But you see when we switch to 10M +it's pretty different. In fact this 100 + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty different. In fact this 100 + + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty different. In fact this 100 +100 is one of the yellowst areas whereas + + align:start position:0% +100 is one of the yellowst areas whereas + + + align:start position:0% +100 is one of the yellowst areas whereas +our green area is either up here or down + + align:start position:0% +our green area is either up here or down + + + align:start position:0% +our green area is either up here or down +here. + + align:start position:0% +here. + + + align:start position:0% +here. +So, so we're going to use this to get an + + align:start position:0% +So, so we're going to use this to get an + + + align:start position:0% +So, so we're going to use this to get an +idea of how the like our value changes + + align:start position:0% +idea of how the like our value changes + + + align:start position:0% +idea of how the like our value changes +based on these variables changing to + + align:start position:0% +based on these variables changing to + + + align:start position:0% +based on these variables changing to +figure out if we can like isolate it to + + align:start position:0% +figure out if we can like isolate it to + + + align:start position:0% +figure out if we can like isolate it to +a corner and make that our kind of + + align:start position:0% +a corner and make that our kind of + + + align:start position:0% +a corner and make that our kind of +rule. So, first let's let's find out + + align:start position:0% +rule. So, first let's let's find out + + + align:start position:0% +rule. So, first let's let's find out +when we can get a Nash equilibrium. So, + + align:start position:0% +when we can get a Nash equilibrium. So, + + + align:start position:0% +when we can get a Nash equilibrium. So, +v like the villain gets to pick this, + + align:start position:0% +v like the villain gets to pick this, + + + align:start position:0% +v like the villain gets to pick this, +right? The villain gets to pick his call + + align:start position:0% +right? The villain gets to pick his call + + + align:start position:0% +right? The villain gets to pick his call +range and we get to pick our push range. + + align:start position:0% +range and we get to pick our push range. + + + align:start position:0% +range and we get to pick our push range. +Like that's um that's the flexibility + + align:start position:0% +Like that's um that's the flexibility + + + align:start position:0% +Like that's um that's the flexibility +each person has. So if we push 100% of + + align:start position:0% +each person has. So if we push 100% of + + + align:start position:0% +each person has. So if we push 100% of +the time and he calls 100% of the time, + + align:start position:0% +the time and he calls 100% of the time, + + + align:start position:0% +the time and he calls 100% of the time, +this is a Nash equilibrium for 1M + + align:start position:0% +this is a Nash equilibrium for 1M + + + align:start position:0% +this is a Nash equilibrium for 1M +because he can't do any better by going + + align:start position:0% +because he can't do any better by going + + + align:start position:0% +because he can't do any better by going +up here because a higher number is worse + + align:start position:0% +up here because a higher number is worse + + + align:start position:0% +up here because a higher number is worse +for him because this is our equity in + + align:start position:0% +for him because this is our equity in + + + align:start position:0% +for him because this is our equity in +the hand and like the equity comes + + align:start position:0% +the hand and like the equity comes + + + align:start position:0% +the hand and like the equity comes +directly from him because it's a heads + + align:start position:0% +directly from him because it's a heads + + + align:start position:0% +directly from him because it's a heads +up situation. Whereas we can't do better + + align:start position:0% +up situation. Whereas we can't do better + + + align:start position:0% +up situation. Whereas we can't do better +by pushing less. Like when we go down + + align:start position:0% +by pushing less. Like when we go down + + + align:start position:0% +by pushing less. Like when we go down +here, the next number is 32. Meaning + + align:start position:0% +here, the next number is 32. Meaning + + + align:start position:0% +here, the next number is 32. Meaning +that if we push any less, we're actually + + align:start position:0% +that if we push any less, we're actually + + + align:start position:0% +that if we push any less, we're actually +losing value because we want the number + + align:start position:0% +losing value because we want the number + + + align:start position:0% +losing value because we want the number +to be highest. And when it comes to 2M, + + align:start position:0% +to be highest. And when it comes to 2M, + + + align:start position:0% +to be highest. And when it comes to 2M, +100% isn't that much off. We're talking + + align:start position:0% +100% isn't that much off. We're talking + + + align:start position:0% +100% isn't that much off. We're talking +about 0.01 m of a difference in EV. But + + align:start position:0% +about 0.01 m of a difference in EV. But + + + align:start position:0% +about 0.01 m of a difference in EV. But +we do actually reach a Nash equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +we do actually reach a Nash equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +we do actually reach a Nash equilibrium +here at 2M where we can't do any any + + align:start position:0% +here at 2M where we can't do any any + + + align:start position:0% +here at 2M where we can't do any any +better by moving. And he can't do any + + align:start position:0% +better by moving. And he can't do any + + + align:start position:0% +better by moving. And he can't do any +better by moving. So when M is three, we + + align:start position:0% +better by moving. So when M is three, we + + + align:start position:0% +better by moving. So when M is three, we +we have an unstable Nash. And this is + + align:start position:0% +we have an unstable Nash. And this is + + + align:start position:0% +we have an unstable Nash. And this is +why um this is when it starts getting + + align:start position:0% +why um this is when it starts getting + + + align:start position:0% +why um this is when it starts getting +interesting. If we push 80, he should + + align:start position:0% +interesting. If we push 80, he should + + + align:start position:0% +interesting. If we push 80, he should +call 100. If he calls 100, we should + + align:start position:0% +call 100. If he calls 100, we should + + + align:start position:0% +call 100. If he calls 100, we should +push 65. And so on. So we end up in a + + align:start position:0% +push 65. And so on. So we end up in a + + + align:start position:0% +push 65. And so on. So we end up in a +bit of a circle. It it's a rock paper uh + + align:start position:0% +bit of a circle. It it's a rock paper uh + + + align:start position:0% +bit of a circle. It it's a rock paper uh +scissor situation. once we have uh m + + align:start position:0% +scissor situation. once we have uh m + + + align:start position:0% +scissor situation. once we have uh m +equals 3. So this lets us know that this + + align:start position:0% +equals 3. So this lets us know that this + + + align:start position:0% +equals 3. So this lets us know that this +whole nash equilibrium thing is not + + align:start position:0% +whole nash equilibrium thing is not + + + align:start position:0% +whole nash equilibrium thing is not +going to work out. Like it only really + + align:start position:0% +going to work out. Like it only really + + + align:start position:0% +going to work out. Like it only really +works for m of two and that's like + + align:start position:0% +works for m of two and that's like + + + align:start position:0% +works for m of two and that's like +that's not the most um important + + align:start position:0% +that's not the most um important + + + align:start position:0% +that's not the most um important +situation to figure out because you + + align:start position:0% +situation to figure out because you + + + align:start position:0% +situation to figure out because you +already know that you should be pushing + + align:start position:0% +already know that you should be pushing + + + align:start position:0% +already know that you should be pushing +a very very wide range when m is + + align:start position:0% +a very very wide range when m is + + + align:start position:0% +a very very wide range when m is +two. Um so we need to figure out some + + align:start position:0% +two. Um so we need to figure out some + + + align:start position:0% +two. Um so we need to figure out some +sort of pattern like how do how do these + + align:start position:0% +sort of pattern like how do how do these + + + align:start position:0% +sort of pattern like how do how do these +colors move when your m is more than + + align:start position:0% +colors move when your m is more than + + + align:start position:0% +colors move when your m is more than +two. Um so let's make let's go to m= 5 + + align:start position:0% +two. Um so let's make let's go to m= 5 + + + align:start position:0% +two. Um so let's make let's go to m= 5 +and make the gradient a little bit + + align:start position:0% +and make the gradient a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +and make the gradient a little bit +steeper. So these are the same numbers + + align:start position:0% +steeper. So these are the same numbers + + + align:start position:0% +steeper. So these are the same numbers +except I just made it like we're talking + + align:start position:0% +except I just made it like we're talking + + + align:start position:0% +except I just made it like we're talking +about very slight changes in um in EV + + align:start position:0% +about very slight changes in um in EV + + + align:start position:0% +about very slight changes in um in EV +where the difference between yellow here + + align:start position:0% +where the difference between yellow here + + + align:start position:0% +where the difference between yellow here +and uh like green here is like.1 m and + + align:start position:0% +and uh like green here is like.1 m and + + + align:start position:0% +and uh like green here is like.1 m and +this will help us understand uh where + + align:start position:0% +this will help us understand uh where + + + align:start position:0% +this will help us understand uh where +where this value is going to come from. + + align:start position:0% +where this value is going to come from. + + + align:start position:0% +where this value is going to come from. +So let's see how this changes over time + + align:start position:0% +So let's see how this changes over time + + + align:start position:0% +So let's see how this changes over time +because our goal here is the villain's + + align:start position:0% +because our goal here is the villain's + + + align:start position:0% +because our goal here is the villain's +goal is to end to cause us to be in a + + align:start position:0% +goal is to end to cause us to be in a + + + align:start position:0% +goal is to end to cause us to be in a +yellow area and the hero's goal is to + + align:start position:0% +yellow area and the hero's goal is to + + + align:start position:0% +yellow area and the hero's goal is to +cause us to be in a green area, right? + + align:start position:0% +cause us to be in a green area, right? + + + align:start position:0% +cause us to be in a green area, right? +And you can see why why we inherently + + align:start position:0% +And you can see why why we inherently + + + align:start position:0% +And you can see why why we inherently +have this um this need to figure out + + align:start position:0% +have this um this need to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +have this um this need to figure out +what they're going to do + + align:start position:0% +what they're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +what they're going to do +because say that we're the villain. If + + align:start position:0% +because say that we're the villain. If + + + align:start position:0% +because say that we're the villain. If +we know the hero pushes 100, we call + + align:start position:0% +we know the hero pushes 100, we call + + + align:start position:0% +we know the hero pushes 100, we call +100. Whereas if we think the hero pushes + + align:start position:0% +100. Whereas if we think the hero pushes + + + align:start position:0% +100. Whereas if we think the hero pushes +30%, we should call 5%. So let's see how + + align:start position:0% +30%, we should call 5%. So let's see how + + + align:start position:0% +30%, we should call 5%. So let's see how +this changes over time. So this is when + + align:start position:0% +this changes over time. So this is when + + + align:start position:0% +this changes over time. So this is when +M is 2 and then this is us increasing as + + align:start position:0% +M is 2 and then this is us increasing as + + + align:start position:0% +M is 2 and then this is us increasing as +M is 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. We're trying to pick + + align:start position:0% +M is 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. We're trying to pick + + + align:start position:0% +M is 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. We're trying to pick +the box that's kind of the yellowest + + align:start position:0% +the box that's kind of the yellowest + + + align:start position:0% +the box that's kind of the yellowest +area. Like where where can we + + align:start position:0% +area. Like where where can we + + + align:start position:0% +area. Like where where can we +realistically come up with a rule for + + align:start position:0% +realistically come up with a rule for + + + align:start position:0% +realistically come up with a rule for +ending up there based on like based on + + align:start position:0% +ending up there based on like based on + + + align:start position:0% +ending up there based on like based on +what this x coordinate is? What should + + align:start position:0% +what this x coordinate is? What should + + + align:start position:0% +what this x coordinate is? What should +be our like y-coordinate? Like what + + align:start position:0% +be our like y-coordinate? Like what + + + align:start position:0% +be our like y-coordinate? Like what +should be our call? Like do do we see + + align:start position:0% +should be our call? Like do do we see + + + align:start position:0% +should be our call? Like do do we see +any way to figure this thing + + align:start position:0% +any way to figure this thing + + + align:start position:0% +any way to figure this thing +out? So, what I think we should do is + + align:start position:0% +out? So, what I think we should do is + + + align:start position:0% +out? So, what I think we should do is +just draw a line right here and say, + + align:start position:0% +just draw a line right here and say, + + + align:start position:0% +just draw a line right here and say, +"Let's just figure out what the equation + + align:start position:0% +"Let's just figure out what the equation + + + align:start position:0% +"Let's just figure out what the equation +of that line is and then like come up + + align:start position:0% +of that line is and then like come up + + + align:start position:0% +of that line is and then like come up +with an estimate of what his uh pushing + + align:start position:0% +with an estimate of what his uh pushing + + + align:start position:0% +with an estimate of what his uh pushing +range is and then + + align:start position:0% +range is and then + + + align:start position:0% +range is and then +uh throw it into whatever function we + + align:start position:0% +uh throw it into whatever function we + + + align:start position:0% +uh throw it into whatever function we +use to get that line, which can't be + + align:start position:0% +use to get that line, which can't be + + + align:start position:0% +use to get that line, which can't be +like very complicated, in order to make + + align:start position:0% +like very complicated, in order to make + + + align:start position:0% +like very complicated, in order to make +sure no matter what his pushing range is + + align:start position:0% +sure no matter what his pushing range is + + + align:start position:0% +sure no matter what his pushing range is +that we read him for, we end up in this + + align:start position:0% +that we read him for, we end up in this + + + align:start position:0% +that we read him for, we end up in this +yellow area." So what I did was for each + + align:start position:0% +yellow area." So what I did was for each + + + align:start position:0% +yellow area." So what I did was for each +M I highlighted what the lowest EV + + align:start position:0% +M I highlighted what the lowest EV + + + align:start position:0% +M I highlighted what the lowest EV +decision is for the hero, meaning the + + align:start position:0% +decision is for the hero, meaning the + + + align:start position:0% +decision is for the hero, meaning the +best decision for the villain. And for + + align:start position:0% +best decision for the villain. And for + + + align:start position:0% +best decision for the villain. And for +10 M it's just diagonal, but for 1 M + + align:start position:0% +10 M it's just diagonal, but for 1 M + + + align:start position:0% +10 M it's just diagonal, but for 1 M +it's all the way down here. Like best + + align:start position:0% +it's all the way down here. Like best + + + align:start position:0% +it's all the way down here. Like best +you can do is over here. So our our + + align:start position:0% +you can do is over here. So our our + + + align:start position:0% +you can do is over here. So our our +function is we call 10 times his pushing + + align:start position:0% +function is we call 10 times his pushing + + + align:start position:0% +function is we call 10 times his pushing +range. So if we have one M and he pushes + + align:start position:0% +range. So if we have one M and he pushes + + + align:start position:0% +range. So if we have one M and he pushes +5% of the time, we call about 50% of the + + align:start position:0% +5% of the time, we call about 50% of the + + + align:start position:0% +5% of the time, we call about 50% of the +time. If he pushes 20% of the time, + + align:start position:0% +time. If he pushes 20% of the time, + + + align:start position:0% +time. If he pushes 20% of the time, +we're calling always. And anything more + + align:start position:0% +we're calling always. And anything more + + + align:start position:0% +we're calling always. And anything more +than 20% we're always calling. That's + + align:start position:0% +than 20% we're always calling. That's + + + align:start position:0% +than 20% we're always calling. That's +for M equals 1. In general, the rule is + + align:start position:0% +for M equals 1. In general, the rule is + + + align:start position:0% +for M equals 1. In general, the rule is +going to be if M is one, always call. + + align:start position:0% +going to be if M is one, always call. + + + align:start position:0% +going to be if M is one, always call. +And if M is two, you call twice his + + align:start position:0% +And if M is two, you call twice his + + + align:start position:0% +And if M is two, you call twice his +pushing range. So if we think he's + + align:start position:0% +pushing range. So if we think he's + + + align:start position:0% +pushing range. So if we think he's +pushing 50% or more, we're always + + align:start position:0% +pushing 50% or more, we're always + + + align:start position:0% +pushing 50% or more, we're always +calling. If we think he's pushing 20%, + + align:start position:0% +calling. If we think he's pushing 20%, + + + align:start position:0% +calling. If we think he's pushing 20%, +we call 40% of the time. Like that's the + + align:start position:0% +we call 40% of the time. Like that's the + + + align:start position:0% +we call 40% of the time. Like that's the +optimal calling range in this heads up + + align:start position:0% +optimal calling range in this heads up + + + align:start position:0% +optimal calling range in this heads up +situation. So when M is four, so I + + align:start position:0% +situation. So when M is four, so I + + + align:start position:0% +situation. So when M is four, so I +skipped one, but when M is four, we have + + align:start position:0% +skipped one, but when M is four, we have + + + align:start position:0% +skipped one, but when M is four, we have +basically a straight diagonal. We try to + + align:start position:0% +basically a straight diagonal. We try to + + + align:start position:0% +basically a straight diagonal. We try to +match his pushing range. So when he + + align:start position:0% +match his pushing range. So when he + + + align:start position:0% +match his pushing range. So when he +pushes 60, we call 60. When he pushes + + align:start position:0% +pushes 60, we call 60. When he pushes + + + align:start position:0% +pushes 60, we call 60. When he pushes +100, we call 100. That's the best we can + + align:start position:0% +100, we call 100. That's the best we can + + + align:start position:0% +100, we call 100. That's the best we can +do to dominate his range + + align:start position:0% +do to dominate his range + + + align:start position:0% +do to dominate his range +there. When M is six, we call 2/3 his + + align:start position:0% +there. When M is six, we call 2/3 his + + + align:start position:0% +there. When M is six, we call 2/3 his +range. And when M is nine, we call half + + align:start position:0% +range. And when M is nine, we call half + + + align:start position:0% +range. And when M is nine, we call half +his range. So those are the rules that + + align:start position:0% +his range. So those are the rules that + + + align:start position:0% +his range. So those are the rules that +we're just going to have to remember. + + align:start position:0% +we're just going to have to remember. + + + align:start position:0% +we're just going to have to remember. +When you're in a heads-up situation, if + + align:start position:0% +When you're in a heads-up situation, if + + + align:start position:0% +When you're in a heads-up situation, if +the stack is basically one or two, + + align:start position:0% +the stack is basically one or two, + + + align:start position:0% +the stack is basically one or two, +you're always calling him. At four, + + align:start position:0% +you're always calling him. At four, + + + align:start position:0% +you're always calling him. At four, +you're calling him an even amount. at + + align:start position:0% +you're calling him an even amount. at + + + align:start position:0% +you're calling him an even amount. at +six and nine, you're calling him like + + align:start position:0% +six and nine, you're calling him like + + + align:start position:0% +six and nine, you're calling him like +half of what he pushes and like that's + + align:start position:0% +half of what he pushes and like that's + + + align:start position:0% +half of what he pushes and like that's +the optimal move. Like that is how you + + align:start position:0% +the optimal move. Like that is how you + + + align:start position:0% +the optimal move. Like that is how you +will if you're in a heads up situation, + + align:start position:0% +will if you're in a heads up situation, + + + align:start position:0% +will if you're in a heads up situation, +which you will be at the end of every + + align:start position:0% +which you will be at the end of every + + + align:start position:0% +which you will be at the end of every +tournament to the extent that you like + + align:start position:0% +tournament to the extent that you like + + + align:start position:0% +tournament to the extent that you like +get there, like you will dominate his + + align:start position:0% +get there, like you will dominate his + + + align:start position:0% +get there, like you will dominate his +playing style based on like what you + + align:start position:0% +playing style based on like what you + + + align:start position:0% +playing style based on like what you +read as his pushing amount. And you + + align:start position:0% +read as his pushing amount. And you + + + align:start position:0% +read as his pushing amount. And you +could just count like how many cards + + align:start position:0% +could just count like how many cards + + + align:start position:0% +could just count like how many cards +does like how many hands does he push + + align:start position:0% +does like how many hands does he push + + + align:start position:0% +does like how many hands does he push +versus how many hands does he fold to + + align:start position:0% +versus how many hands does he fold to + + + align:start position:0% +versus how many hands does he fold to +get an idea of what his range is here. + + align:start position:0% +get an idea of what his range is here. + + + align:start position:0% +get an idea of what his range is here. +And this also works when it's folded to + + align:start position:0% +And this also works when it's folded to + + + align:start position:0% +And this also works when it's folded to +you in the small blind. Like even if + + align:start position:0% +you in the small blind. Like even if + + + align:start position:0% +you in the small blind. Like even if +you're 10-handed, by the time you get to + + align:start position:0% +you're 10-handed, by the time you get to + + + align:start position:0% +you're 10-handed, by the time you get to +the small blind, your head's up again. + + align:start position:0% +the small blind, your head's up again. + + + align:start position:0% +the small blind, your head's up again. +And these rules these rules + + align:start position:0% +And these rules these rules + + + align:start position:0% +And these rules these rules +apply. So the the extent that you can + + align:start position:0% +apply. So the the extent that you can + + + align:start position:0% +apply. So the the extent that you can +memorize this thing will will give you + + align:start position:0% +memorize this thing will will give you + + + align:start position:0% +memorize this thing will will give you +the right move in that scenario for M's + + align:start position:0% +the right move in that scenario for M's + + + align:start position:0% +the right move in that scenario for M's +up to + + align:start position:0% +up to + + + align:start position:0% +up to +10. Okay. So when you're when you're the + + align:start position:0% +10. Okay. So when you're when you're the + + + align:start position:0% +10. Okay. So when you're when you're the +hero, when when you're the small blind + + align:start position:0% +hero, when when you're the small blind + + + align:start position:0% +hero, when when you're the small blind +rather and you're pushing, it requires + + align:start position:0% +rather and you're pushing, it requires + + + align:start position:0% +rather and you're pushing, it requires +you to kind of estimate what his calling + + align:start position:0% +you to kind of estimate what his calling + + + align:start position:0% +you to kind of estimate what his calling +range is because the + + align:start position:0% +range is because the + + + align:start position:0% +range is because the +um it you end up all over the place + + align:start position:0% +um it you end up all over the place + + + align:start position:0% +um it you end up all over the place +based on making different estimates of + + align:start position:0% +based on making different estimates of + + + align:start position:0% +based on making different estimates of +what he can call with and you really + + align:start position:0% +what he can call with and you really + + + align:start position:0% +what he can call with and you really +don't have any information. But I we're + + align:start position:0% +don't have any information. But I we're + + + align:start position:0% +don't have any information. But I we're +gonna I'm going to graph it out here and + + align:start position:0% +gonna I'm going to graph it out here and + + + align:start position:0% +gonna I'm going to graph it out here and +then we can see what's going to be a + + align:start position:0% +then we can see what's going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +then we can see what's going to be a +good estimate in basically any scenario. + + align:start position:0% +good estimate in basically any scenario. + + + align:start position:0% +good estimate in basically any scenario. +So there there are a couple different + + align:start position:0% +So there there are a couple different + + + align:start position:0% +So there there are a couple different +ways I can think about this. So, we're + + align:start position:0% +ways I can think about this. So, we're + + + align:start position:0% +ways I can think about this. So, we're +going to come up with a bunch of numbers + + align:start position:0% +going to come up with a bunch of numbers + + + align:start position:0% +going to come up with a bunch of numbers +based on the the villain's call range + + align:start position:0% +based on the the villain's call range + + + align:start position:0% +based on the the villain's call range +here and we can either So, we're + + align:start position:0% +here and we can either So, we're + + + align:start position:0% +here and we can either So, we're +targeting like a column and then like + + align:start position:0% +targeting like a column and then like + + + align:start position:0% +targeting like a column and then like +the the the row is going to be + + align:start position:0% +the the the row is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +the the the row is going to be +information we don't have. So, the + + align:start position:0% +information we don't have. So, the + + + align:start position:0% +information we don't have. So, the +question is do we pick the column that + + align:start position:0% +question is do we pick the column that + + + align:start position:0% +question is do we pick the column that +has the highest average uh EV, the + + align:start position:0% +has the highest average uh EV, the + + + align:start position:0% +has the highest average uh EV, the +highest minimum EV, or the highest EV + + align:start position:0% +highest minimum EV, or the highest EV + + + align:start position:0% +highest minimum EV, or the highest EV +versus like a particular bad player that + + align:start position:0% +versus like a particular bad player that + + + align:start position:0% +versus like a particular bad player that +we're going to be targeting? And the + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be targeting? And the + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be targeting? And the +blue here is what maxim like what column + + align:start position:0% +blue here is what maxim like what column + + + align:start position:0% +blue here is what maxim like what column +maximizes your EV for that scenario. And + + align:start position:0% +maximizes your EV for that scenario. And + + + align:start position:0% +maximizes your EV for that scenario. And +like your guess is as good as mine when + + align:start position:0% +like your guess is as good as mine when + + + align:start position:0% +like your guess is as good as mine when +it comes to what's the best way to + + align:start position:0% +it comes to what's the best way to + + + align:start position:0% +it comes to what's the best way to +strategize it. Like are we looking for + + align:start position:0% +strategize it. Like are we looking for + + + align:start position:0% +strategize it. Like are we looking for +like um maximizing the min will help us + + align:start position:0% +like um maximizing the min will help us + + + align:start position:0% +like um maximizing the min will help us +make sure that we're not dominated by + + align:start position:0% +make sure that we're not dominated by + + + align:start position:0% +make sure that we're not dominated by +someone who's really got our number. + + align:start position:0% +someone who's really got our number. + + + align:start position:0% +someone who's really got our number. +Whereas maximizing the average might be + + align:start position:0% +Whereas maximizing the average might be + + + align:start position:0% +Whereas maximizing the average might be +better when we're trying to figure out + + align:start position:0% +better when we're trying to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +better when we're trying to figure out +against a player we know nothing about + + align:start position:0% +against a player we know nothing about + + + align:start position:0% +against a player we know nothing about +um what would be better. and maximizing + + align:start position:0% +um what would be better. and maximizing + + + align:start position:0% +um what would be better. and maximizing +versus tight will or loose will help us + + align:start position:0% +versus tight will or loose will help us + + + align:start position:0% +versus tight will or loose will help us +figure out some sort of um how to + + align:start position:0% +figure out some sort of um how to + + + align:start position:0% +figure out some sort of um how to +capitalize on the reads that we're + + align:start position:0% +capitalize on the reads that we're + + + align:start position:0% +capitalize on the reads that we're +making. So when M is one is over there, + + align:start position:0% +making. So when M is one is over there, + + + align:start position:0% +making. So when M is one is over there, +no matter what the scenario, you should + + align:start position:0% +no matter what the scenario, you should + + + align:start position:0% +no matter what the scenario, you should +be pushing 100% of the time. That's what + + align:start position:0% +be pushing 100% of the time. That's what + + + align:start position:0% +be pushing 100% of the time. That's what +this is telling us, which shouldn't be a + + align:start position:0% +this is telling us, which shouldn't be a + + + align:start position:0% +this is telling us, which shouldn't be a +surprise. Um based on all the stuff I + + align:start position:0% +surprise. Um based on all the stuff I + + + align:start position:0% +surprise. Um based on all the stuff I +told you about 1M situations, uh no + + align:start position:0% +told you about 1M situations, uh no + + + align:start position:0% +told you about 1M situations, uh no +matter what kind of assumption we're + + align:start position:0% +matter what kind of assumption we're + + + align:start position:0% +matter what kind of assumption we're +making, push 100%. So let me click up to + + align:start position:0% +making, push 100%. So let me click up to + + + align:start position:0% +making, push 100%. So let me click up to +M is 10. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So what's going on here? So as M + + align:start position:0% +So what's going on here? So as M + + + align:start position:0% +So what's going on here? So as M +increases like they all kind of move at + + align:start position:0% +increases like they all kind of move at + + + align:start position:0% +increases like they all kind of move at +the same time except what? Like if we're + + align:start position:0% +the same time except what? Like if we're + + + align:start position:0% +the same time except what? Like if we're +targeting loose or we're targeting like + + align:start position:0% +targeting loose or we're targeting like + + + align:start position:0% +targeting loose or we're targeting like +best worst case scenario or best average + + align:start position:0% +best worst case scenario or best average + + + align:start position:0% +best worst case scenario or best average +like it starts to trickle down to like + + align:start position:0% +like it starts to trickle down to like + + + align:start position:0% +like it starts to trickle down to like +50%. Right? But it's certainly like + + align:start position:0% +50%. Right? But it's certainly like + + + align:start position:0% +50%. Right? But it's certainly like +they're relatively near each other. And + + align:start position:0% +they're relatively near each other. And + + + align:start position:0% +they're relatively near each other. And +what's good about this is that means + + align:start position:0% +what's good about this is that means + + + align:start position:0% +what's good about this is that means +that if we target any of these, we're + + align:start position:0% +that if we target any of these, we're + + + align:start position:0% +that if we target any of these, we're +basically in the ballpark where like the + + align:start position:0% +basically in the ballpark where like the + + + align:start position:0% +basically in the ballpark where like the +difference between this column and this + + align:start position:0% +difference between this column and this + + + align:start position:0% +difference between this column and this +column for any of them is going to be + + align:start position:0% +column for any of them is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +column for any of them is going to be +not that material. Like if you are just + + align:start position:0% +not that material. Like if you are just + + + align:start position:0% +not that material. Like if you are just +in that ballpark, you're fine. But which + + align:start position:0% +in that ballpark, you're fine. But which + + + align:start position:0% +in that ballpark, you're fine. But which +one of them is completely different? + + align:start position:0% +one of them is completely different? + + + align:start position:0% +one of them is completely different? +Yeah. Against a tight player. And it + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Against a tight player. And it + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Against a tight player. And it +should make sense intuitively why if you + + align:start position:0% +should make sense intuitively why if you + + + align:start position:0% +should make sense intuitively why if you +read him as tight as someone who only + + align:start position:0% +read him as tight as someone who only + + + align:start position:0% +read him as tight as someone who only +calls 15% of the time, even with nine + + align:start position:0% +calls 15% of the time, even with nine + + + align:start position:0% +calls 15% of the time, even with nine +and 10m, you should push 100% of the + + align:start position:0% +and 10m, you should push 100% of the + + + align:start position:0% +and 10m, you should push 100% of the +time. Why? It's because 80 85% of the + + align:start position:0% +time. Why? It's because 80 85% of the + + + align:start position:0% +time. Why? It's because 80 85% of the +time he's just going to fold. And even + + align:start position:0% +time he's just going to fold. And even + + + align:start position:0% +time he's just going to fold. And even +when you're called, the amount of value + + align:start position:0% +when you're called, the amount of value + + + align:start position:0% +when you're called, the amount of value +you get from him folding most of the + + align:start position:0% +you get from him folding most of the + + + align:start position:0% +you get from him folding most of the +time just crushes him. So you should you + + align:start position:0% +time just crushes him. So you should you + + + align:start position:0% +time just crushes him. So you should you +should give like to the extent you can + + align:start position:0% +should give like to the extent you can + + + align:start position:0% +should give like to the extent you can +encourage him to be tight, do it. But + + align:start position:0% +encourage him to be tight, do it. But + + + align:start position:0% +encourage him to be tight, do it. But +absolutely, if he's tight, push every + + align:start position:0% +absolutely, if he's tight, push every + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely, if he's tight, push every +single hand. You're never in the + + align:start position:0% +single hand. You're never in the + + + align:start position:0% +single hand. You're never in the +scenario where pushing less than top 50% + + align:start position:0% +scenario where pushing less than top 50% + + + align:start position:0% +scenario where pushing less than top 50% +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +good. So that's it for heads up. So now + + align:start position:0% +good. So that's it for heads up. So now + + + align:start position:0% +good. So that's it for heads up. So now +let's talk about other positions and and + + align:start position:0% +let's talk about other positions and and + + + align:start position:0% +let's talk about other positions and and +we end up in we we end up in in a lot of + + align:start position:0% +we end up in we we end up in in a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +we end up in we we end up in in a lot of +complicated situations which we have to + + align:start position:0% +complicated situations which we have to + + + align:start position:0% +complicated situations which we have to +kind of just assume away here. Like so + + align:start position:0% +kind of just assume away here. Like so + + + align:start position:0% +kind of just assume away here. Like so +we can lose in two different ways. We + + align:start position:0% +we can lose in two different ways. We + + + align:start position:0% +we can lose in two different ways. We +can lose if we call and he beats us or + + align:start position:0% +can lose if we call and he beats us or + + + align:start position:0% +can lose if we call and he beats us or +we could also lose if we call and then + + align:start position:0% +we could also lose if we call and then + + + align:start position:0% +we could also lose if we call and then +someone behind us calls. So, we're + + align:start position:0% +someone behind us calls. So, we're + + + align:start position:0% +someone behind us calls. So, we're +estimating that someone behind us is + + align:start position:0% +estimating that someone behind us is + + + align:start position:0% +estimating that someone behind us is +only going to call if he has a premium + + align:start position:0% +only going to call if he has a premium + + + align:start position:0% +only going to call if he has a premium +hand. Because if we're in a short stack + + align:start position:0% +hand. Because if we're in a short stack + + + align:start position:0% +hand. Because if we're in a short stack +situation, someone pushes and then we + + align:start position:0% +situation, someone pushes and then we + + + align:start position:0% +situation, someone pushes and then we +call. Someone's only calling behind us + + align:start position:0% +call. Someone's only calling behind us + + + align:start position:0% +call. Someone's only calling behind us +when they have a really good hand. And + + align:start position:0% +when they have a really good hand. And + + + align:start position:0% +when they have a really good hand. And +let's just assume we're going to lose if + + align:start position:0% +let's just assume we're going to lose if + + + align:start position:0% +let's just assume we're going to lose if +we get another caller. Like, we are + + align:start position:0% +we get another caller. Like, we are + + + align:start position:0% +we get another caller. Like, we are +almost certainly going to be dominated. + + align:start position:0% +almost certainly going to be dominated. + + + align:start position:0% +almost certainly going to be dominated. +Let's say we have zero EV there. And + + align:start position:0% +Let's say we have zero EV there. And + + + align:start position:0% +Let's say we have zero EV there. And +because of our equation here, we can + + align:start position:0% +because of our equation here, we can + + + align:start position:0% +because of our equation here, we can +actually solve that. We can actually + + align:start position:0% +actually solve that. We can actually + + + align:start position:0% +actually solve that. We can actually +figure out what range is going to be 60% + + align:start position:0% +figure out what range is going to be 60% + + + align:start position:0% +figure out what range is going to be 60% +versus another range. So, this is + + align:start position:0% +versus another range. So, this is + + + align:start position:0% +versus another range. So, this is +resulting in a really cool rule of thumb + + align:start position:0% +resulting in a really cool rule of thumb + + + align:start position:0% +resulting in a really cool rule of thumb +here, which is when you're in a 10M or + + align:start position:0% +here, which is when you're in a 10M or + + + align:start position:0% +here, which is when you're in a 10M or +less situation and you're trying to + + align:start position:0% +less situation and you're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +less situation and you're trying to +decide whether to call an all-in, you + + align:start position:0% +decide whether to call an all-in, you + + + align:start position:0% +decide whether to call an all-in, you +just ask yourself, are you calling such + + align:start position:0% +just ask yourself, are you calling such + + + align:start position:0% +just ask yourself, are you calling such +that your r that his range is three + + align:start position:0% +that your r that his range is three + + + align:start position:0% +that your r that his range is three +times more than your range? And some + + align:start position:0% +times more than your range? And some + + + align:start position:0% +times more than your range? And some +questions you might ask yourself is say + + align:start position:0% +questions you might ask yourself is say + + + align:start position:0% +questions you might ask yourself is say +that you have ace 10, like you have a + + align:start position:0% +that you have ace 10, like you have a + + + align:start position:0% +that you have ace 10, like you have a +10% range here. Would he call would he + + align:start position:0% +10% range here. Would he call would he + + + align:start position:0% +10% range here. Would he call would he +push allin into you with king jack? + + align:start position:0% +push allin into you with king jack? + + + align:start position:0% +push allin into you with king jack? +Something in the 30% range. um if you + + align:start position:0% +Something in the 30% range. um if you + + + align:start position:0% +Something in the 30% range. um if you +have king queen which is like 30% would + + align:start position:0% +have king queen which is like 30% would + + + align:start position:0% +have king queen which is like 30% would +he push all in with like a5 which is 50% + + align:start position:0% +he push all in with like a5 which is 50% + + + align:start position:0% +he push all in with like a5 which is 50% +range and so on. So when you're in uh a + + align:start position:0% +range and so on. So when you're in uh a + + + align:start position:0% +range and so on. So when you're in uh a +full ring situation and you're trying to + + align:start position:0% +full ring situation and you're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +full ring situation and you're trying to +decide whether to call figure out in + + align:start position:0% +decide whether to call figure out in + + + align:start position:0% +decide whether to call figure out in +general what do you think his pushing + + align:start position:0% +general what do you think his pushing + + + align:start position:0% +general what do you think his pushing +range is there and it's a good call if + + align:start position:0% +range is there and it's a good call if + + + align:start position:0% +range is there and it's a good call if +your calling range is onethird of his + + align:start position:0% +your calling range is onethird of his + + + align:start position:0% +your calling range is onethird of his +pushing range. Okay, cool. Let's call it + + align:start position:0% +pushing range. Okay, cool. Let's call it + + + align:start position:0% +pushing range. Okay, cool. Let's call it +a day. Thanks guys. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/uD4-fOWeXAY.txt b/uD4-fOWeXAY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..972eb9b632316fc55b3b5e6aff402308d27ae23f --- /dev/null +++ b/uD4-fOWeXAY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2859 @@ +The following +content is provided + +under a Creative +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue + +to offer high-quality +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation or +view additional materials + +from hundreds of +MIT courses, visit + +MIT OpenCourseWare +at ocw.mit.edu + +PROFESSOR: Thank you. + +And please feel +free to interrupt. + +I'd just as soon run this as +a discussion, if you'd like. + +Is that permitted, do you know? + +MODERATOR: Absolutely. + +PROFESSOR: OK, so +these are conflicts + +of interests for +those of you who care, + +or you can get it in more detail +here by going to this website. + +And I thought I will talk +about this topic of causality. + +You've learned quite a +bit already in this course + +about tools for analyzing +genomes from various aspects, + +but what you do after +you analyze it is you + +want to test your hypotheses. + +And this is a very richly +enabling idea, in the sense + +that you can go to very +small cohort sizes, + +as we'll see-- N of +one cohort sizes-- + +and your false positives +are less of a concern + +if you have a high throughput +way of testing them. + +And so I think +it's very important + +to know the possibilities +for testing causality. + +And that gets us into +engineering genomes-- + +and, in a particular, about +computer-aided design. + +So you've talked about +computer-aided analysis; + +now let's talk about +computer-aided design + +of genomes, both +bacterial and human. + +So I just want to +illustrate the idea. + +You might say, well, why would +we want to design genomes? + +You can test +causality, typically, + +by changing one base pair. + +Why would you want to change +more than one base pair? + +If you have a SNP, that's great. + +Well, sometimes you have +multiple SNPs interacting + +in multigenic-- and we'll +get to humans in a moment. + +But here's a radical +example, something + +from the extreme +edge, where you'd + +want to change almost every +base pair in the genome-- + +not make a copy of a +genome but actually design, + +in an intelligent way-- +semi-intelligent-- + +combinatorial as +well-- a genome that + +has new functions, +new properties. + +And the four functions I +submit for your consideration + +here is that you might +want to be genetically + +and metabolically +isolated for safety + +reasons or public +relations reasons or both. + +You want to have new +chemistry, new protein + +chemistry, new amino acids. + +And finally, you want to +have multi-virus resistance. + +This is probably the most +powerful of the four, + +where imagine that you have +an organism-- whether it's + +industrial, agricultural, +or even human-- that + +was resistant to all viruses, +past and present-- even ones + +you haven't analyzed. + +So how do we do this? + +How do we get new functionality? + +How do we design a genome in +such a way that doesn't break? + +Because if you change +the genome enough, + +you get your comeuppance. + +You learn you don't know as +much as you think you know. + +You have your beautiful computer +simulations from your analysis, + +and as soon as you test them, +you start getting surprises. + +So anyway, I'm going to focus +on this process of designing + +and building and then testing. + +And then, so this +part of the design + +has to have an +analytic component. + +So we'll get back to your +old friends in analytics. + +So as I go down this list, maybe +just show of hands of how many + +have been exposed to these +computational tools already. + +So Bowtie, anybody? + +OK, good. + +See, you covered that, so +I don't need to cover that. + +Number two-- no? + +Some? + +SnpEff? + +JBrowse-- SQL, you've +all heard of SQL, right? + +OK, good. + +Let's see. + +So the point is +each of these things + +is integrated into this system +we call "Millstone," which + +is all about design +and analysis. + +So it's this loop that goes +around and around, as you'll + +see in just a moment-- +actually, may have seen already + +back here. + +So we design it. + +We build it. + +We test it. + +And we analyze it. + +And the analysis-- +sometimes when you build it, + +you build a large number. + +You build a combinatorial set. + +So this is something +that's fairly unique + +to biological +engineering-- or even + +to certain branches of +biological engineering-- + +that you don't see every +day in civil engineering + +or aeronautics. + +You don't build a +trillion different 787s + +and see which one +works the best. + +But you can in biology. + +And I'll give you +some examples of that. + +And part of the reason +we could do this + +is just as there's +next-generation sequencing, + +which you've heard +about in this course-- + +and we were also involved +in next-generation synthesis + +and next-generation inserting +synthetic DNA into genomes. + +And you'll see all about that. + +There are four +different ways of doing + +next-generation +synthesis, and it's not + +important for this +particular class. + +And there are various ways +of doing error correction. + +And these are kind of analogous +to the kind of error correction + +that you have in electronics +and computational systems, + +but we won't stress +that analogy too much. + +Here's an example, +just practically, + +what you get when you build +these oligonucleotides + +on chips. + +You might get oligos up +to 300 nucleotides long. + +As they get longer, they tend to +accumulate errors a little bit + +more towards the end. + +And so you can see that with +the length, the number of errors + +goes up from 1 in 1,300 +raw error rate to 1 + +in 250 raw error rate. + +And then we can get rid +of some of those errors + +with a enzymatic system called +ErASE-- it doesn't really + +matter in this case. + +We can get to 1 in 6,000 +without sequencing. + +And then with +sequencing, if you're + +willing to clone +in sequence, you + +can get error rates even lower. + +And it's important to know +that fundamental limitation. + +You always need to think about +background error in computing + +as well as synthesis. + +You can now do combined +synthesis and sequencing + +very closely by making +cis-regulatory elements, which + +we did in this paper that's +published-- Sri Kosuri and Dan + +Goodman, in particular-- where +you could basically synthesize + +cis-regulatory elements in +the genome or in a plasmid. + +And then you could read out the +RNA simply by RNA sequencing. + +The number of times you see +this bar code in the RNA + +tells you how many times that +particular construct, which + +could be heavily +engineered-- it isn't like + +randomers-- you're making +interesting, cis-regulatory + +elements. + +And you can make +10s of thousands + +of these-- millions +of these constructs. + +We did 10s of thousands. + +Then you can measure +protein levels + +as a result of cis-regulatory. + +So you can have +promoter elements, + +ribosome binding sites, +and coding region mutations + +that you think might +influence RNA and protein. + +And here we do +proteins by having + +two fluorescent proteins-- +a red and a green. + +The red is the control, and it +has a very tight distribution, + +as you can see here. + +And then the green is subject +to this cis-regulatory mutations + +made on chips. + +And it has a big distribution. + +And you divide it up in a +fluorescence-activated sorter. + +And you can read it out. + +So here, every pixel on these +two plots for RNA and protein + +is a separate experiment. + +And you can drill down and +get some more information + +on each of these. + +But the basic idea is each +of these was individually + +synthesized on the chip and +individually sequenced later + +to determine. + +And the bar codes can be +read out of proportion + +to the RNA and +protein expression. + +And here's an example of +some surprises that come out + +of such studies-- and we're not +just doing this for our health. + +So, for example, when +we went into this, + +it was well known that +codon usage effect + +was correlated with, and could +even causally influence-- + +so here's an example +of causality-- + +the expression of a protein. + +If you have very commonly +used codons, which typically + +have high levels of the +corresponding transfer + +RNA in the cell, that the +observation-- and it makes + +sense-- is that +those proteins would + +be expressed at higher levels. + +The thing that was +new was we discovered + +that at the end terminus, close +to the cis-regulatory elements, + +it flips. + +It's the opposite. + +There's almost no correlation +with abundant codons, + +and there's essentially +a negative correlation + +here with an r squared +of 0.73, right here, + +that shows that there's a +higher expression with very + +rare codons. + +This was published in Science. + +And so a lot of them +tend to be AT-rich, + +but we can separate +out that component. + +We can separate out things +like ribosome binding + +sites, which are AG-rich. + +And there's just a general +trend where rare codons help + +expression if they're at +the beginning of the gene. + +And you could find that out +from this kind of experiment. + +So now we want, if we're going +to build the genome that's + +radically different-- let's say +"radically different," here, + +defined as 7 to 13 codons, +chains, genome-wide freed up-- + +liberated-- meaning +that we use the synonyms + +in the genetic code. + +So there's anywhere +from one to six codons + +for each amino acid-- three +codons for stop codons. + +We can use that synonymous +substitution table + +to move things +around and completely + +free up-- get rid of +every instance of a UAG + +and turn it into UAA. + +That's the first example. + +And we did that genome-wide +and thereby derisked it. + +We can now build on +top of that, because we + +can get genomes that grow well +under a variety of conditions. + +They're still +genetically engineerable. + +And everywhere +there's a bar there, + +this refers to a +successful mutation + +in the height of +the bar as refers + +to the efficiency of +introducing those mutations. + +Now we wanted to derisk another +special category-- remember, + +I said AGA and AGG are +special, in that they're + +the rarest coding codons. + +So UGA is a stop codon. + +AGA and AGG are +arginine-encoding codons. + +And they're the rarest. + +And they also are +complicated, because they + +tend to represent +Shine-Dalgarno sites, which + +tend to be AG-rich regions +that are involved in initiation + +of protein synthesis. + +Anyway, so there, the +number was a little large + +to do genome-wide, so we +focused on essential genes. + +And so you can computationally +find all the essential genes + +and design strategies for +getting all the AGG and AGAs. + +And then when you +synthesize those genomes, + +you can do them one at a +time with a process called + +[? MAIDS, ?] which we won't +go into-- too experimental. + +But basically, you +can essentially just + +go straight from +oligos into the genome, + +and you can do multiple +ones simultaneously. + +And you can see which +ones are hard to make + +and which ones are easy-- again, +that's the sort of efficiency + +number there. + +You can see which ones-- if +they're selected against. + +And some of them were +actually selected against. + +We could not find them. + +And so these are discoveries. + +These are examples where +synonymous is not synonymous. + +It could mean that there's +some other function, hidden, + +layered on top of +the synonyms-- might + +be a ribosome binding site. + +And so what we find is +that we can try other, + +let's say other arginine +codons, rather than + +the one we targeted. + +Or you sometimes can +try out other codons + +that are not even synonymous. + +And eventually we found +every single one of them. + +So there were about a dozen. + +They were hard at +first, and then + +we eventually found an +engineering workaround. + +And that illustrates a +number of interesting points. + +So those were all successful +in essential genes. + +And it's our +observation that if you + +get it to work for +essential genes, + +getting it to work for +the nonessential genes + +is even easier. + +So then we went on, and so +that's one codon at a time, + +two more at time. + +So we've derisked three +codons at this point. + +So we went on to derisk all +13 codons-- or 13 of the 64. + +And we did that in even +smaller set of genes. + +So there are 290 essential +genes in E. coli. + +We did 42. + +And in that case, +there were 400. + +And some examples of those-- +and every one of them + +worked except for one. + +And just like the arginine +codons-- that one, + +we tried a number +of different codons, + +and they worked-- including +non-synonymous codons. + +So in almost every case, you +can find something that works. + +And then we do biological +assays that the four functions + +that we felt should be +changed were actually changed. + +And here's two slides +on the virus resistance. + +You can do, in a +variety of ways, + +of determining how effective +the virus resistance is. + +Here you have about +a factor of 1,000 + +for phage lambda, +which has been mutated + +to be highly +virulent in E. coli. + +This is a very pathogenic +version of phage lambda. + +This is T7, which is +naturally quite lytic. + +And you can show that this is +resistant to two of the three + +viruses that we tested. + +And our hypothesis is +if we change more codons + +than just-- that +was just one codon. + +If we change seven or so, +which is what we're doing now, + +then it will be resistant +to all viruses-- + +and very heavily +resistant-- so resistant + +that the population +of viruses can't + +mutate enough to +become resistant. + +So all of you should +be questioning + +that-- do I really believe that? + +And we can talk about +that in the discussion. + +So now the other +big functionality + +is-- can we genetically, +metabolically isolate these? + +And to do this, +we took advantage + +of its new genetic code. + +Not only we've +freed up a codon, we + +can now make that codon +code for a new amino acid + +by another set of biochemistry. + +And here's some examples. + +The amino acids look kind of +like tyrosine or phenylalanine. + +Here's one that's +a biphenylalanine, + +so it's got two benzene +rings instead of one. + +And so it's bulkier. + +It's bulkier than any +other amino acid, any + +naturally occurring one. + +And we wanted to ask-- can +we make those essential genes + +that we've been +talking about-- can we + +make them addicted +to this amino acid? + +And so we did by this +computational protein design + +strategy. + +And the idea is we looked +through every crystal structure + +of every essential protein in E. +coli-- there's 129 or something + +like that, 120 +crystal structures-- + +and systematically +ask, were there + +any places where we could +fit in a larger amino acid + +by carving away +adjacent amino acids, + +such that when we then replace +that larger one with a smaller + +one-- still keeping its +surroundings mutated, + +so we could mutate it two, +three, four, eight times-- + +however many amino +acids nearby you + +need to accommodate the +big amino acid-- if it + +no longer accommodates +the small amino acids? + +So you basically +systematically go + +through every amino acid +for every crystal structure + +and found a short list +of a half dozen or so + +that looked promising. + +And so the idea is, you put +in these 2-phenol groups-- + +and now, when you accommodate +it and shrink it down, + +it won't work. + +OK, that's the basic idea. + +And in context, +we wanted to have + +a really tough test for this. + +We wanted to say, not only do we +want it to be addicted to this, + +but we don't want it to be able +to escape-- either by mutation + +and evolution, we don't +want it to escape. + +We don't want it to +be able to escape + +by eating it's fellow-- its +classmates-- its other E. coli. + +And so the test +we do is we do a-- + +did you have a +question, anybody? + +We would lyse the cells-- +lyse cells of a wild-type E. + +coli or certain +mutant strains that + +would produce large +amounts of these. + +And one of the more classic ways +of making an organism that's + +metabolically isolated so it +can't survive in the wild-- + +it can only survive +in an industrial plant + +or in a laboratory-- +and we did this + +with the classic ones, +which people have avoided + +using lysates, because it +gives them bad news, which + +is if you grow them on lysates, +you get a lot of survivors. + +These are the classic ones. + +The deletions of these +two genes makes them-- + +they will still grow. + +But this is an example of one +of our designed, nonstandard + +amino acid strains. + +And we get much +lower escape rates. + +And you'll say, even +this low number here, + +we want to get +that down to zero. + +And you'll see how +we do that a moment. + +This is Mike Mee as +a graduate student. + +So here's a close-up of-- this +is not of the active site. + +This just could be any +place in the protein + +where putting in a big amino +acid is going to be disruptive. + +So we change this +leucine, innocent leucine, + +that's packed all around +with other amino acids. + +Have you guys done protein +design in this class at all? + +Yeah? + +OK, so you know what +I'm talking about. + +Rosetta, right? + +OK. + +So that's what we're using here. + +We had to modify it to use +nonstandard amino acids, + +because normally people design +proteins with 20 amino acids. + +So we took this leucine-- +we made it into this bipA. + +And you can see now, +it's got all kinds + +of clashes-- three +initial clashes. + +That's not good. + +So we identify those clashes +and we make them smaller-- + +no clashes anymore. + +This is all done +in the computer. + +This is all theoretical. + +Can you believe that? + +We'll see. + +So then-- this is putting +back in a small amino acid. + +These are some of the +people that did it. + +So Marc and Dan are +post-docs in the lab, + +and Ryo and Barry did +the crystallography. + +I'm a crystallographer +by training, + +but I'm a little +out of practice. + +So here is the design again, and +there's the electron density. + +So now you can +believe it, right? + +Because it's not just +a computer model. + +Well, it's still a computer +model, but it's based on data. + +And here's a comparison of +the design with the X-ray + +structure-- not too shabby. + +OK. + +But the question is, how well +does this work in living cells? + +So these are cells where we've +gone-- changed the whole genome + +so that now the stop +codon, UAG, is free. + +It's never used, which means +we can delete the release + +factor that normally recognizes +a stop codon, which otherwise + +would have been lethal. + +And we can replace it +with a transfer RNA + +in a tRNA synthetase that brings +in this [INAUDIBLE] amino acid. + +And now-- this is the one +we were just looking at, + +the crystal structure +in bold here. + +And it has an escape +frequency which + +is higher-- we can +crank up mutagenesis + +by putting it in a +mutS minus background. + +Basically, one of the +mismatched repair proteins-- + +we can knock it out, which +increases, sort of accelerates, + +evolution. + +And it has a noticeable +escape frequency. + +So a more realistic scenario +would be this mutS plus. + +And we can get escape +frequencies as low as 10 + +to the minus 8th. + +These are for other mutations +in that same protein. + +And here are mutations +in another protein. + +So then we said, OK, but +none of these are perfect. + +We want something that's +undetectable levels of escape. + +So how would we, how +would you, fix this? + +Anybody? + +I'm trying to encourage +you to interrupt me, + +so I'm interrupting you. + +Anybody? + +You've got these things +that are escaping + +at very low frequencies. + +We should be proud of that. + +But we want to +drive it even more. + +Rather than 10 to +the minus 8th, you + +want get down to 10 to minus +10th, or something like that. + +Suggestions? + +AUDIENCE: So this is +reversion of the mutations + +of the [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Well, so this means +that you can take the bipA, + +and you mutate the codon so it +doesn't encode bipA anymore. + +It encodes something else. + +So it doesn't need +bipA from the media. + +And it puts in another amino +acid, and it somehow survives. + +So even though it's +not a perfect fit, + +it does well enough +that the enzyme is made. + +AUDIENCE: So then modified +multiple essential genes? + +PROFESSOR: Multiple +essential genes-- wow. + +Couldn't have said +it better myself. + +That's what we did. + +So before we could choose +which two we wanted + +to use-- or three-- we wanted +to know what the spectrum was. + +So we forced in all 20 +standard amino acids + +to replace the bipA. + +So we said, let's mutate them +intentionally-- synthetically-- + +and see what the spectrum is. + +Now this is not going to be +the natural spectrum, the sort + +of mutagenic spectrum-- +this is our intentional-- + +so what we do is, we +put in each of the 20. + +And then we do a quick +selection at 20 doublings. + +It's a very fast evolution, +not three billion years. + +My students didn't want to wait. + +So in 20 doublings, +you get a spectrum + +of which amino acids +will substitute for bipA. + +In an ideal world, +none of them would. + +But we forced them to, and +these are the survivors. + +And so the ones we've +been talking about here, + +W, tryptofan, is what +we'll substitute for bipA. + +And that kind of makes sense. + +It's the biggest amino acid. + +And that works for +the [? tyrS ?], + +which happens to be +the tRNA sythetase. + +And then we picked +this other one + +under this big red arrow +for AdK-- adenosine kinase-- + +[INAUDIBLE] kinase-- +where there's + +very little tryptophan +that will work in that one. + +But you get some +escapees if you force + +it to take these hydrophobic +aliphatics like leucine. + +So we made the double mutant of +the-- we don't have it here-- + +but we've made the double +mutant of the AdK and the tyrS, + +and it's vanishingly small. + +We're probably not done. + +We'll keep doing this. + +But this is the way that +you do a radical recoding + +and get new functions. + +Any questions on that part? + +We're going to move onto +human genome engineering. + +Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] +and recognize + +the different amino acid. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, I skipped +over that because that's + +a little more on the +biological, a little less + +on the computational side. + +So this was a work from Peter +Shultz' lab and other groups. + +And what you do is you take a +synthetase that's orthogonal, + +meaning it's from a completely +different organism-- + +in this case, +Methanococcus jannaschii, + +which is a hyperthermalphile. + +You take that synthetase-- +it's about as far as you + +can get on the evolutionary +phylogenetic tree-- you bring + +it into E. coli. + +You bring in its cognate, tRNA. + +You change the +anticodon so that it + +will recognize UAG, which +is not what typically + +any tRNA normally recognizes. + +And that only works with +certain synthetases. + +So only certain synthetases are +blind to the anticodon-- mainly + +serine and leucine +synthetase is in E. coli. + +Anyway, so you can now +evolve the active site + +that binds to the +amino acid and the ATP. + +So the amino acid and +ATP cause the amino acid + +to be [INAUDIBLE] +the transfer RNA. + +Anyway, you can +change the active site + +so that now it +recognizes any amino acid + +you want to a first +approximation. + +And you could do that +through a combination + +of intelligent design +and random mutagenesis, + +and there are selections +for that as well. + +So in general, if +you're going to be + +doing random or +semirandom mutagenesis, + +it's always great +to have a selection + +so there are selections +for these things. + +And there now are +dozens of amino acids + +that work fairly well +in that scenario. + +The main thing that +was limiting was not + +the synthetase-- I mean, +you could get synthetases. + +It's the tRNA then had to +compete with the release + +factor in the stop codon or had +to compete with another tRNA + +if you use a +different anticodon. + +And so freeing up this codon +means there's no competition. + +And now it works about as +well as a regular amino acid. + +But when it has to compete, +it's at a great disadvantage. + +Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: Can you explain +why changing the genetic code + +will cause all virus resistance? + +PROFESSOR: I planted that, +but thank you anyway. + +So there's a genetic code +up there in circular form-- + +probably you're more used +to seeing it in rectangular. + +But imagine that we've now +derisked this UAG stop codon + +and these AGA and AGG codons +here-- R for arginine. + +And we're in the process +of putting all those three + +codons together with another +four for serine and leucine. + +And remember, I said serine +and leucine is interesting, + +because you could swap +out the anticodon-- + +the synthetase doesn't care. + +So that's why we picked those +ones-- the three rarest ones, + +plus four where you can +swap out the anticodon. + +So we could swap serine +and leucine, for example. + +So serine and leucine +also are examples of tRNAs + +that bind to six +different codons. + +So moving two of them +is not a big deal. + +So you still got four left. + +So anyway, imagine that we +remove them or swap them + +and do weird stuff with them. + +Every time the +phage comes in, it + +has lots of serines and +leucines that are using these, + +and arginines and stops. + +And every time it wants +to put in a leucine, + +the ribosome puts in a serine. + +Well, you can note, leucine +and serine aren't that similar, + +and that's going to cause a +mess for every single protein it + +makes. + +And there might be dozens-- +maybe even hundreds + +for big phage-- of those codons. + +And so you can do the math-- +that the chance of mutating + +one of those codons to something +that will work is fairly high. + +Two is squared, three +to the n power, where + +n is the number of +changes it has to make. + +And so if you make +enough changes, + +population sizes have to +become astronomical in order + +to contain one member that +has changed all of its codons + +the right way and +hasn't changed a bunch + +of codons that would be lethal. + +AUDIENCE: So the ones +that you chose, were they + +the rarest of the codons-- + +PROFESSOR: So the first +three were the rarest. + +And part of that +is because we felt + +we would run into the +most trouble there. + +They may be rare for a reason. + +And we wanted to +discover those reasons, + +both for biological +curiosity, but also + +to derisk the +subsequent engineering. + +But the leucine and +serine ones are normal. + +They're not that rare. + +But we derisked them. + +And remember that one +where we did 13 codons + +on 42 essential genes? + +That's how we showed +that, in general, it's + +not toxic to individual genes. + +But there are examples of +things where you derisk it + +on individual genes and you +start making lots of them, + +and then you get so-called +"synthetic lethals" + +where various pairs +of genes conspire. + +But so far, most of +the deleterious nature + +of the genomes-- where the +genomes are a little bit slower + +growing-- it's usually due +to hitchhiker mutations, + +not due to our design-- except +in cases where it's completely + +not working, in +which case we have + +to find an alternative codon. + +But we have to deal +with all these things-- + +design errors, biological +discovery, and hitchhikers. + +Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: If you've +already found + +that multiple, simultaneous +mutations is unlikely, + +works, if they all had +happened at the same time, + +but if you have this +engineered system, if you + +have some way of migrating +code to other-- you + +could end up with the spreading +of your non-secret codes + +so that you can mutate +things, one of them at a time, + +and accumulate. + +PROFESSOR: Well, so, +first of all, a phage + +doesn't carry +along its own code. + +If it did, we could preempt +that by making lethal genes-- + +that if you bring in the +tRNA that has the old code, + +you activate the lethal gene. + +But I think you were +talking about more + +a Darwinian +perspective, where you + +have incremental changes +that allow you to slog along + +well enough that you +can get more mutations. + +The problem is, this +collection of mutations-- + +there is no growth. + +Every protein is +majorly messed up. + +And so you're not talking about, +say, antibiotic resistance, + +where there will be kind of +a gradient of antibiotics. + +And somewhere on the +edge of the gradient, + +there will be just enough +antibiotic to be selective, + +but not enough to kill it. + +This is something where, the +instant they get into the cell, + +there's no gradient. + +They only have one code choice, +and that code is something-- + +I think the difference between +this and regular evolution + +is, regular evolution-- if the +bacteria tried this strategy, + +it would be changing +a little bit at a time + +and the phage be +keeping up with it. + +But we took it offline, so to +speak, did major code revision, + +and moved it back. + +And the phage was not watching. + +And the phage isn't as +intelligent as hackers are. + +OK, any other questions? + +We could stay on this topic. + +We don't have to +go on to humans. + +OK, just for fun let's +go on to human genome. + +How many people here want +to have their genome edited? + +All right. + +We'll ask in just a moment +what you want to have changed. + +So these are some of the +tools that my colleagues and I + +have worked on. + +I've been doing this +most of my career, + +is coming up with new tools +for engineering genomes + +and sequencing genomes. + +And the one I've been +talking about so far + +is down here at the bottom-- +is Rec A and Red Beta. + +And the star for going +forward is this Cas9 protein. + +But we color-coded them here +so that the recognition-- + +the critical thing +about genome editing + +is finding the needle +in the haystack. + +You want to change +one base pair. + +You don't want to +change anything else. + +And so something has +to do that recognition. + +That recognition +can be Watson-Crick, + +so you can have +DNA-DNA-- searching + +through the entire genome +with DNA-DNA interactions, + +or RNA-DNA interactions, +or Watson-Crick, + +or protein-DNA +interactions, which + +I'm sure you've learned +about quite a bit. + +And so we have examples of +each of these-- two examples + +are RNA, in blue; two examples +of DNA, down in the box; + +and then all the +rest are protein, + +where the protein-- the +amino acid side chains + +are recognizing, typically, +some kind of alpha + +helix in the major groove. + +OK, so Cas9 was +something that was + +a nice case of computational +biology, in my opinion. + +It was found in 1987 in E. +coli by Ishino and colleagues. + +And it was essentially junk DNA. + +It was not conserved. + +It was repetitive, +which were two + +of the hallmarks +of junk DNA, which + +were very popular +talk about in 1987. + +They were trying to shut +down the Genome Project + +before it started, three +years before it started-- + +before the NIH part of it +started-- because they didn't + +want to sequence anything +in the human genome that + +wasn't coding for proteins. + +I'm serious. + +So anyway, this languished +as junk DNA for many years. + +It eventually became +clear to the cognoscenti + +bacteriologists that it might +be an interesting, adaptive + +immunity-- kind of +like antibodies-- + +rather than the fixed or +native immunity, which + +were restriction enzymes. + +So this is kind of the adaptive +version of restriction enzymes. + +But it still didn't +really catch on + +until 2013, when a +couple of my post-docs + +and ex-post-doc and +graduate students in January + +got it to work in +humans-- so moved it + +from bacteria to humans-- +kind of a big jump. + +And then it became +surprisingly easy, + +once it made that jump, to get +it to work in every organism + +that we and others have tried. + +So now 20 different +organisms, at least, + +that this works in-- fungi, +plants, and even elephants. + +We haven't published +the elephant yet, + +but we have our +reasons for doing that. + +And the most frequently asked +question-- and this, of course, + +should appeal to computational +biologists trying + +to do design-- is, +what about off-target? + +And it turns out now there +are many ways of dealing + +with off-target-- so much +so that I would be so bold-- + +and this is a +slight speculation-- + +but I would say we're +currently at the point + +where it's almost not +measurable, the off-target. + +And these are the different +ways you can do it. + +So we started out, +in our January 2013, + +with theoretical, where +you would basically + +look for-- anybody in this +room would know immediately + +how to do this-- would look +for potential off-targets that + +are off by one or +two nucleotides + +and ban those from +consideration. + +And then you take a shorter +list and do an empirical search, + +because this is so inexpensive. + +Basically, you +have this guide RNA + +which is making a triple helix. + +It's binding the one +strand of the DNA. + +It's so easy to make +those guide RNAs. + +It's just 20 nucleotides +you have to make. + +You pop it into a vector +where everything else + +is taken care of. + +It's so easy to do that that +you can make a lot of them, + +and you do an empirical search. + +You find places that +are particularly + +hot for the right sites and very +cold for the wrong off-targets. + +So those are the +first two methods. + +Then paired nickases-- +they don't make + +a double-strand +break, which is what + +it does out of the +box from nature. + +It makes a double-strand break. + +You have it make a +single-strand nick. + +Then you require two of these +to be coincident and near one + +another. + +It's like the concept of PCR. + +You have to have two primers +that are near one another. + +So it's a coincidence. + +So it's like a p squared-- +if the probability is + +one is off by one or two +or however many it takes, + +the chances of getting two +such sites near each other + +is roughly p squared. + +Truncated guide RNA +is not something + +that you would necessarily guess +that, if you make the guide RNA + +smaller, it's +going to be better. + +But there's obviously +some optimum. + +If you make it too long, then +it can bind by any subset-- + +any kind of mismatched subset. + +If you make it too short, then +from informatics standpoint, + +it doesn't have enough +bits to recognize + +a place in the genome. + +So it turned out that +the optimal length + +was a little bit different +from the natural length. + +It was about two shorter. + +And finally-- and +this just came out. + +And this is from Keith +Joung and David Liu's lab, + +where you get rid of the +beautiful, double-strand break + +capacity. + +You can turn into +a nickase, or you + +can make it completely +nonfunctinal as a nucleus + +and then add nucleus +domains back. + +And you say, well, it +seems kind of bizarre + +that you're doing all that +work-- that you get rid + +of the nucleus and +you add it back-- + +add in a different one, the +FokI bacterial restriction + +in the nucleus. + +But it turns out this +is the way that people + +have taken other DNA-binding +proteins-- the zinc + +fingers and then +the tau proteins. + +And so it had to be tried, +and it works extremely well. + +And it's like the +paired nickases-- + +you need two of these sites +in order to get cleavage. + +And stay tuned. + +I'm sure there's more. + +So I just want to close on +this idea of causality again. + +I opened on it. + +I'll close on it. + +Here's an example of a +double null-- myostatin + +double null, as the both +maternal and paternal copies + +are missing. + +There are a lot of +examples of double nulls. + +We could talk about some later. + +And they're often rare. + +So at one point, there +was only one person + +in the world that was +characterized with this. + +And it's hard to do a +large cohort study on this. + +And they weren't really sick. + +The phenotype-- this little +baby had heavy musculature, + +as if he was working out next +to Arnold Schwarzenegger. + +But he came out this way, +and he stayed that way. + +But it's striking. + +You look at the +genome and you say, + +wow-- a double null and a +highly conserved protein. + +That's got to mean something. + +And then you can +have a hypothesis + +of what it means based on what +was known about that pathway. + +And it coincides +with the phenotype. + +And so you have a +strong hypothesis, + +and you can test it in animals. + +And so here, you +don't normally test it + +in three different +animal species. + +But this one, there happened to +be either preexisting or easy + +tests in cows, dogs, and mice. + +So that's one thing you +can do to get a causality. + +And the other +thing is, there are + +cases where the animal +models don't work. + +Either you knew in +advance they weren't + +going to work because they +don't have that brain structure. + +There's nothing +other than humans + +that have a particular +kind of brain structure, + +so it's hard to make mutants, +because you're already + +a mutant. + +And so another option is +organs on chips or organoids, + +because they're not really +fully physiologically faithful. + +And this, at least, is human, +but just like animal models + +can have artifacts, +human organoids + +can have artifacts as well. + +Here's an example +of something that + +will be coming out in a few +days that we did together + +with Keith Parker's +lab and Bill Pu's lab. + +And I think this +is a nice example + +of where you can take a +hypothesis, where one base here + +is changed-- this G +right here, is deleted-- + +and that's putatively what +causes this cardiomyopathy that + +affects mitochondrial function. + +And you can mutate that +using the CRISPR technology + +I was talking about, where +you use homologous remedies + +to go in, find that +one base, change it. + +Or you can just make +a mess near there. + +So one control is +to not change it, + +and the other control is to put +a little insertion, deletion + +in there. + +And of course that +messes it up as well. + +And so you've now constructed +three isogenic strains. + +These are actually my cells. + +In the Personal Genome Project, +we take volunteers like myself + +and establish stem cell lines. + +And then from the +stem cell lines, + +we can establish, in this +case, very well-ordered + +cardiac tissue we'll +see in the next slide. + +And that cardiac tissue, you +can test for lipid biochemistry, + +for other physiological +parameters, + +for the morphology and +the contractility-- so + +diastole and systole that you +get in the cardiac muscle. + +So you basically make +something where you've only + +changed one base +pair in my genome, + +and we've made, essentially, +a version of me that's mutant. + +Unfortunately, I don't think +I had the picture of that. + +I thought I did. + +Oh, there it is. + +So here's an +example-- how you get + +this beautiful, ribbon-like +striated pattern + +that you expect +of cardiac muscle. + +This is programmed from +my fibroblast turned + +into stem cells into muscle. + +And then if you introduce +the two mutations-- + +either the one that corresponds +to a patient or one that's just + +a mess-- you get a +morphological mess. + +And then you can restore those +by putting in the messenger + +RNA that will cover +for the mutation. + +So I'm going to open it up +for questions at that point. + +That's causality-- I think. + +Questions? + +While we're waiting, +anybody wants + +to volunteer what +they would like + +to change about themselves? + +You can mention a +specific base pair or kind + +of a general idea of what +you'd like to change, + +whether you think there's any +safety considerations that we + +should keep in mind. + +AUDIENCE: The problem's +delivery, right? + +That's the-- + +PROFESSOR: Delivery. + +AUDIENCE: Yeah. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, fair enough. + +So gene therapy had a crack. + +People were a +little overanxious, + +a little overambitious +about over a decade ago. + +And a small number of +patients died from cancers, + +because there was +random integration. + +Rather than this precise +genome manipulation + +we're talking about +here, there was + +kind of random +lentiviral integration + +of extra copies of genes. + +And if you land in +the wrong place, + +then your lentiviral +or retroviral promoter + +will go off into +oncogenes, like LMO2. + +So that delivery +was viral delivery, + +and it was random integration. + +We now have delivery +mechanisms that + +are nonintegrative or +integrative in a specific place + +or, in this case, can make +precise base pair changes. + +So there's two +levels of delivery-- + +one is to get it to +the right tissue, + +and the other is to get +it to the right base pair. + +I think both are +semisolved problems. + +So you can do ex vivo delivery. + +So you can take T +cells out of a body. + +You can use a previous +generation-- the zinc finger + +nucleus-- to cleave both +copies of the CCR5 gene. + +And now people that +had full-blown AIDS, + +you put these T cells +back in their body, + +and then now they're +AIDS resistant. + +Those T cells that have +both copies of the CCR5 gene + +missing, which is the AIDS +coreceptor, are now resistant. + +So that's ex vivo. + +That's one way to do it. + +Delivery to the +liver is quite easy. + +You can do that with +nonviral vectors, + +and a [INAUDIBLE] virus is +one that's very popular. + +You can get it to go to +almost every cell in the body, + +either selectively or generally. + +So you just want to make +sure that once it goes there, + +it doesn't cause any +damage other than the base + +pair you want to change. + +So there are now 2,000 +gene therapy trials + +in phase one, two, and three. + +It's a big change +from a decade ago, + +where I think people had pretty +much given up on gene therapy. + +There's now 2,000 +clinical trials. + +And one has emerged all +the way out of phase three + +into full approval in Europe. + +Ironically, they now have +genetically engineered humans + +in a land where they don't eat +genetically modified foods. + +But I think they're +better for it So far, it's + +curing diseases. + +Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: For your +noncanonical amino acids, + +does this open up +enzymatic reactions that + +would be, say, +impossible, do you think, + +with if you add a new amino +acid that can [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: So I'll just repeat +the question for our viewing + +audience. + +Do nonstandard amino acids open +up new enzymatic reactions? + +And there's already a couple +of examples in the literature. + +This was done prior to this +wonderful strain, where + +there's no competition. + +It was done at low efficiency. + +But putting in one amino +acid at low efficiency-- you + +could still get an enzyme. + +So even if it's, +like, 10% efficiency, + +you produce 10 times as +much enzyme, and it works. + +So there were some +redox-coumarin derivatives + +of amino acids. + +So coumarin-redox +capabilities is not + +present in any of the +other amino acids. + +And they took a protein that +was very well studied-- where + +they had by protein design, +and by random mutagenesis, + +and they threw the book +at it-- and they could not + +budge the activity beyond +the apparently optimal, + +naturally occurring activity. + +They put in this amino +acid, which was not randomly + +chosen-- it was a redox-coumarin +derivative-- they put it + +in the active site. + +I think they tried out a +few different things that + +made a small +combinatorial library. + +But the point is, they +got a tenfold improvement + +in the catalytic rate constants. + +So that's an example. + +Another example, which +isn't really catalytic, + +but it's very popular, is that +you can put in polyethylene + +glycol-modified amino +acids wherever you want + +rather than kind of randomly. + +You can put it in precisely. + +And this will greatly +extend the serum half-life, + +so that normal proteins like +human growth hormone, which + +is a approved pharmaceutical +for certain uses-- + +not all the uses that you find +on the internet, but other + +uses-- but it turns over +very quickly in the serum. + +And so if you put a polyethylene +glycol in the right place + +on human growth hormone-- +or other human protein + +pharmaceuticals-- +they last longer. + +Those are two examples-- one +of them definitely active site. + +Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: This is +actually a small detail + +from your [INAUDIBLE] +study, where + +you looked at the structure and +mutated one of the amino acids + +to this phenyl +thing, and then you + +changed a bunch of +other amino acids + +to compensate for that size. + +So I noticed most of the changes +were to either [INAUDIBLE], + +but one of them +was a tryptophan. + +So why was that? + +PROFESSOR: Let's +go back to that, + +and see if we can find that. + +AUDIENCE: It was +a previous slide. + +Yeah, this one. + +So it was amino acid 271. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, OK. + +So in each of these lines-- +I didn't spend much time + +on this-- in each +of these lines, + +there's one amino acid +we've changed to bipA. + +So these three are +all the same protein, + +and it's all the same +mutation-- leucine 303 to bipA. + +And then all the other +ones are compensating. + +And then here, you can see +it's a different leucine + +and a different protein. + +They're all leucines-- +different proteins. + +Now what's your question about? + +AUDIENCE: My question +was the compensating + +mutations are generally all +the smaller amino acids, right? + +PROFESSOR: Oh, I see. + +So why phenylalanine +and tryptophan? + +AUDIENCE: Yeah. + +PROFESSOR: Well, those +are pretty close. + +So these are done by +energy, not by eyeball. + +They're done all by +COMP ROSETTA, where + +we combinatorially go +through lots of side chains. + +So we combinatorially +went through lots + +of proteins, lots of positions +to substitute amino acid, + +then lots of accommodating +mutations-- which + +is not necessarily the typical +way you use this software. + +Anyway, that probably +is some stacking + +of one of the two aromatic +rings onto the tryptophan. + +Yeah. + +And we tried many combinations. + +No doubt, we tried +the phenylalanine + +and the tryptophan in +various combinations + +with the other ones, and +the tryptophan empirically + +works better. + +MODERATOR: Are there +any more questions? \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/uMdPZuT7f70.txt b/uMdPZuT7f70.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..773cac84831e50e600847030464938569fa7995a --- /dev/null +++ b/uMdPZuT7f70.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7912 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open +courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu well okay so it's laas again + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu well okay so it's laas again + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu well okay so it's laas again +today lass's equation and I I wrote + + align:start position:0% +today lass's equation and I I wrote + + + align:start position:0% +today lass's equation and I I wrote +trying to describe that's a big area + + align:start position:0% +trying to describe that's a big area + + + align:start position:0% +trying to describe that's a big area +that a lot of people have worked on for + + align:start position:0% +that a lot of people have worked on for + + + align:start position:0% +that a lot of people have worked on for +centuries and for the early + + align:start position:0% +centuries and for the early + + + align:start position:0% +centuries and for the early +centuries they were always analysis + + align:start position:0% +centuries they were always analysis + + + align:start position:0% +centuries they were always analysis +methods and that's what we got started + + align:start position:0% +methods and that's what we got started + + + align:start position:0% +methods and that's what we got started +on last time and we'll do a bit more + + align:start position:0% +on last time and we'll do a bit more + + + align:start position:0% +on last time and we'll do a bit more +there's no way we could do everything + + align:start position:0% +there's no way we could do everything + + + align:start position:0% +there's no way we could do everything +that people have worked on years and + + align:start position:0% +that people have worked on years and + + + align:start position:0% +that people have worked on years and +years trying to find ideas about solving + + align:start position:0% +years trying to find ideas about solving + + + align:start position:0% +years trying to find ideas about solving +but we can do we can get the idea and + + align:start position:0% +but we can do we can get the idea and + + + align:start position:0% +but we can do we can get the idea and +and this part there is is in the section + + align:start position:0% +and this part there is is in the section + + + align:start position:0% +and this part there is is in the section +called the ples equation and the exam + + align:start position:0% +called the ples equation and the exam + + + align:start position:0% +called the ples equation and the exam +Wednesday could would include some of + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday could would include some of + + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday could would include some of +these uh constructions right these so + + align:start position:0% +these uh constructions right these so + + + align:start position:0% +these uh constructions right these so +this is what we did last time we + + align:start position:0% +this is what we did last time we + + + align:start position:0% +this is what we did last time we +identified a whole family of solutions + + align:start position:0% +identified a whole family of solutions + + + align:start position:0% +identified a whole family of solutions +to llas equation as pols in X and Y of + + align:start position:0% +to llas equation as pols in X and Y of + + + align:start position:0% +to llas equation as pols in X and Y of +increasing degree n and then when we + + align:start position:0% +increasing degree n and then when we + + + align:start position:0% +increasing degree n and then when we +wrote them in polar form they were + + align:start position:0% +wrote them in polar form they were + + + align:start position:0% +wrote them in polar form they were +fantastic + + align:start position:0% +fantastic + + + align:start position:0% +fantastic +R the N cos n Theta and R the N sin n + + align:start position:0% +R the N cos n Theta and R the N sin n + + + align:start position:0% +R the N cos n Theta and R the N sin n +Theta so my idea is just we've got them + + align:start position:0% +Theta so my idea is just we've got them + + + align:start position:0% +Theta so my idea is just we've got them +now let's use them so how to use these + + align:start position:0% +now let's use them so how to use these + + + align:start position:0% +now let's use them so how to use these +Solutions uh so they'll because we can + + align:start position:0% +Solutions uh so they'll because we can + + + align:start position:0% +Solutions uh so they'll because we can +take combinations of them we can create + + align:start position:0% +take combinations of them we can create + + + align:start position:0% +take combinations of them we can create +series of ss and cosiness so I I'll do + + align:start position:0% +series of ss and cosiness so I I'll do + + + align:start position:0% +series of ss and cosiness so I I'll do +that first series and then green + + align:start position:0% +that first series and then green + + + align:start position:0% +that first series and then green +function that's the name you remember + + align:start position:0% +function that's the name you remember + + + align:start position:0% +function that's the name you remember +we've seen it before + + align:start position:0% +we've seen it before + + + align:start position:0% +we've seen it before +that's the solution when the right side + + align:start position:0% +that's the solution when the right side + + + align:start position:0% +that's the solution when the right side +is a Delta function when we have Plus on + + align:start position:0% +is a Delta function when we have Plus on + + + align:start position:0% +is a Delta function when we have Plus on +equation with a with a Delta there so + + align:start position:0% +equation with a with a Delta there so + + + align:start position:0% +equation with a with a Delta there so +that that's an important one and then uh + + align:start position:0% +that that's an important one and then uh + + + align:start position:0% +that that's an important one and then uh +well a big part of two-dimensional and + + align:start position:0% +well a big part of two-dimensional and + + + align:start position:0% +well a big part of two-dimensional and +three-dimensional problems is that the + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional problems is that the + + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional problems is that the +region itself not just the equation but + + align:start position:0% +region itself not just the equation but + + + align:start position:0% +region itself not just the equation but +the region itself can be all over the + + align:start position:0% +the region itself can be all over the + + + align:start position:0% +the region itself can be all over the +place will'll solve when the region is + + align:start position:0% +place will'll solve when the region is + + + align:start position:0% +place will'll solve when the region is +nice like a circle or a + + align:start position:0% +nice like a circle or a + + + align:start position:0% +nice like a circle or a +square uh and then there's a way to in + + align:start position:0% +square uh and then there's a way to in + + + align:start position:0% +square uh and then there's a way to in +principle to get other + + align:start position:0% +principle to get other + + + align:start position:0% +principle to get other +regions to to change from a crazy region + + align:start position:0% +regions to to change from a crazy region + + + align:start position:0% +regions to to change from a crazy region +to a circle or a square and then solve + + align:start position:0% +to a circle or a square and then solve + + + align:start position:0% +to a circle or a square and then solve +it there so that's called conformal + + align:start position:0% +it there so that's called conformal + + + align:start position:0% +it there so that's called conformal +mapping and I can't let the whole course + + align:start position:0% +mapping and I can't let the whole course + + + align:start position:0% +mapping and I can't let the whole course +go without saying a word or two about + + align:start position:0% +go without saying a word or two about + + + align:start position:0% +go without saying a word or two about +that but + + align:start position:0% +that but + + + align:start position:0% +that but +somehow among numerical methods + + align:start position:0% +somehow among numerical methods + + + align:start position:0% +somehow among numerical methods +it's conformal mapping there there is a + + align:start position:0% +it's conformal mapping there there is a + + + align:start position:0% +it's conformal mapping there there is a +there are packages that do conformal + + align:start position:0% +there are packages that do conformal + + + align:start position:0% +there are packages that do conformal +mapping but they're not the central way + + align:start position:0% +mapping but they're not the central way + + + align:start position:0% +mapping but they're not the central way +to solve these equations numerically + + align:start position:0% +to solve these equations numerically + + + align:start position:0% +to solve these equations numerically +finite differences finite elements are + + align:start position:0% +finite differences finite elements are + + + align:start position:0% +finite differences finite elements are +and that's what's coming next week yeah + + align:start position:0% +and that's what's coming next week yeah + + + align:start position:0% +and that's what's coming next week yeah +so that this is the future uh this is + + align:start position:0% +so that this is the future uh this is + + + align:start position:0% +so that this is the future uh this is +this is the present right there okay so + + align:start position:0% +this is the present right there okay so + + + align:start position:0% +this is the present right there okay so +can I just start with uh example or two + + align:start position:0% +can I just start with uh example or two + + + align:start position:0% +can I just start with uh example or two +like how would you solve lass's equation + + align:start position:0% +like how would you solve lass's equation + + + align:start position:0% +like how would you solve lass's equation +in a circle so in a circle so I this is + + align:start position:0% +in a circle so in a circle so I this is + + + align:start position:0% +in a circle so in a circle so I this is +the this is the idea here I have lass's + + align:start position:0% +the this is the idea here I have lass's + + + align:start position:0% +the this is the idea here I have lass's +equation okay so I've got a whole lot of + + align:start position:0% +equation okay so I've got a whole lot of + + + align:start position:0% +equation okay so I've got a whole lot of +solutions and I've even got chalk to + + align:start position:0% +solutions and I've even got chalk to + + + align:start position:0% +solutions and I've even got chalk to +write them + + align:start position:0% +write them + + + align:start position:0% +write them +down okay so so here's my circle might + + align:start position:0% +down okay so so here's my circle might + + + align:start position:0% +down okay so so here's my circle might +as well make it the unit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +circle radius + + align:start position:0% +circle radius + + + align:start position:0% +circle radius +1 and inside here is + + align:start position:0% +1 and inside here is + + + align:start position:0% +1 and inside here is +LL + + align:start position:0% +LL + + + align:start position:0% +LL +uxx plus uy y equals z no no sources + + align:start position:0% +uxx plus uy y equals z no no sources + + + align:start position:0% +uxx plus uy y equals z no no sources +inside so we have to have sources from + + align:start position:0% +inside so we have to have sources from + + + align:start position:0% +inside so we have to have sources from +somewhere and they will come from the + + align:start position:0% +somewhere and they will come from the + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere and they will come from the +boundary so on the boundary we keep the + + align:start position:0% +boundary so on the boundary we keep the + + + align:start position:0% +boundary so on the boundary we keep the +I let me think of U as temperature for + + align:start position:0% +I let me think of U as temperature for + + + align:start position:0% +I let me think of U as temperature for +the moment so I set the temperature on + + align:start position:0% +the moment so I set the temperature on + + + align:start position:0% +the moment so I set the temperature on +the boundary U equals some u0 some no + + align:start position:0% +the boundary U equals some u0 some no + + + align:start position:0% +the boundary U equals some u0 some no +function this is given this is the + + align:start position:0% +function this is given this is the + + + align:start position:0% +function this is given this is the +boundary condition this is the given + + align:start position:0% +boundary condition this is the given + + + align:start position:0% +boundary condition this is the given +boundary condition and it's a function + + align:start position:0% +boundary condition and it's a function + + + align:start position:0% +boundary condition and it's a function +of I'm going to use polar coordinates + + align:start position:0% +of I'm going to use polar coordinates + + + align:start position:0% +of I'm going to use polar coordinates +polar coordinates are natural for a + + align:start position:0% +polar coordinates are natural for a + + + align:start position:0% +polar coordinates are natural for a +circle uh so this is at r equal 1 so + + align:start position:0% +circle uh so this is at r equal 1 so + + + align:start position:0% +circle uh so this is at r equal 1 so +this is maybe maybe I should say on the + + align:start position:0% +this is maybe maybe I should say on the + + + align:start position:0% +this is maybe maybe I should say on the +boundary which is r equal 1 and going + + align:start position:0% +boundary which is r equal 1 and going + + + align:start position:0% +boundary which is r equal 1 and going +around the angle Theta is is given is is + + align:start position:0% +around the angle Theta is is given is is + + + align:start position:0% +around the angle Theta is is given is is +is this U of theta that's my given + + align:start position:0% +is this U of theta that's my given + + + align:start position:0% +is this U of theta that's my given +boundary conditions that's this is + + align:start position:0% +boundary conditions that's this is + + + align:start position:0% +boundary conditions that's this is +called this is this problem is named + + align:start position:0% +called this is this problem is named + + + align:start position:0% +called this is this problem is named +after derly because it's like giving + + align:start position:0% +after derly because it's like giving + + + align:start position:0% +after derly because it's like giving +fixed conditions and not uh nimon + + align:start position:0% +fixed conditions and not uh nimon + + + align:start position:0% +fixed conditions and not uh nimon +conditions okay so what I'm just looking + + align:start position:0% +conditions okay so what I'm just looking + + + align:start position:0% +conditions okay so what I'm just looking +for a + + align:start position:0% +for a + + + align:start position:0% +for a +combination for a function that solves + + align:start position:0% +combination for a function that solves + + + align:start position:0% +combination for a function that solves +the pl's equation inside the circle and + + align:start position:0% +the pl's equation inside the circle and + + + align:start position:0% +the pl's equation inside the circle and +takes on some values along around the + + align:start position:0% +takes on some values along around the + + + align:start position:0% +takes on some values along around the +boundary and of course these Val the + + align:start position:0% +boundary and of course these Val the + + + align:start position:0% +boundary and of course these Val the +boundary values might be + one on the + + align:start position:0% +boundary values might be + one on the + + + align:start position:0% +boundary values might be + one on the +top and minus one on the bottom or the + + align:start position:0% +top and minus one on the bottom or the + + + align:start position:0% +top and minus one on the bottom or the +boundary condition or the boundary + + align:start position:0% +boundary condition or the boundary + + + align:start position:0% +boundary condition or the boundary +condition might vary around it might + + align:start position:0% +condition might vary around it might + + + align:start position:0% +condition might vary around it might +invariable and come around but it's + + align:start position:0% +invariable and come around but it's + + + align:start position:0% +invariable and come around but it's +notice that this is a periodic + + align:start position:0% +notice that this is a periodic + + + align:start position:0% +notice that this is a periodic +function this has is 2 pi periodic + + align:start position:0% +function this has is 2 pi periodic + + + align:start position:0% +function this has is 2 pi periodic +because the the the problems the same if + + align:start position:0% +because the the the problems the same if + + + align:start position:0% +because the the the problems the same if +I increase Theta by 2 pi I've come back + + align:start position:0% +I increase Theta by 2 pi I've come back + + + align:start position:0% +I increase Theta by 2 pi I've come back +to the same point so it's got to have + + align:start position:0% +to the same point so it's got to have + + + align:start position:0% +to the same point so it's got to have +that that value okay so uh oh let me + + align:start position:0% +that that value okay so uh oh let me + + + align:start position:0% +that that value okay so uh oh let me +give you a couple of examples first + + align:start position:0% +give you a couple of examples first + + + align:start position:0% +give you a couple of examples first +suppose suppose u0 suppose this function + + align:start position:0% +suppose suppose u0 suppose this function + + + align:start position:0% +suppose suppose u0 suppose this function +example one easy suppose U is sin 3 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Theta okay so that means I've got uh a + + align:start position:0% +Theta okay so that means I've got uh a + + + align:start position:0% +Theta okay so that means I've got uh a +region here I'm I'm prescribing its + + align:start position:0% +region here I'm I'm prescribing its + + + align:start position:0% +region here I'm I'm prescribing its +temperature on the boundary and I want + + align:start position:0% +temperature on the boundary and I want + + + align:start position:0% +temperature on the boundary and I want +to say what does it look like inside and + + align:start position:0% +to say what does it look like inside and + + + align:start position:0% +to say what does it look like inside and +I'm prescribing right now the sin 3 + + align:start position:0% +I'm prescribing right now the sin 3 + + + align:start position:0% +I'm prescribing right now the sin 3 +Theta so there's Theta is zero so the so + + align:start position:0% +Theta so there's Theta is zero so the so + + + align:start position:0% +Theta so there's Theta is zero so the so +it's zero the the the boundary condition + + align:start position:0% +it's zero the the the boundary condition + + + align:start position:0% +it's zero the the the boundary condition +zero there climbs to one back to zero + + align:start position:0% +zero there climbs to one back to zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero there climbs to one back to zero +back down to minus one back to zero + + align:start position:0% +back down to minus one back to zero + + + align:start position:0% +back down to minus one back to zero +three times and and comes back to zero + + align:start position:0% +three times and and comes back to zero + + + align:start position:0% +three times and and comes back to zero +again there so I'm looking for + + align:start position:0% +again there so I'm looking for + + + align:start position:0% +again there so I'm looking for +a solution to lasses equation and I've + + align:start position:0% +a solution to lasses equation and I've + + + align:start position:0% +a solution to lasses equation and I've +got a pretty good list that will match + + align:start position:0% +got a pretty good list that will match + + + align:start position:0% +got a pretty good list that will match +u0 when R is one so that's the boundary + + align:start position:0% +u0 when R is one so that's the boundary + + + align:start position:0% +u0 when R is one so that's the boundary +R is one so you can tell me what it is + + align:start position:0% +R is one so you can tell me what it is + + + align:start position:0% +R is one so you can tell me what it is +so you can solve this problem right away + + align:start position:0% +so you can solve this problem right away + + + align:start position:0% +so you can solve this problem right away +the answer + + align:start position:0% +the answer + + + align:start position:0% +the answer +is U of R and Theta is what function + + align:start position:0% +is U of R and Theta is what function + + + align:start position:0% +is U of R and Theta is what function +will remember I've got my eye on that + + align:start position:0% +will remember I've got my eye on that + + + align:start position:0% +will remember I've got my eye on that +list you you too right I'm just trying + + align:start position:0% +list you you too right I'm just trying + + + align:start position:0% +list you you too right I'm just trying +to get one that when R is one it will + + align:start position:0% +to get one that when R is one it will + + + align:start position:0% +to get one that when R is one it will +match sin 3 Theta what's what's the + + align:start position:0% +match sin 3 Theta what's what's the + + + align:start position:0% +match sin 3 Theta what's what's the +what's the good + + align:start position:0% +what's the good + + + align:start position:0% +what's the good +guy it'll be on that list if which which + + align:start position:0% +guy it'll be on that list if which which + + + align:start position:0% +guy it'll be on that list if which which +of those buy itself here I don't need a + + align:start position:0% +of those buy itself here I don't need a + + + align:start position:0% +of those buy itself here I don't need a +series because I because I've got such a + + align:start position:0% +series because I because I've got such a + + + align:start position:0% +series because I because I've got such a +neat U zero function uh I'll uh get it + + align:start position:0% +neat U zero function uh I'll uh get it + + + align:start position:0% +neat U zero function uh I'll uh get it +right with one with one answer and what + + align:start position:0% +right with one with one answer and what + + + align:start position:0% +right with one with one answer and what +is that answer + + align:start position:0% +is that answer + + + align:start position:0% +is that answer +I look there I say what do I do so that + + align:start position:0% +I look there I say what do I do so that + + + align:start position:0% +I look there I say what do I do so that +at R equals 1 I'll match sin 3 Theta + + align:start position:0% +at R equals 1 I'll match sin 3 Theta + + + align:start position:0% +at R equals 1 I'll match sin 3 Theta +well I'll use I'll use R Cub sin 3 Theta + + align:start position:0% +well I'll use I'll use R Cub sin 3 Theta + + + align:start position:0% +well I'll use I'll use R Cub sin 3 Theta +so the good winner will be R Cub sin 3 + + align:start position:0% +so the good winner will be R Cub sin 3 + + + align:start position:0% +so the good winner will be R Cub sin 3 +Theta that solves thees equation we + + align:start position:0% +Theta that solves thees equation we + + + align:start position:0% +Theta that solves thees equation we +checked it out it's the imaginary part + + align:start position:0% +checked it out it's the imaginary part + + + align:start position:0% +checked it out it's the imaginary part +of x + i y cubed we could write it in X + + align:start position:0% +of x + i y cubed we could write it in X + + + align:start position:0% +of x + i y cubed we could write it in X +and Y coordinates if we wanted but we + + align:start position:0% +and Y coordinates if we wanted but we + + + align:start position:0% +and Y coordinates if we wanted but we +don't want to uh and uh and it matches + + align:start position:0% +don't want to uh and uh and it matches + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to uh and uh and it matches +when R is one it gives us sin 3 Theta + + align:start position:0% +when R is one it gives us sin 3 Theta + + + align:start position:0% +when R is one it gives us sin 3 Theta +that's it okay so uh let's see and of + + align:start position:0% +that's it okay so uh let's see and of + + + align:start position:0% +that's it okay so uh let's see and of +course I could take any any one now now + + align:start position:0% +course I could take any any one now now + + + align:start position:0% +course I could take any any one now now +suppose I'm trying to match something + + align:start position:0% +suppose I'm trying to match something + + + align:start position:0% +suppose I'm trying to match something +that's not as simple as Sin 3 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Theta in that case I better I may have + + align:start position:0% +Theta in that case I better I may have + + + align:start position:0% +Theta in that case I better I may have +to use all of them right I mean it's + + align:start position:0% +to use all of them right I mean it's + + + align:start position:0% +to use all of them right I mean it's +very very fluky that that one term is + + align:start position:0% +very very fluky that that one term is + + + align:start position:0% +very very fluky that that one term is +going to do it usually so my main + + align:start position:0% +going to do it usually so my main + + + align:start position:0% +going to do it usually so my main +examples would be I'll have to match all + + align:start position:0% +examples would be I'll have to match all + + + align:start position:0% +examples would be I'll have to match all +of them so so what do I do I at r equal + + align:start position:0% +of them so so what do I do I at r equal + + + align:start position:0% +of them so so what do I do I at r equal +one so my general + + align:start position:0% +one so my general + + + align:start position:0% +one so my general +solution has has this nice I've got is a + + align:start position:0% +solution has has this nice I've got is a + + + align:start position:0% +solution has has this nice I've got is a +combination of these guys that I worked + + align:start position:0% +combination of these guys that I worked + + + align:start position:0% +combination of these guys that I worked +so hard to get the the solution is of + + align:start position:0% +so hard to get the the solution is of + + + align:start position:0% +so hard to get the the solution is of +this form it's some a KN a + + align:start position:0% +this form it's some a KN a + + + align:start position:0% +this form it's some a KN a +constant and then a 1 R cos Theta and a + + align:start position:0% +constant and then a 1 R cos Theta and a + + + align:start position:0% +constant and then a 1 R cos Theta and a +B1 R sin Theta and a + + align:start position:0% +B1 R sin Theta and a + + + align:start position:0% +B1 R sin Theta and a +A2 R 2 cos 2 Theta and so on you see + + align:start position:0% +A2 R 2 cos 2 Theta and so on you see + + + align:start position:0% +A2 R 2 cos 2 Theta and so on you see +what I'm just taking any combination of + + align:start position:0% +what I'm just taking any combination of + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm just taking any combination of +I'm using the A's as the coefficients + + align:start position:0% +I'm using the A's as the coefficients + + + align:start position:0% +I'm using the A's as the coefficients +for the cosine guys and the B's B1 B2 B3 + + align:start position:0% +for the cosine guys and the B's B1 B2 B3 + + + align:start position:0% +for the cosine guys and the B's B1 B2 B3 +would be the Coe efficients for the s s + + align:start position:0% +would be the Coe efficients for the s s + + + align:start position:0% +would be the Coe efficients for the s s +ones okay that's my general solution + + align:start position:0% +ones okay that's my general solution + + + align:start position:0% +ones okay that's my general solution +that solves lus equation every term did + + align:start position:0% +that solves lus equation every term did + + + align:start position:0% +that solves lus equation every term did +so every combination will now set r + + align:start position:0% +so every combination will now set r + + + align:start position:0% +so every combination will now set r +equal 1 to match set r equal one and + + align:start position:0% +equal 1 to match set r equal one and + + + align:start position:0% +equal 1 to match set r equal one and +match the boundary and match u0 of theta + + align:start position:0% +match the boundary and match u0 of theta + + + align:start position:0% +match the boundary and match u0 of theta +the bound the required temperature + + align:start position:0% +the bound the required temperature + + + align:start position:0% +the bound the required temperature +around the boundary on the boundary the + + align:start position:0% +around the boundary on the boundary the + + + align:start position:0% +around the boundary on the boundary the +boundary being where R is one + + align:start position:0% +boundary being where R is one + + + align:start position:0% +boundary being where R is one +okay so I say set r equal 1 so then u0 + + align:start position:0% +okay so I say set r equal 1 so then u0 + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I say set r equal 1 so then u0 +of theta this this uh given thing has to + + align:start position:0% +of theta this this uh given thing has to + + + align:start position:0% +of theta this this uh given thing has to +match this when R is one so it's a KN + + align:start position:0% +match this when R is one so it's a KN + + + align:start position:0% +match this when R is one so it's a KN +plus + + align:start position:0% +plus + + + align:start position:0% +plus +A1 now what do I write + + align:start position:0% +A1 now what do I write + + + align:start position:0% +A1 now what do I write +here R is one so it's just cos + + align:start position:0% +here R is one so it's just cos + + + align:start position:0% +here R is one so it's just cos +Theta now B1 R is one so I just had have + + align:start position:0% +Theta now B1 R is one so I just had have + + + align:start position:0% +Theta now B1 R is one so I just had have +sin Theta then I have an A2 cos 2 Theta + + align:start position:0% +sin Theta then I have an A2 cos 2 Theta + + + align:start position:0% +sin Theta then I have an A2 cos 2 Theta +and a B2 sin 2 Theta and so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +on + + align:start position:0% +on + + + align:start position:0% +on +that's here here just let me put it + + align:start position:0% +that's here here just let me put it + + + align:start position:0% +that's here here just let me put it +together + + align:start position:0% +together + + + align:start position:0% +together +now I'm given + + align:start position:0% +now I'm given + + + align:start position:0% +now I'm given +any uh temperature distribution around + + align:start position:0% +any uh temperature distribution around + + + align:start position:0% +any uh temperature distribution around +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +boundary it's going to it's in + + align:start position:0% +boundary it's going to it's in + + + align:start position:0% +boundary it's going to it's in +equilibrium the temperature you know + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium the temperature you know + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium the temperature you know +where H if the B if the if the + + align:start position:0% +where H if the B if the if the + + + align:start position:0% +where H if the B if the if the +temperature is high near that point then + + align:start position:0% +temperature is high near that point then + + + align:start position:0% +temperature is high near that point then +it'll and low over here uh it'll the + + align:start position:0% +it'll and low over here uh it'll the + + + align:start position:0% +it'll and low over here uh it'll the +temperature inside will gradually go + + align:start position:0% +temperature inside will gradually go + + + align:start position:0% +temperature inside will gradually go +from that High Point D D D D to the + + align:start position:0% +from that High Point D D D D to the + + + align:start position:0% +from that High Point D D D D to the +lower one uh by matching on the boundary + + align:start position:0% +lower one uh by matching on the boundary + + + align:start position:0% +lower one uh by matching on the boundary +and this is the match on the boundary + + align:start position:0% +and this is the match on the boundary + + + align:start position:0% +and this is the match on the boundary +now huh this is really the a lead into + + align:start position:0% +now huh this is really the a lead into + + + align:start position:0% +now huh this is really the a lead into +the the last uh + + align:start position:0% +the the last uh + + + align:start position:0% +the the last uh +part of the of this course do you know + + align:start position:0% +part of the of this course do you know + + + align:start position:0% +part of the of this course do you know +so what's whose name is associated with + + align:start position:0% +so what's whose name is associated with + + + align:start position:0% +so what's whose name is associated with +a series like that Fier you recognize + + align:start position:0% +a series like that Fier you recognize + + + align:start position:0% +a series like that Fier you recognize +that as what's called a Fier Series so + + align:start position:0% +that as what's called a Fier Series so + + + align:start position:0% +that as what's called a Fier Series so +the idea is I've given these boundary + + align:start position:0% +the idea is I've given these boundary + + + align:start position:0% +the idea is I've given these boundary +values I find their expansion in signs + + align:start position:0% +values I find their expansion in signs + + + align:start position:0% +values I find their expansion in signs +and cosiness and that's what we'll do uh + + align:start position:0% +and cosiness and that's what we'll do uh + + + align:start position:0% +and cosiness and that's what we'll do uh +in November and + + align:start position:0% +in November and + + + align:start position:0% +in November and +then and then I've got it then I know + + align:start position:0% +then and then I've got it then I know + + + align:start position:0% +then and then I've got it then I know +the A's and the B's and then basically I + + align:start position:0% +the A's and the B's and then basically I + + + align:start position:0% +the A's and the B's and then basically I +just put in the RS R and R squares and R + + align:start position:0% +just put in the RS R and R squares and R + + + align:start position:0% +just put in the RS R and R squares and R +cubes and so on so that then I've got + + align:start position:0% +cubes and so on so that then I've got + + + align:start position:0% +cubes and so on so that then I've got +the answer + + align:start position:0% +the answer + + + align:start position:0% +the answer +inside it's in principle it's so easy + + align:start position:0% +inside it's in principle it's so easy + + + align:start position:0% +inside it's in principle it's so easy +you know this looks well so why is it + + align:start position:0% +you know this looks well so why is it + + + align:start position:0% +you know this looks well so why is it +easy though first it's easy because it's + + align:start position:0% +easy though first it's easy because it's + + + align:start position:0% +easy though first it's easy because it's +a circle we're working in if I was in an + + align:start position:0% +a circle we're working in if I was in an + + + align:start position:0% +a circle we're working in if I was in an +ellipse or a strain shape for get it + + align:start position:0% +ellipse or a strain shape for get it + + + align:start position:0% +ellipse or a strain shape for get it +right I mean so so this is quite special + + align:start position:0% +right I mean so so this is quite special + + + align:start position:0% +right I mean so so this is quite special +and secondly it's it's easy because + + align:start position:0% +and secondly it's it's easy because + + + align:start position:0% +and secondly it's it's easy because +these functions are so nice that they + + align:start position:0% +these functions are so nice that they + + + align:start position:0% +these functions are so nice that they +they will allow that's you know for8 + + align:start position:0% +they will allow that's you know for8 + + + align:start position:0% +they will allow that's you know for8 +works with the best functions ever uh + + align:start position:0% +works with the best functions ever uh + + + align:start position:0% +works with the best functions ever uh +these signs and cosiness so they will + + align:start position:0% +these signs and cosiness so they will + + + align:start position:0% +these signs and cosiness so they will +I'll I'll find a way to find those + + align:start position:0% +I'll I'll find a way to find those + + + align:start position:0% +I'll I'll find a way to find those +coefficients the A's and the B's uh that + + align:start position:0% +coefficients the A's and the B's uh that + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients the A's and the B's uh that +that even though there are lots of them + + align:start position:0% +that even though there are lots of them + + + align:start position:0% +that even though there are lots of them +I'll be able to pick them off one at a + + align:start position:0% +I'll be able to pick them off one at a + + + align:start position:0% +I'll be able to pick them off one at a +time the A's and B's and then I once I + + align:start position:0% +time the A's and B's and then I once I + + + align:start position:0% +time the A's and B's and then I once I +know the A's and B's I know the answer + + align:start position:0% +know the A's and B's I know the answer + + + align:start position:0% +know the A's and B's I know the answer +so do you see this is in principle a a + + align:start position:0% +so do you see this is in principle a a + + + align:start position:0% +so do you see this is in principle a a +great way to solve it in fact it's the + + align:start position:0% +great way to solve it in fact it's the + + + align:start position:0% +great way to solve it in fact it's the +way we used over here when my U not was + + align:start position:0% +way we used over here when my U not was + + + align:start position:0% +way we used over here when my U not was +sin 3 Theta then the only term in its + + align:start position:0% +sin 3 Theta then the only term in its + + + align:start position:0% +sin 3 Theta then the only term in its +fore series was 1 sin 3 Theta and then + + align:start position:0% +fore series was 1 sin 3 Theta and then + + + align:start position:0% +fore series was 1 sin 3 Theta and then +the solution was our 1 R cubed sin 3 + + align:start position:0% +the solution was our 1 R cubed sin 3 + + + align:start position:0% +the solution was our 1 R cubed sin 3 +Theta yeah so that that you can learn + + align:start position:0% +Theta yeah so that that you can learn + + + align:start position:0% +Theta yeah so that that you can learn +things from this + + align:start position:0% +things from this + + + align:start position:0% +things from this +for example oh what can you + + align:start position:0% +for example oh what can you + + + align:start position:0% +for example oh what can you +learn one thing I + + align:start position:0% +learn one thing I + + + align:start position:0% +learn one thing I +noticed these is uh an important feature + + align:start position:0% +noticed these is uh an important feature + + + align:start position:0% +noticed these is uh an important feature +of the ples equation of of is that the + + align:start position:0% +of the ples equation of of is that the + + + align:start position:0% +of the ples equation of of is that the +solution inside the circle gets very + + align:start position:0% +solution inside the circle gets very + + + align:start position:0% +solution inside the circle gets very +smooth we could have a very uh the the + + align:start position:0% +smooth we could have a very uh the the + + + align:start position:0% +smooth we could have a very uh the the +UN not the boundary conditions could be + + align:start position:0% +UN not the boundary conditions could be + + + align:start position:0% +UN not the boundary conditions could be +like a Delta function I could I could + + align:start position:0% +like a Delta function I could I could + + + align:start position:0% +like a Delta function I could I could +say that on the boundary that + + align:start position:0% +say that on the boundary that + + + align:start position:0% +say that on the boundary that +temperature is zero everywhere except at + + align:start position:0% +temperature is zero everywhere except at + + + align:start position:0% +temperature is zero everywhere except at +that point it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +spikes so I could take u0 so example two + + align:start position:0% +spikes so I could take u0 so example two + + + align:start position:0% +spikes so I could take u0 so example two +and I don't I won't do it in full would + + align:start position:0% +and I don't I won't do it in full would + + + align:start position:0% +and I don't I won't do it in full would +be u0 on the boundary equal a Delta + + align:start position:0% +be u0 on the boundary equal a Delta + + + align:start position:0% +be u0 on the boundary equal a Delta +function a spike at that one point so + + align:start position:0% +function a spike at that one point so + + + align:start position:0% +function a spike at that one point so +it's all the all the heat is coming from + + align:start position:0% +it's all the all the heat is coming from + + + align:start position:0% +it's all the all the heat is coming from +uh the source at that one point like + + align:start position:0% +uh the source at that one point like + + + align:start position:0% +uh the source at that one point like +I've got a fire going there um + + align:start position:0% +I've got a fire going there um + + + align:start position:0% +I've got a fire going there um +keeping the rest of the boundary Frozen + + align:start position:0% +keeping the rest of the boundary Frozen + + + align:start position:0% +keeping the rest of the boundary Frozen +and the the Heat's kind of going to come + + align:start position:0% +and the the Heat's kind of going to come + + + align:start position:0% +and the the Heat's kind of going to come +inside so then how would I proceed well + + align:start position:0% +inside so then how would I proceed well + + + align:start position:0% +inside so then how would I proceed well +I that's if I have this boundary value + + align:start position:0% +I that's if I have this boundary value + + + align:start position:0% +I that's if I have this boundary value +as a Delta function I look for its 4A + + align:start position:0% +as a Delta function I look for its 4A + + + align:start position:0% +as a Delta function I look for its 4A +series and it's a very important + + align:start position:0% +series and it's a very important + + + align:start position:0% +series and it's a very important +beautiful 4A series for a Delta function + + align:start position:0% +beautiful 4A series for a Delta function + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful 4A series for a Delta function +would you want to know + + align:start position:0% +would you want to know + + + align:start position:0% +would you want to know +it I mean we'll know it well in November + + align:start position:0% +it I mean we'll know it well in November + + + align:start position:0% +it I mean we'll know it well in November +would you want to know it in October + + align:start position:0% +would you want to know it in October + + + align:start position:0% +would you want to know it in October +This Is Halloween I guess so we put Del + + align:start position:0% +This Is Halloween I guess so we put Del + + + align:start position:0% +This Is Halloween I guess so we put Del +so Delta I'll tell you what it is since + + align:start position:0% +so Delta I'll tell you what it is since + + + align:start position:0% +so Delta I'll tell you what it is since +you since you insist uh Delta Theta I + + align:start position:0% +you since you insist uh Delta Theta I + + + align:start position:0% +you since you insist uh Delta Theta I +think + + align:start position:0% +think + + + align:start position:0% +think +well I think there's a one over two Pi + + align:start position:0% +well I think there's a one over two Pi + + + align:start position:0% +well I think there's a one over two Pi +or + + align:start position:0% +or + + + align:start position:0% +or +something + + align:start position:0% +something + + + align:start position:0% +something +um ah shoot I I we'll get it exactly + + align:start position:0% +um ah shoot I I we'll get it exactly + + + align:start position:0% +um ah shoot I I we'll get it exactly +right it's something like 1 and 2 cos + + align:start position:0% +right it's something like 1 and 2 cos + + + align:start position:0% +right it's something like 1 and 2 cos +Theta and 2 cos 2 Theta I I'm not sure + + align:start position:0% +Theta and 2 cos 2 Theta I I'm not sure + + + align:start position:0% +Theta and 2 cos 2 Theta I I'm not sure +about the 2 pi 2 cos 2 Theta and 2 cos 3 + + align:start position:0% +about the 2 pi 2 cos 2 Theta and 2 cos 3 + + + align:start position:0% +about the 2 pi 2 cos 2 Theta and 2 cos 3 +Theta and so + + align:start position:0% +Theta and so + + + align:start position:0% +Theta and so +on we'll know it well when we get + + align:start position:0% +on we'll know it well when we get + + + align:start position:0% +on we'll know it well when we get +there what I notice about this uh Delta + + align:start position:0% +there what I notice about this uh Delta + + + align:start position:0% +there what I notice about this uh Delta +function of course you're going to + + align:start position:0% +function of course you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +function of course you're going to +expect the Delta function to be somehow + + align:start position:0% +expect the Delta function to be somehow + + + align:start position:0% +expect the Delta function to be somehow +a little bit strange at theta equals + + align:start position:0% +a little bit strange at theta equals + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit strange at theta equals +zero what what does that series add up + + align:start position:0% +zero what what does that series add up + + + align:start position:0% +zero what what does that series add up +to at just to begin to get a hang of 4A + + align:start position:0% +to at just to begin to get a hang of 4A + + + align:start position:0% +to at just to begin to get a hang of 4A +series at theta equals z what does that + + align:start position:0% +series at theta equals z what does that + + + align:start position:0% +series at theta equals z what does that +what does that series look + + align:start position:0% +what does that series look + + + align:start position:0% +what does that series look +like well all these cosine thetas + + align:start position:0% +like well all these cosine thetas + + + align:start position:0% +like well all these cosine thetas +are one so this series at TH equals z is + + align:start position:0% +are one so this series at TH equals z is + + + align:start position:0% +are one so this series at TH equals z is +1 + 2 plus 2 plus 2 plus 2 it's infinite + + align:start position:0% +1 + 2 plus 2 plus 2 plus 2 it's infinite + + + align:start position:0% +1 + 2 plus 2 plus 2 plus 2 it's infinite +and that that's what we want it's that + + align:start position:0% +and that that's what we want it's that + + + align:start position:0% +and that that's what we want it's that +the Delta function is infinite at Thea + + align:start position:0% +the Delta function is infinite at Thea + + + align:start position:0% +the Delta function is infinite at Thea +equals z + + align:start position:0% +equals z + + + align:start position:0% +equals z +and it's periodic of course so that if I + + align:start position:0% +and it's periodic of course so that if I + + + align:start position:0% +and it's periodic of course so that if I +go around to Thea equal 2 pi I'll come + + align:start position:0% +go around to Thea equal 2 pi I'll come + + + align:start position:0% +go around to Thea equal 2 pi I'll come +back to zero again + + align:start position:0% +back to zero again + + + align:start position:0% +back to zero again +uh at Theta equal Pi you could sort of + + align:start position:0% +uh at Theta equal Pi you could sort of + + + align:start position:0% +uh at Theta equal Pi you could sort of +see well yeah Theta equal Pi is a sort + + align:start position:0% +see well yeah Theta equal Pi is a sort + + + align:start position:0% +see well yeah Theta equal Pi is a sort +of interesting point if Theta is pi + + align:start position:0% +of interesting point if Theta is pi + + + align:start position:0% +of interesting point if Theta is pi +what's the cosine is negative one right + + align:start position:0% +what's the cosine is negative one right + + + align:start position:0% +what's the cosine is negative one right +but then the cosine of 2 pi will be + + + align:start position:0% +but then the cosine of 2 pi will be + + + + align:start position:0% +but then the cosine of 2 pi will be + +one so at Theta equal Pi I think I'm + + align:start position:0% +one so at Theta equal Pi I think I'm + + + align:start position:0% +one so at Theta equal Pi I think I'm +getting a 1 minus a 2 plus plus a two + + align:start position:0% +getting a 1 minus a 2 plus plus a two + + + align:start position:0% +getting a 1 minus a 2 plus plus a two +minus a two plus a two you see it's + + align:start position:0% +minus a two plus a two you see it's + + + align:start position:0% +minus a two plus a two you see it's +doing its best to cancel itself out and + + align:start position:0% +doing its best to cancel itself out and + + + align:start position:0% +doing its best to cancel itself out and +give me the zero that I want at t equal + + align:start position:0% +give me the zero that I want at t equal + + + align:start position:0% +give me the zero that I want at t equal +pi over on the left side of the circle + + align:start position:0% +pi over on the left side of the circle + + + align:start position:0% +pi over on the left side of the circle +anyway suppose that's so there that's an + + align:start position:0% +anyway suppose that's so there that's an + + + align:start position:0% +anyway suppose that's so there that's an +extreme example but now what's the + + align:start position:0% +extreme example but now what's the + + + align:start position:0% +extreme example but now what's the +temperature inside can you just follow + + align:start position:0% +temperature inside can you just follow + + + align:start position:0% +temperature inside can you just follow +the same rule what will be the + + align:start position:0% +the same rule what will be the + + + align:start position:0% +the same rule what will be the +temperature inside if that's the Delta + + align:start position:0% +temperature inside if that's the Delta + + + align:start position:0% +temperature inside if that's the Delta +function if that's its if that's the + + align:start position:0% +function if that's its if that's the + + + align:start position:0% +function if that's its if that's the +right series whatever it might be a four + + align:start position:0% +right series whatever it might be a four + + + align:start position:0% +right series whatever it might be a four +Pi I'm not sure uh for that + + align:start position:0% +Pi I'm not sure uh for that + + + align:start position:0% +Pi I'm not sure uh for that +um now you can tell me what's the + + align:start position:0% +um now you can tell me what's the + + + align:start position:0% +um now you can tell me what's the +solution what's the temperature + + align:start position:0% +solution what's the temperature + + + align:start position:0% +solution what's the temperature +distribution inside a circle when one + + align:start position:0% +distribution inside a circle when one + + + align:start position:0% +distribution inside a circle when one +point on the boundary is held at uh has + + align:start position:0% +point on the boundary is held at uh has + + + align:start position:0% +point on the boundary is held at uh has +has a heat Source uh a Delta function + + align:start position:0% +has a heat Source uh a Delta function + + + align:start position:0% +has a heat Source uh a Delta function +what do I do how do I match this with + + align:start position:0% +what do I do how do I match this with + + + align:start position:0% +what do I do how do I match this with +this guy I just put in the RS right if + + align:start position:0% +this guy I just put in the RS right if + + + align:start position:0% +this guy I just put in the RS right if +if this is what it's supposed to rch + + align:start position:0% +if this is what it's supposed to rch + + + align:start position:0% +if this is what it's supposed to rch +when R is one then when R + + align:start position:0% +when R is one then when R + + + align:start position:0% +when R is one then when R +is so I don't know where I maybe I'll + + align:start position:0% +is so I don't know where I maybe I'll + + + align:start position:0% +is so I don't know where I maybe I'll +put it under here uh so the so the U of + + align:start position:0% +put it under here uh so the so the U of + + + align:start position:0% +put it under here uh so the so the U of +R and + + align:start position:0% +R and + + + align:start position:0% +R and +Theta from uh from the Delta + + align:start position:0% +Theta from uh from the Delta + + + align:start position:0% +Theta from uh from the Delta +guy is uh is just put in the + + align:start position:0% +guy is uh is just put in the + + + align:start position:0% +guy is uh is just put in the +RS 1 + 2 R cos Theta and to R 2 cos 2 + + align:start position:0% +RS 1 + 2 R cos Theta and to R 2 cos 2 + + + align:start position:0% +RS 1 + 2 R cos Theta and to R 2 cos 2 +Theta and so + + align:start position:0% +Theta and so + + + align:start position:0% +Theta and so +on okay and and eventually to R to the + + align:start position:0% +on okay and and eventually to R to the + + + align:start position:0% +on okay and and eventually to R to the +100th cosine of 100 Theta and and and + + align:start position:0% +100th cosine of 100 Theta and and and + + + align:start position:0% +100th cosine of 100 Theta and and and +more okay I I write this out you could + + align:start position:0% +more okay I I write this out you could + + + align:start position:0% +more okay I I write this out you could +say why did he write this + + align:start position:0% +say why did he write this + + + align:start position:0% +say why did he write this +down I I I I was making that wanted to + + align:start position:0% +down I I I I was making that wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +down I I I I was making that wanted to +make this point that the important + + align:start position:0% +make this point that the important + + + align:start position:0% +make this point that the important +feature of the solution to Lassa + + align:start position:0% +feature of the solution to Lassa + + + align:start position:0% +feature of the solution to Lassa +equation is how smooth it gets when you + + align:start position:0% +equation is how smooth it gets when you + + + align:start position:0% +equation is how smooth it gets when you +go inside the region and why is that + + align:start position:0% +go inside the region and why is that + + + align:start position:0% +go inside the region and why is that +because if at r equal a + + align:start position:0% +because if at r equal a + + + align:start position:0% +because if at r equal a +half this term is practically gone right + + align:start position:0% +half this term is practically gone right + + + align:start position:0% +half this term is practically gone right +at R if I go halfway into the circle + + align:start position:0% +at R if I go halfway into the circle + + + align:start position:0% +at R if I go halfway into the circle +this term is half is practically gone 1 + + align:start position:0% +this term is half is practically gone 1 + + + align:start position:0% +this term is half is practically gone 1 +half to the 100th power and if I go to + + align:start position:0% +half to the 100th power and if I go to + + + align:start position:0% +half to the 100th power and if I go to +the center of the circle it's completely + + align:start position:0% +the center of the circle it's completely + + + align:start position:0% +the center of the circle it's completely +gone in fact what's the value at the + + align:start position:0% +gone in fact what's the value at the + + + align:start position:0% +gone in fact what's the value at the +center of the circle what's the + + align:start position:0% +center of the circle what's the + + + align:start position:0% +center of the circle what's the +temperature at the center is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what one over 2 pi this is the only term + + align:start position:0% +what one over 2 pi this is the only term + + + align:start position:0% +what one over 2 pi this is the only term +that's remaining and it's the + + align:start position:0% +that's remaining and it's the + + + align:start position:0% +that's remaining and it's the +average around the around the circle + + align:start position:0% +average around the around the circle + + + align:start position:0% +average around the around the circle +that that makes physical sense I guess + + align:start position:0% +that that makes physical sense I guess + + + align:start position:0% +that that makes physical sense I guess +that that the since the whole thing's + + align:start position:0% +that that the since the whole thing's + + + align:start position:0% +that that the since the whole thing's +completely isotropic that we've got a + + align:start position:0% +completely isotropic that we've got a + + + align:start position:0% +completely isotropic that we've got a +perfect Circ + + align:start position:0% +perfect Circ + + + align:start position:0% +perfect Circ +if we have uh if our boundary value the + + align:start position:0% +if we have uh if our boundary value the + + + align:start position:0% +if we have uh if our boundary value the +boundary value sorry the value at the + + align:start position:0% +boundary value sorry the value at the + + + align:start position:0% +boundary value sorry the value at the +center of the circle is always the + + align:start position:0% +center of the circle is always the + + + align:start position:0% +center of the circle is always the +average going around the the constant + + align:start position:0% +average going around the the constant + + + align:start position:0% +average going around the the constant +term in the forier series this guy we'll + + align:start position:0% +term in the forier series this guy we'll + + + align:start position:0% +term in the forier series this guy we'll +get to know that one very well that's + + align:start position:0% +get to know that one very well that's + + + align:start position:0% +get to know that one very well that's +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +average you're just seeing a little bit + + align:start position:0% +average you're just seeing a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +average you're just seeing a little bit +of Fier series early here uh but my + + align:start position:0% +of Fier series early here uh but my + + + align:start position:0% +of Fier series early here uh but my +point is that + + align:start position:0% +point is that + + + align:start position:0% +point is that +you could could you could have high high + + align:start position:0% +you could could you could have high high + + + align:start position:0% +you could could you could have high high +oscillation around the boundary that + + align:start position:0% +oscillation around the boundary that + + + align:start position:0% +oscillation around the boundary that +damps out because of these powers of R + + align:start position:0% +damps out because of these powers of R + + + align:start position:0% +damps out because of these powers of R +and inside the circle uh it's only the + + align:start position:0% +and inside the circle uh it's only the + + + align:start position:0% +and inside the circle uh it's only the +low order it's the low order terms that + + align:start position:0% +low order it's the low order terms that + + + align:start position:0% +low order it's the low order terms that +begin to take over okay so I did uh you + + align:start position:0% +begin to take over okay so I did uh you + + + align:start position:0% +begin to take over okay so I did uh you +see how the pl + + align:start position:0% +see how the pl + + + align:start position:0% +see how the pl +equation this is the kind of trick you + + align:start position:0% +equation this is the kind of trick you + + + align:start position:0% +equation this is the kind of trick you +have or not trick but the kind of method + + align:start position:0% +have or not trick but the kind of method + + + align:start position:0% +have or not trick but the kind of method +that that you can use for solving Lassa + + align:start position:0% +that that you can use for solving Lassa + + + align:start position:0% +that that you can use for solving Lassa +equation by an infinite + + align:start position:0% +equation by an infinite + + + align:start position:0% +equation by an infinite +series of course if a person who wants a + + align:start position:0% +series of course if a person who wants a + + + align:start position:0% +series of course if a person who wants a +number can complain that wait a minute + + align:start position:0% +number can complain that wait a minute + + + align:start position:0% +number can complain that wait a minute +is that in how do I use that infinite + + align:start position:0% +is that in how do I use that infinite + + + align:start position:0% +is that in how do I use that infinite +series well of course you would have to + + align:start position:0% +series well of course you would have to + + + align:start position:0% +series well of course you would have to +plug in if you wanted to know the + + align:start position:0% +plug in if you wanted to know the + + + align:start position:0% +plug in if you wanted to know the +temperature at a particular Point you'd + + align:start position:0% +temperature at a particular Point you'd + + + align:start position:0% +temperature at a particular Point you'd +have to plug in that value of r that + + align:start position:0% +have to plug in that value of r that + + + align:start position:0% +have to plug in that value of r that +value of theta add up the terms until + + align:start position:0% +value of theta add up the terms until + + + align:start position:0% +value of theta add up the terms until +you hope that they become uh so small + + align:start position:0% +you hope that they become uh so small + + + align:start position:0% +you hope that they become uh so small +all that you can ignore them yeah but so + + align:start position:0% +all that you can ignore them yeah but so + + + align:start position:0% +all that you can ignore them yeah but so +infinite series is one form of a + + align:start position:0% +infinite series is one form of a + + + align:start position:0% +infinite series is one form of a +solution and I + + align:start position:0% +solution and I + + + align:start position:0% +solution and I +could somehow this this these are + + align:start position:0% +could somehow this this these are + + + align:start position:0% +could somehow this this these are +examples I I should use the word the + + align:start position:0% +examples I I should use the word the + + + align:start position:0% +examples I I should use the word the +words separation of variables separation + + align:start position:0% +words separation of variables separation + + + align:start position:0% +words separation of variables separation +of variables is the is the the the + + align:start position:0% +of variables is the is the the the + + + align:start position:0% +of variables is the is the the the +golden idea in in in this analysis stuff + + align:start position:0% +golden idea in in in this analysis stuff + + + align:start position:0% +golden idea in in in this analysis stuff +separation of variables means I got the + + align:start position:0% +separation of variables means I got the + + + align:start position:0% +separation of variables means I got the +r part separated from the Theta part + + align:start position:0% +r part separated from the Theta part + + + align:start position:0% +r part separated from the Theta part +and that worked great worked well for a + + align:start position:0% +and that worked great worked well for a + + + align:start position:0% +and that worked great worked well for a +circle let's see maybe for a square I + + align:start position:0% +circle let's see maybe for a square I + + + align:start position:0% +circle let's see maybe for a square I +could try to separate X from y maybe + + align:start position:0% +could try to separate X from y maybe + + + align:start position:0% +could try to separate X from y maybe +there's a homework + + align:start position:0% +there's a homework + + + align:start position:0% +there's a homework +problem uh another solution that another + + align:start position:0% +problem uh another solution that another + + + align:start position:0% +problem uh another solution that another +a solution that separates X from y I + + align:start position:0% +a solution that separates X from y I + + + align:start position:0% +a solution that separates X from y I +think is something like so this would be + + align:start position:0% +think is something like so this would be + + + align:start position:0% +think is something like so this would be +another family good for squares + + align:start position:0% +another family good for squares + + + align:start position:0% +another family good for squares +something like sin KX X cinch times so + + align:start position:0% +something like sin KX X cinch times so + + + align:start position:0% +something like sin KX X cinch times so +this separation is something in x times + + align:start position:0% +this separation is something in x times + + + align:start position:0% +this separation is something in x times +something in y I'll just again I'm just + + align:start position:0% +something in y I'll just again I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +something in y I'll just again I'm just +mentioning things uh I think that that + + align:start position:0% +mentioning things uh I think that that + + + align:start position:0% +mentioning things uh I think that that +solves the poses equation because if I + + align:start position:0% +solves the poses equation because if I + + + align:start position:0% +solves the poses equation because if I +take two x derivatives that'll bring + + align:start position:0% +take two x derivatives that'll bring + + + align:start position:0% +take two x derivatives that'll bring +down K SAR but it'll flip the sign right + + align:start position:0% +down K SAR but it'll flip the sign right + + + align:start position:0% +down K SAR but it'll flip the sign right +two derivatives of the sign will be a + + align:start position:0% +two derivatives of the sign will be a + + + align:start position:0% +two derivatives of the sign will be a +minus and if I take two oh I need a k y + + align:start position:0% +minus and if I take two oh I need a k y + + + align:start position:0% +minus and if I take two oh I need a k y +there and if I took two derivatives of + + align:start position:0% +there and if I took two derivatives of + + + align:start position:0% +there and if I took two derivatives of +this hyperbolic sign this this you + + align:start position:0% +this hyperbolic sign this this you + + + align:start position:0% +this hyperbolic sign this this you +remember that's the e to the KY and the + + align:start position:0% +remember that's the e to the KY and the + + + align:start position:0% +remember that's the e to the KY and the +e to the minus KY the two derivatives of + + align:start position:0% +e to the minus KY the two derivatives of + + + align:start position:0% +e to the minus KY the two derivatives of +that will bring out a k^2 with a plus + + align:start position:0% +that will bring out a k^2 with a plus + + + align:start position:0% +that will bring out a k^2 with a plus +sign so 2 x derivatives bring out the + + align:start position:0% +sign so 2 x derivatives bring out the + + + align:start position:0% +sign so 2 x derivatives bring out the +minus k 2 two y derivatives bring out + + align:start position:0% +minus k 2 two y derivatives bring out + + + align:start position:0% +minus k 2 two y derivatives bring out +the plus K squared and together that + + align:start position:0% +the plus K squared and together that + + + align:start position:0% +the plus K squared and together that +solves the poses equation as you I think + + align:start position:0% +solves the poses equation as you I think + + + align:start position:0% +solves the poses equation as you I think +you just will check that in a homework + + align:start position:0% +you just will check that in a homework + + + align:start position:0% +you just will check that in a homework +problem so there would be an example + + align:start position:0% +problem so there would be an example + + + align:start position:0% +problem so there would be an example +good for a square so so I'm I'm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh I'm you know there's a there's hope + + align:start position:0% +uh I'm you know there's a there's hope + + + align:start position:0% +uh I'm you know there's a there's hope +to do an exact solution in a special + + align:start position:0% +to do an exact solution in a special + + + align:start position:0% +to do an exact solution in a special +region now what's this greens function + + align:start position:0% +region now what's this greens function + + + align:start position:0% +region now what's this greens function +idea what's the greens function idea + + align:start position:0% +idea what's the greens function idea + + + align:start position:0% +idea what's the greens function idea +okay yeah that's now this is another + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah that's now this is another + + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah that's now this is another +thing + + align:start position:0% +thing + + + align:start position:0% +thing +okay so what + + align:start position:0% +okay so what + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what +last time we we we we appreciated that + + align:start position:0% +last time we we we we appreciated that + + + align:start position:0% +last time we we we we appreciated that +that this combination x + i y was + + align:start position:0% +that this combination x + i y was + + + align:start position:0% +that this combination x + i y was +magic the the idea was that we could + + align:start position:0% +magic the the idea was that we could + + + align:start position:0% +magic the the idea was that we could +take any function of X Plus i + + align:start position:0% +take any function of X Plus i + + + align:start position:0% +take any function of X Plus i +y and it solves lass's + + align:start position:0% +y and it solves lass's + + + align:start position:0% +y and it solves lass's +equation can we just see sort of very + + align:start position:0% +equation can we just see sort of very + + + align:start position:0% +equation can we just see sort of very +crudely why that is + + align:start position:0% +crudely why that is + + + align:start position:0% +crudely why that is +we we saw the pattern we saw it we + + align:start position:0% +we we saw the pattern we saw it we + + + align:start position:0% +we we saw the pattern we saw it we +saw X Plus i y to the + + align:start position:0% +saw X Plus i y to the + + + align:start position:0% +saw X Plus i y to the +N sort of we went as far as n equal 3 + + align:start position:0% +N sort of we went as far as n equal 3 + + + align:start position:0% +N sort of we went as far as n equal 3 +checked it all out but now really if I + + align:start position:0% +checked it all out but now really if I + + + align:start position:0% +checked it all out but now really if I +want to be able to H how why does that + + align:start position:0% +want to be able to H how why does that + + + align:start position:0% +want to be able to H how why does that +solve lasses equation for higher for any + + align:start position:0% +solve lasses equation for higher for any + + + align:start position:0% +solve lasses equation for higher for any +end maybe should I just plug that into + + align:start position:0% +end maybe should I just plug that into + + + align:start position:0% +end maybe should I just plug that into +thees equation what happens if I take + + align:start position:0% +thees equation what happens if I take + + + align:start position:0% +thees equation what happens if I take +the two x derivatives of this of this of + + align:start position:0% +the two x derivatives of this of this of + + + align:start position:0% +the two x derivatives of this of this of +this thing so this is a beot typical + + align:start position:0% +this thing so this is a beot typical + + + align:start position:0% +this thing so this is a beot typical +function of X plus I y typically nice + + align:start position:0% +function of X plus I y typically nice + + + align:start position:0% +function of X plus I y typically nice +one if I take two x derivatives I I'm + + align:start position:0% +one if I take two x derivatives I I'm + + + align:start position:0% +one if I take two x derivatives I I'm +going to plug it in and see that it + + align:start position:0% +going to plug it in and see that it + + + align:start position:0% +going to plug it in and see that it +really does solve leles equation so two + + align:start position:0% +really does solve leles equation so two + + + align:start position:0% +really does solve leles equation so two +x derivatives of that will give me what + + align:start position:0% +x derivatives of that will give me what + + + align:start position:0% +x derivatives of that will give me what +the first X derivative will bring down a + + align:start position:0% +the first X derivative will bring down a + + + align:start position:0% +the first X derivative will bring down a +n time this thing to the n + + align:start position:0% +n time this thing to the n + + + align:start position:0% +n time this thing to the n +minus1 and then the next X derivative + + align:start position:0% +minus1 and then the next X derivative + + + align:start position:0% +minus1 and then the next X derivative +will bring down an N minus1 times this + + align:start position:0% +will bring down an N minus1 times this + + + align:start position:0% +will bring down an N minus1 times this +thing to the N minus + + align:start position:0% +thing to the N minus + + + align:start position:0% +thing to the N minus +2 so that'll be the uxx stuff + + align:start position:0% +2 so that'll be the uxx stuff + + + align:start position:0% +2 so that'll be the uxx stuff +right and what about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uiy this is my + + align:start position:0% +uiy this is my + + + align:start position:0% +uiy this is my +u i I'm sort of just checking that yes + + align:start position:0% +u i I'm sort of just checking that yes + + + align:start position:0% +u i I'm sort of just checking that yes +this this seeing again it see if it + + align:start position:0% +this this seeing again it see if it + + + align:start position:0% +this this seeing again it see if it +still works Friday what work Wednesday + + align:start position:0% +still works Friday what work Wednesday + + + align:start position:0% +still works Friday what work Wednesday +that that this X Plus i y is Magic and + + align:start position:0% +that that this X Plus i y is Magic and + + + align:start position:0% +that that this X Plus i y is Magic and +and functions of it like Powers + + align:start position:0% +and functions of it like Powers + + + align:start position:0% +and functions of it like Powers +exponentials logarithms whatever all + + align:start position:0% +exponentials logarithms whatever all + + + align:start position:0% +exponentials logarithms whatever all +solve LL equation okay so we did uxx and + + align:start position:0% +solve LL equation okay so we did uxx and + + + align:start position:0% +solve LL equation okay so we did uxx and +we got easy now what happens with uy Y + + align:start position:0% +we got easy now what happens with uy Y + + + align:start position:0% +we got easy now what happens with uy Y +do you see the point OPP sorry opposite + + align:start position:0% +do you see the point OPP sorry opposite + + + align:start position:0% +do you see the point OPP sorry opposite +sign and why why does the sign come out + + align:start position:0% +sign and why why does the sign come out + + + align:start position:0% +sign and why why does the sign come out +opposite because of that guy yeah it's + + align:start position:0% +opposite because of that guy yeah it's + + + align:start position:0% +opposite because of that guy yeah it's +the chain rule right the derivative of + + align:start position:0% +the chain rule right the derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +the chain rule right the derivative of +this with respect to Y will give me an N + + align:start position:0% +this with respect to Y will give me an N + + + align:start position:0% +this with respect to Y will give me an N +times this thing to one lower Power + + align:start position:0% +times this thing to one lower Power + + + align:start position:0% +times this thing to one lower Power +Times the derivative of what's inside + + align:start position:0% +Times the derivative of what's inside + + + align:start position:0% +Times the derivative of what's inside +and the derivative of what's inside is + + align:start position:0% +and the derivative of what's inside is + + + align:start position:0% +and the derivative of what's inside is +an i and then the second derivative will + + align:start position:0% +an i and then the second derivative will + + + align:start position:0% +an i and then the second derivative will +bring down an N + + align:start position:0% +bring down an N + + + align:start position:0% +bring down an N +minus1 this guy will be down to n minus + + align:start position:0% +minus1 this guy will be down to n minus + + + align:start position:0% +minus1 this guy will be down to n minus +2 another I will come out and just what + + align:start position:0% +2 another I will come out and just what + + + align:start position:0% +2 another I will come out and just what +you want right because the i^2 is minus + + align:start position:0% +you want right because the i^2 is minus + + + align:start position:0% +you want right because the i^2 is minus +one those cancel when you those are + + align:start position:0% +one those cancel when you those are + + + align:start position:0% +one those cancel when you those are +equal opposite sign and we get + + align:start position:0% +equal opposite sign and we get + + + align:start position:0% +equal opposite sign and we get +uxx plus uy y equaling + + align:start position:0% +uxx plus uy y equaling + + + align:start position:0% +uxx plus uy y equaling +zero so that works and actually the same + + align:start position:0% +zero so that works and actually the same + + + align:start position:0% +zero so that works and actually the same +idea would work for any function of X + + align:start position:0% +idea would work for any function of X + + + align:start position:0% +idea would work for any function of X +Plus i y the two x derivatives just + + align:start position:0% +Plus i y the two x derivatives just + + + align:start position:0% +Plus i y the two x derivatives just +give FP Prime two y derivatives will + + align:start position:0% +give FP Prime two y derivatives will + + + align:start position:0% +give FP Prime two y derivatives will +give F Prime but the chain rule will + + align:start position:0% +give F Prime but the chain rule will + + + align:start position:0% +give F Prime but the chain rule will +bring out I both times and we've got it + + align:start position:0% +bring out I both times and we've got it + + + align:start position:0% +bring out I both times and we've got it +okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so +uh well I I think we just need another + + align:start position:0% +uh well I I think we just need another + + + align:start position:0% +uh well I I think we just need another +couple of examples + + align:start position:0% +couple of examples + + + align:start position:0% +couple of examples +couple of examples and and this of + + align:start position:0% +couple of examples and and this of + + + align:start position:0% +couple of examples and and this of +course could be uh in polar coordinates + + align:start position:0% +course could be uh in polar coordinates + + + align:start position:0% +course could be uh in polar coordinates +F of R to the I + + align:start position:0% +F of R to the I + + + align:start position:0% +F of R to the I +Theta that's that's R everybody + + align:start position:0% +Theta that's that's R everybody + + + align:start position:0% +Theta that's that's R everybody +recognizes re e to the I Theta is the + + align:start position:0% +recognizes re e to the I Theta is the + + + align:start position:0% +recognizes re e to the I Theta is the +same as X Plus iy better just be sure + + align:start position:0% +same as X Plus iy better just be sure + + + align:start position:0% +same as X Plus iy better just be sure +we've got that X at some point here in + + align:start position:0% +we've got that X at some point here in + + + align:start position:0% +we've got that X at some point here in +the complex plane iy takes us up to here + + align:start position:0% +the complex plane iy takes us up to here + + + align:start position:0% +the complex plane iy takes us up to here +so there's x + i y That's X+ i y there + + align:start position:0% +so there's x + i y That's X+ i y there + + + align:start position:0% +so there's x + i y That's X+ i y there +but it's also so here's yeah let me put + + align:start position:0% +but it's also so here's yeah let me put + + + align:start position:0% +but it's also so here's yeah let me put +those in better and there's X and + + align:start position:0% +those in better and there's X and + + + align:start position:0% +those in better and there's X and +there's + + align:start position:0% +there's + + + align:start position:0% +there's +Y and yeah everybody knows this picture + + align:start position:0% +Y and yeah everybody knows this picture + + + align:start position:0% +Y and yeah everybody knows this picture +right that this X and this y now if I + + align:start position:0% +right that this X and this y now if I + + + align:start position:0% +right that this X and this y now if I +want to go to Polar coordinates that + + align:start position:0% +want to go to Polar coordinates that + + + align:start position:0% +want to go to Polar coordinates that +angle is Theta this x is R cos + + align:start position:0% +angle is Theta this x is R cos + + + align:start position:0% +angle is Theta this x is R cos +Theta this Y is R sin Theta and this guy + + align:start position:0% +Theta this Y is R sin Theta and this guy + + + align:start position:0% +Theta this Y is R sin Theta and this guy +is r e to the I Theta r e e to the I + + align:start position:0% +is r e to the I Theta r e e to the I + + + align:start position:0% +is r e to the I Theta r e e to the I +Theta + + align:start position:0% +Theta + + + align:start position:0% +Theta +our cos theta plus i r sin Theta is the + + align:start position:0% +our cos theta plus i r sin Theta is the + + + align:start position:0% +our cos theta plus i r sin Theta is the +same as r e to the I Theta that's + + align:start position:0% +same as r e to the I Theta that's + + + align:start position:0% +same as r e to the I Theta that's +utterly fundamental everybody's + + align:start position:0% +utterly fundamental everybody's + + + align:start position:0% +utterly fundamental everybody's +responsible for for that uh picture of + + align:start position:0% +responsible for for that uh picture of + + + align:start position:0% +responsible for for that uh picture of +putting the complex numbers into their + + align:start position:0% +putting the complex numbers into their + + + align:start position:0% +putting the complex numbers into their +beautiful Polar form that's what made + + align:start position:0% +beautiful Polar form that's what made + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful Polar form that's what made +our R the N cos n Theta all so simple + + align:start position:0% +our R the N cos n Theta all so simple + + + align:start position:0% +our R the N cos n Theta all so simple +now what was I aming to + + align:start position:0% +now what was I aming to + + + align:start position:0% +now what was I aming to +do ah give a particular F I want to now + + align:start position:0% +do ah give a particular F I want to now + + + align:start position:0% +do ah give a particular F I want to now +I want to give a particular function f + + align:start position:0% +I want to give a particular function f + + + align:start position:0% +I want to give a particular function f +and uh or maybe a couple of choices a + + align:start position:0% +and uh or maybe a couple of choices a + + + align:start position:0% +and uh or maybe a couple of choices a +couple of functions F and see that + + align:start position:0% +couple of functions F and see that + + + align:start position:0% +couple of functions F and see that +they're real parts and their imaginary + + align:start position:0% +they're real parts and their imaginary + + + align:start position:0% +they're real parts and their imaginary +Parts solve the ples equation yeah let + + align:start position:0% +Parts solve the ples equation yeah let + + + align:start position:0% +Parts solve the ples equation yeah let +me what shall I do let me take + + align:start position:0% +me what shall I do let me take + + + align:start position:0% +me what shall I do let me take +first um a + + align:start position:0% +first um a + + + align:start position:0% +first um a +really a one that's works completely try + + align:start position:0% +really a one that's works completely try + + + align:start position:0% +really a one that's works completely try +uh take the real part and the imaginary + + align:start position:0% +uh take the real part and the imaginary + + + align:start position:0% +uh take the real part and the imaginary +part yeah I I'll let me take e to the X + + align:start position:0% +part yeah I I'll let me take e to the X + + + align:start position:0% +part yeah I I'll let me take e to the X +Plus i + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +y it's a function of X Plus i y + + align:start position:0% +y it's a function of X Plus i y + + + align:start position:0% +y it's a function of X Plus i y +extremely nice function of X and A Plus + + align:start position:0% +extremely nice function of X and A Plus + + + align:start position:0% +extremely nice function of X and A Plus +i y and we can figure out its real and + + align:start position:0% +i y and we can figure out its real and + + + align:start position:0% +i y and we can figure out its real and +imaginary parts and we get two solutions + + align:start position:0% +imaginary parts and we get two solutions + + + align:start position:0% +imaginary parts and we get two solutions +to lao's equation because the the good + + align:start position:0% +to lao's equation because the the good + + + align:start position:0% +to lao's equation because the the good +way is to write this thing as e to x * e + + align:start position:0% +way is to write this thing as e to x * e + + + align:start position:0% +way is to write this thing as e to x * e +to the i y and again we'll write it as e + + align:start position:0% +to the i y and again we'll write it as e + + + align:start position:0% +to the i y and again we'll write it as e +to x * cos y + I sin y so now I can see + + align:start position:0% +to x * cos y + I sin y so now I can see + + + align:start position:0% +to x * cos y + I sin y so now I can see +that the real + + align:start position:0% +that the real + + + align:start position:0% +that the real +part I can see what the real part is and + + align:start position:0% +part I can see what the real part is and + + + align:start position:0% +part I can see what the real part is and +I can see what the imaginary part is the + + align:start position:0% +I can see what the imaginary part is the + + + align:start position:0% +I can see what the imaginary part is the +real part will be that's real and that's + + align:start position:0% +real part will be that's real and that's + + + align:start position:0% +real part will be that's real and that's +real so this will this will give me e to + + align:start position:0% +real so this will this will give me e to + + + align:start position:0% +real so this will this will give me e to +X + + align:start position:0% +X + + + align:start position:0% +X +cosy and the imaginary part will be the + + align:start position:0% +cosy and the imaginary part will be the + + + align:start position:0% +cosy and the imaginary part will be the +e to the x X sin y you see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it and those will solve L ples + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equation can I give a name to these this + + align:start position:0% +equation can I give a name to these this + + + align:start position:0% +equation can I give a name to these this +this whole field of of uh analysis this + + align:start position:0% +this whole field of of uh analysis this + + + align:start position:0% +this whole field of of uh analysis this +this this e to the Z is called an is an + + align:start position:0% +this this e to the Z is called an is an + + + align:start position:0% +this this e to the Z is called an is an +analytic I should just use that word an + + align:start position:0% +analytic I should just use that word an + + + align:start position:0% +analytic I should just use that word an +analytic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function and these guys the real and + + align:start position:0% +function and these guys the real and + + + align:start position:0% +function and these guys the real and +imagin parts are two harmonic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +functions maybe it's not so important to + + align:start position:0% +functions maybe it's not so important to + + + align:start position:0% +functions maybe it's not so important to +know the word harmonic function but + + align:start position:0% +know the word harmonic function but + + + align:start position:0% +know the word harmonic function but +analytic function yeah I would say + + align:start position:0% +analytic function yeah I would say + + + align:start position:0% +analytic function yeah I would say +that's an important + + align:start position:0% +that's an important + + + align:start position:0% +that's an important +word actually what does it + + align:start position:0% +word actually what does it + + + align:start position:0% +word actually what does it +mean it's a function of + + align:start position:0% +mean it's a function of + + + align:start position:0% +mean it's a function of +Z so we're in we're in we're doing + + align:start position:0% +Z so we're in we're in we're doing + + + align:start position:0% +Z so we're in we're in we're doing +complex we're in in the complex plane + + align:start position:0% +complex we're in in the complex plane + + + align:start position:0% +complex we're in in the complex plane +here now + + align:start position:0% +here now + + + align:start position:0% +here now +it's a function of z e to the Z and it's + + align:start position:0% +it's a function of z e to the Z and it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's a function of z e to the Z and it's +a it's a it can be written as a power + + align:start position:0% +a it's a it can be written as a power + + + align:start position:0% +a it's a it can be written as a power +series of course 1 + z + 1 over 2 + + align:start position:0% +series of course 1 + z + 1 over 2 + + + align:start position:0% +series of course 1 + z + 1 over 2 +factorial Z 2 and all those guys so it + + align:start position:0% +factorial Z 2 and all those guys so it + + + align:start position:0% +factorial Z 2 and all those guys so it +has a power series it's a com that makes + + align:start position:0% +has a power series it's a com that makes + + + align:start position:0% +has a power series it's a com that makes +it a combination of our special ones and + + align:start position:0% +it a combination of our special ones and + + + align:start position:0% +it a combination of our special ones and +the the the great thing about that + + align:start position:0% +the the the great thing about that + + + align:start position:0% +the the the great thing about that +series is it converges so an analytic + + align:start position:0% +series is it converges so an analytic + + + align:start position:0% +series is it converges so an analytic +function + + align:start position:0% +function + + + align:start position:0% +function +an analytic function is the sum of a + + align:start position:0% +an analytic function is the sum of a + + + align:start position:0% +an analytic function is the sum of a +power series that + + align:start position:0% +power series that + + + align:start position:0% +power series that +converges and this one does so there's + + align:start position:0% +converges and this one does so there's + + + align:start position:0% +converges and this one does so there's +an example yeah so that the the whole + + align:start position:0% +an example yeah so that the the whole + + + align:start position:0% +an example yeah so that the the whole +theory of analytic functions is actually + + align:start position:0% +theory of analytic functions is actually + + + align:start position:0% +theory of analytic functions is actually +that's chapter five of the textbook and + + align:start position:0% +that's chapter five of the textbook and + + + align:start position:0% +that's chapter five of the textbook and +uh we won't get uh Beyond this Beyond + + align:start position:0% +uh we won't get uh Beyond this Beyond + + + align:start position:0% +uh we won't get uh Beyond this Beyond +this point I think in in one semester + + align:start position:0% +this point I think in in one semester + + + align:start position:0% +this point I think in in one semester +with analytic + + align:start position:0% +with analytic + + + align:start position:0% +with analytic +functions so what am I saying though I'm + + align:start position:0% +functions so what am I saying though I'm + + + align:start position:0% +functions so what am I saying though I'm +saying that the theory of analytic + + align:start position:0% +saying that the theory of analytic + + + align:start position:0% +saying that the theory of analytic +functions is closely tied to lass's + + align:start position:0% +functions is closely tied to lass's + + + align:start position:0% +functions is closely tied to lass's +equation because the real and the + + align:start position:0% +equation because the real and the + + + align:start position:0% +equation because the real and the +imaginary Parts give me this pair U and + + align:start position:0% +imaginary Parts give me this pair U and + + + align:start position:0% +imaginary Parts give me this pair U and +S that satisfy they each satisfy the's + + align:start position:0% +S that satisfy they each satisfy the's + + + align:start position:0% +S that satisfy they each satisfy the's +equation and they're connected by the + + align:start position:0% +equation and they're connected by the + + + align:start position:0% +equation and they're connected by the +Koshi reman equations it's boy it's a + + align:start position:0% +Koshi reman equations it's boy it's a + + + align:start position:0% +Koshi reman equations it's boy it's a +lot of mathematics coming real fast + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here now I'd like to take what more + + align:start position:0% +here now I'd like to take what more + + + align:start position:0% +here now I'd like to take what more +example instead of the exponential can + + align:start position:0% +example instead of the exponential can + + + align:start position:0% +example instead of the exponential can +we take the logarithm I want to take the + + align:start position:0% +we take the logarithm I want to take the + + + align:start position:0% +we take the logarithm I want to take the +law of X Plus i y and I want you to + + align:start position:0% +law of X Plus i y and I want you to + + + align:start position:0% +law of X Plus i y and I want you to +split it into its real and imaginary + + align:start position:0% +split it into its real and imaginary + + + align:start position:0% +split it into its real and imaginary +parts and get the U and the s that go + + align:start position:0% +parts and get the U and the s that go + + + align:start position:0% +parts and get the U and the s that go +with that so this is a this was like the + + align:start position:0% +with that so this is a this was like the + + + align:start position:0% +with that so this is a this was like the +nicest + + align:start position:0% +nicest + + + align:start position:0% +nicest +possible we got a series that e to the Z + + align:start position:0% +possible we got a series that e to the Z + + + align:start position:0% +possible we got a series that e to the Z +is good for every Z the series converges + + align:start position:0% +is good for every Z the series converges + + + align:start position:0% +is good for every Z the series converges +fantastic it's an analytic function + + align:start position:0% +fantastic it's an analytic function + + + align:start position:0% +fantastic it's an analytic function +everywhere best + + align:start position:0% +everywhere best + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere best +possible now we go to one that's not + + align:start position:0% +possible now we go to one that's not + + + align:start position:0% +possible now we go to one that's not +best possible but uh nevertheless highly + + align:start position:0% +best possible but uh nevertheless highly + + + align:start position:0% +best possible but uh nevertheless highly +valuable okay so e to the Z I've done + + align:start position:0% +valuable okay so e to the Z I've done + + + align:start position:0% +valuable okay so e to the Z I've done +let me erase e to the Z take it take log + + align:start position:0% +let me erase e to the Z take it take log + + + align:start position:0% +let me erase e to the Z take it take log +Z okay so now I'm not doing e to the Z + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anymore and I want to find but the + + align:start position:0% +anymore and I want to find but the + + + align:start position:0% +anymore and I want to find but the +logarithm + + align:start position:0% +logarithm + + + align:start position:0% +logarithm +okay so what's the deal with the + + align:start position:0% +okay so what's the deal with the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what's the deal with the +logarithm real and imaginary part now + + align:start position:0% +logarithm real and imaginary part now + + + align:start position:0% +logarithm real and imaginary part now +I'm going to take the log of x + i + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +y that is a function of X Plus i + + align:start position:0% +y that is a function of X Plus i + + + align:start position:0% +y that is a function of X Plus i +y so where in except at one point it it + + align:start position:0% +y so where in except at one point it it + + + align:start position:0% +y so where in except at one point it it +it has a problem right there's a point + + align:start position:0% +it has a problem right there's a point + + + align:start position:0% +it has a problem right there's a point +where that isn't this this is not going + + align:start position:0% +where that isn't this this is not going + + + align:start position:0% +where that isn't this this is not going +to going to be analytic and it's uh it's + + align:start position:0% +to going to be analytic and it's uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +to going to be analytic and it's uh it's +going to there's going to be a special + + align:start position:0% +going to there's going to be a special + + + align:start position:0% +going to there's going to be a special +point in the flow which is is is + + align:start position:0% +point in the flow which is is is + + + align:start position:0% +point in the flow which is is is +singular somehow but away from that + + align:start position:0% +singular somehow but away from that + + + align:start position:0% +singular somehow but away from that +point we have a we have a nice looking + + align:start position:0% +point we have a we have a nice looking + + + align:start position:0% +point we have a we have a nice looking +function the logarithm of X Plus i y and + + align:start position:0% +function the logarithm of X Plus i y and + + + align:start position:0% +function the logarithm of X Plus i y and +now I'd like to get its real and + + align:start position:0% +now I'd like to get its real and + + + align:start position:0% +now I'd like to get its real and +imaginary Parts I'd like to know the U + + align:start position:0% +imaginary Parts I'd like to know the U + + + align:start position:0% +imaginary Parts I'd like to know the U +and the S now but nobody in their right + + align:start position:0% +and the S now but nobody in their right + + + align:start position:0% +and the S now but nobody in their right +mind wants to take the logarithm of a + + align:start position:0% +mind wants to take the logarithm of a + + + align:start position:0% +mind wants to take the logarithm of a +sum right a very foolish thing to try to + + align:start position:0% +sum right a very foolish thing to try to + + + align:start position:0% +sum right a very foolish thing to try to +do the log of a sum what would we what's + + align:start position:0% +do the log of a sum what would we what's + + + align:start position:0% +do the log of a sum what would we what's +the good way to get somewhere with this + + align:start position:0% +the good way to get somewhere with this + + + align:start position:0% +the good way to get somewhere with this +real and imaginary + + align:start position:0% +real and imaginary + + + align:start position:0% +real and imaginary +part I can take the log of + + align:start position:0% +part I can take the log of + + + align:start position:0% +part I can take the log of +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +product so I that polar is way better + + align:start position:0% +product so I that polar is way better + + + align:start position:0% +product so I that polar is way better +again I want to take this I want to + + align:start position:0% +again I want to take this I want to + + + align:start position:0% +again I want to take this I want to +write this as the log of re to the of of + + align:start position:0% +write this as the log of re to the of of + + + align:start position:0% +write this as the log of re to the of of +I want to write it that way and now + + align:start position:0% +I want to write it that way and now + + + align:start position:0% +I want to write it that way and now +what's the log of a + + align:start position:0% +what's the log of a + + + align:start position:0% +what's the log of a +product the sum of the two pieces so I + + align:start position:0% +product the sum of the two pieces so I + + + align:start position:0% +product the sum of the two pieces so I +have log + + align:start position:0% +have log + + + align:start position:0% +have log +R and what's the log and the log of e to + + align:start position:0% +R and what's the log and the log of e to + + + align:start position:0% +R and what's the log and the log of e to +the I Theta which is which is I Theta + + align:start position:0% +the I Theta which is which is I Theta + + + align:start position:0% +the I Theta which is which is I Theta +boy look this is + + align:start position:0% +boy look this is + + + align:start position:0% +boy look this is +fantastic fantastic except at zero yeah + + align:start position:0% +fantastic fantastic except at zero yeah + + + align:start position:0% +fantastic fantastic except at zero yeah +there's a I mean it's fantastic but it's + + align:start position:0% +there's a I mean it's fantastic but it's + + + align:start position:0% +there's a I mean it's fantastic but it's +got a big problem at zero + + align:start position:0% +got a big problem at zero + + + align:start position:0% +got a big problem at zero +but it's an extremely important example + + align:start position:0% +but it's an extremely important example + + + align:start position:0% +but it's an extremely important example +so here so what's the real + + align:start position:0% +so here so what's the real + + + align:start position:0% +so here so what's the real +part it's sitting there it it's this is + + align:start position:0% +part it's sitting there it it's this is + + + align:start position:0% +part it's sitting there it it's this is +this is my U this is my U of R Theta my + + align:start position:0% +this is my U this is my U of R Theta my + + + align:start position:0% +this is my U this is my U of R Theta my +U of XY whatever you want is the log of + + align:start position:0% +U of XY whatever you want is the log of + + + align:start position:0% +U of XY whatever you want is the log of +R the square root of X2 the log of the + + align:start position:0% +R the square root of X2 the log of the + + + align:start position:0% +R the square root of X2 the log of the +square root of x^2 + y^2 this let me let + + align:start position:0% +square root of x^2 + y^2 this let me let + + + align:start position:0% +square root of x^2 + y^2 this let me let +me just put it I I claim that again by + + align:start position:0% +me just put it I I claim that again by + + + align:start position:0% +me just put it I I claim that again by +this magic combination this la this R is + + align:start position:0% +this magic combination this la this R is + + + align:start position:0% +this magic combination this la this R is +theun of x^2 + y^2 I claim if you + + align:start position:0% +theun of x^2 + y^2 I claim if you + + + align:start position:0% +theun of x^2 + y^2 I claim if you +substitute that into the pluses equation + + align:start position:0% +substitute that into the pluses equation + + + align:start position:0% +substitute that into the pluses equation +you get zero it + + align:start position:0% +you get zero it + + + align:start position:0% +you get zero it +works and and what's the imaginary part + + align:start position:0% +works and and what's the imaginary part + + + align:start position:0% +works and and what's the imaginary part +the the S the S the the twin is the + + align:start position:0% +the the S the S the the twin is the + + + align:start position:0% +the the S the S the the twin is the +imaginary part which is + + align:start position:0% +imaginary part which is + + + align:start position:0% +imaginary part which is +Theta oh what is Theta in X if I wanted + + align:start position:0% +Theta oh what is Theta in X if I wanted + + + align:start position:0% +Theta oh what is Theta in X if I wanted +it in X and Y what would Theta + + align:start position:0% +it in X and Y what would Theta + + + align:start position:0% +it in X and Y what would Theta +be it's the arc tan is the angle whose + + align:start position:0% +be it's the arc tan is the angle whose + + + align:start position:0% +be it's the arc tan is the angle whose +tangent is + + align:start position:0% +tangent is + + + align:start position:0% +tangent is +something y overx yeah so if I really + + align:start position:0% +something y overx yeah so if I really + + + align:start position:0% +something y overx yeah so if I really +want it in rectangular XY stuff it's the + + align:start position:0% +want it in rectangular XY stuff it's the + + + align:start position:0% +want it in rectangular XY stuff it's the +angle whose tangent is y overx and again + + align:start position:0% +angle whose tangent is y overx and again + + + align:start position:0% +angle whose tangent is y overx and again +if you remember in calculus how to take + + align:start position:0% +if you remember in calculus how to take + + + align:start position:0% +if you remember in calculus how to take +derivatives of this thing and you plug + + align:start position:0% +derivatives of this thing and you plug + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives of this thing and you plug +it into Theus equation you get zero it + + align:start position:0% +it into Theus equation you get zero it + + + align:start position:0% +it into Theus equation you get zero it +works so that's a great solution except + + align:start position:0% +works so that's a great solution except + + + align:start position:0% +works so that's a great solution except +where + + align:start position:0% +where + + + align:start position:0% +where +at zero except at zero and we it this is + + align:start position:0% +at zero except at zero and we it this is + + + align:start position:0% +at zero except at zero and we it this is +so this tells us this doesn't tell us + + align:start position:0% +so this tells us this doesn't tell us + + + align:start position:0% +so this tells us this doesn't tell us +like what's happening at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero it it's a it's a it's a excellent + + align:start position:0% +zero it it's a it's a it's a excellent + + + align:start position:0% +zero it it's a it's a it's a excellent +solution what's the what's the uh uh + + align:start position:0% +solution what's the what's the uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +solution what's the what's the uh uh +what's the picture so part + + align:start position:0% +what's the picture so part + + + align:start position:0% +what's the picture so part +of by Wednesday's exam like I'm not + + align:start position:0% +of by Wednesday's exam like I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +of by Wednesday's exam like I'm not +expecting you expecting you to be an + + align:start position:0% +expecting you expecting you to be an + + + align:start position:0% +expecting you expecting you to be an +expert on the theory of analytic + + align:start position:0% +expert on the theory of analytic + + + align:start position:0% +expert on the theory of analytic +functions I don't expect you to know + + align:start position:0% +functions I don't expect you to know + + + align:start position:0% +functions I don't expect you to know +anything any conformal mappings by + + align:start position:0% +anything any conformal mappings by + + + align:start position:0% +anything any conformal mappings by +Wednesday God + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday God + + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday God +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +but I do expect you to have these + + align:start position:0% +but I do expect you to have these + + + align:start position:0% +but I do expect you to have these +pictures in mind so what when I draw th + + align:start position:0% +pictures in mind so what when I draw th + + + align:start position:0% +pictures in mind so what when I draw th +draw those axes what picture is it I'm + + align:start position:0% +draw those axes what picture is it I'm + + + align:start position:0% +draw those axes what picture is it I'm +I'm planning + + align:start position:0% +I'm planning + + + align:start position:0% +I'm planning +on I'm planning on the equip potentials + + align:start position:0% +on I'm planning on the equip potentials + + + align:start position:0% +on I'm planning on the equip potentials +U equal constant and the + + align:start position:0% +U equal constant and the + + + align:start position:0% +U equal constant and the +what's who are the other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +guys the stream + + align:start position:0% +guys the stream + + + align:start position:0% +guys the stream +streamlines the equ the places where the + + align:start position:0% +streamlines the equ the places where the + + + align:start position:0% +streamlines the equ the places where the +stream function so here's the potential + + align:start position:0% +stream function so here's the potential + + + align:start position:0% +stream function so here's the potential +function so where what are the equip + + align:start position:0% +function so where what are the equip + + + align:start position:0% +function so where what are the equip +potential + + align:start position:0% +potential + + + align:start position:0% +potential +curves for that guy + + align:start position:0% +curves for that guy + + + align:start position:0% +curves for that guy +circles this is a constant when R is a + + align:start position:0% +circles this is a constant when R is a + + + align:start position:0% +circles this is a constant when R is a +constant so the equipotential functions + + align:start position:0% +constant so the equipotential functions + + + align:start position:0% +constant so the equipotential functions +would be circles + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I don't want to draw that circle with + + align:start position:0% +I don't want to draw that circle with + + + align:start position:0% +I don't want to draw that circle with +radius zero though I'm I'm nervous about + + align:start position:0% +radius zero though I'm I'm nervous about + + + align:start position:0% +radius zero though I'm I'm nervous about +that one but all the others are great + + align:start position:0% +that one but all the others are great + + + align:start position:0% +that one but all the others are great +and what this what are the streamlines + + align:start position:0% +and what this what are the streamlines + + + align:start position:0% +and what this what are the streamlines +now the streamlines are the are the well + + align:start position:0% +now the streamlines are the are the well + + + align:start position:0% +now the streamlines are the are the well +you can what what will the streamlines + + align:start position:0% +you can what what will the streamlines + + + align:start position:0% +you can what what will the streamlines +be you can if I've drawn one family you + + align:start position:0% +be you can if I've drawn one family you + + + align:start position:0% +be you can if I've drawn one family you +can tell me the other + + align:start position:0% +can tell me the other + + + align:start position:0% +can tell me the other +family the streamlines will be radial + + align:start position:0% +family the streamlines will be radial + + + align:start position:0% +family the streamlines will be radial +lines + + align:start position:0% +lines + + + align:start position:0% +lines +because they have to they're going to be + + align:start position:0% +because they have to they're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +because they have to they're going to be +perpendicular to this and and what do + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to this and and what do + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to this and and what do +what so what do I get this is the stream + + align:start position:0% +what so what do I get this is the stream + + + align:start position:0% +what so what do I get this is the stream +function + + align:start position:0% +function + + + align:start position:0% +function +Theta so what's a streamline the stream + + align:start position:0% +Theta so what's a streamline the stream + + + align:start position:0% +Theta so what's a streamline the stream +function should be a constant Theta is a + + align:start position:0% +function should be a constant Theta is a + + + align:start position:0% +function should be a constant Theta is a +constant that means I'm going out on + + align:start position:0% +constant that means I'm going out on + + + align:start position:0% +constant that means I'm going out on +Rays those are + + align:start position:0% +Rays those are + + + align:start position:0% +Rays those are +all + + align:start position:0% +all + + + align:start position:0% +all +streamlines again everything fantastic + + align:start position:0% +streamlines again everything fantastic + + + align:start position:0% +streamlines again everything fantastic +if you look if you look in a little + + align:start position:0% +if you look if you look in a little + + + align:start position:0% +if you look if you look in a little +region here you see a just a beautiful + + align:start position:0% +region here you see a just a beautiful + + + align:start position:0% +region here you see a just a beautiful +picture of uh of uh equip potentials and + + align:start position:0% +picture of uh of uh equip potentials and + + + align:start position:0% +picture of uh of uh equip potentials and +streamlines Crossing them at right + + align:start position:0% +streamlines Crossing them at right + + + align:start position:0% +streamlines Crossing them at right +angles everything great just that point + + align:start position:0% +angles everything great just that point + + + align:start position:0% +angles everything great just that point +is obviously uh a + + align:start position:0% +is obviously uh a + + + align:start position:0% +is obviously uh a +problem a problem now and I'm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +suspecting uh that there's a source here + + align:start position:0% +suspecting uh that there's a source here + + + align:start position:0% +suspecting uh that there's a source here +I think there's a I think this + + align:start position:0% +I think there's a I think this + + + align:start position:0% +I think there's a I think this +flow which is given by these + + align:start position:0% +flow which is given by these + + + align:start position:0% +flow which is given by these +guys comes + + align:start position:0% +guys comes + + + align:start position:0% +guys comes +from some kind of a Delta function right + + align:start position:0% +from some kind of a Delta function right + + + align:start position:0% +from some kind of a Delta function right +there and the flow goes + + align:start position:0% +there and the flow goes + + + align:start position:0% +there and the flow goes +outwards and we know what we know so I + + align:start position:0% +outwards and we know what we know so I + + + align:start position:0% +outwards and we know what we know so I +know U I know V is the gradient of U + + align:start position:0% +know U I know V is the gradient of U + + + align:start position:0% +know U I know V is the gradient of U +right I could take the the X and Y + + align:start position:0% +right I could take the the X and Y + + + align:start position:0% +right I could take the the X and Y +derivatives I'd know the + + align:start position:0% +derivatives I'd know the + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives I'd know the +velocity uh I know the stream function + + align:start position:0% +velocity uh I know the stream function + + + align:start position:0% +velocity uh I know the stream function +the Divergence would be zero everything + + align:start position:0% +the Divergence would be zero everything + + + align:start position:0% +the Divergence would be zero everything +great except at the + + align:start position:0% +great except at the + + + align:start position:0% +great except at the +origin I think we I think we've got some + + align:start position:0% +origin I think we I think we've got some + + + align:start position:0% +origin I think we I think we've got some +action at the + + align:start position:0% +action at the + + + align:start position:0% +action at the +origin + + align:start position:0% +origin + + + align:start position:0% +origin +because I if there was + + align:start position:0% +because I if there was + + + align:start position:0% +because I if there was +no yeah I here's the here's the way to + + align:start position:0% +no yeah I here's the here's the way to + + + align:start position:0% +no yeah I here's the here's the way to +test it I I want to I want to see what's + + align:start position:0% +test it I I want to I want to see what's + + + align:start position:0% +test it I I want to I want to see what's +happening at the + + align:start position:0% +happening at the + + + align:start position:0% +happening at the +origin and I'm going to use the + + align:start position:0% +origin and I'm going to use the + + + align:start position:0% +origin and I'm going to use the +Divergence + + align:start position:0% +Divergence + + + align:start position:0% +Divergence +Theorem yeah yeah I'm going to use the + + align:start position:0% +Theorem yeah yeah I'm going to use the + + + align:start position:0% +Theorem yeah yeah I'm going to use the +Divergence Theorem so the Divergence + + align:start position:0% +Divergence Theorem so the Divergence + + + align:start position:0% +Divergence Theorem so the Divergence +theorem says what is the Divergence + + align:start position:0% +theorem says what is the Divergence + + + align:start position:0% +theorem says what is the Divergence +Theorem so this + + align:start position:0% +Theorem so this + + + align:start position:0% +Theorem so this +is this is a key this is the key thing + + align:start position:0% +is this is a key this is the key thing + + + align:start position:0% +is this is a key this is the key thing +that connects double + + align:start position:0% +that connects double + + + align:start position:0% +that connects double +integrals let me take a circle of radius + + align:start position:0% +integrals let me take a circle of radius + + + align:start position:0% +integrals let me take a circle of radius +R so that's the circle of radius r r + + align:start position:0% +R so that's the circle of radius r r + + + align:start position:0% +R so that's the circle of radius r r +could be big or little so I take this + + align:start position:0% +could be big or little so I take this + + + align:start position:0% +could be big or little so I take this +integrate over the circle of radius + + align:start position:0% +integrate over the circle of radius + + + align:start position:0% +integrate over the circle of radius +R so what's the deal V is the same as + + align:start position:0% +R so what's the deal V is the same as + + + align:start position:0% +R so what's the deal V is the same as +W what what does the Divergence Theorem + + align:start position:0% +W what what does the Divergence Theorem + + + align:start position:0% +W what what does the Divergence Theorem +tell me it tells me that if I + + align:start position:0% +tell me it tells me that if I + + + align:start position:0% +tell me it tells me that if I +integrate what do I integrate the + + align:start position:0% +integrate what do I integrate the + + + align:start position:0% +integrate what do I integrate the +Divergence of w DX + + align:start position:0% +Divergence of w DX + + + align:start position:0% +Divergence of w DX +Dy or Rd Rd + + align:start position:0% +Dy or Rd Rd + + + align:start position:0% +Dy or Rd Rd +Theta then I get the same the I get I + + align:start position:0% +Theta then I get the same the I get I + + + align:start position:0% +Theta then I get the same the I get I +get the + + align:start position:0% +get the + + + align:start position:0% +get the +flux like this is so this is a key + + align:start position:0% +flux like this is so this is a key + + + align:start position:0% +flux like this is so this is a key +identity the fundamentally I mean more + + align:start position:0% +identity the fundamentally I mean more + + + align:start position:0% +identity the fundamentally I mean more +than just a key identity it's Central + + align:start position:0% +than just a key identity it's Central + + + align:start position:0% +than just a key identity it's Central +here the the the total flow out of the + + align:start position:0% +here the the the total flow out of the + + + align:start position:0% +here the the the total flow out of the +region must make it through the boundary + + align:start position:0% +region must make it through the boundary + + + align:start position:0% +region must make it through the boundary +so I integrate this boundary and this + + align:start position:0% +so I integrate this boundary and this + + + align:start position:0% +so I integrate this boundary and this +boundary is a circle of radius R and + + align:start position:0% +boundary is a circle of radius R and + + + align:start position:0% +boundary is a circle of radius R and +what do I integrate along that that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Circle what's the what's the other side + + align:start position:0% +Circle what's the what's the other side + + + align:start position:0% +Circle what's the what's the other side +of the Divergence + + align:start position:0% +of the Divergence + + + align:start position:0% +of the Divergence +Theorem + + align:start position:0% +Theorem + + + align:start position:0% +Theorem +w.n w + + align:start position:0% +w.n w + + + align:start position:0% +w.n w +do n around the boundary + + align:start position:0% +do n around the boundary + + + align:start position:0% +do n around the boundary +okay and remember I have this nice my my + + align:start position:0% +okay and remember I have this nice my my + + + align:start position:0% +okay and remember I have this nice my my +re my my curve here is this nice + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Circle so I'm going to integrate around + + align:start position:0% +Circle so I'm going to integrate around + + + align:start position:0% +Circle so I'm going to integrate around +that Circle first of all what is + + align:start position:0% +that Circle first of all what is + + + align:start position:0% +that Circle first of all what is +n n is the normal n is by definition n + + align:start position:0% +n n is the normal n is by definition n + + + align:start position:0% +n n is the normal n is by definition n +is the norm the norm the point points + + align:start position:0% +is the norm the norm the point points + + + align:start position:0% +is the norm the norm the point points +outward straight out so it's actually + + align:start position:0% +outward straight out so it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +outward straight out so it's actually +going out that way right Y at every + + align:start position:0% +going out that way right Y at every + + + align:start position:0% +going out that way right Y at every +point it's pointing straight out and DS + + align:start position:0% +point it's pointing straight out and DS + + + align:start position:0% +point it's pointing straight out and DS +yeah I think we can figure out exactly + + align:start position:0% +yeah I think we can figure out exactly + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I think we can figure out exactly +what that right hand side + + align:start position:0% +what that right hand side + + + align:start position:0% +what that right hand side +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +because yeah what what so what what's uh + + align:start position:0% +because yeah what what so what what's uh + + + align:start position:0% +because yeah what what so what what's uh +how do I get that right hand + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +side I'm looking for w + + align:start position:0% +side I'm looking for w + + + align:start position:0% +side I'm looking for w +and I'm and then I have to integrate + + align:start position:0% +and I'm and then I have to integrate + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm and then I have to integrate +okay here's my + + align:start position:0% +okay here's my + + + align:start position:0% +okay here's my +U log R plus so yeah my U is log + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +R so what's + + align:start position:0% +R so what's + + + align:start position:0% +R so what's +the yeah so what's the gradient of log R + + align:start position:0% +the yeah so what's the gradient of log R + + + align:start position:0% +the yeah so what's the gradient of log R +it points outwards and how large is the + + align:start position:0% +it points outwards and how large is the + + + align:start position:0% +it points outwards and how large is the +derivative so the the gradients the + + align:start position:0% +derivative so the the gradients the + + + align:start position:0% +derivative so the the gradients the +derivative of this log R is 1 / + + align:start position:0% +derivative of this log R is 1 / + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of this log R is 1 / +R I think think that this comes down + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to this is the + + align:start position:0% +to this is the + + + align:start position:0% +to this is the +integral around the circle I think that + + align:start position:0% +integral around the circle I think that + + + align:start position:0% +integral around the circle I think that +this thing is 1 / + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +R right I went pretty quickly there so I + + align:start position:0% +R right I went pretty quickly there so I + + + align:start position:0% +R right I went pretty quickly there so I +I'll ask you to look in the book because + + align:start position:0% +I'll ask you to look in the book because + + + align:start position:0% +I'll ask you to look in the book because +this this is a such an important example + + align:start position:0% +this this is a such an important example + + + align:start position:0% +this this is a such an important example +that's done + + align:start position:0% +that's done + + + align:start position:0% +that's done +there uh in more detail so I'm claiming + + align:start position:0% +there uh in more detail so I'm claiming + + + align:start position:0% +there uh in more detail so I'm claiming +that the derivative is 1 / R and that it + + align:start position:0% +that the derivative is 1 / R and that it + + + align:start position:0% +that the derivative is 1 / R and that it +points directly out so uh the gradient + + align:start position:0% +points directly out so uh the gradient + + + align:start position:0% +points directly out so uh the gradient +points out the normal points out so that + + align:start position:0% +points out the normal points out so that + + + align:start position:0% +points out the normal points out so that +so that I just get exactly one / R now + + align:start position:0% +so that I just get exactly one / R now + + + align:start position:0% +so that I just get exactly one / R now +what is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +DS for integrating around a circle + + align:start position:0% +DS for integrating around a circle + + + align:start position:0% +DS for integrating around a circle +what's what's a little tiny piece of arc + + align:start position:0% +what's what's a little tiny piece of arc + + + align:start position:0% +what's what's a little tiny piece of arc +on a circle of radius r r d Theta good + + align:start position:0% +on a circle of radius r r d Theta good + + + align:start position:0% +on a circle of radius r r d Theta good +man Rd + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Theta now that's an integral I can + + align:start position:0% +Theta now that's an integral I can + + + align:start position:0% +Theta now that's an integral I can +do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right and what do I get two + + align:start position:0% +right and what do I get two + + + align:start position:0% +right and what do I get two +pi r cancels R I'm integrating D Theta + + align:start position:0% +pi r cancels R I'm integrating D Theta + + + align:start position:0% +pi r cancels R I'm integrating D Theta +around from0 to 2 pi the answer is 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pi so what do I learn from that + + align:start position:0% +pi so what do I learn from that + + + align:start position:0% +pi so what do I learn from that +I learned that somehow this Source in + + align:start position:0% +I learned that somehow this Source in + + + align:start position:0% +I learned that somehow this Source in +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +inside has Strength 2 pi what's sitting + + align:start position:0% +inside has Strength 2 pi what's sitting + + + align:start position:0% +inside has Strength 2 pi what's sitting +in there is 2 pi times a Delta function + + align:start position:0% +in there is 2 pi times a Delta function + + + align:start position:0% +in there is 2 pi times a Delta function +this this uh this is the solution + + align:start position:0% +this this uh this is the solution + + + align:start position:0% +this this uh this is the solution +to ll's equation except at that Source + + align:start position:0% +to ll's equation except at that Source + + + align:start position:0% +to ll's equation except at that Source +term so I really should say Pon equation + + align:start position:0% +term so I really should say Pon equation + + + align:start position:0% +term so I really should say Pon equation +I have this has turned out to be the Sol + + align:start position:0% +I have this has turned out to be the Sol + + + align:start position:0% +I have this has turned out to be the Sol +solution + + align:start position:0% +solution + + + align:start position:0% +solution +toon with a delta or with 2 pi * a + + align:start position:0% +toon with a delta or with 2 pi * a + + + align:start position:0% +toon with a delta or with 2 pi * a +Delta we've just solved this important + + align:start position:0% +Delta we've just solved this important + + + align:start position:0% +Delta we've just solved this important +equation the plus equation with a point + + align:start position:0% +equation the plus equation with a point + + + align:start position:0% +equation the plus equation with a point +source and and of course that's + + align:start position:0% +source and and of course that's + + + align:start position:0% +source and and of course that's +important because when you can solve + + align:start position:0% +important because when you can solve + + + align:start position:0% +important because when you can solve +with a point source you can put together + + align:start position:0% +with a point source you can put together + + + align:start position:0% +with a point source you can put together +all sorts of + + align:start position:0% +all sorts of + + + align:start position:0% +all sorts of +sources so and this is called the greens + + align:start position:0% +sources so and this is called the greens + + + align:start position:0% +sources so and this is called the greens +function the greens function is the + + align:start position:0% +function the greens function is the + + + align:start position:0% +function the greens function is the +solution when the right when the source + + align:start position:0% +solution when the right when the source + + + align:start position:0% +solution when the right when the source +is a Delta so if I divide by 2 pi now + + align:start position:0% +is a Delta so if I divide by 2 pi now + + + align:start position:0% +is a Delta so if I divide by 2 pi now +I've got it I divide this by 2 pi and + + align:start position:0% +I've got it I divide this by 2 pi and + + + align:start position:0% +I've got it I divide this by 2 pi and +there is the greens function I I have to + + align:start position:0% +there is the greens function I I have to + + + align:start position:0% +there is the greens function I I have to +put that in in uh bold letters greens + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function it's the + + align:start position:0% +function it's the + + + align:start position:0% +function it's the +solution to the equation when the source + + align:start position:0% +solution to the equation when the source + + + align:start position:0% +solution to the equation when the source +is a Delta and the answer is you is the + + align:start position:0% +is a Delta and the answer is you is the + + + align:start position:0% +is a Delta and the answer is you is the +log of R over 2 pi so that's the green + + align:start position:0% +log of R over 2 pi so that's the green + + + align:start position:0% +log of R over 2 pi so that's the green +function in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +2D physicists you know they live and die + + align:start position:0% +2D physicists you know they live and die + + + align:start position:0% +2D physicists you know they live and die +with these green function live let's say + + align:start position:0% +with these green function live let's say + + + align:start position:0% +with these green function live let's say +with green functions and they would want + + align:start position:0% +with green functions and they would want + + + align:start position:0% +with green functions and they would want +to know the greens function in + + align:start position:0% +to know the greens function in + + + align:start position:0% +to know the greens function in +3D so the greens function in three + + align:start position:0% +3D so the greens function in three + + + align:start position:0% +3D so the greens function in three +dimensions it also turns out beautifully + + align:start position:0% +dimensions it also turns out beautifully + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions it also turns out beautifully +this is + + align:start position:0% +this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is +in they would say in free space this is + + align:start position:0% +in they would say in free space this is + + + align:start position:0% +in they would say in free space this is +the greens function when there no no + + align:start position:0% +the greens function when there no no + + + align:start position:0% +the greens function when there no no +other charges nothing is happening + + align:start position:0% +other charges nothing is happening + + + align:start position:0% +other charges nothing is happening +except for the charge right at the + + align:start position:0% +except for the charge right at the + + + align:start position:0% +except for the charge right at the +center and if it's if the if I'm in two + + align:start position:0% +center and if it's if the if I'm in two + + + align:start position:0% +center and if it's if the if I'm in two +Dimensions it's the the green function + + align:start position:0% +Dimensions it's the the green function + + + align:start position:0% +Dimensions it's the the green function +is this log R so it grows more slowly it + + align:start position:0% +is this log R so it grows more slowly it + + + align:start position:0% +is this log R so it grows more slowly it +sorry + + align:start position:0% +sorry + + + align:start position:0% +sorry +yeah it behaves like log R and in 3D I + + align:start position:0% +yeah it behaves like log R and in 3D I + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it behaves like log R and in 3D I +think the answer is 1 over 4 pi r it's + + align:start position:0% +think the answer is 1 over 4 pi r it's + + + align:start position:0% +think the answer is 1 over 4 pi r it's +just amazing that these um that those + + align:start position:0% +just amazing that these um that those + + + align:start position:0% +just amazing that these um that those +greens functions when the right side is + + align:start position:0% +greens functions when the right side is + + + align:start position:0% +greens functions when the right side is +a Delta uh have nice have such nice + + align:start position:0% +a Delta uh have nice have such nice + + + align:start position:0% +a Delta uh have nice have such nice +formulas + + align:start position:0% +formulas + + + align:start position:0% +formulas +okay let me take one moment here because + + align:start position:0% +okay let me take one moment here because + + + align:start position:0% +okay let me take one moment here because +I'm not going to get a I'll tell you + + align:start position:0% +I'm not going to get a I'll tell you + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not going to get a I'll tell you +what conformal mapping is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +about but but what's your take-home from + + align:start position:0% +about but but what's your take-home from + + + align:start position:0% +about but but what's your take-home from +this lecture + + align:start position:0% +this lecture + + + align:start position:0% +this lecture +your take-home is two + + align:start position:0% +your take-home is two + + + align:start position:0% +your take-home is two +methods + + align:start position:0% +methods + + + align:start position:0% +methods +that that we can really use to get a + + align:start position:0% +that that we can really use to get a + + + align:start position:0% +that that we can really use to get a +formula for the answer one method + + align:start position:0% +formula for the answer one method + + + align:start position:0% +formula for the answer one method +was uh for lassus equation in a + + align:start position:0% +was uh for lassus equation in a + + + align:start position:0% +was uh for lassus equation in a +circle get the boundary conditions in a + + align:start position:0% +circle get the boundary conditions in a + + + align:start position:0% +circle get the boundary conditions in a +series of signs and cosiness and then + + align:start position:0% +series of signs and cosiness and then + + + align:start position:0% +series of signs and cosiness and then +just put in the RS that that we + + align:start position:0% +just put in the RS that that we + + + align:start position:0% +just put in the RS that that we +need that's a simple simple method + + align:start position:0% +need that's a simple simple method + + + align:start position:0% +need that's a simple simple method +provided we can get started with the 4A + + align:start position:0% +provided we can get started with the 4A + + + align:start position:0% +provided we can get started with the 4A +series The the second method is look at + + align:start position:0% +series The the second method is look at + + + align:start position:0% +series The the second method is look at +functions of X Plus i y and try to pick + + align:start position:0% +functions of X Plus i y and try to pick + + + align:start position:0% +functions of X Plus i y and try to pick +one that matches your problem and if + + align:start position:0% +one that matches your problem and if + + + align:start position:0% +one that matches your problem and if +your problem has a point + + align:start position:0% +your problem has a point + + + align:start position:0% +your problem has a point +source at the origin we found the + + align:start position:0% +source at the origin we found the + + + align:start position:0% +source at the origin we found the +one so the the literature for hundreds + + align:start position:0% +one so the the literature for hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +one so the the literature for hundreds +of years is is a aimed at solving other + + align:start position:0% +of years is is a aimed at solving other + + + align:start position:0% +of years is is a aimed at solving other +problems if the point is somewhere else + + align:start position:0% +problems if the point is somewhere else + + + align:start position:0% +problems if the point is somewhere else +what happens that's that's not hard if + + align:start position:0% +what happens that's that's not hard if + + + align:start position:0% +what happens that's that's not hard if +it's not a point source but some other + + align:start position:0% +it's not a point source but some other + + + align:start position:0% +it's not a point source but some other +kind of source or if the region is not a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +circle can I say in one final sentence + + align:start position:0% +circle can I say in one final sentence + + + align:start position:0% +circle can I say in one final sentence +just what to do this conformal mapping + + align:start position:0% +just what to do this conformal mapping + + + align:start position:0% +just what to do this conformal mapping +idea when the region is not a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +circle well I can say it in one word + + align:start position:0% +circle well I can say it in one word + + + align:start position:0% +circle well I can say it in one word +make it a circle I mean that's what + + align:start position:0% +make it a circle I mean that's what + + + align:start position:0% +make it a circle I mean that's what +reman said you could do it you could + + align:start position:0% +reman said you could do it you could + + + align:start position:0% +reman said you could do it you could +think of a function so reman said that + + align:start position:0% +think of a function so reman said that + + + align:start position:0% +think of a function so reman said that +there's always some function of X Plus i + + align:start position:0% +there's always some function of X Plus i + + + align:start position:0% +there's always some function of X Plus i +y let me call this remon's function + + align:start position:0% +y let me call this remon's function + + + align:start position:0% +y let me call this remon's function +capital F of + + align:start position:0% +capital F of + + + align:start position:0% +capital F of +XY so this is now the idea of conformal + + align:start position:0% +XY so this is now the idea of conformal + + + align:start position:0% +XY so this is now the idea of conformal +mapping change + + align:start position:0% +mapping change + + + align:start position:0% +mapping change +variables conformal mapping is a is a + + align:start position:0% +variables conformal mapping is a is a + + + align:start position:0% +variables conformal mapping is a is a +change of VAR he picks some function and + + align:start position:0% +change of VAR he picks some function and + + + align:start position:0% +change of VAR he picks some function and +let its real part be X and let its + + align:start position:0% +let its real part be X and let its + + + align:start position:0% +let its real part be X and let its +imaginary part b y capital + + align:start position:0% +imaginary part b y capital + + + align:start position:0% +imaginary part b y capital +Y okay this is totally ridiculous to put + + align:start position:0% +Y okay this is totally ridiculous to put + + + align:start position:0% +Y okay this is totally ridiculous to put +conformal mapping in 30 seconds + + align:start position:0% +conformal mapping in 30 seconds + + + align:start position:0% +conformal mapping in 30 seconds +but never + + align:start position:0% +but never + + + align:start position:0% +but never +mind let's just do it and the book + + align:start position:0% +mind let's just do it and the book + + + align:start position:0% +mind let's just do it and the book +describes conformal mappings and + + align:start position:0% +describes conformal mappings and + + + align:start position:0% +describes conformal mappings and +classical applied math uh courses do + + align:start position:0% +classical applied math uh courses do + + + align:start position:0% +classical applied math uh courses do +much more with conformal mappings but + + align:start position:0% +much more with conformal mappings but + + + align:start position:0% +much more with conformal mappings but +the truth is + + align:start position:0% +the truth is + + + align:start position:0% +the truth is +computationally they're not and anything + + align:start position:0% +computationally they're not and anything + + + align:start position:0% +computationally they're not and anything +like as much used as as these so what's + + align:start position:0% +like as much used as as these so what's + + + align:start position:0% +like as much used as as these so what's +the idea the idea is to find a neat + + align:start position:0% +the idea the idea is to find a neat + + + align:start position:0% +the idea the idea is to find a neat +function of X Plus i y so that your + + align:start position:0% +function of X Plus i y so that your + + + align:start position:0% +function of X Plus i y so that your +crazy boundary becomes a circle in the + + align:start position:0% +crazy boundary becomes a circle in the + + + align:start position:0% +crazy boundary becomes a circle in the +in the capital x capital Y + + align:start position:0% +in the capital x capital Y + + + align:start position:0% +in the capital x capital Y +variables So you you're you're mapping + + align:start position:0% +variables So you you're you're mapping + + + align:start position:0% +variables So you you're you're mapping +the region ellipse whatever it looks + + align:start position:0% +the region ellipse whatever it looks + + + align:start position:0% +the region ellipse whatever it looks +like by by changing from Little X little + + align:start position:0% +like by by changing from Little X little + + + align:start position:0% +like by by changing from Little X little +Y where it was an ellipse + + align:start position:0% +Y where it was an ellipse + + + align:start position:0% +Y where it was an ellipse +to capital x capital Y where it's a + + align:start position:0% +to capital x capital Y where it's a + + + align:start position:0% +to capital x capital Y where it's a +circle and the point is ll's equation + + align:start position:0% +circle and the point is ll's equation + + + align:start position:0% +circle and the point is ll's equation +stays lass's equation that change of + + align:start position:0% +stays lass's equation that change of + + + align:start position:0% +stays lass's equation that change of +variables does not mess up the pla + + align:start position:0% +variables does not mess up the pla + + + align:start position:0% +variables does not mess up the pla +equation so that then you've got it in a + + align:start position:0% +equation so that then you've got it in a + + + align:start position:0% +equation so that then you've got it in a +circle you solve it in a circle for + + align:start position:0% +circle you solve it in a circle for + + + align:start position:0% +circle you solve it in a circle for +these guys and then you go back in a + + align:start position:0% +these guys and then you go back in a + + + align:start position:0% +these guys and then you go back in a +word the you're able to solve leoes + + align:start position:0% +word the you're able to solve leoes + + + align:start position:0% +word the you're able to solve leoes +equation in this crazy region because + + align:start position:0% +equation in this crazy region because + + + align:start position:0% +equation in this crazy region because +you never leave the magic X+ i y you you + + align:start position:0% +you never leave the magic X+ i y you you + + + align:start position:0% +you never leave the magic X+ i y you you +you you find a combination with that + + align:start position:0% +you you find a combination with that + + + align:start position:0% +you you find a combination with that +magic X+ i y that makes your region into + + align:start position:0% +magic X+ i y that makes your region into + + + align:start position:0% +magic X+ i y that makes your region into +a circle in the circle we we now know + + align:start position:0% +a circle in the circle we we now know + + + align:start position:0% +a circle in the circle we we now know +how to use capital X plus I capital + + align:start position:0% +how to use capital X plus I capital + + + align:start position:0% +how to use capital X plus I capital +Y it's you you're staying with that + + align:start position:0% +Y it's you you're staying with that + + + align:start position:0% +Y it's you you're staying with that +magic combination and getting the region + + align:start position:0% +magic combination and getting the region + + + align:start position:0% +magic combination and getting the region +to be what you like so people know a lot + + align:start position:0% +to be what you like so people know a lot + + + align:start position:0% +to be what you like so people know a lot +of these conformal mappings a famous one + + align:start position:0% +of these conformal mappings a famous one + + + align:start position:0% +of these conformal mappings a famous one +is the jowy one that uh that takes + + align:start position:0% +is the jowy one that uh that takes + + + align:start position:0% +is the jowy one that uh that takes +something that looks very like an air + + align:start position:0% +something that looks very like an air + + + align:start position:0% +something that looks very like an air +foil and you can get a circle out of it + + align:start position:0% +foil and you can get a circle out of it + + + align:start position:0% +foil and you can get a circle out of it +so the I'll put down jakowski name uh so + + align:start position:0% +so the I'll put down jakowski name uh so + + + align:start position:0% +so the I'll put down jakowski name uh so +that's that's one that I trust course + + align:start position:0% +that's that's one that I trust course + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's one that I trust course + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +uh still uh finds valuable it's it's a + + align:start position:0% +uh still uh finds valuable it's it's a + + + align:start position:0% +uh still uh finds valuable it's it's a +it's a transformation that that uh + + align:start position:0% +it's a transformation that that uh + + + align:start position:0% +it's a transformation that that uh +takes certain shape shes and they + + align:start position:0% +takes certain shape shes and they + + + align:start position:0% +takes certain shape shes and they +include shapes that look like air foils + + align:start position:0% +include shapes that look like air foils + + + align:start position:0% +include shapes that look like air foils +and produces circles okay + + align:start position:0% +and produces circles okay + + + align:start position:0% +and produces circles okay +so sorry about a quick uh such a quick + + align:start position:0% +so sorry about a quick uh such a quick + + + align:start position:0% +so sorry about a quick uh such a quick +presentation of such a basic subject uh + + align:start position:0% +presentation of such a basic subject uh + + + align:start position:0% +presentation of such a basic subject uh +conformal mapping not on any exam that'd + + align:start position:0% +conformal mapping not on any exam that'd + + + align:start position:0% +conformal mapping not on any exam that'd +be impossible uh it's really this stuff + + align:start position:0% +be impossible uh it's really this stuff + + + align:start position:0% +be impossible uh it's really this stuff +that you're number one responsible for + + align:start position:0% +that you're number one responsible for + + + align:start position:0% +that you're number one responsible for +okay \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/uNOyxQwIV8o.txt b/uNOyxQwIV8o.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..60d5bae489c17024004da103a8aaf1f0f0362bd5 --- /dev/null +++ b/uNOyxQwIV8o.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7455 @@ +align:start position:0% + +Everything I say today is going to be + + align:start position:0% +Everything I say today is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +Everything I say today is going to be +for n byn systems but + + align:start position:0% +for n byn systems but + + + align:start position:0% +for n byn systems but +uh for your calculations in the exams 2 + + align:start position:0% +uh for your calculations in the exams 2 + + + align:start position:0% +uh for your calculations in the exams 2 +by two will be good + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +enough. So our system looks like that. + + align:start position:0% +enough. So our system looks like that. + + + align:start position:0% +enough. So our system looks like that. +Uh notice I'm talking today about the + + align:start position:0% +Uh notice I'm talking today about the + + + align:start position:0% +Uh notice I'm talking today about the +homogeneous system not the inhomogeneous + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous system not the inhomogeneous + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous system not the inhomogeneous +system. So + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +homogeneous and uh we have so far two + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous and uh we have so far two + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous and uh we have so far two +basic methods of solving it. Uh the + + align:start position:0% +basic methods of solving it. Uh the + + + align:start position:0% +basic methods of solving it. Uh the +first one on which we spent the most + + align:start position:0% +first one on which we spent the most + + + align:start position:0% +first one on which we spent the most +time is the method of where you + + align:start position:0% +time is the method of where you + + + align:start position:0% +time is the method of where you +calculate the igen values of the matrix + + align:start position:0% +calculate the igen values of the matrix + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the igen values of the matrix +the igen vectors and put them together + + align:start position:0% +the igen vectors and put them together + + + align:start position:0% +the igen vectors and put them together +to make the general solution. So igen + + align:start position:0% +to make the general solution. So igen + + + align:start position:0% +to make the general solution. So igen +values e vectors and so on. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +A second method which I gave you last + + align:start position:0% +A second method which I gave you last + + + align:start position:0% +A second method which I gave you last +time I called the royal road simply + + align:start position:0% +time I called the royal road simply + + + align:start position:0% +time I called the royal road simply +calculates the matrix e to the a and + + align:start position:0% +calculates the matrix e to the a and + + + align:start position:0% +calculates the matrix e to the a and +says that the solution is e to the a * + + align:start position:0% +says that the solution is e to the a * + + + align:start position:0% +says that the solution is e to the a * +x0 the initial condition that's very + + align:start position:0% +x0 the initial condition that's very + + + align:start position:0% +x0 the initial condition that's very +elegant or the only problem is that to + + align:start position:0% +elegant or the only problem is that to + + + align:start position:0% +elegant or the only problem is that to +calculate the matrix e to the a although + + align:start position:0% +calculate the matrix e to the a although + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the matrix e to the a although +sometimes you can do it by its + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you can do it by its + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you can do it by its +definition as an infinite series most of + + align:start position:0% +definition as an infinite series most of + + + align:start position:0% +definition as an infinite series most of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +time. The only way to calculate the + + align:start position:0% +time. The only way to calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +time. The only way to calculate the +matrix E to the A is by using the + + align:start position:0% +matrix E to the A is by using the + + + align:start position:0% +matrix E to the A is by using the +fundamental matrix. In other words, + + align:start position:0% +fundamental matrix. In other words, + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental matrix. In other words, +normal the normal way of doing it is you + + align:start position:0% +normal the normal way of doing it is you + + + align:start position:0% +normal the normal way of doing it is you +have to calculate it as the fundamental + + align:start position:0% +have to calculate it as the fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +have to calculate it as the fundamental +matrix time normalized at zero. So as I + + align:start position:0% +matrix time normalized at zero. So as I + + + align:start position:0% +matrix time normalized at zero. So as I +explained at the end of last time and + + align:start position:0% +explained at the end of last time and + + + align:start position:0% +explained at the end of last time and +you've practiced in the + + align:start position:0% +you've practiced in the + + + align:start position:0% +you've practiced in the +recitations, you have to find the + + align:start position:0% +recitations, you have to find the + + + align:start position:0% +recitations, you have to find the +fundamental matrix which of course you + + align:start position:0% +fundamental matrix which of course you + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental matrix which of course you +have to do by igen values and igen + + align:start position:0% +have to do by igen values and igen + + + align:start position:0% +have to do by igen values and igen +vectors and then you multiply it by its + + align:start position:0% +vectors and then you multiply it by its + + + align:start position:0% +vectors and then you multiply it by its +value at zero + + align:start position:0% +value at zero + + + align:start position:0% +value at zero +inverse and that by magic turns out to + + align:start position:0% +inverse and that by magic turns out to + + + align:start position:0% +inverse and that by magic turns out to +be the same as the exponential matrix. + + align:start position:0% +be the same as the exponential matrix. + + + align:start position:0% +be the same as the exponential matrix. +But of course there has been no gain in + + align:start position:0% +But of course there has been no gain in + + + align:start position:0% +But of course there has been no gain in +simplicity or no gain in ease of + + align:start position:0% +simplicity or no gain in ease of + + + align:start position:0% +simplicity or no gain in ease of +calculation. The only difference is that + + align:start position:0% +calculation. The only difference is that + + + align:start position:0% +calculation. The only difference is that +the language has been changed. Now the + + align:start position:0% +the language has been changed. Now the + + + align:start position:0% +the language has been changed. Now the +today is going to be devoted to yet + + align:start position:0% +today is going to be devoted to yet + + + align:start position:0% +today is going to be devoted to yet +another method which saves no work at + + align:start position:0% +another method which saves no work at + + + align:start position:0% +another method which saves no work at +all and it only amounts to a change of + + align:start position:0% +all and it only amounts to a change of + + + align:start position:0% +all and it only amounts to a change of +language. The only reason I give it to + + align:start position:0% +language. The only reason I give it to + + + align:start position:0% +language. The only reason I give it to +you is because I've been begged by + + align:start position:0% +you is because I've been begged by + + + align:start position:0% +you is because I've been begged by +various engineering departments to do so + + align:start position:0% +various engineering departments to do so + + + align:start position:0% +various engineering departments to do so +because that is the language they use. + + align:start position:0% +because that is the language they use. + + + align:start position:0% +because that is the language they use. +In other words, each every every each + + align:start position:0% +In other words, each every every each + + + align:start position:0% +In other words, each every every each +person who solves + + align:start position:0% +person who solves + + + align:start position:0% +person who solves +systems, some like to use fundamental + + align:start position:0% +systems, some like to use fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +systems, some like to use fundamental +matrices, some just calculate, some + + align:start position:0% +matrices, some just calculate, some + + + align:start position:0% +matrices, some just calculate, some +immediately convert the system by + + align:start position:0% +immediately convert the system by + + + align:start position:0% +immediately convert the system by +elimination into a single first or + + align:start position:0% +elimination into a single first or + + + align:start position:0% +elimination into a single first or +single higher order equation because + + align:start position:0% +single higher order equation because + + + align:start position:0% +single higher order equation because +they're more comfortable with that. Some + + align:start position:0% +they're more comfortable with that. Some + + + align:start position:0% +they're more comfortable with that. Some +talk, especially if they're writing + + align:start position:0% +talk, especially if they're writing + + + align:start position:0% +talk, especially if they're writing +papers, they talk exponential matrices. + + align:start position:0% +papers, they talk exponential matrices. + + + align:start position:0% +papers, they talk exponential matrices. +uh but there are certain number of + + align:start position:0% +uh but there are certain number of + + + align:start position:0% +uh but there are certain number of +engineers and scientists who talk + + align:start position:0% +engineers and scientists who talk + + + align:start position:0% +engineers and scientists who talk +decoupling express this the problem and + + align:start position:0% +decoupling express this the problem and + + + align:start position:0% +decoupling express this the problem and +the answer in terms of decoupling and + + align:start position:0% +the answer in terms of decoupling and + + + align:start position:0% +the answer in terms of decoupling and +that's therefore what I have to explain + + align:start position:0% +that's therefore what I have to explain + + + align:start position:0% +that's therefore what I have to explain +to you today. So the third method, + + align:start position:0% +to you today. So the third method, + + + align:start position:0% +to you today. So the third method, +today's method, I stress it's no more + + align:start position:0% +today's method, I stress it's no more + + + align:start position:0% +today's method, I stress it's no more +than a change really no more than a + + align:start position:0% +than a change really no more than a + + + align:start position:0% +than a change really no more than a +change of language. And I feel a little + + align:start position:0% +change of language. And I feel a little + + + align:start position:0% +change of language. And I feel a little +guilty about the whole business because + + align:start position:0% +guilty about the whole business because + + + align:start position:0% +guilty about the whole business because +it's uh you know instead of going more + + align:start position:0% +it's uh you know instead of going more + + + align:start position:0% +it's uh you know instead of going more +deeply into studying these equations, + + align:start position:0% +deeply into studying these equations, + + + align:start position:0% +deeply into studying these equations, +what I'm doing is uh it's like giving a + + align:start position:0% +what I'm doing is uh it's like giving a + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm doing is uh it's like giving a +language course and uh uh I'm teaching + + align:start position:0% +language course and uh uh I'm teaching + + + align:start position:0% +language course and uh uh I'm teaching +you how to say hello and goodbye in + + align:start position:0% +you how to say hello and goodbye in + + + align:start position:0% +you how to say hello and goodbye in +French, German, Spanish, Italian. uh + + align:start position:0% +French, German, Spanish, Italian. uh + + + align:start position:0% +French, German, Spanish, Italian. uh +it's not going very deeply into any of + + align:start position:0% +it's not going very deeply into any of + + + align:start position:0% +it's not going very deeply into any of +those languages but I have you're going + + align:start position:0% +those languages but I have you're going + + + align:start position:0% +those languages but I have you're going +into the outside world where people will + + align:start position:0% +into the outside world where people will + + + align:start position:0% +into the outside world where people will +speak these things. So uh here's an + + align:start position:0% +speak these things. So uh here's an + + + align:start position:0% +speak these things. So uh here's an +introduction to the language of + + align:start position:0% +introduction to the language of + + + align:start position:0% +introduction to the language of +decoupling in which some people is is + + align:start position:0% +decoupling in which some people is is + + + align:start position:0% +decoupling in which some people is is +the exclusive language in which they + + align:start position:0% +the exclusive language in which they + + + align:start position:0% +the exclusive language in which they +talk about systems. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh now I think the best way + + align:start position:0% +uh now I think the best way + + + align:start position:0% +uh now I think the best way +to well in a general way what you try to + + align:start position:0% +to well in a general way what you try to + + + align:start position:0% +to well in a general way what you try to +do is as follows you try to introduce + + align:start position:0% +do is as follows you try to introduce + + + align:start position:0% +do is as follows you try to introduce +new + + align:start position:0% +new + + + align:start position:0% +new +variables you make a change of variables + + align:start position:0% +variables you make a change of variables + + + align:start position:0% +variables you make a change of variables +I'm going to do it just uh two by two + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do it just uh two by two + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do it just uh two by two +just to save a lot of writing out and so + + align:start position:0% +just to save a lot of writing out and so + + + align:start position:0% +just to save a lot of writing out and so +let's call the change it's a it's going + + align:start position:0% +let's call the change it's a it's going + + + align:start position:0% +let's call the change it's a it's going +to be a linear change of variables + + align:start position:0% +to be a linear change of variables + + + align:start position:0% +to be a linear change of variables +because we're interested in linear + + align:start position:0% +because we're interested in linear + + + align:start position:0% +because we're interested in linear +systems so the problem is to find U and + + align:start position:0% +systems so the problem is to find U and + + + align:start position:0% +systems so the problem is to find U and +V such that something wonderful happens. + + align:start position:0% +V such that something wonderful happens. + + + align:start position:0% +V such that something wonderful happens. +Such that when you make the change of + + align:start position:0% +Such that when you make the change of + + + align:start position:0% +Such that when you make the change of +variables to express this system in + + align:start position:0% +variables to express this system in + + + align:start position:0% +variables to express this system in +terms of U and V, it becomes decoupled. + + align:start position:0% +terms of U and V, it becomes decoupled. + + + align:start position:0% +terms of U and V, it becomes decoupled. +And that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +means the system turns into a system + + align:start position:0% +means the system turns into a system + + + align:start position:0% +means the system turns into a system +which looks like u prime equals k1 * u + + align:start position:0% +which looks like u prime equals k1 * u + + + align:start position:0% +which looks like u prime equals k1 * u +and v prime = k2 * v. such a system is + + align:start position:0% +and v prime = k2 * v. such a system is + + + align:start position:0% +and v prime = k2 * v. such a system is +called decoupled. Why? + + align:start position:0% +called decoupled. Why? + + + align:start position:0% +called decoupled. Why? +Well, and a system a normal system is + + align:start position:0% +Well, and a system a normal system is + + + align:start position:0% +Well, and a system a normal system is +called coupled. Let's write it out what + + align:start position:0% +called coupled. Let's write it out what + + + align:start position:0% +called coupled. Let's write it out what +it would be. it would look like uh oh I + + align:start position:0% +it would be. it would look like uh oh I + + + align:start position:0% +it would be. it would look like uh oh I +can't use a let's not write it out you + + align:start position:0% +can't use a let's not write it out you + + + align:start position:0% +can't use a let's not write it out you +know what it looks like + + align:start position:0% +know what it looks like + + + align:start position:0% +know what it looks like +uh this is decoupled because it's not + + align:start position:0% +uh this is decoupled because it's not + + + align:start position:0% +uh this is decoupled because it's not +really a system at all it's just two + + align:start position:0% +really a system at all it's just two + + + align:start position:0% +really a system at all it's just two +first order equations sitting side by + + align:start position:0% +first order equations sitting side by + + + align:start position:0% +first order equations sitting side by +side and having nothing whatever to do + + align:start position:0% +side and having nothing whatever to do + + + align:start position:0% +side and having nothing whatever to do +with each other it's this is two + + align:start position:0% +with each other it's this is two + + + align:start position:0% +with each other it's this is two +problems from the first day of the term + + align:start position:0% +problems from the first day of the term + + + align:start position:0% +problems from the first day of the term +it is not one problem from the next to + + align:start position:0% +it is not one problem from the next to + + + align:start position:0% +it is not one problem from the next to +last day of the term in other words to + + align:start position:0% +last day of the term in other words to + + + align:start position:0% +last day of the term in other words to +solve this all you say is you is equal + + align:start position:0% +solve this all you say is you is equal + + + align:start position:0% +solve this all you say is you is equal +to a constant is some constant times e + + align:start position:0% +to a constant is some constant times e + + + align:start position:0% +to a constant is some constant times e +to the k1t and v equals another constant + + align:start position:0% +to the k1t and v equals another constant + + + align:start position:0% +to the k1t and v equals another constant +times e to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +k2t. Coupled + + align:start position:0% +k2t. Coupled + + + align:start position:0% +k2t. Coupled +means coupled means that the x and y + + align:start position:0% +means coupled means that the x and y + + + align:start position:0% +means coupled means that the x and y +occur in both both occur in both + + align:start position:0% +occur in both both occur in both + + + align:start position:0% +occur in both both occur in both +equations on the right hand side and + + align:start position:0% +equations on the right hand side and + + + align:start position:0% +equations on the right hand side and +therefore you cannot solve separately + + align:start position:0% +therefore you cannot solve separately + + + align:start position:0% +therefore you cannot solve separately +for x and y. You must solve together for + + align:start position:0% +for x and y. You must solve together for + + + align:start position:0% +for x and y. You must solve together for +both of them. Here I can solve + + align:start position:0% +both of them. Here I can solve + + + align:start position:0% +both of them. Here I can solve +separately for U and V and therefore + + align:start position:0% +separately for U and V and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +separately for U and V and therefore +they have the system has been + + align:start position:0% +they have the system has been + + + align:start position:0% +they have the system has been +decoupled. Now obviously if you can do + + align:start position:0% +decoupled. Now obviously if you can do + + + align:start position:0% +decoupled. Now obviously if you can do +that it's an enormous advantage not just + + align:start position:0% +that it's an enormous advantage not just + + + align:start position:0% +that it's an enormous advantage not just +to the ease of solution because you can + + align:start position:0% +to the ease of solution because you can + + + align:start position:0% +to the ease of solution because you can +write down the solution immediately but + + align:start position:0% +write down the solution immediately but + + + align:start position:0% +write down the solution immediately but +because something physical must be going + + align:start position:0% +because something physical must be going + + + align:start position:0% +because something physical must be going +on there. There must be some insight + + align:start position:0% +on there. There must be some insight + + + align:start position:0% +on there. There must be some insight +there must be there ought to be some + + align:start position:0% +there must be there ought to be some + + + align:start position:0% +there must be there ought to be some +physical reason for these new + + align:start position:0% +physical reason for these new + + + align:start position:0% +physical reason for these new +variables. Now that's what I plan to + + align:start position:0% +variables. Now that's what I plan to + + + align:start position:0% +variables. Now that's what I plan to +start with. So my plan for the lecture + + align:start position:0% +start with. So my plan for the lecture + + + align:start position:0% +start with. So my plan for the lecture +is first to work out + + align:start position:0% +is first to work out + + + align:start position:0% +is first to work out +in some detail a specific example where + + align:start position:0% +in some detail a specific example where + + + align:start position:0% +in some detail a specific example where +the decoupling is done to show how that + + align:start position:0% +the decoupling is done to show how that + + + align:start position:0% +the decoupling is done to show how that +leads to the + + align:start position:0% +leads to the + + + align:start position:0% +leads to the +solution and then we'll go back and see + + align:start position:0% +solution and then we'll go back and see + + + align:start position:0% +solution and then we'll go back and see +how to do it in general because you will + + align:start position:0% +how to do it in general because you will + + + align:start position:0% +how to do it in general because you will +see that as I do the decoupling in this + + align:start position:0% +see that as I do the decoupling in this + + + align:start position:0% +see that as I do the decoupling in this +particular example that that particular + + align:start position:0% +particular example that that particular + + + align:start position:0% +particular example that that particular +method though it's suggestive it will + + align:start position:0% +method though it's suggestive it will + + + align:start position:0% +method though it's suggestive it will +not work in general. I need a more + + align:start position:0% +not work in general. I need a more + + + align:start position:0% +not work in general. I need a more +general method. But let's first go to + + align:start position:0% +general method. But let's first go to + + + align:start position:0% +general method. But let's first go to +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +example. It's like one it's a slight + + align:start position:0% +example. It's like one it's a slight + + + align:start position:0% +example. It's like one it's a slight +modification of one you should have done + + align:start position:0% +modification of one you should have done + + + align:start position:0% +modification of one you should have done +in recitation. I didn't I don't think I + + align:start position:0% +in recitation. I didn't I don't think I + + + align:start position:0% +in recitation. I didn't I don't think I +worked one of these in the uh lecture + + align:start position:0% +worked one of these in the uh lecture + + + align:start position:0% +worked one of these in the uh lecture +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +uh to describe it uh I have to draw two + + align:start position:0% +uh to describe it uh I have to draw two + + + align:start position:0% +uh to describe it uh I have to draw two +views of it to make sure you know + + align:start position:0% +views of it to make sure you know + + + align:start position:0% +views of it to make sure you know +exactly what I'm talking about. So it's + + align:start position:0% +exactly what I'm talking about. So it's + + + align:start position:0% +exactly what I'm talking about. So it's +our old sometimes it's called an ice + + align:start position:0% +our old sometimes it's called an ice + + + align:start position:0% +our old sometimes it's called an ice +cube the two compartment ice cube tray + + align:start position:0% +cube the two compartment ice cube tray + + + align:start position:0% +cube the two compartment ice cube tray +problem. You know, you fill an ice and + + align:start position:0% +problem. You know, you fill an ice and + + + align:start position:0% +problem. You know, you fill an ice and +it's a very old-fashioned type of ice + + align:start position:0% +it's a very old-fashioned type of ice + + + align:start position:0% +it's a very old-fashioned type of ice +cube tray, not a modern one, which is + + align:start position:0% +cube tray, not a modern one, which is + + + align:start position:0% +cube tray, not a modern one, which is +all all plastic and where there's no + + align:start position:0% +all all plastic and where there's no + + + align:start position:0% +all all plastic and where there's no +leaking from one compartment to another, + + align:start position:0% +leaking from one compartment to another, + + + align:start position:0% +leaking from one compartment to another, +but the old kind of ice cube tray, you + + align:start position:0% +but the old kind of ice cube tray, you + + + align:start position:0% +but the old kind of ice cube tray, you +know, you there were compartments and + + align:start position:0% +know, you there were compartments and + + + align:start position:0% +know, you there were compartments and +these were metal separators and you + + align:start position:0% +these were metal separators and you + + + align:start position:0% +these were metal separators and you +leveled the liquid because it could leak + + align:start position:0% +leveled the liquid because it could leak + + + align:start position:0% +leveled the liquid because it could leak +through the bottom. They didn't go right + + align:start position:0% +through the bottom. They didn't go right + + + align:start position:0% +through the bottom. They didn't go right +to the bottom. Uh, if you don't know + + align:start position:0% +to the bottom. Uh, if you don't know + + + align:start position:0% +to the bottom. Uh, if you don't know +what I'm talking about, it makes no + + align:start position:0% +what I'm talking about, it makes no + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm talking about, it makes no +difference. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Uh, so I'm going to let So, this is the + + align:start position:0% +Uh, so I'm going to let So, this is the + + + align:start position:0% +Uh, so I'm going to let So, this is the +side view. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +This is meant to be twice as long. But + + align:start position:0% +This is meant to be twice as long. But + + + align:start position:0% +This is meant to be twice as long. But +to make it quite clear, I'll draw the + + align:start position:0% +to make it quite clear, I'll draw the + + + align:start position:0% +to make it quite clear, I'll draw the +top view of this thing. + + align:start position:0% +top view of this thing. + + + align:start position:0% +top view of this thing. +Uh you have to imagine these this is a + + align:start position:0% +Uh you have to imagine these this is a + + + align:start position:0% +Uh you have to imagine these this is a +rectangle. All the sides are parallel + + align:start position:0% +rectangle. All the sides are parallel + + + align:start position:0% +rectangle. All the sides are parallel +and everything. This is one and this is + + align:start position:0% +and everything. This is one and this is + + + align:start position:0% +and everything. This is one and this is +two. All I'm trying to say is that the + + align:start position:0% +two. All I'm trying to say is that the + + + align:start position:0% +two. All I'm trying to say is that the +cross-sectional area of these two + + align:start position:0% +cross-sectional area of these two + + + align:start position:0% +cross-sectional area of these two +chambers, this one has twice the + + align:start position:0% +chambers, this one has twice the + + + align:start position:0% +chambers, this one has twice the +cross-sectional area of this one. So + + align:start position:0% +cross-sectional area of this one. So + + + align:start position:0% +cross-sectional area of this one. So +I'll write a two here and I'll write a + + align:start position:0% +I'll write a two here and I'll write a + + + align:start position:0% +I'll write a two here and I'll write a +one there. Of course, it's this hole + + align:start position:0% +one there. Of course, it's this hole + + + align:start position:0% +one there. Of course, it's this hole +here through which everything leaks. I'm + + align:start position:0% +here through which everything leaks. I'm + + + align:start position:0% +here through which everything leaks. I'm +going to let X be the height of this + + align:start position:0% +going to let X be the height of this + + + align:start position:0% +going to let X be the height of this +liquid, the water here, and Y the height + + align:start position:0% +liquid, the water here, and Y the height + + + align:start position:0% +liquid, the water here, and Y the height +of the water in that chamber. Obviously, + + align:start position:0% +of the water in that chamber. Obviously, + + + align:start position:0% +of the water in that chamber. Obviously, +as time goes by, they both reach the + + align:start position:0% +as time goes by, they both reach the + + + align:start position:0% +as time goes by, they both reach the +same height because of somebody's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +law. Now, what's the system of + + align:start position:0% +law. Now, what's the system of + + + align:start position:0% +law. Now, what's the system of +differential equations which controls + + align:start position:0% +differential equations which controls + + + align:start position:0% +differential equations which controls +this? Well, the essential thing is the + + align:start position:0% +this? Well, the essential thing is the + + + align:start position:0% +this? Well, the essential thing is the +flow rate through here. So that flow + + align:start position:0% +flow rate through here. So that flow + + + align:start position:0% +flow rate through here. So that flow +rate through the hole + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh in units let's say in liters per + + align:start position:0% +uh in units let's say in liters per + + + align:start position:0% +uh in units let's say in liters per +second just to so you understand I'm + + align:start position:0% +second just to so you understand I'm + + + align:start position:0% +second just to so you understand I'm +talking about the volume of liquid that + + align:start position:0% +talking about the volume of liquid that + + + align:start position:0% +talking about the volume of liquid that +goes in that goes through in a I'm not + + align:start position:0% +goes in that goes through in a I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +goes in that goes through in a I'm not +talking about the velocity + + align:start position:0% +talking about the velocity + + + align:start position:0% +talking about the velocity +uh that's proportional to + + align:start position:0% +uh that's proportional to + + + align:start position:0% +uh that's proportional to +to the uh area of the hole, the + + align:start position:0% +to the uh area of the hole, the + + + align:start position:0% +to the uh area of the hole, the +cross-section, the size of the hole. So, + + align:start position:0% +cross-section, the size of the hole. So, + + + align:start position:0% +cross-section, the size of the hole. So, +the area of the hole, the + + align:start position:0% +the area of the hole, the + + + align:start position:0% +the area of the hole, the +cross-sectional area, + + align:start position:0% +cross-sectional area, + + + align:start position:0% +cross-sectional area, +right? And it's also times the velocity + + align:start position:0% +right? And it's also times the velocity + + + align:start position:0% +right? And it's also times the velocity +of the + + align:start position:0% +of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the +flow, but the velocity of the flow + + align:start position:0% +flow, but the velocity of the flow + + + align:start position:0% +flow, but the velocity of the flow +depends upon the pressure difference. + + align:start position:0% +depends upon the pressure difference. + + + align:start position:0% +depends upon the pressure difference. +And that pressure difference depends + + align:start position:0% +And that pressure difference depends + + + align:start position:0% +And that pressure difference depends +upon the difference in heights. All + + align:start position:0% +upon the difference in heights. All + + + align:start position:0% +upon the difference in heights. All +those are various people's laws. So, + + align:start position:0% +those are various people's laws. So, + + + align:start position:0% +those are various people's laws. So, +times the height difference. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And of course you have to get the sign + + align:start position:0% +And of course you have to get the sign + + + align:start position:0% +And of course you have to get the sign +right. So I just point out the height + + align:start position:0% +right. So I just point out the height + + + align:start position:0% +right. So I just point out the height +difference is proportional to the + + align:start position:0% +difference is proportional to the + + + align:start position:0% +difference is proportional to the +pressure to the pressure at the + + align:start position:0% +pressure to the pressure at the + + + align:start position:0% +pressure to the pressure at the +hole. And it's that pressure at the hole + + align:start position:0% +hole. And it's that pressure at the hole + + + align:start position:0% +hole. And it's that pressure at the hole +which determines the velocity with which + + align:start position:0% +which determines the velocity with which + + + align:start position:0% +which determines the velocity with which +the fluid flows + + align:start position:0% +the fluid flows + + + align:start position:0% +the fluid flows +through. So where does this all produce + + align:start position:0% +through. So where does this all produce + + + align:start position:0% +through. So where does this all produce +our equations? Well, + + align:start position:0% +our equations? Well, + + + align:start position:0% +our equations? Well, +uh, x + + align:start position:0% +uh, x + + + align:start position:0% +uh, x +prime is equal to therefore some + + align:start position:0% +prime is equal to therefore some + + + align:start position:0% +prime is equal to therefore some +constant depending on the area of the + + align:start position:0% +constant depending on the area of the + + + align:start position:0% +constant depending on the area of the +hole and this constant of + + align:start position:0% +hole and this constant of + + + align:start position:0% +hole and this constant of +proportionality with the pressure and + + align:start position:0% +proportionality with the pressure and + + + align:start position:0% +proportionality with the pressure and +the units and everything else times the + + align:start position:0% +the units and everything else times the + + + align:start position:0% +the units and everything else times the +pressure difference I'm talking about. + + align:start position:0% +pressure difference I'm talking about. + + + align:start position:0% +pressure difference I'm talking about. +Well, if fluid is going to flow in this + + align:start position:0% +Well, if fluid is going to flow in this + + + align:start position:0% +Well, if fluid is going to flow in this +direction, that must mean the height, + + align:start position:0% +direction, that must mean the height, + + + align:start position:0% +direction, that must mean the height, +the y height is higher than the x. So, + + align:start position:0% +the y height is higher than the x. So, + + + align:start position:0% +the y height is higher than the x. So, +it should be to make things to make x + + align:start position:0% +it should be to make things to make x + + + align:start position:0% +it should be to make things to make x +prime positive, it should be y - x here. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Now the y prime is different because + + align:start position:0% +Now the y prime is different because + + + align:start position:0% +Now the y prime is different because +again the rate of fluid flow is + + align:start position:0% +again the rate of fluid flow is + + + align:start position:0% +again the rate of fluid flow is +determined this time it will be x minus + + align:start position:0% +determined this time it will be x minus + + + align:start position:0% +determined this time it will be x minus +if y prime is positive if this is rising + + align:start position:0% +if y prime is positive if this is rising + + + align:start position:0% +if y prime is positive if this is rising +as it will be in this case it's because + + align:start position:0% +as it will be in this case it's because + + + align:start position:0% +as it will be in this case it's because +the fluid is flowing in that direction. + + align:start position:0% +the fluid is flowing in that direction. + + + align:start position:0% +the fluid is flowing in that direction. +It's because x is higher than y. So this + + align:start position:0% +It's because x is higher than y. So this + + + align:start position:0% +It's because x is higher than y. So this +should be the same constant x minus y. + + align:start position:0% +should be the same constant x minus y. + + + align:start position:0% +should be the same constant x minus y. +But notice that that will not that's the + + align:start position:0% +But notice that that will not that's the + + + align:start position:0% +But notice that that will not that's the +rate at which the right hand side is the + + align:start position:0% +rate at which the right hand side is the + + + align:start position:0% +rate at which the right hand side is the +rate at which fluid is flowing into this + + align:start position:0% +rate at which fluid is flowing into this + + + align:start position:0% +rate at which fluid is flowing into this +tank. That is not the rate at which y is + + align:start position:0% +tank. That is not the rate at which y is + + + align:start position:0% +tank. That is not the rate at which y is +changing. It's the rate at which 2y is + + align:start position:0% +changing. It's the rate at which 2y is + + + align:start position:0% +changing. It's the rate at which 2y is +changing. Why isn't there a constant + + align:start position:0% +changing. Why isn't there a constant + + + align:start position:0% +changing. Why isn't there a constant +here? There is. It's + + align:start position:0% +here? There is. It's + + + align:start position:0% +here? There is. It's +one. That's the one. That's this one + + align:start position:0% +one. That's the one. That's this one + + + align:start position:0% +one. That's the one. That's this one +cross-section. So the area here is one + + align:start position:0% +cross-section. So the area here is one + + + align:start position:0% +cross-section. So the area here is one +and the area cross-sectional area here + + align:start position:0% +and the area cross-sectional area here + + + align:start position:0% +and the area cross-sectional area here +is two. And that's the reason for the + + align:start position:0% +is two. And that's the reason for the + + + align:start position:0% +is two. And that's the reason for the +one here and the two here because we're + + align:start position:0% +one here and the two here because we're + + + align:start position:0% +one here and the two here because we're +interested in the amount by which the + + align:start position:0% +interested in the amount by which the + + + align:start position:0% +interested in the amount by which the +fluid is the rate at which fluid is + + align:start position:0% +fluid is the rate at which fluid is + + + align:start position:0% +fluid is the rate at which fluid is +being added to this which is only + + align:start position:0% +being added to this which is only + + + align:start position:0% +being added to this which is only +related to the height. The rate at which + + align:start position:0% +related to the height. The rate at which + + + align:start position:0% +related to the height. The rate at which +the height is rising if you take into + + align:start position:0% +the height is rising if you take into + + + align:start position:0% +the height is rising if you take into +account the cross-sectional + + align:start position:0% +account the cross-sectional + + + align:start position:0% +account the cross-sectional +area. So there's the system. uh in order + + align:start position:0% +area. So there's the system. uh in order + + + align:start position:0% +area. So there's the system. uh in order +to make uh use nothing but integers here + + align:start position:0% +to make uh use nothing but integers here + + + align:start position:0% +to make uh use nothing but integers here +I'm going to take C equal to uh two so I + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to take C equal to uh two so I + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to take C equal to uh two so I +don't have to put in + + align:start position:0% +don't have to put in + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to put in +halves so the final system is x prime + + align:start position:0% +halves so the final system is x prime + + + align:start position:0% +halves so the final system is x prime +equals + + align:start position:0% +equals + + + align:start position:0% +equals +uh minus 2x you got to write them in the + + align:start position:0% +uh minus 2x you got to write them in the + + + align:start position:0% +uh minus 2x you got to write them in the +right order right and y prime + + align:start position:0% +right order right and y prime + + + align:start position:0% +right order right and y prime +equals the twos cancel because c is two + + align:start position:0% +equals the twos cancel because c is two + + + align:start position:0% +equals the twos cancel because c is two +so now it's x minus + + align:start position:0% +so now it's x minus + + + align:start position:0% +so now it's x minus +y so there's our system and now the + + align:start position:0% +y so there's our system and now the + + + align:start position:0% +y so there's our system and now the +problem is I want to solve it by + + align:start position:0% +problem is I want to solve it by + + + align:start position:0% +problem is I want to solve it by +decoupling it. I want in other words to + + align:start position:0% +decoupling it. I want in other words to + + + align:start position:0% +decoupling it. I want in other words to +find new variables u and v uh which are + + align:start position:0% +find new variables u and v uh which are + + + align:start position:0% +find new variables u and v uh which are +better more natural to the problem than + + align:start position:0% +better more natural to the problem than + + + align:start position:0% +better more natural to the problem than +the x and y that are so natural to the + + align:start position:0% +the x and y that are so natural to the + + + align:start position:0% +the x and y that are so natural to the +problem that the system the new system + + align:start position:0% +problem that the system the new system + + + align:start position:0% +problem that the system the new system +will just consist of the two side by + + align:start position:0% +will just consist of the two side by + + + align:start position:0% +will just consist of the two side by +side equations instead of the single + + align:start position:0% +side equations instead of the single + + + align:start position:0% +side equations instead of the single +equation. So the question is what should + + align:start position:0% +equation. So the question is what should + + + align:start position:0% +equation. So the question is what should +u and v be? + + align:start position:0% +u and v be? + + + align:start position:0% +u and v be? +Now the difference between what I'm + + align:start position:0% +Now the difference between what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +Now the difference between what I'm +going to do now and what I'm going to do + + align:start position:0% +going to do now and what I'm going to do + + + align:start position:0% +going to do now and what I'm going to do +later in the period is later in the + + align:start position:0% +later in the period is later in the + + + align:start position:0% +later in the period is later in the +period I'll give you a systematic way of + + align:start position:0% +period I'll give you a systematic way of + + + align:start position:0% +period I'll give you a systematic way of +finding what U and V should be. Now + + align:start position:0% +finding what U and V should be. Now + + + align:start position:0% +finding what U and V should be. Now +we're going to psych it out. Psych out + + align:start position:0% +we're going to psych it out. Psych out + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to psych it out. Psych out +what they should be in the way in which + + align:start position:0% +what they should be in the way in which + + + align:start position:0% +what they should be in the way in which +uh people who solve systems often do. + + align:start position:0% +uh people who solve systems often do. + + + align:start position:0% +uh people who solve systems often do. +I'm going to use the fact this is not + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to use the fact this is not + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to use the fact this is not +just an abstract system of equations. + + align:start position:0% +just an abstract system of equations. + + + align:start position:0% +just an abstract system of equations. +that comes from some physical problem + + align:start position:0% +that comes from some physical problem + + + align:start position:0% +that comes from some physical problem +and I ask is there some system of + + align:start position:0% +and I ask is there some system of + + + align:start position:0% +and I ask is there some system of +variables which are somehow go more + + align:start position:0% +variables which are somehow go more + + + align:start position:0% +variables which are somehow go more +deeply into the structure of these of + + align:start position:0% +deeply into the structure of these of + + + align:start position:0% +deeply into the structure of these of +this what's going on here than the naive + + align:start position:0% +this what's going on here than the naive + + + align:start position:0% +this what's going on here than the naive +variables which simply tell me how high + + align:start position:0% +variables which simply tell me how high + + + align:start position:0% +variables which simply tell me how high +the two tank levels are that's the + + align:start position:0% +the two tank levels are that's the + + + align:start position:0% +the two tank levels are that's the +obvious thing I can see but are there + + align:start position:0% +obvious thing I can see but are there + + + align:start position:0% +obvious thing I can see but are there +some variables which go more deeply now + + align:start position:0% +some variables which go more deeply now + + + align:start position:0% +some variables which go more deeply now +one of them is obvious sort of obvious + + align:start position:0% +one of them is obvious sort of obvious + + + align:start position:0% +one of them is obvious sort of obvious +and suggest tested both by the form of + + align:start position:0% +and suggest tested both by the form of + + + align:start position:0% +and suggest tested both by the form of +the equation and by + + align:start position:0% +the equation and by + + + align:start position:0% +the equation and by +this this is it's simply the different + + align:start position:0% +this this is it's simply the different + + + align:start position:0% +this this is it's simply the different +the difference in heights is in some + + align:start position:0% +the difference in heights is in some + + + align:start position:0% +the difference in heights is in some +ways a more natural variable because + + align:start position:0% +ways a more natural variable because + + + align:start position:0% +ways a more natural variable because +it's that's directly related to the + + align:start position:0% +it's that's directly related to the + + + align:start position:0% +it's that's directly related to the +pressure difference which is directly + + align:start position:0% +pressure difference which is directly + + + align:start position:0% +pressure difference which is directly +related to the velocity of flow they + + align:start position:0% +related to the velocity of flow they + + + align:start position:0% +related to the velocity of flow they +will differ by just constant so I'm + + align:start position:0% +will differ by just constant so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +will differ by just constant so I'm +going to call that the second variable + + align:start position:0% +going to call that the second variable + + + align:start position:0% +going to call that the second variable +uh the difference in heights let's call + + align:start position:0% +uh the difference in heights let's call + + + align:start position:0% +uh the difference in heights let's call +it so that's x minus y that's a very + + align:start position:0% +it so that's x minus y that's a very + + + align:start position:0% +it so that's x minus y that's a very +natural variable for the problem the + + align:start position:0% +natural variable for the problem the + + + align:start position:0% +natural variable for the problem the +question is what should the other one + + align:start position:0% +question is what should the other one + + + align:start position:0% +question is what should the other one +be? Now you sort of stare at that a + + align:start position:0% +be? Now you sort of stare at that a + + + align:start position:0% +be? Now you sort of stare at that a +while until it occurs to you that + + align:start position:0% +while until it occurs to you that + + + align:start position:0% +while until it occurs to you that +something is constant. What's constant + + align:start position:0% +something is constant. What's constant + + + align:start position:0% +something is constant. What's constant +in this problem? Well, the tank is + + align:start position:0% +in this problem? Well, the tank is + + + align:start position:0% +in this problem? Well, the tank is +sitting there. That's constant. But what + + align:start position:0% +sitting there. That's constant. But what + + + align:start position:0% +sitting there. That's constant. But what +thing which might be a variable is + + align:start position:0% +thing which might be a variable is + + + align:start position:0% +thing which might be a variable is +clearly a constant must be a + + align:start position:0% +clearly a constant must be a + + + align:start position:0% +clearly a constant must be a +constant. It will be the total amount of + + align:start position:0% +constant. It will be the total amount of + + + align:start position:0% +constant. It will be the total amount of +water in the two tanks. + + align:start position:0% +water in the two tanks. + + + align:start position:0% +water in the two tanks. +These things vary, but the total amount + + align:start position:0% +These things vary, but the total amount + + + align:start position:0% +These things vary, but the total amount +of water stays the same because there's + + align:start position:0% +of water stays the same because there's + + + align:start position:0% +of water stays the same because there's +it's a homogeneous problem. No water is + + align:start position:0% +it's a homogeneous problem. No water is + + + align:start position:0% +it's a homogeneous problem. No water is +coming in from the outside and none is + + align:start position:0% +coming in from the outside and none is + + + align:start position:0% +coming in from the outside and none is +leaving the tanks through a little + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hole. Okay. What's the expression for + + align:start position:0% +hole. Okay. What's the expression for + + + align:start position:0% +hole. Okay. What's the expression for +the total amount of water in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tanks? X + + align:start position:0% +tanks? X + + + align:start position:0% +tanks? X ++ 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Y. Therefore, that's a natural variable + + align:start position:0% +Y. Therefore, that's a natural variable + + + align:start position:0% +Y. Therefore, that's a natural variable +also. + + align:start position:0% +also. + + + align:start position:0% +also. +It's independent of this one. It's not a + + align:start position:0% +It's independent of this one. It's not a + + + align:start position:0% +It's independent of this one. It's not a +simple multiple of it. It's a really + + align:start position:0% +simple multiple of it. It's a really + + + align:start position:0% +simple multiple of it. It's a really +different variable. So this represents + + align:start position:0% +different variable. So this represents + + + align:start position:0% +different variable. So this represents +the total amount of This variable + + align:start position:0% +the total amount of This variable + + + align:start position:0% +the total amount of This variable +represents the total amount of water of + + align:start position:0% +represents the total amount of water of + + + align:start position:0% +represents the total amount of water of +liquid in the two tanks. This represents + + align:start position:0% +liquid in the two tanks. This represents + + + align:start position:0% +liquid in the two tanks. This represents +the pressure up to a constant factor. + + align:start position:0% +the pressure up to a constant factor. + + + align:start position:0% +the pressure up to a constant factor. +It's proportional to the pressure at the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hole. Okay. Now what I'm going to do is + + align:start position:0% +hole. Okay. Now what I'm going to do is + + + align:start position:0% +hole. Okay. Now what I'm going to do is +say okay this is my change of variables + + align:start position:0% +say okay this is my change of variables + + + align:start position:0% +say okay this is my change of variables +and now let's plug in and see if what + + align:start position:0% +and now let's plug in and see if what + + + align:start position:0% +and now let's plug in and see if what +happens to the system when I plug in + + align:start position:0% +happens to the system when I plug in + + + align:start position:0% +happens to the system when I plug in +these two variables. How do I do that? + + align:start position:0% +these two variables. How do I do that? + + + align:start position:0% +these two variables. How do I do that? +Well so I want to substitute get the new + + align:start position:0% +Well so I want to substitute get the new + + + align:start position:0% +Well so I want to substitute get the new +system the new system or rather the old + + align:start position:0% +system the new system or rather the old + + + align:start position:0% +system the new system or rather the old +system but in terms of the what makes it + + align:start position:0% +system but in terms of the what makes it + + + align:start position:0% +system but in terms of the what makes it +new is in terms of u and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +v. What will that be? Well, u prime is x + + align:start position:0% +v. What will that be? Well, u prime is x + + + align:start position:0% +v. What will that be? Well, u prime is x +prime + 2 yp + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +prime. But I know what x prime and plus + + align:start position:0% +prime. But I know what x prime and plus + + + align:start position:0% +prime. But I know what x prime and plus +2 y prime is because I can calculate it + + align:start position:0% +2 y prime is because I can calculate it + + + align:start position:0% +2 y prime is because I can calculate it +from this. What will it be? x prime + 2 + + align:start position:0% +from this. What will it be? x prime + 2 + + + align:start position:0% +from this. What will it be? x prime + 2 +y prime is + + align:start position:0% +y prime is + + + align:start position:0% +y prime is +-2x plus twice y prime. So it's plus 2x + + align:start position:0% +-2x plus twice y prime. So it's plus 2x + + + align:start position:0% +-2x plus twice y prime. So it's plus 2x +that's zero. And how about these two? 2 + + align:start position:0% +that's zero. And how about these two? 2 + + + align:start position:0% +that's zero. And how about these two? 2 +y minus twice this because I want this + + align:start position:0% +y minus twice this because I want this + + + align:start position:0% +y minus twice this because I want this +this plus twice that so it's 2 y minus 2 + + align:start position:0% +this plus twice that so it's 2 y minus 2 + + + align:start position:0% +this plus twice that so it's 2 y minus 2 +y again zero the right hand side becomes + + align:start position:0% +y again zero the right hand side becomes + + + align:start position:0% +y again zero the right hand side becomes +zero after I calculate x prime + 2 y so + + align:start position:0% +zero after I calculate x prime + 2 y so + + + align:start position:0% +zero after I calculate x prime + 2 y so +that is zero that is of course + + align:start position:0% +that is zero that is of course + + + align:start position:0% +that is zero that is of course +clear now that makes sense of course + + align:start position:0% +clear now that makes sense of course + + + align:start position:0% +clear now that makes sense of course +because since the total amount is + + align:start position:0% +because since the total amount is + + + align:start position:0% +because since the total amount is +constant u prime that says that u prime + + align:start position:0% +constant u prime that says that u prime + + + align:start position:0% +constant u prime that says that u prime +is zero + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. What's V + + align:start position:0% +Okay. What's V + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. What's V +prime? V prime. Well, that's X prime + + align:start position:0% +prime? V prime. Well, that's X prime + + + align:start position:0% +prime? V prime. Well, that's X prime +minus Y + + align:start position:0% +minus Y + + + align:start position:0% +minus Y +prime. What's that? Well, once again, we + + align:start position:0% +prime. What's that? Well, once again, we + + + align:start position:0% +prime. What's that? Well, once again, we +have to calculate. It's X prime minus Y + + align:start position:0% +have to calculate. It's X prime minus Y + + + align:start position:0% +have to calculate. It's X prime minus Y +prime is - 2X - X. That's - + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +3X. And 2 Y + + align:start position:0% +3X. And 2 Y + + + align:start position:0% +3X. And 2 Y +- Y that makes 3 Y. + + align:start position:0% +- Y that makes 3 Y. + + + align:start position:0% +- Y that makes 3 Y. ++ 3 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +y. All right. What's the system? The + + align:start position:0% +y. All right. What's the system? The + + + align:start position:0% +y. All right. What's the system? The +system is u prime = 0 and v prime + + align:start position:0% +system is u prime = 0 and v prime + + + align:start position:0% +system is u prime = 0 and v prime +equals -3 + + align:start position:0% +equals -3 + + + align:start position:0% +equals -3 +* x - y. But x - y is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +v. In other words, this these new two + + align:start position:0% +v. In other words, this these new two + + + align:start position:0% +v. In other words, this these new two +variables decouple the system. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And we got them as as scientists often + + align:start position:0% +And we got them as as scientists often + + + align:start position:0% +And we got them as as scientists often +do by physical + + align:start position:0% +do by physical + + + align:start position:0% +do by physical +considerations. These variables go more + + align:start position:0% +considerations. These variables go more + + + align:start position:0% +considerations. These variables go more +deeply into what's going on in that + + align:start position:0% +deeply into what's going on in that + + + align:start position:0% +deeply into what's going on in that +system of two tanks than the simply the + + align:start position:0% +system of two tanks than the simply the + + + align:start position:0% +system of two tanks than the simply the +two heights which are too obvious as + + align:start position:0% +two heights which are too obvious as + + + align:start position:0% +two heights which are too obvious as +variables. All right. What's the + + align:start position:0% +variables. All right. What's the + + + align:start position:0% +variables. All right. What's the +solution? + + align:start position:0% +solution? + + + align:start position:0% +solution? +Well, the solution is + + align:start position:0% +Well, the solution is + + + align:start position:0% +Well, the solution is +u equals a + + align:start position:0% +u equals a + + + align:start position:0% +u equals a +constant and v prime and v is equal + + align:start position:0% +constant and v prime and v is equal + + + align:start position:0% +constant and v prime and v is equal +to well the solution to this equation is + + align:start position:0% +to well the solution to this equation is + + + align:start position:0% +to well the solution to this equation is +some constant arbit a different + + align:start position:0% +some constant arbit a different + + + align:start position:0% +some constant arbit a different +arbitrary constant from that one. These + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary constant from that one. These + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary constant from that one. These +are side by side equations which have + + align:start position:0% +are side by side equations which have + + + align:start position:0% +are side by side equations which have +nothing whatever to do with each other + + align:start position:0% +nothing whatever to do with each other + + + align:start position:0% +nothing whatever to do with each other +remember times e to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +minus3t. + + align:start position:0% +minus3t. + + + align:start position:0% +minus3t. +Now there are two options. Either one + + align:start position:0% +Now there are two options. Either one + + + align:start position:0% +Now there are two options. Either one +leaves the solution in terms of those + + align:start position:0% +leaves the solution in terms of those + + + align:start position:0% +leaves the solution in terms of those +new + + align:start position:0% +new + + + align:start position:0% +new +variables saying they're more natural to + + align:start position:0% +variables saying they're more natural to + + + align:start position:0% +variables saying they're more natural to +the problem. But sometimes of course one + + align:start position:0% +the problem. But sometimes of course one + + + align:start position:0% +the problem. But sometimes of course one +wants the answer in terms of the old + + align:start position:0% +wants the answer in terms of the old + + + align:start position:0% +wants the answer in terms of the old +ones. If you do that then you have to + + align:start position:0% +ones. If you do that then you have to + + + align:start position:0% +ones. If you do that then you have to +solve back. Uh I'm in order to save a + + align:start position:0% +solve back. Uh I'm in order to save a + + + align:start position:0% +solve back. Uh I'm in order to save a +little time since this is purely linear + + align:start position:0% +little time since this is purely linear + + + align:start position:0% +little time since this is purely linear +algebra + + align:start position:0% +algebra + + + align:start position:0% +algebra +uh uh I'm going to write what the uh + + align:start position:0% +uh uh I'm going to write what the uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh I'm going to write what the uh +instead of you know taking two minutes + + align:start position:0% +instead of you know taking two minutes + + + align:start position:0% +instead of you know taking two minutes +to actually do the calculation in front + + align:start position:0% +to actually do the calculation in front + + + align:start position:0% +to actually do the calculation in front +of you I'll just write down what the + + align:start position:0% +of you I'll just write down what the + + + align:start position:0% +of you I'll just write down what the +answer is. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So to ex so to express in terms of uh + + align:start position:0% +So to ex so to express in terms of uh + + + align:start position:0% +So to ex so to express in terms of uh +you and x and + + align:start position:0% +you and x and + + + align:start position:0% +you and x and +y. So in other words, this is a + + align:start position:0% +y. So in other words, this is a + + + align:start position:0% +y. So in other words, this is a +perfectly good way to leave the answer + + align:start position:0% +perfectly good way to leave the answer + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly good way to leave the answer +uh if you're allowed to do + + align:start position:0% +uh if you're allowed to do + + + align:start position:0% +uh if you're allowed to do +it. Uh but if somebody says they want + + align:start position:0% +it. Uh but if somebody says they want + + + align:start position:0% +it. Uh but if somebody says they want +the answer in terms of x and y, well, + + align:start position:0% +the answer in terms of x and y, well, + + + align:start position:0% +the answer in terms of x and y, well, +you have to give them what they they're + + align:start position:0% +you have to give them what they they're + + + align:start position:0% +you have to give them what they they're +paying for. Uh so in terms of x and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +y you have first to solve those + + align:start position:0% +y you have first to solve those + + + align:start position:0% +y you have first to solve those +equations backwards for x and y in terms + + align:start position:0% +equations backwards for x and y in terms + + + align:start position:0% +equations backwards for x and y in terms +of u and v in which case you will get uh + + align:start position:0% +of u and v in which case you will get uh + + + align:start position:0% +of u and v in which case you will get uh +x = 1/3 u + 2v using the inverse matrix + + align:start position:0% +x = 1/3 u + 2v using the inverse matrix + + + align:start position:0% +x = 1/3 u + 2v using the inverse matrix +or just do elimination whatever you + + align:start position:0% +or just do elimination whatever you + + + align:start position:0% +or just do elimination whatever you +usually like to do and the other one + + align:start position:0% +usually like to do and the other one + + + align:start position:0% +usually like to do and the other one +will be 13 u minus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +v. And then if you then turn these + + align:start position:0% +v. And then if you then turn these + + + align:start position:0% +v. And then if you then turn these +substitute in you'll see what you'll get + + align:start position:0% +substitute in you'll see what you'll get + + + align:start position:0% +substitute in you'll see what you'll get +is 1/3 of uh C1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh C1 U is uh sorry U is C1. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh plus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh so or C1 + uh 2 C2 E + + align:start position:0% +uh so or C1 + uh 2 C2 E + + + align:start position:0% +uh so or C1 + uh 2 C2 E +-3t and this is 1/3 uh what is it C1 + + align:start position:0% +-3t and this is 1/3 uh what is it C1 + + + align:start position:0% +-3t and this is 1/3 uh what is it C1 +minus C2 EUS 3t and so the final + + align:start position:0% +minus C2 EUS 3t and so the final + + + align:start position:0% +minus C2 EUS 3t and so the final +solution is in terms of the way we + + align:start position:0% +solution is in terms of the way we + + + align:start position:0% +solution is in terms of the way we +usually write out the answer. Then x + + align:start position:0% +usually write out the answer. Then x + + + align:start position:0% +usually write out the answer. Then x +will be what? Well, it will be 1/3 + + align:start position:0% +will be what? Well, it will be 1/3 + + + align:start position:0% +will be what? Well, it will be 1/3 +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +c1 times the igen vector 1 + + align:start position:0% +c1 times the igen vector 1 + + + align:start position:0% +c1 times the igen vector 1 +1 plus 1/3 + + align:start position:0% +1 plus 1/3 + + + align:start position:0% +1 plus 1/3 +* c2 * the igen vector + + align:start position:0% +* c2 * the igen vector + + + align:start position:0% +* c2 * the igen vector +21 * eus + + align:start position:0% +21 * eus + + + align:start position:0% +21 * eus +3t. So that's the solution written out + + align:start position:0% +3t. So that's the solution written out + + + align:start position:0% +3t. So that's the solution written out +in terms of x and y either as a vector + + align:start position:0% +in terms of x and y either as a vector + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of x and y either as a vector +in the usual way or in terms separately + + align:start position:0% +in the usual way or in terms separately + + + align:start position:0% +in the usual way or in terms separately +in terms of x and y. But notice in order + + align:start position:0% +in terms of x and y. But notice in order + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of x and y. But notice in order +to do that you have to have the + + align:start position:0% +to do that you have to have the + + + align:start position:0% +to do that you have to have the +equations these backwards equations. In + + align:start position:0% +equations these backwards equations. In + + + align:start position:0% +equations these backwards equations. In +other words I need the equations in that + + align:start position:0% +other words I need the equations in that + + + align:start position:0% +other words I need the equations in that +form I need the equations because they + + align:start position:0% +form I need the equations because they + + + align:start position:0% +form I need the equations because they +tell me what the new variables are but I + + align:start position:0% +tell me what the new variables are but I + + + align:start position:0% +tell me what the new variables are but I +also have to have to have the equations + + align:start position:0% +also have to have to have the equations + + + align:start position:0% +also have to have to have the equations +the other way in order to get the + + align:start position:0% +the other way in order to get the + + + align:start position:0% +the other way in order to get the +solution in terms of x and y finally. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay, that was all an + + align:start position:0% +Okay, that was all an + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, that was all an +example. Uh, for the rest of the period, + + align:start position:0% +example. Uh, for the rest of the period, + + + align:start position:0% +example. Uh, for the rest of the period, +I'd like to show you the general method + + align:start position:0% +I'd like to show you the general method + + + align:start position:0% +I'd like to show you the general method +of doing the same thing, which does not + + align:start position:0% +of doing the same thing, which does not + + + align:start position:0% +of doing the same thing, which does not +depend upon being clever about the + + align:start position:0% +depend upon being clever about the + + + align:start position:0% +depend upon being clever about the +choice of the new variables. And then I + + align:start position:0% +choice of the new variables. And then I + + + align:start position:0% +choice of the new variables. And then I +at the very end of the period I I'll + + align:start position:0% +at the very end of the period I I'll + + + align:start position:0% +at the very end of the period I I'll +apply the general method to this problem + + align:start position:0% +apply the general method to this problem + + + align:start position:0% +apply the general method to this problem +to see whether we get the same answer or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not. So what's the general method? Our + + align:start position:0% +not. So what's the general method? Our + + + align:start position:0% +not. So what's the general method? Our +problem is to decouple. Now the first + + align:start position:0% +problem is to decouple. Now the first + + + align:start position:0% +problem is to decouple. Now the first +thing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is you can only you can't always + + align:start position:0% +is you can only you can't always + + + align:start position:0% +is you can only you can't always +decouple. You must to + + align:start position:0% +decouple. You must to + + + align:start position:0% +decouple. You must to +decouple the igen values must all be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +real must all be real and + + align:start position:0% +real must all be real and + + + align:start position:0% +real must all be real and +nondeffective. If in other words if they + + align:start position:0% +nondeffective. If in other words if they + + + align:start position:0% +nondeffective. If in other words if they +are repeated they must be complete. You + + align:start position:0% +are repeated they must be complete. You + + + align:start position:0% +are repeated they must be complete. You +must have enough independent igen + + align:start position:0% +must have enough independent igen + + + align:start position:0% +must have enough independent igen +vectors. So they must be real and + + align:start position:0% +vectors. So they must be real and + + + align:start position:0% +vectors. So they must be real and +complete. If repeated they must be + + align:start position:0% +complete. If repeated they must be + + + align:start position:0% +complete. If repeated they must be +complete. They must not be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +defective. A common the most as I told + + align:start position:0% +defective. A common the most as I told + + + align:start position:0% +defective. A common the most as I told +you at the time when we studied complete + + align:start position:0% +you at the time when we studied complete + + + align:start position:0% +you at the time when we studied complete +and incomplete. The most common case in + + align:start position:0% +and incomplete. The most common case in + + + align:start position:0% +and incomplete. The most common case in +which this occurs is when the matrix is + + align:start position:0% +which this occurs is when the matrix is + + + align:start position:0% +which this occurs is when the matrix is +symmetric. If the matrix is real and + + align:start position:0% +symmetric. If the matrix is real and + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric. If the matrix is real and +symmetric then this is you can always + + align:start position:0% +symmetric then this is you can always + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric then this is you can always +decouple the system. + + align:start position:0% +decouple the system. + + + align:start position:0% +decouple the system. +That's a very important theorem. Very + + align:start position:0% +That's a very important theorem. Very + + + align:start position:0% +That's a very important theorem. Very +important theorem. Uh because + + align:start position:0% +important theorem. Uh because + + + align:start position:0% +important theorem. Uh because +particularly since many of the problems + + align:start position:0% +particularly since many of the problems + + + align:start position:0% +particularly since many of the problems +equilibrium problems normally lead to + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium problems normally lead to + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium problems normally lead to +symmetric matrices and they're solved by + + align:start position:0% +symmetric matrices and they're solved by + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric matrices and they're solved by +decoupling. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So what are we looking + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for? So we're assuming this and we need + + align:start position:0% +for? So we're assuming this and we need + + + align:start position:0% +for? So we're assuming this and we need +it. + + align:start position:0% +it. + + + align:start position:0% +it. +In general, otherwise you cannot + + align:start position:0% +In general, otherwise you cannot + + + align:start position:0% +In general, otherwise you cannot +decouple if you have complex values and + + align:start position:0% +decouple if you have complex values and + + + align:start position:0% +decouple if you have complex values and +you cannot decouple if you have + + align:start position:0% +you cannot decouple if you have + + + align:start position:0% +you cannot decouple if you have +defective igen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +values. Well, what are we looking for? + + align:start position:0% +values. Well, what are we looking for? + + + align:start position:0% +values. Well, what are we looking for? +We're looking for new variables. UV + + align:start position:0% +We're looking for new variables. UV + + + align:start position:0% +We're looking for new variables. UV +equals + + align:start position:0% +equals + + + align:start position:0% +equals +A1 B1 A2 + + align:start position:0% +A1 B1 A2 + + + align:start position:0% +A1 B1 A2 +B2 times the XY + + align:start position:0% +B2 times the XY + + + align:start position:0% +B2 times the XY +And the question is this matrix is + + align:start position:0% +And the question is this matrix is + + + align:start position:0% +And the question is this matrix is +called + + align:start position:0% +called + + + align:start position:0% +called +D. It's called the decoupling + + align:start position:0% +D. It's called the decoupling + + + align:start position:0% +D. It's called the decoupling +matrix and it's what we're looking + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for. How do I choose those new variables + + align:start position:0% +for. How do I choose those new variables + + + align:start position:0% +for. How do I choose those new variables +U and V when I don't have any physical + + align:start position:0% +U and V when I don't have any physical + + + align:start position:0% +U and V when I don't have any physical +considerations to guide me as I did + + align:start position:0% +considerations to guide me as I did + + + align:start position:0% +considerations to guide me as I did +before? Now the key is to look instead + + align:start position:0% +before? Now the key is to look instead + + + align:start position:0% +before? Now the key is to look instead +at what you're going to need. Remember, + + align:start position:0% +at what you're going to need. Remember, + + + align:start position:0% +at what you're going to need. Remember, +we're changing variables and we're + + align:start position:0% +we're changing variables and we're + + + align:start position:0% +we're changing variables and we're +changing I told you from the beginning, + + align:start position:0% +changing I told you from the beginning, + + + align:start position:0% +changing I told you from the beginning, +first days of the term, when you change + + align:start position:0% +first days of the term, when you change + + + align:start position:0% +first days of the term, when you change +variables, look at what you're going to + + align:start position:0% +variables, look at what you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +variables, look at what you're going to +need to substitute in to make the change + + align:start position:0% +need to substitute in to make the change + + + align:start position:0% +need to substitute in to make the change +of variables. Don't just start writing + + align:start position:0% +of variables. Don't just start writing + + + align:start position:0% +of variables. Don't just start writing +equations. What we're going to need to + + align:start position:0% +equations. What we're going to need to + + + align:start position:0% +equations. What we're going to need to +plug into that system and change it to + + align:start position:0% +plug into that system and change it to + + + align:start position:0% +plug into that system and change it to +the UV coordinates is not U and V in + + align:start position:0% +the UV coordinates is not U and V in + + + align:start position:0% +the UV coordinates is not U and V in +terms of X and Y. What we need is X and + + align:start position:0% +terms of X and Y. What we need is X and + + + align:start position:0% +terms of X and Y. What we need is X and +Y in terms of U and V to do the + + align:start position:0% +Y in terms of U and V to do the + + + align:start position:0% +Y in terms of U and V to do the +substitution. + + align:start position:0% +substitution. + + + align:start position:0% +substitution. +So the what we need is the inverse of + + align:start position:0% +So the what we need is the inverse of + + + align:start position:0% +So the what we need is the inverse of +this. I'm so I'm going to write that. So + + align:start position:0% +this. I'm so I'm going to write that. So + + + align:start position:0% +this. I'm so I'm going to write that. So +this is in order to do the substitution + + align:start position:0% +this is in order to do the substitution + + + align:start position:0% +this is in order to do the substitution +what we need is xy oops let's I + + align:start position:0% +what we need is xy oops let's I + + + align:start position:0% +what we need is xy oops let's I +shouldn't have called these let's call + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't have called these let's call + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't have called these let's call +them uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +prime. Okay the real a1 and a2 is the is + + align:start position:0% +prime. Okay the real a1 and a2 is the is + + + align:start position:0% +prime. Okay the real a1 and a2 is the is +going to be let's call these a1 because + + align:start position:0% +going to be let's call these a1 because + + + align:start position:0% +going to be let's call these a1 because +these are going to be much more + + align:start position:0% +these are going to be much more + + + align:start position:0% +these are going to be much more +important to the problem than the other + + align:start position:0% +important to the problem than the other + + + align:start position:0% +important to the problem than the other +ones. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay, I'm going to I should call this + + align:start position:0% +Okay, I'm going to I should call this + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, I'm going to I should call this +matrix D inverse. That would be a + + align:start position:0% +matrix D inverse. That would be a + + + align:start position:0% +matrix D inverse. That would be a +sensible thing to call it instead. Since + + align:start position:0% +sensible thing to call it instead. Since + + + align:start position:0% +sensible thing to call it instead. Since +I since this is the important matrix, + + align:start position:0% +I since this is the important matrix, + + + align:start position:0% +I since this is the important matrix, +this is the one we're going to need to + + align:start position:0% +this is the one we're going to need to + + + align:start position:0% +this is the one we're going to need to +do the substitution. I'm going to give + + align:start position:0% +do the substitution. I'm going to give + + + align:start position:0% +do the substitution. I'm going to give +it another letter instead. And the + + align:start position:0% +it another letter instead. And the + + + align:start position:0% +it another letter instead. And the +letter that comes after D is E. Now, E + + align:start position:0% +letter that comes after D is E. Now, E + + + align:start position:0% +letter that comes after D is E. Now, E +is an excellent choice because it's also + + align:start position:0% +is an excellent choice because it's also + + + align:start position:0% +is an excellent choice because it's also +the first letter of the word vector. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And the point is the matrix E which is + + align:start position:0% +And the point is the matrix E which is + + + align:start position:0% +And the point is the matrix E which is +going to work is the matrix whose + + align:start position:0% +going to work is the matrix whose + + + align:start position:0% +going to work is the matrix whose +columns are the two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +vectors. The columns are the two + + align:start position:0% +vectors. The columns are the two + + + align:start position:0% +vectors. The columns are the two +bioonductors. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Now, even if you didn't know anything, + + align:start position:0% +Now, even if you didn't know anything, + + + align:start position:0% +Now, even if you didn't know anything, +that would be practically the only + + align:start position:0% +that would be practically the only + + + align:start position:0% +that would be practically the only +reasonable choice anybody could make. + + align:start position:0% +reasonable choice anybody could make. + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable choice anybody could make. +What are we looking for? We're looking + + align:start position:0% +What are we looking for? We're looking + + + align:start position:0% +What are we looking for? We're looking +for a linear to make a linear change of + + align:start position:0% +for a linear to make a linear change of + + + align:start position:0% +for a linear to make a linear change of +variables like this really means to pick + + align:start position:0% +variables like this really means to pick + + + align:start position:0% +variables like this really means to pick +new I and J vectors. You know, from the + + align:start position:0% +new I and J vectors. You know, from the + + + align:start position:0% +new I and J vectors. You know, from the +first days of 1802, uh you what you want + + align:start position:0% +first days of 1802, uh you what you want + + + align:start position:0% +first days of 1802, uh you what you want +is a new coordinate system in the plane. + + align:start position:0% +is a new coordinate system in the plane. + + + align:start position:0% +is a new coordinate system in the plane. +And the coordinate system in the plane + + align:start position:0% +And the coordinate system in the plane + + + align:start position:0% +And the coordinate system in the plane +is determined as soon as you tell me + + align:start position:0% +is determined as soon as you tell me + + + align:start position:0% +is determined as soon as you tell me +what the new i is and what the new j is + + align:start position:0% +what the new i is and what the new j is + + + align:start position:0% +what the new i is and what the new j is +in the new + + align:start position:0% +in the new + + + align:start position:0% +in the new +system. So what you have to to establish + + align:start position:0% +system. So what you have to to establish + + + align:start position:0% +system. So what you have to to establish +a linear change of coordinates amounts + + align:start position:0% +a linear change of coordinates amounts + + + align:start position:0% +a linear change of coordinates amounts +to picking two new vectors which are + + align:start position:0% +to picking two new vectors which are + + + align:start position:0% +to picking two new vectors which are +going to play the role of i and j + + align:start position:0% +going to play the role of i and j + + + align:start position:0% +going to play the role of i and j +instead of the old i. The old i and the + + align:start position:0% +instead of the old i. The old i and the + + + align:start position:0% +instead of the old i. The old i and the +old j. Okay. So pick two vectors which + + align:start position:0% +old j. Okay. So pick two vectors which + + + align:start position:0% +old j. Okay. So pick two vectors which +somehow are important to this matrix. + + align:start position:0% +somehow are important to this matrix. + + + align:start position:0% +somehow are important to this matrix. +Well there are only two. to the igen + + align:start position:0% +Well there are only two. to the igen + + + align:start position:0% +Well there are only two. to the igen +vectors what else could they possibly + + align:start position:0% +vectors what else could they possibly + + + align:start position:0% +vectors what else could they possibly +be so the only thing to try now what's + + align:start position:0% +be so the only thing to try now what's + + + align:start position:0% +be so the only thing to try now what's +the relation I say that with this uh + + align:start position:0% +the relation I say that with this uh + + + align:start position:0% +the relation I say that with this uh +this automatically + + align:start position:0% +this automatically + + + align:start position:0% +this automatically +makes what happens is I say that alpha + + align:start position:0% +makes what happens is I say that alpha + + + align:start position:0% +makes what happens is I say that alpha +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +corresponds an alpha 2 these are vectors + + align:start position:0% +corresponds an alpha 2 these are vectors + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds an alpha 2 these are vectors +in the xy + + align:start position:0% +in the xy + + + align:start position:0% +in the xy +system well if I change the coordinates + + align:start position:0% +system well if I change the coordinates + + + align:start position:0% +system well if I change the coordinates +to U and V in the UV system. They will + + align:start position:0% +to U and V in the UV system. They will + + + align:start position:0% +to U and V in the UV system. They will +correspond to the + + align:start position:0% +correspond to the + + + align:start position:0% +correspond to the +vectors 1 Z. In other words, what the + + align:start position:0% +vectors 1 Z. In other words, what the + + + align:start position:0% +vectors 1 Z. In other words, what the +vector that we would normally call I in + + align:start position:0% +vector that we would normally call I in + + + align:start position:0% +vector that we would normally call I in +the UV system. And this one will + + align:start position:0% +the UV system. And this one will + + + align:start position:0% +the UV system. And this one will +correspond to the vector 01. Now, if you + + align:start position:0% +correspond to the vector 01. Now, if you + + + align:start position:0% +correspond to the vector 01. Now, if you +don't believe that, I'll calculate it + + align:start position:0% +don't believe that, I'll calculate it + + + align:start position:0% +don't believe that, I'll calculate it +for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you. It's very easy to the calculation + + align:start position:0% +you. It's very easy to the calculation + + + align:start position:0% +you. It's very easy to the calculation +is trivial. Look what have we got. XY + + align:start position:0% +is trivial. Look what have we got. XY + + + align:start position:0% +is trivial. Look what have we got. XY +equals so + + align:start position:0% +equals so + + + align:start position:0% +equals so +XY equals + + align:start position:0% +XY equals + + + align:start position:0% +XY equals +A1 B1 A2 B2 this is the vector the + + align:start position:0% +A1 B1 A2 B2 this is the vector the + + + align:start position:0% +A1 B1 A2 B2 this is the vector the +column vector alpha 1 and this is the + + align:start position:0% +column vector alpha 1 and this is the + + + align:start position:0% +column vector alpha 1 and this is the +column vector alpha 2 okay now here is U + + align:start position:0% +column vector alpha 2 okay now here is U + + + align:start position:0% +column vector alpha 2 okay now here is U +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +V okay suppose I make U and V equal to 1 + + align:start position:0% +V okay suppose I make U and V equal to 1 + + + align:start position:0% +V okay suppose I make U and V equal to 1 +Z what happens to X and + + align:start position:0% +Z what happens to X and + + + align:start position:0% +Z what happens to X and +ly you matrix multiply 1 0 1. So a1 + + + align:start position:0% +ly you matrix multiply 1 0 1. So a1 + + + + align:start position:0% +ly you matrix multiply 1 0 1. So a1 + + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +b1 plus 0 it corresponds to the column + + align:start position:0% +b1 plus 0 it corresponds to the column + + + align:start position:0% +b1 plus 0 it corresponds to the column +vector a1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +b1. And in the same way uh 01 + + align:start position:0% +b1. And in the same way uh 01 + + + align:start position:0% +b1. And in the same way uh 01 +corresponds to a2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +b2 just by matrix multiplication. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And that shows this thing that these + + align:start position:0% +And that shows this thing that these + + + align:start position:0% +And that shows this thing that these +correspond. So in the UV system the two + + align:start position:0% +correspond. So in the UV system the two + + + align:start position:0% +correspond. So in the UV system the two +igen vectors are now called I and + + align:start position:0% +igen vectors are now called I and + + + align:start position:0% +igen vectors are now called I and +J. Uh well that's looks very promising. + + align:start position:0% +J. Uh well that's looks very promising. + + + align:start position:0% +J. Uh well that's looks very promising. +But we still now the program now is to + + align:start position:0% +But we still now the program now is to + + + align:start position:0% +But we still now the program now is to +do the substitution to + + align:start position:0% +do the substitution to + + + align:start position:0% +do the substitution to +substitute into the + + align:start position:0% +substitute into the + + + align:start position:0% +substitute into the +system x prime= + + align:start position:0% +system x prime= + + + align:start position:0% +system x prime= +ax and see if it's it's + + align:start position:0% +ax and see if it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +ax and see if it's it's +decoupled in the uv + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coordinates. Now, I don't dare let you + + align:start position:0% +coordinates. Now, I don't dare let you + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates. Now, I don't dare let you +do this by yourself because you'll run + + align:start position:0% +do this by yourself because you'll run + + + align:start position:0% +do this by yourself because you'll run +into trouble and it nothing's going to + + align:start position:0% +into trouble and it nothing's going to + + + align:start position:0% +into trouble and it nothing's going to +happen. You'll just get a mess and you + + align:start position:0% +happen. You'll just get a mess and you + + + align:start position:0% +happen. You'll just get a mess and you +you'll say, + + align:start position:0% +you'll say, + + + align:start position:0% +you'll say, +"Hey, I must be missing something." And + + align:start position:0% +"Hey, I must be missing something." And + + + align:start position:0% +"Hey, I must be missing something." And +that's because you are missing + + align:start position:0% +that's because you are missing + + + align:start position:0% +that's because you are missing +something. uh what you're missing and + + align:start position:0% +something. uh what you're missing and + + + align:start position:0% +something. uh what you're missing and +this is a good occasion to tell you is + + align:start position:0% +this is a good occasion to tell you is + + + align:start position:0% +this is a good occasion to tell you is +uh that in general uh threequarters of + + align:start position:0% +uh that in general uh threequarters of + + + align:start position:0% +uh that in general uh threequarters of +the civilized world does not introduce + + align:start position:0% +the civilized world does not introduce + + + align:start position:0% +the civilized world does not introduce +igen values and igen vectors the way you + + align:start position:0% +igen values and igen vectors the way you + + + align:start position:0% +igen values and igen vectors the way you +learned them in 1803 + + align:start position:0% +learned them in 1803 + + + align:start position:0% +learned them in 1803 +uh they use a different definition which + + align:start position:0% +uh they use a different definition which + + + align:start position:0% +uh they use a different definition which +is identical I mean it's not it's + + align:start position:0% +is identical I mean it's not it's + + + align:start position:0% +is identical I mean it's not it's +equivalent it leads to the the concept + + align:start position:0% +equivalent it leads to the the concept + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent it leads to the the concept +is the same but it looks a little + + align:start position:0% +is the same but it looks a little + + + align:start position:0% +is the same but it looks a little +Our definition is what? + + align:start position:0% +Our definition is what? + + + align:start position:0% +Our definition is what? +Well, what's an igen value and I vector? + + align:start position:0% +Well, what's an igen value and I vector? + + + align:start position:0% +Well, what's an igen value and I vector? +The basic thing is this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equation. What's it? This is a 2x2 + + align:start position:0% +equation. What's it? This is a 2x2 + + + align:start position:0% +equation. What's it? This is a 2x2 +matrix, right? This is a column vector + + align:start position:0% +matrix, right? This is a column vector + + + align:start position:0% +matrix, right? This is a column vector +with two entries. The product is the has + + align:start position:0% +with two entries. The product is the has + + + align:start position:0% +with two entries. The product is the has +to be a column vector with two entries, + + align:start position:0% +to be a column vector with two entries, + + + align:start position:0% +to be a column vector with two entries, +but both entries are supposed to be + + align:start position:0% +but both entries are supposed to be + + + align:start position:0% +but both entries are supposed to be +zero. So I'll write it this + + align:start position:0% +zero. So I'll write it this + + + align:start position:0% +zero. So I'll write it this +way. So this way first defines what an + + align:start position:0% +way. So this way first defines what an + + + align:start position:0% +way. So this way first defines what an +igen value is. It's something which + + align:start position:0% +igen value is. It's something which + + + align:start position:0% +igen value is. It's something which +makes the determinant zero. And then it + + align:start position:0% +makes the determinant zero. And then it + + + align:start position:0% +makes the determinant zero. And then it +defines what an igen vector is. It's + + align:start position:0% +defines what an igen vector is. It's + + + align:start position:0% +defines what an igen vector is. It's +then a solution to the system that you + + align:start position:0% +then a solution to the system that you + + + align:start position:0% +then a solution to the system that you +can get because the determinant is zero. + + align:start position:0% +can get because the determinant is zero. + + + align:start position:0% +can get because the determinant is zero. +Now that's not what most people do. What + + align:start position:0% +Now that's not what most people do. What + + + align:start position:0% +Now that's not what most people do. What +most people do is the following. They + + align:start position:0% +most people do is the following. They + + + align:start position:0% +most people do is the following. They +write this equation differently by + + align:start position:0% +write this equation differently by + + + align:start position:0% +write this equation differently by +putting it having something on both + + align:start position:0% +putting it having something on both + + + align:start position:0% +putting it having something on both +sides using the distributive law. What + + align:start position:0% +sides using the distributive law. What + + + align:start position:0% +sides using the distributive law. What +goes on the left side is a alpha 1. What + + align:start position:0% +goes on the left side is a alpha 1. What + + + align:start position:0% +goes on the left side is a alpha 1. What +is that? That is a column + + align:start position:0% +is that? That is a column + + + align:start position:0% +is that? That is a column +vector with two entries. What goes on + + align:start position:0% +vector with two entries. What goes on + + + align:start position:0% +vector with two entries. What goes on +the right? Well, lambda 1 times the + + align:start position:0% +the right? Well, lambda 1 times the + + + align:start position:0% +the right? Well, lambda 1 times the +identity times alpha 1. Now the identity + + align:start position:0% +identity times alpha 1. Now the identity + + + align:start position:0% +identity times alpha 1. Now the identity +matrix times anything + + align:start position:0% +matrix times anything + + + align:start position:0% +matrix times anything +doesn't just reproduces what was there. + + align:start position:0% +doesn't just reproduces what was there. + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't just reproduces what was there. +So there's no difference between writing + + align:start position:0% +So there's no difference between writing + + + align:start position:0% +So there's no difference between writing +the identity times alpha 1 and just + + align:start position:0% +the identity times alpha 1 and just + + + align:start position:0% +the identity times alpha 1 and just +alpha 1 all by itself. So that's what + + align:start position:0% +alpha 1 all by itself. So that's what + + + align:start position:0% +alpha 1 all by itself. So that's what +I'm going to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do. This is the definition of igen value + + align:start position:0% +do. This is the definition of igen value + + + align:start position:0% +do. This is the definition of igen value +and igen vector that that all the other + + align:start position:0% +and igen vector that that all the other + + + align:start position:0% +and igen vector that that all the other +people use. Uh most linear algebra books + + align:start position:0% +people use. Uh most linear algebra books + + + align:start position:0% +people use. Uh most linear algebra books +use this definition. uh most books use a + + align:start position:0% +use this definition. uh most books use a + + + align:start position:0% +use this definition. uh most books use a +different approach and they say here is + + align:start position:0% +different approach and they say here is + + + align:start position:0% +different approach and they say here is +an igen value and an igen vector and it + + align:start position:0% +an igen value and an igen vector and it + + + align:start position:0% +an igen value and an igen vector and it +requires them to defy them in the + + align:start position:0% +requires them to defy them in the + + + align:start position:0% +requires them to defy them in the +opposite order. first what alpha 1 is + + align:start position:0% +opposite order. first what alpha 1 is + + + align:start position:0% +opposite order. first what alpha 1 is +and then what al lambda 1 + + align:start position:0% +and then what al lambda 1 + + + align:start position:0% +and then what al lambda 1 +is see I don't have any determinant now + + align:start position:0% +is see I don't have any determinant now + + + align:start position:0% +is see I don't have any determinant now +so what's the definition the definition + + align:start position:0% +so what's the definition the definition + + + align:start position:0% +so what's the definition the definition +and they like it because it has a + + align:start position:0% +and they like it because it has a + + + align:start position:0% +and they like it because it has a +certain geometric flavor which this one + + align:start position:0% +certain geometric flavor which this one + + + align:start position:0% +certain geometric flavor which this one +lacks entirely this is good for solving + + align:start position:0% +lacks entirely this is good for solving + + + align:start position:0% +lacks entirely this is good for solving +differential equations which is why + + align:start position:0% +differential equations which is why + + + align:start position:0% +differential equations which is why +we're using it in 1803 but this has a + + align:start position:0% +we're using it in 1803 but this has a + + + align:start position:0% +we're using it in 1803 but this has a +certain geometric + + align:start position:0% +certain geometric + + + align:start position:0% +certain geometric +content this way thinks of a as a linear + + align:start position:0% +content this way thinks of a as a linear + + + align:start position:0% +content this way thinks of a as a linear +transformation of the plane a shearing + + align:start position:0% +transformation of the plane a shearing + + + align:start position:0% +transformation of the plane a shearing +ing of the plane. You take the plane and + + align:start position:0% +ing of the plane. You take the plane and + + + align:start position:0% +ing of the plane. You take the plane and +you do something to it or you like that + + align:start position:0% +you do something to it or you like that + + + align:start position:0% +you do something to it or you like that +or you squish it like that or you rotate + + align:start position:0% +or you squish it like that or you rotate + + + align:start position:0% +or you squish it like that or you rotate +it. That's okay too. And the question it + + align:start position:0% +it. That's okay too. And the question it + + + align:start position:0% +it. That's okay too. And the question it +asks is the matrix defines a linear + + align:start position:0% +asks is the matrix defines a linear + + + align:start position:0% +asks is the matrix defines a linear +transformation plane. Every vector goes + + align:start position:0% +transformation plane. Every vector goes + + + align:start position:0% +transformation plane. Every vector goes +to another vector. + + align:start position:0% +to another vector. + + + align:start position:0% +to another vector. +Is there a + + align:start position:0% +Is there a + + + align:start position:0% +Is there a +vector which is taken by this linear + + align:start position:0% +vector which is taken by this linear + + + align:start position:0% +vector which is taken by this linear +transformation and just left alone or + + align:start position:0% +transformation and just left alone or + + + align:start position:0% +transformation and just left alone or +stretched is kept in the same direction + + align:start position:0% +stretched is kept in the same direction + + + align:start position:0% +stretched is kept in the same direction +but stretched or maybe its direction is + + align:start position:0% +but stretched or maybe its direction is + + + align:start position:0% +but stretched or maybe its direction is +reversed and it's stretched or it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +shrunk. But in general if there are real + + align:start position:0% +shrunk. But in general if there are real + + + align:start position:0% +shrunk. But in general if there are real +values there will be such vectors which + + align:start position:0% +values there will be such vectors which + + + align:start position:0% +values there will be such vectors which +are just left in the same direction but + + align:start position:0% +are just left in the same direction but + + + align:start position:0% +are just left in the same direction but +just stretched or shrunk. And what is + + align:start position:0% +just stretched or shrunk. And what is + + + align:start position:0% +just stretched or shrunk. And what is +the lambda? The lambda then is the + + align:start position:0% +the lambda? The lambda then is the + + + align:start position:0% +the lambda? The lambda then is the +amount by which they're stretched or + + align:start position:0% +amount by which they're stretched or + + + align:start position:0% +amount by which they're stretched or +shrunk the factor. So this way first we + + align:start position:0% +shrunk the factor. So this way first we + + + align:start position:0% +shrunk the factor. So this way first we +have to find the vector which is left + + align:start position:0% +have to find the vector which is left + + + align:start position:0% +have to find the vector which is left +unchanged and then we essentially + + align:start position:0% +unchanged and then we essentially + + + align:start position:0% +unchanged and then we essentially +unchanged and then we have to then the + + align:start position:0% +unchanged and then we have to then the + + + align:start position:0% +unchanged and then we have to then the +the number here that goes with it is the + + align:start position:0% +the number here that goes with it is the + + + align:start position:0% +the number here that goes with it is the +stretching factor or the shrinking + + align:start position:0% +stretching factor or the shrinking + + + align:start position:0% +stretching factor or the shrinking +factor. But the end result is the pair + + align:start position:0% +factor. But the end result is the pair + + + align:start position:0% +factor. But the end result is the pair +alpha 1 and lambda 1 regardless of which + + align:start position:0% +alpha 1 and lambda 1 regardless of which + + + align:start position:0% +alpha 1 and lambda 1 regardless of which +order you find them satisfy the same + + align:start position:0% +order you find them satisfy the same + + + align:start position:0% +order you find them satisfy the same +equation. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Now, a consequence of this definition, + + align:start position:0% +Now, a consequence of this definition, + + + align:start position:0% +Now, a consequence of this definition, +we're going to need in the calculation + + align:start position:0% +we're going to need in the calculation + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to need in the calculation +that I'm going to do in just a moment. + + align:start position:0% +that I'm going to do in just a moment. + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm going to do in just a moment. +So, let me calculate that out. What I + + align:start position:0% +So, let me calculate that out. What I + + + align:start position:0% +So, let me calculate that out. What I +want to do is calculate the alpha A, the + + align:start position:0% +want to do is calculate the alpha A, the + + + align:start position:0% +want to do is calculate the alpha A, the +matrix A* + + align:start position:0% +matrix A* + + + align:start position:0% +matrix A* +E. I'm going to need to calculate that. + + align:start position:0% +E. I'm going to need to calculate that. + + + align:start position:0% +E. I'm going to need to calculate that. +Now, what is that? Well, remember E is + + align:start position:0% +Now, what is that? Well, remember E is + + + align:start position:0% +Now, what is that? Well, remember E is +the matrix whose columns are the igen + + align:start position:0% +the matrix whose columns are the igen + + + align:start position:0% +the matrix whose columns are the igen +vectors. So that is the matrix alpha 1 + + align:start position:0% +vectors. So that is the matrix alpha 1 + + + align:start position:0% +vectors. So that is the matrix alpha 1 +alpha + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +2. Now what's this? Well, in both + + align:start position:0% +2. Now what's this? Well, in both + + + align:start position:0% +2. Now what's this? Well, in both +Friday's lecture and Monday's lecture, I + + align:start position:0% +Friday's lecture and Monday's lecture, I + + + align:start position:0% +Friday's lecture and Monday's lecture, I +use the fact that if you do a + + align:start position:0% +use the fact that if you do a + + + align:start position:0% +use the fact that if you do a +multiplication like that, it's the same + + align:start position:0% +multiplication like that, it's the same + + + align:start position:0% +multiplication like that, it's the same +thing as doing the multiplication a + + align:start position:0% +thing as doing the multiplication a + + + align:start position:0% +thing as doing the multiplication a +alpha 1 and putting it in the first + + align:start position:0% +alpha 1 and putting it in the first + + + align:start position:0% +alpha 1 and putting it in the first +column and then a alpha 2 is the column + + align:start position:0% +column and then a alpha 2 is the column + + + align:start position:0% +column and then a alpha 2 is the column +vector that goes in the second + + align:start position:0% +vector that goes in the second + + + align:start position:0% +vector that goes in the second +column. But what's this? This + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is lambda 1 alpha + + align:start position:0% +is lambda 1 alpha + + + align:start position:0% +is lambda 1 alpha +1 and this is lambda 2 alpha 2 by the + + align:start position:0% +1 and this is lambda 2 alpha 2 by the + + + align:start position:0% +1 and this is lambda 2 alpha 2 by the +calculation by this other definition of + + align:start position:0% +calculation by this other definition of + + + align:start position:0% +calculation by this other definition of +igen value in igen vector. And what's + + align:start position:0% +igen value in igen vector. And what's + + + align:start position:0% +igen value in igen vector. And what's +this? Can I write this in terms of + + align:start position:0% +this? Can I write this in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +this? Can I write this in terms of +matrices? Yes indeed I can. This is the + + align:start position:0% +matrices? Yes indeed I can. This is the + + + align:start position:0% +matrices? Yes indeed I can. This is the +matrix lambda. This is the matrix alpha + + align:start position:0% +matrix lambda. This is the matrix alpha + + + align:start position:0% +matrix lambda. This is the matrix alpha +1 alpha 2 times this matrix lambda 1 + + align:start position:0% +1 alpha 2 times this matrix lambda 1 + + + align:start position:0% +1 alpha 2 times this matrix lambda 1 +lambda 2 0 0. Check it out. Lambda + + align:start position:0% +lambda 2 0 0. Check it out. Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +lambda 2 0 0. Check it out. Lambda +1 plus z plus 0 lambda 1 times this + + align:start position:0% +1 plus z plus 0 lambda 1 times this + + + align:start position:0% +1 plus z plus 0 lambda 1 times this +thing plus 0. The first entry is exactly + + align:start position:0% +thing plus 0. The first entry is exactly + + + align:start position:0% +thing plus 0. The first entry is exactly +that. In the same way the second column + + align:start position:0% +that. In the same way the second column + + + align:start position:0% +that. In the same way the second column +doing the same calculation is exactly + + align:start position:0% +doing the same calculation is exactly + + + align:start position:0% +doing the same calculation is exactly +this. So what's that? + + align:start position:0% +this. So what's that? + + + align:start position:0% +this. So what's that? +That's E times this matrix lambda 1 0 0 + + align:start position:0% +That's E times this matrix lambda 1 0 0 + + + align:start position:0% +That's E times this matrix lambda 1 0 0 +lambda + + align:start position:0% +lambda + + + align:start position:0% +lambda +2. Okay, we're almost finished + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now. So now we can carry out our work. + + align:start position:0% +now. So now we can carry out our work. + + + align:start position:0% +now. So now we can carry out our work. +We're going to substitute do the + + align:start position:0% +We're going to substitute do the + + + align:start position:0% +We're going to substitute do the +substitution. So I start with the + + align:start position:0% +substitution. So I start with the + + + align:start position:0% +substitution. So I start with the +system. Remember where we are. I'm + + align:start position:0% +system. Remember where we are. I'm + + + align:start position:0% +system. Remember where we are. I'm +starting with this + + align:start position:0% +starting with this + + + align:start position:0% +starting with this +system. I'm going to make the + + align:start position:0% +system. I'm going to make the + + + align:start position:0% +system. I'm going to make the +substitution. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X sorry X is equal to this matrix E + + align:start position:0% +X sorry X is equal to this matrix E + + + align:start position:0% +X sorry X is equal to this matrix E +whose columns are the igen vectors and + + align:start position:0% +whose columns are the igen vectors and + + + align:start position:0% +whose columns are the igen vectors and +that's going to be I'm introducing in + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be I'm introducing in + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be I'm introducing in +other words new variables U and V + + align:start position:0% +other words new variables U and V + + + align:start position:0% +other words new variables U and V +according to that thing is it did I uh + + align:start position:0% +according to that thing is it did I uh + + + align:start position:0% +according to that thing is it did I uh +ever say U so U is the column vector + + align:start position:0% +ever say U so U is the column vector + + + align:start position:0% +ever say U so U is the column vector +sorry U is the column vector U and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +V and X as usual is the column vector X + + align:start position:0% +V and X as usual is the column vector X + + + align:start position:0% +V and X as usual is the column vector X +and Y so I'm going Plug it in. Okay, + + align:start position:0% +and Y so I'm going Plug it in. Okay, + + + align:start position:0% +and Y so I'm going Plug it in. Okay, +let's plug in. So what do I get? I take + + align:start position:0% +let's plug in. So what do I get? I take + + + align:start position:0% +let's plug in. So what do I get? I take +the derivative. So E is a constant + + align:start position:0% +the derivative. So E is a constant + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative. So E is a constant +matrix. So that makes E * U prime is + + align:start position:0% +matrix. So that makes E * U prime is + + + align:start position:0% +matrix. So that makes E * U prime is +equal to A * X is E * U + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +again. And now at this point you would + + align:start position:0% +again. And now at this point you would + + + align:start position:0% +again. And now at this point you would +be stuck except I calculated for you A * + + align:start position:0% +be stuck except I calculated for you A * + + + align:start position:0% +be stuck except I calculated for you A * +E is E times that Freddy matrix diagonal + + align:start position:0% +E is E times that Freddy matrix diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +E is E times that Freddy matrix diagonal +matrix with the lambdas. So this is E + + align:start position:0% +matrix with the lambdas. So this is E + + + align:start position:0% +matrix with the lambdas. So this is E +times that funny matrix of the lambdas, + + align:start position:0% +times that funny matrix of the lambdas, + + + align:start position:0% +times that funny matrix of the lambdas, +the igen + + align:start position:0% +the igen + + + align:start position:0% +the igen +values and still the U at the end of + + align:start position:0% +values and still the U at the end of + + + align:start position:0% +values and still the U at the end of +it. So where are we? E * U prime equals + + align:start position:0% +it. So where are we? E * U prime equals + + + align:start position:0% +it. So where are we? E * U prime equals +E * this thing. Well, multiply both + + align:start position:0% +E * this thing. Well, multiply both + + + align:start position:0% +E * this thing. Well, multiply both +sides by E inverse and you can cancel + + align:start position:0% +sides by E inverse and you can cancel + + + align:start position:0% +sides by E inverse and you can cancel +them out. + + align:start position:0% +them out. + + + align:start position:0% +them out. +And so the end result + + align:start position:0% +And so the end result + + + align:start position:0% +And so the end result +is that after you've made the + + align:start position:0% +is that after you've made the + + + align:start position:0% +is that after you've made the +substitution in terms of the new + + align:start position:0% +substitution in terms of the new + + + align:start position:0% +substitution in terms of the new +variables u, what you get is u prime + + align:start position:0% +variables u, what you get is u prime + + + align:start position:0% +variables u, what you get is u prime +equals lambda 1 lambda 2 0 0 times u. + + align:start position:0% +equals lambda 1 lambda 2 0 0 times u. + + + align:start position:0% +equals lambda 1 lambda 2 0 0 times u. +Let's write that out in terms of a + + align:start position:0% +Let's write that out in terms of a + + + align:start position:0% +Let's write that out in terms of a +system. So this is uv what does it say? + + align:start position:0% +system. So this is uv what does it say? + + + align:start position:0% +system. So this is uv what does it say? +UV prime is equal to well this is uv + + align:start position:0% +UV prime is equal to well this is uv + + + align:start position:0% +UV prime is equal to well this is uv +here. So it's lambda 1 * u + 0 * + + align:start position:0% +here. So it's lambda 1 * u + 0 * + + + align:start position:0% +here. So it's lambda 1 * u + 0 * +v. And the other one is v prime + + align:start position:0% +v. And the other one is v prime + + + align:start position:0% +v. And the other one is v prime +equals 0 * u + lambda 2 * + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +v. We are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +decoupled in one just one sentence. In + + align:start position:0% +decoupled in one just one sentence. In + + + align:start position:0% +decoupled in one just one sentence. In +other words, you would + + align:start position:0% +other words, you would + + + align:start position:0% +other words, you would +say, in other words, if you were reading + + align:start position:0% +say, in other words, if you were reading + + + align:start position:0% +say, in other words, if you were reading +a book that sort of assumed you knew + + align:start position:0% +a book that sort of assumed you knew + + + align:start position:0% +a book that sort of assumed you knew +what was going on, all it would say is + + align:start position:0% +what was going on, all it would say is + + + align:start position:0% +what was going on, all it would say is +as usual, that's to make you feel bad or + + align:start position:0% +as usual, that's to make you feel bad or + + + align:start position:0% +as usual, that's to make you feel bad or +as is well known to make you feel even + + align:start position:0% +as is well known to make you feel even + + + align:start position:0% +as is well known to make you feel even +worse. uh uh uh the system is decoupled + + align:start position:0% +worse. uh uh uh the system is decoupled + + + align:start position:0% +worse. uh uh uh the system is decoupled +by choosing as the uh new basis for the + + align:start position:0% +by choosing as the uh new basis for the + + + align:start position:0% +by choosing as the uh new basis for the +system the the igen vectors of the + + align:start position:0% +system the the igen vectors of the + + + align:start position:0% +system the the igen vectors of the +matrix uh and in terms of the resulting + + align:start position:0% +matrix uh and in terms of the resulting + + + align:start position:0% +matrix uh and in terms of the resulting +new coordinates the decoupled system + + align:start position:0% +new coordinates the decoupled system + + + align:start position:0% +new coordinates the decoupled system +will be the following where the + + align:start position:0% +will be the following where the + + + align:start position:0% +will be the following where the +constants are the igen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +values and so the solution will be the + + align:start position:0% +values and so the solution will be the + + + align:start position:0% +values and so the solution will be the +solution will be u equals c1 uh * e to + + align:start position:0% +solution will be u equals c1 uh * e to + + + align:start position:0% +solution will be u equals c1 uh * e to +the lambda1 t and v is equal to c2 * e + + align:start position:0% +the lambda1 t and v is equal to c2 * e + + + align:start position:0% +the lambda1 t and v is equal to c2 * e +to the lambda 2t. Of course, if you want + + align:start position:0% +to the lambda 2t. Of course, if you want + + + align:start position:0% +to the lambda 2t. Of course, if you want +it back in terms now of x and y, uh + + align:start position:0% +it back in terms now of x and y, uh + + + align:start position:0% +it back in terms now of x and y, uh +you'll have to go back to here to these + + align:start position:0% +you'll have to go back to here to these + + + align:start position:0% +you'll have to go back to here to these +equations and then plug in for u and v + + align:start position:0% +equations and then plug in for u and v + + + align:start position:0% +equations and then plug in for u and v +what they are and then you'll get the + + align:start position:0% +what they are and then you'll get the + + + align:start position:0% +what they are and then you'll get the +answer in terms of x and y. Okay, we + + align:start position:0% +answer in terms of x and y. Okay, we + + + align:start position:0% +answer in terms of x and y. Okay, we +have uh just enough time to actually + + align:start position:0% +have uh just enough time to actually + + + align:start position:0% +have uh just enough time to actually +carry out this little program. It takes + + align:start position:0% +carry out this little program. It takes + + + align:start position:0% +carry out this little program. It takes +a lot longer to derive than it does + + align:start position:0% +a lot longer to derive than it does + + + align:start position:0% +a lot longer to derive than it does +actually to do. So let's do it for this + + align:start position:0% +actually to do. So let's do it for this + + + align:start position:0% +actually to do. So let's do it for this +system that we were talking about + + align:start position:0% +system that we were talking about + + + align:start position:0% +system that we were talking about +before. Uh let's this can go + + align:start position:0% +before. Uh let's this can go + + + align:start position:0% +before. Uh let's this can go +down. Okay. So + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +decouple decouple the system XY prime + + align:start position:0% +decouple decouple the system XY prime + + + align:start position:0% +decouple decouple the system XY prime +equals the matrix is -2 + + align:start position:0% +equals the matrix is -2 + + + align:start position:0% +equals the matrix is -2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1. Okay, what do I do? Well, I first + + align:start position:0% +1. Okay, what do I do? Well, I first + + + align:start position:0% +1. Okay, what do I do? Well, I first +have to calculate the igen values and + + align:start position:0% +have to calculate the igen values and + + + align:start position:0% +have to calculate the igen values and +the igen vectors. So the E, EVs and + + align:start position:0% +the igen vectors. So the E, EVs and + + + align:start position:0% +the igen vectors. So the E, EVs and +EVs. Okay. The characteristic equation + + align:start position:0% +EVs. Okay. The characteristic equation + + + align:start position:0% +EVs. Okay. The characteristic equation +is lambda squared. The trace is -3. But + + align:start position:0% +is lambda squared. The trace is -3. But + + + align:start position:0% +is lambda squared. The trace is -3. But +you have to change the sign. Uh the + + align:start position:0% +you have to change the sign. Uh the + + + align:start position:0% +you have to change the sign. Uh the +determinant is 2 minus 2. So that's + + align:start position:0% +determinant is 2 minus 2. So that's + + + align:start position:0% +determinant is 2 minus 2. So that's +zero. So there is no constant term here. + + align:start position:0% +zero. So there is no constant term here. + + + align:start position:0% +zero. So there is no constant term here. +It's zero. That's the characteristic + + align:start position:0% +It's zero. That's the characteristic + + + align:start position:0% +It's zero. That's the characteristic +equation. The roots are obviously lambda + + align:start position:0% +equation. The roots are obviously lambda + + + align:start position:0% +equation. The roots are obviously lambda +equals 0, lambda= -3. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And what are the igen value? What are + + align:start position:0% +And what are the igen value? What are + + + align:start position:0% +And what are the igen value? What are +the igen vectors that go with that? With + + align:start position:0% +the igen vectors that go with that? With + + + align:start position:0% +the igen vectors that go with that? With +lambda equals 0 goes the igen vector - + + align:start position:0% +lambda equals 0 goes the igen vector - + + + align:start position:0% +lambda equals 0 goes the igen vector - +2. Well, I subtract zero here. So the + + align:start position:0% +2. Well, I subtract zero here. So the + + + align:start position:0% +2. Well, I subtract zero here. So the +equation I have to solve is minus 2 a1 + + align:start position:0% +equation I have to solve is minus 2 a1 + + + align:start position:0% +equation I have to solve is minus 2 a1 +plus I'm not going to write 2 a2 which + + align:start position:0% +plus I'm not going to write 2 a2 which + + + align:start position:0% +plus I'm not going to write 2 a2 which +is what you've been writing up till now. + + align:start position:0% +is what you've been writing up till now. + + + align:start position:0% +is what you've been writing up till now. +The reason is because I ran into trouble + + align:start position:0% +The reason is because I ran into trouble + + + align:start position:0% +The reason is because I ran into trouble +with the notation and I had to use as + + align:start position:0% +with the notation and I had to use as + + + align:start position:0% +with the notation and I had to use as +the igen vector not a1 a2 but a1 b1. Uh + + align:start position:0% +the igen vector not a1 a2 but a1 b1. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +the igen vector not a1 a2 but a1 b1. Uh +so it should be a b1 here not the a2 + + align:start position:0% +so it should be a b1 here not the a2 + + + align:start position:0% +so it should be a b1 here not the a2 +that you're used to. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh the solution therefore is uh alpha + + align:start position:0% +uh the solution therefore is uh alpha + + + align:start position:0% +uh the solution therefore is uh alpha +equals alpha 1 equals uh 1 + + align:start position:0% +equals alpha 1 equals uh 1 + + + align:start position:0% +equals alpha 1 equals uh 1 +one and for lambda= -3 the + + align:start position:0% +one and for lambda= -3 the + + + align:start position:0% +one and for lambda= -3 the +corresponding vector this time will be + + align:start position:0% +corresponding vector this time will be + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding vector this time will be +uh now I have to subtract -3 from here + + align:start position:0% +uh now I have to subtract -3 from here + + + align:start position:0% +uh now I have to subtract -3 from here +so minus 2 -2 minus - -3 makes + + align:start position:0% +so minus 2 -2 minus - -3 makes + + + align:start position:0% +so minus 2 -2 minus - -3 makes +one so that's + + align:start position:0% +one so that's + + + align:start position:0% +one so that's +a1 + 2 b1 1 equals 0. So a logical + + align:start position:0% +a1 + 2 b1 1 equals 0. So a logical + + + align:start position:0% +a1 + 2 b1 1 equals 0. So a logical +choice for the igen vector here the + + align:start position:0% +choice for the igen vector here the + + + align:start position:0% +choice for the igen vector here the +second igen vector would be make b1 + + align:start position:0% +second igen vector would be make b1 + + + align:start position:0% +second igen vector would be make b1 +equal to one let's say and then a1 will + + align:start position:0% +equal to one let's say and then a1 will + + + align:start position:0% +equal to one let's say and then a1 will +be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +-2 okay now what do we have to do now + + align:start position:0% +-2 okay now what do we have to do now + + + align:start position:0% +-2 okay now what do we have to do now +what we want is the matrix E the matrix + + align:start position:0% +what we want is the matrix E the matrix + + + align:start position:0% +what we want is the matrix E the matrix +E is the matrix of igen vectors so it is + + align:start position:0% +E is the matrix of igen vectors so it is + + + align:start position:0% +E is the matrix of igen vectors so it is +the matrix 1 1 -2 + + align:start position:0% +the matrix 1 1 -2 + + + align:start position:0% +the matrix 1 1 -2 +1 the next thing we want + + align:start position:0% +1 the next thing we want + + + align:start position:0% +1 the next thing we want +is what the new variables u and v are. + + align:start position:0% +is what the new variables u and v are. + + + align:start position:0% +is what the new variables u and v are. +Uh for that we will need e + + align:start position:0% +Uh for that we will need e + + + align:start position:0% +Uh for that we will need e +inverse. How do you calculate the + + align:start position:0% +inverse. How do you calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +inverse. How do you calculate the +inverse of a 2x two matrix? Uh you + + align:start position:0% +inverse of a 2x two matrix? Uh you + + + align:start position:0% +inverse of a 2x two matrix? Uh you +switch the two diagonal elements which + + align:start position:0% +switch the two diagonal elements which + + + align:start position:0% +switch the two diagonal elements which +doesn't okay there I've switched them. + + align:start position:0% +doesn't okay there I've switched them. + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't okay there I've switched them. +Uh and you leave the other two where + + align:start position:0% +Uh and you leave the other two where + + + align:start position:0% +Uh and you leave the other two where +they are but you change their sign. So + + align:start position:0% +they are but you change their sign. So + + + align:start position:0% +they are but you change their sign. So +it's two up here and negative one there. + + align:start position:0% +it's two up here and negative one there. + + + align:start position:0% +it's two up here and negative one there. +Maybe I should make uh this one purple + + align:start position:0% +Maybe I should make uh this one purple + + + align:start position:0% +Maybe I should make uh this one purple +and then that one purple to indicate + + align:start position:0% +and then that one purple to indicate + + + align:start position:0% +and then that one purple to indicate +that I've switched + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +them. Uh oh, I'm not done yet. I have to + + align:start position:0% +them. Uh oh, I'm not done yet. I have to + + + align:start position:0% +them. Uh oh, I'm not done yet. I have to +multiply divide by the determinant. + + align:start position:0% +multiply divide by the determinant. + + + align:start position:0% +multiply divide by the determinant. +What's the determinant? It's 1 minus -2, + + align:start position:0% +What's the determinant? It's 1 minus -2, + + + align:start position:0% +What's the determinant? It's 1 minus -2, +which is three. So I have to divide by + + align:start position:0% +which is three. So I have to divide by + + + align:start position:0% +which is three. So I have to divide by +three. So I multiply everything here by + + align:start position:0% +three. So I multiply everything here by + + + align:start position:0% +three. So I multiply everything here by +1/3. Okay. And what's the decoupled + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +system? So the decoupled system + + align:start position:0% +system? So the decoupled system + + + align:start position:0% +system? So the decoupled system +is so the the new variables are u + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equals3. So right it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +u. So in other words the new variables + + align:start position:0% +u. So in other words the new variables + + + align:start position:0% +u. So in other words the new variables +are given by d. So it's uv + + align:start position:0% +are given by d. So it's uv + + + align:start position:0% +are given by d. So it's uv +equals uh 1 2 -1 1 * 1/3 uh uh * xy. + + align:start position:0% +equals uh 1 2 -1 1 * 1/3 uh uh * xy. + + + align:start position:0% +equals uh 1 2 -1 1 * 1/3 uh uh * xy. +That's the expression for I've covered + + align:start position:0% +That's the expression for I've covered + + + align:start position:0% +That's the expression for I've covered +it up now, but that's u of v in terms of + + align:start position:0% +it up now, but that's u of v in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +it up now, but that's u of v in terms of +x and y. It's this matrix D, the + + align:start position:0% +x and y. It's this matrix D, the + + + align:start position:0% +x and y. It's this matrix D, the +decoupling matrix, which is the one + + align:start position:0% +decoupling matrix, which is the one + + + align:start position:0% +decoupling matrix, which is the one +that's used. And that gives the system u + + align:start position:0% +that's used. And that gives the system u + + + align:start position:0% +that's used. And that gives the system u += + + align:start position:0% += + + + align:start position:0% += +1/3 of x + 2 y on + + align:start position:0% +1/3 of x + 2 y on + + + align:start position:0% +1/3 of x + 2 y on +top. And what's the v entry? V + + align:start position:0% +top. And what's the v entry? V + + + align:start position:0% +top. And what's the v entry? V +is/3 + + align:start position:0% +is/3 + + + align:start position:0% +is/3 +of - x + + + align:start position:0% +of - x + + + + align:start position:0% +of - x + +y. Now, are those the same variables + + align:start position:0% +y. Now, are those the same variables + + + align:start position:0% +y. Now, are those the same variables +that I used before? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh. Ah yes. Uh the top one this is my + + align:start position:0% +oh. Ah yes. Uh the top one this is my + + + align:start position:0% +oh. Ah yes. Uh the top one this is my +new and better you. The one I got by + + align:start position:0% +new and better you. The one I got by + + + align:start position:0% +new and better you. The one I got by +just blindly following the method + + align:start position:0% +just blindly following the method + + + align:start position:0% +just blindly following the method +instead of looking for physical things + + align:start position:0% +instead of looking for physical things + + + align:start position:0% +instead of looking for physical things +with physical meaning. How does it it + + align:start position:0% +with physical meaning. How does it it + + + align:start position:0% +with physical meaning. How does it it +differs from the old one just by a + + align:start position:0% +differs from the old one just by a + + + align:start position:0% +differs from the old one just by a +constant factor. Now that doesn't have + + align:start position:0% +constant factor. Now that doesn't have + + + align:start position:0% +constant factor. Now that doesn't have +any effect on the resulting equation + + align:start position:0% +any effect on the resulting equation + + + align:start position:0% +any effect on the resulting equation +because if the old one is u prime equals + + align:start position:0% +because if the old one is u prime equals + + + align:start position:0% +because if the old one is u prime equals +0, the new one is a third u prime equals + + align:start position:0% +0, the new one is a third u prime equals + + + align:start position:0% +0, the new one is a third u prime equals +0. It's still the same equation in other + + align:start position:0% +0. It's still the same equation in other + + + align:start position:0% +0. It's still the same equation in other +words. And how about this one? This one + + align:start position:0% +words. And how about this one? This one + + + align:start position:0% +words. And how about this one? This one +differs from the other one by the factor + + align:start position:0% +differs from the other one by the factor + + + align:start position:0% +differs from the other one by the factor +minus 1/3. If I take multiply that v + + align:start position:0% +minus 1/3. If I take multiply that v + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1/3. If I take multiply that v +through by minus a3, I get this v. And + + align:start position:0% +through by minus a3, I get this v. And + + + align:start position:0% +through by minus a3, I get this v. And +therefore that two does not affect the + + align:start position:0% +therefore that two does not affect the + + + align:start position:0% +therefore that two does not affect the +second equation. I simply multiply both + + align:start position:0% +second equation. I simply multiply both + + + align:start position:0% +second equation. I simply multiply both +sides by minus a third. So the new V + + align:start position:0% +sides by minus a third. So the new V + + + align:start position:0% +sides by minus a third. So the new V +still satisfies the equation uh minus3 * + + align:start position:0% +still satisfies the equation uh minus3 * + + + align:start position:0% +still satisfies the equation uh minus3 * +V. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/uoL4lQxfgwg.txt b/uoL4lQxfgwg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1e9800a9d670b23fc46056f9c24179df9f7f7723 --- /dev/null +++ b/uoL4lQxfgwg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10595 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay so let's uh get started this is + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's uh get started this is + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's uh get started this is +um first lecture for the course + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +introduction to functional + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +analysis okay so let me give you uh a + + align:start position:0% +analysis okay so let me give you uh a + + + align:start position:0% +analysis okay so let me give you uh a +brief preview or or few words about what + + align:start position:0% +brief preview or or few words about what + + + align:start position:0% +brief preview or or few words about what +functional analysis uh is or or + + align:start position:0% +functional analysis uh is or or + + + align:start position:0% +functional analysis uh is or or +initially aimed to do so + + align:start position:0% +initially aimed to do so + + + align:start position:0% +initially aimed to do so +um you know by this point you've taken + + align:start position:0% +um you know by this point you've taken + + + align:start position:0% +um you know by this point you've taken +or at least what the prerequisites are + + align:start position:0% +or at least what the prerequisites are + + + align:start position:0% +or at least what the prerequisites are +supposed to be you've taken linear + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be you've taken linear + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be you've taken linear +algebra you've taken calculus and what + + align:start position:0% +algebra you've taken calculus and what + + + align:start position:0% +algebra you've taken calculus and what +these uh subjects allow you to do is + + align:start position:0% +these uh subjects allow you to do is + + + align:start position:0% +these uh subjects allow you to do is +solve + + align:start position:0% +solve + + + align:start position:0% +solve +problems + + align:start position:0% +problems + + + align:start position:0% +problems +where + + align:start position:0% +where + + + align:start position:0% +where +um you know you have finitely many + + align:start position:0% +um you know you have finitely many + + + align:start position:0% +um you know you have finitely many +independent variables if you like okay + + align:start position:0% +independent variables if you like okay + + + align:start position:0% +independent variables if you like okay +you're working in finite Dimensions so + + align:start position:0% +you're working in finite Dimensions so + + + align:start position:0% +you're working in finite Dimensions so +you always have for example in calculus + + align:start position:0% +you always have for example in calculus + + + align:start position:0% +you always have for example in calculus +you're trying to find the or Max of a + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to find the or Max of a + + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to find the or Max of a +fun of a function of one two three or + + align:start position:0% +fun of a function of one two three or + + + align:start position:0% +fun of a function of one two three or +four variables right or in linear + + align:start position:0% +four variables right or in linear + + + align:start position:0% +four variables right or in linear +algebra you're trying to solve a linear + + align:start position:0% +algebra you're trying to solve a linear + + + align:start position:0% +algebra you're trying to solve a linear +uh set of linear equations but there's + + align:start position:0% +uh set of linear equations but there's + + + align:start position:0% +uh set of linear equations but there's +you know five equations and five five + + align:start position:0% +you know five equations and five five + + + align:start position:0% +you know five equations and five five +unknowns um so there's always finitely + + align:start position:0% +unknowns um so there's always finitely + + + align:start position:0% +unknowns um so there's always finitely +many uh independent uh + + align:start position:0% +many uh independent uh + + + align:start position:0% +many uh independent uh +variables + + align:start position:0% +variables + + + align:start position:0% +variables +now that's uh allows you to solve a lot + + align:start position:0% +now that's uh allows you to solve a lot + + + align:start position:0% +now that's uh allows you to solve a lot +of fun problems of you know how fast + + align:start position:0% +of fun problems of you know how fast + + + align:start position:0% +of fun problems of you know how fast +water is leaking from a cone I think + + align:start position:0% +water is leaking from a cone I think + + + align:start position:0% +water is leaking from a cone I think +that's one of the problems you solve or + + align:start position:0% +that's one of the problems you solve or + + + align:start position:0% +that's one of the problems you solve or +or something of that sort + + align:start position:0% +or something of that sort + + + align:start position:0% +or something of that sort +um but then when you move on in life you + + align:start position:0% +um but then when you move on in life you + + + align:start position:0% +um but then when you move on in life you +come across uh Odes and + + align:start position:0% +come across uh Odes and + + + align:start position:0% +come across uh Odes and +pdes uh and other types of minimization + + align:start position:0% +pdes uh and other types of minimization + + + align:start position:0% +pdes uh and other types of minimization +maximization problems where now if you'd + + align:start position:0% +maximization problems where now if you'd + + + align:start position:0% +maximization problems where now if you'd +like the set of independent + + align:start position:0% +like the set of independent + + + align:start position:0% +like the set of independent +variables um is no longer finite + + align:start position:0% +variables um is no longer finite + + + align:start position:0% +variables um is no longer finite +dimensional Okay so + + align:start position:0% +dimensional Okay so + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional Okay so +let's think of the number of or your + + align:start position:0% +let's think of the number of or your + + + align:start position:0% +let's think of the number of or your +independent variable as as being a + + align:start position:0% +independent variable as as being a + + + align:start position:0% +independent variable as as being a +member of some Vector space okay so when + + align:start position:0% +member of some Vector space okay so when + + + align:start position:0% +member of some Vector space okay so when +we were talking about calculus you know + + align:start position:0% +we were talking about calculus you know + + + align:start position:0% +we were talking about calculus you know +functions of one two or three variables + + align:start position:0% +functions of one two or three variables + + + align:start position:0% +functions of one two or three variables +these are functions of you know R R2 R3 + + align:start position:0% +these are functions of you know R R2 R3 + + + align:start position:0% +these are functions of you know R R2 R3 +so on and so + + align:start position:0% +so on and so + + + align:start position:0% +so on and so +on but uh it turns out that if you want + + align:start position:0% +on but uh it turns out that if you want + + + align:start position:0% +on but uh it turns out that if you want +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +consider uh for example what's the + + align:start position:0% +consider uh for example what's the + + + align:start position:0% +consider uh for example what's the +shortest curve between two points this + + align:start position:0% +shortest curve between two points this + + + align:start position:0% +shortest curve between two points this +is a natural + + align:start position:0% +is a natural + + + align:start position:0% +is a natural +functional meaning uh well this is + + align:start position:0% +functional meaning uh well this is + + + align:start position:0% +functional meaning uh well this is +terminology that means now the argument + + align:start position:0% +terminology that means now the argument + + + align:start position:0% +terminology that means now the argument +is a function um that the points your + + align:start position:0% +is a function um that the points your + + + align:start position:0% +is a function um that the points your +independent variables are curves are + + align:start position:0% +independent variables are curves are + + + align:start position:0% +independent variables are curves are +functions + + align:start position:0% +functions + + + align:start position:0% +functions +and you know it takes uh for a vector in + + align:start position:0% +and you know it takes uh for a vector in + + + align:start position:0% +and you know it takes uh for a vector in +R3 say it takes three numbers to + + align:start position:0% +R3 say it takes three numbers to + + + align:start position:0% +R3 say it takes three numbers to +specify um a vector right the three + + align:start position:0% +specify um a vector right the three + + + align:start position:0% +specify um a vector right the three +coordinates how many numbers do you need + + align:start position:0% +coordinates how many numbers do you need + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates how many numbers do you need +to specify say a continuous curve uh on + + align:start position:0% +to specify say a continuous curve uh on + + + align:start position:0% +to specify say a continuous curve uh on +the interval say 01 well you need in + + align:start position:0% +the interval say 01 well you need in + + + align:start position:0% +the interval say 01 well you need in +infinitely many numbers you need to know + + align:start position:0% +infinitely many numbers you need to know + + + align:start position:0% +infinitely many numbers you need to know +the graph of that curve um so functional + + align:start position:0% +the graph of that curve um so functional + + + align:start position:0% +the graph of that curve um so functional +analysis in short uh was built to be + + align:start position:0% +analysis in short uh was built to be + + + align:start position:0% +analysis in short uh was built to be +able to start solving problems where the + + align:start position:0% +able to start solving problems where the + + + align:start position:0% +able to start solving problems where the +vector spaces are not necessarily um + + align:start position:0% +vector spaces are not necessarily um + + + align:start position:0% +vector spaces are not necessarily um +finite dimensional and and as we'll see + + align:start position:0% +finite dimensional and and as we'll see + + + align:start position:0% +finite dimensional and and as we'll see +in the in the problems that we work + + align:start position:0% +in the in the problems that we work + + + align:start position:0% +in the in the problems that we work +through um and the situations that pop + + align:start position:0% +through um and the situations that pop + + + align:start position:0% +through um and the situations that pop +up um this + + align:start position:0% +up um this + + + align:start position:0% +up um this +arises quite naturally for very um + + align:start position:0% +arises quite naturally for very um + + + align:start position:0% +arises quite naturally for very um +particular I mean not particular but for + + align:start position:0% +particular I mean not particular but for + + + align:start position:0% +particular I mean not particular but for +concrete problems okay this is not just + + align:start position:0% +concrete problems okay this is not just + + + align:start position:0% +concrete problems okay this is not just +sort of a um you know some sort of + + align:start position:0% +sort of a um you know some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a um you know some sort of +academic exercise these this whole + + align:start position:0% +academic exercise these this whole + + + align:start position:0% +academic exercise these this whole +subject grew out of you know trying to + + align:start position:0% +subject grew out of you know trying to + + + align:start position:0% +subject grew out of you know trying to +understand particular uh concrete + + align:start position:0% +understand particular uh concrete + + + align:start position:0% +understand particular uh concrete +problems um involving pdes and and and + + align:start position:0% +problems um involving pdes and and and + + + align:start position:0% +problems um involving pdes and and and +minimization and uh optimization of + + align:start position:0% +minimization and uh optimization of + + + align:start position:0% +minimization and uh optimization of +now um + + align:start position:0% +now um + + + align:start position:0% +now um +functions of functions that was the + + align:start position:0% +functions of functions that was the + + + align:start position:0% +functions of functions that was the +original terminology functions of + + align:start position:0% +original terminology functions of + + + align:start position:0% +original terminology functions of +functions where now the vector space is + + align:start position:0% +functions where now the vector space is + + + align:start position:0% +functions where now the vector space is +some space of functions not just spaces + + align:start position:0% +some space of functions not just spaces + + + align:start position:0% +some space of functions not just spaces +of uh say three-dimensional vectors or + + align:start position:0% +of uh say three-dimensional vectors or + + + align:start position:0% +of uh say three-dimensional vectors or +two-dimensional vectors and thus the + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional vectors and thus the + + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional vectors and thus the +name + + align:start position:0% +name + + + align:start position:0% +name +functional okay so that's a um a few + + align:start position:0% +functional okay so that's a um a few + + + align:start position:0% +functional okay so that's a um a few +words + + align:start position:0% +words + + + align:start position:0% +words +about you know how this uh subject grew + + align:start position:0% +about you know how this uh subject grew + + + align:start position:0% +about you know how this uh subject grew +what's kind of the point so let's start + + align:start position:0% +what's kind of the point so let's start + + + align:start position:0% +what's kind of the point so let's start +getting into specifics so again I'm + + align:start position:0% +getting into specifics so again I'm + + + align:start position:0% +getting into specifics so again I'm +going to be using a lot of terminology + + align:start position:0% +going to be using a lot of terminology + + + align:start position:0% +going to be using a lot of terminology +that comes from linear algebra and you + + align:start position:0% +that comes from linear algebra and you + + + align:start position:0% +that comes from linear algebra and you +know the real analysis course um + + align:start position:0% +know the real analysis course um + + + align:start position:0% +know the real analysis course um +1800b um but at the start I'll be + + align:start position:0% +1800b um but at the start I'll be + + + align:start position:0% +1800b um but at the start I'll be +reminding you of what some of these you + + align:start position:0% +reminding you of what some of these you + + + align:start position:0% +reminding you of what some of these you +know terms that I'm using mean and but + + align:start position:0% +know terms that I'm using mean and but + + + align:start position:0% +know terms that I'm using mean and but +as the course goes on I will stop you + + align:start position:0% +as the course goes on I will stop you + + + align:start position:0% +as the course goes on I will stop you +know redefining terms that you should + + align:start position:0% +know redefining terms that you should + + + align:start position:0% +know redefining terms that you should +have seen in in real analysis or linear + + align:start position:0% +have seen in in real analysis or linear + + + align:start position:0% +have seen in in real analysis or linear +algebra and just use them okay so the + + align:start position:0% +algebra and just use them okay so the + + + align:start position:0% +algebra and just use them okay so the +first topic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh that we're going to deal with so our + + align:start position:0% +uh that we're going to deal with so our + + + align:start position:0% +uh that we're going to deal with so our +Norm spaces these are kind of the + + align:start position:0% +Norm spaces these are kind of the + + + align:start position:0% +Norm spaces these are kind of the +central objects in or starting point in + + align:start position:0% +central objects in or starting point in + + + align:start position:0% +central objects in or starting point in +functional + + align:start position:0% +functional + + + align:start position:0% +functional +analysis which are the analog of uh R R2 + + align:start position:0% +analysis which are the analog of uh R R2 + + + align:start position:0% +analysis which are the analog of uh R R2 +R3 and so on so what's the setup let V + + align:start position:0% +R3 and so on so what's the setup let V + + + align:start position:0% +R3 and so on so what's the setup let V +be a vector space + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +over r or even C so it could be a + + align:start position:0% +over r or even C so it could be a + + + align:start position:0% +over r or even C so it could be a +complex Vector space + + align:start position:0% +complex Vector space + + + align:start position:0% +complex Vector space +and either of these spaces we'll usually + + align:start position:0% +and either of these spaces we'll usually + + + align:start position:0% +and either of these spaces we'll usually +denote by a bold face K + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so what does this mean so again + + align:start position:0% +okay so what does this mean so again + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what does this mean so again +this is one of those uh points where + + align:start position:0% +this is one of those uh points where + + + align:start position:0% +this is one of those uh points where +I'll just quickly remind you what a + + align:start position:0% +I'll just quickly remind you what a + + + align:start position:0% +I'll just quickly remind you what a +vector + + align:start position:0% +vector + + + align:start position:0% +vector +spaces um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +V comes + + align:start position:0% +V comes + + + align:start position:0% +V comes +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +two operations uh + + align:start position:0% +two operations uh + + + align:start position:0% +two operations uh +plus and scalar + + align:start position:0% +plus and scalar + + + align:start position:0% +plus and scalar +multiplication so plus going from V + + align:start position:0% +multiplication so plus going from V + + + align:start position:0% +multiplication so plus going from V +cross V into V so which we + + align:start position:0% +cross V into V so which we + + + align:start position:0% +cross V into V so which we +denote if I have two vectors uh in V + + align:start position:0% +denote if I have two vectors uh in V + + + align:start position:0% +denote if I have two vectors uh in V +they get mapped to the new Vector which + + align:start position:0% +they get mapped to the new Vector which + + + align:start position:0% +they get mapped to the new Vector which +I denote V1 + V2 and then I have scalar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +multiplication from uh the set of + + align:start position:0% +multiplication from uh the set of + + + align:start position:0% +multiplication from uh the set of +scalers cross V into V and this goes + + align:start position:0% +scalers cross V into V and this goes + + + align:start position:0% +scalers cross V into V and this goes +Alpha V gets mapped to Alpha time + + align:start position:0% +Alpha V gets mapped to Alpha time + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha V gets mapped to Alpha time +V all right and these so you have these + + align:start position:0% +V all right and these so you have these + + + align:start position:0% +V all right and these so you have these +two operations and they satisfy certain + + align:start position:0% +two operations and they satisfy certain + + + align:start position:0% +two operations and they satisfy certain +conditions um assumptions uh relations + + align:start position:0% +conditions um assumptions uh relations + + + align:start position:0% +conditions um assumptions uh relations +between them which are part of the + + align:start position:0% +between them which are part of the + + + align:start position:0% +between them which are part of the +axioms of a Vector space which you can + + align:start position:0% +axioms of a Vector space which you can + + + align:start position:0% +axioms of a Vector space which you can +read in the last section of the notes uh + + align:start position:0% +read in the last section of the notes uh + + + align:start position:0% +read in the last section of the notes uh +if you want to refresh your + + align:start position:0% +if you want to refresh your + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to refresh your +memory and + + align:start position:0% +memory and + + + align:start position:0% +memory and +so so V is a vector space has these two + + align:start position:0% +so so V is a vector space has these two + + + align:start position:0% +so so V is a vector space has these two +operations satisfying certain set of + + align:start position:0% +operations satisfying certain set of + + + align:start position:0% +operations satisfying certain set of +axioms and so for + + align:start position:0% +axioms and so for + + + align:start position:0% +axioms and so for +example uh familiar old + + align:start position:0% +example uh familiar old + + + align:start position:0% +example uh familiar old +examples + + align:start position:0% +examples + + + align:start position:0% +examples +R2 RN and then of course + + align:start position:0% +R2 RN and then of course + + + align:start position:0% +R2 RN and then of course +C the set of in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tupal of r or + + align:start position:0% +tupal of r or + + + align:start position:0% +tupal of r or +C but here's a you know another simple + + align:start position:0% +C but here's a you know another simple + + + align:start position:0% +C but here's a you know another simple +example uh C 01 which I'll remind you + + align:start position:0% +example uh C 01 which I'll remind you + + + align:start position:0% +example uh C 01 which I'll remind you +this uh notation here + + align:start position:0% +this uh notation here + + + align:start position:0% +this uh notation here +means the set of functions from + + align:start position:0% +means the set of functions from + + + align:start position:0% +means the set of functions from +01 into let's say their complex value + + align:start position:0% +01 into let's say their complex value + + + align:start position:0% +01 into let's say their complex value +just to fix a uh a field of scalers so + + align:start position:0% +just to fix a uh a field of scalers so + + + align:start position:0% +just to fix a uh a field of scalers so +to work with such + + align:start position:0% +to work with such + + + align:start position:0% +to work with such +that f is continuous meaning it's + + align:start position:0% +that f is continuous meaning it's + + + align:start position:0% +that f is continuous meaning it's +continuous at every point this is also a + + align:start position:0% +continuous at every point this is also a + + + align:start position:0% +continuous at every point this is also a +a vector field because the sum of two + + align:start position:0% +a vector field because the sum of two + + + align:start position:0% +a vector field because the sum of two +continuous functions um is continuous + + align:start position:0% +continuous functions um is continuous + + + align:start position:0% +continuous functions um is continuous +and if I take a scalar multiple of a + + align:start position:0% +and if I take a scalar multiple of a + + + align:start position:0% +and if I take a scalar multiple of a +continuous function then that's also + + align:start position:0% +continuous function then that's also + + + align:start position:0% +continuous function then that's also +continuous and then these operations + + align:start position:0% +continuous and then these operations + + + align:start position:0% +continuous and then these operations +satisfy the axioms that you need for + + align:start position:0% +satisfy the axioms that you need for + + + align:start position:0% +satisfy the axioms that you need for +Vector space um but there really is a + + align:start position:0% +Vector space um but there really is a + + + align:start position:0% +Vector space um but there really is a +big pun in intended difference between + + align:start position:0% +big pun in intended difference between + + + align:start position:0% +big pun in intended difference between +you know these spaces here and these + + align:start position:0% +you know these spaces here and these + + + align:start position:0% +you know these spaces here and these +spaces here or that space there and what + + align:start position:0% +spaces here or that space there and what + + + align:start position:0% +spaces here or that space there and what +is the the difference uh the size okay + + align:start position:0% +is the the difference uh the size okay + + + align:start position:0% +is the the difference uh the size okay +now in analysis you know size + + align:start position:0% +now in analysis you know size + + + align:start position:0% +now in analysis you know size +was + + align:start position:0% +was + + + align:start position:0% +was +um you know you kind of had maybe one or + + align:start position:0% +um you know you kind of had maybe one or + + + align:start position:0% +um you know you kind of had maybe one or +two different Notions of size you were + + align:start position:0% +two different Notions of size you were + + + align:start position:0% +two different Notions of size you were +introduced to depending on how much + + align:start position:0% +introduced to depending on how much + + + align:start position:0% +introduced to depending on how much +analysis you've seen But one was + + align:start position:0% +analysis you've seen But one was + + + align:start position:0% +analysis you've seen But one was +cardinality that's not what I'm talking + + align:start position:0% +cardinality that's not what I'm talking + + + align:start position:0% +cardinality that's not what I'm talking +about when I mean size uh what I mean is + + align:start position:0% +about when I mean size uh what I mean is + + + align:start position:0% +about when I mean size uh what I mean is +the following I mean the dimension of + + align:start position:0% +the following I mean the dimension of + + + align:start position:0% +the following I mean the dimension of +these spaces so let + + align:start position:0% +these spaces so let + + + align:start position:0% +these spaces so let +me recall the following definition that + + align:start position:0% +me recall the following definition that + + + align:start position:0% +me recall the following definition that +we say a vector space + + align:start position:0% +we say a vector space + + + align:start position:0% +we say a vector space +V is + + align:start position:0% +V is + + + align:start position:0% +V is +finite dimensional and these were a lot + + align:start position:0% +finite dimensional and these were a lot + + + align:start position:0% +finite dimensional and these were a lot +of the vector spaces you were first + + align:start position:0% +of the vector spaces you were first + + + align:start position:0% +of the vector spaces you were first +introduced + + align:start position:0% +introduced + + + align:start position:0% +introduced +to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if + + align:start position:0% +if + + + align:start position:0% +if +every linearly independent set + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is in fact a finite + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +set and so let me again since I'm using + + align:start position:0% +set and so let me again since I'm using + + + align:start position:0% +set and so let me again since I'm using +some of these words to to help you + + align:start position:0% +some of these words to to help you + + + align:start position:0% +some of these words to to help you +recall what does this mean in math this + + align:start position:0% +recall what does this mean in math this + + + align:start position:0% +recall what does this mean in math this +means for every set + + align:start position:0% +means for every set + + + align:start position:0% +means for every set +e that is uh linearly independent + + align:start position:0% +e that is uh linearly independent + + + align:start position:0% +e that is uh linearly independent +meaning which have the following + + align:start position:0% +meaning which have the following + + + align:start position:0% +meaning which have the following +properties so that that if I take any + + align:start position:0% +properties so that that if I take any + + + align:start position:0% +properties so that that if I take any +elements in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +E that so e satisfies that if I take any + + align:start position:0% +E that so e satisfies that if I take any + + + align:start position:0% +E that so e satisfies that if I take any +um finitely many elements of e the + + align:start position:0% +um finitely many elements of e the + + + align:start position:0% +um finitely many elements of e the +assumption that there's a linear + + align:start position:0% +assumption that there's a linear + + + align:start position:0% +assumption that there's a linear +combination of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +them giving zero implies + + align:start position:0% +them giving zero implies + + + align:start position:0% +them giving zero implies +that all of these scalars must be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero okay so this + + align:start position:0% +zero okay so this + + + align:start position:0% +zero okay so this +here uh is the definition of being + + align:start position:0% +here uh is the definition of being + + + align:start position:0% +here uh is the definition of being +linearly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +independent for all e satisfying this + + align:start position:0% +independent for all e satisfying this + + + align:start position:0% +independent for all e satisfying this +condition so this is kind of poorly + + align:start position:0% +condition so this is kind of poorly + + + align:start position:0% +condition so this is kind of poorly +written but I hope you follow this is + + align:start position:0% +written but I hope you follow this is + + + align:start position:0% +written but I hope you follow this is +the definition of linearly independence + + align:start position:0% +the definition of linearly independence + + + align:start position:0% +the definition of linearly independence +then for every set that's linear + + align:start position:0% +then for every set that's linear + + + align:start position:0% +then for every set that's linear +independent then the set e is finite in + + align:start position:0% +independent then the set e is finite in + + + align:start position:0% +independent then the set e is finite in +the sense of cardinality okay in the + + align:start position:0% +the sense of cardinality okay in the + + + align:start position:0% +the sense of cardinality okay in the +sense there's only you know 100 elements + + align:start position:0% +sense there's only you know 100 elements + + + align:start position:0% +sense there's only you know 100 elements +in there or + + align:start position:0% +in there or + + + align:start position:0% +in there or +not um + + align:start position:0% +not um + + + align:start position:0% +not um +so this is finite dimensional + + align:start position:0% +so this is finite dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +so this is finite dimensional +and say V + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is infinite + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dimensional + + align:start position:0% +dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional +if V is is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not finite + + align:start position:0% +not finite + + + align:start position:0% +not finite +dimensional so some of you I saw I've + + align:start position:0% +dimensional so some of you I saw I've + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional so some of you I saw I've +taken a course for me before I tend to + + align:start position:0% +taken a course for me before I tend to + + + align:start position:0% +taken a course for me before I tend to +use um a lot of uh abbreviations when I + + align:start position:0% +use um a lot of uh abbreviations when I + + + align:start position:0% +use um a lot of uh abbreviations when I +write but typically these abbreviations + + align:start position:0% +write but typically these abbreviations + + + align:start position:0% +write but typically these abbreviations +are pretty clear what they mean if you + + align:start position:0% +are pretty clear what they mean if you + + + align:start position:0% +are pretty clear what they mean if you +just sound it out um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so Vector space V and these infinite + + align:start position:0% +so Vector space V and these infinite + + + align:start position:0% +so Vector space V and these infinite +dimensional Guys these are the guys + + align:start position:0% +dimensional Guys these are the guys + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional Guys these are the guys +we're going to be uh dealing with a lot + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be uh dealing with a lot + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be uh dealing with a lot +in this course um the finite dimensional + + align:start position:0% +in this course um the finite dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +in this course um the finite dimensional +ones you dealt with in in linear algebra + + align:start position:0% +ones you dealt with in in linear algebra + + + align:start position:0% +ones you dealt with in in linear algebra +maybe you used a few you had a few + + align:start position:0% +maybe you used a few you had a few + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you used a few you had a few +infinite dimensional examples you know + + align:start position:0% +infinite dimensional examples you know + + + align:start position:0% +infinite dimensional examples you know +if you were looking at examples of + + align:start position:0% +if you were looking at examples of + + + align:start position:0% +if you were looking at examples of +vector spaces but these infinite + + align:start position:0% +vector spaces but these infinite + + + align:start position:0% +vector spaces but these infinite +dimensional Vector spaces these are the + + align:start position:0% +dimensional Vector spaces these are the + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional Vector spaces these are the +type of guys or or the type of vector + + align:start position:0% +type of guys or or the type of vector + + + align:start position:0% +type of guys or or the type of vector +spaces we're now going to solve linear + + align:start position:0% +spaces we're now going to solve linear + + + align:start position:0% +spaces we're now going to solve linear +equations on okay + + align:start position:0% +equations on okay + + + align:start position:0% +equations on okay +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +um and in some sense do calculus on okay + + align:start position:0% +um and in some sense do calculus on okay + + + align:start position:0% +um and in some sense do calculus on okay +that's not quite true but we're going to + + align:start position:0% +that's not quite true but we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +that's not quite true but we're going to +use calculus and some tools to be able + + align:start position:0% +use calculus and some tools to be able + + + align:start position:0% +use calculus and some tools to be able +to say some things about uh um you know + + align:start position:0% +to say some things about uh um you know + + + align:start position:0% +to say some things about uh um you know +linear equations on on uh on these + + align:start position:0% +linear equations on on uh on these + + + align:start position:0% +linear equations on on uh on these +infinite dimensional spaces but they + + align:start position:0% +infinite dimensional spaces but they + + + align:start position:0% +infinite dimensional spaces but they +won't just be any type of infinite + + align:start position:0% +won't just be any type of infinite + + + align:start position:0% +won't just be any type of infinite +dimensional space and we'll say I'll say + + align:start position:0% +dimensional space and we'll say I'll say + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional space and we'll say I'll say +what type we're looking at in a minute + + align:start position:0% +what type we're looking at in a minute + + + align:start position:0% +what type we're looking at in a minute +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +um okay so finite dimensional infinite + + align:start position:0% +um okay so finite dimensional infinite + + + align:start position:0% +um okay so finite dimensional infinite +dimension so the first uh set of + + align:start position:0% +dimension so the first uh set of + + + align:start position:0% +dimension so the first uh set of +examples R1 R2 RN CN so on those are + + align:start position:0% +examples R1 R2 RN CN so on those are + + + align:start position:0% +examples R1 R2 RN CN so on those are +finite dimensional uh spaces um and the + + align:start position:0% +finite dimensional uh spaces um and the + + + align:start position:0% +finite dimensional uh spaces um and the +dimension is n if I had to find what the + + align:start position:0% +dimension is n if I had to find what the + + + align:start position:0% +dimension is n if I had to find what the +dimension is what is an example of uh + + align:start position:0% +dimension is what is an example of uh + + + align:start position:0% +dimension is what is an example of uh +infinite dimensional well you can + + align:start position:0% +infinite dimensional well you can + + + align:start position:0% +infinite dimensional well you can +probably + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +guess since I led up to it with saying + + align:start position:0% +guess since I led up to it with saying + + + align:start position:0% +guess since I led up to it with saying +this there's a big difference between + + align:start position:0% +this there's a big difference between + + + align:start position:0% +this there's a big difference between +this one and uh our n and + + align:start position:0% +this one and uh our n and + + + align:start position:0% +this one and uh our n and +CN uh the space of continu functions on + + align:start position:0% +CN uh the space of continu functions on + + + align:start position:0% +CN uh the space of continu functions on +the interval + + align:start position:0% +the interval + + + align:start position:0% +the interval +01 this is infinite + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dimensional and why is that this is + + align:start position:0% +dimensional and why is that this is + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional and why is that this is +because the + + align:start position:0% +because the + + + align:start position:0% +because the +set I like e given by the functions FN + + align:start position:0% +set I like e given by the functions FN + + + align:start position:0% +set I like e given by the functions FN +of x equal x to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +N here N is a natural + + align:start position:0% +N here N is a natural + + + align:start position:0% +N here N is a natural +number or + + align:start position:0% +number or + + + align:start position:0% +number or +zero uh this is a linearly independent + + align:start position:0% +zero uh this is a linearly independent + + + align:start position:0% +zero uh this is a linearly independent +set I'll let you think about why that is + + align:start position:0% +set I'll let you think about why that is + + + align:start position:0% +set I'll let you think about why that is +um and you see that it's not a finite + + align:start position:0% +um and you see that it's not a finite + + + align:start position:0% +um and you see that it's not a finite +set it contains infinitely many + + align:start position:0% +set it contains infinitely many + + + align:start position:0% +set it contains infinitely many +different functions okay so this + + align:start position:0% +different functions okay so this + + + align:start position:0% +different functions okay so this +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +uh linearly + + align:start position:0% +uh linearly + + + align:start position:0% +uh linearly +independent set okay so like I said what + + align:start position:0% +independent set okay so like I said what + + + align:start position:0% +independent set okay so like I said what +we're going to be dealing with um is how + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be dealing with um is how + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be dealing with um is how +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +handle you know solving linear equations + + align:start position:0% +handle you know solving linear equations + + + align:start position:0% +handle you know solving linear equations +or or questions about analysis that + + align:start position:0% +or or questions about analysis that + + + align:start position:0% +or or questions about analysis that +we'll need to to solve other problems on + + align:start position:0% +we'll need to to solve other problems on + + + align:start position:0% +we'll need to to solve other problems on +these infinite dimensional + + align:start position:0% +these infinite dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +these infinite dimensional +spaces okay unlike in the past where we + + align:start position:0% +spaces okay unlike in the past where we + + + align:start position:0% +spaces okay unlike in the past where we +did analysis on finite dimensional + + align:start position:0% +did analysis on finite dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +did analysis on finite dimensional +spaces you know and the types of + + align:start position:0% +spaces you know and the types of + + + align:start position:0% +spaces you know and the types of +um the types of things you proved uh in + + align:start position:0% +um the types of things you proved uh in + + + align:start position:0% +um the types of things you proved uh in +the analysis class were you know + + align:start position:0% +the analysis class were you know + + + align:start position:0% +the analysis class were you know +something like um the H Burell theorem + + align:start position:0% +something like um the H Burell theorem + + + align:start position:0% +something like um the H Burell theorem +uh that closed and bounded subsets of RN + + align:start position:0% +uh that closed and bounded subsets of RN + + + align:start position:0% +uh that closed and bounded subsets of RN +are um compact + + align:start position:0% +are um compact + + + align:start position:0% +are um compact +meaning every bounded sequence has a + + align:start position:0% +meaning every bounded sequence has a + + + align:start position:0% +meaning every bounded sequence has a +convergent subsequence this is in fact + + align:start position:0% +convergent subsequence this is in fact + + + align:start position:0% +convergent subsequence this is in fact +something you proved to show that every + + align:start position:0% +something you proved to show that every + + + align:start position:0% +something you proved to show that every +continuous function on a Clos on a + + align:start position:0% +continuous function on a Clos on a + + + align:start position:0% +continuous function on a Clos on a +closed and bounded set has a Min and a + + align:start position:0% +closed and bounded set has a Min and a + + + align:start position:0% +closed and bounded set has a Min and a +Max in that set + + align:start position:0% +Max in that set + + + align:start position:0% +Max in that set +um but that statement that I just said + + align:start position:0% +um but that statement that I just said + + + align:start position:0% +um but that statement that I just said +about the H barell theorem that is not + + align:start position:0% +about the H barell theorem that is not + + + align:start position:0% +about the H barell theorem that is not +true once we get to infinite dimensions + + align:start position:0% +true once we get to infinite dimensions + + + align:start position:0% +true once we get to infinite dimensions +and so we have to you know if we want to + + align:start position:0% +and so we have to you know if we want to + + + align:start position:0% +and so we have to you know if we want to +be able to to solve problems we'll have + + align:start position:0% +be able to to solve problems we'll have + + + align:start position:0% +be able to to solve problems we'll have +to develop some Machinery to get around + + align:start position:0% +to develop some Machinery to get around + + + align:start position:0% +to develop some Machinery to get around +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +it is one of the main uh uh issues that + + align:start position:0% +it is one of the main uh uh issues that + + + align:start position:0% +it is one of the main uh uh issues that +arises when you move from doing analysis + + align:start position:0% +arises when you move from doing analysis + + + align:start position:0% +arises when you move from doing analysis +on uh finite Dimensions to infinite + + align:start position:0% +on uh finite Dimensions to infinite + + + align:start position:0% +on uh finite Dimensions to infinite +Dimensions okay so okay so + + align:start position:0% +Dimensions okay so okay so + + + align:start position:0% +Dimensions okay so okay so +mathematically I've been haven't said + + align:start position:0% +mathematically I've been haven't said + + + align:start position:0% +mathematically I've been haven't said +much but I have been trying to uh Jin up + + align:start position:0% +much but I have been trying to uh Jin up + + + align:start position:0% +much but I have been trying to uh Jin up +the subject uh to make sure you stay + + align:start position:0% +the subject uh to make sure you stay + + + align:start position:0% +the subject uh to make sure you stay +engaged + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so all right so we have Vector spaces + + align:start position:0% +so all right so we have Vector spaces + + + align:start position:0% +so all right so we have Vector spaces +but to do analysis we need some sort of + + align:start position:0% +but to do analysis we need some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +but to do analysis we need some sort of +notion of how close things + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are and to do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that we introduce the notion of a norm + + align:start position:0% +that we introduce the notion of a norm + + + align:start position:0% +that we introduce the notion of a norm +so a + + align:start position:0% +so a + + + align:start position:0% +so a +norm on a vector space V if I don't know + + align:start position:0% +norm on a vector space V if I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +norm on a vector space V if I don't know +if I don't write Vector space V you + + align:start position:0% +if I don't write Vector space V you + + + align:start position:0% +if I don't write Vector space V you +should uh you know say to yourself This + + align:start position:0% +should uh you know say to yourself This + + + align:start position:0% +should uh you know say to yourself This +capital V is a vector space a norm on a + + align:start position:0% +capital V is a vector space a norm on a + + + align:start position:0% +capital V is a vector space a norm on a +vector space V this is + + align:start position:0% +vector space V this is + + + align:start position:0% +vector space V this is +a function this is going to be an object + + align:start position:0% +a function this is going to be an object + + + align:start position:0% +a function this is going to be an object +that generalizes length so it's a + + align:start position:0% +that generalizes length so it's a + + + align:start position:0% +that generalizes length so it's a +function from V + + align:start position:0% +function from V + + + align:start position:0% +function from V +to the set of non- negative numbers with + + align:start position:0% +to the set of non- negative numbers with + + + align:start position:0% +to the set of non- negative numbers with +three properties that we kind of + + align:start position:0% +three properties that we kind of + + + align:start position:0% +three properties that we kind of +associate to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +length namely that uh the norm of V is + + align:start position:0% +length namely that uh the norm of V is + + + align:start position:0% +length namely that uh the norm of V is +zero + + align:start position:0% +zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero +implies + + align:start position:0% +implies + + + align:start position:0% +implies +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +well should say + + align:start position:0% +well should say + + + align:start position:0% +well should say +if and only + + align:start position:0% +if and only + + + align:start position:0% +if and only +if B equals + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +z uh two if I take V and I multiply it + + align:start position:0% +z uh two if I take V and I multiply it + + + align:start position:0% +z uh two if I take V and I multiply it +by a scalar and then I take its length I + + align:start position:0% +by a scalar and then I take its length I + + + align:start position:0% +by a scalar and then I take its length I +should get something like uh that scalar + + align:start position:0% +should get something like uh that scalar + + + align:start position:0% +should get something like uh that scalar +times the length of the vector right if + + align:start position:0% +times the length of the vector right if + + + align:start position:0% +times the length of the vector right if +I take a vector multiply it by two uh I + + align:start position:0% +I take a vector multiply it by two uh I + + + align:start position:0% +I take a vector multiply it by two uh I +should get twice times the length of the + + align:start position:0% +should get twice times the length of the + + + align:start position:0% +should get twice times the length of the +vector so this is expressed by + + align:start position:0% +vector so this is expressed by + + + align:start position:0% +vector so this is expressed by +this and this is for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all Lambda in my field of scalars + + align:start position:0% +all Lambda in my field of scalars + + + align:start position:0% +all Lambda in my field of scalars +and for all V and V so this um property + + align:start position:0% +and for all V and V so this um property + + + align:start position:0% +and for all V and V so this um property +here is referred to as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +homogeneity this property here is + + align:start position:0% +homogeneity this property here is + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneity this property here is +referred to + + align:start position:0% +referred to + + + align:start position:0% +referred to +as definiteness + + align:start position:0% +as definiteness + + + align:start position:0% +as definiteness +definite I don't know if I'm spelling + + align:start position:0% +definite I don't know if I'm spelling + + + align:start position:0% +definite I don't know if I'm spelling +that right but definit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then the third + + align:start position:0% +and then the third + + + align:start position:0% +and then the third +property is that it satisfies the + + align:start position:0% +property is that it satisfies the + + + align:start position:0% +property is that it satisfies the +triangle inequality okay this is a um + + align:start position:0% +triangle inequality okay this is a um + + + align:start position:0% +triangle inequality okay this is a um +that for all V1 V2 and V the norm of V1 + + align:start position:0% +that for all V1 V2 and V the norm of V1 + + + align:start position:0% +that for all V1 V2 and V the norm of V1 +plus V2 this is less than or equal to + + align:start position:0% +plus V2 this is less than or equal to + + + align:start position:0% +plus V2 this is less than or equal to +the norm of + + align:start position:0% +the norm of + + + align:start position:0% +the norm of +V1 plus V2 okay and any Vector space + + align:start position:0% +V1 plus V2 okay and any Vector space + + + align:start position:0% +V1 plus V2 okay and any Vector space +that has a norm on it we call a normed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +space with + + align:start position:0% +space with + + + align:start position:0% +space with +Norm is what we call a norm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +space okay and this thing here I usually + + align:start position:0% +space okay and this thing here I usually + + + align:start position:0% +space okay and this thing here I usually +so is referred to as the triangle + + align:start position:0% +so is referred to as the triangle + + + align:start position:0% +so is referred to as the triangle +inequality all right so a vector space + + align:start position:0% +inequality all right so a vector space + + + align:start position:0% +inequality all right so a vector space +with a function on it that satisfies + + align:start position:0% +with a function on it that satisfies + + + align:start position:0% +with a function on it that satisfies +these three properties we call uh a norm + + align:start position:0% +these three properties we call uh a norm + + + align:start position:0% +these three properties we call uh a norm +space okay + + align:start position:0% +space okay + + + align:start position:0% +space okay +um and then so like I said in my past + + align:start position:0% +um and then so like I said in my past + + + align:start position:0% +um and then so like I said in my past +classes whenever I see a de whenever you + + align:start position:0% +classes whenever I see a de whenever you + + + align:start position:0% +classes whenever I see a de whenever you +see a decent uh definition or or you + + align:start position:0% +see a decent uh definition or or you + + + align:start position:0% +see a decent uh definition or or you +know something with substance you should + + align:start position:0% +know something with substance you should + + + align:start position:0% +know something with substance you should +do examples we'll do that in just a + + align:start position:0% +do examples we'll do that in just a + + + align:start position:0% +do examples we'll do that in just a +minute after I give a few more + + align:start position:0% +minute after I give a few more + + + align:start position:0% +minute after I give a few more +definitions + + align:start position:0% +definitions + + + align:start position:0% +definitions +um so let me just add to this + + align:start position:0% +um so let me just add to this + + + align:start position:0% +um so let me just add to this +one this was the definition of a + + align:start position:0% +one this was the definition of a + + + align:start position:0% +one this was the definition of a +Norm a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +seminorm want to be a norm but it's not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +quite is a function which I'll also + + align:start position:0% +quite is a function which I'll also + + + align:start position:0% +quite is a function which I'll also +denote + + align:start position:0% +denote + + + align:start position:0% +denote +uh with these uh you know two parallel + + align:start position:0% +uh with these uh you know two parallel + + + align:start position:0% +uh with these uh you know two parallel +lines on each + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +side is a function satisfying + + align:start position:0% +side is a function satisfying + + + align:start position:0% +side is a function satisfying +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +homogeneity and the triangle inequality + + align:start position:0% +homogeneity and the triangle inequality + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneity and the triangle inequality +but not necessarily uh positive or or + + align:start position:0% +but not necessarily uh positive or or + + + align:start position:0% +but not necessarily uh positive or or +definiteness or or positive definiteness + + align:start position:0% +definiteness or or positive definiteness + + + align:start position:0% +definiteness or or positive definiteness +is also what that goes by satisfying + + align:start position:0% +is also what that goes by satisfying + + + align:start position:0% +is also what that goes by satisfying +two and three but maybe not you know + + align:start position:0% +two and three but maybe not you know + + + align:start position:0% +two and three but maybe not you know +necessarily one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay again seminorms kind of pop up in a + + align:start position:0% +okay again seminorms kind of pop up in a + + + align:start position:0% +okay again seminorms kind of pop up in a +natural way um and I'll give you an + + align:start position:0% +natural way um and I'll give you an + + + align:start position:0% +natural way um and I'll give you an +example in just a + + align:start position:0% +example in just a + + + align:start position:0% +example in just a +second uh so first off + + align:start position:0% +second uh so first off + + + align:start position:0% +second uh so first off +we have this notion of length in a + + align:start position:0% +we have this notion of length in a + + + align:start position:0% +we have this notion of length in a +vector space which is um a norm and if + + align:start position:0% +vector space which is um a norm and if + + + align:start position:0% +vector space which is um a norm and if +we're given a norm on a vector space we + + align:start position:0% +we're given a norm on a vector space we + + + align:start position:0% +we're given a norm on a vector space we +can associate a metric so remember a + + align:start position:0% +can associate a metric so remember a + + + align:start position:0% +can associate a metric so remember a +metric uh so from real analysis I want + + align:start position:0% +metric uh so from real analysis I want + + + align:start position:0% +metric uh so from real analysis I want +you to recall + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that that a function D on a set + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if x is a set a function D from X cross + + align:start position:0% +if x is a set a function D from X cross + + + align:start position:0% +if x is a set a function D from X cross +X into 0 + + align:start position:0% +X into 0 + + + align:start position:0% +X into 0 +Infinity is a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +metric if you have three conditions uh + + align:start position:0% +metric if you have three conditions uh + + + align:start position:0% +metric if you have three conditions uh +satisfied a + + align:start position:0% +satisfied a + + + align:start position:0% +satisfied a +so the distance between uh + + align:start position:0% +so the distance between uh + + + align:start position:0% +so the distance between uh +a point in + + align:start position:0% +a point in + + + align:start position:0% +a point in +itself or let me write it this way the + + align:start position:0% +itself or let me write it this way the + + + align:start position:0% +itself or let me write it this way the +distance between two points is zero if + + align:start position:0% +distance between two points is zero if + + + align:start position:0% +distance between two points is zero if +and only + + align:start position:0% +and only + + + align:start position:0% +and only +if xal + + align:start position:0% +if xal + + + align:start position:0% +if xal +y + + align:start position:0% +y + + + align:start position:0% +y +b all XY in the set + + align:start position:0% +b all XY in the set + + + align:start position:0% +b all XY in the set +x dxy equal + + align:start position:0% +x dxy equal + + + align:start position:0% +x dxy equal +dyx this is uh symmetry of the of the + + align:start position:0% +dyx this is uh symmetry of the of the + + + align:start position:0% +dyx this is uh symmetry of the of the +distance and you have the triangle + + align:start position:0% +distance and you have the triangle + + + align:start position:0% +distance and you have the triangle +inequality for the distance for all all + + align:start position:0% +inequality for the distance for all all + + + align:start position:0% +inequality for the distance for all all +XY and x d or for all X Y and + + align:start position:0% +XY and x d or for all X Y and + + + align:start position:0% +XY and x d or for all X Y and +Z and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X + + align:start position:0% +X + + + align:start position:0% +X +dxy is less than or equal to the + + align:start position:0% +dxy is less than or equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +dxy is less than or equal to the +distance from X to Z Plus the distance + + align:start position:0% +distance from X to Z Plus the distance + + + align:start position:0% +distance from X to Z Plus the distance +from Z to Y + + align:start position:0% +from Z to Y + + + align:start position:0% +from Z to Y +okay so if I have a vector space and I + + align:start position:0% +okay so if I have a vector space and I + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if I have a vector space and I +have a norm on it I can turn that space + + align:start position:0% +have a norm on it I can turn that space + + + align:start position:0% +have a norm on it I can turn that space +now into a metric space and this metric + + align:start position:0% +now into a metric space and this metric + + + align:start position:0% +now into a metric space and this metric +that I'm about to write down is usually + + align:start position:0% +that I'm about to write down is usually + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm about to write down is usually +referred to as the metric induced by the + + align:start position:0% +referred to as the metric induced by the + + + align:start position:0% +referred to as the metric induced by the +by the norm so our first little kind of + + align:start position:0% +by the norm so our first little kind of + + + align:start position:0% +by the norm so our first little kind of +mini theorem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here if I have a norm on a vector + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +space + + align:start position:0% +space + + + align:start position:0% +space +then d + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of use the same if I Define a function + + align:start position:0% +of use the same if I Define a function + + + align:start position:0% +of use the same if I Define a function +dvw to be + + align:start position:0% +dvw to be + + + align:start position:0% +dvw to be +simply the length of V minus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +W so for elements of V and W in the uh + + align:start position:0% +W so for elements of V and W in the uh + + + align:start position:0% +W so for elements of V and W in the uh +Vector + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +space + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +defines metric on + + align:start position:0% +defines metric on + + + align:start position:0% +defines metric on +V okay and this metric we refer to as + + align:start position:0% +V okay and this metric we refer to as + + + align:start position:0% +V okay and this metric we refer to as +the metric induced by the norm all + + align:start position:0% +the metric induced by the norm all + + + align:start position:0% +the metric induced by the norm all +right um and this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not difficult to prove basically one two + + align:start position:0% +not difficult to prove basically one two + + + align:start position:0% +not difficult to prove basically one two +and three imply + + align:start position:0% +and three imply + + + align:start position:0% +and three imply +respectively uh you know a b and c uh + + align:start position:0% +respectively uh you know a b and c uh + + + align:start position:0% +respectively uh you know a b and c uh +one the first property of a norm implies + + align:start position:0% +one the first property of a norm implies + + + align:start position:0% +one the first property of a norm implies +a this is pretty clear + + align:start position:0% +a this is pretty clear + + + align:start position:0% +a this is pretty clear +um you know the distance between v w is + + align:start position:0% +um you know the distance between v w is + + + align:start position:0% +um you know the distance between v w is +zero if and only if V minus W equals 0 + + align:start position:0% +zero if and only if V minus W equals 0 + + + align:start position:0% +zero if and only if V minus W equals 0 +which is if and only if V equals W that + + align:start position:0% +which is if and only if V equals W that + + + align:start position:0% +which is if and only if V equals W that +gives us part a uh B we get from + + align:start position:0% +gives us part a uh B we get from + + + align:start position:0% +gives us part a uh B we get from +two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh since by two + + align:start position:0% +uh since by two + + + align:start position:0% +uh since by two +um B minus W is equal to -1 * wus V + + align:start position:0% +um B minus W is equal to -1 * wus V + + + align:start position:0% +um B minus W is equal to -1 * wus V +equals + + align:start position:0% +equals + + + align:start position:0% +equals +now we pull the scalar out and take its + + align:start position:0% +now we pull the scalar out and take its + + + align:start position:0% +now we pull the scalar out and take its +absolute + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +value so since by two we have uh the + + align:start position:0% +value so since by two we have uh the + + + align:start position:0% +value so since by two we have uh the +length of V minus W equals the length of + + align:start position:0% +length of V minus W equals the length of + + + align:start position:0% +length of V minus W equals the length of +w minus V this implies B and then C just + + align:start position:0% +w minus V this implies B and then C just + + + align:start position:0% +w minus V this implies B and then C just +follows again immediately from the + + align:start position:0% +follows again immediately from the + + + align:start position:0% +follows again immediately from the +triangle in equality 3 by just adding + + align:start position:0% +triangle in equality 3 by just adding + + + align:start position:0% +triangle in equality 3 by just adding +and subtracting uh a third element so + + align:start position:0% +and subtracting uh a third element so + + + align:start position:0% +and subtracting uh a third element so +and then so let me just write three + + align:start position:0% +and then so let me just write three + + + align:start position:0% +and then so let me just write three +appli + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +C you know essenti + + align:start position:0% +C you know essenti + + + align:start position:0% +C you know essenti +immediately all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +okay so when we have a norm we get a + + align:start position:0% +okay so when we have a norm we get a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so when we have a norm we get a +notion of a metric a notion of distance + + align:start position:0% +notion of a metric a notion of distance + + + align:start position:0% +notion of a metric a notion of distance +between two vectors in our Vector Space + + align:start position:0% +between two vectors in our Vector Space + + + align:start position:0% +between two vectors in our Vector Space +by just taking the length of the + + align:start position:0% +by just taking the length of the + + + align:start position:0% +by just taking the length of the +difference of them so again this should + + align:start position:0% +difference of them so again this should + + + align:start position:0% +difference of them so again this should +sort of + + align:start position:0% +sort of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of +um you know this is supposed to be an + + align:start position:0% +um you know this is supposed to be an + + + align:start position:0% +um you know this is supposed to be an +analog of of uh the what we see in R + + align:start position:0% +analog of of uh the what we see in R + + + align:start position:0% +analog of of uh the what we see in R +and R in in general + + align:start position:0% +and R in in general + + + align:start position:0% +and R in in general +so so for + + align:start position:0% +so so for + + + align:start position:0% +so so for +example let me just recall + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this so now let's look at a few Norms + + align:start position:0% +this so now let's look at a few Norms + + + align:start position:0% +this so now let's look at a few Norms +um the set of n tuples of RN or CN + + align:start position:0% +um the set of n tuples of RN or CN + + + align:start position:0% +um the set of n tuples of RN or CN +where we have the ukian + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Norm Clan Norm here uh if I have an N + + align:start position:0% +Norm Clan Norm here uh if I have an N + + + align:start position:0% +Norm Clan Norm here uh if I have an N +Tuple given by X so let me put a two + + align:start position:0% +Tuple given by X so let me put a two + + + align:start position:0% +Tuple given by X so let me put a two +here to denote this Norm then the idian + + align:start position:0% +here to denote this Norm then the idian + + + align:start position:0% +here to denote this Norm then the idian +norm of this Vector + + align:start position:0% +norm of this Vector + + + align:start position:0% +norm of this Vector +uh so this guy is in you know RN or CN + + align:start position:0% +uh so this guy is in you know RN or CN + + + align:start position:0% +uh so this guy is in you know RN or CN +n then its uh ukian Norm is given by the + + align:start position:0% +n then its uh ukian Norm is given by the + + + align:start position:0% +n then its uh ukian Norm is given by the +sum uh I = 1 to n XI link + + align:start position:0% +sum uh I = 1 to n XI link + + + align:start position:0% +sum uh I = 1 to n XI link +squared 12 okay and that gives you uh + + align:start position:0% +squared 12 okay and that gives you uh + + + align:start position:0% +squared 12 okay and that gives you uh +um you know the standard notion of + + align:start position:0% +um you know the standard notion of + + + align:start position:0% +um you know the standard notion of +length and distance between points that + + align:start position:0% +length and distance between points that + + + align:start position:0% +length and distance between points that +you've dealt with in ukian space right + + align:start position:0% +you've dealt with in ukian space right + + + align:start position:0% +you've dealt with in ukian space right +but that's not the only Norm you could + + align:start position:0% +but that's not the only Norm you could + + + align:start position:0% +but that's not the only Norm you could +have on these um these space that you + + align:start position:0% +have on these um these space that you + + + align:start position:0% +have on these um these space that you +dealt with before uh another + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one put an Infinity here this Norm + + align:start position:0% +one put an Infinity here this Norm + + + align:start position:0% +one put an Infinity here this Norm +is the max between + + align:start position:0% +is the max between + + + align:start position:0% +is the max between +I uh between one and N of XI so to + + align:start position:0% +I uh between one and N of XI so to + + + align:start position:0% +I uh between one and N of XI so to +measure the length of a vector I take + + align:start position:0% +measure the length of a vector I take + + + align:start position:0% +measure the length of a vector I take +this to be the magnitude of the + + align:start position:0% +this to be the magnitude of the + + + align:start position:0% +this to be the magnitude of the +largest um entry in that Vector + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay all right um and in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +general there's a whole family of norms + + align:start position:0% +general there's a whole family of norms + + + align:start position:0% +general there's a whole family of norms +I could put on RN or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +CN let me put a p here + + align:start position:0% +CN let me put a p here + + + align:start position:0% +CN let me put a p here +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +is Norm the LP Norm little LP + + align:start position:0% +is Norm the LP Norm little LP + + + align:start position:0% +is Norm the LP Norm little LP +Norm is the sum of the P power of the X + + align:start position:0% +Norm is the sum of the P power of the X + + + align:start position:0% +Norm is the sum of the P power of the X +I raised to the 1 over P of course you + + align:start position:0% +I raised to the 1 over P of course you + + + align:start position:0% +I raised to the 1 over P of course you +need this one over P for homogeneity to + + align:start position:0% +need this one over P for homogeneity to + + + align:start position:0% +need this one over P for homogeneity to +work out and also the triangle + + align:start position:0% +work out and also the triangle + + + align:start position:0% +work out and also the triangle +inequality okay and this is for 1 less + + align:start position:0% +inequality okay and this is for 1 less + + + align:start position:0% +inequality okay and this is for 1 less +than or equal to P less than + + align:start position:0% +than or equal to P less than + + + align:start position:0% +than or equal to P less than +infinity all right I didn't write + + align:start position:0% +infinity all right I didn't write + + + align:start position:0% +infinity all right I didn't write +infinity there because that doesn't make + + align:start position:0% +infinity there because that doesn't make + + + align:start position:0% +infinity there because that doesn't make +sense although you can actually prove + + align:start position:0% +sense although you can actually prove + + + align:start position:0% +sense although you can actually prove +that if I take a fixed vector and I let + + align:start position:0% +that if I take a fixed vector and I let + + + align:start position:0% +that if I take a fixed vector and I let +P go to Infinity then this quantity here + + align:start position:0% +P go to Infinity then this quantity here + + + align:start position:0% +P go to Infinity then this quantity here +converges to this quantity all right + + align:start position:0% +converges to this quantity all right + + + align:start position:0% +converges to this quantity all right +that's not hard to + + align:start position:0% +that's not hard to + + + align:start position:0% +that's not hard to +show + + align:start position:0% +show + + + align:start position:0% +show +um so let me quickly draw you a quick + + align:start position:0% +um so let me quickly draw you a quick + + + align:start position:0% +um so let me quickly draw you a quick +picture of what the unit balls look + + align:start position:0% +picture of what the unit balls look + + + align:start position:0% +picture of what the unit balls look +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +in uh R2 + + align:start position:0% +in uh R2 + + + align:start position:0% +in uh R2 +say with the different Norms so uh let + + align:start position:0% +say with the different Norms so uh let + + + align:start position:0% +say with the different Norms so uh let +me recall that if I have uh in a metric + + align:start position:0% +me recall that if I have uh in a metric + + + align:start position:0% +me recall that if I have uh in a metric +space um a metric then bxr this is a set + + align:start position:0% +space um a metric then bxr this is a set + + + align:start position:0% +space um a metric then bxr this is a set +of all Y and X so that uh the distance + + align:start position:0% +of all Y and X so that uh the distance + + + align:start position:0% +of all Y and X so that uh the distance +from X to Y is less than or equal to + + align:start position:0% +from X to Y is less than or equal to + + + align:start position:0% +from X to Y is less than or equal to +R um now you know what the ball looks + + align:start position:0% +R um now you know what the ball looks + + + align:start position:0% +R um now you know what the ball looks +like for the ukian norm this is just you + + align:start position:0% +like for the ukian norm this is just you + + + align:start position:0% +like for the ukian norm this is just you +know a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +circle and filled in of course uh I'm + + align:start position:0% +circle and filled in of course uh I'm + + + align:start position:0% +circle and filled in of course uh I'm +not going to fill this in so now what + + align:start position:0% +not going to fill this in so now what + + + align:start position:0% +not going to fill this in so now what +I'm looking at is and I'll put a + + align:start position:0% +I'm looking at is and I'll put a + + + align:start position:0% +I'm looking at is and I'll put a +two this is the ball centered at zero of + + align:start position:0% +two this is the ball centered at zero of + + + align:start position:0% +two this is the ball centered at zero of +radius one um so everything inside what + + align:start position:0% +radius one um so everything inside what + + + align:start position:0% +radius one um so everything inside what +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +for uh the infinity + + align:start position:0% +for uh the infinity + + + align:start position:0% +for uh the infinity +Norm let's say I want to look at + + align:start position:0% +Norm let's say I want to look at + + + align:start position:0% +Norm let's say I want to look at +uh what does this look like this in fact + + align:start position:0% +uh what does this look like this in fact + + + align:start position:0% +uh what does this look like this in fact +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Square okay and what about let's do one + + align:start position:0% +Square okay and what about let's do one + + + align:start position:0% +Square okay and what about let's do one +more about the little L1 Norm which is + + align:start position:0% +more about the little L1 Norm which is + + + align:start position:0% +more about the little L1 Norm which is +just the length of uh the magnitude of + + align:start position:0% +just the length of uh the magnitude of + + + align:start position:0% +just the length of uh the magnitude of +the entry entries the length of the + + align:start position:0% +the entry entries the length of the + + + align:start position:0% +the entry entries the length of the +absolute value of the entries then so + + align:start position:0% +absolute value of the entries then so + + + align:start position:0% +absolute value of the entries then so +all these go through + + align:start position:0% +all these go through + + + align:start position:0% +all these go through +these points here on the axis + + align:start position:0% +these points here on the axis + + + align:start position:0% +these points here on the axis +um this ball so first off everything + + align:start position:0% +um this ball so first off everything + + + align:start position:0% +um this ball so first off everything +inside the blue is the L Infinity ball + + align:start position:0% +inside the blue is the L Infinity ball + + + align:start position:0% +inside the blue is the L Infinity ball +everything inside the White is that + + align:start position:0% +everything inside the White is that + + + align:start position:0% +everything inside the White is that +little L2 ball the little L1 ball is + + align:start position:0% +little L2 ball the little L1 ball is + + + align:start position:0% +little L2 ball the little L1 ball is +everything inside + + align:start position:0% +everything inside + + + align:start position:0% +everything inside +of this Square which is now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tilted and every other little LP ball is + + align:start position:0% +tilted and every other little LP ball is + + + align:start position:0% +tilted and every other little LP ball is +in between the yellow and the blue and + + align:start position:0% +in between the yellow and the blue and + + + align:start position:0% +in between the yellow and the blue and +if you take p goes to Infinity then that + + align:start position:0% +if you take p goes to Infinity then that + + + align:start position:0% +if you take p goes to Infinity then that +ball converges in a certain sense to + + align:start position:0% +ball converges in a certain sense to + + + align:start position:0% +ball converges in a certain sense to +this L Infinity ball which is in + + align:start position:0% +this L Infinity ball which is in + + + align:start position:0% +this L Infinity ball which is in +blue + + align:start position:0% +blue + + + align:start position:0% +blue +okay so you see changing the norm even + + align:start position:0% +okay so you see changing the norm even + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you see changing the norm even +on these finite dimensional spaces + + align:start position:0% +on these finite dimensional spaces + + + align:start position:0% +on these finite dimensional spaces +changes um you know kind of the the + + align:start position:0% +changes um you know kind of the the + + + align:start position:0% +changes um you know kind of the the +geometry of the the balls if you like + + align:start position:0% +geometry of the the balls if you like + + + align:start position:0% +geometry of the the balls if you like +all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right but not in too drastic of a way + + align:start position:0% +right but not in too drastic of a way + + + align:start position:0% +right but not in too drastic of a way +meaning if I take a large enough + + align:start position:0% +meaning if I take a large enough + + + align:start position:0% +meaning if I take a large enough +be if I take a large enough L1 ball that + + align:start position:0% +be if I take a large enough L1 ball that + + + align:start position:0% +be if I take a large enough L1 ball that +will swallow up an L Infinity ball uh + + align:start position:0% +will swallow up an L Infinity ball uh + + + align:start position:0% +will swallow up an L Infinity ball uh +and therefore the two balls are kind of + + align:start position:0% +and therefore the two balls are kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore the two balls are kind of +uh and you know I can take the size of + + align:start position:0% +uh and you know I can take the size of + + + align:start position:0% +uh and you know I can take the size of +that ball to be you know maybe uh of + + align:start position:0% +that ball to be you know maybe uh of + + + align:start position:0% +that ball to be you know maybe uh of +size + + align:start position:0% +size + + + align:start position:0% +size +three and so you know the balls are kind + + align:start position:0% +three and so you know the balls are kind + + + align:start position:0% +three and so you know the balls are kind +of the same all right one can always be + + align:start position:0% +of the same all right one can always be + + + align:start position:0% +of the same all right one can always be +sandwiching the other I'll talk a little + + align:start position:0% +sandwiching the other I'll talk a little + + + align:start position:0% +sandwiching the other I'll talk a little +more about that when we talk about + + align:start position:0% +more about that when we talk about + + + align:start position:0% +more about that when we talk about +equivalent Norms um at least in the + + align:start position:0% +equivalent Norms um at least in the + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent Norms um at least in the +problem sets so okay so that's example + + align:start position:0% +problem sets so okay so that's example + + + align:start position:0% +problem sets so okay so that's example +of norms on a finite dimensional Vector + + align:start position:0% +of norms on a finite dimensional Vector + + + align:start position:0% +of norms on a finite dimensional Vector +space let's look at uh another + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Norm let's say + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh let's take a metric space so I + + align:start position:0% +uh let's take a metric space so I + + + align:start position:0% +uh let's take a metric space so I +remember we have a a so this is just any + + align:start position:0% +remember we have a a so this is just any + + + align:start position:0% +remember we have a a so this is just any +old metric + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +space and now I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +space and now I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +space and now I'm going to +define a vector space c lower infinity x + + align:start position:0% +define a vector space c lower infinity x + + + align:start position:0% +define a vector space c lower infinity x +this is defined to be the set of all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh continuous functions on this metric + + align:start position:0% +uh continuous functions on this metric + + + align:start position:0% +uh continuous functions on this metric +space okay remember if we have a metric + + align:start position:0% +space okay remember if we have a metric + + + align:start position:0% +space okay remember if we have a metric +space we have a notion of continuous + + align:start position:0% +space we have a notion of continuous + + + align:start position:0% +space we have a notion of continuous +functions on it um such that + + align:start position:0% +functions on it um such that + + + align:start position:0% +functions on it um such that +what so these are so again to fix this + + align:start position:0% +what so these are so again to fix this + + + align:start position:0% +what so these are so again to fix this +let me just clarify where it's + + align:start position:0% +let me just clarify where it's + + + align:start position:0% +let me just clarify where it's +going F goes from X to let's say + + align:start position:0% +going F goes from X to let's say + + + align:start position:0% +going F goes from X to let's say +c um such that f + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +continuous + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and F is bounded okay mean meaning the + + align:start position:0% +and F is bounded okay mean meaning the + + + align:start position:0% +and F is bounded okay mean meaning the +image of X under f is a bounded subset + + align:start position:0% +image of X under f is a bounded subset + + + align:start position:0% +image of X under f is a bounded subset +of C all + + align:start position:0% +of C all + + + align:start position:0% +of C all +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so just uh so you can connect this with + + align:start position:0% +so just uh so you can connect this with + + + align:start position:0% +so just uh so you can connect this with +something I just wrote down a minute ago + + align:start position:0% +something I just wrote down a minute ago + + + align:start position:0% +something I just wrote down a minute ago +the set of all bounded functions + + align:start position:0% +the set of all bounded functions + + + align:start position:0% +the set of all bounded functions +continuous functions on 01 this is just + + align:start position:0% +continuous functions on 01 this is just + + + align:start position:0% +continuous functions on 01 this is just +the set of continuous functions on 01 + + align:start position:0% +the set of continuous functions on 01 + + + align:start position:0% +the set of continuous functions on 01 +because we know bound uh continuous + + align:start position:0% +because we know bound uh continuous + + + align:start position:0% +because we know bound uh continuous +functions on a closed and bounded + + align:start position:0% +functions on a closed and bounded + + + align:start position:0% +functions on a closed and bounded +interval are bounded uh + + align:start position:0% +interval are bounded uh + + + align:start position:0% +interval are bounded uh +so I don't have to say bounded whenever + + align:start position:0% +so I don't have to say bounded whenever + + + align:start position:0% +so I don't have to say bounded whenever +I write + + align:start position:0% +I write + + + align:start position:0% +I write +this um okay so I have the space of + + align:start position:0% +this um okay so I have the space of + + + align:start position:0% +this um okay so I have the space of +continuous functions on a metric space + + align:start position:0% +continuous functions on a metric space + + + align:start position:0% +continuous functions on a metric space +uh which are bounded and I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +uh which are bounded and I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +uh which are bounded and I'm going to +define a norm on this uh so this is a + + align:start position:0% +define a norm on this uh so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +define a norm on this uh so this is a +vector + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +space because any uh the sum of two + + align:start position:0% +space because any uh the sum of two + + + align:start position:0% +space because any uh the sum of two +continuous functions is continuous + + align:start position:0% +continuous functions is continuous + + + align:start position:0% +continuous functions is continuous +scalar multiple times a continuous + + align:start position:0% +scalar multiple times a continuous + + + align:start position:0% +scalar multiple times a continuous +function is continuous so and again + + align:start position:0% +function is continuous so and again + + + align:start position:0% +function is continuous so and again +those two operations satisfy the axioms + + align:start position:0% +those two operations satisfy the axioms + + + align:start position:0% +those two operations satisfy the axioms +of a vector + + align:start position:0% +of a vector + + + align:start position:0% +of a vector +space and I can define a norm on this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +space then I claim that + + align:start position:0% +space then I claim that + + + align:start position:0% +space then I claim that +uh what do I use + + align:start position:0% +uh what do I use + + + align:start position:0% +uh what do I use +here then if I + + align:start position:0% +here then if I + + + align:start position:0% +here then if I +Define uh an Infinity Norm again which + + align:start position:0% +Define uh an Infinity Norm again which + + + align:start position:0% +Define uh an Infinity Norm again which +will look similar to what I wrote up + + align:start position:0% +will look similar to what I wrote up + + + align:start position:0% +will look similar to what I wrote up +there as this is the soup of all X and + + align:start position:0% +there as this is the soup of all X and + + + align:start position:0% +there as this is the soup of all X and +capital x of U of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +x uh then this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is a norm + + align:start position:0% +is a norm + + + align:start position:0% +is a norm +on this space of continuous bounded + + align:start position:0% +on this space of continuous bounded + + + align:start position:0% +on this space of continuous bounded +continuous + + align:start position:0% +continuous + + + align:start position:0% +continuous +functions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay okay so uh one and two are pro are + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so uh one and two are pro are + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so uh one and two are pro are +pretty easy to see from the definition + + align:start position:0% +pretty easy to see from the definition + + + align:start position:0% +pretty easy to see from the definition +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +properties one and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two are easy to see for the triangle + + align:start position:0% +two are easy to see for the triangle + + + align:start position:0% +two are easy to see for the triangle +inequality well that follows essentially + + align:start position:0% +inequality well that follows essentially + + + align:start position:0% +inequality well that follows essentially +from the triangle inequality for C these + + align:start position:0% +from the triangle inequality for C these + + + align:start position:0% +from the triangle inequality for C these +are C valued complex valued + + align:start position:0% +are C valued complex valued + + + align:start position:0% +are C valued complex valued +functions if you like uh you know + + align:start position:0% +functions if you like uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +functions if you like uh you know +replace it with with real valued + + align:start position:0% +replace it with with real valued + + + align:start position:0% +replace it with with real valued +functions um if that makes you feel + + align:start position:0% +functions um if that makes you feel + + + align:start position:0% +functions um if that makes you feel +better in the first lecture although + + align:start position:0% +better in the first lecture although + + + align:start position:0% +better in the first lecture although +we'll need complex numbers eventually + + align:start position:0% +we'll need complex numbers eventually + + + align:start position:0% +we'll need complex numbers eventually +um so let's check that this function + + align:start position:0% +um so let's check that this function + + + align:start position:0% +um so let's check that this function +satisfies a triangle inequality and + + align:start position:0% +satisfies a triangle inequality and + + + align:start position:0% +satisfies a triangle inequality and +therefore is a + + align:start position:0% +therefore is a + + + align:start position:0% +therefore is a +norm + + align:start position:0% +norm + + + align:start position:0% +norm +um if u and v are two bounded continuous + + align:start position:0% +um if u and v are two bounded continuous + + + align:start position:0% +um if u and v are two bounded continuous +functions on + + align:start position:0% +functions on + + + align:start position:0% +functions on +X then for all x and x if I take + + align:start position:0% +X then for all x and x if I take + + + align:start position:0% +X then for all x and x if I take +ux plus VX this is less than or equal to + + align:start position:0% +ux plus VX this is less than or equal to + + + align:start position:0% +ux plus VX this is less than or equal to +um by the triangle inequality for C + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the absolute value of U of X Plus V ofx + + align:start position:0% +the absolute value of U of X Plus V ofx + + + align:start position:0% +the absolute value of U of X Plus V ofx +again U of X is a complex number and so + + align:start position:0% +again U of X is a complex number and so + + + align:start position:0% +again U of X is a complex number and so +is V ofx so this is by triangle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +inequality but now this uh for any old X + + align:start position:0% +inequality but now this uh for any old X + + + align:start position:0% +inequality but now this uh for any old X +is always bounded by the supremum of + + align:start position:0% +is always bounded by the supremum of + + + align:start position:0% +is always bounded by the supremum of +that over all values okay so let me + + align:start position:0% +that over all values okay so let me + + + align:start position:0% +that over all values okay so let me +write + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so U of X for any fixed value of x + + align:start position:0% +okay so U of X for any fixed value of x + + + align:start position:0% +okay so U of X for any fixed value of x +is always bounded by the supremum over + + align:start position:0% +is always bounded by the supremum over + + + align:start position:0% +is always bounded by the supremum over +all x's in the capital x which is the + + align:start position:0% +all x's in the capital x which is the + + + align:start position:0% +all x's in the capital x which is the +norm of you so what I've shown is that + + align:start position:0% +norm of you so what I've shown is that + + + align:start position:0% +norm of you so what I've shown is that +for all X and capital x the absolute + + align:start position:0% +for all X and capital x the absolute + + + align:start position:0% +for all X and capital x the absolute +value of U of X Plus V ofx is bounded by + + align:start position:0% +value of U of X Plus V ofx is bounded by + + + align:start position:0% +value of U of X Plus V ofx is bounded by +this number okay and therefore this + + align:start position:0% +this number okay and therefore this + + + align:start position:0% +this number okay and therefore this +number is an upper Bound for the set of + + align:start position:0% +number is an upper Bound for the set of + + + align:start position:0% +number is an upper Bound for the set of +absolute values of these guys and + + align:start position:0% +absolute values of these guys and + + + align:start position:0% +absolute values of these guys and +therefore the + + align:start position:0% +therefore the + + + align:start position:0% +therefore the +supremum which implies + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that which is the least upper bound of + + align:start position:0% +that which is the least upper bound of + + + align:start position:0% +that which is the least upper bound of +all these quantities as X ranges over X + + align:start position:0% +all these quantities as X ranges over X + + + align:start position:0% +all these quantities as X ranges over X +is less than or equal to uh this number + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here and therefore we have the triangle + + align:start position:0% +here and therefore we have the triangle + + + align:start position:0% +here and therefore we have the triangle +inequality for this function therefore + + align:start position:0% +inequality for this function therefore + + + align:start position:0% +inequality for this function therefore +this defines a norm which I'll often + + align:start position:0% +this defines a norm which I'll often + + + align:start position:0% +this defines a norm which I'll often +often refer to as a uniform Norm or L + + align:start position:0% +often refer to as a uniform Norm or L + + + align:start position:0% +often refer to as a uniform Norm or L +Infinity Norm just because there's an + + align:start position:0% +Infinity Norm just because there's an + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity Norm just because there's an +Infinity but uh you know the content + + align:start position:0% +Infinity but uh you know the content + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity but uh you know the content +should be clear on + + align:start position:0% +should be clear on + + + align:start position:0% +should be clear on +um you know what I'm talking about I + + align:start position:0% +um you know what I'm talking about I + + + align:start position:0% +um you know what I'm talking about I +mean this is not inconsistent with what + + align:start position:0% +mean this is not inconsistent with what + + + align:start position:0% +mean this is not inconsistent with what +I wrote down because you know RN that's + + align:start position:0% +I wrote down because you know RN that's + + + align:start position:0% +I wrote down because you know RN that's +just a set + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of well okay now never mind let me let + + align:start position:0% +of well okay now never mind let me let + + + align:start position:0% +of well okay now never mind let me let +me stop talking before I get myself uh + + align:start position:0% +me stop talking before I get myself uh + + + align:start position:0% +me stop talking before I get myself uh +Twisted in a knot so what does + + align:start position:0% +Twisted in a knot so what does + + + align:start position:0% +Twisted in a knot so what does +convergence mean in this Norm here right + + align:start position:0% +convergence mean in this Norm here right + + + align:start position:0% +convergence mean in this Norm here right +we know what convergence means in the + + align:start position:0% +we know what convergence means in the + + + align:start position:0% +we know what convergence means in the +kind of ukian or any of these Norms it + + align:start position:0% +kind of ukian or any of these Norms it + + + align:start position:0% +kind of ukian or any of these Norms it +means the points are getting together + + align:start position:0% +means the points are getting together + + + align:start position:0% +means the points are getting together +you know the the fixed points in the + + align:start position:0% +you know the the fixed points in the + + + align:start position:0% +you know the the fixed points in the +plane are starting to get closer and + + align:start position:0% +plane are starting to get closer and + + + align:start position:0% +plane are starting to get closer and +closer together at least in R2 or C2 + + align:start position:0% +closer together at least in R2 or C2 + + + align:start position:0% +closer together at least in R2 or C2 +what about here + + align:start position:0% +what about here + + + align:start position:0% +what about here +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +um so let me just + + align:start position:0% +um so let me just + + + align:start position:0% +um so let me just +note that + + align:start position:0% +note that + + + align:start position:0% +note that +so remember un converges to + + align:start position:0% +so remember un converges to + + + align:start position:0% +so remember un converges to +U in this space of bounded continuous + + align:start position:0% +U in this space of bounded continuous + + + align:start position:0% +U in this space of bounded continuous +functions what does this mean this means + + align:start position:0% +functions what does this mean this means + + + align:start position:0% +functions what does this mean this means +the distance between unu and U goes to + + align:start position:0% +the distance between unu and U goes to + + + align:start position:0% +the distance between unu and U goes to +zero as n goes to + + align:start position:0% +zero as n goes to + + + align:start position:0% +zero as n goes to +Infinity + + align:start position:0% +Infinity + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity +um so here I'm talking about what is + + align:start position:0% +um so here I'm talking about what is + + + align:start position:0% +um so here I'm talking about what is +Convergence of a sequence of elements of + + align:start position:0% +Convergence of a sequence of elements of + + + align:start position:0% +Convergence of a sequence of elements of +this space + + align:start position:0% +this space + + + align:start position:0% +this space +mean so that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +means that the dist between u n and U + + align:start position:0% +means that the dist between u n and U + + + align:start position:0% +means that the dist between u n and U +goes to zero as uh n goes to infinity + + align:start position:0% +goes to zero as uh n goes to infinity + + + align:start position:0% +goes to zero as uh n goes to infinity +and the distance remember is defined in + + align:start position:0% +and the distance remember is defined in + + + align:start position:0% +and the distance remember is defined in +terms of the norm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so okay so convergence in um the space + + align:start position:0% +so okay so convergence in um the space + + + align:start position:0% +so okay so convergence in um the space +of bounded continuous functions just + + align:start position:0% +of bounded continuous functions just + + + align:start position:0% +of bounded continuous functions just +means this okay but in terms of + + align:start position:0% +means this okay but in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +means this okay but in terms of +something you know covered in past + + align:start position:0% +something you know covered in past + + + align:start position:0% +something you know covered in past +analysis class what is this what is that + + align:start position:0% +analysis class what is this what is that + + + align:start position:0% +analysis class what is this what is that +uh you know + + align:start position:0% +uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know +equivalent to I'll write it out this + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to I'll write it out this + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to I'll write it out this +means for all Epsilon positive there + + align:start position:0% +means for all Epsilon positive there + + + align:start position:0% +means for all Epsilon positive there +exists a natural number + + align:start position:0% +exists a natural number + + + align:start position:0% +exists a natural number +in such that now this is the soup of U + + align:start position:0% +in such that now this is the soup of U + + + align:start position:0% +in such that now this is the soup of U +of X for all or soup of un n of x minus + + align:start position:0% +of X for all or soup of un n of x minus + + + align:start position:0% +of X for all or soup of un n of x minus +U of X for all x and x so I can write + + align:start position:0% +U of X for all x and x so I can write + + + align:start position:0% +U of X for all x and x so I can write +such that uh for all n bigger than or + + align:start position:0% +such that uh for all n bigger than or + + + align:start position:0% +such that uh for all n bigger than or +equal to n for all x and + + align:start position:0% +equal to n for all x and + + + align:start position:0% +equal to n for all x and +x u n of x - U of X is less than Epsilon + + align:start position:0% +x u n of x - U of X is less than Epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +x u n of x - U of X is less than Epsilon +um but that's just the definition + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of uniform + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +convergence + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uniformly on X okay so the point of this + + align:start position:0% +uniformly on X okay so the point of this + + + align:start position:0% +uniformly on X okay so the point of this +little note is + + align:start position:0% +little note is + + + align:start position:0% +little note is +that convergence in this Norm or in this + + align:start position:0% +that convergence in this Norm or in this + + + align:start position:0% +that convergence in this Norm or in this +metric I'm I'm going to use norm and + + align:start position:0% +metric I'm I'm going to use norm and + + + align:start position:0% +metric I'm I'm going to use norm and +Metric + + align:start position:0% +Metric + + + align:start position:0% +Metric +interchangeably uh because this metric + + align:start position:0% +interchangeably uh because this metric + + + align:start position:0% +interchangeably uh because this metric +is induced by this Norm so convergence + + align:start position:0% +is induced by this Norm so convergence + + + align:start position:0% +is induced by this Norm so convergence +in Norm in the space of bounded + + align:start position:0% +in Norm in the space of bounded + + + align:start position:0% +in Norm in the space of bounded +continuous functions is the same as + + align:start position:0% +continuous functions is the same as + + + align:start position:0% +continuous functions is the same as +saying that this sequence of functions + + align:start position:0% +saying that this sequence of functions + + + align:start position:0% +saying that this sequence of functions +converges to this function uniformly on + + align:start position:0% +converges to this function uniformly on + + + align:start position:0% +converges to this function uniformly on +X okay so I hope that's I hope that's + + align:start position:0% +X okay so I hope that's I hope that's + + + align:start position:0% +X okay so I hope that's I hope that's +clear um you know when you look when you + + align:start position:0% +clear um you know when you look when you + + + align:start position:0% +clear um you know when you look when you +so maybe I should say this now instead + + align:start position:0% +so maybe I should say this now instead + + + align:start position:0% +so maybe I should say this now instead +of in the eighth lecture uh but you know + + align:start position:0% +of in the eighth lecture uh but you know + + + align:start position:0% +of in the eighth lecture uh but you know +really take the time to actually watch + + align:start position:0% +really take the time to actually watch + + + align:start position:0% +really take the time to actually watch +these lectures you know for two reasons + + align:start position:0% +these lectures you know for two reasons + + + align:start position:0% +these lectures you know for two reasons +one I'm actually here recording them you + + align:start position:0% +one I'm actually here recording them you + + + align:start position:0% +one I'm actually here recording them you +know so um instead of just saying read + + align:start position:0% +know so um instead of just saying read + + + align:start position:0% +know so um instead of just saying read +this and ask me if you have any + + align:start position:0% +this and ask me if you have any + + + align:start position:0% +this and ask me if you have any +questions so you know I'm giving you + + align:start position:0% +questions so you know I'm giving you + + + align:start position:0% +questions so you know I'm giving you +some more insight than just what's in + + align:start position:0% +some more insight than just what's in + + + align:start position:0% +some more insight than just what's in +the notes and two it keeps you engaged + + align:start position:0% +the notes and two it keeps you engaged + + + align:start position:0% +the notes and two it keeps you engaged +okay so you should treat these as you + + align:start position:0% +okay so you should treat these as you + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you should treat these as you +know you actually being there have your + + align:start position:0% +know you actually being there have your + + + align:start position:0% +know you actually being there have your +notebook take notes as I lecture um the + + align:start position:0% +notebook take notes as I lecture um the + + + align:start position:0% +notebook take notes as I lecture um the +great thing is is that you can pause + + align:start position:0% +great thing is is that you can pause + + + align:start position:0% +great thing is is that you can pause +all right and and rewind this space of + + align:start position:0% +all right and and rewind this space of + + + align:start position:0% +all right and and rewind this space of +continuous + + align:start position:0% +continuous + + + align:start position:0% +continuous +functions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um we have that + + align:start position:0% +um we have that + + + align:start position:0% +um we have that +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +Norm okay so some more examples of Norm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +spaces is so I was calling that little + + align:start position:0% +spaces is so I was calling that little + + + align:start position:0% +spaces is so I was calling that little +LP uh Norm um but the little is not + + align:start position:0% +LP uh Norm um but the little is not + + + align:start position:0% +LP uh Norm um but the little is not +necessarily little + + align:start position:0% +necessarily little + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily little +so the actual little LP space that I + + align:start position:0% +so the actual little LP space that I + + + align:start position:0% +so the actual little LP space that I +will typically uh refer to this is going + + align:start position:0% +will typically uh refer to this is going + + + align:start position:0% +will typically uh refer to this is going +to be the space of all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um this is the space of + + align:start position:0% +um this is the space of + + + align:start position:0% +um this is the space of +all sequences now all right so the + + align:start position:0% +all sequences now all right so the + + + align:start position:0% +all sequences now all right so the +vectors in this space are sequences the + + align:start position:0% +vectors in this space are sequences the + + + align:start position:0% +vectors in this space are sequences the +points in this space are sequences such + + align:start position:0% +points in this space are sequences such + + + align:start position:0% +points in this space are sequences such +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh so call this thing element a so a is + + align:start position:0% +uh so call this thing element a so a is + + + align:start position:0% +uh so call this thing element a so a is +a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sequence so this is a set of all + + align:start position:0% +sequence so this is a set of all + + + align:start position:0% +sequence so this is a set of all +sequences that have uh LP Norm that's + + align:start position:0% +sequences that have uh LP Norm that's + + + align:start position:0% +sequences that have uh LP Norm that's +finite and what is the lp Norm in this + + align:start position:0% +finite and what is the lp Norm in this + + + align:start position:0% +finite and what is the lp Norm in this +case uh well it's a natural + + align:start position:0% +case uh well it's a natural + + + align:start position:0% +case uh well it's a natural +generalization of that guy where the lp + + align:start position:0% +generalization of that guy where the lp + + + align:start position:0% +generalization of that guy where the lp +Norm is equal to uh sum J to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Infinity + + align:start position:0% +Infinity + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +one p uh P between one and infinity and + + align:start position:0% +one p uh P between one and infinity and + + + align:start position:0% +one p uh P between one and infinity and +then the L Infinity + + align:start position:0% +then the L Infinity + + + align:start position:0% +then the L Infinity +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +Norm is just soup over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +J okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all + + align:start position:0% +all + + + align:start position:0% +all +right so uh little LP stands for the + + align:start position:0% +right so uh little LP stands for the + + + align:start position:0% +right so uh little LP stands for the +space of sequences um with finite LP + + align:start position:0% +space of sequences um with finite LP + + + align:start position:0% +space of sequences um with finite LP +Norm or you could say their LP summable + + align:start position:0% +Norm or you could say their LP summable + + + align:start position:0% +Norm or you could say their LP summable +their P power is summable um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let me just kind of state A a silly + + align:start position:0% +so let me just kind of state A a silly + + + align:start position:0% +so let me just kind of state A a silly +example the sequence 1 over + + align:start position:0% +example the sequence 1 over + + + align:start position:0% +example the sequence 1 over +J J = 1 to Infinity this is in little + + align:start position:0% +J J = 1 to Infinity this is in little + + + align:start position:0% +J J = 1 to Infinity this is in little +LP for all P bigger than one but not for + + align:start position:0% +LP for all P bigger than one but not for + + + align:start position:0% +LP for all P bigger than one but not for +p equals 1 because then we get the + + align:start position:0% +p equals 1 because then we get the + + + align:start position:0% +p equals 1 because then we get the +harmonic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +series + + align:start position:0% +series + + + align:start position:0% +series +now why + + align:start position:0% +now why + + + align:start position:0% +now why +uh first off why the triangle inequality + + align:start position:0% +uh first off why the triangle inequality + + + align:start position:0% +uh first off why the triangle inequality +holds uh even in you know finitely Min + + align:start position:0% +holds uh even in you know finitely Min + + + align:start position:0% +holds uh even in you know finitely Min +uh in the finite dimensional case and + + align:start position:0% +uh in the finite dimensional case and + + + align:start position:0% +uh in the finite dimensional case and +you know why this is an actual Vector + + align:start position:0% +you know why this is an actual Vector + + + align:start position:0% +you know why this is an actual Vector +space is non-trivial okay so you + + align:start position:0% +space is non-trivial okay so you + + + align:start position:0% +space is non-trivial okay so you +shouldn't be able to actually see you + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't be able to actually see you + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't be able to actually see you +know say oh okay that makes sense it + + align:start position:0% +know say oh okay that makes sense it + + + align:start position:0% +know say oh okay that makes sense it +satisfies a triangle in equality it's + + align:start position:0% +satisfies a triangle in equality it's + + + align:start position:0% +satisfies a triangle in equality it's +not clear uh it's it's non-trivial that + + align:start position:0% +not clear uh it's it's non-trivial that + + + align:start position:0% +not clear uh it's it's non-trivial that +this is in fact uh a norm this one's you + + align:start position:0% +this is in fact uh a norm this one's you + + + align:start position:0% +this is in fact uh a norm this one's you +know easier to see but it's not clear + + align:start position:0% +know easier to see but it's not clear + + + align:start position:0% +know easier to see but it's not clear +for p bigger than one that this is a + + align:start position:0% +for p bigger than one that this is a + + + align:start position:0% +for p bigger than one that this is a +norm um and then therefore little + + align:start position:0% +norm um and then therefore little + + + align:start position:0% +norm um and then therefore little +LP uh and that the sum of two guys in + + align:start position:0% +LP uh and that the sum of two guys in + + + align:start position:0% +LP uh and that the sum of two guys in +little LP are in LP so that this is an + + align:start position:0% +little LP are in LP so that this is an + + + align:start position:0% +little LP are in LP so that this is an +act Vector space and then we have the + + align:start position:0% +act Vector space and then we have the + + + align:start position:0% +act Vector space and then we have the +triangle inequality so that this is a + + align:start position:0% +triangle inequality so that this is a + + + align:start position:0% +triangle inequality so that this is a +norm that'll be in the in the exercises + + align:start position:0% +norm that'll be in the in the exercises + + + align:start position:0% +norm that'll be in the in the exercises +but just take it as take me at my word + + align:start position:0% +but just take it as take me at my word + + + align:start position:0% +but just take it as take me at my word +that um this is indeed a vector space if + + align:start position:0% +that um this is indeed a vector space if + + + align:start position:0% +that um this is indeed a vector space if +I take two sequences that are uh in + + align:start position:0% +I take two sequences that are uh in + + + align:start position:0% +I take two sequences that are uh in +little LP meaning their P power is + + align:start position:0% +little LP meaning their P power is + + + align:start position:0% +little LP meaning their P power is +summable then uh their sum you know + + align:start position:0% +summable then uh their sum you know + + + align:start position:0% +summable then uh their sum you know +entry by entry is also in little LP and + + align:start position:0% +entry by entry is also in little LP and + + + align:start position:0% +entry by entry is also in little LP and +so on and that uh this function here + + align:start position:0% +so on and that uh this function here + + + align:start position:0% +so on and that uh this function here +defines a norm on this space little LP + + align:start position:0% +defines a norm on this space little LP + + + align:start position:0% +defines a norm on this space little LP +okay so just you know accept + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +okay and + + align:start position:0% +okay and + + + align:start position:0% +okay and +so now we're not interested so we've + + align:start position:0% +so now we're not interested so we've + + + align:start position:0% +so now we're not interested so we've +kind of gone a little bit + + align:start position:0% +kind of gone a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +kind of gone a little bit +uh you know narrow down our spaces we're + + align:start position:0% +uh you know narrow down our spaces we're + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know narrow down our spaces we're +interested in a little bit more so we've + + align:start position:0% +interested in a little bit more so we've + + + align:start position:0% +interested in a little bit more so we've +gone from you know General infinite + + align:start position:0% +gone from you know General infinite + + + align:start position:0% +gone from you know General infinite +dimensional Vector spaces now to Norm + + align:start position:0% +dimensional Vector spaces now to Norm + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional Vector spaces now to Norm +spaces being our interest + + align:start position:0% +spaces being our interest + + + align:start position:0% +spaces being our interest +what we're interested in but we're not + + align:start position:0% +what we're interested in but we're not + + + align:start position:0% +what we're interested in but we're not +exactly interested in just any normed uh + + align:start position:0% +exactly interested in just any normed uh + + + align:start position:0% +exactly interested in just any normed uh +Vector + + align:start position:0% +Vector + + + align:start position:0% +Vector +space + + align:start position:0% +space + + + align:start position:0% +space +the you know Central objects and in + + align:start position:0% +the you know Central objects and in + + + align:start position:0% +the you know Central objects and in +functional analysis that we're + + align:start position:0% +functional analysis that we're + + + align:start position:0% +functional analysis that we're +interested in are kind + + align:start position:0% +interested in are kind + + + align:start position:0% +interested in are kind +of you know the analoges of of RN now + + align:start position:0% +of you know the analoges of of RN now + + + align:start position:0% +of you know the analoges of of RN now +what property that RN and CN have is + + align:start position:0% +what property that RN and CN have is + + + align:start position:0% +what property that RN and CN have is +that their metric that this uh metric + + align:start position:0% +that their metric that this uh metric + + + align:start position:0% +that their metric that this uh metric +that you have on these uh sets is + + align:start position:0% +that you have on these uh sets is + + + align:start position:0% +that you have on these uh sets is +complete right that Koshi sequences + + align:start position:0% +complete right that Koshi sequences + + + align:start position:0% +complete right that Koshi sequences +always converge and this is our next + + align:start position:0% +always converge and this is our next + + + align:start position:0% +always converge and this is our next +narrowing down of the spaces we're + + align:start position:0% +narrowing down of the spaces we're + + + align:start position:0% +narrowing down of the spaces we're +interested in and these have a special + + align:start position:0% +interested in and these have a special + + + align:start position:0% +interested in and these have a special +name + + align:start position:0% +name + + + align:start position:0% +name +so these are called Bono spaces after + + align:start position:0% +so these are called Bono spaces after + + + align:start position:0% +so these are called Bono spaces after +Stefan + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Bono + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so Norm space so a vector space with a + + align:start position:0% +so Norm space so a vector space with a + + + align:start position:0% +so Norm space so a vector space with a +norm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is Bono + + align:start position:0% +is Bono + + + align:start position:0% +is Bono +space + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if + + align:start position:0% +if + + + align:start position:0% +if +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +complete with respect + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +metric induced by the norm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so we have + + align:start position:0% +okay so we have + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we have +um we have a norm space we have a metric + + align:start position:0% +um we have a norm space we have a metric + + + align:start position:0% +um we have a norm space we have a metric +that's associated to that by defining uh + + align:start position:0% +that's associated to that by defining uh + + + align:start position:0% +that's associated to that by defining uh +the distance between two + + align:start position:0% +the distance between two + + + align:start position:0% +the distance between two +guys via that uh uh equation up there + + align:start position:0% +guys via that uh uh equation up there + + + align:start position:0% +guys via that uh uh equation up there +and so we say it's a bonox space if that + + align:start position:0% +and so we say it's a bonox space if that + + + align:start position:0% +and so we say it's a bonox space if that +metric uh is complete meaning Koshi + + align:start position:0% +metric uh is complete meaning Koshi + + + align:start position:0% +metric uh is complete meaning Koshi +sequences in that space with respect ECT + + align:start position:0% +sequences in that space with respect ECT + + + align:start position:0% +sequences in that space with respect ECT +to this uh + + align:start position:0% +to this uh + + + align:start position:0% +to this uh +metric uh converge in the space now you + + align:start position:0% +metric uh converge in the space now you + + + align:start position:0% +metric uh converge in the space now you +know in in + + align:start position:0% +know in in + + + align:start position:0% +know in in +um you know first year analysis you + + align:start position:0% +um you know first year analysis you + + + align:start position:0% +um you know first year analysis you +learn that um the set of rational + + align:start position:0% +learn that um the set of rational + + + align:start position:0% +learn that um the set of rational +numbers they are not complete there are + + align:start position:0% +numbers they are not complete there are + + + align:start position:0% +numbers they are not complete there are +Koshi sequences which do not converge uh + + align:start position:0% +Koshi sequences which do not converge uh + + + align:start position:0% +Koshi sequences which do not converge uh +to a rational number you know every real + + align:start position:0% +to a rational number you know every real + + + align:start position:0% +to a rational number you know every real +number uh you can write as a limit as uh + + align:start position:0% +number uh you can write as a limit as uh + + + align:start position:0% +number uh you can write as a limit as uh +you know finitely many decimals so you + + align:start position:0% +you know finitely many decimals so you + + + align:start position:0% +you know finitely many decimals so you +know square root of two will be kind of + + align:start position:0% +know square root of two will be kind of + + + align:start position:0% +know square root of two will be kind of +a number number where you can form a + + align:start position:0% +a number number where you can form a + + + align:start position:0% +a number number where you can form a +Koshi sequence of rational numbers + + align:start position:0% +Koshi sequence of rational numbers + + + align:start position:0% +Koshi sequence of rational numbers +converging to it but it's not a rational + + align:start position:0% +converging to it but it's not a rational + + + align:start position:0% +converging to it but it's not a rational +number so you know the rational numbers + + align:start position:0% +number so you know the rational numbers + + + align:start position:0% +number so you know the rational numbers +are not complete but R you know is + + align:start position:0% +are not complete but R you know is + + + align:start position:0% +are not complete but R you know is +complete and in general we give a name + + align:start position:0% +complete and in general we give a name + + + align:start position:0% +complete and in general we give a name +to those normed linear space those Norm + + align:start position:0% +to those normed linear space those Norm + + + align:start position:0% +to those normed linear space those Norm +spaces uh such that this metric is + + align:start position:0% +spaces uh such that this metric is + + + align:start position:0% +spaces uh such that this metric is +complete uh we call those bonic + + align:start position:0% +complete uh we call those bonic + + + align:start position:0% +complete uh we call those bonic +spaces so let me + + align:start position:0% +spaces so let me + + + align:start position:0% +spaces so let me +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so examples which you saw at least for + + align:start position:0% +so examples which you saw at least for + + + align:start position:0% +so examples which you saw at least for +the idian norm and should be able to + + align:start position:0% +the idian norm and should be able to + + + align:start position:0% +the idian norm and should be able to +prove on your own + + align:start position:0% +prove on your own + + + align:start position:0% +prove on your own +um assuming you know uh the triangle + + align:start position:0% +um assuming you know uh the triangle + + + align:start position:0% +um assuming you know uh the triangle +inequality for the little LP Norms um + + align:start position:0% +inequality for the little LP Norms um + + + align:start position:0% +inequality for the little LP Norms um +these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are complete with respect to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um any of the little LP + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Norms + + align:start position:0% +Norms + + + align:start position:0% +Norms +okay all right now let's do a + + align:start position:0% +okay all right now let's do a + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right now let's do a +non-trivial one uh let's show + + align:start position:0% +non-trivial one uh let's show + + + align:start position:0% +non-trivial one uh let's show +that um the space of bounded continuous + + align:start position:0% +that um the space of bounded continuous + + + align:start position:0% +that um the space of bounded continuous +functions on a metric + + align:start position:0% +functions on a metric + + + align:start position:0% +functions on a metric +space uh is complete okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let's make this a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +theorem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh if x is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +complete metric + + align:start position:0% +complete metric + + + align:start position:0% +complete metric +space + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then is a Bono space bsp that's my + + align:start position:0% +then is a Bono space bsp that's my + + + align:start position:0% +then is a Bono space bsp that's my +abbreviation for bonic space + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay all right so for a complete metric + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so for a complete metric + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so for a complete metric +space the space of bounded continuous + + align:start position:0% +space the space of bounded continuous + + + align:start position:0% +space the space of bounded continuous +functions on X is a bonic space all + + align:start position:0% +functions on X is a bonic space all + + + align:start position:0% +functions on X is a bonic space all +right we've already shown that that + + align:start position:0% +right we've already shown that that + + + align:start position:0% +right we've already shown that that +function over there defines a norm on it + + align:start position:0% +function over there defines a norm on it + + + align:start position:0% +function over there defines a norm on it +so I'm saying it's complete with respect + + align:start position:0% +so I'm saying it's complete with respect + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm saying it's complete with respect +to that Norm okay Koshi sequences always + + align:start position:0% +to that Norm okay Koshi sequences always + + + align:start position:0% +to that Norm okay Koshi sequences always +converge + + align:start position:0% +converge + + + align:start position:0% +converge +in this space so let me just write this + + align:start position:0% +in this space so let me just write this + + + align:start position:0% +in this space so let me just write this +out we want to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +show that + + align:start position:0% +show that + + + align:start position:0% +show that +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +every Koshi + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sequence unu + + align:start position:0% +sequence unu + + + align:start position:0% +sequence unu +n in the space c of bounded continuous + + align:start position:0% +n in the space c of bounded continuous + + + align:start position:0% +n in the space c of bounded continuous +functions uh has a limit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in the space of bounded continuous + + align:start position:0% +in the space of bounded continuous + + + align:start position:0% +in the space of bounded continuous +functions + + align:start position:0% +functions + + + align:start position:0% +functions +okay all right so let's take a Koshi + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so let's take a Koshi + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so let's take a Koshi +sequence and the way you know this proof + + align:start position:0% +sequence and the way you know this proof + + + align:start position:0% +sequence and the way you know this proof +is going to work is the way essentially + + align:start position:0% +is going to work is the way essentially + + + align:start position:0% +is going to work is the way essentially +you know really all of the proofs of + + align:start position:0% +you know really all of the proofs of + + + align:start position:0% +you know really all of the proofs of +showing something as a Bono bace Works + + align:start position:0% +showing something as a Bono bace Works + + + align:start position:0% +showing something as a Bono bace Works +um is you take a Koshi + + align:start position:0% +um is you take a Koshi + + + align:start position:0% +um is you take a Koshi +sequence then you'll be able to come up + + align:start position:0% +sequence then you'll be able to come up + + + align:start position:0% +sequence then you'll be able to come up +with you know a candidate for the limit + + align:start position:0% +with you know a candidate for the limit + + + align:start position:0% +with you know a candidate for the limit +and then your job is to show two things + + align:start position:0% +and then your job is to show two things + + + align:start position:0% +and then your job is to show two things +that that candidate is in the + + align:start position:0% +that that candidate is in the + + + align:start position:0% +that that candidate is in the +space uh itself and then that the + + align:start position:0% +space uh itself and then that the + + + align:start position:0% +space uh itself and then that the +convergence happens okay and sometimes + + align:start position:0% +convergence happens okay and sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +convergence happens okay and sometimes +those two come together or or it can be + + align:start position:0% +those two come together or or it can be + + + align:start position:0% +those two come together or or it can be +done at the same time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so and you'll see what I mean let unb a + + align:start position:0% +so and you'll see what I mean let unb a + + + align:start position:0% +so and you'll see what I mean let unb a +Koshi sequence + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and C Infinity in the space of bounded + + align:start position:0% +and C Infinity in the space of bounded + + + align:start position:0% +and C Infinity in the space of bounded +continuous + + align:start position:0% +continuous + + + align:start position:0% +continuous +functions first off I claim that this + + align:start position:0% +functions first off I claim that this + + + align:start position:0% +functions first off I claim that this +forms a bounded sequence in this + + align:start position:0% +forms a bounded sequence in this + + + align:start position:0% +forms a bounded sequence in this +space uh this is you know effect from + + align:start position:0% +space uh this is you know effect from + + + align:start position:0% +space uh this is you know effect from +metric space Theory but I'll write it + + align:start position:0% +metric space Theory but I'll write it + + + align:start position:0% +metric space Theory but I'll write it +out + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +again + + align:start position:0% +again + + + align:start position:0% +again +then uh there exists natural number in + + align:start position:0% +then uh there exists natural number in + + + align:start position:0% +then uh there exists natural number in +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +such that for all n bigger than or equal + + align:start position:0% +such that for all n bigger than or equal + + + align:start position:0% +such that for all n bigger than or equal +to n KN uh the difference + + align:start position:0% +to n KN uh the difference + + + align:start position:0% +to n KN uh the difference +between uh U and not and U so let me say + + align:start position:0% +between uh U and not and U so let me say + + + align:start position:0% +between uh U and not and U so let me say +for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all n m bigger than or equal to n KN unu + + align:start position:0% +all n m bigger than or equal to n KN unu + + + align:start position:0% +all n m bigger than or equal to n KN unu +n minus u m in the infinity Norm is less + + align:start position:0% +n minus u m in the infinity Norm is less + + + align:start position:0% +n minus u m in the infinity Norm is less +than + + align:start position:0% +than + + + align:start position:0% +than +one okay so what I'm first going to do + + align:start position:0% +one okay so what I'm first going to do + + + align:start position:0% +one okay so what I'm first going to do +I'm first going to show that this + + align:start position:0% +I'm first going to show that this + + + align:start position:0% +I'm first going to show that this +sequence of functions are bounded in + + align:start position:0% +sequence of functions are bounded in + + + align:start position:0% +sequence of functions are bounded in +this space okay each of them are of + + align:start position:0% +this space okay each of them are of + + + align:start position:0% +this space okay each of them are of +course bounded but I'm saying that they + + align:start position:0% +course bounded but I'm saying that they + + + align:start position:0% +course bounded but I'm saying that they +form a bounded sequence in this + + align:start position:0% +form a bounded sequence in this + + + align:start position:0% +form a bounded sequence in this +space okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then let's see wew write + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this we all in bigger than or equal to n + + align:start position:0% +this we all in bigger than or equal to n + + + align:start position:0% +this we all in bigger than or equal to n +not u n n in Norm this is less than or + + align:start position:0% +not u n n in Norm this is less than or + + + align:start position:0% +not u n n in Norm this is less than or +equal to u nus u n KN plus u n KN and + + align:start position:0% +equal to u nus u n KN plus u n KN and + + + align:start position:0% +equal to u nus u n KN plus u n KN and +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +is less than one plus u n not okay so + + align:start position:0% +is less than one plus u n not okay so + + + align:start position:0% +is less than one plus u n not okay so +for all n bigger than or equal to this + + align:start position:0% +for all n bigger than or equal to this + + + align:start position:0% +for all n bigger than or equal to this +fixed number n zero uh U + + align:start position:0% +fixed number n zero uh U + + + align:start position:0% +fixed number n zero uh U +NN L infin and infinity Norm are bounded + + align:start position:0% +NN L infin and infinity Norm are bounded + + + align:start position:0% +NN L infin and infinity Norm are bounded +by one plus the norm of this fixed guy + + align:start position:0% +by one plus the norm of this fixed guy + + + align:start position:0% +by one plus the norm of this fixed guy +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +then for + + align:start position:0% +then for + + + align:start position:0% +then for +all in a natural + + align:start position:0% +all in a natural + + + align:start position:0% +all in a natural +number the norm of un is less than or + + align:start position:0% +number the norm of un is less than or + + + align:start position:0% +number the norm of un is less than or +equal to if I put + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +U1 right now if n is bigger than or + + align:start position:0% +U1 right now if n is bigger than or + + + align:start position:0% +U1 right now if n is bigger than or +equal to n KN then this is less than or + + align:start position:0% +equal to n KN then this is less than or + + + align:start position:0% +equal to n KN then this is less than or +equal to this guy so it's certainly less + + align:start position:0% +equal to this guy so it's certainly less + + + align:start position:0% +equal to this guy so it's certainly less +than or equal to uh some non- negative + + align:start position:0% +than or equal to uh some non- negative + + + align:start position:0% +than or equal to uh some non- negative +things plus this guy all right meanwhile + + align:start position:0% +things plus this guy all right meanwhile + + + align:start position:0% +things plus this guy all right meanwhile +if n is less than n then the norm of it + + align:start position:0% +if n is less than n then the norm of it + + + align:start position:0% +if n is less than n then the norm of it +is less than or equal to one of these + + align:start position:0% +is less than or equal to one of these + + + align:start position:0% +is less than or equal to one of these +Norms that appear here which is also + + align:start position:0% +Norms that appear here which is also + + + align:start position:0% +Norms that appear here which is also +again less than or equal to this entire + + align:start position:0% +again less than or equal to this entire + + + align:start position:0% +again less than or equal to this entire +number that I wrote down here all right + + align:start position:0% +number that I wrote down here all right + + + align:start position:0% +number that I wrote down here all right +and let me Define that to be this number + + align:start position:0% +and let me Define that to be this number + + + align:start position:0% +and let me Define that to be this number +B so I've shown for all natural numbers + + align:start position:0% +B so I've shown for all natural numbers + + + align:start position:0% +B so I've shown for all natural numbers +in the norm of uh u n is bounded by B so + + align:start position:0% +in the norm of uh u n is bounded by B so + + + align:start position:0% +in the norm of uh u n is bounded by B so +this forms a bounded sequence in the + + align:start position:0% +this forms a bounded sequence in the + + + align:start position:0% +this forms a bounded sequence in the +space of bounded continuous functions + + align:start position:0% +space of bounded continuous functions + + + align:start position:0% +space of bounded continuous functions +okay you have to keep track of + + align:start position:0% +okay you have to keep track of + + + align:start position:0% +okay you have to keep track of +uh where this bounded why I'm saying + + align:start position:0% +uh where this bounded why I'm saying + + + align:start position:0% +uh where this bounded why I'm saying +this bounded is taking place each of + + align:start position:0% +this bounded is taking place each of + + + align:start position:0% +this bounded is taking place each of +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +functions uh is bounded is a bounded + + align:start position:0% +functions uh is bounded is a bounded + + + align:start position:0% +functions uh is bounded is a bounded +function what I'm saying here is that + + align:start position:0% +function what I'm saying here is that + + + align:start position:0% +function what I'm saying here is that +they form a bounded sequence in this + + align:start position:0% +they form a bounded sequence in this + + + align:start position:0% +they form a bounded sequence in this +space + + align:start position:0% +space + + + align:start position:0% +space +okay um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so let me + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh me make a note of + + align:start position:0% +uh me make a note of + + + align:start position:0% +uh me make a note of +this this is bounded by this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay all right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now what do we know um and let me in + + align:start position:0% +now what do we know um and let me in + + + align:start position:0% +now what do we know um and let me in +fact I should have written this out over + + align:start position:0% +fact I should have written this out over + + + align:start position:0% +fact I should have written this out over +here but let me write it out again what + + align:start position:0% +here but let me write it out again what + + + align:start position:0% +here but let me write it out again what +does it mean for this sequence to be + + align:start position:0% +does it mean for this sequence to be + + + align:start position:0% +does it mean for this sequence to be +Koshi in this space this means for all + + align:start position:0% +Koshi in this space this means for all + + + align:start position:0% +Koshi in this space this means for all +Epsilon positive there exists a natural + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon positive there exists a natural + + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon positive there exists a natural +number + + align:start position:0% +number + + + align:start position:0% +number +n such that for all n m bigger than or + + align:start position:0% +n such that for all n m bigger than or + + + align:start position:0% +n such that for all n m bigger than or +equal to + + align:start position:0% +equal to + + + align:start position:0% +equal to +n unu n minus u + + align:start position:0% +n unu n minus u + + + align:start position:0% +n unu n minus u +m and uh this uniform Norm is less than + + align:start position:0% +m and uh this uniform Norm is less than + + + align:start position:0% +m and uh this uniform Norm is less than +Epsilon okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now since for all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X I have + + align:start position:0% +X I have + + + align:start position:0% +X I have +that unu n of x minus u m of X an + + align:start position:0% +that unu n of x minus u m of X an + + + align:start position:0% +that unu n of x minus u m of X an +absolute value is less than or equal to + + align:start position:0% +absolute value is less than or equal to + + + align:start position:0% +absolute value is less than or equal to +the soup over all x's in capital x which + + align:start position:0% +the soup over all x's in capital x which + + + align:start position:0% +the soup over all x's in capital x which +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +just the uh uniform Norm the L Infinity + + align:start position:0% +just the uh uniform Norm the L Infinity + + + align:start position:0% +just the uh uniform Norm the L Infinity +Norm on this space + + align:start position:0% +Norm on this space + + + align:start position:0% +Norm on this space +um and I am assuming it's Koshi so it + + align:start position:0% +um and I am assuming it's Koshi so it + + + align:start position:0% +um and I am assuming it's Koshi so it +satisfies this property I + + align:start position:0% +satisfies this property I + + + align:start position:0% +satisfies this property I +get that for all x and + + align:start position:0% +get that for all x and + + + align:start position:0% +get that for all x and +x the sequence now + + align:start position:0% +x the sequence now + + + align:start position:0% +x the sequence now +of uh complex numbers unu n of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X so this is now just a sequence of + + align:start position:0% +X so this is now just a sequence of + + + align:start position:0% +X so this is now just a sequence of +complex numbers it's the value I take X + + align:start position:0% +complex numbers it's the value I take X + + + align:start position:0% +complex numbers it's the value I take X +I stick it into U + + align:start position:0% +I stick it into U + + + align:start position:0% +I stick it into U +subn um I have now a sequence of complex + + align:start position:0% +subn um I have now a sequence of complex + + + align:start position:0% +subn um I have now a sequence of complex +numbers this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is Koshi + + align:start position:0% +is Koshi + + + align:start position:0% +is Koshi +sequence all of this you know may seem a + + align:start position:0% +sequence all of this you know may seem a + + + align:start position:0% +sequence all of this you know may seem a +little bit weird at first but after I + + align:start position:0% +little bit weird at first but after I + + + align:start position:0% +little bit weird at first but after I +finish this + + align:start position:0% +finish this + + + align:start position:0% +finish this +proof do it again now for little L + + align:start position:0% +proof do it again now for little L + + + align:start position:0% +proof do it again now for little L +Infinity okay and you'll start getting + + align:start position:0% +Infinity okay and you'll start getting + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity okay and you'll start getting +the hang and seeing how the arguments + + align:start position:0% +the hang and seeing how the arguments + + + align:start position:0% +the hang and seeing how the arguments +go okay so all right so for every X + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in capital + + align:start position:0% +in capital + + + align:start position:0% +in capital +x u n of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X so that's now a sequence of complex + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +numbers and yeah I thought I didn't need + + align:start position:0% +numbers and yeah I thought I didn't need + + + align:start position:0% +numbers and yeah I thought I didn't need +it to be complete I don't know why I + + align:start position:0% +it to be complete I don't know why I + + + align:start position:0% +it to be complete I don't know why I +wrote it + + align:start position:0% +wrote it + + + align:start position:0% +wrote it +down any metric space if x is a metric + + align:start position:0% +down any metric space if x is a metric + + + align:start position:0% +down any metric space if x is a metric +space then okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so for each X in the metric + + align:start position:0% +all right so for each X in the metric + + + align:start position:0% +all right so for each X in the metric +space un of X which is now forming a + + align:start position:0% +space un of X which is now forming a + + + align:start position:0% +space un of X which is now forming a +sequence of complex numbers this is a + + align:start position:0% +sequence of complex numbers this is a + + + align:start position:0% +sequence of complex numbers this is a +Koshi sequence all right but the space + + align:start position:0% +Koshi sequence all right but the space + + + align:start position:0% +Koshi sequence all right but the space +of complex numbers this is um a complete + + align:start position:0% +of complex numbers this is um a complete + + + align:start position:0% +of complex numbers this is um a complete +metric space right and therefore uh for + + align:start position:0% +metric space right and therefore uh for + + + align:start position:0% +metric space right and therefore uh for +each X this sequence has a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +limit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so by completeness of + + align:start position:0% +so by completeness of + + + align:start position:0% +so by completeness of +C for all X in capital + + align:start position:0% +C for all X in capital + + + align:start position:0% +C for all X in capital +x this sequence un n of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X has a limit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in C and now I Define what will be my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +candidate function + + align:start position:0% +candidate function + + + align:start position:0% +candidate function +U of x to + + align:start position:0% +U of x to + + + align:start position:0% +U of x to +be this pointwise limit you limit as n + + align:start position:0% +be this pointwise limit you limit as n + + + align:start position:0% +be this pointwise limit you limit as n +goes to Infinity of U subn of X + + align:start position:0% +goes to Infinity of U subn of X + + + align:start position:0% +goes to Infinity of U subn of X +okay so in fact in you know a few words + + align:start position:0% +okay so in fact in you know a few words + + + align:start position:0% +okay so in fact in you know a few words +if you remember what these words mean + + align:start position:0% +if you remember what these words mean + + + align:start position:0% +if you remember what these words mean +what we've shown is that every Koshi + + align:start position:0% +what we've shown is that every Koshi + + + align:start position:0% +what we've shown is that every Koshi +sequence in the space of bounded + + align:start position:0% +sequence in the space of bounded + + + align:start position:0% +sequence in the space of bounded +continuous functions has a point-wise + + align:start position:0% +continuous functions has a point-wise + + + align:start position:0% +continuous functions has a point-wise +limit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay okay then now what we're going to + + align:start position:0% +okay okay then now what we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay then now what we're going to +show is that this guy is in fact in the + + align:start position:0% +show is that this guy is in fact in the + + + align:start position:0% +show is that this guy is in fact in the +space of bounded continuous functions + + align:start position:0% +space of bounded continuous functions + + + align:start position:0% +space of bounded continuous functions +and that we have convergence of + + align:start position:0% +and that we have convergence of + + + align:start position:0% +and that we have convergence of +the sequence of functions to U in the + + align:start position:0% +the sequence of functions to U in the + + + align:start position:0% +the sequence of functions to U in the +space c infinity x in the space of + + align:start position:0% +space c infinity x in the space of + + + align:start position:0% +space c infinity x in the space of +bounded continuous functions we've only + + align:start position:0% +bounded continuous functions we've only + + + align:start position:0% +bounded continuous functions we've only +defined this guy as the pointwise + + align:start position:0% +defined this guy as the pointwise + + + align:start position:0% +defined this guy as the pointwise +limit + + align:start position:0% +limit + + + align:start position:0% +limit +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so as the pointwise limit of these guys + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay then for all X and capital x the + + align:start position:0% +okay then for all X and capital x the + + + align:start position:0% +okay then for all X and capital x the +absolute value of U of X is equal to the + + align:start position:0% +absolute value of U of X is equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +absolute value of U of X is equal to the +Limit as n goes to Infinity so the + + align:start position:0% +Limit as n goes to Infinity so the + + + align:start position:0% +Limit as n goes to Infinity so the +absolute value of the limit but since + + align:start position:0% +absolute value of the limit but since + + + align:start position:0% +absolute value of the limit but since +this converges this is equal to the + + align:start position:0% +this converges this is equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +this converges this is equal to the +limit of the absolute values and each of + + align:start position:0% +limit of the absolute values and each of + + + align:start position:0% +limit of the absolute values and each of +these guys are bounded by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +B um they're bounded by the infinity + + align:start position:0% +B um they're bounded by the infinity + + + align:start position:0% +B um they're bounded by the infinity +Norm which is bounded by B so this is + + align:start position:0% +Norm which is bounded by B so this is + + + align:start position:0% +Norm which is bounded by B so this is +less than or equal to B + + align:start position:0% +less than or equal to B + + + align:start position:0% +less than or equal to B +okay and thus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is a bounded function at least + + align:start position:0% +so this is a bounded function at least + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a bounded function at least +on this metric + + align:start position:0% +on this metric + + + align:start position:0% +on this metric +space all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so now we're going to achieve two + + align:start position:0% +right so now we're going to achieve two + + + align:start position:0% +right so now we're going to achieve two +things at once we're going to show that + + align:start position:0% +things at once we're going to show that + + + align:start position:0% +things at once we're going to show that +it's continuous and that we have + + align:start position:0% +it's continuous and that we have + + + align:start position:0% +it's continuous and that we have +convergence uh in this space by showing + + align:start position:0% +convergence uh in this space by showing + + + align:start position:0% +convergence uh in this space by showing +it is um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +by showing this L Infinity Norm of the + + align:start position:0% +by showing this L Infinity Norm of the + + + align:start position:0% +by showing this L Infinity Norm of the +difference goes to zero of U minus u n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay okay so first we're going to show + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so first we're going to show + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so first we're going to show +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that so think of this just now + + align:start position:0% +that so think of this just now + + + align:start position:0% +that so think of this just now +as a function not necessarily A Norm + + align:start position:0% +as a function not necessarily A Norm + + + align:start position:0% +as a function not necessarily A Norm +so okay maybe I'm being too um careful + + align:start position:0% +so okay maybe I'm being too um careful + + + align:start position:0% +so okay maybe I'm being too um careful +I'm just going to say now we're going to + + align:start position:0% +I'm just going to say now we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +I'm just going to say now we're going to +show that this quantity here goes to + + align:start position:0% +show that this quantity here goes to + + + align:start position:0% +show that this quantity here goes to +zero all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +right as n goes to + + align:start position:0% +right as n goes to + + + align:start position:0% +right as n goes to +infinity and how do we do this well uh + + align:start position:0% +infinity and how do we do this well uh + + + align:start position:0% +infinity and how do we do this well uh +since + + align:start position:0% +since + + + align:start position:0% +since +um we're just going to do this the + + align:start position:0% +um we're just going to do this the + + + align:start position:0% +um we're just going to do this the +oldfashioned way of let Epsilon be + + align:start position:0% +oldfashioned way of let Epsilon be + + + align:start position:0% +oldfashioned way of let Epsilon be +positive and show um that we can choose + + align:start position:0% +positive and show um that we can choose + + + align:start position:0% +positive and show um that we can choose +an N such that this is less than or + + align:start position:0% +an N such that this is less than or + + + align:start position:0% +an N such that this is less than or +equal to Epsilon I know in the + + align:start position:0% +equal to Epsilon I know in the + + + align:start position:0% +equal to Epsilon I know in the +definition you're supposed to have less + + align:start position:0% +definition you're supposed to have less + + + align:start position:0% +definition you're supposed to have less +than Epsilon but less than or equal to + + align:start position:0% +than Epsilon but less than or equal to + + + align:start position:0% +than Epsilon but less than or equal to +is is good enough um okay + + align:start position:0% +is is good enough um okay + + + align:start position:0% +is is good enough um okay +so let Epsilon be + + align:start position:0% +so let Epsilon be + + + align:start position:0% +so let Epsilon be +positive since this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sequence is Koshi + + align:start position:0% +sequence is Koshi + + + align:start position:0% +sequence is Koshi +in this + + align:start position:0% +in this + + + align:start position:0% +in this +space this + + align:start position:0% +space this + + + align:start position:0% +space this +implies there exists a natural number + + align:start position:0% +implies there exists a natural number + + + align:start position:0% +implies there exists a natural number +in such that for all n m bigger than or + + align:start position:0% +in such that for all n m bigger than or + + + align:start position:0% +in such that for all n m bigger than or +equal to N I have that u n minus u m l + + align:start position:0% +equal to N I have that u n minus u m l + + + align:start position:0% +equal to N I have that u n minus u m l +Infinity is less than all right let's + + align:start position:0% +Infinity is less than all right let's + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity is less than all right let's +make it Epsilon over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two then for all n m bigger than or + + align:start position:0% +two then for all n m bigger than or + + + align:start position:0% +two then for all n m bigger than or +equal to M this means u n of + + align:start position:0% +equal to M this means u n of + + + align:start position:0% +equal to M this means u n of +X + + align:start position:0% +X + + + align:start position:0% +X +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let X being in capital x we now want + + align:start position:0% +so let X being in capital x we now want + + + align:start position:0% +so let X being in capital x we now want +to show that for all little n bigger + + align:start position:0% +to show that for all little n bigger + + + align:start position:0% +to show that for all little n bigger +than or equal to capital N in fact u n + + align:start position:0% +than or equal to capital N in fact u n + + + align:start position:0% +than or equal to capital N in fact u n +minus u in this Norm is less than or + + align:start position:0% +minus u in this Norm is less than or + + + align:start position:0% +minus u in this Norm is less than or +equal to Epsilon over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +2 r n m + + align:start position:0% +2 r n m + + + align:start position:0% +2 r n m +bigger than or equal to N I have that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +U Which is less than or equal to U nus + + align:start position:0% +U Which is less than or equal to U nus + + + align:start position:0% +U Which is less than or equal to U nus +uu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +M and therefore if I take the + + align:start position:0% +M and therefore if I take the + + + align:start position:0% +M and therefore if I take the +limit as M goes to Infinity remember U + + align:start position:0% +limit as M goes to Infinity remember U + + + align:start position:0% +limit as M goes to Infinity remember U +of X is the pointwise limit I fixed X in + + align:start position:0% +of X is the pointwise limit I fixed X in + + + align:start position:0% +of X is the pointwise limit I fixed X in +capital + + align:start position:0% +capital + + + align:start position:0% +capital +x I get the + + align:start position:0% +x I get the + + + align:start position:0% +x I get the +that for all n bigger than or equal to m + + align:start position:0% +that for all n bigger than or equal to m + + + align:start position:0% +that for all n bigger than or equal to m +u n of xus U of X is less than or equal + + align:start position:0% +u n of xus U of X is less than or equal + + + align:start position:0% +u n of xus U of X is less than or equal +to Epsilon over + + align:start position:0% +to Epsilon over + + + align:start position:0% +to Epsilon over +2 so what have I shown I've shown for + + align:start position:0% +2 so what have I shown I've shown for + + + align:start position:0% +2 so what have I shown I've shown for +all n bigger than or equal to capital n + + align:start position:0% +all n bigger than or equal to capital n + + + align:start position:0% +all n bigger than or equal to capital n +and this capital N came from this + + align:start position:0% +and this capital N came from this + + + align:start position:0% +and this capital N came from this +condition not anything having to do with + + align:start position:0% +condition not anything having to do with + + + align:start position:0% +condition not anything having to do with +X it came from this + + align:start position:0% +X it came from this + + + align:start position:0% +X it came from this +condition uh I have u u n of x - U of X + + align:start position:0% +condition uh I have u u n of x - U of X + + + align:start position:0% +condition uh I have u u n of x - U of X +is less than or equal to Epsilon / 2 and + + align:start position:0% +is less than or equal to Epsilon / 2 and + + + align:start position:0% +is less than or equal to Epsilon / 2 and +therefore the soup over all X's is less + + align:start position:0% +therefore the soup over all X's is less + + + align:start position:0% +therefore the soup over all X's is less +than or equal to Epsilon / + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +2 Which is less than + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Epsilon thus un converges to U or I + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon thus un converges to U or I + + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon thus un converges to U or I +should + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +say as in goes to + + align:start position:0% +say as in goes to + + + align:start position:0% +say as in goes to +Infinity now what's the last step I have + + align:start position:0% +Infinity now what's the last step I have + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity now what's the last step I have +this candidate u u 's converge to youu + + align:start position:0% +this candidate u u 's converge to youu + + + align:start position:0% +this candidate u u 's converge to youu +in uh + + align:start position:0% +in uh + + + align:start position:0% +in uh +this with respect to this sense I need + + align:start position:0% +this with respect to this sense I need + + + align:start position:0% +this with respect to this sense I need +to conclude also that U is an element of + + align:start position:0% +to conclude also that U is an element of + + + align:start position:0% +to conclude also that U is an element of +the space of bounded continuous + + align:start position:0% +the space of bounded continuous + + + align:start position:0% +the space of bounded continuous +functions I know it's bounded why is it + + align:start position:0% +functions I know it's bounded why is it + + + align:start position:0% +functions I know it's bounded why is it +continuous well um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +since unu minus U goes to zero this + + align:start position:0% +since unu minus U goes to zero this + + + align:start position:0% +since unu minus U goes to zero this +implies + + align:start position:0% +implies + + + align:start position:0% +implies +that u n by what we uh remarked a little + + align:start position:0% +that u n by what we uh remarked a little + + + align:start position:0% +that u n by what we uh remarked a little +bit earlier means un converges to + + align:start position:0% +bit earlier means un converges to + + + align:start position:0% +bit earlier means un converges to +U + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uniformly on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X and Since U is the uniform limit of a + + align:start position:0% +X and Since U is the uniform limit of a + + + align:start position:0% +X and Since U is the uniform limit of a +sequence of continuous functions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that implies that + + align:start position:0% +that implies that + + + align:start position:0% +that implies that +U + + align:start position:0% +U + + + align:start position:0% +U +uh is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +continuous so let me just uh reiterate + + align:start position:0% +continuous so let me just uh reiterate + + + align:start position:0% +continuous so let me just uh reiterate +what we've + + align:start position:0% +what we've + + + align:start position:0% +what we've +done in sequence we've shown + + align:start position:0% +done in sequence we've shown + + + align:start position:0% +done in sequence we've shown +that ux is + + align:start position:0% +that ux is + + + align:start position:0% +that ux is +bounded we've then shown + + align:start position:0% +bounded we've then shown + + + align:start position:0% +bounded we've then shown +that uh the soup over all x and x + + align:start position:0% +that uh the soup over all x and x + + + align:start position:0% +that uh the soup over all x and x +so should have uh put that in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yellow uh We've shown convergence to U + + align:start position:0% +yellow uh We've shown convergence to U + + + align:start position:0% +yellow uh We've shown convergence to U +with respect to this uh norm and we've + + align:start position:0% +with respect to this uh norm and we've + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to this uh norm and we've +shown U is in fact in the space so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +therefore U is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I the space is complete and therefore + + align:start position:0% +I the space is complete and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +I the space is complete and therefore +Bono + + align:start position:0% +Bono + + + align:start position:0% +Bono +space okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so you know the first time you see that + + align:start position:0% +so you know the first time you see that + + + align:start position:0% +so you know the first time you see that +proof and this again this is kind of how + + align:start position:0% +proof and this again this is kind of how + + + align:start position:0% +proof and this again this is kind of how +all the proofs of something being a bonx + + align:start position:0% +all the proofs of something being a bonx + + + align:start position:0% +all the proofs of something being a bonx +space goes um when you see that for the + + align:start position:0% +space goes um when you see that for the + + + align:start position:0% +space goes um when you see that for the +first time it's a little it's a little + + align:start position:0% +first time it's a little it's a little + + + align:start position:0% +first time it's a little it's a little +weird Okay + + align:start position:0% +weird Okay + + + align:start position:0% +weird Okay +um but and and this will be in the + + align:start position:0% +um but and and this will be in the + + + align:start position:0% +um but and and this will be in the +exercis you can get a jump start on that + + align:start position:0% +exercis you can get a jump start on that + + + align:start position:0% +exercis you can get a jump start on that +by looking at maybe the simplest + + align:start position:0% +by looking at maybe the simplest + + + align:start position:0% +by looking at maybe the simplest +one um + + align:start position:0% +one um + + + align:start position:0% +one um +well I still have space over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here so + + align:start position:0% +here so + + + align:start position:0% +here so +uh little + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +LP this is a bonic space for all + + align:start position:0% +LP this is a bonic space for all + + + align:start position:0% +LP this is a bonic space for all +uh P between one and infinity + + align:start position:0% +uh P between one and infinity + + + align:start position:0% +uh P between one and infinity +um another + + align:start position:0% +um another + + + align:start position:0% +um another +space which okay + + align:start position:0% +space which okay + + + align:start position:0% +space which okay +maybe maybe try your hand at this one + + align:start position:0% +maybe maybe try your hand at this one + + + align:start position:0% +maybe maybe try your hand at this one +instead of little L Infinity because at + + align:start position:0% +instead of little L Infinity because at + + + align:start position:0% +instead of little L Infinity because at +least something's a little different um + + align:start position:0% +least something's a little different um + + + align:start position:0% +least something's a little different um +little + + align:start position:0% +little + + + align:start position:0% +little +c0 which is the set of sequences in + + align:start position:0% +c0 which is the set of sequences in + + + align:start position:0% +c0 which is the set of sequences in +little L Infinity so each element of c0 + + align:start position:0% +little L Infinity so each element of c0 + + + align:start position:0% +little L Infinity so each element of c0 +is a + + align:start position:0% +is a + + + align:start position:0% +is a +sequence uh in of a bounded sequence + + align:start position:0% +sequence uh in of a bounded sequence + + + align:start position:0% +sequence uh in of a bounded sequence +such that uh + + align:start position:0% +such that uh + + + align:start position:0% +such that uh +limit J goes to Infinity of AJ equals + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero this is also a bonic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +space okay so you know I encourage you + + align:start position:0% +space okay so you know I encourage you + + + align:start position:0% +space okay so you know I encourage you +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +to take this example of bounded uh + + align:start position:0% +to take this example of bounded uh + + + align:start position:0% +to take this example of bounded uh +sequences that converge to zero first + + align:start position:0% +sequences that converge to zero first + + + align:start position:0% +sequences that converge to zero first +off uh you know it's pretty clear it's a + + align:start position:0% +off uh you know it's pretty clear it's a + + + align:start position:0% +off uh you know it's pretty clear it's a +vector + + align:start position:0% +vector + + + align:start position:0% +vector +space um it's actually a Subspace and + + align:start position:0% +space um it's actually a Subspace and + + + align:start position:0% +space um it's actually a Subspace and +I'll get to to you know subspaces of + + align:start position:0% +I'll get to to you know subspaces of + + + align:start position:0% +I'll get to to you know subspaces of +bonic spaces next lecture but + + align:start position:0% +bonic spaces next lecture but + + + align:start position:0% +bonic spaces next lecture but +um with so is a bonic space + + align:start position:0% +um with so is a bonic space + + + align:start position:0% +um with so is a bonic space +with you know the L Infinity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Norm + + align:start position:0% +Norm + + + align:start position:0% +Norm +okay so again how would you you know + + align:start position:0% +okay so again how would you you know + + + align:start position:0% +okay so again how would you you know +prove that uh this is a bonic space you + + align:start position:0% +prove that uh this is a bonic space you + + + align:start position:0% +prove that uh this is a bonic space you +would take a co- sheet so you know you + + align:start position:0% +would take a co- sheet so you know you + + + align:start position:0% +would take a co- sheet so you know you +have to start thinking of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +again these Bono spaces these spaces + + align:start position:0% +again these Bono spaces these spaces + + + align:start position:0% +again these Bono spaces these spaces +you're looking + + align:start position:0% +you're looking + + + align:start position:0% +you're looking +at can be made up of kind of complicated + + align:start position:0% +at can be made up of kind of complicated + + + align:start position:0% +at can be made up of kind of complicated +things you know little LP this is a + + align:start position:0% +things you know little LP this is a + + + align:start position:0% +things you know little LP this is a +space of sequences so each point in the + + align:start position:0% +space of sequences so each point in the + + + align:start position:0% +space of sequences so each point in the +space is a sequence right it's a + + align:start position:0% +space is a sequence right it's a + + + align:start position:0% +space is a sequence right it's a +sequence of numbers um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and here you know so your sequence of + + align:start position:0% +and here you know so your sequence of + + + align:start position:0% +and here you know so your sequence of +points is a sequence of sequences all + + align:start position:0% +points is a sequence of sequences all + + + align:start position:0% +points is a sequence of sequences all +right just like in the example we did + + align:start position:0% +right just like in the example we did + + + align:start position:0% +right just like in the example we did +here your sequence of points in your + + align:start position:0% +here your sequence of points in your + + + align:start position:0% +here your sequence of points in your +space of bounded continuous functions is + + align:start position:0% +space of bounded continuous functions is + + + align:start position:0% +space of bounded continuous functions is +a sequence of functions here we have a + + align:start position:0% +a sequence of functions here we have a + + + align:start position:0% +a sequence of functions here we have a +sequence of sequences which again that a + + align:start position:0% +sequence of sequences which again that a + + + align:start position:0% +sequence of sequences which again that a +sequence is just a function so you + + align:start position:0% +sequence is just a function so you + + + align:start position:0% +sequence is just a function so you +shouldn't be too scared but um you know + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't be too scared but um you know + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't be too scared but um you know +try your hand at showing that this is a + + align:start position:0% +try your hand at showing that this is a + + + align:start position:0% +try your hand at showing that this is a +bonic space just from uh um you know + + align:start position:0% +bonic space just from uh um you know + + + align:start position:0% +bonic space just from uh um you know +what we've done so far uh following this + + align:start position:0% +what we've done so far uh following this + + + align:start position:0% +what we've done so far uh following this +kind of blueprint and and again it'll be + + align:start position:0% +kind of blueprint and and again it'll be + + + align:start position:0% +kind of blueprint and and again it'll be +kind of the same you first show that a + + align:start position:0% +kind of the same you first show that a + + + align:start position:0% +kind of the same you first show that a +Koshi sequence in here is in fact + + align:start position:0% +Koshi sequence in here is in fact + + + align:start position:0% +Koshi sequence in here is in fact +bounded + + align:start position:0% +bounded + + + align:start position:0% +bounded +okay then show that uh pointwise each of + + align:start position:0% +okay then show that uh pointwise each of + + + align:start position:0% +okay then show that uh pointwise each of +the and here pointwise should mean each + + align:start position:0% +the and here pointwise should mean each + + + align:start position:0% +the and here pointwise should mean each +of the entries of your sequence of + + align:start position:0% +of the entries of your sequence of + + + align:start position:0% +of the entries of your sequence of +sequences uh + + align:start position:0% +sequences uh + + + align:start position:0% +sequences uh +uh forms a Koshi sequence then that + + align:start position:0% +uh forms a Koshi sequence then that + + + align:start position:0% +uh forms a Koshi sequence then that +allows you to obtain a candidate + + align:start position:0% +allows you to obtain a candidate + + + align:start position:0% +allows you to obtain a candidate +sequence as the limit of your sequence + + align:start position:0% +sequence as the limit of your sequence + + + align:start position:0% +sequence as the limit of your sequence +of sequences all right and then you have + + align:start position:0% +of sequences all right and then you have + + + align:start position:0% +of sequences all right and then you have +to show again through this argument that + + align:start position:0% +to show again through this argument that + + + align:start position:0% +to show again through this argument that +that uh you do have um convergence with + + align:start position:0% +that uh you do have um convergence with + + + align:start position:0% +that uh you do have um convergence with +respect to this + + align:start position:0% +respect to this + + + align:start position:0% +respect to this +Norm um that that sequence is bounded + + align:start position:0% +Norm um that that sequence is bounded + + + align:start position:0% +Norm um that that sequence is bounded +and in fact that that sequence satisfies + + align:start position:0% +and in fact that that sequence satisfies + + + align:start position:0% +and in fact that that sequence satisfies +this condition in order to be in this + + align:start position:0% +this condition in order to be in this + + + align:start position:0% +this condition in order to be in this +space + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um okay so I think I'll stop there \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/uua2hbbp7h4.txt b/uua2hbbp7h4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..61378c7f7c874d9987499e8101a67b8d8497e248 --- /dev/null +++ b/uua2hbbp7h4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,715 @@ +align:start position:0% + +now that we have all the pieces in place + + align:start position:0% +now that we have all the pieces in place + + + align:start position:0% +now that we have all the pieces in place +we'd like to apply the momentum + + align:start position:0% +we'd like to apply the momentum + + + align:start position:0% +we'd like to apply the momentum +principle to the rocket problem recall + + align:start position:0% +principle to the rocket problem recall + + + align:start position:0% +principle to the rocket problem recall +that the momentum principle is that the + + align:start position:0% +that the momentum principle is that the + + + align:start position:0% +that the momentum principle is that the +external force on the rocket causes on + + align:start position:0% +external force on the rocket causes on + + + align:start position:0% +external force on the rocket causes on +the system causes the momentum of the + + align:start position:0% +the system causes the momentum of the + + + align:start position:0% +the system causes the momentum of the +system to change and the front the + + align:start position:0% +system to change and the front the + + + align:start position:0% +system to change and the front the +mental definition of a derivative is to + + align:start position:0% +mental definition of a derivative is to + + + align:start position:0% +mental definition of a derivative is to +look at the change in momentum between + + align:start position:0% +look at the change in momentum between + + + align:start position:0% +look at the change in momentum between +some times T plus delta T are two states + + align:start position:0% +some times T plus delta T are two states + + + align:start position:0% +some times T plus delta T are two states +that we've identified divided by delta T + + align:start position:0% +that we've identified divided by delta T + + + align:start position:0% +that we've identified divided by delta T +now recall that we had the momentum of + + align:start position:0% +now recall that we had the momentum of + + + align:start position:0% +now recall that we had the momentum of +the system at time T was the mass of the + + align:start position:0% +the system at time T was the mass of the + + + align:start position:0% +the system at time T was the mass of the +rocket times V bar over the rocket at + + align:start position:0% +rocket times V bar over the rocket at + + + align:start position:0% +rocket times V bar over the rocket at +teeth I'll just quickly show mass of the + + align:start position:0% +teeth I'll just quickly show mass of the + + + align:start position:0% +teeth I'll just quickly show mass of the +rocket PR T and we had the system at a t + + align:start position:0% +rocket PR T and we had the system at a t + + + align:start position:0% +rocket PR T and we had the system at a t +plus delta T where we had Delta F you'll + + align:start position:0% +plus delta T where we had Delta F you'll + + + align:start position:0% +plus delta T where we had Delta F you'll +equals minus Delta and rocket here we + + align:start position:0% +equals minus Delta and rocket here we + + + align:start position:0% +equals minus Delta and rocket here we +had M R plus Delta M and we had the + + align:start position:0% +had M R plus Delta M and we had the + + + align:start position:0% +had M R plus Delta M and we had the +velocity in the ground frame which we + + align:start position:0% +velocity in the ground frame which we + + + align:start position:0% +velocity in the ground frame which we +saw was equal to so let's write out the + + align:start position:0% +saw was equal to so let's write out the + + + align:start position:0% +saw was equal to so let's write out the +momentum of the system at time T plus + + align:start position:0% +momentum of the system at time T plus + + + align:start position:0% +momentum of the system at time T plus +delta T that was a little bit longer P + + align:start position:0% +delta T that was a little bit longer P + + + align:start position:0% +delta T that was a little bit longer P +system at t plus delta t had two pieces + + align:start position:0% +system at t plus delta t had two pieces + + + align:start position:0% +system at t plus delta t had two pieces +it had M R plus Delta M R times V of R + + align:start position:0% +it had M R plus Delta M R times V of R + + + align:start position:0% +it had M R plus Delta M R times V of R +of T plus delta T and we were + + align:start position:0% +of T plus delta T and we were + + + align:start position:0% +of T plus delta T and we were +subtracting now because we made this + + align:start position:0% +subtracting now because we made this + + + align:start position:0% +subtracting now because we made this +change that's minus 10 Delta M R U plus + + align:start position:0% +change that's minus 10 Delta M R U plus + + + align:start position:0% +change that's minus 10 Delta M R U plus +V of R of T plus delta T and this recall + + align:start position:0% +V of R of T plus delta T and this recall + + + align:start position:0% +V of R of T plus delta T and this recall +was the velocity of the fuel now in + + align:start position:0% +was the velocity of the fuel now in + + + align:start position:0% +was the velocity of the fuel now in +position to apply our momentum principle + + align:start position:0% +position to apply our momentum principle + + + align:start position:0% +position to apply our momentum principle +because we have expressions for the + + align:start position:0% +because we have expressions for the + + + align:start position:0% +because we have expressions for the +momentum of the system at time T and at + + align:start position:0% +momentum of the system at time T and at + + + align:start position:0% +momentum of the system at time T and at +time T and at time T plus delta T so now + + align:start position:0% +time T and at time T plus delta T so now + + + align:start position:0% +time T and at time T plus delta T so now +this will be a big expression so we'll + + align:start position:0% +this will be a big expression so we'll + + + align:start position:0% +this will be a big expression so we'll +write + + align:start position:0% +write + + + align:start position:0% +write +force is the limit as delta T goes to + + align:start position:0% +force is the limit as delta T goes to + + + align:start position:0% +force is the limit as delta T goes to +zero now here our first term is n move + + align:start position:0% +zero now here our first term is n move + + + align:start position:0% +zero now here our first term is n move +our post Delta M R times the velocity of + + align:start position:0% +our post Delta M R times the velocity of + + + align:start position:0% +our post Delta M R times the velocity of +the rocket at time T plus delta T and + + align:start position:0% +the rocket at time T plus delta T and + + + align:start position:0% +the rocket at time T plus delta T and +now we have the fuel term minus Delta M + + align:start position:0% +now we have the fuel term minus Delta M + + + align:start position:0% +now we have the fuel term minus Delta M +R times u plus V of R of T plus delta T + + align:start position:0% +R times u plus V of R of T plus delta T + + + align:start position:0% +R times u plus V of R of T plus delta T +and we have to subtract from that and + + align:start position:0% +and we have to subtract from that and + + + align:start position:0% +and we have to subtract from that and +I'll put that indicate that with a + + align:start position:0% +I'll put that indicate that with a + + + align:start position:0% +I'll put that indicate that with a +slightly different color mr v of r of t + + align:start position:0% +slightly different color mr v of r of t + + + align:start position:0% +slightly different color mr v of r of t +and the whole thing we're dividing by + + align:start position:0% +and the whole thing we're dividing by + + + align:start position:0% +and the whole thing we're dividing by +delta T now let's look at this + + align:start position:0% +delta T now let's look at this + + + align:start position:0% +delta T now let's look at this +expression first because there's some + + align:start position:0% +expression first because there's some + + + align:start position:0% +expression first because there's some +very nice simplifications the first + + align:start position:0% +very nice simplifications the first + + + align:start position:0% +very nice simplifications the first +thing we can see let's look at this term + + align:start position:0% +thing we can see let's look at this term + + + align:start position:0% +thing we can see let's look at this term +Delta I'm R times V of R notice we have + + align:start position:0% +Delta I'm R times V of R notice we have + + + align:start position:0% +Delta I'm R times V of R notice we have +minus delta mr v of r here so those two + + align:start position:0% +minus delta mr v of r here so those two + + + align:start position:0% +minus delta mr v of r here so those two +terms cancel and we're just left with + + align:start position:0% +terms cancel and we're just left with + + + align:start position:0% +terms cancel and we're just left with +three other terms and let's write them + + align:start position:0% +three other terms and let's write them + + + align:start position:0% +three other terms and let's write them +out so now we have the limit as delta T + + align:start position:0% +out so now we have the limit as delta T + + + align:start position:0% +out so now we have the limit as delta T +goes to 0 and I'm going to combine terms + + align:start position:0% +goes to 0 and I'm going to combine terms + + + align:start position:0% +goes to 0 and I'm going to combine terms +in the following way mr times B of R of + + align:start position:0% +in the following way mr times B of R of + + + align:start position:0% +in the following way mr times B of R of +T plus delta T and over here I have mr + + align:start position:0% +T plus delta T and over here I have mr + + + align:start position:0% +T plus delta T and over here I have mr +minus B of ours so I have a minus B of R + + align:start position:0% +minus B of ours so I have a minus B of R + + + align:start position:0% +minus B of ours so I have a minus B of R +of T divided by delta T and now I have + + align:start position:0% +of T divided by delta T and now I have + + + align:start position:0% +of T divided by delta T and now I have +one more term here and I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +one more term here and I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +one more term here and I'm going to +write this as minus the limit as delta T + + align:start position:0% +write this as minus the limit as delta T + + + align:start position:0% +write this as minus the limit as delta T +goes to 0 of Delta mr over delta T + + align:start position:0% +goes to 0 of Delta mr over delta T + + + align:start position:0% +goes to 0 of Delta mr over delta T +remember this term cancel we only have u + + align:start position:0% +remember this term cancel we only have u + + + align:start position:0% +remember this term cancel we only have u +throughout the speed of the fuel + + align:start position:0% +throughout the speed of the fuel + + + align:start position:0% +throughout the speed of the fuel +relative to the rocket and in both cases + + align:start position:0% +relative to the rocket and in both cases + + + align:start position:0% +relative to the rocket and in both cases +this is our first term and here's our + + align:start position:0% +this is our first term and here's our + + + align:start position:0% +this is our first term and here's our +second term let's look at these limits + + align:start position:0% +second term let's look at these limits + + + align:start position:0% +second term let's look at these limits +notice in here we're just taking V of R + + align:start position:0% +notice in here we're just taking V of R + + + align:start position:0% +notice in here we're just taking V of R +of T plus Delta t minus V over R of T + + align:start position:0% +of T plus Delta t minus V over R of T + + + align:start position:0% +of T plus Delta t minus V over R of T +divided by delta T and that's precisely + + align:start position:0% +divided by delta T and that's precisely + + + align:start position:0% +divided by delta T and that's precisely +the definition of the derivative of the + + align:start position:0% +the definition of the derivative of the + + + align:start position:0% +the definition of the derivative of the +velocity of the rocket so this first + + align:start position:0% +velocity of the rocket so this first + + + align:start position:0% +velocity of the rocket so this first +term + + align:start position:0% +term + + + align:start position:0% +term +our expression becomes the external + + align:start position:0% +our expression becomes the external + + + align:start position:0% +our expression becomes the external +force is equal to the mass of our system + + align:start position:0% +force is equal to the mass of our system + + + align:start position:0% +force is equal to the mass of our system +times V of R the velocity derivative of + + align:start position:0% +times V of R the velocity derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +times V of R the velocity derivative of +velocity of the rocket and the second + + align:start position:0% +velocity of the rocket and the second + + + align:start position:0% +velocity of the rocket and the second +term this is the rate that the fuel is + + align:start position:0% +term this is the rate that the fuel is + + + align:start position:0% +term this is the rate that the fuel is +changing in the rocket the mass this is + + align:start position:0% +changing in the rocket the mass this is + + + align:start position:0% +changing in the rocket the mass this is +rather the rate that the mass of the + + align:start position:0% +rather the rate that the mass of the + + + align:start position:0% +rather the rate that the mass of the +rocket is changing so that's the + + align:start position:0% +rocket is changing so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +rocket is changing so that's the +derivative DMR DT times the relative + + align:start position:0% +derivative DMR DT times the relative + + + align:start position:0% +derivative DMR DT times the relative +velocity of the fuel with respect to the + + align:start position:0% +velocity of the fuel with respect to the + + + align:start position:0% +velocity of the fuel with respect to the +rocket so this equation here I'll box it + + align:start position:0% +rocket so this equation here I'll box it + + + align:start position:0% +rocket so this equation here I'll box it +off is called the rocket equation which + + align:start position:0% +off is called the rocket equation which + + + align:start position:0% +off is called the rocket equation which +we've derived from the momentum + + align:start position:0% +we've derived from the momentum + + + align:start position:0% +we've derived from the momentum +principle using our momentum diagrams + + align:start position:0% +principle using our momentum diagrams + + + align:start position:0% +principle using our momentum diagrams +and you can see that this is what people + + align:start position:0% +and you can see that this is what people + + + align:start position:0% +and you can see that this is what people +refer to as rocket science \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/v10zD6z-JDM.txt b/v10zD6z-JDM.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..95c3afdfa8f79a8fbaba4bd63c97e973292c781e --- /dev/null +++ b/v10zD6z-JDM.txt @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +align:start position:0% + +actually Kevin should operate the + + align:start position:0% +actually Kevin should operate the + + + align:start position:0% +actually Kevin should operate the +skeleton on the side this is our + + align:start position:0% +skeleton on the side this is our + + + align:start position:0% +skeleton on the side this is our +centrifuge so this wheel is the wheel + + align:start position:0% +centrifuge so this wheel is the wheel + + + align:start position:0% +centrifuge so this wheel is the wheel +that will be connected to the bike it + + align:start position:0% +that will be connected to the bike it + + + align:start position:0% +that will be connected to the bike it +will drive a belt that will then drive + + align:start position:0% +will drive a belt that will then drive + + + align:start position:0% +will drive a belt that will then drive +the plate that has the amount of crit + + align:start position:0% +the plate that has the amount of crit + + + align:start position:0% +the plate that has the amount of crit +tubes on it arranged in a manager in a + + align:start position:0% +tubes on it arranged in a manager in a + + + align:start position:0% +tubes on it arranged in a manager in a +such the pattern as you see here and see + + align:start position:0% +such the pattern as you see here and see + + + align:start position:0% +such the pattern as you see here and see +here the wheel the wheel on the bike + + align:start position:0% +here the wheel the wheel on the bike + + + align:start position:0% +here the wheel the wheel on the bike +will be geared such that the pedal ered + + align:start position:0% +will be geared such that the pedal ered + + + align:start position:0% +will be geared such that the pedal ered +does not have to pedal as much to get + + align:start position:0% +does not have to pedal as much to get + + + align:start position:0% +does not have to pedal as much to get +faster speed \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/vCIa2h1C9UQ.txt b/vCIa2h1C9UQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1d98e4af5ad37400f5e656850945073bfbbf3cde --- /dev/null +++ b/vCIa2h1C9UQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17075 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +welcome back to 6006 we're going to have + + align:start position:0% +welcome back to 6006 we're going to have + + + align:start position:0% +welcome back to 6006 we're going to have +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +this problem session we're doing a quiz + + align:start position:0% +this problem session we're doing a quiz + + + align:start position:0% +this problem session we're doing a quiz +2 review we're in a much bigger room + + align:start position:0% +2 review we're in a much bigger room + + + align:start position:0% +2 review we're in a much bigger room +today so + + align:start position:0% +today so + + + align:start position:0% +today so +i have a little bit more board space so + + align:start position:0% +i have a little bit more board space so + + + align:start position:0% +i have a little bit more board space so +i just want to go through what's going + + align:start position:0% +i just want to go through what's going + + + align:start position:0% +i just want to go through what's going +to be covered on the exam + + align:start position:0% +to be covered on the exam + + + align:start position:0% +to be covered on the exam +first off the scope uh now quiz one + + align:start position:0% +first off the scope uh now quiz one + + + align:start position:0% +first off the scope uh now quiz one +material + + align:start position:0% +material + + + align:start position:0% +material +will be fair game for this uh + + align:start position:0% +will be fair game for this uh + + + align:start position:0% +will be fair game for this uh +this quiz but it's not something that's + + align:start position:0% +this quiz but it's not something that's + + + align:start position:0% +this quiz but it's not something that's +gonna be + + align:start position:0% +gonna be + + + align:start position:0% +gonna be +explicitly emphasized or anything like + + align:start position:0% +explicitly emphasized or anything like + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly emphasized or anything like +that right you should know that + + align:start position:0% +that right you should know that + + + align:start position:0% +that right you should know that +you know when we're storing graph data + + align:start position:0% +you know when we're storing graph data + + + align:start position:0% +you know when we're storing graph data +structures + + align:start position:0% +structures + + + align:start position:0% +structures +that they can achieve certain running + + align:start position:0% +that they can achieve certain running + + + align:start position:0% +that they can achieve certain running +time bounds and + + align:start position:0% +time bounds and + + + align:start position:0% +time bounds and +and and that kind of thing but we're + + align:start position:0% +and and that kind of thing but we're + + + align:start position:0% +and and that kind of thing but we're +really going to be concentrating on + + align:start position:0% +really going to be concentrating on + + + align:start position:0% +really going to be concentrating on +graphs + + align:start position:0% +graphs + + + align:start position:0% +graphs +the six lectures that we've had on + + align:start position:0% +the six lectures that we've had on + + + align:start position:0% +the six lectures that we've had on +graphs the two on unweighted + + align:start position:0% +graphs the two on unweighted + + + align:start position:0% +graphs the two on unweighted +graph algorithms and the four that we + + align:start position:0% +graph algorithms and the four that we + + + align:start position:0% +graph algorithms and the four that we +had on weighted graph algorithms + + align:start position:0% +had on weighted graph algorithms + + + align:start position:0% +had on weighted graph algorithms +they covered the material that was uh + + align:start position:0% +they covered the material that was uh + + + align:start position:0% +they covered the material that was uh +covered in + + align:start position:0% +covered in + + + align:start position:0% +covered in +the two problem sets uh problem set five + + align:start position:0% +the two problem sets uh problem set five + + + align:start position:0% +the two problem sets uh problem set five +and problem set six now + + align:start position:0% +and problem set six now + + + align:start position:0% +and problem set six now +uh we only usually this this material + + align:start position:0% +uh we only usually this this material + + + align:start position:0% +uh we only usually this this material +covers + + align:start position:0% +covers + + + align:start position:0% +covers +uh three problem sets worth of material + + align:start position:0% +uh three problem sets worth of material + + + align:start position:0% +uh three problem sets worth of material +uh this term + + align:start position:0% +uh this term + + + align:start position:0% +uh this term +it's covering two problem sets worth of + + align:start position:0% +it's covering two problem sets worth of + + + align:start position:0% +it's covering two problem sets worth of +material uh so + + align:start position:0% +material uh so + + + align:start position:0% +material uh so +just keep that in mind when you're when + + align:start position:0% +just keep that in mind when you're when + + + align:start position:0% +just keep that in mind when you're when +you're studying and you wanna go look + + align:start position:0% +you're studying and you wanna go look + + + align:start position:0% +you're studying and you wanna go look +back on + + align:start position:0% +back on + + + align:start position:0% +back on +previous material okay in general + + align:start position:0% +previous material okay in general + + + align:start position:0% +previous material okay in general +there's lots of graph problems that + + align:start position:0% +there's lots of graph problems that + + + align:start position:0% +there's lots of graph problems that +we've talked about how to solve + + align:start position:0% +we've talked about how to solve + + + align:start position:0% +we've talked about how to solve +there's really a small number of graph + + align:start position:0% +there's really a small number of graph + + + align:start position:0% +there's really a small number of graph +algorithms but they can solve a lot of + + align:start position:0% +algorithms but they can solve a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms but they can solve a lot of +different problems + + align:start position:0% +different problems + + + align:start position:0% +different problems +okay and so we we saw two algorithms to + + align:start position:0% +okay and so we we saw two algorithms to + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so we we saw two algorithms to +solve the graph reachability problem + + align:start position:0% +solve the graph reachability problem + + + align:start position:0% +solve the graph reachability problem +single source uh what is reachable from + + align:start position:0% +single source uh what is reachable from + + + align:start position:0% +single source uh what is reachable from +me + + align:start position:0% +me + + + align:start position:0% +me +right uh and i can only search a + + align:start position:0% +right uh and i can only search a + + + align:start position:0% +right uh and i can only search a +connected component of my graph + + align:start position:0% +connected component of my graph + + + align:start position:0% +connected component of my graph +from me right and the connected + + align:start position:0% +from me right and the connected + + + align:start position:0% +from me right and the connected +component from + + align:start position:0% +component from + + + align:start position:0% +component from +me is actually upper bounded + + align:start position:0% +me is actually upper bounded + + + align:start position:0% +me is actually upper bounded +asymptotically by the number of edges in + + align:start position:0% +asymptotically by the number of edges in + + + align:start position:0% +asymptotically by the number of edges in +my graph + + align:start position:0% +my graph + + + align:start position:0% +my graph +because a a spanning tree + + align:start position:0% +because a a spanning tree + + + align:start position:0% +because a a spanning tree +of my component has at least or has v + + align:start position:0% +of my component has at least or has v + + + align:start position:0% +of my component has at least or has v +plus one edges right and so + + align:start position:0% +plus one edges right and so + + + align:start position:0% +plus one edges right and so +uh the number of vertices i can reach is + + align:start position:0% +uh the number of vertices i can reach is + + + align:start position:0% +uh the number of vertices i can reach is +upper bounded by the number of edges + + align:start position:0% +upper bounded by the number of edges + + + align:start position:0% +upper bounded by the number of edges +in my graph asymptotically anyway uh + + align:start position:0% +in my graph asymptotically anyway uh + + + align:start position:0% +in my graph asymptotically anyway uh +graph then then uh we talked about + + align:start position:0% +graph then then uh we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +graph then then uh we talked about +exploring an entire graph even if it's + + align:start position:0% +exploring an entire graph even if it's + + + align:start position:0% +exploring an entire graph even if it's +disconnected + + align:start position:0% +disconnected + + + align:start position:0% +disconnected +not necessarily from a source right just + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily from a source right just + + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily from a source right just +just touching every vertex in a graph of + + align:start position:0% +just touching every vertex in a graph of + + + align:start position:0% +just touching every vertex in a graph of +course we can just + + align:start position:0% +course we can just + + + align:start position:0% +course we can just +you know touch every vertex in a graph + + align:start position:0% +you know touch every vertex in a graph + + + align:start position:0% +you know touch every vertex in a graph +right i can look at the adjacency + + align:start position:0% +right i can look at the adjacency + + + align:start position:0% +right i can look at the adjacency +representation of my graph + + align:start position:0% +representation of my graph + + + align:start position:0% +representation of my graph +and just go through it but this is + + align:start position:0% +and just go through it but this is + + + align:start position:0% +and just go through it but this is +really we're trying to explore the whole + + align:start position:0% +really we're trying to explore the whole + + + align:start position:0% +really we're trying to explore the whole +graph maybe + + align:start position:0% +graph maybe + + + align:start position:0% +graph maybe +count how many things are reachable from + + align:start position:0% +count how many things are reachable from + + + align:start position:0% +count how many things are reachable from +each other + + align:start position:0% +each other + + + align:start position:0% +each other +in the graph and this is what we had a + + align:start position:0% +in the graph and this is what we had a + + + align:start position:0% +in the graph and this is what we had a +we talked about + + align:start position:0% +we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +we talked about +exploring a graph and counting the size + + align:start position:0% +exploring a graph and counting the size + + + align:start position:0% +exploring a graph and counting the size +of connected components in a graph + + align:start position:0% +of connected components in a graph + + + align:start position:0% +of connected components in a graph +in an unweighted graph right and we + + align:start position:0% +in an unweighted graph right and we + + + align:start position:0% +in an unweighted graph right and we +could do this via + + align:start position:0% +could do this via + + + align:start position:0% +could do this via +full bfs or full dfs it's basically + + align:start position:0% +full bfs or full dfs it's basically + + + align:start position:0% +full bfs or full dfs it's basically +putting a loop around + + align:start position:0% +putting a loop around + + + align:start position:0% +putting a loop around +one of these graph reachability + + align:start position:0% +one of these graph reachability + + + align:start position:0% +one of these graph reachability +algorithms to + + align:start position:0% +algorithms to + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms to +explore an entire graph by exploring + + align:start position:0% +explore an entire graph by exploring + + + align:start position:0% +explore an entire graph by exploring +component by component + + align:start position:0% +component by component + + + align:start position:0% +component by component +and when i'm done with a component i + + align:start position:0% +and when i'm done with a component i + + + align:start position:0% +and when i'm done with a component i +find a vertex i haven't reached yet + + align:start position:0% +find a vertex i haven't reached yet + + + align:start position:0% +find a vertex i haven't reached yet +before + + align:start position:0% +before + + + align:start position:0% +before +and explore it again okay and that still + + align:start position:0% +and explore it again okay and that still + + + align:start position:0% +and explore it again okay and that still +gets linear time in the graph v + + align:start position:0% +gets linear time in the graph v + + + align:start position:0% +gets linear time in the graph v +plus e then we had uh special types of + + align:start position:0% +plus e then we had uh special types of + + + align:start position:0% +plus e then we had uh special types of +graphs directed graphs directed acyclic + + align:start position:0% +graphs directed graphs directed acyclic + + + align:start position:0% +graphs directed graphs directed acyclic +graphs + + align:start position:0% +graphs + + + align:start position:0% +graphs +uh that we could use we proved this + + align:start position:0% +uh that we could use we proved this + + + align:start position:0% +uh that we could use we proved this +property of if we ran dfs + + align:start position:0% +property of if we ran dfs + + + align:start position:0% +property of if we ran dfs +full dfs on that graph we could actually + + align:start position:0% +full dfs on that graph we could actually + + + align:start position:0% +full dfs on that graph we could actually +get topological sort of that graph + + align:start position:0% +get topological sort of that graph + + + align:start position:0% +get topological sort of that graph +basically an ordering + + align:start position:0% +basically an ordering + + + align:start position:0% +basically an ordering +of the vertices in the graph such that + + align:start position:0% +of the vertices in the graph such that + + + align:start position:0% +of the vertices in the graph such that +all edges go + + align:start position:0% +all edges go + + + align:start position:0% +all edges go +in one direction with respect to that + + align:start position:0% +in one direction with respect to that + + + align:start position:0% +in one direction with respect to that +ordering like all forward in that + + align:start position:0% +ordering like all forward in that + + + align:start position:0% +ordering like all forward in that +ordering + + align:start position:0% +ordering + + + align:start position:0% +ordering +right and we could actually use that to + + align:start position:0% +right and we could actually use that to + + + align:start position:0% +right and we could actually use that to +detect cycles in a directed graph + + align:start position:0% +detect cycles in a directed graph + + + align:start position:0% +detect cycles in a directed graph +by just looking at the topological + + align:start position:0% +by just looking at the topological + + + align:start position:0% +by just looking at the topological +sort order and seeing if if + + align:start position:0% +sort order and seeing if if + + + align:start position:0% +sort order and seeing if if +look at the finishing time the reverse + + align:start position:0% +look at the finishing time the reverse + + + align:start position:0% +look at the finishing time the reverse +finishing time order of dfs + + align:start position:0% +finishing time order of dfs + + + align:start position:0% +finishing time order of dfs +and just checking to see whether it was + + align:start position:0% +and just checking to see whether it was + + + align:start position:0% +and just checking to see whether it was +a topological sorter right because any + + align:start position:0% +a topological sorter right because any + + + align:start position:0% +a topological sorter right because any +back edge there + + align:start position:0% +back edge there + + + align:start position:0% +back edge there +would correspond to a cycle in our graph + + align:start position:0% +would correspond to a cycle in our graph + + + align:start position:0% +would correspond to a cycle in our graph +because the proposition was that if our + + align:start position:0% +because the proposition was that if our + + + align:start position:0% +because the proposition was that if our +graph was acyclic + + align:start position:0% +graph was acyclic + + + align:start position:0% +graph was acyclic +doing this procedure would give us a + + align:start position:0% +doing this procedure would give us a + + + align:start position:0% +doing this procedure would give us a +topological report okay then we + + align:start position:0% +topological report okay then we + + + align:start position:0% +topological report okay then we +had an algorithm bellman ford that uh + + align:start position:0% +had an algorithm bellman ford that uh + + + align:start position:0% +had an algorithm bellman ford that uh +was able to detect and find negative + + align:start position:0% +was able to detect and find negative + + + align:start position:0% +was able to detect and find negative +weight cycles in our graph + + align:start position:0% +weight cycles in our graph + + + align:start position:0% +weight cycles in our graph +in the way that we've presented it in + + align:start position:0% +in the way that we've presented it in + + + align:start position:0% +in the way that we've presented it in +lecture + + align:start position:0% +lecture + + + align:start position:0% +lecture +and but but normally we concentrated on + + align:start position:0% +and but but normally we concentrated on + + + align:start position:0% +and but but normally we concentrated on +these two problems single source + + align:start position:0% +these two problems single source + + + align:start position:0% +these two problems single source +shortest paths + + align:start position:0% +shortest paths + + + align:start position:0% +shortest paths +and some a little bit all pair shortest + + align:start position:0% +and some a little bit all pair shortest + + + align:start position:0% +and some a little bit all pair shortest +path shortest paths + + align:start position:0% +path shortest paths + + + align:start position:0% +path shortest paths +right uh first in the unweighted context + + align:start position:0% +right uh first in the unweighted context + + + align:start position:0% +right uh first in the unweighted context +and then + + align:start position:0% +and then + + + align:start position:0% +and then +in the weighted context for the majority + + align:start position:0% +in the weighted context for the majority + + + align:start position:0% +in the weighted context for the majority +of the lectures okay + + align:start position:0% +of the lectures okay + + + align:start position:0% +of the lectures okay +so let's move on to what those + + align:start position:0% +so let's move on to what those + + + align:start position:0% +so let's move on to what those +single source shortest paths algorithms + + align:start position:0% +single source shortest paths algorithms + + + align:start position:0% +single source shortest paths algorithms +were we had + + align:start position:0% +were we had + + + align:start position:0% +were we had +kind of to me in increasing in + + align:start position:0% +kind of to me in increasing in + + + align:start position:0% +kind of to me in increasing in +generality here + + align:start position:0% +generality here + + + align:start position:0% +generality here +the first restriction is bfs already + + align:start position:0% +the first restriction is bfs already + + + align:start position:0% +the first restriction is bfs already +solves unweighted shortest paths in + + align:start position:0% +solves unweighted shortest paths in + + + align:start position:0% +solves unweighted shortest paths in +linear time in the unweighted context + + align:start position:0% +linear time in the unweighted context + + + align:start position:0% +linear time in the unweighted context +that's all good + + align:start position:0% +that's all good + + + align:start position:0% +that's all good +but for uh weighted graphs + + align:start position:0% +but for uh weighted graphs + + + align:start position:0% +but for uh weighted graphs +regardless of the weights if we had this + + align:start position:0% +regardless of the weights if we had this + + + align:start position:0% +regardless of the weights if we had this +very strong property on the graph that + + align:start position:0% +very strong property on the graph that + + + align:start position:0% +very strong property on the graph that +the property + + align:start position:0% +the property + + + align:start position:0% +the property +that the graph didn't have any directed + + align:start position:0% +that the graph didn't have any directed + + + align:start position:0% +that the graph didn't have any directed +cycles + + align:start position:0% +cycles + + + align:start position:0% +cycles +then we could get this in linear time + + align:start position:0% +then we could get this in linear time + + + align:start position:0% +then we could get this in linear time +via dag relaxation + + align:start position:0% +via dag relaxation + + + align:start position:0% +via dag relaxation +and then for general graphs we had these + + align:start position:0% +and then for general graphs we had these + + + align:start position:0% +and then for general graphs we had these +increasing + + align:start position:0% +increasing + + + align:start position:0% +increasing +or decreasing restrictions on the + + align:start position:0% +or decreasing restrictions on the + + + align:start position:0% +or decreasing restrictions on the +weights + + align:start position:0% +weights + + + align:start position:0% +weights +first we had the restriction was that + + align:start position:0% +first we had the restriction was that + + + align:start position:0% +first we had the restriction was that +they were unweighted + + align:start position:0% +they were unweighted + + + align:start position:0% +they were unweighted +and that that's the bfs constraint or + + align:start position:0% +and that that's the bfs constraint or + + + align:start position:0% +and that that's the bfs constraint or +that they're non-negative + + align:start position:0% +that they're non-negative + + + align:start position:0% +that they're non-negative +that's the dijkstra constraint and if we + + align:start position:0% +that's the dijkstra constraint and if we + + + align:start position:0% +that's the dijkstra constraint and if we +have no constraints that gives us + + align:start position:0% +have no constraints that gives us + + + align:start position:0% +have no constraints that gives us +bellman ford and they + + align:start position:0% +bellman ford and they + + + align:start position:0% +bellman ford and they +increase in time in general you want to + + align:start position:0% +increase in time in general you want to + + + align:start position:0% +increase in time in general you want to +choose an algorithm that's higher on + + align:start position:0% +choose an algorithm that's higher on + + + align:start position:0% +choose an algorithm that's higher on +this list but sometimes + + align:start position:0% +this list but sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +this list but sometimes +the algorithms higher on this list don't + + align:start position:0% +the algorithms higher on this list don't + + + align:start position:0% +the algorithms higher on this list don't +apply right + + align:start position:0% +apply right + + + align:start position:0% +apply right +if you if on a quiz you come to + + align:start position:0% +if you if on a quiz you come to + + + align:start position:0% +if you if on a quiz you come to +a graph for which uh + + align:start position:0% +a graph for which uh + + + align:start position:0% +a graph for which uh +so it's not a dag but you use dag + + align:start position:0% +so it's not a dag but you use dag + + + align:start position:0% +so it's not a dag but you use dag +relaxation + + align:start position:0% +relaxation + + + align:start position:0% +relaxation +that's no longer a correct algorithm + + align:start position:0% +that's no longer a correct algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +that's no longer a correct algorithm +right and so you're going to get fewer + + align:start position:0% +right and so you're going to get fewer + + + align:start position:0% +right and so you're going to get fewer +points + + align:start position:0% +points + + + align:start position:0% +points +than if you happen to use an inefficient + + align:start position:0% +than if you happen to use an inefficient + + + align:start position:0% +than if you happen to use an inefficient +algorithm that is correct + + align:start position:0% +algorithm that is correct + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm that is correct +right so if i just whenever i saw + + align:start position:0% +right so if i just whenever i saw + + + align:start position:0% +right so if i just whenever i saw +shortest paths + + align:start position:0% +shortest paths + + + align:start position:0% +shortest paths +i used bellman ford right it's the + + align:start position:0% +i used bellman ford right it's the + + + align:start position:0% +i used bellman ford right it's the +slowest thing + + align:start position:0% +slowest thing + + + align:start position:0% +slowest thing +that's probably going to be a correct + + align:start position:0% +that's probably going to be a correct + + + align:start position:0% +that's probably going to be a correct +algorithm it's not necessarily going to + + align:start position:0% +algorithm it's not necessarily going to + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm it's not necessarily going to +be the most efficient algorithm + + align:start position:0% +be the most efficient algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +be the most efficient algorithm +but you'll get more points because it is + + align:start position:0% +but you'll get more points because it is + + + align:start position:0% +but you'll get more points because it is +a correct algorithm + + align:start position:0% +a correct algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +a correct algorithm +then if you apply a faster algorithm + + align:start position:0% +then if you apply a faster algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +then if you apply a faster algorithm +that doesn't apply to your problem + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't apply to your problem + + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't apply to your problem +because it's not going to solve it + + align:start position:0% +because it's not going to solve it + + + align:start position:0% +because it's not going to solve it +correctly + + align:start position:0% +correctly + + + align:start position:0% +correctly +does that make sense okay so + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense okay so + + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense okay so +and then in the last lecture we had + + align:start position:0% +and then in the last lecture we had + + + align:start position:0% +and then in the last lecture we had +we talked about all pair shortest paths + + align:start position:0% +we talked about all pair shortest paths + + + align:start position:0% +we talked about all pair shortest paths +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +really running a single source for just + + align:start position:0% +really running a single source for just + + + align:start position:0% +really running a single source for just +paths from each vertex + + align:start position:0% +paths from each vertex + + + align:start position:0% +paths from each vertex +is pretty good in most circumstances + + align:start position:0% +is pretty good in most circumstances + + + align:start position:0% +is pretty good in most circumstances +we don't know how to do a lot better for + + align:start position:0% +we don't know how to do a lot better for + + + align:start position:0% +we don't know how to do a lot better for +for a lot of these and then + + align:start position:0% +for a lot of these and then + + + align:start position:0% +for a lot of these and then +johnson gives us + + align:start position:0% +johnson gives us + + + align:start position:0% +johnson gives us +basically in this last line of our graph + + align:start position:0% +basically in this last line of our graph + + + align:start position:0% +basically in this last line of our graph +restrictions and weight restrictions + + align:start position:0% +restrictions and weight restrictions + + + align:start position:0% +restrictions and weight restrictions +uh where bellman ford is right there we + + align:start position:0% +uh where bellman ford is right there we + + + align:start position:0% +uh where bellman ford is right there we +can actually get a speed up over v + + align:start position:0% +can actually get a speed up over v + + + align:start position:0% +can actually get a speed up over v +times bellman ford uh by + + align:start position:0% +times bellman ford uh by + + + align:start position:0% +times bellman ford uh by +kind of two tricks right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +re-weight the find if the graph has + + align:start position:0% +re-weight the find if the graph has + + + align:start position:0% +re-weight the find if the graph has +negative weight cycles + + align:start position:0% +negative weight cycles + + + align:start position:0% +negative weight cycles +and if it doesn't then there exists a + + align:start position:0% +and if it doesn't then there exists a + + + align:start position:0% +and if it doesn't then there exists a +re-weighting of this graph + + align:start position:0% +re-weighting of this graph + + + align:start position:0% +re-weighting of this graph +so that all the weights are non-negative + + align:start position:0% +so that all the weights are non-negative + + + align:start position:0% +so that all the weights are non-negative +but the shortest paths are preserved and + + align:start position:0% +but the shortest paths are preserved and + + + align:start position:0% +but the shortest paths are preserved and +so we can use + + align:start position:0% +so we can use + + + align:start position:0% +so we can use +dijkstra v times and get that that + + align:start position:0% +dijkstra v times and get that that + + + align:start position:0% +dijkstra v times and get that that +running time instead + + align:start position:0% +running time instead + + + align:start position:0% +running time instead +okay so that's that's just an overview + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's that's just an overview + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's that's just an overview +of the contents that we've covered so + + align:start position:0% +of the contents that we've covered so + + + align:start position:0% +of the contents that we've covered so +far + + align:start position:0% +far + + + align:start position:0% +far +just want to go right just brief + + align:start position:0% +just want to go right just brief + + + align:start position:0% +just want to go right just brief +overview of what these algorithms + + align:start position:0% +overview of what these algorithms + + + align:start position:0% +overview of what these algorithms +actually do + + align:start position:0% +actually do + + + align:start position:0% +actually do +dag relaxation uh you know finds a + + align:start position:0% +dag relaxation uh you know finds a + + + align:start position:0% +dag relaxation uh you know finds a +topological + + align:start position:0% +topological + + + align:start position:0% +topological +order of the thing using dfs + + align:start position:0% +order of the thing using dfs + + + align:start position:0% +order of the thing using dfs +looking at the reverse order of the + + align:start position:0% +looking at the reverse order of the + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the reverse order of the +finishing times you prove that that's a + + align:start position:0% +finishing times you prove that that's a + + + align:start position:0% +finishing times you prove that that's a +top + + align:start position:0% +top + + + align:start position:0% +top +a reverse topological order + + align:start position:0% +a reverse topological order + + + align:start position:0% +a reverse topological order +and then we relax edges forward in that + + align:start position:0% +and then we relax edges forward in that + + + align:start position:0% +and then we relax edges forward in that +order because we know that we'll have + + align:start position:0% +order because we know that we'll have + + + align:start position:0% +order because we know that we'll have +found + + align:start position:0% +found + + + align:start position:0% +found +shortest path distance to everything + + align:start position:0% +shortest path distance to everything + + + align:start position:0% +shortest path distance to everything +before us before and + + align:start position:0% +before us before and + + + align:start position:0% +before us before and +we use that invariant to prove that this + + align:start position:0% +we use that invariant to prove that this + + + align:start position:0% +we use that invariant to prove that this +constructs it in linear time + + align:start position:0% +constructs it in linear time + + + align:start position:0% +constructs it in linear time +bfs explores things in levels right + + align:start position:0% +bfs explores things in levels right + + + align:start position:0% +bfs explores things in levels right +out increasing + + align:start position:0% +out increasing + + + align:start position:0% +out increasing +in the number of edges as we go out and + + align:start position:0% +in the number of edges as we go out and + + + align:start position:0% +in the number of edges as we go out and +i just + + align:start position:0% +i just + + + align:start position:0% +i just +process all of the ones in the same + + align:start position:0% +process all of the ones in the same + + + align:start position:0% +process all of the ones in the same +level at the same time and dijkstra + + align:start position:0% +level at the same time and dijkstra + + + align:start position:0% +level at the same time and dijkstra +generalizes this notion + + align:start position:0% +generalizes this notion + + + align:start position:0% +generalizes this notion +by saying well i don't know all of the + + align:start position:0% +by saying well i don't know all of the + + + align:start position:0% +by saying well i don't know all of the +things that are + + align:start position:0% +things that are + + + align:start position:0% +things that are +in the same level per se from fr + + align:start position:0% +in the same level per se from fr + + + align:start position:0% +in the same level per se from fr +as i'm going but i can using a clever + + align:start position:0% +as i'm going but i can using a clever + + + align:start position:0% +as i'm going but i can using a clever +use of a data structure + + align:start position:0% +use of a data structure + + + align:start position:0% +use of a data structure +find the next one i should process in + + align:start position:0% +find the next one i should process in + + + align:start position:0% +find the next one i should process in +kind of a + + align:start position:0% +kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a +topological relaxation order + + align:start position:0% +topological relaxation order + + + align:start position:0% +topological relaxation order +to find shortest paths when the weights + + align:start position:0% +to find shortest paths when the weights + + + align:start position:0% +to find shortest paths when the weights +are non-negative + + align:start position:0% +are non-negative + + + align:start position:0% +are non-negative +because in some sense i know that once + + align:start position:0% +because in some sense i know that once + + + align:start position:0% +because in some sense i know that once +i've reached things + + align:start position:0% +i've reached things + + + align:start position:0% +i've reached things +from a short distance i will never have + + align:start position:0% +from a short distance i will never have + + + align:start position:0% +from a short distance i will never have +to update their distance again + + align:start position:0% +to update their distance again + + + align:start position:0% +to update their distance again +that's that's kind of the invariant that + + align:start position:0% +that's that's kind of the invariant that + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's kind of the invariant that +we're having with dijkstra and then + + align:start position:0% +we're having with dijkstra and then + + + align:start position:0% +we're having with dijkstra and then +bellman ford + + align:start position:0% +bellman ford + + + align:start position:0% +bellman ford +essentially duplicates our graph so that + + align:start position:0% +essentially duplicates our graph so that + + + align:start position:0% +essentially duplicates our graph so that +each node corresponds to reaching a + + align:start position:0% +each node corresponds to reaching a + + + align:start position:0% +each node corresponds to reaching a +vertex + + align:start position:0% +vertex + + + align:start position:0% +vertex +using at most a certain number of edges + + align:start position:0% +using at most a certain number of edges + + + align:start position:0% +using at most a certain number of edges +and then that duplicated graph is a dag + + align:start position:0% +and then that duplicated graph is a dag + + + align:start position:0% +and then that duplicated graph is a dag +and we can run dag relaxation + + align:start position:0% +and we can run dag relaxation + + + align:start position:0% +and we can run dag relaxation +so that's the basic idea of all these + + align:start position:0% +so that's the basic idea of all these + + + align:start position:0% +so that's the basic idea of all these +algorithms + + align:start position:0% +algorithms + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms +uh when i approach problems on a quiz + + align:start position:0% +uh when i approach problems on a quiz + + + align:start position:0% +uh when i approach problems on a quiz +uh there's a couple things to keep in + + align:start position:0% +uh there's a couple things to keep in + + + align:start position:0% +uh there's a couple things to keep in +mind there's kind of two + + align:start position:0% +mind there's kind of two + + + align:start position:0% +mind there's kind of two +two things that we have to worry about + + align:start position:0% +two things that we have to worry about + + + align:start position:0% +two things that we have to worry about +when we're you're looking at a graph + + align:start position:0% +when we're you're looking at a graph + + + align:start position:0% +when we're you're looking at a graph +problem in this class + + align:start position:0% +problem in this class + + + align:start position:0% +problem in this class +the first thing is i might not see a + + align:start position:0% +the first thing is i might not see a + + + align:start position:0% +the first thing is i might not see a +graph in my problem + + align:start position:0% +graph in my problem + + + align:start position:0% +graph in my problem +right i mean on quiz 2 you know that + + align:start position:0% +right i mean on quiz 2 you know that + + + align:start position:0% +right i mean on quiz 2 you know that +there's going to be a graph in your + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be a graph in your + + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be a graph in your +problem because we cover + + align:start position:0% +problem because we cover + + + align:start position:0% +problem because we cover +graph algorithms on on this quiz + + align:start position:0% +graph algorithms on on this quiz + + + align:start position:0% +graph algorithms on on this quiz +but in general some of the word problems + + align:start position:0% +but in general some of the word problems + + + align:start position:0% +but in general some of the word problems +you've been seeing on your problem sets + + align:start position:0% +you've been seeing on your problem sets + + + align:start position:0% +you've been seeing on your problem sets +there's no graph defined for you they + + align:start position:0% +there's no graph defined for you they + + + align:start position:0% +there's no graph defined for you they +give you a an array of things or a set + + align:start position:0% +give you a an array of things or a set + + + align:start position:0% +give you a an array of things or a set +of things + + align:start position:0% +of things + + + align:start position:0% +of things +or you know some connections between + + align:start position:0% +or you know some connections between + + + align:start position:0% +or you know some connections between +some things right and that might be + + align:start position:0% +some things right and that might be + + + align:start position:0% +some things right and that might be +a graph that you want to make but uh + + align:start position:0% +a graph that you want to make but uh + + + align:start position:0% +a graph that you want to make but uh +kind of defining a graph is an important + + align:start position:0% +kind of defining a graph is an important + + + align:start position:0% +kind of defining a graph is an important +aspect of that problem solving that is + + align:start position:0% +aspect of that problem solving that is + + + align:start position:0% +aspect of that problem solving that is +not necessarily something that we've + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily something that we've + + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily something that we've +covered in lecture + + align:start position:0% +covered in lecture + + + align:start position:0% +covered in lecture +right we've not emphasized that in + + align:start position:0% +right we've not emphasized that in + + + align:start position:0% +right we've not emphasized that in +lecture so much + + align:start position:0% +lecture so much + + + align:start position:0% +lecture so much +right but it's something that you've had + + align:start position:0% +right but it's something that you've had + + + align:start position:0% +right but it's something that you've had +to do on your problem sets and something + + align:start position:0% +to do on your problem sets and something + + + align:start position:0% +to do on your problem sets and something +that will appear on the quiz + + align:start position:0% +that will appear on the quiz + + + align:start position:0% +that will appear on the quiz +right so it's the part of this is a + + align:start position:0% +right so it's the part of this is a + + + align:start position:0% +right so it's the part of this is a +modeling context can you look at a real + + align:start position:0% +modeling context can you look at a real + + + align:start position:0% +modeling context can you look at a real +real world situation or maybe not so + + align:start position:0% +real world situation or maybe not so + + + align:start position:0% +real world situation or maybe not so +real world + + align:start position:0% +real world + + + align:start position:0% +real world +but non mathematical context + + align:start position:0% +but non mathematical context + + + align:start position:0% +but non mathematical context +right and you're trying to abstractify + + align:start position:0% +right and you're trying to abstractify + + + align:start position:0% +right and you're trying to abstractify +put it in the language of this class the + + align:start position:0% +put it in the language of this class the + + + align:start position:0% +put it in the language of this class the +mathematics of this class make a graph + + align:start position:0% +mathematics of this class make a graph + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics of this class make a graph +so that solving one of the problems that + + align:start position:0% +so that solving one of the problems that + + + align:start position:0% +so that solving one of the problems that +you know how to solve + + align:start position:0% +you know how to solve + + + align:start position:0% +you know how to solve +can adequately solve the word problem + + align:start position:0% +can adequately solve the word problem + + + align:start position:0% +can adequately solve the word problem +that we gave you + + align:start position:0% +that we gave you + + + align:start position:0% +that we gave you +right this is a modeling part so i + + align:start position:0% +right this is a modeling part so i + + + align:start position:0% +right this is a modeling part so i +always suggest when you see a word + + align:start position:0% +always suggest when you see a word + + + align:start position:0% +always suggest when you see a word +problem + + align:start position:0% +problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem +on quiz 2 or on your problem set right + + align:start position:0% +on quiz 2 or on your problem set right + + + align:start position:0% +on quiz 2 or on your problem set right +it's that uh + + align:start position:0% +it's that uh + + + align:start position:0% +it's that uh +see if you can state cleanly an abstract + + align:start position:0% +see if you can state cleanly an abstract + + + align:start position:0% +see if you can state cleanly an abstract +problem + + align:start position:0% +problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem +related that if you knew the answer to + + align:start position:0% +related that if you knew the answer to + + + align:start position:0% +related that if you knew the answer to +that abstract problem + + align:start position:0% +that abstract problem + + + align:start position:0% +that abstract problem +you could easily solve your word problem + + align:start position:0% +you could easily solve your word problem + + + align:start position:0% +you could easily solve your word problem +can make it a little + + align:start position:0% +can make it a little + + + align:start position:0% +can make it a little +easier to decouple the complexity of the + + align:start position:0% +easier to decouple the complexity of the + + + align:start position:0% +easier to decouple the complexity of the +word problem right + + align:start position:0% +word problem right + + + align:start position:0% +word problem right +then you don't have to think about i + + align:start position:0% +then you don't have to think about i + + + align:start position:0% +then you don't have to think about i +don't know + + align:start position:0% +don't know + + + align:start position:0% +don't know +uh you know various strange characters + + align:start position:0% +uh you know various strange characters + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know various strange characters +we come up with in + + align:start position:0% +we come up with in + + + align:start position:0% +we come up with in +in weird contexts and they're weird + + align:start position:0% +in weird contexts and they're weird + + + align:start position:0% +in weird contexts and they're weird +conditions + + align:start position:0% +conditions + + + align:start position:0% +conditions +right if you can map that to just a + + align:start position:0% +right if you can map that to just a + + + align:start position:0% +right if you can map that to just a +graph + + align:start position:0% +graph + + + align:start position:0% +graph +with a certain with certain properties + + align:start position:0% +with a certain with certain properties + + + align:start position:0% +with a certain with certain properties +and solving an abstract problem on that + + align:start position:0% +and solving an abstract problem on that + + + align:start position:0% +and solving an abstract problem on that +graph that might be easier for you to + + align:start position:0% +graph that might be easier for you to + + + align:start position:0% +graph that might be easier for you to +think about and apply the material in + + align:start position:0% +think about and apply the material in + + + align:start position:0% +think about and apply the material in +this class + + align:start position:0% +this class + + + align:start position:0% +this class +so you don't have to worry about oh do i + + align:start position:0% +so you don't have to worry about oh do i + + + align:start position:0% +so you don't have to worry about oh do i +have to remember that + + align:start position:0% +have to remember that + + + align:start position:0% +have to remember that +roads are connected to five other things + + align:start position:0% +roads are connected to five other things + + + align:start position:0% +roads are connected to five other things +or do i have to remember + + align:start position:0% +or do i have to remember + + + align:start position:0% +or do i have to remember +you you maybe you're given as the input + + align:start position:0% +you you maybe you're given as the input + + + align:start position:0% +you you maybe you're given as the input +a sparse graph or something like that + + align:start position:0% +a sparse graph or something like that + + + align:start position:0% +a sparse graph or something like that +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +that's a little easier to think about + + align:start position:0% +that's a little easier to think about + + + align:start position:0% +that's a little easier to think about +for when applying this material + + align:start position:0% +for when applying this material + + + align:start position:0% +for when applying this material +okay and so con converting your problem + + align:start position:0% +okay and so con converting your problem + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so con converting your problem +into a finding a shortest path problem + + align:start position:0% +into a finding a shortest path problem + + + align:start position:0% +into a finding a shortest path problem +or finding a cycle or finding a + + align:start position:0% +or finding a cycle or finding a + + + align:start position:0% +or finding a cycle or finding a +topological sword or connected component + + align:start position:0% +topological sword or connected component + + + align:start position:0% +topological sword or connected component +or a negative weight cycle or any of + + align:start position:0% +or a negative weight cycle or any of + + + align:start position:0% +or a negative weight cycle or any of +these kinds of things + + align:start position:0% +these kinds of things + + + align:start position:0% +these kinds of things +right can make it easier for you to + + align:start position:0% +right can make it easier for you to + + + align:start position:0% +right can make it easier for you to +think about + + align:start position:0% +think about + + + align:start position:0% +think about +uh it's not like fundamental material in + + align:start position:0% +uh it's not like fundamental material in + + + align:start position:0% +uh it's not like fundamental material in +this class that's that's + + align:start position:0% +this class that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +this class that's that's +that's super uh that we need to lecture + + align:start position:0% +that's super uh that we need to lecture + + + align:start position:0% +that's super uh that we need to lecture +on but it is really important for you + + align:start position:0% +on but it is really important for you + + + align:start position:0% +on but it is really important for you +when you're out in the real world + + align:start position:0% +when you're out in the real world + + + align:start position:0% +when you're out in the real world +looking at problems to be able to make + + align:start position:0% +looking at problems to be able to make + + + align:start position:0% +looking at problems to be able to make +that transformation + + align:start position:0% +that transformation + + + align:start position:0% +that transformation +from a a non-mathematical + + align:start position:0% +from a a non-mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +from a a non-mathematical +context to a mathematical i like to + + align:start position:0% +context to a mathematical i like to + + + align:start position:0% +context to a mathematical i like to +think of this as a modeling + + align:start position:0% +think of this as a modeling + + + align:start position:0% +think of this as a modeling +part of the problem but in general once + + align:start position:0% +part of the problem but in general once + + + align:start position:0% +part of the problem but in general once +you've got that nice abstract problem + + align:start position:0% +you've got that nice abstract problem + + + align:start position:0% +you've got that nice abstract problem +uh then in general you you might have a + + align:start position:0% +uh then in general you you might have a + + + align:start position:0% +uh then in general you you might have a +graph but it might not be the graph that + + align:start position:0% +graph but it might not be the graph that + + + align:start position:0% +graph but it might not be the graph that +you the only graph you want when you're + + align:start position:0% +you the only graph you want when you're + + + align:start position:0% +you the only graph you want when you're +solving this problem right that might be + + align:start position:0% +solving this problem right that might be + + + align:start position:0% +solving this problem right that might be +the input graph that you have + + align:start position:0% +the input graph that you have + + + align:start position:0% +the input graph that you have +but in general a lot of the kind of + + align:start position:0% +but in general a lot of the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +but in general a lot of the kind of +tricks of this thing is not modifying + + align:start position:0% +tricks of this thing is not modifying + + + align:start position:0% +tricks of this thing is not modifying +the algorithms that we gave you + + align:start position:0% +the algorithms that we gave you + + + align:start position:0% +the algorithms that we gave you +if you find yourself trying to modify + + align:start position:0% +if you find yourself trying to modify + + + align:start position:0% +if you find yourself trying to modify +the algorithms we gave you + + align:start position:0% +the algorithms we gave you + + + align:start position:0% +the algorithms we gave you +that we spent entire lectures on proving + + align:start position:0% +that we spent entire lectures on proving + + + align:start position:0% +that we spent entire lectures on proving +their correctness and things like that + + align:start position:0% +their correctness and things like that + + + align:start position:0% +their correctness and things like that +that's maybe not something you want to + + align:start position:0% +that's maybe not something you want to + + + align:start position:0% +that's maybe not something you want to +be doing on an exam + + align:start position:0% +be doing on an exam + + + align:start position:0% +be doing on an exam +because then you're going to be writing + + align:start position:0% +because then you're going to be writing + + + align:start position:0% +because then you're going to be writing +pages of derivation and proof + + align:start position:0% +pages of derivation and proof + + + align:start position:0% +pages of derivation and proof +that these algorithms work this unit in + + align:start position:0% +that these algorithms work this unit in + + + align:start position:0% +that these algorithms work this unit in +particular + + align:start position:0% +particular + + + align:start position:0% +particular +is much more on the let's reduce to some + + align:start position:0% +is much more on the let's reduce to some + + + align:start position:0% +is much more on the let's reduce to some +very powerful black box that we showed + + align:start position:0% +very powerful black box that we showed + + + align:start position:0% +very powerful black box that we showed +you how it works + + align:start position:0% +you how it works + + + align:start position:0% +you how it works +and so because that's the framework here + + align:start position:0% +and so because that's the framework here + + + align:start position:0% +and so because that's the framework here +the way in which we introduce complexity + + align:start position:0% +the way in which we introduce complexity + + + align:start position:0% +the way in which we introduce complexity +into problems + + align:start position:0% +into problems + + + align:start position:0% +into problems +is to make the graph non-obvious on the + + align:start position:0% +is to make the graph non-obvious on the + + + align:start position:0% +is to make the graph non-obvious on the +thing that you're supposed to apply + + align:start position:0% +thing that you're supposed to apply + + + align:start position:0% +thing that you're supposed to apply +right and so the graph that we give you + + align:start position:0% +right and so the graph that we give you + + + align:start position:0% +right and so the graph that we give you +as the input may be different than the + + align:start position:0% +as the input may be different than the + + + align:start position:0% +as the input may be different than the +graph that you'll + + align:start position:0% +graph that you'll + + + align:start position:0% +graph that you'll +want to use to solve the problem and + + align:start position:0% +want to use to solve the problem and + + + align:start position:0% +want to use to solve the problem and +here are some + + align:start position:0% +here are some + + + align:start position:0% +here are some +strategies that you can use to modify a + + align:start position:0% +strategies that you can use to modify a + + + align:start position:0% +strategies that you can use to modify a +graph + + align:start position:0% +graph + + + align:start position:0% +graph +like if if you uh if you want to store + + align:start position:0% +like if if you uh if you want to store + + + align:start position:0% +like if if you uh if you want to store +state + + align:start position:0% +state + + + align:start position:0% +state +as you're traversing this graph right + + align:start position:0% +as you're traversing this graph right + + + align:start position:0% +as you're traversing this graph right +you can expand the number of vertices in + + align:start position:0% +you can expand the number of vertices in + + + align:start position:0% +you can expand the number of vertices in +your graph + + align:start position:0% +your graph + + + align:start position:0% +your graph +to keep track of what state i'm in right + + align:start position:0% +to keep track of what state i'm in right + + + align:start position:0% +to keep track of what state i'm in right +i can have a different vertex for every + + align:start position:0% +i can have a different vertex for every + + + align:start position:0% +i can have a different vertex for every +possible state i could be + + align:start position:0% +possible state i could be + + + align:start position:0% +possible state i could be +at that vertex right you know in your + + align:start position:0% +at that vertex right you know in your + + + align:start position:0% +at that vertex right you know in your +problem session you had this guy who's + + align:start position:0% +problem session you had this guy who's + + + align:start position:0% +problem session you had this guy who's +drinking when he got to bars right and + + align:start position:0% +drinking when he got to bars right and + + + align:start position:0% +drinking when he got to bars right and +or or every third time and you need to + + align:start position:0% +or or every third time and you need to + + + align:start position:0% +or or every third time and you need to +remember how many times it's been since + + align:start position:0% +remember how many times it's been since + + + align:start position:0% +remember how many times it's been since +i've been to a bar + + align:start position:0% +i've been to a bar + + + align:start position:0% +i've been to a bar +right or i had a drunk at a bar and and + + align:start position:0% +right or i had a drunk at a bar and and + + + align:start position:0% +right or i had a drunk at a bar and and +so you can duplicate the vertices to be + + align:start position:0% +so you can duplicate the vertices to be + + + align:start position:0% +so you can duplicate the vertices to be +able to + + align:start position:0% +able to + + + align:start position:0% +able to +store that information another thing if + + align:start position:0% +store that information another thing if + + + align:start position:0% +store that information another thing if +you if you + + align:start position:0% +you if you + + + align:start position:0% +you if you +if you need to search from multiple + + align:start position:0% +if you need to search from multiple + + + align:start position:0% +if you need to search from multiple +locations at the same time + + align:start position:0% +locations at the same time + + + align:start position:0% +locations at the same time +or search to multiple locations at the + + align:start position:0% +or search to multiple locations at the + + + align:start position:0% +or search to multiple locations at the +same time + + align:start position:0% +same time + + + align:start position:0% +same time +right you can simulate that without + + align:start position:0% +right you can simulate that without + + + align:start position:0% +right you can simulate that without +having to run an + + align:start position:0% +having to run an + + + align:start position:0% +having to run an +algorithm many times you can simulate + + align:start position:0% +algorithm many times you can simulate + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm many times you can simulate +that by adding a + + align:start position:0% +that by adding a + + + align:start position:0% +that by adding a +an auxiliary node an extra node in your + + align:start position:0% +an auxiliary node an extra node in your + + + align:start position:0% +an auxiliary node an extra node in your +graph with edges + + align:start position:0% +graph with edges + + + align:start position:0% +graph with edges +to those sources or to those sinks + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and run a a single source shortest path + + align:start position:0% +and run a a single source shortest path + + + align:start position:0% +and run a a single source shortest path +algorithm from that that + + align:start position:0% +algorithm from that that + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm from that that +that super node sometimes we call it uh + + align:start position:0% +that super node sometimes we call it uh + + + align:start position:0% +that super node sometimes we call it uh +to get better performance it's kind of a + + align:start position:0% +to get better performance it's kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +to get better performance it's kind of a +an efficiency + + align:start position:0% +an efficiency + + + align:start position:0% +an efficiency +we're adding efficiency by changing our + + align:start position:0% +we're adding efficiency by changing our + + + align:start position:0% +we're adding efficiency by changing our +graph to fit the algorithms that we know + + align:start position:0% +graph to fit the algorithms that we know + + + align:start position:0% +graph to fit the algorithms that we know +to solve efficiently + + align:start position:0% +to solve efficiently + + + align:start position:0% +to solve efficiently +and then the last thing maybe it helps + + align:start position:0% +and then the last thing maybe it helps + + + align:start position:0% +and then the last thing maybe it helps +to pre-process the graph in some way + + align:start position:0% +to pre-process the graph in some way + + + align:start position:0% +to pre-process the graph in some way +right some edges in the graph that we + + align:start position:0% +right some edges in the graph that we + + + align:start position:0% +right some edges in the graph that we +gave you + + align:start position:0% +gave you + + + align:start position:0% +gave you +might be forbidden or may need to be + + align:start position:0% +might be forbidden or may need to be + + + align:start position:0% +might be forbidden or may need to be +traversed in one direction rather than + + align:start position:0% +traversed in one direction rather than + + + align:start position:0% +traversed in one direction rather than +the other + + align:start position:0% +the other + + + align:start position:0% +the other +even though the problem statement seems + + align:start position:0% +even though the problem statement seems + + + align:start position:0% +even though the problem statement seems +kind of seems like they should be + + align:start position:0% +kind of seems like they should be + + + align:start position:0% +kind of seems like they should be +traversable in either direction + + align:start position:0% +traversable in either direction + + + align:start position:0% +traversable in either direction +right and doing this pre-processing of + + align:start position:0% +right and doing this pre-processing of + + + align:start position:0% +right and doing this pre-processing of +the graph + + align:start position:0% +the graph + + + align:start position:0% +the graph +could mean that you break up your graph + + align:start position:0% +could mean that you break up your graph + + + align:start position:0% +could mean that you break up your graph +into your connected graph into a set of + + align:start position:0% +into your connected graph into a set of + + + align:start position:0% +into your connected graph into a set of +you know disconnected components that + + align:start position:0% +you know disconnected components that + + + align:start position:0% +you know disconnected components that +you need to find + + align:start position:0% +you need to find + + + align:start position:0% +you need to find +or makes a undirect makes a a + + align:start position:0% +or makes a undirect makes a a + + + align:start position:0% +or makes a undirect makes a a +cyclic graph acyclic right or + + align:start position:0% +cyclic graph acyclic right or + + + align:start position:0% +cyclic graph acyclic right or +prunes part of the graph that you don't + + align:start position:0% +prunes part of the graph that you don't + + + align:start position:0% +prunes part of the graph that you don't +want to + + align:start position:0% +want to + + + align:start position:0% +want to +explore i never want to touch on my my + + align:start position:0% +explore i never want to touch on my my + + + align:start position:0% +explore i never want to touch on my my +way to get to + + align:start position:0% +way to get to + + + align:start position:0% +way to get to +to a location right so these are all + + align:start position:0% +to a location right so these are all + + + align:start position:0% +to a location right so these are all +really common strategies + + align:start position:0% +really common strategies + + + align:start position:0% +really common strategies +that we have you know uh duplicating + + align:start position:0% +that we have you know uh duplicating + + + align:start position:0% +that we have you know uh duplicating +graph + + align:start position:0% +graph + + + align:start position:0% +graph +adding auxiliary vertex vertices or + + align:start position:0% +adding auxiliary vertex vertices or + + + align:start position:0% +adding auxiliary vertex vertices or +edges to the graph i don't know + + align:start position:0% +edges to the graph i don't know + + + align:start position:0% +edges to the graph i don't know +the context in which we add edges it's + + align:start position:0% +the context in which we add edges it's + + + align:start position:0% +the context in which we add edges it's +an interesting question + + align:start position:0% +an interesting question + + + align:start position:0% +an interesting question +and then preprocessing kind of filtering + + align:start position:0% +and then preprocessing kind of filtering + + + align:start position:0% +and then preprocessing kind of filtering +out the graph or transforming it in some + + align:start position:0% +out the graph or transforming it in some + + + align:start position:0% +out the graph or transforming it in some +way + + align:start position:0% +way + + + align:start position:0% +way +to to give it properties that will allow + + align:start position:0% +to to give it properties that will allow + + + align:start position:0% +to to give it properties that will allow +us to solve the problem better + + align:start position:0% +us to solve the problem better + + + align:start position:0% +us to solve the problem better +okay so any questions about the problem + + align:start position:0% +okay so any questions about the problem + + + align:start position:0% +okay so any questions about the problem +solving strategies that we have + + align:start position:0% +solving strategies that we have + + + align:start position:0% +solving strategies that we have +or or the content the kind of baseline + + align:start position:0% +or or the content the kind of baseline + + + align:start position:0% +or or the content the kind of baseline +content of this class + + align:start position:0% +content of this class + + + align:start position:0% +content of this class +this is kind of an overview of the + + align:start position:0% +this is kind of an overview of the + + + align:start position:0% +this is kind of an overview of the +lecture type material where we're not + + align:start position:0% +lecture type material where we're not + + + align:start position:0% +lecture type material where we're not +necessarily applying + + align:start position:0% +necessarily applying + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily applying +this material in lecture the rest of + + align:start position:0% +this material in lecture the rest of + + + align:start position:0% +this material in lecture the rest of +this uh + + align:start position:0% +this uh + + + align:start position:0% +this uh +you know quiz review session will be on + + align:start position:0% +you know quiz review session will be on + + + align:start position:0% +you know quiz review session will be on +applying this material to some + + align:start position:0% +applying this material to some + + + align:start position:0% +applying this material to some +uh a quiz from a previous term uh some + + align:start position:0% +uh a quiz from a previous term uh some + + + align:start position:0% +uh a quiz from a previous term uh some +of those problems + + align:start position:0% +of those problems + + + align:start position:0% +of those problems +okay so yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what are some common ways people uh lose + + align:start position:0% +what are some common ways people uh lose + + + align:start position:0% +what are some common ways people uh lose +points that's that's great thing + + align:start position:0% +points that's that's great thing + + + align:start position:0% +points that's that's great thing +we i'll add it to the notes uh when we + + align:start position:0% +we i'll add it to the notes uh when we + + + align:start position:0% +we i'll add it to the notes uh when we +post + + align:start position:0% +post + + + align:start position:0% +post +uh so common things that people lose + + align:start position:0% +uh so common things that people lose + + + align:start position:0% +uh so common things that people lose +points on in this unit when they're + + align:start position:0% +points on in this unit when they're + + + align:start position:0% +points on in this unit when they're +solving problems + + align:start position:0% +solving problems + + + align:start position:0% +solving problems +you're given a word problem and you + + align:start position:0% +you're given a word problem and you + + + align:start position:0% +you're given a word problem and you +don't define a graph + + align:start position:0% +don't define a graph + + + align:start position:0% +don't define a graph +right super it's as easy as that you + + align:start position:0% +right super it's as easy as that you + + + align:start position:0% +right super it's as easy as that you +start + + align:start position:0% +start + + + align:start position:0% +start +solving assuming that we know what graph + + align:start position:0% +solving assuming that we know what graph + + + align:start position:0% +solving assuming that we know what graph +you're talking about + + align:start position:0% +you're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +you're talking about +when the implicit graph in the problem + + align:start position:0% +when the implicit graph in the problem + + + align:start position:0% +when the implicit graph in the problem +may or may not be correct but we don't + + align:start position:0% +may or may not be correct but we don't + + + align:start position:0% +may or may not be correct but we don't +there's no graph defined in the problem + + align:start position:0% +there's no graph defined in the problem + + + align:start position:0% +there's no graph defined in the problem +right so you need to define a graph in + + align:start position:0% +right so you need to define a graph in + + + align:start position:0% +right so you need to define a graph in +the problem so that's the first thing + + align:start position:0% +the problem so that's the first thing + + + align:start position:0% +the problem so that's the first thing +the second thing is a lot of times it's + + align:start position:0% +the second thing is a lot of times it's + + + align:start position:0% +the second thing is a lot of times it's +really useful just as a strategy + + align:start position:0% +really useful just as a strategy + + + align:start position:0% +really useful just as a strategy +when you construct that graph tell us + + align:start position:0% +when you construct that graph tell us + + + align:start position:0% +when you construct that graph tell us +how many vertices and edges are in it + + align:start position:0% +how many vertices and edges are in it + + + align:start position:0% +how many vertices and edges are in it +tell if tell us if it's acyclic right + + align:start position:0% +tell if tell us if it's acyclic right + + + align:start position:0% +tell if tell us if it's acyclic right +tell us what the weights are on each + + align:start position:0% +tell us what the weights are on each + + + align:start position:0% +tell us what the weights are on each +edge + + align:start position:0% +edge + + + align:start position:0% +edge +if you don't tell us these things it's + + align:start position:0% +if you don't tell us these things it's + + + align:start position:0% +if you don't tell us these things it's +really hard for us to base + + align:start position:0% +really hard for us to base + + + align:start position:0% +really hard for us to base +to judge your application of algorithms + + align:start position:0% +to judge your application of algorithms + + + align:start position:0% +to judge your application of algorithms +based on that graph + + align:start position:0% +based on that graph + + + align:start position:0% +based on that graph +because you know you if there's + + align:start position:0% +because you know you if there's + + + align:start position:0% +because you know you if there's +redundancy there even if you define + + align:start position:0% +redundancy there even if you define + + + align:start position:0% +redundancy there even if you define +for every vertex in my original graph i + + align:start position:0% +for every vertex in my original graph i + + + align:start position:0% +for every vertex in my original graph i +have 10 vertices or blah blah + + align:start position:0% +have 10 vertices or blah blah + + + align:start position:0% +have 10 vertices or blah blah +right and maybe you're adding a super + + align:start position:0% +right and maybe you're adding a super + + + align:start position:0% +right and maybe you're adding a super +node or all these things + + align:start position:0% +node or all these things + + + align:start position:0% +node or all these things +it can be difficult for us to follow how + + align:start position:0% +it can be difficult for us to follow how + + + align:start position:0% +it can be difficult for us to follow how +many things are so you do that + + align:start position:0% +many things are so you do that + + + align:start position:0% +many things are so you do that +bookkeeping for us + + align:start position:0% +bookkeeping for us + + + align:start position:0% +bookkeeping for us +your graders are going to be a lot + + align:start position:0% +your graders are going to be a lot + + + align:start position:0% +your graders are going to be a lot +happier um + + align:start position:0% +happier um + + + align:start position:0% +happier um +and that so so uh common mistakes not + + align:start position:0% +and that so so uh common mistakes not + + + align:start position:0% +and that so so uh common mistakes not +defined + + align:start position:0% +defined + + + align:start position:0% +defined +a graph not uh specifying your graph + + align:start position:0% +a graph not uh specifying your graph + + + align:start position:0% +a graph not uh specifying your graph +completely + + align:start position:0% +completely + + + align:start position:0% +completely +and then uh not uh + + align:start position:0% +and then uh not uh + + + align:start position:0% +and then uh not uh +i i would also suggest that instead of + + align:start position:0% +i i would also suggest that instead of + + + align:start position:0% +i i would also suggest that instead of +just applying an algorithm to a graph + + align:start position:0% +just applying an algorithm to a graph + + + align:start position:0% +just applying an algorithm to a graph +that you clearly state the problem + + align:start position:0% +that you clearly state the problem + + + align:start position:0% +that you clearly state the problem +you're solving on the graph first + + align:start position:0% +you're solving on the graph first + + + align:start position:0% +you're solving on the graph first +right i want to solve this problem + + align:start position:0% +right i want to solve this problem + + + align:start position:0% +right i want to solve this problem +because we've given you number of ways + + align:start position:0% +because we've given you number of ways + + + align:start position:0% +because we've given you number of ways +to solve that problem on the graph + + align:start position:0% +to solve that problem on the graph + + + align:start position:0% +to solve that problem on the graph +right and if you happen to choose the + + align:start position:0% +right and if you happen to choose the + + + align:start position:0% +right and if you happen to choose the +wrong algorithm then maybe + + align:start position:0% +wrong algorithm then maybe + + + align:start position:0% +wrong algorithm then maybe +that's like separating off the problem + + align:start position:0% +that's like separating off the problem + + + align:start position:0% +that's like separating off the problem +from your implementation of how you + + align:start position:0% +from your implementation of how you + + + align:start position:0% +from your implementation of how you +solved that problem + + align:start position:0% +solved that problem + + + align:start position:0% +solved that problem +can maybe help you get some points for + + align:start position:0% +can maybe help you get some points for + + + align:start position:0% +can maybe help you get some points for +stating the problem you're solving + + align:start position:0% +stating the problem you're solving + + + align:start position:0% +stating the problem you're solving +even if you choose the wrong or an + + align:start position:0% +even if you choose the wrong or an + + + align:start position:0% +even if you choose the wrong or an +inefficient way to solve it + + align:start position:0% +inefficient way to solve it + + + align:start position:0% +inefficient way to solve it +right so that that can really help + + align:start position:0% +right so that that can really help + + + align:start position:0% +right so that that can really help +decouple + + align:start position:0% +decouple + + + align:start position:0% +decouple +uh uh some of the + + align:start position:0% +uh uh some of the + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh some of the +the things that we're going to give + + align:start position:0% +the things that we're going to give + + + align:start position:0% +the things that we're going to give +points on in this class right so + + align:start position:0% +points on in this class right so + + + align:start position:0% +points on in this class right so +usually what we're we're breaking up the + + align:start position:0% +usually what we're we're breaking up the + + + align:start position:0% +usually what we're we're breaking up the +uh a + + align:start position:0% +uh a + + + align:start position:0% +uh a +graph rubric on grading in + + align:start position:0% +graph rubric on grading in + + + align:start position:0% +graph rubric on grading in +did you describe a graph right did you + + align:start position:0% +did you describe a graph right did you + + + align:start position:0% +did you describe a graph right did you +modify it in in a way that's going to + + align:start position:0% +modify it in in a way that's going to + + + align:start position:0% +modify it in in a way that's going to +help you solve the problem + + align:start position:0% +help you solve the problem + + + align:start position:0% +help you solve the problem +did you identify a problem that you need + + align:start position:0% +did you identify a problem that you need + + + align:start position:0% +did you identify a problem that you need +to solve on this thing did you + + align:start position:0% +to solve on this thing did you + + + align:start position:0% +to solve on this thing did you +use a correct algorithm to solve it did + + align:start position:0% +use a correct algorithm to solve it did + + + align:start position:0% +use a correct algorithm to solve it did +you analyze the runtime + + align:start position:0% +you analyze the runtime + + + align:start position:0% +you analyze the runtime +usually involves is the size of my graph + + align:start position:0% +usually involves is the size of my graph + + + align:start position:0% +usually involves is the size of my graph +not too large + + align:start position:0% +not too large + + + align:start position:0% +not too large +and what is the running time based on + + align:start position:0% +and what is the running time based on + + + align:start position:0% +and what is the running time based on +that graph + + align:start position:0% +that graph + + + align:start position:0% +that graph +and then the argument of correctness in + + align:start position:0% +and then the argument of correctness in + + + align:start position:0% +and then the argument of correctness in +this unit is basically like + + align:start position:0% +this unit is basically like + + + align:start position:0% +this unit is basically like +i constructed a graph that has + + align:start position:0% +i constructed a graph that has + + + align:start position:0% +i constructed a graph that has +properties so that shortest paths + + align:start position:0% +properties so that shortest paths + + + align:start position:0% +properties so that shortest paths +in this new graph correspond to whatever + + align:start position:0% +in this new graph correspond to whatever + + + align:start position:0% +in this new graph correspond to whatever +it is that i want in the original + + align:start position:0% +it is that i want in the original + + + align:start position:0% +it is that i want in the original +problem + + align:start position:0% +problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem +right some statement that links the + + align:start position:0% +right some statement that links the + + + align:start position:0% +right some statement that links the +problem you're solving in your problem + + align:start position:0% +problem you're solving in your problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem you're solving in your problem +statement + + align:start position:0% +statement + + + align:start position:0% +statement +to the the problem you're solving on + + align:start position:0% +to the the problem you're solving on + + + align:start position:0% +to the the problem you're solving on +your graph it's that's a really good + + align:start position:0% +your graph it's that's a really good + + + align:start position:0% +your graph it's that's a really good +statement to have + + align:start position:0% +statement to have + + + align:start position:0% +statement to have +to bring together correctness but aside + + align:start position:0% +to bring together correctness but aside + + + align:start position:0% +to bring together correctness but aside +from that statement + + align:start position:0% +from that statement + + + align:start position:0% +from that statement +you're mostly relying on the correctness + + align:start position:0% +you're mostly relying on the correctness + + + align:start position:0% +you're mostly relying on the correctness +of the algorithm so you don't need to do + + align:start position:0% +of the algorithm so you don't need to do + + + align:start position:0% +of the algorithm so you don't need to do +much on the correctness side okay but + + align:start position:0% +much on the correctness side okay but + + + align:start position:0% +much on the correctness side okay but +uh forgetting to analyze runtime is a is + + align:start position:0% +uh forgetting to analyze runtime is a is + + + align:start position:0% +uh forgetting to analyze runtime is a is +a big thing + + align:start position:0% +a big thing + + + align:start position:0% +a big thing +okay so those are a bunch of tips i'm + + align:start position:0% +okay so those are a bunch of tips i'm + + + align:start position:0% +okay so those are a bunch of tips i'm +going to add them to the end of this + + align:start position:0% +going to add them to the end of this + + + align:start position:0% +going to add them to the end of this +slide + + align:start position:0% +slide + + + align:start position:0% +slide +after after the lecture great question + + align:start position:0% +after after the lecture great question + + + align:start position:0% +after after the lecture great question +any other questions + + align:start position:0% +any other questions + + + align:start position:0% +any other questions +all right let's get to solving problems + + align:start position:0% +all right let's get to solving problems + + + align:start position:0% +all right let's get to solving problems +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +so these uh problems that we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +so these uh problems that we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +so these uh problems that we're gonna +solve + + align:start position:0% +solve + + + align:start position:0% +solve +are from uh spring 18 + + align:start position:0% +are from uh spring 18 + + + align:start position:0% +are from uh spring 18 +quiz two uh slightly modified + + align:start position:0% +quiz two uh slightly modified + + + align:start position:0% +quiz two uh slightly modified +um but uh you know we're just gonna go + + align:start position:0% +um but uh you know we're just gonna go + + + align:start position:0% +um but uh you know we're just gonna go +through them + + align:start position:0% +through them + + + align:start position:0% +through them +uh one at a time so the first problem we + + align:start position:0% +uh one at a time so the first problem we + + + align:start position:0% +uh one at a time so the first problem we +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +uh we have an image of black and white + + align:start position:0% +uh we have an image of black and white + + + align:start position:0% +uh we have an image of black and white +squares so this is like a pixel grid + + align:start position:0% +squares so this is like a pixel grid + + + align:start position:0% +squares so this is like a pixel grid +you think of it like as a you know a + + align:start position:0% +you think of it like as a you know a + + + align:start position:0% +you think of it like as a you know a +bitmap on your computer + + align:start position:0% +bitmap on your computer + + + align:start position:0% +bitmap on your computer +right and what we say is each + + align:start position:0% +right and what we say is each + + + align:start position:0% +right and what we say is each +white pixel is contained in a blob okay + + align:start position:0% +white pixel is contained in a blob okay + + + align:start position:0% +white pixel is contained in a blob okay +but what + + align:start position:0% +but what + + + align:start position:0% +but what +what what is a blob i don't know right + + align:start position:0% +what what is a blob i don't know right + + + align:start position:0% +what what is a blob i don't know right +okay i'm kind of giving you an + + align:start position:0% +okay i'm kind of giving you an + + + align:start position:0% +okay i'm kind of giving you an +implicit representation definition of + + align:start position:0% +implicit representation definition of + + + align:start position:0% +implicit representation definition of +what a blob is + + align:start position:0% +what a blob is + + + align:start position:0% +what a blob is +two white pixels are in the same blob if + + align:start position:0% +two white pixels are in the same blob if + + + align:start position:0% +two white pixels are in the same blob if +they share an edge of the grid + + align:start position:0% +they share an edge of the grid + + + align:start position:0% +they share an edge of the grid +okay so this kind of tells me this + + align:start position:0% +okay so this kind of tells me this + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this kind of tells me this +this graph has an edge if these these + + align:start position:0% +this graph has an edge if these these + + + align:start position:0% +this graph has an edge if these these +pixels are adjacent they're both white + + align:start position:0% +pixels are adjacent they're both white + + + align:start position:0% +pixels are adjacent they're both white +right that's what it means but + + align:start position:0% +right that's what it means but + + + align:start position:0% +right that's what it means but +an interesting part about that + + align:start position:0% +an interesting part about that + + + align:start position:0% +an interesting part about that +definition is that it kind of is + + align:start position:0% +definition is that it kind of is + + + align:start position:0% +definition is that it kind of is +transitive + + align:start position:0% +transitive + + + align:start position:0% +transitive +right if i have a white pixel that + + align:start position:0% +right if i have a white pixel that + + + align:start position:0% +right if i have a white pixel that +shares an edge with + + align:start position:0% +shares an edge with + + + align:start position:0% +shares an edge with +a white pixel a that shares a uh what + + align:start position:0% +a white pixel a that shares a uh what + + + align:start position:0% +a white pixel a that shares a uh what +let's start writing things on the board + + align:start position:0% +let's start writing things on the board + + + align:start position:0% +let's start writing things on the board +shall we + + align:start position:0% +shall we + + + align:start position:0% +shall we +probably instead of me just talking at + + align:start position:0% +probably instead of me just talking at + + + align:start position:0% +probably instead of me just talking at +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +right we have kind of a pixel grid here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and i don't know how to do this + + align:start position:0% +okay and i don't know how to do this + + + align:start position:0% +okay and i don't know how to do this +with the chalkboard because it's white + + align:start position:0% +with the chalkboard because it's white + + + align:start position:0% +with the chalkboard because it's white +versus black i guess + + align:start position:0% +versus black i guess + + + align:start position:0% +versus black i guess +i have to color in the white things + + align:start position:0% +i have to color in the white things + + + align:start position:0% +i have to color in the white things +these are all white + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so these guys + + align:start position:0% +all right so these guys + + + align:start position:0% +all right so these guys +are in the same blob right because they + + align:start position:0% +are in the same blob right because they + + + align:start position:0% +are in the same blob right because they +share an edge + + align:start position:0% +share an edge + + + align:start position:0% +share an edge +these guys are in the same blob okay but + + align:start position:0% +these guys are in the same blob okay but + + + align:start position:0% +these guys are in the same blob okay but +because they share an edge in the pixel + + align:start position:0% +because they share an edge in the pixel + + + align:start position:0% +because they share an edge in the pixel +grid + + align:start position:0% +grid + + + align:start position:0% +grid +these guys are also in the same blob + + align:start position:0% +these guys are also in the same blob + + + align:start position:0% +these guys are also in the same blob +because if these are in the same blob + + align:start position:0% +because if these are in the same blob + + + align:start position:0% +because if these are in the same blob +and these are in the same blob + + align:start position:0% +and these are in the same blob + + + align:start position:0% +and these are in the same blob +there's a transitivity argument here + + align:start position:0% +there's a transitivity argument here + + + align:start position:0% +there's a transitivity argument here +right this this guy needs to be in the + + align:start position:0% +right this this guy needs to be in the + + + align:start position:0% +right this this guy needs to be in the +same blob as that guy + + align:start position:0% +same blob as that guy + + + align:start position:0% +same blob as that guy +and then it says that black pixels are + + align:start position:0% +and then it says that black pixels are + + + align:start position:0% +and then it says that black pixels are +not in any blob + + align:start position:0% +not in any blob + + + align:start position:0% +not in any blob +okay and so i'm given an n by m array + + align:start position:0% +okay and so i'm given an n by m array + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so i'm given an n by m array +i never remember which one comes first + + align:start position:0% +i never remember which one comes first + + + align:start position:0% +i never remember which one comes first +but we have dimensions of this thing as + + align:start position:0% +but we have dimensions of this thing as + + + align:start position:0% +but we have dimensions of this thing as +n by m + + align:start position:0% +n by m + + + align:start position:0% +n by m +so we have n times m pixels uh and so + + align:start position:0% +so we have n times m pixels uh and so + + + align:start position:0% +so we have n times m pixels uh and so +we're describing + + align:start position:0% +we're describing + + + align:start position:0% +we're describing +uh essentially in a linear time + + align:start position:0% +uh essentially in a linear time + + + align:start position:0% +uh essentially in a linear time +algorithm + + align:start position:0% +algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm +to compute the number of blobs in the + + align:start position:0% +to compute the number of blobs in the + + + align:start position:0% +to compute the number of blobs in the +image why do i say linear time + + align:start position:0% +image why do i say linear time + + + align:start position:0% +image why do i say linear time +it's because for every pixel in my grid + + align:start position:0% +it's because for every pixel in my grid + + + align:start position:0% +it's because for every pixel in my grid +i needed to give you a specification of + + align:start position:0% +i needed to give you a specification of + + + align:start position:0% +i needed to give you a specification of +whether that was + + align:start position:0% +whether that was + + + align:start position:0% +whether that was +white or black right and so yeah if i + + align:start position:0% +white or black right and so yeah if i + + + align:start position:0% +white or black right and so yeah if i +naively gave you + + align:start position:0% +naively gave you + + + align:start position:0% +naively gave you +the input of this algorithm with a word + + align:start position:0% +the input of this algorithm with a word + + + align:start position:0% +the input of this algorithm with a word +per per one of these pixels that would + + align:start position:0% +per per one of these pixels that would + + + align:start position:0% +per per one of these pixels that would +be the input size of my + + align:start position:0% +be the input size of my + + + align:start position:0% +be the input size of my +right and so even though this has looks + + align:start position:0% +right and so even though this has looks + + + align:start position:0% +right and so even though this has looks +quadratic + + align:start position:0% +quadratic + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic +right the actual input size has + + align:start position:0% +right the actual input size has + + + align:start position:0% +right the actual input size has +is what we define as linear + + align:start position:0% +is what we define as linear + + + align:start position:0% +is what we define as linear +right and so we're looking for a linear + + align:start position:0% +right and so we're looking for a linear + + + align:start position:0% +right and so we're looking for a linear +time algorithm to count the number of + + align:start position:0% +time algorithm to count the number of + + + align:start position:0% +time algorithm to count the number of +blobs in the image okay + + align:start position:0% +blobs in the image okay + + + align:start position:0% +blobs in the image okay +so what is a this is a little + + align:start position:0% +so what is a this is a little + + + align:start position:0% +so what is a this is a little +underspecified as a problem i admit + + align:start position:0% +underspecified as a problem i admit + + + align:start position:0% +underspecified as a problem i admit +um i i hate to admit that i was involved + + align:start position:0% +um i i hate to admit that i was involved + + + align:start position:0% +um i i hate to admit that i was involved +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +this class at that time but the idea + + align:start position:0% +this class at that time but the idea + + + align:start position:0% +this class at that time but the idea +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +is if these are uh share an + + align:start position:0% +is if these are uh share an + + + align:start position:0% +is if these are uh share an +edge then everything the the observation + + align:start position:0% +edge then everything the the observation + + + align:start position:0% +edge then everything the the observation +here is if i just draw this picture + + align:start position:0% +here is if i just draw this picture + + + align:start position:0% +here is if i just draw this picture +i notice that anything kind of that's + + align:start position:0% +i notice that anything kind of that's + + + align:start position:0% +i notice that anything kind of that's +reachable + + align:start position:0% +reachable + + + align:start position:0% +reachable +through white white connections + + align:start position:0% +through white white connections + + + align:start position:0% +through white white connections +is going to be in the same blob right so + + align:start position:0% +is going to be in the same blob right so + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be in the same blob right so +this is a blob + + align:start position:0% +this is a blob + + + align:start position:0% +this is a blob +and this is a blob and this is a blob + + align:start position:0% +and this is a blob and this is a blob + + + align:start position:0% +and this is a blob and this is a blob +and this is a blob but + + align:start position:0% +and this is a blob but + + + align:start position:0% +and this is a blob but +right there's no path here this this + + align:start position:0% +right there's no path here this this + + + align:start position:0% +right there's no path here this this +black part is not part of a blob now + + align:start position:0% +black part is not part of a blob now + + + align:start position:0% +black part is not part of a blob now +actually there's nothing in this + + align:start position:0% +actually there's nothing in this + + + align:start position:0% +actually there's nothing in this +specification + + align:start position:0% +specification + + + align:start position:0% +specification +that doesn't say that says that we + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't say that says that we + + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't say that says that we +couldn't have these things be in the + + align:start position:0% +couldn't have these things be in the + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't have these things be in the +same blob + + align:start position:0% +same blob + + + align:start position:0% +same blob +okay so that's a little confusing maybe + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's a little confusing maybe + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's a little confusing maybe +a source of error that there's a source + + align:start position:0% +a source of error that there's a source + + + align:start position:0% +a source of error that there's a source +of error that i had when reading this + + align:start position:0% +of error that i had when reading this + + + align:start position:0% +of error that i had when reading this +problem after a couple years + + align:start position:0% +problem after a couple years + + + align:start position:0% +problem after a couple years +um but you know + + align:start position:0% +um but you know + + + align:start position:0% +um but you know +when you are looking at a problem the if + + align:start position:0% +when you are looking at a problem the if + + + align:start position:0% +when you are looking at a problem the if +if + + align:start position:0% +if + + + align:start position:0% +if +everything could just be in the same + + align:start position:0% +everything could just be in the same + + + align:start position:0% +everything could just be in the same +blob then you just return one and this + + align:start position:0% +blob then you just return one and this + + + align:start position:0% +blob then you just return one and this +problem is not so interesting + + align:start position:0% +problem is not so interesting + + + align:start position:0% +problem is not so interesting +right so the right way to interpret this + + align:start position:0% +right so the right way to interpret this + + + align:start position:0% +right so the right way to interpret this +problem i mean i would not need + + align:start position:0% +problem i mean i would not need + + + align:start position:0% +problem i mean i would not need +n times m time i could just say + + align:start position:0% +n times m time i could just say + + + align:start position:0% +n times m time i could just say +one right so in in some sense + + align:start position:0% +one right so in in some sense + + + align:start position:0% +one right so in in some sense +i'd like there to be something + + align:start position:0% +i'd like there to be something + + + align:start position:0% +i'd like there to be something +interesting in this problem + + align:start position:0% +interesting in this problem + + + align:start position:0% +interesting in this problem +uh and and having these things that are + + align:start position:0% +uh and and having these things that are + + + align:start position:0% +uh and and having these things that are +not reachable from + + align:start position:0% +not reachable from + + + align:start position:0% +not reachable from +each other be different blobs is kind of + + align:start position:0% +each other be different blobs is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +each other be different blobs is kind of +the more algorithmically interesting + + align:start position:0% +the more algorithmically interesting + + + align:start position:0% +the more algorithmically interesting +thing to have + + align:start position:0% +thing to have + + + align:start position:0% +thing to have +and so what what is this then right this + + align:start position:0% +and so what what is this then right this + + + align:start position:0% +and so what what is this then right this +is just + + align:start position:0% +is just + + + align:start position:0% +is just +a pixel grid there's there's adjacencies + + align:start position:0% +a pixel grid there's there's adjacencies + + + align:start position:0% +a pixel grid there's there's adjacencies +right there's connections between pixels + + align:start position:0% +right there's connections between pixels + + + align:start position:0% +right there's connections between pixels +but in particular + + align:start position:0% +but in particular + + + align:start position:0% +but in particular +i really only care about the connections + + align:start position:0% +i really only care about the connections + + + align:start position:0% +i really only care about the connections +between white pixels right + + align:start position:0% +between white pixels right + + + align:start position:0% +between white pixels right +hard to draw on here + + align:start position:0% +hard to draw on here + + + align:start position:0% +hard to draw on here +but this component has a graph that + + align:start position:0% +but this component has a graph that + + + align:start position:0% +but this component has a graph that +looks like this + + align:start position:0% +looks like this + + + align:start position:0% +looks like this +this component is a single vertex this + + align:start position:0% +this component is a single vertex this + + + align:start position:0% +this component is a single vertex this +one's a an edge here + + align:start position:0% +one's a an edge here + + + align:start position:0% +one's a an edge here +and here's a singleton there and if we + + align:start position:0% +and here's a singleton there and if we + + + align:start position:0% +and here's a singleton there and if we +were to construct this graph + + align:start position:0% +were to construct this graph + + + align:start position:0% +were to construct this graph +we would have an unweighted graph such + + align:start position:0% +we would have an unweighted graph such + + + align:start position:0% +we would have an unweighted graph such +that the number of blobs + + align:start position:0% +that the number of blobs + + + align:start position:0% +that the number of blobs +in my pic image would be + + align:start position:0% +in my pic image would be + + + align:start position:0% +in my pic image would be +the number of connected components in + + align:start position:0% +the number of connected components in + + + align:start position:0% +the number of connected components in +this graph right + + align:start position:0% +this graph right + + + align:start position:0% +this graph right +see how i'm relating the thing that + + align:start position:0% +see how i'm relating the thing that + + + align:start position:0% +see how i'm relating the thing that +they're asking for in the problem + + align:start position:0% +they're asking for in the problem + + + align:start position:0% +they're asking for in the problem +to a property of a graph that i'm + + align:start position:0% +to a property of a graph that i'm + + + align:start position:0% +to a property of a graph that i'm +constructing + + align:start position:0% +constructing + + + align:start position:0% +constructing +okay so that's that's that's really the + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's that's that's really the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's that's that's really the +key + + align:start position:0% +key + + + align:start position:0% +key +part of argument of correctness that + + align:start position:0% +part of argument of correctness that + + + align:start position:0% +part of argument of correctness that +we're looking for is + + align:start position:0% +we're looking for is + + + align:start position:0% +we're looking for is +for you to to make some kind of + + align:start position:0% +for you to to make some kind of + + + align:start position:0% +for you to to make some kind of +statement connecting the two otherwise + + align:start position:0% +statement connecting the two otherwise + + + align:start position:0% +statement connecting the two otherwise +you're just constructing a graph + + align:start position:0% +you're just constructing a graph + + + align:start position:0% +you're just constructing a graph +and i have no idea what you're doing to + + align:start position:0% +and i have no idea what you're doing to + + + align:start position:0% +and i have no idea what you're doing to +that graph right you have to tell me + + align:start position:0% +that graph right you have to tell me + + + align:start position:0% +that graph right you have to tell me +part of it it's about communication to + + align:start position:0% +part of it it's about communication to + + + align:start position:0% +part of it it's about communication to +us + + align:start position:0% +us + + + align:start position:0% +us +uh so how do i construct this graph well + + align:start position:0% +uh so how do i construct this graph well + + + align:start position:0% +uh so how do i construct this graph well +i can just + + align:start position:0% +i can just + + + align:start position:0% +i can just +loop through all of the pixels right + + align:start position:0% +loop through all of the pixels right + + + align:start position:0% +loop through all of the pixels right +look at its four neighbors at most for + + align:start position:0% +look at its four neighbors at most for + + + align:start position:0% +look at its four neighbors at most for +and if those uh things + + align:start position:0% +and if those uh things + + + align:start position:0% +and if those uh things +share are both white then i add an edge + + align:start position:0% +share are both white then i add an edge + + + align:start position:0% +share are both white then i add an edge +we have a we have we're going to + + align:start position:0% +we have a we have we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +we have a we have we're going to +essentially have a + + align:start position:0% +essentially have a + + + align:start position:0% +essentially have a +graph we're going to construct a graph + + align:start position:0% +graph we're going to construct a graph + + + align:start position:0% +graph we're going to construct a graph +this i told you to do this okay + + align:start position:0% +this i told you to do this okay + + + align:start position:0% +this i told you to do this okay +so what is v here then uh v + + align:start position:0% +so what is v here then uh v + + + align:start position:0% +so what is v here then uh v +is a + + align:start position:0% +is a + + + align:start position:0% +is a +vertex for + + align:start position:0% +vertex for + + + align:start position:0% +vertex for +each white + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pixel + + align:start position:0% +pixel + + + align:start position:0% +pixel +right and i can just i mean from the + + align:start position:0% +right and i can just i mean from the + + + align:start position:0% +right and i can just i mean from the +beginning i can just + + align:start position:0% +beginning i can just + + + align:start position:0% +beginning i can just +walk through all the things find all the + + align:start position:0% +walk through all the things find all the + + + align:start position:0% +walk through all the things find all the +white vertices + + align:start position:0% +white vertices + + + align:start position:0% +white vertices +maybe i identify them uniquely by their + + align:start position:0% +maybe i identify them uniquely by their + + + align:start position:0% +maybe i identify them uniquely by their +x y coordinates in this + + align:start position:0% +x y coordinates in this + + + align:start position:0% +x y coordinates in this +in this grid that's fine okay so now i + + align:start position:0% +in this grid that's fine okay so now i + + + align:start position:0% +in this grid that's fine okay so now i +have all the vertices and now i want to + + align:start position:0% +have all the vertices and now i want to + + + align:start position:0% +have all the vertices and now i want to +see what the edges are + + align:start position:0% +see what the edges are + + + align:start position:0% +see what the edges are +i can loop through the pixels again and + + align:start position:0% +i can loop through the pixels again and + + + align:start position:0% +i can loop through the pixels again and +just look at its four + + align:start position:0% +just look at its four + + + align:start position:0% +just look at its four +possible adjacencies see if any of them + + align:start position:0% +possible adjacencies see if any of them + + + align:start position:0% +possible adjacencies see if any of them +are white stick that edge in this set + + align:start position:0% +are white stick that edge in this set + + + align:start position:0% +are white stick that edge in this set +so edge is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +white pixels + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that share + + align:start position:0% +that share + + + align:start position:0% +that share +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +an edge + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so i can construct both of these + + align:start position:0% +okay so i can construct both of these + + + align:start position:0% +okay so i can construct both of these +things in + + align:start position:0% +things in + + + align:start position:0% +things in +this in order n times m because there's + + align:start position:0% +this in order n times m because there's + + + align:start position:0% +this in order n times m because there's +at most that many vertices + + align:start position:0% +at most that many vertices + + + align:start position:0% +at most that many vertices +i just loop through them and the edges + + align:start position:0% +i just loop through them and the edges + + + align:start position:0% +i just loop through them and the edges +for each pixel i'm only checking a + + align:start position:0% +for each pixel i'm only checking a + + + align:start position:0% +for each pixel i'm only checking a +constant number of things + + align:start position:0% +constant number of things + + + align:start position:0% +constant number of things +and i'm adding them to a set so the + + align:start position:0% +and i'm adding them to a set so the + + + align:start position:0% +and i'm adding them to a set so the +number of edges the size of + + align:start position:0% +number of edges the size of + + + align:start position:0% +number of edges the size of +the number of vertices in my graph is at + + align:start position:0% +the number of vertices in my graph is at + + + align:start position:0% +the number of vertices in my graph is at +most n times m + + align:start position:0% +most n times m + + + align:start position:0% +most n times m +and the number of edges is at most + + align:start position:0% +and the number of edges is at most + + + align:start position:0% +and the number of edges is at most +n times m times four right it's upper + + align:start position:0% +n times m times four right it's upper + + + align:start position:0% +n times m times four right it's upper +bounded by that because that's the + + align:start position:0% +bounded by that because that's the + + + align:start position:0% +bounded by that because that's the +number of adjacencies i have in the + + align:start position:0% +number of adjacencies i have in the + + + align:start position:0% +number of adjacencies i have in the +graph + + align:start position:0% +graph + + + align:start position:0% +graph +okay you can probably get a better bound + + align:start position:0% +okay you can probably get a better bound + + + align:start position:0% +okay you can probably get a better bound +in terms of the number of vertices right + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the number of vertices right + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the number of vertices right +it can be at most + + align:start position:0% +it can be at most + + + align:start position:0% +it can be at most +v times four right but that's that's a + + align:start position:0% +v times four right but that's that's a + + + align:start position:0% +v times four right but that's that's a +little stronger it doesn't really matter + + align:start position:0% +little stronger it doesn't really matter + + + align:start position:0% +little stronger it doesn't really matter +we're trying to get within the + + align:start position:0% +we're trying to get within the + + + align:start position:0% +we're trying to get within the +order n times m time bound so anything's + + align:start position:0% +order n times m time bound so anything's + + + align:start position:0% +order n times m time bound so anything's +fine here so that's the graph we + + align:start position:0% +fine here so that's the graph we + + + align:start position:0% +fine here so that's the graph we +construct + + align:start position:0% +construct + + + align:start position:0% +construct +and then we can run full bfs or full dfs + + align:start position:0% +and then we can run full bfs or full dfs + + + align:start position:0% +and then we can run full bfs or full dfs +we've identified a graph + + align:start position:0% +we've identified a graph + + + align:start position:0% +we've identified a graph +we've identified that we want to count + + align:start position:0% +we've identified that we want to count + + + align:start position:0% +we've identified that we want to count +the number of connected components in my + + align:start position:0% +the number of connected components in my + + + align:start position:0% +the number of connected components in my +graph + + align:start position:0% +graph + + + align:start position:0% +graph +so idea right + + align:start position:0% +so idea right + + + align:start position:0% +so idea right +count connect + + align:start position:0% +count connect + + + align:start position:0% +count connect +connected components and then + + align:start position:0% +connected components and then + + + align:start position:0% +connected components and then +for example using full + + align:start position:0% +for example using full + + + align:start position:0% +for example using full +bfs or full + + align:start position:0% +bfs or full + + + align:start position:0% +bfs or full +dfs right i wouldn't want you to write + + align:start position:0% +dfs right i wouldn't want you to write + + + align:start position:0% +dfs right i wouldn't want you to write +both of these algorithms there + + align:start position:0% +both of these algorithms there + + + align:start position:0% +both of these algorithms there +but when we write up our solutions we + + align:start position:0% +but when we write up our solutions we + + + align:start position:0% +but when we write up our solutions we +want them to + + align:start position:0% +want them to + + + align:start position:0% +want them to +uh you know cover the space of student + + align:start position:0% +uh you know cover the space of student + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know cover the space of student +solutions + + align:start position:0% +solutions + + + align:start position:0% +solutions +and so we will usually mention it you + + align:start position:0% +and so we will usually mention it you + + + align:start position:0% +and so we will usually mention it you +only have to mention one of them + + align:start position:0% +only have to mention one of them + + + align:start position:0% +only have to mention one of them +and because these run in linear time + + align:start position:0% +and because these run in linear time + + + align:start position:0% +and because these run in linear time +this also + + align:start position:0% +this also + + + align:start position:0% +this also +runs into n times m so all of these + + align:start position:0% +runs into n times m so all of these + + + align:start position:0% +runs into n times m so all of these +things are n times m and we're golden + + align:start position:0% +things are n times m and we're golden + + + align:start position:0% +things are n times m and we're golden +any questions on this question yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what sort of things would you be looking + + align:start position:0% +what sort of things would you be looking + + + align:start position:0% +what sort of things would you be looking +for to make sure right so when i'm + + align:start position:0% +for to make sure right so when i'm + + + align:start position:0% +for to make sure right so when i'm +writing down + + align:start position:0% +writing down + + + align:start position:0% +writing down +i've i've described to you the algorithm + + align:start position:0% +i've i've described to you the algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +i've i've described to you the algorithm +and uh so the question is what + + align:start position:0% +and uh so the question is what + + + align:start position:0% +and uh so the question is what +kinds of things do i need to write down + + align:start position:0% +kinds of things do i need to write down + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of things do i need to write down +when i'm proving + + align:start position:0% +when i'm proving + + + align:start position:0% +when i'm proving +or when i'm arguing running time of my + + align:start position:0% +or when i'm arguing running time of my + + + align:start position:0% +or when i'm arguing running time of my +algorithm and i'm + + align:start position:0% +algorithm and i'm + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm and i'm +arguing correctness right for + + align:start position:0% +arguing correctness right for + + + align:start position:0% +arguing correctness right for +running time mostly just + + align:start position:0% +running time mostly just + + + align:start position:0% +running time mostly just +check out the size of your graph right + + align:start position:0% +check out the size of your graph right + + + align:start position:0% +check out the size of your graph right +state to me what the size of your graph + + align:start position:0% +state to me what the size of your graph + + + align:start position:0% +state to me what the size of your graph +is here + + align:start position:0% +is here + + + align:start position:0% +is here +in this case it's order n times m and + + align:start position:0% +in this case it's order n times m and + + + align:start position:0% +in this case it's order n times m and +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +i state the what the running time is of + + align:start position:0% +i state the what the running time is of + + + align:start position:0% +i state the what the running time is of +the algorithm that i have is + + align:start position:0% +the algorithm that i have is + + + align:start position:0% +the algorithm that i have is +applied to that right and so because + + align:start position:0% +applied to that right and so because + + + align:start position:0% +applied to that right and so because +uh full bfs runs in o of + + align:start position:0% +uh full bfs runs in o of + + + align:start position:0% +uh full bfs runs in o of +v plus e time right + + align:start position:0% +v plus e time right + + + align:start position:0% +v plus e time right +it's useful to actually write this down + + align:start position:0% +it's useful to actually write this down + + + align:start position:0% +it's useful to actually write this down +even though + + align:start position:0% +even though + + + align:start position:0% +even though +right it's not in the terms of our + + align:start position:0% +right it's not in the terms of our + + + align:start position:0% +right it's not in the terms of our +original problem variables + + align:start position:0% +original problem variables + + + align:start position:0% +original problem variables +it's useful to write this down so that + + align:start position:0% +it's useful to write this down so that + + + align:start position:0% +it's useful to write this down so that +if i mess up when plugging these + + align:start position:0% +if i mess up when plugging these + + + align:start position:0% +if i mess up when plugging these +variables in + + align:start position:0% +variables in + + + align:start position:0% +variables in +uh that you know + + align:start position:0% +uh that you know + + + align:start position:0% +uh that you know +you're showing your steps and so if you + + align:start position:0% +you're showing your steps and so if you + + + align:start position:0% +you're showing your steps and so if you +mess up arithmetically + + align:start position:0% +mess up arithmetically + + + align:start position:0% +mess up arithmetically +then we can still give you points but + + align:start position:0% +then we can still give you points but + + + align:start position:0% +then we can still give you points but +because the size the number of vertices + + align:start position:0% +because the size the number of vertices + + + align:start position:0% +because the size the number of vertices +in the graph is n times m the number of + + align:start position:0% +in the graph is n times m the number of + + + align:start position:0% +in the graph is n times m the number of +edges is n times m + + align:start position:0% +edges is n times m + + + align:start position:0% +edges is n times m +i add them together it's still order n + + align:start position:0% +i add them together it's still order n + + + align:start position:0% +i add them together it's still order n +times m and that would be a sufficient + + align:start position:0% +times m and that would be a sufficient + + + align:start position:0% +times m and that would be a sufficient +for an argument of running time + + align:start position:0% +for an argument of running time + + + align:start position:0% +for an argument of running time +and then i was saying for correctness uh + + align:start position:0% +and then i was saying for correctness uh + + + align:start position:0% +and then i was saying for correctness uh +most of this the correctness of this + + align:start position:0% +most of this the correctness of this + + + align:start position:0% +most of this the correctness of this +algorithm is relying on the fact that + + align:start position:0% +algorithm is relying on the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm is relying on the fact that +this thing + + align:start position:0% +this thing + + + align:start position:0% +this thing +counts connected components correctly in + + align:start position:0% +counts connected components correctly in + + + align:start position:0% +counts connected components correctly in +my + + align:start position:0% +my + + + align:start position:0% +my +in my graph the key observation + + align:start position:0% +in my graph the key observation + + + align:start position:0% +in my graph the key observation +on a word problem that i uh + + align:start position:0% +on a word problem that i uh + + + align:start position:0% +on a word problem that i uh +uh or or even a graph transformation + + align:start position:0% +uh or or even a graph transformation + + + align:start position:0% +uh or or even a graph transformation +problem + + align:start position:0% +problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem +is that the property that you're wanting + + align:start position:0% +is that the property that you're wanting + + + align:start position:0% +is that the property that you're wanting +of the original graph for the original + + align:start position:0% +of the original graph for the original + + + align:start position:0% +of the original graph for the original +problem + + align:start position:0% +problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem +corresponds to the thing you're solving + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to the thing you're solving + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to the thing you're solving +in a new graph + + align:start position:0% +in a new graph + + + align:start position:0% +in a new graph +that you've made right and so here + + align:start position:0% +that you've made right and so here + + + align:start position:0% +that you've made right and so here +an argument of correctness that i would + + align:start position:0% +an argument of correctness that i would + + + align:start position:0% +an argument of correctness that i would +be looking for that + + align:start position:0% +be looking for that + + + align:start position:0% +be looking for that +we might allow some weaker statements is + + align:start position:0% +we might allow some weaker statements is + + + align:start position:0% +we might allow some weaker statements is +uh that the number of blobs in the + + align:start position:0% +uh that the number of blobs in the + + + align:start position:0% +uh that the number of blobs in the +image corresponds to the number of + + align:start position:0% +image corresponds to the number of + + + align:start position:0% +image corresponds to the number of +connected components in this graph that + + align:start position:0% +connected components in this graph that + + + align:start position:0% +connected components in this graph that +i made + + align:start position:0% +i made + + + align:start position:0% +i made +okay that's that's really all it needs + + align:start position:0% +okay that's that's really all it needs + + + align:start position:0% +okay that's that's really all it needs +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +i would like a connection between those + + align:start position:0% +i would like a connection between those + + + align:start position:0% +i would like a connection between those +values okay + + align:start position:0% +values okay + + + align:start position:0% +values okay +now why why would you be constructing + + align:start position:0% +now why why would you be constructing + + + align:start position:0% +now why why would you be constructing +this graph and finding connected + + align:start position:0% +this graph and finding connected + + + align:start position:0% +this graph and finding connected +components if that + + align:start position:0% +components if that + + + align:start position:0% +components if that +if if you didn't uh if + + align:start position:0% +if if you didn't uh if + + + align:start position:0% +if if you didn't uh if +that wasn't what your thought was uh + + align:start position:0% +that wasn't what your thought was uh + + + align:start position:0% +that wasn't what your thought was uh +i don't know but it's real it's good + + align:start position:0% +i don't know but it's real it's good + + + align:start position:0% +i don't know but it's real it's good +when you're communicating to make sure + + align:start position:0% +when you're communicating to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +when you're communicating to make sure +that that's abundantly clear + + align:start position:0% +that that's abundantly clear + + + align:start position:0% +that that's abundantly clear +that that's why this is uh i mean you + + align:start position:0% +that that's why this is uh i mean you + + + align:start position:0% +that that's why this is uh i mean you +should be able + + align:start position:0% +should be able + + + align:start position:0% +should be able +to argue why why these things are + + align:start position:0% +to argue why why these things are + + + align:start position:0% +to argue why why these things are +uh that is a connected component you + + align:start position:0% +uh that is a connected component you + + + align:start position:0% +uh that is a connected component you +could say something like + + align:start position:0% +could say something like + + + align:start position:0% +could say something like +because anything reachable is in the + + align:start position:0% +because anything reachable is in the + + + align:start position:0% +because anything reachable is in the +same blob or something like that right + + align:start position:0% +same blob or something like that right + + + align:start position:0% +same blob or something like that right +okay so that's problem one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we got these nice mechanical boards all + + align:start position:0% +we got these nice mechanical boards all + + + align:start position:0% +we got these nice mechanical boards all +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +so that's problem one problem two is a + + align:start position:0% +so that's problem one problem two is a + + + align:start position:0% +so that's problem one problem two is a +little funky + + align:start position:0% +little funky + + + align:start position:0% +little funky +okay uh it's been reworded a little bit + + align:start position:0% +okay uh it's been reworded a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh it's been reworded a little bit +from uh it's from spring 18 + + align:start position:0% +from uh it's from spring 18 + + + align:start position:0% +from uh it's from spring 18 +so that i could uh point out some other + + align:start position:0% +so that i could uh point out some other + + + align:start position:0% +so that i could uh point out some other +features of this graph we're given a + + align:start position:0% +features of this graph we're given a + + + align:start position:0% +features of this graph we're given a +connected + + align:start position:0% +connected + + + align:start position:0% +connected +so connected is in bold so that might be + + align:start position:0% +so connected is in bold so that might be + + + align:start position:0% +so connected is in bold so that might be +an important property of our graph + + align:start position:0% +an important property of our graph + + + align:start position:0% +an important property of our graph +that we're trying to communicate to you + + align:start position:0% +that we're trying to communicate to you + + + align:start position:0% +that we're trying to communicate to you +a connected undirected graph + + align:start position:0% +a connected undirected graph + + + align:start position:0% +a connected undirected graph +with strictly positive edge weights + + align:start position:0% +with strictly positive edge weights + + + align:start position:0% +with strictly positive edge weights +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +so they're mapping to the positive + + align:start position:0% +so they're mapping to the positive + + + align:start position:0% +so they're mapping to the positive +integers where + + align:start position:0% +integers where + + + align:start position:0% +integers where +e is the same size as v right so the + + align:start position:0% +e is the same size as v right so the + + + align:start position:0% +e is the same size as v right so the +size of e is the same + + align:start position:0% +size of e is the same + + + align:start position:0% +size of e is the same +size as the size of v right so i have + + align:start position:0% +size as the size of v right so i have + + + align:start position:0% +size as the size of v right so i have +the same number of edges as i have + + align:start position:0% +the same number of edges as i have + + + align:start position:0% +the same number of edges as i have +vertices + + align:start position:0% +vertices + + + align:start position:0% +vertices +we're trying to find a order v time + + align:start position:0% +we're trying to find a order v time + + + align:start position:0% +we're trying to find a order v time +algorithm to determine a path from + + align:start position:0% +algorithm to determine a path from + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm to determine a path from +some vertex s if to some vertex t + + align:start position:0% +some vertex s if to some vertex t + + + align:start position:0% +some vertex s if to some vertex t +with minimum weight okay so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what's the first thing i noticed i + + align:start position:0% +what's the first thing i noticed i + + + align:start position:0% +what's the first thing i noticed i +noticed that on this thing i've got + + align:start position:0% +noticed that on this thing i've got + + + align:start position:0% +noticed that on this thing i've got +a graph problem + + align:start position:0% +a graph problem + + + align:start position:0% +a graph problem +problem 2 we've got a graph + + align:start position:0% +problem 2 we've got a graph + + + align:start position:0% +problem 2 we've got a graph +it's undirected + + align:start position:0% +it's undirected + + + align:start position:0% +it's undirected +it's connected + + align:start position:0% +it's connected + + + align:start position:0% +it's connected +it has this weird property that v equals + + align:start position:0% +it has this weird property that v equals + + + align:start position:0% +it has this weird property that v equals +e + + align:start position:0% +e + + + align:start position:0% +e +or e equals v and + + align:start position:0% +or e equals v and + + + align:start position:0% +or e equals v and +weights are positive + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and we're asking for a + + align:start position:0% +okay and we're asking for a + + + align:start position:0% +okay and we're asking for a +single pair shortest paths right we want + + align:start position:0% +single pair shortest paths right we want + + + align:start position:0% +single pair shortest paths right we want +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +a path the shortest path a shortest path + + align:start position:0% +a path the shortest path a shortest path + + + align:start position:0% +a path the shortest path a shortest path +between two vertices + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now if if we just we're given this graph + + align:start position:0% +now if if we just we're given this graph + + + align:start position:0% +now if if we just we're given this graph +and we want to solve this problem + + align:start position:0% +and we want to solve this problem + + + align:start position:0% +and we want to solve this problem +a very easy way to do that would be to + + align:start position:0% +a very easy way to do that would be to + + + align:start position:0% +a very easy way to do that would be to +just say let's run dijkstra on the graph + + align:start position:0% +just say let's run dijkstra on the graph + + + align:start position:0% +just say let's run dijkstra on the graph +right this is a graph it has only + + align:start position:0% +right this is a graph it has only + + + align:start position:0% +right this is a graph it has only +positive edge weights + + align:start position:0% +positive edge weights + + + align:start position:0% +positive edge weights +one direction on this graph how long + + align:start position:0% +one direction on this graph how long + + + align:start position:0% +one direction on this graph how long +does dijkstra take + + align:start position:0% +does dijkstra take + + + align:start position:0% +does dijkstra take +on this graph idea one right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what's the problem with this it applies + + align:start position:0% +what's the problem with this it applies + + + align:start position:0% +what's the problem with this it applies +right we're in the context of + + align:start position:0% +right we're in the context of + + + align:start position:0% +right we're in the context of +non-negative edge weights + + align:start position:0% +non-negative edge weights + + + align:start position:0% +non-negative edge weights +we can find single source paths from s + + align:start position:0% +we can find single source paths from s + + + align:start position:0% +we can find single source paths from s +to everything else in the graph + + align:start position:0% +to everything else in the graph + + + align:start position:0% +to everything else in the graph +in using dijkstra it applies it's a + + align:start position:0% +in using dijkstra it applies it's a + + + align:start position:0% +in using dijkstra it applies it's a +correct algorithm + + align:start position:0% +correct algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +correct algorithm +what's the what's the difficulty with + + align:start position:0% +what's the what's the difficulty with + + + align:start position:0% +what's the what's the difficulty with +this algorithm slow + + align:start position:0% +this algorithm slow + + + align:start position:0% +this algorithm slow +too slow right that algorithm would run + + align:start position:0% +too slow right that algorithm would run + + + align:start position:0% +too slow right that algorithm would run +in o of v + + align:start position:0% +in o of v + + + align:start position:0% +in o of v +log v plus e and + + align:start position:0% +log v plus e and + + + align:start position:0% +log v plus e and +in this case these are the same so this + + align:start position:0% +in this case these are the same so this + + + align:start position:0% +in this case these are the same so this +is asymptotically smaller than this one + + align:start position:0% +is asymptotically smaller than this one + + + align:start position:0% +is asymptotically smaller than this one +it runs in v log v so we're a little off + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we're off by a logarithmic factor in our + + align:start position:0% +we're off by a logarithmic factor in our + + + align:start position:0% +we're off by a logarithmic factor in our +running time but you know this would at + + align:start position:0% +running time but you know this would at + + + align:start position:0% +running time but you know this would at +least be a correct algorithm + + align:start position:0% +least be a correct algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +least be a correct algorithm +you know if whenever you approach a + + align:start position:0% +you know if whenever you approach a + + + align:start position:0% +you know if whenever you approach a +problem on the exam + + align:start position:0% +problem on the exam + + + align:start position:0% +problem on the exam +and you see a really stupid uh + + align:start position:0% +and you see a really stupid uh + + + align:start position:0% +and you see a really stupid uh +polynomial algorithm + + align:start position:0% +polynomial algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +polynomial algorithm +that still solves your problem correctly + + align:start position:0% +that still solves your problem correctly + + + align:start position:0% +that still solves your problem correctly +you might as well write that write that + + align:start position:0% +you might as well write that write that + + + align:start position:0% +you might as well write that write that +down in a line + + align:start position:0% +down in a line + + + align:start position:0% +down in a line +it doesn't it doesn't uh hurt you that + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't it doesn't uh hurt you that + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't it doesn't uh hurt you that +much + + align:start position:0% +much + + + align:start position:0% +much +to just write that down because it's + + align:start position:0% +to just write that down because it's + + + align:start position:0% +to just write that down because it's +possible we give you points for that + + align:start position:0% +possible we give you points for that + + + align:start position:0% +possible we give you points for that +right but this but but on your exam + + align:start position:0% +right but this but but on your exam + + + align:start position:0% +right but this but but on your exam +notice why it doesn't is not sufficient + + align:start position:0% +notice why it doesn't is not sufficient + + + align:start position:0% +notice why it doesn't is not sufficient +right notice that oh this right this is + + align:start position:0% +right notice that oh this right this is + + + align:start position:0% +right notice that oh this right this is +v notice that this is not the running + + align:start position:0% +v notice that this is not the running + + + align:start position:0% +v notice that this is not the running +time bound we're looking for we got to + + align:start position:0% +time bound we're looking for we got to + + + align:start position:0% +time bound we're looking for we got to +exploit something different okay now + + align:start position:0% +exploit something different okay now + + + align:start position:0% +exploit something different okay now +this doesn't seem + + align:start position:0% +this doesn't seem + + + align:start position:0% +this doesn't seem +this is a weighted context we have + + align:start position:0% +this is a weighted context we have + + + align:start position:0% +this is a weighted context we have +weighted paths + + align:start position:0% +weighted paths + + + align:start position:0% +weighted paths +it doesn't seem to be in one of the the + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't seem to be in one of the the + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't seem to be in one of the the +conditions + + align:start position:0% +conditions + + + align:start position:0% +conditions +that we can get a linear time weighted + + align:start position:0% +that we can get a linear time weighted + + + align:start position:0% +that we can get a linear time weighted +single source shortest path algorithm + + align:start position:0% +single source shortest path algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +single source shortest path algorithm +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +uh in particular using bfs + + align:start position:0% +uh in particular using bfs + + + align:start position:0% +uh in particular using bfs +we saw a transformation where if as long + + align:start position:0% +we saw a transformation where if as long + + + align:start position:0% +we saw a transformation where if as long +as the sum of your weights was + + align:start position:0% +as the sum of your weights was + + + align:start position:0% +as the sum of your weights was +linear in the combinatorial size of your + + align:start position:0% +linear in the combinatorial size of your + + + align:start position:0% +linear in the combinatorial size of your +graph we could use bfs + + align:start position:0% +graph we could use bfs + + + align:start position:0% +graph we could use bfs +by by making each edge a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +by by making each edge a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +by by making each edge a bunch of +undirected edges + + align:start position:0% +undirected edges + + + align:start position:0% +undirected edges +we don't have that in this context and + + align:start position:0% +we don't have that in this context and + + + align:start position:0% +we don't have that in this context and +this graph is undirected + + align:start position:0% +this graph is undirected + + + align:start position:0% +this graph is undirected +i mean so it definitely contains cycles + + align:start position:0% +i mean so it definitely contains cycles + + + align:start position:0% +i mean so it definitely contains cycles +so we can't use dag shortest paths + + align:start position:0% +so we can't use dag shortest paths + + + align:start position:0% +so we can't use dag shortest paths +so how the heck can we do this + + align:start position:0% +so how the heck can we do this + + + align:start position:0% +so how the heck can we do this +well what does this graph look like here + + align:start position:0% +well what does this graph look like here + + + align:start position:0% +well what does this graph look like here +i'm going to take a look at this + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to take a look at this + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to take a look at this +condition + + align:start position:0% +condition + + + align:start position:0% +condition +v equals e okay + + align:start position:0% +v equals e okay + + + align:start position:0% +v equals e okay +so what does this graph look like it's + + align:start position:0% +so what does this graph look like it's + + + align:start position:0% +so what does this graph look like it's +connected and it's v + + align:start position:0% +connected and it's v + + + align:start position:0% +connected and it's v +plus e well how many edges + + align:start position:0% +plus e well how many edges + + + align:start position:0% +plus e well how many edges +does a tree have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +v minus one right + + align:start position:0% +v minus one right + + + align:start position:0% +v minus one right +so in a sense if a tree + + align:start position:0% +so in a sense if a tree + + + align:start position:0% +so in a sense if a tree +is the is the smallest number of edges + + align:start position:0% +is the is the smallest number of edges + + + align:start position:0% +is the is the smallest number of edges +you can have in a connected graph + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this has one more edge than a tree + + align:start position:0% +so this has one more edge than a tree + + + align:start position:0% +so this has one more edge than a tree +right so really what this looks like + + align:start position:0% +right so really what this looks like + + + align:start position:0% +right so really what this looks like +what our graph g looks like is some kind + + align:start position:0% +what our graph g looks like is some kind + + + align:start position:0% +what our graph g looks like is some kind +of tree + + align:start position:0% +of tree + + + align:start position:0% +of tree +and somewhere we've got + + align:start position:0% +and somewhere we've got + + + align:start position:0% +and somewhere we've got +an extra edge + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in this graph right it's a tree plus an + + align:start position:0% +in this graph right it's a tree plus an + + + align:start position:0% +in this graph right it's a tree plus an +extra edge that's what our graph is + + align:start position:0% +extra edge that's what our graph is + + + align:start position:0% +extra edge that's what our graph is +okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so +well let's take a step back if i just + + align:start position:0% +well let's take a step back if i just + + + align:start position:0% +well let's take a step back if i just +had a tree + + align:start position:0% +had a tree + + + align:start position:0% +had a tree +and i had weighed a weighted graph here + + align:start position:0% +and i had weighed a weighted graph here + + + align:start position:0% +and i had weighed a weighted graph here +undirected + + align:start position:0% +undirected + + + align:start position:0% +undirected +and the weights are all positive + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if if any of the weights were negative + + align:start position:0% +if if any of the weights were negative + + + align:start position:0% +if if any of the weights were negative +how could i solve this problem + + align:start position:0% +how could i solve this problem + + + align:start position:0% +how could i solve this problem +well every edge is reachable from every + + align:start position:0% +well every edge is reachable from every + + + align:start position:0% +well every edge is reachable from every +vertex + + align:start position:0% +vertex + + + align:start position:0% +vertex +i can just go to that edge and traverse + + align:start position:0% +i can just go to that edge and traverse + + + align:start position:0% +i can just go to that edge and traverse +a negative weight back and forth and + + align:start position:0% +a negative weight back and forth and + + + align:start position:0% +a negative weight back and forth and +my shortest pathway would be uh + + align:start position:0% +my shortest pathway would be uh + + + align:start position:0% +my shortest pathway would be uh +infinite for all our vertices that's not + + align:start position:0% +infinite for all our vertices that's not + + + align:start position:0% +infinite for all our vertices that's not +the case we have here + + align:start position:0% +the case we have here + + + align:start position:0% +the case we have here +we have positive edge weights only which + + align:start position:0% +we have positive edge weights only which + + + align:start position:0% +we have positive edge weights only which +means + + align:start position:0% +means + + + align:start position:0% +means +shortest paths are simple and actually + + align:start position:0% +shortest paths are simple and actually + + + align:start position:0% +shortest paths are simple and actually +there's only one + + align:start position:0% +there's only one + + + align:start position:0% +there's only one +simple path between any pair of vertices + + align:start position:0% +simple path between any pair of vertices + + + align:start position:0% +simple path between any pair of vertices +in a tree + + align:start position:0% +in a tree + + + align:start position:0% +in a tree +right i basically there's + + align:start position:0% +right i basically there's + + + align:start position:0% +right i basically there's +there's one thing i can do and in fact + + align:start position:0% +there's one thing i can do and in fact + + + align:start position:0% +there's one thing i can do and in fact +if i took + + align:start position:0% +if i took + + + align:start position:0% +if i took +if this was s and this was t + + align:start position:0% +if this was s and this was t + + + align:start position:0% +if this was s and this was t +t that's that's an x what am i doing + + align:start position:0% +t that's that's an x what am i doing + + + align:start position:0% +t that's that's an x what am i doing +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +t if i just ran + + align:start position:0% +t if i just ran + + + align:start position:0% +t if i just ran +any unweighted short i mean + + align:start position:0% +any unweighted short i mean + + + align:start position:0% +any unweighted short i mean +reachability algorithm i would get a a + + align:start position:0% +reachability algorithm i would get a a + + + align:start position:0% +reachability algorithm i would get a a +tree + + align:start position:0% +tree + + + align:start position:0% +tree +right a bfs tree or a dfs tree right it + + align:start position:0% +right a bfs tree or a dfs tree right it + + + align:start position:0% +right a bfs tree or a dfs tree right it +would visit vertices in some order + + align:start position:0% +would visit vertices in some order + + + align:start position:0% +would visit vertices in some order +now actually in a tree it i have to + + align:start position:0% +now actually in a tree it i have to + + + align:start position:0% +now actually in a tree it i have to +output a tree that connects all the + + align:start position:0% +output a tree that connects all the + + + align:start position:0% +output a tree that connects all the +vertices + + align:start position:0% +vertices + + + align:start position:0% +vertices +right and that would be this tree + + align:start position:0% +right and that would be this tree + + + align:start position:0% +right and that would be this tree +right and so in a sense the paths that i + + align:start position:0% +right and so in a sense the paths that i + + + align:start position:0% +right and so in a sense the paths that i +got + + align:start position:0% +got + + + align:start position:0% +got +from bfs or dfs in this graph would be + + align:start position:0% +from bfs or dfs in this graph would be + + + align:start position:0% +from bfs or dfs in this graph would be +exactly + + align:start position:0% +exactly + + + align:start position:0% +exactly +shortest paths i would just have to then + + align:start position:0% +shortest paths i would just have to then + + + align:start position:0% +shortest paths i would just have to then +go and add up all the pa + + align:start position:0% +go and add up all the pa + + + align:start position:0% +go and add up all the pa +path edge weights along the edges + + align:start position:0% +path edge weights along the edges + + + align:start position:0% +path edge weights along the edges +that make sense okay so + + align:start position:0% +that make sense okay so + + + align:start position:0% +that make sense okay so +uh bfs or dfs in the unweighted context + + align:start position:0% +uh bfs or dfs in the unweighted context + + + align:start position:0% +uh bfs or dfs in the unweighted context +can give me the shortest path in the + + align:start position:0% +can give me the shortest path in the + + + align:start position:0% +can give me the shortest path in the +weighted context + + align:start position:0% +weighted context + + + align:start position:0% +weighted context +because there's only one simple path in + + align:start position:0% +because there's only one simple path in + + + align:start position:0% +because there's only one simple path in +this graph but we have a complication + + align:start position:0% +this graph but we have a complication + + + align:start position:0% +this graph but we have a complication +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +that's not the question that we're + + align:start position:0% +that's not the question that we're + + + align:start position:0% +that's not the question that we're +asking we have an extra edge + + align:start position:0% +asking we have an extra edge + + + align:start position:0% +asking we have an extra edge +and now we have a property where there's + + align:start position:0% +and now we have a property where there's + + + align:start position:0% +and now we have a property where there's +not just one + + align:start position:0% +not just one + + + align:start position:0% +not just one +simple path to t there could be two + + align:start position:0% +simple path to t there could be two + + + align:start position:0% +simple path to t there could be two +simple paths + + align:start position:0% +simple paths + + + align:start position:0% +simple paths +right i could go this way around the + + align:start position:0% +right i could go this way around the + + + align:start position:0% +right i could go this way around the +cycle + + align:start position:0% +cycle + + + align:start position:0% +cycle +or it could go this way around the cycle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that's a complication but there's + + align:start position:0% +so that's a complication but there's + + + align:start position:0% +so that's a complication but there's +only one cycle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if t is over here there's only one path + + align:start position:0% +if t is over here there's only one path + + + align:start position:0% +if t is over here there's only one path +right so if there there is only one path + + align:start position:0% +right so if there there is only one path + + + align:start position:0% +right so if there there is only one path +i'll be golden but if basically the + + align:start position:0% +i'll be golden but if basically the + + + align:start position:0% +i'll be golden but if basically the +cycle can be reached between these two + + align:start position:0% +cycle can be reached between these two + + + align:start position:0% +cycle can be reached between these two +things + + align:start position:0% +things + + + align:start position:0% +things +i could have two simple paths that's the + + align:start position:0% +i could have two simple paths that's the + + + align:start position:0% +i could have two simple paths that's the +property right we have + + align:start position:0% +property right we have + + + align:start position:0% +property right we have +the closest vertex on so this is the + + align:start position:0% +the closest vertex on so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +the closest vertex on so this is the +cycle + + align:start position:0% +cycle + + + align:start position:0% +cycle +right there's a cycle here + + align:start position:0% +right there's a cycle here + + + align:start position:0% +right there's a cycle here +if this is the closest vertex to s + + align:start position:0% +if this is the closest vertex to s + + + align:start position:0% +if this is the closest vertex to s +and this is the closest vertex to t on + + align:start position:0% +and this is the closest vertex to t on + + + align:start position:0% +and this is the closest vertex to t on +the cycle then i could take either path + + align:start position:0% +the cycle then i could take either path + + + align:start position:0% +the cycle then i could take either path +around the cycle + + align:start position:0% +around the cycle + + + align:start position:0% +around the cycle +to get from one to the other and that + + align:start position:0% +to get from one to the other and that + + + align:start position:0% +to get from one to the other and that +gives me my two paths + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but this path and this path + + align:start position:0% +but this path and this path + + + align:start position:0% +but this path and this path +right these are completely edge disjoint + + align:start position:0% +right these are completely edge disjoint + + + align:start position:0% +right these are completely edge disjoint +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +in other words any simple path from s to + + align:start position:0% +in other words any simple path from s to + + + align:start position:0% +in other words any simple path from s to +t + + align:start position:0% +t + + + align:start position:0% +t +if i if i find this vertex going through + + align:start position:0% +if i if i find this vertex going through + + + align:start position:0% +if i if i find this vertex going through +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +it can only use one of these edges + + align:start position:0% +it can only use one of these edges + + + align:start position:0% +it can only use one of these edges +right because i can't i can't come back + + align:start position:0% +right because i can't i can't come back + + + align:start position:0% +right because i can't i can't come back +to this vertex + + align:start position:0% +to this vertex + + + align:start position:0% +to this vertex +once i go into it here i got to go out + + align:start position:0% +once i go into it here i got to go out + + + align:start position:0% +once i go into it here i got to go out +one direction and i can't come back + + align:start position:0% +one direction and i can't come back + + + align:start position:0% +one direction and i can't come back +right so it's only one of these two + + align:start position:0% +right so it's only one of these two + + + align:start position:0% +right so it's only one of these two +edges + + align:start position:0% +edges + + + align:start position:0% +edges +so the the idea behind this algorithm is + + align:start position:0% +so the the idea behind this algorithm is + + + align:start position:0% +so the the idea behind this algorithm is +i'm going to find the cycle + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to find the cycle + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to find the cycle +or in particular i'm going to find this + + align:start position:0% +or in particular i'm going to find this + + + align:start position:0% +or in particular i'm going to find this +thing s prime + + align:start position:0% +thing s prime + + + align:start position:0% +thing s prime +on the cycle find the + + align:start position:0% +on the cycle find the + + + align:start position:0% +on the cycle find the +outgoing two edges here remove + + align:start position:0% +outgoing two edges here remove + + + align:start position:0% +outgoing two edges here remove +one and then do my tree searching + + align:start position:0% +one and then do my tree searching + + + align:start position:0% +one and then do my tree searching +basically find the shortest path by by + + align:start position:0% +basically find the shortest path by by + + + align:start position:0% +basically find the shortest path by by +running a an + + align:start position:0% +running a an + + + align:start position:0% +running a an +undirected i mean an unweighted + + align:start position:0% +undirected i mean an unweighted + + + align:start position:0% +undirected i mean an unweighted +reachability algorithm which will give + + align:start position:0% +reachability algorithm which will give + + + align:start position:0% +reachability algorithm which will give +me a path back to f + + align:start position:0% +me a path back to f + + + align:start position:0% +me a path back to f +the only simple path in that tree right + + align:start position:0% +the only simple path in that tree right + + + align:start position:0% +the only simple path in that tree right +i get rid of this + + align:start position:0% +i get rid of this + + + align:start position:0% +i get rid of this +this edge and i do that once and i do it + + align:start position:0% +this edge and i do that once and i do it + + + align:start position:0% +this edge and i do that once and i do it +again + + align:start position:0% +again + + + align:start position:0% +again +without this edge so that's that's the + + align:start position:0% +without this edge so that's that's the + + + align:start position:0% +without this edge so that's that's the +idea of my algorithm + + align:start position:0% +idea of my algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +idea of my algorithm +okay so how can i do fir so i first have + + align:start position:0% +okay so how can i do fir so i first have + + + align:start position:0% +okay so how can i do fir so i first have +to find + + align:start position:0% +to find + + + align:start position:0% +to find +s prime how can i do that well + + align:start position:0% +s prime how can i do that well + + + align:start position:0% +s prime how can i do that well +i don't know what this edge is but if i + + align:start position:0% +i don't know what this edge is but if i + + + align:start position:0% +i don't know what this edge is but if i +ran + + align:start position:0% +ran + + + align:start position:0% +ran +uh un uh uh an unweighted shortest path + + align:start position:0% +uh un uh uh an unweighted shortest path + + + align:start position:0% +uh un uh uh an unweighted shortest path +algorithm like bfs or dfs on here i + + align:start position:0% +algorithm like bfs or dfs on here i + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm like bfs or dfs on here i +would get back + + align:start position:0% +would get back + + + align:start position:0% +would get back +a tree right some + + align:start position:0% +a tree right some + + + align:start position:0% +a tree right some +edge of my graph will not be in my tree + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +something like here right the shortest + + align:start position:0% +something like here right the shortest + + + align:start position:0% +something like here right the shortest +path to this + + align:start position:0% +path to this + + + align:start position:0% +path to this +so i look through i i run b so + + align:start position:0% +so i look through i i run b so + + + align:start position:0% +so i look through i i run b so +algorithm idea two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two first find + + align:start position:0% +two first find + + + align:start position:0% +two first find +s prime okay and i can find + + align:start position:0% +s prime okay and i can find + + + align:start position:0% +s prime okay and i can find +s prime by run i don't know + + align:start position:0% +s prime by run i don't know + + + align:start position:0% +s prime by run i don't know +a single source shortest path unweighted + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh i guess + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +run single source reachability + + align:start position:0% +run single source reachability + + + align:start position:0% +run single source reachability +unweighted from s using + + align:start position:0% +unweighted from s using + + + align:start position:0% +unweighted from s using +bfs or dfs + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to explore a tree of my graph then some + + align:start position:0% +to explore a tree of my graph then some + + + align:start position:0% +to explore a tree of my graph then some +edge is not in my tree of the graph + + align:start position:0% +edge is not in my tree of the graph + + + align:start position:0% +edge is not in my tree of the graph +that will exist on the cycle kind of by + + align:start position:0% +that will exist on the cycle kind of by + + + align:start position:0% +that will exist on the cycle kind of by +definition right + + align:start position:0% +definition right + + + align:start position:0% +definition right +it's cons it's connecting two part parts + + align:start position:0% +it's cons it's connecting two part parts + + + align:start position:0% +it's cons it's connecting two part parts +of my tree + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now i can look at those two paths + + align:start position:0% +now i can look at those two paths + + + align:start position:0% +now i can look at those two paths +from here and the last one that they're + + align:start position:0% +from here and the last one that they're + + + align:start position:0% +from here and the last one that they're +in common from s + + align:start position:0% +in common from s + + + align:start position:0% +in common from s +is going to be my split point s prime + + align:start position:0% +is going to be my split point s prime + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be my split point s prime +it's the it's the closest one + + align:start position:0% +it's the it's the closest one + + + align:start position:0% +it's the it's the closest one +to my source that is on the cycle right + + align:start position:0% +to my source that is on the cycle right + + + align:start position:0% +to my source that is on the cycle right +because i constructed this cycle here + + align:start position:0% +because i constructed this cycle here + + + align:start position:0% +because i constructed this cycle here +okay so i can uh + + align:start position:0% +okay so i can uh + + + align:start position:0% +okay so i can uh +find edge + + align:start position:0% +find edge + + + align:start position:0% +find edge +u v not in + + align:start position:0% +u v not in + + + align:start position:0% +u v not in +the parent tree right so + + align:start position:0% +the parent tree right so + + + align:start position:0% +the parent tree right so +maybe this is u v right + + align:start position:0% +maybe this is u v right + + + align:start position:0% +maybe this is u v right +not in the parent tree + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then find + + align:start position:0% +and then find + + + align:start position:0% +and then find +last common + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +vertex in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +paths from + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +s to u and s + + align:start position:0% +s to u and s + + + align:start position:0% +s to u and s +to v okay that's going to give me my s + + align:start position:0% +to v okay that's going to give me my s + + + align:start position:0% +to v okay that's going to give me my s +prime + + align:start position:0% +prime + + + align:start position:0% +prime +okay and i can do that by i mean these + + align:start position:0% +okay and i can do that by i mean these + + + align:start position:0% +okay and i can do that by i mean these +are each + + align:start position:0% +are each + + + align:start position:0% +are each +of linear size and i can just look at + + align:start position:0% +of linear size and i can just look at + + + align:start position:0% +of linear size and i can just look at +their prefix i can start from s + + align:start position:0% +their prefix i can start from s + + + align:start position:0% +their prefix i can start from s +i can walk forward until they diverge + + align:start position:0% +i can walk forward until they diverge + + + align:start position:0% +i can walk forward until they diverge +and the one before they diverge is s + + align:start position:0% +and the one before they diverge is s + + + align:start position:0% +and the one before they diverge is s +prime + + align:start position:0% +prime + + + align:start position:0% +prime +right that's s prime right here once i + + align:start position:0% +right that's s prime right here once i + + + align:start position:0% +right that's s prime right here once i +have s prime + + align:start position:0% +have s prime + + + align:start position:0% +have s prime +i know what the edges are when they + + align:start position:0% +i know what the edges are when they + + + align:start position:0% +i know what the edges are when they +diverge + + align:start position:0% +diverge + + + align:start position:0% +diverge +i remove one of those from the graph i + + align:start position:0% +i remove one of those from the graph i + + + align:start position:0% +i remove one of those from the graph i +do the same algorithm again to find a + + align:start position:0% +do the same algorithm again to find a + + + align:start position:0% +do the same algorithm again to find a +path to t + + align:start position:0% +path to t + + + align:start position:0% +path to t +and i do the same algorithm again to + + align:start position:0% +and i do the same algorithm again to + + + align:start position:0% +and i do the same algorithm again to +find the path to t + + align:start position:0% +find the path to t + + + align:start position:0% +find the path to t +and i see which one is shorter that's it + + align:start position:0% +and i see which one is shorter that's it + + + align:start position:0% +and i see which one is shorter that's it +there's only two of them + + align:start position:0% +there's only two of them + + + align:start position:0% +there's only two of them +and so i check or they could be the same + + align:start position:0% +and so i check or they could be the same + + + align:start position:0% +and so i check or they could be the same +path in which case + + align:start position:0% +path in which case + + + align:start position:0% +path in which case +uh my my t + + align:start position:0% +uh my my t + + + align:start position:0% +uh my my t +is actually before s prime on on my + + align:start position:0% +is actually before s prime on on my + + + align:start position:0% +is actually before s prime on on my +cycle + + align:start position:0% +cycle + + + align:start position:0% +cycle +does that make sense so that's that's + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense so that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense so that's that's +the idea + + align:start position:0% +the idea + + + align:start position:0% +the idea +uh the last thing is + + align:start position:0% +uh the last thing is + + + align:start position:0% +uh the last thing is +remove an + + align:start position:0% +remove an + + + align:start position:0% +remove an +edge from + + align:start position:0% +edge from + + + align:start position:0% +edge from +s prime i don't even have to be picky + + align:start position:0% +s prime i don't even have to be picky + + + align:start position:0% +s prime i don't even have to be picky +about this it has degree three + + align:start position:0% +about this it has degree three + + + align:start position:0% +about this it has degree three +i can just run single sorted paths on + + align:start position:0% +i can just run single sorted paths on + + + align:start position:0% +i can just run single sorted paths on +all of them and + + align:start position:0% +all of them and + + + align:start position:0% +all of them and +take them in right + + align:start position:0% +take them in right + + + align:start position:0% +take them in right +uh for eat + + align:start position:0% +uh for eat + + + align:start position:0% +uh for eat +remove + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +each edge from v at from s prime + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +remove let's for + + align:start position:0% +remove let's for + + + align:start position:0% +remove let's for +each edge from + + align:start position:0% +each edge from + + + align:start position:0% +each edge from +s remove + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and run ssr + + align:start position:0% +and run ssr + + + align:start position:0% +and run ssr +from s okay + + align:start position:0% +from s okay + + + align:start position:0% +from s okay +and one of the paths there to t will be + + align:start position:0% +and one of the paths there to t will be + + + align:start position:0% +and one of the paths there to t will be +shortest my shortest path in the + + align:start position:0% +shortest my shortest path in the + + + align:start position:0% +shortest my shortest path in the +original graph because it can't use + + align:start position:0% +original graph because it can't use + + + align:start position:0% +original graph because it can't use +uh more than two of those edges that's + + align:start position:0% +uh more than two of those edges that's + + + align:start position:0% +uh more than two of those edges that's +that's the claim + + align:start position:0% +that's the claim + + + align:start position:0% +that's the claim +okay and this runs in uh + + align:start position:0% +okay and this runs in uh + + + align:start position:0% +okay and this runs in uh +linear time because what i'm doing is + + align:start position:0% +linear time because what i'm doing is + + + align:start position:0% +linear time because what i'm doing is +i'm running single source + + align:start position:0% +i'm running single source + + + align:start position:0% +i'm running single source +reachability once + + align:start position:0% +reachability once + + + align:start position:0% +reachability once +and maybe two more times or three more + + align:start position:0% +and maybe two more times or three more + + + align:start position:0% +and maybe two more times or three more +times a constant number of times + + align:start position:0% +times a constant number of times + + + align:start position:0% +times a constant number of times +on a graph that has size v right + + align:start position:0% +on a graph that has size v right + + + align:start position:0% +on a graph that has size v right +and this prefix finding also only takes + + align:start position:0% +and this prefix finding also only takes + + + align:start position:0% +and this prefix finding also only takes +order v and so we're done okay + + align:start position:0% +order v and so we're done okay + + + align:start position:0% +order v and so we're done okay +any questions about this problem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no no questions + + align:start position:0% +no no questions + + + align:start position:0% +no no questions +all right we will move on to uh + + align:start position:0% +all right we will move on to uh + + + align:start position:0% +all right we will move on to uh +what's up there's a yeah there's a hint + + align:start position:0% +what's up there's a yeah there's a hint + + + align:start position:0% +what's up there's a yeah there's a hint +in the title actually + + align:start position:0% +in the title actually + + + align:start position:0% +in the title actually +the original version of this problem + + align:start position:0% +the original version of this problem + + + align:start position:0% +the original version of this problem +said instead of this e + + align:start position:0% +said instead of this e + + + align:start position:0% +said instead of this e +equals v specification it said there's + + align:start position:0% +equals v specification it said there's + + + align:start position:0% +equals v specification it said there's +only one cycle in the graph + + align:start position:0% +only one cycle in the graph + + + align:start position:0% +only one cycle in the graph +but it's in the context of undirected + + align:start position:0% +but it's in the context of undirected + + + align:start position:0% +but it's in the context of undirected +cycles as opposed to directed cycles + + align:start position:0% +cycles as opposed to directed cycles + + + align:start position:0% +cycles as opposed to directed cycles +which is usually what we talk about in + + align:start position:0% +which is usually what we talk about in + + + align:start position:0% +which is usually what we talk about in +this class + + align:start position:0% +this class + + + align:start position:0% +this class +right we say that there's a negative + + align:start position:0% +right we say that there's a negative + + + align:start position:0% +right we say that there's a negative +edge weight cycle + + align:start position:0% +edge weight cycle + + + align:start position:0% +edge weight cycle +in the graph if we can you know it's + + align:start position:0% +in the graph if we can you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +in the graph if we can you know it's +usually we're + + align:start position:0% +usually we're + + + align:start position:0% +usually we're +talking about we're allowing non-simple + + align:start position:0% +talking about we're allowing non-simple + + + align:start position:0% +talking about we're allowing non-simple +cycles in this class + + align:start position:0% +cycles in this class + + + align:start position:0% +cycles in this class +so to to you know + + align:start position:0% +so to to you know + + + align:start position:0% +so to to you know +remember this this uh property about + + align:start position:0% +remember this this uh property about + + + align:start position:0% +remember this this uh property about +trees + + align:start position:0% +trees + + + align:start position:0% +trees +and to enforce this property without + + align:start position:0% +and to enforce this property without + + + align:start position:0% +and to enforce this property without +talking about + + align:start position:0% +talking about + + + align:start position:0% +talking about +sicklicity i changed the condition uh + + align:start position:0% +sicklicity i changed the condition uh + + + align:start position:0% +sicklicity i changed the condition uh +for this + + align:start position:0% +for this + + + align:start position:0% +for this +problem session this review yeah + + align:start position:0% +problem session this review yeah + + + align:start position:0% +problem session this review yeah +could i also just run depth first search + + align:start position:0% +could i also just run depth first search + + + align:start position:0% +could i also just run depth first search +on this graph + + align:start position:0% +on this graph + + + align:start position:0% +on this graph +could you just run depth first search on + + align:start position:0% +could you just run depth first search on + + + align:start position:0% +could you just run depth first search on +this graph to do what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to find the shortest path right so depth + + align:start position:0% +to find the shortest path right so depth + + + align:start position:0% +to find the shortest path right so depth +first search on this path + + align:start position:0% +first search on this path + + + align:start position:0% +first search on this path +if i ran it from s when i got to s prime + + align:start position:0% +if i ran it from s when i got to s prime + + + align:start position:0% +if i ran it from s when i got to s prime +i would have a choice on what the next + + align:start position:0% +i would have a choice on what the next + + + align:start position:0% +i would have a choice on what the next +outgoing edge to do + + align:start position:0% +outgoing edge to do + + + align:start position:0% +outgoing edge to do +right so if i ran depth first choice for + + align:start position:0% +right so if i ran depth first choice for + + + align:start position:0% +right so if i ran depth first choice for +one of those choices + + align:start position:0% +one of those choices + + + align:start position:0% +one of those choices +i would find a path to t right + + align:start position:0% +i would find a path to t right + + + align:start position:0% +i would find a path to t right +and then i would find then then i could + + align:start position:0% +and then i would find then then i could + + + align:start position:0% +and then i would find then then i could +run and i would find a path to t + + align:start position:0% +run and i would find a path to t + + + align:start position:0% +run and i would find a path to t +right there's only two of them or at + + align:start position:0% +right there's only two of them or at + + + align:start position:0% +right there's only two of them or at +most two of them + + align:start position:0% +most two of them + + + align:start position:0% +most two of them +but then there's the possibility i + + align:start position:0% +but then there's the possibility i + + + align:start position:0% +but then there's the possibility i +missed this other path that could be + + align:start position:0% +missed this other path that could be + + + align:start position:0% +missed this other path that could be +shorter well how would i miss it + + align:start position:0% +shorter well how would i miss it + + + align:start position:0% +shorter well how would i miss it +has to go through the other edge too it + + align:start position:0% +has to go through the other edge too it + + + align:start position:0% +has to go through the other edge too it +doesn't go through the other edge that's + + align:start position:0% +doesn't go through the other edge that's + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't go through the other edge that's +the point + + align:start position:0% +the point + + + align:start position:0% +the point +right um it won't go through + + align:start position:0% +right um it won't go through + + + align:start position:0% +right um it won't go through +no so depth first search will actually + + align:start position:0% +no so depth first search will actually + + + align:start position:0% +no so depth first search will actually +go through this thing + + align:start position:0% +go through this thing + + + align:start position:0% +go through this thing +traverse an edge go all the way around + + align:start position:0% +traverse an edge go all the way around + + + align:start position:0% +traverse an edge go all the way around +the cycle + + align:start position:0% +the cycle + + + align:start position:0% +the cycle +because everything here is reachable + + align:start position:0% +because everything here is reachable + + + align:start position:0% +because everything here is reachable +from here because it's an undirected + + align:start position:0% +from here because it's an undirected + + + align:start position:0% +from here because it's an undirected +graph + + align:start position:0% +graph + + + align:start position:0% +graph +it will reach back to here and then + + align:start position:0% +it will reach back to here and then + + + align:start position:0% +it will reach back to here and then +backtrack all the way so we'll actually + + align:start position:0% +backtrack all the way so we'll actually + + + align:start position:0% +backtrack all the way so we'll actually +never traverse this last edge here of + + align:start position:0% +never traverse this last edge here of + + + align:start position:0% +never traverse this last edge here of +the cycle + + align:start position:0% +the cycle + + + align:start position:0% +the cycle +so it's something you can actually prove + + align:start position:0% +so it's something you can actually prove + + + align:start position:0% +so it's something you can actually prove +with dfs now you could actually + + align:start position:0% +with dfs now you could actually + + + align:start position:0% +with dfs now you could actually +while you're running dfs try every + + align:start position:0% +while you're running dfs try every + + + align:start position:0% +while you're running dfs try every +possibility right + + align:start position:0% +possibility right + + + align:start position:0% +possibility right +because my branching factors at most + + align:start position:0% +because my branching factors at most + + + align:start position:0% +because my branching factors at most +three at some of these things right + + align:start position:0% +three at some of these things right + + + align:start position:0% +three at some of these things right +so what i i could do is uh + + align:start position:0% +so what i i could do is uh + + + align:start position:0% +so what i i could do is uh +or it could be at most four right i + + align:start position:0% +or it could be at most four right i + + + align:start position:0% +or it could be at most four right i +could i could + + align:start position:0% +could i could + + + align:start position:0% +could i could +connect two things with the same uh + + align:start position:0% +connect two things with the same uh + + + align:start position:0% +connect two things with the same uh +branching but in general it's a constant + + align:start position:0% +branching but in general it's a constant + + + align:start position:0% +branching but in general it's a constant +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +and with with every choice dfs + + align:start position:0% +and with with every choice dfs + + + align:start position:0% +and with with every choice dfs +could make i could try all possibilities + + align:start position:0% +could make i could try all possibilities + + + align:start position:0% +could make i could try all possibilities +how many possibilities would that be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you get a blow up of the degree of + + align:start position:0% +you get a blow up of the degree of + + + align:start position:0% +you get a blow up of the degree of +every vertex in my graph + + align:start position:0% +every vertex in my graph + + + align:start position:0% +every vertex in my graph +so the degree + + align:start position:0% +so the degree + + + align:start position:0% +so the degree +time multiplied by each other that's the + + align:start position:0% +time multiplied by each other that's the + + + align:start position:0% +time multiplied by each other that's the +number of times i would have to run dfs + + align:start position:0% +number of times i would have to run dfs + + + align:start position:0% +number of times i would have to run dfs +which is exponential right a constant + + align:start position:0% +which is exponential right a constant + + + align:start position:0% +which is exponential right a constant +degree + + align:start position:0% +degree + + + align:start position:0% +degree +so a constant uh + + align:start position:0% +so a constant uh + + + align:start position:0% +so a constant uh +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +multiplied like like two or + + align:start position:0% +multiplied like like two or + + + align:start position:0% +multiplied like like two or +three right uh multiplied v + + align:start position:0% +three right uh multiplied v + + + align:start position:0% +three right uh multiplied v +times is three to the v which is + + align:start position:0% +times is three to the v which is + + + align:start position:0% +times is three to the v which is +exponential in the size of my graph + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh sure right because i could still have + + align:start position:0% +uh sure right because i could still have + + + align:start position:0% +uh sure right because i could still have +large branching for a large number of + + align:start position:0% +large branching for a large number of + + + align:start position:0% +large branching for a large number of +vertices + + align:start position:0% +vertices + + + align:start position:0% +vertices +okay good great question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right cool so that's that problem + + align:start position:0% +all right cool so that's that problem + + + align:start position:0% +all right cool so that's that problem +problem three + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i have half an hour for the last two + + align:start position:0% +i have half an hour for the last two + + + align:start position:0% +i have half an hour for the last two +problems i think that should be fine + + align:start position:0% +problems i think that should be fine + + + align:start position:0% +problems i think that should be fine +this one's uh okay this is doughnut + + align:start position:0% +this one's uh okay this is doughnut + + + align:start position:0% +this one's uh okay this is doughnut +is the problem name uh momar has just + + align:start position:0% +is the problem name uh momar has just + + + align:start position:0% +is the problem name uh momar has just +uh finished work at the fing sprilled + + align:start position:0% +uh finished work at the fing sprilled + + + align:start position:0% +uh finished work at the fing sprilled +power plant + + align:start position:0% +power plant + + + align:start position:0% +power plant +at a particular location p and needs to + + align:start position:0% +at a particular location p and needs to + + + align:start position:0% +at a particular location p and needs to +drive home + + align:start position:0% +drive home + + + align:start position:0% +drive home +to a known location h but along the way + + align:start position:0% +to a known location h but along the way + + + align:start position:0% +to a known location h but along the way +if his driving route ever + + align:start position:0% +if his driving route ever + + + align:start position:0% +if his driving route ever +comes within driving distance k of a + + align:start position:0% +comes within driving distance k of a + + + align:start position:0% +comes within driving distance k of a +donut shop + + align:start position:0% +donut shop + + + align:start position:0% +donut shop +he won't be able to resist himself and + + align:start position:0% +he won't be able to resist himself and + + + align:start position:0% +he won't be able to resist himself and +will have to go there and eat donuts + + align:start position:0% +will have to go there and eat donuts + + + align:start position:0% +will have to go there and eat donuts +and his wife harge will be angry okay + + align:start position:0% +and his wife harge will be angry okay + + + align:start position:0% +and his wife harge will be angry okay +maybe you can get the reference here + + align:start position:0% +maybe you can get the reference here + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you can get the reference here +mohmer knows the layout of + + align:start position:0% +mohmer knows the layout of + + + align:start position:0% +mohmer knows the layout of +finn sprielled which can be modeled as a + + align:start position:0% +finn sprielled which can be modeled as a + + + align:start position:0% +finn sprielled which can be modeled as a +set of n locations with + + align:start position:0% +set of n locations with + + + align:start position:0% +set of n locations with +two-way roads of known driving distance + + align:start position:0% +two-way roads of known driving distance + + + align:start position:0% +two-way roads of known driving distance +connecting some pairs of them + + align:start position:0% +connecting some pairs of them + + + align:start position:0% +connecting some pairs of them +and you may assume that no location is + + align:start position:0% +and you may assume that no location is + + + align:start position:0% +and you may assume that no location is +incident to more than five roads okay so + + align:start position:0% +incident to more than five roads okay so + + + align:start position:0% +incident to more than five roads okay so +we've got a degree bound here + + align:start position:0% +we've got a degree bound here + + + align:start position:0% +we've got a degree bound here +as well as the location and and he knows + + align:start position:0% +as well as the location and and he knows + + + align:start position:0% +as well as the location and and he knows +the locations + + align:start position:0% +the locations + + + align:start position:0% +the locations +that all the locations that contain + + align:start position:0% +that all the locations that contain + + + align:start position:0% +that all the locations that contain +doughnut shops + + align:start position:0% +doughnut shops + + + align:start position:0% +doughnut shops +there's at most d of them okay + + align:start position:0% +there's at most d of them okay + + + align:start position:0% +there's at most d of them okay +describe an n log n time algorithm to + + align:start position:0% +describe an n log n time algorithm to + + + align:start position:0% +describe an n log n time algorithm to +find the shortest driving route from the + + align:start position:0% +find the shortest driving route from the + + + align:start position:0% +find the shortest driving route from the +power plant back to home that avoids + + align:start position:0% +power plant back to home that avoids + + + align:start position:0% +power plant back to home that avoids +driving within distance + + align:start position:0% +driving within distance + + + align:start position:0% +driving within distance +k of a doughnut shop + + align:start position:0% +k of a doughnut shop + + + align:start position:0% +k of a doughnut shop +okay so we got a couple variables in + + align:start position:0% +okay so we got a couple variables in + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we got a couple variables in +here we've got k + + align:start position:0% +here we've got k + + + align:start position:0% +here we've got k +we've got d but a running time bound + + align:start position:0% +we've got d but a running time bound + + + align:start position:0% +we've got d but a running time bound +only relies on + + align:start position:0% +only relies on + + + align:start position:0% +only relies on +n right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay i see shortest paths i see that + + align:start position:0% +okay i see shortest paths i see that + + + align:start position:0% +okay i see shortest paths i see that +uh i don't see an explicit mention + + align:start position:0% +uh i don't see an explicit mention + + + align:start position:0% +uh i don't see an explicit mention +of positive distances of the i + + align:start position:0% +of positive distances of the i + + + align:start position:0% +of positive distances of the i +i see lengths right they say he knows + + align:start position:0% +i see lengths right they say he knows + + + align:start position:0% +i see lengths right they say he knows +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +uh known driving distance connecting + + align:start position:0% +uh known driving distance connecting + + + align:start position:0% +uh known driving distance connecting +some pairs of locations + + align:start position:0% +some pairs of locations + + + align:start position:0% +some pairs of locations +so usually i think if if i were writing + + align:start position:0% +so usually i think if if i were writing + + + align:start position:0% +so usually i think if if i were writing +this problem now i'd probably be a + + align:start position:0% +this problem now i'd probably be a + + + align:start position:0% +this problem now i'd probably be a +little bit more explicit + + align:start position:0% +little bit more explicit + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more explicit +the distance is positive but that's you + + align:start position:0% +the distance is positive but that's you + + + align:start position:0% +the distance is positive but that's you +know something that you might + + align:start position:0% +know something that you might + + + align:start position:0% +know something that you might +come into contact with right distances + + align:start position:0% +come into contact with right distances + + + align:start position:0% +come into contact with right distances +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +positive right and so we can't have + + align:start position:0% +positive right and so we can't have + + + align:start position:0% +positive right and so we can't have +negative distances here + + align:start position:0% +negative distances here + + + align:start position:0% +negative distances here +okay uh so + + align:start position:0% +okay uh so + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh so +i look at n log n i'm like hey + + align:start position:0% +i look at n log n i'm like hey + + + align:start position:0% +i look at n log n i'm like hey +what has a log in it in this unit + + align:start position:0% +what has a log in it in this unit + + + align:start position:0% +what has a log in it in this unit +dykstra + + align:start position:0% +dykstra + + + align:start position:0% +dykstra +maybe i can use dijkstra okay so let's + + align:start position:0% +maybe i can use dijkstra okay so let's + + + align:start position:0% +maybe i can use dijkstra okay so let's +see if if we ran dijkstra + + align:start position:0% +see if if we ran dijkstra + + + align:start position:0% +see if if we ran dijkstra +from p to h okay so we've got we've got + + align:start position:0% +from p to h okay so we've got we've got + + + align:start position:0% +from p to h okay so we've got we've got +a graph here + + align:start position:0% +a graph here + + + align:start position:0% +a graph here +we've got our graph so + + align:start position:0% +we've got our graph so + + + align:start position:0% +we've got our graph so +i'm this is a word problem so there's no + + align:start position:0% +i'm this is a word problem so there's no + + + align:start position:0% +i'm this is a word problem so there's no +graph there + + align:start position:0% +graph there + + + align:start position:0% +graph there +so i have to define a graph okay so i'm + + align:start position:0% +so i have to define a graph okay so i'm + + + align:start position:0% +so i have to define a graph okay so i'm +going to define a graph + + align:start position:0% +going to define a graph + + + align:start position:0% +going to define a graph +v e and we've got v + + align:start position:0% +v e and we've got v + + + align:start position:0% +v e and we've got v +that's going to be my set of locations + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +locations so this has + + align:start position:0% +locations so this has + + + align:start position:0% +locations so this has +their order n of them there's actually n + + align:start position:0% +their order n of them there's actually n + + + align:start position:0% +their order n of them there's actually n +n of them and then e + + align:start position:0% +n of them and then e + + + align:start position:0% +n of them and then e +what are we going to have we're going to + + align:start position:0% +what are we going to have we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +what are we going to have we're going to +have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh it's a known pair of things right + + align:start position:0% +uh it's a known pair of things right + + + align:start position:0% +uh it's a known pair of things right +road roads + + align:start position:0% +road roads + + + align:start position:0% +road roads +with weight + + align:start position:0% +with weight + + + align:start position:0% +with weight +equal to driving + + align:start position:0% +equal to driving + + + align:start position:0% +equal to driving +driving drive + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +driving distance + + align:start position:0% +driving distance + + + align:start position:0% +driving distance +which uh by my assumption is going to be + + align:start position:0% +which uh by my assumption is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +which uh by my assumption is going to be +greater than zero + + align:start position:0% +greater than zero + + + align:start position:0% +greater than zero +right now it's not stated explicitly but + + align:start position:0% +right now it's not stated explicitly but + + + align:start position:0% +right now it's not stated explicitly but +you know that would be a reasonable + + align:start position:0% +you know that would be a reasonable + + + align:start position:0% +you know that would be a reasonable +assumption for you to make on your exam + + align:start position:0% +assumption for you to make on your exam + + + align:start position:0% +assumption for you to make on your exam +because distances are positive we would + + align:start position:0% +because distances are positive we would + + + align:start position:0% +because distances are positive we would +probably be more + + align:start position:0% +probably be more + + + align:start position:0% +probably be more +explicit about that these days okay all + + align:start position:0% +explicit about that these days okay all + + + align:start position:0% +explicit about that these days okay all +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +so this is a graph i could make and i + + align:start position:0% +so this is a graph i could make and i + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a graph i could make and i +have a + + align:start position:0% +have a + + + align:start position:0% +have a +vertex s or a vertex p + + align:start position:0% +vertex s or a vertex p + + + align:start position:0% +vertex s or a vertex p +and a vertex h and i'm trying to find a + + align:start position:0% +and a vertex h and i'm trying to find a + + + align:start position:0% +and a vertex h and i'm trying to find a +shortest path between them + + align:start position:0% +shortest path between them + + + align:start position:0% +shortest path between them +right shortest driving distance driving + + align:start position:0% +right shortest driving distance driving + + + align:start position:0% +right shortest driving distance driving +route + + align:start position:0% +route + + + align:start position:0% +route +right okay so i could run dijkstra + + align:start position:0% +right okay so i could run dijkstra + + + align:start position:0% +right okay so i could run dijkstra +wait so what do i know about this how + + align:start position:0% +wait so what do i know about this how + + + align:start position:0% +wait so what do i know about this how +many edges do i have my graph + + align:start position:0% +many edges do i have my graph + + + align:start position:0% +many edges do i have my graph +i have at most five per vertex + + align:start position:0% +i have at most five per vertex + + + align:start position:0% +i have at most five per vertex +right so this is upper bounded by five + + align:start position:0% +right so this is upper bounded by five + + + align:start position:0% +right so this is upper bounded by five +times v + + align:start position:0% +times v + + + align:start position:0% +times v +which is order v okay so i have a order + + align:start position:0% +which is order v okay so i have a order + + + align:start position:0% +which is order v okay so i have a order +v + + align:start position:0% +v + + + align:start position:0% +v +size graph that's a good thing order n + + align:start position:0% +size graph that's a good thing order n + + + align:start position:0% +size graph that's a good thing order n +because n is the number of vertices and + + align:start position:0% +because n is the number of vertices and + + + align:start position:0% +because n is the number of vertices and +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +if i were to just run dijkstra on here + + align:start position:0% +if i were to just run dijkstra on here + + + align:start position:0% +if i were to just run dijkstra on here +from p + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +doing dijkstra + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +on g from + + align:start position:0% +on g from + + + align:start position:0% +on g from +any s takes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +order n log n right + + align:start position:0% +order n log n right + + + align:start position:0% +order n log n right +n log n plus n and n log n is bigger + + align:start position:0% +n log n plus n and n log n is bigger + + + align:start position:0% +n log n plus n and n log n is bigger +than n + + align:start position:0% +than n + + + align:start position:0% +than n +okay so that's that's a nice observation + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's that's a nice observation + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's that's a nice observation +we may be + + align:start position:0% +we may be + + + align:start position:0% +we may be +we have we can at least afford to use + + align:start position:0% +we have we can at least afford to use + + + align:start position:0% +we have we can at least afford to use +dijkstra in this problem to find + + align:start position:0% +dijkstra in this problem to find + + + align:start position:0% +dijkstra in this problem to find +shortest distances + + align:start position:0% +shortest distances + + + align:start position:0% +shortest distances +but what's the problem with a shortest + + align:start position:0% +but what's the problem with a shortest + + + align:start position:0% +but what's the problem with a shortest +distance found by dijkstra in this graph + + align:start position:0% +distance found by dijkstra in this graph + + + align:start position:0% +distance found by dijkstra in this graph +donuts like the entire point of the + + align:start position:0% +donuts like the entire point of the + + + align:start position:0% +donuts like the entire point of the +problem right + + align:start position:0% +problem right + + + align:start position:0% +problem right +i need to avoid being too close to donut + + align:start position:0% +i need to avoid being too close to donut + + + align:start position:0% +i need to avoid being too close to donut +shops + + align:start position:0% +shops + + + align:start position:0% +shops +okay so we might have a donut shop + + align:start position:0% +okay so we might have a donut shop + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we might have a donut shop +here and we need to stay outside of that + + align:start position:0% +here and we need to stay outside of that + + + align:start position:0% +here and we need to stay outside of that +distance k + + align:start position:0% +distance k + + + align:start position:0% +distance k +right or we might have another donut + + align:start position:0% +right or we might have another donut + + + align:start position:0% +right or we might have another donut +shop here + + align:start position:0% +shop here + + + align:start position:0% +shop here +right and so we got to find a path that + + align:start position:0% +right and so we got to find a path that + + + align:start position:0% +right and so we got to find a path that +kind of goes around these donut shops + + align:start position:0% +kind of goes around these donut shops + + + align:start position:0% +kind of goes around these donut shops +okay so in other words if + + align:start position:0% +okay so in other words if + + + align:start position:0% +okay so in other words if +if i have a vertex in my graph where i + + align:start position:0% +if i have a vertex in my graph where i + + + align:start position:0% +if i have a vertex in my graph where i +can reach a doughnut shot within + + align:start position:0% +can reach a doughnut shot within + + + align:start position:0% +can reach a doughnut shot within +shop within distance k i got i can never + + align:start position:0% +shop within distance k i got i can never + + + align:start position:0% +shop within distance k i got i can never +visit that vertex + + align:start position:0% +visit that vertex + + + align:start position:0% +visit that vertex +right because then i you know + + align:start position:0% +right because then i you know + + + align:start position:0% +right because then i you know +momer will not be able to resist himself + + align:start position:0% +momer will not be able to resist himself + + + align:start position:0% +momer will not be able to resist himself +and have to go eat a donut + + align:start position:0% +and have to go eat a donut + + + align:start position:0% +and have to go eat a donut +okay so that's the thing we're trying to + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's the thing we're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's the thing we're trying to +avoid + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so how can we do this well here's a + + align:start position:0% +so how can we do this well here's a + + + align:start position:0% +so how can we do this well here's a +silly thing + + align:start position:0% +silly thing + + + align:start position:0% +silly thing +i could run dijkstra from each of these + + align:start position:0% +i could run dijkstra from each of these + + + align:start position:0% +i could run dijkstra from each of these +vertices + + align:start position:0% +vertices + + + align:start position:0% +vertices +these donut shops find all the things + + align:start position:0% +these donut shops find all the things + + + align:start position:0% +these donut shops find all the things +reachable in k + + align:start position:0% +reachable in k + + + align:start position:0% +reachable in k +driving distance from them + + align:start position:0% +driving distance from them + + + align:start position:0% +driving distance from them +right and then remove those vertices + + align:start position:0% +right and then remove those vertices + + + align:start position:0% +right and then remove those vertices +from the graph + + align:start position:0% +from the graph + + + align:start position:0% +from the graph +that's an idea but how long would that + + align:start position:0% +that's an idea but how long would that + + + align:start position:0% +that's an idea but how long would that +take that would mean + + align:start position:0% +take that would mean + + + align:start position:0% +take that would mean +need me to run dijkstra d times + + align:start position:0% +need me to run dijkstra d times + + + align:start position:0% +need me to run dijkstra d times +right because there's d doughnut chops i + + align:start position:0% +right because there's d doughnut chops i + + + align:start position:0% +right because there's d doughnut chops i +gotta run dijkstra d + + align:start position:0% +gotta run dijkstra d + + + align:start position:0% +gotta run dijkstra d +times so that gives me a running time + + align:start position:0% +times so that gives me a running time + + + align:start position:0% +times so that gives me a running time +bound of i run d + + align:start position:0% +bound of i run d + + + align:start position:0% +bound of i run d +times to filter out the graph right to + + align:start position:0% +times to filter out the graph right to + + + align:start position:0% +times to filter out the graph right to +modify this graph + + align:start position:0% +modify this graph + + + align:start position:0% +modify this graph +and then i do one more to find the + + align:start position:0% +and then i do one more to find the + + + align:start position:0% +and then i do one more to find the +shortest path if there is one + + align:start position:0% +shortest path if there is one + + + align:start position:0% +shortest path if there is one +but in general that's going to take d + + align:start position:0% +but in general that's going to take d + + + align:start position:0% +but in general that's going to take d +times n log n + + align:start position:0% +times n log n + + + align:start position:0% +times n log n +not n log n i i have no bound on d + + align:start position:0% +not n log n i i have no bound on d + + + align:start position:0% +not n log n i i have no bound on d +except that it's under n + + align:start position:0% +except that it's under n + + + align:start position:0% +except that it's under n +right so it could be n and that would + + align:start position:0% +right so it could be n and that would + + + align:start position:0% +right so it could be n and that would +give me a bad running time + + align:start position:0% +give me a bad running time + + + align:start position:0% +give me a bad running time +so we're going to use a very similar + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to use a very similar + + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to use a very similar +trick here to + + align:start position:0% +trick here to + + + align:start position:0% +trick here to +one of your i think a previous review + + align:start position:0% +one of your i think a previous review + + + align:start position:0% +one of your i think a previous review +session + + align:start position:0% +session + + + align:start position:0% +session +uh stop + + align:start position:0% +uh stop + + + align:start position:0% +uh stop +here we go uh + + align:start position:0% +here we go uh + + + align:start position:0% +here we go uh +is to when you want to find things + + align:start position:0% +is to when you want to find things + + + align:start position:0% +is to when you want to find things +if we're on a prunograph from multiple + + align:start position:0% +if we're on a prunograph from multiple + + + align:start position:0% +if we're on a prunograph from multiple +locations + + align:start position:0% +locations + + + align:start position:0% +locations +one of the things we can do is any + + align:start position:0% +one of the things we can do is any + + + align:start position:0% +one of the things we can do is any +tricks + + align:start position:0% +tricks + + + align:start position:0% +tricks +super node right i can have a vertex + + align:start position:0% +super node right i can have a vertex + + + align:start position:0% +super node right i can have a vertex +well maybe i don't want to put it up yet + + align:start position:0% +well maybe i don't want to put it up yet + + + align:start position:0% +well maybe i don't want to put it up yet +okay if i have all of these donut shops + + align:start position:0% +okay if i have all of these donut shops + + + align:start position:0% +okay if i have all of these donut shops +what i can do is provide a + + align:start position:0% +what i can do is provide a + + + align:start position:0% +what i can do is provide a +i guess i guess these are unweighted + + align:start position:0% +i guess i guess these are unweighted + + + align:start position:0% +i guess i guess these are unweighted +undirected edges + + align:start position:0% +undirected edges + + + align:start position:0% +undirected edges +right here we can model all of those + + align:start position:0% +right here we can model all of those + + + align:start position:0% +right here we can model all of those +directed things by + + align:start position:0% +directed things by + + + align:start position:0% +directed things by +two undirected edges it doesn't really + + align:start position:0% +two undirected edges it doesn't really + + + align:start position:0% +two undirected edges it doesn't really +matter but here + + align:start position:0% +matter but here + + + align:start position:0% +matter but here +you know i don't want to go be able to + + align:start position:0% +you know i don't want to go be able to + + + align:start position:0% +you know i don't want to go be able to +go back to my super node + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay but what i'm going to do is i'm + + align:start position:0% +okay but what i'm going to do is i'm + + + align:start position:0% +okay but what i'm going to do is i'm +going to add a super node + + align:start position:0% +going to add a super node + + + align:start position:0% +going to add a super node +with edge weight say 0 to everything + + align:start position:0% +with edge weight say 0 to everything + + + align:start position:0% +with edge weight say 0 to everything +else + + align:start position:0% +else + + + align:start position:0% +else +right and then if i ran dykstra + + align:start position:0% +right and then if i ran dykstra + + + align:start position:0% +right and then if i ran dykstra +from the super node + + align:start position:0% +from the super node + + + align:start position:0% +from the super node +and found all vertices reachable within + + align:start position:0% +and found all vertices reachable within + + + align:start position:0% +and found all vertices reachable within +distance k well i didn't + + align:start position:0% +distance k well i didn't + + + align:start position:0% +distance k well i didn't +i didn't spend any of that distance + + align:start position:0% +i didn't spend any of that distance + + + align:start position:0% +i didn't spend any of that distance +going through this first edge + + align:start position:0% +going through this first edge + + + align:start position:0% +going through this first edge +right and i didn't come back to s + + align:start position:0% +right and i didn't come back to s + + + align:start position:0% +right and i didn't come back to s +because these things are directed + + align:start position:0% +because these things are directed + + + align:start position:0% +because these things are directed +into the things and so + + align:start position:0% +into the things and so + + + align:start position:0% +into the things and so +anything i reach is going to be within + + align:start position:0% +anything i reach is going to be within + + + align:start position:0% +anything i reach is going to be within +distance k + + align:start position:0% +distance k + + + align:start position:0% +distance k +of this donut shop but for all donut + + align:start position:0% +of this donut shop but for all donut + + + align:start position:0% +of this donut shop but for all donut +shops + + align:start position:0% +shops + + + align:start position:0% +shops +and in some sense i'm doing this search + + align:start position:0% +and in some sense i'm doing this search + + + align:start position:0% +and in some sense i'm doing this search +in parallel + + align:start position:0% +in parallel + + + align:start position:0% +in parallel +so this is the same trick that we had in + + align:start position:0% +so this is the same trick that we had in + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the same trick that we had in +the like you're looking through the + + align:start position:0% +the like you're looking through the + + + align:start position:0% +the like you're looking through the +the sewer network or something and + + align:start position:0% +the sewer network or something and + + + align:start position:0% +the sewer network or something and +they're trying to avoid + + align:start position:0% +they're trying to avoid + + + align:start position:0% +they're trying to avoid +monitors or uh you know sensors + + align:start position:0% +monitors or uh you know sensors + + + align:start position:0% +monitors or uh you know sensors +or something like that we actually did + + align:start position:0% +or something like that we actually did + + + align:start position:0% +or something like that we actually did +this transformation and then binary + + align:start position:0% +this transformation and then binary + + + align:start position:0% +this transformation and then binary +searched on the distance it was + + align:start position:0% +searched on the distance it was + + + align:start position:0% +searched on the distance it was +kind of involved but this is an easier + + align:start position:0% +kind of involved but this is an easier + + + align:start position:0% +kind of involved but this is an easier +example now you can actually + + align:start position:0% +example now you can actually + + + align:start position:0% +example now you can actually +generalize this further what if each + + align:start position:0% +generalize this further what if each + + + align:start position:0% +generalize this further what if each +donut + + align:start position:0% +donut + + + align:start position:0% +donut +shop had had us + + align:start position:0% +shop had had us + + + align:start position:0% +shop had had us +uh a like a + + align:start position:0% +uh a like a + + + align:start position:0% +uh a like a +an amount that moamer liked it right so + + align:start position:0% +an amount that moamer liked it right so + + + align:start position:0% +an amount that moamer liked it right so +if uh momar is within a + + align:start position:0% +if uh momar is within a + + + align:start position:0% +if uh momar is within a +larger distance of a donut shop he + + align:start position:0% +larger distance of a donut shop he + + + align:start position:0% +larger distance of a donut shop he +really likes he still won't be able to + + align:start position:0% +really likes he still won't be able to + + + align:start position:0% +really likes he still won't be able to +resist + + align:start position:0% +resist + + + align:start position:0% +resist +right but a donut shop that doesn't make + + align:start position:0% +right but a donut shop that doesn't make + + + align:start position:0% +right but a donut shop that doesn't make +very good donuts + + align:start position:0% +very good donuts + + + align:start position:0% +very good donuts +you know he'll be able to resist a + + align:start position:0% +you know he'll be able to resist a + + + align:start position:0% +you know he'll be able to resist a +shorter distance without without having + + align:start position:0% +shorter distance without without having + + + align:start position:0% +shorter distance without without having +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +to uh go to that donut shop so in other + + align:start position:0% +to uh go to that donut shop so in other + + + align:start position:0% +to uh go to that donut shop so in other +words + + align:start position:0% +words + + + align:start position:0% +words +each one of these donut shops has a + + align:start position:0% +each one of these donut shops has a + + + align:start position:0% +each one of these donut shops has a +different k + + align:start position:0% +different k + + + align:start position:0% +different k +right a different radius that momar will + + align:start position:0% +right a different radius that momar will + + + align:start position:0% +right a different radius that momar will +allow + + align:start position:0% +allow + + + align:start position:0% +allow +is there any way to generalize this + + align:start position:0% +is there any way to generalize this + + + align:start position:0% +is there any way to generalize this +technique + + align:start position:0% +technique + + + align:start position:0% +technique +to be able to prune all of those + + align:start position:0% +to be able to prune all of those + + + align:start position:0% +to be able to prune all of those +vertices instead + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ah all of these had weight zero before + + align:start position:0% +ah all of these had weight zero before + + + align:start position:0% +ah all of these had weight zero before +the same weight i mean the algorithm + + align:start position:0% +the same weight i mean the algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +the same weight i mean the algorithm +would have worked for any weight i put + + align:start position:0% +would have worked for any weight i put + + + align:start position:0% +would have worked for any weight i put +on all of these edges + + align:start position:0% +on all of these edges + + + align:start position:0% +on all of these edges +as long as i search the distance that + + align:start position:0% +as long as i search the distance that + + + align:start position:0% +as long as i search the distance that +weight plus k + + align:start position:0% +weight plus k + + + align:start position:0% +weight plus k +right here i can just make the distance + + align:start position:0% +right here i can just make the distance + + + align:start position:0% +right here i can just make the distance +of this + + align:start position:0% +of this + + + align:start position:0% +of this +frontier for each one of the the donut + + align:start position:0% +frontier for each one of the the donut + + + align:start position:0% +frontier for each one of the the donut +shops the same + + align:start position:0% +shops the same + + + align:start position:0% +shops the same +by modifying the distance to the of the + + align:start position:0% +by modifying the distance to the of the + + + align:start position:0% +by modifying the distance to the of the +incoming edge + + align:start position:0% +incoming edge + + + align:start position:0% +incoming edge +right so i can set the length + + align:start position:0% +right so i can set the length + + + align:start position:0% +right so i can set the length +uh the disc the weight from the to the + + align:start position:0% +uh the disc the weight from the to the + + + align:start position:0% +uh the disc the weight from the to the +donut shop + + align:start position:0% +donut shop + + + align:start position:0% +donut shop +with the largest radius to zero + + align:start position:0% +with the largest radius to zero + + + align:start position:0% +with the largest radius to zero +and then put the difference between the + + align:start position:0% +and then put the difference between the + + + align:start position:0% +and then put the difference between the +largest radius to all the other ones + + align:start position:0% +largest radius to all the other ones + + + align:start position:0% +largest radius to all the other ones +i put that as the weight on the other + + align:start position:0% +i put that as the weight on the other + + + align:start position:0% +i put that as the weight on the other +edges + + align:start position:0% +edges + + + align:start position:0% +edges +and then we still have a graph with + + align:start position:0% +and then we still have a graph with + + + align:start position:0% +and then we still have a graph with +positive edge weights + + align:start position:0% +positive edge weights + + + align:start position:0% +positive edge weights +and i can run dijkstra from this and + + align:start position:0% +and i can run dijkstra from this and + + + align:start position:0% +and i can run dijkstra from this and +that would generalize this problem + + align:start position:0% +that would generalize this problem + + + align:start position:0% +that would generalize this problem +and something that we've done in some + + align:start position:0% +and something that we've done in some + + + align:start position:0% +and something that we've done in some +practice exams and or in in exams + + align:start position:0% +practice exams and or in in exams + + + align:start position:0% +practice exams and or in in exams +and problem sets in the past okay so + + align:start position:0% +and problem sets in the past okay so + + + align:start position:0% +and problem sets in the past okay so +that's another common + + align:start position:0% +that's another common + + + align:start position:0% +that's another common +way so we filter + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +filter uh forbidden + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's two b's in forbidden or two d's + + align:start position:0% +there's two b's in forbidden or two d's + + + align:start position:0% +there's two b's in forbidden or two d's +two d's there's a three ds + + align:start position:0% +two d's there's a three ds + + + align:start position:0% +two d's there's a three ds +right vertices + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +by using + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +supernode + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plus one run of dijkstra + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +those are the extra letters okay so on + + align:start position:0% +those are the extra letters okay so on + + + align:start position:0% +those are the extra letters okay so on +your exam + + align:start position:0% +your exam + + + align:start position:0% +your exam +you would probably want to be a little + + align:start position:0% +you would probably want to be a little + + + align:start position:0% +you would probably want to be a little +bit more explicit this is this is a + + align:start position:0% +bit more explicit this is this is a + + + align:start position:0% +bit more explicit this is this is a +summary of the things that we just + + align:start position:0% +summary of the things that we just + + + align:start position:0% +summary of the things that we just +talked about i just + + align:start position:0% +talked about i just + + + align:start position:0% +talked about i just +you know talked 10 minutes about the + + align:start position:0% +you know talked 10 minutes about the + + + align:start position:0% +you know talked 10 minutes about the +algorithm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but it doesn't hurt to add a summary at + + align:start position:0% +but it doesn't hurt to add a summary at + + + align:start position:0% +but it doesn't hurt to add a summary at +the top of what you're going to write + + align:start position:0% +the top of what you're going to write + + + align:start position:0% +the top of what you're going to write +this is the approach that we're going to + + align:start position:0% +this is the approach that we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +this is the approach that we're going to +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +we're going to filter out the vertices + + align:start position:0% +we're going to filter out the vertices + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to filter out the vertices +from g + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +essentially by running dijkstra from + + align:start position:0% +essentially by running dijkstra from + + + align:start position:0% +essentially by running dijkstra from +each of these + + align:start position:0% +each of these + + + align:start position:0% +each of these +these donut chops but we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +these donut chops but we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +these donut chops but we're going to do +it in parallel by adding the super node + + align:start position:0% +it in parallel by adding the super node + + + align:start position:0% +it in parallel by adding the super node +okay so actually on + + align:start position:0% +okay so actually on + + + align:start position:0% +okay so actually on +another uh uh + + align:start position:0% +another uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +another uh uh +recommendation i have for you on an exam + + align:start position:0% +recommendation i have for you on an exam + + + align:start position:0% +recommendation i have for you on an exam +is that almost any problem that we give + + align:start position:0% +is that almost any problem that we give + + + align:start position:0% +is that almost any problem that we give +you in this class + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +can get 80 to 90 of the points + + align:start position:0% +can get 80 to 90 of the points + + + align:start position:0% +can get 80 to 90 of the points +by writing like maybe three lines + + align:start position:0% +by writing like maybe three lines + + + align:start position:0% +by writing like maybe three lines +right almost and maybe not some of the + + align:start position:0% +right almost and maybe not some of the + + + align:start position:0% +right almost and maybe not some of the +data structures problems + + align:start position:0% +data structures problems + + + align:start position:0% +data structures problems +but almost any question in this class + + align:start position:0% +but almost any question in this class + + + align:start position:0% +but almost any question in this class +can + + align:start position:0% +can + + + align:start position:0% +can +like uh can be solved + + align:start position:0% +like uh can be solved + + + align:start position:0% +like uh can be solved +with not all of the the points but most + + align:start position:0% +with not all of the the points but most + + + align:start position:0% +with not all of the the points but most +of the points + + align:start position:0% +of the points + + + align:start position:0% +of the points +by just writing a couple lines that we + + align:start position:0% +by just writing a couple lines that we + + + align:start position:0% +by just writing a couple lines that we +know that you know how to solve the + + align:start position:0% +know that you know how to solve the + + + align:start position:0% +know that you know how to solve the +problem + + align:start position:0% +problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem +right and this + + align:start position:0% +right and this + + + align:start position:0% +right and this +this would be one of those situations + + align:start position:0% +this would be one of those situations + + + align:start position:0% +this would be one of those situations +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +now i would want to give you full points + + align:start position:0% +now i would want to give you full points + + + align:start position:0% +now i would want to give you full points +i would want all the details here + + align:start position:0% +i would want all the details here + + + align:start position:0% +i would want all the details here +did i construct a new graph i add this + + align:start position:0% +did i construct a new graph i add this + + + align:start position:0% +did i construct a new graph i add this +vertex here + + align:start position:0% +vertex here + + + align:start position:0% +vertex here +i have to add edges to each of the d + + align:start position:0% +i have to add edges to each of the d + + + align:start position:0% +i have to add edges to each of the d +things + + align:start position:0% +things + + + align:start position:0% +things +but i've only added d more edges and one + + align:start position:0% +but i've only added d more edges and one + + + align:start position:0% +but i've only added d more edges and one +more vertex so it still has this + + align:start position:0% +more vertex so it still has this + + + align:start position:0% +more vertex so it still has this +linear size in my input right + + align:start position:0% +linear size in my input right + + + align:start position:0% +linear size in my input right +and then i want to say that i'm you know + + align:start position:0% +and then i want to say that i'm you know + + + align:start position:0% +and then i want to say that i'm you know +putting the weights on here based on + + align:start position:0% +putting the weights on here based on + + + align:start position:0% +putting the weights on here based on +what the distance is now they're all the + + align:start position:0% +what the distance is now they're all the + + + align:start position:0% +what the distance is now they're all the +same weight because i don't have that + + align:start position:0% +same weight because i don't have that + + + align:start position:0% +same weight because i don't have that +generalization + + align:start position:0% +generalization + + + align:start position:0% +generalization +and then i run this thing and i remove + + align:start position:0% +and then i run this thing and i remove + + + align:start position:0% +and then i run this thing and i remove +all those graphs + + align:start position:0% +all those graphs + + + align:start position:0% +all those graphs +and construct a new graph from g right + + align:start position:0% +and construct a new graph from g right + + + align:start position:0% +and construct a new graph from g right +that's a third graph that i'm + + align:start position:0% +that's a third graph that i'm + + + align:start position:0% +that's a third graph that i'm +constructing now + + align:start position:0% +constructing now + + + align:start position:0% +constructing now +but notice that the graph that was + + align:start position:0% +but notice that the graph that was + + + align:start position:0% +but notice that the graph that was +implicit in my problem + + align:start position:0% +implicit in my problem + + + align:start position:0% +implicit in my problem +was very different than the graph that + + align:start position:0% +was very different than the graph that + + + align:start position:0% +was very different than the graph that +i'm ultimately running a shortest path + + align:start position:0% +i'm ultimately running a shortest path + + + align:start position:0% +i'm ultimately running a shortest path +algorithm + + align:start position:0% +algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm +like dijkstra from p to c if one a path + + align:start position:0% +like dijkstra from p to c if one a path + + + align:start position:0% +like dijkstra from p to c if one a path +exists + + align:start position:0% +exists + + + align:start position:0% +exists +does that make sense any questions on + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense any questions on + + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense any questions on +this problem + + align:start position:0% +this problem + + + align:start position:0% +this problem +all right we've got 20 minutes for my + + align:start position:0% +all right we've got 20 minutes for my + + + align:start position:0% +all right we've got 20 minutes for my +last problem + + align:start position:0% +last problem + + + align:start position:0% +last problem +uh man i'm not using + + align:start position:0% +uh man i'm not using + + + align:start position:0% +uh man i'm not using +i write much less than some of your + + align:start position:0% +i write much less than some of your + + + align:start position:0% +i write much less than some of your +other instructors + + align:start position:0% +other instructors + + + align:start position:0% +other instructors +so i like to talk more than i + + align:start position:0% +so i like to talk more than i + + + align:start position:0% +so i like to talk more than i +to write apparently okay so + + align:start position:0% +to write apparently okay so + + + align:start position:0% +to write apparently okay so +problem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +four let's take a look at this this + + align:start position:0% +four let's take a look at this this + + + align:start position:0% +four let's take a look at this this +one's one i made up last night + + align:start position:0% +one's one i made up last night + + + align:start position:0% +one's one i made up last night +kind of fun long shortest paths + + align:start position:0% +kind of fun long shortest paths + + + align:start position:0% +kind of fun long shortest paths +okay given a directed graph having + + align:start position:0% +okay given a directed graph having + + + align:start position:0% +okay given a directed graph having +arbitrary edge weights basically + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary edge weights basically + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary edge weights basically +these could be positive or negative or + + align:start position:0% +these could be positive or negative or + + + align:start position:0% +these could be positive or negative or +zero + + align:start position:0% +zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero +and two vertices from the graph describe + + align:start position:0% +and two vertices from the graph describe + + + align:start position:0% +and two vertices from the graph describe +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +v cubed time algorithm to find the + + align:start position:0% +v cubed time algorithm to find the + + + align:start position:0% +v cubed time algorithm to find the +minimum weight of any path from s to t + + align:start position:0% +minimum weight of any path from s to t + + + align:start position:0% +minimum weight of any path from s to t +okay that + + align:start position:0% +okay that + + + align:start position:0% +okay that +sounds like bellman ford right there but + + align:start position:0% +sounds like bellman ford right there but + + + align:start position:0% +sounds like bellman ford right there but +i have this last condition + + align:start position:0% +i have this last condition + + + align:start position:0% +i have this last condition +and the last condition is a little weird + + align:start position:0% +and the last condition is a little weird + + + align:start position:0% +and the last condition is a little weird +containing + + align:start position:0% +containing + + + align:start position:0% +containing +at least the edges + + align:start position:0% +at least the edges + + + align:start position:0% +at least the edges +so i want a short path in terms of + + align:start position:0% +so i want a short path in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +so i want a short path in terms of +weight + + align:start position:0% +weight + + + align:start position:0% +weight +but i want a long path in some sense + + align:start position:0% +but i want a long path in some sense + + + align:start position:0% +but i want a long path in some sense +in terms of the number of edges i + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the number of edges i + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the number of edges i +traverse + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +does that make sense so of all paths + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense so of all paths + + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense so of all paths +having at least + + align:start position:0% +having at least + + + align:start position:0% +having at least +the edges i want a shortest one among + + align:start position:0% +the edges i want a shortest one among + + + align:start position:0% +the edges i want a shortest one among +them + + align:start position:0% +them + + + align:start position:0% +them +in terms of weight this is a weird + + align:start position:0% +in terms of weight this is a weird + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of weight this is a weird +freaking problem + + align:start position:0% +freaking problem + + + align:start position:0% +freaking problem +right usually we're not trying to do + + align:start position:0% +right usually we're not trying to do + + + align:start position:0% +right usually we're not trying to do +this max min kind of thing + + align:start position:0% +this max min kind of thing + + + align:start position:0% +this max min kind of thing +we've got two different quantities here + + align:start position:0% +we've got two different quantities here + + + align:start position:0% +we've got two different quantities here +we're trying to optimize + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anyone have any ideas on how i could + + align:start position:0% +anyone have any ideas on how i could + + + align:start position:0% +anyone have any ideas on how i could +approach this problem + + align:start position:0% +approach this problem + + + align:start position:0% +approach this problem +what does this sound what does the at + + align:start position:0% +what does this sound what does the at + + + align:start position:0% +what does this sound what does the at +least v edges + + align:start position:0% +least v edges + + + align:start position:0% +least v edges +sound kind of similar to that we might + + align:start position:0% +sound kind of similar to that we might + + + align:start position:0% +sound kind of similar to that we might +talked about in lecture + + align:start position:0% +talked about in lecture + + + align:start position:0% +talked about in lecture +uh so uh when we were talking about min + + align:start position:0% +uh so uh when we were talking about min + + + align:start position:0% +uh so uh when we were talking about min +ford we defined this thing called a + + align:start position:0% +ford we defined this thing called a + + + align:start position:0% +ford we defined this thing called a +k edge weight right is the weight of any + + align:start position:0% +k edge weight right is the weight of any + + + align:start position:0% +k edge weight right is the weight of any +path using at most + + align:start position:0% +path using at most + + + align:start position:0% +path using at most +k edges this kind of edge constraint + + align:start position:0% +k edges this kind of edge constraint + + + align:start position:0% +k edges this kind of edge constraint +seems similar except it's kind of the + + align:start position:0% +seems similar except it's kind of the + + + align:start position:0% +seems similar except it's kind of the +reverse + + align:start position:0% +reverse + + + align:start position:0% +reverse +it's not at least it's a mo it's a it's + + align:start position:0% +it's not at least it's a mo it's a it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's not at least it's a mo it's a it's +not at most it's at least + + align:start position:0% +not at most it's at least + + + align:start position:0% +not at most it's at least +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well here's an observation i have for + + align:start position:0% +well here's an observation i have for + + + align:start position:0% +well here's an observation i have for +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +if i want a a path that goes through at + + align:start position:0% +if i want a a path that goes through at + + + align:start position:0% +if i want a a path that goes through at +least + + align:start position:0% +least + + + align:start position:0% +least +the edges some prefix of that pass + + align:start position:0% +the edges some prefix of that pass + + + align:start position:0% +the edges some prefix of that pass +path uses exactly the edges + + align:start position:0% +path uses exactly the edges + + + align:start position:0% +path uses exactly the edges +right that makes sense right so maybe it + + align:start position:0% +right that makes sense right so maybe it + + + align:start position:0% +right that makes sense right so maybe it +makes sense for me to + + align:start position:0% +makes sense for me to + + + align:start position:0% +makes sense for me to +maybe it might make this problem easier + + align:start position:0% +maybe it might make this problem easier + + + align:start position:0% +maybe it might make this problem easier +if it's not at least the edges but if + + align:start position:0% +if it's not at least the edges but if + + + align:start position:0% +if it's not at least the edges but if +it's exactly the edges + + align:start position:0% +it's exactly the edges + + + align:start position:0% +it's exactly the edges +maybe i think about it that way that + + align:start position:0% +maybe i think about it that way that + + + align:start position:0% +maybe i think about it that way that +that seemed a reasonable + + align:start position:0% +that seemed a reasonable + + + align:start position:0% +that seemed a reasonable +other way to think about this problem i + + align:start position:0% +other way to think about this problem i + + + align:start position:0% +other way to think about this problem i +knew how to do + + align:start position:0% +knew how to do + + + align:start position:0% +knew how to do +up to a certain set of edges + + align:start position:0% +up to a certain set of edges + + + align:start position:0% +up to a certain set of edges +here we're asking for at most + + align:start position:0% +here we're asking for at most + + + align:start position:0% +here we're asking for at most +maybe the thing in between is a little + + align:start position:0% +maybe the thing in between is a little + + + align:start position:0% +maybe the thing in between is a little +easier to think about + + align:start position:0% +easier to think about + + + align:start position:0% +easier to think about +okay so what we're doing we're given a + + align:start position:0% +okay so what we're doing we're given a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what we're doing we're given a +graph + + align:start position:0% +graph + + + align:start position:0% +graph +g it has any + + align:start position:0% +g it has any + + + align:start position:0% +g it has any +weights + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's possible that this graph has e + + align:start position:0% +it's possible that this graph has e + + + align:start position:0% +it's possible that this graph has e +lower bounded by a quadratic in the + + align:start position:0% +lower bounded by a quadratic in the + + + align:start position:0% +lower bounded by a quadratic in the +vertices right i have no restrictions on + + align:start position:0% +vertices right i have no restrictions on + + + align:start position:0% +vertices right i have no restrictions on +how many edges this thing could be and + + align:start position:0% +how many edges this thing could be and + + + align:start position:0% +how many edges this thing could be and +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +the worst thing i could have is that + + align:start position:0% +the worst thing i could have is that + + + align:start position:0% +the worst thing i could have is that +this thing i mean my graphs are simple + + align:start position:0% +this thing i mean my graphs are simple + + + align:start position:0% +this thing i mean my graphs are simple +the worst thing i could do is have this + + align:start position:0% +the worst thing i could do is have this + + + align:start position:0% +the worst thing i could do is have this +be quadratic + + align:start position:0% +be quadratic + + + align:start position:0% +be quadratic +in the number of edges say if it's the + + align:start position:0% +in the number of edges say if it's the + + + align:start position:0% +in the number of edges say if it's the +complete graph that's the maximum number + + align:start position:0% +complete graph that's the maximum number + + + align:start position:0% +complete graph that's the maximum number +of edges that i could have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and i'm trying to find in my graph + + align:start position:0% +and i'm trying to find in my graph + + + align:start position:0% +and i'm trying to find in my graph +a path that uses a lot of vertices + + align:start position:0% +a path that uses a lot of vertices + + + align:start position:0% +a path that uses a lot of vertices +but has small weight now what's another + + align:start position:0% +but has small weight now what's another + + + align:start position:0% +but has small weight now what's another +thing to notice here + + align:start position:0% +thing to notice here + + + align:start position:0% +thing to notice here +is if i use at least v edges can my path + + align:start position:0% +is if i use at least v edges can my path + + + align:start position:0% +is if i use at least v edges can my path +be simple + + align:start position:0% +be simple + + + align:start position:0% +be simple +no right because i need to use at least + + align:start position:0% +no right because i need to use at least + + + align:start position:0% +no right because i need to use at least +v plus one vertices + + align:start position:0% +v plus one vertices + + + align:start position:0% +v plus one vertices +and there are that's more than the + + align:start position:0% +and there are that's more than the + + + align:start position:0% +and there are that's more than the +vertices i have in the graph + + align:start position:0% +vertices i have in the graph + + + align:start position:0% +vertices i have in the graph +obviously right now it could go through + + align:start position:0% +obviously right now it could go through + + + align:start position:0% +obviously right now it could go through +vertices more than once + + align:start position:0% +vertices more than once + + + align:start position:0% +vertices more than once +but it's definitely not going to be a + + align:start position:0% +but it's definitely not going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +but it's definitely not going to be a +simple path okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what's one thing like here's + + align:start position:0% +so what's one thing like here's + + + align:start position:0% +so what's one thing like here's +what if there's a negative weight cycle + + align:start position:0% +what if there's a negative weight cycle + + + align:start position:0% +what if there's a negative weight cycle +in my graph + + align:start position:0% +in my graph + + + align:start position:0% +in my graph +what's the minimum weight of any path + + align:start position:0% +what's the minimum weight of any path + + + align:start position:0% +what's the minimum weight of any path +from s to t + + align:start position:0% +from s to t + + + align:start position:0% +from s to t +if the negative weight cycle is + + align:start position:0% +if the negative weight cycle is + + + align:start position:0% +if the negative weight cycle is +reachable from s + + align:start position:0% +reachable from s + + + align:start position:0% +reachable from s +reachable on a path from s to t what is + + align:start position:0% +reachable on a path from s to t what is + + + align:start position:0% +reachable on a path from s to t what is +the answer to my problem then + + align:start position:0% +the answer to my problem then + + + align:start position:0% +the answer to my problem then +negative infinity right because + + align:start position:0% +negative infinity right because + + + align:start position:0% +negative infinity right because +certainly + + align:start position:0% +certainly + + + align:start position:0% +certainly +an infinite length path is going to use + + align:start position:0% +an infinite length path is going to use + + + align:start position:0% +an infinite length path is going to use +an infinite number of edges + + align:start position:0% +an infinite number of edges + + + align:start position:0% +an infinite number of edges +right if it's going arbitrarily long + + align:start position:0% +right if it's going arbitrarily long + + + align:start position:0% +right if it's going arbitrarily long +that's i then i can just run bellman + + align:start position:0% +that's i then i can just run bellman + + + align:start position:0% +that's i then i can just run bellman +ford right so that's one thing i can do + + align:start position:0% +ford right so that's one thing i can do + + + align:start position:0% +ford right so that's one thing i can do +i can just + + align:start position:0% +i can just + + + align:start position:0% +i can just +run bellman ford on this graph i have + + align:start position:0% +run bellman ford on this graph i have + + + align:start position:0% +run bellman ford on this graph i have +enough time to do that because + + align:start position:0% +enough time to do that because + + + align:start position:0% +enough time to do that because +e is upper bounded by v squared and i + + align:start position:0% +e is upper bounded by v squared and i + + + align:start position:0% +e is upper bounded by v squared and i +have v cube time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and if there's a negative weight cycle + + align:start position:0% +and if there's a negative weight cycle + + + align:start position:0% +and if there's a negative weight cycle +in my graph i can know + + align:start position:0% +in my graph i can know + + + align:start position:0% +in my graph i can know +that the minimum weight of any path is + + align:start position:0% +that the minimum weight of any path is + + + align:start position:0% +that the minimum weight of any path is +minus infinity + + align:start position:0% +minus infinity + + + align:start position:0% +minus infinity +i detect that that's the case if if if + + align:start position:0% +i detect that that's the case if if if + + + align:start position:0% +i detect that that's the case if if if +basically + + align:start position:0% +basically + + + align:start position:0% +basically +t is reachable from s with a minimum + + align:start position:0% +t is reachable from s with a minimum + + + align:start position:0% +t is reachable from s with a minimum +shortest path distance + + align:start position:0% +shortest path distance + + + align:start position:0% +shortest path distance +minus infinity that the path that + + align:start position:0% +minus infinity that the path that + + + align:start position:0% +minus infinity that the path that +achieves that is going to have more than + + align:start position:0% +achieves that is going to have more than + + + align:start position:0% +achieves that is going to have more than +v + + align:start position:0% +v + + + align:start position:0% +v +edges so you know i'm done and that no + + align:start position:0% +edges so you know i'm done and that no + + + align:start position:0% +edges so you know i'm done and that no +path actually achieves that but + + align:start position:0% +path actually achieves that but + + + align:start position:0% +path actually achieves that but +you know that's the in the in fema + + align:start position:0% +you know that's the in the in fema + + + align:start position:0% +you know that's the in the in fema +yeah supremum supreme or infimum sorry + + align:start position:0% +yeah supremum supreme or infimum sorry + + + align:start position:0% +yeah supremum supreme or infimum sorry +we're going lower bound i'm thinking of + + align:start position:0% +we're going lower bound i'm thinking of + + + align:start position:0% +we're going lower bound i'm thinking of +long paths though so the + + align:start position:0% +long paths though so the + + + align:start position:0% +long paths though so the +number of edges is approaching infinity + + align:start position:0% +number of edges is approaching infinity + + + align:start position:0% +number of edges is approaching infinity +okay but in the context where i don't + + align:start position:0% +okay but in the context where i don't + + + align:start position:0% +okay but in the context where i don't +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +negative weight cycles actually one of + + align:start position:0% +negative weight cycles actually one of + + + align:start position:0% +negative weight cycles actually one of +the things we + + align:start position:0% +the things we + + + align:start position:0% +the things we +showed was that if you're + + align:start position:0% +showed was that if you're + + + align:start position:0% +showed was that if you're +reachable not through a negative weight + + align:start position:0% +reachable not through a negative weight + + + align:start position:0% +reachable not through a negative weight +cycle or if no negative weight cycle is + + align:start position:0% +cycle or if no negative weight cycle is + + + align:start position:0% +cycle or if no negative weight cycle is +traversable from s to t then my shortest + + align:start position:0% +traversable from s to t then my shortest + + + align:start position:0% +traversable from s to t then my shortest +path is going to be + + align:start position:0% +path is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +path is going to be +simple but that doesn't seem to apply + + align:start position:0% +simple but that doesn't seem to apply + + + align:start position:0% +simple but that doesn't seem to apply +here either because + + align:start position:0% +here either because + + + align:start position:0% +here either because +we need to have a non-simple path so + + align:start position:0% +we need to have a non-simple path so + + + align:start position:0% +we need to have a non-simple path so +what do we do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let's go back to this idea of trying + + align:start position:0% +so let's go back to this idea of trying + + + align:start position:0% +so let's go back to this idea of trying +to figure out the minimum weight of any + + align:start position:0% +to figure out the minimum weight of any + + + align:start position:0% +to figure out the minimum weight of any +path + + align:start position:0% +path + + + align:start position:0% +path +using exactly the edges can we use some + + align:start position:0% +using exactly the edges can we use some + + + align:start position:0% +using exactly the edges can we use some +of the tricks that we had in bellman + + align:start position:0% +of the tricks that we had in bellman + + + align:start position:0% +of the tricks that we had in bellman +ford + + align:start position:0% +ford + + + align:start position:0% +ford +when we're keeping track of the number + + align:start position:0% +when we're keeping track of the number + + + align:start position:0% +when we're keeping track of the number +of edges we're going through at a given + + align:start position:0% +of edges we're going through at a given + + + align:start position:0% +of edges we're going through at a given +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +that's the idea right + + align:start position:0% +that's the idea right + + + align:start position:0% +that's the idea right +if we have a vertex + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if we have a new vertex for each vertex + + align:start position:0% +if we have a new vertex for each vertex + + + align:start position:0% +if we have a new vertex for each vertex +different versions of it that talk about + + align:start position:0% +different versions of it that talk about + + + align:start position:0% +different versions of it that talk about +exactly + + align:start position:0% +exactly + + + align:start position:0% +exactly +how many edges i went through then maybe + + align:start position:0% +how many edges i went through then maybe + + + align:start position:0% +how many edges i went through then maybe +i could keep track of this while i'm i'm + + align:start position:0% +i could keep track of this while i'm i'm + + + align:start position:0% +i could keep track of this while i'm i'm +working on this graph + + align:start position:0% +working on this graph + + + align:start position:0% +working on this graph +right so so let's say i have multiple + + align:start position:0% +right so so let's say i have multiple + + + align:start position:0% +right so so let's say i have multiple +layers + + align:start position:0% +layers + + + align:start position:0% +layers +of the graph this is the idea + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +maybe we start at level level 0 + + align:start position:0% +maybe we start at level level 0 + + + align:start position:0% +maybe we start at level level 0 +down here to level how many edges do i + + align:start position:0% +down here to level how many edges do i + + + align:start position:0% +down here to level how many edges do i +want i want v + + align:start position:0% +want i want v + + + align:start position:0% +want i want v +plus 1 vertices so i'm going to have v + + align:start position:0% +plus 1 vertices so i'm going to have v + + + align:start position:0% +plus 1 vertices so i'm going to have v +plus 1 levels which is v right so + + align:start position:0% +plus 1 levels which is v right so + + + align:start position:0% +plus 1 levels which is v right so +a level here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +v how many levels are there there's v + + align:start position:0% +v how many levels are there there's v + + + align:start position:0% +v how many levels are there there's v +plus the zero + + align:start position:0% +plus the zero + + + align:start position:0% +plus the zero +yeah and so there i'm going to have + + align:start position:0% +yeah and so there i'm going to have + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and so there i'm going to have +for every edge in my graph i'm going to + + align:start position:0% +for every edge in my graph i'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +for every edge in my graph i'm going to +take + + align:start position:0% +take + + + align:start position:0% +take +it so this is a directed graph right so + + align:start position:0% +it so this is a directed graph right so + + + align:start position:0% +it so this is a directed graph right so +i direct it down + + align:start position:0% +i direct it down + + + align:start position:0% +i direct it down +into the next level for each + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +version of this graph that i have + + align:start position:0% +version of this graph that i have + + + align:start position:0% +version of this graph that i have +i take that edge that was originally + + align:start position:0% +i take that edge that was originally + + + align:start position:0% +i take that edge that was originally +between u and v + + align:start position:0% +between u and v + + + align:start position:0% +between u and v +here in the graph right it was + + align:start position:0% +here in the graph right it was + + + align:start position:0% +here in the graph right it was +originally + + align:start position:0% +originally + + + align:start position:0% +originally +here in g but here i've pointed all of + + align:start position:0% +here in g but here i've pointed all of + + + align:start position:0% +here in g but here i've pointed all of +those edges downward + + align:start position:0% +those edges downward + + + align:start position:0% +those edges downward +okay isn't that what we did in bowman + + align:start position:0% +okay isn't that what we did in bowman + + + align:start position:0% +okay isn't that what we did in bowman +ford + + align:start position:0% +ford + + + align:start position:0% +ford +we made one other addition in bellman + + align:start position:0% +we made one other addition in bellman + + + align:start position:0% +we made one other addition in bellman +ford + + align:start position:0% +ford + + + align:start position:0% +ford +to make it be the at most + + align:start position:0% +to make it be the at most + + + align:start position:0% +to make it be the at most +property right what was that + + align:start position:0% +property right what was that + + + align:start position:0% +property right what was that +transformation we did + + align:start position:0% +transformation we did + + + align:start position:0% +transformation we did +we had zero eight edges going from each + + align:start position:0% +we had zero eight edges going from each + + + align:start position:0% +we had zero eight edges going from each +vertex to another right it meant that we + + align:start position:0% +vertex to another right it meant that we + + + align:start position:0% +vertex to another right it meant that we +didn't have to traverse an edge + + align:start position:0% +didn't have to traverse an edge + + + align:start position:0% +didn't have to traverse an edge +right but here if we don't add those + + align:start position:0% +right but here if we don't add those + + + align:start position:0% +right but here if we don't add those +edges actually this transformation gives + + align:start position:0% +edges actually this transformation gives + + + align:start position:0% +edges actually this transformation gives +us that + + align:start position:0% +us that + + + align:start position:0% +us that +any path that goes through v edges + + align:start position:0% +any path that goes through v edges + + + align:start position:0% +any path that goes through v edges +will be some path from a vertex in + + align:start position:0% +will be some path from a vertex in + + + align:start position:0% +will be some path from a vertex in +layer 0 to a vertex in layer v + + align:start position:0% +layer 0 to a vertex in layer v + + + align:start position:0% +layer 0 to a vertex in layer v +right just because to get down here i + + align:start position:0% +right just because to get down here i + + + align:start position:0% +right just because to get down here i +had to traverse + + align:start position:0% +had to traverse + + + align:start position:0% +had to traverse +exactly the edges and they're the edges + + align:start position:0% +exactly the edges and they're the edges + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the edges and they're the edges +of my original graph + + align:start position:0% +of my original graph + + + align:start position:0% +of my original graph +now notice this encodes + + align:start position:0% +now notice this encodes + + + align:start position:0% +now notice this encodes +non-simple paths as well right because + + align:start position:0% +non-simple paths as well right because + + + align:start position:0% +non-simple paths as well right because +these non + + align:start position:0% +these non + + + align:start position:0% +these non +these things could go i could go here + + align:start position:0% +these things could go i could go here + + + align:start position:0% +these things could go i could go here +and back to you and back to v + + align:start position:0% +and back to you and back to v + + + align:start position:0% +and back to you and back to v +and back to you if i had a cycle in my + + align:start position:0% +and back to you if i had a cycle in my + + + align:start position:0% +and back to you if i had a cycle in my +graph + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but right actually what kind of graph is + + align:start position:0% +but right actually what kind of graph is + + + align:start position:0% +but right actually what kind of graph is +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +this is a dac right so this is dag + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh maybe i call this g prime + + align:start position:0% +uh maybe i call this g prime + + + align:start position:0% +uh maybe i call this g prime +how many vertices are in g prime + + align:start position:0% +how many vertices are in g prime + + + align:start position:0% +how many vertices are in g prime +v times v plus 1 right so i'm going to + + align:start position:0% +v times v plus 1 right so i'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +v times v plus 1 right so i'm going to +say order + + align:start position:0% +say order + + + align:start position:0% +say order +v squared and how many edges are on my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +graph + + align:start position:0% +graph + + + align:start position:0% +graph +v times e right i i copied + + align:start position:0% +v times e right i i copied + + + align:start position:0% +v times e right i i copied +every edge made it directed down between + + align:start position:0% +every edge made it directed down between + + + align:start position:0% +every edge made it directed down between +each level there are + + align:start position:0% +each level there are + + + align:start position:0% +each level there are +v transitions between levels and i copy + + align:start position:0% +v transitions between levels and i copy + + + align:start position:0% +v transitions between levels and i copy +each edge + + align:start position:0% +each edge + + + align:start position:0% +each edge +for each of those so the number of edges + + align:start position:0% +for each of those so the number of edges + + + align:start position:0% +for each of those so the number of edges +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +order v times e + + align:start position:0% +order v times e + + + align:start position:0% +order v times e +okay so this graph is blown up + + align:start position:0% +okay so this graph is blown up + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this graph is blown up +there's a lot of things in this graph + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of things in this graph + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of things in this graph +but i notice that you know this graph + + align:start position:0% +but i notice that you know this graph + + + align:start position:0% +but i notice that you know this graph +has size + + align:start position:0% +has size + + + align:start position:0% +has size +order v cubed is what we're going for + + align:start position:0% +order v cubed is what we're going for + + + align:start position:0% +order v cubed is what we're going for +so i can afford to construct this graph + + align:start position:0% +so i can afford to construct this graph + + + align:start position:0% +so i can afford to construct this graph +since v is actually also + + align:start position:0% +since v is actually also + + + align:start position:0% +since v is actually also +upper bounded by v squared by simplicity + + align:start position:0% +upper bounded by v squared by simplicity + + + align:start position:0% +upper bounded by v squared by simplicity +right okay so we have this graph + + align:start position:0% +right okay so we have this graph + + + align:start position:0% +right okay so we have this graph +we could find our our vertex + + align:start position:0% +we could find our our vertex + + + align:start position:0% +we could find our our vertex +s here as 0 up here + + align:start position:0% +s here as 0 up here + + + align:start position:0% +s here as 0 up here +and we could afford to compute the + + align:start position:0% +and we could afford to compute the + + + align:start position:0% +and we could afford to compute the +shortest path + + align:start position:0% +shortest path + + + align:start position:0% +shortest path +distance to all other vertices using + + align:start position:0% +distance to all other vertices using + + + align:start position:0% +distance to all other vertices using +exactly the edges + + align:start position:0% +exactly the edges + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the edges +in my graph exactly right + + align:start position:0% +in my graph exactly right + + + align:start position:0% +in my graph exactly right +that's what we could do i can + + align:start position:0% +that's what we could do i can + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we could do i can +find everything reachable from s + + align:start position:0% +find everything reachable from s + + + align:start position:0% +find everything reachable from s +0 in this graph and calculate the + + align:start position:0% +0 in this graph and calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +0 in this graph and calculate the +shortest path + + align:start position:0% +shortest path + + + align:start position:0% +shortest path +down here at the bottom so i can do that + + align:start position:0% +down here at the bottom so i can do that + + + align:start position:0% +down here at the bottom so i can do that +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +v cube time because dag relaxation is + + align:start position:0% +v cube time because dag relaxation is + + + align:start position:0% +v cube time because dag relaxation is +linear in the size of the graph + + align:start position:0% +linear in the size of the graph + + + align:start position:0% +linear in the size of the graph +but that's not what the problem's asking + + align:start position:0% +but that's not what the problem's asking + + + align:start position:0% +but that's not what the problem's asking +me unfortunately + + align:start position:0% +me unfortunately + + + align:start position:0% +me unfortunately +right uh in particular i could find the + + align:start position:0% +right uh in particular i could find the + + + align:start position:0% +right uh in particular i could find the +path to t + + align:start position:0% +path to t + + + align:start position:0% +path to t +to t v and that would give me + + align:start position:0% +to t v and that would give me + + + align:start position:0% +to t v and that would give me +the shortest path using exactly the + + align:start position:0% +the shortest path using exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +the shortest path using exactly the +edges but that's not what i'm asking for + + align:start position:0% +edges but that's not what i'm asking for + + + align:start position:0% +edges but that's not what i'm asking for +i'm asking for at least + + align:start position:0% +i'm asking for at least + + + align:start position:0% +i'm asking for at least +so it's possible that i get down here to + + align:start position:0% +so it's possible that i get down here to + + + align:start position:0% +so it's possible that i get down here to +some other vertex + + align:start position:0% +some other vertex + + + align:start position:0% +some other vertex +and maybe there's a negative weight path + + align:start position:0% +and maybe there's a negative weight path + + + align:start position:0% +and maybe there's a negative weight path +going to t and i want to be able to find + + align:start position:0% +going to t and i want to be able to find + + + align:start position:0% +going to t and i want to be able to find +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so how can i do that how can i allow + + align:start position:0% +so how can i do that how can i allow + + + align:start position:0% +so how can i do that how can i allow +paths to continue + + align:start position:0% +paths to continue + + + align:start position:0% +paths to continue +past this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +an arbitrary amount + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i could have more layers right right + + align:start position:0% +i could have more layers right right + + + align:start position:0% +i could have more layers right right +actually + + align:start position:0% +actually + + + align:start position:0% +actually +simple paths uh from + + align:start position:0% +simple paths uh from + + + align:start position:0% +simple paths uh from +any ver i mean shortest paths that are + + align:start position:0% +any ver i mean shortest paths that are + + + align:start position:0% +any ver i mean shortest paths that are +simple + + align:start position:0% +simple + + + align:start position:0% +simple +right that use fewer edges right here + + align:start position:0% +right that use fewer edges right here + + + align:start position:0% +right that use fewer edges right here +here i'm not restricted on the number of + + align:start position:0% +here i'm not restricted on the number of + + + align:start position:0% +here i'm not restricted on the number of +edges i use + + align:start position:0% +edges i use + + + align:start position:0% +edges i use +right so shortest paths in this graph + + align:start position:0% +right so shortest paths in this graph + + + align:start position:0% +right so shortest paths in this graph +are going to be simple because there's + + align:start position:0% +are going to be simple because there's + + + align:start position:0% +are going to be simple because there's +no negative i've already i can already + + align:start position:0% +no negative i've already i can already + + + align:start position:0% +no negative i've already i can already +like throw away the case where i have + + align:start position:0% +like throw away the case where i have + + + align:start position:0% +like throw away the case where i have +negative cycles because i ran bellman + + align:start position:0% +negative cycles because i ran bellman + + + align:start position:0% +negative cycles because i ran bellman +ford at the beginning + + align:start position:0% +ford at the beginning + + + align:start position:0% +ford at the beginning +right i can + + align:start position:0% +right i can + + + align:start position:0% +right i can +uh i so i know that i'm going to want + + align:start position:0% +uh i so i know that i'm going to want + + + align:start position:0% +uh i so i know that i'm going to want +a short pat a simple path + + align:start position:0% +a short pat a simple path + + + align:start position:0% +a short pat a simple path +after i've reached the edges + + align:start position:0% +after i've reached the edges + + + align:start position:0% +after i've reached the edges +because it's never going to be + + align:start position:0% +because it's never going to be + + + align:start position:0% +because it's never going to be +beneficial to me to + + align:start position:0% +beneficial to me to + + + align:start position:0% +beneficial to me to +come back to a vertex because that will + + align:start position:0% +come back to a vertex because that will + + + align:start position:0% +come back to a vertex because that will +be a path of + + align:start position:0% +be a path of + + + align:start position:0% +be a path of +longer weight right this is the the kind + + align:start position:0% +longer weight right this is the the kind + + + align:start position:0% +longer weight right this is the the kind +of surgery argument we had + + align:start position:0% +of surgery argument we had + + + align:start position:0% +of surgery argument we had +both in unweighted and weighted context + + align:start position:0% +both in unweighted and weighted context + + + align:start position:0% +both in unweighted and weighted context +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so these are going to be simple so i + + align:start position:0% +so these are going to be simple so i + + + align:start position:0% +so these are going to be simple so i +know that i only have to go + + align:start position:0% +know that i only have to go + + + align:start position:0% +know that i only have to go +v more layers + + align:start position:0% +v more layers + + + align:start position:0% +v more layers +at most okay so that's one way to look + + align:start position:0% +at most okay so that's one way to look + + + align:start position:0% +at most okay so that's one way to look +at it i could add more layers of this + + align:start position:0% +at it i could add more layers of this + + + align:start position:0% +at it i could add more layers of this +thing + + align:start position:0% +thing + + + align:start position:0% +thing +find the shortest path distance to all + + align:start position:0% +find the shortest path distance to all + + + align:start position:0% +find the shortest path distance to all +vertices + + align:start position:0% +vertices + + + align:start position:0% +vertices +using uh up to two v + + align:start position:0% +using uh up to two v + + + align:start position:0% +using uh up to two v +edges right maybe even + + align:start position:0% +edges right maybe even + + + align:start position:0% +edges right maybe even +two v minus one but order v + + align:start position:0% +two v minus one but order v + + + align:start position:0% +two v minus one but order v +and then for all of the ones down below + + align:start position:0% +and then for all of the ones down below + + + align:start position:0% +and then for all of the ones down below +here i just look at each vertex + + align:start position:0% +here i just look at each vertex + + + align:start position:0% +here i just look at each vertex +and see which weight is the minimum + + align:start position:0% +and see which weight is the minimum + + + align:start position:0% +and see which weight is the minimum +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +another way the way i like to look at it + + align:start position:0% +another way the way i like to look at it + + + align:start position:0% +another way the way i like to look at it +which is a little bit more fun + + align:start position:0% +which is a little bit more fun + + + align:start position:0% +which is a little bit more fun +i think is once i'm down here + + align:start position:0% +i think is once i'm down here + + + align:start position:0% +i think is once i'm down here +i'm just trying to find simple paths in + + align:start position:0% +i'm just trying to find simple paths in + + + align:start position:0% +i'm just trying to find simple paths in +the graph + + align:start position:0% +the graph + + + align:start position:0% +the graph +from this vertex v right + + align:start position:0% +from this vertex v right + + + align:start position:0% +from this vertex v right +to this vertex v right so one of the + + align:start position:0% +to this vertex v right so one of the + + + align:start position:0% +to this vertex v right so one of the +so actually um add these + + align:start position:0% +so actually um add these + + + align:start position:0% +so actually um add these +go up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so actually on this bottom layer right + + align:start position:0% +so actually on this bottom layer right + + + align:start position:0% +so actually on this bottom layer right +i want to find ver uh + + align:start position:0% +i want to find ver uh + + + align:start position:0% +i want to find ver uh +short paths to t from actually every + + align:start position:0% +short paths to t from actually every + + + align:start position:0% +short paths to t from actually every +vertex + + align:start position:0% +vertex + + + align:start position:0% +vertex +right and i actually know + + align:start position:0% +right and i actually know + + + align:start position:0% +right and i actually know +what the short just from from what i did + + align:start position:0% +what the short just from from what i did + + + align:start position:0% +what the short just from from what i did +up here dag relaxation on this graph + + align:start position:0% +up here dag relaxation on this graph + + + align:start position:0% +up here dag relaxation on this graph +i knew what the shortest path distance + + align:start position:0% +i knew what the shortest path distance + + + align:start position:0% +i knew what the shortest path distance +was from s0 + + align:start position:0% +was from s0 + + + align:start position:0% +was from s0 +to each of these vertices because i did + + align:start position:0% +to each of these vertices because i did + + + align:start position:0% +to each of these vertices because i did +that in v cube time + + align:start position:0% +that in v cube time + + + align:start position:0% +that in v cube time +up here with dag relaxation so i could + + align:start position:0% +up here with dag relaxation so i could + + + align:start position:0% +up here with dag relaxation so i could +add a super node to this thing with a + + align:start position:0% +add a super node to this thing with a + + + align:start position:0% +add a super node to this thing with a +directed edge + + align:start position:0% +directed edge + + + align:start position:0% +directed edge +to each vertex with the + + align:start position:0% +to each vertex with the + + + align:start position:0% +to each vertex with the +shortest with weighted by the shortest + + align:start position:0% +shortest with weighted by the shortest + + + align:start position:0% +shortest with weighted by the shortest +path distance i found up above + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now i have a graph where any + + align:start position:0% +now i have a graph where any + + + align:start position:0% +now i have a graph where any +path from s0 to + + align:start position:0% +path from s0 to + + + align:start position:0% +path from s0 to +v to t v here + + align:start position:0% +v to t v here + + + align:start position:0% +v to t v here +will be a path that uses at least + + align:start position:0% +will be a path that uses at least + + + align:start position:0% +will be a path that uses at least +the edges in my original graph right + + align:start position:0% +the edges in my original graph right + + + align:start position:0% +the edges in my original graph right +because these represent the shortest + + align:start position:0% +because these represent the shortest + + + align:start position:0% +because these represent the shortest +path weights of + + align:start position:0% +path weights of + + + align:start position:0% +path weights of +anything using exactly the edges + + align:start position:0% +anything using exactly the edges + + + align:start position:0% +anything using exactly the edges +and then the path can continue in the + + align:start position:0% +and then the path can continue in the + + + align:start position:0% +and then the path can continue in the +original graph + + align:start position:0% +original graph + + + align:start position:0% +original graph +right so now i have a new graph here + + align:start position:0% +right so now i have a new graph here + + + align:start position:0% +right so now i have a new graph here +such that every path from here to there + + align:start position:0% +such that every path from here to there + + + align:start position:0% +such that every path from here to there +corresponds to a path that i'm looking + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to a path that i'm looking + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to a path that i'm looking +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +so i want to find a minimum weight path + + align:start position:0% +so i want to find a minimum weight path + + + align:start position:0% +so i want to find a minimum weight path +in this graph how can i do that + + align:start position:0% +in this graph how can i do that + + + align:start position:0% +in this graph how can i do that +now this graph might have negative + + align:start position:0% +now this graph might have negative + + + align:start position:0% +now this graph might have negative +negative weights + + align:start position:0% +negative weights + + + align:start position:0% +negative weights +i can run this with bellman ford + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fellman ford + + align:start position:0% +fellman ford + + + align:start position:0% +fellman ford +i can do that again sure why not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now jason + + align:start position:0% +now jason + + + align:start position:0% +now jason +why couldn't we just add a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +why couldn't we just add a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +why couldn't we just add a bunch of +edges here right + + align:start position:0% +edges here right + + + align:start position:0% +edges here right +at our original edges here in the bottom + + align:start position:0% +at our original edges here in the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +at our original edges here in the bottom +layer of this graph + + align:start position:0% +layer of this graph + + + align:start position:0% +layer of this graph +and run bellman ford on this entire + + align:start position:0% +and run bellman ford on this entire + + + align:start position:0% +and run bellman ford on this entire +graph why couldn't i do that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's too big right the number of + + align:start position:0% +it's too big right the number of + + + align:start position:0% +it's too big right the number of +vertices is v squared the number of + + align:start position:0% +vertices is v squared the number of + + + align:start position:0% +vertices is v squared the number of +edges is v + + align:start position:0% +edges is v + + + align:start position:0% +edges is v +potentially v cubed running bellman ford + + align:start position:0% +potentially v cubed running bellman ford + + + align:start position:0% +potentially v cubed running bellman ford +on that huge duplicated graph + + align:start position:0% +on that huge duplicated graph + + + align:start position:0% +on that huge duplicated graph +would give me a v to the fifth running + + align:start position:0% +would give me a v to the fifth running + + + align:start position:0% +would give me a v to the fifth running +time which is awful + + align:start position:0% +time which is awful + + + align:start position:0% +time which is awful +right in a sense we're separating out + + align:start position:0% +right in a sense we're separating out + + + align:start position:0% +right in a sense we're separating out +the complexity + + align:start position:0% +the complexity + + + align:start position:0% +the complexity +the upper part of the graph has very + + align:start position:0% +the upper part of the graph has very + + + align:start position:0% +the upper part of the graph has very +nice dag structure so let's do shortest + + align:start position:0% +nice dag structure so let's do shortest + + + align:start position:0% +nice dag structure so let's do shortest +paths in that dag structure + + align:start position:0% +paths in that dag structure + + + align:start position:0% +paths in that dag structure +and then reduce that complexity down + + align:start position:0% +and then reduce that complexity down + + + align:start position:0% +and then reduce that complexity down +to just being the thing that has the + + align:start position:0% +to just being the thing that has the + + + align:start position:0% +to just being the thing that has the +cycles that we + + align:start position:0% +cycles that we + + + align:start position:0% +cycles that we +are are worried about that reduce the + + align:start position:0% +are are worried about that reduce the + + + align:start position:0% +are are worried about that reduce the +complexity down here so how big is this + + align:start position:0% +complexity down here so how big is this + + + align:start position:0% +complexity down here so how big is this +graph this graph has + + align:start position:0% +graph this graph has + + + align:start position:0% +graph this graph has +you know uh v plus + + align:start position:0% +you know uh v plus + + + align:start position:0% +you know uh v plus +one vertices right because i only added + + align:start position:0% +one vertices right because i only added + + + align:start position:0% +one vertices right because i only added +one super node here + + align:start position:0% +one super node here + + + align:start position:0% +one super node here +and it has e plus + + align:start position:0% +and it has e plus + + + align:start position:0% +and it has e plus +you know order v edges i don't want to + + align:start position:0% +you know order v edges i don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +you know order v edges i don't want to +be careful here + + align:start position:0% +be careful here + + + align:start position:0% +be careful here +but it's this is linear in the size of + + align:start position:0% +but it's this is linear in the size of + + + align:start position:0% +but it's this is linear in the size of +the original graph + + align:start position:0% +the original graph + + + align:start position:0% +the original graph +so running bellman ford here only takes + + align:start position:0% +so running bellman ford here only takes + + + align:start position:0% +so running bellman ford here only takes +v times e time + + align:start position:0% +v times e time + + + align:start position:0% +v times e time +which is v cubed so that's two different + + align:start position:0% +which is v cubed so that's two different + + + align:start position:0% +which is v cubed so that's two different +ways how to solve this problem + + align:start position:0% +ways how to solve this problem + + + align:start position:0% +ways how to solve this problem +one using a bunch of graph duplication + + align:start position:0% +one using a bunch of graph duplication + + + align:start position:0% +one using a bunch of graph duplication +and having the + + align:start position:0% +and having the + + + align:start position:0% +and having the +the insights that going at most + + align:start position:0% +the insights that going at most + + + align:start position:0% +the insights that going at most +the more steps of this graph duplication + + align:start position:0% +the more steps of this graph duplication + + + align:start position:0% +the more steps of this graph duplication +could never get a better thing so i can + + align:start position:0% +could never get a better thing so i can + + + align:start position:0% +could never get a better thing so i can +stop + + align:start position:0% +stop + + + align:start position:0% +stop +or recognizing that well i have this + + align:start position:0% +or recognizing that well i have this + + + align:start position:0% +or recognizing that well i have this +very powerful algorithm here + + align:start position:0% +very powerful algorithm here + + + align:start position:0% +very powerful algorithm here +that can find shortest paths simple + + align:start position:0% +that can find shortest paths simple + + + align:start position:0% +that can find shortest paths simple +paths in a graph without negative weight + + align:start position:0% +paths in a graph without negative weight + + + align:start position:0% +paths in a graph without negative weight +cycles + + align:start position:0% +cycles + + + align:start position:0% +cycles +and i can use this super note to + + align:start position:0% +and i can use this super note to + + + align:start position:0% +and i can use this super note to +transfer + + align:start position:0% +transfer + + + align:start position:0% +transfer +a part of my graph with a lot of nice + + align:start position:0% +a part of my graph with a lot of nice + + + align:start position:0% +a part of my graph with a lot of nice +structure + + align:start position:0% +structure + + + align:start position:0% +structure +down to this other graph okay + + align:start position:0% +down to this other graph okay + + + align:start position:0% +down to this other graph okay +any questions about this problem so + + align:start position:0% +any questions about this problem so + + + align:start position:0% +any questions about this problem so +these are some + + align:start position:0% +these are some + + + align:start position:0% +these are some +we got two abstract problems for you two + + align:start position:0% +we got two abstract problems for you two + + + align:start position:0% +we got two abstract problems for you two +word problems for you + + align:start position:0% +word problems for you + + + align:start position:0% +word problems for you +uh with a lot of different + + align:start position:0% +uh with a lot of different + + + align:start position:0% +uh with a lot of different +transformations and a lot of different + + align:start position:0% +transformations and a lot of different + + + align:start position:0% +transformations and a lot of different +tricks of your trade uh + + align:start position:0% +tricks of your trade uh + + + align:start position:0% +tricks of your trade uh +any of these would be a uh + + align:start position:0% +any of these would be a uh + + + align:start position:0% +any of these would be a uh +something that is either appeared on an + + align:start position:0% +something that is either appeared on an + + + align:start position:0% +something that is either appeared on an +exam or is at a level of something that + + align:start position:0% +exam or is at a level of something that + + + align:start position:0% +exam or is at a level of something that +could appear on your exam + + align:start position:0% +could appear on your exam + + + align:start position:0% +could appear on your exam +uh so go ahead and take a look at the + + align:start position:0% +uh so go ahead and take a look at the + + + align:start position:0% +uh so go ahead and take a look at the +practice material that we've posted + + align:start position:0% +practice material that we've posted + + + align:start position:0% +practice material that we've posted +and are accessible from previous years + + align:start position:0% +and are accessible from previous years + + + align:start position:0% +and are accessible from previous years +uh websites + + align:start position:0% +uh websites + + + align:start position:0% +uh websites +and wish you luck in working on graph + + align:start position:0% +and wish you luck in working on graph + + + align:start position:0% +and wish you luck in working on graph +problems + + align:start position:0% +problems + + + align:start position:0% +problems +on your exam \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/vnWXYI4UQrs.txt b/vnWXYI4UQrs.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eece5201d765a844424c80b7654ab3986dcdd5a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/vnWXYI4UQrs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1371 @@ +align:start position:0% + +Hi, welcome back to recitation. In + + align:start position:0% +Hi, welcome back to recitation. In + + + align:start position:0% +Hi, welcome back to recitation. In +lecture, you've been learning about + + align:start position:0% +lecture, you've been learning about + + + align:start position:0% +lecture, you've been learning about +vector calculus, Stokes theorem, all + + align:start position:0% +vector calculus, Stokes theorem, all + + + align:start position:0% +vector calculus, Stokes theorem, all +sorts of cool stuff like that, curl. Um, + + align:start position:0% +sorts of cool stuff like that, curl. Um, + + + align:start position:0% +sorts of cool stuff like that, curl. Um, +so I have a nice problem here for you. + + align:start position:0% +so I have a nice problem here for you. + + + align:start position:0% +so I have a nice problem here for you. +So, let f be the following uh vector + + align:start position:0% +So, let f be the following uh vector + + + align:start position:0% +So, let f be the following uh vector +field. So, it's the vector field whose + + align:start position:0% +field. So, it's the vector field whose + + + align:start position:0% +field. So, it's the vector field whose +direction is x ihat plus yjhat plus + + align:start position:0% +direction is x ihat plus yjhat plus + + + align:start position:0% +direction is x ihat plus yjhat plus +zkhat. But in addition, I want to + + align:start position:0% +zkhat. But in addition, I want to + + + align:start position:0% +zkhat. But in addition, I want to +multiply it by row to the n. So this is + + align:start position:0% +multiply it by row to the n. So this is + + + align:start position:0% +multiply it by row to the n. So this is +your usual row from spherical + + align:start position:0% +your usual row from spherical + + + align:start position:0% +your usual row from spherical +coordinates. It's the square root of x^2 + + align:start position:0% +coordinates. It's the square root of x^2 + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates. It's the square root of x^2 ++ y^2 + z^2. And n can be any number. So + + align:start position:0% ++ y^2 + z^2. And n can be any number. So + + + align:start position:0% ++ y^2 + z^2. And n can be any number. So +it might be positive. It might be + + align:start position:0% +it might be positive. It might be + + + align:start position:0% +it might be positive. It might be +negative. It might be zero. Doesn't have + + align:start position:0% +negative. It might be zero. Doesn't have + + + align:start position:0% +negative. It might be zero. Doesn't have +to be an integer. Some number though + + align:start position:0% +to be an integer. Some number though + + + align:start position:0% +to be an integer. Some number though +it's some some constant. So what I'd + + align:start position:0% +it's some some constant. So what I'd + + + align:start position:0% +it's some some constant. So what I'd +like you to do is to show that for this + + align:start position:0% +like you to do is to show that for this + + + align:start position:0% +like you to do is to show that for this +field regardless of what the value of n + + align:start position:0% +field regardless of what the value of n + + + align:start position:0% +field regardless of what the value of n +happens to be that it is a gradient + + align:start position:0% +happens to be that it is a gradient + + + align:start position:0% +happens to be that it is a gradient +field. Um, so it is the gradient of some + + align:start position:0% +field. Um, so it is the gradient of some + + + align:start position:0% +field. Um, so it is the gradient of some +of some function. So why don't you pause + + align:start position:0% +of some function. So why don't you pause + + + align:start position:0% +of some function. So why don't you pause +the video, have a go at that, come back + + align:start position:0% +the video, have a go at that, come back + + + align:start position:0% +the video, have a go at that, come back +and we can work on it together. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So recall that for something to be a + + align:start position:0% +So recall that for something to be a + + + align:start position:0% +So recall that for something to be a +gradient field what that means is well I + + align:start position:0% +gradient field what that means is well I + + + align:start position:0% +gradient field what that means is well I +mean first of all that means that there + + align:start position:0% +mean first of all that means that there + + + align:start position:0% +mean first of all that means that there +is some function that has it as the + + align:start position:0% +is some function that has it as the + + + align:start position:0% +is some function that has it as the +gradient and we know a lot of other + + align:start position:0% +gradient and we know a lot of other + + + align:start position:0% +gradient and we know a lot of other +characterizations of it and one of them + + align:start position:0% +characterizations of it and one of them + + + align:start position:0% +characterizations of it and one of them +that we know involves the curl. So let's + + align:start position:0% +that we know involves the curl. So let's + + + align:start position:0% +that we know involves the curl. So let's +so let's talk about that one. Um so in + + align:start position:0% +so let's talk about that one. Um so in + + + align:start position:0% +so let's talk about that one. Um so in +order to look at the curl of this field + + align:start position:0% +order to look at the curl of this field + + + align:start position:0% +order to look at the curl of this field +I'm going to want to take partial + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to want to take partial + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to want to take partial +derivatives of its components. And so + + align:start position:0% +derivatives of its components. And so + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives of its components. And so +I'm going to want to take partial + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to want to take partial + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to want to take partial +derivatives of row. So let's just + + align:start position:0% +derivatives of row. So let's just + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives of row. So let's just +remember so recall + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that partial row partial x + + align:start position:0% +that partial row partial x + + + align:start position:0% +that partial row partial x +equals x over row and similarly partial + + align:start position:0% +equals x over row and similarly partial + + + align:start position:0% +equals x over row and similarly partial +row partial y is y over row and partial + + align:start position:0% +row partial y is y over row and partial + + + align:start position:0% +row partial y is y over row and partial +z partial sorry partial row partial z is + + align:start position:0% +z partial sorry partial row partial z is + + + align:start position:0% +z partial sorry partial row partial z is +z over row. Oh so you know you can just + + align:start position:0% +z over row. Oh so you know you can just + + + align:start position:0% +z over row. Oh so you know you can just +check that using the fact that you know + + align:start position:0% +check that using the fact that you know + + + align:start position:0% +check that using the fact that you know +what row is um etc. I'm going to write + + align:start position:0% +what row is um etc. I'm going to write + + + align:start position:0% +what row is um etc. I'm going to write +etc because it's the same for the other + + align:start position:0% +etc because it's the same for the other + + + align:start position:0% +etc because it's the same for the other +two. Um so + + align:start position:0% +two. Um so + + + align:start position:0% +two. Um so +well what is so let's um so let's call + + align:start position:0% +well what is so let's um so let's call + + + align:start position:0% +well what is so let's um so let's call +for shorthand let's call f + + align:start position:0% +for shorthand let's call f + + + align:start position:0% +for shorthand let's call f +m i + + align:start position:0% +m i + + + align:start position:0% +m i ++ nj + + align:start position:0% ++ nj + + + align:start position:0% ++ nj +plus p + + align:start position:0% +plus p + + + align:start position:0% +plus p +* k so mn and p are its components if f + + align:start position:0% +* k so mn and p are its components if f + + + align:start position:0% +* k so mn and p are its components if f +is this + + align:start position:0% +is this + + + align:start position:0% +is this +then we know that curl + + align:start position:0% +then we know that curl + + + align:start position:0% +then we know that curl +f is equal to what Is it? So it's P the + + align:start position:0% +f is equal to what Is it? So it's P the + + + align:start position:0% +f is equal to what Is it? So it's P the +Y partial derivative of P minus the Z + + align:start position:0% +Y partial derivative of P minus the Z + + + align:start position:0% +Y partial derivative of P minus the Z +partial derivative of N I plus Okay, so + + align:start position:0% +partial derivative of N I plus Okay, so + + + align:start position:0% +partial derivative of N I plus Okay, so +it's the Z partial derivative of M minus + + align:start position:0% +it's the Z partial derivative of M minus + + + align:start position:0% +it's the Z partial derivative of M minus +the X partial derivative of P J hat plus + + align:start position:0% +the X partial derivative of P J hat plus + + + align:start position:0% +the X partial derivative of P J hat plus +it's going to be what's the last one? + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be what's the last one? + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be what's the last one? +x partial derivative of n minus the y + + align:start position:0% +x partial derivative of n minus the y + + + align:start position:0% +x partial derivative of n minus the y +partial derivative of m + + align:start position:0% +partial derivative of m + + + align:start position:0% +partial derivative of m +k hat. All right. So if if this is our + + align:start position:0% +k hat. All right. So if if this is our + + + align:start position:0% +k hat. All right. So if if this is our +formula for f, then this is our + + align:start position:0% +formula for f, then this is our + + + align:start position:0% +formula for f, then this is our +um formula for the curl of f. And okay, + + align:start position:0% +um formula for the curl of f. And okay, + + + align:start position:0% +um formula for the curl of f. And okay, +so now we just have to compute these + + align:start position:0% +so now we just have to compute these + + + align:start position:0% +so now we just have to compute these +various different partial derivatives in + + align:start position:0% +various different partial derivatives in + + + align:start position:0% +various different partial derivatives in +order to see what the curl is. And then + + align:start position:0% +order to see what the curl is. And then + + + align:start position:0% +order to see what the curl is. And then +hopefully that'll tell us something + + align:start position:0% +hopefully that'll tell us something + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully that'll tell us something +about about this field. Um so let's see. + + align:start position:0% +about about this field. Um so let's see. + + + align:start position:0% +about about this field. Um so let's see. +So py so in our case um so m is equal to + + align:start position:0% +So py so in our case um so m is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +So py so in our case um so m is equal to +row to the little n * x big n is equal + + align:start position:0% +row to the little n * x big n is equal + + + align:start position:0% +row to the little n * x big n is equal +to row to the little n * y and big p is + + align:start position:0% +to row to the little n * y and big p is + + + align:start position:0% +to row to the little n * y and big p is +equal to row to the little n * z. + + align:start position:0% +equal to row to the little n * z. + + + align:start position:0% +equal to row to the little n * z. +So + + align:start position:0% +So + + + align:start position:0% +So +let's look at our components here. So p + + align:start position:0% +let's look at our components here. So p + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at our components here. So p +suby + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Well, Z is a constant with respect to Y. + + align:start position:0% +Well, Z is a constant with respect to Y. + + + align:start position:0% +Well, Z is a constant with respect to Y. +So, this is just row to the N. Well, Z + + align:start position:0% +So, this is just row to the N. Well, Z + + + align:start position:0% +So, this is just row to the N. Well, Z +times the Y partial of row to the N. So, + + align:start position:0% +times the Y partial of row to the N. So, + + + align:start position:0% +times the Y partial of row to the N. So, +that's by the chain rule. So, we got N + + align:start position:0% +that's by the chain rule. So, we got N + + + align:start position:0% +that's by the chain rule. So, we got N +row to the NUS1* + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Y over row time Z. So we can rewrite + + align:start position:0% +Y over row time Z. So we can rewrite + + + align:start position:0% +Y over row time Z. So we can rewrite +this as + + align:start position:0% +this as + + + align:start position:0% +this as +nyz + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +row to the n minus2 + + align:start position:0% +row to the n minus2 + + + align:start position:0% +row to the n minus2 +and similarly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that was p sub y. So let's look at n + + align:start position:0% +so that was p sub y. So let's look at n + + + align:start position:0% +so that was p sub y. So let's look at n +subz. + + align:start position:0% +subz. + + + align:start position:0% +subz. +So n + + align:start position:0% +So n + + + align:start position:0% +So n +is row to the n * y. So you take the + + align:start position:0% +is row to the n * y. So you take the + + + align:start position:0% +is row to the n * y. So you take the +zith partial derivative. So y is a + + align:start position:0% +zith partial derivative. So y is a + + + align:start position:0% +zith partial derivative. So y is a +constant. So we need to look at the z + + align:start position:0% +constant. So we need to look at the z + + + align:start position:0% +constant. So we need to look at the z +partial derivative of p to the n. So + + align:start position:0% +partial derivative of p to the n. So + + + align:start position:0% +partial derivative of p to the n. So +this is again it's n + + align:start position:0% +this is again it's n + + + align:start position:0% +this is again it's n +sorry I think I said p to the n. But of + + align:start position:0% +sorry I think I said p to the n. But of + + + align:start position:0% +sorry I think I said p to the n. But of +course this isn't a p this is a row. Um + + align:start position:0% +course this isn't a p this is a row. Um + + + align:start position:0% +course this isn't a p this is a row. Um +so it's n row the n minus one time + + align:start position:0% +so it's n row the n minus one time + + + align:start position:0% +so it's n row the n minus one time +partial row partial z. So that's z over + + align:start position:0% +partial row partial z. So that's z over + + + align:start position:0% +partial row partial z. So that's z over +row * y. And again this is equal to n y + + align:start position:0% +row * y. And again this is equal to n y + + + align:start position:0% +row * y. And again this is equal to n y +z row to the n minus 2. + + align:start position:0% +z row to the n minus 2. + + + align:start position:0% +z row to the n minus 2. +Okay. So + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So +p sub p suby the y partial of p is ny z + + align:start position:0% +p sub p suby the y partial of p is ny z + + + align:start position:0% +p sub p suby the y partial of p is ny z +row n minus 2 and the z partial of n is + + align:start position:0% +row n minus 2 and the z partial of n is + + + align:start position:0% +row n minus 2 and the z partial of n is +nyz + + align:start position:0% +nyz + + + align:start position:0% +nyz +row to the n minus2 + + align:start position:0% +row to the n minus2 + + + align:start position:0% +row to the n minus2 +and they're the same. Okay. So what does + + align:start position:0% +and they're the same. Okay. So what does + + + align:start position:0% +and they're the same. Okay. So what does +that mean? So that means the first + + align:start position:0% +that mean? So that means the first + + + align:start position:0% +that mean? So that means the first +component of curl of f is zero. + + align:start position:0% +component of curl of f is zero. + + + align:start position:0% +component of curl of f is zero. +Okay. Um so + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Um so + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Um so +if you do a little bit more arithmetic + + align:start position:0% +if you do a little bit more arithmetic + + + align:start position:0% +if you do a little bit more arithmetic +of exactly the same sort, you have two + + align:start position:0% +of exactly the same sort, you have two + + + align:start position:0% +of exactly the same sort, you have two +more components to check, what you're + + align:start position:0% +more components to check, what you're + + + align:start position:0% +more components to check, what you're +going to find is that the other ones are + + align:start position:0% +going to find is that the other ones are + + + align:start position:0% +going to find is that the other ones are +zero. Also, I'm not going to do out all + + align:start position:0% +zero. Also, I'm not going to do out all + + + align:start position:0% +zero. Also, I'm not going to do out all +those partial derivatives for you, but I + + align:start position:0% +those partial derivatives for you, but I + + + align:start position:0% +those partial derivatives for you, but I +trust that you can compute the similar + + align:start position:0% +trust that you can compute the similar + + + align:start position:0% +trust that you can compute the similar +looking partial derivatives that appear + + align:start position:0% +looking partial derivatives that appear + + + align:start position:0% +looking partial derivatives that appear +in these other two components. this J + + align:start position:0% +in these other two components. this J + + + align:start position:0% +in these other two components. this J +should have had a hat. + + align:start position:0% +should have had a hat. + + + align:start position:0% +should have had a hat. +Okay, the the + + align:start position:0% +Okay, the the + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, the the +other partial derivatives that appear in + + align:start position:0% +other partial derivatives that appear in + + + align:start position:0% +other partial derivatives that appear in +these components and show that they're + + align:start position:0% +these components and show that they're + + + align:start position:0% +these components and show that they're +all also equal to zero. So in our case, + + align:start position:0% +all also equal to zero. So in our case, + + + align:start position:0% +all also equal to zero. So in our case, +curl of f is just equal to + + align:start position:0% +curl of f is just equal to + + + align:start position:0% +curl of f is just equal to +the zero vector. + + align:start position:0% +the zero vector. + + + align:start position:0% +the zero vector. +Okay, great. So what does that mean? + + align:start position:0% +Okay, great. So what does that mean? + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, great. So what does that mean? +Well, we want to show that uh something + + align:start position:0% +Well, we want to show that uh something + + + align:start position:0% +Well, we want to show that uh something +is a gradient field. All right. So we + + align:start position:0% +is a gradient field. All right. So we + + + align:start position:0% +is a gradient field. All right. So we +know that we can do that. We know that + + align:start position:0% +know that we can do that. We know that + + + align:start position:0% +know that we can do that. We know that +that happens precisely when its curl is + + align:start position:0% +that happens precisely when its curl is + + + align:start position:0% +that happens precisely when its curl is +zero. If it's defined on a simply + + align:start position:0% +zero. If it's defined on a simply + + + align:start position:0% +zero. If it's defined on a simply +connected domain on a simply connected + + align:start position:0% +connected domain on a simply connected + + + align:start position:0% +connected domain on a simply connected +region. So we know that a function is a + + align:start position:0% +region. So we know that a function is a + + + align:start position:0% +region. So we know that a function is a +gradient field if it's defined on a + + align:start position:0% +gradient field if it's defined on a + + + align:start position:0% +gradient field if it's defined on a +simply connected domain and has curl + + align:start position:0% +simply connected domain and has curl + + + align:start position:0% +simply connected domain and has curl +zero. Well, let's see. Um so where is + + align:start position:0% +zero. Well, let's see. Um so where is + + + align:start position:0% +zero. Well, let's see. Um so where is +this thing defined? Where is f defined? + + align:start position:0% +this thing defined? Where is f defined? + + + align:start position:0% +this thing defined? Where is f defined? +Well, if n is + + align:start position:0% +Well, if n is + + + align:start position:0% +Well, if n is +bigger than or equal to zero, + + align:start position:0% +bigger than or equal to zero, + + + align:start position:0% +bigger than or equal to zero, +well, I guess I want strictly bigger + + align:start position:0% +well, I guess I want strictly bigger + + + align:start position:0% +well, I guess I want strictly bigger +than zero just to be on the safe side. + + align:start position:0% +than zero just to be on the safe side. + + + align:start position:0% +than zero just to be on the safe side. +If n is positive, this is defined + + align:start position:0% +If n is positive, this is defined + + + align:start position:0% +If n is positive, this is defined +everywhere and we're great. If n is + + align:start position:0% +everywhere and we're great. If n is + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere and we're great. If n is +negative, then we have a problem at + + align:start position:0% +negative, then we have a problem at + + + align:start position:0% +negative, then we have a problem at +zero, right? Because then we have + + align:start position:0% +zero, right? Because then we have + + + align:start position:0% +zero, right? Because then we have +division by row. Yeah. So, we don't want + + align:start position:0% +division by row. Yeah. So, we don't want + + + align:start position:0% +division by row. Yeah. So, we don't want +to divide by zero. So, if n is negative, + + align:start position:0% +to divide by zero. So, if n is negative, + + + align:start position:0% +to divide by zero. So, if n is negative, +there's a problem at the origin. So in + + align:start position:0% +there's a problem at the origin. So in + + + align:start position:0% +there's a problem at the origin. So in +the worst case, f is defined everywhere + + align:start position:0% +the worst case, f is defined everywhere + + + align:start position:0% +the worst case, f is defined everywhere +except the origin. But that's simply + + align:start position:0% +except the origin. But that's simply + + + align:start position:0% +except the origin. But that's simply +connected, right? Because we're in + + align:start position:0% +connected, right? Because we're in + + + align:start position:0% +connected, right? Because we're in +space. If we were in the plane, this + + align:start position:0% +space. If we were in the plane, this + + + align:start position:0% +space. If we were in the plane, this +would be a different story. But in + + align:start position:0% +would be a different story. But in + + + align:start position:0% +would be a different story. But in +space, just removing a point doesn't + + align:start position:0% +space, just removing a point doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +space, just removing a point doesn't +destroy simply connectedness. Um, so so + + align:start position:0% +destroy simply connectedness. Um, so so + + + align:start position:0% +destroy simply connectedness. Um, so so +this field f is defined everywhere + + align:start position:0% +this field f is defined everywhere + + + align:start position:0% +this field f is defined everywhere +except the origin perhaps. So it's a so + + align:start position:0% +except the origin perhaps. So it's a so + + + align:start position:0% +except the origin perhaps. So it's a so +we're in a simply connected region. So + + align:start position:0% +we're in a simply connected region. So + + + align:start position:0% +we're in a simply connected region. So +when you have curl f in a simply + + align:start position:0% +when you have curl f in a simply + + + align:start position:0% +when you have curl f in a simply +connected region, your field is in fact + + align:start position:0% +connected region, your field is in fact + + + align:start position:0% +connected region, your field is in fact +a gradient field. Now I leave it as an + + align:start position:0% +a gradient field. Now I leave it as an + + + align:start position:0% +a gradient field. Now I leave it as an +exercise to you to come up with the + + align:start position:0% +exercise to you to come up with the + + + align:start position:0% +exercise to you to come up with the +actual function or one of the actual + + align:start position:0% +actual function or one of the actual + + + align:start position:0% +actual function or one of the actual +functions of which this is a gradient. + + align:start position:0% +functions of which this is a gradient. + + + align:start position:0% +functions of which this is a gradient. +Um but we've just shown that because its + + align:start position:0% +Um but we've just shown that because its + + + align:start position:0% +Um but we've just shown that because its +curl is zero and because it's defined in + + align:start position:0% +curl is zero and because it's defined in + + + align:start position:0% +curl is zero and because it's defined in +a simply connected region of space that + + align:start position:0% +a simply connected region of space that + + + align:start position:0% +a simply connected region of space that +this that this field really is the + + align:start position:0% +this that this field really is the + + + align:start position:0% +this that this field really is the +gradient field of some function. So I'll + + align:start position:0% +gradient field of some function. So I'll + + + align:start position:0% +gradient field of some function. So I'll +stop there. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/vzpFQ3uNyPo.txt b/vzpFQ3uNyPo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f211d95da4b217265f84f4d1eccd1bb00c8bf22a --- /dev/null +++ b/vzpFQ3uNyPo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1219 @@ +align:start position:0% + +another basic proof technique is called + + align:start position:0% +another basic proof technique is called + + + align:start position:0% +another basic proof technique is called +proof by cases in which we prove + + align:start position:0% +proof by cases in which we prove + + + align:start position:0% +proof by cases in which we prove +something by breaking it up into pieces + + align:start position:0% +something by breaking it up into pieces + + + align:start position:0% +something by breaking it up into pieces +that are easy to prove but that together + + align:start position:0% +that are easy to prove but that together + + + align:start position:0% +that are easy to prove but that together +cover all possibilities let's look at + + align:start position:0% +cover all possibilities let's look at + + + align:start position:0% +cover all possibilities let's look at +the explicit simple example from + + align:start position:0% +the explicit simple example from + + + align:start position:0% +the explicit simple example from +computer science here's a Java logical + + align:start position:0% +computer science here's a Java logical + + + align:start position:0% +computer science here's a Java logical +expression way to decipher this is that + + align:start position:0% +expression way to decipher this is that + + + align:start position:0% +expression way to decipher this is that +the double vertical bar means or in Java + + align:start position:0% +the double vertical bar means or in Java + + + align:start position:0% +the double vertical bar means or in Java +and the double ampersand means an end in + + align:start position:0% +and the double ampersand means an end in + + + align:start position:0% +and the double ampersand means an end in +Java so this is a conditional test and + + align:start position:0% +Java so this is a conditional test and + + + align:start position:0% +Java so this is a conditional test and +if test that is the guard on a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +if test that is the guard on a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +if test that is the guard on a bunch of +code to be executed if this test comes + + align:start position:0% +code to be executed if this test comes + + + align:start position:0% +code to be executed if this test comes +out to be true + + align:start position:0% +out to be true + + + align:start position:0% +out to be true +let's read the test if X is greater than + + align:start position:0% +let's read the test if X is greater than + + + align:start position:0% +let's read the test if X is greater than +0 or if X is less than or equal to 0 and + + align:start position:0% +0 or if X is less than or equal to 0 and + + + align:start position:0% +0 or if X is less than or equal to 0 and +Y is greater than 100 go ahead and do + + align:start position:0% +Y is greater than 100 go ahead and do + + + align:start position:0% +Y is greater than 100 go ahead and do +the code that's in there indicated by + + align:start position:0% +the code that's in there indicated by + + + align:start position:0% +the code that's in there indicated by +the vertical dots we're going to assume + + align:start position:0% +the vertical dots we're going to assume + + + align:start position:0% +the vertical dots we're going to assume +here that x and y are variables that are + + align:start position:0% +here that x and y are variables that are + + + align:start position:0% +here that x and y are variables that are +declared to be of type float at a point + + align:start position:0% +declared to be of type float at a point + + + align:start position:0% +declared to be of type float at a point +or real number or integers for that + + align:start position:0% +or real number or integers for that + + + align:start position:0% +or real number or integers for that +matter ok now what I claim is that this + + align:start position:0% +matter ok now what I claim is that this + + + align:start position:0% +matter ok now what I claim is that this +code can be improved and if it's + + align:start position:0% +code can be improved and if it's + + + align:start position:0% +code can be improved and if it's +rewritten in the following way namely if + + align:start position:0% +rewritten in the following way namely if + + + align:start position:0% +rewritten in the following way namely if +X is greater than 0 or Y is greater than + + align:start position:0% +X is greater than 0 or Y is greater than + + + align:start position:0% +X is greater than 0 or Y is greater than +100 so the claim is that these two hunks + + align:start position:0% +100 so the claim is that these two hunks + + + align:start position:0% +100 so the claim is that these two hunks +of code if I just replace this test + + align:start position:0% +of code if I just replace this test + + + align:start position:0% +of code if I just replace this test +which has three components that require + + align:start position:0% +which has three components that require + + + align:start position:0% +which has three components that require +an extra step to evaluate in some cases + + align:start position:0% +an extra step to evaluate in some cases + + + align:start position:0% +an extra step to evaluate in some cases +by this code the programs are going to + + align:start position:0% +by this code the programs are going to + + + align:start position:0% +by this code the programs are going to +behave exactly the same way and + + align:start position:0% +behave exactly the same way and + + + align:start position:0% +behave exactly the same way and +therefore it's just more efficient and + + align:start position:0% +therefore it's just more efficient and + + + align:start position:0% +therefore it's just more efficient and +easier to understand ones one step + + align:start position:0% +easier to understand ones one step + + + align:start position:0% +easier to understand ones one step +faster if I replace this longer + + align:start position:0% +faster if I replace this longer + + + align:start position:0% +faster if I replace this longer +expression by this shorter expression + + align:start position:0% +expression by this shorter expression + + + align:start position:0% +expression by this shorter expression +now how do I argue that these two pieces + + align:start position:0% +now how do I argue that these two pieces + + + align:start position:0% +now how do I argue that these two pieces +of code are going to behave in exactly + + align:start position:0% +of code are going to behave in exactly + + + align:start position:0% +of code are going to behave in exactly +the same way you come up with the same + + align:start position:0% +the same way you come up with the same + + + align:start position:0% +the same way you come up with the same +final output they won't behave exactly + + align:start position:0% +final output they won't behave exactly + + + align:start position:0% +final output they won't behave exactly +the same because want to be faster than + + align:start position:0% +the same because want to be faster than + + + align:start position:0% +the same because want to be faster than +the other + + align:start position:0% +the other + + + align:start position:0% +the other +but they're going to yield the same + + align:start position:0% +but they're going to yield the same + + + align:start position:0% +but they're going to yield the same +results ok let's consider how these two + + align:start position:0% +results ok let's consider how these two + + + align:start position:0% +results ok let's consider how these two +behave in two cases the first case will + + align:start position:0% +behave in two cases the first case will + + + align:start position:0% +behave in two cases the first case will +be that the number X really is positive + + align:start position:0% +be that the number X really is positive + + + align:start position:0% +be that the number X really is positive +that it's greater than 0 what happens + + align:start position:0% +that it's greater than 0 what happens + + + align:start position:0% +that it's greater than 0 what happens +then well the first test above in the or + + align:start position:0% +then well the first test above in the or + + + align:start position:0% +then well the first test above in the or +to be true and that means that the whole + + align:start position:0% +to be true and that means that the whole + + + align:start position:0% +to be true and that means that the whole +or expression is true because we're + + align:start position:0% +or expression is true because we're + + + align:start position:0% +or expression is true because we're +natural or anything at all it comes out + + align:start position:0% +natural or anything at all it comes out + + + align:start position:0% +natural or anything at all it comes out +to be true and you go ahead and execute + + align:start position:0% +to be true and you go ahead and execute + + + align:start position:0% +to be true and you go ahead and execute +the code that follows likewise the + + align:start position:0% +the code that follows likewise the + + + align:start position:0% +the code that follows likewise the +second expression starts with X greater + + align:start position:0% +second expression starts with X greater + + + align:start position:0% +second expression starts with X greater +than zero or so it comes out to be true + + align:start position:0% +than zero or so it comes out to be true + + + align:start position:0% +than zero or so it comes out to be true +so in this case if X is greater than + + align:start position:0% +so in this case if X is greater than + + + align:start position:0% +so in this case if X is greater than +zero both conditional expressions will + + align:start position:0% +zero both conditional expressions will + + + align:start position:0% +zero both conditional expressions will +allow the code that follows them to be + + align:start position:0% +allow the code that follows them to be + + + align:start position:0% +allow the code that follows them to be +executed and then because they both + + align:start position:0% +executed and then because they both + + + align:start position:0% +executed and then because they both +evaluate to true okay the next case is + + align:start position:0% +evaluate to true okay the next case is + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate to true okay the next case is +that X is less than or equal to zero + + align:start position:0% +that X is less than or equal to zero + + + align:start position:0% +that X is less than or equal to zero +let's see what happens then well in the + + align:start position:0% +let's see what happens then well in the + + + align:start position:0% +let's see what happens then well in the +top expression since X is less than or + + align:start position:0% +top expression since X is less than or + + + align:start position:0% +top expression since X is less than or +equal to zero that first expression X + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero that first expression X + + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero that first expression X +greater than zero maybe what if it's + + align:start position:0% +greater than zero maybe what if it's + + + align:start position:0% +greater than zero maybe what if it's +evaluated returns false and same thing + + align:start position:0% +evaluated returns false and same thing + + + align:start position:0% +evaluated returns false and same thing +in the second expression the initial + + align:start position:0% +in the second expression the initial + + + align:start position:0% +in the second expression the initial +test X greater than zero returns false + + align:start position:0% +test X greater than zero returns false + + + align:start position:0% +test X greater than zero returns false +now one of the things that the way or + + align:start position:0% +now one of the things that the way or + + + align:start position:0% +now one of the things that the way or +works is that if you have an or of a + + align:start position:0% +works is that if you have an or of a + + + align:start position:0% +works is that if you have an or of a +bunch of things if the first thing is + + align:start position:0% +bunch of things if the first thing is + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of things if the first thing is +false you ignore it and just proceed to + + align:start position:0% +false you ignore it and just proceed to + + + align:start position:0% +false you ignore it and just proceed to +the other things to see how they come + + align:start position:0% +the other things to see how they come + + + align:start position:0% +the other things to see how they come +out so what that means is that in both + + align:start position:0% +out so what that means is that in both + + + align:start position:0% +out so what that means is that in both +of these expressions since the first + + align:start position:0% +of these expressions since the first + + + align:start position:0% +of these expressions since the first +test in the sequence of things that are + + align:start position:0% +test in the sequence of things that are + + + align:start position:0% +test in the sequence of things that are +being ORD together came out to be false + + align:start position:0% +being ORD together came out to be false + + + align:start position:0% +being ORD together came out to be false +I can just ignore them the code is going + + align:start position:0% +I can just ignore them the code is going + + + align:start position:0% +I can just ignore them the code is going +to behave as though after the false was + + align:start position:0% +to behave as though after the false was + + + align:start position:0% +to behave as though after the false was +detected is just going to behave in the + + align:start position:0% +detected is just going to behave in the + + + align:start position:0% +detected is just going to behave in the +same way that the rest of the test says + + align:start position:0% +same way that the rest of the test says + + + align:start position:0% +same way that the rest of the test says +to behave well in the top case the + + align:start position:0% +to behave well in the top case the + + + align:start position:0% +to behave well in the top case the +expression to be checked now is that X + + align:start position:0% +expression to be checked now is that X + + + align:start position:0% +expression to be checked now is that X +is less than or equal to zero and Y is + + align:start position:0% +is less than or equal to zero and Y is + + + align:start position:0% +is less than or equal to zero and Y is +greater than 100 but what do we know + + align:start position:0% +greater than 100 but what do we know + + + align:start position:0% +greater than 100 but what do we know +well X is greater or equal to 0 and less + + align:start position:0% +well X is greater or equal to 0 and less + + + align:start position:0% +well X is greater or equal to 0 and less +than or equal to 0 in this case so this + + align:start position:0% +than or equal to 0 in this case so this + + + align:start position:0% +than or equal to 0 in this case so this +test comes out to be true and we have + + align:start position:0% +test comes out to be true and we have + + + align:start position:0% +test comes out to be true and we have +something of the form true and + + align:start position:0% +something of the form true and + + + align:start position:0% +something of the form true and +something-or-other + + align:start position:0% +something-or-other + + + align:start position:0% +something-or-other +that means that the net outcome of this + + align:start position:0% +that means that the net outcome of this + + + align:start position:0% +that means that the net outcome of this +expression it depends entirely on the + + align:start position:0% +expression it depends entirely on the + + + align:start position:0% +expression it depends entirely on the +something-or-other that is it depends + + align:start position:0% +something-or-other that is it depends + + + align:start position:0% +something-or-other that is it depends +entirely on whether Y is greater than 0 + + align:start position:0% +entirely on whether Y is greater than 0 + + + align:start position:0% +entirely on whether Y is greater than 0 +because the X is less than or equal to 0 + + align:start position:0% +because the X is less than or equal to 0 + + + align:start position:0% +because the X is less than or equal to 0 +and so this expression can be simplified + + align:start position:0% +and so this expression can be simplified + + + align:start position:0% +and so this expression can be simplified +it's going to behave exactly according + + align:start position:0% +it's going to behave exactly according + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to behave exactly according +to whether or not Y is greater than 100 + + align:start position:0% +to whether or not Y is greater than 100 + + + align:start position:0% +to whether or not Y is greater than 100 +so look what I've just done I've argued + + align:start position:0% +so look what I've just done I've argued + + + align:start position:0% +so look what I've just done I've argued +that in this case both of these test + + align:start position:0% +that in this case both of these test + + + align:start position:0% +that in this case both of these test +cards actually like + + align:start position:0% +cards actually like + + + align:start position:0% +cards actually like +why is the test y greater than 100 which + + align:start position:0% +why is the test y greater than 100 which + + + align:start position:0% +why is the test y greater than 100 which +is they behave the same in this case as + + align:start position:0% +is they behave the same in this case as + + + align:start position:0% +is they behave the same in this case as +well so what I just figured out was that + + align:start position:0% +well so what I just figured out was that + + + align:start position:0% +well so what I just figured out was that +in both cases all these two expressions + + align:start position:0% +in both cases all these two expressions + + + align:start position:0% +in both cases all these two expressions +yield the same result which means and + + align:start position:0% +yield the same result which means and + + + align:start position:0% +yield the same result which means and +the only possible cases are that X is + + align:start position:0% +the only possible cases are that X is + + + align:start position:0% +the only possible cases are that X is +less than zero or the X is greater than + + align:start position:0% +less than zero or the X is greater than + + + align:start position:0% +less than zero or the X is greater than +zero or likes X is less than or equal to + + align:start position:0% +zero or likes X is less than or equal to + + + align:start position:0% +zero or likes X is less than or equal to +zero so in all cases they're the same + + align:start position:0% +zero so in all cases they're the same + + + align:start position:0% +zero so in all cases they're the same +and we're done that's why it's safe to + + align:start position:0% +and we're done that's why it's safe to + + + align:start position:0% +and we're done that's why it's safe to +replace the upper complicated expression + + align:start position:0% +replace the upper complicated expression + + + align:start position:0% +replace the upper complicated expression +by the lower less complicated expression + + align:start position:0% +by the lower less complicated expression + + + align:start position:0% +by the lower less complicated expression +so in general as I said reasoning by + + align:start position:0% +so in general as I said reasoning by + + + align:start position:0% +so in general as I said reasoning by +cases breaks complicated problems at the + + align:start position:0% +cases breaks complicated problems at the + + + align:start position:0% +cases breaks complicated problems at the +easier subproblems which is what we just + + align:start position:0% +easier subproblems which is what we just + + + align:start position:0% +easier subproblems which is what we just +saw there wouldn't be clear how to prove + + align:start position:0% +saw there wouldn't be clear how to prove + + + align:start position:0% +saw there wouldn't be clear how to prove +that these two things were equivalent + + align:start position:0% +that these two things were equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +that these two things were equivalent +but I chose those cases and it made each + + align:start position:0% +but I chose those cases and it made each + + + align:start position:0% +but I chose those cases and it made each +case or easy to figure out that the two + + align:start position:0% +case or easy to figure out that the two + + + align:start position:0% +case or easy to figure out that the two +things were the same now the truth is + + align:start position:0% +things were the same now the truth is + + + align:start position:0% +things were the same now the truth is +that there are some philosophers who + + align:start position:0% +that there are some philosophers who + + + align:start position:0% +that there are some philosophers who +worry about reasoning by cases for kind + + align:start position:0% +worry about reasoning by cases for kind + + + align:start position:0% +worry about reasoning by cases for kind +of subtle reasons they're called + + align:start position:0% +of subtle reasons they're called + + + align:start position:0% +of subtle reasons they're called +intuitionists and here's what bothers + + align:start position:0% +intuitionists and here's what bothers + + + align:start position:0% +intuitionists and here's what bothers +them with let me illustrate there's a + + align:start position:0% +them with let me illustrate there's a + + + align:start position:0% +them with let me illustrate there's a +million dollar Clay Institute question + + align:start position:0% +million dollar Clay Institute question + + + align:start position:0% +million dollar Clay Institute question +one of a dozen corso questions that are + + align:start position:0% +one of a dozen corso questions that are + + + align:start position:0% +one of a dozen corso questions that are +considered to be the major open problems + + align:start position:0% +considered to be the major open problems + + + align:start position:0% +considered to be the major open problems +in various disciplines of mathematics + + align:start position:0% +in various disciplines of mathematics + + + align:start position:0% +in various disciplines of mathematics +and one of the disciplines of + + align:start position:0% +and one of the disciplines of + + + align:start position:0% +and one of the disciplines of +mathematics is complexity theory in + + align:start position:0% +mathematics is complexity theory in + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics is complexity theory in +computer science computational + + align:start position:0% +computer science computational + + + align:start position:0% +computer science computational +complexity feeling this question is + + align:start position:0% +complexity feeling this question is + + + align:start position:0% +complexity feeling this question is +known as the P equals NP question and + + align:start position:0% +known as the P equals NP question and + + + align:start position:0% +known as the P equals NP question and +we're actually going to talk about a + + align:start position:0% +we're actually going to talk about a + + + align:start position:0% +we're actually going to talk about a +fair amount in just the coming few + + align:start position:0% +fair amount in just the coming few + + + align:start position:0% +fair amount in just the coming few +lectures but for now it doesn't matter + + align:start position:0% +lectures but for now it doesn't matter + + + align:start position:0% +lectures but for now it doesn't matter +what it means well I'll tell you what it + + align:start position:0% +what it means well I'll tell you what it + + + align:start position:0% +what it means well I'll tell you what it +means P stands for polynomial time and + + align:start position:0% +means P stands for polynomial time and + + + align:start position:0% +means P stands for polynomial time and +NP stands for non deterministic + + align:start position:0% +NP stands for non deterministic + + + align:start position:0% +NP stands for non deterministic +polynomial time I'm not going to define + + align:start position:0% +polynomial time I'm not going to define + + + align:start position:0% +polynomial time I'm not going to define +non deterministic polynomial time but it + + align:start position:0% +non deterministic polynomial time but it + + + align:start position:0% +non deterministic polynomial time but it +would be momentous if those two things + + align:start position:0% +would be momentous if those two things + + + align:start position:0% +would be momentous if those two things +were equal and everyone expects that + + align:start position:0% +were equal and everyone expects that + + + align:start position:0% +were equal and everyone expects that +they're not equal but no one knows how + + align:start position:0% +they're not equal but no one knows how + + + align:start position:0% +they're not equal but no one knows how +to prove that so the million-dollar + + align:start position:0% +to prove that so the million-dollar + + + align:start position:0% +to prove that so the million-dollar +question is is P equal to NP yes or no + + align:start position:0% +question is is P equal to NP yes or no + + + align:start position:0% +question is is P equal to NP yes or no +and you get a million dollars for + + align:start position:0% +and you get a million dollars for + + + align:start position:0% +and you get a million dollars for +settling this question now I claim that + + align:start position:0% +settling this question now I claim that + + + align:start position:0% +settling this question now I claim that +in fact the answer to this + + align:start position:0% +in fact the answer to this + + + align:start position:0% +in fact the answer to this +is on my lecture table and I will show + + align:start position:0% +is on my lecture table and I will show + + + align:start position:0% +is on my lecture table and I will show +it to you in class tomorrow \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/w_I0AkvbWFc.txt b/w_I0AkvbWFc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2508ca187afdac6dabef801018f1ac9ea4c44e30 --- /dev/null +++ b/w_I0AkvbWFc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2982 @@ +The following +content is provided + +under a Creative +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue + +to offer high quality +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation or +view additional materials + +from hundreds of MIT courses, +visit MIT OpenCourseWare + +at ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: We established that, +essentially, what we want to do + +is to describe the +properties of a system that + +is in equilibrium. + +And a system in equilibrium +is characterized + +by a certain number +of parameters. + +We discussed +displacement and forces + +that are used for +mechanical properties. + +We described how when systems +are in thermal equilibrium, + +the exchange of heat requires +that there is temperature + +that will be the +same between them. + +So that was where the +Zeroth Law came and told us + +that there is another +function of state. + +Then, we saw that, +from the First Law, + +there was energy, which is +another important function + +of state. + +And from the Second Law, +we arrived at entropy. + +And then by +manipulating these, we + +generated a whole set of +other functions, free energy, + +enthalpy, Gibbs free energy, the +grand potential, and the list + +goes on. + +And when the system +is in equilibrium, + +it has a well-defined +values of these quantities. + +You go from one equilibrium +to another equilibrium, + +and these quantities change. + +But of course, we saw that the +number of degrees of freedom + +that you have to +describe the system + +is indicated through looking +at the changes in energy, which + +if you were only +doing mechanical work, + +you would write as sum over all +possible ways of introducing + +mechanical work into the system. + +Then, we saw that +it was actually + +useful to separate +out the chemical work. + +So we could also +write this as a sum + +of an alpha chemical +potential number of particles. + +But there was also +ways of changing + +the energy of the system +through addition of heat. + +And so ultimately, +we saw that if there + +were n ways of doing +chemical and mechanical work, + +and one way of introducing heat +into the system, essentially + +n plus 1 variables are +sufficient to determine + +where you are in +this phase space. + +Once you have n +plus 1 of that list, + +you can input, in +principle, determine others + +as long as you have +not chosen things + +that are really +dependent on each other. + +So you have to choose +independent ones, + +and we had some discussion +of how that comes into play. + +So I said that today +we will briefly + +conclude with the +last, or the Third Law. + +This is the statement +about trying + +to calculate the +behavior of entropy + +as a function of temperature. + +And in principle, +you can imagine + +as a function of some coordinate +of your system-- capital X + +could indicate pressure, +volume, anything. + +You calculate that at +some particular value + +of temperature, T, T the +difference in entropy + +that you would have +between two points + +parametrized by X1 and X2. + +And in principle, +what you need to do + +is to find some kind of a +path for changing parameters + +from X1 to X2 and calculate, +in a reversible process, how + +much heat you have to +put into the system. + +Let's say at this fixed +temperature, T, divide by T. T + +is not changing along the +process from say X1 to X2. + +And this would be a +difference between the entropy + +that you would have +between these two + +quantities, between +these two points. + +You could, in principle, +then repeat this process + +at some lower temperature and +keep going all the way down + +to 0 temperature. + +What Nernst observed was that as +he went through this procedure + +to lower and lower temperatures, +this difference-- Let's + +call it delta s of T going +from X1 to X2 goes to 0. + +So it looks like, certainly +at this temperature, + +there is a change in entropy +going from one to another. + +There's also a change. + +This change gets +smaller and smaller + +as if, when you get +to 0 temperature, + +the value of your entropy is +independent of X. Whatever + +X you choose, you'll have +the same value of entropy. + +Now, that led to, after a while, +to a more ambitious version + +statement of the Third Law +that I will write down, + +which is that the entropy of +all substances at the zero + +of thermodynamic temperature is +the same and can be set to 0. + +Same universal +constant, set to 0. + +It's, in principle, +through these integration + +from one point to another +point, the only thing + +that you can calculate is the +difference between entropies. + +And essentially, this +suggests that the difference + +between entropies goes to 0, +but let's be more ambitious + +and say that even if you +look at different substances + +and you go to 0 temperature, +all of them have a unique value. + +And so there's more +evidence for being + +able to do this for +different substances via what + +is called allotropic state. + +So for example, some materials +can exist potentially + +in two different +crystalline states that + +are called allotropes, +for example, sulfur + +as a function of temperature. + +If you lower it's +temperature very slowly, + +it stays in some foreign all +the way down to 0 temperature. + +So if you change its temperature +rapidly, it stays in one form + +all the way to 0 temperature +in crystalline structure + +that is called monoclinic. + +If you cool it +very, very slowly, + +there is a temperature +around 40 degrees Celsius + +at which it makes a transition +to a different crystal + +structure. + +That is rhombohedral. + +And the thing that +I am plotting here, + +as a function of temperature, +is the heat capacity. + +And so if you are, let's +say, around room temperature, + +in principle you can say there's +two different forms of sulfur. + +One of them is truly stable, +and the other is metastable. + +That is, in principle, if +you rate what sufficiently + +is of the order of +[? centuries ?], + +you can get the transition from +this form to the stable form. + +But for our purposes, +at room temperature, + +you would say that +at the scale of times + +that I'm observing things, there +are these 2 possible states + +that are both equilibrium +states of the same substance. + +Now using these two +equilibrium states, + +I can start to test this +Nernst theorem generalized + +to different substances. + +If you, again, regard +these two different things + +as different substances. + +You could say that if I want +to calculate the entropy just + +slightly above the transition, +I can come from two paths. + +I can either come +from path number one. + +Along path number +one, I would say + +that the entropy at +this Tc plus is obtained + +by integrating +degree heat capacity, + +so integral dT Cx +of T divided by T. + +This combination is +none other than dQ. + +Basically, the combination +of heat capacity dT + +is the amount of +heat that you have + +to put the substance to +change its temperature. + +And you do this all the +way from 0 to Tc plus. + +Let's say we go +along this path that + +corresponds to this +monoclinic way. + +And I'm using this Cm that +corresponds to this as opposed + +to 0 that corresponds to this. + +Another thing that I can +do-- and I made a mistake + +because what I really need +to do is to, in principle, + +add to this some +entropy that I would + +assign to this green state at 0 +because this is the difference. + +So this is the +entropy that I would + +assign to the monoclinic +state at T close to 0. + +Going along the +orange path, I would + +say that S evaluated +at Tc plus is + +obtained by integrating from 0. + +Let's say to Tc +minus dT, the heat + +capacity of this rhombic phase. + +But when I get to just +below the transition, + +I want to go to just +above the transition. + +I have to actually be put in +certain amount of latent heat. + +So here I have to add +latent heat L, always + +at the temperatures Tc, to +gradually make the substance + +transition from +one to the other. + +So I have to add here L of Tc. + +This would be the +integration of dQ, + +but then I would have to add +the entropy that I would assign + +to the orange state +at 0 temperature. + +So this is something that +you can do experimentally. + +You can evaluate at these +integrals, and what you'll find + +is that these two +things are the same. + +So this is yet +another justification + +of this entropy +being independent + +of where you start +at 0 temperature. + +Again at this +point, if you like, + +you can by [INAUDIBLE] +state that this + +is 0 for everything +will start with 0. + +So this is a supposed new +law of thermodynamics. + +Is it useful? + +What can we deduce from that? + +So let's look at +the consequences. + +First thing is so what +I have established + +is that the limit +as T goes to 0 of S, + +irrespective of whatever +set of parameters + +I have-- so I pick T as one +of my n plus one coordinates, + +and I put some other +bunch of coordinates here. + +I take the limit +of this going to 0. + +This becomes 0. + +So that means, almost +by construction, + +that if I take the derivative of +S with respect to any of these + +coordinates-- if I take then +the limit as T goes to 0, + +this would be +fixed T. This is 0. + +Fine. + +So basically, this +is another way + +of stating that entropy +differences go through 0. + +But it does have a consequence +because one thing that you will + +frequently measure +are quantities, + +such as extensivity. + +What do I mean by that? + +Let's pick a displacement. + +Could be the length of a wire. + +Could be the volume of a gas. + +And we can ask if I were +to change temperature, + +how does that quantity change? + +So these are quantities +typically called alpha. + +Actually, usually +you would also divide + +by x to make them intensive +because otherwise x + +being extensive, +the whole quantity + +would have been extensive. + +Let's say we do this at fixed +corresponding displacement. + +So something that +is very relevant + +is you take the volume of +gas who changes temperature + +at fixed pressure, and +the volume of the gas + +will shrink or expand +according to this extensive. + +Now, this can be related to this +through Maxwell relationship. + +So let's see what I have to do. + +I have that dE is +something like Jdx plus, + +according to what I +have over there, TdS. + +I want to be able to write +a Maxwell relation that + +relates a derivative of x. + +So I want to make x +into a first derivative. + +So I look at E minus Jx. + +And this Jdx becomes minus xdJ. + +But I want to take a derivative +of x with respect not + +s, but with respect +to T. So I'll do that. + +This becomes a minus SdT. + +So now, I immediately see +that I will have a Maxwell + +relation that says dx +by dT at constant J + +is the same thing as +dS by dJ at constant T. + +So this is the same thing by +the Maxwell relation as dS + +by dJ at constant T. All right? + +This is one of these quantities, +therefore, as T goes 0, + +this goes to 0. + +And therefore, the +expansivity should go to 0. + +So any quantity that measures +expansion, contraction, + +or some other change as a +function of temperature, + +according to this law, as +you go through 0 temperature, + +should go to 0. + +There's one other quantity +that also goes to 0, + +and that's the heat capacity. + +So if I want to calculate the +difference between entropy + +at some temperature T +and some temperature + +at 0 along some particular +path corresponding + +to some constant +x for example, you + +would say that what +I need to do is + +to integrate from 0 to +T the heat that I have + +to put into the +system at constant x. + +And so if I do +that slowly enough, + +this heat I can write as CxdT. + +Cx, potentially, +is a function of T. + +Actually, since I'm indicating +T as the other point + +of integration, let me call +the variable of integration T + +prime. + +So I take a path in which +I change temperature. + +I calculate the heat +capacity at constant x. + +Integrate it. + +Multiply by dT to convert +it to T, and get the result. + +So all of these results that +they have been formulating + +suggest that the result that you +would get as a function of T, + +for entropy, is something that +as T goes to 0, approaches 0. + +So it should be a perfectly +nice, well-defined value + +at any finite temperature. + +Now, if you integrate +a constant divided + +by T, divided by dT, then +essentially the constant + +would give you a logarithm. + +And the logarithm would blow +up as we go to 0 temperature. + +So the only way that +this integral does not + +blow up on you-- so this is +finite only if the limit as T + +goes to 0 of the heat +capacities should also go to 0. + +So any heat capacity should +also essentially vanish + +as you go to lower +and lower temperature. + +This is something that you +will see many, many times when + +you look at different +heat capacities + +in the rest of the course. + +There is one other +aspect of this + +that I will not really explain, +but you can go and look + +at the notes or elsewhere, which +is that another consequence is + +unattainability of T equals +to 0 by any finite set + +of operations. + +Essentially, if you want +to get to 0 temperature, + +you'll have to do something +that cools you step by step. + +And the steps become +smaller and smaller, + +and you have to repeat +that many times. + +But that is another consequence. + +We'll leave that +for the time being. + +I would like to, however, end +by discussing some distinctions + +that are between +these different laws. + +So if you think +about whatever could + +be the microscopic +origin, after all, I + +have emphasized +that thermodynamics + +is a set of rules that you look +at substances as black boxes + +and you try to deduce a +certain number of things + +based on observations, such +as what Nernst did over here. + +But you say, these +black boxes, I + +know what is inside +them in principle. + +It's composed of atoms, +molecules, light, quark, + +whatever the +microscope theory is + +that you want to assign to +the components of that box. + +And I know the +dynamics that governs + +these microscopic +degrees of freedom. + +I should be able to get +the laws of thermodynamics + +starting from the +microscopic laws. + +Eventually, we will do +that, and as we do that, + +we will find the origin +of these different laws. + +Now, you won't be surprised +that the First Law is intimately + +connected to the fact that +any microscopic set of rules + +that you write down embodies +the conservation of energy. + +And all you have to make +sure is to understand + +precisely what heat is +as a form of energy. + +And then if we regard heat +as another form of energy, + +another component, it's +really the conservation law + +that we have. + +Then, you have the Zeroth +Law and the Second Law. + +The Zeroth Law and Second Law +have to do with equilibrium + +and being able to go in +some particular direction. + +And that always runs a fall of +the microscopic laws of motion + +that are typically things +that are time reversible where + +as the Zeroth Law and +Second Law are not. + +And what we will see later on, +through statistical mechanics, + +is that the origin +of these laws is + +that we are dealing with large +numbers of degrees of freedom. + +And once we adapt the +proper perspective + +to looking at properties +of large numbers of degrees + +of freedom, which +will be a start + +to do the elements of that +[? prescription ?] today, + +the Zeroth Law and +Second Law emerge. + +Now the Third Law, you +all know that once we + +go through this process, +eventually for example, + +we get things for the +description of entropy, which + +is related to some +number of states + +that the system +has indicated by g. + +And if you then want to +have S going through 0, + +you would require that +g goes to something + +that is order of 1-- of 1 if +you like-- as T goes to 0. + +And typically, you +would say that systems + +adopt their ground state, lowest +energy state, at 0 temperature. + +And so this is +somewhat a statement + +about the uniqueness of the +state of all possible systems + +at low temperature. + +Now, if you think about +the gas in this room, + +and let's imagine that +the particles of this gas + +either don't interact, which is +maybe a little bit unrealistic, + +but maybe repel each other. + +So let's say you have +a bunch of particles + +that just repel each other. + +Then, there is +really no reason why, + +as I go to lower and +lower temperatures, + +the number of configurations of +the molecules should decrease. + +All configurations that I +draw that they don't overlap + +have roughly the same energy. + +And indeed, if I look at say +any one of these properties, + +like the expansivity of a +gas at constant pressure + +which is given in fact +with a minus sign. + +dV by dT at constant pressure +would be the analog of one + +of these extensivities. + +If I use the Ideal Gas +Law-- So for ideal gas, + +we've seen that PV is +proportional to let's + +say some temperature. + +Then, dV by dT at +constant pressure + +is none other than V over +T. So this would give me + +1 over V, V over T. Probably +don't need it on this. + +This is going to +give me 1 over T. + +So not only doesn't it +go to 0 at 0 temperature, + +if the Ideal Gas +Law was satisfied, + +the extensivity would +actually diverge + +at 0 temperature as +different as you want. + +So clearly the Ideal Gas +Law, if it was applicable + +all the way down +to 0 temperature, + +would violate the Third +Law of thermodynamics. + +Again, not surprising +given that I have told you + +that a gas of classical +particles with repulsion + +has many states. + +Now, we will see +later on in the course + +that once we include quantum +mechanics, then as you + +go to 0 temperature, +these particles + +will have a unique state. + +If they are bosons, they will be +together in one wave function. + +If they are fermions, they +will arrange themselves + +appropriately so that, +because of quantum mechanics, + +all of these laws would +certainly breakdown at T equals + +to 0. + +You will get 0 entropy, and +you would get consistency + +with all of these things. + +So somehow, the nature +of the Third Law + +is different from the other +laws because its validity + +rests on being able to +be living in a world + +where quantum mechanics applies. + +So in principle, you could have +imagined some other universe + +where h-bar equals +to 0, and then + +the Third Law of thermodynamics +would not hold there + +whereas the Zeroth Law +and Second Law would hold. + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: Are there any known +exceptions to the Third Law? + +Are we going to +[? account for them? ?] + +PROFESSOR: For +equilibrium-- So this + +is actually an +interesting question. + +What do I know +about-- classically, + +I can certainly come up with +lots of examples that violate. + +So your question then amounts if +I say that quantum mechanics is + +necessary, do I +know that the ground + +state of a quantum +mechanical system is unique. + +And I don't know of a proof of +that for interacting system. + +I don't know of a case that's +violated, but as far as I know, + +there is no proof that I give +you an interacting Hamiltonian + +for a quantum system, and +there's a unique ground state. + +And I should say +that there'd be no-- + +and I'm sure you know of cases +where the ground state is not + +unique like a ferromagnet. + +But the point is not that +g should be exactly one, + +but that the limit +of log g divided + +by the number of +degrees of freedom + +that you have should go to +0 as n goes to infinity. + +So something like a ferromagnet +may have many ground states, + +but the number of +ground states is not + +proportional to the number of +sites, the number of spins, + +and this entity will go to 0. + +So all the cases that we +know, the ground state + +is either unique +or is order of one. + +But I don't know a theorem that +says that should be the case. + +So this is the last +thing that I wanted + +to say about thermodynamics. + +Are there any +questions in general? + +So I laid out the +necessity of having + +some kind of a description of +microscopic degrees of freedom + +that ultimately will +allow us to prove + +the laws of thermodynamics. + +And that will come through +statistical mechanics, which + +as the name implies, has +to have certain amount + +of statistic characters to it. + +What does that mean? + +It means that you have to +abandon a description of motion + +that is fully +deterministic for one + +that is based on probability. + +Now, I could have told you +first the degrees of freedom + +and what is the +description that we + +need for them to +be probabilistic, + +but I find it more +useful to first lay out + +what the language +of probability is + +that we will be +using and then bring + +in the description of the +microscopic degrees of freedom + +within this language. + +So if we go first +with definitions-- + +and you could, for example, go +to the branch of mathematics + +that deals with probability, +and you will encounter something + +like this that what probability +describes is a random variable. + +Let's call it X, which has a +number of possible outcomes, + +which we put together +into a set of outcomes, S. + +And this set can be discrete as +would be the case if you were + +tossing a coin, and +the outcomes would + +be either a head or a tail, +or we were throwing a dice, + +and the outcomes would +be the faces 1 through 6. + +And we will encounter +mostly actually cases + +where S is continuous. + +Like for example, if I want to +describe the velocity of a gas + +particle in this room, I need +to specify the three components + +of velocity that can +be anywhere, let's say, + +in the range of real numbers. + +And again, mathematicians +would say that to each event, + +which is a subset of +possible outcomes, + +is assigned a value which we +must satisfy the following + +properties. + +First thing is the +probability of anything + +is a positive number. + +And so this is positivity. + +The second thing is additivity. + +That is the probability +of two events, A or B, + +is the sum total of +the probabilities + +if A and B are +disjoint or distinct. + +And finally, there's +a normalization. + +That if you're event is +that something should happen + +the entire set, the probability +that you assign to that is 1. + +So these are formal statements. + +And if you are a mathematician, +you start from there, + +and you prove theorems. + +But from our perspective, +the first question to ask + +is how to determine this +quantity probability + +that something should happen. + +If it is useful and I want to do +something real world about it, + +I should be able to measure +it or assign values to it. + +And very roughly +again, in theory, + +we can assign probabilities +two different ways. + +One way is called objective. + +And from the perspective +of us as physicists + +corresponds to what would be +an experimental procedure. + +And if it is assigning p of e +as the frequency of outcomes + +in large number of +trials, i.e. you + +would say that the probability +that event A is obtained + +is the number of times you +would get outcome A divided + +by the total number of +trials as n goes to infinity. + +So for example, if you want to +assign a probability that when + +you throw a dice that face 1 +comes up, what you could do + +is you could make a table +of the number of times + +1 shows up divided by the number +of times you throw the dice. + +Maybe you throw it 100 +times, and you get 15. + +You throw it 200 +times, and you get-- + +that is probably too much. + +Let's say 15-- you get 35. + +And you do it 300 times, and +you get something close to 48. + +The ratio of these +things, as the number + +gets larger and +larger, hopefully + +will converge to something that +you would call the probability. + +Now, it turns out that +in statistical physics, + +we will assign things through +a totally different procedure + +which is subjective. + +If you like, it's +more theoretical, + +which is based on uncertainty +among all outcomes. + +Because if I were to +subjectively assign + +to throwing the dice and +coming up with value of 1, + +I would say, well, there's six +possible faces for the dice. + +I don't know anything about +this dice being loaded, + +so I will say they +are all equally alike. + +Now, that may or may not +be a correct assumption. + +You could test it. + +You could maybe +throw it many times. + +You will find that either the +dice is loaded or not loaded + +and this is correct or not. + +But you begin by +making this assumption. + +And this is actually, we +will see later on, exactly + +the type of assumption +that you would + +be making in +statistical physics. + +Any question about +these definitions? + +So let's again +proceed slowly to get + +some definitions established by +looking at one random variable. + +So this is the next section +on one random variable. + +And I will assume that +I'll look at the case + +of the continuous +random variable. + +So x can be any real number +minus infinity to infinity. + +Now, a number of definitions. + +I will use the term +Cumulative-- make + +sure I'll use the-- Cumulative +Probability Function, CPF, + +that for this one +random variable, + +I will indicate +by capital P of x. + +And the meaning of +this is that capital P + +of x is the probability +of outcome less than x. + +So generically, +we say that x can + +take all values +along the real line. + +And there is this +function that I + +want to plot that I will +call big P of x Now big P + +of x is a probability, +therefore, + +it has to be positive according +to the first item that we + +have over there. + +And it will be less than 1 +because the net probability + +for everything toward +here is equal to 1. + +So asymptotically, +where I go all the way + +to infinity, the +probability that I + +will get some number along the +line-- I have to get something, + +so it should automatically +go to 1 here. + +And every element of +probability is positive, + +so it's a function that +should gradually go down. + +And presumably, it +will behave something + +like this generically. + +Once we have the Cumulative +Probability Function, + +we can immediately construct the +Probability Density Function, + +PDF, which is the +derivative of the above. + +P of x is the derivative of big +P of x with respect to the x. + +And so if I just take here +the curve that I have above + +and take its derivative, +the derivative + +will look something like this. + +Essentially, clearly by the +definition of the derivative, + +this quantity is +therefore ability + +of outcome in the +interval x to x plus dx + +divided by the size +of the interval dx. + +couple of things to +remind you of, one of them + +is that the Cumulative +Probability is a probability. + +It's a dimensionless +number between 0 and 1. + +Probability Density is obtained +by taking a derivative, + +so it has dimensions that are +inverse of whatever this x is. + +So if I change my variable +from meters to centimeters, + +let's say, the value +of this function + +would change by a factor of 100. + +And secondly, while +the Probability Density + +is positive, its +value is not bounded. + +It can be anywhere +that you like. + +One other, again, +minor definition + +is expectation value. + +So I can pick some +function of x. + +This could be x itself. + +It could be x squared. + +It could be sine x, x +cubed minus x squared. + +The expectation value +of this is defined + +by integrating the +Probability Density + +against the value +of the function. + +So essentially, +what that says is + +that if I pick some +function of x-- function + +can be positive, +negative, et cetera. + +So maybe I have a function +such as this-- then the value + +of x is random. + +If x is in this +interval, this would + +be the corresponding +contribution to f of x. + +And I have to look at +all possible values of x. + +Question? + +Now, very associated to this +is a change of variables. + +You would say that if x is +random, then f of x is random. + +So if I ask you what is +the value of x squared, + +and for one random +variable, I get this. + +The value of x +squared would be this. + +If I get this, the +value of x squared + +would be something else. + +So if x is random, f of x +is itself a random variable. + +So f of x is a random +variable, and you + +can ask what is the +probability, let's + +say, the Probability Density +Function that I would associate + +with the value of this. + +Let's say what's the +probability that I will find it + +in the interval between +small f and small f plus df. + +This will be Pf f of f. + +You would say that the +probability that I would find + +the value of the function +that is in this interval + +corresponds to finding a value +of x that is in this interval. + +So what I can do, +the probability + +that I find the value +of f in this interval, + +according to what I have here, +is the Probability Density + +multiplied by df. + +Is there a question? + +No. + +So the probability that +I'm in this interval + +translates to the probability +that I'm in this interval. + +So that's probability p of x dx. + +But that's boring. + +I want to look at the +situation maybe where + +the function is +something like this. + +Then, you say that f is +in this interval provided + +that x is either +here or here or here. + +So what I really need +to do is to solve + +f of x equals to f for x. + +And maybe there +will be solutions + +that will be x1, +x2, x3, et cetera. + +And what I need to +do is to sum over + +the contributions of +all of those solutions. + +So here, it's three solutions. + +Then, you would say +the Probability Density + +is the sum over i P +of xi, the xi by df, + +which is really the slopes. + +The slopes translate the +size of this interval + +to the size of that interval. + +You can see that here, +the slope is very sharp. + +The size of this +interval is small. + +It could be wider +accordingly, so I + +need to multiply by dxi by df. + +So I have to multiply by +dx by df evaluated at xi. + +That's essentially the value +of the derivative of f. + +Now, sometimes, it is easy +to forget these things + +that I write over here. + +And you would say, +well obviously, + +the probability of +something that is positive. + +But without being careful, +it is easy to violate + +such basic condition. + +And I violated it here. + +Anybody see where I violated it. + +Yeah, the slope +here is positive. + +The slope here is positive. + +The slope here is negative. + +So I am subtracting +a probability here. + +So what I really +should do-- it really + +doesn't matter whether the +slope is this way or that way. + +I will pick up +the same interval, + +so make sure you don't forget +the absolute values that + +go accordingly. + +So this is the +standard way that you + +would make change of variables. + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: Sorry. + +In the center of that board, +on the second line, it says Pf. + +Is that an x or a times? + +PROFESSOR: In the +center of this board? + +This one? + +AUDIENCE: Yeah. + +PROFESSOR: So the +value of the function + +is a random variable, right? + +It can come up to be here. + +It can come up to be here. + +And so there is, as any other +one parameter random variable, + +a Probability Density +associated with that. + +That Probability Density +I have called P of f + +to indicate that +it is the variable + +f that I'm +considering as opposed + +to what I wrote +originally that was + +associated with the value of x. + +AUDIENCE: But what you have +written on the left-hand side, + +it looks like your +x [? is random. ?] + +PROFESSOR: Oh, this was +supposed to be a multiplication + +sign, so sorry. + +AUDIENCE: Thank you. + +PROFESSOR: Thank you. + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: CP-- that function, +is this [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: Yes. + +So you're asking whether this-- +so I constructed something, + +and my statement is that the +integral from minus infinity + +to infinity df Pf of f better be +one which is the normalization. + +So if you're asking +about this, essentially, + +you would say the +integral dx p of x + +is the integral dx +dP by dx, right? + +That was the definition p of x. + +And the integral +of the derivative + +is the value of the function +evaluated at its two extremes. + +And this is one minus 0. + +So by construction, it +is, of course, normalized + +in this fashion. + +Is that what you were asking? + +AUDIENCE: I was asking +about the first possibility + +of cumulative +probability function. + +PROFESSOR: So the +cumulative probability, + +its constraint is that +the limit as its variable + +goes to infinity, +it should go to 1. + +That's the normalization. + +The normalization here +is that the probability + +of the entire set is 1. + +Cumulative adds +the probabilities + +to be anywhere up to point x. + +So I have achieved being +anywhere on the line + +by going through this point. + +But certainly, the integral +of P of xdx is not equal to 1 + +if that's what you're asking. + +The integral of +small p of x is 1. + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: Are we assuming +the function is invertible? + +PROFESSOR: Well, rigorously +speaking, this function + +is not invertible +because for a value of f, + +there are three +possible values of x. + +So it's not a function, +but you can certainly + +solve for f of x equals to +f to find particular values. + +So again, maybe it +is useful to work + +through one example of this. + +So let's say that you +have a probability that + +is of the form e to the minus +lambda absolute value of x. + +So as a function of x, +the Probability Density + +falls off exponentially +on both sides. + +And again, I have to ensure that +when I integrate this from 0 + +to infinity, I will get one. + +The integral from +0 to infinity is + +1 over lambda, +from minus infinity + +to zero by symmetry +is 1 over lambda. + +So it's really I have to divide +by 2 lambda-- to lambda over 2. + +Sorry. + +Now, suppose I change variables +to F, which is x squared. + +So I want to know what +the probability is + +for a particular value of x +squared that I will call f. + +So then what I have to +do is to solve this. + +And this will give me x is minus +plus square root of small f. + +If I ask for what f of-- for +what value of x, x squared + +equals to f, then I have +these two solutions. + +So according to the +formula that I have, + +I have to, first of +all, evaluate this + +at these two possible routes. + +In both cases, I will get +minus lambda square root of f. + +Because of the absolute +value, both of them + +will give you the same thing. + +And then I have to look +at this derivative. + +So if I look at this, I can +see that df by dx equals to 2x. + +The locations that I have to +evaluate are at plus minus + +square root of f. + +So the value of the slope is +minus plus to square root of f. + +And according to that +formula, what I have to do + +is to put the inverse of that. + +So I have to put for one +solution, 1 over 2 square root + +of f. + +For the other one, I have to +put 1 over minus 2 square root + +of f, which would be a disaster +if I didn't convert this + +to an absolute value. + +And if I did convert that +to an absolute value, + +what I would get is lambda +over 2 square root of f + +e to the minus lambda root f. + +It is important to note +that this solution will only + +exist only if f is positive. + +And there's no solution +if f is negative, + +which means that if I +wanted to plot a Probability + +Density for this +function f, which + +is x squared as a function +of f, it will only + +have values for positive +values of x squared. + +There's nothing for +negative values. + +For positive values, +I have this function + +that's exponentially decays. + +Yet at f equals to 0 diverges. + +One reason I chose +that example is + +to emphasize that these +Probability Density + +functions can even go +all the way infinity. + +The requirement, +however, is that you + +should be able to integrate +across the infinity because + +integrating across the infinity +should give you a finite number + +less than 1. + +And so the type of divergence +that you could have is limited. + +1 over square root of f is fine. + +1/f is not accepted. + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: I have a doubt +about [? the postulate. ?] + +It says that if you raise +the value of f slowly, + +you will eventually get to-- +yeah, that point right there. + +So if the prescription that +we have of summing over + +the different roots, at +some point, the roots, + +they converge. + +PROFESSOR: Yes. + +AUDIENCE: So at some point, +we stop summing over 2 + +and we start summing over 1. + +It just seems a +little bit strange. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah. + +If you are up here, you have +only one term in the sum. + +If you are down here, +you have three terms. + +And that's really just +the property of the curve + +that I have drawn. + +And so over here, I +have only one root. + +Over here, I have three roots. + +And this is not surprising. + +There are many situations +in mathematics or physics + +where you encounter +situations where, + +as you change some parameters, +new solutions, new roots, + +appear. + +And so if this was really some +kind of a physical system, + +you would probably +encounter some kind + +of a singularity of phase +transitions at this point. + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: But how does the +equation deal with that when + +[INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: Let's see. + +So if I am approaching +that point, what I find + +is that the f by +the x goes to 0. + +So the x by df has some kind +of infinity or singularity, + +so we have to deal with that. + +If you want, we can +choose a particular form + +of that function and +see what happens. + +But actually, we have +that already over here + +because the function f +that I plotted for you + +as a function of x +has this behavior + +that, for some range of +f, you have two solutions. + +So for negative values +of f, I have no solution. + +So this curve, after +having rotated, + +is precisely an example +of what is happening here. + +And you see what the +consequence of that is. + +The consequence of that +is that as I approach here + +and the two solutions merge, +I have the singularity that + +is ultimately +manifested in here. + +So in principle, yes. + +When you make these +changes of variables + +and you have functions +that have multiple solution + +behavior like that, you +have to worry about this. + +Let me go down here. + +One other definition +that, again, you've + +probably seen, before +we go through something + +that I hope you +haven't seen, moment. + +A form of this expectation +value-- actually, here we + +did with x squared, +but in general, we + +can calculate the expectation +value of x to the m. + +And sometimes, that is called +mth moment is the integral 0 + +to infinity dx x +to the m p of x. + +Now, I expect that +after this point, + +you would have seen everything. + +But next one maybe +half of you have seen. + +And the next item, +which we will use a lot, + +is the characteristic function. + +So given that I have some +probability distribution + +p of x, I can calculate +various expectation values. + +I calculate the expectation +value of e to the minus ikx. + +This is, by definition +that you have, + +I have to integrate +over the domain of x-- + +let's say from minus infinity +to infinity-- p of x against e + +to the minus ikx. + +And you say, well, what's +special about that? + +I know that to be the +Fourier transform of p of x. + +And it is true. + +And you also know how to +invert the Fourier transform. + +That is if you know the +characteristic function, which + +is another name for the Fourier +transform of a probability + +distribution, you +would get the p of x + +back by the integral +over k divided by 2pi, + +the way that I chose the things, +into the ikx p tilde of k. + +Basically, this is the +standard relationship + +between these objects. + +So this is just a +Fourrier transform. + +Now, something that appears a +lot in statistical calculations + +and implicit in lots +of things that we + +do in statistical mechanics +is a generating function. + +I can take the characteristic +function p tilde of k. + +It's a function of this +Fourrier variable, k. + +And I can do an +expansion in that. + +I can do the expansion +inside the expectation value + +because e to the minus ikx I can +write as a sum over n running + +from 0 to infinity minus ik +to the power of m divided by n + +factorial x to the nth. + +This is the expansion +of the exponential. + +The variable here is x, so I can +take everything else outside. + +And what I see is that +if I make an expansion + +of the characteristic +function, the coefficient + +of k to the n up to some +trivial factor of n factorial + +will give me the nth moment. + +That is once you have +calculated the Fourrier + +transform, or the characteristic +function, you can expand it. + +And you can, from out +of that expansion, you + +can extract all the +moments essentially. + +So this is expansion +generates for you the moments, + +hence the generating function. + +You could even do +something like this. + +You could multiply e to the +ikx0 for some x0 p tilde of k. + +And that would be the +expectation value of e + +to the ikx minus x0. + +And you can expand +that, and you would + +generate all of the moments +not around the origin, + +but around the point x0. + +So simple manipulations of +the characteristic function + +can shift and give you +other set of moments + +around different points. + +So the Fourier transform, +or characteristic function, + +is the generator of moments. + +An even more +important property is + +possessed by the cumulant +generating function. + +So you have the +characteristic function, + +the Fourier transform. + +You take its log, so +another function of k. + +You start expanding this +function in covers of k. + +Add the coefficients of +that, you call cumulants. + +So I essentially repeated the +definition that I had up there. + +I took a log, and all I did +is I put this subscript c + +to go from moments to cumulants. + +And also, I have to start the +series from 1 as opposed to 0. + +And essentially, I can find the +relationship between cumulants + +and moments by +writing this as a log + +of the characteristic +function, which + +is 1 plus some n +plus 1 to infinity + +of minus ik to the n over n +factorial, the nth moments. + +So inside the log, +I have the moments. + +Outside the log, I +have the cumulants. + +And if I have a log +of 1 plus epsilon, + +I can use the expansion +of this as epsilon minus + +epsilon squared over 2 epsilon +cubed over 3 minus epsilon + +to the fourth over 4, et cetera. + +And this will enable me to +then match powers of minus ik + +on the left and powers +of minus ik on the right. + +You can see that the first +thing that I will find + +is that the expectation +value of x-- the first power, + +the first term that I have +here is minus ik to the mean. + +Take the log, I will get that. + +So essentially, what I get +is that the first cumulant + +on the left is the +first moment that I + +will get from the +expansion on the right. + +And this is, of course, called +the mean of the distribution. + +The second cumulant, I will +have two contributions, + +one from epsilon, the other from +minus epsilon squared over 2. + +And If you go through +that, you will + +get that it is expectation +value of x squared + +minus the average of x, +the mean squared, which + +is none other than the +expectation value of x + +around the mean squared, which +is clearly a positive quantity. + +And this is the variance. + +And you can keep going. + +The third cumulant is x cubed +minus 3 average of x squared + +average of x plus 2 +average of x itself cubed. + +It is called the skewness. + +I don't write the +formula for the next one + +which is called +a [? cortosis ?]. + +And you keep going and so forth. + +So it turns out that this +hierarchy of cumulants, + +essentially, is a hierarchy +of the most important things + +that you can know about +a random variable. + +So if I tell you that the +outcome of some experiment + +is some number x, +distribute it somehow-- I + +guess the first thing that +you would like to know + +is whether the typical +values that you get + +are of the order of 1, are of +the order of million, whatever. + +So somehow, the +mean is something + +that tells you something that is +most important is zeroth order + +thing that you want to +know about the variable. + +But the next thing that +you might want to know + +is, well, what's the spread? + +How far does this thing go? + +And then the variance will tell +you something about the spread. + +So the next thing +that you want to do + +is maybe if given +the spread, am I + +more likely to get things +that are on one side or things + +that are on the other side. + +So the measure of its +asymmetry, right versus left, + +is provided by the third +cumulant, which is the skewness + +and so forth. + +So typically, the +very first few members + +of this hierarchy of +cumulants tells you + +the most important +information that you + +need about the probability. + +Now, I will mention +to you, and I + +guess we probably will deal +with it more next time around, + +the result that is in some +sense the backbone or granddaddy + +of all graphical expansions +that are carrying [INAUDIBLE]. + +And that's a relationship +between the moments + +and cumulants that I +will express graphically. + +So this is graphical +representation + +of moments in +terms of cumulants. + +Essentially, what I'm +saying is that you + +can go through the +procedure as I outlined. + +And if you want to calculate +minus ik to the fifth power + +so that you find the description +of the fifth cumulant in terms + +of the moment, you'll +have to do a lot of work + +in expanding the log and powers +of this object and making sure + +that you don't make any +mistakes in the coefficient. + +There is a way to +circumvent that graphically + +and get the relationship. + +So how do we do that? + +You'll represent nth cumulant +as let's say a bag of endpoints. + +So let's say this entity will +represent the third cumulant. + +It's a bag with three points. + +This-- one, two, three, +four, five, six-- + +will represent the +sixth cumulant. + +Then, the nth moment +is some of all ways + +of distributing end +points amongst bags. + +So what do I mean? + +So I want to calculate +the first moment x. + +That would correspond +to one point. + +And really, there's +only one diagram + +I can put the bag +around it or not + +that would correspond to this. + +And that corresponds +to the first cumulant, + +basically rewriting +what I had before. + +If I want to look at the second +moment, the second moment + +I need two points. + +The two points I can either +put in the same bag or I + +can put into two separate bags. + +And the first one +corresponds to calculating + +the second cumulant. + +The second term +corresponds to two ways + +in which their first +cumulant has appeared, + +so I have to squared x. + +if I want to calculate the +third moment, I need three dots. + +The three dots I can +either put in one bag + +or I can take one of them out +and keep two of them in a bag. + +And here I had the +choice of three things + +that I could've pulled out. + +Or, I could have all of them in +individual bags of their own. + +And mathematically, the first +term corresponds to x cubed c. + +The third term corresponds +to three versions + +of the variance times the mean. + +And the last term is +just the mean cubed. + +And you can massage +this expression + +to see that I get the expression +that I have for the skewness. + +I didn't offhand +remember the relationship + +that I have to write down +for the fourth cumulant. + +But I can graphically, +immediately get + +the relationship for +the fourth moment + +in terms of the fourth +cumulant which is this entity. + +Or, four ways that I +can take one of the back + +and maintain three in the bag, +three ways in which I have + +two bags of two, six ways in +which I can have a bag of two + +and two things that are +individually apart, and one + +way in which there +are four things that + +are independent of each other. + +And this becomes x to the fourth +cumulant, the fourth cumulant, + +4 times the third +cumulant times the mean, + +3 times the square +of the variance, + +6 times the variance +multiplied by the mean squared, + +and the mean raised +to the fourth power. + +And you can keep going. + +AUDIENCE: Is the variance not +squared in the third term? + +PROFESSOR: Did I forget that? + +Yes, thank you. + +All right. + +So the proof of this is really +just the two-line algebra + +exponentiating these expressions +that we have over here. + +But it's much nicer to +represent that graphically. + +And so now you can go +between things very easily. + +And what I will show next time +is how, using this machinery, + +you can calculate any +moment of a Gaussian, + +for example, in just a +matter of seconds as opposed + +to having to do integrations +and things like that. + +So that's what we +will do next time will + +be to apply this machinery +to various probability + +distribution, such +as a Gaussian, + +that we are likely to +encounter again and again. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/x4F1oqm7ETk.txt b/x4F1oqm7ETk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f2b1c2958a6305ce4541e59701f142431b4498c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/x4F1oqm7ETk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17331 @@ +align:start position:0% + +end of the + + align:start position:0% +end of the + + + align:start position:0% +end of the +photogrammetry + + align:start position:0% +photogrammetry + + + align:start position:0% +photogrammetry +section and we'll just briefly talk + + align:start position:0% +section and we'll just briefly talk + + + align:start position:0% +section and we'll just briefly talk +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +exterior orientation + + align:start position:0% +exterior orientation + + + align:start position:0% +exterior orientation +which is the + + align:start position:0% +which is the + + + align:start position:0% +which is the +fourth of the + + align:start position:0% +fourth of the + + + align:start position:0% +fourth of the +photogrammetric subjects we're talking + + align:start position:0% +photogrammetric subjects we're talking + + + align:start position:0% +photogrammetric subjects we're talking +about so what's this about + + align:start position:0% +about so what's this about + + + align:start position:0% +about so what's this about +this is + + align:start position:0% +this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is +best illustrated by thinking about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a drone + + align:start position:0% +a drone + + + align:start position:0% +a drone +flying about some terrain + + align:start position:0% +flying about some terrain + + + align:start position:0% +flying about some terrain +of which we have a detailed model so we + + align:start position:0% +of which we have a detailed model so we + + + align:start position:0% +of which we have a detailed model so we +know where points are in some global + + align:start position:0% +know where points are in some global + + + align:start position:0% +know where points are in some global +coordinate system + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +we have a camera + + align:start position:0% +we have a camera + + + align:start position:0% +we have a camera +perspective projection + + align:start position:0% +perspective projection + + + align:start position:0% +perspective projection +we get images of those three points + + align:start position:0% +we get images of those three points + + + align:start position:0% +we get images of those three points +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +the question is where are we + + align:start position:0% +the question is where are we + + + align:start position:0% +the question is where are we +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +p1 + + align:start position:0% +p1 + + + align:start position:0% +p1 +p2 p3 are known + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +let's assume that the center of + + align:start position:0% +let's assume that the center of + + + align:start position:0% +let's assume that the center of +projection is p0 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that that's what we want to find + + align:start position:0% +that that's what we want to find + + + align:start position:0% +that that's what we want to find +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +we also would like to find the attitude + + align:start position:0% +we also would like to find the attitude + + + align:start position:0% +we also would like to find the attitude +of the plane + + align:start position:0% +of the plane + + + align:start position:0% +of the plane +in the world so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so it's the same old thing + + align:start position:0% +so it's the same old thing + + + align:start position:0% +so it's the same old thing +rotation + + align:start position:0% +rotation + + + align:start position:0% +rotation +plus + + align:start position:0% +plus + + + align:start position:0% +plus +translation except + + align:start position:0% +translation except + + + align:start position:0% +translation except +in this case + + align:start position:0% +in this case + + + align:start position:0% +in this case +we have a mix of 2d and 3d information + + align:start position:0% +we have a mix of 2d and 3d information + + + align:start position:0% +we have a mix of 2d and 3d information +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +coordinates of the points in the world + + align:start position:0% +coordinates of the points in the world + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates of the points in the world +are given in 3d + + align:start position:0% +are given in 3d + + + align:start position:0% +are given in 3d +so we have a terrain model + + align:start position:0% +so we have a terrain model + + + align:start position:0% +so we have a terrain model +the points corresponding in the image + + align:start position:0% +the points corresponding in the image + + + align:start position:0% +the points corresponding in the image +are in 2d so + + align:start position:0% +are in 2d so + + + align:start position:0% +are in 2d so +so let's see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one question right away is + + align:start position:0% +one question right away is + + + align:start position:0% +one question right away is +you know how many correspondences do we + + align:start position:0% +you know how many correspondences do we + + + align:start position:0% +you know how many correspondences do we +need + + align:start position:0% +need + + + align:start position:0% +need +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +we know that + + align:start position:0% +we know that + + + align:start position:0% +we know that +we're looking for six degrees of freedom + + align:start position:0% +we're looking for six degrees of freedom + + + align:start position:0% +we're looking for six degrees of freedom +and so one question is you know how much + + align:start position:0% +and so one question is you know how much + + + align:start position:0% +and so one question is you know how much +does each image point contribute how + + align:start position:0% +does each image point contribute how + + + align:start position:0% +does each image point contribute how +much constraint does it provide + + align:start position:0% +much constraint does it provide + + + align:start position:0% +much constraint does it provide +so we've got + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +images of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so here's our image and we've got + + align:start position:0% +so here's our image and we've got + + + align:start position:0% +so here's our image and we've got +three points and + + align:start position:0% +three points and + + + align:start position:0% +three points and +you know naively we can just say that + + align:start position:0% +you know naively we can just say that + + + align:start position:0% +you know naively we can just say that +well every time we measure where + + align:start position:0% +well every time we measure where + + + align:start position:0% +well every time we measure where +something is in the image we've got x + + align:start position:0% +something is in the image we've got x + + + align:start position:0% +something is in the image we've got x +and y so two numbers two constraints + + align:start position:0% +and y so two numbers two constraints + + + align:start position:0% +and y so two numbers two constraints +and so with uh + + align:start position:0% +and so with uh + + + align:start position:0% +and so with uh +three of them + + align:start position:0% +three of them + + + align:start position:0% +three of them +we should have + + align:start position:0% +we should have + + + align:start position:0% +we should have +enough constraints uh to solve the + + align:start position:0% +enough constraints uh to solve the + + + align:start position:0% +enough constraints uh to solve the +problem + + align:start position:0% +problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem +so we need three or more + + align:start position:0% +so we need three or more + + + align:start position:0% +so we need three or more +and in this case that naive argument + + align:start position:0% +and in this case that naive argument + + + align:start position:0% +and in this case that naive argument +actually is correct + + align:start position:0% +actually is correct + + + align:start position:0% +actually is correct +we only need three + + align:start position:0% +we only need three + + + align:start position:0% +we only need three +and this problem i guess was i don't + + align:start position:0% +and this problem i guess was i don't + + + align:start position:0% +and this problem i guess was i don't +know if + + align:start position:0% +know if + + + align:start position:0% +know if +if it was church who first solved it or + + align:start position:0% +if it was church who first solved it or + + + align:start position:0% +if it was church who first solved it or +in many cases he wrote it up + + align:start position:0% +in many cases he wrote it up + + + align:start position:0% +in many cases he wrote it up +in a textbook i don't know 1950s so it's + + align:start position:0% +in a textbook i don't know 1950s so it's + + + align:start position:0% +in a textbook i don't know 1950s so it's +it's a old photogrammetric problem well + + align:start position:0% +it's a old photogrammetric problem well + + + align:start position:0% +it's a old photogrammetric problem well +known + + align:start position:0% +known + + + align:start position:0% +known +uh of course machine vision people + + align:start position:0% +uh of course machine vision people + + + align:start position:0% +uh of course machine vision people +didn't read that stuff and they + + align:start position:0% +didn't read that stuff and they + + + align:start position:0% +didn't read that stuff and they +reinvented all the photogrammetry and + + align:start position:0% +reinvented all the photogrammetry and + + + align:start position:0% +reinvented all the photogrammetry and +they actually did kind of a poor job of + + align:start position:0% +they actually did kind of a poor job of + + + align:start position:0% +they actually did kind of a poor job of +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +came up with something called projective + + align:start position:0% +came up with something called projective + + + align:start position:0% +came up with something called projective +geometry + + align:start position:0% +geometry + + + align:start position:0% +geometry +for example so anyway we go back to + + align:start position:0% +for example so anyway we go back to + + + align:start position:0% +for example so anyway we go back to +the roots which is photogrammetry + + align:start position:0% +the roots which is photogrammetry + + + align:start position:0% +the roots which is photogrammetry +okay um + + align:start position:0% +okay um + + + align:start position:0% +okay um +now one thing you might say is suppose i + + align:start position:0% +now one thing you might say is suppose i + + + align:start position:0% +now one thing you might say is suppose i +don't care about the attitude + + align:start position:0% +don't care about the attitude + + + align:start position:0% +don't care about the attitude +then i only have three degrees of + + align:start position:0% +then i only have three degrees of + + + align:start position:0% +then i only have three degrees of +freedom + + align:start position:0% +freedom + + + align:start position:0% +freedom +can i solve that problem + + align:start position:0% +can i solve that problem + + + align:start position:0% +can i solve that problem +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +unfortunately these are coupled so you + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately these are coupled so you + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately these are coupled so you +can't + + align:start position:0% +can't + + + align:start position:0% +can't +cheat and just solve for the variables + + align:start position:0% +cheat and just solve for the variables + + + align:start position:0% +cheat and just solve for the variables +you want + + align:start position:0% +you want + + + align:start position:0% +you want +okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so +what do we know + + align:start position:0% +what do we know + + + align:start position:0% +what do we know +well let's assume that interior + + align:start position:0% +well let's assume that interior + + + align:start position:0% +well let's assume that interior +orientation is known + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that means + + align:start position:0% +so that means + + + align:start position:0% +so that means +x naught y naught f unknown and so uh + + align:start position:0% +x naught y naught f unknown and so uh + + + align:start position:0% +x naught y naught f unknown and so uh +then when we have a given point in the + + align:start position:0% +then when we have a given point in the + + + align:start position:0% +then when we have a given point in the +image we can just connect + + align:start position:0% +image we can just connect + + + align:start position:0% +image we can just connect +image point to center of projection + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we have array in space + + align:start position:0% +and we have array in space + + + align:start position:0% +and we have array in space +and we know that the object is along + + align:start position:0% +and we know that the object is along + + + align:start position:0% +and we know that the object is along +that ray in space and and we have that + + align:start position:0% +that ray in space and and we have that + + + align:start position:0% +that ray in space and and we have that +ray in the camera coordinate system + + align:start position:0% +ray in the camera coordinate system + + + align:start position:0% +ray in the camera coordinate system +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +so with the origin at the center of + + align:start position:0% +so with the origin at the center of + + + align:start position:0% +so with the origin at the center of +projection and so on + + align:start position:0% +projection and so on + + + align:start position:0% +projection and so on +okay so um + + align:start position:0% +okay so um + + + align:start position:0% +okay so um +if we have + + align:start position:0% +if we have + + + align:start position:0% +if we have +uh these three rays + + align:start position:0% +uh these three rays + + + align:start position:0% +uh these three rays +it's sort of like you know having uh + + align:start position:0% +it's sort of like you know having uh + + + align:start position:0% +it's sort of like you know having uh +three sticks and you're trying to um + + align:start position:0% +three sticks and you're trying to um + + + align:start position:0% +three sticks and you're trying to um +arrange for the sticks to go through + + align:start position:0% +arrange for the sticks to go through + + + align:start position:0% +arrange for the sticks to go through +three points in the 3d world so you move + + align:start position:0% +three points in the 3d world so you move + + + align:start position:0% +three points in the 3d world so you move +around + + align:start position:0% +around + + + align:start position:0% +around +the position of the center projection + + align:start position:0% +the position of the center projection + + + align:start position:0% +the position of the center projection +until that that happens that that's sort + + align:start position:0% +until that that happens that that's sort + + + align:start position:0% +until that that happens that that's sort +of what we're doing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so if we have the rays we can calculate + + align:start position:0% +so if we have the rays we can calculate + + + align:start position:0% +so if we have the rays we can calculate +these angles so let's + + align:start position:0% +these angles so let's + + + align:start position:0% +these angles so let's +they're three angles + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so those are known + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right once we've got our image points we + + align:start position:0% +right once we've got our image points we + + + align:start position:0% +right once we've got our image points we +can construct those rays and so we can + + align:start position:0% +can construct those rays and so we can + + + align:start position:0% +can construct those rays and so we can +just take the dot products to get the + + align:start position:0% +just take the dot products to get the + + + align:start position:0% +just take the dot products to get the +cosine + + align:start position:0% +cosine + + + align:start position:0% +cosine +and we can take their cross product + + align:start position:0% +and we can take their cross product + + + align:start position:0% +and we can take their cross product +and take the magnitude of that to get + + align:start position:0% +and take the magnitude of that to get + + + align:start position:0% +and take the magnitude of that to get +the sign and that gives us a good you + + align:start position:0% +the sign and that gives us a good you + + + align:start position:0% +the sign and that gives us a good you +know eight and two will allow us to + + align:start position:0% +know eight and two will allow us to + + + align:start position:0% +know eight and two will allow us to +calculate the angles okay so we know + + align:start position:0% +calculate the angles okay so we know + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the angles okay so we know +those + + align:start position:0% +those + + + align:start position:0% +those +so what don't we know well what we don't + + align:start position:0% +so what don't we know well what we don't + + + align:start position:0% +so what don't we know well what we don't +know is the length of these legs of the + + align:start position:0% +know is the length of these legs of the + + + align:start position:0% +know is the length of these legs of the +tripod + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +one way we can think about this is that + + align:start position:0% +one way we can think about this is that + + + align:start position:0% +one way we can think about this is that +our task here is to + + align:start position:0% +our task here is to + + + align:start position:0% +our task here is to +find + + align:start position:0% +find + + + align:start position:0% +find +r1 + + align:start position:0% +r1 + + + align:start position:0% +r1 +r2 r3 + + align:start position:0% +r2 r3 + + + align:start position:0% +r2 r3 +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +we're not quite done once we've got r1 + + align:start position:0% +we're not quite done once we've got r1 + + + align:start position:0% +we're not quite done once we've got r1 +r2 r3 + + align:start position:0% +r2 r3 + + + align:start position:0% +r2 r3 +but we're just about done because then + + align:start position:0% +but we're just about done because then + + + align:start position:0% +but we're just about done because then +we can construct p0 + + align:start position:0% +we can construct p0 + + + align:start position:0% +we can construct p0 +by + + align:start position:0% +by + + + align:start position:0% +by +intersecting three spheres right + + align:start position:0% +intersecting three spheres right + + + align:start position:0% +intersecting three spheres right +so if we know r1 we know that the plane + + align:start position:0% +so if we know r1 we know that the plane + + + align:start position:0% +so if we know r1 we know that the plane +is on a sphere with radius r1 about the + + align:start position:0% +is on a sphere with radius r1 about the + + + align:start position:0% +is on a sphere with radius r1 about the +point p1 + + align:start position:0% +point p1 + + + align:start position:0% +point p1 +we know r2 we know it's on a sphere with + + align:start position:0% +we know r2 we know it's on a sphere with + + + align:start position:0% +we know r2 we know it's on a sphere with +radius r2 about point uh p2 + + align:start position:0% +radius r2 about point uh p2 + + + align:start position:0% +radius r2 about point uh p2 +and two spheres intersect in a circle so + + align:start position:0% +and two spheres intersect in a circle so + + + align:start position:0% +and two spheres intersect in a circle so +we're not done we don't have quite + + align:start position:0% +we're not done we don't have quite + + + align:start position:0% +we're not done we don't have quite +solved the problem so then we take the + + align:start position:0% +solved the problem so then we take the + + + align:start position:0% +solved the problem so then we take the +third one + + align:start position:0% +third one + + + align:start position:0% +third one +there's a sphere of radius r3 about + + align:start position:0% +there's a sphere of radius r3 about + + + align:start position:0% +there's a sphere of radius r3 about +p3 we intersect that circle with that + + align:start position:0% +p3 we intersect that circle with that + + + align:start position:0% +p3 we intersect that circle with that +sphere + + align:start position:0% +sphere + + + align:start position:0% +sphere +and we get + + align:start position:0% +and we get + + + align:start position:0% +and we get +uh two solutions typically + + align:start position:0% +uh two solutions typically + + + align:start position:0% +uh two solutions typically +so there's potential ambiguity + + align:start position:0% +so there's potential ambiguity + + + align:start position:0% +so there's potential ambiguity +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +basically + + align:start position:0% +basically + + + align:start position:0% +basically +we then have solutions and and if we + + align:start position:0% +we then have solutions and and if we + + + align:start position:0% +we then have solutions and and if we +have more than three points we can + + align:start position:0% +have more than three points we can + + + align:start position:0% +have more than three points we can +resolve the ambiguity + + align:start position:0% +resolve the ambiguity + + + align:start position:0% +resolve the ambiguity +you can also see there's going to be + + align:start position:0% +you can also see there's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +you can also see there's going to be +some ambiguity just by + + align:start position:0% +some ambiguity just by + + + align:start position:0% +some ambiguity just by +you know thinking about + + align:start position:0% +you know thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +you know thinking about +suppose we have the length of those + + align:start position:0% +suppose we have the length of those + + + align:start position:0% +suppose we have the length of those +three tripods + + align:start position:0% +three tripods + + + align:start position:0% +three tripods +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +what you know is there some other + + align:start position:0% +what you know is there some other + + + align:start position:0% +what you know is there some other +position + + align:start position:0% +position + + + align:start position:0% +position +than the one i've shown where those + + align:start position:0% +than the one i've shown where those + + + align:start position:0% +than the one i've shown where those +lengths would be exactly the same + + align:start position:0% +lengths would be exactly the same + + + align:start position:0% +lengths would be exactly the same +so think about moving that airplane + + align:start position:0% +so think about moving that airplane + + + align:start position:0% +so think about moving that airplane +somewhere else + + align:start position:0% +somewhere else + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere else +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +we're claiming that with three + + align:start position:0% +we're claiming that with three + + + align:start position:0% +we're claiming that with three +we've got a solution + + align:start position:0% +we've got a solution + + + align:start position:0% +we've got a solution +possibly however more than one solution + + align:start position:0% +possibly however more than one solution + + + align:start position:0% +possibly however more than one solution +so where could the plane be and those + + align:start position:0% +so where could the plane be and those + + + align:start position:0% +so where could the plane be and those +lengths would still be the same as they + + align:start position:0% +lengths would still be the same as they + + + align:start position:0% +lengths would still be the same as they +are there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well if i move it a little bit that's + + align:start position:0% +well if i move it a little bit that's + + + align:start position:0% +well if i move it a little bit that's +not going to work because then i'm going + + align:start position:0% +not going to work because then i'm going + + + align:start position:0% +not going to work because then i'm going +to screw up + + align:start position:0% +to screw up + + + align:start position:0% +to screw up +one or the other of these lengths if i + + align:start position:0% +one or the other of these lengths if i + + + align:start position:0% +one or the other of these lengths if i +move it to the left i increase r3 and + + align:start position:0% +move it to the left i increase r3 and + + + align:start position:0% +move it to the left i increase r3 and +decrease r1 but imagine that we're + + align:start position:0% +decrease r1 but imagine that we're + + + align:start position:0% +decrease r1 but imagine that we're +flying underground + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then we can + + align:start position:0% +then we can + + + align:start position:0% +then we can +have a mirror image + + align:start position:0% +have a mirror image + + + align:start position:0% +have a mirror image +of the position of the plane and we get + + align:start position:0% +of the position of the plane and we get + + + align:start position:0% +of the position of the plane and we get +exactly the same three lengths for the + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same three lengths for the + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same three lengths for the +tripod so if we draw the plane that goes + + align:start position:0% +tripod so if we draw the plane that goes + + + align:start position:0% +tripod so if we draw the plane that goes +contains p1 p2 p3 and think of that as a + + align:start position:0% +contains p1 p2 p3 and think of that as a + + + align:start position:0% +contains p1 p2 p3 and think of that as a +mirror + + align:start position:0% +mirror + + + align:start position:0% +mirror +and then we mirror image that plane + + align:start position:0% +and then we mirror image that plane + + + align:start position:0% +and then we mirror image that plane +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +that has the same length now of course + + align:start position:0% +that has the same length now of course + + + align:start position:0% +that has the same length now of course +that's one way to disambiguate it + + align:start position:0% +that's one way to disambiguate it + + + align:start position:0% +that's one way to disambiguate it +because typically planes don't fly + + align:start position:0% +because typically planes don't fly + + + align:start position:0% +because typically planes don't fly +underground so we can resolve it that + + align:start position:0% +underground so we can resolve it that + + + align:start position:0% +underground so we can resolve it that +way + + align:start position:0% +way + + + align:start position:0% +way +also there's an issue about the + + align:start position:0% +also there's an issue about the + + + align:start position:0% +also there's an issue about the +cyclical order of the images + + align:start position:0% +cyclical order of the images + + + align:start position:0% +cyclical order of the images +that would be different if we were + + align:start position:0% +that would be different if we were + + + align:start position:0% +that would be different if we were +looking at it from underneath it's like + + align:start position:0% +looking at it from underneath it's like + + + align:start position:0% +looking at it from underneath it's like +you know looking at some writing from + + align:start position:0% +you know looking at some writing from + + + align:start position:0% +you know looking at some writing from +the wrong side + + align:start position:0% +the wrong side + + + align:start position:0% +the wrong side +it's mirror image + + align:start position:0% +it's mirror image + + + align:start position:0% +it's mirror image +and similarly here + + align:start position:0% +and similarly here + + + align:start position:0% +and similarly here +if we look at from the mirror image + + align:start position:0% +if we look at from the mirror image + + + align:start position:0% +if we look at from the mirror image +position of the plane upwards everything + + align:start position:0% +position of the plane upwards everything + + + align:start position:0% +position of the plane upwards everything +is a mirror image so we can resolve it + + align:start position:0% +is a mirror image so we can resolve it + + + align:start position:0% +is a mirror image so we can resolve it +that way so if we only have two + + align:start position:0% +that way so if we only have two + + + align:start position:0% +that way so if we only have two +solutions then + + align:start position:0% +solutions then + + + align:start position:0% +solutions then +we can easily get rid of uh the + + align:start position:0% +we can easily get rid of uh the + + + align:start position:0% +we can easily get rid of uh the +problematic one + + align:start position:0% +problematic one + + + align:start position:0% +problematic one +using some argument like that + + align:start position:0% +using some argument like that + + + align:start position:0% +using some argument like that +okay so how do we find r1 r2 r3 + + align:start position:0% +okay so how do we find r1 r2 r3 + + + align:start position:0% +okay so how do we find r1 r2 r3 +well there used to be books full of + + align:start position:0% +well there used to be books full of + + + align:start position:0% +well there used to be books full of +formulas + + align:start position:0% +formulas + + + align:start position:0% +formulas +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +triangle + + align:start position:0% +triangle + + + align:start position:0% +triangle +solutions so you know if you know one + + align:start position:0% +solutions so you know if you know one + + + align:start position:0% +solutions so you know if you know one +side and then and two of the angles or + + align:start position:0% +side and then and two of the angles or + + + align:start position:0% +side and then and two of the angles or +if you know uh two of the uh two of the + + align:start position:0% +if you know uh two of the uh two of the + + + align:start position:0% +if you know uh two of the uh two of the +sides and one angle and what if it's you + + align:start position:0% +sides and one angle and what if it's you + + + align:start position:0% +sides and one angle and what if it's you +know what + + align:start position:0% +know what + + + align:start position:0% +know what +all sorts of combinations and why was + + align:start position:0% +all sorts of combinations and why was + + + align:start position:0% +all sorts of combinations and why was +that done well because it was important + + align:start position:0% +that done well because it was important + + + align:start position:0% +that done well because it was important +for navigation and it was important for + + align:start position:0% +for navigation and it was important for + + + align:start position:0% +for navigation and it was important for +surveying so people used to know these + + align:start position:0% +surveying so people used to know these + + + align:start position:0% +surveying so people used to know these +things but + + align:start position:0% +things but + + + align:start position:0% +things but +not so much right now + + align:start position:0% +not so much right now + + + align:start position:0% +not so much right now +so they're in the appendix of the book + + align:start position:0% +so they're in the appendix of the book + + + align:start position:0% +so they're in the appendix of the book +and the appendix is on stellar + + align:start position:0% +and the appendix is on stellar + + + align:start position:0% +and the appendix is on stellar +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +you know for example + + align:start position:0% +you know for example + + + align:start position:0% +you know for example +there's a rule of signs + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which is just that a of a sine a is b of + + align:start position:0% +which is just that a of a sine a is b of + + + align:start position:0% +which is just that a of a sine a is b of +a sine b + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and there's the cosine rule + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +basically + + align:start position:0% +basically + + + align:start position:0% +basically +those are the only two you need you can + + align:start position:0% +those are the only two you need you can + + + align:start position:0% +those are the only two you need you can +solve + + align:start position:0% +solve + + + align:start position:0% +solve +all these problems using those two rules + + align:start position:0% +all these problems using those two rules + + + align:start position:0% +all these problems using those two rules +sometimes it's convenient to have some + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it's convenient to have some + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it's convenient to have some +of the other rules because they make the + + align:start position:0% +of the other rules because they make the + + + align:start position:0% +of the other rules because they make the +job + + align:start position:0% +job + + + align:start position:0% +job +shorter and so okay so + + align:start position:0% +shorter and so okay so + + + align:start position:0% +shorter and so okay so +our problem is + + align:start position:0% +our problem is + + + align:start position:0% +our problem is +we have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we have this angle we know that + + align:start position:0% +we have this angle we know that + + + align:start position:0% +we have this angle we know that +uh what else do we know well if we know + + align:start position:0% +uh what else do we know well if we know + + + align:start position:0% +uh what else do we know well if we know +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +digital terrain model then we know this + + align:start position:0% +digital terrain model then we know this + + + align:start position:0% +digital terrain model then we know this +distance + + align:start position:0% +distance + + + align:start position:0% +distance +we can calculate that distance similarly + + align:start position:0% +we can calculate that distance similarly + + + align:start position:0% +we can calculate that distance similarly +for that one and so on so in this + + align:start position:0% +for that one and so on so in this + + + align:start position:0% +for that one and so on so in this +triangle + + align:start position:0% +triangle + + + align:start position:0% +triangle +we know that angle and we know this + + align:start position:0% +we know that angle and we know this + + + align:start position:0% +we know that angle and we know this +distance + + align:start position:0% +distance + + + align:start position:0% +distance +and the question is you know what's r1 + + align:start position:0% +and the question is you know what's r1 + + + align:start position:0% +and the question is you know what's r1 +and r2 + + align:start position:0% +and r2 + + + align:start position:0% +and r2 +well that's not enough information to + + align:start position:0% +well that's not enough information to + + + align:start position:0% +well that's not enough information to +solve using the sine or the cosine rule + + align:start position:0% +solve using the sine or the cosine rule + + + align:start position:0% +solve using the sine or the cosine rule +but we can write an equation involving + + align:start position:0% +but we can write an equation involving + + + align:start position:0% +but we can write an equation involving +the unknowns r1 and r2 and all of these + + align:start position:0% +the unknowns r1 and r2 and all of these + + + align:start position:0% +the unknowns r1 and r2 and all of these +known quantities + + align:start position:0% +known quantities + + + align:start position:0% +known quantities +and i won't be doing it because it might + + align:start position:0% +and i won't be doing it because it might + + + align:start position:0% +and i won't be doing it because it might +come up in the quiz so + + align:start position:0% +come up in the quiz so + + + align:start position:0% +come up in the quiz so +so the result is going to be that we + + align:start position:0% +so the result is going to be that we + + + align:start position:0% +so the result is going to be that we +have three three of these triangles we + + align:start position:0% +have three three of these triangles we + + + align:start position:0% +have three three of these triangles we +get one equation out of each of them + + align:start position:0% +get one equation out of each of them + + + align:start position:0% +get one equation out of each of them +so we're going to have three non-linear + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to have three non-linear + + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to have three non-linear +equations in the three unknowns r1 r2 r3 + + align:start position:0% +equations in the three unknowns r1 r2 r3 + + + align:start position:0% +equations in the three unknowns r1 r2 r3 +and then we can + + align:start position:0% +and then we can + + + align:start position:0% +and then we can +talk about uh solving uh it might not be + + align:start position:0% +talk about uh solving uh it might not be + + + align:start position:0% +talk about uh solving uh it might not be +easy to find a closed form solution but + + align:start position:0% +easy to find a closed form solution but + + + align:start position:0% +easy to find a closed form solution but +at least we can talk about um + + align:start position:0% +at least we can talk about um + + + align:start position:0% +at least we can talk about um +how many solutions there might be + + align:start position:0% +how many solutions there might be + + + align:start position:0% +how many solutions there might be +and you know numerically we can always + + align:start position:0% +and you know numerically we can always + + + align:start position:0% +and you know numerically we can always +solve that problem so + + align:start position:0% +solve that problem so + + + align:start position:0% +solve that problem so +okay that's + + align:start position:0% +okay that's + + + align:start position:0% +okay that's +uh r1 r2 r3 + + align:start position:0% +uh r1 r2 r3 + + + align:start position:0% +uh r1 r2 r3 +and then as i said + + align:start position:0% +and then as i said + + + align:start position:0% +and then as i said +we still need to intersect those spheres + + align:start position:0% +we still need to intersect those spheres + + + align:start position:0% +we still need to intersect those spheres +so a little bit of algebra there + + align:start position:0% +so a little bit of algebra there + + + align:start position:0% +so a little bit of algebra there +and then we have the position of the + + align:start position:0% +and then we have the position of the + + + align:start position:0% +and then we have the position of the +plane + + align:start position:0% +plane + + + align:start position:0% +plane +if we have more more sightings more + + align:start position:0% +if we have more more sightings more + + + align:start position:0% +if we have more more sightings more +correspondences + + align:start position:0% +correspondences + + + align:start position:0% +correspondences +that's always better + + align:start position:0% +that's always better + + + align:start position:0% +that's always better +then we can + + align:start position:0% +then we can + + + align:start position:0% +then we can +formulate a least squares problem + + align:start position:0% +formulate a least squares problem + + + align:start position:0% +formulate a least squares problem +and if we worried about outliers we can + + align:start position:0% +and if we worried about outliers we can + + + align:start position:0% +and if we worried about outliers we can +use ransack + + align:start position:0% +use ransack + + + align:start position:0% +use ransack +so we might pick + + align:start position:0% +so we might pick + + + align:start position:0% +so we might pick +you know suppose we have 10 + + align:start position:0% +you know suppose we have 10 + + + align:start position:0% +you know suppose we have 10 +correspondences then we might pick three + + align:start position:0% +correspondences then we might pick three + + + align:start position:0% +correspondences then we might pick three +correspondences to get a solution + + align:start position:0% +correspondences to get a solution + + + align:start position:0% +correspondences to get a solution +take a different set of three + + align:start position:0% +take a different set of three + + + align:start position:0% +take a different set of three +correspondences to get a solution and so + + align:start position:0% +correspondences to get a solution and so + + + align:start position:0% +correspondences to get a solution and so +on uh and so we could you know we've + + align:start position:0% +on uh and so we could you know we've + + + align:start position:0% +on uh and so we could you know we've +done all of that in other contexts so i + + align:start position:0% +done all of that in other contexts so i + + + align:start position:0% +done all of that in other contexts so i +won't uh won't belabor that + + align:start position:0% +won't uh won't belabor that + + + align:start position:0% +won't uh won't belabor that +so what's left + + align:start position:0% +so what's left + + + align:start position:0% +so what's left +well what's left is uh finding the + + align:start position:0% +well what's left is uh finding the + + + align:start position:0% +well what's left is uh finding the +the attitude and + + align:start position:0% +the attitude and + + + align:start position:0% +the attitude and +what is attitude well it means it's the + + align:start position:0% +what is attitude well it means it's the + + + align:start position:0% +what is attitude well it means it's the +orientation uh relative to the ground + + align:start position:0% +orientation uh relative to the ground + + + align:start position:0% +orientation uh relative to the ground +coordinate system + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system +so there's a rotation we need to find + + align:start position:0% +so there's a rotation we need to find + + + align:start position:0% +so there's a rotation we need to find +well the thing is that once we know um + + align:start position:0% +well the thing is that once we know um + + + align:start position:0% +well the thing is that once we know um +where the plane is the center of + + align:start position:0% +where the plane is the center of + + + align:start position:0% +where the plane is the center of +projection p0 + + align:start position:0% +projection p0 + + + align:start position:0% +projection p0 +then we can construct these vectors in + + align:start position:0% +then we can construct these vectors in + + + align:start position:0% +then we can construct these vectors in +uh 3d in the ground coordinate system + + align:start position:0% +uh 3d in the ground coordinate system + + + align:start position:0% +uh 3d in the ground coordinate system +just subtract you know p0 minus p1 or p1 + + align:start position:0% +just subtract you know p0 minus p1 or p1 + + + align:start position:0% +just subtract you know p0 minus p1 or p1 +minus p0 + + align:start position:0% +minus p0 + + + align:start position:0% +minus p0 +and p2 minus p0 and p3 minus p0 so we + + align:start position:0% +and p2 minus p0 and p3 minus p0 so we + + + align:start position:0% +and p2 minus p0 and p3 minus p0 so we +can construct uh three vectors um + + align:start position:0% +can construct uh three vectors um + + + align:start position:0% +can construct uh three vectors um +for example we could say + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +this gets rid of the translation we're + + align:start position:0% +this gets rid of the translation we're + + + align:start position:0% +this gets rid of the translation we're +only interested in the directions + + align:start position:0% +only interested in the directions + + + align:start position:0% +only interested in the directions +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +we also know these vectors in the + + align:start position:0% +we also know these vectors in the + + + align:start position:0% +we also know these vectors in the +camera coordinate system so + + align:start position:0% +camera coordinate system so + + + align:start position:0% +camera coordinate system so +based on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +image positions here + + align:start position:0% +image positions here + + + align:start position:0% +image positions here +we connect those up to the center of + + align:start position:0% +we connect those up to the center of + + + align:start position:0% +we connect those up to the center of +projection which is the origin in the + + align:start position:0% +projection which is the origin in the + + + align:start position:0% +projection which is the origin in the +case of the camera + + align:start position:0% +case of the camera + + + align:start position:0% +case of the camera +and we get three vectors in that + + align:start position:0% +and we get three vectors in that + + + align:start position:0% +and we get three vectors in that +coordinate system so + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system so + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system so +they correspond + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +three vectors in the camera + + align:start position:0% +three vectors in the camera + + + align:start position:0% +three vectors in the camera +coordinate system + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system +to those three vectors in the world + + align:start position:0% +to those three vectors in the world + + + align:start position:0% +to those three vectors in the world +coordinate system so + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system so + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system so +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +pretty heavy constraint that means that + + align:start position:0% +pretty heavy constraint that means that + + + align:start position:0% +pretty heavy constraint that means that +we should be able to relate those two + + align:start position:0% +we should be able to relate those two + + + align:start position:0% +we should be able to relate those two +coordinate systems + + align:start position:0% +coordinate systems + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate systems +and we know that + + align:start position:0% +and we know that + + + align:start position:0% +and we know that +we've taken out the translation so all + + align:start position:0% +we've taken out the translation so all + + + align:start position:0% +we've taken out the translation so all +that's left is a rotation + + align:start position:0% +that's left is a rotation + + + align:start position:0% +that's left is a rotation +and so depending on which way we go + + align:start position:0% +and so depending on which way we go + + + align:start position:0% +and so depending on which way we go +you know are we interested in a + + align:start position:0% +you know are we interested in a + + + align:start position:0% +you know are we interested in a +transformation from the camera + + align:start position:0% +transformation from the camera + + + align:start position:0% +transformation from the camera +coordinate system to the world + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system to the world + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system to the world +coordinate system or to the wall + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system or to the wall + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system or to the wall +coordinate system + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system +from the world coordinate system to the + + align:start position:0% +from the world coordinate system to the + + + align:start position:0% +from the world coordinate system to the +camera coordinate system but we're going + + align:start position:0% +camera coordinate system but we're going + + + align:start position:0% +camera coordinate system but we're going +to end up with something like this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now of course these vectors may have + + align:start position:0% +now of course these vectors may have + + + align:start position:0% +now of course these vectors may have +different length if we just do these + + align:start position:0% +different length if we just do these + + + align:start position:0% +different length if we just do these +subtractions we're only interested in + + align:start position:0% +subtractions we're only interested in + + + align:start position:0% +subtractions we're only interested in +the direction so unit vectors + + align:start position:0% +the direction so unit vectors + + + align:start position:0% +the direction so unit vectors +and so for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh we expect that and and as i said it + + align:start position:0% +uh we expect that and and as i said it + + + align:start position:0% +uh we expect that and and as i said it +could go the other way around + + align:start position:0% +could go the other way around + + + align:start position:0% +could go the other way around +from + + align:start position:0% +from + + + align:start position:0% +from +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +world coordinate system to the camera + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we have three equations like this and + + align:start position:0% +so we have three equations like this and + + + align:start position:0% +so we have three equations like this and +what we're looking for is + + align:start position:0% +what we're looking for is + + + align:start position:0% +what we're looking for is +r and let's represent it as an + + align:start position:0% +r and let's represent it as an + + + align:start position:0% +r and let's represent it as an +orthonormal matrix in this case + + align:start position:0% +orthonormal matrix in this case + + + align:start position:0% +orthonormal matrix in this case +well we can + + align:start position:0% +well we can + + + align:start position:0% +well we can +stick these three equations together + + align:start position:0% +stick these three equations together + + + align:start position:0% +stick these three equations together +into one matrix equation + + align:start position:0% +into one matrix equation + + + align:start position:0% +into one matrix equation +right so we have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now all of these things are now known + + align:start position:0% +now all of these things are now known + + + align:start position:0% +now all of these things are now known +we have the + + align:start position:0% +we have the + + + align:start position:0% +we have the +we have the interior orientation of the + + align:start position:0% +we have the interior orientation of the + + + align:start position:0% +we have the interior orientation of the +camera and so + + align:start position:0% +camera and so + + + align:start position:0% +camera and so +we know + + align:start position:0% +we know + + + align:start position:0% +we know +how to construct the three vectors from + + align:start position:0% +how to construct the three vectors from + + + align:start position:0% +how to construct the three vectors from +the center of projection to the three + + align:start position:0% +the center of projection to the three + + + align:start position:0% +the center of projection to the three +image positions and we've calculated + + align:start position:0% +image positions and we've calculated + + + align:start position:0% +image positions and we've calculated +where p0 is so we've got those three + + align:start position:0% +where p0 is so we've got those three + + + align:start position:0% +where p0 is so we've got those three +vectors and so + + align:start position:0% +vectors and so + + + align:start position:0% +vectors and so +what what is this well this is a three + + align:start position:0% +what what is this well this is a three + + + align:start position:0% +what what is this well this is a three +by three matrix + + align:start position:0% +by three matrix + + + align:start position:0% +by three matrix +and this is a three by three matrix + + align:start position:0% +and this is a three by three matrix + + + align:start position:0% +and this is a three by three matrix +the first column of which is the vector + + align:start position:0% +the first column of which is the vector + + + align:start position:0% +the first column of which is the vector +a1 the second column is a two third + + align:start position:0% +a1 the second column is a two third + + + align:start position:0% +a1 the second column is a two third +column is a3 + + align:start position:0% +column is a3 + + + align:start position:0% +column is a3 +so we have a product and + + align:start position:0% +so we have a product and + + + align:start position:0% +so we have a product and +of 3 by 3 matrices + + align:start position:0% +of 3 by 3 matrices + + + align:start position:0% +of 3 by 3 matrices +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +we can just solve for r by doing by + + align:start position:0% +we can just solve for r by doing by + + + align:start position:0% +we can just solve for r by doing by +inverting one of them + + align:start position:0% +inverting one of them + + + align:start position:0% +inverting one of them +so very straightforward + + align:start position:0% +so very straightforward + + + align:start position:0% +so very straightforward +interesting question is um + + align:start position:0% +interesting question is um + + + align:start position:0% +interesting question is um +is the result orthonormal + + align:start position:0% +is the result orthonormal + + + align:start position:0% +is the result orthonormal +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +i'll leave that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +unanswered question + + align:start position:0% +unanswered question + + + align:start position:0% +unanswered question +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +uh so a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +system so it's simply uh p1 prime p2 + + align:start position:0% +system so it's simply uh p1 prime p2 + + + align:start position:0% +system so it's simply uh p1 prime p2 +prime and t3 prime so a + + align:start position:0% +prime and t3 prime so a + + + align:start position:0% +prime and t3 prime so a +a1 + + align:start position:0% +a1 + + + align:start position:0% +a1 +is p1 + + align:start position:0% +is p1 + + + align:start position:0% +is p1 +it's because + + align:start position:0% +it's because + + + align:start position:0% +it's because +in this coordinate system + + align:start position:0% +in this coordinate system + + + align:start position:0% +in this coordinate system +the other hand the center projection is + + align:start position:0% +the other hand the center projection is + + + align:start position:0% +the other hand the center projection is +the origin zero zero zero so + + align:start position:0% +the origin zero zero zero so + + + align:start position:0% +the origin zero zero zero so +prime subtract so that's the ray + + align:start position:0% +prime subtract so that's the ray + + + align:start position:0% +prime subtract so that's the ray +to that point in the environment + + align:start position:0% +to that point in the environment + + + align:start position:0% +to that point in the environment +as seen in the camera coordinate system + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +as i said you know this is the minimal + + align:start position:0% +as i said you know this is the minimal + + + align:start position:0% +as i said you know this is the minimal +case we just have three correspondences + + align:start position:0% +case we just have three correspondences + + + align:start position:0% +case we just have three correspondences +in practice we would like to have more + + align:start position:0% +in practice we would like to have more + + + align:start position:0% +in practice we would like to have more +get better accuracy and then we use + + align:start position:0% +get better accuracy and then we use + + + align:start position:0% +get better accuracy and then we use +least squares + + align:start position:0% +least squares + + + align:start position:0% +least squares +and there's no longer a closed form + + align:start position:0% +and there's no longer a closed form + + + align:start position:0% +and there's no longer a closed form +solution + + align:start position:0% +solution + + + align:start position:0% +solution +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +but we can use this + + align:start position:0% +but we can use this + + + align:start position:0% +but we can use this +to get started just pick three of the + + align:start position:0% +to get started just pick three of the + + + align:start position:0% +to get started just pick three of the +answers three of the correspondences to + + align:start position:0% +answers three of the correspondences to + + + align:start position:0% +answers three of the correspondences to +get an initial guess and then have some + + align:start position:0% +get an initial guess and then have some + + + align:start position:0% +get an initial guess and then have some +iteration that minimizes the least + + align:start position:0% +iteration that minimizes the least + + + align:start position:0% +iteration that minimizes the least +squares errors + + align:start position:0% +squares errors + + + align:start position:0% +squares errors +just make sure that what you + + align:start position:0% +just make sure that what you + + + align:start position:0% +just make sure that what you +minimize is in the image plane because + + align:start position:0% +minimize is in the image plane because + + + align:start position:0% +minimize is in the image plane because +this is where the measurement error lies + + align:start position:0% +this is where the measurement error lies + + + align:start position:0% +this is where the measurement error lies +not some + + align:start position:0% +not some + + + align:start position:0% +not some +other arbitrary + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +there's that now suppose that + + align:start position:0% +there's that now suppose that + + + align:start position:0% +there's that now suppose that +i mean this doesn't need to be a plane + + align:start position:0% +i mean this doesn't need to be a plane + + + align:start position:0% +i mean this doesn't need to be a plane +it could be some tourist camera in + + align:start position:0% +it could be some tourist camera in + + + align:start position:0% +it could be some tourist camera in +i don't know some famous square + + align:start position:0% +i don't know some famous square + + + align:start position:0% +i don't know some famous square +somewhere in the world + + align:start position:0% +somewhere in the world + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere in the world +and maybe there's another tourist with a + + align:start position:0% +and maybe there's another tourist with a + + + align:start position:0% +and maybe there's another tourist with a +camera + + align:start position:0% +camera + + + align:start position:0% +camera +and so there's a related problem + + align:start position:0% +and so there's a related problem + + + align:start position:0% +and so there's a related problem +so here's one camera position + + align:start position:0% +so here's one camera position + + + align:start position:0% +so here's one camera position +and here's some famous + + align:start position:0% +and here's some famous + + + align:start position:0% +and here's some famous +sculpture + + align:start position:0% +sculpture + + + align:start position:0% +sculpture +cathedral + + align:start position:0% +cathedral + + + align:start position:0% +cathedral +whatever + + align:start position:0% +whatever + + + align:start position:0% +whatever +and here's another camera position + + align:start position:0% +and here's another camera position + + + align:start position:0% +and here's another camera position +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +here's another camera + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and you know there could be + + align:start position:0% +and you know there could be + + + align:start position:0% +and you know there could be +hundreds of these + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of these + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of these +and you may have seen the results of + + align:start position:0% +and you may have seen the results of + + + align:start position:0% +and you may have seen the results of +this and + + align:start position:0% +this and + + + align:start position:0% +this and +in this case we do something called the + + align:start position:0% +in this case we do something called the + + + align:start position:0% +in this case we do something called the +bundle adjustment + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and again + + align:start position:0% +and again + + + align:start position:0% +and again +this is an old photogrammetric problem + + align:start position:0% +this is an old photogrammetric problem + + + align:start position:0% +this is an old photogrammetric problem +uh which machine vision people have + + align:start position:0% +uh which machine vision people have + + + align:start position:0% +uh which machine vision people have +rediscovered and make a made a hash off + + align:start position:0% +rediscovered and make a made a hash off + + + align:start position:0% +rediscovered and make a made a hash off +but they did finally get it right + + align:start position:0% +but they did finally get it right + + + align:start position:0% +but they did finally get it right +and so what's the problem well it's a + + align:start position:0% +and so what's the problem well it's a + + + align:start position:0% +and so what's the problem well it's a +non-linear optimization + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +you know the method we proposed we + + align:start position:0% +you know the method we proposed we + + + align:start position:0% +you know the method we proposed we +talked about levenberg markart this is + + align:start position:0% +talked about levenberg markart this is + + + align:start position:0% +talked about levenberg markart this is +is a good one to solve non-linear + + align:start position:0% +is a good one to solve non-linear + + + align:start position:0% +is a good one to solve non-linear +optimization problems so what are the + + align:start position:0% +optimization problems so what are the + + + align:start position:0% +optimization problems so what are the +unknowns well the unknowns are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a set of + + align:start position:0% +a set of + + + align:start position:0% +a set of +points in the environment + + align:start position:0% +points in the environment + + + align:start position:0% +points in the environment +of which you may have more than one view + + align:start position:0% +of which you may have more than one view + + + align:start position:0% +of which you may have more than one view +and we don't know where they are to + + align:start position:0% +and we don't know where they are to + + + align:start position:0% +and we don't know where they are to +start off and so part of the problem is + + align:start position:0% +start off and so part of the problem is + + + align:start position:0% +start off and so part of the problem is +finding where they are in some world + + align:start position:0% +finding where they are in some world + + + align:start position:0% +finding where they are in some world +coordinate system + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system +what else is unknown well the other + + align:start position:0% +what else is unknown well the other + + + align:start position:0% +what else is unknown well the other +thing that's unknown is we don't know + + align:start position:0% +thing that's unknown is we don't know + + + align:start position:0% +thing that's unknown is we don't know +where the cameras are + + align:start position:0% +where the cameras are + + + align:start position:0% +where the cameras are +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we need to + + align:start position:0% +we need to + + + align:start position:0% +we need to +allow for the cameras to move around + + align:start position:0% +allow for the cameras to move around + + + align:start position:0% +allow for the cameras to move around +those unknowns + + align:start position:0% +those unknowns + + + align:start position:0% +those unknowns +and then um well + + align:start position:0% +and then um well + + + align:start position:0% +and then um well +the cameras have an attitude in space so + + align:start position:0% +the cameras have an attitude in space so + + + align:start position:0% +the cameras have an attitude in space so +there's a rotation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh just write it that way so + + align:start position:0% +oh just write it that way so + + + align:start position:0% +oh just write it that way so +uh we we tweak things to make the errors + + align:start position:0% +uh we we tweak things to make the errors + + + align:start position:0% +uh we we tweak things to make the errors +as small as possible again the errors + + align:start position:0% +as small as possible again the errors + + + align:start position:0% +as small as possible again the errors +are the errors in the image not out in + + align:start position:0% +are the errors in the image not out in + + + align:start position:0% +are the errors in the image not out in +3d + + align:start position:0% +3d + + + align:start position:0% +3d +and so uh what else well in most cases + + align:start position:0% +and so uh what else well in most cases + + + align:start position:0% +and so uh what else well in most cases +we don't know what the camera properties + + align:start position:0% +we don't know what the camera properties + + + align:start position:0% +we don't know what the camera properties +are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we need to also + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do interior orientation + + align:start position:0% +do interior orientation + + + align:start position:0% +do interior orientation +and maybe if you want to be accurate + + align:start position:0% +and maybe if you want to be accurate + + + align:start position:0% +and maybe if you want to be accurate +some allowance for radial distortion + + align:start position:0% +some allowance for radial distortion + + + align:start position:0% +some allowance for radial distortion +so assuming we have some initial guess + + align:start position:0% +so assuming we have some initial guess + + + align:start position:0% +so assuming we have some initial guess +then it's just a matter of pumping it + + align:start position:0% +then it's just a matter of pumping it + + + align:start position:0% +then it's just a matter of pumping it +into this black box + + align:start position:0% +into this black box + + + align:start position:0% +into this black box +which uh + + align:start position:0% +which uh + + + align:start position:0% +which uh +minimizes the error by tweaking all of + + align:start position:0% +minimizes the error by tweaking all of + + + align:start position:0% +minimizes the error by tweaking all of +these parameters + + align:start position:0% +these parameters + + + align:start position:0% +these parameters +lots of parameters but presumably you've + + align:start position:0% +lots of parameters but presumably you've + + + align:start position:0% +lots of parameters but presumably you've +got lots of constraints lots of pictures + + align:start position:0% +got lots of constraints lots of pictures + + + align:start position:0% +got lots of constraints lots of pictures +and so people have made incredible + + align:start position:0% +and so people have made incredible + + + align:start position:0% +and so people have made incredible +reconstructions of + + align:start position:0% +reconstructions of + + + align:start position:0% +reconstructions of +all sorts of things + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +not necessarily from multiple + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily from multiple + + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily from multiple +cameras but for example one camera + + align:start position:0% +cameras but for example one camera + + + align:start position:0% +cameras but for example one camera +flying on a drone + + align:start position:0% +flying on a drone + + + align:start position:0% +flying on a drone +so there's some + + align:start position:0% +so there's some + + + align:start position:0% +so there's some +volcanoes in the african rift zone + + align:start position:0% +volcanoes in the african rift zone + + + align:start position:0% +volcanoes in the african rift zone +that are very rarely visited + + align:start position:0% +that are very rarely visited + + + align:start position:0% +that are very rarely visited +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +somebody flew a drone over one of them + + align:start position:0% +somebody flew a drone over one of them + + + align:start position:0% +somebody flew a drone over one of them +and made a very detailed + + align:start position:0% +and made a very detailed + + + align:start position:0% +and made a very detailed +complete 3d + + align:start position:0% +complete 3d + + + align:start position:0% +complete 3d +reconstruction of the the current shape + + align:start position:0% +reconstruction of the the current shape + + + align:start position:0% +reconstruction of the the current shape +of the caldera on that + + align:start position:0% +of the caldera on that + + + align:start position:0% +of the caldera on that +volcano and this is the method so when + + align:start position:0% +volcano and this is the method so when + + + align:start position:0% +volcano and this is the method so when +you're flying the drone + + align:start position:0% +you're flying the drone + + + align:start position:0% +you're flying the drone +you don't know exactly where you are but + + align:start position:0% +you don't know exactly where you are but + + + align:start position:0% +you don't know exactly where you are but +you do know approximately and that helps + + align:start position:0% +you do know approximately and that helps + + + align:start position:0% +you do know approximately and that helps +start the solution so anytime you have + + align:start position:0% +start the solution so anytime you have + + + align:start position:0% +start the solution so anytime you have +this non-linear optimization + + align:start position:0% +this non-linear optimization + + + align:start position:0% +this non-linear optimization +you need you want to be near this + + align:start position:0% +you need you want to be near this + + + align:start position:0% +you need you want to be near this +near the solution or you might get + + align:start position:0% +near the solution or you might get + + + align:start position:0% +near the solution or you might get +sucked into a local minima that's not + + align:start position:0% +sucked into a local minima that's not + + + align:start position:0% +sucked into a local minima that's not +the global solution + + align:start position:0% +the global solution + + + align:start position:0% +the global solution +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +there's one thing we haven't really + + align:start position:0% +there's one thing we haven't really + + + align:start position:0% +there's one thing we haven't really +talked about a lot which is these uh you + + align:start position:0% +talked about a lot which is these uh you + + + align:start position:0% +talked about a lot which is these uh you +know how do you find these interesting + + align:start position:0% +know how do you find these interesting + + + align:start position:0% +know how do you find these interesting +points we talked about in detail how to + + align:start position:0% +points we talked about in detail how to + + + align:start position:0% +points we talked about in detail how to +find edges + + align:start position:0% +find edges + + + align:start position:0% +find edges +we haven't said much about interesting + + align:start position:0% +we haven't said much about interesting + + + align:start position:0% +we haven't said much about interesting +points if you want to + + align:start position:0% +points if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +points if you want to +there's an online resource on stella + + align:start position:0% +there's an online resource on stella + + + align:start position:0% +there's an online resource on stella +that describes + + align:start position:0% +that describes + + + align:start position:0% +that describes +one of several methods that + + align:start position:0% +one of several methods that + + + align:start position:0% +one of several methods that +do that and it's by low + + align:start position:0% +do that and it's by low + + + align:start position:0% +do that and it's by low +who was the guy who patented the + + align:start position:0% +who was the guy who patented the + + + align:start position:0% +who was the guy who patented the +original method + + align:start position:0% +original method + + + align:start position:0% +original method +and since then + + align:start position:0% +and since then + + + align:start position:0% +and since then +there have been lots of uh + + align:start position:0% +there have been lots of uh + + + align:start position:0% +there have been lots of uh +alternative methods that do not violate + + align:start position:0% +alternative methods that do not violate + + + align:start position:0% +alternative methods that do not violate +the patent and are faster and maybe not + + align:start position:0% +the patent and are faster and maybe not + + + align:start position:0% +the patent and are faster and maybe not +as accurate or maybe more accurate + + align:start position:0% +as accurate or maybe more accurate + + + align:start position:0% +as accurate or maybe more accurate +there's a whole industry of coming up + + align:start position:0% +there's a whole industry of coming up + + + align:start position:0% +there's a whole industry of coming up +with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +identifying areas that are likely to be + + align:start position:0% +identifying areas that are likely to be + + + align:start position:0% +identifying areas that are likely to be +easy to find again in another image + + align:start position:0% +easy to find again in another image + + + align:start position:0% +easy to find again in another image +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +describing those areas so that you can + + align:start position:0% +describing those areas so that you can + + + align:start position:0% +describing those areas so that you can +do a good match and find them again in + + align:start position:0% +do a good match and find them again in + + + align:start position:0% +do a good match and find them again in +another image + + align:start position:0% +another image + + + align:start position:0% +another image +okay so that's a + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's a +bundle bundle adjustment briefly i mean + + align:start position:0% +bundle bundle adjustment briefly i mean + + + align:start position:0% +bundle bundle adjustment briefly i mean +there's a whole + + align:start position:0% +there's a whole + + + align:start position:0% +there's a whole +industry on that but + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you know we we have all the basics by by + + align:start position:0% +you know we we have all the basics by by + + + align:start position:0% +you know we we have all the basics by by +going through all of the other + + align:start position:0% +going through all of the other + + + align:start position:0% +going through all of the other +photogrammetric problems we've developed + + align:start position:0% +photogrammetric problems we've developed + + + align:start position:0% +photogrammetric problems we've developed +all of the tools you need to implement + + align:start position:0% +all of the tools you need to implement + + + align:start position:0% +all of the tools you need to implement +something like this so + + align:start position:0% +something like this so + + + align:start position:0% +something like this so +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +switch the topic + + align:start position:0% +switch the topic + + + align:start position:0% +switch the topic +uh so we sort of worked our way up + + align:start position:0% +uh so we sort of worked our way up + + + align:start position:0% +uh so we sort of worked our way up +real low level stuff you know filtering + + align:start position:0% +real low level stuff you know filtering + + + align:start position:0% +real low level stuff you know filtering +aliasing + + align:start position:0% +aliasing + + + align:start position:0% +aliasing +sub sampling edge detection and so on + + align:start position:0% +sub sampling edge detection and so on + + + align:start position:0% +sub sampling edge detection and so on +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +then we did photogrammetry + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we also did some work in 2d on + + align:start position:0% +we also did some work in 2d on + + + align:start position:0% +we also did some work in 2d on +recognition + + align:start position:0% +recognition + + + align:start position:0% +recognition +and determining position and attitude + + align:start position:0% +and determining position and attitude + + + align:start position:0% +and determining position and attitude +so let's try and do that in 3d and it's + + align:start position:0% +so let's try and do that in 3d and it's + + + align:start position:0% +so let's try and do that in 3d and it's +uh you know obviously not going to be as + + align:start position:0% +uh you know obviously not going to be as + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know obviously not going to be as +good + + align:start position:0% +good + + + align:start position:0% +good +if you have robot vision + + align:start position:0% +if you have robot vision + + + align:start position:0% +if you have robot vision +this is chapter 16 + + align:start position:0% +this is chapter 16 + + + align:start position:0% +this is chapter 16 +but you don't you don't need + + align:start position:0% +but you don't you don't need + + + align:start position:0% +but you don't you don't need +uh robot vision + + align:start position:0% +uh robot vision + + + align:start position:0% +uh robot vision +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +there's an online resource specifically + + align:start position:0% +there's an online resource specifically + + + align:start position:0% +there's an online resource specifically +on this topic + + align:start position:0% +on this topic + + + align:start position:0% +on this topic +called + + align:start position:0% +called + + + align:start position:0% +called +extended gaussian images so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what are you trying to do well we're + + align:start position:0% +so what are you trying to do well we're + + + align:start position:0% +so what are you trying to do well we're +trying to describe 3d objects + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if the 3d object is + + align:start position:0% +if the 3d object is + + + align:start position:0% +if the 3d object is +polyhedral + + align:start position:0% +polyhedral + + + align:start position:0% +polyhedral +that's you know + + align:start position:0% +that's you know + + + align:start position:0% +that's you know +not that hard + + align:start position:0% +not that hard + + + align:start position:0% +not that hard +lots of interesting representations we + + align:start position:0% +lots of interesting representations we + + + align:start position:0% +lots of interesting representations we +can get the coordinates of the + + align:start position:0% +can get the coordinates of the + + + align:start position:0% +can get the coordinates of the +vertices and then construct a graph + + align:start position:0% +vertices and then construct a graph + + + align:start position:0% +vertices and then construct a graph +showing which vertices are connected to + + align:start position:0% +showing which vertices are connected to + + + align:start position:0% +showing which vertices are connected to +what + + align:start position:0% +what + + + align:start position:0% +what +and then maybe talk about the faces and + + align:start position:0% +and then maybe talk about the faces and + + + align:start position:0% +and then maybe talk about the faces and +each face is connected to + + align:start position:0% +each face is connected to + + + align:start position:0% +each face is connected to +the vertices on that face in the graph + + align:start position:0% +the vertices on that face in the graph + + + align:start position:0% +the vertices on that face in the graph +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +to the edges of the face and + + align:start position:0% +to the edges of the face and + + + align:start position:0% +to the edges of the face and +each edge + + align:start position:0% +each edge + + + align:start position:0% +each edge +is connected to the two vertices and to + + align:start position:0% +is connected to the two vertices and to + + + align:start position:0% +is connected to the two vertices and to +the two faces that come together so you + + align:start position:0% +the two faces that come together so you + + + align:start position:0% +the two faces that come together so you +can imagine a nice + + align:start position:0% +can imagine a nice + + + align:start position:0% +can imagine a nice +typical computer science solution + + align:start position:0% +typical computer science solution + + + align:start position:0% +typical computer science solution +involving some linked data structure so + + align:start position:0% +involving some linked data structure so + + + align:start position:0% +involving some linked data structure so +polyhedra aren't that difficult + + align:start position:0% +polyhedra aren't that difficult + + + align:start position:0% +polyhedra aren't that difficult +so we'll + + align:start position:0% +so we'll + + + align:start position:0% +so we'll +uh not say a whole lot about them + + align:start position:0% +uh not say a whole lot about them + + + align:start position:0% +uh not say a whole lot about them +and you know in a derogatory way they've + + align:start position:0% +and you know in a derogatory way they've + + + align:start position:0% +and you know in a derogatory way they've +been called the blox world problems + + align:start position:0% +been called the blox world problems + + + align:start position:0% +been called the blox world problems +because they you know like children's + + align:start position:0% +because they you know like children's + + + align:start position:0% +because they you know like children's +blocks so + + align:start position:0% +blocks so + + + align:start position:0% +blocks so +that's where we started in the 1960s and + + align:start position:0% +that's where we started in the 1960s and + + + align:start position:0% +that's where we started in the 1960s and +hopefully we've progressed + + align:start position:0% +hopefully we've progressed + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully we've progressed +from away from that + + align:start position:0% +from away from that + + + align:start position:0% +from away from that +so what other + + align:start position:0% +so what other + + + align:start position:0% +so what other +representations + + align:start position:0% +representations + + + align:start position:0% +representations +can we have + + align:start position:0% +can we have + + + align:start position:0% +can we have +well you know we look at graphics + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they typically will use meshes which are + + align:start position:0% +they typically will use meshes which are + + + align:start position:0% +they typically will use meshes which are +just perfect for that application so we + + align:start position:0% +just perfect for that application so we + + + align:start position:0% +just perfect for that application so we +can approximate any curve so we're + + align:start position:0% +can approximate any curve so we're + + + align:start position:0% +can approximate any curve so we're +interested in curved surfaces now that + + align:start position:0% +interested in curved surfaces now that + + + align:start position:0% +interested in curved surfaces now that +we've given up on + + align:start position:0% +we've given up on + + + align:start position:0% +we've given up on +talking about + + align:start position:0% +talking about + + + align:start position:0% +talking about +blocks world and we can represent any + + align:start position:0% +blocks world and we can represent any + + + align:start position:0% +blocks world and we can represent any +curved surface + + align:start position:0% +curved surface + + + align:start position:0% +curved surface +with whatever precision we want by + + align:start position:0% +with whatever precision we want by + + + align:start position:0% +with whatever precision we want by +approximating it by a polyhedral surface + + align:start position:0% +approximating it by a polyhedral surface + + + align:start position:0% +approximating it by a polyhedral surface +with lots of facets + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +that works great for rendering + + align:start position:0% +that works great for rendering + + + align:start position:0% +that works great for rendering +because for each of those facets we can + + align:start position:0% +because for each of those facets we can + + + align:start position:0% +because for each of those facets we can +determine the surface normal easily by + + align:start position:0% +determine the surface normal easily by + + + align:start position:0% +determine the surface normal easily by +just taking a cross product of two of + + align:start position:0% +just taking a cross product of two of + + + align:start position:0% +just taking a cross product of two of +the edges and we can get the edges by + + align:start position:0% +the edges and we can get the edges by + + + align:start position:0% +the edges and we can get the edges by +subtracting vertices so it's a very + + align:start position:0% +subtracting vertices so it's a very + + + align:start position:0% +subtracting vertices so it's a very +straightforward calculation and then we + + align:start position:0% +straightforward calculation and then we + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward calculation and then we +use a reflectance map or something like + + align:start position:0% +use a reflectance map or something like + + + align:start position:0% +use a reflectance map or something like +that to figure out how bright to paint + + align:start position:0% +that to figure out how bright to paint + + + align:start position:0% +that to figure out how bright to paint +that little facet and so on so it's very + + align:start position:0% +that little facet and so on so it's very + + + align:start position:0% +that little facet and so on so it's very +convenient for output of pictures + + align:start position:0% +convenient for output of pictures + + + align:start position:0% +convenient for output of pictures +um but what about the things we want to + + align:start position:0% +um but what about the things we want to + + + align:start position:0% +um but what about the things we want to +do so what is it we want to do well a + + align:start position:0% +do so what is it we want to do well a + + + align:start position:0% +do so what is it we want to do well a +couple of things we'd like to find + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +where things are and how they're rotated + + align:start position:0% +where things are and how they're rotated + + + align:start position:0% +where things are and how they're rotated +in space + + align:start position:0% +in space + + + align:start position:0% +in space +and i guess we call that pose + + align:start position:0% +and i guess we call that pose + + + align:start position:0% +and i guess we call that pose +so that's position and orientation + + align:start position:0% +so that's position and orientation + + + align:start position:0% +so that's position and orientation +and the other thing we might want is to + + align:start position:0% +and the other thing we might want is to + + + align:start position:0% +and the other thing we might want is to +do some recognition + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so let's see how well this + + align:start position:0% +and so let's see how well this + + + align:start position:0% +and so let's see how well this +representation works + + align:start position:0% +representation works + + + align:start position:0% +representation works +well we could try and do alignment by + + align:start position:0% +well we could try and do alignment by + + + align:start position:0% +well we could try and do alignment by +taking two meshes and trying to bring + + align:start position:0% +taking two meshes and trying to bring + + + align:start position:0% +taking two meshes and trying to bring +them into alignment which would mean + + align:start position:0% +them into alignment which would mean + + + align:start position:0% +them into alignment which would mean +we'd have to sort of assign a vertex in + + align:start position:0% +we'd have to sort of assign a vertex in + + + align:start position:0% +we'd have to sort of assign a vertex in +one alignment in one of the objects with + + align:start position:0% +one alignment in one of the objects with + + + align:start position:0% +one alignment in one of the objects with +the vertex in the other one and maybe + + align:start position:0% +the vertex in the other one and maybe + + + align:start position:0% +the vertex in the other one and maybe +minimize the square of the distance + + align:start position:0% +minimize the square of the distance + + + align:start position:0% +minimize the square of the distance +between them + + align:start position:0% +between them + + + align:start position:0% +between them +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +it's not very meaningful because + + align:start position:0% +it's not very meaningful because + + + align:start position:0% +it's not very meaningful because +these vertices don't have any particular + + align:start position:0% +these vertices don't have any particular + + + align:start position:0% +these vertices don't have any particular +meaning that it's not like you know + + align:start position:0% +meaning that it's not like you know + + + align:start position:0% +meaning that it's not like you know +they have a label on them that's + + align:start position:0% +they have a label on them that's + + + align:start position:0% +they have a label on them that's +meaningful and if you uh digitize the + + align:start position:0% +meaningful and if you uh digitize the + + + align:start position:0% +meaningful and if you uh digitize the +surface again + + align:start position:0% +surface again + + + align:start position:0% +surface again +uh what are the chances of getting that + + align:start position:0% +uh what are the chances of getting that + + + align:start position:0% +uh what are the chances of getting that +particular mesh + + align:start position:0% +particular mesh + + + align:start position:0% +particular mesh +you know zero or close to zero + + align:start position:0% +you know zero or close to zero + + + align:start position:0% +you know zero or close to zero +and so + + align:start position:0% +and so + + + align:start position:0% +and so +um for alignment uh this this isn't + + align:start position:0% +um for alignment uh this this isn't + + + align:start position:0% +um for alignment uh this this isn't +particularly useful i mean you can do + + align:start position:0% +particularly useful i mean you can do + + + align:start position:0% +particularly useful i mean you can do +something you can sort of say okay i'll + + align:start position:0% +something you can sort of say okay i'll + + + align:start position:0% +something you can sort of say okay i'll +do an iterative thing where + + align:start position:0% +do an iterative thing where + + + align:start position:0% +do an iterative thing where +i have a approximate alignment and so + + align:start position:0% +i have a approximate alignment and so + + + align:start position:0% +i have a approximate alignment and so +for each vertex i can find what's + + align:start position:0% +for each vertex i can find what's + + + align:start position:0% +for each vertex i can find what's +currently the nearest vertex and try and + + align:start position:0% +currently the nearest vertex and try and + + + align:start position:0% +currently the nearest vertex and try and +reduce that distance + + align:start position:0% +reduce that distance + + + align:start position:0% +reduce that distance +and hope that it'll converge that + + align:start position:0% +and hope that it'll converge that + + + align:start position:0% +and hope that it'll converge that +process so + + align:start position:0% +process so + + + align:start position:0% +process so +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +but it's not + + align:start position:0% +but it's not + + + align:start position:0% +but it's not +not great and for recognition + + align:start position:0% +not great and for recognition + + + align:start position:0% +not great and for recognition +you know not you can't even say okay + + align:start position:0% +you know not you can't even say okay + + + align:start position:0% +you know not you can't even say okay +this has 320 + + align:start position:0% +this has 320 + + + align:start position:0% +this has 320 +facets so and the other one has 360 + + align:start position:0% +facets so and the other one has 360 + + + align:start position:0% +facets so and the other one has 360 +facets so it's probably the same object + + align:start position:0% +facets so it's probably the same object + + + align:start position:0% +facets so it's probably the same object +it's not + + align:start position:0% +it's not + + + align:start position:0% +it's not +so you need to do more and + + align:start position:0% +so you need to do more and + + + align:start position:0% +so you need to do more and +there are ways of progressing from that + + align:start position:0% +there are ways of progressing from that + + + align:start position:0% +there are ways of progressing from that +representation + + align:start position:0% +representation + + + align:start position:0% +representation +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +helping + + align:start position:0% +helping + + + align:start position:0% +helping +deal with + + align:start position:0% +deal with + + + align:start position:0% +deal with +alignment and recognition but + + align:start position:0% +alignment and recognition but + + + align:start position:0% +alignment and recognition but +we'll look at + + align:start position:0% +we'll look at + + + align:start position:0% +we'll look at +a more elegant method + + align:start position:0% +a more elegant method + + + align:start position:0% +a more elegant method +which has uh some limitations so it's + + align:start position:0% +which has uh some limitations so it's + + + align:start position:0% +which has uh some limitations so it's +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +this is not a problem that has been + + align:start position:0% +this is not a problem that has been + + + align:start position:0% +this is not a problem that has been +cleanly solved for all possible uh + + align:start position:0% +cleanly solved for all possible uh + + + align:start position:0% +cleanly solved for all possible uh +situations + + align:start position:0% +situations + + + align:start position:0% +situations +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +what are we looking for in a + + align:start position:0% +what are we looking for in a + + + align:start position:0% +what are we looking for in a +representation so one thing + + align:start position:0% +representation so one thing + + + align:start position:0% +representation so one thing +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we would like you know this is like + + align:start position:0% +we would like you know this is like + + + align:start position:0% +we would like you know this is like +physics we'd like to + + align:start position:0% +physics we'd like to + + + align:start position:0% +physics we'd like to +understand invariance + + align:start position:0% +understand invariance + + + align:start position:0% +understand invariance +and symmetries + + align:start position:0% +and symmetries + + + align:start position:0% +and symmetries +so uh what kind of invariance well um + + align:start position:0% +so uh what kind of invariance well um + + + align:start position:0% +so uh what kind of invariance well um +what i'd like is that if the object + + align:start position:0% +what i'd like is that if the object + + + align:start position:0% +what i'd like is that if the object +moves uh translation + + align:start position:0% +moves uh translation + + + align:start position:0% +moves uh translation +then um the representation doesn't + + align:start position:0% +then um the representation doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +then um the representation doesn't +change well in in a significant way for + + align:start position:0% +change well in in a significant way for + + + align:start position:0% +change well in in a significant way for +for example if it means that all the + + align:start position:0% +for example if it means that all the + + + align:start position:0% +for example if it means that all the +x-coordinates are incremented by some + + align:start position:0% +x-coordinates are incremented by some + + + align:start position:0% +x-coordinates are incremented by some +fixed number then that's not in variance + + align:start position:0% +fixed number then that's not in variance + + + align:start position:0% +fixed number then that's not in variance +but it means that + + align:start position:0% +but it means that + + + align:start position:0% +but it means that +i'm keeping a representation that is + + align:start position:0% +i'm keeping a representation that is + + + align:start position:0% +i'm keeping a representation that is +changed in a very simple understandable + + align:start position:0% +changed in a very simple understandable + + + align:start position:0% +changed in a very simple understandable +way + + align:start position:0% +way + + + align:start position:0% +way +so that's translation and you know one + + align:start position:0% +so that's translation and you know one + + + align:start position:0% +so that's translation and you know one +way i can do with that is say well + + align:start position:0% +way i can do with that is say well + + + align:start position:0% +way i can do with that is say well +just reference everything to the + + align:start position:0% +just reference everything to the + + + align:start position:0% +just reference everything to the +centroid of the object and that gets rid + + align:start position:0% +centroid of the object and that gets rid + + + align:start position:0% +centroid of the object and that gets rid +of the translation component and i've + + align:start position:0% +of the translation component and i've + + + align:start position:0% +of the translation component and i've +solved the invariance problem + + align:start position:0% +solved the invariance problem + + + align:start position:0% +solved the invariance problem +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +rotation okay so what i'd like is that + + align:start position:0% +rotation okay so what i'd like is that + + + align:start position:0% +rotation okay so what i'd like is that +now of course if i rotate it's likely + + align:start position:0% +now of course if i rotate it's likely + + + align:start position:0% +now of course if i rotate it's likely +the representation will change + + align:start position:0% +the representation will change + + + align:start position:0% +the representation will change +but i would like it to change in some + + align:start position:0% +but i would like it to change in some + + + align:start position:0% +but i would like it to change in some +understandable systematic simple way + + align:start position:0% +understandable systematic simple way + + + align:start position:0% +understandable systematic simple way +if i consider for example perspective + + align:start position:0% +if i consider for example perspective + + + align:start position:0% +if i consider for example perspective +projection images they don't change in a + + align:start position:0% +projection images they don't change in a + + + align:start position:0% +projection images they don't change in a +simple + + align:start position:0% +simple + + + align:start position:0% +simple +understandable way + + align:start position:0% +understandable way + + + align:start position:0% +understandable way +as we know if we take a + + align:start position:0% +as we know if we take a + + + align:start position:0% +as we know if we take a +3d object we rotate it in front of a + + align:start position:0% +3d object we rotate it in front of a + + + align:start position:0% +3d object we rotate it in front of a +camera we get images that are not simply + + align:start position:0% +camera we get images that are not simply + + + align:start position:0% +camera we get images that are not simply +you know simple + + align:start position:0% +you know simple + + + align:start position:0% +you know simple +changes + + align:start position:0% +changes + + + align:start position:0% +changes +uh from a previous image that there's a + + align:start position:0% +uh from a previous image that there's a + + + align:start position:0% +uh from a previous image that there's a +that perspective projection induces a + + align:start position:0% +that perspective projection induces a + + + align:start position:0% +that perspective projection induces a +complex messy transformation so if i + + align:start position:0% +complex messy transformation so if i + + + align:start position:0% +complex messy transformation so if i +then want to recognize the object or i + + align:start position:0% +then want to recognize the object or i + + + align:start position:0% +then want to recognize the object or i +want to align it + + align:start position:0% +want to align it + + + align:start position:0% +want to align it +that's not a good representation because + + align:start position:0% +that's not a good representation because + + + align:start position:0% +that's not a good representation because +the transformation is very complex + + align:start position:0% +the transformation is very complex + + + align:start position:0% +the transformation is very complex +so i can't have rotational invariance + + align:start position:0% +so i can't have rotational invariance + + + align:start position:0% +so i can't have rotational invariance +or rather actually i don't want it + + align:start position:0% +or rather actually i don't want it + + + align:start position:0% +or rather actually i don't want it +because i'm going to try and recover the + + align:start position:0% +because i'm going to try and recover the + + + align:start position:0% +because i'm going to try and recover the +rotation + + align:start position:0% +rotation + + + align:start position:0% +rotation +but what i'd like is that when you + + align:start position:0% +but what i'd like is that when you + + + align:start position:0% +but what i'd like is that when you +rotate something the representation + + align:start position:0% +rotate something the representation + + + align:start position:0% +rotate something the representation +changes in a very understandable simple + + align:start position:0% +changes in a very understandable simple + + + align:start position:0% +changes in a very understandable simple +way that i can exploit to + + align:start position:0% +way that i can exploit to + + + align:start position:0% +way that i can exploit to +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +both + + align:start position:0% +both + + + align:start position:0% +both +handle the recognition and + + align:start position:0% +handle the recognition and + + + align:start position:0% +handle the recognition and +recognize + + align:start position:0% +recognize + + + align:start position:0% +recognize +handle the + + align:start position:0% +handle the + + + align:start position:0% +handle the +alignment problem + + align:start position:0% +alignment problem + + + align:start position:0% +alignment problem +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +uh now there are lots of attempts at + + align:start position:0% +uh now there are lots of attempts at + + + align:start position:0% +uh now there are lots of attempts at +doing this + + align:start position:0% +doing this + + + align:start position:0% +doing this +uh finding a representation that + + align:start position:0% +uh finding a representation that + + + align:start position:0% +uh finding a representation that +satisfies those criteria + + align:start position:0% +satisfies those criteria + + + align:start position:0% +satisfies those criteria +let's just look at one + + align:start position:0% +let's just look at one + + + align:start position:0% +let's just look at one +so this is + + align:start position:0% +so this is + + + align:start position:0% +so this is +general generalized cylinders + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so a cylinder you know when someone says + + align:start position:0% +so a cylinder you know when someone says + + + align:start position:0% +so a cylinder you know when someone says +cylinder + + align:start position:0% +cylinder + + + align:start position:0% +cylinder +you tend to think of you know a right + + align:start position:0% +you tend to think of you know a right + + + align:start position:0% +you tend to think of you know a right +circular cylinder + + align:start position:0% +circular cylinder + + + align:start position:0% +circular cylinder +that is one that has a circular + + align:start position:0% +that is one that has a circular + + + align:start position:0% +that is one that has a circular +cross-section and is obtained by + + align:start position:0% +cross-section and is obtained by + + + align:start position:0% +cross-section and is obtained by +sweeping a generator + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +along a straight line + + align:start position:0% +along a straight line + + + align:start position:0% +along a straight line +so in this case we can think of this + + align:start position:0% +so in this case we can think of this + + + align:start position:0% +so in this case we can think of this +object as created by + + align:start position:0% +object as created by + + + align:start position:0% +object as created by +taking a circle + + align:start position:0% +taking a circle + + + align:start position:0% +taking a circle +and moving it along a line + + align:start position:0% +and moving it along a line + + + align:start position:0% +and moving it along a line +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +you know perhaps uh even more + + align:start position:0% +you know perhaps uh even more + + + align:start position:0% +you know perhaps uh even more +constricted that circle is perpendicular + + align:start position:0% +constricted that circle is perpendicular + + + align:start position:0% +constricted that circle is perpendicular +to the line + + align:start position:0% +to the line + + + align:start position:0% +to the line +and so we generate that that cylinder so + + align:start position:0% +and so we generate that that cylinder so + + + align:start position:0% +and so we generate that that cylinder so +that's the most strict + + align:start position:0% +that's the most strict + + + align:start position:0% +that's the most strict +definition of a cylinder and we can + + align:start position:0% +definition of a cylinder and we can + + + align:start position:0% +definition of a cylinder and we can +generalize it a little bit + + align:start position:0% +generalize it a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +generalize it a little bit +by changing the shape of our gener + + align:start position:0% +by changing the shape of our gener + + + align:start position:0% +by changing the shape of our gener +generator + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and now we can generate more complicated + + align:start position:0% +and now we can generate more complicated + + + align:start position:0% +and now we can generate more complicated +shapes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +but they still have the property that + + align:start position:0% +but they still have the property that + + + align:start position:0% +but they still have the property that +the the cross section anywhere + + align:start position:0% +the the cross section anywhere + + + align:start position:0% +the the cross section anywhere +is the same if i cut it perpendicular to + + align:start position:0% +is the same if i cut it perpendicular to + + + align:start position:0% +is the same if i cut it perpendicular to +the axis anywhere along the length i + + align:start position:0% +the axis anywhere along the length i + + + align:start position:0% +the axis anywhere along the length i +and i guess the mathematical definition + + align:start position:0% +and i guess the mathematical definition + + + align:start position:0% +and i guess the mathematical definition +of uh cylinder + + align:start position:0% +of uh cylinder + + + align:start position:0% +of uh cylinder +allows for that version + + align:start position:0% +allows for that version + + + align:start position:0% +allows for that version +now i can introduce a couple of other + + align:start position:0% +now i can introduce a couple of other + + + align:start position:0% +now i can introduce a couple of other +things one of them is + + align:start position:0% +things one of them is + + + align:start position:0% +things one of them is +i i can tilt the generator relative to + + align:start position:0% +i i can tilt the generator relative to + + + align:start position:0% +i i can tilt the generator relative to +the axis + + align:start position:0% +the axis + + + align:start position:0% +the axis +well that doesn't do a whole lot that's + + align:start position:0% +well that doesn't do a whole lot that's + + + align:start position:0% +well that doesn't do a whole lot that's +sort of like just a foreshortening + + align:start position:0% +sort of like just a foreshortening + + + align:start position:0% +sort of like just a foreshortening +transformation but suppose i allow the + + align:start position:0% +transformation but suppose i allow the + + + align:start position:0% +transformation but suppose i allow the +size of the generator to vary as i as i + + align:start position:0% +size of the generator to vary as i as i + + + align:start position:0% +size of the generator to vary as i as i +go along well then i can generate cones + + align:start position:0% +go along well then i can generate cones + + + align:start position:0% +go along well then i can generate cones +for example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so again we're sweeping along a line + + align:start position:0% +so again we're sweeping along a line + + + align:start position:0% +so again we're sweeping along a line +and now we're allowing the size to + + align:start position:0% +and now we're allowing the size to + + + align:start position:0% +and now we're allowing the size to +change + + align:start position:0% +change + + + align:start position:0% +change +then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we can allow the + + align:start position:0% +we can allow the + + + align:start position:0% +we can allow the +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +line along which we sweep to be curved + + align:start position:0% +line along which we sweep to be curved + + + align:start position:0% +line along which we sweep to be curved +so far we've had a straight line + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so i might have a + + align:start position:0% +so i might have a + + + align:start position:0% +so i might have a +curve like this and then let's take + + align:start position:0% +curve like this and then let's take + + + align:start position:0% +curve like this and then let's take +a circular cross-section but of varying + + align:start position:0% +a circular cross-section but of varying + + + align:start position:0% +a circular cross-section but of varying +radius + + align:start position:0% +radius + + + align:start position:0% +radius +so i can generate a shape + + align:start position:0% +so i can generate a shape + + + align:start position:0% +so i can generate a shape +shape like that + + align:start position:0% +shape like that + + + align:start position:0% +shape like that +and we can combine these and + + align:start position:0% +and we can combine these and + + + align:start position:0% +and we can combine these and +uh we we could even allow the generator + + align:start position:0% +uh we we could even allow the generator + + + align:start position:0% +uh we we could even allow the generator +to change as it goes along the shape but + + align:start position:0% +to change as it goes along the shape but + + + align:start position:0% +to change as it goes along the shape but +now it's getting out of hand it's kind + + align:start position:0% +now it's getting out of hand it's kind + + + align:start position:0% +now it's getting out of hand it's kind +of you know you can do anyth then you + + align:start position:0% +of you know you can do anyth then you + + + align:start position:0% +of you know you can do anyth then you +can do anything and and it's not + + align:start position:0% +can do anything and and it's not + + + align:start position:0% +can do anything and and it's not +unique anymore + + align:start position:0% +unique anymore + + + align:start position:0% +unique anymore +so this was a + + align:start position:0% +so this was a + + + align:start position:0% +so this was a +idea that was pursued for a while as a + + align:start position:0% +idea that was pursued for a while as a + + + align:start position:0% +idea that was pursued for a while as a +representation for objects + + align:start position:0% +representation for objects + + + align:start position:0% +representation for objects +so that we can determine the alignment + + align:start position:0% +so that we can determine the alignment + + + align:start position:0% +so that we can determine the alignment +and recognize them and it was somewhat + + align:start position:0% +and recognize them and it was somewhat + + + align:start position:0% +and recognize them and it was somewhat +of interest when people were trying to + + align:start position:0% +of interest when people were trying to + + + align:start position:0% +of interest when people were trying to +represent uh human bodies + + align:start position:0% +represent uh human bodies + + + align:start position:0% +represent uh human bodies +so you could imagine that you know you + + align:start position:0% +so you could imagine that you know you + + + align:start position:0% +so you could imagine that you know you +can represent arms parts of limbs as + + align:start position:0% +can represent arms parts of limbs as + + + align:start position:0% +can represent arms parts of limbs as +generalized cylinders + + align:start position:0% +generalized cylinders + + + align:start position:0% +generalized cylinders +and then + + align:start position:0% +and then + + + align:start position:0% +and then +kinematically link those together + + align:start position:0% +kinematically link those together + + + align:start position:0% +kinematically link those together +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +build a + + align:start position:0% +build a + + + align:start position:0% +build a +3d model + + align:start position:0% +3d model + + + align:start position:0% +3d model +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +was kind of like an artist's wooden + + align:start position:0% +was kind of like an artist's wooden + + + align:start position:0% +was kind of like an artist's wooden +puppet + + align:start position:0% +puppet + + + align:start position:0% +puppet +that would have parts that were each + + align:start position:0% +that would have parts that were each + + + align:start position:0% +that would have parts that were each +individually generalized cylinders so + + align:start position:0% +individually generalized cylinders so + + + align:start position:0% +individually generalized cylinders so +there are some problems with this so one + + align:start position:0% +there are some problems with this so one + + + align:start position:0% +there are some problems with this so one +one is + + align:start position:0% +one is + + + align:start position:0% +one is +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +in order to do recognition you would + + align:start position:0% +in order to do recognition you would + + + align:start position:0% +in order to do recognition you would +like the representation to be unique + + align:start position:0% +like the representation to be unique + + + align:start position:0% +like the representation to be unique +it's going to be harder if there's an + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be harder if there's an + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be harder if there's an +infinite number of different ways of + + align:start position:0% +infinite number of different ways of + + + align:start position:0% +infinite number of different ways of +describing the same object and you know + + align:start position:0% +describing the same object and you know + + + align:start position:0% +describing the same object and you know +here's an example + + align:start position:0% +here's an example + + + align:start position:0% +here's an example +here's a sphere + + align:start position:0% +here's a sphere + + + align:start position:0% +here's a sphere +and i could represent it as a + + align:start position:0% +and i could represent it as a + + + align:start position:0% +and i could represent it as a +generalized cylinder + + align:start position:0% +generalized cylinder + + + align:start position:0% +generalized cylinder +by having that axis and then circles + + align:start position:0% +by having that axis and then circles + + + align:start position:0% +by having that axis and then circles +that grow in size and shrink in size + + align:start position:0% +that grow in size and shrink in size + + + align:start position:0% +that grow in size and shrink in size +a perfectly good representation of the + + align:start position:0% +a perfectly good representation of the + + + align:start position:0% +a perfectly good representation of the +sphere + + align:start position:0% +sphere + + + align:start position:0% +sphere +unfortunately you know there's an + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately you know there's an + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately you know there's an +infinite number of those because it + + align:start position:0% +infinite number of those because it + + + align:start position:0% +infinite number of those because it +could be this axis + + align:start position:0% +could be this axis + + + align:start position:0% +could be this axis +and um + + align:start position:0% +and um + + + align:start position:0% +and um +and those circles so + + align:start position:0% +and those circles so + + + align:start position:0% +and those circles so +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +you know sphere is kind of a + + align:start position:0% +you know sphere is kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +you know sphere is kind of a +tough case in particular because of the + + align:start position:0% +tough case in particular because of the + + + align:start position:0% +tough case in particular because of the +symmetries but the same problem shows up + + align:start position:0% +symmetries but the same problem shows up + + + align:start position:0% +symmetries but the same problem shows up +elsewhere + + align:start position:0% +elsewhere + + + align:start position:0% +elsewhere +and in particular when we allow for + + align:start position:0% +and in particular when we allow for + + + align:start position:0% +and in particular when we allow for +inaccuracies in the data sometimes it's + + align:start position:0% +inaccuracies in the data sometimes it's + + + align:start position:0% +inaccuracies in the data sometimes it's +hard to tell the difference between + + align:start position:0% +hard to tell the difference between + + + align:start position:0% +hard to tell the difference between +objects that do have a sort of unique + + align:start position:0% +objects that do have a sort of unique + + + align:start position:0% +objects that do have a sort of unique +generalized cylinder representation and + + align:start position:0% +generalized cylinder representation and + + + align:start position:0% +generalized cylinder representation and +objects that don't + + align:start position:0% +objects that don't + + + align:start position:0% +objects that don't +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +this one you know this was + + align:start position:0% +this one you know this was + + + align:start position:0% +this one you know this was +used a little bit it's not been + + align:start position:0% +used a little bit it's not been + + + align:start position:0% +used a little bit it's not been +overly successful because of the reasons + + align:start position:0% +overly successful because of the reasons + + + align:start position:0% +overly successful because of the reasons +we described + + align:start position:0% +we described + + + align:start position:0% +we described +and there was sort of a tension between + + align:start position:0% +and there was sort of a tension between + + + align:start position:0% +and there was sort of a tension between +allowing more freedom in the generation + + align:start position:0% +allowing more freedom in the generation + + + align:start position:0% +allowing more freedom in the generation +of these + + align:start position:0% +of these + + + align:start position:0% +of these +generalized cylinders versus assuring + + align:start position:0% +generalized cylinders versus assuring + + + align:start position:0% +generalized cylinders versus assuring +that there was some sort of semblance of + + align:start position:0% +that there was some sort of semblance of + + + align:start position:0% +that there was some sort of semblance of +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +singularity uh uniqueness + + align:start position:0% +singularity uh uniqueness + + + align:start position:0% +singularity uh uniqueness +so that you could solve you know the + + align:start position:0% +so that you could solve you know the + + + align:start position:0% +so that you could solve you know the +problems that + + align:start position:0% +problems that + + + align:start position:0% +problems that +the whole the whole thing is designed + + align:start position:0% +the whole the whole thing is designed + + + align:start position:0% +the whole the whole thing is designed +for so + + align:start position:0% +for so + + + align:start position:0% +for so +okay so instead + + align:start position:0% +okay so instead + + + align:start position:0% +okay so instead +we're going to look at this + + align:start position:0% +we're going to look at this + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to look at this +representation + + align:start position:0% +representation + + + align:start position:0% +representation +and again keep in mind that you know + + align:start position:0% +and again keep in mind that you know + + + align:start position:0% +and again keep in mind that you know +this is + + align:start position:0% +this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is +an active area of research + + align:start position:0% +an active area of research + + + align:start position:0% +an active area of research +unlike some of the 2d problems which you + + align:start position:0% +unlike some of the 2d problems which you + + + align:start position:0% +unlike some of the 2d problems which you +know people kind of agree on solutions + + align:start position:0% +know people kind of agree on solutions + + + align:start position:0% +know people kind of agree on solutions +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +each proposed solution + + align:start position:0% +each proposed solution + + + align:start position:0% +each proposed solution +has + + align:start position:0% +has + + + align:start position:0% +has +some limitations and so we'll look at + + align:start position:0% +some limitations and so we'll look at + + + align:start position:0% +some limitations and so we'll look at +the limitations of this representation + + align:start position:0% +the limitations of this representation + + + align:start position:0% +the limitations of this representation +as well + + align:start position:0% +as well + + + align:start position:0% +as well +okay so let's go back for a moment to + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's go back for a moment to + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's go back for a moment to +polyhedra we said we didn't want to do + + align:start position:0% +polyhedra we said we didn't want to do + + + align:start position:0% +polyhedra we said we didn't want to do +polyhedra but + + align:start position:0% +polyhedra but + + + align:start position:0% +polyhedra but +it's a good starting point + + align:start position:0% +it's a good starting point + + + align:start position:0% +it's a good starting point +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +as i mentioned one way to describe the + + align:start position:0% +as i mentioned one way to describe the + + + align:start position:0% +as i mentioned one way to describe the +polyhedron is to give the vertices and + + align:start position:0% +polyhedron is to give the vertices and + + + align:start position:0% +polyhedron is to give the vertices and +then the graph struct coordinates in 3d + + align:start position:0% +then the graph struct coordinates in 3d + + + align:start position:0% +then the graph struct coordinates in 3d +i mean the other ways but one way you + + align:start position:0% +i mean the other ways but one way you + + + align:start position:0% +i mean the other ways but one way you +could have a list of vertices with 3d + + align:start position:0% +could have a list of vertices with 3d + + + align:start position:0% +could have a list of vertices with 3d +coordinates + + align:start position:0% +coordinates + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates +and then a graph structure that tells + + align:start position:0% +and then a graph structure that tells + + + align:start position:0% +and then a graph structure that tells +you which vertex is connected to which + + align:start position:0% +you which vertex is connected to which + + + align:start position:0% +you which vertex is connected to which +vertex + + align:start position:0% +vertex + + + align:start position:0% +vertex +which face has what edges and what and + + align:start position:0% +which face has what edges and what and + + + align:start position:0% +which face has what edges and what and +so on that graph structure but another + + align:start position:0% +so on that graph structure but another + + + align:start position:0% +so on that graph structure but another +way is + + align:start position:0% +way is + + + align:start position:0% +way is +to look at the faces + + align:start position:0% +to look at the faces + + + align:start position:0% +to look at the faces +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +draw unit vectors + + align:start position:0% +draw unit vectors + + + align:start position:0% +draw unit vectors +perpendicular to them + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to them + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to them +and then multiply those by the areas + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then throw away that whole graph + + align:start position:0% +and then throw away that whole graph + + + align:start position:0% +and then throw away that whole graph +structure and just remember those + + align:start position:0% +structure and just remember those + + + align:start position:0% +structure and just remember those +quantities + + align:start position:0% +quantities + + + align:start position:0% +quantities +so we'd have a vector n1 + + align:start position:0% +so we'd have a vector n1 + + + align:start position:0% +so we'd have a vector n1 +which is that and then a vector n2 which + + align:start position:0% +which is that and then a vector n2 which + + + align:start position:0% +which is that and then a vector n2 which +is this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and that's + + align:start position:0% +and that's + + + align:start position:0% +and that's +interestingly enough under certain + + align:start position:0% +interestingly enough under certain + + + align:start position:0% +interestingly enough under certain +circumstances is a unique representation + + align:start position:0% +circumstances is a unique representation + + + align:start position:0% +circumstances is a unique representation +of that object + + align:start position:0% +of that object + + + align:start position:0% +of that object +in the sense that + + align:start position:0% +in the sense that + + + align:start position:0% +in the sense that +there will be only one object that has + + align:start position:0% +there will be only one object that has + + + align:start position:0% +there will be only one object that has +that representation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +you know that's something we want + + align:start position:0% +you know that's something we want + + + align:start position:0% +you know that's something we want +because when we do recognition we would + + align:start position:0% +because when we do recognition we would + + + align:start position:0% +because when we do recognition we would +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +a uniqueness we would like + + align:start position:0% +a uniqueness we would like + + + align:start position:0% +a uniqueness we would like +it not to match some other object + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and it's kind of surprising because + + align:start position:0% +and it's kind of surprising because + + + align:start position:0% +and it's kind of surprising because +you know we've thrown away a lot of + + align:start position:0% +you know we've thrown away a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +you know we've thrown away a lot of +information we've thrown away + + align:start position:0% +information we've thrown away + + + align:start position:0% +information we've thrown away +the relationship between the faces + + align:start position:0% +the relationship between the faces + + + align:start position:0% +the relationship between the faces +we've thrown away actual coordinates + + align:start position:0% +we've thrown away actual coordinates + + + align:start position:0% +we've thrown away actual coordinates +corners and stuff + + align:start position:0% +corners and stuff + + + align:start position:0% +corners and stuff +and uh yet + + align:start position:0% +and uh yet + + + align:start position:0% +and uh yet +you know here's a representation and + + align:start position:0% +you know here's a representation and + + + align:start position:0% +you know here's a representation and +minkowski + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +has a non-constructive proof long ago + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that this is unique + + align:start position:0% +that this is unique + + + align:start position:0% +that this is unique +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +convex object complex polyhedra + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you know it's sort of interesting that + + align:start position:0% +you know it's sort of interesting that + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's sort of interesting that +oftentimes + + align:start position:0% +oftentimes + + + align:start position:0% +oftentimes +theorem will be ascribed to to a person + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that varies with geography so go to + + align:start position:0% +that varies with geography so go to + + + align:start position:0% +that varies with geography so go to +another country and oh this is green + + align:start position:0% +another country and oh this is green + + + align:start position:0% +another country and oh this is green +serum actually no it's stokes or it's + + align:start position:0% +serum actually no it's stokes or it's + + + align:start position:0% +serum actually no it's stokes or it's +well in this case um + + align:start position:0% +well in this case um + + + align:start position:0% +well in this case um +minkowski got + + align:start position:0% +minkowski got + + + align:start position:0% +minkowski got +uh to have his name on this theorem + + align:start position:0% +uh to have his name on this theorem + + + align:start position:0% +uh to have his name on this theorem +because there wasn't a competing theorem + + align:start position:0% +because there wasn't a competing theorem + + + align:start position:0% +because there wasn't a competing theorem +invented by someone in the + + align:start position:0% +invented by someone in the + + + align:start position:0% +invented by someone in the +english-speaking world so + + align:start position:0% +english-speaking world so + + + align:start position:0% +english-speaking world so +he actually got to be + + align:start position:0% +he actually got to be + + + align:start position:0% +he actually got to be +the guy with the name on the theorem + + align:start position:0% +the guy with the name on the theorem + + + align:start position:0% +the guy with the name on the theorem +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +now interestingly enough the proof is + + align:start position:0% +now interestingly enough the proof is + + + align:start position:0% +now interestingly enough the proof is +not constructive + + align:start position:0% +not constructive + + + align:start position:0% +not constructive +meaning if you give me these three + + align:start position:0% +meaning if you give me these three + + + align:start position:0% +meaning if you give me these three +quantities i can tell you there's only + + align:start position:0% +quantities i can tell you there's only + + + align:start position:0% +quantities i can tell you there's only +one convex polyhedron that corresponds + + align:start position:0% +one convex polyhedron that corresponds + + + align:start position:0% +one convex polyhedron that corresponds +to those but + + align:start position:0% +to those but + + + align:start position:0% +to those but +i don't have an algorithm to construct + + align:start position:0% +i don't have an algorithm to construct + + + align:start position:0% +i don't have an algorithm to construct +that thing + + align:start position:0% +that thing + + + align:start position:0% +that thing +and so + + align:start position:0% +and so + + + align:start position:0% +and so +you know there was some effort for a + + align:start position:0% +you know there was some effort for a + + + align:start position:0% +you know there was some effort for a +while in the machine vision world to + + align:start position:0% +while in the machine vision world to + + + align:start position:0% +while in the machine vision world to +come up with an algorithm + + align:start position:0% +come up with an algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +come up with an algorithm +and i guess + + align:start position:0% +and i guess + + + align:start position:0% +and i guess +katsu ikiyoshi came up with an iterative + + align:start position:0% +katsu ikiyoshi came up with an iterative + + + align:start position:0% +katsu ikiyoshi came up with an iterative +algorithm + + align:start position:0% +algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm +that would solve that problem in a very + + align:start position:0% +that would solve that problem in a very + + + align:start position:0% +that would solve that problem in a very +slow + + align:start position:0% +slow + + + align:start position:0% +slow +fashion + + align:start position:0% +fashion + + + align:start position:0% +fashion +but i guess people pretty quickly + + align:start position:0% +but i guess people pretty quickly + + + align:start position:0% +but i guess people pretty quickly +realized who cares + + align:start position:0% +realized who cares + + + align:start position:0% +realized who cares +because what's our job our job is + + align:start position:0% +because what's our job our job is + + + align:start position:0% +because what's our job our job is +recognition and alignment it's not + + align:start position:0% +recognition and alignment it's not + + + align:start position:0% +recognition and alignment it's not +reconstruction + + align:start position:0% +reconstruction + + + align:start position:0% +reconstruction +so if we describe the object using these + + align:start position:0% +so if we describe the object using these + + + align:start position:0% +so if we describe the object using these +quantities + + align:start position:0% +quantities + + + align:start position:0% +quantities +we want to compare those against the + + align:start position:0% +we want to compare those against the + + + align:start position:0% +we want to compare those against the +model library + + align:start position:0% +model library + + + align:start position:0% +model library +and match them up and figure out you + + align:start position:0% +and match them up and figure out you + + + align:start position:0% +and match them up and figure out you +know how do we have to rotate this + + align:start position:0% +know how do we have to rotate this + + + align:start position:0% +know how do we have to rotate this +object we're seeing so that it lines up + + align:start position:0% +object we're seeing so that it lines up + + + align:start position:0% +object we're seeing so that it lines up +with the model in our library + + align:start position:0% +with the model in our library + + + align:start position:0% +with the model in our library +we're not in the business of saying okay + + align:start position:0% +we're not in the business of saying okay + + + align:start position:0% +we're not in the business of saying okay +we need to reconstruct this in 3d i mean + + align:start position:0% +we need to reconstruct this in 3d i mean + + + align:start position:0% +we need to reconstruct this in 3d i mean +we may have already done that but but + + align:start position:0% +we may have already done that but but + + + align:start position:0% +we may have already done that but but +the fact that it's a non-constructive + + align:start position:0% +the fact that it's a non-constructive + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that it's a non-constructive +proof + + align:start position:0% +proof + + + align:start position:0% +proof +doesn't isn't the deterrent + + align:start position:0% +doesn't isn't the deterrent + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't isn't the deterrent +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +not important + + align:start position:0% +not important + + + align:start position:0% +not important +not relevant + + align:start position:0% +not relevant + + + align:start position:0% +not relevant +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +how do i use this + + align:start position:0% +how do i use this + + + align:start position:0% +how do i use this +in a more interesting case so this is + + align:start position:0% +in a more interesting case so this is + + + align:start position:0% +in a more interesting case so this is +just + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +polyhedra + + align:start position:0% +polyhedra + + + align:start position:0% +polyhedra +oh and by the way + + align:start position:0% +oh and by the way + + + align:start position:0% +oh and by the way +it's not too hard to prove that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +when you stack these vectors tail to + + align:start position:0% +when you stack these vectors tail to + + + align:start position:0% +when you stack these vectors tail to +tail + + align:start position:0% +tail + + + align:start position:0% +tail +they form a closed loop + + align:start position:0% +they form a closed loop + + + align:start position:0% +they form a closed loop +that is the sum of these + + align:start position:0% +that is the sum of these + + + align:start position:0% +that is the sum of these +vectors n 1 n 2 and 3 + + align:start position:0% +vectors n 1 n 2 and 3 + + + align:start position:0% +vectors n 1 n 2 and 3 +is 0. + + align:start position:0% +is 0. + + + align:start position:0% +is 0. +and we'll prove something similar in a + + align:start position:0% +and we'll prove something similar in a + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll prove something similar in a +moment so + + align:start position:0% +moment so + + + align:start position:0% +moment so +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +constrained on what would constitute a + + align:start position:0% +constrained on what would constitute a + + + align:start position:0% +constrained on what would constitute a +valid representation + + align:start position:0% +valid representation + + + align:start position:0% +valid representation +if you get a bunch of vectors they don't + + align:start position:0% +if you get a bunch of vectors they don't + + + align:start position:0% +if you get a bunch of vectors they don't +add up to zero then you know it's not a + + align:start position:0% +add up to zero then you know it's not a + + + align:start position:0% +add up to zero then you know it's not a +closed convex object + + align:start position:0% +closed convex object + + + align:start position:0% +closed convex object +and that can happen if you for example + + align:start position:0% +and that can happen if you for example + + + align:start position:0% +and that can happen if you for example +you've left out one of the facets + + align:start position:0% +you've left out one of the facets + + + align:start position:0% +you've left out one of the facets +then yeah they won't add up to zero + + align:start position:0% +then yeah they won't add up to zero + + + align:start position:0% +then yeah they won't add up to zero +uh but th other than that + + align:start position:0% +uh but th other than that + + + align:start position:0% +uh but th other than that +any combination of vectors does + + align:start position:0% +any combination of vectors does + + + align:start position:0% +any combination of vectors does +represent some convex polyhedron + + align:start position:0% +represent some convex polyhedron + + + align:start position:0% +represent some convex polyhedron +as long as it satisfies that constraint + + align:start position:0% +as long as it satisfies that constraint + + + align:start position:0% +as long as it satisfies that constraint +okay so let's take a more complex object + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's take a more complex object + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's take a more complex object +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +i don't know a + + align:start position:0% +i don't know a + + + align:start position:0% +i don't know a +icbm re-entry vehicle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +somewhat simplified + + align:start position:0% +somewhat simplified + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat simplified +there's a cylindrical part + + align:start position:0% +there's a cylindrical part + + + align:start position:0% +there's a cylindrical part +and maybe there's a conical part + + align:start position:0% +and maybe there's a conical part + + + align:start position:0% +and maybe there's a conical part +and i guess there's a flat part that we + + align:start position:0% +and i guess there's a flat part that we + + + align:start position:0% +and i guess there's a flat part that we +don't see here that's on the back + + align:start position:0% +don't see here that's on the back + + + align:start position:0% +don't see here that's on the back +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +what i can do is approximate this using + + align:start position:0% +what i can do is approximate this using + + + align:start position:0% +what i can do is approximate this using +our + + align:start position:0% +our + + + align:start position:0% +our +mesh polyhedral representation for + + align:start position:0% +mesh polyhedral representation for + + + align:start position:0% +mesh polyhedral representation for +example i can + + align:start position:0% +example i can + + + align:start position:0% +example i can +cut it up into slices + + align:start position:0% +cut it up into slices + + + align:start position:0% +cut it up into slices +such that the normal + + align:start position:0% +such that the normal + + + align:start position:0% +such that the normal +for all the points on these slices that + + align:start position:0% +for all the points on these slices that + + + align:start position:0% +for all the points on these slices that +well they're not exactly the same but + + align:start position:0% +well they're not exactly the same but + + + align:start position:0% +well they're not exactly the same but +they have very little variation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and with a conical section i can do that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so the idea is i mean i can make a + + align:start position:0% +okay so the idea is i mean i can make a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the idea is i mean i can make a +much finer mesh but i'm actually + + align:start position:0% +much finer mesh but i'm actually + + + align:start position:0% +much finer mesh but i'm actually +combining things that have similar + + align:start position:0% +combining things that have similar + + + align:start position:0% +combining things that have similar +surface normals + + align:start position:0% +surface normals + + + align:start position:0% +surface normals +and then then what do i do well then i + + align:start position:0% +and then then what do i do well then i + + + align:start position:0% +and then then what do i do well then i +compute all of these quantities + + align:start position:0% +compute all of these quantities + + + align:start position:0% +compute all of these quantities +you know where i've had the area i j + + align:start position:0% +you know where i've had the area i j + + + align:start position:0% +you know where i've had the area i j +times the unit vector nij + + align:start position:0% +times the unit vector nij + + + align:start position:0% +times the unit vector nij +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +i keep those + + align:start position:0% +i keep those + + + align:start position:0% +i keep those +now of course i've got to be careful + + align:start position:0% +now of course i've got to be careful + + + align:start position:0% +now of course i've got to be careful +because i just + + align:start position:0% +because i just + + + align:start position:0% +because i just +said that the mesh + + align:start position:0% +said that the mesh + + + align:start position:0% +said that the mesh +representation isn't good because i + + align:start position:0% +representation isn't good because i + + + align:start position:0% +representation isn't good because i +might draw a different mesh so now + + align:start position:0% +might draw a different mesh so now + + + align:start position:0% +might draw a different mesh so now +i go to unit sphere + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and i plot these vectors + + align:start position:0% +and i plot these vectors + + + align:start position:0% +and i plot these vectors +right so each of them has a direction in + + align:start position:0% +right so each of them has a direction in + + + align:start position:0% +right so each of them has a direction in +space that then corresponds to a point + + align:start position:0% +space that then corresponds to a point + + + align:start position:0% +space that then corresponds to a point +on the sphere and i put down a mass + + align:start position:0% +on the sphere and i put down a mass + + + align:start position:0% +on the sphere and i put down a mass +at that point + + align:start position:0% +at that point + + + align:start position:0% +at that point +corresponding to the area of that patch + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to the area of that patch + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to the area of that patch +and you know for example if i divided + + align:start position:0% +and you know for example if i divided + + + align:start position:0% +and you know for example if i divided +the patches up more finely + + align:start position:0% +the patches up more finely + + + align:start position:0% +the patches up more finely +i would have had two + + align:start position:0% +i would have had two + + + align:start position:0% +i would have had two +areas half the size but they both + + align:start position:0% +areas half the size but they both + + + align:start position:0% +areas half the size but they both +contribute to the same point on the + + align:start position:0% +contribute to the same point on the + + + align:start position:0% +contribute to the same point on the +sphere + + align:start position:0% +sphere + + + align:start position:0% +sphere +so that's why i could + + align:start position:0% +so that's why i could + + + align:start position:0% +so that's why i could +draw them this way so you know i could + + align:start position:0% +draw them this way so you know i could + + + align:start position:0% +draw them this way so you know i could +cut it up into tiny little pieces + + align:start position:0% +cut it up into tiny little pieces + + + align:start position:0% +cut it up into tiny little pieces +it doesn't matter what's important is + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't matter what's important is + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't matter what's important is +how much mass ends up on the sphere here + + align:start position:0% +how much mass ends up on the sphere here + + + align:start position:0% +how much mass ends up on the sphere here +okay now let me do this for the whole + + align:start position:0% +okay now let me do this for the whole + + + align:start position:0% +okay now let me do this for the whole +cylindrical surface well the surface + + align:start position:0% +cylindrical surface well the surface + + + align:start position:0% +cylindrical surface well the surface +normals for this cylindrical surface + + align:start position:0% +normals for this cylindrical surface + + + align:start position:0% +normals for this cylindrical surface +you know keep on turning but they're all + + align:start position:0% +you know keep on turning but they're all + + + align:start position:0% +you know keep on turning but they're all +in a plane that is perpendicular to the + + align:start position:0% +in a plane that is perpendicular to the + + + align:start position:0% +in a plane that is perpendicular to the +axis of the cylinder + + align:start position:0% +axis of the cylinder + + + align:start position:0% +axis of the cylinder +so then imagine cutting that sphere with + + align:start position:0% +so then imagine cutting that sphere with + + + align:start position:0% +so then imagine cutting that sphere with +that plane + + align:start position:0% +that plane + + + align:start position:0% +that plane +i'm going to get a great circle + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to get a great circle + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to get a great circle +so i'm going to put down masses + + align:start position:0% +so i'm going to put down masses + + + align:start position:0% +so i'm going to put down masses +all along this great circle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and that's the part of the + + align:start position:0% +and that's the part of the + + + align:start position:0% +and that's the part of the +representation that corresponds to the + + align:start position:0% +representation that corresponds to the + + + align:start position:0% +representation that corresponds to the +cylindrical surface + + align:start position:0% +cylindrical surface + + + align:start position:0% +cylindrical surface +right again so for example over here + + align:start position:0% +right again so for example over here + + + align:start position:0% +right again so for example over here +there's a unit vector that points out + + align:start position:0% +there's a unit vector that points out + + + align:start position:0% +there's a unit vector that points out +that way that's going to be on the + + align:start position:0% +that way that's going to be on the + + + align:start position:0% +that way that's going to be on the +sphere + + align:start position:0% +sphere + + + align:start position:0% +sphere +you know somewhere here and i put down a + + align:start position:0% +you know somewhere here and i put down a + + + align:start position:0% +you know somewhere here and i put down a +mass and in this case the way i've cut + + align:start position:0% +mass and in this case the way i've cut + + + align:start position:0% +mass and in this case the way i've cut +it up all of these masses are the same + + align:start position:0% +it up all of these masses are the same + + + align:start position:0% +it up all of these masses are the same +okay uh what about the conical part well + + align:start position:0% +okay uh what about the conical part well + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh what about the conical part well +same thing i construct a unit vector + + align:start position:0% +same thing i construct a unit vector + + + align:start position:0% +same thing i construct a unit vector +i + + align:start position:0% +i + + + align:start position:0% +i +take into account the area let's call + + align:start position:0% +take into account the area let's call + + + align:start position:0% +take into account the area let's call +this bi and + + align:start position:0% +this bi and + + + align:start position:0% +this bi and +i don't know mi + + align:start position:0% +i don't know mi + + + align:start position:0% +i don't know mi +just for variety + + align:start position:0% +just for variety + + + align:start position:0% +just for variety +and that ends up on this + + align:start position:0% +and that ends up on this + + + align:start position:0% +and that ends up on this +unit sphere somewhere and i put down a + + align:start position:0% +unit sphere somewhere and i put down a + + + align:start position:0% +unit sphere somewhere and i put down a +mass there + + align:start position:0% +mass there + + + align:start position:0% +mass there +and now if i consider all of the facets + + align:start position:0% +and now if i consider all of the facets + + + align:start position:0% +and now if i consider all of the facets +on the cone + + align:start position:0% +on the cone + + + align:start position:0% +on the cone +you know the surface normal will change + + align:start position:0% +you know the surface normal will change + + + align:start position:0% +you know the surface normal will change +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +and it's no longer + + align:start position:0% +and it's no longer + + + align:start position:0% +and it's no longer +they're not in a plane + + align:start position:0% +they're not in a plane + + + align:start position:0% +they're not in a plane +but if you think about these surface + + align:start position:0% +but if you think about these surface + + + align:start position:0% +but if you think about these surface +normals + + align:start position:0% +normals + + + align:start position:0% +normals +they form a cone themselves + + align:start position:0% +they form a cone themselves + + + align:start position:0% +they form a cone themselves +with the complementary angle of the cone + + align:start position:0% +with the complementary angle of the cone + + + align:start position:0% +with the complementary angle of the cone +so then i cut the sphere with with that + + align:start position:0% +so then i cut the sphere with with that + + + align:start position:0% +so then i cut the sphere with with that +cone and i'm going to get a small circle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so if you think about all of the facets + + align:start position:0% +so if you think about all of the facets + + + align:start position:0% +so if you think about all of the facets +of this cone + + align:start position:0% +of this cone + + + align:start position:0% +of this cone +they will all contribute to points on + + align:start position:0% +they will all contribute to points on + + + align:start position:0% +they will all contribute to points on +the sphere + + align:start position:0% +the sphere + + + align:start position:0% +the sphere +on those on that small circle + + align:start position:0% +on those on that small circle + + + align:start position:0% +on those on that small circle +okay and then + + align:start position:0% +okay and then + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then +well there's a piece missing + + align:start position:0% +well there's a piece missing + + + align:start position:0% +well there's a piece missing +if i want to describe the whole surface + + align:start position:0% +if i want to describe the whole surface + + + align:start position:0% +if i want to describe the whole surface +of this object which is the plate at the + + align:start position:0% +of this object which is the plate at the + + + align:start position:0% +of this object which is the plate at the +end + + align:start position:0% +end + + + align:start position:0% +end +okay and the plate at the end is going + + align:start position:0% +okay and the plate at the end is going + + + align:start position:0% +okay and the plate at the end is going +to end up you know + + align:start position:0% +to end up you know + + + align:start position:0% +to end up you know +behind but somewhere on the sphere + + align:start position:0% +behind but somewhere on the sphere + + + align:start position:0% +behind but somewhere on the sphere +there's got to be a big + + align:start position:0% +there's got to be a big + + + align:start position:0% +there's got to be a big +a big mass + + align:start position:0% +a big mass + + + align:start position:0% +a big mass +that corresponds to that area + + align:start position:0% +that corresponds to that area + + + align:start position:0% +that corresponds to that area +why is it big well because everything in + + align:start position:0% +why is it big well because everything in + + + align:start position:0% +why is it big well because everything in +that area points the same way + + align:start position:0% +that area points the same way + + + align:start position:0% +that area points the same way +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +that whole large back plate area + + align:start position:0% +that whole large back plate area + + + align:start position:0% +that whole large back plate area +contributes to mass at a single point so + + align:start position:0% +contributes to mass at a single point so + + + align:start position:0% +contributes to mass at a single point so +it's like an impulse + + align:start position:0% +it's like an impulse + + + align:start position:0% +it's like an impulse +and there's my representation so + + align:start position:0% +and there's my representation so + + + align:start position:0% +and there's my representation so +for a + + align:start position:0% +for a + + + align:start position:0% +for a +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +non-polyhedral object + + align:start position:0% +non-polyhedral object + + + align:start position:0% +non-polyhedral object +and you can see now + + align:start position:0% +and you can see now + + + align:start position:0% +and you can see now +how + + align:start position:0% +how + + + align:start position:0% +how +we could use this + + align:start position:0% +we could use this + + + align:start position:0% +we could use this +in various ways for the task we've set + + align:start position:0% +in various ways for the task we've set + + + align:start position:0% +in various ways for the task we've set +ourselves alignment and recognition so + + align:start position:0% +ourselves alignment and recognition so + + + align:start position:0% +ourselves alignment and recognition so +we could have + + align:start position:0% +we could have + + + align:start position:0% +we could have +a library of objects + + align:start position:0% +a library of objects + + + align:start position:0% +a library of objects +and for each of them we pre-compute this + + align:start position:0% +and for each of them we pre-compute this + + + align:start position:0% +and for each of them we pre-compute this +representation + + align:start position:0% +representation + + + align:start position:0% +representation +and then we can do a comparison now the + + align:start position:0% +and then we can do a comparison now the + + + align:start position:0% +and then we can do a comparison now the +comparison is not you know least squares + + align:start position:0% +comparison is not you know least squares + + + align:start position:0% +comparison is not you know least squares +in the plane it's on the sphere so it's + + align:start position:0% +in the plane it's on the sphere so it's + + + align:start position:0% +in the plane it's on the sphere so it's +going to require a little bit of thought + + align:start position:0% +going to require a little bit of thought + + + align:start position:0% +going to require a little bit of thought +about how to implement that but + + align:start position:0% +about how to implement that but + + + align:start position:0% +about how to implement that but +basically we want to get them lined up + + align:start position:0% +basically we want to get them lined up + + + align:start position:0% +basically we want to get them lined up +so that where this one has a lot of mass + + align:start position:0% +so that where this one has a lot of mass + + + align:start position:0% +so that where this one has a lot of mass +the other one has a lot of mass and so + + align:start position:0% +the other one has a lot of mass and so + + + align:start position:0% +the other one has a lot of mass and so +you could imagine inventing some sort of + + align:start position:0% +you could imagine inventing some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +you could imagine inventing some sort of +measure + + align:start position:0% +measure + + + align:start position:0% +measure +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +how + + align:start position:0% +how + + + align:start position:0% +how +how they correlate how well they match + + align:start position:0% +how they correlate how well they match + + + align:start position:0% +how they correlate how well they match +up + + align:start position:0% +up + + + align:start position:0% +up +and that can then be used in two ways + + align:start position:0% +and that can then be used in two ways + + + align:start position:0% +and that can then be used in two ways +the one is the orientation + + align:start position:0% +the one is the orientation + + + align:start position:0% +the one is the orientation +so i'd have to take one of the two + + align:start position:0% +so i'd have to take one of the two + + + align:start position:0% +so i'd have to take one of the two +representations and rotate the sphere + + align:start position:0% +representations and rotate the sphere + + + align:start position:0% +representations and rotate the sphere +until things line up as best as they can + + align:start position:0% +until things line up as best as they can + + + align:start position:0% +until things line up as best as they can +and for recognition i then do the + + align:start position:0% +and for recognition i then do the + + + align:start position:0% +and for recognition i then do the +subtraction to see how well they match + + align:start position:0% +subtraction to see how well they match + + + align:start position:0% +subtraction to see how well they match +up + + align:start position:0% +up + + + align:start position:0% +up +and so + + align:start position:0% +and so + + + align:start position:0% +and so +you know this representation + + align:start position:0% +you know this representation + + + align:start position:0% +you know this representation +does provide for the two tasks that we + + align:start position:0% +does provide for the two tasks that we + + + align:start position:0% +does provide for the two tasks that we +we described + + align:start position:0% +we described + + + align:start position:0% +we described +lots of details uh to fill in + + align:start position:0% +lots of details uh to fill in + + + align:start position:0% +lots of details uh to fill in +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +then we said that we wanted certain + + align:start position:0% +then we said that we wanted certain + + + align:start position:0% +then we said that we wanted certain +properties uh one of them was you know + + align:start position:0% +properties uh one of them was you know + + + align:start position:0% +properties uh one of them was you know +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +quote invariants or + + align:start position:0% +quote invariants or + + + align:start position:0% +quote invariants or +simple transformations resulting from + + align:start position:0% +simple transformations resulting from + + + align:start position:0% +simple transformations resulting from +translation and rotation well first + + align:start position:0% +translation and rotation well first + + + align:start position:0% +translation and rotation well first +translation doesn't get into it because + + align:start position:0% +translation doesn't get into it because + + + align:start position:0% +translation doesn't get into it because +we've we're only looking at surface + + align:start position:0% +we've we're only looking at surface + + + align:start position:0% +we've we're only looking at surface +normals so if you take this object and + + align:start position:0% +normals so if you take this object and + + + align:start position:0% +normals so if you take this object and +you move it + + align:start position:0% +you move it + + + align:start position:0% +you move it +we get exactly the same representation + + align:start position:0% +we get exactly the same representation + + + align:start position:0% +we get exactly the same representation +so it's invariant to translation + + align:start position:0% +so it's invariant to translation + + + align:start position:0% +so it's invariant to translation +rotation what about rotation + + align:start position:0% +rotation what about rotation + + + align:start position:0% +rotation what about rotation +well rotation has a very simple effect + + align:start position:0% +well rotation has a very simple effect + + + align:start position:0% +well rotation has a very simple effect +on this representation + + align:start position:0% +on this representation + + + align:start position:0% +on this representation +if i rotate this object i'm just + + align:start position:0% +if i rotate this object i'm just + + + align:start position:0% +if i rotate this object i'm just +rotating the normal vectors and that + + align:start position:0% +rotating the normal vectors and that + + + align:start position:0% +rotating the normal vectors and that +means that i'm rotating where they end + + align:start position:0% +means that i'm rotating where they end + + + align:start position:0% +means that i'm rotating where they end +up on the unit sphere so it's just like + + align:start position:0% +up on the unit sphere so it's just like + + + align:start position:0% +up on the unit sphere so it's just like +rotating the units here in an equivalent + + align:start position:0% +rotating the units here in an equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +rotating the units here in an equivalent +way so the change in the representation + + align:start position:0% +way so the change in the representation + + + align:start position:0% +way so the change in the representation +resulting from rotation is + + align:start position:0% +resulting from rotation is + + + align:start position:0% +resulting from rotation is +very simple very intuitive + + align:start position:0% +very simple very intuitive + + + align:start position:0% +very simple very intuitive +easy to understand easy to implement + + align:start position:0% +easy to understand easy to implement + + + align:start position:0% +easy to understand easy to implement +and so + + align:start position:0% +and so + + + align:start position:0% +and so +it satisfies that that constraint + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so in general what we're going to be + + align:start position:0% +so in general what we're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +so in general what we're going to be +dealing with is kind of a density + + align:start position:0% +dealing with is kind of a density + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with is kind of a density +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +crudely speaking if i have a certain + + align:start position:0% +crudely speaking if i have a certain + + + align:start position:0% +crudely speaking if i have a certain +mass here that means there's a + + align:start position:0% +mass here that means there's a + + + align:start position:0% +mass here that means there's a +area on the object + + align:start position:0% +area on the object + + + align:start position:0% +area on the object +equal to that mass that has that + + align:start position:0% +equal to that mass that has that + + + align:start position:0% +equal to that mass that has that +orientation + + align:start position:0% +orientation + + + align:start position:0% +orientation +so it's like the mass at any one point + + align:start position:0% +so it's like the mass at any one point + + + align:start position:0% +so it's like the mass at any one point +here tells me + + align:start position:0% +here tells me + + + align:start position:0% +here tells me +uh the area that has that orientation in + + align:start position:0% +uh the area that has that orientation in + + + align:start position:0% +uh the area that has that orientation in +the in the case of discrete facets + + align:start position:0% +the in the case of discrete facets + + + align:start position:0% +the in the case of discrete facets +uh in the case where i'm taking the + + align:start position:0% +uh in the case where i'm taking the + + + align:start position:0% +uh in the case where i'm taking the +limit and taking a continuously curved + + align:start position:0% +limit and taking a continuously curved + + + align:start position:0% +limit and taking a continuously curved +surface what i'm dealing with is density + + align:start position:0% +surface what i'm dealing with is density + + + align:start position:0% +surface what i'm dealing with is density +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +the density of points on the surface + + align:start position:0% +the density of points on the surface + + + align:start position:0% +the density of points on the surface +tells me something about the curvature + + align:start position:0% +tells me something about the curvature + + + align:start position:0% +tells me something about the curvature +right so + + align:start position:0% +right so + + + align:start position:0% +right so +if + + align:start position:0% +if + + + align:start position:0% +if +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +object is + + align:start position:0% +object is + + + align:start position:0% +object is +highly curved then neighboring + + align:start position:0% +highly curved then neighboring + + + align:start position:0% +highly curved then neighboring +surface normals will be pointing in very + + align:start position:0% +surface normals will be pointing in very + + + align:start position:0% +surface normals will be pointing in very +different directions and that means that + + align:start position:0% +different directions and that means that + + + align:start position:0% +different directions and that means that +they'll be spread out on the sphere and + + align:start position:0% +they'll be spread out on the sphere and + + + align:start position:0% +they'll be spread out on the sphere and +we get a low density + + align:start position:0% +we get a low density + + + align:start position:0% +we get a low density +so low density corresponds to + + align:start position:0% +so low density corresponds to + + + align:start position:0% +so low density corresponds to +high curvature + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and conversely a high density + + align:start position:0% +and conversely a high density + + + align:start position:0% +and conversely a high density +corresponds to low curvature + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and you know we can see this right here + + align:start position:0% +and you know we can see this right here + + + align:start position:0% +and you know we can see this right here +where + + align:start position:0% +where + + + align:start position:0% +where +the thing with the lowest curvature is + + align:start position:0% +the thing with the lowest curvature is + + + align:start position:0% +the thing with the lowest curvature is +the plate the end plate and it gives a + + align:start position:0% +the plate the end plate and it gives a + + + align:start position:0% +the plate the end plate and it gives a +huge contribution to the sphere because + + align:start position:0% +huge contribution to the sphere because + + + align:start position:0% +huge contribution to the sphere because +it has very low curvature + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and of course we'll have to say + + align:start position:0% +okay and of course we'll have to say + + + align:start position:0% +okay and of course we'll have to say +what we mean by curvature because this + + align:start position:0% +what we mean by curvature because this + + + align:start position:0% +what we mean by curvature because this +is 3d so it's a little different + + align:start position:0% +is 3d so it's a little different + + + align:start position:0% +is 3d so it's a little different +now one way to get started on this is to + + align:start position:0% +now one way to get started on this is to + + + align:start position:0% +now one way to get started on this is to +look at a 2d version of this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +first + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um and so + + align:start position:0% +um and so + + + align:start position:0% +um and so +first of all uh what's the idea of the + + align:start position:0% +first of all uh what's the idea of the + + + align:start position:0% +first of all uh what's the idea of the +extended gaussian what's the gaussian + + align:start position:0% +extended gaussian what's the gaussian + + + align:start position:0% +extended gaussian what's the gaussian +image well the important + + align:start position:0% +image well the important + + + align:start position:0% +image well the important +thing to keep in mind is the + + align:start position:0% +thing to keep in mind is the + + + align:start position:0% +thing to keep in mind is the +relationship between points on the + + align:start position:0% +relationship between points on the + + + align:start position:0% +relationship between points on the +object and points on the sphere what do + + align:start position:0% +object and points on the sphere what do + + + align:start position:0% +object and points on the sphere what do +they have in common + + align:start position:0% +they have in common + + + align:start position:0% +they have in common +it's the surface normal + + align:start position:0% +it's the surface normal + + + align:start position:0% +it's the surface normal +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +if i + + align:start position:0% +if i + + + align:start position:0% +if i +want to find + + align:start position:0% +want to find + + + align:start position:0% +want to find +the part of the sphere that corresponds + + align:start position:0% +the part of the sphere that corresponds + + + align:start position:0% +the part of the sphere that corresponds +to this particular + + align:start position:0% +to this particular + + + align:start position:0% +to this particular +patch of the surface + + align:start position:0% +patch of the surface + + + align:start position:0% +patch of the surface +i just find the point on the sphere that + + align:start position:0% +i just find the point on the sphere that + + + align:start position:0% +i just find the point on the sphere that +has the same surface lawnmower + + align:start position:0% +has the same surface lawnmower + + + align:start position:0% +has the same surface lawnmower +so with the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +go back to 3d for a moment + + align:start position:0% +go back to 3d for a moment + + + align:start position:0% +go back to 3d for a moment +suppose we have an earth that is not a + + align:start position:0% +suppose we have an earth that is not a + + + align:start position:0% +suppose we have an earth that is not a +sphere + + align:start position:0% +sphere + + + align:start position:0% +sphere +and we'd like to draw a map that's based + + align:start position:0% +and we'd like to draw a map that's based + + + align:start position:0% +and we'd like to draw a map that's based +on sears well then we have to we have + + align:start position:0% +on sears well then we have to we have + + + align:start position:0% +on sears well then we have to we have +some way of mapping between them + + align:start position:0% +some way of mapping between them + + + align:start position:0% +some way of mapping between them +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +you know there are lots of conceivable + + align:start position:0% +you know there are lots of conceivable + + + align:start position:0% +you know there are lots of conceivable +ways well gauss came up with one which + + align:start position:0% +ways well gauss came up with one which + + + align:start position:0% +ways well gauss came up with one which +is basically to say + + align:start position:0% +is basically to say + + + align:start position:0% +is basically to say +i'm going to map this point + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to map this point + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to map this point +to the point on the sphere that has the + + align:start position:0% +to the point on the sphere that has the + + + align:start position:0% +to the point on the sphere that has the +same + + align:start position:0% +same + + + align:start position:0% +same +direction of the normal + + align:start position:0% +direction of the normal + + + align:start position:0% +direction of the normal +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +and that's the one we actually use right + + align:start position:0% +and that's the one we actually use right + + + align:start position:0% +and that's the one we actually use right +because if you + + align:start position:0% +because if you + + + align:start position:0% +because if you +if you are saying uh we're here at mit + + align:start position:0% +if you are saying uh we're here at mit + + + align:start position:0% +if you are saying uh we're here at mit +at 42.5 degrees latitude + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that is not this angle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right from the center of the earth which + + align:start position:0% +right from the center of the earth which + + + align:start position:0% +right from the center of the earth which +we sometimes mistakenly say + + align:start position:0% +we sometimes mistakenly say + + + align:start position:0% +we sometimes mistakenly say +what it is it's this angle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so + + align:start position:0% +and so + + + align:start position:0% +and so +when we're dealing with a circle all of + + align:start position:0% +when we're dealing with a circle all of + + + align:start position:0% +when we're dealing with a circle all of +these are the same but when we have some + + align:start position:0% +these are the same but when we have some + + + align:start position:0% +these are the same but when we have some +other shape we have to be clear about + + align:start position:0% +other shape we have to be clear about + + + align:start position:0% +other shape we have to be clear about +which directions we're talking about and + + align:start position:0% +which directions we're talking about and + + + align:start position:0% +which directions we're talking about and +in this case + + align:start position:0% +in this case + + + align:start position:0% +in this case +we find that the one that's + + align:start position:0% +we find that the one that's + + + align:start position:0% +we find that the one that's +you know why do we use this well because + + align:start position:0% +you know why do we use this well because + + + align:start position:0% +you know why do we use this well because +it's easy to determine you've got + + align:start position:0% +it's easy to determine you've got + + + align:start position:0% +it's easy to determine you've got +gravity + + align:start position:0% +gravity + + + align:start position:0% +gravity +pointing perpendicular to the surface + + align:start position:0% +pointing perpendicular to the surface + + + align:start position:0% +pointing perpendicular to the surface +and then you have + + align:start position:0% +and then you have + + + align:start position:0% +and then you have +rotation about + + align:start position:0% +rotation about + + + align:start position:0% +rotation about +the celestial sphere so you can + + align:start position:0% +the celestial sphere so you can + + + align:start position:0% +the celestial sphere so you can +determine the north celestial pole + + align:start position:0% +determine the north celestial pole + + + align:start position:0% +determine the north celestial pole +or you can look at where the sun is and + + align:start position:0% +or you can look at where the sun is and + + + align:start position:0% +or you can look at where the sun is and +what time of the year it is and that + + align:start position:0% +what time of the year it is and that + + + align:start position:0% +what time of the year it is and that +that's the angle you're going to measure + + align:start position:0% +that's the angle you're going to measure + + + align:start position:0% +that's the angle you're going to measure +now there you know subtleties there like + + align:start position:0% +now there you know subtleties there like + + + align:start position:0% +now there you know subtleties there like +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +the centrifugal force + + align:start position:0% +the centrifugal force + + + align:start position:0% +the centrifugal force +the uh + + align:start position:0% +the uh + + + align:start position:0% +the uh +uneven distribution of masses in the + + align:start position:0% +uneven distribution of masses in the + + + align:start position:0% +uneven distribution of masses in the +earth and so on but + + align:start position:0% +earth and so on but + + + align:start position:0% +earth and so on but +okay so gauss basically said one way of + + align:start position:0% +okay so gauss basically said one way of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so gauss basically said one way of +mapping between an object a convex + + align:start position:0% +mapping between an object a convex + + + align:start position:0% +mapping between an object a convex +object of arbitrary shape and a unit + + align:start position:0% +object of arbitrary shape and a unit + + + align:start position:0% +object of arbitrary shape and a unit +sphere is to just identify points that + + align:start position:0% +sphere is to just identify points that + + + align:start position:0% +sphere is to just identify points that +have similar + + align:start position:0% +have similar + + + align:start position:0% +have similar +have the same orientation + + align:start position:0% +have the same orientation + + + align:start position:0% +have the same orientation +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +that's point to point well we can + + align:start position:0% +that's point to point well we can + + + align:start position:0% +that's point to point well we can +generalize that to shapes so you know + + align:start position:0% +generalize that to shapes so you know + + + align:start position:0% +generalize that to shapes so you know +suppose that we have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +africa here + + align:start position:0% +africa here + + + align:start position:0% +africa here +then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we can map it onto the sphere and + + align:start position:0% +we can map it onto the sphere and + + + align:start position:0% +we can map it onto the sphere and +why is that convenient well because lots + + align:start position:0% +why is that convenient well because lots + + + align:start position:0% +why is that convenient well because lots +and lots of clever methods exist for + + align:start position:0% +and lots of clever methods exist for + + + align:start position:0% +and lots of clever methods exist for +mapping spheres onto planar surfaces for + + align:start position:0% +mapping spheres onto planar surfaces for + + + align:start position:0% +mapping spheres onto planar surfaces for +map making but the first step is you + + align:start position:0% +map making but the first step is you + + + align:start position:0% +map making but the first step is you +need to convert it from the ellipsoid + + align:start position:0% +need to convert it from the ellipsoid + + + align:start position:0% +need to convert it from the ellipsoid +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +to the sphere so + + align:start position:0% +to the sphere so + + + align:start position:0% +to the sphere so +okay so how do we do it well for every + + align:start position:0% +okay so how do we do it well for every + + + align:start position:0% +okay so how do we do it well for every +point here we look at the surface normal + + align:start position:0% +point here we look at the surface normal + + + align:start position:0% +point here we look at the surface normal +and we find the point over here that has + + align:start position:0% +and we find the point over here that has + + + align:start position:0% +and we find the point over here that has +the same surface normal so that's the + + align:start position:0% +the same surface normal so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +the same surface normal so that's the +basic idea of the mapping + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we make correspondences between + + align:start position:0% +we make correspondences between + + + align:start position:0% +we make correspondences between +points that have the same surface normal + + align:start position:0% +points that have the same surface normal + + + align:start position:0% +points that have the same surface normal +and you can see that this mapping is + + align:start position:0% +and you can see that this mapping is + + + align:start position:0% +and you can see that this mapping is +actually invertible + + align:start position:0% +actually invertible + + + align:start position:0% +actually invertible +so if i'm on the earth on the sphere + + align:start position:0% +so if i'm on the earth on the sphere + + + align:start position:0% +so if i'm on the earth on the sphere +and i want to know you know what point + + align:start position:0% +and i want to know you know what point + + + align:start position:0% +and i want to know you know what point +this part of madagascar corresponds to + + align:start position:0% +this part of madagascar corresponds to + + + align:start position:0% +this part of madagascar corresponds to +over here i just find + + align:start position:0% +over here i just find + + + align:start position:0% +over here i just find +i just find the point that has the same + + align:start position:0% +i just find the point that has the same + + + align:start position:0% +i just find the point that has the same +surface orientation + + align:start position:0% +surface orientation + + + align:start position:0% +surface orientation +on on this other convex shape so + + align:start position:0% +on on this other convex shape so + + + align:start position:0% +on on this other convex shape so +as long as it's context + + align:start position:0% +as long as it's context + + + align:start position:0% +as long as it's context +now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's a problem when we have + + align:start position:0% +there's a problem when we have + + + align:start position:0% +there's a problem when we have +non-convex shapes because there might be + + align:start position:0% +non-convex shapes because there might be + + + align:start position:0% +non-convex shapes because there might be +more than one point + + align:start position:0% +more than one point + + + align:start position:0% +more than one point +that has the same surface orientation + + align:start position:0% +that has the same surface orientation + + + align:start position:0% +that has the same surface orientation +and so that's + + align:start position:0% +and so that's + + + align:start position:0% +and so that's +that's the uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you know limitation of this method + + align:start position:0% +you know limitation of this method + + + align:start position:0% +you know limitation of this method +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +it has very nice properties for convex + + align:start position:0% +it has very nice properties for convex + + + align:start position:0% +it has very nice properties for convex +objects + + align:start position:0% +objects + + + align:start position:0% +objects +has + + align:start position:0% +has + + + align:start position:0% +has +some issues with non-convex objects + + align:start position:0% +some issues with non-convex objects + + + align:start position:0% +some issues with non-convex objects +but for the moment let's focus on convex + + align:start position:0% +but for the moment let's focus on convex + + + align:start position:0% +but for the moment let's focus on convex +objects so in the case of convex objects + + align:start position:0% +objects so in the case of convex objects + + + align:start position:0% +objects so in the case of convex objects +this mapping is reversible + + align:start position:0% +this mapping is reversible + + + align:start position:0% +this mapping is reversible +okay back to 2d + + align:start position:0% +okay back to 2d + + + align:start position:0% +okay back to 2d +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the idea is that + + align:start position:0% +the idea is that + + + align:start position:0% +the idea is that +again we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +map from some shape to a circle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +maybe i should make this shape less + + align:start position:0% +maybe i should make this shape less + + + align:start position:0% +maybe i should make this shape less +circle given that my circles aren't that + + align:start position:0% +circle given that my circles aren't that + + + align:start position:0% +circle given that my circles aren't that +great anyway + + align:start position:0% +great anyway + + + align:start position:0% +great anyway +okay so here's a convex object + + align:start position:0% +okay so here's a convex object + + + align:start position:0% +okay so here's a convex object +and um + + align:start position:0% +and um + + + align:start position:0% +and um +now what we want to do is + + align:start position:0% +now what we want to do is + + + align:start position:0% +now what we want to do is +uh take a pat a patch well in this case + + align:start position:0% +uh take a pat a patch well in this case + + + align:start position:0% +uh take a pat a patch well in this case +a short line segment + + align:start position:0% +a short line segment + + + align:start position:0% +a short line segment +on that surface and map it onto + + align:start position:0% +on that surface and map it onto + + + align:start position:0% +on that surface and map it onto +the sphere + + align:start position:0% +the sphere + + + align:start position:0% +the sphere +right and how do we do that well we look + + align:start position:0% +right and how do we do that well we look + + + align:start position:0% +right and how do we do that well we look +at the surface normals + + align:start position:0% +at the surface normals + + + align:start position:0% +at the surface normals +so there's a surface normal at the + + align:start position:0% +so there's a surface normal at the + + + align:start position:0% +so there's a surface normal at the +beginning and that'll correspond to some + + align:start position:0% +beginning and that'll correspond to some + + + align:start position:0% +beginning and that'll correspond to some +surface normal here and there's a + + align:start position:0% +surface normal here and there's a + + + align:start position:0% +surface normal here and there's a +surface normal at the end and because + + align:start position:0% +surface normal at the end and because + + + align:start position:0% +surface normal at the end and because +it's convex it's changing monotonically + + align:start position:0% +it's convex it's changing monotonically + + + align:start position:0% +it's convex it's changing monotonically +in between so that whole range of + + align:start position:0% +in between so that whole range of + + + align:start position:0% +in between so that whole range of +surface normals in between maps into + + align:start position:0% +surface normals in between maps into + + + align:start position:0% +surface normals in between maps into +the whole range of surface normals here + + align:start position:0% +the whole range of surface normals here + + + align:start position:0% +the whole range of surface normals here +and we'll just + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +parameterize that + + align:start position:0% +parameterize that + + + align:start position:0% +parameterize that +unit circle + + align:start position:0% +unit circle + + + align:start position:0% +unit circle +in the plane + + align:start position:0% +in the plane + + + align:start position:0% +in the plane +by the angle + + align:start position:0% +by the angle + + + align:start position:0% +by the angle +eta + + align:start position:0% +eta + + + align:start position:0% +eta +okay and so what do we want to do well + + align:start position:0% +okay and so what do we want to do well + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so what do we want to do well +we want to put down a density which is + + align:start position:0% +we want to put down a density which is + + + align:start position:0% +we want to put down a density which is +inversely proportional to the curvature + + align:start position:0% +inversely proportional to the curvature + + + align:start position:0% +inversely proportional to the curvature +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +so the the mass + + align:start position:0% +so the the mass + + + align:start position:0% +so the the mass +delta s that's proportional to delta s + + align:start position:0% +delta s that's proportional to delta s + + + align:start position:0% +delta s that's proportional to delta s +is going to end up being spread out over + + align:start position:0% +is going to end up being spread out over + + + align:start position:0% +is going to end up being spread out over +this part of the unit circle so if we + + align:start position:0% +this part of the unit circle so if we + + + align:start position:0% +this part of the unit circle so if we +have high curvature it's going to turn + + align:start position:0% +have high curvature it's going to turn + + + align:start position:0% +have high curvature it's going to turn +rapidly and whatever the mass is gets + + align:start position:0% +rapidly and whatever the mass is gets + + + align:start position:0% +rapidly and whatever the mass is gets +spread out of a large angle and + + align:start position:0% +spread out of a large angle and + + + align:start position:0% +spread out of a large angle and +conversely if we're in the flat part + + align:start position:0% +conversely if we're in the flat part + + + align:start position:0% +conversely if we're in the flat part +the surface normals turn very slowly and + + align:start position:0% +the surface normals turn very slowly and + + + align:start position:0% +the surface normals turn very slowly and +all of that is going to end up in a very + + align:start position:0% +all of that is going to end up in a very + + + align:start position:0% +all of that is going to end up in a very +small segment over here and so the + + align:start position:0% +small segment over here and so the + + + align:start position:0% +small segment over here and so the +density will be high + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so we're going to end up with a + + align:start position:0% +and so we're going to end up with a + + + align:start position:0% +and so we're going to end up with a +continuous quantity of that angle + + align:start position:0% +continuous quantity of that angle + + + align:start position:0% +continuous quantity of that angle +and that's the thing we're interested in + + align:start position:0% +and that's the thing we're interested in + + + align:start position:0% +and that's the thing we're interested in +so first um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's pick some arbitrary points so s is + + align:start position:0% +let's pick some arbitrary points so s is + + + align:start position:0% +let's pick some arbitrary points so s is +the arc length along the curve from here + + align:start position:0% +the arc length along the curve from here + + + align:start position:0% +the arc length along the curve from here +to there and then again these normals + + align:start position:0% +to there and then again these normals + + + align:start position:0% +to there and then again these normals +are parallel so this must be angle + + align:start position:0% +are parallel so this must be angle + + + align:start position:0% +are parallel so this must be angle +beta + + align:start position:0% +beta + + + align:start position:0% +beta +and so + + align:start position:0% +and so + + + align:start position:0% +and so +what we're interested in is + + align:start position:0% +what we're interested in is + + + align:start position:0% +what we're interested in is +curvature let's start with that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's it's the turning rate right so for + + align:start position:0% +it's it's the turning rate right so for + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's the turning rate right so for +example if you're not turning then k is + + align:start position:0% +example if you're not turning then k is + + + align:start position:0% +example if you're not turning then k is +zero + + align:start position:0% +zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero +so it's the rate of change of direction + + align:start position:0% +so it's the rate of change of direction + + + align:start position:0% +so it's the rate of change of direction +or is the inverse of + + align:start position:0% +or is the inverse of + + + align:start position:0% +or is the inverse of +one over radius of kilo + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and then the density is going to be the + + align:start position:0% +and then the density is going to be the + + + align:start position:0% +and then the density is going to be the +inverse of that + + align:start position:0% +inverse of that + + + align:start position:0% +inverse of that +so the density + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's it so + + align:start position:0% +that's it so + + + align:start position:0% +that's it so +that's our representation for a convex + + align:start position:0% +that's our representation for a convex + + + align:start position:0% +that's our representation for a convex +closed curve in in 2d + + align:start position:0% +closed curve in in 2d + + + align:start position:0% +closed curve in in 2d +we just + + align:start position:0% +we just + + + align:start position:0% +we just +map + + align:start position:0% +map + + + align:start position:0% +map +onto a unit circle + + align:start position:0% +onto a unit circle + + + align:start position:0% +onto a unit circle +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +inverse of the curvature and that + + align:start position:0% +inverse of the curvature and that + + + align:start position:0% +inverse of the curvature and that +representation is unique + + align:start position:0% +representation is unique + + + align:start position:0% +representation is unique +there is no other + + align:start position:0% +there is no other + + + align:start position:0% +there is no other +closed convex object that will have that + + align:start position:0% +closed convex object that will have that + + + align:start position:0% +closed convex object that will have that +same distribution + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now in the 2d case + + align:start position:0% +now in the 2d case + + + align:start position:0% +now in the 2d case +it's actually invertible so um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now you can see how you could make a + + align:start position:0% +now you can see how you could make a + + + align:start position:0% +now you can see how you could make a +transition from + + align:start position:0% +transition from + + + align:start position:0% +transition from +you know discrete case to continuous + + align:start position:0% +you know discrete case to continuous + + + align:start position:0% +you know discrete case to continuous +case you can just divide this up into + + align:start position:0% +case you can just divide this up into + + + align:start position:0% +case you can just divide this up into +lots of little facets that are straight + + align:start position:0% +lots of little facets that are straight + + + align:start position:0% +lots of little facets that are straight +lines and each of those facets will + + align:start position:0% +lines and each of those facets will + + + align:start position:0% +lines and each of those facets will +contribute a point mass + + align:start position:0% +contribute a point mass + + + align:start position:0% +contribute a point mass +on the circle and then + + align:start position:0% +on the circle and then + + + align:start position:0% +on the circle and then +in as you produce the size of the facets + + align:start position:0% +in as you produce the size of the facets + + + align:start position:0% +in as you produce the size of the facets +they become smaller and smaller and + + align:start position:0% +they become smaller and smaller and + + + align:start position:0% +they become smaller and smaller and +closer and closer together and all that + + align:start position:0% +closer and closer together and all that + + + align:start position:0% +closer and closer together and all that +matters is the density you know how much + + align:start position:0% +matters is the density you know how much + + + align:start position:0% +matters is the density you know how much +mass is there uh per unit area + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and we call this thing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +g for gauss + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay um + + align:start position:0% +okay um + + + align:start position:0% +okay um +now i'll show the inversion even though + + align:start position:0% +now i'll show the inversion even though + + + align:start position:0% +now i'll show the inversion even though +we'll find that + + align:start position:0% +we'll find that + + + align:start position:0% +we'll find that +you know as minkowski found there's no + + align:start position:0% +you know as minkowski found there's no + + + align:start position:0% +you know as minkowski found there's no +uh inversion in 3d but just to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +illustrate some of these ideas some more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +we're at an angle eta and delta s is + + align:start position:0% +we're at an angle eta and delta s is + + + align:start position:0% +we're at an angle eta and delta s is +going to be perpendicular to that and so + + align:start position:0% +going to be perpendicular to that and so + + + align:start position:0% +going to be perpendicular to that and so +when we make a small change we get delta + + align:start position:0% +when we make a small change we get delta + + + align:start position:0% +when we make a small change we get delta +x is + + align:start position:0% +x is + + + align:start position:0% +x is +minus sine eta delta s and delta y + + align:start position:0% +minus sine eta delta s and delta y + + + align:start position:0% +minus sine eta delta s and delta y +equals cosine + + align:start position:0% +equals cosine + + + align:start position:0% +equals cosine +eta delta s + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right because + + align:start position:0% +right because + + + align:start position:0% +right because +we're going to move back + + align:start position:0% +we're going to move back + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to move back +by an amount delta x + + align:start position:0% +by an amount delta x + + + align:start position:0% +by an amount delta x +if i blow this up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +by + + align:start position:0% +by + + + align:start position:0% +by +okay this this is ada + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +by something that's proportional to sine + + align:start position:0% +by something that's proportional to sine + + + align:start position:0% +by something that's proportional to sine +theta and then i move in y and so all i + + align:start position:0% +theta and then i move in y and so all i + + + align:start position:0% +theta and then i move in y and so all i +need to do is integrate that equation + + align:start position:0% +need to do is integrate that equation + + + align:start position:0% +need to do is integrate that equation +right because it tells me + + align:start position:0% +right because it tells me + + + align:start position:0% +right because it tells me +as i move along how far i move now + + align:start position:0% +as i move along how far i move now + + + align:start position:0% +as i move along how far i move now +i may not know delta s i'm probably + + align:start position:0% +i may not know delta s i'm probably + + + align:start position:0% +i may not know delta s i'm probably +integrating in eta so + + align:start position:0% +integrating in eta so + + + align:start position:0% +integrating in eta so +let's see we can say + + align:start position:0% +let's see we can say + + + align:start position:0% +let's see we can say +x is x naught plus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then change variables + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and of course this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and similarly there'll be an equation + + align:start position:0% +and similarly there'll be an equation + + + align:start position:0% +and similarly there'll be an equation +for y + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let me just put it under there so + + align:start position:0% +let me just put it under there so + + + align:start position:0% +let me just put it under there so +y is one plus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so in the 2d case + + align:start position:0% +so in the 2d case + + + align:start position:0% +so in the 2d case +i can invert it + + align:start position:0% +i can invert it + + + align:start position:0% +i can invert it +i can actually obtain the convex object + + align:start position:0% +i can actually obtain the convex object + + + align:start position:0% +i can actually obtain the convex object +that corresponds to that circular image + + align:start position:0% +that corresponds to that circular image + + + align:start position:0% +that corresponds to that circular image +as uh mentioned that's not the case at + + align:start position:0% +as uh mentioned that's not the case at + + + align:start position:0% +as uh mentioned that's not the case at +um in 3d + + align:start position:0% +um in 3d + + + align:start position:0% +um in 3d +uh while we're there + + align:start position:0% +uh while we're there + + + align:start position:0% +uh while we're there +i've been a little bit sloppy about + + align:start position:0% +i've been a little bit sloppy about + + + align:start position:0% +i've been a little bit sloppy about +limits i haven't put them in but + + align:start position:0% +limits i haven't put them in but + + + align:start position:0% +limits i haven't put them in but +we you know we can do that and one + + align:start position:0% +we you know we can do that and one + + + align:start position:0% +we you know we can do that and one +question interesting question is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is what is + + align:start position:0% +is what is + + + align:start position:0% +is what is +what is this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so those are the quantities + + align:start position:0% +all right so those are the quantities + + + align:start position:0% +all right so those are the quantities +that appear there i start at x0 + + align:start position:0% +that appear there i start at x0 + + + align:start position:0% +that appear there i start at x0 +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +i do this integration + + align:start position:0% +i do this integration + + + align:start position:0% +i do this integration +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +i construct this whole supposedly + + align:start position:0% +i construct this whole supposedly + + + align:start position:0% +i construct this whole supposedly +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +closed convex object + + align:start position:0% +closed convex object + + + align:start position:0% +closed convex object +and so i should get back to the same + + align:start position:0% +and so i should get back to the same + + + align:start position:0% +and so i should get back to the same +point right + + align:start position:0% +point right + + + align:start position:0% +point right +so therefore + + align:start position:0% +so therefore + + + align:start position:0% +so therefore +that integral better be zero when i go + + align:start position:0% +that integral better be zero when i go + + + align:start position:0% +that integral better be zero when i go +all the way around the loop + + align:start position:0% +all the way around the loop + + + align:start position:0% +all the way around the loop +right so again because i start at x0 i + + align:start position:0% +right so again because i start at x0 i + + + align:start position:0% +right so again because i start at x0 i +integrate + + align:start position:0% +integrate + + + align:start position:0% +integrate +over the whole curve i should be back + + align:start position:0% +over the whole curve i should be back + + + align:start position:0% +over the whole curve i should be back +assuming it's a closed curve so we're + + align:start position:0% +assuming it's a closed curve so we're + + + align:start position:0% +assuming it's a closed curve so we're +assuming that it's a + + align:start position:0% +assuming that it's a + + + align:start position:0% +assuming that it's a +close convex curve + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then those integrals are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +better be zero + + align:start position:0% +better be zero + + + align:start position:0% +better be zero +and so + + align:start position:0% +and so + + + align:start position:0% +and so +so that means that the centroid of that + + align:start position:0% +so that means that the centroid of that + + + align:start position:0% +so that means that the centroid of that +mass distribution + + align:start position:0% +mass distribution + + + align:start position:0% +mass distribution +i keep on coming back to thinking of it + + align:start position:0% +i keep on coming back to thinking of it + + + align:start position:0% +i keep on coming back to thinking of it +as a mass distribution there's a density + + align:start position:0% +as a mass distribution there's a density + + + align:start position:0% +as a mass distribution there's a density +on the circle or the sphere + + align:start position:0% +on the circle or the sphere + + + align:start position:0% +on the circle or the sphere +is at origin + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right because + + align:start position:0% +right because + + + align:start position:0% +right because +these are really you know the integral + + align:start position:0% +these are really you know the integral + + + align:start position:0% +these are really you know the integral +of x g blah blah blah and sorry + + align:start position:0% +of x g blah blah blah and sorry + + + align:start position:0% +of x g blah blah blah and sorry +yeah x and this would be y + + align:start position:0% +yeah x and this would be y + + + align:start position:0% +yeah x and this would be y +so uh so the integral of x weighted by + + align:start position:0% +so uh so the integral of x weighted by + + + align:start position:0% +so uh so the integral of x weighted by +this thing is zero and the integral of y + + align:start position:0% +this thing is zero and the integral of y + + + align:start position:0% +this thing is zero and the integral of y +weighted by that thing is zero and those + + align:start position:0% +weighted by that thing is zero and those + + + align:start position:0% +weighted by that thing is zero and those +are the moments the first moments you + + align:start position:0% +are the moments the first moments you + + + align:start position:0% +are the moments the first moments you +use in calculating the centroid so this + + align:start position:0% +use in calculating the centroid so this + + + align:start position:0% +use in calculating the centroid so this +means that okay + + align:start position:0% +means that okay + + + align:start position:0% +means that okay +this mass distribution on the circle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +has to have a special property + + align:start position:0% +has to have a special property + + + align:start position:0% +has to have a special property +which is that + + align:start position:0% +which is that + + + align:start position:0% +which is that +you know there may be more here and less + + align:start position:0% +you know there may be more here and less + + + align:start position:0% +you know there may be more here and less +somewhere else and so on all that's fine + + align:start position:0% +somewhere else and so on all that's fine + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere else and so on all that's fine +but it better have um + + align:start position:0% +but it better have um + + + align:start position:0% +but it better have um +the property that it's the centroid is + + align:start position:0% +the property that it's the centroid is + + + align:start position:0% +the property that it's the centroid is +at the origin so that's one limitation + + align:start position:0% +at the origin so that's one limitation + + + align:start position:0% +at the origin so that's one limitation +which is exactly the same + + align:start position:0% +which is exactly the same + + + align:start position:0% +which is exactly the same +as what we had in the polyhedral case + + align:start position:0% +as what we had in the polyhedral case + + + align:start position:0% +as what we had in the polyhedral case +that the sum of those vectors was zero + + align:start position:0% +that the sum of those vectors was zero + + + align:start position:0% +that the sum of those vectors was zero +it's the same statement really so but + + align:start position:0% +it's the same statement really so but + + + align:start position:0% +it's the same statement really so but +so that's a limitation on what sort of + + align:start position:0% +so that's a limitation on what sort of + + + align:start position:0% +so that's a limitation on what sort of +distributions are legitimate + + align:start position:0% +distributions are legitimate + + + align:start position:0% +distributions are legitimate +but that's it other than that you can + + align:start position:0% +but that's it other than that you can + + + align:start position:0% +but that's it other than that you can +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +your masses + + align:start position:0% +your masses + + + align:start position:0% +your masses +arranged anyway any way you want + + align:start position:0% +arranged anyway any way you want + + + align:start position:0% +arranged anyway any way you want +okay so let's look at an example + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's look at an example + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's look at an example +all very well in theory + + align:start position:0% +all very well in theory + + + align:start position:0% +all very well in theory +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +let's think of a circle + + align:start position:0% +let's think of a circle + + + align:start position:0% +let's think of a circle +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +radius r + + align:start position:0% +radius r + + + align:start position:0% +radius r +always good to + + align:start position:0% +always good to + + + align:start position:0% +always good to +start with something really simple well + + align:start position:0% +start with something really simple well + + + align:start position:0% +start with something really simple well +in that case the curvature what's the + + align:start position:0% +in that case the curvature what's the + + + align:start position:0% +in that case the curvature what's the +curvature so the curvature is k is + + align:start position:0% +curvature so the curvature is k is + + + align:start position:0% +curvature so the curvature is k is +d + + align:start position:0% +d + + + align:start position:0% +d +eta over ds + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +how do i find out well + + align:start position:0% +how do i find out well + + + align:start position:0% +how do i find out well +one way i can think about it is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to relate the + + align:start position:0% +to relate the + + + align:start position:0% +to relate the +surface normal direction + + align:start position:0% +surface normal direction + + + align:start position:0% +surface normal direction +to the arc length along + + align:start position:0% +to the arc length along + + + align:start position:0% +to the arc length along +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +circumference of the circle so i can say + + align:start position:0% +circumference of the circle so i can say + + + align:start position:0% +circumference of the circle so i can say +that s is r eta + + align:start position:0% +that s is r eta + + + align:start position:0% +that s is r eta +you know assuming that eta is measured + + align:start position:0% +you know assuming that eta is measured + + + align:start position:0% +you know assuming that eta is measured +in radians okay so that's very simple + + align:start position:0% +in radians okay so that's very simple + + + align:start position:0% +in radians okay so that's very simple +for a circle and then i need the eight + + align:start position:0% +for a circle and then i need the eight + + + align:start position:0% +for a circle and then i need the eight +of the s well i can get + + align:start position:0% +of the s well i can get + + + align:start position:0% +of the s well i can get +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +well i can get uh d a to the s is then + + align:start position:0% +well i can get uh d a to the s is then + + + align:start position:0% +well i can get uh d a to the s is then +one over r + + align:start position:0% +one over r + + + align:start position:0% +one over r +uh yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because eta is one over r times s so + + align:start position:0% +because eta is one over r times s so + + + align:start position:0% +because eta is one over r times s so +okay so that means that uh curvature is + + align:start position:0% +okay so that means that uh curvature is + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that means that uh curvature is +just the inverse of the radius of + + align:start position:0% +just the inverse of the radius of + + + align:start position:0% +just the inverse of the radius of +curvature + + align:start position:0% +curvature + + + align:start position:0% +curvature +for a circle now in a more general case + + align:start position:0% +for a circle now in a more general case + + + align:start position:0% +for a circle now in a more general case +we can still talk about the + + align:start position:0% +we can still talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +we can still talk about the +radius of curvature + + align:start position:0% +radius of curvature + + + align:start position:0% +radius of curvature +suppose the curve is not a circle + + align:start position:0% +suppose the curve is not a circle + + + align:start position:0% +suppose the curve is not a circle +suppose it's you know that elliptical + + align:start position:0% +suppose it's you know that elliptical + + + align:start position:0% +suppose it's you know that elliptical +shape or something + + align:start position:0% +shape or something + + + align:start position:0% +shape or something +we can still talk about uh radius of + + align:start position:0% +we can still talk about uh radius of + + + align:start position:0% +we can still talk about uh radius of +curvature because we can + + align:start position:0% +curvature because we can + + + align:start position:0% +curvature because we can +fit a circle locally to that part of the + + align:start position:0% +fit a circle locally to that part of the + + + align:start position:0% +fit a circle locally to that part of the +curve and ask the question you know what + + align:start position:0% +curve and ask the question you know what + + + align:start position:0% +curve and ask the question you know what +is the radius of the best fit circle at + + align:start position:0% +is the radius of the best fit circle at + + + align:start position:0% +is the radius of the best fit circle at +that position + + align:start position:0% +that position + + + align:start position:0% +that position +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so circle's very easy and it's not + + align:start position:0% +so circle's very easy and it's not + + + align:start position:0% +so circle's very easy and it's not +particularly interesting because + + align:start position:0% +particularly interesting because + + + align:start position:0% +particularly interesting because +it's the same all the way around it has + + align:start position:0% +it's the same all the way around it has + + + align:start position:0% +it's the same all the way around it has +the same + + align:start position:0% +the same + + + align:start position:0% +the same +every + + align:start position:0% +every + + + align:start position:0% +every +you know g is constant so + + align:start position:0% +you know g is constant so + + + align:start position:0% +you know g is constant so +g of eta is + + align:start position:0% +g of eta is + + + align:start position:0% +g of eta is +one over k + + align:start position:0% +one over k + + + align:start position:0% +one over k +and that's r + + align:start position:0% +and that's r + + + align:start position:0% +and that's r +and um + + align:start position:0% +and um + + + align:start position:0% +and um +so it's constant all the way around and + + align:start position:0% +so it's constant all the way around and + + + align:start position:0% +so it's constant all the way around and +by the way this shows that um + + align:start position:0% +by the way this shows that um + + + align:start position:0% +by the way this shows that um +you know we had this + + align:start position:0% +you know we had this + + + align:start position:0% +you know we had this +not very + + align:start position:0% +not very + + + align:start position:0% +not very +correct interpretation which is that the + + align:start position:0% +correct interpretation which is that the + + + align:start position:0% +correct interpretation which is that the +value for any particular angle ada + + align:start position:0% +value for any particular angle ada + + + align:start position:0% +value for any particular angle ada +is how much of the object's surface has + + align:start position:0% +is how much of the object's surface has + + + align:start position:0% +is how much of the object's surface has +that as a surface normal + + align:start position:0% +that as a surface normal + + + align:start position:0% +that as a surface normal +so this is saying that + + align:start position:0% +so this is saying that + + + align:start position:0% +so this is saying that +first of all in the case of a circle + + align:start position:0% +first of all in the case of a circle + + + align:start position:0% +first of all in the case of a circle +that quantity is constant it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +that quantity is constant it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +that quantity is constant it doesn't +matter which direction we're looking at + + align:start position:0% +matter which direction we're looking at + + + align:start position:0% +matter which direction we're looking at +and then also that goes up as the radius + + align:start position:0% +and then also that goes up as the radius + + + align:start position:0% +and then also that goes up as the radius +because as we make the circle larger it + + align:start position:0% +because as we make the circle larger it + + + align:start position:0% +because as we make the circle larger it +gets flatter and flatter so more and + + align:start position:0% +gets flatter and flatter so more and + + + align:start position:0% +gets flatter and flatter so more and +more of it have approximately the same + + align:start position:0% +more of it have approximately the same + + + align:start position:0% +more of it have approximately the same +orientation so + + align:start position:0% +orientation so + + + align:start position:0% +orientation so +that's a useful way of thinking about + + align:start position:0% +that's a useful way of thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +that's a useful way of thinking about +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +okay so uh we won't be able to + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh we won't be able to + + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh we won't be able to +use this for + + align:start position:0% +use this for + + + align:start position:0% +use this for +determining orientation because because + + align:start position:0% +determining orientation because because + + + align:start position:0% +determining orientation because because +the orientation is ambiguous + + align:start position:0% +the orientation is ambiguous + + + align:start position:0% +the orientation is ambiguous +with that much symmetry so we need to + + align:start position:0% +with that much symmetry so we need to + + + align:start position:0% +with that much symmetry so we need to +come up with a better uh more + + align:start position:0% +come up with a better uh more + + + align:start position:0% +come up with a better uh more +complicated example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and i'm doing this in 2d now because i'm + + align:start position:0% +and i'm doing this in 2d now because i'm + + + align:start position:0% +and i'm doing this in 2d now because i'm +go for 3d i'm just going to write down + + align:start position:0% +go for 3d i'm just going to write down + + + align:start position:0% +go for 3d i'm just going to write down +the result it's + + align:start position:0% +the result it's + + + align:start position:0% +the result it's +too boring + + align:start position:0% +too boring + + + align:start position:0% +too boring +to work out so + + align:start position:0% +to work out so + + + align:start position:0% +to work out so +by torturing you with a 2d version i am + + align:start position:0% +by torturing you with a 2d version i am + + + align:start position:0% +by torturing you with a 2d version i am +saving you the + + align:start position:0% +saving you the + + + align:start position:0% +saving you the +pain of looking at the 3d version so + + align:start position:0% +pain of looking at the 3d version so + + + align:start position:0% +pain of looking at the 3d version so +let's look at an ellipse + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and you know we'll line it up nicely so + + align:start position:0% +and you know we'll line it up nicely so + + + align:start position:0% +and you know we'll line it up nicely so +the equations come out easily the center + + align:start position:0% +the equations come out easily the center + + + align:start position:0% +the equations come out easily the center +of the ellipse is at the origin and + + align:start position:0% +of the ellipse is at the origin and + + + align:start position:0% +of the ellipse is at the origin and +the main axes are lined up with the x + + align:start position:0% +the main axes are lined up with the x + + + align:start position:0% +the main axes are lined up with the x +and y axes and of course we know that + + align:start position:0% +and y axes and of course we know that + + + align:start position:0% +and y axes and of course we know that +one way we can + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and that's you know a so-called implicit + + align:start position:0% +and that's you know a so-called implicit + + + align:start position:0% +and that's you know a so-called implicit +form of the equation for an ellipse + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's a wonderful + + align:start position:0% +there's a wonderful + + + align:start position:0% +there's a wonderful +book that's + + align:start position:0% +book that's + + + align:start position:0% +book that's +gone out of print many times and then + + align:start position:0% +gone out of print many times and then + + + align:start position:0% +gone out of print many times and then +got reprinted which talks about + + align:start position:0% +got reprinted which talks about + + + align:start position:0% +got reprinted which talks about +different ways of representing uh curse + + align:start position:0% +different ways of representing uh curse + + + align:start position:0% +different ways of representing uh curse +and you think well you know there's one + + align:start position:0% +and you think well you know there's one + + + align:start position:0% +and you think well you know there's one +and there's perhaps another + + align:start position:0% +and there's perhaps another + + + align:start position:0% +and there's perhaps another +no the + + align:start position:0% +no the + + + align:start position:0% +no the +the dozen + + align:start position:0% +the dozen + + + align:start position:0% +the dozen +a dozen that are commonly used and + + align:start position:0% +a dozen that are commonly used and + + + align:start position:0% +a dozen that are commonly used and +dozens more that + + align:start position:0% +dozens more that + + + align:start position:0% +dozens more that +are less commonly used so loads of + + align:start position:0% +are less commonly used so loads of + + + align:start position:0% +are less commonly used so loads of +representations and uh we we don't teach + + align:start position:0% +representations and uh we we don't teach + + + align:start position:0% +representations and uh we we don't teach +much about these + + align:start position:0% +much about these + + + align:start position:0% +much about these +them these days but + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here's another + + align:start position:0% +here's another + + + align:start position:0% +here's another +which is more useful for our purposes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so what is this + + align:start position:0% +okay so what is this + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what is this +well we can think of this as a squashed + + align:start position:0% +well we can think of this as a squashed + + + align:start position:0% +well we can think of this as a squashed +circle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we basically + + align:start position:0% +so we basically + + + align:start position:0% +so we basically +multiplied + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we reduced the + + align:start position:0% +we reduced the + + + align:start position:0% +we reduced the +imagine the circle of radius a + + align:start position:0% +imagine the circle of radius a + + + align:start position:0% +imagine the circle of radius a +and we produce the we've squashed the + + align:start position:0% +and we produce the we've squashed the + + + align:start position:0% +and we produce the we've squashed the +vertical dimension + + align:start position:0% +vertical dimension + + + align:start position:0% +vertical dimension +by this factor + + align:start position:0% +by this factor + + + align:start position:0% +by this factor +and and we get that and that theta is + + align:start position:0% +and and we get that and that theta is + + + align:start position:0% +and and we get that and that theta is +the angle in the original circle so + + align:start position:0% +the angle in the original circle so + + + align:start position:0% +the angle in the original circle so +there was some original circle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we somehow squashed it to produce + + align:start position:0% +and we somehow squashed it to produce + + + align:start position:0% +and we somehow squashed it to produce +that so the theta is not an angle in + + align:start position:0% +that so the theta is not an angle in + + + align:start position:0% +that so the theta is not an angle in +that diagram it's an angle in the + + align:start position:0% +that diagram it's an angle in the + + + align:start position:0% +that diagram it's an angle in the +diagram + + align:start position:0% +diagram + + + align:start position:0% +diagram +of the + + align:start position:0% +of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the +non-squashed version + + align:start position:0% +non-squashed version + + + align:start position:0% +non-squashed version +okay but you can see that if you take x + + align:start position:0% +okay but you can see that if you take x + + + align:start position:0% +okay but you can see that if you take x +over a squared and y + + align:start position:0% +over a squared and y + + + align:start position:0% +over a squared and y +over b squared you'll get one so so that + + align:start position:0% +over b squared you'll get one so so that + + + align:start position:0% +over b squared you'll get one so so that +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +and that's kind of in many ways a more + + align:start position:0% +and that's kind of in many ways a more + + + align:start position:0% +and that's kind of in many ways a more +convenient representation + + align:start position:0% +convenient representation + + + align:start position:0% +convenient representation +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +you could use it to generate the circle + + align:start position:0% +you could use it to generate the circle + + + align:start position:0% +you could use it to generate the circle +right with this one here you know how do + + align:start position:0% +right with this one here you know how do + + + align:start position:0% +right with this one here you know how do +you generate the circle well i guess you + + align:start position:0% +you generate the circle well i guess you + + + align:start position:0% +you generate the circle well i guess you +could try all possible x and y's and + + align:start position:0% +could try all possible x and y's and + + + align:start position:0% +could try all possible x and y's and +some of them will produce one and some + + align:start position:0% +some of them will produce one and some + + + align:start position:0% +some of them will produce one and some +won't and you can put down a point there + + align:start position:0% +won't and you can put down a point there + + + align:start position:0% +won't and you can put down a point there +but if you want to draw it this is much + + align:start position:0% +but if you want to draw it this is much + + + align:start position:0% +but if you want to draw it this is much +more convenient because you just step + + align:start position:0% +more convenient because you just step + + + align:start position:0% +more convenient because you just step +through theta and compute + + align:start position:0% +through theta and compute + + + align:start position:0% +through theta and compute +you know a point + + align:start position:0% +you know a point + + + align:start position:0% +you know a point +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +polyhedral approximation of however + + align:start position:0% +polyhedral approximation of however + + + align:start position:0% +polyhedral approximation of however +fine a detail you want + + align:start position:0% +fine a detail you want + + + align:start position:0% +fine a detail you want +okay so that parametric representation + + align:start position:0% +okay so that parametric representation + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that parametric representation +is great + + align:start position:0% +is great + + + align:start position:0% +is great +and that relates to the earth as well + + align:start position:0% +and that relates to the earth as well + + + align:start position:0% +and that relates to the earth as well +this earth can be thought of as a sphere + + align:start position:0% +this earth can be thought of as a sphere + + + align:start position:0% +this earth can be thought of as a sphere +that's squashed in the vertical + + align:start position:0% +that's squashed in the vertical + + + align:start position:0% +that's squashed in the vertical +direction + + align:start position:0% +direction + + + align:start position:0% +direction +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +just remember that those angles aren't + + align:start position:0% +just remember that those angles aren't + + + align:start position:0% +just remember that those angles aren't +the same just as we talked about lat + + align:start position:0% +the same just as we talked about lat + + + align:start position:0% +the same just as we talked about lat +that's not latitude and it's not + + align:start position:0% +that's not latitude and it's not + + + align:start position:0% +that's not latitude and it's not +geocentric + + align:start position:0% +geocentric + + + align:start position:0% +geocentric +latitude either so + + align:start position:0% +latitude either so + + + align:start position:0% +latitude either so +uh oh and by the way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +if we needed the area + + align:start position:0% +if we needed the area + + + align:start position:0% +if we needed the area +it's pi times a b and you can check that + + align:start position:0% +it's pi times a b and you can check that + + + align:start position:0% +it's pi times a b and you can check that +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +works for the limiting case where we are + + align:start position:0% +works for the limiting case where we are + + + align:start position:0% +works for the limiting case where we are +dealing with a circle + + align:start position:0% +dealing with a circle + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with a circle +so what do we need to know well we need + + align:start position:0% +so what do we need to know well we need + + + align:start position:0% +so what do we need to know well we need +to map it to a circle based on the + + align:start position:0% +to map it to a circle based on the + + + align:start position:0% +to map it to a circle based on the +surface normal + + align:start position:0% +surface normal + + + align:start position:0% +surface normal +or in this case the normal to the curve + + align:start position:0% +or in this case the normal to the curve + + + align:start position:0% +or in this case the normal to the curve +so we need to compute the normal to the + + align:start position:0% +so we need to compute the normal to the + + + align:start position:0% +so we need to compute the normal to the +curve well we can start by computing a + + align:start position:0% +curve well we can start by computing a + + + align:start position:0% +curve well we can start by computing a +tangent + + align:start position:0% +tangent + + + align:start position:0% +tangent +right so how do we do that well we just + + align:start position:0% +right so how do we do that well we just + + + align:start position:0% +right so how do we do that well we just +differentiate with the parameter + + align:start position:0% +differentiate with the parameter + + + align:start position:0% +differentiate with the parameter +and that gives us a vector that goes + + align:start position:0% +and that gives us a vector that goes + + + align:start position:0% +and that gives us a vector that goes +along the uh curve so + + align:start position:0% +along the uh curve so + + + align:start position:0% +along the uh curve so +we're going to look for something like + + align:start position:0% +we're going to look for something like + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to look for something like +that by differentiating this with + + align:start position:0% +that by differentiating this with + + + align:start position:0% +that by differentiating this with +respect to theta and so we get minus a + + align:start position:0% +respect to theta and so we get minus a + + + align:start position:0% +respect to theta and so we get minus a +sine theta + + align:start position:0% +sine theta + + + align:start position:0% +sine theta +b + + align:start position:0% +b + + + align:start position:0% +b +cosine theta + + align:start position:0% +cosine theta + + + align:start position:0% +cosine theta +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +when you first define this vector r + + align:start position:0% +when you first define this vector r + + + align:start position:0% +when you first define this vector r +which is this thing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so these are now two vectors because + + align:start position:0% +so these are now two vectors because + + + align:start position:0% +so these are now two vectors because +we're in 2d + + align:start position:0% +we're in 2d + + + align:start position:0% +we're in 2d +okay so the that's the tangent + + align:start position:0% +okay so the that's the tangent + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the that's the tangent +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +the normal of course is just + + align:start position:0% +the normal of course is just + + + align:start position:0% +the normal of course is just +perpendicular to that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so how do i do that well i flip x + + align:start position:0% +and so how do i do that well i flip x + + + align:start position:0% +and so how do i do that well i flip x +and y and change the sign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and that's not a unit vector but it's a + + align:start position:0% +and that's not a unit vector but it's a + + + align:start position:0% +and that's not a unit vector but it's a +vector in the direction of + + align:start position:0% +vector in the direction of + + + align:start position:0% +vector in the direction of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +perpendicular to the curve and that + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the curve and that + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the curve and that +tells me where i am on the sphere + + align:start position:0% +tells me where i am on the sphere + + + align:start position:0% +tells me where i am on the sphere +now on the sphere + + align:start position:0% +now on the sphere + + + align:start position:0% +now on the sphere +on the circle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i have that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so + + align:start position:0% +and so + + + align:start position:0% +and so +these directions have to match so this + + align:start position:0% +these directions have to match so this + + + align:start position:0% +these directions have to match so this +the direction that's not a unit vector + + align:start position:0% +the direction that's not a unit vector + + + align:start position:0% +the direction that's not a unit vector +but if i normalize it then that should + + align:start position:0% +but if i normalize it then that should + + + align:start position:0% +but if i normalize it then that should +match that + + align:start position:0% +match that + + + align:start position:0% +match that +and so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +if i match those up i get + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's see a sine theta + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +where + + align:start position:0% +where + + + align:start position:0% +where +n is the length of that vector so let's + + align:start position:0% +n is the length of that vector so let's + + + align:start position:0% +n is the length of that vector so let's +say n squared is + + align:start position:0% +say n squared is + + + align:start position:0% +say n squared is +b squared cos squared theta plus a + + align:start position:0% +b squared cos squared theta plus a + + + align:start position:0% +b squared cos squared theta plus a +squared sine squared + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay well + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let me just define another vector + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in analogy with with the vector we have + + align:start position:0% +in analogy with with the vector we have + + + align:start position:0% +in analogy with with the vector we have +over there + + align:start position:0% +over there + + + align:start position:0% +over there +and then we find that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and you know the + + align:start position:0% +and you know the + + + align:start position:0% +and you know the +details of this aren't terribly + + align:start position:0% +details of this aren't terribly + + + align:start position:0% +details of this aren't terribly +important + + align:start position:0% +important + + + align:start position:0% +important +just algebra the important thing is that + + align:start position:0% +just algebra the important thing is that + + + align:start position:0% +just algebra the important thing is that +this is what we end with up with and + + align:start position:0% +this is what we end with up with and + + + align:start position:0% +this is what we end with up with and +the quantity we're interested in is just + + align:start position:0% +the quantity we're interested in is just + + + align:start position:0% +the quantity we're interested in is just +the inverse of that g is + + align:start position:0% +the inverse of that g is + + + align:start position:0% +the inverse of that g is +1 over k + + align:start position:0% +1 over k + + + align:start position:0% +1 over k +so this is the curvature and the + + align:start position:0% +so this is the curvature and the + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the curvature and the +quantity we want is the inverse of the + + align:start position:0% +quantity we want is the inverse of the + + + align:start position:0% +quantity we want is the inverse of the +curvature so one thing that's + + align:start position:0% +curvature so one thing that's + + + align:start position:0% +curvature so one thing that's +interesting is to ask you know what are + + align:start position:0% +interesting is to ask you know what are + + + align:start position:0% +interesting is to ask you know what are +the extrema of this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you would imagine that the extrema are + + align:start position:0% +you would imagine that the extrema are + + + align:start position:0% +you would imagine that the extrema are +going to be + + align:start position:0% +going to be + + + align:start position:0% +going to be +at + + align:start position:0% +at + + + align:start position:0% +at +the ends of the semi-axes and so + + align:start position:0% +the ends of the semi-axes and so + + + align:start position:0% +the ends of the semi-axes and so +we would expect that the extrema occur + + align:start position:0% +we would expect that the extrema occur + + + align:start position:0% +we would expect that the extrema occur +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +eta equals zero and eta equals pi over + + align:start position:0% +eta equals zero and eta equals pi over + + + align:start position:0% +eta equals zero and eta equals pi over +two + + align:start position:0% +two + + + align:start position:0% +two +well or 0 and pi is the same thing + + align:start position:0% +well or 0 and pi is the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +well or 0 and pi is the same thing +and pi over 2 and 3 pi over 2. + + align:start position:0% +and pi over 2 and 3 pi over 2. + + + align:start position:0% +and pi over 2 and 3 pi over 2. +and in that case we end up with + + align:start position:0% +and in that case we end up with + + + align:start position:0% +and in that case we end up with +a b over a cubed which is b over a + + align:start position:0% +a b over a cubed which is b over a + + + align:start position:0% +a b over a cubed which is b over a +squared + + align:start position:0% +squared + + + align:start position:0% +squared +and a b over b cubed which is + + align:start position:0% +and a b over b cubed which is + + + align:start position:0% +and a b over b cubed which is +a over + + align:start position:0% +a over + + + align:start position:0% +a over +b squared + + align:start position:0% +b squared + + + align:start position:0% +b squared +so um + + align:start position:0% +so um + + + align:start position:0% +so um +i'll draw that ellipse again + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +let's see a + + align:start position:0% +let's see a + + + align:start position:0% +let's see a +a is the large one so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +relax + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so +details aren't that important but what + + align:start position:0% +details aren't that important but what + + + align:start position:0% +details aren't that important but what +we've done is + + align:start position:0% +we've done is + + + align:start position:0% +we've done is +we've computed the extended circular + + align:start position:0% +we've computed the extended circular + + + align:start position:0% +we've computed the extended circular +image for an ellipse and it's a + + align:start position:0% +image for an ellipse and it's a + + + align:start position:0% +image for an ellipse and it's a +continuous function + + align:start position:0% +continuous function + + + align:start position:0% +continuous function +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +eta the the angle on the unit circle + + align:start position:0% +eta the the angle on the unit circle + + + align:start position:0% +eta the the angle on the unit circle +and it varies unlike the circle + + align:start position:0% +and it varies unlike the circle + + + align:start position:0% +and it varies unlike the circle +and it has a maximum and a minimum and a + + align:start position:0% +and it has a maximum and a minimum and a + + + align:start position:0% +and it has a maximum and a minimum and a +maximum and a minimum as you go around + + align:start position:0% +maximum and a minimum as you go around + + + align:start position:0% +maximum and a minimum as you go around +and the + + align:start position:0% +and the + + + align:start position:0% +and the +they depend on the + + align:start position:0% +they depend on the + + + align:start position:0% +they depend on the +semi-axes + + align:start position:0% +semi-axes + + + align:start position:0% +semi-axes +and uh + + align:start position:0% +and uh + + + align:start position:0% +and uh +you know as you can imagine + + align:start position:0% +you know as you can imagine + + + align:start position:0% +you know as you can imagine +the the a is the larger of those two + + align:start position:0% +the the a is the larger of those two + + + align:start position:0% +the the a is the larger of those two +semi-axes so here we see the curvature + + align:start position:0% +semi-axes so here we see the curvature + + + align:start position:0% +semi-axes so here we see the curvature +is quite high + + align:start position:0% +is quite high + + + align:start position:0% +is quite high +and b is the shorter axis and the + + align:start position:0% +and b is the shorter axis and the + + + align:start position:0% +and b is the shorter axis and the +curvature is uh small + + align:start position:0% +curvature is uh small + + + align:start position:0% +curvature is uh small +and so so there's a continuous + + align:start position:0% +and so so there's a continuous + + + align:start position:0% +and so so there's a continuous +distribution on the circle which we can + + align:start position:0% +distribution on the circle which we can + + + align:start position:0% +distribution on the circle which we can +now use to determine the orientation of + + align:start position:0% +now use to determine the orientation of + + + align:start position:0% +now use to determine the orientation of +an ellipse that's not lined up with a + + align:start position:0% +an ellipse that's not lined up with a + + + align:start position:0% +an ellipse that's not lined up with a +coordinate system + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system +because we'll have that same + + align:start position:0% +because we'll have that same + + + align:start position:0% +because we'll have that same +distribution that's of versus angle but + + align:start position:0% +distribution that's of versus angle but + + + align:start position:0% +distribution that's of versus angle but +it'll be rotated and so + + align:start position:0% +it'll be rotated and so + + + align:start position:0% +it'll be rotated and so +in order to get the match we have to + + align:start position:0% +in order to get the match we have to + + + align:start position:0% +in order to get the match we have to +take one of the two and rotate it until + + align:start position:0% +take one of the two and rotate it until + + + align:start position:0% +take one of the two and rotate it until +it's a good match to the other one + + align:start position:0% +it's a good match to the other one + + + align:start position:0% +it's a good match to the other one +and similarly once we've done that + + align:start position:0% +and similarly once we've done that + + + align:start position:0% +and similarly once we've done that +we can check how good a fit it is + + align:start position:0% +we can check how good a fit it is + + + align:start position:0% +we can check how good a fit it is +and if it's a good fit then we do in + + align:start position:0% +and if it's a good fit then we do in + + + align:start position:0% +and if it's a good fit then we do in +fact have an ellipse + + align:start position:0% +fact have an ellipse + + + align:start position:0% +fact have an ellipse +if not well then the object's not an + + align:start position:0% +if not well then the object's not an + + + align:start position:0% +if not well then the object's not an +ellipse + + align:start position:0% +ellipse + + + align:start position:0% +ellipse +and so if we have a library of objects + + align:start position:0% +and so if we have a library of objects + + + align:start position:0% +and so if we have a library of objects +what we would do this is + + align:start position:0% +what we would do this is + + + align:start position:0% +what we would do this is +do this calculation for each object in + + align:start position:0% +do this calculation for each object in + + + align:start position:0% +do this calculation for each object in +the library and find the one that is the + + align:start position:0% +the library and find the one that is the + + + align:start position:0% +the library and find the one that is the +best match + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um so theta was + + align:start position:0% +um so theta was + + + align:start position:0% +um so theta was +the i i know there all these different + + align:start position:0% +the i i know there all these different + + + align:start position:0% +the i i know there all these different +angles uh just like the um earth image + + align:start position:0% +angles uh just like the um earth image + + + align:start position:0% +angles uh just like the um earth image +over there + + align:start position:0% +over there + + + align:start position:0% +over there +so theta is a parameter it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +so theta is a parameter it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +so theta is a parameter it doesn't +actually show up in this diagram + + align:start position:0% +actually show up in this diagram + + + align:start position:0% +actually show up in this diagram +and uh the + + align:start position:0% +and uh the + + + align:start position:0% +and uh the +it's where it comes from is + + align:start position:0% +it's where it comes from is + + + align:start position:0% +it's where it comes from is +the theta in the circle before the + + align:start position:0% +the theta in the circle before the + + + align:start position:0% +the theta in the circle before the +circle got squashed + + align:start position:0% +circle got squashed + + + align:start position:0% +circle got squashed +and so + + align:start position:0% +and so + + + align:start position:0% +and so +this used to be theta but it's now + + align:start position:0% +this used to be theta but it's now + + + align:start position:0% +this used to be theta but it's now +gotten decreased + + align:start position:0% +gotten decreased + + + align:start position:0% +gotten decreased +whereas eta is the + + align:start position:0% +whereas eta is the + + + align:start position:0% +whereas eta is the +position on the on the sphere so + + align:start position:0% +position on the on the sphere so + + + align:start position:0% +position on the on the sphere so +we map uh + + align:start position:0% +we map uh + + + align:start position:0% +we map uh +from + + align:start position:0% +from + + + align:start position:0% +from +this space onto the unit sphere of + + align:start position:0% +this space onto the unit sphere of + + + align:start position:0% +this space onto the unit sphere of +directions + + align:start position:0% +directions + + + align:start position:0% +directions +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so there's a relationship between + + align:start position:0% +right so there's a relationship between + + + align:start position:0% +right so there's a relationship between +the two which + + align:start position:0% +the two which + + + align:start position:0% +the two which +let's see it's something like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +b tan + + align:start position:0% +b tan + + + align:start position:0% +b tan +i've got it somewhere + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um so + + align:start position:0% +um so + + + align:start position:0% +um so +tan + + align:start position:0% +tan + + + align:start position:0% +tan +theta is related to tan eta + + align:start position:0% +theta is related to tan eta + + + align:start position:0% +theta is related to tan eta +um by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +something like this + + align:start position:0% +something like this + + + align:start position:0% +something like this +and this is a + + align:start position:0% +and this is a + + + align:start position:0% +and this is a +if i got it right this is a important + + align:start position:0% +if i got it right this is a important + + + align:start position:0% +if i got it right this is a important +formula used in geodetics because it + + align:start position:0% +formula used in geodetics because it + + + align:start position:0% +formula used in geodetics because it +relates the + + align:start position:0% +relates the + + + align:start position:0% +relates the +angle at the geocentric angle the + + align:start position:0% +angle at the geocentric angle the + + + align:start position:0% +angle at the geocentric angle the +angular + + align:start position:0% +angular + + + align:start position:0% +angular +angle we make at the center of the earth + + align:start position:0% +angle we make at the center of the earth + + + align:start position:0% +angle we make at the center of the earth +to the angle + + align:start position:0% +to the angle + + + align:start position:0% +to the angle +of the latitude that we use for + + align:start position:0% +of the latitude that we use for + + + align:start position:0% +of the latitude that we use for +computing latitude so + + align:start position:0% +computing latitude so + + + align:start position:0% +computing latitude so +and in the case of the earth the + + align:start position:0% +and in the case of the earth the + + + align:start position:0% +and in the case of the earth the +difference is not very large the + + align:start position:0% +difference is not very large the + + + align:start position:0% +difference is not very large the +flattening is only one over 292 + + align:start position:0% +flattening is only one over 292 + + + align:start position:0% +flattening is only one over 292 +so those angles are pretty close but + + align:start position:0% +so those angles are pretty close but + + + align:start position:0% +so those angles are pretty close but +it's important to keep them separate + + align:start position:0% +it's important to keep them separate + + + align:start position:0% +it's important to keep them separate +okay um + + align:start position:0% +okay um + + + align:start position:0% +okay um +let's see b10 + + align:start position:0% +let's see b10 + + + align:start position:0% +let's see b10 +yeah i got it right + + align:start position:0% +yeah i got it right + + + align:start position:0% +yeah i got it right +okay so that's a 2d version and actually + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's a 2d version and actually + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's a 2d version and actually +there are applications of this in 2d + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and you can do more interesting things + + align:start position:0% +and you can do more interesting things + + + align:start position:0% +and you can do more interesting things +in 2d also for example you can do some + + align:start position:0% +in 2d also for example you can do some + + + align:start position:0% +in 2d also for example you can do some +filtering operations so you can do + + align:start position:0% +filtering operations so you can do + + + align:start position:0% +filtering operations so you can do +convolution + + align:start position:0% +convolution + + + align:start position:0% +convolution +on the circle which is you know + + align:start position:0% +on the circle which is you know + + + align:start position:0% +on the circle which is you know +different from convolution along the + + align:start position:0% +different from convolution along the + + + align:start position:0% +different from convolution along the +line because things wrap around + + align:start position:0% +line because things wrap around + + + align:start position:0% +line because things wrap around +and uh + + align:start position:0% +and uh + + + align:start position:0% +and uh +that that's a whole nother topic there's + + align:start position:0% +that that's a whole nother topic there's + + + align:start position:0% +that that's a whole nother topic there's +a paper on that on stellar as well in + + align:start position:0% +a paper on that on stellar as well in + + + align:start position:0% +a paper on that on stellar as well in +case you're interested let's go back to + + align:start position:0% +case you're interested let's go back to + + + align:start position:0% +case you're interested let's go back to +3d + + align:start position:0% +3d + + + align:start position:0% +3d +that's the problem we're really + + align:start position:0% +that's the problem we're really + + + align:start position:0% +that's the problem we're really +interested in + + align:start position:0% +interested in + + + align:start position:0% +interested in +and so + + align:start position:0% +and so + + + align:start position:0% +and so +we start with gauss mapping + + align:start position:0% +we start with gauss mapping + + + align:start position:0% +we start with gauss mapping +which basically connects + + align:start position:0% +which basically connects + + + align:start position:0% +which basically connects +points on the surface + + align:start position:0% +points on the surface + + + align:start position:0% +points on the surface +to points on the unit sphere + + align:start position:0% +to points on the unit sphere + + + align:start position:0% +to points on the unit sphere +based on surface normal orientation + + align:start position:0% +based on surface normal orientation + + + align:start position:0% +based on surface normal orientation +and that's for points and then we extend + + align:start position:0% +and that's for points and then we extend + + + align:start position:0% +and that's for points and then we extend +that to shapes + + align:start position:0% +that to shapes + + + align:start position:0% +that to shapes +so we might have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +some some object here and + + align:start position:0% +some some object here and + + + align:start position:0% +some some object here and +there's a shape there + + align:start position:0% +there's a shape there + + + align:start position:0% +there's a shape there +and then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's a corresponding shape over here + + align:start position:0% +there's a corresponding shape over here + + + align:start position:0% +there's a corresponding shape over here +they're related in that + + align:start position:0% +they're related in that + + + align:start position:0% +they're related in that +every point here has a surface normal + + align:start position:0% +every point here has a surface normal + + + align:start position:0% +every point here has a surface normal +and that gives me a point in in that + + align:start position:0% +and that gives me a point in in that + + + align:start position:0% +and that gives me a point in in that +patch so let me call this the object + + align:start position:0% +patch so let me call this the object + + + align:start position:0% +patch so let me call this the object +and this is the + + align:start position:0% +and this is the + + + align:start position:0% +and this is the +area + + align:start position:0% +area + + + align:start position:0% +area +delta o for object and this is the + + align:start position:0% +delta o for object and this is the + + + align:start position:0% +delta o for object and this is the +sphere and this is + + align:start position:0% +sphere and this is + + + align:start position:0% +sphere and this is +an area delta s + + align:start position:0% +an area delta s + + + align:start position:0% +an area delta s +and the curvature is just defined as + + align:start position:0% +and the curvature is just defined as + + + align:start position:0% +and the curvature is just defined as +or or the limit of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so uh again that intuition that + + align:start position:0% +right so uh again that intuition that + + + align:start position:0% +right so uh again that intuition that +if we have a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +flat area + + align:start position:0% +flat area + + + align:start position:0% +flat area +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +almost all of that area is going to end + + align:start position:0% +almost all of that area is going to end + + + align:start position:0% +almost all of that area is going to end +up really close to the same place on the + + align:start position:0% +up really close to the same place on the + + + align:start position:0% +up really close to the same place on the +sphere + + align:start position:0% +sphere + + + align:start position:0% +sphere +so that the + + align:start position:0% +so that the + + + align:start position:0% +so that the +that ratio is going to be very small + + align:start position:0% +that ratio is going to be very small + + + align:start position:0% +that ratio is going to be very small +meaning the curvature is very low if on + + align:start position:0% +meaning the curvature is very low if on + + + align:start position:0% +meaning the curvature is very low if on +the other hand i'm looking at something + + align:start position:0% +the other hand i'm looking at something + + + align:start position:0% +the other hand i'm looking at something +like this + + align:start position:0% +like this + + + align:start position:0% +like this +where + + align:start position:0% +where + + + align:start position:0% +where +it's very highly curved well those + + align:start position:0% +it's very highly curved well those + + + align:start position:0% +it's very highly curved well those +surface normals are going to be really + + align:start position:0% +surface normals are going to be really + + + align:start position:0% +surface normals are going to be really +spread all over the show they're going + + align:start position:0% +spread all over the show they're going + + + align:start position:0% +spread all over the show they're going +to correspond to a large area on the + + align:start position:0% +to correspond to a large area on the + + + align:start position:0% +to correspond to a large area on the +sphere and therefore this ratio + + align:start position:0% +sphere and therefore this ratio + + + align:start position:0% +sphere and therefore this ratio +is going to be large + + align:start position:0% +is going to be large + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be large +high curvature so this is a + + align:start position:0% +high curvature so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +high curvature so this is a +gaussian curvature + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now curvature in 3d is more complicated + + align:start position:0% +now curvature in 3d is more complicated + + + align:start position:0% +now curvature in 3d is more complicated +than in 2d + + align:start position:0% +than in 2d + + + align:start position:0% +than in 2d +so this isn't the whole story about + + align:start position:0% +so this isn't the whole story about + + + align:start position:0% +so this isn't the whole story about +curvature this is just a convenient + + align:start position:0% +curvature this is just a convenient + + + align:start position:0% +curvature this is just a convenient +single scalar quantity that measures + + align:start position:0% +single scalar quantity that measures + + + align:start position:0% +single scalar quantity that measures +curvature + + align:start position:0% +curvature + + + align:start position:0% +curvature +by the way if i + + align:start position:0% +by the way if i + + + align:start position:0% +by the way if i +go around the circumference of this area + + align:start position:0% +go around the circumference of this area + + + align:start position:0% +go around the circumference of this area +in a certain direction i'll go around + + align:start position:0% +in a certain direction i'll go around + + + align:start position:0% +in a certain direction i'll go around +the circumference here in the same + + align:start position:0% +the circumference here in the same + + + align:start position:0% +the circumference here in the same +direction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +as long as this is convex + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay now what about non-convex surfaces + + align:start position:0% +okay now what about non-convex surfaces + + + align:start position:0% +okay now what about non-convex surfaces +well if you think about + + align:start position:0% +well if you think about + + + align:start position:0% +well if you think about +what's a non-convex surface well like a + + align:start position:0% +what's a non-convex surface well like a + + + align:start position:0% +what's a non-convex surface well like a +saddle point + + align:start position:0% +saddle point + + + align:start position:0% +saddle point +or one of our hyperboloids of one sheet + + align:start position:0% +or one of our hyperboloids of one sheet + + + align:start position:0% +or one of our hyperboloids of one sheet +all right so a shallow point + + align:start position:0% +all right so a shallow point + + + align:start position:0% +all right so a shallow point +think of a pringle chip + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so here's a surface with + + align:start position:0% +so here's a surface with + + + align:start position:0% +so here's a surface with +negative curvature + + align:start position:0% +negative curvature + + + align:start position:0% +negative curvature +and if we trace around the surface + + align:start position:0% +and if we trace around the surface + + + align:start position:0% +and if we trace around the surface +normals around the outside + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and plot those on the sphere + + align:start position:0% +and plot those on the sphere + + + align:start position:0% +and plot those on the sphere +they will actually travel in the + + align:start position:0% +they will actually travel in the + + + align:start position:0% +they will actually travel in the +direction opposite + + align:start position:0% +direction opposite + + + align:start position:0% +direction opposite +so for + + align:start position:0% +so for + + + align:start position:0% +so for +non-convex objects + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and in that case we consider the + + align:start position:0% +and in that case we consider the + + + align:start position:0% +and in that case we consider the +curvature negative so that formula up + + align:start position:0% +curvature negative so that formula up + + + align:start position:0% +curvature negative so that formula up +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +should take into account the sign of the + + align:start position:0% +should take into account the sign of the + + + align:start position:0% +should take into account the sign of the +area so to speak which is the + + align:start position:0% +area so to speak which is the + + + align:start position:0% +area so to speak which is the +direction so if the two directions match + + align:start position:0% +direction so if the two directions match + + + align:start position:0% +direction so if the two directions match +then it's positive and if this one's + + align:start position:0% +then it's positive and if this one's + + + align:start position:0% +then it's positive and if this one's +going around in the other direction it's + + align:start position:0% +going around in the other direction it's + + + align:start position:0% +going around in the other direction it's +negative + + align:start position:0% +negative + + + align:start position:0% +negative +and we then but that's not going to + + align:start position:0% +and we then but that's not going to + + + align:start position:0% +and we then but that's not going to +happen + + align:start position:0% +happen + + + align:start position:0% +happen +for convex objects and we're mostly + + align:start position:0% +for convex objects and we're mostly + + + align:start position:0% +for convex objects and we're mostly +going to be talking about convex objects + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +take a very simple example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we take a sphere of radius r + + align:start position:0% +we take a sphere of radius r + + + align:start position:0% +we take a sphere of radius r +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +k is 1 over r squared and therefore g is + + align:start position:0% +k is 1 over r squared and therefore g is + + + align:start position:0% +k is 1 over r squared and therefore g is +r squared so that's an analogy with our + + align:start position:0% +r squared so that's an analogy with our + + + align:start position:0% +r squared so that's an analogy with our +2d case where + + align:start position:0% +2d case where + + + align:start position:0% +2d case where +k was + + align:start position:0% +k was + + + align:start position:0% +k was +1 over r and g was r so so what does + + align:start position:0% +1 over r and g was r so so what does + + + align:start position:0% +1 over r and g was r so so what does +that mean and where does that come from + + align:start position:0% +that mean and where does that come from + + + align:start position:0% +that mean and where does that come from +well it's pretty simple it's the ratio + + align:start position:0% +well it's pretty simple it's the ratio + + + align:start position:0% +well it's pretty simple it's the ratio +of these two areas and in the case of a + + align:start position:0% +of these two areas and in the case of a + + + align:start position:0% +of these two areas and in the case of a +sphere i can actually just take the + + align:start position:0% +sphere i can actually just take the + + + align:start position:0% +sphere i can actually just take the +whole thing + + align:start position:0% +whole thing + + + align:start position:0% +whole thing +right so this is this is a unit sphere + + align:start position:0% +right so this is this is a unit sphere + + + align:start position:0% +right so this is this is a unit sphere +so its area is going to be 4 pi + + align:start position:0% +so its area is going to be 4 pi + + + align:start position:0% +so its area is going to be 4 pi +and this is the radius this is a sphere + + align:start position:0% +and this is the radius this is a sphere + + + align:start position:0% +and this is the radius this is a sphere +of radius r so its area is 4 pi r + + align:start position:0% +of radius r so its area is 4 pi r + + + align:start position:0% +of radius r so its area is 4 pi r +squared + + align:start position:0% +squared + + + align:start position:0% +squared +and so if they if i take their ratio + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +surface + + align:start position:0% +surface + + + align:start position:0% +surface +delta s + + align:start position:0% +delta s + + + align:start position:0% +delta s +over delta o + + align:start position:0% +over delta o + + + align:start position:0% +over delta o +i get uh one one over r squared so + + align:start position:0% +i get uh one one over r squared so + + + align:start position:0% +i get uh one one over r squared so +and so again that's sort of consistent + + align:start position:0% +and so again that's sort of consistent + + + align:start position:0% +and so again that's sort of consistent +that if you have a small sphere it has + + align:start position:0% +that if you have a small sphere it has + + + align:start position:0% +that if you have a small sphere it has +high curvature + + align:start position:0% +high curvature + + + align:start position:0% +high curvature +and conversely for a large sphere you + + align:start position:0% +and conversely for a large sphere you + + + align:start position:0% +and conversely for a large sphere you +want to have high curvature + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so um + + align:start position:0% +okay so um + + + align:start position:0% +okay so um +this this is + + align:start position:0% +this this is + + + align:start position:0% +this this is +kind of the key for us and + + align:start position:0% +kind of the key for us and + + + align:start position:0% +kind of the key for us and +conversely g is delta of a delta s + + align:start position:0% +conversely g is delta of a delta s + + + align:start position:0% +conversely g is delta of a delta s +and by that i mean in the limit you know + + align:start position:0% +and by that i mean in the limit you know + + + align:start position:0% +and by that i mean in the limit you know +the as we make those quantities uh + + align:start position:0% +the as we make those quantities uh + + + align:start position:0% +the as we make those quantities uh +smaller and smaller + + align:start position:0% +smaller and smaller + + + align:start position:0% +smaller and smaller +okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so +um so what we're doing is intimately + + align:start position:0% +um so what we're doing is intimately + + + align:start position:0% +um so what we're doing is intimately +tied up with gaussian curvature because + + align:start position:0% +tied up with gaussian curvature because + + + align:start position:0% +tied up with gaussian curvature because +it's just the inverse of the gaussian + + align:start position:0% +it's just the inverse of the gaussian + + + align:start position:0% +it's just the inverse of the gaussian +curvature + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh + + align:start position:0% +oh + + + align:start position:0% +oh +i guess we're out of time but one of the + + align:start position:0% +i guess we're out of time but one of the + + + align:start position:0% +i guess we're out of time but one of the +interesting things we can do now is talk + + align:start position:0% +interesting things we can do now is talk + + + align:start position:0% +interesting things we can do now is talk +about integral curvature which applies + + align:start position:0% +about integral curvature which applies + + + align:start position:0% +about integral curvature which applies +to surfaces that are not smooth so + + align:start position:0% +to surfaces that are not smooth so + + + align:start position:0% +to surfaces that are not smooth so +suppose that we're looking at a brick it + + align:start position:0% +suppose that we're looking at a brick it + + + align:start position:0% +suppose that we're looking at a brick it +has a rectangular corner + + align:start position:0% +has a rectangular corner + + + align:start position:0% +has a rectangular corner +we can't really talk about its curvature + + align:start position:0% +we can't really talk about its curvature + + + align:start position:0% +we can't really talk about its curvature +because it's sort of zero on the faces + + align:start position:0% +because it's sort of zero on the faces + + + align:start position:0% +because it's sort of zero on the faces +and infinite on the edges + + align:start position:0% +and infinite on the edges + + + align:start position:0% +and infinite on the edges +but we can actually talk about uh an + + align:start position:0% +but we can actually talk about uh an + + + align:start position:0% +but we can actually talk about uh an +integral of curvature over a part of the + + align:start position:0% +integral of curvature over a part of the + + + align:start position:0% +integral of curvature over a part of the +brick so + + align:start position:0% +brick so + + + align:start position:0% +brick so +we'll do that next time and we'll talk + + align:start position:0% +we'll do that next time and we'll talk + + + align:start position:0% +we'll do that next time and we'll talk +about how to use this in recognition and + + align:start position:0% +about how to use this in recognition and + + + align:start position:0% +about how to use this in recognition and +alignment + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and there will be a quiz out on thursday \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/xPneVSOZERk.txt b/xPneVSOZERk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..32e63e1c3549136a1a0b29ccb726f14ed9836935 --- /dev/null +++ b/xPneVSOZERk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,763 @@ +align:start position:0% + +in real estate there is a famous saying + + align:start position:0% +in real estate there is a famous saying + + + align:start position:0% +in real estate there is a famous saying +that the most important thing is + + align:start position:0% +that the most important thing is + + + align:start position:0% +that the most important thing is +location location location in this + + align:start position:0% +location location location in this + + + align:start position:0% +location location location in this +recitation we will be looking at + + align:start position:0% +recitation we will be looking at + + + align:start position:0% +recitation we will be looking at +regression trees and applying them to + + align:start position:0% +regression trees and applying them to + + + align:start position:0% +regression trees and applying them to +data related to house prices and + + align:start position:0% +data related to house prices and + + + align:start position:0% +data related to house prices and +locations Boston is a capital of a state + + align:start position:0% +locations Boston is a capital of a state + + + align:start position:0% +locations Boston is a capital of a state +of Massachusetts USA it was first + + align:start position:0% +of Massachusetts USA it was first + + + align:start position:0% +of Massachusetts USA it was first +settled in 1630 and in the Greater + + align:start position:0% +settled in 1630 and in the Greater + + + align:start position:0% +settled in 1630 and in the Greater +Boston area there are about five million + + align:start position:0% +Boston area there are about five million + + + align:start position:0% +Boston area there are about five million +people the area features some of the + + align:start position:0% +people the area features some of the + + + align:start position:0% +people the area features some of the +highest population densities in America + + align:start position:0% +highest population densities in America + + + align:start position:0% +highest population densities in America +here is a shot of Boston from above in + + align:start position:0% +here is a shot of Boston from above in + + + align:start position:0% +here is a shot of Boston from above in +the middle of the pizza we had the + + align:start position:0% +the middle of the pizza we had the + + + align:start position:0% +the middle of the pizza we had the +child's River I am talking to you from + + align:start position:0% +child's River I am talking to you from + + + align:start position:0% +child's River I am talking to you from +my office at MIT my office is here this + + align:start position:0% +my office at MIT my office is here this + + + align:start position:0% +my office at MIT my office is here this +is MIT here MIT lies in the city of + + align:start position:0% +is MIT here MIT lies in the city of + + + align:start position:0% +is MIT here MIT lies in the city of +Cambridge which is north of the river + + align:start position:0% +Cambridge which is north of the river + + + align:start position:0% +Cambridge which is north of the river +and south of the river is Boston City + + align:start position:0% +and south of the river is Boston City + + + align:start position:0% +and south of the river is Boston City +itself in this presentation we will be + + align:start position:0% +itself in this presentation we will be + + + align:start position:0% +itself in this presentation we will be +talking about Boston in the sense of a + + align:start position:0% +talking about Boston in the sense of a + + + align:start position:0% +talking about Boston in the sense of a +Greater Boston area however if we look + + align:start position:0% +Greater Boston area however if we look + + + align:start position:0% +Greater Boston area however if we look +at the housing in Boston right now we + + align:start position:0% +at the housing in Boston right now we + + + align:start position:0% +at the housing in Boston right now we +can see that it is very dense over the + + align:start position:0% +can see that it is very dense over the + + + align:start position:0% +can see that it is very dense over the +Greater Boston area the nature of the + + align:start position:0% +Greater Boston area the nature of the + + + align:start position:0% +Greater Boston area the nature of the +housing varies widely this data comes + + align:start position:0% +housing varies widely this data comes + + + align:start position:0% +housing varies widely this data comes +from a paper hedonic housing prices and + + align:start position:0% +from a paper hedonic housing prices and + + + align:start position:0% +from a paper hedonic housing prices and +the demand for clean air which has been + + align:start position:0% +the demand for clean air which has been + + + align:start position:0% +the demand for clean air which has been +slighted more than a thousand times this + + align:start position:0% +slighted more than a thousand times this + + + align:start position:0% +slighted more than a thousand times this +paper was written on a relationship + + align:start position:0% +paper was written on a relationship + + + align:start position:0% +paper was written on a relationship +between house prices and clean air in + + align:start position:0% +between house prices and clean air in + + + align:start position:0% +between house prices and clean air in +the late 1970s by David Harrison of + + align:start position:0% +the late 1970s by David Harrison of + + + align:start position:0% +the late 1970s by David Harrison of +habit and Daniel Rubenfeld of the + + align:start position:0% +habit and Daniel Rubenfeld of the + + + align:start position:0% +habit and Daniel Rubenfeld of the +University of Michigan the data set is + + align:start position:0% +University of Michigan the data set is + + + align:start position:0% +University of Michigan the data set is +widely used to evaluate algorithms of a + + align:start position:0% +widely used to evaluate algorithms of a + + + align:start position:0% +widely used to evaluate algorithms of a +nature we discuss in this class now in + + align:start position:0% +nature we discuss in this class now in + + + align:start position:0% +nature we discuss in this class now in +the lecture we mostly discussed + + align:start position:0% +the lecture we mostly discussed + + + align:start position:0% +the lecture we mostly discussed +classification trees where the output is + + align:start position:0% +classification trees where the output is + + + align:start position:0% +classification trees where the output is +a factor or a category trees can also be + + align:start position:0% +a factor or a category trees can also be + + + align:start position:0% +a factor or a category trees can also be +used for regression tasks the output at + + align:start position:0% +used for regression tasks the output at + + + align:start position:0% +used for regression tasks the output at +each leaf of a tree is no longer a + + align:start position:0% +each leaf of a tree is no longer a + + + align:start position:0% +each leaf of a tree is no longer a +category but a number just like + + align:start position:0% +category but a number just like + + + align:start position:0% +category but a number just like +classification trees regression trees + + align:start position:0% +classification trees regression trees + + + align:start position:0% +classification trees regression trees +can caption nonlinearities that linear + + align:start position:0% +can caption nonlinearities that linear + + + align:start position:0% +can caption nonlinearities that linear +relation can't so what does that mean + + align:start position:0% +relation can't so what does that mean + + + align:start position:0% +relation can't so what does that mean +well with classification trees we report + + align:start position:0% +well with classification trees we report + + + align:start position:0% +well with classification trees we report +the average outcome at each leaf of a + + align:start position:0% +the average outcome at each leaf of a + + + align:start position:0% +the average outcome at each leaf of a +tree for example if the outcome is true + + align:start position:0% +tree for example if the outcome is true + + + align:start position:0% +tree for example if the outcome is true +15 times and false five times the value + + align:start position:0% +15 times and false five times the value + + + align:start position:0% +15 times and false five times the value +at that leaf of the tree + + align:start position:0% +at that leaf of the tree + + + align:start position:0% +at that leaf of the tree +would be 15 over 15 plus 5 0.75 now if + + align:start position:0% +would be 15 over 15 plus 5 0.75 now if + + + align:start position:0% +would be 15 over 15 plus 5 0.75 now if +we use the default threshold of 0.5 we + + align:start position:0% +we use the default threshold of 0.5 we + + + align:start position:0% +we use the default threshold of 0.5 we +would say oh the value at this leaf is + + align:start position:0% +would say oh the value at this leaf is + + + align:start position:0% +would say oh the value at this leaf is +true with regression trees we now have + + align:start position:0% +true with regression trees we now have + + + align:start position:0% +true with regression trees we now have +continuous variables so instead of we + + align:start position:0% +continuous variables so instead of we + + + align:start position:0% +continuous variables so instead of we +report the average of the values at that + + align:start position:0% +report the average of the values at that + + + align:start position:0% +report the average of the values at that +leaf so suppose we had the values 3 4 & + + align:start position:0% +leaf so suppose we had the values 3 4 & + + + align:start position:0% +leaf so suppose we had the values 3 4 & +5 at the one of the leaves of our trees + + align:start position:0% +5 at the one of the leaves of our trees + + + align:start position:0% +5 at the one of the leaves of our trees +well we just took the average of these + + align:start position:0% +well we just took the average of these + + + align:start position:0% +well we just took the average of these +numbers which is 4 and that is what we + + align:start position:0% +numbers which is 4 and that is what we + + + align:start position:0% +numbers which is 4 and that is what we +report that might be a bit confusing so + + align:start position:0% +report that might be a bit confusing so + + + align:start position:0% +report that might be a bit confusing so +let's look at a picture here is some + + align:start position:0% +let's look at a picture here is some + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at a picture here is some +fake data that I made up in R we see X + + align:start position:0% +fake data that I made up in R we see X + + + align:start position:0% +fake data that I made up in R we see X +on the x axis and y on the y axis Y is + + align:start position:0% +on the x axis and y on the y axis Y is + + + align:start position:0% +on the x axis and y on the y axis Y is +our variable we're trying to predict + + align:start position:0% +our variable we're trying to predict + + + align:start position:0% +our variable we're trying to predict +using X so if we fit a linear regression + + align:start position:0% +using X so if we fit a linear regression + + + align:start position:0% +using X so if we fit a linear regression +to this data set we obtain the following + + align:start position:0% +to this data set we obtain the following + + + align:start position:0% +to this data set we obtain the following +line as you can see linear regression + + align:start position:0% +line as you can see linear regression + + + align:start position:0% +line as you can see linear regression +does not do very well on this data set + + align:start position:0% +does not do very well on this data set + + + align:start position:0% +does not do very well on this data set +however we can notice that the data lies + + align:start position:0% +however we can notice that the data lies + + + align:start position:0% +however we can notice that the data lies +in three different groups if we draw + + align:start position:0% +in three different groups if we draw + + + align:start position:0% +in three different groups if we draw +these lines here we see X's I've LS some + + align:start position:0% +these lines here we see X's I've LS some + + + align:start position:0% +these lines here we see X's I've LS some +10 between 10 and 20 are greater than 20 + + align:start position:0% +10 between 10 and 20 are greater than 20 + + + align:start position:0% +10 between 10 and 20 are greater than 20 +and there is very different behavior in + + align:start position:0% +and there is very different behavior in + + + align:start position:0% +and there is very different behavior in +each group regression trees can fit that + + align:start position:0% +each group regression trees can fit that + + + align:start position:0% +each group regression trees can fit that +kind of thing exactly so if it splits + + align:start position:0% +kind of thing exactly so if it splits + + + align:start position:0% +kind of thing exactly so if it splits +would be X is less than equal to 10 take + + align:start position:0% +would be X is less than equal to 10 take + + + align:start position:0% +would be X is less than equal to 10 take +the average of those values X is between + + align:start position:0% +the average of those values X is between + + + align:start position:0% +the average of those values X is between +10 and 20 take the average of those + + align:start position:0% +10 and 20 take the average of those + + + align:start position:0% +10 and 20 take the average of those +values X is between 20 and 30 take the + + align:start position:0% +values X is between 20 and 30 take the + + + align:start position:0% +values X is between 20 and 30 take the +average of those values we see that + + align:start position:0% +average of those values we see that + + + align:start position:0% +average of those values we see that +regression trees can fit some kinds of + + align:start position:0% +regression trees can fit some kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +regression trees can fit some kinds of +data very well that linear regression + + align:start position:0% +data very well that linear regression + + + align:start position:0% +data very well that linear regression +completely fails on of course in reality + + align:start position:0% +completely fails on of course in reality + + + align:start position:0% +completely fails on of course in reality +nothing is ever so nice and simple but + + align:start position:0% +nothing is ever so nice and simple but + + + align:start position:0% +nothing is ever so nice and simple but +it gives us some idea why we might be + + align:start position:0% +it gives us some idea why we might be + + + align:start position:0% +it gives us some idea why we might be +interested in regression trees so in + + align:start position:0% +interested in regression trees so in + + + align:start position:0% +interested in regression trees so in +this recitation we will explore the data + + align:start position:0% +this recitation we will explore the data + + + align:start position:0% +this recitation we will explore the data +set of the aid of trees we will compare + + align:start position:0% +set of the aid of trees we will compare + + + align:start position:0% +set of the aid of trees we will compare +linear regression with regression trees + + align:start position:0% +linear regression with regression trees + + + align:start position:0% +linear regression with regression trees +we will discuss what the CP parameter + + align:start position:0% +we will discuss what the CP parameter + + + align:start position:0% +we will discuss what the CP parameter +means that we brought up when we did + + align:start position:0% +means that we brought up when we did + + + align:start position:0% +means that we brought up when we did +cross-validation in the lecture and we + + align:start position:0% +cross-validation in the lecture and we + + + align:start position:0% +cross-validation in the lecture and we +will apply cross-validation to + + align:start position:0% +will apply cross-validation to + + + align:start position:0% +will apply cross-validation to +regression trees + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/xZn4l1TSvPQ.txt b/xZn4l1TSvPQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..abe570fd9d07d2f4031fb53f81a02fce1d2ff353 --- /dev/null +++ b/xZn4l1TSvPQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,523 @@ +align:start position:0% + +now that we've described the + + align:start position:0% +now that we've described the + + + align:start position:0% +now that we've described the +instantaneous velocity of an object we'd + + align:start position:0% +instantaneous velocity of an object we'd + + + align:start position:0% +instantaneous velocity of an object we'd +now like to describe what it's + + align:start position:0% +now like to describe what it's + + + align:start position:0% +now like to describe what it's +acceleration is velocity and + + align:start position:0% +acceleration is velocity and + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration is velocity and +acceleration are complicated things one + + align:start position:0% +acceleration are complicated things one + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration are complicated things one +of the reasons why acceleration is such + + align:start position:0% +of the reasons why acceleration is such + + + align:start position:0% +of the reasons why acceleration is such +an abstract quantity is for example if I + + align:start position:0% +an abstract quantity is for example if I + + + align:start position:0% +an abstract quantity is for example if I +take this marker that's in my hand and I + + align:start position:0% +take this marker that's in my hand and I + + + align:start position:0% +take this marker that's in my hand and I +throw it up in the air and I catch it + + align:start position:0% +throw it up in the air and I catch it + + + align:start position:0% +throw it up in the air and I catch it +you can see with your eye velocity you + + align:start position:0% +you can see with your eye velocity you + + + align:start position:0% +you can see with your eye velocity you +can see the speed you have a sense for + + align:start position:0% +can see the speed you have a sense for + + + align:start position:0% +can see the speed you have a sense for +it you can see it changed its direction + + align:start position:0% +it you can see it changed its direction + + + align:start position:0% +it you can see it changed its direction +so velocity is something that is a human + + align:start position:0% +so velocity is something that is a human + + + align:start position:0% +so velocity is something that is a human +being with our eye as a mechanism for + + align:start position:0% +being with our eye as a mechanism for + + + align:start position:0% +being with our eye as a mechanism for +determining motion velocity is a very + + align:start position:0% +determining motion velocity is a very + + + align:start position:0% +determining motion velocity is a very +basic concept but acceleration is a much + + align:start position:0% +basic concept but acceleration is a much + + + align:start position:0% +basic concept but acceleration is a much +harder concept for instance when I take + + align:start position:0% +harder concept for instance when I take + + + align:start position:0% +harder concept for instance when I take +that same object and I drop that as it + + align:start position:0% +that same object and I drop that as it + + + align:start position:0% +that same object and I drop that as it +falls down its velocity is increasing + + align:start position:0% +falls down its velocity is increasing + + + align:start position:0% +falls down its velocity is increasing +and so we say it has an acceleration but + + align:start position:0% +and so we say it has an acceleration but + + + align:start position:0% +and so we say it has an acceleration but +is that acceleration a function of time + + align:start position:0% +is that acceleration a function of time + + + align:start position:0% +is that acceleration a function of time +or is it constant in time is it varying + + align:start position:0% +or is it constant in time is it varying + + + align:start position:0% +or is it constant in time is it varying +in times at a polynomial is it a + + align:start position:0% +in times at a polynomial is it a + + + align:start position:0% +in times at a polynomial is it a +constant those are much harder to see + + align:start position:0% +constant those are much harder to see + + + align:start position:0% +constant those are much harder to see +again let's drop this object so when I + + align:start position:0% +again let's drop this object so when I + + + align:start position:0% +again let's drop this object so when I +drop that object and I catch it down + + align:start position:0% +drop that object and I catch it down + + + align:start position:0% +drop that object and I catch it down +here our eye does not tell us + + align:start position:0% +here our eye does not tell us + + + align:start position:0% +here our eye does not tell us +intuitively anything about the + + align:start position:0% +intuitively anything about the + + + align:start position:0% +intuitively anything about the +mathematical nature of that acceleration + + align:start position:0% +mathematical nature of that acceleration + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical nature of that acceleration +and that's why acceleration is a much + + align:start position:0% +and that's why acceleration is a much + + + align:start position:0% +and that's why acceleration is a much +more abstract quantity in fact a great + + align:start position:0% +more abstract quantity in fact a great + + + align:start position:0% +more abstract quantity in fact a great +question is the following when I throw + + align:start position:0% +question is the following when I throw + + + align:start position:0% +question is the following when I throw +this object up in the air let's focus at + + align:start position:0% +this object up in the air let's focus at + + + align:start position:0% +this object up in the air let's focus at +its highest point so I throw it in the + + align:start position:0% +its highest point so I throw it in the + + + align:start position:0% +its highest point so I throw it in the +air + + align:start position:0% +air + + + align:start position:0% +air +and it comes down when the object was at + + align:start position:0% +and it comes down when the object was at + + + align:start position:0% +and it comes down when the object was at +its highest point was its velocity zero + + align:start position:0% +its highest point was its velocity zero + + + align:start position:0% +its highest point was its velocity zero +was it its acceleration zero or nonzero + + align:start position:0% +was it its acceleration zero or nonzero + + + align:start position:0% +was it its acceleration zero or nonzero +a hint to this question is in Newton's + + align:start position:0% +a hint to this question is in Newton's + + + align:start position:0% +a hint to this question is in Newton's +second law F equals MA if there's a + + align:start position:0% +second law F equals MA if there's a + + + align:start position:0% +second law F equals MA if there's a +force acting on this object there must + + align:start position:0% +force acting on this object there must + + + align:start position:0% +force acting on this object there must +be an acceleration and that forces the + + align:start position:0% +be an acceleration and that forces the + + + align:start position:0% +be an acceleration and that forces the +gravitational force and when this object + + align:start position:0% +gravitational force and when this object + + + align:start position:0% +gravitational force and when this object +was at the top of its motion I didn't + + align:start position:0% +was at the top of its motion I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +was at the top of its motion I didn't +turn the earth off so there's still a + + align:start position:0% +turn the earth off so there's still a + + + align:start position:0% +turn the earth off so there's still a +gravitational force and so for an object + + align:start position:0% +gravitational force and so for an object + + + align:start position:0% +gravitational force and so for an object +in freefall + + align:start position:0% +in freefall + + + align:start position:0% +in freefall +now freefall just as under the which + + align:start position:0% +now freefall just as under the which + + + align:start position:0% +now freefall just as under the which +means under the influence of the + + align:start position:0% +means under the influence of the + + + align:start position:0% +means under the influence of the +gravitational force + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we can conclude from Newton's second law + + align:start position:0% +we can conclude from Newton's second law + + + align:start position:0% +we can conclude from Newton's second law +that the gravitational force MA + + align:start position:0% +that the gravitational force MA + + + align:start position:0% +that the gravitational force MA +so this gravitational force is nonzero + + align:start position:0% +so this gravitational force is nonzero + + + align:start position:0% +so this gravitational force is nonzero +and so therefore the acceleration is + + align:start position:0% +and so therefore the acceleration is + + + align:start position:0% +and so therefore the acceleration is +also nonzero so once again as I throw + + align:start position:0% +also nonzero so once again as I throw + + + align:start position:0% +also nonzero so once again as I throw +this object up in the air nobody turned + + align:start position:0% +this object up in the air nobody turned + + + align:start position:0% +this object up in the air nobody turned +gravity off we're not in empty space and + + align:start position:0% +gravity off we're not in empty space and + + + align:start position:0% +gravity off we're not in empty space and +near the surface of the earth the + + align:start position:0% +near the surface of the earth the + + + align:start position:0% +near the surface of the earth the +gravitational force is not zero the + + align:start position:0% +gravitational force is not zero the + + + align:start position:0% +gravitational force is not zero the +acceleration is not zero so throughout + + align:start position:0% +acceleration is not zero so throughout + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration is not zero so throughout +this motion this object is accelerating + + align:start position:0% +this motion this object is accelerating + + + align:start position:0% +this motion this object is accelerating +I choose this example to show you that + + align:start position:0% +I choose this example to show you that + + + align:start position:0% +I choose this example to show you that +acceleration is a very abstract concept + + align:start position:0% +acceleration is a very abstract concept + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration is a very abstract concept +and now our goal is to figure out how to + + align:start position:0% +and now our goal is to figure out how to + + + align:start position:0% +and now our goal is to figure out how to +mathematically define acceleration in + + align:start position:0% +mathematically define acceleration in + + + align:start position:0% +mathematically define acceleration in +terms of our velocity \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/yDu_xhkKwnQ.txt b/yDu_xhkKwnQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a80d8dfcb7dbf52a6eb948f2123eba03857a523 --- /dev/null +++ b/yDu_xhkKwnQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,771 @@ +align:start position:0% + +another key concept + + align:start position:0% +another key concept + + + align:start position:0% +another key concept +that we will discuss is + + align:start position:0% +that we will discuss is + + + align:start position:0% +that we will discuss is +electronegativity + + align:start position:0% +electronegativity + + + align:start position:0% +electronegativity +electronegativity refers to the + + align:start position:0% +electronegativity refers to the + + + align:start position:0% +electronegativity refers to the +attraction + + align:start position:0% +attraction + + + align:start position:0% +attraction +of an atom for electrons + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and in biology we need to distinguish + + align:start position:0% +and in biology we need to distinguish + + + align:start position:0% +and in biology we need to distinguish +two kinds of molecules that are + + align:start position:0% +two kinds of molecules that are + + + align:start position:0% +two kinds of molecules that are +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +based on their electronegativity + + align:start position:0% +based on their electronegativity + + + align:start position:0% +based on their electronegativity +and i'm going to abbreviate + + align:start position:0% +and i'm going to abbreviate + + + align:start position:0% +and i'm going to abbreviate +electronegativity for the rest of this + + align:start position:0% +electronegativity for the rest of this + + + align:start position:0% +electronegativity for the rest of this +board + + align:start position:0% +board + + + align:start position:0% +board +as en and the types of molecules that we + + align:start position:0% +as en and the types of molecules that we + + + align:start position:0% +as en and the types of molecules that we +need to discuss + + align:start position:0% +need to discuss + + + align:start position:0% +need to discuss +are called polar where polar molecules + + align:start position:0% +are called polar where polar molecules + + + align:start position:0% +are called polar where polar molecules +have an unequal electronegativity + + align:start position:0% +have an unequal electronegativity + + + align:start position:0% +have an unequal electronegativity +unequal en and these molecules + + align:start position:0% +unequal en and these molecules + + + align:start position:0% +unequal en and these molecules +are always hydrophilic or tend to be + + align:start position:0% +are always hydrophilic or tend to be + + + align:start position:0% +are always hydrophilic or tend to be +hydrophilic + + align:start position:0% +hydrophilic + + + align:start position:0% +hydrophilic +based on having one charged + + align:start position:0% +based on having one charged + + + align:start position:0% +based on having one charged +portion of the molecule the other type + + align:start position:0% +portion of the molecule the other type + + + align:start position:0% +portion of the molecule the other type +the opposite on nonpolar molecules + + align:start position:0% +the opposite on nonpolar molecules + + + align:start position:0% +the opposite on nonpolar molecules +where there is equal electronegativity + + align:start position:0% +where there is equal electronegativity + + + align:start position:0% +where there is equal electronegativity +and these tend to be hydrophobic + + align:start position:0% +and these tend to be hydrophobic + + + align:start position:0% +and these tend to be hydrophobic +okay let's look at some + + align:start position:0% +okay let's look at some + + + align:start position:0% +okay let's look at some +polar molecules whether a molecule is + + align:start position:0% +polar molecules whether a molecule is + + + align:start position:0% +polar molecules whether a molecule is +polar or not polar depends on two things + + align:start position:0% +polar or not polar depends on two things + + + align:start position:0% +polar or not polar depends on two things +whether it has got polar bonds where the + + align:start position:0% +whether it has got polar bonds where the + + + align:start position:0% +whether it has got polar bonds where the +electrons are unequally distributed + + align:start position:0% +electrons are unequally distributed + + + align:start position:0% +electrons are unequally distributed +and it also depends on the geometry of + + align:start position:0% +and it also depends on the geometry of + + + align:start position:0% +and it also depends on the geometry of +the molecule but we won't deal too much + + align:start position:0% +the molecule but we won't deal too much + + + align:start position:0% +the molecule but we won't deal too much +about that i've put it in + + align:start position:0% +about that i've put it in + + + align:start position:0% +about that i've put it in +for completeness sake so here is water + + align:start position:0% +for completeness sake so here is water + + + align:start position:0% +for completeness sake so here is water +and you can see that there is i've drawn + + align:start position:0% +and you can see that there is i've drawn + + + align:start position:0% +and you can see that there is i've drawn +an unequal electron distribution this is + + align:start position:0% +an unequal electron distribution this is + + + align:start position:0% +an unequal electron distribution this is +called a dipole + + align:start position:0% +called a dipole + + + align:start position:0% +called a dipole +and the dipole is because the + + align:start position:0% +and the dipole is because the + + + align:start position:0% +and the dipole is because the +oxygen of the water is very + + align:start position:0% +oxygen of the water is very + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen of the water is very +electronegative + + align:start position:0% +electronegative + + + align:start position:0% +electronegative +it pulls the electrons towards it and it + + align:start position:0% +it pulls the electrons towards it and it + + + align:start position:0% +it pulls the electrons towards it and it +depletes the electron somewhat + + align:start position:0% +depletes the electron somewhat + + + align:start position:0% +depletes the electron somewhat +from the hydrogens that it is bonded to + + align:start position:0% +from the hydrogens that it is bonded to + + + align:start position:0% +from the hydrogens that it is bonded to +so you get a molecule where the oxygen + + align:start position:0% +so you get a molecule where the oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +so you get a molecule where the oxygen +is somewhat negative because of its high + + align:start position:0% +is somewhat negative because of its high + + + align:start position:0% +is somewhat negative because of its high +electronegativity + + align:start position:0% +electronegativity + + + align:start position:0% +electronegativity +and the hydrogens are somewhat positive + + align:start position:0% +and the hydrogens are somewhat positive + + + align:start position:0% +and the hydrogens are somewhat positive +because of their lower + + align:start position:0% +because of their lower + + + align:start position:0% +because of their lower +electronegativity and this is indicated + + align:start position:0% +electronegativity and this is indicated + + + align:start position:0% +electronegativity and this is indicated +by those + + align:start position:0% +by those + + + align:start position:0% +by those +deltas delta minus means + + align:start position:0% +deltas delta minus means + + + align:start position:0% +deltas delta minus means +that the atom is more negative than an + + align:start position:0% +that the atom is more negative than an + + + align:start position:0% +that the atom is more negative than an +atom that's indicated + + align:start position:0% +atom that's indicated + + + align:start position:0% +atom that's indicated +delta plus so delta negative + + align:start position:0% +delta plus so delta negative + + + align:start position:0% +delta plus so delta negative +is the oxygen delta plus is the hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +is the oxygen delta plus is the hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +is the oxygen delta plus is the hydrogen +the geometry of the molecule also + + align:start position:0% +the geometry of the molecule also + + + align:start position:0% +the geometry of the molecule also +is such that these dipoles don't cancel + + align:start position:0% +is such that these dipoles don't cancel + + + align:start position:0% +is such that these dipoles don't cancel +out + + align:start position:0% +out + + + align:start position:0% +out +and so you get overall a molecule that + + align:start position:0% +and so you get overall a molecule that + + + align:start position:0% +and so you get overall a molecule that +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +polar overall + + align:start position:0% +polar overall + + + align:start position:0% +polar overall +here are two examples one is polar + + align:start position:0% +here are two examples one is polar + + + align:start position:0% +here are two examples one is polar +and one is not polar the top + + align:start position:0% +and one is not polar the top + + + align:start position:0% +and one is not polar the top +example is propane which has the + + align:start position:0% +example is propane which has the + + + align:start position:0% +example is propane which has the +chemical formula as you can see c3h8 + + align:start position:0% +chemical formula as you can see c3h8 + + + align:start position:0% +chemical formula as you can see c3h8 +it is just carbons and hydrogens and + + align:start position:0% +it is just carbons and hydrogens and + + + align:start position:0% +it is just carbons and hydrogens and +carbons and hydrogens are neither of + + align:start position:0% +carbons and hydrogens are neither of + + + align:start position:0% +carbons and hydrogens are neither of +which + + align:start position:0% +which + + + align:start position:0% +which +are particularly electronegative atoms + + align:start position:0% +are particularly electronegative atoms + + + align:start position:0% +are particularly electronegative atoms +neither have a tendency to pull + + align:start position:0% +neither have a tendency to pull + + + align:start position:0% +neither have a tendency to pull +electrons more than the other + + align:start position:0% +electrons more than the other + + + align:start position:0% +electrons more than the other +and so the bonds and the molecule are + + align:start position:0% +and so the bonds and the molecule are + + + align:start position:0% +and so the bonds and the molecule are +overall nonpolar there is an + + align:start position:0% +overall nonpolar there is an + + + align:start position:0% +overall nonpolar there is an +equal distribution of electrons + + align:start position:0% +equal distribution of electrons + + + align:start position:0% +equal distribution of electrons +throughout the molecule + + align:start position:0% +throughout the molecule + + + align:start position:0% +throughout the molecule +on the other hand isopropanol + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand isopropanol + + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand isopropanol +you can see has got a hydroxyl group + + align:start position:0% +you can see has got a hydroxyl group + + + align:start position:0% +you can see has got a hydroxyl group +added to it and there is that oxygen + + align:start position:0% +added to it and there is that oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +added to it and there is that oxygen +which is highly electronegative + + align:start position:0% +which is highly electronegative + + + align:start position:0% +which is highly electronegative +it will be pulling electrons away from + + align:start position:0% +it will be pulling electrons away from + + + align:start position:0% +it will be pulling electrons away from +the carbons and the carbon and the + + align:start position:0% +the carbons and the carbon and the + + + align:start position:0% +the carbons and the carbon and the +hydrogens + + align:start position:0% +hydrogens + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogens +and therefore you get a + + align:start position:0% +and therefore you get a + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore you get a +partial negative charge or more negative + + align:start position:0% +partial negative charge or more negative + + + align:start position:0% +partial negative charge or more negative +character in the hydroxyl in the oxygen + + align:start position:0% +character in the hydroxyl in the oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +character in the hydroxyl in the oxygen +part of the molecule and this molecule + + align:start position:0% +part of the molecule and this molecule + + + align:start position:0% +part of the molecule and this molecule +is polar and you can get a hint as to + + align:start position:0% +is polar and you can get a hint as to + + + align:start position:0% +is polar and you can get a hint as to +whether a molecule is polar or not + + align:start position:0% +whether a molecule is polar or not + + + align:start position:0% +whether a molecule is polar or not +by whether or not it has an + + align:start position:0% +by whether or not it has an + + + align:start position:0% +by whether or not it has an +electronegative atom + + align:start position:0% +electronegative atom + + + align:start position:0% +electronegative atom +like oxygen that is associated with it + + align:start position:0% +like oxygen that is associated with it + + + align:start position:0% +like oxygen that is associated with it +and now we're going to take a pause and + + align:start position:0% +and now we're going to take a pause and + + + align:start position:0% +and now we're going to take a pause and +you are going to do + + align:start position:0% +you are going to do + + + align:start position:0% +you are going to do +an assignment to practice whether or not + + align:start position:0% +an assignment to practice whether or not + + + align:start position:0% +an assignment to practice whether or not +you can recognize + + align:start position:0% +you can recognize + + + align:start position:0% +you can recognize +polar and non-polar molecules + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/ydboHy_yNts.txt b/ydboHy_yNts.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1ffd33c62068012998aa12a56a1288d2111d85ac --- /dev/null +++ b/ydboHy_yNts.txt @@ -0,0 +1,129 @@ +The nice feature of two's complement representation +is that it allows you to do both addition + +and subtraction as addition problems, by simply +turning the subtraction problem A-B into an + +addition problem of A + (-B). + +Since we now know how to easily negate values +in two's complement, this is pretty straight + +forward. + +For example, let's perform 15 - 18 using 6-bit +two's complement representation. + +15-18 = 15 + (-18) +15 = 001111 + +18 = 010010 +To convert 18 to -18, we flip all the bits + +and add one. + +This results in 101110 which is = -18. + +We can now take our two's complement representation +of our two numbers and add them together. + +Whenever we add 1 + 1 in binary that produces +a 0 plus a carry of 1. + +So our final sum is 111101. + +To see what this number is equal to, we again +flip the bits and add one. + +Flipping the bits, we get 000010, and adding +one to that we get 000011 which equals 3. + +Which means that 111101 = -3 which is the +result we expected to get when performing + +15-18. + +Let's try another example: +27 - 6 = 27 + (-6) + +27 is equal to 16 + 8 + 2 + 1 which is equal +to 2<sup>4</sup> + 2<sup>3</sup> + 2<sup>1</sup> + ++ 2<sup>0</sup>. + +So in two's complement representation this +number is 011011. + +6 is equal to 4 + 2 which is equal to 2<sup>2</sup> ++ 2<sup>1</sup>, so its 6-bit binary representation + +is 000110. + +To find the representation of negative six, +we flip all the bits and add one resulting + +in 111010. + +When we add these two numbers together, remembering +that in binary 1 + 1 produces a 0 plus a carry + +of 1, we find that our result ends up having +7 bits. + +This most significant bit is dropped because +we are working with 6-bit representation in + +this case. + +So our final result is 010101 which is equal +to 2<sup>4</sup> + 2<sup>2</sup> + 2<sup>0</sup> + +which equal 16 + 4 + 1 or 21. + +If you try adding two numbers whose result +is beyond the range of numbers that can be + +represented using your N-bit representation, +then that means that overflow occurred. + +Overflow can be detected by looking at the +sign of the two numbers being added and the + +sign of the resulting number. + +If you try adding two positive numbers (where +the most significant bit is 0) and your result + +ends up being negative (your most significant +bit is a 1), then overflow occurred. + +Similarly if you try adding two negative numbers +whose most significant bit is one, and you + +end up with a result that is positive (where +the most significant bit is 0) then once again + +overflow occurred. + +Overflow cannot occur when you add a positive +and negative number that are within range. + +Let's take a look at an example of this. + +Suppose we try adding 31 + 12 using 6-bit +two's complement. + +This results in 101011 which has its most +significant bit equal to 1 even though we + +were adding two positive numbers. + +This means that overflow occurred. + +Overflow occurred because the result of adding +these two numbers is 43 which is larger than + +2 to the 5th minus 1, or 31, which is the largest +positive number that can be represented using + +6-bits two's complement. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/ylH5uD3mGDo.txt b/ylH5uD3mGDo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bdc91065d749b3094b9b57eb78e53f8c3825065e --- /dev/null +++ b/ylH5uD3mGDo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,315 @@ +align:start position:0% + +in 813 students have to present over and + + align:start position:0% +in 813 students have to present over and + + + align:start position:0% +in 813 students have to present over and +over and over again throughout the + + align:start position:0% +over and over again throughout the + + + align:start position:0% +over and over again throughout the +course of the semester and we think that + + align:start position:0% +course of the semester and we think that + + + align:start position:0% +course of the semester and we think that +this iterative process is really + + align:start position:0% +this iterative process is really + + + align:start position:0% +this iterative process is really +important you know we start out giving + + align:start position:0% +important you know we start out giving + + + align:start position:0% +important you know we start out giving +them some instruction at the beginning + + align:start position:0% +them some instruction at the beginning + + + align:start position:0% +them some instruction at the beginning +of the semester but often they still + + align:start position:0% +of the semester but often they still + + + align:start position:0% +of the semester but often they still +don't feel wholly comfortable with what + + align:start position:0% +don't feel wholly comfortable with what + + + align:start position:0% +don't feel wholly comfortable with what +they're doing the first time they + + align:start position:0% +they're doing the first time they + + + align:start position:0% +they're doing the first time they +present and so once they've presented + + align:start position:0% +present and so once they've presented + + + align:start position:0% +present and so once they've presented +they get videotaped and then we meet + + align:start position:0% +they get videotaped and then we meet + + + align:start position:0% +they get videotaped and then we meet +with them to discuss the video to + + align:start position:0% +with them to discuss the video to + + + align:start position:0% +with them to discuss the video to +discuss the slides to see what worked + + align:start position:0% +discuss the slides to see what worked + + + align:start position:0% +discuss the slides to see what worked +and what didn't work and those + + align:start position:0% +and what didn't work and those + + + align:start position:0% +and what didn't work and those +one-on-one conferences that we have with + + align:start position:0% +one-on-one conferences that we have with + + + align:start position:0% +one-on-one conferences that we have with +them you know they're reinforcing the + + align:start position:0% +them you know they're reinforcing the + + + align:start position:0% +them you know they're reinforcing the +core concepts in the instruction but in + + align:start position:0% +core concepts in the instruction but in + + + align:start position:0% +core concepts in the instruction but in +a way that's really directly linked to + + align:start position:0% +a way that's really directly linked to + + + align:start position:0% +a way that's really directly linked to +the work that they've already done the + + align:start position:0% +the work that they've already done the + + + align:start position:0% +the work that they've already done the +work that they're continuing to do and + + align:start position:0% +work that they're continuing to do and + + + align:start position:0% +work that they're continuing to do and +two challenges that they've already + + align:start position:0% +two challenges that they've already + + + align:start position:0% +two challenges that they've already +experienced so they can really + + align:start position:0% +experienced so they can really + + + align:start position:0% +experienced so they can really +understand sort of the the significance + + align:start position:0% +understand sort of the the significance + + + align:start position:0% +understand sort of the the significance +of these strategies and so by the time + + align:start position:0% +of these strategies and so by the time + + + align:start position:0% +of these strategies and so by the time +we have them revise one of these + + align:start position:0% +we have them revise one of these + + + align:start position:0% +we have them revise one of these +presentations that they present in the + + align:start position:0% +presentations that they present in the + + + align:start position:0% +presentations that they present in the +public oral which is to their entire + + align:start position:0% +public oral which is to their entire + + + align:start position:0% +public oral which is to their entire +class and often to people outside the + + align:start position:0% +class and often to people outside the + + + align:start position:0% +class and often to people outside the +class and they might be other faculty + + align:start position:0% +class and they might be other faculty + + + align:start position:0% +class and they might be other faculty +they might be friends of the class of + + align:start position:0% +they might be friends of the class of + + + align:start position:0% +they might be friends of the class of +the students they're already fairly + + align:start position:0% +the students they're already fairly + + + align:start position:0% +the students they're already fairly +experienced communicators and they have + + align:start position:0% +experienced communicators and they have + + + align:start position:0% +experienced communicators and they have +a pretty good idea of what's effective + + align:start position:0% +a pretty good idea of what's effective + + + align:start position:0% +a pretty good idea of what's effective +and what isn't a lot of classes at the + + align:start position:0% +and what isn't a lot of classes at the + + + align:start position:0% +and what isn't a lot of classes at the +Institute do a terrific job of exposing + + align:start position:0% +Institute do a terrific job of exposing + + + align:start position:0% +Institute do a terrific job of exposing +students to many many genres of + + align:start position:0% +students to many many genres of + + + align:start position:0% +students to many many genres of +communication what I think is unusual + + align:start position:0% +communication what I think is unusual + + + align:start position:0% +communication what I think is unusual +about this class is sort of how deeply + + align:start position:0% +about this class is sort of how deeply + + + align:start position:0% +about this class is sort of how deeply +they're asked to delve into a couple of + + align:start position:0% +they're asked to delve into a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +they're asked to delve into a couple of +very specific genres \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/z1FRDkxlmg8.txt b/z1FRDkxlmg8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..701965acdc0b79a878d4d2331e5faa1dd6ec6ab4 --- /dev/null +++ b/z1FRDkxlmg8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,603 @@ +align:start position:0% + +welcome back to recitation in this video + + align:start position:0% +welcome back to recitation in this video + + + align:start position:0% +welcome back to recitation in this video +what I'd like us to do is answer the + + align:start position:0% +what I'd like us to do is answer the + + + align:start position:0% +what I'd like us to do is answer the +following question suppose that f is a + + align:start position:0% +following question suppose that f is a + + + align:start position:0% +following question suppose that f is a +continuous differentiable function and + + align:start position:0% +continuous differentiable function and + + + align:start position:0% +continuous differentiable function and +if it's derivative if F prime is never + + align:start position:0% +if it's derivative if F prime is never + + + align:start position:0% +if it's derivative if F prime is never +zero and a is not equal to B then show + + align:start position:0% +zero and a is not equal to B then show + + + align:start position:0% +zero and a is not equal to B then show +that F of a is not equal to F of B I'm + + align:start position:0% +that F of a is not equal to F of B I'm + + + align:start position:0% +that F of a is not equal to F of B I'm +going to let you think about it for a + + align:start position:0% +going to let you think about it for a + + + align:start position:0% +going to let you think about it for a +while see if you can come up with a good + + align:start position:0% +while see if you can come up with a good + + + align:start position:0% +while see if you can come up with a good +reason for that and then I'll be back to + + align:start position:0% +reason for that and then I'll be back to + + + align:start position:0% +reason for that and then I'll be back to +explain my reasons okay our object again + + align:start position:0% +explain my reasons okay our object again + + + align:start position:0% +explain my reasons okay our object again +is to set is to show if F is continuous + + align:start position:0% +is to set is to show if F is continuous + + + align:start position:0% +is to set is to show if F is continuous +and differentiable and it's derivative + + align:start position:0% +and differentiable and it's derivative + + + align:start position:0% +and differentiable and it's derivative +is never zero and you're looking at two + + align:start position:0% +is never zero and you're looking at two + + + align:start position:0% +is never zero and you're looking at two +X values that are different show that + + align:start position:0% +X values that are different show that + + + align:start position:0% +X values that are different show that +there Y values have to be different so + + align:start position:0% +there Y values have to be different so + + + align:start position:0% +there Y values have to be different so +that if the inputs are different the + + align:start position:0% +that if the inputs are different the + + + align:start position:0% +that if the inputs are different the +outputs have to be different now this + + align:start position:0% +outputs have to be different now this + + + align:start position:0% +outputs have to be different now this +might remind you of something you saw in + + align:start position:0% +might remind you of something you saw in + + + align:start position:0% +might remind you of something you saw in +lecture about if the derivative has a + + align:start position:0% +lecture about if the derivative has a + + + align:start position:0% +lecture about if the derivative has a +sign show the function if the derivative + + align:start position:0% +sign show the function if the derivative + + + align:start position:0% +sign show the function if the derivative +is positive is show the function is + + align:start position:0% +is positive is show the function is + + + align:start position:0% +is positive is show the function is +always increasing or if the derivative + + align:start position:0% +always increasing or if the derivative + + + align:start position:0% +always increasing or if the derivative +is negative show the function is always + + align:start position:0% +is negative show the function is always + + + align:start position:0% +is negative show the function is always +decreasing so this is a this is a + + align:start position:0% +decreasing so this is a this is a + + + align:start position:0% +decreasing so this is a this is a +similar type of problem to that so what + + align:start position:0% +similar type of problem to that so what + + + align:start position:0% +similar type of problem to that so what +we're going to use is actually the mean + + align:start position:0% +we're going to use is actually the mean + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to use is actually the mean +value theorem if you'll notice I have F + + align:start position:0% +value theorem if you'll notice I have F + + + align:start position:0% +value theorem if you'll notice I have F +it does satisfy the mean value theorem + + align:start position:0% +it does satisfy the mean value theorem + + + align:start position:0% +it does satisfy the mean value theorem +on this on an interval from A to B I + + align:start position:0% +on this on an interval from A to B I + + + align:start position:0% +on this on an interval from A to B I +haven't even specified which is bigger a + + align:start position:0% +haven't even specified which is bigger a + + + align:start position:0% +haven't even specified which is bigger a +or B but it doesn't matter in this case + + align:start position:0% +or B but it doesn't matter in this case + + + align:start position:0% +or B but it doesn't matter in this case +so what do we know the mean value + + align:start position:0% +so what do we know the mean value + + + align:start position:0% +so what do we know the mean value +theorem tells us that if we look at well + + align:start position:0% +theorem tells us that if we look at well + + + align:start position:0% +theorem tells us that if we look at well +let's just write it out f of B minus F + + align:start position:0% +let's just write it out f of B minus F + + + align:start position:0% +let's just write it out f of B minus F +of a over B minus a is equal to F prime + + align:start position:0% +of a over B minus a is equal to F prime + + + align:start position:0% +of a over B minus a is equal to F prime +of C and what do we know for C between a + + align:start position:0% +of C and what do we know for C between a + + + align:start position:0% +of C and what do we know for C between a +and B so we want to know whether or not + + align:start position:0% +and B so we want to know whether or not + + + align:start position:0% +and B so we want to know whether or not +F of B minus F of a can never be zero + + align:start position:0% +F of B minus F of a can never be zero + + + align:start position:0% +F of B minus F of a can never be zero +that's what we're trying to show that it + + align:start position:0% +that's what we're trying to show that it + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we're trying to show that it +cannot be zero so we're going to isolate + + align:start position:0% +cannot be zero so we're going to isolate + + + align:start position:0% +cannot be zero so we're going to isolate +this expression and show that this is + + align:start position:0% +this expression and show that this is + + + align:start position:0% +this expression and show that this is +this this or this subtraction cannot be + + align:start position:0% +this this or this subtraction cannot be + + + align:start position:0% +this this or this subtraction cannot be +zero well how do we do that let me come + + align:start position:0% +zero well how do we do that let me come + + + align:start position:0% +zero well how do we do that let me come +over here to give us a little more room + + align:start position:0% +over here to give us a little more room + + + align:start position:0% +over here to give us a little more room +I'm going to rewrite the mean value + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to rewrite the mean value + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to rewrite the mean value +theorem I'm going to multiply through by + + align:start position:0% +theorem I'm going to multiply through by + + + align:start position:0% +theorem I'm going to multiply through by +B minus a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we get F prime of C times B minus a + + align:start position:0% +so we get F prime of C times B minus a + + + align:start position:0% +so we get F prime of C times B minus a +now we just want to show again that F of + + align:start position:0% +now we just want to show again that F of + + + align:start position:0% +now we just want to show again that F of +B minus F of a cannot be 0 what's the + + align:start position:0% +B minus F of a cannot be 0 what's the + + + align:start position:0% +B minus F of a cannot be 0 what's the +only thing well not only thing we know + + align:start position:0% +only thing well not only thing we know + + + align:start position:0% +only thing well not only thing we know +two things what two things do we know we + + align:start position:0% +two things what two things do we know we + + + align:start position:0% +two things what two things do we know we +know f prime of C is not zero that was + + align:start position:0% +know f prime of C is not zero that was + + + align:start position:0% +know f prime of C is not zero that was +given to you F prime is never zero so + + align:start position:0% +given to you F prime is never zero so + + + align:start position:0% +given to you F prime is never zero so +certainly at any fixed value F prime C + + align:start position:0% +certainly at any fixed value F prime C + + + align:start position:0% +certainly at any fixed value F prime C +is not zero so we know this this term is + + align:start position:0% +is not zero so we know this this term is + + + align:start position:0% +is not zero so we know this this term is +not zero we also know that B is not + + align:start position:0% +not zero we also know that B is not + + + align:start position:0% +not zero we also know that B is not +equal to a so we know B minus a is not + + align:start position:0% +equal to a so we know B minus a is not + + + align:start position:0% +equal to a so we know B minus a is not +zero the only way to get a product of + + align:start position:0% +zero the only way to get a product of + + + align:start position:0% +zero the only way to get a product of +two numbers to be zero is if one of them + + align:start position:0% +two numbers to be zero is if one of them + + + align:start position:0% +two numbers to be zero is if one of them +is zero so this in fact this product is + + align:start position:0% +is zero so this in fact this product is + + + align:start position:0% +is zero so this in fact this product is +not equal to zero the fact that this + + align:start position:0% +not equal to zero the fact that this + + + align:start position:0% +not equal to zero the fact that this +product is not equal to zero tells us F + + align:start position:0% +product is not equal to zero tells us F + + + align:start position:0% +product is not equal to zero tells us F +of B minus F of a is not equal to zero + + align:start position:0% +of B minus F of a is not equal to zero + + + align:start position:0% +of B minus F of a is not equal to zero +and that alone is enough to conclude + + align:start position:0% +and that alone is enough to conclude + + + align:start position:0% +and that alone is enough to conclude +that F of B is not equal to F of a so + + align:start position:0% +that F of B is not equal to F of a so + + + align:start position:0% +that F of B is not equal to F of a so +again let me just point out that this is + + align:start position:0% +again let me just point out that this is + + + align:start position:0% +again let me just point out that this is +probably reminds you very much of the + + align:start position:0% +probably reminds you very much of the + + + align:start position:0% +probably reminds you very much of the +type of thing you've seen where you were + + align:start position:0% +type of thing you've seen where you were + + + align:start position:0% +type of thing you've seen where you were +showing if F prime had a sign then you + + align:start position:0% +showing if F prime had a sign then you + + + align:start position:0% +showing if F prime had a sign then you +could determine whether F was increasing + + align:start position:0% +could determine whether F was increasing + + + align:start position:0% +could determine whether F was increasing +or decreasing it's the same type of + + align:start position:0% +or decreasing it's the same type of + + + align:start position:0% +or decreasing it's the same type of +problem is that it's exploiting what the + + align:start position:0% +problem is that it's exploiting what the + + + align:start position:0% +problem is that it's exploiting what the +mean value theorem tells you so I think + + align:start position:0% +mean value theorem tells you so I think + + + align:start position:0% +mean value theorem tells you so I think +we'll stop there \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/zGx0aFh8oxk.txt b/zGx0aFh8oxk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9294fefa4103c80dc3155c1712e4b8fe4d68643f --- /dev/null +++ b/zGx0aFh8oxk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,723 @@ +align:start position:0% + +our pedagogy here is like we would like + + align:start position:0% +our pedagogy here is like we would like + + + align:start position:0% +our pedagogy here is like we would like +to train our students to become + + align:start position:0% +to train our students to become + + + align:start position:0% +to train our students to become +successful participants in Chinese + + align:start position:0% +successful participants in Chinese + + + align:start position:0% +successful participants in Chinese +culture by using mentoring as their + + align:start position:0% +culture by using mentoring as their + + + align:start position:0% +culture by using mentoring as their +primary language so this means what this + + align:start position:0% +primary language so this means what this + + + align:start position:0% +primary language so this means what this +means like we expect students to behave + + align:start position:0% +means like we expect students to behave + + + align:start position:0% +means like we expect students to behave +in a way that whenever they have the + + align:start position:0% +in a way that whenever they have the + + + align:start position:0% +in a way that whenever they have the +opportunity to interact with Chinese + + align:start position:0% +opportunity to interact with Chinese + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity to interact with Chinese +people they will find it comfortable I + + align:start position:0% +people they will find it comfortable I + + + align:start position:0% +people they will find it comfortable I +mean from both sides so that's the + + align:start position:0% +mean from both sides so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +mean from both sides so that's the +general idea of our pedagogy here in + + align:start position:0% +general idea of our pedagogy here in + + + align:start position:0% +general idea of our pedagogy here in +order to do this we besides language + + align:start position:0% +order to do this we besides language + + + align:start position:0% +order to do this we besides language +proficiency we're talking about the + + align:start position:0% +proficiency we're talking about the + + + align:start position:0% +proficiency we're talking about the +Kramer talking about language forms we + + align:start position:0% +Kramer talking about language forms we + + + align:start position:0% +Kramer talking about language forms we +also extend our attention to their + + align:start position:0% +also extend our attention to their + + + align:start position:0% +also extend our attention to their +behavioral culture and we feel that this + + align:start position:0% +behavioral culture and we feel that this + + + align:start position:0% +behavioral culture and we feel that this +is a essential components for a + + align:start position:0% +is a essential components for a + + + align:start position:0% +is a essential components for a +successful communication in that second + + align:start position:0% +successful communication in that second + + + align:start position:0% +successful communication in that second +culture the time class will usually will + + align:start position:0% +culture the time class will usually will + + + align:start position:0% +culture the time class will usually will +usually use it for most part to provide + + align:start position:0% +usually use it for most part to provide + + + align:start position:0% +usually use it for most part to provide +students opportunities to perform and by + + align:start position:0% +students opportunities to perform and by + + + align:start position:0% +students opportunities to perform and by +performance we mean that performance is + + align:start position:0% +performance we mean that performance is + + + align:start position:0% +performance we mean that performance is +the same conclusion based on what we + + align:start position:0% +the same conclusion based on what we + + + align:start position:0% +the same conclusion based on what we +call this situational knowledge so that + + align:start position:0% +call this situational knowledge so that + + + align:start position:0% +call this situational knowledge so that +we fill as instructor our role is to + + align:start position:0% +we fill as instructor our role is to + + + align:start position:0% +we fill as instructor our role is to +provide state for students to to + + align:start position:0% +provide state for students to to + + + align:start position:0% +provide state for students to to +practice in class I think the example + + align:start position:0% +practice in class I think the example + + + align:start position:0% +practice in class I think the example +can be very is simple as how do you + + align:start position:0% +can be very is simple as how do you + + + align:start position:0% +can be very is simple as how do you +create your teacher versus your frames + + align:start position:0% +create your teacher versus your frames + + + align:start position:0% +create your teacher versus your frames +in Chinese culture when students ask me + + align:start position:0% +in Chinese culture when students ask me + + + align:start position:0% +in Chinese culture when students ask me +so what am I going to learn for Chinese + + align:start position:0% +so what am I going to learn for Chinese + + + align:start position:0% +so what am I going to learn for Chinese +101 I was told them that after Chinese + + align:start position:0% +101 I was told them that after Chinese + + + align:start position:0% +101 I was told them that after Chinese +101 if your friends who don't know any + + align:start position:0% +101 if your friends who don't know any + + + align:start position:0% +101 if your friends who don't know any +Chinese actually so how do you speak + + align:start position:0% +Chinese actually so how do you speak + + + align:start position:0% +Chinese actually so how do you speak +high in Chinese your answer can be more + + align:start position:0% +high in Chinese your answer can be more + + + align:start position:0% +high in Chinese your answer can be more +sophisticated than saying in home which + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated than saying in home which + + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated than saying in home which +is that you're not grading in Chinese so + + align:start position:0% +is that you're not grading in Chinese so + + + align:start position:0% +is that you're not grading in Chinese so +for example the way we create teachers + + align:start position:0% +for example the way we create teachers + + + align:start position:0% +for example the way we create teachers +on campus is really different from the + + align:start position:0% +on campus is really different from the + + + align:start position:0% +on campus is really different from the +way that we gray our friends so we're + + align:start position:0% +way that we gray our friends so we're + + + align:start position:0% +way that we gray our friends so we're +trying to get students attention to the + + align:start position:0% +trying to get students attention to the + + + align:start position:0% +trying to get students attention to the +environments or a situation they're + + align:start position:0% +environments or a situation they're + + + align:start position:0% +environments or a situation they're +they're in for example the people that + + align:start position:0% +they're in for example the people that + + + align:start position:0% +they're in for example the people that +are speaking with the RO in the + + align:start position:0% +are speaking with the RO in the + + + align:start position:0% +are speaking with the RO in the +conversation or the place + + align:start position:0% +conversation or the place + + + align:start position:0% +conversation or the place +so speaking with it where the teacher + + align:start position:0% +so speaking with it where the teacher + + + align:start position:0% +so speaking with it where the teacher +takes different strategies + + align:start position:0% +takes different strategies + + + align:start position:0% +takes different strategies +compared to speaking with your friends + + align:start position:0% +compared to speaking with your friends + + + align:start position:0% +compared to speaking with your friends +in Chinese culture for example we learn + + align:start position:0% +in Chinese culture for example we learn + + + align:start position:0% +in Chinese culture for example we learn +to do things in foreign languages so + + align:start position:0% +to do things in foreign languages so + + + align:start position:0% +to do things in foreign languages so +that's the that's a very fundamental + + align:start position:0% +that's the that's a very fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +that's the that's a very fundamental +concept here that we always trying to + + align:start position:0% +concept here that we always trying to + + + align:start position:0% +concept here that we always trying to +convey to our students we try to + + align:start position:0% +convey to our students we try to + + + align:start position:0% +convey to our students we try to +encourage them that what you're doing + + align:start position:0% +encourage them that what you're doing + + + align:start position:0% +encourage them that what you're doing +here is to accomplish things by using + + align:start position:0% +here is to accomplish things by using + + + align:start position:0% +here is to accomplish things by using +mentoring as your primary language I + + align:start position:0% +mentoring as your primary language I + + + align:start position:0% +mentoring as your primary language I +think for us culture we consider culture + + align:start position:0% +think for us culture we consider culture + + + align:start position:0% +think for us culture we consider culture +as as common daily practices and social + + align:start position:0% +as as common daily practices and social + + + align:start position:0% +as as common daily practices and social +norms that define individual to function + + align:start position:0% +norms that define individual to function + + + align:start position:0% +norms that define individual to function +successfully in a society so for us we + + align:start position:0% +successfully in a society so for us we + + + align:start position:0% +successfully in a society so for us we +feel one of priorities as the language + + align:start position:0% +feel one of priorities as the language + + + align:start position:0% +feel one of priorities as the language +instructor our responsibility is to help + + align:start position:0% +instructor our responsibility is to help + + + align:start position:0% +instructor our responsibility is to help +students prioritize those dari practices + + align:start position:0% +students prioritize those dari practices + + + align:start position:0% +students prioritize those dari practices +and them show them the patterns or the + + align:start position:0% +and them show them the patterns or the + + + align:start position:0% +and them show them the patterns or the +rules involves and one students they + + align:start position:0% +rules involves and one students they + + + align:start position:0% +rules involves and one students they +have the opportunity to be exposed to + + align:start position:0% +have the opportunity to be exposed to + + + align:start position:0% +have the opportunity to be exposed to +those rules and them in class they have + + align:start position:0% +those rules and them in class they have + + + align:start position:0% +those rules and them in class they have +their opportunities to practice them to + + align:start position:0% +their opportunities to practice them to + + + align:start position:0% +their opportunities to practice them to +perform them and as an instructor you + + align:start position:0% +perform them and as an instructor you + + + align:start position:0% +perform them and as an instructor you +provide them feedback then they go + + align:start position:0% +provide them feedback then they go + + + align:start position:0% +provide them feedback then they go +through this what we call a cycle so out + + align:start position:0% +through this what we call a cycle so out + + + align:start position:0% +through this what we call a cycle so out +of each class they can get out of each + + align:start position:0% +of each class they can get out of each + + + align:start position:0% +of each class they can get out of each +50-minute class with a story + + align:start position:0% +50-minute class with a story + + + align:start position:0% +50-minute class with a story +today's story might be how do you + + align:start position:0% +today's story might be how do you + + + align:start position:0% +today's story might be how do you +decline an offer from your employer + + align:start position:0% +decline an offer from your employer + + + align:start position:0% +decline an offer from your employer +tomorrow story might be how do you deal + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow story might be how do you deal + + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow story might be how do you deal +with conflicts so this is what we call + + align:start position:0% +with conflicts so this is what we call + + + align:start position:0% +with conflicts so this is what we call +the stories here and our experience + + align:start position:0% +the stories here and our experience + + + align:start position:0% +the stories here and our experience +shows that shows us that a + + align:start position:0% +shows that shows us that a + + + align:start position:0% +shows that shows us that a +cross-cultural miscommunication for the + + align:start position:0% +cross-cultural miscommunication for the + + + align:start position:0% +cross-cultural miscommunication for the +most part they don't line in they don't + + align:start position:0% +most part they don't line in they don't + + + align:start position:0% +most part they don't line in they don't +line in link language proficiency they + + align:start position:0% +line in link language proficiency they + + + align:start position:0% +line in link language proficiency they +lie in cultural competence and that's + + align:start position:0% +lie in cultural competence and that's + + + align:start position:0% +lie in cultural competence and that's +why we would like to I would like to + + align:start position:0% +why we would like to I would like to + + + align:start position:0% +why we would like to I would like to +bring bring the the cultural competence + + align:start position:0% +bring bring the the cultural competence + + + align:start position:0% +bring bring the the cultural competence +into this the core components of our + + align:start position:0% +into this the core components of our + + + align:start position:0% +into this the core components of our +curriculum here or not saying that + + align:start position:0% +curriculum here or not saying that + + + align:start position:0% +curriculum here or not saying that +language proficiency is not important + + align:start position:0% +language proficiency is not important + + + align:start position:0% +language proficiency is not important +we're just trying to point out that the + + align:start position:0% +we're just trying to point out that the + + + align:start position:0% +we're just trying to point out that the +way you behave in a second culture is as + + align:start position:0% +way you behave in a second culture is as + + + align:start position:0% +way you behave in a second culture is as +important as your use of the language \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/z_ouix9X1Zg.txt b/z_ouix9X1Zg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..af6b267929dbb44a783ad744ad201488eae6d3de --- /dev/null +++ b/z_ouix9X1Zg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9203 @@ +align:start position:0% + +The following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under +a Creative Common license. Your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Common license. Your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Common license. Your support +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue +to offer high-quality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer high-quality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer high-quality educational +resources for free. To make a donation + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation +or to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +or to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +or to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open +Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Couple of comments about the test. You + + align:start position:0% +Couple of comments about the test. You + + + align:start position:0% +Couple of comments about the test. You +should have got your test back + + align:start position:0% +should have got your test back + + + align:start position:0% +should have got your test back +yesterday. + + align:start position:0% +yesterday. + + + align:start position:0% +yesterday. +And uh here's the uh the way things + + align:start position:0% +And uh here's the uh the way things + + + align:start position:0% +And uh here's the uh the way things +panned out. We had a class average of + + align:start position:0% +panned out. We had a class average of + + + align:start position:0% +panned out. We had a class average of +about 77. + + align:start position:0% +about 77. + + + align:start position:0% +about 77. +I said settle down. Perhaps you think + + align:start position:0% +I said settle down. Perhaps you think + + + align:start position:0% +I said settle down. Perhaps you think +you've come to math or physics. This is + + align:start position:0% +you've come to math or physics. This is + + + align:start position:0% +you've come to math or physics. This is +3091. + + align:start position:0% +3091. + + + align:start position:0% +3091. +We have standards here. + + align:start position:0% +We have standards here. + + + align:start position:0% +We have standards here. +So 77 is class. The standard deviation + + align:start position:0% +So 77 is class. The standard deviation + + + align:start position:0% +So 77 is class. The standard deviation +was 17. And uh so you can see where + + align:start position:0% +was 17. And uh so you can see where + + + align:start position:0% +was 17. And uh so you can see where +things uh + + align:start position:0% +things uh + + + align:start position:0% +things uh +lie. Uh 50 is a pass. So uh + + align:start position:0% +lie. Uh 50 is a pass. So uh + + + align:start position:0% +lie. Uh 50 is a pass. So uh +congratulations. A lot of uh people uh + + align:start position:0% +congratulations. A lot of uh people uh + + + align:start position:0% +congratulations. A lot of uh people uh +put in the effort and there's some + + align:start position:0% +put in the effort and there's some + + + align:start position:0% +put in the effort and there's some +learning going on. Uh I while I at the + + align:start position:0% +learning going on. Uh I while I at the + + + align:start position:0% +learning going on. Uh I while I at the +same time as I say congratulations I + + align:start position:0% +same time as I say congratulations I + + + align:start position:0% +same time as I say congratulations I +want to remind you that I think it comes + + align:start position:0% +want to remind you that I think it comes + + + align:start position:0% +want to remind you that I think it comes +as no surprise given the um lateness of + + align:start position:0% +as no surprise given the um lateness of + + + align:start position:0% +as no surprise given the um lateness of +Labor Day this year that this first test + + align:start position:0% +Labor Day this year that this first test + + + align:start position:0% +Labor Day this year that this first test +came rather early and for many of you + + align:start position:0% +came rather early and for many of you + + + align:start position:0% +came rather early and for many of you +much of this material you'd seen in high + + align:start position:0% +much of this material you'd seen in high + + + align:start position:0% +much of this material you'd seen in high +school. Uh perhaps the data rate was a + + align:start position:0% +school. Uh perhaps the data rate was a + + + align:start position:0% +school. Uh perhaps the data rate was a +little bit faster than you were + + align:start position:0% +little bit faster than you were + + + align:start position:0% +little bit faster than you were +accustomed to but you had some + + align:start position:0% +accustomed to but you had some + + + align:start position:0% +accustomed to but you had some +familiarity. Uh please don't if you're + + align:start position:0% +familiarity. Uh please don't if you're + + + align:start position:0% +familiarity. Uh please don't if you're +up here become complacent uh because a + + align:start position:0% +up here become complacent uh because a + + + align:start position:0% +up here become complacent uh because a +month from now we'll have a another uh + + align:start position:0% +month from now we'll have a another uh + + + align:start position:0% +month from now we'll have a another uh +test and uh I think you you'll wish that + + align:start position:0% +test and uh I think you you'll wish that + + + align:start position:0% +test and uh I think you you'll wish that +you were continuing to make the + + align:start position:0% +you were continuing to make the + + + align:start position:0% +you were continuing to make the +investment in time. Uh if you're down + + align:start position:0% +investment in time. Uh if you're down + + + align:start position:0% +investment in time. Uh if you're down +here uh what I want you to do is uh talk + + align:start position:0% +here uh what I want you to do is uh talk + + + align:start position:0% +here uh what I want you to do is uh talk +to somebody. Talk to either your + + align:start position:0% +to somebody. Talk to either your + + + align:start position:0% +to somebody. Talk to either your +recitation instructor come in and talk + + align:start position:0% +recitation instructor come in and talk + + + align:start position:0% +recitation instructor come in and talk +to me. uh we will provide tutorial + + align:start position:0% +to me. uh we will provide tutorial + + + align:start position:0% +to me. uh we will provide tutorial +assistance at no charge if you want to + + align:start position:0% +assistance at no charge if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +assistance at no charge if you want to +uh amplify the uh exposure to uh + + align:start position:0% +uh amplify the uh exposure to uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh amplify the uh exposure to uh +question and answer. All you have to do + + align:start position:0% +question and answer. All you have to do + + + align:start position:0% +question and answer. All you have to do +is contact uh either Hillary or Lori at + + align:start position:0% +is contact uh either Hillary or Lori at + + + align:start position:0% +is contact uh either Hillary or Lori at +my office and we'll arrange for tutorial + + align:start position:0% +my office and we'll arrange for tutorial + + + align:start position:0% +my office and we'll arrange for tutorial +uh meetings. Um and um you know maybe + + align:start position:0% +uh meetings. Um and um you know maybe + + + align:start position:0% +uh meetings. Um and um you know maybe +down here you just you got rattled, + + align:start position:0% +down here you just you got rattled, + + + align:start position:0% +down here you just you got rattled, +maybe you uh um weren't feeling too well + + align:start position:0% +maybe you uh um weren't feeling too well + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you uh um weren't feeling too well +that day. Maybe you have to bone up on + + align:start position:0% +that day. Maybe you have to bone up on + + + align:start position:0% +that day. Maybe you have to bone up on +your test taking skills. uh I don't care + + align:start position:0% +your test taking skills. uh I don't care + + + align:start position:0% +your test taking skills. uh I don't care +what what the score is down here at the + + align:start position:0% +what what the score is down here at the + + + align:start position:0% +what what the score is down here at the +at the moment. Uh as I told you uh on + + align:start position:0% +at the moment. Uh as I told you uh on + + + align:start position:0% +at the moment. Uh as I told you uh on +the first day, I do look at trends and + + align:start position:0% +the first day, I do look at trends and + + + align:start position:0% +the first day, I do look at trends and +so uh let's let's make every effort to + + align:start position:0% +so uh let's let's make every effort to + + + align:start position:0% +so uh let's let's make every effort to +take the steps necessary to master that + + align:start position:0% +take the steps necessary to master that + + + align:start position:0% +take the steps necessary to master that +material and move forward. The good news + + align:start position:0% +material and move forward. The good news + + + align:start position:0% +material and move forward. The good news +is that we're going to be shifting gears + + align:start position:0% +is that we're going to be shifting gears + + + align:start position:0% +is that we're going to be shifting gears +very soon and moving into subject matter + + align:start position:0% +very soon and moving into subject matter + + + align:start position:0% +very soon and moving into subject matter +unlike anything you've seen in high + + align:start position:0% +unlike anything you've seen in high + + + align:start position:0% +unlike anything you've seen in high +school. And so you'll get a fresh start. + + align:start position:0% +school. And so you'll get a fresh start. + + + align:start position:0% +school. And so you'll get a fresh start. +So I don't want anybody feeling that if + + align:start position:0% +So I don't want anybody feeling that if + + + align:start position:0% +So I don't want anybody feeling that if +he or she is down here that it's u it's + + align:start position:0% +he or she is down here that it's u it's + + + align:start position:0% +he or she is down here that it's u it's +hopeless at this point. It is not quite + + align:start position:0% +hopeless at this point. It is not quite + + + align:start position:0% +hopeless at this point. It is not quite +the contrary. And I've actually seen uh + + align:start position:0% +the contrary. And I've actually seen uh + + + align:start position:0% +the contrary. And I've actually seen uh +evidence over the years mercifully uh + + align:start position:0% +evidence over the years mercifully uh + + + align:start position:0% +evidence over the years mercifully uh +just a small amount of evidence. But + + align:start position:0% +just a small amount of evidence. But + + + align:start position:0% +just a small amount of evidence. But +there are in a group like this always a + + align:start position:0% +there are in a group like this always a + + + align:start position:0% +there are in a group like this always a +few students who come in with a really + + align:start position:0% +few students who come in with a really + + + align:start position:0% +few students who come in with a really +strong background in high school. They + + align:start position:0% +strong background in high school. They + + + align:start position:0% +strong background in high school. They +do extremely well on the first test and + + align:start position:0% +do extremely well on the first test and + + + align:start position:0% +do extremely well on the first test and +conclude that chemistry is in the in the + + align:start position:0% +conclude that chemistry is in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +conclude that chemistry is in the in the +bank and they can focus on the other + + align:start position:0% +bank and they can focus on the other + + + align:start position:0% +bank and they can focus on the other +subjects and little by little they start + + align:start position:0% +subjects and little by little they start + + + align:start position:0% +subjects and little by little they start +creeping down here. It happens. So um + + align:start position:0% +creeping down here. It happens. So um + + + align:start position:0% +creeping down here. It happens. So um +the model solutions will be posted as uh + + align:start position:0% +the model solutions will be posted as uh + + + align:start position:0% +the model solutions will be posted as uh +as I told you in uh we pride ourselves + + align:start position:0% +as I told you in uh we pride ourselves + + + align:start position:0% +as I told you in uh we pride ourselves +in giving you a rapid return but there's + + align:start position:0% +in giving you a rapid return but there's + + + align:start position:0% +in giving you a rapid return but there's +a trade-off and that is we're going to + + align:start position:0% +a trade-off and that is we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +a trade-off and that is we're going to +make some mistakes. The mistakes are not + + align:start position:0% +make some mistakes. The mistakes are not + + + align:start position:0% +make some mistakes. The mistakes are not +indelible. You can come in uh and have + + align:start position:0% +indelible. You can come in uh and have + + + align:start position:0% +indelible. You can come in uh and have +your grades uh adjusted. First thing you + + align:start position:0% +your grades uh adjusted. First thing you + + + align:start position:0% +your grades uh adjusted. First thing you +do please talk to your recitation + + align:start position:0% +do please talk to your recitation + + + align:start position:0% +do please talk to your recitation +instructor. If the recitation instructor + + align:start position:0% +instructor. If the recitation instructor + + + align:start position:0% +instructor. If the recitation instructor +feels that there was um an oversight, uh + + align:start position:0% +feels that there was um an oversight, uh + + + align:start position:0% +feels that there was um an oversight, uh +then the recitation instructor will + + align:start position:0% +then the recitation instructor will + + + align:start position:0% +then the recitation instructor will +recommend that you come and see me and + + align:start position:0% +recommend that you come and see me and + + + align:start position:0% +recommend that you come and see me and +uh I will change the grade. Um if it's + + align:start position:0% +uh I will change the grade. Um if it's + + + align:start position:0% +uh I will change the grade. Um if it's +just an addition error, the recitation + + align:start position:0% +just an addition error, the recitation + + + align:start position:0% +just an addition error, the recitation +instructor has authority to to to uh + + align:start position:0% +instructor has authority to to to uh + + + align:start position:0% +instructor has authority to to to uh +make that adjustment. Um and you don't + + align:start position:0% +make that adjustment. Um and you don't + + + align:start position:0% +make that adjustment. Um and you don't +all have to go stampeding down in my + + align:start position:0% +all have to go stampeding down in my + + + align:start position:0% +all have to go stampeding down in my +office right away. You can adjust those + + align:start position:0% +office right away. You can adjust those + + + align:start position:0% +office right away. You can adjust those +grades. Let's let's leave it till uh + + align:start position:0% +grades. Let's let's leave it till uh + + + align:start position:0% +grades. Let's let's leave it till uh +let's leave it till next week and uh we + + align:start position:0% +let's leave it till next week and uh we + + + align:start position:0% +let's leave it till next week and uh we +can take it at a leisurely pace. Um, but + + align:start position:0% +can take it at a leisurely pace. Um, but + + + align:start position:0% +can take it at a leisurely pace. Um, but +there's no time limit on it. In fact, + + align:start position:0% +there's no time limit on it. In fact, + + + align:start position:0% +there's no time limit on it. In fact, +you can be sitting three years from now + + align:start position:0% +you can be sitting three years from now + + + align:start position:0% +you can be sitting three years from now +waiting before commencement + + align:start position:0% +waiting before commencement + + + align:start position:0% +waiting before commencement +and you can get that grade adjusted. I + + align:start position:0% +and you can get that grade adjusted. I + + + align:start position:0% +and you can get that grade adjusted. I +can adjust the grade right up until the + + align:start position:0% +can adjust the grade right up until the + + + align:start position:0% +can adjust the grade right up until the +moment you get your degree. After that, + + align:start position:0% +moment you get your degree. After that, + + + align:start position:0% +moment you get your degree. After that, +the records are sealed. So, the reason I + + align:start position:0% +the records are sealed. So, the reason I + + + align:start position:0% +the records are sealed. So, the reason I +tell you this is that I don't want + + align:start position:0% +tell you this is that I don't want + + + align:start position:0% +tell you this is that I don't want +people feeling that, well, if you know + + align:start position:0% +people feeling that, well, if you know + + + align:start position:0% +people feeling that, well, if you know +that the paper is going to start to + + align:start position:0% +that the paper is going to start to + + + align:start position:0% +that the paper is going to start to +decompose or something if I don't get to + + align:start position:0% +decompose or something if I don't get to + + + align:start position:0% +decompose or something if I don't get to +him by five today. So, don't don't uh + + align:start position:0% +him by five today. So, don't don't uh + + + align:start position:0% +him by five today. So, don't don't uh +hurt yourself in the stampede to my + + align:start position:0% +hurt yourself in the stampede to my + + + align:start position:0% +hurt yourself in the stampede to my +office. Okay. Um so, congratulations + + align:start position:0% +office. Okay. Um so, congratulations + + + align:start position:0% +office. Okay. Um so, congratulations +again to those that did well. And uh + + align:start position:0% +again to those that did well. And uh + + + align:start position:0% +again to those that did well. And uh +let's let's do what we can to get + + align:start position:0% +let's let's do what we can to get + + + align:start position:0% +let's let's do what we can to get +everybody over to the right of that blue + + align:start position:0% +everybody over to the right of that blue + + + align:start position:0% +everybody over to the right of that blue +line. Um and uh just to keep the rhythm + + align:start position:0% +line. Um and uh just to keep the rhythm + + + align:start position:0% +line. Um and uh just to keep the rhythm +going, uh we will have a test on uh + + align:start position:0% +going, uh we will have a test on uh + + + align:start position:0% +going, uh we will have a test on uh +Tuesday, the weekly quiz. And I know + + align:start position:0% +Tuesday, the weekly quiz. And I know + + + align:start position:0% +Tuesday, the weekly quiz. And I know +it's only the third quiz, but I like to + + align:start position:0% +it's only the third quiz, but I like to + + + align:start position:0% +it's only the third quiz, but I like to +keep the quiz number the same as the + + align:start position:0% +keep the quiz number the same as the + + + align:start position:0% +keep the quiz number the same as the +homework number. So, Q4 covers homework + + align:start position:0% +homework number. So, Q4 covers homework + + + align:start position:0% +homework number. So, Q4 covers homework +four. Otherwise there's some confusion + + align:start position:0% +four. Otherwise there's some confusion + + + align:start position:0% +four. Otherwise there's some confusion +later on. Um so last day professor + + align:start position:0% +later on. Um so last day professor + + + align:start position:0% +later on. Um so last day professor +Ballinger introduced you to u Lewis who + + align:start position:0% +Ballinger introduced you to u Lewis who + + + align:start position:0% +Ballinger introduced you to u Lewis who +taught us that octet stability could be + + align:start position:0% +taught us that octet stability could be + + + align:start position:0% +taught us that octet stability could be +achieved via electron sharing as an + + align:start position:0% +achieved via electron sharing as an + + + align:start position:0% +achieved via electron sharing as an +alternative to electron transfer and he + + align:start position:0% +alternative to electron transfer and he + + + align:start position:0% +alternative to electron transfer and he +coined the term covealent bonding. It's + + align:start position:0% +coined the term covealent bonding. It's + + + align:start position:0% +coined the term covealent bonding. It's +means cooperative sharing of veence + + align:start position:0% +means cooperative sharing of veence + + + align:start position:0% +means cooperative sharing of veence +electrons. That's what gets uh crunched + + align:start position:0% +electrons. That's what gets uh crunched + + + align:start position:0% +electrons. That's what gets uh crunched +down a covealent bonding. Powing came + + align:start position:0% +down a covealent bonding. Powing came + + + align:start position:0% +down a covealent bonding. Powing came +along later and uh told us that the + + align:start position:0% +along later and uh told us that the + + + align:start position:0% +along later and uh told us that the +electrons are not shared equally. And + + align:start position:0% +electrons are not shared equally. And + + + align:start position:0% +electrons are not shared equally. And +this was important because there was + + align:start position:0% +this was important because there was + + + align:start position:0% +this was important because there was +problems in computing the bond energies + + align:start position:0% +problems in computing the bond energies + + + align:start position:0% +problems in computing the bond energies +of heteronuclear molecules. If you + + align:start position:0% +of heteronuclear molecules. If you + + + align:start position:0% +of heteronuclear molecules. If you +looked at heteronuclear molecules, you + + align:start position:0% +looked at heteronuclear molecules, you + + + align:start position:0% +looked at heteronuclear molecules, you +wanted to compute the bond energy. You + + align:start position:0% +wanted to compute the bond energy. You + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to compute the bond energy. You +might start with the bond energies of + + align:start position:0% +might start with the bond energies of + + + align:start position:0% +might start with the bond energies of +the two constituents and you'd find that + + align:start position:0% +the two constituents and you'd find that + + + align:start position:0% +the two constituents and you'd find that +the bond energy of the heteronuclear + + align:start position:0% +the bond energy of the heteronuclear + + + align:start position:0% +the bond energy of the heteronuclear +molecule was nowhere + + align:start position:0% +molecule was nowhere + + + align:start position:0% +molecule was nowhere +on the average of the two. And that + + align:start position:0% +on the average of the two. And that + + + align:start position:0% +on the average of the two. And that +didn't make sense. If I have one that's + + align:start position:0% +didn't make sense. If I have one that's + + + align:start position:0% +didn't make sense. If I have one that's +400 kJ per mole, another is 200 kJ per + + align:start position:0% +400 kJ per mole, another is 200 kJ per + + + align:start position:0% +400 kJ per mole, another is 200 kJ per +mole and I blend them, how do I get 500 + + align:start position:0% +mole and I blend them, how do I get 500 + + + align:start position:0% +mole and I blend them, how do I get 500 +kJ per mole? That bothered people. And + + align:start position:0% +kJ per mole? That bothered people. And + + + align:start position:0% +kJ per mole? That bothered people. And +Pollen came along and said the unequal + + align:start position:0% +Pollen came along and said the unequal + + + align:start position:0% +Pollen came along and said the unequal +sharing of electrons and a covealent + + align:start position:0% +sharing of electrons and a covealent + + + align:start position:0% +sharing of electrons and a covealent +bond can explain that extra energy. And + + align:start position:0% +bond can explain that extra energy. And + + + align:start position:0% +bond can explain that extra energy. And +he termed the term uh he coined the term + + align:start position:0% +he termed the term uh he coined the term + + + align:start position:0% +he termed the term uh he coined the term +polar covealency. And in particular, he + + align:start position:0% +polar covealency. And in particular, he + + + align:start position:0% +polar covealency. And in particular, he +introduced a quantitative measure. You + + align:start position:0% +introduced a quantitative measure. You + + + align:start position:0% +introduced a quantitative measure. You +see this is why he gets the Nobel Prize + + align:start position:0% +see this is why he gets the Nobel Prize + + + align:start position:0% +see this is why he gets the Nobel Prize +and Lewis did not get the Nobel Prize + + align:start position:0% +and Lewis did not get the Nobel Prize + + + align:start position:0% +and Lewis did not get the Nobel Prize +although Lewis did brilliant work but + + align:start position:0% +although Lewis did brilliant work but + + + align:start position:0% +although Lewis did brilliant work but +Pauling's work was quantitative. He + + align:start position:0% +Pauling's work was quantitative. He + + + align:start position:0% +Pauling's work was quantitative. He +introduced the concept of electro + + align:start position:0% +introduced the concept of electro + + + align:start position:0% +introduced the concept of electro +negativity which was a measure therefore + + align:start position:0% +negativity which was a measure therefore + + + align:start position:0% +negativity which was a measure therefore +it's quantitative a measure of the + + align:start position:0% +it's quantitative a measure of the + + + align:start position:0% +it's quantitative a measure of the +atom's ability to attract electrons + + align:start position:0% +atom's ability to attract electrons + + + align:start position:0% +atom's ability to attract electrons +within a covealent bond and developed a + + align:start position:0% +within a covealent bond and developed a + + + align:start position:0% +within a covealent bond and developed a +scale of electro negativity and uh + + align:start position:0% +scale of electro negativity and uh + + + align:start position:0% +scale of electro negativity and uh +that's shown here and this looks a lot + + align:start position:0% +that's shown here and this looks a lot + + + align:start position:0% +that's shown here and this looks a lot +like the average veence electron energy + + align:start position:0% +like the average veence electron energy + + + align:start position:0% +like the average veence electron energy +doesn't it where the lowest values of + + align:start position:0% +doesn't it where the lowest values of + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't it where the lowest values of +electro negativity are in the metallic + + align:start position:0% +electro negativity are in the metallic + + + align:start position:0% +electro negativity are in the metallic +zone and the highest values of electro + + align:start position:0% +zone and the highest values of electro + + + align:start position:0% +zone and the highest values of electro +negativity are in the non- metallic zone + + align:start position:0% +negativity are in the non- metallic zone + + + align:start position:0% +negativity are in the non- metallic zone +and think about it If this is a measure + + align:start position:0% +and think about it If this is a measure + + + align:start position:0% +and think about it If this is a measure +of the ability of an electron + + align:start position:0% +of the ability of an electron + + + align:start position:0% +of the ability of an electron +to be pulled in a covealent bond. So if + + align:start position:0% +to be pulled in a covealent bond. So if + + + align:start position:0% +to be pulled in a covealent bond. So if +I have H here and F here and F is more + + align:start position:0% +I have H here and F here and F is more + + + align:start position:0% +I have H here and F here and F is more +electrogative than H. And so the + + align:start position:0% +electrogative than H. And so the + + + align:start position:0% +electrogative than H. And so the +electrons instead of being shared + + align:start position:0% +electrons instead of being shared + + + align:start position:0% +electrons instead of being shared +equally, I'm going to show them over + + align:start position:0% +equally, I'm going to show them over + + + align:start position:0% +equally, I'm going to show them over +here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +as if to say florine is hogging the + + align:start position:0% +as if to say florine is hogging the + + + align:start position:0% +as if to say florine is hogging the +electron. It makes sense. If this is + + align:start position:0% +electron. It makes sense. If this is + + + align:start position:0% +electron. It makes sense. If this is +metallic, it's a good electron donor. + + align:start position:0% +metallic, it's a good electron donor. + + + align:start position:0% +metallic, it's a good electron donor. +Well, if it's a good electron donor in + + align:start position:0% +Well, if it's a good electron donor in + + + align:start position:0% +Well, if it's a good electron donor in +an electron transfer reaction, if the + + align:start position:0% +an electron transfer reaction, if the + + + align:start position:0% +an electron transfer reaction, if the +same element finds itself in a covealent + + align:start position:0% +same element finds itself in a covealent + + + align:start position:0% +same element finds itself in a covealent +bond, it's going to be a good electron + + align:start position:0% +bond, it's going to be a good electron + + + align:start position:0% +bond, it's going to be a good electron +donor, although it's not full transfer. + + align:start position:0% +donor, although it's not full transfer. + + + align:start position:0% +donor, although it's not full transfer. +And likewise, the element that's a good + + align:start position:0% +And likewise, the element that's a good + + + align:start position:0% +And likewise, the element that's a good +uh electron acceptor in a electron + + align:start position:0% +uh electron acceptor in a electron + + + align:start position:0% +uh electron acceptor in a electron +transfer reaction is going to be the + + align:start position:0% +transfer reaction is going to be the + + + align:start position:0% +transfer reaction is going to be the +element that's going to hog the + + align:start position:0% +element that's going to hog the + + + align:start position:0% +element that's going to hog the +electrons in a covealent bond. So + + align:start position:0% +electrons in a covealent bond. So + + + align:start position:0% +electrons in a covealent bond. So +there's some consistency here and you + + align:start position:0% +there's some consistency here and you + + + align:start position:0% +there's some consistency here and you +see where the most electrogative + + align:start position:0% +see where the most electrogative + + + align:start position:0% +see where the most electrogative +elements are and florine is the most + + align:start position:0% +elements are and florine is the most + + + align:start position:0% +elements are and florine is the most +electrogative of the active elements. I + + align:start position:0% +electrogative of the active elements. I + + + align:start position:0% +electrogative of the active elements. I +know neon has a higher yet electro + + align:start position:0% +know neon has a higher yet electro + + + align:start position:0% +know neon has a higher yet electro +negativity but normally it is inert. + + align:start position:0% +negativity but normally it is inert. + + + align:start position:0% +negativity but normally it is inert. +So um how do we use this electro + + align:start position:0% +So um how do we use this electro + + + align:start position:0% +So um how do we use this electro +negativity? Well uh I mentioned to you + + align:start position:0% +negativity? Well uh I mentioned to you + + + align:start position:0% +negativity? Well uh I mentioned to you +that there was this mystery. So let's go + + align:start position:0% +that there was this mystery. So let's go + + + align:start position:0% +that there was this mystery. So let's go +back and review one of these. This is + + align:start position:0% +back and review one of these. This is + + + align:start position:0% +back and review one of these. This is +the um uh homonuclear bond energy for + + align:start position:0% +the um uh homonuclear bond energy for + + + align:start position:0% +the um uh homonuclear bond energy for +hydrogen in pure hydrogen. So there we + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen in pure hydrogen. So there we + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen in pure hydrogen. So there we +have perfect covealency. Both hydrogens + + align:start position:0% +have perfect covealency. Both hydrogens + + + align:start position:0% +have perfect covealency. Both hydrogens +are going to share equally. We don't + + align:start position:0% +are going to share equally. We don't + + + align:start position:0% +are going to share equally. We don't +have two different species of hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +have two different species of hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +have two different species of hydrogen +here. So the electrons are perfectly + + align:start position:0% +here. So the electrons are perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +here. So the electrons are perfectly +shared. And this turns out to have a + + align:start position:0% +shared. And this turns out to have a + + + align:start position:0% +shared. And this turns out to have a +bond strength of 435 + + align:start position:0% +bond strength of 435 + + + align:start position:0% +bond strength of 435 +K per mole. And likewise if we look at + + align:start position:0% +K per mole. And likewise if we look at + + + align:start position:0% +K per mole. And likewise if we look at +florine in its + + align:start position:0% +florine in its + + + align:start position:0% +florine in its +diatomic molecule, it's 160 K per mole. + + align:start position:0% +diatomic molecule, it's 160 K per mole. + + + align:start position:0% +diatomic molecule, it's 160 K per mole. +And yet the bond energy in HF, + + align:start position:0% +And yet the bond energy in HF, + + + align:start position:0% +And yet the bond energy in HF, +the bond energy in HF, + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +just so that we're clear, this is the + + align:start position:0% +just so that we're clear, this is the + + + align:start position:0% +just so that we're clear, this is the +bond in this compound. As we'll see a + + align:start position:0% +bond in this compound. As we'll see a + + + align:start position:0% +bond in this compound. As we'll see a +little bit later, I could talk about the + + align:start position:0% +little bit later, I could talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +little bit later, I could talk about the +carbon hydrogen bond in methane where + + align:start position:0% +carbon hydrogen bond in methane where + + + align:start position:0% +carbon hydrogen bond in methane where +there is a plurality of bonds. In this + + align:start position:0% +there is a plurality of bonds. In this + + + align:start position:0% +there is a plurality of bonds. In this +case, there's only the one bond, but I + + align:start position:0% +case, there's only the one bond, but I + + + align:start position:0% +case, there's only the one bond, but I +just want to get the formalism. So, this + + align:start position:0% +just want to get the formalism. So, this + + + align:start position:0% +just want to get the formalism. So, this +is the HF bond in HF. It's nowhere on + + align:start position:0% +is the HF bond in HF. It's nowhere on + + + align:start position:0% +is the HF bond in HF. It's nowhere on +this interval. And this is what puzzled + + align:start position:0% +this interval. And this is what puzzled + + + align:start position:0% +this interval. And this is what puzzled +people. It's 5 69 K per mole. So there's + + align:start position:0% +people. It's 5 69 K per mole. So there's + + + align:start position:0% +people. It's 5 69 K per mole. So there's +something extra going on. And so what + + align:start position:0% +something extra going on. And so what + + + align:start position:0% +something extra going on. And so what +what Pingling gave us was a formula. So + + align:start position:0% +what Pingling gave us was a formula. So + + + align:start position:0% +what Pingling gave us was a formula. So +he said if you take an XY the XY bond + + align:start position:0% +he said if you take an XY the XY bond + + + align:start position:0% +he said if you take an XY the XY bond +energy + + align:start position:0% +energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy +XY bond energy starting + + align:start position:0% +XY bond energy starting + + + align:start position:0% +XY bond energy starting +starting with the bond energies XX and + + align:start position:0% +starting with the bond energies XX and + + + align:start position:0% +starting with the bond energies XX and +YY + + align:start position:0% +YY + + + align:start position:0% +YY +bond energies. + + align:start position:0% +bond energies. + + + align:start position:0% +bond energies. +This is how to make sense of it. What + + align:start position:0% +This is how to make sense of it. What + + + align:start position:0% +This is how to make sense of it. What +Pauling taught us was that the energy of + + align:start position:0% +Pauling taught us was that the energy of + + + align:start position:0% +Pauling taught us was that the energy of +the XY bond is equal to the average. + + align:start position:0% +the XY bond is equal to the average. + + + align:start position:0% +the XY bond is equal to the average. +Yeah, we're going to start with the + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, we're going to start with the + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, we're going to start with the +average. That's a good place to start. + + align:start position:0% +average. That's a good place to start. + + + align:start position:0% +average. That's a good place to start. +And he defined the average in terms of + + align:start position:0% +And he defined the average in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +And he defined the average in terms of +not the sum divided by two, but he chose + + align:start position:0% +not the sum divided by two, but he chose + + + align:start position:0% +not the sum divided by two, but he chose +the geometric mean. So you take the + + align:start position:0% +the geometric mean. So you take the + + + align:start position:0% +the geometric mean. So you take the +product, the square root of the product. + + align:start position:0% +product, the square root of the product. + + + align:start position:0% +product, the square root of the product. +And in fact there are some very old + + align:start position:0% +And in fact there are some very old + + + align:start position:0% +And in fact there are some very old +books that show this as the the average + + align:start position:0% +books that show this as the the average + + + align:start position:0% +books that show this as the the average +the sum divided by two arithmetic mean + + align:start position:0% +the sum divided by two arithmetic mean + + + align:start position:0% +the sum divided by two arithmetic mean +but the modern practice is to use the + + align:start position:0% +but the modern practice is to use the + + + align:start position:0% +but the modern practice is to use the +geometric mean. And then he said there's + + align:start position:0% +geometric mean. And then he said there's + + + align:start position:0% +geometric mean. And then he said there's +a second term here a contribution to the + + align:start position:0% +a second term here a contribution to the + + + align:start position:0% +a second term here a contribution to the +unequal sharing. And to measure the uh + + align:start position:0% +unequal sharing. And to measure the uh + + + align:start position:0% +unequal sharing. And to measure the uh +intensity of unequal sharing we take the + + align:start position:0% +intensity of unequal sharing we take the + + + align:start position:0% +intensity of unequal sharing we take the +difference in electro negativity which + + align:start position:0% +difference in electro negativity which + + + align:start position:0% +difference in electro negativity which +I'm going to use the Greek symbol kai + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to use the Greek symbol kai + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to use the Greek symbol kai +for. This is lowercase kai. So I'll take + + align:start position:0% +for. This is lowercase kai. So I'll take + + + align:start position:0% +for. This is lowercase kai. So I'll take +kai x minus k y. And the functionality + + align:start position:0% +kai x minus k y. And the functionality + + + align:start position:0% +kai x minus k y. And the functionality +it goes as the square of the difference + + align:start position:0% +it goes as the square of the difference + + + align:start position:0% +it goes as the square of the difference +in electro negativity and the prefactor + + align:start position:0% +in electro negativity and the prefactor + + + align:start position:0% +in electro negativity and the prefactor +is 96.3 + + align:start position:0% +is 96.3 + + + align:start position:0% +is 96.3 +when you want to get a result in KJ per + + align:start position:0% +when you want to get a result in KJ per + + + align:start position:0% +when you want to get a result in KJ per +mole. So let's go through this + + align:start position:0% +mole. So let's go through this + + + align:start position:0% +mole. So let's go through this +calculation for uh HF. If we look at 435 + + align:start position:0% +calculation for uh HF. If we look at 435 + + + align:start position:0% +calculation for uh HF. If we look at 435 +* 160 take the square root of that we'll + + align:start position:0% +* 160 take the square root of that we'll + + + align:start position:0% +* 160 take the square root of that we'll +end up with 264 + + align:start position:0% +end up with 264 + + + align:start position:0% +end up with 264 +K per mole which sensibly lies between + + align:start position:0% +K per mole which sensibly lies between + + + align:start position:0% +K per mole which sensibly lies between +these two values. And then this second + + align:start position:0% +these two values. And then this second + + + align:start position:0% +these two values. And then this second +term we go to the periodic table we'll + + align:start position:0% +term we go to the periodic table we'll + + + align:start position:0% +term we go to the periodic table we'll +find that the value here for hydrogen is + + align:start position:0% +find that the value here for hydrogen is + + + align:start position:0% +find that the value here for hydrogen is +2.2 and the value for florine is 3.98. + + align:start position:0% +2.2 and the value for florine is 3.98. + + + align:start position:0% +2.2 and the value for florine is 3.98. +You plug all of this in and you get 344 + + align:start position:0% +You plug all of this in and you get 344 + + + align:start position:0% +You plug all of this in and you get 344 +K per mole which then sums to 608. Now + + align:start position:0% +K per mole which then sums to 608. Now + + + align:start position:0% +K per mole which then sums to 608. Now +608 is not 569. But remember this is + + align:start position:0% +608 is not 569. But remember this is + + + align:start position:0% +608 is not 569. But remember this is +very uh rough estimate. But the the the + + align:start position:0% +very uh rough estimate. But the the the + + + align:start position:0% +very uh rough estimate. But the the the +beauty in this calculation is it shows + + align:start position:0% +beauty in this calculation is it shows + + + align:start position:0% +beauty in this calculation is it shows +that this concept of electron uh sharing + + align:start position:0% +that this concept of electron uh sharing + + + align:start position:0% +that this concept of electron uh sharing +in an unequal manner is sound and it and + + align:start position:0% +in an unequal manner is sound and it and + + + align:start position:0% +in an unequal manner is sound and it and +it gets you into the right ballpark. And + + align:start position:0% +it gets you into the right ballpark. And + + + align:start position:0% +it gets you into the right ballpark. And +so um Pauling went further and he said + + align:start position:0% +so um Pauling went further and he said + + + align:start position:0% +so um Pauling went further and he said +this is the purely covealent component. + + align:start position:0% +this is the purely covealent component. + + + align:start position:0% +this is the purely covealent component. +This is purely covealent because all it + + align:start position:0% +This is purely covealent because all it + + + align:start position:0% +This is purely covealent because all it +is is homuclear bond energies. + + align:start position:0% +is is homuclear bond energies. + + + align:start position:0% +is is homuclear bond energies. +Homonuclear means both both uh elements + + align:start position:0% +Homonuclear means both both uh elements + + + align:start position:0% +Homonuclear means both both uh elements +in the molecule are the same. They + + align:start position:0% +in the molecule are the same. They + + + align:start position:0% +in the molecule are the same. They +instead of there's no homoelemental they + + align:start position:0% +instead of there's no homoelemental they + + + align:start position:0% +instead of there's no homoelemental they +say homonuclear. All right. So this is + + align:start position:0% +say homonuclear. All right. So this is + + + align:start position:0% +say homonuclear. All right. So this is +purely covealent. And what's this? He + + align:start position:0% +purely covealent. And what's this? He + + + align:start position:0% +purely covealent. And what's this? He +said this is partial ionic character. + + align:start position:0% +said this is partial ionic character. + + + align:start position:0% +said this is partial ionic character. +Partial ionic + + align:start position:0% +Partial ionic + + + align:start position:0% +Partial ionic +character. Why did he choose that term? + + align:start position:0% +character. Why did he choose that term? + + + align:start position:0% +character. Why did he choose that term? +Well, I like to think of it as I've got + + align:start position:0% +Well, I like to think of it as I've got + + + align:start position:0% +Well, I like to think of it as I've got +this sort of uh a sharing meter and I'll + + align:start position:0% +this sort of uh a sharing meter and I'll + + + align:start position:0% +this sort of uh a sharing meter and I'll +give you the extremes. So, if I look at + + align:start position:0% +give you the extremes. So, if I look at + + + align:start position:0% +give you the extremes. So, if I look at +a homonuclear molecule such as atom + + align:start position:0% +a homonuclear molecule such as atom + + + align:start position:0% +a homonuclear molecule such as atom +molecular hydrogen, this is perfect + + align:start position:0% +molecular hydrogen, this is perfect + + + align:start position:0% +molecular hydrogen, this is perfect +sharing. So, if this is my sharing + + align:start position:0% +sharing. So, if this is my sharing + + + align:start position:0% +sharing. So, if this is my sharing +meter, + + align:start position:0% +meter, + + + align:start position:0% +meter, +this is electron sharing. Electron + + align:start position:0% +this is electron sharing. Electron + + + align:start position:0% +this is electron sharing. Electron +sharing meter. It's right at 12:00. All + + align:start position:0% +sharing meter. It's right at 12:00. All + + + align:start position:0% +sharing meter. It's right at 12:00. All +right. Now, if I get over here, HF, I + + align:start position:0% +right. Now, if I get over here, HF, I + + + align:start position:0% +right. Now, if I get over here, HF, I +know that the florine is hogging the + + align:start position:0% +know that the florine is hogging the + + + align:start position:0% +know that the florine is hogging the +electrons. So it's not equal sharing. + + align:start position:0% +electrons. So it's not equal sharing. + + + align:start position:0% +electrons. So it's not equal sharing. +It's over here. All right. So this is + + align:start position:0% +It's over here. All right. So this is + + + align:start position:0% +It's over here. All right. So this is +this is pure covealency. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +This is pure covealency. This is polar + + align:start position:0% +This is pure covealency. This is polar + + + align:start position:0% +This is pure covealency. This is polar +covealency. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And why did he call it polar coalency? + + align:start position:0% +And why did he call it polar coalency? + + + align:start position:0% +And why did he call it polar coalency? +Because if you look at this molecule, + + align:start position:0% +Because if you look at this molecule, + + + align:start position:0% +Because if you look at this molecule, +you say that well the electrons are a + + align:start position:0% +you say that well the electrons are a + + + align:start position:0% +you say that well the electrons are a +little bit closer to the right than to + + align:start position:0% +little bit closer to the right than to + + + align:start position:0% +little bit closer to the right than to +the left. So the charge isn't uniformly + + align:start position:0% +the left. So the charge isn't uniformly + + + align:start position:0% +the left. So the charge isn't uniformly +distributed. It's net neutral. The + + align:start position:0% +distributed. It's net neutral. The + + + align:start position:0% +distributed. It's net neutral. The +molecule is net neutral. But this right + + align:start position:0% +molecule is net neutral. But this right + + + align:start position:0% +molecule is net neutral. But this right +end is a little bit more negative and + + align:start position:0% +end is a little bit more negative and + + + align:start position:0% +end is a little bit more negative and +the left end is a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +the left end is a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +the left end is a little bit more +positive. And in physics when physicist + + align:start position:0% +positive. And in physics when physicist + + + align:start position:0% +positive. And in physics when physicist +wants to say a little bit of the + + align:start position:0% +wants to say a little bit of the + + + align:start position:0% +wants to say a little bit of the +physicist writes lowercase delta that's + + align:start position:0% +physicist writes lowercase delta that's + + + align:start position:0% +physicist writes lowercase delta that's +physics talk for a little bit of so this + + align:start position:0% +physics talk for a little bit of so this + + + align:start position:0% +physics talk for a little bit of so this +is a little bit negative and this is a + + align:start position:0% +is a little bit negative and this is a + + + align:start position:0% +is a little bit negative and this is a +little bit positive which means I could + + align:start position:0% +little bit positive which means I could + + + align:start position:0% +little bit positive which means I could +model this by drawing + + align:start position:0% +model this by drawing + + + align:start position:0% +model this by drawing +a dipole. This is a dipole. + + align:start position:0% +a dipole. This is a dipole. + + + align:start position:0% +a dipole. This is a dipole. +It's got a negative end and a positive + + align:start position:0% +It's got a negative end and a positive + + + align:start position:0% +It's got a negative end and a positive +end and it has certain properties. If we + + align:start position:0% +end and it has certain properties. If we + + + align:start position:0% +end and it has certain properties. If we +put a dipole that has the freedom to + + align:start position:0% +put a dipole that has the freedom to + + + align:start position:0% +put a dipole that has the freedom to +move. We put that dipole in an electric + + align:start position:0% +move. We put that dipole in an electric + + + align:start position:0% +move. We put that dipole in an electric +field, it will align itself with the + + align:start position:0% +field, it will align itself with the + + + align:start position:0% +field, it will align itself with the +field lines. Okay. So, because this is a + + align:start position:0% +field lines. Okay. So, because this is a + + + align:start position:0% +field lines. Okay. So, because this is a +dipole, he chose the pole part of dipole + + align:start position:0% +dipole, he chose the pole part of dipole + + + align:start position:0% +dipole, he chose the pole part of dipole +to give us polar covealency. And what's + + align:start position:0% +to give us polar covealency. And what's + + + align:start position:0% +to give us polar covealency. And what's +the ultimate? What's the what's the + + align:start position:0% +the ultimate? What's the what's the + + + align:start position:0% +the ultimate? What's the what's the +extreme of of unequal sharing? It's une + + align:start position:0% +extreme of of unequal sharing? It's une + + + align:start position:0% +extreme of of unequal sharing? It's une +it's electron transfer. So, this is + + align:start position:0% +it's electron transfer. So, this is + + + align:start position:0% +it's electron transfer. So, this is +perfect sharing, unequal sharing. And + + align:start position:0% +perfect sharing, unequal sharing. And + + + align:start position:0% +perfect sharing, unequal sharing. And +here the electrons are are actually + + align:start position:0% +here the electrons are are actually + + + align:start position:0% +here the electrons are are actually +donated. So this becomes F minus. This + + align:start position:0% +donated. So this becomes F minus. This + + + align:start position:0% +donated. So this becomes F minus. This +is denuted of an electron. It's Na+. And + + align:start position:0% +is denuted of an electron. It's Na+. And + + + align:start position:0% +is denuted of an electron. It's Na+. And +so this one here I'm going to say let's + + align:start position:0% +so this one here I'm going to say let's + + + align:start position:0% +so this one here I'm going to say let's +bury the needle on this one. Okay. This + + align:start position:0% +bury the needle on this one. Okay. This + + + align:start position:0% +bury the needle on this one. Okay. This +is this is the ultimate in unequal + + align:start position:0% +is this is the ultimate in unequal + + + align:start position:0% +is this is the ultimate in unequal +sharing. And this is ionic, right? + + align:start position:0% +sharing. And this is ionic, right? + + + align:start position:0% +sharing. And this is ionic, right? +This is ionic bonding. + + align:start position:0% +This is ionic bonding. + + + align:start position:0% +This is ionic bonding. +So you can see that polar covealency is + + align:start position:0% +So you can see that polar covealency is + + + align:start position:0% +So you can see that polar covealency is +a tendency towards ionic bonding. And + + align:start position:0% +a tendency towards ionic bonding. And + + + align:start position:0% +a tendency towards ionic bonding. And +that's why pollen called this partial + + align:start position:0% +that's why pollen called this partial + + + align:start position:0% +that's why pollen called this partial +ionic character. And uh he actually + + align:start position:0% +ionic character. And uh he actually + + + align:start position:0% +ionic character. And uh he actually +quantified it. He quantified it by this + + align:start position:0% +quantified it. He quantified it by this + + + align:start position:0% +quantified it. He quantified it by this +formula. He said that the percent ionic + + align:start position:0% +formula. He said that the percent ionic + + + align:start position:0% +formula. He said that the percent ionic +character and this is within a bond not + + align:start position:0% +character and this is within a bond not + + + align:start position:0% +character and this is within a bond not +for a compound. This is percent ionic + + align:start position:0% +for a compound. This is percent ionic + + + align:start position:0% +for a compound. This is percent ionic +character for a covealent bond. + + align:start position:0% +character for a covealent bond. + + + align:start position:0% +character for a covealent bond. +For a covealent bond he said that's + + align:start position:0% +For a covealent bond he said that's + + + align:start position:0% +For a covealent bond he said that's +going to equal + + align:start position:0% +going to equal + + + align:start position:0% +going to equal +one minus + + align:start position:0% +one minus + + + align:start position:0% +one minus +the exponential. So this is just uh base + + align:start position:0% +the exponential. So this is just uh base + + + align:start position:0% +the exponential. So this is just uh base +e natural logarithm e to the power of + + align:start position:0% +e natural logarithm e to the power of + + + align:start position:0% +e natural logarithm e to the power of +minus one/4 times the difference in + + align:start position:0% +minus one/4 times the difference in + + + align:start position:0% +minus one/4 times the difference in +electro negativity squared. So it's this + + align:start position:0% +electro negativity squared. So it's this + + + align:start position:0% +electro negativity squared. So it's this +uh thing again. You see the difference + + align:start position:0% +uh thing again. You see the difference + + + align:start position:0% +uh thing again. You see the difference +in electro negativity. Square it + + align:start position:0% +in electro negativity. Square it + + + align:start position:0% +in electro negativity. Square it +multiply it by a quarter and + + align:start position:0% +multiply it by a quarter and + + + align:start position:0% +multiply it by a quarter and +raise that to the power e subtract that + + align:start position:0% +raise that to the power e subtract that + + + align:start position:0% +raise that to the power e subtract that +from one. Multiply it by 100 and you + + align:start position:0% +from one. Multiply it by 100 and you + + + align:start position:0% +from one. Multiply it by 100 and you +have something between zero and 100. And + + align:start position:0% +have something between zero and 100. And + + + align:start position:0% +have something between zero and 100. And +uh I think there is some uh evidence of + + align:start position:0% +uh I think there is some uh evidence of + + + align:start position:0% +uh I think there is some uh evidence of +that here. So this is right off your + + align:start position:0% +that here. So this is right off your + + + align:start position:0% +that here. So this is right off your +periodic table. If you look up in the + + align:start position:0% +periodic table. If you look up in the + + + align:start position:0% +periodic table. If you look up in the +corner of your periodic table on one of + + align:start position:0% +corner of your periodic table on one of + + + align:start position:0% +corner of your periodic table on one of +the sides, they've actually tabulated + + align:start position:0% +the sides, they've actually tabulated + + + align:start position:0% +the sides, they've actually tabulated +this for you. So, I've rewritten the + + align:start position:0% +this for you. So, I've rewritten the + + + align:start position:0% +this for you. So, I've rewritten the +formula here. And these are there are + + align:start position:0% +formula here. And these are there are + + + align:start position:0% +formula here. And these are there are +two different um uh scales of ionic + + align:start position:0% +two different um uh scales of ionic + + + align:start position:0% +two different um uh scales of ionic +character. One by polling. Actually, + + align:start position:0% +character. One by polling. Actually, + + + align:start position:0% +character. One by polling. Actually, +there's more than two, but they they + + align:start position:0% +there's more than two, but they they + + + align:start position:0% +there's more than two, but they they +show these two. There's pying. There's + + align:start position:0% +show these two. There's pying. There's + + + align:start position:0% +show these two. There's pying. There's +one H and Smite. And so, here's Ping. + + align:start position:0% +one H and Smite. And so, here's Ping. + + + align:start position:0% +one H and Smite. And so, here's Ping. +And um we could we could do this for um + + align:start position:0% +And um we could we could do this for um + + + align:start position:0% +And um we could we could do this for um +our our compound here, HF. for HF just + + align:start position:0% +our our compound here, HF. for HF just + + + align:start position:0% +our our compound here, HF. for HF just +for grins and chuckles. So, let's do it. + + align:start position:0% +for grins and chuckles. So, let's do it. + + + align:start position:0% +for grins and chuckles. So, let's do it. +The electro negativity of florine is + + align:start position:0% +The electro negativity of florine is + + + align:start position:0% +The electro negativity of florine is +3.98 and the electro negativity of H is + + align:start position:0% +3.98 and the electro negativity of H is + + + align:start position:0% +3.98 and the electro negativity of H is +2.20 on this scale. And so, if you plug + + align:start position:0% +2.20 on this scale. And so, if you plug + + + align:start position:0% +2.20 on this scale. And so, if you plug +these values into this formula, that + + align:start position:0% +these values into this formula, that + + + align:start position:0% +these values into this formula, that +will give you that the percent ionic + + align:start position:0% +will give you that the percent ionic + + + align:start position:0% +will give you that the percent ionic +character for the HF bond. And see, I + + align:start position:0% +character for the HF bond. And see, I + + + align:start position:0% +character for the HF bond. And see, I +want to make sure that you don't think + + align:start position:0% +want to make sure that you don't think + + + align:start position:0% +want to make sure that you don't think +that this is the percent ionic character + + align:start position:0% +that this is the percent ionic character + + + align:start position:0% +that this is the percent ionic character +of the compound. So, I'm going to be + + align:start position:0% +of the compound. So, I'm going to be + + + align:start position:0% +of the compound. So, I'm going to be +really fastidious here and indicate that + + align:start position:0% +really fastidious here and indicate that + + + align:start position:0% +really fastidious here and indicate that +I'm talking about the HF bond. If you uh + + align:start position:0% +I'm talking about the HF bond. If you uh + + + align:start position:0% +I'm talking about the HF bond. If you uh +plug into this formula here, you end up + + align:start position:0% +plug into this formula here, you end up + + + align:start position:0% +plug into this formula here, you end up +with um + + align:start position:0% +with um + + + align:start position:0% +with um +56%. + + align:start position:0% +56%. + + + align:start position:0% +56%. +And that's already been tabulated up + + align:start position:0% +And that's already been tabulated up + + + align:start position:0% +And that's already been tabulated up +there in the nomograph. You'll see if + + align:start position:0% +there in the nomograph. You'll see if + + + align:start position:0% +there in the nomograph. You'll see if +you get I think the delta here is 1 uh + + align:start position:0% +you get I think the delta here is 1 uh + + + align:start position:0% +you get I think the delta here is 1 uh +78, which is roughly 1.8. And there you + + align:start position:0% +78, which is roughly 1.8. And there you + + + align:start position:0% +78, which is roughly 1.8. And there you +see the 56. Now, how does that just to + + align:start position:0% +see the 56. Now, how does that just to + + + align:start position:0% +see the 56. Now, how does that just to +give you a sense of what that means? If + + align:start position:0% +give you a sense of what that means? If + + + align:start position:0% +give you a sense of what that means? If +the 264 figure is pure covealency and + + align:start position:0% +the 264 figure is pure covealency and + + + align:start position:0% +the 264 figure is pure covealency and +the 344 is partial ionic character, what + + align:start position:0% +the 344 is partial ionic character, what + + + align:start position:0% +the 344 is partial ionic character, what +fraction of the 608 is 344? + + align:start position:0% +fraction of the 608 is 344? + + + align:start position:0% +fraction of the 608 is 344? +344 which is partial ionic character + + align:start position:0% +344 which is partial ionic character + + + align:start position:0% +344 which is partial ionic character +divided by 608 * 100 uh is 57%. + + align:start position:0% +divided by 608 * 100 uh is 57%. + + + align:start position:0% +divided by 608 * 100 uh is 57%. +So it makes sense. It makes sense. + + align:start position:0% +So it makes sense. It makes sense. + + + align:start position:0% +So it makes sense. It makes sense. +So that's good. We can do all sorts of + + align:start position:0% +So that's good. We can do all sorts of + + + align:start position:0% +So that's good. We can do all sorts of +things with this thing. Uh so I I + + align:start position:0% +things with this thing. Uh so I I + + + align:start position:0% +things with this thing. Uh so I I +indicated the molecule there. There's + + align:start position:0% +indicated the molecule there. There's + + + align:start position:0% +indicated the molecule there. There's +another uh uh orthography that's used to + + align:start position:0% +another uh uh orthography that's used to + + + align:start position:0% +another uh uh orthography that's used to +indicate dipole. You can use delta minus + + align:start position:0% +indicate dipole. You can use delta minus + + + align:start position:0% +indicate dipole. You can use delta minus +delta plus. Some people like to use an + + align:start position:0% +delta plus. Some people like to use an + + + align:start position:0% +delta plus. Some people like to use an +arrow and the arrow points in the + + align:start position:0% +arrow and the arrow points in the + + + align:start position:0% +arrow and the arrow points in the +direction of the more electrogative end. + + align:start position:0% +direction of the more electrogative end. + + + align:start position:0% +direction of the more electrogative end. +And the way I remember that is I put a + + align:start position:0% +And the way I remember that is I put a + + + align:start position:0% +And the way I remember that is I put a +little cross here and then I make that + + align:start position:0% +little cross here and then I make that + + + align:start position:0% +little cross here and then I make that +the plus end. I don't know you you can + + align:start position:0% +the plus end. I don't know you you can + + + align:start position:0% +the plus end. I don't know you you can +have your own pneummonic device to + + align:start position:0% +have your own pneummonic device to + + + align:start position:0% +have your own pneummonic device to +figure that out. But anyway, so let's + + align:start position:0% +figure that out. But anyway, so let's + + + align:start position:0% +figure that out. But anyway, so let's +let's go on and look at another one. I + + align:start position:0% +let's go on and look at another one. I + + + align:start position:0% +let's go on and look at another one. I +think last day Professor Ballinger did + + align:start position:0% +think last day Professor Ballinger did + + + align:start position:0% +think last day Professor Ballinger did +uh did this one. needed some + + align:start position:0% +uh did this one. needed some + + + align:start position:0% +uh did this one. needed some +hybridization. Methane. All right. So, + + align:start position:0% +hybridization. Methane. All right. So, + + + align:start position:0% +hybridization. Methane. All right. So, +here's methane. Methane looks like this + + align:start position:0% +here's methane. Methane looks like this + + + align:start position:0% +here's methane. Methane looks like this +with the sp3 hybridization. So, let's + + align:start position:0% +with the sp3 hybridization. So, let's + + + align:start position:0% +with the sp3 hybridization. So, let's +let's look at that one. See, here we've + + align:start position:0% +let's look at that one. See, here we've + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at that one. See, here we've +got a dipole. We only have the one bond. + + align:start position:0% +got a dipole. We only have the one bond. + + + align:start position:0% +got a dipole. We only have the one bond. +So, the actual HF molecule + + align:start position:0% +So, the actual HF molecule + + + align:start position:0% +So, the actual HF molecule +HF molecule is polar. HF molecule is + + align:start position:0% +HF molecule is polar. HF molecule is + + + align:start position:0% +HF molecule is polar. HF molecule is +polar. Has a net dipole. Whereas H2 + + align:start position:0% +polar. Has a net dipole. Whereas H2 + + + align:start position:0% +polar. Has a net dipole. Whereas H2 +is non-polar. + + align:start position:0% +is non-polar. + + + align:start position:0% +is non-polar. +H2 non-polar. + + align:start position:0% +H2 non-polar. + + + align:start position:0% +H2 non-polar. +How do I know its charge distribution is + + align:start position:0% +How do I know its charge distribution is + + + align:start position:0% +How do I know its charge distribution is +perfectly symmetric. The electrons here + + align:start position:0% +perfectly symmetric. The electrons here + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly symmetric. The electrons here +are shared equally. So that's non-polar. + + align:start position:0% +are shared equally. So that's non-polar. + + + align:start position:0% +are shared equally. So that's non-polar. +And likewise for florine F2. So let's + + align:start position:0% +And likewise for florine F2. So let's + + + align:start position:0% +And likewise for florine F2. So let's +look at uh methane. So methane we can + + align:start position:0% +look at uh methane. So methane we can + + + align:start position:0% +look at uh methane. So methane we can +draw it looks like this. We've got + + align:start position:0% +draw it looks like this. We've got + + + align:start position:0% +draw it looks like this. We've got +carbon sp3 hybridization, right? CH4 is + + align:start position:0% +carbon sp3 hybridization, right? CH4 is + + + align:start position:0% +carbon sp3 hybridization, right? CH4 is +sp3 + + align:start position:0% +sp3 + + + align:start position:0% +sp3 +carbon hybridization. + + align:start position:0% +carbon hybridization. + + + align:start position:0% +carbon hybridization. +So it allows four bonds to form instead + + align:start position:0% +So it allows four bonds to form instead + + + align:start position:0% +So it allows four bonds to form instead +of just two. And so now I've got + + align:start position:0% +of just two. And so now I've got + + + align:start position:0% +of just two. And so now I've got +hydrogens's at the four corners of a + + align:start position:0% +hydrogens's at the four corners of a + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogens's at the four corners of a +tetrahedrin. So now I want to ask what's + + align:start position:0% +tetrahedrin. So now I want to ask what's + + + align:start position:0% +tetrahedrin. So now I want to ask what's +the nature of the carbon hydrogen bond? + + align:start position:0% +the nature of the carbon hydrogen bond? + + + align:start position:0% +the nature of the carbon hydrogen bond? +What's the nature of the carbon hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +What's the nature of the carbon hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +What's the nature of the carbon hydrogen +bond? And I look up and I see that the + + align:start position:0% +bond? And I look up and I see that the + + + align:start position:0% +bond? And I look up and I see that the +electro negativity of carbon is 2.55 and + + align:start position:0% +electro negativity of carbon is 2.55 and + + + align:start position:0% +electro negativity of carbon is 2.55 and +the electro negativity of hydrogen we + + align:start position:0% +the electro negativity of hydrogen we + + + align:start position:0% +the electro negativity of hydrogen we +already know is 2.20. So there's a + + align:start position:0% +already know is 2.20. So there's a + + + align:start position:0% +already know is 2.20. So there's a +difference in electro negativity and + + align:start position:0% +difference in electro negativity and + + + align:start position:0% +difference in electro negativity and +since carbon's electro negativity is + + align:start position:0% +since carbon's electro negativity is + + + align:start position:0% +since carbon's electro negativity is +higher than that of hydrogen which you'd + + align:start position:0% +higher than that of hydrogen which you'd + + + align:start position:0% +higher than that of hydrogen which you'd +expect from where carbon lies on the + + align:start position:0% +expect from where carbon lies on the + + + align:start position:0% +expect from where carbon lies on the +periodic table. Think about it. See if + + align:start position:0% +periodic table. Think about it. See if + + + align:start position:0% +periodic table. Think about it. See if +you know the periodic table then you + + align:start position:0% +you know the periodic table then you + + + align:start position:0% +you know the periodic table then you +know where relative elements where + + align:start position:0% +know where relative elements where + + + align:start position:0% +know where relative elements where +elements are relative to one another. So + + align:start position:0% +elements are relative to one another. So + + + align:start position:0% +elements are relative to one another. So +at any moment you know in any bond which + + align:start position:0% +at any moment you know in any bond which + + + align:start position:0% +at any moment you know in any bond which +is the more electropositive. + + align:start position:0% +is the more electropositive. + + + align:start position:0% +is the more electropositive. +Electropositive is down to the left + + align:start position:0% +Electropositive is down to the left + + + align:start position:0% +Electropositive is down to the left +because that's where the metals live. So + + align:start position:0% +because that's where the metals live. So + + + align:start position:0% +because that's where the metals live. So +carbon is to the right of hydrogen. This + + align:start position:0% +carbon is to the right of hydrogen. This + + + align:start position:0% +carbon is to the right of hydrogen. This +is more electrogative. So let's look at + + align:start position:0% +is more electrogative. So let's look at + + + align:start position:0% +is more electrogative. So let's look at +this carbon hydrogen bond. What's that + + align:start position:0% +this carbon hydrogen bond. What's that + + + align:start position:0% +this carbon hydrogen bond. What's that +tell you? It tells you that it's first + + align:start position:0% +tell you? It tells you that it's first + + + align:start position:0% +tell you? It tells you that it's first +of all there's polarity here. The + + align:start position:0% +of all there's polarity here. The + + + align:start position:0% +of all there's polarity here. The +electrons are not equally shared and the + + align:start position:0% +electrons are not equally shared and the + + + align:start position:0% +electrons are not equally shared and the +carbon hogs the electrons a little bit + + align:start position:0% +carbon hogs the electrons a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +carbon hogs the electrons a little bit +more than the hydrogen. So the carbon is + + align:start position:0% +more than the hydrogen. So the carbon is + + + align:start position:0% +more than the hydrogen. So the carbon is +electronrich and the + + align:start position:0% +electronrich and the + + + align:start position:0% +electronrich and the +hydrogen is just a little bit + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen is just a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen is just a little bit +electrondeicient. + + align:start position:0% +electrondeicient. + + + align:start position:0% +electrondeicient. +So now the question is um well first of + + align:start position:0% +So now the question is um well first of + + + align:start position:0% +So now the question is um well first of +all let's get that down. Let's show that + + align:start position:0% +all let's get that down. Let's show that + + + align:start position:0% +all let's get that down. Let's show that +carbon hydrogen is polar. It's a polar + + align:start position:0% +carbon hydrogen is polar. It's a polar + + + align:start position:0% +carbon hydrogen is polar. It's a polar +bond. This is delta minus and this is + + align:start position:0% +bond. This is delta minus and this is + + + align:start position:0% +bond. This is delta minus and this is +delta plus. So I have a polar bond. + + align:start position:0% +delta plus. So I have a polar bond. + + + align:start position:0% +delta plus. So I have a polar bond. +Here's the question. Is methane a polar + + align:start position:0% +Here's the question. Is methane a polar + + + align:start position:0% +Here's the question. Is methane a polar +molecule or a non-polar molecule? So + + align:start position:0% +molecule or a non-polar molecule? So + + + align:start position:0% +molecule or a non-polar molecule? So +let's look carefully. How do I answer + + align:start position:0% +let's look carefully. How do I answer + + + align:start position:0% +let's look carefully. How do I answer +that question? I have to ask is there a + + align:start position:0% +that question? I have to ask is there a + + + align:start position:0% +that question? I have to ask is there a +net dipole? So let's look carefully + + align:start position:0% +net dipole? So let's look carefully + + + align:start position:0% +net dipole? So let's look carefully +here. All four of these hydrogens are + + align:start position:0% +here. All four of these hydrogens are + + + align:start position:0% +here. All four of these hydrogens are +electrondeicient in the same manner. + + align:start position:0% +electrondeicient in the same manner. + + + align:start position:0% +electrondeicient in the same manner. +So where is the center of net negative + + align:start position:0% +So where is the center of net negative + + + align:start position:0% +So where is the center of net negative +charge in this molecule? The center of + + align:start position:0% +charge in this molecule? The center of + + + align:start position:0% +charge in this molecule? The center of +excess negative charge on all of the + + align:start position:0% +excess negative charge on all of the + + + align:start position:0% +excess negative charge on all of the +dipoles is at the very center of the + + align:start position:0% +dipoles is at the very center of the + + + align:start position:0% +dipoles is at the very center of the +molecule. Where is the center of the + + align:start position:0% +molecule. Where is the center of the + + + align:start position:0% +molecule. Where is the center of the +excess positive charge? And by here I + + align:start position:0% +excess positive charge? And by here I + + + align:start position:0% +excess positive charge? And by here I +mean it's it's net neutral but the uh + + align:start position:0% +mean it's it's net neutral but the uh + + + align:start position:0% +mean it's it's net neutral but the uh +electron deficiency. Can you see that + + align:start position:0% +electron deficiency. Can you see that + + + align:start position:0% +electron deficiency. Can you see that +the centers of electron deficiency lie + + align:start position:0% +the centers of electron deficiency lie + + + align:start position:0% +the centers of electron deficiency lie +on a sphere equidistant from the center? + + align:start position:0% +on a sphere equidistant from the center? + + + align:start position:0% +on a sphere equidistant from the center? +So where is the center of the delta + + align:start position:0% +So where is the center of the delta + + + align:start position:0% +So where is the center of the delta +minus? The center of the delta minus is + + align:start position:0% +minus? The center of the delta minus is + + + align:start position:0% +minus? The center of the delta minus is +the center of the molecule. So now that + + align:start position:0% +the center of the molecule. So now that + + + align:start position:0% +the center of the molecule. So now that +means that if this is where the center + + align:start position:0% +means that if this is where the center + + + align:start position:0% +means that if this is where the center +of positive excess charge lies and on + + align:start position:0% +of positive excess charge lies and on + + + align:start position:0% +of positive excess charge lies and on +top of it is the center of negative + + align:start position:0% +top of it is the center of negative + + + align:start position:0% +top of it is the center of negative +excess charge. There is no displacement + + align:start position:0% +excess charge. There is no displacement + + + align:start position:0% +excess charge. There is no displacement +of the charge. So there is no net + + align:start position:0% +of the charge. So there is no net + + + align:start position:0% +of the charge. So there is no net +dipole. + + align:start position:0% +dipole. + + + align:start position:0% +dipole. +No net dipole. And so methane is + + align:start position:0% +No net dipole. And so methane is + + + align:start position:0% +No net dipole. And so methane is +non-polar. It's a it's an an aggregate + + align:start position:0% +non-polar. It's a it's an an aggregate + + + align:start position:0% +non-polar. It's a it's an an aggregate +of four polar bonds, but they're + + align:start position:0% +of four polar bonds, but they're + + + align:start position:0% +of four polar bonds, but they're +symmetrically arranged in space. So + + align:start position:0% +symmetrically arranged in space. So + + + align:start position:0% +symmetrically arranged in space. So +symmetric disposition of polar bonds + + align:start position:0% +symmetric disposition of polar bonds + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric disposition of polar bonds +still results in a non-polar molecule. + + align:start position:0% +still results in a non-polar molecule. + + + align:start position:0% +still results in a non-polar molecule. +So we can say that a non-polar molecule + + align:start position:0% +So we can say that a non-polar molecule + + + align:start position:0% +So we can say that a non-polar molecule +you can have as a result of + + align:start position:0% +you can have as a result of + + + align:start position:0% +you can have as a result of +two conditions, two different + + align:start position:0% +two conditions, two different + + + align:start position:0% +two conditions, two different +conditions. Non-polar molecules result + + align:start position:0% +conditions. Non-polar molecules result + + + align:start position:0% +conditions. Non-polar molecules result +from + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +either it's one or the other. One is the + + align:start position:0% +either it's one or the other. One is the + + + align:start position:0% +either it's one or the other. One is the +trivial case is homuclear. If it's + + align:start position:0% +trivial case is homuclear. If it's + + + align:start position:0% +trivial case is homuclear. If it's +homuclear, they all the same. They all + + align:start position:0% +homuclear, they all the same. They all + + + align:start position:0% +homuclear, they all the same. They all +share homuclear + + align:start position:0% +share homuclear + + + align:start position:0% +share homuclear +species. Homonuclear species. So for + + align:start position:0% +species. Homonuclear species. So for + + + align:start position:0% +species. Homonuclear species. So for +example, + + align:start position:0% +example, + + + align:start position:0% +example, +H2, N2, they're going to share the + + align:start position:0% +H2, N2, they're going to share the + + + align:start position:0% +H2, N2, they're going to share the +electrons uniformly equally. And it goes + + align:start position:0% +electrons uniformly equally. And it goes + + + align:start position:0% +electrons uniformly equally. And it goes +you can have phosphorus P4 S8 all of + + align:start position:0% +you can have phosphorus P4 S8 all of + + + align:start position:0% +you can have phosphorus P4 S8 all of +these multi-atomic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +moyates are non-polar. The second way to + + align:start position:0% +moyates are non-polar. The second way to + + + align:start position:0% +moyates are non-polar. The second way to +have something that is net non-polar is + + align:start position:0% +have something that is net non-polar is + + + align:start position:0% +have something that is net non-polar is +to have spatially symmetric + + align:start position:0% +to have spatially symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +to have spatially symmetric +spatially symmetric + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +disposition of polar + + align:start position:0% +disposition of polar + + + align:start position:0% +disposition of polar +disposition of polar bonds. + + align:start position:0% +disposition of polar bonds. + + + align:start position:0% +disposition of polar bonds. +So a good example of that is CH4 + + align:start position:0% +So a good example of that is CH4 + + + align:start position:0% +So a good example of that is CH4 +because the CH bond is polar but it's + + align:start position:0% +because the CH bond is polar but it's + + + align:start position:0% +because the CH bond is polar but it's +symmetrically disposed in space. Okay, + + align:start position:0% +symmetrically disposed in space. Okay, + + + align:start position:0% +symmetrically disposed in space. Okay, +good. So now I want to look at the + + align:start position:0% +good. So now I want to look at the + + + align:start position:0% +good. So now I want to look at the +energetics. I haven't I haven't uh um + + align:start position:0% +energetics. I haven't I haven't uh um + + + align:start position:0% +energetics. I haven't I haven't uh um +talked about it from a graphical + + align:start position:0% +talked about it from a graphical + + + align:start position:0% +talked about it from a graphical +standpoint. We looked at it from an + + align:start position:0% +standpoint. We looked at it from an + + + align:start position:0% +standpoint. We looked at it from an +analytical standpoint. So let's go back + + align:start position:0% +analytical standpoint. So let's go back + + + align:start position:0% +analytical standpoint. So let's go back +and look at it um from an energetic + + align:start position:0% +and look at it um from an energetic + + + align:start position:0% +and look at it um from an energetic +standpoint. There's too much talking in + + align:start position:0% +standpoint. There's too much talking in + + + align:start position:0% +standpoint. There's too much talking in +the room. So I'm asking you to stop now + + align:start position:0% +the room. So I'm asking you to stop now + + + align:start position:0% +the room. So I'm asking you to stop now +in respect for your classmates. I don't + + align:start position:0% +in respect for your classmates. I don't + + + align:start position:0% +in respect for your classmates. I don't +like the rudeness. I want it perfectly + + align:start position:0% +like the rudeness. I want it perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +like the rudeness. I want it perfectly +quiet in here. There's no compromise on + + align:start position:0% +quiet in here. There's no compromise on + + + align:start position:0% +quiet in here. There's no compromise on +that. None. + + align:start position:0% +that. None. + + + align:start position:0% +that. None. +When you walk through that door, it's an + + align:start position:0% +When you walk through that door, it's an + + + align:start position:0% +When you walk through that door, it's an +act of free will. And I will not have + + align:start position:0% +act of free will. And I will not have + + + align:start position:0% +act of free will. And I will not have +anything other than complete silence. + + align:start position:0% +anything other than complete silence. + + + align:start position:0% +anything other than complete silence. +It's not fair to the classmates to have + + align:start position:0% +It's not fair to the classmates to have + + + align:start position:0% +It's not fair to the classmates to have +to listen to conversation. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So now let's look at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's look at the energetics + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the energetics + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the energetics +graphically. Now I want to go back to + + align:start position:0% +graphically. Now I want to go back to + + + align:start position:0% +graphically. Now I want to go back to +our energy level diagrams. I want to + + align:start position:0% +our energy level diagrams. I want to + + + align:start position:0% +our energy level diagrams. I want to +look at energy level diagrams and uh and + + align:start position:0% +look at energy level diagrams and uh and + + + align:start position:0% +look at energy level diagrams and uh and +see if I can rationalize energy level + + align:start position:0% +see if I can rationalize energy level + + + align:start position:0% +see if I can rationalize energy level +diagrams but now not for single atoms. I + + align:start position:0% +diagrams but now not for single atoms. I + + + align:start position:0% +diagrams but now not for single atoms. I +want to do energy level diagrams for + + align:start position:0% +want to do energy level diagrams for + + + align:start position:0% +want to do energy level diagrams for +molecules. So that's different. So where + + align:start position:0% +molecules. So that's different. So where + + + align:start position:0% +molecules. So that's different. So where +am I going to get those energy levels + + align:start position:0% +am I going to get those energy levels + + + align:start position:0% +am I going to get those energy levels +from? I get the energy levels from the + + align:start position:0% +from? I get the energy levels from the + + + align:start position:0% +from? I get the energy levels from the +shreddinger equation. The shreddinger + + align:start position:0% +shreddinger equation. The shreddinger + + + align:start position:0% +shreddinger equation. The shreddinger +equation. + + align:start position:0% +equation. + + + align:start position:0% +equation. +The shreddinger equation will give us + + align:start position:0% +The shreddinger equation will give us + + + align:start position:0% +The shreddinger equation will give us +give us the energy levels + + align:start position:0% +give us the energy levels + + + align:start position:0% +give us the energy levels +in molecules. We we saw this shreddinger + + align:start position:0% +in molecules. We we saw this shreddinger + + + align:start position:0% +in molecules. We we saw this shreddinger +equation for atomic hydrogen, but you + + align:start position:0% +equation for atomic hydrogen, but you + + + align:start position:0% +equation for atomic hydrogen, but you +can write it for more complex systems. + + align:start position:0% +can write it for more complex systems. + + + align:start position:0% +can write it for more complex systems. +And it is it is horrible. It is + + align:start position:0% +And it is it is horrible. It is + + + align:start position:0% +And it is it is horrible. It is +horrible. But there's good news. The + + align:start position:0% +horrible. But there's good news. The + + + align:start position:0% +horrible. But there's good news. The +shreddinger equation is linear. The + + align:start position:0% +shreddinger equation is linear. The + + + align:start position:0% +shreddinger equation is linear. The +shreddinger equation is a linear + + align:start position:0% +shreddinger equation is a linear + + + align:start position:0% +shreddinger equation is a linear +equation. And this is one of the times + + align:start position:0% +equation. And this is one of the times + + + align:start position:0% +equation. And this is one of the times +when you're actually going to be able to + + align:start position:0% +when you're actually going to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +when you're actually going to be able to +use some of that math they teach you. + + align:start position:0% +use some of that math they teach you. + + + align:start position:0% +use some of that math they teach you. +What is one of the properties of a + + align:start position:0% +What is one of the properties of a + + + align:start position:0% +What is one of the properties of a +linear equation? Linear equation means + + align:start position:0% +linear equation? Linear equation means + + + align:start position:0% +linear equation? Linear equation means +that solutions are additive. + + align:start position:0% +that solutions are additive. + + + align:start position:0% +that solutions are additive. +Solutions are additive. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So for example, if I have an equation + + align:start position:0% +So for example, if I have an equation + + + align:start position:0% +So for example, if I have an equation +that looks like this, f ofxyz, I might + + align:start position:0% +that looks like this, f ofxyz, I might + + + align:start position:0% +that looks like this, f ofxyz, I might +as well do it xyz because we're talking + + align:start position:0% +as well do it xyz because we're talking + + + align:start position:0% +as well do it xyz because we're talking +about something that's going in three + + align:start position:0% +about something that's going in three + + + align:start position:0% +about something that's going in three +space. Suppose f ofxyz equals k1. That's + + align:start position:0% +space. Suppose f ofxyz equals k1. That's + + + align:start position:0% +space. Suppose f ofxyz equals k1. That's +my equation. And it has a solution + + align:start position:0% +my equation. And it has a solution + + + align:start position:0% +my equation. And it has a solution +gives me a solution s1. And I have + + align:start position:0% +gives me a solution s1. And I have + + + align:start position:0% +gives me a solution s1. And I have +another equation f ofxyz. + + align:start position:0% +another equation f ofxyz. + + + align:start position:0% +another equation f ofxyz. +So this is the same equation, the + + align:start position:0% +So this is the same equation, the + + + align:start position:0% +So this is the same equation, the +shreddinger equation, only it's got + + align:start position:0% +shreddinger equation, only it's got + + + align:start position:0% +shreddinger equation, only it's got +different boundary conditions. It's got + + align:start position:0% +different boundary conditions. It's got + + + align:start position:0% +different boundary conditions. It's got +K2 as the boundary conditions and when I + + align:start position:0% +K2 as the boundary conditions and when I + + + align:start position:0% +K2 as the boundary conditions and when I +solve it for K2 boundary conditions, I + + align:start position:0% +solve it for K2 boundary conditions, I + + + align:start position:0% +solve it for K2 boundary conditions, I +get S2. Here's the power of linearity. + + align:start position:0% +get S2. Here's the power of linearity. + + + align:start position:0% +get S2. Here's the power of linearity. +The power of linearity is if I come + + align:start position:0% +The power of linearity is if I come + + + align:start position:0% +The power of linearity is if I come +across f ofxyz= + + align:start position:0% +across f ofxyz= + + + align:start position:0% +across f ofxyz= +k1 + k2. If it's a linear equation, I + + align:start position:0% +k1 + k2. If it's a linear equation, I + + + align:start position:0% +k1 + k2. If it's a linear equation, I +don't have to go and solve it all over + + align:start position:0% +don't have to go and solve it all over + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to go and solve it all over +again. Instead, I can write with + + align:start position:0% +again. Instead, I can write with + + + align:start position:0% +again. Instead, I can write with +impunity. The solution will be s1 + s2. + + align:start position:0% +impunity. The solution will be s1 + s2. + + + align:start position:0% +impunity. The solution will be s1 + s2. +And that saves a lot of time. Linearity + + align:start position:0% +And that saves a lot of time. Linearity + + + align:start position:0% +And that saves a lot of time. Linearity +is the desirable way to go if you can + + align:start position:0% +is the desirable way to go if you can + + + align:start position:0% +is the desirable way to go if you can +manage. So and if you want to say so + + align:start position:0% +manage. So and if you want to say so + + + align:start position:0% +manage. So and if you want to say so +what does this mean linearity of + + align:start position:0% +what does this mean linearity of + + + align:start position:0% +what does this mean linearity of +solutions the elegant way of saying it + + align:start position:0% +solutions the elegant way of saying it + + + align:start position:0% +solutions the elegant way of saying it +is superposition holds + + align:start position:0% +is superposition holds + + + align:start position:0% +is superposition holds +superposition holds. + + align:start position:0% +superposition holds. + + + align:start position:0% +superposition holds. +And that's what people are going to use. + + align:start position:0% +And that's what people are going to use. + + + align:start position:0% +And that's what people are going to use. +They're going to say well what's the + + align:start position:0% +They're going to say well what's the + + + align:start position:0% +They're going to say well what's the +solution? I said here's a solution S1. + + align:start position:0% +solution? I said here's a solution S1. + + + align:start position:0% +solution? I said here's a solution S1. +What's the solution to the shreddinger + + align:start position:0% +What's the solution to the shreddinger + + + align:start position:0% +What's the solution to the shreddinger +equation? The solution to the + + align:start position:0% +equation? The solution to the + + + align:start position:0% +equation? The solution to the +shreddinger equation is C. It's a wave + + align:start position:0% +shreddinger equation is C. It's a wave + + + align:start position:0% +shreddinger equation is C. It's a wave +function. Okay. So, what we're going to + + align:start position:0% +function. Okay. So, what we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +function. Okay. So, what we're going to +say is that the wave function the wave + + align:start position:0% +say is that the wave function the wave + + + align:start position:0% +say is that the wave function the wave +function for molecular orbitals is going + + align:start position:0% +function for molecular orbitals is going + + + align:start position:0% +function for molecular orbitals is going +to be the sum it's going to be an + + align:start position:0% +to be the sum it's going to be an + + + align:start position:0% +to be the sum it's going to be an +additive sum of the wave functions of + + align:start position:0% +additive sum of the wave functions of + + + align:start position:0% +additive sum of the wave functions of +atomic orbitals. So, I'm going to sum up + + align:start position:0% +atomic orbitals. So, I'm going to sum up + + + align:start position:0% +atomic orbitals. So, I'm going to sum up +the atomic orbitals that go into the + + align:start position:0% +the atomic orbitals that go into the + + + align:start position:0% +the atomic orbitals that go into the +molecular orbital and it's they're going + + align:start position:0% +molecular orbital and it's they're going + + + align:start position:0% +molecular orbital and it's they're going +to have some coefficients. All right? + + align:start position:0% +to have some coefficients. All right? + + + align:start position:0% +to have some coefficients. All right? +So, we're going to have coefficients on + + align:start position:0% +So, we're going to have coefficients on + + + align:start position:0% +So, we're going to have coefficients on +this and they'll add up. + + align:start position:0% +this and they'll add up. + + + align:start position:0% +this and they'll add up. +And then we're going to + + align:start position:0% +And then we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +And then we're going to +construct + + align:start position:0% +construct + + + align:start position:0% +construct +molecular orbitals. And the technique is + + align:start position:0% +molecular orbitals. And the technique is + + + align:start position:0% +molecular orbitals. And the technique is +called, and watch this. This is a + + align:start position:0% +called, and watch this. This is a + + + align:start position:0% +called, and watch this. This is a +sixletter initialization. Six letters. + + align:start position:0% +sixletter initialization. Six letters. + + + align:start position:0% +sixletter initialization. Six letters. +Linear combination of atomic orbitals + + align:start position:0% +Linear combination of atomic orbitals + + + align:start position:0% +Linear combination of atomic orbitals +into molecular orbitals. LCA M O. Linear + + align:start position:0% +into molecular orbitals. LCA M O. Linear + + + align:start position:0% +into molecular orbitals. LCA M O. Linear +combination of atomic orbitals into + + align:start position:0% +combination of atomic orbitals into + + + align:start position:0% +combination of atomic orbitals into +molecular orbitals. + + align:start position:0% +molecular orbitals. + + + align:start position:0% +molecular orbitals. +And so we're going to use that in order + + align:start position:0% +And so we're going to use that in order + + + align:start position:0% +And so we're going to use that in order +to construct some energy level diagrams. + + align:start position:0% +to construct some energy level diagrams. + + + align:start position:0% +to construct some energy level diagrams. +And so let's look at a few. Here's the + + align:start position:0% +And so let's look at a few. Here's the + + + align:start position:0% +And so let's look at a few. Here's the +first one. I want to I want to do one + + align:start position:0% +first one. I want to I want to do one + + + align:start position:0% +first one. I want to I want to do one +that's going to show that um hydrogen H2 + + align:start position:0% +that's going to show that um hydrogen H2 + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to show that um hydrogen H2 +is favored over atomic hydrogen. So + + align:start position:0% +is favored over atomic hydrogen. So + + + align:start position:0% +is favored over atomic hydrogen. So +here's what we're going to do. We're + + align:start position:0% +here's what we're going to do. We're + + + align:start position:0% +here's what we're going to do. We're +going to set up an energy level diagram. + + align:start position:0% +going to set up an energy level diagram. + + + align:start position:0% +going to set up an energy level diagram. +This is E equals 0, N= infinity. And + + align:start position:0% +This is E equals 0, N= infinity. And + + + align:start position:0% +This is E equals 0, N= infinity. And +this is the ground state. This is the + + align:start position:0% +this is the ground state. This is the + + + align:start position:0% +this is the ground state. This is the +ground state N= 1. So, this is the 1s. + + align:start position:0% +ground state N= 1. So, this is the 1s. + + + align:start position:0% +ground state N= 1. So, this is the 1s. +And I'm going to, just to be clear, this + + align:start position:0% +And I'm going to, just to be clear, this + + + align:start position:0% +And I'm going to, just to be clear, this +is the 1s atomic orbital in atomic + + align:start position:0% +is the 1s atomic orbital in atomic + + + align:start position:0% +is the 1s atomic orbital in atomic +hydrogen. And I'm going to do the same + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen. And I'm going to do the same + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen. And I'm going to do the same +thing. I'm going to put another one over + + align:start position:0% +thing. I'm going to put another one over + + + align:start position:0% +thing. I'm going to put another one over +here. Put another one over here. + + align:start position:0% +here. Put another one over here. + + + align:start position:0% +here. Put another one over here. +So, here's two hydrogens. They both look + + align:start position:0% +So, here's two hydrogens. They both look + + + align:start position:0% +So, here's two hydrogens. They both look +the same. And then over here is H2. + + align:start position:0% +the same. And then over here is H2. + + + align:start position:0% +the same. And then over here is H2. +And by using LCA O, we can come up with + + align:start position:0% +And by using LCA O, we can come up with + + + align:start position:0% +And by using LCA O, we can come up with +the orbitals here. And you're not going + + align:start position:0% +the orbitals here. And you're not going + + + align:start position:0% +the orbitals here. And you're not going +to calculate these. This would be given + + align:start position:0% +to calculate these. This would be given + + + align:start position:0% +to calculate these. This would be given +to you. We would give you the energy + + align:start position:0% +to you. We would give you the energy + + + align:start position:0% +to you. We would give you the energy +levels and ask you to rationalize + + align:start position:0% +levels and ask you to rationalize + + + align:start position:0% +levels and ask you to rationalize +something that we're going to tell you + + align:start position:0% +something that we're going to tell you + + + align:start position:0% +something that we're going to tell you +is true. So what happens? Well, we have + + align:start position:0% +is true. So what happens? Well, we have + + + align:start position:0% +is true. So what happens? Well, we have +to use two other ideas. Superposition. + + align:start position:0% +to use two other ideas. Superposition. + + + align:start position:0% +to use two other ideas. Superposition. +We use the concept of conservation of + + align:start position:0% +We use the concept of conservation of + + + align:start position:0% +We use the concept of conservation of +states. Conservation of states + + align:start position:0% +states. Conservation of states + + + align:start position:0% +states. Conservation of states +and the alphab principle. So that + + align:start position:0% +and the alphab principle. So that + + + align:start position:0% +and the alphab principle. So that +includes pi exclusion principle. It + + align:start position:0% +includes pi exclusion principle. It + + + align:start position:0% +includes pi exclusion principle. It +includes the Huns rule and so on. So + + align:start position:0% +includes the Huns rule and so on. So + + + align:start position:0% +includes the Huns rule and so on. So +let's look at electron filling. First of + + align:start position:0% +let's look at electron filling. First of + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at electron filling. First of +all, this has a single electron. And + + align:start position:0% +all, this has a single electron. And + + + align:start position:0% +all, this has a single electron. And +since it's Friday, I think I'll even + + align:start position:0% +since it's Friday, I think I'll even + + + align:start position:0% +since it's Friday, I think I'll even +give its quantum numbers. One 0 0 a + + align:start position:0% +give its quantum numbers. One 0 0 a + + + align:start position:0% +give its quantum numbers. One 0 0 a +half. We only do this on Fridays. Okay. + + align:start position:0% +half. We only do this on Fridays. Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +half. We only do this on Fridays. Okay. +And here's another one. It's over here. + + align:start position:0% +And here's another one. It's over here. + + + align:start position:0% +And here's another one. It's over here. +And its quantum address is one 0 0 a + + align:start position:0% +And its quantum address is one 0 0 a + + + align:start position:0% +And its quantum address is one 0 0 a +half. And you're saying, well, wait a + + align:start position:0% +half. And you're saying, well, wait a + + + align:start position:0% +half. And you're saying, well, wait a +minute. He's violated the polyexclusion + + align:start position:0% +minute. He's violated the polyexclusion + + + align:start position:0% +minute. He's violated the polyexclusion +principle. He's got two electrons here + + align:start position:0% +principle. He's got two electrons here + + + align:start position:0% +principle. He's got two electrons here +with the same set of quantum numbers, + + align:start position:0% +with the same set of quantum numbers, + + + align:start position:0% +with the same set of quantum numbers, +but these are two separate hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +but these are two separate hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +but these are two separate hydrogen +atoms. They're not part of the same + + align:start position:0% +atoms. They're not part of the same + + + align:start position:0% +atoms. They're not part of the same +system. But now we're going to do is + + align:start position:0% +system. But now we're going to do is + + + align:start position:0% +system. But now we're going to do is +we're going to bring them in together. + + align:start position:0% +we're going to bring them in together. + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to bring them in together. +We're going to bring them in together + + align:start position:0% +We're going to bring them in together + + + align:start position:0% +We're going to bring them in together +sort of along the lines of this. This + + align:start position:0% +sort of along the lines of this. This + + + align:start position:0% +sort of along the lines of this. This +cartoon shows here's the here's the uh + + align:start position:0% +cartoon shows here's the here's the uh + + + align:start position:0% +cartoon shows here's the here's the uh +um probability density function of 1s. + + align:start position:0% +um probability density function of 1s. + + + align:start position:0% +um probability density function of 1s. +And this is kind of nice because you see + + align:start position:0% +And this is kind of nice because you see + + + align:start position:0% +And this is kind of nice because you see +it's not an abrupt uh spherical surface. + + align:start position:0% +it's not an abrupt uh spherical surface. + + + align:start position:0% +it's not an abrupt uh spherical surface. +What you see is a dot + + align:start position:0% +What you see is a dot + + + align:start position:0% +What you see is a dot +a a a scatter plot rather. And you see + + align:start position:0% +a a a scatter plot rather. And you see + + + align:start position:0% +a a a scatter plot rather. And you see +that the dot intensity grows as you get + + align:start position:0% +that the dot intensity grows as you get + + + align:start position:0% +that the dot intensity grows as you get +closer and closer to the center. So it + + align:start position:0% +closer and closer to the center. So it + + + align:start position:0% +closer and closer to the center. So it +tails off to infinity. So now here are + + align:start position:0% +tails off to infinity. So now here are + + + align:start position:0% +tails off to infinity. So now here are +these two isolated hydrogen atoms and + + align:start position:0% +these two isolated hydrogen atoms and + + + align:start position:0% +these two isolated hydrogen atoms and +now they get close enough together that + + align:start position:0% +now they get close enough together that + + + align:start position:0% +now they get close enough together that +they start to sense that they're + + align:start position:0% +they start to sense that they're + + + align:start position:0% +they start to sense that they're +becoming part of one system. And once + + align:start position:0% +becoming part of one system. And once + + + align:start position:0% +becoming part of one system. And once +they start to become part of one system, + + align:start position:0% +they start to become part of one system, + + + align:start position:0% +they start to become part of one system, +polyexclusion principle kicks in + + align:start position:0% +polyexclusion principle kicks in + + + align:start position:0% +polyexclusion principle kicks in +start to have to conserve states. We + + align:start position:0% +start to have to conserve states. We + + + align:start position:0% +start to have to conserve states. We +can't have two 1s sitting at the same + + align:start position:0% +can't have two 1s sitting at the same + + + align:start position:0% +can't have two 1s sitting at the same +level. And ultimately we're going to get + + align:start position:0% +level. And ultimately we're going to get + + + align:start position:0% +level. And ultimately we're going to get +to this state where we're going to form + + align:start position:0% +to this state where we're going to form + + + align:start position:0% +to this state where we're going to form +a bond. So what happens is these two + + align:start position:0% +a bond. So what happens is these two + + + align:start position:0% +a bond. So what happens is these two +levels displace. one is a little bit + + align:start position:0% +levels displace. one is a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +levels displace. one is a little bit +higher and one is a little bit lower + + align:start position:0% +higher and one is a little bit lower + + + align:start position:0% +higher and one is a little bit lower +than they are in the uh in the atomic uh + + align:start position:0% +than they are in the uh in the atomic uh + + + align:start position:0% +than they are in the uh in the atomic uh +situation. And so this lower level is + + align:start position:0% +situation. And so this lower level is + + + align:start position:0% +situation. And so this lower level is +called a bonding + + align:start position:0% +called a bonding + + + align:start position:0% +called a bonding +this is called a bonding orbital and + + align:start position:0% +this is called a bonding orbital and + + + align:start position:0% +this is called a bonding orbital and +it's a bonding molecular orbital. And + + align:start position:0% +it's a bonding molecular orbital. And + + + align:start position:0% +it's a bonding molecular orbital. And +this one here because it's at a higher + + align:start position:0% +this one here because it's at a higher + + + align:start position:0% +this one here because it's at a higher +energy is called antib-bonding. + + align:start position:0% +energy is called antib-bonding. + + + align:start position:0% +energy is called antib-bonding. +It's anti-bonding molecular orbital. + + align:start position:0% +It's anti-bonding molecular orbital. + + + align:start position:0% +It's anti-bonding molecular orbital. +And these are S's. This is 1 S atomic + + align:start position:0% +And these are S's. This is 1 S atomic + + + align:start position:0% +And these are S's. This is 1 S atomic +orbital. This will be called sigma + + align:start position:0% +orbital. This will be called sigma + + + align:start position:0% +orbital. This will be called sigma +lowercase sigma. And since it came from + + align:start position:0% +lowercase sigma. And since it came from + + + align:start position:0% +lowercase sigma. And since it came from +1s, it'll be called sigma 1s. And I'm + + align:start position:0% +1s, it'll be called sigma 1s. And I'm + + + align:start position:0% +1s, it'll be called sigma 1s. And I'm +going to superscript it molecular + + align:start position:0% +going to superscript it molecular + + + align:start position:0% +going to superscript it molecular +orbital. And this upper one to indicate + + align:start position:0% +orbital. And this upper one to indicate + + + align:start position:0% +orbital. And this upper one to indicate +that it's anti-bonding has the asterisk. + + align:start position:0% +that it's anti-bonding has the asterisk. + + + align:start position:0% +that it's anti-bonding has the asterisk. +So this is sigma star, the anti-bonding + + align:start position:0% +So this is sigma star, the anti-bonding + + + align:start position:0% +So this is sigma star, the anti-bonding +orbital that came from 1s and it's a + + align:start position:0% +orbital that came from 1s and it's a + + + align:start position:0% +orbital that came from 1s and it's a +molecular orbital. So this is the energy + + align:start position:0% +molecular orbital. So this is the energy + + + align:start position:0% +molecular orbital. So this is the energy +level diagram of H2. + + align:start position:0% +level diagram of H2. + + + align:start position:0% +level diagram of H2. +So now let's put the electrons in. So + + align:start position:0% +So now let's put the electrons in. So + + + align:start position:0% +So now let's put the electrons in. So +how do I do it? I put in the first one + + align:start position:0% +how do I do it? I put in the first one + + + align:start position:0% +how do I do it? I put in the first one +spin up. I put in the second one spin + + align:start position:0% +spin up. I put in the second one spin + + + align:start position:0% +spin up. I put in the second one spin +down. I started with two electrons, one + + align:start position:0% +down. I started with two electrons, one + + + align:start position:0% +down. I started with two electrons, one +each from uh two hydrogens, atomic + + align:start position:0% +each from uh two hydrogens, atomic + + + align:start position:0% +each from uh two hydrogens, atomic +hydrogens. And now I've got to fill this + + align:start position:0% +hydrogens. And now I've got to fill this + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogens. And now I've got to fill this +molecular hydrogen. And so now the + + align:start position:0% +molecular hydrogen. And so now the + + + align:start position:0% +molecular hydrogen. And so now the +question is, is H2 stable or will it not + + align:start position:0% +question is, is H2 stable or will it not + + + align:start position:0% +question is, is H2 stable or will it not +form? And the answer lies clearly in the + + align:start position:0% +form? And the answer lies clearly in the + + + align:start position:0% +form? And the answer lies clearly in the +energy difference. So what we do is we + + align:start position:0% +energy difference. So what we do is we + + + align:start position:0% +energy difference. So what we do is we +ask ourselves, what's the delta E? + + align:start position:0% +ask ourselves, what's the delta E? + + + align:start position:0% +ask ourselves, what's the delta E? +What's the energy change in going from + + align:start position:0% +What's the energy change in going from + + + align:start position:0% +What's the energy change in going from +two atomic hydrogens to one H2? Well, + + align:start position:0% +two atomic hydrogens to one H2? Well, + + + align:start position:0% +two atomic hydrogens to one H2? Well, +that's going to equal the energy of the + + align:start position:0% +that's going to equal the energy of the + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to equal the energy of the +electrons in H2 minus + + align:start position:0% +electrons in H2 minus + + + align:start position:0% +electrons in H2 minus +the energies of the electrons in H. And + + align:start position:0% +the energies of the electrons in H. And + + + align:start position:0% +the energies of the electrons in H. And +if this quantity is less than zero, it's + + align:start position:0% +if this quantity is less than zero, it's + + + align:start position:0% +if this quantity is less than zero, it's +favorable. The bonding is favorable. + + align:start position:0% +favorable. The bonding is favorable. + + + align:start position:0% +favorable. The bonding is favorable. +Well, we know it's favorable. Gone of + + align:start position:0% +Well, we know it's favorable. Gone of + + + align:start position:0% +Well, we know it's favorable. Gone of +the tables is 435 kJ per mole. That's + + align:start position:0% +the tables is 435 kJ per mole. That's + + + align:start position:0% +the tables is 435 kJ per mole. That's +that's pretty favorable. So what what's + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty favorable. So what what's + + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty favorable. So what what's +happening is that it turns out that the + + align:start position:0% +happening is that it turns out that the + + + align:start position:0% +happening is that it turns out that the +putting the electrons in that lower + + align:start position:0% +putting the electrons in that lower + + + align:start position:0% +putting the electrons in that lower +energy state is stabilizing that + + align:start position:0% +energy state is stabilizing that + + + align:start position:0% +energy state is stabilizing that +molecule. So that works. What about H2+? + + align:start position:0% +molecule. So that works. What about H2+? + + + align:start position:0% +molecule. So that works. What about H2+? +H2+, what would that look like? H2+ + + align:start position:0% +H2+, what would that look like? H2+ + + + align:start position:0% +H2+, what would that look like? H2+ +would take one electron out. Would H2+ + + align:start position:0% +would take one electron out. Would H2+ + + + align:start position:0% +would take one electron out. Would H2+ +be stable + + align:start position:0% +be stable + + + align:start position:0% +be stable +according to this energy level diagram? + + align:start position:0% +according to this energy level diagram? + + + align:start position:0% +according to this energy level diagram? +Yes. H2+ is stable and it's observed in + + align:start position:0% +Yes. H2+ is stable and it's observed in + + + align:start position:0% +Yes. H2+ is stable and it's observed in +plasmas. + + align:start position:0% +plasmas. + + + align:start position:0% +plasmas. +Okay, let's go on. Let's do a few more. + + align:start position:0% +Okay, let's go on. Let's do a few more. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, let's go on. Let's do a few more. +Let's do a few more. I want to ask about + + align:start position:0% +Let's do a few more. I want to ask about + + + align:start position:0% +Let's do a few more. I want to ask about +helium. Okay, so let's start. Here's + + align:start position:0% +helium. Okay, so let's start. Here's + + + align:start position:0% +helium. Okay, so let's start. Here's +here's the zero. This is energy zero. + + align:start position:0% +here's the zero. This is energy zero. + + + align:start position:0% +here's the zero. This is energy zero. +And here's 1 s atomic orbital for + + align:start position:0% +And here's 1 s atomic orbital for + + + align:start position:0% +And here's 1 s atomic orbital for +helium. Here's another 1s atomic orbital + + align:start position:0% +helium. Here's another 1s atomic orbital + + + align:start position:0% +helium. Here's another 1s atomic orbital +for helium. And again, we'll split. So + + align:start position:0% +for helium. And again, we'll split. So + + + align:start position:0% +for helium. And again, we'll split. So +here's the antib-bonding and here's the + + align:start position:0% +here's the antib-bonding and here's the + + + align:start position:0% +here's the antib-bonding and here's the +bonding. And in this case I start with + + align:start position:0% +bonding. And in this case I start with + + + align:start position:0% +bonding. And in this case I start with +helium is 1 s2. So each of the heliums + + align:start position:0% +helium is 1 s2. So each of the heliums + + + align:start position:0% +helium is 1 s2. So each of the heliums +has two electrons. So now let's go and + + align:start position:0% +has two electrons. So now let's go and + + + align:start position:0% +has two electrons. So now let's go and +fill the + + align:start position:0% +fill the + + + align:start position:0% +fill the +molecular states for the putitive helium + + align:start position:0% +molecular states for the putitive helium + + + align:start position:0% +molecular states for the putitive helium +2. I don't know if it exists yet or not. + + align:start position:0% +2. I don't know if it exists yet or not. + + + align:start position:0% +2. I don't know if it exists yet or not. +So let's go. We go one 2 3 4. So now + + align:start position:0% +So let's go. We go one 2 3 4. So now + + + align:start position:0% +So let's go. We go one 2 3 4. So now +helium 2 stable or not? Stable or not? + + align:start position:0% +helium 2 stable or not? Stable or not? + + + align:start position:0% +helium 2 stable or not? Stable or not? +Well, it's going to depend upon whether + + align:start position:0% +Well, it's going to depend upon whether + + + align:start position:0% +Well, it's going to depend upon whether +this delta is greater than this delta. + + align:start position:0% +this delta is greater than this delta. + + + align:start position:0% +this delta is greater than this delta. +In other words, if the rise in + + align:start position:0% +In other words, if the rise in + + + align:start position:0% +In other words, if the rise in +instability is greater than the fall in + + align:start position:0% +instability is greater than the fall in + + + align:start position:0% +instability is greater than the fall in +stability, this is a positive delta E. + + align:start position:0% +stability, this is a positive delta E. + + + align:start position:0% +stability, this is a positive delta E. +And it turns out that that's the case. + + align:start position:0% +And it turns out that that's the case. + + + align:start position:0% +And it turns out that that's the case. +It turns out that the antib-bonding + + align:start position:0% +It turns out that the antib-bonding + + + align:start position:0% +It turns out that the antib-bonding +orbital is a little bit higher + + align:start position:0% +orbital is a little bit higher + + + align:start position:0% +orbital is a little bit higher +from the atomic orbital level than the + + align:start position:0% +from the atomic orbital level than the + + + align:start position:0% +from the atomic orbital level than the +bonding orbital is lower. And so the + + align:start position:0% +bonding orbital is lower. And so the + + + align:start position:0% +bonding orbital is lower. And so the +result is that the delta E in this case + + align:start position:0% +result is that the delta E in this case + + + align:start position:0% +result is that the delta E in this case +delta E and going from the + + align:start position:0% +delta E and going from the + + + align:start position:0% +delta E and going from the +atomic states to the molecular states is + + align:start position:0% +atomic states to the molecular states is + + + align:start position:0% +atomic states to the molecular states is +greater than zero. And so H E2 unstable + + align:start position:0% +greater than zero. And so H E2 unstable + + + align:start position:0% +greater than zero. And so H E2 unstable +unstable. So I would I would ask you to + + align:start position:0% +unstable. So I would I would ask you to + + + align:start position:0% +unstable. So I would I would ask you to +see how such energy level diagrams + + align:start position:0% +see how such energy level diagrams + + + align:start position:0% +see how such energy level diagrams +rationalize what we know to be true. I + + align:start position:0% +rationalize what we know to be true. I + + + align:start position:0% +rationalize what we know to be true. I +don't expect you to start with one of + + align:start position:0% +don't expect you to start with one of + + + align:start position:0% +don't expect you to start with one of +these and then predict what's going to + + align:start position:0% +these and then predict what's going to + + + align:start position:0% +these and then predict what's going to +happen. And I would say uh with the aid + + align:start position:0% +happen. And I would say uh with the aid + + + align:start position:0% +happen. And I would say uh with the aid +of an energy level diagram explain the + + align:start position:0% +of an energy level diagram explain the + + + align:start position:0% +of an energy level diagram explain the +fact that helium is found as uh atomic + + align:start position:0% +fact that helium is found as uh atomic + + + align:start position:0% +fact that helium is found as uh atomic +gas and not um molecular. Okay. Uh how + + align:start position:0% +gas and not um molecular. Okay. Uh how + + + align:start position:0% +gas and not um molecular. Okay. Uh how +about this one? What about + + align:start position:0% +about this one? What about + + + align:start position:0% +about this one? What about +H2+? What would that one look like? H2+. + + align:start position:0% +H2+? What would that one look like? H2+. + + + align:start position:0% +H2+? What would that one look like? H2+. +For H2+, there'd be one electron + + align:start position:0% +For H2+, there'd be one electron + + + align:start position:0% +For H2+, there'd be one electron +missing. And what do you see here? You + + align:start position:0% +missing. And what do you see here? You + + + align:start position:0% +missing. And what do you see here? You +have two electrons at much lower energy. + + align:start position:0% +have two electrons at much lower energy. + + + align:start position:0% +have two electrons at much lower energy. +you have one electron at a higher energy + + align:start position:0% +you have one electron at a higher energy + + + align:start position:0% +you have one electron at a higher energy +and so in fact the delta here is + + align:start position:0% +and so in fact the delta here is + + + align:start position:0% +and so in fact the delta here is +negative and H2+ is observed in plasmas + + align:start position:0% +negative and H2+ is observed in plasmas + + + align:start position:0% +negative and H2+ is observed in plasmas +observed + + align:start position:0% +observed + + + align:start position:0% +observed +in helium plasmas + + align:start position:0% +in helium plasmas + + + align:start position:0% +in helium plasmas +at high pressure at high pressure but + + align:start position:0% +at high pressure at high pressure but + + + align:start position:0% +at high pressure at high pressure but +not neutral H2. Don't see those because + + align:start position:0% +not neutral H2. Don't see those because + + + align:start position:0% +not neutral H2. Don't see those because +it's just not in the cards. Okay, let's + + align:start position:0% +it's just not in the cards. Okay, let's + + + align:start position:0% +it's just not in the cards. Okay, let's +do one more because I'm having a ball. I + + align:start position:0% +do one more because I'm having a ball. I + + + align:start position:0% +do one more because I'm having a ball. I +don't know about you, but this is so + + align:start position:0% +don't know about you, but this is so + + + align:start position:0% +don't know about you, but this is so +fun. Let's do one more. Let's do + + align:start position:0% +fun. Let's do one more. Let's do + + + align:start position:0% +fun. Let's do one more. Let's do +lithium. Let's do lithium. So again, you + + align:start position:0% +lithium. Let's do lithium. So again, you + + + align:start position:0% +lithium. Let's do lithium. So again, you +know the drill. You're going to have + + align:start position:0% +know the drill. You're going to have + + + align:start position:0% +know the drill. You're going to have +here's 1 s atomic, but lithium has 2s1. + + align:start position:0% +here's 1 s atomic, but lithium has 2s1. + + + align:start position:0% +here's 1 s atomic, but lithium has 2s1. +So I need a 2s atomic orbital here. And + + align:start position:0% +So I need a 2s atomic orbital here. And + + + align:start position:0% +So I need a 2s atomic orbital here. And +likewise over here, here's 2s atomic + + align:start position:0% +likewise over here, here's 2s atomic + + + align:start position:0% +likewise over here, here's 2s atomic +orbital. Here's 1 s atomic orbital. So + + align:start position:0% +orbital. Here's 1 s atomic orbital. So + + + align:start position:0% +orbital. Here's 1 s atomic orbital. So +this is lithium. Lithium. And this all + + align:start position:0% +this is lithium. Lithium. And this all + + + align:start position:0% +this is lithium. Lithium. And this all +gas phase, right? These are single + + align:start position:0% +gas phase, right? These are single + + + align:start position:0% +gas phase, right? These are single +atoms. It has to be gas phase. And now + + align:start position:0% +atoms. It has to be gas phase. And now + + + align:start position:0% +atoms. It has to be gas phase. And now +let's use the same principle. So here's + + align:start position:0% +let's use the same principle. So here's + + + align:start position:0% +let's use the same principle. So here's +sigma star sigma + + align:start position:0% +sigma star sigma + + + align:start position:0% +sigma star sigma +sigma star and sigma. So these are the + + align:start position:0% +sigma star and sigma. So these are the + + + align:start position:0% +sigma star and sigma. So these are the +bonding and anti-bonding. The the lower + + align:start position:0% +bonding and anti-bonding. The the lower + + + align:start position:0% +bonding and anti-bonding. The the lower +ones come from 1 s and the upper ones + + align:start position:0% +ones come from 1 s and the upper ones + + + align:start position:0% +ones come from 1 s and the upper ones +come from 2s. So let's look at the + + align:start position:0% +come from 2s. So let's look at the + + + align:start position:0% +come from 2s. So let's look at the +electron filling in lithium. 1 2 3 2 s2 + + align:start position:0% +electron filling in lithium. 1 2 3 2 s2 + + + align:start position:0% +electron filling in lithium. 1 2 3 2 s2 +excuse me 1 s2 2 s1 over here. Same + + align:start position:0% +excuse me 1 s2 2 s1 over here. Same + + + align:start position:0% +excuse me 1 s2 2 s1 over here. Same +thing 1 s2 2 s1 because these lithiums + + align:start position:0% +thing 1 s2 2 s1 because these lithiums + + + align:start position:0% +thing 1 s2 2 s1 because these lithiums +are independent. Now what if they get + + align:start position:0% +are independent. Now what if they get + + + align:start position:0% +are independent. Now what if they get +close enough together to start forming + + align:start position:0% +close enough together to start forming + + + align:start position:0% +close enough together to start forming +one system? Let's fill. So what do we + + align:start position:0% +one system? Let's fill. So what do we + + + align:start position:0% +one system? Let's fill. So what do we +get? 1 2 3 4 five six. What's the + + align:start position:0% +get? 1 2 3 4 five six. What's the + + + align:start position:0% +get? 1 2 3 4 five six. What's the +conclusion? This indicates that by + + align:start position:0% +conclusion? This indicates that by + + + align:start position:0% +conclusion? This indicates that by +combining two lithiums the energy of the + + align:start position:0% +combining two lithiums the energy of the + + + align:start position:0% +combining two lithiums the energy of the +combined system is lower than the + + align:start position:0% +combined system is lower than the + + + align:start position:0% +combined system is lower than the +energies of the atomic systems. So + + align:start position:0% +energies of the atomic systems. So + + + align:start position:0% +energies of the atomic systems. So +dithium + + align:start position:0% +dithium + + + align:start position:0% +dithium +dithium is stable is stable and in fact + + align:start position:0% +dithium is stable is stable and in fact + + + align:start position:0% +dithium is stable is stable and in fact +this is the case for all the alkali + + align:start position:0% +this is the case for all the alkali + + + align:start position:0% +this is the case for all the alkali +metals. So when you go down the highway + + align:start position:0% +metals. So when you go down the highway + + + align:start position:0% +metals. So when you go down the highway +and you look up and you see those sodium + + align:start position:0% +and you look up and you see those sodium + + + align:start position:0% +and you look up and you see those sodium +vapor lamps, the sodium vapor exists as + + align:start position:0% +vapor lamps, the sodium vapor exists as + + + align:start position:0% +vapor lamps, the sodium vapor exists as +the dimemer Na2. + + align:start position:0% +the dimemer Na2. + + + align:start position:0% +the dimemer Na2. +So this is this is good. Diithium state. + + align:start position:0% +So this is this is good. Diithium state. + + + align:start position:0% +So this is this is good. Diithium state. +Okay, good. So far we've looked only at + + align:start position:0% +Okay, good. So far we've looked only at + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, good. So far we've looked only at +the formation of single atoms, single + + align:start position:0% +the formation of single atoms, single + + + align:start position:0% +the formation of single atoms, single +bonds. Well, let's look at multiple + + align:start position:0% +bonds. Well, let's look at multiple + + + align:start position:0% +bonds. Well, let's look at multiple +bonds. Let's try nitrogen. + + align:start position:0% +bonds. Let's try nitrogen. + + + align:start position:0% +bonds. Let's try nitrogen. +We know nitrogen bonds. Multiple bonds. + + align:start position:0% +We know nitrogen bonds. Multiple bonds. + + + align:start position:0% +We know nitrogen bonds. Multiple bonds. +Let's look at nitrogen. + + align:start position:0% +Let's look at nitrogen. + + + align:start position:0% +Let's look at nitrogen. +How would that look? Well, first of all, + + align:start position:0% +How would that look? Well, first of all, + + + align:start position:0% +How would that look? Well, first of all, +let's look at the uh let's look at the + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the uh let's look at the + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the uh let's look at the +Lewis structure. Lewis structure for + + align:start position:0% +Lewis structure. Lewis structure for + + + align:start position:0% +Lewis structure. Lewis structure for +nitrogen 2 is 1 2 3 4 5. Here's the + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen 2 is 1 2 3 4 5. Here's the + + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen 2 is 1 2 3 4 5. Here's the +second nitrogen. 1 2 3 4 5. So here's + + align:start position:0% +second nitrogen. 1 2 3 4 5. So here's + + + align:start position:0% +second nitrogen. 1 2 3 4 5. So here's +octet for the left, octet for the right. + + align:start position:0% +octet for the left, octet for the right. + + + align:start position:0% +octet for the left, octet for the right. +We see three bonding pairs. So this is a + + align:start position:0% +We see three bonding pairs. So this is a + + + align:start position:0% +We see three bonding pairs. So this is a +triple bond indeed a multiple bond. The + + align:start position:0% +triple bond indeed a multiple bond. The + + + align:start position:0% +triple bond indeed a multiple bond. The +bond is the electron pairs. And this is + + align:start position:0% +bond is the electron pairs. And this is + + + align:start position:0% +bond is the electron pairs. And this is +homuclear. And so these are non-polar, + + align:start position:0% +homuclear. And so these are non-polar, + + + align:start position:0% +homuclear. And so these are non-polar, +aren't they? They're perfectly shared + + align:start position:0% +aren't they? They're perfectly shared + + + align:start position:0% +aren't they? They're perfectly shared +between the two nitrogens. And + + align:start position:0% +between the two nitrogens. And + + + align:start position:0% +between the two nitrogens. And +furthermore, to uh put the background in + + align:start position:0% +furthermore, to uh put the background in + + + align:start position:0% +furthermore, to uh put the background in +front, let's do the electronic + + align:start position:0% +front, let's do the electronic + + + align:start position:0% +front, let's do the electronic +structure. It's 1 s2 2 s2 2 p3. + + align:start position:0% +structure. It's 1 s2 2 s2 2 p3. + + + align:start position:0% +structure. It's 1 s2 2 s2 2 p3. +So that would be 1 2 3 4 pundrral five + + align:start position:0% +So that would be 1 2 3 4 pundrral five + + + align:start position:0% +So that would be 1 2 3 4 pundrral five +six seven three unpaired electrons in + + align:start position:0% +six seven three unpaired electrons in + + + align:start position:0% +six seven three unpaired electrons in +nitrogen. Oh, by the way, look at this. + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen. Oh, by the way, look at this. + + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen. Oh, by the way, look at this. +I wasted your time here. I was supposed + + align:start position:0% +I wasted your time here. I was supposed + + + align:start position:0% +I wasted your time here. I was supposed +to apologize to you. Do you see? We + + align:start position:0% +to apologize to you. Do you see? We + + + align:start position:0% +to apologize to you. Do you see? We +learn nothing from examining what's + + align:start position:0% +learn nothing from examining what's + + + align:start position:0% +learn nothing from examining what's +going down on down here in N equals one + + align:start position:0% +going down on down here in N equals one + + + align:start position:0% +going down on down here in N equals one +shell. Right? It's filled here. It's + + align:start position:0% +shell. Right? It's filled here. It's + + + align:start position:0% +shell. Right? It's filled here. It's +filled here. We learn nothing. Let's + + align:start position:0% +filled here. We learn nothing. Let's + + + align:start position:0% +filled here. We learn nothing. Let's +take this whole thing and throw it away. + + align:start position:0% +take this whole thing and throw it away. + + + align:start position:0% +take this whole thing and throw it away. +So what's the lesson here? If you want + + align:start position:0% +So what's the lesson here? If you want + + + align:start position:0% +So what's the lesson here? If you want +to understand whether compounds form or + + align:start position:0% +to understand whether compounds form or + + + align:start position:0% +to understand whether compounds form or +not, look only at the veence shell. It + + align:start position:0% +not, look only at the veence shell. It + + + align:start position:0% +not, look only at the veence shell. It +doesn't make any sense. This is another + + align:start position:0% +doesn't make any sense. This is another + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't make any sense. This is another +example is sort of another thing that + + align:start position:0% +example is sort of another thing that + + + align:start position:0% +example is sort of another thing that +comes out of that analysis. You can see + + align:start position:0% +comes out of that analysis. You can see + + + align:start position:0% +comes out of that analysis. You can see +that there's no value in studying inner + + align:start position:0% +that there's no value in studying inner + + + align:start position:0% +that there's no value in studying inner +shell electrons to uh ask questions + + align:start position:0% +shell electrons to uh ask questions + + + align:start position:0% +shell electrons to uh ask questions +about uh bonding. Okay. So, what do + + align:start position:0% +about uh bonding. Okay. So, what do + + + align:start position:0% +about uh bonding. Okay. So, what do +these what do these look like? These are + + align:start position:0% +these what do these look like? These are + + + align:start position:0% +these what do these look like? These are +p orbitals. And what's a p orbital look + + align:start position:0% +p orbitals. And what's a p orbital look + + + align:start position:0% +p orbitals. And what's a p orbital look +like? It's this dumbbell shape, right? + + align:start position:0% +like? It's this dumbbell shape, right? + + + align:start position:0% +like? It's this dumbbell shape, right? +That's what a p orbital looks like. And + + align:start position:0% +That's what a p orbital looks like. And + + + align:start position:0% +That's what a p orbital looks like. And +I got three of them. You know, from the + + align:start position:0% +I got three of them. You know, from the + + + align:start position:0% +I got three of them. You know, from the +m quantum number, there's three. They're + + align:start position:0% +m quantum number, there's three. They're + + + align:start position:0% +m quantum number, there's three. They're +orthogonal. + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal. + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal. +So, what's that look like? Well, + + align:start position:0% +So, what's that look like? Well, + + + align:start position:0% +So, what's that look like? Well, +so I've got here's a here's one. Here's + + align:start position:0% +so I've got here's a here's one. Here's + + + align:start position:0% +so I've got here's a here's one. Here's +two. And here's three. + + align:start position:0% +two. And here's three. + + + align:start position:0% +two. And here's three. +All right. And I'll put put a second one + + align:start position:0% +All right. And I'll put put a second one + + + align:start position:0% +All right. And I'll put put a second one +next to it. One, + + align:start position:0% +next to it. One, + + + align:start position:0% +next to it. One, +two, three. Excuse my drawing, but you + + align:start position:0% +two, three. Excuse my drawing, but you + + + align:start position:0% +two, three. Excuse my drawing, but you +know, this is what we get on the And the + + align:start position:0% +know, this is what we get on the And the + + + align:start position:0% +know, this is what we get on the And the +convention is that when two uh atoms + + align:start position:0% +convention is that when two uh atoms + + + align:start position:0% +convention is that when two uh atoms +bond, they bond along the zaxis. So the + + align:start position:0% +bond, they bond along the zaxis. So the + + + align:start position:0% +bond, they bond along the zaxis. So the +convention will be that the Z is uh + + align:start position:0% +convention will be that the Z is uh + + + align:start position:0% +convention will be that the Z is uh +moving from uh left to right and so then + + align:start position:0% +moving from uh left to right and so then + + + align:start position:0% +moving from uh left to right and so then +the right- hand rule will kick in and so + + align:start position:0% +the right- hand rule will kick in and so + + + align:start position:0% +the right- hand rule will kick in and so +the right- hand rule will kick in and + + align:start position:0% +the right- hand rule will kick in and + + + align:start position:0% +the right- hand rule will kick in and +require that you start with the thumb as + + align:start position:0% +require that you start with the thumb as + + + align:start position:0% +require that you start with the thumb as +X and then you move to Y and Z and so if + + align:start position:0% +X and then you move to Y and Z and so if + + + align:start position:0% +X and then you move to Y and Z and so if +that happens this will be X into the + + align:start position:0% +that happens this will be X into the + + + align:start position:0% +that happens this will be X into the +board Y will be uh the vertical um and Z + + align:start position:0% +board Y will be uh the vertical um and Z + + + align:start position:0% +board Y will be uh the vertical um and Z +will be moving to the right. So what we + + align:start position:0% +will be moving to the right. So what we + + + align:start position:0% +will be moving to the right. So what we +want to do is ask ourselves what happens + + align:start position:0% +want to do is ask ourselves what happens + + + align:start position:0% +want to do is ask ourselves what happens +when these two interact. And here's what + + align:start position:0% +when these two interact. And here's what + + + align:start position:0% +when these two interact. And here's what +it looks like. Here's what it looks + + align:start position:0% +it looks like. Here's what it looks + + + align:start position:0% +it looks like. Here's what it looks +like. I'm going to do it first + + align:start position:0% +like. I'm going to do it first + + + align:start position:0% +like. I'm going to do it first +pictorially and then I'll I'll write the + + align:start position:0% +pictorially and then I'll I'll write the + + + align:start position:0% +pictorially and then I'll I'll write the +algebra. So what happens here? We have + + align:start position:0% +algebra. So what happens here? We have + + + align:start position:0% +algebra. So what happens here? We have +two of them on the Z-axis like this. + + align:start position:0% +two of them on the Z-axis like this. + + + align:start position:0% +two of them on the Z-axis like this. +These are both Z-axis. So this is this + + align:start position:0% +These are both Z-axis. So this is this + + + align:start position:0% +These are both Z-axis. So this is this +is 2 pz atomic orbital plus 2 pz atomic + + align:start position:0% +is 2 pz atomic orbital plus 2 pz atomic + + + align:start position:0% +is 2 pz atomic orbital plus 2 pz atomic +orbital. and they react to form + + align:start position:0% +orbital. and they react to form + + + align:start position:0% +orbital. and they react to form +something that smears in this manner is + + align:start position:0% +something that smears in this manner is + + + align:start position:0% +something that smears in this manner is +going to smear in this manner and will + + align:start position:0% +going to smear in this manner and will + + + align:start position:0% +going to smear in this manner and will +look something like this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +where I have dumbbell shapes with + + align:start position:0% +where I have dumbbell shapes with + + + align:start position:0% +where I have dumbbell shapes with +smearing and this is now sigma of 2pz + + align:start position:0% +smearing and this is now sigma of 2pz + + + align:start position:0% +smearing and this is now sigma of 2pz +and why did I call it a sigma the sigma + + align:start position:0% +and why did I call it a sigma the sigma + + + align:start position:0% +and why did I call it a sigma the sigma +bond + + align:start position:0% +bond + + + align:start position:0% +bond +sigma bond is characterized by + + align:start position:0% +sigma bond is characterized by + + + align:start position:0% +sigma bond is characterized by +continuous continuous electron density + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +between nuclei. + + align:start position:0% +between nuclei. + + + align:start position:0% +between nuclei. +We say there are no nodes, no dropouts, + + align:start position:0% +We say there are no nodes, no dropouts, + + + align:start position:0% +We say there are no nodes, no dropouts, +no holidays, no nodes. So you can start + + align:start position:0% +no holidays, no nodes. So you can start + + + align:start position:0% +no holidays, no nodes. So you can start +from one nucleus and go to the next + + align:start position:0% +from one nucleus and go to the next + + + align:start position:0% +from one nucleus and go to the next +nucleus and there's no zero planes, no + + align:start position:0% +nucleus and there's no zero planes, no + + + align:start position:0% +nucleus and there's no zero planes, no +no nodes, nothing. And the same thing + + align:start position:0% +no nodes, nothing. And the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +no nodes, nothing. And the same thing +that happens over here. What's this one + + align:start position:0% +that happens over here. What's this one + + + align:start position:0% +that happens over here. What's this one +going to look like here? Here you would + + align:start position:0% +going to look like here? Here you would + + + align:start position:0% +going to look like here? Here you would +have here's a 2s. + + align:start position:0% +have here's a 2s. + + + align:start position:0% +have here's a 2s. +Here's a 2s. And when the two of them + + align:start position:0% +Here's a 2s. And when the two of them + + + align:start position:0% +Here's a 2s. And when the two of them +smear, we end up with something that + + align:start position:0% +smear, we end up with something that + + + align:start position:0% +smear, we end up with something that +looks like this. + + align:start position:0% +looks like this. + + + align:start position:0% +looks like this. +So here's the sigma. Again, we have + + align:start position:0% +So here's the sigma. Again, we have + + + align:start position:0% +So here's the sigma. Again, we have +continuous electron density from one + + align:start position:0% +continuous electron density from one + + + align:start position:0% +continuous electron density from one +nucleus to the other. So that gets us + + align:start position:0% +nucleus to the other. So that gets us + + + align:start position:0% +nucleus to the other. So that gets us +the first one. What's what are the other + + align:start position:0% +the first one. What's what are the other + + + align:start position:0% +the first one. What's what are the other +two going to do? The other two have to + + align:start position:0% +two going to do? The other two have to + + + align:start position:0% +two going to do? The other two have to +do something different. The other two + + align:start position:0% +do something different. The other two + + + align:start position:0% +do something different. The other two +are going to smear laterally. So let's + + align:start position:0% +are going to smear laterally. So let's + + + align:start position:0% +are going to smear laterally. So let's +look at uh 2py. 2py is vertical. So + + align:start position:0% +look at uh 2py. 2py is vertical. So + + + align:start position:0% +look at uh 2py. 2py is vertical. So +here's one of the this is a 2py atomic + + align:start position:0% +here's one of the this is a 2py atomic + + + align:start position:0% +here's one of the this is a 2py atomic +orbital and it will react with a second + + align:start position:0% +orbital and it will react with a second + + + align:start position:0% +orbital and it will react with a second +2py atomic orbital but it's not going to + + align:start position:0% +2py atomic orbital but it's not going to + + + align:start position:0% +2py atomic orbital but it's not going to +be able to give me sigma because already + + align:start position:0% +be able to give me sigma because already + + + align:start position:0% +be able to give me sigma because already +I can see there's a line of sight from + + align:start position:0% +I can see there's a line of sight from + + + align:start position:0% +I can see there's a line of sight from +one nucleus to the other with no + + align:start position:0% +one nucleus to the other with no + + + align:start position:0% +one nucleus to the other with no +electron density whatsoever. + + align:start position:0% +electron density whatsoever. + + + align:start position:0% +electron density whatsoever. +So these two are going to smear + + align:start position:0% +So these two are going to smear + + + align:start position:0% +So these two are going to smear +laterally. they will smear to give + + align:start position:0% +laterally. they will smear to give + + + align:start position:0% +laterally. they will smear to give +something that looks like this where the + + align:start position:0% +something that looks like this where the + + + align:start position:0% +something that looks like this where the +here are the two nuclei and the upper + + align:start position:0% +here are the two nuclei and the upper + + + align:start position:0% +here are the two nuclei and the upper +these are called lobes. This is a lobe. + + align:start position:0% +these are called lobes. This is a lobe. + + + align:start position:0% +these are called lobes. This is a lobe. +So I have two loes in a p orbital and + + align:start position:0% +So I have two loes in a p orbital and + + + align:start position:0% +So I have two loes in a p orbital and +that zero point is the node. The node is + + align:start position:0% +that zero point is the node. The node is + + + align:start position:0% +that zero point is the node. The node is +the same thing you see in a string point + + align:start position:0% +the same thing you see in a string point + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing you see in a string point +of absolute rest in a vibrating string. + + align:start position:0% +of absolute rest in a vibrating string. + + + align:start position:0% +of absolute rest in a vibrating string. +We call a node. This is the same idea. + + align:start position:0% +We call a node. This is the same idea. + + + align:start position:0% +We call a node. This is the same idea. +And how do you get from one side to the + + align:start position:0% +And how do you get from one side to the + + + align:start position:0% +And how do you get from one side to the +other? You're vibrating. You're acting + + align:start position:0% +other? You're vibrating. You're acting + + + align:start position:0% +other? You're vibrating. You're acting +as a wave. That's how you get from one + + align:start position:0% +as a wave. That's how you get from one + + + align:start position:0% +as a wave. That's how you get from one +side to the other. Okay? Okay, so the + + align:start position:0% +side to the other. Okay? Okay, so the + + + align:start position:0% +side to the other. Okay? Okay, so the +two loes smear and I end up with + + align:start position:0% +two loes smear and I end up with + + + align:start position:0% +two loes smear and I end up with +something that looks like this. + + align:start position:0% +something that looks like this. + + + align:start position:0% +something that looks like this. +And so the the both of these loes + + align:start position:0% +And so the the both of these loes + + + align:start position:0% +And so the the both of these loes +both lobes + + align:start position:0% +both lobes + + + align:start position:0% +both lobes +together uh constitute a pi bond a pi + + align:start position:0% +together uh constitute a pi bond a pi + + + align:start position:0% +together uh constitute a pi bond a pi +bond + + align:start position:0% +bond + + + align:start position:0% +bond +and this will be called pi of 2py + + align:start position:0% +and this will be called pi of 2py + + + align:start position:0% +and this will be called pi of 2py +molecular orbital. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And so it has what? In contrast to the + + align:start position:0% +And so it has what? In contrast to the + + + align:start position:0% +And so it has what? In contrast to the +sigma, it has a nodal plane + + align:start position:0% +sigma, it has a nodal plane + + + align:start position:0% +sigma, it has a nodal plane +nodal plane containing both nuclei + + align:start position:0% +nodal plane containing both nuclei + + + align:start position:0% +nodal plane containing both nuclei +containing both nuclei. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So let's take a look at some of these. + + align:start position:0% +So let's take a look at some of these. + + + align:start position:0% +So let's take a look at some of these. +So first of all, here's the uh this is + + align:start position:0% +So first of all, here's the uh this is + + + align:start position:0% +So first of all, here's the uh this is +the two uh s orbitals in hydrogen. 1s + + align:start position:0% +the two uh s orbitals in hydrogen. 1s + + + align:start position:0% +the two uh s orbitals in hydrogen. 1s +plus 1s sme sme sme sme sme sme sme sme + + align:start position:0% +plus 1s sme sme sme sme sme sme sme sme + + + align:start position:0% +plus 1s sme sme sme sme sme sme sme sme +sme sme smearing to give us this sigma + + align:start position:0% +sme sme smearing to give us this sigma + + + align:start position:0% +sme sme smearing to give us this sigma +molecular orbital and this one and just + + align:start position:0% +molecular orbital and this one and just + + + align:start position:0% +molecular orbital and this one and just +for uh completeness this is what the uh + + align:start position:0% +for uh completeness this is what the uh + + + align:start position:0% +for uh completeness this is what the uh +antib-bonding orbital would look like + + align:start position:0% +antib-bonding orbital would look like + + + align:start position:0% +antib-bonding orbital would look like +where are we getting these again we're + + align:start position:0% +where are we getting these again we're + + + align:start position:0% +where are we getting these again we're +getting these by plotting the values + + align:start position:0% +getting these by plotting the values + + + align:start position:0% +getting these by plotting the values +from the shreddinger equation you get + + align:start position:0% +from the shreddinger equation you get + + + align:start position:0% +from the shreddinger equation you get +these plots by taking the wave function + + align:start position:0% +these plots by taking the wave function + + + align:start position:0% +these plots by taking the wave function +times its complex conjugate and + + align:start position:0% +times its complex conjugate and + + + align:start position:0% +times its complex conjugate and +operating on that that's proportional to + + align:start position:0% +operating on that that's proportional to + + + align:start position:0% +operating on that that's proportional to +probability so these functions are what + + align:start position:0% +probability so these functions are what + + + align:start position:0% +probability so these functions are what +are being plotted routed and there's a + + align:start position:0% +are being plotted routed and there's a + + + align:start position:0% +are being plotted routed and there's a +proportionality between that and where + + align:start position:0% +proportionality between that and where + + + align:start position:0% +proportionality between that and where +we expect the electron to reside. Say + + align:start position:0% +we expect the electron to reside. Say + + + align:start position:0% +we expect the electron to reside. Say +that might be the contour of 99% of the + + align:start position:0% +that might be the contour of 99% of the + + + align:start position:0% +that might be the contour of 99% of the +time. There's a 1% chance is beyond but + + align:start position:0% +time. There's a 1% chance is beyond but + + + align:start position:0% +time. There's a 1% chance is beyond but +the 99% surface is spherical. All right. + + align:start position:0% +the 99% surface is spherical. All right. + + + align:start position:0% +the 99% surface is spherical. All right. +So here's from your textbook same idea + + align:start position:0% +So here's from your textbook same idea + + + align:start position:0% +So here's from your textbook same idea +1s plus 1s gives you this oval uh + + align:start position:0% +1s plus 1s gives you this oval uh + + + align:start position:0% +1s plus 1s gives you this oval uh +ellipsoid which is the bonding and there + + align:start position:0% +ellipsoid which is the bonding and there + + + align:start position:0% +ellipsoid which is the bonding and there +are the anti-bonding and then these are + + align:start position:0% +are the anti-bonding and then these are + + + align:start position:0% +are the anti-bonding and then these are +the energy levels that I've been drawing + + align:start position:0% +the energy levels that I've been drawing + + + align:start position:0% +the energy levels that I've been drawing +for you. Now here's the uh from your + + align:start position:0% +for you. Now here's the uh from your + + + align:start position:0% +for you. Now here's the uh from your +book as well. This is the pzs of the uh + + align:start position:0% +book as well. This is the pzs of the uh + + + align:start position:0% +book as well. This is the pzs of the uh +two atomic orbitals forming the bonding + + align:start position:0% +two atomic orbitals forming the bonding + + + align:start position:0% +two atomic orbitals forming the bonding +orbital. You can see the this is sort of + + align:start position:0% +orbital. You can see the this is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +orbital. You can see the this is sort of +p like but smeared and then the + + align:start position:0% +p like but smeared and then the + + + align:start position:0% +p like but smeared and then the +anti-bonding which we don't care about. + + align:start position:0% +anti-bonding which we don't care about. + + + align:start position:0% +anti-bonding which we don't care about. +And this is the lateral smearing. This + + align:start position:0% +And this is the lateral smearing. This + + + align:start position:0% +And this is the lateral smearing. This +is the they call it x. I chose this the + + align:start position:0% +is the they call it x. I chose this the + + + align:start position:0% +is the they call it x. I chose this the +vertical direction is y. And just to + + align:start position:0% +vertical direction is y. And just to + + + align:start position:0% +vertical direction is y. And just to +give you a sense, if you do a cross cut + + align:start position:0% +give you a sense, if you do a cross cut + + + align:start position:0% +give you a sense, if you do a cross cut +of this, it it should really look you + + align:start position:0% +of this, it it should really look you + + + align:start position:0% +of this, it it should really look you +can't show it from this angle, but it + + align:start position:0% +can't show it from this angle, but it + + + align:start position:0% +can't show it from this angle, but it +should really be sort of a dumbbell + + align:start position:0% +should really be sort of a dumbbell + + + align:start position:0% +should really be sort of a dumbbell +shaped with the nodal plane in between + + align:start position:0% +shaped with the nodal plane in between + + + align:start position:0% +shaped with the nodal plane in between +the two nuclei. + + align:start position:0% +the two nuclei. + + + align:start position:0% +the two nuclei. +Oh, so now let's let's go and do the + + align:start position:0% +Oh, so now let's let's go and do the + + + align:start position:0% +Oh, so now let's let's go and do the +energetics. We can we can do the + + align:start position:0% +energetics. We can we can do the + + + align:start position:0% +energetics. We can we can do the +energetics on this one now. Uh let's + + align:start position:0% +energetics on this one now. Uh let's + + + align:start position:0% +energetics on this one now. Uh let's +look at it. So you would be given this + + align:start position:0% +look at it. So you would be given this + + + align:start position:0% +look at it. So you would be given this +filling sequence. All right. What do you + + align:start position:0% +filling sequence. All right. What do you + + + align:start position:0% +filling sequence. All right. What do you +see here? This is now for nitrogen. + + align:start position:0% +see here? This is now for nitrogen. + + + align:start position:0% +see here? This is now for nitrogen. +There's the 2s. Why are we not looking + + align:start position:0% +There's the 2s. Why are we not looking + + + align:start position:0% +There's the 2s. Why are we not looking +at 1 S? Because it's not the veilance + + align:start position:0% +at 1 S? Because it's not the veilance + + + align:start position:0% +at 1 S? Because it's not the veilance +shell. So, forget about it. So, we're + + align:start position:0% +shell. So, forget about it. So, we're + + + align:start position:0% +shell. So, forget about it. So, we're +only looking at 2 S and 2 P. So, here's + + align:start position:0% +only looking at 2 S and 2 P. So, here's + + + align:start position:0% +only looking at 2 S and 2 P. So, here's +the atomic nitrogen. Here's the atomic + + align:start position:0% +the atomic nitrogen. Here's the atomic + + + align:start position:0% +the atomic nitrogen. Here's the atomic +nitrogen. And these are the orbitals of + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen. And these are the orbitals of + + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen. And these are the orbitals of +molecular nitrogen. So, this is just the + + align:start position:0% +molecular nitrogen. So, this is just the + + + align:start position:0% +molecular nitrogen. So, this is just the +latter. Now, we're going to put + + align:start position:0% +latter. Now, we're going to put + + + align:start position:0% +latter. Now, we're going to put +electrons on the shelf here. So, let's + + align:start position:0% +electrons on the shelf here. So, let's + + + align:start position:0% +electrons on the shelf here. So, let's +add them. So, nitrogen, we start with 2 + + align:start position:0% +add them. So, nitrogen, we start with 2 + + + align:start position:0% +add them. So, nitrogen, we start with 2 +S2 2 P3. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 and 5 is + + align:start position:0% +S2 2 P3. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 and 5 is + + + align:start position:0% +S2 2 P3. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 and 5 is +10. So, 2 4 6 8 10. Look at that. When + + align:start position:0% +10. So, 2 4 6 8 10. Look at that. When + + + align:start position:0% +10. So, 2 4 6 8 10. Look at that. When +you're done, you have three electron + + align:start position:0% +you're done, you have three electron + + + align:start position:0% +you're done, you have three electron +pairs in bonding orbitals. That's a good + + align:start position:0% +pairs in bonding orbitals. That's a good + + + align:start position:0% +pairs in bonding orbitals. That's a good +solid triple bond. That's a triple bond. + + align:start position:0% +solid triple bond. That's a triple bond. + + + align:start position:0% +solid triple bond. That's a triple bond. +So, what's it look like up here? What it + + align:start position:0% +So, what's it look like up here? What it + + + align:start position:0% +So, what's it look like up here? What it +looks like up here, the the uh the + + align:start position:0% +looks like up here, the the uh the + + + align:start position:0% +looks like up here, the the uh the +simple cartisian model of it is these + + align:start position:0% +simple cartisian model of it is these + + + align:start position:0% +simple cartisian model of it is these +things smear this way. So, there's a + + align:start position:0% +things smear this way. So, there's a + + + align:start position:0% +things smear this way. So, there's a +sigma orbital and they're smearing this + + align:start position:0% +sigma orbital and they're smearing this + + + align:start position:0% +sigma orbital and they're smearing this +way. That's one pi orbital. So, there's + + align:start position:0% +way. That's one pi orbital. So, there's + + + align:start position:0% +way. That's one pi orbital. So, there's +one sigma, one pi, and there's a second + + align:start position:0% +one sigma, one pi, and there's a second + + + align:start position:0% +one sigma, one pi, and there's a second +pi. And that's how we're getting the + + align:start position:0% +pi. And that's how we're getting the + + + align:start position:0% +pi. And that's how we're getting the +triple bond. N is one sigma and 2 pi. + + align:start position:0% +triple bond. N is one sigma and 2 pi. + + + align:start position:0% +triple bond. N is one sigma and 2 pi. +All right. So that's there they are + + align:start position:0% +All right. So that's there they are + + + align:start position:0% +All right. So that's there they are +right here. So you can see that uh on + + align:start position:0% +right here. So you can see that uh on + + + align:start position:0% +right here. So you can see that uh on +this one. And so it gives us a whopping + + align:start position:0% +this one. And so it gives us a whopping + + + align:start position:0% +this one. And so it gives us a whopping +946 kJ per mole. That's a lot of energy + + align:start position:0% +946 kJ per mole. That's a lot of energy + + + align:start position:0% +946 kJ per mole. That's a lot of energy +because it's a really solid bond. Now + + align:start position:0% +because it's a really solid bond. Now + + + align:start position:0% +because it's a really solid bond. Now +here's oxygen. Oxygen and florine. And + + align:start position:0% +here's oxygen. Oxygen and florine. And + + + align:start position:0% +here's oxygen. Oxygen and florine. And +it's just a little bit different. And I + + align:start position:0% +it's just a little bit different. And I + + + align:start position:0% +it's just a little bit different. And I +draw attention to it. See, we would tell + + align:start position:0% +draw attention to it. See, we would tell + + + align:start position:0% +draw attention to it. See, we would tell +you the filling sequence, but I just + + align:start position:0% +you the filling sequence, but I just + + + align:start position:0% +you the filling sequence, but I just +want you to see that there are some + + align:start position:0% +want you to see that there are some + + + align:start position:0% +want you to see that there are some +subtle differences here that in the case + + align:start position:0% +subtle differences here that in the case + + + align:start position:0% +subtle differences here that in the case +of oxygen and um uh florine, the the p + + align:start position:0% +of oxygen and um uh florine, the the p + + + align:start position:0% +of oxygen and um uh florine, the the p +orbitals, uh the sigma and the pi + + align:start position:0% +orbitals, uh the sigma and the pi + + + align:start position:0% +orbitals, uh the sigma and the pi +flip-flop. See that? But we would tell + + align:start position:0% +flip-flop. See that? But we would tell + + + align:start position:0% +flip-flop. See that? But we would tell +you the sequence. So, let's go through + + align:start position:0% +you the sequence. So, let's go through + + + align:start position:0% +you the sequence. So, let's go through +it now. So, this is oxygen. So, oxygen's + + align:start position:0% +it now. So, this is oxygen. So, oxygen's + + + align:start position:0% +it now. So, this is oxygen. So, oxygen's +got six veence electrons. Six. 6 + 6 is + + align:start position:0% +got six veence electrons. Six. 6 + 6 is + + + align:start position:0% +got six veence electrons. Six. 6 + 6 is +12. So, just as in nitrogen, we get 2 4 + + align:start position:0% +12. So, just as in nitrogen, we get 2 4 + + + align:start position:0% +12. So, just as in nitrogen, we get 2 4 +six here. But now we've got two more + + align:start position:0% +six here. But now we've got two more + + + align:start position:0% +six here. But now we've got two more +electrons. And because of the way those + + align:start position:0% +electrons. And because of the way those + + + align:start position:0% +electrons. And because of the way those +antib-bonding orbitals are stacked, the + + align:start position:0% +antib-bonding orbitals are stacked, the + + + align:start position:0% +antib-bonding orbitals are stacked, the +two electrons go one each into those + + align:start position:0% +two electrons go one each into those + + + align:start position:0% +two electrons go one each into those +anti-bonding. So at the end of the day, + + align:start position:0% +anti-bonding. So at the end of the day, + + + align:start position:0% +anti-bonding. So at the end of the day, +you have some unpaired electrons. You + + align:start position:0% +you have some unpaired electrons. You + + + align:start position:0% +you have some unpaired electrons. You +have two electrons and anti-bonding kind + + align:start position:0% +have two electrons and anti-bonding kind + + + align:start position:0% +have two electrons and anti-bonding kind +of offset the bonding. And so the double + + align:start position:0% +of offset the bonding. And so the double + + + align:start position:0% +of offset the bonding. And so the double +bond is 498. 498. Remember the other one + + align:start position:0% +bond is 498. 498. Remember the other one + + + align:start position:0% +bond is 498. 498. Remember the other one +was 960. And now here's florine. Same + + align:start position:0% +was 960. And now here's florine. Same + + + align:start position:0% +was 960. And now here's florine. Same +same skeleton only florine has um seven + + align:start position:0% +same skeleton only florine has um seven + + + align:start position:0% +same skeleton only florine has um seven +veence electrons. So we have uh 7 sevens + + align:start position:0% +veence electrons. So we have uh 7 sevens + + + align:start position:0% +veence electrons. So we have uh 7 sevens +14. So you can see that there's going to + + align:start position:0% +14. So you can see that there's going to + + + align:start position:0% +14. So you can see that there's going to +be two sets in anti-bonding, three sets + + align:start position:0% +be two sets in anti-bonding, three sets + + + align:start position:0% +be two sets in anti-bonding, three sets +in bonding for a net of one giving us + + align:start position:0% +in bonding for a net of one giving us + + + align:start position:0% +in bonding for a net of one giving us +the single bond and it's only 160 kJ per + + align:start position:0% +the single bond and it's only 160 kJ per + + + align:start position:0% +the single bond and it's only 160 kJ per +mole. So this energy level diagram helps + + align:start position:0% +mole. So this energy level diagram helps + + + align:start position:0% +mole. So this energy level diagram helps +us understand the relationship between + + align:start position:0% +us understand the relationship between + + + align:start position:0% +us understand the relationship between +uh electron filling and bond strength. + + align:start position:0% +uh electron filling and bond strength. + + + align:start position:0% +uh electron filling and bond strength. +It's very nice. Very nice. Oh, and one + + align:start position:0% +It's very nice. Very nice. Oh, and one + + + align:start position:0% +It's very nice. Very nice. Oh, and one +last thing because these things are + + align:start position:0% +last thing because these things are + + + align:start position:0% +last thing because these things are +unpaired. We've already seen how + + align:start position:0% +unpaired. We've already seen how + + + align:start position:0% +unpaired. We've already seen how +unpaired electrons play a role in the + + align:start position:0% +unpaired electrons play a role in the + + + align:start position:0% +unpaired electrons play a role in the +Stern Gerlac experiment here. This leads + + align:start position:0% +Stern Gerlac experiment here. This leads + + + align:start position:0% +Stern Gerlac experiment here. This leads +to paramagnetism because there's some + + align:start position:0% +to paramagnetism because there's some + + + align:start position:0% +to paramagnetism because there's some +mutual induction. Both of these are + + align:start position:0% +mutual induction. Both of these are + + + align:start position:0% +mutual induction. Both of these are +spinning, but they're spinning in the + + align:start position:0% +spinning, but they're spinning in the + + + align:start position:0% +spinning, but they're spinning in the +same in the same uh level. And so what + + align:start position:0% +same in the same uh level. And so what + + + align:start position:0% +same in the same uh level. And so what +happens is the result is paramagnetism. + + align:start position:0% +happens is the result is paramagnetism. + + + align:start position:0% +happens is the result is paramagnetism. +Liquid oxygen is paramagnetic. And what + + align:start position:0% +Liquid oxygen is paramagnetic. And what + + + align:start position:0% +Liquid oxygen is paramagnetic. And what +can happen is that uh this cartoon shows + + align:start position:0% +can happen is that uh this cartoon shows + + + align:start position:0% +can happen is that uh this cartoon shows +that if you put a magnetic field on uh + + align:start position:0% +that if you put a magnetic field on uh + + + align:start position:0% +that if you put a magnetic field on uh +liquid oxygen, the liquid oxygen will be + + align:start position:0% +liquid oxygen, the liquid oxygen will be + + + align:start position:0% +liquid oxygen, the liquid oxygen will be +drawn towards the magnetic field. And in + + align:start position:0% +drawn towards the magnetic field. And in + + + align:start position:0% +drawn towards the magnetic field. And in +fact, you if you take the jaws of a + + align:start position:0% +fact, you if you take the jaws of a + + + align:start position:0% +fact, you if you take the jaws of a +powerful magnet and pour liquid oxygen + + align:start position:0% +powerful magnet and pour liquid oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +powerful magnet and pour liquid oxygen +in between the jaws, the oxygen will + + align:start position:0% +in between the jaws, the oxygen will + + + align:start position:0% +in between the jaws, the oxygen will +stop and will sit in the jaws. Of + + align:start position:0% +stop and will sit in the jaws. Of + + + align:start position:0% +stop and will sit in the jaws. Of +course, it's evaporating like crazy + + align:start position:0% +course, it's evaporating like crazy + + + align:start position:0% +course, it's evaporating like crazy +because it's so so uh warm in the room. + + align:start position:0% +because it's so so uh warm in the room. + + + align:start position:0% +because it's so so uh warm in the room. +whereas liquid nitrogen just goes + + align:start position:0% +whereas liquid nitrogen just goes + + + align:start position:0% +whereas liquid nitrogen just goes +zooming right through. So this is a a + + align:start position:0% +zooming right through. So this is a a + + + align:start position:0% +zooming right through. So this is a a +consequence again of knowing the + + align:start position:0% +consequence again of knowing the + + + align:start position:0% +consequence again of knowing the +electron filling. + + align:start position:0% +electron filling. + + + align:start position:0% +electron filling. +Well, uh let's let's see something + + align:start position:0% +Well, uh let's let's see something + + + align:start position:0% +Well, uh let's let's see something +really crazy with uh uh electro + + align:start position:0% +really crazy with uh uh electro + + + align:start position:0% +really crazy with uh uh electro +negativity. This one I learned about in + + align:start position:0% +negativity. This one I learned about in + + + align:start position:0% +negativity. This one I learned about in +my own research about uh 20 years ago + + align:start position:0% +my own research about uh 20 years ago + + + align:start position:0% +my own research about uh 20 years ago +and it never ceases to amaze me. If you + + align:start position:0% +and it never ceases to amaze me. If you + + + align:start position:0% +and it never ceases to amaze me. If you +look at the electro negativity + + align:start position:0% +look at the electro negativity + + + align:start position:0% +look at the electro negativity +difference for sodium iodide, it's 1.73. + + align:start position:0% +difference for sodium iodide, it's 1.73. + + + align:start position:0% +difference for sodium iodide, it's 1.73. +And everybody would agree that's an + + align:start position:0% +And everybody would agree that's an + + + align:start position:0% +And everybody would agree that's an +ionic compound. Sodium is a metal. + + align:start position:0% +ionic compound. Sodium is a metal. + + + align:start position:0% +ionic compound. Sodium is a metal. +Iodine is a non-metal. Look at seesium. + + align:start position:0% +Iodine is a non-metal. Look at seesium. + + + align:start position:0% +Iodine is a non-metal. Look at seesium. +Seesium versus gold is the same delta + + align:start position:0% +Seesium versus gold is the same delta + + + align:start position:0% +Seesium versus gold is the same delta +electro negativity difference. So + + align:start position:0% +electro negativity difference. So + + + align:start position:0% +electro negativity difference. So +they're both metals. Seesium and gold. + + align:start position:0% +they're both metals. Seesium and gold. + + + align:start position:0% +they're both metals. Seesium and gold. +When you melt them, seesium melts at + + align:start position:0% +When you melt them, seesium melts at + + + align:start position:0% +When you melt them, seesium melts at +about 28° centigrade. Gold melts at + + align:start position:0% +about 28° centigrade. Gold melts at + + + align:start position:0% +about 28° centigrade. Gold melts at +1063. Liquid metal, you know, solid + + align:start position:0% +1063. Liquid metal, you know, solid + + + align:start position:0% +1063. Liquid metal, you know, solid +metal melts, becomes a liquid metal like + + align:start position:0% +metal melts, becomes a liquid metal like + + + align:start position:0% +metal melts, becomes a liquid metal like +mercury. All right? But when the + + align:start position:0% +mercury. All right? But when the + + + align:start position:0% +mercury. All right? But when the +concentration in the alloy is 50/50 by + + align:start position:0% +concentration in the alloy is 50/50 by + + + align:start position:0% +concentration in the alloy is 50/50 by +mole, something magical happens. you + + align:start position:0% +mole, something magical happens. you + + + align:start position:0% +mole, something magical happens. you +have equal numbers of donors and + + align:start position:0% +have equal numbers of donors and + + + align:start position:0% +have equal numbers of donors and +acceptors, electron transfer occurs and + + align:start position:0% +acceptors, electron transfer occurs and + + + align:start position:0% +acceptors, electron transfer occurs and +you have this liquid alloy at 600° + + align:start position:0% +you have this liquid alloy at 600° + + + align:start position:0% +you have this liquid alloy at 600° +centigrade and it turns into a molten + + align:start position:0% +centigrade and it turns into a molten + + + align:start position:0% +centigrade and it turns into a molten +salt. It just goes bang clear and + + align:start position:0% +salt. It just goes bang clear and + + + align:start position:0% +salt. It just goes bang clear and +colorless because salts are colorless, + + align:start position:0% +colorless because salts are colorless, + + + align:start position:0% +colorless because salts are colorless, +right? High band gap materials. + + align:start position:0% +right? High band gap materials. + + + align:start position:0% +right? High band gap materials. +The electrical conductivity plummets + + align:start position:0% +The electrical conductivity plummets + + + align:start position:0% +The electrical conductivity plummets +about three orders of magnitude and + + align:start position:0% +about three orders of magnitude and + + + align:start position:0% +about three orders of magnitude and +instead of being an electronic + + align:start position:0% +instead of being an electronic + + + align:start position:0% +instead of being an electronic +conductor, a liquid metal, it's an ionic + + align:start position:0% +conductor, a liquid metal, it's an ionic + + + align:start position:0% +conductor, a liquid metal, it's an ionic +conductor. It's seesium. And if you cool + + align:start position:0% +conductor. It's seesium. And if you cool + + + align:start position:0% +conductor. It's seesium. And if you cool +that, it crystallizes in the form of a + + align:start position:0% +that, it crystallizes in the form of a + + + align:start position:0% +that, it crystallizes in the form of a +salt. A salt. + + align:start position:0% +salt. A salt. + + + align:start position:0% +salt. A salt. +You start with liquid metal one, liquid + + align:start position:0% +You start with liquid metal one, liquid + + + align:start position:0% +You start with liquid metal one, liquid +metal two. You got the ion ratios + + align:start position:0% +metal two. You got the ion ratios + + + align:start position:0% +metal two. You got the ion ratios +proper, excuse me, the atom ratios + + align:start position:0% +proper, excuse me, the atom ratios + + + align:start position:0% +proper, excuse me, the atom ratios +proper. They mix. Electron transfer + + align:start position:0% +proper. They mix. Electron transfer + + + align:start position:0% +proper. They mix. Electron transfer +occurs. And poof, it's clear and + + align:start position:0% +occurs. And poof, it's clear and + + + align:start position:0% +occurs. And poof, it's clear and +colorless. + + align:start position:0% +colorless. + + + align:start position:0% +colorless. +Sorcery. + + align:start position:0% +Sorcery. + + + align:start position:0% +Sorcery. +All right, have a nice weekend. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/zvQPV1j7SSU.txt b/zvQPV1j7SSU.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fadd720980becdccf784a6782d9b3c1d28c06135 --- /dev/null +++ b/zvQPV1j7SSU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,315 @@ +Non-volatile memories are used to maintain +system state even when the system is powered + +down. + +In flash memories, long-term storage is achieved +by storing charge on an well-insulated conductor + +called a floating gate, where it will remain +stable for years. + +The floating gate is incorporated in a standard +MOSFET, placed between the MOSFET's gate and + +the MOSFET's channel. + +If there is no charge stored on the floating +gate, the MOSFET can be turned on, i.e., be + +made to conduct, by placing a voltage V_1 +on the gate terminal, creating an inversion + +layer that connects the MOSFET's source and +drain terminals. + +If there is a charge stored on the floating +gate, a higher voltage V_2 is required to + +turn on the MOSFET. + +By setting the gate terminal to a voltage +between V_1 and V_2, we can determine if the + +floating gate is charged by testing to see +if the MOSFET is conducting. + +In fact, if we can measure the current flowing +through the MOSFET, we can determine how much + +charge is stored on the floating gate, making +it possible to store multiple bits of information + +in one flash cell by varying the amount of +charge on its floating gate. + +Flash cells can be connected in parallel or +series to form circuits resembling CMOS NOR + +or NAND gates, allowing for a variety of access +architectures suitable for either random or + +sequential access. + +Flash memories are very dense, approaching +the areal density of DRAMs, particularly when + +each cell holds multiple bits of information. + +Read access times for NOR flash memories are +similar to that of DRAMs, several tens of + +nanoseconds. + +Read times for NAND flash memories are much +longer, on the order of 10 microseconds. + +Write times for all types of flash memories +are quite long since high voltages have to + +be used to force electrons to cross the insulating +barrier surrounding the floating gate. + +Flash memories can only be written some number +of times before the insulating layer is damaged + +to the point that the floating gate will no +longer reliably store charge. + +Currently the number of guaranteed writes +varies between 100,000 and + +To work around this limitation, flash chips +contain clever address mapping algorithms + +so that writes to the same address actually +are mapped to different flash cells on each + +successive write. + +The bottom line is that flash memories are +a higher-performance but higher-cost replacement + +for the hard-disk drive, the long-time technology +of choice for non-volatile storage. + +A hard-disk drive (HDD) contains one or more +rotating platters coated with a magnetic material. + +The platters rotate at speeds ranging from +5400 to 15000 RPM. + +A read/write head positioned above the surface +of a platter can detect or change the orientation + +of the magnetization of the magnetic material +below. + +The read/write head is mounted an actuator +that allows it to be positioned over different + +circular tracks. + +To read a particular sector of data, the head +must be positioned radially over the correct + +track, then wait for the platter to rotate +until it's over the desired sector. + +The average total time required to correctly +position the head is on the order of 10 milliseconds, + +so hard disk access times are quite long. + +However, once the read/write head is in the +correct position, data can be transferred + +at the respectable rate of 100 megabytes/second. + +If the head has to be repositioned between +each access, the effective transfer rate drops + +1000-fold, limited by the time it takes to +reposition the head. + +Hard disk drives provide cost-effective non-volatile +storage for terabytes of data, albeit at the + +cost of slow access times. + +This completes our whirlwind tour of memory +technologies. + +If you'd like to learn a bit more, Wikipedia +has useful articles on each type of device. + +SRAM sizes and access times have kept pace +with the improvements in the size and speed + +of integrated circuits. + +Interestingly, although capacities and transfer +rates for DRAMs and HDDs have improved, their + +initial access times have not improved nearly +as rapidly. + +Thankfully over the past decade flash memories +have helped to fill the performance gap between + +processor speeds and HDDs. + +But the gap between processor cycle times +and DRAM access times has continued to widen, + +increasing the challenge of designing low-latency +high-capacity memory systems. + +The capacity of the available memory technologies +varies over 10 orders of magnitude, and the + +variation in latencies varies over 8 orders +of magnitude. + +This creates a considerable challenge in figuring +out how to navigate the speed vs size tradeoffs. + +Each transition in memory hierarchy shows +the same fundamental design choice: we can + +pick smaller-and-faster or larger-and-slower. + +This is a bit awkward actually - can we figure +how to get the best of both worlds? + +We want our system to behave as if it had +a large, fast, and cheap main memory. + +Clearly we can't achieve this goal using any +single memory technology. + +Here's an idea: can we use a hierarchical +system of memories with different tradeoffs + +to achieve close to the same results as a +large, fast, cheap memory? + +Could we arrange for memory locations we're +using often to be stored, say, in SRAM and + +have those accesses be low latency? + +Could the rest of the data could be stored +in the larger and slower memory components, + +moving the between the levels when necessary? + +Let's follow this train of thought and see +where it leads us. + +There are two approaches we might take. + +The first is to expose the hierarchy, providing +some amount of each type of storage and let + +the programmer decide how best to allocate +the various memory resources for each particular + +computation. + +The programmer would write code that moved +data into fast storage when appropriate, then + +back to the larger and slower memories when +low-latency access was no longer required. + +There would only be a small amount of the +fastest memory, so data would be constantly + +in motion as the focus of the computation +changed. + +This approach has had notable advocates. + +Perhaps the most influential was Seymour Cray, +the "Steve Jobs" of supercomputers. + +Cray was the architect of the world's fastest +computers in each of three decades, inventing + +many of the technologies that form the foundation +of high-performance computing. + +His insight to managing the memory hierarchy +was to organize data as vectors and move vectors + +in and out of fast memory under program control. + +This was actually a good data abstraction +for certain types of scientific computing + +and his vector machines had the top computing +benchmarks for many years. + +The second alternative is to hide the hierarchy +and simply tell the programmer they have a + +large, uniform address space to use as they +wish. + +The memory system would, behind the scenes, +move data between the various levels of the + +memory hierarchy, depending on the usage patterns +it detected. + +This would require circuitry to examine each +memory access issued by the CPU to determine + +where in the hierarchy to find the requested +location. + +And then, if a particular region of addresses +was frequently accessed - say, when fetching + +instructions in a loop - +the memory system would arrange for those + +accesses to be mapped to the fastest memory +component and automatically move the loop + +instructions there. + +All of this machinery would be transparent +to the programmer: the program would simply + +fetch instructions and access data and the +memory system would handle the rest. + +Could the memory system automatically arrange +for the right data to be in the right place + +at the right time? + +Cray was deeply skeptical of this approach. + +He famously quipped "that you can't fake what +you haven't got". + +Wouldn't the programmer, with her knowledge +of how data was going to be used by a particular + +program, be able to do a better job by explicitly +managing the memory hierarchy? + +It turns out that when running general-purpose +programs, it is possible to build an automatically + +managed, low-latency, high-capacity hierarchical +memory system that appears as one large, uniform + +memory. + +What's the insight that makes this possible? + +That's the topic of the next section. \ No 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